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Presented  to  the 
LIBRARY  of  the 

UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO 

by 

PHOTS 330R  R.    P.  MePJIE 


«•«=-• 

Universal  Dictionary 


OF    THE 


ENGLISH   LANGUAGE 


ORTHOGRAPHY,    PRONUNCIATION,    MEANING,    USE,    ORIGIN    AND 

DEVELOPMENT   OF 

EVERY  WORD   IN   THE   ENGLISH    LANGUAGE 

TOGETHER    WITH 

CONDENSED    EXPLANATIONS   OF    FIFTY   THOUSAND    IMPORTANT    SUBJECTS   AND 
AN  EXHAUSTIVE   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ALL    THE   ARTS   AND   SCIENCES 

PROFUSELY  ILLUSTRATED 


EDITED  BY 


ROBERT  HUNTER,  A.M.,F.G.S.,  AND  PROF.  CHARLES  MORRIS 

(AMERICAN   EDITION) 
(EKGLI8H    EDITION) 

WITH  THE  ASSISTANCE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING   EMINENT  SPECIALISTS: 

Prof    Thomas  H.  Huxley,  F.R.S.;  Prof.  Richard  A.  Proctor;  Prof.  A.  Estoclet ;  John  A.  Williams, 

A.B.,  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  Sir  John  Stainer,  Mus.  Doc. ;  John  Francis  Walker,  A.M., 

F.C.S.;  T.  Davies,  F.G.S.;  Prof.  Seneca  Egbert,  M.D.,  Medico-Chirurgical  College, 

Philadelphia;  William  Harkness,  F.I.C.,  F.R.M.S.;  Marcus  Benjamin,  Ph.D., 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C., 

AND  ONE  HUNDRED  OTHERS 

VOLUME  FOUR 


NEW  YORK 

PETER  FENELON  COLLIER  &  SON 

MCM 

(Copyright,  1897.  by  PKTBR  FKN«LON  COLLIBB.) 


PREFATORY    NOTE. 


The  principal  points  in  which  the  UNIVERSAL  DICTIONARY  diners  from  other  dictionaries  are  fully  di» 
I  in  the  Preface,  but  it  may  be  well  to  draw  attention  to  the  following : 

(1)  Compound  Words  are  inserted  under  the  first  element  of  the  compound,  and  not  in  the  place  they  would 
jccupy  in  strictly  alphabetical  order,  if  the  second  element  were  taken  into  account.    Thus  ANT-BEAB  is  inserted  after 
AST,  and  not  ifter  ANTATBOPHIC. 

(2)  The  Pronunciation  is  indicated  by  diacritical  marks,  a  key  to  which  will  be  found  at  the  foot  of  the  seversi 
pages,  but  the  division  into  syllables  has  been  based  solely  on  pronunciation,  and  with  no  reference  to- the  etymology 
of  the  word.     In  syllables  wherein  two  or  more  vowels  come  together,  not  forming  diphthongs,  only  that  one  of  them 
which  gives  its  sound  to  the  syllable  bears  a  diacritical  mark,  the  others  being  treated  as  mute.     Thus,  in  brUod,  «fe, 
float,  the  o  is  mute,  the  syllables  being  pronounced  as  if  spelt  brid,  se,  floL     Words  of  more  than  one  syllable  bear  *• 
mark  upon  the  accented  syllable,  as  dl'-lSr. 

(3)  The  Etymology  will  be  found  enclosed  within  brackets  immediately  following  each  word.     To  understand1 
the  plan  adopted,  let  it  be  noted  (1)  that  retrogression  is  made  from  modern  languages  to  ancient;  and  (2)  that  when 
»fter  a  word  there  appears  such  a  derivation  as  this— "In  Fr.  ...  Sp.  ...  Port.  .  .  .  ItaL  .  .  .  from  Lat.  .  .  .," 
the  meaning  is,  not  that  it  passed  through  Italian,  Portuguese,  Spanish  and  French  before  reaching  English,  but  thrt 
there  are  or  have  been  analogous  words  in  French,  Spanish,  Portuguese  and  Italian,  all  derived,  like  the  English,  from 
•  Latin  original. 


LIST    OF    ABBREVIATIONS. 


The  following  List,  which  contains  the  principal  abbreviations  employed  in  the  UNIVERSAL  DICTIONARY, 
M  inserted  here  for  the  convenience  of  persons  using  the  work  for  the  first  time.  A  foil  list,  containing  also  the  chW 
abbreviations  in  general  use,  will  be  given  at  the  end  of  the  final  volume. 


A.N.    Anglo-Norman. 
Arab.    Arabic. 

Horm.    Norman. 
Uonv.    Norwegian,  Norse. 

archaeol.     archeology, 
arith.    arithmetic. 

geog.    geography. 
:eol.    geology. 

pert    perfect, 
>ers.    person,  personal 

4rain.     Aramaic. 

0.    Old. 

astrol.    astrology. 

com.    geometry. 

icrsp.    perspective. 

Arm.     Armorican. 
A.8.    Anglo  Saxon. 
Assyr.     Assyrian. 
Boeh.    Bohemian,  or 
Czech. 
Bret.     Bas  Breton,  or 
Celtic  of  Brittany. 
Celt.    Celtic. 
Ohal     Chaldee. 

O.  H  Ger.    Old  High 
German. 
3.  8.    Old  Saxon. 
Pers.    Persian. 
Phcenic.    Phoenician. 
Pol.     Polish. 
Port.     Portuguese. 
Prov.     Provengal. 
Provinc.    Provincial. 

astron.    astronomy. 
auxlL    auxiliary, 
lib.    Bible,  or  Biblical, 
ilol.    biology, 
bot.    botany, 
carp,    carpentry. 
Cent.     Centigrade, 
cf.    compare. 
C.G.  S.  Centlmetre-gramme- 

ram.    grammar, 
ler.    heraldry. 
list,     history. 
ior.    horology, 
lortic.    horticulture, 
lydraul.    hydraulics, 
lydros.    hydrostatics. 
.  e.    id  es(=that  is. 
chthy.    ichthyology. 

mar.     pharmacy. 
tail,     philosophy. 
ihilol.     philology. 
ihot.     photography. 
ihren.     phrenology. 
)hys.     physiology. 
}1.,  plur.    plural. 
wet.     poetry,  or  poetic*! 
polit.    econ.      political 

Dan      Danish. 

Rabb.     Rabbinical. 

second. 

Ibid.    <Md«n>=the  same. 

economy. 

Russ.    Russian. 

chem.    chemistry. 

mp.    impersonal. 

posa.    possessive. 

R      Eastern  or  East. 

Sam.    Samaritan. 

Ch.  hist.    Church  history. 

mper.    imperative. 

pref.    prefix. 

X.  Aram.    East  Aramtean, 
generally  railed  Chaldee. 
Eng.  English,  or  England. 
Eth.     Ethiopic. 
Flem.    Flemish. 
Fr.    French. 
Fries.     Friesland. 
Fri*.     Frisian. 

Sanac.     Sanscrit. 
Serv.     Servian. 
Slav.    Slavonian. 
Sp.    Spanish. 
Sw.    Swedish. 
Syr.    Syriac. 
Teut.     Teutonic. 
Turk.    Turkish. 
Walach.    Walachian. 

chron.    chronology. 
class,    classical, 
cogn.    cognate, 
comm.    commerce. 
romp,    comparative, 
compos,    composition, 
conchol.    conchology. 
contr.    contracted,  or  con- 
traction. 

ndic.    indicative. 
nfin.    infinitive, 
ntens.    intensitive. 
.ang.    language. 
Linn.     Linmeua. 
lit.    literal,  literally, 
mach.    machinery, 
m.  or  masc.    masculine, 
math,    mathematics. 

pres.    present, 
pret.    preterite, 
prim,    primary, 
priv.    privative, 
prob.    probable,  probably 
pron.    pronounced, 
pros,    prosody. 
psychol.     psychology, 
pyrotech.     pyrotechnic! 

Ger.    German. 
Goth.    Gothic 
Or.    Greek. 
Grls.    Language  of  th* 
Orisons. 
Heb.     Hebrew. 
Hind.     Hindustani. 
Icel.    Icelandic. 
Ir.    Irish. 
Ital.    Italian. 
Lat.    Latin. 
Lett.     Lettish,  Lettonian. 
L.  Ger.    Low  German,  or 
Platt  Deutsch. 
Lith.     Lithuanian. 

Wei.    Welsh. 
a.,  or  adj.    adjective. 
adv.    adverb. 
an.    article. 
conj.    conjunction. 
inter),    interjection. 
pa.  par.   past  participle. 
pnrtidp.     participial. 
prep,    preposition. 
pr.par.  present  participle. 
pro.    pronoun. 
«.,  ««&»(.,  or  TO6««Jn.  sub- 
stantive or  noun. 
V.  i.    verb  intransitive, 
v.  t.    verb  transitive. 

crystallog.    crystallogra- 
phy, 
del.    definition, 
der.    derived,  derivation, 
dimin.    diminutive, 
dram,  drama,  dramatically, 
dynam.    dynamics. 
E.    East. 
eccles.    ecclesiastical, 
econ.    economy. 
e.  g.     exempli  graUa=ior 
example, 
elect,    electricity, 
entom.    entomology, 
etym.    etymology, 
ex.    example. 

mech.    mechanics, 
med.    medicine,  medical 
met.    metaphorically, 
metal,    metallurgy, 
metaph.    metaphysics, 
meteorol.     meteorology. 
melon,    metonymy, 
mil.,  milit.    military, 
niin.,  miner,     mineralogy, 
mod.     modern. 
myth,    mythology. 
N.    North. 
n.  or  neut.    neut. 
nat.    phil.    natural  philo- 
sophy, 
naut.    nautical. 

q.v.    quod  Hide—  which  *•*. 
rhet.    rhetoric. 
Scrip.    Scripture, 
sculp,    sculpture, 
sing     singular. 
S.     South, 
sp.  gr.    speciric  gravity, 
spec,    special,  specially: 
suff.    suffix, 
sup.    supine, 
snrg.    surgery, 
tech     technical, 
theol.    theology, 
trig,    trigonometry, 
typog.    typography 
var.    variety. 

Mag.    Magyar. 
MfHliipv  Lat     MedlfBval 

ablat.    ablative. 

f.,  or  fern,    feminine. 

nomln.    nominative. 

viz.    namely. 

Latin 

accus.    accusative. 

fig.  figurative,  figuratively 

numis.    numismatology. 

W.    West. 

M.  H.  Ger.    Middle  High 
German. 
Mid  Lat.     Latin  of  the 

agric.     agriculture, 
alg.    algebra, 
anat.    anatomy. 

fort,    fortification, 
fr.    from, 
freq.    frequentative 

obj.    objective, 
obs.    obsolete, 
ord.    ordinary. 

tool,    zoology. 
*  Rare,  or  obsolete, 
f  Unusual,  or  special  octet 

Middle  Ages. 
H     Nf>w. 

antiq.    antiquities, 
•or.    aorist. 

fut.    future, 
gen.    general,  generally. 

ornith.    ornithology, 
paleeont.    palaeontology. 

ages. 
—  equivalent  to,  or  signi- 

N. H.  Ger.    New  High 
German. 

approx.    approximate,  -ly 
arch,    architecture. 

gend.    gender  . 
genit.    genitive. 

pass,    passive, 
path,    pathology. 

fying. 
t  Note  brae  —  take  nottac. 

r-inuisopny  of  Rhetoric,  and,  in  the  year  1826, 
Archbishop  Whately  issued  his  Elements  of 
RAf  forte.  Campbell  (Phil  of  Rhetortc,  bk.  i., 
ch  i.)considers  the  art  the  same  as  eloquence, 
and  deflnes  it  as  "  That  art  or  talent  by  which 
the  discourse  is  adapted  to  its  end,"  and  states 
that  the  ends  of  speaking  (or  writing)  are  re- 
ducible to  four,  to  enlighten  the  understand- 
ing, to  please  the  imaaination,  to  move  the 
passions,  or  to  influence  the  will.  Broadly 
speaking,  the  aim  of  rhetoric  is  to  expound 
the  rules  governing  prose  composition,  01 
speech  designed  to  influence  the  judgment 
or  the  feelings.  It  includes,  therefore,  within 
its  province,  accuracy  of  expression,  the 
structure  of  periods,  and  figures  of  speech. 

2  The  art  which  teaches  oratory  ;  the  rules 
which  govern  the  art  of  speaking  with  pro- 
priety, elegance,  and  force. 

3.  Rhetoric  exhibited  in  language  ;  artificial 
eloquence,  as  opposed  to  natural  or  real  elo- 
quence ;  declamation  ;  showy  oratory. 

••  He  acquired  a  boundless  command  of  the  rhetoric 

in  which  the  vulgar  ex  press  hatred  and  contempt.  — 

Macaulay :  Bist.  Eng.,  ch.  iv. 

*  4.  The  power  of  persuading  or  influencing : 
as,  the  rhetoric  of  the  eyes. 
rhe-tor'-io-al,  *  rhe-tor-le-all,  a.    [Lat. 

rhctoriats,  from  Gr.  pnTOpKos  (rhitnrikos) ;  Sp. 
&  Ital.  retorico.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  rhetoric  ; 
involving  or  containing  rhetoric ;  oratorical, 
declamatory. 

"  Sententious  showers.  O  let  them  fall  I 
Their  cadence  la  rhetorical." 

Orathaip :  On  the  Death  of  a  Gentleman. 

rhS-tor'-Io-al-tf,  adv.  [Eng.  rhetorical;  -ly.] 
In  a  rhetorical  manner ;  according  to  the 
rules  of  rhetoric ;  like  a  rhetorician. 

'•  Elegantly  adorned,  rhetorically  pronounced."— 
Priinnc:  1  BMrio-Mtuttx,  p.  385. 

•  rhe-tor'-i-cate,  v.i.  [Low  Lat.  rhetorioatus, 
pa    par    of  rfcetoricor,  from  Lat.  rhetor  =  a 
rhetorician.]    To  act  the  orator  ;  to  rhetorize. 

"  I  do  not  heighten  or  rhetoricatt  at  ail  in  these 
particulars."—  traterland  :  Worto.  ii.  4». 

*  rhe-tor-a-ca'-tlon,  s.  [RHETORICATE.]  The 
act  or  practice  of  rhetoricating;  rhetorical 
amplification. 

"  Certainly  such  rketorlcationt  as  this  cannot  be  In- 
tended  for  any  but  such  as  are  of  the  very  weakest 
capacity.'— Hare:  Immort.  of  the  Soul,  bk.  L,  ch.  I. 

rhgt-or-K'-clan,  s.  k  a.    [Fr.  rhetoridm.] 
A.  At  substantive : 

1  One  who  teaches  or  professes  the  art  of 
rhetoric,  or  the  principles  and  rules  of  correct 
and  elegant  speaking  and  writing  ;  a  professor 
or  teacher  of  oratory. 

"  They  had  been  long  instructed  by  rhetorician*."— 
Ooldtmuh :  Bee,  No.  6. 

2.  One  who  is  versed  in  the  rules  and  prin- 
ciples of  rhetoric. 

3.  A  public  speaker,  espec.  one  who  de- 
claims for  show  ;  an  orator. 

"His  natural  eloquence  moved  the  envy  of  practised 
rhetorician!." — Macuulay :  Hitt.  Ena.,  ch.  iv, 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Becoming  or  suiting  a  master 
Of  rhetoric. 

"  Boldly  presnm'd  with  rhetorician  pride. 
To  hold  of  any  question  either  side. 

Bladcmore :  Creation,  ill. 

*  rhe'-tor-ize,  v.i.  &  (.     [Eng.  rhetor;  -ize.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  play  the  orator ;  to  de- 
claim. 

B.  Trans. :   To  represent   by  a   figure  of 
oratory ;  to  introduce  by  a  rhetorical  device. 

••  A  certain  rhetorbod  woman  whom  he  calls  mother." 
— Jtilton:  Apoloffy  for  Smectymnuui. 

•  rhSt'-or-jF,  s.    [RHETOR.]    A  rhetorician. 

"  The  same  profession  with  the  rhOoriet  at  Rome."— 
Backet :  Life  of  WiUiamt,  i.  72. 

rheum  (1),   *  rewme,  *  rheume,  s.    [Fr. 

rheume,  from  Lat.  rheuma  ;  Gr.  peO/ia  (rheuma) 
—  a  flowing,  a  flux,  rheum,  from  p«u  (rheo), 
fut.  p«vo-op.<u  (rheusomai)  =  to  flow ;  Sp.  reuma ; 
Ital.  reuma,  rema.] 

Pathol. :  A  defluxion  of  fluids  on  any  part ; 
specif.,  an  inflammatory  action  of  the  mucous 
glands,  attended  with  an  increased  and  an 
altered  state  of  the  excreted  fluids.    (Parr.) 
"  A  palsy  struck  his  arm ;  his  sparkling  eye 
Was  quench'd  In  rheum  of  age." 

Cowper  :  Talk,  ii.  728. 

rhe  urn  (2),  «.  [Gr.  MOT.  (rhion),  pS  (rha) 
=  common  rhubarb,  from  Rha  =  the  Volga, 
near  which  it  grows.] 

Bot. :  Rhubarb;  a  genus  of  Polygonese. 
Calyx  inferior,  petaloid,  six-partite ;  stamens 


rhetorical— Rhine 

about  nine  ;  ovary  superior  ;  ovule  one,  erect ; 
styles  three,  reflexed  ;  stigma,  peltate,  entire ; 
achenium  three-angled,  winged,  with  the 
withtred  calyx  at  the  base.  Rheum  Rhapon- 
ticum  [RHAPONTicUM],is  known  as  the  Com- 
mon or  Garden  Rhubarb.  [RHUBAKB,  y  B. 
officinal*  (?),  or  R.  palmatum  (?),  is  the  officinal 
Rhubarb  RHUBARB,  2].  R.  *"*«"«« 
Puniaub  Himalaya,  from  6,200  to  14,000  feet, 
with  R.  Moorcroflianum  and  R.  speciforme,  are 
the  chief  sources  of  the  Himalayan  or  Indian 
officinal  rhubarb.  It  is  less  active  than  the 
common  kind.  The  stalks  of  R.  Emodi  are 
eaten  bv  the  Hindoos.  Other  Indian  species 
arefl.  Webbianum.R.nobile,  R.arboreum which 
yields  so  much  honey  that  the  ground  under 
the  plants  is  wet  with  it,  and  R.  Cimbarimtm, 
said  to  poison  goats  in  Sikkira.  -R.  midutotm* 
grows  in  China  and  Siberia.  The  roots  of 
K  Ribes  are  used  by  the  Arabs  as  an  acidulous 
medicine,  and  its  leaf  stalks  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  sherbet. 

H  Rhei  radix :  [RHUBARB,  2.]. 
rheu'-ma,  s.     [Lat.  &  Gr.]    The  same  as 
RHEUM  (i). 

i.    Rheumatic  fever. 


4001 


•  rheu'-nijf,  t.    [Eng.  rheum  (1)  ;  -ji.] 

1.  Full  of  rheum  ;  consisting  of  rheum  ;  of 
the  nature  of  rheum. 

2.  Causing  rheum. 

"  And  tempt  the  rheumy  and  un  purged  air 
To  add  unto  Ilia  sickness?  " 

Shttketp  :  Juliut  Ccetar,  1L  1. 

3.  Affected  with  rheum. 

"  Tough  old  Liickner.  with  his  eyes  grown  rKmrnv.' 
—Carlyle  :  French  lien.,  bk.  v.,  ch.  ii. 

rhex'-i-a,  »•  (Lat.  =  alkanet  (Arnhusa.  tine- 
toria),  not  the  modern  genus.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Melastomaceae,  containing 
the  American  Deer  grasses  or  Meadow  beauties. 

rhlg'-d-lene,  s.  [Gr.  piyoc  (rhigos)  =  frost, 
cold,  and  Lat.  oleum  —  oil.]  A  petroleum 
naphtha,  proposed  by  Dr.  H.  J.  Bigelow,  of 
Boston,  U.S.A.,  as  a  local  anresthetic.  It  is 
applied  in  the  form  of  spray  in  minor  opera- 
tions, producing  intense  cold  by  its  evapora- 
tion. 

*  rhime,  s.    [RHYME.] 

*  rhim'-jf,  a.    [RHYMV.] 
rhin-,  pref.    [RHINO-.] 


rheum-ar-thri'-tis, «.  Acute  rheumatism 
of  the  joints. 

rheu-mat-Ic.  *  rheu'-ma-tte,  Theu- 
mat  Jok,  *  rheu-mat-icke,  a.  [Lat. 
rheumaticus,  from  Gr.  p^aTuco*  (rheumatilcos), 
from  p.Ofio  (rheuma),  genit.  pharos  (rheuma- 
tos)  = rheum  ;  Fr.  rheumatique ;  Sp.  reumatico; 
Ital.  reumatico,  rematico.)  [RHEUM  (1).J 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  rheumatism ;  of  the 
nature  of  rheumatism. 

1  In  pathology,  there  are  rheumatic  arthri- 
tis, bronchitis,  fever,  gout,  ophthalmia,  para- 
lysis, pericarditis,  Ac. 

2.  Causing  rheumatism. 

"This  i»w.  rheumatic  day."— «*«*«•»• :  Jfemr  ITfcti 
of  Windtor,  ill.  1. 

3.  Affected  by  or  suffering  from  rheumatism. 

"  If  I  were  feeble,  rheumatic,  or  cold.  .  „ 

These  were  true  signs  that  I  were  waxed  old. 

Drayton :  Henry  to  Rotamond. 

•I  The  Rheumatics:  Rheumatic  pains ;  rheu- 
matism. (Vulgar.) 

rhen'-ma-tlsm,  s.  [Lat.  rheumatismus ;  Gr. 
p«vu<mo>os  (rheumatismos),  from  peSfia  (rheu- 
ma).] [RHEUMA  (1).] 

Pathol  •  Acute  articular  rheumatism  or 
rheumatic  fever  is  produced  by  the  presence 
in  the  blood  of  a  poisonous  material  (probably 
lactic  acid  in  excess),  generated  within  the 
system  by  some  derangement  of  the  nutritive 
and  elementary  processes.  The  ordinary 
causes  are  exposure  to  cold  and  damp,  sudden 
chill  sitting  in  wet  clothes  or  in  a  cold  draught, 
and  scarlatina  also  sometimes  produces  it  in 
children.  It  is  a  distinctly  hereditary  disease, 
chiefly  attacking  persons  from  fifteen  to  thirty- 
five  years  of  a»e,  but  no  time  of  life  is  exempt. 
Affections  oftheheartarepresentin  most  acute 
cases,  particularly  pericarditis,  with  the  blow- 
ing bellows-like  murmur  so  characteristic  of 
this  complication,  and  this  is  apt  to  be  perma- 
nent It  is  usual  for  many  attacks  to  follow 
through  life,  and  in  the  young  chorea,  or  St. 
Vitus's  dance,  is  a  common  sequent.  The  joints 
become  swollen,  red,  hot,  and  painful  even  to 
agony  Relief  of  pain  and  alkalinity  of  the 
blood  are  the  most  necessary  indications  for 
the  successful  treatment  of  rheumatism.  I 
frequently  becomes  chronic,  and  assumes  other 
forms  as  well  as  the  articular,  or  rheumatism 
of  the  joints,  such  as  myalgia,  or  muscular 
rheumatism,  wry-neck,  lumbago,  gonorrhoea! 
rheumatism,  and  Arthritis  deformans,  in  which 
deformity  and  twisting  of  the  joints  is  the 
most  m-ominent  characteristic. 
rheumatism  root, ». 
Bot. :  Je/ersonia  diphylla, 

•  rheu-ma-tts'-maa,  a.  [Bug.  rheumatism; 
•al.]  Pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  rheu- 
matism ;  rheumatic. 

rheu'-ma-ttze,  s.  [See  def.]  A  provincial 
and  Scotch  corruption  of  rheumatism. 

rheu'-ma-toid,  a.  [Eng.  rheumatism) ;  -aid.] 
Pathol. :   Resembling  rheumatism.     There 
is  a  rheumatoid  arthritis. 

rheum  -in,  ».  [Eng.  rheum(a);  -in.]  [CHRiso- 

PHAHIC-ACID.] 


rlu  -na,  s.  [Gr.  pis  (rhis),  genit.  pivot  (rhinos) 
=  the  nose.] 

Ichthy.  :  Angel  -  fish  (q.v.),  Monk  -  fish.  It 
approaches  the  Rays  in  general  form  and 
habits.  Almost  cosmopolitan  in  temperate 
and  tropical  seas.  [THAUMAS.] 

rhin-a  can  -thus,  s.  [Pref.  rMit-  (q.T.),  and 
Gr.  ixavfla  (akantha)  =  a  thorn.] 

Bot  :  A  genus  of  Eranthemeie.  RMnacan- 
thus  communis  (=  Justicia  nasuta)  is  a  shrub 
four  or  five  feet  high,  found  in  the  south  of 
India  The  fresh  root  and  leaves  bruised  and 
mixed  with  lime  juice  are  given  by  the  Hin- 
doos for  ringworm,  Malabar  or  Dhobees 
(Washerman's)  itch,  4SC. 

rhin-als-thet'-aOB,  s.  [Pref.  rMn-(q.v.),  and 
Gr.  ourffirruioc  (aisthilikos)  =  of  or  for  percep- 
tion.) Odour  sensations.  (Rossiter.) 

rhin'  al,  a.  [Gr.  pis  (rhis),  genit.  punt  (rMno») 
=  the'  nose ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -al.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  nose. 

rhi-nan-thitd'-S-w,  rhi-na_  __   ,-  --. 

s.  fl.    [Mod.  Lat.  rhinanth(us) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL 
adj.  suff.  -ideoj,  -aceo2.\ 

Bot. :  A  sub-order  of  ScrophulariacesE.  In- 
florescence, as  a  rule  entirely  centripetal,  or 
aestivation  quincuncial  or  irregularly  imbri- 
cated one  of  the  lateral  segments  being  gene- 
rally external,  the  two  upper  ones  always 
internal.  (Bentham.)  Tribes:  Sibthorpeae, 
Buddleese,  Digitaleese,  Veronicese,  Buchnerese, 
Gerardieae,  and  Euphrasies;. 
rhi  nan  thus,  s.  [Pref.  rhin-  (q.v.),  and  Gr. 
ai-«os  (anttos)  =  a  flower.  Named  from  the 
form  of  the  corolla.] 

Bot. :  Yellow-rattle  :  The  typical  genus  of 
Rhinanthideffi  (q.v.).  Calyx  inflated,  four- 
toothed,  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  laterally 
compressed,  entire,  with  a  tooth-like  appen- 
dage or  lobe  on  each  side,  lower  lip  plane, 
three-lobed ;  ovules  many  ;  capsule  two-celled, 
compressed.  One,  Rhinanthus  Crista-galli, 
with  two  sub-species,  major  and  minor,  is 
British.  The  corolla  is  yellow,  with  the  lobe* 
of  the  upper  lip  and  the  anthers  bluish. 


*  rhln-as'-ter,  ».    [Pref-  rhin-,  and  Gr. 
(aster)  =  a  star.) 
Zoology  : 

1.  A  synonym  of  Condylura  (q.v.). 

2.  A  lapsed  genus  of  Rhinocerotidae. 

rhi-na-tre'-ma,  s.     [Pref.  rhina-,  and  Gr. 
Tpvjfii  (Irema)  —  a  hole.] 

Zoo!.  :  A  genus  of  Cajciliadee(q.v.),  with  one 
species,  from  Cayenne. 
rnind'-mart,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Sco<»  Lam  :  A  word  of  occasional  occurrence 
in  the  reddendo  of  charters  in  the  north  of 
Scotland,  to  signify  any  speuies  of  horned 
cattle  given  at  Martinmas  as  part  of  the  rent 
or  feu-duty.  (Bell.) 
Rhine  (1),  ».  [Lat.  Rhenus;  Ger.  Rhein.] 

Geog.  :  A  river  running  between  France  and 
Germany. 
f  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  :  [CosrKDtJRA- 

TION]. 


b6il,  bo^;  pout,  jevfrl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin, 
-clan,  -tian  =  shaa.    -tion,    sion  =  BbiLn;  -{ion,  -jlon  =  than,    -clous,  - 


4002 


rhine— rhinodermatidss 


Rhine-loess,  s.    [LOESS.] 

Rhine-wines,  s.  pi.  A  general  term  for 
wines  made  from  the  grapes  grown  on  the 
borders  of  the  Rhine,  but  more  specifically  fn 'in 
those  of  the  Rheingaii,  a  district  in  the  south- 
west of  Nassau,  and  formerly  belonging  to  the 
archbishopric  of  Mayence.  The  best  white 
Rhine-wines  are  Johannisberg,  Hochheimer, 
Rudesheimer,  Steinbcrger,  Rothcnberger,  and 
Markobrunner.  The  Asmannsliauser  is  the 
best  known  of  the  red  wines. 

rhino  (2),  rhene,  «.  [A.S.  rj/n«  =  a  water- 
course ;  Wei.  rkyn  =  a  channel.]  A  water- 
course ;  a  wide  ditch  or  dike. 

"  Sedgetnoor  .  .  .  was  Intersected  by  many  deep  and 
wide  trenches  which.  In  that  country,  are  called 
rhlneg."—  Macaulag :  Hilt.  Kny.  ch.  V. 

rhi  nel'-lus,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  dimin.  from  pis 
(rhis),  genit.  piros  (rhinos)  =  the  nose.] 

Palaont. :  A  genus  of  Clupeidse,  from  the 
Upper  Cretaceous  of  Mount  Labanon. 

rhm-en-cS-phal'-Io,  a.  (RHINEMCEPBALON.) 
Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  rhinencepha- 
kra. 

rhm-en-9eph'-a  Ion, «.  tPref.  rhin-  (q.v.), 
and  Gr.  cy«t<f>aAof  (tngktphalos)  =  the  brain.) 

Comp.  Anal.  :  The  anterior  surface  of  the 
brain,  consisting  chiefly  of  gray  substance, 
and  giving  origin  to  the  small  nerves  which 
proceed,  through  the  foramina  of  the  ethmoid 
bone,  to  the  nose. 

rhi ne'- stone,  ».  An  Imitation  of  a  cut 
diamond,  usually  of  paste  or  strass  (a.v.), 

rhin-ich'-thys,  >.  [Pref.  rhin-,  and  Or.  ix0vc 


fchthy.  :  Long-nosed  Dace  ;  a  genus  of  Cy- 
prlnldie,  from  the  fresh  waters  of  North 
America. 


--.  >.  ft.    [Mod.  Lat.  rhin(a);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -idee.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  family  of  Flaglostomous  Fishes, 
section  Batoldei.  No  anal  lin,  two  dorsals  ; 
spiracles  present.  Pectorals  large,  with  the 
basal  portion  prolonged  forwards,  but  not 
attached  to  the  head. 

rhi-ni'-tis,  «.    Inflammation  of  the  nose. 

rhi'-nd,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Money,  coin, 
gold  or  silver.  (Slung.) 

rill  no-,  rhin-,  prrf.  [Or.  pis  <rhls\  gentt. 
piros  (rMiws)  =  (1)  the  nose,  (2)  the  nostrils.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  nose  or  the  nostrils  ; 


rhi-n«-b&t'-M»,  a,  j*.    [Mod.  Lat.  rMno- 
baH.m)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun".  -idte.] 

1.  Ichthy  :  A  family  of  Plagiostomous  Fishes 
section  Batoidei.    Tail  long  and  strong  with 
two  well-developed  dorsals,  aiid  a  longitudinal 
fold  on  each  side;  caudal  developed.    Disc 
not  excessively  dilated,  the  rayed  portion  of 
the   pectorals   not   being  continued  to  the 
snout.    Three  genera  :  Rhynchobatus,  Rhino- 
batus,  and  Trygonorhina. 

2.  Palaxmt.  :  Apparently  commenced  In  the 
Oolite. 

Cm.trti.KS.nd  Mod. 


.  t  .IchtkV-  *  Th*  tyP^al  genus  of  Rhino- 
batidae,  with  twelve  species,  from  tropical  and 
•lib-tropical  seas.  Cranial  cartilage  produced 
Into  a  long  rostral  process,  the  space  between 
it  and  the  pectoral  being  ailed  by  a  membrane. 
Dorsals  without  spine,  both  at  a  great  dis- 
tance behind  the  ventrals;  caudal  without 
lower  lobe. 

2.  Palffont.  :  One  species,  from  the  Chalk 
of  Mount  Lebanon,  has  been  referred  to  thii  ' 
genns.    [SPATHOBATIS.] 

"rtu-no  ?eV-I-al,  •  rhi-no  c^r-Ic  al, 
o.  [RHINOCEROS.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
rhinoceros  :  resembling  the  rhinoceros. 

rhi-nSo'-er-da'd,  o.  [Eng.  r*inoar<oj);-otd.] 
Belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of  the  genus 
Bhinooeros.  {Nicholson  :  Palaumt.,  ii.  829.) 

rhi-nS;  -er-ds  (The  class,  pi.  Is  rhi-nSc- 
Sr-Of-tes,  but  the  form  rhi-no9'-er-6s-e  j 
la  in  ordinary  use),  •  ri  no9'-er-6s,  *  rhi- 
no'o'-er-d't,  ».  [Lat.,  from  Or.  pi»«puS  (rhino- 
terds):  pit  (rhis).  genit.  pii/ot  =  (rhinos)  =  the 
nose,  and  «pa«  (kerut)  =  a  horn.) 


1.  Zoology: 

(1)  The  sole  recent  genus  of  the  family 
RhinocerntidseCq.v.).  It  falls  naturally  toto 
three  sections,  which  some  zoologists  raise  to 
the  rank  of  genera. 

(a)  Rhinoceros:  Adults  with  a  single  large 
compressed  incisor  above  on  each  side,  occa- 
sionally a  small  lateral  one,  below  a  very  small 
median,  and  a  very  large  procumbent,  pointed, 
lateral  incisor;  nasal  bone  pointed  in  front ; 
single  nasal  horn  ;  skin  very  thick,  and  raised 
into  strong,  definitely-arranged  folds.  There 
are  two  well-marked  species :  (1)  Rhinoceros 
unicomia  (Linnxus ;  indicits,  Cuvier),  now 
found  wild  only  in  the  terai  region  of  Nepal 
and  Bhutan  and  in  Assam,  though  it  had 
formerly  a  much  wider  geographical  range  ; 
(2)  R.  sondaicus  (or  javanus,  Cuvier),  the 
Javan  Rhinoceros,  is  smaller,  and  distin- 
guished by  the  different  arrangement  of  the 
folds  of  the  skin,  and  by  the  small  size  or 
absence  of  the  horn  in  the  female.  Found 
near  Calcutta,  in  Burmnh,  Malay  Peninsula, 
Java,  Sumatra,  and  probably  Borneo.  Ji. 
wntoontiawas  known  to  the  ancients,  and  was 
seen  probably  for  the  first  time  by  modern 
Europeans  when  one  was  sent  to  the  king  of 
Portugal  from  India  in  1513. 

(6)  Ceratorhinus:  Thefolds  are  not  so  strongly 
marked  as  in  the  first  section.  There  is  a 
well-developed  nasal,  and  a  small  frontal  hom, 
separated  by  an  interval.  The  name,  E.  mi- 
matrensis  has  possibly  been  applied  to  more 
than  one  species,  and  two  animals  in  the 
Zoological  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  presented 
considerable  differences  of  form  and  colour. 
Dr.  Sclater  named  one  of  them  R.  lasiotis,  the 
Hairy-Eared  Rhinoceros.  Geographical  range 
nearly  the  same  as  that  of  the  Javan  Rhino- 
ceros, but  it  does  extend  into  Bengal. 

(c)  Atelodvt,  with  two  well-marked  species, 
peculiar  to  Africa.  Incisors  rudimentary  or 
wanting,  well-developed  anterior  and  posterior 
horns  in  close  contact ;  skin  without  delinite 
permanent  folds.  R.  bicornis,  the  Common 
Two-horned  Rhinoceros,  is  the  smaller,  and 
has  a  pointed  prehensile  lip.  It  ranges  from 
Abyssinia  to  Cape  Colony,  but  the  progress  of 
civilization  and  the  attacks  of  English  sports- 
men are  rapidly  reducing  its  numbers.  Two 
varieties  are  said  to  exist,  R.  bicornis  major 
and  R.  bicornis  minor.  Specimens  in  which 
the  posterior  horn  has  attained  a  length  as 
great  as  or  greater  than  the  anterior  have  also 
been  separated  under  the  specific  name  of 
R.  ktUloa  [KEITLOA],  but  with  scarcely  suffi- 
cient reason.  R.  simus,  Burchell's,  the  Square- 
mouthed,  or  White  Rhinoceros,  has  a  square 
truncated  lip,  browses  on  grasses,  and  fre- 
quents open  country.  It  is  the  largest  of  the 
family,  an  adult  male  standing  over  six  feet 
at  the  shoulder.  The  epithet  White  is  a  mis- 
nomer, for  the  animal  is  a  dingy  slate-colour. 
A  local  variety  in  which  the  horn  has  a  forward 
rake  is  sometimes  described  as  R.  oswellii. 

(2)  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Rhinoceros 
t(l)J.  The  rhinoceros  is  the  largest  and  most 
powerful  terrestrial  mammal,  except  the  ele- 
phant, to  which,  as  well  as  to  the  nippopota- 
musand  tapir,  it  is  allied.  They  are  of  low  intel- 
ligence, and  usually  harmless,  but  when  pro- 
voked they  display  considerable  ferocity,  and, 
though  apparently  so  clumsily  formed,  can 
run  with  great  speed.  Only  one  is  produced 
at  a  birth.  The  flesh  Is  sometimes  used  for 
food ;  in  the  East  Indies,  the  skin,  which  is 
said  tc  be  bullet-proof  at  short  distances,  Is 
nsed  for  shields,  and  in  South  Africa  it  is 
made  into  whips. 

2.  Palrtont. :  R.  pachygnathus,  from  the  Mio- 
cene of  Greece,  was  apparently  intermediate 
between  fi.  dfcornwand  R.  simns.  Four  species, 
all  bleorn,  formerly  inhabited  Britain :  R. 
tichorhinvs,  the  Woolly  Rhinoceros  (q.v.), 
from  the  Brick-earths  of  the  Thames  Valley, 
R.  hmittzchus  (Falc.,  leptorhimu,  Owen),  R. 
megarhinus  (leptorhinus,  Cuvier  &  Falc.) 
and  R.  etruscus,  of  Pliocene  age.  The  one- 
horned  Indian  type  was  well  represented 
(R.  livoJensis,  R.  pateindims)  In  the  Pleisto- 
cene of  the  sub-Himalayan  region.  R.  tchleir- 
macherl,  of  the  late  European  Miocenes,  pos- 
sessed incisors  and  was  bicorn. 

rhinoceros-beetle,  a, 

E/itom. :  Oryctes  rhinoceros,  so  called  from  a 
horn  or  protuberance  on  its  head.  [OBYCTES.] 
rhinoceros  bird,  i. 
Ornithology: 
1.  Buphaga  afrlcana,  the  African  Beefeater, 


or  Ox-pecker.  [BUPHAOA.]  It  is  also  a  fre- 
quent companion  of  the  rhinoceros,  to  wnicli, 
besides  being  of  service  in  ridding  him  uf 
many  of  the  insects  that  infest  his  hide,  it  is 
said  to  perform  the  friendly  part  of  sentinel, 
uttering  sharp,  shrill  cries  on  the  approach  of 
danger. 

2.  ThesameasRHiNOCER03-noRNBi»L(q.v.X 

rhinoceros-bush,  j. 

Bat. :  Stoebe  rhinocerntit,  a  composite  cover- 
ing wide  tracts  of  country  in  the  South  African 
Karroo. 

rhinoceros-chameleon, ». 

ZooL  :  Chnmwleon  rhinoctratits,  from  Mada- 
gascar. There  is  a  horn-like  tubercle  at  tin 
end  of  the  muzzle. 

rhinoceros  hornbill, «. 

Ornilh. :  ISucerosrMnor-ms,  from  the  Malayan 
peninsula  and  Borneo.  Called  also  Rhinoceros- 
bird. 

rhinoceros-tick,  & 

Entom.:  Ixodts  rhinocerinui,  parasiti*  on 
Rhinoceros  bicornis. 

rhl-noo-er-6f-lc,  o.    [Eng.  rhinoarot;  -lc.) 
*  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  rhinoceros.    (Th» 

World,  No.  160.) 
2.  (In  this  sense,  from  Mod.  Lat,  rhimcrr- 

otidir):  Belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of  the 

family  Rhinocerotidae  (q.vA     (Eiiciic.  Brit. 

(ed.  9th),  xv.  429.) 

rhl-no'c-er-o'f-.'-dsB,  t  rhl-n8  9eV-I-<l8», 

«.  pi.  [Lat.  rhinoceros,  genit.  rninocerot(is), 
rhinoceros);  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -idie.) 

L  Zool. :  A  family  of  Perissodactyla  (q.v.X 
Bead  large,  skull  elungated ;  brain  cavity 
very  small  for  size  of  skull ;  limbs  stout  and 
of  moderate  length.  Three  completely  de- 
veloped toes,  each  with  distinct  broad  rounded 
hoof,  on  each  foot.  Mammae  two,  Inguinal; 
eyes  small ;  hairy  covering  scanty ;  one  or 
two  median  horns  on  face,  of  a  more  or  less 
conical  form,  and  recurved,  often  growing  to 
a  length  of  three  or  even  four  feet,  and  com- 
posed of  a  solid  hardened  mass  of  epidermic 
cells,  growing  from  a  cluster  of  long  dermal 
papillte,  which  present  the  appearance  of  a 
mass  of  agglutinated  hairs.  One  recent  genus. 
[2]  Distribution  now  restricted  to  Africa  and 
portions  of  the  Indian  and  Indo-Malayau 
regions. 

2.  Pakeont. :  From  the  Miocene  onward. 
Several  forms  have  been  described  from 
America.  Remains  of  a  primitive  perisso- 
dactylic  form,  from  which  the  Rhinocerotidee 
may  have  descended,  have  been  found  In  the 
Eocene  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Hyracodon 
and  Aceratherium  (with  four  toes),  from  the 
Miocene,  had  no  nasal  horn  ;  Diceratherium, 
of  the  same  age,  had  a  pair  of  tubercles  on 
the  nasal  bones,  apparently  supporting  horns 
side  by  side.  [RHINOCEROS,  2.] 

trhl-no-Che'-tl-dsB.s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat  rMno. 

clict(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suit',  -idee.} 

Omith. :  In  older  classifications  a  family  of 
Grallaj,  with  one  germs  Rttinochetus  (q.v.). 

rhi-no-che-ti'-nw,  «.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  rhino- 
chet(us);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suft*.  -inoe.] 

Ornilh.:  A  sub-family  of  Gruidse,  with  on» 
genus,  Rhinochetus  (q.v.),  though  Sundevall 
places  here  the  genus  Pediononras  of  Gould, 
sometimes  classed  with  the  Charadriidse  and 
sometimes  with  the  Tumicidae. 

rhi-no-che'-ttts,  s.  [Pref.  rMno-,  and  Gr. 
XIUTT)  (chatte)  =  long,  flowing  hair.] 

Ornith.  i  The  sole  genus  of  the  sub-family 
Rhinochetime,  with  a  single  species,  Rliino- 
chetus  jubatus,  from  New  Caledonia.  It  is  • 
bird  of  a  bluish  ash  colour,  partaking  some- 
what of  the  appearance  of  a  Rail,  a  Plover 
and  a  Heron. 

rhi  no-deV-ma,  «.    [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Or.  . 

Wpno  (derma)  =.  skin.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Bngystomatldse  (In  older 
classifications  made  the  type  of  a  family,  Rhi- 
nodermatidse,  which  is  now  frequently  merged 
in  the  first-named  family).  Fingen  with  a 
slight  rudiment  of  web;  toes  incompletely 
webbed.  There  is  a  single  species,  Rhinoder- 
ma  dariainii,  from  Chili.  (Boulenger.) 

t  rhi  no  der-m&t'-I-dss,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
rhinoderma,  genit.  rhinodermal(ts) ;  Lat.  fern. 
pU  adj.  stiff.  -Wee.)  [RHINODKRXA.} 


fcto,  fat,  fi»e,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
•r,  wore,  wolt  work,  who.  son  t  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    w,  ce  =  6  j  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


rMnodon— rhizobolacesB 


4003 


--,  s.    [Gr.  p«  (rhis),  genit.  ptv<k 
'   (rkinos)=  the  iiose;  suff.  -odon.] 

Ichthy. :  The  sole  genus  of  the  family 
Rhinodontidffi,  with  a  single  species,  Bhinodon 
typicust  a  gigantic  shark,  known  to  exceed 
fifty  feet  in  length,  and  said  to  attain  seventy. 
Common  in  the  western  parts  of  the  Indian 
Ocean.  It  is  harmless,  the  teeth  being  small 
and  numerous,  in  broad  bands.  Snout  broad, 
short,  and  flat ;  eyes  very  small, 

rhi  no  don  tl-dae,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  rhino* 
don,  genit.  rhinodo-nt(is) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj. 
Buff,  -idee.] 

fchthy. :  A  family  of  Selachoidei  (q.v.X  No 
nictitating  membranes  ;  anal  tin  present ;  two 
dorsals,  the  fi  rst  nearly  opposite  to  the 
ventrals,  without  spine  in  front;  mouth aud 
nostrils  near  extremity  of  snout. 

flu-nod'  6-ras,  s.  [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  etonw,  from  Gr.  $6pv  (doru)  =  Si  spear.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Siluridse,  from  the 
river?  of  tropical  South  America  flowing  Into 
the  Atlantic.  There  is  a  series  of  bony  scutes 
along  the  middle  of  the  side. 

rhi-no  gla  m'-na,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  rhino- 
glait(is);  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 

Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Siluridse  (q.v.).  Two 
dorsals ;  six  barbels  ;  ventrals  inserted  below 
posterior  rays  of  first  dorsal.  Two  genera : 
Rhinoglanis,  of  which  a  single  example,  an 
Inch  and  a  half  long,  has  been  obtained  from 
Gondoroko,  on  the  Upper  Nile ;  and  Callo- 
mystax,  from  the  Ganges  and  Indus. 

rhi-n6-gla'-nls,  s.  [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  glanis,  from  Gr.  y\a.vts  (fflanis)  =a  a  shad.] 
[RHINOOLANINA.] 

rhi  no--gry'-phus,  «.  [Pret  rJUno-,  and  Lat 

grypkus.  ]    [G  RYPUS.  ] 

Ornith, :  Turkey  Vulture  ;  a  genus  of  Sarco- 
rhamphma,  with  one  species,  Rhinogryphus 
aura,  sometimes  separated  from  Cathartas  on 


BHINOaBYPHUS  AURA. 

account  of  its  peculiar  perforated  nose,  bat 
classed  with  that  genus  by  older  taxonomists. 
Range,  from  North  America  to  the  Straits  of 
Magellan.  It  isabont  thirty  inches  long ;  plum- 
age black  with  purplish  gloss ;  head  and  neck 
bright  red,  which  fades  rapidly  after  death. 

rhi  no-lith,  s.     [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Gr.  Aftoc 

(lithos)  =  a  stone.] 

Pathol :  A  concretion,  consisting  of  the 
phosphate  and  carbonate  of  lime  and  mag- 
nesia with  mucus,  sometimes  arising  in  the 
nasal  oavities. 

rhi  no  loph'-I -dae,  *.  pi.    [Mod.  Lafe.  rhino- 

loplt(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -Idas.} 

Zool.  :  Horseshoe  Bats ;  a  family  of  Mlcro- 
chiroptera.  Bats  with  well-developed  foli- 
aceous  cutaneous  appendages  surrounding 
nasal  apertures,  and  large,  generally  separated 
ears,  without  a  tragus.  The  molars  are 
acutely  tubercular,  enabling  them  to  crash 
tlie  hard  cases  of  Coleoptera,  which  form  a 
lame  portion  of  their  food.  From  temperate 
and  tropical  parts  of  the  eastern  hemisphere, 
from  Ireland  to  New  Ireland.  There  are  two 
Rnh-families :  (1)  Phyllorhlninse,  and  (2) 
Rhinolnphina,  with  a  single  genus,  Rhino- 
lophus  (q.v.). 

rhi  -  nol-  o-phi'-nre,  t.  pi    [Mod.  Lat.  rhino- 
loph(u*);    Lat.    fern.     pL    adj.    fluff,    -ince.] 

[RUINOLOPHIDA.] 

rhi-nol'-6-phus,  a.    [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Gr. 
Adieus  (lophos)  =.  a  crest.] 

1.  Zool.  :  The  sole  genus  of  Rhinolnphinae, 
with  twenty-four  species,  having  approxi- 
mately the  range  of  the  family.  In  temperate 
regions  the  species  hibernate  in  dry  and  warm 


hiding-places  during  the  winter;  in  warmer 
regions  they  frequent  hill-ranges,  and  many 
are  clothed  with  long  dense  fur.  The  most 
important  species  will  be  found  iu  this 
Dictionary  under  their  popular  names. 
2.  Palfeont. :  Begins  in  the  Eocene. 

rhi-no-nyc'-ter-is,  «.  [Pref.  rhino-,  and 
Mod.  La!.,  nycteris  (q.v.),] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Phyllorhinae  (q.v.),  with 
one  species,  Jthinonycteris  aurantiaca,  the 
Orange-coloured  Bat.  The  genus  is  interme- 
diate between  Triaenops  and  Phyllorhina,  agree- 
ing more  closely  with  the  former.  (Dobson.) 

rhi-n6-phry'-ni-d»,  «.  pL  [Mod.  Lat,  rhi- 
nopiiryn(us) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

[RHI NOPH  B  YNUS.  ] 

rhi-no-phry'-nus,  ».  [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Gr. 
fypuvri  (phrune)  —  a  toad.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Bufonidse.  Parotids  ab- 
sent, transverse  processes  of  sacrum  large, 
fingers  free,  toes  webbed,  tips  not  dilated. 
One  species,  Rhinophrynus  dorsalis,  from 
Mexico.  It  is  sometimes  erected  into  a  sepa- 
rate family,  Rhinophrynidte. 

rhi-noph'-$rl-la,  «.  [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Gr. 
(£i»AAoc  (phullon)  =  a  leaf.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Vampyri  (q.v.),  with  one 
species,  Rhinophylla  pumilio,  from  Bahia. 

*  rhi -nA-plast,  s.  [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Gr. 
TrAao-o-w  (plasto)  =  to  mould.]  A  person  hav- 
ing an  artificial  nose.  [RHINOPLASTIC.] 

"  The  cunning  Idolaters  who  had  made  Mr.  Clint  ft 
rMnopUut."— Daily  Telegraph,  June  9,  1885. 

rhi  no-plas'-tic,  a.  [Pr.  rhinoplastiqnc.] 
[RuiNOPLAST.]  Forming  a  nose. 

rhlnoplastic-  knlto,  s. 

Surg. :  A  knife  used  iu  the  Tagliacotian 
operation  for  artificial  nose. 

rhinoplastic-opcration,  0. 

Surq. :  A  surgical  operation  for  forming  an 
artificial  nose,  or  for  restoring  one  partially 
lost,  Also  called  the  Taliacotian  or  Tagiia- 
eotian  operation,  from  Jaspar  Tagliacozzi,  a 
surgeon  of  Bononia,  by  whom  it  was  intro- 
duced about  1553.  Tagliacozzi  obtained  the 
piece  for  the  replacement  by  dissection  from 
the  shoulder  or  arm  of  the  patient.  Liston 
introduced  the  plan  of  cutting  the  piece  from 
the  forehead  of  the  noseless. 

rhi  no-plas-ty,  s.  [RHINOPLASTIC.]  The 
same  aa  RHIJSOPLASTIC-OPEKATION  (q.v.), 

rhi  no  po  -ma,  s.  [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Gr. 
wwfia  (poma)  =  a  cover.] 

Zool. :  The  sole  genus  of  the  group  Rhino- 
pomata,  of  the  sub-family  EmuaHon urinffi. 
There  is  a  single  species,  Rhinopoma  micro- 
phyllum,  ranging  from  Egypt,  through  Asia 
Minor,  to  India  and  Burma.  It  is  a  small  Bat, 
about  two  inches  long,  with  a  tail  of  about 
the  same  length.  The  fur  is  short,  and  a 
good  deal  of  the  hinder  part  of  the  back 
naked;  the  limb-bones  are  long,  rendering 
the  animal  active  in  walking.  Common  in 
ruins  in  Egypt,  whence  it  is  sometimes  called 
the  Egyptian  Rhinopome. 

rhi-no-po'-ma-ta,  «.  pi.  (Mod.  Lat.,  pi.  of 
rhinopoma.]  [RHINOPOMA.] 

rhi'  no-pome,  *.    [RHINOPOMA.] 

rhi-nop'-ter-a,  «.  [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Gr. 
irrepov  (pterori)  =  a  wing.] 

1.  Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Myliobatidse  (q.v.), 
with  seven  species  from  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical seas.     The    teeth    are    broad,    flat, 
tessellated,  in  five  or  more  series,  the  middle 
being  the  broadest,  the  others  decreasing  in 
width  outwards.    Tail  very  slender,  with  a 
dorsal  fin  before  the  serrated  spine. 

2.  Pateeont. :  [ZYQOBATIS]. 

rhi  no-rhce  -a,  «.  [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Gr.  plw 
(rheo)  —  to  flow.] 

Pathol. :  Chronic  inflammation  of  the  nos- 
trils. Called  also  Oztena. 

rhi-no-sau'-rus,  «.  [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Gr. 
eravpos  (soiiros)  =  a  lizard.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Labyrinthodonts, 
group  Brachyopiua,  from  the  Lias. 

rhi -no -scope,  s.  [Pref.  rhino-,  and  Gr. 
ffKoreta  (skopeS)  =  to  see.]  An  instrument  for 


examining  the  posterior  nares  —  the  rear  por- 
tion of  the  nostrils. 

rhi-no  scop'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  rhinoscop(e)  ;  -ic.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  rhinoscopy  or  the  rhino- 
scope. 

rhl-n6s'-CO-p$r,  «.  [RHINOSCM>PE.]  Inspec- 
tion of  the  nasal  passages  by  means  of  the 
rhinoscope. 

rhi-pi^-er-a,  a.    [Gr.  ptn-i?  (rhipls)  =  a  fen, 

and  Kc'pac  (keras)  =  a  horn.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Rhipiceridaa 
(q.v.).  The  species,  which  are  few,  are  found 
in  Australia  and  America. 

rhl-pi-9€r'-l-d£et  «.  pL  [Mod.  I^t.  rftijii. 
cer(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Serricornia  akin  to 
Elateridse.  Antenna  tn  the  males  beautifully 
branched,  sometimes  fan-shaped.  No  groove 
for  the  reception  of  the  fore  sternum.  The 
species  are  few. 


tf.     [Gr.   pint's  (rhipis),  genit. 
(rhipulos)  =  &  fan.]     Fanlike,  having 
processes  resembling  a  fan. 

rhi-pl-dd-den'-dron,   s.     [Pref.  rhipido-, 
and  Gr.  favfyov  (dendron)  =  a  tree.] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Spongiomonadidce  (q.v.). 
Animalcnlea  ovate,  with  two  anterior  attenuate 
flagella.  Two  species,  Rhipidodendron  splendi- 
dumt  from  fresh  water,  and  R.  huaefoyi,  from 
bog-water  on  Dartmoor. 


[Pref.  rhipido-t  and 
Gr.  yopyelos  (gorgeios)  =  of  or  belonging  to  the 
Gorgon.] 

ZooL  ;  Fan-coral  ;  a  genus  of  Gorgonldw. 
They  are  fan-shaped,  with  little  warty  polypes 
close  to  the  hard  tissue.  Many  species  exist 
in  the  Pacific  and  the  Atlantic. 

rhi-pi-diir'-a,  ».    [Pref.  rhipid(o)-t  and  Gr. 
ovpo,  (oura)  =  a  tail.] 

Ornith.:  Fantails;  a  genus  of  Muscicapido, 
with  forty  -  five  species,  ranging  over  the 
Oriental  and  Australian  regions  to  the  Samoa 
Islands  and  Tasmania.  They  are  remarkable 
for  a  broad  tail,  which  spreads  out  like  a  fan 
when  the  bird  is  in  motion.  The  genus  is 
especially  represented  in  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, where  every  little  island,  or  group  of 
islands,  has  its  peculiar  species. 

rhi-plp'-ter-^,  s.  pi    [Gr.  pun's  (rMpis)=« 
fan,  and  irrtpov  (pterori)  =  a  wing.] 
Entom.  :  Strepsiptera  (q.v.).    (Latreille.) 

rhip-sal  -J-d89,  «.  pi    [Mod.  Lat.  rhipsattfs')  ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 
Bot.  :  A  family  of  Cactaceae. 

rh5tp'-sa-lis,  s.  [Gr.  pfy  (rhips)  =  wicker-work. 
Named"  from  the  flexible  branches.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Rhipsalidn. 
Flowers  rotate,  segments  twelve  to  eighteen, 
stamens  many,  style  one,  stigma  three-  to  six- 
rayed.  All  from  the  warmer  parts  of  America. 
Jihipsalia  pachyptera,  bruised,  is  used  as  * 
fomentation  for  ill-conditioned  ulcers. 

rhi-za-,   rhi-Eo-,  rhiz-,   prtf.     [Gr.  pifa 
(rhiza)  =  a  root.  J 

Bot.,  Zool.,  &c.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  a  root, 
or  anything  resembling  it. 

rhi'-zanth,  s.    [Rnrz  ANTHER.]    A  plant  be- 

longing to  the  Rhizanthea:, 

t  rhi-zan'-the-  ce,  *.  pi.     [Pref.  rhiz-;   Gr. 
ai^o?  (anthos)  =  a  flower,  and  Lat.  pi.  adj. 
suff,  -ece.] 
Sot.  :  Rhizogens.    (Blume.)    [RHIZOOEH.]   ., 

rhi'-zine,  rhi-zi'-na,  «.    [Gr.  pi$a(rhiza)=* 
root.] 
Bot.  :  The  root  of  a  moss  or  of  a  lichen. 

(Link.)    Called  also  Rliizula, 

rhi-zo-,  prtf.    [RHIZA-.] 

rhi  zo-blas'-tus,  «.     [Pref.  rhizo-,  and  Qc 
^Aaords  (blastos)  =  a  sprout,  a  shoot.] 
Sot.  :  An  embryo  which  develops  roots, 

rhl'-zo'-bol,  *.     [RHIZOBOLUS.] 

Bot.  (PI.)  :  The  Rhizobolaceae.    (Lindley.) 

rhi-z6-bo-la'-9e-»,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  rhiao- 
bol(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 
Bot.  :  Rhizobols  ;  an  order  of  Hypogynou* 


boll,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorun,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  «**",  this;  sin,  a§;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -ingr 
-clan,  -4ian  =  shan,   -tiou,  -slon  =  shun ;  -{ion.  -fion  =  zhun,   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  b9l»  del. 


4004 


rhizobolus— rhodalose 


Exogens,  alliance  Guttiferales.  Large  trees 
with  opposite,  digitate,  coriaceous  leaves 
without  stipules.  Sepals  five  or  six  ;  petals 
five  to  eight  ;  stamens  very  numerous  ;  ovary 
four,  five,  or  many  celled  ;  styles  as  many  as 
the  cells.  Tr.iit.  of  several  combined  nuts, 
each  nut  indehiscent,  one-celled,  one-seeded, 
or  abortive.  Natives  of  tropical  South 
America.  Known  geuera  two.  species  eight. 
(Lindley.) 

•  rhi-zob  -d-lfts,  i.  [Or.  p.fo$oXo5  (rhizobolas) 

=  striking  root  :   pifa  (rhiza)  =  a  root,  and 
(3oA«  (tolas)  =  a  throw.] 
Bot  :  A  synonym  of  Caryocar  (q.v.). 

rhl'-zd-carp,  s.    [Pref.  rhizo-,  and  Or.  xapiroc 
(wrpos)  =  fruit.] 
Bot  (Pi.):  The  Marsileacea  (q.v.).  (Lindfey.) 

•  rhi-zS-car'-paB,  ».  pi.    [RHIZOCARP.] 

Bot.  :  The  Marsileacea  (q.v.). 

rhi-zo-car  -pous,  o.    [Eng.  rhlzomrp  ;  -ovs.} 
Botany: 

1.  Gm.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  a  plant  whose 
root  endures  many  years,  but  whose  stems 
perish  annually.    Used  of  herbs. 

2.  Specif.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  a  Rhizocarp 
(q.v.> 

rlri-z6-9eph'-a-Ia,  s.  ft.    [Fret  rMjo-,  and 
Gr.  «c<f.aAi)  (kephali)  =  the  head.] 

Zool.  :  An  order  of  the  Crustacean  sab-class 
Gnathopoda  (=  EntomostracaX  often  placed 
with  the  Cirripedia.  Parasitic,  usually  as 
other  Crustacea.  Body  sac-like,  devoid  of 
segmentation  or  limbs.  The  aperture  of  the 
aac  is  funnel-shape,  and  supported  by  a  ring 
of  chitin.  From  the  circumference  of  the 
funnel,  root-like  processes  branch  out  through 
the  body  of  their  host.  Alimentary  canal 
obsolete  ;  no  cement  glands.  Hermaphro- 
dite ;  the  young  pass  through  a  Nauplins  and 
a.  Cypris  stage. 


[RRIZOCKPHALA.] 

Zoo!.  :  Any  individual  of  the  order  Rhizo- 
cephala  (q.v.). 

"Mr.  8p0nc«  B4U  mention*  a  ilmHy  CAM  In  a 
Mkaoctj>Aalo*.'—8tKfc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th).  VE  «S». 

rni-xA-cri'-nfta,  ».  [Pref.  rhito-  (q.v.),  and 
Gr.  icpuvv  (fcrinon)  =  a  lily.] 

ZooL:  A  genus  of  Apiocrinites  (Pear- 
Bncrinites). 

rhi  -xi-d&nt.  f.  [Pref.  rhizo-  (q.v.),  and  Gr. 
ofiovt  (odout),  genit  odorrof  (odonlos)  =  a 
tooth.] 

Cbiop.  Xnot  :  A  tooth  with  branching  fangs 
anchylosing  with  the  jaw. 

rhi-s6-d8p'-«i*,«.  [Mod.  Lat  rhizod(u,),  and 
Gr.  o^rfr  (opsw)  =  appearance.] 

PoJiront  :  A  genus  of  Cyclodipteridae 
(TraquairX  with  two  species,  from  the  Coal- 
measures  of  Scotland  and  Staffordshire.  The 
pectoral  fin  was  obtusely  lobate. 

i  -zd-das,  i.    [Pref.  rhizo-,  and  Or. 


Pttlaont.  :  A  genus  of  Cyclodipteridae 
(Tnquair),  with  two  species,  from  the  Coal- 
measures  near  Edinburgh.  It  was  probably 
the  largest  of  the  Palaeozoic  Fishes.  The 
huge  teeth  and  detached  bones  of  the  head 
of  Rhizodus  hibberti  led  earlier  observers  to 
refer  it  to  the  Labyrinthodonts. 

*ii-xS  flag-el-la-ta,  >.  fL    [Pref.  rtiw-, 
and  Hod.  Lat  Jlagellata  (q.v.).] 

ZooL  :  An  order  of  Flagellate  Infusoria. 
Animalcules  progressing  by  means  of  pseudo- 
podial  extensions  of  their  protoplasm  after  the 
manner  of  the  ordinary  Rhizopoda,  but  hear- 
ing, at  the  same  time,  one  or  more  flagellate 
appendages;  oral  or  ingestive  area  diffuse. 
Genera  :  Mastigamosba,  Reptomonas,  Rhizo- 
monas,  and  Podostoma.  (Kent.) 

rhi'-zi-gen,  s.     [Pref.   rhizo.,  and  the  root 
of  Gr.  ytrmu  (gmnao)  =  to  produce.] 

Bot.  (PI):  In  Lindley's  classification,  the 
third  of  seven  great  classes  of  the  Vegetable 
Kingdom.  Parasitic  plants  with  cellular 
scales  instead  of  true  leaves  ;  stem  an  amorph- 
ous fungous  mass,  or  a  ramified  mycelium 
sometimes  destitute  of  spiral  vessels.  Colour 
brown,  yellow,  or  purple,  never  green. 
Flowers  naked,  or  with  a  trimeroos  or  pentam- 
erons  calyx  with  stamens  and  carpels.  Most 


of  them  stain  water  a  deep  blood-red.  They 
vary  greatly  in  appearance.  Brown,  Griffith, 
&c.,  opposed  their  erection  into  a  separate 
class,  believing  them  degenerate  exogens. 
Called  also  Rhizanths.  Orders  Balauo- 
phoracee,  Cytiuacea,  Rafflesiacete. 

rhi  -xoid,  a.  ft  «.  [Gr.  pifottiijj  (rKixxtdti)  = 
=  root-like  :  pifa  (rhiza)  =  a  root,  and  ttfos 
(eidos)  =  form.] 

A*  A>  adj. :  Resembling  a  root. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Bot.  (PL):  Slender  root  filaments  affixing 
certain  cryptograms  to  the  ground. 

rhi-zoi -de-ous,    o.     [Eng.    rhuold;    suff. 
-toia.] 
Bot. :  The  same  as  RHIZOID,  A. 

rhi  zo-mo,  ».    [RHIZOME.] 

rhi-zo-ma  -nl-a,  «.  [Pref.  rhizo-,  and  Eng. 
mania.] 

Bot. :  An  abnormal  development  of  roots. 
It  Is  often  seen  in  the  ivy,  the  laurel,  the 
fig,  the  apple,  &c.  In  the  fig  the  roots  are 
often  sent  out  around  the  line  which  surrounds 
the  stem ;  in  the  apple  tree  they  appear  in 
little  bundles,  absorb  moisture,  and  decay. 
Rhizomania  generally  indicates  something 
wrong  with  the  ordinary  root. 

rhi'-zome,  rlriz  ome,  rhi  zo'-ma,  ».  [Gr. 

pt£u*i"  (rhizoma)  =  the  mass  of  the  roots  of  a 
tree ;  pwja  (rhiza)  =  a  root.] 

Bot :  A  rootstock,  a  prostrate,  thickened, 
rooting  stem  which  yearly  produces  young 
branches  or  plants.  Examples,  various 
Iridaceae  and  epiphytous  Orchids. 

rhi  zo-mdn  -a*,  «.  [Pref.  rhito-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  mono*  (q.v.).] 

ZooL :  A  genus  of  Rhizoflagellata,  with  a 
single  species,  Rhizomonas  rerrucoaa,  found  by 
Saville  Kent  in  hay-infusions. 

*  rhi-z6  mor  -pha,  t.  [Pref.  rhizo-,  and  Gr. 
/top^i}  (morphe)  =  form.] 

Bat. :  An  old  genus  of  Fungi  found  on  root- 
like  bodies,  which  are  really  the  imperfect 
state  of  various  other  genera. 

rhi-zo  mor  -phoid,  rhi  zA  mor  -phoiU, 
a.  [Eng.  rhuomorph(a) ;  -aid,  -ouj.)  Root- 
like  in  form. 

rhl  zo-mjs,  t.  [Pref.  rhizo-,  and  Gr.  fivt 
(mus)  =  a  mouse.] 

ZooL :  A  genus  of  Spalacinas  (q.v.),  with  six 
specias,  from  Abyssinia,  North  India,  Malac- 
ca, and  South  China.  It  differs  from  the 
typical  genus  in  having  the  eye  uncovered. 

t  rhi-zoph'-a-ga,  i.  pi.    [RHIZOPHAOCS.] 

Zool. :  Root-eaters ;  a  tribe  of  Marsupials, 
with  one  family  Phascolomyidae  (q.v.).  Two 
scalpriform  incisors  in  both  jaws  ;  no  canines ; 
stomach  with  a  special  gland  ;  ctecum  short, 
wide,  with  a  vermiform  appendage.  (Oiwn.) 

rhi-zoph -a-gotts,  (i.  [RHIZOPHAODS.]  Feed- 
ing or  subsisting  on  roots. 

rhi  zoph  -a-gaa,  «.  [Pref.  rhim-  (q.v.X  and 
Gr.  Qaytiv  (phayein)  =  to  eat.] 

Entftm. :  A  genus  of  NitidulidsK  Ten  are 
British. 

rhi~zoph -or-a,  ».  [Pret  rhizo-.  and  Gr. 
<t>oim  (pharos)  =  bearing.  Named  from  the 
aerial  roots  which  it  throws  out.] 

Bot. :  Mangrove  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Rhizo- 
phoraceee.  Calyx  four-parted ;  petals  four, 
acute ;  stamens  eight  to  twelve.  The  stem 
separates  into  roots  some  distance  above  the 
water.  The  wood  of  Rhizophora  Manglf  is 
good  and  durable,  the  fruit  sweet  and  eatable, 
and  the  fermented  juice  forms  a  light  wine. 
[MANGROVE.)  The  bark  is  good  for  tanning. 
Salt  also  is  extracted  from  its  aerial  roots. 

rtu-zi-phd-ra'-9e-n,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  rhi- 
tophoria);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -oooz.] 

Bot :  Mangroves ;  an  order  of  Perigynons 
Exogens,  alliance  Myrtales.  Trees  or  shrubs, 
growing  along  sea-shores.  Leaves  simple, 
opposite,  sometimes  dotted,  with  convolute, 
deciduous  stipules  between  the  petioles. 
Peduncles  axillary  or  terminal ;  calyx  lobes 
four  to  twelve,  sometimes  all  uniting  into  a 
calyptra.  Petals  inserted  into  the  calyx, 
equal  in  number  to  the  lobes,  and  alternating 
with  them.  Stamens  twice  or  thrice  as  many. 


Ovary  two-,  three-,  or  four-celled,  each  with 
two  or  more  pendulous  ovulns.  Fruit  inde- 
hiscent,  one-celled,  one-seeded,  crowned  by 
the  calyx.  Seed,  on  becoming  ripe,  sendii.g 
a  long  radicle  to  fix  itself  in  the  mud  and  thus 
prevent  its  being  carried  away  by  the  ocean. 
The  trees  form  dense  thickets  along  the  shorvs 
of  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres.  Known 
genera  five,  species  twenty.  (Lindley.) 

rhi-zopli'-dr-ous,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  rXltopJio- 
r(a) ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ous.] 

Bot. :  Root-bearing ;  belonging  to  tlie  natn- 
ral  order  Rhizophoracea?  (q.v.). 

rlu'-zo-pod, ».    [RHIZOPODA.] 

1.  Zool. :  A  member  of  the  order  Rhizopoda, 

2,  Bot ;  The  mycelium  of  a  fungal. 

t  rhl-zop  6-da,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  rhizo-,  and  Or. 
troiis  (pans),  geuit.  iroJos  (podos)=  a  foot] 

1.  Zool. :  A  name  introduced  by  Dujardin 
for  an  order  of  Infusoria,  which  were  defined 
as  auiuuilcules  with  mutable  form,  moving  by 
means  of  multiform  exsertile  processes,  with- 
out vibratile  cilia  or  other  external  organs. 
When  the  sub-kingdom  Protozoa  was  formed, 
the  name  Rhizopoda  was  retained  for  the  class 
containing  individuals  with  the  power  of  emit- 
ting pseudopodia  (q.v.),  and  the  class  was 
divided  into  five  orders :  Monera,  Amoebea, 
Foraminifera,  Radiolaria,  and  Spongida.    The 
Rhizopoda  are  the  Myxopodia  of  Huxley,  and 
this  latter  name  has  been  retained  by  Prof. 
Lankester  in  his  reclassilication  of  the  Proto- 
zoa (q.v.). 

2.  Palcamt. :  [FoKAKiNirERA,  RADIOLARU, 

SPONOlDi). 

rlu  zS-po  -dl-iim,  «.    [Pref.  rhizo-,  and  Or. 
wottov  (podim)  =  a  small  foot,  dimin.  from  ntit 
(pous),  genit.  wotos  (podoi)  =  a  foot.) 
Bat :  [RHizoroo,  2.). 

rtu-«4-p6;-g6n,  t.  [Pret  rtte>-,  and  Gr. 
rwY*M>  (pogon)  =  a  beard.] 

Bot. :  A  getras  of  underground  Fungi.  Rlii- 
Mopogon  provincialit  is  eaten  in  Provence. 

rhi-z&i'-to-ma,  «.  [Pref.  rhizo-,  and  Gr. 
(rrd/Mi  (sterna)  =  a  mouth.] 

ZooL  :  The  typical  genus  of  RhizostomiMss. 
Bodycircuhir,  hemispherical, excavated  below, 
with  four  semilunar  orifices,  into  which  are 
inserted  four  roots  of  a  pedunculated  mass, 
afterwards  developing  into  eight  appendages 
with  flbrillary  suckers.  Type  Khizostoma 
cui-ieri.  European  seas. 

rhi-z4-»t5m'-a-ta,  i.  pL    [RHIZOSTOMA.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-order  of  Discophora  (Medusas X 
having  processes  like  rootlets  around  the 
mouth.  They  are  covered  with  minute  poly- 
pites,  interspersed  with  clavate  tentarula  sus- 
pended from  the  middle  of  the  umbrella. 

rhi'-co-stome,  s.    [RHIZOSTOMA.] 

rhi  zfi-»t6m  -I-dsa,  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat  rfiito- 
ttom(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.  1 

1.  Zool. :  A  family  of  Lucemanda  (Ntchol- 
ton},  equivalent  to  the  order  Rhizostoma  of 
Prof.  Martin  Duncan. 

2.  Potoont :  A  species  occurs  In  the  Litho- 
graphic slates  of  Solenhofen. 

rbi-zi-taz'-Is,  «.  [Pref.  rhino-,  ard  Gr.  rofn 
(taxis)  —  an  arrangement] 

Bot. :  The  arrangements  of  roots,  and  the 
laws  of  their  growth.  It  has  been  investi- 
gated by  Clos. 

rhi  zof-ro  gus,  a,     [Pref.  rhizo-,  and 
(trogo)  =  to  gnaw.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Melolonthina;. 
tnffut  solstitialit  is  the  Midsummer  Chafer. 

rhi'-zn  la,  ».  [Latinised  dimin.  from  Gr. 
pt^a  (rhiza)  =  a  root]  [RHIZINE.] 

rho'-da-lite,  J.  [Or.  po&x>c  (rhodoeis)  =  rose- 
coloured  ;  a  connective,  and  Ai'lot  (lithos)  —  a 
stone  (Afin.).] 

Win. .-  An  earthy  rose-red  mineral,  with  a 
soapy  feel.  Hardness,  2-0 ;  sp.  gr.,  2'0.  Com- 
pos :  silica,  65*9  ;  alumina,  8*8  ;  sesqnioxide 
of  iron,  11*4 ;  magnesia,  0*6  ;  lime,  I  1 ;  water, 
22*0  =  99*3.  Occurs  in  amygdaloidal  dolerite 
in  county  Antrim,  Ireland." 

rho  da-lose,  rho  -da-loze,  a.    [RHODHA- 

L08K-] 


fete,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wet,  Here,  camel.  Her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
cr,  wore,  wolt  work,  wu&  »4n;  mute,  cfib,  euro,  onite,  ear,  role,  foil;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  -  kw. 


fhodanio— rhodonite 


4008 


rho-dan'-Io,   «.     [Eng.    Thodan(ide) ;   -ic.J 

(SDLPHOCYANIC.) 

rho'-d»n-lde,  s.  [Gr.  poSo*  (rhodon)  =  a  rose.] 
Chem.:  A  uame  applied  to  sulphocyanates 
on  account  of  the  red  colour  which  they  pro- 
duce with  ferric  salts.    (Watts.) 

rho-dan'-the,  s.  [Or.  poSo*  (rhodon)  =  a  rose, 
and  ai-Soi  (anthos)  =  a  flower.  Named  from 
the  colour  of  the  flower-heads.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Helychrysese.  Only  known 
species  Rluidanthe  Manglesii,  a  beautiful  com- 
posite ;  its  flowers,  of  the  dry  and  unfading 
kind  called  everlasting,  roseate  or  purple  on 
the  upper  part,  and  silvery  below.  It  is  found 
in  Western  Australia,  has  been  introduced 
into  British  greenhouses,  and  will  grow  also 
in  the  open  air  in  a  temperature  between  60 
and  80%  There  are  several  varieties,  but  It  is 
possible  that  two  of  these,  R.  atrosanguinta 
and  B.  maxu.la.ta.  are,  as  Paxton  makes  them, 
distinct  species. 

rho-de-i'-na,  »•  Pl-  lMod-  Lat  rhode(us); 
Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -ina.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  group  of  Cyprinidse.  Anal  of 
moderate  length,  with  nine  to  twelve  branched 
rays ;  dorsal  short,  or  of  moderate  length  ; 
mouth  with  very  small  barbels,  or  none. 
Four  genera :  Achelognathus,  Acanthorhodeus, 
Bhodens,  and  Pseudoperilampus.  In  the  fe- 
males a  long  external  urogenital  tube  is  de- 
veloped annually  during  the  spawning  season. 

rho-dS-o'-re't'-Io,  a.  [Eng.  rhodeonHin) ;  -to.] 
Contained  in  or  derived  from  Bhodeoretin 

(q-v.x 
rhodeoretlo-acid,  *.    [COHTOLVDLIO- 

ACID.] 

rhd-dS-oV-S-tfcl,  >.  [Gr.  p6Sm<  (rhodeta)  = 
rosy,  and  pipim}  (rhitini)  =  resin.)  [CosvoL- 

VCLIJJ.) 

rho-dS-S-rfif-In-Sl,  5.    [Eng.  rhodeoretin ; 

•o!.]     [CONVOLVULINOI..) 

rho-dS-i-reVIn-ol'-Ic,  o.     [Eng.  rhodeo- 
retinot ;  -ic.)    Contained  in  or  derived  from 
rhodeoretinol. 
rhodeorotinolic  acid,  i.    [CosvoLvo- 

LINOL.) 

Rhodes,  >.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  An  island  off  the  iouth-west  coast  of 
Asia  Minor. 
Rhodes-wood, «. 

Bot. :  Amyris  bulsamifem,  the  West  Indian 
Candlewood.  Rhodes-wood  seems  a  misnomer 
for  an  American  plant. 

rho  -de-iis,  s.    [Or.  paStot  (rhodeos)  =  rosy- 
coloured.] 

Ichthy. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  group 
Rhodeina  (q.v.V  with  three  species  from  Central 
Europe  and  China.  Rhodeui  amarus,  some- 
times found  in  warm  springs,  has  a  silvery- 
bluish  band  on  the  middle  of  the  tail. 

rhod-ha'-ldse,  ».    [Gr.  poinw  (rtod«w)  = 
rose-coloured ;  iAs  (tois)  =  salt,  and  suff.  -oat 
(Min.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  BIEBERITK  (q.v.). 


Rho'-dl  an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Rhodes,  an 
island  in  the  Mediterranean. 

B.  As  su&st. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Rhodes. 

Rhodion-laws,  s.  7>Z.  The  earliest  system 
of  marine  laws,  said  to  have  been  compiled  by 
the  Rhodians  after  they  had,  by  their  com- 
merce and  naval  victories,  obtained  the  com- 
mand of  the  sea,  abdut  900  B.O. 

rhod'-Xc,  a.   [Eng.  rhod(inm);  -ic.]  Contained 
in,  or  derived  from  rhodium  (q.v.Ji 
rhodic-oxide,  s.    [RHODIUM.] 

rho  ding,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Kaut. :  One  of  the  brass  boxes  for  the 
journals  of  the  pump-break. 

rh6-di'-d-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  poSov 
(rhodon)  =  a  rose.  So  named  because  the 
roots  smell  like  roses.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Crassnleas.  Rhodiotarosea 
Is  now  Sedum  Khodiola.  [SEDUM.] 

rhod'-ite,  >.  [Eng.  rhocUivm) ;  suff.  -He  (Min,)."] 
Min. :  The  same  as  RHODIUM-OOLD  (q.v.). 


rho-di'-tes,  «.    [Gr.  pdi.os  (rhodeos)  =  rosy.) 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Cynipidae.  Shodites 
rosce  is  the  small  gall-fly,  the  puncture  of 
which  produces  the  bedeguar  of  the  rose. 

rhd'-di-um,  s.  [Latinised  from  Gr.  poSov 
(rhodon)  =  a  rose,  from  the  red  colour  of  some 
of  its  salts.] 

Chem. :  A  tetratomic  metallic  element  belong- 
ing to  the  platinum  group,  symbol  Rh  ;  atomic 
weight,  104-4  ;  sp.  gr.  10'6  to  12  ;  discovered 
by  Wollastou  in  1804  in  crude  platinum.  To 
obtain  it,  the  solution  from  which  platinum, 
palladium,  and  iridium  have  been  separated 
is  mixed  with  hydrochloric  acid,  evaporated  to 
dryness,  and  the  residue  treated  with  alcohol 
of  sp.  gr.  0-837,  which  dissolves  everything 
except  the  double  chlorides  of  rhodium  and 
sodium.  On  filtering,  beating  the  residue  to 
dryness,  and  boiling  with  water,  metallic 
rhodium  remains.  It  is  a  whitish-gray  metal, 
very  hard,  less  fusible  and  less  ductile  than 
platinum,  unalterable  in  the  air  at  ordinary 
temperatures,  but  oxidising  at  a  red  heat. 
When  pure  it  is  unacted  upon  by  the  strongest 
acids,  but  when  alloyed  it  dissolves  in  nitro- 
hydrochloric  acid.  Rhodium  forms  but  one 
chloride,  RhClj,  a  brownish-red  deliquescent 
mass,  soluble  in  water.  It  forms  four  oxides  : 
monoxide,  RhO,  a  dark-gray  substance,  un- 
attacked  by  acids ;  sesquioxide  or  rhodic  oxide, 
RhoOs  a  gray  porous  mass,  with  a  metallic 
iridescence ;  dioxide,  RhO2,  a  dark-brown 
substance ;  and  trioxide,  RhO3,  a  blue  floccu- 
lent  powder,  all  insoluble  in  acids.  The  salts 
of  rhodium  are  for  the  most  part  rose-coloured. 

rhodium-gold,  s. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  native  gold,  said  to  con- 
tain from  34  to  43  per  cent,  of  rhodium. 
Sp.  gr.  15-5  to  W8  ;  brittle. 

rho'-di-»te,  rhd'-<U-oite,  «.  [Gr.  W 
(rhadva)  =  to  tinge  red ;  suff.  -ite  (Jfin.).] 

Min. :  An  isometric  mineral,  found  very 
rarely,  and  only  in  small  crystals,  on  rubellite 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ekaterinburg,  Perm, 
Russia.  Hardness,8;sp.gr.3-3to8-42;  lustre, 
vitreous ;  colour,  white  ;  translucent ;  pyro- 
electric.  Not  yet  analysed,  but  from  its 
blowpipe  reactions  it  is  supposed  to  be  » lime 
boracite. 

rhd-dl-zon'-Xo.  o.  [Gr.  fottt.  (rhoditf)  =  to 
tinge  red  ;  Eng.  (sa/)ro(n),  and  suff.  •»«.)  (See 
compound.) 

rhodizonic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  A  name  applied  to  two  distinct 
compounds,  produced  under  different  circum- 
stances from  potassium  carboxide.  a-Rhodi- 
zonic  acid,  C5HiO6  =  (C5HO,T  j  Os_  dis. 

covered  by  Heller  in  1837,  is  formed  from 
carboxylic  acid  by  the  assumption  of  water, 
CioH4010  +  2HaO  =  2C6H408.  It  crystallizes 
in  colourless  rhombic  prisms,  easily  soluble  in 
water  and  alcohol.  On  exposure  to  the  air 
the  crystals  turn  brownish-red,  heated  to 
100'  they  turn  black,  at  a  higher  tempera- 
ture they  decompose,  leaving  a  carbonaceous 
residue.  The  a-rhodizonates,  produced  from 
the  hydro-carbojtylates,  are  all  red,  and  very 
insoluble.  p-Rhodizonic  acid,  CioHjOa.  This 
acid  is  unknown  in  the  free  state,  but  its 
potassium  salt,  C10K6O8,  discovered  by  Brodie 
In  1859,  remains  undissolved  when  potassium 
carboxide  is  treated  with  absolute  alcohol. 
It  is  distinguished  from  u-rhodizonate  by  the 
rapidity  with  which  it  absorbs  oxygen  on 
exposure  to  air  and  moisture,  being  converted 
into  potassium  croconate. 

rho-doH  pref.  [Gr.  fitter  (rhodm)  =  »  rose.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  in  any  way  resembling  a 
rose. 


rho  do9'-er  a,  *.     [Pref.  rhodo-,  and  Gr. 
«p«  (Jceros)  =  a  horn.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Papilionidas.  Bhodocera 
rhamni  of  Newman  is  Gonepteryx  rhamni  of 
Stainton,  &c. 

rno'-do-chrome,  s.     [Pref.  rhodo-,  and  Gr. 

X/xu/ui  (chroma)  =  colour.] 

Min. :  A  compact  variety  of  Kammererite 
(q.v.),  having  a  splintery  fracture. 

rho-dS-chro'-site,  «.    [Pref.   rhodo-;  Or. 

Xpuo-is  (chrosis)  =  colour,  and  suff.  -ite  (Mm.).  J 

Min. :  A  mineral  belonging  to  the  group  of 

anhydrous  carbonates.     Crystallization  rhom- 

bohedral;  also  occurs  globular,  botryoidal, 


and  massive.  Hardness,  8-5  to  4-5  ;  sp.  gi. 
8*4  to  3'7  ;  lustre,  vitreous ;  colour,  shades  of 
rose-red  when  pure,  dark-red  to  brown  ;  streak, 
white.  Compos. :  carbonic  acid,  38-6 ;  prot- 
oxide of  manganese,  61'4  ;  but  the  latter  is 
frequently  partly  replaced  by  lime,  magnesia, 
or  protoxide  of  iron. 

rho-dS-ori'-nl-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  rte- 
docrin(us) ;  Lat.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Palceont. :  A  family  of  Crinoidea.  Basals 
five,  parabasals  or  sub-radials  five ;  arms 
ten  or  twenty,  bifurcated  two  or  three  times. 
Devonian  (?)  and  Carboniferous  formations. 

rho-doc'-ri-nite,  s.  [Mod.  l,e.t.rhodoorin(us); 
suff.  -ite.]  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Rhodo- 
crinus. 

rho-do-ori'-nus,  ».  [Pref.  rtodo-,  and  Gr. 
tpii'o*  (krinon)  =  a  lily.] 

Palaxmt. :  The  typical  genus  of  Rhodo- 
crinidse.  Eight  species  are  known,  from  th« 
Devonian  (?)  to  the  Carboniferous. 

rho-do-dSn'-dre'-SB,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  rhododen- 
dr(on)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -OT.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Ericaceaj.  Fruit  capsular, 
septicidal.  Buds  scaly,  resembling  cones. 

rho-d<S-den'-drSn,  «.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  poW- 
cfripov  (rhododendron)  =  the  oleander  or  the 
rhododendron;  pref.  rhodo-,  and  Gr.  tirlpar 
(dendron)  =  a  tree.  Named  from  the  similarity 
in  the  flowers.) 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Rhododendron 
(q.v.).  Evergreen  shrubs  or  low  trees,  with 
nve-lobed  corolla,  occasionally  a  little  irregu- 
lar, and  normally  ten  stamens,  sometimes 
declinate.  Akin  to  Azalea,  which  is  distin- 
guished from  it  by  having  only  five  stamens. 
A  few  small  species  occur  in  Europe  and  Siberia, 
but  the  mountain  regions  of  the  United  Stated 
and  India  are  the  true  homes  of  the  genus.  B. 
moximiu  forms  dense  thickets  in  parts  of  the 
Alleghanies,  and  presents  a  magnificent  appear, 
ance  when  in  bloom.  The  flowers  are  large,  in 
corymbs,  their  color  from  pale  carmine  to  lilac, 
R.  cataubietue,  a  species  with  large  purple 
flowers,  grows  in  the  southern  Alleghauies. 
Numerous  species  occur  in  India,  especially  in 
the  eastern  Himalayas,  among  them  B.  Falco- 
neri,  which  is  a  tree  30  to  60  feet  high  with 
superb  foliage,  the  leaves  18  inches  long.  B. 
argenteum  bears  flowers  4%  inches  long  and 
equally  broad,  the  clusters  being  very  beautiful. 
The  Rhododendrons  have  become  favorite  culti- 
vated flowers,  and  many  varieties  have  been 
produced,  some  of  them  magnificent.  The 
acid  stems  of  R.  nobUe  are  eaten  by  the  Hindoos. 
The  flowers  of  B.  arboreum  make  a  good  sub- 
acid  jelly,  besides  being  of  use  as  applied  to  the 
forehead  for  headache.  S.  chryvmthum  and 
R.ferrugmeum  are  narcotic. 

rho  do  me -la,  «.  ftnl  rfcxto-,  «nd  Or. 
ne\o«  (n«to«)  =  s  limb.  Named  from  the 
colour  of  the  fronds.) 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Rhodomele» 
(q.v.).  Promd  cylindrical,  inarticulate,  opaque ; 
tetraspores  in  pod-like  receptacles. 

rh6-d6-m6-li'-98-»,  rno-d*-me'-lS-»», 

i.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  rhodameHa);  Lat  fern.  pL 
adj.  suff.  -oca,  -e<e.] 

Bot. :  An  order  of  Algales,  or  a  sub-order  of 
CeramUceae.  Frond  jointed.  Ceramidia  hav- 
ing pear-shaped  granules  at  the  base  of  a  cup- 
shaped  envelope,  which  finally  bursts  by  a 
pore.  Tetraspores  enclosed  in  transformed 
branches  or  stichidia. 

rhd-dA-me'-ni-a, ».    [RHODYMZNIA.] 
rhSd-i-mon-tade', ».    [RODOMONTADE.] 
rho-do-ntfr'-tus  <$r  as  ir), ».  [Pref.  rhoio-, 
and  Gr.  /II/PTOT  (mitrtoi)  =  a  myrtle.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Myrtete.  Rhodomyrtut 
tomentosa,  a  South  Indian  mountain  shrub,  like 
the  common  myrtle,  produces  sweet  fleshy 
berries,  eaten  raw  or  made  into  a  Jelly. 


rho'-don-Ite,«.    L« 

suff.  -ite  (Mtu.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  crystallizing  in  the  tri- 
clinic  system,  though  its  angles  approximate 
to  those  of  pyroxene.  Hardness,  5'5  to  6'6 ; 
sp  gr.  3-4  to  3-68  ;  lustre,  vitreous ;  colour, 
shades  of  red;  some  varieties,  greenish, 
yellowish;  streak,  white;  very  tough. 
Compos. :  silica,  45 -9;  protoxide  of  manganese, 
54-1  =  100  represented  by  the  formula,  MnO 


boll,  bo?;  ptfut,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect, 
•oian,  -Uan  =  shaa.   -tion,  -sion  =  shim;  -tion,  -»lon  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -olous  =  shus.   -we,  -oie. 


4006 


rhodophyllite— rhubarb 


SiOj ;  the  manganese  is  frequently  partly  re- 
placed, however,  by  protoxide  of  Iron,  lime, 
and  sometimes  zinc.  Dana  distinguishes 
three  varieties  :  (I)  Ordinary,  (a)  crystallized, 
(b) granular,  massive;  (2)  Caliiferous  (Busta- 
mite),  which  contains  from  »  to  15  per  cent. 
of  lime ;  (3)  Zinciferous  (Fowlerite). 

rho  do  phyl'-llte.s.    [Pref.  rhodo-,  and  Eug. 
phylltte.l 
Min. :  The  same  as  KAMMERERITE  (q.v.). 

rho-do-rhi  za,  s.  [Pref.  rhodo-,  and  Or.  pt'fa 
(rhiza)  =  a  root.  So  named  because  the  root- 
stocks  smell  like  roses.] 

Bat.:  A  gi-nus  of  Convolvulesj,  from  the 
Canary  Islands.  The  roots  of  Rhodorhaa 
Jluriila  and  R.  scoparia  are  used  as  sternuta- 
tories. An  oil,  Oleum  Hani  Rhodiicetherfum,  is 
extracted  by  distillation  from  their  roots. 

rho'  dd-sperm, ».    [RHODOSPEBJJE*.] 

Hat. :  Any  individual  algal  of  the  Bhodo- 
spermeee. 

rho-do  sper'-me-as,   t  rho  do-spbr  e- 

66,  a.  pi.  [Pref.  rhodo-  ;  Gr.  <nrt'piia  (sperma), 
or  oiropa  (-tj)ora),  o-iro'pos  (sporos)  =  a  seed, 
and  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sufT.  -acm,  -eee.} 

Bat. :  Rose-spored  Algals,  one  of  the  three 
great  divisions  of  the  Algals.  The  rose- 
coloured  spores  are  of  two  kinds :  spores  in 
capsular  bodies,  external  or  immersed,  and 
tetraspores  (q.v.).  Antheridfa  are  generally, 
It  not  universally,  present.  They  are  divided 
into  two  tribes :  Desmiospermeae,  in  which 
the  spores  are  formed  on  a  joint  or  joints  of 
the  spore  threads  ;  and  Gongylospermese,  in 
which  they  are  massed  together  in  a  hya- 
line, mucous,  ur  a  membraiiaeeous  mother-cell. 

•  rho  do-stau-rot'-ic,  a.  (Or.  polm(rhodon) 
—  a   rose,  and  o-ravpos  (s(awro*)  =  a  cross.] 
Rosicrueian.    (Sen  Jonson.) 

rho  d<5  tin'-nic,  a.  [Eng.  rhododendron), 
and  tannic.)  (See  compound.) 

rhodotannic  acid,  ». 
Chem. :  Rhodoxanthin.  Tannic  acid  extracted 
from  the  leaves  of  Rhododendron  femtgineum. 

rho  don  an -thin,  s.  [Pref.  rhodo-,  and 
Eng.  xanthin.]  [UHODOTANNIC-ACID.] 

rho  dy  me-nt-a,  rho-do-me'-nl-a,  s. 
[Pref.  rhodo-,  and  Gr.  vpijr  (humin)  =  a  mem- 
brane.] 

Hot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Rhodymeniacese 
(q.v.).  [DCLSE.J 

rho  dy  m6  ni  a^ce-se,  ».  pZ.  [Mod.  Lat. 
rhodyment(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -aceie.] 

Bot. :  An  order  of  Algals,  being  the  tribe 
Hhodymeniee,  raised  to  an  order.  Frond 
membranous  inarticulate,  spores  at  first 
moniliform,  fructitication  doable ;  first  concep- 
tacles  half  immersed,  with  a  mass  of  spores 
affixed  to  a  central  placenta.  Purplish  or 
blood-red  seaweeds,  widely  diffused. 

rho-dy-me-nl-e'-SB,    «.  pi.     [RHODYHENI- 

ACE.E.] 

*  rhce'  a  dis,  s.  pt.    [PL  of  Lat.  rhaas,  genit 
rhiyudia ;   Gr.  poidt   (rhoias)  =  the   common 
red  poppy.) 

Dot. :  The  thirtieth  order  of  Liunseus's 
Natural  system.  Genera:  Papaver,  Podo- 
phyllum,  AC. 

rhomb  (o  silent),  *  rhombe,  rhom'-bus,  s. 

[Fr.  rhombe,  from  Lat.  rhombus;  Gr.  pop/So; 

(rhombos)  =  a  spinning-wheel,  a  rhombus,  from 

pe>i£<i)  (rhembo)  =  to  re- 
volve, to  totter;   Sp.  & 

It.il.  rnmbo.} 
1.  Geom. :   An   oblique 

parallelogram  whose 

sides  are  all  equal.    The  RHOMB. 

diagonals  of  a   rhombus 

bisect  each  other  at  right  angles.    The  area 

of  a  rhombus  is  equal  to  half  the  product  of 

its  diagonals. 

"  Bare  the  nm  bis  labour,  and  that  swift 
Nocturnal  and  diurnal  rhomb  luppos'd 
Invisible  else  above  all  stars,  the  wheel 
Of  da;  and  night.'  Milton  :  f.  L.,  »11L  1H. 

3.  CrystalL  :  A  rhombohedron  (q.v.). 

T  FreaneTs  rhomb : 

Optic* :  An  apparatus  for  converting  plane 
Into  circularly-polarized  light  [Polarization 
of  Light).  It  is  a  parallelepiped  of  glass,  of 


such  length  and  angles  that  a  ray  of  light 
entering  one  small  end  at  right  angles,  twice 
suffers  total  reflection  within  the  rhomb  at  an 
angle  of  about  54°  (depending  on  the  polarizing 
angle  of  the  glass),  and  finally  emerges  at 
right  angles  from  the  opposite  small  end. 
When  the  beam  of  light  is  plane  polarized, 
and  the  rhomb  is  so  arranged  that  its  reflect- 
ing faces  are  inclined  at  an  angle  of  45°  to  the 
plane  of  polarization,  the  beam  emerges  cir- 
cularly polarized. 

rhomb-porphyry,  ». 

Petrol.  :  A  jwrphyry  which  encloses  large 
crystals  of  orthoelase,  presenting  a  rhombic 
outline,  resulting  from  a  peculiar  habit  of 
twinning.  First  described  from  the  vicinity 
of  Christiania. 

rhomb-spar,  s.    [DOLOMITE.] 
rhomb-  (6  silent),  pref.    [RHOMBO-.] 

rhomb-ovate,  a.    [RHOMBOID-OVATE.] 

rhomb  ar'sen-ite,  s.     [Pref.  rftomo-,  and 
Eng.  arsenite.] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  CLAUDETITE  (q.v.X 

rhom'-blo,  *  rhdrn'-blck.  a.  [Eng.  rhomb; 
•ic.} 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Having  the  figure  or  shape 
of  a  rhomb. 

"  M»ny  other  aorta  of  atone*  are  regularly  figured  ; 
the  asteria  in  form  of  a  star,  aud  they  are  of  a  rhom- 
We*  figure."—  Grew. 

*  2.  Crystall.:  Orthorhomblt  (q.v.). 
rhombic-mica,  s.    [PIILOCUPITE.] 

rhom-bo-,  pref.  [RHOMB.]  With  the  form  or 
shape  of  a  rhomb. 

rhom-bo  he'  draL  a,  [Eng.  rhombohedr(on); 
•at] 

1.  Geom.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  rlioin- 
bohedron  ;   having  forms   derived  from  the 
rhombohedron. 

2.  Crystall.  :  A  crystal  system  in  which  all 
the  forms  are,  or  can  be,  derived  from  one  or 
more  rhombohedrons,  or  which  have  the  habit 
of  a  rhombohedron  (q.v.). 

rhom-bo  he  -dron,  s.  [Pref.  rhumbo-,  and 
Gr.  «Spa  (hedra)  =  a  base,  a  side.] 

Geom,  is  Crystall.  :  A  polyhedron  bounded 
by  six  equal  rhombuses. 

rhom'-boid,  a.  St,  t.  [Gr.  po/ijSoeiSiji  (rhom- 
boeides),  from  p6/xj3o?  (rhombos)  =  a  rhomb, 
and  nKos  (eiUos)  =  form,  appearance.) 

A,  As  adjective: 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  Shaped  like  a  rhomboid  ; 
rhuraboidal. 

II.  Bat.  :  Oval,  a  little  angular  in  the  middle, 
as  the  leaf  of 

Hibiscus   rhom-   \  \ 

btfoliiu.  \  \ 

B.  As    tub-      \  \ 
ttuntive  :                  \  \ 

1.  Geom.:  A        >  -  ^ 
parallelogram,  . 
all     of    whose 


BBOHBOID. 


sides  are  not  equaL  The  rhombns  Is  but  a 
particular  form  of  the  rhomboid,  in  which  the 
sides  are  all  equal. 

*  2.  Crystall.  :  Formerly  used  by  a  few  min- 
eralogists for  rhombohedron  (q.T.). 

rhomboid  ligament,  •. 

Anat.  :  A  ligament  connecting  the  cartilage 
of  the  first  rib  with  the  sternal  end  of  the 
clavicle. 

rhomboid  muscles,  s.  pi. 

Anat.  :  Two  muscles,  the  rhomboideus  minor 
and  the  rhomboideus  major,  connecting  the 
spinous  process  of  the  seventh  cervical  and 
first  dorsal  vertebra  and  the  ligamentvm 
nuchce  with  the  scapula.  (Qitain.) 

rhomboid-ovate,  a.  Between  rhom- 
boid and  ovate  in  shape  ;  partly  rhomboid 
and  partly  ovate. 

rhom-boid'  al,  a.  [Eng.  rJwmbotd;  -al.] 
Having  the  sliape  of  a  rhomboid  ;  resembling 
a  rhomboid  In  shape. 

"  Another  rhomboidal  selenltea  of  a  compressed 
form,  had  umny  others  infixed  round  the  middle  of  it," 
—  Wmdmrd. 

rhom-bo  -I-des,  s.  [Or.  pop./Soeii'ijs  (rhom- 
boeides).'}  A  rhomboid. 

"  The  croase  lines  of  a  rltnmbotjrt." 

Hart:  On  OK  Soul,  pt  1L.  bk.  i. 


rhSm-boid-Ich'-thys,  s.    [Mod.  Lat  rhom- 
b(u3)  ;   Gr.    tloos   (eidos)  =  form,  and   ivWt 


Jchthy.  :  A  tropical  genus  of  Pleuronectidts 
(q.v.),  but  represented  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  on  the  coast  of  Japan.  There  are  sixteen 
species,  prettily  coloured  and  ornamented  with 
ocellated  spots.  In  a  few  species  the  ailult 
males  have  some  of  the  tin-rays  prolonged  into 
filaments.  Rhtmboidichthys  grandisqunnui,  the 
Japanese  form,  ranging  to  the  American  coast, 
has  the  scales  deciduous. 

rhom-bo-s6-16-a,  s.  [Pref.  rhombo-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  solea  (q.'v.).] 

Ichlhy.  :  A  genus  of  Pleuronectidse,  with 
three  species,  from  the  coasts  of  New  Zealand, 
where  they  are  valued  as  fooil  h'sli.  The  eyea 
are  on  the  right  side,  the  lower  in  advance  o> 
the  upper. 

rhom  bus,  s.    [RHOMB.] 

1.  Geom.  :  The  same  as  RHOMB  (q.v.). 

2.  Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Pleuronectidae  (q.v.V 
Eyes  on  left  side  ;  mouth  wide,  each  jaw  witu 
a  band  of  villiform  teeth,  vomerine  teeth  pre- 
sent, none    on    palatines.     Dorsal    fin    com- 
mences on  snout;  scales  none  or  small.  Seven 
species  from    the  North    Atlantic  and   the 
Mediterranean.    Rhombus  maximus  is  the  Tur- 
bot  (q.v.)  ;  R.  mceotictis,  the  Black  Sea  Turbot  ; 
It.  lairds,  the  Brill,  and  R.  mtgastoma,  Uloch's 
Top-knot.    R,  punctatus  is  often  confounded 
with  Phrynorhombus  unimaculatus,  the  Top- 
knot. 

3.  Paloxmt.  :  One  species,  Rhombus  minimm, 
from  the  Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca. 

rhou'-chal,  a.  [Lat  rhonch^tis);  Eng.  adj. 
suff.  -al.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  rhonchus  (q.v.). 

*  rhori  ohl-so  -nant,  o.  [Lat  rhonchue  =  * 
rattle,  a  snore,  and  sonant,  pr.  par.  of  sono  = 
to  sound.]  Snorting. 

rhon^-chus  (pi.  rhSn'-ohi),  >.    [Lat,  from 

Gr.  poyx'">  (riiongclios),] 

Physiol.  it  Pathol.  :  A  "  dry  "  sound,  heard 
by  auscultation,  in  acute  bronchitis,  in  the 
larger  bronchial  tubes.  Sibilant  rhonchi  are 
beard  also  in  asthma. 

rhone,  s.     [ROME,   s.]     A   rain-water   pip*. 

rho  pal'  -Ic,  a.  [Gr.  pdrroAof  (rhopalon)  =  i 
club  which  gradually  becomes  bigger  from 
the  handle  to  the  top.] 

Pro*.  :  Applied  to  a  line  in  which  each  suc- 
cessive word  has  a  syllable  more  than  the  one. 
preceding  it  (Browne  :  Miscel.  Tract  7.) 

Bern    tibi    confecl,    doetfselme,    dulclsonorum. 

Hope  ever  soljues      miserable       Individuals. 

rh6-pa-lS9'-er-«>,  ».  pi.    [Gr.  pon-oAoi-  (rho- 
palon)  =  a  club,  aud  Kt'pa?  (keras)  =  a  horn. 
So    named    from    the    thickened    club-like 
termination  of  the  antenna;.] 
Entom.  :  Butterflies.    [BUTTERFLY,  II.] 

rho  pal'  6  dSn.  s.    [Gr.  p6ira\ov  (rhoi>alr>n)= 

a  club;  -orion.    (Bull.  Soc,  Imp.  Nat.,  Moacoit, 

xiv.  400.)] 
Polteont.  :  A  genus  of  Dinosauria,  of  Per- 

mian  age,  from  a  mine   ou   the  banks  ot 

the    Dioma 

river,  Oren- 

burg, Russia. 

It  was  found- 

ed on  a  frag- 

men  t    of    a 

lower   jaw, 

containing 

nine  teeth  not 

unlike  those 

of  Iguanodon. 

There   is   but 

one  species, 

Rhopalodon 

wa.ngenheimU 

(named  inhon- 

our  of  its  dis- 

coverer).     R.  mantelii  (F.  de  Waldheim)  =. 

Iguanodon  mantelii.     [REONOSAURUS.] 
rho'-ttv-tjlfjin,  «.    [HoricisM.] 
rliS  -ta-9  is'-miis,  «.    [ROTACUM.]. 
rho'-ta-cize,  r.    [ROTAOIZE.] 

rhu  barb,  Teu-barbe,  "pew  -barb, 
•ru-barbe,».  &a.  [O.  Fr.r*«i)or*€(Fr.  rku- 
barbe),  from  Low  Lat  rheubarbarum  (=  rhtiim 
barbarum'),  from  Gr.  or\ov  ft&ppapov  (rheon  bar- 
baron)  =  rhubarb  ;  lit  the  rheiim  from  • 


JAW  or  EHOFALODON. 


file,  fat,  far*,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
or.  wore,  won;  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rale,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  oe  =  6 ;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


rhubarbario— rhynchonella 


4007 


barbarian  country.  Gr.  pfjav  (rhlan)  Is  so 
Adjectival  form,  from  Rha  the  old  name  of  the 
Volga,  on  the  banks  of  which  the  rhubarb  is 
indigenous.  Sp.  ritibarbo;  Port,  rhenbarbo; 
Ital.  reubarbaro,  reobarbaro.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Bot. :  (RHEUM). 

2.  /fort.,  <tc. :  The  common  Garden  Rhubnrb 
la  Rhr.v>n  Rhapnnticum,  though  some  of  the 
red-stalked  rhubarb  is  from  R.  undulatum. 
The  former  plant  has  broadly  cordate  leaves, 
strongly  veineil  beneath.    The  footstalks  are 
long,  thick,  and  fleshy,  with  a  channel  above. 
Its    growth    is    exceedingly   rapid.      It  was 
brought,  about  1573,  from  the  banks  of  the 
Volga,  where  it  is  wild.    Since  1820  the  stalks 
have  been  used  for  tarts,  and  made  into  jam. 

3.  Ptiarm.  :  Three  leading  kinds  of  rhubarb 
are  recognized  :  (1)  The  Turkey  or  Russian 
rhubarb,  which  is  wild  neither  In  the  one 
country  nor  the  other,  but  used  to  be  brought 
to  Europe  from  China  vid  Turkey,  and  then 
from  China  vid  Russia;  (2)  the  East  Indian, 
•ml  (3)  the  Batavian  rhubarb.    An  extract, 
an  Infusion,  a  syrap,  a  tincture,  and  a  wine  of 
rhubarb,  with  a  compound  rhubarb  pill,  are 
used  in  pharmacy.    In  small  doses  rhubarb  is 
stomachic  and  slightly  astringent;  In  large 
doses,  a  purgative,  but  Its  action  is  followed 
by  constipation.    (GREGORY'S  POWDEB.) 

«  B.  At  adj. :  Bitter. 

"  With  your  rhubarb  words." 

Sidney  :  Altrophel  A  Stdla.  llr. 

If  Moiik's  Rhubarb:  (MONK'S  RHUBARB]. 

ttu-bar'-bar-ic,  a.     [Eng.   rhitbartar(in); 
•if.]    Contained  in  or  derived  from  Rhubar- 
burin. 
rhubarbarlc-acid,  a.    [CHBYSOPHASIO- 

4C1D.J 

rHu-bar'-bar-In,  ».  [Low  Lat.  rhubartar- 
(«;»);  -in  (C&em.).]  ICHRI-SOPIIANIC-ACIB.) 

*  r'.id.-bar'-ba-tlve,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful. 
A  correspondent  of  Notes  &  Queriet  (Sept  18, 
1S86,  p.  233)  says  that  it  is  the  Fr.  rebarbatif 
=  stern,  crabbed,  cross.  There  is  also,  per- 
liaps,  a  play  on  the  Eng.  rhubarb.]  (For  def. 
see  etyrn.) 

"  A  man  wew  better  to  lye  under  the  hands  of  a  Hang-. 
...an,  than  oue  of  your  rhubarbatif«  face*,"—  Dfkkfr : 
.11 'itch  Of  in  London,  iii. 

rtii'-barb-y.  a.  (Eng.  rhubarb;  -y.J  Of  or 
I  longing  to  rhabarb ;  like  rhubarb. 

rhumb  0  silent),  «.    [RUMB.] 

rh  fts,  «.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  povv  (rhous)  =  Khut 
Cotintts  (?).] 

1.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Anacardiacese.    Leaves 
simple  or  compound.    Flowers  in  axillary  or 
terminal  panicles,  bisexual  or  polygamous. 
Calyx  small,  persistent,  five-partite;  petals 
five;  stamens  five;  ovary  one-celled,  sessile; 
fruit  a  dry  drupe,   with  one  exalbuminous 
«eed.    Nearly  a  hundred  species  are  known. 
Most  are  shrubs,  from  six  to  ten  feet  high. 
They  exist  in  all  the  continents.    R.  typhina,  the 
Virginian  or  Stag's-horn  Sumach,  R.  coriaria, 
the  Hide  Sumach  of  Europe,  and  It.  cotinat  of 
India,  yield  leaves  which  are  used  in  tanning 
leather.       The    Smooth-leaved    Sumach    (R. 
flabra},  of  the    United   States,  has   very  acid 
leaves  and  fruit.     The  poisonous  species  of 
this  country  are  R.  toxicodendron,  the  Poison 
Ivy  or  Poison  Oak,  and  B.  ceneaata,  the  Swamp 
Sumach  or  Poison  Elder.    These  cause  severe 
skin  eruptions,  with  violent  itching,  to  some 
persons,  from  handling  or  even  standing  near 
them.     In  India,  If.  parvtfora,  R.  te?nialata,  H. 
tuccedanea  are  used  medicinally.    Exudations 
from  incisions  in  the  bark   of   R.  suecedanea 
and   R.  earntcifera  yield  the  varnish  used  in 
Japanese    and    Chinese    wickerwork.      The 
former    produces   astringent    galls,   and    its 
seeds  yield  a  kind  of  wax;   as  do  also  those 
of   R.  Wallichii  aud  the  Japanese   R.  varnix. 
The  juice  of   the  latter  species  blisters  the 
skin.      The    Turks   use   the   acid    fruits    of 
B.   coriaria  to   sharpen    their   vinegar.    The 
plant  yields  sumach  (q.v.).     The  -wood  of  R. 
Cutinua  is  employed  for  inlaid   aud   cabinet 
work.    [FUSTIC.] 

2.  Palaiobot. :  From  the  European  Pliocene. 

rhiis'  ma,  s.    [RUSMA.] 

Leather-manuf. :  A  mixture  of  caustic  lime 
andorpiment  or  tersulphide  of  arsenic,  used  in 
depilation  or  unhairing  of  hides. 

*hy-ac'-6-lit«,  «.     [Gr.  pvof  (rhua^,  genlt, 


fijaieo!  (rhuako$)  =  *   lava-stream,  and  Ai'Sos 
(Mhos)  =*  a  stone ;  Ger.  rhyawlUh.] 

Min. :  A  name  given  by  Rose  to  the  clear 
crystals  of  orthoclase  found  in  cavities  in 
lavas,  and  especially  in  the  volcanic  bombs 
of  Monte  Somma,  Vesuvius. 

rhy-a-cSph'-i-la,  s.  [Or.  pua?  (rhuax),  genit. 
puaKoy  (r/twafcos)"—  a  mountain  stream,  and 
IjiiAoc  (  pMlos)  =  a  friend.  ] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Rhyaco- 
philuhe  (q.v.). 

rhy-a-co-phlT-J-dra,  t.  pi-  [Mod.  Lat. 
rhydcophilfa) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -idte.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Trichoptera.  Pupa 
enclosed  in  a  brown  cocoon  within  a  case. 

rhyme, «.,  r.i.  Sc  t.  [This  spelling  is  more  com- 
monly used  than  the  older  "  Rime,"  but  many 
writers  now  prefer  the  older  spelling.  Rhyme 
was  introduced  in  the  IGth  century  through  a 
mistaken  correspondence  witli  rhythm.  Ety- 
mologically  it  is  incorrect.]  [BlME.] 

rhyme'-lSss,  a-  [Eng.  rhyme; -less.]  Destitute 
Of  rhyme  ;  not  having  consonance  of  sound. 

*'  Doth  beside  on  rfiymrJrn  number*  tread." 

Bp.  Ball :  Satirtt,  bk.  i. ,  sat.  4. 

trhym'-er,  *rym'-er,  t.  [Eng.  rhymfe), ;-«•.] 
One  who  writes  rimes  ;  arhymester,aversiner. 

*  rhym'-er-y, «.    [Eng.  rhyme;  -rg.]    The  act 

of  making  rimes. 

rhyme'-ster,  *  rhym'-ster,  >.  [Eng.  rhyme; 
fter.)  One  who  writes  rimes  :  a  poor  or  mean 
poet. 

*•  Nay  more,  though  all  my  rival  rhynwttfri  frown. 
I.  too,  c;ui  hunt  a  poetaster  down. 

Hyron:  English  Blird*  £  Scotcn  Rtttiewtn. 

•rhym'-lc,  o.  [Bug.  rhym(e);  -ic.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  rime. 

•  rhym'-Ist,   «.      [Eng.    rhym(e);    -fat]     A 
rhymester. 

"  He  was  •  good  rhymltt.  but  no  poet .' WoAmoji  : 
lift  of  M,IUn. 

*  rhym'-y,  *  rhim'-y,  o.    [Eng.  rhym(e);  •«.] 
Riming.    (T.  Brawn :  Works,  iii.  39.) 

rhynch-,  prtf.    (RHTNCHO-.]  • 

rhyn-chse'-a,  s.  (Gr.  pvyxm  (rhungchos)  =  a 
beak,  a  bill.) 

Ornith, :  Painted  Snipes ;  a  genus  of  Nn- 
meniinaj,  with  four  species,  from  the  Ethio- 
pian and  Oriental  regions,  Australia,  and 
temperate  South  America.  The  females  are 
more  richly  coloured  than  the  males,  having 
the  lores,  sides  of  face,  and  neck  chestnut. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  male  of 
Hhynchaa  bengalensis  undertakes  the  d,uty  of 
incubation.  (Ibis,  1866,  p.  298.) 

rliyn-ohe'-ta,  «.  [Pref.  rhy^ch)-,  and  Gr. 
X<UTIJ  (chaite)'=  long,  flowing  hair,] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Tentaculifera  Snctorla, 
with  a  single  species,  Ehyncheta.  cyclopum, 
parasitic  on  Cyclops  coronata. 

•  rhynoh-Icli'-thys,  «.    [Pref.  rhynek-,  and 
Gr.  i^Ws  (ichthus)  =  a  fish.J 

IchtKy :  A  genus  of  Berycidse,  erected  for 
the  reception  of  forms  now  kuown  to  be  the 
young  of  Holocentrnm.  They  differ  from  the 
adult  fish  in  having  the  upper  part  of  the 
snout  pointed  aud  elongate. 

rhyn-ohi'-tej,  s.  [Gr.  pvyx«  (rhungchos)  = 
a  snout ;  suit1,  -ifes.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Curculionidse.  They 
have  brilliant  metallic  colours.  Seventeen 
are  British.  The  female  deposits  her  eggs  in 
young  apples  and  pears,  damaging  the 
peduncle  as  well  as  the  fruit,  so  that  the 
latter  falls.  Ehynchitea  bocehua,  a  richly 
golden  purple  species,  sometimes  greatly 
injures  the  pear  crop  in  France,  and  damages 
the  buds  and  leaves  of  the  vine. 

rhyn-cho-,  rhynch-,  pref.  [Gr.  fuyx"? 
(rhunchos)  =  a  snout.)  Having  a  snout,  or 
any  process  resembling  a  snout. 

rhyn-cho-bat'-tis,  «.  [Pref.  rhymho-,  and 
Gr.  ^ari's  (batis)  —  the  prickly  roach.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Rhinobatidaa  (q.v.) ; 
dorsals  without  spine,  the  first  opposite  to  the 
ventrals ;  caudal  with  lower  lobe  well  de- 
veloped ;  teeth  obtuse,  granular,  the  dental 
surfaces  of  the  jaws  undulated.  T*tere  are 
two  species,  Rhyrwhribatus  ancylostomva  and 
R.  Ajedtlmsis,  both  alwut  eight  feet  long,  com- 
mon on  the  coasts  of  the  Indian  Ocaca. 


rh*n-cliSb-dSl'-la,  s.    [Pref.  rhyncho-,  and 
Gr.  flot'AAa  (bdella)  =  a  leech.) 

Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Rhynchobdel- 
Udse  ( 


rh*n-oh5b-del'-li(-dB8,  s.  pi.    (Mod    Lat. 

rliynchobdelUa)  ;   Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -idee.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Leeches,  having  a  pro- 

trusible  proboscis.      They  are  divided  into 

Ichthyobdellidse  and  Clepsinidaj. 

rhyn-cli6-9e-plia'-ll-a,  ».  pi.    [RHYSCHO- 

CEPHAI.OS.] 

1.  Zool.  :  An  order  of  Lacertiform  Reptilla, 
with   four  limbs.    Vertebrae  with  flat  ends  ; 
quadrate  bone  united  by  sutures  with  the 
skull  and  pterygoid  ;  an  osseous  infra-  temporal 
bar.    Sternum  and  a  system  of  abdominal  ribs 
well  developed.   One  recent  genus,  Spheuodon 
(q.v.). 

2.  Palaiont,  :  Represented  in  the  Upper  Cre- 
taceous and  Lower  Eocene  by  Cliampsosaurus, 
in  the  Trias  by  Rhynchosaurus  and  Hyperoda- 
pedon,  and  in  the  Permian  by  Proterosaurus, 
Sphsenosaurus,  Telerpeton  (?),  and  Sauroster- 
num('). 

rhyn-oho-9e-pha'-U-an,  a.  &  s.  [RHYSOHO- 

CEPHALIA.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Belonging  to,  or  having  the 
characteristics  of  the  order  RhynchocephaUa 
(Encyc.  Brit.  xx.  473). 

B.  As  nbst.  :  Any  individual  of  the  Rhynr 
chocephalia. 

"These  reptiles  are  rhyncf*')c?ph<ilians.''~EiicyO- 
Brit.  (ed.  9th),  xz.  406. 

t  rhyn-ch6-9epli'-a-lu8,  8.    [Pref  rhyncTio-, 
and  Gr.  *«<£aAii  (kephalz)  =  the  head.] 
Zool.  :  Owen's  name  for  the  genus  Spheuodon 

(q.v.x 

t  rhyA-Ch$-$6'-tI,   ».  jH.     [Pref.    rhyncho-, 
and  Gr.  KTJTO?  (ketos)  =  a  sea-monster.] 
Zool.  :  The  Ziphioid  Whales.    lZiFHiw.e.1 

t  rhyn-cll8-5oe'-l9,  «.  pi.  [Pref.  rhyncho-, 
and  noiAos  (fcoitos)  =  hollow.]  [NEMEBTEA.] 

rhyxi-cliS^'-y-iSn,  s.  [Pref.  rhyncho-,  and  Gr. 
Kiiav  (kuon)  =  a  dog.  The  latter  element  has 
reference  to  the  large  canine  teeth.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Maeroscelidida;,  with  one 
species,  Rhynchocyon  cernei,  from  the  coast  of 
Mozambique.  It  is  about  eight  inches  in 
length,  exclusive  of  the  rat-like  tail  ;  the 
muzzle  is  produced  Into  a  long,  movable  snnut  ; 
fur  rusty-brown,  blackish  on  head  and  neck, 
with  light  reddish  spots  on  hinder  part  «f 
back,  it  lives  in  holes  in  the  ground,  and 
comes  out  at  night  to  feed  on  insects.  The 
hind  limbs  are  not  so  disproportionately  long 
as  in  the  true  jumping  shrew  ;  all  the  feet  are 
four-toed,  and  the  dentition  is  anomalous. 

rhyn'-cho-diis,  ».  [Pref.  rhynch-,  and  Gr. 
uoouc  (ocioiu)  =  a  tooth). 

Palaiont.  :  A  genus  of  Chim«eroid  fishes,  dis- 
covered by  Newberry  in  the  Devonian  rocks 
of  Ohio. 

rh«i-ch6-fla&-Sl-la-ta,  i.  fl.  [Pref. 
rhyncho-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  flagellata  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  :  A  class  of  Corticate  Protozoa,  of 
globular  or  lenticular  form,  with  a  firm 
cuticular  membrane,  and  reticnlarprotoplasm. 
There  are  two  genera:  Leptodiscus  and 
Noetiluca.  (Lmikester.) 

rhyn'-oh6-lite,  ».  [Pref.  rhyncho-,  and  Gr. 
Ai0o!  (Uthos)  =  a  stone.) 

Palreont.:  A  popular  name  for  the  fossil 
mandibles  of  some  Cephalopods.  (See  ex- 
tract.) 

"Calcareous  mandibles  occur  In  all  the  secondary 
strata,  but  not  hitherto  in  such  numbers  or  circum- 
stances as  to  imply  that  they  belouged  to  any  other 
genus  besides  the  true  Nautilus.  They  are  of  two 
forma:  those  corresponding  to  the  UPIOT  mandible 
have  been  called  ftftwMcfto/ifeifPalwoteutliisaud  Ehyn- 
choteuthis  of  D'Orbiguy)  ;  whilst  the  lower  mandible* 
constitute  the  genus  Couchorhyiicbus  of  De  JBlain. 
vllle."-0w«n  .-  ttLlaant.  (ed.  2nd),  p.  «. 

rhyn  cho  nel'-la,  s.     [Latinised  from  Gr. 

puyxot  (rhungchos)  =  a  snout.) 

1.  Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Rhyncbonel- 
lidae  (q.v.%     Shell  trigonal,  acutely  beaked, 
usually  plaited  ;  dorsal  valve  elevated  in  front  ; 
ventral  flattened,  or  hollowed  along  the  centre, 
Knowti  recent  species  four,  from  the  North 
Polar  regions  and  New  Zealand. 

2.  Palceont.  :  Known  species  882,  from  the 
Lower  Silurian  onward.     Found  in   Europe, 
Asia,  and  North  and  South  America. 


boll,  b6y ;  poUt,  jo"Wl ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  <jhin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  thi« ;  sin,  a; ;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    -ing. 
-oian,  -tian  =  shan.  -Uon,  -cton  =  *hun;  -tion,  -fion  =  Zhou,   -oious. -tious, -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  4c.  =  bel,  Ofl» 


4008 


rhynchonellidffl—  rhytidolepis 


rhynchonella-zones,  >.  pi. 

Gtol.  •  Two  zones,  the  one  that  of  Rhyncho- 
Htlla  martini,  in  the  Lower  Chalk  of  England, 
between  the  Cambridge  Greeusand  and  the 
Totternhoe  stone ;  and  the  other  that  of 
Shynchonella,  cuviert,  in  the  Middle  Chalk, 
between  the  Melbourn  Rock  and  the  zone  of 
Terebratitla  gracilis.  ^Etheridge.) 

phyn-ohd-nel'-li-dn,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
rhynchonell(a) ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ute.] 

Zoo!,  it  Palceont. :  A  family  of  Brachiopoda. 
Shell  impunctate,  oblong  or  trigonal,  beaked  ; 
hinge  line  curved  ;  valves  articulated,  curves 
often  sharply  plaited  ;  hinge  teeth  supported 
by  dental  plates.  Animal  with  elongated 
•piral  arms  directed  inwards.  Prom  the  Lower 
Silurian  to  the  Trias. 

Phyn-ehoph'-or-a  (1),  «.  [Pref.  rhyncho- 
(q.vA  and  fern.  sing,  of  Gr.  £op<«  (p/kmw)  = 
bearing.] 

Palaont.:  A  genus  of  Weevils  from  the 
Pnrbeckbeds.  (Etheridge.) 

phyn-ohSph'-or-«>  (2X  ».  pi.  [Pref.  rKyncho-, 
aud  neut.  pi.  of  Gr.  $op«  (pharos)  =  bearing.] 
Entom. :  A  tribe  of  Tetramerous  Beetles. 
Front  of  the  head  prolonged  into  a  rostrum 
or  snout,  with  the  mouth  at  its  extremity. 
The  antennse  are  placed  on  the  sides  of  the 
rostrum,  at  its  base,  its  apex,  or  the  parts 
Intermediate.  They  are  geniculate,  and  have 
tiie  tip  clavate.  The  body  is  often  covered 
with  scales.  It  contains  the  weevils,  the 
footless  grubs  of  which  are  so  Injurious  to 
many  plants,  in  the  interior  of  whose  stems, 
fruits,  or  seeds  they  live.  Families  :  Cur- 
culionidre,  Brentidse,  Anthribidee,  and  Bru- 
chidse. 

rhyn'-cho-phb're, ».  [RHVSCHOPHOBA.]  Any 
indi  vidual  member  of  the  Rhynchophora(q.v.> 

rhyh-ohoph'-or-tis,  «.  [Pref.  rhyncho-,  and 
Gr.  <f>op<is  (pharos)  =  bearing.] 

Aifom. :  A  genus  of  Curcnllonldre.  They 
are  of  large  size.  The  larvse  live  in  the  stems 
of  succulent  plants,  as  palms,  bananas,  the 
sugar-cane,  &C. 

rhyn-ch6-pi'-n», ».  p!.  [Mod.  Lat.  rhynchops, 
genit.  rhynchop(is) ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-ince.] 

Ornith. :  Skimmers,  Scissor-bills  ;  a  sub- 
family of  Laridse,  with  a  single  genus,  Rhyu- 
chops  (q.v.)./ 

rhyn'-chSps,  «.  [Pref.  rhynch-,  and  Gr.  S<li 
(ops)  =  the  face.] 

Ornith. :  Skimmer,  Scissor-bill ;  the  sole 
genus  of  the  sub-family  Rhynchopinse,  with 
three  species:  one  from  America,  one  from 
India,  and  the  third  from  the  Nile  and  the 
Bed  Sea.  They  differ  from  the  Sternum- 
(q.v.)  in  having  the  bill  long  and  thin ;  the 
mandibles  very  narrow  and  compressed,  the 
lower  one  being  longer  than  the  upper. 

rhyn-cho-rhl'-nus,  ».    [Pref.  rhyncho-,  and 

Gr.  pit  (rAia),  genit.  ptyot  (rAino*)  =  the  snout] 

Palwont. :  A  genus  of  Murasnidse,  with  one 

species,  from  the  Middle  Eocene. 

phyn-chi-sau'-rl-an,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  rhyn- 
chosaur(us) ;  Eng.  suff.  -inn.]  Belonging  to, 
characteristic  of,  or  resembling  Rhynchosau- 
rns.  (Owen :  Palaxtnt.  (ed.  2nd),  p.  267.) 

rhyn-cho  Bau'  rfis,  s.  [Pref.  rhyncho-,  a«d 
Or.  o-aipot  (sauros)  =  a  lizard.] 

Palceont.:  A  genus  of  Cryptodontia,  founded 
on  fragmentary  remains  from  the  New  Red 
Sands  tone  of  the  Grinsill  quarries,  near  Shrews- 
bury. The  skull  differs  from  that  of  existing 
Lacertilians,  and  resembles  that  of  a  bird  or 
turtle,  especially  in  the  absence  of  teeth. 
There  Is  one  species,  Rhynchosaurus  articeps. 

rhyn-cho-sl-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr. 
pOyxot  (rhungchos)  =  a  snout,  so  named  from 
its  beaked  flowers.] 

Sot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Rhynchosie» 
(q.v.).  Herbs  or  undershrubs,  generally 
twining,  with  trifoliolate  or  simple  leaves, 
and  racemes  generally  of  yellowish  flowers. 
Species  numerous,  from  Southern  Asia, 
Australia,  and  America. 

Phyn  cho  sl-e'-aa,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  rhyn- 
chosi(a) ;  Lat  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -etx.] 
Bot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Phaseoleae. 


rhyn-ch8s'-p6r  a,  s.  [Pref.  rhyncho-,  and 
Gr.  <nrupi  (spora)  =  a  seed.  Named  from  the 
beaked  fruit.) 

Bot.  :  Beak-rush  ;  the  typical  genus  of  the 
Rhynchosporidse(q.v.).  Spikeletsfew,  flowered 
in  axillary  or  terminal  corymV>3  or  panicles, 
only  one  or  two  glumes  flowering;  bristles 
six  or  more,  or  none.  Known  species  about 
fifty,  from  the  temperate  and  tropic  regions. 
Two,  Rhychospom  alto.,  the  White,  and  S.  jusca, 
the  Brown  Beak-rush,  are  British. 

rhyn-cho-spbr'-e-BB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
rhyMhospoiia)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -co:.] 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Cyperacese,  containing  two 
families:  Rhynchosporidaj  (typical),  and 
Sohoenidae  (q.v.). 

phtfn-cho-BpoY-I-daJ,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
rhynchospor(a)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun.  -Mfce.J 

[RHYNCHOSPORE/E.  ] 

Phyn-oho'-ta,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr. 

pvyx°'  (rhangchas)  =  a  snout] 

Entom.  :  An  order  of  Hemimetabola,  the 
same  as  Latreille's  Hemiptera.  Sub-orders  : 
Homoptera  and  Heteroptera. 

rhyn-ch&-teu'-thls.  «.    [Pref.  rhyncho-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  teuthis  (q.v.).] 
Palaxmt.  :  (See  extract  under  Rhyncholite). 

rhyne,  >.  [Russ.]  The  name  given  to  the 
best  quality  of  Russian  hemp. 

Phy'-ft-lite,  «.  [Gr.  p«o>  (rheS)  =  ta  flow,  and 
AMo!  (lithos)  =  a  stone.) 

Petrol.  :  A  name  originally  given  by  V. 
Richthofen  to  certain  rocks  of  late  geological 
age  occurring  in  Hungary,  to  distinguish  them 
from  trachyte  (q.v.).  They  enclose  quartz  as 
an  essential  constituent,  and  bear  evidence  of 
having  been  viscous  surface  lavas,  the  fluxion 
structure  being  well  denned.  Most  of  the 
vitreous  rocks,  such  as  obsidians,  Ac.,  are 
now  included  in  this  generic  term,  which  also 
embraces  those  of  the  earliest  geological 
age,  most  of  which  have  lost  their  original 
aspect  by  subsequent  devitrification. 

rhyoltte  breccia,  s. 
Petrol.  :  A  breccia  consisting  almost  entirely 
of  fragments  of  rhyolites. 

t  phy-par-i-graph'-ic,  o.  [Eng.  rhyparo- 
graph(y);  -ic.) 

1.  Dealing  with  low  life  ;  naturalistic. 

••  she  takea  a  sort  of  Naturalistic  delivht  In  describ- 
ing the  most  sordid  and  shabbiest  features  of  the  lout 
attractive  klud  of  English  middle-class  life,  and  in 
doing  thia  never  misses  a  rhi/rnroffrtiphic  touch  when 
•he  can  Introduce  one."—  Academy.  April  3.  1886,  p.  234. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  connected  with  rhy- 
parography  (q.v.)i 

phy-pa-rSg'-ra-phy,  ».  [Or.  puirapos  (rhu- 
paras)  =  filthy,  dirty,  and  ypa^u  (grapho)  =  to 
write,  to  draw.) 

Lit.  :  Dirt-painting  ;  a  contemptuous  term 
applied  by  the  ancients  to  genre  or  still-life 
pictures.  (Fairholt.) 

Phy'-phi-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  rhyph(u»); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*.  -id<z.] 

Entom.  :  False  Graneflies.  A  family  of 
Dipterous  insects. 

rhy  '-phfis,  s.   [Gr.  pvmK  (rhupos)  =  dirt,  filth.) 

1.  Entomology: 

(1)  The  typical  genus  of  Rhyphidse  (q.v.). 

(2)  A  genus   of  Beetles,    family    Myceto- 
liili«!ie.      The  larva  of  Jthyphus  fcnestralis 
ives  in  cow  dung. 

2.  Palaont.  :  One  species  of  Bhyphus  (1), 
from  the  P^rbeck  beds. 

».    [Gr.  pvn-u/cot  (rhuptilaa)  = 

IcWiy.  :  A  genus  of  Percldae,  with  four 
species  —  three  from  the  West  Indies  and  one 
from  the  Galapagos.  Body  oblong,  com- 
pressed, covered  with  minute  scales  embedded 
in  the  thick  skin.  Spines  of  verticals  but 
little  developed,  always  in  small  number  and 
short,  and  in  some  species  disappearing  en- 
tirely. 

phy-sim'-S-ter,  s.  [Or.  pvo-i't  (rhusis)  =  a 
flowing,  a  stream,  and  Eng.  meter  (q.v.).  ~f  An 
Instrument  for  measuring  the  velocity  of  fluids 
or  the  speed  of  ships.  It  presents  the  open 
end  of  a  tube  to  the  impact  of  the  current, 
which  raises  a  column  of  mercury  in  a  gra- 
duated tube. 


phil 
live; 


rhyp'-tl-cus, 

cleansing.] 


rhy-BO'-diy,  ».  [Gr.  pmruSes  (rhusMes)=i 
wrinkled-looking  ;  puo-ot*  (rhusos)  =  wrinkled, 
and  eTSo!  (eidos)  =  f  orm.  ] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Rhysodid» 
(q.v.).  Antennge  granulated  ;  articulations  of 
the  tarsi  entire. 

rhy-so'-di-dee,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  rhytod(et); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idte.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Necrpphaga  or  Clavi- 
cornia.  Antennae  eleven-jointed,  the  joints 
rounded,  and  of  nearly  equal  width.  Small, 
elongated,  wood-eating  beetles,  with  longi- 
tudinal furrows  above. 

rhythm,  *  rithm,  ».  [O.  FT.  rithme,  from 
Lat.  rhythmum,  accus.  of  rhythmus,  from  Gr. 
pvdfLio;  (rhvthmos)  =  measured  motion,  time, 
measure,  proportion  ;  Fr.  rhythme  ;  8p.  & 
Ital.  riimo.J 

1.  The  measure  of  time  or  movement  by 
regularly  recurring  motions,  impulses,  sounds, 
&c.,  as  in  poetry,  prose,  and  music,  and,  by 
analogy,  In   dancing  ;    periodical  emphasis  ; 
numerical  proportion  or  harmony.     In  poetry 
rhythm  is  the  regular  succession  of  arses  and 
theses,  or  of  long  and  short  (heavy  and  light) 
syllables  in  a  verse.     In  prose  it  is  an  arrange- 
ment of  words  in  an  expressive  and  pleasing 
succession  ;  but  its  regularity  is  not  so  great 
that  it  can  be  reduced  to  a  law.    When  it  can 
be  reduced  to  a  law,  it  loses  the  name  of 
rhythm  and  becomes  metre.     In  music  rhythm 
is  the  disposition  of  the  notes  of  a  composition 
in  respect  of  time  and  measure  ;  the  measured 
beat  which  marks  the  characterand  expression 
of  the  music.     In  dancing,  the  rhythm  is  re- 
cognised in  the  sound  of  the  feet. 

"When  we  talk  or  write  continuously  abont  any 
subject  that  appeal!  to  the  passions,  we  gratify  a 
natural  lustincl  by  falling  into  a  certain  regularity. 
Both  the  voice  and  the  arrangement  of  the  word*  fall 
under  this  regular  influence  :  the  voice  ia  modulated. 
and  the  words  are  regulated  In  a  kind  of  flow  called 
rhvlhm.  Without  rhythm,  the  expression  of  passion 
becomes  spasmodic  and  painful,  like  the  sobbing  of  a 
child.  Rhythm  averts  this  pain  by  giving  a  sense  of 
order  con  trolling  and  directing  passion.  Hence  rhythm 
IB  in  place  wherever  speech  is  Impassioned,  ana  in- 
tendea  at  the  same  time  to  be  pleasurable:  and  tin. 
passioned  speech  without  rhi/lhm  is.  when  long  con- 
tinued, unpleasing."—  Abbott  A  Steley  :  Eng.  Letumt 
for  Eng.  People,  \  91. 

2.  Rhyme,  metre,  verse,  number. 

8.  Physiol.  :  The  proportion  as  to  time  be- 
tween the  action  of  an  organ,  an  intermittent 
or  remittent  disease,  &c.,  at  successive  periods. 
Investigations  as  to  the  respiratory  rhythm, 
establish  first  the  number  of  inspirations  per 
minute  in  normal  breathing,  and  show  the 
greater  or  less  frequency  in  certain  states  of 
health.  (Foster:  Physiol.) 

*  rhyth'-mer,   s.     [Eng.    rhythm;   -er.]      A 
rhymer,  a  poetaster,  a  rhymester.    (Fuller.) 

phyth'-mlc,  rhyth'-mie-al,  a.  [Gr.  putyu- 
icoc  (rhuthmikos)  ;  Lat.  rhythmicus.] 

1.  Of  or   pertaining   to  rhythm;   having 
rhythm  duly  regulated  by  cadences,  accents, 
and  quantities. 

"  The  rhythmical  arrangement  of  Bounds  not  articu- 
lated produces  music;  while  from  the  like  arrange- 
ment of  articulate  sounds  we  get  the  cadences  of  prose 
and  the  measures  of  verse."—  Ouett  :  Hiitory  of  Englith 
KhaOtmi.  bk.  i.,  ch.  1. 

2.  Med.  :  Periodical. 

rhyth'-mlc-al-ly,  adv.  (Eng.  rhythmical; 
-ly.]  In  a  rhythmical  manner  ;  with  rhythm. 

*  rhyth'-mlcs,  s.    [RHYTHMIC.]    That  branch 

of  music  which  treats  of  the  length  of  sound* 
and  of  emphasis. 

*  rhyth-mlng,   a,      [Eng.    rhythm;    -inf.] 
Making  rimes  ;  riming.    (Fuller.) 

*  rhythm'-18s8,   o.      [Eng.   rhythm;    -lea.} 
Destitute  of  rhythm. 


rhyth-m5m'-8-ter,  «.  [Or.  pvoVo?  (rhuthmos) 
=  rhythm,  and  nerpov  (metron)  =  a  measure.] 
Any  instrument  for  marking  time  to  move- 
ments in  music. 

rhyth'-mus,  s.    [Lat]    Rhythm  (q.v.% 

Phy-tl-.  rhy-tl-d6-t  pref.  [Gr.  pirn's  (rhvtls\ 
genit.  pvri8o«(rtufido«)=a  wrinkle.)  Wrinkled. 

rhy-ti-d6-,  pref.    [RHYTI-.] 

phy-ti-do-lSp'-fa,  >.  [Pref.  rhytido-,  and  Gr. 
Afiri'e  (lepis)  =  a  scale.] 

Palteobot.  :  A  genus  of  Sigillaroids.  It  has 
large,  hexagonal,  tripunctate  areoles,  and  nar- 
row, often  transversely  striate,  ribs. 


ffcte,  fit,  tare,  amtdgt.  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  hep,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
OP.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  anite,  car,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    SB,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qa  =  kw. 


s.,-,«l'-4-ma,  ».    [Gr.  P<m'8«>|«i  (rtmttdoma) 
=  a  wrinkle.)  "  [RBYTI-.] 

Sot. :  The  scales  produced  by  the  formation 
of  epiphloeum  inside  the  liber  or  mesopuloeum, 
<3foM.) 

rny-tld-OB'-te-tis,  ».    [Pref.  rhytid(o)-,  and 
Gr.  6o-reov  (osteon)  =  a  bone.) 

Palatmt.  :  A  genus  of  Labyrinthodonts, 
described  by  Owen  in  1884,  from  the  Trias  of 
the  Orange  Free  State.  (Quar.  Journ.  Geol 
Sac.,  xl.  333.) 

*hy-U-gl8s'-«a,  >.     [Pref.  rhyti-,  and  Gr. 
yAiio-o-o.  (s/lossa)  =  a  tongue.] 

Bot  •  A  genus  of  Gendarusseie.  Species 
very  numerous,  generally  with  red  flowers. 
They  are  from  America  and  Southern  Africa. 
An  infusion  of  the  leaves  of  the  American 
Khvliglossa  ptctoralis  is  used  for  diseases  of 
the  chest,  or  the  leaves  are  boiled  with  sugar 
to  make  a  stomachic  syrup. 
rHy-ti'-na, «.  [Or.  pirn's  (rhutis)  =  a  wrinkle, 
in  allusion  to  the  rugose  nature  of  the  skin.] 

1.  ZooL  :  A  recently  extinct  genus  of  Sirenia. 
Edentulous,  mastication  being  performed  by 
horny  oval  plates  ;  head  very  small  in  pro- 
portion to  body  ;  tail  with  two  lateral  pointed 
lobes :  pectoral  limbs  small  and  truncated ; 
•kin  naked,  covered  with  a  thin,  hard,  rugged, 
bark-like  epidermis.  Only  one  species  known, 
Rhytina  stelUri,  the  northern  Sea-cow.  It 
was  discovered  by  Steller,  a  German  naturalist 
in  the  Russian  service,  in  1741,  and  was  then  ex- 
tremely abundant  round  Behring's  and  Copper 
Island  in  the  North  Pacific.  The  last  was  sup- 
posed to  have  been  killed  in  1768,  but  Nor- 
denskibld  obtained  information  from  the  na- 
tives of  Behring's  Island  which  led  him  to 
believe  that  a  few  individuals  may  have  sur- 
vived to  a  much  later  date,  even  to  1854 
(Encya.  Brit.  (ed.  9th),  xv.  391.  Note).  The 
habits  of  the  Rhytina  were  similar  to  those  of 
the  Manatee,  which  it  greatly  exceeded  in 
size,  attaining  a  length  of  about  twenty-five 
feet.  Steller  published  an  excellent  account 
of  its  anatomy  and  habits,  and  quantities  of 
its  remains  have  since  been  discovered.  A 
nearly  perfect  skeleton  from  Behring's  Island 
has  been  placed  in  the  Natural  History  Mu- 
seum, South  Kensington. 

2  Palceont. :  Occurs  in  the  Post  Pliocene  of 
Siberia, 

rtiy-tis  ma,  s.     [Gr.  purio-pa  (rhutisma)  =  a 
darn  or  patch.] 

Bot  :  A  genus  of  Phacidiacei  (Ascomycetous 
Fungals),  growing  on  the  leaves  of  various 
trees  and  shrubs,  and  producing  dark  patches 
or  spots  on  their  surface.  Rhytisma  aceroides 
to  found  on  the  sycamore  and  maple,  and  S. 
Klicinvm  on  willows. 

l*-al,».    [Sp.]    Areal(q.v-). 

•ry  alle,  *.  *  o. 


rhytidoma— ribaldry 

rib,  *  ribbe,  *  rybbe, «.    [A.8.  ribb ;  cogn. 

with  Dut.  rib ;  Icel.  rif;  Sw.  ref-been  (=  nb- 

boue);  Dan.  rib-been;  O.  H.  Ger.  rippi;  Ger. 

rippe ;  RUBS,  retro  ;  prob.  from  the  sam«  root 

as  rive.) 

L  Ordinary  Language : 
L  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

"  And  the  Lord  God  caused  a  deep  sleep  to  f .11  npon 
Adam,  and  he  slept:  aud  he  took  one  of  his  rib,  aud 
closed  up  the  flesh  instead  thereof— 6»n«m  11.  U. 
2.  Figuratively: 

*  (1)  A  wife,  in  allusion  to  Eve. 

••  How  many  have  we  known  whose  heads  hare  beene 
broken  by  their  own  rib."— Bp.  Baa:  Solomon  I  De- 

jMMm, 

*  (2)  Anything  long  and  narrow ;  a  •trip :  as, 
a  ri6  of  land. 

(8)  A  curved  part  on  which  anything  rests 
for  support ;  specif.,  one  of  the  extension  rods 
on  which  the  cover  of  an  umbrella  or  parasol 
is  stretched.  They  are  made  of  whalebone, 
steel,  or  cane. 

*  (4)  (See  extract.) 


4009 


(REAL 


ri'-al,  *ry-al, 

(2),  O.]     [ROVAL.] 

A.  As  $ubst. :  An  old  English  gold  coin,  of 
rarying  value  ;  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  the 
gold  rial  was  worth  10s. ;  in  the  beginning  of 


OOLD  RIAL  OT  MART. 


the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  rials  were  cur- 
rent at  15s.  each,  and  in  the  reign  of  James  I., 
the  rose-rial  of  gold  was  current  at  30s.,  and 
lie  spur-rial  at  15s. ;  a  royal. 

B.  As  adj. :  Royal,  regal,  noble. 
•rl-al-te,*ry-al-te,i.  [RIAL,  a.]  Royalty, 
nobility. 

•ri'-an-cy,  ».  [Eng.  rian(t) ;  -cy.)  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  riant ;  cheerfulness, 
gaiety.  (Carlyle.) 

*  ri  -ant,  a.    [Fr.,  pr.  p»r.  of  rir«  =  to  laugh.) 

1.  Laughing,  gay,  merry,  cheerful. 

"  He  was  JoYial,  riant.  Jocose."- CaTlflf  :  Benrfni* 

2.  Cheerful. 

"  I  rejoice  yeur  apartment  Is  so  rtant.  '—MUt.  Cfr- 


"Thirdly.  In  settiug  on  your  feather,  whether  It  Is 
nared  or  drawn  with  a  thicko  ryabe,  or  a  thluiie  rybbi 
Sher»itois  the  hard  milll  whichdivideth  the  leather./' 
-^sctam :  Scholt  o/SiooMfW«,  ok.  i. 

IL  Technically 

\.  Anat.  (PI.):  Arched  and  highly  elastic 
bones  extending  outwards  and  forwards  from 
the  vertebral  column,  and  forming  the  lateral 
walls  of  the  thorax.  Normally  they  are 
twelve  in  number  on  each  side,  though  a  small 
thirteenth  rib  is  sometimes  seen.  The  first 
seven  pairs  are  affixed  to  costal  cartilages, 
uniting  them  to  the  sternum,  whence  they  are 
called  sternal  or  true  ribs,  the  remaining  five 
are  asternal  or  false  ribs.  The  three  upper 
asternal  ribs  are  united  by  their  respective  car- 
tilages to  the  rib  above  them ;  the  two  lower, 
being  unattached,  are  called  floating  ribs.  A 
rib  consists  of  a  head  or  capitulum,  a  neck,  a 
tubercle,  a  body,  an  angle,  and  a  sub-costal 
groove.  (g«oin.)  Besides  protecting  the  lungs 
from  injury,  the  raising  of  the  ribs  by  the  ex- 
ternal inter-costal  and  other  muscles  enlarges 
the  chest  for  inspiration  oi«ir. 

2.  Anything  more  or  less  resembling  a  rib, 
in  form,  position,  use,  *c. :  as — 
(1)  Architecture : 

(a)  A  timber  arch  to  support  *  plastered 
ceiling. 

(6)  Plain,  or  variously  moulded,  clustered, 
and  ornamented  moulding  on  the  interior  of  a 
vaulted  roof. 

(e)  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  the  mould- 
ings of  timber-roofs,  and  those  forming  tracery 
on  walls  and  in  windows. 

(d)  A  curved  member  of  an  arch  centre. 
The  rib  of  a  bridge  or  roof  may  be  of  iron  or 
wood,  having  an  arched  form  and  springing 
from  abutments.  The  rib  of  a  centreing  is  of 
wood  and  forms  a  part  of  a  frame  whose  con- 
struction depends  upon  the  span  and  expected 
weight. 

(2)  Sookbind. :  One  of  the  ridges  on  the  back 
of  a  book  which  serve  for  covering  the  tapes 
and  for  ornament. 
3.  Botany: 

(1)  A  main  vein  proceeding  directly  from 
the  base  to  the  apex  of  a  leaf,  or  to  the  points 
of  the  lobes. 

(2)  A  projecting  vein. 

I.  Cloth :  A  prominent  line  or  rising,  as  in 
corduroy. 

6  llach. :  An  angle-plate  cast  between  two 
other  plates,  to  brace  and  strengthen  them  : 
as  between  the  sole  and  wall-plate  of  a  bracket 

6.  Mining:  A 
pillar  of  coal  left 
as  a  support  for 
the  roof  of  a  mine. 

7.  Shipwright. : 
One  of  the  curved 
side  timbers  of  a 
ship   or  boat,  to 
which  the  wooden 

ilanking  and  the 


iron  vessels,  a  bar  of  the  proper  size  is  bent 
into  the  required  form. 

"  The  euter  skin  was  formed  of.  narrow  planks 

fastened  to  internal  frames  or  ritn."—Cau«lfl  T  ecAns- 

ouJ  Sduoator,  pt  xli-.  p.  Me. 

^1  A  rib  of  ore  : 

Mining  :  An  irregular  vertical  table  of 
metallic  matter  occurring  in  a  vein  of  some 
other  mineral. 

rib-band,  ». 

Shipbuilding  : 

L  A  long  strip  of  timber  following  the  cur- 
vatures of  the  vessel  and  bolted  to  it*  ribs  to 
hold  them  in  position  and  impart  stability  to 
the  skeleton.  A  number  of  these  are  fastened 
at  different  distances  from  the  keel. 

2.  Square  timbers  fastened  lengthways  In 
the  bilgeways,  to  prevent  the  timbers  of  the 
cradle  slipping  outward  during  launching. 
Rib-band  Una  : 

SMpbuild.  :  Oblique  longitudinal  section!  of 
the  hull. 
Rib-band  nail  : 

ShipbuUd.  :  Ribbing-nail  (q.v.X 
Rib-band  shore  : 

ShipbuUd.  :  A  strut  to  support  the  frame  of 
a   ship  while   building.      Their  heads   rest 
against  the  rib-bands,  and  their  bases  on  th» 
slip  or  dock. 
rib  vaulting,  >. 

Arch.  :  Vaulting  having  ribs  projecting  below 
the  general  surface  of  the  ceiling  to  strengthen 
and  ornament  it.  When  the  ribs  radiate  from 
a  central  boss  or  pendant,  it  is  termed  fan- 
vaulting,  or  fen-tracery  vaulting. 

rib,  v.t.    (RiB,  «.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  ribs  ;  to  form  with  ribi, 
lines,  or  channels,  as  cloth. 

"  Was  I  by  rocks  enjender'd.  rt»'<«  with  steel. 
Such  tortures  to  resist  or  not  to  feel?"     Sandli. 

2.  To  enclose,  as  the  body,  with  ribs  ;  to 


P 
11 


interior  sheathing 
Is  trenailed  or 
pinned.  In  wooden 
vessels  of  consi-  BIB. 

derable  size,  tim- 
ber of  the  required  dimensions  and  form  can- 
not be  procured  to  make  a  rib  of  one  piece,  so 
it  is  made  in  sections  scarfed  together.  These 
are  known  as  the  first,  second,  and  third  fut- 
tocks,  and  terminate  in  the  top-timber.  In 


..„  ..„  too  pos, 
"reclothln 

3.  To  plough,  so  as  to  leave  rib-like  ridgei, 
somewhat  apart. 

"rf-bad'-*-«iuIn. 
*ri-bau'-dS- 

quin,  >.     [Fr.] 

[RIBALD.] 

1.  A  medieval 
engine  of  war,  con- 
sisting of  a  kind 
of  war-chariot  for- 
tified   with    iron 
spikes,  placed  in 
front  of  an  army 
arrayed  for  battle. 
In  the  fourteenth 

century  they  were  furnished  with  small  can- 
nons. 

2.  A  powerful  crossbow  for  throwing  long 
darts. 

rib  aid,  *  rtt>-aud,  *  rib-»nde,  •  ryb- 
aude  s.  &  o.  [O.  Fr.  ribald,  riband,  nbauld 
(Fr.  ribaut)  =  a  ribald,  a  ruffian  ;  connected 
with  O.  H.  Ger.  Kripa;  M.  H.  Ger.  ri6«  =  a 
prostitute  ;  cf.  0.  Fr.  riber  =  to  toy  with  a 
female  ;  Low  Lat.  ribaldta  =  a  ribald,  a  lewd 
person  ;  ribalda  •=  a  prostitute.) 

A.  At  subst.  :  A  low,  rough,  licentious,  and 
foul-mouth  fellow. 

••  A  mad  man,  a  riMurf  ,  an  adulterer."—  rau  :  Jo*s», 

*;&  At  adj.  :  Low,  base,  licentious),  lewd, 
profligate. 

"  A  ribald  king  and  court 
Bade  him  toll  on,  to  make  them  sport. 

Scott  :  Marmion,  L    (Introd.) 

rib'  aid-fob,  o.  [Eng.  ribald;  -ith.]  Dis- 
posed to  ribaldry  ;  ribald,  lewd,  licentious. 

••  The  idle,  rtluildtoh,  and  scurrilous  mirth  of  the 
prophane."—  B?.  «•«  :  Wortl,  L,  I  si. 

*  rfb'-ald-rotU,  *  rtb-tvuld-rou»,  "ryb- 

aw-donae,  a.  [Eng.  ribald;  -ma.}  Con- 
taining ribaldry  ;  ribald,  lewd,  licentious. 

"  With  rilnUtrai*  sonjs  and  Jests."—  frytatt  :  I  Of- 
trU-Uattlx,  ill.  L 

rib  aid  ry,  *  rib-aud-rle,  «.    [O.  FT.  rt- 

bald'ere,  ribauderie  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  ribaldena  ; 
Port,  ribaudaria.]  The  talk  or  language  of  a 
ribald  ;  lewdness,  obscenity,  indecency. 

"  He  was.  as  usual  interrupted  in  his  defense  by 
TUaldry  and  scurrility  frem  the  Judgment  seat  - 
Mataaiat  :  ffwt.  *'"»•.  ch.  T. 


J<S*1;  oat.  fell,  ohonu.  jliin.  ben*;  go,  gem;  thin,  tW:  -»,  a,  ;  expect. 

-          -         =       .    - 


.  -die,  to  - 


4010 


riband— ribroasting 


t  rib  -and.  '  rib  -ban,  <.    [RiBBOK.S 
riband-agate,  s. 

Min. :  An  agate  consisting  of  parallel  bands 
of  chalcedony  of  various  colours. 

riband-jasper,  t. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  jasper  found  in  the  Ural 
Mountains,  in  which  the  parallel  bands  are  of 
varying  or  alternating  colours. 

riband- wave,  s. 

Entom. :  A  geometer  moth,  Acidalia  aversata, 
very  common  in  Britain.  The  larva  feeds 
on  the  aveii3,  the  meadow-sweet,  Ac. 

riband-weed,  s. 

Bet. :  Lam&naria  aafckarina. 

'  rib  and,  t>.t.    [RIBBON,  s.]    To  adorn  with 
ribauiU  or  ribbons. 

"  A  ribanded  wastcote,  aud  four  clean  pair  of  socks." 
-Beaum.  i  fla. :  fair  Haid  at  tit*  Inn,  Ui.  I. 

•  rib  -and -Ism,  ».    [RIBBONISM.] 

•  rib  aud,  •  rlb-ande,  ».  &  a.    [RIBALD.] 

•  rib  aud  rie,  «.    [RIBALDRV.] 

•  rib-auld  rous,  a.    [UIBALDKOUS.] 
rib  band.  >.    [RIBBON.] 
ribbed,  a.    (Eng.  rib;  -ed.} 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Furnished  with  ribg ;  having  ribs. 

2.  Having  rising  lines  and  channels,  as  cor- 
duroy cloth. 

3.  Inclosed,  as  the  body  by  ribs ;  shut  in. 

"  A»  Neptune' •  park,  rf&osrf  and  paled  in 
With  rocks  unscaleable,  aud  roaring  waters." 

Skalelii. :  Cy.nWin..  111.  L 

IL  Bot.  (Of  a  leaf):  Having  several  ribs; 
having  three  or  more  ribs  proceeding  from  the 
base  to  the  apex  of  a  leaf,  and  connected  by 
branching,  primary  veins  of  the  form  and 
magnitude  of  proj»er  Teinlets. 


Ardt. :  AD  arch  consisting  of  iron  or  timber 
parallel  ribs  springing  from  stone  abutments. 

ribbed  mudstoneu,  >.  pi. 

Geoi. :  The  lowest  beds  in  the  liofiat  Strata. 
They  correspond  with  the  inferior  part  of  the 
Upper  Uandeilo. 

ribb'-ing,  «.    [Eng.rib;  -in$.} 

1.  An  assemblage  or  arrangement  of  ribs, 
as  the  timl-er-work  sustaining  a  vaulted  ceil- 
ing ;  ridges  on  cloth ;  veins  in  the  leaves  of 
plants,fc. 

X.  Agrie.  :  A  kind  of  imperfect  ploughing, 
formerly  common,  by  which  stubbles  were 
rapiiily  turned  over,  every  alternate  strip  only 
being  moved.  By  this  method  only  half  the 
land  is  raised,  the  furrow  being  laid  over 
quite  flat,  and  covering  an  equal  space  of  the 
level  surface.  A  similar  operation  is  still  In 
use  In  some  places,  after  land  has  been  pul- 
verized by  clean  ploughing,  and  is  ready  for 
receiving  the  seed,  and  tiie  mode  of  sowing 
upon  Una  thus  prepared  is  also  called  ribbing. 

ribbing-nail,  >. 

SJiiptjuild. :  A  nail  with  a  large  round  head, 
with  rings  to  prevent  the  head  from  splitting 
the  timber  or  being  drawn  through;  used 
chiefly  for  fastening  rib-bands.  Also  called  a 
rib-haud  nail. 

rib  ble,  &  [Another  form  of  rabble,  used 
only  in  the  compounds.] 

*  ribble  rabble,  a, 
L  A  rabble,  a  mob. 

2.  Indecent  or  sill;  talk. 

•  ribblo  row,  i.    A  list,  a  series, 

"  This  witch  a  ribb'o-rov  ratieanes 
Of  scurvy  names  in  scurvj  venea."  Cotton. 

lib'- bin,  rib'-  and,  rib  -band.  *  rib  ban, 
«.  ct  a.  [Ir.  ribin  =  *  ribbon,  from  rite  =  a 
flake,  a  hair,  a  ribbon  ;  OaeL  riWun  =  a  rib- 
bon, from  rib,  rite  ==  a  hair,  a  rag,  a  tassel  a 
fringe  ;  Wet  rhibi*  =  a  streak ;  0.  FT.  riiwn, 
ruten,  rubant  (Fr.  ruion).] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  A  fillet  of  silk,  satin,  Ac. ;  a  narrow 
web  of  silk,  satin,  or  other  material,  used  for 
ornament  or  for  fastening  some  part  of  female 
attire. 


2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  shred,  a  rag :  as,  The  sails  were  torn 
into  ribbons. 

(2)  (PI.) :  Carriage  reins.    (CoUaq.) 

'•  Mr.  Tom  Abbott  on  each  occasion  holding  the 
rib!»ni."-rwd,  Dec.  K.  1885. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Fibre:  A  continuous  strand  of  cotton 
or  other  fibre  in  a  loose,  untwisted  condition  ; 
a  sliver. 

2.  Carp. :  A  long,  thin  strip  of  wood,  or  a 
series  of  such  strips  connecting  a  number  of 
parts. 

3.  Her. :  One  of  the  ordinaries,  containing 
one-eighth  part  of  the  bend,  of  which  it  is  a 
diminutive. 

4.  Metal-working :    A    long,  thin   strip    of 
metal,  such  as  a  watch -spring ;  a  thin  steel  baud 
fur  a  belt  or  an  endless  saw  ;  a  thin  band  of 
magnesium  for  burning ;  a  thin  steel  strip  for 
measuring,  &c. 

5.  Xaut. :  The  painted  mouldings  on  a  ship's 
side. 

B.  A>  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Ribbouium : 
as,  a  Ribbm  Society. 

H  (1)  Blue  ribbon :  A  small  piece  of  ribbon 
of  a  blue  colour  on  the  breast,  to  indicate  that 
the  wearer  belongs  to  the  Blue  Ribbon  Army 
(q.v.),  or  at  least  is  a  total  abstainer. 

(2)  Blue  Ribbon  Army :  A  gospel  temperance 
movement,  inaugurated  by  Mr.  William  Noble 
on  Feb.  10,  1878.  The  headquarters  are  at 
Hoxton  Hall,  London. 

(S)  Tlu  Blue  Ribbon:  The  Order  of  the 
Garter. 

(4)  Tlu  Slw  Ribbm  of  the  Turf:  The  Derby 
(q.v.). 

(5)  The  Bid  Ribbon :  The  Order  of  the  Bath. 

(6)  To  Tuuuttt  the  ribbone:  To  drive.  (Coltoq. 
or  slang.) 

ribbon -brake,  t.   A 

form  of  brake  having  a  band 
which   nearly  surrounds 
the  wheel  whose 
motion   Is  to   be 
checked.    One  arm 
is  made   fast  and 
the   other    is    at- 
tached to  the  short 
arm  of  a  bent  lever, 
by  means  of  which 
it  may  be  at  once 

applied   to   the  RIBBON-BRAKE. 

greater  part  of  the 

periphery  of  the  wheel,  exerting  a  fiictional 
pressure  proportionate  to  the  force  applied 
to  the  lever. 

ribbon-flan,  a, 

Ichthyology : 

1.  Sing. :  Regaleeta  banktii,  known  also  as 
the  Oar-fish.    Its  length  is  about  twelve  feet ; 
colour  silvery,  with  irregular  dark  lines  and 
spots   on   the  anterior  part  of  the   body; 
dorsal  red  ;  snout  truncated,  mouth  edentate, 
stomach  prolonged  as  a  pouch. 

2.  PL:    The    Acanthopterygian    division 
reeniiformes  (q.v.). 

ribbon-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  Phalaris  (Digraphis)  arundinacea,  var. 
variegata.  [GARDENE&'B  GAJIXKBS,  L] 

ribbon-Jasper,  t.    [RIBAND-JASPER.] 

ribbon-lodge,  s.  An  assembly  of  Ribbon- 
men,  or  their  place  of  meeting. 

ribbon  map, «.  A  map  printed  on  along 
strip  which  winds  on  an  axis  within  a  case. 

ribbon-saw,  s.    A  band-saw  (q.v.). 

Ribbon-Society,  «. 

Biet. :  A  secret  society  of  Irishmen,  origin- 
ated about  1808.  Originally  an  association  of 
Roman  Catholics,  founded  in  antagonism  to 
the  Orange  Society  of  the  northern  coun- 
ties, it  soon  became  an  agrarian  association, 
having  as  its  main  object  the  securing  of 
"fixity  of  tenure."  The  members  were  bound 
together  by  an  oath,  had  pass- words,  signs, 
&c.,  and  met  in  lodges.  The  name  was  derived 
from  the  piece  of  green  ribbon  worn  as  a  badge 
in  the  button-hole. 

"  The  main  object  of  the  Ribbon  Snciet*  was  to  nre- 
v«nt  any  landlord,  under  any  drcumrtanees  wbatmr, 
from  depriving  a  tenant  of  his  laud.  'Fixity  of 
tenure,  which  has  lately  been  so  boldly  demanded  by 
the  advocates  of  tenaiitrlsht.  was  then  only  necretly 
proclaimed  In  the  lodtv.  of  the  «i»o.»  6VxJ«v.  and 
nxitr  of  tenure'  it  was  determine.!  to  carry  oat  to 


the  death.  The  second  object  wss  to  deter  on  pain  fj 
almost  certain  death,  auy  Ujuaut  from  talciUK  la&J 
from  which  any  other  tenant  had  been  ev'ctad."- 
Tr*>* .  S«a  M*  o/  /ris»  Ufa,  ch.  IT 

ribbon-tree,  s. 

Bot. :  Plagiuntftvs  betulinus. 

ribbon-wire,  ».  A  strong  ribbon  con- 
taining wire  threads ;  also,  wire  made  into  flat 
strips  for  commercial  purposes. 

ribbon-wood,  s. 

Bot, :  Hoheria  populnea,  of  New  Zealand, 

ribbon-worms,  i.  pi. 

Zoology : 

1.  [TAPE-WORMS]. 

2.  The  Nemathelmintha  or  Nemertida  (q.v.) 

*  rib  bon,  v.t.  [RIBBON,  «.]  To  adorn  with 
ribbons ;  to  deck  out  or  furnish  with  or  as 
with  ribbons. 

"  Some  o'er  thy  Tbamis  row  the  ri&oon'd  fair, 
Others  along  the  safer  turnpike  fly." 

Hymn  :  Child*  Harold,  L  70. 

rib'-bon-ism,  rib -and -ism,  a.      [Eng. 

ribbon,  ribatul;  -ism,] 

Hist. :  The  principles  of  Ribbonmen,  or  o: 
the  Ribbon  Society  (q.v.). 

rib  bon-man,  s,  [Eng.  ribbon;  -man.]  A 
member  of  the  Ribbon  Society.  [RIBBONISM.] 

"  Wild  deeds  had  been  enacted  by  the  liibbonm**."— 
rr*ncA :  Kealttiel  o/  JriA  Lift,  ch.  Iv. 

ri'-bes,  *.  [Dan.  ribs ;  8w.  risp,  reps,  or  from 
Arab  ribet  =  Rheum  Ribes,  a  different  plant.] 
Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Grnssulariacete, 
Grossularia  being  a  synouyn  of  Ribes.  (Lind- 
ley.)  The  typical  genus  of  Ribesieee  (q.v.). 
(Sir  Joseph  Hooker.)  Petals,  small;  scale-like 
stamens  included  or  nearly  so;  style  erect. 
Fifty-she  species  are  known,  from  the  north 
temperate  lone  and  the  Andes.  Four  are 
British,  Ribes  Groesularia,  the  Wild  Goose- 
berry [GOOSEBERRY],  R.  alpinum,  the  Tasteless 
Mountain  Currant,  R.  rubrum,  the  Wild  Cur- 
rant, and  R.  nigrum,  the  Black  Currant 
[CURRANT,  B.  «I  (2),  (8).]  Sir  Joseph  Hooker 
places  species  one  under  a  section  Grossularia 
with  the  character,  "branches  spinous,  leaves 
plaited  in  bud,  peduncles  one  to  three-flow- 
ered," and  the  others  under  Ribesia  (q.v.). 

ri-bes  -I-a,  >.    [From  Mod.  Lat.  rites  (q.v.).] 
Bot. :   A    section  or   sub-genus  of  Ribes. 
Branches  not  spinous,  leaves  plaited  in  bud ; 
racemes  many-flowered.     Contains  the  cur- 
rants.   (Sir  Joseph  Hooker.)    [CORRAST.] 

ri  bey  I-a  -ce-a>,  ».  pi    [Mod.  Lat.  riten(«); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  buff,  -aceoe.] 
Bot. :  Grossulariace*.    (Endttchtr.) 

ri  bes-I-e-ffi,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  ribesi(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -we.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Saxifragacew.  Shrubs. 
Ovary  one-celled ;  fruit  a  berry.  Type,  Ribes 
(q.v.).  (Sir  Joseph  Hooker.) 

rib   gross,  s.    [Eng.  rib,  and  grass.] 

Bot. :  The  genus  Plantago;  specif.,  Plantayo 
lanceolata.  [RIBWORT.] 

rib  ibe,  *  ryb  ybe,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  Music:  A  small  kind  of  fiddle;  a  rebec 
(q.v.). 

2.  An  old  woman  ;  an  old  bawd. 

"  Rode  forth  to  sompne  a  widewe,  an  olde  riM&s, 
Feiuing  a  cause,  fur  he  wold  nan  a  bribe." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  6,895. 

*ri-W-ble,  «.  rAdimin.  ofr(W*e(q.v.).]  A 
small  ribibe.  (Chau<xr:  C.  T.,  8,332.) 

rib'-less,o.   [Eng.  ri6;  4e».)   Having  no  ribs. 

"  Tickle  plenty's  riUtu  aide." 

Coteridy* :  To  a  Young  AM, 

rit  roast,  v.t.  [Eng.  rib,  and  rout.)  To 
beat  soundly  ;  to  thrash. 

"  I  hare  been  pinched  In  flesh,  and  well  Hbrotuted 
under  in  y  former  uiaaters ;  but  I'm  In  now  tor  akin 
and  ail."— L'Kttrwtg*. 

*rib -roast,  ».  [RIBROAST,  ».]  A  sound 
beating ;  a  thrashing. 

"  Suclie  a  piece  of  nlchiug  as  Is  punishable  with  rlt- 
roatt.  —Marocctu  Extaticut  (15&5). 

rib  roaat  er,  t.  [F,ng.  ribroast;  -erA  A 
smart  or  severe  blow,  especially  with  a  riding 
whip. 

rib  roost  Ing,  «.  [RIBROAST,  ».]  A  sound 
beating ;  a  thrashing. 

"  Administer  a  sound  rioroa*cin0  to  such  m  wen 
refractory."—  Daily  Tel«grap\,  Nov.  B.  1B82. 


fete,  flat,  tare,  amidst,  whit,  fall,  father;  we.  wit.  Here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pit. 
or,  wore,  woll,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  uaito,  our,  riUe,  flUi;  try.  Syrian.    «e,  o>  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


ribston— richesse 


4011 


rlb'-ston.  8.  CFrom  Ribston,  In  Yorkshire, 
where  Si?  Henry  Goodricke  planted  three  pips 
sent  to  him  from  Ronen,  in  Normandy.  Two 
of  the  pips  died,  but  the  third  became  the 
parent  of  the  Ribston  apple-trees  in  England 
(Brewer.)-]  A  flne  variety  of  apple ;  also  called 
a  Ribston-pippin. 

ribston  pippin, «. 
rlb'-wort, «.    [Eng.  rib,  and  wort.] 
Botany : 

1.  Sing. :  Plantago  lanceolata.    [RiBOBASS.] 
i  PI. :  Plantaginace*  (q.v.).    (.Lindley.) 
-rite.  *-rick,JMS  (A.S.rte  =  power,  kingdom, 
dominion;  IceC  rlki;  Ger.  reich;  Out.  n,k; 
Goth,  reiki.     From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  rego 
=  to  rule ;  Eng.  regal,  region,  right,  nch,  sc.  ] 
A  suffix  denoting  jurisdiction,  or  the  district 
over  whii'h  jurisdiction  or  authority  Is 
cised,  as  bishoprw,  Ac.    As  a  termination  in 
proper  names  it  signifies  rich  or  powerful,  as 
Frederic  =  rich  iu  peace. 
rfc'-cl-a,  «.  [Named  after  P.  Francisco  Riccio, 
a  Florentine  botanist] 

Bot  •  The  typical  genus  of  Rlcciacew  (q.v.). 
Minute  green  thalloid  plants.  Two  terrestrial 
species,  Jticcia  glauca  and  R.  crystallina,  and 
two  aquatic,  R.  flnitaiu  and  R.  natane,  are 
British. 

rio-ol-a'-ce-m,  «.  ?1~    (Mod.  Lat.  ri«i(o); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -OOCB.) 

Bot  •  Crystalworts ;  an  order  of  Acrogens, 
alliance  Muscales.  Small  terrestrial  herbs 
growing  In  mud  or  swimming  and  floating  in 
water  their  leaves  and  stems  blended  into  a 
cellular  creeping  frond,  green  or  purple  be- 
neath. Capsule  valveleas,  sunk  in  the  frond, 
rarely  free,  at  length  bursting  irregularly  or 
opening  by  a  terminal  pore,  and  discharg- 
ing numerous  spores  without  elaters.  From 
Europe,  the  south  of  Africa,  America,  &c. 
Known  genera  eight,  species  twenty-nine. 
Closely  akin  to,  if  not  constituting  a  tribe  of, 
Marchantiacea?. 

rice.  *  rize,  *  ryce, ».  [Fr.  riz;  Sp.  4  Port. 
arroz;  Ital.  rim;  Latffrysa;  Or. oWa(o>ruza) ; 
Pers  orz;  Arab,  rora,  or  with  the  article 
or-roz.l  The  grain  produced  by  Orym  tatil-a, 
believed  to  be  a  native  of  southern  Asia, 
though  it  grows  apparently  wild  along  some 
rivers  in  South  America.  It  is  a  marsh  plant, 
and  the  land  on  which  it  fs  cultivated  requires 
to  be  artificially  irrigated.  Sometimes  small 
fields  are  surrounded  by  an  earthen  rampart 
descending  from  which  one  will  sink  ankle 
deep  in  mud.  Rice  is  very  extensively  culti- 
vated in  India,  especially  in  Bengal,  in  the 
Eastern  Peninsula  and  Islands,  and  iu  China. 
It  constitutes  half  the  cereal  crop  of  Africa. 
In  1700  it  was  accidentally  introduced  into 
the  Southern  States  of  America,  and  is  now 
largely  grown  there.  To  a  less  extent  it  is  grown 
In  Southern  Europe,  It  probably  supports  a 
larger  number  of  the  human  race  than  any 
other  cereal,  or  indeed  than  any  other  plant. 
It  contains  85  per  cent,  of  starch,  and  is  con- 
•idrred  less  nutritious  than  wheat.  Professor 
Watt  says  that  the  husked  seeds  and  the  flour 
are  demulcent  and  diuretic.  In  India  they 
are  sometimes  used  in  diseases  of  the  urinary 
organs  and  in  catarrh,  also  as  an  external 
application  to  burns  and  scalds. 

H  Canada,  Water,  or  Wild  Rice  Is  Zuania 
tmatica.  [ZIZANIA.)  Hungry  Rice  is  Pas- 
falum  exile.  Mountain  Rice,  a  variety  of 
Oryza  saliva,  growing  in  dry  places  on  Indian 
mountains.  [PADDY.] 

rice-bird, ». 

Ornith. :  The  Bob-o'-link  (q.v.> 
rice  dust,  rice-meal,  a.    The  refuse  of 
rice  after  cleaning,  consisting  of  the  husks, 
broken  grains,  and  dust;  rice-meal     It  is 
used  as  food  for  cattle. 

rice-field  mouse,  8. 

Zool. :  Hesperomys  polusMs.  By  some  natu- 
ralists this  species  is  made  a  distinct  genus, 
Oryzomys  (q.v.). 

rice-flour,  «.  Ground  rice  for  making 
puddings,  &o. 

rice-glue,  s.  A  cement  ssld  to  be  made 
In  Japan  by  mixing  rice-flour  with  cold 
water,  and  then  boiling  the  mixture.  It  is 
white,  becomes  nearly  transparent,  and  is 
useful  for  cementing  layers  of  paper  together. 


BICE-STARCH. 

a  300  diameters.) 


rice-grains,  >.  pL 

Astron. :  Certain  forms  of  what  may  be 
bright  clouds  floating  in  the  sun's  atmosphere, 
with  a  dark  background. 

rice-meal,  «.    [RICE-DUST.) 

rice-starch,  s. 

Chem. :  The  starch  or  floor  of  rice.  The  gra- 
nules are  the  small- 
est of  all  the  com- 
mercial starches, 
varying  in  size 
from  -00010  to 
•00027  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  angu- 
lar in  form,  and 
possessing  an  ex- 
tremely minute, 
often  impercepti- 
ble central  hilum. 
It  is  used  to  adul- 
terate pepper  and 
ground  ginger. 

rioe-milK.  «.  Milk  boiled  and  thickened 
with  rice. 

rice-paper,  ».    [RICEPAPER.] 
rice-pudding,  «.     A  pudding  made  of 

boiled  rice  and  milk,  with  eggs  and  sugar. 

Currants  are  ofteu  added. 

rice  shell,  s. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Ollva  (q.v.). 

rice-soup,  8.  A  kind  of  soup  made  with 
rice  enriched  and  flavoured  with  butter, 
cream,  veal,  chicken,  or  mutton  stock,  a  little 
salt  and  pepper,  and  thickened  with  floor. 

rice  tendrao, ». 

Zool. :  Oryiorictes  horn  tetmdactyla.  an  in- 
sectivorous mammal  described  by  Grandldier 
in  1870.  In  size  it  is  somewhat  smaller  than 
a  hedgehog,  grayish-brown  in  colour,  and 
having  the  snout  prolonged  into  a  short 
trunk.  The  damage  it  does  to  the  rice-crops 
is  doubtless  occasioned  by  its  burrowing  in 
pursuit  of  worms  and  insects. 

rice  troopial,  «.     The  tame  as  RICE- 

BIBD(q.V.> 

rice-water,  s.  Water  thickened  by  boil- 
ing rice  in  it,  sweetened  with  sugar,  and 
flavoured  with  cinnamon,  cloves,  nutmeg,  Ac. 
It  is  often  given  in  cases  of  diarrhoea. 

Rice-water  evacuations: 

Pathol. :  Evacuations  resembling  rice-water 
passed  in  cholera.  More  narrowly  examined, 
there  are  found  granular  corpuscles,  an  abun- 
dance of  water,  a  little  epithelium,  vibriones, 
albuminous  flakes  floating  in  a  colourless 
fluid  (whence  the  rice-water  appearance),  a 
little  biliary  matter,  and  a  quantity  of  salts, 
especially  chloride  of  sodium.  (Tanner.) 

rice-weevil,  i. 

Sntom. :  Calandra  oryzre,  which  attacks  the 
rice  plant  in  the  Southern  States  of  America, 
Called  also  SitophUvs  oryzce. 

rice -Wine,  «.  A  highly  intoxicating 
liquor  made  by  the  Chinese  from  rice. 

riee'-pa-per,  «.    [Eng.  rice,  and  paper.] 

1  A  kind  of  paper  introduced  into  England 
about  1803,  and  uamed  from  its  supposed 
material,  which  was  thought  to  be  a  sort  of 
dried  pulp  of  rice.  It  is,  however,  made  of 
the  pith  of  Aralia  papyrifera,  which  grows 
wild  in  abundance  in  the  island  of  Formosa. 
The  stem  is  cut  into  lengths  of  eight  or  ten 
inches,  and  the  pith  pushed  out,  much  as 
elders  are  cleared  of  pith.  This  is  cut  into 
a  continuous  spiral  ribbon,  about  four  feet 
long,  which  is  spread  out  and  flattened  into 
sheets.  Pictures  are  painted  upon  it  by 
Chinese  artists. 

2.  A  kind  of  paper  made  from  rice  straw, 
used  in  Japan,  Ac. 

Iyu,  riche,  «  ryohe,  a.  [A.8.  rice  =  rich, 
powerful.  (For  the  change  of  «to  ch,  cf.  pilch, 
from  A.8.  pic,  tpeech,  and  speak,  otcj  Cogn. 
with  Dut.  rijk;  Icel.  rikr;  Sw.ri*;;  Dan.rts; 
Goth.  reik»  ;  Ger.  reich ;  M  H.  Ger.  rUkt ;  Fr. 
riche;  Sp.  &  Port,  rico ;  Ital.  rvcco.J 

1.  Abounding  in  riches,  wealth,  or  material 
possessions  ;  having  a  large  portion  of  land, 
goods,  money,  or  other  valuable  property; 
wealthy,  opulent.  (Opposed  to  poor.) 

•  And  Abram  w«.  very  rfc*  In  cattle,  In  silver,  and 
In  gold."— 0«ne«il  zllL  " 


2.  Composed  of  valuable,  precious,  costly, 
or  rave  materials  or  ingredients;  valuable. 
previous,  costly,  rare. 


3.  Abundant  In  materials;  yielding  large 
quantities  of  anything  valuable  ;  producing 
ample  supplies  ;  productive,  fertile,  fruitful. 

11  The  gorgeous  East  with  ricHtU  hand 
Pours  on  her  «OUB  barbarick  pearl  and  jold." 

Milton  :  P.  L,,l\.  m, 

4.  Well  supplied;   abundant;   well-filled; 
ample  :  as,  a  rich  treasury. 

5.  Abounding  in  qualities  pleasing  to  the 
senses  :  as  — 

(1)  Gratifying  to  the  sense  of  taste  ;  abounding 
in  nutritive  or  agreeable  qualities  ;  as  applied 
to  articles  of  food,  highly  seasoned,  abounding 
in  oleaginous  ingredient*  ;  as  to  articles  or 
driuk,  sweet,  luscious,  highly  flavoured  :  u, 
a  ricA  pudding,  rich  soup,  rixh  pastry. 

(2)  Gratifying  or  agreeable  to  the  sense  of 
sight  ;  vivid,  bright  ;  not  faint  or  delicate  :  as, 
rich  colours. 

(8)  Gratifying  or  agreeable  to  the  sense  of 
hearing  ;  sweet,  mellow,  harmonious,  musical. 

"  But  village  notes  could  ne'er  supply 
That  rfc*  and  varied  rnel^    ^^  ^  ^ 

6.  Abounding  in  humour  or  wit  ;  highly  pro- 
vocative of  mirtb  or  amusement  ;  laughable, 
comical,  funny  :  as,  a  rich  joke. 

t  The  rich:  A  rich  man  or  person;  rich 
people  collectively. 

"  The  poor  is  hated  even  of  his  own  neighbour  ;  but 
ffo  rtc't  hath  many  friends."—  Protterbf  xiv.  Vt. 

^  Rich  is  frequently  used  in  the  formation 
of  compounds,  the  meanings  of  which  art) 
sufficiently  obvious,  as  rich-coloured,  rich- 
fleeced,  rich-laden,  ltd. 

*  rtoh-lett,  a.  Inheriting  great  wealth, 
(SKakap.  :  Cymbelint,  iv.  2.) 

"  rich,  ».t    [Bica,  o.]    To  make  rich  ;  to  «n- 

10   '  ••  O(  »J1  theee  bounds  .  .  . 

With  shadowy  forests,  and  with  cliainpains  ricA  d, 
We  rnalM  the»  Udy."  S»ot«i>.  :  Lear.  I.  L 

r.9h-ar'-di-a,  «.     [Named  after  L.  C.  L.  U 
Richard,  the  French  botanist  (1754-1821).] 

Sot.  :  A  genus  of  Orontiaceau  The  corm  of 
Richardia,  africana,  a  beautiful  phut  with  a 
snowy  spathe  and  golden  spadix,  was  formerly 
used  in  medicine.  It  is  the  White  Arum  or 
Trumpet  flower,  sometimes  cultivated  in  draw- 
ing rooms. 

aifh'-ard  Roe,  «.    [JOHN  DOE.] 
rlgh-ard-so'-ni-a,  «.  [Named  after  Richard 
Richardson,  an  English  botanist.] 

Sot  :  A  genus  of  Spermaeocidse.  Trailing 
American  herbs.  The  roots  of  Eichardsonia 
rosea  and  R.  scdbra,  have  some  of  the  proper- 
ties of  ipecacuanha. 

rf-oheT-lite,  ».  [After  Rlehelle,  Vise,  Bel- 
gium, where  found  ;  suff.  -«e  (Min.).] 

ISin.  :  An  amorphous  mineral  of  a  clear 
yellow  colour.  Hardness,  2  to  3  ;  sp.  gr.  2  ; 
lustre,  greasy  to  resinous.  Compos.  :  a  by- 
drated  phosphate  of  alumina,  sesquioxide  of 
iron,  and  lime. 

rich'-es,  •  rioh-esse,  s.  [Properly  a  singu- 
lar but  now  used  as  a  plural.  Fr.  richesse  = 
riches,  from  rWui  =  rich  (q.v.);  Sp.  St  Port. 
riyueza;  Ital.  ricchezza.] 

*  1.  Orig.  :  Used  as  a  singular  noun  in  thf 
same  sense  as  2. 


2.  As  a  plural: 

(1)  That  which  makes  rich  or  enriches  ; 
abundant  possessions;  abundance  of  hind, 
goods  or  money  ;  wealth,  opulence,  affluence. 

"  M,  *<*»  t.  the  e«th  fro» 


(2)  That  which  is  or  appears  valuable,  pre- 
cious, or  estimable  ;  valuable  or  precious  quali- 
ties. 

»  The  rfc»«i  of  onr  minds,  our  virtuous  and  com- 
mendable qualities."—  Sharp:  Sermon*,  vol.  L,  ser.  «. 

*  (3)  Abundance. 

"  Jn  whom  we  have  redemption,  through  hii  i  Mood 
.  according  to  the  riOtn  at  his  grace.'—  Spkoiani 
LJ. 

•  rich-ease,  «.    [Fr-1    Bi»1'ea  <1-v->- 

••  After  the  rfdteMtt  of  hit  gloria.'-  WtKUff  :  *«*•- 


4012 


richly— rickety 


*I»h'  -  If,  •  riohe  -  lion,  •  ryche  -  liohe, 
•  rto-llce,  adv.     [Bug.  rich  ;  -!».] 

1.  In  a  rich  manner  ;  with  riches,  wealth,  or 
abundance  of  goods  or  estate  ;  with  abundant 
or  ample  funds  or  possessions. 

"  A  l*dy  richly  left" 

SkUujp.  :  l/erdwra  of  F«ni<».  L  1. 

2.  In  a  costly  manner  ;  splendidly,  sumptu- 
ously. 

•'  And  first,  brought  forth  Ulyeses'  bed.  and  all 
Th«t  ricUf  furni.lit  it." 

Chapman  :  ffomtr  1  Odytley  xlii 

S.  Plenteously,  abundantly,  copiously;  In 
plenty  or  abundance. 

"  Th«  livins  Ood  who  jiT.th  us  rtcWy  all  thing*  to 
enjoy.  '—1  Timothy  vi.  11. 

4.  Highly,  strongly  :  as,  a  punishment  richly 
deserved. 

5.  In  a  laughable  or  comical  manner  :  as,  a 
•tory  richly  told. 

Ri9h  mond,  i.    [See  def.) 

lieng.:  (1)  The  capital  of  Virginia;  (2)  a 
town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts. 

Richmond  earth,  ». 

Geol.  :  An  earth  or  bed  near  Richmond,  in 
Virginia.  It  is  of  Eocene  or  Miocene  age,  and 
is  largely  composed  of  diatoms. 

rich  -m<Snd-ite,  «.     [After  Richmond,  Mas- 
sachusetts, where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Gibbsite  (q.v.)  in  which 
Hermann  states  that  he  found  37*62  per  cent. 
of  phosphoric  acid.  Newer  analyses  Indicate 
that  Hermann's  result  was  obtained  from 
analysis  of  a  wrongly  labelled  specimen. 

lich'-ness,  «  rloh-nesae,  i.    [Bug.  rich; 
-ness.] 
L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rich  or  of 

Csessing  abundance  of  wealth,  goods,   or 
is  ;  wealth,  affluence,  opulence,  riches. 

2.  Abundance  of  precious,  costly,  or  valu- 
able ingredients  or  material;    precionsness, 
costliness,  value. 

"And  in  the  rtcAn«»  of  the  production!  of  thU 
third  kingdom,  he  flattered  himself  he  had  found  a 
full  com|*ns»tiou  for  the  insignificancy  of  thoee  of 
the  other  two."—  Smith  ;  Wtattft  of  .Yationt,  vol.  11. 
bk.  IT,  oh.  Tli. 

3.  Abundance,  plenty,  fulness  of  supply. 
A.  Productiveness,  fertility,  fruitfulness. 

"  Bring  forth  that  Britlah  Tale,  and  be  It  ne'er  ao  rare. 

ButCatmua  with  that  Tale  for  rt>Arc«i  ihall  com- 

pare." Druyton  :  Poly-OU>ion,  a.  St 

6.  Abundance   of  nutritive  or   agreeable 
qualities  :  as,  richntM  of  food,  Ac. 

6.  Abundance  of  qualities  pleasing  or  agree- 
able to  the  sight  ;  brightness,  brilliancy  ;  as, 
richnea  of  colour. 

7.  Abundance    of  qualities    pleasing   or 
agreeable  to  the  ear  :  as,  richnea  of  tone. 

8.  The  quality  of  being  highly  amusing  or 
laughable  ;  comicality,  funniness,  wit  :  as,  the 
richness  of  a  story  or  joke. 

rich  -ter  ite,  j.      [After  Prof.  T.  Rlchter  ; 
•off.  -ite  (.Min.).] 

Min.  :  This  mineral  as  described  by  Breit- 
haupt  appears  to  be  In  composition  near  the 
Bcheffente  of  Michaelson  (q.v.).  Crystals 
acicular  ;  sp.  gr.  2-826  ;  colour,  isabella-yellow 
to  pale  yellowish-brown.  Igelstrom  found  a 
similar  mineral  at  Pajsberg,  Sweden,  which 
afforded  the  formula  (MgO,MnO,CaO,KO,NaO) 
8iO2,  the  alkalis  amounting  to  between  8  ana 
9  per  cent.  It  is  still  uncertain  whether  this 
species  should  be  referred  to  pyroxene  or 
hornblende. 


,  «.    [Eng.  rich,  and  weed.] 
Eat.  :  Pitta  pumila. 

ric-In-e'-la-Id'-a-mide,  «.  [Eng.  rictiw- 
£nt/(ui).  au'l  amide,] 

Chem.  :  CigHssNOo.  A  product  obtained  by 
the  action  of  alcoholic  ammonia  on  ricine- 
laidin. It  closely  resembles  elaidamide,  melts 
at  91-93',  and  solidifies  at  89*.  (Watts.) 

ric  In  -6  la  -Id-ate,  ».  [Eng.  ricintlawHic)  ; 
•ate.} 

Chem.  :  A  salt  of  rieinelaidic  acid. 

ricinelaidate  of  ethyl,  ». 

£*«»•••  Q»Hs808  =  Ci8H3s(CjHls)O3.  Ricine- 
laidic  ether.  A  crystalline  mass,  formed  by 
the  action  of  hydrochloric  acid  gas  on  an 
.alcoholic  solution  of  ricinelaldic  acid.  It 
melts  at  16*,  and  is  slightly  solmble  in  cold, 
but  very  soluble  in  hot  alcohol.* 


1-19  In-6-la-Id-Io,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  ricin(w), 
and  Eng.  glaitfta.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
ricinelaidin. 

rictnelaidio-aold,  s. 

Ghent.  :  CigHgjOg.  Palmic  acid.  Produced 
by  the  action  of  nitrous  acid  on  ricinoleic 
acid,  or  by  saponifying  ricinelaidin  with 
caustic  potash,  and  decomposing  the  resulting 
soap  with  hydrochloric  acid.  It  crystallizes 
in  white  silky  needles  melting  at  50',  is  insol- 
uble in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
decomposing  alkaline  carbonates.  The  ricine- 
laidates  of  the  alkali-metals  are  readily  soluble 
in  water  ;  the  other  salts  are  very  Insoluble. 

ricinclaidic  ether,  «.     [RICINELAIDATE 

OF  ETHYL.] 


a'-id-In,  ».  [Eng.  rMnelavKti);  -in.] 
CAem.  :  C3o.H73O7(?).  A  fatty  body  produced 
by  the  action  of  nitric  peroxide  on  castor  oil. 
It  forms  small  white  nodules,  melts  at  62',  and 
is  insoluble  in  water,  but  very  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether.  Boiled  with  caustic  potash 
it  is  converted  into  glycerine  and  potassium 
ricinelaidate.  When  submitted  to  dry  distil- 
lation it  yields  a  dark  red  spongy  residue,  and 
a  distillate  of  oenanthol. 

ri-cln'-lc,   a.     [Eng.  rran(in«);    -to)     The 
same  as  RICINOLEIC  (q.v.). 

rlg'-in-ine,  >.    [Mod.  Lat.  ricln(us);  -int.] 

Chem.  :  An  alkaloid  found  in  the  seeds  of 
the  castor-oil  plant  To  obtain  it,  the  bruised 
seeds  are  repeatedly  boiled  with  water,  filtered, 
and  the  filtrate  evaporated  to  a  syrup  and 
treated  with  alcohol.  It  forms  colourless  rec- 
tangular prisms  insoluble  in  water,  slightly 
soluble  in  ether  and  benzene,  but  very  sol- 
uble in  alcohol.  When  heated  it  melts  to  a 
colourless  liquid,  and  sublimes  unchanged  be- 
tween two  watch  glasses. 

ric-in-o-le'-a-mide,s.  [Eng.  rictnok(ic),and 
amide.] 


talline  body  produced  by  saturating  an  alco- 
holic solution  of  castor  oil  with  ammonia  gas, 
and  heating  for  forty-eight  hours  in  a  salt 
bath.  It  forms  beautiful  white  needles,  melts 
at  66°,  insoluble  in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether.  By  heating  with  acids  or  alkalis 
it  is  converted  into  ricinoleic  acid  and 
ammonia. 

rio-In-o'-le'-ate,  ».    [Eng.  Hci»o!«<ic)  ;  -ate.] 
Chem.  :  A  salt  of  ricinoleic  acid. 
rlcinoleate  of  ethyl,  «. 

Chem.  :  CjoHjsO,  =  CmHs^CjHsPs.  Ricin- 
oleic ether.  A  yellowish  oil  produced  by 
passing  hydrochloric  acid  gas  into  an  alcoholic 
solution  of  ricinoleic  acid,  and  purifying  by 
washing  with  water  and  sodic  carbonate.  It 
cannot  be  distilled  without  decomposition. 

rlc-ln-o-le'-Io,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  rlcin(ui),  and 
Eng.  okic.]  Derived  from  or  contained  in 
castor  oil. 

ricinololc  acid,  a, 

CUm.  :  d-H^Oj  =  CuHjjO,  j.  Q    ^^^ 

acid,  ricinic  acid.  A  monobasic  acid  produced 
by  saponifying  castor  oil,  or  the  oil  otJatropha 
curau  with  potash  or  soda  ley,  and  decompos- 
ing by  hydrochloric  acid.  It  is  a  pale  yellow, 
inodorous  oil,  with  a  disagreeable  harsh  taste, 
sp.  gr.  -'J4  at  15',  solidifies  at  —  6'  to  a  granular 
mass,  and  mixes  in  all  proportions  with  alcohol 
and  ether.  It  does  not  oxidise  on  exposure  to 
the  air,  and  gives,  on  dry  distillation,  oenan- 
thol. All  ricinoleates  are  crystallizable  and 
soluble  in  alcohol,  many  of  them  also  in  ether. 

ricinoleic  ether,  >.     [KICINOLCATI  or 

ETHYL.) 

ri9  In  o   lie,  a.    [RICINOLEIO.] 

rl  cln'-u-la,   >.     [Dimin.   from   Mod.    Lat. 

ricimw  (q.v.).] 

ZooL  it  Palasont.:  A  genus  of  Buccinidae, 
with  a  thick  tubercnlated  or  spiny  shell  with 
callous  projections  on  the  lips.  Recent 
species  thirty-four,  from  Southern  Asia  and 
the  Pacific.  Fossil  three,  from  the  Miocene 
of  France. 

rl9'-In-ua,  ».  tLat.  =  (1)  a  tick,  (2)  Steinui 
communis,  the  fruit  of  which  was  supposed  to 
resemble  a  tick.] 


Sot. :  A  genus  of  Crotonwe.  Trees,  shrubs, 
or  herbs,  having  their  leaves  alternate,  stipu- 
late, palmate,  with  glands  at  the  apex  of  the 
petiole ;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles,  calyx 
three-  to  four-parted,  petals  none,  stamens 
many,  polyadelphous ;  stigmas  three,  bipartite, 
feathery ;  fruit  capsular,  tricoccous.  Ricinui 
communis,  the  Common  Castor  Oil  plant,  or 
Palma  Christi,  is  a  large  shrub  or  small  tree, 
indigenous  in  Arabia  and  North  Africa  (and 
India  ?).  It  is  largely  cultivated  all  over  the 
warmer  countries.  In  Europe  it  becomes  an 
annual.  Fifteen  or  sixteen  varieties  of  the 
plant  have  arisen.  Prof.  Watt  (Calcutta  Bxhib. 
Rep.,  iv.  60)  reduces  them  to  three  sections : 
(1)  small-seeded,  (2)  large-seeded,  (3)  a  form 
grown,  on  account  of  its  leaves,  as  food 
for  the  Eria  silkworm.  The  small-seeded 
form  is  grown  as  a  crop,  the  large-seeded  one 
as  a  hedge.  The  seeds  furnish  castor  oil, 
and  are  also  used  by  dyers  to  render  colours 
permanent.  Persons  camping  near  a  field  of 
the  plant  are  apt  to  be  attacked  with  diar- 
rbrea.  The  fresh  juice  is  used  as  an  emetic ; 
made  into  a  poultice  with  barley-meal  it  is 
used  in  inflammation  of  the  eye.  The  leave* 
as  a  decoction,  or  as  a  poultice,  are  lacteV- 
gogues  and  emmenagogues. 

1  Sicini  oleum  is  Castor  oil  (q.v.). 

•-rick,  tuff.    [-BIC.] 

rick,  •  reek,  *  reke,  ».  [A.  8.  hreac;  cogn, 
with  IceL  hraukr;  O.  8w.  ruka,  ruga.] 

1.  A  pile  or  stack  of  corn  or  hay  regularly 
heaped  up,  and  generally  thatched  to  preserve 
it  from  wet. 

"  A  crop  BO  plenteous  at  the  land  to  load. 
Overcome   the  crowded  barns,  and  lodge  on   rtcjfct 
abroad."  Drfdtn  ;  Virgil :  Otorate  II.  HS. 

2.  A  small  heap  of  corn  or  hay  piled  up  by 
the  gatherer.    (Prov.) 

"  In  the  North  they  bind  them  up  In  email  bundlee, 
and  make  small  riot*  of  them  in  the  field."— Mortt- 

mtr  :  lluibilndry. 

*  3.  A  heap,  generally. 

"  So  many  fails  to  heap  noon  a  Hdt" 

Silfaur :  iafnificma.  \,\a. 

rick-cloth,  a.  A  tarpaulin  or  canvas  cloth 
placed  over  ricks  to  protect  them  from  wet. 

rick  stand,  i.  A  basement  of  timber 
or  iron,  or  sometimes  wholly  or  in  part  of 
masonry,  on  which  corn-ricks  stand  or  are 
built,  the  object  being  to  keep  the  lower  part 
of  the  stack  dry  and  free  from  vermin. 

rick  (1),  D.I.    [Ricn,  i.]    To  pile  or  heap  up  In 

ricks. 

rick  (2),  v.t.    [WRICK.] 

riok'-ery,  >.  pi  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  sterna 
or  trunks  of  young  trees  cut  up  into  lengths  for 
stowing  flax,  hemp,  or  the  like  ;  or  for  span 
for  boat  masts  or  yards,  boat-hook  staves,  otc. 

"  rlck-et-lmh,  o.  [Eng.  ricktt(v);  4*.} 
Somewhat  rickety. 

"  Sorely  there  Is  some  other  cure  for  a  ricketitft  body 
than  to  kill  lt,"—FuUtr :  general  Worthier  ch.  xL 

•  rick'-6t-ly,  a.  [RICKETS.]  Ricketty,  for 
which  it  is  perhaps  a  misprint. 

"Weak,  rickettv,  and  contemptuous."— Oauden; 
Ttart  of  th4  Church,  p.  342. 

riek'-Sts,  s.  [Prov.  Eng.  of  Dorset  and  Som- 
ersetshire. Mahn  connects  it  either  with  A.8. 
rig,  hric  =  back,  spine,  or  with  wriggian  =  to 
bend ;  cf.  Eng.  wriggle ;  Skeat  derives  it 
from  Eng.  wrick,  Mid.  Eng.  wrikken  =  to 
twist,  with  the  pi.  suff.  -ets,  and  compares  it 
with  A.  8.  to  wring.  The  Greek  looking  ra- 
chitis is  derived  from  it,  and  not  vice  versa.] 

Ptithol. :  Motlitus  ossium.  Softening  of  the 
bones  owing  to  the  want  of  lime,  shown 
by  curvature  of  the  long  bones  and  enlarge- 
ment of  their  cancellous  ends,  usually  ap- 
pearing between  the  ages  of  four  and  twelve 
months.  Milk  and  lime-water,  and  cod-liver 
oil,  with  good  nourishment,  ventilation,  and 
pure  air,  are  the  chief  requisites  for  recovery, 
but  this  is  not  always  certain. 

riolf-St-y,  rfck'-et-ty.  o.    (RICKETS.) 

I.  Lit. :  Suffering  from  or  affected  with 
rickets. 

"  In  a  young  animal,  when  the  solide  are  too  lax 
(the  case  of  ricketu  children),  the  diet  should  be  gently 
astringent."— Arbuthnot :  On  Alimetui,  prop.  7. 

IX  Figuratively: 

1.  Shaky ;  threatening  to  fall ;  unsteady 
tottering. 

"  There  we  climbed  on  top  of  a  ricXety  old  coach."— 
Scribner't  Jfaffarinc,  Anff.  1877,  p.  491. 


(.vte,  f&t,  Hire,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wjit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  wire,  sir.  marine;  go,  p«t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mote,  cub.  cure,  unite,  ciir.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    ».  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


4013 


rio  We,  ».    [Eng.  rick,  s. ;  dim.  suff.  -In] 

1.  A  little  rick  or  stack  ;  ajstook. 

2.  A  heap  of  stones,  peat,  "" 


2.  The  act  of  getting  rid  of  something ,  the 

act  of  ridding  one's  self  of  something  .  the 

state  of  being  rid  or  free  ;  freedom,  deliverance. 

••  But  rather  «**,*»  Iron,  J-tJ-fggB.4.., 

•I  A  good  riddance:  A  fortunate  or  pleasant 
relief  from  a  person's  company. 


rid'-den,  pa.  par.    [Ring,  v.] 


l?e  "las  of  a  stone  from  water,  or  a  canuon- 
tall' "bullet  from  water  or  the  ground  ;  the 
motioncommonlyknownasducks-and-drakes, 
a  shot  which  rebounds  from  a  flat  surface. 

••My  third  .hot  -a.  rnor,  effective  although  an 
Widoubted  rtcxket.--FieU,  Jan.  n,  188e. 

ricochet  fire,  ricochet-firing,  t 

Mil  •  A  mode  of  firing  with  small  charge 
and  small  elevation,  resulting  in  a  bounding 
or  skipping  of  the  projectile.  In  firing  at  a 
?ortificaPtion,  sufficient  elevation  is  given  to 
just  clear  the  parapet,  so  that  the  ball  may 
bound  along  the  terre-plem  or  banquette 
w°U  out  ristag  far  above  l&  level.  It  is  used 
with  effect  on  hard,  smooth  ground  against 
bodies  of  troops  or  such  obstacles  as  abattis ; 
also  upon  water,  either  with  round  shot 
or  rifle-balls.  It  was  introduced  by  Vauban 
at  the  siege  of  Philipsburg,  in  1688. 


j  -den,  pan  jaw,    i"i. 

•J  Frequently  used  in  composition,  as  priest- 
ridden.    [RIDE,  v.,  B.  4.] 
rid'-der,  ».    [Eng.  rid,  v. ;  -er.]    One  who  or 

that  which  rids. 


counsel,  to  guess  ;  Ger.  rath — .  - 

1  A  puzzle  ;  a  puzzling  question  ;  an  enig- 
ma'- a  proposition  put  in  obscure  or  ambigu 
cms  terms  to  exercise  the  ingenuity  in  dis- 
covering its  meaning. 

2.  Anything   puzzling    or    ambiguous ;    • 
puzzle. 

"  I  live,  yet  I  teem  to  mywlf  to 


___  —  —  -^—  — 

Dut.  rijden;  Icel.  rldha  ;  Dan.  ride  ;  8w.  rlda; 
Ger.  mien  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  ritan.  From  the  sam« 
root  as  raid,  ready,  and  rood.] 

A.  /ntranritiw  : 

1.  To  be  borne  along,  on  the  back  of  am 
animal,  especially  of  a  horse. 

2   To  be  borne  or  carried  in  a  vehicle  :  as, 
To  'ride  in  a  carriage,  a  train,  &c.  ;  to  drive. 

3.  To  be  mounted  on  ;  to  sit  astraddle. 

"  To  ride  on  the  curled  clbuda." 

Sltnteti>.  :  Tempeit,  L  I 

4.  To  have  skill  or  ability  as  an  equestrian  ; 
to  understand  or  practise  horsemanship. 


ricochet  shot,  s. 


ncociion-a""",  ••  

Gunnery :  A  bounding  or  leaping  shot,  fired 
at  low  elevation  with  small  charge. 
ric  4-ch6t,  ».(.  *  i-    [Fr-  ricocher.]    [Rico- 

CHET,  8.] 

A.  Trans.:  To  operate  upon  by  ricochet- 
firing. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1    Lit. :  To  skim  or  rebound,  as  a  stone  or 
tali  along  the  surface  of  water. 

••Then  ri«o.««!..».  d«po.lted  half !  the  braa.  .hell  to 
the  wooden  «creen."-««W.  Oct.  17. 188S. 

•  2.  fig.  '•  To  be  made  ducks  and  drakes  of ; 
to  be  squandered. 

rio  tal,  o.    [Lat.  rfc«(iM);  Eng.  suff.  -oZ.] 
Zool. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  rictus. 

••  The  mouth  l«  open,  defended  by  rictal  brlrtUa."— 


. 

•  rlo'-ture.  ».    [La*-  ricturo.1    A  gaping. 
rlc'-tus,  ».    [Lat  =  the  opened  mouth.] 

1.  Bol. :  The  orifice  of  a  ringent  or  of  a  per- 
sonate corolla. 

2.  Ornith. :   The  gape  or  opening  of  the 
mouth ;  the  mouth. 

•  rid,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.    (BIDE,  •.] 

rid.  'redde, 'rldde,r.«.    [A.8.  hreddan  = 

•  Jo*snTtoh  aw'ay,  to  deliver  ;  O.  Fries  »reddo; 
Dut.  redden;   Dan.  redde;   Sw.  rodde;  Ger. 
rctte*,  prob.  from  A.S.  Krtedh  =  quick  ;  II.  H. 
Ger.  hrat,  rod.] 

*  1.  To  free,  to  deliver,  to  save. 

«Th»t  he  might  rid  him  out  ol  their  lund.."- 


rid  -die  (2),  *  rld-ll,  ».  (For  hriddle,  from 
A  S  Kridder  =  a  vessel  for  winnowing  com ; 
cogn.  wmTlr.  creatkair;  Gael,  criathar;  Corn. 
croider;  Bret,  krouer  =  a  sieve.] 

1  A  sieve  with  coarse  meshes,  made  of  iron 
or  basket-work,  and  used  in  separating  coarser 
substances  from  the  finer,  as  chaff  from  grain 
cinders  from  ashes,  gravel  from  sand,  large 
pieces  of  ore  from  the  smaller,  etc. 

••  The  »me  are  .hred  and  miiictd  .o.«mall  aathey 
may  pa»«  through  a  litre  or  a  riddle.  -P.  Holland . 

1  rtTMCWrWM  :  A  board  with  sloping  pins 
winch  lean  opposite  ways,  and  between  which 
wire  is  drawn  to  a  somewhat  zigzag  course,  to 
straighten  it. 

3.  JTouudinc/.-Acoarse  sieve  (half-inch  mesh), 
used  to  clean  and  mix  the  old  floor-sand  of  the 
moulding-shop. 

4.  Hydr.-eng. :  A  kind  of  weir  in  rivers. 

rid  die  (1),  ».«.  &  *•    [RIDDLE  (1),  ».] 

ft.  Tram. :  To  solve,  to  explain. 

••  I.'t  req.ul.ito  another  bore  my  nortrllat 

vi.i.iit  me  t'i)"-" 


•  B.  Intrant. :  To  speak  enigmatically,  or 
in  riddles. 

rid  -die  (2),  ».t  *  i-  [A.S.  \ridian.] 
(2),  «-] 

A.  Transitive: 

I   Topassthronghariddle,soastoseparate 
the' coarser  parts  from  the  liner  ;  to  sift. 

••  To  riddle  the  coal  before  wilding  It  to  the  pithead. 
—Bail*  Chronicle,  Sept  8,  1885. 

2.  To  perforate  with  balls  or  shot,  so  as  to 
make  like  a  riddle. 

"  Whow  hull  he  riddled  tllUt  wa.  a  perfect  aleve.  - 


2   To  free,  to  clear,  to  disencumber.    (Fol- 
lowed by  of.    Frequently  used  reflexively.) 

IB1D'1  .,,..  jl.. 

Ann'd  with  thy  might,  rid  "<*£££'  J^J  _ 

•  3.  To  drive  away,  to  get  rid  of,  to  expel. 

••  I  .111  rid  e»ll  bearte  out  of  the  land."-iCT«icm 

•  i.  To  get  rid  of ;  to  do  or  make  away  with. 


"fH  Intnaa.':  To  use'  a  riddle;  to  sift  or 
screen  materials  with  a  riddle. 

••  Kobln  Goodfellow  ...  he  that  riddle,  for  th. 
country  maldee."— Ben  Jontan :  Lote 

rid  -dler  (1),  «•    [Eng.  riddle),  v. ;  -«r.]    One 
"ho  propounds  riddles;  one  who  speaks  in 

rid<U<*  -mour^,, 


•6.  To  dispose  of,  to  finish,  to  despatch. 

••  The  red  plague  rid  you." 

ShaJcetp.  :  Tempett,  L  a 

.•6.  To  make  away  with;   to  destroy  by 
violence. 

"  You  have  rW  thl.  .weet  young  prince  1 

rid,  a.    [Rin,  «.]    Free,  clear.   (Spenser :  F.  Q., 
VI.  iv.  38.) 
U  To  get  rid  of:  To  free  or  clear  one  a  self 

'"'  -  Eeduce  bla  wage.,  or  ox*  J^^'j^  nL 

rid  dan96,  s     [Eng.  rid;  -once.} 

•  1/The  act  of  ridding  or  freeing ;  a  clean- 
tog  up  or  out ;  a  clearing  away. 

"  Thou  .halt  not  make  cle«»  riddance  at  the  corner* 
of  thy  Held."— /*• <«"•"  «"*•  »• 


rid'-dler  (2),  i.    [Eng.  riddle),  v. ;  -er.]    One 

who  sifts  or  riddles. 
rld'-dling,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [RIDDLE  (IX  «•] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  -48  adj. :  Enigmatical. 

••  Jtiddlint  triplet,  of  oU 


o 

6.  To  be  supported  in  motion  ;  to  rest. 

"  The  axle-tree 
Or,  which  >"*" 


rid'-dllng,  s.    [RIDDLE  (2),  ».] 

Utia.ll.  (PI.)  :  Tlie  middle   size  of  broken 

ore  which  is  obtained  by  sifting. 
»  rld'-dllng-tf  ,  adv.     [Eng.  riddling;  -ly.} 

lu  rnaSnSof  a  riddle;  in  riddles;  enigmati- 

cally,  obscurely. 

••  Like  the  pe.tllence  and  oU-tadiiotfd  !  tow. 
h  """ 


IF  A  rope  is  said  to  ride  when  one  of  the 
turns  by  which  it  is  wound  lies  over  another, 
so  as  to  interrupt  the  operation  or  prevent  ita 
rendering. 

6.  To  be  borne  on  or  in  a  fluid. 

"  A  veuel  rldei  fait  by,  but  not  prepared 
For  tlil»  deaign."        SMteip.  •'  H  inter  I  Tale,  IT.  a. 

7  To  support  a  rider ;  to  move  under  • 
saddle  •  to  move  when  driven  or  pulled  :  as, 
A  horse  rid«s  easy,  a  carriage  rida  easy. 

•8.  To  move  or  dance  in  a  triumphant 
manner. 

••  DUdain  and  worn  ride  iparkllng  In  her  eye*. 

»w*«<p.  :  Much  Ada  About  Nothmf,,  1U.  L 

•  9.  To  have  free  play  ;  to  practise  at  wilL 
••  Thou  hait  caueed  men  to  ride  orer  our  haada."- 
Pialm  livt  U. 

B.  Transitive: 

L  To  sit,  or  be  supported  and  borne  on ;  to 
mount  and  manage,  as  a  horse. 

2.  To  go  over  or  traverse  in  riding :  as,  To 
rid«  a  mfle. 

3.  To  do,  make,  perform,  or  execute,  ai  on 
horseback  :  as,  To  ride  a  race. 

*  4.  To  manage,  treat,  or  practise  on  in- 
solently or  at  will ;  to  tyrannize  or  domineer 
over.  [RiDDEM.] 


. 

ride,  ''ryde  (pa.  t.  »rid  •rood,  rode  ,  P». 
rTar  "  rid  *  riden,  ridden),  v.i.  ft  t.  [A.S. 
5ta.£kt  rod,  pa.  par.  riden)  ;  cogn.  with 


S    tit  4. 

t  1.  To  ride  at  anchor  : 
Ntmt.  :  To  be  anchored  ;  to  lie  at  anchor. 

2.  To  ride  down: 

(I)  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  trample  down  or  over- 
throw by  riding  or  driving  over. 

(21  Naut.  :  To  bend  or  bear  down  by  main 
strength  and  weight  :  as.  To  ride  down  a  sail. 

3.  To  ride  easy  : 

Naut.  :  Said  when  a  ship  does  not  labour  « 
feel  a  great  strain  on  her  cables. 

4.  Toridehard: 

Navt.  :  Said  when  a  ship  pitches  or  labonn 
violently,  so  as  to  strain  her  cables,  masts,  or 
hull. 

5  To  ride  out  :  To  continue  afloat  during, 
and  withstand  the  fury  of,  as  a  vessel  does  a 

gV  To  ride  the  Jiigh  Korse  :  [HioH,  1  (3)]. 

*  7  To  ride  the  wild  mare  :  To  play  at  sea. 
saw.  '  (Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  IV.,  ii.  4.) 


ride,  s.       «>*.  »• 

1.  An  excursion  on  horseback  or  In  a  vehicle. 

2.  A  saddle-horse.    (Prov.) 

3  A  road  or  avenue  cut  through  a  wood  or 
pleasure-grounds  for  the  exercise  of  riding; 


^A  division  or  district  established   for 
excise  purposes. 

ride-officer,  >.  An  excise  officer  In  charge 
of  a  ride.     [RlDE,  «.,  4.) 
ride'-iv-ble,  a.    [Eng.  ride,  v.  ;  -note.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  ridden  over;  passable 
on  horseback. 

••  The  »at«r  WM  rldeat,le."-lMer  : 
p.  4S. 

2.  Capable  of  being  ridden. 

••  I  rodT  every  thing  rfcleaN*"-Sa«W«  '  *• 

Ktt:   1)1..   II   .   Ch.  111. 

ri-deau'  (ean  as  6).  ».    [Fr.  =  a  curtain,  a 

11  Tori  :  A  small  elevation  of  earth,  extending 
itself  lengthwise  on  a  plain  serving  to  cover 
a  camp  from  the  approach  of  an  enemy,  or  to 
give  other  advantages  to  a  post. 


4016 


rift— right 


rift  (IX  *reft,   *  rltte,   *  rytte,  «.    (Dan. 

riftt  from  ripe  =  to  rive  (q.v.);  Norw.  rift  ; 
Icel.  rift  =  a  breach  ;  Sw.  rtfva  =  a  rift,  from 
rifca  =  to  tear,  to  rive.]  A  cleft  :  a  fissure  or 
opening  made  by  riving  or  splitting. 

"  The  clouds 

Prom  many  a  horrid  rift,  abortive  pour'd 
Fierce  rain  with  lightning  mix'd." 

Jttlton  :  P.  &.,  IT.  411. 

rift  (2),  s.    [Cf.  reef(l\  a.]    A  shallow  place  in 
a  stream  ;  a  ford.    (Pnw.) 

rttt»r.e.  At    [RIFT  (!),«.] 

A,  Trans.  :  To  cleave,  to  split,  to  rive. 
"  Strangling  souls  by  thee  are  strengthened, 
Cloiiiii  of  le  " 


:  gpimetheta. 


"  Tour  GUI 

;  Winter'  t  Tab,  v.  1. 


lear  asunder  rifted. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

*  L  To  burst  open  ;  to  split  ;  to  be  riven. 

Should  rift  to  hear  me." 
Shttke 

2.  To  belch.    (Scotch.) 

rfg(l),  *.     [A.S.  hrycg.]    (RiDOB,  «.) 

1.  The  back  of  an  animal. 

2.  A  ridge  of  land  ;  a  strip  of  land  between 
two  furrows. 

3.  A  course,  a  path,  a  way. 

riff  (2),  s.  [Connected  with  rickets  and  wriggle.] 

*  1.  A  wanton  uncomely  person. 

"  Let  none  condemn  them  [the  girls]  for  riyt  because 
thtu  hoytlng  with  the  boys,  seeing  the  •Implicit?  of 
their  age  wu  a  patent  to  privilege  any  Innocent  pas- 
time."—  Fuller  :  Pitgah  Hiytti,  bk.lv.,  ch.  vL 

2.  A  strange  uncomely  feat  ;  a  frolic. 

**  He  little  guessed  when  he  aet  out 
Of  running  such  a  rig."         Cvwper:  John  QUpin. 

S.  A  ridgel. 

^  To  run  the  rig  :  To  indulge  in  practical 
Joking. 

"  Instead  of  good  sense.  polite  wit,  and  genteel  re- 
partee, they  have  a  sort  of  rude  briskness,  and  run 
th*  riff,  as  the  young  templars  and  spruce  wits  call 
this  aort  of  Joking-"—  T.  Butt  :  Genuine  Lctteri,  ii.  m. 

Fig  (3),*.    [Rio  (2),  p.] 

1.  Lit.  A  Naut,  :  The  peculiar  style  in  which 
the  masts  and  sails  of  a  ship  are  fitted  :  as, 
square-rip,  fore-and-aft-ri^,  schooner-riy,  Ac. 

2.  Fig.  :  Drees  ;  an  outfit  for  any  purpose. 

•  rig  (IX  *  rlgge.  v.i.    [Rio  (2),  «.]    To  act 
wantonly  ;  to  play  the  wanton. 

*  tig  (2),  *  rygge,  v.t.  [Norw.  rigga  =  to  bind 
up,  to  wrap  round  :  cf.  Sw.  rigga  Jia  =  to  har- 
ness a  horse.] 

L  To  furnish  or  fit  with  rigging. 

"  With  stays  and  cordage  last  he  rigg'd  the  •hip." 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odystey  v.  881. 

2.  To  furnish  with  apparatus,  gear,  or  tac- 
kling :  as,  To  rig  a  purchase. 

3.  To  dress,  to  clothe.     (Generally  followed 
by  out,  and  used  especially  when  the  dress  is 
gaudy  or  odd)  ;  to  equip. 

"  Such  as  in  Monmouth  Street,  or  in  Rag  Fair, 
Would  rig  you  out  in  seriousness  or  Joke." 

Byron  :  Beppo,  r. 

f  (1)  To  rig  out  a  boon*  or  spar  ; 
Naut.  :  To  thrust  out  a  pole  or  spar  upon 
the  end  of  a  yard  or  bowsprit,  in  order  to 
extend  the  foot  of  a  sail. 

"  If  the  Oenesta  could  have  rigged  a  Jury  bowsprit" 
—Daily  Telegraph.  Sept.  10,  1885. 

(2)  To  rig  in  a  boom  : 

Naut.  :  To  draw  it  in  from  its  position  at 
the  end  of  a  yard  or  bowsprit. 

(3)  To  rig  the  market  :  To  raise  or  lower 
prices  artificially  for  one's  own  private  advan- 
tage ;   specif.,  in  Stock  Exchange  slang,  to 
raise  or  lower  the  prices  of  stocks  or  shares, 
as  by  a  combination  of  speculators,  or  as  when 
the  directors  or  officers  of  a  company  buy  up 
the  shares  of  the  company  out  of  the  funds 
of  the  association. 

"  Rigging  the  market  for  preference  and'debenture 
•tock  in  collusion  with  broken.'—  Daily  Chronicle, 
June  23,  1886. 

Bi'-ga,  «.    [See  *ef.] 

Geog.  :  A  city  and  port  of  European  Russia, 
•even  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Diina. 

Riga-balsam,  *.  A  balsam  obtained  from 
Sty  rax  Benzoin. 

rlg-a-do6n',  *.  [Pr.  rigadon,  a  word  of  doubt- 
ful origin.]  An  old  lively  dance  performed  by 
a  man  and  a  woman,  as  the  jig  is  danced  in 
aome  places. 

**  Endearing  Waltz  !—  to  thy  more  melting  tune 
Bow  Irish  jig  and  ancient  rigadoon." 

Byron  :  The  WaUt. 


*  ri-ga'-tlon,  s.     [Lat.  rigatio,  from  rigatus, 
pa.  par.  of  rigo  =  to  water'.]  The  act  of  water- 
ing ;  irrigation. 

"  Every  field  that  has  not  torn*  spring  or  aqueduct 
to  furnish  it  with  repeated  rigatioiu."—  Swinburne  : 
Tratelt  through  Spain,  let.  I«. 

Bi  -gel,  s.    [Corrupted  Arabic.] 

Astron.  :  A  star  of  the  first  magnitude  at 
the  left  foot  of  Orion.  Called  also  ft  Orionis. 
It  is  of  a  bluish  colour. 

ri-ge8'-9ent,  a.  [Lat  rigesceTis,  pr.  par.  of 
rigesco,  incept,  from  rigeo  =  to  be  stiff.]  Be- 
coming stiff  or  rigid. 

rlgg,  rigge,  s.     [RiooE,  ».)    A  ridge,  a  back. 
**  Left  Rose  the  auld  hurley-house,  and  the  rigge  be- 
longiiig  to  it."—  Scott:  Waverley,  p.  1M. 

*  rigge-boon,  s.    A  backbone.   (Chaucer.) 
rigged,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [Rio,  u.] 

*  rigged,  a.    [Eng.  rigg,  s.  ;  -ed.}     Bidged, 
humped. 

"  The  riyg-d  camel."        Ball  :  Satirtt.  IV.  It.  M. 

rfgg'-er,  *.    [Eng.  rigt  v.  ;  -<r.] 

1.  One  who   rigs  or  dresses;  specif.,  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  rig  vessels. 

"  Both  res»e!s  had  to  go  Into  the  hands  of  the  rigger* 
to  be  set  right  again."—  Daily  Telegraph.  Sept.  10,  is*5. 

2.  Mich.  :  A  band-wheel  having  a  slightly 
curved  Mm.     Fast  and  loose  pulleys  are  so 
called  in  English  works  on  machinery. 

rfgg'-lng  (I),  «.    [Rio<i).«.1 

1,  The  back  or  top  of  anything. 

2.  The  ridge  of  a  house  ;  a  roof.    (Scott  : 
Antiquary,  eh.  xxxiii.) 

rigging-tree,  ».  The  ridge-piece  or  ridge- 
plate  of  a  roof. 

rfgg'-Ingtf),*.    [Bio,*) 

Naut.  :  The  system  of  tackle  or  ropes  which 
support  the  masts,  extend  and  contract  the 
sails,  Ac,,  of  a  ship.  Standing  rigging  in- 
cludes the  tackle  employed  to  support  the 
masts,  &c.,  the  shrouds  and  stays.  Running 
rigging  includes  the  ropes  used  in  shortening 
sail,  raising  or  lowering  the  yards,  &c.,  such 
as  the  halyards,  braces,  sheets,  clewlines,  &c. 

"  To  know  her  by  her  rigging  and  her  trim." 

:  Prologue  to  Conyueit  of  Granada. 


11  rigg'-ish,  o.    [Eng.  rig,  (2),  8.  ;  -ish.}    Wan- 
ton, lewd,  unchaste. 

"  The  wanton  gesticulations  of  a  virgin  in  a  wild 
assembly  of  gallants  warmed  with  wine,  could  be  no 
other  than  rigyuh  and  unmnidenly."—  Bp.  Ball.  :  Con- 
tempi.  i  John  liaptitt  Beheaded, 

rig'-gle,  vri.    [WRIGGLE.  )    To  move  one  way 

and  the  other  ;  to  wriggle. 

rig'-gle,  s.    [RiooLE,  v.]    (See  extract) 

"  Prom  the  Tyne  northwards  along  the  Scotch  coast, 
sand-eels  are  known  as  'horn-eels,'  from  the  protrusion 
of  the  under  Jaw.  and  along  the  Sussex  coast  as  '  rig- 
alet  or  wriggles,'  from  their  action  of  burrowing  into 
the  sand."-  Field,  Dec.  26.  1895. 

right  (gh  silent),  *  rigt.  *ryght,  "rygt, 

a.,  adv.,  A  s.  [A.S.  riht  (a.),  rihte  (adv.), 
riht  (s.);  cogn.  with  Out  regt;  IceL  rettr; 
Dan.  ret;  Sw.  rat;  O.  H.  Ger.  reht;  Goth. 
raihts;  Ger.  recht.  A  participial  form  from  a 
base  rak;  rag-,  whence  also  Lat.  rectus  (for 
regtus)  —  right,  direct,  answering  to  the  pa. 
par.  of  rego  =  to  rule.] 
A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  In  conformity  with  the  rules  which  ought 
to  regulate  human  conduct;  in  accordance 
with  duty  or  the  standard  of  truth  and  justice  ; 
rightful,  equitable,  just. 

"  Whatsoever  Is  right,  that  shall  ye  receive."—  Matt. 
XX.  7. 

2.  Fit,  suitable,  becoming,  proper,  correct  : 
as,  the  right  dress,  the  right  expression. 

3.  Properly  done,  made,  adjusted,  disposed, 
or  arranged  ;  orderly,  well-regulated. 

"  Man,  like  his  Maker,  saw  that  all  was  right." 

Pope  :  Kttay  on  Man,  lit  233. 

4.  Correctly  done  or  performed;  correct: 
as,  The  sum  is  not  right. 

5.  Not  erroneous  or  wrong  ;  according  to 
feet  or  truth  ;  correct,  true. 

"  If  there  be  no  prosi>ect  beyond  the  grave,  the  In- 
ference Is  certainly  right,  let  us  eat  and  drink,  for 
to-morrow  we  die."—  Locke, 

6.  Holding  or  passing  a  true  or  correct 
judgment;  correct  in  judgment  or  assump- 
tion ;  not  erring,  not  mistaken. 

"Ton  are  right.  Justice,  and  yon  weigh  this  well." 
Ohaketp.  :  3  Henry  IV..  v.  1 


7.  True,  real,  genuine ;  not  spurious  ;  nol 
only  pretended  or  supposed  ;  actual,  unques- 
tionable. 

"TU  the  right  ring."       Shalcetp. :  ffenry  VHL,  T.  a 

*8.  Very;  truly  deserving  the  name;  un- 
doubted. 

"  I  am  a  right  maid  for  my  cowardice." 
Shaketp. :  Midtummer  Night't  Dream.  Hi.  1. 

9.  Applied  to  the  side  to  be  worn  or  placed 
outward  :  as,  the  right  side  of  a  piece  of  cloth. 

*10.  Most  direct,  or  leading  in  the  proper 
direction  :  as,  the  right  road  from  one  place 
to  another. 

11.  Not  left,  but  on  the  other  side  :  as,  the 
right  hand,  the  right  cheek,  &c. 

12.  Hence,  most  favourable  or  convenient; 
fortunate  :  as,  The  balance  is  on  the  right  side. 

13.  Straight ;  not  crooked  :  as,  a  right  line. 
II,  Mathematics : 

1.  Formed  by  one  line  or  direction  rising 
perpendicularly  to  another.    [RIGHT-ANGLE.] 

2.  Rising  perpendicularly ;   having  a  per- 
pendicular   axis  ;  as,  a  right  cone,  a  right 
cylinder. 

B.  As  adverb : 

1.  In  a  right  manner ;  In  accordance  with 
the  laws  of  God ;  according  to  tlie  standard  of 
truth  and  justice ;  justly,  equitably  :  as,  To  do 
right,  to  act  right. 

2.  According  to  any  rule  or  art;  in  order, 
correctly  :  as,  To  do  a  sum  right. 

3.  According  to  feet  or  truth  ;  correctly, 
truly. 

"  You  say  not  right,  old  man !  " 

Shaketp. :  Much  Ado,  V.  I. 

4.  Exactly,  just,  precisely,  actually. 

"  I  will  tell  yon  everything,  right  as  It  fell  out'— 
Bhakesp.  :  Midsummer  Night »  Dream,  IT.  2. 

5.  Fortunately,  conveniently ;  in  order  and 
to  the  purpose. 

"  If  al!  things  fall  oat  right." 

Shaketp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  11.  t 

6.  In  a  straight  or  direct  line  ;  directly. 

"  Let  thine  eyes  look  right  oa."—Prowerbt  iv.  tt. 

7.  In  a  great  or  high  degree  ;  very,  highly. 
"  I  gat  me  to  my  Lord  right  humbly."— Psalm  xxx.  a. 

( Prayer-book. ) 

If  In  this  sense  the  word  is  now  little  used, 
except  in  titles ;  as,  right  honourable,  right 
reverend,  &c. 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That  which  is  right  or  In  accordance  with 
the   laws   of    God ;    rectitude   in   conduct; 
obedience  to  laws,  human  and  divine ;  up- 
rightness ;  freedom  from  guilt. 

"  One  rising,  eminent 

In  wise  deport,  spake  much  of  ri<jht  and  wrong." 
Milton;  RZt.lTW 

2.  That  which  is  right,  just,  or  equitable; 
justice  ;  an  act  of  justice. 

"  Do  me  the  common  right  to  let  me  see  them." 
Shaketp.  :  feature  for  Meature,  ii  & 

3^  The  side  or  party  which  has  justice  OH 
Its  side.  (With  the  definite  article.) 

"  Weak  men  must  fall ;  for  Heaven  still  guards  tht 
right."  Shakeip.  :  Richard  II.,  iii.  1 

M.  Freedom  from  error;  conformity  with 
truth  and  fact. 

"  Thou  hast  ipoke  the  right." 

Shaketp. :  ffenry  V..  U.  1. 

5.  A  Just  claim,  or  that  which  one  may 
justly  claim ;  that  which  a  person  may  law- 
fully possess  or  use,  or  which  may  be  lawfully 
claimed  of  any  person  ;  as, 

(1)  Just  claim,  legal  title,  ownership  ;  legal 
power  of  exclusive  possession  and  enjoyment. 

"  Thon  art  the  next  of  blood,  and  'tis  thy  right" 
Shaketp.:   Venitt  *  Admit.  1.184. 

(2)  Just  claim  by  sovereignty  ;  prerogative. 

"God  hath  a  sovereign  right  over  M,  as  we  are  hit 
creatures,  and  by  virtue  of  his  right,  he  mlght.'wlth- 
out  injustice,  have  Imposed  difficult  tasks."—  Tillotton. 

(3)  Just  claim  by  courtesy,  custom,  or  the 
principles  of  civility  :  as,  A  man  has  a  right  to 
civility. 

(4)  Just  claim  or  privilege  inherent  in  or 
belonging  to  as  a  member  of  a  state,  society, 
or  community :  as,  civil  and  religious  right*. 

(5)  That  which  justly  belongs  to  one. 

"To  thee  doth  the  right  of  her   appertain, 
thou  only  art  of  her  kindred  "—Tobii  ri.  1L 

(6)  Proiwrty,  interest. 

"  A  subject  iii  his  prince  may  claim  a  riyht. 
Nor  suiter  him  with  strength  luipalr'd  to  fight." 
Orydrn :  To  the  Imchett  of  Qrmonti.  l"7. 

(7)  Legal  power    or   authority ;   power  of 
action  :  as,  The  police  have  a  right  to  arrest 
malefactors. 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  sin;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    «,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


ft  The  side  opposite  to  the  left. 

..  Led  her  to 


rm.  M. 


7.  The  most  finished  or  outward  surface,  as 
of  a  piece  of  cloth. 

IT  raw  That  which  the  law  directs,  a 
liberty  oTdohig  or  possessing  something  con- 

•^K^remptically  as,  n  expression 

sSfesfta^*-^ 

HI    BiU  of  rights:  [BILL  (2),  s.]. 

J  By  right,  by  right, :  Rightfully,  properly. 

opposed  to  peeresses  by  marnage. 

4.  Petition  of  right:  [PETITION]. 

5   Sight  and  left :  To  the  right  hand  and  to 
the  left ;  in  all  directions. 


right-rightly 

_______ — — — 

1  Fin  •  Applied  to  one  who  is  an  essential 
aid!  fsfistaiitfor  supporter:  as,  He  is  his 
right-hand  man. 

Sight-hand  rope  :  A  rope  laid  up  and  twisted 
with  the  sun. 

right-handed,  a. 

1  Using  the  right-hand  more  readily  and 
effectually  than  the  left. 

jaswAWsr 

J»Wtf«i..«M 

dexterity. 


k  of  the  Thames. 

t»»:  A  right  To  commence  an  action  to  a 

court  of  law. 

9.  BigMo/ioiy:  [WAT,  «.J. 

10.  To  do  one  right  : 

(1)  To  do  one  justice  ;  to  give  one  his  due. 
•  (2)  To  pledge  in  drinking. 

"  No.Vou  iJe  *m.  m.  *,*.--»«* 
/r..  T.  ». 

11.  T»rightt: 

)  In  a  direct  or  straight  line. 


right-hander, «.  A  blow  with  the  right 
hand.  (Slang.) 

rlghmearted.*..  Having  a  right  heart 
or  disposition. 

right-line,  «. 

Geom. :  A  straight  line. 

rtghUninded.  a.  Having  a  right  mind 
or  disposition ;  well-disposed. 

right-mindedness,  s.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  right-minded. 


4017 

1    In  a  righteous  manner;  honestly;  up- 
rightly ;  in  accordance  with  divine  law. 
••  He  that  walketh  r!»M«oiu(»."-'*u«l>  xnlU.  !». 

*  2.  Rightfully,  justly.    (Swift.) 
3.  According  to  desert. 

srit -yus-ness),  "right- 

"Sssa  :ste»  •'afi 

wia  ncssb,  *  ryght  -wls-nesse,  s.  [A.8. 

rihtwisnes.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1  The  quality  or  state  of  being  righteous ; 
purity  of  heart  and  conduct ;  uprightness,  m- 
'  ^rity,  holiness. 

HI.  tbrone  .hall  b.  Mt.bll.bed  In  rtl*t.oum*u.  - 

T'justice  ;  accordance  with  desert :  as,  the 
righteousness  of  a  sentence. 

-    Theol.:  Absoluterectitude     It  is  used 


EawaGSSrffiS 


base,  ] 


sinless. 

^* 

redresses  wrong. 


Woodward. 

(2)  Completely,  fully.    (Stong.) 
12    To  «*  to  rigM.:  To  put  in  order;  to 
•rrauge  ;  to  adjust  what  is  out  of  order. 
13.  Writ  of  right:  [WRIT]. 


equator. 


flueS  t  y  subsUntively  in  the  phrase,  To  send 
to  the  rijw  oiwitf,  that  is,  to  pack-off,  to  dis- 
miss, to  cause  to  fly.) 


right  is  taken. 
•  right-affected,  a.    Rightly  disposed. 


0      <"!» 
angle  ;  perpendicularly. 

right-angled, 


right  angle  or  angles. 


tetto^M*  it  is  a  trirectangnlar  triangle. 
9    Bot   (O/  the  primary  veins  of  a  leaf) : 
Jging Vom the Sidrib' at  an  angle  between 
80'  and  90'. 

Right-angled  Com:  [Cose,  ..,  n  L> 
right-ascension,  s.    [ASCENSION,  B.] 
right-cone,  ».    A  cone  whose  axis  is  per- 
pendicular to  the  base. 

right-conoid,  >.  A  conoid  in  which  the 
rectifnTeal  directrix  is  perpendicular  to  the 
plane  director. 


circles  whose  planes  are  at  right  angles 
each  other. 

right-whale,  ..    IOB^NL^D  WHALE.) 
right  (gh  silent),  ».t.  fc  t     [A.8.  riWan,  from 
rOU  =  right.] 

A,  Transitive: 

1  To  restore  to  the  natural  position  ;  to  set 
upright.    (£equently  used  renexively.) 

2  To  make  correct  from  being  wrong;  to 
correct  ;  to  set  right. 

3.  To  do  justice  to  ;  to  relieve  from  wrong. 

..  so  |u,t  to  o«d  to  ag«»»BSB£nr..  1  1 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  resume  an  upright  or  verti- 

v\nA."—l'alcontr. 

v  (i)  To  right  a  shif  : 
Naut.  :  To  restore  her  to  an  upright  positi 
after  careening. 
(2)  To  right  the  helm  : 

Naut  :  To  put  it  amidships,  that  Is  in  a 
direct  line  with  the  keel. 

(gh  silent),  «.t.    [R'OHT,  ».]   To 
ii<ys  ^  ^  ^  ^^ 

l-17. 

rit'-yns),   *  right-wls 
*- 


1    Having  the  right  or  just  claim ;  justly 
entitled;  holding  or  being  by  right  or  just 

L1ITh«  rtoAoW  king  "— Macaulay  :  HM.  Enff.,  ch.  xvi. 

2.  Belonging  or  owned  by  just  claim ;  law- 
limed  or  held. 


"'in  accordance  with  right  and  jus- 
tice *  equitable. 

"  Yet  not  without  hi.  """'WR^. 
B«  b.  th.t  .Ing.  the  rwKft •!  ~ 

»  4.  Just,  righteous. 

"  The  rf»W/u«  Lycurgu.." 


oppr««e<l.--/<aia*l-17. 


*  right-drawn,  a.     .Drawn  in  a  just 
canse.    (Shakesp. :  Richard  II.,  i.  1.) 
right-hand,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  substantive : 

1   Lit. :  The  hand  opposite  to  the  left. 
2'  Fig.:  An  essential  aid,  assistant,  or  sup- 
porter :  as,  He  is  my  right-hand. 

B.  As  adjective : 

1   Lit. :  Situated  or  being  on  or  towards  the 
right  hand  ;  leading  towards  the  right  hand. 

"The  rllht-'utnd  .teed  with  .liver  white. 


• 

orgmorality  ;  free  from  guilt  or  sin 

••  I  .m  not  come  to  »11  th.  rtahMu,  but  rinnert  to 
I,pentanoe."-«<i«'«"  lx.  13. 

2.  Just.    (John  xvii.  25.) 

3.  Done  in  accordance  with  the  divine  la 
just.    (Spenser  :F.Q.,  III.  xi.  9.) 

4   Agreeable  to  the  right  ;  just  ;  equitable 
justly  deserved  :  as,  a  righteous  doom. 
•righteous  (as  rit-yus)^t    [BIOHTEOU 
s  ]    To  make  righteous.    (Bale.) 


? 

taw    o'r  jusSce  r^fully,  legitimately,    by 


2.  Moral  rectitude ;  righteo' 

"Tbu.  it  falllth  to  n«  to  fulfllle  all 
Wycliffe :  itatOuw  iii.  15. 

right-less,  right'-lSs (fffc silent), a. &  ad». 
[Eng.  right;  -less.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Destitute  of  right ;  having  no  right. 
Deprived  of  one's  rights. 


!'  ^8  odu  :  Wrongfully,  without  just  right 
"  wholK>  " 


ivine  will. 

..  B«b  act  u  rijw  [;«<  '  log  ^rt... 

Not  when  it  mart,  bat  **£§£?  j?ff*.  «i. 

«.  Properly,  fitly,  suitably. 

*  -^cend^om  b^V,,  Unpi.  ,  «,  that  »». 
»  thou  »rt  oil  d.  .  p  t_  yll.  ,. 


_ 

3.    According   to   truth,  reality,   or  fact; 
correctly,  not  erroneously. 


•1   Straightly  ;  directly  in  front. 

-  Sr.Aive.  .blob  r^«»  . 
8bo.  nothing  bnt  »»toto":  ^^ 

«6.  Exactly,  precisely. 

there 


4018 


rlghtness— rill 


right  -ness  (gh  silent),  f.     [Eng.  right  ;  -ness.) 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  right  ;  con 
fbrmity  tn  rule,  standard,   or  fact;  correct- 
ness, rectitude,  justice,  righteousness. 

2.  Straightness. 

move  strongest  ID  a  right  line,  which  never. 
thel«««  la  not  caused  by  the  rlytuntvt  of  the  hue,  l>ut 
by  the  shortness  of  the  distance.-—  Bacon  :  .fat.  Hut. 

•  right  -ward  (gh  silent),  adv.    [Eng.  right; 
•mrd.]    Toward  or  on  the  right  hand. 

"  IttfflUifard  and  leftward  rise  the  rocks." 

SeuAey. 

•  right  -  wise,    •  right  -  wise  -  ly,     &c. 

[UlOHTEOUS,  &C.) 

rig  -Id,  o.    [Lat.  rigidus  =  stiff,  from  rigeo  = 
to  be  stiff;  Fr.  rigide  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  rigido.] 

1.  Stiff,    stiffened;    not  easily  bent,  not 
pliant. 

"  A  body,  that  l«  hollow,  may  be  demonstrated  to  be 
more  rind  :uid  fu  flexible  than  a  solid  one  of  the  same 
substance  and  weight"—  Rag:  On  th*  Creation. 

2.  Stiff  and  upright;  bristling,  erect:  as, 
rigid  spears.    (Uilton:  P.  L.,  vi.  83.) 

w.  Precipitous,  steep. 

*'  The  broken  Umlscai*.  by  degrees 
Ascending,  roughens  into  rigid  hills." 

Thornton  :  Spring.  MO. 

4.  Strict  and  unbending  in  opinion,  prac- 
tice, or  discipline;  austere,  stern,  Inflexible. 
(Opposed  to  lev  or  indulgent.) 

"  The  riff  id  royalists,  who  had  a  scruple  about  sitting 
In  an  ««embly  convoked  by  an  nsarpet."—  .VacauJay  : 
Bill.  Ena..  ch.  J.IIL 

6,  Strict;  severely  just;  sharp;  not  lax. 

"  All  tortures  that 

A  flinty  hangman's  rage  could  execute, 
Or  rigid  tyranny  command  with  t'leaenre.1* 

Jfauinyfr:  Reotgada.  U.  4. 

•  6.  Sharp,  cruel,  severe. 

"What  the  Sllures  vigour  unwithstood 
f      Could  do  In  rigid  fight."      Mail*:  Cider,  L  in. 

rigid  body,  >. 

Mech.  :  A  body  which  resists  any  change  of 
form  when  acted  on  by  any  force  or  forces. 

rl-?ld'-l-ty,  i.   [Fr.  TigtetiU,  from  Lat.  rigidt- 
tatem,  accus.  of  rigid  Has,  from  rioidiu  =  rigid 
(q.T.)  ;  Ital.  rigidita,  rigidetza.] 
I  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  rigid  ;  stiff- 
ness; want  of  pliability;  rigidneas. 

"  AfTMMa'of  the  organs  laauch  a  state  w  makes  them 
resist  that  expansion."—  jlrftttfAaet  :  On  AUntcntt. 

2.  Stiffness  of  appearance  ;  want  of  ease  or 
(race. 

"  Which  severe  observation  of  nature  by  the  one 
In  her  commonest,  and  by  the  other  in  her  abaoluteat 
fornie,  moat  Deeds  produee  In  both  a  kind  of  rtaMt, 
and  constituent!}-  more  natural  ness  than  gracefulness. 
—  Rtltyuico  H'olt  .niaiia,  p.  66. 

•3.  Strictness,  severity,  austerity,  sternness. 
1L  Meek.  :  Resistance  to  change  of  form. 
•ifc-Id-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  rigid;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  rigid  or  stiff  manner;  stiffly;  not 
flexibly  or  pliautly. 

2.  With  strictness  or  severity  ;  strictly  ;  in- 
flexibly ;  with  strict  observance  of  rules  or 
discipline. 

•  Quarantine  bad  been  rtoidlji  and  veutlously  el- 
apsed.- -flail,  Cnrmaa,.  Sent.  JS,  UK. 

tig  -id-ness,  j.    (Eng.  rigid;  -nets.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rigid  :  stiff- 
ness, rigidity. 

2.  Strictness  oransterityof  temper;  severity. 

"  We  read  of  some  that  are  righteous  overmuch  and 
inch  meus  rigidntu  prevails  with  them  to  Judge  and 
condemn  all  but  themselves^-Auewa*:  pilgrim; 
Proyrftt,  pt.  L 

-t  rl-gl  d'-U-loas,  a.     [Mod.   Lat.  rigidulus, 
diijim.  from  Lat.  rigtdlu  =  rigid.] 
Hot.  :  Slightly  rigid. 

Xig'-lSt,  ».  [Fr.  reglit,  from  Lat.  regvla  —  A 
rule.  I  A  flat  thin  piece  of  wood,  nsed  for 
picture  frames  ;  also  used  in  printing  to  regu- 
late the  margin,  tic.  [REOLET.I 

"  The  pieces  that  ale  Intended  to  make  the  frames 
fOTjiutjres,  before  they  are  moulded,  are  called  rig. 

rig"  ma  role,  ».  4  o.   [A  corrupt,  of  ragman- 


A.  At  subst.  :  A  long  unintelligible  story  ;  a 
succession  of  confused  or  disjointed  state- 
ment* ;  loose  disjointed  talk  or  writing  ;  in- 
cohen-n*  harangue  ;  nonsense. 

"  His  »i*ech  was  a  fine  sample,  on  the  whole. 
Ol  rhetoric,  whteh  the  Imrn'd  call  rlgmarol*' 
Bgron  :  lion  Juan,  L  174. 

B.  At  adj.  :  Congftrtrnjr,  of,  or  characterized 
BJ  rigmarole  ;  unintelligible,  nonsensical. 


*rig'-m»-rol-i»h,a.  [Eng.  ngnarol(e) ;  .ish 
Incuht-rent,  unintelligible,  disconnected,  non 
sensical,  rigmarole. 

"  Which  in  his  rambling  and  ritrmarotit\  way  h 
endeavoured  to  answer."— Daily  Telegraph.  March  1 

ri'-gdl  (I),  «.    [ItaL  rigolo.]    A  circle. 

"  This  Is  a  sleep. 

That  from  this  golden  rigot  hath  divorced 
So  many  English  kings.  ^ 

S*o*ee«. .-  s  Henry  IV.,  Ir.  4. 

ri'-g&l  (2),  «.  [REGAL,  s.]  A  kind  of  musica 
instrument ;  a  regal. 

rig; -or,  rig'-oirr,   ».     [O.   Ft.   rigour  (Fr 

rigueur),  from  Lat.  rigorem,  accus.  of  ripor  = 

harshness,  from  rigeo  =  to  be  stiff;  Sp.  4  Port. 

rigor;  Ital.  rigore.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  state  of  being  rigid  or  stiff;  rigidity 
stiffness,  rigidness. 

"  If  the  gangrene  be  from  cold,  the  part  Is  firs 
benumiu'd,  then  accompanied  with  a  (.ricking  pall 
also  a  redness,  which  by  decrees  turuetli   black,  an 
horrour  and  rigour  seizeth  upon  the  iiatient.'1— Wise- 
man .-  Surgery,  bk.vL.ch.  li. 

2.  Stiffness  or  inflexibility  of  opinion  o 
temper ;  sternness,  stubbomiipss. 

3.  Austerity  or  severity  of  life ;  voluntarj 
submission  to  pain,  abstinence,  or  mortiiica 
tion  of  the  body. 

"  This  prince  lived  In  this  convent,  with  all  th 
rigor  and  austerity  of  a  capuchin."— Addtton :  On  Italy 

4.  Strictness,  severity ;  exactness,  withou 
any   abatement,    relaxation,    or    mitigation 
(Opposed  to  lamess.) 

"  Let  him  have  all  the  rigour  of  the  low.- 

Shakaf. :  *  ffenrf  VI..  1  s. 

5.  Severity,  harshness,  sternness,  cruelty 
bard-heartedness. 

"  What  vice  has  tt  subdued  ?  whose  heart  reclaimed 
By  riff"ttr  ;"  Cowper .-  raj*,  u.  420. 

*6.  Violence,  fury. 

"Therewith  upon  his  crest 
With  rigor  so  outrageous  he  smltt" 

Sl*x*r:f.  «..  LILU. 

7.  Seventy,  aspenty. 
H.  Path,  t  Med.  : 

1.  A  violent  chill  or  ague-shake. 

2.  Rigidity,  stiffness ;  as  rigor^nortit  (q.v.). 
rigor-mortls,  s. 

Physiol. :  The  cadaveric  rigidity  or  stiffness 
of  the  body  which  arises  within  seven  hours 
after  death.  It  begins  with  the  muscles  of 
the  lower  jaw  and  neck,  then  those  of  the 
trunk,  next  those  of  the  arms,  and,  finally 
those  of  the  legs.  It  ultimately  passes  off  in 
the  same  order  as  it  came.  It  is  somewhat 
variable  in  its  period,  sometimes  showing  itself 
within  hall  an  huur  after  death,  and  sometimes 
beiug  delayed  twenty  or  thirty  hours.  Its 
average  period  of  duration  Is  from  twenty-four 
to  thirty-six  hours.  This  is  the  most  important 
of  the  various  evidences  of  death,  others  which 
are  occasionally  relied  upon,  being  apt  tu  prove 
deceptive. 

I'-or-lsm,  t  rig'-our-ism, «.  [Eng.  rigor, 

I  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Rigidity  in  principle  or  practice  • 
austerity. 


8.  Severity,  as  of  style,  writing,  tc. 

IL  Church  Hist.  <t  Theology  :  The  system 
which  prescribes  that  in  all  cases  the  safer 
way-  that  of  obedience  to  the  law—  is  to  be 
followed.  As  Jansenicrt  confessors  adopted 
this  view,  the  word  rigorism  is  sometimes 
used  as  synonymous  witli  Jansenism  (q.v  ) 
Mitigated  rigorism  is  known  as  Tutiorism 
(q.v.). 

"The  line  be  draws  ls  not,  what  he  probably  thought 
Il^eate*°n  «?£?.  "^"^  ""'  '"*•" 


. 

rlr-or-Ist,  t  rig  -our  1st,  o.  t  j.    [Eng 
rigor,  rigour;  -«(.] 

A.  A3  adj.  :  Of  pertaining  to,  or  guided  by 
the  principles  of  Rigorism. 

" 


norJa«,n|;.'"'-~IU  °°d  •>">«•* 
no^plsee  in  his  writings.-—  incyc.  SrU.  led.  «tti),  ilv. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  person  of  severe  or  austere 
principles  or  practice  ;  one  who  adheres  to 
severity  or  purity,  as  of  style,  Ac. 

IL  Chunk  Httt.  «  Theology  : 

1.  A  theologian  or  confessor  who  adopts 
and  is  guided  by  the  principle,  of  RigorUm 


"  One  Rigortit  lays  down  that  It  U  a  mortal  sin  to 
do  su."-«»cve.  flr*.  (ed.  Mh|.  xiv.  tw. 

*  2.  A  Jansenist  confessor. 
"  It  Is  not  altogether  without  reason  when  they 
[the  Jansenistsl  were  branded   by  th«ir   adveraariea 
with  the  title  of  «(uoru(.."_jfo«iim  ,,d,  »elat™;7j! 


rig'-dr-ous,  *ry-gor-ous,  a.  (Fr.  rigor- 
eux,  from  Low  Lat.  rigorosus,  from  rigor  = 
rigor  (q.v.);  Sp.  rigoroso,  riguroso;  Port,  it 
Ital.  rigoroso.] 

L  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  rigor; 
•evere,  stern,  inflexible;  allowing  no  abate- 
ment or  mitigation. 

"  And  finds  him  rtgorou*  and  severe." 

Covptr :  Divine  Love. 

2.  Marked  by  rigor  or  severity  ;  severe, 
strict,  stringent :  as, ^rigorous  administration 
of  the  law. 

*  3.  Severe,  harsh. 

"  Who  shall  attempt*  me  with  rtgorow  wordes."— 
Bfmer, :  froiaart ;  Crantcte.  vol  f .  ch.  cxjx. 

4.  Severe,  intense  ;  very  cold  :  as,  a  rigoraia 
winter. 

5.  Exact,  precise,  strict ;  scrupulously  ac- 
curate :  as,  a  rigorous  definition. 

rlg'-dr-otts-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  rignrout ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  rigorous  manner ;  severely ;  strictly ; 
without  abatement,  relaxation,  or  mitigation; 
sternly,  rigidly,  inflexibly. 

2.  Strictly,    accurately;     with    scrupulous 
exactness. 

rig'  or  otis  ness,  s  [Eng. rigorous;  -neu.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  rigorous ;  severity, 
strictness,  rigor,  exactness. 

Rigs'  dag,  ..  The  parliament  of  Denmark, 
consisting  of  an  upper  bouse,  the  Landething, 
and  a  lower,  the  Folkething. 

rigs  da'-ler,  s.    [Dan.  rige  =  a  kingdom,  and 


Holer  =  a  dollar.)    A  coin  formerly  current  la 
Denmark,  value  2s.  22'3d.  sterling. 

Rig  Ve'-da,  s.  [Sansc.  rich  =  praise,  and 
«<io  =  knowledge,  cugu.  with  Lat.  video  =  to 
see;  Gr.  oloa  (o«ti)  =  I  hive  seen,  I  know 
Mid.  Eug.  I  wit;  Mod.  Eng.  wisdom.] 

Sansc.  Literature:  The  oldest  and  most 
original  of  the  four  Vedas,  and  probably  the 
oldest  literary  composition  in  the  world.  In 
all  likelihood  it  was  in  course  of  composi- 
tion about  1,400  years  B.C.,  but  was  not  com- 
mitted to  writing  at  that  time.  It  contains 
no  allusion  to  writing  or  writing  materials, 
and  Max  Milller  believes  that  for  a  long 
period  it  was  transmitted  orally  from  genera- 
tion to  generation.  It  consists  of  1,017  short 
lyrical  poems,  with  10.S80  verses.  The  re- 
ligion  was  nature  worship,  Indra,  the  Uloud- 
compeller,  being  the  chief  object  of  adoration, 
and,  after  him,  Agni  (cf.  Lat.  ignis)  the  God 
of  fire.  The  Hindoo  Triad  had  not  yet  arisen. 
[VEDA.]  The  Rig  Veda  does  not  recognize  the 
institution  of  caste.  Beef  was  eaten.  Women 
held  a  high  position,  and  some  of  the  hymns 
were  composed  by  them.  The  rite  of  suttee 
was  unknown  ;  the  conquest  of  Indra  had 
only  begun,  and  the  Ganges,  incidentally  men- 
tioned, had  not  become  a  sacred  stream. 


-,  rig  -wood  ie,  s.  [Eng.  rig 
=  ridge,  and  witky.]  The  rope  or  chain  that 
goes  over  a  horse's  back  to  support  the  shafts 
of  a  vehicle.  Used  by  Burns  adjectively  u 
resembling  a  rigwiddie,  and  hence,  span 
withered,  sapless. 

"  But  wltber'd  beldams  auld  and  droll, 

Xisrvoodu  hags  wad  spean  a  foul." 
...  Burnt  :  Tarn  ff  fOiatittr. 

rile,  v.l.    [Roiu] 

1.  To  render   turbid,  as  liquid  ;   to  soil 
(Prov.) 

2.  To  make  cross  or  angry;   to  vex,  to 
irritate. 

"  The  moor  she  riled  me." 

Tennyson.  .Voi-l*ern  CotUtr. 

rl-lle'-Td,  rf-li-e  -vo,  s.    [RELIEF.] 

rlU,  s.    [Welsh  rhill  =  a  row,  a  trench,  a  drill, 
contract,  from   rhigol=a  trench,  a  groove, 


fete,  ««.  ftre   Amidst,  whit,  An.  fetier;  we,  wet,  here,  camel.  Her.  there;  pine.  pit.  sire.  «r.  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore.  woU.  work.  who.  .in;  mute,  cub,  oiire.  ijnlte,  our.  rule,  All:  try.  Syrian.    ...  o>  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  g,u  =  kw. 


dimin.  from  rhig  =  a  notch,  a  groove i ;  Low 
Oer.  rille  =  a  brook,  a  rilL]  A  small  brook  , 
a  streamlet,  a  rivulet. 


To  "H"  in  rius  or  stuaU 

murmurs  gently 


streams. 


•rill'-St,  J.    [Eng.  r«i;  dimin.  suff.  -et.)    A 
little  rill  or  streamlet. 


••  Th'  Industrio 
Tbo»  ri<«,  that 


. 

e  thu.  labour.  »»  »!»«• 


«*••  r 

shored  cogT  Welsh  rMm. 
=  a  rim,  an  edge,  rMmio  =  to 
=  to  form  a  rim.) 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  extreme  edge,  border,  or  margin  or 
any  tiling  :  as,  the  rim  of  a  kettle,  the  nm  of  a 
hat,  the  rim  of  a  glass,  &c. 

«2   The  lower  part  of  the  abdomen  or  belly 
the   peritoneum  or  inner  membra 
'"•  »  ,  win  fetch  tb,  * 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Nautical: 

(1)  The  extreme  edge  of  the  top. 

(2)  The  circular,  notched  plate  of  a  capstan 
or  windlass  into  which  the  pawls  drop. 

2.  Vehicles: 

(1)  The  circular  wooden  portion  forming  the 
periphery  of  a  wheel. 

(2)  The  peripheral  portion  of  a  car-whe 
attached  by  spokes  or  web  to  the  boss  or  nave. 

rim  look,  s.  A  lock  having  an  exterior 
metallic  case  which  projects  from  the  face  of 
the  door,  differing  thus  from  a  mortise-lock. 

rim,  «.(.   [B'M,  »•! 

1.  To  form  or  furnish  with  a  rim  ;  to  put  a 
hoop  or  rim  on  at  the  edge. 

2.  To  be  or  to  form  a  rim  round  ;  to  border, 


ri'-ma,  «.    [I/at.] 

1.  'Anat.  :  A  cleft  :  as,  the  rima  of  the  glottis. 

2.  Bot.  :  The  cleft-like  ostiolum  of  certain 
fungals. 

ri-mau-da'-han.<>.    [Native  name.] 

ZaoL:   Felis  macnxxKs;   about  three 
long,  or  four  with  the  tail,  and  combining  the 
onrkings  both  of  the  tiger  and  the  leopard. 
It  Is  found  in  Sumatra. 

rim'  -base,  «.    [Eng.  rim,  and  bau.1 

1  Ordn.  :  A  short  cylinder  at  the  junction 
of  a  trunnion  wit  h  the  gun.    It  Is  an  enlarge- 
ment or  shoulder  to  the  trunnion  which  forms 
the  journal  to  the  piece  in  elevating  or  depress- 
inz* 

2  Small-arms:  The  shoulder  on  the  stock 
of  a  musket  against  which  the  breech  of  the 
barrel  rests. 

rlm'-ble-ram-ble,  a.    [A  redupl.  of  ramble 
(qv.).]    Vague  ;  harum-scarum. 

"The  greatest  part  o(  the  task  was  only  rlmMe 
reniJI  "  discourse.1^  n>«  rw™  Prt*»  I1""* 


t  rim-bom -bo,  s.    [Ital.] 

Geol  :  A  peculiar  resonance  of  the  gronnc 
when  struck  during  some  volcanic  or  earth 
quake  convulsions. 


rill— ring 


.  . 

Icel.  rima;  Dai.,  riim;  Sw.  rim;  O.  H.  Oer 
rim,  arim  =  number;  Ger.  retm;  Fr.  nme 
Sn  *  Port,  rima;  Ital.  nma;  Irish  rtmft, 
Welsh  ray;  Gr.  op.frVo*  (orifiw. I  =  numl«^ 
Gael  aireamh.  Tin;  spelling  rt!/me  is  not 
earlier  than  1550.  (StoU.)] 

1  A  correspondence  of  sound  in  the  final 
syllable  or  syllables  of  two  or  more  words  ; 
especially  the  correspondence  in  sound  of  the 
final  syllable  or  word  of  one  line  of  poetry 
with  the  final  syllable  or  word  of  another. 
Three  things  are  essential  to  a  perfect  rime  :• 

(1)  Identity  in  the  vowel  sound,  and,  if  the 
word,  end  Iri ,a  consonant,  in,«'e.,con,s™a"t' 
also,  as  in  try  and  cry,  sight  and I  light.    Idei ititj 
of  letters  is  not  enough,  the  identity  must  be 
one  of  sound ;  thus,  dose  and  lose,  heath  and 
death  are  not  rimes. 

(2)  Difference  in  the  consonants  preceding 
the  vowel,  as  way  and  lay,f,nd  and  MM 

(3)  Similarity  of  accent,  as  sing  and  fling ; 
tinging  and^inff  would  not  be  good  nines. 

*  Words  like  oar  and  o'er,  eye  and  7,  are 
assonances  [ASSONANCE].  Rimes  in  which  the 
final  syllables  alone  correspond  arecalledsingle 
or  masculine  (male)  rimes,  as  taiuj,  hand; 
those  iu  which  the  two  final  syllables  corre- 
spond, the  first  being  accented,  are  called 
double  or  feminine  (female)  rimes  as  frying, 
tnSS.  Triple  rimes  extend  over  three ,  sylla- 
bles, as  scrutiny,  mutiny  ;  dutiful,  beautiful. 

9  An  expression  of  thought  in  verse ; 
poetry,  verse,  metre ;  a  composition,  especially 
a  short  one,  in  verse. 

••  Thing.  nnatMmpted  yet  l»Jj™£  "'/i.  „. 

3.  A  verse  or  line  riming  with  another. 

"  11.  perhaps,  the.e  rtyme.  of  mine  ihould  sound  not 
"  to  > 


4019 

«  ri-mOS'-l-ty,  s.    (Eng.  rimoa(e);  -«».]    Thl 
quality  or  state  of  being  rimose. 

ri'-mous,  o.    [RIMOSE.] 

rim' -pie,  t.     [A.S.  hrimpan  =  to  wrinkle.) 

[RUMPLE.]    A  wrinkle  or  fold. 
rim'-ple,*.!.  &i.  [Dut.  rtmpefen.]  [RIMPL«,  s.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  rimple,  to  rumple,  to  pucker 
"  The  akin  was  tense,  also  rimpted  aud  blistered."— 

B.  Intrant. :  To  become  wrinkled,  rumpled, 
or  puckered ;  to  ripple  (q.v.X 

••  Roamed  by  rimpling  rivers,  a— 


rim'  stock,  s.  [Eng.  rim,  and  stock.]   A  clog- 

almanac  (q.v.). 
ri'-mu-la,  t.     [Dimin.  from  Lat  rimo  =  a 

Palreont.  :  A  genns  of  Fissurellidre.    Shell 

thin,  and  cancellated  with  a  perforation  near 

he  anterior  margin.     Known  British  species 

seven  ;  three  from  the  Lias,  and  four  from  the 

Lower  Oolite. 


rim'-y,  o-    tEng.  rime  (i),  «.;  •».]  l 

ing  or  covered  with  rime  or  hoar-frost  ;  frosty. 

••  The  »lr  Is  now  cold,  hot,  dry.  or  moist  :  and  the* 
thin,  thick,  foggy,  rims,  or  poisonous.  -Bar**- 

rin,  ».«.    [Rtrs.]    (Scotch.) 

rtn-about,  ».     One  who  runs  about  th» 
country  ;  a  vagabond. 

rind,  *  rinde,  "  rlne,  rynde,  ••.  [A.8. 
rtS«  =  the  back  of  a  tree,  a  """(of  breml), 
cogn  with  O.  Dut.  rinde  =  the  bark  of  a  tree  , 
O  H  Oer.  rinta;  Oer.  rivde.] 


4.  A  word  which  rimes  or  corresponds  in 
sound  with  another. 

11  Neither  rime  (or  rhyme)  nor  reason:  Ap- 
plied to  anything  absurd,  foolish,  or  reckless. 

*   "When,  in  the  why.  and  the  wherefor,  '-  —*~ 


2.  Bot.  :  A  structure  intermediate  between 
epidermis  and  bark. 


rime  (1),  rhyme,  * rhime,  'rjrme,  r.t  &  t 

[A.8.  riman.} 

\,  Intransitivt:     . 

1.    To  accord  or  correspond  in  the  final 
syllables. 

"  He  was  too  wwm  on  picking;  work  to  dwell. 
But  fiwotted  his  notions  as  they  fell, 
And.  u  they  rhim'd,  and  rattl 

2   To  make  rimes  or  verses. 
••  There  rn^ch'd  the  bard  ud  blockhead  side  by.slde, 
TNtorSw'd  for  hire,  and  patronl.'rt  tor  nrlde. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  put  into  rime  :  as,  To  rime  a  story. 
•'2.  To  put  or  bring  into  a  certain  state  by 
making  rimes. 


rim      Prob.  connected  with  Or. 

mos),  «p«<w  (kruos)  =  frost,  «pv<rroMo5  (fcra- 

ttal'os)  T=  crystal  (q.v.).]     Hoar-frost  ;  froze 

or  congealed  dew. 

"  In  »  boor-frort.  that  which  we  call  •  H™*  '• 
multitude  of  qnadTMmuUr  pri.me,  exactly,  ngure 
"it  piled  without  any  order,  one  over  another,  -area 
Coma.  Sacra,  bk.  i.,  en.  iii.,  i  83. 

•rime  (2),*  rim,  «.    [Lat-rimo.]    A  chink, 
fissure,  a  rift.    [KlMA.] 


cc  „,, 

Tent  the  admlnion  of  wet  or  dry  Ingested.  - 
Vulgar  jBrrouri,  bk.  iv.,  cb.  vii£ 

«.     [Ety 
a  ladder. 


IB  (3X  «•     [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  rung 
mnd  of  a  I 


ami  pest  =  a  pestilence,  a  plague.) 

Animal  Pathol. :  A  malignant  and  e 
cattle  fever  indigenous  to  the  Asiau. 
ami   elsewhere    in   Asia.    Unknown    in   the 
United  States.     [CATTtE-PLAOt'E,  2.) 


orm — 

concern. 


. 

course,  or  gutter. 
•  rln-et,».    [HIND.] 

rin-for-ian'-dd  (z  as  ts).  od«.    [ItaL] 
Mtwic :  The  same  as  CRESCENDO  (q.v.). 


themselves  out  aga — 

•  rime-royal,    *  rhyme-royal,  «.    A 

namVSrmerl?  given  to  the  stanza  o7;seven- 
lines  of  ten-syllabled  verse,  in  which  the  first 
and  third  lim-s  rime,  the  second,  fourth,  and 
fifth,  and  the  sixth  and  seventh. 
rime  (2),  v.l.  [HrME(D,  «•!  To  freeze  or  con- 
geal into  rime  or  hoar-frost. 


rim'-er  (2),  »-   (Eng.  rim(e)  (3),  s. ;  -tr.] 

1.  A  reamer  (q.v.). 

2.  Fort.:  A  palisade. 

JH.O.    [Eng.rim;-fcM.]    Having  no 

rim ;  without  a  rim. 


lots);  'Eng.  circus  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1    Literally : 

(I)  A  circle,  or  a  circular  line,  or  anything 
In  the  form  of  a  circular  line  or  hoop  :  as, 

tni  A  circle  or  hoop  of  gold,  or  other  ma- 
t.,^!  worn  on  the  fl'nger.V  in  the  ears,  or 
other  parts  of  the  body  as  an  ornament. 


rimmed,  JM.  par.  or  a.    [Bin,  «.] 


pies,  &c. 


ac 

abounding  in  fissures,  clefts,  or  cracks. 

"Our  rimo»  «od  rimpled  carcasses."  -Ul/ce,ttr. 
Otta  Podrltia,  No.  19. 

ri-mose'-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  rimose;  -ly.)    In  » 
manner. 


01  A  hoop  of  metal   used  as  a  means  of 
attachment,  of  the  nature  of  a  link,  as 
ring-bolt,  lap-riw,  the  ring  on  a  nee 
*c    In  other  cases,  as  a  means  ot  a?ws 
Mthekey-rW  spUt-rln».  Other  applications 
are  obvious  :  as,  a  napkin-nu»,  «e. 

(2)  An  inclosed  area  or  space,  generally  of 
circular  form :  as, 

(a)  An  area  in  which  sports  or  games  are  held. 

"  Place  me.  O  place  me  In  the  A«^Jr!"^   ,  „  . 
Where  youthful  'A^ff^^t  nffSiUU. 

n,\  The  inclosed  space  within  which  pugi- 
lists fight. 

(e)  The  inclosed  »P»« 1n. whic*  ^Hhow  or 
arc  exhibited  or  exercised  in  a  cattle  show 
market,  or  at  an  auction. 

»  A  nnmercm.  company,  g»thered  round  the  riwt. 

-St.  Jama'l  Baatu,  Sept.  23.  18SS. 


4020 


ring 


(d)  The  space  set  apart  for  betting  on  * 
nce-rourse. 
2.  Figuratively: 
0)  A  circle. 

"  Bat  life  within  a  narrow  rina 
Of  giddy  Joys  comprised.  " 

Cotrper  :  BUI  of  Mortality.  A.D.  int. 

(2)  A  group  of  persons  in  a  circle  ;  a  circle. 

"  Make  a  ring  about  the  corps*  of  Gnaw." 

SkaJfetp.  :  Juliut  Catar,  iii.  a. 

(3)  A  circular  coarse. 


(4)  A  combination  of  persons  for  personal 
ends,  as  for  controlling  the  market  In  stocks, 
or  any  particular  commodity,  or  for  political 
purposes. 


IL  Technically : 

1.  Anal. :  Anything  more  or  less  like  a  ring. 
H  Above  the  crest  of  the  pubis  there  Is  a 

superficial  or  abdominal  ring,  an  oblique  open- 
Ing,  and  an  internal  or  deep  abdominal  ring 
and  near  them  a  crural  ring. 

2.  Arch. :   The   list,  cincture,  or  annulet 
round  a  column. 

3.  Bot. :  One  of  the  annual  circular  layers 
in  timber. 

4.  Comm. :  A  measure  of  staves  or  wood  pre- 
pared for  casks,  containing  four  shocks  or  240 
pieces. 

5.  Geom. :  The  area  or  space  between  two 
concentric  circles. 

6.  Naut.:   The   appendage   by  which    the 
cable  is  attached  to  the  anchor  by  means  of 
the  shackle  on  the  end  of  the  chain-cable 
called  the  anchor-shackle. 

7.  Sun. :  An  instrument  formerly  used  for 
taking  the  sun's  altitude,  &c.,  consisting  of  a 
ring,  usually  of  brass,  suspended  by  a  swivel, 
with  a  hole  on  one  side,  through  which  a  solar 
ray  entering  indicated  the  altitude  upon  the 
inner  graduated  concave  surface. 

8.  Ordn. :  A  circle  of  metal  of  which  there 
are  five  kinds,  viz.,  the  base-ring,  reinforce- 
ring,  trunnion-ring,  cornice-ring,  and  muzzle- 
ting,  but  these  terms  do  not  apply  to  most 
modern  ordnance. 

1  (1)  Fairy  rings :  [FArRY-RisosJ. 

(2)  Newton's  rings :  [NEWTOS]. 

(3)  NobMt  ringt :  [Koaiu]. 

(4)  Satnrn'i  rings :  [SiTURK]. 

(5)  The  Prix  Ring:  Prize-fighting  or  prhw- 
flghters  collectively. 

(6)  The  ring: 

(a)  Betting  men  or  bookmakers  collectively. 

".*!?  rin"  **•  bMn  nard  hlt  "T  "»  succes.  of  Hal. 
amnterie.-— flatty  Oirmlcb,  Oct.  It.  isti. 

(6)  The  Prize  Ring  (q.v.). 

•ring-armor,  ,.  Armor  of  ring, 
mail  (q.v.). 

ring-barker,  t.  One  who  cuts  the  bark 
of  a  tree  in  a  ring,  so  as  to  destroy  the  life  of 
the  tree. 

"Their  skeleton  nakednee.  due  to  the  ruthless  aza 
Of  therfn,.oarter."_fl»fly  TOwraph,  Sept  W.  mt 

ring-barking,  ,.  The  act  or  practice  of 
destroying  the  life  of  trees  by  cutting  the 
lark  in  a  ring. 

•k!l  ?*•  "•"•"UonaJU  practice  of  thinning  the  tree,  by 
i£  oy  inches    process,  known  as  Banning  and 
rt«it-»ar*r»,.  --flatty  t^fra,^  Sept.  10.  18W. 

ring-bird,  t.    The  reed-bunting  (q.v.). 
ring-bit,  «. 

Manege  :  A  bit  having  a  ring  cheek,  whether 
loose  or  otherwise. 

ring-blaokblrd,>.  The  ring-ousel  (q.v.). 
ring-bolt,  . . 

Naut. :  A  ring  passing  through  an  eye  in  the 
end  or  a  bolt  which  is  secured  to  the  deck  or 
side  of  a  vessel  or  on  a  wharf.  It  is  used  for 
attachment  of  a  rope  or  tackle.  On  each  side 
a  port  it  is  used  for  hooking  the  train- 
tackles  by  which  the  gun  is  manoeuvred. 

ring-bone,  ». 

Parr. :  (See  extract). 


misso 


«.     A  go-between,   no 
™       carrylng  a  fng  as  a  token  of 


ring-chuck,  >.  A  hollow  chuck  whose 
grasping  end  is  capable  of  being  contracted  by 
a  ring,  so  as  to  hold  firmly  the  object  to  be 
turned.  The  screw  end  fits  the  mandrel  of 
the  lathe-head. 

ring-coupling, «.    [THIKBLE-OODPLINO.J 
ring-course,  s. 

Arch. :  The  outer  course  of  stone  or  brick 
in  an  arch. 

ring-dial,  «.  A  pocket  sun-dial  In  the 
form  of  a  ring. 

ring-dog,  ».  An  implement  for  hauling 
timber,  consisting  of  two  dogs  connected  by  a 
ring  through  the  eyes.  [Doo,  «.] 

ring-dotterel,  .-•. 

Ornith. :  jEgialitis  (in  older  classifications 
Charadriia)  hiaticula..  It  is  much  smaller 
than  the  Dotterel  (q.v.),  and  is  distinguished 
by  its  black  collar,  and  its  brilliant,  gold- 
coloured  eyes.  This  bird  was  formerly  cele- 
brated in  folk-medicine.  To  be  cured  of  the 
jaundice  it  was  held  to  be  only  necessary  to 
look  fixedly  at  the  bird's  eyes,  with  a  firm 
faith  in  the  success  of  the  experiment. 

ring-dove,  ».    [WOODPIGEON.] 

ring-dropper,  s.  One  who  practises 
ring-dropping. 

"After  hie  punishment,  he  waa.  daring  some  yean, 
lost  In  the  crowd  of  pilferer.?  rtaoXoSw/Tud 
sharper,  who  Infested  the  capital '— jfacautoy  .-  BUL 
Kng.,  ch.  xviU. 

ring-dropping,  «.  A  trick  practised 
upon  the  unwary  by  sharpers,  who  pretend 
to  find  a  ring,  or  other  article  of  jewellery 
made  of  imitation  gold,  which  they  sell  to  the 
victim  as  gold. 

ring-fence,  .'. 

1.  Lit. :  A  fence,  Inclosing  in  a  more  or  less 
circular  line,  an  estate  or  considerable  extent 
of  country. 

2.  fig. :  An  inclosing  line  or  limit. 

ring-anger,  t.  The  third  finger  of  the 
left  hand,  on  which  the  ring  is  placed  in 
marriage. 

ring-footed  gnat,  «. 

Bntam. :  Culex  annulatm,  a  British  species. 
It  frequents  houses,  and  its  bite  causes 
greater  irritation  than  that  of  the  House- 
gnat,  C.  ciliaris. 

ring-formations,  .-•.  pi. 

Attrm. :  Certain  walled  or  ramparted  plains 
m  the  surface  of  the  moon,  supposed  to  be 
non-volcanic,  as  no  central  cone  is  discernible. 


ring-gauge,  ». 

1.  Road-maUna:  A  ring  two  and  a  half 
inches  wide  in  the  aperture,  used  for  deter- 
mining the  size  of  broken  stone  under  the 
Macadam  system  of  road-making. 

2.  Jewell :  A  conical  piece  of  wood  or  a 
tapering  metallic  slip,  having  marked  upon  it 
a  series  of  sizes  of  rings,  according  to  an  estab- 
lished gauge,  or  actual  parts  of  an  inch  in 
diameter. 

3.  Ordn. :  A  circular  steel  gauge  used  In  in- 
specting shot  and  shell.    They  are  made  of 
two  sizes  for  each  calibre,  the  larger  being  a 
trifle  more  and  the  smaller  a  trifle  less  in 
diameter  than  the  true  calibre  of  the  projec- 
tile     All  shot  received  must  pass  through 


len  cloth. 

•ring-hedge, 

«.     A  ring-fence 
(q.v.). 

ring  -  look, 
*.  A  puzzle-lock ; 
a  letter-lock 
(q.v.). 

ring-mail, 

». 

Old  Arm.:  De- 
fensive armour 
composed  of 

small    rings    of  RINO-MAIL. 

steel  sewn  edge- 
ways upon  a  strong  garment  of  leather  or 
quilted  cloth.    It  differs  from  chainmail,  in 


that  the  rings  of  the  latter  are  interlaced  wttfc 
each  other,  and  strongly  fastened  with  rivets 
It  was  worn  in  the  thirteenth  and  part  of  the 
fourteenth  centuries. 

•ring-man,  s. 

1.  One  connected  with  the  betting-  or  prize 
ring  ;  a  betting  or  sporting  man. 

2.  The  third  finger  of  the  left  hand  :  the 
ring-finger. 

*°d  *•  •*»•"•"••- 


ring-master,  ».  One  who  has  charge  of 
the  performances  in  a  circus-ring. 

"  T,'!'!  wtblte  'h°ns  In  the  rtna-maaet'i  stronz  and 
merciless  hand,  "-erotic,  June  «.  1885,  p.  K>.  ^ 

ring  micrometer,  s. 

Optics :  A  metallic  ring  fixed  in  the  field  of 
a  telescope,  and  used  to  determine  differences 
of  declination  between  stars  from  the  differ- 
ences of  time  occupied  by  them  in  traversing 
different  chords,  either  of  the  inner  or  outer 
periphery  of  the  ring ;  a  circular  micrometer. 

ring-money,  ». 

Numismatics  :  Money  formed  like  a  ring  It 
was  in  use  in  Egypt  and  some  other  ancient 
nations  before  thecoins  of  ordinary  form  began 
Cajsar  (at  Bel.  Gal.,  v.  12)  is  made  to  speak  of 

annulis  ferreis,"  "  pro  nummo,"  among  the 
ancient  Britons  at  the  time  of  his  invasion 
but  there  are  two  other  readings  of  the  passage. 
Rmg-money  existed  in  Sweden  and  Norway  as 
late  as  the  twelfth  century,  and  is  still  current 
in  parts  of  Africa. 

ring-necked  pheasant,  >. 

Ornith. :  Phasianus  ttrrquatus,  from  China. 
Its  plumage  is  extremely  brilliant,  with  a  dis- 
tinct white  collar.  It  breeds  freely  in  cap. 
tivity. 

ring-net,  ».  A  net  used  by  entomologist* 
for  catching  butterflies.  It  consists  of  a  ring 
of  cane  or  metal,  about  fifteen  inches  in  dia- 
meter, fixed  on  the  end  of  a  walking  stick,  and 
bearing  a  net  of  leno,  or  book  muslin  the 
length  of  the  arm.  The  net  must  not  end  in 
a  point,  or  the  butterflies  would  get  jammed 
into  it  and  injure  the  feathery  scales  of  their 
wings. 

ring  ousel,  ring  ouzel,  «.    [Ousit,  *., 

ring-rope,  ». 

Naut. :  A  rope  secured  to  a  ring-bolt  in  th« 
deck  to  secure  the  cable  or  a  purchase,  or  to 
check  the  cable  in 
veering. 

ring-sail,  -. 

Naut. :  A  small, 
light  sail  set  on  a 
mast  on  the  taf- 
raU. 

ring -saw,  >. 

A  saw  having  an 
annular  web. 

ring-shaped, 

a.    Having  the 

shape  of  a  ring ;  

annular. 

ring-stand,  ».  A  smaH  stand  having 
projecting  pins  on  which  to  place  finger- 
nngs. 

ring-stopper,  ». 

Naut. :  A  long  piece  of  rope  secured  to  an 
after  ring-bolt,  and  the  loop  embracing  the 
cable  through  the  next,  while  others  in  succes- 
sion nip  the  cable  home  to  each  ring-bolt  in 
succession.  It  is  a  precaution  in  veering  cable 
in  bad  weather. 

*  ringrstreaked.  •  ring-straked,  a. 

.Having  circular  streaks  or  lines  on  the  body. 

"A  He  r?nioved,  thfl  he-goats  that  were  Hnp-ftraatai 
SSSS  ""I  •"  th«  she-goat,  that  were  speckled." 


ring-tall,  s. 

1.  Naut. :  An  additional  sail  net  abaft  the 
spanker  or  driver,  to  extend  its  urea  in  light 
winds. 

2.  Ornithology: 

(1)  A  ring-tailed  eagle  (q.v.). 

.  «^any  other  authors  mention  the  eagle  and  rl«w- 
titUi  In  such  terms  as  to  leave  the  identity  ol  the  Wrd 
almoet  unquestionable.--*,.,.  Cyclop.  (W.  MM.}. 

(2)  The  female  of  the  hen-harrier  (Cirait 
cyannt).    So  called  from  a  rust-coloured  ring 
formed  by  the  tips  of  the  tail-feathers. 


4021 


Xing-ta      oom : 

Kaut. :  A  spar  to  rig  out  on  the  spanker- 
boom  to  set  the  ring-tail. 

ring-tailed,  a.    Having  the  tail  marked 
withTseries  ofrings  or  ring-like  markings. 

Ring-tailed  cat  •' 

Zool. :   The  name  given  by  the  miners 
JtaSrif  atluta,  one  of  the  Procyonld* ,  occur- 
ring  in  California,    Texas,    and   the   higher 


^(f\]^\&lri^an  =  X^ 
rinif-'coKn  with  Dut.  ringen  ;  IceL  hringja  ; 
Dan  ' ' ringe;  Bw.  ringa  =  to  ring;  Icel.  Itrang 
=  a'din  ;  Lat.  clangor.} 

1  To  cause  to  sound,  as  a  sonorous  metallic 
body,  by  striking,  or  causing  to  be  struck  by 

some  body. 

2  To  produce  by  ringing,  as  a  sound  or  peal. 

3.  To  attend  on,  celebrate,  proclaim,  or 
usher  in  by  ringing. 

••  No  mournlul  bell  shall  ring  her  funeral. 

Shakejp.  :  Titut  Andronicut,  T.  S. 


KINO-TAILED  CAT. 


regions  of  Mexico.    It  is  about  a  yard  long 

of  which  the  tail  occupies  one 'third.     The 

far  is  brown,  and  the  tail  beautifully  ringed 

K  is  easily  tamed,  and  makes  an  excellen 

mouserTwhence  its  misleading  popular  name 

Called  also  Cacomixle. 

Ring-tailed  eagle : 

Ornilh. :  An  immature  golden  eagle  (of  from 

one  to  two  years). 

Ring-tailed  lemur : 

Zool. :  Lemur  catta.    [MAOACO.l 

ring  thrush,  »•    [BINO-OOSKL.] 

•  ring-time,  ».    Time  for  marrying. 


ring  tumbler,  «. 

Locksmith.  :  An  annular-shaped  tumbler 
•  lock. 

rlne-vortex,  t.     A  number  of  small 
etrdeTplaced  side  by  side  to  formalargeron 

ring-wall,'. 

MetalL  :  The  inner  lining  of  a  furnace. 

ring  (2),  ».   IBINO,  («).  "•! 
L  Literally: 

1    The  sound  of  a  bell  or  other  sonorous 
body,  particularly  the  sound  of  metals. 

••  In  vain,  with  cymbal.'  H 


M^M«MH,MHM^HKB 

ring" -or,  s.    [Eng.  ring  (2),  v. ;  -cr.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  rings,  especially 
one  who  rings  chimes  on  bells. 

"  A  bell  without  a  rinjw." 

Btauinont :  A  Sonnet 

2.  Mining:  A  crow-bar. 
3   Sporting  dang  •' 

Julent  contestant  in  a  race  or  game, 
entered  under  an  assumed  name. 


. 

•  4    To  cause  to  sound  loudly. 


2.  A  chime  or  set  of  bells  harmonically 

tuned 

••  H.  meant  to  hang  ...  r~t,«nd  tm"b"  "*«">' 
bell*  a.  any  In  the  world.  —  Fuller. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1  Any  loud  sound  ;  the  sound  of  numerous 
voices;  a  sound  continued,  repeated,  or  re 
verberated. 

2.  Particular  character  when  uttered  :  hence, 
characteristic  sound. 

-  A  kind  ot  youthful  vigour,  a  manly  'rbv  «l»ut  U> 
,,tt«raneea.--fla«»  C»romrf«.  Oct.  1,  1884. 


(i),  »•*•  *  <•   1EINO  (1>>  '-1 


5.  To  utter  sonorously ;  to  repeat  loudly, 
often,  or  earnestly;  to  proclaim,  to  celebrate, 
as,  To  ring  one's  praises. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1    To  sound,  as  a  bell  or  other  sonoro 
body,    particularly   a   metallic 

8t™ On' the  beech'i  pride,  and  the  oak.  brown  .ide. 

Lord  Richard'.  •»j£*«I5£>V<,,  !<,*,.  iv.  ,a. 
2.  To  practise  the  art  of  making  music  with 
bells  tuned  harmonically. 


L  Ordinary  Language . 

*  1   To  encircle ;  to  surround  with,  or  as 
with'a  ring.    (Shalcesp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  iv.  4.) 

2.  To  fit  with  a  ring,  as  the  finger,  or  the 
snout  of  swine. 

»  Sill  theee  finger,  ^^l^^j^li.  i 

*  3  To  wed  by  a  marriage  ring. 

"I  wai  bom  ota  true  man  and  a  rtoioVJ  wife.  - 
JW.»ion  :  «u««>i  Man.  L  1. 

H.  Technically : 

1.  Hart. :  To  cut  out  a  ring  of  bark  from 
to  as  to  obstruct  the  sap. 

2  Manege :  To  exercise,  as  a  horse,  by  cans 
Ing'to  run  ronnd  in  a  ring  while  being  held  b 
*  long  rein ;  to  lunge. 

"  A  line  horn  they  were  ringing."— 

Helen,  ch.  vi. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  form  a  circle  ;  to  circle 
to  cluster.    (Spenser :  F.  Q.,  vi.    Introd.) 
|  To  ring  a  quoit :  To  pitch  it  so  that 
'1  encircle  the  pin. 


rirunnff  ~—Holdt.r. 

3.  To  have  a  sensation  of  sound  continue.  ; 
to  continue  sounding  ;  to  tingle  :  as,  My  ea.s 
ring  with  the  noise. 

4.  To  sound,  to  resound. 


niallv  one  euwiou  u..-~. 
2.  A  quoit  pitched  so  as  to  encircle  the  peg. 

ring  -ing,  pr-  !»«••.  "-,*»•    lBlNO  (*)•  *•' 
A.  As.  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 
B   Asadj. :  Having  or  giving  out  the  sound 
of  a  bell ;  resonant,  sonorous,  resounding  :  as, 
a  ringing  voice,  a  ringing  cheer. 
C.  As  substantive : 

1  The  act  of  causing  to  sound,  as  a  sonoroui 
i  metallic  body ;  the  act  or  art  of  making  music 
'  with  bells.  ^  ^  ^  xmmaa 

"srA°ringing  sound  ;  the  sound  as  of  belli 
ringing  :  as,  a  ringing  in  the  ear.  » 
rlntt-lnK-1?,  adv.    [Eng.  ringing;  -ly.}    In 
stringing,  sonorous,  or  resounding  manner, 
with  a  ring. 

"  Glove  on  ground  that  answer,  rinffinfflf 
The  aaS^Sg^^U  r.  1.U7. 

rfn-gle,  v.t.    [Eng.  •Ang  (1),  v.  ;  suff.  -!«.) 
To  ring,  as  hogs. 


*,    To  be  filled,  as  with  report,  fame,  or 
talk  •  as,  The  world  ring,  with  his  praises. 
6   To  be  famous  or  celebrated  ;  to  resound. 

.,  who«  n«n.  in  arm.  " 


the 


,  ».*.    [Formed  from  ringlcad* 
-      To  act  "  nn8le»<ler  to- 
rintf-lead-er,   i.     [Eng.   ring  (1),  s.,  and 
leader.} 
•  1.  On«  who  leads  a  ring,  as  of  dancers,  ac. 


•J  1.  To  ring  changes  upon : 

(1)  Lit. :  To  produce  alternated  or  wi 
peals  on. 

(2)  Fig.:  To  u»e  wlou-ly,  or  in  various 

whole  «em.  to^amountto  a  Uttl  J^J  t*^ 

T  To  ring  down :  To  conclude  ;  to  end  at 
onto- from  the  theatrical  custom  of  ringing* 
beUto  give  notice  for  the  fall  of  the  curtain. 

3.  To  ring  th»  bells  backward  :VoBomrt  the 
chimes  in  the  reverse  order.  (It  was  done  *s 
a  signal  of  alarm,  danger,  or  fire.) 

1.  To  ring  the  changes :  [CHANGE,  *.  !]. 
ringed,  o.    [Eng.  ring  (1),  ». ;  •«*•] 

I_  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  Surrounded  with,  or  as  with  *  ring  01 
rings ;  encircled. 

2   Covered  with,  or  as  with  rings. 

«  The  rerface  of  the  water  wae  rtnftd  «U  aw.  - 
nod,  Oct.  17,  188S. 

IL  Bot :  Annulated  (q.v.). 
*  ringed-animals,  s.  pi- 
Zool. :  The  Annulosa  (q.v.). 
ringed-carpet,  -. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer-moth,  Boarmu 
cinctaria. 
ringed-plover, ».    [BINO-DOTTEREI.] 

ringed-seal,  s. 

Pa^mys^fGrar^er^F^dS: 
and  Fjord  Seal. 

ringed-snake,  s. 

Zool. :  The  common  English  snake,  Tropt- 
donotus  natrix  (formerly  Natrix  torquata). 

ringed-worms,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  Annelida  (q.v.). 
rin£-ent,a.    [Lat.  ringens,  pr.  par.  of  ringor 
=  to  gape.] 

«  1    Ord.  Lang. :  Gaping  ;  open  wide. 

,,,_       -,!H,     -t~a*Hi      line      Of 


. 

-rw  i  top*''  Suprnnocy.  v.     . 

2   The  leader  of  a  faction,  or  any  association 
of  men  engaged  in  any  illegal  enterprise,  a. 
rioters,  mutineers,  or  the  like. 
rlntf-let,  «.  [Eng.  ri7i0(l),  «.  ;  dimin.  suff.  -1M.) 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  A  little  ring. 


•  3.  A  little  circle  ;  a  lairy  ring. 

"  When  lalrle.  in  their  rlngM;  there 
Do  danoe  their  nljhU,™ 

8.  A  curl,  particularly  of  hair. 
-such 


lets. 

rlng'-wdrm, ».    [Eng.  ring  (i),  s.,  and  worn.} 
-  -  •  •  Tinea  tonsurans,  an  affection  of 
•'p,  or  chin,  usually  circular  caused 


aSd  the  application  of  sulphurous  acid  and 
^arine  o?  iodine  are  among  the  most  Affective 
remedies.  [HONKVCOMB-RINOWOKM,  PLICA.) 

2.  ZooJ.  :  The  genus  lulus.    (Suavntm.) 

rlngworm-shrnb,  >. 

Bot.  :  Cassia  alata. 

,.    [A  variation  of  ring  (1),  s.  ;  cf.  pri«- 

n  of  a  sheet  of  ice,  generally 


, 

"' 


2.  Botany:  „  . 

(1)  (Of  an  irregular  manopetalous  coroUa) : 
Properly  havingthe  two  lips  separated  from 

pressed  together. 

(2)  More  loosely,  the  same  as  PERSONATE. 


curling  is  played. 


2   A  sheet  ol  artificially  FSgS?  *^£jj 

^£^&$8S8^ 


4022 

rlnk'-er.  s.    [Eug.  rink,  \.  •  -«-.]     One  who 

skates  on  a  rink. 

rink'-ite,  a.  [After  Dr.  Rink  ;  suff.  -tte(J«n.).] 
Min.  :  A  monoclinic  mineral  occurring  in 
crystals  with  variousothersat  Kangerdluiirsuk 
West  Oreenlaud.  Hardness,  5  ;  sp.  gr.  B-46  • 
colour,  yellowish-brown  ;  transparent  in  thin 
splinters  ;  lustre,  vitreous,  greasy  on  fracture 
surfaces.  The  mean  of  live  analyses  gave  • 
fluorine,  5-82  ;  silica,  2»'08  ;  titanicacid,  18-36  ; 
protoxides  of  cerium,  lanthanum,  didymium 
21-1!6;  yttria,  0'St2  ;  protoxide  of  iron  0'44  : 
lime,  23-20;  soda,  8-fl8  =108-11.  Lorenzen 

suggests  the  formula  2R  E  Oj  +  NaFl  iu  which 
B  =  Ce,  La,  Di,  Y,  Fe,  Ca,  and  R  =  81,71. 

rinse,  •  relnse,  •  rence,  •  rense,  •  rynsc, 
».t  [O.  Fr.  riitser,  reinser  (Fr.  rimxr).  from 
Icel.  hreinsa  =  to  make  clean,  to  cleanse 
from  hreina  =  clean,  pure  ;  cf.  Dan.  roue  =  to 
purify,  from  rem=  clean  ;  Sw.  renta.  from  ren 
=  clean  ;  Ger.  rein  ;  Goth,  brains  =  pure 
clean.)  To  wash  lightly  ;  to  cleanse  with  a 
second  application  of  clean  water  after  wash- 
ing ;  especially  to  cleanse  the  inner  surface  of 
by  the  introduction  of  water  or  other  liquid. 
(Said  of  hollow  vessels.) 

'I  TJ".  »«l«»l»>ur|ji«  niilkraaldt  occ*«ion»lly  Hnutl 
oat  their  cam  »t  the  very  .pof-rtrfd.  Dec.  «.  188* 

rinse,  ».    [RINSE,?.]    The  act  of  rinsing. 


rinker— ripe 


>    .        - 

or  that  which  rinses. 

rln  -there-vint.  ».  A  a.    (Scotch  rt»  =  run  ; 
Eng.  there,  and  mt.} 

A.  At  subst.  :  One  who  runs  out  of  doors  •  a 
gadabout  ;  a  vagabond. 


B.  At  adj.  :  Wandering  without  a  home  ; 
vagrant,  vagabond. 

(After  Dd  m°-  "d  Gr-  *«« 
)  =  a  stone.) 

Mm.  :  The  same  as  OSOFBITE  (q.v.). 

"r^S?*6-  '•    CE'y"1-  doubtful,  bnt  prob.  after 
Del  Rio  ;  n  connect.,  and  suff.  -ite  (if  in.).] 

Art».  :  A  variety  of  tetrahedrite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining 13  per  cent  of  bismuth,  for  which 


•••  — T»     -•  w™,  v.     [O.  Pr.  note,  a  woro  01 
doubtful  origin  ;  rioter  =  to  make  a  disturb- 
ance, to  chide;  Prov.  rtota  =  dispute   strife- 
Ital.  riotto  =  quarrel,  dispute,  riot.) 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

L.  Wanton  and  unrestrained  conduct-  nn- 

roar,  tumult. 

t  2-  .R*vell'"B'.;  fi'd,  extravagant,  and  loose 
feasting  or  festivity ;  excess,  revelry. 

"  Bat.  in  my  absence,  riot  fills  the  place.* 

Pap*  :  Homer ;  Udyufy  xv.  666. 

IL  Lam  :  A  tumultuous  disturbance  of  the 
peace  by  three  or  more  persons  unlawfully 
assembling  together  of  their  own  authority  in 
order  to  assist  each  other  against  any  one  who 
shall  oppose  them  in  the  execution  of  a  private 
purpose,  and  afterwards  executing  thi  same 
to  a  violrnt  and  turbulent  manner  to  the 
error  of  the  people,  whether  the  act  intended 
were  of  itaelf  lawful  or  unlawful 


Tonmriot: 

0*  "  """"  WUdiy  withoot  octroi  or 

*"^  «*    taHH^Uon.-- 

2.  Togrowluxuriantly.orinrankabundance. 

"  S?rerhe"d  thfl  wamlerliig  Ivy  and  vine. 

- 


U  Among  the  memorable  riots  which  have 
"  Uoited  stal<;s  were  «'«  I>.pctor's 
)!  the  Nstive  American 


r         xI  '  '«      °1"1"'  «•*. 

ohcs  (1»M)  ;  the  Astor  Place  Kiut,  against  tbe 
in^Ush  actor  Macready  (Ie49)  ;  u,e  Druft 
M"  «  [N"W  York  (1863)  ;  and  the  Anarcbto 
Riotdn  Chicago  (1886).  fn  addition  there  h»» 
been  numerous  riots  arising  from  strikes  of 


workingmen,  of  which  the  most  deetmocive 
were  those  at  Pittsburgh  during  the  railroad 
strike  of  1877,  and  at  Chicago,  in  1894. 

Riot  Act,  «.  Each  state  of  the  American 
Union  has  what  is  known  as  a  Biot  Act, 
which  requires  that  a  proclamation  shall  be 
read  to  any  riotous  assembly,  requiring  them, 
in  the  name  of  the  law,  to  disperse,  and  cease 
from  unlawful  acts. 

li'-St,  v.i.  &  t.    [Fr.  rioter,  from  riott  =  riot 

<q-v.X] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  raise  a  riot,  tumult,  or  sedition  :  to 
act  riotously. 

2.  To  revel;  to  go  to  excess  in  feasting, 
drinking,  or  other  dissipation  ;  to  act  in  a 
wanton  and  unrestrained  manner. 

"The  soldiers  sang  and  ritited  on  the  moor  Amidst 
the  corp.ee,--  Macaulai  :  Biu.  tag.,  ch.  T 

3.  To  be  highly  excited. 

"  No  puUe  Uu»t  rtoU.  and  no  blood  that  glows  - 
Pop*  :  Sloita  to  Abelurd,  3M. 

t  B.  Trans.  :  To  pass  or  spend  in  rioting  ; 
to  destroy  or  put  an  end  to  by  riotous  living 
(Tennyson  :  A-ylmer's  Field,  391.) 


r>  *  ri-ot-our,  *  ry-ot-tour,  «. 

(Eng.  not;  -er.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  riots  ;  one  who 
revels  or  goes  to  excess  iu  feasting  or  riotous 
living. 

"  Theee  rfotou,-.  three,  of  which  I  U1I  .  . 
were  Mt  hem  In  a  taverne  for  to  drinke," 

Chaucer.-  C.  T..O.t,U. 

—SL^iS:  One  who  is  8uil'J'  of  assembling 
with  others  to  do  an  act  in  an  unruly  and 
turbulent  manner,  and  who  refuses  to  retire 
on  being  ordered  to  do  so  by  a  magistrate. 

T  Unnee.  17601 


ri'-ot  ing,  i.    [RIOT.  •.]   Riotous,  dissipated, 
or  loose  conduct  or  living  ;  dissipation 


—^-^— ^^ 
up  ;  Icel.  rifa  =  to  rive,  to  tsar ;  rtla  avtr  = 

va»  rS^  ^O-'f  "^  "*"  " 
i  Literally: 
'  1.  To  search  out,  to  examine  thoroughly. 

"  Knpandf  the  reynes  and  hert." 

0-f«t.Allu.  Ponu  ;  Clnmtu,  m. 

2.  To  separate  by  tearing  or  cutting  the 
parts  ;  to  tear  or  cut  open  or  off;  to  rend,  to 

Split. 

••  Sail*  ripp'd,  seams  op'nlng  wide,  and  compass  lost" 
Cowper :  My  Molh«r'il'ic[,,if 

3.  To  take  out  or  away  by  cutting  or  tearing. 

TTnti.    i "  f*^ " J  was  Irom  his  mother's  womb 
ntimely  nw,  a."  skakeip.  :  Moduli,  v.  r. 

4.  To  undo  the  seams  of  by  cutting  th» 
stitches  without  slitting  the  fabric. 

*  II.  Fig. :  To  open  for  examination  or  dis- 
closure ;  to  search  to  the  bottom,  to  bring  to 
light,  to  rake  up.  (Followed  by  up.) 

"  I  don't  like  rippinf  up  old  stories." 

rip-Baw,  ».    A  ripping-saw  (q.v.). 

*rip  (2),    "rlppe,  r.(.     [A.8.  rjpan;    Goth. 
"rapjan;  O.  H.  Ger.  roufan.]    To  rob,  to  pil- 

"  To  rippen  hem  and  nefen."  Ormutum,  10,811 

rip  (3),  r.i.     f  Prob.  a  variant  of  rap  (q.v.).] 
To  swear  profanely.  i-"*J 

>•  *riPP  (1),  «.   [RiP(lX«.]  Arentmads 
ipptng ;  a  tear,  a  rent. 


rip  (2),  ».    [Icel.  hrip.]    A  wicker  basket  to 
carry  flsh  in. 

*  "ttl 


n/  .         ."?  *        e 

Of  willow  twigs  the  ftQeBtyvu  can  wiah," 

Lawton  :  SecrtU  of  A  nyliny. 

'  rip  (3),  rlpp  (2),  «.     [A.8.  rip,  TO,,  from 

^n'tP?'l  =  t<)reap(q-v->-]    A  handful  of 
unthreshed  corn.    (ScofcA.) 

"  Hae,  there'i  a  riff  to  tliy  auld  bagrle 
£unu.   ToUuAuU  Mare 


-  -i—      --  —  -—.  «•    fling.  rio«,  s. ; 
-we.)    Rioting,  riotous  conduct,  riotry. 
"  The  imace  of  superfluous  rioUa.- 

ti'-At-oiis,  *  r^-ot-touse,  o.  [O.  Fr.  rioteux, 
from  note  =  riot  (q.v.) ;  JtaL  riattaso.} 

1.  Indulging   in   riot  or  revelry;   accom- 
panied or  characterized  by  rioting  or  wanton 

iduct;  wanton,  licentious,  dissipated. 
rr'S"***"11"  >llb't*uce  wiUl  rtom  ll»Uig."-iu*« 

2.  Tumultuous ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
a  not  or  tumultuous  and  unlawful  assembly  • 
seditions  :  as,  a  riotous  assembly. 

3.  Acting  riotously ;  tumultuous,  turbulent, 

"  Slew  a  riotous  gentleman. " 

Shakeiv. :  Richard  111.,  U.  1. 

riotous-assembling,  «. 

Lao,.-  The  unlawful  assembly  of  a  numbpr 
of  persons  to  the  disturbance  of  the  peace. 

i™i    P.e,re°nJ  do  not  '"sparse  after  proclam- 

aUou  by  the  sheriff,  or  other  law  officer,  they 

ne   accounted    guilty  of  felony.    A  riotous 

assembling   differs   from  a  riot  only  in  the 

number  of  persons  assembled  together. 

ri'-6t-OUS-ljf,  adv.     [Eng.  riotous;  4y.] 

1.  In  a  riotous,  wanton,  licentious,  or  dis- 
sipated manner. 

gathereth  by  W™^^  own  «»1, 


ra*=8<»b:   Dan.  rt> 

1.  A  term  of  contempt;  a  base,  low,  mean, 
or  worthless  person  ;  a  contemptible  creature. 

2.  An  animal  of  no  value,  as  a  worn-out 
horse  ;  anything  of  no  value. 

W(...  "  Lilliputian  peen 

With  waited  carcaatw  their  rita  btuitrlde.' 
f»r,uil  of 


2.  In  a  riotous  or  tumultuous  manner-  in 


ri-ot-ous  ness,  •  ri-<rt-ons-n««se    » 

-1    ""^"ty  or  state  oi 


,   *  rl-ot-er-ie,  «.     [Em?,  riot- 
•ry.]    Riot,  riotous  conduct,  rioting. 

.-  ieOert, 


fate,  l»t,  fare,  amidst,  what, 

wn, 


,  ype,  -ripe,  'ryppe,  ta  [Norw. 
Hpa=  to  scratch,  to  score  ;  cf.  Sir.  dial.  rtp<i 
—  to  scratch,  to  pluck  asunder  ;  8w.  rroa  - 
to  scratch,  to  ripple  flax;  repa  «p  =7^ 
np;r»ptt  =  «  scratch;  Dan.  opri^e  =  to  rip 


ri-par'-I-an,  a  &  ,    fL&t  njla  _  a  ^nkij 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to  the  banks  of  a 

B.  At  subtt.  :  One  who  dwells  on  the  banks 
ot  a  river. 


riparian-nations,  s.  pi.  Nations  own- 
ing opposite  banks,  or  different  partt  of  the 
banks  of  the  same  river.  (Whanon.) 

riparian-proprietors,  s.  pi.  Proprie- 
tors owning  hinds  bounded  by  a  river  or  water- 
course. 

ri-par'-I-oui,  o.     [Lat  riporiiu  =  that  fre- 
quents the  banks  of  rivers.) 
Bot.  :  Growing  by  water. 

ripe,  .  *  rjrpe,  o.     (A-S.  rijw,  prop.  =  flt  for 

reaping,  from   ripan  =  to  reap;  cogn.   with 
jjut.  ryp  =  ripe;  rt;p«ii  =  to  ripen;  Gei.  reij 
(O.  H.  Ger.  nf.)  =  ripe,  reijen  =  to  ripen.) 
.  ]i  Re«dyf<"T«'l'ingorgaUiering;  matured 
sufflfiently  for  use  ;  mature  ;  come  to  perfec- 

°f  tMng8      "      aBd 


2.  Advanced  or  brought  to  the   state   of 
being  tit  for  use;  matured:  as  ripe  cheese, 

3.  Resembling    ripe    fruit    In    ruddiness. 
plumpness,  or  the  like. 


«.  Mature.  *"*•"'  ""•  *•  * 

"  The  noble  dame  .  . 

H>Mre<!.yV>u£8  kni(f|''».  «nd  council  >age 
Held  with  tile  chiefs  of  riper  age." 

ScoB  .-  Lai  ufO*  Lait  Minaret,  111.  n. 

6.  Fully  developed;   maturated,  suppu- 
rated ;  as,  a  rtpe  abscess. 

6.  Complete,  finished,  consummate-  as  • 
ripe  scholar. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
Syrian.    «,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


4023 


7   Ready  for  action  or  effect  ;  mature. 

"The  question  l»d  low  be«n  rty.for.ettleme.it. 
-Daul  C/ironfci..  Oct.  It.  1884. 

•8.   Fully  qualified  by  gradual   progress 
and  improvement. 

«  At  thirteen  year.  ha  n.  rip.  to,  U»  ualTerrtt,.- 
-Ml 
*  ripe,  s.    [Lat.  ripa.]    A  bank. 

••The  right  rtTof  th.  river  that  there  Cometh 
rfowne.'-trf"'"*-  «iM"irjf.  IT.  UO. 

•ripe(l).  rype(l),  v.i.&t.    IBIPE,  a.) 

A.  /TUroM.  :  To  become  ripe  ;  to  n     are, 

40  "And  .o.  from  bour^tohour,  we  rf£  andr**-  T> 

B.  Trans.  :  To  make  ripe  ;  to  ripen. 

"  No  >un  to  rip*  the  bloom." 

*«».  .'  Am?  Joan,  I1- 


•ripe  (2),  Type  (2),  »-«•    I*-8-  *«».]   To 

rob,  to  pillage. 

ripe  (3),  *  rype  (3),  «...    [»"•  OX  «•!   To 

ransack,  to  si-;irrh. 

••  But  we  mint  ripe  his  pouches  a  bit.  and  see  if  the 
tale  ta  true  or  no."-3oo«  Tou*  Jtennertw.   (Introd.) 

ripe'-lv.  adv.    [Eng.  ripe,  a  ;  -ly.)    In  a  ripe 
banner;  maturely  ;  at  the  lit  KM 

"  It  flu  us,  therefore,  ripely." 

Shakeip.  :  CfiiiWIna.  Ill  ». 

rip  -en,  v.i.  &  t.    (A.S.  ripian.)    [BipE,  a.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

L  Ii(.  :  To  become  or  grow  ripe  ;  to  be 
matured,  as  grain  or  fruit. 


Old  law  :  One  who  brought  nsh  to  market 
in  inland  towns. 

*  ri-poste',  s.     [Fr.,  from  Ital.  riposto.) 

FeMing :  The  thrurt  or  blow  with  which 
one  Slows  up  a  successful  parry  ;  hence,  a 
smart  reply  or  repartee. 

*  rip'-per  (l),  «•    [Rip'ER.] 
rip'-per  (2),  s.    [Eng.  rip  (1),  v. ;  •«•.] 

t  Literally: 

1    One  who  rips,  tears,  or  rends. 

2.  A  tool  for  edging  slates  for  roofing. 

3.  A  ripping-tool  (q.v.). 


II  Fig. :  To  become  ripe  or  mature;  to 
approach  or  come  to  perfection  or  maturity  : 
u,  A  scheme  ripen*  for  execution. 

B.  Transitive : 

L  Lit.  •  To  make  ripe,  as  grain  or  fruit ;  to 
mature.  (Pops :  Sappho  to  Pluum,  9.) 

IL  Figuratively : 

L  To  bring  to  perfection. 

"  When  to  ripfntd  manhood  be  shall  grow. 
The  greedy  sailor  nhall  the  seas  forego. 

Uryden  :  VvrgU ;  Pa*.  IT.  4s. 

•  2  To  mature,  to  fit,  to  prepare. 

"  Further  rtpau*  in  the  knowledge  of  God's  word. 
— Fox :  Actst.  p.  »8L 

ripe'-nSss,  ».    [Eng.  ripe,  a. ;  -ness.] 

L  Lit. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ripe, 
or  come  to  that  state  of  perfection  which  tits 
tor  use ;  maturity. 

••  They  .  .  .  never  come  to  their  maturitle  and  rtp* 
n^~P.  BMond:  /•«»»«,  bk.  tit,  oh.  IT. 

IL  Figuratively  : 
•  I.  Full  growth. 

"  Time,  which  made  them  their  fame  outlive. 


t..  1886.  p.  825. 

rip'-plng,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [Bii-  (1).  »•) 

A.  As  pr-  PaT-  •'  <See  the  yerb)' 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Lit. :  Cutting,  tearing,  rending. 
2   Fig. :  First-class,  capital.    (Slang.) 

"  Another  ripftrw  gallop.'-/™*  Keb.  «.  1«8«. 
rlpplng-bed.  >•  A  stone-saw  (q.v.). 
ripping-chisel,  s. 

W Md-wark. :  A  crooked  chisel  for  cleaning 
out  mortises. 
ripping-iron, «. 
Nautical : 

1.  A  hook  for  tearing  old  oakum  out  of  the 
seams. 

2  An  iron  instrument  used  by  shipwrights 
to  rip  the  sheathing  boards  and  copper  from 
off  the  bottoms  of  ships. 

ripping-saw,  t. .  A  saw  for  cutting  wood 
lengUiwise  of  the  grain. 

rlODlnif-tool,  s.  An  instrument  for  fol- 
lowlngaleam  and  cutting  stitches  without 
slitting  the  fabric. 

rip-Pie  (1),  v.i.  &  t.  [A  non-nasalised  form  of 
rimpte  or  rimpif,  from  A.8.  hrympitte  =  l 
"Se  (cogn^  with  O.  Dnt.  rtmpef  =  a 
wrinkle,  rimpeltn  =  to  wrinkle),  from  Krvmjnn 
=  to  wrinkle;  cogn.  with  O.  H.  Qer.hrWan, 
M  H  Ger.  rimpfen;  Ger.  nunpfen  =  to 
wrinkle.]  [RmpiE,  ROMPLB-]  • 
A.  Intransitive : 

1  To  assume  a  wrinkled  or  ruffled  surface, 
as  water  when  running  over  a  rough  bottom ; 
to  run  in  small  waves  or  undulations. 


8.  Perfection,  maturity,  completeness. 

*  A  thousand  thousand  Wearing!, 
Which  time  .hall  HJ^g,,  „„.,  ,.  4, 


.,    . 

8.  Complete  maturation  or  suppuration,  as 
of  a'n  ulcer  or  the  like. 
*  4.  Fitness,  qualification. 

'•  Men  roust  endure 

0*  "'"  " 


2.  To  make  a  sound  as  of  water  running 
gently  over  a  rough  bottom. 

••  No  motion  but  the  water's  sound  . 


2  Fiij  •  A  sound  like  that  of  water  running 
gently  over  a  rough  bottom  :  as,  a  rippie  of 
laughter. 

ripple-drift,  >. 

Oeol  •  An  undulated  structure  often  seen  in 
mica  schist,  probably  identical  with  the  ripple- 
mark  (q.v.)  of  certain  sandstones.  (Seeley.) 

t  ripple-grass,  s. 

Sot.  :  Plantago  lanceolata.    [RlB-GBASS.) 

ripple  mark,  s.  pi. 

Geol  (I'l  )  :  Furrows,  on  sandstone  of  all  ages, 
produced  by  the  ripple  of  the  tide  oil  what 
was  once  the  sandy  shore  of  an  ancient  si-a, 
or  water  from  eight  to  ten  feet,  or,  in  rarer 
cases  from  300  to  450  feet  dt-er,.  Beach 
ripple  may  generally  be  distinguished  from 
ripples  due  to  currents  by  frequent  changes  in 
Its  direction. 

ripple-marked,  s.  Having  ripple-mark* 
(q.v.). 


*  rip'-plet,  s.   [Bu 
A  little  ripple 


;  d.'uun.  suff.  -let.} 


rip'-pting,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [RIPPLE  (1),  ».] 
rIp'-pUng-13f,  adv.    [Eng.  rippling  i ;-!».]    In 
a  rippling  manner;  with  ripples. 

'rfp'-pljf,  o.     [Eng.  ripp(U);  -ly.]     Having 
ripples  ;  rippling. 


^ 
Into  a  shady,  fresh,  and  rippla  cove?1 


rip'-rap,  «.    [A  reduplic.  of  rap  (q.v.).] 

Civ  -eno  •  A  foundation  of  loose  stones, 
thrown  together  without  order,  as  in  deep 
water  or  on  a  soft  bottom. 

ript,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [RiP  (1),  »•] 
*  riptowell,  8.    [First  element  =  reap;  etym. 
of  second  element  doubtful.] 
Feud.  Law  :  (See  extract). 


ri-pid  -*-lite,  s.     [Or.  pnr«  <rMpis),  genit, 
p.«oos  (rhipidps)  =  a  fan,  and  Xi6o«  (h«ios)  =  a 
stone  ;  Ger.  ripidolith.} 
Min.  :  The  same  as  CLIBOCHLOKK  and  PKO- 

CHLOKITE  (q.V.). 

ripidolite-«late,  ». 

Petro!  •  A  variety  of  chlorite  slate  or  schist 
In  which  'ripidolite  (q.v.)  forms  the  chlontic 
constituent. 
rip-I-4'-nist,  s.    [Eng.  ripMo);  -int.] 

Music  :  A  performer  who  only  assists  in  the 
ripieno  parts. 

rlp-I-e'-no,  «.    [Ital.  =  full.) 
Afusic  : 

1  An  additional  or  fllling-np  part.    Any 
part  which  is  only  occasionally  required  for 
the  purpose  of  adding  to  the  force  of  atutti 
is  said  to  be  ripieuo. 

2  A  mixture  stop  on  Italian  organs  :  as, 
rlpieno  di  due,  tre,  quattro,  cinque,  &c.,  a 
mixture  stop  of  two,  three,  four,  five  ranks,  fcc. 

*  rfp'-i-er,  *  rip'-per  (1),  «.    [Eng.  rip  (2), 


*B  Trans.:  To  fret  or  dimple,  as  the 
surface  of  water  ;  to  cover  with  small  wa  'es 
or  undulations  ;  to  curl. 

rip'-ple  (2),  «  rip-el-en,  v.t.    [RIPPLE  (2),  s.] 
To  clear  or  remove  the  seeds  or  capsules  from, 
especially  from  the  stalks  of  flax. 
(p'-ple  (3),  v.t.    [A  dimin.  of  rip  (1)  (q.v.).] 
To  scratch  slightly. 

"Having  slightly  rlfplti  hU  arm.--J>.  Holland: 
Ammianut,  p.  264. 

rfn'-ple  (1),  »•    [Etym.  doubtful.]    Weakness 

or  pai"s  in  the  loins  or  back.  (Scotch.) 
rip-pie  (2),  •  re-pyUe,  >-  [Eng  rip  (l),  y  ; 
suff.  -te ;  cf.  8w.  repa  =  to  ripple  flax ;  Dut. 
repel  =  a  ripple,  repen  =  to  beat  flax  ;  repelen 
=  to  ripple  flax  ;  Low.  Ger.  repe ;  Ger.  nffel  = 
a  ripple,  ri/e(»  =  to  ripple  flax.] 

1  An  instrument,  with  teeth  like  a  comb, 
through  which  flax  is  drawn  to  remove  the 
capsules  and  seeds,  when  the  lint  of  the  plant 
is  to  be  used. 

2.  An  instrument  for  removing  the  seeds 
from  broom-grass.  (Amer.) 

rip'-ple  (3),  ».    (RIPPLE  (1),  «.] 

1  Lit  :  The  fretting  or  ruffling  of  the  sur- 
face of  water  ;  little  curling  waves. 

••  To  rink  down  to  the  bed  of  the  river  without 
making  so  much  as  a  rippte  on  its  glaasy  surface.  - 
flollv  faeartipli.  July  10.  1888. 


av  Dictionary. 

rf-sa'-la,  s.  [Hind.]  A  troop  of  horse.  (Anglo- 

Indian') 
ris'-al-dar,  8.    [Hind,  rosota-dor.]    The  com- 

mander of  a  troop  of  horse.    (Anglo-Indian.) 

T(pa.  t.  'roos,  rose,  pa.  par.  riien),  v.i.  &  t. 
.8.  rfaan(pa.  t.  rd>,  pi.  r«on,t>a.  par.  ri»e>i); 
cogn.  with  Dut.  rijtm  ;  Icel.  risa;  O.  H.Ger. 
Km  •  Goth,  reisan  (pa.  t.  rait,  pa.  par.  risans) 
in  the  comp.  ur-reitan  (=  A.a  Arttan,  Ung. 
arise).]    [RAISE.] 
A.  Intransitive: 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1  To  move  or  pass  from  a  lower  to  a  higher 
position;   to  move  upwards,  to  ascend,  to 
mount  up  :  as,  Smoke  rises,  a  bird  rfaes  in  the 
air,  &c. 

2  To  change  frov-i  a  sitting,  lying,  kneeling, 
or  reclining  posturetoan  erect  one  ;  to  become 
erect,  to  stand  up. 

"  RUe,  take  up  thy  bed  and  walk.  '—John  T.  8. 

8.  To  get  up  from  rest. 

••  W  itb  that  he  hasted  him  to  rits 
Anone."  »<"«'•  '  "•  A-  "| 

4.  SpecV.  :  To  ascend  from  the  grave  ;  to 
come  to  life  again.  (Luke  xxiv.  46.) 

5  To  bring  a  sitting  or  session  to  an  end  ; 
to  adjourn  :  as,  The  House  rose  at  eight  o  clock. 

6.  To  grow  upwards  ;  to  attain  a  height;  to 
stand  or  reach  in  height  ;  to  ascend  :  as,  The 
tower  rises  to  a  height  of  100  feet. 

7.  To  have  an  upward  direction  ;  to  slope 
upwards. 

"  Ash.  on  banks  or  rftinp  ground!  near  riven,  will 
thrive  eiceedingly.--J<orti"'"-  •'  BabmOrg. 
8    To  reach  or  attain  a  higher  level  by  in- 
crease of  bulk  ;  to  swell  :  as,  The  tide  rues. 

9.  To  swell  or  be  raised  in  the  process  of 
fermentation,  as  dough  or  the  like. 

10  To  have  the  appearance  or  effect  of  ris- 
ing;' to  seem  to  mount  up;  to  become  more 
prominent  by  occupying  a  more  e'e™'^  P™- 
tion  ;  frequently,  to  appear  above  the  horizon, 
as  the  sun,  moon,  stars,  &C. 

"  He  maketh  hi.  sun  to  tiM  on  the  evil  and  the 
good."—  U.irt  v.  «. 

11  To  become  apparent  ;  to  come  into  right 
to  make  an  appearance  ;  to  appear  :  as,  Colour 
rises  in  the  cheeks. 

12.  To  become  audible. 

"  A  hideoue  gabble  riia  loud 
Amomr  the  bolldem?-        itUKat:  P.  L;  iU.lt 


4024 


rise— Risso 


13.  To  have  origin,  source,  or  beginning ;  to 
•rise,  to  originate ;  to  be  produced ;  to  spring. 

*  14.  To  return  by  revolution. 

"  Nor  would  tlie  various  seasons  of  the  year. 
By  turn*  revolving,  rite  and  disappear." 

Blat*nore    Creation,  Ir. 

15.  To  in'  rease  in  force  or  intensity  ;  to  be- 
come stronger  :  as,  The  wind  rises  ;  his  anger 
rose. 

16.  To  increase  in  sound  or  volume  ;  to  be- 
come louder  or  stronger  :  as,  The  noise  rose. 

17.  To  increase  in  value  ;  to  become  dearer 
or  more  valuable ;  to  advance  in  price :  as, 
Corn  rises. 

18.  To  increase  in  amount ;  to  become  larger 
or  greater  :  as,  His  expenses  rose. 

19.  To  become  brighter  or  more  cheerful : 
as,  His  spirits  rose. 

20.  To  become  excited  or  hostile;  to  take 
np  arms :  to  go  to  war ;  espec.  to  rebel,  to 
revolt    (Frequently  with  up.) 

"  Let  us  rill  up  Against  Edom."— OfcuUOA  L  1. 

21.  To  set  to  work  ;  to  betake  one's  sell  to 
work.    (Frequently  with  up.)   (Nehem.  ii.  18.) 

22.  To  take  up  a  higher  social  position  ;  to 
advance  in  position,  rank,  dignity,   power, 
wealth,  or  the  like ;  to  be  promoted ;  to  thrive. 

"  Borne  rite  by  sin.  and  some  by  virtue  tall." 

Shaketp. :  Meaturefor  feature.  11  L 

23.  To  become  more  dignified  or  forcible ; 
to  increase  or  improve  in  dignity,  power,  or 
interest.  (Said  of  style,  thought,  or  discourse.) 

"  Tour  author  always  will  the  best  advise. 
Fall  when  he  falls,  and  when  he  ruri,  ritr.~ 

/iotcomm-'in  :  Xstdjr  on  FerM. 

24.  To  come  by  chance ;   to   happen,    to 
occur :  as,  A  thought  rose  to  his  mind. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Music :  To  ascend  the  scale ;  to  paas  from 
•  lower  note  to  a  higher  :  as,  To  rise  a  semi- 
tone. 

2.  Print. :  To  be  capable  of  being  safely 
raised  from  the  imposing  stone.    (Said  of  a 
forme  which  can  be  lifted  without  any  of  the 
type  falling  out) 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  rise. 

"  An  angler  rose  a  flsh.  and.  In  place  of  the  usual 
mode,  kept  on  casting  over  him." -Field,  Jan.  so.  Use. 

rife  (l), «.    [RISK,  ».] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  rising;  ascent;  specif.,  the 
rising  of  a  fish  to  the  fly. 

"  I  certainly  had  not  expected  a  rite  to  my  first 
oast"— Held,  April  4.  IMS. 

<    2.  Ascent,  elevation  ;  degree  of  ascent :  as, 
the  rite  of  a  hill. 

3.  The   distance  through  which  anything 
rises ;  height  ascended :  as,  The  Has  of  the 
river  was  six  feet. 

4.  Any  place  raised  or  elevated  above  the 
ordinary  level ;  an  elevated  place ;  a  rising 
ground. 

•  To  deck  this  rite  with  fruits  of  various  tastes.- 

rUltpt :  cider,  L  M. 

6.  Appearance  above  the  horizon. 

"  Prom  the  rife  to  set'       tShaJcetp. :  Henry  V.,  IT.  L 

6.  Spring,   source,    origin,  beginning:   as, 
the  rise  of  a  stream. 

7.  Increase,  advance,  augmentation. 

"  The  rise  of  their  nominal  price  U  the  effect,  not  of 
any  degradation  of  the  value  of  silver,  but  of  the  rite 
In  their  real  price."— 9mit* :  Wealth  if  Bottom  bk.  i. 

ch.  xl. 

t8.  Advance  in  rank,  honour,  dignity,  fame, 
or  position ;  promotion  or  improvement  in 
•octal  position. 

"  Wrinkled  benchers  often  talked  of  him 
Approvingly,  and  prophesied  bis  rite. 

Tennfton  .•  A  rimer* l  Reid,  474. 

9.  Increase  of  sound  in  the  same  key ;  a 
•welling  of  the  voice. 

10.  Elevation  or  ascent  of  the  voice  In  the 
Kale  :  as,  a  rise  of  a  tone  or  a  semitone. 

11.  The  height  to  which  one  can  rise ;  ele- 
vation of  thought,  mind,  language,  style,  4c. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Arch. :  The  elevation  of  an  arch  above 
the  springing-line. 

2.  Carp. :  The  height  of  a  step  in  a  flight  of 
stairs. 

3.  Mining :  A  perpendicular  shaft  or  winze 
excavated  from  below  upward. 

1  0)  fix  of  land :'  [UPHEAVAL). 

(2)  To  take  (or  get)  a  rise  out  of  a  person  ;  To 
get  a  laugh  at  his  expense;  to  make  him 
ridiculous.  The  expression  has  reference  to 
the  rise  of  a  flab  to  a  fly.  {Slant  Diet.) 


•  rise  (2),  •  rlsse,  s.    [A.8.  4  Icel.  hrit.]    A 
branch,  a  twig,  a  shoot,  a  sprout. 

"  Ther  he  under  rite  lith."  iafamim.  740. 

risen,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [RISE,  c.] 

ris  -er,  ».    [Eng.  ris(e),  v. ;  -er.} 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  rises. 
"  The  ile  Xx.  where  the  pallace  stands 
Of  th'  early  ritfr,  with  the  roeie  hand*." 

Chapman  :  Homer  ;  Odyttey  xii 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  The  upright  board  of  a  step. 

2.  Mining :  A  shaft  excavated  upward. 

3.  Found. :  An  opening  through  a  mould, 
into  which  metal  rises  as  the  mould  fills ;  a 
head. 

*  rlshe,  >.    [Rusa,  >.] 

rish'-i  (Eng.  pi.  rish'-is),  rtk'-hi, «.  [Sansc. 
=  a  sage,  a  saint.] 
L  Hindoo  Mythology : 

(1)  PI. :  Seven  ancient  sages  credited  with 
the  composition  of  the  Vedic  Hymns.    The 
rislii  of  a  mantra  (q.v.)  in  any  of  the  Vedas  is 
the  sage  by  whom  it  was  composed  or  recited. 
In  later  times  the  whole  Brahmanical  caste 
pretended  to  trace  their  descent  from  the  seven 
Vedic  Rishis,  but  the  Veda  itself  speaks  of 
Royal  Rishis  (Rajarshis),  who  were  probably 
of  the  Warrior  caste. 

(2)  Sing. :  Any  Brahmanical  sage  considered 
to  be  infallible.    (Banerjee.) 

2.  Hindoo  Altron. :  The  seventh  asterism  of 
Ursa  Major,  or  the  sage  to  whom  belongs  any 
one  of  its  seven  conspicuous  stars. 

ris>h  -ta,  ri>tah,  >.  [Mahratta,  Hind.,  &c. 
ritha  =  various  species  of  Sapindns.] 

Bot.t  etc.:  (1)  Sapindus  emarginatus;  (2) 
an  Indian  medicinal  oil  obtained  from  the 
Soap-nut,  S.  detergent ;  (8)  the  seed  of  Acacia, 
concinna. 

rlf-I-blT-l-ty.  «.  [Bog.  risible;  -Uy.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  risible ;  proneness  to 
laugh. 

"  How  comes  lownen  of  style  and  the  familiarity  of 
words  to  be  so  much  the  propriety  of  satyr,  that  with- 
out  them  a  poet  can  be  no  more  a  satyrist,  than  with- 
out  riribilii]/  he  can  be  a  man."— Drvden  :  Juvenal. 
(Dei) 

rls'-I-ble,  a.  [ Fr. ,  from  Lat.  risibilis  =  laugh- 
able, from  risum,  sup.  of  ru2eo  =  to  laugh.] 

1.  Having  the  faculty  or  power  of  laughing ; 
prone  to  laugh. 

"  Laughing  is  our  business ;  as  U  because  it  has  been 
made  the  definition  of  man  that  he  is  rinble."— Govern- 
ment of  Ule  Tonffue. 

2.  Exciting  laughter ;  laughable,  ridiculous. 

"  A  few  wild  blunders,  and  riliUe  absurdities."— 
Joltnton  :  Preface  to  Ail  dictionary. 

3.  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  phenomenon 
of  laughter  :  aa,  the  risible  faculty. 

ris'-I-ble-ness, ».  [Eng.  ristblt ;  -nets.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  risible  ;  risibility. 

rls'-I-bly',  adv.  [Eng.  ristoQe);  -fy-1  In  » 
risible  or  laughable  manner ;  laughably. 

rfs-I  gal-lo,  «.    [Ital.]    [REALGAR.] 

ri»  -Ing,  pr.  pur.,  a.,  &  s.    [RISE,  «.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

I  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Ascending,  mounting ;  moving  upwards. 

2.  Advancing  or  increasing  in  wealth,  power, 
distinction,  or  position  :  as,  a  rising  man. 

3.  Growing  up;  advancing  towards  maturity 
or  adult  years  :  as,  the  rising  generation. 

IL  Her. :  A  term  applied  to  birds  when  in  a 
position,  as  if  preparing  to  take  flight.  [Rous- 
ANT.] 

C.  At  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  of  that  which 
rises ;  a  mounting  up  or  ascending ;  ascent ; 
specif.,  the  appearance  of  the  sun  or  a  star 
above  the  horizon. 

2.  The  act  of  reviving  from  the  dead ;  re- 
surrection. 

3.  An    insurrection,    sedition,    revolt,   or 
mutiny ;   an    assembling   in    opposition    to 
government  or  authority. 

"  To  tmst  to  a  general  Htdif  of  the  population. -- 
Moeaulat .-  ffltt.  Sag.,  ch.  ix. 

4.  That  which  rises ;  as  a  tumour  on  the 
body. 


IL  Technically: 

1.  Naut. :  A  narrow  strake  in  a  boat,  be- 
neath the  thwarts. 

2.  Mining :  The  same  as  RISER,  II.  2. 

3.  Ship-build.  (PI.) :  Thick  planks  support- 
ing the  timbers  of  the  decks. 

rising  anvil,  s. 

Sheet-metal  Working  :  A  double  beak -iron. 

rising  arch,  s.    A  rampart  arch. 

rising-floors,  s.  pi. 

Shipbuild.  :  The  floor-timbers  which  rise 
fore  and  aft  from  the  plane  of  the  midship 
floor. 

rising  hinge,  s.  A  hinge  so  constructed 
as  to  elevate  the  foot  of  an  opening  door,  to 
avoid  the  carpet. 

rising-line,  >. 

Shipbuild. :  A  curved  line  on  the  drafts  of 
a  ship,  marking  the  height  of  the  floor-timbers 
throughout  the  length,  and  thereby  fixing  the 
sharpness  and  flatness  of  a  vessel's  bottom. 

rising-main,  s.  The  vertical  pipe  from 
a  pump  in  a  well  to  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

rising  rod,  «. 

SUam-eng. :  A  rod  in  the  Cornish  steam- 
engine  which  rises  as  tiie  cataract  piston 
descends,  by  means  of  levers ;  it  then  lift** 
catches  by  which  the  sectors  are  released,  and 
the  weights  are  enabled  to  open  or  shut  the 
equilibrium  or  exhaust  valves. 

rising  square,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  A  square  upon  which  is  marked 
the  height  of  the  rising  line  above  the  keel. 

rising-wood,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  A  timber  worked  into  the  seat 
of  the  floor  and  into  the  keel  to  steady  the 
floor-timber. 

risk,  'risque,  >.  [Fr.  risque,  from  Sp.  risco 
—  a  steep  rock,  from  Lat.  reseco  =  to  cut  back : 
re-  =  back,  and  seco  =  to  cut ;  Ital.  risico, 
risco,  risigo ;  Sp.  riesgo  =  risk ;  Low  Lat. 
risigus,  riscus  ;  Port,  risco  =  a  rock,  risk.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Hazard,  danger,  peril ;  chance 
of  harm  or  injury.    (Frequently  in  the  phrase, 
to  run  a  risk,  i.e.,  to  incur  a  hazard,  to  en- 
counter danger.) 

"  Money  out  at  Interest  runs  a  greater  ristfue  than 
land  does."— Lock*  :  On  Lowering  tke  Intereet. 

2.  Comm. :  The  hazard  or  chance  of  loss,  as 
of  a  ship,  goods,  or  other  property ;  hence, 
used  for  the  degree  of  hazard  or  danger. 

risk,  t>.(.    [Fr.  risquer;  Sp.  arrucar,  arrietgar.] 

[RISK,  S.] 

1.  To  put  in  risk  or  hazard;  to  put  to 
chance ;  to  hazard. 

"  And,  proud  to  make  his  firm  attachment  known. 
To  save  your  life  would  nobly  rtik  his  own." 

Confer :  Trut\.  MO. 

2.  To  venture  on  ;  to  dare  to  undertake  :  as, 
To  risk  a  battle. 

risk  er,  s.  (Eng.  risk;  -er.]  One  who  risk* 
or  ventures. 

"  What  courses  other  ritkert  took." 

Butter:  HudUmu.  111.  ». 

•rlsk-fnl,a.  [Eng.  risk ;  -fuHf).~\  Full  of  risk 
or  danger ;  hazardous,  risky. 

risk -ft  a.  [Eng.  risk;  -».]  Pull  of  risk; 
dangerous,  hazardous. 

"  Such  a  ritk*  matter  as  that"—  WWtie  Coliint:  The 
Jfoomtone.  pL  L,  ch.  xzl. 

n  sor  I  aL  a.  [Lat.  risus  =  laughter,  from 
rideo=.  to  laugh.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  laughter; 
causing  laughter. 

risorlal  muscle,  t. 

Anat. :  The  risorius.  usually  regarded  as  a 
part  of  the  Platysma  myoides  muscle  of  the 
cheek  which  produces  smiles.  Called  also 
Smiling  muscle. 

ri-sSt'-td,  >.    [Ital.,  from  riw  =  rice.} 

Cook. :  A  dish  consisting  of  rice,  onions, 
butter,  and  broth,  served  as  a  pottage,  instead 
of  soup,  before  dinner. 

*  rlsse,  pret.  of  v.    [Rise,  «.] 

ris   so  ite,  s.       [After  H.   Risse;    sufl*.  -iU 
(Jtfin.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  BCKATITC  (q.v.). 

Ris-so',  «.  [A.  Risso,  an  Italian  naturalist; 
he  made  the  Mediterranean  fauna  his  life-long 


ftto,  «t,  .ire,  amidst,  whit,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  jrlt,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pit, 
at,  wore,  W9H  work,  who.  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  eiir.  rttie,  rill;  try,  SfrisUi.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qu  =  kw. 


rissoa— rive 


study,  and  published  L  •Ichthyology  «*•£«*£ 
1810  and  L-Uistoire  NatunUe  de  I  Europe 
MtridionaU  in  1827.]  (See  compound.) 

Riaso's  grampus,  s. 

Zool  •  Grampus  arise**.  The  head  is  fuller 
and  rounder  than  that  of  a  porpoise,  and  its 
flippers  are  longer  and  narrower.  *"™™* 
tint  gray,  darker  above,  lighter  below,  the 
markings  on  sides  varying  considerably. 
Found  on  the  French  and  English  coasts  m 
•rammer!  probably  visiting  Africa  or  America 
in  winter. 

rls-ao'-a.  *.    [Risso,] 

ZooL*  Palceont. :  A  genus  of  .IftorinidK. 
Shell  minute,  white  or  horny,  pointed,  manj- 
whoried  '  aperture  rounded,  operculum  sub- 
rPi™  KnoPwn  species  :  recent,  about  seventy 
world- wide  in  distribution,  but  especially  from 


Bri'tainr  onward.  Forbes  and  Hanley  enume- 
rated forty-ftve  real  or  doubtful  recent  species 
as  British. 

CaB-BO'-i-dM,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  risso(a);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.) 

Zool:  A  family  of  Holostomata.  (Tatt.) 
Often  merged  in  Littorinidffi. 

ri»  so-i'-na,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  risso(a) ;  Lat.  fern, 
sing.  adj.  suBf.  -ino.) 

Zool.  *  Palaent. :  A  sub-genus  of  Bissoa. 
Aperture  channelled  in  front.  Recent : species 
•iity-six ;  fossil,  ten,  from  the  Bath  Oolite 
onward. 

ris  solo,  s.    [Fr.] 

Cook. :  An  entree  consistingof  savourymince 
of  any  kind,  enclosed  in  pastry  and  fried. 
ri'-sus,s.    [Lat=laughter.]  (See  compound.) 

rlsus  sardonlcus,  s. 

Pathol. :  A  kind  of  grin  on  the  features  in 
tetanut  It  was  anciently  attributed  to  the 
eating  of  the  Sardoa,  Sardous,  or  Sardonia 
Srtafi«..theSardonianherb,  which  had  leaves 
Separslei  and  was  sweet ;  it  may  have  been 
a  Ranunculus.  The  sardonic  grin  is  a  very 
unfavourable  symptom  in  lesion  of  the  nerves. 

rit.  ritt,  s  [Prob.  the  same  as  rut  (q.v.).]  A 
slight  incision  made  in  the  ground  with  a 
ipade.  &c. ;  a  scratch  made  on  a  board,  Ac. 
(Scotch.) 

rit  ritt.  v.t.  or  i.  (Bra,  «.]  To  make  an 
incision  in  the  ground  with  a  spade  or  other 
instrument,  as  a  line  of  direction  for  future 
delving  or  digging ;  to  rip,  to  scratch,  to  cut 
(Scotch.) 
ri'-ta,  s.  (Etym.  not  apparent] 

Ichthv. :  A  genus  of  Siluridse,  group  Bagrina, 
from  the  East  Indies.    The  region  ft,  front  of 
the  dorsal  spine  is  covered  with  a  senes  of 
scutes. 
ri-tar  dan  do,  a.    [Ital.] 

Music :  A  direction  to  play  or  sing  slower 
and  slower. 

rite  s.  [Lat.  r«iM  =  a  custom;  Fr.  rit,  rit*.} 
A  solemn  act  of  religion  ;  an  act  performed  in 
divine  or  solemn  service,  as  established  by 
law  precept,  or  custom ;  a  form,  especially  in 
religion  or  ceremony  ;  a  religious  ceremony ; 
a  ceremonial. 

"Man 
Are  gone,  or 

U  Congregation  of  Rites: 

Soman  Church:  A  Congregation  Instituted 
by  Sixtus  V.  towards  the  close  of  the  sixteen 
century.  Its  object  is  to  promote  a  general 
nniformtty  (consistent,  however,  with  the 
permission  of  innumerable  differences  of  de- 
tail according  to  the  customs  and  traditions 
of  different  nations)  in  the  externals  of  divine 
worship.  Secondarily,  it  deals  with  the 
canonisation  and  beatification  of  saint*,  and 
is  then  extraordinary.  (Addis  at  Arnold.) 

•  rite'-W  adv.    [Eng.  rite, •-!!/.]   In  accordance 

with  ritual ;  with  all  due  rites  and  ceremonies. 

rt-ten-u'-td,  a.    [Ital.] 

Music:  A  direction  to  play  or  sing  more 
ilovly. 

*  rith-«r,  «.      [BtJDDEB,] 

ri- tor -nol' -16,    ri- tor -nolle',    a. 


ritorneUe ;  Ital.  ritorneUo,  dimiu.  from  ritorno 
-.  return,  ritornare  =  to  return.] 
Kiwio:  Properly  a  short  repetition,  as  that) 
of  an  echo,  or  of  the  concluding  phrases  of  an 
ii-  especially  if  such  repetition  be  played  by 
one  or^ore  instruments,  whilst  the  principal 
voice  pauses.    The  word  is  now  generally  used 
to  denote  the  introduction  to  an  air  or  any 
musical  piece. 

p.  sis. 
« ri-trat'-to,  «.    [Ital.]     A   picture.     [B«- 

THACT,  *.] 

-A  ritratu  of  the  .hadow   of  Vanity  beraelf.  - 
Sternt:  TrtHram  Shantll/.  IT.  "" 

ritt,  v.  or  s.     [RiT,  o.  or  s.] 
rit  -tor.  «.    [Qer.]    A  knight ;  a  title  given  to 
a  knight. 

..  Th.  MO*,  «*%£*£  JnL.aS.r  «.«. 

t  rft-teV-Ic,  o.    [Seedef.]    Of  or  belonging  to 
*  tto  physfcist  Bitter,  who,  in  1801,  first  d*- 
covered  the  existence  of  Actinic  rays.    An 
old  synonym  of  Actinic  (q.v). 
rit-ting'-er-ite,  «.     [After  Here  Bittinger; 
suff.  -ite  (Mitt.).] 

Min  •  A  rare  mineral  occurring  in  small 
rhombic  tables,  with  native  arsenic,  at  Joa- 
chimstlial,  Bohemia,  and  Schemata,  Hungary. 
Crystallization,  monoclinic;  hardness,  1'6  to 
3-  lustre,  sub-metallic  to  adamantine;  colour 
varying,  dull  honey-yellow  to  hyacinth-red, 
sometimes  blackish  in  parts  ;  streak,  orange- 
vellow  Composition  notdefinitelyascertamed, 
but  consists  essentially  of  arsenic,  selenium, 
and  silver. 

rff-u-al,  •rif-u-all,  o.  *  «,    [Fr.  riM, 
from  lit   ritualis,  from  rttu»  =  a  nte;  Sp. 
ritual;  Ital.  rituale.] 
A.  As  adjective: 
1.  Oforpertainingtorites;consistingofritea, 

••  Initant  I  bade  the  priwt.  prepare 


4025 

•ri'-vage  (age  as  Ig),  «•    lFr->  from  *** 
(Lat  ripa)  =  a  bank.] 
1.  A  bank,  a  shore,  a  coast 

"  You  ataud  upon  the  rioaffe.  and  behold     t 


2.  Prescribing  or  regulating  rites. 

"  Th*,  ritual  law.  restrained  the  Jew.  from  oon- 
TOTtol  SnUllarly  with    the    heathen,    or   «nd-a 
perujnl"—  Watfrland:  Worla,  T.  US. 
B.  As  subrtantirs : 
1   A  book  in  which  the  rites   and   cere- 
monies of  a  church,  or  of  any  special  service, 
are  set  down. 

2.  The  manner  of  performing  divine  service 
in  any  particular  church  or  communion; 
ceremonial. 

"  A.  the  »I^'»e^™'bf1h^d<;e'n"to1.Lv»rt  o'f  the 
Jewish  ritual."— Bp.  Bonify:  Sermotu,  \ 

rlt-u-al  I»m,  s.    [Bng.  ritual ;  -ism.] 

1.  The  system  of  ritual  or  prescribed  form 
of  religious  worship  ;  rituaL 

2.  The  observance  of  prescribed  rites    or 
forms  in  religion. 

3.  A  name  sometimes  used  as  synonymous 
with  Tractarianism  (q.v.),  more  J><>P>nZ-H£ 

Slied  to  the  practices  of  a  section  of  High 
hnrchmen,  who  sought  to  make  the  revival 
of  Catholic  doctrine  manifest  to  the  people 
by  ornate  ritual,  and  especially  by  the  adop- 
tion of  Eucharistic  vestments. 

"  It  wa.  out  of  mch  circumstance.  .  .  . .that .what 
wa.  afterward,  ealled  RUuaUnX  took  it.  riae.  - 
Blunt :  Diet.  Sect*,  p.  1M. 

rit-u-al-itet,  a.  &  s.    [Eng.  ritual ;  -«.] 
A.  'AS  adj. :  Bitualistic  (q.v.). 

-    -          •  ««--  «" — "-.movement  con- 


2   A  toll  paid  to  the  crown  on  some  river* 
for  the  passage  of  boats  or  vessels  thereon. 

ri'-val.  s.  4  a.  [Fr.  rival,  from  Lat  rivalto, 
Snmrivus  =  *  stream,  a  river  "Properly 
those  who  dwell  on  opposite  banks  of  the 
same  river  or  stream.  Such  people  are  under 
strong  temptation  to  quarrel  about  water 
privileges  ;  hence  the  word  rivals  came  to 
mean  those  in  competition  with  each  otlier, 
and  disposed  to  quarrel  even  though  nonver 
might  be  near."  (Trench:  Study  of  Word*, 
p.  198.)  Sp.  rival ;  Ital.  rivale.] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

1  One  who  strives  to  reach  or  obtain  some- 
thing which  another  is  also  seeking  to  gain, 
and  which  only  one  can  possess  ;  a  competitor 
for  the  same  object  as  another. 

«  Hath  in  any.  but  in  h.r.  love.fellow.hip  mahj. 
tainSffri.nu.hip  between  ri«O*  I  "-m*n*l :  Arcadia, 

2.  One  who  emulates  or  strives  to  equal  or 
surpass  another  in  excellence  ;  a  competitor, 
an  emulator  :  as,  rivals  in  eloquence. 

*  3.  An  associate,  a  companion,  a  comrade 

"  If  you  do  meet  Horatio  and  Marcellui.  thertwrft 
of  my  watch,  bid  th.m  make  harte.  -OxOa^l 
Hamlet.  L  1. 

B  As  adj. :  Striving  or  seeking  to  reack 
or  obtain  the  same  object;  emulous;  stand- 
ing  or  being  in  competition  for  the  same  object. 

'•  You  are  two  rital  enemiea." 
Stokap. :  ltUM,mm*r  XioM  I  Dw*.  1-  a, 

•  rlval-natlng,  a.     Hating  any  rival; 
iealous.  » 

"  With  rival-jMtirm  enTy,  set  you  on. 

ri'-val, ».(.  Si «.    [BivAi, «.] 

A!  Transitive: 

1  To  stand  or  be  in  competition  or  rivalry 
with  another ;  to  strive  to  reach  or  gain  some- 
thing before  or  in  opposition  to. 

2.  To  strive  to  equal  or  surpass;  to  emulate. 


•  B.  Inirans. :  To  be  a  competitor  or  rival. 

"  Burgundy. 

W.  But  .ddrja.-d  tow-rd  you,  •''"'"J.r'jS^.  t 
Have  rivaf  d  for  our  daughter.     S*o*«p. .  L*<*r,  L  h 

•  ri'-val-Sss, ».    [Eng.  rival ; -ess.]    A  female 
rival. 

"  Oh,  my  happy  rivatou."— Richardion :  fa'  M*«.  iv. 
Us, 

•  ri-val'-I-t*.   •-     [Fr-    rivalUi,    from   Lat. 
rivalitatem,  aceus  of  rivalitas,  from  nvalw  = 
rival  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  a  rival ; 
rivalry,  emulation. 

2.  Association,  equality,  copartnership. 


ri' -vailed,  pa.  par.  or  o.  [BIVAL,  «.] 
ri'-val-rf,  ».  [Eng.  riwil; -r».]  The  act  of 
rivalling  ;  a  state  of  competition  or  emulation ; 
a  striving  or  effort  to  reach  or  obtain  the 
same  object  which  another  is  pursuing,  and 
which  only  one  can  possess  ;  an  endeavour  to 
excel  or  surpass  another  in  excel  nee. 

*  To  muaa  o'er  rivaJrie*  of  yore." 

Scott :  Lat  at  tit  Lait  Uirutra,  IV.  n. 


B.  As  sutat. :  A  person  attached  to  strict 
observance  of  ritual ;  specif,  one  J»*"1»°J 
motes  the  Catholic  revival  m  the  Church  of 
England.  (/.«•) 


. 

ri'-val-ship,  «.  [Eng.  rival;  -ship.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  rivals;  rivalry,  com- 
petition, emulation. 

"A  kind  of  rtnlMp  agalnrt  Thoma.  AquiMa.  - 
W<ua-tand.   Warkt.  It.  W4. 


— Blunt:  Diet.  Sectt,  p.  MO. 

rit-u-al-fof  -lo.  a.    [Eng.rtt«o!«; -«o.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  according  to  the  ritual; 
adhering  to  ritual. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  ritualists. 

rtt'-n-al-W,  adv.     [Eng.  ritual;  -!».]     By 
ritesY^y  or  according  to  any  particular  rite. 


is 

Sw.  rifm;  to  scratch  ;   Dut.  njven;  O.  H 
Ger.  riban;  Ger.  reiben.] 

A.  Trans.  :   To  split,  to  cleave,  to   rend 
asunder  forcibly. 

-  A  bolt  that  *»«(Q*»/g«g£«Bk  ,.  a 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  be  riven,  split,  or  rent 
asunder  ;  to  open. 

••  And  now-0  I  would  that  earth  _wou!d  rto. 
And  cloee  upon  me  while  alij..^    ^^  r  ^ 

•rive(2),'ryye.i'.<.   [AEWV«.]   To  sail  to; 

to  come,  to  arrive. 
rive,*.    [BivE(lX»-l    A  rift,  a  split,  a  rent, 

a  tear. 


rtvel— rivet 


[A.8.  Hertzian  =  to  wrinkle, 
»(q.v.);  Dat 


ttV-el, 

frequent,  from  rive  „...,, ._„ ,  .  _,. 

Jeltn.}  To  contract  into  wrinkles ;  to  wrinkle, 
to  corrugate,  to  pucker. 

"  While  every  worm  industrioasly  we»v<s 
And  wiuds  hla  web  above  the  rivelVd  leaves.* 

Covfvr:  Twvefcwuin,  Me. 

•rfV-el-lng(U  *ryv-el-ing,  «. 

,  v.]    A  wrinkle. 

had  uo  wera   ne   rjru*ting."—WyoHfft :   Epfit- 


'  riv  -el  Ing  (2X  «.    [RIVEL,  «.] 

•  riv-  el-Ing  (3),  ».    [Eng.  r*w(r);  dimin.  (raff. 

.]    A  little  river;  a  rivulet,  a  streamlet, 
a  brook.    (Prob.  a  misprint  for  riverling.) 

"Which,  as  nutine  flouds  from  suiAllcst  currents  flow 
Derive*  her  sweet*  to  th-  riMtinai  below." 

AraUmrU  .-  JMBMS  Aa&ssit*,  p.  Us. 

*  riV-el-lng  (3),  ..     [A.8.  rt«jij.]    A  rough 
kind  of  ahoe,  formerly  worn  by  the  Scotch,  to 
whom,  for  that  reason,  the  term  itself  was 
•ometunes  applied  in  contempt. 

"  Sam  es  left  DM  thing 
Boute  M»  rivyn  rifling* 
- 


-l  FatUical  Son,,,,  p.  tor, 

riven,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [BITE,  r.J 

•  riV-er  (1),  «.    [Bug.  nt»  (IX  T.;  <r.]   One 
who  rive*  or  rend*. 


riv'-er  (2),  "riv-ere,  t.  [Fr.  _ 

river.  The  original  meaning  was  a  shore  or 
bank,  from  Low  Lat.  riparia  =  (l)  the  sea- 
shore, a  bank,  (2)  a  river:  prop.  fern,  of  riparius 
=  riparian  (q.v. ) ;  bp.  ribera  =  a  shore,  a  sea- 
Coast;  Port.  rio«ira  =  a  meadow  near  the 
bank  of  a  river ;  ribeiro  =  a  brook ;  ItaL 
nviera  =  a  sea-shore,  a  bank,  a  river.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  I. 

2.  Fig. :  A  large  and  abundant  stream ;  a 
copious  flow. 

"  Rifert  of  water  ran  down  mine  eyes,  because  they 
keep  not  thy  law.1*— Ptalm  cxix.  134. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Geog. :  A  large  stream  of  water  flowing 
ever  a  certain  portion  of  the  earth's  surface, 
and  discharging  itself  into  the  sea,  a  lake, 
a  marsh,  or  another  river.  A  river  is  generally 
a  stream  of  considerable  size  formed  by  the 
nuion  of  several  brooks,  streams,  or  rivulets 
When  several  streams  join,  so  as  to  produce 
a  river  of  considerable  size,  this  last  fe  called 
the  principal  river,  and  tie  minor  rivers  of 
which  it  is  composed  are  called  its  tributaries 
affluents,  branches,  or  feeder*.  The  district 
drained  by  such  a  system  of  streams  or  rivers 
to  termed  a  river-basin  (q.v.).  Rivers  gene- 
rally have  their  sources  ii  springs,  or  from 
the  gradual  meltingof  thesnow  and  ice  which 
perpetually  cover  the  summits  of  the  most 
elevated  ranges  of  mountains.  The  channel 
or  cavity  in  which  a  river  flows  is  called  its 
bed,  and  the  solid  land  which  borders  the  bed 
is  its  banks.  The  termination  of  the  course 
of  a  river,  or  where  it  discharges  itself  into 
the  sea,  another  river,  Ac.,  is  called  its  mouth. 
The  following  table  shows  the  length  and 
area  of  some  of  the  principal  rivers  :— 


in-taij.pl, 


JMger      .......    2  600 


I 


.......    2  600 

Darwin  (Docent  of  Man,  pt  i.,  eh.  vJOcon. 
Bdered  rivers  as  harbours  of  refuge  for  certain 
fishes,  and  as  standing  to  the  ocean  in  the 
•ame  relation  as  islands  do  to  continents. 
<  \  ?°l  :  iMTer8  m»y  i"  some  cases  be  aided 
in  hollowing  out  their  beds  by  existing  ravines 
and  fissures,  in  others  their  whole  channel  is 
scooped  out  by  themselves.  The  most  rapid 
movement  of  the  water  is  at  the  surface,  fric- 
tion retarding  the  lower  and  lateral  ctnrente. 
A  velocity  of  three  inches  per  second  at  the 
bottom  is  sufficient  to  tear  up  fine  clay  six 
inches  per  second  fine  sand,  twelve  inches'  per 
second  fine  gravel,  and  three  feet  per  second 
stones  as  large  as  an  egg.  Hence  the  transport- 
inz  power  of  a  river  is  enormous,  especially 
when  in  flood.  The  material  carried  forward 
to  deposited  in  the  estuary  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Htream,  and  tends  to  form  a  delta  (q  v  ) 

'8ted  in  8l1  ^o'oical  periods  ; 
m  rocks 


3.  Lam:  Rivers  are  dtoiniralshed  as  navi- 
gable and  non-na\-i^able :  the  former  being 
the  property  of  the  state,  and  subject  to  state 
jurisdiction ;  the  latter  the  property  of  those 
through  whose  lands  they  flow.  Improve- 
ment* in  many  of  our  inland  uavigalile  rivei>, 
by  means  of  dam*  and  locks,  aie  now  being 
made  by  the  Government  al  public  expense. 
The  Ohio  and  some  of  its  tributaries  have  been 
greatly  improved  by  this  method  during  the 
last  few  years. 

river-basin,  s.    [BASIN,  «.,  B.  II.  2.  (6).] 

river-bed,  river-channel,..  The  bed, 
bottom,  or  channel  of  a  river 

river-bullhead,  s. 

Ickthy.:  Cottua  goliia,  the  Miller's  thumb 
(q.v.). 

river-crab,  j. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Thelphusa  (q.v.). 
river-craft,  s.     Small  craft  or  vessels 
which  ply  on  ri  vers,  but  do  not  put  out  to  sea. 
river-crayfish,  s. 
Zool.  :  Aitacus  Jluriatilit. 
river-deity,  «. 
Compar.  Belii;. :  A  river-god  (q.v.). 

"  •  !**?<<*•«»  to  let  them  cross."— Tatar.- 


river-delta,  s.    [DELTA.) 

river-dolphins,  >.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  family  Platanistidas  (q.v.)t 

•river- dragon,  s.  A  crocodile.  (So 
called  by  Milton  (P.  L.,  »i.  191),  in  allusion 
to  Ezekiel  xxix.  3.) 

river-driver, ».  A  name  given  by  lumber- 
men to  one  whose  business  is  to  conduct  logs 
down  running  streams. 

•  river-ducks,  s.  pi. 

Ornith. :  The  Anatime.    (Swrttwon.) 
river-god,  *. 

Compar.  Belig.:   A  river  personified,  and 
,  worshipped  aa  a  deity.    [WATER-WORSHIP.] 

^~°^^?e™.'1'v1ok™_^  rt»er  of  Sehertaj  - 


o  «.      e     ,< 

r:  rrtm.  Cult.  (ed.  IS'SI.  11.  Jia. 

river-hog, «. 

Z°°f-:  Tlla  genus  Potamochosrus,  sometimes 
IT  B  fu^!'-noKS-  Pata*uchana  pmteillatm  is 
the  Red  River-hog. 

river-horse,  s. 
Zool. :  Hippopotamus  amjiKibiut. 
"  They  are  the  rtwr-Aorw  and  the  crocodile,  those 


river-Ice,  s. 

Geol.,  *c. :  Ice  floating  down  a  river.  It  is 
capable  of  carrying  with  it,  or  movingforward 
not  merely  gravel  and  pebbles,  but  boulders 
of  large  size. 

river-Jack  viper, «. 

—£"£•  :  ytpera  rhinoceros,  from  West  Africa, 
The  head  is  flat,  with  a  longish  horn  on  each 
side  of  the  snout.  In  captivity  it  hi  very  irri- 
table, and  pntTs  Itself  out  and  hisses  fiercely 
when  visitors  approach  the  case  in  which  it  is 
confined. 

river-lamprey, «. 

IcKthy:  Petromyzon  fuviaKUt. 

river-limpet,  9. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Ancylos  (q.v.X 

river-meadow,  «.  A  meadow  on  the 
bank  of  a  nver. 

river  mussel,  s. 

Zool. :  The  genus  TJnlo  (q.T.> 

river  of  death,  «. 

Compar.  Religions :  An  expression  frequently 
met  with  in  anthropological  writings,  and 
derived  from  the  fact  that,  in  very  many  forms 
of  religion,  the  passage  from  the  present  to 
another  state  of  existence  is  thought  to  be 
effected  by  the  actual  crossing  of  a  river.  The 
belief  existed  in  classical  times  (cf.  Virg.  j£n 
vt  134, 145,  with  Od.  p..  22),  and  is  very  widely 
spread  among  races  of  low  culture  In  the 
present  day  (fylor :  Prim.  Cult.,  ch.  xii.,  xiilA 
Allusions  in  Christianallegory  and  hymnolofrf, 
which  seem  to  embody  this  notion,  prolably 
refer  to  the  passage  of  the  Jordan  by  the  Jews 
before  entering  the  Land  of  Promise. 


river-plain,  >.    A  plain  by  a  ri  ver. 
river-shrew,  s. 

Zool.  ;  PotamogaU  veiox. 
river-side,  s.    The  bank  or  a  nver. 
river-snail,  t. 

Zool,  :  Paiudina.  vivlpam, 
river-terrace,  s. 

Owl  •'  A  terrace  along  the  side  of  a  river. 
There  is  a  steep  clitl  a  few  yards  high  sup- 
porting  a  tiat  terrace,  corresponding  iu  appear- 
anoe  to  the  adjacent  alluvial  plain.  The 
terrace  is  apparently  horizontal,  but  really  has 
a  slope  corresponding  to  that  of  the  river. 
Sometimes  two  or  three  such  terraces  exist 
one  above  the  other.  They  are  produced  by 
the  slow  and  intermittent  upheaval  of  the 
land.  (Lyell.) 

river-tortoise,  ».    [MARSH-TOETOISE,) 
river-wall,  s. 

Itydr.^ng.  ;  A  wall  made  to  confine  a  river 
within  deimite  bounds,  either  (1)  to  prevent 
denudation  or  erosion  of  the  banks  ;  (2)  to 
prevent  overflow  of  the  land  a((jacent  •  or  (S) 
to  concentrate  the  force  of  the  stream  within 
a  smaller  sectional  area  lor  the  purpose  of 
deepening  a  navigable  channel. 

river-  water,  «.  The  water  of  a  river,  a* 
distinguished  from  spring-water,  &c. 

river-weed,  ». 

Hot.:  The  genus  Podostemon.    (Amer.) 

"  rtv'-er,  v.i.  [RIVER,  s.]  To  hawk  by  a 
river  ;  to  fly  hawks  at  river  fowl. 

*  rtv'-«r-aln,  a.  [Fr.J  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
river  ;  situated  on  or  near  to  a  river  ;  border- 
ing on  a  river. 

1  "  (^"??ni!1  5""*l«»"«t  tu  mule  .hort  work  of  the 
long.tallfed  of  rineruin  defence!  known  a»  the  Menbll 
poert.ou."-C<i«  Teinlt  No 


"  rtV-cr-et,  5.     [Eng.  rim;  s.  ;  dimin.  suff. 
•a.)    A  little  river  ;  a  rivulet,  a  stream. 

"  Whow  violet  reins  in  branched  rieereit  flow  " 
Uniylvn  :  Dttront  Wan,  TL  M. 

*  rt''-er-hood,  s.     fEng.  river,  s.  ;  -hood,] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  a  river.    IJlualt 
Miller,  in  Annandalc.) 

'  riV-er-ine,  a.    [RrvEBAni.] 

*  riV-er-ling,  «.    [Eng.  river;  dimin.  anff. 
•ting.]    A  little  river,  a  stream. 

"  AU  her  hidden  crystal!  riocrlitist  " 
H/lMer:  Du  Bfrtai,  third  d«j,  Mr.t  week.  IK 

rfv'-er-y,  a.    [Eng.  river,  s.  ;  -y.] 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  rivers;  resembling 
rivers. 

"Branched  with  rlvtry  veins,    mennderlilce  that. 

glide.  antftott:  Foln-OUi,^,  t  u. 

2.  Abounding  in  rivers. 

rtV-St,  *rer-et,  ».«.    [Rivrr  (1),  «.]    [FT. 
river.] 

i  Literally 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  rivet  or  rivets. 

.."  H»lp  greaves  and  pogldroiu  others  rita  fart." 

Drayton  :  tturont  Wart,  U. 

2.  To  clinch  ;  to  fasten  firmly. 

"In  rirtttiny.  the  pin  you  rtoct  in  should  stand  TO. 
right  to  the  place  you  rts«  it  upon.—  Moion. 

II.  Fig.  :  To  fix  or  fasten  firmly. 

"  Toll  on  from  watch  to  watch,  biddinK  my  eve 
Fastriwrted  on  solenoe.  sleei,  defy.' 

ChurckUl  :  Gotham,  ill 

riv'-6t  (1),  *  rev-et,  *  ryv-et,  s.  [Fr.  ,  from 
nver  =  to  rivet  ;  a  word  probably  of  Scandina- 
vian origin  ;  cf.  IceL  rtfa  =  to  Uck  together.] 
A  short  bolt  with  a  flat  or  rose  head,  em- 
ployed for  uniting  two  plates  or  thin  pieces  of 
material.  The  stub  end  is  swaged  to  pre- 
vent its  withdrawal.  When  used  for  joining 
pieces  of  leather,  as  in  making  belting,  an 
annular  disc,  termed  a  burr,  is  placed  over 
this  end  previous  to  swaging,  in  order  to  give 
a  greater  bearing.  Rivets  are  cut  from  round 
metal  rods,  and  formed  by  special  machinery. 
In  riveting  iron  plates  together,  as  In  boilers, 
tanks,  &c.,  the  rivet  is  made  red  .hot,  and 
while  a  sledge  is  held  against  the  head,  ttie 
end  is  swaged  down  by  striking  directly  with 
a  riveting-hammer,  or  a  species  of  die  called  a 
snap-head  Is  interposed.  In  riveting  together 
wooden  surfaces,  they  may  be  lined  with 
metallic  plate,  or  washers  may  be  placed  under 
the  head  and  the  swaged  burr,  to  prevent  the 
indentation  of  the  wood. 

"  Jtifftt  of  steel  and  Iron  clasp." 


rivet— roadster 


4027 


rivet-boy,  «.  The  boy  employed  In  the 
operation  ./riveting  K>  take  the  riveto  from 
the  furnace. 

rivet-entter,  ».  A  jaw  tool  for  cutting 
On*  Hush  the  stub  ends  of  rivets  or  bolts. 

rivet-hearth,  s.  A  shallow,  round  fuel- 
trav  mounted  on  three  legs,  aud  having  a 
circular  bellows  beneath  it  for  blowing  the  tire 
in  which  rivets  are  made  red-hot. 

rivet-joint.  t.  A  joint  formed  by  t  rivet 
or  rivets. 

TiV-et  (2),  «      [Etym.  doubtful.]     Bearded 
wiieat.    (Tusxrr:  Hvsbandric,  p.  49.) 

riv  et-er,  *.    [Eng.  rivet,  v. ;  -er.}    One  who 

rivets. 
riv  et  ing,  riv'-ett-lng,  pr.  far.,  a.,  &  s. 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  fastening  with  a 
rivet  or  rivets. 

g.  A  set  of  rivets  taken  colleotively. 

riveting-hammer,  *.  A  hammer  for 
awaMng  a  rivet  wnen  in  position.  It  has 
•  long,  flat-faced  head  and  a  narrow  peen. 

riveting-machine,  s. 

Boiler-making:  A  machine  in  which  the 
operation  of  riveting  boiler  or  other  metallic 
plates  is  performed  by  steam-power. 

riveting-set,  «.  A  punch  with  a  hollow 
fide,  used  for  swaging  the  head  of  riveta. 

riV  Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [Btvi  (1),  ».] 
rlving-knife,  «. 

Coopering :  A  frow  (q.v.). 

rivtng-machlne, «.  A  machine  for  split- 
ting wood  in  the  direction  of  the  grain ;  for 
hoops,  staves,  splints,  as  the  case  may  be. 

•ri'-TO,  interj.    [Etym.  donbtful.J    An  excla- 
mation in  Bacchanalian  revelry. 

"  Mml  «ay»  the  drunkard/— Ukatetp. .- 1  JTennr  ir, 
U.4. 

n'  vose,  a.    [Lat.  rlmt  =  a  river.] 

Zool.,  £c. :  Having  furrows  more  or  less 
sinuate  like  the  course  of  a  river. 

rf-vo-tite,  «.    [After  Prof.  Birot,  of  Paris ; 
enff.  -ite  (M in.). } 

Min. :  A  very  compact  amorphous  mineral 
of  a  yellowish  to  grayish-green  colour.  Hard- 
ness, 3-5  to  4 ;  sp.  gr.  3'55  to  S'62 ;  fracture 
uneven,  fragile.  An  analysis  yielded  :  anti- 
monic  acid,  42-0  ;  protoxide  of  ailver,  1-18  ; 
protoxide  of  copper,  39-60;  carbonic  acid, 
21-0  •  lime,  a  trace,  from  which  the  formula 
28bO5  +  4(CuO,AgO)C02  is  calculated. 

liV-tl-let,  ».    [Lat  rivulus,  dimin.  from  rims 
=;a'river.] 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  small  stream ;  •  brook,  a 

•treamlet     '' 

"  The  shade*  ...  n 

Through  which  me  to  refresh  the  gentle  rlntl  ett irnn. 
Dranton :  Hat*  Slj/iium.  Nymph.  «. 
XL    Entom. :    A    British   geometer   moth, 
Emmelesia  ajfinitata. 
TaV-n-lIn,  «.      [Mod.   Lat   rivuHd);    •*. 


riV-zered,  a.  (Etym.  doubtful.]  Half-dried 
and  salted  :  as,  rizzered  fish.  (Scotch.) 

roach  (1),  *  roche,  «.  [A.S.  reohhe,  reohche ; 
coen.  with  But.  rog  =  a  ray ;  O.  But.  roch  =  a 
skate;  Dan.  rokke  =  a  ray;  Sw.  rocka ;  Ger. 
roche ;  Lat.  raia  —  a  ray.J 

Icldhy  •  Leudfcus  rutilus,  common  through- 
out Europe  north  of  the  Alps,  aud  found  m 
great  numbers  in  the  Sea  of  Azov  and  the 
Caspian  Colour  most  brilliant  at  spawning- 
time,  .specially  in  males.  Upper  part  of  body 
bluish -green,  inclining  to  black;  sides, 
brighter,  sometimes  silvery-yellowish;  belly 
silvery-white  ;  ventrals  and  anals  red  ;  dorsal 
and  caudal  gray,  with  red  spots,  and  often 
with  a  blackish  border.  Length  about  ten 
inches,  but  large  specimens  may  measure 
fifteen.  Roach  are  gregarious,  and  associate 
with  Bream  and  Budd,  often  breeding  wi 
them.  They  are  not  much  esteemed  as  food 
fish  In  England  ;  in  Bussia  dried  roach  is  a 
national  dish,  and  the  roe  of  the  Caspian 
Boach  is  made  into  caviare,  large  quantities  of 
which  are  annually  exported. 

U  As  sound  at  a  roach :  Perfectly  sound. 
(Perhaps  a  corrupt,  of  Fr.  roche  =  a  rock.) 

"The  Roach  .pawn,  in  April  and  May  in  Prunia, 
.    *.u™  /^T^         ™j  w i«vnni.n^  what,  the  scale. 


Chem. :  A  mucilaginous  substance  obtained 
from  a  freshwater  alga,  Simla  tuberosa. 

*  riJC-a'-tlon,  «.    [Lat  rimtio,  from  rixatus, 
pa.  par.  of  rixor  =  to  brawl,  to  quarrel.)    A 
brawl,  a  quarrel. 

*  rix-a'-trta,  «.  [BIXATIOS.]  A  quarrelsome, 
brawling  woman ;  a  common  scold. 

rlx'-dol-lar,  s.  [Dan.  rijkudaalder,  rtgsdaler ; 
8w.  rikntaler ;  Ger.  reickstliaUr,  from  nichs, 
genit.  of  nich  =  an  empire,  and  thaler  =a  dol- 
lar (q.v.).] 

L  A  silver  coin  made  at  the  British  mint 
for  use  in  the  island  of  Ceylon.  It  is  valued 
at  Is.  (id.,  and  is  divided  into  twelve  fanams 
of  IJd.  each. 

2.  A  silver  coin  used  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  divided  into  eight  schillings,  and  worth 
about  Is.  6d.  sterling. 

rlz'-om,  ».    [RHIZOME.] 

Her. :  The  grain  of  oats,  agreeing  with  the 
ear  of  other  corn. 


e     oac     .paw 

Ma.  in  Austria,  aid  J»ne  ,M£  »} 
of  the  male  become  rough.  The  fnhe.  then  ••»{*)• 
ill  weedy  Places  in  shoal.,  and  eshiblt  those  lively 
moveiueiu  which  have  glren  rtae  to  the  adage,  4i 
SJ£nl  M  a  roilcft.'  It  is  not  often  «fe  to  depend  on 
inedl»™l  etymology,  but  it  had  been  .uppowd  that 
theBoacn  wi.  uusapable  of  Incoming  dlseued.  and  was 
hencYuained!  after'st.  Koch,  the  legendary  .Becula. 
f°at.'-Seelei/ :  Freik-ualtr  flAa  of  furope.  9.  US. 

roach  (2),  s.    [Etym.  donbtful.) 

Naut. :  The  upward  cnrve  of  the  foot  of  a  sail, 
made  in  order  to  clear  the  stays,  spars,  &c. 

roach  (3),  s.    [See  def.]    A  cockroach  (q.v.). 

rotten  («,  roche,  «.    Ifr.  roche  =  a  rock.] 
•LA  rock.    (Palsgrave.) 
2   Befuse  gritty  stone,  or  a  bed  in  position 
resembling  it.    The  highest  bed  in  tie  Port- 
land Oolite  is  called  the  Roach  bed.    (Kther- 
idge.) 

road,  *  rode,  *  roode,  ».  IA.8.  rdd  =  a 
Joarney,  an  expedition,  a  road,  from  rod,  pa.  t. 
of  rtdan  =  to  ride.  Raid  and  rood  are  thus 
doublets.) 

*  L  An  incursion,  an  eipedition,  a  raid. 

"  The  Scot  who  will  make  mad  upon  us." 

Shaketp  :  Htnry  Y..  1 1 

•  t.  The  act  of  riding ;  a  journey,  a  ride. 

"  With  •«>»  roadt  he  came  to  Leiceitex." 

Uluitnp. :  Bmn  rill.,  IT.  t 

a  An  open  way  or  public  pawMtge  ;  a  way 
for  passengers ;  ground  appropriated  to  public 
traffic,  and  forming  a  line  of  communication 
between  one  city,  town,  or  place  and  another 
for  foot-passengers,  vehicles,  cattle,  &c. 
Roads  are  variously  constructed,  according 
to  the  state  of  civilization  and  resources  of  the 
country  through  which  they  pass,  and  accord- 
ing to  the  nature  and  amount  of  the  traffic 
to  be  provided  for  by  them.  [MACADAM, 
ToiuiPiitA  STREET.]  As  a  generic  term  road 
includes  highways,  streets,  lanes,  &c.  The 
Romans  were  the  great  constructors  of  roads 
among  the  ancients :  their  roads  were  pave- 
ments resting  on  a  foundation  of  rough  stones 
consolidated  into  one  mass  by  liquid  mortar 
or  grout.  The  four  great  Boinan  roads  m 
Britain  were  : — 

1.  Watltng  Street ;  from  Kent,  by  way  o«  London, 
tC1°  ' 


which  the  superstructure  of  a  railway  rests 
The  substructure  of  the  way  consists  of  the 
embankment,  bridges,  piling,  ballast,  &c.,and 
supports  the  superstructure,  which  consist* 
of  the  rails,  ties,  chairs,  frogs,  crossings,  &C. 

2.  Civ.-eng.  :  In  common  roads,  the  whole 
material  laid  in  place  and  ready  for  travel. 

"  The  road  in  England  i.  alway.  well  kept,  the  roo* 
bed  i*  often  like  a  ruck."—  Burrougha  :  Pepttcton,  p.  MS. 

road-book,  «.  A  traveller's  guide-book 
of  towns,  distances,  &C. 

*  road-harrow,  s.  A  machine  for  drag- 
ging over  roads  when  they  are  much  out  of 
repair,  to  replace  the  stones,  gravel,  &e.,  dis- 
turbed by  the  traffic. 

road  -  locomotive,  s.     A  locomotive 
adapted  to  run  on  common  roads. 
road-metal,  «.  [METAL,  «.,  A.  II.  1.  0)0 
road-roller,  s.    A  heavy  cylinder  used 
for  compacting  the  surfaces  of  roads. 
road-runner,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Geocoixyi  oalifornianus.  Ita  power* 
of  running  are  so  great  that  it  is  often  hunted 
on  horseback. 

road-scraper,  «.  A  machine  for  scrap- 
ing or  cleaning  roads. 

*  road-steamer,  ».    A  road-locomotive. 

road-sulky,  ».    A  light  vehicle  or  trap 

accommodating  only  oae  person.    [SULKY,  «.] 

road  -  surveyor,  ».     A  public  officer 

whose  duty  is  to  supervise  the  roads  In  a  dis- 

trict, and  »ee  that  they  are  kept  in  good  order. 

t  road-weed,  s. 

Bet.  :  The  genus  PlanUgo,  especially  Plantajo 
major,  which  grows  on  hard  roads. 

road-worthy.  •.  Frt  for  the  road  or 
travelling. 

road,  rode,  v.t.  &  t.  [Etym.  donbtful,  per- 
hajS  from  road.  s.  (q.v.),  or  from  Lat.  nto  = 
to  revolve,  through  Fr.  roder,  or  6p.  rodear. 
Ct  Notes  o?  Queries,  6th  ser.,  iL  316.) 

A.  Tram.  :  To  rouse. 

"  Wh«n  punned  or  rotM  br  a  dog.  they  may  U 
ral»d  once  T"—  Wilton  t  Banapartt:  American  On* 
SSSy  («!.  18MI,  HL  It,  (Not«.| 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  (See  extract). 

••  A  good  retrltTer  .  .  .  who  wlU  road  or  follow  tbe 
footiSnT  of  game  weU.--*»rt<*  :  •*»•«  <>«»  * 
Sportiny  Dogl,  p.  M. 

2.  To  fly  in  a  body. 

To  ahoot  wildtool  radtna  in,  half  an  boor  after 
«th  aer.,  xL  1M. 


1.  Ikeulld  street ;  from  St.  David'.,  Wale.,  by  way 
Of  Birmingham.  Derby,  aud  York,  to  Tyiiemoutn. 
a.  Posseway  ;  from  Cornwall  to  Lincoln. 
4.  Ermin  Street;  from  St.  David,  to  Southampton. 

4.  A  place  where  ships  may  ride  at  anchor, 
at  some  distance  from  the  shore  ;  a  roadstead. 
(Generally  in  the  plural.) 

"  Peering  in  map.  for  port,  and  roadi." 

Shatap.  :  Merchant  at  Venice,  1 1. 

&  A  means  of  access  or  approach ;  a  path. 

"  Blave  to  no  sect,  who  take*  no  private  road: 
But  look,  through  Nnture  up  to  Nature  .  Ooil 

Pope:  Eftai/  on  Man,  IT.  8SL 

1(1)  Byroad:  By  walking  or  riding  along 
the  highway,  as  distinguished  from  travelling 
by  sea  or  by  ran. 

(2)  On  the  road:  Passing,  travelling. 

(3)  To  take  (he  road :  To  set  out  on  a  journey. 

(4)  To  take  to  the  road :  To  become  a  high- 
way-robber. 

road-agent, ».  A  highwayman.  (Local.) 

road-bed,  s. 

L  Rail.-cng. :   The  bed  or  foundation   un 


»  road'  -less,  o.  (Eng.  road  ;  -lea.]    Destitute 
of  roada. 

ff  often  acre*,  a  i  .siiff^M  country  a.  fan  as 
STime.'.  S^tu,  Jan.  «,  UM. 


road'  -man,  s.     [Eng.  road,  and  man.]    A 
man  who  works  upon  the  roada. 

road'-side.  s.  &  a.    [Eng.  road,  and  side.] 

A.  At  eubst.  :  The  side  or  borders  of  a  road. 

-  By  the  roa<Ude  toll  and  Perished, 
Weary  with  tbe  march  OI  life  1 

Lmafcllaa:  footttept  of  Aweli. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Situated  or  being  on  the  side 
of  a  road. 

M  Roadside  waete.  roadtiAe  paBture.  and  roatltidt 
turi  ]SSSSvtS^aj  to  the  adjoinli*  landowner." 
—  field,  Oct.  17,  1891. 

road'-Btead,  t.    [Eng.  road  and  stead.}    Th« 
same  as  ROAD,  «.,  4. 

"  Cnnes  the  nadOead.  and  with  gale. 
y  morning  lift,  the." 


„.  „. 

road'-ster,  e.    [Eng.  road;  suff.  -etcr.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1  A  horse  well  fitted  for  travelling,  or  com- 
monly employed  in  travelling,  specif,  applied 
to  a  trotter. 

2.  One  who  i«  much  accustomed  to  driving  ; 
a  coach-driver. 

3  One  who  rides  along  the  roads  instead  of 
following  the  hounds  across  country.  (Hunt 
Slang.) 

"  Once  In  a  way  the  roadaeri  and  shlrken  are  dU- 
tlnctly  favoured.  -«eW.  April  «,  19». 

4.  A  tricycle  or  bicycle  built  more  heavily 
than  one  for  racing  purposes,  to  withstand  the 
wear  and  tear  of  travelling  on  tiie  high  road. 

"  It  waa  a  .ubHantlal  roaditer."—  Held,  Dec.  «.  1884. 

II  Kant.  :  A  vessel  which  works  by  tides, 
and  seeks  some  known  road  to  await  turn  of 
tide  and  change  of  wind.  (Smyth.) 


4028 


roadway— robber 


road  -way,  •  rode'-way,  «.  [Eng.  rood,  and 
way.]  A  highway,  a  road  ;  espec.  the  part  of 
•  highway  used  by  vehicles,  horses,  &c. 

"  Never  a  mini's  thought  in  the  world  keep*  tbe 
roadway  better  than  thine."—  Shaketp.  :  %  Btnry  IV., 
1LS. 

roam,  *  ram  en,  *  rom-en,  v.i.  &  t.  [Etym. 
doubtful.  Skeat  suggests  a  theoretical  A.S. 
ram  wm  (not  found)  =  to  stretch  after  ;  hence, 
to  seek,  to  journey  or  rove  about  ;  cf.  O.  H. 
Ger.  rdnun,  rdman  =  to  aim  at,  to  strive  after. 
44  It  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  the  use  of  the 
word  was  largely  and  early  influenced  by  the 
word  Rome,  on  account  of  the  frequent  pil- 
grimages to  it  "  (Skeat).] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  wander  about  without  any 
definite  purpose,  object,  or  direction  ;  to  rove 
about,  to  ramble. 

"  How  eager  are  my  thoughts  to  roam 
ID  queet  of  what  they  lore  1  " 

Cowper  :  Otnfy  Uymnt,  ilii. 

B,  Trans.:  To  range,  to  wander,  to  rove 

"  Now  she  roonw 

:  TaA,  t.  Mo. 


The  dreary  waste. 

•roam,  s.  [ROAM,  r.J  The  act  of  roaming, 
roving,  or  wandering  ;  a  ramble. 

"  The  boondleM  apace,  through  which  these  roren  take 
Their  reetleai  roam.'        Tou*ff  :  Jftffht  TJuufktt,  Ix. 

roam  -er,  «.  [Eng.  roam,  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
roams  or  rores  about  ;  a  rover,  a  wanderer,  a 
vagrant. 

roan,  *  roane,  *  roen,  a.  &  ».  [O.  FT.  rouen 
(Fr.  roumi),  a  word  of  unknown  origin  ;  cf.  8p. 
ruano  —  roan  ;  ItaL  roano,  rovano.] 

A,  AS  adj.  :  Of  a  bay,  sorrel  ,  or  dark  colour, 
with  spots  of  gray  or  white  thickly  inter- 
spersed ;  now  generally  used  of  a  mixed  colour 
having  a  decided  shade  of  red.    (Applied  to 
hones  or  cattle,) 

"  How  shall  I  answer  ho*  and  cry 
For  ft  roan  gelding,  twelve  hcudc  high  T  " 

Butler  :  JfedUnu,  1L  1 

B.  As  substantive  : 

L  A  roan  colour  ;  the  colour  described  in  A. 

2.  An  animal,  especially  a  horse,  of  a  roan 
•olonr. 

'*  Proud,  prancing  on  his  roan." 
Byron  :  Englitk  Bard*  t  Scotch  Re*ie**rt. 

3.  Leather  :  Sheepskin  tanned  witli  sumach  ; 
the  process  is  similar  in  its  details  to  that 
employed  for  morocco  leather,  but  lacks  the 
graining  given  to  the  morocco  by  the  grooved 
rollers  in  the  finishing.    It  is  used  largely  for 
bookbinding  and  sometimes  for  shoes. 

roan-antelope,  *. 

Zool.  ;  jEgoceros  leucopKcKus,  from  the  open 
plains  of  South  Africa.  It  is  about  six  feet 
long,  forty  inches  high  at  the  shoulder  ; 
heavily  built,  with  upright  mane,  long  ears, 
and  acime  tar-shaped  horns;  hide  black,  which 
colour  reflected  through  the  ashy-gray  gives 
the  animal  its  popular  Dutch  name  Blauw-boc 
(Blue  Buck). 

roan,  s.    [ROWAN.] 

roar,  *rore,  v.i.  A  t.  [A.S.  rdrian;  cogn. 
with  M.  H.  Ger.  reren;  Dut.  reeren.  From 
the  same  root  as  Lat.  latro  =  to  bark  ;  Sansc. 
rd  =  to  bellow.] 

A*  Intransitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  cry  with  a  loud  continued  voice  ;  to 
bellow,  aa  a  beast  ;  to  shout.  (Jeremiah  ii.  15.) 

2.  To  cry  aloud,  aa  in  pain  or  distress. 

"  Thereat  he  rored  for  exceeding  peJne." 

aptntrr  :  f.  $..  I.  TliL  17. 

3.  To  make  a  loud,  continued,  and  confused 
noise,  as  the  waves,  the  wind,  a  crowd  of 
people,  or  the  like. 

"  I  am  the  Lord  thy  God,  that  divided  the  tea.  whoae 
wave*  roared."—  Itaiak  H.  15. 

4.  To  laugh  out  loudly  and  continuously  ; 
to  shout  in  laughter. 

*5.  To  act  riotously.    (ROARING-BOYS.] 
IX  ^et.  :  To  make  a  loud  noise  in  breath- 

ing.    [ROARING,  ».,  2.] 
B.   Trans.  :  To  shout  out  loudly  ;  to  cry 

aloud  ;  to  call  out  or  proclaim  loudly. 

x  Roar  these  accusations  forth." 

Skaketp.  :  \  Henry  VI.,  ill  L 

roar,  *rore,  *.    [ROAR,  v.] 

1.  A  full  loud  cry  or  noise,  as  the  cry  of  a 
beast  ;  a  shout. 

"  The  roar  of  *  whole  herd  of  lions." 

Shaketp.  :  Ttmpett.  11.  L 

f.  The  cry,  as  of  a  person  in  pain  or  distress. 
8.  A  loud,  continued,  and  confused  sound, 


as  of  the  waves,  the  wind,  a  crowd  of  persona, 
or  the  like. 

"The  ceaseless  roar 
Which  rushes  on  the  solitary  short." 

Byron  ;  Child*  Baroid,  it.  M. 

*  4.  A  tumult. 

"PerceiuinghU  enemies  day  ly  to  increase  »pon  htm, 
and  all  the  countries  about  to  be  in  »  we."—  fox  : 


fi.  A  shout  or  outcry  of  mirth  or  laughter. 

"Your  flashes  of  merriment,  that  were  wont  to  set 
tbe  table  In  a  roar."—  Skaketp.  :  Samlet,  T.  L 

roar'-er,  *.    [Eng.  roor,  v.  ;  -er.) 
J.  Ordinary  Language: 
L  One  who  roars,  shouts,  or  bawls. 

"The  roartr  is  an  enemy  rather  terrible  than  dan- 
geroos.  He  has  no  other  qualification  for  a  champion 
of  controversy  than  a  hardened  front  and  a  strong 
voice.  "—  Rambler,  No.  14. 

*2.  One  who  acts  riotously;  a  noisy,  riotous 
person. 

"  A  lady  to  torn  roarer,  and  break  glasses  !  " 

Mairingcr  :  Rentyado,  L  1 

*3.  A  wave,  a  billow. 

"  What  care  these  roaren  (or  the  name  of  king  t  '*— 

Shaketp.  :  Temp+tt,  i.  1. 

H,  Vet,  :  A  broken-winded  horse. 

"  If  a  hone  is  a  roarer  ...  he  will  usually  make  a 
grunting  noise  when  taking  a  fence."—  Stdnty  :  Book 
«/  (JU  Sorte,  p.  698. 

*  roar  -ie,  a.    [RORY.) 

roar  -ing,  *  ror-lng,  *  ror-yng,  pr.  par.,  o., 

&  t.      [ROAB,  V.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  th«  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 
L  Literally: 

1.  Shouting,  noisy. 

2.  Characterized  by  noise  or  riot  ;  riotous. 

"  A  mad  roaring  tlm*."—  Burn*  ;  O*it  Time. 

IL  Fig.  :  Going  on  briskly  ;  brisk,  active  ; 
highly  successful  :  as,  a  roaring  trade.  (Colloq. 
or  slang.) 

C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  loud,  continued,  or  con- 
fused noise  ;  a  loud  cry,  as  of  a  beast  ;  a 
about,  as  of  laughter.    (Proverbs  xir.  12.) 

2.  Veterinary: 

(1)  A  peculiar  sound  emitted  during  respira- 
tion by  some  horses.  When  of  a  chronic  type, 
it  most  frequently  arises  from  a  paralysed 
condition  of  the  dilator  muscles  of  the  left 
side  of  the  windpipe,  and  is  very  often  hered- 
itary.   (Sidney.) 

"Their  horses  make  much  muscle,  and  roaring  la 
almoet  unknown  among  them."  —  Globe,  NOT.  9,  lass, 

(2)  The  act  of  breathing  loud.    [(1)J 

^  The  roaring  game  :  Curling.    (Scotch.) 

*  roaring  -boys,  s.  pi.    An  old  name  for 

a  set  of  noisy,  riotous  ruffians,  who  infested 
the  streets  of  London  in  the  beginning  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  They  corresponded  to 
the  Mohawks  of  later  times. 

*  roar'-Ing-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  roaring;  -ly.]    In 

a  roaring  manner. 

roast,  *  rost,  *  roste,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  rostir 
(Fr.  rotir),  from  Ger.  rotten  =  to  roast,  from 
rost  =  a  grate,  a  gridiron,  or  from  Irish  roistin 
—  a  gridiron,  rosdaim,  =  to  roast,  rost  =  roast 
meat;  Gael,  rost,  roist;  WeL  rAorfio;  Bret, 
rosta  =  to  roast.] 

A*  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  Literally: 

(1)  To  cook,  dress,  or  prepare  for  the  table 
by  exposure  to  the  direct  action  of  heat,  on  a 
spit,  &c. 

(2)  To  dry  and  parch  by  exposure  to  heat  : 
as,  To  roast  coffee. 

(3)  To  heat  to  excess  ;  to  heat  violently. 

"  /toasted  In  wrath  and  fire."    Shake  tp,  :  Hamlet,  ii,  2. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  banter,  quiz,  or  chaff  severely  ; 
to  tease  unmercifully.  (Colloq.) 

"  Bishop  Atterbtiry'i  roatting  lord  Conlngsby  about 
the  topick  of  being  priest-ridden."—  Dp.  Attrrbury  : 
Xptttolary  Corretp.,  ii.  417. 

n.  Metall.  :  To  expose,  as  metallic  ores,  to 
a  protracted  heat  below  fusion,  in  order  to 
expel  sulphur,  arsenic,  carbonic  acid,  water, 
Ac.,  and  frequently  to  effect  oxidation. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  cook  or  dress  meat  by  roasting. 

"He  couile  rotte,  and  sethe,  and  broile,  and  frie." 
Chaucer:  C.  T..  ProL  tit 

2.  To  become  roasted  or  fit  for  the  table  by 
exposure  to  fire. 


roast,  s.  &  a.    [ROAST,  v.] 

A.  As  tttbst.  :  That  which  is  roasted,  as  a 
joint  of  meat  ;   that  part  of  a  slaughtered 
animal  which  is  chosen  for  roasting,  as  the 
shoulder  or  leg  of  mutton,  sirloin  of  beef,  &c. 

"  On  holy  days  an  egg  or  two  at  moat, 
But  her  ambition  never  reach  'd  to  roatt." 

Dryden  :  Cock  *  fox,  M. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Roasted  :  as,  roast  beef. 

H  *  (1)  To  cry  roast  meat  :  Not  to  be  able  to 
keep  one's  good  fortune  to  one's  self. 

(2)  To  rule  the  roast  :  To  have  or  take  the  lead 
or  mastery  ;  to  be  master  or  chief.  (Prob. 
for  to  rule  the  roost.) 

"  Suffolk,  the  new-made  duke,  that  ru/«  the  roatt." 
ShaJtttp.  :  2  Btnry  Tt^  L  L 

roast-beef  plant,  s. 

Bot.  :  Iris  fcetidissima.     [IRIS.] 

roast-bitter,  «.  A  peculiar  bitter  prin- 
ciple, contained  in  the  crust  of  burnt  bread, 
similar  to  that  produced  by  the  roasting  of 
different  other  organic  substances. 

roast  er,  s.    [Eng.  roast;  -er.] 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  roasts. 
*  2.  A  pig  or  other  animal  or  article  for 

roasting. 

"  We  kept  a  roatter  of  tbe  lacking  pig*."—  BladL 
more  :  Lorna  Doone,  ch.  L 

roast'  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [ROAST,  p.] 
roast  Ing  bed,  s. 

Metall.  :  A  floor  or  bed  of  refractory  sub- 
stance on  which  ores  are  roasted. 

roasting  -  furnace,  s. 

Metall.  :  A  furnace  in  which  ore  is  heated  to 
drive  off  the  sulphur  and  other  volatile  par- 
ticles. 

roasting-jack,  «. 

Domestic  :  An  old  fashioned  device  for  turn- 
ing the  spit  on  which  meat  was  roasted  before 
an  open  fire. 

*  r6b,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Bp.  rob,  from  Arab,  robb  = 
a  syrup  or  jelly  of  fruit.]  The  inspissated 
juice  of  ripe  fruit  mixed  with  honey  or  sugar 
to  the  consistence  of  a  conserve  ;  a  conserve 
of  fruit 

"  The  conserve  or  rather  the  rob  that  la  made  of 
them."—  Tenner  :  Via  /lecta  ad  Vitam  longam,  p.  17L 


*  robbe,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  robber,  rober. 
The  original  sense  was  to  despoil  the  slain  in 
battle,  to  strip,  to  disrobe,  from  O.  Fr.  robbe, 
robe  =  a  robe  ;  so  Eng.  reave  (bereave)  is  formed 
in  a  similar  manner,  from  A.S.  redf=  clothing; 
O.  8p.  roWr;  Sp.  robor;  O.  H.  Ger.  rouion, 
roupon;  Ger.  rauben;  Dut.  raven,} 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  deprive,  strip,  or  plunder  of  anything 
by  unlawful  force  or  violence,  or  by  secret 
theft;  to  strip  or  deprive  of  anything  by 
stealing  ;  to  deprive  unlawfully. 

"  Thel  robbiden  hym  and  woundiden  hym  and  wen- 
ton  awey."—  tt'ycliffe  :  Luke  x.  SO. 

2.  To  plunder,  to  pillage  ;  to  steal  anything 
from, 

"  Like  a  thief  to  come  to  rob  my  grounds," 

Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  VI..  IT.  10. 

3.  To  deprive,  to  strip. 

"  That  all  the  rest  it  sevm'd  they  robbfd  ban 
Of  bounty,  aud  of  beautie,  aud  all  virtues  rure." 

Spenter  i  F.  «.,  HI    vi.  4, 

*  4.  To  steal. 

"  To  roft  love  from  any." 
Shaketp.  :  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  L  S. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  steal,  to  plunder,  to  pillage. 

"  Hen  and  women  sloub,  and   robbed    thrugb  the 
laud."  Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  SB. 

*  rob-altar,  *.    A  sacrilegious  plunderer. 
rob'-and,  rob'-bin,  s.    [For  rope-band.] 

Naut.  :   A  piece    of    plaited   rope,    called 
sennit,  used  for  fastening  the  head-rope  of  a 
sail  to  the  jackstay  ;  a  rope-band. 
Rob  -ben  Is  land  (s  silent.)    [See  def.] 

Geog.  :  An  island  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
used  as  a  penal  station. 

Robben  Island-snake,  «. 

Zool.  :  CoroneUa  phocarum. 
r6V-ber,  *  rob-bour,  *.    [O.  Fr,  robbeur.] 

[ROB,  V.I 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  One  who  robs  or  steals  from  another; 
one  who  commits  a  robbery  ;  a  thief. 

"  Who,  turning  to  the  robber  bund. 
Bade  (our,  the  bravest,  take  the  brand.' 

Scott  :  Rokeby,  HL  SI. 


fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  f&U,  father ;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or   wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son:  mate.  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


robberdsman— robustly 


4029 


__  — 

2  One  who  takes  that  to  which  lie  has  no 
rieht  •  one  who  strips  or  deprives  another  of 
anything  by  violence  or  wrong. 

IL  Law:  One  who  takes  goods  or  money 
from  the  person  of  another  by  force  or  threats, 
»nd  with  a  felonious  intent. 

robber-crab,  s. 

Zoril.  :  Birgus  latro.    [BlROUS.] 

•  rob  berds-man,  *  rob-bers-man,  «. 

[ROBERDSMAN.] 

r6b'-ber-y,  •  rob-er-le.».    [O.  Fr.  roberie.} 

1   Ord.  Utng.  :  The  act  or  practice  of  rob- 

bing or  of  taking  anything  from  another  by 

violence  or  wrong  ;  a  plundenng,  a  pillaging  , 

theft. 


g   taw  :  (See  extract). 

»  The  felonious  and  forcible  taking,  from  th  e  per.o 


rob  -ert,  «.    (.HEBB-ROBERT.) 
R6b-er-tln,RSb-er-tine,«.    [Seedef.] 

Church  Hist.  :  One  of  an  order  of  monks,  80 
named  after  Robert  Flower,  the  founder, 
A.D.  1187. 

rSb'-In,  ».    [A  familiar  dimin.  from  Robert.} 
[JACKDAW.] 

1.  The  Redbreast  (q.v.). 
*  2   A  trimming  on  the  front  of  the  dress. 


rSb'-In-ine,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  robin(ia);  -int  I 


Comment.,  bk.  lv..  ch.  17. 

r8b-bln(l),s.    [Ceylon.] 

Comm. :  The  name  given  to  the  package  m 

which  Ceylonese,  &c.,  dry  goods  as  pej-per, 

are  imported.     The  Malabar  robbm  of  rice 

weighs  84  Ibs.    (Simmonds.) 
rob  bin  (2),  >.    [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  spring 

of  a  carriage.    (Simmonds.) 

r8b'-bta(3), ».    [RoBAND.] 

robe.  t.  [Fr.,  from  M.  H.  Ger.  rout,  roup; 
OH.  Ger.  raup;  Ger.  raub  =  booty,  spoil  a 
garment;  cogn.  with  A.S.  r«V-sP?'1'  clorr" 
ing:  Icel.  rouT=  spoil;  Itel.  &  O.  Sp.  roba, 
8p.  ropa  ;  Port,  roupa.] 

1  A  kind  of  gown  or  long  loose  dress  worn 
over  other  dress,  especially  by  persons  in 
high  position,  or  engaged  in  any  ceremonial, 
ordinance,  or' rite ;  a  gown  of  state  or  office 
as  of  judges,  priests,  &c.  ;  a  gown  or  dress  of 
a  rich,  flowing,  or  elegant  style  or  make. 


2  A  dressed  buffalo  skin.  A  pack  of  robes 
is  ten  skins  tied  in  a  pack,  this  being  the 
state  in  which  they  are  brought  to  market. 

H  Master  of  the  Robes:  An  officer  of  the 
royal  household,  whose  duty  is  to  order  and 
supervise  the  robes  of  the  sovereign.  Under 
him  are  several  officers,  as  a  clerk  of  the 
robes,  a  yeoman,  three  grooms,  a  page,  a 
brasher,  a  furrier,  a  sempstress,  a  laundress, 
a  starcher,  and  a  standing  wardrobe-keeper, 
at  Windsor  Castle,  St.  James's,  and  Hampton 
Court  palaces,  fcc.  Under  a  queen  the  duties 
are  performed  by  a  Mistress  of  the  Robes 
who  is  the  highest  in  rank  of  the  ladies  in  the 
service  of  the  queen.  (English.) 

5  Gentlemen  of  the  robe  (or  of  the  long  robe) : 
Barristers. 

robe-maker,  «.  A  maker  of  official 
robes  for  judges,  the  clergy,  barristers,  mem- 
tiers  of  a  university,  &C. 

robe,  r.t.  &  i.    [ROBE,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

i  Lit. :  To  invest  with  a  robe  or  robes  ;  to 
dress  with  magnificence  ;  to  array. 

"  Lying  robed  and  crowned, 


^  (1)  Robin  run  in  the  hedge : 

Bot. :  Kepeta  Glechoma. 

(2)  Round-robin :    [ROUNDROBIN]. 

Robin  Goodfellow,  s.  A  "drudging 
fiend,"  and  merry  domestic  fairy,  famous  for 
mischievous  pranks  and  practica  jokes.  At 
nieht-time  he  will  sometimes  do  little  servmes 
fof  the  family  over  which  he  presides.  The 
Scotch  call  this  domestic  spirit  a  brownie  ; 
the  Germans,  kobold  or  Knecht  Ruprecht. 
The  Scandinavians  called  it  :Nisse  God-dreng. 
Puck,  the  jester  of  Fairy-court,  is  the  same. 


it.1.' 

Robin  Hood,  s.    A  celebrated  outlaw  in 
thVreisn  of  Richard  I. ;  hence,  a  character  m 
May-day  and  other  games. 
robin-redbreast, «.    [REDBREAST.] 
robin-ruddock,  >.    The  robin-redbreast . 

robin-wake,  s. 

Bot. :  The  same  as  WAKE-ROBIN  (q.v.). 
robin's  pincushion,  «.    The  bedeguar 
of  the  dog  rose. 

r»b'-.-net  (!),».    [Fr.] 

Steam-eng. :  A  term  for  some  of  the  cocks  of 
the  steam-engine,  as  the  gauge,  brine,  and  trial 
cocks. 

•  rob'-I-n6t  (2), 
«.  [Eng.  robin ; 
dimin.  suff.  -et.] 

1.  A  robin-red- 
breast 

"The    mayit,    merl, 

and  robinet. 
Drayton :  itut't  Ety- 
«ium.  Nymph.  Till 

2.  Old  Arm.:  A 
military  engine  for 
hurling  darts  an* 
stones. 


ROBINET. 


1L  Fig- :  To  clothe,  to  dress,  to  invest,  to 
cover :  as,  The  fields  are  robed  with  green. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  put  on  robes  ;  to  array 
one's  self  in  a  robe  or  robes. 

•  r»b'  -  erds  -  man,  *  rob  -  berds  -  man, 
*  rSb'-erts-man,  s.  [Said  to  be  named 
after  Robin  Hood,  the  celebrated  outlaw  of 
Sherwood  Forest.]  In  the  old  statutes,  a 
term  applied  to  any  bold  robber  or  night  thier. 
In  Piers  Plowman  they  are  termed  Roberdes 
knaves. 

"  Koobertmen,  or  Keblieriitmen,  were  a  sort  of  peat 
thieves  mentioned  In  the  statutes  (5  Edw  8  *c->  .  .  . 
of  whom  Coke  says,  that  Robin  Hood  lived  m  the 
reign  of  King  Richard  I.,  on  the  border,  olBn«l»nd 
and  Scotland  by  robberv,  burning  of  houses,  rapn 
and  gpoll.  Ac.,  and  that  these  Robberdtmen  took  name 
I.'  Law  Dictionary. 


rob' -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [ROBE,  u.] 

robing  room,  s.  A  vestiary;  a  room 
where  robes  of  state  or  ceremony  are  put  on 
or  off :  as,  a  judge's  roUng-room. 

ro-bln'-a-a,  ».    [Named  after  John  Robin,  a 
tt-eMh  botanist,  herbalist  to  Henry  IV.) 

1  Bot  •  A  genus  of  Galegese.  North  Ameri- 
can tree's',  bearing  deciduous,  pinnate  leaves, 
atd  nodding  racemes  of  white  or  roseate 
flowers  ;  calyx  with  five  lanceolate  teeth,  the 
two  upper  approximate;  legume  many-seeded 
RobinmPseudacacia,  a  native  of  the  United 
Staters  the  Bastard  or  False  Acacia,  called 
in  America  the  Locust-tree.  It  is  from  fifty 
to  eighty  feet  high,  with  loose  racemes  of 
fragrant  flowers.  The  leaves,  root,  and  mne 
bark  are  sweet.  The  wood  is  hard  and 
durable,  and  used  for  trenails.  In  the  south 
of  France  it  is  grown  to  furnish  vine  props. 
R.  £™ida  is  the  Rose  Acacia  of  the  Southern 
United  States. 

2.  Palaobot. :  Found  in  the  European  Plio- 
cene. 

ro-bln'-Ic,  o.    [Mod.  Lat.  robin(ia,);  -tc.]  De- 
rived from  Robinia  Pseudacada. 
robinic  acid,  s. 

Chem  •  An  acid  found  in  the  root  of  Robinia 
Pseudacatw..  It  forms  a  syrupy  mass,  but 
becomes  crystalline  in  contact  with  absolute 
alcohol. 

ro-bln'-Mn,  a.      [Mod.  Lat  robing);  -in 
(C/iem..).] 

Chem  •  A  yellow  colouring  matter  found  U 
the  wood  of  Robinia  Pseudacacia.  Obtained 
by  precipitating  the  aqueous  decoction  with 
basic  acetate  of  lead,  and  decomposing  the 
precipitate  with  sulphydric  acid. 


--,  .  .       . 

CACTI.  :  QsHsoOie.  A  yellow  colouring 
matter  found  in  the  blossom  of  Robinia  Pseud- 
acada.  To  extract  it,  the  recently-gat  Jiereil 
flowers  are  boiled  in  water,  filtered,  the  filtrate 
evaporated,  and  the  residue  repeatedly  ex- 
hausted with  boiling  alcohol.  It  crystallize* 
in  delicate  straw-yellow  crystals  having  a  silky 
lustre,  melts  to  a  yellow  liquid  at  195  ,  i» 
slightly  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  insolu- 
ble in  ether,  but  dissolves  readily  in  alkalis 
and  alkaline  carbonate.  Its  aqueous  solution 
is  coloured  dark  brown  by  ferric  chloride,  and 
it  reduces  cupric  oxide  in  a  boiling  alkaline 
solution. 

robinine-sugar,  «. 

CUm.:  Ci3H10Oj(?).  A  sweet  brown  syrup, 
obtained  by  heating  robimne  with  dilute  acids. 
It  does  not  crystallize,  smells  of  caramel  when 
heated,  and  yields  with  nitric  acid  a  large> 
quantity  of  picric  acid. 

ro'-ble,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot  <*c.  :  Wood  for  shipbuilding,  from  •> 
Bignoniad,  Catalpa  longissima,  and  Plalymis- 
cium  platystachyum,  one  of  the  Dall/ergieB. 

*  r8b  «V  da'-vy,   s.     [Etym.   doubtful  ;    ct 
rod,  s.]    A  drink  so  called. 

"  Sherry  »or  *f  •*~£g**££&4M( 

«  r&b'-or-ant,  o.  &  ».  [Lat.  rriborans,  pr.  par. 
of  r<*oro  =  to  make  strong,  from  rot>ur  = 
strength.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Strengthening. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  strengthening  medicine  ;  » 
tonic. 

*  rSb'-6r-ate,  v.t.    [I/at,  roboratvt,  pa.  par.  of 
ro(>oro  =  to  make  strong.]    To  make  strong; 
to  give  strength  to  ;  to  strengthen,  to  confirm, 
to  establish. 

"  AnH«nt  Drivlleaes  .  .  .  whtch  herein  are  robor*te& 

niSSSaS?-jKl»:  BM.  camirf*..  u.  M. 

*  r8b-6r-a'-tion,  s.     [Low  Lat.  roboratio.) 
[RoBOBATE.]    The  act  of  strengthening,  con- 
firming, or  establishing. 

*  rf-bbr'-S-an,  *  ro-bbr'-S-ous.  a.    [Lat. 
roboreus,  from  robur  =  strength,  also  an  oak.) 
Made  of  oak  ;  strong. 

ro'-bur  ».  [Lat.  =  C1)  hardness,  strength,  (2) 
the  common  oak,  Quevcus  robur.}  (See  etym- 
and  compound.) 

Robur  Carol!  or  Carolinum,  s. 

Astron  •  King  Charles's  Oak,  a  southern 
constellation,  formed  by  Halley  in  1676  from 
a  portion  of  Argo  Navis. 

ro  bust',  o.  [Fr.  minute,  from  Lat.  nbutv* 
=  stong,  from  O.  Lat.  rota  ;  Lat.  robur  = 
strength  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  robtafo.] 

1  Possessed  of  great  strength;  strong, 
lusty,  sinewy,  muscular,  vigorous. 

"  A  robuit  bolaterous  rogue  ,knockt  him  down.  — 
JT^nTiSi^..  bk.  1.,  I  ilT.  let.  J2. 

2.  Indicating  great  strength  and  vigour. 

••  Hi«  robuit,  dliteuded  cheit.'' 

Toung  :  Paraphratt  o/Jao. 

3.  Sound,  vigorous  :  «s,  robust  health. 

4.  Requiring  vigour  or  strength  :  as,  robiut 
employment. 

«  5.  Violent,  rough,  rude. 

"  Romp-loving  mtw 
U  b»»l'd  .bout  in  •%S3£*S$lmm.  ,„. 

»ro-bust'-lous(iasy),a.  [Bng.  robust  ;  -io««.J 
1.  Robust,  strong,  vigorous,  stout,  sturdy. 

"  TheM  redundant  locki,    B 


2.  Rough,  boisterous. 


o 

fo^ce  or  vigVur;  stontly,  sturdily,  roughly, 
boisterously. 

••  If  they  come  In  rotoitilouat  .  ..  •™™!:'M  '" 
the  brave?  (ellowi."-Ben  donjon  .'  DiKootria. 

•  ro-bust  -ious-ness  (i  as  y),  •  ro-bust  - 


Religion,  slg.  s.  1 


brfy  ;  p6ut.  J6>1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9nln-  bench; 

-tlan  =  shaa.    -tlon,  -«ion  =  shun  ;  -tion,  -f  Ion  =  zhun. 


-clous.  -t 


4030 


robustness— rook 


FO-bfisf  -ness.  s.  [Eng.  robust;  -iKsi.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  robust  ;  muscular 
strength  or  vigour  :  tlie  condition  of  the  body 
when  in  full  flesh  and  sound  health. 

"Beef  may  confer  a  rufi'ittnrit  on  my  son's  liinti<. 
but  will  hebetate  hla  In  tellectuals/'—.ir&uMnoii/'o;*'. 

•  ro  bfist'-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  rotnst;  -oils.]  Ro- 
hust.  (Dryden:  Don  Sebastian,  i.  1.) 

rfio,  rukh,  s.    [Arab,  rukh  ;  see  def.] 

Arab.  MytJiol.  :  A  huge  white  bird,  one  claw 
of  which  is  as  big  as  the  trunk  of  a  large  tree, 
and  capable  of  carrying  off  an  elephant  and 
devouring  it.  Adolf  Erman  suggests  that 
the  fossil  tusksof  llhinoceros  tichorhinus,  winch 
have  a  faint  resemblance  to  the  hill  of  a 
gi'.Miitic  bird,  created  the  idea  of  the  roc, 
which  would  then  technically  be  a  myth  of 
observation. 

roc  am  bole,  t  rok  am  bole,  >.  [Fr. 
rocambole;  Ital.  &  Sp.  rocantbola  ;  Sw.  racken- 
toll  ;  Oer.  rockenabolle  =  rye-bulb  :  rocken  = 
rye,  and  bolle  =  bulby,  because  it  ia  bulbous 
and  grows  among  rye.J 

Sot.  <t  Hort.  :  (1)  Allium  Scorodoprasum,  a 
plant  with  bulbs  like  garlic,  but  with  the 
cloves  smaller.  It  is  used  for  the  same  pur- 
poses as  the  shallot,  garlic,  &c.  A  native  of 
Denmark,  not  much  cultivated  in  England. 
(2)  Allmm  OpMoscorodon,  from  Greece.  Some- 
times the  two  are  considered  to  be  identical. 

•*OO-ceT-la,  «.  [Port,  roan  =  a  rock.  Named 
from  the  place  of  growth.] 

Sot.  :  A  genus  of  Usneidse.  Dull  gray  lichens, 
with  a  peltate  disc,  open  from  the  front,  and 
seated  on  a  carbonaceous  stratum.  They 
grow  on  rocks  by  the  sea.  Roccella  tinctori'a 
is  the  Archil,  Orchil,  or  Orchella  lichen.  K. 
factformis,  used,  like  the  former,  for  a  dye- 
plant,  is  less  valuable.  They  occur  in  the  ex- 
treme south  of  England. 

jroc-9el-Ian'-n-ide,  s.  [Eng.  ro<xca(ic); 
aniline),  and  suff.  -ids.] 

Hy/Otf'  ) 
USa  N2. 


Chem.  : 


Phenyl-roccellaimde.  A  crystalline  body  ob- 
tained by  heating  roccellic  acid  with  an  excess 
of  aniline,  distilling,  and  treating  the  black 
residue,  left  in  the  retort,  with  alcohol.  It 
forms  colourless  laminee,  melts  to  a  colourless 
liquid  at  53',  is  insoluble  in  water,  ammonia, 
and  hydrochloric  acid,  but  soluble  in  alcohol. 

roc-oel'-lio,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  rococo);  -ic.] 
Contained  in,  or  derived  from  plants  of  the 
genus  Roccella. 

roccellic  acid,  i. 

Chem.  :  CtfHjaO.  =  ^I'gao0:!)"  j  Q2.  A. 
fatty  acid  discovered  in  1830  by  Heeren  in 
Roccella,  tinctoria,  and  other  sjiecies  of  the 
same  genus.  It  crystallizes  in  white  rectangu- 
lar four-sided  plates,  or  in  short  needles,  melts 
at  132°  to  a  colourless  liquid,  is  tasteless,  in- 
soluble in  water,  slightly  soluble  in  boiling 
alcohol,  but  very  soluble  in  ether.  It  is  very 
slightly  affected  by  reagents,  but  it  decom- 
poses carbonates.  The  roccellates  of  the 
alkali  metals  are  soluble  in  water.  The  barium 
salt,  C]7H3<iBa"O4,  is  a  bulky  white  powder, 
slightly  soluble  in  boiling  wa'ter,  insoluble  in 
Alcohol.  The  silver  salt,  Ci7H3,)Ag.2O4,  ob- 
tained by  precipitation,  is  a  white  amorphous 
•mass,  which  darkens  on  exposure  to  ligljt. 

roccellic  anhydride,  s. 

Chem.  :  C^HanO^.  A  faintly  yellow,  neutral 
oil,  obtained  by  heating  roccellic  acid  to  be- 
tween 220°  and  280%  mixing  the  brown  mass 
with  dilute  soda-ley,  and  treating  with  ether. 
It  dissolves  easily  in  hot  alcohol  and  in  ether. 

roc-ceT-Un  in,  s.    [See  def.] 

Cktrn.  :  C18HWO,  (?).  A  crystalline  sub- 
stance extracted  from  KocceUa  tinctoria  by 
hydrochloric  acid  and  boiling  alcohol.  It 
forms  a  mass  of  silky  needles,  insoluble  in 
water,  slightly  soluble  in  cold  alcohol  and 
«ther,  but  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol.  Hot 
nitric  acid  converts  it  into  oxalic  acid, 

•  reoh,  v.t.  (Ft.  rochi  =  a  rock.)  To  harden 
like  a  rock. 

"  That  winter's  coldoease  thee  river  harulye  roch'.ny" 
Stanyhurtt  :  Conceuet,  f.  at. 

'  roohe  (1),  >.    [Fr.J    A  roach. 
•roche  (2),  «.    [Pr.J    Aroek. 


roche  alum,  i. 
rocho-lime,  s.    Quicklime. 
roches  moutonnebs,  ».  pi. 

Ceo?.  :  Projecting  eminences  of  roe*  which 
have  been  smoothed  and  worn  into  the  shape 
of  flattened  domes  by  a  glacier  passing  over 
them.  They  are  called  moutonnees  because 
their  small  rounded  bosses  resemble  the  backs 
of  a  flock  of  sheep. 

R.6  chelle  ,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog.  :  A  fortified  sea-port  of  France,  the 
capital  of  the  department  of  Charente-In- 
ferieure. 

Rochello-  powder,  s.  [SEIDLITZ  -  POW- 
DER,] 

Rochelle  salt,  i.    [SODIO-POTASSIC  TAR- 

TRATK.J 

roch  -et  (1),  «  ro^h'-St,  t.  [fr.  rochet,  from 
O.  H.  Ger.  rocA, 
hroch  (Ger.  rocfc)  = 
a  coat,  a  frock  :  cf. 
Ir.  rocan  =  a  man- 
tle, a  cloak  ;  Gael. 
rochall.] 

1.  An  ecclesias- 
tical garment  of 
fine  white  linen, 
differing  from  the 
surplice  in  being 
shorter,  and  open 
atthesides.  Itwas 


p 
bi 


formerly  worn  by 

riests  and  acolytes,  but  is  now  worn  by 
ishops  under  the  chimere. 

"  The  racket  ia  also  derived  from  the  albe  .  .  .  Ai 
the  surplice  is  an  augmentation  of  the  albe.  BO  the 
rvcktt  i<  adiminutioti  of  the  Mine  .  .  .  being  ahorter. 
and  either  with  tighter  sleeve*,  or  without  sleeves. 
It  U  well  known  that  the  clergy  and  bishop*  were 
required  formerly  by  the  decree*  of  Synods  to  wear 
their  atbes  constantly;  henoe  therocAetj,  which  were 
merely  reduced  albas,  were  introduced  from  reasons  of 
commodity  .  .  .  They  were  also  worn  by  cantors  and 
canons.  also  by  choir  children."—  Puffin  :  Otou.  Etxlet. 
Ornament  A  Coitume. 

"2.  A  bishop. 

"  Wringing  the  collective  allegory  of  those  seven 
angels  Into  seven  single  rochett.  —  MUton:  Retuunttf 
Church  Oooernmtnt,  ok.  L,  ch.  r. 

*  3.  A  loose  round  frock  or  upper  garment, 
the  original  of  the  ecclesiastical  vestment. 

*  ro9h-et  (2),  a.    [Mid.  Eng.  roche  =  a  roach  ; 
diinin.  sutt  -et.]     A  kind  of  tlsh,  by  some 
taken  for  the  roach,  by  others  for  the  piper- 
fish,  one  of  the  gurnards. 

"  Of  rocket*,  whitings,  or  common  fish." 

Brotme:  Britannvu  Pattoralt,  ILL 

*  ro9h'-ette,  i.    [ROCHET  (IX  t.] 

roch  Ing,  o.  [Etym.  doubtful.  Prob.  from 
Fr.  roclte  =  a  rook  (q.v.).]  (See  compound.) 

rochlng  -  cask,  s.  A  wooden  cistern, 
lined  with  lead,  in  which  alum  is  crystallized 
after  having  been  previously  dissolved  in  water 
or  by  the  action  of  steam. 

roch-le'd'-er-ite,  s.  [After  Herr  Rochleder: 
suff.  -ite  (Mm.).] 

Min.  :  A  resinous  substance  originally  ex- 
tracted by  alcohol  from  melanchyme  (q.v.). 
Colour,  reddish-brown  ;  transparent  to  trans- 
lucent ;  melting  point,  100°.  Composition  : 
carbon,  76-79  ;  hydrogen,  9-06;  oxygen,  14  '15 
=  100.  Found  also  in  large  masses  in  the 
lignite  of  Zweifelsreuth,  Eger,  Bohemia. 

rock  (1),  "rocke  (l),  *rok,  *  rokke  (l),  ». 
[Icel.  roJ*r  =  a  distaff;  Sw.  rock;  Dan.  rok; 
O.  H.  Ger.  roecho  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  rocke;  Ger. 
rocken.  Prob.  from  Dan.  rokke  =  to  rock 
(q.v.).]  A  distaff  used  in  spinning;  the  staff 
or  frame  about  which  flux,  wool,  &c.,  is 
arranged,  from  which  the  thread  is  drawn  in 
spianing. 

"  With  her  roe*e,  many  a  knocke 
Slw  gave  him  on  the  crown,.." 

Sir  T.  More  :  Serjeant  i  Frere. 

rock  (2),  •  rockc  (2),  •  roohe,  *  rokke  (2), 
t.  [0.  Fr.  rake,  roclte,  roc,  from  Irish  &  Gael. 
roc  =  a  rock  ;  Bret,  roch.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

L,  Literally  : 

(1)  A  large  mass  of  stony  matter  ;  a  large 
fixed  stone  or  crag  ;  the  stony  matter  which 
constitutes  the  earth's  crust,  as  distinguished 
from  clay,  sand,  gravel,  peat,  <tc. 

"  Down  his  wan  cheek*  briny  torrent  flowm. 
So  silent  fountains,  from  a  root's  tell  he.vl." 

Pope  :  Homer;  /Had  ix.  14 


(2)  In  the  same  sjnse  as  II. 

(3)  A  stona  of  any  size  ;  a  pebble.    (CoUoo> 
or  humorous.) 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  cause  or  source  of  peril  or  disaster 
(from  vessels  being  wrecked  on   rocks) :  as, 
This  is  the  rock  on  .vhieh  he  split. 

(2)  A  defence  ;  a  means  of  safety  or  protec- 
tion ;  an  asylum,  a  refuge.    (Scriptural.) 

"  They  remembered  that  God  was  their  roc*."— 
Piatm  Ixxviii.  85. 

(3)  A  kind  of  hard  sweetmeat 

(4)  The  same  as  ROCK-PKIEOS  (q.v.)t 

"  Being  a  bit  slow  In  firing  a  tist  rock  escaped  him.* 
-Field,  April  i.  1955. 

IL  neol. :  Any  portion  of  the  earth's  crnst. 
coherent  or  incoherent,  any  sedimentary 
stratum  or  any  dyke  or  overlying  mass  of 
volcanic  or  plutonic  mineral  matter.  The 
older  writers  drew  a  distinction  between  rocks 
and  soils.  Both  are  now  regarded  as  rocks. 
So  are  blown  sand,  silt,  mould,  and  peat ; 
though  the  last  is  soft,  spongy,  and  of  veget- 
able origin.  AVere  the  vegetable  character  to 
exclude  it,  coal  would  have  to  be  omitted  too. 
Most  rocks,  originally  soft,  have  become  hard 
and  compact  by  losing  their  moisture,  and 
being  subjected  to  pressure.  As  a  rule  a  rock 
is  not  a  bed  of  some  simple  mineral.  In  most 
cases  there  are  crystals  cemented  together  by 
imperfectly  crystalline  or  amorphous  matter, 
or  there  is  a  mixture  of  angular  and  rounded 
grains,  also  bound  together  by  mineral  matter. 
[MINERAL.]  Viewed  as  to  composition,  there 
are  three  leading  classes  of  rock  :  Siliceous 
or  Arenaceous,  some  formed  of  loose  sand, 
others  of  hard  sandstone,  with  all  intermediate 
grades  ;  Argillaceous  rocks,  i.e.  rocks  of  clay, 
or  more  specifically  having  one-fourth  alumina 
to  three-fourths  silica  ;  and  Calcareous  rocki 
composed  chiefly  of  carbonate  of  lime,  some 
of  them  proved,  anil  most  of  the  others  sus- 
pected, to  be  originally  composed  of  various 
orgauisms.  Viewed  as  to  their  origin,  Lyell 
long  recognized  four  kind  of  rocks  :  Aqueous 
or  Sedimentary,  Volcanic,  Metamorphic,  and 
Plutonic  (all  which  see).  A  llfth  category 
has  now  been  superadded,  viz.,  Aerial  or 
jEolian,  formed  by  the  action  of  wind. 
Aqueous,  JSolian,  aud  Metamorphic  rocks  are, 
as  a  rule,  stratified ;  Volcanic  and  Plutonic 
rocks  generally  unstratified  :  the  last  two  are 
called  igneous.  Some  stratified  rocks  are  un- 
fussiliferous,  others  fossiliferons.  For  the 
stratigraphical  or  chronological  order  of  thtj 
latter,  see  Fossiliferous.  Much  light  has 
recently  been  thrown  on  the  composition  and 
origin  of  rocks,  by  subjecting  thin  sections  of 
them  to  microscopic  examination.  [GBOLOQV.] 

^  Rock-cork  =  Mountain-cork ;  Rock -milk 
=  Mountain-milk  ;  Rock -soap  =  Oropwn  ; 
Rock-oil  =  Petroleum. 

IT  On  the  rocks :  Quite  out  of  funds  ;  iu  want 
of  money 

rook-alum,  s. 

Min.  :  Sometimes  applied  to  the  massive 
form  of  alum.  [Cf.  Rock  Salt.) 

rock  basin,  s. 

deal. :  (I)  A  hollow,  shaped  more  or  less  like 
a  basin,  in  a  rock.  It  may  have  been  scooped 
out  by  a  glacier  ;  (2)  A  basin  in  a  rock  pro- 
duced apparently  by  the  movement  of  gravel, 
&c.,  driven  forward  by  water.  They  occur 
sometimes  in  rocks  to  which  the  sea  has 
access,  and  sometimes  in  granite  or  other 
rocks  of  mountain  regions. 

rook-bird,  .. 

Ornith.  (PI.):  The  genus  Rupicola  (q.r.X 

rook-bound,  a.  Hemmed  in,  or  sur 
rounded  with  rocks  :  as,  a  rock-bound  coast. 

rook-butter,  s. 

Min. :  Impure  efflorescences  oozing  from 
some  alum  shales  in  various  localities,  having 
the  consistency  of  butter.  Analyses  show  re- 
lations to  Ualotrichite  (q.v.),  with  which 
specitM  Dana  places  them. 

rock  cavy,  t. 

Zool. :  Cavia  rupettris,  found  near  the  upper 
waters  of  rivers  in  the  rocky  districts  of 
Brazil.  It  is  about  thirteen  inches  in  length. 

rock  cist,  s. 

Bot. ;  The  genus  Helianthemum. 

rock  cod,  i.  A  cod  caught  on  a  rocky 
sea-bottom.  They  are  considered  to  be  of 
better  flavour  than  Jish  from  a  sandy  bottom. 


Ate,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  Bttl,  tether;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p5t, 
•Mr.  wore,  wpll,  work,  who,  con;  mote,  cob,  cure,  unite,  cur,  riile,  lull;  try,  Syrian,    w,  ce  =  e;  ey=a;  qu-  kw. 


rock— rocker 


4031 


rock-cook, ». 

Mi/A)/. :  The  Small-mouthed  Wrasse,  I^brus 
aaletus.  It  is  about  four  inches  long,  and  is 
taken  occasionally  in  the  Crab-pots  on  the 
Cornish  coast. 

rock-cress,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  The  genus  Arabis  (q.v.) ;  •  (2) 
Crithmum  maritimum. 

rook-crowned,  a.  Crowned  or  sur- 
mounted with  rocks  :  as,  a  rock-crowned  height. 

rock-crystal,  ». 

Min. :  The  limpid  varieties  of  quartz  (q.v.). 

rook-demon,  s. 

Compar.  Rdig. :  A  demon  supposed  to  In- 
habit dangerous  rocks,  often  identified  with 
tbe  rocks  themselves. 

••  An  early  missionary  account  of  a  rock-de^m  wor. 
•hil.T,.Jbythe  Huron  Indians  will  show  with  what 
absolute  personality  savages  can  conoeire  such  a 
being. --iVor :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  18731.  il.  208. 

*  rock-dO«,s.  The  female  chamois.  (Grew.) 
rock-dove,  rock-pigeon,  i. 

OrnitK.  :  Columba  livia.    [CoujMuus.] 
rock-drill,  s.    A  tool  for  boring  rock  by 
•  chisel  movement  or  rotary  motion. 

rock-fire, «. 

Pyrotech.  :  An  incendiary  composition  which 
turns  slowly  and  is  difficult  lo  extinguish. 
Used  for  setting  fire  to  ships,  buildings,  ic. 
It  is  composed  of  three  parts  resin,  four 
sulphur,  t*n  nitre,  one  regulus  of  antimony, 
and  one  turpentine. 

rock-fish,  s. 

IcUhy. :  (1)  The  Black  Goby ;  (2)  a  name 
given  tx>  various  species  of  Wrasse  (q.v.X 

*  rook-free,  a.  Free  from  or  without 
rocks. 

••  Whose  shores,  me  thought,  on  good  ad  uantage  stood. 
For  my  receit,  rock-fret,  and  fenc'd  from  wind. 

Chai.man:  Homer;  <W».«|f  viL 

•rock-goat,!.  A  goat  which  makes  its 
home  among  the  rocks  ;  a  wild  goat 

rock  harmonicon,  s. 

Music :  An  instrument,  the  sounds  of  which 
are  produced  by  striking  graduated  lengths  of 
rock-crystal  with  a  hammer. 

•rook-hearted,  o.  Bard-hearted;  un- 
feeling. 

rook-honey,  «.  Honey  made  by  bees 
having  their  nests  or  abodes  among  the  rocks. 
(Cf.  Psalm  Ixrxi.  16.) 

«  Then  summer  leniithen'd  put  his  seaeon  bland. 
And  wif 


rock-hopper,  s. 

OrnitK. :  (See  extract). 

••  In  this  scrub  one  of  tbe  ererted  penguins,  probably 
Xwlyptet  chriitocoma.  called  by  the  sealers  ia  common 
with  other  species  of  tbe  genus  Eudyutes,  the  rock- 
hopper,  has  established  a  rookery. "-C.  *>*»•  Thorn- 
ton: Voyage  of  the  Challeitger.  ii.  ISO. 

rook-kangaroos, ».  pi. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Petrogale  (q.v.). 
rock-leather,  «.     The  same  ss  BOCK- 
CORK  (q.v.). 

rock-Illy, «. 

Bot. :  Selaginella  convoluta, 

rock  limpet,  s. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Patella  (q.v.).    [LIMPET.] 

rock-lychnis,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Vis^aria  (q.v.), 

rock  manakln, «. 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Rupicola  (q.T.X 

rock-maple,  .-•. 

Bot. :  Acer  saccharinum. 

rock-meal,  t. 

Min. :  A  white  cotton-like  variety  of  car- 
bonate of  lime,  occurring  as  an  efflorescence, 
falling  into  a  powder  when  touched. 

rook-moss,  s. 

Bot  :  A  lichen,  Ltcanora  tartarca.  [CUD- 
BEAR.] 

rock-oil,  «.    (See  PREOLZITJI.] 
rock-pigeon,  <. 
t.  The  Rock-dove  (q.v.). 
J.  (Pi.)  Sand-grouse  (q.v.). 
rook-plant,  . 
Bot.  (PI.):   Plants  growing  on  or  among 


naked  rocks.    Most  have  diminutive  roots  and  I 
derive  their  chief  support  from  the  air  through 
their  leaves  and  stems.    Examples  :  Lichens, 
Mosses,  &c.,  various  houseleeks  (Crassulaces?), 
4c.    The  latter  are  often  cultivated  in  rock- 
eries for  their  fine  flowers. 
rock-rabbit,  s. 
ZooL  :  Hyrax  capensis.    [HvRAi.] 
••The  South  African  Hyrax  Is  termed  by  the  colonists 
Kill*  I>iw  or  llock-r^bbit.  and  ia  found  in  considerable 
plenty          on  the  sides  of  the  Table  mountain.  '— 
Wood :  lllut.  Sat.  BUt.,  i.  790. 

rook-rat, .--. 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Petromys  (q.v.). 

•  rock-ribbed,  a.  Ilaving  ribs  of  rocks. 
(Bryant.) 

rook-roofed,  a.  Roofed  or  arched  over 
with  rock. 

rock-rose,  t. 

Bot.  •  (1)  The  genus  Cistus ;  (2)  the  genus 
Helianthemum  ;  (3)  Convolvulus  Dorycnium ; 
(4)  (PI.)  the  order  Cistaceie.  (Lindley.) 

rook-ruby,  s.  A  name  given  by  lapidaries 
and  jewellers  to  the  garnet,  when  it  is  of  a 
very  strong,  but  not  deep  red,  and  has  a 
tinge  of  blue. 

rock-salt,  s. 

Geol. :  Salt  deposited  as  a  geological  stratum. 
An  Immense  deposit  of  solid  rock-salt  is  found 
on  Petit  Ause  Island,  Louisiana.  The  most 
famous  mine  in  the  world  is  that  at  Wlellroka, 
Galicia,  which  has  been  worked  for  centuries. 
Beds  occur  also  in  England,  Austria,  Poland, 
Russia,  Spain,  Ac.  The  salt  of  New  York  and 
Michigan  is  obtained  from  brine,  due  to  solu- 
tion of  rock-salt  by  the  flow  of  underground 
waters.  Rock-salt  arose  probably  by  the  slow 
evaporation  of  sea-water  in  shallow  gulfs  or 
bays  separated  from  the  ocean  by  sand  liars 
over  which  the  waves  occasionally  broke,  the 
thickness  being  produced  by  the  slow  sub- 
sidence of  the  land  surrounding  the  gulf. 

rock-samphire,  ». 

Bot. :  Crithmum  •maritimum. 

t  rook-serpent, «.    [ROCK-SNAK^.] 

rock-shaft,<. 

Steam-engine : 

L  A  shaft  with  tappets  which  raise  the 
levers  of  the  puppet-valves  in  a  certain  class 
of  steam-engines. 

2.  The  shaft,  with  levers,  used  for  working 
the'  slide-valves,  the  notch  of  the  eccentric 
rod  dropping  into  a  stud  fixed  in  one  of  the 
levers  ;  the  links 
of  the  slide-valve 
spindle  being  at- 
tached to  the  op- 
posite lever  on  the 
same  sh.ift. 


rock-shelter, 

Anthrop. :  A  nat- 
ural opening  in  a 
rock,  utilized  by 
man  for  temporary 
shelter  or  perma- 
nent residence.  In  ROCK-SHELTEB. 
some  slight  degree, 

the  custom  still  survives  in  Pengord,  masonry 
being  added  to  render  the  residence  more 
healthy  and  comfortable. 

"  The  very  many  observations  which  we  have  been 
able  to  make  In  the  caverns  and  rocfc-^-e'fers  of  rYri- 
gord."-  Lnrta  *  Chriat :  Keliouia  yljuua,,i«»  (ed. 
T.  R.  Jones),  p.  6«- 

rook-slaters,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Ligia.    [SLATER,  II.] 
rook-snake,  t  rock-serpent,  ». 

Zool. :  A  name  given  in  some  of  the  British 
possessions  to  any  individual  of  the  genus 
Python  (q.v.).  Rock-snakes  are  among  the 
largest  of  living  reptiles ;  specimens  of  eighteen 
and  twenty  feet  long  have  been  brought  to 
Europe  and  trustworthy  statements  of  the 
occurrence  of  individuals  measuring  thirty  feet 
are  on  record  ;  but  their  size  and  strength  are 
often  much  exaggerated.  They  kill  their  prey 
by  constriction,  and  swallow  it  whole,  com- 
mencing with  the  head.  During  the  digestion 
the  animal  is  lazy  and  unwilling  even  to 
defend  itself  when  attacked. 

••  Roek-maka  are  mostly  arboreal,  and  prefer  local!- 

ties  in  the  vicinity  of  water,   to  which  the  animal 

resortt  for  the   purpose   o(   drinking.     They  move. 

climb  and  swim  with  equal  facility."— ffnoye.  Brit. 

(ed.  L't  h),  xx.  144. 


rock-staff,  s.  The  lever  of  a  forge-bellow* 
or  other  vibrating  bar  in  a  machine. 

rook-tar, «.    Rock-oil ;  petroleum. 

rock-temple,  s.  A  temple  cut  out  of 
the  solid  rock,  as  at  Ellora  and  other  places 
in  Hindustan. 

rock-thrush,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Petrocincla  (q  v.). 
rock-tripe, ».    [TRIPE  DB  ROCHE.] 
rock- violet,  >. 

Bot. :  Chroottpia  Jolithut.  » 

rook-wood,   ».     The  same  as   Foam*  • 

WOOD,  2. 

rock-work, ». 

1.  Stones  fixed  in  mortar  In  imitation  of  th»j 
asperities  of  rocks. 

2.  A  natural  wall  or  mass  of  rook. 

3.  A  rockery  (q.v.X 

rSck  (3),  ».    [Roc.] 

rook  (1),  "  rokke,  v.t.  &  t  tD«n.  rokke  =  to- 
rock,  to  shake,  allied  to  rykke  =to  pull,  to 
tug,  from  ryk  =  *  pull,  a  tug  ;  cf.  Ger.  riicktn 
=  to  move  by  pushing ;  ruck  =  a  pull,  a  jolt, 
a  jerk  ;  Icel.  rugga  =  to  rock  a  cradle.] 

A*  Transitive: 

I.  laterally: 

1.  To  move  backwards  and  forwards,  M  a 
body  resting  on  a  support  beneath.     It  differs 
from  swing   in  that  the  latter  expresses  the 
vibratory  motion  of  something  suspewfed,  »nd 
from  sftoite  in  denoting  a  slower  aud  more 
uniform  motion. 

"  He  took  her  In  his  arms,  and  rocMrtff  her  to  and 
fro.  In  faith,  mistre-.  said  he.  it  i.  high  time  for  yo« 
to  bid  us  good  night  for  ever.1  —Sidney :  Arcadia,  ill. 

2.  To  shake. 

"  The  god  whose  earthquakes  ro<*  the  lolld  grmind  " 
Pop*:  Jfomer;  Iliad  Xlli.  68. 

3  To  move  backwards  and  forwards  in  the 
arms,  chair,  cradle,  &c.,  in  order  to  induce 

"  Hocked  to  rest  on  their  mother's  Ijreast." 

Shelley  :  The  Cloud. 

4  To  abrade  the  surface  of  a  copper  or 
steel  plate,  preparatory  to  scraping  a  inezzo- 
tinto.     [CRADLE,  ».,  B.  6.] 

"There  were  »»crets  In  the  raOclna  of  the  coiyer 
plate  which  were  only  known  to  Englunmeu.  —  F<M 
MaU  Oaieae.  Feb.  U.  1884. 

•  II.  fig. :  To  lull,  to  quiet. 

"  Sleep  roc*  thy  brain!" 

Shitloetf.:  Hamlet,  Hi.  t. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  be  moved  backwards  and 
forwards. 

••  The  racking  town 
Supplant*  their  footsteps."       PhWpt :  Cider,  L 

rock  (2),  v.t.    [ROCK  (2),  «.]    To  throw  stones 

at ;  to  stone.    (Amer.) 

r6ck'-a-way,  s.    [Eng.  rock,  v.,  andaicay.) 
Vehicles  :  A  kind  of  four-wheeled,  two-seated 

carriage,  with  full  standing  top. 

rock'-c-lay,  rock'-lay,  >.     [See  dell    A 
roquelaure  (q.v.).    (ScoteA.) 

rock'-er,  s.    [Eng.  rocfc  (1),  v. ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  rocks. 

"  His  fellow,  who  tbe  narrow  bed  had  kept. 
Was  weary,  and  without  a  rocker  slept ! 

Dryden:  Cock  t  for.  tM. 

2.  A  rocking-horse,  or  -chair. 

3.  A  low  skate  with  a  rounding  sole. 
IL  Tedinimttv : 

1.  Eumifare : 

(1)  A  curved  piece  into  which  the  two  l«gs< 
on  the  same  side  of  a  rocking -chair  are  inserted. 

(2)  A  curved  piece   underneath  a  child's 
cradle. 

2.  Enar. :  A  cradle.    [CBADLE,  *.,  B.  5.] 

3.  Metall.  :  A  trough  in  which  particles  of 
ore  are  separated  from  earth  by  agitation  in 
water.    (CRADLE,  «.,  B.  4.] 

4  Chem. :  The  congelation  of  a  liquid  is 
assisted  by  a  slight  agitation  of  its  particles, 
which  is  effected  in  the  ordinary  process  of 
freezing  ice-cream  by  imparting  an  alternating 
semi-rotation  to  the  vessel  containing  it, 

5.  Sttam-eng. :  A  rock-shaft  (q.v.). 

rocker-cam,  s. 

Much. :  A  vibrating  cam. 

rocker-shaft, «.    [ROCK-SHAFT.! 


bSB,  btfy;  pfiut.  J6>1;  cat,  §611,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  aj;  expect, 
-clan, -tlan  =  shan.    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun;  -tlon.  -sion  =  ahun.   -clous, -tlous, -slous  - 


, -die.  u 


4032 


rookery— rod 


,  .  [Eng.  rod:  (2),  a. ;  -try.]  An 
artificial  mound  of  fragments  of  rocks,  stones, 
and  earth,  raised  in  gardens  or  pleasure- 
grounds,  for  the  cultivation  of  particular 
kinds  of  plants,  as  ferns,  kc. 

*  r6clf-et  OX  «•    [ROCHET,  (1).] 

rock'-St  (2),  *  rok-at,  ».  [Fr.  mquette,  from 
Ital.  ruchetta,  dimin.  from  rum  =  ganlen- 
rocket,  from  Lat  eruca  =  a  sort  of  eolewort] 
Sot. :  A  name  given  to  various  Cruciferse  : 
O)  the  genus  Hesperis  (q.v.X  and  specif. 
Hesptris  matronalii,  the  Italian  species,  culti- 
vated since  1697  in  English  gardens  ;  (2)  the 
genus  Di'-lrtaxis  (q.v.)  (Sir  /.  Hooter);  (3) 
the  genus  Eraca,  and  specif.  Ervca  saliva 
(Loudon);  (4)  Sisymbrium  Irio. 

rock  et  (3),  •  rok-ettc, s.  (0.  Ital.  raxhette 
=  a  bobbin  to  wind  silk  on,  a  rocket,  dimin. 
from  rocca  =a  distaff  or  rock ;  so  named  from 
its  long,  thin  shape,  somewhat  resembling  a 
bobbin  for  winding  silk ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  raket ; 
Ger.  nickete,  rakete.} 

1.  A  cylindrical  tube  of  paper  or  metal 
tilled  with  a  compressed  mixture  of  nitre, 
sulphur,  and  charcoal,  which  on  being  ignited, 
propels  it  forward  by  the  action  of  the  liber- 
ated gases  against  the  atmosphere.    Rockets 
are  used  for  various  purposes  ;  as 

(1)  In  war :  A  military  rocket  is  a  projectile 
made  and  tilled  like  a  common  rocket,  but 
with  a  case  of  sheet-iron  or  Atlas  metal,  and  a 
hollow  head  containing  powder,  thus  forming 
a  "shell."    The  sizes  in  use  in  the  service  are 
the  9-pounder  and  24-pounder.  Formerly  they 
were  guided  by  the  usual  long  rocket-stick 
screwed  into  a  socket  in  the  iron  base  of  the 
case,  but  latterly  this  has  been  done  away 
with,  and  the  gas  in  issuing  from  the  three 
vents  impinges  on  three  semicircular  shields, 
causing  the  rocket  to  rotate,  and  steadying  it. 

(2)  For  saving  life  at  sea,  by  conveying  a 
line  to  a  stranded  vessel. 

(3)  As  signals,  or  for  mere  pyrotechnic  dis- 
play. 

(4)  For  killing  whales.    [HARPOON-ROCKET.] 

2.  The  lever  by  which  a  blacksmith's  bellows 
•re  inflated. 

•  3.  A  tilting-spear,  Having  its  point  covered, 
•o  as  to  prevent  injury. 

"  Rady  to  luste,  and  to  abyde  all  comers  cnrtealy  to 
Ton  with  roketlet."—£iemtri :  froittart ;  Cronucle, 
vol.  11.,  ch.  clxiiil. 

rocket-bird, ».    (See  extract) 

"  IB  the  mango  topes  were  procured  examples  of  the 
Paradise  flycatcher  (Tchitrtta  paraditi],  generally 
yclept  the  rocket-bird  by  our  osuntrymen. ,  —  field, 
April  *.  1885. 

rocket  case,  s.  A  stout  rase  of  card- 
board or  cartridge-paper  for  holding  the  ma- 
terials of  a  rocket. 

rocket-drift,  s. 

Pyrotech. :  A  cylinder  of  wood  tipped  with 
copper,  employed  for  driving  rockets. 

rocket-harpoon,  s.  [HAHPOON-EOCKET.] 

rock  et-er,  ?.  [Eng.  rocket  (3) ;  -er.]  A  term 
applied  to  a  bird,  as  a  pheasant,  which,  when 
flushed,  rises  rapidly  straight  up  in  the  air. 

"  It  la  nonsense  to  aay  that  a  rocketer  U  eaeUy  dis- 
posed of— Field,  Dec.  «,  1884. 

rock'- 6t- Ing,  a.  [Eng.  rocket  (3) ;  -ing.]  Ris- 
ing straight  up  in  the  air,  as  a  rocketer. 

"  I.  standing  with  tome  gentlemen,  saw  a  rocketing 
pheasant,  missed  clean  with  both  barrels  come  dowu 
a  duster  with  the  third."— field,  April  4.  UK. 

rock'-I-ness, ».  [Eng.  rocky  (1) ;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  rocky  or  abounding 
with  rocks. 

rock  ing,  rSck'-In,  s.  [Eng.  rod;  (1),  s. ; 
-ing,]  A  country  evening  party,  so-called 
from  the  practice  once  prevalent  of  the  females 
taking  their  rocks  with  them  and  spinning. 
Scotch.) 

"  On  Fasten-e'en  we  had  a  rot-kin." 

Burnt :  Epittle  to  A,  Lapraik, 

rook-ing,  pr.  jar.,  a.,  &  «.    [RocK  (1),  r.] 

A.  4  B.  At  pr.  par.  <e  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  At  substantive : 

1,  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  rocks  ; 
the  act  or  state  of  moving  or  swaying  back- 
wards  and  forwards. 

2.  The  mass  of  stone  or  ballast  laid  to  form 
the  under  stratum  of  a  road.    (Prov.) 


3.  The  motion  of  a  steel  mill  on  a  copper 
cylinder  intended  for  calico-printing,   when 
the  pattern  of  the  mill  Is  to  be  repeated  on 
the  copper  a  number  of  times  at  intervals. 

4.  The  abrading  of  the  surface  of  a  copper 
or  steel  plate  preparatory  to  scraping  a  mez- 
zotinto.    [RocK  (1),  p.,  A.  I.  4.] 

rocking  chair,  s.  A  chair  mounted  on 
rockers,  so  as  to  allow  a  backward  and  for- 
ward oscillation. 

rocking-horse,  s.  A  wooden  horse 
mounted  on  rockers,  for  the  use  of  children. 

rocking  shaft,   .    [ROCK-SHAFT.] 

rocklng-stono,  s.  A  stone  so  balanced 
on  a  nutural  pedestal  that  it  can  be  moved 
backwards  and  forwards  without  its  equili- 
brium being  permanently  disturbed.  Some 
rocking-stones  seem  to  have  been  produced  by 
the  deposition  of  a  huge  slab  of  rock  home 
across  an  expanse  of  sea  by  a  glacier,  and 
which  was  detached  on  the  shallowest  part  of 
a  shoal  when  the  iceberg  took  the  ground. 
Upheaval  afterwards  raised  it  to  its  present 
position.  Some  rocking- stones  have  been 
made  artificially,  in  imitation  of  those  which 
have  originated  naturally.  Popular  opinion 
in  Scotland  and  Iceland  formerly  supposed 
rocking-stones  to  be  inhabited  by  a  demon. 
Called  also  Logan  or  Loggr.n. 

rocking  tree,  s. 

Weaving:  The  axle  from  which  the  lay  is 
1    suspended. 

*  rock  tah,  a.  [Eng.  rock  (2),  s.  ;  -is*.]  Some- 
what rocky. 

"  His  carcaase  on  rockith  pinnacle  hanged.** 

Stu  nyAurtr  .    rirfjil :  .SnM  ii.  7I«. 

Tock-land-ite,  s.      [After  Rockland,  New 
York,  where  found ;  suff.  -ite,  (Min.).] 
Min, :  The  same  as  SERPENTINE  (q.v.). 

rock  -less,  a.    [Eng.  rock  (2),  s. ;  -lest.]    Des- 
titute of  or  free  from  rocks. 

"  I'm  clear  by  nature  as  a  rocklett  stream. ** 

On/den  :  Ditto  of  Quite,  111.  L 

rock  -ling,  s.    [Eng.  rock ;  -ling.} 

Ichthy :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Motella  (q.v.). 

"  The  pelagic,  ova  of  the  grey  gurnard,  the  rockliny, 
and  the  lesser  weever  show  "  *  •  • 


Dec.  M.  1M4. 


low  oil  globules."—  field. 


'-7  (1).  o-  (Eng.  rock  (1),  v. ;  -».]  Shaky, 
insecure,  unsteady ;  hence,  unfortunately, 
awkwardly.  (Slang.) 

"  Let  him  keep  the  tact  of  things  having  gone  rooty 
with  him  aa  dark  as  he  c»n7—  Daily  Telegraph 
Dec.  38,  1885. 

rock'-y  (2),  o.    [Eng.  rock  (2),  s. ;  -».] 

1.  Full  of  rocks  ;  abounding  with  rocks, 
"  What  could  I  do.  alas  !  encompassed  round 

With  steepy  mountains  and  a  rockjt  ground  ?** 

Boole :  Orlando  furtoto,  II 

2.  Made  or  consisting  of  rocks  or  stone. 

"  The  rocky  pavement  glittered  with  the  show." 

Pope :  Homer ;  fliad  XJlilL  fM9. 

"3.  Resembling  a  rock ;  hence,  hard,  stony, 
obdurate,  hard-hearted,  hard  as  a  rock. 

"  Thy  rocky  laid  wreck-threatening  heart" 

Siaketp.  :  Rape  o/Lucrece,  MO. 

Rocky  Mountain,  a. 

Geog.  it  Zool. :  Belonging  to,  characteristic 
of,  or  having  its  habitat  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, which  stretch  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Mackenzie  river,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  to  the 
Anahuac  mountains  of  Mexico. 

Rocky  Mountain  Locust : 

Zool. :  Caloptenus  spretus.  It  is  very  de- 
structive to  fruit  crops  in  the  west  and  north- 
west of  the  United  States. 

Rocky  Mountain  Pika : 

Zool. :  Lagomyt  princeps,  a  small  rodent 
about  six  inches  long,  grayish-brown  above, 
yellowish-brown  on  sides,  grayish  below.  The 
American  Indians  call  it  Little  Chief  Hare, 
a  circumstance  which  influenced  Sir  John 
Richardson,  who  first  described  the  animal, 
in  his  choice  of  a  specific  name. 

ro-co'-OO,  ».    [Fr.,  from  rocaille  =  rock-work, 
from  the  character  of  the  style.] 

Art :  A  florid,  debased  kind  of  ornament, 
which  succeeded  the  style  adopted  by  Louis 
XIV.  and  XV.,  and  which  exaggerated  the 
main  features  and  peculiarities  of  that  fashion 
It  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  lavish  abund- 
ance of  its  details,  which  are  thrown  together 
without  propriety  and  due  connection.  Scroll 


and  shell  ornaments  abound  ;  sometimes  rock- 
work  pavilions,  birds  and  fishes,  combined 
with  enormous  flowers.  The  term  is  some- 
times employed  to  denote  a  bad  taste  in  de- 
sign and  ornament  generally.  (Fairholt.) 

'  rOC-O-lO,  >.      [ROQCELAURE.] 

ro-cou,  s.    [Roucou.] 

*  roc-quet,  s.    [ROCHET  (1).] 

rod,  *  rodde,  s.     [The  same  word  as  roes! 
(q.v.).] 
I.  Orrfinary  Language : 

1.  A  long,  slender  stem  of  any  woody  plant, 
especially  when  cut  and  stripped  of  leaves  or 
twigs  ;  a  wand  ;  a  straight,  slender  stick  ;  a 
cane. 

"  And  if  a  man  smite  his  servant,  or  his  maid,  with 
a  rod,  and  he  die  under  his  hand  ;  he  shall  be  surely 
punished."— Exodut  xxi.  2O. 

2.  Hence  used  more  or  less  figuratively  for — 

(1)  An  instrument  of  punishment ;  punish- 
ment, chastisement. 

"  And  a  public  school  I  really  saw 
Where  the  rod  was  never  used." 

fraed:  Utopia. 

(2)  A  kind  of  sceptre  or  badge  of  office. 

"  The  rod  and  bird  of  peace  and  all  such  emblems." 
Smtetii. :  Benrt  rill.,  iv.  1. 

(3)  A  long,  slender,  and  tapering  wand  or 
stick,  or  two  or  more  such  sticks  joined  end 
on  end  for  fishing  ;  a  fishing-rod. 

(4)  Hence,  used  for  the  act  or  art  of  fishing. 

"  There  Is  indeed  a  '  new  world '  opened  to  tlie  lover 
of  gun  and  rod  from  the  old  lands  across  the  sea."— 
Hcribner'i  Magazine,  August.  18T7,  p.  SOS. 

(5)  A  fisher;  one  expert  with  the  fishing- 
rod  ;  a  rodster. 

"  The  late  Sir  P.  SykesY  a  first-rate  rod,  was  run  out 
and  broken,  with  one  hundred  yards,  on  the  same  spot, 
but  a  few  days  before."—  Pithing  Gazette,  Jan.  30,  1886. 

(6)  A  scale  of  wood  or  metal  employed  in 
measuring  distances. 

(7)  An  enchanter's  wand  ;  a  wand  possess- 
ing the    power   of  enchantment.     (Milton: 
Comus,  816.) 

3.  A  unit  of  lineal  measure  used  in  land 
surveying.     It  is  equal  to  5t  yards,  or  16J 
feet.    A  square  rod  is  the  usual  measure  ot 
brickwork,  and  is  equal  to  272J  square  feet. 

*  4.  A  shoot  or  branch  of  a  family  ;  a  trib», 
a  race.    (Psalm  Ixxiv.  2.) 

U.  Mach,,  ttc. :  A  straight,  slender  piece 
of  wood  or  metal,  as  the  ramrod,  wiping-rod, 
rifling-rod,  used  by  gunsmiths  and  armourers  ; 
the  coupling-bar  or  lengthening  bar  of  a  drill- 
stock  ;  a  boring-bar,  a  connecting-rod,  Ac. 

•f  (1)  Sodi  and  cones  of  the  retina : 
Anat, :  Elongated  cylindrical  rods,  and  short 
thick  cones,  situated  between  the  external 
membrane  and  the  pigmentary  layer  of  the 
retina. 

(2)  Sods  0}  Corti : 

Anat. :  Two  sets  of  stiff,  rod-like  bodies,  the 
inner  and  outer  rods  of  Corti,  within  the 
epithelium  covering  the  Itasilar  membrane  of 
the  ear.  Together  they  constitute  the  Organ 
of  Corti. 

(3)  To  kiss  the  rod:  [Kiss,  t>.  1  (4).] 

rod-chisel,  s.    A  chisel  on  the  end  of  a 

withe  or  rod,  used  by  the  smith  in  cutting 
hot  metal. 

rod  coupling,  s. 

Well-sinking :  A  device  for  uniting  the  rods 
which  carry  the  tools  used  in  boring  Artesian 
or  oil  wells,  <fcc.,  so  as  to  form  a  continuous 
shaft. 

rod-fisher,  s.  One  who  fishes  with  a 
rod,  an  angler. 

"It  proved  a  most  remunerative  mode  of  Ashing 
and,  because  a  greater  number  of  flies  could  be  worked 
on  the  line,  a  more  injurious  one  to  the  rod-Jlther  than 
the  ordinary  lath  could  possibly  be."— field,  Dec.  t, 
1884. 

rod-fishing,  s.  Angling  with  a  rod  and 
line. 

"  Kod-fAinf  Is  permissible  until  the  end  ot  October  - 
—Gtobe,  Sept.  9. 1886. 

rod-holder,  ».    A  rod-fisher. 

"They  thus  decrease  the  rental  of  waters  either  from 
net  or  rod-holder*.' — L'attelfi  Technical  Educator, 
pi  III.,  p.  85s. 

rod-Iron,  s.  Rolled,  round  iron  for  nails, 
fencing,  ic. 

*  rod-knights,  s.  pi.    Servitors  who  held 
their  land  by  serving  their  lords  on  horse- 
back.   (Cowei.) 


ffcte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p»t, 
or.  wore,  W9H  work,  whd,  son ;  mate,  cub,  cnre,  unite,  our.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    »,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  QU  =  kw. 


ROENTC 


1— Hand  and  Bracelet. 


8— Hand. 


Photos  by  M<-yrowit7.,  New  York. 


1  RAYS. 

i  i.  4 — Operators. 


5 — Foot  and  Boot. 


roddon-rogge 


4033 


rod    toner,  s.     A  special  machine-tool 
for  planmglocouiotive connecting-rods,  guide- 
bars,  and  similar  work. 
r6d'-ddn,<.    [ROWAN.]    (ScotcA.) 

•  rod'-dy,  o.    [Eng.  rod;  -v-1    *<>11  of  f^8  or 

twigs. 

rode,  pret.  ofv.  [HIDE,  ».] 
rode,  a.t.  &  i-  (ROAD,  ».] 
ro  dent,  a.  &  J.  [Lat.  rod«M,  pr.  par.  of 

rodo  =  tognaw.) 

A.  Ai  adjective : 
I.  Gnawing. 

2    Belonging  or  pertaining  to  the   o 
Eodentia  (q.v.). 

B.  As  subst. :  An  animal  that  gnaws ;  specif. , 
any  member  of  the  order  Rodentia  (q.v.). 

rodent-ulcer,  rodent-cancer, ». 
Pathol. :  An  ulcer  generally  appearing  I 
in  a  small  and  irritable  pimple  about  the  eye- 
lids,  the  malar  bone,  upper  lip,  scalp,  rectum, 
vulva  or  uterus.     It  is  irritable,  and  spreads 
when  scratched,  till  at  last  it  leads  to. frightful 
disfigurement.      It  rarely  appears  before  the 
fiftieth  year  of  life.     Excision  will  sometimes 
extirpate  it  permanently. 
ro-den'-ti-a  (t  as  sh),  i.  pi.  [Lat.  neut.  pi.  o 
r«/.i"  pr.  pal.  of  roda  =  to  gnaw.]  [RODENT. 
1   7,ool. :  An  order  of  terrestrial,  diphyodont 
placental  mammals,  rarely  arboreal  or  nata 
torial  of  small  size  ;  two  long  curved  incisor 
n  each  jaw,  growing  from  persistent  pulps. 
No  canines ;  molars  and  premolars  rarely  more 
than  four  in  each  jaw.     Feet  usually  penta- 
dactylous,  armed  with  claws;  ha  lux,  when 
present,  not  differing  from  other  digits.    The 
incisors  are  adapted  for  continuous  gnawing, 
and  their  action  is  assisted  by  the  longitudinal 
position  of  the  condyle  of  the  lower  jaw,  in 
consequence  of  which  the  jaw  can  be  moved 
backwards  and  forwards.    They  are  divided 
into    two    sub-orders:   (1)   Snnplicidentata, 
which  never  have  more  than  two  incisors  m 
the  upper  jaw  ;  and  (2)  Duplicidentata,  which, 
when  adult,  have  two  rudimentary  behind  the 
normal  incisors  in  the  upper  jaw. 

2  Palceont. :  The  oldest  remains  are  from 
the'  Upp«r  Eocene  of  Europe  and  America ; 
but  as  all  the  remains  of  the  Rodentia  can 
either  be  classed  in,  or  are  closely  related  to 
existing  families,  their  first  appearance  must 
be  sought  for  much  farther  back  in  time. 

ro-de'-tl-a  (t  as  sh),  s.    [Named  after  H.  J 
A  Rodet,  a  French  botanist,  1810-75.] 

Bot  •  A  genus  of  Achyranthese.  Thenativei 
of  India  eat  the  bright  crimson  berries  and 
also  the  young  shoots,  the  latter  fried  in  ghee 

rod'-! -yas.  s.  pi.    [Native  name.] 

Anthr'op. :  A  section  of  the  native  population 
of  Ceylon.  [VEDDAH.] 

n«\i  (meli)  =  honey. ]    The  j uice  of  roses  mixe< 
with  honey.    (Simmonds.) 

*  rSd'-4-mSnt,  s.  *  o.    [Fr.,  from  Ital.  Kodo- 
monte.]    [RODOMONTADE.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  vain  boaster,  a  braggart 
a  bully. 

"  St.  Jade  Argues  with  the  rodomonti  of  his  time. 
—Boil*:  Wartl,  11.  274. 

B.  As  adj. :  Boasting,  boastful,  bombastic 
braggart. 

rod  6  mon  tade ,  a.  [Fr.  rodomontade,  from 
Ital.  rodomontada  =  boasting,  brag.  Calle 
after  Rodomonte,  the  brave  but  boastful  leade 
of  the  Saracens  against  Charlemagne  in  th 
Orlando  Furioso  of  Ariosto.  He  is  calle 
Ttoilamonte  in  Boiardo's  Orlando  Inamorato 
Vain-boasting,  brag,  bluster,  rant. 

*  r8d-«"-m6n-tade',  v.i    [RODOMONTADE,  ». 

To  boast,  to  brag,  to  bluster,  to  rant. 

*  r5d-o-m6n-tad'-Ist,  ».     [Eng.   rodomon 
tad(e), ; -ist.]    A  blustering  braggart,  an  empt 
boaster. 

"rod-o-mon-ta'-do,  «.   &  a.      [RODOMON 

TADE,  >.] 

A,  As  subsi. :  Boasting,  brag,  bluster,  rodo 
mon  tade. 

B.  As  adj. :  Blustering,  boastful,  braggart 

*  rod-o-mSn-ta'-dor,  ».     [Eng.    rodomon- 
tauKe);  -or.]    A  braggart,  a  boaster 


"  Th«  greatest  tAllteri  Mid  rodomoniodori  of  Spain." 
—Outline :  Qenffraphy ;  Spain. 

rod'-ster,  s.     [Eng.  rod;   suff.   -««r.]    An 
angler,  a  rod-fisher. 

rod-wood,  s.    [Eng.  rod,  and  wood.) 
Bot. :  Lcetia  Guidonia,  a  Jamaica  plant. 

roefl)  TO,  s.  [A.S.  rah.  rdh-deor;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  rd  =  a  roc,  rabukkr  =  a  roebuck; 
Dan.  raa,  raabuk  ;  Sw.  ro.  =  a  roe,  ra-boch  = 
roebuck ;  Dut.  ree  =  a  roe,  reebok  =  roebuck ; 
Ger.  reh,  rehbock.] 

1.  A  roebuck  (q.v.). 

2.  The  female  of  the  hart. 

roe  (2),  «  roan,  *  rowne,  s.  [Prop,  roan,  the 
n  being  dropped  from  the  erroneous  idea  that 
it  was  a  plural  suffix,  as  in  oxen,  shoon,  &c.  ; 
Icel.  hrogn;  Dan. ngn;  Sw.  ram;  Ger.  rogen.] 

1  The  spawn  or  sperm  of  fishes.    (That  of 
the  male  is  termed  milt  or  toft  roe,  that  of  the 
female  hard  roe  or  spawn). 

2  A  mottled  appearance  In  wood,  especially 
In   mahogany,  being  the  alternate  streak  of 
light  and  shade  running  with  the  grain,  or 
from  end  to  end  of  the  log. 

roe-stone,  «.    [OOLITE.] 
roe' -buck,  roo-bnkke,  s.    [Roi  (!)•] 

Zool.  '  Capreolus  caprea,  an  elegant,  small, 
and  almost  tailless  deer,  sttll  surviving  in  the 
woods  of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland  and 
in  Scotland,  and  common  in  the  north  of 
Europe  and  Asia  below  the  snow-line. 

roebuck-berry,  s. 

Bot. :  The  fruit  of  Rubtis  saxatiHs. 

roed,  a.  [Eng.  roe  (2) ;  -ed.l  Filled  or  im- 
pregnated with  roe. 

OB-meY-I-a  (or  oe  as  e),  >.  [Named  after 
Dr.  J.  Roemer,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Land- 
shut,  in  Germany,  who  died  A.D.  1820.) 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Papaveraceae.  Annual 
herbs  with  yellow  juices,  much-divided  leaves, 
two  sepals,  four  petals,  two  to  four  lobes  of 
the  stigma,  a  linear  two-  to  four-valved 
capsule,  and  many  seeds. 


roe'-mer-ite  (or  oe  as  e),  «.  [After  A.  Roo- 
mer, of  Clausthal ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Min. :  A  monoclinie  mineral  occurring  in 
crystalline  to  granular  masses  at  the  Ram 
melsberg  mine,  Goslar.  Hartz. 

Roent'  gen's  method,  ..  [After  Wil- 
helm  Conrad  Roentgen,  Professor  of  Physics 
at  the  University  of  Wurzburg,  Germany.] 

Roentgen  rays,  .. 

Photog.:  A  hitherto  unknown  manifestation 
of  force  or  energy,  recently  discovered  by 
Professor  Roentgen,  reported  by  him  to  the 
Medico-Physical  Society  of  Wurzburg  on  De- 
cember 4, 1895,  and  since  verified  by  numerous 
investigators  throughout  the  scientific  world. 
This  manifestation  is  a  result  of  the  action  of 
the  secondary  electric  or  induction  current 
upon  highly  exhausted  vacuum  tubes,  and  is 
entirely  dUtinct  from  the  so-called  "cathode 
rays"  produced  by  this  current  within  such 
tubes  and  first  described  by  Crookes  as  "radiant 
matter"  and  more  lately  and  fully  studied  by 
Hirtoff,  Hertz  and  Lenaril. 

The  most  notable  quality  of  the  Roentgen 
rays — or,  as  he  terms  them,  of  the  X-rays— is 
the  ability  to  penetrate  considerable  thick- 
nesses of  substances  heretofore  considered 
opaque  to  all  known  forms  of  light,  besides 
which  they  are  also  capable,  either  before  or 
after  such  penetration,  of  acting  actinically 
upon  ordinary  photographic  plates  and  of  pro- 
ducing fluorescence  in  certain  chemical  com- 
pounds. And,  as  the  permeability  of  various 
substances  to  these  rays  depends  largely,  though 
not  altogether,  upou  their  respective  densities, 
it  is  therefore  possible  to  make  upon  sensitive 
photographic  plates  outline-  or  shadow-pictures 
of  objects  entirely  hidden  from  normal  sight, 
or  to  render  these  visible  by  interposing  a 
fluorescent  screen  between  them  and  the  eye. 
Thus  shadowgraphs  or  skiagraphs  have  been 
made  of  metal  articles  enclosed  in  wooden 
boxes,  of  coins,  4c.  in  purses,  of  the  bones  in 
the  living  body,  &c.  (see  illustrations),  and  by 
means  of  the  skiascope  these  same  objects 
become  immediately  visible  to  the  observer. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  degree  of  trans- 
parency of  various  common  substances.    Cork 


and  paper  are  very  transparent;  so  is  water 
and  several  other  fluids,  but  not  so  much  so  as 
cork.    Wood,  ebonite,  vulcanite  and  animal 
flesh  are  readily  penetrated  and  for  consider- 
able  thicknesses;    one    observer  has  secured 
good  results  thorough  eight  inches  of  wood 
and  Nikola  Tesla  has  recently  obtained  a  good 
skiagraph  of  the  ribs,  clavicle,  scapula,  4c.  of 
the  living  adult.     Of  the  metals,  Roentgen 
reports    platinum   as   the   most  opaque   and 
aluminium  the  most  transparent  of  those  ex- 
amined ;  the  latter  being  about  200  times  more 
permeable  than  the  former.    Lead  is  three  and 
zinc  six  times  as  permeable  as  platinum.    Salts 
of   metals  are  about  as  transparent  as  their 
respective    metals.       Glass   is    comparatively 
opaque  to  the  rays,  having  about  the  same 
decree  of   permeability  as  aluminium.    The 
true  nature  of  the  rays  is  still  uncertain  and 
the  subject  of  much  discussion.    It  is  known 
that  they  pass  in  straight  lines  and  apparently 
have  their  origin  on    the    surface,  and    not 
within   the   vacuum   (Crookes')    tubes   Iran 
which  they  emanate.    They  are  perfectly  in- 
visible to  the  human  eye,  and  only  manifest 
their  results,  so  far  as  we  now  know,  by  produc 
ing  fluorescence  or  by  acting  on  photographic 
emulsions.    Inasmuch  as  ultra-violet  light  has 
the  power  of  producing  fluorescence  and  of 
penetrating   to   a   degree   certain  substances 
ordinarily     considered     opaque,    some    have 
thought  that  the  Roentgen  rays  are  similar  in 
nature  to  light.    But  Roentgen  himself  did  not 
think  that  this  could  be  so,  inasmuch  as  he  wa» 
unable  to  refract,  reflect  or  polarize  the  rays  by 
any  methods  he  was  able  to  employ,  and  he 
suggests  the  possibility  of  their  being  due  to 
longitudinal  instead  of  the  transverse  vibra- 
tions in  the  ether— an  entirely  new  form  of 
force-transmission.    However,  Tesla  has  very 
recently  succeeded  in  deflecting  the  rays  by 
means  of   zinc  and  other  metals,  and  I 
possible  that  they  still  may  be  found  to  obey 
the  laws  of  ordinary  light  and  to  be  due  to 
transverse  ether  vibrations  of  peculiar  wav. 
length  and  frequency.    It  is  also  as  yet  un- 
known whether  they  have  any  other  sourc* 
than  the  vacuum  or  Crookes'  tubes,  but  the 
writer  and  others  have  succeeded  in  obtaining 
skiagraphs  and  other  photographic  effects  by 
means   of   sunlight    and    by    artificial   light 
through  aluminium  plates  one  millimeter  in 
thickness,  as  well  as  through  vulcanite  and 
other  opaque  substances.  The  immediate  future 
will  doubtless  be  prolific  of  much  information 
concerning  this  new  and  wonderful  dfccovery. 
(Seneca  Egbert,  M.D.,  April  10, 1896.) 
rcep  per  ite  (or  ce  as  e),  «.    QAfter  W.  T. 
Rapper,  who  analysed  it ;  suff.  -ite  (Mm.).] 

Min. :  A  member  of  the  group  of  chryso- 
lites (q.v.),  containing  much  of  the  protoxides 
of  iron,  manganese,  and  zinc. 
•  rofe,  pret.  ofv.    [RIVE.] 


ro  ga'-tion,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  rogaUonem, 
accus.  of  roja(io  =  an  asking,  from  rogatus,  pa. 
par.  of  rojo=to  ask;  Sp.  rogation;  Ital.  ro- 
gazione.] 

*  1.  Rom.  Law :  The  demand  by  the  consuli 
or  tribunes  of  a  law  to  be  passed  by  the  people. 

*2.  A  supplication  ;  a  litany. 

rogation-days,  s.  pi.  The  Monday, 
Tuesday,  and  Wednesday  preceding  Ascension- 
day,  so  called  probably  from  the  use  of  special 
rogations  or  litanies  on  those  days. 

rogation-flower,  «. 

Bot. :  Polygala  mlgaris. 

Rogation-Sunday,  s.  The  Sunday  pre- 
ceding Ascension-day. 

rogation-week,  s.  The  week  in  which 
the  Rogation-days  occur. 

•  rd'-ga-tor-tf,  a.  [Lat.  rogaHus),  pa.  par  of 
ro,o  =  toask;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ory.]  Seeking 
information ;  engaged  in  collecting  informa- 
tion. 

rogatory-letters,  s.  pi. 
Law  •    A  commission    from    one  judge  to 
another  requesting  him  to  examine  a  witness. 

ro'-gen-steln,  ».  [Ger.  rogen  =  roe,  spawn, 
and  stein  =  stone.] 

Geol. :  A  marly  limestone,  of  Oolitic  struc- 
ture, found  in  the  Bunter  (Lower  Trias)  ot 
Germany. 

*ro-geV-i-an,  «.    A  kind  of  wig. 

.  rogge,  «.  [Icel.  rugga  =  to  rock  a  cradle.]  To 
shake,  to  rock. 


bffll.  b6y;  pout,  Jowl;  cat.  cell,  cnoru*  SHln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  In,  as;  expect^ 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -sion  =  «hun;  -*!<».  -jlon  =  ihun,  -olous,  -tlous,  -*lou*  =  shus.   - 


1034 


rogue—  roll 


rogue,  *  roge,  s.  [A  wort  of  Celtic  origin; 
cf.  Ir.  &  Gael.  ruaju  —  pride,  arrogance  ;  FT. 
rogue  =  arrogaut,  proud,  saucy,  rude  ;  Bret. 
Tok,  rag  =  arrogant,  proud.) 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  A  tramp,  a  vagrant. 

5.  A  knave  ;  a  dishonest  person  ;  a  rascal. 
(Applied  especially  to  males.) 

3.  A  term  of  slight  affection  or  tenderness. 

"  You  sw«rt  little  rosnu."-4a4Urp.  :  >  atari  jr.. 

11.  4. 

4.  A  wag  ;  a  sly  fellow. 

"  Tou  hare  two  san-aiita—  Tom.  an  arch.  sly  roovf." 
Coteptr:  Truth,  201. 

6.  A  wild  elephant,  living  a  solitary  life,  and 
remarkable  for  its  vicious  temper,   (fennent.) 

6.  A  horse  of  an  uncertain  temper,  and  not 
to  be  depended  on. 

1,  A  plant  which  falls  short  of  a  standard 
reqnired  by  gardeners,  nurserymen,  Ac. 
(Darn-in.) 

tt  Law  :  A  sturdy  beggar  ;  a  vagabond,  a 
vagrant.  They  were  formerly  liable  to  be 
punished  by  whipping,  and  having  the  ears 
cored  with  a  hot  iron. 

rogue  -money,  >.  An  assessment  on  each 
county  for  defraying  the  expense  of  appre- 
hending offenders,  prosecuting  them,  and 
maintaining  them  in  prison.  (Scotch.) 

rogue'*  march,  «.  A  tone  played  when 
a  bad  character  is  drummed  out  or  discharged 
with  disgrace  from  a  regiment  or  ship  of  war. 

rogues'  gallery,  «.  A  collection  of 
portraits  of  criminals,  preserved  by  the  police 
authorities  for  purpose*  of  identification. 

rogue's  yarn,  «.  A  worsted  thread  laid 
up  in  the  middle  of  each  strand  of  British 
dockyard  rope  to  prevent  theft.  A  different 
colour  is  used  in  each  dockyard,  in  order  to 
trace  the  maker  of  rope  which  proves  defective. 

•  rogue,  v.l.  tt  I.    [Roocs,  s.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1".  To  wander  about  as  a  tramp  ;  to  live  the 
life  of  a  vagrant  or  vagabond. 

"If  h.  b*  bat  one*  so  taken  Idly  rogttlna.  he  may 

puuUh  him  with  the  stocks."—  Spenser  :  On  Ireland. 

3.  To  act  the  rogue  ;  to  play  roguish  tricks. 

B.  Transitive: 

I.  To  call  a  rogue  ;  to  denounce  or  brand  as 
•  rogue  or  cheat. 

'•  To  roffue  and  ridicule  all  incorporeal  substance."— 
ClutoorfA  :  Intell.  Suttetx. 


2.  To  uproot  or  destroy,  as  plants  which 
fail  to  come  up  to  a  required  standard. 

rog'-uer-jr,  «.     [Eng.  rogue  ;  -ry.] 

*  1.  The  life  of  a  vagrnnt  or  tramp  ;  vaga- 
bondism. 

"  To  lire  In  one  land  ii  eaptivltr, 
To  run  all  countries  a  wild  roguery." 

Donne  :  Keyy  X. 

2.  Knavish  or  dishonest  tricks  ;  cheating, 
fraud. 

"  A  flam  more  senseless  than  the  royuerf 
Of  old  aunupicj  and  liugury." 

ttatler  :  Budibrtu.  U.  S. 

3.  Waggery  ;  mischievous  or  arch  tricks. 
rogue  -ship,  s.    [Eng.  rogue;  -ship.] 

L  The  qualities  of  a  rogue  ;  roguery. 
2.  A  roguish  personage. 

"  I  would  ICM  a  limb  to  SM  their  romeMpe  totter." 

JJ'aum.  A  Flet.  :  .Yiyht  Wallur.  ill. 

rog'-nlBh,  o.    (Eng.  rogu(e);  -isK.} 

*  I.  Vagrant,  wandering,  vagabondish. 

2.  Knavish,  fraudulent,  cheating,  dishonest. 

3.  Waggish,  arch  ;  slightly  mischievous. 

"  He  was,  to  weet,  a  little  roffuitft  page." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  o/  Indolence.  t  25. 

rog1  uish-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  roguish-  ;  -fy.]  In  a 
roguish  manner;  like  a  rogue;  knavislily, 
mischievously,  wantonly. 

"Hii  heir  rcffuUVy  waiteth  all."—  Oralnaer:  On 
Ecclfi..  p.  SOS. 

a*g  utoh-ness,  ».  [Eng.  roguish  ;  -not.']  The 
quality  or  stole  of  being  roguish;  kuaviah- 
neas,  archness,  cunning. 

•rog'-uy.  a.  [Eng.  rogvtf);  -»/.]  Rognish, 
knavish,  wanton. 

••  A  sbapbenTs  007  bad  gotten  a  roffstr  trlca-  of  cry- 
ing.  'A  wolf,'  and  fooling  the  country  with  false 
alarms.  "—  VKitrange:  Fabiei. 

ro'-h&n,  ro'-hIn-9,  «.    [Hind,  rohan;  Beng, 
,-        rohinn.  ] 

Hot.  :  Soyir.ida  fcbrifuga. 


rdh-t8-Ich-thy-i'-na.  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
nhteichtUys)  ;  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  sun*,  -inn.] 

lektky.  :  A  group  of  Cyprinidae  ;  anal  very 
short,  with  not  more  than  six  branched  rays  ; 
dorsal  behind  ventrals  ;  mouth  without  bar- 
bels ;  pharyngeal  teeth  in  triple  series.  There 
is  but  one  genus,  Rohteichthys,  with  a  single 
species(Rohteichthyinamicroltpis),  from  Borneo 
and  Sumatra. 

rdh-tS-Ich'-thy«,  ».  [First  element  rohtee,  a 
barbarous  word  coined  by  Sykes  for  a  genus  of 
Cyprinidffi  now  lapsed,  and  Gr.  i^Wt  (ichthvs) 

=  a  flsh.J     [ROHTEIOBTHYIKA.] 

'  rol-al,  a.    [ROYAL.] 

*  roigne,  ».    [Fr.  rogue  —  itoh,  scab.]   A  scab, 
a  mange,  scurf.    [Rosios.J 

*  rolgnoua,    o.      [Fr.    rogneux.]      [ROIOME.] 
Scaoby,  mangy,  rough. 

roll,  "  roile,    v.t.   &  i.     [Etym.    doubtful. 
Skeat  refers  it  to  O.  Fr.  roeler,  a  form  of 
refer  =  to  roll  (q.v.).] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  render  turbid,  as  by  stirring  or  shak- 
ing up  the  sediments. 

"The  spring  .  .  .  hat  Just  been  roiled  by  a  frog  or 
musk-rat."—  Burrouffhl  :  Fepacton,  p.  69. 

2.  To  excite  to  a  certain  degree  of  anger  ; 
to  annoy,  to  rile.    (Pror.) 

"  Hie  spirit*  wen  very  much  roited."—  tTert  ft  :  Life 
Of  Lord  tfuUford,  11.  69. 

3.  To  perplex.    (Pnro.) 

*  B.  Intrara.  :  To  roam  about  ;  to  roam,  to 
romp. 

"  Were  wont  to  rome  aad  rolte  In  olusUn."—  Stany- 
hurtt  :  DtKript.  of  Ireland,  p.  U. 

Toil,  'rolle,  s.  [Ktym.  doubtful.)  A 
Flemish  horse. 

roil'-y,  o.  [Eng.  roil,  v.  ;  -y.]  Turbid,  muddy  ; 
having  the  sediment  stirred  up. 

"  Its  current*  too  roity  from  the  shower  for  flj.fijh- 
ing.'—Burroufftu  :  Ptpacton,  p.  8ft, 

*  roin,  *.    [RoioNE.] 

*  roin   Ish,  a.    [RuTNisH.] 
•rolnt,  v.t.    [AROTBT.] 

*  roist,  •  royst,  r.i.    [O.  Fr.  ruste  =  a  rnstic, 
from  Lat.  rusticum,  accus.  of  rusticus  =  rustic 
(q.v.).]    [ROISTER,  v.]     To  bluster,  to  swag- 
ger, to  bully. 

"  I  have  a  routing  challenge  seut." 

Moiteap.  :  TroVite  el  Creetida,  U.  a, 

*  roist'-er,  v.i.    [Fr.  mtrt,  another  form  of 
O.  Fr.  nute  =  a  rustic.]    [RoiST.]    To  bluster, 
to  swagger,  to  act  the  bully. 

"  Among  a  crew  of  roiitring  fellows.  "    Swift.    (Todd,) 

*  rolst'-er,  *  r6yst'-er,  t.    [ROISTER,  ».] 

L  A  bully,  a  swaggerer,  a  blustering,  noisy 
fellow,  a  rake. 

"He  went  to  the  royal  court,  laid  aside  his  books, 
and  for  a  time,  so  long  as  his  money  lasted,  became  a 
T0yrter.~—  Wood:  Athena  Oxon.,  vol.  i 

2.  A  drunken  «•  riotous  frolic  ;  a  spree. 

*  roist  er-cr,  s.    [Eng.  roister  ;  -er.]  A  bold, 
blustering,  noisy  fellow  ;  a  roister. 

*  roist'-er-ly,  a.  &  adv.    [Eng.  roister;  -fy.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Like  a  roisterer  ;  blustering, 
swaggering,  violent. 

"They  [women]  delighted  altogether  In  the  garb 
and  habit  and  rvletorlv  fashions  of  wm."~a>trhet  : 
Life  of  Wittiamt,  p.  IS. 

B.  As  adv.  :  In  a  blustering,  bold,  or  bully- 
ing fashion. 

rdk'-am-bole,  s.    [ROCAMBOLE.] 

*  roke,  *  rokke,  u.i.  or  (.    [ROCK  0),  «.J 

*  roke  (1),  i.    (ROOK.) 

*  roke  (2),  >.    [REEK.] 

1.  Mist,  damp,  fog,  smoke. 

2.  A  vein  of  ore. 

roke  -age  (age  as  Ig),  ro'-koe,  ».  [N. 
Amer.  Ind.  rookhie  =  meal.]  Indian  corn, 
parched,  pounded  np,  and  mixed  with  sugar. 
Called  also  yokeage.  (Amer.) 

rSk'-e'-liiy,  ».  [A  corrupt  of  roquelaure 
(q.v.).]  A  short  cloak. 

"And  my  mother's  anid  mutch  and  my  red  rolte- 
lay.  "-*»«.•  Ileart  of  Xid-LeUuan,  ch.  I»L 

r8k  er,  ».  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  prob.  roek  (2\ 
s.  ;  -er.]  The  same  as  ROCKLINO  (q.v.). 


•  ro  kottc  ,  t.     [ROCKET.] 
"  rokke,  ».    [ROCK,  i.) 

rok-y,   a.    [Eng.  rok(e)  (2),  «,;  ^,.)     Mtatj, 

foggy,  damp,  cloudy. 

ro-l&n'-dra,  *.  [Named  after  David  Ko- 
lander,  a  pupil  of  Linnaeus  who  travelled  to 
Surinam.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Rolandreie. 
Only  known  species  Rotandra  argtntra,  the 
Silver-leaved  Rolandra,  from  the  West  Indies. 

ro  lin  -dre-ee,  «.  pi.   [Mod.  Lmt  rolandr(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -MB.] 
Bot.  :  A.  sub-tribe  of  Veriioniacefle. 

role,  *.  [Fr.=  a  roll,  a  scroll,  a  character  in  ft 
play,  from  Lat  rotulus  =  &  wheel.]  A  part 
or  character  represented  on  the  stage  by  an 
actor  ;  hence,  any  part  or  function  played  by 
any  one,  a  character  or  part  assumed. 

"He  was  oca  of  thoee  men  of  extraordinu-y  ambf. 
lion  and  vanity,  who  mint  play  a  great  rule  of  touiK 
•ort  In  their  generation."— Scribner't  Magasim,  Oct., 
1STS.  p.  891. 

If  Title  rdh:  The  pflrt  or  character  in  & 
play  which  gives  its  name  to  the  play :  as, 
Hamlet,  in  the  play  of  hamlet;  Macbeth,  IB 
that  of  Macbeth,  &c. % 

roll,  *  roll  en.  *  roule.  *  rowle,  v.t.  &  i. 
[O.  Fr.  roltr  (Fr.  router),  from  Low  L«t. 
rotulo  =  to  roll,  to  revolve,  from  Lat.  rotula, 
diniin.  of  rota  =  a  wheel ;  Sp.  rollar,  arrollar; 
Port,  rotor;  Ital.  rotolare;  Dut  &  Ger.  rollen; 
Dan.  rulle;  Sw.  rulla.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  revolve  by  turning  over  and 
over ;  to  move  by  turning  on  an  axis ;   to 
impel  forward  by  turning  over  and  over  on  a 
supporting  surface. 

"And  they».d,  We  camiot,  until  all  the  flocks  b* 
gathered  together,  and  till  they  roll  the  atone  from 
tbe  well's  mouth." — Gent-tit  xxtx.  6. 

2.  To  move  anything  on  its  axis. 

3.  To  move  in  the  arc  of  a  circle. 

"  Rolling  hi*  greedy  eyeballs  in  his  head." 

Shakeip.  :  Kape  of  Lucrecf.  ML 

4.  To  wrap  round  on  itself  by  rolling;  to 
form  into  a  spherical  or  cylindrical  body  by 
rolling. 

"Grind  red  lead,  or  any  other  colour  with  strong 
wort,  and  BO  rr-U  them  up  into  long  rolls  like  pencils. 
— PfdcAawt .'  On  />ru  irinj/. 

5.  To  inwrap ;   to  bind  or  wrap  up  in  & 
bandage  or  the  like. 

"  Commlng  out  of  the  water,  she  rowlnth  herself* 
into  a  yelluw  cloth  of  fourteeue  braces  long."— Ilack- 
Itiyt :  royaffet,  it.  320. 

6.  To  press  or  level  with  a  roller ;  to  spread 
out  or  level  with  a  rolling-pin  or  roller  :  aa, 
To  roll  a  field. 

»  7.  To  revolve ;  to  turn  over  and  over  in 
one's  mind. 

"  Ful  oft  in  herte  he  roltcth  up  and  doun 
Tbe  beautee  of  thine  floreitu  new  and  bright." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  l£.T7I. 

8.  To  drive  or  impel  forward  with  a  sweep- 
ing, rolling  motion  :  as,  A  river  rolls  its  waters 
to  the  sea. 

*  9.  To  utter ;  to  give  utterance  or  exprea- 
sion  to  in  a  prolonged,  deep  sound. 

"  Who  roH'd  the  pnalm  to  wintry  sklea." 

Tennytnn  :  In  Mtmoriam,  IT.  1L 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  move  or  be  moved  along  a  surface  by 
revolving ;  to  rotate  or  revolve  as  on  an  axis ; 
to  turn  over  and  over. 

"  Rotting  In  dust  and  gore."    Milton  :  P.  L..  xi.  MO. 

2.  To  revolve  ;  to  perform  a  periodical  revo- 
lution :  as,  Years  roll  on. 

3.  To  move  or  turn  on  wheels :  as,  The 
carriage  rolled  along. 

i.  To  turn  ;  to  move  in  a  circle ,  to  revolve. 

"  The  poet's  eye,  in  a  flue  frenzy  rolling." 

Shateip. ;  Jfidtummer  A'iffht't  ftream,  T. 

5.  To  ride  in  a  carriage. 

"  The  wealthy,  th«  Injurious,  try  the  stress 

Of  business  roused,  or  pleasure,  ere  their  time, 
May  roU  in  chariots." 

•Vvrdtwortl.  :  Kxcurtion,  bk.  1L 

C.  To  be  formed  into  a  cylinder  or  ball. 

7.  To  spread  out  under  a  roller  or  rolling- 
pin  :  as,  Dough  rolls  well. 

8.  To  be  tossed  about  from  side  to  aide  ;  to 
rock,  as  in  rough  water. 

"  The  case  of  a  vesael  r«Wing  at  sea  among  warsx.**— 
Brit.  Quarterly  Review,  vol.  ML,  p.  99  (1973). 

9.  To  move  in  alternate  swells  and  depres- 
sions, as  waves  or  billows. 

"  Icy  aetu,  where  scare*  the  waters  roll." 
Pop* ;  Windior  /' 


ate,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  siire.  sir,  marine;  go,  p» 
•r,  wore,  wglt  work,  whA,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  ijnlte,  ciar,  rule,  rtU;  try,  Syrian.    •%O9  =  e;ey  =  &;  au  =  kw. 


roll— rolling 


4035 


10.  To  tumble  or  fall  over  and  over. 

"  Down  they  fell 
By  .boo-ndl.  »f  «  --jhjgr.1  r*U">L  ^ 

•  11.  To  fluctuate  ;  to  move  tumultuously. 
••  Here  tell  me.  if  thou  dar'st,  my  conscious  soul. 
What  din-rent  norrowl  did  within  Iheo  roil 

friar:  Solomon,  il.  830. 

12.  To  wallow,  to  tumble :  as,  A  horse  rolls. 

13.  To  emit  a  long,  deep  sound  like  the  roll 
of  a  drum,  &c. 

••  All  day  long  the  nolle  o(  tattle  rolled.  "^ 


*  14.  To  wander,  to  roam. 

"  M  an  shal  not  suffer  his  wif  (TO  roule  aboute." 

Chaucer :  C.  T..  3,3». 

*  15.  To  be  enrolled. 

"In  the  last  list,  I  presume,  you  roll."— foote : 
IV  Liar,  L  L 

•I  (1)  To  roll  a  drum  :  To  beat  a  drum  so  as 
to  produce  a  sound  like  that  of  a  rolling  body. 

(ROLL,  3.,  12.) 

(2)  To  roll  over :  To  kill,  to  shoot. 

"  It  ia  sheer  nonsense  to  say  ...  that  it  la  a  simple 
task  to  roll  rabbits  over  dead  as  they  shoot  across  a 
narrow  drive."— Field,  Dec.  6,  188*. 

roll,  *  rolle,  *  roule,  •  rowle,  s.  [In  some 
senses  directly  from  the  verb  to  roil  (q.v.),  in 
others  from  O.  Fr.  rolle,  roule  (Fr.  rO!«)  =  a 
roll,  from  Low  Lat.  rotulum,  accus.  of  ntulus 
=  a  roll,  from  Lat.  rota  ==  a  wheel ;  Bp.  rolla, 
ml,  rolde;  Port,  rota;  ItaLrotofo,  ruotolo.nllo.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  rolling ;  the  state  of  being 
rolled. 

*  2.  That  which  rolls  ;  a  flow  in  alternate 
rising  and  falling.    (Thomson:  Autumn,  17.) 

*  3.  That  which  rolls,  or  is  made  or  used  for 
tolling ;  a  roller. 

••  Where  land  is  clotty,  and  a  shower  of  rain  comes 
that  soaka  through,  use  a  roH  to  break  the  clot*.  — 
Mortimer:  Husbandry. 

4.  Something  made  or  formed  by  rolling; 
something  formed  into  or  resembling  a  cylin- 
drical body  formed  by  rolling. 

"  Large  r-'llt  of  fat  about  his  shoulders  clung. 
And  from  his  neck  the  double  dewlap  hung." 

Addiion. 

5.  A  document  which  is  or  may  be  rolled  up. 
"  Behold  an  hand  was  sent  unto  me ;  and,  lo,  a  roll 

of  a  took  was  therein."— Ezekiel  11  9. 

6.  Hence,  an  official  document  generally. 

"  Search  was  made  in  the  house  of  the  roHt."—Ktra 
•lli 

7.  A  register,  a  list,  a  catalogue,  a  category. 

"  I  am  not  in  the  roll  of  common  men." 

Shaketp. :  1  Henry  ir.,  lli  1. 

8.  A  quantity  of  cloth,  &c.,  rolled  or  wound 
np  in  a  cylindrical  form  :  as,  a  roll  of  silk. 

9.  A  small  piece  of  dough  rolled  up  into  a 
cylindrical  form  before  being  baked :  as,  a 
French  roll. 

10.  A  cylindrical  twist  of  tobacco. 

*  11.  A  large,  thick  curl :  as,  To  wear  the 
bair  in  rolls. 

12.  The  beating  of  a  drum  so  rapidly  that 
the  sound  resembles  that  of  a  rolling  ball,  or 
of  a  carriage  rolling  along  a  rough  pavement ; 
any  prolonged,  deep  sound. 

"  And  it  passed,  like  a  glorious  roll  of  drums." 
Longfellow :  Slate  I  Drea\ 

•J  A  roll  on  the  kettle-drum  is  produced  by 
alternate  single  strokes  of  the  sticks ;  on  side- 
drains  tlie  roll  is  made  by  alternately  striking 
two  blows  with  the  left  hand  and  two  with 
the  right,  very  regularly  and  rapidly,  so  as  to 
produce  one  continuous  tremolo.  (Grove.) 

*  13.  Round  of  duty  ;  particular  office,  func- 
tion, or  duty  assigned  or  assumed  ;  r61e. 

"  Tn  human  society,  every  man  has  his  roll  and  sta- 
tion aaaign'd  him."— L'Attranffe. 

11.  Technically: 

1.  Hooktrind. :  A  brass  wheel,  engraved  on 
the  edge,  for  hand  embossing  or  gilding  where 
*  continuous  line  or  pattern  is  to  be  impressed 
upon  the  cover  or  back  of  a  book. 

2.  Build. :  A  strip  with  a  rounded  top  lal( 
over  a  roof  at  the  ridge  or  at  lateral  joints,  to 
raise  the  sheet  lead  at  those  pcints. 

3.  Engr. :  The  cylindrical  die  in  a  transfer 
ring- press. 

4.  Mtta.ll.  :  One  of  a  pair,  or  series  of  rollers 
arranged  in  pairs,  between  which    ores   ar 
crushed. 

5.  Metal-working :  One  of  the  pair  of  cylin 
ders  between  which  metal  is  passed  to  dra1 
it  into  a  bar,  or  to  flatten  it  out  into  a  sheet 
[ROLLING-MILL.] 

6.  Paper-making :  A  cylinder  mounted  wit 
blades  for  working  paper-pulp  in  the  tub. 


7.  Wool-working:  A  carding  of  wool,  de- 
livered broadside  from  the  cards,  and  spine- 
what  compacted  in  the  process.  Bolls  are 
prepared  for  hand-spinning. 

•I  (1)  Miattr  of  the  Solit :  [HASTEB,  5  10). 

(2)  Boll*  of   Court  and   other   bodia:   The 
parchments  (kept  in  rolls)  on  which  are  en- 
grossed by  the  proper  officer  the  acts  and  pro- 
ceedings of  the  particular  body,  and  which 
constitute  the  records  of  such  public  body. 

(3)  The  Bolls:  A  precinct  situated  between 
the  cities  of  London  and  Westminster,  en- 
joying certain  immunities,  and  hence  called 
the  Liberty  of  the  Rolls :  the  name  being  de- 
rived from  the  rolls  or  records  deposited  in  its 
chapel. 

roll  about,  a.  Fat  and  podgy,  so  as  to 
roll  about  when  walking. 

roll  and  fillet,  s. 

Arch. :  A  rounded  moulding  with  a  square 
fillet  on  its  face.  It  is  common  in  the  Early 
Decorated  style,  and  passes  by  various  grada- 
tions into  the  ogee  (q.v.). 

roll-blotter,  s.  A  roller  around  which 
sheets  of  blotting-paper  are  fastened,  and  a 
handle  in  whose  forks  the  ends  of  the  roller 
axis  are  journaled. 

roll-box,  ». 

Spinning:  In  the  jack-frame,  the  rotary 
can  or  cylinder  in  which  the  bobbin  and  car- 
rier cylinder  for  the  rovings  revolve. 

roll  call,  «.  The  act  of  calling  over  a 
list  of  names,  as  of  students,  soldiers,  &C. 

roll-Joint,  s.  A  sheet-metal  joint  In 
which  the  parts  are  rolled  upon  one  another 
and  pressed  tight 

roll-lathe.  «. 

Much. :  A  lathe  for  turning  off  rolls  for 
rolling-mills,  calenderlng-machines,  and  for 
other  purposes.  t 

roll-moulding,  t. 

Arch. :  A  moulding  used  in  Gothic  architec- 
ture, the  upper  half  of  which  extends  over 
the  lower  half,  as  if  it  were  formed  of  a  thick 
substance  rolled  up. 

rolT-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.roO,  v.;-a&I«.]  Capable 
of  being  rolled. 

roll'-er,  *  rowl-er,  «.    (Eng.  roK,  v. ;  -en] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  rolls  ;  specif.,  a 
cylindrical  body  turning  on  its  axis,  and  used 
for  various  purposes,  as  for  smoothing,  crush- 
ing, levelling,  spreading  out,  or  the  like. 

(1)  A  heavy  cylindrical  implement,  of  wood, 
stone,  or  (most  frequently)  of  metal,  set  in  a 
frame,  and  used  for  crushing  clods,  compress- 
ing and  smoothing  the  surface  of  grass  fields, 
or  the   like,  levelling  the  surface  of  roads, 
paths,  walks,  &c. 

"  A  level  lawn,  shaven  by  the  scythe,  and  levelled 
by  the  roller."— Johnton  :  Life  of  Pope. 

(2)  A  rolling-pin  (q.v.). 

2.  That  upon   which   something   may  be 
rolled  up :  as,  the  roller  of  a  window-blind. 

3.  That  in  which  anything  may  be  rolled 
a  bandage ;   specif.,  a  long,  broad  bandage 
used  in  surgery. 

"  Fasten  not  your  roller  by  tying  a  knot,  lest  you 
hurt  your  patient."—  Witeman  :  Surgery. 

4.  That  upon  which  anything  is  rolled,  so 
as  to  diminish  friction. 

(1)  A  round  piece  of  wood,  &c.,  put  under  a 
heavy  weight.    [II.  4.] 

(2)  The  wheel  of  a  roller-skate. 

(3)  The  wheel  or  castor  of  a  table,  chair,  or 
the  like. 

*  (4)  A  go-cart. 

"  He  could  run  abont  without  a  roteler  or  leading 
strings."— Smit A :  Live*  of  Highwaymen,  il.  50. 

6.  A  long,  heavy,  swelling  wave,  such  as  is 
seen  after  the  subsidence  of  a  storm. 

"Under  favourable  conditions  he  may  run  In  imme 
dlately  behind  a  roller,  and  by  quick  work  keep  wel 
ahead  of  the  following  one,  and  so  reach  the  beach  in 
safety."— BcrUmer't  Jtagariitt.  January,  1880,  p.  Me. 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Metal-working :    A  circular  object  in  i 
machine  acting  as  a  carrier,  a  cutter,  a  die 
an  impression-cylinder,  or  a  flattener. 

2.  Music :  The  studded  barrel  of  the  inusica 
box  or  chime-ringing  machine. 

3.  Kant. :    A  cylindrical  anti-friction  bar 


which  revolves  as  a  hawser  or  rope  traverse* 
against  it,  and  thus  saves  the  rope  from  wear. 

4.  Ordn. :  A  cylinder  of  wood,  used  as  a 
winch  in  mounting  and  dismounting  guns. 

5.  Ornith.:  Any  individual  of  the  family 
Coraciadse.      Their  popular  name  is  derived 
from  their  habit  of  turning  somersaults  in 
the  air,  like  a  Tumbler  Pigeon.    Called  also 
Roller-bird.    [CoBacus.] 

"A  most  remarkable  feature  In  the  distribution  el 
this  family  is  the  occurrence  of  a  true  roller  (Coraciat 
temminckiij  in  the  island  of  Celebes."—  Wallace  :  Oeof 
Dittnb.  Attitn.,  ii.  813. 

6.  Print. :  [IKKINO-BOLLEB]. 

7.  Saddlery:    The  broad,  padded  surcingle 
used  as  a  girth  to  hold  a  heavy  blanket  in  its 
proper  position,  generally  made  of  twilled 
web  with  leather  billets  and  chapes. 

8  Zool.  (PI.):  The  family  Tortricida  (q.v.). 
Called  also  Short-tails  and  Short-tailed  Bur- 
rowing Snakes. 

•fl  Ground  Rollers: 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Atelornis,  from  Mada- 
gascar. Their  flight  is  very  weak,  and  they 
come  out  only  at  dusk. 

roller-barrow,  «.  A  barrow  mounted 
on  a  wide  roller  so  as  to  cause  no  injury  to 
the  grass. 

roller-bird,  ».    [ROLLER,  «.,  II.  6.] 

roller-bolt,  s.  The  bar  in  a  carriage  to 
which  the  traces  are  attached. 

roller-bowl,  ». 

Wool :  A  device  at  the  delivery  end  of  a 
wool-carding  machine,  for  rolling  the  slivers 
detached  by  the  dofflng-knife  from  the  longi- 
tudinal band-cards  of  the  dofflng-cylinder. 
The  rolling  compacts  the  slivers  into  cardlngs 
or  rolls,  which  are  delivered  npon  an  apron, 
and  are  removed  to  the  slubbing-niacbine. 
where  they  are  joined  endwise  and  receive  a 
alight  twist. 

roller-die,  ».  A  dia  of  cylindrical  form, 
used  in  transferring  steel-plate  engravings  for 
bank-note  printing,  and  also  the  patterni  to 
the  rolls  used  in  calico-printing. 

roller-gin,  >. 

1.  A  gin  in  which  the  cotton  Is  drawn  awaj 
from  the  seed  by  pinching-rollers,  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  saw-gin  (q.v.). 

2.  Hoisting:  A  gin  provided  with  a  roller 
on  which  the  rope  winds,  and  with  a  ratchet 
and  pawl  to  sustain  the  weight. 

roller-lift,  >. 

Print. :  A  small  wheel  to  raise  the  rollers 
from  the  ink  surface  in  a  machine. 

roller-mill,  t.  A  machine  tor  crushing 
or  grinding  grain  or  other  substances  between 
horizontal  rollers,  each  having  a  positive 
motion ;  also,  a  mill  in  which  such  machines 
are  used. 

roller-mould,  s. 

Print. :  A  mould  in  which  composition  ink- 
ing-rollers  are  cast. 

roller-skate,  s.  A  skate  mounted  on 
small  wheels  or  rollers,  and  used  for  skating 
upon  asphalt  or  other  smooth  flooring. 

roller-stock,  s. 

Print. :  The  frame  upon  which  composition 
rollers  are  cast. 

rdll'-ey,  I.    [Prob.  from  roll,  v.] 

Mining :  A  large  truck  in  acoal-mine,  holding 
two  corves  as  they  arrive  on  the  trams  from 
the  workings  A  number  of  rolleys  are  coupled 
together  and  hauled  by  a  horse  to  the  bottom 
of  the  engine-shaft. 

rolley-way, ». 

Mining:  A  tramway  in  a  mine, 

roll'-Ick,  v.l.  [A  dimin.  from  roll,  v.  (q.Y.).] 
To  move  or  play  about  in  a  careless,  merry 
fcshion  ;  to  swagger,  to  be  jovial. 

roll'  Ick  ing,  o.  [ROLLICK.]  Swaggering, 
jovial,  merry. 

"He  described  hU  friends  as  «>Hfc*i.wblades^Tl- 
dently  mistaking  himself  for  one  of  their  set.  —  ntt- 
dor*  Hook  :  Jack  Brag. 

roll'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a,.,  ft  ».    [ROLL,  »0 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Moving  on  wheels,  or  as  if  on  wheel*. 

"  Then  flied  up  high  behind  the  roMna  wain ." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xxii.  «*. 


boH,  boy;  pfint,  Jowl;  eat,  9011,  ohorn.,,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a,;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^U*.   -«ig. 
-elan,  -tlan  =  shan.     tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -  tion.  -slon  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tloo*.  -sious  =  shus.   -Me,  -tfto,  *c.  -  bel,  Ota. 


4036 


— ^— ^— — __ 

g,  undulating;  rising  and  falling 

ro»Sf J  ;'™'J|h*-fT"r!'  «™dll»"r  cluunrt.  from  Ait  to 
roKuV  l.n.lrto.  -CMur,  lla,***,.  Aug..  1M2i  p.  ^ 

J.  Making  a  continuous  noise  like  the  roll 
of  a  drum  :  as,  a  rolling  fire  of  artillery, 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  moving  or  beine 

oved  by  turning  over  and  over ;  revolution, 
rotation-;  the  act  of  levelling  or  smoothing 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bookbind. :  The  process  of  flattening  the 
pack  of  gathered  signatures  by  hammering  or 
passing  through  the  rolling-press. 

2.  MeialL :  The  process  of  drawing  out  or 
flattening  metal  by  passing  between  rollers. 

.  rolling-barrel,  s.  A  barrel  in  which  the 
ingredients  for  making  gunpowder  are  pnl- 
nzed.  It  has  an  axis  at  each  end,  on  which 
it  rotates,  and  a  door  for  the  introduction  and 
removal  of  materials. 

rolling  chocks,  rolling  cleats, ».  pi. 
Naut. :  Jaws  on  a  yard  to  steady  it  against 
the  mast  when  a  ship  rolls. 

rolling  coulter,  t.  A  sharp-edged  wheel 
which  is  attached  to  the  beam  of  a  plough  and 
cute  downwardly  through  the  grass  and  soil 
to  divide  the  furrow-slice  from  the  land. 

rolling-frame,  ». 

.Dyeing:  The  frame  with  rollers  by  which 
cloth  is  drawn  through  the  dye-beck. 

rolling-friction,  s.  The  resistance  which 
•  rolling  tody  meets  with  from  the  surface  on 
wnicn  it  rolls. 

rolling  hitch,  ... 

«,{?*'• ;  .Auitcu  round  a  spar,  log,  or  cask,  so 
that  a  pull  upon  the  rope  will  roll  the  same. 

rolling-mill,  «.  A  combination  of  ma- 
chinery used  in  the  manufacture  of  malleable 
iron  and  other  metals  of  the  same  nature 
iron,  which  is  heated  and  balled  in 
the  puddling  furnace,  is  made  into  bars  or 
sheets.  It  consists  of  rollers,  journaled  in 
pairs  in  metallic  boxes  in  the  iron  standards 
or  cheeks,  and  capable  of  being  set  toward 
or  from  each  other  by  means  of  set-screws 
The  grooves  in  the  rolls  are  so  made  as  to  be 

ictive  in  giving  the  required  form  to  the 
heated  iron  passing  between  them.  The  face 
of  each  roller  has  a  series  of  grooves  gradually 
decreasing  m  size  towards  one  end.  The  iron 
ttuTradluUlOUgh  e"Ch  '"  succes8ionr  being 

ffoS^'inL  thi!f  "P6""'01"  two  objecta  are 
Mted:  (l)the  scoriae  and  other  impurities 

ITfi  ftTTWl  lp(j     OTiH  /OV<vu*.  -^ i _i  m  f —...vivo 


rolling-tackle,  «. 

Naul.  :  A  tackle  which  keeps  a  yard  over  to 
leeward  when  the  ship  rolls  to  windward  It 
is  hooked  to  the  weather  quarter  of  the  yard 
and  to  a  lashing  on  the  mast  near  the  slings  ' 


fessor  in  P*aris.] 

Sot. :  A  genus  of  Anoneaj.  Known  species 
about  twenty,  nearly  all  from  Brazil  The 
natives  use  the  wood  of  RoUinia  muliifl,,m 
which  is  like  lance-wood,  for  making  spears. 

rol  -lock, ».    [ROWLOCK.] 

rdT-jf-pdl-y,   •  rol-ly-pol'-l*,  *  rol-lv- 
poo  ley,    *  row-ly-pow-ly,    *  ron  Iv 

POU-ly,  a.  &  ,.     [A  redupl.  of  roll  <q  vYf 

A.  At  adject  ire: 

1.  Lit. :   Shaped  like  .  rolypoly;   round 
podgy. 

eh.  zix  or&wtw .-  Suttf, 

2.  Fig. :  Unstable,  unsteady. 

B.  As  substantive : 


"  Let  us  begin  aome  diversion;  wbat  d'ye  think 

jKZ  «I«.r  *  c°u°tri  *""*  '"--<'•»«'*»''  73S* 


2.  A  sheet  of  paste,  spread  over  with  jam 
and  rolled  into  a  pudding. 
*  3.  A  vulgar  fellow. 
"Theae  two 

L  116. 


"seaTchrto'ru^rale0.'""'-'-   1BoMMiot]   TO 

*.*?!7a2'o>ibK».el,11"«*ln  to  "«<*•  "••  •""•-- 


* 

of  plate,  bolt,  or  bar,  is  given  to  the  metal 

rolling-pendulum.*.  A  cylinder  caused 
to  oscillate  m  small  excursions  on  a  horizout" 
?  tone.  it  was  designed  as  a  time-measurer 
but  is  of  no  practical  value. 


"  Of  thi,  nort-hut.  »nd  rormnK  In  tlie  tand.- 

Sluttotp.  :  Hamlet,  t  L 

Bo-ma'-  le,  a.  &  t.    [Pr.  Somaiique;  Mod  Or 
Somalia:,  from  Lat.  Roma.  =  Rome.] 

M^"  A>  S*'-  ;  Pertailliog  or  relating  to  the 
Modern  Greek  vernacular  language  or  to 
those  who  speak  it 

B.  As  mtat.  :  The  vernacular  language  of 
Modern  Greece  ;  the  language  spoken  by  the 
uneducated  and  the  peasantry,  sVcalled  froin 
being  the  language  of  the  descendants  of  the 


rolling  pin,  ».    A  wooden  cylinder 
ing  .projectin    handle  at  each  end  by 


Fabric  :  An  Indian  silk  fabric. 

R°m,'~an>  <*•  &  «•    [Let  Romania,  from  Roma 
=  Rome  ;  Fr.  Roman;  By.  &  Ital. 
A.  At  adjective  : 
L  Literally  : 

"  K™°g  to 


rolling-plant,  .. 
rolling-press,  «. 


8heeti 


'or  pi 


3.  Applied  to  the  common  upright  letter  in 
printing,  as  distinguished  from  italic  ;  also  to 

C  !n  Iett 


by  mean,  of  rotation  applied  to  the  latter. 
rolling  stock,  rolling-plant,  . 


"  Burke,  In  »  h<«e  breut  i  Roman  udou  glow'd." 

B.  Ai  tvbstantive  :  Ca*ntw. 

t  J'  A  "ative.  °f  inhabitant  of  Rome  ;  one  en- 
Joying  the  pnvileges  of  a  Roman  citiin. 

"  Thl«  man  la  ft  Roman."—  Actt 

2.  A  Roman  Catholic. 


rolling-stone,  t. 

It  h  *!.';LA  8$°ne  *?  placed  that  at  intervals 
It  is  displaced  from  ite  resting-place,  and  rolls 
Z.  Fig  :  A  person  who  cannot  settle  in 

"ient'  but  " 


t>U  ApaMe 


' 


gs§sl%l 


t  amty  in  the  metropolis,  and  Peter  have  been 


**  ^^rl'TT"^ "»*»££ 

not 'b^en  Tr°f  tlle  Bon*n*"«M«*5Mt..,,8 

Thf  Pimroh  » unaer  ecclesiastical  officers 

g«g^jtf^sstfMBra 

in  which  ftS?  <IecK\Ts 'aVsUeJhipIr"?? 
commends  the  faith  of  the  Roman  Christian 
e  earnestly  desires  to  visit  (8-18),  pnv 
j  is  not  ashamed  of  the  ?osn  -I  nt 
•),andthenglide.salmostinVe,Sbly 
a'nZ^;'"'  8V8te™t>c  treatment  of  Chris- 
tian doctrine  and  practice  to  be  found  in  tY 
^•Testament.  frying  the Rmnan and  ?the? 
parts  of  the  Gentile  world  bv  the  liirht  nf 
BEffi***  8h°<™  "owfearfunyco^pt 

«™i?f  /I*  'en  W!re'  and  lmw  destitute  of 
ncuse  for  their  conduct  (18-32).  The  Jew  is 
next  shown  to  have  flagrantly  violated  the 

a..wsr^!sSS?.SS 
6&^iff^$ai£jr;3 


ftte,  fit.  fare,  amld,rt.  ^t~^~^^~^T^. — "•>.  ^-n^cteac. 

*  -re,  ^  ^  wh,  ^  ^  ^  Z^sgsSttJttSi  Stti g: £*• 


and  ofDavid  (iv.),  he  mammtoiomeaPaH 

Wessmgs  which  faith  brings  initsTaiif:  £j 
peace  (v.  1),  patience,  experience  hone  ami 
eternal  life  (2-21).  Nor  does  tl"'doc?ri'ne  of 

Sfsssfs£'^nfS£ 
rfsm&SfiSS^ 

J^lT  •  ¥d  by  V16  SP'rit  of  God.  admitted  to 
t  epnv.leges  of  sonship,  aided  in  prayer  by 
the  Spirit  of  God,  they  shall  never  be  separated 
from  the  love  of  Christ,  .ud  through  him  shall 
be  more  than  conquerors  (16-39).    The  doctrine 
with^ref  1V"'e  aoveI:eiSnty  is.  n«t  treated  of 
sionate idesire  being  expressed  for  tl'e  aSraticS" 
ultmiately  to  take  place,  of  the  Jewish  )*ople 
Ox.-xi.).    Then  follow  ],ractical  exhortation, 
with  respect  to  Christian  conduct  in  the  several 
relations  of  life-as  to  friends,  to  enemies  an 
persecutors,  to  the  Roman  civil  authorities 
to    the    church   in   general,  and    to  weaS 
brethren  in  particular^  (xii.-iv.  13).    AftSln 
timating  more  minutely  than  before  bJroWD  S- 

s1"ut^tiOT0sVfrom^i(I4"33)>  and.8endin8  <*£> 

rallw"2!^'  he-  cl(18es  "'to  a  benediction 
l«-^7j.  No  eminent  critic  has  disputed  thp 
genuineness  of  the  epistle,  wh!c  is  ac! 
knowledged  even  by  Baur.  It  is  first  allud^ 
to  by  Clement  of  Rome,  A.D.  95,  by  Ignatius" 
by  Polycarp,  by  various  Gnostics,  by  Justin 
Martyr  by  the  writer  of  the  epistle  to 
Dlognetus  &e.,  till  finally  Irenajus,  about  IK 
ifers  to  it  by  name.  [PAULINE  THEOLOOV.] 

Boman-alum,  ».  An  alum  extracted 
from  the  volcanic  rocks  of  the  solfatena  near 
maples,  and  containing  more  alumina  than 
the  common  alum. 

Roman  architecture,  ». 

Arch. :  The  Composite  order.  During  the 
first  centuries  of  tne  Roman  state  the  build- 
ings erected  are  to  be  ascribed  lo  the  Etrus- 
cans Etruscan  art  forming  the  basis  of  Roman 
architecture;  subsequently,  in  the  time  of  the 
Scipms,  the  taste  for  Grecian  art  was  mingled 
with  it  Greek  architects  were  soon  intro- 
duced into  Italy ;  and  thus  Roman  architec- 
ture, like  Roman  art  in  general,  conformed 
as  nearly  to  the  Grecian  as  the  Roman  genius 
permitted  it  to  do.  The  reticulated  masourv 
OPUS-MTICULATUM]  is  peculiar  to  Roman 
architecture.  It  consists  of  square  cuneiform 
stones  or  tiles,  with  the  broad  ends  facing  out- 
wards, and  arranged  in  lines,  which  do  not 
ran  horizontally,  but  intersect  each  other  1 


romance — romanio 


4037 


»et-work.  The  base  and  the  corners  of  these 
walls  consist  of  horizontal  layers  of  square- 
stone,  and  there  are  sometimes  intersecting 
belts  of  the  same 
kind  of  material  in 
the  middle  of  the 
network  itself. 
Amongst  all  the 
forms  whk-h  the 
Romans  borrowed 
from  foreign 
source6!,  the  art  uf 
vaulting,  which 
they  learnt  from 
the  Etruscans,  was 
that  which  they 
most  skilfully 


ROMAN  ARCHITECTURE. 


adapted  and  devel- 
oped, and  rendered  the  most  distinctive  ex- 
iirrssion  of  the  peculiarity  of  their  own  style. 
Two  modes  of  construction  consequently  ap- 
pear side  by  side  in  Roman  architecture,  viz., 
the  Italian  arch  and  the  Grecian  column. 

Roman-balance,  s.  An  instrument  for 
weighing,  consisting  of  a  lever  having  arms  of 
unequal  weight  on  the  respective  sides  of  its 
point  of  suspension,  and  a  bob  which  traverses 
the  longer  and  graduated  limb. 

Roman-candle,  s.  A  species  of  fire- 
work consisting  of  a  tube  partially  filled  with 
alternating  perforated  stars  and  small  charges 
of  gunpowder.  Fire  communicated  to  the 
upper  end  ignites  the  charges  successively, 
which  throw  out  the  stars  until  all  are  dis- 
charged. 

Roman  Catholic,  «.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Roman 
Catholics.    [B.J 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1  Church  Hist.  (PI.):  The  adherents  of  the 
Church  which  is  Roman  in  its  centre  and 
catholic  in  its  circumference.  The  word  Cath- 
olic, meaning  Universal,  was  used  in  early 
Christian  and  mediaeval  times  for  the  great 
ecclesiastical  organization  with  which  the 
vast  mass  of  Christians  were  connected. 
When  the  Reformation  took  place,  the  Pro- 
testants refused  to  admit  that  the  Church 
which  they  had  left  was  entitled  to  call  itself 
Catholic,  and  prefixed  the  adjective  Roman, 
whilst  its  adherents  claimed  the  designation 
Catholic  without  any  limiting  adjective.  All 
admit  it  to  be  catholic  in  the  sense  of  being 
the  largest  Church  in  Christendom,  and  all 
other  episcopal  Churches  acknowledge  the 
validity  of  the  orders  of  its  clergy.  The 
number  of  Roman  Catholics  in  the  world  has 
been  estimated  at  152,000,000,  which  is  far 
too  low  ;  at  213,518,063,  at  214,370,000,  and 
at  218,000,000.  Taking  the  second  of  these 
estimates  the  distribution  of  Roman  Catholics 
over  the  world  is  believed  to  be  :  in  Europe, 
150,684,050  ;  Asia,  8,311,800 ;  Africa,  2,656,205 ; 
America,  51,422,566  ;  Australia  and  the  adja- 
cent islands,  443,442,  making  a  total  of 
213,518,063. 

The  c-dieal  difference  between  Protestants 
and  Ri-inan  Catholics  lies  in  their  conception 
of  the  Church.  The  latter  hold  that  the 
Roman  Church  is  the  Church  of  the  New 
Testament,  with  authority  to  define  articles  of 
faith,  and  that  all  bodies  not  in  communion 
with  her  are  either  heretical  or  schismatic. 
Protestants'  views  differ  widely— from  that  of 
the  High  Churchman  who,  whjle  denying  the 
universal  jurisdiction  of  the  Pope,  admits  that 
as  Bishop  of  Rome  he  is  primus  inter  pares,  to 
that  which  considers  him  the  Man  of  Sin  and 
the  Antichrist  of  Scripture.  From  this  fun- 
damental difference  all  others  necessarily  fol- 
low. Roman  Catholics  hold  the  Apostles',  the 
Nicene,  and  the  Athanasian  Creeds,  Transub- 
stantiation  and  the  sacrifice  of  the  Mass(q.v.), 
Seven  Sacraments  [SACRAMENT,  ».,  II.  2.],  the 
necessity  of  Confession  [PENANCE],  the  exist- 
ence of  a  Purgatory  (q.v.),  the  Immaculate 
Conception  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  the  In- 
fallibility  of  the  Pope. 

2.  Law :  [EMANCIPATION,  PENAL-LAWS,  1 1, 
BECUSANT.] 

Roman  Catholicism,  s.  The  system, 
principles,  doctrines,  or  rules  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church. 

Roman-cement,  «.     A  compound    of 
pozzuolau  and  lime. 
Roman-collar,  s. 

Ecdes. :  A  collar  made  of  a  parallelogram  of 
lawn  or  fine  linen,  bound  at  the  edge  and 


stitched.  It  is  worn  by  clerics  and  priests 
over  a  black,  by  bishops  and  prelates  over  a 
uurple  and  by  cardinals  over  a  scarlet  stock. 
It  is  of  quite  modern  date,  and  was  originally 
only  the  shirt-collar  turned  down  over  the 
stock. 

Roman-law,  s.  The  Civil  law ;  the  sys- 
tem of  jurisprudence  of  the  ancient  Roman 
Empire. 

1  Roman  law,  like  every  other  law,  origin- 
ated in  custom.  Its  first  great  stage  Of  de- 
velopment was  reached  in  the  publication  by 
the  Decemviri  of  the  Twelve  Tables,  B.C.  451. 
These  were  supplemented  rather  than  super- 
seded under  the  republic  and  the  empire. 
Under  the  former,  enactments  made  in  the 
Camilla  Centuriata  and  the  Crnnitia  Tributa, 
the  Senatus  Coiisulla,  and  the  Magisterial 
Edicts,  and,  under  the  latter,  the  Imperial 
Constitutumes  had  the  force  of  law.  Finally 
the  Justinian  Code,  A.D.  529,  gave  symmetry 
to  the  whole.  The  Roman  law  has  more  or 
less  affected  the  legislation  of  all  European 
countries. 

Roman-literature,  s. 
Literature:  For  nearly  500  years  from  the 
accepted  date  of  the  foundation  of  Rome  its 
people  had  no  literature,  and  when  at  length 
they  attempted  to  supply  the  great  want, 
they  wrote  in  Greek,  and  in  a  servile  manner 
followed  Greek  models.  Ennius,  who  was 
born  B.C.  249,  laid  the  foundation  of  a  genuine 
Latin  literature.  It  gradually  developed, 
culminating  in  the  Augustan  age.  Cicero 
flourished  B.C.  60;  Caesar,  54;  Cornelius 
Nepos,  44 ;  Virgil  and  Horace,  28  ;  Livy  and 
Ovid  14.  About  A.D.  180  the  Roman  litera- 
ture 'began  to  decline,  and  by  539  it  was  in 
the  last  stage  of  decay. 

Roman-ochre,  ».  A  pigment  of  a  rich, 
deep  and  powerful  orange-yellow  colour, 
transparent  and  durable.  It  is  used,  both 
raw  and  burnt,  in  oil  and  water-colour  paint- 
ing. The  colouring  matt*  1*  oxide  of  iron 
mixed  with  earthy  matter. 
Roman-school,  t. 

Art:  The  style  which  was  formed  or  pre- 
vailed at  Rome  in  the  beginning  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  and  which  was  remarkable  for 
its  solid  and  legitimate  effects.  The  works  of 
Raffaelle  exhibit  this  school  in  its  full  develop- 
ment, and  he  is  accordingly  considered  the 
great  head  of  the  Roman  school. 
Roman-type,  s. 

Print. :  The  ordinary  printing  type  as  op- 
posed to  italic  (q.v.). 
Roman-use,  s. 

Ecdesiol. :  The  order  of  the  Mass  as  offered 
in  the  Roman  Church,  and  preserved  from  an 
earlier  use  in  the  missal.  [SARUM-USE.] 

Roman-vitriol,  >•  Sulphate  of  copper 
or  blue  vitriol. 

Roman-white,  t.  A  very  pore  white 
pigment. 

ro-mance',  ro-mannce,  «.  A  a.  [0.  Fr. 
rowans,  roman,  rttmant  =  (1)  Roman,  (2),  the 
Roman  language,  (3)  romance,  from  Low  Lat. 
romanice  =  in  a  Roman  manner  or  tongue, 
from  Lat.  Romania  =  Roman  (q.v.);  Sp.  & 
Port,  romance ;  Ital.  ramanzo ;  Fr.  romance  = 
romance,  roman  =  a  romance.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1  A  tale  in  verse,  told  in  one  of  the 
Romance  dialects,  as  early  French  or  Pro- 
vencal as  the  tales  of  the  court  of  Arthur,  of 
Amadis  of  Gaul,  &c.  ;  hence,  any  popular 
epic  belonging  to  the  literature  of  modern 
Europe ;  a  fictitious  and  wonderful  tale  in 
prose  or  verse,  and  of  considerable  length. 

-  If  what  is  called  a  metrical  romance.  In  ito  most 
extensive  acceptation,  be  properly  defined  a  fabulous 
narrative  or  fictitious  recital  in  verae.  more  or  less 
marvellous  or  probable,  it  may  be  fairly  concluded 
that  this  species  of  composition  was  known  at  a  very 
early  period  to  the  Greeks,  and,  in  process  ol  time, 
adopted  from  them  by  the  Roman*,"—  mum  : 
Romance!,  vol.  i. 

2.  A  sort  of  novel,  especially  one  dealing 
with    surprising   or   marvellous    adventures 
usually  befalling  a  hero  or  heroine ;  a  tale 
picturing  an  almost  purely  imaginary  state  of 

"  To  love  an  altar  built, 
Of  twelve  vast  French  Jtonvmcei,  neatly  gilt. 

Pope :  Rape  oftla  Lack,  iL  M. 

3.  A  fiction,  a  lie,  a  falsehood. 

4  Romantic  ideas  or  actions ;  a  tendency 
of  the  mind  towards  what  is  romantic, 


mysterious,  or  wonderful ;  an  intermixture 
of" the  wonderful  and  mysterious  iu  literature. 

5.  A  simple  rhythmical  melody  suggestive 
of  a  love  story  ;  a"  song  or  short  instrumental 
piece  in  ballad  style. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  or  descriptive  ot 
the  languages  which  arose  in  the  south  and 
west  of  Europe,  bt>in^  chiefly  founded  upon 
the  Latin,  as  spoken  in  tlie  provinces  subject 
to  Rome.  The  Romance  (or  Romanic)  lan- 
guages include  the  French,  Provencal,  Italian, 
Spanish,  Portuguese,  and  Wallachian. 

ro  mftnce  ,  v.i.    [ROMANCE,  >.] 

1,  To  tell  romantic  or  extravagant  storiei ; 
to  draw  the  long  bow. 

2.  To  be  romantic  :  to  behave  romantically 
or  fancifully  ;  to  build  castles  in  the  air. 

ro-man9'-er,  s.    [Eng.  romance)  ;  -tr.] 

1.  One  who  romances  ;  one  who  invents  ot 
tells  extravagant  stories  ;  a  liar. 

2.  A  writer  or  composer  of  romances. 

"  The  flctioiu  of  the  Arabs  were  adopted  by  th« 
Troubadours  and  first  Gothic  romaticert.  —Mlcut: 
The  Liuiad,  bk.  ix. 

rd-man-ce'-ro,  ».  [Sp.]  A  general  name 
for  a  collection  of  national  ballads  or  romances. 

t  ro-manc' Ic-aL,  o.  [Eng.  romance) ;  -ical.] 
Resembling  or  having  the  character  of  £h« 
romances  of  the  middle  ages ;  romantic. 


ro-manc'-lst,  s.    [Eng.  romance);  -ist.]    A 

writer  or  composer  of  romances  ;  a  romancer. 

"  The  charge,  which  had  Voltaire  for  lt»  patron,  that 

•Gil  Bias'   was  a  plagiarism    of    previous    Suanlall 

romanclstl.'— Bally  rSearapk.  Dec.  24.  1885. 

*  rd-man'-C^,  o.  [Eng.  romance);  -».]  B» 
mantic. 

"An  old  house,  situated  in  a  rommci  plaoa,"— 
Ltff  of  A.  Wood.  p.  118. 

Ro-man-ese',  s.  [ROMAN.]  The  language  of 
the  Wallachisns,  spoken  in  Wallachia,  Mol- 
davia, and  parts  of  Hungary. 

ro  man  esque  (quo  as  k).  *  ro-man- 
esk,  a.  &  s-  [Fr-  romanesque.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  A  term  applied  to  the  dialect  of  Langn*> 
doc  [B.  1.) 

2  Pertaining  to  or  denoting  the  style  of 
architecture  and  ornament  so  called,  prevalent 
during  the  later  Roman  Empire. 

3.  Embodying  romance  ;  representing  sub- 
jects and  scenes   appropriate   to   romance; 
presenting  fantastic  and  imaginary  representa- 
tions, as  of  animals  or  foliage. 

4.  Pertaining  to  romance  ;  romantic. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  common  dialect  of  Languedoc,  and 
some  other  districts  in  the  south  of  France. 

2.  (See  extract). 

••  Komanetoue  [is]  a  general  term  for  all  the  debaafd 
styles  of  architecture  which  sprung  from  attempt,  to 
imitate  the  Roman,  and  which  flourished  in  Europe 
from  the  period  of  the  destruction  of  the  Roman 
Sfw°r  tm  £he  introduction  of  Gothic  architecture."- 
Qlouary  of  Architecture. 

3.  A  style  of  art  in  which  fantastic  and 
imaginary   representations    of  animals    and 
foliage  are  employed. 

romanesque-archltecture,  s. 

Arch. :  A  general  term  applied  to  the  sty]" 
of  architecture  which  prevailed  from  the  flftn 
to  the  twelfth  centuries.  Of  these  there  are 
two  divisions  :  (1)  The  debased  Roman,  preva- 
lent from  the  fifth  to  the  eleventh  centimes 
and  including  the  Byzantine  modifications  of 
the  Roman,  and  (2)  the  late  or  Gothic  Roman- 
esque of  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries, 
comprising  the  later  Byzantine,  the  Lombard, 
and  the  Rhenish,  Saxon,  and  Norman  styles. 
The  former  is  a  pretty  close  imitation  of  the 
Roman,  with  modifications  in  the  application 
and  distribution  of  the  peculiar  features  ;  the 
latter  is  Gothic  in  spirit,  having  a  predomin- 
ance of  vertical  lines,  and  various  other  n»» 
features.  [RHENISH-ARCHITECTURE.] 

rd-man'-Io,  a.    [ROMAN.] 

1  Pertaining  to  the  Roman  languages  or 
dialects,  or  to  the  nations  or  races  speaking 
them ;  romance. 

"  The  Italic  branch  1»  represented  among  living 
languages  only  by  the  Romanic  dialects,  so  called  ai 
belni  all  de.ceuoed  from  the  dialect  of  BOJ«V^ 
Latin."—  Whitney :  Life  t  growth  of  LnnluaQ'.  <*•  *• 

2.  Being  in  or  derived  from  the  Roman 
alphabet. 


boll,  bo?;  pout.  Jrfwl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a.;  expect, 
.  -tlan  =  shan.   -tton,  -.ion  =  shun ;  -Jlon.  -}ion  =  ahtin.   -oioua.  -ttouB.  -slou.  =  .*u«.   - 


4038 


Eomanish— rondle 


•  Romanian,  o.    [Eng.  .Roman  ;  -isji.]  Per- 
ining to  Romanism  ;  Roman,  popish. 
" 


, 

"Bulls  or  letten  at  election   only 
j  Partryoi 


In   the 


*  Rd'-man-Isin,  «.  [Bug.  Soman;-lmi.l  The 
tenets  and  teachings  of  the  Church  of  Rome  • 
Roman  Catholicism. 

"ThM  PapMs  h»»e  the  common  faith  .  .  and 
their  own  proper  XammOfm,  to  the  yery  same  or  like 
purpose  u  the  Jews  ha  ye  tile  law  and  the  orooheu  '  — 
Arrant  :  .»„  Waiet  to  JjoMjtion,  p.  i, 

t  Ro'-man-ist,  s.  [Eng.  Roman;  -fct]  An 
adherent  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church  •  a 
Roman  Catholic.  (Fox:  Actes,  p.  241.) 

f  ro  -man-ize,  «.t  &  i.    [Eng.  toman;  -te.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  Latinise  ;  to  fill  with  Latin  words  or 
idiom*. 

"He  did  too  much  romonize  our  tongtie.  leaving  the 
**-  almo"  "  ""«'>'''•«»  »  hVfound 


2.  To  convert  to  Uw  Roman  Catholic  re- 
ligion or  opinions. 
B.  Intransitive: 
L  To  use  Latin  words  or  idioms. 

"So  splihlv  rmumia*p.  that  the  word  of 
•till  was  aet  down  In  Latin. "—Jfaton  : 


.-  .         o 

2.  To  conform  to  Roman  Catholic  opinions. 

8peeci1-  (see  eitr 


•  ro  -man-iz-er.  «.  [Eng.  romani^e);  -«•] 
One  who  romanizes  ;  one  who  converts  or  con- 
forms to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion. 

ro  mansch  ,  ro  mansh  ,  rou-mansch  ,  j. 
[For  Bomanith,  from  Roman  (q.v  )  ]  A  dia- 
lect spoken  in  the  Grisous  of  Switzerland 
It  is  based  on,  or  corrupted  from  the  Latin. 


>  .  *«>-maunt,  >. 

*1-   "won,  the  t  being  excrescent,  as   in 
tyranl,  Ac.]    A  romance. 

"The  L«Un  tongue,  as  ii  oheemd  hi  an  Ingenious 
writer,  ceased  to  be  .poken  in  Fnuioe  .bout  thiuluth 
century.  and  was  succeeded  by  what  was  called 
e  of 


.  ee  a    was  cae 

«»  ton™.  .  miitare  of  thelanJiaS  tf 
Fruikl  and  ted  LUin.      i,  the  ion.VolchlT 


ro-man'-tf-cfat,  s.  [Eng.  romantic;  -fcf.j 
One  who  supports  or  is  imbued  with  roman- 
ticism. 

•  rd-man'-tic-ly,  adv.  [Bng.  romantic;  -ly.] 
In  a  romantic  manner  ;  romantically. 

•po-mgn'-tJc-ness,  s.  [Eng.  romantic; 
-nett.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  romantic. 

rdm'-a-ny.  rom-a-ni,  rom-ma-ny,  «. 

[Gipsy  Rom  =  a  man,  a  husband  ;  connected 
by  Paspati  with  the  name  of  the  Indian  god 
Raina,  while  Miklosich  identifies  it  with 
Sansc.  doma,  domba  =  a  low-caste  musician.] 

L  A  gipsy. 

2   The  language  spoken  by  gipsies.    (It  is 

re  to  be  found  pure  now,  being  in  every 

case  much  corrupted  by  intermixture  with  the 

languages  of  the  nations  among  whom  the 

gipsies  have  lived.) 

"  Whether  Romani  is  derived  from  IndL  Marathi 
ftc,.  can  only  be  determined  by  minute  ' —  -"     • 


°ivenor 


.  ne      yiuuue   uveeton 

which,  lonj  neglected,  are  now  beinjt  carried 
~riou«  Orientalists.    They  have  at  leartertabushec! 
that  Xomam  stand,  in  &  relation  of  a  e££- 

'      I°di" 


rd-mi.il  -tic,  •  ro-man'-tlck,  a.    (Fr.  ro- 
manttyut;  8p.  &  ItaL  romaxtico.] 

L .Of  or  pertaining  to  romance ;  partaking 
Of  the  nature  of  romance;  marvellous  ex- 
travagant, fanciful,  wild 

«Jf;,£Ven  *°  "trawg*"'  or  fanciful  ideas ; 


. 

3.  Pertaining  to  romances,  or  the  popular 
literature  of  the  middle  ages  ;  hence,  fictitious, 
Imaginary,  ideal,  chimerical. 

"  Fiction's  fair  romuntte  range." 
t    nr-ui  **"'  MarMm-  '•    nmtrod.1 

4.  Wndly  picturesque;  foil  Of  wild,  fen- 

8  Scenei7:  u>  •  ™"°n<i<! 


romantic  school,  t. 
Literature  : 

.£  ^IS0^0/^*17  f°no<Jed  in  Qermany, 
•bout  1808,  by  the  brothers  SchlegeL 

A  similar  school  in  France,  represented 

Dnmiu>'  and 


ro-manz'-a  (z  as  tz),  s.    (ItaL] 
Music  :  A  romance  (q.v.). 

ro-manz-I-e'-H  (z  as  tz),  >.  pi.  [ItaL  = 
romancists.]  A  school  of  Italian  poets  who 
took  for  their  subjects  the  romances  of  France 
and  Spain,  and  especially  those  relating  to 
Charlemagne  and  his  knights.  Ariosto  is  the 
chief  poet  of  the  school. 

ro  man*  »-vite  (z  as  tz),  ».  [After  Count 
Romanzov;  suff.  -tte  (Aftn.).] 

ifin. :  A  brown  variety  of  eisonite  (q.v.l 
from  Kimito,  Finland. 

•  rom-aunt, «.    [ROMAHT.] 

•rom-bel,  <.  [RUKBL«.]  A  rumbling  noise ; 
a  rumour. 

rom  bow  line,  *.    [RUMBOWLIKS.] 

*  rome,  r.  i.    [ROAH.] 
rome,  >.    [ROOM.] 

rome  -ine,  rome  -ite,  s.  [After  the  crystal- 
lographer,  Borne  de  1'Isle;  suff.  -W  -in 
(JfiTi.).] 

Min. :  A  tetragonal  mineral  occurring  in 
octahedrons,  mostly  very  minute,  with  various 
others  at  San  Marcel,  Val  d'Aosta,  Piedmont 
Hardness,  about  S-5 ;  sp.  gr.  between  4-714 
and  4-675 ;  colour,  hyacinth-red  and  honey-yel- 
low. Compos. :  antimony,  62-24  -  oxvtren 
16-32;  lime,  21-44  =  100,  which  corresponds 
with  the  formula  3RO,8bO3,SbO{, 

rome'-kln,  rom  -kin,  ».  [Etym.  doubtful ; 
cf.  rummtr.]  A  kind  of  drinking-cup. 

Tome  pen  ny,  •  rome  scot,  -rdme- 
Shot,  J.  (A.8.  Kome-seott,  Romt-feok,  Sampan- 
ntng,  Rdmpasnig.]  [SHOT  (2),  ».]  The  same  u 
PETER-PENCE  (q.v.). 

Ro'-mie,  a.  An  adaptation  of  the  Boman 
alphabet,  devised  by  Henry  Sweet,  and  so 
named  by  him  "  because  based  on  the  original 
Roman  values  of  the  letters." 

Bdm'-foh,  a.  [Eng.  JZomf»  ;.«*.]  Pertaining 
or  belonging  to  Rome  or  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  (Used  with  a  slightly  contemptuous 
force,  as  the  .Bomia*  church,  Somirt  ritual,  &c.) 

^?™  ~v**'  *^  [EnR'  *""<«).•  •&•}  A  Roman 
Catholic,  a  Romanist. 


-lab-ness,  ».  (Eng.  rompisA;  -nes^V 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  ronfpS,;  ap- 
position to  indulge  in  rough  o/  boikerous- 


:  APPlied  to  an  ordinary  when  broken, 

°r 


ron-dache  ,  >.    fFr.] 

OW  4rm.  :  A  large  circular  shield  for  foot- 


ronde,  «.    [Fr.] 

rjrpog.  .-  A  kind  of  round,  cursive  character 
in  imitation  of  French  writing,  similar  to  our 
old  Chancery  engrossing  hand. 

ufiis  (itte  it  net  tu  Tiloiide. 

ron  -deau  (eau  as  6),  ron  -do,  ..    (Fr.  nm. 
deau,  from  rond  =  round.] 

1.  A  poem  written  in  iambic  verse  of  eight 
or  ten  syllables,  and  in  thirteen  lines- 
must  have  but  two  rhymes.  It  contains  three 
stanzas,  the  first  and  third  of  which  have  five 
lines  each,  and  the  second  three  ;  there  is  also 
a  refrain,  consisting  of  the  first  word  or  words 
in  toe  first  line,  added,  without  rhyming  with 

n?^"1?,'  •!?  the  end  of  the  ei«hth  line  ^d 
of  the  thirteenth  line.  (E.  Gosse.  in  Com- 
AiU  Magcuiiu,  July,  1877.) 

2.  Music: 

(I)  Apiece  of  music  vocal  or  instrumental 
generally  consisting  of  three  strains,  the  first 
of  which  closes  in  the  original  key,  while  each 
of  the  others  is  so  constructed  in  modulation 
as  to  reconduct  the  ear  in  an  easy  and  natural 
manner  to  the  first  strain. 

"  Rondo  form  differs  from  sonata  or  aruiphonifr 
form.  In  that  the  nrst  part  is  not  m»rk.d  L,  fei.aU 
Ttforik-iMj  subject  doe.  not  modulate,  but  reapjear. 
m  Its  key^hord  at  the  cloae  ot  the  first  pertod,  »d 
again  after  the  modulation  of  the  second  sublert  si 

-~ 


tro-na.ii--«o-«l-iy,adr.  (Eng.  rommticol  • 
•'!/.]  In  a  romantic  manner  :  fancifullv  wildlv 
extravagantly. 

*  ro-man'-tl-clsm,  «.  [Eng.  romonHe;  -ton.) 

L  .The  quality  or  state  of  being  romantic  ; 

•pecif.  applied  to  the  reaction  from  classical  to 

mediaeval  forms  which  originated  in  Germany 

2.  That  which  is  romantic  ;  romantic  feel- 
Jng,  actions,  or  expressions. 


a    omt  fart  the  dl.tlnctlon  of  mortal 

and  venial  iins.--SouM  .-  Sermon.,  vol.  rll.  BerT.7 

romp.s.    [ROMP,  t>.] 

1.  A  rude,  awkward,  forward  girl,  fond  of 
boisterous  or  rough  play. 

"  g"*%  Jiffiling.  plotting  chamher-maids  arrive. 
Hojden.  aud  romps,  led  on  by  Geu'ral  CliVi- 

OtauaH)  .-  n*  Saciad. 

2.  Rude  or  rough  play  or  frolic 


(a  A  kind  of  jig  or  lively  tune  that  ends. 
with  the  first  strain  repeated. 

ron'-diH,  j     [O.  Fr.,  from  rmd  =  round  ;  8p. 
rondel;  Ital.  randeUo.} 

1.  A  poem  in  fourteen  lines,  properly  of 
eight  syllables.      There  should  be  but  two 
rhymes  throughout  ;  those  in  the  first  fourth 
fifth,  ninth,  and  twelfth  lines,  and  those  of 
the  second,  third,  sixth,  tenth,  and  eleventh 
lines  should  correspond.     The  seventh  and 
eighth,  and  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  lines 
are  repetitions  of  the  first  and  second,    ffi 
Gosse,  in  CornJiiU  Magazine,  July,  1877.) 

2.  Something  round  ;  a  rondle. 

3.  The  same  as  RONDEAU,  1. 

*4.  Fort.  :  A  small,  round  tower  erected 
at  the  foot  of  a  bastion. 


r&np,  v.i.  [Another  form  of  romp  (q.v  11 
To  play  about  rudely,  noisily,  and  boister- 
ously ;  to  frisk  about  ;  to  indulge  in  romps. 

/'Ifonnd  the  creature  nrnipin;  aud  rolling  In  full 
HbertT.-—  Do.il,  Ttlfgraph,  Sept.  M,  1SK. 

romp  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [Roxp,  v.J 


g-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  romping  ;.;«.]    In 
a  romping  manner  ;  like  a  romp  ;  rompishly. 


S£~di~1*r?i-*  (t  as  •h)-  *•   tN"n«1 

Wm.  Rondelet,  M.D.  (1S07-15M),  a  naturalist 
of  Montpellier.] 

1.  Sot.:  A  large  genus  of  Hedyotida?.  Shrub* 
with  white,  yellow,   Hue,  pink,  roseate    or 
scarlet  flowers  ;  mostly  from  the  hotter  ports 
of  America.    The  bark  of  Rondtletia  ftbrifiiga 
is  given  at  Sierra  Leone  in  fevers. 

2.  Perfumery  :  A  perfume,  named  from  Ron- 
deletia  odorata,  found  in  Mexico  and  Cuba,  hot 
not  really  prepared  from  that  plant. 

ron  delle',  ».    (RONDLE,  II.  g.) 

•  ron-deur',  s.    [Fr.]    Rondure  (q.v.). 

r8n'-dle.  riSn'-del,  s.    [O.  Fr.  rondel,  from 
rond  =  round  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  language  : 

*  1.  Anything  round  ;  a  circle. 


rondo— rooker 


4039 


_,  The  step  of  a  ladder  ;  a  round,  a  rung. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Fort, :  The  same  as  ROSDEL,  3. 

2.  Her. :  A  roundel  (q.v.). 

"  IVrtaln  rondto,  given  In  arm,,  ha.™  their  n»mes 
according  to  their  several  culours.  —  t 

3.  detail:  A  round  plate  or  disc.   The  term 
is  applied  to  the  crust  or  scale  which  forms 
upon  the  surface  of  molten  metal  in  cooling, 
and  which  is  removed  from  the  crucible  or 
cistern  from  time  to  time  as  it  congeals,  in 
order  to  obtain  the  metal  in  a  form  suitable 
for  farther  treatment  instead  of  in  a  solid 
mass.    Spelled  also  rondelle.    Copper  thus 
treated  is  known  as  rose  copper  from  its  red 
colour. 

ron'  do,  «.    [RoNniit;.] 

*  ron'-diire,  «.    [Fr.  rond  =  round.]  A  circle. 

"With  April's  first-born  flowers,  and  all  thiiigs_rare 
That  heaveus  air  in  this  huge  rondure  hem". 

Shalcetp.  '  sonnet  u. 

•  rone,  prtt.  ofv.    [RAIX,  «.) 

rone,  i.  [Prom  the  same  root  as  run;  cf. 
nmnd;  Prov.  Eng.  nine,  and  Prov.  Ger. 
roun«  =  a  channel.)  [RHONE.]  (Scotch.) 

*  rong,  fret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    [Eiso,  v.] 

•  rohg,  i.    [RUNG,  i.]    A  rung  or  round  of  a 
ladder. 

••  So  many  steps  or  ron?.  as  It  were  of  Jacob's  ladder. 
—Bil\op  Androm ;  Sermon.,  p.  Bel. 

«  r»n'  -l6n  (1  as  y),  *  ron'-yin,  «.  [Fr.  rogne 
=  scab,  mange,  itch,  from  Lat  rooijrmtm, 
accus.  of  rooigo  =  rnst]  A  mangy,  seabby 
animal ;  a  scurvy  person  ;  a  drab. 

"Out  of  my  doer,  yon  witch,  you  polecat,  you 
ronJS.  "-S*a*«p. :  Uerr,  wi,«  oj  windeST*.  s. 

ront,  «.  •  [BUNT.] 

rood,  *  rode,  roode,  s.  [The  same  word  as 
rod  (q.v.).  A.S.  r«d  =  a  rod,  a  gallows,  a 
cross  ;  cogn.  with  O.  Fris.  rode  ;  O.  S.  rtda  = 
callows,  cross  ;  Dut.  roede  =  a  rod,  a  perch,  a 
wand  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  riuti  =  a  rod  of  land ;  Ger. 
ruthe ;  Lat  n«H»  =  a  rod,  a  staff.] 
*  1.  A  cross. 

"Heo  brogte  oore  Lord  Jhesu  to  dye  on  the  root." 
Robert  of  QtoMcoiUr,  61. 

2.  A  cross  or  crucifix ;  specif.,  a  representa- 
tion of  the  crucified  Saviour,  or,  more  gene- 
rally, of  the  Trinity,  placed  in  Catholic 
churches  over  the  altar-screen,  hence  termed 
the  rood-screen.  The  rood  consisted  of  the 
three  persons  of  the  Trinity,  the  Son  being 
represented  as  crucified.  Generally  figures 
of  the  Virgin  and  St.  John  were  placed  at  a 
slight  distance  on  each  side  of  the  principal 
.group,  in  reference  to  John  ixix.  26. 

"•  Now.  by  the  rood,  ray  lovely  malj. 
Your  courtesy  has  erred,  he  said. 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake.  i.  23. 

&  A  rod,  pole,  or  perch.    [ROD,  «.,  I.  8.] 
4   A  unit  of  superficial  measurement,  the 
fourth  part  of  a  statute  acre,  and  equal  to  40 
square  perches  or  poles,  or  1,210  square  yards. 
"  A  time  there  was.  ere  England's  griefs  began, 
When  every  rood  ot  gr.nmd  maintained  Its  man. 
Uoldtmitk:  Deterttd  Village. 

rood-arch,  s.  The  arch  In  a  church 
between  the  nave  and  chancel,  so  called  from 
the  rood  beiug  placed  there. 

rood-beam,  *  rode-beem,  «.  A  beam 
across  the  entrance  to  the  chancel  of  a  church 
for  supporting  the  rood. 

••  [He]  llth  ygrave 

rood-cloth,  a, 

Ecdes. :  A  black  or  violet  cloth  with  which 
the  rood  was  covered  during  Lent 

*  rood-free,  a.  Exempt  from  punish- 
ment. 

rood-loft,>.  Agalleryovertheentranceto 
the  choir  of  a  church,  at  the  front  of  which  the 
rood  or  crucifix  was  placed.  It  was  composed 
of  open  tabernacle-work,  in  wood  or  stone, 
ami  was  approached  by  a  small  staircase  in 
the  wall  of  the  building.  [AMBO.J 

rood  saints,  s.  pi. 

Ea-les. :  Images  of  the  Virgin  and  of  St 
John,  the  beloved  disciple,  placed  on  each 
side  of  the  crucifix. 

rood-screen,  «.  An  ornamental  parti- 
tion separating  the  choir  of  a  church  from  the 
nave.and  often  supporting  the  rood  or  crucifix. 

rood-tower,  rood-steeple,  t.     The 


"  I  leue  and  tr 
Which  died  v 


tower  or  steeple  built  over  the  intersection 
f  a  cruciform  church. 
*  rood-tree,  *  roode-tre, «.    The  cross. 

,t  In  Christes  felth, 
on  the  roode-tre. 

rod'-dS-bSk,  J.  [Dut  rood  =  red,  and  Sot  = 
a  buck.) 

Zoo!  •  CepMlopus  natalensis,  tlie  Natal  Bush 
Buck.  Colour  bright  nay,  with  short  conical 
horns.  It  inhabits  the  thick  brushwood  of 
the  forests  about  Natal  and  the  country  to  the 
eastward. 

rood' -peer,  ».    [Eng.  rood,  and  pier  (f).] 
Sot.:  Phobero*.  Ecklonii.    (Avier.) 

ro6d'-y,  a.  [Etym.  doulitful.]  Rank  in 
growth  ;  coarse,  luxurious. 

rodf,  »rhof.  Tof,  "roofe,  t.  [For  kroof. 
from  A.S.  Ard/=a  roof;  co*n.  with  O.  Fris. 
href;  Dut.  roe/;  Icel.  Jiro/=a  shed  under 
which  ships  are  built  or  kept ;  Buss,  kroa  =a 
roof.] 

1  Arch. :  The  uppermost  member  of  * 
building  ;  the  cover  of  any  house  or  building, 
irrespective  of  the  material  of  which  it  is  com- 
posed The  simplest  form  of  roof  consists 
merely  of  inclined  rafters,  abntting  at  their 
upper  end,  and  attached  to  a  fixed  bearing  at 
the  lower  ends.'  Roofs  are  of  various  kinds, 
and  are  distinguished  (1)  by  the  materials  of 
which  they  are  composed,.as  iron  roofs,  wood, 
slate,  tile,  or  thatch  roofs,  4c.,  or  (2)  by  the 
form  and  mode  of  construction,  as  gable- 
roofs,  Hat  lean-to,  hip,  curbed,  ogee,  man- 
sard &c.  The  span  is  the  width  between 
supports.  The  rise  is  the  height  in  the  centre 
above  the  level  of  the  supports.  The  pitch  is 
the  slope  of  the  rafters. 

"  How  reverend  Is  the  face  of  this  tall  pita. 

Whose  ancient  pillars  rear  their  marble  beade. 

To  hear  aloft  its  arch 'd  and  pond  rous  roof. 

Conoreoe:  Mourning  Bride,  U. 

S.  Corp. :  The  timber  framework  by  which 
the  roofing  or  covering  materials  of  a  building 
are  supported.  It  consists  of  the  principal 
rafters,  the  common  rafters  and  the  purlins. 
(See  these  words.)  The  two  varieties  of  roof- 
ing in  use  are  King-post  roofs  and  Queen-post 
roofs.  (See  these  words.) 

3  Mining:  The  part  above  the  miner's  head; 
that  part  lying  immediately  npon  the  coal. 

4.  Anything  corresponding  with  or  resem- 
bling the  eovering  of  a  house,  as  the  arch  or 
top  of  a  furnace,  an  oven,  a  carriage,  coach, 
&c. ;  an  arch ;  the  interior  of  a  vault ;  a  ceiling. 

"The  mo/ of  the  chamber." 

Shakeep.  :  Cymbeltm,  H.  i. 

5.  Hence,  fig.,  a  canopy  or  the  like. 

"  The  dust 
Should  have  ascended  to  the  roof  of  heav'n." 

BttoJtetp. :  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  UL  «. 

6.  A  covering  or  shelter  generally. 

"  Heaven's  arch  ls  oft  their  roof,  the  pleasant  abed 
Of  oak  and  plain  oft  serves  them  for  a  bed. 

Drummond :  Speed*  of  Caledonia. 

•  7.  A  house  In  general. 

"  Within  this  roof 
The  enemy  of  all  your  graces  Ifves. 

Skuteip. :  At  To*  Lite  It,  B.  S. 

8.  The  upper  part  of  the  mouth;  the  palate. 

"  Swearing  till  my  very  roof  was  dry 
With  oaths  of  love." 

Slutteep. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  IB.  1 

roof-guard,  s. 

Build. :  A  contrivance  for  preventing  snow 
from  sliding  from  a  roof.  It  consists  usually 
of  a  continuous  series  of  horizontal  slates, 
slightly  raised  above  the  roof-cover  and  sup- 
ported by  uprights.  (Amer.) 

roof-tree,  a. 

1.  The  beam  in  the  angle  of  a  root 

2.  Hence,  used  for  the  roof  itself. 

"  Does  all  that  lies  in  his  power  to  make  yon  happy 
during  your  lengthened  stay  under  his  capacious 
roof-trei'—Paa  Matt  Oatelle.  Oct.  5,  1S8S. 

If  To  your  roof-tree :  A  toast  expressive  of  a 
wish  for  the  prosperity  of  one's  family,  or  of 
all  under  his  roof.  (Scotch.) 

roof-trass,  s  The  framework  of  a  roof, 
consisting  of  thrust  and  tie  pieces. 

roof,  v.t.    [Roor,  ».] 

1.  To  cover  with  a  root 

2.  To  arch  over ;  to  cover.    (Miltm:  f.  R., 
ii.  293.) 

3.  To  Inclose  In  a  house ;  to  shelter. 

"  Here  had  we  now  our  country's  honor  roof  it 
Were  the  grac'd  person  of  our  Banqno  Preeent 

Shatetp.  :  Mactetk,  liL  4. 


rodf  '-er,  s.     [Ens;,  roo/,  v.  ;  -«T.]     One  who 

roofs  or  covers  with  a  roof. 

rodf  '-Ing,  pr.  par.  &  s.    [Roor,  ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  -4s  mbitantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  covering  with  a  root 

2.  The  materials  of  which  a  roof  Is  com- 
posed ;  mati-rials  for  a  roof. 

3.  The  roof  itself  ;  hence,  used  figuratively 
forslu'lter. 

roof-less,  a-    lEng.  roo/;  -lew.] 
1.  Having  no  roof. 

"  Thither  I  came,  and  there—  amid  the  «loom  .  ,  . 


2.  Having  no  roof  or  shelter ;  unsheltered. 

roof'-lSt,  i.  [Eng.  roof;  dimin.  suff.  -let.]  A 
little  roof  or  covering. 

*roof'-y.  a.     [Eng.  roof;  -y.}    Having  roof*. 

"  Whether  to  roofy  houses  they  repair,  B 
Or  sun  themselves  abroad  ill  open  air. 

Dryden  :  Virgtt ;  Oeoroto  ill.  e»t 

rook  (1)  ».  [A.S.  hric,  cogn.  with  Icel  hrokr  ; 
rkn.  MOM;  Sw.  rota;  Irish  ft  Gael,  roan; 
O  H.  Ger.  hruok ;  M.  H  Ger.  rou<*  =  a  rook  ; 
Ger.  ruchert  =  *  jackdaw .  A  word  of  imita- 
tive origin  ;  cf.  Gael,  roc  =  to  croak  (q.v.)  ; 
Lat.  raucus  =  hoarse.] 

1  OrniOi. :  Coma  fngttegus,  an  eminently 
gregarious  bird,  Inhabiting  cultivated  wooded 
districts,  and  apparently  preferring  to  build 
and  breed  near  the  abodes  of  man.  They  are 
very  widely  distributed,  and  are  probably 
nowhere  more  common  than  in  England, 
Ireland  and  the  south  of  Scotland.  The 
adult  male  is  from  eighteen  to  twenty-two 
inches  long;  plumage  Mack,  glossed  with 
purple  on  the  upper  parts,  lower  surface  of 
wing-  and  tail-quills  lustrous,  dark  grayish- 
black  ;  legs,  toes,  and  claws  black.  Base  of 
beak  forehead,  lores,  chin,  and  throat  bare, 
but  the  cause  of  this  nudity  is  not  known. 
Some  assert  that  the  feathers  are  abraded  as 
the  bird  digs  in  the  ground  for  food  ;  others, 
that  it  is  a  natural  peculiarity.  The  female 
is  rather  less  than  the  male,  and  her 
plumage  is  not  so  brilliant  White  and  other 
varieties  often  occur.  Their  nest  is  about 
two  feet  in  diameter;  eggs  four  to  six  in 
number,  bluish-green,  blotched  with  brown. 
(See  extract.) 


. 

"The  balance  between  inlnrr  or  benefit  derlv 
om  Rook,  by  agriculturists  to.  question  whi 
eneral  opinion  seems  to  have  settled  by  couiideru 
mage,  though  often  great.  Is  m.ich  mo 
ighed  by  the  eervices  rendered  in  t 
S  million,  of  grub,  of  the  cockd.sfer  t 


than  outweig 
destruction  S  milli 


hich 
uif 
ore 
he 
he 

,          tlie  l^rv^.^ 
Bird.  led.  .thl.  tt  19. 


2  Fig.  :  A  cheat,  a  swindler  ;  one  who  plucka 
pigeons  ;  a  sharper.  [PIGEON,  s.,  I.  2.) 

"  Such  wits  as  he  are,  to  a  company  of  reasonable 
men  like  roo*.  to  the  gamester.,  .ho  only  fill  .  .room 
at  the  tal.le.  but  are  so  far  from  contributing  to  the 
play,  that  they  only  serve  to  spoil  the  fancy  of  those, 
who  do."—  Wtcherley  :  Country  W\ft,  1.  1. 

rook-pie,  «.    A  pie  made  of  yonng  rooks, 

t  rook  (2),  *  roke,  s.  [Fr.  roc,  from  Pers.  rol* 
=  a  rook  at  chess.] 

CTais  :  One  of  the  pieces  in  chess  placed  at 
the  four  corners  of  the  board.  It  can  move 
the  whole  ertent  of  the  board  In  lines  parallel 
to  Its  sides.  Also  called  a  Castlfl. 

rook  (3),  ».    [RicK.] 

rook  (1),  v.t.  &  *.    [ROOK  (1),  *.] 

A.  Tmni.  :  To  rob,  to  cheat,  to  swindle,  to 
sharp. 

"He  [Sir  John  Denhsm]  wa.  much  roo*«J  by 
gamesters."—  Aubrey:  Anecdote!,  11.  817. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  cheat,  to  swindle,  to  rob, 
••  Pnt  into  a  mlied  herd  of  .nruly  boye.  and  I  ther. 

learning  to  root  at  spanlarthim.'  —  ioc*e  :  On  educa- 

tion. 

t  rook,  f.i.   [RooK  (2X  a.)   To  castle  at  chess. 

[CASTLE,  «.] 

rook  (2),  v.i.    [RUCK,  ».]    To  cower,  to  ruek, 
to  squat. 

"The  raven  rooKd  her  on  the  chimney-top." 

SAaketp.  :  t  Henry  VI.,  T.  t 

*  rook'-er  (1),  ».    [Eng.  root  (1),  v.  ;  -«r.J   A 
cheat,  a  swindler. 

"  Rooken  and  sharpen  work  their  several  end*,"- 
Sennet  Bramut  :  Praia  of  Fottt.  p.  «. 

rook'-er  (2),  5.    [Etym.  doubtful  ;  cf.  raker.] 
Bakery  :  A  tool  like  the  letter  L,  used  for 
withdrawing  ashes  from  the  oven. 


bo^;  poTU,  J6*l;  oat.  cell,  ohorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  tern;  thin, 
shan.  - 


*»,  •*  :  «Pect. 
-.Uou.  =  *to*.  -We. 


4040 


rookery-  root 


rook   er  f.  j.     [Bug.  n»il-  (\\  ».  ;  -try.] 

1.  A  wood.  or  grove  of  trees,  used  by  rooks 
ror  nesting  places. 

2.  Rocks,  Ac.,  frequented  by  sea-birds  for 

laying  their  eggs  ;  a  resort  of  amis  for  breeding 

pUl'1'O.tcN.      [I'KNtll'IS-HilOKERY.] 

;(.  The  rooks  Vlonging  to  a  ]<artlcular 
Wokery.  (Tennyson;  lacktley  Hail,  68.) 

4.  A  lirolliel.     (Slang.) 

6.  A  cluae  assemblage  of  poor,  mean,  and 
dirty  building*.  Inhabited  by  the  lowest 
classes  ;  a  resort  of  thieves,  sharpen,  prosti- 
tutes, Ac. 

'ropk'-Jr;  a.     [Eng.  root  (IX  ••  !   •».)     In- 
habited  by  rooks. 

•  l.ulll  thlrkelll  ;  anil  the  OTOW 
Makee  wing  to  the  rooJty  wood." 

-  Macbtth,  III.  1 


room.    •  roomo,    •  roam,    •  roume,    ». 

(A.S.  riim=(s.)  room,  (a.)  spacloux  ;  cogn. 
with  Put.  ruin  =  spacious.  a  romn  ;  leol. 
nimr  —  spacious,  room;  Dan.  ft  Sw.  rum; 
O.  II.  Qer.  rum;  Oer.  mum;  Goth,  rum*,] 

L  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  Space,  compass  ;  extent  of  place,  whether 
great  or  small. 

"  It  li  done  w  thoa  hMt  commanded,  aud  yet  there 
b  room.  —  /.u*«  xlv.  n. 

*  2.  A  place.,  a  station. 

"  Whan  tlion  »rt  hidden  by  any  man  to  a  iraddtnf, 
alt  not  iluon  In  tin  hlgheat  room  "-;.K».  itT.  I. 

*  3.  Olflce,  post,  station,  position. 

"  To  have  and  enjoy  that  ofttoe  aud  room."—  Hot. 
ifUAerf  '  Scotland  (an.  11411. 

4.  Place  or  station  once  occupied  by  another  ; 
stead,  as  In  succession  or  substitution. 

'  '  Let  Ui  Ii  mpply  tl»  room." 

«i,n,-.,,.     I  llmr,  rl  .  11.  a. 

fi.  An  apnrt.ment  in  a  house  :  as,  a  drawing- 
room,  a  bedroom,  Ac.  ;  also  an  apartment  In  a 
ship  :  as,  the  bread-room,  the  gun-room,  &c. 

*  6.  A  DOT  or  seat  at  a  play.    (Marstoii.) 

*  7.  Family,  company. 

"  All  the  Oreeke  will  honour  jron  ai  of  MleeUal 

• 


8.  A  Ashing  station  In  British  North  America. 
(Simmorufo.) 

9.  Ability  to  admit  or  allow  ;  freedom  for 
action  ;  opportunity,  scope,  latitude. 

"Will  you  not  look  with  pity  on  me  t 
Ii  there  no  hopef  U  then  no  room  for  pardon  T" 

A  mill*. 

XL  Mining  :  The  worked  space  In  a  mine, 
•Specially  of  a  coal-mine,  where  the  roof  Is 
supported  by  regular  pillars. 

IT  0)  To  give  or  Jen  w  room  ;  To  withdraw  ; 
to  leave  space  for  another  to  pass  or  be  seated. 
(8)  roma*«room:  To  open  a  way  or  passage  : 
to  remove  obstructions. 

"  A  man-,  gift  nuJbM*  room  (or  him.  and  brinnth 
blin  before  great  men."—  /»ro».  ivllt.  if. 

room  and  space.  «. 

ShiplntUd.  :  The  distance  between  the 
stations  of  the  timber  frames  which  consti- 
tute the  ribs.  It  varies  from  2ft.  6  la  to 
t  ft.  9  in.  Room  Is  the  rib  ;  space,  the  dis- 
tance apart 

Room  and  trace  ttaff:  A  long  measuring- 
rod  used  In  sparing  and  regulating  the  dis- 
tance apart  of  a  ship's  frames. 

room-mate,  «.  One  who  occupies  the 
same  room  as  another  or  others. 

room-paper,  t.  Wall-paper  ;  paper- 
hangings. 

room  (!),  «.  [Assamese.]  A  deep  blue  dye 
obtained  from  an  Assamese  plant  of  the  genus 
Rnellla  (q.v.v 

room,  «.t  [ROOH  (1),  •.]  To  occupy  rooms 
or  apartments  ;  to  lodge.  (Amtr.) 

"  In  their  Junior  year,  he  and  Swart  had  agreed  to 
try  the  experiment  of  rwmfnff  together."—  Scrianor1! 
MafWtn*.  Aug.,  1177.  p.  Ml 

•  room'  age  (age  as  Ig),  .,.    (Eng.  room  (1), 
s,  ;  -age.}    Room,  space. 

"  H  must  bt  a  tllent  character  of  hope,  when  there 
U  food  itore  of  roomaft  and  receipt,  where  thoee 
powen  an  itoweoV'  —  H'o/rott  ,•  Xtmatiu,  p.  II. 

•  rodm'-sU,  «.    [Hlnd.  =  ahandkerchlef.]  The 
slip-knot  handkerchief  employed  by  the  Thugs 
In  their  murderous  operations. 

room  -an,  «.  (See  def.)  An  Indian  name  for 
the  pomegranate  (q.v.V 

roomed.  •  roomed,  o.    [Kng.  roost  (IX  s.  ; 

•ext] 


1.  Having  A  room  or  rooms.     Used  in  com- 
position :  as,  a  ten-room^  house. 
"  '2.  Roomy.  spacious,  wide. 

"  Th*    wtxld  Mid   Uu    vritle    rottmtd    W»i#."— I'd.il . 

I.***  » ill. 

room'  or.  fi/iY.     [KooM  (1).  «.]     Farther  off; 

at  or  to  a  greater  dist-..in-r. 

1  To  ,70  (or  put)  roomer : 

Nant. :  To  tick  about  before  the  wind. 

"Tin1  H««l.iw,  to  liln  in)  a  i  rial  I  tvluli'liiH.  Oftiil*  to 
him  A*jt>ln«  lii  th«  ntulit  10  II-M^UM  to  th«  unrtt.wnnl 
of  Cat*  KtninN-i,  linuuii.'  i"if  roointrr  AIK!  not  lieiiig 
nl.lr  h>i.u.i...eUi«fJwi|M.'r-//a>*/uyr:  Yoyagt*,  i  .'1  11.. 
I't.  il..  l\M. 

rodm'-ttal.  o,  &  *.    [Eng,  room  (1),  n.  ;  -/'40-] 

*  A.  Atatij. :  Full  of  I'n,  n  1 1  tu'  rooms  ;  romny. 
"  Now  hi  &  roonV.</  )iou»»  thf»  aovil  dot  li  flortt." 

B.  As  what.;   As  much  or  as   many  as  a 
room  will  hold  :  as,  a  roomful  of  people. 

ro6m'-I-l&  adv.  (Eng.  roomy;  -Jy.)  Spa- 
ciously. 

room  1  ness,  a.  [Kng.  roomy  :  -««.».]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  roomy  ;  spaciousness. 

•room  lias,  *  roam  lea,  n.  [Kng.  room 
(IX  B.  ;  -IFSS,]  WautiiiK  in  room  or  space. 

"  The  Btiypiw  ,  .  .  i§  very  uarowe  and  roumlti." — 
Petal:  Mark  III 

'  room  rid  don,  a.  [Kng.  room  (1),  B.,  and 
ridden.  In  imitation  of  bedridden.]  Confined 
to  one's  room,  as  by  illness.  (Dickens.) 

*  rodm'-aome,  a.    [Eng.  room  (I),  s. ;  -tome.} 
Roomy. 

"  Rttch  And  roommm*)  thron**." 

Wamtr:  Albiom  England,  bk.  ill. 

"  room  stfiad.  ».  [Eng.  room,  and  stead.]  A 
lodging. 

"Six  or  MTen  houw*  or  ronmttfadt." — ArdMoloyia, 
XlL  188. 

*  roomth,  5.    [Bng.  room  (l),  s. ;  miff,  -th,  as 
in  leng(A,  &c.) 

1.  Room. 

"  Not  flndtng  fitting  roomlA  upon  the  rlntng  -Jd«." 
Dmitton  :  Polg-QIMon,  a.  «. 

2.  Spaofousness,  rootnii.ess. 

*  roomth   1  ndsa,  «.    [Eng.  roomMy ;  -ntss.} 
Roominess,  spaciousnesB. 

"Which  body-hAunter  of  tMomt\ln««f." — Fairfax: 
BuVt  t  Mf*lfr  of  th*  »-,.,-!. 1.  p.  41. 

*  roomth -Borne,  a.     [Eng.  roomth;  -<om«.] 
Roomy,  spacious. 

"A  plttwon-houie,   roomttuwiw  «noiigh."—  ffaA«: 


*  rofimth'-J,  •  roomth  Ic,  o.  [Eng.  room** ; 
•y.)  Roomy,  spacious. 

"  The  land  wai  far  room/Mar  than  the  icale  of  mile* 
doth  make  It."— rVU«r :  Holy  War,  p.  88. 

room   y.  a.    [Eng.  room  (1),  s. ;  •».] 

1.  Having  or  afTordingampleroom;  spacious, 
wide. 

"  Oun  la  a  weedy  country  becftUM  It  U  a  roomy  one." 
— Burrttufffu :  rrpartim,  p.  S71. 

2.  Big ;  broad  or  wide  In  frame. 

"  She  li  a  big  roomy  bitch,  too. "-«•«,  Dec.  «,  list. 

rodn.  ».  [A.8.,  Sw.,  &c.,  rand  =  a  border 
(Jamirfim).]  A  shred  ;  a  border  or  selvage. 
(ScotcA.) 

"  In  thae  auld  tlraea,  they  thought  the  moon  .*  .  , 
Won  by  drama,  till  her  lart  rooit." 

Burnt :  Tl>  William  Stmftim.    (Poet) 

rodn,  roono, ».  &  o.    [Etym.  doubtfuL] 

A,  A*  subst.  :  Vermilion. 

"  I  achalle  m<  the  a  nobylle  itede. 
Aleo  retle  aa  ony  roono." 

Us.  Conl.io..  Ff.  11.,  SI,  fo.  •». 

B.  At  adj. :  Red  as  vermilion. 
roop, .«.    [Roop,  v.) 

1.  A  cry,  a  call. 

2.  Hoarseness.    (Prov.) 

roop.  ».{.  [A.S.  Anipait;  Icel.  krojn;  Dnt. 
roepen;  O.Fris.  hropti ;  Goth.  Aropjo.]  [Roup 
(IX  «.)  To  cry,  to  shout 

roop  It,, i  [Eng. roop, a. ;-«(=-ei).l  Hoarse. 
(Scotch.) 

roor  bach,  >.  [From  a  fictitious  extract 
from  AooroncA't  Tour,  In  1836,  published  for 
political  purposes  by  an  American  paper  In 
1844.)  A  falsehood,  a  mis-statement;  a  sen- 
sational article,  without  any  foundation,  pub- 
lished, especially  for  political  purposes,  in  a 
newspaper.  (Amfr.) 


roo   go,  rou   sah,  ru   »a.  ..     [Hind,  run.} 

Hut.:    Andrt'j^ivtt    S7j',  n.inthliv,    thf    S\Vfi-t 

<':il;imus  or   Geranium-grass.      It   grows    in 
India. 

roosa  oil,  rusa  grass  oil,  t.  An  oil 
ObtslUM  from  the  roosa-grass.  It  Is  a  power- 
ful stimulant,  and  is  i-mplnyed  fxtrriially  in 
India  In  chronic  rheumatism  und  rhenmatio 

DSlDA 

rooso.  ruso.  t>.(.      [Icel.  Ardso;  Dan.  row; 
Sw.  i-ns.i.  1    To  extol,  praise. 

"  Lvl  Ilka  anp  rnou  the  ford  aa  they  find  it."— Sco« 
Soli  Han.  .  h.  \\vli. 

roost (O.  -roost,  •  roust  (1),  "rowst,  t. 

[A.B.  Ms) KM.  with  O.  S.    hrnsl;  (>.  Han. 

roest  =  A  roost;  rwsten  =  to  roost :  connected 
with  roo/(q.v.).] 

1.  A  pole  or  perch  on  which  fowls  rest  at 
night. 

"  He  clapp'd  wing*  upon  hi*  roort  and  lung." 

Drydm  :  Cook  t  f'"Z  44. 

2.  A  collection  of  fowls  roosting  together. 
f  At  roast:  Resting  and  asleep. 

roost  (2),  roust  (2),  ».    [ ROUST.) 
roost,  t'.i.    [Ronsr,  >.] 

1.  To  occupy  a  roost ,  to  sleep  on  a  roost 

"The  peacock  In  the  broad  Mb  tree 
Aloft  la  rootled  for  the  nlulit..- 

H'orrffwortA :  WMf  Dot,  IT. 

2.  To  sleep,  to  lodge,  to  settle.    (ColUxi.) 

roost  cock,  s.  The  common  domestic 
cock. 

roost   or,  s.    [Eng.  roosl,  v. ;  -er.}    The  male 
of  the  ilnine.stir  fowl,  acock. 

"The  crow  of  nn  early-rising    rootttr."— .ScHoner'l 
ilagatln*.  Murch.  1MO  (p.  770). 

root,  rote,  s.    [Icel.  rot;  8w.  rot;  Dan.  rod 
The  Icel.  nil  Is  for  i>ro<  =  r6rt,  and  henre  nl- 
lied  to  Goth,  waurts  =a   root;  A.S.  wj/rtf 
Eng.  wor(((i.v.).] 
I.  Ordinary  language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  '.' 

"  Thel  eayen  the  fyge  tree  maatl  dyn  fro  the  rof/a."— 
W,el<ft:  ,Var*»l. 

(2)  An  esculent  root ;  a  plant  whose  root 
or  tubers  are  esculent,  as  turnips,  carrots, 
beets,  &c. 

2.  Ffjruraiiwfiy.- 

(1)  That  which  resembles  a  root  In  position 
or  function ;  the  |»rt  of  anything  which  re- 
sembles the  roots  of  a  plant  In  manner  of 
growth,  or  as  a  source  of  nourishment  or  sup- 
port. 

"To  the  root  of  the  tongue." 

tftuikfip.  .•  rim  .n.  T.  L 

(5)  The  origin,  source,  or  cause  of  anything. 

"  The  love  of  money  la  the  root  of  all  evil."— 1  Tim. 

Tl.    10. 

"(3)  The  first  ancestor :  the  progenitor. 

"  The  root  and  father 
Of  many  klnga."        .vA.itrj/.  .  MaclMttt.  II.  1. 

(4)  The  bottom  or  lowest  part  of  anything. 

"  I  cannot  delve  him  to  the  root." 

Slntwj...  cym&Wlne,  L  1, 

*(o)  Ground,  basis,  foundation. 

'  Remove  the  root  of  hla  opinion." 

MoJtelp.  •   WHin  Tall,  U.  S. 

(6)  Foundation,  basis,  support. 

"  With  a  courage  of  uniluiken  roof." 

Omptr.  TabUTaOt.il. 

II.  Ttcnnieally: 

1.  Anat. :  That  part  of  any  organ  orappend- 
age  of  the  body  which  is  buried  In  another 
part.  Thus  the  root  of  a  nail  is  the  portion 
covered  by  the  skin  ;  the  root  of  a  tooth,  the 
base  of  It  which  Is  lodged  In  a  socket. 

*  2.  Aatron. :  The  moment  from  which  one 
begins  to  calculate  the  time  of  revolution  of  a 
planet. 

3.  Bat. :  The  radix  or  descending  axis  of  a 
plant.     The    tendency   downwards    is    very 
powerful.     Unlike  the  symmetrically  placed 
branches  of  the  stem,  the  ramillcat  ions  of  the 
roots  look  Irregular  as  If  they  arose  from  any 
part  of  the  surface.    There  Is  In  them,  how- 
ever, a  certain  Rhlzotaxls  (q.v.X    The  roots  of 
Dicotyledons  are  exorhizal,  those  of  Mono- 
cotyledons endorhlzal,  and  those  of  Acoty- 
ledons  heterorhizal.    A  root  has  no  perfect 
bark,  true  pith,  medullary  sheath,  or  true 
leaves,    and   only  a  thin  epidermis,  a   few 
stomate,  and  very  rarely  leaf-buds.   Its  growth 
is  chiefly  at  the  lower  extremity.    The  body 
of  a  root  is  called  the  caudex,  Its  minute 
subdivisions  the  fibrils  or  radicles,  and  their 


fate,  ftt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  •ire,  MT.  marine;  go,  pit. 
or.  won,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cab,  cure,  nniu>,  efir.  rtle,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    **,«•  =  e;  ey  =  ft;  qn  =  kw. 


root— rope 


4041 


ends  the  spongioles.  A  primary  root  is  one 
formed  by  the  downward  elongation  of  the 
a-si-  .  'f  the  embryo,  and  is,  therefore,  in  a  [in 
with  the  stem  ;  secondary  or  lateral  roots,  like 
thole  of  ivy,  spring  laterally  fom  the  stem 
in,]  from  the  primary  root,  when  tne 
p  ,,,,ry Toot  is  fhicker  than  the  branches 
which  proceed  from  it,  it  is  called  a  tap  root, 
when  it  is  no  thicker  than  its  ramifications 
which  conceal  it  from  view,  the  root  is  said 
to  be  fibrous.  Other  forms  of  roots  are 
mole*!,  fusiform,  napiform.  rotund,  nodose 
or  coralline,  -loniliforra,  tuberose  or  (finally) 
premorse.  Most  roots  are  terrestrial  a  few 
ire  aerial,  and  a  few  aquatic.  The  chief 
•  functions  of  the  root  are  to  anchor  the  plant 
firmly  in  the  ground,  and  to  transmit  upwards 
to  the  stem  and  leaves  absorbed  nutriment 
from  the  soil.  Roots  require  air,  and  m 
some  cases  in  gardens  obtain  it  by  pushing 
their  way  into  old  drains. 

3.  Hvd.-eng. :  The  end  of  a  weir  or  dam 
where  it  unites  with  the  natural  bank. 

4  Math :  The  root  of  a  quantity  is  any  quan- 
titv  which  being  taken  a  certain  number  of 
times  i  a  factor?  will  produce  the  quantity 

[SQUARE-ROOT,     CUBE-ROOT.]        A    root    01    8 

Quantity  may  be  real,  or  it  may  be  imaginary. 
The  character  used  to  denote  a  root  is   V. 

[RADICAL-SIGN.] 

5.  Music: 

(1)  A  note  which,  besides  its  own  sound, 
gives  over-tones  or  harmonics. 

(2)  That  note  from  amongst  whose   over- 
tones  any  chord  may  be  selected. 

(3)  Sometimes  used  by  modern  musicians 
as  describing  a  not*  on  which,  when  either 
expressed  or  implied,  a  chord  is  built  up. 

6   Philol. :  An  elementary  notional  syllable ; 
that  part  of  a  word  which  conveys  its  essen- 
tial uieaning,  as  distinguished  from  the  forma- 
tive parts  by  which  this  meaning  is  modified. 
•I  (1)  Root  £  Branch  Men  : 
Ena  Hist. :  A  name  assumed  about  1641  by 
the  extreme  republicans,  who  advocated  the 
abolition  of  monarchy  and  the  overthrow  of 
the  Established  Church. 
t  (2)  Root  of  scarcity : 
Agric. :  The  Mangel- Wurzel  (q.v.). 
(3)  To  take  root,  to  strike  root :  To  become 
planted  or  fixed  ;  to  be  established,  to  thrive 
and  spread. 

•root -bound,  a.  Fixed  to  the  earth  by 
roots ;  firmly  attached,  as  though  rooted  to 
the  ground ;  immovable. 

"  And  you  a  statue  ;  or,  aa  Daphne  waa, 
Root-bound,  that  fled  Apollo." 

Milton:  . 

root-breaker,  root-bruiser,  ». 

Agric  •  A  machine  for  mashing  or  bruising 
potatoes,  turnips,  carrots,  or  other  raw  roots 
for  feeding  stock. 

*  root-built,  a.    Built  up  of  roots. 

"  The  root  JtuOt  celt."  ShenOotu. 

rOOt-Cap,  S.      [PlLEORHIZA.] 

root-crop,  s.  A  crop  of  plants  with  es- 
culent roots;  especially  of  plants  having 
iiugle  roots,  as  turnips,  carrots,  beets,  ie. 

*  root-eater,  «.  An  animal  which  feeds 
on  roots;  specif.,  one  of  the  Rhizophaga 
(q.v.). 

root-grinder,  ».  A  machine  for  com- 
minuting roots  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
starch,  sugar,  or  colour  from  them. 

root-hair,  s. 

Bot. :  Hair  attached  to  a  root ;  a  rhizoid. 

root-headed  Crustacea,  s.  pi 

Zwl. :  The  Rhizocephala  (q.v.). 

root-house,  s. 

*  1.  A  house  made  of  roots. 

2.  A  house  or  shed  fn  which  roots  or  tops, 
as  potatoes,  carrots,  turnips,  cabbages,  &c., 
are  stored  as  winter  food  for  cattle. 

root-leaf,  s.  A  leaf  growing  immediately 
from  the  root. 

root-mildew,  s. 

Hart.:  A  "mildew"  consisting  of  some 
parasitic  fungal  attacking  the  roots  of  plants. 

root-parasite,  ». 

Bot. :  A  plant  growing  parasltically  on  the 
root  of  another  one,  as  is  the  case  with  the 
Orobanchaccse. 


root-pressure, «. 

Hot  Physio!. :  The  upward  pressure  exerted 
by  the  water  absorbed  by  the  root  in  greater 
amount  than  the  plant  requires.  It  some- 
times makes  that  which  it  drives  upward 
exude  in  drops  from  the  margins  and  tips  ot 
the  leaves,  as  in  some  grasses,  aroids,  4tc. 

root-sheath,  s. 

1  Anat. :  The  epidermic  coat  of  the  follicle 
connected  with  each  hair  of  the  head  and  of 
the  body. 

2.  Bot.  :  [COLEORHIZA]. 

root-vole,  s. 

Zool  •  Arrieola  oxonomus,  a  large  species, 
raiding  from  the  Obi  to  Kamsehatka,  It  is 
migratory,  like  the  Lemming  (q.v.). 

root  (1).  *  rote,  ».(.  &  i.    [Root,  >.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  fix  by  the  root ;  to  plant  and 
fix  in  the  ground  by  the  root, 

2  Fig  •  To  fix  or  implant  firmly  and  deeply; 
to  impress  deeply  and  durably.  (Used  gene- 
rally in  the  pa.  par.) 

"  H"  bonou,  root*  In  «*»  ' 


B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  fix  the  root,  to  take  root ;  to 
enter  the  earth,  as  a  root. 

-  Enable  the  cutting,  to  root.'— field,  Oct.  «,  1885. 

•  2   Fig  •  To  become  deeply  and  firmly  es- 
tablished or  impressed  ;  to  take  root. 

"  There  rooted  between  them  .uch  an  affection."— 
Shatetp. :  Winter*,  Tale,  L  L 

ro&t  (2),  *  wrot-en,  v.t  ft  (.  [A.S.  wrttan  = 
to  erub  up;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  wroeten;  Icel. 
rdfo  •  from  rot  =  a  root ;  Dan.  rode,  from  rod 
=  a  root  (q.v.).  The  meaning  has  no  doubt 
been  greatly  influenced  by  the  verb  root  (1).] 
A.  Transitive: 

1  To  dig,  burrow,  or  grub  in  with  the  snout ; 
to  turn  up  the  ground,  as  swine  with  their 
snouts. 

••  Would  roo«  theae  beantle*  a.he  rood  the  mead 
ShaJcelp. :  Venu,  i  Adonu,  636. 

2  To  tear  up  or  out,  as  by  the  roots ;  to 
eradicate,  to  extirpate  ;  to  destroy  or  remove 
utterly,  to  exterminate.  (Generally  with  away, 
out,  or  up.) 

"To  root  out  the  whole  hated  Umlly.'-Saatolp.  .• 
/tape  of  Lucre*.    (Arg.) 
B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  turn  up  the  ground  with  the  snout,  as 
swine. 

2.  To  rummage  about. 

root  -ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [ROOT  (1),  ».l 
A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 
B    As  adj. :  Deeply  and  durably  impressed 
or  established ;  firmly  fixed. 

"  Pluck  (rom  the  memory  a  roofed  Borrow  " 

Shaketp. :  Macbeth,  V.  S. 

rodf-e'd-ly,  adv.  tEng.  rooted;  -ly.]  In  a 
rooted  inanner ;  deeply,  strongly. 

"  They  all  do  hate  him 
A.  rootedlf  a.  t. "  Shakeip.  .•  Tempea,  111.  I 

root  -Sd-nSss,  s.  [Eng.  rooted ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  rooted  or  firmly  fixed. 

«rodt'-«r  (1),  >.  [Eng.  root  (1),  v.  ;  -er.]  A 
plant  which  takes  root. 

"They  require  dividing  and  planting  on  fre.h  .oil 
frequently,  being  rtroug  rooter,."-field,  March  II, 
1886. 

rodt-er  (2),  Tot-er,  ».  [Eng.  root(2),  v  ;  -er.] 
One  who  roots  up;  one  who  eradicates  or 
destroys  utterly. 

"  The  rooter,  and  throngh.reformera  made  clean  work 
with  thechnrch."-*"!**.-  Sermon,,  ioL  !».,  Mr.  I. 

*  roAf-er-tf,  ».  [Eng.  root,  ». ;  -try,  in  Imita- 
tion of  rockery.]  A  mound  or  heap  made  of 
roots  of  trees  in  which  plants  are  set,  as  in 
rockeries  in  gardens  and  pleasure  grounds. 

•rofif-tast,  o.       tEng.  root,  s.,    and  fast.] 

Firmly  rooted.    (State  Papers,  vi.  534.) 
* rootf-fast-nSss,  ».    [Eng.  root/art;  -ness.] 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  firmly  rooted. 

(State  Paper*,  vi.  534.) 
•root'-l8ss,  "roote-les,  a.    [Eng.  root,  s. ; 

•less.]    Having  no  root,  destitute  of  roots. 

"Like  a  rooUeu  teee."-«r  T.  Mon:  Worto,  p.  110. 
•  rodt'-lSt,  s.    [Eng.  root,  s. ;  dimin.  suff.  -let.] 

A  little  root ;  a  radicle. 

«  The  mort  delleate  tendril,  and  rootlet,  of  treea."- 
Scribner;  Magazine.  December,  Hit,  P.  !«• 


root -stock,    «.     [Eng.    root,    and    stock.} 

[RHIZOME.) 

•root-*,  a.    [Eng.  root,  •.;  -y.]    Full  of,  of 

abounding  in  roots. 

"Nor  can  with  all  the  confluence  break  through  hi. 
rootjf  Bldea.-          Chapman  :  Homer;  Ihad  ivli. 

roo'-ye'-bSk, ».    [Out.]    [PALI.AH.] 
ro-pal'-IC,  a.  [Or.  poiraAoi.  (rhopalon)=  t.  club.] 

1.  Club-formed;    increasing  or    swelling 
towards  the  end. 

2.  Pros. :  The  same  as  RHOPALIO  (q.v.). 

rope,  'raip,  "rape,  Toop.'rop, ».  [A.S 
rap;  cogn.  without,  reep;  Icel.  mp;  8w. 
rep;  Dan.  reb;  Ger.  reif;  Goth,  roips.] 

1  A  general  name  applied  to  cordage  over 
one  inch  in  circumference.     Ropes   are   o 
hemp,   flax,   cotton,  coir,  or  wire,  and    are 
known  by  their  construction.    The  most  im- 
portant kinds  are  described  in  this  Dictionary 
under  their  technical  names. 

"  Ax««  to  cut,  and  rope,  to  .ling  the  load  " 

Pope:  Homer :  Iliad  xxiil.  1W. 

2  A  row  or  string  consisting  of  a  number 
of  things  united  :  as,  a  rope  of  onions. 

•3.  An  intestine. 

"  HI.  talowe  aerreth  for  playiter.  many  one  ; 
For  haru-striog.  hi.  rope  aerve  ecne  one.  ^^^ 
A  J.yttll  Treatue  on  the  Hortf. 

1 1    A  rope  of  sand :  A  proverbial  expression 
for  a  feeble  or  insecure  bond  or  union  ;  a  boi 
easily  broken. 

2.  To  give  a  person  rope :  To  let  one  go  on 
unchecked. 

3.  Upon  the  high  ropes: 

(1)  Elated  in  spirit. 

(2)  Haughty,  arrogant. 

•4.  What  a  rope!  What  the  devil! 

rope-band, «.    [BOBBIN.] 

rope-bark,  s. 

Bot  :  Leather-wood.  [DiRCA.]  The  bark  is 
made  into  ropes.  Called  also  Moose-wood, 
Wicopy,  &c. 


rope-dancer,  s.  One  who  walks,  dances, 
or  otherwise  performs  on  a  rope  stretcneo.  as 
a  greater  or  less  height  above  the  ground. 

rope-dancing, «.  The  profession  or  act 
of  a  rope-dancer. 

rope-grass, ». 

Bot. :  The  genus  Restlo  (q.v.). 

rope-ladder,  ».  A  ladder  made  of  rope. 
Sometimes  the  cross-pieces,  or  rungs,  are  of 
wood.  [SHROUDS.] 

rope-maker,  ».  One  whose  profession 
is  to  make  or  deal  in  ropes. 

"  God  and  the  ropf.mo.ker  bear  me  witness, 
That  I  wa»  Bent  lor  nothing  but  a  rope. 

Shukctp. :  Comedy  of  Brrort,  IT.  ft. 

rope-making, ».  The  act  or  business  of 
making  ropes,  cordage,  &c. 

Hope-making  machine:  Amaehine  to-making 
ropeT  One  was  invented  by  Sylvester  in 
1783,  and  was  patented  by  Richard  March  in 
1784  and  by  Edmund  Cartwright  in  1792.  It 
has  since  been  much  improved. 

rope-mat,  «.    A  mat  made  of  oakum. 

rope-porter,  ».  A  light,  two-wheeled 
carriage  employed  in  the  Fowler  system  of 
steam ploughing  to  carry  the  rope  clear  of  the 
ground. 

rope-pump,  ».  A  water-elevator,  con- 
sisting of  a  rope  or  ropes,  or  of  a  fibrous 
webbing,  whose  lower  end  dips  In  the  water 
which  is  discharged  at  the  upper  end  partly 
by  centrifugal  force,  and  part  y  by  the  com- 
pression of  the  rope  on  the  roller.  The  water 
is  retained  in  the  rope  by  capillary  action. 

rope-railway,  ».  A  railway  on  which 
the  cars  are  drawn  by  ropes  wound  upon 
drums  rotated  by  stationary  engines.  This  is 
frequently  done  on  inclined  planes  in  mining 
districts,  and  is  sometimes  adopted  as  a  tem- 
porary expedient  pending  the  construction  of 
grades  of  lesser  slope. 

"  rope-ripe,  a.    Fit  for  hanging ;  deserv- 
ing of  being  hanged. 
rope-roll,>. 

Mach  •  A  hollow  cylinder  on  an  axle,  and 
with  ropes  or  bands  round  it  to  communi- 
cate motion  to  other  parts  of  a  machine. 
rope-shaped,  a.    [FOKILITORH.] 


4042 


rope— roaal 


rope-spinning,  *.    The  act  or  operation 
of  spinning  or  twisting  ropes. 

rope  trick,  5. 

1.  A  juggling  feat,  introduced  ioto  Englaut 
from  America  by  the  Brothers  Davenport,  i 
18(*4.  The  performer  was  hound  with  rup*.> 
in  a  cabinet,  or  to  a  chair  ;  the  lights  were 
then  lowered,  and  on  their  being  raised  he 
was  discovered  at  liberty,  having  been  re- 
leased, it  was  said,  by  spiritual  agency.  The 
trick  was  exposed  by  Mr.  Maskelyne,  at  the 
Town  Hall,  Cheltenham,  and  the  Davenports 
•oon  left  England. 

*  2.  A  rogue's  trick  ;  a  trick  deserving  ol 
the  half  r. 

"  She  BUT  perhaps  call  him  half  a  score  knave*  or 
•a:  an'  be  begin  oaoe,  he'll  rail  in  his  rope-tricks."  — 
•  •rnri.  Tamil*  If  a*  .*!•«".  i.  1 


rope  walk.  s.  A  covered  walk  or  ground 
•where  ropes  are  made.  Us  length  is  estimated 
In  fathoms,  and  is  from  100  to  200  fathoms. 
At  one  end  is  the  spinning-wheel,  which 
rotates  the  whirlers  to  which  the  ends  ol 
«,  bunch  of  hempen  fibres  are  secured,  to  be 
twisted  into  a  yarn.  Along  the  walk  are  hori 
rontal  cross-bars  with  hooks,  over  which  the 
yarns  are  swung  as  the  men  walk  backward 
from  the  whirlers  and  pay  out  the  yaru. 

rope-winch,  i.  A  si-t  of  three  whirlers 
driven  by  a  strap  and  twisting  three  yarns 
which  are  to  be  laid  up  into  a  rope. 

rope-yarn,  s.  A  single  yarn  composed 
jf  fibres  twisted  right-handed  ;  used  on  ship- 
board for  various  purposes.  [SPUN-YARN.] 
The  size  of  a  strand,  and  of  the  rope  of  which 
it  forms  part,  is  determined  by  the  number 
of  rope-yarns  in  it. 

rope's  end,  >.  The  end  of  a  rope  ;  a 
short  piece  of  rope  used  aa  an  instrument  of 
punishment. 

rope's  end,  v.t.  To  thrash  with  a  rope's- 
end  ;  to  Bog. 

"  He  WM  found  out.  and  handsomely  rope't-ended  on 
hi*  bare  lee»."—Scril>ner'i  MaffaMne,  Nov.,  1878.  p.  76. 

rope,  *  roape,  ti.i.  &  <.    (ROPE,  ».J 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  drawn  out  or  extended   Into  a 
thread  or  filament  by  reason  of  any  glutinous 
or  adhesive  quality.   (Dryden:  Viryil  ;  Oeorgic 

2.  To  hinder  a  horse  from  winning  a  race 
by  pulling.    (Racing  slant/.) 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  rope  or  ropes  :  as,  To 
rope  a  bale  of  goods. 

2.  To  connect  together  by  ropes  round  the 
waist.     (This  practice  is  often  adopted    in 
mountain  ascents,  to  guard  against  accidents, 
In  case  any  of  the  party  should  slip.) 

"  The  partv  were  not  roped,  tLe  guide*  not  thinking 
It  necessary.  —».  Jamti'i  Gazette,  Aug.  31,  1886.  p.  11 

3.  To  draw  as  by  a  rope. 

4.  To  catch  by  means  of  a  rope  or  lasso. 

"The  gre«n  mnle.  strong  In  hi,  youth.  having  been 
adroitly  •  rtftf  or  laatoed,  la  led  out  Into  ati  open 
*tee*.--8cr&nei>i  Xaya**e.  April.  18.1.  p.  »so. 

5.  To  mark  out  or  inclose  with  a  rope. 

"A  level,  though  v«ry  rough,  drcul.ir  OOOTM  m 
roped  out  —  Field,  Oct,  3,  1685. 

6.  To  pull  or  enrb,  as  a  horse,  so  as  to  pre- 
Tent  from  winning  a  race.    (Racing  tlang.) 

*  rop  en,  pa.  par.  of  a.    [REAP,  ».] 
'•  rop-er,  s.    [Eng.  rojx»  ;  -er.] 

1.  One.  who  makes  ropes  ;  a  rope-maker. 

2.  One  who  ropes  goods  ;  a  packer. 

rdp'-er-y,  «.     [Eng.  rope;  -17.) 
1.  A  rope-walk  (q.T.). 

"The  '  hand*'  employed  In  the  various  ronerfet  lived 
too  far  awajt."—  Herr,  England,  June,  1883,  p.  1M. 
*  2.  Rogue's  tricks  ;  roguery. 

t  "  What  saucy  merchant  wa*  tbl»,  that  Wat  so  full  of 
*b  ropery  t"—SlM*e*p.:  Borneo  4  Juliet,  it  4. 

rop'-l-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  ropy  ;  -ly.]  In  a  ropy 
or  viscoas  manner;  so  as  to  be  capable  of 
being  drawn  out  in  a  thread. 

rop'-I-ness,  ».  [Eng.  ropy;  -nets.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  ropy;  vUcosity, 
glutinousness,  adhesiveness. 

rop'-ing,  pr,  par.  or  a.    [Ropx,  ».J 

roping  needle,   . 

i         Naut.  :  A  heavy  needle  for  sewing  a  sail  to 
Its  bolt-rope. 


*  rop'  ish,  o.     [Eng.  roXy) ;  -is*.]     Tending 
to  ropiuesa ;  somewhat  ropy. 

rop'-y,  a.    [Eng.  rop(e);  -y.] 

1.  Resembling  a  rope  or  cord  ;  rope-like 
cord-like. 

2.  Capable  of  being  drawn  out  in  a  thread 
or  filament,  as  a  glutinous  or  viscid  sub- 
stance ;  glutinous,  viscous,  viscid.  Wine  is  s;ii> 
to  be  ropy  when  it  shows  a  milky  or  flaky  sedi 
ment,  and  aa  oily  appearance  when  poured  out 

"Furled  round  with  mouldy  damps  anil  ropy  stime.' 
lilair :  Grace. 

*  roquelaure  (as  ro'-ke-lore),  *  ro-o.ue- 

lo,  s.  [See  extract.] 
A    kind    of   short 
cloak  for  men. 
"The  French  tailors, 

be[  Dr.  Harris,  Bishou 

of  LaudaffJ  oheerved. 

invent  new  modes  of 

dree*,    and    dedicate 

them  to  great  men, 

as  authors  do  books  ; 

a*  waa  the  case  with 

the  roaHetavre  cluik. 

which  then  (about  the 

year    1715)  displaced 

the  surtout ;  and  was 

called  the  royitefciure 

from  being  dedicated 

to  the  Dukeof  Roque- 

laure.  whose  title  was 

•pread  by  this  mean*  throughout  Prance  and  Britain. " 


ROQUELAURE. 


—Xi.ble:  Continuation qf  Granger,  iii.  490. 

ro'-qnet  (qnet  as  ka),  v.t.  [Ktym.  doubt- 
ful.) 

In  croquet :  To  cause  the  player's  ball  to 
strike  another  ball. 

ror'-al,  a.  [Lat.  roralis,  from  ros,  genit.  rorit 
—  dew.]  Pertaining  to  dew  ;  consisting  ol 
dew ;  dew-like,  dewy. 

••  With  raral  wash  redeem  her  fr.ee." 

Green:  The  Spleen. 

*  ror-a'-tion, s.    [Lat.  roratio,  from  ros,  genit. 
rorw  —  dew.}    A  falling  of  dew. 

roV-Ic,  a.  [Lat,  nt,  genit.  rorfa  =  dew.]  (See 
the  compound.) 

rortc-flgures,  t.  pi.  Figures  visible  only 
in  vapour  made  upon  plates  of  metal,  glass,  ic. 
Thus  a  cone  resting  for  a  little  on  a  plate  of 
smooth  metal  will  leave  behind  it  a  copy, 
which  will  become  visible  if  it  be  breathed 
upon.  The  phenomenon  may  be  produced  by 
the  action  of  electricity.  (Jtossiter.) 

ror"-ld,  a.  [Lat.  roridta,  from  ros,  genit. 
roris  =  dew.]  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of 
dew ;  dewy. 

"  And  now  bewept  by  rrrrld  clouds  or  deckt 
With  beauty  a*  with  raiment." 

V.  Ball :  .Viy«  H'urrVs,  vt  11 

rbr-id'-ll-la,  s.  [Lat.,  dimin.  from  roridus 
=  bedewed.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Droseracese.  At  the  Cape 
a  very  viscid  species,  Roriduta  dentata,  is 
often  hung  up  to  catch  Hies. 

*  rdr-iT-er-OUS,  o.    [Lat  rorijer,  from  nt, 
genit.  rorw  =  dew,  and./«ro  =  to  bear,  to  pro- 
duce.]   Producing  dew  or  dew-like  moisture. 

*  ror-If  '-lu-«Mlt,  a.     [Lat    ros,  genit.  rorit 
=  dew,  and  fluent,  pr.  par.  of  fluo  =  to  Bow.) 
Flowing  with  dew. 

ror  quaL  >.    [See  extract] 

Zool. :  The  genus  Balaenoptera  (q.y.).  The 
rorquals  are  widely  distributed,  and  some  of 
them  are  found  in  almost  every  sea.  They 
are  piscivorous,  committing  great  havoc 
among  shoals  of  herring  and  on  the  cod- 
banks;  they  rarely  congregate  in  "schools," 
and  their  capture  is  scarcely  remunerative, 
as  they  yield  comparatively  little  blubber  or 


baleen.  Sibbald's  Rorqual  (Baloznoptera  sib- 
baldii),  black  above  and  dark  gray  below, 
attains  a  length  of  eighty  feet,  and  is  common 
between  Scotland  and  Norway ;  B.  nifitreut, 
of  almost  equal  size,  is  known  to  Pacific 
whalers  as  the  Sniphnr-bottom  Whale,  from 
its  yellowish  belly  ;  B.  mtueurue-,  the  Common 
Rorqual  or  Razor-back,  from  sixty  to  seventy 


feet  lung,  Muck  above,  and  brilliant  white 
below,  frequently  occurs  on  the  European 
coasts;  B.rwitrtila,  the  Leaser  Rorqual,  resem- 
bles the  last,  but  is  much  smaller.  The 
Rorquals  are  the  largest  and  among  the 
commonest  of  the  whales.  The  head  is  flat 
and  pointed,  the  body  slender,  the  skin  of  the 
throat  deeply  folded  in  longitudinal  plait-,  the 
whalebone  stout  and  coarse,  and  of  little  value. 

"  The  name  Rvrqual  is  derived  from  the  Nora* 
Rorq-val,  signifying  a  whale  with  pleats  or  folds  in  the 
skin."— Zootoffia,  1878,  p.  5. 

*  rdV-U-lent,  a.    [Lat.  rorulentut,  from  rw, 
gt-nit  rorw  =  dew.]    Full  of,  or  abounding  In 
dew. 

*  rbr'-y,  *  roar-le,  a.    [Lat.  ros,  genit  rort* 
=  dew.]    Dewy. 

"[He]  ahooke  hi*  wings  with  roari*  May-dewe*  wet." 
Fairefax  :  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  L  14. 

*  ros,  s.     [Eng.  rush,  s.  (?)] 

JAW  :  A  kind  of  rushes  with  which  tome 
tenants  were  obliged  to  furnish  their  lords. 
(Camel.) 

rd'-sa,  s.    [Lat.]    [ROSE.] 

1.  Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  223]. 

2.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  plants,  typical  of  the 
order  Kosaceee  (q.v.).     It  has  five  petals  and 
numerous  achenes,  inclosed  within  the  fleshy 
calyx  tube,  which  is  contracted  at  the  orifice- 
Known  species  about  thirty  (Sir  Joseph  Hooker, 
1870),  but  Baker  (Journ.  of  Bot.,  Sept.,  1885) 
enumerates  sixty-two  species  of  garden  roses, 
arranging  them  In  ten  groups.    The  wild  rose 
occurs  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  and  in 
America  throughout  the  United  States  and  as 
far  south  as  Mexico.     It  is  of  such  diversity 
that  former   botanieta  made   more  than  200 
species.    These  are  reduced  by  some  writers  to 
less  than  a  fifth  of  that  number.    [ROSE.] 

3.  Pharm. :  The  petals  of  Sosa  ctntlfdia  are 
used  for  making  rose-water.     The  petals  of 
R.  gallica  are  made  into  a  confection  used  aa  ft 
basis  of  pills,   or   occasionally  as   a    slight 
astringent,  which  is  given  in  an  aphthous  con- 
condition  of  the  mouth.    So  are  the  hipa  of 
R.  canina  ;  they  are  slightly  refrigerant. 

ros  aye,  s.  [Fr.]  An  ornamental  piece  of 
plaster-work  in  the  centre  of  a  ceiling,  in 
which  a  lustre  or  chandelier  is  placed. 

ro-sa  -96-88, ».  pi.  [Lat  rot(a) ;  fern.  pi.  adj. 
sun",  -acfte.] 

Bot. :  Uoseworts ;  an  order  of  plants  placed 
by  Lindley  under  his  Rosal  Alliance.  Calyx 
four  or  ftve-lobed,  free  or  adhering  to  the 
ovary ;  petals  five,  perigynous,  equal ;  stamens 
indefinite,  rising  from  the  calyx  just  within 
the  petals,  curving  inward  in  aestivation ; 
ovaries  several  or  only  one ;  ovules  two  or 
more,  generally  suspended  ;  fruit  either  one- 
seeded  nuts  or  acini,  or  several-seeded  fol- 
licles;  the  leaves' are  simple  or  compound, 
generally  with  two  stipules.  Herbaceous 
plants  or  shrubs.  The  Rosacee  are  closely 
akin  to  the  Pomaceae,  the  Drupacese,  the  San- 
giiisorbese,  and  some  other  orders.  They  are 
divided  try  Lindley  into  five  families  or  tribes, 
Rosidw,  Potentillfdae,  Spirwid* ,  Quillaite,  and 
Neuradese.  The  Rosaceas  occur  chiefly  in  the 
temperate  and  cold  parts  of  the  northern 
hemisphere ;  when  they  occur  in  the  tropics 
it  is  generally  on  high  land.  There  is  no  un- 
wholesome plant  in  the  order.  They  are  in 
general  astringent,  and  have  been  regarded  as 
febrifuges.  [For  details,  see  Agrimonia,  Bray- 
era,  Fragaria,  Geum,  Gillenia,  Potentilla,  Rosa, 
Rubus,  Spiraea,  and  Tprmentilla.)  In  184« 
Lindley  enumerated  thirty-eight  genera  and 
estimated  the  known  sptcics  at  500.  Sir 
Joseph  Hooker,  in  1870,  considered  the  genera 
to  be  seventy-one  and  the  species  1,000,  but  he 
includes  Lindley's  Pomaceee  and  Drupaceae. 

ro  sa   ccoiis  (ce  as  sh),  a.    [Lat  roxtcm  = 
made  of  roses  ;  Fr.  rosace.] 
Botany: 

1.  Having  the  petals  arranged  in  the  same 
way  that  they  are  in  a  single  rose ;  rose-like. 

2.  (Of  a  corolla):  Having  no  claw,  or  a  very 
small  one.    (Link.) 

3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  natural  order 
Rosacea?  (q.v.). 

•  ros'-al,  a,     [Lat.  ros(e);  -at.] 

1.  Rosy.     (Ileetlome  :  Pomu.) 

2.  Rosaceous. 

rosal  alliance,  s.    [ROSALES.] 


*te,  fat.  lare,  amid.t,  what,  lali,  tothar;  wi,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot. 
•r.  wore,  wolt,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  tjnite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    o>,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  *iu  =  kw. 


ro-sa'-lea,  s.  pi.    I  Lat.  rota  =  a  rose.] 

Sat  •  Undle/s  forty-second  alliance  of 
Dta&  It  stands  between  the  Daplmalei  j  and 
thi  SaxifrMales  It  is  placed  under  his  th  ml 
•ubdaM^erig'vnous  &ogens.  It  contains 
XeTnUrs  Calycanthace*.  Chrysobalana..^, 
Ffcbace*.  DrupaceaJ,  Pomaces,  Sanguisor- 
bacese,  and  Rosaces. 

rd-sal'-gar,  «.    [RESAI.OAR.] 


rd-sa'-li-a(l),  ••    L — . 

Vote:  The  repetition  of  a  phrase  or  pas- 
sase,  raising  the  pitch  one  note  at  each  repe- 
tition. 

r6-sa-U-a(2),».    [ROSEOLA.] 

ram  a-li'-na.  s.  [Lat.  rosaUis);  fern.  sins. 
Miff  "no  So  named  because  the  cells  are 
circularly'arranged  like  the  petals  of  a  rose.  ] 

1  Zool  •   A   cenus   of  Imperforate   Fora- 
rninlffm  faniily  Uvellidea,  of  Reuss.    Series 
of  «li™'reguUrly  spiral,  continuous  aperture 
simple,  i.e.  not  closed  by  a  lid. 

2  Palteont. :  Six  British  species  from  the 
Chalk  and  two  from  the  Pleistocene. 


resales—  rose 

each  of  which  begins  with  the  Our 
[LORD'S  PRAYER],  is  accompanied  by  m 
tion  on  one  of  the  Mysteries  in  the  life  of  Our 
Lord?and  ends  with  the  Doxology.  Tins  is  pro- 
«rly  called  the  Dominican,  or  Great  Rosary, 
fmt  the  name  is  often  popularly  given  to  t  he 
Chaplet,  which  contains  but  fifty  Aves  llu. 
fifteen  Mysteries  which  should  be  meditated 
oHuVing  the  recitation  of  the  Rosary  are 
divided  into  three  series,  each  corresponding 


ros  an-Il-ine,  ..   lEng. 


. 
A  red  dye,  occurring  in  commerce  under  the 

namesaniline  red,  a7*leine,  fuehsine  magenta, 
roseine,  &c.  It  is  prepared  by  ;  heating  a  .mix- 
ture of  dry  arsenic  acid  and  aniline  to  140  .for 
six  or  eight  hours.  It  forms  colourless  crystal- 
line plates,  which  are  coloured  red  on  expo- 
sure to  the  air,  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble 
in  alcohol?  The  aniline  reds  used  in  dyeing 
are  generally  monoacid  salts  of  rosaml.ne 
roore  or  less  pure.  Rosamline  acetate, 
ConH,oNi-C,>H.02,  chiefly  used  in  England, 
fgnTs  beautiful  large  crystals,  which  are  more 
solnble  in  water  than  the  other  salts.  Ros- 
aniline  hydrochlonde,  CaoHiaNa  HCL  pre- 
pared in  France  and  Germany,  crystallizes  in 
iolden-green  rhombic  octahedra,  and  is  very 
soluble  in  alcohol,  with  a  ftne  red  colour. 

rd  §ar'  i-an  (1),  ».    lEng.  roa(«)  ;  -arian.}    A 
grower  of  roses. 

...  wul  patiently  test  m.ny  kind. 
d:  Xmoteur't  Roa  Boot,  p.  147. 


Coronation  of  the  B.  V.  M. 

There  are  also  the  Rosaries  of  St.  Bridget,  of 
the  Seven  Dolours,  of  the  Immac  "}»•*»  C»n- 
ception,  of  the  Five  Wounds,  and  the  Crown 
of  Our  Saviour. 

(2)  The  beads  upon  which  any  of  the  fore- 
coing  forms  of  prayer  are  said. 

••Dominicans,  too.  are  reprint*!  on  »  tomb  rf 
'  '1' 


Arnold :  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  738. 

rosary-shell, ». 

Zool. :  The  genus  Monodonta  (q.v.). 
•rof-at-Sd.a.    [ROSE.]    Crowned  or  adorned 

with  roses. 

••  R*a<«i.  h.vlng  .  ?h«t'l«'°<  four  ro«.. bout  hi 
head."— fuller :  Vforthw,  U.  518. 

ros-au'-rin,  »•     [Lat.   rosa  =  a  rose,   and 

durum  =  gold.]    [Rosouc-ACiD.] 
ros  -old,  *  ros-eide,  o.    [Lat.  roscidus,  from 

ros  =  dew.]    Dewy  ;  consisting  of  or  contain 

inff  dew. 

.  .      _  * obMrrable  in  toe  Bower. 


rd  sar   I-an  (2),  >.     (Eng.  rosary;  -ion.]    A 
member  of  the  Confraternity  of  the  Rosary. 

"  AjjotlnrKMorlun  recommend*  »  ipeoW  temporal 
Intention."—  Kotarian.  i.  878, 

ros'-a-ry.  *  ros-a-rie,  «.    [Fr.  main,  from 
Low*  Lai!  rosarium  =  a  cliaplet  ;  8p.  &  Ital. 
nsario.}    [Rose,  «.] 
•  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  chaplet,  a  garland. 

••rhrl.l  I,  as  now  knit  them  Into  rMortof  «nd 
coronet'-j"^  Ta,tar  :  Jtul.  *  **.rcU«  of  B«» 
lining,  ch.  hi..  I  1- 

2.  A  bed  of  roses  ;  a  place  where  roses 

»Mte«t  and  the  (alrot  blonom  th»t  ever 
buddrf  SSSltrf  the  .hit.  or  red  r^r^-Pr^ 
jSSuif  Wi-i"*  0*™t,  ic.,  sign.  D  d.  s.  (Hot.) 

3    A  coin  so  called  from  bearing  the  figure 
of  arose,  of  foreign  coinage,  about  the  sue 
i  penny    but  worth  less  than  a  halfpenny, 
chiefly  smuggled  into  Ireland.    In  1300  it  was 
made  death  to  import  them. 

U,  Technically: 

1.  Cmpar.  Relig.  :  A  string  of  beads  by 
means  of  which  account  is  kept  of  the  num- 
ber of  prayers  uttered.  Tylor  (loc.  inf.  at.) 
thinks  that  its  invention  or  adoption  was  due 
»  the  fact  that,  with  advancing  civilization, 
prayers,  from  being  at  first  utterances  as  free 
and  flexible  as  requests  to  a  living  patriarch 
or  chief,  stiffened  into  traditional  formulas, 
whose  repetition  required  verbal  accuracy, 
and  whose  nature  practically  assimilated 
more  or  less  to  that  of  charms. 

"Thisdevotlon.1  ealciilatins.-niachlne  is  of  A.iatic 
ation  ;  It  had,  if  not  It.  <"«  "^VS"1,  '   ATlS 


4043 

rose  (K.  orwwfa)  much  less  so.    It  is  sometinw» 
,.,,,,f,)unded  with  the  Ayrshire  rose  [see  below], 
which  is  not  wild.    The  true  sweet-brier  (S. 
r«wj  nosajand  the  small-flowered I  sweet-brier 
are  found  chleflv  in  the  smith  of  Eugland  es- 
pecially on  chalk.     The  villous rp.e (R.mUoM* 
fB  widely  distributed,  whilst  th,;  burnet-lrav,.,! 
or    Scotch   rose   (B.  npinotiKitaa.)  flourisl,rs 
best  near  the  sea.    Among  the  garden-speoie 
mav  be  mentioned  the  Ayrshire  rose  (R.  capreo. 
lata)  [see  above];  the  Bourbon  rose    a  var.  of 
K.  indica;  the  cabbage-rose  (R.  «"«<^X  J^« 
Chinese    rose   (R.   indica)  [see  No.  2] 
Damask  rose  (A  damascene),  *h;fa.ry:ro»e(^ 
Lmmnr'aitn),  the  French  rose  R.  <*"«£)>  «ie 
one  hundred  leaved  (B.  cmtVolia),  the  Macart- 
nev  rose  R.  bracleata ;  the,  tea-scented,  a  var. 
of  K.  Sioa ;  the  monthly  (*.  Mica    the  moss 
rose,  a  garden  variety  of  K.  centrfolia ;  the- 
ofl-Kiialfose  (fi.  gallica),  the  prairie  rose  (R. 
xtioem  ;  the  Provence  rose  (R.  nntifoha),  and 
tl  " swa  up  rose  (R.  Carolina).    From  these  th* 
numenjus  varieties  of  florists'  roses  are  de- 
rived    The  petals  of  R.  damoscerui  yield  attar 
of  roses  when  drilled.   The  fruit  of  R.  tan** 
and  some  other  species  Is  astnnge i it,  an. .i  may 
be  used  in  cases  of  diarrhcea  and  similar  com- 
plaints. The  leaves  of  R.  rubigmosa  have  been, 
used  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 


ti.     lamK  «uJ  ls  ">«•  con';el"i,0'uV.",£r; 
which  It  was  Bulled  to  accompany,  has  nourished  ever 
3io«.--Wor:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  18J»),  U.  Wl 


2.  Roman  Church : 

(1)  A  form  of  prayer  in  which  the  Hail  Mary 
(o  v.)  is  recited  150  tunes  in  honour  of  the 
Virgin  Mary.  It  is  divided  into  fifteen  decades, 


ros  -coe-lite,  «.    [After  Prof.  H.  E.  Boscoe 
and  Gr.  \iioi  (lithos)  =  a  stone.) 

Mln  :  A  soft,  micaceous  mineral,  occurring 
in  minute  scales,  sometimes  "Tan8ed0m.,,fa"- 
like  or  stellated  groups  Sp  gr.  2-« 
2-938;  lustre,  pearly;  colour,  dark-brown  to 
brownish  green.  Analyses  made  by  Genth 
and  HoBCoe,  on  material  more  or  less  impure 
through  mechanical  admixtures,  indicate  that 
it  is  avanado-silicate  of  aluniinaand  potash, 
the  vanadic  acid  present  varying  from  20;5  to 
over™ "per  cent.  Found  intimately  associated 
with  native  gold  in  California. 

rose.  ».  &  o.    [A.S.  rose  (pi.  rosan),  from  Lat, 
a  =  a  rose,   from   Gr.  pooo,  (rhodm)  =  a 
rose  from  Arab,  ward  =  a  rose;   Dan  row; 
Sut  Z,"  Qer.  rose ;  O.  H.  Ger  rosa ;  IceL  & 
Sw.  ros ;  Irish  *  GaeL  ros ;  Welsh  rhos.) 
A,  As  substantive  : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit :  In  the  same  sense  as  IL  I. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  ribbon  gathered  into  a  knot  in  the 
form  of  a  rose,  and  serving  as  a  kind  of  orna- 
mental shoe-tie,  knee-band,  or  hatband. 

"The  Provencal ro*» on  rnyTaied shoes."— Shatap. : 
Bamta.  111.  1. 

(2)  A  delicate  pink  colour. 

••  Her  cheek,  had  lost  the  rose." 

Tennjnon :  dwm*  17. 

(3)  Full  flush  or  bloom. 

"Th«ro«wM  yet  upon  her  cheek.'' 

Byron  :  SlCffe  of  Corinth,  zx. 

(ft  A  circular  card  or  disc,  or  diagram,  with 
radiating  lines,  as  the  compass-card  or  rose  of 
the  compass;  the  barometric  rose,  which 
shows  the  barometric  pressure  at  any  place 
in  connection  with  winds  blowing  from  dif- 
ferent points  of  the  compass  ;  a  wind-rose. 

(5)  A  perforated  cup  or  nozzle  acting  as  a 
strainer  at  the  induction  of  water  into  a  pump, 
or  at  the  nozzle  as  a  means  of  dividing  the 
water  into  fine  streams  for  sprinkling. 

(6)  (See  extract). 

»  The  silver  cup  of  it.  breed  is  given  to  a  bird  in  the 
clan  of  tram  peters.    A  growth  of  bead-feathers  called 
the  rota  coineB  down  completely  over  the  eyes  ol 
Inzenioiisly  perverted  pigeon,  whose  legs  are  decorated 
iTh  long  leathers  thaynight  rather  have  been  looked 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  The  same  as  ROSETTB  (q.T.). 

2.  Botany. 

n)  The  common  English  name  of  the  genus 
Rosa(q.v-).  The  ordinary  dog-rose  or  brier-rose 
(R  caiiina)  is  very  common  ;  the  trailing  dog- 


(2)  A  popular  designation  for  a  multitude 
of  species  belonging  to  various  genera  and 
even  orders  popularly  supposed  tx>  bear  a 

more  or  less  close  "»mb»P<|»^^,S?n,jv 
Rosa.    The  Chinese  rose  (1)  tseeaboe](2> 

(Hibiscus  rosa  sinensis),  tue  *. 

(H.  mutabilis),  the  Christmas  ™»I™J*"J* 

niger),  the  Com   rose  (I'apaver  Khaxu),  th 

Cotton  rose  (FUago)  (American)    Eklcr 

fGerarde's  name  for  a  variety  of  V«mrnwn 

OwiiM),theGuelderorGueldre6r03e(the8teril( 

flowered  variety  of  K.  Opuliu),  the  H 
(Helianthemum),  the  Jamaica  rose  MW"™- 
ana),  (2)  (Bfafcea  <riii«n)is) ,;  the  Calabar  rose^ 


Ros7  of  the   Alps  &*>b**%£j!^££ 

and  R  ferrwiineum),  Sage  rose  (1  urnera  » 
rStarSouth  Sea  rose  (Jamaica  name,  Nenum 
Oleander),  Sun  rose  (Hdianthemum).  Wild  rose 
(Klakea  trinervis).    Of  the  genera  in  the  above 
list,   Hibiscus  is  a  Mallowwort,  Papaver 
Poppy  wort,  Anastatica  is  cruciferous.N  iscana- 
a  Clovewort,  Ac. 

3.  Lock. :  The  annular  scutcheon  roum 
spindle  of  a  door-lock. 

4.  P otto!. :  Erysipelas  (q.v.). 

5  Script. iH&.rb-yW (chhabatseleth=Sonf 
of  Solomon  ii.  1,  and  Isa.  xxxv.  .D,  h«  n»t| been 
identified.  Gesenius  believes  it  to  be  the  Au- 
tumnal Crocus  (CoUhicum  autumnale),  and- 
Royle  Narcissus  Tazzetta. 

B.  At  adj.:  Of  a  pink  colour;  coloured) 
like  a  rose  ;  rosy. 

1  (1)  Under  the  rose  [Lat.  sub  rosa] :    Itt 
secret ;  privately,  confidentially. 
(2)  Wars  ol  the  Rosa : 

Ena  Hist. :  Civil  wars  between  the  houses 
of  York  and  Lancaster  for  the  English  crown 
The  Lancastrians  wore  for  a  badge  a  red  and 
the  Yorkists  a  white  rose  The  rebeUionof 
the  Duke  of  York  against  Henry  VI.  took 
place  in  1452.  Twelve  battles  followed,  six  in 
this  reign  and  six  subsequently.  They  com- 
menced with  the  battle  of  St.  Albans  A  D. 
?465>nd  ended  with  that  of  Bosworth  Field, 
Aue  22  I486,  which  established  Henry  Vll.. 
and 'the  Tudor  dynasty  on  the  throne. 

rose  acacia,  s. 

Bot. :  Robinia  hispida. 
rose-aniline,  s.    [ROSANILISE.} 
rose-aphis,!.    [APHIS.] 
rose-apple, ». 

Bot. :  The  fragrant  fruit  of  Eugenia,  molrw 
amsi*,  E.  ajpua,  B.  Jambos  (Jzmbosa  wigaris). 
&c.,  growifig  in  the  East.  It  is  made  into 
preserves. 

rose-a-ruby,  »• 

Bot. :  Adonis  autumnalit. 

rose-bay,  s. 

Bot. :  Epilobium  angustifolium. 


4044 


rose— rosechafer 


rose-beetle,  5. 

Entom. :  Cetonia  attrata.    [CETONIA.) 
rose-bud.1.    [ROSEBUD.] 
rose-bug,  ». 

Entom. :  The  Rosechafer  (q.v.).    (.Amer.) 

rose-camphor,  .--. 

t'kem. :   The  stearoptene  of  rose  oil.      I 
crystallizes  in   lamina?,  melting  at  34°,  an 
boiling   between    280°  and    300',  is  sli-tith 
Bauble  in  alcohol,  but  soluble  In  ether  ati 
essential  nils.      It  dissolves  in   potash  an_ 
acetic  acid,  but  is  very  slightly  acted  on  by 
hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids. 

rose-campion, .«. 
Hot. :  The  genus  Lychnis. 

rose-carnation,  s.  A  carnation  with 
rose-coloured  stripes.  (Tennyson:  In  Me 
noriam,  c.  7.) 

rose-catarrh,  rose-fever, «. 

Puthol. :  A  catarrh  or  alight  fever  like  hay- 
asthma,  prevailing  in  parts  of  the  United 
States,  where  roses  are  extensively  cultivated 
It  resembles,  but  Is  not  identical  with,  Hay 
fever  (q.v.). 

rose-chafer,  s.    [ROSECHAFER.] 

rose-cheeked,  a.  Having  red  or  rosy 
Cheeks.  (Shakesp. :  Venvn  &  Adonis,  S.) 

Rose-cheeked  Kingfisher  : 

Ornith. :  Ispidina  picta,  from  the  Ethiopian 
region.  It  feeds  principally  on  grasshoppers 
and  small  locusts. 

rose-cold,  ».    Rose-catarrh  (q.T.X 
rose-coloured,  a. 

1.  Lit. :  Having  the  colour  of  a  rose. 

"  They  flung  over  her  bead  the  roie-cot-ourtd  bridal 
veil"—  Moon:  Light  of  OH  Oarem.  (ConcJ 

2.  Uncommonly  beautiful ;  hence,  extrava- 
gantly dne  or  pleasing ;  rosy. 

rose-copper,  s.    [ROSETTE,  II.  4.] 
*  rose-cross, «.    A  Rosicrucian  (q.v.). 
rose-cut, «. 

Gem-cutting :  A  mode  of  cutting  gems  in 
which  the  back  is  left  flat  and  the  face  is  out 
into  a  series  of  inclined  triangular  facets 
arranged  around  a  cential  hexagon.  It  is 
adopted  for  thin  stones. 

rose -diamond,  s.  The  rose-diamond  is 
flat  below,  and  its 
upper  surface  has 
twenty-four  trian- 
gular facets.  The 
centre  has  a  hexa- 
gonal arrange- 
ment, and  the  base 
of  each  triangle  is 
Joined  to  another 
whose  apex 
touches  the  mar- 
gin. The  inter- 
vening spaces  are 
cut  into  twelve 
facets  in  two 
zones.  The  upper  or  projecting  is  the  crown  : 
the  lower  portion,  the  teeth. 

rose-drop,  ». 

1.  A  lozenge  flavoured  with  rose-essence. 

2.  An  ear-drop. 

3.  A  grog-blossom  (q.v.). 
rose-elder,  s.    The  Guelder-rose  (q.v.). 
rose-engine,  s.     A  lathe  in  which  the 

rotatory  motion  of  the  lathe  and  the  radial 
motion  of  the  tool  combine  to  produce  a  variety 
of  curved  lines.    The  mechanism  consists  of 
plates  or  cams  set  on  the  axis  of  the  lathe  or 
suitably  rotated  and  formed  with  wavy  edges 
or  grooves  which  govern  the  motion  of  the 
cutting  point  toward  or  from  the  centre. 
rose-laced,  a.    Having  a  red  or  rosy  fece. 
rose-festival,  s.    [ROSIERE.] 
rose-fever,  ».    [ROSE-CATARRH.] 

rose-flsh,  «.  A  commercial  name  for  a 
Norway  haddock. 

rose-fly,  «. 

Entom. :  The  Rosechafer  (q.v.Ji 

rose-gall,  ». 

Vtg.  Pathol. :  A  gall  produced  by  Rhoditet 


DIAGRAM  saowiifo  TH 

Or  A  R04E-DIAMU 


rose  garnet,  t. 

Min.:  A  rose-red  variety  of  garnet  (q.v.) 
found  at  Xalostae,  Mexico.  An  analysis  in 
dicates  a  relationship  to  the  lime-alumina 
garnets  or  essonite  (q.v.). 

rose-head,  *.    The  same  as  ROSE,  ».,  A. 

I.  2.  (:j). 

rose  hued,   a.     Of  the   hue   of  roses 

(Tennyson:  Arabian  Nights,  HO.) 

rose-Iron,  s. 

.if i  n. :  An  iron-glance  or  haematite,  occur 
ring  in  rosette-like  groups  of  tabular  crystals 
in  several  localities  in  Switzerland. 

rose-knot,  s.  An  ornamental  bnnch  o 
ribbons  plaited  so  as  to  resemble  a  rose. 

rose-lake,  s.  A  richly  tinted  pigment 
prepared  hy  precipitating  lac  and  madder  on 
an  earthy  basis.  Called  also  Rose-madder. 

rose-lashing,  s. 

Navt. :  A  kind  of  lashing  or  seizing  employee 
in  woolding  spars.  So  termed  from  its  form 

rose-lathe,  s.    A  rose-engine  (q.vj. 

rose-leaf,  t.    The  leaf  of  a  row. 

rose-lichen,  s. 

Rot. :  Parmelia  kamschadalls.  It  is  nsed  in 
calico-printing  to  give  a  perfume  and  a  rose- 
tinge  to  the  fabric.  About  twenty-live  tons 
are  annually  exported  from  the  hilly  parts  of 
India,  where  it  grows.  (Atkinson.) 

rose-lip,  «.  A  lip  of  a  ruddy  or  rosy 
colour. 

rose-madder,  s.    [ROSE-LAKE.] 

rose-mallow,  s. 

Bat. :  AWuca  rosea,  the  Hollyhock. 

rose  maloes,  t.  The  liquid  storax  ob- 
tained from  Liqnidambar  orientate, 

rose-moulding,  t. 

Arch. :  A  kind  of  Norman  moulding  orna- 
mented with  roses  or  rosettes. 

rose-nail,  i.  A  nail  with  a  conical  head 
which  is  hammered  into  triangular  facets. 

*  rose-noble, ».  An  old  English  gold  coin, 
stamped  with  the  impression  of  a  rose.  They 


were  first  coined  In  the  reign  of  Edward  III 
and  were  current  at  6s.  8d.    They  were  also 
coined  by  Edward  IV.,  of  the  value  of  8s.  4d. 

"The  succeeding  kings  coined  roj»..»w«,  and  double 
rote-noote*.  —Camdtn :  ftema/ru. 

rose-oil,    . 

Chem. :  A  volatile  oil  extracted  from  several 
speoies  of  roses,  especially  Rosa  centifolia 
and  R.  moscliata.  It  is  a  thick,  yellowish, 
fragrant  liquid,  solidifying  at  a  low  tempera- 
ture to  a  buttery  mass  of  transparent,  shining 
laminae,  and  having  a  sp.  gr.  0'8912  at  15°.  It 
is  frequently  adulterated  with  geranium  oil, 
but  this  may  be  detected  by  exposing  the  oil 
to  iodine  vapour,  which  does  not  alter  the 
colour  of  rose  oil,  but  imparts  a  deep  brown 
colour  if  geranium  oil  is  present  even  in 
minute  quantity. 

rose-opal,   . 

Win. :  A  rose-coloured  opal,  occurring  with 
the  qmncite(q.v.),  the  colour  being  attributed 
to  organic  matter. 

rose  parrakeet, ». 
Ornith. :   Platycercus  eximiua,  •  native  of 
Australia. 

rose-pink,  «. 

1.  A  coarse    kind   of  lake,   produced  by 
dyeing   chalk  or  whiting  with  a  decoction 
of  Brazil  wood,  &c.    It  is  a  pigment  much 
used  by  paper-stainers  and  in  the  commonest 
distemper  paintings,  4c.,  but  too  perishable 
to  ment  the  attention  of  artists. 

2.  A  rosy  pink  colour  or  hue. 
rose-plantain,  s. 

Bot. :  Plantago  major  rosea. 


rose-quartz,  s. 

Min. :  A  rose-red  variety  of  quartz,  mostly 
found  massive,  in  veins,  (,'olonrattributed  to 
the  presence  of  titanic  acid,  but  Dana  and 
others  suggest  it  may  be  partly  due  to  man' 
ganese. 

rose-rash,  s.    [ROSEOLA.] 

rose-red,  o.    Red  as  a  rose. 

*  rose-rial,  i.  A  name  for  English  gold 
coins  uf  various  reigns  and  values;  a  rose- 
noble.  The  rose-rials  of  James  I.  were  of  the 
value  of  30s. 

rose-ringed  parrakeet,  s. 

Ornith. :  Pal&ornis  torquatus,  from  Africa 
India,  and  Ceylon.  It  is  about  sixteen  inches 
long ;  green,  with  a  black  band  from  the  chin 
nearly  to  the  nape,  rose-coloured  collar  round 
the  back  of  neck.  In  the  female  a  narrow 
collar  of  emerald  -  green  replaces  the  rose 
colour. 

rose-root,  s.    [ROSEWORT.] 
rose  sawfly, «. 
Entom. :  The  genus  Hylotoma. 
rose  snowball-tree, ». 

Bot. :  Viburnum  Opulus  roseum. 

rose-steel,  s.  A  kind  of  steel  of  cementa- 
tion whose  interior  part  exhibits,  when  frac- 
tured, a  different  texture  from  that  of  the 
exterior. 

rose-tulip,  «. 

Bot. :  TuKpa  rosea. 
rose-water,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  subst. :  Water  distilled  from  rose  leavei 
in  the  proportion  of  two  gallons  of  water  to 
ten  pounds  weight  of  fresh  petals  from  Rom 
centifolia. 

"  Let  one  attend  him  with  a  silver  basin. 
Full  of  rm-matr,  and  bestrewd  with  flowen." 
SAaJcap.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrev.    {Induct.  L) 

B.  As  adj. :  Having  the  odour  or  character 
of  rose-water ;  hence,  affectedly  delicate,  fine, 
or  sentimental 

rose- willow,  «. 

Bot. :  Salix  purpurea. 

rose-window,  s. 

Arch.:  A  Catherine-wheel  or  Marigold- 
window.  [CATHERINE-WHEEL,  «.] 

rose,  ».(.    (ROSE,  >.] 

1.  To  make  of  a  rose  colour ;  to  redden :  to 
cause  to  flush  or  blush. 


2.  To  perfume,  as  with  roses. 

"  To  row  and  lavender  my  horainess  " 

Tfnniftoti :  Quern  Mary,  111.  ft, 

rose,  pret.  ofv.    [RISE,  ».] 

ros'-S-SB,  s.  pi.    [Lat.  ros(a)  =  a  rose ;  fern.  pi. 

adj.  sun",  -eae.} 

Bot. :  A  sub-order  of  Rosaceee,  having  the 
carpels  free  from  the  tube  of  the  calyx  and  the 
stipules  united  to  the  petiole.  It  is  divided 
into  four  families  :  Rosidae,  Potentillidaj,  Spi- 
raidas  and  Sanguisorbidaj. 

"ros'-e'-al,  "rds'-i-al,  s.  [Lat.  roseus,  from 
rosa  =  a  rose.)  Resembling  a  rose  in  colont 
or  smell ;  roseate. 

"The  stones  are  rotial,  and 
Of  the  white  rock."       Datenant :  T\t  W(tt,  it  L 

*r6s'-e-ate,  a.  [Lat  roams,  from  rosa  =  a 
rose;  Ital.  and  Sp.  rosato;  Fr.  rosat.] 

1.  Rosy ;  full  of  roses ;  made  or  consisting 
of  roses. 

"  The  most  renowned 

With  curious  roteatf  anadems  are  crowu'd." 
Drayton  :  The  Mutet  Klyttum,  Nymph.  1 

2.  Rosy,  resembling  a  rose,  rose-coloured. 

"  Nor  ever  In  aught  earthly  dip. 
But  the  morn's  dew.  her  roiratt  lip." 

ilMrt:  Light  tftlu  aarm. 

roseate-tern,  s. 

Ornith. :  Sterna  dougallii. 

rose'-b&d,  s.  [Eng.  rose,  and  bud.l  The  bud 
of  a  rose  ;  the  flowerof  the  rose  just  appearing. 

rose-bush,  s.  [Eng.  ro«,  and  lush.]  Any 
of  the  shrubs  or  bushes  which  fall  under  the 
genus  Rosa. 

ose  -9ha  fer,  s.    [Eng.  rote,  and  chafer.') 

Entom. :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  sub-family  Cetoniinse. 


- 

OUPe> 


ofip 


=  i;  ey  = 


^  kw. 


roseme— rosland 


4045 


rose  me,  s.   [Eng.  rose;  -ine.]  [ROSANILINE.] 

rds'-e-lite,  s.  [After  the  mineralogist  Gustav 
Rose,  and  Gr.  Atfos  (lithos)=.&  stone;  Ger. 
roselitk.] 

Min,  ;  A  triclinic  mineral  occurring  in 
beautiful  small  crystals  at  Sclmeeberg,  Saxony. 
Hardness,  3*5  ;  sp,  gr.  3-506 to3'585.  Compos.: 
a  hydrated  arsenate  of  lime,  cobalt,  and  mag- 
nesia, the  later  numbers  obtained  correspond- 
ing with  the  formula  RgAsgOg  +  2aq. 

ro'  -sol-lane,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  rosell(us)  —  rosy  ; 
sutf.  -nne  (Min.) ;  Ger.  rosellan.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  Svanberg's  Rosite  (q.v.). 

ro-seT-late,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  rosellatus,  from 
Lat.  rosa  =  a  rose.]  Rosulate  (q.v.). 

ro-selle',  s.    [Corrupt,  from  Eng.  red  sorrel.] 

Bot. :  Hibiscus  Sabdari/a.  The  ripened  cali- 
ces  are  acid,  and  in  India,  the  West  Indies, 
&c.,  are  made  into  jellies,  put  into  tarts,  or, 
with  water  added,  produce  a  cool,  refreshing 
drink. 

rose'-ma-ry,  *rose  ma  rtne,  *ros-ma- 

rlne(l),  s.  [O.  F.  rosmarin(Fr.  romarin),  from 
Lat.  rosmnrimis,  rosmarinum  (—  lit.  marine 
dew,  from  ros=dew,  and  marinus  =  marine 
(q.v.);  Ital. rosmanno;  Hp.roamarino,  romero; 
Port,  rosmaninho.] 

Bot. :  Rosmarinvs  officinalis,  a  native  of  the 
South  of  Europe  and  Asia  Minor,  and  culti- 
vated in  India,  &c. ;  a  very  fragrant  labiate 
plant  with  a  white  or  pale-blue  corolla.  The 
leaves  are  sessile  and  gray,  with  the  edges 
rolled  round  below.  It  is  sometimes  made 
into  garlands.  It  is  slightly  stimulant,  and 
tends  to  relieve  headache  and  mental  weari- 
ness. It  is  an  ingredient  ia  Hungary-water 
(q.v.).  It  is  also  used  as  a  conserve,  and  a 
liqueur  is  made  from  it. 

"  When  villagers  my  shroud  bestrew 
With  pansies,  rvtemary,  and  rue." 

Scott :  KoMby,  V.  18. 

rosemary  oil.  s. 

Chem. :  A  transparent,  colourless  oil,  ob- 
tained by  distilling  the  fresh  leavesand  flowers 
of  the  rosemary  wibb  water.  It  is  neutral, 
has  a  campborous  taste,  and  the  odour  of  the 
plant;  sp.  gr.  0'90SO  at  15'5°.  and  boils  at  165- 
ItiS". 

*  rds'-en,  o.    [Eng.  ros(e) ;  adj.  suff.  -en,  as  in 
golden,  &c.J    Made  of  roses;  consisting  of,  or 
resembling  roses. 

"  His  leefe  a  roten  chaplet." 

H'tmaunt  of  the  Rote, 

ros'-en-ite,  s.     [After  G.  Rose ;  n  connect., 

and  suit',  -ite.] 
Min. :  Tbe  same  as  PLAQIONITE  (q.v.). 

Ros-en-mul-ler,   s.       [The   discoverer's 

name.]    (See  def.  of  If.) 
T[  Organ  of  Rosenmiiller : 
Anat. ;  The  parovarium. 

ro-se'-o'-la,  s.    [Lat.  rosa  =  a  rose.] 

Pathol. :  Rose-rash,  scarlet-rash ;  a  non- 
contagions,  febrile  disease,  with  rose-coloured, 
minute,  non-crescentic  spots,  with  itching 
and  tingling.  In  infants  it  is  called  R.  infan- 
tilis,  and  a  variety  occurs  from  exposure  to 
sun  in  summer,  known  as  R.  (estiva.  The 
action  of  belladonna,  taken  internally,  occa- 
sionally produces  it,  and  it  sometimes  precedes 
an  attack  of  small-pox  or  typhus  fever.  It 
may  also  occur  four  or  five  days  after  vaccina- 
tion, in  gout  and  rheumatism,  or  in  cholera. 

*r<>s'-er,  s.  [ROSE,  s.]  A  rose-tree,  a  rose- 
bush. 

"  They  ben  like  to  an  hound,  when  he  cometh  by  the 
roier,  or  by  other  bnshea."— Chaucer:  Pertonet  Tale, 

*  ros'-er-jf,  a.     [ROSABT.]     A  place  where 
roses  grow  ;  a  rosary. 

*  ros'-et,  s.    [Fr.  rotette.}    A  red  colour  for 
painters. 

"  Grind  cerusB  with  a  weak  water  of  gum-lake,  roxet, 
ana  vermilion,  which  maketh  it  a  (air  carnation." — 
Peacham:  On  Drawing. 

rdse'-tan-gle,  a.    [Eng.  rose,  and  tangle.] 
Bot. (PI.):  TheCeramiaceae(q.v.).  (Lindley.) 

Rd-sct'-ta  (1),  s.  [See  def]  The  name  of  a 
place  in  Egypt,  on  one  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Nile. 

Rosetta-stone,  *.  The  name  given  to  a 
stone  found  near  the  Rosetta  mouth  of  the 


N'ile  by  a  French  engineer  in  1798.  It  is  a 
tablet  of  basalt,  with  an  inscription  of  the 
year  136  B.C.,  dur- 
ing the  reign  of 
Ptolemy  Epi- 
phanes.  The  in- 
scription is  In 
hieroglyphic,  de- 
motic, and  Greek. 
It  was  deciphered 
by  Dr.  Young,  and 
formed  the  key  to 
the  reading  of  the 
hieroglyphic  cha- 
racters. It  wag 

captured  by  the  BOSETTA-STONE. 

English  on  the  de- 
feat of  the  French  forces  in  Egypt,  and  is  now 
in  the  British  museum. 

rd-set'-ta  (2),  »,    [ROSETTE  (?).] 

rosetta-wood,  s.  A  name  given  to  a 
good-sized  East  Indian  wood,  imported  in 
logs,  nine  to  fourteen  feet  in  diameter ;  it  is 
handsomely  veined.  The  general  colour  is  a 
lively  red-orange.  The  wood  is  close,  hard, 
and  very  beautiful  when  first  cut,  but  soon 
gets  darker. 

ro-sette',  s.  [Fr.,  dimin.  from  rose=  a  rose 
(q.v.).] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Something  more  or  less  re- 
sembling, or  designed  to  resemble  a  rose,  and 
used  as  an  ornament  or  badge ;  as,  a  bunch  of 
ribbons  plaited,  or  of  leather  cut  to  the  form 
of  a  rose. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Arch.:  An  ornament  in  the  form  of  arose, 
much  used  in  the  decoration  of  ceilings,  cor- 
nices, &c. 

2.  Art:  Roset(q.v.). 

3.  Gas:  A  form  of  gas-burner  in  which  the 
gas  issues   at  a  circular  series  of  holes  re- 
sembling a  rosette. 

4.  Metall. :  A  disc  of  red  copper  from  the 
refining-hearthor  crucible,    As  the  impurities 
are  removed  in  the  shape  of  scoria?  or  slag, 
and  the  metal  exposed,  the  surface    of  the 
metal   is  congealed  by  throwing  on  water. 
This    is    called    quenching.      The  hardened 
crust  is  of  a  red  colour,  anil  is  called  a  rosette. 
The  operation  being  repeated,   the  metal  is 
obtained  in  a  form  for  ready  handling  and 
further  treatment,  instead  of  being  in  a  solid 
mass.     It  is  also  known  as  rose-copper. 

5.  Mill. :  A  circular  arrangement  of  sails  in 
a  windmill ;  the  vanes  attached  to  radial  arms. 

ro-se'-tum,  s.  [Lat.,  from  rosa  =  a  rose.]  A 
garden  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  roses ;  a 
nursery  for  roses. 

rose'-WOOd,  s.     [Eng.  rose,  and  wood.] 

Bot.  <&  Comm. :  The  name  given  to  wood 
which  is  either  of  a  rose  colour  or,  when  cut, 
yields  a  perfume  like  roses.  The  best  comes 
from  South  American  Dalbergias.  (Treas.  of 
Bot.)  Lindley  says  that  the  fragrant  rosewood, 
or  Bois  de  Palixandre  of  the  cabinet-makers,  is 
from  two  or  three  species  of  Brazilian  Triptol- 
emese.  Physocalymma  Jloribunda  also  yields  a 
beautiful  rose-coloured  wood.  Brazilian  rose- 
wood is  imported  in  large  slabs.  Its  colours 
are  from  light  hazel  to  deep  purple,  or  nearly 
black.  It  is  very  heavy,  and  is  used  for 
cabinet  work,  especially  as  veneers.  Other 
kinds  of  rosewood  are  from  Genista  canariensis, 
Convolvulus  Jloridus,  C.  Scoparia,  &c. 

rosewood-oil,  s. 

Chem. :  A  pale  yellow,  somewhat  viscid, 
volatile  oil,  obtained  from  rosewood  (q.v.)  by 
distillation  with  water  ;  sp.  gr.  (V9064  at  15-5  . 
It  is  sometimes  used  to  adulterate  rose-oil, 
which  thereby  loses  its  buttery  consistence. 

rose  wort,  s.    [Eng.  rose,  and  wort.} 
Botany  : 

1.  Rhodeola  rosea. 

2.  (PI.) :  The  Rosaceae.    (LindUy.) 

Ros  I  cru  cian,  a.  &  s.  [From  a  Latinised 
form  of  Rosenkreuz.  See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of,  or  belonging  to  Rosenkrenz 
or  the  society  which  he  is  said  to  have  founded. 

B.  As&itbst.  (PL):  A  mystic  secret  society 
which  became  known  to  the    public    early 
in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  was  alleged 
to  have  been  founded   by   a  German  noble 
called  Christian  Rosenkreuz,   A.D.  1388.    He 


was  said  to  have  died  at  the  age  of  106. 
The  society  consisted  of  adepts,  who  perpetu- 
ated it  by  Initiating  other  adepts.  It  did  not) 
interfere  with  religion  or  politics,  but  sought- 
after  true  philosophy.  The  Rosicrucians  pre- 
tended to  be  able  to  transmute  metals,  to  pro- 
long life,  and  to  know  what  was  passing  in 
distant  places.  Manycontradictoryhypotheses 
have  been  brought  forward  regarding  tlie 
Rosicrucians,  and  as  it  is  admitted  that  their 
secret  was  never  revealed,  it  is  open  to  doubt 
if  there  was  one  to  reveal.  They  are  said  to 
have  died  out  in  the  eighteenth  century.  The 
writer  of  the  article  "Rosicrucians"  in  the 
Enoydopcedta  Britannica  (ed.  9th)  believes 
that  the  Rosicrucian  Society  never  existed, 
and  that  the  persons  making  it  known  did  so 
simply  for  a  jest.  As,  however,  the  public 
believed  in  its  existence,  individuals  from 
time  to  time  declared  that  they  belonged  to  it. 
Called  also  Brothers  of  the  Rosy  Cross. 

Ros-i-cru'-cian-Ism,s.  [Eng.  Rosicrucian ; 
-ism.}  The  arts,  practices,  or  teaching  of  the 
Rosicrucians. 

ros'-I-d»,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  ros(a);  fern.  pi.  adj. 
sutf.  -idee.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  family  of  the  sub-order 
Rosese  (q.v.). 

•ros'-ied,  a.  [Eng.  rosy;  -ed.}  Adorned 
with  roses  or  their  colour. 

*  ro'-sier  (si  as  zh),  *  rosiero,  s.  [Fr. 
rosier.]  A  rose-bush. 

"  Xe  other  tire  she  on  her  head  die!  wear. 
But  crown'd  with  a  garland  of  tweet  rotier." 

Spe>aer:  F.  Q..  II.  is.  Ifc 

ro  si  ere,  «.  [Fr.]  The  name  given  in  France 
to  a  young  girl  who  in  a  village  contest  is 
awarded  a  rose  as  the  prize  of  virtue  and  wis- 
dom. An  attempt  has  been  made  by  a  clergy- 
man to  introduce  a  similar  prize  In  South 
London. 

ros  il,  s.    [ROSSEL.] 

tros'-X-l&  adv.  [Eng.  rosy;  -ly.]  With  > 
red  or  rosy  glow. 

"  The  white  Olympus  peaks 
Ratify  brighten,  and  the  soothed  gods  smile.* 

Matthew  Arnold  :  Empedoclet  on  Etna,  IL 

rds'-in,  s.     [A  doublet  of  resin.] 

1.  Resin  with  a  little  water  remaining  after 
nearly  all  the  oil  has  been  distilled  off. 

2.  Resin  with  all  tbe  water  distilled  away. 
The  solid  residuum  is  then  black,  and  is  a 
compound  of  several  hydrocarbons.      It  is 
called  colophane  or  fiddlers*  rosin,  and  is  ap 
plied  to  the  hair  of  violin,  viola,  and  violon- 
cello bows  to  give  them  the  necessary  bite 
upon  the  strings.    Rosin  for  the  double  bass 
is  made  of  equal  proportions  of  ordinary  rosin 
and  white  pitch. 

"  Rottn.  if  it  be  found  in  the  flrre,  is  thought  » 
fault  iu  the  wood,  whereas  the  only  oommodi tie  of  the 
pitch  tree  ifl  her  rotin."— P.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  xvi., 
ch.  x. 

rosin-oil,  s.  An  oil  obtained  from  the 
resin  of  the  pine  tree.  Used  by  painters,  also 
for  lubricating  machinery,  Ac.  (Simmonds.) 

rosin-tin,  s. 

Mining:  A.  pale-coloured  oxide  of  tin  with 
a  resinous  lustre. 

rosin-weed,  s. 

Bot, :  Silphium  kiciniatum. 

ros'-Jn,  v.t.  [RosiN,  s.]  To  rub  or  cover  over 
with  rosin. 

"  Wine  vessels  are  not  to  be  rosined,  calked,  and 
trimmed.11— P.  Holland :  Plinie.  bk.  xviiL,  ch.  x«i. 

Ros  in  an  -te,  s.  [Sp.  =  the  steed  of  Dor 
Quixote.]  Any  sorry  horse. 

ros'-i-ness,  *  ros-y-ness,  s.  [Eng.  rosy ; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rosy. 

"  The  fair  morn  breaks  through  her  rotyne&s." 

Davenant :  Qondibert,  HI.  1. 

ros'-In-$r,  a.  [Eng.  rosin;  ~y.]  Resembling 
rosin  ;  containing  or  consisting  of  rosin. 

ros'-ite,  «.     [Eng.  ros(e);  suff.  -ite  (Min.); 
Ger.  rosit.] 
Mineralogy  : 

1.  An  altered  form  of  Svanberg's  anorthita 

2.  The  same  as  Chalcostibite  (q.v.). 

ros'  land,  *.  [WeL  r&o*  =  peat,  a  moor.) 
Heathy  land ;  land  full  of  ling ;  moorish  or 
watery  land. 


boil,  bo^ ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  shin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan*   -tioa,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  —  zhun.   -oion%  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  deL 


4046 


rosmarine— rostrum 


•  rds  -ma  rine  (1),  s.    [ROSEMARY.] 
L  Sea^iew,  sea-spray. 
2.  Rosemary.    (Spenser:  ifuiopotwot,  200.) 

"  ros  -ma-rine  (2),  s.  [Norweg.  nwmar  =  a 
walrus  (rV»s  —  a  horse,  and  mar  (L»t  mart)  =  the 
ses),  from  which  ia  formed  Moil.  Lat  rosmnrw, 
now  the  specific  name  of  the  Walrus.  There  is 
no  connection  with  the  Latin  ros  marinHs(RosE- 
MARY].  The  confusion  seems  to  have  arisen 
from  a  passage  in  Olaus  Magnus  (ed.  1558, 
Antv.)  "  nt 
ronilentodul- 
cis  aquse  gra- 
mme vescan- 
tur."  This 
appears  in  a 
German  edi- 
tion of  1567 
(where  the 
animal  ia 
called  Ross- 
mar)  as  "dem 
siisseii  grasz." 
Gesner  has 

Simply    "gra- 

mine  pasci- 
tur."  He  notes  th.it  Germans  living  on  the 
seaboard  call  it  restinger,  that  in  Moscovy  or 
Scythian  Hungary,  not  far  from  the  source  of 
the  Tanais,  it  is  called  morsz  ;  and  that  some 
believe  the  Mod.  Lat  rosntarus  to  be  formed 
from  a  (M.H.)  Oer.  rusdz,  "which  seems  to 
have  been  coined  to  express  the  impetus  and 
rushing  sonnd  with  which  the  animal  moves 
through  the  water."] 

Zuol.  :  The  Walrus  (q.v.).  At  the  time 
Spenser  wrote  little  was  Known  of  this  animal, 
but  Gesner  (Hint.  Anim.,  iv.  249),  to  whom 
Spenser  is  indebted,  was  sufficiently  well  in- 
formed to  point  out  that  the  picture  given  of 
it  in  Magnus's  book  was  incorrect,  both  as  to 


ROSMARINE. 

(From  Ol»us  Magnus,  IOC.  ftt.) 


ROSMARINE. 
{From  Owner,  loc,  eiM 

the  feet  and  the  tusks,  though  he  quotes  Mag- 
nus's statement  that  the  animal  was  as  big  as 
•n  elephant,  that  it  climbed  up  the  rocks  on 
the  sea-shore  by  the  aid  of  its  teeth,  and  that 
when  it  fell  asleep  after  grazing,  the  fisher- 
men attacked  and  killed  it  for  the  sake  of  its 
teeth,  which  were  in  high  estimation  for  the 
handles  of  swords,  daggers,  and  knives. 

"  And  greedy  roemarinei  with  vUages  deforms," 
Spmttr:  f.  Q..  II.  xiL  24. 

ros  ma-ri  -nl-dte,  «.  pi.    [Lat.  roraiari»(u<)  ; 
fern.  pi.  adj.  snff.  -itlm.] 
Bet. :  A  family  of  Monardese. 

rSs-ma-ri'-nfis,  s.    (ROSEMARY.) 

Bot. :  Tie  typical  genus  of  Rnsrnarinidae 
(q.v.).  Calyx  two-lipped,  stamens  two. 

Roy-mln'-l-an,  o.  4  «.    (See  def.  B.  1.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of  the 
Congregation  described  under  B.  1. 

"  The  memben  of  the  Komlnfnn  Order,  "-r.  David- 
em:  Pka.  Sia.  of  A.  Xotmini-SeriaO,  p,  xIL 

2.  Belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of  Ros- 
minianism  (q.v.). 

"  Manioni  .  .  .  applied  the  Rfxminlon  principles  to 
the  art  of  composition."—  Cebtrwcg  :  Hut.  PAO.,  ii.  «7. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Eccla.  <t  Chunk  Hist.  (PI):  A  congrega- 
cation,  consisting  of  priests  and  laymen, 
founded  by  the  Abate  Antonio  Rosmini-Ser 
bati  (1T97-1855),  the  members  of  which  are 
bound  "to  embrace  with  all  the  desire  of 
their  souls  every  work  of  charity,  without 
arbitrary  limitation  to  any  particular  branch, 
undertaking  all  that  should  be  required  of 
them  of  which  they  should  be  capable." 
The  novitiate  lasts  two  years,  and  the  mem- 
bers take  the  three  vows  o!  poverty,  chastity, 
and  obedience,  but  wear  no  distinctive  habit 
Each  retains  a  sort  of  title  to  his  own  property 
but  it  is  really  at  the  disposal  of  the  general. 
The  Order  owns  no  property.  There  is  an 
English  house  for  novices  at  Wadliurst 

(  "luimembersarebetUTknowiiby  theshorterniune, 
Kntmtnianl."'- T.  Dafidtrin  :  Phil.  3yit.  of  A.  Jlotinini- 
Strbati.  p.  xlTi. 


2.  Pliilos.  :  A  believer  in,  or  supporter  of 
Rosminiauism  (q.v.). 

Ros-mln'-I-an  Ism,  ».     [En*.  Romanian  ; 
•ism.] 

Philos.  :  The  system  of  the  Abate  Antonio 
Rnsniini-Serbati.  His  starting-point  and  cen- 
tral principle  wad  the  dictum  of  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas,  that  Being  (ens  or  ens  commune)  was 
the  object  of  intelligence  and  the  ground  of 
the  principle  of  contradiction.  Rosmini  saw 
that  it  is  the  essence  of  intelligence  to  have 
an  object,  and  that  that  object  is  Being,  and 
his  whole  system  is  merely  a  working  out  of 
the  idea  of  Being  into  all  its  ramifications  and 
principles,  necessary  and  contingent.  (Da- 
vidion.) 

"  The  be«t  exposition  of  Romintaniim.*—  Peberwg  : 

But.  mi.,  it.  & 

rosoglio,  rosolio  (both   as  ro-sdl'-I-o), 
ros'-d-li,  ros'-si-li,  s.    [Ital.  rosolio.} 

1.  A  red  wine  of  Malta. 

2.  A  species  of  the  ti  nest  liqueurs  or  creams. 

ros  6T-Ic,  a.    [Lat.  road;  ol(eum),  and  Eng. 
suff.  -it.]    Derived  from  rosaniliae. 
rosollc  acid,  s. 


A  weak  acid  prepared  by  treating  rosanillne 
with  nitrous  acid,  and  boiling  the  resulting 
diazo-compound  with  hydrochloric  acid.  It 
forms  shining  monoclinic  prisms,  closely  re- 
sembling those  of  aurine,  melts  above  220°,  is 
insoluble  in  water,  but  dissolves  readily  with 
brownish-yellow  colour  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Boiled  with  aniline  and  benzole  acid  it  yields 
a  beautiful  and  permanent  blue  dye. 

Ross  (1),  «.  [Sir  John  Ross,  a  distinguished 
Arctic  navigator  (1777-1866).] 

Rosa's  large-eyed  seal,  i. 

Zool.  :  Ommatoplwca  rotrii.  There  is  a  stuffed 
specimen  in  the  Natural  History  Museum, 
South  Kensington.  The  skin  is  greenish- 
yellow,  with  close,  oblique,  yellow  stripes  on 
the  sides,  pale  beneath. 

ross  (2),  ».  [Wel.  rho>.l  [ROSLAND.]  The 
refuse  of  plants  ;  a  morass,  a  marsh. 

r6ss  (3),  s.  [Cf.  Dan.  roj  =  chips  or  shavings 
of  wood.)  The  rough,  scaly  matter  on  the 
surface  of  the  bark  of  certain  trees.  (Amer.) 

roas,  r.fc    [Ross  (3),  «.] 

1.  To  strip  the  ross  from. 

2.  To  strip  bark  from. 

3.  To  cnt  np,  as  bark,  for  boiling  or  steeping. 

ros  -sel,  «.  [Ross  (1),  «.  ;  ROSLAKD.J  Light, 
sandy  soil  ;  rosland.  (Prop.) 

ros  sel  ly,  ros  -sel-y,  a.  [Eng-  rotsd  ;  -J».) 
Loose,  light,  friable. 

"  In  Essex,  moory  Injid  U  thought  to  be  the  molt 
proper  :  that  which  I  hare  observed  to  be  the  best 
•oil  is  a  rosMly  top,  and  a  brick  earthy  bottom."  — 
Mortimer:  Husbandry. 

ros  set,  s.    [ROUSSETT*.] 

rosslgnol  (as  ros-sln'-ySl),  i.  [Fr.,  0.  FT. 
lossignol,  from  Lat.  lusriniola,  dimin.  from 
luscinia  =  a  nightingale.]  The  nightingale. 

ros'-so  an-ti'-co,  «.    [ItaL] 

Sculpture  :  A  fine-grained  variety  of  marble 
of  a  deep  blood  colour  with  small  white  spots 
or  veins.  It  was  used  by  the  ancients  for 
statuary. 

ros  soli,  ».    [Ital.]    [ROSOOLIO.] 
ros'-tel,  ». 


ros  tel-lar'-i  a,  s.    [HOSTELLCM.  J 

1.  Zool.  :    Spindle-stromb  ;     a    genus    of 
Strombidse,  with  eight  species,  from  the  Red 
Sea.  India,  Borneo,  and  China  ;  range,  thirty 
fathoms.    Shell  with  elongated  spire  ;  whorls 
numerous,  flat  ;   canals  long,    the  posterior 
one  running  up  the  spire  ;  outer  lip  expanded 
(enormously  so,  in  some  of  the  fossil  species), 
with  a  single  sinus,  close  to  the  beak. 

2.  Palfront.  :  From  the  Lower  Greensand  to 
tho  London  Clay,  In  which  formation  the 
best   known   species,    Sosteriaria   ampla,   is 
found. 

rSs'-tel-late,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  rottellatm,  from 
rofttllum.}    Rostrate,  beaked  (q.v.). 


ros  tel- II -form,  o.  [Lat.  rotte!lum  =  » 
rts-iei,  and  /arm*  =  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  rosteL 

r5s-teT-lum,  (pi.  ros-tel -la),  a.     [Mod. 

Lat,  diiniu.  from  Lat.  rostrum.] 
Botany  : 

1.  The  rhizonm  of  an  embryo. 

2.  A  narrow  extension  of  the  upper  ed^e  of 
the  stigma  in  certain  orchids,  a  viscid  yiand 
connecting  the  pollinia  in  the  Bet  orchis,  &o 

a  (Pi.) .-Hooks. 

rSs'-ter,  s.  [Dut.  rooster  =  a  gridiron  ;  hence, 
a  grating,  a  table  or  list,  a  roster,  )>rob.  from 
the  perpendicular  and  horizontal  line*  ou  a 
tabular  statement.] 

1.  A  roasting-iron,  a  gridiron. 

2.  A  list  showing  the  turn  or  rotation  of 
service  or  duty  of  those  who  are  to  relieve 
or  succeed  each  other  ;  specif  ,  a  list  showing 
the  order  of  rotation  in  which  officers,  com- 
panies, or  regiments  are  ordered  to  serve. 

"They  well  knew  our  regiment  was  one  of  the  first 
Oil  the  rotter  for  home." — Field,  April  4,  ISSi. 

roV-ter-ite,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful,  probably 
after  one  Rostero  ;  suff.  -itc  (Min.).] 

Mln. :  A  variety  of  beryl  (q.v.),  regarded 
as  distinct  by  the  describer,  Grattarola,  because 
of  its  crystal  habit,  optical  characters,  aud 
variation  in  chemical  composition. 

ros  thorn  Ite,  a.  [After  Heir  Frani  von 
Resthome  ;  suff.  -ite  (if in.).] 

Min. :  A  hydrocarbon  occurring  in  lenticular 
masses  in  coal,  at  Sonnberge,  Carinthia.  Sp. 
gr.  1-076  ;  lustre,  greasy  ;  colour,  brown,  in 
thiusplinters wine-yellow.  Compos. :  CuH^O. 

"  ros  -tie,  ».    [RosTEL.]    The  beak  of  a  ship. 

"  t'ectit  rottratui.  a  barre  or  lever  with  an  iroa 
point  or  end  ;  a  rottl«.n~-A'omenclator. 

r5s'  tral,  o.  [Lat  mstralls,  from  rostrum  = 
a  beak  ;  Fr.  oi  Sp.  rostral ;  Ital.  rostmU.} 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  rostrum. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  beak  or  snout  of  an; 
animal. 

rostral-column,  s. 

Roman  Antiy. :  A  column  devoted  to  the 
celebration  of  naval  triumphs  ;  it  was  orna- 
mented with  the  rostra  or  prows  of  ships. 

rostral-crown,  s.    A  naval  crown  (q.v.). 

"The  other,  Commerce,  wore  a  rottral  crown  upon 
her  •..••K'l'—Totlrr,  No.  1«L 

rds  -trate,  ros  -trat-ed,  o.  [Lat  roetralut, 
from  rosfrum  =  a  beak.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  Furnished  or  ornamented 
with  rostra  or  beaks. 

"An  hondred  and  ten  roitraUd  Allies  of  the  Beet 
of  Mithridates.  —  Arbuttmot:  On  Coins. 

2.  Bot.  <t  Zool. :  Having  a  rostrum ;  beaked. 

ros'-trl-form,  a.  [Lat.  rostrum  =  a  beak,  and 
forma  =  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  beak. 

ros-tru  lum  (pi.  ros-tru-la),  ».  [Mod. 
Lat,  dimin.  from  Lat.  rostrum  (q.v.).] 

Entom. :  The  oral  suctorial  organ  of  the 
Aphaniptera,  as  the  flea, 

ros'-trum  (pi.  ros'-tra),  a.    [Ijtt,  for  rod- 
trum,  from  rodo  =.  to  gnaw,  to  peck.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  S. 

2.  A  scaffold,  or  elevated  platform  In  the 
Forum  at  Rome,  from  which  public  orations, 
pleadings,  funeral  harangues,  Ac.,  were  de- 
livered ;  so  called  from  the  rostra  or  beak*  at 
sliips  with  which  it  was  ornamented. 

•  Myself  will  mount  the  rostrum  In  his  faronr" 
AtUium  :  Cato,  IL  L 

3.  A  pulpit,  platform,  or  elevated    place 
from  which  a  speaker,  as  a  preacher,  an  auc- 
tioneer, &c.,  addresses  his  audience. 

"  The  attendance  round  the  rotrnim  was  not  a  large 
one."—  Dally  Chronicle.  8«pt.  16.  188i. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Aunt. :  Anything  shaped    like  a  beak. 
Thus,  there  is  a  rostrum  of  the  sphenoid  bone 
and  one  of  the  corpus  callositm, 

2.  Km.:  Any  beak-like  extension,  as  the 
stigma  of  some  Asclepiads ;  the  upper  end  of 
the  cornua  of  a  corona,  &  c. 

3.  Comp.  Anat.:  A  snout  or  snout-shaped 
organ.      It  is  nsed  of  the   suctorial   organ 
formed  by  the  appendages  of  the  mouth  in 
many  insects,  [BEAK,  a.,  B.  1  (c),  RHYSCHOTA], 


fite,  ftt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  w8t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine:  Ro,  pSt, 
*r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  onto,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ee=  e;  ey  =  a;  «u  =  kw. 


rosula— rotary 


4047 


of  the  projecting  jaws  of  the  Platanistidse 
and  the  Ziphioid  whales,  the  pointed  part  of 
the  carapace  of  the  Macioura,  aud  of  similar 
organs. 

4.  Roman  Antiq. :  The  beak  or  prow  of  a 
vessel ;  a  sort  of  ralu,  to  which  were  attached 
Bharp-pointed  irons,  the  head  of  an  animal, 
&c.,  anil  which  was  fixed  to  the  bows  of  a 
•hip  of  war,  either  above  or  below  the  water 
line,  and  used  for  purposes  of  attack  on  other 
vessels. 

0.  Distill.:  The  beak  of  a  still,  connecting 
the  head  with  the  worm. 

6.  Surg.:  A  crooked  pair  of  forceps  with 
beak-like  jaws. 

ros  u  la  (pi.  ros'-u-lre),  ».    [Dimin.  from 
Cat.  roso  =  a  rose  (q.v.).] 
Botany : 

1.  A  number  of  leaves  or  petals  packed 
together  like  the  petals  of  a  garden  rose. 

2.  (PI.):  Little   warts  on  the  tliallus  of 
lichens. 

ro^  u  late,  o.     [Mod.  Lat.  rosulatia,  from 
rofula  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  Having  rosulse  packed  closely  to- 
gether like  a  rosette. 

ros-y,  *  ros-ie,  o.    ping.  roa(«) ;  •*.] 

L  Literally : 

I.  Resembling  »   rose  in  bloom,  beauty, 
Colour,  or  fragrance. 

"  Like  a  young  envoy  wnt  bv  Health, 
With  rojy  gute  upon  her  cheek." 

Moore  :  ParadUt  t  (Ae  Peri. 

*2.  Hade  in  the  form  of  a  rose, 

3.  Pale  pure  nd. 

II.  Fig. :  Very  favourable. 

"The  future  look»  most  ron/."—FMd.  Oct.  t,  l.'Si 

K  Obvious  compounds :  Rosy-coloured,  rosy- 
(.\eeked,  &C. 

rosy  bosomed,  a.  Having  the  bosom 
of  a  rosy  colour,  or  tilled  with  roses. 

"  Koty-bofom'd  Spring."        Ttumton  t  Spring,  1,010. 

rosy-cross,  ».  The  red  cross  of  the 
Rosicrucians  (q.v-X 

U  Knights  of  the  Rosy-cross:  The  Rosicru- 
cians. 

*  rosy-crowned,  a.  Crowned  with  roses. 

rosy- drop,  s. 

Path.. :  Carbuncled  face,  Acne  rosacea. 
rosy  featiier-star,  >.    [COMATULA.] 

rosy-fingered,  o.  Having  rosy  fingers. 
<Inritated  from  Homer's  favourite  epithet  for 
the  dawn.) 

"  Nor  did  the  roiy-flnger'd  morn  arise. 
And  ebed  her  aacrtd  light  alonx  the  ikies. 

Fop*  :  tlumer  ;  Odi/uey  X  i  U.  31. 

rosy-footman,  a. 

Entom. :  A  British  moth,  Calligenia  miniata, 
oneoftheLithosiidae.  Called  also  Red  Arches. 

rosy-kindled,  a.  Blushing.  (Tennyson : 
Elaine,  392.) 

rosy-marbled  moth,  s. 
Enttrtn. :  A   British   night-moth,  Erastria 
vtnustula. 

rosy-marsh,  >. 

Entom.:  A  British  night -moth,  Noctua 
-tubrosea. 

rosy-minor,  ». 

Entom. :  A  British  night -moth,  Miana 
Kterosa.  General  colour  of  the  upper  wings 
gray,  tinged  with  rosy. 

rosy-rustic,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Rydrcecta 
Kicacea. 

rosy-tinted,  o.    Tinged  with  rose-colonr. 

(Tennyson :  Two  Voices,  80.) 

rosy-wave,  «. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Acidalia 
emutaria. 

rosy-white,  o.  White,  with  a  faint  tinge 
of  rose-colour.  (Tennyson :  (Enone,  x.  176.) 

•ros   y,  ».(.    [Ro8Y,  a.)    To  make  of  a  rosy 
colour ;  to  flush. 

r&t,  *  rot-en,  *rot-l-en,  *rotte,  t.i.  k  t. 

[A.8.  ration ;  cogn.  with  Dirt,  rotten;  Icel. 
rotna ;  Sw.  ruttna ;  Dan.  raadne  =  to  become 
rotten  ;  Sw.  rota  =  to  make  rotten.) 


A.  Intransitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  become  rotten  or  putrid,  to  de- 
compose, to  putrefy. 

"  What  I  loved,  and  long  must  love. 
Like  common  earth  call  rut." 

tiyron  :  And  Thou  art  Dead. 

2.  Fig. :  To  decay  morally,  to  moulder,  to 
rust. 

B.  Transitive: 

\.  To  make  rotten  or  putrid,  to  decompose, 
to  cause  to  putrefy,  to  bring  to  corruption. 

2.  To  cause  to  take  rot,  to  affect  with  rot, 
as  sheep. 

3.  To  expose  to  a  process  of  partial  rotting : 
as,  To  rot  Hax.    [RETTINO.] 

4.  Used  in  the  imperative  as  a  sort  of  im- 
precation =  hang,  confound :  as,  *'  'Od  rot  it." 

rot, s.    [ROT,  ».] 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  The  act,  state,  or  process  of  rotting ; 
putrefaction,  putrid  decay,  corruption. 

(2)  A  disease  very  hurtful  to  the  potato, 
potato  disease. 

2.  Fig. :  Nonsense,  trash,  bosh.    (Slang.) 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Pathol. :  A  disease  in  sheep  and  other 
graminivorous    animals,    produced     by    the 
hydatids  Fasciola  bejutica  and  Distoma  lanceo- 
latum,  often  living  in  great  numbers  in  the 
gall,  ducts,  and  bladder  of  the  animal.    The 
latter  parasite  has  been  detected  in  the  human 
subject. 

"  Ills  cattle  must  of  rot  and  tnurren  die." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  xii.  179. 

2.  Veg.  Pathol. :  [DRY-ROT). 

f  (1)  Knife  grinder's  rot:  [KNIFE-GRINDER]. 
(2)  White-rot:  [HYDROCOTYLE]. 
rot-gut,  «.  &  a. 

A.  As  subst. :  A  slang  term  for  bad  beer  or 
other  liquor. 

"They  overwhelm  their  panch  daily  with  a  kind  of 
flat  rot-gut,  we  with  a  bitter  dreggi&h  small  liquor."— 
Arssvt 

B.  As  adj. :  A  term  applied  to  bad  beer  or 
other  liquor. 

rd'-ta,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  wheel.]    [ROTARY.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  roll  or  list  showing  the  order  of  rota- 
tion in  which  individuals  are  to  be  taken ; 
a  roster. 

2.  A  school-roll. 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Romttn  Church :  A  tribunal  within  the 
Curia,  formerly  the  supreme  court  of  justice 
and  the  universal  court  of  api>eaL     It  was 
instituted  by  John  XXII.,  in  1828,  and  regu- 
lated l.y  Sixtus   IV.  (1471-84)  and  Benedict 
XIV.  (1740-88),  and  to  it  were  referred  those 
spiritual  causes  from  foreign  countries,  now 
settled  on  the  spot  by  judges  delegated  by  the 
See  of  Rome.    It  consists  of  twelve  members, 
called  Auditors,   presided  over  by  a  Dean, 
and  is  divided  into  two  colleges  or  senates. 
Prior  to  1870  one  of  these  was  a  court  of  ap- 
peal for  civil  suits  tried  in  different  cities  of 
the  Papal  States  ;  the  other  was  a  court  of 
final  appeal  from  (1)  the  appeal  courts  of  the 
Papal  States  ;  (2)  all  spiritual  courts,  in  the 
secular  affairs  belonging  to  their  competence  ; 
and  (3)  the  lower  senate.     The  decisions  of 
the  Rota,  which  form  precedents,  have  been 
frequently  published. 

"The  explanation  of  the  namelssntd  tobefftw^anffej 
that  the  marble  floor  of  the  chamber  in  which  the 
Rota  used  to  sit  was  designed  so  as  to  exhibit  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  wheel."— Addit  t  Arnold:  Cath.  Wet., 
0.881. 

2.  Kng.  Hist. :  The  name  of  a  political  club 
founded  by  Harrington,  the  author  of  Oceana, 
in  1656.     He  advocated  the  election  of  the 
principal  nincers  of  state  by  ballot,  and  the 
retirement  of  a  certain  number  of  members 
ot  parliament  annually  by  rotation. 

"A  Parliament  which  may  make  old  men  grieve. 
And  children  that  ne'er  shall  be  bom  complain— 
1  mean  such  as  dy'd  before  they  did  live. 
Like  Harrington  B  Horn,  or  th'  engine  ot  Vane." 

total  Sm?i  led.  1731),  il.  lit. 

Rota-club,  s. 

Eng.  Hist. :  The  same  as  ROTA,  II.  2. 

»r6-"ta'-oe-»,  s.  pi    [Fern.  pi.  of  Mod.  Lat 
rotaceus ;  Lat.  rota  =  a  wheel.] 

Bot. :  Linnzeus's  fifty-second  natural  order 
of  plants.  Genera  :  Gentiana,  Lysimachia, 
*.iiagallis,  &c. 


ro  -ta-9lsm,  s.  [Or.  PUTOJCIO-MOS  (rotakismas).] 
An  exaggerated  iirommciation  of  the  letter  r, 
produced  by  trilling  the  extremity  of  the  soft 
palate  against  the  back  part  of  the  tongue  ; 
burr.  It  is  common  in  the  north  of  England, 
especially  about  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

ro'-ta  fjize,  v.i.    To  practice  rotacigm. 
ro-tsa  form,  a.     [Lat.  rota  =  a  wheel,  aud 
forma—  fnnn.J 

Bot.  :  The  same  as  ROTATE  (q.v.). 

rd'-tal,  a.    [Lat.  rota  =  a  wheel.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  wheels  or  vehicles. 

"  The  Cannablere  is  in  a  chronic  state  of  vocal  and 
ratal  tumult."—  O.  A.  Sola,  in  Illustrated  London 
Xewt.  Nov.  5,  1881,  p.  489. 

2.  Pertaining  to  circular  or  rotatory  motion  ; 
rotary. 

ro-ta  -  ll  a,  s.  [Hod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  rota  = 
a  wheel.] 

Zool.  it  Paloxmt.  :  The  typical  genus  of  th« 
family  Rotalina  (q.v.).  Test  spiral  and  tnr- 
binoid  ;  shell-substance  compact  and  very 
finely  porous.  Each  chamber  is  enclosed  by  a 
complete  wall  of  its  own,  and  there  are  canal- 
like  spaces  between  the  two  lainellre  forming 
each  septum.  The  genus  appears  first  in  the 
Chalk,  attaining  its  maximum  in  the  Tertiary, 
aud  lias  many  reueut  representatives. 

ro-ta-Ud'-e-a,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  rotal(ici)t 
Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idea.] 

ZooL  <t  Palaont.  :  An  order  of  LankesterX 
Reticularia  (q.v.),  section  Perfomta.  Test 
calcareous,  perforate,  free  or  adherent.  Typi- 
cally spiral  and  rotaliform.  Aberrant  forms 
evolute,  outspread,  acervuline,  or  irregular, 
some  of  the  higher  modifications  with  double 
chamber-walls,  supplemental  skeleton,  and  a 
system  of  canals.  There  are  three  families  : 
Spirillinina,  Rotalina,  and  Tinoporina.  Widely 
distributed  in  space  ;  range  in  time  from  the 
Carboniferous  onward. 

ro-tiU'-I-ibrm,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  ntaWa),  and 
Lat.  forma  =  shape.) 

Zoo!.  :  Coiled  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
whole  of  the  segments  are  visible  on  the 
superior  surface,  those  of  the  last  convolution 
only  on  the  inferior  side,  sometimes  one  face 
being  more  convex,  sometimes  the  other. 

ro-ta-li'-na,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  rotat(ia)  ;  Lat. 
neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 

ZooL  it  Palieont.:  The  typical  family  of 
Rotalidea(q.v.),  with  numerous  genera.  Test 
spiral,  rotaliform,  rarely  evoluto,  very  rarely 
irregular  or  acervuline.  From  the  Carbon- 
iferous onward. 

ro'-ta-line,  a.  &  s.    [ROTALISA.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Belonging  to  or  characteristic 
of  the  family  Rotalina.    (Nicholson.) 

B.  As  subst.  :  Any  individual  of  the  family 
Rotalina  (q.v.). 

of  the  earl  lest  representatives  of  the  AoftUtmt." 
PalmnU.,  i.  lie. 


ro'-ta-ry,  o.  [As  If  from  a  Lat.  rotarivt, 
from  rota  =  a  wheel  ;  cogn.  with  Gael,  or  Irish 
roth  ;  Welsh  rhod  ;  Ger.  rod,  a  wheel.] 
Having  a  motion  on  its  axis,  as  a  wheel  ;  per- 
taining to  rotation  ;  rotatory. 

rotary-battery,  s. 

ltela.ll.  :  A  stamping  battery  for  crushing 
ores.  The  stamps  are  arranged  circularly 
around  a  vertical  shaft,  which  carries  around 
an  inclined  plane  that  raises  and  lets  fall  each 
stamp  in  succession. 

rotary-Mower,  s.  A  form  of  blower  In 
which  the  blast  of  air  is  obtained  by  the  rota- 
tion of  a  piston  or  pistons,  or  of  a  fan. 

rotary-cutter,  s. 

1.  Metall.  :  A  toothed  disc  on  a  mandrel,  be- 
tween the  centres  of  a  lathe.    Used  in  cutting 
gears,  milling,  occ. 

2.  Wood:  A  cutting  head  in  a  planing- 
machine. 

rotary-engine,  >.  A  form  of  steam- 
engine  in  which  the  piston  rotates  in  the 
cylinder  or  the  cylinder  upon  the  piston.  The 
varieties  are  numerous,  but,  in  practice,  rotary 
engines  are  not  found  to  be  any  more  econom- 
ical than  the  reciprocating  engine  with  crank 
attached. 

rotary-Ian,  s. 

Pneumatics:  A  blowing-machine  with  rotary 
vanes. 


•boll,  b£y ;  pout,  jowl ;  oat,  oell,  chorus,  ohln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  (his ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-•tan,  -tlan  =  (ban,   -tion,  -sion  =  alma ;  -{ion,  - jion  =.  «ti«n-    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  slius.   -ble.  -die.  &a  =  'tsjl,  dfL 


4048 


rotascope— rothofflte 


rotary  puddler,  «. 

Metall. :  An  apparatus  in  which  iron  is 
puddled  by  rotary  mechanism  instead  of  by 
band  labour. 

rotary-pomp,  «.  A  pump  whose  motion 
Is  circular.  There  are  various  kiuds ;  in  some 
the  cylinder  revolves  or  rotates,  as  the  ease 
may  be,  moving  in  a  circular  path  or  rotating 
on  its  own  proper  axis.  The  more  common 
form  of  rotary  pump  is  that  in  which  the 
piston  or  pistons  rotate  on  an  axis.  [PUMP,  t.] 

rotary-valve,  s.  A  valve  which  acts  by 
•  partial  rotation,  such  as  the  four-way  cock 
or  the  faucets  used  in  the  Worcester,  Savary, 
and  early  Newcomen  steam-engines. 

ro  ta  scope,  «.  [Lat  rota  =  a  wheel,  and  Or. 
<7«off<u  (skopeo)  =  to  see,  to  observe.]  An  in- 
strument, on  the  same  principle  as  the  gyro- 
scope, invented  by  Prof.  W.  K.  Johnston  of 
Philadelphia  about  1832.  [GYROSCOPE.] 

TO-tat'-a-ble,  a.  (Hug.  rotate);  -able.} 
Capable  or  admitting  of  rotation. 

"  The  rotattiMc  lever  pocket  has  a  collar."— Kniffta  : 
Diet.  Jftetonicf,  a.  v.  Rutchtt-jack. 

ro-tate,  a.  [Lat.  rolatus,  pa.  par.  of  rofo  = 
to  turn  round,  from  rota  =  a  wheel.] 

Bot. :  Wheel-shaped.  Used  of  a  calyx,  a 
corolla,  Ac.,  of  which  the  tube  is  very  short, 
and  the  segments  spreading,  as  the  corolla  of 
Veronica  or  of  Galium. 

rotate-plane,  rotato  plane,  a. 

Bot. :  Wheel-shaped  and  flat  without  a  tube : 
as,  a  rotate-plane  corolla.  (Let.) 

ro-tate',  v.i.  &  t.    [ROTATE,  a.] 

A*  Intransitive: 

1.  To  turn  or  move  round  a  centre,  to  re- 
volve, 

*  2,  To  do  anything,  as  to  discharge  a  func- 
tion or  office,  in  rotation  ;  to  leave  office  and 
be  succeeded  by  another. 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  turn  round  or  re- 
volve, as  a  wheel. 

ro-ta'-tlon,  «.  [Lat  rotatio,  from  ntatus,  pa. 
par.  of  roto  =  to  turn  round  like  a  wheel ;  Fr. 
rotation;  Sp.  rotation;  Ital.  rotazione.] 

[ROTATE,  O,] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  turning,  rotating,  or  moving 
round  as  a  wheel  does,  the  state  of  being  so 
turned. 

2.  A  return  of  events,  calls  to  duties,  &c., 
In  a  series,  according  to  a  rota  or  in  a  similar 
way,  as  the  retirement  of  a  certain  number  of 
a  directorate  from  office  at  fixed  intervals. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Agric.:  [1(4)]. 

2.  Astron. :  The  turning  of  a  planet  round 
on  its  imaginary  axis,  like  that  of  a  wheel  on 
its  axle.    In  the  infancy  of  astronomy  it  was 
assumed  that  the  earth  was  at  rest,  and  that 
the  sun  and  stars  moved  round  it  from  east 
to  west.    After  note  had  been  taken  of  the 
fact  that  when  a  boat  is  gently  gliding  along 
a  canal  or  tranquil  lake,  the  sensation  to  one 
on  board  is  as  if  the  boat  were  stationary,  and 
objects  on  the  bank  moved  past  in  the  oppo- 
site direction,  a   second  hypothesis  became 
worth  consideration,  viz.,  that  the  apparently 
stationary  earth  might  be  like  the  moving 
boat,  and  the  heavens  resemble  the  really 
stationary  banks.    It  gathered  strength  when 
it  was  considered  that  the  earth  was  not  a 
sphere  but  an  oblate  spheroid,  as  if  rapid 
whirling  had  bulged  H  out  at  the  equator, 
that  Jupiter  was  yet  more  flattened  at  the 
poles  than  the  earth,  and  that  the  direction  of 
the  trade-winds,  cyclones,  4te.,  seemed  the 
result  of  rotation.  In  1851  Foucault  completed 
the  proof  by  making  visible  to  the  eye  that  a 
pendulum  with  a  very  long  string  alters  its 
direction  in  a  way  which  cannot  be  accounted 
for  except  by  rotation.    [GvHoscopE.]    The 
rotation  of  the  earth  is  performed  with  a 
uniform  motion  from  west  to  east,  and  oc- 
cupies the  interval    in   time  which   would 
elapse  between  the  departure  of  a  star  from 
a  certain  point  in  the  sky  and  its  return 
to  the  same  point  again.    The  only  motions 
which  interfere  with   its  regularity  are  the 
Precession  of  the  Equinoxes  and  Nutation 
(q.v.).     The  time  taken  for  rotation  of  the 
earth  measures  the  length  of  its  day  (q.v.). 

,•  Bo  with  the  other  planets.  The  sun  also 
rotates  as  is  shown  by  the  movement  of  spota 
across  iU  disc.  [SUN. J  The  earth's  rotation 


slightly  increases  the  force  of  gravity  in 
movingfrom  the  equator  to  the  poles.  Sir 
Win.  Thomson,  reasoning  from  some  small 
anomalies  in  the  moon's  motion,  inferred  that 
ten  millions  of  years  ago  the  earth  rotated 
one-«eventh  faster  than  it  does  now,  and  that 
the  centrifugal  force  then  wa»  to  that  now  as 
64  to  49. 

3.  Bot. :  A  rotatory  movement  of  a  layer  of 
protoplasm,  investing  the  whole  internal  sur- 
face of  a  cell,  as  well  seen  in  Chara,  &c.    It 
was  first  investigated  by  Corti  in  1774.     Called 
more  fully  Intercellular  rotation. 

4.  Physiology: 

(1)  The  movement  of  a  bone  round  its  axis, 
without  any  great  change  of  situation.  (Qvain.) 

(2)  The  moving  of  the  yolk  in  an  ovum  at  a 
certain  stage  of  development  on  its  axis  in  the 
surrounding  fluid.    This  was  first  observed  by 
Leuwenhoeck  in  1695.    (Owen.) 

H  (1)  Angular  velocity  of  rotation:  [ANGULAR- 
VELOCITY]. 

(2)  Alia  0} rotation  :  [Axis]. 

(3)  Centre  of  spontaneous  rotation:  [CENTRE, 
1(35)]. 

(4)  Rotation  of  crops : 

Agric. :  The  cultivation  of  a  different  kind 
of  crop  each  year,  for  a  certain  period,  to  pre- 
vent the  exhaustion  of  the  soil.  If  a  plant 
requiring  specialty  alkaline  nutriment  be 

n"  ated  year  after  year  in  the  same  field  or 
,  it  will  ultimately  exhaust  all  the  alkalis 
in  the  soil  and  then  languish.  But  if  a  plant  be 
substituted  in  large  measure  requiring  siliceous 
elements  for  its  growth,  it  can  flourish  where 
its  alkaline  predecessor  is  starved.  Meanwhile 
the  action  of  the  atmosphere  is  continually 
reducing  to  a  soluble  condition  small  quantities 
of  soil,  thus  restoring  the  lost  alkalis.  Manure 
will  replace  lost  elements  more  quickly.  The 
period  of  rotation  is  often  made  four  years. 
[FocRCOORsE.]  By  the  neglect  of  rotation 
soils  in  parts  of  Sicily,  Asia  Minor,  Cam- 
pania, and  Spain,  which  were  once  highly 
productive,  are  now  barren. 

•ro-ta'-tion-al,  a.     [Eng.  rotation;  -oZ.) 
Pertaining  to  rotation. 

"The  rotational  moment  of  momentum. "—  BaU : 
Story  of  the  Heaveiu,  p.  634. 

ro  -ta-tlve,  o.    [Fr.  rotatif.]    Turning,  as  a 
wheel ;  rotary. 

ro-ta-ti-,  prtf.  [Lot  rolatus  =  whirled  round.] 
(See  etyrn.) 
rotato  plane,  a.    [ROTATE-PLANE.] 

ro-ta'-tdr,  s.    [Lat,  from  rotatus,  pa.  par.  of 
roto  =  to  rotate  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   That  which  moves  in,  or 
gives  a  circular  motion. 

2.  Anat. :   A   muscle   imparting   rotatory 
motion.    Eleven  pairs  of  small  muscles  are 
called  rotatores  spinte  or  vertebrarum  (rotators 
of  the  spine  or  of  the  vertebrae). 

"  ThU  articulation  is  strengthened  by  strong  muscles ; 
on  the  inside  by  tlie  trice ps  and  the  four  little  rotatori. 
—  Witeman:  Surgery,  bk.  vii..  ch.  Yin. 

t  ro-ta-tor'-I-a,  s.  pi.    [ROTATOR,] 
Zool. :  The  Rotifera.    (Ehrenberg.) 

t  ro-ta-tor  -I-an,  «.    [ROTATORIA.]    One  of 
the  Rotatoria  (q.v.). 

"The  tiny  creature,  as  it  develops,  shows  IteeU  a 
rotatorian.  —  Scribneri  itayazint,  June,  1877.  p.  154. 

ro'-ta-tor-jf,  a.  &  t.    [Eng.  rotate);  -cry.} 
A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  rotation  ; 
characterized  by  or  exhibiting  rotation ;  rotary. 

"The  ball  and  socket  joint  allows  a  rotatory  or 
sweeping  motion."— Potoy :  Jfnturat  Theology,  ch.  ix. 

*  2.  Going  in  a  circle  ;  following  in  rotation 
or  succession  :  as,  rotatory  assemblies. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  One  of  the  Rotatoria  (q.v.). 

"  By  it  the  Rotatoriei  fix  the  posterior  extremity  of 
the  body."—  Van der  Botftn :  Xooloyy  (ed.  dark),  1 1M. 

rotatory-engine,  s.     [ROTARY-ENGINE.] 
rotatory  muscle. 
Anat. :  A  rotator  (q.v.). 

rotatory-polarization,  «.  [POLARIZA- 
TION, u.) 

r6tcn,  s.    [Welsh  provincial  name.] 

Geol.  :  Mudstone. 

"  That  disjointed  incoherent  state  of  mudstone,  the 
rofi-h  of  the  natives,  so  useless  to  the  maeou  and  the 
miner,  and  so  cold  and  profitless  to  the  agriculturist.' 
— JfurcMjon  :  9ituria,  ch.  T. 


rotche,  s.    [Dut  rotj  =  a  petrel.) 

Uriiith.  :  Mergvlus  iiulanoleucos,  the  Little 
Auk.  [AUK,  MEKGULUS.] 

rot9h'-et,  ».    [ROCHET.] 

rotch'-y,  o.    [Eug.  rotch;  -y.]    Composed  of, 
or  resembling  rotch  (q.v.). 

"  What  the  inhabitant*  term  rotch  or  roccny  land.' 
—  JVurcAijon  :  OUuriun  Syitem,  pt.  i.,  en.  XJC, 

•  rote  (1),  s.    [0.  Fr.,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  hrota, 
rota  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  rotte  ;  Low  Lat.  rota,  rotta, 
chrotta,  from  Welsh  crwth  ;  Eng.  crowd  =  • 
fiddle.] 

Music  :  An  old  stringed  musical  instrument  ; 
a  kind  of  harp,  lute,  guitar,  or  viol. 

"  Wei  coude  he  singe  and  platen  on  a  rots." 

CAaucer:  C.  T.,  237.    (ProL) 

•  rote  (2),  *  roate,  «.     [O.  Fr.  rott  (Fr.  route) 
=  a  road,  a  route  (q.v.),  whence  O.  Fr.  mine 
(Fr.  routine)^,  routine  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  frequent  repetition  of  words,  phrases, 
or  sounds  without  any  attention  to  their 
signification  or  to  principles  or  rules  ;  a  mere 
effort  of  memory  ;  repetition  of  words  from 
memory  only  ;  a  parrot-like  repetition  of  what 
one  has  learnt  (Only  in  the  phrase  by  rote.) 

"  Instead  of  teaching  it  prayers  by  rote  ...  I  would 
read  to  it."—  Mill  Carter:  Letter*,  ill.  126. 

*  2.  A    part    mechanically   committed    to 
memory.    (Swift.) 
*3.  A  regular  row  or  rank.    (Prop.) 

•  rote  (3),  ».    [ROOT,  «.] 

•rote  (4),  s.    [A.S.  hrutan;  Icel.  ranta.)    The 
roaring  of  the  sea,  as  it  breaks  upon  a  shore. 

•  rote  (1),  *  roate,  v.t.    [ROTE  (2),  «.J 

1.  To  learn  by  heart  or  rote. 

"  Speak  to  the  people 
Words  roted  in  your  tongue." 

.  :  Coriolanul,  UL  t. 


Drai/ton. 


2.  To  repeat  from  memory. 

"  If  by  chance  a  tune  you  rof«." 


'  rote  (2),  v.i.     [Lat.  rofo  =  to  rotate  (q.v.).  | 
To  go  out  by  rotation. 

"  A  third  part  of  the  senate,  or  parliament,  should 
rote  out  by  ballot  ever}1  year."—  ZucAary  Grey  :  A'oU 
on  Bufttna.  1L  8,  1.106. 

rd-tel'-la,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  Lat 
rota  =  a'wheel.) 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Turbinida;  (q.v.),  with 
fifteen  species  from  India,  the  Philippines, 
China,  and  New  Zealand.  Shell  lenticular, 
polished  ;  spire  depressed  ;  base  callous  ;  un- 
cini  numerous,  sub-equal.  (Woodward.)  Tate 
includes  under  Rotella  the  four  sub-genera  : 
Isanda,  Chrysostoma,  Microthyca,  and  Um- 
bonella. 

*  rot-en,  a.    (ROTTEN.) 

rotheln  (as  ret  -eln),  s.     [Ger.]    [MEASLES.] 

rSfh'-er,  a.  t  t.      [A.S.  hryther  =  a  twvine 
beast] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Bovine. 

B.  As  subst.  :  An  ox. 

"  It  Is  the  pasture  lards  the  roCAer  i  side." 

.  :  Timon  of  Athent,  IT.  I. 


rother-beasts,  s.  pi.    Horned  beasts. 

"  The  cruel  boare  to  fall 

Upon  the  beards  of  rothrr-beattt  had  now  no  lust  at  alt 
Holding  :  Ovid  ;  Mrttim»rp\otrt. 

r  other-soil,  s.  Thedungof  horned  beasts. 
(Proi:) 

r8th'-er,  s.    [RUDDER.] 

rother  nail,  s. 

Shipbuild.:  A  nail  with  a  very  full  head, 
used  for  fastening  the  rudder-irons  of  ships. 
(Bailey.) 

roth  lie  gen  de  (thast),  roth  todt  lie  - 
gen  de  (th,  dt  as  t),  s.  [Ger.  =  Red  Layer, 
Red  Dead-layer,  so  called  by  the  German 
miners,  because  their  ores  disappear  in  the 
red  rocks  below  the  Kupferschiefer.) 

Geol.  :  A  series  of  strata  of  Lower  Permian 
age,  constituting  with  the  Zechstein  the  Dyas 
of  Continental  geologists.  It  occurs  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Hartz,  and  is  divided  into 
an  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  series.  It  is  the 
•equivalent  of  the  British  Permian  Red  Sand- 
stone. 

roth  -6ff  Ite,  ».  [After  Herr  RothotT  ;  suff.  -it» 
(AKn.).] 
Min.  :  A  yellowish-  to  liver-brown  variety 


fete,  ttt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  p6t, 
or.  wore,  wplf.  work,  who,  ion;  mate,  cab,  euro,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


rotifer— rouge 


4049 


of  garnet,  found  at  Longban,  Sweden.  Dana 
places  it  with  his  andradite  (q.v.)  division  of 
the  garnets,  as  a  raanganesian  lime-iron  garnet. 

ro'-tl-fer,  ».    [Lat,  ro<u  =  a  wheel,  and  /ero 
=  to  bear.] 
Zoology  : 

1.  Wheel-animalcule  ;  a  genns  of  the  family 
Philodinidfle.  Free-swimming  forms,  which  can 
also  creep  like  leeches.   They  have  two  wheel- 
like  rotary  organs,  and  the  body  is  somewhat 
spindle-shaped  and  very  contractile.    Rotifer 
vulgaris  is  the  common  Wheel-Animalcule, 
first  observed  by  Leuwenhoeck  in  1702.     It 
has  a  white  body,  A  to  A  inch  lonS,  gradually 
narrowed  to  the  foot.    The  anterior  part  has 
a  pioboscis,  ciliated  at  the  end,  and  the  two 
eyes  are  placed  there.    There  are  two  wheels 
at  the  sides  of  the  front  part  of  the  body. 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  Rotifers  (q.v.). 

"In  most  of  the  free  Rotifert  the  trochal  disk  is 
large."—  Ifuxley  :  Anat.  Invert.  Animalt,  p.  197. 

r6-tlf'  -er-a,  s.  pi.     [Neut.  pi.  of  Mod.  Lat. 
rotifer,  a.  =  wheel-bearing.] 

Zool.  :  Wheel-animalcules  ;  a  group  of  Meta- 
zoa,  which  have  been  variously  classified. 
Ehrenberg  arranged  them  according  to  the 
peculiarities  of  their  trochal  discs,  and  Du- 
jardin  according  to  their  methods  of  locomo- 
tion. They  are  now  often  made  a  class  of 
Vennes,  with  four  families,  Philodinidie, 


part  of  the  body,  which,  by  their  motion, 

often  resemble  awheel  revolving  rapidly.    In- 

testine distinct,  terminated  at  one  extremity 

by  a  mouth,  at  the  other  by  an  anus  ;  genera- 

tion oviparous,  sometimes  viviparous.    [SUM- 

MER-EGOS.]    The  nervous  system    is    repre- 

sented by  a  relatively  large  single  ganglion, 

with  one  or  two  eye-spots,  on  one  side  of  the 

body,  near  the  mouth,  and  there  are  organs 

which  appear  to  be  sensory.    They  are  free  or 

adherent,  but  never  absolutely  fixed  animals. 

"  The  Kotifera  as  low  Metazoa  witb  nascentsegment- 

ation,  naturally  present  resemblances  to  all  those 

croups  which  in  their  simpler  forms  converge  towards 

the  lower  Metazua."—  Huxley  :  Anat.  Invert.  Animalt, 

p.  193. 

ro  -ti  form,  a.  [Lat.  rota  =  a  wheel,  and 
Jorma  —  form.] 

J.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Shaped  like  a  wheel. 

2.  Bat.  :  The  same  as  ROTATE,  o.  (q.v.). 

rd-  ton-do,  o.    [Ital.] 
Music  :  Round,  full. 

rot  -ta,  i.    [Low  Lat.]    [BorE  (1),  r  ] 

Music  :  A  rote. 

rott  tjoel  -16  a>,  rStt-bcel'-le-a>,  «.  pi. 
[Mod.  Lat.  rottboell(ia)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  surf. 
-MM 
Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Graminacese  (q.v.). 

rStt-boel-ll-a,  rott-bosl'-ll-a,  s.  [Named 
after  C.  F.  Rottboll,  Prof,  of  Botany  at  Copen- 
hagen, author  of  a  work  on  grasses,  &e.  He 
died  in  1797.]  « 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Rottboellese. 

rSt'-ted,  *  rot-ed,  pa.  par.  or  o.  •  [Roi,  v.] 

rot     ten,   *  rot  -en,  *rot-un,a.     [Icel 

rotinti;  Svt.rutten;  £>an.  raaden.] 
i  Literally: 

1.  Putrid,  decayed  ;  decayed  by  the  process 
of  decomposition  ;  putrefied. 

"  That  ilke  fruit  [medlar]  is  even  lenger  the  wets, 
Til  it  be  rottn  in  mullajc,  or  in  atre." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,»,«m. 

*  2.  Fetid,  ill-smelling,  stinking. 
"  Reek  of  the  rotten  Jews." 

Shaketp.  :  Coriolanus,  111.  3. 

3.  Unsafe  or  untrustworthy  through  age  or 
decay  :  as,  a  rotten  plank. 

H.  Figuratively  : 

L  Unsound,  corrupt,  deceitful,  treacherous 

"  A  rotten  case  abides  no  handling." 

Shaketp.  :  2  Benry  IV.,  IT.  L 

2.  Untrustworthy  ;  not  to  be  trusted, 

3.  Defective  through  wear  or  exposure  ;  no 
Brand. 

"  Breaking  his  oath  and  resolution,  like 
A  twist  of  rotten  silk." 

Bhaketp.  :  Coriolanut,  T.  1. 

4.  Yielding  beneath  the  feet  ;  not  sound  o 
bard. 

"  They  were  left  moiled  with  dirt  and  mire,  by  re 
•on  of  the  deepness  of  the  rotten  way."—  Snollet  :  ffi 
tory  of  tfie  Turkt. 


rotten -boroughs,  s.  pi.  A  name  given 
to  certain  boroughs  in  England  which,  previ- 
ous to  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Act  of  1882, 
retained  the  privilege  of  returning  members  to 
Parliament,  although  the  constituency  con- 
sisted of  a  mere  handful  of  electors.  In  one 
case  (Old  Saruin)  the  borough  did  not  contain 
a  single  inhabitant. 

rotten-stone,  s.    [TRIPOLI.] 

rot-ten,  s.  [Fr.  roton.]  [RAT,  ».]  A  rat. 
(Stotch..) 

"  I  had  them  a'  regularly  entered,  first  wi'  rottent."— 
Scott :  Guy  Mannerinff,  ch.  xxli. 

rSt'-ten-ly,  a.  &  ado.    [Bug.  rotten,  a. ;  -ly.] 
*  A.  As  adj. :  Rotten,  crumbly. 

"  A  rottenly  mould."      Tutter :  Uutbandrie,  p.  44. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  rotten  manner. 

rot  ten  ness,  *  rot-ten-nesse,  s.  [Eng. 
rotten,  a, ;  -Bess.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  rotten  ;  putrefaction,  unsoundness. 

"The  machinery  which  he  had  found  was  all  rust 
and  rottenneai."—Jtacaulay  :  Hist.  £ng,,  ch.  xL 

rot-tier' -a,  s.  [Named  after  Dr.  Rottler,  an 
eminent  Dutch  missionary  and  naturalist.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Euphorbiacese.  Bottlera 
tinctoria  is  a  tree  very  common  in  India,  and 
occurring  also  in  the  Indian  Archipelago, 
Australia,  and  Arabia.  The  three-lobed  fruit 
is  covered  with  a  red  mealy  powder,  called  in 
India  Kamala  (q.v.).  As  people  in  India 
occasionally  paint  their  faces  with  the  red 
powder,  the  tree  itself  is  sometimes  called  the 
Monkey's  face  tree.  It  is  used  in  the  north- 
west provinces  of  India  for  tanning  leather. 
It  yields  a  clear  limpid  oil,  useful  as  a 
cathartic. 

rSt'-tler-in,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  rottler(a);  -in 
(CAem.).] 

Chen.  :  CnH^O..  A  yellow  crystalline 
substance  extracted  from  the  colouring  matter 
of  Rottlera  tinctoria  by  ether.  It  forms  silky 
crystals,  insoluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol,  melts  when  heated,  and  then  de- 
composes. Alkalis  dissolve  it  with  a  deep- 
red  colour. 

r5t'-t6-16,  s.  Pp.]  A  weight  used  in  various 
parts  of  the  Mediterranean.  In  Aleppo  the 
ordinary  rottolo  is  nearly  5  Ibs. ;  that  for  weigh- 
ing silk  varying  from  If  to  1  j  Ibs.  In  Malta 
the  rottolo  is  1  Ib.  12  oz.  avoirdupois. 

rfit'-u-la,  s.  [Lat.,  dimin.  f rora rota  =  awheel.] 
Anat. :  The  knee-pan  ;  the  patella. 

rSt'-u-lar,  a.    [ROTULA.] 

Anat. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  rotula 
or  knee-cap. 

"  The  rotular  groove  is  narrow  and  elevated."— 
Tram.  Amer.  Philoioph.  Society,  1878,  p.  199. 

ro  tund',  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  rotundus  =  round, 
from  rota  =  a  wheel ;  Fr.  rotonde  ;  Sp.  retondo, 
redovdo;  Ital.  retondo,  ritondo.]  [ROUND,  a.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  Round,  circular,  spherical. 

"  The  cross  figure  of  the  Christian  temples  is  more 
proper  for  spacious  buildings  than  the  rotund  of  the 
heathen  :  the  eye  is  much  betterfllled  atfirst  entering 
the  rotund,  but  such  as  are  built  in  the  form  of  ( 
cross  give  us  a  greater  variety."— Additon  :  On  Italy. 

*2.  Complete,  entire.  (Cf.  Hor.,  Sat.  ii.  86.; 

II.  Bot. :    [ROUNDISH]. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  A  rotunda  (q.v.). 

"They  are  going  to  build  a  rotund."— Shmttone 
Letter!,  No.  47. 

ro  tun'-da,  s.  [Ital.  rotonda;  Sp.  rotunda, 
Fr.  rotonde.] 

Arch.:  A  circular  building  or  apartmen' 
covered  by  a  dome,  as  the  Pantheon  at  Rome 
the  large  central  apartment  in  the  Capitol  o 
Washington,  oic. 

"I  went  to  see  the  Rotunda  at  Rome."— Additon 
On  Italy. 

ro-tun'-date,  a.    [Eng.  rotund ;  -ate.] 

Ord.  Lang.  &  Bot. :  Rounded  off.  (Used  as 
a  rule  of  parts  normally  more  or  less  an 
gular.) 

ro-tun-dl-fo'-ll  otia,  a.  [Lat.  rotundus  = 
round,  and/olium  =  a  leaf.]  Having  ronm 
leaves. 

ro-tund'-i-tjf,  s.  [Fr.  rotonditi,  from  Lat 
rotunditatem,  accus.  of  rotunditaa,  from  ro 
tunduf  —  round  ;  Sp.  rotundidad;  Ital.  ro 
tondita,  ritondita.] 


1.  Rotuudness,  roundness ;  spherical  form, 
circularity. 

"Strike  ftat  the  thick  rotundity  of  the  world  1" 

MaAeap. .-  Lear,  iii.  1 

*2.  Roundness,  completeness,  entirety. 

d-tund'-ness,  s.  [Eng.  rotund ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  rotund  ;  rotundity. 

6-tun'-dd,  a.  [Ital.  rotondo.]  A  rotumda 
(q.v.). 

6-tun-do-,  pref.    [ROTUND.]    Roundly. 
rotundo  ovate,  a. 

Bot. :  Roundly  egg-shaped.     (Loudon.) 

•o-tu'-ri-er  (er  as  e),  *  ro-tur-er,  s.   [Fr., 

from  roture  —  a  piece  of  ground  broken  up, 
from  Lat.  ruptura=&  rupture  (q.v.).]  A 
person  of  mean  birth ;  a  plebeian  or  com- 
moner, as  distinguished  from  a  noble  or  person 
of  good  birth. 

"  A  vineyard.niau,  and  a  roturer."— Howll :  Parly 
of  Beaitt,  p.  IS. 

roii'-ble,  ru'-ble,  ru-bel,  s.  [Russ.  ruU.] 
The  Russian  unit  of  monetary  value.  It  is 
divided  into  100  copecks.  Its  value  is  best 
derived  from  the  gold  imperial,  or  10-ruble 
piece,  which  weighs  13-088  grammes,  and  is 
•916  tine ;  giving  for  the  ruble  1-3088  grammes, 
worth  in  sterling  39'388d.,  or  3s.  3Jd. 

rouche,  s.  [RUCHK.]  A  goffered  quilling  or 
frill  of  silk,  net,  lace,  &c.,  for  trimming  ladies' 
dresses. 

rou-eou ,  ».  [Braz.  urucu,  the  native  name.] 
[ARNOTTO.] 

rou'-S,  s.  [Fr.,  literally  =  wheeled,  broken 
on  the  wheel ;  prop.  pa.  par.  of  rouer  =  to 
break  on  the  wheel,  from  Lat.  rota  =  a  wheel. 
The  origin  of  the  word  is  attributed  to  the 
libertine  Duke  of  Orleans,  who  ruled  over 
France  during  the  interval  between  the  death 
of  Louis  XIV.  and  the  accession  of  Louis  XV. 
He  boasted  that  his  satellites  were  of  such  a 
character  that  they,  one  and  all,  deserved  to 
be  broken  on  the  wheel.  He  therefore  called 
them  roues.  They,  for  their  part,  alleged  that 
the  word  expressed  their  devotedness  to  their 
chief,  which  was  so  great  that  they  would 
consent  to  be  broken  on  the  wheel  for  his 
sake.  (Trench  :  Study  of  Words,  pp.  122, 123.)] 
A  person  of  dissipated  or  profligate  habits,  but 
not  so  abandoned  in  manners  and. character 
as  to  be  excluded  from  society ;  a  rake. 

rou  en,  s.    [ROWEN.] 

•rotV-e't  ((  silent),  ».  [Fr.]  A  small,  solid 
wheel  formerly  fixed  to  the  pan  of  firelocks  for 
the  purpose  of  discharging  them. 

rougo  (g  as  zu),  o.  &  s.     [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
rubews  =  red.] 
*  A.  As  adj. :  Red. 
B*  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  cosmetic  prepared  from 
the  dried  flowers  of  Carlhamus  tinctorius,  and 
used  to  impart  artificial  bloom  to  the  cheeks 
or  lips.    It  is  applied  by  means  of  a  camel's 
hair   pencil,   powder-puff,  or  a  hare's  foot. 
(The  last  method  is  chiefly  used  in  theatrical 
making  up.)     When  rouge  is  properly  pre- 
pared, it  is  said  that  its  application  does  not 
injure  the  skin.    (Cooley.) 

2.  Chan,. :  [FERRIC-OXIDE]. 

ronge-orolx,  «.  One  of  the  pursuivants 
of  the  English  heraldic  establishment,  so 
called  from  the  Red  Cross  of  St.  George,  th« 
patron  saint  of  England. 

rouge-dragon,  s.  One  of  the  pursui- 
vants of  the  English  heraldic  establishment, 
so  called  after  the  Red  Dragon,  the  supposed 
ensign  of  Cadwaladyr,  the  last  king  of  the 
Britons. 

rouge  et  nolr,  s.  [Fr.  =  red  and  black.] 
A  game  of  cards  played  by  a  "  banker  "  and  an 
unlimited  number  of  persons  at  a  table 
marked  with  four  spots  of  a  diamond  shape, 
two  being  coloured  red  and  two  black.  The 
player  stakes  his  money  on  rouge  or  noir  by 
placing  it  on  the  red  or  black  spots.  Also 
called  Trente-un  or  Trente  et  quarante.  [TRENTE- 
ON.) 

rouge-plant,  •. 

Bot. :  Rivina,  tinctorta,  one  of  the  Phyto- 
laccaceee,  with  a  white  flower,  a  native  ol 
Caraccas. 


boil,  bo>;  potlt,  J61W;  eat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  thl»:  sun,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  cflat.   ph  =  t 
-dan,  -tlan  =  than,   -tlon,   sion  =  «liuii ; -tion, -flon  -  ihun.   -elons,  -tioiu,  -stou*  =  chile,  -bio,  -die,  *c.  =  bel,  4*1. 


4050 


rouge— rough 


rouge  (g  as  xh),  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Football :  In  the  Eton  and  some  other 
games,  a  rouge  is  won  when  the  ball  passes 
behind  the  goal-line,  but  not  through  the 
1><'>U,  and  is  touched  first  by  one  of  the  side 
which  has  forced  it  over.  (New  Book  of  Sports, 
1885,  p.  59.)  In  the  Rugby  Union  game,  the 
term  was  formerly  used  to  describe  a  touch- 
down (q.v.). 

rouge  (g  as  zh),  f.i.  4  (.    [ROCGE,  a.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  paint  the  cheeks  with  rouge. 

••  The  ladles  rouged  and  Indulged  In  all  kinds  of  ex. 
travagancea.*—  Barptr'e  Monthly.  June,  lisa,  p.  2L 

*  2.  To  redden,  to  blush. 

•  I  rouged  pretty  high."— Mad.  D'Arblai:  mart. 
1  SH. 

B.  Trant. :  To  i»aint,  as  the  cheeks,  with 
rouge. 

rou   get  (get  as  zha),  s.    [Fr.]    A  disease  to 

SWUke. 

"  To  investigate  the  disease  known  ae  twine  fever, 
which  Is  unfortunately  prevalent  in  several  counties 
•t  the  present  moment,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  the 
trutb  of  the  alleged  identity  ol  that  disease  and 
roujrt,"—  Dan*  Chronicle,  Aug.  12,  1836. 

ron-gette'  (g  as  zh),  ..  [Fr.]  A  kind  of 
olive. 

rough  (gh  as  f),  •  rogh,  "  rou,  'row, 
*  rowe,  *  ru,  *  rngh,  •  run,  o.  &  j.  [A.S. 
nh  =  rough,  hairy ;  nitw  =  rough  ;  cogn*  with 
Dut  nig  =  hairy,  rough,  rude  ;  O.  Dut  ru; 
Dan.  ru;  O.  H.  Ger.  niA;  M.  H.  Ger.  n«A; 
Low  Ger.  ruug  ;  Ger.  rauh.] 

A. 

L  Ordinal 

1.  Not  smooth  ;  having  prominences  or  in- 
equalities ;  not  level ;  applied  to  things  solid 
or  tangible :  as, 

(1)  Having  inequalities  on  the  surface ;  not 
smooth  ;  harsh  to  the  touch. 

"  And  with  bu  bard,  rough  hand  he  wipes) 
A  tear  out  of  his  eyes." 

Long/Mow:  Village  Blacltmith. 

(2)  Not  level  or  smooth  ;  uneven. 

••  Rough,  uneven  ways."  Shaketp. :  Richard  //.,  u.  a, 

(3)  Not  polished  or  finished  off  by  art ;  un- 
finished :  as,  a  rough  diamond. 

(4)  Harked  by  coarseness ;  coarse,  ragged, 
•baggy,  disordered. 

"  His  baud  made  rough  and  rugged." 

ShatMf.  :  »  lleury  rl.,  ill  1 

(5)  Violently  agitated  ;  thrown  into  great 
waves  :  as,  a  rough  sea. 

2.  Harsh  to  the  senses  :  as, 

(1)  Harsh  to  the  taste ;  sharp,  astringent, 
•our. 

"  Thy  palate  then  did  deign  the  roughen  berry." 
Shaketp. :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  L.  4. 

(1)  Harsh  to  the  ear ;  grating,  Jarring,  dis- 
cordant. (Shakesp. :  Pericles,  til.  2.) 

3.  Not  mild  or  gentle  hi  character,  action, 
or  operation :  as, 

(1)  Wild,  boisterous,  untamed  :  as,  a  rough 
eolt,  rough  play. 

(2)  Boisterous,  stormy,  tempestuous. 

••  For  I  can  weather  the  roughest  gale. 
That  ever  wind  did  blow7 

LoHufeUo**:  WredL  of  the  ttetpenu. 

(3)  Harsh  or  rugged  of  temper  or  manners ; 
not   mild,  gentle,  or  courteous ;   rude,  un- 
polished.   (Camper:  Conversation,  843.) 

(4)  Harsh,  severe,  stern,  cruel,  unfeeling. 

"  Stem,  obdurate,  flinty,  rough,  remorseless." 

Skattep. :  I  He*rt  rl.,  \.  «. 

(5)  Not  refined  or   polished :    rude,  un- 
polished. 

"  With  rough  and  all-nnable  pen." 

Mattes*  :  Henrn  r.    lEi-ilogue.) 

(6)  Not  gentle;   not  proceeding   by  easy 
operation. 

"  He  gave  not  the  king  time  to  prosecute  tfurt 
gracious  method,  but  forced  him  to  a  truicker  and 
rougher  remedy."— Clarendon  -•  Civil  War. 

(7)  Hard,    harsh,   severs,    unkind,   cruel 

"  And  it  certainly  seems  somewhat  rough  on  the 
•teat'  boy."—  Dailf  Telegraph.  Oct.  10.  IMS. 

t  4.  Coarse,  stale,  stinking:  as,  rough  bread, 
rough  fish. 
6.  Vague ;  not  exact  or  precise. 

"  BealdM  ear  rough  roate-surveys.  depending  on 
dead  reckoning  by  time  and  compass  bearings."— 

II.  flat. :  Clothed  with  hairs,  the  lower  part 
'  of  which  irsesnbles  a  little  bulb,  and  the  upper 
•  short  rigid  bristle,  as  the  leaves  of  Jioraao 
offlcinali». 


B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  quality  or   state  of  being  rough, 
coarse,   or   unfinished ;    original  state  (w 
tin:) :  as,  a  statue  in  the  rough. 

*  2.  Rough  weather. 

"In  callus  you  fish  :  in  rough*,  use  songs  and  dances," 
fletchtr:  PiKatory  AV(  yn«,  vn. 

3.  A  rowdy ;  a  rude,  coarse  fellow ;  a  bully. 
H  1.  Rough  and  ready: 

(1)  Unpolished  ;  brusque  or  unceremonious 
in  manner,  but  reliable. 

(2)  Not  elaborate. 

"  The  method  is  a  rough  and  ready  one."—  fall  Jfall 
Oattttt,  Dec.  so,  lew. 

(3)  Fitting  or  training  in  a  rough  or  rude 
manner :  as,  rough  and  ready  education. 

2.  Hough  and  tumble  :  Applied  to  a  fight  in 
which    all    rule    is    discarded,  and  kicking, 
biting,  &c,,  are  perfectly  admissible.    (Amer.) 

rough-arches,  s.  pi. 
Arch. :  Arches  formed  by  bricks  or  stones 
roughly  dressed  to  the  wedge  form. 

rough  backed  caiman,  s. 
ZooL :  Alligator  (Caiman,  Gray)  trigoxatiu, 
from  tropical  America, 

rough-east,  r.f. 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  form  in  its  first  rudiments ;  to  form 
or  compose  roughly. 

2.  To  mould  without  nicety  or  elegance ;  to 
form  with  asperities  and  inequalities. 

"  Nor  bodily,  nor  ghostly  negro  could 
Hough***  thy  figure  in  a  sadder  mould." 

Cleveland.    (Toad.) 

XL  Plaster. :  To  cover  with  a  coarse  sort  of 
plaster,  composed  of  lime  and  gravel. 

rough-cast,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  form  of  a  thing  In  Its 
first  rudiments  ;  the  rough  model  or  outline 
of  anything. 

"  Tfae  whole  piece  seems  rather  a  loose  model  and 
rough-cast  of  what  I  design  to  do,  than  a  cvuiL'lete 
wort  "-Sir  I.  Dieof. 

2.  Plaster. :  A  mode  of  finishing  outside 
work  by  dashing  over  the  second  coat  of 
plastering  while  quite  wet  a  layer  of  washed 
fine  gravel  mingled  with  lime  and  water. 

B.  As  adj. :  Formed  roughly,  without  re- 
vision or  polish ;  rough. 

"  This  rmigh^ait.  unhewn  poetry  wiu  Instead  of 
stage-plays,  for  the  space  of  one  hundred  and  twenty 
yean  together,"— Dryden :  JumnaL  (Dad.) 

rough-caster,  s.    One  who  rough-casts. 

rough-chervil,  s. 

Dot.  .-The  genus  An  thriscns  (q.v.).  (London.) 

*  rough-clad,  a.  Having  rough  or  coarse 
clothes. 

rough  coat,  s. 

Plaster. :  The  first  coat  on  laths.  On  brick 
It  is  termed  laying  or  pricking  up ;  on  masunry, 
rendering  or  roughing. 

rough-customer,  s.  A  troublesome  and 
somewhat  dangerous  person  to  deal  with. 

rough  dab,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Hippoglossoides  limandotdes,  allied 
to  the  Halibut  (q.v.),  but  much  smaller,  the 
largest  specimen  known  being  only  fifteen 
inches  long.  It  is  rare  on  the  British  coasts. 

rough  diamond,  s.  A  diamond  in  the 
rough  ;  hence  rig.,  a  person  of  genuine  worth, 
but  unpolished  in  manners. 

rough-draft,  rough-draught,  s.    A 

rough  or  rude  sketch. 

"  My  elder  brothers  came, 

Rough-draughu  of  nature,  111  design'd  and  lame." 
Dryden.    (Toad.) 

rough-draw,  v.t.  To  draw  or  delineate 
coarsely  or  roughly :  to  trace  rudely  for  first 
purposes. 

"  His  victories  we  scarce  could  keep  In  view, 
Or  polish  'em  so  last  as  be  rough-drew." 

Jirydm.    (Tola.) 

rough-dry,  v.t.  To  dry  hastily,  without 
smoothing  or  ironing. 

rough-file,  s.  A  file  with  heavy,  deep 
cuts.  The  angle  of  the  chisel  in  cutting  is 
about  12"  from  the  perpendicular. 

rough-footed,  a.  Feather-footed:  as,  a 
rough-jooted  dove. 

rough-grained,  a.  Rough  in  the  grain ; 
hence,  ttg.,  of  somewhat  coarse  or  unpolished 
manners ;  brusque  or  rude  iu  manner. 


rough-head,  s. 

Ichthy. :  The  Red-fin  (q.v.). 
rough-hew,  v.t. 

1.  To  hew    roughly,   without  giving  any 

2.  To  give  the  first  form  or  outline  to. 

••  There's  a  divinity  that  shapes  our  ends, 
Kough-hfutthtia  how  we  will." 

MoJtesp. .-  Samlet.  T  1 

rough-hewn,  a. 

1.  Hewn  roughly,  without  smoothing  at 
fiuish. 

"  Timber  rough-hewn  from  the  firs  of  the  forest.1* 
Lonyjillo* :  CaurUhlp  a/  Jlilet  Standith,  viti. 

*  2.  Rough-grained,  rude ;  of  rough  or  coars* 
manners. 

"  A  rouffh-hetpn  seaman,  being  brought  before  a  Jus- 
tice for  some  misdemeanour,  was  by  bun  ordered  away 
to  prison."—  Bacon  :  Apophtkrgitu. 

3.  Not   nicely  or  neatly  finished  ;   rough, 
coarse. 

'•  Jiuuftt-hfum,  angular  notes,  like  stones  In  the  wall." 
Longfellow:  llilet  Standith.  ill 

rough-hole,  s.  The  name  given  In  South 
Staffordshire  to  a  shallow  circular  hole  at  the 
bottom  of  the  cinder-fall  of  a  blast  furnace  in 
which  the  slag  accumulates. 

rough-hound,  s. 

Ichthy :  Scyllium  canieula.  Called  also  the 
Lesser  Spotted  Dog.  In  the  west  of  Cornwall 
its  Mesh  is  made  into  soup,  and  it  is  eaten  by 
the  Mediterranean  fishermen. 

rough-legged,  a.  Having  legs  covered 
with  leathers. 

rough-necked  Jacare,  i. 

ZooL  :  Jacare  hirticollis,  from  Demarara, 
rough-parsnip,  a. 

Hot. :  Pastinaca  Opr>panax,  called  also  Opo- 
panax  Chironum.  [OPOPAICAX.] 

rough-plum,  s. 

Hot. :  Parinarium.  excdsum.  (Sierra  Ltone.) 
Called  also  Gray,  and  Rough-skinned  Plum. 

rough-rider,  «. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  horse-breaker. 

"Mitchell,  the  rough-rider,  conies  sailing  down  upon 
the  scene  with  a  four.yftarold,"—  Field,  Feb.  20.  IBM. 

2.  Mil. :   A  non-commissioned  officer  se- 
lected for  drill  in  the  riding-school,  and  for 
breaking   in   horses   for   military  purposes. 
They  are  selected   from   cavalry  regiments, 
and  trained  at  the  riding  establishment  at 
Canterbury. 

rough  scuff,  t. 

1.  A  rough,  coarse  fellow ;  a  rough. 

2.  The  riff-raff;  the  lowest   class   of  the 
people ;  the  rabble. 

rongh-eetter,  «.  A  mason  who  builds 
rough  walling,  as  distinguished  from  one  who 
hews  also. 

rough-shod,  a.  Shod  with  shoes  armed 
witli  pointa  :  as,  a  rough-shod  horse. 

^[  To  ride  rough-shod :  To  pursue  a  violent, 
stubborn,  and  selfish  course,  regardless  of 
consequences,  or  of  the  feelings  cf  others. 

rough -skinned  plum,  s.     [ROUQH- 

PLDM.) 

rough-spun,    a.      Rough,  unpolished, 

blunt. 

rough-string, ».    A  carriage-piece  (q.T.X 
rough-stucco,  e. 

Build. :  Stucco  flouted  and  brushed  in  ft 
small  degree  with  water. 

rough-tall  snakes,  >.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  family  Uropeltidae  (q.v.). 

rough-tree,  s. 

Nautical : 

1.  A  rough  or  unfinished  spar  or  mast 

2.  The  portion  of  a  mast  above  the  deck. 
Rough-tree  rail : 

Shipbuild. :  A  timber  forming  the  top  of 
the  bulwark.  It  rests  upon  the  top-timliers, 
and  caps  the  external  and  internal  planking. 

rough-wing,  s. 

-Eiifom. :  A  British  moth,  Phtheochroa  ru* 
gosana,  one  of  the  Lozoperidae. 

rough-winged  swallows,  s.  pi 

Ornith. :  The  sub-family  PsalidoprocnUui 
(q.v.V 


tate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sir*,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  worts,  who,  son;  ants,  cub,  cure,  unite,  ear.  rule,  fall,  try,  Syrian,    n,  ca  =  •;  ey  =  i;  a.u  =  kw. 


rough.— round 


4051 


•  rough- work  (pa.  t.  and  par.  pa.  rough- 
wrought),  v.t.  To  work  coarsely  over,  without 
regard  to  nicety,  delicacy,  or  finish. 

"  Continue  till  you  have  rough-vroHgkt  all  yoor  work 
from  end  to  end?'— Mojcon  :  Mechanical  Sxercitet. 

rough-wrought,  a.  Worked  coarsely 
or  roughly  ;  not  finished  off. 

rough  (gh  as  f),  v.t.    [RouoH,  a.] 

1.  To  make  rough,  to  roughen  :  as,  To  rough 
•  horse's  shoes.    Usually  done  by  inserting 
nails  or  studs  therein  to  prevent  the  animal 
slipping  in  frosty  weather. 

2.  To  protect  a  horse  against  slipping,  by 
furnishing  with  roughed  shoes. 

"If  you  do  have  them  roughed,  the  front  may  break 
m>  the  Terr  first  day."— Sidney :  Book  of  the  BOTH 
(ed.  2nd),  p.  MO. 

3.  To  give  a  rough  appearance  to. 

4.  To  execute  or  shape  out  roughly;  to 
rongh-hew ;  to  rough-work.  (Followed  by  out.) 

"  I  bad  the  first  four  acts  roughed  out  and  quite  fit 
tor  readin«."-Co«»  fern,  Sept.  M,  188U 

5.  To  break  in,  as  a  horse,  especially  for 
military  purposes. 

•J  To  rough  it :  To  put  up  with  hardships ; 
to  live  without  proper  accommodation. 

"  Roughing  it  for  a  month  or  BO  In  this  wild  region." 
-Seribntrl  Jtttaacine,  Aug.,  1177,  p.  m 

rottgh'-en(ghasf),t>.J.&i.  (Eng.ro«0»;-«n.] 

A.  IVon*. :  To  make  rough. 

"And  now,  though  strained  and  roughened.  BtlH 
Bung  wildly  iweet  to  date  and  bill." 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  IT.  21. 

B.  Intrant, :  To  grow  or  become  rough. 
rough-er, ».    [ROWEB  (2).] 

rough'  ie  (gh  as  f),  s.  (Etym.  doubtful ; 
prob.  connected  with  rough,  a.]  A  withered 
bough ;  a  sort  of  rude  torch ;  dried  heath. 

-  Laying  the  rougJiie*  to  keep  the  cauld  wind  fne 
you."— Scott :  Ovy  ilannering,  ch.  liv. 

rough-Ing  (gh  as  f),  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «. 
[RouoH,  v.] 

A.  fc  B.  At  pr.  par.  t  partieip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C*  At  substantive :       ( 

L  Ord.  Lang.:  The  act  of  making  rough. 

2.  Hat-making:  The  hardening  of  a  felted 
hat-body  by  pressure,  motion,  heat,  and 
moisture. 

roughing  hole,  >.    A  rough-hole  (q.  v.). 

ronghlng-ln, .«. 

Floater. :  The  first  coat  of  three-coat  plas- 
tering when  executed  on  brick. 

roughing -mill,  s. 

1.  A  lapidary'swheel,  used  in'roughing  down 
the  surfaces  of  gems  to  make  facets.     It  is  of 
iron,  mounted  on  a  vertical  axis,  and  its  upper 
disc  is  touched    with  diamond-dust  for  the 
harder  gems. 

2.  A  grinding-mill  used  by  lapidaries,  con 
silting  of  a  small  copper  disc,  with  a  face 
turned  true  and  flat,  in  which  spicules  of  dia- 
mond are  imbedded  by  hammering. 

roughing-rolls,  s.pl 

Mttal-working :  The  first  set  of  rolls  in  a 
rolling-mill,  which  operate  upon  the  bloom 
from  the  tilt  or  shingling-hammer  or  the 
squeezer,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  reduce  it  to 
the  bar  form. 

rough  -ing;  (gh  as  f),  s.  pi.    [ROWEX.  ] 
rough -Ish  (gh  as  f ),  a.    [Eng.  rough,  a 

1.  Ord.   Lang.:  Somewhat  rough,   rather 
rough. 

"The  .  .  .  shell  to  thick,    hard,  and  roughiih."— 
Brainjtr:  The  Sugar  Cane,  bk.  Iv.  v.  227.    (Note.) 

2.  Sot. :  Slightly  covered  with  short,  hard- 
ish  poiuts,  as  the  leaves  of  Thymus  Acinos. 

rough  1^  (gh  as  f),  adv.    [Eng.  rough,  a ;  -ly. 

1.  In  a  rough  manner ;  with  inequalities  on 
the  surface ;  not  smoothly  or  evenly. 

"  Roughly  hewed. 
Rude  steps  ascending  from  the  dell." 

Kcott :  Ooteoy,  0.  It. 

2.  Harshly,  severely,  hardly,  cruelly. 

"  Life  has  paaVd 
With  me  but  roughly  »iuce  I  heard  thee  last." 

Couyer :  Ms  Mother' I  Picture. 

8.  Sharply  or  harshly  to  the  taste. 

4.  Harshly  to  the  ear,  discordantly. 

5.  Boisterously,    rudely,    violently,    tern 
pestuonsly. 


6.  Not  with  exactness  or  precision  :  as,  to 
give  a  number  ramghly. 

rough'-  ness,  *  rough  -  nesse,  «.    [Eng. 
rough,  a.  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rough,  or 
having  inequalities  on  the  surface  ;  uneven- 
ness  of  surface  ;  ruggedness. 

"  While  y«t  the  roughnees  of  the  stone  remains.' 
Dryden  :  (Hid  s  Uetamorphoeet  \. 

2.  Harshness  or  asperity  of  temper  ;  coarse- 
ness or  brusqueness  of  manners  ;  cruelty. 

"  Roughneu    to    a    needle**    cause  of    discontent: 
severity  breedeth  tear;  but  roughnea  breedeth  bate. 


3.  Coarseness  of  dress  or  appearance. 

4.  Violence,  tempestuousness,    boisterous- 
ness. 

5.  Want  of  polish  or  finish;  ruggedness. 

"The  speech  ...  is  round  without  roughneue."~ 
X.  AT.,  Kp.  to  Maitter  Harvey. 

6.  Harshnesa  to  the  taste  ;  sharpness,  as- 
tringenoy. 

"Divers  plants  contain  a  grateful  aharpness,  as 
lemons  ;  or  an  austere  and  iucoucocted  roughneu,  as 
sloes.  '—Browne. 

7.  Harshness  to  the  ear  ;  discordancy. 

"  Our  syllables  reeemble  tlieirs  in  roufhneu  and  fre- 
quency of  consonant*."—  Swtft. 

rought,  pret.  o/n.    [REACH,  r.] 

rouke,  ».*.    [RUCK.]    To  lie  close,  to  cower. 

rou  lade',  «.    [Fr.] 

Music:  An  embellishment;  a  flourish;  an 
ornamental  passage  of  runs. 

*  roule,  r.t    [Rou.,  «.] 

rouleau,  as  ro-lo'  (pi.  rouleau*  (Eng.),  as 

ro  16s  ;   rouleaux   (Fr.),  as  ro-lo),  s. 

[Fr.)    A  little  roll  ;  a  roll  of  coins  made  up  in 

paper. 

ron-lette',  ».  [Fr.=  *  little  wheel,  a  castor, 
from  router  =  to  roll.] 

1.  A  game  of  chance  played  at  a  table,  in 
the  centre  of  which  ia  a  hole  surmounted  by 
a  revolving  disc,  the  circumference  of  which 
is  divided   generally  into  thirty-eight  com- 
partments, coloured  red  and  black  alternately, 
and  numbered  1  to  36,  with  a  zero  and  double 
zero.     The  banker  or  person  in  charge  sets 
the  disc  in  motion,  and  causes  a  ball  to  re- 
volve in  the  opposite  direction  ;  this  ball, 
after  a  few  revolutions,  drops  into  one  of  the 
compartments,  and  determines  the  winning 
numoer  or  colour.     The  players  can  stake 
their   money  on  any  number   or  group   of 
numbers,  or  on  any  colour.    If  a  player  stakes 
his  money  on  a  single  number  and  is  suc- 
cessful he  wins  thirty-six  times  his  stake. 
The  amount  won  varies  in  other  cases  accord- 
ing to  circumstances. 

2.  An  instrument  used  in  engraving,  me- 
clianical  drawing,  and  plotting,  for  making 
dotted  lines.    It  has  a  wheel  with   points, 
which,  for  use  on  paper,  is  dipped  into  ijidia- 
ink,  so  that  the  points  impress  a  series  of 
black  dots  or  marks  as  the  wheel  revolves, 

Rou'-Un.  s.  [Francois  Desire  Roulin,  a  French 
naturalist  of  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century.)  (See  compound.) 

Roulln's  tapir,  >. 

Zool.  :  Tapirus  villoaa,  the  Hairy  Tapir, 
found  on  the  inner  range  of  the  Cordilleras. 

«  roum,  a.  *  ».    [ROOM.] 

A.  -4s  adj.  :  Wide,  spacious,  roomy. 

B.  As  subst.  :  Room,  space. 

roum,  «.  [Assamese.]  A  bine  dye  stuff  from 
Assam  obtained  from  a  species  of  Ruellia. 

rdu-mansch,  s.    [ROMA.NSCH.) 

*  rdum'-er,  a.  or  adv.    [ROOMER.  J 

•  roun,  *  rtfvVn,  *  rovVno,  v.i.  t  fc    tA.S. 
runtan  =  to  whisper,  from  nbt  =  a  rune,   a 
secret  colloquy,  a  whisper.]    [ROUND  (2),  v., 
ROHE.] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  whisper. 

"  Afterwarde  when  they  wer  Btepptd  fro  the  bar 
they  happed  to  be  beard  rowne  and  reioyce  to  gether 
that  the!  had  gluen  good  euideuce  fox  aquitayleortheyr 
felow,  with  whom  them  self  had  ben  at  the  same  rob- 
bery.*— Sir  T.  More:  Worltee,  p.  948. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  address  or  speak  to  in  a  whisper. 
2   To  utter  in  a  whisper.    {Chaucer  :  C.  T. 
6,751.) 


roun,  *  roune,  *,    [Rou»,  ».]    A  whisper  j 
speech,  song. 

"With  blosmeD  and  with  binles  roune.' 

Jifiiti.  Antiq..  i  Ml. 

roun^e,  s.  [Of.  Fr.  fonce  =  a  bramble;  Tanclu 
=  a  round,  a  step,  a  rack.) 

Print.  :  A  winch  with  roller  and  strap  by 
which  the  carriage  or  bed  of  a  press  is  run  in 
and  out  ander  the  platen. 

roHn'-c8-val.  *  rfin'-ci-val,  a.  4  «.  [From 
Roncssvalles,  a  town  in  Spam,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Pyrenees,  where  the  bones  of  the  gigantic 
heroes  of  Charlemague's  army  were  pretended 
to  be  shown.] 
A.  As  adj.  :  Large,  strong. 

"  Dig  garden 
And  set  as  a  daintie  thy  runnval  ptaae." 

Tutter:  Jiuebandrjf. 
S.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  giant  ;  hence,  anything  very  large  and 
strong. 

2.  A  pea  ;  now  called  a  marrow-fat,  from  its 
size. 

"And  another,  stumbling  At  the  threshold  ,  tumbled 
In  his  ilisb  of  rounoemile  before  him."—  Arame  .-  A 
Jovial  Crew,  iv.  2. 

•  roun'-9ie,  s.  [Low  Lat.  nmciiuw.)  A  com- 
mon hackney  horse. 

round,  a.,  adv.,  t.,  &  prep.  [O.  Fr.  roond 
(Fr.  rond.),  from  Lat.  retundus,  from  rota  =  a 
wheel  ;  Don.  rond;  Giv.,  Dan.,  &  Sw.  ruiid.} 

[BOTUND.] 

A.  Atadjcattvt: 

1.  Having  every  part  of  the  surface  at  an 
equal  distance  from  the  centre;   spherical, 
globular  :  as,  a  round  ball. 

2.  Having  all  parts  of  the  circumference  at 
an  equal  distance  from  the  centre  ;  circular. 

"  At  the  round  table."     fihaketp.  :  a  Henry  TV.,  it  L 

3.  Cylindrical  :  as,  The  barrel  of  a  gun  is 
round. 

4.  Having  a  curved  form,  especially  that  of 
an  arc  of  a  circle  or  ellipse  :  as,  a  round  arch. 

5.  Smoothly     expanded;     swelling,    full, 
plump,  corpulent. 

"  The  justice,  in  fair  round  belly." 

.  :  At  rou  Lite  It.  ii.  7 


6.  Not  broken  or  fractional;  "not  given  a» 
exactly  or  precisely  correct :  as,  To  speak  in. 
round  numbers. 

7.  Large,  considerable. 

"  Ti»  a  good  round  BUHL** 

Xtmketp. :  Merchant  of  f«*t  fc«,  L  S. 

8.  Full,  brisk,  quick,  smart. 

"  Our  moat  bitter  IOM  were  to  be  wen  approaching 
at  a  round  trot,"— Daily  Ttitffrapk,  Huron  a.  ISM. 

*  9.  Continuous,  fall,  and  open  in  sound  ; 
smooth,  flowing,  harmonious. 

"  Hi*  style,  though  round  and  oomprabanatTe,  wat 
Incurabered  Bometfrae*  by  rarentheMi,  and  b«c»ni» 
difficult  to  vulgar  undwr»t*naiiiga." — f«U. 

*  10.  Consistent  and    complete ;    candid, 
fair,  frank. 

'  Round  defiling  i*  the  honour  of  man'*  nature."— 


*  1L  Open,  plain,  candid. 
"  You  found  ready  and  round  answer*."—  C.  BronU: 
Jane  Eyre.  ch.  nvii. 

12.  Free  and  plain  ;  plump. 

"  Either  a  round  oath,  or  a  curse,  or  the  corruption 
of  one."  —  Sharp  :  Sermont,  vol.  Iv.,  ser.  16. 

B.  As  adverb  : 

1.  On  all  sides.    (Luke  xlx.  43.) 

2.  In  a  circular  form  or  manner  ;  circularly. 

«•  He  that  la  giddy  thinks  the  world  goes  rotwsd." 
Shattip.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrea.  V.  2. 

3.  In  circumference:  as,  a  tree  ten  feet 
round. 

i.  Through  a  circle  or  party,  as  of  friends,  to. 

"  A  health  1  let  It  go  round." 

Shakeni.  :  Henry  rill.,  L  4. 

&  In  course  of  revolution. 

"  The  time  la  come  round." 

tfhrittetp.  :  Juliut  Cajear,  V.  B. 

*6.  From  first  to  last;  throughout  the 
whole  list. 

"  She  named  the  auciuut  lieroee  round." 

7.  Not  in  a  direct  line  or  route  ;  by  a  line 
or  course  longer  than  the  direct  route  :  as.  To 
go  round. 

C.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  That  which   is   round,    as   a  circle,  • 
sphere,  or  a  globe. 

"  Fairest  mover  on  this  mortal  round." 

ShaXetp.  :  Venue  A  Adonie,  M*. 


bSil,  btS^;  pint,  J61W;  eat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ezlst.   -Ing. 
-clan.    tlan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -sion  =  snnn ;  -^ion,  -sioa  =  zhnn.   -clous,  -tloos,  -sious  =  shua.   -bie, -die,  4c.  =  bel,  del. 


4052 


round 


2.  The  act  or  state  of  giving  or  passing 
puind,  as  round  a  circle  or  party:  as,  The 
JOKU  made  the  round  of  the  table. 

3.  The  aggregate  of  similar  acts  done  suc- 
cessively by  each  of  a  number  of  persons,  and 
coining  back  to  where  the  series  began  :  thus, 
tin-  playing  of  a  card  each  by  a  company  at 
table  is  a  round. 

"  The  second  round  for  the  Tail  silver  club."— Fiel d, 
Oct.  3,  IMS. 

4.  A  constantly  recurring  series  of  events ; 
•  series  of  events,  &e.,  which  come  back  to 
tne  point  of  commencement ;  a  revolution. 

"In  the  perpetual  round  of  strange 
Mysterious  change." 

LongfMow  :  Rain  in  Summer. 

*  5.  An  assembled  group. 

"  Sometime*  I  am  Men  thrusting  my  head  Into  a 
round  of  politlciana,"— Additon  .'  Spectator,  No.  1. 

6.  Rotation  in  office ;  established  order  of 
•mccession. 

"  Bach  new  Utopians  would  have  a  round  of  govern- 
ment, aa  some  the  like  in  the  church,  in  which  every 
•poak  becomes  uppermost  in  ita  turn."— //0/yJ*i^. 

7.  A  dance  in  which  the  performers  are 
ranged  in  a  ring  or  circle. 

*  8.  A  roundelay,  a  song. 

*  9.  A  toast ;  a  health  to  pass  round. 

10.  The  walk  or  circuit  performed  by  a  guard 
or  an  officer  among  the  sentries,  to  see  all  are 
on  the  alert,  and  that  everything  is  safe  and 
In  proper  order :  hence,  the  officer  or  guard 
who  performs  this  duty. 

"  [He]  day  and  night  keeps  watchful  round." 

Scott :  Bridal  ofTriermain.  til.  L 

11.  The   walk   or  beat  of  a  person  who 
habitually  traverses  the  same  ground,  as,  of 
m  postman,  a  policeman,  milkman,  Ac.   (Gene- 
rally in  the  plural.) 

"  He  contented  himself  with  taking  his  roundt 
periodically,  giving  ample  warning  of  ma  approach  to 
tnisdoers  by  vociferating  the  hour." — Hcribner'i 
Jlaoaiint,  August.  1880.  p.  Oi. 

12.  That   part   of  a   pugilistic   encounter 
lasting  from  the  beginning  till  a  temporary 
pause  is  called  on  account  of  one  of  tlie  com- 
petitors being  knocked  down,  or  thrown  or 
falling,    or   between   one   such    pause    and 
Another ;  a  bout. 

*  13.  A  vessel   filled   with   liquor,  as  for 
drinking  a  toast. 

"  A.geutle  rfund  fllfd  to  the  brink. 
To  this  and  t'other  friend  I  drink.* 

SutMiny. 

*  14.  A  kind  of  target  for  archery  shooting. 
"  I  lost  the  challenge  at  shooting  at  round!,  and 

won  at  rover*."— Burnet :  Kecordt,  bk.  it 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Brewing  :  A  vessel  in  which  the  fermenta- 
tion of  beer  is  concluded.    The  rounds  receive 
the  beer  from  the  fermenting  tun,  and  dis- 
charge the  yeast  at  their  bungholes  into  a 
discharging-trongh. 

2.  Joinery: 

(1)  The  rung  of  a  ladder. 

.     "But  when  he  on^  attains  the  upmost  round. 
He  then  unto  the  ladder  turns  his  back." 

SfiaJcetp. :  Juliiu  Ccuar,  11.  1. 

(2)  A  stretcher  (q.v.). 

3.  Manige  :  A  volt  or  circular  tread. 

4.  Military: 

(1)  Ageneraldischargeofflreannsbytroops, 
in  which  each  man  fires  once. 

(2)  Ammunition  for  firing  once:   as,  Ten 
rmtnds  were  served  out  to  each  man. 

5.  Music :  A  composition  in  which  several 
voices  starting  at  stated  distances  of  time 
from  each  other,  sing  each  the  same  music, 
the  combination  of  all  the  parts  producing 
correct  harmony.     It  differs  from  a  canon, 
therefore,  in  that  it  can  only  be  sung  at  the 
unison  or  octave.    It  differs  from  a  catch, 
which  is  like  it  in  construction,  only  in  the 
character  of  the  words.    The  catch  should  be 
amusing,  the  round  may  be  even  sacred.    A 
round  may  be  written  out  in  the  form  of  a 
canon,  if  it  is  of  an  elaborate  construction,  or 
has  an  independent  accompaniment.     When 
rang  at  the  unison,  a  round  is  said  to  be  for 
equal  voices. 

6.  Ordn. :  A  projectile  with  it*  cartridge, 
prepared  for  service. 

IX  As  preposition  : 

1.  On  every  side  of;  all  around. 

"The  centre.  If  I  may  so  say.  round  which  the 
capitals  of  the  Inhabitants  of  every  country  are  con. 
,  tinually   circulating."—  SmM,:    irtaUH  of  Xationi, 
bk.  IT.,  ch.  li. 

2.  About ;  circularly  about ;  about  in  all 
parts. 

"  SlLlrr  the  country  round."    Snaketp. :  Macbeth,  T.  t. 


1  1.  AH  round  : 

(1)  Over  the  whole  place ;  In  every  direction. 

(•2)  In  every  detail  or  particular :  as,  He  is 
good  all  round. 

2.  A  round  of  beef:  A  cut  of  the  thigh 
through  and  across  the  bone. 

*3.  Gentlemen  of  the  round:  Gentlemen 
soldiers,  but  of  low  rank,  who  had  t"  visit 
and  inspect  the  sentinels  and  advanced  guard  ; 
a  disbanded  soldier  gone  a-begging. 

*  4.  To  be  round  with  :  To  speak  plainly  or 
frankly  ;  to  be  open  or  candid. 

"  Sir  Toby.  I  must  be  round  with  you." — Skaketp. : 
Tvxljtn  .Vignt.  ii.  3. 

5.  To  bring  one  round  : 

(1)  To  restore  one  to  consciousness,  good 
spirits,  health,  or  the  like. 

(2)  To  cause  one  to  alter  hi.-*  opinions,  or  to 
change  from  one  side  or  party  to  another. 

6.  To  come  round  : 

(1)  To  recover  consciousness,  good  spirits, 
health,  or  the  like. 

(2)  To  change  one's  opinion  or  party 

7.  To  get  round:  [GET (2),  u.,  If  22.  J. 

8.  To  turn  round :  To  change  one's  side ;  to 
desert  one's  party. 

*  9.  To  lead  the  round :  To  be  a  ringleader. 
round-all,  s.    A  somersault. 

round-backed,  a.  Having  a  round  or 
stooping  back. 

round  buddlc,  s. 

Mttnll. :  A  circular  frame  for  working  on 
metalliferous  slimes, 

round-chisel,  >.  An  engraver's  tool 
having  a  rounded  belly. 

round-dance,  s.  A  dance,  in  which  the 
couples  wheel  round  the  room,  as  a  polka,  a 
waltz,  &c. 

round-edge  file,  s.  A  file  with  a  convex 
edge,  for  tiling  out  or  dressing  the  interdental 
spaces  of  gear-wheels. 

round-faced  macaque,  >. 

ZooL  :  Macacus  cyclopis,  from  Formosa.  It 
is  closelyallied  to  M.  rhesus  [RHESUS],  but  has 
shorter  limb-bones.  Fur  slate-coloured,  thick 
and  woolly ;  tail  hairy,  about  a  foot  long ; 
head  round,  ears  small,  face  flat;  forehead 
naked,  dark  whiskers,  and  a  strong  beard. 

round-file,  s.  A  file  circular  in  its  cross- 
section.  [JOINT-FILE,  RAT-TAIL  FILE.] 

round  fish,   . 

Ichthy. :  Salmo  (Coregonus)  yuadrilateralis. 
The  specimen  on  which  Sir  John  Richardson 
based  his  description  was  about  eighteen 
nches  long.  It  is  not  highly  prized  for  food. 
"  Oar  voyagers  named  it  the  round-fun,  and  I  have 
given  it  the  specific  appellation  of  quadrilateral  ii  on 
account  of  a  flattening  of  the  back,  belly,  and  sides 
being  superadued  to  it*  general  sub-fusiform  shape." — 
Sir  J.  RuAardton :  Fauna  Borcali-A  mericana,  iii.  204. 

round-game,  s.  A  game,  as  at  cards,  in 
which  an  indefinite  number  of  players  can 
take  part,  each  playing  on  his  own  account. 

round-head,  s.    [ROUNDHEAD.] 
round-house,  s.    (ROUNDHOUSE.) 
round-knife,  s. 

1.  [CURRIER'S  KNIFE.] 

2.  Saddlery:  The  ordinary  cutting-tool  of 
the  saddler,  sharp  on  its  convex  edge. 

round-nosed  chisel,  s.    A  riffie  (q.v.). 
round-nosed  plane,  s. 

Join. :  A  coarse-work  bench-plane,  the  sole 
of  which  is  rounding, 

round-number,  *.  A  number  which 
may  be  divided  by  ten  without  a  remainder ; 
also  a  number  not  exact,  but  sufficiently  near 
the  truth  to  serve  the  purpose. 

U  In  round  numbers :  Approximately. 

round-off  file,  s.  A  small  parallel,  half- 
round  file,  whose  convex  side  is  safe,  and 
having  a  pivot  at  the  end  opposite  the  tang. 

round-plane,  s. 

Join. :  A  plane  with  a  round  sole  for  making 
rounded  work,  such  as  stair-rails,  beads,  &0. 

round-robin,  s.    [ROUNDKOBIN.J 
round-seam,  s. 

Naut. :  A  seam  made  by  sewing  the  edges 
of  canvas  together  without  lapping. 


t  round-shot,   . 

Ordn. :  Spherical  halls  of  iron  or  «teeL 
usually  cast.  They  are  solid,  while  case  and 
shell  are  hollow. 

round-shouldered,  a.  Having  round 
or  stooping  shoulders  ;  round-backed. 

round-spliced,  s. 

Xaut, :  Splicing  so  carefully  done  that  th» 
shape  of  the  rope  is  scarcely  altered. 

Round  Table,  s.  The  table  round  which 
King  Arthur  and  his  knights  sat,  and  from 
which  they  derived  their  title. 

If  Knights  of  the  Round  Table:  The  name 
given  in  the  Arthurian  legends  to  a  company 
'if  twenty-four  (or,  according  to  another  ver- 
sion, twelve)  knights  instituted  by  Arthur. 
They  were  bound  on  certain  days  to  appear  at 
Court. 

round-tool,  s. 

Wood-turning:  A  round-nosed  chisel  for 
making  concave  mouldings. 

round-top,  s. 

Naut. :  A  platform  at  the  mast-head  ;  a  top. 

round-tower,  s.  A  kind  of  tall,  slender 
tower  tapering  frum  the  base  upwards,  and 
generally  having  a 
conical  top.  They 
are  frequently  mat 
with  in  Ireland, 
and  in  two  places 
in  Scotland.  They 
rise  from  30  to  130 
feet  in  height,  and 
vary  from  20  to  30 
feet  in  diameter. 
The  object  for 
which  they  were 
liuilt  is  uncertain, 

but  they  were  pro-  ROUND-TOWER. 

bably  intended  to 

be  used  as  strongholds,  into  which  people 
might  retreat  with  their  goods  in  time  of 
danger.  They  were  erected  between  the  ninth 
and  twelfth  centuries. 

round-trade,  a.  A  term  on  the  Gaboon 
river  for  a  kind  of  barter,  in  which  the  things 
exchanged  comprise  a  large  assortment  of 
miscellaneous  articles.  Called  also  Bundle- 
trade. 

round-trip,  «,  A  Journey  to  and  from 
a  place.  (U.K.) 

round-turn,  s. 

Kaut. :  One  turn  of  a  rope  around  a  timber ; 
or  of  one  cable  around  another,  caused  by  tht 
swinging  of  the  ship  when  at  anchor. 

round-up.  >. 

1.  Shipbuilding:  The  convexity  of  a  deck. 

2.  Herdwg:    A   herd   of    horses   or   cattle 
gathered  together  for  suma  special  purpose;  the 
gathering  of  euch  herds;  or  the  men  and  equip* 
age  engaged  therein.     [See  BOUND,  v.l.,  5.J 

round-winged  muslin,  >. 

Entom. :  A  British  moth,  Xudaria  senex,  out 
of  the  Lithosiidee. 

round-winged  white-wave,  >. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth.  Cabers 
txanthemaria. 

round-worm,  «. 

1.  Sing. :  The  genus  Ascaris  (q.v.),  spec. 
Ascaris  lumbricoides,  the  Large  Round-worm, 
being  from  six  to  fourteen  inches  long. 

2.  PI. :  A  popular  name  for  those  wormi 
of  the   class  Nematelminthes  (q.v.),  which 
have  bodies  of  some  thickness, 

round  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    [ROUND,  a.] 

A,   Tmnsitirt: 

'  1.  To  make  round,  circular,  spherical,  01 
cylindrical. 

•  2,  To  surround,  to  encircle,  to  encompass, 

*  3.  To  give  a  circular  or  spherical  form  to ; 
to  raise  in  relief. 

"The  figures  on  our  modern  medals  are  raised  and 
rounded.''— Addlton:  On  Uedato. 

4.  To  move  round  or  about  anything ;  to 
pass,  go,  or  travel  round. 

6.  To  collect  together.  (Usually  followed 
by  up.) 

"  [Cattle]  that  have  been  ranging  the  open  plains .  . . 
hsve  just  been  rounded  up.  ana  are  at  last  penned  a 
a  corral."— ScrUmer't  Jlagarine,  April,  Itwo,  p.  960, 


fate,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ca  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


round— rounding 


4053 


mother,  roundt  apace." 

Winter  •  Tale,  U.  L 


6.  To  mould  into  smoothness  ;  to  make  full, 
•month,  ami  flowing. 

"The«e  accomplishment*.  applied  In  the  pulpit. 
Appear  by  a  quaint,  terse,  florid  stile.  rounded  mto 
periods  and  cadencies."—  Staijt  :  Mitcellaniei. 

*  7.  To  make  full  or  complete  ;  to  complete. 
B.  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  grow  or  become  round. 

••  The  queen,  your 
S 

•2.  To  go  round,  as  a  guard.    (Milton.) 
3.  To  turn  round. 

"  The  men  who  met  him  rounded  on  their  heels." 
Tennyson, 

*  4.  To  become  complete  or  full  ;  to  develop 
Into  the  full  type. 

t  (1)  To  round  a  Kane  : 

Manege:  To  make  a  horse  carry  his  shoul- 
lers  or  haunches  compactly  or  roundly,  upon 
«  greater  or  smaller  circle,  without  traversing 
or  bearing-  to  a  side. 

(2)  To  round  in  : 

Naut.  :  To  pull  upon  a  slack  rope  which 
passes  through  one  or  more  blocks  in  a  direc- 
tion nearly  horizon!*!. 

(3)  To  round  of:  To  finish  gracefully,  as  a 
•peech,  with  a  well-rounded  period. 

(4)  To  round  to  : 

Haul.  :  To  turn  the  head  of  the  ship  toward 
the  wind. 

(5)  To  round  up  : 

Naut.  :  To  haul  up  ;  usually  to  haul  up  the 
slack  of  a  rope  through  its  leading  block,  or  to 
haul  up  a  tackle  which  hangs  loose  by  its  fall. 

round  (2),  Townd,  v.i.  &  (.  [The  same  «s 
ROUN,  the  d  being  excrescent,  as  in  sotu-ii, 
expound,  &c.] 

*  A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  whisper. 

•'  They're  here  with  me  already  ;  whlsp'rlng.round/nff; 
Siciila  la  a  so-forth."    Shakeip.  :  Winter  t  Tale,  i.  3. 

2.  To  tell  tales  ;  to  inform.    (Slang.) 
B.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  whisper  to  ;  to  address  in  a  whisper. 

"Talking  with  another  .  .  .  and  rounding  him  in 
the  eare."-/>.  Holland:  rlinie.  hk.  viL,  ch,  liii. 

2.  To  utter  in  a  whisper. 
H  1.  To  round  on  : 

(1)  To  inform  against. 

(2)  To  abuse,  to  rate. 

(3)  To  swear  to. 

2.  To  round  up  :  To  rebuke. 

found  a-bout,  a.  &  s.  [Eng.  round,  a.,  and 
about.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Indirect,  loose  ;  not  direct. 
"  That  support  may  be  given  In  a  hesitating,  round. 
abvttt  way.  —  Standard,  Nov.  6.  1885. 

*  2.  Ample,  extensive. 

"For  want  of  having  large,  sound,  roundabout 
•ense."—  Locke:  On  the  Understanding. 

*  3.  Encircling,  encompassing. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  A  large  horizontal  wheel  or  frame  fur- 
nished with  small  wooden  horses  or  carriages, 
on  or  in  which    children  ride  ;  a  merry-go- 
round. 

2.  An  arm-chair,  with  a  rounded  back. 

3.  A  kind  of  surtout. 

4.  A  close-fitting  body-jacket;  a  jacket  worn 
by  boys,  sailors,  &C, 

*  5.  A  circular  dance. 

*  6.  A  scene  of  incessant  change,  revolution, 
or  bustle. 

round  arm,  n.    [Eng.  round,  a.,  and  arm.] 

Cricket  :  A  term  applied  to  a  style  of  bowl- 
ing, first  introduced  about  1825,  in  which  the 
arm  is  swung  round,  more  or  less  horizontally  : 
as,  roundarm  bowling,  a  roundarin  bowler. 

f  oun   del,  '  roun   dell,  *  roun   die,    s. 

[O.  Fr.  rondel  (Fr.  rondelle,  rondeau),  from  rond 
=  round.  So  called  from  the  tirst  tune 
coining  round  again.] 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Anything  round  in  form 
n  figure  ;  a  circle. 

"The  Spanlardes,  vniting  themselves,  gathered  their 
whole  fleet*  close  together  into  a  roundeU."—Hacktunt  : 
t'oi/aget,  1.  596. 

IL  Technically: 

*  1,  Ancient  armour  : 

(1)   The  small  circular  shield   carried   by 


soldiers  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
centuries.  It  was  composed  of  osiers,  wood, 
sinews,  or  ropes,  covered  with  leather  or 
plates  of  metal,  or  stuck  full  of  nails  in  con- 
centric or  other  figures ;  sometimes  made 
wholly  of  metal, 
and  either  con- 
cave or  convex, 
and  with  or  with- 
out an  umbo  or 
boss.  It  was  held 
in  the  hand  to 
ward  off  a  blow, 
and  was  some- 
times only  a  foot 
in  diameter. 

(2)  The  guard  of 
a  lance. 

(3)  A  round  guard  ROUNDEL. 
for  the  armpit. 

2.  Fort. :  A  bastion  of  a  circular  form. 

3.  Her. :  A  sub-ordinary  in  the  form  of  * 
circle.     It  is  improper  to  say  a  roundel  or, 
gules,  &c. ,  describing  it  by  its  tincture ;  unless, 
first,  in  case  of  counter-changes,  which  follow 
the  tinctures  of  the  shield ;  secondly,  when  the 
roundel  is  of  fur,  or  of  equal  tinctures  as  a 
roundel  ermine,    a  roundel  cheeky   or   and 
azure.    Otherwise  roundels  have  distinguish- 
ing   names,    according    to    their    tinctures. 
When  blazoned  or,  they  are  called  bezants  ; 
when    argent,    plates ;   when  vert,    pomeis ; 
when  azure,  hurts;  when  sable,  agresses  or' 
pellets ;  when  gules,  torteaux  ;  when  tenne  or 
tawny,  oranges ;    when  sanguine  or  murry, 
guzes. 

4.  Poetry :  A  roundelay  (q.v.). 

"  Come,  now  a  roundel,  and  a  fairy  song." 

Shaketp.:  Xldrummer  Jfiglit'l  Dream,  it.  8. 

5.  Ordn. :  A  disc  of  iron  having  a  central 
aperture,  through  which  an  assembling-bolt 
passes.    It  serves  to  separate  the  stock  and 
cbeeks. 

r6"und'-6-lay,  i.     fO.  FT.  rondelet,  dimln. 
from  rtndel;  rond  =  round.]    [ROUNDEL.] 

1.  A  sort  of  ancient  poem,  consisting  of 
thirteen  verses,  of  which  eight  are  in  one  kind 
of  rime,  and  five  in  another.    It  is  divided 
into  couplets,  at  the  beginning  of  the  second 
or  third  of  which  the  l>eginning  of  the  poem 
is  repeated,  and  that,  if  possible,  in  an  equivo- 
cal or  punning  sense.    [RONDEAU.] 

2.  A  song  or  tune  in  which  the  first  strain 
is  repeated. 

3.  The  tune  to  which  a  roundelay  was  sting. 

4.  A  dance  in  which  all  joined  hands  in  a 
circle. 

round  -or  (1),  «.    [F,ng.  round,  a. ;  -tr.} 
1.  One  who  rounds. 
*  2.  A  round. 

"  Was  off  amid  a  rounder  of  '  Thanlc'e.    ma'am, 
thank' e."— Blactonore  :  Chrittotfell.  ch.  xxxitl. 

3.  (Pi.) :  A  game  played  by  two  parties  or 
sides  on  a  piece  of  ground  marked  off  into  a 
square  or  circle,  with  stations  for  a  batter  and 
bowler,  and  three  goals  or  stopping  places 
at  equal  distances  from  each  other  and  the 
batter's  station.    The  object  of  the  batter  is  to 
strike  the  ball  as  far  as  possible  away  with  a 
short  bat  held  in  one  hand,  so  as  to  be  able  to 
make  a  complete  circuit  of  the  ground,  passing 
through  each  goal,  or  as  far  as  any  one  of  the 
goals,  before  the  ball  is  returned  by  one  of  the 
fielders.     A  complete  circuit  of  the  ground 
made  at  once  counts  a  run.    The  batter  is  out 
if  the  ball,  after  being  hit  by  him,  is  caught 
by  one  of  the  fielders,  or  if  he  is  struck  by  the 
ball  thrown  by  a  fielder  while  running  between 
any  of  the  goals. 

4.  A  rock-boring  tool  having  a  cylindrical 
form  and  indented  face. 

5.  A  plane  used  by  wheelwrights  for  round- 
Ing  off  tenons. 

6.  One  who  goes  much  about ;  a  man  of  the 
world.    Alwi,  a  dissipated  pel-son  who  frequents 
many  low  remits.    ( Colloq.) 

'  round'-er  (21,  s.    [Eng.  round  (2),  T.  ;  -tr.} 
One  who  whispers. 

round' -hand,  *,  At  a.    [Eug.  round,  a.,  aad 
hand.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  style   of  penmanship   in  which  the 
letters  are  formed  r^und  and  full. 

2.  A  style  of  bowling  in  cricket  in  which 
the  arm  is  swung  round  more  or  less  horizon- 
tally ;    as    distinguished    from    underhand. 


B.  As  adj.  :  Applied  to  the  style  of  bowling 
described  in  A.  2. 

round  -head,  s.  &  a.     [Eng.  round,  a.,  and 
head.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

Eug.  Hist.  :  A  term  applied  by  the  Cavaliers, 
or  adherents  of  Charles  I.,  during  the  Civil 
War  of  1042,  to  the  Puritans  or  adherents  ot 
the  Parliamentary  party,  from  their  wearing 
their  hair  cut  short,  while  the  Cavaliers 
allowed  their  hair  to  fall  on  to  their  shoulders. 

"  The  Koundneadi  he  regarded  both  with  political 
and  with  personal  aversion."—  J/ucuu/ay  ;  11  tit.  Eng.. 
ch.  It 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the 
Parliamentary  party  in  the  Civil  Wur. 

"  Animated  by  the  Roundhead  spirit."—  Slaeaulay  : 
But.  Eng.,  ch.  V. 

round'  head  ed,  a.      [Eng.  round,  a.,  and] 
headed.] 

1.  Having  a  round  head  or  top:  as,  around- 
headed  arch. 

*  2.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  Round- 
heads or  Parliamentarians. 

"  The  roundkeaded  rebel*  ot  Westminster  Hall." 

Scott  .  Kokeby,  T.  Ml 

*  3.  Obstinate,  strong,  perverse. 

"  Marry  who  thou  woot,  to  make  a  shrew  to  shroud 
thee  from  the  storms  roundheaded  opinion,  that 
sways  all  the  world,  may  let  fall  ou  thee.  —  Rowlfji:  A 
Match  at  Midnight,  ill.  i. 

r6"und'-h6use,  s.    [Eng.  round,  a.,  and  House.) 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  watch-house,  a  station- 
house,  a  lock-up. 

"  I  was  three  times  In  tueroundaoutt."—Foot9  :  TJtt 
Minor,  I.  1. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  small  deck  above  the  level  of  the 
quarter-deck  or  spar-deck,  as  the  case  may  be, 
at  the  after  end  of  the  vessel  ;  a  poop.    Some- 
times termed  the  coach. 

(2)  An  erection  abaft  the  mainmast  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  officers  or  crew  of  a 
vessel. 

2.  Sail.  :  A  circular  house  with  stalls  foi 
locomotives  around  a  turn-table. 

round'-Ing,  pr.  •par.,  a.,  &  «.    (ROUND  (IX  ».) 
A.  As  pr.  far.  :  (See  the  verb). 

*  B.  At  adj.  :   Round,   roundish  ;   nearly 
round. 

"  A  flexile  sallow,  entreiich'd, 
Rounding,  capacious  of  the  Juicy  hord." 

Philip*  :  Cider,  U. 

C.  As  substantive  : 

i  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  making  round. 
IJ.  TechnitaUy: 

1.  Bookbind.  :  The  process  of  giving  a  con- 
vex shape  to  the  back  of  a  book,  hollowing  the 
fore  edge  at  the  same  time. 

2.  Naut.  :  A  service  (q.v.). 

rounding  adze,  i.  A  kind  of  adze  with 
a  curved  blade. 

rounding-gaugo,  s. 

Hat-making  :  A  tool  for  cutting  hat-brim*. 

rounding  --jack,  s.  A  stand  on  which  a 
hat  is  fixed  to  have  its  brim  trimmed  to  shape 
and  size. 

rounding-machine,  s, 

Cooper.  :  A  machine  for  giving  a  circular 
form  to  the  heads  of  casks. 

rounding  plane,  s. 

Carp.:  A  tool  which  is  a  connecting-link 
between  the  tools  of  the  carpenter  and  those 
of  the  turner.  It  has  a  plane-bit  which  is 
presented  tangentially  to  the  circumference 
of  the  circular-hole,  so  that  the  wood  enters 
in  a  rough  octagonal  form  and  leaves  it 
rounded,  being  rotated  as  it  passes  there- 
through. By  this,  or  similar  means,  the 
bandies  of  umbrellas,  hoes,  rakes,  pitchforks, 
and  brooms  are  made  ;  as  well  as  round  otfico- 
rulers,  chair  and  ladder-rounds,  and  many 
articles  of  similar  shape. 


rounding  tool,  s. 

1.  Forging  :  A  top  or  bottom  tool  with  a 
semi-cylindrical  groove  forming  a  swage  for 
rounding  a  rod,  the  stem  of  a  bolt,  &c. 

2.  Saddlery  :  A  tool  consisting  of  a  pair  of 
jaws    with    corresponding,    semi-cylindrical 
notches,  which  form,  when  closed,  a  series  of 
circular  openings  of  varying  sizes,  through 
which  leather  straps  are  passed  to  be  rounded. 


fc6H,  bo};  pout,  J<*1;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  ?enophon,  ejlsfc   ph  - 1 
-—     tian-shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -»ion  =  ahun.   -cious.  -ttous.   sloua  =  anus.   -We,  -dla,  tut.  =  nei,  aei. 


4054 


roundish— rout 


r6~und  -Ish,  u.    [Eng.  round,  a. ;  -i*h.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   Somewhat   round,   nearly 
louiwl,  approaching  to  roundness. 

•'  Tt  is  not  every  small  track  that  oan  rank*  such  a 
receiver,  u  Is  of  a  rottndiia  figure,  unlesa  to  our  ex. 
pertinent."—  Boyle. 

2.  Bo:. :  Orbicular,  a  little  Inclining  to  be 
oblong,  as  the  leaf  of  Mentha  ntundijolia, 

roundish  deltoid,  a. 

Bot :  Between  orbicular  and  deltoid. 

round -ish  ness,  >.     [Eng.  rmnilish;  -not.] 
1  he  quality  or  state  of  being  rouudidb.. 

roun  -die,  i.    [ROUNDEL.] 

*  round  let,  J.  [O.  Fr.  rounded.]  A  little 
circle ;  a  roundel. 

"  Made  them  to  seem  like  rounetbts  that  «rlM 
By  a  stone  ca*t  into  a  »taiKhn£  brook." 

fimyton :  Bunmt  If  an,  Ti. 

r<Jund  ly,  atlv.    [Eng.  round,  a. ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  round,  circular,  or  spherical  form. 

2.  Openly,  plainly,  straightforwardly;  in 
plain  words. 

"Tell  ui«  eo,  roundly  and  abarply."— C.  Bnmtl: 
Jan*  £I/T*,  ch.  xxvii. 

•3.  Without  much  ceremony. 

"  Hal/  w  liat  t»l>  may.  I'll  ratindlf  |D  abont  her." 
£ao*erp. :  rumtNtf  o/  CA«  Slrem,  iv.  1 

4.  Briskly,  quickly. 

5.  Completely,  to  the  purpose,  vigorously, 
in  earnest. 

"  By  the  maM,  t  was  called  any  thing ;  and  I  would 
have  dun*  any  thing.  Indeed,  and  ressneUjr  too."— 
SUuOutp. :  3  Heitry  IV.,  111.  2. 

round  noss,  *  ronnde-nease,  «.  [Eng. 
round,  a;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  round,  cir- 
cular, spherical,  globular,  or  cylindrical ; 
circularity,  sphericity,  rotundity. 

"  Mould  It  to  tin  monfauat  of  the  mound.- 

Mann:  Apttafc  fionMn,  li, 

S.  Smoothness,  fulness. 

"The  whole  period  and  oompftH  of  tliii speech  wae 
delightsome  for  the  roundnett,  aud  grave  for  the 
Btnuigenea*.  —  Spenser. 

3.  Plainness,    openness,   boldness,    frank- 
ness :  as,  the  roundness  of  an  assertion. 

round  ridge,  «.(.  [Eng.  round,  a.,  and 
ridge.] 

Agric.:  To  form  into  round  ridges  by 
ploughing. 

round -rob-in,  i.  [Fr.  rend  =  round,  and 
ruban  =  a  ribbon.] 

1.  Ord,  Lang. :  A  petition,  remonstrance,  or 
protest  signed  in  such  a  way  that  no  name 
hearts  the  list,  the  signatures  being  placed  in 
a  ring  or  circle.  It  was  first  adopted  by 
French  officers  in  signing  petitions  or  state- 
ment* of  grievances  to  their  superiors. 

"  The  meiu ben  of  the  Royal  Cootmisaton  aent  to  Sir 
George  Greyaaortof  nundrobin.'— Daily  Telegraph, 
Feb.  21.  1886. 

"L  Old  Coo.:  A  narrow  ruff  about  the 
doubletnttllar. 

3.  A  small  pancake.    (Proy.) 

* «.  A  blasphemous  name  given  to  the 
•cramental  wafer. 

"Certain  food  talker*  .  .  .  invent  and  apply  to  this 
moat  boly  eaerament  names  of  deaniteaud  reproach. 
u  to  all  It  Jack-ln-the-Box  ami  Sound-robin. "— 
Coftrdatti  Worlu,  L  428. 

*  round -Tire,  ».  [Fr.  rondettr,  from  rond  = 
round  (q.V.).j  Circumference,  circle,  enclo- 
sure, round. 

"  Tie  not  the  rowmfsire  of  roar  old-faced  walla 
Can  hide  you  from  owr  messengers  of  war." 

i  .•  Sim  Joint,  U.  L 


',  a.     [Eng.  round,  a.  ;  -y.]    Round. 
"  Her  rotrndi  sweetly  swelling  lips." 

roup  (l), ».    [Roup, ».] 

1.  A  cry,  a  shout. 

2.  A  sale  of  goods  by  auction  ;  an  auction. 

f  "  Sometimes  the  roup  became  so  noisy  that  men 

1         and  women  had  to  be  forcibly  ejected."-*.  Jamett 
••eeffe.  Sept  S,  It**. 

3.  Hoareeneaa. 

T  Articles  of  raup:  The  conditions  under 
which  property  is  put  up  for  sale  by  auction. 
(Scotch.) 

roup  (2),  ».  [Scotch  nmj>,  roop  =  hoarseness.] 
A  disease  of  poultry,  consisting  of  a  boil  or 
tnmour  on  the  rump. 

«.<.  ft  t     [A.8.  hrtpan ;  Icei  hropa,  =  to 


A.  Intrant. :  To  cry,  to  about 


B.   Transit!  iv  : 

1.  To  expose  to  sale  by  auction  ;  to  sell  by 
auction.    (Scott  :  Guy  Manntring,  ch.  xi.) 

2.  To  sell  the  goods  off  by  auction. 
roup  -et,  roup'-tt,  a.   [Roop(l),  t.]    Hoarse. 

"Her  voice  wae  routiii  and  hoarse.**  —  Smtt  :  Start 
of  Xid-lsMtan.  ch.  XL 

ron'-rou,  i.    [Meiican.] 

Cabinet-making  :  A  furniture  wood  torn 
some  unidentified  tree. 

rous  '-ant,  a.    [Fr.] 

Her.  :  Applied  to  a  bird  In  the  attitude  of 
rising,  as  if  preparing  to  take  tlight.  \\hi-ii 
applied  to  a  swan  it  is  understood  that  the 
wings  are  endorsed. 

rouse  (1),  •  rouze,  "  ruse,  *  rowse,  r.  (.  4  (. 

[few.  rusa  —  to  rush  ;  Dan.  iu*e;  A.S.  hreosan.] 

A*  Intransitive  : 

'  1.  To  rush  out  of  a  covert.  (Applied  to 
beasts  of  chase.) 

"  This  hart  mustd  and  aUle  away.' 
dvuaxr: 


*  2.  To  exert  one's  self  ;  to  start  forward. 

**  Aneaa  rva»iny  ae  the  foe  canie  on." 

Pope  :  Htmtr;  JUad  XX.  IK 

*  3.  To  be  excited  or  aroused  to  thought  or 
action. 

•4.  To  stand  erect;  to  stand  on  end. 

••  My  fell  o(  hart- 
Would  at  a  dismal  treatise  rouM." 

^hxUlp.  :  JKociert,  V.  tV 

•5.  To  rise  ;  to  get  up. 

"Night'*  black  ageuU  to  their  prey  do  rowaf." 
-         • 


6.  To  awake  from  sleep  or  repose  ;  to  wake 
up. 

"  UTlleI:J  buckled  °°  their  Bhiuing  arma  with  haate. 
Troy  rout  dm  eoon."    F9pe  :  Homer;  ntad  viiLTO. 

B.  Eejtex.  :  To  stir  one's  self  to  exertion  or 
action  ;  to  bestir  one's  self. 

"  Jtouu  Uiee,  man.* 

Shattip.  ;  llamm  t  Jutia,  UL  t. 

C.  Transitive: 

'L  To  startle  or  drive  from  a  covert  or  lair. 

"  If  they  wolde  vee  but  a  fewe  nombre  of  bounties, 
oaely  to  harborowe  or  roHM  tke  aaue."  —  iVwol  .- 
goeei  lion  ,  bk.  L,  ch.  xviii. 

•2.  To  raise,  to  erect. 

"Being  mounted  and  both  retutd  In  their  aeata." 
M,i*«p.  .  >  atari  lY.,  Iv.  L 

3.  To  excite  to  thought  or  action  from  a 
state  of  idleness,  languor,  or  inattention. 
"  Routing  each  caitiff  to  his  taak  of  care." 

OoaU  :  LmJt&Ou  Lola,  vl  L 

•4.  To  put  into  commotion  ;  to  agitate,  to 
shake. 

"  To  rouje  her  ordered  locka." 

Otid  Enfliaud  (1701),  p.  «. 

&  To  awake  from  sleep  or  repose. 

"  Shall  we  roiue  the  night-owl  in  a  catch?" 

Shallop.  :   7we(/(A  fftfitt,  iL  SL 

rtitkfe  (2),  r.i.     [Etym.  doubtful] 

Navt.  :  To  pull  together,  upon  a  cable,  Arc., 
without  the  assistance  of  mechanical  power. 

rouse-about  block,  >. 

Kaut.  ;  A  snatch-block  of  large  size. 

ro~u»e  (1),  5.    [HOUSE  (1),  r.]    A  signal  or  call 
to  awake  ;  the  reveille. 

"  At  five  on  Sunday  morning  the  mute  was  sounded. 
breakfast  at  aev«u,  and  church  parade  at  eight."—  Citu 
Prat,  Sept.  80,  1U6. 

•  rouse  (2),  •  rd%-fe,  s.  [Sw.  nw  =  a  drunken 
fit,  drunkenness,  rusa  =  to  fuddle  ;  Dan.  ruus 

—  intoxication  ;    Dut.    ran  =  drunkenness  ; 
Ger.  raitscti  ;  prob.  connected  with  I  eel.  hros>i 

—  to  praise  ;  aud  ao  with  roue  (3),  t.,  and 
TOOK  (q.v.).] 

L  A  drinking  bout  ;  a  carouse,  a  carousal. 

"And  we  will  have  a  rouse  In  each  of  them,  anon, 
lor  bold  Britons."—  imjonnn:  ailmt  Woman,  iii.  1 

2.  A  full  glass  of  liquor  ;  a  bumper  in 
honour  of  a  toast  (Shakap.  :  Othello,  it.  3.) 


r6u««  (3),  «.    [Roog«,..j 
rouse,  •  rouze,  adv.  [RODSE  (1),  r.]  Straight. 

"Von  should  have  comeoeit  in  cholerrmoeupon  the 
etage."-fiu*«  o/  Buc*ins*am  :  Tht  JUkorsoi,  p.  H. 

roll?  -er,  a.    [Eng.  roiue  (1),  T.  ;  •«•.  J 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  One  who  or  that  which  ronses. 

"  In  rushed  the  rousen  of  the  deer." 

4eo«     <Mimtiil«a. 

2.  Anything  very  great  or  startling,   (slang.) 

3.  Br«v.  :  A  stirrer  in  the  hop-copper  of  a 
brewery. 


rous  -ing,  pr.  par.  4  a.    [ROUSE  (1),  t>.) 

A.  -4«  pr.  par.  ct  a. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  Js  adjective: 

1.  Having  power  to  rouse,  awaken,  or  ez- 

Cite ;  exciting.     (Slang.) 

2.  Very  great;  startling,  exciting.    (Slang.) 

"In  possession  of  a  routine  bade."— Sttrnt  t 
Trittram  $liandy,  vi.  109. 

rd"us'-lng-r^,  ode.  [Eng.  rousing;  -ly.]  In 
a  rousing  manner ;  so  as  to  rouse;  excitingly, 
violently. 

rous  sette',  >.  [Pr.,  dimin.  from  rora= red.) 
Zool.  :  Pteropus  vnlgurit,  from  Mauritius 
and  Bourbon ;  probably  occurring  in  Mada- 
gascar and  Africa.  A  frugivorous  bat,  al«ut 
nine  inches  long,  with  a  wing  expanse  ol  three 
feet ;  general  colour  rusty  Fed,  whence  it* 
popular  name. 

roust,  i-.i.  or  i.    [RUST,  t>.) 

roust,  roost,  rost,  s.  [Icei.  rostra  cur- 
rent.] A  torrent  occasioned  by  a  tide ;  the 
turbulent  part  of  a  channel  or  firth  caused  by 
the  meeting  of  rapid  tides.  (Scotch.) 

roSsf -a-b«Sut,  u.  [Prob  for  roost,  and  abmt ; 
cf.  rooster.]  A  labourer  on  board  a  steamer  ; 
a  lazy,  idle  vagabond  ;  a  loafer. 

"  Ridicule  of  scoffing  and  incredulous  canal  boat 
captMins  and  ruuitiiboutt."~.licritmfr't  Jtaaamme. 
March.  1880,  p.  660. 

roTsSf-fc  a.    [RousT,  «.]    Rusty.    (Scotch.) 

ro~ut  (1),  •  route,  •  rowt, ».  [O.  Fr.  roufc= 
a  rout,  a  defeat  ...  a  troop  or  multitude  of 
men  or  beasts  ...  a  way,  a  street,  a  course  ; 
prop,  something  broken,  from  Lat.  rupta,  fern, 
of  ruptus,  pa.  par.  of  rumpo  =  to  break  ;  ItaL 
rotto ;  Sp.  rota  =  a  rout,  a  defeat ;  Dut.  ro<  ; 
M.  H.  Ger.  rofe,  rotte;  Ger.  rotte;  Dan.  rodt. 
The  word  is  thus  the  same  as  route  (q.v.).J 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  utter  defeat  of  an  army  or  body  of 
troops ;  the  disorder  and  confusion  of  troops 
thus  defeated  and  put  to  flight. 

"  To  these,  glad  conquest,  murderous  roue  to  those." 
Pol*  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  liii.  M. 

*  2.  An  uproar,  a  brawl,  a  tumult 

"  Give  me  to  know 
How  this  foul  rout  began." 

.-».  i  teip.  :  Olhttlo.  U.  t, 

*3L  A  company  of  persons;  aconcour.se,  and 
generally  a  rabble  or  multitude ;  a  tumultuous, 
disorderly,  or  clamorous  crowd. 

••  To  swear  be  would  the  rascal  rowi  overthrow." 

Thomson  :  Caette  ttf  htd'jerire.  it  IS. 

4.  A  fashionable  assembly  or  large  evening 
party. 

"  She  la  the  foundress  of  those  assemblies  called 
routs."— Dr.  Wltarton:  Jtanelagk  Bout*. 

6.  Noise,  tumult,  uproar. 
"  While  the  winds  without  kept  whistling  rout." 
Sladae :  L*,t  o/  UlgXtondt,  p.  ML 

IX  Law :  (See  extract). 

"  A  rout  is  where  three  or  more  meet  to  do  an  uo. 
lawful  act  upou  a  common  quarrel,  as  forcibly  break* 
Ing  down  fences  upon  a  riant  cUuuied  ol  common  or 
of  way  ;  and  make  some  advances  towards  it."— black. 
stone:  Comment.,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  ft. 

H*(l)  The  rout:  The  rabble,  the  common 
multitude. 

"  After  roe  the  rout  is  coming." 

Shaketp. :  Taming  o/ttie  tArete,  IIL  S. 

(2)  To  put  to  the  rout :  To  rout. 

rout-cake,  «.  A  rich,  sweet  cake  for 
evening  parties. 

rout-seat,  «.  A  light  form  or  seat  for 
evening  parties. 

rolit  (2),  ».  [IceL  nXo.]  The  Brent  OOOM, 
Anser  bemicla. 

rSd.t  (3),  *  rowt, «.    [Rorrr  (2),  ».J 

1.  The  act  of  bellowing. 

2.  A  roar ;  a  loud  noise. 

rout  (1),  r.f.  ft  i.    [ROUT  (1),  i.J 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  break  the  ranks  of,  and  throw  into 
disorder ;  to  defeat  utterly  and  put  to  flight 

"  Turn  back  the  routed  and  forbid  the  flight.' 

Pore  :  Homer;  mad  vi.  Uo. 

2.  To  drive  or  chase  away  ;  to  expel 

*B.  Intratu.:  To  assemble  in  a  noisy  or 
riotous  crowd. 

"  The  meaner 


— er  tort  routed  together,  and 

him."— Baeott :  Henry  Vll.,  p.  6*. 


.  .  .  alew 


rout  (2),  rowte,  r.t 
t»  bellow,  as  cattle. 


[Icei.  ran  (a.)    To  roar ; 
(Scotch.) 


Ote,  at,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pJH. 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  Baa;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  eiir.  rule.  rtU,-  try,  Syrian.    «e,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


rout— row 


4055 


r«Jut(3),  rowt-yn,  ».i.    [A.S.  hrutan;  Icel. 
hrjita,  rjdta.)    To  snore. 

"Kite  he  routeth,  for  his  hede  mislay." 

Chaucfr  :  C.  T.,  8,643. 

ro"nt  (4),  v.t.  &  i.    [A  variant  of  root  (2),  v. 
(q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  To  turn  up  with  the  snout, 
as  swint)  ;  to  root. 


II  Tech. :  To  deepen ;  to  scoop  out ;  to  cut 
or  dig  nut,  as  mouldings,  the  spaces  betveen 
and  around  block-letters,  bookbinders'  stamps 
&c.  IRotrrER.) 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  root  in  the  ground. 

"  From  trampling  cattle,  and  the  routing swine." 

H  1.  To  rout  out : 

(1)  To  search  thoroughly,  and  generally  to 
find. 

(2)  To  cause  to  turn  out ;  to  drive  out, 

••  He  wa»  routed  out  again,  but  got  to  ground  in  a 
rabbit  hole.-— field.  Jan.  33. 1888. 
2.  To  rout  up :  To  hunt  up. 
"  They  had  been  routing  up  a  oueer.looking  crea. 
tnre."— field,  Feb.  31, 1888. 

route,  *  rute,  s.    [Fr.  route.    The  same  word 
as  rout  (1),  s.  (q.v.).] 
*1.  A  crowd. 

"  Of  wominen  many  a  route 
Say  that  I  have  the  moste  atearlfast  wife. 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  9,424. 

2.  The  course,  way,  or  road  travelled,  or  to 
be  travailed  ;  a  march,  a  course. 

•J  A  route  is  chosen  only  by  those  who 
go  to  a  considerable  distance ;  the  road  may 
be  chosen  for  the  shortest  distance  :  the  route 
and  road  are  pursued  in  their  beaten  track  ; 
the  course  is  often  chosen  in  the  unbeaten 
track  ;  an  army  or  a  company  go  a  certain 
route;  foot  passengers  are  seen  to  take  a 
certain  course  over  nelds. 

•f  To  get  the  route : 

Mil. :  To  receive  orders  to  march  or  quit 
one  station  for  another. 


r,  s.    [Eng.  rout  (4),  v. ;  -«r.J 
Joinery :  A  sash-plane  made  like  a  spoke- 
shave,  to  work  on  circular  sashes. 

router-gauge,  J.  A  gauge  with  a  stem 
and  adjustable  fence,  and  provided  with  a 
tooth  like  a  narrow  chisel,  adapted  to  cut  a 
groove  in  wood  or  brass,  for  the  purpose  of 
inlaying. 

router-plane,  s.  A  plane  having  a  broad 
surface,  carrying  in  its  centre  one  of  the  cut- 
ters belonging  to  the  plough.  It  is  used  for 
levelling  the  bottoms  of  cavities.  The  stock 
must  be  more  than  twice  the  width  of  the 
recess,  and  the  projection  of  the  iron  deter- 
mines the  depth.  The  sides  of  the  cavity  are 
prepared  beforehand  by  the  chisel  and  mallet, 
the  saw,  or  the  cutting-gauge. 

router-saw,  s.  A  saw  having  a  cutting- 
point  on  each  side  of  the  blade,  adapted  to  cut 
Into  the  wood,  and  a  less  prominent  router- 
tooth  to  remove  the  chip  between  the  marks 
or  kerfs  made  by  the  cutters. 

r£uth,  rrfwth,  a.  &  ».  [Wei.  rhwth  =large, 
capacious.] 

A.  A>  adj. :  Plentiful,  abundant    (Scotch.) 

B.  As  subst. :  Plenty,  abundance. 

"  I  trow  there  waa  routh  o'  company."— tSeott :  Anti. 
iju'trij,  ch.  xL 

"routhe-les,  o.    [RCTHT.ESS.] 

routh'-ie,  a.    [Roura.]    Plentiful,  abundant. 

•  rdn'-tf-eY  (final  r  silent),  s.  [Fr.  route  =  a 
road.]  One  of  a  class  of  military  adv-nturers 
of  the  twelfth  century,  who  hired  themselves 
to  the  highest  bidder.  So  called  from  being 
always  on  the  route  or  road. 

•rou-tm'-a-rjr,  a.  [Bug.  routine);  -ary.] 
Pertaining 'to  or  involving  routine. 

rou  tine,  s.  [Fr.  =  a  small  path,  dimin.  of 
route  =  a  route  (q.v.). ] 

1.  A  round  of  business,  pleasure,  or  amuse- 
ments, daily  or  customarily  followed ;  a  course 
of  business  or  official  duties  regularly  pursued. 

2.  Any  regular  habit  or  practice  adhered  to 
from  mere  force  of  habit. 

"  He  Iww  certain  Bet  forme  and  routine!  of  speech."— 
Butler :  Kemaini,  ii.  272. 

rout'-Ing,  pr.  far.  or  a.    [RouT  (4),  ».] 


routing-tool,  s. 

Metall. :  A  revolving  tool  used  for  scooping 
out  metal.  Used  in  digging  out  the  spaces 
between  and  around  block-letters  and  book- 
binders' stamps,  also  in  deepening  the  "white  " 
spaces  in  stu-eotype  and  zincograpliic  plates, 
and  broad  spaces  in  the  lettering  of  uoorphites. 

*  rout  Ish,  o.    [Bng.  rmt  (1),  s. ;  •*>».]    Dis- 
orderly, riotous. 

"A  rmti*  assembly  of  sorry  citizens.*— SorOt : 
Kzamen,  p.  «. 

*  roTlt'-ous,  o.     [Eng.  rout  (1),  s. ;  -ou*]    In 
manner  of  a  rout. 

"  rolit'-ous-ljf,  adv.  [Bng.  routous ;  -ly.]  In 
a  routous  manner ;  with  tliat  violation  of  law 
called  a  Boat. 

roux  (zeilent),  ».  [Fr.  roux  beurre  =  reddish- 
brown  butter.]  A  material  composed  of 
melted  butter  and  flour,  used  to  thicken  soups 
and  gravies. 

rove  (1),  v.  i.  &  t.  [Allied  to  rnte  and  roo  ; 
cf  But.  rooven  =  to  rob;  Dun.  roue;  Sw. 
rofva  =  to  rob  ;  Icel.  ra/a,  rapa  =  to  wander.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  wander,  to  ramble,  to  roam ;  to  go, 
move,  or  pass' without  certain  direction  or 
object. 

"  Ottll  may  I  me.  untutor'd,  wild." 

Byron :  To  mward  Noel  Long.  Btq. 

2  To  have  rambling  thoughts;  to  wander 
mentally,  to  rave,  to  be  light-headed ;  henca 
to  be  in  high  spirits,  to  be  full  of  frolic. 
(Scotch.) 

"I  wish  she  binna  nfiig."— Scott :  Beau*  of  Mid- 
Lothian  oh.  XXV. 

*  3.  To  shoot  an  arrow  with  an  elevation,  not 
point-blank ;   to   shoot  an  arrow  at  rovers. 
[ROVER,  f  (2).] 

"  TVith  dally  shew  of  courteous,  kind  behaviour. 
Even  at  the  marke  white  of  his  hurt  she  rotted. 

Spenter :  /".  ft.,  V.  V.  85. 

*  4.  Hence,  to  aim,  to  direct  a  look,  &c. 

••  Bhe  ronxt  at  me  with  glaunclng  eye.' 

Speneer:  shephetvdi  Calender;  Aug. 

B.  Transitive: 

1,  To  roam,  wander,    or   ramble   over  or 

through. 

"  Roving  the  field.  I  chanced 
A  goodly  t»e  far  distant  to  behold."^  ^ 

•2.  To  shoot  at  rovern. 
3,  To  plough  into  ridges  by  turning  one 
furrow  upon  another.    (Amer.) 

rove  (2),  v.t.    [Allied  to  reere(q.v.).] 

1.  To  draw  through  an  eye  or  aperture  ;  to 
bring,  as  wool  or  cotton,  into  that  form  which 
it  receives  before  being  spun  iuto  thread;  to 
card  into  flakes,  as  wool,  Ate.  ;  to  slub. 

2.  To  draw  out  into  thread ;  to  ravel :  as, 
To  rove  a  stocking. 

rove-beetle,  s. 

1.  (Sing.):  Any  of  the  larger  Staphylinidse, 
as  Ocypus  olen*. 

2.  (PI.) :  The  Brachelytm  in  general. 

rove  (1),  i.    [ROVE  (2),  v.} 

L  Boat  •  building :  A  small  copper  ring  or 
washer,  upon  which  the  end  of  a  nail  is 
clinched  on  the  inside  of  a  boat. 

2.  Spinning:  A 'sliver  of  wool  or  cotton, 
slightly  compacted  by  twisting.  [Bovmo,  2.) 

•rove  (2i  s.     [ROTE  (1),  ».]     A  roving  or 
rambling  about. 

"  In  thy  nocturnal  ro*f.  one  moment  halt. " 

Toung :  IfigJtt  Thought*,  i*.  675. 

roV-er,   *rovare,   s.     [Dut.    rooixr,  from 
roouen  =  to  rob.  ]    [  ROVK  (!),».] 

*  1,  A  robber,  a  pirate,  a  freebooter. 

"  The  best  men  of  ye  cytl«  hy  toyn  ryotous  neraones 
were  mjoyled  and  rof.hid  ;  and  by  the  roueri  also  of  ye 
see."— fabyan :  Chronyde.  p.  859. 

2.  One  who  roves,  rambles,  or  roams  about ; 
a  wanderer. 
1  A  fickle  or  inconstant  person. 

*  4.  A  kind  of  strong,  heavy  arrow,  shot  at 
an  elevation,  generally  of  45°. 

"  Here  be  of  all  sorts,  nights,  rorert,   and  bntt- 
ahafta."— Ben  Jomon  :  Cunlhiu't  ftevelt,  v.  3. 
•5.  An  archer.    (Sen  Jomon.) 

*  6.  A  mark  on  a  target. 

7  In  croquet  a  ball  which  has  passed 
through  all  the  hoops,  and  hit  the  stick  oppo- 
site to  the  starting-post.  The  term  is  also 
applied  to  the  player  whose  ball  is  in  this 
position. 


*  1  (1)  To  run  at  rovers :  To  run  wild,  of 
without  restraint. 

*  (2)  To  shoot  at  rovers  : 

Archery :  To  shoot  at  a  target  or  mark  with 
an  elevation,  not  at  point-blank  ;  to  shoot  an 
arrow  at  a  distant  object,  not  at  the  butt  which 
was  nearer  ;  hence,  tig.,  to  shoot  at  random, 
or  without  any  particular  aim. 

"  You  pretend  to  shoote  at  the  butt*,  yon  ihoot  quite 
at  the  roitere,  and  cleane  from  the  mark*  "— Cranrner  : 
Annoer  to  Gardiner,  p.  68. 

*  rov'-er-jr,  8.    [Bng.  rove  (I) ;  -ery.]     Piracy, 
freebooting. 

"  Their  manifold  robberies  and  rovertei."— P.  Sot- 
land:  Ciimd.n,  11.306. 

roV-ing  (1),  pr.  par.  or  o.    [ROVE  (1),  ».] 

roving-Shot,  s.  A  stray  or  random  shot. 
rov'-lng  (2),  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ;.  [ROVE  (2),  v.) 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <6  partinp.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

Cotton-manufacture : 

1.  The  same  as  ROVE  (2),  s. 

2.  A  process  intervening  between  carding 
and  spinning,  in  which  a  number  of  slivers 
from  the  carding-machine,  contained  in  separ- 
ate cans,  are  associated  by  being  conducted 
between  pairs  of  rollers,  and  then  between 
other  successive   pairs,  by  which  the  com- 
bined sliver  is  reduced  and  elongated;   the 
sliver,  as  it  issues  from  the  last  pair  of  rollers, 
being  brought  to  the  condition  of  a  rove  by 
being  slightly  twisted  by  mechanical  means. 

roving-frame,  roving-machine,  «. 
A  machine  in  which  the  process  of  roving  11 
effected.  [Roviso,  C.  2.) 

roving-head,  s.  A  roving-frame  used  in 
the  worsted  manufacture. 

roving-machine,  s.    [ROVINO-FRAME.] 

roving-plate,  s.  A  piece  of  iron  or  steel 
plate  which  is  held  to  the  top  of  a  grindstone 
with  its  edge  inclined  at  a  small  angle,  for  the 
purpose  of  smoothing  Its  surface. 

roving-reel,  s.  A  contrivance  for  measur- 
ing the  length  of  a  roving,  sliver,  or  hank  of 
yarn. 

"rdV-Ing-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  roving  (1);  -ly.} 
In  a  roving,  wandering,  or  rambling  manner. 

"  God  has  actually  beeu  uleased  to  discover  by  s«i>er- 
natural  revelation  (what,  by  reason,  without  it,  he  can 
either  not  at  all.  or  but  rovingly  guess  at  —  Boyle  : 
Worke,  v.  632. 

•rdV-Ing-nesB,  ».  [F.ng.  roving  (1);  -MM.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  roving. 

row  (1),  *raw,  *r«we,  "rowe,  ».  [A.a 
raw,  rawe.] 

L  A  series  of  persons  or  things  set  in  or 
arranged  in  a  continued  line ;  a  line,  a  rank,  a 
file.  (Spenser:  Ru  ines  of  Rome,  xxi.) 

2.  Specif.:  A  number  of  houses  standing 
together  in  a  line. 

*  3.  A  line  of  writing.    (Chaucer.) 

^[  In  rows : 

Bat.:  In  lines  or  series,  which  are  not 
necessarily  opposite.  The  number  of  these 
rows  is  often  indicated  as  bifarious  =  in  two 
rows,  trifarious  =  in  three  rows,  &C, 

row-culture,  s. 

Agric.  :  That  method  of  culture  in  which 
the  crops,  as  wheat,  are  sown  in  drills. 

row  (2),  s.  [Row  (2),  v.]  An  excursion  or  trip 
taken  in  a  row-boat. 

row  (3),  s.    [ROLL,  «.] 

1.  A  roll,  a  list 

2.  A  roll  of  bread. 

r6w  (4),  s.  (Put  for  rouse  =  drunkennenii,  up- 
roar ;  for  the  loss  of  the  s  cf.  pea,  cherry, 
sherry,  4c.]  A  riotous  noise ;  a  noisy  dis- 
turbance ;  a  quarrel,  a  tumult,  a  commotion. 

t  row  (1),  v.t.  [Row  (1),  s.  To  set,  dispose,  or 
arrange  in  a  row  or  line  ;  to  set  or  stud  witn 
a  number  of  things  ranged  in  a  line. 

row  (2),  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  rowan  =  to  row,  to 
sail,  cogn.  with  Lut  roeijen ;  Icel.  roo;  Sw. 
ro;  Dan.  roe;  M.  H.  Ger.  ruejen.]  [RUDDER.) 

A.  Transitive: 

I.  To  Impel,  as  a  boat,  along  the  surface  of 
water  by  means  of  oars. 


Mil,  bo?;  poUt.  J<Jwl;  cat,  cell,  choru^  c-in.  bench;  go,  tern;  thin,  this;  In,  «;  expect.  *>"<>*«»>.  e 

-tton,  -«lon  =  shuni f-tlon,  -}ton=zhun,   -clous,  -ttoiu,  -.Ion.  =  shu*   -We.  -41e.  &c,  =  bel,  del. 


4056 

S.  To  transport  by  rowing  In  a  boat. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

It  To  labour  with  an  oar  or  oars. 

"The  sailors  thip  their  oars,  and  resse  to  row." 
Drydfn  .-  Owid;  MetamorpkoMt  X. 

S.  To  be  moved  by  means  of  oars. 
"A  galley  .  .  .  rowed  up  to  the  flag-ship.  "—  Jflc««.  • 
Ditfovery  07  India. 

IT  (1)  Bow  dry  :  An  order  given  to  the  oars- 
nu'ti  to  row  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  splash 
the  water. 

(2)  Roved  of  all  :  An  order  to  cease  pulling 
and  lay  in  the  oars. 

row-boat,  ».    A  boat  propelled  by  rowing. 

"  Then  each  took  bow  and  bolU  in  hanil. 
Their  roie-ooat  launch'd  and  leapt  to  land." 

Scott  :  Lord  of  Utt  lite*,  ill.  IX 

row-look,  s.    [ROWLOCK.] 

row-port,  •. 

Kaut.  (PI)  :  Small  ports  near  the  water's  edge 
for  the  sweeps  or  large  oars,  whereby  a  vessel 
is  rowed  during  a  calm. 

row  (3),  v.i.    [ROLL.]    To  roll,  to  revolve. 

"  I  trust  bowla  will  row  right  though  they  are  awee 
ajee  e'enow."—  Scott:  Rob  Kay,  ch.  xxvi. 

row  (4),  v.t.    [Row  (4),  i.\    To  involve  In  a 
row  ;  to  abuse,  to  scold. 

*  row,  o.    [  ROUGH.) 

*  row'-a-blo,  a.      [Eng.  row  (2),  v.  ;  -aW«.] 
Capable  of  being  rowed  over  or  upon. 

"That  long  barren  fen 
Once  rowrtW*."     Ban  Jotuon:  Horttot;  Art  o/  PottrU. 


-an,  ro'-an,  «.    [8w.  ronn;  Dan.  ran; 
ei  I-it.  Ornui.] 
Ord.  long.  A  Hot.  :  The  Rowan-tree  (q.v.). 

"  How  clang  the  rowan  to  the  rock." 

Scot!:  Jlarmion.  li.    (Introd.) 

rowan-tree,  s.  The  Mountain  Ash  (q.v.). 

ro'-wa-nab,s.  [Hind,  ramannah.]  A  permit 
or  passport.  (East  India.) 

roV-dS-dow,  «.    [ROWDYDOW.) 

roV-dy,  i.  &  a.    [From  Row,  (4),  «.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  noisy,  rough  fellow  ;  a  rough. 

"  A    drunken,    gambling,    cut-throat    rowdy."  —  0. 
Kinytlef  :  TV.)  Peart  Ago,  ch.  X. 

B.  At  adjective: 

L  Rough,  riotous,  blackguardly,  rufBanly. 

"  Leaning  with  rowdy  grace  ou  the  bar."—  Sc)-i6n*r'i 
Jf«17'U<ne,  March.  1878,  p.  «84. 

2.  Coarsely  showy  ;  flashy,  gaudy. 

ro"w  -dj?-d<Jw,  J.  [From  the  noise  of  the  beat 
of  a  drum.]  A  continuous  noise.  (Vulgar.) 

roV-dy-dow-dy,  a.  [ROWDYDOW.)  Noisy, 
turbulent. 

ToW'-djMsh,  a.  [Eng.  rowdy  ;  -i»A.)  Charac- 
terized by  rowdyism  ;  rough. 

ro"w-dy  I»m,  «.  [Eng.  rowdy;  -im.)  The 
conduct  or  behaviour  of  a  rowdy  or  rough  ; 
ruffianism. 

"  That  contingent  of  rovd.tttm  which  twelU  every 
Urge  crowd."—  flril/y  TeteffraJA.  Feb.  »,  18M. 

•roV-tjl,  *roV-ell,  ».     [Fr.   rouelle,  from 
Low  Lat.  rofeJio,  dimin.  from  rota  =  a  wheel.] 
L  Ord,  Lang,  :  A  little  ring,  circle,  or  wheel  ; 
specif.  : 

(1)  The  little  wheel  of  a  spur,  formed  with 
•harp  points. 

"  Lord  Harmlon  turned,  well  wae  his  need  1 
And  dashed  the  rovelt  lu  hla  steed." 

Scott  :  liarmlon,  TIL  14. 

(2)  The  flat  ring  in  a  horse's  bit. 

"  The  Iron  rowetti  Into  frothy  fome  he  but." 

Speii**-:*  «..  I.  ra«. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Farr.  :  A  roll  of  hair,  silk,  or  leather, 
corresponding  to  a  seton  in  surgery. 

2.  Agric.  :  The  spiked  wheel  of  the  Nor- 
wegian harrow  and  other  soil  pulverizers. 

rowel-head,  s.    The  axis  on  which  the 
rowel  turns.    (Shukesp.  :  2  Henry  IV.,  1.  1.) 

row  eL,  v.i.    [ROWEL,  «.] 
Farr.  :  To  insert  a  rowel  in. 

"Rowel  the  hone  in  the  chest."—  Mortimer:   Bin. 
tendry. 

row'-el-lng,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [ROWEL,  ».] 
roweling  needle,  s. 
Farr.  :  An  instrument  used  in  farriery  to 
Insert  a  rowel  through  the  skin  of  a  horse. 


row—  royal 

rowellng  scissors,  a. 

Farr.  :  An  instrument  used  in  inserting 
ruwels  iii  the  flesh  of  horses. 

niw   en,  ran  -en,  row-Ings,   rough  - 
LngS,  a.    [Prob.  from  Mid.  Eng.  row  =  rough,] 

1.  A  stubble-field  left  unploughed  till  after 
Michaelmas  or  thereabout,  and  furnishing  a 
certain  amount  of  herbage. 

"Turn  your  cows,  that  give  milk,  into  your  rowmt 
till  allow  cornea."—  Mortimer  :  Hutkandry. 

2.  Aftermath  ;  the  second  crop  of  hay  cut 
off  the  same  ground  in  one  year. 

"  The  rowen  graaae  afterwards  comiueth  up  so  thicke 
and  high  for  pasture  and  fonage."  —  /'.  Holland  : 
Plinie,  bk.  xviil,  ch.  xsviii. 

roW-er,  ».    [Eng.  row  (2),  v.  ;  -er.]    One  who 
rows  ;  one  who  manages  a  boat  with  oars. 

"Of  the  unhappy  rtjteert  some  were  criminals  who 
had  been  justly  coudemned  to  a  life  of  hardship  and 
danger.'-  Jfocaufay  .  Uia.  Kay.,  ch.  xvl. 

row-et,  row-ett,  s.    [ROWEN.] 

r<Jwl,  rowle,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Nautical  : 

1.  The  sheave  of  a  whip-tackle. 

2.  A   light    crane,   formerly    used   to   dis- 
charging cargo.  % 

Rrfw'-le^.s.    [Seedef.] 

Geog.  :  A  parish  in  Staffordshire,  three  miles 
8.E.  of  Dudley,  containing  the  Rowley  Hills. 

Rowley  rag,  s. 

Herd.  :  Prismatic  and  columnar  basalt  in  the 
Rowley  Hills.  [RAOSTONE.] 

*  roV-llt.  s.    [Fr.  roulette.]    A  small  wheel. 

row-look  (pron.  rul  -lock),  ».     [Eng.  row 
(2),  v.,  and  loci.] 

.Viiuf.  :  A  crotch  or  notch  on  the  gunwale 
of  a  boat,  against  which  the  oar  works  in 
rowing.  Various  devices  are  used  :  (1)  Two 
short  pegs  or  posts  rising  from  the  gunwale  ; 

(2)  an  iron  stirrup  pivoted  in  the  gunwale  ; 

(3)  an  iron  pin  in  the  gunwale,  and  the  oar 
fastened  to  it  by  a  thong  ;  (4)  a  pin  in  the 
gunwale  passing  through  a  hole  in  the  oar  ; 
(5)  a  notch  in  the  gunwale. 


-ljf,  ».      [ROLLYPOLLY.J 

•  rdwn,  •  rowne,  v.t.  or  i.    [Roo».] 

*  ro^n'-er,  *.    [Eng.  roum  ;  -er.}    One  who 
whispers  ;  a  whisperer.    (Fox  :  Ada,  p.  605.) 

rowte,  ».{.    [ROOT  (2),  ».J 
rdwth,  s.  &  o.    [Roi  TH.) 

ROJC  -burgh,  s.  [A  southern  county  of  Scot- 
land, adjoining  Northumberland,  and  the 
title  of  a  dukedom.  John  Ker,  the  third 
duke  (1740-1804),  was  a  noted  bibliophile, 
and  the  binding  known  as  Roxburgh-style 
was  so  named  because  first  employed  in  his 
library.)  (See  etym.  and  compound.) 

Roxburgh  style,  t. 

Bookbinding  :  A  style  of  binding  consisting 
of  a  plain  leather  (generally  morocco)  back, 
with  the  lettering  in  gold  high  up,  plain  cloth 
or  marbled  paper  sides,  the  top  of  the  book 
gilt-edged,  but  the  fore-edge  and  tail  left 
white,  and  trimmed,  not  cut. 

rox-burgh  I  a,  >.  (Named  after  Wm.  Rox- 
burgh, .M.I).,  Superintendent  of  the  Calcutta 
Botanic  Garden,  1793  to  1814.] 

Hot.  :  The  sole  genus  of  Roxburghiacese 
(q.v.),  with  four  species  from  India.  The 
stems  are  a  hundred  fathoms  long.  The  roots, 
prepared  with  limewater,  are  candied  by  the 
Hindoos,  but  their  flavour  is  insipid. 

rdx  bnrgh  I-a  -90  w,  t.  pi.  [Hod.  Lat. 
racouroAt(o)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun".  *uxct,) 

Bot.  :  Roxburghworta  ;  an  order  of  Dictyo- 
gens.  Twining  shrubs  with  tuberous  roots  (?), 
reticulated  and  coriaceous  leaves,  with  pri- 
mary ribs  connected  by  secondary  veins. 
Perianth  large,  petaloid,  in  four  divisions. 
Stamens  four  ;  ovary  superior,  one-celled,  with 
two  many-seeded  placentae  from  the  base  of 
the  pericarp,  which  is  one-celled,  two-valved. 
One  genus,  with  four  species,  from  India. 

rox  -burgh-wort,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  rozouraA<ia), 
and  Eng.  wort.) 

Dot.  (PI.):  The  Roxburghiaceae.    (Lindley.) 

r«Jy,  O.      [ROYAL.] 


*  rtfy,  «.    [Fr.  rot]    A  king. 

ro^-al,  *rol-at.  Toy-all,  Te-al. 
*  rl-al,  *  ri  alL  a.  4  ».  [O.  Fr.  real,  roial, 
(Fr.  royal),  from  Lat.  regalis  =  regal  (q.y.).] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  king;  pertaining, 
or  attached  to  the  crown  ;  regnl. 

"  The  roynl  blood  of  France." 
Shakerp. :  Altt  Well  Ikat  Eadi  WM.  IL  1. 

2.  Established,  founded,  or  maintained  by 
the  king  or  the  crown.    [Rcoius.] 

3.  Becoming  or  befitting  a  king;  kingly, 
princely.    (SAutep.  :  Henry  VIII.,  iv.  1.) 

4.  Noble,  generous,  illustrious. 

"How  doth  that  royoj  merchant,  good  Antonio?"  , 
Stuikeip  :  Merchant  of  VfnicA,  iu.  t, 

*  5.  Noble,  magnificent. 

"  Our  royal,  good,  and  gallant  ship." 

Sbnki-iit. :  Tempeit,  T. 

6.  Applied  to  a  stag  having  antlers  with 
twelve  tines. 

"A  royal  stag,  or  animal  with  twelve  tinea,  is  not 
now  uncommon.  '— FteUl.  Jan.  9,  199&. 

B.  .-I*  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language. 

*  1.  A  rial  (q.v.). 

2.  One  of  the  shoots  of  *  stag's  head ;  a 
royal  antler  (q.v.Ji 

3.  A  royal  stag. 

"  I*i  the  time  intervening  from  the  sixth  year  of  his 
existent*,  the  stag  destined  to  be  a  royal  Las  a  con- 
spicuously good  head."— field,  Jan.  9,  1&89. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Naut. :  A  mast  and  sail  next  above  the 
top-gallant. 

"  We  were  under  royali  at  four  o'clock  in  the  af  Ur- 
noon."— Daily  Telegraph,  Aug.  15,  1885. 

2.  Urdu. :  A  small  mortar. 

3.  Paper:  A  size  of  drawing  and  writing 
paper,  measuring  231  *  12  inches,  and  weigh- 
ing according  to  quality.    Often  used  aujec- 
tively  :  as,  royal  octavo,  royal  quarto. 

IF  The  Royals: 

Mil. :  The  name  given  to  the  first  regiment 
of  foot  in  the  British  Army,  now  called  the 
Royal  Scots,  and  supposed  to  be  the  oldest 
regular  troops  in  Europe. 

Royal  Academy, «.  An  English  society 
to  promote  the  arts  of  painting,  sculpture, 
and  engraving.  In  1765,  a  charter  WM 
granted  to  "The  Incorporated  Society  of 
Artists."  Dissensions  almost  immediately 
arose,  its  more  eminent  members  withdrew, 
and  on  Dec.  10,  naS,  obtained  from  the  king 
a  charter  for  the  "  Royal  Academy  of  Arts,  in 
London,"  now  known  as  the  Royal  Academy. 
The  first  exhibition  of  their  paintings  took 
place  at  Somerset  House,  in  1780.  In  1834 
the  Society  was  removed  to  the  National 
Gallery,  then  just  erected  in  Trafalgar  Square. 
[ACADEMICIAN,  ACADEMY.] 

Royal  Academy  of  Music:  A  society  founded 
in  1823,  which  gave  its  first  concert  in  1828, 
and  was  incorporated  in  1830. 

royal-antler,  s.  The  third  branch  of  the 
horn  of  a  deer. 

royal-arch,  ».    A  degree  in  freemasonry. 
royal-arms,  arms-royal,  >.  pi. 

Her. :  The  personal  arms  borne  by  the  suc- 
cessive sovereigns  of  a  country,  as  distin- 
guished from  those  which  they  bear  in  their 
public  capacity,  namely,  the  arms  of  the) 
country  over  which  they  rale. 

royal-assent,  s.    [ASSENT,  >,  B.] 

Royal  Astronomical  Society,  «.    A 

society  for  astronomical  research,  which  was 
founded  in  London  in  1820,  and  received  iti 
charter  in  1831. 

royal-bay, «. 

But. :  Laurus  nobilis  or  indica. 

royal-bine, ».  A  deep-coloured  and  beau- 
tiful smalt,  and  also  a  vitreous  pigment,  prin- 
cipally used  in  painting  on  glass  and  enamel- 
ling, in  which  uses  it  is  very  permanent ;  but 
in  water  and  oil  its  beauty  soon  decays,  as  is 
no  uncommon  case  with  other  vitrified  pig- 
ments. It  is  not  in  other  respects  an  eligible 
pigment,  being,  notwithstanding  its  beautiful 
appearance,  very  inferior  to  other  cobalt  blues 

royal  bounty,  ».  A  fund  from  which" 
money  is  granted  to  female  relatives  of  officer! 
killed  or  mortally  wounded  on  duty. 

royal  burgh,  o.    [BCKOH.] 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who.  sin;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  09  =  e;  ejr  -  a;  qu  --  kw. 


royalet— rub 


4057 


roval- charter,  «.  A  charter  granted  by 
the  sovereign,  and  conveying  certain  rights 
wd  privileles  to  the  subjects,  as  a  charter 
granted  to  boroughs  and  municipal  bodies,  to 
Sversities  and  colleges,  or  to  colonies  and 
foreign  possessions. 

Roval  Family,  s.  The  family  of  the 
sovereign  specif,  the  Sovereign,  the  Prince  of 
Wales  and  the  Princess  Royal.  With  regard 
to  the  other  princes  and  princesses,  the  term 
Royal  Family  has  two  meanings.  In  the  wider 
one  it  comprehends  all  those  who  are  by  any 
possibility  inheritable  to  the  crown.  In  the 
Narrower  one  it  is  limited  to  those  who  are 
within  a  certain  degree  of  propinquity  to  t 
reigning  prince,  and  to  whom  therefore  the 
law  iiays  extraordinary  respect.  (Blaclatone : 
Comment.,  bk.  i.,  ch.  4.)  (E«glM.) 

royal-fern,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Osmuuda. 

royal  fish,  s.    [FISH-ROYAL.) 

royal-glass, ».    Painted  glass. 

royal-grant,  s.   A  grant  of  letters  patent 
from  the  crown. 

Royal  Humane   Society,   s.      [HU- 
MANE.J 

Royal  Institution,  ».  An  institution 
found*!  in  London  by  Count  R'<>»ford.  Sir 
Joseph  Banks,  and  others,  March  9,  1799,  and 
Incorporated  Jan.  13,  1800.  It  is  designed  to 
diffuse  knowledge,  to  facilitate  the  general 
Introduction  of  mechanical  inventions,  and 
teach  by  lectures  and  experiments  the  appli- 
cation of  science  to  the  common  purposes  of 
life  It  has,  as  a  rule,  had  for  its  lecturers 
some  of  the  first  scientific  men  of  the  age. 
royal-mantle,  *. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  AiUiclea, 
tinuata, 

royal-mast,  s. 

Naut. :  The  fourth  mast  from  the  deck ;  a 
royal. 

*  royal-merchant,  s.    A  term  formerly 
applied  to  merchants  who  founded  principali- 
ties which  their  descendants  enjoyed,  as  the 
Grimaldi  of  Venice,  the  Medici  of  Florence, 
&c  •  also  applied  to  one  who  managed  the 
mercantile  affairs  of  a  state  or  kingdom. 

royal-mines,  s.  pi.  Mines  of  gold  and 
silver. 

royal-oak,  a. 

I  Ord  Lang. :  An  oak  in  Boscobel  Wood  in 
which  Charles  II.  Is  said  to  have  taken  shelter 
after  the  battle  of  Worcester,  hence  a  frequent 
public-house  sign. 

*  2.  Astron. :  Robur  Carolinum.    (HaUey.) 
Royal    Observatory,  >.      [OBSERVA- 
TORY, t.) 

*  royal-rich,  a.    Rich  as  a  king  ;  rich  or 
gorgeous  enough  for  a  king. 

Royal  Society,  s.    A  society  for  prose- 
cuting research  in  general  and  physico-raathe- 
matical   science    in   particular,    founded    in 
London  in  1660.    In  1645,  a  few  friends,  in- 
cluding Drs.  Wilkins  and  Wallis,  established 
a  scientific  club  in  the   metropolis,    which 
maintained   a   chequered    and    intermittent 
existence  sometimes  in  London  at  others  in 
Oxford,  till  at  length  being  revived  at  the 
Restoration  it  became  the  parent  of  the  Royal 
Society.    At   a   meeting    of  the  club,  held 
Nov.  28,  1660,  the  formation  of  a  new  society 
was  resolved  on ,  and  its  scope  and  constitution 
defined.     Its  first  public  action  took  place  on 
Dec.  5,  1660,  and  the  members,  in  1662,  ob- 
tained a  charter,  and  were  incorporated  as  the 
Royal  Society.    Charles  II.  nattered  himself 
that  he  was  its  founder,  and  among  the  names 
of  its  fellows  was  that  of  the  Duke  of  York, 
afterwards  James  II.    Sir  Isaac  Newton  was 
elected  a  fellow  in  Jan.,  1672,  admitted  in  Feb., 
1872  and  in  1703  became  president.    The  first 
number  of  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  re- 
cording the  work  of  the  society,  appeared  on 
March  6,  1665.    After  1800  the  annual  volume 
took  the  place  of  occasional  numbers.     In 
1709,  a  bequest  from  Sir  Godfrey  Copley  led 
to  the  establishment  of  the  Copley  gold  medal, 
and  a  donation  from  Count  Rumford,  in  1796, 
resulted  in  the  foundation  of  the  Rumford 
gold  and  silver  medals.    Two  more  medals 
were  established  by  George  IV.  in  1825.     The 
Linnsean  Society  branched  off  from  it  in  liS8, 
the  Geological  Society  in  1807,  and  the  Royal 


Astronomical  Society  in  1820.  For  a  consider- 
able time  the  number  of  the  members  stood 
at  600 ;  latterly,  however,  only  fifteen  mem- 
bers have  been  annually  elected,  so  that  the 
number  of  fellows  will  in  a  few  years  be  re- 
duced  below  000.  With  the  exception  of  a 
small  Roman  Academy,  the  Royal  gootetar  of 
London  was  the  first  of  the  kind  established, 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Science  at  Paris  not 
having  arisen  till  lt)6<i. 

U  (1)  The  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  :  A 
Scotch  society  of  a  similar  type,  which  was 
incorporated  in  1783,  having  been  developed 
from  the  Philosophical  Society  of  Edinburgh, 
commenced  in  1739. 

(2)  Royal  Society  of  Literature:  A  society 
founded  under  the  patronage  of  George  IV.  in 
1823,  and  chartered  in  IS26.  It  awards  gold 
medals. 

royal  standard,  s.    [STANDARD.] 

royal-tiger,  s.    [TIBER.] 

royal-yard,  s. 

Naut. :  The  fourth  yard  from  the  deck,  on 
which  the  royal  is  set. 

•roV-al-St,  *  roY-6-let,  ».  [A  dimin. 
from  royal  (q.v.).J  A  petty  king  or  sovereign ; 
a  kinglet. 

••  There  were  ...  two  other  royaletf,  as  ouly  kings 
by  his  leave."-J*u««r :  Church  But..  II.  Iv.  10. 

*  rolf-al-Ism,  s.  [Fr.  royalisme.}  The  prin- 
ciples'or  cause  of  royalty;  attachment  to  a 
royal  government. 

roy'-  al-  1st,  s.  &  o.    [Fr.  royalitte.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  An  adherent  or  supporter  of 
monarchical  government ;  specif,  applied  to : 

(1)  An  adherent  of  Charles  I.  and  Charles 
II.  in  the  Civil  War,  as  opposed  to  a  Round- 
head (q.v.). 

"  Hi.  majesty  and  all  royaliiU  must  necessarily 
yeeld  that  fhe  port.,  forte,  n'vy,  ammunition,  arines. 
Ed  revenues  thus  seised  on  by  the  parliament,  though 
his  majestic',  in  point  ol  possession,  yet  are  not  his, 
but  the  kinzdomei  in  point  ol  right  and  interest,  — 
Sj™£ .  SoWeto"  Po£r  of  Par&ament.  pt.  IL.  p.  13. 

(2)  An  adherent  of  the  Bourbon  family  after 
the  French  Revolution. 

B.  As  adj. :  Supporting  monarchical  govern- 
ment ;  belonging  to  the  Royalists. 
ro^'-al  ize,  v.t.  &  *.    [Eng.  royal ;  -ize.} 

A.  Trams. :  To  make  royal. 

"  5"  y°».!"™.  ??^°;,'?'.°T,f0^f.,b^^  kta*' 

i ;;;.,  i.  s. 


B.  tntrans. :  To  bear  royal  sway. 

"  II  long  he  look  to  rule  an 


r6V-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  royal, ; -ly.}    In  a  royal 
manner  'like  a  king  ;  as  becomes  a  king. 

"  It  shall  be  so  my  care 
To  have  your     


*  roy-alme,  s.   [O.  Fr.,  Fr.  royaume.]  A  king- 
dom, a  realm  (q.v.). 

••  The  esublishement  and  contlnnaclon  ol  peace  and 
tranqutlttte  In  this  royalmt  lor  euer.  —Uaal.  tf«ta 
Tettament,  n.  6.  (I'ref.l 

roV-al-ty,   *  roy-al-te,   *  roy-al-tte,  s. 

TO.  Fr.  realte,  reialte,  royaulte  (Fr.  royaute), 
from  Lat.  regalitatem,  accus.  of  regalitas,  from 
regalia  =  regal  (q.v.).] 

1   The  state,  character,  or  dignity  of  a  king ; 
the  condition  of  a  person  of  royal  rank. 
» I.  this  the  royalty   "  "" "— •' 


2.  The  state  of  being  of  royal  birth ;  royal 
extraction. 


8.  A  tax  paid  to  a  person  who  holds  a  grant 
of  a  patent  from  the  crown  for  the  use  of  such 
patent ;  it  is  generally  at  a  certain  rate  for 
each  article  manufactured  ;  a  percentage  pai'1 
to  the  owner  of  an  article  for  its  use  ;  hence, 
a  percentage  of  profits  paid  to  ail  author  for 
the  privilege  of  reprinting  his  works. 

••  Uou.es  which  not  only  paid  no  royalty  to  author; 

but  Ireely  availed  themselves  ol  the  experience  and. 

outlayoTAmerioan  publisher,  who  had  paid  royalty. 

—ScAlmer'l  Magazine,  May.  1880,  p.  U8. 

*  9.  An  emblem  of  royalty. 

"  Did  give  him  that  same  royalty  he  wears." 

ShalLtif.  :  1  Benry  If..  IT.  «. 

10.  A  royal  manor  ;  a  manor. 

••  Some  extraordinary  take,  ol  salmon  hare  been 
secured  in  the  Avon  royalty  here  this  week.  -Dolly 
Telegraph.  Feb.  6,  1885. 

11.  A  kingdom,  a  domain,  a  province,  a 
sphere. 

*  12   The  area  occupied  by  a  royal  burgh ; 
(pi.)  the  bounds  of  a  royal  burgh.    (Scotch.) 

T&  e'-na,  3.  [Named  after  Adrian  Van  Royen , 
once  Processor  of  Botany  at  Leyden.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Ebeuacea;.   Royem  lucida 
is  a  white-flowered  greenhouse  plant. 
r6V-le-a.  s.   [Named  after  John  Forbes  Koyle, 
Esq.,  Superintendent  of  the  Botanic  Gardens 
at  Saharunpore.] 

Bot  •  A  genus  of  Ballotidie.     The  leaves 
of  Roylea  elegans  are  used  in  India  as  a  bitter 
tonic  febrifuge. 
.  royne  (1),  v.t.  It  i.    [Fr.  rogner.]   To  bite,  M 

gnaw. 

*  ro"yne  (2),  v.i.    [Fr.  yrogner.}    To  growl,  to 
mutter. 

••  Yet  did  he  murmure  with  rebellious  sound.  _ 

And  soltly  ro,n«  when  »va^chol.r,^redour,d. 

-ish,  a.  [Fr.  rogneux  =  mangy,  from 
roqne  =  mange,  scab,  from  Lat  rubiginem, 
accus.  of  rubigo  =  rust.]  Mangy,  scurvy, 
paltry,  mean. 

••  The  royntoh  clown,  at  whom  so  olt 
Your  grace  wa.  wont  to  laugh. 

Shaketp.  :  At  You  Like  It,  U.  & 

r6ys'-tSr,  s.    [ROISTER.] 

1.  A  roisterer. 

2.  A  drunken  spree  or  frolic. 
To"ys -ter-5r, ».    [ROISTERER.] 
•rfiys'-ter-otts,  a.     [Eng.  royaler;  -mu.] 

Unruly,  revelling. 

"The  royiterout  yonng  dogs."-Cart»l«.-  fait  t 
Pretent,  bk.  11..  ch.  XV. 

»d-ton,s.    (Seedef.) 
Geog. :  A  market  town  partly  in  Hertford- 
shire and  partly  in  Cambridgeshire. 
Royston-orow, ». 

Ornith. :  Corms  cornix,  long  considered  a 
separate  species.  [Caow,  ».,  III.  2.  (B).] 

••  Evidence  accumulated  during  many  year.,  through 
the  observation  ol  ornithologists  ol  many  countrie. 
Hnd  ot  many  schools,  seem,  at  last  to  compel  the  con 
cTuilon  that  no  specific  distinction  can  be  inaiiitoine.1 
between  the  birds  long  known  Mienti»c«lly  as  Corny 
corona  and  Corvut  cornix,  and  in  English  as  the  Black 
or  Carrion-Crow,  and  the  Gray,  Hooded,  or  RoyiM- 
Crow."—Tarrett:  Brit.  Btrdi  (ed.  4th).  U.  27*. 

'  r6y"-tS-lSt,  8.     [Fr.  roitelet,  from  roi  =  a 
king.]    A  petty  king. 

"  Causing  the  American  royteletik  turn  all  homa- 
jer.  to  that  king  and  the  crown  ol  England.  —I 

*  rtjyf -ish,  a.  [Perhaps  for  riotish  or 
Wild,  irregular 


3.  Deportment  becoming  or  befitting  a  king ; 
kingly  character. 

"  Pallas  had  put  by. 
With  her  lalre  rod.  rriysses1  royalty. 

Chapman:  Homer:  Odyuey  xvl. 

4.  The  person  of  a  king ;  majesty ;  a  title 
applied  to  kings. 

••  Thus  his  royalty  doth  speak  in  me." 

BhaXetp. :  Xing  John,  T.  J. 

5  The  Sovereign,  or   a   member   of  the 
Royal  Family  (the  abstract  put  for  the  con- 
crete) :  as,  Royally  was  present. 

6  A  right  or  prerogative  of  a  sovereign  ; 
especially  a  signorage  due  to  a  king  from  a 
manor  of  which  he  is  lord. 

"  With  the  property  were  connected  royaltiel."— 
Hacaulay :  ffitt.  Eny.,  ch.  xxi. 

7.  A  tax  paid  to  the  crown  or  to  the  land- 
lord on  the  produce  of  a  mine. 


ro  zelle',  ».    [ROSELLK.] 
roz'-et,  s.    [RosiN.]    (Scotch.) 

r&b   *  rubbe,  v.t.  A  i.    [Gael,  rub  =  to  rub  ; 
Ir&  Gael,  rlbadh  =  a  rubbing  ;  Wei.  r*u.6t<. 
='to  rub;  rhwb  =  i.  rub;  Ir.  ruboir  ;  Gael. 
rubair  =  a  rubber  ;  Dan.  rubbe  =  to  rub.] 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  Ordinary  Ja.ngua.ye  : 

1  To  move  or  pass  along,  or  over  the  sur- 
face of,  with  pressure  or  friction  ;  to  applr 
friction  to. 

••  She  nib,  her  hands."-S»ot«p.  :  Macbttlh  ».  L 

2.  To  clean  by  rubbing  ;  to  wipe. 


3.  To  remove  by  rubbing  or  friction;  to 

••  Some,  with  holdlwt  in  the  nocke  ol  their  •shan. 
harde.  rubbe  the  sklnne  of  their  flngei-s.  —  AK* 
ToxapMltu,  bk.  ii. 


bSil,  b6y;  P6ut,  jtfM;  cat,  cell,  chorn*  5^  ben^;  go.  gem;  thin,  this; 
-clan,  -tlan  =  sham,   -tlon,  Hrton  =  .>hun;  -tlon,  -.ion  =  shun,   -clou*  -t 


40G3 


mb— rubble 


4.  To  spread  a  thin  coating  or  covering  over 
the  surface  of  ;  to  smear. 

"  What  would  make  one  aiupect  that  they  rw6  the 
marble  with  it,  it  U  ol**r»ed.  th*t  the  scent  la 
stronger  in  the  morning  than  at  night,"—  Additon  : 
On  ftafy. 

*  5.  To  polish,  to  retouch,  to  touch  up. 
(Followed  by  over.) 

"  The  whole  biumet*  of  our  redemption  It,  to  rub 
o**r  the  defaced  copy  of  the  creation,  to  reprint  Ood'i 
linage  upon  the  soul."—  SouM. 

"6.  To  hinder,  to  cross,  to  obstruct,   to 
interfere  with. 

-Tilth*  duke'.  pl-«wa  re. 
Whose  disposition,  all  the  world  well  knows. 
Will  not  be  ruM  4  nor  stopped.  " 

:  Lear,  ii.  X. 


*  7.  To  touch  hard  ;  to  gall,  to  chafe  ;  to 
fret  or  tease  with  gibes  or  sarcasms. 

"  He  who  before  h«  wa»  eipted,  wa*  afmiJ,  After 
being  perceived,  was  uharaed.  now  being  hardly 
rubbed  upon,  left  both  feu-  and  abamo,  and  WM 
nored  to  anger.'-  SUney. 

IX  Building,  Ac.  : 

1.  To  polish  or  give  a  smooth  surface  to, 
as  a  stone,  by  erasing  the  tool  marks  by  the 
agency  of  a  piece  of  grit-stone  with  sand  and 
water,  so  as  to  render  the  atone  less  liable  to 
be  affected  by  the  atmosphere. 

2.  To  smooth,  as  the  dipped  surface  of  a 
brick  with  a  piece  of  rough-grained  stone. 

B.  Intransitive  : 
I  Literally: 

1.  To  move  or  pass  along  the  surface  of  a 
body  with  pressure  ;  to  grate. 

2.  To  fret,  to  chafe,  to  make  a  friction. 

"  Thta  last  allusion  galt'd  the  panther  more, 
B«eauM  indeed  it  r*t>bU  upon  the  we." 

Dryden  :  Hind  A  Panther,  lit  191 

*  3.  Bowls:  To  incline  or  turn  in  towards 
the  jack. 

IL  Fig.  :  To  move  or  pass  with  difficulty  ; 
to  get  along  with  difficulty.  (Followed  by 
along,  on,  or  through)  :  as,  He  can  just  manage 
to  rub  along. 

H  Things  are  rubbed  sometimes  for  pur- 
poses of  convenience;  but  they  are  chafed, 
fretted^  and  galled  injuriously  :  the  skin  is 
liable  to  chafe  from  any  violence  ;  leather  will 
fret  from  the  motion  of  a  carriage  ;  when  the 
skin  is  once  broken,  animals  will  become 
galled  by  a  continuance  of  the  friction. 

H  1.  To  rub  down  : 

(1)  To  reduce  or  bring  to  smaller  dimensions 
by  rubbing  or  friction  ;  to  render  less  promi- 
nent 

(2)  To  clean  by  rubbing;  to  curry:  as,  To 
rub  down  a  horse. 

*  2.  To  rub  off:  To  go  off  in  a  hurry.    (Gen- 
tleman  Instructed,  p.  361.) 

3.  To  rub  out:   To   remove  or  erase   by 
friction  :  as,  To  rub  out  marks. 

4.  To  rub  up  : 

(1)  To  polish,  to  burnish. 

(2)  To  rouse  to  action  ;  to  excite,  to  awaken. 
rub,  s.    [Run,  «.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit.  :  The  act  of  rubbing  ;  friction  :  as, 
To  give  anything  a  ru6  with  a  cloth. 

2.  Ff  yurativtly  : 

(1)  That  which  impedes,  obstructs,  or 
renders  motion  difficult  ;  an  obstruction,  an 
impediment 

"Wedovbtootnow 
But  erery  rub  is  smoothed  ou  our  way." 

Sfviketp.  :  Henry  Y.,  11.  1 

*  (2)  A  difficulty,  a  cause  of  uneasiness,  a 
pinch. 

(3)  An  unevenness  of  surface  ;  an  Inequality. 

"  To  sleep  1  perchance  to  dream  ;  ay,  there'a  the  rub." 
.SViteip.  :  ffamtet,  Hi.  l. 

(4)  A  reverse,  a  hardship,  a  difficulty. 

"  We  have  met  with  some  notable  rubt  already,  and 
what  are  yet  to  corew  we  knew  not."—  dunyan  • 
Pilgrim  t  Proffrett,  pt  h. 

(6)  A  sarcasm,  a  jibe,  a  taunt. 
(6)  A  rub-stone  (q.v.V 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Bowlt:     Inequality    of    ground    which 
binders  the  motion  of  the  bowl. 

2.  Cord*:  The  same  as  RUBBER  (q.v.X 
"'Can  you  one?'  Inquired  the  old  lady.    'I  can* 

replied  Mr.  Pickwick.     •  J>cubU.  ftinale.  ami  the  rub.''" 
—Inckcru  ;  PicJevic*.  ch.  vi. 

rub-a-dub,  ».  The  sound  of  a  drum  when 
beaten.  (From  the  sound.) 

rub-Iron,  5.  A  plate  on  a  carriage  or 
waggon-bed,  against  which  the  fore-wheel 


rubs  when  turning  short  Called  wheel-guard 
plate  in  a  field-artillery  carriage.  One  is 
placed  on  each  side  of  the  stock. 

rub  stone,  *.  A  stone,  usually  of  sand- 
stone, used  to  sharpen  instruments  ;  a  whet- 
stone ;  specif.,  the  flat  stone  on  which  the 
currier's  knife  is  ground  to  an  edge. 

t  rii  bace ,   t  ru-b&ase',  s.    [Lat.  ntUut  = 
red.] 

.Win. :  (1)  Rock-crystal  from  Braail,  en- 
closing red  scales  of  hematite  or  gothite ; 
(2)  rock-crystal  which,  when  lieated  and 
plunged  into  a  cool  coloured  solution,  be- 
comes fissured,  and  admits  the  red  colouring 
matter;  (3)  rubicelle  (q.v.);  (4)  Rose-quartz 

(q.v.). 
rii-ba'-to,  a.    [lui,  =  stolen.] 

Music:  A  style  of  singing  or  playing  in 
which  some  of  the  notes  are  unduly  length- 
ened, and  others  proportionately  contracted, 
so  that  the  aggregate  value  of  the  bar  is 
maintained. 

*  rub  bage  (ag  as  Ig),  *  rub  -bldge,  «. 
[RUBBISH.] 

rubbed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [Res,  t>.) 
rubbed  work,  -. 

Build.  :  Brick-  or  stonework  smoothed  with 
stone  or  sand  and  water. 

rutf-ber,  s.    [Eng.  rub,  v. ;  -«r.) 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  rubs  ;  an  Instru- 
ment used  in  rubbing  or  cleaning  ;  a  polisher : 

(1)  One  who  rubs. 

"  Mi  a  trees  Toonglore,  the  grave  rubber  of  your 
mistress'  too." — Betittm.  A  Flet. :  Scornful  Lady. 

(2)  An  instrument  used  in  rubbing,  as  a  coarse 
towel  for  rubbing  the  body  after  bathing. 

"  The  servants  .  .  .  lay 
The  rubbert,  and  the  buttling  tbeeta  display." 

Dry  <ien  :  Juvenal,  sat.  8. 

(3)  A  coarse  file. 


(4)  A  whetstone  or  rub-stone. 

(5)  A  roll  of  cloth  charged    with    emery, 
rottenstone,  or  other  abradant  or  polishing 
material,  for  surfacing  plates. 

2.  At  whist  and    some  other  games,  two 
games  out  of  three,  or  the  game  which  de- 
cides the  contest. 

**  The  rubber  of  matches  between  the  two  famous 
running  meo-'—Datly  Telegraph,  Sept.  9.  1895, 

3.  An  inequality  or  unevenness  of  ground  ; 
a  rub,  an  obstruction. 

4.  Hence,  obstruction,  difficulty,  hardship. 

5.  That  which  rubs  or  grates  on  the  feel- 
ings ;  a  rub,  a  sarcasm,  a  gibe,  a  taunt 

6.  (PI):  A  disease  in  sheep,  causing  great 
heat  and  itching.     Called  also  Scab,  Shab,  or 
Ray. 

7.  India-rubber  (q.T.). 

8.  Hence,  used  for : 

(1)  An  overshoe  made  of  india-rnbber.  (Amer. ) 

(2)  A  small  block  or  piece  of  caoutchouc 
used  for  erasing  j  >eur.il  marks. 

(S)  An  india-rubber  tire  for  the  wheel  of  a 
cycle,  perambulator,  cab,  &c. 

(4)  The  ball  used  in  the  game  of  lacrosse. 
It  is  about  the  size  of  a  billiard  ball. 

"  He  secured  the  rubber  again,  and  made  a  second 
attempt  at  goal,  which  mimed."— /\«M  March  «,  1886. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Electricity: 

(1)  That  part  of  an  electrical  machine  which 
rubs  against  the  cylinder  or  disc. 

(2)  The  moving  pad  or  piston  of  an  electro- 
phorus. 

2.  Mason. :  A  board  or  block  used  in  grind- 
ing or  polishing.    In  the  mouldings  of  stone, 
an  iron  rubber  mounted  on  a  wooden  stock 
is  employed  for  fillets,  beads,  and  astragals. 
These  rubbers  have  convex  or  concave  faces, 
according  to  the  required  contour  of  the  work. 
A  stone  or  wooden  block  covered  with  thick 
felt  is  used  for  polishing  stone  and  marble. 

3.  Naut.  :  A  tool  for  flattening  down  the 
seams  ia  sail -making. 

4.  VthicUt:  The  part  of  the  waggon-lock 
which  presses  against  the  wheels. 

rubber-cloth,  s. 

1.  Fabric  covered  with  caoutchouc. 

2.  Caoutchouc  in  sheets. 


rubber-file.  ».  A  heavy,  flah-bellied  DU, 
designated  by  weight,  which  varies  from  four 
to  fifteen  pounds.  They  are  of  square  or 
triangular  section,  and  used  for  coarse  work. 
When  they  have  three  flat  faces  and  one 
rounded,  they  are  known  as  half-thick  tiles. 

rubber-knife,  s.    A  rubber-saw  (q  y.). 
rubber-mould, .-. 

1.  A  flask  or  former  for  shaping  plastic 
rubber. 

2.  A  vulcanite  mould  for  shaping  plates  for 
artificial  dentures,  &c. 

rubber-saw,  s.  A  circular  knife  used 
in  cutting  india-rubber.  It  is  not  properly  a 
saw,  but  is  so  termed  in  the  trade.  It  is 
driven  at  high  speed,  and  kept  constantly 
wet  by  a  jet  or  spray  of  water. 

rub'-ber-ide,  rub -ber-ite,  rtV-ber- 
Old,  t.  Imitation)  of  commercial  India 
rubber. 

*  rub'-bldge,  s.    [RUBBISH.] 

rub  -blng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  i  j.    [Ros,  t.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  d  particip.  adj. :  (3e« 

the  verb). 

C.  As  tubiiantiv! : 

L  The  act  or  process  of  wiping  the  surf,  ice 

with  pressure. 

2.  That    which    ts   obtained    by  rubbing; 
specif.,  an  impression  of  an  inscription  ob- 
tained by  rubbing. 

3.  The  process  of  straightening  the  wire* 
for  needles. 

nibbing  paunch,  .<. 

Navt. :  A  piece  of  wood  nailed  on  the  fore- 
side  of  a  mast  to  prevent,  injury  to  the  latter 
by  yards  or  spars  in  raising  or  lowering. 

rubbing-post,  a.  A  post  set  up  foe 
cattle  to  rub  themselves  against. 

rubbing-stone,  s. 

Bricklaying :  A  grit-stone,  which  is  placed 
upon  the  bricklayer's  bench,  and  upon  which 
stones  are  rubtied  smooth  after  being  dressed 
by  an  axe  to  a  shape  suitable  for  gauged  arc  he.* 
domes,  niches,  or  similar  work. 

rub'-blsn,  "rub'-bidge,  "rob-eux, 
*  rob-ows,  '  rub  bage,  *  rub  brisn,  t. 

[O.  Fr.  'robel,  pi.  robeux  or  robeaux.] 

1.  Fragments ;  pieces  broken  or  imperfect ; 
ruins  of  buildings. 

"A  floe  ruin  is  one  thing,  and  a  heap  at  r+bbii) 
another.'*— Pop*;  Htrmfr;  Odifuey.  (Fust.) 

2.  Waste  or  rejected  matter ;  anything  vile- 
or  useless. 

3.  Confusion,  mingled  mass. 

•Thai  nobl>  art  of  political  lying  ought  not  to  11. 
an?  longer  in  ritMltn  and  confUBion."— Arfyuthnvt: 
SMiii-f  i>>  Jalai  Hull. 

4.  Nonsense  :  as.  That  Is  all  rubbish. 

*  rubbish  walling,  i.   [RUBBLE-WORK.] 

rub  - bish -  ing,  a.  [Eng.  ru66is\;  -ing.\ 
Trftsliy,  worthles-s,  rubbishy. 

"  It  WM  a  good  ariur  hell  tent,  and  Memed  a  palace 
to  me  after  Ule  rubbithinj  little  Impostor."— /'i*((i 
April  4,  1884. 

rttb'-blsh-y,  a.    [Eng.  rubbtiK  ;  -y.\ 

1.  Containing  rubbish;  consisting  of  rub- 
bish. 

"Clearing-  weedy,  ntbbuky  turf—  W.  P.  Hunur : 
Beoloyical  Ktiiiy.  p.  415. 

2.  Trashy,  worthless. 

rtib'-ble,  s.    [RCBBISH.] 

1.  Pieces  of  rough  stone ;  rubbish. 

"  Piece*  of  timber,  ban  of  Iron,  luiwey  atones,  to- 
gether with  all  the  rubb't  aud  «tonea  In  the  walla  of 
that  great  and  glorious  pile."— Man  King:  r 


2.  Stones  of  irregular  shape  and  dimensions, 
broken  bricks,  &c.,  used  to  fill  up  behind  the 
face  courses  of  walls  or  in  coarse  masonry, 
also  masonry  of  such  stuff;  rabble-work. 

"We  lay  the  foundation  of  our  house*  with  rub>>li 
ap  to  the  lerai  of  the  earth."— toribner't  Mayntint, 
October,  1878,  p.  M&. 

3.  A  name  given  by  quarryinen  to  the  upper 
fragmentary  aud    decomposed  portion  of  a 
mass  of  stone. 

4.  The  whole  of  the  bran  of  wheat  before  it 
is  sorted  into  pollard,  bran,  Ac.    (Prov.) 

rubble-stone,  s.    (See  extract.) 

"  Rubhl^ttonet  owe  their  name  to  their  being  rubbed" 
and  worn  by  the  watir,  at  the  latter  end  of  the  deluxe, 
departing  in  a  hurry  and  with  great  prwipitatioa.'  — 
Woodward. 


St«,  fit,  are,  amidst,  what,  «&U,  father;  we,  w5t,  bare,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  wh6,  son ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule.  All;  try,  Syrian.    a>,  as  =  e :  ey  =  a:  au  =  KW. 


rubbly— Rutnoon 


4059 


rubble-wall,  ».    A  wall  built  of  rubble- 
work. 
rubble-work,  rubble-walling,  «. 

Maxm. :  Masonry  in  which  stones  are  used 
in  the  rough,  without  being  dressed  to  size, 
unless  on  their  exposed  faces. 

•riib'-bljf.  a.  [Eng.  ru&W(«);-».)  Abounding 
in  small,  irregular  stones  ;  containing,  or  of 
the  nature  of  rubble. 

ru'-bS-W,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  ru6(tw),  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-tee.} 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Rosacete.  Calyx  persist- 
ent, ebracteolate ;  carpels  many  ;  ovules,  two 
in  each  carpel,  pendulous ;  fruit  of  one  or 
many  small  drupes. 

ru-be-an-hy'-dric,  a.  [Lat  ruber  =  red, 
and  Eng.  anhydric.]  Derived  from,  or  con- 
taining sulphuretted  hydrogen  and  cyanogen. 

rubeanhydric  acid,  s. 

Chem.. :  A  sulphydrate  of  cyanogen,  CgN-iHjSa 
(Berzelius).  Prepared  by  passing  cyanogen 
gas  and  sulphydric  acid  into  alcohol.  It  is 
deposited  from  the  solution  in  yellow-red 
shining  crystals,  very  soluble  In  water ; 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

•  ru-bed'-in-ous,  a.     [Lat.    rubedo,   geuit 
rubedini*  =  redness.]    Reddish. 

•  ru-be'-fa'-cl-ent  (or  9  as  sh),  a.  &  «.  [Lat. 
rubejaciens,  pr.  par.  of  rubefacio  =  to  make 
red  :  rubeo  =  to  be  red,  and  facia  =  to  make.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Making  red,  reddening. 

B.  As  substantive: 

Med, :  A  substance  for  external  application, 
causing  redness,  but  not  followed  by  blister. 
The  chief  are :  a  weak  solution  of  ammonia, 
compound  camphor  liniment,  mustard,  oil  of 
turpentine,  &c. 

ru-be-tac'-tlon,  ».  [From  Lat.  rubefactus, 
pa.  par.  of  rubefacio  =  to  make  ruddy.]  The 
production  of  a  red  colour  in  water.  In  fresh 
water  this  Is  effected  by  Astasia  hmnatodes,  a 
species  of  Daphne,  by  some  Naidina,  and  by 
Red  Snow  (q.v.).  In  salt  water  it  is  done  by 
Trichodesmum,  &c.  (Griffith  &  Henfrty.) 

•  ru'-hS-lSt,  «.    [Eng.  ruby  ;  dimin.  suff.  -let.) 
A  little  ruby. 

ru-bel'-la,  >.    German  measles  or  rotheln. 

ru'-bel-lane,  «.  [Lat.  rubell(ui)  =  somewhat 
red  ;  suif.  -ane  (Mm.).] 

Afiit. :  An  altered  Biotite  (q.v.),  occurring  in 
an  altered  porphyritic  dolerite  in  Bohemia. 

ru-belle'  (1),  s.     [Ger.,  from  reiben  =  to  rub.] 
Metall. :   An  iron  plate  on  which  ores  are 
ground  to  test  them,  or  prepare  for  test  by 
assay. 

ru  belle'  (2),  s.  [Ger.  rubettan.]  A  red  colour 
in  enamelling. 

rubelle- enamel,  s.  A  process  in  which 
the  design,  after  having  been  worked  out  in 
relief  on  the  plate,  or  otherwise,  of  earthen- 
ware, is  covered  with  an  enamel  of  one  colour. 
Those  parts  of  the  design  where  the  layer  of 
this  enamel  is  thinnest  show  the  lightest 
colour,  while  those  where  the  impression  o( 
the  design  has  been  deepest  appear  darkest. 

ru-beHite,  ».  [Lat.  rubell(ui)=  reddish  ; 
suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

.Win. :  A  red  variety  of  tourmaline  (q.v.), 
occurring  in  crystals  mostly  transparent  and 
containing  lithia. 

Ru  bens,  -  [Seedef]  A  celebrated  Flemish 
painter  (1577-1640). 

Rubens'  brown,  s.  A  pigment  still  in 
nse  in  the  Netherlands  under  thisappellation. 
It  is  an  earth  of  a  lighter  colour,  more  ochreous 
texture,  and  of  a  warmer  or  more  tawny  hue 
than  the  Vandyke  brown  of  the  London  shops 
It  works  well  both  in  water  and  oil,  and  much 
resembles  the  brown  used  by  Teniers. 

ru-be'-6-la,  i.    [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat  ruber 
=  red.] 
Ued. :  The  measles  (q.v.). 

rn'-be'-4-lold.  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  rubeola;  -aid. 
Resembling  rubeola  or  measles. 

Ttt'-ber-lte,  *.     [Lat.  ruber  —  red  ;  suff.  -itt 
(Min.). 
Min. :  The  same  as  CUPRITE  (q.v.). 


rub-e-ryth'-rio.  o.  [Mod.  Lat  rub(ia),  and 
Eng.  erythric.]  Contained  in,  or  derived  from 
madder. 

ruberythrtc  acid, ». 

Chem. :  C^H^O^  A  yellow  substance  ex- 
isting in  madder  root,  and  extracted  by  a 
complicated  process  from  the  llltrate,  obtained 
when  the  decoction  of  madder  is  treated  with 
neutral  acetate  of  lead,  and  the  alizarin  pre- 
cipitate removed.  It  forms  yellow  prisms  of 
silky  lustre,  easily  soluble  in  hot  water,  in 
alcohol,  and  in  ether.  By  boiling  with  dilute 
acids  ruberythric-acid  is  converted  into  ali- 
zarin and  glucose. 

ru-bes  cenge,  s.  [ROBESCENT.]  A  growing 
or  becoming  rubescent ;  the  state  of  being 
red  ;  a  blush. 

ru-bes'-9ent,  a.  [Lat.  rubeseens,  pr.  par.  of 
rubes''",  incept,  from  rit^eo^to  be  red ;  ruber 
=  red.]  Growing  or  becoming  red  ;  tendency 
to  redness. 

*  ru'-be-ns,  s.    [Lat.  =  red,  reddish.] 

Geomancy:  A  figure  constellation-like,  re- 
presenting Mars  direct.  When  Mars  is 
retrograde  he  is  called  Puella.  (Chaucer.) 

ru'-bl-a,  s.    [Lat.  =madder;  ru6*rtw  =  red.] 

Bot  :  Madder ;  the  typical  genus  of  Hubi- 
acese,  or  a  genus  of  Galiacea;.  Corolla  rotate, 
campanuUte,  or  funnel-shaped,  four  to  live 
cleft,  stamens  four  or  five,  fruit  a  two-lobed 
berry.  About  fifty  species  are  known,  chiefly 
from  temperate  regions.  One,  Rubiaperegrina, 
a  plant  with  yellowish  flowers,  is  British. 
R.  tinctoria  is  madder.  From  R.  cordifolia, 
called  also  R.  Munjista.  come  the  roots  called 
Munjeeth  (q.v.).  R.  sikkimensis  yields  a  dye. 
R.  Relboun  is  the  Madder  of  Chili.  The  roots 
of  R.  augustissima  are  also  highly  coloured. 
R.  nam  is  said  to  be  poisonous.  [MADDEB.] 

rn-bl-a'-9e-«e,  >.  pi.     [Mod.   Lat.  rub(ia); 
Lat  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.) 

Bot. :  An  order  of  plants  founded  by  Jussien 
in  1789.  Monopetalous  plants,  with  opposite 
leaves,  interpetiolar  stipules ;  stamens  in- 
serted in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  and  alter- 
nating with  its  lobes ;  ovary  inferior 
compound.  Lindley  separated  it  into  Gali- 
aeeae  and  Cinchonaeeffi  (q.v.).  Sir  Joseph 
Hooker  recurs  to  the  old  arrangement 

ru-bi-a9'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  rubiacin);  -fa.)  De- 
rived from,  or  containing  rubiacin. 

r ubiacic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CsaHaOr/.  Produced,  according  to 
Schunck,  by  boiling  rubiacin  or  rubiafin  with 
ferric  nitrate  or  chloride,  and  adding  hydro- 
chloric acid,  which  throws  down  impure  rubi- 
acic  acid.  It  is  purified  by  reprecipitation. 
The  acid  is  obtained  as  a  lemon-yellow  amor- 
phous powder,  slightly  soluble  in  boiling 
water,  and  reconverted  into  rubiacin  by  sul- 
phuric acid. 

ru-bK-a9'-In,».  [Eng.niMac(ea5);  -in(Chem.).] 
Chem.:  C3jHKO10.  Madder  -  orange.  A 
yellow  colouring  matter,  discovered  by  Runge 
in  madder  root.  It  crystallizes  in  light  yellow 
plates  or  needles  having  a  strong  reddish- 
green  lustre,  slightly  soluble  in  boiling  water, 
but  very  soluble  In  boiling  alcohol.  It  dis- 
solves in  sulphuric  acid,  forming  a  yellow 
liquid,  and  in  alkalis  forming  purple  solutions. 
It  is  of  little  use  as  a  dye,  a  piece  of  mor- 
danted calico  being  scarcely  coloured  by  it. 

ru-bi-a-din,  s.    [Eng.  rubiad(ip)in.] 

Chem. :  CieHljO}.  A  substance  produced, 
together  with  glucose,  by  the  action  of  alkalis 
on  rubiacin.  It  crystallizes  in  yellow  needles 
or  rectangular  plates,  which  are  slightly  solu 
ble  in  alcohol  With  strong  sulphuric  acid  il 
forms  a  yellow  solution,  and  aqueous  am- 
monia dissolves  it  at  the  boiling  heat  with 
blood-red  colour. 

rn-bt-ad'-l-pln,  «.  [Mod.  Lat  rubia;  Eng. 
(a)dif(ose),  and  -in  (Chem.).] 

Chem. :  CgoH^Os  (?).  One  of  the  compounds 
formed  by  the  fermentation  of  madder  with 
erythrozym.  After  the  removal  of  alizarin, 
rubiretin,  rubiafln,  &c.,  it  is  obtained,  along 
with  rubiagin,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
solution  in  cold  alcohol.  It  is  a  yellowisl- 
brown  fatty  substance,  soluble  In  alcohol  an*, 
alkalis,  the  latter  forming  a  blood-red  soapy 
liquid. 


ru-bi'-a-fin,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  ruMo;/ connect, 
and  -in  (Chem.).] 

Chem. :  C&HjgOg  (?).  A  substance  isomeric 
with  rubiadin,  and  produced  by  the  fermenta- 
tion of  rubian.  It  is  separated,  along  with 
verantin,  from  alizarin,  &c.,  by  the  action  uf 
acetate  of  copper,  and  from  verantin  by  l>oil- 
ing  with  stannous  oxide.  It  crystallizes  from 
the  stannous  solution  in  yellow  shining  plates 
and  needles  which  behave  in  all  respects  like 
rubiacin. 

ru-bl'-a-gln,  «.      [Mod.  Lat  rubia;  g  con- 
nect, and  -in  (Chem.).] 

Chem. :  Produced  by  the  fermentation  of 
rnbian,  and  separated  from  rubiadipin  by  cold 
alcohol.  It  is  obtained  as  yellow  granules  or 
grouped  needles,  insoluble  in  boiling  water, 
soluble  in  boiling  alcohol.  Alkalis  dissolve 
it  with  blood-red  colour,  and  neutral  acetate 
of  lead  throws  down  orange-coloured  grains 
from  its  alcoholic  solution.  Formula  uncer- 
tain. 

ru'  bl-an,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.  rubUa);  Eng.  suff. 
•on.) 

Chem. :  CagH^Oia.  A  glucoside,  discovered 
by  Schunck  in  madder  root  in  1847.  It  yields, 
under  the  influence  of  acids,  alkalis,  or  madder 
ferment,  alizarin,  with  other  colouring  matters, 
and  glucose.  It  ia  a  dry,  brittle,  amorphous 
mass,  resembling  dried  varnish,  and  of  a  deep 
yellow  colour  in  thin  layers,  very  soluble  in 
water,  less  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  insoluble 
in  ether.  Its  solutions  are  very  bitter.  Heated 
above  ISO"  it  gives  off  orange-red  vapours  of 
alizarin.  Oil  of  vitriol  dissolves  it  with  blood- 
red  colour. 

ru-bi-on'-Ie,  a.  [Eng.  rubian;  -ic.]  Con- 
tained or  derived  from  rubian  (q.v.). 

rubianic  acid,  i. 

Chem. :  Ca,H3oOi4  (I).  Produced  hy  the 
oxidation  of  rubian  in  contact  with  alkalis, 
and  obtained  by  treating  rubian  with  baryta 
water,  eollectingthe  barium  compound  formed, 
decomposing  the  latter  with  sulphuric  acid, 
and  recrystallizing  from  boiling  water.  It 
forms  lemon-yellow  silky  needles,  tastes  bitter, 
reddens  litmus,  dissolves  easily  in  boiling 
water  and  in  alcohol,  but  not  in  ether. 

ru-bi-an'-in,  s.    [Eng.  rubian ;  -in.] 

Chem. :  CsjHssOjs.  Obtained  by  boiling 
aqueous  rubian  witli  dilute  sulphuric  acid, 
dissolving  out  alizarin,  &c.,  with  boiling 
alcohol  from  the  colouring  matters  produced, 
and  continuing  the  treatment  of  the  solid 
residue  with  boiling  alcohol,  from  whence 
rubianin  crystallizes  in  lemon-yellow  coloured 
needles  with  silky  lustre,  moderately  soluble 
in  boiling  water,  very  slightly  in  alcohol. 

*  rn-bl-ble,  >.    [RIBIBLE.] 

ru'-bK-can,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  rubeo  =  to  be 
red.]  A' term  applied  to  a  horse  that  is  bay, 
sorrel,  or  black,  with  a  light  gray  or  white 
upon  the  flanks,  but  so  that  this  gray  or  white 
is  not  predominant  there. 

*  ru'-bl-ca-tive,  s.    (Lat  rubeo  =  to  be  red.) 
That  which  produces  a  reddish  or  ruby  colour. 

ru'-bl-oSlle,  ».  [Fr.,  from  ItaL  rubiceUo, 
dimin.  from  rubino  =  a  ruby.) 

Afin. .-  A  jeweller's  name  for  a  yellowish  or 
orange-red  transparent  spinet  (q.v.). 

rU-bX-chlor'-Ko,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  rubi(a),  and 
Gr.  xAupot  (Moras).]  Contained  in,  or  derived 
from  Rubia  tinctorum. 

rubichloric  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CltHieOt  (?).  An  acid  found  in  the 
root  and  leaves  of  Rubia  tinctorum,  and 
separated  from  an  aqueous  solution  by  basic 
acetate  of  lead  in  presence  of  ammonia.  It 
forms  a  colourless  or  slightly  yellow  mass, 
having  a  faint  nauseous  taste,  easily  soluble 
in  water  and  alcohol,  and  is  converted  by 
heating  with  hydrochloric  acid  into  dark 
green  flocks  of  chlorarubin. 

Ru-bi-con,s.  [Lat.]  A  small  stream  of  Italy, 
tallinu  into  the  Adriatic  to  the  north  of 
Ariminum.  It  formed  in  part  the  northern 
boundary  of  rtalia  Propria,  and  on  this  ac- 
count the  Roman  generals  were  forbidden  to 
pass  the  Rubicon  with  an  armed  force,  under 
dreadful  imprecations,  and  to  do  so  was  con- 
sidered equivalent  to  a  declaration  of  war. 
According  to  the  story,  Cfesar  crossed  the 


toll,  bo>;  pint,  ]6wl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  onln,  bench;  go.  Item;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing. 
-clan,  -tlon  =  shan.     t  ion.  nion  =  shun ;  -flan,  -jlon  =  zhun.    -OIOUB,    tioiu.    «iou»  =  shu«.    -ble,  -die,  fcc.  =  *»!.  del. 


4060 


rubicund— ruby 


Rubicon  with  his  array  at  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war  with  Pompey,  exclaiming,  "  The 
die  is  castl"  Hence  the  phrase,  To  cross  (or 
past)  the  Rubicon  =  to  take  a  decisive  step 
in  any  enterprise.  The  position  of  the  Rubi- 
con has  not  been  clearly  ascertained  ;  some 
identify  it  with  Finmeaimo,  some  with  Lusa, 
and  others  with  Fisatello. 

ru'-bl-cund,     a.       [Lat.    rubicvndus,    Trom 
rubeo  =  to  be  red  ;  Fr.  rubiconde.] 

1.  Ord,  Lang.  :  Inclining  to  redness,  ruddy. 
(Said  especially  of  the  face.) 

"  And  thU  way  turns  his  rubicund,  round  face." 

LonafeUotp:  Golden  Legend,  T. 

2.  Bot.  :  Blushing,  rosy-red. 

ru-bl  Ciind  -I  t^,  «.     [Eng.  rubicund;  -ity.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  rubicund. 

ru-bid-S-hy'-drau,  *.  [Lat  rubidut  =  dark 
red,  and  Gr.  Wwp  (hudor)  =  water.] 

Chem.  :  C^H^On-  A  substance  produced  in 
the  preparation  of  rubianic  acid,  and  obtained 
as  a  reddish  -yellow,  transj>arent,  bitter  gum, 
yielding  with  water  a  yellow  solution  from 
which  it  is  not  precipitated  by  any  metallic 
salt  except  basic  acetate  of  lead. 

Hi  bid  ine,  *.    [Lat  rubid(us)  =  dark  red  ; 


Chrm.  :  CjiHiTN.  An  organic  base  belong- 
ing to  the  pyridme  series,  and  contained  with 
several  others  in  coal  tar.  It  is  a  colourless 
liquid  of  oily  consistence  and  faint  odour, 
slightly  soluble  in  water,  freely  in  alcohol  and 
ether,  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  1-017,  and  boils  at  230°. 
Its  salts  have  .a  tendency  to  assume  a  reddish 
tint  on  exposure  to  the  air. 

ru-bfd'-l-um,  ».  [Lat  r«6idtw  =  dark  red.l 
Chem.  :  A  monad  metallic  element  belonging 
to  the  potassium  group,  discovered  by  Kirch- 
hoff  and  Bunsen  in  1860.  Symbol  Rb  ;  atomic 
weight,  85-4;  sp.  gr.  T52.  It  has  been  de- 
tected in  mineral  waters,  in  several  lepidolites, 
and  in  the  ash  of  many  plants,  as  tobacco, 
tea,  and  coffee.  It  may  be  obtained  from  the 
saline  residue  in  the  preparation  of  lithia  from 
lepidolitcs,  by  adding  platinic  chloride,  and 
dissolving  out  the  potassium  compound  by 
repeated  boiling  with  water.  The  chloro- 
platinate  of  rubidium  is  reduced  with  hydro- 
gen, and  the  purified  chloride  of  rubidium, 
mixed  with  calcium  tartrate  and  soot,  is 
heated  in  a  furnace,  the  volatilised  metal  being 
collected  in  a  receiver  containing  mineral 
naphtha.  It  is  a  white  metal  with  silver}* 
lustre,  soft  to  the  touch,  and  melting  at  3S'5". 
Exposed  to  the  air,  it  becomes  covered  with  a 
gray  film,  and  soon  takes  lire.  When  thrown  on 
water  it  takes  fire  even  more  readily  than  po- 
tassium, and  burns  with  a  flame  like  the  latter. 

rubidium  chloride,  s, 

Chem.  :  RbCl.  Obtained  by  adding  hydro- 
Chloric  acid  to  the  hydrate  and  slowly  evapor- 
ating. It  forms  cubic  crystals  which  have  a 
vitreous  lustre,  are  permanent  in  the  air,  and 
anhydrous. 

rubidium-hydrate,  .«. 

Chem.  :  RbHO.  Formed  by  decomposing  the 
sulphate  of  rubidium  with  barium  hydrate,  and 
evaporating  the  filtrate  in  a  silver  retort.  It 
Is  obtained  as  a  white  porous  mass,  which 
deliquesces  rapidly  in  the  air,  possesses  caustic 
properties  as  powerful  as  hydrate  of  potas- 
sium, and  is  soluble  in  alcohol. 

ru  -bled,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [RUBY,  r.) 

•ru-blf'-io,  *ru-bir-ick,  a.  [Lat.  ruber 
=  red,  and  facio  —  to  make.]  Making  red  ; 
rubifacient 

"While  the  several  ipedee  of  rays.  u  the  ruM**. 
are  by  refraction  separated  one  from  another,  they 
reUiu  thorn  motion*  proper  to  each."—  Grew  :  Cormo, 
Sacra,  bit.  it,  ch.  ii. 

•ru-bl-fl-ca'-tion,  *.  [Eng.  rubify  ;  c  con- 
•ective,  and  stiff,  -ation.]  The  act  of  making 
red  ;  rubefaction. 

"DealbaUon,  ruination,  and  fixation."—  ffo««H  ; 
L«tt«rt,  H.  tt. 

*  ru  -bl-form,  a.  [Lat.  ruber  —  red,  and/orma 
=  form.)  Having  the  form  of  red. 

''Of  thOM  rayt,  which  para  close  by  the  suow,  the 
ruWorr*  will  be  the  least  refracted  ;  and  *>  come  to 
the  eye  in  the  directeat  lines."—  ffneton  :  Optidu. 

•ru-bl'-fy,  v.t.  [Lat  ruter  =  red,  arid  facio 
(pass,  jlo)  =  to  make.]  To  make  red. 

"White  wine  vinegar  !•  to  be  preferred  .  .  .  if  it  he 
UrjM  the  leave*  of  red  row*  in  if— 
ta  ad  VUam  Longam,  p.  190. 


r«ftn*r  ;  ria  Recta  a 


ril-big^In-ose,  a.  [Lat.  rubigo,  genit.  ru- 
bigi'iis  =  rust.] 

Bot.  :  Dull  red,  with  a  slight  mixture  of 
brown.  Used  spec,  of  a  surface  covered  by 
glandular  hairs. 

ru-bigT-in-ous,  a.  [RUBIOINOSE.]  Exhibit- 
ing or  affected  by  rubigo  ;  rusty,  mildewed. 

ru-bi'-go,  *.    [Lat.] 

Bot.  :  An  old  genus  of  Coniomycetous 
Fungals.  Rubigo  alnea  is  found  on  the  under- 
side of  the  leaves  of  decaying  alders. 

ru-bi-hy'-dran,  s.    [RUBIDEHYDRAN.] 

Chem.  :  Ccal^gOss.  A  substance  formed  by 
treating  rubian  with  acid  carbonate  of  barium. 
It  is  a  brown-yellow  transparent  gum,  with 
bitter  taste,  dissolves  easily  in  water,  less 
soluble  in  alcohol. 

*ru'-bln,  s.    [Sp.]    Aruby(q.v.). 

"'Twtxt  the  perles  mid  rubitu." 

Spwtcr  .-  f.  V  .  II.  11L  14. 

ru  bin  den   Ic,  a,     [Ktym.  not  apparent,] 
rubindonic  acid,  s.    [Is  A  MIC-  ACID.] 

ru-bln'-Ic,  a.  [Fr.  rubinique,  from  I  rubine  = 
a  metallic  preparation  of  a  ruby  colour.]  (See 
compound.) 

rubinic  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  Rufocatechuic  acid.  When  a  solu- 
tion of  catechin  in  an  alkaline  carbonate  is 
exposed  to  the  air,  and  hydrochloric  acid 
added,  rubinic  acid  is  precipitated  in  red  non- 
crystalline  flocks.  It  is  a  fugitive  substance 
and  blackens  during  the  washing  and  drying. 
It  combines  with  the  alkalis  to  form  salts. 

*  ru'-bl-ous,  a.  [Lat.  rubeus.]  Red,  ruddy, 
rubied. 

"  Diana's  lip 
Is  not  more  smooth  and  rubtnut." 

p.  ;  Twelfth  Jfight,  I.  4. 


ru-bi-rSt'-In,  «.     [Eng.   rubi(an),  and   Gr. 
pyrivri  (rhetine)=  resin.] 


Chem.  :  C7H8O2.  A  substance  obtained  as 
a  bye  product  in  the  preparation  of  rubian, 
and  also  produced  by  boiling  chlororubiati 
with  alkalis.  It  forms  a  reddish-brown  resin, 
melting  at  100*  ;  dissolves  sparingly  in  boiling 
water,  easily  in  alcohol,  also  in  alkalis,  and  in 
oil  of  vitriol  with  orange-red  colour.  It  does 
not  dye  mordanted  fabrics. 

ru  bis  lite,  *.  [After  Rubislaw,  Aberdeen, 
where  found.] 

3/in.  :  A  compact  granular  mineral  of  a 
dark-green  colour.  It  belongs  to  the  indefi- 
nite substances  classed  under  chlorite  (q.v.). 

ru-bl-tan'-nfo,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  ruW(a),  and 

Eng.  tannic.]    (See  compound.) 

rubi  tannic  acid  ,  s. 

Chem.  :  A  tannic  acid  extracted  from  the 
leaves  of  ]lubi<i  tinctorum* 

ru'-ble,  s.    [ROUBLE.] 
•ru'-bor,*.    [Lat.]    Redness. 

"  A  rubor  of  his  countenance."—  fforA  :  Kxamm,  568. 

ru'-brlc,  *ru-briche,  ru  brick,  *ru- 
bricke,  s.  [Fr.  rubrique  (O.  Fr.  rubriche), 
from  Lat.  rubrica  =  (1)  red  earth,  (2),  a  rubric, 
a  title  written  in  red  ;  from  ruber  —  red  ;  Sp., 
Port.,  and  Ital.  rubrica.] 

*  1.  Red  earth,  red  ochre. 

"  The  same  in  sheep's  milk  with  rubriche  and  toft 
plteh.'—TopuU  :  ffitt.  Becutt,  p.  133. 

2.  That  portion  of  any  work,  which,  in 
the  early  manuscripts  and  typography  was 
coloured  red,  to  distinguish  it  from  other 
portions  ;  hence  specifically— 

*  <1)  The  title-page,  or  parts  of  it,  the  initial 
letters,  &c.,  when  written  or  printed  in  red. 

"  No  dat«  preflx'd 
Directs  me  In  the  starry  rubric  set." 

Milton;  P.  fi.,lr.  SM. 

*(2)  In  law-books,  the  title  of  a  statute, 
because  formerly  written  or  printed  in  red. 

*  (3)  The  title  of  a  chapter  or  main  division. 

"Under  the    rubric    'Illusions  of  Perception.'  we 
have  an  excellent  account  of  the  moat  recent  scientific 
theory  of  perception."—  AOvmanm.  Oct.  15,  1881. 
(4)  In    prayer-books  and    other   liturgical 
works,  the  directions  and  rules  for  the  conduct 
of  service,   still    frequently  printed  in   red 
letters. 

"  It  la  prescribed  In  the  rubric*  of  this  day's  service 
that  If  there  be  a  sermon  at  all,  and  not  a  homily,  it 
•hall  be  upon  this  argument.  The  Doty  of  Subjection." 
—Sharp  :  Sermon*,  vol.  ii.,  Mr.  a. 


*  (5)  An  ecclesiastical  or  episcopal  rule  01 
injunction. 

3.  That  which  is  established,  fixed,  or  settled 
by  authority ;  an  authorised  injunction  ;  hence, 
recognition  as  fixed  or  settled  by  authority. 

"  Let  him  your  rubric  and  your  leant*  prescribe." 
Cotefter:  Pragren  of  Error.  18$. 

*ru'-bric,  "ru'-brlok,  *  ru-brisshe,  v.t. 

[RUBRIC,  S.] 

1.  To  adorn  with  or  write  in  red  ;  to  rubri- 
cate. 

"Item,  for  rubriitheing  of  all  the  boolte."— Patton 
Letter t,  ii.  336. 

2.  To  enact  as  by  a  rubric  ;  to  place  or  set 
in  the  Calendar. 


ru'-brlc,  *  ru  -brick,   t  ru-brfc-ai,  a, 

[RUBRIC,  *.] 

1.  Red,  marked  with  red. 

"  The  light  and   rays  which  appear  red  ...  I  eoll 
rubric*,  or  red-waking."— Jiewton;  Optict. 

2.  Placed  in  rubrics. 

"  No    rubrical  directions   are    anywhere    given."— 
Warton :  EngliA.  Poetru,  UL  1W. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  rubrics. 

*  4.  Pertaining  to  or  contained  in  th» 
calendar. 

"  My   father    won't   become   a   rubric   martyr." — 
Walpolt ;  To  Mann,  ill.  86. 

t  ru'-brlc-al,  a.    [RUBRIC,  o.] 

*  ru-brI-C&T-i-t&  *.     [Eng.  rubrical;  -ity.] 
A  matter  connected  with  the  rubrics  ;  a  point 
of  ritual.    (C.  Kingsley  :  Yeast,  ch.  vi.) 

ru  bri  cate.  v.t.  [RUBRICATE,  a.]  To  mark 
or  distinguish  with  red. 

"  The  onehe  doth  rubricate  oulie  with  his  red  letter*. ~ 
— /"ttw .'  Actti,  p.  636. 

ru'-bri-cate,  ru'-brl-cat-Sd,  a.  [Lat. 
rubricatus,  pa.  par.  of  nibrico  =  to'  mark  with 
red  ;  rubrica=.  red  earth  ;  ru&er=red.  ]  Marked 
with  red. 

"  The  rest  that  stand  rubricate  In  old  kmlendar*."— 
Spelman  ;  Original.  <tf  Terms,  ch.  1L 

*  ru-brl'-olau,   *  ru  -brf^ist,  *.      [Eng. 
rubric  ;  -ian,  -ts(.]    One  versed  in  the  rubrics; 
an  adherent  or  advocate  for  the  rubric. 

*  ru-brf9'-l-t&  s.     [Eng.  rubric;  -ity.}    Red- 
ness. 

"  The  rubricity  of  the  Nile."— Geddet. 

ru-bri-ni'-trtc,  a.  [Lat  ruber  =  red,  and 
Eng.  nitric.}  (See  compound.) 

rubrinltric  acid,  s.    [PICRAUIC-ACID.] 

rub' -sen*  s.  [Ger.,  contract,  from  rubesamen 
—  rai>e-seed,  from  rube  =  rape,  and  samen  = 
seed.]  Rape-seed. 

rubscn  cake,  s.  An  oil-cake,  made  from 
the  seeds  of  Brassica  prcecox,  and  much  used 
on  the  Continent. 

ru'-bus,  *.     [Lat.  =  a  bramble.] 

Bo*. ;  A  genus  of  Potentillidffi  (Lindley) ;  of 
Rubeae  (Sir  Joseph  Hooker).  Creeping  herbs 
or  sarmentose  shrubs,  almost  always  prickly. 
Flowers  in  panicles  or  solitary,  white  or  red. 
Calyx  five-cleft ;  petals  five ;  style  short, 
sub-terminal.  Fruit  of  several  single-seeded 
juicy  drupes,  in  a  protuberant  fleshy  re- 
ceptacle. Known  species  about  100,  chiefly 
from  the  north  temperate  zone.  The  most 
important  of  these  are  R.  frutieomu,  the  common 
Bramble,  or  Blackberry  ;  R.  «ozo4i7u,  the  Stone 
Bramble;  R.  Idcetu,  the  Raspberry ;  Jt.  CsMiW, 
the  Dewberry;  R.  C hamcnuonu,  the  Cloud- 
berry ;  and  R.  articus,  which  Linuceus  charac- 
terizes as  the  prince  of  wild  berries.  The 
Blackberry  U  particularly  prolific  in  th?  United 
States,  a  number  of  varieties  with  very  large 
luscious  fruit  having  been  produced  by  cultiva- 
tion. These  include  the  Lawton,  Early  Harvest, 
Mammoth,  and  others.  Of  ornamental  species 
of  Kubus  may  be  named  R.  odoratus,  the 
Virginian  Raspberry. 

ru'-b&  *  rn-ble, «.  &  a.  [O.  FT.  rubi,  rubi* 
(Fr.  rubis),  from  Low  Lat.  rubinum,  accus.  of 
rubinus  =  a  ruby,  from  Lat.  rw6*r  =  red ; 
rubeo—to  be  red;  Sp.  rubit  rubin;  Pert. 
rubim;  Ital.  rubino.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Lanffiuige : 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  S. 

"  His  ample  forehead  bore  a  coronet 
With  Bparkling  diamonds  and  with  rubit$  tet." 

Dtydm :  Patamon  Jt  Arcite,  ill.  &1 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  wire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
OP.  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  oo  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


ruby— rude 


4061 


8.  Figuratively: 
*  (1)  Redness. 

"  Keep  the  natural  ruby  of  your  cheeks." 

Xliakap. :  Macbeth,  lit  4. 

(2)  Something  resembling  a  ruby ;  a  blain, 
•  blotch,  a  carbuncle. 

"  He's  said  to  have  a  rich  face  and  rubies  about  his 
nose."— Captain  Jones, 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Horology:   The  jewel  of  a  watch.    The 
end-stone  is  usually  a  ruby  in  first-class  work. 

2.  Min. :  A  transparent  variety  of  Sapphire 
(q  v  )  of  a  red  colour,  much  esteemed  as  a 
jewel.    The  scarcest  of  precious  stones,  and 
known  in  commerce  as  Oriental  ruby,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  Balas  ruby  (q.v.). 

3.  Print.  :  A  size   of  type,   smaller  than 
nonpareil  and  larger  than  pearL 

This  line  is  set  in  Ruby  type. 
B.  As  adj. :  Of  the  colour  of  a  ruby  ;  red. 

••  Wounds,  like  dumb  mouths,  do  oi»  their  ruby  lips." 
ShaXesp. :  Julius  COHttr.  in.  1. 

ruby-blende,  s.    [PYRAROYRITE,  PEOUS- 

TITE.] 

ruby-copper,  s.    [CUPRITE.] 

ruby-mica,  -. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Gothite,  occurring  in 
translucent  fiery-red  scales  on  limouite,  near 
Biegen,  Prussia. 

ruby-silver,  s.    [PYRAROYRITE,  PROOT- 

T1TE.] 

ruby-spinel, ».    [BALAS-RUBY.] 

ruby-tail,  s. 

Entom. :  Chrysis  ignita,  the  Common  Gold 

Wasp.       [CHHYSIS.] 

ruby-tiger,  s. 

Entom. :  A  beautiful  British  moth,  Phrag- 
mutobia  fuliginosa.  Fore  wings  reddish- 
brown,  with  a  black  spot;  hind  wings 
blackish,  or  dull  pink,  the  hind  margin  and  two 
central  spots  black ;  expansion  of  wings  an 
inch  and  a  quarter.  The  larva  is  rusty-brown, 
with  brownish  hairs,  and  feeds  on  ragwort 
and  other  plants. 

ruby- wood,  s. 

Bot.  &  Comm. :  Red  saunders-wood  (q.v.X 

•  rn'-by\  v.t     [RUBY,  «.]    To  make  red. 

"  With  sanguln*  drops  the  walls  are  rubied  round." 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyssey  xx.  42s, 

ru-cer'-vine,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  rwxrv(us);  Eng. 
SUIT,  -inc.}  Belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of 
the  genus  Rucervus  ;  having  antlers  like  those 
of  the  genus  Rucervus. 

"  Its  antlers  are  large,  and  of  the  intermediate  ru- 
cernne  type."— Oassells  Xat.  Hist.,  lii.  61. 

ru-ceV-vus,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  n/(«o),  and  Lat. 
owi-us  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  An  East  Indian  genus  of  Cerridas,  or 
a  sub-genus  of  Cervus.  It  Is  allied  to  Rusa, 
but  differs  from  it  in  having  the  bifurcate 
beam  of  the  antlers  further  sub-divided.  Ru- 
eervus  schomburgki  is  Schomburgk's  Deer, 
R.  duvaucelli  the  Swamp  Deer,  and  R.  eldi 
Eld's  Deer. 

ruche,   ruohe'-Ing,  ruch'-Ing,   «.      [Fr. 

n«*e  =  a  beehive,  from  the  quillings  resem- 
bling honeycombs.]  Quilled  or  gauffered  net, 
lace,  silk,  and  the  like,  used  as  trimming  for 
ladies'  dresses  and  bonnets. 

"  The  brim  being  formed  of  a  large  loose  rucMng."— 
queen,  Sept.  2s.  18S5. 

ruck  (1),  v.t.  [RUCK  (1),  >.]  To  wrinkle,  to 
crease. 

•  ruck  (2),  «  rucke,  v.i.    (Ct  Dan.  ruge  =  to 
brood.]     To  cower ;  to  lie  or  sit  close ;  to 
squat,  as  a  hen  upon  eggs. 

"  On  the  house  did  rucke 
A  cursed  owle,  the  messenger  of  ill  successe  aud  lucke." 
Ooldinff :  Ovid  ;  Metamorphoses. 

ruck  (1),  s.  [Icel.  Krukka  =  a  wrinkle.]  A 
wrinkle,  a  crease,  a  fold,  a  plait. 

ruck  (2),  ».      [Etym.  doubtful.]      An  undis- 
tinguished crowd  ;  the  common  crowd  or  herd. 
"  The  cracks  having  decisively  singled  themselves 
out  from  the  rue*.'— Field,  March  (,  1886. 

ruok(3), «.    [Roc.] 

*  ruc-ta'-tion,  s.    [Lat.  ructatus,  pa.  par.  of 
ructo  =  to  belch.]    The  act  of  belching;  a 
belch. 

"  Fumous  ructattons  or  vapours."—  Ryot :  Cartel  of 
Velth,  bk.  lv.,  ch.  xii. 


"  rud,  *  rudd,  >.  &  a.  [A.S.  rudu  =  red- 
ness ;  Icel.  rodhi,  from  raudhr  =  red.) 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Redness,  blush ;  hence,  a  complexion. 

•'  Fast,  with  a  redd  rudd, 
To  her  chamber  can  slice  flee." 

f  tret :  tteliqua,  ill.  t,  L 

2.  Red  ochre. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Red,  ruddy,  rosy. 

"  Sweet  blushes  staiu'd  her  rwd-red  cheeke, 
Her  eyeu  were  black  as  sloe." 

1'ercy  :  Keliqutt.  ill.  1,  2. 

*  rud,  v.t.    [Ruo,  s.]    To  make  red ;  to  redden. 

ru'-das,  s,  &  a.    [Fr.  rude  =  rude,  coarse.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  coarse,  foul-mouthed  woman ; 
a  randy.    (Scotch.) 

B.  As  adj. :  Bold,  masculine,  coarse.    (Ap- 
plied to  women.) 

"The  auld  earlin,  a  rudat  wife  she  was."— Scott : 
Antiquary,  p.  430. 

rud-beok'-I-a,  s.  [Named  after  Olaus  Rud- 
beck  and  his  son,  Professors  of  botany  in  the 
University  of  Upsal ;  the  former  died  1702.) 

Sot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Rudbeckieu- 
(q.v.).  Handsome  border  annuals  or  perennials 
from  North  America. 

rtid-beck-i-e-ffl,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  rud- 
beckHa) ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -«B.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  composites,  tribe  Sene- 
cionidesa. 

rudd,  s.    [From  its  ruddy  coloration.] 

Ichthy. :  Leuciscus  erythrophthalmus,  the  Red- 
eye (q.v.). 

•  rudde,  ».     [A.8.  rudu  =  redness.)     Com- 
plexion. 

"  His  rudde  Is  like  scarlet  in  grain." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  13,694. 

rnd'-der,  »rod-er,  "  rSth'-er,  s.  [A.S. 
rodher  =  a  paddle,  from  rdwan  =  to  row  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  roer ;  8w.  roder,  ror;  Dan. 
ror;  Ger.  ruder.'] 

L  Literally: 
"  1.  A  paddle. 

2.  That  by  which  a  ship  is  steered ;  a  Bat 
frame  hung  to  the  stern-post  of  a  vessel  and 
affording  a  means  of  steering.    The  rudder  is 
moved  by  a  tiller  or  a  wheel. 

"Swept  from  the  deck,  and  from  the  rudder  torn.' 
Pope :  Somer;  Odyssey  v.  405. 

3.  Agric. :  A  sieve  for  separating  the  chaff 
from  the  grain.  (Prob.  a  corruption  of  riddle.) 

IL  Fig. :  That  which  guides,  governs,  or 
directs  the  course  of  anything. 

rudder-band,  rudder  brace,  «. 

Naut. :  That  part  of  a  rudder-hinge  which  has 
bands  to  brace  the  rudder  and  an  eye  for  the 
pintle  on  the  part  attached  to  the  stern-post. 

rudder-brace,  s.    [RUDDER-BAND.] 

rudder  breeching,  s. 

Naut. :  A  rope  for  lifting  the  rudder  to  ease 
the  motion  of  the  pintles  in  their  gudgeons. 

rudder-case,  s.    [RUDDER-TRUNK.] 
rudder  chain,  s. 

Naut. :  One  of  the  chains  whereby  the  rud- 
der is  fastened  to  the  stern  quarters.  They 
are  shackled  to  the  rudder  by  bolts  just  above 
the  water-line,  and  hang  slack  enough  to  per- 
mit the  free  motion  of  the  rudder.  Their  use 
is  to  prevent  the  rudder  being  lost  in  the 
event  of  its  becoming  unshipped.  They  also 
sometimes  lead  inboard,  to  be  used  in  steering 
should  the  rudder-head  or  tiller  give  way. 

rudder-chock,  s.    [CHOCK.] 
rudder-coat,  s. 

Naut. :  A  canvas  clothing  to  the  rudder- 
stock,  which  keeps  the  sea  from  passing 
through  the  trunk  in  the  counter. 

rudder-fish,  s.    [PILOT-FISH.] 

rudder-head,  s. 

Naut. :  The  upper  end  of  the  rudder,  Into 
which  the  tiller  is  fitted. 

rudder-hole,  s. 

Naut. :  A  hole  in  the  deck,  through  which 
the  head  of  the  rudder  passes. 

rudder  nail,  s. 
Naut. :  A  nail  used  In  fastening  the  pintle 
to  the  rudder. 
rudder-pendant,  >. 

Naut. :  A  continuation  of  the  rudder-chain, 


secured  by  a  staple  around  the  quarter,  under 
the  moulding.  In  the  end  of  the  pendant  a 
thimble  is  spliced,  to  which  may  be  hooked  a 
tackle,  in  case  the  tiller  or  head  of  the  rudder 
is  carried  away. 

rudder-perch,  s.  A  name  given  to  a 
certain  fish,  said  to  follow  the  rudders  of  ships 
in  the  warm  parts  of  the  Atlantic. 

rudder-port,  s. 

Shipbuilding:  A  helm-port  (q.v.). 
rudder-stock,  s. 

Naut. :  The  main  piece  or  broadest  part  of 
the  rudder,  attached  to  the  stern-posts  by  the 
rudder-bands. 

rudder-tackle,  s. 

Naut. :  A  tackle  employed  for  operating  the 
rudder  in  case  its  head  is  carried  away,  or  for 
working  a  make-shift  rudder. 

rudder -trunk,  rudder -case,  s.    A 

casing  of  wood  fitted  or  boxed  firmly  into  the 
helm-port. 

t  ruddes,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  A.S.  rudt 
=  rue.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Calendula  officinalis ;  (2)  Chrysan- 
themum segetum. 

rud' -died,  o.  [Eng.  ruddy;  -ed.]  Made 
ruddy  or  red. 

rud'-da-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  rudily;  -ly.}  In  a 
ruddy  manner ;  with  a  ruddy  or  reddish 
appearance. 

"  Many  a  hand's  on  a  richer  hilt, 
But  none  on  a  steel  more  ruddtly  gilt." 

Byron :  Siege  of  Corintli,  xxvL 

rud'  di-ncsa,  *  rud  di-nesse,  >.  [Eng. 
ruddy;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
ruddy ;  redness  of  complexion  ;  that  degree 
of  redness  which  is  characteristic  of  good- 
health.  (Applied  especially  to  the  complexion 
or  colour  of  the  human  skin.) 

"  The  ruddinm  upon  her  lip  is  wet." 

Bltatelp.  :  Winter'!  Tall,  V.  I 

rud'-dle  (1),  rad  die,  red'  die,  >.  [From 
the  same  root  as  ruddy.]  A  species  of  red 
earth,  coloured  by  sesquioxide  of  iron.  It  is 
used  for  marking  sheep. 

"  Ruddle  owes  its  colour  to  aa  admixture  of  iron  ; 
aud  as  that  is  in  greater  or  less  proportion.  It  is  of  a 
greater  or  less  specific  gravity,  consistency,  or  hard- 
ness."—  Woodward. 

*  ruddle-man,  s.    One  who  digs  ruddle. 


chimney-sweeper."— Hurt  on :  Anatomy  o. 
p.  470. 

*  rud  -die  (2),  «.    [KIDDLE  (2),  «.]    A  riddle, 
a  sieve. 

"The  holei  of  the  iieve,  ruddte,  or  try."— P.  Sol- 
land  :  Plutarch,  p.  86. 

rud'-dle  (1),  v.t.    [RUDDLE,  a.]    To  mark  with 

ruddle. 

"A  fair  iheep  newly  ruddied."— Lady  Montagu:  To 
Lady  A'.rA.  Oct.  10,  1718. 

*  rud'-dle  (2),  v.t.    [RADDLE,  v.]    To  twist 

rud  -doc,    rud    dock,    *  rud   docke, 
*  rud-dok,  a.     [A.8.   rudditc;  cogn.    with 
Welsh  rhuddog ;  Cornish  ruddoc = a  redbreast.  J 
1.  The  redbreast  (q.v.). 

"  The  tame  ruadocfce  and  the  coward  kite.** 

Chaucer:  Attembly  of  FovHet. 

*  2.  A  gold  coin,  so  called  from  its  colour. 
"So  he  have  golden  ruddacket  In  his  bag*." — Lily: 

rfid'-dy,  *  rod-1,  *  rod-y,  o.    [A.S.  *  rudig, 
allied  to  read  =  red  (q.v.).] 

1.  Of  a  red  or  reddish  colour ;  red. 

"  Not  so  the  ruby  flames  with  ruddy  gleam." 

Boole :  Orlando  Purioto.  bk.  X. 

2.  Of  a  lively  flesh-colour,  or  the  colour  of 
the  skin  when  in  full  health  ;  fresh-coloured 

"  Where  all  the  ruddy  family  around 
Laugh  at  the  lests  or  pranks  that  never  fail 
Goldsmith  •  — - 


3.  Of  a  reddish  or  orange  colour. 

"The  ruddier  orange,  aud  the  paler  lime." 

Cowper  :  Task,  iiL  R78. 

ruddy  highflier,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Ypsipeta 
ruberata. 

*  rfid'-dy,  v.t.  [RUDDY,  o.]  To  make  ruddy 
or  red. 

"It  ruddied  all  the  copse-wood  (rlen  " 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Lou  Minaret,  vL 

rude,  o.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  rudem,  accus.  of  rudit 
=  rough,  raw,  rude  wild,  unfilled;  8p.  rudo; 
Port  &  Ital.  rude.] 


Don,  bo?;  poUt,  ]6%1;  oat,  eell,  chorus,  onln,  bench;  go,  *em;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejist.   pi i -« 
-elan,  -tlan  =  shan.     tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -$lon,  -slon  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,    sioos  =  shits.   -We, -tUe,  4c.  -  be],  oeL 

o 


4062 


rudely— ruff 


1.  Characterized  by  roughness  ;  not  nicely 
or  delicately  tini-shed,  smoothed,  or  i>olished  ; 
rough,  coarse,  rugged  ;  unformed  by  art,  tuste, 
or  skill.  (Applied  to  material  things.) 

"The  be.iven-boru  child 
All  meanly  wrapt**!  iu  the  rude  manger  lie*." 

MM-*:  T*#  jVoWrtt.y. 

J.  Rough  or  coarse  in  manners,  unpolite, 
impuik-nt,  imcourteous,  uncivil,  boorish. 

"They  were  rude  even  to  brutality."—  Mmouilav  : 
Bitt.  Ln^  ch.  riii. 

3.  Characterized   by  roughness  or  coarse- 
ness ;  uncivil,  insolent. 

"  Ton  are  to  blame  .  .  . 
To  ute  sd  rude  behaviour." 

5Ao*«*p. .  Henry  riff.,  IT  1. 

4.  Ignorant,  untaught,  unpolished,clownish. 

"  Where  the  rude  villager.  his  Ubotrr  done. 
In  vexM  spontaneous  chant*  some  favoured  name." 
Scott:  Don  Roderick,    (lutrod.  U.) 

6.  Wanting  or  deficient  in  good  taste,  grace, 
or  elegance ;  unpolished.  (Said  of  language, 
•tjle,  fcc.) 

"  Rod*  and  nnplecuf  ng  be  the  lays." 

Ctneper  :  Ptatm  exxxrlL 

6.  Violent,  tempestuous,  boisterous,  rough. 
{Applied  to  the  sea,  weather,  Ac.) 

"  Firmer  he  rooU  him  the  ruder  it  blow.* 

Soo« :  Lady  of  t*e  lake,  U.  19. 

7.  Fierce,  impetuous :  as,  the  rude  shock 
Of  armies. 

*  8.  Harsh,  severe,  inclement :  M,  a  rude 
winter. 

*9.  Robust,  strong. 

I  What   the  penny-a-liner*   cull  ruda  health."— C, 
ngtley  ;  1'eatt,  ch.  xilL 

rude-growing,  a.    Rough,  wild. 

**  Whose  month  u  covered  with  rude-growing  briars." 
AhaJtftp.  ;  Titut  Artdronicm.  iL  4. 

r&de'-l&  ado.    [Eug.  rude;  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  rude,  severe,  or   rough    manner ; 
without  finish  or  polish  ;  coarsely. 

"They  were  all  apparelled  alike,  and  that  very 
rudely  and  homely."— Mvr»:  Vtvpia,  bk.  iL,  en.  vi. 

2.  With  rudeness,  incivility,  or  insolence ; 
coarsely,  boorishly. 

"You  began  rudelf."    Sfoalbetp. :  rvrf.fr*  *^*A  t  i. 

3.  Violently ;  with  violence ;  fiercely. 

'•  ttttdely  break 
Her  wonhlpp'd  image  fr.-ui  Its  bate." 

Jtoore :  Light  qf  Ou  Bartm. 

rude'-neBB,  *.    [£ng.  rude ;  -nets.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rude,  coarse, 
or  rough  ;  coarseness  of  finish ;  roughness, 
un  evenness. 

2.  Coarseness    of   manners,    conduct,    or 
language ;    incivility ;    want   of   politeness, 
courtesy,  or  civility. 

"  He  generally  affected  In  bis  manner*  and  in  bis 
housekeeping  a  rudeneu  beyond  that  of  his  rude  neigh- 
boor*."—  Macaulaf.  HUL  f.ng,,  eh.  itii. 

3.  Want  of  polish,  grace,  or  elegance ;  in- 
elegance, ignorance. 

*  4.  Violence,  impetuosity. 

"  The  great  SWIIIR  and  rudrnrst  of  hi*  poize." 

Shaketp. :  Troiiut  A  Creuida,  i.  1 

*  5.  Buisterousness,  tern  pest  uousness,  sever- 
ity. 

"You  can  hardly  be  too  sparing  of  water  to  your 
housed  plant«;  the  not  observing  ol  this,  destroys 
more  plants  than  all  the  ru<lt?n?ttr*  of  the  season.  — 
IWytt.  K+Undar. 

ru  dent  ed,  a.  [Lat  rudetw,  genit  rudenti$ 
=  a  rope,  a  cable.] 

Her. :  The  same  as  CABLED  Oj.v.). 
ru  deu-ture.  s.    [Fr.]    [RUDENTED.] 

Arch. :  Cable-moulding  (q.v.)- 

•  ru'-der-a-r&  a.      [Lat   ruderarlvs,  from 
rudus  —  stones  broken  small,  and  mixed  with 
lime  for  plastering  walls,  Aic.]     Belonging  or 
pertaining  to  rubbish. 

*  ru-der-a'-tlon,  $.    [Lat.  rvderatio.]    [Rtr- 
D  K  R A  BY.  ]    The  act  of  laying  of  pavement  with 
pebbles.    (Bailey.) 

•rudo*M>&  «.  [RUDE.]  A  coarse,  rough 
fellow; 

"  A  mad-brain  rudetbf  fall  of  spleen. 
Who  woo'd  in  haste,  and  means  to  wed  at  leisure." 
xHakrtp. :  Taming  oftke  Shrew,  iii.  3. 

Ru  -des-heim-er,  s.  [See  def.]  One  of  the 
most  highly  esteemed  white  Rhine  wines,  so 
called  from  being  made  from  grapes  grown  at 
Rudeshelm,  a  town  in  Nassau,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Rhine. 

STU'  dl  mcnt,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  rudimentitm 
~  a  thing  in  the  rough  state,  a  first  attempt, 
fmm  rndis=rude  (q.v.);  8p.  &  Ital.  rwli- 
mento.] 


L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  That  which  is  unformed  or  undeveloped  ; 
the  principle  wliich  lies  at  tlie  bottom  «»f  any 

iopmuiit;   au    unformed    or    tiufliiiBhed 
beginning. 

"  Infectious  as  impure,  yonr  blk-litlnir  pow'r 
Taints  in  iu  rudiments  the  prouiiad  fluw'r." 

Cvwptr  :  Cvntertation,  43. 

2.  An  elementary  or  first  principle  of  any 
art ;   especially,  in   the   plural,  the  first  ele- 
ments or  elementary  notions  of  any  branch  of 
science  or  knowledge  ;  first  steps. 

"  Iii  these  thy  flrst  es&ay*,  and  rudiment*  of  arms." 
Pitt:  I'irffil;  *£neid*L 

IT.  Biol. :  A  part  or  organ,  the  develop- 
ment of  which  has  been  arrested.  [VESTIGE.] 

"  With  hornless  breeds  of  cattle  and  sheep,  another 
and  singular  kiud  of  rudintent  baa  been  observe*!. 
namely,  minute  horns  dangling  attached  to  the  skin 
alune  .  .  .  With  cultivated  pl&utait  ia  far  from  rare 
to  liad  the  petala,  stamens,  and  pistils  represented  l>y 
rudiments,  like  those  observed  in  natural  species."— 
IXirtcin:  Variation  ?f  Anim.  t  Plant*,  en.  rxiv. 

*  ru'-dl-ment,  v.t.    [RUDIMENT,  «.]    To  fur- 
nish with  or  instruct  in  the  rudiments  or  first 
elements,   principles,  or  rules ;   to  settle  in 
first  principles. 

"  It  is  the  right  discipline  of  knight-errantry,  to  be 
rudiment  fd  iu  losses  at  first" — Vayton:  f'etttroiu 
A'ote*.  p.  87. 

ru-dl-ment-al,  a.  [Eng.  rudiment,  s. ;  -a/.] 
Pertainitig  or  relating  to  rudiments  or  first 
principles ;  rudimentary. 

"  Your  first  rudimental  essays  in  spectatonhlp  were 
made  in  my  shop,  where  you  often  practised  lor 
hours. " — Spectator. 

rA-d!-m«5nf-a-r&  a.     [Eng.  rudiment,  s. ; 

-ary.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  rudiments  or 
first  principles  ;  dealing  with  or  consisting  in 
first  principles ;  elementary. 

2.  In  the  state,  form,  or  condition  of  a  rudi- 
ment ;  in  an  undeveloped  state  or  stage ;  in 
the  first  stage  of  existence ;  embryonic. 

rudimentary-organs,  *.  pi. 

Biol. ;  Organs  in  animals  and  plants  which 
do  no  not  attain  full  development,  as  the 
mammae  of  males  among  the  mammalia  and 
the  pistil  in  male  florets  of  some  of  the  Com- 
posite ;  or  which  occur  in  the  embryo  and  not 
in  the  adult,  as  the  teeth  of  foetal  whales. 

"  In  order  to  understand  the  existence  of  rudimen* 
tary-oryant,  we  have  only  to  suppose  that  a  former 
progenitor  possessed  the  parts  in  question  In  a  perfect 
state,  aitd  that  under  changed  habits  of  life  they  be- 
come greatly  reduced."— Darwin.*  Uetcent  qf  Man  (ed. 

rud'-Jsh,  a.  [Eng.  rud(e);  -isft.]  Somewhat 
rude ;  rather  rude. 

*  rud'-I-t&  ».   (Eng.  rud(e);  -ity.]    Rudeness. 

rud  mis  day,  s.  [For  rood-maw-day,  from 
rood  =  a  cross.]  The  feast  of  the  Holy  Cross, 
of  which  there  were  two  annually;  viz.,  one 
on  May  3,  the  feast  of  the  Invention  of  the 
Holy  Cross  ;  the  other  on  Sept.  14,  Holyrood- 
day,  or  the  Exaltation  of  the  Holy  Cross. 

ru-d6l'-phine,  a.  [See  def.]  A  term  applied 
to  certain  astronomical  tables,  composed  by 
Kepler,  and  founded  on  the  observations  of 
TychoBrahe.  So  named  in  honour  of  Rudolph 
II.,  Emperor  of  Bohemia. 

rfte,  *rewt  *rewe,  v.t.  &  i.  [Prop.  Ante, 
from  A.8.  hredwan;  cogn.  with  0.  Sax.  hrew- 
an;  O.  H.  Ger.  kriuwan;  Ger.  renew;  Dut. 
rouwen.  From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  crudus 
=  raw ;  crudelis  =  cruel ;  Eng.  crude,  Ac,] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  grieve  for ;  to  regret,  to  lament,  to  re- 
pent. 

"  Ill-fated  race  !  bow  deeply  must  they  rue 
Their  only  crime,  rlcinity  to  yuu." 
Cow^er 

•1  To  pity. 

"  AM  the  tears  I  shed." 

Xft'ideip.  :  Titui  Andronicta.  I. 

*  3.  To  cause  to  grieve  ;  to  make  repentant, 
compassionate,  or  sorrowful. 

"  For  thoofb  I  made /bon  soorle  in  a  plstle  it  rttcith 
me  not."—  Wjfcliffe:  2  Cory  nth.  vii. 

4.  To  repent  of,  and  withdraw,  or  attempt 
to  withdraw  from  :  as,  To  rue  a  bargain. 
*B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  have  compassion. 

"  And  God  so  wisly  on  my  soule  rest*. 
As  I  shal  even  juge  ben.  and  trewe, 

Chaucer. •  C.  T.,  1.864. 

2.  To  become  sorrowful,  penitent,  or  grieved. 

*  rue  bargain,  r     The  forfeit  paid  by 
one  who  withdraws  from  a  bargain. 


rue(l),  *rume,  s.  [Fr.  rue;  Prov.,  Sp.,  & 
Port  ruda;  Lat  &  Itifl.  ruUi:  Gr.  puni 
{rhute)  =  rue.] 

1.  Bot. :  The  genus  Ruta(q.v.).  The  common 
Rue  is  Ruta  praveole-us,  a  half-shrul.by  plant, 
two  ur  three  feet  high,  of  a  fetid  odour,  and 
an  acrid  taste.    The  Win  ves  are 
pinnate,  the  flowers   yellow,  the  first  that 
comes  forth  generally  with  ten  stamens,  the 
next  with  eight.  A  native  of  Southern  Europe, 
but  grown  In  gardens  in  the  East  and  West 
Indies,  in  England,  ,ve. 

"  Here,  in  this  place, 
111  set  a  bank  of  rue,  sour  herb  of  grace." 

Sh.itstp. :  tiidiurd  II.,  iii.  1 

2.  Pharm, ;  Rue,  or  Rue-oil  (q. v.J,  is  a  power- 
ful topical  stimulant,  an  antispa-smodic,  an 
emmenagogue,  and  perhaps  an  anthelmintic. 
It  is  used  internally  in  flatulent  colic,  hys- 
teria, epilepsy,  &c.,  and  as  an  enema,  and  ex- 
externally  as  a  rubcfacieut 

rue-oil,  s. 

Chen. :  The  essential  oil  of  Common  Rue, 
obtained  by  distilling  the  plant  with  water. 
It  is  rather  viscid,  has  a  disagreeable  odour 
and  bitter  taste,  boils  at  228°,  and  solidifies 
about  0°  to  shining  crystalline  l&minaj.  The 
crude  oil  is  chiefly  composed  of  a  hydrocarbon 
and  one  or  two  ketones  of  the  paraffin  group. 
The  more  volatile  portion  of  the  oil  has  the 
composition  of  turpentine  oiL 

*  rue  (2),  «.     [RUE,  v.]    Sorrow,  repentance. 

rue'-f til,  «  rcu-fol,  *  reu  lull,  *  ru-feU, 

a.    [Eng.  rt«(2),B. ;  -full.] 

1.  Causing  to  rue,  lament,  or  grieve ;  mourn- 
ful, sad,  touching,  lamentable. 

"  A  rueful  sight,  the  wild  shore  strewn  with  wrecks.' 
tt'ordtttort*  :  Excursion,  bk.  r. 

2.  Expressing  or  characteristic  of  sorrow  or 
pity;  pitiful. 

"  With  rttfull  alien  I  eawe  where  Hector  stood." 

Surrey:  I'irffile ;  <£net»  IL 

3.  Full  of  lamentations  or  mourniug. 

**  Cocytus,  named  uf  lamentHtiuu  loud 
Heard  on  the  rueful  stream." 

M.ltvn:  P.  L.t  1LM9. 

rue'-f  ul-1^,  *  ru-ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  rueful; 
-ly.]  In  a  rueful  manner ;  mournfully,  sorrow- 
fully, piteously. 

"  They  oaase  me  to  crie  so  n</W/jr." 

Chaucer  ;  Lamentation  <>f  ata.ru  Jtoffdalen. 

rue'-f ul-neas,  s.  [Eng.  rueful;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  rueful ;  sorrowful- 
ness, mourn  fulness. 

rue  11,  s.    [REWEL.J 

*  ru-elle'.  «.     [Fr.,  dimin.  of  rtw  =  a  street.] 

Abed-chamber  in  wliich  persons  of  high  rank 
in  France,  during  the  sixteen  thaud  seventeenth 
centuries,  held  receptions  in  the  morning,  to 
which  those,distiu£uit>hed  for  learning,  wit, 
&c.,  were  invited ;  hence,  a  circle  or  coterie 
where  the  events  of  the  day  were  discussed. 

"  The  poet  who  flourished  In  the  scene,  is  condemued 
In  the  rueUe."~Dryden  :  Virgil ;  .Bneid.  (Pref.f 

ru  eT-H-a,  «.  [Named  after  John  Huelle, 
botanist  and  physician  to  Francis  I.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Ruellieae  (q.v.> 
Calyx  five-parted,  corolla  somewhat  cam- 
panulate  with  five  equal  spreading  segments, 
stamens  didynamous,  included  ;  capsule  two- 
celled,  six  to  eight-seeded.  The  species  are 
numerous.  Some  furnish  a  blue  dye  like 
tndigo,  especially  Ruellia  indigotica,  cultivated 
in  consequence  in  China. 

ru-el-ll-e'-ie,  a.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat   rutUi(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -em.} 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Acanthaeese. 

rue'-wort,  ».    [Eng.  rue  (\\  s.,  and  tc-ort,] 
Bot.  (PL) :  The  Rutacese  (q.v.X 

*  ru-fSs'-^nt,  a.    [Lat.  rufescens,  pr.  par.  of 
rufesco,  incept,  form  from  rujus  =  red.]    Red- 
dish ;  tinged  with  red ;  rather  rusty  ;  nearly 
reddish-brown. 

run* (1),  *  ruffe,  «.    [A  word  of  doubtful  ori- 
gin ;  prob.  from  the  same  root  as  Icel.  rjufo 
(pa.  t.   ravf)  =  to  break,  to    rip  up ;   A.S. 
reafan  =  to  reave  (q.v.) ;  ct   Dut   ru\/'=  • 
fold  ;  Sp.  r«/o=  frizzed,  curled.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Lit. :  A  large  collar  of  muslin  or  Unen, 
plaited,  crimped,  or  fluted,  formerly  worn  by 
both  sexes. 

"  They  were  come  to  that  height  of  excess  herein 
that  twenty  shillings  were  us'd  to  oe  paid  fur  starching 
of  a  ruJTS—ffoweU:  Letter*,  bk.  L,  f  3.  let  S>. 


fittb,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  f&U,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  p&t, 
or.  wore,  woli;  work,  wuo,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    «,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  au  -  kw. 


ruff— ruftmoric 


4063 


•J.  Figuratively: 
)  Something  puckered  or  plaited  like  a 


raff. 


14  Soft  on  the  paper  ruff  it-J,le&v.esJ^.™£f'|¥  va 
(2)  A  state  of  roughness  or  unevenuess  ; 
ruggedness. 

«  As  flelds  mt  all  their  bri^tl.-s  up  ;  in  ™ch  a  ^wer* 
(8)  Hence,  riotous  conduct ;  festivity. 

;  in  this  r«fi.»<I  Jollity,  new,  cam. 


p.  849. 

(4)  An  exhibition  of  pride  or  haughtiness. 

••  Prince.  th»t.  in  the  nf  of  ail  their  glory.  have 
been  irtkrii  du«  11  fnuntbeheadof  acoii'iuerinjjaruiy. 
—Sic  /.'.  L'Esr  range. 

(5)  The  top  of  a  loose  boot  turned  over. 

••  Why,  he  will  look  upon  hi.  boot,  and  sing ;  meild 
the  ru/  and  «ng.--£A<.*e«p. .-  Air*  Veil,  lit  2. 

IL  Technically: 

1  A/acA. :  An  annular  ridge,  formed  on  a 
shaft  or  other  piece,  commonly  at  a  journal, 
to  prevent  endlong  motion.  Bulls  sometimes 
consist  of  separate  rings  tixed  in  the  positions 
intended  by  set  screws,  &C.,  and  are  then 
called  loose  rails. 

2.  Ornithology: 

(i)  Machetes  pugnax,  a  spring  and  summer 
visitor  to  England,  Ireland,  and  the  North  of 
Europe,  having  its  winter  home  in  Africa.  It 
is  rather  larger  than  a  snipe  ;  general  plumage 
ash-brown,  spotted,  or  mottled  with  black,  but 
no  two  specimens  are  alike.  In  the  breeding 
season  the  neck  is  surrounded  by  a  frill  or 
rutf  of  numerous  long  black  feathers,  glossed 
with  purple,  and  barred 
with  chestnut 
Whilst  probably 
serving  primar- 
ily as  an  attrac- 
tion  to  the 
hen-birds, 
this  frill  acts 
also  as  a 
shield,  for 
the  polyga- 
mous Ruffs 
are  intensely 
pugnacious, 
and  furious 
battles  take 
place  be- 
tween them 
for  the  possession  of  the  females,  which  are 
called  Beeves,  and  are  more  uniform  in  color- 
ation, and  smaller  than  the  males.  The  nest 
is  usually  of  coarse  grass,  in  a  moist  swampy 
place,  the  eggs  four  in  number.  Large  num- 
bers are  caught  and  fattened  in  Holland,  and 
sent  to  England,  where  they  are  rapidly  be- 
coming rare,  owing  to  the  destruction  of  their 
favourite  haunts,  the  fens,  by  drainage. 

t  (2)  A  breed  of  the  Jacobin.  The  feathers 
fall  more  backward  off  the  head,  and  He  in  a 
rough  and  confused  manner,  whence  the 
pigeon  has  its  name.  (Moore  :  Columbarium.) 

ruff  wheel,  ». 
Metatt. :  An  ore-cmshing  mill  for  the  pieces 
which  will  not  feed  into  the  usual  crusher. 

ruff  (2),  s.  [Port.  ru/rt  =  a  game  with  dice,  a 
raffle.  J 

*  1.  An  old  game  at  cards,  the  predecessor 
of  whist. 

2.  The  act  of  trumping,  when  you  have  no 
card  of  the  suit  led. 

••  What  folly  must  inspire  the  wretched  taste 
60  many  precious  trumps  on  rufft  to  waste. 

ruff(3),  S.      [BCFFE.] 

'A  con _  .... 

bw  vibrating  beat  of  a  drum  ;  a 


KOFF  AND  BEEVE. 


ruff  (4),  ».     [A  contract,   from  rnfflt_  (2), 
(q.v.).]     A  It™ 


litre,  s.    [See  def.) 

Icltthy.  :  AceriiM  ctrnua,  from  the  rivers  of 
Europe.  It  is  olive-green,  marbled  and  spotted 
with  brown,  aiul  resembles  the  Perch  in  habits. 
The  n;une  is  said  to  be  derived  from  the  harsh 
sensation  caused  by  its  ctenoid  scales. 

ruffed,  a.    [BUFF  (1),  »-! 

ruffed-grouse,  «.    [BONASIA.] 
rutted  lemur,  s. 

Zool. :  Lemur  mrius;  called  also  the  Black- 
and-white  Lemur. 

ruT-li-an,  "ruf-fl-on,  *ruf-fy-an, 
ruf-y-an,  a.  4k  a.  [Fr.  nURm  (*J.  Fr.  rujien, 
ruffle*) :  cf.  Hal.  rujiano  ;  Sp.  rujiau.) 

A*  As  substantive : 

*  1.  Originally,  one  who  seta  forward  an  in- 
famous traffic  between  the  sexes  and  is,  as 
might  be  predicted,  personally  a  libertine ;  a 
pimp,  a  i»nder,  a  paramour. 

2.  A  brutal  fellow ;  a  rough  ready  for  any 
crime ;  a  robber,  a  cutthroat,  a  murderer. 

"  With  honourable  ruflloiu  in  their  lure." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  I.  65. 

*B.  At  adj. :  Pertaining  to,  or  characteristic 
of  a  ruffian  ;  brutal,  rufnniily. 
-  Each  .111*,  tarn  U.  * 


ruffle. 

"  The  drum  beats  a  ruff,  and  an  to  bed."—  TaanfOtar 
Recruiting  Officer,  v. 

rHff(l),  ».«.  [RUFF  (!),».) 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
*  1.  To  ruffle,  t»  disorder,  to  disarrange. 

"  Whiles  the  proud  bird,  ruffing  1m  fathers  wyde 
And  brushing  liis  faire  brent,  did  her  invade." 

Spenter:  F.  <j.,  III.  xi.  82. 

2  To   applaud   with  the   hands  or  feet 
{Scotch.) 
IL  Falconry :  To  hit  without  trussing. 

ruff  (2),  v.t.  or  i.    [RUFF  (2),  «.]    To  tram 
instead  of  following  suit. 

1  To  over-ruf:  To  put  a  higher  trump  on 
suit  trumped  already  by  an  adversary. 


*  ruf -fl-an,  v.l.    [RUFFIAN,  s.]    To  play  or 
act  the  ruffian  ;  to  raise  tumult ;  to  rage. 

"  If  It  hath  rufflan'd  so  upon  the  sea." 

Shaketp. :  Othello,  11. 1. 

ruf-H-an-age  (age  as  Ig),  «.  [Eng. 
ruffian;  -age.)  Ruffians  collectively;  rascal- 
dom. 

"Escorted  by  the  vilest  rufflatuLge."—  PaJgrtut I 
Bi*.  Norm.  Jt  Sng.,  iv.  678. 

•ruf-fl-an-ing,  *ruf-fl-an-yng,«.  [Eng. 
ruffian ;  '-Ing.)  Ruffianly  conduct. 

"  Bepent  of  light  rvjUanvna*—  Udal :  PeUr. 

* ruf-fl-an-iBn,  a.  [Eng.  ruffian;  -Mi.) 
Having  tne  qualities  or  manners  of  a  ruffian ; 
ruffianly. 

ruf-ri-an-5(?in,  «.  [Eng.  ruffian ;  -tsm.J  The 
character,  qualities,  or  conduct  of  a  ruffian. 

M  He  too  will  have  to  use  force  and  penalties  to  re- 
pre»  ruffianism.'— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  26.  1886. 

•  ruf -fi-an-like,  o.    [Eng.  ruffian;  -Hl-e.J 
Ruffianly. 

ruf-fl-an-l^,  o.  [Eng.  ruffian;  -ly.}  Uke  a 
ruffian  ;  ben  tting  or  becoming  a  ruffian. 

"  His  fond  disguising  of  a  Master  of  Art  with 
ruffianly  hair,  unseemly  apparel,  and  more  unseemly 
company."— 0.  Barney  :  Pour  Letter!  touching  Robert 
Greene,  p.  7. 

*  ruf-f  In,  o.  &  «. 

A.  As  adj.:  Disordered. 

••  His  ruffln  raiment  all  was  stained  with  blood." 
Speruer:  F.  «.,  L  iv.  M. 

B.  As  sutst.  :  A  ruffian,  a  ruffler. 

•  ruf -f  Jn-OUB,  o.    [Eng.  ruffin ;  -out.)    But 
flanly,  outrageous. 

"  To  shelter  the  Bald  monument  from  all  the  rujjlnot 
pride."  chapman:  ffomer ;  Iliad  vi. 

ruf-fle  (1),  *  ruf-fel-yn,  v.t.  &  I.    [Burr 
(!),».]  [Dut.  ruy/elen  =  to  ruffle,  to  wrinkle. 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  Tocontraetlntoplaitoorfolds;topucker 
to  wrinkle. 

"  A  small  piece  of  fine  ruffled  linen,  running  along 
the  upper  part  of  the  stay,  before."— Attdinm. 

2.  To  furnish  or  adorn  with  ruffles. 

"  Her  elbows  ruffled,  and  her  totfring  form 
HI  propp'd  upon  French  heels." 

Cowper:  TaOc,  Iv.  M5. 

3.  To  disorder  ;  to  disturb  the  arrangemen 
or  order  of ;  to  rumple,  to  disarrange ;  to  make 
uneven ;  to  throw  into  disorder. 

"  With  sudden  wing  and  ruffled  breast. 
The  eagle  left  his  rocky  ne.t." 

liyron :  Siege  of  Cortnth,  xxxiu. 

4.  To  disturb  the  surface  of;  to  cause  t< 
rise  In  waves. 

•"  The  whitening  surface  of  the  ruffled  deep." 

Pope  :  ffomer  ;  Iliad  IL  178. 

*  5.  To   throw   together   in    a    disorder! 
manner. 

"  I  ruffled  up  fal'n  leave.  In  heap,  and  found. 
Let  fall  from  heaven,  asleep  interiulnate.* 

Chapman, 

*  6.  To  throw  into  disorder  by  attacking 
to  rout. 

"  At  Passage  I  have  Men  thee 
Ruffle  the  TarUrs  a»  tliej  Bed  thy  furie." 

/(mum.  *  flet. :  Loyal  subject,  \.  8. 


of  a  ualr  of  fin* 

tise  the  value  of. 


7.  To  discompose,  to  disturb,  to  agitate. 

v  ere  an  Antony 
Would  ruffle  up  your  b^ii'iUt" 

khiiki-^j. :  Juliut  Catar,  lit.  X 

8.  To  disturb. 

"Adjusting  the  ruffled  relations  between  the  Sultan 
and  his  rebelUoua  vassal."— Ifaily  chronicle,  Oct.  1. 
1886. 

*  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  grow  rough  or  turbulent ;  to  be  noisy 
or  boisterous. 

"  The  bleak  winds  do  sorely  ruffle.' 

Shake,u.  :  Lear,  U.  4 

2.  To  play  loosely  ;  to  nutter. 

•'  On  his  right  shoulder  his  thick  mane  recliu'd, 
Ruffle*  at  speed,  aud  dances  in  the  wind 

Dryaen :  Virgil  s  Oearfie  ill.  IS*. 

3.  To  act  roughly ;  to  be  rough  ;  to  be  in 
contention. 

••  They  would  ruffle  with  Jurors,  and  htforce  them 
to  find  an  they  would  direct. ''—bacon:  Henry  I'll- 

U  To  ruffle  one's  feathers  (or  plumage) : 

1.  Trans. :  To  irritate  ;  to  make  angry ;  t4 
put  out. 

2.  Intrans. :  To  become  irritated,  angry,  « 
fretted. 

ruf  '-He  (2),  v.i.  [O.  Dut.  ro/eton  =  to  pan- 
der ;  Low  Oer.  ru/eln;  Prov.  Ger.  ruffeln  = 
to  pander ;  Dan.  ru/er  =  a  pander ;  Low  Gel 
ruffeler  =  a  pimp.)  To  put  on  airs ;  to  swaggei 

"  Lady.  I  cannot  ruffle  it  in  red  and  yellow." 

ben  Jenlon :  (.•ynthut'l  IteiKle.  Hi.  & 

riif'-ne  (3),  v.t.  [RUFFLE,  «.)  To  beat  the 
ruffle  on  :  as,  To  ruffle  a  drum. 

rttf '-He  (1),  >.    [BnFFLE  (1),  «.] 

1.  A  strip  of  plaited  cambric  or  other  fine 
cloth  attached  to  some  border  of  a  garment, 
aa  to  the  wristband  or  bosom ;  a  frill. 

"  The  person  who  work,  the  hue  of  a  | 
ruffles,  for  example,  will  sometimes  raise  tL  -. 

perhaps  a  i»enny  worth  of  flax  to £30  sterling. "—Smith: 
Wealth  of  Xationi.  bk.  iv.,  clu  Ix. 

2.  A  state  of  being  disturbed  or  agitated  ; 
disturbance,  agitation,  commotion. 

"Conceive  the  mind's  perception  of  some  object, 
and  the  consequent  ruffle  or  commotion  of  the  blood. 

•  3.  A  tumult,  a  melee. 

"  This  capttayne  nioche  stayed  the  title,  notwith- 
itaiidyiug  twenty  or  more  peraoues  were  aleyne  in  the 
ruffles-Hall :  Henry  rill.  (an.  19). 

U  Ruffe  o/  a  boot:  The  turned-down  top, 
hanging  loosely  over  like  a  ruffle. 

ruf-fle  (2),  s.  [Prob.  from  the  sound.]  A  low, 
vibrating  beat  of  the  drum,  not  so  loud  as  the 
roll,  used  on  certain  military  occasions,  as  a 
mark  of  respeot.  (Frequently  contracted  into 
ru/.)  [RoFF  (4),  «.] 

•ruf'-fle-lf5M,o.  fEng.  ruffle ;  -tea.]  With- 
out  ruffles. 

*  ruf  '-fle-mSnf  «.    [Eng.  ruffle;  -mm»,.\  Hie 
act  of  ruffling. 

ruf'-fler  (U  «.   (Eng.  nM'XM  *.;  •«••• 

1.  A  sewing-machine  attachment  for  forming 
ruffles  in  goods. 

2.  A  sort  of  heckle  for  flax. 

ruf'-fler  (2),  s.  [Eng.  ruffle)  (2),  v. ;  -er.1  A 
bully,  a  swaggerer. 

11  Publications  which  rapplled  her  courtesan,  and 
rufflert  with  appropriate  menwu  food,  —V.  A,  ay 
mondt :  Renaittance  in  Italy,  ch.  x. 

*  ruf  -fler-y', ».    [Eng.  ruffle,  v. ;  -ry.)  Noise, 

disturbance.    (Stanykurst.) 

ru-H-gal '-Ho,  o.     [Eng.  ruffn\  and  gallic.] 
Derived  froui  gallic  acid, 
rufigallic-acid,  s. 

C6H(OH)s. 

CoOa  Para-elhv 


gic  acid.  Obtained  by  heating  gallic  acid  with 
strong  sulphuric  acid  to  70°  or  80%  It  crystal- 
lizes in  small,  shining,  red  prisms,  containing 
two  molecules  of  water,  sublimes  above  120°, 
is  insoluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble  in  alco- 
hol and  ether.  With  alkalis  it  forms  a  soluble 
red  compound,  and  dyes  cloth,  mordanted 
with  alum,  a  beautiful  red  colour. 


ru-fl-mor  -io,  a.  [Eng.  ny!(n); 
and  suit;  -ic.)    Derived  from  or  containing 
morintannic  acid. 
rufimoric  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  Produced  by  boiling  morintannic 
acid  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  leaving  the 
solution  to  itself  for  some  time.  The  brick- 
red  precipitate  is  washed  with  water  dissolved 


bSil,  bd>:  pint,  J.$*l;  oat,  9ell,  chorus,  9Hin,  UenoU;  go,  gem;  thin.  flU.;  sin,  a?;  expect,  ¥<"opl"">  e¥*»*-   -»**• 

-Jloit,  ^<m  =  «hiio.  -olou«.  -tiou*  -.rtou.  =  8liu8.  -We,  -die,  &o.  m  bel,  «*!. 


-0*an.-tian  = 


-tlon. 


4004 


rufln— ruinable 


in  alcohol,  and  re-precipitated  with  water.  It 
then  forma  a  dark  red  amorphous  powder, 
soluble  in  alcohol,  slightly  soluble  in  ether, 
and  dissolves  in  sulphuric  acid  to  a  red  colour. 
Boiled  with  i*>tash,  it  is  reconverted  into 
morintaunic  acid. 

ru   fin,  «. '  [Lat.  ruf(us)  =  red ;  -in  (CAm.\] 

Chem.  ;  CojHooOjj.  A  red  resinous  substance 
produced  by  the  action  of  heat  on  phlorizin. 
It  dissolves  in  alcohol,  and  water  dissolves  it 
at  boiling  heat,  but  instantly  decolourizes  it. 
With  strong  sulphuric  acid  it  forms  a  Hue  red 
colour. 

ru-f  I-op'-In,  *.     [Eng.  ru/(n)  and  op£(a)n.J 

Chem. :  C^H^OH^Oa.  Obtained  from  opl- 
anic  acid  by  heating  with  sulphuric  acid.  It 
crystallizes  in  yellowish-red  needles,  which 
dissolve  in  alkalis  with  violet-red  colour. 

ru  -f$-cat-e-chu'-Ic,  a,     [Lat.  n</iw  =  red, 

and  Eng.  catechuic.]    (See  compound.) 

ruf oca techuic- acid,  *.  [RCBI NIC- ACID.] 

rn'-fous,   a.      [Lat.  rujus.1      Reddish ;  of  a 

reddish  colour,  especially  of  a  brownish  or 

yellowish  red;  tawny;  reddish  orange,  rusty. 

"The  rich   rufout  colour*  of   their  primaries," — 

field,  Sept.  18,  ISM. 

rufous  kangaroo-rat,  s. 

ZooL :  Hypsiprymnus  rufescens,  from  Aus- 
tralia, where  it  is  very  common.  When 
pursued,  itT jumps  like  a  jerboa,  with  great 
swiftness,  for  a  short  distance,  and  seeks 
shelter  in  hollows,  logs,  and  holes.  It  feeds 
on  roots  and  grasses. 

rufous  oven-bird,  «. 

Ornith. :  Furnarius  rufus,  common  In  Banda 
Oriental,  on  the  banks  of  the  Plata. 

rufous  swallow,  «. 
Ornith  :  Hirundo  rufula, 

•ruft,  «.    [RIFT,  v.]    Eructation,  belching. 

ruf-ter-hood,  *.  [Etyiu.  of  first  element 
doubtful ;  second  element,  hood.} 

Falconry:  A  hood  to  be  worn  by  a  hawk 
when  she  is  first  drawn. 

fug  (IX  *  rugg,  «•  [SW.  rugg  =  rough,  en- 
tangled hair ;  cogn.  with  Low  Ger.  ruug ;  Dut 
nig ;  A.S.  niA  =  rough  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  heavy,  nappy  fabric,  used  as  a  wrapper, 
cover,  or  protection  ;  as— 

(1)  A  cover  of  a  bed. 

(2)  A  hearth-rng. 

(3)  A  cover  for  the  legs,  &c.,  against  cold  on 
» journey  ;  a  railway-rug. 

*  2.  A  rough,  woolly,  or  shaggy  dog. 

*  rug-gowned,    a.     Wearing  a   coarse, 
shaggy  dress. 

*  rug-headed,  a.    Having  shaggy  hair. 

**  We  must  rJnpplant  thoee  rough,  rug-keadfd  kern*." 
Stmketp. ;  Richard  It.,  ii  i. 

rug  (2),  s.    [Ruo,  v.]    A  pull,  a  tug. 
5  To  get  a  rug :  To  get  a  share. 
"  Having  gotten,  it  was  thought,  a  rug  of  the  com- 
pensattons.  — Scott :  Redgauntlet,  letter  xi. 

rug,  r.t  [Cf.  rogge.]  To  pull  hastily  or 
roughly,  to  tear,  to  tug.  (Scotch.) 

ru'-ga  (pl-  ru'-g»X  *-    [Lat.  =  a  wrinkle.] 

1.  Anat.  :  A  wrinkle  ;  a  transverse  ridge  on 
the  convoluted  ridges  produced  by  the  wrink- 
ling of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach. 

2.  Bot. :  A  wrinkle. 

ru  -gate,  a.  [Lat.  rugatus,  pa.  par.  of  rugo=. 
to  wrinkle.  [RuoA.J  Wrinkled  ;  having  al- 
ternate ridges  and  depressions. 

rug'-ged,  a.     [Sw.  rugg  —  rough,  entangled 
hair.]    [Ruo(l),  s.J 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Full  of  rough  projections  or  inequalities 
on  the  surface ;  rough  ;  broken  into  sharp  or 
irregular  points  or  prominences. 

"  The  rugged  mass  still  lies,  not  many  yards  from 
Us oritfnaTsiU.'-Jfticau/ajr :  Hitt.  Eng.  £  *iL 

2.  Not  made  smooth  or  polished  ;  rough. 

"  A  rural  portico  of  rugged  stone  " 

Pope:  Homer;  Odyuey  xlr.  10. 

8.  Rough  in  temper ;  austere,  harsh,  crabbed. 
4.  Surly,  sour,  uneasy,  disturbed. 

"  Sleek  o'er  your  rugged  looks, 
e  bright  and  Jovial  'raonz  your  guests  to-night." 
1    ij».:  Macbeth,  ill.  1 


5.  Rough,  uncouth  ;  wanting  in  refinement 
or  grace. 

"  With  thanks—  'twas  all  she  could-tbe  maid 
Hi*  ruyyed  courtesy  repaid," 

Scott  :  Lady  qf  the  La**,  Tt  10. 

*  6.  Bough  with  hair  or  tufts  of  any  kind  ; 
shaggy,  bristly. 

"The  rugged  Fyrrfaus  like  th«  Hyrcanian  beast." 
ShaXeip.  ;  Samlet,  ii.  1 

*  7.  Wrinkled,  furrowed. 

44  The  rugged  forehead,  that  with  grave  foresight, 
Welds  kingdom*,  causes,  and  attain  of  state." 

Spenter  :/*.«.,  IV.  L    (Prol.f 

8.  Not  neat  or  regular  ;  uneven,  ragged. 

"His  well-proportioned  beard  made  rough  and  ruoged." 
Skaketp.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  ill  1 

*  9.    Stormy,       tempestuous,       turbulent, 
boisterous  :  as,  a  rugged  wind.    (Milton.) 

*  10.  Violent,  impetuous,  rude,  boisterous. 
11.  Harsh  or  grating  on  the  ear  ;  rough,  not 

smooth. 

"  Wit  will  shine 
Through  the  harsh  cadeiice  of  a  rugged  line." 

KrydeH.    (Todd.) 

IL  Bot.  :  Rough  with  tubercles  or  stiff 
points  ;  scabrous.  Used  of  a  leaf  or  stem. 
(Martyr) 


e'd-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  rugged;  ~ly.]    In  a 
rugged  manner;  roughly,  violently,  sourly. 

**  Look  not  so  ruggedly  on  me." 

Seaum.  *  fitt.  :  Woman  Hater,  T.  S. 

rug'-ged  ness,  *  rug  ged-nesse,  s.  [Eng. 
rugged;  •ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rugged, 
rough,  or  uneven  ;  roughness. 

"  As  for  the  ruggednette  of  any  blade."  —  P.  Holland  ; 
Pliny,  bk.  zxrtiL,  ch.  ix 

2.  Roughness     of     temper  ;      harshness, 
severity,  coarseness,  surliness,  rudeness. 

"  That  unmanly  sharpness  and  ruggednett  of 
humour."—  Scott  :  CMXian  Life,  pt  iiL,  ch.  ii. 

3.  Violence,  storminess,  boisterousness. 

rug'-ging,  «.    [Eng.  mg  (1),  a.  ;  -in<r.] 

L  Fabric  :    Coarse    woollen    wrapping   or 

blanket  cloth. 
2,  Saddlery:  A  coarse  cloth  used  for  the 

body  of  knee-  and  other  horse-boots. 

*  rug'-g^,  a.    [8w.  ruggig,  from  rugg  =  rough, 
entangled  hair.]    Rough,  shaggy. 

"  With  flotery  herd,  and  ruggy  asahy  heres." 

BSsMT.*  C.  r.,U* 

*  rug  -In,  *.    [Ruo  (1),  *•]    A  nappy  cloth. 

"  The  lips  grew  so  painful,  that  she  could  not  endure 
the  wiping  the  ichor  from  it  with  a  soft  ruyin  with 
her  own  hand.  "  —  Waeman  :  Surgery, 

ru-gine',  *.  [Fr.]  A  surgeon's  rasp;  an 
instrument  for  removing  the  diseased  surface 
of  bones. 

"  If  new  flesh  should  not  generate,  bore  little  orifices 
into  the  bone,  or  rasp  it  with  the  rugine."—  Skarp, 

ru-gine',  v.t.  [Fr.  ruginer.]  To  scrape  with 
a  rugine. 

"  Where  you  find  It  moist,  there  you  are  to  rugine 
it  —  Witeman;  Surgery,  bk.  T.,  ch.  u, 

ru-g6'-5fa,  *.  pi.  [Neut.  pi.  of  Lat  rugosus  = 
wrinkled,  from  ruga  (q.v.).  So  named  from 
the  wrinkled  appearance  of  the  corals.] 

1.  Zool.  :  A  group  of  Hadreporaria.  Corallum 
sclerodermic,  with  a  true  theca.     Generally 
both  tubube  and  septa  combined.    Septa  gen- 
erally some  multiple  of  four,  but  with  one  or 
three  prominent,  or  with  a  small  channel. 
Simple  or  compound  corals  represented  in  the 
modern  seas  only  by  two  genera,  one  from  the 
Mediterranean,  the  other  from  Florida.   Fami- 
lies :   Stauride,   Cyathaxonida,   Cyathophyl- 
lul;.',  and  Cystiphyllidfe. 

2.  Palceont.  :  Found  in  the  Palaeozoic  rocks, 
the  Upper  Greensand,  and  the  Tertiary.  They 
were  reef-builders. 

ru'-gose,  o.  [Lat.  rugosus,  from  ruga  =  a* 
wrinkle;  Ital.,  Sp.,  &  Port,  rugoso.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Wrinkled  ;  full  of  or  abound- 
ing with  wrinkles. 

"  The  hnmerus  has  a  well-marked  rugote  line."  — 
Tram.  Amer.  PhUotoph.  Soc,  (1878),  xiti.  203. 

2.  Bot.  :  Rough  or  coarsely  wrinkled. 

*  ru-go»'-J-tjf,  *.  [Lat.  rugosita*,  from  rugosus 
=  rugose  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  rugosite.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rugose  or 
wrinkled. 

2.  A  wrinkle,  a  pucker,  a  slight  ridge. 

rti'-gous,  a.  [Lat.  rugotut;  Fr.  rugueux.] 
The  same  as  RUGOSE  (q.v.). 


ru'-gu  lose,  a.    [A  dimin.  from  Lat.  rvya  = 
a  wrinkle.] 
Bot. ;  Finely  wrinkled,  as  a  leaf. 

Ruhm -korflC  5.  [The  name  of  a  French 
manufacturer  of  scientific  instruments,  born 
1800.]  (See  compound.) 

Ruhmkorff'a  coll,  &  [INDDCTION-COIL.) 
ru-iUe'f  ».  [Fr.  ruillee.} 

Build. :  A  pointing  of  mortar  at  the  junction 
of  a  roof  with  a  wall  higher  than  itself.  A 
fillet  of  mortar  to  shed  the  water. 

ru'-in,  *  mine,  «.  [Fr.  mine,  from  I^at 
ruina  —  overthrow,  from  ruo  =  to  fall  down, 
to  sink  in  ruin;  Sp.  <t  Port,  ruina;  ItaL 
ruina,  rovina.] 

*  1.  The  act  or  state  of  falling  down ;  a 
violent  fall. 

"  His  ruin  sUrtled  the  other  steeds." 

Chapman,  in  AnnandaU. 

2.  That  change  of  anything  which  destroys 
it,  or  entirely  defeats  its  object,  or  unfits  it 
for  use  ;  destruction,  overthrow,  downfall. 

"  Buildings  fall  to  ruin.' 

M«*«A  ;  PerM*.  a  4 

•3.  Decay. 

"  Let  it  presAga  the  ruin  of  your  love." 

a*ake*p. ;  Merchant  <tf  Venice,  UL  1 

4.  That  which  causes  or  promotes  the 
destruction,  downfall,  or  decay  of  anything ; 
bane,  destruction,  perdition. 


5.  A  building  or  other  thing  in  a  state  of 
decay  or  dilapidation  ;    that  which  is  fallen 
down  and  become  worthless  from  decay  «r 
injury  ;  a  wreck. 

6.  Specif.,  in  the  plural,  the  remains  of  a 
decayed,  dilapidated,  destroyed,  or  forsaken 
house,  city,  fortress,  or  the  like. 

7.  The  decayed  remains  of  anything. 

"  Beflect«d  to  her  eyes  the  rut HJ  of  her  fnoe.* 

Dryden :  Ovid ;  Metamorphotet  XT. 

*  8.  A  fragment ;  a  piece  broken  or  fallen  off 
a  larger  mass. 

"  Then  Alax  seiz'd  the  fragment  of  a  rock, 
Applied  each  nerve,  and,  swinging  round  on  high, 
With  force  tempestuous,  let  tlie  ruin  fly." 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Iliad  vii.  822. 

9.  The  quality,  state,  or  condition  of  being 
ruined,  decayed,  dilapidated,  destroyed,  or 
rendered  worthless. 

"  Repair  thy  wit,  or  it  will  fall 
To  carele&n  ruin." 

Sfaiketp.  :  Merchant  of  Pento*,  IT.  J. 

^  Blue  ruin  :  Gin.    (Slang.) 

ruin-agate,  s.  [Ger.  ruinenachat,  or 
trummeracnal.] 

Min, :  A  riband-agate  which  has  been 
crushed  in  situ,  and  re-cemented  by  inn' H ra- 
tion of  silica.  Also  called  "  brecciated  agate." 
The  most  characteristic  is  that  of  Kuunersdorf, 
Saxony. 

ruin-marble,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  compact,  marly  limestone  which 
has  been  much  crushed  and  faulted.  When 
polished  it  presents  the  appearance  of  ruined 
temples,  houses,  fortifications,  &c.,  owing  to 
the  infiltrations  of  oxides  of  iron  and  man- 
ganese between  the  disturbed  fragments. 
Found  near  Florence. 

ru'-In,  v.t.   &  i.     [Fr.  miner;    Sp.   &  Port. 
ruinar  ;  Ital.  ruinare,  rovinare.]    [Rum,  «.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  bring  to  ruin ;    to  cause  to  fall  to 

Sieces  or  decay ;  to  damage  essentially  ;   to 
ilapidate ;  to  destroy,  to  overthrow,  to  sub- 
vert. 

"  For  Jerusalem  is  ruined,  and  Judah  is  fallen."— 

Jtai.ih  i  ii .  8. 

2.  To  bring  to  a  state  of  poverty. 

"  A  particular  merchant,  with  abundance  of  goods 
In  his  warehouse,  niny  sometimes  be  ruined  by  not 
being  able  to  »ell  them  in  tiiae."— SmU A ;  Wealth  «/ 
A-'in-mt.  bk.  1  v.,  ch.  i. 

*  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  tail  violently. 

"  Hell  heard  th'  untufferable  noise,  hell  saw 
He*v*u  ruining  fruin  heav'n.  and  would  have  fled 
Affrighted."  Jiittvn  :  P.  L..  vi.  868 

2.  To  fall  into  ruins ;  to  come  to  ruin ;  to 
fall  into  decay  or  dilapidation. 

3.  To  be  brought  to  a  state  of  poverty  or 
misery. 

"  If  we  are  Idle  and  disturb  the  Industrious  In  thsti 
business,  we  shall  rutn  the  faster."— Lodke. 

*  ru -In-a:ble,  a.    [Eng.  ruin;  -able.}    Cap- 
able of  being  ruined. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  herp  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt. 
or,  wore.  wol£  work.  who.  sou;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rmle,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  fcw. 


ruinate— ruler 


4065 


ru  In  ate,  v.t.  &  t.  [Low  Lat.  ruinatut,  pa. 
par.  of  ruino  =  to  ruin.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  rain ;  to  bring  to  ruin  or 
decay  ;  to  destroy,  to  overthrow.  (Now  only 
111  vulgar  use.) 

"  I  will  not  ruinate  my  father's  house.' 

Shalieei>. :  t  Henri  F/.,  v.  I. 

•B.  Intrant.:  To  fall  or  come  to  ruin  or 
decay. 

•ru-in-ate,  a.  [Low Lat. ruinatut.}  Ruined; 
brought  to  ruin  ;  in  ruins. 

"The condition  known  in  some  hapless  countries  as 
r*inate."-0aill  Telegraph.  Jan.  20,  1886. 

t  ru-In-a'-tlon,  s.    [Low  Lat.  ruinatw,  from 

ruinatus,  pa.  par.  of  ruino  =  to  ruin  (q.v.).] 

The  act  of  ruining  ;  ruin,  destruction,  decay. 

••  An  engine  of  destruction  and  of  ruination  to  trout 

lakes.'— naid,  Dec.  «.  1884. 

ru'-in-er,  s.  [Eng.  ruin;  -er.]  One  who  or 
that  which  ruins  or  destroys. 

"  The  extreme  ruiner 
Of  others."  Daniel ;  Civil  Wart,  vil  99. 

•ru-In'-i  form,  a.  [Lat.  ruina  =  a  ruin,  and 
forma  =  form,  appearance.]  Having  an  ap- 
pearance of  the  ruins  of  houses.  (Applied 
to  certain  minerals.) 

ru'-in-ous,  *  rn-yn-ous,  a.  [Fr.  ruineux, 
from  Lat.  nunosus,  from  ruina  =  ruin  ;  Sp.  & 
Port,  ruinoso  ;  Ital.  ruinoso,  rovino&o.] 

1.  Fallen  into  ruin  ;  dilapidated,  ruined. 

"  Dyd  his  dilyRence  to  repayre  ruynous  places."— 
Fabyan  :  Chronicle,  ch.  xlv. 

2.  Consisting  of  ruins.    (Isaiah  xvii.  1.) 

3.  Causing  or  tending  to  cause  ruin  or  de- 
struction ;  baneful,  destructive,  pernicious. 

••  After  a  night  of  storm  so  ruinous. " 

Milton :  P.  A,  Iv. 

ru'-in-OUS-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  ruinous  ; -ly.]  In 
a  ruinous  manner ;  destructively. 

"  His  own  decree  will  retort  the  most  rulnouHf  on 
himself.  '—£eoay  of  Piety. 

ru  In  ous-ness,  ».  [Eng.  ruinous;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  ruinous. 

rnkh,  ».    [Roc.] 

*  rul'-a-ble.  a.    [Eng.  ruWf) ;  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  ruled  ;  governable. 

"The  impression  of  your  nature  to  be  opiniastre  and 
not  rulabte."— Bacon :  To  Lord  Sues,  Oct..  1596. 

2.  Subject  to  rule  ;  accordant  to  rule. 

rule,  *  reule,  •  riwle, «.  [0.  Fr.  ruile,  rmle, 
riegle  (Fr.  regie),  from  Lat.  regula  =  a  rule, 
from  rego  =  to  govern,  to  rule  ;  A.8.  regol ; 
8p.  regla;  Port,  regra;  Ital.  regola;  Dut, 
Dan.,  Sw.,  &  Ger.  regel.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  ruling;  government,  sway, 
'empire  ;  supreme  authority  or  control. 

"  He  that  hath  no  rule  over  his  own  spirit  is  like  a 
city  that  U  broken  down,  and  without  walla"— Pros, 
xxv.  28. 

2.  That  which  is  prescribed  or  laid  down  as 
a  guide  to  conduct ;  that  by  which  any  pro- 
cedure is  to  be  adjusted  or  regulated,  or  to 
which  it  is  to  be  conformed ;  that  .which  is 
established  as  a  principle,  standard,  or  guide 
for  action  or  procedure  :  aa — 

(1)  An  established  mode  or  course  of  pro- 
ceeding prescribed  in  private  life  :  as,  therufe* 
of  society,  theruies  of  etiquette,  &c. 

(2)  The  laws  or  regulations  established  by 
competent  authorities  for  the  carrying  on  of 
certain  games  :  as,  the  rules  of  cricket,  the 
rules  of  horse-racing,  &c. 

(3)  A  line  of  conduct ;  behaviour. 

"  You  would  not  give  means  for  this  uncivil  rula." 
Shalteip.  :  Twelfth  xtaht,  il.  S. 

(4)  A  maxim,  canon,  or  precept  to  be  ob- 
served in  any  art  or  science  ;  a  precept,  a  law. 

"  That  will  confess  perfection  so  could  err 
Against  all  rules  of  nature." 

Shabap.  •'  OtJiello,  L  S. 

(5)  Method,    regularity ;   propriety  of  be- 
haviour.   (Shakesp. :  Macbeth,  v.  2.) 

3.  A  law  or  regulation,  or  a  body  of  laws  or 
regulations  to  be  observed  by  a  society,  asso- 
ciation, &c.,  and  its  individual  members. 

"  A  monastic  rule  is  denned  as  a  collection  of  lawt 
and  constitutions,  according  to  which  the  religious  of 
a  bouse  or  order  are  obliged  to  live,  and  which  they 
have  made  a  vow  of  observing.  All  the  monastic 
rules  require  to  be  approved  ol  by  the  ecclesiastical 
superiors,  and  even  by  the  Holy  See,  to  impose  an 
obligation  of  conscience  on  religious.  When  a  re- 
ligious cannot  bear  the  austerity  of  his  rule,  he  is 
obliged  to  demand  a  dispensation  from  his  superiors, 
or  permission  from  the  Holy  See  to  enter  a  more 
mitigated  order." — J.  Ji.  Murphy:  Terra  Incognita. 
or  the  Convent*  of  the  United  Kingdom,  pp.  u,  15. 


4.  An  instrument  by  which  lines  are  drawn. 
It  consists  of  a  bar  of  metal  or  wood,  straight 
on  one  edge,  to  guide  a  pencil  or  pen. 

5.  An  instrument  for  making  short  linear 
measurements,  and  performing  various  opera- 
tions in  mensuration.     There  are  numerous 
varieties,  according  to  the  particular  objects 
for  which  they  are  intended.    The  commonest 
form  is  that  used  by  carpenters,  joiners,  and 
other  artificers.      It  is  divided  into  inches 
and  fractions,  and  is  usually  jointed,  so  that 
it  may  be  folded  up  and  carried  in  the  pocket. 
Some  rules  have  a  slider  in  one  leg ;  in  Gun- 
ter's  scale  this  is  graduated  and  engraved  with 
figures,  so  that  various  simple  computations 
may  be  made  mechanically. 

"  Where  is  thy  leather  apron  and  ttiy  rule  t" 

Shatcetp. :  Juliui  Cottar,  i.  1. 

H.  Technically : 

1.  Arith.  di   Alg. :    A    determinate  mode 
prescribed  for  performing  any  operation,  and 
producing  a   certain   result ;   a  certain  pre- 
scribed o[*ration  or  series  of  operations  for 
the  ascertaining  of  a  certain  result ;  as,  rules 
for  addition,  subtraction,  4tc.    In  algebra,  if 
a  rule  is  translated  into  ordinary  language 
the  result  is  a  formula ;   and  conversely,  if 
a  formula  is  translated  into  ordinary  language, 
the  result  is  a  rule. 

2.  Law :  A  point  of  law  settled  by  authority ; 
also  the  mode  of  procedure  settled  by  lawful 
judicial  authority  for  some  court  or  courts  of 
j  ustice.    Rules  are  either  general  or  particular. 
General  rules  are  such  orders  relating  to  mat- 
ters of  practice  as  are  laid  down  and  promul- 
gated by  the  court  for  the  general  guidance  of 
the  suitors.    Formerly,  each  court  of  common 
law  issued    its  own  general  rules,  without 
much  regard  to  the  practice  in  other  courts ; 
but  of  late  the  object  has  been  to  assimilate 
the  practice  in  all  the  courts  of  common  law. 
The  rules  are  a  declaration  of  what  the  court 
will  do,    or  will  require  to  be  done,  in  all 
matters  falling  within  the  terms  of  the  rule, 
and    they    resemble  in    some   respects  the 
Roman  edict.    Particular  rules  are  such  as 
are  confined  to  the  particular  cases  in  refer- 
ence to  which  they  have  been  granted. 

3.  Gram. :  An  established  form  of  construc- 
tion in  a  particular  class  of  words ;  or  the 
expression  of  that  form  in  words. 

*  4.  Music :  A  line  of  the  stave. 

"There  standeth  the  F  fa  ut  cliefe  on  the  fourth 
rule  from  below."— Jtorfsy .-  Introdiv-tim  to  Mueic. 

5.  Plaster. :  A  strip  or  screed  of  wood  or 
plaster,  placed  on  the  face  of  a  wallas  a  guide 
to  assist  in  keeping  the  plane  surface. 

6.  Printing: 

(1)  A  thin  plate  of  metal  used  for  separating 
headings,  titles,  the  columns  of  type  in  a  book, 
or  columns  of  figures  in  tabular  work.     Rules 
are  type  high,  and  some  have  a  guttered  face 
so  as  to  print  a  double  line. 

(2)  A  composing-rule  (q.v.). 

IT  (1)  Gauging-rule  :  Agauging-rod  (q.v.). 

(2)  Parallel-ruler :  [PARALLEL]. 

(S)  Rules  of  a  prison :  Certain  limits  with- 
outthe  walls,  within  which  prisoners  in  custody 
were  sometimes  allowed  to  live,  on  giving 
security  not  to  escape. 

"  On  entering  into  recognisances  to  the  Marshal  of 
the  Bench  to  return  to  the  rules  by  a  certain  hour  at 
night"—  Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  6,  1889. 

(4)  Rules  of  course  : 

Law:  Rules  which  are  drawn  up  by  the 
proper  officers  on  the  authority  of  the  mere 
signature  of  counsel ;  or,  in  some  instances, 
as  upon  a  judge's  fiat,  or  allowance  by  tlie 
master,  &c,,  without  any  signature  by  counsel. 
Rules  which  are  not  of  course  are  grantable 
on  the  motion  either  of  the  party  actually  in- 
terested, or  of  his  counsel. 

(5)  Rule  of  signs : 

Alg. :  That  rule  that,  in  any  operation  like 
signs  produce  positive,  and  unlike  signs  pro- 
duce negative  signs. 

(6)  Rule  of  the  octave : 

Music:  A  name  given  to  a  system  of  adding 
harmonies  to  the  diatonic  scale,  using  it  as 
the  lowest  part.  From  the  nature  and  rela- 
tion of  the  chords  added,  many  laws  as  to 
progression  and  modulation  were  deduced ; 
in  fact  it  was  formerly  taught  as  a  formula  for 
the  assistance  of  students,  who  committed  to 
memory  the  harmony  or  harmonies  which 
each  degree  was  capable  of  bearing. 

(!)  Rule  of  the  road :  The  rales  or  regulations 
by  which  traffic  on  public  roads  is  regulated 


In  this  country,  on  meeting,  riders  or  driven 
go  to  the  right ;  in  Great  Britain  they  pass  U 
the  left. 

(8)  Rule  of  three: 

Arith. :  A  rule  for  finding  from  three  given 
numbers  a  fourth,  to  which  the  third  shall 
have  the  same  ratio  as  the  first  has  to  the 
second.  [PROPORTION.] 

(9)  Rule  of  thumb:   A  rule   suggested   by 
practical  rather  than  by  scientific  knowledge. 

(10)  Rule  to  show  cause  ;  rule  nwi  : 

Law :  A  conditional  rule  or  order  obtained 
from  a  judge,  to  be  made  absolute  unless  the 
party  against  whom  it  is  obtained  shows  suffi- 
cient cause  to  the  contrary. 

(11)  The  Rule  :  [NORMA,  t.  II.  1.]. 

rule-Joint,  «.  A  movable  joint  in  which 
a  tongue  on  one  piece  enters  a  slot  in  the 
other,  and  is  secured  by  a  pin  orrivet.  When 
the  two  pieces  are  in  line,  their  ends  abut,  so 
that  movement  is  only  possible  in  one  direc- 
tion. This  arrangement  IB  used  for  carpenters' 
rules  and  table-leaves. 

rule  staff,  >. 

Shipbuild. :  A  lath  about  four  inches  In 
breadth,  used  for  laying  off  curves. 

rule,  *rewle,  Tlwl-en,  v.t.  4  i.  [0.  Fr. 
rutter,  reguler  (Fr.  regler),  from  Lat  regular 
to  regulate  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  govern,  to  command  ;  to  have  do- 
minion, control,  or  authority  over ;  to  conduct, 
to  manage,  to  restrain. 

"He  that  ruled  them  with  a  shepherd's  rod." 

Cotrper:  fxpoitulation,  St. 

2.  To  prevail  on  ;   to  persuade,  to  advise, 
to  guide.    (Generally  or  always  in  the  passive, 
as,  Be  ruled  by  me.) 

"  With  words  like  these  the  troops  Ulysses  rule*." 
Pope :  Homer;  Iliad  il.  SIS. 

3.  To  settle,  determine,  or  lay  down  as  a 
role.    [II.] 

"  This  author  looked  upon  U  as  a  ruled  point,  a  thing 
universally  agreed  to. "— Waterfall.-  Worlu,  iv.  407. 

4.  To  mark  with  lines  by  means  of  or  with 
the  aid  of  a  ruler  ;  as,  To  rule  paper. 

U  law :  To  establish  or  settle  by  decision 
or  rule ;  to  determine. 

B.  Intransitive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  To  have  or  exercise  supreme  power,  con- 
trol, or  authority ;  to  govern. 

"  The  weak  were  oppressed,  and  the  mighty 
Ruled  with  an  iron  rod:' 

LongfeOow  :  JSfangeltne,  L  f. 

•2.  To  prevail,  to  decide. 

"Now  arms  must  rule." 

Shaketp. :  8  Henry  YL,  Iv.  T. 

3.  To  stand  at  or  maintain  a  certain  level : 
as,  Prices  -ruled  high. 

II.  Law. :  To  decide,  to  determine ;  to  lay 
down  and  settle  a  rule  or  order  of  court ;  to 
enter  a  rule. 

*  rule'-less,  *  rn-lesse,  o.  [Eng.  rule ;  -lest.] 
Being  without  rule  ;  lawless. 

*  rule'-less  ness,  i.    [Eng.  rulekss;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  without  rules. 

"  It»  [the  Star  Chamber]  ruleleuneu  or  want  ef 
rules."— Academy.  July  19.  1879. 

rnl'-er,  *  rewl-er,  «.    [Eng.  r«;(e),  v. ;  -er.} 

1.  One  who  rules  or  governs  ;  one  who  has 
or  exercises  supreme  authority  or  power ;  a 
governor,  a  monarch,  or  the  like. 

"  And  he  made  him  ruler  over  all  the  land  of 
Ifcypt-"— Oenetit  xli.  43. 

2.  One  who  makes  or  executes  laws ;  one 
who  assists  in  carrying  on  a  government. 

"  Thy  ruleri  load  thy  cred  it,  year  bv  year." 

Covrptr :  Expotttdtttton,  2S4, 

3.  Among  the  Jews  in  the  New  Testament 
times  the  word  "rulers"  was  sometimes  used 
vaguely  like  "  authorities  "with  us  (John  viL 
48),  sometimes  it  may  more  specifically  refcr 
to  members  of  the  Sanhedrim  (Luke  xxiii. 
13),  in  the  example  the  ruler  is  a  ruler  of  the 
Synagogue  (cf.  Mark  v.  22),  in  another  place 
the  president  at  a  feast  (John  il.  9). 

"  While  he  spake  these  things  unto  them,  hehold 
there  came  a  certain  ruler,  and  worshipped  him.  — 
JfottAeu-  tx.  18. 

4.  An  instrument  with  straight  sides,  for 
guiding  a  pen  or  pencil  in  drawing  straight 
lines. 

U  MarquoVt  rulers  :  [MAHQUOl]. 


t>6?;  p-Sut,  J<S^1;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  Hn,  a? ;  expect,  ^enophon.  eylst.   ph-  I 
-dan,  -tlan  =  sham,  -tlon,  HUon  =  •ban;  -flon,  -jlon  =  ihftn.  -clout,  -ttoas, -*lons  =  •!.&•.  -Me,  -die.  to.  =  bel,  del. 


4066 


ruler  sMp— ruminantia 


rul'-er-Shlp,  s.  [Eng.  rnlfr;  -snip.]  The 
position,  office,  or  post  of  a  ruler. 

"  Continue  to  hold  the  rulenhip  of  the  country."— 
Stole,  Sept  8, 1IU. 

*  ru  lesse,  a.    [RULELESS.J 

rul'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.    [RrLE,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  .-Is  adjective : 

1.  Governing;  having  or  exercising  supreme 
power   or    authority ;    chief,     predominant, 
prevalent. 

"  Feel  your  ruling  pawion  •trong  in  death." 

Pop*.    Moral  Kuayt,  t  981. 

2.  Used  In  directing,  controlling,  or  man- 
aging. 

"  With  hasty  hand  the  ruling  reins  he  drew." 

Pope:  Bu>n?r;  QdyiKy  hi.  BIS. 

3.  Used  in  marking  with  lines  :  as,  a  ruling 
Machine. 

C.  As  substantive : 

Law :  A  rule  or  point  settled  by  a  judge  or 
court  of  law. 

"  The  late  rulingt  exempt  railway  companies  from 
•ucli  obligations."— Field,  Dec.  19,  IttoS. 

ruling-elder, ». 

Presbylerianism :  An  elder  who  does  not 
preach  but,  as  a  member  of  the  Session  (q.v.), 
aids  in  ruling  the  congregation,  founded 
OB  1  Tim.  v.  17. 

ruling  -  machine,  t.  A  machine  for 
ruling  paper  with  hues. 

*rul'-ing-l& adv.  [Eng.  ruling;  -ly.]  In  a 
ruling  manner  ;  so  as  to  rule ;  cuutrollingly. 

rtir-  li  -  chles,  *•  [Dnt )  Chopped  meat 
stuffed  into  small  bags,  which  are  then  cut 
into  small  slices  and  fried.  (New  York.) 

rftl'-lidn  (1  as  y)t  *.  [Of.  riveting,  from  A.S. 
rijling.] 

1.  A  shoe  made  of  untanned  leather. 

"  Nowaday*,  they  weave  cloth  out  of  the  wool  of 
tkeir  dwarf  iheep,  and  manufacture  ruRitmt  or 
BOCAMiiu.  out  of  their  hide*."— Standard,  Oct.  IB.  1685. 

2.  A  coarse-made,    masculine    woman ;    a 
rndas  ;  a  rough,  ill-made  animal.    (Scotch.) 

•r&l'-y  (1),  a.  [Eng.  ntZ(«);  -y.]  Orderly, 
peaceable,  easily  managed.  (Now  only  in  the 

negative  unruly,) 

"  I  meane  the  sonnes  of  rach  rain  sinning  ilrea 
Are  Mldome  s«ne  to  r mine  a  ruly  race. 

Gatfoigne :  Comptaynt  of  rhylammt. 

•  rul  -Jr  (2),  a.    [Eng.  rut,  v.  ;  -ly.]    Rueful. 

11  Ruly  cbere  I  gaot  to  nuke."         M&  Atkmol*  U. 

rftrn, «.    [See  extract.  J 

Comm.  :  A  spirit  distilled  chiefly  In  the 
West  Indies  from  the  fermented  skimmings 
of  the  sugar-boilers  and  molasses,  together 
with  sufficient  cane  juice  to  impart  the 
•ecmaary  flavor.  Like  all  other  spirit,  It  is 
colorless  as  it  issues  from  the  still,  but  to  suit 
the  taste  of  the  consumer,  the  distiller  is 
•bilged  to  color  it  before  it  leaves  his  premises. 
Its  strength  as  imported  is  usually  about  20 
per  cent,  over  proof,  but  before  passing  into  the 
•amid  of  the  consumer  it  is  reduced  with 
water.  Rum  sold  below  35  per  cent,  under 
proof  is  considered  to  be  adulterated  with 
water,  unless  the  purchaser  Is  informed  of  its 
exact  strength  at  the  time  of  purchase.  Much 
of  the  rum  sold  in  this  country  is  merely  plain 
spirit,  colored  with  burnt  sugar,  and  flavored 
with  rum  flavoring.  Rum  was  formerly  largely 
imported  frum  the  West  Indies. 

"  Mr.  N,  Darnell  Darli  hae  pat  forth  a  derivation  of 
the  word  rum,  which  gives  the  only  probable  uiitory 
of  it.  It  came  from  Barbadoea.  where  the  planter* 
Ant  distilled  it.  Bomwhere  between  1«W  and  1645. 
A  MS.  Det'*ri/:ti»n  of  Barbad***.  in  Trinity  ColUy..' 
Dublin,  written  about  iwi.  aays:  "The  chief  ludliug 
they  make  in  the  inland  is  rumbullion,  alias  Kill- 
DiYil,  aiid  this  is  made  of  sugar  canes  distilled,  a  hot, 
hellish,  and  terrible  liquor.  Q.  Warren's  fasmp- 
tton  qfSwrimm.  1601,  shows  the  word  in  Its  present 
abort  form:  'Aunt  U  a  spirit  extracted  from  the  juice 
ml  sugmr-CAties.  ....  called  Kill-Uevil  in  New  Eng- 
land 1 '  '  Jtumbitition '  IB  a  Devonshire  word,  meaning 
'a  great  tumult,'  and  may  have  been  adupted  from 
some  of  the  Devonshire  settlers  in  Barbmloes ;  at  any 
rate,  little  doubt  can  exist  that  it  has  given  rise  to 
cntr  word  rum,  and  the  longer  name  rumbowiing, 
whlclt  sailors  give  to  their  grog."— Acadtmy,  Sept.fi, 
M8fi,  p.  196. 

rum-bud,  i.  A  carbuncle  on  the  noae  or 
bee,  caused  by  excessive  drinking ;  a  grog- 
blossom. 

"  B*4neM  and  eruptions  generally  hegfn  with  the 
D0*e  .  .  .  they  have  been  called  rum-budt,  when  they 
'  la  tL»  face."— Dr.   BuA:    Sffecti   of  Ardent 


r\.m,  a.  &  5.    [Etym.  doubtful    Skeat  believes 
it  to  be  a  gipsy's  word.] 


A.  At  adj. :  Strange,  old-fashioned,  odd, 
queer.  (Slang.) 

*  B.   As  fubst. :  A  queer,  odd,  or  strange 
person  or  thing. 

Ru  ma  ni  an.  Rdu-ma'-nl-an,  «.  &  >. 

A,  AM  adj. :   Of  or  pertaining   to  Rumania 
(or  Roumanift),  a  kingdom  of  southeastern 
Europe,  declared  independent  in  1878. 

B.  At  tubtt.:   A  native,  or  resident  of  Bu- 
mania ;  also,  the  language  of  that  people. 

rumb,  rhumb  (b  silent),  'roomb,  *roumb, 

*  roumbe.  s.  (Fr.  rumb  =  a  ruuib,  a  point 
of  the  compass,  from  Sp.  rum6o=  a  course,  a 
way,  from  Lat,  rhombum,  accus.  of  rhombus  = 
a  rhombus  (q.v.) ;  Ital.  rombo.] 

1.  Navig. :  The  track  of  a  ship  sailing  on 
the  same  point  of  the  compass.    The  rumb- 
line  is  also  called  the  loxodroinic  curve  (q.v.). 
The  angle   under  which  the  rumb-line  cuts 
tlie  meridian  is  called  the  angle  of  the  rumb, 
and  the  an^le  which  it  makes  with  the  prime 
vertical  is  the  complement  of  tlie  rumb. 

2.  One  of  the  points  on  a  compass-card. 

rum' -ble,  *  rom-ble. «.    [RUMBLE,  v.] 

1.  A  hoarse,  low,  continuous  sound,  as  of 
distant  thunder ;  a  rumbling. 

*  2.  A  confused   noise ;   a  disturbance,  a 
tumult.    • 

"  Atxrate  whome  he  found  mache  heaniiif  sse.  rum&fe, 
baste,  and  buatnea*e.  carriage  and  conuerauuce  of  her 
•tutfc  Into  aauwtuary."— tftr  T.  More  :  Work**,  p.  13. 

*  3.  A  report,  a  rumour. 

4.  A  seat  behind  the  body  of  a  carriage. 

" 'Get  up  behind! 'he  said.  'Getupin  thertimWfc"1 
—Kckent:  Martin  Chvxtlewit,  cb.  liii. 

6.  A  rotating  cylinder  or  box  in  which 
small  articles  are  placed  to  be  ground,  cleaned, 
or  polished  by  mutual  attrition. 

*  rumble  -  tumble,   «.      The   same  as 

RUMBLK,  t.  4. 

"Prom  the  dusty  height  of  a  rumblf -tumble." — 
llfltan :  W\al  wtlt  h«  do  with  Ut  bk.  i.,  cb,  zr. 

rum' -ble,  *  rom-ble,  *  roum-ble,  r.i  &  t. 

IA.  word  of  imitative  origin ;  cf.  L)ut.  rom- 
melen;  Dan.  rumU;  Sw.raada;  Ital.  rombare.] 

A*  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  a  hoarse,  low,  continued  sound, 
as  thunder  at  a  distance. 

*  2.  To  make  a  disturbance  ;  to  clamour. 

"  The  people  cried  and  ronbltd  up  and  dona." 

CAaueer ;  C.  T.,  14.3W. 

*  S.  To  roll  about 

"  And  round  the  attics  ntmotei." 

Tcnnyton:  TW  G9699,  46. 

'  4.  To  make  a  soft,  murmuring  sound  ;  to 
ripple. 

*  B.  Trant. :  To  rattle. 

rum -bier, ».    [Eng.  rumble);  -er.]    One  who 
or  that  which  rumbles. 

rum -bllng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.    (RUMBLE,  v.] 
A*  At  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adj. :  Making  a  low,  heavy,  and  con- 
tinued noise ;  low,  heavy,  and  continued. 

"They  al*o  thought  that  they  heard  then  a 
rumbling  noise,  at  of  ere."—  ftunjtan ;  PUyrim'i 
Proyrtti.  pt.  U 

C.  As  rubst. :  A  low,  heavy,  and  continued 
sound ;  a  rumble. 

rumbling- drains,  *.  pi- 

Agric. :  Drains  formed  of  a  stratum  of 
rubble -stone. 


,  adv.     [Eng.  rumbling;  -Jy.] 
In  a  rumbling  manner. 

rum'-bo,  *.   [A  contract  of  rumbowling  fov.\'] 
A  nautical  drink. 

rum  bow -line,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful. ] 
Naut. :  Condemned  canvas,  rope,  4c. 

rum-bow'-Ung,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.]   Grog. 
(See  extract  under  RUM,  *.) 

riim-bul  -lion    (1  as  y),  «.     [RUMBLE,  v.} 

(For  def.  see  extract  under  Run,  t.). 

rum  bus  tic  -  ;>!,  rum-bust  -loua  (1  as  y), 
a.     [RAMBUSTIO'US.] 

ru  -men,  *.    [Lat.  =  the  throat,  the  gullet] 

Compar.  Anat. :  The  paunch ;  the  first  cavity 
of  the  complex  stomach  of  the  Ruminautia. 

ru'-mcx,  f.    [Lat.  =  sorrel.) 

Sot. :  Dock  ;  a  genus  of  Polygones^    Sepals 


six,  the  three  inner  ones  enlarging.     Petal* 
none  ;  stamens  six,  styles  three,  stigma  mul- 
tifid.     Achene   triquetrous,  covered    by  tlie 
enlarged  inner  sepals,  the  latter  often  tubci 
culate.     About  fifty  known  species ;  generally 
distributed,  chiefly  in  temperate  climnt-'s.      ),' 
nljiinua  was  formerly  employed  as  il.  i 
hence  it  is  called  Monk's  RlmUtrb  ;  E.  «M^/»S 
is  a  pot-herb,  H,  Patientia  was  once  used  MS  u 
laxative.    In  India  the  leaves  of  R.  A 
are  eaten  raw,  those  of  R.  vcsicariits  r»w  and 
as  a  pot-herb,  and  those  of  R.   Wallichii  or 
acvtva  as  a  pot-herb  only.  The  juice  an- ; 
of  R.  vesicarius  are  said  to  allay  the  pains  of 
toothache,  scorpion  stings,  die,,  and  to  check 
nausea.    The  species  native  to  the  Unilt-il 
have  been  added  to  by  some  European  >-, 
which  have  become  troublesome  weed.-.     Tln-y 
have  great  tap  r..(.t>,  and  are  with  difficulty 
enidicated  frum  pastures.     They  also  multiply 
rapidly  by  ei-ed.    The  Sorrels  als->  !tel»ng  t" 
this  genus,  being  distintniished  from  the  Dix-ks 
by  their  acid  taste,  and  their  loaves  and  fluwers. 

Rum  -ford,  *-  [Named  after  Benjamin  Count 
Kumford,  1762  - 1814,  an  American  called 
Thompson,  once  a  schoolmaster  at  Rumford, 
now  Concord  in  New  Hampshire,  a  physicist 
and  benevolent  man.  The  title  Count  was 
conferred  by  the  King  of  Bavaria.]  (See 
etyni.  and  compound.) 

Rumford's  photometer,  s.  A  photo- 
meter consisting  of  a  ground  glass  screen,  and 
in  front  of  it  an  opaque  rod.  Ttie  lights  to  be 
compared,  say  a  lamp  and  a  candle,  are  placed 
at  such  distances  as  to  throw  on  the  M-IV--II 
shadows  of  equal  intensity.  The  illuminating 
power  of  the  two  lights  is  directly  proportional 
to  the  square  of  their  distances  from  the- 
shadows. 


rum  gump  -tlous  (p  silent),  a.  [RUMOUMP- 
TION.J  Sturdy  in  opinion;  rough  and  surly; 
bold,  rash. 

ru'-ml-a,  *.  [Lat.,  a  reading  in  some  MSB. 
for  Rumina  —  the  goddess  of  nursing  mothers, 
worshipped  in  a  temple  near  the  ng-tree  (t'icu* 
ruminalis)  under  which  Romulus  and  Rem»8 
were  said  to  have  sucked  the  breast  (rumis)  of 
the  she- wolf.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  geometer  moths,  frUiiily 
Enuomidfe.  Rumia  cratcngata  Is  the  Brim- 
stone Moth  (q.v.). 

ru'-ml-cln,  *.  [Lat.  rwnex,  genit.  ru«ie(ii) 
=  sorrel ;  suff.  -in  (Cfc«m.).J  [CHRVSO-I-HAS- 

ICVACID.J 

*  ru  -min  al,  a.  [RUMINANT.]  Ruminant, 
ruminating. 

ru'-min-ant,  a.  &  t.  [Lat.  ruminans,  pr. 
par.  of  rumino  =  to  ruminate  (q.v.) ;  Fr. 
ruminant ;  Ital.  ruminante.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Chewing  the  cud ;  of  or  belong- 
ing to  the  order  Ruminantia  (q.v,). 

"Th«  iiuiAsu*  of  ruminant  quadrupedJ."— Kaf  :  0» 
(A«  Creation,  pt.  it 

B.  At  subst. :  An  animal  which  chews  the 
cud  ;  any  individual   member   of  the  order 
Ruminautia  (q.v.). 

ru  ml  -  n&n'Ttl-a  (t  as  sh),  *.  pi.  [Neut.  pi. 
of  Lat.  ruminant.}  [RUMINAMT.] 

1.  Zool. :  The  Pecnra  of  LinnEPtis,  a  name- 
which  is  being  revived  by  some  recent  natur- 
alists, whilst  others  c.tll  them  Cotvluphora. 
They  form  a  natural  section  of  the  ttelenodont 
group  of  the  sub-order  Artiodactyla,  or  Even* 
toed  Ungulates.  They  have  bten  divided  in 
various  ways.  Prof.  Flower  restricts  the  name 
to  what  are  sometimes  called  Horned  Rumin- 
ants, or  True  Ruminants,  and  divides  the 
section  into  two  families,  relegating  tlie  Peer- 
lets  and  Camels  to  separate  sections.  [1  'RAOU- 
LFDA,  TYLOPODA.]  Horns  or  antlers  tiMully 
present,  at  least  in  the  male ;  foot  with  a 
symmetrical  pair  of  toes,  encased  in  hoofs, 
with  usually  two  small  lateral  toes.  The 
metacarpal  and  metatarsal  bones  of  the  two 
functional  toes  of  the  fore  and  hind  limhs 
respectively  coalesce,  and  form  a  single  bone. 
[CANNON-BONE.]  Stomach  with  four  complete 
cavities  [RUMINATION,!.];  placenta  cotyle- 
donons.  Dental  formula  (except  for  some  ol 
th«  Cervid*)  i.  $,  c.  y,  PM.  |,  M.  J  =  82.  In 
the  Cervidse  tlie  molars  have  short  crowns, 


ITvte.  filt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  wet  wet,  here,  eamrl,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  wlio,  son;  mut^  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  foU;  try,  Syrian,    re,  «  =  e;  cy  =  a;  qn  =  lnr. 


ruminantly— run 


4007 


witli  the  neck  just  above  tin-  :iii l;ir  border; 

In  tho  Bovidio  the  crowns  are  partially  buried 
in  the  sockets. 

2.  Palaeonl. :  They  appear  first  in  the  Mio- 
cene, and  then  witlnmt  fronUl  appendages  ; 
but  Sivatherium,  like  the  recent  Tetracerus, 
was  quadricornous. 

•  ru'-min-ant-lfr  adv.  (Enz.  ruminant;  -ly.] 

In  a  ruminant  manner  ;  by  chewing. 

ru  min  ate,  v.i.  &  t.  [Lat.  ruminatm,  pa. 
]>.ir.  of  ninnno,  n<niinor=to  cliew  the  cu<l, 
to  ruminate,  from  rumen,  genit.  ruminis  =  the 
tliroat,  the  gullet ;  Fr.  ruminer;  Rp.  t  Port. 
ruininar ;  Ital.  ruminare.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  chew  the  cud ;  to  chew  again 
what  has  been  slightly  chewed  and  swallowed. 

"  Ruminating  flocka  enjoy  the  shade." 

Cowfifr :  aeroum. 

2.  Fig. :  To  muse,  to  meditate,  to  ponder, 
to  reflect. 

"I  sat  and  ruminated  on  the  lolllM  of  youth."— 

•B.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  chew  ever  again. 

2.  Fig. :  To  muse  on ;   to  reflect  on ;  to 
mediuite  over  and  over. 

"  1  may  «volv«  and  ruminate  mv  grief." 

Shilap.  •  Henry  ft..  T.  s. 

ru'  min  ato,  riV-min-at-ed,  a.  [RUMIN- 
ATE, n.j 

Bat.  (Of  albumen  in  a  seed) :  Perforated  in 
every  direction  by  the  dry  cellular  tissue. 
originating  apparently  in  the  remains  of  the 
nucleus  in  which  the  albumen  has  been 
deposited.  Found  in  the  Anonaceae  and  the 
Myristicaceee. 

ru-mln-a'-tlonL,  ».  [Lat.  ruminatio,  from 
ruminatus,  pa.  par.  of  rumino  =  to  ruminate 
(q-T-).] 

1.  Lit.  A  Animal  Physiol. :  The  act  of  chew- 
ing the  cud.    The  food  of  the  ruminants  is 
grass,    which    requires    a   longer    series    of 
chemical  changes  to  convert  a  portion  of  it 
into  blood,   than  does    the    flesh    of   other 
animals  eaten  by  the  Carnivora.    To  produce 
these  changes  there  is  a  complex  stomach 
divided  into  four  parts,  the  Rutnex  or  Paunch, 
the    Keticnlum    or    Honeycomb    Bag,    the 
Psalterinm  or  Manyplies,  and  the  Abomasum 
or  Reed.      A  ruminant  does  not  chew  the 
fodder  which  it  eats,  but  simply  swallows  it. 
When  it  has  had  enough  it  retires  to  a  quiet 
spot,  forces  up  again  to  the  mouth  a  portion 
of  the  food  in  its  paunch,  thoroughly  chews  it 
and  then  swallows  it  again.     Another  and 
another  bolus  is  thus  disposed  of.    Each  of 
these,  started  from  the  paunch,   was  forced 
next  into  the  honeycomb  bag  where  it  received 
its  form  and  then  went  up  the  gullet     On 
returning  it  passed  direct  from  the  paunch 
Into    the  manyplies  or  third  stomach,  and 
then  to  the  abomasum. 

2.  Fig. :  The  act  of  ruminating  or  medi- 
tating;  a  musing,  pondering,  or  reflecting 
on  a  subject ;  meditation,  reflection. . 

"  Retiring  lull  of  rumination  sad." 

Thornton:  Autumn,  MS. 

*  ru   mln-a-tive,  a.    [Eng.  ruminaHe);  -<«.] 
Given  to  ruminating. 

"  He  was  u  ruminatiM  u  a  cow."—/1.  W.  RoAinum  : 
Bridge  of  Olagt.  ch.  L. 

rfi'-mln-a-tdr,  a.  [Lat.l  Ona  who  rumin- 
ates or  muses  on  any  subject ;  one  who  pauses 
to  deliberate  and  reflect. 

•pft'-mlne,  v.i.    [Fr.  ruminer.]    To  ruminate. 

"  Aa  studious  scholar  he  self  rumineth." 
SiiltmUr :  Du  Bartat.  silth  day.  (ourth  week,  «. 

rum  kon,  rum  kin, ».  [Ct  rummtr.]  A 
kind  of  drinking-vessel. 

rum' -mage   (age   ta  Ig),  t  rom  age,  s. 

[RUMMAGE,  V.J 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  rummages  ;  a  careful 
search  by  looking  into  every  corner. 

*  2.  Bustle,  turmoil. 

"  This  post-haste  and  romttge  in  the  land." 

Shaketp. :  Hamlet,  I  1. 

rummage-sale,  s.  A  clearing-out  sale 
of  unclaimed  goods,  remainders  of  stock,  &c. 

rum  mage  (age  as  Ig),  *  rom  -age,  v.i.  &  t. 

[Eng.  room ;  -age.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  Originally  a  nautical  term,  meaning  so 
to  stow  goods  in  the  hold  of  a  vessel  that 


there  might  be  the  greatest  possible  room  or 
roomage. 

"  And  that  the  masters  of  the  nlitpa  do  look  well  to 
the  funn'iins,  for  they  mivlit  tiring  away  a  great  deal 
mow  than  they  do."—  Backluyt:  I  oyaget.  i.  808. 

2.  To  search  ;  to  make  careful  search  through 
a  place. 

"To  rummage  (Ma-term):  To  remove  any  goods  or 
luggage  from  one  placo  to  toother,  esj  401*11?  to  cleur 
the  ship's  hold  of  any  ifooda  or  lading,  in  ordar  to  their 
teiii^'  hainUonifly  stowed  or  placed,  whence  the  w»rd 
IB  uaed  inton  other  o.-caiions  iui  t"  riike  into,  or  to 
March  narrowly."—  PMllipt  :  Sew  World  of  Word*. 

B.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  stow  away  goods  tn  closely. 

"Now  whitest  the  mariners  were  romaglng  ttoe 
ahlppes."—  JJacMui/t:  Voyages,  ill.  88. 

2.  To  search  narrowly  and  carefully  every 
part  of;  to  make  a  careful  search  through  ;  to 
ransack. 

"  Our  greedy  seafcen  rummage  every  hold." 

Jirt/dt-n:  Annul  Mirabilit,  ccvlli. 

rum'-mag-er  (ag  as  J&),  *  rom-ag-er,  s. 

[Eng.  rummag(e);  -er.] 

*  1.  A  person  whose  business   it  was   to 
attend  to  the  stowing  away  of  goods  in  a  ship  ; 
a  supercargo. 

"  Provide  a  perfect  mariner  called  a  romager,  to 
raunge  and  bestow  all  merchandise  in  such  place  M 
la  convenient."—  ffackluyt  :  Yoyagtt,  ili.  862. 

2.  One  who  rummages  or  ransacks. 

rum'-mer,  *.  [But.  roomer,  romer;  Sw. 
remcmare;  Ger.  rom«r  =  alargedrinking-glass.] 
A  glass  or  drinking-cup. 

"  Imperial  Rhine  bettow'd 
The  generous  rummer."          PhUipi  :  Cider,  u. 

rum  -my  (IX  a.  [Eng.  mm,  s.  ;  -y.}  Of,  be- 
longing to,  containing,  or  flavored  like  rum. 


'-m£  (2),  a.    [Kng.  rum,  a.  ;  -y.]    Strange, 
queer.    (Slang.) 

*  rum'-ney,  «.  [Ktym.  doubtful.)  A  kind  of 
Spanish  wine,  occasionally  mentioned  by  old 
authors. 

"  Spalne  bringeth  forth  wines  of  white  colour,  but 
much  hotter  and  stronger,  aa  ancke,  rumn«y,  and 
bastard.'1—  Cotfan  :  Savtn  »f  Health,  p.  339. 


rn'-mor,  ru'-mour.  «.  [Fr.  rumeur,  from 
Lat.  rumorm,  accus.  of  rumor  =  a  noise,  a 
mmor-l 

1.  Flying  or  popular  report  ;  the  common 
voice  or  talk. 

2.  A  current  story  passing  from  person  to 
person,  without  any  known  authority  for  its 
truth  ;  a  mere  report. 

"It  waa  easy  to  understand  why  Lewis  affected  to 
flT«  credit  to  thew  idle  rumoun.  —Macaulay  :  Hitt. 
W.  oh.  i*. 

•  S  Fame,  report,  repute,    (Luke  vti.  IT.) 

*  i.  A  confused  and  indistinct  noise. 
"  In  Hen  whersof,  I  pray  you,  b«ar  me  hence 

From  forth  the  ooue  and  rumour  of  the  neld. 

Xhakcip.  :  Xing  John,  T.  4. 

ru'-mor,  v.t.  [RUMOR,  *.]  To  report,  to 
tell;  to  circulate  by  report  (Frequently 
with  a  clause  or  object.) 

*'  VarloQB  tales  are  rumour'a  of  his  fate." 

EooU  :  Orlando  Furiotv,  bk.  xxlx. 

ru'-mor-er,  «.  [Eng.  rumor,  T,  ;  -er.]  One 
who  rumors,  one  who  spreads  rumors;  a 
spreader  of  reports. 

"  Go  aoe  thU  rumour«r  whipp'd." 

iAofcwp.  ;  Coriolanui,  IT.  L 

*  ru'-mor  -ofts,  *  ru-mour-ouse,  a. 
[Eng.  rumor  ;  -out,] 

1.  Murmuring;  making  a  confused  and  con- 
tinued sound 

"  Clashing  of  annourt,  and  rvmouroui  sound 
Of  stern«  billows."  Drayton  ;  Jfo 


2.  Pertaining  to,  or  arising  from     rumor  ; 
rumored  ;     of  the  nature  of  a  rumor. 

"Oertain  rumourout  •urmlse*."—  Watton  :  Xfmahit, 
p.  877. 

3.  Famous,  notorious. 

"  The  rumourouM  fall  of  antlobryit  H—BaU  :  On  the 
Revel.,  pt  lit. 

riimp,    *  rumpe,    *.      [Icel.    rumpr  ;    Sw. 
rumpa  ;  Dan.  rumpe  ;  Dut.  rompe.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  The  end  of  the  backbone  of  an  animal  ; 
used  commonly  of  beasts,  and  contemptuously 
of  human  beings. 

(2)  The  buttocks. 

"  His  hlp«  and  his  rump  made  a  right  ace  of  •pad**.' 
Cotton  :  Voyag*  to  Ireland,  111. 

2.  Fig.  :  The  fag-  or  tail-end  of  anything. 
"The  disorderly  and  (unseemly  proceedings  of  the 

rump  of  the  opposition."—  Pall  Mall  Qatette,  July  30. 
1881. 


II.  Eng.  Hist.  :  The  fag-end  of  the  Long 
Parliament,  itfter  the  expulsion  of  those 
favourable  to  Charles  I.,  1>y  Cromwell  in 
1648.  It  was  diss  >lved  by  Cromwell  in  1653, 
but  was  afterwards  reinstated  on  two  occasions 
for  brief  periods. 

"  It  WM  agreed  that,  burying  farmer  enrtiittw  In 
oblivion,  all  efforts  BhrmUl  b«  made  fur  t.li..-  u\vrtlirow 
of  the  rump  :  BO  they  called  tlie  pwrlluneut,  in  allusion 
to  that  part  of  the  animal  body."—  Hume:  Hut.  Eng. 

(an.  1653). 

rump-fed,  a.  According  to  Steevens,  fed 
on  offals  and  scraps  ;  according  to  Narea. 
having  fat  buttocks.  (Skakesp.  :  Macbeth,  i.  3.) 

rump  -  parliament,  s.  The  same  M 
RUMP,  £.,  if. 

rump  Bteak,  s.  A  beef-steak  cut  from  the 
thigh  near  the  rump. 

Rump-steak  Club:  A  club  in  existence  in 
1733  to  oppose  Sir  Robert  Walpole.  Called 
also  Liberty  Club. 

*  rump,  v.t.     [Ru«p,  *.]     To  turn  the  back 
on ;  to  slight. 

"  An  old  friend  rumped  him.  and  he  winced  uudar 
It"— tiout bey  :  Letter*,  Iv.  ML 

*  riimp' -er,  s.     [ET|g-  "nt/mp;  -er.]    One  who 
supported,  or  was  a  member  of,  the  Rump 
Parliament. 

"  Dr.  Palmer,  a  great  rumner,  warden  of  All  flouls' 
College,  being  theu  very  ill  and  weak,  had  a  rump 
thrown  up  from  the  street  at  his  wludowa."— Lift qfA. 
Wood,  p.  140. 

rum' -pie,  "rim  pie,  v.t.  [A.S.  hrimpan  = 
to  wrinkle,  pa.  par.  gehrumpen ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  rompelent  rompen  =  to  wrinkle,  romjwl, 
rimpel  —&  wrinkle.]  [RiPPLE.]  To  wrinkle  ; 
to  make  uneven ;  to  crumple,  to  crease ;  to 
crush  out  of  shape. 

rum' -pie,  «.  [RUMPLE,  v.]  A  fold!,  a  plait,  a 
wrinkle,  a  crease. 

"The  foul  rumple  other  camel -back." 

Drydeu :  Juvenal,  X.  4U. 

*  riimp'-less,  a.     [Eng.  rump ;  -lest.]    Baring 
no  rump  or  tail. 

*rum'-piy,  a.  [Eng.  rumplfe);  -y.]  Having 
rumples ;  rumpled. 

"They  spin  out  .  .  .  their  rumply  Infirm  thread  of 
existence.' —  Carlyl*:  Sttayi;  Count  Caglioitro. 

Him'-piia,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  noise,  a 
disturbance,  a  quarrel,  confusion. 

rum'-pus,  v.i.    To  make  a  disturbance. 

rfim'-BDiriz-zle,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  kind 
of  frieze  cloth  made  in  Ireland  from  undyed 
foreign  wool. 

ran,  *  renne  (pa.  t.  ran,  *  run,  *  ronnt,  pa. 
par.  •  ran,  *  ronne,  run),  v.i,  &  t.  [A.S. 
rinnan  (pa.  t.  ran,  pa.  par.  gerunneri),  irnan, 
yrnan  (pa.  t.  am);  cogn.  with  Dut.  rennen; 
Icel.  renna,  rinna;  Dan.  rind* ;  Sw.  rinna; 
Goth,  rinnan ;  Ger.  rennen.\ 

A.  Intransitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  move  or  pass  over  the  ground  in  the 
swiftest   manner,   by    using  the    legs    m»re 
quickly  than  in  walking. 

"  Now.  aa  they  were  thus  on  their  way,  there  oaM 
one  running  to  meet  th«in."  —  Bunyan:  Ptiyrim't 
Proffrett,  pt  1L 

2.  Hence,  with  modified  meanings  : 

(1)  To  move  the  legs  nimbly  :  as,  Childrett 
run  about. 

(2)  To  move  about  in  a  hurried  manner ;  t» 
hurry. 

(3)  To  contend  in  a  race ;  to  race. 

(4)  To  enter  into  or  engage  in  a  contest ;  to 
stand  or  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate  for  any 
office,  post,  or  dignity.    (Colloq.  or  slang.) 

(6)  To  flee  for  escape  ;  to  fly. 

"As  from  a  bear  a  mail  would  run  for  Ufa." 

Sitaketp.  :  Comedy  of  Errert,  lit  1 

(6)  To  depart  quickly  and  secretly ;  to  steal 
away. 

"  My  conscience  will  serve  me  to  run  from  tkU 
Jew."— Shaketp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  li.  2, 

(7)  To  pass  quickly. 

"  To  see  the  minute*  how  they  run." 

Sh,iketp. :  3  a*nry  VI..  U.  ft. 

3.  To  pass  over  space  rapidly. 

(1)  To  pass  rapidly  over  or  along  the  Btu- 
face  ;  to  spread. 

"  The  fire  ran  along  upon  the  ground."— Sxodut  ix. 

it 

(2)  To  be  carried  along  violently :   as,  On* 
ship  runs  into  another. 


;  prfut,  J6*l;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  $hin,  bencn;  go,  gem;  thin,  thto;  sin,  a^;  expect,  Xenophon,  exlrt.   -Ing. 
-elan, -tian  =  shan,   -tlon,  -don  =  shun ;  -flon,  -flon  =  shftn.   -oions,  -tlons,  -slons  =  shu*.   -We,  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  del- 


4068 


run 


(3)  To  move  on  wheels  or  runners  :  aa,  A 
train  run*  to  Liverpool. 

(4)  To  sail ;  to  take  a  course  at  sea. 

"The  Dutch  fleet  ran  fast  before  the  gale."— 
Jfacaulaf :  Ifitt  Kng.,  ch.  1  v. 

(5)  To  perform  a  passage  by  land  or  water ; 
to  pass  or  go  backwards  and  forwards  from  one 
place  to  another ;    to  ply :    as,  Steamers  or 
coaches  ran  regularly  between  two  places. 

(6)  To  spread  in  growing ;  to  extend. 

"  Joseph  Is  a  fruitful  bough,  whose  branches  run 
OTer  the  walL"_Sen««(«  i|i».  J2. 

4.  To  take  a  certain  course  ;  to  proceed,  to 
go,  to  pass.    (Said  of  voluntary  action,  or  of 
the  action  of  persons.) 

(1)  To  follow  such  and  such  a  course ;  to 
pass  through  a  certain  course  or  path  :  as,  To 
run  through  life. 

(2)  To  go  or  pass  In  thought,  speech,  or 
practice  :   as,  To  run  from  one  subject  to 
another. 

(3)  To  continue  to  think  or  speak  about 
something  ;  to  dwell  in  thought  or  words  ;  to 
be  busied. 

(4)  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another ;  to 
become,  to  fall :  as,  To  run  into  debt. 

*(6)  To  make  sudden  and  pressing  de- 
mands :  as,  To  run  on  a  bank. 

5.  To  have  such  and  such  a  course  ;  to  go, 
to  pass,  to  proceed.    (Said  of  things.) 

(1)  To  make  progress  ;  to  pass. 

"Time  and  the  hoar  runt  through  the  roughest 
*•*•"  Shaketp. :  MacbcU,.  I.  s. 

(2)  To  have  a  certain  course  or  line ;  to  ex- 
tend, to  stretch,  to  lie :  as,  The  road  runs  east. 

(3)  To  have  a  legal  or  established  course  or 
effect ;  to  continue  in  force,  effect,  or  opera- 
tion. 

"It  Is  nonsense  to  talk  about  maintaining  the 
•npremacy  of  the  Crown,  if  the  Queen's  writ  does  not 
run  throughout  Ireland."— Standard,  Jan.  16.  1886. 

(4)  To  be  popularly  known  or  spread ;  to  be 
generally  received. 

"  There  ran  a  rumour."     Shaketp.  :  j/acbeth  IT.  ft. 

(6)  To  have  reception ;  to  be  received ;  to 
eontinue,  to  pass :  as,  The  book  ran  through 
several  editions. 

(6)  To  be  continued  through  a  certain  period 
of  time ;  to  be  kept  up ;  to  be  continued  or 
repeated  for  a  certain  time  :  as,  The  play  ran 
for  a  hundred  nights. 

(7)  To  have  a  certain  written  form  ;  to  read 
to  and  so  to  the  ear :   as,  The  lines  run 
smoothly. 

(8)  To  have  a  certain  tenor  or  purport ;  to 
VRML 

"  So  run  the  conditions." 

Shateip.  .•  Henry  rill.,  1.  s. 

(9)  To  have  a  set  form ;  to  take  or  fall  into 
»  certain  course  or  direction  :  as,  The  con- 
rersation  ran  upon  a  certain  subject. 

(10)  To  have  a  general  tendency  ;  to  incline. 

"Temperate  climates  run  into  moderate  govern, 
menu,  and  the  extremes  Into  despotic  power."— Svnft, 

(11)  To  proceed,  to  turn,  to  be  based. 

.  "  i'  '' £  ""'^rating  with  him,  to  whom  the  sacrl. 
Ice  is  offered:  for  upon  that  the  apostle's  argument 

(12)  To  be  carried  to  a  pitch ;  to  rise  :  as 
Party  feeling  ran  high. 

(13)  To  stand  at  or  reach  a  certain  standard 
or  level ;  to  rule. 

"  Where  the  fish  run  large."— nod,  Dec,  M.  1S8S. 
14)  To  continue  in  time  before  becoming 
due  and  payable ;  as,  A  bill  runt  thirty  days. 

(15)  To  pass  by  gradual  changes  ;  to  shade. 
"In  the  middle  of  a  rainbow  tbe  colours  are  suffl- 

deutly  distinguished  :  but  near  the  borders  they  run 
Into  one  another."—  Wattt. 

(16)  To  grow  exuberantly ;  to  proceed  or 
tend  in  growing. 

"If  the  richness  01  the  ground  cause  turnips  to  run 
to  leaves,  treading  down  the  leaves  will  help  their 
routing.  —  Mortimer. 

(17)  To  be  carried  on  or  conducted,  as  a 
business.    (Amer.) 

(18)  To  continue  or  be  left  unpaid  :  as,  The 
account  has  been  running  a  long  time. 

6.  To  have  or  exhibit  fluid  motion. 

(1)  To  flow  or  pass  in  any  way. 

"  The  blood  .  .  .  rum  In  your  veins." 

Shaketp. :  Benry  r.,  t  ft. 

(2)  To  be  wet  with  a  liquid  ;   to  be  over- 
flowed ;  to  emit  or  let  flow  a  liquid. 

"  The  greatest  Teasel  when  f  nil.  U  yon  pour  In  still, 
must  run  out  some  way."— Temple. 

(3)  To  become  fluid  ;  to  fuse,  to  melt. 

"  AJ  wai  dissolve*,  a*  Ice  begins  to  run." 

Adalton;  Owld.    (Toad.} 


(4)  To  be  capable  of  becoming  fluid  ;  to  be 
fusible  ;  to  have  the  property  or  qualitv  of 
melting. 

(5)  To  spread  on  a  surface  ;  to  spread  and 
blend  together  :  as,  Ink  runs  on  porous  paper, 
colours  run  in  washing. 

(6)  To  discharge  pus  or  other  matter  :  as,  An 
ulcer  runs. 

7.  To  have  rotary  motion,  without  change 
of  place  ;  to  revolve,  to  turn. 

"  While  the  world  runs  round  and  round." 

Tennyton  :  Palace  of  Art,  13. 

8.  To  have  or  keep  machinery  going  ;  to  be 
or  continue  in  operation. 

"  One  week  after  ....  the  mill  will  be  running."— 
Money  Market  llevine.  Aug.  29.  1884. 

9.  To  pass,  to  go. 

"  E°r  •ome  "lust  watch,  while  some  must  sleep. 
Thus  runt  tbe  world  away.l 

SJiakftp.  :  Hamlet.  Hi.  2. 

10.  To  desert  :  as,  A  sailor  runt  from  his 
ship. 

H.  Founding  :  A  mould  is  said  to  run  if  the 
metal  makes  its  way  along  the  parting,  or  in 
any  other  way  appears  on  the  outside  edges  nf 
the  flask.  It  is  avoided  by  weighting  the  flask. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  run  or  move  quickly. 

2.  To  drive,  to  force  ;  to  cause  to  be  driven. 

"  Sun  on  the  dashing  rocks  thy  weary  bark." 

Shakegp.  :  Romeo  i  Juliet,  T.  s. 

3.  To  push,  to  thrust,  to  force  :  as,  To  run 
a  nail  into  one's  hand. 

4.  To  stab,  to  pierce. 

"  111  run  him  up  to  the  hilta."—  Shaketp.  .•  Benrt  r., 

5.  To  accomplish  by  running  :  as,  To  run  a 
race. 

6.  To  pursue,  as  a  course  ;  to  follow,  to  take. 

"  This  course  which  you  are  running  here." 

Snatetp  :  Heart  ''111.,  11.  «. 

7.  To  cause  to  ply  ;  to  maintain  for  running  : 
as,  To  run  a  stage  coach  from  one  town  to 
another. 

8.  To  cany  on  or  conduct,  as  a  business 
(Amer.) 

"  They  edit  Journals,  address  public  meetings,  run 
Sf.if1  «">«"'  dubs.  -_0a«,  Telegraph,  Feb. 

X6,  1806. 

9.  To  work  ;  to  keep  In  operation. 

"  We  wen  unable  to  run  the  mill."—  Money  Market 
Review,  Aug.  29.  1886. 

10.  To  introduce  and  carry  through  :  as,  To 
run  a  bill  through  Congress.    {Amer.) 

11.  To  start,  as  a  candidate. 

"  IX."  *  L°y»"«t  candidate  in  each  one  of  the  seventy 
""ISM.'1™'  out"ld'  C>«««r."-A.«j,  Telegraph,  Oct 

12.  To  cause  to  pass  :  as,  To  run  a  rope 
through  a  block. 

13.  To  pour  forth  ;  to  emit,  as  a  stream  ;  to 
cause  to  flow  ;  to  discharge. 

"  My  statue 

Which,  like  a  fountain  with  a  hundred  spouts. 
Did  run  pure  blood." 

Shake*?.  :  Jultut  Catar,  11.  ft. 

U.  To  melt,  to  fuse. 

15.  To  form  or  shape  in  a  mould  ;  to  cast,  to 
mould. 

"  Those  hunters  who  run  their  own  bullets."—  flur- 
rottytu  :  Pepacton,  p.  11. 

*  16.  To  pursue  In  thought  ;  to  carry  in  con- 
templation. 

"  To  run  the  world  hack  to  Ita  first  original  and  view 
nature  in  its  cradle."—  South. 

17.  To  break  through  ;  to  evade  :  as,  To  run 
a  blockade. 

18.  To  export   or   import  without  paying 
duty  ;  to  smuggle. 

"  Heavy  Impositions  lessen  the  Import,  and  are  a 
strong  temptation  of  running  goods." 


19.  To  incur,  to  encounter:  as.  To  run  a 
risk. 

*  20.  To  hazard,  to  risk,  to  venture. 

..."  He  wSuld  "I""*"  ta  '"  **">  "teh'ands  to  receive 
them,  and  run  his  fortune  with  theru."_CTaren*>»  .• 
it  pi  I  War. 

21.  To  draw  or  cause  to  be  drawn  or  marked: 
as,  To  run  a  line. 

22.  To  sew  by  passing  the  needle  throuRh, 
backwards  and  forwards  in  a  continuous  line, 
generally  taking  a  series  of  stitches  on  the 
needle  at  the  name  time  :  as,  To  run  a  seam. 

*  23.  To  force  into  any  way  or  form  :  to 
bring  to  a  state. 

"  2?'*  tongue  that  rnns  so  roundly  In  thy  head 
Should  run  thy  head  from  thy  irreverent  shoulders." 
Bhakerp.  :  Richard  II.,  1L  L 

*  24.  To  make  teasing  remarks  to  ;  to  nag, 
to  worry. 


IT  I.  To  run  after 

(1)  To  pursue ;  to  endeavour  to  obtain  •  to 
hunt  after. 

(2)  To  seek  the  company  or  society  of :  as 
He  is  very  much  run  after. 

2.  To  run  against : 

(1)  To  come  into  collision  with ;  to  mwt 
with  accidentally. 
*  (2)  To  be  adverse  to. 

3.  To  run  a  natch  with  (or  against) :  To  con 
tend  in  running  with. 

4.  To  run  away :  To  flee,  to  escape,  to  elope 

5.  To  run  away  with : 

(1)  To  convey  in  a  clandestine  or  hurried 
manner  ;  to  escape  or  elope  with. 

(2)  To  bolt  with :  as,  The  horses  ran  away 
with  the  carriage. 

(3)  To  hurry  on  without  deliberation ;  to 
carry  away. 

"  Thoughts  will  not  he  directed  what  objects  to  pur- 
sne.  but  run  an;,y  with  ft  man  in  pursuit  of  those  ideas 
they  have  in  view."— Locke. 

(4)  To  be  carried  away  ;  to  adopt  hastily : 
as,  Do  not  run  away  with  that  idea, 

6.  To  run  before  : 
(1)  To  flee  before. 

*(2)  To  outstrip  in  running;  to  excel,  to 
surpass. 

7.  To  run  down : 

(1)  To  run  or  drive  against  and  overturn  or 
sink  :  as,  To  run  down  a  ship. 

(2)  To  chase  to  weariness,  and  capture  :  as. 
To  run  down  a  stag. 

(3)  To  crush,  to  overthrow,  to  overwhelm. 

(4)  To  pursue  with  scandal  or  opposition  j 
to  depreciate :    as.   To  run  down    another's 
talents. 

(5)  To  cease  to  work  or  act :  as,  A  clock 
runs  down. 

8.  To  run  down  a  coast :  To  sail  along  it. 

9.  To  run  foul  of:  [FouL,  a.]. 

10.  To  run  hard  : 

S)  To  press  hard  or  close  upon  in  a  race  of 
jr  competition  ;  to  come  very  close  to. 

(2)  To  press  with  jokes,  sarcasm,  or  ridicule. 

(3)  To  urge  or  press  importunately. 
U.  To  run  in: 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  Ord.  Jjang. :  To  take  into  custody  ;  to 
lock  up.  (Slang.) 

"It  seemed  at  one  time  as  If  one  or  two  leading 
owners  of  horses  would  be  rum  in."— Field,  Sept.  4. 

(6)  Print. :  To  set  up  in  one  continuous  para- 
graph without  a  break-line. 

(2)  Intransitive  : 

(a)  To  enter,  to  pass,  or  step  In. 
(6)  To  come  or  get  into  (a  state) ;  as,  To  run 
in  debt. 

12.  To  run  in  one's  head:  To  linger  in,  op 
constantly  recur  to  the  memory. 

13.  To  run  in  the  blood:  To  be  hereditary. 

14.  To  run  into : 

(1)  To  enter. 

(2)  To  come  or  get  into  (a  state). 

"Have  I  run  into  this  danger?"— Shaketp. :  AITt 
M  ell,  IT.  8. 

*  15.  To  run  in  trust :  To  get  credit,  to  run 
in  debt, 

16.  To  run  in  with: 

"(1)  Ord,  Lang.:  To  close,  to  comply,  to 
agree  with. 

(2)  Naut. :  To  sail  close  to :  as,  To  run  <» 
vfith  the  land. 

*  17.  To  run  mad :  To  become  mad,  to  go 
mad ;  to  run  into  excesses. 

"  The  worst  of  madmen  is  a  saint  run  mad." 

Pop*.  Satlra,  IT.  27. 

18.  To  run  of: 

(1)  Intrans. :  To  run  away. 

(2)  Trans. :  To  decide  by  running,  as  a  tie 
or  dead-heat. 

19.  To  run  on : 

(1)  Transitive: 

Print. :  To  continue  or  carry  on,  as  s  line 
without  a  break. 

(2)  Intransitive : 

(a)  Ordinary  Language : 
(i)  To  continue  a  course, 
(ii)  To  be  continued :  as,  An  account  runt 
on. 


late,  at,  tare  Amidst,  what,  tall,  totter;  we.  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  .ire.  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wolt  work.  whd.  son :  mute,  cfib,  cure,  unite,  oiir.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


run— rundel 


4069 


(iii)  To  talk  incessantly,  to  chatter. 

(iv)  To  joke,  to  ridicule. 

(i>)  Print. :  To  be  continued  or  carried  on  in 
the  same  line,  without  a  break  or  beginning  a 
Dew  paragraph. 

20.  To  run  on  atl  fouri  ;  to  run  on  four  legs : 

(1)  Lit. :  To  run  on  hands  and  feet. 

(2)  Fig. :  To  be  exactly  analogous  or  similar ; 
to  agree  exactly  ;  to  correspond  in  every  point. 
(Colloq.)    (Followed  by  with.) 

"This  statement  runt  on  four  legt  side  by  side  with 
Molk're'a  famous  statement  that  opium  was  soporific 
tecause  it  sent  men  to  sleep. "-».  Jameii  Ocuatt, 
Sept.  8.  1686. 

21.  To  run  one's  face:  To  obtain  credit  in  a 
bold  manner.    (Amer.  slang.) 

22.  To  run  one's  letters:  [LECTEB,  ».]. 

23.  To  run  out : 
(1)  Transitive: 

<a)  Ordinary  Language  : 
ti)  To  thrust  or  push  out ;  to  extend. 
*(ii)  To  waste,  to  exhaust :  as,  To  run  out 
an  estate. 
(6)  Technically: 

(1)  Print. :  To  withdraw  the  carriage,  with 
the  forme  of  type,  after  taking  an  impression. 

(ii)  Cricket:  To  put  "out"  while  ruuning, 
or  out  of  one's  ground. 

"Marehant  being  foolUhly  run  out.*— Daily  Tilf 
graph,  July  1.  1895. 

(2)  Intrantitive : 

(a)  To  come  to  an  end ;  to  expire :  as,  The 
lease  has  run  out.  . 

(6)  To  stop  after  running  to  the  end  of  its 
time,  as  a  watch  or  an  hour-glass. 

(c)  To  spread  exuberantly. 

"  Insectile  »"<m»l«  .  .  .  run  all  out  Into  legs."— * 
ffammond. 

*(d)  To  be  wasted  or  exhausted;  as,  An 
•state  runs  out. 

"(e)  To  become  poor  by  extravagance. 
(J)  To  finish  in  a  competition. 

"Eventually  ran  out  a  winner  by  ninety-two 
polnU."-«efa.  April  4, 1885. 

24.  To  run  out  a  warp,  hawser,  or  caUt :  To 
carry  out  its  end  to  any  object,  for  the  pur 
pose  of  mooring,  warping,  &c. 

25.  To  run  out  the  gum:   To  force  their 
muzzles  out  of  the  port  by  means  of  the  side 
tackles. 

26.  To  run  over: 

(1)  To  overflow.. 

(2)  To  ride  or  drive  over :  as,  To  run  over  a 
child. 

(3)  To  go  over,  examine,  or  recount  cursorily. 

"And  In  running  wer  Europe,  we  shall  find  that 
wherever  learning  has  been  cultivated,  it  has  flourished 
by  the  aame  advantages  aa  In  Greece.  — Gotdtmitti. 
Politt  Ltarnina,  ch.  IT. 

27.  To  run  riot :  [Rior]. 

28.  To  run  the  eye  over :  To  look  through 
rapidly  or  cursorily ;  to  skim. 

29.  To  run  the  gantlet : 

30.  To  run  through : 

(1)  Ordinary  Language : 

(a)  To  go  through,  recount,  or  examine  cnr- 
•orily  :  as,  To  run  through  an  account. 

(b)  To  spend  quickly,  to  dissipate,  to  ex- 
hanst  by  extravagance :  as,  To  run  through  fr 
fortune. 

(2)  Founding:  To  pass  a  quantity  of  metal 
through  a  mould,  to  remove  sullage,  air,  &c. 
and  to  make  the  casting  solid. 

8L  To  run  to  teed : 

(1)  IM.  Jt  Hort. :  Rapidly  to  develop  seed 
Used  spec,  of  potherbs  the  leaves  of  which  are 
eatable  when  in  a  young  state,  but  becom 
tough  and  stringy  when  the  plant  la  old  and 
leed-laden. 

"  Tho  Tileit  herb  that  runl  to 
Tennyson : 

(2)  Fig.:   To    become    impoverished,    ex 
bnusted ,  or  worn  out ;  to  go  to  waste. 

82.  To  run  together: 

(1)  Ord.  Lang. :  To  nnlte  or  mingle,  as 
metals  fused  in  the  same  vessel,  or  as  colour 
Used  in  washing. 

(1)  Mining:  To  fall  in,  as  the  walls  of 
lode,  so  aa  to  render  the  shafts  and  levels  1m 
passable. 

S3.  To  run  up: 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  increase  by  addition ;  to  enlarge :  u 
To  run  up  a  large  account. 


(o)  To  erect ;  especially  to  erect  hastily. 

"And  run  up  a  store  out  o(  so  many  planks  and  so 
much  corrugated  iron."— Daily  TOfarapn,  Sept.  1.  IMS. 

(c)  To  thrust  up,  as  something  long  and 
slender. 
((i)  To  raise  in  value. 

"  Engaged  in  running  up  the  prteee  of  the  Southern 
Lines. *— Jfoney  Uarkrt  Revie*.  Aug.  M.  1886. 

(e)  To  sew  up,  by  taking  a  series  of  stitches 
on  the  needle  at  the  same  time  ;  to  repair  tem- 
porarily by  sewing. 

(/)  To  add  up  :  as,  To  run  up  a  column  of 
figures. 

(2)  Intransitive : 

(,i)  Ord.  Lang.:  To  rise,  to  grow,  to  In- 
crease :  as,  The  amount  runs  up  quickly. 

(6)  Coursing :  To  be  the  second  in  a  coursing- 
match  ;  to  be  the  runner-up  (q.v.). 

34.  To  run  with  the  land  : 

Law  (Of  a  covenant) :  To  affect  real  property. 

run,  s.    [Bus,  ».) 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  running ;  a  course  ran ;  specif. , 
a  chase  after  an  animal  hunted. 

"After  a  four  hourt'  run  last  week."— Jtailt  C»nm<d«. 
Oct.  25,  1884. 

2.  A  trip,  a  pleasure  excursion.    (Colloq.) 

"  I  think  of  giving  her  a  run  in  London  lor  ft 
change."— IHcksm :  Martin  Oiunltvit.  oh.  III. 

3.  Power  of  running ;  strength  or  ability  to 
running. 

4.  A  course,  progress,  or  flow  ;  especially, 
particular  or   distinctive   course,   progress, 
tenor,  &C. 

"  He  nowhere  usee  any  softness,  or  any  run  of  verses 
to  please  tbe  ear."— Broom* :  Hotel  on  tht  Odyuey. 

5.  Continued  course  :  as,  a  run  of  luck ; 
espec.,  continued  success  or  popularity. 

"The  average  duration  of  the  theatrical  run  li 
much  longer  here."— DaUf  Stut.  Jan.  JS.  18«. 

6.  A  stream. 

"  A  cold  spring  run  came  down  off  the  mountain."— 
Burrotiyht :  Pepacton,  p.  16. 

7.  Free  use  of,  or  access  to. 

"  The  shilling  gave  every  gaest  the  run  of  the  groan- 
ing board."— St.  Janut't  OazetU,  Sept  33,  1885. 

8.  A  general  or  extraordinary  demand  or 
pressure ;  specif.,  a  demand  on  a  bank  or 
treasury  for  redemption  of  its  notes. 

"The  run  upon  the  Bank  of  Ireland  and  the  Pro- 
vincial Bank  was  very  severe."— Xdu>,  Sept  8.  1884. 

9.  Character ;  lay. 

"  He  knew  the  run  of  the  country  better  than  his 

neighbour!."- *1eM.  •>"'•  'a-  ""• 

10.  A  place  where  animals  mn  or  may  rnn  ; 
a  large  extent  of  grazing  ground  :  aa  a  sheep 
run,  a  cattle  run. 

11.  A  burrow. 

"These  nimble  creaturee  disappear  Into  the  earth  In 
the  twinkle  of  an  eye,  and  have  a  hundred  under- 
ground rum."— Daily  TOtfraptt,  Jan.  18.  1888. 

12.  Clamour,  outcry.  (Followed  by  against.} 

13.  A  plank  laid  down  to  support  rollers  in 
moving  buildings  and  other  heavy  objects ; 
also  as  a  track  for  wheelbarrows. 

14.  A  pair  of  millstones  In  working  order. 
tt  Technically: 

1.  Cricket :  The  complete  act  of  running 
from  one  wicket  to  the  other  by  a  batsman.  The 
match  Is  won  by  the  side  making  most  runs. 

2.  Mil.  :  The  swiftest  mode  of  advancing. 

3.  Mining :  The  direction  or  lead  of  a  vein 
of  ore,  or  a  seam  or  stratum  of  other  mineral, 
as  of  coal  or  marble. 

4.  Music:   A   succession  of  notes,  either 
ascending  or  descending,  played  rapidly ;  a 
series  of  running  notes. 

5.  Nautical: 

(1)  The  aftermost  part  of  a  ship's  bottom 
which  becomes  gradually  narrower  from  the 
floor-timbers  to  the  stern-post. 

(3)  The  course  or  distance  sailed  by  a  vessel. 

(S)  A  voyage,  trip,  or  passage  from  one  por 
to  another.  (Seamen  are  said  to  be  engage* 
on  the  run  when  they  are  shipped  for  a  single 
voyage  out  or  homeward,  or  from  one  po: l 
to  another.) 

6.  Cycling :  An  outing  awheel,  as  a  club  run 
(a  special  outing  appointed  by  the  captain  of  a 
club  for  Its  members),  a  century  run  (an  outing 
covering  a  hundred  miles),  Ac. 

1  (1)  By  (or  vith)  a  (or  (he)  run :  Suddenly 
all  at  once.  (Said  of  a  fall,  descent,  or  the 
like.)  (Slang.) 

(2)  In  the  long  run,*  at  the  long  run:  Inth 
«nd,  in  the  result,  eventually. 


(3)  The  common  run  ;   the  run  :  That  which 
is  most  commonly  seen  or  met  with  ;   tht 
generality. 

(4)  To  get  the  run  upon  :  To  make  a  butt  of  ; 
to  ridicule. 

(5)  To  let  go  by  the  run  : 

Naut.  :  To  let  go  at  once  or  entirely,  in 
place  of  slacking  the  rope  and  tackle  by  which 
anything  is  held  fast. 

run  up,  i. 

1.  llookhind.  :    A    fillet  mark  which    run* 
from    head    to   tail    on    the    back,  without 
mitring  with  the  horizontal  cross  fillets  on 
the  panels. 

2.  Coursing:  The  race  between  two  grey- 
hounds from  the  slips  to  the  first  turn  of  th«» 
hare. 

"Pious  Fraud  scored  the  run-up  from  Alone."— 
Field,  Dec.  6,  1884. 

run,  pa.  par.  &  a.    (Rut»,  r.j 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Liquefied,  melted,  fused. 

2.  Deserted  ;  as  a  sailor  who  has  deserted 
is  marked  in  the  ship's  books  as  run. 

3.  Conveyed    on    shore   secretly  ;   contra- 
band, smuggled  :  as,  run  spirits. 

4.  Applied  to  lineal  measurements,  as  op- 
posed to  square  or  solid. 

"  Before  ...  the  measurements  can  be  brought  Into 
the  form  of  a  bill,  they  have  to  be  reduced  In  various 
forms  .  ,  .  some  being  taken  item  by  item  .  .  othen 
are  Uken  by  the  lineal  Inch,  foot,  or  yard,  and  are 
then  said  to  be  run."—  Caufll'l  TecAnicol  Educator, 
lit.  111.,  p.  305. 

*  rfin'-a-gate,  «  run'-na-gate.  *  ren^e- 
gat,  ».  it  a.  [O.  Fr.  rtiugat  =  renegad* 
(q.v.).] 

A*  As  substantive  : 

•  1.  A  renegade,  an  apostate. 
2.  A  deserter,  a  fugitive. 

"The  Carthaginians  shall  restore  and  deliver  baek 
all  the  rtneyatft  {perfugai}  and  fugitives  that  have 
fled  to  their  side  from  at.--P.  Holland  :  Un.  9-  1U. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Renegade,  runaway. 

"Not  like  enemies  ouercome  by  battel],  hat  like) 
runnagtu*  slauee."—  Ootdynff  :  Jutting,  fol.  12. 

run'  ~a-way,  «.  &  o.    [Eng.  run,  and  away.]  ) 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  One  who  runs  from  danger  or  service; 
one  who  forsakes  or  deserts  lawful  service  ;  a 

fugitive. 

"  He  won  overtook  two  or  three  hundred  of  hU 
runaway)  who  had  taken  the  same  road."—  Macaulay: 
Bin.  Xnf.,  ch.  liiL 

•  2.  One  who  roams  or  wander*  on  the 
roads  ;  a  vagabond. 

"  A  sort  of  vagabonds,  rueali,  and  runamiu.* 

Shatap.  :  Richard  111,  T.  a 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Acting  the  part  of  a  runaway  ;  fugitive  ; 
deserting  lawful  service;  breaking  from  re- 
straint :  as,  a  runaway  horse. 

2.  Accomplished    or  effected   by  running 
away  :  as,  a  runaway  match. 

*  run  -  ca'-  tlon,  «.  [Lat.  runcatio,  from 
runcatut,  pa.  par.  of  runco  =  to  weed.}  The 
act  of  weeding. 


rttn'-f  fa-ate,  a. 

Bot.  (Of  a  baf)  :  Hook-backed  ;  curved  In  a 
direction  from  the  apex  to  the  base,  having 
the  points  of  the  great  central  lobes  reflexed, 
as  the  leaves  of  Taraxacum  offlcina.lt  (Leontodm 
Taraxacum), 

r  unclnato  ptnntvtlfld,  a. 

Bot.  :  Pinnatifld  with  the  tips  of  the  lobe» 
reflexed.  (Hooker:  Studentt  Flora  (1873), 
p.  215.) 

run-oln-a-td-,  jmf.  (Lat  nmdnatnu,  pa. 
par.  of  runcino^to  plane  off,  nuicina=c 
plane.] 

But.  :  Runcinatc  (q.v.). 

runcinato-dentate,  o. 

Hot.  :  Hook-backed  and  toothed. 

runclnato-lacinlate,  a. 

Bot.:  Both  ruiiclnate  and  ladnlate. 

rand,  *•  [Ger.  &  Dan.  rand  =  a  border.)  & 
selvage  of  broad  cloth  ;  list  ;  a  border. 

"  That's  no  liste  or  tailor's  funds  or  selvage  of  claith." 
—Scott  :  Antiauarf.  oh.  nil. 

*run'-del,s.  [RUNNEL.]  A  runlet  ;  a  moat 
with  water  in  it. 


*SH,  bo^;  p«5ut,  j£M;  cat,  jell,  chorus,  CUB.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  «ln,  a?;  expect;  ?enophon,  e^lrt.  pt i  =  t. 
Hjlan, -tlan  =  Bhan.   -Uon, -lion  =  shun; -{Ion, -jlon^zhun.   -cioua, -tioua, -aious  =  shua.   -We,  -die,  40.  =  bel,  dale 


4070 


rundle— running 


ran  -die,  s.    [A  dimin.  from  round  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
L  A  round  or  step  of  a  ladder ;  a  ran f. 

"  We  are  to  consider  the  sever*!  stop*  and  rundtti 
we  are  to  ascend  by."— Duppa. 

•  2.  Something  put  round  an  axis. 

"Of  an  axis  or  cylinder,  oaring  a  rundl«  about  it. 
wherein  are  fastened  dirers  spokes."—  Wutot ;  aath. 
Hay. 

•  3.  A  ball. 

•  4.  Something  round  or  circular ;  a  circle. 
6.  One  of  the  bars  in  a  lantern-wheel  (q.v.). 
H.  Naut. :  The  drum  of  a  capstan. 

•rtn -died  (le  aa  el), o.   (BUNDLE.)   Bound, 
Circular. 

"  His  rundltd  target" 

Chapman  :  Bomer ;  Iliad  rrtt 

•  rand' -let,  "  runde  let,  t.    [Bm».R.] 

rune,  ».    [A.S.  run  =  a  rune,  a  mystery ;  cogn. 

with  Icel.  rui»  =  a  secret,  a  rune ;  Goth,  runa; 

O.   H.   Ger.   rftna  =  a  secret,  counsel ;  Ger. 

mumn;  Mid.  Eng.  roun,  round  =  to  whisper] 

Ardutology: 

L  Any  letter  of  the  Futhork  (q.y.X  They 
m  formed  almost  entirely  of  straight  lines, 
and  may  have  been  derived,  as  Schlegel  sup- 
poses, from  the  Phoenicians,  for  several  of  the 
Runic  characters  bear  close  resemblance  to 
the  letters  of  the  Phoenician  alphabet.  Schloe- 
ler  holds  that  they  are  corruptions  of  the 
Roman  alphabet,  whilst  another  theory  is 
that  they  are  the  original  characters  of  the 
Indo-Germanic  tribes  brought  from  the  East, 
and  preserved  among  the  races  of  that  stock. 
The  name  Rune  was  first  mentioned  by  Ten- 
anting Fortunatus  in  the  sixth  century  as  the 
Bame  of  a  German  letter.  The  knowledge  of 
the  Runes  was  confined  to  a  small  class,  and 
they  were  used  for  purposes  of  augury,  and 
for  magical  symbols.  They  have  been  grouped 
Into  three  systems — the  Anglo-Saxon,  the  Ger- 
man, and  the  Norse  or  Scandinavian ;  but  no 
great  difference  exists  between  them.  Traces 
Of  Runes  in  inscriptions  occur  in  England  in 
the  old  kingdoms  of  Northumbria,  Mercia, 
and  East  Anglia ;  in  Denmark,  Norway,  Swe- 
den, Germany,  and  Iceland.  The  so-called 
Bunes  of  North  America  are  nothing  more 
than  Indian  picture-writing. 

••  The  mystic  Woden,  or  Odin,  the  inventor  of  runes, 
eUlnji  a  higher  place  In  the  literature  of  northern 
Burope  thai!  the  Greek  Cadmus.  "—H'ttKm.'  PrthMurio 

•  Annuli  of  Scotland,  iL  286. 

8.  Poetry  expressed  in  Runes. 
"  Runei  were  upon  his  tongoe, 
As  on  the  warrior's  sworo." 

LanefOlov :  Ttyntr't  TMat\ 

•rnn'-«r,  «,    [Eng.  run(e);  -«r.]    •*  bard  or 
learned  man  among  the  ancient  Goths. 

ring,  prel.  &  pa.  par.  o/v.    [Rlrlo,  t>.] 

rung,  *  rouge,  s.    [A.S.  Krung  —  one  of  the 
stakes  of  a  cart ;  cogn.  with  O.  Dnt.  range ; 
IceL  rong  =  a  rib  in  a  ship ;  Goth,  krugpa  = 
ft  staff;  Ger.  runge  =  a  pin,  a   bolt;  Irish 
nnga  =  a  rung ;  Gael,  rong  —  a  staff.] 
X.  Ordinary  Language: 
L  A  cudgel;  a  rough,  undressed  staff  or 
piece  of  wood. 

"  Till,  "lap,  eome  in  an  nnco  loon. 
And  wl'  •  ntng  decide  it." 

/>unu :  Iium/ria  rolMtm. 

t.  The  round  or  step  of  a  ladder. 

8.  The  spoke  of  a  wallower  or  lantern-wheel, 
or  one  of  the  radial  handles  projecting  Cram 
the  rim  of  a  steering-wheel. 

4.  One  of  the  bars  of  a  windmill-sail. 

IL  Shipbuild. :  A  floor  or  ground  timber  of 
A  ship's  frame. 

rung  head,  >. 

Shipwright. :  The  upper  end  of  a  ship's 
floor  timber. 

run  1C,  a.    [Eng.  run(«) ; 
•fc] 
L  Of,  or  pertaining  to 

•  rune  or  runes ;  cut  in 
pines. 

t  2.  Scandinavian. 

•Beneath    the    shade    the 

Northmen  came. 
Fixed  on  each  vale  a  Annie 
name." 
Scott:  Robibi/.  IT.  L 

runic-knot.  «. 

'  Arch. :  A  peculiar  twisted  ornament  belong- 
ing to  early  Anglo-Saxon  or  Danish  times. 
Also  called  a  Danish  knot. 


runic  staff,  runic  wand,  .  A  willow 
staff  inscribed  with  runes,  used  in  magical 
ceremonies  or  divinations. 

run-kled   (le   as   el),  a.     [WRINKLED.] 

(Scotch.) 

run'-let  (IX  *  rund'-lSt,  «.  [A  dimin.  from 
O.  P.  ro)idcfe  =  a  little  tun  or  barrel,  from 
rond  =  round.)  A  small  barrel  of  varying 
capacity,  from  three  to  twenty  gallons,  but 
usually  containing  about  fifteen  gallons. 

"  Have  then  a  rttndlet  of  brisk  claret"— C 
The  Ordinary,  ii.  1. 

1  run'-let  (2).  «.  [A  dimin.  from  run  (q.v.).] 
A  little  stream,  a  rivulet.  (Tennyson :  In 
Memoriam,  cxix.  13.) 

rnnn,  5.  [Mahratta,  &c.  ran  =  a  thicket,  a 
wood,  a  waste.]  A  waste.  (Used  only  of  the 
Ruan  of  Cutch,  which  is  a  salt-marsh  toler- 
ably dry  in  the  hot  season,  flooded  and  im- 
passable in  the  rains.) 

*  run'-nel,  s.    [A  dimin.  from  run  (q.v.X] 

I.  A  rivulet,  a  small  stream  or  brook. 

"  The  familiar  runnels  of  water  which  In  the  in. 
habited  country  Intersect  the  fond  eTery  few  yards."— 
Laity  Teleyrapft,  March  9,  18S& 

5.  A  runner. 

"  Their  roots,  like  molten  metal  cooled  In  flowing. 
Stiffened  In  coils  and  runners  down  the  hank." 
4oMeU,  in  Burrougtu:  Pepacton,  p.  142. 

run'-ner,  ».    [Eng.  run,  v. ;  -tr.l 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  One  who  runs ;  one  who  joins  In  a  race. 

"Foreepent  with  toil,  as  runners  with  a  race." 

Shaluif.  :  I  ffmrj  17..  U.  t. 

•  2.  A  fugitive,  a  runaway. 

"  Tis  sport  to  maul  a  runner." 

Shakttp.  :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  IT.  7. 

*  3.  A  messenger. 

•4.  An  old  name  for  a  detective  officer  :  as, 

ft  Bow-Street  runner.   (Dickens :  Oliver  Twist, 
ch.  xxx.) 
•6.  A  smuggler. 

"The  unfair  traders  and  nmnere."— JTerO .•  Lift  o/ 
LtndOuU/ord,U.iat. 

6.  A  round   piece  of  wood,  on  which  any 
heavy  weight  is  rolled  along ;  a  roller. 

"  The  barn  or  house  was  pried  up.  and  great  runners. 
cBi  in  the  woods,  placed  under  it  and  under  the 
runntn  were  placed  skids."  —  Scrt&ner'i  Magazine, 
Nov..  187J.  p.  «. 

7.  One  of  the  curved  pieces  of  a  sled  or 
sleigh  which  run  or  slide  upon  the  ground 
and  support  the  bed. 

8.  A  ship  which  runs  a  blockade. 

9.  One  whose  business  it  is  to  solicit  pas- 
sengers for  railways,  steamboats,  &c.    (Amer.) 

10.  The  slider  of  an  umbrella  to  which  the 
spreaders  are  pivoted. 

II.  A  run  of  water,  a  stream. 

"  When  they  are  going  np  the  runners  to  spawn."—. 
neld.  Oct.  17,  IMS. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Hot. :  A  prostrate  filiform  stem,  forming  at 
Its  extremity  roots  and  a  young  plant,  which 
itself  gives  birth  to  new  runners,  as  In  the 
strawberry.    Properly  it  is  a  prostrate,  vivi- 
parous scape,  i.e.,  one  producing  roots  and 
leaves  instead  of  flowers.     It  is  akin  to  a 
sucker,  which,  however,  roots  at  various  parts 
of  its  course. 

2.  Entom.  (PI) :  The  Cursoria  (q.v.X 

3.  Found. :  A  gate  (q.v.X 

4.  Killing. :  The  revolving  millstone  of  a 
grinding-miU.    It  is  usually,  but  not  always, 
the  upper  stone.    Sometimes  both  stones  are 
driven,  and  thus  become  the  upper  and  lower 
runner  respectively. 

5.  Naut. :  A  thick  rope  rove  through  a  single 
block,  a  hook  attached  to  one  end  and  the 
other  passed  around  one  of  the  tackle-blocks. 
A  whip-and-runner  has  a  single  block  only, 
attached  to  the  fall  of  the  runner. 

6.  Optics :  A  convex  tool   of  cast-iron,  on 
which  lenses  are  supported  while  grinding  in 
the  shell. 

7.  Ornith.  (PI.) :  The  Cursores  (q.v.X 

8.  Saddlery :  A  loop,  usually  of  metal,  used 
in  harness-making  to  receive  a  running  strap 
or  rein     The  gag-rein  passes  through  runners 
suspended  from  the  throat-latch  on  each  side 
of  tne  throat. 

9.  Stone-working:  A  rubber  (q.v.X 

10.  Well-boring. :   A  loop-shaped  piece  for 
taking  hold  of  the  topit  or  top-piece  of  the 
train  of  boring-rods. 


runner-ball,  i. 

Gunpowder :  A  wooden  dish  which  crushes 
the  mill-cake  through  tlie  meshes  of  the  sieves 
in  granulating  gunpowder. 

runner-stick,  s. 

Found. :  A  cylindrical  or  slightly  conical 
piece  of  wood,  which  acts  as  a  pattern  to 
form  the  upright  part  of  the  gate. 

runner  tackle,  s. 

Xaut. :  A  luff-tacklo  ipplied  to  the  rnnnlng 
end  of  a  rope  passed  through  a  movable  pillow. 
[RUNNER.] 

runner-up,  s. 

Coursing. :  The  greyhound  which  takes  the 
second  prize,  losing  only  the  final  course  w  ith 
the  actual  winner  of  the  stakes ;  hence  any 
competitor  who  runs  second,  or  takes  second 
place  in  any  competition. 

"The  falling  together  of  last  jeer's  winner  aa« 
runnrr-up."— field.  Dec.  6.  1884. 

run  -net,  s.    [RENNET.] 

run  -ning,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Rov,  «.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verbX 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Moving  01  proceeding  at  a  run. 

2.  Kept  for  running :  as,  a  running  horse. 

3.  Discharging  pus  or  matter:  as,  a  running 
sore. 

4.  Not  discharged  at  the  time,  but  settled 
periodically :  as,  a  running  account. 

5.  Interspersed  with  the  original  matter. 

"Her  rnnniiM  comment  on  the  plates  combine! 
sensible  notes  with  good  advice. '—AlAentntm,  l>ec.  20, 
ISM. 

6.  In  succession ;  without  any  day,  week,  &c,, 
intervening ;  as,  He  came  three  days  running. 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  runs. 
2.  That  which  runs  or  flows  ;  quantity  run. 
8.  Power,  ability,  or  strength  to  run. 
4.  Hatter  or  pus  discharged  from  a  sore. 

H  (1)  To  make  good  one's  running  :  To  run  as 
veil  as  one's  rival ;  to  prove  one's  self  a  match 
for  one's  rival. 

(2)  To  make  the  running: 

Racing :  To  force  the  pace  at  the  beginning 
of  a  race. 

(S)  To  take  up  the  running  : 

Racing:  To  take  the  lead  In  forcing  the 
pace ;  to  take  the  most  active  part  in  any 
undertaking. 

running-block,  s. 

Naut. :  A  hooked  block  which  moves  as  the 
fall  is  hauled  upon. 

running  board,  s.  A  narrow  platform 
extending  along  the  side  of  a  locomotive. 

running-bowline,  t. 

Na-ul.:  A  knot  in  which  the  end  is  taken 
round  the  standing  part  and  made  into  A 
bowline  around  its  own  part. 

running  buddle,  s. 
Mining:  [BUDDLE]. 
running -bugs,  «.  pi. 
Entom. :  A  term  suggested  i>y  W.  S.  Dallas, 
F.L.8.,  for  the  Gcocores,  or  Land-bugs. 

running-days,  i.  pL 

Comm,  :  A  chartering  t«rm  for  consecutive 
days  occupied  on  a  voyage,  Ac.,  Including 
Sundays,  and  not  being  therefore  limited  to 
working  days. 

running-fight,  «.    A  fight  kept  up  be- 
tween  a   party 
pursuing  and 
one  pursued. 

runninK- 
flre,  >.  A  con- 
stant fire  of  ar- 
tillery or  mus- 
ketry ;  hence,  a 
constant  or  con* 
tinned  course  of 
anything :  as,  a 
running -Jin  Of 
questions. 

*  rnnnlng  - 
footman,<.  A 

livery  -  servant,          KuK>iuio-rooT>iA». 

one  or  more  of 

whom  were  formerly  kept  by  noblemen,  t/i 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
car,  wbr,,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  car,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;. qa  =  kw. 


runningly— ruralist 


4071 


run  before  their  carriages  and  aive  notice  of 

their  approach.     It  is  believed  that  the  Duke 

of  Uueensberry,  who  died  in  1810,  was  the  last 

in    in    England   who    employed    running 

footmen.    The  illustration  is  from  the  sign 

of  a  public-house  in  Hayes-Mews,  Berkeley- 

r  formerly  a  house  of  call  for  musing- 

fooi  me,,.    (Notes  *  Queries,  2nd  ser.,  i.  9.) 

"T*i,ruimtnl-r.nlmi!n  dre»»e.l  in  white,  with  Hack- 
-!.i!  h.iix  sUffsln  their  hands,  headed  the 
tr.iin.""— Scott.  Bride  of  Lammermoor.  ch,  Jtxii. 

running-gear,  s. 

I',  hide:  The  entire  portion  of  the  vehicle 
below  the  bed  or  body.  Bpeoitioallj,  the 
•is,  axles,  perch  (if  any),  hounds, bolsters, 
and  tongue. 

running-hand,  s. 

1.  A  style  of  penmanship  in  which  the  let- 
ters are  formed  without  raising  the  pen  from 

the  pa|*r. 

2.  Print. :  A  fount  of  type  in  imitation  of 

such  writing. 

running  off,  s. 

Found. :  The  act  of  opening  the  tap-hole  of 
a  blast-furnace  to  allow  the  metal  to  How  into 
the  channels  aud  thence  to  the  moulds. 

running  part,  s. 

Kimt.:  The  h.inling-part  or  fall  of  atackle; 
as  distinguished  from  the  standing-part. 

running-policies,  s.  pi. 

Comm.:  Open  policies,  covering  the  risk 
attaching  to  the  property  on  board  a  ship, 
during  an  entire  season,  or  up  to  some  speci- 
fied date,  instead  of  during  a  single  voyage. 

running-rein,  s. 

Manege:  A  driving  rein  which  rrms  over 
pulleys  on  the  headstall  to  increase  its  freedom 
of  motion.  It  frequently  passes  over  sheaves 
on  the  bit  and  returns  up  the  cheek,  so  as  to 
pull  the  bit  up  Into  the  angle  of  the  mouth. 

running-rigging,  >. 

Naut. :  Ropes  for  arranging  the  yards  and 
sails,  as  braces,  sheets,  halyards,  bowlines,  isc. 
[STANDING-RIGGING.] 

running-thrush,  «.    [FRUSH,  (2).] 

running-title,  «. 

Print. :  A  line  at  the  head  of  e.  page  indi- 
cating the  subject.  [HEADLINE.] 

"rnn'-ning-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  running;  -ly.] 
Without  hesitation. 

"  Played  I  not  off-hand  and  running  ;" 
R.  Browning:  Hotter  Huguee  of  At  te-OotM. 

•  rttn'-nion  (i  as  y), ».    [RUNYON.] 

11  ru-noT-6-gIst,  s.  [Eng.  runolog(y);  -ist.] 
One  skilled  in  runes. 

"The  advanced  school  of  Scandinavian  runotoalat," 
— Athenaeum,  June  28,  1879. 

«ru-nol'-4-gy,  s.  [Eng.  run(e)  ;  -ology.]  The 
science  of  runes  ;  the  principles  on  which  the 
study  of  runes  is  based. 

"  The  facts  of  runolofjy  absolutely  demand  that  the 
Tr-ni  Ai:e  in  Scandinavia  shall  be  many  hundreds  ol 
years  before  Christ"— Academy,  May  8. 1886.  p.  SSI 

run'-rlg,  a.  [Apparently  from  run  and  rig.] 
Applied  to  lands,  the  alternate  ridges  "» 
which  belong  to  different  owners.  (Scotch.) 

•runt.  *  ront,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  ct  Dut. 
rund  =  a  bullock  or  cow.] 

1.  An  animal  smaller  and  shorter  than  the 
usual  size  of  the  breed. 

"  A  monstrous  Welsh  runt,  the  ugliest  brute  that 
probably  could  be  found  In  the  country."—  Field, 
Dec.  «.  1881. 

2.  A  shrivelled,  sapless,  withered  animal. 

41  Tour  hang  beef  was  tho  worst  I  ever  tastpd  ;  and 
as  himl  as  the  very  horn  the  old  runt  wore  when  she 
lived."— Laud  :  Letter  to  Lord  Strajforde, 

8.  A  dwarf ;  a  mean,  despicable  person. 
4.  The  stem  of  colewort  or  cabbage ;   the 
lead  stump  of  a  tree.    (Scotch.) 

*•  PoorWlllle,  wl'  nil  bow-kail  runt." 

Burnt :  Halloween. 

6.  A  variety  of  pigeon. 

"  There  are  nines  weighing  more  than  two  pounds 
ncb."-n,Ma  Telegraph,  Nov.  17, 188S, 

6.  A  raw  country  girl. 
runf-y,  a.    [Eng.  runt;  -!/.]   Short  and  thick. 

"  A  runty  pig  tied  to  a  •tob."— Barper't  Magatine 
Oct..  1888.  p.  196. 

run  -way,  «.  [Eng.  run  and  way.]  The  run 
of  an  animal. 

"  We  stood  so  that  each  commanded  one  of  the  I 
•  Indicated."— Burrougkt:  Pepacton,  p.  2»8- 


U  pee',  ».     [Mahr:ittarupal/a=Hind.  npiya 
a  rupee,  silver,  fiom  Sause,  rupya  =  silver, 
wrought  silver,  or  gold.] 
Coinage  : 

I  A  silver  coin  in  use  in  the  British 
dominions  in  India,  with  corresponding  ones 
of  much  inferior  workmanship  and  variable 
Viilue  in  the  native  states.  In  1876  the  Madras 
or  Company's  rupee  of  16  annas,  or  192  pice, 
was  valued  at  Is.  lOJd-i anu  tlie  Sicca  rupee  = 
IT",  of  the  Company's  rupee,  Is.  ll{d.  Next 
ye  ir  (1876)  the  appreciation  of  gold  began  or 
became  perceptible  with  the  corresponding 
depreciation  of  silver.  Tested  by  a  gold 
standard  the  Madras  rupee  steadily  fell,  and 
in  isss  was  worth  about  Is.  6d.  only.  As  the 
Indian  government  receiving  taxes  in  silver,  lias 
to  nay  home  charges  in  gold  or  its  full  equiva- 
lent, it  lost,  in  1876-7,  a  little  over  two 
millions  of  pounds  sterling,  and  in  1882-3 
more  than  three  millions.  (W.  W.  Hunter: 
Indian  Empire,  Statesman's  Year  Book,  <tc.) 

2.  A  gold  coin.  In  1875  the  Bombay  rupee 
was  worth  £1 10s.  1  Jd.,  the  Madras  one,  of  15 
silver  rupees,  £1  9s.  2}d,  Since  then  they 
have  greatly  risen  in  value.  [1.] 

ru  pe'-ll-an,  o.    [From  the  village  of  Rupel- 
moude,  south  of  Antwerp.]    (See  compound.) 

rupclian  beds,  s.  pi. 

Geol. :  The  Middle  Oligocene  of  Belgium. 

*  ru-pel'-la-ry,  o.    [Lat    rujw  =  a  rock.) 

Rocky. 

Ru'-pert,  >.    [The  nephew  of  Charles  I.] 

Rupert's  drop,   t  Rupert's  ball,  ». 

A  small  globule  of  cooled  glass  with  a  long,  thin 
projection.  When  this  slender  part  is  broken, 
the  whole  globule  goes  into  small  fragments. 
The  name  was  given  because  the  drops  were 
first  brought  to  England  by  Prince  Kupert. 

ru'-pl-a,  «.    [Gr.  pvirot  (rhupos)  =  dirt.) 

Pathol. :  A  bulbous  disease,  always  syphili- 
tic, resembling  pemphigus,  but  the  crust  be- 
comes hard,  horny,  and  remains  attached,  the 
ulceration  forming  layer  after  layer  under- 
neath, till  it  assumes  the  characteristic  cockle- 
shell form  of  the  disease.  Underneath  the 
scab  a  grey  sloughy  ulcer  is  present,  and  the 
rupia  ulceration  and  crusts  frequently  form 
from  syphilis  without  any  bulbous  eruption. 

ru-pi-cap'-ra,  s.    [Lat.  rupet  =  a  rock,  and 
capra  =  a  she-'goat.  ] 

1.  Zool. :  Chamois(q.v.),agenusofBovldie; 
in  Sir  V.  Brooke's  classification  the  sole  genus 
of  Rupicaprinee.    There  is  but  one  species, 
Rupicapra  tragus,  ranging  from  the  Alps  to 
the  Caucasus.    Elongate,  slender  round  horns 
(in  both  senes) ;  nearly  erect  from  above  the 
orbit,  suddenly  hooked    backwards  at  tip; 
nose  ovine,  hairy  ;  fur  soft. 

2.  Palownt. :  From  the  Post-Pliocene  (oaves) 
of  France. 

ru-pl-oa-prl'-nse,  t.  pi.    [Lat.  rupicapr(a) ; 
fern,  pi.' adj.  suff.  -tttte.]    [RUPICAPHA.] 

ru-plc'-O'-to,  «•     [Lat.  rupes  =  a  rock,  and 
colo  =  to  inhabit.] 

Ornith. :  Cock  of  tho  Rock ;  a  genus  of 
Rupicolinse  (q.v.),  with  three  species,  from 
the  Amazonian  region  and  Guiana.  Bill  mo- 
derate, robust,  rather  vaulted  ;  nostrils  oval, 
lateral,  partly  hidden  by  the  feathers  of  the 
elevated  crest ;  feet  large,  strong,  syndactyle  ; 
tarsi  partially  covered  with  feathers ;  wings 
short,  rounded. 

ru-pi-ci-ir-nSB,  s.  pi.    [Mod  Lat.  rupicol(a) 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -(TUB.] 

Ornith. :  A  sub-family  of  Cotingidse,  for- 
merly a  sub-family  of  Pipridse.  It  now  con- 
tains two  genera :  Rupicola  and  Phcenicocer- 
cus.  (Wallace.) 

Rup'-pSll  (ii  as  u),  ».     nVilhelm  Peter  Ed 

ward  Simon  Riippell,  a  German  traveller  and 

naturalist,  born  1790.] 

RiippelTs  griffon,  s. 

Ornith. :  Gyps  riippelli,  from  Abyssinia. 

rup'-pl-a,  s.    [Named  after  H.  B.  Ruppius,  a 

German  botanist.] 

Bnt.  :  A  genus  of  Jnncnginaceas  (Llnaleif),  o 
Naiadeee,  tribe  Potamae  (.sir  J.  Hooker) 
Flowers  perfect,  generally  two  in  a  peduncle 
arising  from  spnthaceous  leaf  sheaths.  Peri 
anth  none,  stamens  four,  anthers  one-celled 


Aehenes  or  drupes  four,  on  long  stalks,  each 
ied.  Known  species  one  or  more. 
Kttl'iiiit  marilima,  a  small  herb  with  linear,  se- 
taee-'iis,  submerged  leaves,  is  found  in  Britain, 
in  saltwater  pools  and  ditches. 

rup'-tile,  a,     [Mod.  Lat.  ntptilis,  from  Lat. 
ruptus  =  broken.] 

Bnt. :  Bursting  irregularly,  not  in  the  line 
of  union  of  parts  in  cohesion. 

rup'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  ruptio,  from  ruptus,  pa. 
par.  of  runpo  —  to  break.]  A  breach  ;  a 
breaking  or  bursting  open  ;  rupture. 

"  The  plenitude  of  vessels  or  plethora  causes  an  ex- 
travasation of  blood,  by  ruption  or  apertion."—  W ite. 
man:  Treat  tie*. 

*  rup'-tu-a-rjr,  ».    [See  def.]    A  corrupt  of 
Roturier  (q.v.). 

rup'-ture,  8.     [Fr.,  from  Lat,  ruptitra,  fern,  of 
rupturus,  fut.  par.  of  rumpo  =  to  break  ;  Sp. 
rotura:  Ital.  rutture.} 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Lit. :  The  act  of  breaking  or  bursting; 
the  state  of  being  broken  or  violently  parted. 

"  The  age  thataoou 

Bunting  with  kindly  rupture  forth  disclos'd 
Their  callow  youug.  Hilton  :  P.  L.,  vil.  ««, 

2.  Fig.  :  A  breach,  as  of  peace,  friendship, 
or  concord,   between   either    individuals    or 
nations ;  a  quarrel ;  a  breaking  off  of  frieudly 
relations. 

IL  Med. :  Hernia  (q.v.X 

U  A  Rupture  Society  to  provide  poor  per- 
sons suffering  from  rupture  with  trusses,  was 
established  in  London  in  1804. 

rup'-tnre,  v.t.  &  t.    [RUPTCRB,  «.J 
A.  Transitive : 
I.  Literally: 

1.  To  break,  to  burst ;  to  part  violently. 

"  The  vessels  of  the  brain  and  membrane*.  If  rup- 
tured, absorb  the  extravaeated  blood."— filiarft. 

2.  To  affect  with,  or  cause  to  sutler  from 
rupture  or  hernia. 

IL  Fig. :  To  cause  a  breach  in ;  to  break. 

"  The  Treaty  of  Berlin,  after  having  survived  seven 
years,  has  at  length  been  ruiXured^a  an  Important 
point."—  fliiBy  Telegraph.  Oct.  7.  1885. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  suffer  a  breach  or  dis- 
ruption. 

rup'-ture-wort,  «.     [Eng.  rupture,  s.,  and 
wort.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Herninria,  glabra  [HERNIARIA]  ; 
(2)  Altertianthera  polygonoides. 

rup'-tur-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.    [BUPTOKE,  ».] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  it  partinp.  adj. :  (Set 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive: 

Bot. :  An  irregular  method  of  bursting ;  the 
production  of  irregular  holes  or  rents  in  a 
pericarp  by  the  spontaneous  contraction  of 
part  of  it,  as  in  Antirrhinum  and  Campanula. 

ru'-ral,  *ru-rall,  a.  &  «.     [Fr.  rural,  from 
Lat.'  ruralis,    from    rws,  genit.    ruris  =  the 
country  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  rural, ••  Ital.  rurale.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  country,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  city  or  town  ;  resembling 
or  suitable  to  the  country ;  rustic. 

"  For  I  have  lov'd  the  rural  walk  through  lanel 
Of  grassy  ewarth."  Cowper  :  Talk.  1.  1W. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  agriculture  or  fam- 
ing :  as,  rural  economy. 

•3.  Living  in  the  country  ;  rustic. 

"  Here  Is  a  rural  fellow." 
Shakeip. :  A  ntony  *  Cleopatra,  T.  & 

•B.  Asrnbsl. :  An  inhabitantof  the  country. 

••Ye  said  air  Thomas  punysshed  the  sayd  vyllagei 
and  rurattii  bygreuous  nuea/  —  Fafyan:  Cronycli 
(Philip  de  Vaioyt,  an.  19). 

rural-dean,  ».  An  ecclesiastic,  under 
the  bishop  and  archdeacon,  who  has  the 
peculiar  care  and  inspection  of  the  clergy  and 
laity  of  a  district 

rural-deanery,  >.  The  jurisdiction  of  a 
rural  dean  or  archdeacon.  It  is  an  aggrega- 
tiou  of  parishes. 

* ru'-zaHsm, «.    [Eng.  rural;  -ton.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rural. 

2.  An  idiom  or  expression  peculiar  to  the 
country  as  opposed  to  the  town. 

•ru'-ral-fet,  ».  [Eng.  rural;  -is(.]  One  who 
lends  a  rural  life  (Coventry :  Philemon  to  Hy- 
daspes,  conv.  3.) 


btfy ;  poTtt.  J<fiH;  oat.  cell,  chorus,  •bin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.  -Jng. 
-eian,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  ehun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -oions.  -tious,  nsious  =  8hus.   -ble,  -die.  &c.  =  Del,  oaj. 


4072 


rurality— russet 


•rtt-ral'-l-ty',  ».  [Eng.  rural;  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  rural ;  ruralness. 

rn'-ral-ize,  ».i.  *  (.    (Bng.  rural;  -ize.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  go  into  the  country  to 
live  ;  to  live  in  the  country. 

B.  Trans. :  To  make  rural ;  to  give  a  rural 
appearance  to. 

rn'-ral-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  ruroj ;  -!y.]  In  a  rural 
manner ;  as  in  the  country. 

"  Rurally  situated  at  some  distance  from  the  body 
of  the  town."—  WaJte/Md:  Siemoirt,  p.  Ts. 

rU  ral  ness,  s.  [Eng.  rural;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  rural ;  rurality. 

•ru-rio'-i-llst,  s.  [Lat.  rariccla,  from  rut, 
genit.  rurfs  =  the  country,  and  coto  —  to  live.] 
An  inhabitant  of  the  country. 

rn  rl-dS-ca'-nal,  a.  [Lat.  rug,  genlt.  rurb 
=  the  country,  and  decanus  =  a  dean.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  archdeacon  ;  under  the  juris- 
diction of  an  archdeacon. 

"  A  diocese  no  larger  than  a  ruriibeoitat  dlitricf- 
Churc*  Timft,  Feb.  12.  IBM. 

•rn-rlg'-en-oSs,  a.  (Lat  ni»,  gentt  rurij 
=  the  country,  and  gigno,  pa.  t  genvi  =  to 
beget.]  Born  in  the  country. 

rU'-sa,  $.    [Malay  rutsa  =  a  deer.) 

ZnoL  :  A  genus  of  Cervidae,  or  a  sab-genus 
of  Ccrvus,  with  several  species,  from  the  East 
Indies.  They  are  generally  of  large  size,  and 
have  round  antlers,  with  a  snag  projecting  in 
front  just  above  the  base  of  each.  There  are 
several  species,  of  which  the  best  known  is 
Rum  ari»totelis,  the  Sambur  (q.  v.). 

rtts'-CUS,  *.  (Lat.  ruscum  =  butcher's-broom.J 
Bot. :  Butcher's-broom ;  a  genus  of  Aspara- 
ginete  or  Asparagete.  Dioecious ;  perianth 
spreading,  of  sin  sepals ;  filaments  combined 
into  a  tube ;  stamens  three,  sessile ;  ovary 
three  -  celled  ;  berry  usually  one -seeded. 
Known  species  four  or  five,  from  the  north 
temperate  zone.  The  seeds  of  some  have  been 
roasted  as  coffee.  Ruttcvt  acttleatvt  was  form- 
erly used  as  an  aperient  and  diuretic,  and  H. 
hypoglossHm  as  a  gargle.  R.  aculeatus  is  the 
common  Butcher's  Broom ;  used  by  butchers 
in  £urope  to  sweep  their  blocks. 

ruse,  «.  [PV.  =  a  stratagem,  from  nurr  =  to 
beguile,  from  O.  FT.  reiser  =  to  refuse,  to 
recoil,  to  escape ;  hence,  to  use  tricks  to 
escape,  from  Lat.  recuso  =  to  refuse.]  A 
stratagem,  an  artifice,  a  trick,  a  wile. 
URusedegverre:  Atrickof  war;  a  stratagem. 

rush  (1),  'resche,  'rlsche,  -rfshe, 
*  rusche,  ».  [ A.S.  r«oe,  race  ;  Cf.  Low  Ger. 
rush,  risch;  Dnt.  ft  Ger.  nwcfc;  Lat  nucum 
=  butcher's-broom.] 

1.  Literally  &  Botany: 

(1)  The    several    species    of    the     genus 
Jnncns.    Marsh  plants  with  flowers  of  higher 
organization    than    grasses  or  sedges,   from 
which    they   are    readily   distinguished    by 
their  stem.    This  is  nnjointed,  and  has  a 
central  pith  which  may  be  used  as  a  very 
feeble  taper  [ROSH-LIOHT],  and  woven  into 
baskets,  ropes,  Ac.    The  deep  roots  of  some 
species,  as  Junaa  amtus  and  /.  maritimw  are 
planted  on  the  embankments  of  Holland,  &c., 
to  defend  them  against  the  encroachments  of 
the  sea.    Some  are  troublesome  weeds  in  un- 
drained  land.    (Job  viii.  11.) 

(2)  ChondriUa  juncm. 

(S)  Various  plants  more  or  less  superficially 
resembling  Juncus. 
(4)  (PI) :  The  order  Juncacese  (q.v.X 

2.  Fig. :  Used  to  denote  anything  of  little 
or  no  worth ;  the  merest  trifle ;  a  straw,  a  ng : 
as,  I  do  not  care  a  rush. 

nub-bearing,  n.  &  «. 

A.  As  adj. :  Bearing  or  producing  rashes. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  A  name  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
end  some  other  parts  of  England,  for  the  Wake 
or  Feast  of  Dedication  of  a  Church,  when  the 
parishioners  used  to  strew  the  church  with 
nshes  and  sweet-smelling  herbs. 

2.  (Pi.):   Devices  of  wooden  framework, 
•overed  with  moss,  rushes,  and  flowers,  -with 
which  a  church  is  decorated  on  the  Feast  of 
Dedication. 

The  nuk-fcnrinin  remain  In  the  church  over  the 

*"*  " 


rush  bottomed,  a.  Having  a  bottom  or 
seat  made  of  rushes  :  as,  a  rush-bottomed  chair 

*  rash-buckler,  s.    A  bullying,  swagger 
ing  fellow  ;  a  swashbuckler. 

"  Take  Into  thin  number  also  their  servants :  I  mean 
all  that  flock  of  stout,  bragging  rusn-ftuotfer*."— Sir  T. 
Mar* :  Clopia  (ed.  Bobinsou),  bk.  it,  ch,  iv. 

rush-broom, .«. 

Bot. :  The  leguminous  genus  Viminaria. 

rush-candle,  s.    A  rush-light  (q.v.). 

*'  Some  gentle  taper. 
Though  a  rusn^nntU*  from  the  wicker  hole." 

JliUtm :  Comut.  838. 

rush  light,  t. 

1.  A  tallow  candle  with  a  rush  wick.  Rush- 
lights are  made  in  the  same  manner  as  dip- 
candles,  a  peeled  rush  Iwing  used  fnr  a  wick. 
One  narrow  ribbon  of  the  rind  is  left  on  the 
pith  to  hold  it  together.    The  rushes  thus  pre- 
pared  are    bleached   and   dried.     They   are 
dipped  vertically  in  the  melted  tallow  several 
times,  as  usual  with  dip-candles.     As  they 
burn  slowly,  and  give  only  a  feeble  light,  they 
are  often  used  in  sick  rooms. 

2.  Any  weak,  flickering  light 

rush-like,  a.  Resembling  a  rush :  hence, 
weak. 

"  By  only  tilting  with  a  nuk-Ui*  lance.' 

Nirrourfor  Maffittratet,  p.  788, 

rush-mat,  ».    A  mat  made  of  rushes, 
rush  nut,  .-. 

Bot. :  Cypervs  exulentia,  a  sedge,  not  a 
genuine  rush.  [CYPERUS.] 

*  rush-ring,  ».    A  ring  made  of  rushes, 
formerly  used  in  mock-marriages. 

rush-toad,  s.    [NATTERJACK.) 

rush-wheat,  s. 

Bot. :  Triticum  junceum,  the  Rushy  Sea- 
wheat,  a  British  plant  growing  along  sandy 
sea-shores. 

rush  (2),  s.    [Rrsn,  «.] 

1.  Lit.  :  A  pushing  or  driving  forward  with 
eagerness  and  haste ;   a  violent  motion   or 
course. 

"  With  a  violent  ru*  severed  him  from  the  duke, 
who  with  the  re-it  went  on  quickly  through  the  town 
-Rrli:,ui»  WMonianu,  p.  230. 

2.  Fig. :  An  eager  demand  ;  a  ran. 

"  In  Tiew  of  the  r«i»  of  applicants  for  every  free 

scholarship  at  schools  and  universities."— Dailu  Tel* 
graph,  Sept.  2S,  1885. 

rush.  *  rusche,  v.i.  &  t.  [O.  Sw.  rustot, 
ntsa  =  to  rush  ;  rtwia  =  to  shake ;  Dan.  ruske  • 
Ger.  rauschen  =  to  rustle.) 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  move  or  drive  forward  with  haste  and 
eagerness  ;  to  hurry  forward  tumultuously. 

"  He  thinks  the  queen  Is  ruthing  to  his  anna" 

/"ope  .•  Jfrmter  ;  Odyssey  xx.  116. 

2.  To  enter  with  undue  eagerness,  or  with- 
out due  deliberation,  reflection,  and  prepara- 
tion :  as,  To  rusk  into  speculation,  to  rusk 
into  print 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  put  forward  oyer  hastily  ;  to  hurry 
forward. 

"  In  the  first  place  a  nnmher  of  bills  are  rushed 
through  Parliament.  They  must  be  passed  code*  qut 
cOUe."— DaUt  Ttleerap*.  An..  «,  1874. 

*  2.  To  throw  down ;  to  overturn. 

"  Of  aUe  his  ryche  castllles  ruscfte  doune  the  wanes.' 
Hart,  Artlaarf,  1.339. 

*  rushed,  o.    [Eng.  rtw*  0), «- ;  -«J.J 

1.  Abounding  with  rushes  ;  rushy. 

"  Near  the  nuVd  marge  o<  CherwelTs  flood." 

H'arton  :  Odtt.  L 

2.  Covered  with  rushes  :  as,  a  naked  floor. 

rush'-er  (I),  ».  [Eng.  rusk  (1),  s.  ;  -er.\  One 
whose  business  it  was  to  strew  rushes  on  the 
floors  at  dances,  *c. 

"  Fiddlers,  ruAen,  puppet-masters. 
Jugglers,  and  gipsies.^  eat  Jonton. 

rftsh'-er  (2),  ».  (Eng.  rush,  v. ;  -«r.]  One  who 
rushes  ;  one  who  acts  with  undue  haste  and 
violence. 

rush'-I-ness,  ».  [Eng.  rushy;  -not.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  rushy  or  abounding 
with  rushes. 

rfsh'-fc  •  rush  le,  o.    [Eng.  n«*  (i),  s. ;  -».J 

1.  Abounding  with  rashes. 
^-^'^b^"^''fia'  *>«««.  n-., 

2.  Made  of  rushes. 


*  rushy-fringed,  a.    Fringed  or  bordered 
with  rushes. 
"  By  the  ntAn-fringed  bank."    Hilton :  Comut.  890. 

U  Apparently  a  special  coinage.  Prof.  D. 
Masson  (note  in  lac.)  says  : 

"  An  adjective  formed,  as  It  were,  from  a  previous 
compound  noun,  rushy-fringe ;  unless,  by  a  very 
forced  device,  for  whirli  Uiere  is  no  juitliurlty,  we 
should  resolve  the  word  thus — riuh-jffringed." 

rfi'-sine,  a.     [Mod.  Lat  nu<o);  -int.] 

Zool. :  A  name  applied  to  a  group  of  Deer, 
of  which  Rusa  is  the  type.    The  horns  have 
an  anterior  basal  snag,  and  the  heam  ends  in 
a  simple  bifurcation  ;  muffle  not  separate  from 
muzzle,  and  set  high  ;  hair-tuft  on  hind  legs. 
"  Another  member  of  the  Kuiina  deer  is  the  well- 
known  Axis."—  Wood :  llliu.  .Vat.  Silt..  L  698. 

ru-sI-oVsh'-ine,  «.    [Etym.  not  apparent] 

Chem. :  A  red  substance  produced  by  evapo- 
rating the  green  solution  formed  when  chlorine 
water  and  ammonia  are  added  to  a  solution  of 
quinine.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol. 

rusk,  s.  [Sp.  rosca  de  mar  —  sea-rusks  ;  roscn 
=  a  roll  of  bread  ;  cf.  Port,  rosca  =  the  wind- 
ing of  a  serpent,  a  screw.] 

1.  A  kind  of  light  cake,  or  a  kind  of  soft 
sweetened  biscuit. 

"  After  a  hasty  meal  of  coffee  and  nub,  I  got  to  th* 
water-side.--««M,  April  «,  188S. 

2.  A  kind  of  small  cake  or  loaf  which  has 
been  rasped. 

3.  A  kind  of  light  hard  cake  or  bread,  as  for 
ships'  stores. 

ros'-kte.s.    [O.  Fr.  rusche  (Fi.  n«*«)  =  ahive.) 

1.  A  hive. 

2.  A  twig  or  straw  basket  for  corn  or  meal 

3.  A  coarse  straw  hat.    (Scotch.) 

rus'-ma,  ».  [Turk,  khyrysma.]  A  kind  of 
depilatory  used  by  Turkish  women,  and  made 
of  a  brown  and  light  iron  substance,  with 
half  as  much  quicklime,  steeped  in  water. 

Rusa,  a.  &  «.    [RUSSIAN.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Of,  or  pertaining  to  the  ROM 
or  Russians. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  native,  or  the  natives  collectively,  of 
Russia. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Russ  or  Russians. 

rfis'-sel.».  [Prob.  connected  with  rrasef (q.v.).] 
A  woollen  cloth  first  manufactured  at  Norwich. 

•  •[  Dan  Biusel :  The  for. ;  so  called  from  his 
red  colour. 

rtts'-sSt,  o.  &  «.  [O.  Fr.  rousset  =  nisset 
brown,  ruddy,  a  dimin.  from  Fr.  rmix  (fern. 
rousse)  =  reddish,  from  Lat  russus  =  red.] 

A.  Ai  adjective: 

1.  Lit. :  Of  a  reddish-brown  colour. 
IT  Formerly  used  loosely  for  gray  or  ash- 
coloured.    (Cf.  Notes  <t  Queries,  loc.  inf.  cit.) 

"  liuuct.  so  far  as  one  can  judge,  described  a  sad 
colour,  and  was  applied  to  various  shades,  both  of  grev 
and  brown."— A'ota  A  Qutriei  (eth  ser.j  x.  4»9. 

*  2.  Fig. :  Rustic,  homespun,  coarse,  plain. 

"Henceforth  my  wooing  mind  shall  be  expressed 
In  rustet  Yeas  and  honest  kersey  Noes." 

MuJtesp,  .•  Love's  Labour'*  Lott,  V.  1. 

3.  Applied  to  the  condition  of  leather  when 
it  is  finished,  excepting   the    operations  of 
colouring  and  polishing  the  surface. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  A  reddish-brown  colour :  specif.,  a  pig- 
ment prepared  from  the  Rubin  tinctoria,  or 
madder  root.     It  is  of  a  true   middle   hue 
between  orange  and  purple,  not  subject  to 
change  by  the  action  of  light,  impure  air, 
time,  or  mixture  of  other  pigments. 

2.  A  country  dress ;  homespun  cloth. 

"  Himself  a  palmer  poor.  In  homely  ntutt  clad.* 
flravton :  PolfOlbion,  a,  II. 

3.  A  kind  of  apple  of  a  russet  colour  and 
rough  skin. 

"  The  nufft  pearmaln  Is  a  Terr  pleasant  frnit.  con- 
tinuing long  on  the  tree,  and  in  the  conservatory  t«r. 
takes  both  of  the  russetlng  and  pearrnsln  In  colour 
and  taste ;  the  oue  side  beiug  generally  nieset.  slid  the 
other  streaked  like  a  peariuaiu."'-Jfortim«r .-  jffiw- 
oandry. 

"  rnsset-pated,  a.  Having  the  head  grey, 
or  ash-coloured.  (Notes  <t  Queries,  6th  ser.. 
ix.  345,  396,  470,  T.  49».) 

"  fhatft-pated  choughs." 
£*oi«p.  .•  Mtdaimmer  XlfHf,  Brfam,  HL  t. 

1  rUS'-aSt,  v.t.  [RUSSET,  o.]  To  give  a  russet 
colour  to.  (Thomson:  A  Hymn,  96.) 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  cameL  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  a 
or,  were,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oiir,  rtale.  flUl;  try.  Syrian,    «,  OB  =  e 


sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


russeting— rustication 


4073 


s'  set  Ing,  <     [Bug.  ruuet  ;  •*>• 
L  The  name  as  RCSSET,  s.,  3. 


•  S.  Russet  or  coarse  cloth. 

•  3.  A  clown,  a  rustic  ;  one  dressed  in  coarse 
clothes. 

-  A  goodly  hotch-potch  I  when  Til«  nuserln 


•rns-set-?,  a.    [Eng.  russet,  a. ;  -v-l    Of  a 

russet  colour. 
Buss  -la  (M  as  sh).  ..    [See  def.  1.] 

1.  Geog. :  The  name  of  an  empire  in  the 
east  of  Europe. 

jj.  Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  232]. 

3.  Leather:  Russia-leather  (q.T.). 

Russia  duck,  s. 

Fabric :  Fine  white  linen  canvas. 

Russia-leather,  s.  A  kind  of  leather 
originally  made  in  Russia,  but  now  ureoared 
elsewhere,  from  the  skins  ot  goats  and  sheep. 
It  is  usually  of  either  a  black  or  a  red 
color,  the  latter  being  given  by  alum  and  a 
decoction  of  Brazil  and  sandal  woods,  the 
former  by  a  solution  of  iron  and  sandal-wood. 
It  is  very  strong,  pliant,  and  waterproof, 
and  has  a  peculiar  faculty  for  resisting  mois- 
ture and  the  ravages  of  insects.  The  strong 
penetrating  odor  is  due  to  the  oil  of  birch 
used  in  its  preparation.  It  is  especially  useful 
in  bookbinding. 

Russia-matting,  •.  Bast-matting<q.y.). 
It  is  used  for  packing,  and  the  bast  of  which 
It  is  composed  for  tying  up  plants. 
Rnss'-lan  (ss  as  sh),  a.  &  «.    [RUSSIA.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Russis  or 
Its  inhabitants. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  native  of  Russia. 

2.  The  language  spoken  by  the  Russians  ; 
Buss.    It  belongs  to  the  eastern  division  of 
the  Slavonic  branch. 

Russian  Church,  t. 
Church  Hist,  it  Ecdes. :  The  church  esta- 
blished in  Russia.  It  is  an  offshoot  from  the 
Greek  church,  the  conversion  of  the  Russians 
to  Christianity  having  been  effected  by  Greek 
missionaries.  About  A.D.  900,  a  metropolitan 
was  consecrated  at  Constantinople  for  the 
see  of  Kiew,  the  capital  of  a  Grand  Duke. 
In  955  the  Russian  princess  Olga  went  to  Con- 
stantinople to  be  baptised.  In  988  Vladimir 
the  Great  was  also  baptised,  married  the 
sister  of  the  Greek  emperor,  and  took  active 
steps  to  spread  Christianity  in  his  dominions. 
In  1223  the  Mongol  Tartars  invaded  the 
country,  and  destroyed  Kiew  in  1240.  In  1299, 
the  seat  of  the  metropolitan  see  was  removed 
to  Vladimir,  and  subsequently  to  Moscow. 
In  1415  a  separation  took  place  between  the 
Russian  and  Polish  churches.  In  1702,  Peter 
the  Great  swept  away  the  dignity  of  the 
patriarch  and  proclaimed  himself  head  of  the 
Church.  A  Holy  Synod  was  constituted  to 
counsel  and  assist  him  in  his  government. 
The  tenets  of  the  Russian  Church  are  essen- 
tially those  of  the  parent  Greek  Church  (q.v.). 
There  are  many  dissenters. 

Russian-influenza,  ».  An  epidemic 
catarrhal  trouble,  familiarly  known  as  grippe. 
Quite  common  in  the  United  States  during  the 
last  few  years. 

Russian  thistle,  i.  Saltala  Kali  (q.T.), 
the  saltwort  of  onr  ocean  beach,  from  New 
England  to  Georgia,  has  a  variety  tragut,  native 
to  parts  of  Europe,  and  whose  seeds  have  been 
introduced  to  this  country.  This  is  the  so- 
called  Russian-thistle,  which  has  invaded  the 
Dakotas  and  Nebraska,  and  is  spreading  else- 
where. It  is  a  troublesome  and  persistent 
weed,  so  difficult  to  eradicate  that  Congress 
has  been  called  upon  for  an  appropriation  for 
the  purpose.  The  nearly  spherical  plants  break 
off  at  the  roots  and  are  rolled  by  the  wind  as 
tumble-weeds,  scattering  their  seeds  as  they  go. 
The  loss  caused  by  it  is  great  and  increasing. 

Russ'-lan-ize  (ss  as  sh), ».(.  [Eng.  Russian; 
-ise.]  To  render  Russian  ;  to  subject  to  Rus- 
sian influence. 

Russ'-nl-ak,  >.  [Russ.]  A  member  of  * 
branch  of' the  Slavic  race,  inhabiting  Galicia, 
Hungary,  Podolia,  Volhynia,  and  Lithuania, 
and  distinguished  from  the  Russians  proper 
by  their  language  and  mode  of  life. 


Rus  SO-,  pref.  [Eng.,  4C.  Russ  (q.v.),  and  o 
connective.]  Russian,  as  the  fluMO-Turkish 
war  of  1877-8. 

Rns'-sfi-phile,  *  Rus-sfiph'-H-fot,  «.  &  a. 

[Pref.  Ruao-,  and  Gr.  oWAot  (philos)  =  loving,  a 
friend.) 

A.  At  tub*. :  A  supporter  of  Russia  or  her 
policy. 

S.  As  adj. :  Supporting  Russia  or  her  policy. 

Rus'-soph'-n-Ism,  t.    [Eng.  RussophiUs); 

-ism.]     The   sentiments   or   principles  of  a 

Russophile. 
Rns'-s6-ph6be,  ».    One  affected  with  Rus- 

sophobia. 
Rus-so-pho-bl-a,  ».    [Pref.  Russo-,  and  Gr. 

AoSos  (phobos)  =  fear.]    A  fear  of  Russia,  her 

power,  or  policy;   a  strong  feeling  against 

Russia  or  the  Russians. 
Rtts'-s6-ph5b-lst,  Rus-s5ph'-o-Wst,  s. 

[RussoPHOBiA.]  One  who  dreads  or  ll  strongly 

opposed  to  Russia  or  her  policy;  a  strong 

opponent  of  the  Russians. 

rust,  t.  [A.S.  rust ;  cogn.  with  Cut.  roesf  ; 
Dan  rust ;  8w.  rojf ;  Ger.  rost,  from  the  same 
root  as  A.S.  rudu  =  ruddiness  ;  Eng.  ruddy  = 
red ;  Goth,  roth  =  red ;  Lat.  ruber.] 

1.  Ordinary  Languagt : 
L  Literally: 

(1)  Red  (per-  or  sesqnioxide)  orlde  of  iron, 
produced  when  that  metal  is  exposed  to  the 
weather. 

"  Eats  Into  his  bloody  sword  like  rurt." 

Camper :  Table  TaUt.  I 

(2)  A  composition  of  iron-filings  and  sal- 
ammoniac,  with  sometimes  a  little  sulphur, 
moistened  with  water,  and  used  for  filling 
fast  joints.     A  joint  formed  in  this  way  is 
called  a  rust-joint. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  Any  foul,  extraneous  matter,  corrosive 
or  injurious  accretion  or  influence. 

(2)  Loss  of  power  by  inactivity  or  sloth. 

"Our  rational  faculties,  which  being  unemploy'd 
will  naturally  contract  rust,  and  grow  every  day  more 
weak  and  restive."— *ott :  Chriitian  Life,  pt.  Hi.,  ch. 
Ill 

IJ,  But.  <t  Agric. :  The  rusty-coloured  mil- 
dew of  some  cereals,  &c.,  produced  by  co- 
niomycetous  fungals.  The  common  rust  of 
corn  is  Puccinia  graminix,  which  infests  also 
ordinary  grasses.  The  tufts  are  dense,  oblong, 
often  confluent,  and  forming  long  parallel 
lines  changing  from  yellowish  brown  to 
black. 

If  Obvious  compounds :  rust-coloured,  rust- 
eaten,  &C. 

rust-Joint,  s.    [RUST,  ».,  1. 1.  (S).] 

rust,  v.i.  &  t.    [ROOT,  i.] 
A.  Intransitive: 
L  Lit. :  To  contract  rust ;  to  be  oxidized. 


"  Hil  iw«rd  hangs  rutting  on  the  wall." 

Scott  :Lm  q/  tlte  LaU  ItinOrO,  L  ». 

IL  Figuratively: 

L  To  assume  an  appearance  of  rust. 
2.  To  degenerate  or  lose  power  through  idle- 
ness or  inactivity, 

"  Most  men  would.  In  such  a  situation,  have  allowed 
their  faculties  to  nut."— MacaMlay :  Bill.  Snff.,  ch.  iv. 
B.  Transitive: 

I  Lit. :  To  cause  to  contract  rust ;  to  make 
rusty. 

••  Keep  up  your  bright  iword..  for  the  dew  will  not 
them.  Shalcetp.  :  Othello.  I  2. 

H  Fig. :  To  impair  by  idleness  or  inactivity. 

*  rust  -rtl,  a.  [Eng.  rust;  •fuUfi.']  Rusty; 
tending  to  produce  rust;  characterized  by 
rust. 

rus'-tfc,  »  rus'-tfek,  *  rus-ticke,  o.  &  ». 

[Fr.  rustiqw,  from  Lat.  rusticut  =  pertaining 
to  the  country ;  rus = the  country ;  op.,  Port. , 
ft  ItaL  rustico.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to  the  country  ;  rural ; 
living  in,  or  fond  of  the  country. 

"  Our  rusrie  garden's  barren." 

M  ,1  <:,•«„. .-  Wtnler'l  Tote,  IT.  I. 

2.  Rude,    unpolished,     rough,    awkward; 
wanting  in  refinement. 

11  KiuMc  baronets  and  «qulre«.  high  Churchmen,  high 
Tories,  and  halt  Jacobites. "— Macallan  :  But.  Eny., 
eh.  xlx. 


3.  Coarse,  plain,    simple ;   not   costly    M 
showy. 

4.  Simple,  honest,  artless. 

"  Though  oft  he  stop  in  nutic  fear." 

Scott :  Marmian.  i.   (Introd.1 

II.  Build. :   Applied  to  work  coarsely  ot 
rudely  finished. 
B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  An  inhabitant  of  the  conn  try ; 
a  clown,  a  swain. 

••  Hence,  to  your  fields,  ye  ruiticfa  /hence  away 
Nor  st»iu  with  grief  the  pleasure!  of  the  d»y 

Pope:  Homer  i  Odyuey  xxl.  87. 

2.  Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Caradrin* 
Nando, 

rustic  chamfered  work,  «. 

Masonry :  The  chamfered  edges  of  the  face 
of  the  ashlar  have  an  angle  of  135'  with  the 
face,  so  that  at  the  joint  the  bevelling  will 
form  a  right  angle. 

rustic-coin,  ».    [Rnsric-Qoora.] 

rustic-joint, «. 

Masonry :  A  sunken  joint  between  stones, 
either  square  or  chamfered. 

rustic-order,  ».  That  kind  of  building 
in  which  the  faces  of  the  stones  are  hatched 
or  nigged  with  the  point  of  the  hammer. 

rus&c-quoln,  ». 

Masonry :  The  ashlaring  at  the  corner  of  • 
house  or  wall,  projecting  from  the  face,  and 
laid  alternately  stretcher  and  header  with 
rustic  joints.  The  quoins  may  have  edges 
chamfered  to  an  angle  of  135'  with  the  face  ot 
the  building,  so  as  to  make  a  right  angular 
joint.  The  faces  of  the  stones  are  usually 
tooled. 

rustic  shoulder-knot,  i. 

Entom.  :  Aparnm  basilinea,  a  grayish,  ochrr 
moth,  with  a  black  streak  and  a  white  spot. 
Expansion  of  wings  an  inch  and  a  halt 
Larva  feeds  on  wheat,  &c. ,  is  common  In 
Britain,  and  destructive  to  crops. 

rustic-work,  >. 

1.  Wood  :  An  imitation  of  rough  or  primitive 
work       Furniture    for    summer-houses    and 
lawns,  made  of  limbs  of  trees,  taking  advan- 
tage  of  natural  crooks  to  form  the  shapes 
desired. 

2.  Stone :  Masonry  Jagged  over  with  a  ham- 
mer to  an  irregular  surface. 

"  rus'-tic-al,  *  rus'-tlc-all,  o.  &  «.    [Eng. 
rustic;  -af.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Rustic. 

"  He  confounds  the  singing  and  dancing  o»  the  satyrs 
with  the  rultical  entertainment  of  the  first  Eomana. 
—Dryden.  (Todd.) 

B.  As  tubst. :  A  rustic. 

•  rus'-tle-al-ljr,   adv.     [Eng.  rustical ;   -ly.\ 
In  a  rustic,  rough,  or  rude  manner ;  rudely, 
roughly  ;  without  refinement  or  elegance. 

"  For  my  part,  h»  keeps  me  nutieaUy  at  homa."— 
Suikeip.  :  A,  1'ou  LOa  It,  i.  1. 

*  rus'-ti-cal-ness,  ».     [Eng.  rustical ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  rustical ;  rusti- 
city, rudeness ;  want  of  refinement  or  ele- 
gance. 

••  Some  will  wonder  how  this  shire,  lying  so  near  to 
London,  the  staple  of  English .civil 111.,  "hould  b. 
guilty  of  so  much  nuOcalnetl.-—fuUw :  WortMas 
BartfordtMre. 

rus'-ti-cate,  v.i.  *  t.     [Lat.  rusticttus,  pa, 
par.  of  nsticor,  from  rut  =  the  country.] 

*  A.  Intrant. :  To  reside  in  the  country ;  to 
ruralize. 

"  My  lady  8cud»more.  from  having  rtoHcattd  In 
your  company  too  long,  pretends  to  open  her  eyes  for 
the  sake  of  seeing  the  sun."— Pope. 

B.  Trans. :  To  send  to  the  country ;  to  com- 
pel to  reside  in  the  country ;  specif.,  to  sus- 
pend from  residence  and  studies  at  a  univer- 
sity, and  send  away  for  a  time  as  a  punishment. 
"  On  students  who  are  liable  at  any  moment  to  b» 
natlcated  and  'sent  down'  from  a  University  be  de. 
scribed  as  tenants  of  their  rooms  for  a  year?  —  Ooif|r 
TeUffraph,  Oct.  39,  1885. 

rus'-tl  cat-ed,  pa.  par.  &  o.    [RUSTICAT«.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

Build. :  The  same  as  Rcsnc,  a.  IL  (q.T.X 

rfis-tJ-ca'-tlon,  ».     [Lat.  rusticatia.}    [Rr» 

TICATE.) 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

•  1.  A  living  In  the  country ;  residence  In 
the  country. 


HSU,  bo?;  p<at.  J6%1;  eat,  9ell.  choru-,  ehin,  bench;  go,  Item;  thin,  thi»:  **,  «f ;  ejrpcct,  Xenophon,  e^lst.   ph  - 1 
-<jlan. -tlau  =  shan.    -tion. -*ton  =  shun ; -Jion, -fton  =  xhtin.   -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble.  -<U«.  4c.  _  Dei,  oei, 


4074 


rusticial— Ruthenian 


2,  At  the  Universities  a  punishment  in- 
flicted on  student*  for  certain  otfenC'-s.  by 
suspending  them  from  residence  and  studies 
for  a  time. 

IL  Arch,  £c.  :  [Rcsric-woEK]. 

"  rtts-tl'-clal  (cl  as  sh),  a.     [Eng.  nuttc; 

-int.]    Rustic,  plain. 

rSs-tIc'-lM#,  ».     fPr.  rustMU.]    The  quality 

or  star."  c.f  li-i-ii;  ristic  or  rural  ;  rustic  man- 
ners ;  rural  appearance  ;  simplicity,  artless- 
neas,  plain: 

«  W.  who  h«Te  lengthy  memories  shall  aim  the  one 
•peck  of  old  ruaicita  lu  this  prim  spot."—  Daily  Jele. 
graph.  Sept  l,  issi. 

*  rus'-tKo-iy,  •rfis'-tlck-iy,  adv.     [Eng. 
rustic  ;  -ly.]    In  a  rustic  manner  ;  rustically. 

"To  you  it  seeines  to  {nuttclay},  Aiax  Oileus  said." 
Gtocvnan:  Burner;  Iliad  niU. 

•  rtts-tio'-o-la,    ».      [Lat    rus««.  =  of    or 
belonging  to  thecountry,  and  colo  =  to  inhabit.] 

Ornitk.  :  A  genus  of  Scolopaciiue.  Some- 
times separated  from  Scolnpax  to  contain  the 
Woodcock,  which,  however,  is  more  generally 
named  Scolopax  nuUcola.  [WOODCOCK.] 

rnsf  -l-lf,  adv.    [Bng.  rusty  ;  -1y.]    In  a  rusty 
manner  ;  so  as  to  resemble  rust. 

"Their  armour  they  shouM  make  look  so  rurftty 
Mid  lll.faraiiedly.  a*  "ell  might  become  raeh  wearers  * 
—fiidaff  :  Arcadia,  bk.  i. 


rfiaf-I-new,  *  rflst-I-ne8«e,  t.  [Eng. 
rusty;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
rusty. 

"Cleare  the  methusn  of  the  windpipe**—  F.  Bat- 
loirf.-  FllaU.  bk.  IX..  ch.  ITU. 

rus'-tle  (tie  as  el),  t.  [ROTTLB,  ».]  The 
noise  made  by  one  who  or  that  which  rustles  : 


a  rustling. 


"  Toe  noise  of  a  torrent,  the  ruetle  of  a  wood."-  71* 
Idler,  No.  M. 

rus  -tie  (tie  as  el),  *  rtts'-sle,  v.i.  A  t.    [A 

freq.  of  Sw.  rusta  =  to  stir,  rusita  =  to  rustle  ; 
Ger.  ruscheln,  ruschen,  ravachen  =  to  rustle, 
to  rush.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  a  quick  succession  of  small 
•ounds,  like  the  rubbing  of  silk  or  dry  leaves. 
"  The  straw  nulled  as  be  turned  his  head." 

Longf«U<ne:  Sicilian's  Tote. 

t.  (See  extract)    (Amer.) 

"  To  rutt te  around  Is  to  bestir  one's  self  in  a  business 
way.  '  What  are  you  going  to  do  in  Mandan  ?'  asked 
one  man  of  another  in  a  Bismarck  saloon.  'Oh.  I'll 
rutUe  around  and  pick  up  something/  which  meant 
th»t  he  would  look  about  for  a  good  business  opening. 
'Huttle  the  things  oft*  that  table/ means  clear  the  table 
in  a  hurry.  To  do  a  nutting  business  Is  to  carry  on  an 
active  trade." — Cfntury  Magazine. 

B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  cause  to  make  a  rustling  sound. 

2.  To  clear.    [A.  2.) 

rfi*'-tler  (t  silent),  a.    [Eng.  nuWf);  -«r.] 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  rustles. 
1  (See  extract^ 

"He  *!f  •"dently  »hat  they  can  In  Dakota  a 
nutter.  To  say  that  a  man  is  a  nutter  is  the  highest 
Indorsement  a  Dakotan  can  glre.  It  means  tharte  Is 
pushing,  energetic,  xniart,  and  successful."— Century 

•  rust  less,  o.    [Eng.  not ;  -ha.]    Free  from 
rust 

"When  once  a  bloodless  and  rustiest  Instrument 
»a. ;  found,  she  was  careful  of  the  priaa,"_c.  arena: 
tiueue,  ch.  TilL 

rf»--tre  (tre  as  tor), ».    [Fr.] 

Her. :  A  lozenge  pierced  round  In  the  centre, 
the  field  appearing  through  it 

rtsf-f,  •  rust-ie,  •rurt-ye,  a.     [A.S. 
rustig,  from  rust  =  rust  (q.v.),J 

1,  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  Literally: 

(1)  Covered  with  rust ;  affected  with  mst ; 
XVBted. 

"  Some  armed  with  leather,  and  some  with  nutse 
nayle.  —  Serum:  Froiuart;  Oonycfe.  Tol  a,  ch, 

(S)  Of  the  colour  of  rust ;  resembling  rust 

2.  Figuratively : 

fl)  Dull ;  impaired  or  deteriorated  by  in- 
meiivity,  neglect,  or  di«use. 

"Thatprayer.  said  the  Interpreter,  has  lain  by  tluit 
is  almost  r*Mt,."-Bu*ian  >£,rtsVs  Profrea.vt.  u. 


!  Pnfna. ft.  11 

(2)  Hi-tempered,  surly,  morose,  obstinate 
perverse.    (Slang.) 

(3)  Rnnnh,   hoarse,    harsh,  grating  •  as    a 
rutty  voice. 


IT.  But.  :  Rusl^coloured,  light-brown,  with 
a  little  mixture  of  red.  (FEBEKOINOI-S.  ] 

IT  To  ridt  rusty:  To  be  surlily  or  contu- 
maciously insubordinate  or  insolent. 

rnsty  spotted-oat,  s. 

Zool.  :  Felii  ruMginosa,  an  Indian  wild  cat, 
greenish-gray,  with  a  rufons  tinge  and  rusty- 
coloured  spots.  Length  of  body  sixteen  or 
eighteen  inches  ;  tail  nine  inches.  Found  in 
the  Carnatic  and  Ceylon. 

rut  (1),  «.  [Fr.  rut,  ruit,  from  Lat.  rvrUnm, 
accus.  of  rtijidis  =  the  roaring  of  lious  ;  Fr. 
rutr;  Lat.  rugio  =  to  roar.] 

1.  The  copulation  of  deer,  and  some  other 
animals  ;  the  season  during  which  deer  copu- 

•2.  A  noise,  tumult 

"  There  arose  such  rut  th1  unrnly  rout  among." 

Itrayttm  :  Poty-Otttton,  a  X. 

riit  (2),  *  rutt,  ».     [An  incorrect  snelliag  of 
route  (q.v.).J 
L  Literally: 

1.  The  track  or  depression  left  by  a  wheel. 
"  Hard,  frozen,  long,  and  cross  rutt."—Oi>jt,<,n  :  To 

lord  Htfffld.  Jan..  17M. 

2.  A  line  cut  on  the  soil  with  a  spade. 

3.  A  hollow,  a  depression, 

"  In  thy  face  here  were  deep  run." 

H'ebxer:  Oucko,  of  Ualft,  II  1. 

IL  fig.  :  A  groove  or  habitual  line  of  con- 
duct, thought,  or  feeling. 

"Mr.  Weir,  who  has  a  strong  feeling  for  character 
and_a  ouirk  eye  for  a  single  effect,  got  out  of  his  usual 
™=.  —  acnbnert  Magazine,  May,  1880,  p.  IL 


A.  Intrans. :  To  desire  to  come  together 
for  copulation.  (Said  of  deer.) 

"Owing  to  the  deer  being  in  such  flue  order  the 
nttliag  will  probably  begin  a  little  earlier  this  season. " 
—Field,  Jan.  2,  1886. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  cover  in  copulation. 

"  What  piety  forbids  the  lusty  ram. 
Or  more  salacious  goat,  to  rut  their  dam." 

Trrt/den  :  Ovid:  Metamorphtteet  I. 

rut  (2X  v.t.    [ROT  (2), «.] 

1.  To  make  ruts  in. 

2.  To  cut  a  line  on,  as  on  the  soil  with  a 
spade. 

rii'-ta,  ».    [Lat,  from  Pelop.  Gr.  pvnj  (rhuti) 
=  rue.J 

Bot. :  Rue  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Rutacete 
(q.v.).  Calyx  four-partite,  deciduous ;  petals 
four,  longer  than  the  calyx,  unguiculate, 
limb  vaulted ;  stamens  eight ;  receptacle  with 
four  nectariferous  glands  ;  styles  four,  united 
above  ;  capsules  four  ;  seeds  dotted.  Flowers 
yellow  or  white.  The  garden  species  is  Kvta 
graveolent.  (RoE.)  R.  mmtana,  a  Spanish 
species,  is  so  acrid  that  it  blisters  the  hand 
of  any  one  who  gathers  it. 

ru-ta-ba'-ga,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot.,  Agric.,  ic. :  The  Swedish  turnip, 
Brassica  campcstris,  var.  rutabaga. 

ru-ta'-ce-8B,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  ni((o);  Lat. 
fern.  pC  adj.  snff.  -acea.] 

Bot. :  Rueworts  ;  the  typical  order  of  Ruta- 
les  (q.v.).  Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs, 
with  opposite  or  alternate,  simple  or  com- 
pound leaves,  covered  with  pellucid  resinous 
dots.  Calyx  in  four  or  five  divisions ;  petals 
as  many,  distinct  or  combined  into  a  tube,  or 
wanting  ;  stamens  the  same  number,  or  twice 
or  thrice  as  many,  or  by  abortion  fewer, 
placed  around  a  disc ;  ovary  sessile  or  stalked 
ovules  two,  rarely  four  or  more.  Fruit  of 
several  capsules,  cohering  or  distinct ;  seeds 
in  each  capsule  twin  or  solitary.  Tribes  • 
CuspariesB,  Pilocarpese,  Boroniese,  Eudiosmea 
Dictaranese,  Rutea>,  and  perhaps  Cneorea:. 
Genera  forty-seven,  species  400.  (LindUy.) 

ru-ta'  ceofis  (ce  as  sh),  a.  [ROTACE*.]  Of 
pertaining  to,  or  resembling  the  natural  order 
Rutacete  (q.v.X 

rtV-tal,  a,  [RcTALia.]  Of,  belonging  to  or 
connected  with,  the  genus  Euta :  as  the  Sutal 
Alliance., 

ru-ta'-lesj,  s-.  pi.    [Masc.  and  fern.  pi.  of  Mod. 
— iZi»  =  of  or  belonging  to  the  genus 


Bot.:  The  Hutal  Alliance;  an  alliance  of 
Hypogynons  Exogens,  having  monodlchlamy. 
deous,  symmetrical  flowers,  axile  placenta, 


an  imbricated  calyx  and  corolla,  definite! 
stamens,  and  an  embryo  with  little  or  no 
albumen.  Orders : 

Anrantiace*.  Amrridaee*.    Cedretaeeai.   Jlelii 
Anaoardiaoeej.  Ootinancsm  E 

'  *> 


rut  -a-mide.  s.    [Eng.  ra«(in),  and  amide.] 

Chen.:   (C,oH190)H..N.     Capramide.    The 
primary  amide  of  capric  acid.     It  is  • 
by  acting  on  an  alcoholic  solution  of 
of  ethyl  with  strong  ammonia,  andcrys 
from    alcohol    in  shining,   colourless 
having  a  silky  lustre.   It  Is  soluble  in  alcohol 
but  insoluble  in  water. 

rate,  i.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  miner's  term 
for  very  small  threads  of  ore. 

ru'-te-SB,  s.  pi.    [Lat  rutta);   fern.  pL  adi 
suff.  -etc.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Rutacese. 

riV-tS-la  ru-rt-la,  ».    [Fern,  of  Lat  ru«J«j 

=  inclining  to  gol  ieii  yi-llow.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  Rutellna?. 
Claw-joint  of  the  tarsi  very  long. 

t  rft-tel'-l-dffl,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  rntelta);  1*1. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.]  (RUTELIN.I.) 

rA-te-li'-nae,  ru- ti-li'-naa,  ».  pi.  [Mod. 
Lat  rutela  (q.v.),  and  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -iiue.J 
Kntom.  :  Goldsmith  or  Metallic  Beetles ;  a 
sub-family  of  Scarabeidw.  Tarsi  thick 
enabling  the  insects  to  cling  firmly  to  tn-s  ; 
joints  of  tarsi  articulated  closely  together: 
claws  unequal  in  size,  not  divergent.  Splen- 
didly coloured  beetles.  Nearly  the  whole  are 
from  America.  Formerly  made  a  family  Rnte- 
lidae. 

rftth  (1),  «  reoutho,  *  reuthe,  *  rewtho, 

«.    [From  rue,  V.  (q.v.) ;  IceL  hryggdh,  hrygdli.] 
1.  Mercy,  pity,  compassion ;  tenderness  or 
sorrow  for  the  misery,  pain,  or  feelings  of 
another. 

"  Assaulting  without  ru« 

The  citadels  of  truth. - 
Wordntmrttt :  Ode  for  a  Oenerd 

"  2.  Misery,  sorrow. 

Ruth  (2X  «.  [Heb.  ]rn  (SutK),  probably  a  con- 
traction either  of  min  (revth)  =  comely  as- 
pect, beauty,  or  of  nwi  (reutt)  =  a  female 
friend  ;  Gr.  'Povfl  (Rhouih).]  (See  the  If.) 

T  The  Book  of  Ruth  : 

Old  Test.  Canon:  A  short  book  now  placed 
In  the  Hebrew  Bible  in  the  Hagiographa,  be- 
tween the  Song  of  Solomon  and  the  lamenta- 
tions. The  English  Bible,  following  the  Sep- 
tuagint  and  the  Vulgate,  arranges  it  between 
the  books  of  Judges  and  Samuel  During  the 
times  of  the  Judges,  a  certain  Elimelech,  of 
Bethlehem-Jndah,  i.e.,  of  Bethlehem  in  Judah 
as  distinguished  from  Beth-le-hem  in  Zetmlun 
(Josh.  xix.  15),  to  escape  a  famine  then  raging, 
went  to  Moab  with  his  wife,  Naomi,  and  his 
two  sons,  Mahlon  and  Chilion,  who  married 
two  Moabitesses,  Orpah  and  Ruth.  There  all 
the  male  members  of  the  family  died,  and  the 
widoweil  Naomi,  hearing  that  the  famine  was 
over,  thought  of  returning  home.  Orpah, 
after  starting  with  her,  was  prevailed  on  to 
return ;  Ruth,  the  heroine  of  the  narrative, 
could  not  be  persuaded  to  go  back,  and  hav- 
ing, after  reaching  Bethlehem,  gone  into  the 
fields  as  a  gleaner,  she  attracted  the  notice  of 
Boaz,  an  aged  kinsman,  with  whom  she  made 
a  romantic,  marriage,  ultimately  becoming  the 
great-grandmother  of  King  David,  and  an 
ancestress  of  Jesus  Christ  (Matt  i.  5).  The 
Book  of  Ruth  is  a  beautiful  idyllic  composi- 
tion. It  was  penned  not  earlier  than  the  time 
of  David  (ch.  iv.  22),  and  probably  much  later, 
for  there  had  been  time  for  customs  existent 
in  the  days  of  Boaz  and  Ruth  to  change  (7). 
The  narrative  is  in  pure  Hebrew,  but  there 
are  Arair.oeanisms  in  the  dialogues.  Most 
critics  place  its  composition  before,  but  Ewald 
during,  the  Exile.  Its  canonicity  has  never 
been  doubted. 

ruth' -a  (th  as  t),  «.  [Hind.,  Mahratta,  4c.] 
A  carriage  on  two  low  wheels,  sometimes 
highly  ornamented ;  a  car ;  a  war  chariot 
(Used  of  the  car  of  Juggernaut,  Ac.)  (Soft 
Indies.) 

Ru  the'-nl-j^n.  a.  4  *.    [RUTHENIUM.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Belonging  to  or  characteristic 
of  the  Christians  described  under  B. 


B.  As  substantive : 

Church  HM.  (PL):  The  name  given  to 
Christiana  who  use  the  Greek  liturgy,  trans- 
lated into  Old  Sclavonic,  but  profess  obedience 
to  the  Pope.  They  are  descendants  of  con- 
verts from  the  Russian  Church,  who  have 
kept  their  old  rites  and  discipline. 
••  The  Kurgan,  have  a  mantel 


Cart.  Diet.,  p.  730. 

ru-then'-ic.   a.     [Eng.    ruthenium);   -fc.] 

Derived  from  ruthenium  (q.v.> 
ruthenic  acid,  •.    [RUTHENIUM-OXIDES 

(4).] 
rn-the'-nl-um,  a.    [See  extract.] 


ruthenic— rye 

— 

•  2.  Causing  ruth  or  pity  ;  piteous. 

"  O  Ulat  mi  death  would  »My  tbeae  rutV"'  deeds  I" 
Shattw. :  3  Senru  >  /.,  ll.  i. 

*  3.  Rueful,  woful,  sorrowful. 

ruth'-f ul-iy,  ad".  [Eng.  ruthfid ;  -ly.}  In  a 
ruthful  manner;  sorrowfully,  mournfully, 
sadly,  piteously. 

ruth -less,  a.  (Eng.  ruth, :  -Im.]  Having  or 
feeling  no  ruth  or  pity  ;  pitiless  ;  insensible 
to  the  miseries  or  sufferings  of  others. 

"  Struggling  in  vain  with  rut\l*a  destiny." 

:  ^reunion,  bk.  Tl 


4075 


turn.  11.  (Pt.  ID,  449. 

Chem  •  A  tetrad  metallic  element  discovered 
by  Osann  in  1828,  and  first  isol»t«d',,)y.C.lsas  : 
1846.  Symbol,  Ru.  Atomic  weight  104.  Itoccurs 
In  platinum  ores,  chiefly  in  osmiridium,  and  li 
separated  from  the  latter  by  heating  to  red- 
ness a  mixture  of  this  ore  and  common  salt  in 
a  current  of  moist  chlorine.     By  digestion  in 
cold  water  an  extract  is  obtained  from  which 
ammonia  throws  down  the  oxides  of  ruthe 
nium  and  osmium.    The  latter  is  expelled  by 
heat  and  the  former  converted  into  ruthenate 
of  potassium  by  fusion  with  potash,   which 
yields  oxide  of  ruthenium  on  addition  of  nitric 
acid     On  ignition  in  a  stream  of  hydrogen 
the  oxide  is  reduced  to  the  metallic  state  in 
the  form  of  porous  fragments.    With  the  ex- 
ception of  osmium  it  is  the  most  refractory  of 
all  metals,  but  can  be  fused  in  the  hottest 
part  of  the  oxyhydrogen  blow-pipe.     It  then 
las  a  density  of  11  to  H'4,  and  is  scarcely 
attacked  by  nitro-muriatic  acid. 
ruthenium-chlorides,  ».  pk 
Chem  •  Ruthenium  forms  three  chlorides: 

8)  Bichloride,  RuCl?;  produced  when  pow- 
sred  ruthenium  is  ignited  in  a  stream  of 
chlorine.  It  remains  as  a  black  crystalline 
powder,  insoluble  in  water  and  in  all  acids. 
(2)  Trichloride,  RuCl3 ;  prepared  by  dis- 
lolving  in  hydrochloric  acid  the  black  pre- 
cipitate obtained  from  rutheniate  of  potassium 
by  addition  of  an  acid.  It  is  a  yellow-brown 
crystalline  mass,  easily  soluble  in  water  and 
alcohol.  Witli  snlphocyanide  of  the  alkalis  it 
yields  a  red  coloration,  changing  to  deep 
violet  onjieating.  (3)  Tetrachloride,  RuCU ; 
known  onlv  in  combination  in  its  double  salts, 
t.g.,  K.,RuCl«,  which  crystallizes  in  regular 
transparent  octahedrons. 

ruthenium-oxides,  s.  pi. 

Chem. :  Ruthenium  forms  five  oxides  :  (1) 
Protoxide  RuO,  obtained  by  calcination  of 
the  dichloride,  has  a  dark-gray  colour,  and 
Is  not  acted  on  by  acids.  (2)  Sesouioxide,  or 
rnthenious  oxide,  Ru2Os,  produced  when  pul- 
verised ruthenium  is  heated  in  contact  with 
the  air,  has  a  deep  blue  colour,  and  is  in- 
aoluble  in  acids.  (3)  Dioxide,  or  ruthenio 
oxide,  RuOz,  formed  by  roasting  the  disul- 
phide.  It  is  a  black-blue  powder  with  a 
tinge  of  green.  (4)  Trioxide,  RuO8,  commonly 
called  rutheuic  acid,  is  known  in  combination 
with  potash,  and  is  produced  when  ruthenium 
is  fused  with  potash  and  nitrate  of  potassium. 
(5)  Tetroxlde,  RnO4,  produced  by  passing 
chlorine  into  a  solution  of  the  fused  mass  ob- 
tained by  heating  ruthenium  with  potash  and 
nitre.  This  volatile  oxide  passes  over  and 
condenses  on  the  neck  of  the  retort.  It  is 
golden-yellow  and  crystalline,  volatilizes  at 
ordinary  temperatures,  melts  at  58°,  boils  at 
1CMP,  and  is  heavier  than  sulphuric  acid.  Is 
sparingly  soluble  in  water. 
ruthenium-sulphide,  s.  [LADBITB.] 

rtth-er-ford-ite,    ..      [After    Rutherford 
county,  North  Carolina,  where  found;  suff. 

Min. :  A  monoclinic  mineral,  found  in 
crystals  and  grains.  Hardness,  5'5  ;  sp.  gr. 
6'58  to  5-69  ;  colour,  blackish-brown ;  lustre, 
vitreo-resinous;  opaque,  but  translucent  in 
thin  fragments;  fracture,  conchoidaL  Stated 
to  contain  58'5  per  cent,  of  titanic  acid  and  10 
per  cent,  of  lime. 

ruth -fnl,  a.    [Eng.-rufli;.JW(0.] 

1.  Full  of  ruth,  pity,  or  tenderness ;  com- 
£,  merciful. 


rnth'-less-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  ruthleti ;  -ly.]  In 
a  ruthless  manner ;  pitilessly,  cruelly. 

••  Like  Herod,  lie  had  rulhleuti/ 
Slaughtered  the  Innocent*." 

LmvfeUta:  Birdt  of  KUHnguorth. 

ruth'-lSss-ness,  s.  [Eng.  rviMea;  -was.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  ruthless ;  in- 
sensibility to  the  miseries  or  sufferings  of 
others ;  p'itilessness. 

rnt'-lc,  o.    [Mod.  Lat.  rut(a) ;  Eng.  suff.  -fc.] 
Contained  in,  or  derived  from  rue. 
rutlo-acld,  s.    [CAPRIC-ACID.) 


ru-tl-cll'-la,  s.  [Formed  on  analogy  of  mota- 
cilta,  from 'Lat.  rutilus  =  red,  shining,  and 
cilia  =  to  set  in  motion.] 

Ornith. :  The  modern  synonym  of  Phoeni- 
cura  (q.v.).  Twenty  species,  from  Palsearctic 
and  Oriental  legions  to  Senegal  and  Abyssinia, 
and  east  to  Timor. 

ru-tl-9tt-ll'-n8B,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  ruticilUa); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -itus.] 

A  sub-family  of  Sylviid*  (q.v.). 


rU'-tll,  >•      [ROTILE.] 

ru-tMa, ».    [RuTELA.J 

*  ru'-tH-ant,  <>~     [Lat.  rutHam,  pr.  par.  of 

rutilo  =  to  make  or  be  reddish  ;  rvt  Hut  =  red  ; 

Fr.  rutilanl;  Sp.  &  Ital.  rutilante.}    Shining, 

glistening. 

••  Parchment,  coloured  »ltb  vUi  rutiU«t  mlitui*' 
—XKlyn .  Siitta.  bk.  II,  ch.  iv..  j  I. 

«  ru'-til-ate,  ».i.      [Lat.  ratttoftw,  pa.  par.  of 
rutilo.]    [RDTILAUT.)    To  shine,  to  glitter. 

ru'-tfle,  *    [Lat.  rutilta  =  fiery  red.] 

Kin  :  A  widely  distributed  mineral,  occur- 
ring mostly  in  crystals,  occasionally  massive. 
Crystallization  tetragonal.  Much  twinned,  by 
repetition  of  the  same  twin  often  assuming  a 
genioulated  appearance.  Hardness,  6  to  6'5  ; 
sp  gr  4-18 to 4-25; lustre, metallic-adamantine; 
colour,  red  to  reddish-brown,  yellowish,  black  ; 
streak  brown  ;  transparent  to  opaque ;  frac- 
ture, sub-conchoidal  to  uneven.  Compos.: 
oxygen,  39;  titanium,  61=100,  correspond- 
ing with  the  formula  TiO2.  Dana  divides  this 
species  into:  (1)  Ordinary,  which  includes 
the  brownish-red  and  other  shades ;  sp.  gr. 
4-18-4-22,  and  the  acicular  varieties  (sagenite 
or  crispite,  q.v.),  often  enclosed  in  rock  crystal ; 
(2)  Ferriferous  :  colour  black,  (a)  nigrine,  (6) 
ilmenorntile ;  (3)  Chromiferous,  colour  grass- 
green,  owing  to  oxide  of  chromium.  Found 
distributed  in  granite,  gneiss,  mica-schists, 
and  sometimes  in  granular  limestones. 

ru'-titt-ia,  «.    [Eng.  rutU(e) ;  -in  (Cim.).] 

Chem. :  The  resinous  substance  produced  by 
the  action  of  strong  sulphuric  acid  on  salicin. 

ru-tl-li'-nte. «.  pi.    [Rrjrin,ra.B.] 
ru'-tU-tte,  *.    [RcTiLB.1 

ru'-tfat,  «.    [Mod.  Lat.  ruKa);  -*«  (Chm.).] 

Chem. :  CaHagOiB-  Melin.  Rntlnlc  acid. 
Vegetable  yellow.  A  glucoside  widely  dif- 
fused in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  It  has  been 
separated  from  garden  rue,  capers,  and  waifa. 
It  Is  deposited  from  a  boiled  vinegar  extract 
of  the  plant  in  an  impure  state,  and  on  re- 
crystallization  from  weak  acetic  acid  and 
treatment  with  charcoal  it  is  obtained  nearly 
pure.  It  forms  pale  yellow  delicate  needles, 
which  melt  at  120°.  and  dissolve  easily  in 
boiling  water,  alcohol,  and  acetic  acid.  Rutin 
is  coloured  dark-green  with  ferric  chloride, 
and  when  boiled  with  dilute  mineral  acids  Is 
converted  into  sugar  and  quercetin. 
rutin  sugar, ». 

Chem. :  A  sugar  isomeric  with  glucose,  and 
produced  when  rutin  is  boiled  with  dilute 
sulphuric  acid.  Afterremovalofthesnlphunc 


acid,  and  the  quercetin,  which  is  also  formed, 
it  can  be  obtained  as  a  colourless  uncrystal- 
lizable  syrup  by  precipitation  with  ether  from 
an  alcoholic  solution.  It  has  no  action  OD 
polarised  light,  is  not  fermentable,  but  reduce* 
cuprate  of  potassium  in  the  cold. 

ru-tin'-Ic,   a.    [Eng.  rutin;  -tc.]    (See  com- 
pound.) 

rutlnlc-acid,  s.    [ROTIK.] 
rutf-Sd,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [Ror,  «.] 

rut-ter  (1),  ».     [Eng.  rut  (1),  v. ;  •«•.)    One 
who  ruts. 

*  rut' -tor  (2),  s.     [Dut.  ruiter;  Ger.  reiter  =  » 
rider.]    A  horseman,  a  horse-soldier,  a  trooper. 

"  The  prince  finding  Inn  ruttm  alert."— «r  B.  Wit 
Maim .-  Action  a/the  IM»  CouMria,  p.  87.    (HIS.) 

»  rut'-ter-kln,  «.    [A  dimin.  or  contemptu- 
ous form  of  rutter  (2).]    (See  etym.) 

"  Such  a  rout  of  regular  rutterkinx.  some  bellowing 
Sliitxtori,  sign.  G.  vi. 

*  rut'-tl-er,  i.     [Fr.  nuti*r,  from  route  =  a 
route  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  direction  for  the  route  or  road,  whether 
by  land  or  sea. 

2.  An  old  traveller,  acquainted  with  roads  ; 
an  old  soldier. 

*  rut'-ttsn,  o.    [Eng.  rut  (l),  v. ;  -faM   Lust. 
ful,  libidinous,  lecherous. 

"  A  Iooll.h  idle  boy  ;  but  (or  all  that  very  ruttf*."- 
Skakap.:  All'l  If  til  Otal  JfmU  IfM,  Iv.  S. 

rut-tfah-nSss,  ».    [Eng.  rutUsh ;  -nea.\   The 
quality  or  state  of  being  ruttish, 

rut-tie,  ».    [RATTLE,  ».) 
rut-tin,  ».    [Native  name.]    (See  componnd.) 
rutton  -  root,  a.     An  Indian  dye-root, 

Maharanga  Emodi. 
riif-ty  (1),  a.     [Eng.  nt  (2),  8. ;  -».]     Full  of 

ruts ;  cut  up  by  wheels. 

"  The  Impediment  o(  the  ruOjr  cart  traek  oreroom*' 
—Fifld.  Feb.  la,  1BU. 

1,0.    [for  rooty.}    Full  of  roots. 


ru'-tyl,  a.    [Eng.  nd(in);  -*t.] 

Chm. :  Ci0H190.  Capryl.  The  radical  of 
rutic  or  capric  acid.  The  name  is  incorrectly 
applied  to  Decyl  (q.v.). 

ru'-tjfl-ene, ».    [Eng.  rvtyl ;  -««.] 

Chen. :  C10H]8.  A  hydrocarbon,  polymeric 
with  acetylene,  produced  by  the  action  of 
alcoholic  potash  on  tribromide  of  diamylene. 
It  is  a  colourless  liquid  having  an  agreeable 
odour,  is  lighter  than  water,  and  boils  about 
150°.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  »na 
is  a  very  unstable  compound. 

ry-ao'-d-lite,  «.    [RHTACOLITK.J 


*  ry-bauld,  s.  &  o.    [RIBALD.] 

•  ry'-der, «.    [RIDEB.] 

rye  (1),  *  reye,  «.  1 A-8.  rygt ;  Icel.  rigr;  8w. 
rig;  Dut.  rogge;  Ger.  roggen.  From  the 
Teutonic  type  ruga  =  rye.] 

1  Bat  •  Semle  cereal*.  The  glnmes  are  one- 
nerved  and  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  the 
rachis  is  very  tough.  Not  known  in  a  wild 
state.  It  is  the  prevailing  grain  cultivated  in 
the  south  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  in  Denmark, 
Holland,  the  north  of  Germany,  and  part  of 
Siberia.  It  is  cultivated  in  the  United  Mates, 
chiefly  for  the  making  of  whiskey.  It  grows 
on  poor  soils  unsuitable  for  wheat.  The  value 
of  rye  is  about  two-thirds  that  of  wheat ;  its 
nutritious  properties  are  to  those  of  wheat  as 
about  64  to  71.  When  formerly  mixed  with 
wheat  it  was  called  Meelin.  It  is  the  chief 
grain  from  which  Hollands,  or  Holland  gin,  IB 
distilled. 

2.  A  disease  in  a  hawk. 

rye-grass, ». 

Bot.  it  Auric. :  The  genus  Lolium,  specil 
perenne,  an  excellent  grass  to  mix  with  othere 
for  permanent  pastures,  or  to  be  sown  free 
from  admixture  as  part  of  tie  rotation  of 
crops.  The  variety  E  Halica  is  more  valu 
able  than  the  normal  type. 


4076 


rye— Sabbath 


rye-house,  ». 

stored. 


A  house  in  which  rye  is 


Bye  House  Plot : 

Sup.  Hist. :  A  real  or  alleged  plot  which  was 
designed  to  be  executed  in  the  vicinity  of  Rye 
House  on  the  Lea,  near  Broxbourne,  in  Herts. 
A  waggon,  it  is  said,  was  to  have  been  over- 
turned in  a  narrow  lane  in  front  of  the  royal 
carriage  bringing  Charles  II.  and  the  Duke  of 
York  (afterwards  James  II.)  from  Newmarket 
races.  When  the  vehicle  stopped,  both  were 
to  have  been  shot  A  fire  at  Newmarket, 
March  22,  1683,  delayed  their  retnrn,  and,  on 
June  12,  the  plot  was  discovered.  On  July 
21,  Lord  William  Russell  and,  on  December  7, 
Algernon  Sidney  were  executed  for  alleged 
participation  in  the  plot.  The  proprietor  of 
the  Rye  House,  Rumbold,  and  others  also 
suffered.  (See  example  under  BOOTED,  *fi  2.) 

rye-land,  s.  Inferior  land  suitable  for 
the  cultivation  of  rye  (q.v.). 

rye-starch, ». 

Chem. :  The  starch  or  flour  of  rye.  The 
granules  are  larger 
than  those  of  wheat 
or  barley,  some  be- 
ing -0016  of  an  inch 
In  diameter.  The 
form  of  the  largest 
granules  is  that  of 
•  flattened  disc 
with  a  depressed 
centre,  having 
cracks  on  its  outer 
edge.  Thehilumis 
central,  with  lines 
radiating  almost  to 
the  circumference. 
Rice -starch  is 


BYE-STARCH. 

(Magnified  100  diameter*,) 


sometimes  used  to  adulterate  wheat  flour. 

rye  (2),  «.   [See  del]   A  gipsy  term  for  a  young 
man.    Romany  rye  =  a  young  gipsy. 

ryke,  v.i.    [REACH,  t>.) 
ryn'-chops, ».    [RHYNCHOPS.] 

rynd,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Grintling-mill :  The  ball  which  supports  the 
runner  on  the  head  of  the  spindle. 

ry'-it,  s.  [Arab,  ra'  iyat  =  the  governed 
a  subject,  a  peasant.]  A  Hindu  cultivator  of 
the  soil ;  a  peasant  who  holds  lands  under  the 
system  of  ryotwar  (q.v.). 

ry'-it-war,  ry-it-war'-ee',  t.  [Hind.,  Ac. 
rayatwari.]  A  system  of  assessment  carried 
out  in  Madras  by  which  the  government  enters 
Into  direct  relations  with  the  cultivator,  set- 
ting aside  all  middlemen  and  village  com- 
munities, and  taxes  him  only  for  the  land 
actually  taken  into  cultivation.  Since  1858 
the  system  has  been  remodelled  and  improved 
There  is  fixity  of  assessment  for  thirty  years. 

*rytll,».    [Etym.  doubtful.)    A  ford. 
ry'-tt-dSm, s.    [RHYTIDOMA.] 
ry-ti'-na,  t. 


ry-tj-phloo-a,         .  , 

•Tinkle,  and  $Aoio«  (phloios)  =  the  rind  or 


[Or.  pvrt{   (rhutts)  =  a 


bark.     So  named  because  the 

marked  by  numerous  transverse  rugosities.] 

Sot.:  A  genus  of  Rhodomeleaj.  British 
•pecies  four.  Rytiphlaa  tinctoria  yields  a  red 
dye  called  by  the  Romans  Fucus. 

•ryve,v.t   [RIVE.] 


S. 

S,  the  nineteenth  letter  and  the  fifteenth  con- 
sonant of  the  English  Alphabet,  represents  a 
hissing  sound,  and  is  classed  as  a  sibilant  "  In 
pronouncing  »,  we  touch  the  gum  with  a  part  of 
the  tongue  just  above  that  part  which  is  used 
In  pronouncing  the  palatals  ;  but  we  touch 
the  gum  so  lightly,  and  with  the  tongue  so 
broadened  out  that  we  do  not  stop  the  out- 
ward flow  of  the  breath  completely  :  it  oozes 
forth  with  that  hissing  sound  which,  whether 
in  the  human  organ  or  in  any  other  machine 
invariably  results  from  the  rapid  flow  of  air 

'  through   a   contracted   passage."     (Beames: 


Camp.  Gran.  Aryan  Lang.  (ed.  1872),  i.  217 
There  are  two  sounds  attached  to  this  lette 
in  English ;  the  one  surd,  or  uttered  wit 
breath  merely,  the  other  sonant  or  voiced 
The  flrst  is  a  mere  hissing  sound,  as  in  sin,  so 
Ac. ;  the  other  is  exactly  the  same  as  that  o 
*,  as  in  music,  mvse,  Ac.  S  in  some  words,  a 
isle,  island,  viscount,  is  silent.  It  Is  closel 
allied  to  r,  and  even  in  the  oldest  English  w 
have  traces  of  the  interchange,  as  in  frore  = 
froren  —frosen  (frozen),  gecoren  =  chosen,  Ac.  t 
has  become  st  in  hoist  =  hoise,  whilst  —  whiles 
Ac.  It  has  been  changed  into  c,  as  in  mice  = 
O.  Eng.  mys,  once  =  O.  Eng.  ones,  hence 
=  O.  Eng.  henna,  Ac.  With  a  following  h  i 
forms  a  digraph,  a  weakening  of  an  older  am 
stronger  sound  sc,  as  shall  =  O.  Eng.  sceal,  list 
=  O.  Eng.  fsc,  Ac.  It  has  been  changed  int< 
ge,  as  In  cabbage  =  Fr.  cubits ;  Lat  cabusia 
sausage  =  Fr.  saucisse ;  Lat  salsiiia.  In  pick 
(tee,  owing  to  a  mistaken  etymology,  it  has 
become  x.  In  Romance  words  s  has  passec 
into  sh,  as  radish  =  Lat.  radix;  cash  —  Fr.  caise 
chaste  =  Lat.  cojiso.  From  some  words  it  has 
disappeared  as  in  pea  =  O.  Eng.  pise  =  Lat 
pisttm ;  hautboy  =  Fr.-  hautbois  ;  puny  =  Fr 
puisne,  Ac.  In  a  few  words  we  find  an  in 
truded  s,  as  in  island  =  O.  Eng.  ealand,  igland, 
aisle  =  Fr.  aile;  squeeze,  sneeze,  scratch,  smelt, 
Ac.  It  is  represented  by  t  in  dizzy  =  O.  Eng. 
dysig;  freeze  =  O.  Eng.  freosan.  In  O.  Eng.  sc 
and  sp  were  frequently  transposed  to  cj  and 
ps,  as  in  ask  =  O.  Eng.  oxian,  clatped  = 
elapsed.  S  is  an  exceedingly  common  letter  in 
English.  It  is  the  characteristic  sign  of  the 
genitive  case  and  plurals  of  nouns. 

S.  As  an  initial  is  used  for  South,  as  in 
8.  W.  =  South- West ;  for  Society,  as  F.R  8  = 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society ;  for  Saint,  or 
double  (SS.)  for  Saints. 
S.  As  a  symbol  is  used  : 

1.  As  a  numeral  for  7,  and  with  a  dash  over 
It,  8,  for  7,000. 

2.  In  chemistry  for  the  element  Sulphur. 
•a,  sae,  coi^.  *  adv.    (So.) 

sa'-adh, «.    [SADB.] 
sab-a-dir-la, «.    [CEVADILLA.] 
sabadilla  gum  -resin,  s. 
CVm. :  CooHMNaOj.  Hydrosabadilllne.  The 
resin  of  Sabadilla  seeds.    It  'melts  at  165°,  is 
soluble  in  alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether,  and  has 
an  alkaline  reaction. 

B&b-a-dlT-llo,    o.     tEng.    KbadUl(a);   -to.] 
Derived  from  sabadilla  seeds.    [ 


sabadllllo-aold,  s.    [CEVADIC-ACID.] 

•ab-a-dll  -line,  «.    [Mod.   Lat  tabadUUa); 
-ine  (Chem.).] 

Chem. :  C^oHagNoOs.  An  organic  base  ob- 
tained by  exhausting  Sabadilla  seeds  with  al- 
cohol of  sp.  gr.  0-844.  It  crystallizes  in  stellate 
groups  of  cubic  crystals  which  melt  at  200% 
but  decompose  at  a  higher  temperature ;  is 
slightly  soluble  in  hot  water,  very  soluble  in 
alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether.  Strong  mineral 
acids  decompose  it  but  it  forms  salts  with 
dilute  sulphuric  and  nitric  acid*. 

sa-bn'-an, ».    [SABIAB.] 

sa-bte'  an  Ism,  s.    [SABIAKISM.] 

sa  bre-Um,  sa  -ba-ism,  ».    [SABIAKIS.I.] 

•a'-bal,  ».  [Name  given  by  Adanson.  It  is 
supposed  to  have  no  meaning.] 

1.  Bot.:   The   typical  genus   of  Sabalidse 
(q.v.).    Leaves  Ian-shaped  ;  calyx  cup-shaped 
three-cut ;  petals  three  ;  stamens  six ;  fruits 
round,  or  deeply  two-  or  three-lobed    with 
one  homy  seed.    Known  species  eight  or  nine. 
Sabal  Palmetto  is  the  Palmetto  palm  (q.T.X 

2.  Palvont. :  From  the  Lignite  of  America, 
the  Lower  and  Middle  Eocene  of  Britain  and 
the  Oligocene  of  Vevay. 

sa-bal -I-das.  ..  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  tabal;  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*,  -idee.} 
Bot. :  A  family  of  Coryphea. 

•a-ba  -6th,  ».  [Or.  tafi^e  (SabaStK) ;  Heb. 
m»0?(iM6Aao<A,  pi.  of  >V?('«WMi)±=anarmy, 
spec.  (1)  the  angelic  army,  (2)  the  army  of  the 
sky,  viz.,  the  sun,  moon,  and  stars.) 

•n.1vV£'  i  Host8'  *•*•• armfe8  («e«  etym.)  in 
the  title  Ood  or  Lord  of  Sabaoth,  given  to  the 
Supreme  Being  (Bom.  ir.  29;  James  v.  4). 


It  corresponds  to  Lord  of  Hosts  of  the  Old 

Testament.    (1  Sam.  i.  11  ;  Psalms  lix.  5,  Ac.) 

*  2.  Erroneously  used  for  Sabbath  (q.v.). 

"  The  Jew.  doo  reckon  their  dales  by  their  dlat»nc« 
fr°m  V«l.r  «?»<*><»•  •»  «i««  the  tint  dale  of  their 
weeke  lathe  Brut  dale  of  the  tabaatlt  and  eo  lorth."- 
HolinAed  :  Oacr.  o/  E,,gland.  ch.  xiv. 

«a-ba  -thl  an,  s.     [SABBATHIAN.] 

sab'-a-trine,    s.     [Formed    from   snbadilla 
(q.v.),  on  analogy  of  veratrine.] 

Chem.:   CstHsgNjO^.      An     alkaloid    dis- 
covered by  Weigelin  in   saoadilla  seeds 
forms   an 


It 


forms  an  uncrystallizable  resin-like  mass 
slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol! 
ether,  chloroform,  and  benzol,  and  neutralize* 
acids  forming  salts. 

sab-ba  -tar'-J-an  (1),  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  sabbatariui 
(a.)  =  pertaining  to  the  Sabbath,  sabbatical; 
(s.)  =  a  Sabbath-keeper,  a  Jew.) 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Sabba- 
tarians [B.] 

"  Sabbatarian  paradoxes,  and  Apocalyptinvll  fren. 
llee  under  the  nauje  and  oorert  of  the  true  profeeiont,* 
—  Mountaffut:  An  Appeal*  to  Caftar.  (DedJ 

B*  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  In  the  sixteenth  century,  one  who 
considered  that  the  Christian  Sabbath  should 
be  kept  on  the  seventh  day  (Saturday! 
[SEVENTH-DAY  BAPTISTS.] 


. 

and  18th  centuries,  who  insisted  strictly  on  keeping 
the  seventh  day  jw  their  Sabbath,  accorcMng  to  the 
letter  of  the  divine  injunction.  It  Is  only  by  a 
modern  misuse  of  the  word  that  a  SaUutariali  Is 
understood  to  be  one  wlio  abj  ures  all  work  yu  Sunday  " 
—Daily  Teltffraph,  Dec.  19.  1886. 

2.  One  who  holds  that  the  Lord's  day  is 
to  be  observed  among  Christians  in  exnctly 
the  same  manner  as  the  Jews  were  enjoined 
to  keep  the  Sabbath  ;  one  who  holds  rigid 
views  of  Sabbath  observance.  The  Shorttr 
Catechism  (Q.  60)  says  : 

n",P?  Sa'bath  i.  to  be  sanctified  by  a  holy  restlnj 
all  that  day  even  from  such  worldly  employments  »ud 
recreations  as  are  lawful  on  other  days  ;  and  spending 
'he  whole  time  in  the  publick  and  private  eiercise. 
01  uod  s  worship,  except  so  much  as  is  to  be  taken 
up  in  the  work  of  necessity  and  mercy." 

Sabbatarian  Controversy,  «. 

Church  Hist.  :  A  controversy  regarding  the 
manner  in  which  Sunday  should  be  kept, 
arising  out  of  the  publication  of  King  James's 
Book  of  Sports  [SPORT,  «.),  published  in  1618, 
between  the  High  Churchmen,  who  were 
generally  in  favour  of  the  king's  views,  and 
the  Puritans,  who  very  strongly  opposed 
them.  Though  the  controversy  has  altered 
its  form,  and  access  to  museums,  libraries, 
and  picture-galleries  is  now  contended  for 
it  has  not  yet  reached  its  end. 

Sab-ba-taf  -I-an  (2),  o.  A  ».    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  Sabbatiu*. 
[B.] 

B.  At  substantive  : 

Church  Hist.  (PI.)  :  The  followers  of  Sab- 
batins,  who  in  the  fourth  century  observed 
the  Sabbath  as  a  fast. 

sab-ba-tar  I-an  Ism,  ».  [Eng.  tabba- 
tarian  (1)  ;  -*m.]  The  tenets  of  the  8abb«. 
tarians. 

"A  writer  as  much  opposed  as  himself  to  tha 
Sabl>atari.initrn  of  the  Puritans."—  Cox  •  Litcratu** 
o/U4  SaUaa  Qualion  (1861).  ii.  SSX 

Sab-ba-ta'-ti,  ».  jjj.    [IsraiBBATATi.! 
Sab  -bath.  s.  &  a.     [Hetj.  nj*  (shabbath)  = 
Sabbath,  from  m^>  (shabath)  =  to  rest] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Old  Test.  :  A  sacred  day  of  rest,  the 
Institution  of  which  is  flrst  mentioned  In 
Gen.  ii.  2-3  : 

"And  on  th«  seventh  day  God  finished  his  work 
»hlch  he  had  made:  and  lie  rested  on  the  seventh 
day  from  all  bis  work  which  he  had  made.  And  Ood 
HSf*  UM  seventh  day  and  hallowed  It  ;  becauu 
that  on  it  he  rested  from  all  his  work  which  Ood  bad 
created  and  made,"—  A',  f. 

The  prevailing  interpretation  of  these  verses 
is  that  the  Sabbath  was  instituted  »t  the 
Creation  for  mankind  in  general,  and  that 
septenary  institutions  (q.v.)  may  therefore 
be  expected  in  all  nations.  Prior  to  the 
giving  of  the  law  from  Mount  Sinai,  th« 
Sabbath  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  the 
descent  of  manna  (Exod.  xvi.  5,  22-SOX 
The  keeping  holy  of  the  Sabbath  is  enjoined 
the  fourth  commandment  in  Exodus 
5^*2**  SL  Ood'8  having  rested  after  the 
Creation  (Exod.  xi.  8-11);  In  Deut.  because 
of  the  deliverance  of  the  Hebrew  bondsmen 


Sabbathless— Sabianism 


4077 


from  Egypt  (Deut.  v.  12-15).  Two  lambs 
instead  of  one  were  offered  when  it  came 
(cl'.  Num.  xxviii.  3-4  with  ver.  9).  Isaiah 
(Ivi.  2,  Iviii.  13)  strongly  advocated  its  ob- 
servance. [SABBATH-BREAKING.] 

•2.  New  Test. :  Always  in  the  gospels,  and  as 
a  rule  in  the  other  books,  Sabbath  means 
tlie  seventh  day  of  the  week.  By  this  time 
its  observance  had  become  very  rigid  and 
punctilious,  and  Jesus  himself  was  constantly 
denounced  by  the  Pharisees  and  others  as  a 
Saiilath-bren'ker  (Matt.  xii.  1-2;  Mark  ii. 
2-3.  Ac'.X  In  self-defence  he  laid  down  this 
principle  :  "  The  Sabbath  was  made  for  man, 
and  not  man  for  the  Sabbath  :  therefore  the 
Son  of  Man  is  Lord  also  of  the  Sabbath  " 
;cf.  Matt.  xii.  8  with  Mark  ii.  28).  In  the 
epistles  the  keeping  of  the  Jewish  Sabbath  is 
left  optional  with  Christians  (CoL  ii.  16-17) ; 
the  day  for  them  is  the  Lord's  day  (q.v.) 
(Rev.  i.  10). 

3.  Theol.  S:  Church  Hist. :  For  the  first  three 
centuries  the  Christian  fathers  in  general 
drew  a  distinction  between  the  Sabbath  and 
the  Sunday  or  Lord's  day,  regarding  the 
former  as  Jewish  and  obsolete,  and  the  latter 
as  a  divinely  instituted  day,  joyous  in  its 
character  as  commemorating  Christ's  re- 
surrection. But  from  the  days  of  the  first 
and  ambiguous  edict  of  Constantine  on  the 
subject : 

"Let  all  Judges.  Inhabitant!  of  the   cities,    and 

artificers,  rest  on  the  venerable  Sunday  Mies  solisj. 

But  husbandmen  may  freely  and  at  their  pleasure 

apply  to  the  business  of  agriculture." 

there  was  an  increasing  tendency  to  transfer 
to  the  Sunday  and,  in  a  less  degree,  to  saints' 
days  and  minor  festivals  the  restrictions  of 
the  Jewish  Sabbath.  The  third  Council  of 
Orleans  (A.D.  538)  strove  to  cheek  this  ten- 
dency, but  in  the  same  century  we  find 
legends  of  miraculous  judgments  on  those 
who  worked  on  the  Sunday  (Migne :  PatroL, 
Ixxii.  61).  The  idea  of  the  "  Christian  Sab- 
bath "  seems  to  be  enunciated  for  the  first 
time  in  Alcnin  (HomiL  xviii.  post  Pent.). 
Smith  (Christ.  Antiq.,  ii.  1,052)  says  "that  the 
general  teaching  of  the  schoolmen  follows  the 
express  declaration  of  Aquinas,  'that  the  ob- 
servance of  the  Lord's  Day  in  the  New  Law 
supersedes  the  observance  of  the  Sabbath, 
not  by  obligation  of  the  (divine)  law,  but  by 
the  ordinance  of  the  Church  and  the  custom 
of  the  Christian  people.' "  The  Reformers 
generally  were  opposed  to  Sabbatarian  views, 
which,  however,  more  or  less  modified,  have 
found  a  place  in  Protestant  churches  gene- 
rally, and  reached  their  height  in  the  Puritan 
period.  Sabbath  observance  is  stricter  in 
Scotland  than  in  England,  and  in  England 
than  on  the  Continent.  (For  the  practice  of 
many  Londoners  in  Byron's  time  see  Childe 
Harold,  i.,  Ixix.,  tot,)  [SABBATABIAS  CONTBO- 

VEttSY.] 

If  In  the  middle  ages  Sabbath  meant  only 
Saturday.  According  to  the  elder  Disraeli,  it 
was  first  used  in  England  for  Sunday  in  1554. 

4.  Low:  [SABBATH-BREAKISO]. 

5.  The  Sabbatical  year  among  the  Israelites. 

"In  the  seventh  year  shall  be  a  t'tbbnth  of  rest  unto 
the  land,  afoftoaJA  for  the  Lvrd.'—Leviticut  xxv.  4. 

•6.  A  time  of  rest ;  intermission  of  pain  or 
sorrow. 

"  Never  any  uAbath  of  release 
Could  free  his  travels  and  afflictions  deep." 

Daniel :  Cieit  Wart. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Sabbath, 
or  to  sacred  text. 

",  When  the  bells  of  Rylatone  play'd 
Their  Sabbath  music—'  God  us  ayde  I ' " 

H'ordtworth  :  White  Doe  of  Rylitone,  viL 

Sabbath-breaker, ».  One  who  breaks, 
violates,  or  profanes  the  Sabbath  by  neglect- 
ing the  religious  observance  of  that  day. 

"  The  usurer  Is  the  greatest  tabbath-breaker.  because 
his  plough  goeth  every  Sunday."— Bacon :  Euaj/t. 

Sabbath-breaking,  ».  &  a. 

A.  At  svbst. :  The  act  of  breaking,  profan 
ing,  or  violating  the  Sabbath — 

1.  Jtvtish  times :  Moses,  by  the  divine  com- 
mand,   punished    with    death   a   man    who 
gathered  sticks  on  the  Sabbath  (Num.  xv. 
82-36).     Nehemiah    put   an    end  to  secular 
work    among    the   Jews    and    the   heathen 
Tyrians  who  came  to   traffic   at  Jerusalem 
(Neh.  xiii.  15-22). 

2.  Christian  limes :  The  edict  of  Constantine 
[SABBATH]  of  course  carried  with  it  penalties 
on  those  who  disregarded  it.     Legislation  in 
favour  of  the  Sabbath  naturally  followed  in 
most    Christian    countries.      In     England 


statutes  on  the  subject  were  passed  under 
Athelstan,  Henry  VI.,  Charles  I.,  &c.  By 
the  statute  29  Chas.  II.  c.  7.,  still  in  force  : 

"  No  person  is  allowed  to  work  on  the  Lord's  day,  or 
use  any  boat  or  barge,  or  expose  any  goods  to  sale, 
except  meat  in  public  houses,  milk  at  certain  hours, 
and  works  of  necessity  or  charity,  on  forfeiture  of  Ss. 
Nor  shall  any  drover,  carrier,  or  the  like  travel  upon 
that  day,  under  pain  of  soe." 

The  laws  of  colonial  New  England,  enacted  by 
the  Puritans,  and  ordinarily  known  as  the  "blue 
laws  "  contained  severe  and  stringent  measures 
against  Sabbath-breaking.  Though  these  edicts 
have  become  obsolete,  laws  passed  in  the  last 
century  remain  on  the  statute  books  of  several 
of  the  states,  and  are  occasionally  revived,  to 
the  annoyance  of  the  Americans  of  to-day. 

"  Profanation  of  the  Lord's  dar,  vulgarly  (but  Im- 
properly) called  tnbbath-brtakiJts.  —  BlackitOHf :  Com- 
Si.nZ.Sk.  1..CU.  (. 

B.  As  adj. :  Breaking,  or  given  to  breaking 
the  Sabbath. 
Sabbath  (lair's  Journey,  a. 

Judaism  :  A  very  short  journey,  so  as  not 
to  interfere  with  the  rest  of  the  Sabbath. 
The  Mosaic  law  does  not  precisely  define  it. 
Practically  it  was  fixed  at  2,000  yards,  because 
the  fields  of  the  suburbs  for  the  pasture  of 
the  Levites'  flocks  and  herds  measured  2,000 
yards  across.  (Acts  i.  12.) 

Sabbath  school,  9.    [SUNDAY-SCHOOL.) 

*  sab' bath  less,  a.  [Eng.  sabbath;  -las.] 
Having  no  Sabbath  ;  without  intermission  of 
labour. 

"  Tet  this  Incessant  and  tabbatMeu  pursuit  of  a 
man's  fortune  leaveth  not  that  tribute  which  we  owe 
to  God."— Bacon  :  Advancement  of  Learning,  bk.  ii. 

sab  bat  i  a, «.  [Named  after  L.  Sabbati,  an 
Italian  botanist.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Gentianaceae.  Calyx  and 
corolla  five  to  twelve  partite.  Handsome 
North  American  plants,  containing  a  pure 
bitter  principle.  The  young  stems  of  Sabbatia 
angularis  are  given  in  the  United  States  as  a 
vermifuge. 

sab  bat  ic,     sab-bat -Ic-al,     o.      [Let. 

'sabbaticus,  from  sabbatum  =  sabbath  (q.v.) ; 
Fr.  sabbatigue :  Sp.  &  Ital.  tabatico.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  the  Sabbath  ;  resembling 
the  Sabbath ;  bringing  or  enjoying  an  inter- 
mission of  labour. 

"The  famous  tabbatical  river  for  six  days  bears  all 
before  It  with  a  mlfthty  torrent,  and  carries  stonea  of 
such  incredible  bigness  that  tbere  Is  no  passing  over 
It:  the  admirable  nature  of  that  river  is,  that  it  ke«pB 
the  talfbath  and  rests  all  that  day."— StSUin&Mt :  Ser- 
mon*, ser.  8. 

sabbatical  year,  «. 

Judaism :  The  name  given  to  every  seventh 
year,  during  which  the  Hebrews  were  not  to 
sow  their  fields  or  prune  their  vineyards  (cf. 
Exod.  xxiii.  10, 11 ;  Lev.  xxv.  2-7  ;  Deut.  xv. 
1-11 ;  xxxi.  10-13). 

*  sab  bat  Ism,  t.  [Or.  o-o.£3imo-u.<x  (<a!>- 
batismos),  from  o-a/30o.Ti'fco  (sabbatizo)  =  to 
keep  the  Sabbath  ;  Lat.  sabbatismus ;  Fr.  sab- 
batitme ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  sabatismo.}  Observance 
of  the  Sabbath ;  rest,  intermission. 

"  This  U  that  tabbntitm,  or  rest,  that  the  author  to 
the  Hebrews  exhorts  them  to  strive  to  enter  Into 
through  faith  and  obedience."— Mttrt:  Conjtaura 
CaUoHsttca,  p.  210  {16531. 

t  sab-bat  ize,  «...    [Or.  vaflpaTif* (sabbatt- 

»).]       [SABBATISM.] 

"  The  tendency  to  inbbatizt  the  Lord's  day  Is  doe 
chiefly  to  the  necessities  of  legal  enforcement"— 
Smith :  CArilt  Antiy..  it  1.053. 

•&b  -ba-ton,  s.    [O.  Fr.  sabatine,  from  sabot.' 
Old  Arm. :  A  round-toed,  armed  covering 
for  the  foot,  worn  during  a  part  of  the  six- 
teenth century. 

sab'-bire,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful)  A  piece  of 
timber ;  a  beam. 

sab  dar  if   fa,  «.    [From  the  specific  name 
of  the"  plant.] 
Bot. :  HibiKiu  Sabdariffa. 

Sa-be'-an,  a.  4  *.    [SABIAN  (2).) 
Sa  -be  ism,  s.    [SABIASISM.I 

•  sa  bel-ine,  a.  [Low  Lat  tabtllimt.1  Per 
taining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  resembling 
sable  (q.v.). 

sa-bel  -la,  ».    [Lat.  sabulum.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  sub-family 
8al>ellinffi.      Mouth  transverse,  across  gills 
gills   two,    feathery;    funnel  comb -shaped 


spiral,  and  large.  Stopper  cylindrical.  Front 
tubercles  with  hooks  and  bristles.  Tube  ge 
latinous,  covered  with  sand.  The  Fan  Sabella 
(Sabella  pmicittus,  sometimes  called  AmpM- 
trite  venlilabrum)  is  common  on  the  British 
coast.  [AMPHITRITK,  2.] 

sab  el  la  na.  *.    [Lat.  sabidum  =  gravel.] 
Geol. :  Coarse  sand  or  gravel. 

Sa-bel  -U-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.J 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  any  form  ot 
Sabelliimism. 

B.  As  subsl. :  One  who  adopts  any  form  of 
Sabellianism  (q.v.). 

Sa-bei'-ll-an-ism,  s.    [Eng.  Sabellian ;  -ism.) 
Church  Hist. :  The  name  given  to  any  form 
of  doctrine  which  denies  a  real  distinction 
between  the  Persons  of  the  Trinity  : 

1.  Patripassianism  (q.v.). 

2.  The  doctrine  of  the  adherents  of  Sahellins 
(an  African  presbyter  of  the  third  century),  if 
not  of  Sabellius  himself.      It  resolved  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity  into  three  manifesta- 
tions of  Qod  to  man,  and  taught  that  the  same 
Person  was  the  Holy  Ghost  when  manifesting 
himself  to  the    Christian  Church,  and,   by 
parity  of  reasoning,  the  Son,  when  be  ap- 
peared in  Christ.    Thus  Patripassianism  was 
avoided,  but  the  Incarnation,  as  well  as  the 
Trinity,  was  denied,  for  the  manifestation  of 
God  in  Christ  could  differ  only  in  degree,  not 
in  kind,  from  his  union  with  other  holy  men. 
Akin  to  this  teaching  was  that  of  Marcellus 
(bishop  of  Ancyra  in  the  early  part  of  the 
fourth  century),  who  made  the  Logca  a  mere 
attribute  of  God,  manifesting  itself  in  tli« 
Creation,  the  Incarnation,  and  the  sanctifica- 
tion  of  Christians. 

sab-el-li-nas.  ».  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  sabelKA; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  guff.  -ijuE.J 
Zool. :  A  sub-family  of  Serpulidse  (q.v.). 

sa'-ber.s.    [SABRE.]   (Amtr.) 

sa'-bi-a,  s.  [Bengalee  soobjat  the  name  of 
one  species.] 

J5of.. 'The  typical  genus  of  Sabiacea?.  Shrubs 
with  climbing  branches,  entire  leaves,  and 
small  greenish  flowers,  from  Asia. 

sa-bl  a'-96-»,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  sabi(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -accte.] 

Bot. :  A  small  order  of  Hypogynous  Exogens, 
alliance  Rutales.  Climbing  plants,  with  al- 
ternate exstipulate  leaves ;  flowers  few,  in 
short  axillary  panicles;  sepals  live,  small, 
persistent,  with  coloured  dots ;  petals  five, 
with  rows  of  red  glandular  dots,  persistent ; 
stamens,  equal  in  number  to  the  petals,  and 
opposite  to  them ;  filaments,  short ;  drupes, 
two,  rounded,  sub-reniform ;  seed  solitary. 

Sa  bi  an  (1),  Sa  bo  -an,  Sa  bte  an  (U 
o.  &  t.  [See  def.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Saba,  the 
chief  city  of  that  part  of  Arabia  now  called 
Yemen. 

B.  As  suhst. :  An  inhabitant  or  native  of 
Saba.      They  were  extensive    merchants    of 
spices,  perfumes,  precious  stones,  &c.,  which 
they  imported  from  India. 

Sa  -bi  an  (2),  Sa  bee  -an  (2),  Sa-bai  -an, 

O.  &  5.      [SAI1IANI9H.J 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  professor  of  Sabianism  (q.v.X 

2.  A  name  erroneously  given  to  the  Oriental 
sect  called  Christians  of  St  John.    [Jons  (1), 
HI.) 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Sabianism 
(q.v.),  or  to  the  Christians  of  St  John.   [A.  2.) 

Sa  bi  an  ism,  Sa  bw  an  Ism,  Sa  ba- 
ism,  Tsa'-ba-ism,  s.  [According  to  the  pro- 
fessors of  Sabianism,  derived  from  Tsabi,  the 
son  or  brother  of  Enoch,  but  more  probably 
from  »J5>  (tseba)  [SABAOTH],  implying  that 
they  worshipped  the  host  of  heaven.) 

Compar.  Belig. :  A  faith  which  recognized  the 
unity  of  God,  but  worshipped  angels  or  intel- 
ligences supposed  to  reside  in  the  stars,  and 
guide  their  motions,  whence  the  lapse,  at  least 
on  the  part  of  the  common  people,  to  the  wor- 
ship of  the  stars  became  easy.  They  had  sacri- 
fices and  sacred  days,  and  believed  in  a  future 
state  of  retribution.  They  were  once  numerous 
in  Arabia,  Syria,  and  Mesopotamia,  and  their 


bttU,  IwJy;  pint.  J<fiW;  cat,  cell,  ohorna,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  thl*:  sin,  us;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  -ft 
=  sian,    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -floa  =  zian.   -cloua,  -Uous,  -.dona  =  ahiatv,   -bio,  -die,  4c.  =  bel,  del. 


4078 


sabicu— saccharin 


aacred  books  were  in  Syriac.  The  early  Mu- 
hammadans  did  not  rank  them  with  poly- 
theists. 

•ab'-I-ou,  s.    [SAVJCU.] 

•Ab  -ine,  5.     (Lat.  saMnus.    See  def.] 
Bot. :  Juniperus  Sabina. 

"  Stibin*  or  aaviu  will   make  floe  hedge*."— JA>rft- 
mer:  Ilutb  indry. 

•a  bin-e  -a,   *.     [Named  after  J.  Sabine,  a 
secretary  o"f  the  Lond.  Horticult.  Soc.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Galegeae.  Schombnrgk 
•ays  that  the  violet  blossoms  of  Sabinea  Jlorida 
are  dangerous. 

•a-bi'-no,  s.    [SABINE.]    (See  compound.) 
sabino  tree.  s. 
Bot. :  Taxodinm  distichum. 

•a  ble,  s.  &  a.     [O.  F.,  from  Russ.  gobo1e  = 
the  sable,  a  boa,  a  tippet ;  Low  Lat.  sabel  am. ; 
Dut.  sabel;  Dan.  sabel,  zobel;  8w.  sabel,  sobel; 
Ger.  fobel ;   Sp.  &  Port,   cebellina,  tebellina ; 
Ital.tttetitno;  Fr.  zibelint.} 
A*  As  substantive : 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  In  the  same  sense  as  IL  2. 
8.  The  fur  of  of  the  sable. 
S.  Applied  fig.  to  black  or  mourning  dress 
or  garments. 

"'Tetdotb  he  live!'  exclaim*  the  Impatient  heir. 
And  »ighs  tor  tablet  which  he  must  not  wear." 
Byrtm :  Lara,  i.  8. 

4.  Sadness,  mourn  fulness,  dulneas. 

"  To  clothe  In  table  every  tocial  scene. " 

Cotffper  :  Ctmwertattan.  8T3 

IL  Technically: 

L  Her.:  Black,  one  of  the 
tinctures  used  in  Mazonry.  In 
engraving  it  is  represented  by 
perpendicular  and  horizontal  lines 
crossed. 

2.  Zool.  :  SfusteJa  xibellina,  the       SABLE. 
most  valuable  of  the  fur-producing 
animals.     It  is  found  in  the  northern  parts  of 
Asia,  and  sable-hunting  forms  the  chief  occu- 
pation of  many  of  Ihe  Siberian  tribes.  Length, 


exclusive  of  tail,  abont  eighteen  Inches,  gen- 
eral colour  brown,  yellowish  on  throat.  The 
for  is  extremely  lustrous,  and  very  valuable, 
an  ordinary  skin  being  worth  six  or  seven 
pounds,  and  one  of  the  finest  quality  will 
retch  fifteen  pounds. 

B,  As  adjective : 

L  Hade  of  the  fur  of  the  sable. 

"  I  had  a  present  from  his  daughter  of  *  handsome 
table  muff."— Coot ;  Third  Voyage,  bk.  v.  eh.  Ix. 

2.  Black ;  of  the  colour  of  the  sable ;  dark. 

"And  never  of  a  tabter  hue  than  now." 

Cooper  ;  Xxpottutatio*,  8M. 

•able-antelope,  a, 

Zool. :  JEgoceros  ni$er. 

«able  mouse,  s. 

Zool. :  The  Lemming  (q.v.), 

*  sable  stoled.  a.    Wearing  a  black  stole 

Ot  vestment.    (Milton:  Natii'ity,  xxiv.) 

*  sable-vested,  a.     Clothed  in  sables  ; 
Covered  with  blackness  or  darkness. 

"  Sable-vetted  Nlghf  JNttm  :  P.  L.,  IL  MS. 

••a'-ble,  v.t.     [SABLE,  9.]     To  sablelze;  to 
darken,  to  make  dark  or  dismal. 

"  And  tabled  all  in  bUck  the  shady  sky." 

rittcher:  Chritf*  Triumph  over  Death. 

•sa'-ble-ixe,  tJ.(.    [Eng.  sable; -tee.]  To  make 
black  or  sable.  (Davits:  Paper's  Complaint  ,?*}.) 

•ab  li  ere.  s.    [Fr.,  from  table;  Lat  tabvlum 

=  sand,  gravel.) 
t      *1»  Ord.  7xjn0. :  A  sand-pit. 
S.  Carp.  ;  A  raising-piece  (q.v.). 


sab  -6t  (t  silent),  *.    [Pr.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  wooden  shoe  made  of  one 
piece    hollowed    out    by    boring-tools     and 
scrapers.    The  kinds  of  wood  used  are  willow, 
poplar  (Lombardy),  beech,  birch,  aspen,  ash, 
hornbeam,  walnut.    Sabots  are  worn  by  the 
peasants  of  France,  Belgium,  &c. 

"  A  ftutafn  laufTitage,  like  the  clattering  noise  of 
ta&olt'—HrtimkaU  :  Agauut  Sottoet,  p.  20. 

2.  itnin-rn'-f  : 

(1)  A  circular  block,  usually  of  wood,  liol- 
lowed  outand  fixed  by  tin  straps  to  a  (smooth- 

i  projectile,  so  as  to  maintain  its  proper 
position  in  the  bore  of  a  gun,  to  prevent  its 
upsetting  in  loading,  wobbling  in  discharging, 
and  to  decrease  windage  by  occupying  the 
bore  more  perfectly  than  can  be  done  by  the 
projectile  itself. 

(2)  A  gas-ring  (q.v.X 

sa-bo  -tl  ere,  s.  [Fr.  sabotiere,  tarbotibv^ 
an  ice-pail,  for  sorbetiere,  frnm  sorfnt  =• 
sherbet,  an  ice.]  A  Frein-h  apparatus  for 
milking  ices.  It  consists  of  an  outer  pail  of 
wood  and  an  inner  vessel  of  metal,  to  contain 
the  cream  to  be  iced.  In  the  intervening 
space  is  a  mixture  of  pounded  ice  and  salt, 
or  of  sulphate  of  soda  and  hydrochloric  acid. 
The  contents  of  the  inner  vessel  are  agitated 
by  a  handle,  and  the  frozen  cream  is  occa- 
sionally scraped  down. 

sa'-bre,  (tore  as  ber),  *sa'-ber,  *,  [Fr. 
sabre,  from  Ger.  sabel,  a  word  prob,  of  Hun- 

Sirian  origin  ;  cf.  Hung,    szdbia  =  a  sabre  ; 
ut.,Dan.,  &Sw.  sabel.] 

1.  A  sword  having  a  curved  blade,  specially 
adapted  for  cutting.    That  for  heavy   cavalry 
has  a  slightly-curved  heavy  blade.    The  light 
cavalry  sabre  lias  a  lighter  blade  somewhat 
more  curved.  The  horse-artillerv  sabre  is  still 
shorter,  lighter,  and  more  curved,  and  has  but 
one  branch  to  the  guard. 

2.  A  soldier  armed  with  a  sabre  ;  a  horse- 
soldier. 

"  He  has  alao  a  small  body  of  cavalry,  numbering 
UO  tut>r*t."-itorniny  Chronicle,  Nov.  7.  IBM. 

sabre  toothed,  a.  Having  teeth  like 
sabres  ;  a  term  applied  to  the  genus  Machairo- 
dus  (q.v.),  on  account  of  the  extraordinary 
character  of  its  dentition. 

"  The  mastodon  .  .  .  fell  a  prey  to  the  great  More* 
toothed  feline  Machairodu-."—  Vatokitu  :  Sarty  Man 
<n  Uritain,  oh.  I  iL 

Sabre-toothed  tiger  :  [MACHAIBODUS]. 

sa'-bre  (bre  as  ber),  v.t.  [SABRE,  ».]  To 
cut,  strike,  or  kill  with,  a  sabre  ;  to  cut  down. 

**  Sabring  the  gunner*  there." 
Tennyton:  Cluirffeofthe  Light  Brigade, 

sa  bre-taghe,  sa  bre-tasghe  (bre  as 

ber),  «.  [Fr.  sabretacke,  from  Ger.  sabeltascht, 
from  sabel  =a  sabre,  and  tasche—  a  pocket.] 
A  leather  pocket  suspended  on  the  left  side 
from  the  sword-belt  of  a  cavalry  officer. 

sib-U-lo*e,  a.    [SABULODS.) 
Bat.  :  Growing  in  sandy  places. 


'-X-t#,  s.  [Lat  *abulosu*  =  sandy  ; 
from  safri^um  =  sand.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  sabulous  ;  sandiuesa,  grittiness. 


-u-lous,  a.  [Lat.  sabulostis,  from  sabvlum 
=  sand  ;  Fr.  sabnleiLx  ;  3p.  sabuloso;  Ital.  sab- 
bioso.]  Full  of  sand  or  grit  ;  sandy,  gritty. 
(Applied  chiefly  to  deposits  in  urine.) 

"ftabulom  deposit*   In    the   urine  are  of  various 
kind*."—  Brande  :  Manual  of  Cktmittry,  p.  IBM. 

s6b  ur  ra  tion,  9.  [Lat.  sa^rra  =  sand.] 
The  application  of  hot  sand,  enclosed  in  a  l«u 
or  bladder,  to  any  part  of  the  person  ;  sand- 
bathing, 

*  S&C  OX  «-    [A.S.  wcu.]    [SAKE.] 

Law  :  The  privilege  enjoyed  by  a  lord  of  a 
manor  of  holding  courts,  trying  causes,  and 
imposing  fines. 

sac  (2),  s.  [Lat.  saccw  =  a  bag,  a  sack  (q.v.).] 
A  bag,  a  cyst,  a  pouch  ;  a  receptacle  for  a 

liquid. 

f  Sac  of  the  embryo  : 

Bot,  :  The  vesicle  of  the  nucleus  within 
which  the  embryo  is  formed. 

*  sac'  -but,  f.     [SACKBTJT.J 

•&C-cade',  f.  [Fr.,  from  O.  Fr.  tacquer.  richer 
=  to  pull.  J 

L  Manege  :  A  violent  check  the  rider  gives 


Ms  horse  by  drawing  both  the  r^ins  very  sud- 
denly, a  correction  used  wlujii  the  horse  bear* 
heavy  on  the  hand, 

2.  Music  :  Strong  pressure  of  a  violin  bow 
against  the  strings,  which,  by  forcing  them  to 
a  level,  enables  the  player  to  produce  three  or 
four  notes  simultaneously. 

*  sac  -cage  (age  as  ig),  t.    [SACK  ACS.) 

sac-car'-i-us,  s.    [SACCOS.] 

IcJithy.  :  A  genus  of  Pediculati  (q.v.),  from 
South  Australia,  Tasmania,  and  New  Zealand. 

sac  -Gate,  a.    (Lat.  towns  =  a  bag.] 
Bot.  :  Bag-shaped. 

sac-chaV~a-mide,s.    [Eng.  *occftar(ose)(  and 
amide,] 

Chem.  :   C6H12N2O6  =  (C^Oa)*  }  g*       A 
H4         J     * 

white  amorphous  substance  obtained  by  pass- 
ing dry  ammonia  gas  into  an  etherial  solution 
of  ethylic  saci-harate.  By  boiling  with  water 
it  is  converted  into  ammonia  saccharate. 

t  sac  -char  ate,  a.     [Mod.  Lat.  sacrhar(ttu$t 
from  tacaiaru.m  (q.v.).J     Saccharine  (q.v.). 

S&O-Ch&r'-Ie.a.  [Eng.  sacckar(um);  -if.]  Con- 
tamed  in  or  derived  from  saccharum  (q.v.). 


saccharic-acid,  .-*. 
Chem.  :  C6H10O8 


) 

*  -  O8.      A  dl- 


'j 

baaic  acid  discovered  by  Scheele,  and  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  cane- 
sugar,  glucose,  milk  sugar,  mannite.  &c., 
aided  by  heat.  It  is  deliquescent,  uncryatal- 
lizable,  soluble  in  watt-rand  alcohol,  insoluble 
in  ether,  and  turns  brown  even  at  the  heat  of 
the  water-bath.  The  saccharates  are  crystal- 
line, nearly  insoluble  in  cold  water,  butso'luhle 
in  boiling  water.  Sacchnrate  of  silver,  C«Hg 
Ak'oOg,  obtained  by  mixing  the  neutral  potas- 
sium salt  with  nitrate  of  silver,  is  a  white 
crystalline  powder  very  soluble  in  ammonia, 
the  solution  depositing  metallic  silver  when 
boiled. 

saccharic  ether,  5. 

Chem.  :  Ci0Hl8O8  =  CeHgfCyHg^Oa.  Ethylic 
saccharate.  Prepared  by  passing  hydrochloric 
acid  gas  into  an  alcoholic  solution  of  saccharic 
acid.  It  U  obtained  in  the  form  of  a  syrup 
which  gradually  solidifies  to  a  mass  of  t-ibular 
crystals,  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  slightly 
soluble  in  ether. 

sac'  char  ide,  s.    [Eng.  saccharose);  -ide.] 

Chem.  (PL):  Berth  el  ot's  name  for  a  series  of 
compounds  formed  by  heating  dextro-glucose 
and  other  kinds  of  sugar  with  organic  acids, 
They  are  divided  into  four  classes  :  gl  ucosides, 
or  those  produced  from  dextro-glucose  ;  le- 
vulosides,  from  Inevo-glucose  ;  galactosideg, 
from  milk  sugar  ;  and  inosides,  from  inosite. 
The  saccharides  are  soluble  in  water,  and 
intensely  bitter  when  they  contain  a  volatile 
acid  ;  insoluble  when  they  contain  a  lixed 
acid. 

sac  char  If  '-er-otis,  a.  [Lat  saccharum  = 
sugar,  and  /ero  =  to  bear,  to  produce  ;  Fr. 
saccharifere.]  Producing  sugar:  as,  saccharlr 
ferous  canes. 

Bio'-char-I-fI-~r,  ».  A  contrivance  for 
converting  the  starch  of  grain  and  potatoes 
into  sugar. 

sac-char'  I-fy,  v.t.    To  convert  into  sugar. 
sac  cha  ril'-la,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Fabric  :  A  kind  of  muslin. 


sac-cha  rim  c-ter,  ».  [SACTHAROMETEH.] 
A  form  of  polariscope  devised  by  Mitscher- 
lich  with  special  reference  to  testing  sugars 
by  polarised  light.  It  is  provided  with  a 
graduated  circle  for  measuring  the  angles  of 
polarisation,  which  serve  as  a  basis  of  com- 
parison for  the  different  qualities.  The  form 
now  in  use  is  provided  with  a  scale,  showing 
the  percentage  of  sugar  contained  in  the  so1"- 
tion  under  examination. 

sac  -cha-rf  m'-e-tr^,  s.    [SACCHABOMETBY.J 
sac'  -char-In,  s.    [Eng.  saccha^im);  -in.] 

Chem.  :  07X3X0$  =  C^Xjg&ffH.  A 
sweet  substance  discovered  by  Fahlberg  and 
Remsen  in  1870,  and  named  by  them  Anhydro- 


fite,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p*t» 
or.  wore,  wol*  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «,  <e  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


saccharine — sacerdotalis  • 


4079 


orthosulphaminebenzoicacid.    It  may  be  pre- 
pared by  oxidising  urthotoluene  with  potas- 
sium permanganate.     It  forms  white  i:r 
soluble  in  hot  water,  alcohol,  ami  eth 
in. 'Its    at    2-Ju'  with   partial    decomposition. 
Its  sweetness  exceeds  that  of  cane-sugar  ;  one 
part  in  10  000  of  water  being  distinctly  per- 
ceptible.    When  taken  into  the   system,  it 
passes  through  unchanged. 

sac  -char  me,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  saccharin,  from 
Lat.  saccharvm  =  sugar  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj.:  Pertaining  to  sugar;  having 
the  taste  or  any  other  of  the  chief  qualities 

•••or. 

"  An  essential  «a<r»urf»«  salt,  sweating  from  .  .  . 
most  plants."— Arbuthnot :  On  Attm*a».  ell.  111. 

t  B.  As  tubst. :  The  uucrystallizable  sugar 
of  in  lit  wort. 
saccharine-compounds,  a.  pi. 

'•rf. :  Coini'numls  consisting  of,  or  con- 
taining a  large  pioportion  of  sugar.  Tlie 
great  use  of  these  compounds,  cane-sugar, 
Klucose,  honey,  &c.,  is,  so  far  as  the  animal 
economy  is  concerned,  to  support  the  respira- 
tory process,  and  thereby  maintain  bodily 
temper jture.  The  production  of  heat  in  the 
1.  «ly  is  the  result  of  a  chemical  change  in  the 
elements  of  the  sugar,  new  compounds  being 
produced.  Some  of  these  act  only  as  heat- 
producers  on  the  respiratory  process,  whilst 
others  assist  in  repairing  wasted  tissue. 

saccharine  -  fermentation,  s.      The 

fermentation  by  which  sugar   is  converted 
into  alcohol. 

•ac'-char  ite,  ».  [Lat.  soecho,r(um)  =  sugar ; 
fluff.  Ue  (Min.).] 

Uin. :  A  granular  massive  variety  of  Ande- 
lite  (q.v.),  according  to  Dana;  but  by  some 
mineralogists  it  is  referred  to  Labradorite. 
Proliably  the  result  of  an  alteration  of  a 
plagioclase  rich  in  lime.  Forms  veins  in 
serpentine  at  Frankenstein,  Silesia. 

*  sac'  -  char  -  ize,  v.t.  [Lat.  sacchar(vm)  = 
sugar ;  Bug.  verb.  suff.  -ix.}  To  form  or  con- 
vert into  sugar  ;  to  saccharify. 

"  1 1  is  hoped  the  reader  wilt  pardon  the  Introduction 
of  the  verb  tacchariff." — Grainger:  .Sugar-can*,  i. 
(Note.) 

sac  -char-oid,  sac-char-oid'-al,  a.  &  s. 
[Lat.  saccharum  =  sugar,  and  Gr.  <I6os  (eidos) 
=  form,  appearance.] 

A.  As  adj.  (Of  both  forms) :  Having  a  tex- 
ture resembling  that  of  loaf-sugar :  as,  sacchar- 
oid  carbonate  of  lime,  <tc. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Chem.  (Of  the  farm  saccharoid) :  A  name 
given  by  Kane  to  a  sweetish  substance,  prob- 
ably identical  with  orcin,  produced  by  the 
decomposition  of  Heeren'a  pseudoerythrin 
(ethylic  oraellinate).  (Watts.) 

sac-char-om'-e-ter,  s.  [Lat  xuxharum; 
o  connect.,  and  Eng.  meter.} 

Chem. :  A  form  of  hydrometer  for  testing 
liquids  heavier  than  water.  It  consists  of  a 
bulb  having  a  smaller  bulb  beneath,  weighted 
with  mercury  or  shot,  and  a  graduated  stern 
above.  In  water  it  sinks  to  a  certain  mark, 
but  in  symp  it  rises  in  proportion  to  the 
density  of  the  latter.  It  is  used  for  deter- 
mining the  specific  gravity  of  brewers'  or  dis- 
tillers worts,  &c. 

•ac-char-dm'-e-try,  ».  f.Eng.  saccfiaTO- 
meter  ;  -yl  The  act,  art,  or  process  of  deter- 
mining the  amount  of  sugar  in  saccharine 
solutions. 

sac  char  ose.j.     [Eng.    kc.    «o«tar(um); 

-ose.]    ['CANE-SUGAR.] 

saccharose-salts,  i.  pi. 

Chem. :  Salts  produced  by  heating  cane- 
sngar  with  organic  anhydrides  ;  thus  acetic 
anhydride  gives  saccharose  octacetate,  CvjH^ 
(CVIjOgJgOjii  a  white  amorphous  insoluble 
powder.  On  heating  with  water  it  is  con- 
verted into  acetic  acid,  dextrose,  and  tovulose. 

•ae  char-nm,  s.  [Lat.  tcuxharum,  xuxharon 
=  sugar,  from  Gr.  trcucxapoi>  (sakcharon)  — 
sugar  (q.v.).] 

1.  Bot. :  Sugar-cane  ;  a  genus  of  grasses, 
tribe  Andropogonese.  Inflorescence  in  loose 
panicles,  with  lanceolate  spikelets ;  glumes 
two-valved,  two-flowered,  enveloped  in  long 
wool ;  lower  neuter  with  one  pale,  upper 
hermaphrodite  with  two.  Mostly  tropical  or 


sub-tropical.  Known  species  about  sixty-two. 
rum  oJI'u-LMirum  is  the  Coinliiou  Sugar- 
cane (.q.v.).  Other  Indian  species— S.fuscum, 
S.  Mara,  S.  Munja,  S.  semidecMmbens,  .s. 
liculatum.,  and  S.  sjnntaw  ion— have  fibres  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  ropes,  strings,  mats, 
and  paper.  The  leaves  and  seeds  are  em- 
ployed for  thatch,  and  the  culms  of  some  for 
native  pens. 

2.  Chem. :  A  t«rm fnrmerlysynonymouswith 

sugar,  but  now  used  almost  exclusively   to 

denote  au  invert  sugar  prepared  from  cane 

by  the  action  of  acids.    It  is  largely 

used  by  brewers. 

site  cha-ru'-mio,  o.  [Eng.  saccharose),  and 
«(')""'''•  1  Derived  from  or  containing  sacchar- 
um  and  ulmic  acid. 

saccharumic  acid,  >. 

Chem. :  Ci4Hi8Ou=Cj4Hi308.3HaO.  Formed, 
together  with  sjlucic  acid,  by  the  action  of 
baryta  on  grape  sugar,  aided  by  heat.  It  is 
obtained  as  a  yellowish-brown  powder,  having 
an  astringent  taste,  and  is  soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol,  slightly  soluble  in  ether.  Its 
solution  on  exposure  to  the  air  gradually 
darkens,  and  deposits  a  brown  substance. 

sac  Chul  mic,  o.      [Eng.  soa*(an«),  and 
ulmic.]    (See  compound.) 
saochnlmio-acid,  «•    [SACCBULMIN.] 

sac  chul  -mln,  8.  [Eng.  sacch(arum),  and 
ulntin.] 

Chem. :  A  brown  substance  obtained  In  the 
decomposition  of  sugar  by  dilute  acids. 

site-elf'  -er-ous,  o.  [Lat.  saceus  =  a  aac,  and 
fero  =  to  bear.) 

Hot. :  Bearing  a  sac. 

Sac'-ci-form,  *.  [Lat.  sacau=&  sac,  and 
forma  =  form.]  Having  the  form  or  shape  of 


,  pref.   [SACOTS.]   Furnished  with  a  aac 
or  pouch,  or  any  sac-like  process  or  organ. 

ts&o-od-toSn-chi'-a'-ta,  «.}>*.  [Pretsocoo-, 
and  Hod.  Lat.  branchiata.] 

Zool. :  An  order  of  Tnnicata,  with  five 
families.  Mantle  united  to  the  tunic  at  the 
two  orifices,  elsewhere  commonly  more  or  less 
detached ;  brauchia,  a  dilated  vascular  sac, 
with  a  tentacular  orifice,  (Owen.) 

sac  co  bran'-chus,  «.      [Pref.  KKCO-,  and 
Lat,  brancMce  =  gills.] 

Ichthy.:  Agenusof  Silurina  (q.v.),  with  four 
small  species, 'from  East  Indian  rivers.  There 
is  a  lung-like  extension  of  the  branchial  cavity, 
which  receives  water ;  it  is  surrounded  by 
contractile,  transverse,  muscular  fibres,  by 
which  the  water  is  expe'led  at  intervals. 

sac-co  la'-bl  um,  «.    [Pref.  KICCO-,  and  Mod. 
Lat,  labium  (q.v.).] 

Sot. :  A  large  genus  of  Sarcanthidse ;  named 
from  a  pouch  in  their  lip.  Beautiful  orchids, 
epiphytes,  from  India  and  Madagascar,  now 
frequently  cultivated  in  greenhouses. 

t  sac-cd-my'-I-dee,  ».  pL    [Mod.  Lat.  «icco- 
my(s) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  Pouched  Rats  ;  a  family  of  Rodentia. 
According  to  Lilljeborg,  it  contains  six  genera 
and  thirty-three  species  ;  but  the  family  is 
more  often  broken  up,  and  its  constituents  dis- 
tributed among  the  sub-families  of  Geomyidse. 

*  sac'  co^mys,  «.    [Pref.  sacco-,  and  Gr.  (ivt 
(mus)  =  a  mouse.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  8aceomyid»,  founded  by 
F.  Cuvier.  It  is  ignored  by  Coues. 

sao-oA-pef-a-lum,   ».      [Pref.  sacco-,   and 
Gr.  m'TuAw  (petalon)  =a  petal  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Anonaceae.  Saccopetalum 
tomentosum  is  a  large  Indian  tree  with  a 
straight  stem  and  a  thick  bark.  It  yields  a 
gum  of  the  false  tragacanth  or  hog-gum  series, 
and  the  leaves  are  used  as  fodder. 

sac-co-phar'-yxut, ».    [Pref.  KOOO-,  and  Lat. 
pharynx  (q.v.).  i 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Mnraenidae  (q.v.),  with 
a  single  species,  Saccopharynx  flagellvm,  a 
deep-sea  Conger-eel,  ofwhich  only  three  si>eci- 
mens  have  been  oliserved.  Muscular  system 
very  feebly  developed ;  bones  thin  and  soft, 
wanting  in  organic  matter ;  head  and  gape 
enormous ;  stomach  distensible  in  an  extra- 


ordinary degree  ;  veut  at  end  of  trunk.  The 
specimens  known  have  been  found  floating 
on  the  surface  of  the  North  Atlantic  with  their 
stomachs  much  distended,  having  swallowed 
some  other  fish  many  times  their  own  weight. 
They  attain  a  length  of  several  feet.  (Gunther.) 

sac-cSp'-ter-yx,  s.     [Pref.  stuxo-,  and  Gr. 
jrrepvf  (fterux)  —  a  wing. ) 

Z'Kil. ;  A  genus  of  Emballonuridee,  group 
Emliallomme,  from  the  Neotropical  region. 
Allied  to  the  typical  genus  (Emballoimra); 
but  in  the  males  there  is  an  alar  glandular 
sac,  the  lining  membrane  of  which  secretes 
an  unctuous  reddish  substance,  with  a  strong 
amiuoniacal  odour,  which  is  probably  of  use 
in  attracting  the  females  (in  whom  the  sac  is 
rudimentary  or  absent).  There  are  six  species, 
divided  by  Peters  into  four  sub-genera,  ac- 
cording to  the  position  of 'the  wing-sac: 
Saccopteryx  teptura  and  S.  biliiieafa  —  Sacco- 
pteryx  proper;  S.  canina  and  S.  leticoptera  — 
Pcropteryx  ;  S.  plicata  —  Balantiopteryx ;  and 
S.  caicarata  =  Centronycteris. 

sac-cd-so'-ma,  s.  [Pref.  sacco-,  and  Gr.  ow/ia 
(sdmi)  —  the  body.] 

Palreont. :  A  genus  of  Comatulidse.  Fre« 
Crinoids  from  the  Jurassic  rocks. 

sac  oos'-to  mus,  s.  [Pref.  sacco-,  and  Gr. 
CTTiVa  (stoiaa.)  =  a  mouth.  1 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Muridse,  sub-family  Cri- 
cetiuae,  diflering  from  the  typical  genus  in 
having  the  tubercles  of  the  molar  teeth  ar- 
ranged in  threes.  There  are  two  species, 
Saccostomus  lapidariia  and  S.  fmcus,  from 
Mozambique. 

sac'-cn-lar,  a.  [Eng.  KKCU!(«)  ;  -or.]  Like  a 
sac,  sacciform. 

"  It  finally  arrive*  at  a  tmall  taccular  cavity."— 
SteMon  .  Dairy  faming.  P.  TU. 

sac'-on-lat-ed,  o.  [Eng.  KKcuHe);  -ated.] 
Furnished  with  saccules  or  little  sacs. 

sao'-cule,  >.  [Lat.  sacculus,  dimin.  from  saccu* 
(q.v.).^]  A  little  sac  or  sack  ;  a  cyst,  a  cell. 

sac  cn-li-na,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  dimiu.  from 
soociu=a  bag.)  [SACCO-.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Rhizocephala  (q.v.),  with 
the  habits  of  that  group.  The  name  is  also 
applied  to  any  individual  of  the  genus. 

"A  curionB  opinion,  quite  recently  expressed  by  a 
naturalist,  M.Giuril  .  .  .  ig  thjit  the  Feltoxaater  of  the 
Pagurus  ha*  become  a  Stuxulina  on  the  cn*b ;  the 
host  having  been  transformed.  Ita  Roolyte  has  done  the 
same  thing  under  the  siuue  uiflueuca"—  Vantfineden: 
Animal  farafitet,  p.  60. 

sac'  ciis,  ».    [Lat.  =a  sack,  a  bag,  from  Gr. 
adicniK  (sakkos)  =  coarse  hair,  a  sack ;  adi-ru 
(satto)  =  to  pack  or  load.] 
Bot. :  The  corona  of  a  flower. 

sa-cel'-lum,  ».    [Lat.,  dimin.  fro 
a  sacred  place,  prop.  neut.  sing,  of 
sacred  (q.v.).] 

1.  Rom.  Arch. :  A  small  unroofed  enclosure 
containing  an  altar  sacred  to  a  deity. 

2.  Eccles.  Arch :  A  small  monumental  chapel 
within  a  church ;  generally  taking  the  form 
of  a  square  canopied  enclosure,  with  open  sides 
formed  by  stone  screens,  the  tomb    in  the 
centre  being  used  as  an  altar,  and,  having  an 
altar  screen  at  its  head.   Within  these  chapels, 
masses  were  said  for  the  repose  of  the  souls 
of  those  buried  there. 

sac-er-do'-tal,  *  sac-er-do'-tall,  a.  rpr. 
sacerdotal,  from  Lat.  tacerdotalis  =  pertaining 
to  a  priest,  from  sacerdos,  genit.  sacerdotis  = 
a  priest,  from  sacer  =  sacred,  and  do  =  to 
give  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  sacerdotal ;  Ital.  sacer- 
dotale.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  priests  or  the 
priesthood ;  priestly. 

"The  ancient  Fathers  are  still  more  particular  In 
exuounding  tbe  tacerdntai  consecration,  and  tbe 
divine  sanctincattou  consequent  thereupon."-  Vvtvr- 
la.nO.:  Worla.  voL  vil..  p.  W. 

saf-er-do'-tal  ism,s.  [Eng.*aceniofai;-im.] 
Sacerdotal  system  or  spirit ;  the  character  or 
spirit  of  the  priesthood  ;  devotion  to  the  in- 
terests of  the  sacerdotal  order ;  tendency  to 
attribute  a  lofty  and  sacred  character  to  the 
priesthood. 

B&o-er-dd'-tal-Ist,  s.  [Eng.  sacerdotalism); 
-ist.]  A  supporter  of  the  sacerdotal  system ; 
specif.,  a  High  Churchman. 

"  The  battle  will  have  to  be  fought  out  between  tin 
Lfberattonlste  and  the  StuxTdutaliMtt."— £cho,  Feb.  2S. 


toil,  boy ;  JxSnt,  J6>1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  jnln.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this:  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  e^lst    -Ing, 
.-tiau  =  shan.   -tion,  Hilon  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  xniin.   -clous,  -tious,  HiionB  =  •butv   -ble, -die,  &c.  =  Del,  del. 


4080 


sacerdotally— sacrament 


S&9  er-do'-tal-lj.    adv.      [Eng. 
•ly.]    In  a  sacerdotal  manner. 

•sach'-el,  *saoh-elle,«.    (SATCHKL.) 

•a'  chem,  *.  [North  Amer.  Indian. J  A  chief 
among  some  of  the  native  Indian  tribes ;  a 
sagamore  (q.v.). 

"  Their  tachem,  the  brave  WntUwamiU." 

Longf<Ur,v> :  Milet  Standith,  vli. 

sa  chem-dom,  ».  [Eng.  sachem;  -dom.] 
Tk«  government  or  jurisdiction  of  a  sachem. 

"The  tacketndom  of  Incas  at  MohegMi."— iYitel  : 
tft'It.  Jud-Jti  of  Charier  /..  IX  109. 

sa  chem  ship,  ».  [Eng.  sachem;  -ship.] 
The  office,  dignity,  or  position  of  a  sachem  ; 
sachemdom. 

sa-chet  («  silent),  «.  [Fr.]  A  small  bag  for 
containing  odorous  substances;  ascent-bag; 
•  perfume  cushion. 

sa  cheV-er  6L  s.  [After  Dr.  Sacheverel.) 
An  iron  *ioor  or  blower  to  the  mouth  of  a 
stove.  (HaltiweU.) 

sack  (1),  *  sacke.  "  oak,  *  sakke,  ».  [A.  8. 
tacc,  from  Lat.  saccus  ;  Gr.  aamax.  (sakkos), 
from  Heb.  pip  (tag)  =  stuff  made  of  hair- 
cloth, sackcloth ;  a  sack  for  corn ;  prob.  a 
borrowed  word  in  Hebrew  ;  cf.  Coptic  sok  = 
sackcloth  ;  Ethiopic  sak  =  a  sack  ;  Dut.  zak  ; 
Dan.  sak;  Sw  sdkk;  Goth,  sakkvs;  Icel. 
ttkkr;  8p.  &  Port,  toco;  It.  ecuxo;  Fr.  sac; 
Ir.  &  Gael,  sac;  Welsh  Back.] 

1.  A  bag,  commonly  of  a  large  size,  made 
Of  strong,  coarse  material,  used  for  holding 
an<i  carrying  corn,  wool,  hops,  &c. 

"  The  Parricide  was  afterwards  sow'd  up  In  a  «acJt  or 
teg."— Jfottday  .  Juvenal,  sat.  8.  (Note:) 

2.  A  measure  or  weight,  varying  according 
to  the  article  and  country.    Thus,  a  sack  in 
dry  measure  is  5  bushels ;  of  coal,  3  heaped 
bushels ;  in  coal  weight,  112  Ibs. ;  wool,  2 
weys  or  13  tods,  or  364  Ibs.  (in  Scotland,  24 
•tone  of  16  Ibs.  each  or  384  Ibs.)  ;  corn  or  flour 
weight,  280  Ibs. ;  foreign  sacks  of  flour  vary 
from  140  to  200  Ibs. 

•3.  Sackcloth.    (Wycli/c:  Apocalips,  li.) 
"U  (1)  Sac*  and  fork :  The  same  as  Pit  and 
Gallows  (q.v.). 

(2)  To  get  the  sack :  To  be  dismissed  or  dis- 
charged from  employment    (Brewer  suggests 
that  the  expression  may  be  derived  from  the 
Turkish  custom  of  fastening  up  in  a  sack  and 
throwing  into   the  Bosphorus  any  one  ob- 
noxious to  the  Sultan.) 

"I  wonder  what  old  Fogg  'ud  say.  If  he  knew  It  I 
should  get  the  iack."—Dickeiii  Pickwick,  ch.  xx. 

(3)  To  give  the  sack  to  .  [GIVE,  v.,  IT  10.]. 
sack-barrow,  s.    A  sort  of  barrow  used 

for  moving  loaded  sacks  in  granaries,  and 
other  places,  from  one  point  to  another ;  for 
loading  or  unloading  goods  in  ships,  trains,  &c. 

sack-tree,  .<. 

Hot. :  AntiarisoT  Lepurandra  saccidara.  It 
is  a  stately  forest  tree,  with  alternate,  oblong- 
elliptical,  dentate  leaves,  growing  on  the 
Western  Ghauts,  &c.  Bags  are  manufactured 
from  it  in  the  jungles  near  Coorg.  A  branch  is 
cut  corresponding  to  the  length  and  diameter 
of  the  sack  required.  After  being  soaked  it  is 
beaten  with  clubs  till  the  liber  separates  from 
the  wood.  The  sack  formed  of  the  bark  is 
turned  inside  out,  and  pulled  down  while  the 
wood  is  being  sawed  off,  a  small  piece,  how- 
ever, being  left  to  form  the  bottom  of  the 
sack.  (Graham :  Flora  of  Bombay.) 

sack  (2),  s.  [Fr.  sac  =  a  sack,  waste,  ruin  ; 
prob.  from  sac  (Lat  saccus)  =  a  sack  (q.v.), 
from  the  use  of  a  sack  in  removing  plunder.] 

1.  The  act  of  sacking  or  pillaging  a  town  or 
City ;  pillage,  plunder. 

"The  joe*  of  Orleans. "—Snaketp. ;  1  Ben.  VI..  U.  2. 

•2.  That  which  is  obtained  by  sacking; 
booty,  plunder,  spoil. 

Sick  (3),  «.    [Prob.  the  same  as  SACK  (1),  ».] 

*  1.  A  kind  of  loose  cloak  or  mantle  for- 
merly worn. 

"  The  floating  for*  Is  thrown  aside." 

Whitfhead  :  The  Dog. 

2.  The  same  as  SACQUE  (q.v.). 

S.  A  loose  overcoat  worn  by  men. 

•sick  (4),  •seek.  «.  [Fr.  «c  =  dry  (In  the 
phrase  vin  fee),  from  Lat  siccum,  accus.  of 
ticctu  =  dry ;  Sp.  fern  =  dry  ;  Dut.  sek  =  sack  ; 
Ger.  sekt ;  Sw.  seek,]  An  old  name  for  various 


sorts  of  dry  wines,  more  especially  those  from 
Spain.  [SHEBKV.] 

"  Please  you,  drink  a  cup  of  swcfc"— Shaktup.:  Taminff 
Ofth*  Xhrtrto  [induct,  il.J. 

*  sack  posset,  s.  A  posset  made  of  milk, 
sack,  and  other  ingredients. 

"  Snuff  the  caudles  at  supper  on  tlie  Uble,  because 
toe  burning  snuiT  may  fall  into  a  dish  of  noup  or  tack- 
puttet."— Swift :  ItitCrucC,  to  Servant* 

sack  (1),  «...    [SACK  (l), ..] 

1.  To  put  into  a  sack  or  bag. 

"  Now  the  great  work  Is  done,  the  corn  is  ground. 
The  grist  is  iack'd.  and  every  sack  well  bound.' 
aatertan. 

2.  To  dismiss  or  discharge  from  employ- 
ment.   (Slang.) 

sack  (2),  v.t.  [SACK  (2),  ».)  [Fr.  sacguet,  from 
Lat.  sacco  =  to  put  in  a  sack  or  bag.]  To 
storm  and  destroy ;  to  pillage,  to  plunder,  to 
devastate.  (Said  of  a  town  or  city.) 

"The  adjoining  hospital  was  lacked."—  llacautof  : 
Bill.  £ny.,  ch.  xi. 

•sack  age,    'sac -cage  (age  as  It),   s. 

[Eng.  sack  (2),  v. ;  -age.]  The  act  of  sacking 
or  pillaging ;  sack. 

"Cato  survived  not  the  rasing  and  tatxage  of  Car- 
thage/—r*.  Holland:  J'linie,  bk.  xv.,  ch.  xviiL 

*  sack  -age,  *  sac  -cage  (age  as  Ig),  v.t. 
[&ACKAOE,  s.]    To  sack. 

"  Townee  taccaged  and  subverted."—  PvttfiAam  : 
Englith  Poetie,  bk.  i.,  cb.  xxiv, 

sack-but,  •  sagMrat, '  sag-butt, ».  [Fr. 
saquebute,  from  Sp.  sacabucke  =  a  tube  or  pipe, 
which  serves  as  a  pump  ...  a  sackbut ; 
Fort,  sacabuxa,  sayuebuxo.  Ultimate  origin 
unknown.] 
Music: 

1.  One  of  the  Babylonian  musical  instru- 
ments mentioned  by  Daniel  (iii.  S,  7, 10,  15). 
It  is  the  translation  in  the  English  version  of 
the  Bible  of  the  word  NJJD  (sabbeka).    Some 
authors  identify  it  with  the  sambukS  (0-0*1- 
flumj)  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  a  kind  of 
harp.    [SAMBOKA.] 

"  Psalt'ry  and  lockout,  dulcimer  and  flute." 

Cowper :  Progreu  of  Error,  188. 

2.  The  old  English  sackbut  or  sag-but  was 
a  bass  trumpet,  with  a  slide  like  the  trombone. 

"A  dead-march  within  of  drum  and  tagbvtu."— 
Beaum.  t  Ftet.  :  Had  Loner,  iii.  1. 

sack  cloth,     *  sack  cloath,     *  sacke- 

Cloth,  s.  [Eng.  sack  (1),  s.,  and  cloth.]  The 
coarse  cloth  or  stuff  of  which  sacks  are  made  ; 
coarse  hempen  or  flax  cloth  ;  a  coarse  cloth 
or  garment  worn  in  mourning,  distress,  or 
mortification.  (Jonah,  iii.  8.) 

*  sack' -clothed,   a.     [Eng.    sackdotK;   -td.] 

Clad  in  sackcloth,  mourning,  mortified. 

sack' -dou  die,  t'.i.  [Ger.  dudel-sack  =  a  bag- 
pipe ;  dudeln  =  to  play  on  the  bagpipe.]  To 
play  on  the  bagpipe.  (Scotch.) 

sacked',  *  sakked,  pa.  par.  &  a.  [SACK 
(1),  *•} 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective ; 

1.  Placed  or  put  in  a  sack  or  sacks. 
» 2.  Wearing    a    coarse    upper    garment. 
[SACKED-FRIABS.] 

*  Sacked -friars,  *  Sacked -frercs, 
*  Sac-friars,  *  Sac-freres,  s.  pL  The 
English  translation  of  Eccles.  Lat  snccuti, 
socci,  or  saccit&,  a  general  term  for  any  monks 
wearing  a  loose  upper  garment  of  coarse  cloth. 

sack  er  (1),  s.  (Eng.  sack  (2),  v. ;  -«r.]  One 
who  sacks  or  pillages. 

*  sack  er  (2),  *  sak  er,  «.    [SAKER.] 

sack  ful  (1),  "  sack' -fall  (1),  '•  [Eng.  sack 
(1),  s. ;  -full.]  As  much  as  a  sack  will  hold. 

"  This  little  ttickful  of  bones.  I  thought  to  bequeath 
to  Westminster  Abbey,  to  be  interred  in  the  cfoyster 
within  the  south  side  of  the  garden,  close  to  the  wall." 
~  .-  Letters,  bk.  U.,  let.  29. 


*  sack  -ful  (2),  •  saek'-foll  (2),  a.  [Eng.  sack 
(2),  s. ;  -ftdL]  Given  to  plundering  or  pillag- 
ing ;  ravaging,  pillaging. 

"  Now  will  I  ling  the  uvkfidl  troopes.  Pelaaglan  Argoe 
held."  Chapman.-  Uomer;  Iliad  U. 

sack  -Ing,  «.    [Eng.  sack  (1),  s. ;  -ing.] 

1.  Coarse  hempen  or  flaxen  fabric,  of  which 
sacks,  bags,  &c.,  are  made. 

"Poles  with  lengths  of  cuane   tacking  nailed  to 
them."— fUd.  Oct.  3,  16U. 


2.  The  coarse  cloth  or  canvas  fastened  to  a 
bedstead  for  supporting  the  bed. 

sack  -less,  saik  less,  *  sac-les,  *  sacc 
lacs,  *  sak  les,  *  sakke-les,  a.     IA.S. 

sa<:leas,  from  sacu  =  fault,  alienee,  and  leas  = 

less.]      [SAKE.] 

1.  Innocent ;  free  from  fault  or  blame. 
"Whether  any  body  touched,  thee  or  no,  I'm  sure 

Edie's  lackleu."— Scott:  Antiquary,  ch.  XXV. 

2.  Quiet,     peaceable ;     not    quarrelsome ; 
harmless.    (Scotch.) 

3.  Simple,  useless,  silly.    (Scotch.) 

'  sack'-less-ly,  *  sak-les-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
sackless ;  -ly.]  Innocently;  without  blame 
or  offence. 

*  sacque,  ».  [A  form  of  sack  (1),  s.  (q.v.).] 
A  kind  of  loose  gown  or  upper  garment  worn 
by  ladies  in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
centuries,  and  introduced  from  France  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  It  hung  loosely  over  the 
back  and  shoulders. 

sa  oral,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  sacr(um);  Eng.  adj. 
suff.  '^at.]  Of,  or  pertaining  to  the  sacrum 
(q.v.). 

Sac'  ra  ment,  s.  [Lat.  sacramentum  —  1.  In 
civil  affairs,  the  sum  which  plaintiff  and  de- 
fendant in  a  suit  had  to  deposit  as  security 
before  the  trial  was  proceeded  with  ;  hence, 
any  civil  suit.  2.  In  military  affairs  :  (1)  the 
oath  of  fidelity  taken  by  soldiers  on  their  en- 
listment into  the  Roman  army ;  (2)  any 
solemn  obligation.  Fr.  sacrement ;  Sp.  &  Ital. 
Sacramento.  \ 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  The  military  oath  taken  by  every  Roman 
soldier,  pledging  him  to  obey  his  commander, 
and  not  to  desert  his  standard ;  hence,  an 
oath  or  ceremony  involving  an  obligation. 

"There  cannot  be 

A  fitter  drink  to  make  this  sanction  In. 
Here  1  begin  the  lai-rament  to  all." 

Ben  Jonton :  Catiline,  L  L 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

*  3.  A  sacred  token  or  pledge ;  the  pledge 
of  a  covenant. 

"  This  worde  tacramfnt  Is  as  much  to  aay  ae  an  holy 
•tgne,  ftnd  reureseut«th  alway  some  promise  of  Gou. 
—Tundall :  Workei,  p.  148. 

IL  Technically  : 

1.  Protestant  Theol. :  The  Church  Catechism 
defines  a  sacrament   as   "an   outward   and 
visible  sign  of  an  inward  and  spiritual  grace 
given  unto  us,  ordained  by  Christ  himself,  as 
a  means  whereby  we  receive  the  same,  and  9 
pledge  to  assure  us  thereof."     It  recognizel 
two  only  as  generally  necessary  to  salvation. 
Baptism,  and  the  Supper  of  the  Lord.     Ar- 
ticle xxv.  says  that,  they  were  ordained  by 
Christ  not  only  to  be   badges  or  tokens  of 
Christian    men's    profession,    but   also,    or 
rather,  to  be  sure  signs  of  grace  and  God's 
good  will  towards  us,  by  whit-h  he  strengthens 
our  faith  in  him.     They  have  a  wholesome 
effect  or  operation  only  to  those  who  worthily 
receive  them  ;  unworthy  recipients  purchase 
to  themselves  damnation  [Cf.  1  Cor.  xi.  29. 
The  R.V.  has  "judgement").    The  Westmin- 
ster Confession  of  Faith  teaches  essentially 
the  same  doctrine.     It  considers  sacraments 
to  be  "  holy  signs  and  seals  of  the  covenant  of 
grace  "(ch.  xxvii.). 

2.  Roman  Theol :  A  visible  sign,  instituted 
by   Christ,   which    confers   ex  opere  operato 
sanctifying  grace  on  man.    [Opus  OPERATUM.] 
Matter,  form,  and  a  minister  acting  with  the 
intention  of  doing  what  the  Church  does  are 
necessary  to  the  valid  administration  of  a 
sacrament.    Besides  sanctifying  grace,  sacra- 
ments confer  sacramental  grace— that  is,  they 
aid  the  suscipient  in  a  special  manner  to 
attain  the  end  for  which  each  sacrament  was 
instituted,    ((fury :  Tract,  de  Sac.  in  Genen.) 
The  Council  of  Trent  (sess.  vii.,  can.  1)  defines 
that  the  Sacraments  of  the  New  Law  were 
instituted  by  Our  Lord,  and  are  neither  more 
nor  fewer  than  seven  in  number  :  Baptism, 
Confirmation,   Eucharist,   Penance,  Extreme 
Unction,  Holy  Orders,  and  Matrimony.    The 
first  five  are  necessary  for  all  Christians,  the 
last  two  are    necessary  only  for   the    com- 
munity.    Baptism,  Confirmation,  and  Order 
imprint   a  character  on    their  subject,  and 
cannot  be  repeated  without  sacrilege.     The 
terra  Sacraments  of  the  Old  Law  has  been 
adopted  to  signify  circumcision,  the  paschal 
lamb,  the  ordination  of  priests  and  Levitfts, 
&c.,  of  the  Mosaic  economy.    St.  Augustine 
(adv.  Julian,,  v.  11)  was  of  opinion  that  some 


fcte,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    <a.  oe  =  e:  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


sacrament— sacrifice 


4081 


remedy  for  original  sin  must  have  existed 

on    and 


prior  to  the  institution  of  circumcision, 

to  this  the  name  of  Sacrament  of  Nature  is 

often  givsn. 

3  Law:  By  1  Edw.  VI.,  o.  1,  1  Eliz.,  c.  2, 
and  9  &  10  Wm.  III.,  c.  32,  any  one  reviling 
the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  supper  was  to  be 
punished  by  fine  and  imprisonment. 

•  sac'-ra-me'nt,   v.t.     [SACRAMENT,  ».]     To 
bind  by  an  oath. 

••When  desperate  men  have  mcrammted  theinsel  ™i 
to  destroy.  God  can  prevent  and  deliver.  —  Arthbahop 
Laud :  Work*,  p.  86. 

sftc  ra  racnt  al,  *  sac-ra-ment'-all.  a. 

&  s.    [Fr.  sacramental,  from  Eccles.  Lat.  sacra- 
mentalis;  Sp.  &  Ital.  sacramental.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sacrament  or  the 
sacraments. 

"  The  laws  which  Instituted  the  SicrammMl  Test. 
wer< i  passed  without  the  smallest  difflculty."-*aco»- 
lay :  Bitt.  Sng.,  ch.  rviii. 

2.  Constituting  a  sacrament;   having  the 
character  of  a  sacrament. 

•  3.  Bound  by  a  sacrament  or  oath. 

"The  lacramental  host  of  God's  elect." 

Covtper :  Taik,  1L  84t. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Roman  Theol.  (In  this  sense  prob.  from 
Bccles  Lat.  sacramentale  =  a  ceremony  ac- 
companying the  administration  of  a  sacra- 
ment):  A  name  given  to  rites  which  bear 
some  outward  resemblance  to  the  sacraments 
[SACRAMENT,  II.  2],  but  which  are  not  of 
divine  institution.  They  are  enumerated  m 
the  following  verse : 

"Orans,  tinctus,  edeus,  confesses,  dans,  benedieans," 

and  are :  The  prayers  of  the  Church,  espe- 
cially the  Lord's  prayer  ;  holy  water,  blessed 
ashes  palms,  and  candles,  blessed  bread  ;  the 
General  Confession  in  the  Mass  and  the  Office ; 
almsgiving,  and  the  blessing  of  bishops  and 
abbots.  The  prayers,  however,  must  be 
offered  in  a  consecrated  place,  and  the  alms 
given  in  the  name  of  the  Church. 

"If  the  tacranuntalt  are  used  with  pious  disposi- 
tions they  excite  Increased  fear  and  love  of  God,  and 
io? not  in  themselves,  but  because  of  these  movement 
of  the  heart  towards  God.  remit  venial  sins.  — Adda  * 
Arnold:  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  732. 

•ae-ra-ment-al-lft  adv.  [Eng.  sacra- 
mental; -ly.]  In  or  after  the  manner  of  a 
sacrament. 

"The  sacrament  of  the  altar  was  not  instituted  to 
be  received  of  one  man  for  another  Kicramentally.  — 
Buma  :  Recordi,  pt.  ii..  bk.  i..  No.  as. 

•ac-ra-mSn-tar'-i-an,  a.  ft  «.  [Eng.  sacra- 
ment'; -arian.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  sacrament  or  sacraments ; 
sacramental. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Sacramen- 
tarians. 

B.  As  substantive : 
Church  History : 

1  A  name  given  in  the  sixteenth  century  to 
those  German  reformers  and  their  followers 
who  opposed  the  Lutheran  doctrine  of  the 
Eucharist.  [CONSUBSTANTIATION,  SACRAMEN- 

IARIAN-COSTHOVER3Y.) 

2.  One  who  takes  a  high  view  of  the  efficacy 
of  the  sacrament ;  a  High  Churchman. 
sacramentarian-controversy,  *. 

Church  Hist. :  A  controversy  which  arose 
to  1524  as  to  the  nature  of  the  Eucharist,  in 
which  the  chief  disputants  were  Luther,  who 
maintained  a  real  presence  by  means  of  con- 
substantiation  (q.v.),  and  Zwingli,  Carlstadt, 
and  OJcolampadius,  who  maintained  that  the 
bread  and  wine  were  mere  symbols  of  Christ's 
body  and  blood.  This  controversy  led  to  the 
establishment  of  the  Reformed  Churches. 

•ao-ra-mgn-tar'-i-an-lsm,  «.  [Eng.  »oc- 
ramentarian;  -i*m-]  The  principles,  teach- 
ing, or  practices  of  the  Sacramentarians. 

"  His  account  of  the  advance  of  sacerdotalism  and 
soeram«ntariaflism."— -*  thenteum,  Sept.  «.  1882.  p.  886. 

sac  ra  mcnt  -a  ry,  sao-ra-ment-a-rle, 
o.  ft's.  [Eng.  'sacrament;  -ary;  Fr.  »ocra- 


2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Sacramen- 
tarians. 

B.  As  substantive: 

I.  Roman  Ritual  :  A  book  containing  the  rites 
for  Mass  for  the  sacraments  generally,  and  tor 
the  dedication  of  churches,  the  consecration 
of  nuns,  &c.  From  it  have  been  developed 
the  Missal,  the  Pontifical,  and  the  Rituale 
Romanum. 

*  2.  A  Sacramentarian.  [SACRAMENTAHIAN, 
B.  1.] 


11.,  bk. 

*  sac-ra-mSnt'-ize,  v.i.    [Eng.  sacrament  ; 
•ize.\    To  administer  the  sacraments. 

"  Born  to  preach  and  Mcranwmttxe."—  /WIer.  , 

Ba-orar'-I-nm,  «.    [I*'-.  from  •Mer  =  sacred 

"(q.v.).] 

•  1    A  sort   of  femily  chapel   in   Roman 
houses,  devoted  to  some  particular  deity. 

2.  The  adytum  of  a  temple. 

3.  That  part  of  a  church  where  the  altar  or 
communion  table  is  situated. 


•  sa  -crate,  "  sao'-rate,  v.t.    [Lat.  sacra*", 
pa.  par.  of  «ocro,  from  sacer  —  sacred.] 
consecrate. 

"  The  marble  of  some  monument  .aerated  to  learn, 
ing."—  Wattrhouu:  Apotoelior  learning,  p.  61.  (1663.1 

•  sa-ora-tlon,  s.    [Lat.  sacratto,  from  »a«-o- 
tus,  pa.  par.  of  socro  =  to  consecrate.)     ine 
act  of  consecrating  ;  a  consecration. 

"Why  then  should  It  not  as  well  from  this  h« 
avoided'  as  from  the  other  find  a  •aeration  J  —  rtUr 
ham :  Retoloct,  p.  36. 


«  sa  ere  (1),  >• 


[SAKER.] 
[Fr.]     [SACKED.! 


A  sacred 


»sa-cre  (2), 
solemnity,  rite,  or  ceremony. 

"  For  the  feast  and  for  the  (acre."  Chaucer  :  Dream. 

*  sa  -ere  (ore  as  ker),  v.t.  [Fr.  sacrer,  from 
Lat.  SOCTO.)  To  consecrate,  to  hallow ;  to 
dedicate  or  devote  to  some  sacred  service, 
office,  or  use. 

"  He'  was  .   .  .  taeryd  or  enoynted  emperoure  of 
Rome."— Fabyan :  Chronycle,  ch,  «lv. 

sa  -cred,  o.  [Prop,  the  pa.  par.  of  Mid.  Eng. 
socre  =  to  consecrate  ;  Fr.  sacre,  pa.  par.  of 
sacrer  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  ItaL  «acro.) 

1  Dedicated  or  appropriated  to  religious 
use ;  consecrated  ;  made  holy  ;  devoted  to  re- 
ligious purposes. 

2  Set  apart  by  solemn  religious  ceremony ; 
consecrated,  dedicated.    (Followed  by  to.) 

"  O'er  its  eastern  gate  was  rais'd  above     H 
A  temple,  tnered  to  the  Queen  of  Love. 

Uryden  :  Patamon  *  Arcite.  ii.  46«. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  religion  or  the 
services  of  religion ;  religious ;  not  secular. 

"  Study  we] 


devotion,  founded  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century  by  a  French  nun  of  the 
Order  of  the  Visitation,  Sister  Margaret  Mary 
Alacoque(beatitied  in  1864),  and  first  preached 
in  England  liy  Father  de  la  OoloinlsMra.  S.J., 
chaplain  to  Mary  of  Modena,  queest  of  James 
II.  The  feast  of  the  Sacred  Heartis  celebrated 
on  the  Friday  (in  England  on  the  Sunday) 
after  the  octave  of  Corpus  Christi. 

sacred  ibis,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Ibis  religiosa,  worshipped  by  th« 
ancient  Egyptians.  '  (Cic.,  de  Kat.  Dear.,  i.  80  ; 
Juv.,  xv.  3.) 

sacred-place,  t. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  (PL)  :  [HOLY-PLACES). 

2.  Law  :  The  place  where  a  person  is  buried. 
sacred  -  standard,  «.     The  Labarum 

(q.v.). 

sacred  war,  >. 

Hist.  &c.  :  A  war  about  sacred  places  or 
about  religion.  Four  sacred  ware  were  waged 
in  Greece  (B.C.  595-338)  chiefly  for  the  defence 
of  the  temple  of  Delphi  and  the  sacred  terri- 
tory surrounding  it.  A  Muhammadan  war  for 
the  faith  is  called  a  Jihad  (q.v.).  The  Crusades 
and  the  wars  of  the  Reformation  were  sacred 
wars  The  quarrel  which  led  to  the  Crimean 
war  was  at  first  a  dispute  between  Russia 
and  France  about  sacred  spots  at  Jerusalem. 
When  Russia  fights,  she  uniformly  gives  out 
that  it  is  a  holy  war  ;  and  after  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Turkish  fleet  at  Sinope  (Nov.  30, 
1853),  it  was  officially  or  semi-omcially  inti- 
mated that  "  the  most  pious  Czar  thanks  the 
Lord  of  Lords  for  the  success  of  the  victori- 
ous Russian  arms  which  triumphed  in  the 
sacred  combat  for  the  orthodox  faith." 

sa'-ored-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  sacred  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  sacred  manner  ;  with  due  reverenc*; 
religiously. 

•'  Her  high  viceregent.  tacrtdly  ador'd." 

Pimlra  :  Dtath  of  (iusen  Jta-jr. 

2.  Inviolably  ;  with  strict  observance. 

"  One  instance  of  sobriety  of  mind,  which  ought  to 
be  mcredly  regarded  by  the  young."-S«ct«T  :  Sermons, 
vol.  ii.,  ser.  4. 

sa  -cred-ness,  ».    [Eng.  sacred  ;  -nest.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sacred; 
consecrated  or  appropriated  to  religion  or 
religious  uses  ;  sanctity,  holiness. 


A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  sacrament  or 
the  sacraments ;  sacramental. 

"I*  M.  Harding*  had  wel  considered  that  whole 
homile,  happily  he  woulde  haue  charged  Chrysostome 
••    with  his  «acri,m«ntarie  quarel."W«»e«.- 
'dino,  p.  894. 


, 

him  seife  wit 


*  4.  Devoted  or  dedicated  in  a  bad  sense ; 
accursed,  baleful,  destructive.    (A  Latinism.) 

5.  Not  to  be  profaned,  violated,  or  made 
common ;  inviolaole,  inviolate. 

"  How  hast  thon  yielded  to  transgress 
The  strict  forblddanoe?  bow  to  violate 
The  sacred  fruit?"  Mttton:  P.  L..  Ix.  204. 

6.  Entitled  to  the  highest  respect;  vener- 
able, reverend. 

"Poet  and  saint,  to  thee  alone  were  BlVn.          ,    . 
The  two  most  jwcred  names  of  earth  and  heav  n. 

Co»!«y .  On  the  Death  of  Mr.  Crau-lha*. 

•  7.  Used  as  an  epithet  of  royalty. 

"Justice,  most  tacred  duke.  Ofrant  me  Justice  I ' 
Shaketp.  :  Comedy  of  Error*,  T. 

sacred-apes,  «.  pi. 

ZooL  :  The  genus  Semnopithecus  (q.v.). 

sacred  baboon,  ». 

Zool. :  Cynocephalus  hamadryat. 

sacred-bean,  s.    [NELUMBIUK.] 

Sacred  College,  J.  The  College  of  Cardi- 
nals at  Rome. 

sacred  fig,  i. 

Bat. :  Ficus  religiosa.    [Ficus.) 

sacred  fire,  s. 

Relig. :  Fire  used  as  a  religious  symbol,  and 
kept  continually  burning.  [FIRE-WORSHIP.) 

Sacred  Heart,  s. 

Roman  Church :  The  physical  heart  of  Chnst, 
considered,  not  as  mere  flesh,  but  as  united  to 
the  divinity.  It  is  the  object  of  a  special 


, 

"  In  the  sanctuary  the  cloud,  and  the  oracular  an- 
swers, were  prerogatives  peculiar  to  the  »ocre<ine»i  o« 
the  place  "—  South. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sacred  or 
inviolable  ;  inviolableness. 

"An  appeal  to  the  mrtdneu  of  treatie«."-Da«|l 
Stvl,  Sept.  28.  188S. 

*  sa-crlf'-lc,  *  sa-orif'-ie-al,  o.    [Lat. 
sdcrificus,  sacrijiealis.]     [SACRIFICE,  ».]     Em- 
ployed in  sacrifice. 

*  sa-crlf-lc-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  sacrifice  ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  offered  in  sacrifice. 

"Whatsoever  was  taoiUcabtf,  and  Justly  subject  to 
lawful  Immolation."—  Brovnt  :  Vulgar  Erroun,  bk.  ¥., 
oh.  liv. 

*  fja-crff-Ic-ant,  «.     P**.  sacriflcans,  pr. 
par.  of  »ocn^o  =  to  sacrifice  (q.v.).]     One 
who  offers  a  sacrifice. 

"  To  gratify  the  lacrifcanti  with  thetdestruotlon  of 
any  person."—  BaUiwll  :  J/etamorphottt,  p.  102. 

*  aac-ri-fi-ca'-tion,  s.   [Lat.  satrificatio.)  A 
sacrificing,  a  sacrifice. 

*  sae'-ri-f  I-ca-tor,  s.     [Lat.,  from  sacrijl- 
catus,  pa.  par.  of  saeriflco  =  to  sacrifice  (q.v.)  ; 
Fr.  sacrifieateur.]    One  who  offers  a  sacrifice  ; 
a  sacriflcer. 

"  The  «acrttc<«or.  which  the  picture  makes  to  b« 
Jephthah^-&o«n«  :  Vulyar  Xrrouri.  bk.  v.,  ch.  liT. 

*  satf-ri-f  I-ca-tor-ft  o.    [Eng.  sacrijwatar; 
-y.]    Offering  sacrifice. 

sac-rl-f  190,  *  sao-rt-ftse,  v.t.  ft  *.  fFr. 
sacrifier;  Lat.  sacriflw;  Sp.  &  Port  sacrijicar; 
ItaL  sacrificare,  sagriflcare.]  [SACBIFICE  «.] 

A*  Transitive  : 

L  Lit.  :  To  make  an  offering  or  sacrifice  of; 
to  present,  devote,  or  offer  by  way  of  expia- 
tion or  propitiation,  or  as  a  token  of  thanks- 
giving or  acknowledgment  to  some  deity  or 
divinity  ;  to  immolate  ;  to  present  to  God  as 
an  atonement  for  sin,  to  procure  favour,  or  to 
express  gratitude. 

U,  Figuratively: 

1.  To  give  up  or  surrender  in  favour  of  • 


4082 


sacrifice— sacrosanct 


higher  or  more  impeiative  duty  or  claim  ;  to 
destroy,  give  up,  or  suiter  to  be  lost  for  the 
lake  of  obtaining  suinet! 

"Tts  a  aad  contemplation,  ttmt  we  should  larryice 
the  I>«M»  of  the  church  to  a  little  curiosity."—  Dewy 

2.  To  devote,  with  loss,  hurt,  or  suffering. 

"  Ere  Diy  young  mind  was  McryScerf  to  books." 
>w<^  tu  A 


3.  To  destroy,  to  kill. 

4.  To  soil  or  dispose  of  at  a  value  under 
Cost  price. 

"To  tacrtjlce  Mi  outcomes  of  wetber  lambs  And 
dmft  ewes  below  what  he  conceive*  to  be  their  true 
value."—  DaU*  Teltyraph,  Sept  as,  l&A. 
B.  Intrans.  :  To  oner  tip  a  sacrifice  or  sacri- 
fices ;  to  make  offerings  to  God,  or  toadivinity 
or  d.-jty,   by  the  slaughter  and  bun. 
victims,  or  of  some  part  of  them,  ou  an  altar. 
"  The  Lacedemonians  had  a  peculiar  custom  of  UK-. 
rising  to  the  Huaes.'—  Potter:  Antiguitiei  of  Greece, 
bk.  iii..  ch.  ix. 

•ac'-ri-f  190,  •  sac-ri-flse,  s.  [Fr.  mcrifice, 
from  Lat.  sacrijlcivm,  from  safer  =  sacred,  and 
facia  —  to  make  ;  Sp.  i  Port,  sacrijicio  ;  Ital. 
UKriflcio,  sacrifttio.] 

J.  Ordinary  Language: 

L  IMtraUy: 

(1)  The  offering  of  anything  to  God  or  to  a 
•dsity  or  divinity.  (Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  2,233.) 

(S)  That  which  is  sacrificed,  offered,  or  con- 
secrated to  God  or  to  a  deity  or  divinity  ;  an 
imni"lated  victim,  or  an  offering  of  any  kind, 
laid  upon  an  altar  or  otherwise  religiously 
presented  by  way  of  thanksgiving,  atonement, 
or  conciliation. 

"The  (oothsayere  Inspected  all  the  socHXrei.  to 

"        • 


2.  Figuratively  : 

(1)  The  destruction,  surrender,  or  abandon- 
ment of  anything  for  something  else  ;  a  loss 
Incurred  for  the  sake  of  something  else  ;  the 
devotion  or  giving  up  of  some  desirable;object 
In  behalf  of  a  higher  object,  or  to  a  higher  or 
more  imperative  claim  or  duty. 

*  I  have  made  that  ficrtjtc*  of  my  Tenacity  to  the 
law.  of  polrtenem"-«,M,  gei/t  4,  ISM. 

(2)  That  which  is  so  devoted,  surrendered, 
or  abandoned. 

(3)  The  selling  or  disposing  of  goods  at  a 
value  under  coat  price  :  as,  To  sell  one's  stock 
at  a  sacrifice. 

TJL  Technically: 

1.  Compar.  Relig.  :  Sacrifices  form  an  im- 
portant part  of  all  early  forms  of  religion 
Tylor  (Prim.  Cult.,  ch.  xviii.)  traces  three 
stages  in  the  development  of  the  rite.  (1)  The 
gift  theory,  in  winch  the  deity  takes  and 
values  the  offering  for  himself;  (2)  the 
homage-theory,  in  which  the  submission  or 
gratitude  of  the  offerer  is  expressed  by  a  gift  ; 
and  (:))  the  abnegation-theory,  in  which  the 
worshipper  deprives  himself  of  something 
prized.  With  regard  to  their  nature,  sacri- 
fices are  divide.!  into  (1)  Bloody  [(a)  human  • 
(i)  of  the  lower  animals],  and  (2)  Unbloody. 
The  terrible  cnstom  of  offering  human  sacri- 
fices was  very  widely  spread  |See  extracts). 
It  was  known  among  the  Greeks  (fl.  iv.  85, 
rviii.  336,  xxi.  28  ;  Eurip.,  Iphig.)  and  the 
Romans  (Dio  Cai.,  Hist.  Rom.,  xhii.  24);  and 
to  frequently  mentioned  in  Scripture  (cf.  Gen 
xxii.  1-4,  Judges  xi.  29-40,  2  Kings  iii.  27, 
xvii.  31,  xxi.  6.  xxiii.  10,  2  Chron.  xxviii.  3, 
xxxiii.  6,  Jer.  vii.  31,  32,  xix.  5,  6,  Ezek.  xvi 
21,  xx.  31,  Mic.  vi.  7.  See  also  Kalisch:  Lrvit 
pt  i.,  pp.  381  sqq).  St»nley  (Jewish  Church, 
£  40)  says  : 

-  On  the  altars  of  Moah,  and  of  Phoenicia.  and  of 
the  distant  Canaan!  te  wttleruents  in 


"V'lff  ""''•  •""•  •*  eibcab.'lnlbVd'a.'k 
—  v~~*  of  Hinnom.  under  the  very  walla  of  Jeru- 
•aleiu-thla  almost  irrepreasible  Mndency  of  the  bun,. 
Ing  teal  of  a  primitive  race  found  Ita  terrible  exprea. 
•ion. 

As  civilization  advanced,  human  victims  were 
replaced  liy  symbols  (Ovid :  Fatti,  v.  665-fi60) 
or  oxen  or  sheep  were  offered  in  their  stead.' 
Unbloody  sacrifices  consisted  of  libations 
incense,  fruit,  and  cakes  (often  in  the  form  of, 
and  as  substitute*  for,  real  animals).  It  is 
noteworthy  that  though  the  first  sacrifice 
mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament  (Gen.  iv.  3) 
belonged  to  this  category,  the  first  sacrifice 
accepted  (Gen.  iv.  4)  was  a  bloody  one. 

"The  custom  of  aacrlDehnj  human  life  to  the  rods 
arose  undoubtedly  from  the  belief  which  uniier 
different  forms  has  manifested  itself  at  all  times  and 
In  all  natious.  that  the  nobler  the  fir-Hjtos  and  the 
dearer  to  ita  posseaaor.  the  more  plaaaing  U  would  be 
to  the  gods. "-»»«» .  Diet.  Mtta.,  p.  m. 


2.  Old  Tett.:  Sacrifices  were  of  two  kind 

ly  and  unbloody.      Those  designed   t 

atone  for  sin  were  of  tire  former  kind  (Lev.  i. 

vii.  ;  cf.  Hub.  ix.  I!:'),     The  idea  of  sacritic 

appears  in  Gen.  iv.  3-5,  and  viii.  20,  bi 

•>rd  sacrifice  does  not  occur  i 

the  A.V.  till  xxxi.  54.     The  paschal  lamb 

called  a  sacrifice  (Exod.  xxxiv.  25  ;  Deut.  xv 

2)      Even  from   jtatriarchat  times   sacrifice 

were  limited  to  clean  beasts  and  birds,  an 

:  on  an  altar  (Gen.  viii.  20).    Man 

i>f  these  sacrifices  were  made  by  fin-.    [BrRNT 

OFFERING.]     A  certain  portion  of  the  slai 

tl    was    reserved    for   the   priest  (Deui 

xviii.  3).     Under  the  law  there  were  moruin 

and    evening  sacrinces   (1    Kings    xviii.   2'j 

Ezra  ix.  4,  5;  Dan.  viii.  11,  la,  13;  xii.  11) 

besides    weekly  sacrifices  on    the    Sabbath 

sacrifices  at   new  moons,  annual  ones,   Arc 

Not  merely  were  there  stated  sacrifices  fo 

the  people  at  large,  arrangements  were   a 

times  made  that  private  families  also  shonlc 

possess  the  boon  (1  Sam.  xx.  6,  20).     Unde 

the    Monarchy    sacrifices    were    confined   tc 

the  temple  at  Jerusalem  (2  Chron.  vii.  12) 

Thanksgiving  was  called  a  sacrifice  (Lev.  vii 

12,  IS  ;  Psalm  cvii.  22 ;  oxvi.  17 ;  Jonah  ii.  8),  sc 

was  praise  (Jer.  xxxiii.  11).  Ultimately  sacrifice 

having  hardened  into  a  ceremonj  with  little 

influence  on  moral  conduct,  is  itself  disparagei 

(Psalm  xL  6 ;  Hosea  vi.  «).  and  preference  is 

accorded  to  obedience  (1  bam.  xv.  22)  justice 

or  righteousness  (Prov.   xxi.  8)   and  inercv 

(Hosea  vi.  6). 

3.  Nev>  Test. :  Abel's  offering  is  now  called  a 
sacrifice,  and  its  excellence  is  made  to  arise 
from  the  faith  with  which  it  was  offered  (Heb 
xi.  4).    The  frequent  repetition  of  the  sacri 
flees  under  the  law  Is  adduced  as  evidence  o 
their  failure  to  remove  sin  (Heb.  vii.  27  ;  x.  1- 
8).    Jesus  is  at  once  the  sacrificing  lu'gh  priest 
(Heb  vii.  12)  and  the  victim  sacrificed  (ix.  26). 
To  lore  the  Lord  is  declared  by  Jesus  to  be 
more  than  all  sacrifice  (Mark  xii.  S3),  and 
thanksgiving  and  praise  (Heb.  xiii.  I5)are  again 
ranked  as  sacrifices. 

4.  Thtxl. :  The  evangelical  doctrine  is  that 
the  sacrifices  of  the  older  economy  were  types 
and  shadows  of  the  atoning  sacrifice  made  by 
Christ      For  instance  the  lamb  ottered  by 
Abel  typified  the  Lamb  of  God  (John  i.  29), 
the  devotion  of  the  lamb  to  death  implied  a 
confession  on  the  part  of  Abel  that  he  was 
sinful,  and  deserved  to  die,  coupled  with  a 
hope  that  the  substitution  of  the  innocent 
lamb  for  the  guilty  offerer  would  be  permitted. 
It  is  held  that  when  Jesus  died  his  sacrifice 
once  for  all  satisfied  Divine  justice,  and  no 
other  was  requisite,  or  would,  if  offered,  be 
accepted  (Heb.  ix.  12,  26-28,  x.  10, 12,  14). 

sac'-ri-fic-er,  «.  (Eng.  sacrytcr.*),  v. ;  *r.] 
One  who  sacrifices. 

"Metellna  the  high  priest  and  chief 
Borne.'—*'.  BoUani:  flinie,  bk.  U-.  ch.  xxr. 

sac-ri-fi9'-lal($as8h),a.  [Lat.  sacriJkiaRs, 
from  sacrificiiM  —  sacrifice  (q.v.).]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  connected  with  sacrifice  ;  performing 
sacrifice  ;  consisting  in  sacrifice. 

"  When  we  come  to  consider  the  Eucharist  In  Ita 
tacrifidal  rtew."—  Waterlmrtd  :  ITorfcf.  vii.  4L 

sacrificial-mound,  a. 

Anthrop. :  (See  extract). 

"  The  name  of  nenfcial-mtiundt  has  been  conferred 
on  a  class  of  monuments  peculiar  to  the  New  World. 
.  .  .  The  most  noticeable  characteristics  of  tb«  j«crt- 
fcisJ-mounJjHre:  their  almost  lurariable  occurrence 
within  eueluaurea;  their  regular  construction  in 
uniform  layers  of  gravel,  earth,  and  Baud  disposed 
alternately  in  rtratu  conformable  to  the  shape  ofthj 
mound :  and  their  covering  a  symmetrical  hearth  or 
altar  of  burnt  day  or  stone,  on  which  are  deposited 
numerous  rehca.  In  all  instances  exhibiting  traces, 
more  or  less  abundant,  of  their  hating  bean  axpoaed 
lire."- C.  Hilton :  frWXorteJIan, 

s&c'-rf-lege,  *  sac'-rMedge,  »  sac  ri 
legge,  ».  [Fr.  sacrilege,  from  Lat.  tacrilegium 
=  the  robbing  of  a  temple,  the  stealing  of 
sacred  things,  from  sacrilegus  =  a  sacrilegious 
person,  one  who  steals  from  a  temple :  tacer 
=  sacred,  and  lege,  =  to  gather,  to  steal ;  Bp., 
Port.,  &  Ital.  tacrilegio.] 

1.  The  violation  or  profanation  of  sacred 
things, 

Sacrilege  is  the  diversion  of  holy  and  ecelestastick 
nee."  —  £]MlMian  -' 


s 
to  the  action  at 

L  193. 


2.  Specifically: 

(1)  The  alienation  to  laymen  or  to  common 
purposes  of  what  has  been  dedicated,  appro- 
priated, or  consecrated  to  religions  persons  or 
purposes. 


(2)  The  breaking  and  entering  a  church,  op 
place  of  worship,  and  coinimtni. 
in.    It.  was  formerly  a  capital  ollence,  but 
is  now  punished  as  burglary  (24  4  25  Viet, 


,  <r.     [Eng.  t 
A  sacrilegious  person. 

"  A  wedlocke  breaker,  a  pul.lic  imirtherer    and  I 
WrCwsr.  —Ualintlted  :  Bio.  Scotland  (an.  liiij. 

sic  ri  Ic  -glous,  a.    [Lat.  mcritegus.) 

1.  Guilty  of  sacrilege  ;  violating  or  profan- 
ing sacred  things. 

"  But  tacrOtgimu  thou.  bait  all  great  works  defac'd/ 
Itraytvn  :  Polv-litbioit.  a.  JL 

2.  Characterized  by  or  involving  sacrilege* 
profane,  impious. 

"  May  hate  pursue  his  iocrtt«?tout  lust  !  • 

Bfron  :  Curie  oj  iliuern. 


----,  adv.  [Bug.  saerile- 
giout;  -ly.]  In  a  sacrilegious  manner;  with 
sacrilege  ;  profanely,  impiously. 

i.  V!ow<!.<"ir-  fl**"  <"»•  t«to  the  snare  her  siiten 
n  rW  °r  h'ri  *°d  "«*l"»t  ta«  «pr««  iuilu.ctiou  of 
the  God.  iacruegiou*ly  attouipu  this  forbidden  sight" 
—  H  arburton  :  Divine  Legation. 

eac-ri-le-glous-ucss,  «.  [Eng.  mmle- 
gwus;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
sacrilegious  ;  profanity,  impiety. 

"S&C-rl-le-fcfat,  «.  [Rng.  merilftft)  ;  -in.) 
A  sacrilegious  person  ;  one  who  is  guilty  of 
sacrilege. 

"  The  hand  of  God  it  still  upon  the  posterity  of 
Antiuchus  Epiphaites.  the  taerOefla:'  ~-&pelman  : 


jf,  •sao-rl-leg-ie,  «.    [Lat 

tacrilegium.]    Sacrilege. 

"  Thou  th.t  wlatlst  mawmetis,  dolst  lacrileai*.-— 
WyeHfe  :  Komayrtel  it 


sac-ryng,  pr.  par.  It  i. 


*  jw'-oring, 

[SACKE,  t).J 

A.  Aspr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  rubst.  :  The  act  of  consecrating  ;  con- 
secration. 

"  The  tacrlny  of  the  kings  of  Prance  Is  the  sign  of 
their  sovereign  priesthood  as  well  as  kingdom.  "-air 
V.  Temple. 

•acrlng-bell,  ».    A  sanctns-bell  (q.v.). 

•  sa  -crist,  «.    [Low  Lat  sacritta,  from  Lat 
Kicer  —  sacred  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  sacristan  (q.v.). 

"  A  socrisf  or  treasurer  are  not  dignitaries  In  tha 
church  of  common  right,  but  only  by  custom."— 
Ayliffe:  rartrffon. 

2.  A  person  retained  in  a  cathedral  to  copy 
out  music  for  the  use  of  the  choir,  and  to  take 
care  of  the  books. 

siaC'-rte-t-UI,  «•  (Fr.  sacristatn,  from  Low 
Lat.  sacrista  ;  Sp.  sacristan.]  An  officer  of 
a  church  who  has  charge  of  the  sacristy  and 
all  its  contents.  Now  corrupted  into  Sexton 

(q-v.). 

"  And  let  the  drowsy  ticrinatt 
Still  count  as  slowly  as  he  can." 

Catenae'  :  dtrletabel. 

8fio-riB-ty,  •iio'-rist-rj?,  j.  [Fr.  tamstie, 
from  Low  Lat  tamstia.]  The  apaHment  in 
an  ecclesiastical  edifice,  in  which  the  vest- 
ments, books,  and  sacred  vessels  are  pre- 
served. 

"  Baemed  all  on  ore,  within,  around. 
Deep  tacrutt/  and  altar's  pale  ' 

Scott  :  Lay  of  the  Loft  Minftret,  rt  H. 

sa-cro-.  pref.  [SACRUM.]  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  sacrum. 

sacro-coccygean,  a. 

Anai.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  os  conrygte 
and  to  the  sacrum     There  is  a 
articulation. 

sacro-lllae,  a. 

Anat.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  ilium  and  to 
the  sacrum.  There  is  a  tacro-ittac  articulation. 

sacro  sciatic,  a. 

Anat.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  hip  and  to 
the  sacrum.  There  are  sacro-sciatic  foramina, 
ligaments,  and  notches. 

sacro  vertebral,  a. 

Anut.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  vertebra  'md 
the  sacrum.  There  is  a  sacro-vcrttbral  articu- 
lation. 

sic'-ro-  sanct,  a.  [Lat.  sacrotanct-as,  from 
soar  —  sacred,  and  tanctui  =  holy.)  Sacred 
and  inviolable. 

"  The  Roman  church  .  .  .  makes  Uaeh*  Htiacroeanet 
«n*ul"'falllble."—  Jrw».-  Jntiaote  afaUta  Idolatry. 


fite,  »t,  fore,  amldrt,  what,  f&U,  father;  we,  wt5t,  here,  cameL  her,  th«re;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine-  go   pfit. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  sin;  mute,  cfib,  oiire,  nnite,  our.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    en.  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


sacrum— saddle 


4063 


•a'-orum,  s.     [Lat.  (M)  sacrum  =  the  sacred  I 
(bone),  because  it  was  formerly  offered   in 
•acritioes.]    [Luz.] 

Anat.  :  Five  vertebrae  rapidly  diminishing 
In  size  from  above  downwards,  and  united 
Into  one  mass.  With  the  exception  of  the 
coccvx  it  constitutes  the  lower  |>art  of  the 
column.  It  unites  with  the  ilia  (haunch  bones) 
to  form  the  pelvis. 

•fid  *  sadde,  o.    [A.S.  sad  =  sated,  satiated  ; 
cogn.  with  O.  Sax.  Slid  =  sated  ;  Icel.  «:Mr, 
Kulhr  ;  Goth,  satlu  ;  Ger.  salt  =  satiated,  full  ; 
Lat,  salur  =sated,  deep-coloured,  sat.  satis 
enough  :  Welsh  sad  =  tirm,  steady,  discreet, 
is  probably  borrowed  from  Mid.  English.] 
•1.  Sated,  satiated,  tired. 

"  Sad  at  mine  londe."  Lai/aram.  »>,m 

•  2.  Steadfast,  firm  ;  not  to  be  moved. 

M  H  was  foundid  on  awd  stoon."—  Wyetiffe  :  Lute  rL 

•  3.  Firm  of  purpose  or  mind. 
•4.  Strong. 

"  But  we  uuldere  [frmiorei\  men  owen  to  sinteyne 
tbe  febleueaM  of  site  men,  i  not  plo«  to  luulf.'- 
Wyclijf''  •  Rvmujfnet  IV. 

•6.  Heavy,  weighty,  ponderous. 
-HI.  hand.  more  --»«' 


sely  haadled  by  tadde  and 
ties.   —  Bvrnert  : 


6.  Heavy,  close.    (Applied  to  bread,  when 
the  dough  has  not  riseu  properly.) 

7.  Heavy,  close,  compact,  cohesive.    (Said 
of  soil.) 

••  Chalky  land,  ape  naturally  cold  Mid  tad,  and 
therefore  require  warm  api,liui  lions  and  lightoomuost. 
—  J/ucri'/tf  r  :  Mutbutidry. 

*  8.  Grave,  weighty,  serious. 

"  Whlche  treaty  was  wysely 
discrete  couasayle  at  bothe 
froiaart  :  Cronycle.  vol.  i..  ch.  ccxvu. 

•  9.  Sedate,  serious,  grave  ;  not  gay,  light, 
Or  volatile. 

"  She  is  never  tad  but  when  she  sleeps." 

>7i,<A-**/'.  ;  i/ucA  A  .».  ii.  1. 

10.  Sorrowful,  melancfioly,  mournful,  down- 
cast, grieving,  gloomy,  dejected. 

"  As-aiust  hia  own  tad  breast  to  lift  tbe  hand.* 
Thornton  :  Summer,  1.678. 

11.  Exhibiting  the  external  appearance  of 
grief  ;  downcast,  gloomy. 

12.  Characterized  by  sadness. 

"  The  air  be  ohose  was  wild  and  tad." 

Scott  :  Atarmion,  111.  ».  * 

13.  Causing    sadness    or   grief;   afflicted, 
lamentable  :  as,  a  sad  accident. 

14.  Bad,  vexatious,  naughty,  wicked,  tire- 
some :  as,  He  is  a  sad  fellow. 

16.  Dark-coloured. 

"  01  a  ladder  hue  than  the  powder  of  Venice  glass." 
—  Browne  :  Vulgar  irreura 

•ad  -cakes,  >.  pi.  Unleavened  cakes. 
{Arner.) 

'  sad-eyed,  *  sad-faced,  o.  Having  a 
•ad  or  grave  countenance. 

•  sad-hearted,  a.    Sorrowful,  sad. 

sad-iron,  s.  An  iron  with  a  flat  face, 
Used  for  smoothing  clothes  ;  a  flat-iron. 

•ad-tree,  s. 

Bot.  :  Nyctanthu  Arbor  trittit.  [NTCTAN- 
THES.) 

«  (ad,  v.t,    [SAD,  a.]    To  make  sad  ;  to  sadden. 
Sa   dal  me  Ilk,  a.    [Corrupted  Arabic  =  the 
king's  lucky  star.] 

Astrm.  :  The  chief  star  of  the  constellation 
Aquarius  (q.v.).  Called  also  a  Aquarii. 

•ad  da,  sad'-dah,  s.  [Pers.  sod-etar  =  the 
hundred  gates  or  ways  :  sod  (Sansc.  cata)  = 
*  hundred,  and  dor  =  door,  way.] 

1.  (Of  the  form  sadda)  :  A  work  in  the  Per- 
»ian  language,  constituting  a  summary  of  the 
Zend-Avesta. 

2.  (Of  the  farm  saddah)  :  An  old  Parsee  fes- 
tival. 

•ad  -den,  v.t.  ft  i.    [A.S.  owadian  =  to  fUl  ; 
lodian,  =  to  feel  weary  or  sad.] 
A.  Transitive: 

Ordinary  Language  : 

L  To  make  sad,  gloomy,  or  sorrowful;  to 
gneve. 

-  His  name  could  Hidden,  and  his  acts  surprise, 
But  tbey  that  fear'd  him  darbd  not  to  despiM. 

Byron  :  Cortair,  i.  1). 

i,  To  make  heavy,  close,  or  compact. 

"  Karl  if  binding,  and  taddtnint  oj  land  is  the  jreat 
prejudice  It  doth  to  clay  lands."—  UorHmer:   But- 

*  S.  To  make  dark-  coloured. 


II.  Dyeing  <t  Calico-print.  :  To  apply  mor- 
dants to,  so  as  to  tone  down  the  colours 
employed,  or  cause  them  to  produce  duller 
shades  than  those  they  ordinarily  impart. 

B.  Intrans.:  To  become  sad,  nn-l;.nrln.;v, 
or  downcast.  (Tennyson :  Enoch  Arden,  260.) 

B&d'-der,  s.    [SAUDA.) 
sad'-der,  camp,  of  o.    [SAD,  o.] 

sad  die,   "sad-el,  *sad-elle,  «.      [A.S. 

sadol:  cogn.  with  Uut.  auld;  Icel.  sndhall:  Sw. 
&  Dan   sadel;  O.  H.  Ger.  satiil :  (iw.  satlel ; 
Russ.  siedlo  ;  Lat.  selta.    From  the  same  root 
as  seat,  sit,  &c.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit. :  A  seat  or  pad  to  be  placed  on  the 
back  of  an  animal  to  support  the  rider  or  the 
load.    Besides  the.  ordinary  kinds,  the  man's 
saddle  and  the  side-saddle  for  women,  there 
are  cart,  gig,   pack,  ambulance,  camel,  and 
ox  saddles. 

"  He  employed  himself  In  providing  horses,  taddtet, 
and  weapons  for  hla  younger  and  more  active 
accomplices."—  Macaulat :  Hat.  Em/.,  ch.  Hi 

2.  Fig.:   Anything   resembling  a  saddle; 
specif.,  a  rise  aud  fall  on  the  ridge  of  a  hill. 

"  It  Is  a  pretty  high  Island,  and  Tory  remarkable, 
by  reason  of  two  laddlet.  or  risings  and  fallings  on  the 
top."— Dampler:  Voyage!  (an.  16B6). 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Bridge-build. :  A  block  on  the  summit  of 
a  pier  over  which  suspension  cables  pass,  or 
to  which  they  are  attached 

2.  Build. :  A  thin  board  placed  on  the  floor 
In  the  opening  of  a  doorway,  the  width  of  the 
Jambs. 

3.  Mach. :  A  block  with  a  hollowing  top  to 
sustain  a  round  object,  as  a  rod  upon  a  bench 
or  bed. 

4.  Naut. :  A  piece  or  block  hollowed  out  to 
fit  another  portion,  which  is  seated  thereon,  as 

(1)  The  block  on  a  yard-arm  which  receives 
the  studding-sail  boom. 

(2)  The    block    on  the  upper  side  of  the 
bowsprit  to  receive  the  heel  of  the  jib-boom. 

5.  Ordn.:   A  support  on  which  a  gun  Is 
placed  for  bouching. 

6.  Railway: 

(1)  The   bearing  or  braes   resting  on  the 
journal  in  the  axle-box. 

(2)  A  chair  or  seat  for  a  rail. 

1  (1)  Saddle  of  mutton,  venison,  ite. :  Two 
loins  of  mutton,  &c.,  cut  together. 

(2)  To  put  the  saddle  on  the  right  (or  wrong) 
horse:  To  impute  blame  to  the  right  (or 
wrong)  person. 

•addle-back,  t. 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  name  given  to  a  hill  or  Its  summit 
when  somewhat  saddle-shaped. 

2.  A  name  given  by  fishermen  to  a  bastard 
kind  of  oysters,  unfit  for  food. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Build. :  A  coping  with  a  double  slope  to 
shed  rain. 

2.  Geol. :  A  familiar  name  for  an  anticlinal. 

3.  Zool. :  The  Harp-seal  (q.v.). 

"  Rink  says  s  full-grown  taddlf-back  weighs  about 
SMlba,"— CatteU't  Jfitt.  Silt.,  ii.  236. 
Saddle-back  seal : 

Zool. :  The  Harp-seal  (q.v.Ji     Called  also 
Saddle-back. 
saddle-backed,  a. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  a  low  back,  and  an 
elevated  neck  and  head.    (Said  of  horses.) 

"  Horses,  toddle-backed ,  have  their  backs  low,  and  a 
raised  bead  and  neck."— farrier't  Dictionary. 

2.  BuUd. :  Applied  to  a  coping  with  a  double 
slope  to  shed  rain. 

•addle-bags,  t.  pi. 

Saddlery:  A  pair  of  bags  connected  by  a 
leather  seat,  laid  over  or  behind  the  saddle. 

saddle-bar, «. 

1.  Carp. :  An  iron  bar  crossing  a  window- 
frame,  and  serving  as  a  stay  for  the  fretwork 
or  glass  secured  in  leaden  cames  or  bars. 

2.  Saddlery:   The    side-bar,    side-plate,  or 
spring-bar  of  a  saddle-tree,  one  on  each  side 
connecting  the  pommel  and  cantle. 

saddle-bow,  s. 

Saddlery:  The  pommel  (q.v.X 
••  Wrapt  round  some  burthen  at  his  taddje-bov.m 
Byron  ;  Lara,  IL  H. 


saddle-cloth,  s. 

Saddlery  :  A  housing,  a  shabrack. 

*  saddle-fast,  o.  Seated  (irmly  in  th» 
saddle.  (Scott  :  Lay  of  last  Minstrel,  iii.  6.) 

saddle-gall,  s.  A  sore  upon  a  horse's 
back  caused  by  the  saddle. 

saddle-girth,  s. 

Saddlery:  A  band  of  leather  or  webbing 
attached  on  one  side  of  the  saddle,  and, 
passing  under  the  horse's  belly,  secured  to 
the  other  side  by  a  buckle  and  strap,  serving 
to  keep  the  saddle  in  place. 

"  And,  bursting  in  the  headlong  sway, 
The  faith  less  Huldte-ytrthi  gave  way." 

Scott  :  Itafceby,  vt  SS. 

t  saddle-graft,  v.t.  To  graft  by  the 
method  known  as  suddle-graftiug  (q.v.). 

saddle-grafting,  s. 

Hort.  :  A  method  of  ingrafting  by  forming 
the  stock  like  a  wedge,  and  fitting  the  end  of 
the  scion  over  it,  like  a  saddle  ;  the  reverse 
of  cleft-grafting  (q.v.). 

*  saddle-hill,  i.    A  saddle-back. 

"A  remarkable  ladtUtMll,  "-Cook:  firtt  Tna»f. 
bk.  U.,  ch.  Til. 

saddle-horse,  s.  A  horse  used  or  kept 
for  riding  with  a  saddle. 

saddle-joint,  ».  A  form  of  joint  for 
sheet-metal,  in  connecting  adjacent  boiling- 
pans  or  adjoining  strips  in  rooting.  One 
portion  overlaps  and  straddles  the  vertical 
edge  of  the  next 

saddle-like,  o.  Saddle-shaped,  saddle- 
backed. 

••  On  each  «lde  ot  this  break  the  land  U  quite  low  ; 
beyond  the  opening  rises  a  remarkable  wldlt-U** 
hllL11—  Oool  :  Third  foiaai,  bk.  11..  ch.  vlt 

saddle-maker,  i.    A  saddler  (q.v.). 

saddle-nail,  s. 

Saddlery  :   A   short   nail   having  a  large, 
smooth  head,  used  in  making  saddles. 
•  saddle-nosed,  a.    Broad-  or  flat-nosed. 

"Flat-  headed    and     taddli-noud."—  Jarrii:   Dm 
»,  pt.  L,  bk.  Ui.,  oh.  U. 


saddle-quern,  s. 

Archaol.  :  A  contrivance  for  grinding  or 
crushing  corn.  It  consisted  of  a  bed-stone, 
slightly  concave  on  its  upper  surface,  aud  a 
stone  rolling-pin  or  muller,  which  was  used 
with  a  peculiar  rocking  and  grinding  motion. 

"  aaddle-ovtrru  of  the  same  character  occur  also  la 
France."—  Evant  :  Jnetons  Stone  Implementt,  p.  826. 

•addle-rail,  s. 

Sail.-eng.  :  A  rail  which  has  flanges  strad- 
dling a  longitudinal  and  continuous  sleeper. 

saddle-reed,  ». 

Saddlery  :  Small  reeds  nsed  In  the  place  of 
cord  to  form  the  edges  of  gig-saddle  sidea 

saddle-roof,  s. 

Build.  :  A  double-gabled  roof. 
•addle-rug,  s.    A  cloth  under  a  saddle. 
•addle-shaped,  a. 

1,  Ord.  Lang.  :  Having  the  shape  of  a  saddle 
IL  Technically: 

1  Bot.:  Oblong,  with  the  sides  hanging 
down  like  the  laps  of  a  saddle,  as  the  labellum 
of  CatUeya  Loddigesii. 

2.  deal.  :  Bent  on  each  side  of  a  mountain 
or  ridge  without  being  broken. 

saddle-shell,  s. 

ZooL  :  Anomia  ephipphium.    [AxomA.] 
«  saddle-sick,  o.     Galled  from  riding. 
(Carlyle.) 
•addle-tree,  >. 

1  Saddlery  :  The  frame  forming  the  support 
of  a  saddle  ;  usually  made  of  wood.  The 
parts  are  secured  together  by  tenons  and 
mortises,  and  held  in  place  by  a  covering  of 
canvas  or  wet  raw-hide,  which  is  tacked 
tightly,  and  then  shrunk  by  drying.  The 
tree  consists  of  a  pommel,  cantle,  and  two 
side-bars.  Two  stirrup-bars  are  added  ana 
iron  staples  for  the  valise,  if  required. 

"  For  noddle-tree  Karce  reach'd  had  be, 
His  journey  to  begin."  Covper:  Jolm  vtlft*. 

2.  Bot.  :  Liriodendron  tulipifera, 

•ad'-dle,  v.t.    [SADDLE,  i.J 
I.  Lit.  :  To  put  a  saddle  on. 
-  Saddle  my  hors..-      Stotetp-  •'  Mdurd  //..  T.  f. 


boll,  bo?;  p.5ut,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  i 
-tion,  -sion  =  than ;  -tion,  -fion  =  zbnn.   -clous,  -tious. 


as;  expect,  Xenophon, 
shu«.   -bin,  -die,  *<* 


Ing. 
*rt  ***• 


4084 


saddler— safeguard 


IL  Figuratively: 

L  To  load,  to  burden,  to  fix  upon  as  a  bur- 
den. 

"ButthestatuteUklndonly  tobecroel.    It  taddlet 


2.  To  Hz  across,  as  a  saddle  on  a  bone's 
back. 

"  The  nest  of  thli  specie.  U  always.  without  eicep. 
Moil,  toddled  upon  the  upper  surface  ol  some  limb  "— 
5cr*6««r'i  Magazine,  Dec.,  1878,  p.  172. 

8dd  dler,  *sad'-ler,  s.  [Eng.  saddl(e)  ;  -«r.] 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  make  saddles. 

"Mr.  John  Dennis  was  the  ion  of  a  tadler.  In  Lon- 
don.  born  lu  l«r."—  Pop*  :  The  Dunciad,  L  (Note.) 

sad'-dler-jf,  «.     [Eng.  saddle  ;  -ry.] 

1.  The  articles  usually  manufactured  by  or 
sold  by  a  saddler. 

"He  inveited  ...  in  large  quantities  of  vuldlen- 
—  Hughet  :  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  eh.  xlviii. 

2.  The  trade,    occupation,  or  employment 
of  a  saddler. 

*  3.  A  room  or  apartment  where  saddles 
Ac.,  are  kept. 


•sad  dllng,  ».      [Eng.    saddle);    -int.]     A 
saddle-shaped  rise  or  depression  in  the  ground. 
"  Here  the  land  U  low,  making  a  toddling  between 
two  small  hills."— Dampirr:  Voyagei  tan.  1684). 

sad  du-oa  Ic,  o.  [Eng.  Saddw(a)  -ofe] 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  the  8ad- 
dncees. 

sad-dn-ce'-an,  a.  [SADDUCEE.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  the  Sadducees. 

£Ad   du  906,  a.    [Lilt  Sadduaei;  Or.   2aS- 
iWaiot  (Saddukaioi)  ;  Heb.  D'pVry  (Taadoqim), 
from  pVl^  (Tsadoq)  =  a  proper  name,  Zadok, 
or  from  p;TO  (tsaddiq)  =  just.    Bee  def.  J 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit :  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  fty. :  One  who  disbelieves  in  a  future 
World,  and,  in  consequence,  lives  only  to  this. 

"  To  shame  the  doctrine  of  the  Sadducee." 

Bfrm  :  CXildt  Harold,  U.  8. 

tt  Judaim  (PI.) :  One  of  the  three  Jewish 
•ects.    The  current  tradition,  which  was  first 
published  by  Rabbi  Nathan   in  the  second 
century,  is  that  the  Sadducees  derived  their 
name  from  a  certain  Zadok,  a  disciple  of  Anti- 
gonus  of  Soko  (B.C.  200-170).  In  the  opinion  of 
Geiger  and  others,  the  Zadok  from  whom  they 
derive  their  name  was  the  priest  who  declared 
in  favour  of  Solomon  when  the  High  Priest 
Abiathar  adhered  to  Adonijah  (1  Kings  I.  32- 
15).    His  descendants  had  a  subsequent  pre- 
eminence (Ezek.  xL  46,  xliii.  19,  xliv.  16,  xlviii. 
II).    Not  that  the  Saddncees  became  a  party 
•o  early,  or  that  Zadok  was  their  founder; 
Jut  that  some  of  them  may  have  been  his 
lescendants,  and  all  admired  his  fidelity  to 
die  theocratic  government,  even  when  the 
Head  of  the  priesthood  had  gone  astray.    It 
was  their  desire  to  be  equally  faithful.  All  the 
Jews  admitted  that  the  Mosaic  law  was  given 
»t  Sinai  by  Jehovah  himself.     Most  of  the 
people,  with  the  concurrence  and  support  of 
the  Pharisees,  believed  that  an  oral  law  of 
Moses  had  similarly  come  from  God     The 
Sadducees  rejected  this  view,  and  would  accept 
nothing  beyond  the  written  word.    They  were 
the  Protestants  of  the  older  economy     Cer- 
tain consequences  followed.     In  the  Mosaic 
law  there  is  no  reference  to  a  state  of  rewards 
and  punishments  in  a  future  world.    When 
Jesus  proves  the  resurrection  from  the  Penta- 
teuch, he  does  so  by  an  inference,  there  being 
no  direct  passage  which  he  can  quote  (Matt, 
rxii.  31,  32).    The  Sadducees  therefore  denied 
the  resurrection  from  the  dead  (verse  23).  The 
doctrine  of  a  future  world  is  taught  in  some 
passages  of  the  Old  Testament,  spec,  in  Dan. 
xiv.  2,  3,  &c.,  which  should  have  modified 
their  belief.      That  it  did  not  do  so  can  be 
explained  only  by  supposing  that  they  attri- 
buted a  higher  inspiration  to  the  Mosaic  law 
than  to  other  parts  of  the  Old  Testament. 
Epiphanius  (Hceres.,  xiv.)  and  some  other  of 
the  fathers  assert  that  the  Sadducees;  rejected 
all  the  Old  Testament  but  the  Pentateuch. 
Probably,  however,  these  writers  confounded 
the  Sadducees  with  the  Samaritans.    In  Acts 
pin.  8,  it  is  stated  tliat  they  say  that  "  there 
is  neither  angel  nor  spirit"    How  they  could 
ignore  all  the  angelic  appearances  in  the  Penta- 
teuch (Gen.  xvi.  7, 11,  xix.  1,  &c.),  is  hard  to 
understand.    Perhaps  they  may  have  believed 


that,  though  angelic  appearances  once  took 
j'lnce,  they  had  now  ceased.  It  is  surprising 
that  a  sect  with  these  views  should,  at  least 
at  one  time,  have  almost  monopolised  the 
highest  places  in  the  priesthood  ;  yet  such  was 
the  case  at  least  temporarily  (Acts  iv.  1-6). 
But,  with  all  their  sacred  office  and  worldly 
rank,  they  could  have  had  no  hold  on  the 
common  people.  It  is  probable  that,  when 
Christianity  spread—  even  among  its  Jewish 
opponents—  a  belief  in  the  resurrection,  the 
Sadducees  must  have  still  further  lost  ground  ; 
but  they  ultimately  revived,  and  still  exist, 
under  the  name  of  Karaites  (q.v.). 

sftd  -du  9ce-lsm,  sad'-du-f  ism,  ».    [Eng. 

Sadduc(ee)   -ism;  Fr.   saduceismt.}    The  doc- 

trines, tenets,  or  principles  of  the  Sadducees. 

"  Infidelity,  or  modern  Deism  [which  is  littb  else  but 

revived   Kplcureism.   HaJ.hieitm,  and  Zendiluism."- 

WaUrlattd:  H'arlt,  vili.  80. 

*  sad'-dq-9ize,  r.f.  [Eng.  Sadducee);  -te.] 
To  conform  to  or  adopt  the  doctrines  or  prin- 
ciples of  the  Sadducees. 

••Sadditcitinf  Christians,  I  suppose  they  were,  who 
•aid  there  was  no  resurrection.  --AUerliuri  .•  Strmont. 
vol.  11.  i  href.) 


[Hind.,    &c.  =  pure   or 


Sadh,   Saadh, 

Puritan.] 

Compar.  Kelig.  (PI.):  A  Hindoo  religious 
sect  founded,  A.D.  1658,  by  a  man  called 
Birbhan.  They  believe  in  one  God,  who  alone 
is  to  be  worshipped.  They  have  no  temples 
but  assemble  at  stated  periods  in  houses  or 
courts  adjoining  to  them.  They  teach  a  pure 
morality.  Their  numbers  are  few,  and  they  are 
found  chiefly  in  Furruckabad,  Delhi,  Mirza- 
pore,  &c.  (Btv.  Mr.  Fisher,  Mr.  Trant,  4c.) 

sad'-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  *KJ,  a. ;  -Ijj.] 
*1.  Firmly. 

"  There  is  no  more  to  My  but  est  and  we* 
In  gon  the  speres  tadlji  In  the  rest" 

Chaucer  :  C.  T..  2,602. 

*2.  Seriously,  gravely,  soberly,  with  seri- 
ousness. 

"  give  ont  about  the  streets,  you  two. 


•3.  Steadily.  » 

4.  In  a  sad,  sorrowful,  or  mournful  manner  ; 
with  sadness  or  mourning. 

"  mter  'J>«l«»ds  name  with  «K%.plainlIve  voice.' 
Wordneorth:  ThanJctffiviny  Ode,  Jan.  18,  1813. 

5.  In  a  manner  to  cause  sadness  :  calamit- 
ously, miserably. 

"  Hence  author*  of  Illustrious  Damn 
Are  tadly  prone  to  quarrel.' 

Coyrptr  :  FritttdiMp. 

6.  In  a  dark  or  sad  colour  ;  darkly. 

sad  ne«s,  -sad-nes,  ».  [Eng.  tod,  a  ;  -*«,.] 
*1.  Firmness,  compactness,  closeness. 

'I™,',  that  "  •"•»•«'  ontwardlie  to 


2.  Steadfastness,  firmness. 

,JlTbe^'!>rir-  "H*""?".  •»*»  wityngekepe  you  self, 
lest  ye  be  dlsseyved  by  errour  o(  unwise  men  and 
falle  awei  fro  youre  owne  Mrftwai."—  Wyclifft: *  fw! 

*  3.  The  state  of  being  serious  or  in  earnest  • 
seriousness,  gravity. 

"  Sen.  Tell  me  in  ladniu  who  she  1.  yon  love 
Jtom.  What  T  .hall  I  groan  and  tell  yoS  •" 

Sttaketp.  •'  Romto  t  Juliet.  1. 6. 

4.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sad  ;  mourn- 
fulness,  sorrowfulness,  dejection  of  mind 
grief. 

"  Ana  many  a  varied  shore  to  sail  along. 
By  pensive  Sadneu,  not  by  Fiction  led  " 

Byron  :  ckilde  Barold.  11.  at 

8.  A  melancholy  look ;  gloom  of  counten- 
ance. 

"  Yes.  she  was  fair  t-Matllda,  thon 
Hast  a  soft  ladneu  on  thy  brow  " 

Scott :  Xokebf,  IT.  M. 


.•     ot,  T.     . 

8.  The  quality  of  being  gad  or  saddening  : 
pitiableness. 

aad'-wei  (w  as  v),  ».    [SANDIVM.J 
•ae,  cmj.  or  odp.    [So.]    (Scotch.) 

t  MB-niir-I-d»,  ,.pl.    [Mod.  Lat.  mnur^); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 
ZooL  :  A  family  of  Oligoehwta. 

t  (UB-niir'-IS,  t.      [Gr.    mtvouait    fsoinourwl 
=  wagging  the  tail.] 

ZooL  :  The  type-genus  of  Sajnurid*.  Upper 
Ip  exsert,  spoon-shaped  ;  clitellum  small,  dis- 
tinct 


sae'-terj-berg-ite,  s.    [After  Prof.  Saeto»» 
berg;  sun",  -ite  (J/in.).] 

Min.  :  The  same  as  LEUCOPVHITE  (q.v.). 
safe,  '  saaf,  •  sauf.  a.  &  ,.    [Fr.  sauf;  from 
Lat.  salvum,  accus.  of  salvus  =  whole,  safe  •  foi 
WTOM,  from  aervo  =  to  keep  safe,  to  preserve  ; 
Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  salvo.] 
A.  As  adjective  : 
1.  Free  from,  or  not  liable  to  danger  of  any 

"  We  cannot  endure  to  be  duturbej  or  awakened 
from  our  ple.uiug  lethargy.     For  we   aim 
~ 


. 

2.  Free  from  or  having  escaped  danger,  hurt 
harm,  or  damage;   in   good  condition,   un- 
injured. 

3.  Not  accompanied  with  or  likely  to  cause 
danger   or    injury  ;    affording    security   and 
safety  ;  not  exposing  to  danger. 

"  Devise  the  attest  time  and  tafett  way  to  hide  iw." 
Shatap.  :  At  rou  Lite  II.  i.  s. 

4.  No  longer  dangerous  ;  beyond  the  powei 
of  doing  harm. 

"  But  Banquo's  tuff. 
Ay,  my  good  lord,  ia/e  In  a  ditch  he  bide.  • 

Xhujtetp.  :  ttaxbft\  ilL  1 

5.  Sound,  whole,  right,  good. 

"  Nor  do  I  think  the  man  of  mfe  discretion." 

ahaXetp.  :  Measure  Jar  Mtaturt,  L  L 
B.  As  substantive: 
*1.  Safety. 

"  If  I  with  Kfe  may  grant  thl.  deed.- 

fretton  :  Sing  Camo'JM. 

2.  A  place  of  safety  ;  specif.,  a  strong  case 
for   containing   money,    account-books,  and 
other  valuable  articles,  to  gnard  them  from 
the  attacks  of  burglars,  and  generally  pro- 
vided with  means  for  protecting  them  again** 
the  action  of  flre. 

3.  A  meat-safe  (q.v.). 

4.  A  pantry.       j 

5.  A  piece  of  leather  placed  under  a  buckta. 
to  prevent  it  from  chafing. 

6.  A  smooth  edge  to  a  file. 

safe-alarm,  ».  An  alarm  clock  or  other 
contrivance  to  notify  a  watchman  or  the 
police  of  the  tampering  with  a  safe. 

safe    conduct,   *  safe  -  conduite,  «. 

nat  which  gives  or  provides  a  safe  passage  : 

(1)  A  convoy  or  guard  to  protect  a  person 
in  or  passing  through  an  enemy's  or  a  foreign 
country. 

(2)  A  written  pass  or  warrant,  given  by  the 
sovereign  of  a  country,  enabling  the  holder 
to  pass  safely  through  the  country. 


*  safe-conduct,  v.t.  To  conduct  or  con- 
voy safely  ;  to  give  a  safe  passage  to,  espe- 
cially through  an  enemy's  country. 

"  SafKxmducting  the  rebel,  from  their  ships." 
Shaketp.  :  KitAard  111.,  iv.  4. 

safe-edge  file,  ».  A  file  having  a  smooth 


safe-keeping,  ».  The  act  of  keeping  or 
preserving  in  safety  ;  secure  guardianship. 

safe-look,  t.    A  complex  lock  for  a  safe. 
*  safe-pledge,  s. 

Law :  A  surety  appointed  for  one'g  appear- 
ance at  a  day  assigned. 

"safe,   v.t.    [SAFE,  a.)    To  make  or   render 
safe  or  secure. 

S*a*Mp. :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  i.  S. 

safe'- guard  (u  silent),  *  safe -garde 
•saufe-gard.  "save-gard,  *save- 
gnaro,  ».  [Eng.  tafe,  and  guard.] 

i  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  protects  or  da- 
fends  ;  a  defence,  a  protection. 

"  Dove,  will  peck  in  ta/eouard  of  their  brood." 
Shaketp.  :  t  Hfnrj/  17.,  il.  J. 

*  2.  A  convoy  or  guard  to  protect  a  tra- 
veller ;  a  safe-conduct 

"On  ta/oguard  he  came  to  me." 

t&akeip.  :  Coriolanut.  lit  1. 

*3.  A  passport;  a  warrant  of  security 
8  iv  en  by  a  sovereign  to  protect  a  stranger 
within  his  territories  ;  formerly  a  protection 
granted  to  a  stranger  in  prosecuting  his  right* 
fn  due  course  of  law. 


*  4.  A  riding-skirt  ;  a  large  oute 


ettic 


at 


i  =  kw. 


Bafeguard^saffron 


4085 


worn  by  females  when  riding  to  protect  them 
from  the  dirt. 

"On  with  your  cloak  »nd  *Wward,"    Earn  Alley, 1.1. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Railway  Engineering  : 

(1)  A  rail-guard  at  a  switch  or  crossing. 

(2)  A  cowcatcher  (q.v.). 

2.  Paper :  [SAFETY-PAPER]. 
8.  Zml. :  (See  extract). 

"The  name  of  monitor  ia  sometime*  given  to  Amer- 
tau.  Kcertuiu  lizards.  e.pectaUy  of  the  geuu.  fl.lT.tor 
(Dam.  *  Bib.|,  more  proi^rly  called  We?uur*..»J.r- 
rfspoiioing  in  pait  to  TupinambU  (Daud.l  ami  Tejus 
(Merr.l.  and  toMonitor  (Fitz.|."  —  Riplta  t  Dana! 
American  Cyclopaedia,  *1.  *«• 

•Sfe'-guard(ii  silent),  "safe'-gard,  'save- 
gard,  '  save-guard,  v.t.  [SAFEGUARD,  s.] 
To  make  safe  or  secure ;  to  secure,  to  protect, 
to  guard. 

"The  government  Intends  to  do  everything  In  Ita 
power  to  lafeguard  tboM  interest.."-  OaUl  Tele- 
graph, Sept  38, 1S8&. 

•afe'-ljr,  *sauf-Iyche,   *  save-ly,  adv. 
[Bng.  safe;  -ly.] 
1.  In  a  safe  manner ;  in  a  manner  free  from 

danger  or  luuunl. 

"Go  tafely  on  to  seek  thy  ion." 

Shake*?. :  Tempett.  11. 1. 

1  Without  hurt,  injury,  or  damage ;  in 
good  condition. 

"Safely  In  harbour  U  the  king's  ship." 

SAaketp. :  TempeU.  I  i. 

3.  So  as  to  prevent  danger  or  escai* ;  in 
Close  or  safe  custody  ;  securely. 

"  To  keep  him  lately  till  hU  day  of  trial." 

Shaketp.  :  Richard  II.,  IT.  L 

•afe'-ness,  >.  [Bug.  safe  ; -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  safe  ;  the  state  of  being  safe 
or  of  conferring  safety  ;  freedom  from  danger 
or  hazard ;  safety. 

•afe'-ty,  *  safe-te,  *  sauf-te,  «.    [O.  Fr. 

tauvete,   from  Lat.  salvitatem,  uccus.  of  sal- 
vitas,  from  salmi  =  safe.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  safe  or  fres 
from  injury,  damage,  or  hurt;  exemption 
from  hurt,  injury,  or  loss. 

"  Hath  passed  In  tafety  through  the  narrow  seas." 
Shaketp. :  8  Benry  VI..  Iv.  8. 

5.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  free  from 
liability  to  danger  or  injury ;  freedom  from 
danger ;  a  state  or  condition  out  of  harm's  way. 

8.  The  quality  or  state  of  not  causing  danger 
or  hazard ;  the  quality  of  making  safe  or  se- 
cure, or  of  giving  confidence,  justifying  trust, 
ensuring  against  harm,  or  the  like  ;  safeness : 
u,  The  safety  of  an  experiment. 

4.  Preservation  from  escape  ;  safe  custody. 

"  Hold  him  In  to/ftf.'   Skaktip. ;  Kameo  t  JMlet.  V.  i. 

6.  A   low   form    of    geared    bicycle   with 
wheels  of  equal  or  nearly  equal  size. 

safety-arch, ».  A  discharglng-arch  (q.v.). 

safety-belt,  s.    A  life-belt. 

safety-bridle,  >.  A  bridle  designed  to 
promptly  check  a  runaway  horse. 

safety-buoy, ».    A  life-buoy. 

safety-cage,  s.  A  hoisting  and  lower 
Ing  chamber  for  mines,  having  gnards  which 
arrest  the  descent  if  the  rope  break  or  over 
wind. 

safety-car,  >. 

L  A  life-car  (q.v.). 

8.  A  safety-cage  (q.v.). 

safety  chain,  s. 

Bait, :  A  slack  chain  which  attaches  a  truck 
to  a  car-body.  (Amer.) 

safety-funnel,  s.  A  glass  funnel  wit! 
a  long  neck  for  introducing  acids,  &c.,  intr 
liquids  contained  in  bottles  or  retorts,  am 
under  a  pressure  of  gas. 

safety-fuse,  ».    [FOSE  (IX  ».  (8).] 
safety  guard,  s. 

Bail.-eng. :  An  axle-guard  to  keep  the  wheel 
en  a  track  at  a  switch. 
safety-hoist,  s. 

1.  Hoisting-gear  on  the  differential-pulle 
principle,  which  will  not  allow  the  load  t 
descend  by  the  run. 

2.  A  catch  to  prevent  the  fall  of  a  cag 
when  a  rope  breaks 

Safety-hook,  s.  A  device  to  prevent 
watch  from  being  detached  from  its  chain  b 
accident  or  by  a  sudden  jerk. 


safety-lamp,  s.  A  lamp  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  light  in  mines  where  fire-damp  pre- 
vails. The  commonest  form  is  that  invented 
by  Sir  H.  Davy,  in  1816.  The  principle  of  his 
lamp  lies  in  the  fact  that  flame  will  not  pass 
through  a  fine  net-work  of  wire  or  gauze.  The 
flame  of  the  lamp  is  enveloped  by  a  cylinder 
of  wire-gauze,  the  apertures  in  which  must 
not  exceed  ,",  of  an  inch  square,  through  which 
the  air  passes  freely,  even  if  charged  witli  fire- 
damp. When  the  lamp  is  lighted  and  intro- 
duced into  ail  atmosphere  mixed  witli  lire- 
damp,  the  size  and  length  of  the  flame  are 
first  increased.  When  the  inflammable  gas 
becomes  as  much  as  one-twelfth  of  the  volume 
of  air,  the  cylinder  becomes  filled  with  a  feeble 
blue  flame,  within  which  the  flame  of  the  wick 
burns  brightly ;  its  light  continues  till  the 
fire-damp  increases  to  one-sixth,  or  one-fifth, 
when  it  is  lost  in  the  flame  of  the  fire-damp 
which  fills  the  cylinder  with  a  pretty  strong 
light ;  but  when  the  foul  air  constitutes  one- 
third  of  the  atmosphere,  it  is  no  longer  fit  for 
respiration.  In  some  forms  of  the  lamp  a 
glass  cylinder  is  placed  inside  the  wire  gauze ; 
this  resists  air-currents,  and  ensures  a  steadier 
light.  Experience,  however,  has  shown  that 
Davy's  lamp  is  not  an  absolute  protection 
against  the  danger  of  explosion  from  fire- 
damp, and  a  perfect  safety-lamp  is  still  a 
desideratum. 

safety-lintel,  ».  A  name  given  to  the 
wooden  lintel  which  is  placed  behind  a  stone 
lintel  in  the  aperture  of  a  door  or  window. 

safety-lock,  s. 

1.  Lock. :  A  lock  so  contrived  as  not  to  be 
opened  by  a  picklock  or  without  the  proper 
key. 

2.  Fire-ana :  A  lock  provided  with  a  stop 
or  catch  to  prevent  accidental  discharge. 

safety-match,  ».  A  match  tipped  with 
a  chemical  preparation  which  will  not  ignite 
except  through  the  application  of -great  heat 
or  when  rubbed  on  a  specially  prepared  sur- 
face covered  with  a  detonating  preparation. 

safety-paper, «.  A  paper  chemically  or 
mechanically  prepared,  so  that  its  colour  or 
texture  will  be  changed  by  beiug  tampered 
with. 

safety-pin,  ».  A  pin  having  its  point 
fitting  into  a  kind  of  sheath,  so  that  it  may 
not  be  readily  withdrawn  or  prick  the  wearer 
or  others  while  in  use. 

safety-plug,  s. 

1.  Steam :  A  fusible  plug  (q.T.% 

2.  Fire-arms:  A  device  to  prevent  barrels 
from  bursting  by  the  expansion  of  their  con- 
tents, or  gases  generated  therein. 

safety-rail,  s. 

Bail-mg. :  A  guard-rail  (q.v-X 

safety-rein,  s. 

Saddlery:  A  rein  to  be  used  in  case  the 
horse  attempts  to  run  away.  It  usually  has 
a  special  purchase  of  some  kind  intended  to 
draw  the  bit  violently  into  the  angles  of  the 
mouth,  to  throw  a  blind  over  the  eyes,  to 
draw  a  choking  strap  around  the  throat,  Ale. 

safety-stop,  s. 

1.  A  device  on  a  pulley  or  sheave,  to  keep 
it  from  running  backward. 

2.  A  stop-motion  in  a  spinning-machine 
knitting-machine,  loom,   &c.,  which  arrests 
the  motion  in  case  of  the  breakage  of  a  sliver 
yarn,  or  thread,  as  the  ease  may  be. 

safety-strap, s. 

Saddlery :  An  extra  back-band  passing  ove 
the  seat  of  a  gig-saddle,  having  holes  through 
•which  the  terrets  pass  to  keep  it  in  position 
the  ends  being  buckled  to  the  shaft-tug ;  r— 
as  a  safeguard  on  light  trotting  harness. 

safety-switch,  s. 

Kail, :  A  switch  which  returns  automatically 
to  its  normal  position  after  having  been  moved. 

safety-tube,  >. 

Chem. :  A  straight  or  bent  tube  adapted  t 
a  gas-generating  apparatus,  to  prevent  tli 
liquid  into  which  the  delivery  tube  dips,  fron 
passing  back  into  the  vessel  in  cousequenc 
of  diminished  internal  pressure. 

safety-valve,  s. 

Steam-eng.:  A  valve  which  automaticall 
opens  to  permit  steam  to  escape  or  air  t, 
enter  the  boiler  in  order  to  prevent  Its  ex 


plosion  or  collapse.  Of  these  there  are  two 
Kinds,  the  one  internal,  opening  to  tbe  inner 
side  when  the  pressure  of  steam  is  less  than 
a  given  weight ;  the  other  opening  to  the  out- 
side when  the  pressure  of  steam  exceeds  a 
given  weight.  The  latter  is  the  more  im- 
portant, and  consists  commonly  of  a  lever  of 
the  third  class  pivoted  at  one  end  ;  the  valve, 
which  is  on  a  stem  projecting  from  the  lower 
side  of  the  lever,  is  conical,  and  tits  into  a 
corresponding  seat.  The  lever  has  notches 
for  receiving  the  hook  or  loop  of  a  weight 
which  is  suspended  therefrom,  and  may  be 
moved  from  one  notch  to  another,  like  the 
weight  of  a  steelyard,  so  that  a  greater  or  less 
amount  of  steam  pressure  may  be  required  to 
lift  the  valve  from  its  seat.  In  locomotive 
engines,  it  is  fixed  at  one  end  to  a  stud,  and 
rests  on  the  valve  at  a  short  distance  from 
this  stud.  Its  length  is  proportioned  to  the 
area  of  the  valve,  and  a  spring-balance  in- 
dicates the  pressure  in  pounds  per  square 
inch  on  the  boiler  above  atmospheric  pressure. 
Safety-valves  are  also  used  with  boilers  of  vari- 
ous kinds,  air  and  gas  engines,  proving-pumps, 
and  hydraulic -presses.  Locomotive-engines 
have  two  valves  placed  on  the  boiler  for  the 
escape  of  steam  when  it  exceeds  certain  limits. 
One  of  them  is  placed  beyond  the  control  of 
the  driver,  and  is  called  the  lock-up  valve. 
The  other  is  regulated  by  a  lever  and  spring- 
balance  at  a  little  lower  pressure  than  the 
lock-up  valve. 

sar-fa-an, «.    [Russ.] 

Leather :  A  dyed  leather  made  at  Astracan 
and  other  parts  of  Asiatic  Russia.  It  is  prin- 
cipally prepared  from  goatskins,  and  the 
colours  used  are  red  and  yellow.  The  articles 
used  in  its  preparation  are  lime,  dog's  dung, 
and  bran. 

saT-fior-ite,  ».    [Ger.  safflor  =  saffron ;  sun*, 
•tte.] 

Jtfirt. :  A  variety  of  Smaltite  (q.v.X  con- 
taining over  10  per  cent,  of  iron. 

*  S&T -flOW,  ».      [SAFFLOWEH,] 

sSr-flow-er,  ».    [Eng.  saf(frm),  and  Jlowtr; 
Ger.  so/lor,  safflar.] 
Sot. :  [CARTHAMUS].  j 

saf'-fron,  "  saf   fran,  «  saf-roun, «.  ft  a. 

[Fr.  safran,  saffnn,  from  Arab.  jo'/aran  = 
saffron.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  J. 

2.  A  colour.    [SAFFRON-COLOURED.] 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Bat. :  Croats  tativus,  a  species  with  light 

Eurple  flowers,  which  come  out  in  autumn, 
t  grows  in  the  south  of  Europe  and  in  parts 
of  Asia. 

2.  Chem. :  The  dried  stigmas  of  the  saffron 
crocus,  used  in  dyeing  and  for  colouring  tinc- 
tures.   They  have  an  orange-red  colour,  an 
aromatic  odour,  a  bitter  taste,  and  impart  a 
yellow  colour  to  water,  alcohol,  and  oils.    It 
was  formerly  met  with  in  two  forms,  viz., 
hay-saffron  and  cake-saffron,  but  the  former 
is  now  alone  in  demand.    It  is  often  adulter- 
ated with  the  florets  of  the  safflower,  or  the 
marigold,  but  these  are  easily  detected  by 
their  different  shape  and  colour. 

3.  Pharm. :   Saffron  is  slightly  stimulant. 
In  England  it  is  used  in  the  treatment  of 
exanthemata,  but  chiefly  as  a  colouring  agent 
in  preparing  medicines  and  in  cookery.    The 
natives  of  India  use  saffron  as  a  remedy  in 
fever,  melancholia,  catarrhal  affections  of  chil- 
dren, and  as  a  colouring  matter  in  some  dishes. 

B.'  As  adj.:  Having  the  colour  of  the 
Bowers  of  saffron;  yellow.  [SAFFRON-CO- 
LOURED.] 

"  This  companion  with  the  tnffron  face." 

HlKtkeip. :  Comedy  •/  Errort,  iv.  4. 

T  Meadow  saffron:  [CoLCHlcuuJ. 

saffron  -coloured,  a. 

Bot  •  Yellow,  with  a  perceptible  mixture  of 
red,  deeper  than  that  of  orange,  and  with  a 
dash  of  brown. 

saffron  wood,  >. 

Bot. :  Eksodendron  croceum.  (South  African.} 

•  sar-tron,  v.t.    [SAFFEON,  «.]    To  tinge  witto 
saffron ;  to  make  yellow  ;  to  gild. 

"  Ribands,  bells,  and  nfrond  llnnen." 

Sen  Jonton  :  oonff  *s- 


b6il,  b6y;  p^ut,  Jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  Sliin.  bench;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as ;  expect,  ^enophon.  ejist. ph- -t. 
-Stan, -tiM.  =  sham.  -Uon.  -.rton  =  shun;  -tion,  -Bion  =  zhun.   -oious,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.  -Me,  -*Ue,  Ac.  =  Del,  del. 


saffrony— sagina 


n-y,  a.    [Eng.*a/ron; -|f.]   Having 
the  colour  of  saffron. 

"Th«   woman   win    of    complexion  yellowish    or 
tufrong.  —Lord:  lint,  oj  tJu  Bantam,  p.  ft, 

sif-ra  nin,  «.    [Fr.  tafia*  =  saffron  (q.v.) 

Ctei*. :  Saffron-yellow.  Polycuroite.  Tlie 
yellow  colouring  matter  of  sal'fron,  obtainet: 
as  an  inodorous  powder,  soluble  in  water  and 
al.»liol,  almost  insoluble  iu  ether.  It  is 
coloured  blue  by  sulphuric  acid,  green  by 
nitric  acid,  and  dark  brown  by  hydrochloric 

•af 


-rene,  «.    [Fr.  safr(an)  =  saffron ;  -ene.) 
Chen.:  CioHja.    One  of  the  constituents  of 
sassafras  oil.     It  boils  at   155-157%   has   a 
sp.  gr.  of  0-834,    and   deflects   the   ray   of 
polarized  light  to  the  right 

•ag,  •  sag-gen,  «  sagge,  seg  (Scotch),  v.i. 
A  (.  [Sw.  sacka  =  to  settle,  to  sink  down  ; 
Dan.  *iM<=  to  have  stern  way ;  Oer.  sacken. 
=  to  sink;  Low  Ger.  sakken  =  ta  settle  (as 
dregs).  Prob.  an  unnasalized  form  of  sink.} 

A.  Intransilii-e  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit. :  To  droop ;  to  hang  the  head  down- 
ward ;  to  sink,  incline,  or  hang  down  owing 
to  insufficiently  supported  weight ;  to  settle  ; 
to  sink  in  the  middle. 

*•  Drawee  to  the  tagging  dog  milke  white  as  snow." 
Brottna  :  Brit.  Pattoratt,  1L  «. 

•  2.  Fig. :  To  yield  nnder  the  pressure  of 
ores,  difficulties,  *c. ;  to  waver,  to  fluctuate ; 
to  become  unsettled  ;  to  give  way. 

"  SUtea,  though  bound  with  the  straltest  taws,  often 

tt  Kaut.:  To  incline  to  the  leeward;  to 
make  leeway. 

"  Pnritan  . . .  was  tagging  to  leeward  a  good  deal."— 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  bead  or  give  way ; 
to  load,  to  burden* 

•ag.  i.   [SAO,  «.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  or  state  of  sagging, 
linking,  or  bending. 

2.  .Yaw/. :  An  inclination  to  the  leeward. 

"Shoving  through  it  very  slowly,  with  a  surprising 
tag  to  leeward."—  Dttilg  J'titgrap*,  Sept.  3.  lott. 


•  sag,  •  sagge,  o.    [SAO,  ».]    Heavy,  loaded. 

"  Eates  the  tan-it 
And  well-bestrutted  bee's  sweet  bagge." 

•a'-ga,  >.  [IceL  saga  =  a  saga,  a  tale ;  A.8. 
tagu=*  saying,  a  saw.]  [SAW  (2),  «.]  An 
ancient  Scandinavian  tale,  legend,  or  tradi- 
tion, of  considerable  length,  and  relating 
either  historical  or  mythical  events  ;  a  tale,  a 
history,  a  story,  a  legend.  The  Scandinavian 
sagaa  were  compiled  chiefly  in  the  twelfth  and 
three  following  centuries.  The  most  remark- 
able are  those  of  Lodbrok,  Hervara,  Vilkina, 
Volsunga,  Blomsturvalla.  Ynglinga,  Olaf  Tryg- 
g-ya-Sonar,  with  those  of  Joiusvikingia  and  of 
Knytlinga  (which  contain  the  legendary  his- 
tory of  Iceland),  the  Heims-Kringla  and  New 
ii  Ida,  dne  to  Snorri  Sturluson. 

*  saga-man, «.    One  who  wrote  or  recited 

"  To  the  alehouse,  where  he  sat. 
Game  the  Scalds  and  Hag " 


«&g  a-be'-nfim,  s.    [SAOAPENUM.] 

•a  ga  -dons,  a.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  lagacio- 
ns,  from  sagai,  genit.  sagacit  =  keen,  saga- 
clous,  from  the  same  root  as  tagio  =  to  per- 
ceive by  the  senses;  Fr.  &  Ital.  tagace;  8p. 
•agia.1 

'•  1.  Quick  of  scent ;  scenting  or  perceiving 
by  the  senses.  (With  o/.) 

"  Sagaclout  o/  hil  quarry  from  eo  far." 

Milton:  P.L,x.nt. 

2.  Intellectually  keen  or  quick ;  acute,  or 
•harp  in  discernment  or  penetration ;  discern- 
ing, shrewd,  acute. 

3.  Full  of,  or  characterized  by  acuteness  or 
wisdom ;  sage,  wise  :  as,  a  sagacious  remark. 

4.  Indicating  sharpness,  acuteness,  or  pene- 
tration ;  sage-looking. 

"  CUpe  spectacles  on  her  mffaciaui  nose.' 

Cowper :  Conrertatlvn,  7«. 

6.  Endowed  with  and  showing  a  great 
•mount  of  intelligence;  acting  with  almost 
human  intelligence. 

"  NataraHsU  Meara  m,  that  an  animal*  we  toga, 
ciotu  In  proportion  ae  they  are  removed  from  The 
tyranny  of  othen.--.GoU>nittA.'/>olUe£e<>rn(n?.  ch.ll 


sa-ga'-cious-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  sagacious  ;  -III. 
Iu  a  sagacious  manner  ;  with  sagacity,  acute 
ness,  or  wisdom  ;  sagely. 

"  He  sh'.iui  1  1  Boy  opportunities  so  MiMefoiufv  "—  • 
ar:  ^emwiu,  vul.  LVier.  I 


•  sa-ga  -clous-ness,  «.  [Eng.  sagacious 
-ftfta.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  saga 
cious  ;  sagacity. 

••  Of  much  counsel  at  agpneioutiMai." 
/Malt.  Sutttm,  p.  269. 

•a-gao'-I-ty,  s.    [Fr.  sagactti,  from  Lat.  so- 
'tern,  accns.  of  sagacitas,  from  sagaz,  genit. 
sagacis  =  sagacious.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sagacious  , 
quickness  or  acuteness   of   discernment  or 
judgment;  shrewdness;  readiness  of  appre- 
hension with  soundness  of  judgment. 

"  A  terrible  tagacity  informs 
The  poet's  heart."        Cotcp«r:  Table  TaVk,  4M. 

2.  Intelligence  resembling  or  approaching 
that  of  mankind  :  as,  the  sagacity  of  a  dog. 

sag'-a-more,  >.    [SACHEM.] 

1.  Among  the  North  American  Indiana,  a 
king  or  chief.  (It  is  generally  used  as  synony- 
mous with  sachem,  but  some  writers  make  the 
sachem  a  chief  of  the  first  rank,  and  the  Kga- 
more  a  chief  of  the  second  rank.) 

"  Be  Ittayamart,  sachem,  or  powwow." 

Longfellow:  Hil  ft  Standlttt.  i. 

*  2.  The  juice  of  some  unknown  plant  used 
in  medicine.  (Johnson.) 

B&g'-a-pe'n,  s.    [SAOAPENOK.] 

sag-a-pe  -num,  ».  [Gr.  o-oyamiwi/  (sagapl- 
non)  =  a  plant,  prob.  Ferula  Pvnica,  and  the 
gum  derived  therefrom.] 

Chem.  :  A  gum-resin  imported  from 
and  Persia,  and  said  to  be  derived  from  ^ 
Persian,  It  has  an  odour  of  garlic,  an  acrid 
bitter  taste,  melts  at  100°,  is  slightly  soluble 
In  water,  but  very  soluble  in  alcohol.  The 
alcoholic  solution  la  resolved  by  ether  into 
two  resins  ;  one,  insoluble  in  ether,  brownish- 
yellow,  brittle,  inodorous,  and  tasteless  ;  the 
other,  soluble  in  ether,  reddish-yellow,  tran- 
sparent, and  possessing  a  bitter  taste. 

*  SA  gar  (I),  t.    [SAKEK.] 
"  •a-gar'  (2),  «.    [CIGAR.] 

sa-gar'-ti'-a  (or  t  as  «h),  «.  [Samed  after 
the  Sagartii  (Herod,  vii.  85),  who  were  armed 
with  lassoes.] 

ZoA  :  The  type  genus  of  Sagartiadas.  So- 
gartia  viduata  is  common  on  many  parts  of 
the  British  coast 

a  gar-ti'-a-dw,  «.  pt  [Mod.  Lat.  tagartXa); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -arfce.] 

Zool.:  A  family  of  Actinaria,  with  two 
genera,  Actinolobee  and  Sagartia. 


_    ,    — _.         [Fr.  sagatis;  Sp.  sagatl,  from 
Lat  sagum  =  a  blanket,  a  coarse  mantle.] 

Fabric:  A  miied  woven  fabric  of  silk  and 
cotton ;  sayette. 

•  Bar-Wit,  "sag'-bitt,  ».    [SACKBTJT.] 

sate,  '  sauge,  *  sawge, «.  [A.S.  salwige; 
Fr.  sauge ;  Port,  talva  ;  Prov.  Sp.,  Ital.,  &  Lat. 
talvia.] 

Botany: 

\.  The  genns  Salvla  (q.v.).,  gpecit  Salvia 
oflctnalii  and  S.  grandiflora.  The  first  of 
these  is  the  common  garden  sage,  a  native 
of  the  south  of  Europe,  which  has  been 
developed  into  many  varieties.  Formerly  it  had 
a  high  reputation  as  a  sudorific,  an  aromatic, 
an  astringent,  and  an  antiseptic,  hut  it  has 
not  now  a  place  in  the  pharmacoposia.  The 
Chinese  use  it  as  a  tonic  for  debility  of  the 
stomach  and  nerves.  It  to  employed  in 
cooking  for  sauces  and  stuffing  for  luscious 
meats. 

2.  The  genns  Artemldia,  the  sage  bnsh  of  the 
Great  Basin  of  the  West. 

sage-apple,  a, 

Botany : 

1.  Salvia  pomifera. 

2.  A  Cretan  name  for  a  gall  on  Salvia  effl- 
cinalis. 

sage-brush,  «.    [SAGE,  «..  2.) 
sage-bosh,  s. 

Sot.  :  0)  Artemisia.  trMentata  ;  (2)  Lantana 
tnoolucrata.  (Bermvdian.) 


sage-cock,  t.  , 

ornilh.  :  Centrocercus  uropltasianus.  Called 
also  Cock  of  the  Plains.  It  is  the  largest  of 
the  American  grouse,  an  1  the  malo  has  a  dis- 
tinctive character  iu  the  bare  spaces  of  orange- 
colonred  ekin  on  each  side  of  the  nock,  which 
he  inflates  during  tlie  muting  st-ason.  Range 
from  the  Black  Hllh!  to  California  and  Oregon 
and  from  British  Columbia  nearly  to  Arizona. 
t  feeds  on  the  wormwood  [SAOE,  ».,  2]  of  the 
plains,  and,  in  consequence,  its  flesh  becomes 
so  bitter  as  to  be  unBt  for  food. 

sage,  a.  &  «.  [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  sabium  (not 
found),  for  sapium,  accus.  of  Lat  aapivt 
(found  only  in  the  negative  nesapiua)  =  wise, 
from  «ipio  =  to  be  wise;  ItaL  taggio;  Sp. 
eabio.}  [SAPIENCE.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Wise,  sagacious  ;  acute  or  sharp  in  dis- 
cernment with  sound  judgment  ;  prudent,  far. 
seeing. 

"  Stft,  ftm  men."      Shaltrip.  .•  mcllant  ///„  UL  T. 

2.  Characterized    by  wisdom  or   sagacity; 
well-judged;    well-considered;    sagacious: 
shrewd. 

•3.  Learned. 

*  4.  Grave,  solemn,  serious. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  wise  man  ;  a  man  of  gravity, 
judgment,  and  wisdom  ;  especially,  a  man 
venerable  for  years,  and  of  sound  judgment 
and  prudence  ;  a  grave  philosopher. 

"  For  so  the  holy  tagei  once  did  sing." 

Hilton  i  Ttu  yattvttg. 

sage'-ljf.  adv.  [Eng.  sage,  a.  ;  -!y.]  In  k 
sage,  wise,  or  shrewd  manner  ;  with  sound 
discernment  and  judgment  ;  sagaciously. 
shrewdly. 

"  To  whom  our  Saviour  vigtly  thus  replied." 

J/I/lon  .•  P.  K.,  IT.  IU, 

sag-en-ar'-i-a,  s.    [SAOESE  (2).] 

Palmbot.  :  A  genus  of  Lycopodiacea;  or  • 
sub-genus  of  Lepidodendron.  From  the  Upper 
Silurian  of  Bohemia,  and  from  the  Upper 
Devonian  to  the  Triassic  of  Britain. 

sa-gene'  (1),  ».    [SAJEXE.] 

*  sa-gene'  (2),  ».  [Or.  aa^tni  (sagenl)  =  m 
large  diag  net,  a  sieve.)  A  net  ;  anything  re- 
sembling a  net  ;  network. 

"  Iron  roads  are  tearing  up  the  surface  of  Europe  .  .  . 
their  great  utptne  is  drawing  and  twju-hiua  the  ancienl 
frame  and  strength  of  EuKlaud  (osether  "—  A'lutin  • 


frame  and  strength  of  EuKlaud  (oset 
Modern  fainuri  led.  1816),  ii.  6. 

sage'-ngss,  t.  [EUR.  sage,  a.  ;  •ness.']  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sage  ;  wisdom,  dis- 
cernment, judgment,  shrewdness,  sagacity, 
prudence,  gravity. 

"In  all  good  'learning;,  virtue,  and    tfgnm.'— 
AKlutm:  Toxophilut,  bk.  i. 

»t>-gen'-ite,  ».  [Gr.  o^n,  (sagini)  =  a  net  ; 
suff.  -ite  (Mi*.).] 

-Win.  :  Reticulated  groups  of  acicular 
crystals  or  capillary  fibres  of  rutile  (q.v.X 
sometimes  enclosed  in  quartz. 

S&g-en-it'-Io,  o.  [Eng.  tagmit^e);  -ic.]  Of 
or  belonging  to  aagcnite  (q.v.).  Loosely  ap- 
plied to  all  rock-crystal  enclosing  acicular 
crystals  of  other  minerals  as  well  as  rutile. 

sag-S-rSf  -I-a,  s.  [Named  after  M.  Sageret, 
a  French  agriculturist] 

Bat.  :  A  genus  of  Rhamnea-.  Shrubs,  often 
thorny,  with  slender,  half-climbing  branches, 
and  black  or  dark  brown  fruit.  The  leaves  of 
Sageretia  theeznns,  growing  in  China,  the 
Himalayas,  and  tiie  Salt  and  Suleiman  ranges, 
are  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea.  Its  fruits 
are  eaten,  as  are  those  of  &  Branderthiana 
and  S.  opposMfolia,  also  Indian  species. 

sa'-g€8S,  ».    [Fr.  rngesse.}   Wisdom,  learning. 
sageuess.    (GlanviU:  Plut  Ultra,  p.  8.) 


;,  r.i.    [SAO,  ».] 
sagge, «.    [SAO,  a.] 

B&g'-ger,  &     [SEGOAR.] 

1.  A  seggar  (q.v.). 

2.  Clay  used  in  making  such  pot*. 
saggT-mg,  s.    [SAO,  ».] 

-Y«'<1. :  A  term  applied  to  a  ship  when  thtr 
middle  portion  of  the  keel  and  bottom  arch 
downward. 

sa-gi-na,  «.    [Lat.  =  a  stnffing,  a  fattening.) 
Sot. :  Pearlwort,  a  genns  of  Alainese.  Sepals 


tSte,  lat,  JSire,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father:  we,  w8t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
ar.  wore,  wolt;  work.  whd.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Sjrrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


saginate—  saiga 


lorn  or  five;  petals  four  or  five,  entire  or 
emarginate,  sometimes  wanting  ;  «t  m^ns  tour 
to  ten  ;  styles  four  or  five  ;  capsule  four-  to 
flve-valveU.  Known  ape.-ies  tight,  from  the 
temperate  zones.  Six  are  British:  Sagina 
avttalu  S  procumbent.  S.  iamtUis,  S.  wtralts, 
Siubulttta,  and  S.  nodosa.  All  but  S.  taxa- 
tilis  and  S.  nivcdis,  which  are  Alpine  spem-s, 
are  common. 

«  •ae'-In-ate,  r.t.  [Lai.  saginatiu,  pa.  par. 
of  sagino=ta  fatten,  to  feed.]  To  pamper, 
to  fatten,  to  glut. 

*  g-ig-in-a'-tlon,  s.  [SAGINATE.]  Feeding, 
fattening. 

••  They  use  to  put  them  tor  tagiMtion,  or.  In  English, 
tor  feeding.--  ro*«C.-  Four./oo(e<i  ««uu.  p.  81. 


sa-git'-ta,  s.    [Lat.  =  an  arrow.) 

*  1.  Arch,  .-The  keystone  of  an  arch. 

2.  Astnm. :  The  Arrow ;  a  small  northern 
constellation,  one  of  the  forty-eight  ancient 
asterisms.  It  is  situated  between  the  bill  of 
the  Swan  and  Aquila,  and  is  traversed  by  a 
branch  of  tlie  Milky  Way.  A  nebula  in  Sagitta 
was  resolved  by  Sir  Wm.  Herschel,  in  1(83, 
into  a  cluster  of  stare.  (Ditnkin.) 

*  3.  Geometry  : 

(1)  The  versed  sine  of  an  arc.    (From  the 
resemblance  of  an  arrow  standing  upright  on 
the  string  of  a  bow.) 

(2)  The  abscissa  of  a  curve. 

4  ZooL  :  The  sole  genus  of  Chaetognatha, 
with  several  species,  found  on  the  surface  of 
the  ocean  all  over  the  world.  They  are  trans- 
parent unsegmented  worms,  about  an  inch 
lonR  without  parapodia,  but  the  chitinous 
cuticle  is  produced  into  a  finely  striated  lateral 
fin  on  each  side  of  the  body  and  tail.  At 
each  side  of  the  head  are  strong  claw-like 
chitinons  processes  which  serve  as  jaws.  The 
genus  presents  analogies  with  both  the  Nema- 
toidea  and  the  Annelida ;  but  its  develop- 
ment is,  in  some  respects,  unlike  anything  at 
present  known  in  either  of  these  groups. 
(Hwttef.  Anat  Invtrt.  Anim.,  eh.  xi.) 

•ag'-It-tal,  a.  [Lat.  sagittalis,  from  safitta  = 
an  arrow".] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
an  arrow. 

2.  Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  suture 
between  the  parietal  bones  of  the  skull.    The 
name  sagittal  is  given  to  this  suture  because 
it  seems  to  meet  the  coronal  suture  as  an 
arrow  meets  the  string  of  a  bow. 

"  In  the  iorlll»  «nd  certsln  other  monkeys,  the 
cranium  of  the  adult  male  presents  a  strongly-marked 
las/iltat  crest"— Oancin:  Daaeat  of  Han.  p.  Kt. 

sag-it- tar  -I -a,  s.  [Fern.  sing,  of  Lat.  »agit- 
tarius  =  persai'ning  to  an  arrow.  So  named 
from  the  shape  of  its  leaves.] 

Bot. :  Arrowhead ;  a  genus  of  Alismacea. 
Monoasious ;  stamens  and  styles  many  ; 
achenei  one-seeded,  compressed,  margined, 
collected  into  a  head.  Known  species  about 
fifteen.  One,  Sagillaria  sagitltfotia,  is  European. 
It  has  white  flowers  and  purple  anthers,  and 
is  found  in  ditches,  canals,  4c.  Various 
•pecies  are  astringent.  S.  sinensis  is  cultivated 
for  food  in  China. 

Sag-It- tar'-l-us,  «•    (Lat  =  an  archer.) 

Astron.:  The  Archer  (I);  the  ninth  sign  of 
the  Zodiac,  and  the  third  of  the  southern 
signs,  containing  eight  visible  stars  in  two 
quadrangles.  In  the  latitude  of  England  it  is 
so  low  that  it  can  be  recognized  only  on  very 
clear  nights  and  when  near  the  meridian  ;  in 
latitude  34°  S.  it  is  only  a  few  degrees  north 
of  the  zenith.  A  line  from  Deneb  through 
Altair  will  intersect  Sagittarius. 

*  sftg'-lt-tar-jf,  «.  4  a.    [Lat  taaittariui  = 
an  archer.) 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Class.  Mythol. :  A  centaur,  who  is  repre- 
sented as  coming  to  the  assistance  of  the 


its'-It-tate,  o.  [Lat.  sagitta  =  *n  arrow.) 
Sliaped  like  the  head  of  an  arrow;  arrow- 
headed  (q.v.). 

S&g'-it-tat-ed.a.    [SAOrnvrs.,  Resembling 
an  arrow ;  sagittal. 
Bagittated-calamary, «. 
Zoo!.  :  Tlie  genus  Ommastrephes,  and  es- 
pecially Ommaslrephes  sagittatus,  used  for  bait 
in  the  cod-fishery  on  the  tanks  of  Newfound- 
land.    Gould  -ays  that  "  so  swift  and  straight 
is  their  progrw*,  that  they  look  like  arrows 
shooting  through  the  water." 

a'-go,  s.    [Malay,  sag*,  sag*.} 

Foods :  The  soft  inner  portion  of  the  trunks 
of  the  Sago-palm  (q.v.).  They  are  cut  into 
pieces  about  two  feet  long,  which  are  split 
into  halves  and  the  soft  centre  extracted,  and 
pounded  in  water  till  the  starch  separates. 
(SAO.O-STAKCH.)  It  is  then  washed,  and  be- 
comes soft  meal.  This  is  shaken  in  a  bag  til 
it  becomes  granulated  or  pearled  sago.  Six 
or  eight  hundred  pounds  of  sago  are  made 
from  a  single  tree.  A  less  amount  is  obtain- 
able from  Caryota  ureru,  the  Bas- 
tard Sago-tree,  from  Phtenixfar- 
inijera,  and,  in  Java,  from  the 
pith  of  the  Gebang-palm,  Corf- 
pha  Gebanga,  and  some  of  the 
Cyeads. 

sago-palm,  s. 

Bot.  <t  Conn. :  Any  palm  fur- 
nishing Sago.  Specif.,  "• 
Ion  lave,  which 
is  spineless,  and 
if.  (or  Sofia) 
Rumphii,  which 
is  spinous,  be- 
sides being 
•  mailer.  The 
former  grows  in 
the  East  Indies, 
the  latter  in  Mo- 
luccas, Sumatra, 
and  Borneo.  Granulated  sago,  prepared  from 
its  pith,  is  imported  into  India,  and  used  as 
a  diet  for  invalids.  (Calcutta  Exkto.  Sep.)  The 
illustration  shows  the  tree  and  its  fruit. 

sago-starch,  s. 

Chem. :  The  starch  extracted  from  the  stem 
of  Sagus  Rumphii,  and  probably  of  other 
species  of  palm. 
The  granules  are  in 
size  as  large  as 
those  of  arrow-root, 
somewhat  elongat- 
ed in  form,  rounded 
at  the  larger  end, 
compressed  or 
truncated  at  the 
smaller,  and  vary- 
ing in  length  from 
•0008  to  -0020  of  an 
inch.  The  hilum, 
which  is  situated 
at  one  end  of  the 
granule,  is  in  some 
a  minute  circle,  in  others  a  slit  or  cross.  Sago 
is  largely  nsed  in  the  manufacture  of  the  so- 
called  soluble  cocoas,  and  is  also  frequently 
added  to  the  cheaper  varieties  of  arrow-root 

t  sa'-gd-In,   t  sa'-gdn-ln,  ».     [For  etym. 
and  3ef .  see  extract  under  SAJOD.) 

sag'-ra,  s.  [Gr.  2ayp<w  (Sagras)  =  a  river  ol 
Bruttium,  on  the  east  coast  of  the  peninsula. 
Entom. :  The  typiaal  genus  of  the  Sagridas 
(q.v.).  They  have  greatly-developed  hm<i 
legs,  and  are  called  in  consequence  Kangaroo 
beetles.  Their  colours  are  brilliant  red 
purple,  or  green.  Found  in  the  tropics  of 
Asia  and  Africa. 


•The  dreadful  «o»ffXiT» 
ts  our  numbers." 
Shatap.  :  Troitia  t  Crmida.  T.  8. 

B.  The  arsenal  at  Venice,  or  the  resilience 
there  of  the  military  and  naval  commanders 
So  called  from  the  figure  of  an  archer  over  th 
gate.  (Shakesp.  :  Othello,  I.  1.) 

B.  Aa  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  arrow 
used  for  making  arrows. 

"  With  snch  differences  of  reeds,  vulls. 
•criptory,  Mid  others,  they  mlt'ht  be  furn 
Judes."-flr<mm«  .  J«»c«Kan»  Traat 


BAOO-PALM. 


SAGO-STARCH. 
(Magnified  100  diameters.) 


sag'-ri-das,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat. 
fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -Ida.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Enpoda.  Manrtibles 
terminating  in  a  sharp  point;  lingua  deeply 
emarginate  or  bilobed. 

sa-gu-er'-us,  s.    [Malay  tagv  =  the  name  o 
various  palms  (?).] 

Bat.  :   A  genus  of  Arecese.     Sagverus  sac- 
chari/er  (Arenia  saecharijera)  is  from  twenty 
to  twenty-five  feet  high,  and  is  very  common 
in  the  islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago,  th 
Moluccas  and  Philippines.    The  spadices  ar 
wounded  and  then  pounded  without  detach 
ing  them  from  the  tree.    This  causes  them  t 
yield  a  quantity  of  saccharine  matter,  whic 


4087 

may  be  boiled  into  sugar  or  be  converted  by 
fermentation  into  an  intoxicating  liquor. 
When  the  trees  are  exhausted  by  this  drain  on 
their  energies,  sago  is  obtained  from  the 
trunk,  as  much  sometimes  as  150  or  200  pounds 
from  a  single  tree.  Tlie  cab!>age-like  bunch 
of  young  leaves  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  is 
eaten,  the  leaf-stalks  yield  strong  and  useful 
tibres,  and  the  mid- 
rib of  the  leaves  is 
nsed  for  pens  and 
for  tabes  through 
which  to  N"w  ar- 
rows. (Lindley. ) 

•a'  gum,  >.  [Lat] 
Rom.  Antiq.: 
The  military  cloak 
worn  by  the  Ro- 
man so'idi'Ts  and 
Inferior  officers,  as 
distinguished  from 
the  paludamen- 
tnm  or  cloak  worn 
by  the  superior 

officers     It  was  the  garb  of  war,  as  the  toga 
was  of  peace, 
a  -gus,  s.    [Malay  aagu  =  the  name  of  various 

palms.] 

Bot. :  A  genns  of  Calamese,  sometimes  made 
a  sub-genus  of  Metroxylon.  Spikes  terminal ; 
seeds  with  internal  markings  like  nutmegs. 
Sagus  lams,  of  Rumphius  (Metroxylm  Sao*), 
and  S.  genuine,  yield  the  finest  sago.  They 
form  great  forests  in  the  Moluccas.  The 
bristles  of  S.  fllaris,  a  Malay  plant,  are  dried 
and  used  for  sewing  linen  garments. 

[Eng.  «aa(e),  s. ;  -y.]    FnH  of  sage ; 

seasoned  with  sage. 

sa'-hlb, ».  [Hind.,  from  AraU  =  master,  lord.] 
The  common  term  nsed  by  natives  of  India 
and  Persia  in  addressing  or  speaking  of 
Europeans.  The  feminine  form  is  Sahibah. 

sahl'-ite,  ».  [After  Sala  (old  spelling,  Sahla), 
Sweden,  where  found ;  sun*.  -Ue  (3/in.).] 

M in. :  A  name  formerly  applied  to  a  greyish- 
green  variety  of  pyroxene  from  Sala  ;  but  now 
adopted  by  Dana  and  others  for  a  group,  viz., 
the  lime-magnesia-iron  pyroxene. 

sa'-l,  t  9»'-H  s.     [For  etym.  and  def.  see 
extract  under  SAJOD.] 
sa  -ic,  ».    [Fr.  savfae,  from  Turk,  shaika.] 

Naut. :  A  Levantine  vessel  like  a  ketch, 
but  without  top-gallautsail  or  mizzen-topsail. 

8atd(alasS),pr«t.o/ll.,po.}ior.,*o.    [SAT,*.} 

A.  As  pret.  *jn.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

L  Declared,  uttered,  spoken. 
2.  Before-mentioned,  aforesaid.  (Used  chiefly 
In  legal  documents.) 

••  King  John  succeeded  his  mid  brother  In  the  king- 
dom of  EngUnd  and  dutchy  of  Normandy.-— Hal*. 

*  sale,  n.t.  or  t.    [SAY,  «.) 
sa'-i-ga,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zoology : 

1.  A  genus  of  Bovidse,  with  one  species. 
Saiga   tartarica,    from   eastern    Europe   and 
western  Asia.     [Coios.]    They  differ  so  much 
from  all  other  antelopes  that  some  naturalist* 
have  made  them  a  distinct  family. 
(Wallace.) 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  genns  Sai'sa. 
hey  are  about  the  size  of  a  fallow- 
deer  tawny  yellow  in  summer  anil 
light  gray 
in  winter  ; 
hnrns.fbnnd 
only  in  the 
male,  less 
than  a  foot 
long,  slight- 
ly lyrate  and 
annulated. 
The  nose  is 
large,  fleshy, 
and  probos- 

BAKJA-  ciform,  and 

the  nostrils  are  widely  expanded,  so  that  the 
animals  have  to  walk  backwards  as  they  feed. 

saiga-  antelope,  s. 

Zool. :  The  same  as  SA!OA,  1.  (2). 
"  The  large  animals  In  the  centre  are  t 


408S 


sail— sain 


•ail,  *  sayle,  *  sell,  *  seyL  s.    [A.S.  segel, 
tegl ;  cogu.  with  Dut,  zeil ;  Icel.  segl ;   Dan. 
»eil;    Sw.  scgcl;    Ger.   segel.      From    a   root 
signifying  to  bear,  to  eudure,  to  resist.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  A  piece  of  canvas  cloth  spread  to  catch 
the  wind,  so  as  to  cause  or  assist  in  causing 
a  ship  or  boat  to  move  through  the  water. 
Sails  are  supported  by  the  masts,  spars,  or 
stays  of  the   vessel,  and   take   their  names 
from  the  mast,  yard,  or  stay  on  which  they 
aie  stretched,  as  the  mainsail,  &c.   The  upper 
edge  of  a  sail  is  the  head,  the  lower  edge  the 
foot,  the  vertical  edge  the  leech,  the  weather 
side  or  edge  (that  is,  the  side  or  edge  next  the 
mast  or  stay  to  which  it  is  attached)  of  any 
but  a  square-sail  (q.v.)  is  the  luff,  and  the 
other  edge  the  after  leech.     The  clews  or 
clues  are  the  lower  corners  of  a  square  sail, 
or  the  lower  after  corner  of  a  fore-and-aft 
sail.     A  tack  is  the  lower  weather  corner  of  a 
square  sail,  or  the  lower  forward  corner  of 
&  fore-and-aft  sail.    The  earing  is  the  upper 
corner  of  a  square  sail.    A  square  sail  is  one 
extended  by  a  yard  hung  (slung)  by  the  middle 
and  balanced.    A  sail  set  upon  a  gatf,  boom, 
or  stay  is  called  a  fore-and-aft  sail     The  sails 
of  modern  ships  are  usually  made  of  several 
breadths  of  canvas,   sewn   together  with  a 
double  seam  at  the  borders,  and  edged  all 
round  with  a  cord  or  cords,  known  as  the 
bolt-rope  or  bolt-ropes.  The  seams  in  a  square 
sail  are  vertical,  in  a  fore-and-aft  sail  they  are 
parallel  with  the  after-leech. 

"  Sailt  were  commonly  of  linen,  sometimes  of  any 
other  materials  fit  for  receiving  and  repelling  the 
wind*.  In  Dlo.  we  hare  mention  of  leathern  tail* ; 
it  was  likewise  usual,  for  want  of  other  latit,  to  hang 
op  their  garment*."— Potter :  Antiquitiet  qf  Greece, 
'  bt.  ili.,  chTxir. 

2.  A  wind-sail  (q.v.). 

3.  That  part  of  the  arm  of  a  windmill  which 
catches  the  wind. 

4.  A  ship,  a  vessel.    (By  extension,  applied 
to  a  fleet.) 

"  We  hare  descried  .  .  . 
A  portly  Mif  of  ships  make  hither  ward." 

SAaltetp. :  Perielet,  L  4. 

5.  A  journey  or  excursion  by  water  ;  a  pas- 
sage in  a  vessel  or  boat. 

"  The  very  se*-mark  of  my  outward  tail." 

Mot***. :  Othello,  T.  1 

•  IL  Fig. :  A  wing.    (Poet.) 

**  Like  to  an  eagle.  In  hi*  kingly  pride 
Soaring  through  his  wide  empire  of  th«  alre, 
To  weather  Ini  brode  tttittt." 

Spenter:  F.  «.,  V.  IT.  U. 

T[  (!)  Full  sail :  With  all  sails  set 

(2)  To  nil  close  to  the  wind:  To  go  to  the 
\ery  verge  of  propriety,  or  to  act  so  as  just  to 
•scape  the  letter  of  the  law. 

(3)  To   saU   under  false   colours:   [FALSE- 
COLOURS]. 

(4)  Under  sail :  Having  the  sails  spread, 
•ail-boat, «.    A  sailing-boat  (q.v.). 

*  sail-broad,  a.    Broad  or  spreading  as 
the  sail  of  a  ship.    (Milton:  P.  L.t  ii.  927.) 

sail  clutch,  s. 

Nant. :  An  iron  band  fastening  a  sail ;  a 
substitute  for  hoops  or  lashiug. 

sail-fish,*. 

Ichthyology  : 

L  The  genus  Carpiode*. 

2.  Selache  maxima. 

"  From  It*  habit  of  swimming  slowly  along  with  It* 
lorswl  fin.  mid  sometime*  part  ofitsHtck.  out  of  water, 
tt  has  obtained  in  the  North  the  name  of  SaU-jUA."— 
rarreil ;  BritiA  Fiihet,  ii.  fiO*. 

•all-flake, «. 

Ichthy. :  Rhombus  megastoma. 
•ail-hook, «. 

Naut. :  A  small  hook  for  holding  the  sail 
cloth  while  sewing. 

sail-hoop,  *.    [Hoop  (1),  *.,  II.  2  (IX] 

sail-loft,  *.      A  large  apartment  where 
sails  are  cut  out  and  made. 

sail  maker,  s.     One  whose  business  or 
Occupation  is  to  make  and  repair  sails. 

"  Every  individual  had  been  sick  except  the  tatt- 
maJt*r"—Coo* :  firtt  Voyage,  bk.  ii.,  eh.  z. 

•ail-needle,  s. 

Naut, :     A    large    needle    with    triangular 
tapering  end,  used  in  sewing  canvas. 

•ail-room, «. 

Naut.  :  An  apartment  or  bunk  on  board 
•hip  where  spare  sails  are  stowed. 


sail- wheel,  s.  A  name  sometimes  applied 
to  the  tachometer  of  Woltmann.  [TACHO- 
METER.] 

*  sail-yard,  *. 

Naut. :  The  yard  or  spar  on  which  sails  are 
extended. 

"  With  glance  to  swift  the  subtle  lightning  pact 
As  spilt  the  mil-yardt."  prydtn :  Juvenal. 

sail,  *  saile,  •  sayle,  *  seyle,  v.i.  it  t 
[SAIL,  «.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

L  Literally: 

1.  To  be  propelled  or  driven  forward  by  the 
action  of  the  wind  upon  sails,  as  a  ship  on 
water. 

2.  Hence,  to  be  moved  or  propelled,  as  a 
ship  or  boat,  by  any  mechanical  power,  as  by 
steam,  oars,  &c. 

3.  To  be  conveyed  in  a  vessel  on  water ;  to 
pass  by  water. 

"  Fro  Cipre»  he  was  tailand,"     R.  de  Brunne,  p.  171. 

4.  To  set  sail ;  to  begin  or  start  on  a  voyage. 

"  On  the  13th,  at  six  o'clock  in  the  morning,  I  tailed 
from  Plymouth  Sooud."— Coo*  .•  Second  Voyage,  bk,  L, 
ch.  L 

IL  Figuratively : 

*  L  To  swim,  as  a  fish  or  swimming  bird. 

"  To  which  the  store*  of  Crcesus,  in  the  scale. 
Would  look  like  little  dolphiua,  when  they  tail 
In  the  vast  shadow  of  the  British  whale." 

Dryden :  (Todd.) 

2.  To  pass  smoothly  or  gently  by  ;  to  float. 

"  No  murmurs  strange 
"  Upon  the  midnight  breeze  tail  by." 

Scott :  Banff  Incantation. 

3.  To  glide  ;  to  move  smoothly  and  gently : 
as,  She  sailed  into  the  room. 

*  4.  To  pass,  to  go. 

"  And  forth  I  let  hire  tayle  ID  this  manere." 

Chaucer ;  0.  T.,  *,76L 

B.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  pass  or  move  over  or  upon  In  a  ship 
by  means  of  sails,  or  other  propelling  power, 
as  steam,  oars,  &c. 

*  2.  To  pass  through,  over,  or  upon,  as  In  a 
ship* 

"  Sail  seas  In  cockles."       SkaJutp.  :  Peridot,  IT.  4. 

3.  To  complete  or  perform  by  sailing. 

"  The  match  could  not  be  tailed  through  before  the 
Close  time." —field.  Sept.  4,  188G. 

4.  To  direct  or  manage  the  motion  of  at  sea ; 
to  navigate. 

"  Each  craft  was  taOed  by  a  lady."— /tatty  Tdeffrapk, 
Sept.  11,  1835. 

*1X  Fig. :  To  fly  through. 

"  Sublime  she  tatl* 

Th'  aerial  space,  and  mount*  the  winded  gales." 
Pope.    (Todd.) 

U  To  sail  over: 

Arch.:  To  project  beyond  a  surface.  (GwiU.) 

sail  -a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  sail,  v. ;  -able.}  Capable 
of  being  sailed  on,  over,  or  through ;  navig- 
able ;  passable  by  ships. 

*  sail' -borne,  a.     [Eng.  sail,  a.,  and  borne 

(q.v.).]     Borne,  conveyed,  or  propelled  by 
sails. 

sail-cloth,  *.    [Eng.  sai"7,  B.,  and  cloth.] 

Fabric:  Canvas  for  sails,  made  of  flax, 
hemp,  cotton,  or  jute.  In  thickness  and 
weight,  it  varies  from  221bs.  to  44lbs,  per 
bolt  of  38  yards,  24  inches  wide. 

*  saile,  v.t.    [ASSAIL.] 

sail'-er,  *  sayl-er, «.    [Eng.  sail,  v. ;  -«r.] 

*  1.  One  who  sails  ;  a  sailor,  a  seaman. 

"  Saylert  by  their  voyages,  find  ont  and  come  to  the 
knowledge  of  these  •tarres."  —  P.  Holland:  Plinie, 
bk.  11.  ch.  In. 

2.  A  ship  or  other  vessel,  spoken  of  with 
reference  to  her  manner,  power,  or  capabilities 
of  sailing  :  as,  a  fast  sailer. 

sail  Ing,  •  sayl-ing,  *  seyl-yng,  pr.  par., 
a.,  &  s.  [SAIL,  r.) 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  d  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb), 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  sails. 

"And  whaniie  teyltmg  was  not  afkir  for  that  fasting 
was  pasdd."—  Wy&ffe:  Dedit  sxvii. 

2.  The  art  or  rules  of  navigation  ;  the  act, 
art,  or  operation  of  conducting  or  directing 
the  course  of  a  ship  from  port  to  port ;  navi- 
gation. 

"  There  was  tome  smart  tailing  shown." —  /VW, 
Sept.  4,  IBM. 


•I  Sailing  is  distinguished,  according  to  tin 
methods  employed  in  solving  the  different 
problems  that  arise. 

If  (1)  Current  sailing :  The  method  of  deter- 
mining the  true  course  and  distance  of  a  ship, 
when  her  own  motion  is  combined  with  that 
of  a  current. 

(2)  Globular  sailing :  [GLOBULAR], 

(3)  Great  circle  sailing  :  [GREAT]. 

(4)  Mercator's  sailing:   That  in  which  the 
problems  are  solved  according  to  the  princi- 
ples of  Mercator's  projection.    [MERCATO&'S 

CHART.] 

(5)  Middle  latitude  sailing  :  [MIDDLE], 

(6)  Oblique  sailing  :  [OBLIQUE]. 

(7)  Parallel  sailing :  [PARALLEL,  a.]. 

(8)  Traverse  sailing :  [TRAVERSE,  a.]. 

sailing-boat,  s.  A  boat  propelled  by,  or 
fitted  for  a  sail  or  sails,  as  distinguished  from 
a  row-boat. 

sailing-carriage,  s.  A  wheeled  vehicle 
propelled  by  sails.  (Cf.  Milton:  P.  L..  iii 
437-39.) 

sailing-instructions,  s.  pi. 

Naut. ;  Written  or  printed  directions  issued 
by  the  commanding  officer  of  a  convoy  for  the 
masters  of  the  ships  under  hi3  care,  explaining 
his  signals,  and  appointing  a  place  of  rendez- 
vous if  the  ships  should  be  dispersed  bj 
tempest,  or  to  escape  capture  by  the  enemy. 

sailing-master, «. 

Nautical : 

1.  The  same  as  MASTER,  *.,  A.  II.  4. 

2.  In  the  American  Navy,  a  warrant  officer, 
ranking  next  below  a  lieutenant,  whose  duties 
are  to  navigate  the  vessel,  and,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  executive  oflicer,  to  attend  to  the 
stowage  of  the  hold,  to  the  cables,  rigging,  &c. 

sailing-orders,  s.  pi.  [ORDER,  s.  *  (10).] 
sailing-over,  s. 

Arch. :  Projecting  beyond  a  surface. 

sail -less,  a.    [Eng.  sail,  s. ;  -less.]    Destitute 
of  sails. 

"  John  .  .  .  saw  the  disk  of  the  ocean 
SaUteu.  sombre,  and  cold." 

Longfellow:  Mile*  Standiik,  11L 

sail'-or,  *  sall-our,  *.    [Eng.  sail,  v. ;  -or.J 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  A  mariner,  a  seamen.    (Usu- 
ally applied  to  one  of  the  ordinary  hands, 
or  those  before  the  mast.) 

"She  would  stt  and  weep 
At  what  a  tailor  suffers."        Covper :  Talk.  1  ML 

2.  Entom. :   A  child's  name  for  any  Tele- 
phorus  of  a  bluish  colour.    [SOLDIER,] 

sailor-fish,  ». 

Ichthy. :  Any  species  of  the  genus  Histio- 
phorus.  [XiPHiiDA.] 

"  In  the  warm  waters  of  the  Indian  Ocean  a  string* 
mariner  ia  found  that  baa  given  rise  to  many  curiuu* 
tales  among  the  natives  of  the  coast  thereabout  They 
toll  of  a  wonderful  sail  often  «c«n  in  the  calm  staaonj 
preceding  the  terrible  hurricanes  that  course  over 
thoae  waters  .  -  .  One  day  the  phantom  craft  actually 
appeared  to  the  crew  of  ail  Indian  steamer,  and  aa  it 
pftised  by  under  the  stern  of  the  vessel,  the  queer 
1  sail '  was  seen  to  belong  to  a  gigantic  sword-tish,  now 
known  as  the  tailor-fuh.  The  sail  was  really  an 
enormously  developed  dorsal  fin  that  was  over  tea 
feet  high,  and  was  richly  coloured  with  blue  awl 
iridescent  tints;  and  as  the  fish  swain  along  on  or  neat 
the  surface  of  the  water,  this  great  fin  naturally 
waved  to  and  fro,  BO  that,  from  a  distance,  it  could 
easily  be  mistaken  for  a  curious  aaiL"— St.  Xickolat, 
Oct.,  1886,  p.  sjo. 

sailor-like,  a.    Like  a  sailor  or  sailors. 

Sailors'  home,  s.  An  institution  where 
sailors  may  board  and  lodge  while  they  are  on 
shore.  The  first  was  opened  in  Londoa  In 
1829.  Sailors'  homes  have  since  been  estab- 
lished in  the  princi])al  English  sea-ports. 

*  Sail'-or-le'ss,  a.     [Eng.  sailor ;  -less.]    Des- 
titute of  sailors. 

"  Ships  tailorlett  lay  rotting  on  the  sea.* 

Byron :  JJarlcnem. 

*  sail   our,  s,    [SAILOR,) 

*  sail  -y,  a.    [Eng.  sail,  s. ;  -y.]    Like  or  re- 
sembling a  sail. 

"  From  Penmen's  craggy  height  to  try  her  nat'Iy  wiiigm," 
Draytfm  :  Polg-Otbion,  s.  9. 

saint,  «.    [SEAM  (3),  «.]    Lard,  fat.    (Prov.  & 
Scotch.) 

sa'-I  mi-ris,  &    [Native  name.l 

Zool :  Callithrix  sciureus,  the  Squirrel  Mon- 
key (q.v.).  Cuvier  gave  it  generic  distinction. 

*  sain,  pa.  par.    [SAT,  v.] 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall    father;  we,  wet,  here,  •amel  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  wqlf,  work,  who,  son  ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rul*.  full;  try.  Syrian,    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


sain— sake 


4089 


•aln,  sane,  v.t.  [A.8.  seinan,  segnian  =  to 
sign,  to  bless;  stgen,  «0n  =  a  sign,  from  Lat. 
«tjnum=a  sign;  Ger.  segen  =  a  sign,  segnen 
=  to  sign,  to  bless.]  To  sign  with  the  sign  of 
the  cross;  hence,  to  bless  against  evil  in- 
fluence. 

"  Sign  it  with  Croat.  and  lain  It  with  bead, 
Sin,  th,  Ave,  and  saythe  creed.^ 


sain  foin,  sairi-f&in,  saint'-fSln,  s.  [Fr., 
from  soin  =  wholesome,  and/oin  =  hay  ;  Lat. 
sanum  foznum  =  wholesome  hay,  or  less  pro- 
bably from  Fr.  saint  =  sacred,  and  fain  =  hay  ; 
Lat.  sanctum  fcenum.] 
Bot.  :  The  genus  Onobrychis  (q.v.X 

•aint,  *  saynt,  *  saynct,  *  seint,  *  seinte, 
•  seynt,  s.  [Fr.  saint,  from  Lat.  sanctum, 
accus.  of  sanctus  =  holy,  consecrated  ;  prop. 
pa.  par.  of  scmcio  =  to  render  sacred,  to  make 
holy  ;  Sp.  nnto,  san  ;  Ital.  santo.] 

1  A  person  sanctified  ;  a  person  eminent 
for  piety  and  virtue  ;  a  godly  or  holy  person. 
(It  is  applied  especially  to  the  Apostles  and 
other  holy  persons  mentioned  in  Scripture.) 

"  But  onely  if  he  be  some  tetnte. 
Whiche  God  preserueth  of  his  grace. 

Gowcr  :  0.  A.,  Till. 

4  One  of  the  blessed  In  heaven. 

"You  a  taint  with  "ainii  your  sett  have  won.- 

Spenter:  F.  o...  II.  USi. 
*  3.  An  angel. 

"Behold  the  Lord  oometh  with  ten  thousand  of  hla 
tatnti.~-J*de  U. 

4.  One  who  for  his  or  her  piety  has  been 
canonized  by  the  Roman  Church.  The  title 
Saint  is  generally  abbreviated  to  St.  before  a 
personal  name.  (The  abbreviation  for  Saints 
Is  88.)  [INVOCATION,  U.) 

•$  A  small  sect  calling  themselves  Saints 
first  obtained  places  of  worship  in  London  in 
1884. 

If  1.  St.  Agnes'  flower  : 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Erinosmm. 

2.  St.  Atulrew1!  crust: 

(1)  Ord,   Lang.  :   A  cross  shaped  like  the 
letter  X. 

(2)  Bot.  :  Ascyrum  Crux  Andrea. 

3.  St.  Anthony's  fire:  Erysipelas. 

4.  SI.  Barbara's  crest  : 
Bot.  :  Barbarea  vulgaris. 

6.  St.  Barnaby's  thistle  : 
Bot.  :  Centaurea  solslitialit. 

8.  SI.  Boniface'  s  pennies:  The  separated  por- 
tions of  the  stalk  of  the  Lily  Encrinite. 

7.  St.  Cassian  beds  : 

Geol  :  A  series  of  beds  of  Upper  Triassic 
»ge  in  the  Southern  Tyrol,  consisting  of  cal- 
careous marls,  with  Ammonites,  Gasteropoda, 
Conchifera,  Brachiopoda,  Corals,  &c. 

8.  St.  Catherine's  flawer  : 
Bot.  :  Nigella  damascena. 

9.  St.  Christopher's  Kerb  : 

Bot.  :  (1)  Osmunda  regalis,  (2)  Actea  spicata. 

10.  St.  Cuthberfs  beads  : 

Palceont.  :  A  popular  name  for  the  separated 
portions  of  Encrinites  moniliformis. 

11.  St.  CutKbert's  duck  :  [EIDER-DUCK], 

12.  St.  Elmo's  light:  The  Corposant  (q.v.). 

13.  St.  George's  ensign  :  The  distinguishing 
badge  of  ships  of  the  Royal  Navy,  consisting 
of  a  red  cross  on  a  white  field,  with  the  Union 
Jack  in  the  upper  quarter  next  the  mast. 

11.  S(.  Helen's  series  :  (OsBORNE  SERIES]. 

15.  S(.  Ignatius  bean  :  [IONATIUS'S-BEAN]. 

16.  St.  James's  wort  : 
Bot.  :  Senecia  Jacobcea. 

17.  St.  John's  bread  : 

Bot.  :  Ceratonia  siliqiui.  So  called  because 
tn  the  opinion  of  some,  it  furnished  th 
"  locusts  "  eaten  by  John  the  Baptist  in  th 
wilderness.  More  probably,  however,  th 
locusts  were  the  actual  insects. 

18.  St.  John's  wort  :  The  genus  Hypericum 
spec.,  //.  perforatum. 

19.  St.  Leger:  The  name  of  a  horse-rac 
for   three-year-olds,    instituted    in    1776    b 
Colonel  St.  Leger,  of  Park  Hill,  near  Don 
caster,  but  not  called  the  "St.  Leger"  til 
two  years  afterwards.    It  is  run  at  Doncaste 
in  September  of  each  year.  (Pron.  Stt'-lin-ger 

20.  St.  Martin's  flower  : 

Bot.  :  Alstnemeria  Flos-Martini. 


21.  St.  Martin's  herb : 

Bot. :  Sauvagesia  erecta.  It  is  very  muci- 
laginous. 

22.  St.  Martin's  summer :   A  popular  name 
for  the  mild  damp  season  which  sometimes 
prevails  from  November  till  about  Christinas, 
due   to   the   prevalence    of    south-westerly 
winds. 

23.  St.  Mary's  flower: 

Bot. :  Anastatica  H  ierochuntiana. 

24.  St.  Monday :  A  Monday  spent  in  idle- 
ness and  dissipation.     Used  only  in  the  phrase 
To  keep  St.  Monday  =  To  idle  away  Monday 
instead  of  returning  to  work. 

25.  St.  Peter's  fingers : 

Pafaont. :  A  popular  name  for  Belemnites. 

26.  St.  Peter's  wort : 

Bot. :  (1)  Primula  veris ;  (2)  the  genus 
Ascyrum ;  (3)  the  genus  Symphoria  ;  (4) 
Hyperiaum  Aseyron ;  (5)  Hypericum  yuad- 
rangulum. 

27.  St.  Simonian :  A  supporter  or  adherent 
of  the  Count  de  St.  Simon  (1760-1825),  a  social- 
istic reformer,  who  proposed  the  institution 
of  a  European  Parliament,  to  arbitrate  in  all 
matters  affecting  Europe,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  social  hierarchy  based  on  capacity 
and  labour. 

28.  St.  Simonianitm,  St.   Simonism:   The 
doctrines,  principles,  or  practice  of  the  St. 
Simonians. 

29.  St.  Thomas-tree : 

Bot. :  Bauhinia.  tomentosa. 

30.  S(.  Vitiu's  dance :  [CHOREA.] 

*  saint-seeming,  a.  Having  or  assum- 
ing the  appearance  or  a  saint ;  hypocritical. 

"A   nint-tetming   and   Bible-hearing   hypocritical 
puritan."— Mountayu*  :  Appeal*  to  Catar,  p.  is. 

saint's  bell,  ».    The  Sanctus-bell  (q.v.). 

*  saint,  v.t.  &  i.    [SAINT,  *.] 

A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  enrol  among  the  list  of  the  saints  by 
an  official  act  of  the  pope ;  to  canonize. 

••  I'll  have  him  tainted,-— Beaum.  *  fltc.  :  Scornful 
Lady,  Iv.  I 

2.  To  salute  as  a  saint. 

"  Lower  voices  taitit  me  from  above.* 

TmntKn .'  St.  Si.JKm  Stflila.  151 

3.  To  give  the  character  or  reputation  of  a 
saint  to. 

"  Such  an  Impression  of  hl«  goodness  gave, 
As  tainted  him."  Daniel:  Civil  Wart,  L 

B.  Intrant. :  To  act  or  live  as  a  saint  or 
with  a  show  of  piety. 

••  Think  women  still  to  thrive  with  men, 
To  sin,  and  never  for  to  taint. 

Shaketp. :  Pattionat*  PUgrtm,  343. 

*  salnf-dom,  s.     [Eng.  saint;   -dom.]    The 
state  or  condition  of  being  a  saint ;  the  state 
of  being  canonized ;  canonization.   (Tennyson . 
St.  'Simon  Stylites,  6.) 

saint'-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SAINT,  ».] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Canonized  ;  enrolled  among  the  saints. 

"  And  the  lightning  showed  the  tainted 
Figures  on  the  casement  painted." 

Lon'jfeUow :  Norman  Baron. 

2.  Entered  into  bliss  ;  gone  to  heaven.    (A 
euphemism  for  dead.) 

3.  Sacred,  holy. 

"  And,  like  a  glory,  the  broad  sun 
llaugs  over  tainted  Lebanon." 

Moore  :  Paradite  *  the  Peri. 

•  4.  Holy,  pious. 

"A  most  tainted  king." 

Shaketp. :  Macbeth,  Iv.  a 

*  saint'  ess,  *  saynt-ess,  s.     [Eng.  saint 
s. ;  -ess.]    A  female  saint. 

"The  must  blessed  company  of  sayntes  and  tavn. 
ctte*."— Bishop  Fisher :  Sermon*. 

saint  foin,  s.    [SAINFOIN.] 

t  saint'-hood,  s.  [Eng.  saint ;  -hood.]  Th 
state,  character,  rank,  or  position  of  a  saint 
saint ;  saintship. 

"  Sainthood,  as  hitherto  understood,  implies  a  livin 
faith  rejoicing  in  the  consciousness  of  God.  —  T.  Dana 
ton:  Phil.  Sytt.  of  A.  Rormini,  p.  xliii. 

*  saint' -Ing,  s.   [Eng.  saint,  v.;-ing.]  Canon 
zation. 

41  Meriting  ai  well  bis  tainting  as  his  seat. 

Drayton  :  Poly-Otbvm,  s.  34. 

*  saint'- fab,  a.     [Eng.  taint ;   -i«4.]    Some 
what  saintly.    (Used  ironically.) 


saint'  ism,  *.  [Eng.  saint  ;  -ism.]  Th« 
quality  or  character  of  a  saint. 

"  The  pains  he  took  in  converting  him  to  godliness, 

L«.,  to  canting  Puritanism  and  Ouintitm.  —  Wood: 

falti  Oxon.,  vol.  11. 

saint  -like,  a.    [Eng.  taint;  -like.] 

1.  Like  or  resembling  a  saint  ;  saintly,  holy. 
3.  Becoming  or  befitting  a  saint. 

"  In  accents  tender  and  tainflUce." 

Longfellow  :  Evangeline,  ii.  &. 

saint'  -U-lj?,  adv.  [Eng.  saintly  ;  -ly.]  In  a 
saintly  manner.  (Poe  :  Kationale  of  Verse.) 

saint  11  ndss,  [Eng.  saintly;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  saintly. 

saint  -IJr,  a.  [Eng.  saint;  -ly.]  Like  a  saint; 
becoming  or  befitting  a  saint  ;  saintlike. 

••  Men  of  orthodor  faith  and  laintlf  UIt-"—Macat. 
(ay  :  Bill.  Rng.,  ch.  xl. 

saint  61  6  gist,  s.  [Eng.  saint,  and  Or. 
Aoyos  (logos)  =  a  word,  a  discourse.]  One  who 
writes  or  is  versed  in  the  lives  or  history  of 
saints  ;  a  hagiologist. 

saint  -ship,  ».  [Eng.  saint;  -ship.]  The 
character  or  qualities  of  a  saint  ;  saintly 
character  or  condition. 

"Whose  large  blue  eyes,  fair  locks,  and  snowy  hauda, 
Might  shake  the  taintthip  of  an  anchorite.' 

Byron:  Child*  Harold,  L.  U. 

salP,  a.    [SORE.]    (Scotch.) 
ta.tr,  v.t.    [SERVE.]    (Scotch.) 

sair  Ing,  sair'-In',  >.  [SAia,  ».]  As  much 
as  satisties  or  serves  the  turn  ;  enough.  (ScotcA.) 

salr'-iy,  salr'-lle,  adv.    [SOKELT.]  (Scotc*.) 
salthe,  i.    [SEETHE.] 

Sai'-va,>.    [SIVA.] 

Hindooism  :  A  follower  of  Siva,  the  third  of 
the  Hindoo  Triad  ;  spec.,  a  monastic  devotee  of 
the  god.  H.  H.  Wilson  (Religious  Sects  of  the. 
Hindoos,  1862,  p.  32)  divides  these  devotees  into 
nine  orders  :—  Dandis  and  Dasnamis,  Jogis, 
Jangamas,  Paramahansas,  Urdhabahus,  Akas 
Mukhis  and  Nakhis,  Gudaras,  Rukharas  Suk- 
haras  and  Ukharas,  Kara  Lingis,  Sannyasis,  4c. 

Sai'-va-vite,  o.  &  s.  [Sansc.,  ic.  Saiwa;  « 
connect.,  and  Eng.  sun",  -tie.] 

A.  At  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  Siv»  or  hi» 
worshippers. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  Saiva  (q.v.). 


sa-1ene'.   sa-gene'  (l),  »•  -     •• 

"sian  measure  of  length,  equal  to  1  '167  English 
fathoms,  or  about  seven  English  feet. 

saj'-li,  ».  [Hind,  khar-suji  or  suji-khar.]  In- 
"dian  barilla,  produced  by  burning  Anthroo- 
nemumindicum,CaroTylonfxtidum,C.Griffithii, 
Salicornia  orachiata,  Salsola  Kali,  Sumla  fru- 
ticosa,  S.  tndtca,  and  S.  nudiflora. 

sa  ]6u'  (J  as  zh),  t.  [For  etym.  and  def.  ses 
extract.  ] 

"These  (the  genus  Cebus]  are  the  •  little  masters  of 
the  woods.'  accordliiz  to  Azara,  and  «hould  be  called 
•Oaf  (the  'C'  is  soft),  which  has  been  altered  t« 
Saiou  by  the  extraordinary  talent  which  the  French 
have  of  confounding  spelling  and  sounds  in  other  Ian- 
zuaaes  BufTon  divides  the  monkeys  noticed  abuve 
rthe  genera  Ateles.  Lagothrii.  and  Cebua]  into  Sapa- 
Joat  and  Sagoint,  the  larger  kiuclii  belonging  to  the 
Brst.  and  those  about  to  be  noticed  ICebilsJ  to  the  last. 
He  modified,  he  says,  the  words  ORHPHMBN  and  Cagoni. 
their  C  being  pronounced  as  &  But  Azara  says  tl.nt 
the  real  words  are  Caigonazon  and  Cai,  they  being 
pronounced  as  written,  and  the  first  means  Great  Cai. 
ind  the  last  Cai  or  Cay.  simply  Monkey.  Hajaut  is 
a  derivative  from  Cagoni.  and  animals  properlv  in- 
cluded by  it  constitute  the  genus  Cebus,  but  to  add  to 
the  confusion  Mr.  Wallace  calls  them  Sapajom.  — 
Prof.  M.  nuncan.  Ul  Cauell'l  Sat.  Bill.,  1.  178.  1T». 

sa'-ka,  s.    [Native  name  (?)] 

Bot.  :  Cnpaifera  puoiflora  and  C.  bracteata, 
which  yield  timber  of  great  toughness.  They 
grow  in  Demerara. 

sake,  ».  [A.S.  sacu  =  strife,  dispute,  crime, 
accusation  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  znac  =  matter, 
case,  cause,  business,  affair  ;  Icel.  sdk  =  a 
charge,  guilt,  crime  ;  Dan.  sag  ;  8w.  sak  ;  Ger. 
sacAe;  Goth,  sakan  =to  contend,  to  rebuke.) 

1.  Final   cause,  end,  purpose  ;  purpose  or 
desire  of  obtaining  :  as,  To  tight  for  the  sake. 
of  freedom. 

2.  Account,  reason,  cause,  interest  ;  regard 
to  any  person  or  thing. 

"  Yield  thee  Mmottl  ;  quarter  take. 
For  thine  own,  thy  daughter's  take. 

Byron  :  Sieoe  of  CorinOt,  IVIL 

U  (1)  The  plural  is  used  in  such  phrases  as, 
For  your  rates,  For  their  sakes. 


boH,  bo?,<  pint,  J<RM;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  beneb;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  ejlst.   pi i-l t 

=  rtta;-tloii,-fion  =  »huii.   -«lou».  -tlous,  -sious  =  shu*.   -We.  -die,  *c.  _  Bel,  04 


4090 


(2)  The  sign  of  the  genitive  is  often 
omitted— 

(a)  When  the  word  preceding  sake  ends  in  a 
sibilant:  as,  for  goodness  lake,  for  conscience 
take,  &c. 

*(b)  When  the  word  ends  in  other  letters  : 
u,  torjuskiotl  sake,  for  safely  sake,  Sec. 

*3,  A  fault,  a  crime,  a  dispute.   [SACKLESS.] 

"  For  desert  of  ram  tote." 

K.  Km.  Alia.  Potmi.  lit  U. 

1  Sato  is  only  used  in  such  phrases  as  are 
given  above,  and  is  always  preceded  by  /or. 

•sa'-k£r,  •  sa  ere,  ».  [Fr.  «acre  =  (1)  a  fal- 
con ;  (2)  a  piece  of  ordnance  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
•acre;  from  Arab.  sojr=a  sparrow-hawk. 
The  names  of  various  hawks  were  frequently 
given  to  pieces  of  ordnance.  J 

1.  A  hawk  ;  a  species  of  falcon  ;  properly, 
falco  sacer,  a  European  and  Asiatic  falcon. 

"  On  bit  right  band  new 
A  «o*«r.  Mcred  to  the  god  of  view." 

Ckapmun  :  Uoinir  ;  Odyilcy  XT. 

2.  A  small  piece  of  artillery. 

"On  the  buttons  were  planted  culveruisandiafcrj.- 
—Maemutay  :  Bat.  Aug.,  ch.  xii. 

s&k'-er-et,  t.     [SAKEB.]     The  male  of  the 

saker. 

sakh-rat',  i.  [Arab.  =  a  rock,  a  hewn  stone.) 
Muhnmmadan  Myth.  :  A  sacred  stone  of  an 
emerald  colour,  which,  by  reflection,  imparts 
the  azure  hue  to  the  sky.  If  one  possess  the 
smallest  fragment  of  it,  he  acquires  miraculous 
powers. 

sa  kl  (1),  s.    [Native  name.] 

Toot  :  The  geuus  Pithecia  (q.v.X  Their 
faces  are  strangely  human  in  appearance, 
and  some  of  them  are  easily  tamed,  and  be- 
come amusing  and  affectionate.  The  members 
of  the  genus  usually  known  by  this  name  are 
the  Hairy  Saki  (Pithecia  Kirsuta),  the  Scarlet- 
faced,  White-skinned,  or  Bald-headed  Saki  (P. 
Minis)  ;  the  Black-headed  (P.  melaiuxxphala)  ; 
and  the  White-headed  Saki  (P.  leucocephala). 
P.  satanas  is  the  Couxio,  and  P.  monachus  the 
Honk. 

•B'-kl  (2).  sa'-ke,  «.  [Japanese.)  The  native 
beer  and  common  stimulating  drink  of  the 
Japanese.  It  is  made  from  rice,  and  is  drank 
warm,  producing  a  very  speedy  but  transient 
intoxication. 

"  They  seem  clever  people,  those  Japanese  wbo  lately 
enabled  their  convict  friends  to  get  drunk  on  hambuos 
Oiled  with  iaU."—St.  Jama1,  a<ame.  Sept,  U,  ISM. 

sok  I-eli,sak  i-a,sak-eo  yoh,.'.  [Arab. 
taka,  saklca  —  a  water-carrier,  a  cupbearer.]  A 
machine  nsed  in  Egypt  for  raising  water  from 
the  Kile  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation.  It  is  a 
modification  of  the  Persian  wheel,  and  con- 
aists  of  a  series  of  cogged  wheels,  turned  by 
•  buffalo  or  camel,  each  revolution  of  the 
wheel  working  up  a  series  of  earthen  pitchers, 
which  empty  themselves  into  a  trough  or  pool. 

"  Here  the  fields  are  watered  by  means  of  wheels  to 
which  wator.Jars  are  aUached-the  so*w»»«."_e. 
fetri:  fyfft  led.  Bell),  68. 

Stile1  ta,  s.  [Bengali,  Ac.,  from  Sansc.  nkti 
—  power,  energy.) 

Hindwism  :  A  worshipper  of  the  Sakti, 
the  power  or  energy  of  the  divine  nature  in 
action,  and  personified  in  a  female  form.  If 
the  proclivities  of  the  worshipper  are  towards 
the  adoration  of  Vishnu,  then  the  personified 
Sakti  is  termed  Lakshmi  or  Haha-Lakshmi  ; 
If  it  be  towards  that  of  Siva,  the  Sakti  is 
denominated  Parvati,  Bhavani,  or  Durga.  The 
principal  religions  books  of  the  Saktas  are  the 
Tantras  (q.vT).  It  is  believed  that  at  least 
three-fourths  of  the  Hindoos  of  Bengal  are  of 
this  sect,  and  of  the  remaining  fourth,  three 
are  Vaislinavas  to  one  Saiva.  (Relig.  Sects  of 
the  Window,  1862,  p.  82.)  Wilson  divides  the 
Saktas  into  Dakshinis,  Vamis,  Kancheliyas, 
and  Kararis.  Another  classification  is  into 
the  Dakshinacharis  and  the  Vamacharis,  fol- 
lowers of  the  Right  Hand  and  of  the  Left 
Hand  Ritual.  The  latter  are  accused  of  great 
immoralities. 


saker— salamander 


[LaL=salt.] 
Chem.:  Formerly  nsed  In  chemistry  to  dis- 
tinguish salts,  and  now  sometimes  used  in 
compound  names. 

sal  ammoniac,  s. 

1.  Chen.:  [AMVONIUK-CBLOBIDE). 

2.  Mvn.  :  An  isometric  mineral,  occurring 
hi  crystals,  also  in  stalactites,  massive,  and 
as  efflorescences.    Hardness,  1'6  to  2  ;  sp.  gr. 


1  "528  ;  lustre,  vitreous ;  colour,  white,  whe 
pure  ;  translucent  to  opaque  ;  soluble  ;  t  ist 
saline,  pungent.  Compos.  :  ammonium,  SS'7 
chlorine,  66 '3  =  100,  hence  the  formula 
NH4CL  Frequent  as  sublimation  products  i 
volcanic  craters,  notably  well  crystallized  i 
that  of  Vesuvius. 

3.  Pharm.  :  It  sometimes  relieves  pain  i 
neuralgia,  and  has  been  given  in  chronic  bron 
chitis  with  abundant  expectoration.  Kxtr; 
nally  it  is  slightly  stimulant,  and  is  believec 
to  aid  in  dispersing  tumours. 

sal-polycrestus,    ».       [POTASSIC-BUL 

PBATE.) 

sal-prunella,  >.    [PKUNELLA-SALT.] 
sal  volatile,  s. 

L  Chem. :  Aromatic  spirit  of  ammonia. 
2.  Pharm. :  Its  actiou  is  that  of  free  am 
mouia. 

sal  (2),  «.    (SAUL.) 

sa-laam',   sa  lam ,  ».     [Arab,  naldm  =  sa 
luting,  a  salutation ;  of.  Heb.  shelam  =  peace 
shdUm=to  be  safe.)    A  ceremonious  saluta 
tion  or  obeisance  among  Orientals,  consistin 
in  the  bending  of  the  head  with  the  bod, 
downwards,  in  extreme  cases  nearly  to  the 
ground,  and  placing  the  palm  of  the  rigl 
baud  on  the  forehead. 

"  '  Eo  I  who  art  thou  ?'—'  This  low  talam 
Replies  of  Moslem  faith  I  am.'" 

Byron  :  Giaour. 

H  To  send  a  person  one's  salaam :  To  presenl 
or  send  one's  compliments. 

sa-laam',  sa  lam ,  ».i.  &  t.    [SALAAM,  «.] 

A.  Intrans.:  To  make  a  salaam  or  obeisance 
to  bow  ;  to  salute  with  a  salaam. 

B.  Trans. :  To  make  a  salaam  to  ;  to  salute 
with  a  salaam. 

"  A  my  Intelllgent-lookinr,  amiable  little  lady, 
who  tatamttl  us  in  Turkish  style."— Scribner't  itaga- 
Xiu,  June,  IS!;,  p.  I49i 

*  sa  laam  stone,  s.    [Ger.  mlaamsteln.] 

Min. :  Stated  to  be  an  Indian  naiil*  for  a 
variety  of  spinel  occurring  in  six-sided  prisms, 
but  much  doubt  exists  both  as  to  the  origin 
of  the  name  itself  and  its  application. 


Bal-a-bU'-i-ty. 

[Eng.  salabl(e)  ;  ity.)     Salableuess. 

sal'-a-ble,  t  sale'-a-ble,   'sale' ha 

ble,  a.     fEug.  sal(f)  ;  -able,]     That    may  be 
sold ;  marketable ;  ready  for  sale ;  in  demand. 

sal'-a-ble-ness.  ..  [Eng.  salable;  -,„„.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  salable ;  salability. 

*sal'-a-bl*,  *  sale'  a-bly.  „*,.  [lng. 
•"*'(') ;  -»•]  In  a  salable  manner. 

sa-la  -cl  a,  «.  [Lat.  =  the  wife  of  Neptune.] 
Hot. :  A  genus  of  Hippocrateaceee.  Stamens 
three;  frnit  berried.  Known  species  about 
sixty.  Salada  dulcis,  of  Brazil,  s.  pyrljbrmis, 
of  Sierra  Leone,  which  resembles  a  bergamot 
pear,  and  S.  Sozburghii,  of  India,  have  eatable 
fruit*. 

*  sa-la'-elons,  a.    [Lat.  salax,  genlt  salads  ; 
-otto  =  tx>  leap.)  Lustful,  lecherous.   [Rur,  v.] 

*  sa  la  -clous  ly,  mlr.    [Eng.  salacious;  -ly.] 
In  a  salacious  manner ;  lustfully,  lecheronsfy. 

"  sa-la -cions-noss,  «.  [Eng.  salacious; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  salacious  ; 
lust,  lecherousness,  salacity. 

salacitas,  from  salax'=  salacious  (q.v.).]    Sa- 
laatoosness. 

"The  Immoderate tanaclty.  and  almost  unparalleled 
excess  of  veuery.  which  every  September  may  be  ob- 
serve-d  in  this  animal. " — Browne  :  Vvtgar  Errouri, 
bk.  ill.,  ch.  Ix. 

sal -ad,  *  sal-ado,  •  sal  lad,  •  sal-lat, 
*  sal'-let,  s.  [Fr.  salade,  from  O.  Ital.  salata 
=  a  salad  of  herbs,  prop.  fern,  of  salato,  pa. 
per.  of  saliire  —  to  salt,  to  pickle,  from  sal, 
«ie(Lat.  sat)  =  salt  (q.v.);  Dnt  salade;  Dan., 
8w.,  &  Ger.  salat.] 

I.  Generally,  a  dish  of  certain  vegetables 
prepared  and  served  so  as  to  be  eaten  raw  ; 
specif.,  a  dish  of  lettuce,  endive,  radishes, 
mustard,  land  and  water-cress,  celery,  and 
young  onions,  dressed  with  eggs,  salt,  mustard, 
oil,  vinegar,  or  spices. 


2.  A  dish  composed  of  some  kind  of  meat, 
as  chicken  or  lobster,  chopped  and  mixed  witS 
uncooked  herbs,  and  seasoned  with  some  con- 
diment,  as  lobster-salad. 

3.  A  lettnce,    (Colloq.) 
salad  burnet,  s. 

Bot. :   The  genus    Poterlnm,  «nd    specif 
Polerium  Sanguisorba,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
eaten  in  salad. 

salad-cream,  «.    A  prepared  dressing 
for  salads. 

-salad-days,   *  sallet  -  days.  s.  pi 

Green,  unripe  days ;  years  of  inexperience. 

When  I  was  green  in  lu'dJiS?-' "' 

Skatetp.  .•  A»tmi  t  Cltapatra,  t,  t 

salad  oil,  s.    Olive-oil. 

salad- spoon,  s.     A  spoon  of  wood  or 
Ivory  for  mixing  and  serving  salads. 

'sal-ade,  i.    [SAJJJT  (2).] 
1  Sal'-a  dine,  a.     [From  Saladin,  properly 
' °f 


Saladine-tenth,  >. 

Law :  A  tax  imposed  on  England  and  France 
in  1188  by  Pope  Innocent  HI.,  toobtain  money 
for  the  crusade  then  about  to  be  led  by 
Richard  I.  of  England  and  Philip  Augustus 
of  France  against  Sulailin,  Sultan  of  Egypt. 
It  was  a  tenth  on  every  one's  annual  income, 
and  on  his  movable  goods  except  liis  clothes* 
books,  and  arms.  Some  religious  orders  were 
exempt.  The  tax  was  continued  after  the 
crusade  was  at  an  end,  and  became  tlic  ground 
for  the  taxing  of  ecclesiastical  benefices  for 
the  Pope.  The  example  was  ultimately  imi- 
w  tated  by  various  sovereigns. 

*  sal -ad-ing,  s.    [Eng.  salad;  -ing.}    Herb* 
and  vegetables  for  salads. 

•'The  spring  vegetables,  as  asparagus,  straw  berries, 
and  some  sort  of  trading,  are  more  easily  digested 
thanjpean,  peaches  and  nectarines.-— CAeyM.-  On 

sa'-la-Ite,  sa'  lite,  s.    [SAHUTK.] 
sa-laT, «.    [Native  name.)    (See  compound.) 
salal-berry,  «. 

Bat.  :  The  berry  of  Gnaltheria  Shallan.  It 
is  about  the  size  of  a  common  grape,  and 
grows  in  the  valley  of  the  Columbia  River,  In 
Oregon. 

sa-lam',  «.  A  t.    [SALAAH.] 

ol-a-man'-der,  ».     [Fr.  salamandre,  from 
Lat  salamandra;  Gr.  <ro*andvtf>a(salamandra\ 
=  a  kind  of  lizard;  cf.  Pere.  «zmand«T  =  a 
salamander.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

2.  (With  reference  to  the  curious  popular 
belief  that  the  salamander  can  live  in  fire)  a 
person  who  seems  at  home  in  close  proximity 
to  fire  of  any  kind. 

"  He  was  so  much  at  his  ease  amid  the  hottest  flre 
of  the  French  batteries  that  his  soldiere  gave  him 

the  honourable  nickname    of    the  Salamander." 

Jfaeaulaj/.-  ffitt.  Xng.,  ch.  xxl. 

3.  A  circular  iron  plate  used  in  cooking ;  a 
griddle. 

4.  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  a  fire-proof 
safe. 

*  8.  A  heated  iron  for  firing  cannon. 

6.  A  large  iron  poker,  which,  being  heated 
to  redness,  is  then  used  lor  lighting  fires,  or 
for  browning  certain  dishes. 

IL  Technically: 

*  1.  Alchemy :  An  imaginary  being  having 
»  human  form,  and  possessing  the  power  of 
living  in  fire.    Paracelsus  placed  them  among 
his  elemental  spirits. 

"  Scorching  Salamander,  bnm ; 
Nymph  of  Water,  twist  and  »um." 

wort*. .'  r.ital  led.  Ansterl. 
2.  Zool.:  A  popular  name  for  an >  individual 
of  the  Salamandrinee  (q.v.),  the  Tritona  or 
Newts  being  distinguished  as  Aquatic  or 
Water  Salamanders,  and  the  other  genera  as 
Terrestrial  or  Land  Salamanders.  They  are 
timid,  sluggish,  lacertiform  creatures,  feeding 
on  worms,  slugs,  snails,  and  insects.  When 
alarmed,  they  exude  from  the  pores  of  the) 
back  and  sides  a  milky  humour,  injurious  to 
small  animals  but  innocuous  to  man.  From 
this  circumstance.  Salamanders  have  probably 


ate,  lit,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pCt. 
or,  won.  wolt  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  oub,  oiire,  unite,  our,  rule,  tull;  try,  Syrian,    w,  08  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  o.u  =  kw. 


salamandra— salesman 


4091 


derivoJ    their    popular    reputation  of  liing 
Tenomous,  which,  hi.wtw,  is  totally  without 


SPOTTED  SALAMANDER. 

foundation.  Strange  teles  have  been  told  of 
them  from  very  early  times,  particularly  that 
the  icy  coldness  of  their  bodies  enabled  them 
to  endure  fire  without  being  injured,  and 
even  to  extinguish  the  flames  in  which  they 
were  placed.  Pliny  records  that  he  tried  the 
experiment,  with  the  natural  result  that  the 
Salamander  was  burnt  to  powder,  but  the 
fable  received  credence  among  the  uneducated 
until  quite  modern  times. 

•  salamander  -  cloth,  s.  An  incom- 
bustible cloth,  said  to  be  made  from  skins 
of  salamanders,  but  really  manufactured  from 
asbestos.  [SALAMANDER'S-HAIB.] 

"  The  lalamander-clath  sent  by  the  Tartar  king  to 
the  Ruman  PontlnV— Kay.  Cyclop.  (Xat.  IIM.I.  L  179. 

•  •  salamander's  hair,  *  salamander's 

wool,  ».  A  name  once  given  to  a  species  of 
fibrous  asbestos,  which  is  incombustible. 

•al  a  man-dra,  >.    [SALAMANDER.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Sala- 
marwlridip  (q.v'.).  Head  thick,  tongue  broad, 
palatine  teeth  in  two  series,  parotids  large, 
toes  free,  numerous  warty  growths  on  sides. 
There  are  two  species :  Sala-n^ndra  maculosa, 
the  Spotted  Salamander,  from  Central  Europe 
and  the  mountainous  district*  on  both  sides 
of  the  Mediterranean,  and  S.  atra,  the  Black 
Salamander,  from  the  high  mountains  of  Cen- 
tral Germany,  France,  and  Switzerland-  The 
young  of  this  species  undergo  their  meta- 
morphoses in  the  body  of  the  mother.  A 
young  tadpole  prematurely  extracted,  and 
placed  in  water  and  watched  by  Mile.  Marie 
de  Chauvin,  lost  its  gills,  which  were  replaced 
by  others.  It  lived  for  fifteen  weeks  at  the 
bottom  of  its  tank,  when  the  gills  atrophied, 
and,  after  moulting,  the  animal  quitted  the 
water.  The  gill-clefts  then  closed,  and  it  be- 
came an  adult  land-salamander, 

•al-a-man'-drf-dse,  «.  pi-     [Mod  Lat  tala- 
maiuir(a);  Lat  fem.  pL  adj.  suff.  -ido}.} 

1.  Zoology: 

(1)  A  family  of  Urodela,  approximately  con- 
terminous with  the  group  Salamandrinse  (q.v.). 

(2)  A  family  of  Salainandrinse  (q.v.).    Pala- 
tal teeth  iu  two  longitudinal  rows  diverging 
posteriorly.      Genera:   Triton,   Salamandra, 
and  Salamandriua. 

2.  Palcmtf. :  The  older  family  [(!)]  does 
not  appear  before  the  Tertiary,  but  in  strata 
of  that  age  forms  have  been  discovered  in  all 
respects  resembling  existing  types.     From  the 
Miocene  of  CEningen  comes  Andrias  scheuchztri, 
closely  allied  to  Menopoma,  and  sometimes 
included  with  it  in  the  genus  Cryptot.ranciius, 
with  the  specific  name  of  homo  diluvii  testis, 
by  which  its  discoverer  first  described  it 

«al  a-man'-dri-form,  a.    [Lat.  salamandra,, 
and forma  =  form.)   Resembling  a  salamander. 
"  The  body  Is   talamandrVorm."— JWcAoton;.-   Po- 
'Vy,  it  r~ 


•al-a-maa-dri'-na,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  sala- 
mandria);  Lat  fern.  smg.  adj.  sun",  -ina.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Sakimandridie,  with  one 
species,  Salamandrina  perspicillata,  from  Italy 
and  Dalmatia.  Tongue  fixed  in  front ;  hind 
feet  with  four  free  digits.  Upper  part  black, 
witli  triangular  reddish  spot  on  head  ;  white 
beneath,  spotted  with  black. 

sal  a  man-dri  nc9,  i.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  tola- 
mandr(a);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -(TKC.) 

Zool. :  A  sub-ori'.er  of  Urodela,  with  four 
families  :  Molgidae,  Salamandridae,  Plethodon- 
tida,  and  Amblystomidse.  The  group  is  highly 
characteristic  of  the  North  Temperate  regions, 
a  few  species  only  extending  into  the  Neo- 
tropical, and  one  into  the  Oriental  region. 

*  sal  a  man' -dr me,  a.  [Eng.  salamander; 
4ne.]  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling  a  sala- 
mander ;  capable  of  resisting  fire. 


SALAMBA. 


••  We  ohierved  In  it a  certain  tatamandrine  quality 
that  made  It  capable  of  living  In  the  midst  of  ft™  and 
flauie."— Adduan  I  Spectator,  No.  281. 

sal  a  man'-drold,  s.  [SALAMANDROIDES.) 
Any  individual^ the  old  family  Salamandrida, 
or  the  sub-order  Salamandrinae. 

"  It  U  really  the  skeleton  of  a  talamamtroid  of  large 
glze."— .VtVhotom :  Paheont..  it.  177. 

"  sal-a  man-drd'-l-des,  s.  [Or.  o-«A<i)ia.-jpa 
(safamaiuira)  =  the  salamander,  and  <ioos 
(eidos)  =  resemblance.] 

Palaont. :  The  name  given  by  Jager  to  a 
species  of  Labyrinthodon,  which  he  raised  to 
the  rank  of  a  genus. 

3al-a  mah'-quese  (qn  as  k),  a.  &  ».  [See 
def.'] 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Salamanca 
or  its  inhabitants. 

B  At  subst.:  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Salamanca ;  in  the  plural,  the  people  of  Sala- 
manca. 

sa-lam'-ba,  s.  [Sp.]  A  kind  of  fishing  ap- 
paratus, used  on  the  banks  near  Manilla,  fitted 
upon  a  raft  composed  of  several  tiers  of  bam- 
boos. It  consists  of  a  rectangular  net,  two 
corners  of  which  are  attached  to  the  upper 
extremities  of  two  long  bamboos,  tied  cross- 
wise, their  low- 
er extremities 
being  fastened 
to  a  bar  on  the 
raft.,  which  acts 
as  a  hinge;  a 
movable  pole, 
arranged  with  a 
counterpoise  as 
a  sort  of  crane, 
supports  the 
bamboos  at  the 
point  of  junc- 
tion, and  thus 
enables  the 
fishermen  to  raise  ordepress  the  netat pleasure. 
The  lower  extremities  of  the  net.  are  guided  by 
a  cord,  which,  being  drawn  towards  the  raft 
at  the  same  time  that  the  long  bamboos  are 
elevated  by  the  crane  and  counterpoise,  only 
a  small  portion  of  the  net  remains  in  the 
water  and  is  easily  cleared  of  its  contents  by 
means  of  a  landing-net.  (Annandale.) 
sal'  anx,  «.  [Etym.  not  apparent.) 

IcMhy. :  A  genus  of  Salmonidee,  with  a 
single  species,  SalanxchiTiensis,  asmall  whitish 
fish,  known  on  the  coast  of  China  as  White- 
bait It  lives  at  a  considerable  depth,  and  ap- 
proaches the  coast  only  at  certain  seasons. 
The  scales  are  very  delicate  and  deciduous. 
sa-lar'-l'-as,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful;  cf.  Lat. 
'salar  =  the  specific  name  of  the  salmon,  and 
salariut  =  a  dealer  in  salted-fish.) 

IcWiy. :  A  genus  of  Blenniidie,  with  sixty 
species,  ranging  northwards  to  Madeira,  and 
southwards  to  Chili  and  Tasmania.  Certain 
individuals  of  some  specie!!  possess  a  longi- 
tudinal cutaneous  crest,  which,  however,  is 
not  a  sexual  characteristic.  Mature  males 
have  generally  higher  doraal  fins  and  more 
intense  and  variegated  coloration  than  females 
and  immature  males. 
sal'-a-rled,  a.  [Eng.  salary ;  -«d.] 

1.'  Having  a  salary  ;  receiving  a  salary. 
2.  Having  a  salary  attached  to  it;  paid  by 
a  salary  :  as,  a  salaried  post, 
sal-a-ry,  *  sal-a-rye.  *  aal-e-rye, 
*sal'-la-r*,  s.  [Fr.  «ntoir«  =  a  salary,  a 
stipend,'  from  Lat.  solarium,  prop.  =  sa  t- 
money,  or  money  given  to  the  soldiers  for  salt, 
salarius  =  pertaining  to  salt,  «o(  =  salt;  Sp., 
Port  &  Ital.  solaria.]  The  recompense,  pay, 
or  consideration  paid  or  agreed  to  be  paid  to  a 
person  periodically  for  his  services,  usually  a 
fixed  sum  to  be  paid  by  the  year,  half-year,  or 
quarter.  When  paid  at  shorter  intervals  it  is 
generally  termed  wages  ;  thus,  a judge  receives 
a  salary,  while  a  bricklayer  receives  wages. 

"  A«  to  mywiiarv.  he  told  me.  I  should  have  M 
dollars  per  mouth."— Dampier  :  Voyage*  (au.  1690). 

•sal'-a-rf,  ».«.    [SALARY,  «.]    To  pay  by  a 

salary.    (Only  in  the  pa.  par.) 
sal'-dan-ite,  ».     [After  the  river  Saldana, 

Colombia,  South  America,  where  found ;  suff. 


1.  The  act  of  selling  ;  the  act  of  transferring, 
the  ownership  of  or  property  in  a  thing  for  a 
price  in  money  ;  the  exchange  of  a  commodity 
for  a  price  agreed  on  in  money  paid,  or  to  be 
paid. 

••  This  nle  at  office*"       SAatop.  .•  J  tttml  71.,  L  a. 

2.  Power  or  opportunity  of  selling  ;  demand, 
market,  vent. 

"  Rearing  of  all  husbandry  commodities,  knowing 
that  they  shall  have  re«ily  *i/«  for  them  at  those 
towns.  '—.Ipetiter  :  Slate  of  Ireland. 

3.  Public  selling  to   the    highest   bidder; 
exposure  of  goods   in  a  shop   or   market  ; 
auction 

If  (1)  Bill  of  sale  ;  [BILL  (3),  ».,  IV.  t  («)]. 

*  (2)  House  of  sale  :  A  brothel.     (Shaketp.  : 
Hamlet,  ii.  1.) 

(3)  On  sale,  for  sale  :  Offered  to  purchaser!  ; 
to  be  bought  or  sold. 

(4)  Sale  by  inch  of  candle  :  [!NCH-OF-CANDL» 
AUCTION]. 

*  (5)  To  set  for  sale  :  To  offer  to  any  one. 
Sale-room,  s.    A  room  in  which  goods 

are  sold  ;  an  auction-room. 

•  sale  (2),  s.    [Prob.  from  Lat.  salisc  =  a  willow.) 
A  wicker-basket. 

"  Who  to  entrap  the  fish  In  winding  taU 
Waft  better  seen  t  " 

Sftfiuer.'  Stuphenrils  Calender;  Dee. 

•sale  (3),  s.  [A.S.  sail,  genit.  sales  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
sal;  Gcr.  saal]  A  hall. 

"  When  he  had  tolde  this  tale 
To  that  senwly  iu  tale."  Perceval,  !,««. 

•sale,  ».  t.    [SALE  (!),».]    To  sell.    (Octovian. 

1,909.) 
sale'-a-ljle,  a.    [SALABLB.] 

•  sal-e-br6s'-I-ty,  ».    [Eng.  salebrous  ;  -Uy.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  salebrous  ;  rough- 
ness, ruggedness. 

"  Yet  is  not  this  without  iU  thorax  and  talebretUt  I  " 
—Peltfi'im  :  Upon  Seclel.  U.  X 

•  sal'-S-brotts.    a.     [Lat.    saltbrosw,    from 
salebra  =  a  rough  place.)    Bough,  rugged,  un- 

eV™'  "  Thorongh  a  vale  that's  lalehrmi  Indeed." 

COUti:   If  ondtn  at  Of  Peatt. 

sa-le  -ni-a,  «.  [A  euphonic  word  of  no  signi- 
"fication.] 

L  Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Saleniadss 
(q.v.). 

2.  Poteon*.  :  From  the  Cretaceous  times 
onward. 


r.  \.'t  tO9mf*J 

Min. :  The  same  as  ALUNOOIN  (q.v.). 
sale  (1),  «.    [Icel.  sola,  sal  =  a  sale,  a  bargain  ; 
Sw.  tain;  Dan.  salg.]    [SELL,  «.] 


sal-e-ni'-a-dte,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat. 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suft  -odn:.] 

1  Zool.  :  A  family  of  Regular  Echinoids. 
Test  generally  spheioidal,  hemispherical,  or 
depressed  ;  apical  disc  large,  with  a  sur-anal 
or  supplementary  plate  in  addition  to  'he  ten 
which  are  normal 
2.  Palaxmt.  :  From  the  Jurassic  onward. 

sal  ep,  sal  op,  sal'-Sb,  sal'-ab,  B»>- 
Ioop\  s.  [Arab.  Mfco  ;  Turk,  sallel,.] 

•  I  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  diet-drink,  formerly  pre- 
pared from  the  powdered  roots  of  Orchis  mas- 
cula,  and  sold  to  the  working  classes  of 
London  early  in  the  morning.  Tlie  salep-stall 
has  long  been  replaced  by  the  coffee-stalL 

H  Chem.  :  Saleb.  Salab.  The  tuberous  roots 
of  Orchis  masmla,  and  other  allied  species, 
washed,  dried,  and  afterwards  reduced  to 
powder.  It  has  a  dirty  yellow  colour,  and 
in  water  swells  up  to  a  bulky  semi-transparent 
Jelly  It  consists  chiefly  of  bassonn  and 
starch,  and  is  considered  very  nutritious. 

•  sal-er.  *  sal-ero  (1),  «.  [Fr.  saliert,]  A 
salt-cellar. 

•al-S-ra'-tfis,«al-a5-ra'-tfis,s.  [Mod.  Lat 
salaeratua.]  An  impure  bicarbonate  of  potash 
with  more  carbonate  dioxide  than  is  posMJMII 
by  pearl-ash.  It  is  prepared  from  pearl-ash  by 
exposing  it  to  carbonic  acid  gas.  It  was  for- 
merly much  used  in  the  United  States  in  making 
bread  to  neutralize  acetic  or  tartaric  acid,  and 
thus  render  the  bread  light  by  the  escape  of 
carbonic  acid  gas.  It  has  nearly  gone  oat  of 
use  for  this  purpose,  being  replaced  by  baking 
powders. 

sale?'-la  dy,  t,    ABalenwoman.     (U.S.) 

Bales  man,  «.  (Bug-  «*  and  mnn-1  One 
whose  occupation  or  business  is  to  sell  good, 
or  commodities  ;  specif.,  a  wholesale  dealer 
in  various  commodities.  __ 


*6H,  b6jr;  pollt,  J6>1;  cat,  9611.  chorn.,  SHiii.  bench;  go,  gem;  tUln,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  *eno?ho"* 
tion,  -.ion  =  shun  ;  %lon.  -^on  =  dxiia.   -cioiw.  -tlous,  -.Oon.  =  tfiiia.  -We.  -die.  *c. 


del. 


4092 


sales-woman— ealicylite 


•ale?  -worn  an.  ...  A  woman  who  fulfil 
the  functions  of  a  salesman. 

•ea  lewe,  •  sa  lue,  r.t.  [Ft.  nluer.]  X 
salute  (q.v.X 

"The  beay  Urke.  the  nekMfer  of  d»y. 
guiuipurt  In  hire  tony  the  inorwe  gray." 

Ctuiuar .-  C.  r..  1.4H. 

•sale'-wdrk,  s.  [Eng.  sole  and  uwrfc.]  Worl 
done  or  made  for  sale  ;  hence,  used  for  worl 
carelessly  done. 

"  I  tee  DO  more  in  you  than  ta  the  ordinary 
Of  Nature's  fci/rwerfc." 

SkalMp. :  AtTauUto  It.  111.  t. 
•SOlfO,  r.l.      [SATE.) 

Sa  11  an  (1),  a.  Sis.    [See  clef]    [SALIC.] 

A.  .-15  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  tribe  o 
Franks  who  settled  on  the  Sala  (now  the 
TSS.-I),  from  the  third  to  the  middle  of  tin 
fourth  century. 

B.  Xsjutw*,:  Amember  of  the  tribe  describee 
under  A. 


Sa 


a  -li-an  (2),  a.  [See  def.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Salii  or  priests  of  Mars  in  ancienl 
Rome. 

Stxlian- hymns,  ».  ;"'•  Hymns  which 
were  sung  at  the  annual  festival  by  the  Salii, 
in  honour  of  Mars,  and  other  deities,  and  dis- 
tinguished men.  They  were  accompanied  by 
warlike  dances,  clashing  of  shields,  ic. 

•a  -I!  ant,  a.    [SALIENT.] 

•sal  i-aunce,  'sal-lance,  «.  [SALLY.; 
An  assault,  a  sally,  an  onslaught. 

"  Why  with  >o  fierce  nllaitet 
And  fell  Intent,  ye  did  at  e*nt  me  meet." 

Spnmrv  F.  «..  1L  L  ». 

Sal-Ic,  a.  [Fr.  talvpu  =  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Salic  tribe.]  A  term  applied  to  a  law  or 
code  of  laws  established  by  the  Salian  Pranks  ; 
specif.,  applied  to  one  chapter  of  the  Salian 
code  regarding  succession  to  certain  lands, 
which  was  limited  to  heirs  male,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  females,  chiefly  because  certain  military 
duties  were  connected  with  the  holding  of 
those  lands.  In  the  fourteenth  century  females 
were  excluded  from  the  throne  of  France  by 
the  application  of  the  Salic  law  to  the  succes- 
sion of  the  crown. 

«il  I  oa  ?e  SB.sal  I  9In  c  »,.  ;!.  [Lit. 
•alii,  genit.  salia(is)  =  a  willow ;  Lat  fern.  pi. 
adj.  guff.  -oeetE,  -inece.] 

Sot. :  Willowworta  ;  an  order  of  Diclinous 
Exogens,  alliance  Amentales.  Trees  or  shrubs, 
having  alternate  simple  leaves,  with  the 
primary  veins  deliquescent,  often  with  glands 
on  the  edges  or  on  the  stalks  ;  stipules  deci- 
duous or  persistent ;  flowers  diceceons,  amen- 
taceous, naked  or  with  a  membranous  cup- 
Bke  calyx ;  stamens  two  to  thirty,  distinct  or 
monadelphons ;  anthers  two-celled.  Ovary 
superior,  one-celled,  many-seeded ;  style  one 
or  none ;  stigma  two  or  four ;  seeds  very 
small,  with  long  silky  hairs  from  their  base. 
Distribution,  the  north  temperate  and  Arctic 
zones,  and  on  mountains  further  south. 
Known  genera  two,  Sallx  and  Populus  (q.v.). 

sal-I-ca  -ceoiis  (oe  as  oh),  a.  [Hod.  Lat 
Kliaux(as);  Eng.  adj.  salt,  -ow.)  Belonging  or 
relating  to  the  willow  or  to  the  natural  order 
Salicacese  (q.v.). 

•  sal  I^car-I  a,  ».  [Mod.  Lat,  from  talix, 
genit  solicit  =  *  willow.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Silviidse.  Six  species 
are  European;  SalicarUt  loautdla,  the  Grass- 
hopper Warbler  (now  Acrocephalus  ncevius);  6 
lurdoidM,  the  Thrush-like  Warbler  (Acrocepha- 
Ita  arundinaceus)  ;  s.  phru'jmilu,  the  Sedge 
Warbler  (AcroctphalM  jetonooonttw);  s.  lus- 
c*nioWe»,  Savi's  Warbler  (Acnxxphalta  lusci- 
nioida);  S.  aruntiinaeta,  the  Reed  Warbler 
Cfcrocephalus  areperas),  and  S.  galactota,  the 
Rufous  Warbler  (Aidon  yalactodes). 

•JU  i  90  turn,  s.  (Lat;  from  taUx;  genit 
talicii  =  a  willow.)  A  willow  bed  or  planta- 
tion. 

sil  I  9111,  s.  [Lat.  salix,  genit.  «a*fc(u)  =  a 
willow ;  -in  (Chem.).-] 

Chen. :  C^gOr  =  C^HTCKOHVO.CeH^H., 
OH.  A  substance  discovered  by  Leroux,  and 
existing  ready  formed  in  the  bark  and  leaves 
of  most  varieties  of  willow  and  several  pop- 
lars. It  may  be  produced  artificially  by  the 
action  of  nascent  hydrogen  on  helicin,  or  by 
boiling  popnlin  with  lime  or  baryta  water. 
It  crystallizes  in  colourless  prisms  of  bitter 


taste,  melts  at  198*,  and  is  soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether  and  oil  01 
turpentine.  Heated  to  260*.  it  gives  off  water 
together  with  acid  vapours,  and  leaves  a  yellow 
residue,  insoluble  in  water,  finally  turning 
brown  and  carbonisiog.  [SALIX.] 

S&l-i~9ln'~£-eB,  s.  pi.    [SALIC  ACE.-E.J 

sa-llc-i6n-al  (o  as  sh),  sal  don  al, 
sal  -i  cct,  sol  cion  eH,  s.  [Lat.  salix  = 
a  willow.) 

Music:  An  organ  stop  of  so?*;  and  delicate 
quality,  supposed  to  be  similar  in  character 
with  the  salicis  fistula^  or  withy-pipe.  It  is 
generally  placed  in  the  choir  organ,  but  some- 
times in  the  swell,  in  either  case  replacing 
the  dulciana,  which  it  greatly  resembles. 

sal-i-cor-nar -I-a, .«.  [Named  by  Cuvier,  from 
a  fancied  re-seinblauce  to  Salicomia  (q.v.).] 

Zool, :  The  typical  genus  of  Salicornariadse 
(q.v.).  Surface  divided  into  rhomboidal  or 
hexagonal  spaces,  with  irregularly  placed 
avicularia, 

sal-i-cor  na-ri-a-dse.  s.  [Mod.  Lat  tali 
cornaria;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff  -(i^cUx.] 

1.  Zool,  :  A  family  of  Polyzoa.    Coencecium 
erect,  dichotomously  divided,  with  cylindrical 
branches    and     cells    disposed    around    an 
imaginary  axis. 

2.  Pcticcont. :  From  the  Tertiary  onward. 

sal-i-cor  -ni  a,  «.  [Lat  sal,  genit  salis  = 
salt,  and  cornu  =  a  horn.  Named  from  the 
saline  properties  of  the  genus,  and  the  horn- 
like branches.] 

Bot, :  Marsh -samphire,  Glasawort ;  a  genus 
of  Chenopodiacete.  Annual  or  perennial  leaf- 
less herbs,  with  cylindrical,  jointed,  succulent 
stems.  Flowers  bisexual,  minute,  in  threes 
at  the  base  of  the  internodes.  Perianth 
fleshy,  three-  or  four-lobed ;  stamens  one  or 
two ;  styles  two.  Fruit  a  compressed  utricle, 
enclosed  in  the  enlarged  perianth.  From  salt 
marshes,  &c.,  chiefly  in  the  temperate  zones. 
Known  species  five  or  six.  S.  htrbacea  is 
common  in  the  salt  marshes  of  the  Atlantic 
States.  Various  species  furnish  soda  in  large 
quantities;  Salicornia  brachiata,  common  along 
the  coasts  of  India  and  those  of  Indian  salt- 
lakes,  does  so.  [SAJJI,  1.]  S.  indica  (Artkroc- 
nemum  indicum)  might  be  similarly  used. 

Sil -i-cos-yl,  f.  [Eng.  salicyl);  Or.  o<r^ 
(osme)  —  odour,  and  suff.  ~yl.] 

Chem. :  CVHsO*.  A  monatomic  radicle  which 
may  be  supposed  to  exist  in  salicylol  and  its 
derivatives. 

sal  I-cyl,  «.  [Lilt  talix,  genit  *aZtc(u)  =  i 
willow ;  -yl.] 

Chem. :  C^H^O.  The  diatomic  radicle  of 
salicylic  acid  and  its  derivatives,  unknown  in 
the  free  state. 


salicyl  acetic-acid.  s. 


) 
V0> 

1 


(^Hg04=   CjHjO     V0>      Aceto- 

H         1 

salicylic  acid.  Discovered  by  Gerhardt,  and 
obtained  by  heating  salicylic  acid  with  chloride 
of  acctyl.  It  crystallizes  in  tufts  of  slender 
prisms,  soluble  in  boiling  water,  alcohol^ 
and  ether,  and  reacts  with  ferric  salts  like 
salicylic  acid. 

salioyl  sulphuric-acid,  i.    [SIILPHO- 

BALICYUC-AC1O.J 

S&l-I-cyi-am'-Ie,  o.  [Bng.  xUcyl,  and  -omtc.  ] 
Derived  from  or  containing  salicyl  and  am- 
monia. 


salicylamlc  acid,  s. 


A  weak 

a  J 

acid  produced  by  the  action  of  strong  alcoholic 
ammonia  on  wintergreen  oil  (methylsalicylic 
acid).  It  crystallizes  in  yellowish  white 
laminae,  having  a  strong  lustre,  insoluble  in 
cold  water,  soluble  in  boiling  water,  alcohol, 
and  ether,  melts  at  132°,  and  boils  at  270'. 
Strong  acids  and  alkalis  convert  it  into  acid 
salicylate  of  ammonia. 

sal  i-cyl-a-mide,    ».     [Eng.    niicyl,    and 
amide.] 

dnced  by  the  action  of  ammonia  on  etherial 
salicylates.  It  crystallises  in  yellow  plates, 
and  melts  at  143*. 


•al-I-cyi'-ate,  s.    [Eng.  tallcyHw);  <««.] 
Chem. :  A  salt  of  salicylic-acid, 

salicylate  of  soda,  s. 

Chem. :  2NaC7H5O3.H5O.  Sodium  salicyl- 
ate, prepared  by  mixing  100  parts  of  pure 
salicylic-acid  with  sufficient  water  to  form  a 
paste,  and  then  adding  104  parts  of  pure  sotlic- 
carbonat*.  It  forms  small,  colourless,  or 
nearly  colourless,  crystalline  scales,  inodorous, 
and  possessing  a  sweetish  saline  taste,  soluble 
in  fifteen  parts  of  cold  water  aud  six  parts 
of  alcohol,  very  soluble  in  boiling  water,  the 
solutions  being  neutral  or  very  faintly  acid. 
Perchloride  of  iron  colours  a  concentrite.l 
solution  reddish  brown,  and  a  dilute  solution 
violet.  Like  salicylic-acid,  it  is  a  powerful 
antiseptic,  and  is  frequently  ;nliii><i  t' 
wines.  &c.,  to  preserve  them.  It  is  highly 
recommended  as  a  specilic  for  rheumatism, 
the  dose  varying  from  10  to  30  grains. 

S&l-I-cyT-Io,   a.      [Eng.  salicyl;   -fc.J      De- 
rived from  the  willow. 

salicylic-acid,  s. 

Chem. :  C^BsOs = <C7^°^' }  Oa.    Spinoylio 

acid,  prtho-hydroxy-benzoicacid.  A  dibasic 
acid  existing  ready  formed  in  the  flowers  of 
Spirtea  Ulmaria,  and  obtained  synthetically 
by  the  oxidation  of  saligenin,  or  by  heating 
sodium  phenol  to  180"  in  a  stream  of  carlKm 
anhydride.  It  has  a  sweetish-sour  taste,  and 
crystallizes  in  colourless  four-sided  prisms ; 
is  slightly  soluble  in  cold,  more  so  in  boiling 
water,  very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
melts  at  158',  and  sublimes  at  200*  in  slender 
needles  having  a  strong  lustre.  Ferric  salts 
impart  to  its  aqueous  solution  a  deep  violet 
colour.  The  salicylates  are  all  crystalline  and 
soluble.  Salicylic  acid  is  employed  as  an 
antiseptic  and  antiputrefactive  agent.  One 
grain  added  to  each  ounce  of  a  fermenting 
liquid  will  at  once  arrest  fermentation.  It 
has  the  power  of  preserving  for  a  time  milk, 
fresh  meat,  albumen,  &c.,  and  is  used  in  the 
surgery,  either  alone  or  mixed  with  starch,  to 
destroy  the  fetid  odour  of  cancerous  surfaces 
or  unc'leansed  wounds. 

salicylic-aldehyde,  s.    [SALICYLOL.] 

salicylic-anhydride,  i.    [SALICVLIDE.] 

salicylic-ethers,  .-•.  pi. 

Chem.:  Ethers  produced  by  distilling  sali- 
cylic acid  with  an  alcohol  and  strong  sul- 
Shuric  acid.  (1)  Methylsalicylic  acid,  CgHgOs. 
aultheric  acid.  This  ether,  which  exists 
ready  formed  in  oil  of  wintergreen,  is  a  colour- 
less oil,  having  a  penetrating  odour  and  a 
sweet  aromatic  taste,  sp.  gr.  1-18  at  10*, 
slightly  soluble  in  water,  very  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether,  and  boiling  at  222*.  (2) 
Ethylsalicylic  acid,  CsH1(,Oj.  A  colourless 
oil,  sp.  gr.  1-1S4  at  K) ,  sparingly  soluble  in 
water,  very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  and 
boilingat  225.  (S)  Amylsalicylic  acid,  C12H;8O,. 
A  colourless,  strongly  refracting  liquid,  having 
an  agreeable  odour,  heavier  than  water,  and 
boiling  at  270*. 

sal-I-cyT-ide,  s.     [Eng.  salicyl  ;  -ide.] 

Chem. :  CVHiOj.  The  anhydride  of  salicylic 
acid,  obtained  by  treating  dry  sodium  sali- 
cylate with  phosphoric  oxychloride.  It  is  a 
white  amorphous  mass,  insoluble  in  water, 
alcohol,  and  ether.  When  heated,  it  melts  to 
a  transparent  liquid,  which,  on  cooling, 
solidifies  to  a  translucent  mass. 

sal-I-cyl  i-mide,  s.     [Eng.   salicyl,   and 
imide.] 

Chem. :  OrHsNO  = 


crystalline  powder,  produced  by  the  action  of 
heat  on  salieylamic  acid.  It  does  not  melt  at 
200",  is  insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  and 
aqueous  ammonia,  but  dissolves  in  alcoholic 
ammonia,  forming  a  yellow  solution.  Ferric 
chloride  colours  it  purple. 

sal-I-oyl'-ite,  s.    [Eng.  salicyl;  -««.] 

Chem.  (PI.):  Compounds  formed  by  the 
action  of  salicylol  on  metallic  oxides  and 
hydrates,  those  of  the  alkali  metals  being 
moderately  soluble  in  water,  the  others  in- 
soluble. (1)  Salicylite  of  ammonia,  C7Hi 
(NH4)Os,  obtained  by  shaking  salicylol  with 
strong  ammonia  at  a  gentle  heat,  crystallizes 
in  yellow  needles,  insoluble  in  alcohol,  and 
melting  at  115*.  (2)  Salicylite  of  copper, 
C14Hi0Cii"O4,  is  obtained  by  agitating  an 


t*te,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son;  mute,  oab,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    a,  at  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


salicylol— salivation 


4093 


alcoholic  solution  of  salicylol  with  aqueous 
cuprie  acetate.  It  crystallizes  in  iridescent 
green  needles,  very  slightly  soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol. 

•eU-l-9yl-oi,s.     [Eng.  salicyl;  -ol.] 

Clem. :  CVHeOj  =  (CjHjO/'  }  gQ-     Salicylic 

aldehyde,  salicylous  acid.  Volatile  oil  of 
•pirsea.  Obtained  by  distilling  the  flowers 
of  Spircm  Vlmaria,  or  by  the  oxidation  of 
galigenin,  with  a  mixture  of  potassic  dichro- 
mate  and  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  a  colourless 
iromatic  nil,  sp.  gr.  1-173  at  15°,  solidifies  at 
—  20°,  boils  at  196",  and  is  soluble  in  water, 
alcohol,  and  ether.  It  is  inflammable,  burn- 
ing with  a  bright  but  smoky  flame,  gives  an 
intense  violet  colouration  with  ferric  salts, 
and  forms  compounds  with  strong  bases. 

•al-I-gyl'-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  salteyl;  -<«"•]  Da- 
rived  from  or  contained  in  salicylic  acid. 

salloylous-acld,  s.     [SALICYLOL] 

•al-I-jyl-ur'-.'c,  a.  |[Bng.  salicyl(ic),  and 
wric.]  Derived  from  or  containing  salicyl  and 
uric-acid. 


•alloy  lurio- acid,  s, 

Chen. :  C9H9N04 


Ha      -) 

_(C7H40)"/N 
-(C2H,0)"f02. 
H       ) 


cic  acid.  An  acid  found  in  urine  after  sali- 
cylic acid  has  been  taken  internally.  It  forms 
Blender  shining  crystalline  needles,  melts  at 
160°,  is  soluble  in  boiling  water  and  alcohol, 
slightly  soluble  in  ether.  Its  solutions  colour 
ferric  salts  violet  like  salicylic  acid. 

tsa-11  ence,  ».  [Eng.  salien(t);  -«.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  salient  or  projecting ; 
projection,  protrusion. 

"  Bat  the  street-face  of  thii  noble  building  has  suffi- 
cient talicnce  and  ilignity  to  tet  Its  mark  on  the  great 
thoroughfare."— DaSf  Telegraph,  Sept.  1,  un. 

•a  -11  ent,  sa  H-ant,  a.  &  >.  [Fr.  millant, 
pr.  par.  of  saillir  =  to  leap  ;  Lat  salio,  pr.  par. 
•aliens.] 

A.  -As  adjective : 

L  Ord.  Lang.  (Of  both  forms)  : 

1.  Literally : 

(1)  Moving  by  leaps ;  leaping,  bounding, 
Jumping. 

"The  legs  of  both  sides  moving  together,  as  frogs 
and  mlittnt  animals.  is  properly  called  leaping."— 
Brovme:  I'ulgar  Errourt,  ok.  lr.,  ch.  vi. 

(2)  Shooting  up  or  out ;  springing. 

"  The  talient  spout,  far  streaming  to  the  Iky." 

POJM  :  Dundad,  iL  lea. 

(3)  Beating,  throbbing. 

"  The  talient  pulee  of  health  gives  o'er." 

Blackloek:  An  Ode. 

(4)  Having  the  apex  pointed  towards  the 
outside;   projecting 

outwardly  :  as,  a  salient 
angle. 

2.  Fig. :  Forcing  It- 
•elf  on  the  notice ;  eon- 
•picuous,     noticeable, 
prominent. 

tt  Her.  (Of  the  form 
saltern) :  A  term  ap- 
plied to  a  lion  or  other 
beast,  represented  in  a 
leaping  posture,  with 
his  right  fore-foot  in 
the  dexter  point  and 
his  left  hinder-foot  in  the  sinister  base  of  the 
escutcheon. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  salient  angle  or  part ;  a 
projection. 

salient-angle,  s. 

Fort. :  Two  united  faces,  presenting  the 
vertex  outward,  as  in  the  redan  and  bastion. 

•  sa'-ll-ent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  salient;  -ly.]  In 
a  salient  manner. 

•a-llf'-er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  sol  =  salt ;  fero  = 
to  bear,  to  produce,  and  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ous.] 
Producing  or  bearing  salt. 

"In  Cheshire  the  pumping  of  the  brine  from  the 
taliferout  and  gypseous  strata  produces  subterranean 
hollows."— DawKtnl :  Oave-Buntinff,  ch.  11 

saliferous-beds,  >.  pi. 

Oeol :  Beds  containing  rock-salt  (q.v.). 
Generally  of  Triassic  age  ;  some  in  Russia  are 
Permian. 

*  saliferons-system,  «. 
Geol. :  The  Triassic  Rocks. 


sal'-I-fl-a-ble,  a.  (Eng.saUfy;  -able.]  Cap- 
able of  being  salifled,  or  of  combining  with  an 
acid  to  form  a  salt. 

s&l-I-f I-oa'-tlon,  5.  [Eng.  salify :  c  connect, 
and  suff.  -a«<m.)  The  act  of  «alifying;  the 
state  of  being  salified. 

•ar-K-fy,  v.t.  [Lat.  sal  =  salt,  and  facia  (pass, 
•o)  =  to  make.]  To  form  into  a  salt  by  com- 
ining  an  acid  with  a  base. 

sa  llg'-Sn-ln,  ».  [Eng-  nlUcyl);  Or.  yitx><i<o 
(gennad)  =  to  produce,  and  sufT.  -in  (Chcm.).] 
Chem,  :  C7H8O2  =  CeHj(OH).CH2.OH.  A 
crystalline  compound  produced  from  salicin 
by  the  action  of  acids  and  of  emulsin.  It 
forms  white  rhombic  tables,  having  a  pearly 
lustre,  easily  soluble  in  hot  water,  alcohol, 
and  ether,  melts  at  82',  and  sublimes  at  100°. 
Ferric  salts  produce  a  deep  blue  colour  in  its 
solutions. 

sal-I-glyj'-Io,  a.    [Eng.  «iK(cy<);  »fy<<<>9, 
and  -ic.J    Derived  from,  or  containing  salicy- 
lic-acid and  glycosine. 
saliglyclc  acid,  i.    [SALICYLORIC-ACID.] 

sal'-J-g8t,  «.    [Fr.] 

Bat. :  A  plant,  Trapa  natans,  the  Water 
Caltrops. 

sa-llm'-e-ter,  ».  [Lat  sal  =  salt,  and  Eng. 
'meter.}  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
amount  of  salt  present  in  any  given  solution. 
They  are  imperfect  instruments,  each  requiring 
to  be  graduated  for  the  particular  salt  which 
it  is  required  to  test. 

sa-ll   na,  «.    [Sp.,  from  Lat.  sal  =  salt.] 

1.  A  salt-marsh  or  salt-pond  inclosed  from 
the  sea. 

2.  A  place  where  salt  is  made  from  salt 
water ;  salt-works. 

*  sal-l-na'-tlon,  ».  [Eng.  salinty;  -ation.] 
The  act  of  washing  with,  or  soaking  in  salt 
liquor. 

"The  same  pickle  they  use  in  lallnation."— Qrten- 
Wl:  Artaf  Emlxtlminsf,  p.  59. 

Sty-line',  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  salin,  fern,  saline,  from  Lat 
"saliniu  (only  found  in  the  neut  sallnum, 
a  salt-cellar,  and  the  fern.  pi.  salincc  =  salt- 
pits),  from  «oi  =  salt;  Sp.  &  Ital.  talino  = 
saline ;  Sp.,  Port. ,  it  Ital.  saUna,  Fr.  saline 
=  a  salt-pit.]  [S»LT,  s.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Consisting  of  salt ;   constituting   salt ; 
having  salt  as  a  constituent. 

"  That  the  sun  continually  raised  dry  saline  exhala- 
tions from  the  earth."— OotdimitJi :  Jfitt.  of  Che  Earth, 
ch.  XT. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  nature  or  qualities  of 
salt ;  salty. 

"  The  land  being  generally  of  a  nitrous  and  lalint 
nature."—  Anton:  Voyaget,  ch.  v. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  salt-spring  ;  a  place  where 
salt  water  is  collected  in  the  earth ;  specifically 
applied   to  salt  lowlands  in  the  Argentine 
Republic,  where  the  vegetation  consists  only 
of  a  few  saline  plants. 

saline-plants,  s.  pi. 
Boi.  :  Plants  growing  in  salt  places,  and 
having  a  saline  taste. 

saline  purgatives, «.  pZ. 

Pharm. :  Purgatives  resembling  hydragogues 
in  their  effects,  tut  the  action  is  much  slighter. 
They  are  best  combined  with  other  aperients, 
and  include  phosphate  of  soda,  tartrate  of 
potash,  sulphate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  magnesia, 
citrate  of  potash,  and  cream  of  tartar,  in  small 
quantities. 

saline-waters, «.  pi. 

Hygiene :  Waters  with  salts  in  solution. 
Those  which  have  sulphate  of  soda  or  sul- 
phate of  magnesia  as  their  chief  ingredients, 
are  at  Epsom,  Cheltenham,  Leamington, 
Pullna,  Seidlitz,  Carlsbad,  and  Marienbad ; 
those  with  sulphate  or  carbonate  of  lime,  or 
both,  are  the  thermal  waters  of  Bath  and 
Buxton ;  those  with  carbonate  or  bicarbonate 
of  soda  are  Ems,  Teplitz,  &e. 

sa  llne'-ness,  s.  [Eng.  saline,  a.;  .ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  saline ;  salinity. 

sal-I-nif '-er-ous,  o.  [Lat.  *talinus  =  saline, 
and/ero  =  to  bear,  to  produce.]  Producing 
salt ;  saliferous. 

sa  lln -I-form, a.  [Lat.  *saZin,ua  =  saline,  and 
/orma  =  form.]  Having  the  form  of  salt. 


sa-lln'-i-ty\  s.  [Eng.  saline,  a.  ;  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  saline  ;  sitliueness. 

"  Ex|jeriinentsweremadeasto  the  salinity  of  water." 
—Field,  Dec.  36,  1886. 

sal-i-nSm  -i-ter,  s.  [Eng.  taline;  o  connect, 
and  -meter.]  An  apparatus  or  instrument  for 
ascertaining  the  salinity  of  water,  or  the 
density  of  brine  in  the  boilers  of  marine  steam- 
engines.  The  thermometrical  method  is  by 
ascertaining  the  boiling-point  of  the  brine. 
This  is  used  in  salt-works,  the  scale  l*ing 
graduated  to  indicate  percentages.  The  hydro- 
metric  method  is  by  finding  its  specific  gravity 
at  a  given  temperature. 

sa-li-no-te'r-rene',  a.  [Lat.  *salinvt  = 
saline,  and  Eng.  terrene.}  Pertaining  to,  or 
consisting  of  salt  and  earth. 

"  sa-lin'-ous,  a.  [Lat.  *safiuus.]  Saline,  salty. 

"Ascribe  their  induration  .  .  .  unto  talinoui  spirit*." 


"Ascribe  th 
—Browne  .•  rulyar  Er 


.  .  . 
urt,  bk.  il..  ch.  L 


sa  llque  (as  sal   ik,  or  sa-lek'),  n.  [SALic.] 

sal-l-r6t'-in,  ».  [Eng.  sa(i(dn),  and  Gr. 
pirnVT]  (rhitini)  =  resin.] 

Chem.  :  C7H6O.  A  resinous  body  produced 
by  the  action  of  dilute  acids  on  saligenin  or  on 
salicin.  Insoluble  in  water  and  ammonia, 
soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  strong  acetic 
acid,  but  reprecipitated  from  their  solutions 
by  water. 

s&l-Is-bur'-I-a,  ».  [Named  after  Richard 
Anthony  Salisbury,  an  English  botanist] 

1.  Sot.  :  A  genus  of  Taxaceaj.     Salisbwria 
adiantifolia,  the  Oinkgo,  or  Maiden-hair  tree, 
is  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with  a  straight 
trunk,  a  pyramidal  head,  and  fan-shaped  de- 
ciduous leaves,  with  forked  veins. 

2.  Pakeobot.  :  From  the  London  Clay. 

•  sal'-ite,  ».(.  [Lat  salitut,  pa.  par.  of  salio 
—  to  make  salt;  ja!  =  salt]  To  salt  ;  to  im- 
pregnate or  season  with  salt. 

sal-Ith  8L  s.     [Eng.  mli(cyl);  (e)(A<!/0,  »nd 

SUtT.  -0(.]     [PHENETOL.] 

sa-li'-va,  s.  [Lat.  ;  cf.  Gr.  <rtoA<»>  (sialon)  = 
spittle  ;"  Russ.  slina.]  [SLIME.] 

Physlal.  :  The  salivary  secretion  or  spittle. 
It  consists  partly  of  animal  principles  (osma- 
zome,  mucus,  and  ptyaline),  and  partly  of 
saline,  which  closely  resemble  those  of  the 
blood.  Saliva  moistens  the  food,  and  thus 
assists  in  mastication  and  digestion.  In  some 
animals  it  has  a  solvent  action  on  certain 
food  stuffs.  It  converts  starch  into  sugar. 

sa-li'-val,  a.  [Eng.  saliv(a)  ;  -at.]  Pertaining 
*to  saliva  ;  salivary. 

"Small  canals  like  the  ialival."  —  Greu>:  Come. 
Sacra,  uk.  1.,  ch.  v. 

t  sa-ll  -van,  a.  [Eng.  saliv(a)  ;  -an.]  Salivary 
(q.v.). 

"  May  it  not  be  that  the  talioan  secretion  contains 
a  larger  quantity  of  active  princlplef"—  Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.,  1882,  p.  «32. 

sal  i-vant,  a.  &  s.  [Let.  salimns,  pr.  par.  of 
salivo  =  to  spit  forth,  to  salivate.] 

A.  At  adj.  :  Exciting  or  producing  saliva- 
tion ;  salivating. 

B.  As  subst.  :  That  which  excites  or  pro- 
duces salivation. 

saT-I-va-rjf,  a.  [Lat.  salivarius,  from  saliva; 
Fr.  sali'vaire.]  Pertaining  to  saliva  ;  secreting 
or  conducting  saliva  ;  salival. 

"  Such  animals  as  swallow  their  ailment*  without 
chewing,  want  salivary  glands."—  Arbuthnot  :  On  Alt' 
mentl,  en.  t 

salivary-cells,  *.  pi.  Cells  within  the 
saccules  or  alveoli  of  the  salivary  glands. 

salivary-glands,  «.  pi. 

Anat.  :  Glands  secreting  saliva.  They  art 
the  parotid,  sub-lingual,  and  sub-maxillary 
glands,  composed  of  minute  follicles  con 
nected  by  branches  of  thin  duct,  on  which 
they  are  set  like  grapes  on  the  stalk,  sur- 
rounded by  blood-vessels  and  areolar  tissue. 

sal'-I-vate,  v.t.  (Lat  salivatui,  pa.  par.  of 
salim  =  to  salivate.]  To  purge  by  the  salivary 
glands  ;  to  excite  or  produce  an  unusual  secre- 
tion and  discharge  of  saliva  in,  generally  by 
the  use  of  mercury  ;  to  produce  ptyalism  in. 

"  The  methods  of  mliaatiny  are  dirers,  but  all  by 
mercury-"—  Wiieman  :  Surffery,  bk.  vlii.,  ch.  x. 

sal-i-va'-tlon,  s.  [Lat.  talivatio;  Fr.  m!i- 
vation.]  The  act  or  process  of  exciting  01 


WU,  btiy;  ptSut,  J6%1;  cat,  jell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  50,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  eylsfc   ph  =  t 
•don,  -Man  =  shan.   -tion,  -  sion  =  shun ;   tion,  -aion  =  xh&n.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  •hits,    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel, 


4094 

producing  au  unusual  secrvtion  and  discharge 
of  saliva,  generally  by  the  use  of  nifrcnry  ; 
ptyalism:  an  abnormally  abundant  st- 
and flow  of  saliva. 

"  The  fan  moor  ot  nitration  is  not  properly  tpkttle," 
"" n  ;  Surgtry.  bk.  viii..  ch.  x. 


"Sa-li-VOU8,  a.  [Lat.  salivosus,  from  saliva  ; 
Fr.  xtlireitx ;  Sp.  sa^troso.]  Pertaiiiins  to 
saliva  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  or  qualities  or 
saliva  ;  consisting  of,  or  abounding  in  saliva. 

"  There  liappeueth  an  elongation  vt  the  uvula, 
ttinmirh  thn  nlmii'ltuiee  of  talivout  humour  flowing 
upon  if—  H'uMHon.-  3ury*rf,  bk.  »iii.,  ch  viL 

•a  lix,  *.  [Lat.  -&  willow;  cf.  Gael.  &  Ir. 
teileach;  Vfel.helig;  Cornish Aetafc=  a  willow.] 

1.  Bot. :  Willow  ;  the  typical  genus  of  S:ili- 
caceae  (q.v.).    Catkins  erect,  their  scales  quite 
entire;    perianth    none,  except  one  or  two 
nectariferous  glands  ;  stamens  two,  combined 
Into  one,  or  two  to  five ;   rtitrmaa  two,  entire  or 
cloven  into  two.  Known  species  160.  One  reason 
why  the  species  have  been  unduly  multiplied, 
and  why  much  difficulty  exists  in  determining 
finally  how  many  there  are,  is  the  occurrence 
of  hybrids.     The  willow  genus  is  popularly 
divided  iu to  sallows,  osiers,  and  willows (q.v.). 
AH  are  trees  or  shrubs,  loving  moist  places 
and  growing  rapidly.    They  vary  greatly  in 
mK,  from  S.  alba,  sixty  feet  high,  valuable  as 
a   timber  tree,  growing  with  rapidity,  and 
producing  much  wood,  to  5.  herbacta,  only  a 
few  inches.    S.  arctica  and  S.  polaris  go  fur- 
ther north  than  anyother  known  woody  plants 
The  bark  of  many  is  used  for  tanning,  and  is 
About  half  as  valuable  as  that  of  oak.    Many 
are  used  for  hoops  and  basket  work,  specif. 
JB.  viminalis  fOsiEB.},  5.  stipiilaris,  S.  rubra. 
8.  fvrbyana,  S.  triandni,  S.  m&llissima,  and 
S.  vittllina.    One  of  tlie  toughest  is  S.  pur- 
puna,  and  it  has  a  very  bitter  bark,    A  resin 
exudes  from  the  fragrant  leaves  of  S.  pentandra. 
Various  Indian  species  are  used  for  basket- 
work,  the  bark  for  tanning,  and  the  young 
shoots  and  the  Leaves  to  feed  cattle.     Dr. 
Majendie,  believed  that  the  salicin  made  from 
•onus  species  was  a  febrifuge  like  quinine. 
He  specially  valued  the  European  S.  pvrpurea, 
S.  Hdix,  S.  pentandra,  S.  Russelliana,  S.  vitd- 
tina,  and  the  American  S.  eriocephala,  S.  nigra, 
S.  ami/era.    Dr.  Garrod  believed  them  useless 
for  the  purpose.  A  decoction  of  the  bark  of  S. 
Caprea  has  good  effect  in  psoriasis.   In  Egypt, 
the  sweet-scented  catkins  of  S.  asgyptiaca  are 
used  in  preparing  a  medicated  watei,  said  to 
fee  cardiac  and  sudorific.     In  England,  S.  alba 
and  S.  rosmarini/olia  were  once  credited  with 
frimilar  properties.     Willows  are  very  common 
in  the  United  States,  there  being   about  25 
species,  usually  found  by  water  courses  or  along 
the  Bides  of  ditches.    Of  the  introduced  species 
the  Weeping  Willow  (S.  Babylonica)   is  most 
valued,  its  beantifnlly  pendant  branches  aud 
twigs  giving  it  a  highly  ornamental  appearance, 

2.  PaltxoboL  :  From  the  Cretaceous  rocks  of 
North  America  aud  the  Middle  Eocene  of 
Bournemouth, 


Bill  -lee,  s.    [See  def.] 

Gtog.  :  A  seaport  on  the  west  coast  of  Mo- 
rocco. The  inhabitants  were  formerly  notorious 
for  their  piracy. 

Sallee  man,  >. 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  An  inhabitant  of  Sallee  ;  a 
pirate. 

2.  Zwl.  :  VMOa,  mdgarit.  [Cf.  Portuguese 
•anof-war.] 

"  fin]  the  iwxx>rap*nyinK  Illustration  maj  be  Men  a 
wmarkable  creature,  called  by  the  ponular  ujuue  of 
OaUat  -  man.    >,ime- 
iimei  cumipted.  la      ' 
•anticml  fjtetiion,  to 
Sally  -until.  "—  Wood  • 
lUtu.  Xat.  nut.,  lit 

•m. 
»W  16n  der?,  s. 

(BELLAXDEBS.J 


et,  'sal  ade, 
"sal  ette,  j  [O. 

•Tr.  Kilade,  from 
Ital.  celatu  =  a 
helmet,  from  Lat. 


cnamentea,  from  ctelo  z=  to  engrave,  to  orna- 
ment ;  calum  =  a  chisel,  a  graver.] 

Old  Arm.  :  A  light  kind  of  helmet,  intro- 
duced during  the  fifteenth  century,  chiefly 
for  the  use  of  foot-soldiers.  They  wore  made 


salivoiifl— salmon 

with  movable  and  ftxed  visors,  as  shown  in 
tlie  illustration. 

"  Many  ft  time,  but  far  &  tnltrt,  my  braln-T 
been  cleft  with  &  bruwn-bUL"— Shak&p. ;  3  an 
ir.  l& 

*  sal'-lSt  (2),  *  sal  let-ing,  5.    [SALAD.] 

*  B&1 -li-anoe,  8,     [SALIANCE.] 


sal  -U-got  (t  silentX  s.  [Fr.]  A  ragout  of 
tripe. 

tsar-low,  v.t.     [SALLOW,  a.J    To  make  sallow. 

sal  -low,  *  salghe,  *  sal  ly,  *  sal  we ,  *  sal- 
whe,  .*.  [A.S.  sealh  ;  eogn.  with.  Icel.  setja; 
Sw.  nf'ily,  sdij;  Dan.  selje;  Ger.  sahliceide; 
O.  H.  Ger.  salahd  ;  Lat.  salix;  Gael,  seileach  ; 
Ir.  sail,  sailetich  ;  Wei.  helug ;  Gr.  eAuoj  (helike)  ; 
Fr.  saule,  saulx;  Ital.  soldo,  sate.] 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  Stilix  Caprea,  the  Common  Sallow,  called 
also  the  Goat  Willow   and    Palm.     [PALK- 
SCNDAT.J     It  flowers  in  April  ;tnd  May. 

" Bend  the  pliant  ntTTtw  to  a  shield." 

fttwfcM.'  Tfttocriiuf.  Idyl,  19. 

(2)  (PI.):  One  of  the  three  popular  divisions 
of  the  genus  Salix.  Trees  or  shrubs,  generally 
with    downy,    branched    stipules ;    obovate, 
hoary,  more  or  less  wrinkled  leaves,  stipulate, 
with  conspicuous  veins  on  their  lower  side. 
Sallows  are  burnt  to  make  charcoal. 

2.  Entom, :  The  genus  Xanthia.  specif,  the 
Salluw-moth  (q.v.). 

sallow-kitten, «. 

Entom. :  A  British  moth,  Dicranura  furcula, 
allied  to  the  Puss-moth  (q.v.X 

sallow  moth,  5. 

Entom.  :  Xanthia  cerago,  a  moth  with  pale 
yellow,  purplish -marked  fore  wings  and  while 
hind  wings.  The  violet-brown  larva  feeds  on 
the  Hallow. 

sallow-thorn,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Hippophae  (q.v.). 

sal'-low,  *sal-ow,  *  sal-owe,  'salwhe, 

a.  [A.S.  wiit ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  zaluw  —  tawny, 
yellow  ;  Icel.  solr  =  yellowish  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
joZo  =  dusky ;  M,  H.  Ger.  sal ;  Pr.sale  =  dirty.] 
Ofayellowish  colour;  of  a  pale,  sickly  colour, 
tinged  with  dark  yellow.  (Applied  to  the 
skin  or  complexion.) 

"  What  ft  deal  of  brine 
Hath  wuhed  thy  tallow  cheek*  for  Komliue." 

SAoA^ip. :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  1L  & 

*  sal  -low  ish,  n.      [Eng.  sallow,  a. ;    -i&h.] 
,    Rather  sallow  ;  somewhat  sallow  in  colour. 

sal -low-ness,  s.  [Eng.  sallow ;  'ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sallow ;  paleness 
tinged  with  a  dark  yellow  colour. 

"A  fi«li  diet  wooH  gire  mch  a  taUotmrnt  to  the 
celebrated  beuutlea  of  thu  iaiiuia.  a*  wonW  icwce 
wiUte  Uiuui  dutiogoUhftbifl  from  tbowj  of  France. " — 
Adduon. 

sJU  -ly,  *.     [Fr.   saillie,  prop.  fern,  of  tailli, 
pa.  par.  of  satiltr  =  to  go  out,  to  sally  (q.v.) ; 
Sp.  salida;  Port,  sahida  ;  ItaL  talita.] 
L  Ordinary  Langwgt: 

*  L  A  leaping  forth ;  a  darting,  a  spring,  a 
bound. 

"  I  make  a  sudden  tally. 
And  flp*rltie  out  among  the  feru." 

Teitnyton  :  Ths  Brook,  24. 

SL  A  rushing  or  bursting  forth  ;  a  breaking 
out;  a  sadden  eruption;  specifically,  a  sud- 
den breaking  or  rushing  out  of  troops  from  a 
besieged  place  to  attack  the  besiegers. 

*  3.  An  excursion,  a  trip,  a  run. 

"  Every  one  shall  know  a  country  better,  that  makee 
often  taUitt  into  it,  and  Uarene*  it  up  aud  down."— 
Locke. 

4.  A  spring  or  darting  of  intellect,  fancy,  or 
Imagination  ;  a  flight  of  fancy,  liveliness,  wit. 
or  the  like. 

"  WiUi  merry  sattfef 

Binding  their  chant." 
LaxefeUow :  BKnd  Oirt  */  Catttl-CuiU*. 

*5.  An  act  of  levity  or  extravagance;  a 
frolrc,  an  escapade;  wild  gaiety. 

"  We  find  people  Trry  brisk  and  actlre  in  aeatmtu  of 
joy,  breaking  out  continually  into  vantoo  and  ertra- 
Tftgant  talltot.'— Search:  Light  qf  A'ature,  vol.  L.  pt. 
it.,  ch.  xxl. 

IL  Arch. :  A  projection ;  the  end  of  a  piece 
of  timber  cut  with  an  interior  angle  formed 
by  two  planes  across  the  fibres,  as  the  feet  of 

common  rafters. 

•ally-port.  5. 

1.  Fort. :  An  opening  cat  !n  the  glacis, 
through  which  a  passage  leads  by  a  ramp  from 


the  terreplein  to  the  covered  way  of  the  to- 

t>'rior  ;  a  postern; 
an  underground  i 
]>assage  from  a  for- 
tification for  mak- 
ing sallies  from  the 
covered  way. 

2.  Naut. :  A  port 
on  each  quarter  for 
entering  or  leaving 
a  fire  vessel  after 
the  train  is  ftreU. 

•ttr-lf,  *sal-y, 

v.i.     [Fr.  sailltr  =  SALLY-PORT. 

to  go  out,  to  issne, 

to  leap,  to  bound  ;  from  Lat.  salio  =  to  leap.] 

1.  To  Ifap  or  rush  out;  to  dart,  burst,  or 
break  out ;  specifically,  to  rush  out  suddenly, 
as  a  body  of  troops  from  a  besieged  place,  to 
attack  the  besiegers  ;  to  make  a  sally. 

"  Thlnk'st  thou  we  will  not  tally  forth, 
To  ipoll  the  apolUr  ma  w*  may  t" 

Jforff .-  Ladjf  of  the  Lakt,  T.  f. 

2.  To  spring,  to  issue. 

"  AJ  to  the  hooted  hurt,  the  taUyiny  spring.- 

Sal'-ly  Lunn,  s.  [See  def.]  A  to*-cake;  ao 
called  from  Sally  Lunn,  the  pastry-cook  of 
Bath,  who  used  to  cry  them  about  in  a  basket 
at  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  centary.  Dal- 
mer,  the  baker,  bought  her  receipt,  aud  made 
a  song  about  the  buna. 

"  Tell  cook  to  butter  the  Sally  Luniu  on  both  sitl*.' 
—fUltL.  Oct.  37,  1863. 

sal  ma-gun -di,  sal'-mi-gund,  «.  [Pr. 
salmigondis ;  prob.  from  Ital.  sedame  —  salt 
meat,  and  conaito  =  seasoned.] 

1.  Lit.:  A  mixture  of  pickled  herrings,  cold 
dressed  chicken,  salt  beef,  radishes,  endive, 
olives,  Ac.,  arranged  with  regard  to  contrast 
in  colour  as  well  as  flavour,  and  served  with 
oil,  vinegar,  pepper,  and  salt. 

2.  Fig. :  A  mixture  of  various  ingredient*; 
au  olio,  a  medk-y. 

sal-ma  -11-a,  s.  [Sans,  sdlmali  =  the  specie* 
of  the  genus  described.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Bombacea*.  The  honey  of 
Salmalia  malabarica,  a  very  large  deciduous 
tree  found  in  India  and  Burmah,  is  said  to  be 
purgative  and  diuretic,  the  bark  and  root 
emetic,  and  the  gum  aphrodisiac. 

sal  mi,  sal -mis.  s.  [Fr., from  Ital.  salami; 
pi.  of  salanu  =  salt  meat.)  A  ragout  of  masted 
woodcocks,  larks,  thrushes,  and  other  birds 
and  game,  minced  and  stewed  with  wine,  small 
pieces  of  bread,  and  other  ingredients,  intended 
to  provoke  the  appetite. 

sar  mi  ac,  *.  [See  def.]  A  contraction  of 
Sal-ammoniac  (q.T.). 

sal  mite,    *.      [After   Vieil-Salm,   Belgium, 

where  found  ;  suff.  -He  (Min.).] 

-A/in. :  A  variety  of  Chloritoid  (q.v.X  In 
which  a  part  of  tlie  protoxide  of  iron  is  re- 
placed by  protoxide  of  manganese. 

sal  mo,  5.    [Lat.] 

lcht\y.:  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Salmonidje.  Body  covered  with  email  scales  ; 
mouth-cleft  wide,  the  maxillary  bones  extend- 
ing to  below  or  beyond  the  eye ;  conical  teeth 
In  jaw-bones,  on  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue. 
Anal  short,  with  less  than  fourteen  rays  ; 
pyloric  appendages ;  ova  large.  Young  with 
parr-marks.  Tlie  genus  is  sub-divided  into 
two  groups,  Salmones  and  Salvelini. 

salm  -on  (I  silent),  *  sal  mon,  *  sal  mond, 
*  sau  moun,  «.  [O.  Fr.  «atunan,  saulmon 
(Fr.  saumon),  from  Lat.  salmonem,  accus.  of 
salmo  »  a  salmon  ;  prob.  lit.  =  a  leaper,  from 
salio  =  to  leap;  8p.  salmon;  Ital.  salmone.] 

Ichthy.:  The  genus  Salmo  (q.v.X  and  espe- 
cially Salmo  salar,  the  most  important  of  ana- 
dromous  f^od-flshes,  on  account  of  its  abund- 
ance and  its  rich,  delicious  flavour.  Range, 
temperate  Europe  southwards  to  43*  N.  lat., 
excepting  rivers  falling  into  the  Mediterranean ; 
in  America  its  southern  boundary  is  41*  N.  lat. 
It  Is  an  extremely  beautiful  fish,  very  sym- 
metrical, and  its  form  is  admirably  adapted 
to  rapid  motion,  even  against  powerful 
currents.  It  is  distinguished  from  all  other 
species  of  tlie  genus  by  the  form  of  the  oper- 
cular  bones,  which  show  a  rounded  outline  to 
the  posterior  edge  of  the  giU-covera,  the 
longest  diameter  of  which  to  the  nose  would 
be  in  a  line  through  the  eye.  In  all  ether 


Ate,  l&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  All,  fitther;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  ttiire;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine;  go, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son:  mute.  cnb.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


salmonea—  salpingcecidse 


4095 


usual  migratory  species  the  name  line  would 
pass  below  the  eye.  The  adult  male  fish  is 
readily  distinguished  by  the  lower  maxillary 
fcone  and  cartilage  greatly  protmding.  This 
to  very  remarkable  in  spent-fish,  and,  if  not 
absorbed,  may  hinder  them  from  feeding, 
causing  them  to  pine  away  and  die.  The  tail 
of  the  full-grown  Salmou  is  straight  across, 
while  in  the  grilse  and  young  Salmon  it 
is  forked.  The  colour  is  a  rich  bluish  or 
greenish  gray  above,  changing  to  silvery 
white  beneath,  sprinkled  above  the  lateral 
line  with  rather  hurge  black  spots.  It  grows 
to  a  lengtli  of  from  four  to  five  feet,  though 
the  female  becomes  mature  at  a  length  of 
about  tifteen  inches,  and  the  male  at  a  length 
of  seven  or  eight  iuches. 

••  Speaking  generally,  the  flsh  in  its  fall-grown  con. 
dltton  i>  known  at  the  iiMon ;   one  on  It*  second 
fwturn  from  the  sea  IB  oft*n  termed  a  yerlinff  "»  the 
Beveru,  or  a  botcher  on  its  first  return,  when  under 
BTO  pound*  weight,  although  the  more  general  desig. 
nation  ia  qrilte :  "lieu  under  two  pound*  weight.  It  Is 
usually  termed  latman-peal  by   fishmongers.      Ironi 
one  to  two  years  before  It  lot  gone  to  the  aea,,it  i« 
known  as  a  warr.  win*,  smolt,  imett.  Hilmon-Sry,  *prw, 
or tttlman-sprina I  Northumberland),  tamlet.brundluig. 
tnaerling,   eto^M".   blue-Jin,    «»"rf.   I*«1W.   friaa. 
•£,'/.   draper.  iMiiring,  araerl  Icuprlriy,   Hsrrlma,   or 
iparlinam  W.ile.I     In  Sorthnrnberlalrf.  a  milter  or 
•pawning  male  is  kuowu  as  a  tiiminrr-CDck,  or  gib-fish, 
•nd  a  saJmoii  as  a  nnun.    In  tile  Severn,  a  aalmou 
which  has  remained  iu  fresh  watvr  during  the  summer 
without  going  t*>  the  lew  ia  termed  a  UtttrM.    Alter 
•pawning,  this  rUh  is  a  letU  or  Hat,  but  a  male  is  gene- 
lilly  termed  a  tipuei-.  and  a  female  a  Ihniider  or  a .bap 
oil      In  the  Kibble,  according  to  WiMughby.  tumon 
if  the  fir*  year  are  termed  smrtn,  of  the  lecoud  year 
Jprod*.  of   the  tliird  year  nturu.  ol   the  fourth  year 
firhMill,  of  the  llfth  year  half-fit*,  of  the  iljth  year 
salmon."— Day :  mtiet  &  Grant  Hrit.  *  Irel.,  li.  W,  «». 
The  Salmon  is  an  anadroraous  flsli,  entering 
rivers  mostly  to  spa\vn  in  a  locality  where 
the  eggs  will  be  hatched  and  the  fry  reared. 
It  h:is  been  surmised  that  some  enter  rivers 
to  rid  themselves  of  marine  parasites.     Dur- 
ing the  summer  months  the  Salmon  roams 
•long  the  coasts,  loitering  in  estuaries  and 
near  the  moutha  of  rivers.    On  its  way  to 
the  breeding  grounds  in  the  upper  reaches 
the    Salmon    has    many    obstacles    to    en- 
counter, and  salmon  bidders    are   fixed   by 
the  proprietors  of  fisheries  to  help  the  flsh 
ta  its  ascent.    The  eggs  are  deiwsited  in  a 
gravelly  bed,  and  their  deposition  and  im- 
pregnation occupies  about   ten  days.     The 
male,  as  a  rule,  keeps  guard  near  his  partner, 
and  the  Zoologist  (1847,   p.   1,650),   gives  an 
animated  account  of  a  battle  between  two 
males  probably  for  the  possession  of  a  female, 
in  which  the  victor  inflicted  mortal  injuries 
on  his  foe.    When  the  young  fish  emerge  from 
the  egg,  the  umbilical  vessel  is  still  attached 
to  their  stomachs,  and  the  nourishment  con- 
tained therein  serves  them  for  several  weeks, 
during  which  time  they  lie  concealed  among 
the  stones  at  the  bottom  of  the  stream.    Till 
their  second  year  they  remain  in  the  river, 
when  they  commence  their  migratory  career. 
The  pollution  of  rivers  and  other  causes  have 
led  to  a  great  diminution  in  the  numbers  of 
Salmon,  and  for  many  years  their  artificial 
propagation   has    been    successfully   carried 
on.    Salmon  were  formerly  exceedingly  abun- 
dant in  the  rivers  of  New  England  nnd  eastern 
Canada,  bat  their  numbers  have  been  greatly 
reduced  by  indiscriminate  fishing,  while  from 
Borne  rivers,  once  full,  the  Connecticut,  for 
instance,  they  have  disappeared.      In    some 
rivera  of  the  Pacific  States,  particularly  the 
Columbia,  they  are   very   abundant,  though 
over-fishing  is  causing  a  rapid  decrease  in  their 
number*.    The  rivers  of  Alaska  auso  contain 
ealmon  in  abundance.      Great   quantities  are 
annually  canned  in  the  Fudnc  region,  whence 
they  are  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  wurld.     The 
government  is  actively  engaged  ia  the  effort  to 
restock  these  streams  with  salmon,  and  also  to 
prevent  the  destructive  methods  of  fishing  in 
vogue. 

salmon  berry,  *. 
Sot. :  Rubus  spcctabilis. 
salmon  color,  «.  The  color  of  the  flesh 
of  the  salmon. 

salmon  colored.  0.  Of  the  color  of 
the  flesh  of  the  salmon. 

salmon  fishery,  s.  A  place  where  Salmon 
fishing  is  carried  on.  The  salmon  catch  in  the 
Columbia  River,  Oregon,  amounts  to  as  much 
as  2,000,000  pounds  a  year.  The  bulk  of  these 
are  canned  and  shipped.  Alaska  also  adds 
a  large  quota  to  the  annual  exportation.  In 
Europe,  Norway  and  the  British  Islands 
furnish  the  best  salmon  fisheries.  The  annua 
catch  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  is  about 
700,000  pounds. 


salmon-ladder,  salmon-stair,  s.    A. 

fish-way  (q.v.). 

salmon-stair,  ».    [SALMON-LADDER.  ] 
salmon-trout,  s. 

lehthy.:  Salaui  tnUta;  \  North  European 
flsh.  much  more  common  in  Scotland  U»an  in 
England.  Its  habits  are  those  of  the  Salmon. 
It  attains  a  length  of  about  three  feet  ;  upper 
parts  blackish,  usually  with  a  purplish  tinge 
on  the  silvery  sides,  under  part  silvery. 
Called  also  Sea-trout,  and  in  Wales  and 
Ireland  White-trout.  The  flesh  is  pink,  richly 
flavoured,  and  much  esteemed. 
sal-mo'-nes,  *.  pi.  [Lat.,  pi.  of  salmo  (q.v.).] 

Ichthy.  :  Salmon  and  Trout  having  teeth  on 
the  body,  as  well  as  on  the  head,  of  the 
vomer.  The  species  are  very  numerous  ; 
among  Hie  chief  are  Salmo  salar  (the  Salmon), 
S.  trtitta  (Sea-trout  or  Salmon-trout),  S.  Jario 
(Common  Trout),  S.  lemanut  (the  Lake  Letnan 
Trout),  S.  go-tiimnsie  (Galway  Sea-trout),  S. 
Jerox  (the  great  Lake-trout),  S.  stomaaiicus 
(the  Gillaroo),  S.  leixneneis  (the  Loch  Leven 
Trout),  and  S.  namaycush  (the  great  Lake- 
trout  of  North  America). 

«salm'-6n-et  (1  silent),  s.  [Eng.  salmm; 
diuiin.  sutf.  -et.]  A  little  salmon,  a  samlet. 

sal  mon-ic,  a.  (Eng.  »!mo»;-K.]  Derived 
from  the  salmon. 

salmonic  acid,  s. 

Chem:  A  reddish  fatty  acid,  existing,  ac- 

cording to  Fremy,  in  the  reddish  muscles  of 
various  species  of  salmon.    (Jt'a/ki.) 

sal-mon'-i-dae,  *.  pi.  [Lat.  salmo,  genit. 
salmon(is);  fetn.  pi.  adj.  sutt.  -ute.J 

1.  Ichthy.  :  A  family  of  Physostomi  (q.v.). 
Body  generally  covered  with   scales  ;   head 
naked,  no   barbels;   margin   of  upper  jaw 
formed  by  the  intermaxillaries  mesially  and 
by  the  maxillaries  laterally  ;  belly  rounded  ; 
small  adipose  fin  behind  the  dorsal  ;  pyloric 
appendages  generally  numerous,  rarelyabsent  ; 
air-bladder    large,    simple;    peeadobranchi* 
present.    The  ova  fall  into  the  cavity  of  the 
abdomen  before  exclusion.     The  genera  are 
numerous,  and  valuable  as  food-fishes.    They 
are  fresh-water  and  marine  (deep-sea).     The 
former  are  peculiar  to  the  temperate  and  arctic 
regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  one  oc- 
curring in  New  Zealand,  and  many  of  them 
descend  to  the  sea  periodically  or  occasionally. 

2.  Pakeont.  :  From  the  Cretaceous  onward. 

[O8MERU6.] 

aalni  -  on  Old  (t  silent),  o.  4  «.  [Eng.  salmon  ; 
-aid.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Belonging  to,  characteristic  of, 
or  resembling  the  genus  Salrao  (q.v.X 

B.  At  titbit.  :    Any    fish    of    tie    genus 
Salmo  (q.v.). 

"  Chemistry  has  not  strnplted  ««  v«t  with  an  analysis 
of  the  substance  which  gives  the  piuk  cuionr  tu  the 
flesh  of  many  galmorioittit;  but  there  Is  Uttle  doubt 
that  it  is  identical  with  and  produced  by  the  yijjmenta 
of  many  salt-  and  fresh.  water  Crustaceans,  which  form 
a  favourite  food  of  these  flihe*."—  GuntAtr  :  Study  of 
Fithea,  p.  632. 

Ba  Ion,  t.  [Fr.]  [SALOON.]  An  apartment 
for  the  reception  of  company  ;  a  saloon,  a 
picture-gallery  ;  hence,  in  the  plural,  fashion- 
able assemblages,  circles  of  fashionable  society. 

sa-loon',  s.     [Fr.  salon,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  sal 
"(Ger.  saal)  =  a  dwelling,  a  house,  a  hall  ;  eogn. 
with  Icel.  sair;  A.3.  seel,  sele.} 
I.  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  A  spacious  and  elegant  apartment  for  the 
reception  of  company  or  the  exhibition   of 
works  of  art  ;  a  hall  of  reception  ;  a  large 
public  room  ;  a  kail  for  public  entertainments  ; 
an  apartment  for  specific  public  use. 

"  He  had  descended  frmn  the  pnrod  mlntm." 

ITerdaswrA:  X»cur«w»i.  bk.  Ti. 

2.  A    refreshment-bar,     a    public-house. 

3.  SfttplmtMim/  :  The  main  apartment  In  a 
passenger  steamer. 

IT.  Arck.:  A  lofty,  spacious  hall,  frequently 
vaulted  at  the  top,  and  usually  comprehend- 
ing two  stories,  with  two  ranges  of  windows. 
It  is  often  in  the  middle  of  a  building,  and  is 
sometimes  lighted  from  the  top. 

saloon  carriage,  saloon  car,  t. 

Rail.~eng.  :  A  passenger-car  fitted  up  with 
•ofas  and  chairs. 


saloon-keeper,  *.    One  who  keeps  a 
saloon  ;  «pec/.,  uue  where  intoxicants  are  sold. 


*  sa  loop ,  *  sa  lop ,  *.    ISALEP.] 

L  Salup  (q.v"). 

2.  A  similar  beverage  prepared  from  an  in- 
fusion of  Sassafras  bark,  and  formerly  sold  In 
the  streets  of  London  in  the  early  morning. 

"  There  ia  a  com  position,  the  ground.w«rk  of  which 
I  have  understood  to  be  the  sweet  wood  yclept  aaw.v 
fras.  This  wood  boiled  down  to  a  kind  of  tea,  and 
tempered  with  an  infusion  of  milk  mid  <rug*r,  liath  to 
&.U1M5  t«utes  a  delicacy  beyuud  ti.e  Ciiina  luxury  .  .  . 

*  saloop  house,  «.  A  house  where  sa- 
loop was  prepared  and  sold.  (Old  it  New 
London,  i.  6i».)  * 

"  sa  lo  -pi  an,  a.  [Eng.  salop;  -ian.}    Qt,  or 
pertaining  to  saloop  (q.v.^ 

"The    only    talopian    house."— Lamb:    Praite  it 


sal-pa,  >.      [Lat.,  from    Gr.   o-oAmi  (so/p«X 

trapmf  (sarpe)  =  a  sea-lish.] 

Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Salpidie  (q.v.X 
Animal  sub-cylindrical,  half  an  inrh  to  tea 
iuches  long,  truncated  in  front,  pointed  be- 
hind. They  have  a  transparent,  elastic  outer 
tunic,  elongated,  compressed,  and  open  at 
both  extremities.  A  single  narrow,  plicated, 
ribbon  -  shaped  branchia  extends  obliquely 
across  the  pallial  cavity.  Sexes  distinct,  with 
alternation  of  generations.  The  young  Sal- 
pians  quit  their  parent  in  long  chains  ;  after 
floating  about  for  a  time  the  society  is  dis- 
solved, and  each  produces  a  solitary  yonug 
one  like  itself;  in  the  next  generation  there 
is  a  chain  again. 

salpa  chain,  s.    [SALPA.] 

t  sal  -pi  an,  s.  [SALPA.]  A  mollusc  belonging 
to  the  geiius  Salpa  (q.v.). 

"In  the  transparent  «/j>iu>u  these  fibres  are  groopcd 
In  flat  bands."—  Woodward  :  Xolluica  (ed.  187SJ,  p.  !». 

•sal  pi  con,  «.  iFr.  ft  8p.,  from  Sp. 
ealpicar  =  to  besprinkle  ;  Port,  xilpicar  =  to 
powder,  to  corn,  from  sal  =  salt,  anil  picar 
=  to  prick.]  A  dish  composed  of  the  remains 
of  meat  and  vegetables,  cnt  into  dioe,  and 
heated  in  brown  or  white  sauce. 

sal-p!  da>,  ».  pL    fLat  talp(a);  fern.  pi.  adj. 

suff.  -idtt.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Tunicata  (q.v.).  Oceanic 
moUuscoida,  alternately  solid  or  united  ui  cir- 
cular or  lengthened  groups.  Branchial  and 
atrial  apertures  at  opposite  ends  of  the  body. 

sal-pi-gl8»-sid'-e-w,  «.  rt.  [Mod.  Lat 
salpiglossis,  genit.  salpiglossid(is)  ;  Lat.  fenv 
pi.  adj.  sun",  -ece.] 

Bot.:  A  sub-order  of  Scrophulariacese.  In- 
florescence entirely  centrifugal  ;  aestivation  of 
the  corolla  either  plaited,  or  plaited  imbricate^ 
the  two  upper  segments  being  external.  (B«i- 
t/utm.)  Miers  places  it  under  his  Atropacea. 

Sal  pJ-glOS'-SIS,  ».   [Gr.  <raAir.y£  (sulpitigx)  = 

a  tube,    and   y\<~ro(i   (glosaa)  =  the   tongue. 

Named  from  the   tongue-like  style   in   the 

mouth  of  the  corolla.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Salpiglossidese 

§i.  v.>    Herbaceous,  viscid  plants,  with  showy 
owers.    Natives  of  Chili. 


[Or.  ^ 

a  trumpet,  a  tube  ;  suff.  -i( 
Patlui.  :  Inflammation  of  the  oviducts. 

sal-pin  gca'  ca,  s.  [Gr.  o-oAirivS  (salpingx\ 
genit.  iTiAmyvos  (fajjflnaant)  =  a  trumpet,  and 
ouce'w  (otfceo)  =  to  inhabit.] 

Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Salpingoecidse  (q.v.).  Animalcules  solitary- 
plastic,  and  variable  in  form,  secreting  and 
inhabiting  a  fixed,  chitinous,  transparent 
sheath,  cither  sessile  or  mounted  on  a  pedicle. 
They  inhabit  salt  and  fresh  water,  and  in- 
crease usually  by  transverse  fission.  Kentr 
divides  them  into  two  sections,  according  a* 
(1)  the  pedicle  is  absent,  rudimentary,  or  ex- 
ceptionally developed,  or  (2)  persistent,  and 
conspicuously  developed.  Species  nnmerou*. 

sal-pln-g«'-9i-ds8,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  *a- 
pingax(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idas.} 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Choano-flagellata,  witb 
three  genera  :  Salpingoeea,  Lagenreca,  and  Poly- 
ffica.  Animalcules  secreting  and  inliabiting 
independent  or  socially  united  sheaths  pt  lo~ 
rica,  free-floating  or  attached  to  aquatw  ob- 
jects ;  flagellum  single,  terminal,  with  collar, 
contractile  vesicles  two  or  more,  posterior,  en- 
doplast  sub-central.  From  salt  and  fresh  water. 


boil.  bt»;  ptiut,  J6%1;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  benoli;  go,  gem;  thin.  thl»;  sin,  09;  expect,  Xcnophon.  «ftet-   - 
-«laaj. -tian  -  shan.    -tion, -sion  =  shun ; -tion,  ^ion  -  zhiin.    -cious, -tious, -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  4c.  =  bel, 


4096 


salpinx— salt 


•eU'-pIxUE,  s.    (Or.  =  a  tube  or  trumpet.) 
•  L  Mutic :  The  ancient  Greek  trumpet. 
2.  Anat. :  The  Eustachian  tube  (q.v.). 

sal-sa,  s.     [See  def.)     An  abbreviation  for 
ttarsaparilla. 

sal-sa-fy,  i.    [SALSIFY.] 

•  sal-sa-men-tar'-l-ous,  a.    [L*t.«aZn- 
mentariut,  from  «ai  =  salt.)    Pertaining  to,  or 
containing  salt ;  salted. 

•Use,  s.    [Ft.,  from  Lat.  lalna  =  salted.] 

Geol.  :  An  eruption  of  mud,  with  heat  and 
vapour,  from  a  vent  in  a  locality  where  there 
is  no  volcano  of  the  normal  type. 

sal  si  fy,  sal  sa-fy.  s.  [Fr.  nteyb  =  goats- 
beard.] 

hot. :    Tragopogon  porrifoliui,   an   European 

Cen    plant,  cultivated  to  acme  extent'  in 
»pe  and  the   United  States.    The  root  is 
excellent  when  cooked.     It  may  be  boiled  and 
served   with  sauce,  fried   Jn   batter,  stewed, 
scalloped,  or  made  into  croquettes. 

•&1  sll-la,  >.    [Sp.,  from  Lat  salsus  =  salted.] 

Hot. :  The  tubers  of  Bomarea  edvlit  of  Si. 

Domingo. 

•  •al-SO-ae'-id,  a.     [Lat.  safeuj  =  salt,  and 
Eng.  aciil.]    Having  a  taste  compounded  of 
saituess  and  sourness. 

•41   so  la,  i.    [From  Lat  tal  =  salt.] 

Bol. :  Saltwort,  a  genus  of  Chenopodlacee. 
Flowers  perfect,  with  two  bracts  at  the  base ; 
sepals  five,  rarely  four ;  stamens  five,  rarely 
three;  style  elongate ;  stigmas  two  or  three. 
Found  in  temperate  climates.  Known  specie* 
about  thirty.  One,  Saltola  Kali,  ie  common,  and 
has  an  angled,  much-branched  stem,  and  pale- 
greenish  sessile  flowers,  with  three  leaf-like 
bracts  at  the  base  of  each,  and  is  common  on 
sandy  seashores.  It  yields  immense  quantities 
of  soda,  whence  its  name. 

sal  so  la  ceoiis  (ce  as  sh),  a.    [Hod.  Lat 

aalsol(a)  ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -aceoiw.)    Pertaining, 
or  belonging  to  the  genus  Salsola  (q.v.). 

sal  su  -gi-ndse,  a.     [SALSCOINOCS.] 

Bot. :  Growing  In  places  overflowed  by  salt 
water. 

•  sal-su -gtn-ofts,   a.    [Lat.  salsugo,  genit. 
satsuginii,  from  soi  =  salt.]     Saltish;  some- 
what salt ;  brackish. 

"The  distinction  of  salta,  whereby  they  are  dis- 
criminated into  acid,  volatile,  or  ialtuffinotu.  It  I  mar 
!  to  call  the  fugitive  salts  of  animal  substance*,  and 
fixed  or  alcallzate,  may  appear  of  much  use  in  natural 
philosophy."-  BorU  :  Worlu.L  7K. 

•Jilt,  t.&n.  [A.8.  stall  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  zout ; 
I  eel.  salt;  Dan.  &  Sw.  alt;  Goth,  nit;  Ger. 
talz;  Fr.  stl;  Ital.  sale;  Sp.  sal;  Russ.  sole; 
Wei.  hale,  halm;  Lab.  Ml  Or.  iAi  (hols); 
Bansc.  sara  ;  I  eel.  so«r  =  salt  (a.) ;  Wei.  hallt.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordfiary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

"If  you  want  to  know  how  food  talt  is  Me  a  cow  eat 
tt."-*ri»»«r-l  Hagaiiru.  No  *,  U78.  p.  .L 

2.  Figuratively: 

•(1)  A  vessel  for  holding  salt ;  a  salt-cellar. 

"  Salt*  of  pure  fo\<l.~—Xiddlcton  :  Wttrke*.  T.  491. 

•  (2)  That  which  seasons  or  gives  flavour ; 
that  which  preserves  from  corruption. 

"  Ye  are  t he  <a«  of  the  earth."—  MatOtnt  r.  U. 

*  (3)  Taste,  smack,  flavour. 

"Though  we  are  Justices  and  doctors  and  church- 
men, Mr.  Page,  we  hare  some  talt  of  our  youth  in  us." 
—tkaltttp.  :  Htrry  trim  of  irindtor.  II.  3. 

(4)  Wit,  pungency,  smartness,  sarcasm. 

"Salt  and  smartness."—  TUlettim  :  Sermvm,  L  7i. 

(5)  A  marshy  place  flooded  by  the   tide. 
(Pror.) 

(«)  A  sailor,  especially  an  old  sailor.  (Cottoq.) 

"An  old  talt.  sitting  at  the  tiller."— Datlf  TtU- 
ffrtpk,  Sept.  11, 1886, 

IL  Technically: 
1.  Chemistry: 

(1)  (Sing.) :  [SODIUM-CHLORIDE]. 

(2)  (PU:  Applied  in  a  general  sense   to 
compounds  of  a  metal  and  a   halogen,  as 
sodium  chloride,  NaCl;  and  to  compounds 
formed  by  the  union  of  an  acid  and  a  base, 
nitrate  of  silver,  AgNOj.   In  its  fuller  signifi- 
cation the  term  suggests  a  compound  which 
can  suffer  rapid  double  decomposition  with 


another  soluble  substance,  as  when  solutions 
of  chloride  of  sodium  and  nitrate  of  silver 
are  mixed  together,  they  at  once  decompose 
each  other  and  form  chloride  of  silver  and 
nitrate  of  sodium.  By  an  extension  of  mean 
tng  the  name  is  sometimes  applied  to  com- 
pounds, as  chloride  of  ethyl,  acetate  of  ethyl, 
and  even  to  fats,  as  stearin,  tristearate  oj 
glycerin.  Popularly  and  medicinally  the 
term  salts  refers  to  Epsom  salts  (q.v.). 

2.  Comm.,  Ac. :  There  are  extensive  mines 
of  rock-salt  at  Wielitska,  near  Cracow,  which 
have  been  worked  since  1251.  Extensive 
subterraneous  excavations  have  been  made, 
the  roof  being  supported  by  pillars  of  salt, 
and  parts  of  the  area  cut  into  the  form  of 
churches,  chapels,  &c.  The  salt  is  impure, 
being  mixed  with  clay.  To  purify  it,  it  ia 
dissolved  in  water,  and  then  evaporated. 
The  salt-beds  of  Northwich,  in  Cheshire, 
are  also  very  extensive.  They  have  been 
known  since  Roman  times,  and  have  been 
worked  since  1670.  The  salt  is  cut  from  the 
bed  in  masses  of  five  to  eight  feet  in  diameter, 
and  then  crushed  with  rollers.  Afterwards 
It  1s  dissolved  in  salt  water,  evaporated,  and 
crystallized.  One  of  the  most  abundant  de- 
posits of  rock-salt  in  the  United  States  is  on 
Petit  Anse  Island,  Louisiana.  In  these  beds 
the  salt  is  practically  inexhaustible  in  quantity 
and  remarkably  pure  in  quality,  so  as  to  need 
little  or  no  preparation.  The  other  important 
localities  of  salt  production  in  the  United  States 
are  in  the  states  of  New  York  and  Michigan. 
Here  the  salt  is  pumped  up  as  brine,  and 
recovered  by  evaporation.  Salt  Is  not  alone 
used  for  seasoning  and  preserving  food,  but  to 
glaze  pottery,  to  harden  soap,  Ac. 

B.  As  adjective : 

L  Literally: 

\.  Abounding  in  or  Impregnated  with  salt ; 
containing  or  producing  salt :  as,  a  salt  spring. 

2.  Prepared  with  or  tasting  of  salt ;  salted  : 
as,  salt  beef. 

3.  Overflowed  with  or  growing  in  salt  water : 
as,  a  salt  marsh. 

IL  Figuratively  : 

*  I.  Sharp,  bitter,  pungent 

"The  pride  and  taU  acorn  of  his  eyea." 

Skakop- :  Trathu  t  Creaidn,  L  a. 

2.  Lecherous,  salacious,  lustful. 

"As  tali  as  wolves  In  pride."    Shalutp. :  Otkftto.  iii  1 

3.  Costly,  dear,  expensive,    high:   at,  To 
pay  a  tali  price.    (CoUoq. ) 

IT  (1)  Above  (or  below)  the  Kit :  Formerly 
the  family  salt-cellar  was  of  massive  silver, 
and  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  table.  Persons 
of  distinction  sat  above  the  saler — i.e.,  between 
it  and  the  head  of  the  table ;  while  dependents 
and  inferior  guests  sat  below  it.  Hence,  to 
sit  above  the  salt  =  to  sit  in  a  place  of  distinc- 
tion ;  to  be  placed  or  sit  beloic  the  salt  =  to  be 
given  or  take  an  inferior  position. 

"  Yet  hope  for  this  to  have  a  roome  •dove  CJ«f  Mtt." 
— CWmeotfjre, :  Euttytt.  No.  18.  (IMS.) 

(2)  Worth  one's  salt :  Worthy  of  one'«  hire ; 
worth  what  it  costs. 

salt-block,  s.  An  apparatus  for  evaporat- 
ing the  water  from  a  saline  solution.  The 
technical  name  for  a  salt-factory. 

•alt-box,  s.  A  wooden  box,  with  a  slop- 
ing lid,  used  for  holding  salt  in  kitchens. 

salt  bush,  I. 

Bot. :  Atripltx  nummularia,  an  important 
Australian  pasture-plant  Applied  also  to 
other  species  of  the  genus.  [ATRIPLEX.] 

•alt-butter,  s.  Butter  mixed  with  salt 
to  make  it  keep. 

•alt-oat,  s.    (SALTCAT.) 

•alt-cellar,  "  salt  saler,  i.  A  small 
vessel  of  glass,  silver,  &c.,  for  holding  salt  on 
the  table.  [CELLAR.] 

"  When  any  salt  U  split  on  the  table-cloth,  shake  it 
out  Into  the  taltcaitir'-Smft:  tlireft.  to  Ott  Outler. 

1  A  tautological  expression  :  cellar  being= 
Fr.  saliere,  ItaL  taliera  =  a  salt-cellar,  from 
Lat  tal  =  salt 

salt  duty, «.  A  dnty  on  salt ;  a  duty,  of 
one  twentieth,  formerly  payable  to  the  Lord 
Mayor  and  Corporation  of  London,  for  salt 
brought  to  the  port  of  London.  (SALT-TAX.) 

salt-eel,  s.  A  rope's  end.  (.Vauf.  slang.) 
(Ot  Note»  *  Cueriet,  7th  ser.,  11.  188,  217.) 

salt-fish,  ».  Fish  In  brine  ;  fish  salted 
and  dried ;  fish  from  salt  water. 


*  salt-foot,  s.    A  large  salt-cellar  formerlj 
placed  near  the  middle  of  a  long  table,  to 
mark  the  place  of  division  between  the  su- 
perior and  inferior  guests.    (SALT,  ».,  1  (1).] 

salt-gauge,  «.    A  aaliaometer  (q.v.). 
salt-glazing,  >. 

Pottery:  A  glaze  for  earthenware,  prepared 
from  common  salt. 

*  salt-green,  o.    Green  like  the  sea ;  sea, 
green.     (Shakesp.  :  Mid.  Night's  Dream,  iii.  2.) 

*  salt-holder,  s.    A  salt-cellar. 
salt-junk,  s.    Dry  salt  beef  for  use  at  sea. 
salt-lick,  s.     A  knob-lick  (q.v.X 

salt-marsh,  s.  Land  under  pasture- 
grasses  or  herbage  plants,  near  the  sea,  and 
liable  to  be  overflowed  by  it,  or  by  the  waters 
of  estuaries,  and  in  consequence  more  or  less 
impregnated  with  salt 

•alt-mine,  .<.  A  mine  where  rock-salt  ia 
obtained. 

•alt  of  lemons,  s.    [SALT  OK  SORREL.] 
salt  of  sorrel,  s. 

Chem.  :  C2HK04  +  H20  ={  gO- 

Potassic  binoxalate,  or  acid  potassic  oxalate 
Found  in  sorrel  leaves,  and  easily  prepared 
by  dividing  a  saturated  solution  of  oxalic 
acid  in  water  into  two  equal  portions,  neutral- 
izing one  with  potassic  carbonate,  and  adding 
the  other.  It  crystallizes  in  colourless 
rhombic  prisms,  slightly  soluble  in  cold,  very 
soluble  in  boiling  water.  It  is  often  used  to 
remove  ink  stains  from  linen,  paper  Ac. 
Called  also  Salt  of  Lemons. 

•alt  of  tartar,  «.  [CAHBONATK  OF  PO- 
TASSIUM.) 

•alt  of  vitriol, «.     [SULPHATE  or  ZINC.] 

salt-pan,  salt-pit,  ».  A  shallow  pan 
or  vessel  in  which  salt-water  or  brine  it 
evaporated  in  order  to  obtain  salt.  In  thi 
plural,  salt-works,  and  natural  or  artificial 
ponds  or  sheets  of  water  in  which  salt  is  pro- 
duced by  evaporation. 

salt-pit,  s.    [SALT-PAN.] 

•alt-radicle,  .-•. 

Chem. :  The  chlorous  or  electronegative  con- 
stituent of  a  salt,  according  to  the  binary 
theory,  e.g.,  Cl  in  KC1,  SO,  in  KjSO,,  &c, 

salt-raker,  >.  A  person  engaged  in  rak- 
ing or  collecting  salt  in  natural  salt-ponds,  or 
in  inclosures  from  the  sea. 

•alt-rheum,  t. 

Pathol. :  A  vague  popular  term  for  almost  all 
the  non-febrile  cutaneous  eruptions  common 
among  adults,  except  ringworm  and  itch. 

*  salt-Sea,  a.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to 
the  sea  or  ocean.  (Shakesp. :  Macbeth, TV.  1.) 

salt-sedative,  i.    Boracic  acid. 
•alt-spring,  s. 

Geol. :  A  spring  of  water  containing  a  large 
quantity  of  common  salt.  Such  springs  are 
abundant  in  parts  of  Europe  and  America,  the 
water  rising  probably  from  deposits  of  rock- 
salt  underground,  which  it  has  passed  over  in 
its  flow.  Some  of  them  yield  a  rich  brine,  the 
water  being  saturated.  They  rise  through 
strata  of  sandstone  and  marl,  which  contain 
large  beds  of  rock-salt  (q.v.).  Culinary  salt 
is  obtained  from  them  by  evaporation. 

"  The  art  of  making  salt  was  known  In  very  early 

times,  to  the  Gauls  »ud  Germans :  it  Is  not.  therefore, 

likely  that  the  Britons,  who  had.  in  several  place*. 

plenty  of  *<ilt-iprin>jt,  should  be  ignorant  of  it  —  Pi*. 

nan:  :  Journey  from  Ouster. 

•alt-tax,  s. 

Taxation:  The  ancient  Romans  imposed  t 
duty  on  salt,  and  most  modern  states  have 
taxed  it  heavily.  England  did  so  from  1798- 
1825.  In  India  the  salt-duty  is  the  third 
source  in  order  of  importance  of  the  Indian 
revenue,  or,  excluding  opium,  it  is  the  second. 
Formerly  its  amount  varied  in  different 
localities,  now  it  is  uniform  over  India  at  two 
rupees  per  maund  (5s.  6d.  a  cwt.).  The 
revenue  from  it  in  1882-3  was  £6,177,781. 
(Hunter :  Indian  Empire.) 

salt-tree,  s. 

Bot. :  Halinodendron  argenteum. 
salt-water,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  ntiist. :  Water  Impregnated  with  salt;     I 
sea-water. 


ftte,  fat,  far*,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  thel-e;  pine,  pit,  «ire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
•r,  worn,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  anite.  our,  rule,  rtllj  try,  Syrian,    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


salt— salutarily 


4007 


B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining,  relating,  or  belong- 
ing to  salt  water,  i.e.,  to  the  sea ;  used  at  sea ; 
engaged  on  the  sea. 

"  The  lo«-«<l<er  thief."    ShoJtetp. :  Twelfth  Sight,  v. 

salt-work,  *.  A  house  or  place  where 
•tit  is  made. 

*  salt  (2),  s.     [O.  Fr.  sault,  from  Lat.  sattum, 
accus.  of  saltus,  from  salio  =  to  leap.]    A  leap, 
a  jump,  a  bound. 

"  Frisking  lambs 
Make  wanton  lalti  about  their  dry-auck'il  dams. 

Sen  Jonton :  Jfafjuee. 

tilt,  ti.t.  &  i.    [SALT,  i.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  sprinkle,  impregnate,  or  season  with 
salt ;  to  preserve  with  salt. 

"  We  might  have  tailed  u  much  pork  as  would 
have  servedlioth  ships.  "-Coot  .•  Third  Votive,  bk.  liL. 
ch.  vii. 

2.  To  fill  with  salt  between  the  timbers  and 
planks,  as  a  ship,  for  the  preservation  of  timber. 

3.  To  supply  or  furnish  with  salt.    (Amer.) 

"  Every  Sunday  morning  the  cows  must  be  tailed." 
— Scribner't  Magatine,  Nov.,  1878,  p.  JL 

B.  Intrans. :  To  deposit  brine  from  a  saline 
substance :  as,  The  brine  begins  to  salt. 

U  (1)  To  salt  an  invoice :  To  put  the  extreme 
value  upon  each  article,  and  even  something 
more  sometimes,  in  order  to  make  what  seems 
a  liberal  discount  upon  payment. 

(2)  To  salt  a  mine  :  To  sprinkle  a  few  grains 
of  gold-dust,  Ac.,  in  and  about  an  unproduc- 
tive or  worked-out  mine,  so  as  to  make  it 
appear  valuable,  and  thus  obtain  a  higher 
price  from  an  unsuspecting  purchaser. 

"  One  of  the  first  to  practise  the  art  of  tailing  sham 
goldflelds."— Daily  Telegraph.  Sept.  a.  1885. 

salt  -ant,  a.    [Lat.  io.lta.ns,  pr.  par.  of  salto, 
frequent,  of  salio  =  to  leap.] 
*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Leaping,  jumping,  dancing. 
"  When  he  ch&seth  and  followeth  after  other  beasts, 
bee  goeth  aiwales  taltant  or  rampant."—/'.  Holland  : 
flinie,  bk.  Till.,  ch.  xvi. 

2.  Her. :  A  term  applied  to  the  squirrel, 
weasel,  rat,  and  all  vermin,  and  also  to  the  cat, 
greyhound,  ape,  and  monkey,  when  in  a  posi- 
tion springing  forward. 

sal-ta  rei  -Id,  >.    [Ital.] 
Music : 

1.  A  Neapolitan  dance  in  triple  time,  some- 
what resembling  a  jig. 

2.  The  music  for  such  a  dance. 

3.  A  harpsichord  jack,  so  called  because  it 
jumps  when  the  note  is  struck. 

*  sal'-tate,  v.i.     [Lat.  saltatum,  sup.  of  aalto, 
frequent,  of  salio  =  to  leap.]      To   leap,  to 
jump,  to  skip. 

*  sal  ta  tlon,  s.    [Lat.  saltatio.]    [SALTATE.] 

1.  A  leaping,  a  bounding,  a  jumping. 

"  Being  ordained  for  taxation,  their  hinder  legs  do 
far  exceed  the  others."— Browne :  Vulgar  Srrowt. 

2.  A  beating  or  palpitation. 

"His  verdant  blood 
In  brisk  taltation  circulates  and  flows. 

Smart :  Bop-Qarden,  p.  ST. 

t  sal-ta-tbr  -es,  «.  pi.     [PI.  of  Lat.  saltator 
=  n  dancer.] 
Zool. :  The  Salticidse  (q.v.). 

•al-ta-tbV-I-a,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  saltatoriut,  from 
taltator  =  a  leaper  a  dancer ;  salto  =  to  leap.] 
Entom. :  A  section  of  Orthoptera,  having 
the  hind  legs  elongated  and  connected  with 
leaping  organs.  Wings  and  elytra  well 
developed.  Joints  of  the  tarsi  never  more 
than  four.  The  males  emit  chirping  sounds. 
All  are  herbivorous.  Tribes:  Locustina, 
Achetina,  and  Qryllina ;  or  families :  Gryllidee, 
Locustidse,  and  Acridiidse. 

sal  ta  tor'  I  al,  *  sal  ta  tbV  i  oils,  a. 
[SALTATORIA.]  "  Pertaining  to  leaping,  having 
the  ability  to  leap,  or  actually  doing  so. 

"  The  males  In  the  three  taltatortal  families  belong- 
ing to  this  order  are  remarkable  for  their  musical 
powers."— Darwin :  Deteent  of  Uan,  p.  ii.,  ch.  J. 

saltatorlal-orthoptera,  i.  pi.  [SAL- 
TATORIA. ] 

*  sal-ta-tbr  -I-O&S,  a.    [SALTATORIAL.] 

*  sal  -ta-tor  y,  a.  &  i.    [Lat.  saltatorius.] 

A.  is  adj.:  The  same  as  SALTATORIAL  (q.v.). 

"A  taltatory  version  of  the  'Wedding  March.'"— 
Daily  Telegraph.  Feb.  90,  1886. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  dancer. 

"  A  second,  a  lavoltetere.  a  laltatory,  a  dancer  with 
a  kit"— Beaum.  t  Flel.  :  fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  ill  1. 


salt-cake,  «.    [Eng.  salt  (1),  and  take.] 

Comm. :  Sulphate  of  soda,  prepared  for  the 
use  of  glassmakers  and  soap  manufacturers. 

salt-cat,  *  salt-oatte,  s.     [Eng.  salt  (i), 

and  cat  =  cate  (?).]    A  lump  of  salt  made  at  a 

salt-work ;  also  a  mixture  of  gravel,  loam, 

rubbish  of  old  walls,  cummin-seed,  salt,  and 

stale  urine,  for  food  for  pigeons.    (See  extract ) 

"  A  lump  of  salt,  which  they  usually  call  a  taltcat. 

made  at  the  salterns,  which  makes  the  pigeons  much 

affect  the  place."—  Mortimer :  Husbandry. 

•salt-cote,  ».    [Eng.  salt  (1),  and  cote.]    A 

suit-pit. 

"There  be  a  great  number  of  taltcotM  about  this 
well."—  Barriton :  Detcrip.  Eng..  11.  as. 

salt   er.  s.    [Eng.  salt,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  salts ;   one  who  sprinkles  or 
applies  salt 

"  The  dissector,  emboweller,  pollluctor,  talter.  and 
other  dependant  servant*."— OreenhlU  :  On  Embalm- 
ing, p.  288. 

2.  One  who  makes  or  deals  in  salt. 

"  I  asked  of  a  talter  how  manie  fomaces  they  had  at 
all  the  three  springs."— Holinihed :  Detc.  of  England, 
bk.  Hi.,  ch.  xili. 

3.  A  drysalter  (q.v.). 

H  The  London  Salters  Company  was  incor- 
porated in  1558. 

salt  6rn.J  [SALT(I),  s.]  A  salt  manufactory 
where  water  is  evaporated  from  brine  and  dry 
salt  obtained.  More  especially  a  plot  of 
retentive  land,  laid  out  in  pools  and  walks, 
where  the  sea-water  is  admitted  to  be 
evaporated  by  the  heat  of  the  sun's  rays.  The 
operation  is  concluded  in  boilers. 

"  The  falternt  of  the  Normans  and  the  Old  English 
have  suffered  very  different  fates.  In  Normandy  the 
sea  no  lunger  reaches  t»  their  sites  whilst  here  it  has 
long  since  rolled  over  them."— Dally  fletn,  Sept.  28, 
1886. 

sal  tiy-I-daj,  s.pl.  [Lat  saltic(u») ;  fern.  pi. 
adj.  suff,  -idee.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Dipneumones,  section 
Vagabundae.  The  cephalothorax  is  nearly 
rectangular,  and  the  eyes  are  placed  in  it  in 
three  transverse  rows.  Active  spiders,  weav- 
ing no  webs,  but  trying  to  approach  their 
prey  by  stealth  and  then  springing  upon  it 
suddenly. 

sal'-tl-o&s,  >.    [Lat  =  dancing.] 

ZooL  :  The  typical  genus  of  Salticidte  (q.v.). 
Salticus  scenicus  is  a  small  spider  banded  with 
black  and  white,  often  met  with  in  gardens, 
on  brick  walls,  railings,  the  trunks  of  trees,  &c. 

salt-ie,  ».    [Eng.  salt,  a. ;  -it.] 

IcKthy. :  Plmronectes  limanda,  the  Common 
Dab  (q.v.). 

sal  -tier  (1),  s.    [SALTIRE.] 

sal'-tier  (2),  s.  [See  def.]  A  blunder  for 
Satyr  (q.v.). 

"  They  call  themselves  taltiert.  "—Shatetp. :  Winter' t 
Tale,  iv.  3. 

sal-ti-gra -da,  s.  pi.    [Lat  <aUw  =  a  leap, 
and  gradior  =  to  walk.) 
Zool. :  The  Salticidte  (q.v.). 

s&l'-ti-grade,  a.  &  s.    [SALTIORADA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Leaping  ;  formed  for  leaping. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  of  the  Saltigrada  (q.v.). 

•sal  tin  ban -co,    •  sal-thn  ban  cb,   .. 

[Ital.  saltimbanco ;  Fr.  saltimbanque  =  a 
mountebank,  from  Ital.  saltare  in  banco  —  to 
leap  or  monnt  on  the  bench.]  A  quack,  a 
mountebank. 

"  He  play'd  the  ialtlnbaneo't  part, 
Transformed  t'  a  Frenchman  by  my  art." 

Butler :  Sudibrai,  11.  3. 

salt-ing,  s.    [Eng.  salt  ^ 

(1),  s. ;  -ing.]     A  salt- 
marsh. 

sal'  tire,  sal  -tier,  >. 
[O.  Fr.  saultoir  (Fr. 
sautoir)  =  a  stirrup,  a 
saltire ;  Low  Lat.  salta- 
torium  =  a  stirrup,  from 
Lat.  saltatorius  —  salta- 
tory (q.v.).] 

Her. :  An  ordinary  in 
the  form  of  a  St.  An- 
drew's   cross,    or    the 
letter  X,  formed  by  two  bends,  dexter  and 
sinister,  crossing  each  other. 

"  Upon  his  siircoat  valiant  Nevll  bore 
A  silver  tallire  upon  martial  red." 

Draytor. :  Banmt  Wart,  11. 


(Armt  of  the  See  of 
Rochester.) 


saltiro  wise,  saltier-wise,  ado. 

Her. :  In  the  manner  of  a  saltire  ;  long, 
shaped  charges  (swords,  batons),  &c.)  placed 
in  the  direction  of  the  saltire,  are  said  to  be 
borne  saltire-wise. 

salt  iah,  a.  (Eng.  taU  (l\  t. ;  -ish.]  Some- 
what salt ;  rather  salt. 

"  The  beaten  mariner*. 
That  long  L  ith  wand  red  in  the  ocean  wide. 
Ofte  soust  id  swelling  Tethys  taltith  teare." 

Spemer  .  /•.«..  L  Hi.  n. 

8alt-lsh-iy,  od».  [Eng.  saltish;  -ly.]  With 
a  moderate  degree  of  saltness. 

salt  Ish-ness,  s  [Eng.  saltish ; -nets.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  saltish. 

salt-less,  a.  [Eng.  salt  (1),  s.  ;  -tea.]  Desti- 
tute of  salt ;  not  tasting  of  salt ;  insipid. 

"  He  that  hath  beheld  what  quantity  of  lead  the  test 
of  taltlett  ashes  will  Imbibe."  —  Browne :  Vulgar 
frrourt,  bk.  It.  cb.  v. 

salt  ly,  adi:  [Eng.  salt,  a.  ;  -ly.]  In  a  salt 
manner  ;  with  taste  of  salt. 

salt-ness,  «.  [Eng.  salt,  a.  ;  -n«s.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  salt  or  impregnated 
with  salt ;  salt  taste. 

"  That  peculiar  bitterish  taltneu  which  we  find  la 
li.H—Ooldmitlk ;  But.  of  the  Earth,  ch.  zv. 

sal  to,  s.    [Ital.] 

Music :  (1)  A  dance  in  which  there  is  much 
leaping  and  skipping  ;  (2)  a  leap,  or  skip 
from  one  note  to  another  beyond  the  octave. 

salt  •  pi'  -  tre  (tre  as  tor),  >.  [Lat.  sal  petra 
—  salt  of  the  rock.] 

1.  Chrn.:  KNO3.  Potassium  nitrate.  Nitre. 
Found  in  dry  and  hot  countries  as  a  natural 
product,  but  prepared  artificially  by  exposing 
a  mixture  of  calcareous  soil  and  animal  matter 
to  the  atmosphere,  or  by  decomposing  native 
sodium  nitrate  with  potassium  carbonate.    It 
crystallizes  in  anhydrous  six-sided    prisms, 
soluble  in  seven  parts  water  at  15',  and  in  its 
own  weight  of  boiling  water.    It  is  chiefly 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  fire- 
works,   and   nitric-acid.     When   fused   and 
poured  Into  moulds,  it  forms  the  sal  prunella 
of  commerce. 

2.  Min. :  The  same  as  NITRE  (q.v.). 

"  That  villainous  taltpetre  should  be  digged 
Out  of  the  bowels  of  the  harmless  eartli." 

Hhakap. :  I  Henri  17.,  L  S. 

salt -pe'-trous,  t  salt-pe'-trj,  a.  [Eng. 
saltpetre) ;  -OILS;  -y.]  Pertaining  to  saltpetre ; 
partaking  of  the  qualities  of  saltpetre  ;  im- 
pregnated with  saltpetre. 

salts,  s.  pi   [SALT(l), ...  II.  i.  (2).] 

•ft  Smelling  salts:  A  preparation  of  carbonate 
of  ammonia  with  or  without  some  agreeable 
scent,  as  bergamot,  lavender,  &c.,  nsed  as  a 
stimulant  and  restorative  in  case  of  faintnesa. 

salt-wort,  s.    [Eng.  salt  (1),  s.,  and  wort.] 
Sot. :  (1)  Salicornia  annua;  (2)  Salsola  (q.v.). 

salt -ft  a.  [Eng.  salt  (1),  s. ;  -y.]  Bather  salt ; 
saltish. 

sa-ln'-bli-o&s,  a.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  salu- 
briosus,  from  salubris  =  healthy,  from  salut 
health  ;  Fr.,  8p.,  &  Ital.  salubre.]  Favourable 
to  or  promoting  health  ;  healthy,  wholesome. 

"  The  soil  must  be  renew'd.  which  often  wnsh'd. 
Loses  Its  treasure  of  taluorinu*  salt*." 

Cowper  :  Tatk,  Hi.  610. 

sa  lu -bri  ous-lft  adv.  [Eng.  talubrious; 
'•ly.]  In  a  salubrious  manner ;  so  as  to  pro- 
mote health. 

"  Does  not  the  sweat  of  the  mason  and  carpenter 
flow  as  pleasantly  and  as  taluorioutly  t  "—Burke:  On 
the  French  Revolution. 

sa  lu  bri-ous  ness,  a.  [Eng.  talubrimu; 
'-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  salu- 
brious ;  wholesomeness,  healthfulness,  favour- 
ableness to  the  promotion  and  preservation  of 
health. 

sa-lu'-bri-tjf,  a.  [Fr.  lolubrUi,  from  Lat 
salubritatem,  accus  of  sal-ubritas,  from  salubris 
=  salubrious  (q.v.).]  The  same  as  SALOBBI- 

OU8NE8S  (q.V.) 

"  A  new  species  of  air,  of  infinitely  superior  solw- 
ority  and  duration  to  that  vulgar  atmospherical  air.' 
-Slaeon :  Ode  to  Pinchbeck.  {Note  X) 

*  sa-lue,  v.t.    [Fr.  saltier.]    To  salute  (q.v.). 

sal'-n-tar-I-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  salutary;  -ly.] 
In  a" salutary  manner ;  in  a  manner  favourable 
to  health. 


fcoil,  bojr ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  onin.  bench;  go,  Bern;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xonophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-clan, -tian  =  sham,    -tlon,  -slon  =  suon;  -{Ion,  -slou  =  xhttn,   -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  shus.   -We. -tile,  4c- =  bel,  del. 


4098 


salutariness— salvation 


sal   u-tar-I-ness,  *.    [Eng.  salutary;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  salutary  or 
of  promoting  health. 

2.  The  quality  of  promoting  good,  prosperity, 
or  advantage. 

saT-n-tar-^,  a.  fFr.  talvtaire,  from  Lat. 
salutarist  from  s&lu^  guiit.  salufis  —  health  ; 
Ital.  salutart.] 

1.  Promoting  or  preserving  health  ;  favour- 
able or  contributing  io  h.>alth  ;  wholesome, 
healthful. 

"  What  effect  it  produced  wa»  rather  saJMt«ry  than 
hurtful.1'— Cook ;  Ftrtt  V<,yi:ie,  bk  1M.  ch.  Ix. 

2.  Promoting  or  contributing  to  seme  good, 
advantage,  or  benefit ;   p*-ofitAbla,    i-dvanta- 
geous,  beneficial. 

*  When  St.  Paul  delivered  over  to  Baton,  ;h »  design 
of  It  was  kind  and  ta.!utary,"—Waterland:  Workt, 
r.U. 

sal-u  ta  -tlon,  *  sal-a-ta-el-oon,  s.  [Fr. 
salutation,  from  Lat.  mlutationetn,  accns  of 
salntatto,  from  salutatUs,  pa.  par.  of  5rt/iu9  = 
to  salute  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  salutation  ;  Ital.  saluja- 
zione.] 

1.  The  act  of  saluting  or  paying  respect  or 
reverence  by  words  or  actions ;  the  act  of 
greeting  or  welcoming. 

"  Pftas«4  the  doorway  uninvited. 
Without  word  of  talutati'tn." 

Longfellow :  BiawaA*,  ztx. 

1  That  which  is  said  or  done  in  the  act  of 
Minting  or  greeting.  (It  may  consist  in  the 
expression  of  kind  wishes,  bowing,  shaking 
hands,  embracing,  uncovering  the  head,  firing 
of  guns,  Ac.) 

"  For  so  as  the  roU  of  thl  talutactovn  was  m*dd  In 
myn  eeris."—  Wgctifa:  Luke  L 

f   Angelical   Salutation:  The   Hail -Mary 

aa-lu-ta-tbr  -I  an,  *.  [Eng.  salutatory ;  -an.] 
In  the  United  States,  the  student  of  a  college 
who  pronounces  the  salutatory  oration  at  the 
annual  commencement  or  like  exercise*. 

*  »a-la'-ta-tor-I-l&  ado-  [Eng.  salutatory; 
-ly.]  By  way  of  salutation. 


-^,  a.  A  5.     [Lat.  salutatorlut, 
from  sdlutatus,  pa.  par.  of  saluto  =  to  salnte 

(q.v.H 

A.  As  adj.  :  Saluting,  greeting  ;  expressing 
a  welcome  or  greeting.  (Applied  especially 
to  the  oration  which  introduces  the  exercises 
of  the  commencements  or  similar  public  ex- 
hibitions in  American  colleges.) 

•  B.  As  subst.  :  A  place  of  greeting  ;  a 
vestibule,  a  porch. 

"  Coming  to  the  bUhop  with  supplication  into  Uu 
talutatory.  »ome  out-porch  of  th«  church."—  JttUon  : 
Reformation  in  K*gta*d,  bk.  U. 


e',  r.t.  &  i.  [Lat  saluto  =  to  wikh 
health,  to  greet  ;  talus,  genit.  salutis  =  health  ; 
Fr.  saluer;  Ital.  salutare;  Sp.  saludar;  Port. 
saudar.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  or  offer  a  salutation  to  ;  to 
greet,  to  welcome;  to  address  with  expres- 
sions of  kind  wishes,  courtesy,  reverence,  or 
homage. 

"  He  falra  the  knifbt  taluted.  looting  low." 

r  .  F.  <£.  1.  1  SO. 


2.  To  greet  with  a  kiss,  a  wave  of  the  hand, 
the  uncovering  of  the  head,  a  bow,  or  the 
like  :  as,  To  solute  a  person  in  the  street 

3.  To  make  obeisance  to  ;  to  adore. 

-  Haye  wing*  like  angel*,  and  like  them  white," 
Byron  :  ffeaeen  4  Earth,  L  1 

4.  In  the  army  and  navy  to  honour,  as  a 
particular   day,    person,  or    nation,  by  the 
discharge  of  great  guns  or  small  arms,  dipping 
colours  or  the  like  ;  to  receive  with  honour. 

"6.  To  touch,  to  afTect,  to  gratify. 

"  Would  I  had  no  being. 
If  this  tal¥fe  my  blood  A  lot.' 

OuOtMtt.:  ffmry  rill^U.  1 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  perform  a  salutation  or 
salute. 

"  I  wnt  a  lieutenant  ashore  toacqoalnt  the  governor 
•four  arrival,  and  to  make  an  excuM  for  our  not 
tainting'  -Cook:  Third  Vogagt.  bk.  It.  ch.  z. 


e',    3.      [SALUTE,  V.] 

1.  The  act  of  saluting,  or  of  expressing  kind 
wishes  or  respects  ;  salutation,  greeting. 

"  That  tatutc, 
Hall,  highly  faTour'd,  among  WOUMD  bl«*t  !* 

Milton  :-P.  A.  1L  67. 

3.  A  kiss. 

8.  In  the  army  and  navy  a  compliment  paid 
on  the  appearance  of  a  royal  or  other  dis- 


tinguished personage,  when  squadrons  or 
other  bodies  meet,  at  the  burial  of  officers, 
and  on  other  ceremonial  occasions.  It  may 
be  done  by  firing  great  guns  or  small  arms, 
dipping  colours,  flags,  and  topsails,  presenting 
arms,  manning  the  yards,  cheering,  &c. 

[ROYAL-SALUTE.] 

"  A  blithe  talutr.  lu  martial  sort. 
The  imustrels  well  might  eouud." 

Scott  ;  tlarmion,  1. 10. 

*4.  A  gold  coin,  of  the  value  of  twenty-five 
shillings,  struck  by  Henry  V.  after  his  conquest 
in  France.  It  was  so  called  from  the  salutation 


SALUTE. 


represented  on  it,  viz.,  the  Virgin  Mary  on  the 
one,  and  an  angel  on  the  other  side  of  a  shield 
bearing  the  arms  of  France  and  England 
quarterly,  with  the  word  Avt!  (Hail  I)  on  a 
scroll. 

sa-lut-er,  a.  [Eng.  salut(e)t  v.;  -er.]  One 
who  salutes. 

*  sal-u-tif-er-oaa,  o.  [Lat  saluttfer;  Eng. 
adj.  suff.  -©us.] 

1.  Health-bringing;  healthy. 

"  Or  plough  Tuubridgia'a  talittiferotu  hills." 

Smart  :  The  ffep  Garden. 

2.  Salutary,  beneficial. 

"All  of  them  tatutiferouM  and  procuring  good.**  — 
Cudworth  :  InUU.  Syitem,  p.  JOL 

*«4l-a-taf'-er-oiifl-W,  adv.  [Eng.  salu- 
tiferous  ;  -ly.]  In  a  salutiferous,  wholesome, 
or  salutary  manner. 

"Theemperour  of  thin  invincible  army,  whogovern- 
ethall  things  taluttferoutW-Cudwth  :  Intcll.  Syt- 


*  »al-va-Wtt'-I-tf  ,  «.    [Eng.  salvable;  -ity.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  salvable  ;  salva- 
bleness. 

"  Why  do  we  Christian*  so  fiercely  argne  against  the 
notability  of  each  other?"—  £00*?  of  Pitty, 

*  sil'-va-ble,  a.     fLat.  salvo  =  to  save,  and 
Eng.  obit.}     Capable   of  being   saved  ;   ad- 
mitting of  salvation. 

"  Oar  wild  fancies  about  God's  decree*  have  .  .  . 
bid  fair  for  the  damning  of  many  whom  those  left 
talvable.  "—Decay  o/  Chritiian  Fifty. 

*  sal'-va  ble  n6s8,  s.    [Eng.  solvable;  -nest.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  salvable  ;  pos- 
sibility of  being  saved. 

*  SBl'-Y*-blf  ,  adv.    [Eng.  solvable);  -ry.]    In 
a  salvable  manner. 

sal-va-dor'-a,   s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Bp.  & 
Port  Salvador  =  a  saviour.] 

Sot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Salvadoraceae 
(q.v.).  Salvadora  pcrsica,  the  Toothbrush  tree, 
is  probably  the  Mustard  tree  of  Scripture 
(q.v.).  The  bark  of  the  root  is  acrid,  vesicant, 
and  stimulant  ;  the  leaves  are  purgative,  and 
the  fruit  is  eatable.  The  galls  of  S.  ofarides, 
an  Indian  evergreen  shrub,  are  used  in  dyeing. 
5.  versica  and  S.  oleoides  yield  a  sulphury 
yellow  fat,  and  their  leaves  are  used  as  fodder 
for  camels. 

»&1  va  dor  a  -ce-»,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  sal- 
vadvr(a);  Lat  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -aceae.] 

Bat.  :  Salvadorads  ;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exogeus,  alliance  Echiales.  Small  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  the  st«m  slightly  twined  at  the 
joints.  Leaves  opposite,  leathery,  entire. 
Flowers  minute,  in  loose  panicles  ;  sepals 
four,  minute  ;  corolla  membranous,  four- 
parted  ;  stamens  four  ;  ovary  superior,  one- 
celled  ;  ovule  solitary  erect  Known  genera 
four,  species  undetermined  ;  from  India, 
Syria,  and  the  north  of  Africa,  (Lindlty.) 

sal  va-dor  -ad,  s.    [Mod.  Lat  talvadorty)  ; 
Eng.  suff.  -ad.] 

Bat.  (PI.)  :  The  Sal  vadoracese  (q.v.). 
s&l'-vage  (age  as  l|f)  (i),  s.   [Fr.,  from  o. 

FT.  salver  (Fr.  saurer),  from  Lat.  salvo  =  to 
save  (q.v.);  Low  Lat  satvagium.} 

1.  The  act  of  saving  a  ship  or  goods  from 
extraordinary  danger,  as  from  fire,  the  sea, 
an  enemy,  pirates,  or  the  like. 


2.  Commercial  and  Maritime  Law : 

(1)  A  payment  or  compensation  to  which 
those  persons  are  entitled  who  have  by  their 
voluntary  efforts  saved  ships  or  goods  from 
extraordinary  danger,  as  from  fire,  the  sea, 
an  enemy,  pirates,  or  the  like.     The  amount 
of  salvage  to  be  paid  is  generally  agreed  on 
between  the  salvors  and  the  owners  of  the 
property  salved  ;   but  if  they  cannot  agree, 
the  sum  to  be  paid,  and  the  proportions  in 
which  it  shall  be  paid,  are  determined  by  the 
Admiralty  Court.     The  crew  of  a  ship  are  ii"t 
entitled  to  any  salvage  for  any  extraordinary 
efforts  they  may  make  in  saving  their  own 
vessel. 

"  By  the  statute  27  Edw.  III.,  c.  18,  If  any  ship  be  lort 
on  the  shore,  and  the  goods  come  to  land  <  which  can- 
Dot,  otya  the  atatnte,  be  called  wreck),  the;  snail  pre- 
•ently  be  delivered  to  the  merchant*,  paying  ouly  • 
reasonable  reward  to  those  that  saved  and  preeerved 
them,  which  i*  eutltled,  i»l»ag*."— Bladuton* :  Com- 
ment., bk.  L,  ch.  8. 

(2)  The  property  saved  from  extraordinary 
danger  by  the  voluntary  efforts  of  the  salvors. 

salvage  co rpe,  «.    A  corps  or  body  of 

men  attached  to  the  (London)  Metropolitan 
Fire  Brigade,  whose  duties  are  the  salvage  of 
property  from  fire,  and  the  care  of  that  which 
is  salved.  They  wear  a  blue  coat  with  white 
collar. 

salvage-loss,  s.  The  difference  between 
the  amount  of  salvage,  after  deducting  the 
charges  and  the  original  value  of  the  pruj" :  t\ . 

sal-vage  (age  as  X&)  (2),  «.     [Prob.  the 
same  as  salvage  (1)  (q.v.).] 

Naut. :  A  skein  of  hemp,  simply  bound  with 
yarn  ;  used  for  tackling  of  cannon,  and  other 
purposes  where  great  pliancy  and  strength 
are  required.  [SELVAOEE.] 

*  talV-age  (age  as  ig)  (3),  a,  &  «,    [O.  Fr. 

saulvage;  Kr.  sauvage.]    [SAVAGE.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Savage,  rude,  cruet 

B.  As  subst. :  A  savage. 

*  sal-vag-esee,  *.     [SALVAGE,  a.]     Sarag*. 
ness,  wildness. 

*  sal-va  tel  la,  s.    [Dimin.  from  Lat.  saJmfor 

=  a  saviour.  So  named  from  th«  enlutary 
effects  which  the  ancients  attributed  to  the 
opening  of  the  vein  in  hypochondria.] 

Anat. :  A  vein  on  the  back  of  the  hand, 
near  its  inner  margin,  in  proximity  to  the 
fourth  and  little  fingers. 

sal-va  tion,  *  sal  va  ci-on,  *  sal-va - 
cl-oun,  s.  [Fr.  miration,  from  Lat.  salva- 
tionem.,  accus.  of  salvatio,  from  sal  rat  us,  pa. 
par.  of  salvo  =  to  save  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  salvation; 
Ital.  salvazione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  saving,  rescuing,  or  preserv- 
ing from  danger,  destruction,  or  ruin  ;  pre- 
servation, rescue. 

"  Looking  to  Government  aid  far  nlmfiwi  from 
starvation  daring  the  coming  autumn  and  winter."— 
—Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  18, 188*. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"The  CM*  of  each  mail's  to/ration  belong!  only  to 
himself— Locke :  A  Latter  concerning  Tok ration. 

*  3.  A  manifestation  of  saving  power. 

"  Stand  still,  and  see  the  talwit ion  of  the  Lord,  which 
he  will  anew  to  you  to-day. "— Rxodtu  xiv.  ii 

4.  Tliat  which  saves  ;  the  cause  of  saving. 

"The  Lord.  Is  my  lirtit  and  my  »aIvfUi'>n."~ftalm 
XXTfLI. 

IL  Theol.  :  Tlie  deliverance  of  those  who 
believe  in  ChrUt  from  the  power  of  siu,  and 
from,  the  woe  reserved  for  the  unbelieving  aud 
the  impenitent ;  and  the  bestowal  ou  them  of 
eiidl&ts  felicity  in  heaven. 

Salvation-army,  s. 

EocUsiol.A  Ckurcktiist* :  A  religious  organi- 
zation virtually  constituting  a  distinct  re* 
ligious  sect,  its  founder  aud  general  being 
Mr.  William  Booth,  born  at  J<ottingham  in 
1829.  In  1843  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the 
Methodist  New  Connexion,  which  stationed 
him  in  London.  Soon  afterwards  he  obtained 
great  spiritual  success  at  Guernsey,  and  in 
1844  was  set  apart  as  an  evangelist.  In  1866-7 
he  returned  to  the  regular  pastorate,  but 
felt  himself  out  of  his  sphere ;  and  when,  iu 
1861,  the  Conference  refused  to  allow  him 
again  to  become  an  evangelist,  he  resigned 
connection  with  it,  and  commenced  an  inde- 
pendent career.  A  year  before  this,  Mrs. 
Booth  had  begun  to  preach.  In  1862-3  he 
laboured  in  Cornwall,  Newcastle,  &c.,  and  in 
June,  1865,  In  Whitechapel,  London,  where 


fito,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub,  care,  anlte,  car,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  o»  =  e;«y  =  fc;<ia  =  kw. 


Salvationist— Samaritan 


4099 


he  obtained  many  converts,  whom  be  united 
Into  the  East  London  Christian  Revival 
Society,  afterwards  the  East  London  Chris- 
tian Mission.  Visits  to  other  cities  and 
towns  commenced  the  work  also  there.  In 
lv..-6Mr.  Booth  hired  a  large  theatre,  and, 
in  1S70,  the  People's  Market  at  Whitechapel. 
By  the  commencement  of  1878  thirty  stations 
had  been  occupied ;  at  its  close  there  were 
(•'xlity,  and  the  evangelists  had  increased  from 
thitty  to  127.  The  first  appearance  of  the 
t if  i- "Salvation  Army  in  the  Registrar-gene- 
rats  returns  was  in  1880.  With  the  name 
army  came  military  phraseology.  Prayer 
l-t  i-\me  knee-  drill,  the  leader  became  a 
p-n..-ral,  one  of  his  sons  chief  of  the  staff, 
evangelists  took  the  name  of  officers,  candi- 
dates were  cadets,  and  not  merely  converts 
were  sought,  but  recruiU.  A  semi-military 
attire  was  assumed,  baiTacks  built  instead  of 
separate  residences,  and  when  the  army 
marched  forth  to  take  some  place  by  storm, 
it  was  with  banners  displayed  and  bands  of 
music  leading  the  march.  Its  possession  of  the 
streets  was  not  undisputed,  especially  in  the 
earlier  part  of  its  career.  [SKELETON -ARMY.] 
Religious  BOldler-llft  was  open  to  women, 
and  many  female  officers  conducted  evan- 
gelistic operations.  [HALLELUJAH  -  LASSES.] 
The  army  grew  rapidly  in  numbers  in  England, 
and  Miit  missionary  bodies  abroad,  some  coiitin- 
gt-nts  reaching  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
where  they  have  been  active  in  efforta  to  gain 
converts,  but  not  very  successful.  Recently  Mr. 
Bot.th  has  been  earnestly  engaged  in  the  praise- 
worthy work  of  endeavoring  to  ameliorate_the 
condition  of  the  Door  of  his  native  country. 

"The  fifth  anniversary  meeting  of  the  Scottish 
Dtvfeioii  of  the  Salvation  Army  h,m  Just  taken  place 
in  the  City  Hull.  Glasgow.  During  the  year  they  had 
added  19  corps  or  mission  stations  to  their  Hat,  mak- 
ing up  *  total  of  66  corpB  altogether  in  Scotland. 
There  have  been  held  altogether  31,76*  meetings  in  the 
barracks  during  th«  year,  and  16,895  open-air  meetings. 
The  paid  officers  number  145,  at  an  average  •alary  ol 
twelve  shillings  and  sixpence,  per  week."— £<&o,  HOT. 
II.  1384. 

&al  va-tlon-Ist,  a.  &  ».  [Eng.  salvation; 
-ist.\ 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Salvationists. 

B.  As  subst.;  A  member  of  the  Salvation 
Army  (q.v.). 

"  What  they  object  to  is  their  being  charged  with 
obstructing  thoroughfare*  wlieu  fidftftUiavitM  and 
others  do  Ibe  same  thing  with  absolute  impunity." 
—&>iily  Teltgraph,  Sept  23,  1W6. 

*  »al'-va-t6r-&  s.  [Fr.  salvatoire.]  [SALVA- 
TION.! *A  place  where  anything  is  preserved. 

"I  consider  the  admirable  powers  of  iens.it ion, 
phantasy,  and  memory,  in  what  talvatoritt  or  re- 
positories the  species  of  things  paat  are  conserved." — 
//-if*:  Orig.  if  Mankind,  p.  156. 

•alve  (I  silent,  or  as  salve),  *  salfe,  s.  [A.S. 
seatf;  cogn.  with  Dut.  &ilj;  O.  H.  Ger.  salba; 
Ger.  salbe ;  Dan.  salve;  Sw.  salva,  satfva.] 

1.  Lit.  :  An  adhesive  composition  or  sub- 
stance to  be  applied  to  wounds  or  sores ;  a 
healing  ointment. 

2.  Fig.:  A  help,  a  remedy,  an  antidote,  a 
healing  application. 

"  Though  no  reason  may  ayplr 
Salt*  to  your  §ore.'F        Spenter :  F.  Q.,  II  I.  ii.  M. 

flalve  (1)  (I  silent,  or  as  salve), v.t.  [AS.  seal- 
jian,  from  sealf=.  salve  (q.v.) ;  O.  Sax.  &  Goth. 
salbon ;  O.  Fries,  salva ;  Dut.  zalmi ;  Dan. 
sal i-t ;  O.  H.  Ger.  salb6n;  Ger.  salben.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  apply  a  salve  or  salves  to ;  to 
heal  or  treat  with  salves  or  healing  applica- 
tions ;  to  cure. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  help,  to  remedy,  to  apply  a  salve  to. 

"  The  which  If  He  be  pleased  I  shall  perform, 
I  do  beseech  your  majesty  may  laiee 
The  long-grown  wounds  of  my  intemperance." 

Shake*}),  ;  I  ffenrv  IV.,  lit.  L 

*  2.  To  help  or  remedy  by  a  salvo,  excuse, 
or  reservation. 

"  Ignorant  I  am  not  how  this  is  t.itved  :  they  do  it 
bat  after  the  truth  is  made  manifeat."— Booker  : 
fccltt.  Polity. 

salve  (2),  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  salvo  =  to  save  (q.v.).] 
[SALVAGE,  *.] 

A.  Trans.  .*  To  save,  as  a  ship  or  goods,  as 
from  fire,  the  sea,  or  the  like. 

"Salving    life    and     property. "—Dally 
Aug.  27,  1886. 

B.  Imrans. :  To  be  engaged  in  the  salvage 
of  ships  or  property. 

"  Crews  of  twenty  boats  scattered  all  over  the 
Islands  an  wiring  as  quickly  as  they  can."— /totfy 
Tttegraph,  Dee.  21,  1885. 


*  salve  (3),  v.t.     [Lat.  soZve  =  hail.]    To  salute, 
to  say  Hall  1  to. 

sal'-ve,  esc*.    [Lat]    Haill 

Salve,  Regina,  *.    [Lat.=  Hail,  Queen.] 

1.  Roman  ChvrcK :  The  first  words  of  a  prayer 
to  the  Virgin  Mary,  hence  used  for  the  prayer 
itself.    (Cf.  Ave  Maria,  Pater  Noster.)    In  the 
Divine  Office  it  is  recited  at  the  end  of  Lauds 
and  Compline,  and  it  is  much  used  in  private 
devotion. 

2.  Music:   Any  setting  of  the  prayer  de- 
scribed above.    [1.] 

sal  ve-li'-ni,  s.  pi.     [Mod.    Lat.,    from  Fr. 

suh-ftiti  =  (Jer.  salbling  —  Salmo    talvelinu* 
(Linn.).] 

Ichthy.  :  Charr;  a  group  or  sub-genus  of 
Salmo,  with  teeth  on  the  head  of  the  vomer 
only.  Among  the  chief  species  are  Salmo 
vmbla  (the  Ombre  Chevalier  of  the  Swiss 
lakes),  S.  alpinus  (the  Northern  Chair),  i'. 

Srissi  (the  Torgoch),  S.  grayi  (the  Freshwater 
erring),  S.  AueAo(the  Hucheuof  tlie  Danube), 
S.  arcturus  (the  most  northern  species,  from 
82*  N.  Lat.),  and  S.fontinali*  (the  Brook  Trout 
of  the  United  States). 

salv'-er  (1), «.    [SALVOB.] 

salV-er  (I  silent)  (2),  *.  [Eng.  salvfe)  1,  v. ; 
-er.J  One  who  salves  or  cures;  a  quacksalver. 

sal'-ver  (3),  a.  [Prop,  salvo,,  from  Sp.  salva  = 
a  salver,  from  «aiu«r  =  to  save  ;  Lat.  salvo.] 
A  kind  of  tray  or  waiter  for  table  service,  or 
on  which  to  present  anything  to  a  person. 

"  The  silver  Unkards  and  taltert  of  all  the  colleges 
had  been  melt?4  down  to  supply  hi*  military  chest, ' 
— MacauUtjf  ;  llut.  £ny.,  en.  vui. 

salver-shaped,  a.    The  same  as  HYPO- 

CRATERIFORM  (q.V.). 

sal'-vi-a,*.  [Lat.  =  the  sage  (Salvia  ojficinalis), 
from  s(tji'o  =  to  save.  Named  from  its  healing 
properties.] 

Bot. :  Sage ;  the  typical  genus  of  the  Sal- 
vidse  (q.v.).  Calyx  two-lipped ;  stamenttwo, 
forked.  Undershrubs  or  herbs,  widely  dis- 
tributed. Known  species  about  400,  many  of 
them  very  showy  flowering  plants,  cultivated 
In  gardens  or  In  greenhouses.  S.  officinalis,  of 
which  there  are  many  varieties,  is  the  Common 
Sage,  a  well-known  culinary  herb.  It  is  s 
feeble  tonic  and  astringent,  and  an  efficient 
aromatic.  8.  grcmdiflora,  is  also  culinary.  The 
galls  of  8.  pomifera  are  eaten  in  Candia,  as  are 
the  stalks  of  S.  Moorcroftiana  in  the  Himalayas. 
The  root  is  used  in  cough,  the  seeds  as  an 
emetic,  and  the  leaves  as  a  medicine  in  Guinea- 
worm  and  itch,  or  as  a  poultice  to  wounds. 
The  seeds  of  &  plebeitt  and  S.  pvmtia,  also 
Indian  species,  are  given  in  gonorrhoea,  &c. 
Oil  of  Sage  derived  from  this  plant  haa  been 
used  in  liniments  against  rheumatism.  The 
Common  Sage  is  grown  as  a  garden  plant  in 
the  United  States,  though  not  native  here. 

sal'-vi-dce,  *.  pi.    [Lat.  salvi(a) ;  fern.  pi.  adj. 
stiff,  -idee.] 
Bot. :  A  family  of  Monardese  (q.T.). 

'sil-vir-ic,   *sal-vif-Ic-ai,  a.     [Lat 

salvificus,  from  salvus  =  safe,  and  Jacio  =  to 
make.]    Saving;  tending  to  save  or  preserve. 

*  sal-vif  '-Io-al-ljf,   adv.     [Eng.    aalvifical; 

-l;j.}    In  a  saving  manner  *  so  as  to  save. 

"  There  i»  but  one  who  died  laltrijically  for  ua.*— 
Browne :  Chrittian  Moral*,  pt.  ii.,  S  11, 

sal-vin'-i-a,  s.  [Named  after  Antonio  Maria 
Salvini,  a  dreek  professor  at  Florence.] 

BoL :  A  genus  of  Harsileacese.  Spore 
fruits  of  two  kinds,  the  one  producing  only 
ovate  spores,  the  other  only  pollen  spores. 
Plants  floating  on  the  surface  of  stagnant 
water. 


*sal  vin  i-a'-«e-«,  &  pi.     [Mod.  Lat. 
i.  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -aceas.] 


sal- 


vini(a);  Lat. 

Bot. :  An  order  of  Lycopodales,  generally 
merged  in  Marsileaceee.  They  are  annual 
plants  floating  in  water;  the  microsporangia 
and  macrosporangia  are  formed  in  different 
sporocarps.  Genera,  Salvinia  and  Azolla. 

sal'-vo  (IX  *•    f^r.  «^w ;  Ital.  salva  =  a  salvo, 
a  salute,  from  L«t.  talve  —  hail  I] 

1.  A  general  discharge  of  guns,  intended  as 
a  salute. 

2.  A  general  concentrated  fire  of  a  greater 
or  less  number  of  pieces  of  artillery,  for  the 


purpose  of  making  a  breach,  Ac. ;  the  simul- 
taneous and  concentrated  concussion  of  a 
number  of  cannon-balls  on  masonry  or  earth- 
work, producing  a  very  destructive  effect. 

3.  The  combined  shouts  or  cheers  of  a 
multitude,  in  applause,  honour,  or  admiration. 

*sar-y6(2),  s.  [From  the  Lat.  salvo  jure  — 
the  right  being  intact  or  preserved  ;  an  ex- 
pression used  in  granting  anything.]  An 
exception,  a  reservation,  an  excuse. 

"  I  shall  Inquire  what  taloot,  or  qualifying  con- 
siderations,  we  may  reasonably  understand,  —(rater- 
land;  IVortl,  UL  72. 

salv'-or,  s.  [Eng.  salve  (2),  v. ;  -or.]  On« 
who  saves  a  ship  or  goods  from  extraordinary 
danger,  as  of  tire,  the  sea,  an  enemy,  or  the 
like ;  one  who  etlects  salvage. 

*«am,ndy.     (SAME.] 

1.  Together. 

"  Now  are  they  Mints,  all  in  that  City  tarn." 

Winer  ;  >'.  Q.,  L  x.  W 

2.  In  common. 

"What  concord  ban  light  and  darke*aml" 

Spenter:  Shepheardi  Calender;  Jun*. 

s^-mad-cr-a,  s.    [Cinghalese  Samadara.] 

Bot.:  AgenusofSimarnbeae.  Samaderaindica, 
a  tree  thirty  to  thirty-five  feet  high,  furnishes 
Niepft  bark,  and  its  seeds  yield  an  oil  used  in 
India  in  rheumatism,  the  bruised  leaves  are 
applied  externally  in  erysipelas,  and  an  In- 
fusion of  the  wood  is  tonic. 

sa  mad'  cr  in,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  samaderfa); 
'•in  (CA«nt.).] 

Ckem. :  A  bitter  principle  extracted  from  the 
aqueous  infusion  of  the  bark  and  fruit  of 
Samadera  indica.  It  forms  dazzling  white, 
feathery  crystals,  soluble  in  water,  slightly 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether.  Its  solutions 
are  neutral. 

sam'-a-ra,  s.  [Lat.  samara,  sa»t«ra  =  the 
seed  of  the  elm.] 

Bot. ;  A  two  or 
more  celled  supe- 
rior fruit,  having 
few  -  seeded,  inde- 
hiscent,  and  dry 
cells,  and  elongated 
into  wing-like  ex- 
pansions. Lindley 
placed  it  under  his 
compound  fruits, 
and  considered  it  a 

modification  of  the  carcerule  (q.v.).  It  IB 
popularly  called  a  Key.  Examples,  Fraximu, 
Acer,  Ulmus,  Ac. 

*  sa-mare',  *  sa-mar'  -ra,  *  sem  mar,  s. 

[S'iMARRE.]  A  kind  of  jacket  anciently  worn 
by  ladies,  having  a  loose  body  and  four  side- 
laps  or  skirts  extending  to  the  knee. 

sa  mar'-I-a,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  perhaps 
*a  corruption  of  mara,  one  of  the  native 
Guianan  names  of  the  species.] 

Bot.  &  Comm. :  The  cedar  wood  of  Guiana 
furnished  by  Idea  altissima. 

sam'-a-rls,  s.    [Etym.  not  apparent.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Pleuronectid«,  con- 
fined to  the  Chinese  seas.  The  mouth  is 
nearly  symmetrical,  and  the  dorsal  fin  com- 
mences before  the  eye,  on  the  snout. 

Sa-mar'-i-tan,  a.  &  *.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Samaria,  the  principal 
city  of  the  ten  tribes  of  Israel,  belonging  to 
the  tribe  of  Ephraim.    After  the  captivity  it 
was  repeopled  by  Cuthites  from  Assyria  or 
Chaldea. 

2.  Applied  to  the  characters  of  a  kind  of 
ancient   Hebrew    writing,    probably  in    nse 
before  and  partly  after  the  Babylonish  cap- 
tivity. 

B.  As  substantive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Samaria.    (John 
iv.  9.) 

2.  The  language    of   Samaria.      It   was   a 
dialect  of  the  Chaldean. 

IL  Fig.:  A  charitable,  kind-hearted,  or 
benevolent  person,  in  allusion  to  the  "good 
Samaritan  "  of  the  parable :  as,  To  act  the 
Samaritan. 

Samaritan-Pentateuch,  *.  [PENTA- 
TEUCH.] 


SAMARA   OP   MAPLB. 


bo^;  ptftt,  J**l;  cat,  90!!,  cnoru.,  chin,  bench;  go,  *em;  thin,  thU;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  e?lst.    -In*. 
-tian  -  Th?".   -tion,  -sion  =  ffh""  ;  -(Ion,  - jiou  =  «^^«,    -clous,  -tiou«,  -aiou»  =  sau».   -ble,  -die,  &c.  s=  bel,  del. 


4100 


namaritanism — sampler 


••a-mar-1-tan  I*m,  «.  [Eng.  Samaritan 
•ism.]  Benevolence,  humanity. 

"  Mad  with  humanity  aud  iam»ritmnt»m."— %dit< 
SmOk:  LeOeri(Uttl. 

••-mar  i  um,  i.  [Latinised  from  Samankite 
(q.x 

Chem. :  Symbol  8m.  The  new  name  for  th 
element  Decipium  (q.v.),  found  in  the  minera 
Samarskite. 

•am-a  roid,  i.  [Eng.  samar(a);  -aid.]  Re 
seinbling  a  samara  (q.v.). 

•  sa-mar  -ra,  s.    [SAUAHE.] 

sa-mar  -skite,  s.  [After  v.  Sainarski,  a  mine 
officer  ;  suff.  -t<«  (Mill.).] 

Min. :  An  orthorbombic  mineral  occurring 
mostly  massive,  rarely  in  crystals,  in  browi 
orthoelasf.  Hardness,  6-5  to  6 ;  sp.  gr.  5-014 
to  5'75  ;  lustre  when  fractured,  shining,  sub- 
nietallic ;  colour,  velvet-black  ;  streak,  dark 
brown,  opaque ;  fracture,  sub-conchoidal 
Compos.  :  a  colnmbate  of  uranium,  yttrium 
iron,  thorium,  <Stc. 

•a'-ma-ve-da,  s.  [Sancc.  sa.-ma.vtda,  from 
laman  =  a  hymn  for  chanting ;  and  veda  = 
knowledge.)  [BIO-VEDA.] 

Sansc.  Literature :  The  second  of  the  four 
Vedas.  It  is,  in  the  main,  made  up  of  ex- 
tracts from  the  hymns  of  the  Rig-Veda,  used 
at  the  Soma  sacrifice,  but  the  antiquated 
grammatical  forms  show  portions  of  it  to  be 
older  than  the  Rig- Veda  itself. 

•am'-bac,  s.    [Burmese  sambe.] 
Bot. :  Jatminnm  Sambac. 

•am  bo,  cam' -bo,  ».    [Sp.   mmbo,  sambo.] 
1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  offspring  of  a  black  per- 
son  and  a  mulatto ;  hence,  used  commonly 
for  a  negro. 

•2.  Bot. :  The  genus  Cleome.   (West  Indian.) 
•am'-boo, ».    [SAMBUR.] 

•am-bu -96-03,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  sambuofus);  fern, 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -OB.) 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Capri  foliaceae. 
•am  bu  cua,  s.    [Lat.  =  an  elder  tree.] 

1.  Bot. :   The  typical  genus  of  Sambo 

(q.v.).    Flowers  small,  in  umbellate  corymbs 
or  panicles  jointed  to  the  pedicel ;  calyx  three 
to  five-toothed ;  corolla  rotate  orcampanulate; 
itameus,  five ;  drupe  with  three  to  five  carti- 
laginous seeds.    Known  specie*,  ten  to  twelve, 
from  most  temperate  regions.    Two  of  them 
are  8.  nigra,  the  Elder,  and  S.  Ebuhts,  the  Dwarf 
Elder,  or  Banewort  (q.v.). 

2.  Pkarm. :  The  inner  bark  of  the  elder  has 
been  successfully  used  to  remove  the  fluid 
in  dropsy. 

1  Sambuci floret:  [ELDER-FLOWERS]. 

••am'-bnke,  s.  [Lat  tambuca,  from  Gr. 
o-ap0virn  (sambuke).] 

Music :  An  ancient  musical  Instrument : 
though  applied  sometimes  to  several  musical 
instruments  of  dif- 
ferent kinds,  such 
as  a  lyre,  a  dulci- 
mer, a  triangular 
harp  or  trigon,  and 
a  large  Asiatic  harp, 
It  seems  to  have 
been  chiefly  used  as 
a  term  for  the  last- 
named  instrument. 
By  some  authors  it 
has  been  identified 
with  the  large  Egyp- 
tian harp. 

•am    bur,   sam'- 
boo,  «.    [Native 

name.]  —*•• 

Zool. :  Axil  arlstottlis,  one  of  the  Ruaine 
deer,  from  the  hill-country  of  India.  It  stands 
•bout  five  feet  high,  is  deep  brown  in  colour, 
and  has  the  hair  of  the  neck  developed  Into  a 
sort  of  mane.  Its  build  is  massive,  and  the 
antlers  present  powerful  points  and  are  over 
three  feet  in  length.  The  hind  is  less  stoutly 
built,  and  of  a  yellowish  tint. 

"The  jamour  seems  very  well  adapted  for  a  ileer- 
wk  .  .  .  being  quite  hardyenough  tobear  our  winter 
Jthlj  climate.'— Sclatir:  Guide  to  Oardetu  o/  Zoo- 


park 

Inth 


same,  o.  &  adv.     [A.8.  same  (adv.)  in  such 
phrases  as  swd  same  swd  men  =  the  same  as 


men  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  samr  =  the  same  ;  Dan 
and  Sw.  samme ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sam  r=  same 
sama  =  together ;  Goth,  sama  =  same  ;  samanc 
=  together  ;  Russ.  samuii  —  same  ;  Gr.  6/*6 
(homos);  Sansc.  aama  =even,  same ;  Lat.  simil  - 
=  like  ;  simul  =  together ;  Gr.  opou*  (homoios 
•  Ilka,] 

A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Identical,  not  different,  not  other. 

"  The  rery  If  me  man."    OiaJlap-  •'  ferry  OTMt,  Iv.  o. 

2.  Identical  in  kind,  species,  or   degree 
exactly  alike,  or  similar,  though  individual!} 
distinct. 

••What  joeuver  It  done  to  my  brother  (if  I  he 
Christian  man)  that  tame  is  tlone  to  me."—Tvndoll 
Work*,  p.  913. 

3.  Just  mentioned,  or  just  about   to   be 
mentioned  or  referred  to. 

"  That  lame  Isabel  here  once  again. " 

Shoketp. :  Mftuttre  for  j/eamre,  v. 

^  Same  is  always  preceded  by  the  demon 
strative  words  the,  this,  that,  &C. ;  and  followed 
in  comparisons  by  as  or  with. 

*B.  As  adv. :  Together. 

1  (I)  All  the  same :  Nevertheless,  notwith 
standing,  in  spite  of  all. 

*(2)  The  same:  Together. 

same  -ness,  s.    [Eng.  same ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  the  same 
absence  of  difference  ;  identity. 

"  A  Kimenttt  of  the  terms  .  .  .  would  be  an  area 
meut  for  assigning  one  and  the  same  meaning  to  the 
promUes."— Sortley :  Sermont,  voL  IL,  ser.  26. 

2.  Near   resemblance   or   correspondence 
similarity. 

"  If  all  court*  have  a  tamenest  in  them,  things  may 
be  ae  they  were  In  my  time,  when  all  employments 
went  to  parliament-men's  friends."— >»iyr 

3.  Tiresome  or  tedious  monotony  ;  want  of 
variety. 

"With  weary  tamentu  in  the  rhymes. 
JVnnjuon :  Jliller'i  OauaM 

sa-mos  -tcr,  sa-mes-tre,  s.  [Etym. 
doubtful.]  A  variety  of  coral.  (Simmonds). 

SB-motto',  s.    [SAMITE.] 

Sa'-ml-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Samos,  an 
island  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago. 

B.  As  sulist. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Samos. 

Samian  earth,  Samian  stone,  s.  A 
kind  of  bole  or  marl  from  the  island  of  Samos. 

Samian  letter,  s.  The  Pythagorean 
letter  (q.v.). 

••  When  reason  donbtful.  like  the  Samian  letter. 
Points  him  two  ways."      Pope .-  Dunciad,  iv.  m. 

Samian  stone,  s.    [SAHIAN-EARTH.] 

Samian  ware,  s.  An  ancient  kind  of 
pottery,  made  of  Samian,  or  other  fine  earth. 
It  is  of  a  bright  red  or  black  colour,  covered 
with  a  lustrous  siliceous  glaze,  with  separately 
moulded  ornaments  attached. 

sa'-ml-el,  s.    [Turk.]    The  Simoom  (q.v.X 

"  Burning  and  headlong  as  the  SamUl  wind." 

Moari. LaUaRaoklt. 

Sa  -ml  6t,  Sa'-mi-ote,  a.  &  i.    [SAMIAS.] 

sam  ite,  •  sam  it,  ••am-yte,  s.  [O.  Fr. 
samit,  from  Low  Lat.  examitum  =  samite  ; 
Gr.  efau.iroi'  (hexamiton)  —  a  stuff  woven  with 
six  threads,  or  different  kinds  of  thread  ; 
it  (hex)  =  six,  and  pint  (mitos)  =  a  thread  of 
the  woof;  Ger.  sammet,  sammt  =  velvet,  is  the 
same  word.)  A  rich  silk  stuff,  sometimes 
interwoven  with  gold  or  silver  thread. 

"  Hayde  Elene  also  tyte 
In  a  robe  of  tamyU."     Lybetua  Diteoma,  8S3. 

sam'-let,  i.  [A  contraction  of  salmonlet, 
dimin.  of  salmon  (q.v.).]  A  yonng  salmon  ; 
a  parr. 

"  Heavy  as  Is  the  toll  which  man  and  beast  take 
from  amongst  grown  flsh.  It  la  as  nothing  to  that 
A  is'lM/0""*  *""*"'  p*'''"  — 1>aa*  ftlvraph, 

sam'-o-ite,  ».  [After  the  Samoa  Islands, 
where  found ;  tuff.  -Ue  (Jfin.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  substance  occurring  as 
stalactites  and  stalagmites  in  a  lava  cavern. 
Hardness,  4  to  4-5  ;  sp.  gr.  17  to  1-9  ;  lustre, 
resinous ;  colour,  white,  grayish,  yellowish. 
Compos:  essentially  a  hydrated  silicate  of 
alumina. 

n-mol-I  das,  ».  pZ.     [Lat  samoKiit);  fern, 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -ider,.] 
Bot. :  A  family  of  Primulacete. 


sam'-5-lus,  s.  [Lat.  =  brookweed,  the  brooz 
lime,  or  the  winter-cress.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Samolidae  (q.v.). 
Calyx  five-cleft ;  corolla  salver-shaped,  with 
five  stamens  and  five  scales  or  staminodes  ; 
capsule  half-inferior,  opening  with  five  valves 
Known  species  about  ten,  from  temperate 
climates.  One,  Somalia  Valerandi,  is  an  ordi- 
nary plant  six  inches  to  two  feet  high,  pros- 
trate or  ascending,  with  rooting  branches, 
entire  leaves,  and  white  flowers.  Found  in 
watery  places,  especially  on  gravelly  soil  neai 
the  sea.  It  is  bitter. 

Sam  6  sa  tene,  ».  [Lat.  Samosatemi,  tram 
Samosata  (now  Scempsat),  on  the  Euphrates, 
the  capital  of  Commagene.  See  def.) 

Church  Hist.  (PL):  The  followers  of  Paul, 
born  at  Samosata,  who  combined  the  bishopric 
of  Antioch  in  Syria  with  the  civil  office  of 
procurator  for  the  emperor  in  a  province.  His 
tendencies  were  strongly  rationalistic.  He 
believed  in  one  God  the  Father.  The  "  Word  " 
was  not  a  substance  or  a  person,  but  inhered  in 
the  Father  as  reason  does  in  the  human  mind. 
Christ  was  a  mere  man,  with  whom  the  Word 
of  Wisdom  was  united  at  the  time  of  his  birth  ; 
by  this  means  he  was  enabled  to  speak  and 
act  as  he  did,  and  might,  in  an  inferior  sense, 
be  called  the  Son  of  God,  and  even  God.  Paul 
was  condemned  and  deposed  by  the  Council 
of  Antioch  A.D.  269.  Called  also  Paulianiste. 

Sa  mo  yed,     Sa  mo -led    (1    as    y).    ». 

[Native  name.) 

1.  A  member  of  an  Arctic  race  of  people 
inhabiting  the  district  from  about  the  river 
Mezen  on  the  European  side  to  the  Lena  on 
the  Asiatic.    There  are  three  tribes  ;  they  are 
small  in  stature,  and  live  by  hunting. 

2.  The  language  spoken  by  the  Samoyeds. 

"  The  second  branch  [of  the  Turanian  family  of  lan- 
guages] is  the  .lamoj/oi,  belonging  to  a  Hyperborean 
race,  which  stretches  from  the  North  Sea  to  beyond 
the  Yenisei,  and  up  the  course  of  this  riv 


toe  Yenisei,  aud  up  the  cour»  of  this  ri»er  into  the 
central  mountains  of  the  continent,  the  Altai  range 
probably  the  starting.puint  of  It*  migrations.  It  has 
no  culture,  nor  importance  of  any  kind."—  \Yhitnru  : 
Lift  i  Ormalh  qf  language,  ch.  lit 

Sam  6  yed  ic,  Sam-6  led-lc  (lasy),  a. 
[Eng.  Samoyed;  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Samoyeds  or  their  language. 

gamp,  s.  [North  Amer.  Indian  sdpac,  saupac  = 
made  soft  or  thinned.]  An  article  of  food. 

.  consisting  of  maize  broken  or  bruised,  cooked 
by  boiling,  and  often  eaten  with  milk  ;  a  dish 
borrowed  from  the  aborigines  of  America. 

sam  -pan,  san'-pan,  s.  [Malay  &  Javanese.] 
A  Chinese  punt  used  on  the  rivers  for  con- 
veying  merchandise,  and  also  frequently  for 
habitations. 

sam  -phire,  *  lam'-pire,  ».  [Fr.  (herte  de) 
Saint  Pwrre  =  (herb  of)  St.  Peter.] 

Bot.  d>  Comm.  :  Crithmum  maritimum  and 
the  genus  Crithmum.  Longwood  Samphire  is 
Pharmaceum  acidum,  used  as  a  salad  in  St. 
Helena,  and  Marsh  Samphire,  the  genus  Sali- 
cornia  (q.v.).  Crithmum  maritimum  is  pickled 
as  a  condiment. 

"  Half-way  down 

Hangs  one  that  gathers  lamphire :  dreadful  trade!" 
Ahakeip. :  Lemr,  iv.  6. 

sam  -pie,  s.  [O.  Fr.  essemple,  example,  from 
Lat.  uxmplum  =  an  example  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  Anything  selected  as  a  model  for  imi 
tation  ;  a  pattern,  a  model,  an  example. 

"  A  sample  to  the  youngest" 

SXaketp.  :  Cumtitline,  i.  1. 

2.  A  specimen ;  a  part  of  the  whole  taken 
or  presented  for  inspection  as  evidence  of  the 
quality  of  the  whole. 

sample  room.  «. 

1.  A  room  for  the  display  of  samples. 

2.  A  euphemism  for  drinking  saloon. 

le,  v.t.    [SAMPLE,  «.] 

*  V-,T°  8how  som«Oiing  similar  to :  to  ex- 
emplify ;  to  present  a  sample  or  specimen  of. 

2.  To  take  a  sample  or  samples. 

"  Ale- tasters,  whoae  duty  it  was  to  tampU  the  vari- 
ous brewings. "—Jmninei:  Curiontut  ft  CriticiMm, 
p.  I  11881.) 

sam  pier  (1).  «sam-plar,  «saum  pier, 
s.  [O.  Fr.  examplaire,  exemplaire,  from  Lat. 
exemplar.] 

*  1.  An  example,  an  exemplar,  a  pattern. 

"  For  Jesn  entrlde  not  in  to  hooll  thlngfs  maad  by 
honjis  that  ben  laumpterti  of  verrei  thingl«."- 
WycUfe :  Etracti  br. 


ISte,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  lather;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  thfire;  pine,  pit,  •ire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p5t, 
or.  wore,  W9H  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  ciire,  nnlte.  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a:  qu  =  fcw. 


sampler— sanctiflcation 


4101 


2.  A  piece  of  fancy-sewed  or  embroidered 
work  done  by  girls  for  practice. 

"[We]  with  our  needles  created  both  one  flower. 
Both  on  one  tampler,  sitting  on  one  cushion. 
SJiakeip. :  Midtu>nm«r  Sight' t  Dreatn,  ill,  S. 

sam  -pier  (2),  5.  (Eng.  xrmpl(e\  v.  ;  -er.] 
One  who  samples  ;  one  who  makes  up  and  ex- 
hibits samples  of  work,  produce,  &c. 

f  »amp-su'-chme  (p  silent),  *.  [Gr.  cra^vicoi' 
(sampsukon).]  Marjoram. 

"  I  am  &  nullifldian  if  there  be  uot  three-thirds  of  a 
•crupie  more  of  tamfisiichine  in  thi«  confection  than  I 
ererput  luany."— Ben  Jonton:  Cynthia't  fievelt.  v.  i 

sam  -sho,  sam  shu,  s.  [Chin.]  A  Chinese 
spirit  distilled  from  rice. 

Siim  son,  s.  [Prob,  In  reference  to  the  post 
acting  as  a  support.]  (See  compound.) 

samson  post,  samson's  post,  *. 

1.  Shipbuild. :  A  pillar  resting  on  the  keel- 
ion  and  supporting  a  deck-beam. 

2.  Naut. :  A  spar  sustained  in  s  vertical 
position  by  guys,  and  used  as  a  jib  for  the 
suspension  of  hoisting-tackle,  for  getting  boats 
aboard,  fishing  the  anchor,  &c. 

Sam'-n-el,  s.  tHeb.  ^O^)  (Shemuet),  con- 
traction of  ^WVDlp  (Shemuael)  =  heard  by 
God  :  yptf  (stow),  rpti  (shamea)  =  to  hear, 
and  S$  (Et)  —  God  (Gesenius);  cf.  1  Sara,  L  20. 
Other  meanings  given  are :  Name  of  God, 
Placed  by  God,  Asked  of  God.] 

Script.  Biog. :  The  last  of  the  Jewish  judges. 
W.J 

1  The  First  Book  of  Samuel,  The  Second 
Book  of  Samuel: 

Old  Test.  Canon:  Now  two  books,  but 
formerly  a  single  book,  of  the  Hebrew  Scrip- 
tures. The  Septuagint  separated  them  into 
two,  calling  them  BaaiAeiwf  (Basileion), 
wpwTTj  (Prote),  and  Aevrrfpa  (Deutera)  =  the 
first  and  second  of  the  Kingdoms  or  Kings. 
The  Vulgate,  following  the  Septuagint,  named 
them  Liber  Regum  .Primus  tt  Secundus 
(142  Rings).  In  1518  A.D.  the  dual  arrange- 
ment was  introduced  into  the  Hebrew  Bible, 
in  which  we  now  have  (without  vowel  points) 
2  M  StflDtt  (Samuel  A  =  1,  and  B  =  2). 
The  narrative  opens  with  a  domestic  scene 
at  Rama  thai  m-Zophim  (the  Two-Ramaths  of 
the  Zophites),  an  unidentified  site  in  Mount 
Ephraim.  There  lived  a  man  called  Elkanah, 
with  two  wives,  one  of  whom,  Hannah,  vowed 
that  If  God  would  give  her  a  man  child,  she 
would  dedicate  him  to  the  service  of  Jehovah 
(1  Sam.  i.  1-18).  Her  prayer  being  answered, 
she  named  him  Samuel  [Etym.],  and,  keeping 
her  vow,  sent  him  at  a  very  early  age  to 
minister  in  the  sanctuary  at  Shiloh,  under 
the  charge  of  the  aged  high  priest,  Eli  (ii.  1-21). 
God  made  use  of  Samuel  to  reveal  to  Eli  the 
approaching  destruction  of  his  household,  in 
punishment  of  his  too  indulgent  treatment  of 
bis  unworthy  sons,  Hophni  and  Phineas 
(22-36);  and  the  judgment  was  soon  after 
inflicted,  Israel  being  defeated  with  great 
slaughter  in  a  battle  with  the  Philistines, 
Hophni  and  Fhineas  slain,  and  the  ark  of 
God  captured  (iv.).  Hitherto  the  twelve 
trites  seem  to  have  been  little  independent 
republics,  only  temporarily  cemented  when 
a  judge  was  divinely  raised  up  (JUIXJES]  ;  but 
on  reaching  full  manhood,  Samuel  issued  a 
manifesto,  calling  for  repentance  and  re- 
ligious revival,  and  summoned  a  general 
gathering  of  the  people  to  Mizpeh,  which  was 
a  great  step  to  their  permanent  federation 
(vii.).  From  that  time  he  was  the  virtual 
ruler,  as  well  as  the  prophet  and  priest,  of 
the  Hebrews.  In  his  old  age  he  made  his 
sons  judges  ;  but  they  were  corrupt,  and 
misused  their  authority.  The  people  becom- 
ing weary  of  them  and  of  the  theocracy,  and 
clamouring  for  a  king(viii.),  Saul  was  divinely 
chosen  and  anointed  (ix.-xv.).  On  his  re- 
jection for  disobedience  to  the  prophetic 
voice,  David  was  pointed  out  as  his  successor, 
and  similarly  anointed  (xvi.).  His  high 
qualifications  (xvi.  17,  xvii.-xviii.  1-4)  and 
his  popularity  subjected  him  to  the  per- 
secution of  the  reigning  monarch  (5-30), 
and  he  had  long  to  conceal  himself  in 
caves  and  deserts,  or  even  take  temporary 
refuge  in  a  foreign  and  hostile  land  (xix.-xxx.). 
The  first  book  closes  with  the  tragic  death  of 
Saul  at  the  battle  of  Gilboa  (xxxi.).  The 
second  opens  with  David's  lament  over  the 
king  and  his  heroic  and  unselfish  son, 
Jonathan  (2  Sam.  1.  IX  and  then  narrates 


David's  civil  war  with  Ishbosheth,  Saul's  son 
(ii.-iv.),  his  reign  for  seven  years  and  six 
months,  at  Hebron,  over  Judah,  and  for  about 
thirty-three  years  over  all  the  tribes  (v.  5), 
at  Jerusalem,  which  had  been  captured  from 
the  Jebusites,  and  made  the  national  capital 
(v.  6-xxiv.). 

The  first  book  gives  the  history  from  B.C. 
1171  to  1055  (?);  the  second  from  1055  to 
1017  (?).  Samuel  cannot  have  been  the  author 
of  the  two  books,  for  he  dies  before  the  first 
is  closed  (1  Sam.  xxv.  1).  An  editor  or  com- 
piler, however,  may  have  penned  his  narra- 
tive of  Samuels  administration  from  a  work 
by  that  judge  ;  David's  wanderings,  from  one 
by  the  prophet  Gad  (1  Sam.  xxii.  5),  and 
David's  reign,  from  one  by  Nathan  (2  Sam.  xii. 
1  ;  cf.  1  Chron.  xxvii.  24,  xxix.  29).  When 
the  editor  lived  is  very  doubtful.  He  does 
not  mention  David's  death,  which  looks  as  if 
the  monarch  were  living;  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  he  mentions  kings  of  Judah  (1  Sam. 
xxvii.  6),  as  if  the  separation  between  the  ten 
tribes  and  the  two  had  already  taken  place. 
In  the  other  direction  this  work  appears  to 
have  been  published  before  the  revival  [of 
Mosaic  institutions  under  Josiah ;  for  it 
wholly  ignores  them,  and  the  name  of  Moses 
occurs  only  twice  in  the  books  (1  Sam.  xii. 
6,  8).  The  Hebrew  is  very  pure.  Thenius, 
Keil,  and  Erdmann  date  it  in  the  reign  of 
Rehoboam,  Dr.  Payne  Smith  in  that  of 
Jehoshaphat,  Havernick  in  that  of  Solomon, 
and  Ewald  in  the  second  half  of  the  Baby- 
lonian exile.  Ithas  always  been  acknowledged 
as  canonical,  and  is  frequently  quoted  or 
referred  to  in  the  New  Testament,  especially 
by  St.  Paul  (Acts  xiii.  20,  &c,),  and  St.  Luke 
(Luke  ii.  4  ;  Acts  vii.  45,  &c.). 

•am'-yd,  5.     [SAMYDA.J 

Bot.  (PI) :  The  Samydaceas.    (Lindley.) 

sa-my'-da,  *.  [Gr.  0^680.  (sSmuda),  the 
birch,  which  these  plants  reaemblu  in  their 
leaves.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Samydace«(q.v.). 
Ornamental  plants,  with  white,  pink,  or  green 
flowers. 

sam  y  da' -96 -*e,  sa-myd'-e-ce,  5.  pi. 
[Mod.  Lat.  sainyd(a);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  sun*. 
•acece.} 

Bot. :  Samyds ;  an  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Violates.  Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  alternate  simple,  evergreen,  stipulate 
leaves,  often  with  linear  and  oblong  pellucid 
markings.  Sepals  four  or  five,  more  or  less 
cohering  at  the  base,  often  coloured  inside ; 
petals  none,  stamens  two,  three,  or  four  times 
as  many  as  the  sepals  ;  style  one,  filiform  ; 
stigma  capitate  or  slightly  lobed ;  capsule  cori- 
aceous, superior,  with  one  cell  and  three  to 
five  valves ;  seeds  many,  affixed  without  order 
to  the  valves.  Tropical  plants,  chiefly  from 
America.  Known  genera  five,  species  eighty. 
(Lindley.) 

sa'-na,  s.  pi.  [Peruv.]  A  kind  of  Peruvian 
tobacco. 

*  •an-a-bU-if-ty^  i.     [Eng.  *maW(e);  -My.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sanable  ;  sus- 
ceptibility of  cure;  curableness. 

*  San'-a-ble,   a.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  sanahilis, 
from  sano  =  to  heal ;   sanus  =  whole,  sound, 
sane  (q.v.);  Sp.  sanable;  Ital.  sanabile.]    Cap- 
able of  being  cured ;  curable ;  susceptible  of 
cure  ;  remediable. 

"  Thow  that  are  lanabli  or  preaervable  from  this 
dreadful  sin  ol  Idolatry."— More:  Antidote  againit 
Idolatry.  (Pref.) 

*san-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  sanable;  -ness.] 
The  same  as  SANABILITY  (q.v.). 

sa'-nat,  s.    [Hind.]    An  Indian  calico. 
san-a-tar'-J-um,  a.    [SANATORIUM.) 

*  sa-na'-tion,  s.    [Lat.  sanatio,  from  sano  — 
to  heal.]    The  act  of  healing  OF  curing  ;  the 
state  of  being  healed  or  cured. 

"He  might  give  God  the  glory  of  his  lanaHon."— 
Sail :  Contemplation* ;  The  Ten  Leptrt, 

*  san'-a-tlve,  a.     [Lat.  sanativus ;  Sp.,  Port., 
&  Ital' sanativo.]    Having  the  power  to  heal 
or  cure ;  curative,  sanatory. 

"  England  affordeth  most  tanative  water*  for  English 
bodies"—  Fuller:  Wortteet;  England,  cb.  ii. 

*  san'-a-tive-ness,  s.   [Eng.  sanative;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sanative  ;  power 
of  healing. 


BAN    BENITO. 


San  a-tbr-I  um,  *.  [Low  Lat.  sanatoriuiss 
healing,  from  Lat.  samitor  =  a  healer.]  A 
place  to  which  people  resort  for  the  sake  of 
their  health  ;  a  hospital  for  convalescents. 

san'-a-tdr-y,  a.  [SANATORIUM.]  Conducive 
to  health  ;  healing,  curing,  sanative. 

1"  Sanatory,  though  often  confused  with 
sanitary  (q.v.),  is  quite  distinct  in  meaning, 
and  should  be  so  treated.  Sanatory  is  pro- 
I*rly  =  conducive  to  health,  while  sanitary  is 
=  pertaining  to  health. 

*san  be-n£'-t6,  s.  [Ital.  sanbenito;  Sp.  *zm- 
fyenito  ;  from  S"co  =  a  sack,  an  upper  garment, 
and  benito  =  blessed,  from  Lat.  benedictus.] 

1,  A  coat  of  sackcloth  worn  by  penitenta 
on  their  reconciliation  to  the  church. 

2.  A  loose  cloak  or  upper  garment  worn  by 
persons  condemned  to  death  by  the  Inquisi- 
tion on  their  ^ 

way  to  the 
auto  de  fe. 
They  were 
painted  over 
with  flames, 
figures  of  I 
devils,  the 
person's  own 
portrait,  &c.; 
or,  in  the  case 
of  those  who 
expressed  re- 
pentance for 
their  errors, 
with  flames 
directed 
downwards. 
Those  worn  by  Jews,  renegades,  and  sorcerers, 
bore  a  St.  Andrew's  cross  in  red  on  back  and 
front. 

*  sance,  *.    [SAINT.] 

*  sanco  boll,  5.    [SAINT'S-BELL.] 

san'-cho,  «.    [Etym.  not  apparent.] 

Music :  A  negro  instrument  of  the  guitar 
species,  made  of  hollowed  wood  and  furnished 
with  a  long  neck.  It  is  strung  with  the  tough 
fibres  of  a  creeping  plant.  It  is  tuned  by 
means  of  sliding  rings. 

*  sarict,  *  sancte,  s.    [Lat.  tcmctus.]  A  saint 
(q.v.). 

*  sancte-bell,  s.    [SANCTUS-BELL.] 

*  sarict  a  niin  -i  ty,  s.  [Lat.  aanctus  =  holy, 
and    animus  =  mind.]      Religious    feelings ; 
devotion. 

"  A  persuasion  of  the  tanctanimity  of  1U  utterer.* 
—FttKdvard  Hail:  Modern  JSnglith,  p.  17. 

*  saric  tlf  '-i-cate,  v.  t.     [Lat.  sanctiflcatut, 
pa.  par.  of  sanctified ;  from  sanctut  =  holy,  and 
facio  =  to  make.]    To  sanctify. 

"  Wherefore  likewise  doth  Saint  Peter  ascribe  oar 
election  to  the  Father  predestinating,  to  the  Son  pro- 
pitiating, to  the  Holy  Ghost  lanctiflcating  t  "—Barro* ; 
Sermoru.  vol.  ii..  aer.  34. 

saric  ti  fit  ca'-tion,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  sano- 
tificationem,&ccu3.  ofsanctijicatio,from8anctifli' 
catus,  pa.  par.  of  sanctifico  =  to  sanctify  (q.v.); 
Sp.  santificacion ;  Ital.  santificazione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  sanctifying  or  making  holy. 

2.  The  state  of  being  sanctified,  purified, 
or  made  holy ;  conformity  of  the  heart  and 
life  to  the  will  of  God. 

3.  The  act  of  consecrating,  or  setting  apart 
for  some  sacred  purpose ;  consecration. 

"In  the  Old  Teatament,  In  the  orderiag  of  prlecta, 
there  were  both  visible  and  invisible  tanctifleation."— 
—Burnet :  Record!,  bit.  111.,  No.  81. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  An  operation  of  the  Spirit  of  God  (Rote. 
xv.  16 ;  2  Thess.  ii.  13 ;  1  Peter  i.  2),  on 
those  who  are  already  in  Jesus,  i.e.,  are  united 
to  him  by  faith  (1  Cor.  i.  2),  by  which  they 
are  rendered  increasingly  holy,  dying  to  sin 
and  living  to  God,  to  righteousness,  and  tc 
holiness  (Rom.  vi.  6, 11, 13,  19  ;  1  Thess.  v.  23  ; 
1  Peter  ii.  24.  One  main  instrumentality 
in  this  gradual  transformation  ^s  the  truth 
aa  revealed  in  the  word  of  God  (John  xvii.  17, 
19).  The  cooperation  of  the  individual  is  sought 
and  required  to  maintain  an  uncompromising 
internal  struggle  against  sin  (Rom.  vi.,  vii.). 

*'  Another  of  these  ordinary  operation!  of  the  Spirit 
Is  uinctijlcation  ;  which  consists  in  the  purifying  our 
wills  and  Affections  from  those  wicked  inclinations 
and  Inordinate  lusts,  which  countermand  God's  will 
ID  us.  and  set  us  at  enmity  against  him."— Scott  .* 
Chrittian  Lift,  pt.  ii-  eh.  vii. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  (bin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  (his ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  c^lst.    ph  =  t 
-Oian,  -tiaa  =  ethan.  -tlon,  -sion  =  shun;  -(ion*  -»lon  — zhuu,   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.  -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4102 


sanctified— sand 


•Ano   ti-ried,  pa.  par.  &  a, 

A.  At  pa.  far. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Consecrated,  dedicated,  or  set  apart  for 
•ome  >acred  purpose. 

"  A  Dun.  or  sister  ia*ft1&d.' 

Shaktip.  -•  Complaint  of  9  Loftr.  «3. 

8.  Affectedly  holy,  sanctimonious  :  as,  a 
sanctified  air. 

•fcno'-tl-f»-er,  *  [Eng.  sanctify;  •*>••]  One 
who  sanctifies  ;  specif.,  in  tieol.  =  the  Holy 
Ghost. 

"  The  smottbr  of  our  secular  comfort,  and  the 
author  of  huhuess  and  glory."— A'noz  .  On  tAe  Lord  i 
Supper.  !  SI 

sine  -ti  fy,  "  sane  tl-fle,  r.fc  [Fr.  nncti- 
ter ;  from  Lat.  sanctified,  from  sanctus  =  holy, 
and  Jacio  =  to  make ;  Sp.  &  Port.  «m<i/!air  ; 
Ital.  sarUt/iaire.] 

1.  To  make  holy  or  sacred  ;  to  consecrate  ; 
to  dedicate  or  set  apart  for  some  sacred  or 
religious  use  or  purpose ;  to  hallow. 

-  Ood  bloated  the  seventh  day  and  lancliftd  It."— 


2.  To  make  holy  or  godly ;  to  purify  from 
•in  ;  to  bring  into  a  state  of  sanctilication. 

"8a*ctW  them  thiongh  thy  truth." — '"fin  ivii.  IT. 

S.  To    prepare   by  puri  flat  ion  for  divine 
tervice,  or  for  partaking  of  holy  things. 
"  Hoeee  .  .  .  ntueOM  the  people,  and  they 
their  clothes."-£«xi  III.  14. 

4.  To  make  a  means  of  holiness  ;  to  render 
productive  of  or  conducive  to   holiness   or 
piety. 

"  The  goepel.  by  Dot  making  many  things  andean, 
u  the  law  did.  hath  aiarfUW  those  things  (eDerallv 
to  all.  which  particularly  each  man  to  bfinself  uiu>t 
sanctify  by  a  ...  holy  nse."— Boolltr:  LccUt.  PoWfy. 

5.  To  keep  or  observe  as  holy. 

"  Those  men  hare  little  or  no  sense  of  religion,  that 
make  no  conscience  of  tanctifyina  thjit  day.  or  that 
pnt  no  difference  between  It  and  other  day*.  — Sharp : 
Sermons.  voL  1,  ear.  9. 

•  6.  To  make  free  from  guilt  or  crime ;  to 
give  a  religious  or  legal  sanction  to;  to 
•notion. 

"The  holy  man.  saias'd  at  what  he  maw, 
Jlade  baste  to  unctlfv  the  bliss  by  law." 

Drydat  :  Siyitmonda  t  tFulscartlo,  Mi. 

*7.  To  secure  from  violation  ;  to  keep  pure. 

"Truth  guard!  the  poet,  tancflfei  the  line." 

r°ptt  into.Sor.,  aw. 

•8.  To  celebrate,  confess,  or  regard  as  holy ; 
to  revere. 

"  Sanai.r*  the  Lord  of  hoet»  himself,  and  let  him  be 
Tour  f«ar.x-/<aioA  rUL  U. 

s&nc'-tMy-lng,  pr.  far.  or  a.    (SANCTIFY.] 

t&nc'-ti  fy  ing-lj,  ode.  fEng.  Modifying: 
-ly.]  In  a  sanctifying  manner;  in  a  manner 
or  degree  tending  to  sanctify. 

•sanc-tfl'-»i-p;uent,  n.  [Lat.  sanctiu =holy, 
and  loquens,  pr.  par.  of  laquor  =  to  speak,  j 
Speaking  or  discoursing  of  holy  things. 

sanc-tl-md'-nl-ous,  a.    (Eng.  sindwiumy; 
•out.} 
•1.  Possessing  sanctity ;  holy,  religious. 

"  All  Ktncttmtmiout  ceremonies. " 

£AO*esp.  :  Tempt*.  IT. 

2.  Making  a  show  of  sanctity  or  religion  ; 
affecting  an  appearance  of  sanctity;  sanctified, 
hypocritical. 

"  Such  are  the  fruits  of  fonottmowfouj  pride. 
Of  malice  fed.'  Cbwyer  '  Truth,  !«. 

S&nc  tl  md'-nl-ofis-lj,  adv.     [Eng.  sancti- 
monious ;  -ly.] 
•I,  Eeligiously,  sacredly. 

" How  ra  n«i  mnnJ  jusly 
[I]  observed  your  honor. 

Oeaum.  t  Fia.  :  Sf*  roynjt,  L  1. 

2.  In  a  sanctimonious  manner ;  with  false 
or  hypocritical  show  of  religion. 

•aric  ti  mo  -ni  ous-ruSss,  ».    [Eng.  xnirff- 

wioxious  ;  -meajj.)    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
•anctimonlooi. 

•Uinc  tl-m6n-3r,  •  sanc-ti-mon-ie,  «•  [Fr. 
tanotimonU,  from  Lat.  sanrtimonui  =  sanc- 
tity, from  sa>LCtus  =  holy ;  Sp.  tfc  Ital.  santi- 

MMCaJ 

•1.  Holiness,  religion,  devontneu,  piety, 
•anctity. 

"Which  holy  undertaking,  with  molt  aiutere  sane, 
tfnony.  ihe  accomplished.'— S»o*c»i>. .-  AUi  We/I,  IT.  8. 

2.  An  external  appearance  or  ahow  of 
•anctity  or  devontness ;  an  affectation  of  piety ; 
hypocritical  devoutness. 

B&nc'-tlon,   i.     [Fr.,  from   Lat.  sanctionm, 


accus.  of  sancti*  =  a  sanction,  from  Lat. 
sanctus,  pa.  par.  of  soncio  =  to  render  sacred  ; 
8p.  sancion;  Ital.  tantione.]  (SAtKT,  «.] 

1.  That  which  confirms,  ratifies,  or  renders 
obligatory  or  valid  ;  the  official  act  of  a  su- 
perior by  which  he  ratifies  or  gives  validity 
to  the  act  of  some  person  or  body  ;  ratification. 

"  El*e  could  a  law  like  that  which  t  relate. 
Once  have  thesancfion  of  our  triple  state." 

Cavper  :  £>/j(.'«  to  Joteph  ffill. 

2.  Authority;   confirmation    derived    from 
Influence,  custom,  character,  or  testimony. 

*3.  A  law,  a  decree. 

"  Love's  power  we  see, 
Is  nature'*  jirncrij*.  ana  her  first  decree." 

Drydan  :  Palamon  A  A  rctte.  i.  WK 

4.  Anything  done  to  enforce  obedience  :  a 
penalty  declared  against  a  special  transgres- 
sion ;  a  penalty  incurred  liy  the  infringement 
of  a  covenant.  (Used  spec,  in  the  legal  phrase, 
Sanction  of  a  law.) 

5  Pragmatic  Sanction  :    [PRACJMATIC]. 

sline'-tion,  v.t.  (SASCTIOS,  s.)  To  give  sanc- 
tion to,  to  ratify,  to  confirm  ;  to  give  validity 
or  authority  to  ;  to  give  support  to,  to  coun- 
tenance. 

•sanc'-tion-a-rj',  o.  (Eng.  sanction;  -arj.) 
Relating  to  or  giving  sanction  ;  ratifying. 

sftno'-ti-tnde  s.  [Lat.  sanMlvdo,  from  sanc- 
tus  =  holy  ;  Ital.  sanlitudine.]  Holiness,  sanc- 
tity, sacredness. 

"  The  lanctititflt  which  MacAn's  laws  ordain." 

ffn«**:  Jenuolsm  Ddiwtnd.  bk.  ii. 

sSno'-tt-ty,  s.  [0.  Fr.  tanctUe;  Fr.  tainUtt; 
ItaL  tantita;  Lat.  sanctitas  =  inviolability, 
sacredness,  sanctity,  from  taucttu  =  sacred.) 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sacred  ; 
sacredness  ;    state   of  consecration    to   the 
service  of  God. 

••  At  his  touch. 

Such  tanctity  hath  heaven  given  bis  hand. 
They  presently  amend."      Shaktip.  :  Maobttk,  IT.  a. 

2.  Sacredness,  solemnity,  inviolability  :  as, 
the  sanctity  of  an  oath. 

3.  Holiness,  moral  purity,  tatnMllMiW,  god- 
liness. 

"  To  Improve  us  In  piety  and  virtue,  which  together 
make  np  true  sanctity  or  holiness."—  Ssccrr  .*  Sermviu, 
Tol.  ill.,  ser.  L 

*  4.  A  saint  ;  a  holy  person  or  being  ;  a  holy 
object  of  any  kind. 

"  About  him  all  the  uatailln  of  heai'n 
Stood  thick."  Hilton  :  P.  L.,  111.  M. 


•  8&nc'-tn-9-nze,  v.t.  [Eng. 
eutf.  -iw.)  To  shelter  from  punishment  by 
affording  to  the  perpetrator  of  a  crime  a  sanc- 
tuary. 

"  No  place.  Indeed,  should  murder  lanetuariM." 
flumiel.  IT.  T. 


s&nc'-tu-a-ry,  *  sein-tu-a-rlc,  •  oeynt- 
war-yt  s.  [Fr.  sanctuaire  (O.  Fr.  taintuaire, 
tainluairii),  from  Lat.  sanrfi<arium=  (1)  a. 
place  for  keeping  sacred  things,  a  throne,  a 
sanctuary,  (2)  a  prince's  private  cabinet,  from 
sanctus  =  holy  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  santuario.] 

1.  A  holy  place  ;  a  place  regarded  as  one 
in  which  the  divinity  manifests  or  has  mani- 
fested his  special  presence,  or  a  place  conse- 
crated to  bis  worship. 

(1)  Spec.  :   The  holy  place,  as   contradis- 
tinguished from  the  place  most  holy  in  the 
Jewish  tabernacle  and  temple. 

"  Then  verily  the  first  covenant  had  also  ordinances 
of  divine  service  and  a  worldly  tincftmry.  For  there 
was  a  tabernacle  made  ;  the  nrst  wherein  was  the 
candlestick  and  the  table  and  the  ahewbread  ;  whieh 
Is  called  the  sanctuary.'—  Seb.  Iz.  1—1 

(2)  A  house  consecrated  to  the  worship  of 
God  ;  a  place  where  divine  worship  is  per- 
formed ;  a  church. 

(3)  The  cella  or  sacred  part  of  an  Egyptian, 
Greek,  or  Roman  temple. 

(4)  Applied  by  Roman  Catholics  and  Angli- 
cans to  that  part  of  the  church  where  the  altar 
is  placed. 

2.  A  place  of  protection  or  refuge  ;  an  asylum. 

"  Come,  my  bor.  we  will  to  saitefuury." 

Staftesp.  /  Kichard  III.,  ii.  i, 

3.  Refuge  in  a  sacred  place  ;  shelter,  pro- 
tection, asylum. 

"Yield  me  innctuary.'    TVnnyton  •  Outnevcre,  140. 

4.  The  right  or  privilege  of  affording  shelter, 
asylum,  or  protection  ;  a  privilege  attached 
to  certain  places,  by  virtue  of  which  criminals, 
taking  refuge  in  them  were  protected  from 
the  ordinary  operation  of  the  law.    In  many 
Catholic   countries   certain    rliurches   have, 
from   very   early  times,  been  set  apart    as 
asylums  for  fugitives  from  justice.     In  Eng- 


land, up  to  the  reign  of  James  I.,  if  a  person 
accused  of  any  crime,  ezcept  treason,  wherein 
the  Crown,  and  sacrilege,  wherein  the  Church, 
was  too  nearly  concerned,  fled  to  any  church, 
or  churchyard,  and  within  forty  days  after 
confessed  his  guilt  and  abjured  the  realm,  he 
saved  his  life,  but  was  nevertheless  attainted, 
and  forfeited  all  his  goods  and  chattels.  This 
privilege  was  finally  abolished  by  the  statute 
21  James  I.,  c.  28.  Sanctuaries  for  debtors 
existed  in  London  till  1697.  In  Scotland  the 
abbey  of  Holyrood  House  and  its  precincts 
still  retain  the  privilege  of  giving  sanctuary 
to  debtors,  though,  from  the  abolition  of 
imprisonment  for  debt,  such  sanctuary  is  no 
longer  used. 
5.  Refuse  generally  ;  shelter,  protection. 

"  Soliunie.  however  some  rn.iv  rave. 
Seeming  a  faucfuar*.  proves  a  CTare." 

Cuw/wr :  Retirement.  735. 

*  ^  To  break  sanctuary:  To  violate  a  sano- 
tuary. 

*  sanctuary  -  man,     *  seynt wary  - 
man,   t.    One  who  has  taken  refuge  in  a 
sanctuary. 

"  Toke  with  them  all  maner  of  seynfwa^^tMK."— 
Fabyan  :  Chronycle  (an.  1880). 

sano'-tuzn,  5.  [Lat-  neut.  sing,  of  sanctus  = 
holy.]  A  sacred  place.  Used  colloquially  for 
a  private  retreat,  a  room. 

-When  be  had  first  violated  that  vntrfum '— 
ffatflty  Smart :  Struct  Dawn.  ch.  xi. 

sanctum-sanctorum,  «.  The  holy  of 
holies  ;  the  innermost  or  most  holy  part  of 
the  Jewish  tabernacle  or  temple. 

sane-tils,  s.    [Lat.  =  holy.] 

Music :  A  part  of  the  Communion  Service 
in  the  Church  of  England,  and  a  part  of  the 
Mass  in  the  Church  of  Rome,  beginning  with 
the  word  Sanctus  in  the  latter,  and  Holy  in 
the  former.  In  many  cathedrals  where  it  ig 
not  usual  to  celebrate  chorally,  the  Sanctus  is 
used  aa  an  lutroit. 

sanotus-bell,  saint's  boll,  *  sanco- 
bell,  s.  A  small  bell  which  is  rung  in  order 
to  mark  the  progress  of  the  office  of  the  Mass. 

S4n'-«jjr,  «.  A  spotless,  pear-shaped  diamond, 
brought  from  East  India  toEurorw  about  the 
middle  of  the  fifteenth  century ;  imsstwed  by 
VMMk 


*  send,  *.  [A.S.  nnd;  cogn.  with  Dut 
«unt. ;  Icel.  tandr;  Dan.  A  bw.  tand;  G«r. 
•wL| 

L  liferaH*; 

1.  PrfroZ.  *  GwZ.  ;  Comminuted  fragment* 
of  Igneous,  meta.n  orphic,  or  volcanic  rocka, 
or  of  chert,   flint,  &c.      They  are  detached 
from  the  parent  rock,  and  as  boulders  and 
pebbles  are   ground  against  each  other   by 
water  on  sea-beaches  or  in  any  similai  way. 
The  colours  of  sand  correspond  to  those  of  the 
minerals  in  the  rocks  from  winch  they  were 
detached.      It  may  be  red,  white,  gray,  or 
black,  but  when  quartzose,  as  it  often  is,  It  Is 
normally  reddish -yellow,  from  oxide  of  iron. 
Sea-sand  often  contains  Foraminifera(spicules 
of  sponges,  minute  fragments  of  shells,  por- 
tions of  the  body  of  Echinoderms,  &c.    [SAND- 
STONE, SPONGE-SAND.] 

2.  (PL) :  Tracts  of  land  consisting  of  sand, 
as  the  deserts  of  Arabiaor  Africa  ;  also,  tracts 
of  sand  left  exposed  by  the  ebb  of  the  tide. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Courage,  grit,  perseverance;  also,  weauli, 
resources.  ( V.  S.  8l<mg.) 

*2.  The  mnd  in  a  sand-glaas  or  honr-glit*i; 
hence,  used  for  the  time  one  ha*  to  live  ;  life. 

IT  Brain  sand : 

Anat.  :  Single  or  aggregated,  and  nodul» 
dark  bodies  found  in  the  pineal-gland,  the 
cboroid  plexus,  and  occasionally  in  the  jaa 
ma,«r,  the  arachnoid  membrane,  and  the  wall* 
of  the  ventricles.  (Griffith  d  Hexjrty.) 

sand-bag,  & 

1.  Fort. :  A  canvas  sack  filled  with  sand  or 
earth,  and   used  in  fortification.    Sand-bags 
are  used  as  a  cover  for  troops  and  as  a  revet- 
ment for  parapets  and^  embrasures. 

2.  A  form  of  ballast  for  boats, 

S.  The  ballast  of  a  balloon,  thrown  out  to 
enable  the  balloon  to  rise,  or  to  keep  its  level 
u  gas  escapes. 

4.  A  long  flannel  hag  filled  with  sand,  used  to 
stop  chinks  beneath  doors  or  betwe«n  sashe*. 


boil,  lM$y;  pont,  jowl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  .    t 
-tlon,  -elan  -  shun ;  -tion,  -slon  =  zhun,    -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  del. 


sand— sandal 


4103 


S,  A  flat  sack  filled  with  sand,  on  which 
metal  work  is  supiwrted  while  being  chased, 
or  a  wood-Hook  whilst  being  engraved. 

sand-bag,  r.t.  To  assail  with  a  sand-tog. 

sand  bagger.  «.  A  criminal  assailant 
who  uses  a  Baud-bag  as  a  weapon. 

sand-ball,  s.  Soap  made  ap  into  a  ball 
with  fine  sand,  for  washing  the  hands. 

sand-bar,  >.    A  bar  in  a  river  formed  by 
the  accumulation  of  sand. 
sand  bath,  * 

1.  A  vessel    of  heated  sand,  used  as  an 
equable  heater  for  retorts,   &c.     A  form  of 
evaporator  largely  used  in  laboratories. 

2.  &fed. :  A  form  of  bath  in  which  the  body 
IB  covered  with  warm  or  with  sea-sand. 

sand-bed,*. 
Founding  : 

1.  The  floor  of  sand  at  a  smelting-fnrnace, 
in  which  the  metal  from  the  furnace  is  run 
into  pigs. 

2.  The  floor  of  a  foundry  in  which  large 
castings  are  made,  or  on  which  the  flasks  are 
laid,  rammed,  and  poured. 

sand-blast,  s.  A  method  of  engraving 
and  rutting  glass  and  other  hard  materials  by 
the  percussive  force  of  partu-les  of  sand  driven 
by  a  steam  or  air  blast.  Called  also  Sand-jet. 

sand-blind,  a.  Having  a  defect  in  the 
eyes,  through  which  small  jiarticles  appear  to 
fly  or  float  before  them ;  purblind. 

"  My  true  begotten  father,  being  more  Uuun  Kind- 
blind,  hhjh  grmvel-blind,  knowi  me  not"— ShaXtrp.  -' 
MirdtaM  if  rente,  ii.  X 

sand-blindness,  >.  The  state  of  being 
•and- blind. 

sand-board,  >. 

VMdes:  A  bar  over  the  hind  axle  and 
parallel  therewith.  It  rests  upon  the  hind 
hounds  where  they  cross  the  axle. 

sand-box, ». 

I.  Onl.  Lang. :  A  box  with  perforated  top, 
for  sprinkling  paper  with  sand  in  the  manner 
of  a  pounce-box. 

II.  1'KhnieaUi: 

1.  Bat. :  [HuRA]. 

2.  Bail-eng. :  A  box  filled  with  sand,  usually 
placed  in  front  of  the  driving-wheel,  with  a 
pipe  to  guide  the  sand  to  the  rail,  to  be  used 
when  the  wheels  slip  on  the  rails,  owing  to 
frost  or  wet 

sand-boy,  s.  A  007  employed  in  carrying 
or  carting  sand. 

sand-bog,  s. 

Entmn. :  A  hymenopterous  insect,  Anmo- 
phi'.a  arenaria.  (Avter.) 

sand-burned, .?. 

Found. :  When  the  heat  of  the  melted  metal 
cast  into  a  mould  affects  the  surface  of  the 
sand  so  as  to  subject  it  to  a  partial  fusion, 
whereby  it  adheres  to  and  even  unites  more 
or  less  with  the  surface  of  the  metal,  giving  a 
rough  result,  the  casting  is  said  to  be  sand- 
burned.  This  defect  is  caused  by  the  un- 
suitable nature  of  the  sand  or  the  want  of 
proper  blacking  on  the  mould. 

sand-canal,  >. 

Zool.  :  The  tube  by  which  water  is  conveyed 
from  the  exterior  to  the  ambulncral  system 
of  the  Echinodermata.  Called  also  Stone- 
canal. 

sand-corn,  s.    A  grain  of  sand. 
sand-crab, «. 

Zool, :  The  genus  Ocypoda  (q.v.X 

sand-crack,  s.  A  Assure  or  perpendicu- 
lar crack  in  the  hoof  of  a  horse,  causing  lame- 
ness, if  neglected. 

sand-dart,  ».    ' 

Entom. :   A    British,   night-moth,    Agrotis 

fipO3. 

sand-drift,  5.  Drifting  or  drifted  sand ; 
ft  mound  or  heap  of  drifted  sand. 

sand  dune, «.    The  same  as  DONE  (1),  *.. 
H.  (q.v.X 
sand-eel,  i. 

Ichtliy. :  A  popular  name  for  the  genus 
AmraodytesCq.v.),  and  especially  for  Ammo- 
dytes  lanceolatia,  called  also  the  Greater,  to 


distinguish  it  from  A.  cobiurnts,  the  Lesser 
Saml-eel.  They  live  in  shoals,  and  are  much 
*  after  by  fishermen,  who  discover  their 
pivsrnee  on  the  surface  by  watrlim^'  the  por- 
poises which  feed  on  them.  (Giintker.) 

sand-flag,  5.    Sandstone  of  a  lamellar  or 

fljg,-y  structure. 

sand-flea,  i. 

Entom. :  Pulcx  (or  SarcopsyUa)  irritant,  the 
Chigre  (q.v.),  from  its  living  in  sand. 

sand-flood,  >.  A  vast  body  of  sand 
moving  or  borne  along  the  desert**  of  Arabia. 

sand-fluke,  sand  necker,  i. 

Ichthy.  :  Platessa.  limamloides. 
sand  fly,  e. 

Entom. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  8imu- 
llam  (q.v.). 

"  Under  the  nnme  of  *ind-Hlt9  they  Are  well-known 
plftgnee  in  HIAIIJ-  piirta  of  N'orth  AmeriOA."— C\ulfil't 
Sat.  Ilitt..  vi.  1UJ. 

sand-gall,  s.    [SAND-PIPE.] 
sand-glass,  s.    An  hour  glass  (q.T.). 
sand-grasses,  >.  jH. 
Bot. :  Grasses  which  'tend  to  bind  the  sand, 
as  Psa.rn.ma  arenaria,  Ate. 

sand-grouse,  >.  pi. 

Ornith. :  The  family  Pteroclidie(q.v.),  called 
also  Rock-pigeons.  Elegantly  formed  birds, 
with  pointed  tails,  and  plumage  of  beauti- 
fully varied  protective  tints.  They  are  pre- 
eminently desert-birds,  and  are  found  In  great 
numbers  in  the  most  arid  situations  and  on 
the  most  open  and  barren  plains.  Their  food 
consists  of  hard  seeds  and  insects.  I'teroclfs 
setarins  is  the  Pin-tailed  Sand-grouse,  and  Syr- 
rhaptes  paradoxes  Pallas' s  Sand-grouse. 

sand-beat,  ».  The  heat  of  warmed  sand 
in  chemical  operations. 

sand-hopper,  s. 

Zool. :  (1)  The  genus  Talitrus,  and  espe- 
cially Talitna  locuita;  (2)  The  genus  Gam- 
munis. 

sand-jet,  ».     [SAND-BLAST.] 
sand-lark,  >.    The  dotterel  (q.v.), 

"Tbe  land-tart  chants  a  juyiius  aottg." 

H-ardiuartk  :  /<«•  SUflvrd  *>>«. 

sand  lannce,  s.    [LAUXCE  (i),  ».] 

sand-leek,  >. 

Bat. :  Allmm  Soorodopnwum,  a  species  of 
leek  rare  in  Britain,  but  distributed  over  the 
European  continent,  except  Spain. 

sand  lizard,  a. 

Z»ol. :  Locerta  agilis,  about  seven  inches 
long,  of  which  the  tail  is  four  ;  palatal  teeth. 
Usual  colour  sandy-brown,  with  obscure 
longitudinal  bands  of  a  darker  hue,  line  of 
round  black  spots  on  side.  The  female  lays 
twelve  to  fourteen  eggs  in  the  sand,  covers 
them,  and  leaves  them  to  be  hatched  by  solar 
heat.  Common  near  Poole,  Dorsetshire,  and 
in  northern  and  central  Europe. 

sand-martin,  t. 

Ornith. :  Hirundo  riparta,  called  also  the 
Bank-martin  and  Bank-swallow.  Length  about 
six  inches ;  upper  parts  and  a  broad  band 
across  the  breast  grayish  brown,  lower  parts 
brownish  white.  It  makes  its  nest  in  the 
steep  banks  of  rivers,  sand-pits,  quarries, 
and  sea-banks,  and  deposits  four  or  five  white 
eggs.  It  breeds  in  Britain,  but  goes  south  in 
autumn  returning  again  in  spring. 

sand-mole,  s. 

Zool.  :  Bathyerrrus  maritimus,  a  rodent  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  is  about  the  size 
of  a  wild  rabbit,  with  light  grayish-brown  fur, 
rather  variable  in  tint  in  different  individuals. 
The  eyes  are  very  small ;  external  ears  want- 
ing ;  tail  short. 

sand-monitor,  s. 

Zool. :  Monitor  (or  Psammosaurus)annariu3, 
the  Land-crocodile  of  Herodotus.  It  is  less 
carnivorous  than  the  Monitor  of  the  Nile. 

sand-myrtle,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Leiophyllum.    (American.) 

Sand  necker,  s.    [SAND-FLOKE.] 

sand-paper.  s.  An  abrading  agent  made 
by  coating  paper  or  thin  cotton  cloth  with 
glue  and  dusting  fine  sand  over  It  with  a 
sieve.  Sand-paper  is  Intermediate  between 


glass-paper  and  emery-paper  in  its  action  on 
metals,  but  is  less  energetic  than  glass-paper 
in  its  action  on  wood. 

Sand-paper  tree  : 

Bat.:  Curatetta.  cmeruxam. 

sand-paper,  v.t.  To  rub  down  or  polish 
with  band-paper. 

sand  picture,  s.  A  picture  formed  by 
the  combination  uf  sands  of  various  tints,  so 
as  to  produce  a  general  ettect  like  colours. 

sand-pipe,  sand-gall,  s. 

Geol.  (PI.):  Deep  cylindrical  hollows  in  a 
vertical  direction  found  in  England,  France, 
and  elsewhere,  penetrating  the  white  clnlk 
and  tilled  with  sand  and  gravel.  One  seen 
by  Sir  Chas.  Lyell  at  Norwich  in  18:i»  was 
twelve  feet  in  diameter,  and  more  than  sixty 
feet  deep.  Mr.  Trimmer  attributed  them  to 
the  action  of  the  sea  on  a  beach  or  shoal ; 
Lyell  to  the  chemical  action  of  water  charged 
with  carbonic  acid,  derived  from  the  vegetable 
soil  and  the  roots  of  trees,  on  the  chalk  below. 

sand-piper,  s.    [SANDPIPER.] 
sand  plovers,  s.  pi. 
Ornith. :  The  genus  ,£gialitis. 
sand-prey,  sand  pride,  ».     [PRIM 

(2),  S-J 

sand-pump,  s.  A  cylindrical  case  or 
metallic  tube  having  a  valve  at  bottom 
opening  upwardly.  Its  ofilce  is  to  remove 
the  sand  which  collects  in  the  bore  when  a 
well  is  being  drilled. 

sand-rock,  s.  A  rock  composed  of  ce- 
mented sand. 

sand-roll,  s.  A  roll  for  a  rolling-mill, 
for  instance, — cast  in  sand,  as  distinguished 
from  a  chill-roll,  one  cast  on  a  chill. 

sand-scoop,  >.  A  shovel  for  obtaining 
sand  from  the  bottom  of  a  river. 

sand  shot,  s. 

Ordn. :  Small  cast-iron  balls,  such  as  grape, 
canister,  or  case,  cast  in  sauu.  Larger  balls 
are  cast  in  iron  moulds. 

sand-skipper,  s. 

Zool. :  Gaimtiarus  marlnus.  (Darwin :  De- 
Kent  of  Man  (ed.  1885),  p.  270.) 

sand-smelt,  s.    [ ATHKRISA.] 

sand-snakes,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  family  Etyoidie.  They  frequent 
sandy  or  dry  places,  and  burrow  beneath  the 
surface. 

sand-star,  *. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Ophinra. 

sand-storm,  «.  A  storm  or  cloud  of 
drifting  sand. 

sand  sucker,  s. 

Ichthy.:  Hippoglossoidet  limandoida,  the 
Rough-dab  (q.v.). 

sand-tube,  s.    A  fulgorite  (q.v.). 
sand-wasp,  *. 

Zool.  (PI.):  A  popular  name  for  the  fosso- 
rlal  Hymenoptera,  particularly  those  coloured 
like  ordinary  wasps,  from  which  however 
they  may  be  distinguished  by  their  wings  not 
being  folded.  Specially,  the  fossorial  genus 
Ammophila  (q.v.). 

sand-worm,  >. 

Zool. :  Nereis  verficolor. 

sand,  v.t.    [SAND,  «.] 

1.  To  sprinkle  with  sand  ;  specif.,  to  pow» 
dcr  with  sand,  as  a  freshly  [tainted  surface, 
in  order  to  make  it  resemble  stone.  [SANDED.) 

*  2.  To  force  or  drive  upon  a  sand. 

"  Travellers  and  swMnen,  when  they  bare  been 
tnni!>-ii  or  duned  ou  ft  rock."— Burton :  Anatomy  tf 
Melancholy,  p.  148. 

san-dal  (1),    *  san'  dall,   "  sen  dall,  ». 

[Fr.  sdndale,  from  Lat.  'satidalium,  from  Gr. 
ravfajuov  (amdalion),  dimin.  of  irdrta^ar 
(aandalon)  =  a  sandal ;  Pers.  sandol.} 

1.  A  protection  for  the  sole  of  the  fbot.  It 
consists  merely  of  a  sole,  with  sometimes  a 
shield  at  the  toe  and  heel,  leaving  the  upper 
part  of  the  foot  bare,  and  is  secured  by  straps 
passing  over  the  instep  and  around  the  ankle. 
Sandals  were  worn  by  the  Jews,  and  most 
Oriental  nations,  as  well  as  by  the  Greeks  and 
Romans,  but  appear  to  hare  been  to  a  great 


boil,  boy;  pout.  Jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  y*<",  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  oyist.    -Ing, 
-clan, -tian  =  ahan.   -ttoa,  -<ion  =  shun;  -|lon,  -sion  =  zhun,   -clous,  -tloos,  -flieOB  =  shua.   -Die,  -die,  &c,  =  be].  d«L 


4104 


sandal— sandy 


extent  supplanted,  even  among  the  Orientals, 
by  shoes.     Originally  made  of  leather  they 
became  in  time  articles  of  great  luxury,  being 
made  of  gold,  silver,  &c.,  and  ornamented. 
"  Neither  have  they  the  uw>  of  stocking*  and  shoes. 

bat  a  sort  of  ntndalt  are  worn  by  UM  bettor  sort."— 

Dampifr:   royayet(*n.  1688). 

2.  The  official  shoe  of  an  abbot  or  bishop. 
They  were  commonly  made  of  red  leather, 
sometimes  of  silk  or  velvet  richly  embroidered. 

3  A  tic  or  strap  for  fastening  a  shoe  over 
fce  foot,  or  round  the  ankle. 

*  sandal  shoon,  «.  pi.    Sandals. 

'•  He  wore  his  mndal-thoon  and  scailop-*hell." 

Byron:  Child*  Harold,  IT.  186. 

•an'-dal  (2),  s.  [Fr.,  from  Pers.  chandal,  chan- 
*m,  from  Sausc.  chandana.]  Sandal-wood. 

sandal  tree,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Sandoricum  (q  v.). 

sandal  wood,  s. 

Bot.,  Comm.,  Ac. :  The  wood  of  Santalum 
alburn,  a  small,  greatly- branched,  evergreen 
tree,  with  leaves  opposite  and  entire,  which 
have  been  compared  to  those  of  the  myrtle, 
as  the  inflorescence,  an  axillary  and  terminal 
thyrsus,  has  been  to  that  of  the  privet. 
The  flowers  are  at  first  yellowish,  but  after- 
wards of  a  deep  ferruginous  hue.  Though  they 
are  inodorous,  the  wood  when  cut,  especially 
near  the  root,  is  highly  fragrant.  It  grows  in 
the  dry  region  of  Southern  India,  and  in  the 
islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago.  When 
felled  the  trunk  is  about  nine  inches  or  a  foot 
in  diameter.  It  is  then  barked,  cut  into 
billets,  and  buried  in  a  dry  place  for  about  two 
months.  It  is  largely  exported  from  India  to 
China  and  Arabia,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  to 
Europe.  The  heart-wood  is  used  in  the  East 
for  carving,  for  incense,  and  for  perfume. 
The  seeds  yield  by  expression  a  thick  and 
viscid  oil,  burnt  by  the  poorer  classes  in 
India.  An  essential  oil  is  also  distilled  from 
the  wood.  Hindoo  doctors  consider  sandal- 
wood  sedative  and  cooling,  and  use  it  in 
gonorrhoea.  The  sandal-wood  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  is  derived  from  Santalum  Frey- 
cinetianum  and  S.  panicutatum.  Red  sandal- 
wood  is  the  wood  of  Pterocarpus  santalinus, 
growing  in  Coromandel  and  Ceylon.  In 
British  pharmacy  it  is  used  only  to  colour 
the  compound  tincture  of  lavender.  In  India 
the  name  is  also  given  to  Adenantkera  pa- 
vonina, 

tan'-dal,  a,  [Etym.  doubtful.]  (See  com- 
pound.) 

sandal  brick,  *.  A  brick  imperfectly 
burned.  (Prov.) 

san-dal-I-fonn,  a.  [Eng.  sandal  (1) ;  i  con- 
nective, and  form.]  Shaped  like  a  sandal  or 
slipper. 

san-dalled,  a.    [Eng.  sandal  (1) ;  •«*.] 
L  Wearing  sandals. 

"  Of  IUTM  Mid  sandoKed  feet  the  trace." 

8eott :  Jformion,  11.  t. 

2.  Shaped  like  a  sandal  or  slipper ;  having 
the  appearance  of  a  sandal. 

•an'-dal-wort,  *.  [Eng.  sandal  (2),  and 
wort.] 

Bot.  (PI.):  The  Santalace*.    (Lindley.) 
san-da    rach,    tsand-rach,   *.     [Lat. 

tandaraca ;  Or.  o-aco'apaKi),  o-at-d'apax1?  (san~ 
darake,  sandarache) ;  Arab,  sandarus ;  Pers. 
sandarah,  sandar  =  realgar,  from  Sansc.  sin- 
dura;  Fr.  sandaraque  ;  8p.  A  Port,  sandaraca; 
Ital.  sandaracca,  sandracca.] 

CJiem. :  Qum-sandarach  (q.v.). 

sandarach  tree,  sandrach  tree,  s. 

Bot. :  Callitris  quadHvalvu,  called  also 
Thuja  articulata.  [CALLITRIS.] 

Band  bank,  a,  [Eng.  sand,  and  bank.]  A 
bank  of  sand ;  especially  one  formed  by  tides 
or  currents. 

•and-berg' -er-ite,  *.  [After  the  German 
mineralogist,  F.  Sandberger ;  suff.  -ite(Min.).] 
Mi*.:  A  variety  of  Tennantite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining over  7  per  cent,  each  of  zinc  and 
antimony.  The  cleavage  is  stated  to  be  cubic. 
Found  at  Morococha,  Peru. 

B&nd-ed,  a.     [Eng.  Kind;  -«&] 

1.  Sprinkled  with  sand. 

"Bat  bU  boate  1*  now  an  ale-house,  with  A  nletlj 
sanded  floor*  Lotigftlloif :  Nuremberg. 


2.  Covered  with  sand  ;  sandy. 


3.  Of  a  sandy  colour. 

"  My  hounds  are  bred  out  of  the  Spartan  kind, 
Bo  flew'd,  so  tandid,  mud  their  heads  tire  hung 
With  e»r«  that  tweep  *w»y  the  morning  dew." 

SHaketp.  :  Midtummer  Night  t  Dream,  IT.  L, 

4.  Short-sighted.    (Prov.) 

San-de-ma'-nl-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Belonging  to,  or  characteristic 
of  the  sect  described  under  B. 

B.  As  substantive: 

Church  Hist.  (PL)  :  The  followers  of  Robert 
Sandeman,  who,  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  introduced  into  England 
and  America  the  doctrine  of  the  Glassites. 
The  body  is  not  numerous.  They  have  a 
weekly  communion,  and  dine  together  every 
Lord's  day,  admit  new  members  with  a  kiss 
of  charity,  abstain  from  blood,  wash  each 
other's  feet,  and  each  member  is  bound,  to  tlie 
full  extent  of  his  income,  to  support  his 
church  and  the  poor. 

San  de-ma  -nl-an-ism,  s.  [Eng.  Sande- 
manian  ;  -ism.]  The  principles  or  doctrines 
of  the  Sandemanians. 

sand  -er-ling,  s.  [Named  from  its  method 
of  seeking  its  food.  (See  extract.)] 

OrnUh.  :  CaUidria  arenaria,  described  by 
Saunders  as  "a  Tringa  without  a  hind  toe,"  a 
winter  visitant,  arriving  about  the  beginning 
of  August  and  leaving  about  April.  The 
adult  male  is  about  eight  inches  long,  female 
slightly  larger.  The  summer  plumage  is 
sombre  on  the  upper  surface,  edged  with  red, 
the  whole  becoming  light  ash-gray  in  winter  ; 
under  surface  pure  white. 

"The  tanderling  obtains  it*  food  principally  by 
probing  the  moist  saads  of  the  sea-shores,  Ana  the 
contents  of  the  stomachs  of  those  shot  while  thus 
occupied  were  slender  sea-worms,  minuto  shell-fish, 
travel,  and  crmstacea.  '—  farrtU  :  BritiA  Binlt  (ed. 
4th).  111.  428. 

san  -ders,  a.    [SANDAL  (2),  s.] 

sanders    wood,  *.      [RED   SAUKDERS- 

WOOD.J 

san  -de-ver,  *.    [&ANOIVEB.] 

tsand  grind-er.*.  [Eng.  sand,  undgrindtr.] 
A  grinder  of  sandstone  ;  the  coarse  powder 
thus  produced  being  extensively  used  by 
cottagers  in  Lancashire  to  spread  upon  their 
stone  floors.  (Notes  A  Queries,  March  3.  1883, 
p.  166.) 

sand-hill,  *.  [Eng.  sand,  and  hill.]  A  bill 
or  mound  of  sand  ;  a  hill  covered  with  sand. 

sand'-f-neSS,  s.     [Eng.  sandy;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sandy,  or  of 
containing  or  being  composed  of  sand. 

2.  The  state  of  being  of  a  sandy  colour. 

*  sand'  -fen,  a.  [Eng.  yand;  -ish.]  Resem- 
bling sand  in  structure  or  composition  ;  loose  ; 
not  compact. 

"Plant  tbe  tenuifoliaa  and  ranunculuses  In  fresh 
MnduA  earth,  taken  from  under  tbe  turf."—  Evelyn  : 
Kaltndar. 

san  -dJ-ver,  Ban  -de  ver,  s.  [A  corrupt 
of  Fr.  suint-de-verre  =  grease  of  glass.]  A 
saline  scum  which  rises  to  the  surface  of  fused 
glass  in  the  pot,  and  is  skimmed  off.  It  is 
used,  when  pulverized,  as  a  polishing  material. 
Called  also  Glass-gall  or  Sadwei. 

•san  dlx,  *san-dyx,  *.  flat,  from  Gr. 
o-a^vf  (sandux)  =  a  bright  red  colour.] 

Alchemy:  Redlead  prepared  by  calcining 
carbonate  of  lead.  (Brandt  £  Cox.) 

san-dor  -i-cum,  *.  [From  Malay  santoor  = 
tbe  name  of  the  tree.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Trichiliese.  The  wood  of 
Sandoricum  indicum,  an  evergreen  Burmese 
tree,  is  used  in  India  for  carts  and  boat- 
building. The  root,  combined  with  that  of 
Carapa  obovata,  is  given  against  leucorrhoea, 

sand  -pl-per,  *.  [Eng.  sand,  «.,  and  piper.] 
1.  Ornith.:  A  popular  name  for  several 
European  Wading-birds.  Yarrell  (ed.  4th) 
enumerates  the  following  :  The  Buff-breasted 
Sandpiper  (Tringa  rufesctna),  Bartram's  Sand- 
piper (Bartramia  longicauda,  formerly  Totanus 
bartramii),  the  Common  Sandpiper  or  Summer 
Snipe  (Totanus  hypoleucus),  the  Spotted  Sand- 
piper (Totanus  macularis),  the  Green 
Sandpiper  (Totanus  ochropus),  and  the  Wood 


Sandpiper  (Totanus  glareola).     In  the  plural 
it  Is  a  book-name  for  the  Totaninae  (q.v.). 

2.  Ichthy.  :  Petromyzon  branchialis,  thf 
larva  of  which  has  been  long  known  under  the 
name  of  Ammncoetes.  (Gunther.)  [AMMO- 
OOTTES,  PRIDE  (2).] 

sand  -Stone,  s.    [Eng.  sand,  and  stone.] 

Petrol.  <t  Geol.  :  Any  stone  which  is  an 
agglutination  of  grains  of  sand,  whether 
calcareous,  siliceous,  ur  of  any  other  mineral 
nature.  (Lyell.)  Siliceous  sandstones  are 
the  most  common.  .They  vary  in  compact- 
ness from  scarcely  cemented  sand  to  a 
hardness  approaching  that  of  quartz  rock, 
The  grains  may  be  held  together  by  an  iron 
oxide,  or  calcareous  matter,  or  by  simple 
pressure.  When  very  fine  in  grain,  they  are 
called  freestones  ;  when  coarse  and  composed 
of  angular  or  subangular  grains  of  sand,  they 
become  grits  ;  when  pebbly,  pudding-stones. 
Loose  and  friable  sandstones  do  not  as  a  rule 
preserve  fossils  well.  They  are  often  deeply 
ripple-marked,  and  occasionally  preserve  foot- 

Srints  or  the  indentations  made  by  old  rain- 
rops.      Sandstones    occur   in    nearly  every 
geological  formation  from  the  Cambrian  to 
the  Tertiary.      Many  furnish  building-  and 
paving-stones.     [RED-SANDSTONE.] 


$.  [So  called  after  John  Montagu, 
fourth  Earl  of  Sandwich,  Kent,  who  used  to 
have  sandwiches  brought  to  him  at  the  gaming 
table,  to  enable  him  to  play  without  leaving  ofl'.] 

1.  Two  thin  slices  of  bread,  plain  or  buttered, 
with  a  slice    of  meat,    as    ham,   beef,   &c., 
seasoned  with  mustard,  between  them. 

2.  Heuce,  applied  to  anything  resembling  a 
sandwich,  i.e.,  consisting  of  a  person  or  thing 
placed  between  two  different  things. 

"An  unstamped  advertisement  walking  leisurely 
down  Holborn  Hill  ...  an  animated  Sandtetck,  coin- 
poeed  of  a  boy  between  two  boards.  "—  AJcfem:  ,Si«trA« 
oy  fibz  ;  Dancing  A  cademy. 

*  3.  Applied  incorrectly  to  the  advertise- 
ment boards  carried  by  a  sandwich-man. 

"  The  double  sign-boards,  or  tandtrichti.  which  con. 
ceal  his  body."—  Scribner't  Magaxint,  Aug.,  1680,  p.  COT. 

sandwich-boat,  s. 

Aquatics:  A  term  applied  at  Oxford  to  the 
boat  which  having  come  to  the  head  of  the 
second  division  is  made  to  row  at  the  tail  of 
the  first. 

"  In  the  flnt  division  Wadhiun,  M  tandieich-boat. 
made  a  second  bump,  Lincoln  being  the  victims."  — 
Pall  Mall  8<u*0e,  Feb.  38,  1884. 

sandwich-man,  s.  A  man  who  walks 
about  carrying  two  advertisement  boards,  one 
in  front  and  one  behind, 

"In  addition  to  his  bill.  boards,  the  tandteich-man 
curies  In  glass  cases  sample  boot*,  sample  shirts. 
•ample  weather-strips."—  Scribrwt  Maoatine,  Aug., 
1680,  p.  609. 

Sandwich-tern,  ». 

Ornith.  :  Sterna  cantiaca,  first  observed  in 
England  at  Sandwich  (whence  its  popular 
name),  in  1784,  by  Boys.  It  is  a  summer 
visitant,  leaving  In  August.  Wings  and  back 
pearl-gray,  breast  white,  head  above  the  eye* 
black.  Length  about  fifteen  inches. 

sand  -wich,  v.t.    [SANDWICH,  *.] 

1.  To  make   into  a  sandwich  ;    to  insert 
between  dissimilar  things,  as  the  meat  in  a 
sandwich  between  the  slices  of  bread  ;  to  fit 
between  other  parts. 

"  These  proceedings  were  tandwiched  with  vocal  and 
Instrumental  selections."—  Rrftrte,  April,  18,  ISM. 

2.  Specif.  :  To  interpose,  as  a  rail  between 
two  sleepers  or  thicknesses. 

sand'-wood,  s.    [Eng.  sand,  and  wood.] 
Bot.  :  Bremontiera  Ammoxylon, 

•and  -wort,  *.    [Eng.  sand,  and  wort] 
Bot.  :  The  genus  Arenaria  (q.v.). 

sand   y,    *  sand-ie,    *  sond  i,   a.      (Eng. 
sand;  -y.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  Consisting  or  composed  of  sand;  abound- 
ing in  sand  ;  covered  with  sand. 

"  There  are  a  few  low  boshes  of  Barton-wood,  bat 
they  are  mostly  barren  and  tandy.  bearing  nothing 
but  only  a  little  chicken-  weed.  "—AtmpUr  .'  yovagag 
(ML  1076). 

2.  Of  the  colour  of  sand  ;  of  a  light  reddish- 
yellow  colour  :  as,  sandy  hair. 

*  II.    Fig.  :   Like  sand  ;   hence,  nestable, 
shifting  ;  not  firm  or  solid. 

"The  sandy  foundation  of  human  ijitemm."  —  JTnar; 


ate,  at,  fire,  amidst,  what,  All,  father;   we.  wit,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  »ire,  «ir,  marine;   go,  jrft 
or.  wore,  woU  work.  w>«d.  tin;  mote,  ettb,  cure,  vtlte,  cnr.  rule,  f&ll ;  try,  Sfrlan.    «B.  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  i;  «n  =  kw. 


sandyx — sanguisuge 


4105 


sandy  carpet,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Emme- 
Itsia  ilecolorata. 

sandy-laverock,  s.  The  sand-lark,  the 
•uiderling.  (Scotch.) 

"Bare  naething  but  windle-straes  and  tandy-lave- 
roct*. "—Scott:  Old  Mortality,  ch.  vii. 

Bandy-ray,  s. 

Ichthy.  :  Raid  circularis.  There  are  from 
eight  to  sixteen  small  spots  about  the  size  of 
a  pea  on  the  back. 

•  SJVn  -dyx,  s.    [SANDIX.] 

sane,  a.  [Lat.  sanus  =  of  sound  mind,  whole, 
allied  to  Gr.  <raos,  <ris  (saos,  sos)  =  whole, 
sound.] 

1.  Sound  iu  mind  ;    of  sound  mind  ;   not 
deranged ;  having  the  regular  exercise  of  reason 
and  other  faculties  of  the  mind  ;  as,  a  sane 
person. 

2.  Not  deranged  or  disordered :  as,  a  aane 
mind. 

•  a  Sound,  healthy.    (A  Latinism.) 
Bane  memory,  s. 

Law :  Perfect  and  sound  mind  and  memory 
to  do  any  lawful  act,  &c.  (IVharton.) 

Banc-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  sane;  ~ly.]  In  a  sane 
manner  :  as,  He  talked  sandy. 

franc  -  ness,  *.  [Eng.  sane ;  -ness,]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sane,  or  of  sound 
mind ;  sanity. 

sang,  pret.  ofv.    [SiNG.] 
sang,  s.    [SoNO.]    (Scotch.} 

Bang,  s.  [See  de/.]  A  corruption  of  Ginseng. 
(q.v.). 

Sari  -ga,  sari  -gu,  s.    [Native  name.) 
ZooL  :  The  Galla  ox  (q.v.). 

Bari-ga-ree'.  *•  tSp.  sangria  =  the  incision  of 
a  vein,  a  drink,  from  sangre;  Lat.  sanguis  = 
blood.]  Wine  and  water  sweetened  and  spiced, 
and  sometimes  iced,  used  as  a  refreshing  drink 
in  warm  countries  or  warm  weather. 

sari  ga  ree ,  v.t.  &  i.    [&ANOABEE,  s,] 

A.  Trans. :  To  reduce  in  strength  and 
sweeten.  (Applied  to  fermented  liquors,  as 
ale,  wine,  &c.) 

*  B*  Intrans.  :  To  drink  sangaree. 

sang-froid  (as  sari  fwa),  s.  [Fr.  =  cold 
blood.]  Freedom  from  agitation  or  excite- 
ment ;  coolness,  indifference,  calmness. 

"  There  he  stood  with  such  tangfroid,  that  greater 
Could  scarce  be  shown  even  by  a  mere  spectator." 
Byron :  Don  Juan,  T.  21. 

san  gi  ac,  5.    [SANJAK.] 

sari  gi  a-cate,  s.    [SANJAKATI.) 

Bang  Her.  s.    [Fr.] 
Her. ;  A  wild  boar. 

sari   gre  al,  *  sari  -gra  al,  *.    [Lit.  =  the 

holy  dish.]    [GRAIL.]    The  graiL 

sari  -gu,  s.    [SANOA.J 

*sari-guif-er-ous,a.  [Lat.  sanguis  =  blood, 
and  fero  =  to  produce,  to  bear.]  Conveying 
blood. 

"There  belongs  to  it  the  optick  nerve,  and  according 
to  modern  discoveries,  lymphaedueta,  besides  tanguf- 
ferout  vessels.'1— Boyle:  Work*,  vl.  786. 

^  The  sanguiferous  system  includes  the 
heart,  the  aorta  and  other  arteries,  the  veins, 
to. 

*Bari-gui-fl'-ca'-tloilf  ?.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
ianguis  =  blood,  and/acio=to  make.]  The 
production  of  blood ;  the  conversion  of  the 
chyle  into  blood, 

"The  lungs  are  the  first  and  chief  instrument  ol 
Sanguification."— Arbuthnot :  On  Alimentt,  ch.  ii. 

•sari-gul-fi-er,  *.  [Eng.  sanguify;  -«r.)  A 
producer  of  blood. 

"Bitten,  like  choler,  an  the  best  lanffuijlfri,  and 
also  the  best  febrifuges." — Floyer :  On  the  Humour*. 

•Ban-gnir-lu-ous,  a.  [Lat.  sanguis  = 
blood,  and  Jluo  ~  to  flow.]  Floating  or  run- 
ning with  blood. 

••an-gui-fy,   *  son -gui-fie,    v.i.     [Lat. 

sanguis  =  blood,  and  facio  (pass.  Jlo)  —  to 
make.]    To  produce  blood. 

"I  walk,  I  see.  I  hear,  I  digest,  I  ta*yuifie,  I 
ttlfle,"— Halt :  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  31. 


sari-gulg'-en-ous,  a.  [Lat.  sanguis  = 
blood,  aud  gigno  (pa.  t.  genui)  =  to  beget.] 
Producing  blood. 

*  san'  -gum,  a.  &  «.    [SANGUINE.] 

son  guin-ar  -i  a,  s.  [Fern,  of  Lat.  sanguin- 
aTius  —  pertainin'g  to  blood.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Papaveracese.  Sanguin- 
orta  canadensis  is  the  Puccoon  (q.v.).  It  is 
an  emetic  and  purgative  in  small  doses  ;  but 
in  large  ones  a  stimulant,  diaphoretic,  and  ex- 
pectorant. 

sari'-guln-ar-l-ly;  adv.  [Eng.  sanguinary; 
•ly.}  In  a  sanguinary  manner  ;  blood  thirstily. 

sari  gum  a  rine,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.  sanguin- 
ar(ia);  -ine.] 

Chem.  :  C^H^NO.!.  An  alkaloid  possessing 
the  same  composition  and  characters  as 
Chelerythrine  (q.v.),  but  extracted  from  San- 
guinaria  canadensis. 

Sari  -guln  or-i-n6ss,  s.  [Eng.  sanguinary  ; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sanguinary. 

san'-guln-a-ry;  a.  [Fr.  sanguinaire,  from 
Lat.  Bangui  n  arius  from  sanguis  =  blood  ;  Sp. 
&  Ital.  sanguinario.] 

1.  Consisting  of  blood,  formed  of  blood. 

2.  Attended  with  bloodshed,  bloody. 

"Every  victory  gained  by  either  party  had  been 
followed  by  a  tanyuinary  proscription."—  Macau!  ay  : 
Uitt.  of  Eng.,  ch.  XT. 

3.  Bloodthirsty,  cruel,  murderous. 

"  One  shelter  (1  hare 
Has  never  heard  the  $unguinarv  yell 
Of  cruel  man."  Cotoper:  Talk,  11L  886. 

Ban'~gnln-a-r^,  ».     [Lat.  sanguinaria  (herba) 
=  (a  herb)"  that   stanches    blood  ;    Fr.  san- 
guinaire,] 
Bot.  :  Achillea  Millefolium.    [MILFOIL.] 

sari  -gnine,  *  sari  -gnin,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  san- 
guin,  from  Lat.  saiiguineus,  from  sanguis; 
genit.  sanguinis  =  blood  ;  Sp.  sanguino,  san- 
guineo  ;  Ital.  sanguineo,  sanguigno.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
*1.  Abounding  with  blood,  full  of  blood, 
bloody. 
*  2.  Having  the  colour  of  blood  ;  red. 

"  Sanguine  streamers  seem  the  flood  to  fire.  ' 

Itrydtn  :  Annul  MirabUit,  clii. 

3.  Abounding  with    blood  ;    plethoric  ;    of 
full  habit,  vigour,  muscularity,   activity  of 
circulation,  &c.  :  as,  a  sanguine  temperament, 
or  habit  of  body. 

If  The  sanguine  or  sanguineous  temperament 
Is  characterized  by  red  or  light  brown  hair, 
blue  eyes,  a  partly  fair  and  partly  florid  com- 
plexion, large  and  superficial  arteries  and 
veins,  a  full  and  rapid  pulse,  slight  perspira- 
tion, impatience  of  heat,  febrile  tendency,  a 
lively  and  cheerful  temper,  and  excitable 
passions. 

4.  Cheerful,  warm,  ardent  :  as,  a  sanguine 
temper. 

5.  Anticipating  the   best;  confident,  not 
despondent  :  as,  He  is  sanguine  of  success. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot.  :  Dull  red,  passing  into  brownish 
black. 

2.  Her.  :  The  same  as  MURREY 
(q.v.).     It  is  denoted  in  engraving 
by  diagonal  lines  crossing  each 
other. 

B.  As  substantive  : 
1.  Blood  colour. 

"  From  which  forth  giisht  a  stream  of  goreblood  thick, 
And  into  a  deepe  tanguine  dide  the  grassy  grownd." 
:  f.Q,.  IL  i.  39. 


*  2.  Red  hematite,  with  which  cutlers  co- 
loured the  hilta  of  swords,  &c. 

*  san'-guine,  v.t.    [SANGUINE,  a.] 

1.  To  stain  with  blood  ;  to  ensanguine. 

2.  To  stain  or  varnish  with  a  blood  colour. 

"  I  would  send 

His  face  to  the  cutlers  then,  and  have  it  tanguin'd," 
Beaum.  A  Flet.:  Captain,  ii.  2. 

*  san  guino-less,  a.    [Eng.  tanguine;  -less. 
Destitute  of  blood  ;  pale. 

*  Ban  -guine-1^,  adv.    lEng.  sanguine;  -ly. 
In  a  sanguine  manner;  ardently,  hopefully 
with  confidence. 

"This  task  has  been  undertaken  accordingly  1>; 
every  divine,  tanffuind  y  and  dogmatically  by  most. 
—Botingbroke  :  Frag.  ofEuayt,  ess.  26. 


sau -gulue-ness,  s.     lEug.  sanguine;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sanguine ; 
redness  ;  colour  of  blood. 

2.  Fulness  of  blood;  plethora. 

3.  Ardour,  confidence. 

"Ran,  vr  phreusy  it  may  be,  in  some  perhaps 
natural  courage,  or  tanyuineneu  of  temper  In  others." 
— Decay  of  Piety. 

san-guIn'-S-otis,  a.     [Lat  sanguineus,  from 
sangu-is,  genit.  sanguinis  =  blood.] 

1.  Pertaining   to    or   constituting   blood  ; 
bloody. 

2.  Of  a  blood  or  red  colour ;  red,  crimson. 

3.  Abounding  with  blood ;  plethoric,  san- 
guine. 

"  A  jitethorick  constitution,  in  which  true  blood 
abounds,  Is  called  tanyuin«vut."—Arb*lhnot. 

4.  Having  blood. 

"  To  revive  the  expired  motion  of  the  parts  even  ot 
perfect  mid  tanfftiineout  animals,  when  they  seemed 
to  have  been  kil'led."-floj!f/«.-  Works,  iii.  124. 

*  5.  Confident,  ardent,  sanguine. 

*  Ban-guln'-i-t&  «.    [Eng.  tanguin(e);  -ity.] 

1.  Sanguineness. 

2.  Consanguinity. 

"  The  duel  would  have  been  no  breach  of  mnffuinity.' 
— Watpole:  To  Mann,  i.  15. 

*  san-guIn-iV-or-ous,   •  Ban-guiy-Sr- 

OUS,  a.  [Lat.  santjuis,  genit.  sanguinte^ 
blood,  and  voro  =  to  devour.]  Eating  or  sub- 
sisting on  blood. 

8an-guIn-6-lar'-X-a,  ».     [Named  from  tbo 
species  Solen  sanguinolentus,]    [SoLEN.] 

Zool.  A  Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Tellinidse. 
Shell  oval,  compressed,  rounded  in  front, 
attenuated  and  slightly  gaping  behind  ;  hinge- 
teeth  3,  small ;  siphonal  inflection  very  deep; 
ligament  external.  Recent  species  twenty, 
from  the  warmer  seas ;  fossil  thirty,  begin- 
ning in  the  Eocene  of  Europe  and  America, 
(S.  P.  Woodward.)  One  recent  species,  Sangui. 
nolaria  rugosa,  has  an  extremely  wide  range. 

*  Ban-guIn'-d-len-9&  ».     [Eng.  sanguino- 
len(f) ;    -cy.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
sanguiuolent ;  bloodthirstiness,  bloodiness. 

"That  great  red  dragon  with  seven  heads,  so  called 
from  his  tanguinolencv.''—  B.  Mar* :  Mystery  of 
Iniquity,  bk.  i.,  ch.  Tlli.l  4. 

*  san-guin'-^'lent,  a.    [Lat.  sanguinolentus.} 

Tinged  or  mingled  with  blood  ;  bloody. 

"For  the  stopping  of  blood  In  tangulnolent  ulcert 
and  bleeding  wounds."— Fuller:  Worthies;  England, 
cb.ll. 

san' -gui  sorb,  s.    [SANGUISORBA.] 

Bot.  (PI) :  The  Bangui sorbacece.  (Lindley.) 

san-guI-sor'-Da,  s.  [Lat.  sanguis  —  blood, 
and  sorbeo  —  to  suck  in.  Named  from  the 
supposed  vulnerary  properties  of  the  plants.] 
Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Sanguisorbacece 
(q.v.).  Flowers  in  a  head  ;  calyx  four-Iobed, 
superior,  coloured,  with  two  to  four  scales  or 
bracts  at  the  base;  petals  none;  stamens 
four ;  achenes  one  or  two.  Sanguisorba  oflici- 
nalis,  Common  Burnet  (now  Poterium  Sa»- 
guisorba),  yields  good  fodder.  The  root  of 
S.  tanadensis  is  astringent  and  emetic,  and 
its  fruit  Is  said  to  produce  stupefaction. 

san-guI-sor-ba'-cfi-flB,  «.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat 
sanguisorrb(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -acece.] 

Bot. :  Sanguisorbs  ;  an  order  of  Perigynou» 
Exogens,  alliance  Resales.  Herbs  or  under- 
shrubs,  sometimes  spiny.  Leaves  simple, 
lobed,  or  compound,  alternate,  with  stipules ; 
flowers  small,  often  capitate,  sometimes  with 
separate  sexes ;  calyx  with  the  tube  thickened 
and  lined  with  a  disc,  the  limb  three-,  four-, 
or  flve-lobed  ;  stamens  definite ;  ovary  soli- 
tary, simple,  with  the  style  from  its  apex  or 
its  base  ;  stigma  compound  or  simple ;  fruit 
a  one-seeded  nut  enclosed  in  the  indurated 
calyx.  Found  in  Europe,  America,  and  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Known  genera  twelve, 
species  126.  (Lindley.)  Sometimes  reduced 
to  Sanguisorbeee,  a  tribe  of  Rosace*. 

san  gul  sor'-be-ae,  *.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  san- 
guisorb(a);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.}   [SAN- 

OUISORBACEA.] 

*  san-gul-su'-ga,  *.    [Lat.  =  a  blood-sucker, 
a  leech  :  sanguis  ==  blood,  and  sugo  =  to  sn*:k.] 

ZooL :  An  approximate  synonym  of  Hiruda 
(q.v.). 

*  san-gul  suge,  s.  [SANOUISUOA.]  Any  indi- 
vidual of  the  genus  Sanguisuga  (q.v.) 


boll,  bo> ;  pd"ut,  J6>1 ;  cat,  gell,  chorus,  shin,  bench ;  go,  £em ;  thin,  $hiB ;  Bin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,  gu  =  gw. 
-elan,  -tian  =  nh^n,    -tlon,    sion  =  shun;  -tlon,  -sion  =  zhtin.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  -  shiis.     ble,  -die,  etc.  =  bel,  del. 


4106 


Sanhe  drim— santalio 


San  -lie  drim,  t  San  -he-drin.  s.  [iii-b. 
rYinjp  (saxcMetiriu,  from  Gr.  a-vvffyiov  (sun- 
€drion)  =  a  sitting  together,  a  sitting  in  c»un- 
cil,  a  council-board,  a  council  ;  <n>pe£poc  (tun- 
edro3)  =  sitting  together  :  trvv  (*uu)  =  together, 
and  i'Spa  (hedrd)  =  a  seat.] 

Jewish  Antiq.  :  The  superior  court  or  council 
of  the  Jewish  nation.  Tradition  says  that  it  was 
instituted  in  the  time  of  Moses,  and  consisted 
of  seventy-one  members,  viz.,  the  seventy  ciders 
appointed  by  God  (Num.  xi.  17-25),  with  the 
law_,'[\vr  himself  as  president;  but  the  f.u-t 
of  its  Greek  derivation  (see  etym.)  renders  it 
highly  jTobable  that  itdi-1  nut'arise  till  after 
the  Graei:o-  Macedonian  period.  It  is  never 
alluded  to  in  the  Old  Testament,  unless  it  be 
in  2  Chron.  xix.  8.  That  work,  however,  may 
not  have  taken  its  final  form  till  the  period  in 
question.  The  Sanhedrim  luay  have  developed 
from  and  suecv<-ded  the  Great  Synagogue.  The 
tradition  is  that  it  had  seventy-one  members. 
If  so,  the  number  was  probably  fixed  to  put  it 
in  harmony  with  the  court  of  Moses  and  the 
seventy,  and,  if  the  number  of  the  seventy 
disciples  sent  out  by  Jesus  was  fixed  to  con- 
stitute with  him  seventy-one  in  imitation  of 
the  Sanhedrim,  this  would  confirm  the  tradi- 
tion. Bat,  if  Jesus  followed  Moses,  and  not 
the  Sanhedrim,  the  apparent  confirmation 
would  fall  to  the  ground.  The  Sanhedrim 
consisted  of  three  classes  :  first,  the  heads  of 
the  twenty-four  courses  into  which  the  priests 
were  divided  (1  Chron.  xxiv.  4-6),  with  those 
who  had  been  high  priests  (?)  —  the  elders  or 
heads  of  the  people  (Matt.  xvi.  21,  xzvii.  1-3), 
and  the  scribes,  or  lawyers  (Matt.  xxvi.  3). 
They  sat  in  a  crescent,  the  president,  on  a 
higher  seat  than  the  rest,  In  the  middle,  sup- 
ported on  the  right  by  the  vice-president,  and 
on  the  left  by  a  learned  referee.  Herod  was 
summoned  before  the  Sanhedrim  for  putting 
people  to  death,  B.C.  47  (Josejihus  :  Antiq., 
xiv.  9,  §  4),  and  Jesus  was  condemned  by  it 
for  claiming  to  be  the  Messiah  (Matt.  xxvi. 
57-66).  Shortly  before  this  it  had  lost  the 
power  of  life  and  death  (John  xvrii.  31),  which 
u  generally  held  to  have  fulfilled  the  Mesaiauic 
prophecy  in  Gen.  xlix.  10).  It  ended  when 
Theodosius  put  the  last  president  to  death, 
A.D.  425. 

San-hi  tsi,  *.  [Hind.]  The  name  of  that 
portion  of  the  Vedas,  or  sacred  writings  of 
the  B  rah  mans,  which  contains  the  mantra  or 
hymns. 

jan'-i-cle,  i.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  sanicula,  from 
jano=  to  heal.] 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Sanicula  (q.Y.). 

j»a-ntc  -U-la,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.from  sano 
'=  to  heal.]  * 

Bot.  :  Sanicle  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Sanicu- 
lidae  (q.T.).  Umbels  sub-globose  ;  fruit  with 
hooked  spines  ;  leaves  palmate.  Known  spe- 
cies ten,  from  the  temperate  regions.  One, 
SaniciUa  europceat  is  British. 

•fcn  I-CU  ll-dse,  ff.  pi  [Mod.  Lat  «nfcttZ(a); 

Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 
*    Bot.  :  A  family  of  Apiaceje.   Fruit  sub-terete 
or  dorsally  compressed  ;  commissure  broad. 

3&n  l-dine,  s.  [Gr.  <raitV  («rnu),  genit. 
a-art'fof  (sunidos)  =  a  table  ;  suft  -int  (if  in.).] 
Min.  :  A  very  pure  variety  of  Orthoclase 
{q.v.X  occurring  in  clear  glassy  crystals  of  a 
tabular  habit,  in  certain  volcanic  rocks, 
notably  those  of  the  trachytes  of  Bonn,  Rhine, 
and  the  ejected  bombs  of  Monte  Soinina, 
Vesuvius,  and  of  the  Laacher  See, 

-i-din-ite,  *.     [Eng.  9anidin(e)  ;  suff.  -it* 
- 


Pttrol.  :  A  rock  consisting  largely  of  Sani- 
dine  (q.v.). 

csin-f-do-phyre  (yr  as  IT),  *.  [Eng. 
Mitui(ine),  o  connective,  aad  Gr.  t>v/x>>  (phuro) 
=  to  mix.  ] 

Petrol.  :  A  rock  consisting  of  sanidine  (q.v.) 
and  a  plagioclase  felspar,  without  glassy  or 
felsitic  inclusions. 

•a'-m-es,  t.  [Ltt.  =  bloody  matter.]  A  thin, 
reddish  discharge  from  sore«  or  wounds  ; 
•erous  matter,  less  thick  and  white  than  pus, 
and  slightly  tinged  with  red. 

**  Tt  began  with  a  round  crack  In  the  skin,  without 
other  matter  than  a  little  *i*i«.-—  ITiwinu*. 

*  San'-I-l^,  v.t.  [Lat.  sanu3  =  whole,  sound, 
and  Judo  (pass,  jlo)=to  make.)  To  make 
healthy  ;  to  improve  in  sanitary  condition. 


*  sa-ni  OUS,  a..     [Lat.   saniosus,  from   aanie* 
(ij.v.) ,  fr'r.  sanieux  ;  ItaL  sanioso,} 

1.  Pertaining  to  sanies  ;  of  the  nature  of  or 

•iUing  sanies;   thin  and  serous,  with  a 
tin^'  of  red. 

•_'.  Kxcreting  or  exuding  a  thin,  serous,  red- 
dish matter. 

"I  waa  sent  for,  and  observing  the  ulcer  xmiotu,  pro- 
posed digestion."—  H'iMman:  Suryery,  bk.  ii.,  ch.lv. 

san-i-tar'-i-an,  *.     [Eng.  sanitary;  -an.] 
One  who  promote!  or  studies  sanitation  or 

sanitary  reforms.     [HYGIENE.] 

"  With  the  cry  for  less  amoks,  the  persistent  tani. 
i*  keep  up  the  demand  for   more  atr." — flatty 


*  sin  -1  tar  1st,  3.     [En*.  sanitary);   -int.] 
An  advocate  or  promoter  of  sanitary  measures  ; 
a  sanitarian. 

san-I-tar'-l-um,  «.  [SANITART.]  A  health 
retreat,  a  sanatorium  (q.v.). 

san-I-tar-y,  a.  [Fr.  tanitaire,  from  Lat. 
Ktnitas  =  sanity  (q.v.).  1  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
nected with  health  ;  relating  to  the  preserva- 
tion of  health  ;  hygienic.  [SJANATGRY.] 

"  A  source  of  auxiety  OD  tanitary  and  legal  ground*." 
—Daily  reteymph,  July  13,  iSdfl. 

sanitary-inspector,  s. 

Law;  An  inspector  appointed  to  enforce 
the  provisions  of  the  various  sanitary  laws  of 
towns  and  cities. 

*  san'-i-tate,  v.t.     [SANITATION.]    To  adopt 
or  carry  out  sanitary  measures  in. 

"  Their  camp  ha*  been  tantiiUed."  —  Duity  Ttlegraph, 
July  13,  1886. 


-ta'-tlon,  *.    [SANITARY.]   The  adoption 
or  carrying  out  of  sanitary  measures  ;  hygiene. 

"Yet  the  measure  in  which  the  elementary  law*  of 
tanikition  is  observed  has  produced  remarkable  re. 
•ulU."—  Doily  Telaffrmph,  Oct.  1,  1W4. 

'  san  -i-tist,  t.  [Eng.  tanit(ary);  -ist.}  A 
sanitarian. 

*  sin'-i-tdr-y,  a.    [Eng.  tanit(y);  -cry.]   The 
same  as  SANITARY  (q.v.). 

s£n'-i-ty,  ».  [Lat.  sanitas,  from  *zm<s  — 
sane  (q.v.).]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
sane  :  healthiness  of  body  or  mind  ;  sauenees. 

"  Extreme  depart*  from  perfect  tanity" 

Armstrong  :  Art  of  I'rtiertiny  Health. 

B&n'-J&k,  •an-gi-ac,  s.  [Turk.  =a  stand- 
ard.] A  suWi  vision  of  an  e  valet  or  minor 
province  of  Turkey,  so  called  because  its 
governor,  called  Sanjak-beg,  is  entitled  to 
carry  in  war  a  standard  of  one  horsetail. 

»4n  j&k  ate,  san  gi  a  cate,*.  [SAXJAK.] 
A  sanjak. 

•ink,  prat.  of  v.     [SINK,  p.] 

san  khy-a,  s.  [SiOsc.  =  synthetic  reason- 
ing.] 

Brahmanism:  On  of  tae  six  systems  of 
Brahnianical  philosophy.  It  was  founded  by 
Kapila,  It  assumes  the  existence  of  prim- 
ordial matter,  existing  from  all  eternity,  from 
which  the  world  was  made,  and  absolutely 
denies  the  existence  of  God. 

8&n  -nah,  s.  [Native  name.]  The  name  of 
certain  kinds  of  Indian  muslin. 

8&n'-p£n,  «.    [SAMPAN.] 

*  S&nB,  prep.    [Fr.,  from  Lat  sin*  =  without  ; 
O.  Fr.  tens.]    Without. 

"Ban*  teeth,  tant  eyes,  taut  bwte,  ttuu  •  very  thing." 
Shaketp.  :  At  Tou  Like  It.  1L  7. 

*  sans  appel,  s.  An  infallible  person  ; 
one  from  whose  dictum  there  is  no  apjteal. 

"  Such  a  tans-ttapcl  ai  he  held  Prank  to  \#."—Kinyt- 
l*V  :  H'ttlwurtl  Bolcb.  xlx. 

sans  culotte,  a.  [Fr.=without  breeches.] 

1.  A  fellow  without   breeches  ;   a   rough, 
ragged  fellow.      The   name  was    applied    in 
dension  to  the  popular  party  by  the  aristocrats 
in  the  beginning  of  the  revolution  of  1789, 
and  was  afterwards  assumed  by  the  patriots 
as  a  title  of  honour. 

2.  A  fierce  republican. 

3.  A  rough. 

"  The  mob  was  aaked  whether  It  WM  ready  for  reYO- 
lutum.  and  of  courae  the  ttm+cuiottot  brought  together 
for  the  occasion  declared  that  they  wen.*—  St.  Jamett 
Qazctt*.  Fab.  9.  1686. 

sans  culottery,  *.  Tlie  revolutionary 
mob.  (Carlyle:  French,  Revolution,  pt.  iii.. 
bk,  iii.,  ch.  fa'.) 


sans  culottic,  a.  Pertaining  to  sans* 
cuiottism  ;  revolutionary. 

sans  culottlsm,  5.  The  principles  or 
teachings  of  the  saua-eulnttes ;  extreme  re- 
publicanism. 

sans  culottist,  &.  An  extreme  repub- 
lican ;  a  sans-culotto. 

fean-sev-i-er'-a,  *.  [Named  after  M.  San- 
sevier,  a  Swedish  botanist.] 

Bot. :  Bowstring  Hemp  ;  a  genus  of  Hemer- 
ocalleje.  SutLseviera  zeylanica  is  a  stemli  -^ 
Indian  and  Chinese  bush,  with  a  rosette  of 
six  or  eight  succulent  leaves,  the  tinder  ones 
sometime*)  four  feet  long,  and  ending  in  a  long 
straight  spine ;  scape  one  or  two  feet  long,  with 
greejUsh-wbJte  flowers.  A  soft,  silky,  elastic 
fibre  extracted  from  its  succulent  leaves  is 
made  by  the  natives  of  India  iuto  bowstiin^s. 
In  Europe  it  is  manufactured  into  ropes  for 
deep-sea  dredgings,  or  made  into  paper.  The 
African  Bowstring  Hemp,  S.  gvineentis,  has 
also  excellent  fibres.  The  roots  of  the  spwen 
have  been  used  ia  gonorrhoea,  pains  of  the 
joints,  and  coughs. 

Sans-krit,  Sans -exit,  s.  [Skt.,  lit.  = 
cart-fully  constructed,  symmetrically  formed, 
from  sans  =  together,  and  the  pa.  par.  krita 
=  made.  It  is  thus  opposed  to  the  Prakrit 
(=  common,  natural),  the  name  given  to  the 
vernacular  dialect  of  India.] 

Philol. :  The  ancient  language  of  Uie  Hin- 
dus, and  the  oldest  and  most  primitive  of  the 
Indo-European  tongues.  It  has  long  ceased  to 
be  a  living  language,  but  in  it  most  of  the  lit- 
erature of  the  Hindus  is  written,  from  the 
oldest  portion  of  the  Vedas  onwards.  [VEDA.] 
To  the  scores  of  tribes  and  nations  of  discor- 
dant speech  in  India  Sanscrit  has  long  been 
the  sacred  and  literary  dialect,  and  all  the 
cultivated  tongues  of  modern  India  are  as  full 
of  Sanscrit  word*  as  the  European  tongues  are 
of  Latin.  It  is  a  highly  inflected  language, 
and  to  philologists  is  the  most  valuable  of 
tongues,  owing  to  its  freedom  from  the  cor- 
ruptions and  disguises  of  phonetic  changes 
and  from  obliteration  of  the  original  meaning 
of  its  vocables. 

'*  The  classical  SanikHt  U  a  dialect  which,  at  a  later 
period,  after  the  full  possession  of  Hindustan  and  the 
development  of  Bnthinauism  out  of  the  •unuler  and 
more  primitive  religion  and  polity  of  Vedic  tunes,  be- 
came established  as  the  literary  language  of  the  whole 
country,  and  ha*  ever  sinae  maintained  that  character, 
being  .still  learued  for  writing  and  speaking  in  the 
native  schools  of  the  Brahinanic  priesthood.  From 
the  fact  that  inscriptions  in  a  later  form  of  Indian 
language  are  fouud  datingfrom  the  third  century  B.C., 
It  ia  interred  that  the  .Samtri*  mtiat  fit  least  as  early 
as  that  have  ceased  to  be  a  vernacular  tongue." — 
Whitney :  Life  A  Growth  of  Language,  ch.  X. 

San?  krit  ist,  Sans -crit  1st,  «.  [Eng. 
Sanskrit ;  ~tet.]  One  who  is  learned  or  versed 
in  Sanskrit  and  its  literature. 

"  Let  us,  however,  luake  some  allowance  for  th« 
patriotism  of  the  learned  co-editor,  who,  w«  b"pe, 
heads  a  succession  of  new  ami  abler  Santkriltt'i  in 
Japan." — Athen&um,  Oct.  t,  18S4. 

*  Sin?'- krlt-Ize,  *  S&ns'-krlt- iso,  v.t. 
[Eng.  Sanskrit;  -ize,  -iu.}  To  render  in  or 
into  Sanskrit. 

San'  ta  Clau§.  «.     The    Dutch    name   for 

Saint  Nicholas,  the  patron  saint  of  children. 
In  nursery  folk-lore,  the  jolly,  little  oM  man 
who  brings  good  children  presents  at  Christmas. 

•&n-ta-la'-9e-»,  >.  7>I.  [Mod.  Lfttmntof(uni); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suit,  -acets.] 

Bot. :  Sandalworts  ;  an  order  of  Eprgynoni 
Kx'>-:i:iis,  aliiance  Asarales.  Trees,  shrubs, 
undershrubs,  or  herbs,  having  alternate  or 
nearly  opposite  leaves,  often  minute ;  small 
flowers  in  spikes,  in  umbels,  or  solitary  ;  calyx 
superior,  four-  or  five-cleft,  half  coloured, 
with  valrate  (estivation ;  corolla  none ; 
stamens  four  or  five,  opposite  the  segment* 
of  the  calyx;  ovary  one-celled,  with  one  to 
four  pendulous  ovules  near  the  top  of  a  central 
placenta;  fruit  a  one-seeded  hard  and  dry 
drupe.  Found  in  Europe  and  North  America 
as  small  weeds  ;  in  the  East  Indies,  Australia, 
and  the  South  Sea  Inlands  as  large  shrube  or 
small  trees.  Sandalwood  ia  produced  from 
plants  of  this  order.  One  species,  the  Buffalo 
Tree  or  Oil  Nut  of  the  Southern  States,  has  a 
large  seed  which  yields  oiL 

san-tal'-Io,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  (Pterocarpus")  «m- 
ta%inus);  Eng.  suff.  -fc.]  Derived  from  san- 
dal-wood. 

santalic  acid,  *. 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  whit,  fan,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  theTe;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  g«,  pit, 
«r,  wore,  w9U,  work,  wh6,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  vnlte,  our,  r&le.  full;  try,  Syrian,    to,  «  =  e;  ay  =  »;  qn  =  kw. 


santalin— sapindaceae 


4107 


•an  ta  lin,  *.     [Mod.   Lat,  sanial(nm.) ;  -in 


CACTI.  .-CisHuOsW.  Santalicacid.  An  in- 
odorous, tasteless  substance  extracted  from 
sandal  wood  by  ether.  It  formssmall  crystals 
of  a  fine  red  colour,  insoluble  in  water,  very 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  104  ,  and 
at  a  higher  temi*rature  becomes  resinous. 

Ban  ta  lum,  s.  [Pers.  sandal  (a.)  =  useful; 
(s.)  ='sandal-wood.] 

Bot. :  Sandal-wood  ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Ban'.alaceie  (q.v.).  Calyx  iuprator,  in  t<>ur 
divisions,  with  four  stamens  opposite  to  them, 
ana  four  glands.  Trees  and  slirnbs,  growiui; 
in  Asia,  Australia,  ami  tlie  Pacific.  Santvlum 
attnm.  is  the  True  Sandal-wood. 

San'-ta  Ma-ri   a,  s.     [Sp.  =  Holy  Mary,] 
(See  corapo'und.) 
Santa  Maria  tree, .«. 

Bot. :  CalophyUum  Calaba. 

*  san-ter,  v.i.    [SADNTE*.! 

san  to  li   na,  s.    [Lat.  sand-urn  =  holy,  and 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Anthemidese.  The  flower- 
beads  of  StinMina  fm<jruntissima  are  sold  in 
Egypt  as  a  substitute  for  camomile. 

san-ton,  san'-toon,  s.  [Native  name.]  An 
Eastern  priest,  a  kind  of  dervish,  regarded  by 
the  people  as  a  saint. 

"Slaves,  eunuchs,  soldiers,  guests,  ami  laMom  wait." 
Byron :  Chllite  Harold,  ll.  66. 

•  san-ton  -to  (1),  a.    lEng.santon  ;  -«.]    Per- 
taining to  or  worn  by  santous. 

Ban  ton   ic  (2),  a.     [Eng.   «anto«(i«);    -ic.) 
(See  compound.) 
aantonic  acid,  s.    [SASTONIS.] 

san  to  nin,  s.    [See  def.] 

Ckf,m. :  Ci5lIisO3.  Sautonic  acid.  The 
active  constituent  of  the  blossoms  aud  seeds 
of  Artemisia.  sarUonica,  discovered  by  Kahler 
in  1830.  It  crystallizes  in  lustrous  six-sided 
flat  prisms,  which  melt  at  16S°-170° ;  insoluble 
in  water,  very  soluble  in  alcohol  aud  ether. 
Much  esteemed  as  an  autlielmintic. 

san  ton  61,  ».    [Eng.  santon(in) ;  -o!.] 

Oiem. :  C15HJ8O.  Obtained  by  heating  a 
mixture  of  santonin  and  zinc-dust  in  a  cur- 
rent of  hydrogen.  It  crystallizes  in  colourless 
needles,  which  melt  at  135°. 

San  to  ri  ni,  ».    [See  compound.] 
Santorlni's  cartilages,  s.  pi. 

Anat. :  Two  small,  yellowish,  conical  cartil- 
aginous nodules,  articulated  witli  the  tips  of 
the  arytenoid  cartilages.  Named  from  their 
discoverer,  G.  B.  Sautorini,  an  Italian  auato 
mist  (1681-1736). 
Boon,  a  -rL  a.  [Guiana  name.] 

Bot.  (t  Comm. :  The  wood  of  Caryomr  nuci- 
Jcrnm  and  C.  tomtntosum.  Called  also  Suwar 

TOW.      [CARTOCAIt.] 

B&p  (1),  *  sappe,  s.  [A.8.  step ;  cogn.  with  O. 
But.  sap  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  saf;  Ger.  sajt ;  Or.  oiro« 
(opos)  =  juice,  sap;  Icel.  soft;  Sw.  soft,  saf, 
Dan.  soft,  save.) 

1.  Bot. :   The  watery  jnice   contained    in 
living  plants.     It  is  derived  from  the  soil,  anc 
enters  the  plant  in  a  state  of  solution.    As 
crude  sap  ascending  to  the  leaves,  it  is  trans 
formed    into    elaborated    sap.     Descending 
again,  this  time  through  the  bark  and  more 
or  less  circuitously,  it  forms  the  cambium 
whence    young   wood    is   formed.    The    sap 
ascends  with  great  rapidity  in  a  zigzag  course 
sendine  off  lateral  currents   to   the  leaves 
The  most  copioui  ascent  is  in  spring ;   in 
winter    the    operation  intermits.      The   sap 
increases  in  density  as  it  rises. 

"  But  the  tap  that  made  them  shoot,  and  make* 
them  nourish,  rises  from  the  root  through  the  trunk. 
—Bolingbroke  :  Latter  to  /•>•;*•. 

2.  The  alburnum  of  a  tree.    [ALBOKKtrK.] 
"  Some  fell  the  trees  .  .  .  one  chips  off  the  tap,  an 

be  is  commonly  a  principal  man."— Damptor:  Voyagt 
(an.  1676). 

3.  The  juice  or  fluid  in  any  substance,  th 
presence  of  which  is  characteristic  of  health 
freshness,  or  vigour ;  blood. 

••  Did  drain  the  purple  tap  from  her  sweet  brother 
body."  Skatxtp. :  KiOiard  I '//„  IT.  4. 

sap-ball,  .-. 

Sot. :  The  species  of  Polyporus  which  gro- 


on  trees,  especially  P.  sjimnuwiu,  found  on 
decaying  ash.  When  dried  it  is  sometimes 
used  for  razor-slrops. 

sap-boiler,  s.  A  furnace  with  pans  for 
evaporating  the  sap  of  the  maple. 

sap-colour,  *.  An  expressed  vegetable 
colour  inspissated  by  slow  evaporation  for  the 
use  of  painters,  as  sap-green,  &C. 

sap-green,  s. 

Art :  A  pigment  obtained  from  the  Jrdee  of 
blackthorn  berries,  which  are  lirst  fermented 
in  a  tub  for  eight  days,  and  then  placed  in  a 
press  with  a  small  quantity  of  alum,  and  con- 
centrated by  gentle  evaporation  ;  it  is  after- 
wards hardened  by  enclosure  iu  bladders.  It 
is  used  in  water-colour  painting,  but  is  of  no 
real  value. 

sap-rot,  s.    Dry-rot  (q.v.). 

sap-spout,  s.  A  device  for  conducting 
sugar-maple  sap  from  the  tap-hole  to  the 
bucket 

sap-tube,  s.    A  vessel  for  conducting  sap. 

sap-WOOd,  a.    [ALBURNUM.] 
sap  (2),  ».    [Ktym.  doubtful.) 

1.  A  simpleton,  a  ninny,  a  milksop.    (ScoicA 
&  Prov.) 

"  He  maun  be  a  saft  tap."— Scott :  Rob  Roy,  ch.  xix. 

2.  One  who  reads  or  studies  hard.    (School 
slang.) 

••  I  was  Unshed  at  aud  called  a  tar"— L»tton : 
PtUtam,  oh.  ii. 

•ap(3X«.    [SAP  (3),  t>.) 

Fort. :  An  excavated  trench  or  tunnel,  for 
the  purpose  of  approaching  a  fort  under  cover 
of  the  scarp  and  parapet  formed  by  the  ditch 
and  excavated  earth.  At  the  head  of  the  sap- 
ping party  a  sap-roller  (q.v.)  is  pushed  along 
as  the  sap  advances,  affording  protection  to 
the  men.  The  sap  advances  by  zigzags,  so 
directed  as  not  to  be  exposed  to  an  enfilading 
fire  from  the  fortress.  Sand-bags,  gabions,  and 
fascines  are  employed  as  revetments  or  to 
crown  the  parapet  formed  by  the  excavated 
earth.  Thedouble sap hasa parapet ateachside. 

sap-faggot,  >. 

Fort.  :  A  fascine  about  three  feet  long,  nsed 
in  sapping,  to  close  the  crevices  between 
gabions. 

sap-fork,  s. 

Fort. :  A  forked  lever  used  tor  advancing 
the  sap-roller. 

sap-roller,  s. 

Fort. :  A  bullet-proof  gabion,  six  feet  long 
and  four  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  pushed  for- 
ward by  a  sap-fork. 

B»p(l),  r.i.    [SAP  (2),  s.J 

1.  To  act  like  a  sap  or  s  ninny ;  to  be  or 
act  like  a  milksop. 

2.  To  read  or  study  hard. 

••  Sapping  and  studying  still."-*.  Ki*g*a:  Tcatt, 
ch.L 

sap  (2),  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  sapper  (Fr.  saper)  =  to 
undermine,  from  O.  Fr.  sappe  (Fr.  sape)  =  a 
hoe,  an  instrument  for  mining,  from  Low  Lat. 
sapa  =  a  hoe ;  Sp.  zayo  =  a  spade ;  ItaL 
tappa=  a  mattock.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit. :  To  undermine ;  to  eanse  to  fall  or 
to   render   unstable    by  digging  or  wearing 
away  the  foundation. 

••  Till  tapp'd  their  strength,  and  ev'ry  part  nnsoand, 
Down,  down  they  sink,  and  spread  a  ruiu  round. ' 
Golsltmuh  :  Dacrted  Village. 

2.  Fig. :  To  undermine ;  to  subvert  or  de 
stroy,  as  by  some  secret  or  hidden  process. 

"  The  revolution  is  let  loose,  and  is  ready  to  tap  th 
foundations  of  his  throne."— Olobe,  Sept.  2,  1885. 

n.  Mil. :  To  pierce  with  saps. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  proceed  by  secretly  under 
mining. 

sap-a-dll  -lo,  «.    [SAPODILLA.I 

sap  a  jou'  (J  as.zh),  s.  [For  etym,  and  def. 
see  extract  under  SAJOU-] 

sap' -an,  «.    [SAPPAK.) 

sapan-red,  s.    [BRAZILIS.] 
sape,  saip,  s.    (SOAP,  «.]    (Scotch.) 

sap'-fui,  a.  [Eng.  sap  (1).  s. ;  /U(W  Full  c 
sap,  abounding  in  sap. 


ip-head,  s.  [Eng.  sa;)  (2),  s.,  and  head.]  A 
blockhead,  a  ninny,  a  fool. 

sa-phe-na  (pi.  sa-plfi'-nse),  ».    [Or.  am.- 

'  ii-ijt  (saphena)  =  clear,  manifest.) 
Anal.  (PL):  The  saphenous  veins  (q.v.). 

a-phe'- nous,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  saphen(a) ;  Eng- 
adj.  sutl'.  -otis.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  th* 

saphcnous-veins,  s.pl. 

Anat. :  Two  superlici.-il  veins  of  the  lower 
limb.  The  external  collects  the  blu.v.1  from 
the  outer  side  of  the  foot  and  let;,  and  passes 
into  the  pi^uilcal  vein;  the  internal  commences 
on  the  bottom  and  inner  side  of  the  toot, 
passing  up  the  finer  side  of  the  hig  ami  thigh 
into  the  femoral  vein,  an  inch  and  a  half 
below  Puupart's  ligament. 

sap  id,  n.  [Lat.  sapidus,  from  «aj>io  =  to 
taste.]  [INSH'ID.)  Possessing flavouror relish; 
tasteful,  tasty,  savoury,  palatable.  (Still  u««d 
in  Botany.) 

"  Thus  camels,  to  make  the  water  tapid,  do  raise 
the  mud  with  their  feot."— Browns:  I'ulynr  Jfmmrs, 
bk.  ill.,  oh.  xxi 

sa-pld'-i-tjf,  «.  [Fr.  sapidUc.)  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  sapid  ;  power  of  stimulating 
the  palate ;  tastiuess,  tastefulnuss. 

"  Iiuriwttble,  and  void  of  all  tapidily."—  Brovm*. 
rtUyur  Krrourt.  bk.  ill  .  ch.  xzi. 

•  sap'-Id-lSss,  o.  [Eng.  sapid ;  -less.}  Taste- 
less, insipid. 

"Quite  tasteless  aud  tapldleu."—Lamb:  Sraot 
before  UtaX. 

sap -id-ness,  s.  [Eng.  sapid;  -MS*.]  Thd 
same  as  SAPIDITY  (q.v.). 

f  sa'-pl-ence,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  sapieulia, 
from  sayims,  genit.  sapititiu  =  wise  ;  sapio  = 
to  be  wise.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
sapient ;  wisdom,  knowledge. 

"  Just  as  the  tavtenaf  of  an  author'*  brain 
Suggeata  It  sale  or  dangerous  to  Iw  ulaiu." 

Cauptr :  Charity.  Hfc 

tsa'-pi-ent,  o.  [Lat.  sapiens.}  [SAPIENCE.} 
Wise,  sage,  sagacious.  (Generally  used  ironi- 
cally.) (JLnax :  Essays,  No.  167.) 

SB'-pI-i5n'-ti-a  (t  as  sh),  «.  [Lat.  =  wisdom.! 
(See  etym.) 

•J  0  Sapiettiia:  An  entry  in  the  Anglican 
calendar  under  Dec.  16,  which  has  been  re- 
tained from  pre-Reformation  times.  These 
two  words  are  the  commencement  of  the  first 
of  the  series  of  seven  greater  antiphons  fo» 
the  Magnificat,  one  of  which  is  daily  said  or 
sung  at  Vespers  in  the  Roman  Church  from 
Dec.  17  to  Deo.  23  inclusive, 

*  sa'-pl-e'n'-tial  (ti  as  sh),  a.  [Eng.  sapient; 
-ial.\  Affording  wisdom  or  instructions  for 
wisdom.  (Bp.  Hall :  Remains,  p.  66.) 

StV-pJ-en'-tiaHjf  (ti  as  sh),  adv.     (Eng. 

sapiential ;  -ly']    In  a  sapiential  or  wise  man- 
ner ;  wisely,  sagely. 

sa-pi-en'-tions,  a  [Eng.  sapient;  -ioiu.\ 
Sapiential 

i  sa  -pi  en-tize,  v.i.  &  t.    [Eng.  sapient ;  -izt.) 

A.  Intrans. :  To  make  or  render  sapient  or 
wise. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  affect  wisdom. 

sa  -pi  ent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  sapient ;  •&/.]  In 
a  sapie'ut  manner ;  wisely,  sagely,  sagaciously. 


sap-in-da-ce-aj.s .pi.  [Mod. Lat. s 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  surT.  -aceaz.] 

Bot  :  Soapworts ;  the  typical  order  of 
Sapiudales  (q.v.).  Trees,  shrnlis,  twining 
and  with  tendrils,  rarely  climbing  herbs- 
Leaves  alternate,  generally  compound,  some- 
times dotted.  Flowers  small,  in  racemes  or 
racemose  panicles,  white  or  pink,  rarely 
yellow.  Calyx  four-  or  five-parted,  or  of  four 
or  five  sepals ;  petals  four,  five,  or  none ; 
disc  fleshy  ;  stamens  eight  to  ten,  rarely  five, 
six,  or  seven,  or  twenty ;  style  undivided,  or 
two-  or  three-cleft ;  ovary  generally  with 
three,  rarely  with  two  or  four  cells,  aud  one, 
two,  three,  rarely  more  ovules.  Fruit  cap- 
sular,  two-  or  three-valved,  sometimes  winged, 
or  fleshy  and  indehiscent;  embryo,  often 
curved  or  twisted  spirally.  Found  in  South 
America,  in  India,  and  various  tropical 
countries.  Tribes  Sapindeee,  HippocastaneK, 
Dodonese,  and  Meliosmese.  Known  generm 
fifty,  species  380.  (Lindley.) 


bgll,  bo?;  pout,  J«J*li  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  xenopnon,  e, 
^toii,-tian  =  Bhan,   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous, -tions. -rtous  =  shus.   -ble.  -die.  &c.  - 


del. 


4108 


sapindaceous— sapphire 


*ap  in  da  ceous  (ce  as  sh),  a-  [Mod.  Lat. 
sapindact((z) ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ous.]  Pertaining 
to  plants  of  the  order  Sapindaceae  (q.v.). 

sa-pin'-dal,  a.     [SAPINDALES.] 

Bot. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Sapindales. 

sap  fo-da  -les,  s.  pi.  [Masc.  or  fern.  pi.  of 
Mod.  Lat.  sapindaiis,  from  sapindu-s  (q.v.).] 

Bot,:  The  Sapindal  Alliance  ;  an  alliam-'  nf 
Hypogynous  Exogens,  with  monodichlamy- 
deous,  un symmetrical  flowers,  axile  placenta, 
an  imbricated  calyx  and  corolla,  definite 
stamens,  and  little  or  no  albumen.  Orders  : 
Tremandracea?,  Polygalacece,  Petiveriacese, 
Vochyaceyp,  StaphyleacesL  Sapiudaceae,  Acer- 
acese,  Malpigliiace*,  and  Erythroxylaoeae. 

sa  pln-de-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  sapind(us) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  guff,  -tee.} 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Sapindacese.  Leaves  alter- 
nate ;  oTules  generally  solitary ;  embryo 
curved,  or  occasionally  straight.  (LindUy.) 

sa-pin'-dus,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  sapo  — 
'—  soap,  and  Indus  =  Indian.] 

Bot. :  Soap-tree ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Bapindaceae  (q.v.).  Trees  or  shrubs,  with 
equally  pinnate  leaves,  and  panicles  of  white 
or  greenish  flowers.  The  fleshy  fruits  of 
Sapindus  escttlentus  and  S.  senegalensis  are 
eaten.  The  acrid  fruits  of  S.  saponaria  and 
S.  inequalis,  placed  in  water,  form  a  lather, 
used  in  lieu  of  soap  in  the  West  Indies.  If 
pounded  and  thrown  into  water,  they  intoxi- 
cate fish.  A  tincture  of  the  berries  has  been 
recommended  in  chlorosis.  5.  Mukorossi  (or 
detergent)  and  S.  trifoliatus  (or  emarginata), 
both  cultivated  in  India,  yield  a  gum.  The 
seeds  of  the  first  and  the  fruit  of  the  second 
are  given  in  India  medicinally.  The  fruit  of 
S.  attenuatus  is  eaten  in  Sylliet. 

sa'-pi-iim,s.  [Celtic«ap  =  fat  Named  from  the 

unctuous  exudation  from  the  wounded  trunk.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Hippomanese.    The  juice 

ofSapium  aucuparium  is  said  to  be  poisonous. 

•ap'-less,  a.     [Hug.  sap  (1),  s. ;  -less.] 
1.  Destitute  of  sap ;  dry,  withered. 

"  Tree*,  on  the  tanlett  brandies  of  which  enormoiu 
•-1"-  were  curled.  —Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  10,  1886. 


*  2.  Worn  out,  old. 

"  I  am  old  and  t-ipleu." 

Beauin.  4  net.  :  Captain,  i.  3. 

•3.  Spiritless. 

"Hurtle**,  tapleu  services,  which  had  no  godliness, 
no  sincerity,  DO  true  lor*  of  God  hi  them.  —  Wattr- 
land  :  Workt,  Ti.  215. 

•Ap  -ling,  s.     [Eng.  sap  (1),  s.  ;  dimln.  -ling.] 

1.  A  young  tree  full  of  sap  ;  a  young  plant. 

"The  near  tranche*  and  taplingi  were  besmeared 
with  it."—  Bur-rough*  :  Pepacton,  p.  M. 

2.  A  young  greyhound  ;  a  greyhound  which 
has  never  run  in  a  coursing  match. 

"  Having  conspired  to  ran  in  a  Sapling  Stake  a  grey- 
hound which  was  not  a  tapting."—  Daily  Telegraph, 
Feb.  IS,  law. 

*3.  A  young  person. 

sap-6  dil  -  la,  sap  p6  dfl'-la,  s.  [Dut.  sapo- 

aille  ;  Sp.  sapotilla,  from  Mexican  zapoil.  ] 
[ACHUAS,  SAPOTA.]  The  fruit  of  Achras  Sapota. 
It  is  highly  esteemed  in  the  West  Indies.  Its 
bark  is  astringent  and  febrifugal  ;  its  seeds 
aperient  and  diuretic. 

•apog-en-In,  s.  [Lat.  sapo  =  soap  ;  Or. 
yAttM  (gennat>)=  to  produce,  and  -in  (Chem.).] 
Chem.  :  CuHepj.  .'Ksculic  acid.  A  sub- 
•tance  fonned  along  with  a  carbohydrate 
when  saponin  is  boiled  with  dilute  mineral 
acids.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  easily  soluble 
in  boiling  alcohol. 

sap  6  na  ceous  (ce  as  ah),  a.  [Lat.  sapo, 
genit.  saponis  =  soap  ;  Fr.  saponace.]  Soapy  ; 
resembling  soap  ;  having  the  qualities  of  soap. 

"  It  was  close-groined,  laponoomnu  to  tbe  touch.'1— 

Coo*.-  firit  Voyaat,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  Ti 


'-J-t&   s.    [SAPONACEOUS.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  saponaceous. 

sap  6nar-Ia,  *.     [Lat.  sapo  =  soap.     So 
named  because  it  has  been  used  as  soap.] 

Bot,:  Soapwort,  Fuller's  Herb;  a  genus  of 
Silenese  (Lindley),  of  Caryophyllese,  section 
Polycarpeae  (.Sir  J.  Hooker).  Calyx  monophyl- 
lous,  cylindrical,  and  one-toothed,  without 
bracteas  ;  petals  five-clawed  ;  stamens  ten  ; 
styles  two  ;  capsule  four-toothed  ;  seeds 
globose  or  reniform.  Known  species  about 
thirty.  Europe  and  temperate  Asia.  One, 


Saponaria  officinal  is,  with  a  lilac  or  white 
flower,  is  naturalized  in  England,  and  5. 
vaocartais  a  casual  in  corn-fields.  The  mucil- 
aginous sap  of  S.  vaccaria  is  used  in  India 
in  washing  clothes,  and  as  a  cure  for  the  itch. 

sa-pdn'-or-In,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  saponar(ia)  ; 
'-in  (Chem.).] 

Chem.  :  A  bitter,  neutral,  cry  stall  izable  sub- 
stance found  in  the  roots  of  Saponaria  offiein- 
alis  before  flowering  time,  but  not  after.  It 
is  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and  ether  ;  in- 
soluble in  oil  of  turpentine. 

*  •ap'-o-nar-y,  a.    [Lat  sapo,  genit  saponis 

=  soap.]    Saponaceous. 

"  A  soft  taponarje  substance."—  /toy  !«. 

*sa-p6n-I-*i'-a-blet  a.  [Eng.  saponify; 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  saponified  or  con- 
verted into  soap. 

sa-pon-I-f  I-ca'-tion,  s.    [Eng.  saponify  ;  c 

connective,  and  suit1,  -at  ion.] 

Chem.  :  A  term  formerly  applied  to  the 
conversion  of  fats  into  soaps  by  the  action  of 
alkalis  and  metallic  hydrates,  the  change 
resulting  in  the  formation  of  a  salt  of  the 
fatty  acid  and  glycerin  ;  now  extended  to 
the  decomposition  of  all  ethers  and  similar 
compounds  into  acids  and  alcohols,  and  also 
to  the  resolution  of  glucosides  by  the  action 
of  dilute  acids. 

sa-p6n'-I-fy,  v.t.  [Lat.  sapo,  genit  sapnnis  = 
soap,  and  facio  (pass,  jto)  =  to  make.]  To  con- 
vert into  soap,  by  combination  with  an  alkali. 


,  s.    [Lat.  sapo,  genit  sapon(is)  = 
soap  ;  -in  (Chem.}.'] 

Chem,  :  CjgH^Oio  (?)•  Senegin.  Polygalin. 
A  substance  first  observed  in  the  common 
soapwort,  but  now  found  to  be  widely  dif- 
fused through  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Quil- 
laja  bark,  horse-chestnuts,  and  senega  root 
yield  it  in  considerable  quantities.  The 
powdered  substance  is  boiled  in  strong 
alcohol,  and  filtered  hot  ;  the  saponin 
separates  in  flocks  on  cooling,  and  is  purified 
by  animal  charcoal.  It  is  a  white  friable 
powder,  having  a  burning  and  persistently 
disagreeable  taste,  is  more  soluble  in  dilute 
than  strong  alcohol,  and  forms  with  water  a 
frothy  solution.  It  is  often  used  to  give  an  arti- 
ficial froth  to  beer  and  effervescing  beverages. 

sap-6-mte,  *.     [Lat  sapo,  genit.  wpon(w)  = 
soap;  suff.  -ite  (Sfin.).'] 
Mineralogy  : 

1.  An  amorphous  mineral  occurring  as  no* 
dules,  or  filling  ere  vices,  and  forming  am  ygdules 
in  igneous  rocks.    Soft,  but  brittle  when  dry. 
Sp.  gr.  2*266  ;  lustre,  dull  to  greasy  ;  colour, 
various.     Compos.  :   essentially  a    h  yd  rated 
silicate  of  magnesia  and  alumina,  but  analyses 
vary  considerably,  the  substance  being  more 
or  less  impure. 

2.  A  clay  resembling  soap,  occurring  in  the 
granite  of  the  hot  springs   of   P  lorn  bier  eg, 
France. 

*  sa'-por,  *  sa-pour,  s.  [Lat.  *apor.]  Taste, 

flavour,  savour,  sapidity  ;  power  or  quality 
of  affecting  or  stimulating  the  palate. 

"There  Is  some  tapnr  In  all  aliments,  as  being  to  be 
distinguished  and  judged  by  the  gutt."  -Browne  :  rut- 
gar  Errourt.  bk.  iii.,  ch.  xii.  • 

sap-o-ret-in,  s.    [Eng,  «po(nin).  and  Gr. 
pip-tVi)  (rhet-ine)  —  resin.] 

Chem.  :  CjjH^Og  (?).  Produced,  according 
to  Overbeck,  by  boiling  saponin  with  dilute 
acids.  It  is  probably  identical  with  sapogenin. 

*  Sap-i-rif'-fc,  a,     [Fr.  saporijique,  from  Lat. 

sapor  =  flavour,  taste,  and  facio  —  to  make.] 
Having  the  power  or  quality  of  producing 
taste  ;  producing  taste,  flavour,  or  relish. 

*  Sap-A-rif  -Ic-nfiss,    s.    [Eng.   saporific; 
•ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  saporiflc. 


"  sap-df-Ss'-I-t^,  *.  [Eng.  saporous;  -Uy.] 
The  quality  of  a  body  by  which  it  excites  the 
sensation  of  taste. 

*  sap'-or-oiis,  o.  [Lat.  saporus,  from  wpor 
=  taste.]  Having  flavour  or  taste;  yielding 
some  kind  of  taste. 

•a-po'-ta,  s.    [From  Lat.  sapo  =  soap.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Sapotacese, 
generally  made  a  synonym  of  Achraa.  Calyx 
of  four  or  five  segments  ;  corolla  campanulate  ; 


stamens  twelve,  only  six  of  them  fertile. 
Sapota  Achras,  often  called  Achras  Savota  it 
the  Sapodiila, 

sap-6-ta'-9e-»t  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  sapot(a); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -acme.] 

Bot. :  Sapotads ;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Rhamnales.  Trees  or 
shrubs,  often  milky.  Leaves  alternate,  some- 
times, or  nearly,  whorled,  entire,  coriaceous^ 
exstipulate  ;  calyx  regular,  persistent,  with 
live,  rarely  with  four,  to  eight  divisions  ; 
corolla  monopetalous,  regular,  deciduous,  its 
segments  generally  as  numerous  as  those  of 
the  calyx.  Fertile  stamens  as  many,  altern- 
ating with  the  same  number  of  sterile  ones  ; 
style  one  ;  stigma  undivided  or  lobed.  Ovary 
superior,  several  celled,  each  with  one  ovule. 
Fruit  fleshy,  with  several  one-seeded  cells,  or 
by  abortion  with  one.  Seeds  nut-like.  Natives 
chiefly  of  tropical  India,  Africa,  and  America. 
Known  genera  twenty-one,  species  212, 
(Lindley.) 

sap  -6-tad,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  sapot(a) ;  Eng.  suff. 
•ad.] 

Bot.  (PL) :  The  Sapotacese  (q.v.).    (Lindley.) 
sap  pa-dil'-lo,  s.    [SAPODILLA.] 

sap -pan,  sap  an,  s.  [Sp.  sapan ;  Malay 
sapang ;  Javanese  sdchang.]  A  dye-wood", 
produced  by  Ccssalpinia  sappan,  a  native  o( 
Southern  Asia  and  the  neighbouring  islands. 
It  resembles  Brazil  wood  in  colour  and  pro- 
perties. 

sap   par-ite,  *.    [Fr.  sappare.] 

Min, :  The  same  as  KYANITE  (q.v.). 
sap  -per,  *.    [Fr.  sapeur.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  or  that  which  sap*. 

2.  AliL  :    A  term  applied  to  officers   and 
men  of  the  Royal  Engineers,  who  were  origi- 
nally organized  as  a  corps  of  "  Sappers  and 
Miners."    They  are  at  present  divided  into 
troops    and    companies.     The    former    are 
mounted  for  telegraph  and  pontooning  duties  ; 
the  latter  are  designed  for  service  in  the  field 
with  the  infantry  columns,  for  which  purpose 
they  are  provided  with  entrenching  tools,  &c. ; 
for   submarine   mining   on   the  coasts ;   for 
garrison  duty,  where  they  undertake  the  work 
of  skilled  mechanics,  and  for  surveying  work 
in  Great  Britain  and  elsewhere.     Others  are 
permanently  employed  in  telegraph  mainten- 
ance work  for  postal  service.     They  are  armed 
and  equipped  similarly  to  the  infantry. 

sapph  Ic,  *  sapph'-Iok  (pph  as  t\ 
*  saph  ik,  a.  &s.  [See  def.J 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Of,  or  pertaining  to  Sappho, 
a  celebrated  Greek  poetess,  nearly  contem- 
poraneous with  Alcaeus,  born  at  Mitylene,  hi 
the  island  of  Lesbos,  about  B.C.  600. 

2.  Pros. ;  Applied  to  a  kind  of  verse  said  to 
have  been  invented  by  Sappho,     It  consists 
of  eleven  syllables  in  five  feet,  of  which  the 
first,  fourth,  and  fifth  are  trochees,  the  second 
a  spondee,  and  the  third  a  dactyl,  thus : 

—  \j  \    —  —    |   —  \j  \j   |    — u|   —  \j 
thrice  repeated,  and  followed  by  an  Adonic, 
—  \j  \j  |    —  — . 

B.  As  substantive: 
Pros. :  A  sapphic  verse. 

"She  sung  these  tapphickt,  speaking  at  it  were  to 
her  own  hope."— Sidney ;  Arcadia.,  bk.  i. 

TI  English  Sapphics  have  been  sometimes 
attempted.  The  following  example,  from  The 
Friend  of  Humanity  <£  the  Knife-grinder,  a 
parody  by  Canning  and  Frere  of  Southey's 
Widowt  will  show  both  the  Sapphic  and  the 
Adonic  lines : 


"  Sordid,  unfeeling,  reprobate,  degraded. 
Spiritless  outcast" 


8*; 


.pph' -ire  (pph  as  f ),  *  saph-lr,  s.  &  o. 

[Fr.  sapkir,  from  Lat.  sapphiras,  from  Gr. 
crair0<tpof  (sappheiros),  from  Heb.  tappir  =  a 
sapphire ;  Pers.  saffir.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  3. 

2.  The  colour  of  a  sapphire ;  blue. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Her. :  The  same  as  AZCHE  (q.T.). 

2.  M  in. :  A  name  originally  used  to  designate 
the  transparent  blue  varieties  of  corundum 
(q.T.).     At  the  present  time  it  includes  all 


f&te,  »t,  fere,  amldat,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p8t, 
or.  wore.  W9tt  wdrk,  whd,  son;  mute,  oub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    m.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qu  =  kw. 


sapphirine— iarcenet 


4109 


trunsparent  kinds  with  the  exception  of  the 
ruby,  an  exception  confined  however  to  jewel- 
lers. 

3.  OrnUh.  (PI.):   Eucephala,    a   genus   of 
Humming-birds,  with  nine  species.    The  pre- 
vailing colours  are  blue  and  bright  green. 

4.  Scrip*.:  Heb.  TED  (sappir)  =  a  stone  of 
an  azure  colour  (Bxod.  xxiv.  10),  and  very 
precious  (Job  xxviii.  16).    It  was  the  second 
atone  in  the  second  row  of  the  high  priest  s 
breastplate.     It  was  probably  the  lapia  lazuli 
and  not  the  modern  sapphire.    The  o-acfmpos 
(.-.((lAciros)  of  Rev.  xxi.  19  seems  also  to  have 
been  the  lapis  lazuli* 

B.  As  adj. :  Resembling  a  sapphire  ;  sapphi- 
rine 

••  Th«  living  throne,  the  tappMre  blaze.'' 

Uray:  Profrtu of  PoMy- 

sapphire  quartz,  s. 

Mln. :  A  name  given  to  the  indigo  or  Berlin- 
blue  quartz,  found  associated  with  crocidolite 
at  Coiling,  Salzburg. 

•apph  -ir  ine  (pph  as  f),  •  saph'-lr  -me, 

a,  &  3.    [Lat.  sappnirinw.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Made  of  sapphire  ;  resembling 
sapphire  ;  having  the  qualities  of  sapphire. 

••  Because  of  their  tappMrint  degree  at  hardness."— 
Boylt :  Ifortt.  iii.  525. 

B.  At  substantive : 

Mln. :  A  mineral  of  a  pale  blue  colour, 
occurring  in  grains  with  mica,  Ac.,  at  Fiske- 
nacs  Greenland.  Crystallization,  orthorhom- 
bic  (?).  Hardness,  7  to  8 ;  sp.  gr.  3-42  to  3-48 
lustre,  vitreous ;  translucent ;  dichroic.  Cora 
pos.  :  silica,  14'5  ;  alumina,  06'2  ;  magnesia 
19-3  =  100,  which  is  equivalent  to  the  formula 
3MgO  +  4AljO3  + 1  J8iO2.  (In  this  sense  pron 
M/'-i-rinc.) 

sapphlrine  gurnard,  s. 

lehthy.:  Trigla  hirundo.  It  is  brownish 
red  in  colour,  and  the  pectoral  fins  are  mar- 
gined with  blue.  The  air-bladder  is  divided 
into  three  lobes.  Called  also  the  Tub-fish. 

sapph'-o  (pph  as  f),  s.    [See  def.) 

1.  Gr.  Mythol. :  [SAPPHIC,  A.  1.]. 

2.  Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  80]. 

3  Ornith. :  Comets  ;  a  genus  of  Trochilldse. 
with  three  species,  from  Peru,  Bolivia,  and 
the  Argentine  Republic.  The  tail  is  forked, 
and  the  outer  feathers  elongate  and  of  a  gor- 
geous coloration. 

sap  pi-ness,  s.  [Eng.  sappy;  -nest.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sappy  or  full  of  sap ; 
succulence,  juiciness. 

"  The  *appin«u  of  that  underwood  may,  as  I  appre- 
hend it,  be  ascribed  In  part  to  the  fatneea  of  that«olL" 
— Terry  :  Voyagt  to  the  East  Indiet,  p.  103. 

sapp  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SAP  (2),  v.] 

sapping  machine,  s.     A  circular  saw 

for  slabbing  balks  and  sawing  bolts  for  shingle 

stun*. 
sap  pie,  s.    [A  dimin.  from  Scotch  taip  = 

soap.     (JamiesoTU-)!    A  lye  of  soap  and  water ; 

soapsuds.    (Seflw£) 

»»P'-py  (1).  *  sap'-ple,  a.  [Eng.  sap(l),  s. ;  -».] 
1.  Lit. :  Full  of  sap;  abounding  with  sap; 
juicy,  succulent. 

"  Mown  down  while  stalks  and  leaves  are  green  and 
lappy."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  1*,  1885. 

*  2.  Fig. :  Young ;  not  firm ;  weak. 

"  When  he  had  passed  thit  weak  and  lappy  age,  h« 
wai  committed  to  Dr.  Cox."— Hay  ward. 

sap  py  (2),  a.  [Eng.  sap  (2),  s. ;  -».]  Weak 
in  intellect. 


1  sap  -py  (3),  a. 

tainted. 


[Etyra.  doubtful.]     Musty, 


sa  pri  nus,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  <rairpo« 
'(sapros)  —  putrid.] 

Entom, :  A  genus  of  HisteridK.  Eight  are 
British. 

sap  -ro  chrome,  «.  [Gr.  o-anpo?  (sapros)  = 
putrid,  and  Eng.  chrome.] 

Chem. :  Saprocyanogen.  A  blue  or  red 
colouring  matter  produced  by  the  putrefac 
tion  of  certain  Oscillatoria.  (Watts.) 

sa-prSg'-e'n-ous,  a-  [Or.  o-airpd?  (sapros)  = 
putrid,  and  root  of  ytvvata  (gennao)  =  to 
engender.]  Produced  by,  or  in  connection 
with  putridity. 

"  Saprogenous  fungi  are  the  cause  of  the  phenorn 
enon  of  fermentation."—  Thomt :  Bot.,  (ed.  Bennett) 
p.  271. 


sap-ro-leg'-ni-a,  s.  [Gr.  o-airp6>  (sapros)  = 
putrid,  and  Ae'yiw  (kjwtti)  =  the  coloured 
border  of  a  garment.] 

Bot. :  A  synonym  of  Leptomitus,  or  the 
typical  genus  of  Kutzing'sSaprolegniea?(q.v.). 

sap-ro-leg-ni-e'-SB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  sap- 
rolegm(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ex.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Algals,  sub-order  Myco- 
phycea:.  (Kiitzing.)  Oogonia  spherical,  full  of 
protoplasm,  usually  terminal.  Oospheres  at 
first  smooth,  with  no  cell  wall. 

sa-prSph'-a-ga,  s.  pi.    [Gr.  o-oirpo's  (sapros) 
="  rotten,  and  faytir  (phagein)  =  to  eat.] 

Entom. :  A  group  of  Lamellicorns  living  on 
decomposed  vegetable  matter.  (D'Orbigny: 
Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.) 

sa-proph-a-gan,  s.  [SAPROPHAOA.]  Any 
'individual  of  the  Saprophaga  (q.v.). 

sa-prfiph'-a-gous,  a.  [SAPKOPH*OA.]  Feed- 
'ing  on  decomposed  or  putrid  substances. 

sap -ro-phyte,  >.  [Gr.  o-airpo?  (sapros)  = 
rotten,  putrid,  and  <puTO>-  (phnton)  =  a  plant.] 
A  plant  which  grows  on  decaying  vegetable 
matter. 

sap-ro-phyt'-ie,  a.  [Eng.  saprophyte);  -ic.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  saprophytes  ;  of  the 
nature  of  a  saprophyte. 

•a-proph'-yt-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  saprophyte); 
'-ism.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sapro- 
phytic  ;  the  state  of  living  on  decayed  vege- 
table matter. 

sap  -sa  go,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  Ger.  tcMbiieger 
(q.v.).J  (Seeetym.) 

sap'-suck-er,  s.  [Eng.  sap  (1),  *.,  and 
sucker.  (See  extract.).] 

Ornith. :  An  American  popular  name  for 
two  species  of  Woodpecker:  Picus  villosus, 
the  Hairy  Woodpecker,  or  Larger  Sapsucker, 
and  P.  pubescent,  the  Downy  Woodpecker,  or 
Lesser  Sapsucker. 

"  The  erroneous  Impreesiou  that  It  taps  the  trees  for 
sap  has  given  to  these  birds  the  common  name  of  Sap- 
tuckerl,  and  has  caused  an  unjust  prejudice  against 
them.  So  far  from  doing  any  lujury  to  the  tree,  they 
are  of  great  and  unmixed  benefit.  —Baird,  Bretoer  A 
Ridgway :  Bitt.  North  American  Birdt,  it  512. 

sap  u  ca  -la   (1  as  y),  sap  u  ca  -ya,  t. 

[Native  South  American  name.] 

Bot. :  Lecythis  Ollaria. 

sapucaia  brown,  s. 

Chem. :  A  brown  substance  found  in  the 
shells  of  the  older  fruit  of  the  Sapucaia  tree. 
It  is  probably  the  oxidised  tannin  of  the  fresh 
fruit.  Soluble  in  hot  water  and  alcohol. 

sa-py'-ga,  s.  [Gr.  o-iot  (saos),  only  found  in 
'contract."  0105  (sos)  =  sound,  and  m/yij  (puje) 
=  the  rump.  (Agassiz.)] 

Entom. :  The  sole  genus  of  Sapygids  (q.v.). 
They  make  holes  in  walls  and  in  decajinz 
wood.  Two8pecies,Sapyjapacca(orpinu>(i.(a) 
and  S.  clavicornis,  are  British.  They  are  be- 
lieved to  occupy  the  burrows  dug  by  some  bees. 

sa-pyg'-i-dSB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  eapyg(a); 
'Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.:  A  family  of  Fossorial  Hymen- 
optera ;  the  feet  in  both  sexes  slender  and  not 
largely  spinose,  and  the  antennse,  which  are 
at  least  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax,  some- 
what thickened  at  their  extremity. 

*  saque,  s.    [SACQUE.] 

sar,  sar'-go,  sar'-a-gu,  s.    [SABOOS.] 

Ichthy. :  Any  individual  of  the  genusSargus 
(q.v.). 

"  Several  of  them  occur  In  the  Mediterranean  and 
the  neighbouring  parts  of  the  Atlantic,  and  are  popu 
larly  called  Sargo,  Sar,  and  Saraffu,  names  derlvw 
from  the  word  Sargus,  by  which  name  these  nshe 
were  well  known  to  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans. 
—Qiinther :  Study  of  fishei.  p.  466. 

Sar-a-ba-Ite,  s.    [See def.] 

Church  Hist. :  The  Egyptian  name  for  certain 
vagrant  monks  who  journeyed  from  city  to 
city,  making  a  livelihood  by  pretending  to 
work  miracles,  and  by  traffic  in  relics. 

sar  a  band,   sar -a -ban  da,   sar-a- 

bande,  s.  [Fr.  sarabands,  from  Sp.  zara 
banda  =  a  dance,  prob.  from  Pers.  sarband  = 
a  fillet  for  fastening  a  lady's  head-dress ;  Itol 
&  Port,  sarakrade.  ]  A  Spanish  dance  o 
Moorish  origin,  for  a  single  performer,  whi 


accompanies  himself  with  the  castanets, 
The  tune  is  in  j  time,  but  slow  and  stately, 
and  with  a  strong  accent  on  the  second  beat 
m  the  bar. 

"  No  more  for  Moorish  tarabandi  they  call." 

Hart* :  Vilion  of  Deatlt. 

sar'-a-ea,  s.    [Burmese.] 

Bot. :  A  synonym  of  Jonesia  (q.v.). 

Sar'-a^en,  *  Sar-e-zyn,  s.  [Lat.  saroconus, 
lit.  =  one  of  the  eastern  people,  from  Arab. 
sliarki  =  oriental,  eastern ;  shark  =  the  east.] 
Hist. :  A  term  first  used  by  Pliny  (vi.  28) 
for  the  Bedouin  Arabs  inhabiting  Mesopo- 
tamia. It  became  gradually  extended  in 
meaning  till  it  comprehended  all  the  Aral 
race ;  it  was  very  much  used  in  this  wide 
sense  in  connexion  with  the  Crusades.  [Mu- 

HAHMADANISM.] 

Saracen-corn,  Saracen-wheat,  >. 

Bot. :  Fagopynim  esculentwn.  So  named 
because  it  is  said  to  have  been  brought  from 
the  East  by  the  Saracens. 

Saracen's  consoud,  s. 

Bot. :  Senecio  sarracenicus. 

Sar-a-oen'-!o,  *  Sar-a-cen'-io-al,  o. 

(Eng'.  Saracen;  -ic,  -ical.]     Pertaining  to  the 
Saracens. 
Saracenic-architecture,  s.    [MDHAH- 

MADAN-ARCHITECTUBE.J 

* Sar'-a-f en-ism,  s.  [Eng.  Saracen;  -ism.] 
Muhainniadanism.  (Gauden  :  Tears  of  tta 
Church,  p.  566.) 

s&r'-a-gu,  s.    [SAB.] 

sar -a  sin,  *  s&r'-ra-8ine,  «.  IFr.  «or- 
rostrte.]  A  portcullis,  a  horse. 

sar'-a-wak-ite,  s.  [After  Sarawak,  Borneo, 
where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).} 

Min. :  A  mineral  found  in  minute  crystals, 
with  many  planes  and  rounded  angles.  Crys- 
tallization, probably  tetragonal.  Colourless, 
contains  antimony.  Dana  jun.  suggests  Senar- 
montite  (q.v.). 

Bare-,  pref.    [SARCO-.] 

sar-can'-thi-cUe,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  sanan- 
th(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idol.} 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Vandeffi  (q.v.). 

sar  can  -thus,  s.    [Pref.  tare-,  and  Gr.  «••*« 

(anWios)  =  a  flower.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  SarcanthidiB 
(q.v.). 

sar'-casm,  s.  [Fr.  sarcasm*,  from  Lat.  sar- 
casmws,  from  Gr.  o-apa-ao-^os  (sarfcasnios)  =  a 
sneer,  from  o-opito^w  (sarfcozo)  :=  to  tear  flesh 
like  dogs,  ...  to  sneer,  from  o-dpf  (son), 
genit.  o-apKos  (sarfcos)  =  flesh ;  Sp.  &  Ital. 
sarcamw.]  A  sharp,  bitter,  or  cutting  ex- 
pression ;  a  satirical  remark  or  expression  ; 
a  bitter  gibe  or  taunt. 

"  I  grant  thU  nxroum  Is  too  severe." 

Cowper  :  Table  Talk,  101 

•  stvr-cos  -mous,  a.  [Eng.  sarcasm ;  -out.] 
Characterized  by  sarcasm  ;  sarcastic. 

11 A  tamtmatu  reflection  on  the  House  of  Common! 
Itself."—  North:  JZxamen,  p.  144. 

sar-cas-tic,  *  sar-cas'-tte-al,  a.  [Gr. 
o-op«ao-Tocos  (sarkasfifcos)  =  sneering.]  Char- 
acterized by  sarcasm ;  bitterly  cutting  or 
severe;  taunting;  given  to  the  use  of  sarcasm. 

"  That  tarcattic  levity  of  tongue." 

Byron  :  Lara,  i.  S. 

sar-c&s'-tic-al  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  sarcastical; 
-ly.]  In  a  sarcastic  manner ;  with  sarcasm. 

"  Some  .  .  .  disputed  tarcattically  and  contuma- 
ciously against  it.  —  Hammond  :  Workt,  Iv.  670. 

gar'-cel,  »•  [Fr.  cerceau,  from  Lat.  circellus. 
dimin.  from  circus  (q.v.).]  One  of  the  extreme 
pinion  feathers  in  a  hawk's  wings. 

sar  -celled,  sar-cel-lee,  a.    [SARCEL.) 
Her. :  Cut  through  the  middle. 

sarce  -net,  sarse  -net,  sars  -net,  s.    [0. 

Fr*  sarcenet,  from  Low  Lat.  saracenicum  == 
sarcenet  from  Saroc«it  =  the  Saracens  (q.v.).] 
A  thin  kind  of  silk  goods  used  for  linings,  &c, 

"  My  worshipful  dealer  in  flimsy  tarunett.  "—Scott 

K.  u:l  "••»•••>:,  ch.   1. 

sarcenet-ribbon,  s.  Plain  silk  ribbon 
us  distinguished  from  satin,  rep,  or  watered 
ribbon. 


boiT,  boy:  pout,  jorrt;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  fhln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  -  I 
-clan,  -tlan  =  ahan.    -tion.  -slon  =  Shan ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhan.   -clous,  -tious,  -siou»  =  shits.   -We,  -tile,  &c,  =  bel,  aeL 


4110 


sarcills— sarcorhamphinse 


•  sar  ell  Is,  *  sar'-zH,  ».    [Low  Lat.  sarvia- 
<us.)     A  coarse  woollen  cloth  worn  by  the 
lowest  class  of  persons  and  those  who  sub- 
sisted   on    charity,    mentioned    during   the 
thirteenth  century.    (Strult.) 

•ar  ci'-na,  a.    [Or.  o-.i^.w  (narlcinot)  =  of  or 
lika  flesh.] 

Bot. :  A  plant  of  doubtful  affinity,  probably 
a  fungus,  consisting  of  minute  quadrilateral 
bodies  in  fours,  or  some  multiple  of  four. 
Sa-rciJin  MftfriAM  was  first  observed  by  Good- 
sir  in  human  vomit. 

•ar  -91110,  J.    [SAKCINA.] 

CAm. :  CsH4N4O.  A  substance  existing  in 
the  juice  of  flesh.  It  is  extracted  from  the 
mother  liquor  from  which  creatine  has  been 
separated,  by  adding  nitrate  of  silver  and  de- 
composing the  precipitate  with  sulphydric 
acid.  It  separates  from  an  aqueous  solution  as 
a  white  crystalline  powder,  which  dissolves  in 
800  parts  of  cold  and  78  parts  of  boiling  water. 
A  weak  organic  base,  uniting  with  acids  and 
metallic  oxides  to  form  compounds,  several 
of  which  are  crystalline.  The  hydrochlorate 
C5II4N4O.HC1  forms  colourless  tabular,  and 
the  sulphate  needle-shaped  crystals. 

*  •ar'-cle,  v.t.    [Fr.  sarcler,  from  Lat.  sarculo, 
from  sar<nilum=&  weeding  tool.]    To  weed, 
is  corn  with  a  hoe. 

"  Aa  for  the  tarclirta  or  second  harrowing."— P. 
Botland:  Plinif,  bk.  xviil.,  ch.  xxL 

•ar-co-,  sarc-,  pref.    [Gr.  o-ap£  (sane),  genit. 
trafKof  (sarfcos)  =  flesh.]    Fleshy. 

•ar  co  ba'-sis,  s.   [Fret  tana-,  and  Or.  /3io-is 
(basis)  =  a  foundation.] 
Sot. :  A  carcerule. 

•ar' -co-blast,    «.       [Pref.   earco-,  and   Gr. 
/SAao-Tos  (blastos)  =  a  sprout,  a  shoot.] 

Compar.  Anat.  (PI) :  Minute  yellow  bodies 
present  in  Bhiropods,  serving  as  their  ovules. 

•ar'-co-carp, «.   [Pref.  rarco-,  and  Or.  uprfc 

(karpos)  ==  fruit.] 

Bot. :  The  fleshy  part  of  a  fruit  between  the 
epicarp  and  the  endocarp. 

•ar'-co  9ele,  t.    [Fret  tarco-,  and  Gr.  mjAr, 
(tele)  =  a  tumour.] 

Pathol.  :  The  conversion  of  the  testicle  into 
a  hard  flesh-like  structure,  generally  with  en- 
largement of  the  organ  without  serious  con- 
sequences ;  at  other  times  malignant  effects 
follow.  Akin  to  hydrocele  (q.v.^  but  a  dis- 
tinct malady. 

•ar  CO  90ph'-a-lus,  ».     [Pref.  tarco-,  and 
Gr.  xeduiAt)  (kephale)  —  the  head.] 

Sot. :  A  genus  of  Oardenidae.  Sarcocephaltu 
tsculenlua  is  the  native  peach  of  Guinea. 

•ar  co-chlam'  yg,  «.    [Pref.  «aroo-,  and  Gr. 
XAoM"i«  (chlamiu)  =  a  cloak.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Urttcaceai.  Sarcocttlamys 
(Urtica)  pulcherrima,  a  large  handsome  shrub 
with  tri-nerved  leaves,  common  in  Eastern 
Bengal  and  Burmah,  yields  a  good  fibre  for 
ropes.  (Calcutta,  Exhib.  Rep.) 

•ar  co  col  la,  «.    fLat., 
(tarkokolla)  =  a  Persian  gum.] 

Chem. :  A  gum-resin  collected  in  Ethiopia, 
probably  from  Petumcea  sarcocolla.  It  is  ob- 
tained in  yellow  irregular  grains,  has  a  sharp, 
sweetish-bitter  taste,  and  is  inodorous.  It  is 
chiefly  a  mixture  of  resin,  gum,  and  sarco- 
collin,  which  may  be  separated  from  each 
other  by  the  action  of  ether  and  then  alcohol. 

•ar  co  col  lad,  «.     [Mod.  Lat.  mrcoUla); 
Eng.  suff.  -ad.] 

Bot.  (PI.):  The  Penteacew.    (I.iiulley.) 

•ar-ci-co'r-lin,  a.    [Eng,,  Ac.  sarwcollU) ; 
•Ml  (Chem.).j 

Chm. :  A  body  present  in  sarcocolla,  re- 
sembling glycyrrhizin,  not  fully  investigated. 
It  is  extracted  by  alcohol,  and  remains  on 
evaporation  as  a  semi-transparent  amorphous 
mass,  moderately  soluble  in  boiling  water. 
When  heated,  it  smells  like  burnt  sugar. 

t  Bar-code,  s.  [Gr.  o-o(«<ioij!  (sarMdis)  =  flesh- 
like.] 

BM. :  Protoplasm  (q.v.). 

"  In  the  protoplasmic  Jelly,  culled  larrodt.  resides 
the  mysterious  vital  power,  winterer  that  may  prove 
to  be.'— Scritmsr,  ilagatfnt,  June,  1877.  p.  1M. 


sar'-ci-derm, ».  [Pref.  *rrco-,  and  Gr.  «<>u,a 
(derma)  =  skin.] 

Bot. :  An  intermediate  fleshy  layer,  consist- 
in:;  of  either  primine  or  second'me,  in  the 
testa  of  certain  seeds.  Called  also  Sarco- 
sperm. 

sar  cod -Ic,  a.  [Eng.  sarmd(e):  -ic.)  Of  or 
pertaining  to  sarcode  ;  protoplasmic. 

*  Bar  -cold,  a.  4  <.    [Or.  o-ipf  (sarx),  genit. 
uapicoi  (sarkos)  =  flesh,    and    e"6os    (eidos)  = 
appearance.] 

A*  As  adj. :  Resembling  flesh. 
B.  As  subst. :  One  of  the  particles  which 
moke  up  the  flesh  of  a  sponge. 

sar-cd-lem'-ma,  s.     [Pref.  sarco-,  and  Gr. 
Ae'pfia  (lemma)  =  a  husk.] 
Anat. :  The  proper  sheath  of  muscular  fibre. 

sar-co-line,  a.      [Gr.   «anf  (sun),  genit 
aapicos  (sarkos)  =  flesh.] 
Min. :  Flesh-coloured. 

sar;  co  lite,  «.    [Pref.  sarco-,  and  Gr.  Ai'Sos 
(lithos)  —  a  stone ;  Ger.  sarkolith.] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  tetragonal  mineral,  belonging  to  the 
Scapolite  group,  occurring  sparsely  in  pale 
flesh-red  crystals  in  the  volcanic  agglomerates 
of  Monte  Somma,  Vesuvius.     Hardness,  6 ; 
sp.  gr.  2*545  ;  lustre,  vitreous ;  transparent  to 
subtransparent.    Compos.  :  silica,  39-7  ;  alu- 
mina, 22-8 ;  lime,  33-4  ;  soda,  4-1  =  100,  re- 
presented by  the  formula, 

(}  (A  CaO  +  -fs  NaO)'+  }  Al2O3)«,3SiO2. 

2.  A  flesh-red  variety  of  Gmelinite  (q.v.), 
from  Montecchio  Maggiore. 

sar  co  log -ic,  sar-co-lo-f-Ic-al,  a. 
[Eng.  sarcolog(y) ;  -ic,  -ical.}  Of  or  pertaining 
to  s&rcology. 

sar-col'-o-glst,  s.  [Eng.  aurcolosfy) ;  -iat.] 
One  who  is  versed  in  sarcology. 

•ar-col'-iS-gjr,  s.  [Pref.  sarco-,  and  Gr.  W^os 
(logos)  =  a  word,  a  discourse.] 

Anat. :  That  branch  which  treats  of  the 
soft  parts  of  the  body,  as  of  the  muscles,  fat, 
intestines,  &c. 

t  sar-co'-ma  (pi.  sar-co  -ma-ta),  ».    [Or., 

from  o-opicpu)  (Mrku6)  =  to  make  ttesh;  oopf 
(sarx),  genit  o-op«6s  (sarkos)  =  flesh.] 

1.  Bot. :  A  fleshy  disc. 

2.  Pathol.  (PL):  Cancerous  growths,  con- 
sisting of  connective-tissue    cells   retaining 
their  embryonic  condition.     Those  that  re- 
main in  this  elementary  condition  are  round 
cells,  those  which  advance  one  stage  further 
are  spindle-sliaped ;  and  a  third  kind  origi- 
nating in  the  bone,  and  having  large  nucleated 
myeloid  cells,  are  called  myeloid.    The  first 
is  the  most  malignant. 

sar  co'- ma  tons,  a.  [SAROOMA.J  Pertain- 
ing or  relating  to  sarcoma. 

"  Iu  their  earliest  stage  tnrcomatout  tamonre  pre- 
Mut  «#greentioaa  of  imal!  round  cells."— r<!;m«r  ; 
Proa.  <tf  ifedMtu  led.  7th).  1.  8S. 

sar  coph'-a-ga,  ».  pi.    [SARCOPHAGUS.] 

1.  Entom. :  A  genus  of  Muscida?  (q.v.). 
Sarcophaga  carnaria,  about  half  an  inch  long, 
is  the  Flesh-fly.  It  has  six  grayish-white 
streaks  upon  the  thorax,  and  four  rows  of 
square  white  spots  upon  the  abdomen. 

t  2.  Zool. :  A  group  or  tribe  of  Marsnpiata. 
Canines  long  in  both  jaws  ;  a  simple  stomach, 
no  caacum.  There  is  one  family,  the  Dasy- 
nrid*.  (Owen.) 

*  sar  coph'-a-gal,  a.   [SARCOPHAGUS.]  The 
same  as  SARCOPHAGOUS  (q.v.). 

" la  the  tarwphagai  grave. "—Adaim;  rTortt,  i.  876. 

sar-coph'-a-gan, «.  [SARCOPHAOA.]  One  of 
the  Sarcophaga  ;  a  flesh-eating  animal. 

sar-coph -a-gofta, a.  [SARCOPHAOUS.]  Flesh- 
eating  ;  feeding  or  subsisting  on  flesh. 

sar  coph-a-giis  (pi.  sar-c6pli'-a-§i 
[Lat.],  Bar-coph'-a-gus-esi  [Eug.]),  s. 
[Lat.  sarcophaffus,  from  Gr.  o-apKo^a-yoc  (sarka- 
phagos),  from  <r«pf  (sarx),  genit.  eaptot  (sarkos) 
=  flesh,  and  ^Kryeii'  (jihagein)  =  to  eat ;  Fr. 
sanophage;  Sp.  ft  Ital.  sarcofugo.] 

*  1.  A  kind  of  stone  used  amongst  the 
Greeks  for  making  coffins,  and  so  called 
because  it  was  believed  to  have  the  property 


of  consuming  the  flesh  of  dead  bodies  de- 
posited in  it  within  a  ftw  weeks.  (See 
etym.)  It  was  also  called  Lapis  Astivt, 
from  being  found  at  Assos,  a  city  of  Lycia,  in 
Asia  Minor. 

"Near  unU)  Aaaoft,  fccitte  in  Troa*.  there  la  found  rn 
the  quarries  ft  cerUiti  Bt.me  called  tarvphugiit,  which 
mrmeth  In  a  direct  veliie,  and  Is  apt  to  be  cloven  and 
«o  cut  out  of  the  rocke  by  flakes.  The  reason  of  thr.t 
name  is  this.  becau«e  Uiat  witliln  the  space  of  fortie 
dales  It  Is  known  for  cerUlue  to  consume  the  1 
the  dead  which  are  bestowed  therein,  skin,  flesh,  and 
bone,  all  save  th»  teeth."— P.  Holland:  I'linii,  bk- 
txxvi.,  ch.  zvii. 

2.  A  coffin  or  tombof  stone  ;  a  kind  of  stone 
chest,  used  fur  containing  a  dead  body.  Sar- 
cophagi were  anciently  in  general  use,  at  least 
With  the  wealthy,  among  the  Orientals  par- 


ticularly  those  inhabiting  the  eastern  shores 
of  the  Mediterranean,  and  were  often  orna- 
mented with  elaborate  and  expensive  sculp- 
tures. In  modern  times  stone  coffins  are 
occasionally  used  for  royal  or  distinguished 
persons. 

"  On  the  right  and  on  the  left  reposed,  each  in  a 
massy  aaraqplla^iu,  the  departed  kings  and  queens  of 
Spain."— Slacaulay:  Hilt.  £nff.  ch.  xxiv. 

*  gar-cSpb-'-a-gy,    "  sar  coph  a-gie,  «. 

[SARCOPHAGUS.]     The  practice  of  eating  tiesh. 
"  There  wae  no  tarcvi'hngy   l>efure   the    flood."— 
Brownf:  Vulyar  i'rrour*.  bk.  lii.,  ch.  xrv. 

t  sar  co  pllilo,  i.  [SARCOPHILUS.]  Any 
flesh-loving  animal ;  specif.,  any  individual 
of  the  old  genus  Sarcophilus  (q.v.). 

•  sar  coph  -i-lus,  s.    [Pref.  sarco-,  and  Or. 
<£iAe'w  (phileo)  =  to  love.] 

Zool. :  An  old  synonym  of  Dasyurus  (q.v.X 

sar-o6-pliy'-t43,  sar  co  phyto,  t.  [Pret 
sarco-,  and  Gr.  ^VTOK  (phuton,)  =  a  plant.] 

Botany : 

1.  Of  the  first  form:  The  typical  genus  of 
Sarcophytidege  (q.v.). 

2.  Of  the  second  form:   The  only  known 
species  of  the   genus.    It   is  a  fungus-like 
plant,  with  a  very  bail  smell,  parasitic  on  the 
root  of  Cape  Mimosas. 

sar  co-phy  ttd'-c-re,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat 

farcophyt(e)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idea.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Balanophoracese  (q.v.). 

sar  cop  side,  s.  [Pref.  rare- ;  Gr.  S<IHS  (optit) 
=  appearance,  and  Eng.  suit',  -ide.) 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  iu  irregular 
ellipsoids  in  a  granite  vein  between  Michele- 
dorf  and  the  MUhlbachthal,  Silesia.  Crys- 
tallization, probably  monoclinic.  Hardness, 
4'0;  sp.  gr.  8-692  to  8730;  lustre,  somewhat 
silky  ;  colour  when  fresh,  flesh-red  to  laven- 
der-blue ;  streak,  straw-yellow.  Compos. : 
a  phosphate  of  the  proto-  and  sesquioxides  of 
Iron  and  manganese.  Dana  jun.  suggests  that 
it  may  be  a  variety  of  triplite  (q.v.). 

sar-cop   syl-la,  s.     [Pref.  sarco-,  and  Or. 

i/nJAAa  (psitlla)  =  a  flea.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Pulicidse.  Sarcopiylla 
(or  P-ulei)  penetrans  is  the  Cliigre  (q.v.). 

•ar  cop  tes,  s.  [Pref.  earco-,  and  Gr.  niwru 
(kopto)  =  to  cut.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Acarida;.  Scmoptes  (01 
Acarus)  scabiei  digs  into  the  humiui  skin,  and 
produces  the  itch.  Samples  eqvi  (probably 
Acarua  exulcerant,  Linn.)  infests  the  horse. 

sar-cop  tic,  a.  [SARCOPTKS.]  Caused  by 
mites  of  the  genus  Sarcoptea. 

"  Although  the  mites  (Sarco^ites)  have  been  found  In 
small  numbers  from  time  to  time  on  the  skins  of 
horses,  cattle,  and  sheep,  the  important  difference 
between  ordinary  mange  and  sarcvptic  mange  is.  thai 
In  the  first  the  mange  mites  are  on  the  surface,  where 
they  can  be  easily  reached,  and  in  the  latter  they 
burrow  under  the  euticle.  and  are  consequently  less 
likely  to  be  destroyed  by  the  applications  which  are 
used  for  the  cure  of  the  affection.  —/Wd,  July  24. 1M& 

sar  co  rham  phi'  HOB,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
sarcorhamph(iis) ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -inet.] 


Ste,  «t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  eire,  wr,  marine;  go,  p«t, 
«r.  wore,  W911,  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  tall;  try,  Syrian,    as,  oe  =  i ;  cy  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


sarcorhamphus— sarong 


4111 


OrtMh.  :    American  Vultures,   New  World 

-  Vultures ;  a  sub-familv  of  Vulturidae  (q.v.), 

with  four  genera  and  nine  species.    (Wallace.) 

Tin1  nostrils  are  perforated,  the  bony  septum 

being  absent. 

•ar-co-rnam'-phSs,  «.     [Pref.  sano-,  and 
Gr.  pajLufios  (rhamphos)  =  a  beak.] 

OrtMh. :  Condor,  the  typical  genus  of  the 
sub-family  Sarcorhamphlnffl  (q.v.),  with  two 
species  from  the  Andes  of  South  America, 
and  below  41°  8.  latitude.  Beak  large  and 
strong,  with  fleshy  caruncles  at  base. 

•ar  co  sine,  «.     [Or.   <rip£    (mrx),   genit. 
O-OJJKM  (narkos)  =  flesh  ;  Eng.  sun",  -iate.) 

Chetn. :  C3H7NOs=C2H4(CHj)NO.,.  Methyl- 
glycocine.  A  substance  mrtameric  with 
alanine  and  nrethane,  obtained  by  the  action 
of  baryta  on  creatine.  It  forms  •okwrlaM 
trimetric  crystals,  very  soluble  in  water, 
slightly  in  alcohol,  is  neutral,  and  has  a 
sweetish  and  rather  metallic  taste.  It  is  a 
weak  base,  and  combines  with  acids  to  form 
crystalline  compounds. 

(sarkoo)  = 


sar- co   sis,  s.    [Gr.,  from 
to  make  fleshy.]    [SAKCOMA.J 
Surgery : 

1.  The  formation  of  flesh. 

2.  A  fleshy  tumour  ;  sarcoma. 

sar -co -sperm,  s.  [Pref.  sareo-,  and  Gr. 
<rir<pKi«  (spentiu)  =  seed.]  [SAKUODEEM.  J 

Bar  co"  stem' -ma,  s.  [Pref.  sarco-,  and  Gr. 
irrf^a  (stemnw)  '=  a  wreath.  Named  from 
the  fleshy  leaflets  of  the  inner  corolla.] 

BoL:  A  genus  of  true  Asclepiadacese.  Corolla 
rotate,  with  a  coronet  of  double  stamens. 
Sarcostemma  Forskahlianum  ami  F.stipitaceum 
are  eatable.  S.  giaucum  constitutes  the  ipe- 
cacuanha of  Venezuela.  Water  passed  through 
a  bag  of  5.  brevistigma  and  a  bag  of  salt  will 
kill  any  white  ants.  An  intoxicating  liquor 
was  formerly  made  from  this  species. 

»ar  CO  stig'-ma,  s.  [Fret  sarco-,  «nd  Gr. 
tr-riyfia  (stigma)  —  a  prick,  a  mark.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  leaciuacese.  Samstigma 
Kleinii,  an  Indian  species,  yields  an  oil,  used  in 
Bombay  in  rheumatism,  and  burnt  iu  lamps. 

sar  co  style,  s.  [Pref.  sarco-,  and  Gr.  o-rv\ot 
(stulos)  =  a  pillar.)  [SARCOTHECA.] 

sar  co  tho  ca  (pi.  sar-co  the  -cse),  s. 
IPref.  sarco-,  and  Gr.  flrjm)  (tliikl)  =  a  chest.] 

Zaol.  (PI.) :  Hincks'  name  for  the  cap-like 
chitinous  cells,  which,  with  the  pseudopodia 
emitted  therefrom,  Busk  called  Neumtophores. 
[NKMAIOPKORE.]  Hincks  thus  distinguishes 
the  protoplasm  cell  from  the  protoplasm  it 
contains,  which  he  calls  sarcostyle. 

"  Mr.  Blocks,  however,  considering  that  the 
presence  of  the  thread-cells  is  not  the  primary 
characteristic,  and  is  perhaps  nut  universal,  nna  sub- 
etituted  the  term  tarcoihv-a.  for  the  chitiuous  cell. 
•Ad  tarcoltyla  tor  the  contained  sarcode-mass."— 
W.  M.  Ball:  Cat.  of  Auttral.  Jfydroid  Zoopltylet,  p. 20. 

*  sar-cot'-Ic,  *  sar-cSf  -ick,  a.  ft  s.     [Gr. 
o-apKuriKOf  (sarkotikos),  from   o-apKwo-ic  (sar- 
cosis);  Fr.  sarmtiqtie  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  sarcofico.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Producing  or  generating  flesh 
incmrnati  ve. 

B,  As  aubst. :  A  medicine  or  preparation 
which  promotes  the  growth  of  flesh  ;  an  incar 
native.    (Wiseman:  Surgery,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  vi.) 

*  sarc'-ous,  a.    [Gr.  o-ap?  (sarx),  genit.  «op*6c 
(sarkos)  =  flesh.)    Of  or  pertaining  to  flesh  or 
muscles. 

sarcous-elements,  s.  pi. 

Phgsiol.  :  The  elementary  particles,  which 
by  their  union  form  the  mass  of  muscular  fibre 

*sar-cu  la'-tion,  *.  [Lat.  sarculatio,  fron 
sarculo  =  to  weed.)  [8ABCU5.]  The  act  o 
raking  or  weeding  with  a  rake  or  hoe. 

card,  s.  [Gr.  o-ip&oi/  (sardion)  =  the  sardian 
stone ;  Fr.  sardoine.] 

11  in. :  A  very  compact  variety  of  chalcedon. 
(q.v.),  presenting  on  a  fractured  surface  adu] 
horn-like  asj>ect.  Colour,  pale  yellowish-red 
shades  of  terown,  transparent  to  translucent 
Much  esteemed  by  the  ancient  gem  engravers 

Bar  del,  s.    [SARDIUS.] 

Sar  dl  an.  a.  &  s.    [See  def.) 

A.  A.i  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Sardes,  th 
ancient  capital  of  Lydia. 


B.  As  nbst. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Sardes. 

"  I"**  hi"«st1S^.tl'3SSr,  1,.  ». 

sar -dine,  s.  [Fr.  sardine;  Prov.  sarda;  Sp. 
sardinu,  sarda ;  Hal.  Mrdrlia,  tarda ;  Lat. 
sar<iijta,  sarda;  Gr.  o-apo'i'irj,  o-apfiiyos  (sardine, 
Kmtinas)=  the  sardine,  from  SapSco  (Sardo) 
=  Sardinia,  near  which  it  was  caught.] 

Ichthy. :  Clitpm  sardina,  a  lish  resembling 
tlie  pilcliard,  but  smaller,  specially  abundant 
in  the  Mediterranean ;  found  also  in  the  At- 
lantic, but  not  visiting-  the  American  coast. 
They  are  curea  with  oil  in  tin  boxes,  and  form 
a  wholesome  article  of  food.  The  annual 
value  of  the  exports  from  French  and  Medi- 
terranean ports  is  about  £150,000.  Home- 
times  the  French  cure  them  in  red  wine, 
when  they  are  called  anchovied  sardines, 
and  are  exported  to  the  Levant. 

sard  me,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  earditm.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Of  or  belonging  to  8«rdis,  the 
capital  of  Lydia.    (Rev.  iv.  S.) 

B.  As   subst.:    The    Sardius.     (Liddell    i 
Scott,  S.V.  o-dpSior.) 

. ^_,  o.  4  ».    [See  def.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Island, 
kingdom,  or  people  ol  Sardinia. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  OrrJ.  Lantg.  :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  the 
island  or  kingdom  of  Sardinia.     The  latter 
included   the    provinces    of    Piedmont   and 
Savoy,  as  well  as  the  island  of  Sardinia. 

2.  Uvn. :    Anglesite  in  distorted  crystals, 
found  at  Monte  Poni.   Thought  by  Breithmnpt 
to  differ  from  anglesite  in  crystallization. 

sar'-dl-US,  s.  [Gr.  o-apoww  (sardion)  =  the 
sardian  stone,  the  transparent  red  kind  being 
carnelian,  the  brown  the  sardine  or  sard.] 

Scripture  : 

1.  Old  Test. :  Heb.  CTh  (odhtm),  probably 
either  the  sard  or  the  sardonyx.  It  was  the 
first  stone  in  the  first  row  of  the  high  priest's 
breastplate  (Exod.  xxviii.  IT,  xxxix.  10; 
Ezek.  xxviii.  13). 

2  New  Test. :  Gr.  o-apSioi'  (sardion).  Pro- 
bably the  same  as  1.  (Kev.  xxi.  20.) 

sar  doin,  s.    [Fr.  sardonic.]    Sard,  carnelian. 

sar-do'-ni-an,  a.  fO.  Fr.  sardonien,  from 
Lat.  sardontus ;  Gr.  o-apo'onc-c.  (sardonios)  = 
sardonic  (q.  v.).]  The  same  as  SARDONIC  (q.v.). 

"  With  Sardinian  smite 
Laughing  on  her,  his  false  intent  to  shade. 

Spenurr:  f.  V-,  V.  Ix.  12. 

sar  don'-ic,  o.  [Fr.  sardonlyvc,  from  Lat. 
sardonita;  Gr.  o-apS6Vio«,  o-apSdVios  (sardouios, 
stirdanios),  whence  rrapcanOK  yf^av  (sardanioik 
gelan)=.ta  laugh  bitterly  or  grimly,  prob. 
from  o-<up<u  («atro)  =  to  draw  back  the  lips 
and  show  the  teeth,  to  grin  ;  by  some  derived 
from  mfSwiav  (sardonian),  a  plant  of  Sardinia, 
said  to  screw  up  the  face  of  the  eater.) 

1.  Apparently,  but  not  really,  proceeding 
from  gaiety  or  mirth  ;   forced.     (Said  of  a 
laugh  or  smile.) 

"  Where  strained  tardoniek  smiles  are  closing  still.' 
tMiquia  W ottmitlTta,  p.  391. 

2.  Bitterly  ironical ;  sarcastic ;  derisive  and 
malignant. 

11  A  broad  lardotric*  smile 
Of  dread  siKntncauoe." 

Cowper:  Homer;  Odytuyl 

sardonic  laugh  (or  smile),  >.    [Risua 

8A&DONICUS.] 

*  Bar-dftn'-Jc-al-ljr,  adv.     tEng.  sardonic 
-ai,  -ly.  ]    In  a  sardonic  manner. 

"  He  bnuthed«mfom«aW».''—  C.  Srontf:  Jan«Kyr« 

*  sar  don'-ic-au,  a.  [Lat.  sardonicus.]   Sar 
donic  (q.v.). 

"  Homer  first,  and  others  after  him,  call  laughter 
which  conceals  some  noxious  design,  Sardoittcan." — 
Tailor:  Patuaniat.  iii.  1*9. 

sard-on'-yt,  ».    [Bng.  sari,  and  onyx.] 

1.  Min. :  A  variety  of  agate  to  which  th 
layers  are  in  straight  bands,  white  chalce 
dony  or  semi-opal  alternating  with  sard  (q.v.) 

2.  Script. :  The  sardonyx  of  Eev.  xxi.  20  i 
probably  translated  correctly. 

sa'-ree,  sa'-rl, ».    [Hind.] 

1.  A  cotton   fabric  worn   by  East-India 
women  wrapped  about  the  person 

2.  A  long  scarf  of  embroidered  gauze  or  silk. 


sar  -ell,  s.    [SLKAOLIO.) 

sar  gas'  so,  s.  [Sp.  sarga£>-=  sea- weed.]   (See 

compound.) 

sargasso- sea,  3. 

Bot.  Utog. :  The  part  of  the  Atlantic  covered 
by  the  Gulf-weed  (q.v.). 

sar-gr&s'-sum,  s.    [Latinised  from  sargasso 
(q.v.).] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  dark-spored  fucoids  of  the 
family  Cystoseiridw.  Receptacles  small, 
linwir,  and  mostly  clustered  at  the  base  of 
branches,  and  pierced  by  many  pores  leading 
to  conceptacles  containing  spore-sacs  and 
clusters  of  antheridia.  Surrjassum  baccifenim 
is  the  Gulf-weed  (q.v.).  S.  acanthocarpum  and 
S.  cuneif'Mitm  are  used  for  food  in  the  Sand- 
wich Islands.  S.  wlgare  is  given  in  Portu- 
guese Indiaagainst  calculus,  and  6'.  baixijerum 
in  South  America  against  tumours. 

sar  gi'-na,  s.  pi  [Lat.  aarg(us) ;  nent.  pL 
adj.  suff.  -ino.] 

Ichthy.  £  Palreont. :  A  group  of  Sparidte. 
Jaws  with  a  single  series  of  incisors  iu  front, 
and  several  series  of  rounded  molars  on  the 
side.  There  is  but  one  genus,  Sargus,  with 
twenty  species.  [SAR.]  They  feed  on  hard- 
shelled  animals,  which  they  crash  with  their 
molar  teeth.  Found  in  the  Chalk  of  Mount 
Lebanon. 

sar  go  don,  «.    [Lat.  sory(«s);  stiff,  -odon.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Sparidie,  with  one 
species  from  the  Rhsettc  beds. 

sar'-gns,  «.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  (rip-yes  (saryos).] 
[SAROINA.] 

I'-ri,  s.    [SABKE.] 

sark,  '  serk,  »serko,  ».  [A.S.  serce,  syne; 
Icel.  serkr ;  Dan.  scerk.]  A  shirt,  a  shift. 

"  Tour  honor  sail  get  Hue  o'  the  colonel's  ain  ruffled 
tarlu."— Scott  :  Vfavcrlty.  ch.  xxxlx. 

sark -ing,  s.    [SARK.] 

Jiuild. :  The  sheathing  of  a  roof  above  the 
rafters,  affording  a  hold  for  the  nails  which 
secure  the  shingles  or  slates. 

sar  -lac,  sar'  Ilk,  sar-lyk,  t.     (Name  in 
the  Tartar  dialect,  j 
Zaol. :  The  Yak  (q.v.). 

Sar  ma-tlan,  Sar  maf-ic,  a.  (See  def.) 
Of,  or  pertaining  to  Sannatia  or  its  inhabi- 
tants, the  ancestors  of  the  Russians  and  Poles. 

sar-ment,  j.    [SABMZNTDH.] 

sar-men-ta'  50-39,  s.  pL  [Fem.  pi.  of  Mod. 
Lat.  sarmentaceus,  from  Lat.  sarm«K«um(q.v.).] 
Bot. :  The  forty-ninth  order  in  LinnBeus's 
Natural  System.  Genera :  Vitis,  Hedera, 
Houstonla,  Ruscus,  Sinilax,  Menispermum, 
Aristolochia,  4c. 

sar  men  ta  -coous  (ce  as  sh),  a.     [SAB- 

Bot.  :  The  same  as  SARMEKTOSE  (q.v.). 

«  sar-men-tld  I-um,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  dimin. 
from  sarmentum  (q.v.).J 

Bot. :  A  group  of  cymes  disposed  centri- 
fugally,  as  the  flowers  are  in  the  cyme. 

sar  men  tose,  sar  men  tous,  a.    [Lat. 

sarmentosus.] 

Bot. :  Having  sarmenta  or  runners ;  having 
the  form  or  character  of  a  runner. 

sar  men  turn  (pi.  sar-men'-1»),  s.  [Lat., 
for  sarpinieittum,  from  sarpo  —  to  trim.] 

Sot. :  A  rnnner ;  the  slender,  woody  stem 
of  climbing  plants.  (Linnceus.) 

sar  mi-en  -ta, «.  ISp.  sarmiaita  =  a  twig  or 
branch  cut  off  from  a  vine.] 

Sot.  :  A  genus  of  Gesnerese  (q.v.).  Sartnl- 
mta  rtfens,  a  creeping  ptant  with  scarlet 
flowers,  is  used  in  Chili  as  an  emollient 

sarn,  ».  [Welsh.]  A  pavement  or  stepping- 
stone.  (Prov.) 

sa'-rong,  s.    [Native  name.] 

1.  A  plain  or  printed  cotton  fabric  imported 
into  the  Indian  or  Eastern  Archipelago. 

2.  A  garment  worn  in  the  Indian  Archi- 
pelago.   It  consists  of  a  piece  of  cloth  wrapped 
round  the  lower  part  of  the  body,  that  worn 
by  women  being  deeper  than  that  worn  by  men. 


boil,  1X&;  pollt.  J6%1;  oat,  eell,  chorus,  oUta.  bencb;  go.  gem;  thin,  thl»;  .in,  as;  expect,  Xai.opl.oii,  exist.   -in» 
-tion,  -«lon  =  «laun;  -tion.  -$ion  =  ahun,   -oioua.  -U<nw.  n-ioiui  =  «hiU.   -We. -^le,  tc.  =  bel,  del. 


4112 


earos-sash 


•a-ros,  i.     [East  Araiiutan.] 

Astro*,:  A  Chaldean  astronomical  period  or 
cycle,  the  exact  length  of  which  has  been 
greatly  disputed.  It  has  been  variously  esti- 
mated from  3,600  days  to  8,600  years. 

Bar-o-tham -nils,  ».  (Gr.  crapoc  (aaro*)  =  a 
broom,  and  fla^-oc  (thamnos)  —  a  bush,  a  shrub.  ] 
Bot  :  A  genus  of  Cytisete,  founded  to  re- 
ceive the  Common  Broom,  Sarothamnvs  scopar- 
tut,  formerly  Cytisiu  scopariui.  Sir  J.  Hooker 
reverts  to  the  old  name. 

«ar  6-ther  d-d8n,  s.  [Or.  <raip«i  (soiro)  = 
to  show  the  teeth;  fcjp  (fAcr)  =  an  auiiuul. 
and  suff.  -odon.] 

Ichthy.  ;  A  genus  of  Chromides,  with  two 
species  from  the  rivers  and  lakes  of  Africa, 
extending  to  the  Sahara  and  Palestine. 

sar-plar,  5.  [SARPLJER.]  A  large  sack  or 
bale  of  wool  containing  eighty  tods,  each  of 
which  contains  two  stone  of  fourteen  pounds. 

•sar'-pller,  s.  [Fr.  serpiUiere  =  sackcloth, 
•  corrupt,  of  sergevieille  =  old  serge.]  UJERGE.] 

1.  Canvas  or  packing-cloth. 

2.  The  same  as  SARPLAR  (q.v.). 

"  So  that  then  waa  a  subsldie  paled  for  all  larplim 
of  wooll  that  went  oat  of  the  reime."— tfoJtruAed: 
Chronicli ;  Stheard  I.  [an.  !»«). 

oar-ra-cen'-a-a.  t.  [Named  after  Dr.  Sar- 
racin,  a  French  physician.] 

Bot. :  Side-saddle  flower ;  the  typical  genus 
Of  Sarraceniaceie  (q.v.).  Petals  five;  style 
expanded  at  the  top  into  a  broad  disc,  with 
the  five  stigmas  around  its  edges  beneath  ; 
capsule  five-celled.  Known  species  about  six, 
from  the  marshes  of  North  America. 

sar  ra-cen-I  a'-ce  SB,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
turracenHa);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -oc«e.) 

Bot. :  Sarraceniads ;  an  order  of  Hypogyn- 
ous  Exogens,  alliance  Ranalcs.  Herbaceous, 
perennial  bog  plants  ;  roots  fibrous ;  leaves 
radical,  with  a  hollow,  urn-like  petiole ;  the 
lamina  articulated  at  its  apex,  constituting  a 
lid.  Inflorescence  a  scape  with  one  or  more 
flowers ;  sepals  four,  five,  or  six ;  petals 
Done  or  five,  unguiculate  and  concave ; 
stamens  numerous ;  style  simple,  truncate, 
or  crowned  by  a  peltate  plate  with  five 
stigmatic  angles  ;  capsule  with  two  to  five 
cells  ;  seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  attached 
to  placenta,  projecting  from  the  axis.  Known 
genera  two,  species  seven,  mostly  North 
American ;  one  is  from  Guiana.  (Limlley.) 

Bar-ra-een'-a-ad,-.  [Mod.  Lat  tarrcuxnUa); 
Eng.  suff.  -at!.} 

Bat.  (PI.):  The  Sarraceniacese.    (LincOey.) 
sar  -ra-sine,  ».    ISARASIN.] 

sar-rus  -6-phone,  s.  [First  element  doubt- 
ful ;  second,  Gr.  ^wnj  (phaite)  =  sound.] 

llvmc:  A  form  of  wind-instrument  of  the 
horn  class.  They  are  made  en  suite,  of  sizes 
and  compass  to  take  different  parts  in  con- 
certed pieces  of  music,  and  are  known  as  the 
cornets  and  saxhorns  by  names,  as  soprano, 
contralto,  tenor,  barytone,  bass,  &c. ;  or  by 
the  pitch,  as  B  flat,  E  flat,  &c. 

Bar  -sa,  sar'-za,  s.    [SABSAPARILU.] 

sar  sa-pa-ril  -la, >.  [Sp.  zanaparilla,  from 
Sp.  zarza ;  Basque  zarlzia  =  a  bramble,  and 
parrilla  =  a  vine :  or  from  Parillo,  a  physi- 
cian who  is  said  to  have  discovered  it ;  Fr. 
ialsepareilU ;  Port,  salsapartiha,  or  sarsa- 
farrUha;  Ital.  sateapariglia.] 

1.  £<X.(P(.):The8mil»ce«e(q.T.X  (Lindley.) 

2.  Pharm. :  The  rhizome  of  various  species 
of  Sinilax,  spec,  that  of  Smika  cfficinalis,  a 
native  of  Central  America,    It  is  imported 
very  largely  from  Jamaica  In  bundles,  a  foot 
to  a  foot  and  a  half  in  length,  with  spirally 
twisted  roots.    The  rhizome  of  sarsaparilla  is 
popularly  called  the  chump  ;  one  with  roots 
and  rootlets,  the  latter  finely  subdivided,  is 
said  to  be  bearded.    Sarsaparilla  is  supposed 
to  be  diaphoretic,  diuretic,  demulcent,  tonic, 
and  alterative.    It  has  been  given,  with  other 
medicines,  in  syphilis,  scrofula,  &c.     Sarsa- 
parilla ojficinalis  is  the  only  species  used  in 
British  pharmacy.     The  sarsaparilla  of  Vera 
Cruz  is  from  Smilaz  medico,  that  of  Pern  from 
S.  Purhampuy,  that  of  Lisbon  and  Brazil  from 
8.  tiphititica,  that  of  Australia  from  S.  gly- 
cyphylla.     Many  Asiatic  species  of  Smilax,  as 
S.  teylanim,  S.  glabra,  S.  per/oliata,  S.  leuco- 


phylla,  and  S.  China,  and  S,  aspera  and  5. 
ejxelsa,  from  the  south  of  Europe  —  the  lasl 
two  sometimes  called  Italian  sarsaparilla  — 
furnish  inferior  qualities  of  the  drug. 

sar  aa  pa  ril-Iin,  ».  [Eng.  tarsaparUMp)  ; 
•in  (dhem.).] 

Chen.:  A  substance  obtained  from  sarsa 
parilla,  by  making  an  alcoholic  extract  of  the 
root,  concentrating,  and  allowingto  crystallize. 
It  forms  colourless  needles,  inodorous,  soluble 
in  boiling  water,  alcohol,  ether,  and  in  essen 
tial  oils.  Sulphuric  acid  dissolves  it  with  red 
colour. 

sars  -den,  s.    [SARSEX.] 

sarse,  *  scarce,  *  scarse,  s.  [Fr.  «u  (O.  Fr. 
fans)  =  a  sieve,  from  Low  I<at  setactum  = 
something  made  of  bristles,  from  Lat.  seta  =  a 
bristle  ;  tip.  sedoza.)  A  flue  sieve. 

*  sarse,  r.t.    [Fr.  toner.]    [SARSE,  t.]    To  sift 
through  a  sarse. 

sar  -sen,  gars'  -den,  scs-san,  ses-sen, 

s.  [Etym.  uncertain  ;  Aubrey  (Nat.  Hist. 
Wilt.,  p.  44)  derives  it  from  Sarsden,  a  vil- 
lage three  miles  from  Andover  ;  Saracen 
(Notes  d  Queries,  1st  series,  xi.  494)  ;  A.S.  sel 
stan  (=  great  stone)  ;  Lat  samim  (Prof.  Phil- 
lips); A.S.  sar  =  grievous,  troublesome,  and 
sttin  =  a  stone,  because  their  removal  "  must 
have  been  a  very  long  and  troublesome  work  " 
(Geol.  Mag.,  1873,  p.  19«)  ;  and  A.S.  sesan,  sesan 
=  rocks  (Geol.  Hag.,  1874,  p.  96),  have  been 
suggested.] 

Archoxl.  A  Geol.  (PI.)  :  Blocks  of  sandstone 
strewed  over  the  Wiltshire  downs  and  south- 
east England.  They  are  derived  by  denuda- 
tion from  the  Lower  London  Tertiaries  and 
the  Bagshot  Sands.  Known  also  as  Grey- 
wethers,  or  Druid  Stones,  or  Druid  Sand- 
stones. They  were  used  in  the  construction 
of  Stonehenge  and  Abury.  (T.  R.  Jones, 

F.R.S.)     [GREY-WETHER.] 

"  The  toughnees  and  close-grained  structure  of  the 
most  compact  tarl»n."—Ue(A.  Mug.,  lira,  200. 

sarsen-stone,  s.    A  sarsen  (q.v.). 
sarse  net,  s.    [SARCENET.] 

sar  -sl-a,  s.    [Named  after  a  naturalist  San.) 
Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Sarsidae  (q.v.). 
S 
si 
small  Crustacea, 

sar  -si  das,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  «or«i(a);  l»t. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -id<t.} 

ZooL  :  A  family  of  Discophora.  Eye-like 
spots  surrounding  the  margin  of  the  disc, 
naked.  Often  merged  in  Medusidae. 

sar-s6n,  J.  [Hind.]  (See  etym.  &  compound.) 

sarson  oil,  s.  The  oil  of  Brassica  cam- 
pestrit.  (Anglo-Indian,) 

*  sart,  s.    [O.  Fr.  essart,  from  Low  Lat.  exar- 
tum,  from  Lat.  er  =  out,  and  «arto  =  to  hoe.] 
A  piece  of  woodland  turned  into  arable  land 
(Bailey.) 

sar-tor'-I-al,  o.  [Lat  tartar  =  a  tailor.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  tailor  or  tailoring. 

*  sar-tor'-I-al-yf,  adv.    [Eng.  tartorial  ;  -Iji.] 
With  reference  to  clothes  ;  as  regards  clothing. 

"  Hide  It  very  brilliant  sortorfoUy."—  Had,  Dec. 

96,  1886. 

sar-tbr'-ite,  s.  [After  Sartorius  von  Walters- 
hausen,  who  first  analysed  it;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).~\ 
liin.  :  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  occurring 
only  in  crystals  in  cavities  in  the  dolomite 
rock  of  the  Binn  Valley,  Switzerland.  Crystals 
slender  and  much  striated.  Hardness,  3  ;  sp.  > 
gr.  6*393  ;  lustre,  metallic  ;  colour,  dark  lead- 
gray  ;  streak,  reddish-brown  ;  opaque.  Com- 
pos. :  sulphur,  26-39  ;  arsenic,  30-93  ;  lead, 
42-68  =  100,  corresponding  to  the  formula, 


.  ... 

arsia  tubulosa,  a  British  species  about  the 
ize  of  a  child's  thimble,  is  said  to  devour 


sar-tor'-i-us,  >.  [Lat  sirtor  =  a  tailor,  so 
called  because  tailors,  by  means  of  it,  cross 
their  legs.] 

Anat.  :  A  very  long,  narrow,  ribbon-shaped 
muscle,  arising  by  a  tendon  from  the  ilium, 
which  it  connects  with  the  inner  side  of  tho 
tibia, 

Sar  um,  «.    [Lat  Sorbiodonum.] 

Geog.  :  An  important  settlement  of  the 
early  Britons,  in  Wiltshire,  about  a  mile  and 
a  half  north  of  Salisbury,  then  a  Roman 


station,  and  afterwards  the  residence  of  the 
West  Saxon  kings  till  England  became  one 
kingdom.  Till  the  time  of  Henry  III.  it  was 
an  important  city,  but  it  is  now  chiefly  known 
for  the  privilege  it  enjoyed  for  more  than  600 
years  of  sending  two  members  to  Parliament 
after  it  had  ceased  to  be  inhabited.  It  headed 
the  list  of  "  rotten  boroughs,"  and  was  dis- 
franchised by  the  Reform  Act  of  1832. 

Sar  um -use,  s. 

Ecclaslol. :  A  liturgy  drawn  up,  compiled, 
or  arranged  by  St.  Osmond,  Bishop  ol 
Salisbury  (circ.  1078-99),  and  commonly  us<  u 
in  the  dioceses  of  the  province  of  Cantf'rljury. 
The  other  English  uses  were  those  of  Lincoln, 
Hereford,  York,  and  Bangor. 

sarx,  t.    [Or.]    Flesh,  pulp.    (Dunglism.) 
Sa'-rjf, ».    [SAREK.]  . 

sar'-za,  s.    [SARSAPARILLA.] 
sash  (1),  *  snash,  s.    [PITS,  shast  =  a  girdle.] 
*  1.  A  roll  of  silk,  fine  linen,  or  gauze,  worn 
about  the  head  ;  a  turban. 

"So  much  for  the  Bilk  in  JmJea.  called  sheeh  IB 
Hebrew,  whence  h»(,lj-  tb»t  fine  linen  or  Bilk  is  called 
thfuhei.  worn  at  this  day  about  the  heads  of  Eaitera 
people. ""—filler:  1'ivjah  Sight,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  A  band  or  scarf  Worn  round  the  waist  or 
over  the  shoulder  for  ornament,  as  by  ladies 
or  children,  or  as  a  badge  of  distinction  by 
officers,  members  of  a  society  or  order,  &c. 

3.  Mil. :  In  the  English  army  sashes  are  worn 
by  officers  and  uon-commissioued  officers  of 
the  infantry  when  in  full  dress  uniform.    For 
the  former,  the  sash  is  of  red  silk  and  worn 
over   left  shoulder,    for   the  latter,  of  red 
worsted  and  worn  over  right  shoulder.    The 
sash  of  a  general  officer  is  red  with  longi- 
tudinal stripes  of  gold  lace.     Staff  officers 
wear  no  sash,  but  a  cross-belt,  with  a  pouch 
for  neld-glass. 

"  If  Hector"!  ipetr  w&i  made  of  ash? 
Or  Agamemnon  wore  a  lath  t " 

Cam/torn:  Thi  AnHfuariant. 

sash  (2),  t.  [Fr.  chassis  =  a  sash,  from  Fr. 
chasse  =  a  shrine,  from  Lat.  capsa  =  a  box,  • 
case  (q.v.).] 

1.  Carp. :  A  frame  for  holding  the  glass  of  t 
window.  The  side  pieces  are  the  stiles  ;  the 
top  and  bottom  pieces,  rails ;  and  the  interior 
pieces,  which  hold  the  panes,  bars.  There  an 
two  kinds  of  sash  : 

(1)  French  sash  or  French  window  (q.v.). 

(2)  Sliding    sash,    opening    and    shutting 
vertically.    When  suspended  by  weights  and 
cords  passing  over  pulleys,  they  are  said  to  be 
hung. 

*  2.  A  window,  a  casement 

"  The  southern  lath  admit*  too  strong  a  light* 

Cowptr :  Convfriat  ion,  SSL 

3.  The  gate  in  which  a  mill-saw  is  strained 
and  reciprocates. 

sash  bar,  s. 

Carp. :  The  vertical  and  transverse  pieces 
within  a  window-frame  which  hold  the  janes 
of  glass  in  place.  They  are  rabbeted  or 
grooved  on  one  side  to  receive  the  glass,  and 
are  mitred  to  each  other  and  to  the  frame. 

sash  chisel,  j. 

Carp. :  A  chisel  having  a  narrow  edge  and  a 
strong  blade,  for  making  the  mortises  in 
blind  and  sash  stiles. 

sash-door,  s.  A  door  with  panes  of 
glass  to  admit  light 

sash  fastener,  i. , 
BuiUling : 

1.  A  device  at  the  meeting  rails  of  sashes, 
to  prevent  a  sash  from  being  opened.    Usually 
a  sort  of  turn-button  on  one  sash  which  locks 
over  the  top  of  the  lower  sash. 

2.  A  device  on  the  edge  of  the  sash,  to 
maintain  it  at  a  given  height 

sash  fillister ,  s. 

Carp. :  A  plane  for  rabbeting  window-sashes 
to  receive  the  panes  of  glass  and  the  putty 
which  holds  them  in  place. 

sash-frame,  *. 

1.  The  frame,  within  the  window-casing,  In 
which  a  sash  slides. 

2.  The  rectangular  frame  in  which  a  mill 
saw  is  strained. 

•atili-gate,  >. 

Hydr.-tng. :  A  stop-valve  sliding  vertically 
to  and  from  its  seat. 


taU,  ttt,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  BIT,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    •».  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «n  =  kw. 


sash— sateen 


4113 


sash-line,  s.  The  cord  or  rope  by  which 
t  sash  is  suspended  in  its  frame. 

sash-look,  s.    A  sash-fastener  (q.v.). 

sash-pulley,  s.  The  sheave  in  the  pulley- 
piece  of  a  sash-frame  over  which  the  weight- 
cord  runs. 

sash-rail,  s.  One  of  the  horizontal  bars 
in  a  window-sash. 

sash-saw,  s. 

1.  A  mill-saw  strained  in  a  gate. 

2.  A  particular  size  of  tenon-saw  used  in 
making  window-sashes. 

sash-sluice,  s.  A  sluice  with  vertically 
sliding  valves. 

•sash,  v.t.  [SASH  (2),  «.]  To  furnish  with 
sashes. 

"  The  windows  were  all  taihed  with  the  finest 
ehrystalline  glass."— Ladg-  Jiountaaue :  Letter!,  xlii. 

sashed,  a.  [Eng.  sash  (1),  s. ;  -ed.)  Dressed 
in  or  wearing  sashes. 

"  So  taihed  and  plumed,  that  they  are  grown  in. 
finitely  more  Insolent  in  their  nne  clothes,  even  than 
they  were  In  their  rags."— Surte :  Seylcide  Peaoe. 

•sash' -less,  a.  [Eng.  sash  (2),  a.;  -less.] 
Destitute  of  sashes. 

"  Shop  faces  with  huge  sheeta  of  plate-glass— stum, 
lating  blank  tatlklett  window  sockets." -O<u(|l  Tele- 
oraph,  Dec.  4,  1883. 

sash  oon,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob.  from 
sash  (1),  s.)  A  soft  leather  pad  placed  inside 
a  shoe  to  ease  the  pressure  on  a  tender  spot. 

•a  sin,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. ;  The  common  Indian  antelope.  Anti- 
lope  baoartica  (or  ctrvtcapra).  Female  destitute 
of  horns,  those  of  the  male  spiral,  wrinkled  at 
the  base,  annulated  in  the  middle  and  smooth 
at  the  tip.  Head  small,  body  light,  legs  long 
and  slender.  Adult  males  dark  above,  white 
beneath,  the  nose,  lips,  and  a  circle  round  each 
eye  white ;  small  brushes  of  hair  on  the  knees. 
Females  and  young  males  under  three  years 
old  tawny  above,  white  beneath,  with  a  light 
silvery  band  along  the  sides.  Common  in 
India,  where  it  herds  in  groups,  one  male  to 
many  females,  with  vigilant  sentinels.  Their 
flesh  being  lightly  esteemed,  they  are  not 
much  hunted  by  Indian  sportsmen. 

•af-sine,  s.    [Fr.  saisine.]    [SEIZIN.] 

Scots  Law.  A  term  used  to  signify  either 
the  act  of  giving  legal  possession  of  feudal 
property  (in  which  case  it  is  synonymous  with 
infeftment),  or  the  instrument  by  which  the 
bet  is  proved. 

*  sasine  ox,  ».  A  perquisite  formerly 
due  to  the  sheriff  when  he  gave  infeftraent  to 
an  heir  holding  crown  lands.  It  was  after- 
wards converted  into  a  payment  in  money, 
proportioned  to  the  value  of  the  estate,  and  is 
now  done  away  with. 

gas-pach-ite,  s.  [After  Saspach,  Kaiser- 
stuhl,  Baden,  where  found;  sutf.  -ite(Min.).] 

Mln. :  A  zeolitic  mineral,  found  as  tufts  and 
concretion's  in  dolerite.    An  analysis  yielded 
silica,    61-50;   alumina,    16-51;   lime,  6-20 
potash,  6-83  ;  magnesia,  1-93 ;  water,  17-0  = 
99-96. 

sass,  «.  [An  abbreviation  of  sassafras  (q.v.)/ 
[For  del.  see  etym.] 

sass-tea,  s.    Sassafras-tea  (q.v.).   (Amer. 
gas  -sa,  s.    [Native  name.]    (See  compound.) 

sassa-gum,  s. 

Chem. :  A  gum  obtained  from  an  Abyssinian 
plant,  Inga  sassa.  It  is  like  gum  tragacanth 
but  has  a  larger  proportion  of  starch,  swells 
up  in  water,  and  forms  a  thinner  mucilage. 

sas  sa-by,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Damalis  lunaius,  the  Bastard  Harte 
beest  of  the  Cape  colonists.  It  stands  fou 
feet  and  a  half  in  height,  with  strong  crescent!' 
horns,  a  foot  in  length,  points  directed  in 
wards.  Dark  purple-brown  above,  changini 
to  dusky  yellow  beneath  ;  rump  fawn  coloured 
They  live  in  herds  of  from  six  to  ten  in  flat  o 
wooded  districts,  and  their  flesh  makes  ex 
cellent  venison. 

sas'-sa-fras,  *.  [Fr.  sassafras ;  Ital.  sassafras 
tassafrasso ;  Port,  sassafras ;  Sp.  ealsafras 
all  from  Lat.  saxifraga  (q.v.).] 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  AgenusofLauracew.  Dioecious,  periant 


six-parted,  males  with  nine  fertile  stamens  in 
three  rows,  anthers  four-celled.  Females 
with  nine  sterile  stamens.  Fruit  fleshy.  Sassa- 
fras officinale  (Ixiurus  sassafras)  is  a  large  tree 
with  yellowish  flowers,  growing  in  the  United 
States.  The  dried  leaves  are  very  mucilagin- 
ous and  are  sometimes  used  for  thicken- 
ing soup.  Sassafras  Parthenoxylon,  Oriental 
Sassafras,  growing  in  Sumatra,  has  medicinal 
qualities  like  those  of  S.  officinal*.  [(2).] 

(2)  The  English  name  of  the  genus  [(!)_],  and 
of  various  trees  more  or  less  resembling  it  in 
properties,  spec.  Doryphora  sassafras,  one  of 
the  Plume  Nutmegs.  The  wood  smells  like 
fennel.  (Australian.)  Brazilian  Sassafras  is 
Nectandra  cymbarum. 

2.  PaUeobot. :  Sassafras  Cretaceum  is  found 
in  the  Chalk  of  the  United  States  and  in  the 
Lower    Brown   Coal   (Lower    Oligocene)  of 
Northern  Germany. 

3.  Pharm. :    The   dried   root   of  Sassafras 
officinale.  [1.]  It  is  sold  in  branches,  in  pieces, 
or  in  chips,  and  is  given  as  a  stimulant  and 
diaphoretic  in  chronic  rheumatism,  skin  dis- 
eases, and  syphilis.    The  bark  is  more  power- 
ful than  the  wood. 

sassafras-oil,  ». 

Chem. :  An  oil  obtained  from  the  root-bark 
otLaurus  sassafras.  It  has  the  odour  of  fennel, 
a  slight  yellow  colour  and  an  acrid  taste,  sp. 
gr.  =  1-09,  and  is  a  mixture  of  at  least  two 
substances,  a  liquid  oil  and  a  solid  camphor 
(CioHinOo).  Fuming  nitric  and  strong  sul- 
phuric acids  violently  attack  the  oil,  sometimes 
setting  it  on  fire.  It  gives  off  vapour  at  115% 
the  boiling  point  finally  becoming  stationary 
at  228'. 

sassafras-tea,  s. 

Chem. :  An  infusion  of  the  shavings  of 
sassafras  wood,  said  to  be  sudorific  and 
stimulant. 

sas'-sa-frld,  s.    [SASSAFRAS.] 

Chem. :  A  substance  found  in  the  root-bark 
of  Laurus  sassafras,  and  extracted  by  alcohol, 
from  which  water  separates  the  sassafrid. 
When  purified  it  forms  yellow-brown  crystal- 
line grains,  having  neither  taste  nor  smell. 
Easily  soluble  in  hot  water  and  alcohol, 
slightly  soluble  in  cold  water  and  ether. 
Heated  it  gives  off  white  vapours  which  con- 
dense and  form  a  blue-green  precipitate  with 
ferric  salts. 

gas  sa-frin,  .  [Eng.  Kssafr(<H);-in(Chem.).'] 
[SASSARUBRIN.] 

sas  san  age  (age  as  Ig),  s.  [Vr.  sasser  =  to 
sift] '  [SARSE.]  Stones  left  after  sifting. 

sas-sa-ru'-brln,  5.  [Eng.  sassa(fras),  and 
rubrin.] 

Chem. :  A  resin  formed  by  the  action  of  snl 
phuric  acid  on  sassafras  oil.  The  sulphuric 
acid  is  removed  by  treatment  with  ammonia, 
and  after  washing  with  water  the  sassarnbrin 
remains  as  a  tasteless  mass  which  is  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether.  It  colours  sulphuric 
acid  red.  Called  also  Sassapin. 

Basse,  s.  [Fr.  sas,  from  Lat.  saxum  =  a  stone 
Ital.  sasso.] 

Hydr.-eng. :  A  weir  with  flood-gates ;  i 
navigable  sluice. 

"  Making  a  great  tatte  In  the  king's  lands  abou 
Deptforu."— Pepyt:  Diary,  i.  !«. 

gas -sen,  s.    [SARSEN.] 

Sas'-sen-ach  (ch,  guttural),  I.  *  a.  [Gael 
sasunnach.]  Saxon  ;  a  general  term  applied  bj 
the  Celts  of  the  British  isles  to  those  of  Saxor 
race. 

"  The  term  Saimach,  or  Salon,  is  applied  by  the 
Highlanders  to  their  Low.country  neighbours.  — 
Scott:  Olenflnlat.  (Note.) 

sas'-so  line,  sas'-sS-lite, ».  [After  Sasso 
Tuscany,  where  it  occurs  in  considerable 
quantity ;  i  connect.,  and  suff.  -ine,  -ite 
(Afin.).] 

Mln. :  A  triclinic  mineral,  occurring  in 
small  scales.  Hardness,  1 ;  sp.  gr.  1-48 ;  lustre 
pearly ;  colour,  white ;  taste,  slightly  saline 
acidulous,  and  bitter.  Compos.  :  boric  acid 
56-4  ;  water,  43-6  =  100,  the  formula  being 
SHOBOs.  Obtained  in  large  quantities  from 
the  hot  vapours  of  the  Tuscan  lagoons. 

sas'-so  roL,  sas-sd-rol'-la,  »•  [Ital.  toss 
=  a  stone,  a  rock,  from  Lat.  saxum.]  Th 
Rock-pigeon  (q.v.). 


sas'-sy,  s.    [Sierra  Leone  name.]    (See  etym. 
and  compound.) 

sassy-bark, ».  The  poison  ous  bark  of  Ery- 
throphlcKtim  guineense,  a  ctesalpineous  plant, 
sometimes  called  the  Ordeal-tree  (q.v.).  This, 
with  the  red  juice  obtained  from  incisions 
in  the  tree,  is  given  by  many  West  African 
tribes  as  an  ordeal.  If  the  suspected  person 
die  on  swallowing  the  bark  or  the  juice,  he  i« 
assumed  to  have  been  guilty  ;  if  he  survive, 
he  is  adjudged  to  be  innocent. 

sas'-tra,  shas'-tra,  s.    [SHASTEB.) 
sat,  pret.  SL  pa.  par.  ofv.     (Six.) 

Sa  tan,  t  Sat  -an.  «  Sat  -an-as,  *  Sath'- 

an  as,  s.  [Heb.  JCfc  (snlan)  =  an  enemy. 
Satan,  from  }Bip  (satan)  =  to  be  an  enemy. 
New  Test.  Gr.  o-arai/is  (satanas),  ao.-ra.ti 
(satan).]  The  grand  enemy  of  man  ;  the  arch- 
fiend, the  devil.  [DEVIL,  II.  1.] 

"  To  whom  the  arch  enemy. 

And  thence  in  heav'n  call'd  Satan,  with  bold  words 
Breaking  the  horrid  silence  thus  began." 

Milton :  P.  /,. ,  1.  82. 

U  In  Heb.  the  word  is  sometimes  a  generic 
one,  meaning  simply  an  adversary,  and  it  Is 
used  once  in  the  New  Test,  in  Greek  in  the 
same  sense.  "  Get  thee  behind  me  Satan 
means  simply  "Get  thee  behind  me  my  [tem- 
porary] adversary"  (Matt.  xvi.  2:i).  Appar- 
ently it  occurs  in  a  specific  sense  for  the 
devil  only  in  the  later  sacred  books,  viz., 
1  Chron.  xxi.  1,  Job  i.  6-12,  ii.  1-7,  and  Zech. 
iii.  1.  It  wants  the  article  in  the  passage  in 
1  Chron.  [DEVIL,  II.  1.] 

sa-tan-Io,  •  sa-tan'-lo-al,  o.  [Eng. 
'Satan;  -it,  -ical.]'  Of  or  pertaining  to  Satan  ; 
having  the  qualities  of  Satan  ;  resembling  or 
befitting  Satan  ;  devilish,  infernal,  diabolical. 

"  For  tatanieal  It  Is  [the  inquisition]  by  the  con- 
lunction  of  three  qualities;  indefatigable  diligence, 
profound  subtilty,  and  inhuman  cruelty."— Trapy : 
foftrt  Stated,  pt.  &.,  I  12. 

•J  Southey,  in  the  preface  to  his  Vision  oj 
Judgment  (1822),  called  the  school  of  poetry 
of  which  Byron  was  the  head  the  Satanic 
school. 

sa  tan'-Io-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  satanical;  -ly.] 
'in  a  satanic  manner ;  with  the  wicked  and 
malicious  spirit  of  Satan ;  diabolically. 

"  This  spiritual  assaasinacy.  this  deepest  die  ol 
hloud  being  most  tatunicallv  designed  on  souls.  — 
Hammond:  Workt,  vol.  IT.,  p.  470. 

•  sa-tan-io-al-nisB,  s.  [Eng.  satanical; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  satamcal. 

"  sa -tan-Ism,  ».  [Eng.  Satan;  -im.]  The 
wicked  and  malicious  disposition  of  Satan  ;  •> 
devilish  or  diabolical  spirit. 


"  So  mild  was  Moses'  counfnance,  when  he  pray'd 
s  power  gainsay  d. 
Elegy  on  Dr.  Donnt, 


"  So  mil    was     oses  counnance,  w 
For  them,  whose  tatanirm  his  power  g 


*  sa'-tan-ist,  s.    [Eng.  satan  ;  -ist.\    A  very 
wicked  or  malicious  person  ;  a  devil. 

"  There  shall  be  fantastical  babblers,  and  deceitful 
lataniM.  In  these  last  times,  whose  words  and  deed. 
are  all  falsehood  and  lies,"—  Qratiger:  On  £vcl..  p.  84S. 

8at-an-4-per'-oa,  s.  [Gr.  SoToi-is  (Satanas) 
—  Satan,  and  Mod.  Lat.  perca  (q.v.).] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Chromides,  with  seven 
species,  from  the  rivers  of  the  Amazon  Valley 
and  Guiana. 

"  sa-tan-*ph'-an-#,  ».  [Eng.  Satan,  and 
Gr.  4>atVu>  (phai'no)  =  to  appear.]  An  appear- 
ance or  incarnation  of  Satan  ;  the  state  of 
being  possessed  by  a  devil. 

*  sa  tan-6-phd  -bi-a,  s.     [Eng.  Satan,  and 
Or.  <f>o/3os  (phobos)  =  fear.)    Fear  of  the  devil. 

"Impregnated  as  he  wan  with  Satanophobia."— 
Reade  :  Cloiittr  *  Hearth,  ch.  xcvi. 

sat?h  cl,  "  sa5h  el,  *  sach-ellc,  «.     [O. 

Fr.  social,  from  Lat.  saaxllum,  accus.  of  sac- 
cellus  dirain.  of  saccus  —  a  bag,  a  sack.]  A 
little  bag;  specifically  a  bag  in  which  boy» 
carry  their  books,  &c.,  to  and  from  school. 

"  The  whining  schoolboy  with  his  tatcJtel, 
And  shining  morning  face." 

Shakeip.  :  At  You  Uk*  ft,  11.  7. 

*  sate  (or  sate),  pret.  afv.    [SiT.] 

•sate,  D.I.  [A  shortened  form  of  «aJfofe(q.v.).] 
To  satiate  ;  to  satisfy  the  appetite  or  desire 
of  ;  to  surfeit,  to  glut  ;  to  feed  beyond  natural 
desire.  (Milton:  Comut,  714.) 

sateen',.1!.  [SATIN.]  A  kind  of  glossy  tobria 
made  in  imitation  of  satin,  but  having  » 
woollen  or  cotton,  instead  of  a  silken  face. 


btfy;  pdnt.  J«5*l:  oat,  cell,  chorn..,  chin,  ben*;  go.  *em;  thin,  fbU;  -nn.*,,;  .-pect, 

-tton.  -anon  =  «hun;  -fton,  -.ion  =  «hun.   -don.,  -ttoiu.  -*tm  =  <***  -Vie. 


.  -  1*1. 


•4114 


sateless— satisfactory 


*  sate'  -Idas,  a.     [Eng.  sate;  -less.]     Incapable 
of  being  sated  or  satUlled  ;  imatible. 

"  lit*  tMfjMt  thirst  of  pleaeure,  gold,  alul  fame." 

Tarn?  :  Xtflu  Tluntlai,  vii.  TJ4. 

Sat  -el  lite,  J.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  satellite™ 
accus.  of  satdles  =  an  attendant,  a  lifu-guan 
of  a  prince  ;  Sp.  sutdite  ;  Ital.  sufcijite.) 

L  Orii.  Lang.:  A  subordinate  attendant 
an  obsequious  or  subservient  follower. 

II.  TeckKiuilly: 

1.  Astron.  :  A  secondary  planet  revolving 
around  a  primary  one.     The  inoon  is  satellite 
to  the  earth.     With  it  there  are  twenty  known 
satellites  ia  the  solar  system.    Mars  has  two, 
Jupiter  four,  Satnrn  eight,  Uranus  four,  and 
Neptune  one.    (Cor  details,  see  the  names  of 
tile  primary  planets.) 

"Mint  latMlta  move  la  elliptic  orbits."—  <ir,. 
Pop.  Attran.,  p.  xa. 

2.  Entom.  :  A  British  night-moth,  Scopclo- 
toma  iatrltitia. 

satellite-  veins,  t  pi. 
Anat.  :   Deep-seated    veins   attending  the 
arteries  in  their  course. 

*  sat-el-U  -tlons,  a.    [Eng.  salettiHf)  ;  -imit.] 

Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  characteristic  oi 
satellites. 

"  Their  tateUttiota  attendance,  their  reTohiMons 
about  the  sun.-—  Cherne:  mioKphtctl  Principle. 

*  Baton,  pa.  par.    [Six.] 

•sa-tl-a-bll'-.-tyftiassl-Ji),  ».  [Eng. 
satiable  ;  -ity.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
satiable. 

*  sa  ti  a-ble  (ti  as  sbj),  a.    [Eng.  sati(ate)  ; 
•able.}    Capable  of  being  satiated  or  satisfied. 

*  sa-ti  a-ble  ness  (tt  as  shl),  ».     [Eng. 
xttiatlt;  -MM.]     The  quality  or  state  of  beinx 
satiable;  satiabillty. 

*  sa'-ti-ate  (tt  as  Shi),  a.    [Lat.  Ktiatns,  pa. 
par.  of  aatio  =  to  sate,  to  satisfy  ;  cf.  tatur  = 
full  ;  tat,  satis  =  sufficient.)    Filled  to  satiety  ; 
satiated,  sated,  satisfied,  glutted. 

44  Grown  weary  of  their  chief,  and  tatiatt  with  blood.* 
It'jwe  :  Lucnit;  Plianatia,  r. 

sa'-tt-ate  (ti  as  shf),  ».(.    [SATIATI,  a.) 

1.  To  satisfy  the  desire  or  appetite  of  ;  to 
feed  or  nourish  to  the  full  ;  to  gratify  to  the 
full  extent  of  desire. 

"  Although  they  should  be  tatiattd  with  my  blood.* 
~Klng  Vharla:  Eikon  Bat  Hike. 

2.  To  fill  beyond  natural  desire  ;  to  glut,  to 
•urfeit. 

•3.  To  saturate. 

*  sa  tl-a'-tion  (tt  as  shi),  «.   [SATIATK.)  The 
state  of  being  satiated  or  satisfied  ;  satiety. 

"  If  tari'itfon  wen  the  usher  of  diseases  and  mor- 
tality."— Whitaker  1  Blood  of  (A«  tfraoa.  p,  7. 

sa  ti  e  ty,  •  sa-ti-o-tie,  s.  . 
Lat.  satietatm,  accus.  otsatietai  ;  Sp.  tucMntl  ; 
Ital.  saiUta.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
satiated  or  sated  ;  fulness  of  gratification  of 
any  sensual  desire  or  of  the  appetite  ;  excess 
of  gratification  producing  loathing  or  disgust: 
surfeit,  repletion,  satiation. 

"Thy  word.,  with  grace  divine 
Imbued,  bring  to  their  sweetness  no  ntirtj.* 

Milton  •  P.L.,  viif.  JU. 

Bat'  -In,  '  sat  tin,  t.  &  a.  [Fr.  satin,  from 
Low  Lat.  satinia,  setinus  =  satin,  from  Lat. 
«ta  =  a  bristle  :  cf.  Low  Lat.  stta;  ItaL  seta 

=  silk.] 

A*  As  subst.  :  A  silken  fabric  with  an  over- 
shot woof  and  a  highly  finished  surface.  The 
woof  is  coarse,  and  hidden  underneath  the 
warp,  which  forms  the  surface.  The  warp  is 
of  organziue,  the  weft  of  tram.  In  a  full  satin 
twill  there  is  an  interval  of  fifteen  threads. 


*    "•-"'     ombtoton  about  the  iMm  lot 
my  ihort  cloak  f-SAoteip.  :  Henri  f..  1.  «. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Belonging  to.  resembling,  or 
made  of  satin. 

satin  bird,  «. 

Ornitk.  :  Ptilonarhynaa  vfoioctit*.  The  adult 
male  is  conspicuous  for  the  satin  texture  of 
its  glossy  black  plumage.  The  younger  bird 
is  at  first  entirely  of  a  dull  green  colour 
which  gradually  becomes  mottled  with  black, 
and  eventually  changes  entirely  into  that  hue. 
long  before  the  construction  of  their  nest, 
and  quite  independently  of  it,  they,  with  con- 
summate skill,  weave  an  arbour-like  gallery  of 
uncertain  length,  in  which  they  amuse  them- 
selves with  the  most  active  glee,  the  male  dis- 
playing himself  therein  to  attract  the  hen  bird. 


BOWER  BATIN-BIRD. 


The  architecture  of  the  bower  is  excessive! 

tasteful,    :iud 

Botueelj 

passes     With- 

u  u  t  some 
fresh  arrange- 
ment of  the 
shells,  fca- 
tliers,  bones, 
and  other  de- 
curative  ma- 
terials, which 
tlu-y  bring 
fruin  long  dis- 
tances in  the 
bush  to  orna- 
iii"  n  t  the 
bower  and 
the  platform 
on  which  it  stands.  They  immediately  appro 
priate  every  fragment  placed  within  their  ivacl 
when  in  confinement  for  the  same  purpose. 

satin  bower-bird,  5.    [SATIN-BIRD.] 
satin  carpet,  ,<. 

Entom. :  (1)  A  British  geometer  moth,  Boar- 
mia  abietaria;  (2)  A  British  night  moth,  Cy- 
matoptiora  Jluctuosa. 

satin  de-laiae.  a.  A  black  cassimere 
manufactured  in  Silesia  from  wooL 

satin-flower,  s. 

But. :  Lunar  in  blennit. 
sa  tin  j  can,  s. 
Fabric:   A  twilled  cotton  fabric,  having  a 
smooth,  satiny  surface. 

satin  moth,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  moth,  Liparia  salici$. 
U  The  Lesser  Satin  Moth  is   Cymatophora 
Suplaris,  a  British  night  moth. 

satin-paper,  s.  A  fine  kind  of  writing. 
paper,  with  a  satiny  gloss. 

satin-spar, «. 

Mineralogy : 

1.  A  finely  fibrous  variety  of  gypsum  (q.v.) 
with  a  pearly  chatoyance  when  polished. 

2.  A  fibrous  variety  of  aragonite  (Dana  says 
calcite),  giving  a  satin-like  aspect  when  po- 
lished. Distinguished  from  the  gypseous  mine- 
ral by  its  greater  hardness  and  its  effervescence 
with  acids. 

satin  stitch.  *.    A  stitch  in  embroidery. 
satin-stone,  ».    [SATIN-SPAR.] 

satin  turk,  s.  A  trade  name  for  a  su- 
perior quality  of  satinet. 

satin-wave,  s. 

EjUom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Acidalia 
subsericata. 

satin-wood,  «. 

Sot,  <3b  Comm.  :  An  ornamental  cabinet-wood 
from  the  West  and  East  Indies.  The  former 
is  the  better  kind,  and  is  chiefly  derived  from 
Ferolia  Guianensis.  That  from  the  East  Indies 
is  less  white,  and  is  produced  by  Chtoroxylon 
Swietenia,  which  also  yields  wood-oil. 

sat-In-gf  v  «.    [Fr.  dimin.  from  satin  ~  satin 

Fabric:  (1)  A  light  kind  of  satin;  (2)  a 
glossy  cloth  made  of  a  cotton  warp  and 
woollen  filling,  to  imitate  satin. 

*  sat-in'-i-ty,  *.  [Bug.  satin;  -ity.]  Smooth- 
ness like  satin. 

"  The  smooth  tatinUp  of  hU  style. **  -C.  Lamb :  Lit- 
ter to  Oilman,  1880. 

af-in-y,   a.    [Ens-  satin;  -y.]    Resembling 
satin  ;  composed  of  satin. 

"  Nothing  can  be  more  elegant  than  the  tattny  trans- 
parency of  lit  fclu  "—  Wobe.  Sept  2.  1885. 

sat -'ire,  *  sat-yr,  *  sat-yre,  s.  [Fr.  satire 
=  satire,  from  Lat.  satira,  satura  —  satura 
(lam)  =  a  full  plate  or  dish  ;  hence,  a  medley 
of  different  ingredients ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  satira.] 

1.  A  poetical  composition  in  which  wicked- 
ness or  folly  is  censured  and  held  up  to  repro- 
bation ;  a  ridiculing1  of  vice  or  folly ;  an  in- 
vective poem.  This  kind  of  composition  was 
first  used  by  ancient  Roman  poets. 

"  Amongst  the  Romans  it  [the  word  tatire]  was  not 
only  used  (or  those  discourse*  which  decry'd  vice,  or 
expos'd  fi-1 1  y.  but  for  others  also,  where  virtue  was  re- 
commended But  in  our  modern  languages  we  apply 
It  only  to  invtctiv*  poems,  where  the  very  name  »*f 
tutif  is  formidnble  to  those  persons,  whn  would  app^.ir 
to  the  world,  what  they  art  not  In  UwmaelviM. "— 
Dryden  :  Juttnal,  (Dedic.) 


2.  A  literary  production  in  which  persons, 
actions,  or  manners  are  attacked  or  denounced 
with  irony,  sarcasm,  or  invective  ;  a  bitter  or 
cutting  attack  on  men  or  manners  ;  trenchant 
or  cutting  invective ;  keenness  aud  severity  of 
remark. 

"Libel  and  tatire  are  promiscuously  Joined  together 
in  the  notion*  of  the  vulgar,  though  the  satirist  and 
libtllur  d iller  a>  mud)  as  the  libeller  and  murderer 
In  the  consideration  of  human  life,  the  satirist  nrvrt 
falls  upuu  pei-aons  who  art  not  glaringly  faulty,  and 
the  libeller  on  none  but  who  are  conspicuously  com- 
mendable."— Tutltr.  No.  92. 

3.  Severe  denunciation  ;  abuse. 

sa-tir'-Io,  sa -tir'-Xe-al,  '  sa-tur-lc-all, 
'  sa-tyr-ic,  a.  [Fr,  satiriqut,  from  Lat 

1.  Pertaining  to  satire;    containing  or  of 
the  nature  of  satire. 

"  Such  Is  the  force  of  wft !  but  not  belong 
To  me  the  arrows  tif  nuiri,-  song  " 

Byron  :  £nyli,h  Bards  A-  Scotch  Revlatert, 

2.  Given  to  the  use  of  satire ;    severe  In 
language. 

"  Sharply  tatyric  WM  he." 

Drayton  :  To  tf.  Xtynoldi.  £$y 

Sa-tiir'-ic-al-ly,  adv,  {Eng.  satirioul;  -iy.J 
In  a  satirical  manner;  with  satire. 

"  Horace  has  writtou  many  of  them  [the  odea  and 
epodes]  tntirlenMy,  against  bi»  private  tnemles.-— 
Drydtn:  Juvenal.  (Dedic.) 

*  sa-tir'-fe-al-ness,  "sa-tyr  ic-al  ness. 

s.  [Eng.  satirical;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  satirical. 

"An  ill-natured  wit,  biassed  to  «(i(yr*ca/ne*«."— 
fuller.-  IKorf/Mu;  Somerutiiure. 

•  sat'- 1  -  Asm,  *  sat-y-risme,  *.    [Eng. 
mtir(e);  -ism.}    Satire. 

"Bittar  tatyrttme"  Dekker :  Satirontitttix. 

sat  -i  rist,  s.  [Eng.  «tfir(e);  -i*t,}  One  who 
satirizes;  one  who  writes  satire, 

"I  firi-tadvfiitur*.  follow  me  who  lirt, 
Aud  be  the  aecu.id  Kiiglisli  mtiritf." 

Bp.  Ball:  Satins,  L  L 

sat'-X-riae,  v.t.  [Eng.  satir(e);  -ize.}  To  as- 
sail or  attaek  with  satire ;  to  write  satire  on 
or  against ;  to  make  the  object  of  satire. 

"To  mtiritf.  hU  prodigality  and  volaptuouaiu»»,"— 
Dryden  :  1'ertiut,  tsA.  iv.  (Arg.) 

sat-Is-fac'-tion,  *  sat  is-fac-ci-oun.  t, 

[  Fr.  sat  in/a  <:t  inn,  from  Lat.  sat  isfactioTirm, 
accus.  of  gatisjaetio ;  8p.  satisfaction;  Ital. 
satisfazione.}  [SATISFY.] 

1.  The  act  of  satisfying  ;  the  state  of  being 
satisfied  ;  gratification  of  appetite  or  desire  ; 
contentment  of  mind  arising  from  the  posses- 
sion or  acquisition  of  that  which  is  desired  or 
sought. 

"  No  peace,  no  tatitfaction,  crownes  his  lite." 

JiK'iumimt :  Miifrtt&lt  Mute  <tf  Man. 

2.  The  settlement  of  a  claim  due,  a  demand, 
a  debt,  &c.  ;  payment.) 

"  Since  Pent«cost  the  sum  IB  dne  .  .  . 
Therefor*  make  present  tatitfuctioH." 

Shatcesp.  :  Comtdy  o/  Krrwt,  IT.  I 

3.  That  which  satisfies  or  gratifies  ;  com- 
pensation, atonement,   reparation.      In  law, 
spec,  a  valuable  consideration  given  one  la 
lieu  of  his  right  of  action  in  any  matter. 

"  The  rigid  tatitfaction,  de»th  for  death." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  ill.  510. 

4.  Release  from  suspense  or  uncertainty; 
full  information ;  conviction. 

6.  The  opportunity  of  satisfying  one** 
honour  by  the  duel ;  a  hostile  meeting  con- 
ceded on  the  challenge  of  an  aggrieved  person. 

*  sat  is-fac'-tive,  a.  [Lat.  satisfactta,  pa. 
par.  of  sat isfacio  =  to  satisfy.]  Giving  satis- 
faction ;  satisfying. 

"By  a  final  and  tatit/artive  discernment  of  faith, 
ws  lay  t.»«  last  efr*ct«  upon  the  first  cause  of  all 
tbiuga.  —  tirowne. 

sat-!s-fao'-tor-I-.ly,ady.  [Eng.  satisfactory; 
-ly.]  In  a  satisfactoi^  manner ;  so  as  to  give 
satisfaction,  contentment,  or  conviction. 

"  Were  you  able  tat  iff  actor  ily  to  answer  the  follow- 
ing nuerics,  this  one,  while  it  stands  unanswered, 
would  be  enough  for  alL"—  WMerland :  Workt,  i,,  pt.  ii. 

sat  IB  fac  tor  i  ness,  «.  [Eng.  satisfac- 
tory; -ness,]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
satisfactory;  the  power  or  quality  of  giving 
satisfaction  or  contentment. 

"The  tntixfactoriiunt  of  the  king's  answer  to  th* 
proiMwitionO—  Wood:  Atherv*  Oxon.t  ToL  Ii. 

s-at  is  fac   tor  y,  a.    [Fr.  tatisfactoire.] 

1.  Giving  satistaction  or  content ;  relieving 
the  mind  from  doubt  or  uncertainty. 

"The  altercation  was  long,  and  was  not  brought  to 
a  conclusion  I'ttitfuctory  to  either  party." — Mocuuluy: 
Hi*.  J£jtff.t  ob.  vi. 


tate,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  oilb,  oiire,  unite,  enr.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    ta,o»  =  e;ey  =  a;o.u  =  Uw. 


satisSable— soturnian 


4115 


•  2.  Atoning ;  making  amends  or  atonement 
"A  most  wise  and  .ufncient  means  at  redemption 
«nd  salvation,  by  tlKi  tatitfaOori  and  meritorious 
de»th  and  ohedience  of  the  incarnate  Son  at  Ood. 
Jwus  Christ."— Sandtrton. 

•  •at'-Is-fi-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  tatisfy;  -aWe.] 
Capable  of  l>eing  satisfied. 

"  We  perceive at  oneea  taUfaMr  tendency  to  union." 
— Pat  .-Kureka  (  Worla.  1864,  ii.  1611. 

•af-to-fi-er,  s.  [Eng.  soto/i/;  -<T.]  One 
who  or  that  which  satisfies. 

"  It  was  nt  that  the  gatit/ler  should  be  God  and 
man."— Sharvlan:  Sermon*.  Hi.  97. 

•if-Is-iy,  *  sat-ls-fle,  *  •atrys-rye,  r.f. 
4  i  [O  Fr.  satisfitr  (Fr.  soMs/airr),  from  Lat. 
satisfMlo  =  to  satisfy,  from  tatis  =  enough, 
»nd  /o«'o  =  to  make.] 

A.  Transitite: 

1  To  give  satisfaction  to;  to  gratify  or 
supply  to  the  full  the  desires  or  wants  of;  to 
content,  to  suffice. 

«  Bv  sports  like  theie  are  all  their  cares  beguiled, 
S.  .port,  of  children  •* 


2.  To  comply  with  the  rightful  demands  of; 
to  meet  or  discharge,  as  a  claim,  debt,  or  the 
like  ;  to  pay,  to  liquidate. 

"  To  neglect  or  even  refuse  *if  ilffint  their  creditors." 
—Seeker :  Sermon*,  vol.  i.,  ser.  I. 

3.  To  fulfil  the  conditions  of ;  to  answer. 

"  An  equation  Is  said  to  be  tatiijled,  when  after  the 
substitution  of  any  expressions  for  the  unknown 
Quantities  which  enter  It,  the  two  members  are  eiiual. 
The  values  found  for  the  unknown  quantities  of  a 
nrohlem  are  said  to  nalifi  the  conditions  of  the  pro- 
blem.  when,  being  operated  noon  In  accerdaooe  with 
those  conditions,  the  result  conforms  to  the  enuncia- 
tion of  the  problem."— Duviel  A  Pec*  i  Math.  Diet. 

4.  To  free  from  doubt,  uncertainty,  or  sus- 
pense, so  as  to  give  full  confidence  or  assur- 
ance to ;  to  inform  fully  ;  to  let  at  rest;  to 
convince. 

"  Let  me  be  tatwled.  Is 't  good  or  bad  r 

Shaketp. :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  11.  ft. 

B.  Tntransiline : 

1  To  give  satisfaction  or  content ;  to  Con- 
tent. 

"  He  hath  given  me  tatl'fiirnf  reasons." 

S>u*e*p. :  otltelh,  T.  1. 

*  2.  To    make    payment,    satisfaction,   or 
atonement ;  to  atone. 
»S.t'-ls-ry-!lng.  pr.  par.  or  a.   fSATisrr.] 

*B»f-ls-ry-lng-ly,  ode.  (Eng.  tatisfying; 
fly.}  In  a  satisfactory  manner;  so  as  to 
satisfy  or  content ;  satisfactorily. 

•sa'-tlve,  o.     [Lat.  Kctimu,  from  tattu,  pa. 
par.  of  aero  =  to  sow.]    Sown,  as  in  a  garden. 

"  Preferring  the  domestlck  or  so/fee  for  the  fuller 
jrowth.--*»el»«  :  Srleo,  U.  i,  I  4. 

sa  tr^p,  s.    [Fr.  satrape,  from  Lat.  tatmpam, 

accus.  of  satrapes ;   Gr.  o-o-TpoVnc  (satrapis), 

from  the  Persian  ;  Ital.  tatrapo ;  Sp.  tatrapa.] 

1.  A  governor  of  a  province   nnder   the 

ancient  Persian  monarchy ;  a  Persian  viceroy. 

"Admit  their  lord 

With  all  his  ultra;**  aiover:  Leonida*.  IT. 

*  2.  A  prince  or  petty  despot. 

"Obeeqnloas  tribes 
Of  satrap*,  princes."       Shentton*:  Ruined  Abbey. 

•  sa'-trap-al,  a.    [Eng.  satrap ;  -al.]    Of,  of 
pertaining  to  a  satrap  or  satrapy. 

"ga'-trap-er,  «.  [Eng.  tatrap;  •«•.]  A 
satrap.  (Allit.  Romance  of  Alexander,  1,913.) 

•  »a -trap-Sun,  «.    [Eng.  xUrap;  -at.)    A 
female  satrap. 

•  •a-trap'-Ic-al,  o.    [Eng.  tatntp;  -ieal.} 

Satrapal. 

Ba'-trap'-y,  «•  [Fr.  satrapie,  from  Lat.  so- 
frapid,  satrapea;  Gr.  o-aroairwa  (satrapeia).'] 
[SATRAP.]  The  government  or  jurisdiction  of 
a  satrap ;  a  principality. 

"  The  government  also  of  this  country,  which  the 
Persians  call  a  tatraptl"—Betot:  Berodotul,  bk.  1., 
eh.  cicii. 

Sat' u-ra-ble,  o.  [Eng.  saturate);  -able.] 
Capable'  of  being  saturated ;  capable  of  or 
admitting  saturation. 

"The  water  would  be  soturn&Ze  with  the  same 
quantity  of  any  •alt"— Grew :  Comotogi*  Sacra,  bk.  i^ 
ch.  ii. 

B&t'-u  rant,  a.  &  s.  TLat.  saturans,  pr.  par.  of 
saturo  —  to  saturate  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :  Saturating ;  impregnating  to 
the  full. 

B.  At  substantive: 

Med. !  A  substance  which  neutralizes  the 
acid  in  the  stomach. 


I  sSf-u  rate,  «.(.  [Lat.  saturate,  pa.  par.  of 
jat«'ro  =  to  fill  fully,  from  satur  =  !M;  cf. 
r.itis—  enough.] 

1.  To  imbue  thoroughly ;  to  cause  to  be  com- 
pletely penetrated,  impregnated,  or  soaked  ; 
to  fill  fully;  to  soak. 

"  A  soften' d  shade,  and  tatitrated  earth 
Awaits  the  morning  beam." 

rlwnaon  :  Spring.  818. 

T  Used  also  in  this  seoae  in  Physical 
Science. 

•  2.  To  satisfy,  to  fill. 

"After  a  tutitratitig  meal."— R.   Brook*:   Fool   ty 
Quality.  I  91. 

*  sat'-n-rate,  «.  [Lat.  mturatiis.']  [SATO- 
RATE,  '».)."  Completely  filled  or  impregnated  ; 
soaked,  saturated. 

"  Dries  bis  feathers  saturate  with  dew." 

amptr:  Tatk,l4tt. 

gat-n-ra'-tlon,  s.  [Lat.  s-stnratio,  from 
saturate,  pa.  par.  of  saturo  =  to  saturate 
(q.v.);  Fr.  saturation;  Sp.  saturation;  Ital. 
taturainone.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  saturating,  pene- 
trating,   or    impregnating    completely ;    the 
state  of  being  saturated ;  complete  penetration 
or  impregnation. 

2.  Cttem. :  That  point  at  which  a  substance 
ceases  to  have  the  power  of  dissolving   or 
combining  with  another. 

Saf -ur-day,  *  Sat'-er-da*.  a.  (A.S.  treter- 
daig,  Saltern-dag,  S&ttrna-dag,  from  Salter 
Scetern;  Lat.  Saturnus  =  Saturn  (q.v.),  and 
cteo  =  a  day  (q.v.);  Dut.  Zaturdag.]  The 
seventh  or  last  day  of  the  week  ;  the  day  of 
the  Jewish  sabbath. 

Saturday's  stop, .-. 

Low :  The  close-time  for  Salmon,  from  Satur- 
day till  Monday.    ISALMOH.] 

sa-tiir'-fi-SB,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.  tatur(M) ;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sun".  -«z.) 

Bot. :   A  tribe   of    Lamlaoee.      Families  : 
Origanidee,  Hyssopidse,  and  Cunilidte. 

•Bt-n-re'-i-a,  stt-n-re'-Ja  (J  a>  y), «.  (t*t. 
Mturtia  —  savory.] 

Bot. :  Savory  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Saturew 
(q.v.).    [SAVORY.] 

•  •a-tUT'-I-ty,  *  ..B-tnr-1-tle,  ».  [Lat. 
saturitus,  from  satar  =  full ;  Ital.  salurita.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  saturated  ;  »atu- 
ratiou,  repletion. 

"  Seeing  their  iitluritle." 
Warntr:  Albion*  Knalaiitt,  hk.  T..  ch.  mxlT. 

Sat'-urn,  ».  [Lat.  Satvrnus  =  the  tower, 
from  tero,  pa.  par.  tatus  =  to  «ow ;  Fr.  Sa- 
turne.] 

L  Class.  Myth. :  The  youngest  son  of  Ckolns 
(Uranus)  and  Gaia,  the  goddess  of  the  earth. 
Being  banished  by  Jupiter  from  heaven  he 
fled  to  Latium,  and  was  received  by  Janus, 
king  of  Italy,  who  made  liim  his  partner  on 
the  throne.  Saturn  occupied  himself  in 
softening  the  barbarous  manners  of  the  people 
of  Italy,  and  in  teaching  them  agriculture,  and 
the  useful  and  liberal  arts.  His  reign  there 
was  so  mild  and  beneficent  that  mankind 
have  called  it  the  Golden  Age,  to  intimate  the 
happiness  and  tranquillity  which  the  earth 
then  enjoyed.  He  is  generally  identified  with 
the  Greek  Kronos,  and  the  festival  in  his 
honour,  called  Saturnalia,  corresponded  with 
the  Greek  Kronia.  He  is  generally  repre- 
sented as  an  old  man  bent  through  age  and 
infirmity,  holding  a  scythe  In  his  right  hand. 
His  temple  was  the  state  treasury. 

2.  Astron. :  The  sixth  of  the  major  planets 
in  distance  from  the  sun.  This  averages 
884,000,000  miles,  and  at  certain  times  is  nearly 


It  is  supposed  that  the  materials  of  which  t* 
is  comprised  are  too  greatly  heated  to  con- 
dense into  a  compact  body,  but  its  weight  Is 
about  eighty  times  that  of  the  earth.  Prior 
to  1610,  Galileo,  with  his  telescope  which 
magnified  thirty  times,  discovered  three  bodies 
projecting  from  the  planet's  disc,  which  in 
that  year  liegun  to  diminish  in  size.  Huyghens, 
in  1665,  proved  these  to  l>e  a  ring.  In  1675, 
J.  D.  Cassint  showed  that  a  black  line  divided 
the  ring  into  two  parts.  These  MaraWi,  in 
1715,  and  Sir  Wm.  Herschel,  in  1790  (?),  showed 
to  be  all  probably  separate  rings.  In  1850, 
Professor  Bond,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
discovered  a  third  ring,  a  dusky,  semrtrans- 
parent  structure,  which  has  been  called  a 
crape  ring.  Sir  Wm.  Herschel  had  proved  In 


1  000,000,000.  It  is  the  second  planet  in  point 
o'f  magnitude,  having  a  mean  diameter  of 
71,000  miles.  To  the  eye  it  is  as  large  as  a  fixed 
star  of  the  first  magnitude,  and  was  known  to 
the  ancients.  The  equatorial  diameter  is 
about  74,000  miles,  the  polar  63,000.  The 
large  discrepancy  indicates  rapid  rotation. 
This  is  performed  in  10  hours,  14  minutes,  and 
23-8  seconds.  Saturn's  day  is  consequently 
not  half  the  length  of  ours.  But  its  year, 
fixed  by  the  time  of  its  revolution  round  the 
sun,  is  twenty-nine  and  a  half  earthly  years. 
It  moves  through  about  twelve  degrees  of  the 
sky  in  a  year,  enough  to  be  noted  by  any 
ordinarily  careful  observer.  The  density  of 
Saturn  is  one  eighth  that  of  the  earth.  Were 
water  enough  supplied  for  the  purpose,  Saturn 
would  float  with  one  fifth  of  its  bulk  dry. 


THE  PLANET  SATURN. 


1789  that  the  rings  rotated  in  10  hours,  S» 
minutes,  16  seconds.  Astronomers  have  shown 
that,  were  the  rings  either  solid  or  fluid,  they 
ronst  undergo  disruption  by  unequal  stress; 
and  that  they  therefore  probably  consist  of 
minute  bodies  like  the  meteorites  surround- 
ing the  sun.  On  March  25,  1C55,  Huyghens  dis- 
covered the  first  satellite  of  Saturn.  Between 
1671  and  1684  Cassini  found  five  more.  On 
August  28,  1789,  Sir  Wm.  Herschel  added  a 
seventh,  and  on  Sept.  19,  1848,  Professor  Bond, 
of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  and  Mr.  Lassell, 
of  Liverpool,  an  eighth.  The  names  of  the 
eightare  :  Titan,  Japetns,  Rhea,  Rione,  Tethys, 
Enceladus,  Mimas,  and  Hyperion. 

•  3.  Old  Cfcm.  :  A  name  applied  to  lead. 

4.  Her.  :  The  black  colour  in  blazoning  the 
arms  of  sovereign  princes. 

Sat-ur-na'-U-a.  «.  pi.     [Lat,,  neut.pl.  of 
^jiuriwiu  =  pertaining  to  Saturn  (q.v.).J 

1.  Rom.  Antiq.  :   The  feast  in    honour  of 
Saturn,  celebrated  in  December,  and  regarded 
as  a  time  of  unrestrained  license  and  merri- 
ment for  all  classes,  even  for  the  slaves. 

2.  Any  time  of  noisy  license  and  revelry  ; 
unrestrained,  licentious  revelry. 

••  Bat  Prance  got  drunk  with  blood  to  Tomlt  crime, 
And  fatal  have  he,  ^.,  ,T.  „. 


9&t  ur-na-11-an,  a.    [SATURNALIA.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Saturnalia  or 
festival  of  Saturn. 

2.  Loose,  dissipated,  sportive,  licentious. 

"In  order  to  make  this  tat,irnaH<in  amusement 
general  in  the  family,  you  sent  it  down  Btaira.  — 
2ur*e  :  Aevteide  Peat*. 

ga-tur'-nl-a,  ».    [Fern,  of  Lat  Saturniw  = 
of  or  belonging  to  Saturn.) 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Saturnidas. 
Saturnia  Pammia-minor  is  the  Emperor  Moth 
(q  v  ).  S.  pyri,  found  in  France,  Austria,  4c., 
is  the  largest  European  butterfly,  being  six 
inches  across  the  wings.  S.  anna,  S.  cidonia, 
S.  grotei,  and  S.  llnaia.,  natives  of  the  Sikkim. 
Himalaya,  furnish  silk. 

•a-tur'-nl  an,  a.    [Lat  saturniw.\ 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  god  Saturn,  whoso 
age  or  reigu  was  kuown  as  the  Golden  Age  ; 
hence,  golden,  happy  ;  distinguished  for  purity, 
integrity,  and  simplicity. 

"  Days  came  and  went  ;  and  now  returned  again 
To  Blcil,  the  olu  - 


*  J.  Leaden,  dull.    [SATURN,  3.] 

"  To  hatch  a  new  latumion  age  of  lead." 

Pope  :  Dunciad.  1.  28 

S.  Of,  belonging,  or  relating  to  the  planet 
Saturn. 

"  The  eomplellty  of  the  Saturnian  system  had  now 
no  rival  In  the  heavena"— Ball ;  Storf  of  ">•  UeaMM, 
p.  258. 

saturnlan-verse,  s.    An  ancient  metre 
used  by  the  Romans,  and  consisting  of  three 
iambics    and  a  syllable,  followed  by  three 
trochees.    Macaulay  (lays  of  Ancient  Rome, 
Introd.)  quotes,  an  a  perfect  example  of  sa- 
turuian  verse,  the  nursery  rime : 
The  queen  |  was  in  |  thS  par  |  lour 
eating  |  bread  and  |  h6nej. 


boH,  b6y;  ptflt,  Jo^rl;  oat,  cell,  chorn.,  9Hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  thl,;  .In.  a,;  expect, 
-clan, -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon, -slon  =  8hun; -tlon.  Hflon  =  zhun.   -oious.  -tlom.  -rtous  =  shus.   -We,  -die, 


4116 


saturnieentric— saul 


sa-tur-nl  fen  -trio.  o.  [Eng.  Saturn,  an 
or  ntric.]  Appearing  as  if  seen  from  the  centr 
of  the  planet  Saturn. 

•a  tur  -nl-dae.  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  tatuni(a) 
Lat,  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff.  -i<&£.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Moths,  furmerl 
merged  in  Bombycidie  (q.v.).  Antennae  pecti 
nated  ;  wings  broad,  each  with  an  eye-lik 
ejtot.  Larva  with  short  bristles,  cocoon  pear 
shaped.  Only  one  British  species. 

Sat  -ur-nlne,  a.  [O.  Fr.  taturnin  (Fr.  sa 
turnien),  from  Saturne  =  Saturn  (q.v.);  Sp.  & 
ItaL  saturnine.] 

*  1.  Supposed  to  be  under  the  influence  o 
the  planet   Saturn.      An    astrological  won 
which  aro«e  when  men  believed  that  Saturn 
was  a  planet  of  gloomy  augury,  and  that  those 
born  while  it  was  in  the  ascendant  would  have 
a  taciturn  and  gloomy  temperament. 

2.  Hence,  morose,  dull,  heavy,  phlegmatic 
gloomy. 

"  I  may  cut  my  renders  under  two  divisions.  the 
mercurUl  and  *j(urtii.i«  .-  the  first  are  the  gay  part. 
the  other*  «re  of  •  more  solemn  and  sober  tnio.  —Ad- 
duon  :  Spectator,  No.  in. 

•  3.  In  old  chemistry,  pertaining  to  lead 
as,  saturnine  compounds. 

saturnine  -  breath,  >.  Breath  of  a 
peculiar  odour  during  Saturnine  palsy  (q.v.). 

saturnine  palsy,  s. 
Pathol.  :  Lead  palsy  (q.v.);  palsy  produced 
by  the  inhalation  of  lead  particles. 

*  Sat  -urn-Ist,  >.  [Eng.  saturn;  -ist.]  A 
person  of  a  dull,  grave,  gloomy  temperament. 

"  Seating  hltnselfe  within  a  darkesome  care. 
(Such  place*  heavy  Saturnuti  doe  crave)." 

Srytme:  Britannia!  pattoralM,  L  1. 

•at-ura-ite,  i.  [Eng.  taturn;  Buff.  -ite 
(Min.).] 

Aftn.  :  A  name  given  by  Delametherie  to  the 
brown  variety  of  pyromorphite  (q.v.X 

sa-tur'-nus,  ».    [L«t]    Saturn. 

•*t'-yr,  "  sat  yre,  «.  [Fr.  satyre,  from  Lat. 
tatyrus;  Or.  o-oTupos  («z<uroj)  =  a  satyr;  Sp. 
*  ItaL  satiro  ;  Port  sntyro.] 

1.  Clan.  Myth.  :  One  of  a  number  of  rural 
deities  of  Greece,  identical  with  the  Fauni  of 
the  Latins.  They  are  regarded  as  the  attendants 
of  Bacchus,  and  are  represented  as  roaming 
through  the  woods,  dwelling  in  caves    and 
endeavouring  to  gain  the  love  of  the  Nymphs. 
They  are  usually  represented  with  the  feet  and 
tegs  of  goats,  short  horns  on  the  head,  and  the 
body  covered  with  thick  hair. 

"  And  taut  ap  every  eatyr  in  hit  den.' 

Coteptr  :  Conwertation,  n. 

2.  Entom.  :  One  of  the  Satyriuss.  (Unman.) 
•  3.  A  cattle-stealer.  (Slang.)  (Smith  :  Lira 

qf  Highwaymen,  i.  321.) 

satyr-pug,  s. 

Entom.  :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Eupitht- 
cia  satyrata. 

•at-y-ri-a-da,  ..  pi.   fMod.  Lat.  satyr^m)  ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -adoc.] 
Bat.  :  A  family  of  Ophreas  (q.Y.). 

•  sat-  jf-ii'-a-sls,  ».  [Or.  ,  from  o-oivpo*  (sof  u- 
ro»)  =  a  satyr.]  A  diseased  and  unrestrain- 
able  venereal  appetite  in  men. 

•a-tyr;-Ic,  *  aa-tyy-lc-al,  o.  [Lat  satyri- 
eu»,  from  Gr.  nanputtt  (saturikos),  from 
o-orvpoc  (soiuro.)  =  a  satyr.]  Pertaining  to 
satyrs.  The  satyric  drama  of  the  Greeks  was 
of  the  nature  of  burlesque,  the  chorus  being 
represented  by  satyrs 

Greece  Is  not  to  be  confounded 


1  Originally,  the  chorus  of  satyrs  was  in 
all  probability,  a  feature  of  every  drama,  but 
as  taste  improved,  their  antics  were  felt  to 
be  out  of  harmony  with  the  dignity  of  tragedy 
and  they  were  relegated  to  a  separate  piece 
acted  after  the  Trilogy  (q.v.),  with  which  in 
•onie  cases  it  was  connected  in  subject,  the 

«n  H'   l"^7   "?d   Satyrio    dram».   ^"W 
called  a  Tetralogy  (q.v.). 

•at-y-ri'-naj,   sa-tyV-I-di,  «.  pZ.     [Lat 
«j?r(i«);  fern.  pL  adj.  guBT-in^  Tor  masc. 

1.  Entom,  ;  Argus  Butterflies.  (Swainsm.) 
A  sub-family  of  Nymphalidae.  Only  four 
legs  adapted  for  walking;  antennas  abruptly 
knobbed;  wings  rounded;  flight  feeble 


Larva  without  spines,  but  with  minute  warts 
About  a  thousand  species  are  known.  The 
are  of  sombre  colours,  with  eye-like  spots  o 
the  under,  or  sometimes  also  on  the  uppe 
surface  of  the  winj;s.  Nearly  one  third  of  th 
butterflies  of  Europe  are  Satyrinie.  The  genus 
which  is  most  numerous  in  species  is  Hippar 
chia  (q.v.). 

2.  Palasont. :  One  species  has  been  said  t< 
exist  in  the  Carboniferous,  and  another  in  th 
Upper  Cretaceous  rocks,  but  both  are  doubtful 

•  sa-tyr  -I-on,  s.  [Or. ,  from  o-irvpos  (saturot 
=  a  satyr.]  A  plant  supposed  to  excite  lust 

sa-tyr'-I-um,  s.    [SATYRION.] 

Bat. :  The  typical  genus  of  Satyriadse  (q.v.). 

Saf -y-rtis,  s.     [Lat  =  a  satyr.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Satyrinse 
(q.v.).  Satyrus  senult  is  the  Grayling  (q.'v.). 

sau-alp  ite  (an  as  tffc),  «.  [After  Sau-alpe 
in  Carinthia,  where  first  found  ;  suff.  -ite 
(Afin.).] 

Jfin. :  The  same  as  ZOISITE  (q.v.). 

san'-ba,  s.    [Native  name.) 

Enttm. :  CEcodoma  cephalotes,  an  ant  with 
a  disproportionately  large  head,  living  in 
Brazil  in  vast  numbers  in  subterranean  abodes 

[(ECODOHA.] 

sauce,   *  sawf  e,  ».     [Fr.  sauce,  from  Lat. 

salsa  =  a  salted  thing,  fern,  of  salsus  =  salted 

pa.  par.  of  »ojio  =  to  salt  (q.v.);  Sp.  &  Ital. 

salsa.] 

i  literally: 

1.  A  mixture  or  composition  to  be  eaten 
with  food  for  the  purpose  of  improving  its 
flavour  or  relish,  or  of  whetting  the  appetite, 
or  for  aiding  digestion  ;  a  condiment 

••  Tunnies'  tail  t  In  savoury  Ktuo  are  drown'd." 

Dryden  :  Pvrttut.  sat  v. 

2.  Culinary  vegetables  and  roots  eaten  with 
fleshmeat,    (Amer.) 

II.  Fig. :  Pertness,  impudence,  insolence; 
saucy  language.  (Coftoo.  or  vulgar.) 

IT  (1)  Sauce  far  tne  goose  it  iauce  for  the 
gander :  A  principle  applied  in  one  case  must 
be  so  in  all  similar  cases.  (Used  as  a  retort 
against  one  who  is  rigid  in  laying  down  the 
law  for  others  whilst  wholly  exempting  him- 
self from  its  operation.) 

(2)  To  serve  one  with  the  tame  sauce :  To  re- 
taliate one  injury  with  another.  (Colloq.) 

sauce  alone,  *. 

Sot. :  Sisymbnum  (Erysimum)  AUiaria. 

sauce-boat,  s.  A  vessel  or  dish  with  a 
lip  or  spout  for  holding  sauce. 

sauce-box,  *  sawce-boz,  i.  A  saucy, 
impudent  fellow. 

"  The  foolUh  old  poet  eays.  that  the  aonU  of  aome 
women  are  made  of  fea-water:  thU  has  encouraged 
mj  *««-«-4oi  to  be  wittjr."—  Adduon  :  Spectator. 

sauce-tureen,  s.  A  tureen  or  dish  from 
which  sauce  is  served  at  table. 

saU9e,  *  sawce.  r.(.    [SAUCE,  «.] 

L  Lit. :  To  add  a  sauce  to ;  to  season,  to 
flavour. 
H,  Figuratively: 

*  1.  To  tickle  or  gratify,  as  the  palate. 

With  thy  most  operant  poison." 

alttttap.  :  Timan  a/  Atkew.  lr.  !. 

*  2.  To  intermix  with  anything  which  adds 
piquancy  or  relish  :  hence,  to  make  pungent 
tart,  or  sharp. 

"Thou  aay'st  his  meat  was  sauced  with  thy  nn- 
braldlngs."     OtaJcap. :  Camedgof  Brrm-t.  V.  1. 

3.  To  address  in  pert,  impudent,  or  insolent 
language ;  to  be  saucy  to. 

"  I'll  sauce  her  with  bitter  words.* 

Skaknp. :  At  t'ou  LUe»  /(,  Ul.  6. 

*  4.  To  make  to  pay  or  suffer ;  to  pay  out 

•,"nl,£*ke  "™m  ?•'•  nl  *»<w'  them."-a»at«>p. .- 
Merry  Wttet  of  Windtyr,  IT.  s. 

•5.  To  cnt  up,  to  carve.  (Specially  ap- 
plied to  a  capon.) 

".J*-!J?''>on  w<re  *°  *•  disposed  of.  the  person  In 
authority  wonld  give  the  direction.  'Sauce  that 
capon.'  "-itondv  Standard,  8.pt-  J8,  ISM. 

8au$o   pan,  s.    [Eng.  sauce,  and  pan.] 

*  1.  A  pan  or  pot  for  preparing  sauces. 

2.  A  metal  pot  for  boiling  or  stewing 
generally. 


sauf-er,  •saus-er, «.  [Fr.  sauciere,  from 
Low  Lat,  salsarium.} 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  small  pan  or  vessel  in  which  sauce 
was  set  on  a  table. 

••Infuse  a  nugil  of  new  violets  seveu  times,  and  it 
shall  make  the  vinegar  »,  fresh  of  the  Sower,  as  If 
brought  iu  a  saucer,  you  shall  smelt  it  before  it  corns 
at  you.  —  Aooon. 

2.  A  shallow  piece  of  china  or  other  ware  in 
which  a  tea-cup  or  coffee-cup  is  set. 

"  And  because  none  should  remember  his  practieesL 
nor  suspect  the  rest  to  come,  he  shaveth  his  crown  as 
broad  as  a  Mvcer.'—strype:  Mem.  Maru,  voL  tv_ 
ch.  xxxv. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Hydr.-tng. :   A    flat   caisson    or    camel 
which,  being  sunk  and  placed  beneath  a  ves- 
sel, is  then  pumped  out,  so  as  to  raise  the 
vessel. 

2.  Naut. :  An  iron  bed  bolted  to  the  deck 
below  that  on  which  the  capstan  works,  for 
the    purpose  of  securing  the  pivot  of   the 
capstan. 

sauch,  s.    [SAUGH.] 

san'-oj-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  saucy;  -ly.]  In  a 
saucy  manner ;  impudently,  pertly ;  with 
saucy  language. 

"  This  knave  came  somewhat  saucily  Into  th* 
world  before  he  was  sent  for."— Shaketp. :  Lear,  1.  L 

San'-ci-ness,  «.  [Eng.  saucy;  -nets.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  saucy ;  impudence, 
impertinent  boldness. 

"  The  throng  of  words  that  come  with  such  more 
^an  Impudent  laudneu  from  you."— SAa*«n.  .•  I 
aenry  jr.,  u.  L 

sau-cisse,  sau-fis-son,  «.    [Fr.  sauciste 
=  a  sausage  (q.v.).] 
Fortification  : 

1.  A  powder-hose  for  communicating  fire  to 
a  charge  in  military  mining.     It  consists  of  a 
longpipe  or  bag  made  of  cloth  well  pitched  or 
of  leather,  and  extends  from  the  chamber  of  a 
mine  to  the  entrance  of  the  gallery.     The 
powder  is  generally  placed  in  a  wooden  pipe 
to  preserve  it  from  damp. 

2.  A  long,  stout  bundle  of  faggots,  larger 
than  a  fascine.    They  are  commonly  used  to 
cover  men,  to  make  epaulements,  traverse*, 
or  breastworks  in  ditches  full  of  water,  to 
render  the  way  firm  for  carriages. 

sau-con  ite,  s.      [After   Saucon,    Pennsyl. 
vania,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin,).] 
Min, :  The  same  as  SMITHSOXITE  (q.v.). 

,_  .  ..  «•    [Eng.  saudf);  -y.] 

1.  Showing  or  acting  with  sauciness  or  im- 
pertinent boldness;    pert,    impudent,   rude: 
contemptuous  of  superiors. 

"  They  were  grown  too  saucy  for  himself." 

Beaum.  t  ma.  :  Phitaiter,  IL  1 

2.  Characterized  by  or  expressive  of  im- 
pudence ;  impudent,  insolent :  as,  saucy  lan- 
guage, a  saucy  look. 

sau'-oy  (2),  o.    [A  corrupt  of  sasty  (q.T.).] 
sand,  s.     [SAADH.] 

saner  kraut  (as  sour  krout),  >.  [Ger. 
saner  =  sour,  and  kraut  —  herb,  cabbage.]  A 
favourite  German  dwh,  consisting  of  cabbage 
cut  fine,  pressed  into  a  cask,  with  alternate 
layers  of  salt,  and  suffered  to  ferment  until  It 
becomes  sour. 

sauf,  0.     [SAKE.] 

saugh,  sauch  (gh,  ch  guttural),  a.  [8ai> 
LOW,  s.]  A  willow-tree,  spec.  Salix  mpreo, 

"  Did  ye  notice  if  there  was  an  auld  latigl  tree 
tliats  inaist  blawn  dowu."— «cott  :  6>uy  Mo,nnering, 

saul  (1),  >.    [Soui.] 

laul  (2),  sal,  s.  [Hind,  sal,  tola,  talwa,  takhtr; 
Beng.  shul.] 

Bot. :  The  saul  tree  (q.T.)i 

saul  dammar  s. 

Chem. :  Dhara  Dammar.  The  name  of  a 
resin  collected  in  the  northern  parts  of  Hindo- 
>tan  from  the  saul-tree. 

saul  tree,  s. 

Bot. :  Shorea  robusta,  a  large  gregarious  tree, 
growing  in  the  moist  tract  along  the  base  of 
the  Himalayas,  also  on  the  Pachmari  Hills  In 
Central  India,  4c.  The  heart-wood  is  brown, 
cross-grained,  and  finely  streaked  with  dark 


saule— saurothera 


4117 


lines.  It  is  difficult  to  season,  but,  once 
seasoned,  is  unrivalled  in  elasticity,  strength, 
and  durability,  and  is  much  used  in  India  for 
railway  sleepers,  planking,  railings  of  bridges, 
Ac.  It  furnishes  a  resiu.  (Calcutta  Exhib. 
Report.) 

•  saule,  *.    [SOUL.] 

saul-ie,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  perhaps  from 
Scotch  aaul=soul.]  A  hired  mourner.  (Scotch.) 

"  The  priest .  .  .  sent  two  o'  the  riding  tauliet  after 
them."— <Sco«  .•  Antiquary,  ch.  xxiii. 

oault,  5.  [O.  Fr.  (Fr.  saut),  froia  Lat  saltum, 
accus.  of  saltus  —  &.  leap;  salio  —  io  leap.] 
[ASSAULT.]  A  rapid  in  some  rivers.  (Amer.) 

sault'-fat,  s.  [Scotch  sault  =  salt,  and  fat  — 
vat.J  A  pickling-tub,  a  beef-stand.  (Scotch.) 

§aun'-ders(l),  s.  [AcorruptionofFr.  cendres.] 
(See  etym.  and  compound.) 

saunders-blue,  s. 

*  1.  Ultramarine  (?) 

2.  An  artificial  blue  prepared  from  carbonate 
of  copper.  (Weale.) 

saun  -ders  (2),  s.    [SANDERS.] 
saunt,  5.  &  a.    [SAINT.] 

saun  -ter,  *  san  -ter,  v.i,    [Etym.  doubtful. 

Wedgwood  derives  it  from  Icel.  slentr  =  idle, 
lounging,  slert  =  sloth  ;  Dau.  slentre  —  to 
saunter;  Sw.  slentra;  cf.  Icel. seint  =  slowly ; 
Dan.  scent ;  Norw.  seint ;  Sw.  sent.} 

1.  To  wander  about  idly  and  leisurely ;  to 
ramble  about  lazily  ;  to  walk  leisurely  along  ; 
to  loiter,  to  linger. 

"  Sauntered  on  thts  retired  and  difficult  way." 

Wordtworth :  Naming  of  Placet,  No.  4. 

*  2.  To  occupy  one's  self  idly  ;  to  loiter,  to 
dilly-dally. 

"  Though  patting  the  mind  upon  an  unusual  stress 
that  may  discourage  ought  to  oe  avoided,  yet  this 
inuit  not  run  it  into  »  lazy  tauntering  about  ordinary 
things."— Locke, 

*  3.  To  move  or  pass  slowly ;  to  drag  along. 

"  Clear  aa  its  current,  glide  the  tauntering  hours. " 
Byron :  Childe  Harold,  iv.  33. 

•aun'-ter,  s.  [SAUNTER,  v.]  A  sauntering  or 
rambling  leisurely  about ;  a  place  for  saunter* 
ing. 

"  Loitering  aud  leaping 
With  munter,  with  bound." 

Matthew  Arnold:  Bacchanalia,  I. 

saun-ter-er,  s.  [Eng.  saunter;  -cr.}  One 
who  saunters  about ;  an  idler,  a  lounger. 

saun  ter  Irig,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SAUNTER,  v.} 

saun'-ter-Ing-l#,  adv.  [Eng.  sauntering; 
-ly.\  In  a  sauntering  manner  ;  idly,  leisurely. 

*  Saun  -ter-Ing-niiSS,  s.     [Eng.  sauntering ; 

•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  saun- 
tering. (Eliz.  Carter :  Letters,  ii.  162.) 

Mkur-,  pref.    [SAUBO-.] 

•aur,  s.    [Eflym.  doubtful.]    Soil,  dirt,  dirty 

water. 

sail  ran -6-don,  s.  [Pref.  saur-,  and  Gr. 
dcoiovc  (anodoun) ;  ANODON.]  [SAURANC- 

DONTID.*.] 

•au-ran-o-don-tl-dse,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
sauranodon,  genit.  sauranodont(is) ;  Lat.  fern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Palceont. :  A  family  of  Ichthyopterygia,  with 
one  genus,  Sauranodon,  edentulous,  from  the 
Jurassic  formations  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region. 

•au-ran'-ja,  5.  [Named  after  Sauraujo,  a 
Portuguese"  botanist  known  to  Willdenow.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Dillene£e(Xind?«y),  of  Tern- 
Btromiaceae  (Calcutta  Exhib.  Report).  Saurau- 
ja  nepalensis,  from  the  Himalayas  and  the 
Khasia  Hills,  has  pink  flowers  and  a  green, 
sweet,  edible  fruit,  mealy  inside. 

Lat.,  from  Gr.  <raupos 


;  sau  ri-a  s.  pi.    [Mod. 
(sauros)  =  a  lizard  1 


Zoology : 

*  1.  An  order  of  Reptilia,  having  two  auri- 
cles and  four  legs,  and  the  body  covered  with 
scales.  (Brongniart.y 

t  2.  In  the  classification  of  Stannius,  an 
order  of  Amphibia  Monopnoa,  containing 
three  sub-orders  :  Amphisbstnoidea  (Amphis- 
baerroids),  Kionocrania  (Lizards),  and  Chamse- 
leonidee  (Chameleons). 


sau  -ri  an,  a.  &  s.    [SAURIA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Sauria. 

B.  As  subst.  :  One  of  the  order  Sauria ;  a 
lizard  or  lizard-like  creature.    (See  extract.) 

"  The  whole  order  of  the  Lacertllia  is  often  united 
with  the  next  group  of  the  Crvcodilia,  under  th« 
nameof  Sauria.  The  term  .Saurian,  however.  Is  an  ex. 
ceedingly  convenient  one  to  designate  all  the  reptiles 
which  approach  the  typical  Lizards  in  external  con- 
figuration, whatever  their  nature  may  be  ;  and  from 
this  point  of  view  it  is  ofteti  very  useful  aa  applied  to 
many  fussl!  forms,  the  structure  of  which  1»  only 
imperfectly  known."— tficAolton  :  Palceont.,  il.  20L 

sau  rich  nis,  5.    [Pref.  saur-,  and  Gr.  IXVQ* 
(icknos)  =  a  footprint] 
Palceont. :   The  name  given  to  fossil  fbot- 

Srints  occurring  in  the  Permian  at  Annan- 
ale,  Scotland. 

t  sau  rich  thy'  J  die,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
saurickthy(s)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ichthy. :  A  family  of  Owen's  Lepidoganoidei 
(q.v.),  ranging  from  the  Coal  to  the  Trias. 
[MEOALICHTHYS.] 

*au-rich  thjfs,  s.  [Pref.  saur-,  and  Gr. 
ixW5  (ichthua)  =  a  fish.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Holoptychidse,  with 
three  species  from  the  Khaetic  beds. 

sau'-ri-dae,  5.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  saurus  (q.v,) ; 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Palceont. :  A  family  of  Lepidosteoidei.  Body 
oblong,  with  ganoid  scales ;  vertebras  not 
completely  ossified  ;  termination  of  vertebral 
column  homocercal ;  fins  generally  with  fulcra. 
Maxillary  of  a  single  piece,  jaws  with  a  single 
row  of  conical  pointed  teeth.  Genera  nu- 
merous, from  Mesozoic  formations. 

sau  riT  lus,  s.  [Dimin.  from  Mod.  Lat 
saurus  =  a  lizard.] 

Palceont,  :  A  genus  of  Lacertilians,  with 
one  species  from  the  freshwater  strata  of  the 
Purbeck  series  (Upper  Oolite). 

Saur'-less,  a.  [For  savmirleu.}  Insipid,  taste- 
less, savourless.  (Scotch.) 

Sau  ro-,  saur-,  pref.  [SAURU.]  Lizard-like. 

t  sau-ro-ba-tra  -chl-a,  s.  pi.   [Pref.  saitro-, 
and  Mod.  Lat.  &o*rocAia(q.v.).] 
Zool. :  A  synonym  of  Urodela  (q.v.). 

sau-ro^eph'-a-lus,  s.  [Pref.  sauro-,  and 
Gr.  *«4>oAij  (kephalS)  =.  the  head.] 

Palcgontt :  Agenus  of  Sphyrffinidae(Gttnther), 
placed  by  Cope  in  his  Saurodontidae  (q.v.), 
with  two  species  from  the  Chalk. 

sau-rd  ce'-tes,  *.  [Pref.  sauro-,  and  Gr. 
KTJTOS  (ketos)  =  a  sea-monster.] 

Palceont.:  Agenus  of  Zeuglodontldce,  founded 
on  remains  of  Tertiary  age,  found  near  Buenos 
Ayres.  The  teeth  are  double- fa nged,  with 
conoid  crowns,  and  they  indicate  an  animal 
smaller  than  any  species  of  Zeuglodon  (q.v.) 

*  sau-rd-champ  sa,  s.  [Pref.  sauro-,  and 
Grecized  Egypt.  x^M^at  (ckampsai)  =  croco- 
diles.] [MOSASAURUB.] 

sau-ro-dJp-teV-I-d»,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  sauro- ; 
Gr.  fic'nrepos  (dipteros)=  two-winged,  and  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Palceont.  ;  A  family  of  Polypteroidei  (q.v.). 
Scales  ganoid,  smooth,  like  surface  of  skull. 
Two  dorsals,  paired  fins  obtusely  lobate ;  teeth 
conical ;  caudal  heterocercal.  Three  genera, 
from  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  formations. 
(Gunther.) 

sau-rd-dlp-ter-i'-ni,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  sauro-; 
Gr.  6tVrepos  (dipteros)  —  two-winged,  and  Lat. 
masc.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ini.] 

Palteont. :  (1)  A  synonym  of  Saurodipteridse 
(Huxley);  (2)  a  sub-family  of  Rhombodip- 
teridae,  co-extensive  with  the  Saurodipteridse. 

sau  ro- don,  s.  [Pref.  saur-,  and  Gr.  o5ov? 
(odous),  genit.  b&6vro<i  (odontos)^  a  tooth.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Sphyrsenidae,  or  the 
typical  genus  of  Saurodontidae,  with  one 
species  from  the  Chalk. 

sau'-ro-d&nt,  a.  [SAURODON.]  Having  a 
dentition  like  that  of  the  Saurodontidse ; 
armed  with  teeth  implanted  in  distinct  sockets. 

"  The  taurodont  flshea  of  the  Cretaceous,"— tfichol- 
ton :  Palaonc.,  it.  124. 

sau-ro-dont  -I-d»,  «.  pi    [Mod.  Lat.  sauro- 
don,  genit.  saurodont(is) ;  Lat,  fern.  pi.  adj. 
suff.  -idee.] 
Palceont. :  A  family  created  by  Cope  for  a 


grmip  uf  predaceous  fishes,  often  placed  with 
tlie  Sphyraenida  (q.v.).  Many  of  them  are  of 
large  size,  and  have  most  of  their  teeth  im- 
planted in  distinct  sockets. 

sau'-roid,  a.  &  s.     [Gr.  o-aCpo?  (sauros)  —  s 
lizard,  and  «Z5o?  (eidos)  =  form,  ajipearance.] 

A.  As  adj.;  Resembling  a  lizard;  lizard- 
like. 

"KaniilifS    of   t'turo'ui    or   reptile    flBhea."—  Hugh 
littler  :  Old  Red  Sandttone,  ch.  iv. 

+  B.  .-Is  substantive  : 

Zool.  <&  Palceont.  :  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  fishes  which  approach  saurians  in  structure 
or  external  conformation.  The  members  of 
the  families  Lepidosteidae  and  Sturionidae  are 
recent,  and  those  of  Saurichthyidse,  the  Sau- 
rodr^teridse,  &c.,  fossil  examples. 

"  In  the  waters  of  the  Transition  period,  the 


roidt  and    Sharks 


lug  excessive  increase  of 

land:  Geology  *  Mineral.,  1.  336. 


tltuted  the  chief  voracious 
it  office  of  check- 
families."— Buck- 


saur  Old  Ich  nite,  s.  [Eng.  sauroid,  and 
ichnite.]  The  footprint  of  a  saurian. 

sau-r6p'-o-da,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  sauro-,  and  Gr. 
jroi'-s  (pous)t  genit  n-o5o«  (podos)  •=.  a  foot] 

Palceont. ;  According  to  Marsh,  an  order  of 
Dinosauria,  which  he  raises  to  a  class.  Fore 
and  hind  limbs  nearly  equal;  feet  plantigrade, 
pentadactyle,  ungulate ;  anterior  vertebrae 
opisthoccelian ;  sternal  "bones  paired  ;  pre- 
maxillaries  with  teeth.  They  were  herbivo- 
rous, and  attained  their  greatest  development 
in  the  Jurassic.  Families  :  Atlantosauridte, 
Diptodocidae,  and  Morosauridse. 

sau  rop  si  do,  *.  pi.    [SAUHOPSIS.] 

Zool.  :  A  primary  group  or  province  of 
Vertebrata,  comprising  Reptiles  and  Birds. 
An  epidermic  skeleton,  in  the  form  of  scales 
or  feathers,  is  almost  always  present  The 
centra  of  the  vertebrae  are  ossified,  but  have 
no  terminal  epiphyses  ;  the  skull  has  a  com- 
pletely ossified  occipital  segment.  Mandible 
always  present,  and  each  minis  consists  of 
an  articular  ossification,  connected  with  the 
skull  by  a  quadrate  bone.  The  apparent  ankle- 
joint  is  situated  between  the  proximal  and 
distal  divisions  of  the  tarsus,  not  between  the 
tibia  and  the  astragalus,  as  in  the  Mammalia, 
The  heart  is  tri-  or  quadri-locular,  and  some 
of  the  blood  corpuscles  are  red,  oval,  and 
nucleated.  Respiration  is  never  effected  by 
means  of  branchiae,  but  after  birth  is  per- 
formed by  lungs.  The  cerebral  hemispheres 
are  never  united  by  a  corpus  adlosum.  The 
reproductive  organs  open  into  the  cloaca ;  the 
oviduct  is  a  Fallopian  tube,  with  a  uterine 
dilatation  in  the  lower  part.  All  are  ovipar- 
ous or  ovoviviparous ;  there  are  no  mammary 
glands  ;  the  embryo  has  an  amnion  and  a  large 
respiratory  allantois,  and  is  nourished  at  the 
expense  of  the  massive  vitellus.  (Huxley: 
Anat.  Vert.  Anim.,  ch.  iii.) 

rop  -sis,  5.    [Pref.  saur-,  and  Gr.  ttytc 

=  appearance.  ] 
Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Caturidse,  with  one 
Bpecies  from  the  Great  Oolite,  and  one  from 
the  Lower  Jurassic. 

t  •au-rdp-ter-jte'-J-a,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
from  Gr.  o-avpos  (sauros)  =  &  lizard,  and 
irre'pvf  (pterux),  genit.  irrtpvyos  (pterugot)  =  a 
wing.] 

Palceont. :  Owen'i  name  for  the  Plesio- 
sauria  (q.v.). 

sau  ro  ramph-fis,  s.  [Pref.  sauro-,  and 
Gr.  pa/i(/>os  (rhamphos)  =  &  beak,  a  bill.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Hoplopleuridse,  having 
the  lower  jaw  produced  beyond  the  upper. 
It  appears  in  the  Chalk,  and  extends  into  the 
Tertiary. 

saur-or'-nl-theB,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  saur-,  and 
Gr.  opyi?  (onus),  geuit.  SpvUto?  (ornithos)  = 
a  bird.] 

Palceont.:  A  sub-class  of  Birds,  with  a 
single  order  Saururee  (q.v.).  Caudal  vertebras 
numerous;  tail  longer  than  the  body,  and 
not  terminated  by  a  plough-share  bone. 

sau-ro-ster'-non,  s.  [Pref.  sauro-,  and  Gr. 
tnepvov  (tttemon)  =  the  breast] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Lacertilians,  from 
strata  in  Africa  believed  to  be  of  Triassic  age. 

*  sau-roth'-er-a,  *.     [Pref.  sauro-,  and  Gr. 
dijptiw  (therao)  =  to  hunt.] 
Ornith :  Ground  Cuckoo,  the  typical  famUy 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  &em;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  o^cist.    ph  =  & 
-ciaou  -tian  =  shaa.   -tion,  Hftlon  =  shun;  -tion.    sion  =  zhun.    --clous,  -tiou»,  -sious  -  shua.    -ble.  -die.  Ac.  =  bcL  del. 


4118 

of  Saurotheririasfa.v.X  Saurothera  tetula.  in- 
habits Jamaica,  St.  Domingo,  &c. 

•sau  roth-e-ri -nse,  ».  pi.  fMod,  Lat  satin- 
ther(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inm.] 

Onitk.  :  A  sub-family  of  Cuculidee,  allied 
to  Coccyzinse,  but  having  bill  longer  and 
strain-liter,  and  the  upper  mandible  curved 
only  at  tlie  tip.  Found  in  Tropical  America, 
where  they  live  principally  ou  the  ground 
f.—  ling  on  caterpillars,  lizards,  young  rats, 
small  birds,  Ate. 

•nu  rn  TO  Hje-£B,  x.pl.  [M*l.L»t.»i»rur<iw); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot.:  Saurnrads ;  an  order  of  HypogyuousEx- 
ogena,  alliance  Piperales.  Herbaceous  marsh- 
pl.ints  ;  leaves,  alternate,  stipulate  ;  (lowers 
in  spikes,  naked,  seated  upon  a  scale  ;  stamens, 
three  to  six;  ovaries,  three  or  four,  more  or 
leas  distinct,  each  with  an  ascending  ovule ; 
fruit,  four  fleshy  indehiscent  nuts,  or  a  three- 
or  four-celled  capsule.  Known  gcnern,  four ; 
species,  soven.  From  North  America,  China, 
and  the  north  of  India.  (Lindley.) 

•Au-rn'-rad,  s.    [Hod.  Lat»ur»r(u>);  Eng. 
sufl*.  -ad.] 
Bot.  (PI.):  Tie  Saururacete  (q.v.X 

«au  ru'-rae,   s.   pi.     [Pref.    suur-,  and    Or. 
pa  (oura)  —  a  tail.] 

PaUeont. :  Lizard-tailed 
Birds,  made  by  Huxley 
f  a  sub-class  of  Aves.  The 
metacarpals  are  well-de- 
veloped, notanchylosed. 
The  caudal  vertebrae  are 
numerous  and  large,  so 
that  the  caudal 
region  is  longer 
'  than  the  body, 
whereas    in 
other  birds  it  is 
shorter.  Furcti- 
lum     complete 

ARCH.BOPTEHYX.  "•"       and    strong; 
IAI  reared  b,  o*,n.\  '<*>'  extremely 

pnssenne;  skull 

and  sternum  unknown.  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1807, 
p.  418.)  It  contains  the  single  genus  Arclue- 
opteryx  (q.v.). 

sau-ru'-rus,  s.    [SAURUR.B.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Saururacee  (q.v). 
The  root  of  Saurtirus  txrnuus,  made  into  a 
poultice,  is  applied,  in  the  United  States,  in 
pleurisy.  The  scientific  name  is  in  allusion 
to  the  form  of  the  flower-spike. 

san'-rus,  s.    [SAORIA.] 

1.  Ichthy. :   A  genus  of  Scopelidaa  (q.v.), 
with  fifteen  species  of  smalt  sue,  from  the 
shores  of  tropical  and   sub-tropical  regions. 
It  Includes  a  sub-genus  Saurida. 

2.  Paiceont. :  Hemisaurida,  from  the  Chalk 
of  Comen,  Istria,  is  allied  to  this  genus. 

•an'-ry,  t.    [SAURUS.] 

Ichthy.  :  Scombrtsox  saury,  called  also  the 
Skipper,  not  uncommon  on  the  British  coast 
It  is  from  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  long, 
about  an  inch  in  depth,  and  the  jaw  has  a 
hinge  movement  as  m  Belone.  The  name  is 
sometimes  extended  to  the  whole  genus 
Scombresor  (q.v.). 

sau -sage  (age  as  Ig),  * aan'-qldge, 
"  satil  sage,  s.  |Fr.  sawisse  (O.  Pr.  saul- 
dsse,  from  Low  Lat.  sofcifio,  from  Lat  saltmum 
=  a  sausage,  from  sates  =  salted.  ]  [SAUCE,  ».  ] 
An  article  of  food  consisting  of  a  roll  or  ball 
made  commonly  of  pork  or  veal,  and  some- 
times of  beef,  minced  very  small,  with  salt 
«nd  spice.  Generally  it  is  stuffed  into  skins, 
sometimes  only  rolled  in  Hour. 

I        sausage  meat,  «.    The  minced  meat  of 
I     which  sausages  are  composed. 

"  The  best  Muaages  were  obtained  from  ihope  the 
proprietor!  el  whlci  did  not  object  to  selling  to  their 
cuatomen  Kuunffe-fMat."— Biytl:  BteL  o/ a fpient; 

sausage  -  poison,  s.  The  poisonous 
Agent  or  principle  existing  in  sausages  made 
or  kept  under  certain  unknown  conditions. 
It  has  been  regarded  ae  an  empyrenmatic  on, 
as  an  acid  formed  in  consequence  of  a  modi- 
fied process  of  putrefaction,  and  aa  the  effect 
of  a  fungus,  Sarcinn  botulina. 

"  The  eater,  ef  tola  Ktungrf  <,!**,  has  been  a snb- 
Jeot  0(  much  discussion."-  Ifootrnan  t  Ttdf :  ftoraMc 


saurotherinss— savagely 

sausage-poisoning,  i.  A  form  of  nar- 
cotico- irritant  poisoning  which  sometimes 
follows  the  consumption  of  sausages.  [SAU- 
SAGE-POISON.] 

"  Pour  hundred  owes  of  *n*tT«?e./»ri»7nrit?  are  stated 
to  have  occurred  in  Wartemuurg  alone  iu  ttie  last 
Oft;  yean."—  Siyth  :  Du*.  of  Uya'ino.  p.  «*>• 

sausage-roll,  t.  Meat  prepared  aa  for 
sau.sa-fs,  enveloped  in  a  roll  of  paste,  and 
cooked. 

"He  had  nothing  but  a  MHiaff+roll  for  his  dinner." 
—A'.  J.  Worboite :  susie.  oh.  XX. 

t  sausage-shaped,  a. 

Bot. :  Long,  cylindrical,  hollow,  curved  in- 
wards at  each  end,  as  the  corolla  of  some 
Ericas. 

*  sause  fleme,  s.     [Lat.  salsum  —  salt,  and 
phUgma.  =  phlegm.]    An  eruption  of  red  spots 
or  scab  on  the  face. 

*  sanse  flemed,  a.    [Eng.  «ajwe/tm(e) ;  •«*•) 
Having  an  eruption  of  red  spots  or  scabs  on 
the  face. 

Saus  sure  (an  as  6),  ».  [Horace  Benedict 
de  Saussure  (1740-1799),  physicist  and  Alpinu 
explorer,  who  invented  the  instrument.]  (See 
etym.  and  compound. 

Saussure's  hygrometer,  s.  The  Hair 
hygrometer. 

sauss-n  re'  a  (an  as  o),  «.  [Named  after 
H.  B.  'Saussure  (q.v.),  and  his  father,  who 
wrote  on  agriculture.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Carlinese,  Herbs,    with 
corymbose  purple  or  violet  heads ;  bracto  all 
unarmed  ;  anthers  with  a  long  acute  appendage. 
Known  species,  about  forty-five.     Tim  seeds  of 
S.  oandicans  are  collected  in  the  Punjaub  for 
medicinal    purposes ;   S.  I*appa,  called    also 
Aplvtaxis  Lappa  and  Auckluxdia  Co&tus,  is  be- 
lieved   to   be   the   Costus    of    the  ancients 
gjosfos,  I.  (1)],  and  has  long  been  used  in 
indoo  medicine. 

sauss'-u-rite  (an  as  6),  s.  [After  de  Saus- 
sure,  who  first  found  and  described  it :  suff. 


Mineralogy : 

1.  A  variety  of  Zoitite  (q.v.)  containing 
soda.    Found  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Geneva. 

2.  The  compact  to  crypto-crystalline  fels- 
pathic  constituent  of  gabbros,  formerly  re- 
garded as  a  variety  of  Labradorite  by  some 
mineralogists,  and  as  oligoclase  by  others. 
Lately  shown  by  the  microscope  not  to  be  a 
homogeneous  mineral,  but  a  mixture  of  fel- 
spars. 

saussurltc  gabbro,  t. 
Petrol. :  A  gabbro  (q.v.)  in  which  the  saus- 
suritic  form  of  felspar  is  present. 

saut,  a.  &  s.    [SALT,  a.  &  s.].    (Scotch.) 
*  saut,  *  saute,  s.    [Fr.]    An  assault 

"  Oft-wounding  at  teruta." 

Lt/dgate:  Complaint  of  a  Black  KnifM. 

sau-teT-lus,  s.  [Latinised  from  Fr.  saiUelU 
=  a  vine  shoot,  transplanted  with  its  root ; 
sauter  —  to  leap,  to  spring.] 

Bot. :  A  deciduous  bulb  formed  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves,  or  around  the  summit  of  a  root. 

•sau-ter,  s.    [PSALTER.] 

sau -ter-clle, «.    [Fr.] 

Stone-working :  A  mason's  implement,  used 
in  tracing  and  forming  angles. 

Sau  terne ,  a.  [Ft.]  A  kind  of  white  Bor- 
deaux wine,  made  from  grapes  grown  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Santernes,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oironde. 

saut -fit,  s.   [SAOLTFAT.]  Asaltdish.  (Scotch.) 
"  san-trie,  *  sau-try,  ».    [PSALTERY.] 

sau-vag'-«5-ad,  >.    [SACVAOESIA.] 

Bot.  (PI.) :  The  Sauvagesiaceas  (q.v.X    (tt«d- 

sau-va-ge'-sl-a,  s.  [Named  after  Francis 
Bossier  de  Sauvages,  a  physician  of  Mont- 
pellier,  and  a  friend  of  Linn seus.  ] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  BanrageslaceEe 
(q.v.X  Saitvagtsia  erecta,  the  Herb  of  St 
Martin,  is  very  mucilaginous,  and  has  been 
used  in  ophthalmia,  in  disorder!  of  the 
bowels,  and  alight  inflammation  of  the  bladda*. 


sau-va-ge  si-a-ce-te,  i.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
sauvag€si(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  <uxa!.] 

Bot. :  Sativageads  ;  an  order  of  Hypogynooa 
Exogens,  alliance  Violales.  Smooth  shruti 
or  annual  herbs,  with  simple,  alternate,  nearly 
sessile  leaves,  and  fringed  stipules ;  inflor- 
escence generally  a  terminal  panicle  or  a 
raceme  ;  sepals  five  ;  petals  five,  deciduous ; 
stamens  dennite  or  indefinite,  some  occasion- 
ally Ijeeoining  petaloid  scales ;  ovary  free, 
with  three  parietal  placentae  ;  fruit  capsular, 
three-valveii,  one-orthree-eelled  ;  seeds  small, 
oblong,  pitted.  Known  genera  three,  species 
fifteen,  from  the  warmer  parts  of  America. 

*  sauvc-garde, ».    [SAFBOUARD.] 

"  •av'-a-We,  *  twve'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  ««; 
•able.}  Capable  of  being  saved. 

"  And  a  man  cannot  ordinarily  know  that  be  U  In  a 
•xeeaUe  condition.* — fur.  Taylor :  tivrtrumt.  vol.  UU 
-er.  L 

*  sav'-a  ble  ness,  *  save  a  bio  ness,  s. 

[Eng.  savabfe ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  savable  ;  capability  of  being  saved. 

"  So  much  as  concerns  the  main  question  now  tn 
agitation  about  tbe  i<ir<iW«H«wi  cf  l-rotoBtauts."— 
Chillinfftoortli:  Religion  nf  Protettantt.  (Cone.) 

sav  age  (age  as  ig),  •  sal  vage,  *  sau- 
vage,  a.  &  3.  [O.  Fr.  salvage,  savaige  (Fr. 
sauvage),  from  Lat.  silraticits  =  belonging  to  a 
wood,  wild  ;  silva  =  a  wood  ;  8p.  salvage  ; 
Ititl.  Kilvaggio,  salvatico.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining   to  the   forest   or   country; 
wild,  uncultivated,  desolate. 

"  With  a  tumultuous  waste  of  huge  hill-tope 
Before  u«  ;  tnvaffe  region  1 " 

H'urdiifjrOi  :  XlcurKox.  bk.  U. 

2.  Wild,  nntamed,  fierce,  violent. 

"  In  time  the  samye  ball  doth  bear  the  yoke." 

Shttkap. :  Mix*  jldo  About  JtotJiinff.  i.  L 

3.  Beastly,  brutal. 

"  His  luetful  eye  or  tovtzgv  heart." 

Skaketf.  :  Afchird  ///..  III.  S. 

4.  Pertaining  to  man  in  a  state  of  nature; 
wild,  uncivilized,  untaught,  rude,  barbarous 

"  Like  a  rude  and  taeage  man  of  Ind." 

Shnknp. :  Love't  Labour  I  Lott,  V.  S. 

5.  Cruel,  fierce,  ferocious,  pitiless. 

"  A  tapaae  and  obdurate  nature."— JTocaitfay  .•  Mitt. 
J»V,  ch.  xi. 

0.  Enraged  on  account  of  provocation  re- 
ceived.   (Colloo,.) 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  human  being  in  a  state  of  natural 
rudeness  ;  one  who  is  uncivilized  or  untaught 
in  mind  or  manners. 

"  With  lavaget  and  men  of  Ind." 

Sbuketp. :  T*>npcit,  1L  1 

H  Darwin  (Descent  of  Man,  pp.  28-33)  shows 
that  the  uniformity  of  appearance  and  cha- 
racteristics said  to  exist  aiming  savages  has 
been  much  exaggerated.  Some  retain  the  pre- 
hensile power  of  the  feet ;  their  open-air  life 
makes  them  as  a  rule  long-sighted ;  their 
imitative  powers  are  great,  as  is  their  fond- 
ness for  rough  music,  and  they  pay  atten- 
tion to  personal  appearance.  Their  state  of 
morality  is  low.  Continual  wars,  infanticide, 
want  of  food,  and  exposure  to  the  weather, 
are  powerful  checks  on  their  increase. 

*  2.  A  wild  beast. 

"  The  grim  saoavt.  to  his  rifled  den 
Too  late  returning,  -null,  the  track  o(  men." 

Pot*  •  Vonw ;  Iliad  x viii.  378. 

3.  A  person  of  extreme  brutality  or  ferocity ; 
a  barbarian.  (Collog.) 

*d  Puttenham  in  1586  ranked  this  among 
words  of  quite  recent  introduction  into  the 
language. 

sav  -  ago  (age  as  Ig),  *  sal  vago,  v.t.  It.  i. 
[SAVAGE,  a.) 
A*  Transitii°e  : 

*  1.  To  make  wild  or  savage. 

"  Whoee  bloodie  breast  so  muafd  out  of  kind." 

Mirreur  tor  MaiatrMa.  f.  (O. 

2.  To  bite,  tear,  or  cut :  as,  A  horse  sarnga 
a  man. 

*  B.  Intran*. :  To  act  like  a  savage. 

"  Though  the  blindness  of  some  ferities  have  iaea?«4 
on  the  bodies  of  the  dead."— Browne  :  Vulgar  frrourt, 
bk.  ru.,  ch.  xlx. 

sav  age  ly  (age  as  Ig),  adv.  [Bug.  tatage ; 
-ly.] 

1.  In   a   savage   manner;   like  a  savage; 
cruelly,  inhumanly. 

"  Your  oaetle  Is  snrpris'd.  your  wife  and  babes 
aivofefe  slftughter'ii."    SaoJMrfi. .-  J/actttth.  iv.  &.> 

2.  With  extreme  passion  ;  fiercely.  (Colioq.) 


Ste,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father:  w«,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  »ir,  marine;  (6,  pot, 
«r.  wore,  wolt  work,  wh6.  son;  mote,  cub,  oiire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    t»,  e»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


savageness— savings 


4119 


S&v  -age-ness  (age  as  ig),  «.    [Bug.  savage; 
*ness.) 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  savage,  wild, 
or  uncivilized  ;  wildness. 

2.  Fierceness,  inhumanity,  ferocity,  cruelty. 

"  The  *a«u0«wew  of  bis  own  nature."—  Jtacaulay  : 
BIU.  Kin.,  ch.  liv. 

•fcv'-ag-e'r-jf  (ag  as  Ig),  s.  [Bng.  savage;  -ri;.] 
1.  The  state  of  being  savage,  wild,  or  un- 
civilized ;  barbarism. 

"  We  have  uot  come  out  Irom  lavaffery  Into  civiliza- 
tion. "-Scriowr'i  1/ayathit,  Oct..  1878,  p.  8«. 

•  2.  Wild  growth. 

"The  coulter  rest*. 


S.  Savage  conduct  ;  cruelty,  ferocity,  bar- 
barity, rowdyism. 

"  The  popular  belief  the*  «ar«j»rjr  la  a  venial  offence 
when  political  excitement  runs  bi«h-  —  <Ho*«,  Oct  12, 

oB 

*  B»v'-ag-ism  (ag  as  Ig),  s.  [Eng.  satiate); 
-ism.]  The  state  of  men  while  uncivilized  ; 
the  condition  of  human  beings  in  their  natural 
rudeness  and  wildness  ;  barbarism. 

"To  pass  from  lamgtom  to  civilization.'—  IF. 
Taylor  :  Sumy  of  Gemum  Poetry.  IL  39S. 

•a-van'-na,  sa-van'-nah,  ».  [Sp.  stibana 
=  a  sheet  for  a  bed  ...  a  large  plain,  from 
Lat.  tabanuM  =  a  linen  cloth,  a  towel,  from 
Gr.  o-o/Siu-ov  (saianon).]  An  extensive  open 
plain,  covered  with  natural  vegetation,  yield- 
ing pasturage  in  the  wet  season,  and  often 
having  a  growth  of  undersbrubs.  The  word 
is  chiefly  used  in  tropical  America. 

"  Samnnalil  are  clear  pieces  of  laud  without  woods  [ 
not  because  more  barren  tliau  the  wood-land,  for  they 
are  frequently  spots  of  as  good  land  as  any.  and  often 
we  Uitennirt  with  wood-rand."—  Itampier  :  Voyagei 

(an.  1C-  Jt. 

savannah  -  blackbird,  savannah  - 
bird,  s.  [CROTOPHAOUS.] 

savannah  flower,  s. 
Bat.  :  Various  species  of  Echites.     (West 
Indian.) 

•av  ant  (nt  as  n),  s.  [Fr.,  pr.  par.  of  savoir 
=  to  know.)  A  man  of  learning  or  science; 
A  man  eminent  for  his  acquirements. 

Sav  -art,  s.    [Named  after  Savart  Feliz,  1791- 
1841.]    (See  etym.  and  compound.) 
«  Savart's  toothed-wheel,  s. 

Acoustics:  An  apparatus  for  ascertaining 
the  number  of  vibrations  corresponding  to  a 
given  note.  It  consists  of  an  oak  frame,  with 
two  wheels  connected  by  a  strap.  One  is 
toothed,  and  is  made  to  revolve  rapidly  by 
means  of  a  multiplying  wheel,  with  the  effect 
of  making  a  card  fixed  on  the  frame  to  vibrate 
as  each  tooth  strikes  it.  An  indicator  shows 
the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  wheel,  and 
consequently  the  number  of  vibrations  in  a 
given  time.  It  is  now  superseded  by  the 
syren  (q.v.). 

save,  "  strove,  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr.  scaiver,  from  Lat. 

salvo  =  to  make  safe  ;  salvus  =  safe  (q.v.)  ; 

8p.  &  Port,  tulmr;  Ital.  soli-are.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  preserve,  as  from  injury,  destruction, 
or  harm  of  any  kind  ;    to   snatch,   keep,   or 
rescue  from  impending  evil  or  danger. 

L."  0  good  old  man  1  even  from  the  grave 
Thy  spirit  could  thy  master  save." 

Scott  :  Marmlon,  Ti.  ft. 

2.  Specif.  :  To  deliver  or  redeem  from  flna 
and  everlasting  destruction  ;  to  redeem. 

"Christ  Jeans  came  Into  the  world  to  taw  sinners.' 
—1  Timothy  L  15. 

8.  To  deliver,  to  rescue,  to  guard  ;  to  pre 
•erve  from  the  power  or  influence  of  a  person 
or  thing:  as,  Save  me  from  my  friends. 

4.  To  keep  undamaged  or  untouched. 

"  Could'at  then  MM  nothing  f  didst  thou  give  the] 
aV—Skalteip.  :  Lear.  Hi.  4. 

5.  To  hinder  from  being  spent  or  lost  ;  tc 
secure  from  loss  or  waste. 

"To  save  the  blood  on  either  side." 

Shaketp-  :  1  Henry  IV.,  T. 

6.  To  reserve  and  lay  by  ;  to  gather  np  ;  t< 
hoard. 

"  The  thrifty  hire  1  tawd  under  your  father." 

Shatap.  :  At  lou  LU*  It,  11.  8. 

7.  To  spare  ;  to  keep  from  doing  or  suffer 
Ing.    (With  a  double  object.) 

"You  have  taped  me  a  day's  journey."—  l&utketp. 
Cariolanu*,  IT.  8. 

8.  To  obviate  or  prevent  the  necessity  o 
use  of  :  as,  A  stitch  in  time  saves  nine. 


9.  To  prevent  or  obviate  the  occurrence  of. 
"  Will  you  not  speak  to  saw  a  lady's  blusli  t " 

Itryden.    (Todd.) 

10.  To  take  or  use  opportunely,  so  as  uot  to 
lose  ;  to  take  advantage  of;  to  catch  ;  not  to 
lose. 

"The  same  persons,  who  were  chief  eonndmnU  to 
Cromwell,  foreeeelug  a  restoration,  seized  tie  castlea 
In  Ireland,  just  taring  the  tide,  and  putting  in  a  stock 
of  merit  sufficient."— Sfi/c. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  economical  or  saving. 

1  (1)  God  save  the  mark.     [MARK,  s.  t  (1)0 

(2)  To  save  appmrancts :  To  preserve  a  good 

external    appearance ;    to    do    something   to 

obviate  or  prevent  exposure  orembarrassment 

Save,  prep.  &  con;'.     [SAVB,  v.] 

A.  As  prep. :  (From  the  Fr.  itmf,  in  snch 
phrases  as  savf  man  droit  =  my  rigiit  being 
reserved).    Except,  saving  ;  leaving  out ;  not 
including. 

"  For  brotherless  she  was.  «<««  In  the  name 
Her  infant  friendship  had  bemtow'd  on  liim. 

llyruit :  The  Union,  ft 

B.  As  conj. :  Except,  unless. 

*  save-reverenee,  exdam.  A  kind  of 
apologetical  apostrophe  when  anything  might 
be  thought  filthy  orindecent.  (Oftencorrupted 
into  Sir-reverence.)  [REVERENCE,  s.J 

save,  s.    [Lat.  salvia.]    The  herb  sage. 

save  -all,  s.    [Eng.  save,  and  all.) 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
t.  One  who  or  that  which  saves  or  prevents 
things  from  being  lost  or  wasted. 

11  These  poultry  as  they  are  fed  with  what  would 
otherwise  be  lost,  are  »  mere  lateaU"— Omitlt :  Health 
of  Kattont,  bit.  i.,  ch.  xi. 

2.  Specif. :  A  contrivance  to  hold  a  candle- 
end  in  a  candlestick  while  burning.  It  may 
consist  of  a  little  tube  aud  flaring  collar,  or  a 
circular  piece  of  porcelain  with  a  spike  on 
which  the  candle-end  is  fixed. 

"  A  candlestick,  snuff-dino.  and  iat"-otf , 
And  thus  his  household  goods  you  have  aTI. 

Svrift :  frue  *  Faitltfia  Innmtort. 

IL  Technically: 

1  Naut. :  A  strip  of  canvas  which  may  be 
laced  to  a  sail  to  flll  the  roach  or  upward 
curve  of  the  foot  of  the  sail. 

2.  Paper:   A  trough  in  a  paper  -  making 
machine  which  collects  any  pulp  that  may 
have  slopped  over  the  edge  of  the  wire  cloth 
in  the  Fourdrinier  machine. 

sav'-^-lo^',  "cer-ve-las,  *  cer-re-lat,  s. 

[O.  Fr.  cenxlet  (Fr.  cervelas),  from  Ital.  cenel- 
lutta,  ctnelata  =  a  short  thick  sausage,  so 
called  from  originally  containing  brains,  from 
Ital.  cerveUo;  Lat.  cerebellum  =  brain.)  A 
highly  seasoned  dried  sausage,  made  of  anlted 
pork. 

sav'-er,  s.    [Eng.  save,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  saves  or  rescues  from  danger  or 
destruction ;  a  saviour. 

*  2.  One  who  escapes  loss,  though  without 
gain. 

"  He  puts  the  gain  of  Britain  In  a  scale. 
Which  weighing  with  the  lose  of  Emmellne, 
He  thinks  he's  scarce  a  tavtr.' 

IJrydat :  King  ArOatr,  II. 

3.  One   who   saves   money;   one  who   is 
economical ;  one  who  lays  up  or  hoards ;  an 
economizer. 

"  By  nature  far  from  profusion,  and  yet  a  greater 
sparer  than  a  •alter."—  Wottor* 

'  save  te,  s.    [SAFETY.] 

sav  i  au,  saV-a-eu,  satf-i-cu,  s.  [Prom 
Cuban  name  soMcii.]  The  wood  of  Lytiloma 
Sabicu,  formerly  Acacia  promrna  Mordi. 

saV-in,  sav  me,  tsab-ine,  *sav-elne, 

a.  [A. 8.  safina:,  from  Lat.  sabinus,  sabina  = 
the  savin. 1 

1.  Bat. :  JvmiiperiK  Sabina,  a  bush  or  low 
tree,  with  small,  scale-like  leaves,  and  light 
bluish -green    fruit.     A  native    of    Central 
Europe    and   parts   of  Asia;   cultivated  in 
Britain,  where  the  tops  are  collected  in  spring 

2.  Fharm. :  Savin  is  an  irritant  externallj 
and  internally,  and  an  emmenagogue.    There 
is  an  English  oil  of  savin,  a  tincture  of  Bavin 
and  an  ointment  of  savin. 

savin  oil,  >. 

Chem. :  A  volatile  oil  obtained  by  distilling 
the  berries  of  the  savin,  Juniperut  Sabina 
with  water.  It  is  mobile,  almost  colourless 
becomes  resinous,  yellow,  and  viscid  on  ex 
posure  to  the  air,  has  a  sharp  aromatic  taste 


and  pungent  odour.  Absolute  alcohol  dis- 
solves it  in  all  proportions,  and  forms  a  clear 
solution  with  two  ]>arts  rectified  spirit.  .Sp. 
gr.  =  0-91  to  0'94.  It  ia  regarded  as  polymeric 
with  oil  of  turpentine,  CjoHie-  The  fresh 
berries  yield  10  per  cent,  of  oil. 

savin-tree,  s. 

Sot.  :  (1)  Caisalpinia  bijuga  ;  (2)  Fagara 
Untisci/olia. 

sav'  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  s.t  &  prep.    [SAVE,  p.J 
A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 
B*  At  adjective: 

1.  Preserving  from  danger,  evil,  or  destruc- 
tion ;  redemptory. 

2.  Economical,  economizing,  frugal  ;   not 
lavish  or  wasteful. 

"  She  loved  money  ;  for  she  was  laving,  and  applied 
her  fortune  to  pay  Joan's  clamorous  debts."  —  4routh- 
not:  OIU.  a!  John  Bull. 

*  3.  Bringing  back  in  returns  the  amount  or 
sum  employed    or   expended  ;    incurring  no 
loss,  though  not  producing  any  gain. 

"Silvio,  finding  hie  application  unsuccessful,  wae 
resolved  to  make  a  tailing  bargain  ;  and  since  he  could 
not  get  the  widow's  estate,  to  reoorer  what  he  had 
laid  out  oi  uis  own."—  AUditon. 

4.  Reserving,  as  some  right,  title,  or  claim: 
as,  a  saving  clause. 

C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Something  kept  from  being  spent,  ex- 
pended, or  lost  ;  that  which  Is  saved.  (Gen- 
erally in  the  plural.) 

*  2.  An  exception,  a  reservation. 

"  There  may  be  room  tor  a  *IM'»>?  in  equityfrom  the 
severity  of  the  common  law  of  Parnassus,  as  well  as  of 
the  KiUK'a  Bench."—  Lantdawnt:  Brituh  KnchaMen 


1>.  As  preposition  : 

1.  Save,  except  ;   with  the  exception  of; 
excepting. 

2.  With  all  due  respect  to;  without  dis- 
respect to. 

"Saving  your  reverence,  a  husband.* 

..  Much  Ada.  Hi.  4. 


sav  lng-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  sailing  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  aaving  manner  ;  with  frugality  oi 

economy. 
*  2.  So  as  to  be  finally  saved  from  everlast- 

ing death. 

"  They  are  capable  of  being  tavlnfjly  born  of  watei 
and  the  spirit."—  Waterland:  IVorit,  TL  367. 

sav  -ing-ness,  ».    [Eng.  saving;  -ness.] 

1.  The  Quality  or  state  of  being  saving; 
economy,  thrift,  frugality. 

*2.  Tendency  to  promote  eternal  salvation  ; 
salvation. 

"  The  safety  and  taxingneu  which  it  promlaeth."— 
Brevittl  :  Saul  Jt  Samuel  I  I'rsf.,  p.  v.j. 

iav--ings,  s.pl    [SAVING,  C.,  1.] 

savings-bank,  s.  A  bank  the  primary 
object  of  which  is  to  encourage  thrift  and 
saving  among  the  poorer  classes.  The  first 
suggestion  of  savings-backs  was  made  by  Defoe 
in  1697,  and  the  first  to  be  established  was  that 
of  Brumatu  in  France  iu  1765.  In  Germany 
the  first  savings-bank  was  founded  at  Hamburg 
iu  1778.  Others  were  soon  after  founded;  at 
Berne  in  Switzerland  in  1787,  at  Kiel  iu  Den- 
mark in  1796,  and  in  other  cities  of  Europe. 
The  first  step  towards  a  savings-bank  in  Eng- 
land was  made  in  1799,  bv  Rev.  Joseph  Smith, 
of  Wendover,  who  offered  to  receive  small 
sums  from  his  parishoners  to  be  returned  at 
Christmas  with  interest.  Others  followed  with 
similar  philanthropic  enorts,  but  the  first  one 
organized  on  thorough  business  principles  was 
the  Parish  Bank  Friendly  Society,  established 
by  the  Rev.  Henry  Duncan,  at  Knthwell  in 
Dumfriesshire  in  1810.  He  published  au 
account  of  this  Institution,  and  the  idea  was 
quickly  taken  up  in  other  localities,  so  that  by 
1817  seventy  savings-banks  had  been  establishd 
in  England.  The  first  to  be  founded  in  the 
United  States  was  in  1816  when  the  Philadel- 
phia Savings  Fund  Society,  suggested  by  Condy 
Itagnet,  was  established  in  Philadelphia.  In 
the  same  year  the  Boston  Savings-Bauk  was 
rtarted,  and  in  1819  one  was  established  iu 
New  York.  The  system  has  since  then  been 
established  in  all  parts  of  the  civiliwd  world, 
except  iu  Germany  (where  institutions  of  a 
different  character  replace  it),  the  bauki  being 
numerous  and  the  aggregate  s«m  of  savings 
very  great.  In  1826  there  were  16  savings-banks 
in  the  United  States,  with  18,931  depositors 
and  J2,637,082  deports.  In  1890  there  were 
•bout  850  banks,  with  4,258,623  depositors  and 


HSU.  bojr ;  poTH,  J6>1 ;  oat,  cell,  ohorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  .in,  as ;  expeoi,  Xonophon,  e^tet.   -JM*. 
-ot.ua.  -tian  =  shan.   -tlon,  -slon  =  .hun ;  -^lon.  -.ion  =  «Uun.   -clous.  -tiou«.  -.BOU.  =  .*&.».   -ble.  -die,  *c.  =  be*  dfL 


4120 

$1,824,844,506  depo«t«.  Port  Office  saving*- 
t»nks  were  established  In  1861  in  Britain,  and 
hare  been  continued  to  the  present  dav,  with 
much  success.  This  system  hu  not  been 
adopted  in  the  United  States.  There  is  also  in 
Britain  a  Government  Annuity  and  Insurance 
system  which  is  very  closely  connected  with 
the  savings-banks,  and  which  has  proved  of 
great  benefit. 

•av  lour  (1  as  y),  *  saveoure,  i.     [0.  FT. 

tciveor,  aalvtor  (Fr.  sauvcur),  from  Lat.  salvo- 
torem  ;  accus.  of  taivator  =  one  who  saves, 
from  sali-o  =  to  save  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  ft  Port. 
talvador  ;  Ital.  talvalort.] 

1.  One  who  saves,  preserves,  or  rescues  from 
danger,  evil,  or  destruction  ;  a  preserver. 

2.  Specif.  :  Jesus  Christ,  the  Redeemer  of 
mankind. 

•  •avMonr-iis*  (1  as  y),  t.    (Eng.  mi-tour; 
•w.  ]    A  female  saviour. 

"  One  Myf  to  the  blMMd  Virgin.  O  SoriourMM,  aar« 
me  I  "—  BtAop  SaU  :  So  I'eact  iritA  Ronu. 

•a  vite,  >.  [After  M.  8av(i)  ;  suff.  ite  (M  in.).] 
Mm.  :  A  variety  of  Natrolite  (q.  v.)  supposed 
to  contain  a  considerable  proportion  of  mag- 
nesia, but  Sella  has  shown  that  the  crystals 
are  those  of  normal  natrolite,  and  that  the 
magnesia  is  probably  derived  from  the  ser- 
pentine with  which  it  is  associated  at  Capar- 
ciano,  Italy. 

•»  v6  dinak-ite,  s.     [After  the  Savodinski 

mine,  Altai,  where  found  ;  suff.  -iU  (If  in.).] 
Min.  :  The  same  u  HESSITI  (q.v.). 


',  ».  [Fr.  tamnnette,  dimin.  from 
nvon  =  soap.]  A  wash-ball  for  use  at  the 
toilet,  composed  of  soap  of  fine  quality,  vari- 
ously perfumed,  and  generally  with  the  addi- 
tion of  some  powdered  starch  or  farina,  and 
aometimes  sand. 

•avonette-tree.  j. 

But.  :  PUhtcolobium  microdtnim. 

•&'  TOT.  Bit  -TOUT,  t.     [O.  Fr.  savour,  taveur 
(Tr.  nvcvr)  ;  from  L*t.    saporcm,  accus.   of 
tapor  =  taste,  from  fapio  =  to  taste  ;   Sp.  & 
Port,  labor;  Ital.  aapore.} 
'  L  Smell,  odor,  scent. 

"  I  iintll  iweet  tafourl." 
m*JMp.  :  Tumina  <tf  Ou  Or  w  (Induct  1U 

2.  Flavor,  taste,  relish  ;  power  or  quality  of 
affecting  the  palate. 

"  If  the  ult  bath  Ion  Hi  tutor,  wherewith  ihall  It 
be  tailed?  "—M/aOMt  v.  It. 

3.  Characteristic    property  ;    distinguishing 
property,  flavor,  or  quality. 


The  favour  of  dettb  from  all  thi 


•4.  Character,  reputation. 
"Ye  have  nude  our  favor    to  b*  abhomd  In  the 

•TM  Ol  l'l,u»..h."-fco*M  T.  II. 


*  5.  Sense  of  smell ;  power  to  scent  or  smell. 
•6.  Pleasure,  delight 

••V-vor,  sa  vonr,     •  sa  vore,   v.i.  A  t. 
[Fr.   tavourer;    Sp.  &  Port,  taborear;    Ital. 
taporare.] 
A.  Intransitivt: 

1.  To   hare  a    particular  smell,   taste,   or 
flavor. 

"  Th4  very  doon  and  window!  favour  Tllely." 

•2.  To  stink, 

"Laiaroi  that  lay  four  dayf  began  to  favour." — 
C.  Sulton :  Learn  to  Hit  (1*00).  p.  120. 

3.  To  be  of  a  particular  nature ;  to  partake 
of  the  nature,  quality,  or  appearance  of  some- 
thing else  ;  to  smack.    (Followed  by  o/.) 
" Of  goodneaa  nrvuriny  and  a  Under  mind." 

Thornton:  CoMU o/ Indobna,  11.  L 

•B.  TimuUive: 

1.  To  like,  to  relish,  to  taste  or  smell  with 
pleasure. 

roodntaa  to  Uu  Tlla  wn  Tll«: 
•  but  themaelTes." 

Suotop.  :  Lnr,  IT.  l 

2.  To  perceive  by  the  t&ite  or  smell ;  hence, 
to  perceive  intellectually,  to  discern,  to  note. 

3.  To  indicate  tbe  presence  of;  to  have  the 
flavor  or  quality  of. 

"  Thou  <atorett  not  the  thlnj»  that  be  of  Qod."— 

••i'-Tored,  la'-voored,  a.   [Eng.  Kmr; 
-ed.]     Having  a  savor  or  flavor;  flavored. 

"  Sweet  and  well  tailored." 

Speiuer:  F.  o.,  II.  rlL  51. 


saviour— saw 


SA   vor-er,  t.     [Eng.  savor;  -«r.]     One  im- 
bued with  or  redolent  of  something. 

"  A  great  tavourer  and  favourer  of  Wlckliffc  his 
opinions."—  FxUtr:  CaurcA  Biit.,  IV.  il.  61. 

sift'-vdr-I-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  tavory  ;  -ty.] 

tl-  In  a  savory  manner;  with  a  pleasing 
relish. 

"  Then  when  he  hath  done  his  beat  toward  the  dis- 
patch of  his  work,  his  food  doth  taste  tavouriiy."  — 
Barrow:  Sermons,  vol.  Hi.,  ser.  xix. 

*  2.  With  gusto  or  appetite. 
"  The  collation  he  fell  to  Terr  iavourUy."—L'Et- 
:  FabU*. 


sa    vor  i  ness.  *sa'-vour-i  nesse,   s. 

[Bug.  taxory;    -new.]      The  quality  or  state 
of  being  savory  ;  savory  taste  or  smell;  savor. 

"  If  the  salle  have  lost   his  propre  strength  and  sa- 
vovrinf*»e."—JeweU  :  Defence  of  the  Apology,  p.  604. 

sa  -vdr-iig.  pr.  par.  &  «.     [SAVOR,  r.] 

A.  Aepr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

*  B«  As  subst.  ;  The  act  or  power  of  tasting; 
taste. 

"  Sight,  he  ring,  smelling,  favouring,  and  touching." 
—t'kaucer:  Persons*  Taie. 

Sa  VOr-leSS.  a.  [Eng.*mw;  -leu.]  Desti- 
tute of  savor;  having  no  savor  or  flavor; 
insipid,  tasteless. 

"The  unlearned  [think  them]  lavourlcit."  —  Bitkop 
Ball;  Satiret.    (Poaiscript). 

*  «a'-v6r-ly,  a.   &   adv.     [Eng.    lavor;    -1^.] 
A*   At    adj.  ;     Of    good    savor    or    flavor  ; 
savory. 

B.  At  adv.:   With   good  savor  or  flavor; 
savorily;  with  good  relish. 

*sa'-vor-ofi»,  *«i/-ver-<».as,  a.     [Eng. 

tavor;  -ow;  Fr.  tavoureuz.]     Savory,  pleasant. 

"  The  time  is  then  so  lavourom." 

Somaunt  of  the  Rote. 

•a'-v6r-#(  ».  [Fr.  savoree;  Ital.  aavorregia, 
tantorejia,  tatureja,  from  Lat.  satureia  (q.v).] 
Bot.  :  The  genus  Satureia  (q.v.).  Dyer's 
Savory  is  Scrratula  tinctoria.  Garden  or 
Summer  Savory  la  Satureia  hortensis.  Moun- 
tain or  Winter  Savory  is  S.  montana.  The 
last  two  are  carminative  and  anti  spasmodic. 
Summer  Savory  is  commonly  cultivated  in 
kitchen  gardens  for  flavoring  dishes.  It  has 
an  agreeable  aromatic  smell  and  a  pungent 
aromatic  taste.  Winter  Savory  resembles  it  in 
character  and  is  used  in  the  same  way. 

•a'-vor^y,  *  «a'-ver-#,  *  sa-vor-le,  a. 
[Eng.  savour;  -y.]  Having  a  pleasant  savour 
or  smell  ;  pleasing  to  the  organs  of  taste  and 
smell  ;  palatable.  Hence,  figuratively,  accep- 
table and  pleading  in  every  sense. 


"  His  Utt«n  and  ip-MobM  an.  to  us*  hi*  own  phn. 
MologT,  wo»«diDg  •afoitrt."—  Jf 


. 
Jfocauioy  .  Bin.  Jtnf.. 


,  a.    [See  def.  1.) 

1.  A  palace  in  the  Strand  granted  by  Henry 
III.  to  Peter  of  Savoy  (from  whom  it  took  its 
name). 

2.  A  variety  of  the  common  cabbage  (Bros- 
rica  oleracea    bullata  major),  so  called  from 
having  been  first  brought  over  from  Savoy. 
It  is  rough-leaved  and  hardy,  and  is  much 
grown  for  winter  use. 

3.  A  portion  of  continental  Sardinia  trans- 
ferred to  France  in  1860. 

Savoy  Conference.,  5. 

Church  Hist.  :  The  name  given  to  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Commissioners  for  the  Revision  of 
the  Liturgy  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  Twelve 
bishops  took  part  in  the  proceedings  on  behalf 
of  the  Establishment,  while  the  Nonconform- 
ists were  represented  by  Baxter,  Calamy, 
Reynolds,  and  others  of  their  leaders.  The 
first  meeting  took  place  on  April  15,  1661,  and 
the  Commission  sat  for  four  months. 

"  The  meeting  1»  known  to  history  u  the  Savoy  Con- 
ference, and  it*  rMults  were  to  confirm  the  High 
Church  party  in  tbe  Catholic  or  sacramental  view  of 
the  Prayer  Book  (which  wu  enforced  br  the  Act  of 
Uniformity),  and  to  dUallow  the  PrMbyteriaii 
•cruplM."-  A'.  Watford  :  Old  A  A'w  London.  iiL  97. 

savoy  medlar,  «. 

Bot.  :  AmclaJichier  vulgarif. 

savoy-spiderwort,  s. 

Bot.  :  Hemerocallis  Liliastrum, 


,  s.    [See  def.]    A  native  or  In- 
habitant of  Savoy. 

•aw,  pret.  ofv.    [SEE,  v.] 


saw  (1),  sawe  (1),  t.  [A.S.  taga;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  zaag  ;  IceL  sog  ;  Dan.  tav  ;  Sw.  sfig  ;  Ger. 
sage.  From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  teco  =  to  cut.  j 

1.  Anthrop.  :  The  Greeks  claim  the  invention. 
of  the  saw,  but  it  occurs  on  the  Egyptian 
monuments.      Saws  of  the  bronze  age  have 
been  found  in  Germany  and  Denmark  ;  and 
in  the  stone  age  rude  saws  of  flint  were  affixed 
to  wooden  bandies  by  bitumen.    The  Caribi 
formerly  employed  saws  of  notched  sheila. 
and  the  Tahitiana  of  sharks'  teeth. 

2.  Carp.  :  An  instrument  with  a  serrated  or 
dentated  blade,  the  teeth  of  which  rasp  or  cut 
away  wood  or  other  material,  making  a  groove 
known    as    a  kerf.    The    best    saws    are    ot 
tempered  steel,  ground  bright  and  smooth  : 
those  of  iron  are  hammer-hardened  ;  hence 
the  first,  besides   being  stiffer,  are  likewise 
found  smoother  than  the  last.    The  edge  in 
which  are  the  teeth  is  usually  thinner  than  the 
back,  because  the  back  is  to  follow  the  edge. 
The  teeth  are  cut  and  sharpened  with  a  tri- 
angular file,  the  blade  of  the  saw  being  first 
fixed  in  a  whetting-block.     Saws  are  used  to 
cut  wood,  stone,  ivory,  and  other  materials. 
and  are  either  reciprocating  or  circular,  and 
of  various  sizes  and  forms,  according  to  the 
purpose  for  which  each  is  intended.    They 
may  be  divided  into  hand-saws  and  machine- 
saws,  of  which  the  first  are  the  more  numerous. 
Of  hand-saws  the  most  commonly  used  are  the 
band-saw,  the  cross-cut  saw,  the  frame-saw, 
the    hand-saw,  the  panel-saw,   the  key-Kola 
saw,  the  bow-saw,  the  ripping-saw,  the  sash- 
saw,  the  tenon-saw,  &c.,  which  will  be  found 
described  in  this  work  under  their  several 
heads.    Machtne-saws  are  divided  into  circu- 
lar, reciprocating,  and  band-saws.     The  circu- 
lar-saw is  a  disc  of  steel  with  teeth  on  its 
periphery;   it  is  made  to  revolve   at  great 
speed,  while  the  material  to  be  cut  is  pushed 
forward  against  it  by  means  of  a  travelling 
platform.    The  reciprocating-saw  works  like 
ft  two-handled  hand-saw,  but  it  is  fixed  and 
the  material  pushed  forward  against  its  teeth. 
The  ribbon-saw  consists  of  a  thin  endless  saw 
placed  over  two  wheels,  and  strained  on  them. 
It  passes  down  through  a  flat  sawing  table. 
upon  which  the  material  to  be  cut  is  laid. 

"  Oarp«ut«n'  art  was  the  invention  of  Dedaloa.  M 
also  the  toolea  thereto  belonging,  to  wit,  the  law,  th« 
chip.  axe.  aud  hatchet,  the  plutnbe  line,  the  augoar 
and  wimble."-.0.  Bolland  :  Plini*,  bk.  vii.,  ch.  m. 

saw-arbor,   s.     The  axis   of  a  circular 
saw. 

i    saw-bench,  s. 

Wood-working  :  A  table  on  which  stuff  is  fed 
to  a  saw. 

saw  bill,  *. 

Ornith.  :  (See  extract). 


"  PoMeaiing  strong  tooth-like  processes  on  tbe  bill, 
by  which  U  is  enabled  to  hold  a  slippery  prey,  this 
bird  [Hergut  mtrginter,  the  Goosander]  like  the  Red- 
lireasted  Merganser,  is  also  called  Sa*-oiti  and  Jack 
s»w."—  TarrM:  Britith  Bird*  (ed.  4th),  i*.  48fli 

saw-back,  s.    [SAW-HORSE.] 

saw  clamp,  s.  A  contrivance  for  hold* 
ing  saws  while  being  filed. 

saw-doctor,  saw-gnmmer,  *.      An 

instrument  having  an  angular  punch  for  cut- 
ting pieces  out  of  the  edge  of  a  saw-blade,  to 
increase  tbe  depths  of  the  interdental  spaces. 

saw-dost,  *.  The  dust  or  small  frag- 
ments of  wood,  Ac.,  caused  by  the  attrition  of 
a  saw. 

"  The  block,  the  axe,  and  the  mw-ditit  rose  In  hU 
mind."—  J/ocau/ay:  ffitt.  Kng.,  ch.  xvlL 

saw-dusty,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  covered 

with  sawdust. 

"A  taw-dusty  parlour."  —  Dickeni  :  i~ncomm*rci*I 
Traveller,  xxL 

saw-file,  s.  A  file  adapted  for  saws  ;  tri- 
angular in  cross-section  for  hand-saws  and  flat 
for  iiiill-saws. 

saw-fish,  s.     [SAWFISH.] 
saw-fly,  s.    [SAWFLY.] 
saw-frame,  «. 

1.  The    frame    in    which    &    saw-blade    to 
stretched. 

2.  A  saw-sash  (q.v.). 
saw-gate,  s. 

1.  The  rectangular  frame  in  which  a  mill- 
saw  or  gang  of  mill-saws  is  stretched, 

•  2.  The  motion  or  progress  of  a  saw. 

"  The  oke  and  the  box  wood  .  .  .  doe  stiffely  with*. 
stand  the  tnte-gatt.  choking  and  filling  up  their  t*-ith 
even."-/*.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  xvL,  ch.  xliii 


fito,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p«t, 
•r.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  sin;  mute.  ottb.  cure,  nnlte  onr,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  «  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


saw— saxicolous 


4121 


saw-gauge,  s. 

1.  A  test  for  the  thickness  of  saw-blades  or 
the  width  of  saw-tooth  points. 

2.  An  adjustable  device  for  governing  the 
width  of  the  scantling  or  board  cut  and  its 
angle  of  presentation  to  the  saw. 

3.  A  loose  back,  which  is  adjusted  toward 
or  from  the  edge  of  the  saw,  to  limit  the 
depth  of  the  kerf, 

saw-gin,  s. 

Cotton :  The  original  form  of  cotton-gin,  in 
which  fibres  are  drawn  through  the  grid  or 
grating  by  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 

*  saw-grass,  s. 

Bot, :  Cladium  Mariscus. 

saw-guide,  s.  A  piece  with  an  adjust- 
able fence,  which  may  direct  the  saw  in  cross- 
cutting  strips,  against  which  the  piece  is  laid. 

saw-gummer,  *.    [SAW-DOCTOR.] 

saw-horse,  s.  A  kind  of  rack  on  which 
sticks  of  cord-wood  are  laid  for  sawing.  Its 
two  ends  each  form  a  St.  Andrew's  cross,  and 
are  connected  by  longitudinal  stays. 

saw-mandrel,  s.  A  hold-fast  for  a 
circular  saw  in  a  lathe. 

saw-mill*  s.  A  mill  for  sawing  timber. 
It  may  be  driven  either  by  steam  or  water. 
The  saws  used  are  either  circular  or  recipro- 
cating. [SAW(l),  S.] 

^1  Saw-mills  were  erected  at  Augsburg  in 
1322,  in  Madeira  in  1420,  at  Breslau  in  1427, 
in  Norway  about  1530,  and  at  Lyons  in  or 
before  1555.  Saw  mills  were  established  in  the 
American  colonies  soon  after  their  settlement, 
as  the  only  available  means  of  dealing  with  the 
Tast  forests.  They  have  followed  the  retreat  of 
the  forests,  couvertitig  multitudes  of  trees 
annually  into  lumber,  and  promising,  unless 
some  check  is  made  to  the  process,  to  deforest 
the  United  States  within  the  coming  century. 

Saw-mill  dog :  A  contrivance  for  holding  logs 
en  the  carriage  while  being  sawed. 

Saw-mill  gate :  [SAW-GATE]. 

saw-pad,  8.  A  contrivance  for  conduct- 
ing the  web  of  a  compass-saw  or  lock-saw  in 
cutting  out  small  holes. 

saw-pit,  5.  The  pit  beneath  a  log  In 
which  the  lower  sawyer  works. 

saw  aasli,  s.  The  rectangular  frame  In 
which  a  mill-saw  Is  stretched. 

saw-set,  s.  A  tool  or  implement  to  slant 
the  teeth  laterally  from  the  plane  of  the  saw, 
alternately  to  the  right  and  left,  in  order  that 
the  kerf  may  be  wider  than  the  thickness  of 
the  blade,  and  friction  be  reduced.  In  some 
cases,  the  edge  of  the  tooth  is  spread  to  widen 
its  cut,  instead  of  bending  it  laterally. 

saw-spindle,  5.  The  shaft  upon  which 
a  circular  saw  is  secured. 

saw-swage,  a.  A  form  of  punch  or  striker 
by  which  the  end  of  a  saw-tooth  is  flattened 
to  give  it  width  and  set. 

saw-tooth  sterrinek,  s. 

Zool :  The  Crab-eating  Seal,  Lobodon  carcjino- 
phaga,  a  seal,  olive- coloured  above,  white 
oelow,  inhabiting  the  Antarctic  seas.  Its 
molar  teeth  are  serrate,  in  which  respect  it 
approaches  the  fossil  Zeuglodon. 

saw-toothed,  a.  Having  teeth  like  a 
•aw ;  serrated. 

saw-whet,  *. 

Ornith. :  The  Acadian  Owl,  NyctaU  acadica 
(Bonap.),  about  eight  inches  long  and  eighteen 
in  wing  expanse ;  upper  parts  olivaceous 
brown,  face  and  under  parts  ashy-white.  It 
probably  occurs  over  the  whole  of  temperate 
America. 

"This  lively  and  handsome  owl  Is  called  'taw-whet,1 
is  it*  love  notes  much  resemble  the  noise  made  by 
filing  the  teeth  of  a  mitS—Slftm  *  Dana:  Am*r. 
Cyclop.,  xli.  755. 

saw-wrack,  «. 

Bot.:  An  algal,  FUCIM  serratu*. 
saw-wrest,  s.    A  saw-set  (q.v.). 

•Aw  (2),  *  sawe  (2),  *.    [A.  8.  sagu,  cogn.  with 
Icel.  saga  =  a  tale,  a  saga ;  Dut.  &  Sw.  saga  ; 
Ger.  sage;  A.S.  secgan  =  to  say.     Saw  and 
toga,  are  thus  doublets.] 
'1.  A  tale. 
**  To  herken  all  hi*  ta«*."        Chaucer  :  C.  T..  11,181. 


2.  A  saying,  a  proverb,  a  maxim,  an  adage, 
an  apophthegm. 

"The  Whiga  answered  that  the  great  question  now 
depending  waa  not  to  be  decided  by  the  ta-wt  of  Mdan- 
tic  Templars,  and  that,  if  it  were  to  be  BO  decided,  such 
taws  might  be  quoted  on  oue  aide  «a  well  aa  the  other." 
—Macaulav  :  ffitt.  Eng.,  eh.  x. 

*3.  Decree,  command. 

"  Hules  the  creatures  by  his  powerful  taw." 

Spenter :  Colin  Clout,  883. 

saw  (3),*.    [SALVE.]    (Scotch.) 

saw  (1),  •  saw-en,  *  saw-yn,  v.t.  &  ».  [SAW 
(i).  *•] 

A.  Transitive: 
I.  Literally; 

1.  To  cut  or  separate  with  a  saw. 

"  Two  men  are  tawing  th«  trunk  of  ft  tree."—  Rey- 
nold* :  Journey  to  Flandert  A  Holland, 

2.  To  form  or  frame  by  means  of  a  saw  ;  as, 
To  saw  boards,  i.e.,  to  saw  timber  into  the 
shape  of  boards. 

II.  Fig. :  To  move  through,  or  make  motions 
in,  as  one  sawing. 

"  Do  not  taw  the  air  too'much  with  your  hand." 
tifiaketp.  :  Hamlet,  ill.  2. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  cut  timber,  stone,  &C.,  with  a  saw ; 
to  perform  the  act  of  a  sawyer :  as,  He  saws 
well. 

2.  To  cut  with  a  saw :  as,  The  mill  saws 
fast. 

3.  To  be  cut  with  a  saw :  as,  The  timber 
saws  easily. 

saw  (2),  v.t.   [Sow.] 
sa-war'-ra,  s.    [SAOUARI.] 

saW-der,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  solder  (q.v.).] 
Blarney,  flattery.  [SOFT.] 

saw'-er,  s.  [Eng.  saw  (1),  v. ;  -«r.]  One  who 
saws  ;  a  sawyer. 

saw'-flsh,  s.    [Eng.  saw,  s.,  and/sft.] 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Pristis  (q.v.),  from  the  saw-like 
weapon  into  which  the  snout  is  produced. 
They  are  common  in  tropical  and  less  so  in 
sub-tropical  seas,  and  attain  a  considerable 
size,  specimens  with  a  saw  six  feet  long  and  a 
foot  broad  at  the  base  being  far  from  rare. 
Their  offensive  weapon  renders  them  dangerous 
to  almost  all  other  large  inhabitants  of  the 
ocean.  It  consists  of  three  or  five  (rarely 
four)  hollow  cylindrical  tubes  (the  rostral 
processes  of  the  cranial  cartilage)  placed  side 
by  side,  tapering  towards  the  end,  and  covered 
with  a  bony  deposit,  in  which  the  teeth  of  the 
saw  are  implanted  on  each  side.  The  real 
teeth  are  far  too  small  to  inflict  a  serious 
wound  or  to  seize  other  animals,  so  that  the 
sawfish  use  their  rostral  weapon  in  tearing  off 
pieces  of  flesh  from  their  prey  or  in  ripping 
open  the  abdomen,  when  they  seize  and  devour 
the  detached  portions  or  the  protruding  soft 
parts. 

saw'  fly,  s.  [Eng.  saw  (1),  and  jly;  so  called 
from  the  serrate  ovipositor.] 

Entom. :  Any  insect  of  the  family  Tenthre- 
dinidse,  spec.,  of  the  typical  genus  Tenthredo. 

sawn,  pa.  par.  or  a.     [Sxw  (1),  v.] 

saw'-ney,  saw'-ny,  *.  [See  def.]  A  nick- 
name for  a  Scotchman,  from  Sandy,  a  corrup- 
tion of  Alexander. 

•y,  s.    [PSALTERY.] 

saw'-wort,  s.    [Eng.  saw.(l),  and  wort.] 
Bot. :  The  genus  Serratula. 

saW-yer,  s,  [Formed  from  saw  (1),  T.,  with 
interpolated  y,  as  in  bowyer.} 

1.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  saw  timber 
into  planks,  or  to  saw  up  wood  for  fuel ;  a 
sawer.    [TOP-SAWYER.] 

"The  lawyer*  draw  op  and  l«t  downa  the  ssw  twlca, 
before  the  teeth  send  from  them  any  dust  into  the 
pit"— P.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  ivi.,  ch.  xliii. 

2.  A  tree,  which,  growing  on  the  banks  of  a 
river,    and    becoming    undermined    by   the 
current,  falls  into  the  stream,  and  is  swept 
along  with  its  branches,  partly  above  water, 
rising  and  falling  with  the  waves,  whence  the 
name.    Sawyers  are  extremely  dangerous  to 
navigation  on  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri, 
boats  which  run  foul  of  them  being  either  dis- 
abled or  sunk. 

sawyer's  dog,  s.    A  saw-mill  dog  (q.v.). 


sax,  5.    [A.S.  seax  =  an  axe,  a  knife.] 

*  1.  A  knife,  a  sword,  a  dagger. 

2.  A  slate-maker's  axe,  for  trimming  slatei 
to  shape.  It  is  sixteen  inches  long  and  two 
broad,  and  has  a  point  at  the  back  for  making 
nail-holes  in  the  slate. 

sax,  a.  &  s.     [Six.]    (Scotch.) 

sax'-a-tlle,  a.  [Lat.  saxatilis,  from  saxttm  = 
a  rock.]  Pertaining  to  rocks  ;  living  among 
rocks. 

saxe  go  tlue-a,  *.  [Named  after  Prince 
Albert  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  (1819-1861),  con- 
sort of  Queen  Victoria.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cupresseee.  Evergreen 
trees  like  the  yew.  Saxegothcea  conspicua,  from 
Patagonia,  is  cultivated  in  Britain. 

sax  horn,  sax  cor-net,  s.  [Named  after 
the  inventor,  Charles  Joseph  Sax  (1791-1865), 
a  celebrated  Belgian  musical-instrument 
maker,  whose  work  in  the  improvement  of 
brass  instruments  was  t 
carried  on  by  his  son,  ' 
Antoine  Joseph  (born 
1814).] 

Music:  The  name  given 
to  a  group  of  six  or  more  ' 
brass  instruments  with 
valves,  invented  by  Sax. 
In  1845  he  patented  the 
saxhorn,  a  new  kind  of 
bugle,  and  the  saxo- 
tromba  (a  family  of  cylin- 
der instruments  interme- 
diate between  the  sax- 
horn and  the  cylinder 
trumpet).  They  have  a 
wide  mouthpiece  and 
three,  four,  or  five  cylin- 
ders, so  that  each  horn 
is  capable  of  playing  all 
tlie  notes  of  its  scale 
without  difficulty.  The  SAXHOKN 

chief  are  the  soprano  in 
F,  E  flat,  or  D,  the  contralto  in  c  and  B  flat, 
the  tenor  (Althorn)  in  F  and  E  flat,  the  Bary- 
tone, or  Euphonium  in  c  and  B  flat,  the  bass 
(Bombardon,  Contra  Bombardon)  in  F  and  B 
flat,  and  the  contra-bass  or  circular  bass  in 
B  flat.  Called  also  Saxotrombas  andSaxtubas. 

sax-I-ca'-va,  s.  [Lat.  sox«m  =  a  stone,  and 
cavo  =  to  excavate.] 

1.  Zool. :  A  genus  of  Gastrochsenidse,  with 
numerous  species,  ranging  from  low  water  to 
140  fathoms.     It  is  found  in  the  Arctic  seas, 
where  it  attains  its  largest  size,  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, at  the  Canaries,  and  the  Cape.    The 
young  shell  is  symmetrical,  with  two  teeth  in 
each  valve;  the  adult  is  rugose,  toothless, 
thick,  oblong,  gaping,  with  an  external  hinge 
ligament    Siphons  large,  and  united  near  the 
end.    This  mollusc  is  so  variable  under  differ- 
ent conditions  and  at  different  ages  that  five 
genera  and  fifteen  species  have  been  founded 
on  its  aberrant  forms.    It  bores  into  stone, 
and  has  done  great   damage   at   Plymouth. 
breakwater. 

2.  Palceant. :   Etheridge  enumerates  three 
species  from  the  Lias,  one  from  the  Lower 
Eocene,  three  from  the  Crag  deposits,  and  two 
from  the  Pleistocene. 

sax'-I-ca-vous,  a.    [SAXICAVA.]   Hollowing 

out  stone.    (Lyell.) 

sax-!c'-6-la,  s.  [Lat  saxum  =  a  stone,  and 
colo=  to  inhabit] 

Ornith. :  Stonechat ;  the  typical  genus  ol 
Saxicolinte  (q.v.).  Beak  straight,  slender,  sur- 
rounded  with  a  few  bristles ;  nostrils  basal, 
lateral,  oval ;  half  closed  by  a  membranev 
Three  toes  in  front,  one  behind.  Habitat, 
Africa,  North-west  India,  the  Palsearctic 
region,  migrating  to  Alaska  and  Greenland. 
There  are  many  species. 

sax- 1  -co-li'-nse,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  saxicol(a); 

Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Ornith. :  Stonechats  ;  a  family  of  Sylviidw 
(q.v.),  with  twelve  genera  and  126  species, 
absent  from  America  (except  the  extreme 
north-west),  abundant  in  the  Oriental  region, 
moderately  so  in  the  Palaearctic,  Ethiopian,  and 
Australian.  (Tristram).  Bill  depressed  at 
base ;  gape  with  diverging  bristles,  feet 
lengthened,  tail  rather  short ;  head  large. 

sax-  ic'-d-loiis,  a.    [SAXICOLA.] 

Bot.  :  Growing  on  rocks. 


boil,  boj-;  pout,  jafrl;  cat,  ;ell,  chorus,  (bin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t, 
-clan,  -tian  —  shaH.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -{ion,  -slon  =  »hiin,   -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shiis.   -bio,  -die,  &c.  =-  S>cl,  deL 


4122 

tax  if  ra~ga,  s.  [Fern,  of  Lst  saxifragvt  = 
stone-breaking  :  L&t.  saxwai ~  &  stout,  a  rock, 
an<l  frag-,  root  otfrango=to  break.  Used 
first  of  an  Adianturu  supposed  to  break  stones 
in  the  bladder,  or  named  from  the  roots  of 
the  several  species  penetrating  the  rocks  and 
tending  to  break  them  up.] 

Bot. :  Saxifrage,  the  typical  genus  of  Saxl- 
fraguceae  (q.v.).  Calyx  in  live  segments;  petals 
five  ;  stamens  ten  or  five ;  ovary  two-celled  ; 
capsule  with  two  beaks,  two-celled,  many 
seetled.  Perennial  plants,  rarely  herbs,  with 
white  or  yellow,  or  rarely  red  or  purple, 
cymose  inflorescence.  Known  species,  160. 
Not  found  in  Australia,  Sonth  Africa,  or  the 
Sou tli  Sea  Islands ;  distributed  in  most  other 
regions.  They  are  mostly  mountain  or  rock 
plants,  and  are  moat  abundant  in  the  northern 
hemisphere.  Many  are  cultivated  in  gardens 
for  their  pretty  flowers  and  neat  habit  of  grow  th. 
They  are  particularly  employed  as  an  ornament 
to  rockeriea.  The  predomiuent  characteristic 
of  the  Saxifr&ga  is  ustringency,  but  no  use  h;t,- 
been  made  of  this  property.  There  are  various 
species  in  the  United  States,  low-growing  moun- 
tain plants.  In  India  the  root  of  8.  liyulata,  a 
Himalayan  species,  is  used  as  a  tonic  in  fever, 
diarrhoea,  dysentery,  &c.  Bruised,  it  is  applied 
to  boils  and  fn  ophthalmia.  S,  cratiifolia  has 
been  tried  at  a  substitute  for  tea. 

sax-!-fra-ga'-9e-»,  sax-i-fra-ge  se, 
$.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  saxifrag(a) ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj. 
•uti".  -acece,  -tee.] 

Bot. :  Saxifrages ;  the  typical  order  of  the 
Alliance  Saxifragales  (q.v.).  Herbs,  often 
growing  in  patches;  leaves  alternate,  flower- 
stems  simple,  often  naked ;  sepals  four  or 
five,  petals  fire  or  none,  inserted  between  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx ;  stamens  live  to  ten,  a 
disc  generally  present ;  stigmas  sessile  on 
the  top  of  the  ovary  ;  ovary  inferior  or  nearly 
superior,  usually  of  two  carpels  cohering 
below  and  diverging  near  the  apex,  sometimes 
two-celled,  with  a  central  placenta,  or  one- 
celled  with  a  double  one.  Fruit  generally 
membranous  or  a  two-celled  capsule,  with 
numerous,  very  minute  seeds.  Known  genera 
nineteen,  species  310.  (Litidley.)  Genera 
nineteen,  species  2-">0,  including  the  Ribeaiete. 
(Sir  J<wei>h.  Booker.)  Most  of  the  species  are 
from  the  North  Temperate  and  Arctic  zones. 

sax-i  fra-ga  -ceoiis  (ce  as  ah),  n.  [Mod. 
Lat.  saxifragacetce) ;  Eng.  adj.  sufl'.  -out.]  Be- 
longing to  the  Saxifragaceae  (q.v.). 

•ax-If-ra-gal,  a.    [SAXIFBAGALES.] 

Bot. :  Of  or  Itelonging  to  the  Saxifragales 
(q.v.)  :  as,  the  Saxifragal  Alliance. 

sax- ff-ra-ga'-lev,  s.  pi  [Lat.  aaxifrag^a); 
masc.  or  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ales.] 

Bot. :  The  Saxifragal  Alliance  ;  an  alliance 
of  Perigynoos  Exogens.  Flowers  mouodi- 
chlamydeous ;  corolla,  if  present,  polypeta- 
lous  ;  carpels  consolidated,  placentae  sutural 
or  axile ;  seeds  indefinite ;  embryo  long  and 
taper,  with  a  long  radicle  and  little  or  no 
albumen.  Orders  :  Saxifragacespi,  Hydrange- 
aceee,  Cunoniacete,  Brexiaceee,  and  Lythrace*. 

•sajt-lr-ra-gant,  a.  [SAXIFRAGE)  Break- 
ing  or  destroying  atone ;  eaxifragous,  litho- 
tritic. 

s&ac'-f-fra&e,  «.    [SAXIFAAQA.] 

Botany : 

1.  The  genus  Saxifraga  (q.v.). 

2.  (Pi.) ;  The  Saxifragacea.    (lAndley.) 

•ax  if-ra-gous,  a.  [SAXIFRAOA.]  The 
same  as  SAXIFRAOAKT  (q.v.). 

"  That  the  treat*  should  be  fed  on  tax^ayout  h*rbr " 
— Brovrne;  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  T. 

Sax1 -on,  s.  &  a.  [Lit.  aaxo,  pi.  stixonts,  from 
A.S.  Mceca,  pL  seaxc,  jearan,  from  aeax  —  a, 
short  sword,  a  dagger ;  O.  H.  Ger.  tokt  =  a 
dagger ;  Oer.  Sachse  =•  a  Saxon.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

L  One  of  a  race  of  people  originally  in- 
habiting the  northern  part  of  Germany,  who 
invaded  and  conquered  England  in  the  fifth 
and  sixth  centuries  ;  an  Anglo-Saxon. 

2.  The  language  spoken  by  the  Saxons  nr 
Anglo-Saxons.     It  is  generally  applied  to  the 
English  spoken  up  to  about  1150  or  1200,  and 
succeeded  by  Middle  English.  [ENGLISH  LAN- 
GUAGE.) Old  Saxon  is  the  old  dialect  of  West- 
phalia, and  is  closely  allied  to  the  old  Dutch. 

3.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  modem  Saxony. 


saxifraga— sayette 

i,  Entom.:  A  night-raoth,  HailenartetiUnea, 
occurring  in  Yorkshire  and  Scotland. 
B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Saxons,  their 
country  or  language  ;  Anglo-Saxon. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Saxony  or  its  in- 
habitants. 

Saxon-architecture,  s.  The  style  of 
architecture  in  use  in  England  from  the  time 
of  its  conversion  till  the  Conqui-st  It  is 
easily  recognized  by  its  massive  columns  and 
semicircular  arches,  which  usually  spring  from 
capitals  without  the  intervention  of  tlie  en- 
tablature. In  the  first  Saxon  buildings  the 
mouldings  were  ex- 
tremely simple,  the 
greater  part  consist- 
ing of  filletsand  plat- 
bands at  right  angles 
to  each  other,  and 
to  the  general  sur- 
face. The  walls  are 
of  rough  masonry, 
very  thick,  and  with- 
out buttresses ;  the 
towers  and  pillars 
thick  in  proportion 
to  height;  the  quoin? 
are  of  hewn  stone  set 
alternately  on  end 
and  horizontally;  SAXON  ARCHITECTUBJL 


are  rounded  or  with  triangular  heads  j  win- 
dow-openings in  the  walls  are  splayed  on  to 
the  interior  and  exterior,  the  window  being 
in  the  middle  of  the  thickness  of  the  wall, 
and  divided  with  a  baluster  of  peculiar 
shape,  especially  in  the  belfries.  In  the 
earlier  part  of  the  Saxon  period  most  of 
the  domestic  edifices  built  were  of  wood 
or  rand  with  thatehed  roofs.  In  plan  they 
were  very  rude.  The  fire  was  kindled  in  the 
centre  of  the  hall,  and,  as  there  were  no 
chimneys,  the  smoke  made  its  way  ont  through 
louvres,  or  by  the  doors  or  windows. 

Saxon-blue,  s.  Indigo  dissolved  In  con- 
centrated sulphuric  acid,  forming  a  deep  blue 
liquid  used  by  dyers. 

t  Sax'-on-ddm,  s.  Eng.  Saxon;  -don.']  A 
country  or  countries  inhabited  or  colonized 
by  Saxons ;  the  descendants  of  Anglo-Saxons. 

"  Look  DOW  at  American  Baxondom;  and  at  that 
little  fact  of  the  willing  of  the  Mayflower  two  hundred 
ywtra  ago."— Carljrf*  :  JTaroet,  l«ct.  Iv. 

1  Sax -on  ISO,  a.  [Eng.  Saxon;  -ish.}  Re- 
sembling Saxon.  (Earle;  Philology,  §  IT.) 

*  S&X'-on-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  Saxon;  -ism.]  An 
idiom,  phiase,  or  mode  of  speech  peculiar  to 
the  Anglo-Saxon  language. 

"  It  ia  fall  of  Saxonitmi.  which  in- 
deed  Abound  more  or  less  In  evtry 
writer  be/ore  Gower  nixl  Chaucer."— 
H'nrton  ;  Sitt.  Eng.  i'oetry,  i.  W. 

"Sax'-on-ist,  ».  [Eng.  Saxon; 
~ist.]  One  versed  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  language. 

"  Elstob,  the  learned  Soxoni*."— Set*  in 
ap.  Nicoiton't  Jffp.  Corr.,  i.  68. 

sax'-6-phone,  *.    [SAXHORN.] 

Music:  A  brass  musical  instru- 
ment with  a  single  reed  and  a  clari- 
net mouthpiece.  The  body  of  the 
instrument  is  a  parabolic  cone  of 
brass  provided  with  a  set  of  keys. 
The  saxophones  are  seven  in  num- 
ber, the  sopranino,  soprano,  mezzo- 
soprano,  contralto,  barytone,  bass, 
and  double-base.  The  compass  of 
each  is  nearly  the  same.  It  is  of 
SAXOPHONE.  £rea*;  value  in  military  combina- 
tions ;  in  the  orchestra,  except  to  re- 
place the  bass  clarinet,  it  is  all  but  unknown. 

sax'-6-trom-ba,  s.    [SAXHORS.] 
sax'-tu-ba,  *.    [SAXHORN.] 

say  (1),  *  save  (1),  »  seg-gen,  •  rig-gen, 
*  sain,  •  sole,  '  sei-en,  *  sein,  *  seyn, 

v.t.  &  i.    [A.S.  sctgan,  megtan  (pa.  t.  arr<t'le., 
afefe,  pa.  par.  gesrvgd,  w*d) :  cogn.  wtth  Icel. 
xgja;  Dan.  sign;  8w.  saga;  Ger.  aagen;  O.  H. 
Ger.  «frja»,  segjan  ;  Dut  zegqen.] 
A.  Transitive; 

1.  To  atter,  express,  declare,  or  pronounce 
In  words,  either  orally  or  in  writing. 
"  What  t'lyt  Sylvia  to  my  mitT" 

:  Txo  Vmttonen  etf  rvomm*  T.  ft 


2.  To  tell,  to  report,  to  describe,  aa  in  answer 
to  a  question. 

"  8ug  what  Uiou  »eest  yend." 

fthnkftp. :  Ternptit.  L  S. 

3.  To  repeat,  to  rehearse,  to  recite  :  as,  To 
toy  grace,  to  say  one's  lessons. 

4.  To  pronounce  or  recite  without  singing ; 
to  intone. 

14  Then  shall  be  laid  or  lung  as  folio wm."— Bo-»t  tf 
Common  Prayer. 

5.  To  allege  or  adduce  by  way  of  argument ; 
to  argue. 

fi.  To   suppose,    to   assume;    to   take    for 
granted  ;  to  presume.  (Followed  by  a  clause.) 
"  Suy  they  are  rile  and  false." 

Wui*«V..  OfhtUo.  iii.  3. 

7.  To  otter  as  an  opinion  ;    to  judge,  to 
decide.    (Pope :  Essay  on  Criticism^  1.) 
B.  Intransitive: 
I.  To  speak,  to  declare,  to  assert. 

"  He  said  moreover,  1  liave  tomethitLg  to  uy  onto 
thee.    And  ahe  said,  Say  on."— 1  A'irtyi  (i.  14. 

*  2.  To  make  answer ;  to  reply.    (Milton.) 
H  The  third  person  sing.  pres.  ind.  (says)  is 

pron.  set,  and  the  pa.  t.  and  pa.  par.  (said)  sed. 

U  (1)  /(  is  said:  It  is  commonly  reported; 
people  assert  or  declare. 

*(2)  It  says:  It  is  said. 

(3)  That  is  to  say  :  That  is ;  in  other  words  ; 
otherwise.     Frequently  contracted  to  say,  as 
a  sum  of  £100  (say,  one  hundred  pounds). 

(4)  They  say :  People  assert  or  maintain  ;  it 
is  said  or  reported. 

(5)  To  say  nay :  To  refuse. 

"  I  cannot  lay  nay  to  thee." 

KkaJceip. :  Kichard  III.,  UL  7. 

(6)  To  say  to:  To  think  of;  to  have  an  opinion, 

"What  «t.v  you  tv  young  Master  FentonT"— 
Bkatetp.  :  Mtrry  Wiim  of  Windw,  ill.  X 

*  Bay  (2X  *  »aye  (2),  v.L  &  i.    [An  abbrevia- 
tion of  assay  or  essay  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans. :  To  try,  to  assay. 

"  The  tailor  brings  a  suit  hom«  ;  he  it  MW, 
Lookn  o'er  tbeTill.  Ukaa  it." 

Ben  Jonton :  Epigram  11 

B.  Intrant. :  To  assay,  to  make  an  attempt. 

"Once  11 1  <av 

To  strike  the  e.ir  of  time  tn  thow  fresh  Btralns." 

Bm  Jonton :  Potttuter.    (To  the  Kead«r.) 

*  Say,  pret.  ofv.     [SEE,  v.] 

say  (1),  -  saye  (1), «.    [SAY  (1),  v.] 

1.  That  which  one  says  or  has  to  say;  a 
speech,  a  story  ;  hence,  a  declaration,  a  state- 
ment, an  opinion. 

"  8*oner  or  later  Ruasla  -would  be  called  npou  to 
hav«  her  tay  in  Bulgaria, "~-JJaily  Telcffr<ij,)i,  lior.  13, 

*  2.  A  maxim,  a  saying,  a  saw,  an  adage. 

"say  (2),*.    [SAT (2),  t>.] 

1.  A  trial,  an  assay,  a  sample,  a  taste. 

"  Since  .  .  .  thy  tongue  aome  lay  of  breeding  breathe*. 
What  Mf*  and  nicely  I  might 'well  diadaiii 
By  rule  of  knighthood.  I  dudain  And  spurn." 

Shalterp.  :  Lear,  T.  L 

2.  Tried  quality ;  temper,  proof. 

"  Moiigat  which  be  found  a  iword  of  better  tay" 
Spetttcr  :  P.  V-.  VI.  xl  47. 

*  H  (1)  To  give  the  say  :  To  assure  the  good- 
ness of  the  wines  and  dishes,  a  duty  formerly 
performed  by  the  royal  taster. 

(2)  To  give  a  say  at :  To  make  an  attempt  at, 

"  And  five  a  teiy—l  will  not  say  directly, 
Bat  rery  fair— at  the  phti<*s>ipher»  •feme." 

Ben  Jonton  :  Alckytnitt,  t  L 

(3)  To  taste  the  toy :  To  taste  meat  or  wine 
before  presenting  it,  so  as  to  ascertain  that  tt 
ia  not  poisoned. 

"  Not  deem'd  it  meet  that  yon  to  him  convey 
The  profaned  bowl  unless  you  taite  the  tan." 

ftotf."  Orlando  Furiott,  ILL  fL 

*  say  (3),  *  sale,  *  saye  (2),  'sey.s.    [O.Fr. 
sale  (Fr.  saye),  from  Lat.  saga,  sagiim,  sagus  = 
a  coat  or  tunic  ;  sayum=  a  mantle,  a  kind,  of 
cloth,  from  Or.  <rayo«  (sagos)  —  &  coarse  cloak  ; 
It.il.   saio=&  long  coat;  Sp.  saya,9ayo  =  * 
tunic.  1 

1.  A  kind  of  serge  or  woollen  cloth. 

"Fine  cloth*  in  Somersetshire,  taitt  at  Sudbniy, 
erapeeat  Norwich."— Up.  Berk«Z*v:  Queritt.t  UL 

2.  A  kind  of  silk  or  satin. 

say7  a  ble,  a.    That  cau  or  may  be  said. 

say'-er,  s.    [Eng.  say  (l)»  T.  ;  -*r.]    One  who 

says  or  utters  ;  an  utterer. 

sa-yette',  s.  [Fr.  sayf.tc  =  eay;  Sp.  myete^ 
a  light,  thin  stuff.]  A  mixed  fabric  of  silk  and 
wool ;  saga  thy . 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot 
«r,  wore,  wolt  w6rk,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cue,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  03  =  e;  ey  =  a;  QH  -  kw. 


saying — scaffold 


4123 


•say -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.    [SAY  (1),  u.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (See 
tiie  verb). 
C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  That   which  is  said ;   an  expression,  a 
?;*eech. 

-  Mo*es  fled  at  this  laying'— Actt  vii.  29. 

2.  A  proverbial  expression  ;  a  maxim,  an 
adage,  a  saw. 

"  Blush  likt  abUok  dog.  M  tbe  tayiny  is.  ' 

Shakei}'. :  Tit  at  Andrvntcttt,  V.  i. 

'  say  -man,  *  say'-mas-ter,  *.  [An  abbre- 
viation of  assay ->na)i  or  assay -master.]  One 
who  makes  trial  or  assay ;  an  assay-master. 

"  If  your  Lordship  in  aiiythlug  shall  iiiuke  me  your 
layman,  I  will  be  hurt  before  your  Lordship  shall  be 
hurt. "-Bacon;  Letter  to  th* £arl  of  JwdWnjAawk 

say'-ne-tS,  s.    [Sp.] 

Jtf MSI'C  ;  An  interlude  introduced  between  tbe 
prologue  and  the  principal  comedy  in  tlie 
Spanish  drama,  in  which  music  and  dancing 
form  prominent  features.  They  are  generally 
of  a  burlesque  or  humorous  character. 

say  -mte,  &  [After  Sayn  Altenkirchen,  Ger- 
many, where  found ;  sulf.  ~ite  (Min.).'] 

Min. :  The  same  asGRt)NAUiTE(q.v.).  Laa- 
peyres  suggests  that  this  may  be  an  impure 
form  of  Folydymite  (q.v.X 

*8blr--r6  (pi.  sbir'-ri),».  [Ital.  =  a  bailiff, 
a  constable.]  A  member  of  a  police-force 
formerly  existing  in  Italy.  They  wore  no 
uniform,  lived  in  their  own  houses,  carried 
arms,  and  received  a  small  stipend.  They 
fell  into  disrepute,  and  were  superseded  by 
the  carabineers. 

"Their  legions  of  apia*  and  ttoirri."—Q.  31.  Lttnt: 
Bravo  of  Venice,  bk.  IL,  ch.  Ill 

'sblood,  inierj.  [See  def.]  An  imprecation  or 
oath  ;'  an  abbreviation  of  God's  blood. 

scab,  *  scab  bo,  s.     [A.S.   s<xeb,   eceb;   cogn. 
with  Dan.   &  8w.  *kab ;    Ger.  st-httbt;    Lat. 
scabies  =  scab,  itch,  from  Mo5o=  to  scratch.] 
L  Onlina)*y  language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  An  incrusted  surface,  dry  and  rough, 
formed  on  a  sore  in  healing. 

"  Rynonae  icabbet."  Piert  Plowmvn,  896. 

(2)  The  itch.    (Scotch.) 

2.  Figuratively : 

*  (1)  A  mean,  paltry,  dirty  fellow. 

"For  thya  little  icabt*  of  tin  folye  hee  laboureth 
•omewhRt  to  hide  aud  couer."— Sir  T.  Jture;  tt'orha, 
p.  1,073. 

(2)  A  workman  who  refuses  to  join  in  a 
strike,  and  who  continues  at  his  work  as 
usual.  (Slang.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Veterinary:  A  highly  contagions  disease 
of  the  skin  in  horses,  cattle,  and  especially  in 
sheep,  caused  by  the  presence  of  a  dermal 
parasite. 

"  Th*  infectious  tc<ib,  arising  from  extreme* 
OI  want,  or  surfeit,  is  by  water  cur'd 
Of  lime,  or  soddeu  stave-acre,  or  oil 
Dispersive  of  Norwegian  tar,  renown'd 
By  virtuous  Berkeley."  JJyer:  fUece,  1. 

2.  Veg.  Pathol. ;  A  disease  in  potatoes,  which 
produces  pits,  often  containing  an  olive-green 
dust  on  the  tubers.      It  ia  produced  by  a 
species  of  Turbicinia. 

•cub' -bard  (1),  *scab'-berd,  «scau- 
berd,  *  scau-bert,  *  sca-berke,  *.  [For 
scauberk,  of  which  the  latter  syllable  is,  like 
hauberk,  from  the  Teutonic  word  appearing  in 
O.  H.  Ger.  bergan;  Ger.  Txrgen  =  to  protect, 
to  hide  ;  the  first  syllable  is  probably  =;  O.  Fr. 
escale  (Fr.  ecale,  tcaiUe)  •=  a  shell,  a  husk  ; 
Ger.  xhale  =  a  shell,  a  rind,  the  haft  of  a 
knife.  (Stoat.)}  The  sheath  of  a  sword  or 
bayonet,  made  of  metal,  wood,  leather,  raw 
hide,  or  paper. 

"  Even  to  melt  the  §word  without  Injuring  the 
*eaWani."—  Warburton :  Julian,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  iii. 

scabbard-fish,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Lepidopus  caudatus,  fairly  common 
In  the  Mediterranean  and  the  wanner  parts  of 
the  Atlantic,  occasionally  visiting  the  British 
coasts.  It  is  probably  a  deep-sea  fish.  Its 
length  is  from  five  to  six  feet,  dorsal  extending 
the  whole  length  of  the  body,  which  is  much 
compressed.  It  is  well-known  in  New  Zea- 
land, where  it  is  called  the  Frost-fish,  and  is 
much  esteemed  as  a  food-fish.  (Hiinther.) 

•cab'-bard  (2),  s.  [See  det]  A  corrupt,  of 
scale-board  (q.v.). 


*  scab' -bard,  v.t.    [SCABBARD  (1),  *.]    To  put 
into  a  scabbard  or  sheath. 

scabbed,  *  seabed,  a.    [Eng.  scab;  *d.} 
I.  Lit. :  Covered  with  scales  ;  scabby. 
"  The  comparyiiK  of  thea*  whole  member*  to  their 
tcnb-ed  body.'1- *V#iA ;  ITorto.  toL  lid. 

*  II.  Figuratively : 

1.  Paltry,  mean,  vile,  dirty. 

2.  Unclean,  impure,  polluted. 

"  Putting  the  tcabbed  heretikea  oat  of  the  dene 
flocke."— mr  T.  More :  Worket,  p.  »». 

*  scab  -bed  ness,  s.    [SCABBINESS.] 

scab  -bl-ness,  *  scab-bed  ness,  s.  [Eng. 
scabby,  scabbed;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  scabby  or  covered  witli  scabs. 

scab'  ble,  v.t.    [Etyin.  doubtful.] 

Mason.  :  To  dress,  as  a  stone,  with  a  fine 
axe  or  broad  chisel  (called  in  England  a  boas- 
ter and  in  Scotland  a  drove),  after  pointmg  or 
broaching,  and  before  the  finer  dressing. 

scab -bling,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SCABBLE.] 
scabbling  hammer,  s. 

Mason. :  A  mason's  tool  used  in  reducing 
stone  to  a  surface.  It  has  two  somewhat 
pointed  ends,  wherewith  the  stone  is  picked. 

Scab -by,  a.     [Eng.  scab;  -y.] 

1.  Covered  with  scabs ;  full  of  scabs. 

"  A  kind  of  periodic  bird  [the  cuckool 
Of  nasty  hue,  and  body  tcubhy." 

Lloyd:  Ta  Dutid  thin-tci.  Sty. 

2.  Diseased  with  the  scab  or  mange. 

"  If  the  grazier  should  bring  me  one  wether  fat  and 
well  fleeced,  and  expect  the  came  price  for  a  whole 
hundred,  without  giving  me  security  to  restore  my 
iiionwy  fox  those  that  were  lean,  ahoru,  or  tcabbjf,  I 
would  be  none  of  hia  customer, "— Swtft. 

3.  Covered  with  spots  resembling  scab. 

"  Tbe  grey,  tcnbby  rocks  in  the  pasture.**—  ffur- 
rough* :  1'epuctun,  p.  244. 

sea  bel'-lum,  5.    [Lat.] 

Arch. :  A  kind  of  pedestal,  commonly  ter- 
minating in  a  sort  of  sheath  or  scabbard, 
used  to  support  busts,  &c. 

sca'-bi-es,  s.  [Lat.]  Scab,  mange,  itch  (q.v.). 

Sca-bJ-O'-sa,  s.  [Fein,  of  Lat.  scabiosiis  = 
rough,  scurfy.  Said  to  be  from  Lat.  scabies, 
because  it  was  used  in  skin  diseases.] 

Bot. :  Scabious ;  a  genus  of  Dipsaceae.  In- 
volucel  membranous  or  minute  ;  receptacle 
hemispherical,  hairy,  or  with  scaly  floral 
bracts ;  stamens  four,  exserted ;  fruit  with 
eight  depressions.  Known  species  about 
ninety,  from  the  Eastern  Hemisphere.  Three 
are  British.  Scabiosa  succisa,  [DEVIL'S-BIT  SCA- 
BIOUS], S.  Columbaria,  and  S.  (Knautia)  arven- 
sis.  S.  succisa  yields  a  green  dye,  and  seems 
astringent  enough  to  be  used  in  tanning. 

sea  bi-oiis,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  xabiosus,  from  soa- 
bies  =  scab,  itch.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Consisting  of  scabs  ;  rough, 
itchy,  leprous. 

"  ID  the  spring,  tcabima  eruptions  upon  the  skin 
were  epidemical.  —-irflitiArio* ;  On  A llmentt. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Bot.:  (1)  The  genus  Scabiosa  (q.v.);  (2) 
Jasione  montana. 

scab' -ling,  s.  [SCABBLK.]  A  chip  or  frag- 
ment of  stone. 

*  sea-bred' -i-t^,  *.      [Lat.   scdbredo,   from 
sca'ber  =  rough.]    Roughness,  ruggedness. 

"  He  will  nud  neves,  inequalitiea  .  .  .  teabrtcLity, 
palenesse."—  Burton :  Aitat.  of  JTe(ane*yty,  p.  568. 

t  SCab'-rfd,  a,     [Lat.  scabridus  =  rough.) 
Boi. :  Boughish  (q.v.). 

*  scab'-ri  doe,  s.  pi.    [Fern.  pi.  of  Lat.  scdb- 
rid-tu  =  rough.] 

Bot.  :  The  twentieth  order  in  Linnieus's 
Natural  System.  Genera  :  Fieua,  &c. 

sca-bri-us'-eu-lo-fis,  a.     [Mod.  Lat.  scab- 
riusculus,  dimin.  from  Let.  scatter^  rough.] 
Bot. :  Scabrid  (q.v.). 

*  sea' -broils,  *  scab'-rofis,  a.     [Lat.  sca- 
brosus,  from  scaber  =  rough ;    Fr.  tcabreux; 
Ital.  soabroso ;  Sp.  escabroso.} 

1.  Lit.  A  Bot. ;  Rough  ;  rugged  or  uneven  on 
the  surface. 

2.  Fig. :  Rough,  harsh,  uneven. 

"  His  verse    Is   tcabrmu  and  hobbling."— Drydtn  : 
(Dedic.f 


*  aca  -brous  ness,  *  scab'-rous-ncss,  «. 
[Ijiig.  tctibroto  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  «tite  of 
being  scabrous  ;  roughness,  ruggedness,  on- 
evennesa. 


scab  -wort,  *. 

Bot.  :  Inula 


[Eug.  $cab,  and  wort.] 


scac-chito.   s.    [After   Scacchi  of  Naplei; 
suff.  -tie 


Min.  :  A  mineral  supposed  by  Scacchi  (a« 
the  result  of  various  chemu-al  experiments), 
to  occur  at  Vesuvius,  a^l  to  be  a  chloride  of 
manganese. 

Scad,  $.     [See  def.  1.] 

1.  A  fist),  probably  the  shad  (q.v.). 

2.  A     fish,     Caranx     trachurua,    the     horse- 
mackerel. 

SCads,  *.     Dollars,  money.     (17.  8.  Slang.) 
89^6   vo-Ia,  s.  [Lat.  sccevus  =  on  the  left  hand, 
in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  corolla.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  bccevoleie  (q.v.). 
The  young  leaves  of  tecevola  Taccadu  are  eaten 
as  potherbs,  and  the  pith  of  the  plant  fashioned 
by  the  Malays  into  artificial  flowers,  &c.  .S. 
tida  Modogam  is  emollient,  and  is  used  in 
India  to  bring  tumours  to  a  head. 

S9»-vo'  -le  ee,  5.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  soosvol(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -«e.] 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Goodeniaceae.  Fruit  ft 
drupe  or  nut. 

scatf,  *.     [Etym.  doubtful.]    Rongh  plenty; 
fun  and  frolic  in  plenty.    (Scotch.) 

scaflf  and  raff,  s.  The  rabble  ;  the  rag, 
tag,  and  bobtail. 

"  Sitting  there  birling  at  your  poor  uncle's  coat.  na« 
doabt,  wf  a'  the  ^njf-itmi-raff  u'  tha  water  aide."— 
Kaott  :  Old  Mortality,  ch.  v. 

fc  scafiT-^l-age  (age  as  Ig),  s.  [SCAFFOLD  AGE.] 

scaff-old,   -  seal  old,    *  skaff  old,   *. 

[O.  Fr.  *escafalt,  escujaut  (Fr.  ccAa/tntd),  from 
Sp.  catafalco  (Fr.  catafalque  ;   Ital.  catajalco) 
=  a  canopy  over  a  bier,  a  funeral  canopy,  a 
stage,  a  scaffold.  J    [CATAFALQUE.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  Literally: 

*  (1)  A  temporary  gallery  or  stage  raised 
either  for  shows  or  for  spectators. 

"  Tbe  other  side  was  open,  where  the  tli  rong, 
Oil  banks  and  tcajfolda.  under  sky  might  stand." 
Milton:  Bamton  Agemittei.  1,610. 

(2)  A  stage  or  platform  for  the  execution  of 
criminals. 

"  Truth  forever  on  the  tenfold,  Wroug  forever  on  the 
throne."  Lowell:  Pretext  CHia. 

*  2.  Fig.  :  A  temporary  support. 

"They  [faith  and  consideration,  Ac.]  are  all  but 
tenfold*  to  that  heavenly  building  of  Inward  purity 
andgooduoBS."—  Seott:  Cltrittian  Life,  pt.  L,  ch.  ii. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Build.  :  A  platform  temporarily  erected 
during  the  progress  of  a  structure  for  the 
support    of    workmen    and    material.      The 
ordinary  bricklayer's  scaffold  consists  of  up- 
right poles  called  standards,  supporting  the 
horizontal  poles  which  are  lashed  thereto  and 
called  ledgers,  these  support  the  outer  ends 
of  the  putlogs,   the    other  ends  resting  in 
holes  in  the  wall.    The  scaffold  boards  rest 
on  the  putlogs. 

2.  Mining:    A  platform   affording  a  tem- 
porary resting-place  for  an  ascending  or  de- 
scending load. 

scaffold-bracket,  s.  An  implement  to 
form  a  footing  fora  board  to  support  a  person 
in  roofing. 

scaffold-pole,  *.     A  standard.      [ScAf- 

FOLD,  5.  II.  l.J 

scaff  -old,  v.t.    [SCAFFOLD,  s.] 

I,  Ord.  Lang.  ;  To  furnish  with  a  scaffold  ; 
to  uphold,  to  sustain. 

II,  Anthrop.  :  To  lay  out  a  dead  body  at  full 
length  on  an  elevated  bier  or  scaffold,  and 
leave  it  to  decay.    This  custom  prevails  among 
the  North  American  Indians.     After  a  time 
the  bleached  bones  and  the  offerings  deposited 
beefde   them   are   committed  to  a  common 
grave. 

"  A  rrand  celebration,  or  the  Peart  of  Death.  WM 
•ofcranlr  convoked.  Ntrt  «ilj^  th«  aslies  o*  those 
whose  bodlei  bad  beeu  tcaffoldsd,  but  those  who  had 
died  on  a  Journey  or  on  the  war-path,  and  be»m 
temporarily  buried,  ware  now  gathered  tmUier  »ud 
Interred  in  one  common  sepolcnre  with  IpMUl  marts* 
of  regard."—  A  Wilton  :  PrtMltortc  Man,  Ii.  207. 


Mil.  be^;  pd^t,  Jo^l;  cat,  ?eU,  oHoros,  ^liin,  bench;  g«,  g«n;  thin,  this;  sin,  09;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    -lag. 
-cian,  -tUn  =  shan.    -tion,  -don  =  sliftn ;  -flon,  -sion  =  ihtin.    -oious,  -Uous,  -*iou*  =  sbiU.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel.  d*L 


4124 

•  sca£T  Aid  age  (age  as  Ig),  s.    [Eng.  sca/- 
/oW;  -dye.]    The  timber-work  of  a  stage;  a 
stage;  scaffolding. 

"  Twtxt  his  stretch'd  footing  and  the  Kafoldagi.* 
SA<i*«p.  .-  rroiiu*  A  Crvsffcfa,  i.  S. 

•  scaff  -ild-er,  «.    [Eng.  «ca/oid ;  -tr.]     A 
spectator  in  the  gallery ;  one  of  the  "  gods." 

"  He  ravishes  the  gazing  Kajoidcrt.' 

Uall :  Satlrm.  I.  111.  H. 

•caff  *ld  Ing,  ».    [Eng.  tea/old ;  -ing.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  A  frame  or  structure  for  temporary  sup- 
port in  an  elevated  place. 

*  2.  That  which  support*  or  sustains  ;  a 
frame. 

"  A  KOffoldimg  to  be  cow  thrown  wide.  M  of  DO  Im- 
portftnce to  the  finished  fftbrtck."—  Rtynotd* :  Art  of 
Fainting,  note  52. 

3.  Materials  for  scaffolds. 

IL  Build, :  The  temporary  combination  of 
upright  poles  and  horizontal  pieces,  on  which 
are  laid  the  boards  for  supporting  the  work- 
men and  material  during  the  erection  of  a 
building ;  the  scaffold. 

scafT  raff;  >.  [Eng.  sea/,  and  raf.]  The 
same  as  SCAJT-AND-RAFF  (q.v.). 

scaglia  (as  seal  -yi-a),  ».  [Ital  =  a  fish- 
scale,  a  chip  of  marble.  (See  def.)] 

Geol, :  A  red,  white,  or  gray  argillaceous  lime- 
stone occurring  in  the  Venetian  Alps,  and  be- 
lieved by  De  Zigno  to  be  the  age  of  the  chalk. 
The  beds  are  usually  thin,  fragile,  and  almost 
schistose,  whence  the  name  of  scaglia.  (Qvar. 
Jour.  Geol.  Sac.,  vi.  429.) 

•cagllola  (as  scal-yl-o'-la),  ».  [Ital.  scag- 
linola,  diunin.  from  acaglia  =  scaglia  (q.v.)*]  A 
hard,  polished  plaster,  coloured  in  imitation 
of  marbles. 

"  Scaffttota  la  prepared  from  powdered  gypsum 
mixed  with  isinglass,  alum,  ana  coloring  matter  into 
ft  paste,  which  ia  beaten  on  a  prepared  surface  with 
fragments  of  marble.  «c.  The  surface  prepared  for  it 
haa  a  rough  coating  of  lime  ar*d  hair.  The  colon  ar« 
laid  on  and  mixed  by  hand.  In  the  manner  of  fresco, 
and  In  Imitation  of  rarioua  kinds  of  marbles.  When 
hardened,  the  surface  ia  pumice-stoned  and  washed  ; 
It  ia  polished  successively  by  tripoli  and  charcoal,  tri- 
poli  and  oil.  ftno  oil  alone. "-fniflit:  Proa.  Diet. 

•oalth,  s.    [SCATHE.] 

seal  th  -less,  a.    [SCATHELESS.] 

seal,  scawL  s.    [SCOLD.]    (Scotch.) 

sea  -la,  >.    [Lat.  =  a  ladder,  a  staircase.] 

1.  Anat. :  A  passage. 

2.  Surg. :   A   surgical  instrument   for   re- 
ducing dislocation. 

scala  media,!. 

Anat.  :  A  tubular  expansion  in  the  cochlea 
of  the  ear,  between  the  scala  vestitndi  and 
the  scala  cochltae.  It  constitutes  a  keyboard, 
the  keys  of  which  are  formed  by  the  extremi- 
ties of  the  auditory  nerve. 

scala  tympani,  «. 

Anat. :  The  superior  spiral  passage  of  the 
cochlea. 

scala  vestibull,  s. 
Anat. :  The  inferior  spiral  passage  of  the 
cochlea. 

scal-a-ble,  o.  [Eng.  scale  (3),  v. ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  scaled  or  climbed. 

•  sea  lade ,  *  sea  la  do,  *  skal  lade,  .<. 

[Fr.  scalade ;  8p.  scalado,  from  Lat.  scala  =r  a 
ladder.]  An  assault  on  a  fortified  place,  in 
which  the  soldiers  mount  by  means  of  ladders ; 
an  escalade. 

"  And  therefore  friends,  while  we  hold  r*rl«j-  here, 
Raise  your  Kitlailo  on  the  other  side. 

B*ium.  t  FM. :  ImM*  Barring*.  v.  1. 

•ca  -lar,  a.  [Lat  scalaris  =  pertaining  to  a 
flight  of  steps.) 

Physics  (Of  a  quantity):  Not  Involving 
direction,  as  the  volume  of  a  figure  or  the 
mass  of  a  body.  (Rossiter.) 

sea  lar  -I-a,  s.  lt*i.  tcalaria  (pi.  of  t  scalare) 
=  a  flight  ofstairs.J 

1.  Zool. :  Wentletrap,  Ladder-shell ;  a  genus 
of  Turritellidffi   (Woodward);    according   to 
Tate,  the  sole  genus  (with  three  sub-genera)  of 
Scalariadte,  a  family  of  Holostomata.    Shell 
solid,  varices  irregular,  whorls  generally  can- 
cellated.    About  a  hundred  species  are  known, 
widely  distributed,  mostly  tropical. 

2.  Paiaoni. :  They  commence  in  the  Coral 
Bag. 


scaffoldage— scale 

sea  la  ri  a-das,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  scaZari(u),1 
Lat. 'fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ada.]  [&CALARIA.] 

sca-lar-I-an,  o.  4  «.    [Hod.   Lat,  scalaria 

(q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Scalaria 
or  the  Scalariadee  :  as,  scalarmn  affinities. 

B.  As    subst. :    Any   individual    of    the 
Scalariadae. 

SCa-lar  -l-form,  a.  [Lat.  sealant  =  pertain- 
ing to  a  ladder  or  stairs,  and  forma  =  form. J 
Having  the  shape  or  form  of  a  ladder ;  re- 
sembling a  ladder. 

seal  ariform- vessels,  s.  pL 
Bot. :  Ladder-like  vessels  occurring  chiefly 
In  ferns. 

*  sea  -lar- jr,  a.     [Lat.  scalarts,  from  scala  =  a 
ladder,'  stairs.]    Resembling  a  ladder ;  pro- 
ceeding by  steps  like  those  of  a  ladder. 

"  Elevated  place*  and  tcaliry  ascents,  that  they 
might  with  better  BMC  ascend  or  mount  their  hones. 
— Brown*:  Futgar  £rrourt,  bk.  T.,  ch.  *'" 

seal  a-wag,  ».    [SCALLAWAO.] 

scald  (1),  *  schald,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  "escalder, 
*  eschauder  (Fr.  echauder),  from  Lat.  excaldo  = 
to  wash  in  hot  water :  ex-  =  out,  very,  and 
caldus,  caliilits  =  hot ;  Sp.  &  Port,  escaldar ; 
Ital.  scaUare.] 

1.  To  burn,  or  painfully  affect,  and  injure, 
with,  or  as  with,  hot  water  or  other  liquid. 

2.  To  expose  to  a  boiling  or  violent  heat 
over  a  flre,  or  in  water  or  other  liquor. 

"  ScaUtno  the  cream— th^t  Is.  bringing  It  nearly  to 
boiling-heat—will  diminish  the  time  and  labour  re- 
quired In  churning  if— SMdon.-  Dairy  farming, 
p.  109. 

3.  To  boil  or  buck  cloth  with  white  soap 
after  bleaching. 

*  i.  To  hum,  to  scorch. 

"  In  summer's  icaldirtff  heat-" 

HAaketp. :  3  Ilmry  F7.,  T.  T. 

scald  (2),  *  Bcauld,  r.fc  or  i.  [SCOLD,  r.] 
(Scotch.) 

scald  (1),  a.  [SCALD  (1),  ».]  A  bum  or  injury 
to  the  skin  from  hot  liquid  or  vapour. 

^  Carron  oil,  kept  on  the  place  by  a  layer 
of  cotton  wool,  is  a  good  appliance,  and  the 
bandage  should  not  be  often  changed,  as  the 
access  of  the  air  to  the  wound  is  deleterious. 

scald  (2),  «.  [Icel.  skalli  -  a  bare  head.] 
[SCALL.]  Scab  or  scurf  on  the  head. 

"  Her  head,  altogether  bald. 
Wa«  orergrown  with  scurf  and  filthy  scoW." 

Speiuer:  f.  o..  I.  rtil  47. 

scald  head,  s.    [SCALLF.D-IIEAD.] 

scald  (3),  *  skald,  s.  [Icel.  skdld  =  a  poet.] 
An  old  Norse  poet,  whose  aim  was  to  celebrate 
the  achievements  of  distinguished,  men,  and  to 
recite  and  sing  their  compositions  on  public 
occasions.  They  corresponded  to  the  Bards 
of  the  Celts  and  Britons.  Few  complete 
Scaldic  poems  remains,  but  a  number  of  frag- 
ments have  been  preserved. 

"  Or  listened  all.  In  grim  delight. 
While  tcalat  yelled  out  the  )oys  of  fight" 

Scow :  Marmion,  vL    (Introil.) 

•scald,  a.  [For  tcalltd  =  affected  with  scall 
(q.v.).]  Paltry,  mean,  sorry,  scurry. 

"  Would  It  not  grieve  ft  king  to  have  his  diadem 
Bought  for  by  such  scald  knaves  as  love  him  uotf  " 
Jtartmt :  1  romourlaiiK,  11.  i. 

scald-berry,  s. 

Bot.:  Rubus Jruticosut. 

scald  fish,  .-•. 

Ichthy.  ;  Rlumbui  arnoglossui. 

scald'-ed,  pa.  far.  or  o.    [SCALD  (1),  «.] 

scalded-cream,  s.  Cream  heated  nearly 
to  boiling  heat. 

•  scald -er,  i.    [Bag.  scald  (S),  §.;   *r.]    A 

scald. 

scald  -Ic,  skald  -Ic,  a.  [Eng.  scald  (3),  s. ; 
-ic.)  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Scalds  or  Norse 
poets  ;  composed  by  Scalds. 

"  It  is  probable  that  many  of  the  teolittc  imagina- 
tions might  have  been  blended  with  the  Arabian." 

Warton :  attt.  Eng.  Pottrg.  vol.  t,  Ola.  1. 

scald-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  *  s.    [SCALD  (IX  <M 

A,  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  Ai  adj. :  So  het  as  to  scald  the  skin ; 
very  hot ;  burning. 

"  Trembling  he  sat.  and  shrank  In  abject  fears. 
Froui  hia  wild  visage  wip'd  the  KaUing  taan." 
fopt :  Bomtr:  Iliad  IL  Ml. 


C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  last  boiling  or  bucking  of  cloth  Witt 
white  soap  after  bleaching. 

2.  The  soap  itself. 

scalding  hot,  a.  So  hot  as  to  scald  the 
skin. 

scald-weed,  s.    [Eng.  scald  (a.),  and  wed.] 
Bot. :  Dodder  (q.v.). 

scale  (1),  "Shale,  s.  [A.S.  sctale,  scalr  (pi 
scealu)  =  a  shell  or  hus*',  cogn.  with  Dan.  & 
Sw.  sJ-oi  =  a  shell,  a  po  t  a  husk  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
scala ;  Ger.  schale ;  O.  Fr.  escale ;  Fr.  fcale. 
Allied  to  scale  (2),  s.,  scall,  scull,  skill,  and  sheli.\ 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  Anything  resembling  the  scale  of  a  fish 
or  other  animal  ;  anything  exfoliated  or  de- 
squamated, or  liable  to  be  exfoliated  or  de- 
squamated ;  as 

(1)  The  hard  deposit  which  gathers  on  the 
inside  of  vessels  in  which  water  is  habitually 
heated,  as  in  a  boiler. 

(2)  The  film  of  oxide  which  forms  on  the 
surface  of  iron  or  other  metal  when  heated. 

(3)  A  metallic  plate  worn  instead  of  an 
epaulet  by  soldiers. 

(4)  One  of  the  side  plates  of  iron  or  brasi 
which  form  the  main  portion  of  a  pocket-knife 
handle,  and  to  which  the  sides  of  ivory,  bone, 
wood,  4c.,  are  riveted. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Botany  (PI.): 

(1)  Flat,  usually  more  or  less  circular  plates 
.of  cellular  tissue,  attached  generally  by  the 
centre  with  cells  radiating  from  it,  and  the 
margins  toothed  or  fringed.    They  are  highly 
developed  stellate  or  pluriserial  hairs.    Found 
on  the  stems  and  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf- 
stalks of  many  ferns,  on  some  Bhododendra, 
on  Bromeliaeese,  Ac.    Used  also  of  the  bracts 
of  a  catkin,  thepaleee  or  chaff  of  the  receptacle 
in  a  composite  plant,  the  minute  hypogynous 
squamulsb  in  the  glumes  of  a  grass,  the  im- 
perfectly-developed   leaves   surrounding  the 
more  delicate  parts  in  a  bud. 

(2)  Certain  scale-like  processes  around  the 
throat  of  a  gamopetalous  corolla.    Sometimes 
they  are  abortive  stamens. 

2.  Tchthy. :  Distinct  horny  elements  deve- 
loped in  grooves  or  pocket*  of  the  skin,  like 
hair,  nails,   or   feathers.     Agassiz  (1S07-73) 
founded  his  classification  of  Fishes  on  the 
character  of  their  scales.   [CTENOID,  CYCLOID, 
GANOID,  PLACOID.    See  also  SPABOID.] 

3.  Zool. :  Modifications  of  the  epidermis  in 
various  animals,  specifically  in  serpents,  liz- 
ards, &c.    [SCUTE,  SHIELD,  LEPIDOPTERA.] 

scale-armour,  s.  Armour  composed  of 
small  plates  of  steel,  Art-.,  partly  overlapping 
each  other  like  the  scales  of  a  fish. 

scale-backs,  s.  pi. 
Zoct. :  The  family  Aphroditidaj  (q.v-X 
scale-beetle,  ».    The  Tiger-beetle  (q.v-X 
scale-board,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  thin  veneer  of  wood,  used 
for  covering  the  surface  of  wooden  articles  of 
furniture ;  as  backing  for  pictures,  looking- 
glasses,  and  very  many  other  purposes. 

2.  Print. :  A  thin  slip  of  wood,  used  for 
extending  pages  of  type  to  the  proper  length, 
filling  out  matter,  &c. 

Scale-board  plane : 

Joinery :  A  plane  for  planing  off  wide  chips, 
for  fruit,  hat,  and  bonnet  boxes  and  other 
objects.  It  is  a  plane  the  width  of  a  board, 
is  loaded  with  weights,  and  dragged  or  driven 
over  the  surface  of  the  board  or  balk,  the 
degree  of  protrusion  of  the  plane-iron  deter- 
mining the  thickness  of  the  scale.  A  converse 
arrangement  is  that  in  which  the  plane  is  fixed 
and  the  board  is  driven  past  it, 

scale-fern,  >. 

Bot. :  Ceterach  officinanm.    (CmwACH.) 

scale-fish,  s.  A  dealer's  name  for  the 
pollack,  the  torsk,  the  hake,  and  the  haddock 
when  dry-cured,  which  have  only  half  the 
commercial  value  of  the  cod.  (Simmondt.) 

scale  Insects,  i.  pi 

Entom. :  The  Coccidte  (q.v.). 
"  The  ants  sucking  the  fluid  from  the  •eafe-fnMc** 
through  •  dorsal  or  back  pore."— Sncyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th), 


fate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    <e,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


scale— scall 


4125 


•cale  -stone,  s.    Tabular  spar. 
scale  winged  insects,  s.  pi. 

Entom.  :  The  Lepidoptera(q.v.). 
scale -worms,  5.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  family  Aphroditidae,  spec.,  the 
genus  Lepidonotus.  [SCALE-BACKS.] 

scale  (2),  *  schale,  *  scoale,  *  scole, 
*  skale,  5.  [A.S.  scale  —  a  scale  of  a  balance 
(pi.  sceala),  cogn.  with  Icel.  skdl  =a  bowl,  the 
scale  of  a  balance  ;  Dan.  skoal ;  Sw.  skal  =  a 
bowl,  a  cup  ;  Dut.  schaal  =  a  scale,  a  bowl ; 
Ger.  schale.  It  is  allied  to  scale  (1),  s.  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  dish  of  a  balance  ;  and 
hence,  the  balance  itself ;  a  weighing  instru- 
ment.   (Generally  used  in  the  plural.) 

"  A  cobweb  will  draw  down  the  tcnlc  when  nothing 
offers  to  couuter poize."  —  Search:  Light  of  Mature, 
pt.  1.,  ch.  vi. 

2.  Astron. :  The  sign  of  Libra  or  the  Balance 
(^b=),  in  the  zodiac. 

scale-beam,  s.  The  beam  or  lever  of  a 
balance. 

scale  (3),  *  Skale,  s.  (Lat.  scala  (usually  in 
plural,  scarce)  =  a  flight  of  steps,  a  ladder. 
Scala  is  probably  for  scadla,  or  scandla,  from 
scando  =  to  climb,  and  hence  =  that  by  which 
one  climbs  or  ascends;  Fr.  echelle;  8p.  & 
Port,  escala;  Ital.  scala.] 

*  1.  A  ladder  ;  a  flight  or  series  of  steps. 

"On  the  bending*  of  these  mountain*  the  mark*  of 
several  ancient  ten  lei  of  stairs  may  be  wen,  by  which 
they  used  to  ascend  them."— Additon  :  On  Italy, 

*  2.  A  means  of  ascent. 

"  Love  .  .  .  U  the  tcale 
By  which  to  he»v'uly  love  tfaou  may'st  ascend." 

Milton :  P.  L.,  Till.  59. 

*  3.  The  act  of  storming  a  place  by  mount- 
ing  the    walls  on    ladders ;   an    escalade,  a 
acalade. 

H  By  battery,  tcale,  and  mine 
AMmlUng.  Milton  :  P.  L.,  il.  «M. 

4.  Succession  of  ascending  or  descending 
steps  or  degrees  ;  progressive  series ;  grada- 
tion ;  scheme  of  comparative  rank  or  order. 

"  To  their  several  gradations  In  the  teal*  of  beings." 
— Cheyne  :  P/tilotophical  Principle!. 

5.  Anything   graduated,    or   marked   with 
lines  or  degrees  at  regular  intervals  :  as, 

(1)  A  measure,  consisting  of  a  slip  of  wood, 
ivory,  or  metal,  divided  into    equal    parts, 
usually  main  divisions  and  subdivisions :  as 
inches  or  octonary  fractions  for  carpenters' 
work,  decimal  divisions  and  subdivisions  for 
chain-work,    duodecimal    for    plotting   car- 
penters' work,  which  is  in  feet  and  inches. 
The  metre  and  its  decimal  subdivisions  are 
also  sometimes  employed. 

(2)  Any    instrument,     figure,    or     scheme 
graduated  for  the  purpose  of  measuring  ex- 
tent or  proportions. 

(3)  A  line  drawn  upon  any  solid  substance, 
as  wood,  ivory,  paper,  &c.,  and  divided  into 
parts  equal  or  unequal,  which  may  be  trans- 
ferred by  means  of  the  dividers,  to  aid  la 
geometrical  construction. 

(4)  A  basis  for  a  numerical  system  :  as,  the 
binary  scale. 

(5)  In  music,  the  sounds  in  consecutive  order 
used  by  various  nations  in  different  forms  as 
the  material  of  music.   In  a  proper  succession 
such  sounds  form  Melody,  in  proper  combina- 
tions they  constitute  Harmony.    The  modern 
scale,  universally  used  among  the  more  civil- 
ized nations,  consists    of  twelve   divisions, 
called  semitones,  included  in  one  octave.  The 
ancient   Greeks    and    Asiatics    ancient   and 
modern  exhibit   the   use    of  less    intervals. 
Such  scales  are  called  Enharmonic.     Other 
nations  have  intervals  of  a  third    between 
some  of  the  steps.    This  is  exhibited  in  the 
Chinese  and  ancient  Scotch  scales,  and  in  the 
scales  of  some  savage  nations.    A  scale  con- 
taining only  five  unequal    divisions  of  the 
octave  has  been  called  Pentaphonic  or,  less 
correctly,  Pentatonic.    All  scales  are  purely 
arbitrary,  consisting  of  a  selection  of  sounds 
produced  by  the  aliquot  divisions  of  a  mono- 
chord.     When  the  divisions  of  a  monochord 
are  slightly  altered  to  suit  the  required  steps 
in  an  octave,  as  is  the  case  in  the  modern 
scale,  the  scale  is  said  to  be  tempered  ;  when 
the  harmonic  divisions  of  the  monochord  are 
strictly  followed,  the  scale  is  said  to  be  in 
just  intonation.    The  modern  scale  when  used 
as  a  succession  of  twelve  semitones  is  called 
Chromatic,  when  used  in  the  ordinary  mixture 
of  tones  and  semitones  it  is  called  Diatonic, 
when  the  third  and  the  sixth  are  flattened  it 
is  called  the  Modern  minor  diatonic  scale, 


when  the  third  and  sixth  remain  major,  the 
scale  is  said  to  be  a  Major  diatonic  scale.  The 
scale  is  also  called  the  gamut  (French  gamme) 
from  the  words  gamma  and  ut,  the  names  of 
sol  and  do,  found  in  the  Guidonian  system  of 
overlapping  hexachords.  The  Italian  names 
for  the  degrees  of  the  scale,  lit,  re,  mi,  fa, 
sol,  la,  are  derived  from  the  initial  syllables 
of  a  Latin  hymn  quoted  in  all  musical  his- 
tories. Ut  was  afterwards  called  do  by  many 
nations,  and  the  name  si  was  given  to  the 
seventh  degree  of  the  scale,  when  the  ancient 
system  of  hexachords  was  converted  into  the 
modern  system  of  octaves.  When  the  scales, 
whatever  the  pitch,  start  from  do,  the  system 
is  said  to  be  that  of  the  movable  do;  when 
the  first  note  of  the  scale  is  called  do,  re,  mit 
&c.,  according  to  a  stated  pitch  called  do,  the 
system  is  called  that  of  the  fixed  do. 

(6)  In  painting,  a  figure  subdivided  by  lines 
like  a  ladder,  which  is  used  to  measure  pro- 
portions between  pictures  and  the  things 
represented. 

6.  Relative  dimensions  without  difference 
in  proportion  of  parts  ;  size  or  degree  of  the 
parts  or  components  of  any  complex  thing 
compared  with  other  like  things  :  as,  A  plan 
drawn  on  a  scale  of  one  inch  to  a  foot ;  to  do 
things  on  a  grand  scale. 

H  (1)  Drawn  to  scale :  Drawn  proportion- 
ally.  [6]. 

(2)  Scale  of  a   series :   In  algebra,   a  suc- 
cession of  terms,  by  the  aid  of  which  any 
term  of  a  recurring  series   may  be   found, 
when  a  suflBcient  number  of  the  preceding 
ones  are  given. 

(3)  Scale  of  longitudes :    A  scale  used   for 
determining  graphically  the  number  of  miles 
in  a  degree  of  longitude  in  any  latitude. 

scale  -  micrometer,  *.  A  linear  mi- 
crometer (q.v.). 

scale  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    [SCALE  (1),  «.] 

A*  Transitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  strip  or  clear  the  scales  off. 

2.  To  strip  or  take  off  in  thin  laminae  or 
scales.    (Tobias  Hi.  17.) 

3.  To  pare  off  a  surface. 

"  If  alt  the  mountains  were  tailed  and  the  earth 
made  even,  the  waters  would  not  overflow  its  smooth 
surface."— Sur/iet:  Theory  of  th*  Eurth,  f 

4.  To  spill :  as,  To  scale  milk.    (Scotch.) 

5.  To  spread,  as  manure  or  loose  substances. 

6.  To  cause  to  separate ;   to  disperse :  as, 
To  scale  a  crowd.    (Scotch.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Dent . :  To  remove  tartar  from  the  teeth. 

2.  Gun. :  To  clean  the  inside  of  a  cannon 
by  the  explosion  of  a  small  quantity  of  gun- 
powder therein. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  separate  and  come  off  in  thin  lam  i  nee 
or  layers. 

"  The  glaze  rose  In  bubbles  and  scaled  off,  refusing 
to  adhere  to  the  surface."— Fortnum  :  Majolica,  p.  6. 

*  2.  To  separate ;  to  break  up  and  disperse. 
(Scotch.) 

"  They  would  no  longer  abide,  but  icaled  and 
departed  away."—  ffolinthed:  Chronicle!,  it  m 

scale  (2),  v.t.    [SCALE  (2),  s.} 

1.  To  weigh,  as  in  scales ;  to  ascertain  or 

measure  the  weight  of :  hence,  to  measure,  to 
compare,  to  estimate. 

"  Sooting  his  present  bearing  with  his  past." 

Shtikttp. :  Coriotanut,  11.  8. 

2.  To  weigh ;   to  be  of  the  weight  of;  to 
reach  the  weight  of. 

"  Not  one  .  .  .  tcaling  Coz."— field,  Jan.  23,  1666. 

scale  (3),  "Skale,  v.t.  &  i.  [Ital.  scalare; 
Sp.  &  Port,  escalar.]  [SCALE  (3),  *.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  climb  over,  as  by  a  ladder ; 
to  ascend  by  steps  ;  to  clamber  up. 

"  The  object  of  bin  wee 
Hath  tcaled  the  dirts."        Scott  :  Roluby,  11. 14. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  climb  or  ascend  by,  or  as  by  a  ladder. 

"  Scaling  slow  from  grade  to  grade.* 

Tennyion :  Two  Voicet. 

*  2.  To  lead  up  by  steps  or  degrees ;   to 
afford  a  means  of  ascent ;  to  ascend. 

"  The  lower  stair 
That  tcal'd  by  steps  of  God  to  heav'ii  gate." 

Milton:  P.  L.,iil.  641. 

scaled,  *  skaled,  a.  [Eng.  scale  (1),  s. ;  •<••!.} 
Covered  with  scales ;  having  scales,  as  a  fish  ; 
scaly.  (P.  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  ix.,  ch.  xii.) 


*  scale  -loss,  *  seal-ess,  a.    [Eng.  scale  (IX 
s.  ;    -less.]      Destitute  of  scales  ;   having  no 
scales. 

"  Scalfleu  slim-olds."—  Field,  Sept.  25.  1684. 

scale   m6ss,  s.    [Eng.  scale,  and  moss.} 

Bot.  (PI.):  The  Jungermanniaceae  (q.v.) 
(Lindley.) 

sca-lene  ,  a.  &  s.     [Lat.  scalenus,  from  Gr. 
trKa\r)vos  (skalenos)  =  scalene,  uneven.] 
Matte  matics  : 

A.  As  adj.  :  Applied  to  a  triangle  whose 
sides  are  all  unequal  ;  also  to  a  cone  such  that 
a  section  made  by  a  plane  through  the  axis  per- 
pendicular to  the  plane  of  the  base,  is  a  sea* 
lene  triangle.    In  this  latter  case  the  term  is 
equivalent  to  oblique. 

B.  As  sttbst.  :  A  scalene  triangle  ;  a  triangle 
whose  sides  are  all  unequal. 

scalene  -tubercle,  *. 

Anat.  :  A  sharp  spine  on  the  inner  edge  of 
the  first  rib. 

sea  leu  6  he  dron,  s.  [Gr.  oxaA^os  (.sto- 
le nos)  =  scalene  (q.v.),  and  «'6/>a  (hedra)  =  a 
seat,  a  base.] 

Cry  stall.  :  A  pyramidal  form  under  the 
rhombohedral  system,  in  which  the  pyramids 
are  six-sided,  and  the  faces  are  scalene  tri- 
angles. 

*  SCa-len'-OUB,  a.    [Lat.  scalenus.]    The  same 
as  SCALENE  (q.v.). 

scal'-ent,  a.    [SCALE  (3),  ».] 

Geol.  :  Climbing  ;  applied  in  the  nomen- 
clature of  the  Appalachian  strata  to  a  scries 
of  rocks,  equivalents  of  she  Onandaga  salt  and 
water-lime  groups  of  New  York,  produced  in 
the  high  morning  period  of  the  American 
Palaeozoic  day.  Its  maximum  thickness 
(about  1,000  feet)  is  in  the  Mississippi  region. 
The  scalent  series  is  on  the  parallel  of  the 
Wenlock  formation.  (Prof.  H.  D.  Rogers: 
Geology  of  Pennsylvania.) 

sea  Ion  us  (pi.  sca-le'-ni),  s.    [SCALKNE.] 
Anat.  (PI.)  :  Muscles  of  the  neck.     There 
are  sometimes  three  ;  the  scalenus  anteriort    '. 
medius,  and  posticus. 

scal'-er,  «.    [Bug.  scale  (1),  v.  ;  -er.]    One  who 
I     or  that  which  scales  ;  specif.,  a  dental  tool 
for  removing  tartar  from  the  teeth. 

*  sea  -II  dee,  s.  pi    [Mod.  Lat.  scal(aria)  ;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -tdce.J 

Zool.  :  A  synonym  of  Scalariadee  (q.v.). 

soa'-li-ness,  *.  [Eng.  scaly;  -ness.]  Th« 
quality  or  state  of  being  scaly. 

scal'-ing  (1),  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.     [SCALE  (1),  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  partidp.  adj.  :  (Sett 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  or  process  of  strip- 
ping scales  off;  the  act  or  state  of  separating 
and  coming  off  in  scales  or  thin  laminae. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Metall.  :  A  preliminary  process  In  the 
manufacture  of  tin  plate.  The  rectangular 
plates  are  bent  so  as  to  stand  when  placed  on 
edge,  pickled  in  dilute  muriatic  acid,  heated^ 
in  a  furnace  to  remove  the  scale,  cooled, 
flattened  on  an  anvil,  and  rolled  cold. 

t  2.  Naut.  :  A  terra  formerly  applied  to  the 
process  of  adjusting  sights  to  the  guns  on 
shipboard. 

scaling  bar,  s. 

Steam  :  A  rod  for  detaching  scale  in  boilers 

scaling-  furnace*  s. 

Metallt  :  A  reverberatory  furnace  in  which 
plates  are  exposed  in  the  process  of  scaling. 

scaling  hammer,  s.  & 

Steam  :  A  hammer  with  an  edge  peen,  used  : 
in  loosening  scale  formed  in  steam-boilers. 

scal'-ing  (2),  pr,  par.  or  a.    [SCALE  (3),  v.] 

scaling-ladder,  s.  A  ladder  used  in  the 
assault  of  fortified  places. 

seal  i  6'  la  (1  as  yl),  a.    [SCAGLIOLA.} 


scall,  *  skall*  *  skalle,  s.  &  a.    [Icel. 

—  a  bare  head  ;  cf.  Sw.  skallig  =  bald  ;  skala 

—  to  peel  ;  Dan,  &  Sw.  skal  =  a  husk.]  [ 

(D,  «0 


boll,  boy ;  pout.  Jowl ;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-Clan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  snftn ;  -fion,  -flon  =  xhnn.   -cious,  -  tious, -sious  ^  shiis.   -Me,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del* 


4126 


scallawag— scambling 


A.  As  tvbst.  :  Scab,  scurf,  scabbiness,  le- 
prosy. 

"  Under  thy  long  locks  tbou  maiat  hane  the  icuff.** 
r  :  7'o  Ail  Scritwrwr. 


*  B.  ^45  adj.  ;  Mean,  paltry,  low. 

"  To  be  revenge  on  this  same  will,  aeurrjr,  copying 
oom|*"ioo."—  JJwAc**).  ;  Merry  H'i»-t,  lit  X 

*  ^T  (1)    Dry   scall  :    Dry  tetter,    psoriasis 
(q.v.).     Oesenius  considers  the  dry  scall  of 
Scripture,  pn}  (netkeq,   Lev.  xiii.   30)  to  be 
porrigo  or  impetigo  (q.v.).    The  R.  V.  omits 
44  dry,"  which  is  not  in  the  original. 

*  (2)  Moist  BcaU  : 

Pathol.  :  Humid  or  running  tetter  ;  Im- 
petigo (q.v.). 

seal  -la-wag,  scal-a-wag,  ».     [Etym. 

doubtful.]    A  scamp,  a  scapegrace;  a  good- 
for-nothing  fellow.    (Amer.) 

"  You  good-for-nothlu'  young  Kala**tg."—3am  Kick  : 
ffumttH  .Vature. 

•  SCalled,  a.    [Eng.  scall  ;  -*d,}    Scald,  scurfy* 

"  With  tcalltd  browes  blake,  and  pilled  herd." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  PruL  928. 

s  called  head,  s. 
Pathol.  :  Ringworm. 

•cal-lion  (1  as  y),  s.  [Ital.  scalogno;  8p. 
ttcalona,  from  Eat  (eejxi)  ascalomca  =  the 
onion  from  Ascalon,  a  town  of  Palestine,  the 
Aahkelon  of  the  Old  Testament.] 

Bat.  4  Hart,:  Alii  am  ascalonicum  majits. 
It  is  a  variety  of  the  Shallot  (q.v.). 

*  scallion  faced,  a.     Having  a  mean, 
scurvy  face  or  appearance  ;  or  perhaps,  stink- 
ing-faced.   (Beaum,  dt  Flet.  :  Love's  Cure,  ii.  1.) 

•cAl  -l6p  (or  &  as  6),  *  scal-oppe,  scdl  - 
lop,  *  skal  op,  *.  [O.  Fr.  escalope,  a  word 
of  Teutonic  origin  ;  cf.  O.  Dut.  schelpe  (Dut 
tcheli>)  =  a  shell  ;  Ger.  schelfe  =  a  husk  ;  Eng. 
jcofe(l),s.,  and  »*«#.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

2.  A  recess  or  curving  of  the  edge  of  any- 
thing, like  the  segment  of  a  circle. 

3.  A  kind  of  dish,  fn  shape  of  a  scallop  shell, 
for  baking  oysters  in. 

*  4.  A  lace  band  or  collar,  scalloped  at  the 
edges. 

"To  wear  my  own   Dew  •caliopS—Ptiyt;  Diary. 
Oct.  ix.  ifiti 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Her.  :  The  same  as  ESCALLOP  (q.v.)i 

2.  Zoology: 

(1)  The  genus  Pecten  (q.v.),  especially  Pecten 
naximus. 

"And  luscious  millopt 
tn  allure  the  tastes 
Of  rigid  zpaluts  to  de- 
licious fasts." 
Say:  Trivia,  li. 

<2)   Pecten   jaoo- 

toeus,  the  Scallop- 

•hell  (q.v.),  called 

also    St.    James's 

shell.   It  was  worn 

by  pilgrims  to  the 

Holy   Land;    and 

the  fossil  Pectens 

found  in  the  sub-Apennine  formations  of  Italy 

were  once  supposed  to  have  been  dropped  by 

the  pilgrims  on  their  return. 

"  He  quits  his  call  ;  the  pilgrim  sUffbe  DOT*. 
And  fixed  the  tcaliop  In  his  hat  before." 

Parnell:  Hermit,  3*. 

scallop-budding,  s. 

Sort.  :  A  method  of  budding  performed  by 
paring  a  thin  tongue-shaped  portion  of  bark 
from  the  stock,  and  applying  the  bud  without 
divesting  it  of  its  portion  of  wood,  so  that  the 
barks  of  both  may  exactly  fit,  and  then  tying 
it  in  the  usual  way. 

scallop-crab,  *. 

ZooL  :  Caphyra  pectenicola.  It  is  closely 
•kin  to  the  Pea-crab  (q.v.). 

scallop-shell,  «. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  The  shell  of  the  scallop. 
[SCALLOP,  t.,  II.  2.  (2).] 

2.  Entom.  :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Eu- 
coamia  undulata. 

"  The  KitlJop^fMli  his  CAD  did  deck." 

Scott  :  Marmlm,  L  ST. 

•col  -lop  (or  &  as  S),  scol'-lop,  v.t.  [SCAL- 
LOP, *.] 

1.  To  mark  or  cut  on  the  edge  in  segments 
of  circles. 

2.  To  cook,  as  oysters,  in  a  shell  or  scallop. 


seal  loped  (or  a  as  5),  scol  -loped,  pa, 

par.  &  a.     [SCALLOP,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Cut  or  marked  at  the  edge  or  border  with 
scallops  or  segments  of  circles. 

"  The  wooden  heel  may  raise  ttie  dancer's  bound, 
And  with  the  Kallop'd  top  his  step  be  crown'd." 

Gay:  TrMa.1. 

2.  Furnished  with  a  scallop ;  made  or  done 
in  a  scallop. 

3.  Bearing  a  scallop  as  an  heraldic  bearing. 

"  It  may  be  known,  that  M onteth  was  a  gentleman 
with  a  Kolloped  coat."—  King :  Art  of  Cookery, 

scalloped  hazel,  . . 
Entom. :    A  Bntish  geometer  moth,  Odonto- 
pera  bidentata. 

scalloped  hook-tip,  s.  A  British  cus- 
pidate moth,  Platypteryxlacertula. 

scalloped  oak,  a. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Crocallis 
elinguaria. 

scalloped  (or  scolloped)  oysters,  «. 

pL  Oysters  baked  with  bread-crumbs,  cream, 
pepper,  salt,  nutmeg,  and  a  little  butter.  The 
cooking  was  originally  performed  in  a  scallop- 
shell,  and  afterwards  in  a  dish  called  a  scallop. 

*ScalT-&  a.  fEng.  won  ;-i/.]  Scalled,  scurfy. 

"  Over  Ita  eyes  there  are  two  hard  icai/y  knobs,  at 
big  as  a  man 'B  flst."—  Oampbr:  foyaget,  (an.  167«). 

seal' -ops,  ».  [Gr.  o-jtoAo^  (skalop*)  =  the  dig- 
ger, i.e.,  the  mole ;  o-KoAAu  (skallo)  =  to  hoe.] 
Zool. :  Shrew-mole  ;  a  genus  of  Talpidee, 
with  three  species,  ranging  from  Mexico  to 
the  great  lakes  on  the  east  side  of  America, 
but  on  the  west  only  to  the  north  of  Oregon. 
Snout  slender  and  elongated  ;  feet  like  those 
of  the  true  mole,  but  the  toes  of  the  hind 
limbs  are  webbed. 

scalp  (1),  *  scalpe, ».  [A  doublet  of  scallop 
(q.v.);  cf.  O.  Sw.  skalp  —  a.  sheath;  Icel. 
gkalpr.] 

1.  The  head,  the  skull,  the  cranium. 

"  And  each  tcalp  had  a  single  long  toft  of  hair." 
Byron :  St<ye  qf  Corintk,  16, 

2.  The  outer  covering  or  integument  of  the 
skull ;  hence,  the  skin  of  the  Head  with  the 
hair  belonging  to  it,  cut  or  torn  off  by  North 
American  Indians  from  their  enemies  as  a 
trophy  of  victory. 

"They  might  as  well  have  represented  Washington 
brandishing  a  tomahnwk,  and  girt  with  a  string  of 
jco*;*"— JVacaufriit :  SiA  fnff..  oh.  xlil. 

3.  The  summit,  the  top,  the  bare  peak. 

"  The  snowy  tcalp  of  Ben  Cruachan  rose." — ifacau- 
lay  :  Hi*.  Eng.,  oh.  xiil. 

scalp-lock,  s.  A  tuft  of  hair  allowed  to 
grow  on  the  crown  of  the  head  by  some  of 
the  North  American  Indians,  to  allow  a  vic- 
torious enemy  a  fair  chance  of  taking  the 
scalp. 

"The  interior  tribes  .  .  .  oould  not  conveniently 
carry  a  few  human  heads  dandling  at  their  saddle- 
bows, and  accordingly  they  take  the  more  portAble 
tcalp-lock  as  a  trophy  and  remembrance  of  their  slain 
enemy.'— A.  Brown:  Pmopl* of  tAe  World,  L  71. 

scalp  (2),  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  bed  of 
oysters  or  mussels ;  a  scaup. 

scalp,  v.t.  [SCALP  (1),  «.  Prob.  there  Is  a 
confusion  with  Lat.  «xiZpo  =  to  cut.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  scalp  or  integument  of 
the  head. 

2.  To  sell  railway  or  other  tickets  Irregularly 
or  at  reduced  rate*.    (U.S.) 

seal  -pel,  s.  [Lat.  scalpellitmt  dimln.  of  seal- 
prum  or  scalper  =  a  knife ;  sealpo  =  to  cut.J 

Surg. :  A  small  knife  used  in  operations  and 
dissections. 

"  Exploring  with  their  icatpel  the  winding  intrica- 
cies of  vein  and  nerve."— 0.  a.  Ltwtt:  Arittotlt,  p.  161 

seal-pel'  H-form,  a.  [L&t.scalpellum(<i.v.), 
and  Jorma  =  form.] 

Bot. :  Shaped  like  the  blade  of  a  penknife 
placed  vertically  on  a  branch. 

seal-pel  -lum,  s.    [Lat  =  a  scalpel  (q.v.).] 

1.  Zool. :  A  genus  of  Lepadidee ;  shell  of 
thirteen  pieces  completely  covering  the  ani- 
mal.     Scalpellum  vulgare  is  hermaphrodite, 
but  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  males,  several 
complements!   ones    of  brief  existence   are 
almost  invariably  attached  to  the  occlndent 
margin  of  both  scuta.     In  some  other  species 
there  are  two  males  of  low  organization  lodged 
within  the  shell  of  each  female. 

2.  PalcBont. :  From  the  Neocomian  onward. 


scalp'-er,  *.    [Lat.  sealpo  =  to  cut,  to  carve.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  scalps. 

2.  Surg,  :  A  raspatory  (q.v.). 

f  Ticket  scalper:  An  irregular  or  unauthor- 
ized dealer  in  railway  or  other  tickets.  [SCALP, 
v.t.,  2.]  (  U.  B.) 

•calp'-ihg.  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SCALP,  v.] 

scalp  ing-iron,  5.  The  same  as  SCALPIB 
(q.v.). 

scalping  -knife,  *.  The  knife  used  by 
the  North  American  Indians  in  scalping  their 
enemies. 

*  scalp'-lSss,  a.    [Eng.  scalp;  -less.}    Having 
no  scalp  ;  bald. 

"  The  top  of  his  tealfte*  skull."—  C.  Kingtley  :  Alto* 
Lockf,  ch.  Ti. 

ac&l  pri  form,  a.    {Lat.  scaljmtm  =  a  knife, 
and  forma  =  form,  shape.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Chisel-shaped. 

2.  Compar.  Anat.  :  A  term  applied  to  the 
chisel-shaped  incisors  of  the  Rodents  which 
John  Hunter  ground  under  the  name  Scalprts- 
dentata  ;  but  these  teeth,  though  common  to 
all  the  Rodentia,  are  not  confined  to  them; 
they  are  present  in  the  Wombat,  the  genus 
Oheiromys,  and  in  many  of  the  Soricidsi. 


-prum,  s.  [Lat  =  a  knife,  from  sealpo  = 
to  cut.] 

1.  Surg.  :  A  rasping  Instrument  used  in 
trepanning;  or  removing  the  roughness  from 
the  edges  of  bones  or  the  teeth. 

t  2.  Zool.  :  A  scalpriform  tooth. 

soal'-jr,  a.    [Eng.  scale  (IX  s.  ;  -y.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally  : 

(1)  Covered   with    scales  ;   furnished  wtth 
scales  ;  scaled. 

"  And  cumbefd  with  his  teal*  spoil. 
Slowly,  yet  strongly,  plies  tne  oar." 

Byron  :  The  Oiaour. 

(2)  Resembling  scales  or  laminae. 

2.  fig-  :  Shabby,  mean,  stingy.    (Slang.) 
IL  Bot.  :  Covered  with  minute  scales  fixed 

by  one  end,  as  the  young  shoots  of  Piuacese. 

scaly  ant-eater,  *. 

ZooL  :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Hani*. 
[PANGOLIN.] 

scaly-lizard,  *. 

Zool.  :  Zootoca  vtvtpara. 

scaly-  winged,  o.  Having  wings  covered 
with  scales,  as  some  insects. 

*  scam'-ble,  v.t.  &  (.  [For  tea-triple^  a  frequent. 
form  from  scamp  (q.v.)  :  cf.  Dut.  schampelen^ 
to  stumble,  to  trip,  from  scampen  =  to  escape.] 

A.  Jjitransitive  : 

1.  To  stir  quickly  ;  to  be  busy  ;  to  scramble  ; 
to  be  bold  or  turbulent 

"  Have  fresh  chaff  In  the  bin, 
And  somewhat  to  tcainble  for  hog  and  for  hen." 

Tuner  ;  Uutbandrf, 

2.  To  sprawl  ;  to  be  awkward. 

B.  rmn*i/i«; 

1.  To  mangle,  to  maul,  to  spoil. 

"  My  wood  was  cut  In  patches,  and  other  parts  of  it 
•catn&ferf  and  cut  before  it  was  at  it*  growth."— 
Mur  timer:  Husbandry. 

2.  To  waste,  to  dissipate,  to  squander. 

"  Dr.  Soambler  bail  tcnmbled  away  the  rerenoM 
thereoL"-/W;*r;  Worth  let;  London. 

3.  To    collect   together  without    order   Of 
method. 

"  Much  more  being  icambled  up  after  this  nianntr." 
—Uuliruted:  Chronicle.  (Epu.  Dedic.) 

*  scam'-ble,  «.    [&CAMBLE,  v.]    A  scramble; 
a  struggle  with  others. 

"  As  at  a  tcamMe  we  see  boys  to  sturre." 

Dariit:  ffumour't  Beaonn  on  Sarl\  p.  IK. 

scam'  -bier,  s.    [Eng.  scambl(e);  -er.] 
*  1.  One  who  scambles. 
2.  One  who  intrudes  on  the  table  or  gene- 
rosity of  another. 

"A  tcimbler.  In  Its  literal  sense,  is  one  who  goes 
•bout  among  his  friends  to  get  a  dinner,  by  the  Irisb 
called  a  cosberer."—£f«epffru.'  Xoteton  Much  A  'io  about 
Nothing. 

*  scam'-bling,  pr.  par.  &  a.     [SCAMBLE,  ».] 

A.  Aspr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  adj.  :  Turbulent,  noisy,  riotous. 

"  Scamhling.  out-facing,  fashion  -mongering  l>uye. 
That  lie,  and  cog,  ana  flout,  deprave,  and  s  Under.™ 
ShaXrtp.  :  Jtw*  Ado  About  ffathtni;,  v.  L 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot* 
•r,  wore,  wgl£,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  QU     kw* 


Bcamblingly— Scandinavian 


4127 


*  scam'-bling-ljr,  adv.  [Enp.  scambling ;  -ly.] 
ID  a  scambliiig  manner;  with  turbulence  or 
noise ;  riotously. 

sc%-m0'-lus  O-l.  sca-mn'-li),  s.  [Lat., 
diinin.  from  scamnum^  a  bench,  a  step,  from 
seando  =  to  climb.] 

A>tc.  Arch, :  A  small  plinth  below  the  bases 
of  Ionic  and  Corinthian  columns.  It  was  not 
ornamented  with  any  kind  of  moulding. 

•cam  mo-nl-a,  s.    [SCAMMONY.] 

*  scam-mo -ni -ate,  5.      [Eng.    scammony; 
-<iU.]    A  medicine  made  with  seammony. 

"  It  may  be  excited  by  a  local  icammoniate,  or  other 
acrimonious  medicines. —  Witeman:  Surgery. 

scam  mon'-Ic,  «,  [Eng.  scammonftj') ;  -ic.] 
Derived  from  scammony  (q.v.). 

scammonic  acid,  s.    [JALAPIC-ACID.] 
scanv  mo  nin,   *.      [Eng.  scammon(y);  -in 

(C/wrm.).]      [JALAVIN.] 

scam-mo  ni-um,  «.  [Seedef.]  A  Latinised 
form  of  sc;Uiimony  (q.v.J. 

scam-mo-nol  -ic,  n.  [Eng.  scammony),  and 
ol(e)ic.]  Derived  from  Convolvulus  Scammonia. 

scammonolic  acid,  s.     [JALAPINOLIC- 

AC1D.) 

Scam   mon~y,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  seammon(ia)  ;  -y.] 

1.  Bot. :  8cammony-bindweed(q.v.). 

2.  Chem.:  Scammonium.    A  purgative  gum- 
resin  obtained  from  the  root  of  Convolvulus 
Scammonia.     When  the   root   is    cut,  there 
exudes  a  milky  juice,  which  dries  up  to  a 
yellowish-brown,  gummy-looking  substance. 
Two  varieties  are  known  in  commerce,  Aleppo 
and  Smyrna,  the  former  being  considered  the 
more  valuable.     It  forms  flat  irregular  masses, 
very    brittle,    and    having   a   dark-gray   or 
blackish  hue.    Viewed  in  thin  fragments,  it 
appears  translucent  and  of  a  golden-brown 
colour.     Genuine  scammony  should  contain 
from  75  to  82  per  cent,  of  resinous  matter 
soluble  in  alcohol,  the  remainder  being  wax, 
gum,  starch,  &c.     It  is,  however,  frequently 
adulterated,  the   adulterants   being    starch, 
gum,  and  inorganic  salts.    Samples  have  been 
found  to  contain  not  more  than  10  per  cent. 
of   scammony,    and    over   60   per   cent,    of 
gypsum  and    chalk.     Pure    scammony  is  a 
powerful  drastic  purgative  and  antlielmintic. 

If  MontptHicr  scammony :  [CrNANCHUM]. 

scammony  bi ndweed,  5. 

Bot. :  Convolvulus  Scammonia.  It  has  a 
campannlate  corolla,  cream-coloured  or  very 
pale  red.  It  grows  in  hedges  in  the  Levant, 
Asia  Minor,  Greece,  Ac.,  and  is  cultivated  in 
India.  The  roots  are  thick,  and  are  cut  across 
obliquely  at  the  top.  The  juice  which  then 
flows  is  collected  in  vessels,  and  furnishes 
scamniony  (q.v.). 

scammony  resin,  s. 

Cliem. :  A  resin  prepared  from  scammony 
by  exhausting  it  with  spirit  of  wine,  evapo- 
rating to  dry  ness,  aud  washing  the  residue 
with  water;  or  it  may  be  obtained  direct 
from  the  dried  root  by  alcohol.  A  good 
sample  of  root  yields  from  5  to  6  per  cent,  of 
resin.  It  is  a  brown  translucent,  brittle  sub- 
stance, entirely  soluble  in  ether,  and  not 
forming  an  emulsion  when  wetted  with  water. 

scamp,  s.  [From  scamper  (q.v.),  the  original 
meaning  being  a  fugitive  or  vagabond.]  A 
worthless  fellow ;  a  swindler ;  a  good-for- 
nothing  fellow  ;  a  rogue,  a  vagabond. 

•camp,  v.t.  [Cf.  Prov.  Eng.  skimping  = 
scanty.*  [SCANT,  a.]  To  do  or  execute,  as 
work,  in  a 
careless,  im- 
perfect  or 
superficial 
manner, 


cc.-im  -  pa  - 
vl'-a,  s. 
[Ital.] ' 
Naut. :  A  fast-rowing  war-boat  of  Naples 


BCAMPAVIA. 


and  Sicily  ;  in  1814-16  they  ranged  to  150  feet, 
pulled  by  forty  sweeps  or  oars,  each  man 
having  his  bunk  under  his  sweep.  They  were 
rigged  with  one  huge  lateen  at  one  third  from 
the  stem  ;  no  forward  bulwark  or  stem  above 
deck  ;  a  long  brass  6-ponnder  gun  worked 
before  the  mast;  only  two  feet  above  water; 
abaft  a  lateen  mizzen  with  top-sail.  (Smyth.) 

scamp'-er,  t>.<.  [O,  Fr.  escamper,  Jescamper  ; 
Ital.  scampare  =  to  escape,  from  Lat.  ex-  = 
out,  and  campus  =  a  iield,  a  field  of  battle.] 
To  run  away  with  speed  ;  to  fly  with  speed  ; 
to  hurry  away. 

"  Whole  regiment*  flung  away  arms,  colours,  and 
cloaks,  aud  icamptrtd  off  to  the  hill*."—  Macaulay; 
HM.  Kng.,  cb.  xvi. 

scamp'-er  (1),  *.  [Eng.  scamp,  v,  ;  -er.]  One 
who  scamps  work. 

scamp'-er  (2),  s.  [SCAMPER,  v.]  A  hasty 
flight  or  escape  ;  a  running  away  in  haste  ;  a 
hasty  excursion. 

*  scamp'  -hood,  5.  [Eng.  scamp;  -hood.} 
Scampishness. 

"  A  fine  talent  too,  bat  tending  towards  tcampkood." 
—  Carlyle  ;  Jteminitcence*,  L  206. 

scamp   ish,  a.    [Eng.  scamp  ;  -fcft.]    Pertain- 

ing to  or  like  a  scamp  ;  knavish,  roguish. 
"The  two  icamptrt  oculists."—  DtQutnceg: 


scamp'-ish-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  scampish;  -ly.] 
In  a  scampish  manner  ;  like  a  scamp. 

scamp'-Ish-ness,  *.  [Eng.  scampish  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  scampish; 
knavery,  roguery. 

scan,  *  scand,  v.t.  &  i.  (Properly  scand)  the 
pa.  par.  having  been  formed  as  scand  (for 
scanded),  and  the  d  then  dropped  from  being 
taken  for  the  pa.  pur.  termination.  O.  Fr. 
escander=to  climb,  from  Lat.  *cando  =  to 
climb,  to  scan  (a  verse)  ;  Sansc.  skand  =  to 
spring,  to  ascend  ;  Ital.  swndlrt,  scandere.} 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  count  the  metrical  feet  or  syllables  of, 
as  of  a  poem  ;  to  read  or  recite  so  as  to  indi- 
cate the  metrical  structure, 

"  Harry,  whose  tuneful  and  welt-measnr'd  song 
First  taught  our  English  musick  bow  to  span 
Words  with  ]ust  not«  aud  accent,  not  to  m-art 
With  Midas'  ears."  Milton  :  Sonnet  IS. 

2.  Hence,  to  examine  point  by  point  ;  to 
examine  closely  or  minutely  ;  to  scrutinize. 

"  The  lists  of  the  majority  and  the  minority  are 
Monwiand  analysed."—  Jtocautajr  .-  ffitt.  Eng.,  ch.  XT. 


B.  Intranx,  :  To  follow  or  agree  with  the 
rules  of  metre  :  as,  A  line  scans  well. 

*  scand,  r.i.   [Lat.  scando=  to  climb.]  [SCAN.] 

1.  To  climb. 

"  Ne  staide  till  she  the  highest  stage  had  tcand, 
Where  Cynthia  did  sit,  that  never  utill  did  aUiid." 
Spenter;  F.  «.;  Of  MiUabMtie  c.  vi. 

2.  To  scan. 

14  Bch  others  worke  to  icand"—  tfvrdsn;  SinfuU 
Man't  Solace.  p  161. 

scan'  -  dal,  '  scan    die,  *  scan-dall,  «. 

[Fr.  scatidale  =  a  scandal,  an  offence,  from  Lat. 
scandalum  ;  Gr.  aiedv&a\ov  (sfandalon)  —  a 
snare,  a  scandal,  a  stumbling-block  ;  Sp.  & 
Port,  escandalo  ;  Ital.  scandalo.  Scandal  and 
slander  are  doublets.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Offence  caused  by  the  faults  or  misdeeds 
of  another;  reproach  or  reprobation  called 
forth  by  what  is  regarded  as  wrong  or  dis- 
graceful ;  opprobrium,  shame,  disgrace. 

"  He  consented  with  an  alacrity  which  gave  great 
Kondal  to  rigid  Church  men."—  JtfueauZay  :  Hitt.  Kn-j.t 
ch.  ix. 

2.  Defamatory  talk,  speech,  or  report  ;  re- 
proachful  aspersion  ;   opprobrious    censure  ; 
something  uttered,  said,  or  reported  which  is 
false  and  injurious  to  reputation. 

"  When  Scandal  has  new  minted  an  old  lie, 
Or  tax'd  Invention  for  a  fresh  supply, 
Tia  called  a  satire."  Cnwpcr  :  Charity.  513. 

IL  Law: 

1.  The  use  of  malicious,  scandalous,  and 
slanderous  words,  to  the  damage  and  deroga- 
tion of  the  good  name  of  another. 

2.  An  irrelevant  and  abusive  statement  in- 
troduced into  a  bill  or  any  pleading  in  an 
action. 

scandal-monger,  s.  One  who  spreads 
or  retails  scandal  ;  one  who  is  given  to  re- 
tailing defamatory  reports  or  rumours  con- 
cerning the  character  of  others, 


scandal  monger  ing,  s.    The  spreading 
or  retailing  of  SL-uulal. 

"The  credulity  and  umlijnmnt  KandaL;  _____ 
In  which  the  Unman  people  »f  all  times  deligh 
Athenaum,  bept,  2.  la*i 

*  scandal-  mongery,  s.    A  manufactory 
of  scandal. 

"  Dinner-parties,  asethetlc  teas,  tcandtil-mongerie*.* 
—Carlylc;  Mivxllaniet,  iv.  186. 

*  scan'-dal,  v.t,    [SCANDAL,  *.] 

1.  To  speak  scandal  of  ;  to  throw  scandal 
on  ;   to  defame,  to  asperse  ;  to  blacken,  the 
cliaracter  of  ;  to  traduce. 

"  I  do  fawn  ou  men  and  hug  them  hard, 
And  ftttaxmndoj  them. 

Shaketp.  :  Julius  Ccnar,  L  2. 

2.  To  scandalize,  to  offend,  to  shock. 

*  scan-dal-i-za'-tlon,  s.  [Eng.  scandalise)  ; 
-uti»n.\     A  scandalous  sin. 

44  In  fthbominable  Ktindalizntion."  —  Dialogue  Sa- 
(uwen  a  tSentlemtin  A  a  Husbandman,  p.  188. 

scan  dal  ize,  scan-da  li^ie,  v.t.  [Fr. 
seandaliser:  Sp.  escandalizar  ;  Port.  escandal~ 
war;  Ital.  scandalizzare,  scaudalezzare,  from 
Lat.  scandalizo;  Gr.  aKavSaXifa  (skan.dalizo).] 

*  1.  To  speak  scandal  of  ;  to  defame,  to 
traduce,  to  libel,  to  slander. 

"  Word*  also  tending  to  icandalix*  a  magistrate,  or 
person  in  A  public  truat.  are  reputed  more  highly  in, 
jurioiu  than  whuu  epoken  of  a  private  mail.  '—  Black- 
ttone  :  Comment.,  bk.  iii,,  ch.  5. 

*  2.  To  disgrace  ;  to  bring  disgrace  on. 

3.  To   offend    by  some   action    considered 
wrong,  heinous,  and  flagrant;   to  shock  by 
scandalous  conduct. 

"Scan<iali*d  at  the  ill-  behaviour  of  this  troop  of 
little  pliatea."—  <JUM*I.  Bopt  26.  1885. 

scan'-dal-  o  us,  a.  [Fr.  scandaleux  ;  Sp.  escan- 
daloso;'ltaii.  scandal  oao.] 

1.  Causing  scandal  or  offence  ;   extremely 
offensive  to  duty  or  propriety  ;   exciting  re- 
proach or  reprobation  ;  shameful. 

"  Cupid  must  go  no  more  BO  tcundalvusly  naked,  bat 
Is  enjoined  to  make  him  breeoties."  —  Carew  :  Calwn 
ffritannicum. 

2.  Disgraceful    to   reputation  ;    shameful, 
opprobrious  ;  bringing  shame  or  disgrace. 

"This,  by  the  calumniators  of   Eplcurus's   philo- 
sophy, waa  objected  a*  one  of  the  most 
•II  their  uylugs."—  Cowi«y  :  Of  Liberty. 

3.  Defamatory,  libellous,  slanderous. 

"  Injuries  affecting  a  man's  reputation  or  good  name 
are,  first,  by  malicious,  tcandalout,  and  slaudcrou* 
words,  tending  to  bis  damage  and  derogation.  As  If  a 
mftii  maliciously  mui  falsely  utter  any  slander  or  false 
tale  of  another,  whirh  may  either  endanger  him  In 
lav,  by  Impeaching  him  of  some  heioou*  crime,  M  to 
say  that  a  man  has  poiBuiied  another,  or  Is  perjured  ; 
or  which  may  exclude  him  from  society,  as  to  charge 
him  with  bavin?  au  infectious  disease  ;  or  which  may 
Impair  or  hurt  his  trade  or  livelihood,  as  to  call  A 
tradesman  a  bankrupt,  a  physician  a  quack,  or  a  lawyer 
a  knave.  "—  Blackstone  :  Comment.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  & 

scan'-da-lous-l^,  adv.     [Bng.  ecandalmu; 

-iy-} 

1.  In  a  scandalous  manner  ;  so  as  to  give  or 
cause  offence  ;  disgracefully,  shamefully. 

"  By  being  tcandaloutly  bold." 

Cowfter  :  Author  of  Letter  on  Literature. 

*  2.  Censoriously  ;  with  a  disposition  to  find 
fault. 

"  Shun  their  fault,  who,  teandaloiuAy  nice, 
Will  needs  mistake  an  author  into  vice.' 

Pope  :  Euan  on  Criticism,  556. 

scan'-da-lous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  scatutulous; 
-ness.}  'The  quality  or  state  of  beiug  scan- 
dalous, disgraceful,  or  shameful. 

"The  tcandaloutneu  of  their  lives."—  Seeker  .'  Str- 
moiu,  voL  L,  sen  28. 

scan  -  da-linn  mag  na'-  turn,  s.  [I>it.] 
Law  :  The  offence  of  speaking  slanderously, 
or  in  defamation  of  high  personages  of  the 
realm,  as  of  temporal  and  spiritual  peers, 
judges,  and  other  high  officers.  Actions  on 
this  plea  are  now  obsolete. 

scan'  -dent,  a.    [Lat.  scandens,  genit.  scon- 
dentis,  pr.  par.  of  scando  —  to  climb.] 
Bot.  :  Climbing,  as  the  ivy. 


[Mod.   Lat.   scandix,  genit.  scandic(is);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee,  -inece.] 

Bot.  :  A  family  or  sub-tribe  of  Apiace*. 
Fruit  elongate  ;  seed  grooved  in  front. 

Sc&n-dJ-na'-vi-an,  a.  &  *.    [Seedef.] 

A.  A&adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Scandinavia, 
under  which  name  were  comprehended  the 
kingdoms  of  Norway  and  Sweden,  and  Den- 
mark ;  pertaining  or  relating  to  the  language 


b6U,  b6^;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9bin,  bench;  go,  $em;  thin,  \hto;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon, 
-Clan,  -tlon  =  shan.   -tion,  -sioa  —  ehua;  -tiou,  -sion  —  zbun.   -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.   -We,  -die,  &c. 


-Ing, 
bel,  deL 


4128 


scandium— scape 


or  literature  of  this  portion  of  Europe  (in* 
eluding  Iceland). 
B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Scandinavia. 

2.  The  language  spoken  by  the  Scandina- 
vians, including  Danish,  Swedish,  Norwegian, 
and  Icelandic.     The  literary  remains  of  the 
Icelandic  language  go  back  to  the  twelfth  and 
thirteenth  centuries. 

SciXn  di  urn,  R.    [See  extract] 

Chem.  :  An  element  discovered  by  Nilson  in 
1879;  symbol,  Sc  ;  at.  wt.  44*91.  It  occurs, 
together  with  the  other  rare  earths,  in  gado- 
linite  and  euxenite,  but  the  metal  itself  has 
not  yet  been  isolated.  It  forms  one  oxide, 
scandia  or  scandium  oxide,  Sc^Os,  a  white 
infusible  powder,  resembling  magnesia,  sp.  gr, 
8*8,  insoluble  in  water  and  acids.  Scandium 
safes  are  colourless  or  white,  and  have  an  acid 
astringent  taste,  but  are  of  little  importance. 
"  For  the  new  element  II.  Nilaou  proposes  the  nun* 
of  Scandium,  to  denote  iU  purely  Scandinavian 
origin."—  A'afu  re,  Maj  8.  1879,  p.  41. 


scan  -due,  *.    [Lat.,  from  Or.  o-*ca 
=  the  herb  chervil.] 

Bot.  :  Shepherd's  Needle  ;  the  typical  genus 
of  Scandicidse  (q.v.).  Bracts  one  or  none, 
bracteole  (partial  involucre)  of  five  or  seven 
leaves  ;  calyx  teeth  obsolete  ;  petals  obovate, 
with  an  inflected  point  ;  fruit  laterally  com- 
pressed, with  a  long  beak.  Known  species 
eight  to  ten.  The  north  temperate  zone. 
One,  Scandix  Pecten-Veneris,  the  Common 
Shepherd's  Needle  or  Venue's  Comb,  baa  a 
etem  four  to  twelve  inches  high,;  leaves 
triply  pinnate  ;  umbels  of  two  or  three  rays, 
often  sessile.  Abundant  in  cornfields,  flower- 
ing from  June  to  September. 

•can-slon,  *.  [Lat.  xansio,  from  scando  = 
to  climb,  to  scan  ;  Sp.  escansion  ;  Ital.  scan- 
sione.]  The  act  of  scanning  or  measuring  a 
verse  by  feet,  to  see  if  the  quantities  are  duly 
observed. 

"  Wonderful  i*  the  advantage  of  tcaraiem  ...  In 
detecting  the  crrora  of  copyists  and  printer*,"—  Bin 
Jotuon  :  Wvrkt  (ed.  Wford\.  iii.  178.  (Note.) 

t  BCan-sbV-es,  s.  pi.  [Lat.,  pi.  of  scansor  = 
a  climber.] 

Ornith.  :  Climbing  Birds.  [CLIMBER,  II.  2.] 
They  are  now  more  generally  known  as  Zygo- 
dactylse  (q.v.),  from  the  arrangement  of  their 

toeS.       [I'H'ARI.K.] 

•Can-ftbV-I-al,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  scansprius,  from 
scansor  =  a  climber.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Climbing  or  adapted  for  climb- 
ing ;  belonging  to  the  order  Scansores. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  bird  belonging  to  the  order 
Scan  sores. 

scansorial  barbets,  s.  pi. 
Ornith.  :  The  sub-family  Capitoninae  (q.v.X 
now  often  elevated  to  a  family. 

*  acin  sor  -I  ous,  a.  [SCANBOBIAL.]  The 
same  as  SCANSORIAL,  A. 


torioui   or   formed    for   climbing."—  Shatp  : 
Zoology,  vol.  iat.,  pt.  1.,  p.  66. 

scant,  r.t.  &  i.    [SCANT,  a.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  limit,  to  stint  ;  to  keep  or  put  on 
•hort  allowance  ;  to  cut  down  ;  to  abridge. 

"  To  Kant  the  printer's  bill  to  the  lowest  penny."— 
Field,  Feb.  IS,  1886. 

2.  Toaffordorgive  out  sparingly  or  stingily; 
to  grudge  ;  to  be  niggard  or  stingy  of;  to  dole 
out.    (Shakesp.  :  Henry  V.,  li.  4.) 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  fail  ;  to  become  less  ;  to 
fall  away  :  as,  The  wind  scants. 

•cant,  a.,  adv.,  &  s.  [Ice!,  skamt,  neut.  of 
skammr  =  short,  brief  ;  skamta  =  to  dole  out  ; 
tkamtr  —  &  dole,  a  share,  a  portion;  Norw. 
skantat=z  measured  or  doled  out,  from  skanta 
=  to  measure  narrowly;  skant  =  &  portion,  a 
dole  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  scam  =  short.  Cf.  Prov. 
Eng.  skimping  =  scanty.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Not  full,  large,  or  plentiful  ;  rather  less 
thai    is  wanted   for  the  purpose  ;  scanty  ; 
barely  sufficient. 

"  In  the  army  victual!  might  grow  teant." 

Drayton  :  David  A  &Math. 

2.  Having   a   limited    or  scanty   supply  ; 
scarce,  short.    (Followed  by  of.) 

"  He's  fat  and  tcant  of  breath." 

Shakeip.  ;  Handft,  r.  1, 


*  3.  Sparing,  stingy,  parsimonious,  grudg- 
ing, niggardly. 

"  Prom  this  time, 
Be  somewhat  tcantrr  of  your  maiden  presence." 

Shatetp. :  ffamUt.  i.  3. 

IL  Naut. :  Said  of  a  wind  when  it  heads  a 
ship  off,  so  that  she  will  barely  lay  her  course 
when  the  yards  are  sharp  up. 

*  B.  As  adv. :  Barely,  scarcely,  hardly  ;  not 
quite ;  scantly. 

"  I  have  leant  the  space  to  marke  my  cotnming  end." 
Wyatt :  A  bt*n  ce  of  hit  Lov*. 

*  C.  As  subst. :  Scarcity,  deficiency,  scanti- 
ness. 

"  Like  the  ant 
In  plenty  board  for  time  of  •can/." 

Carew  :  Pernuaioni  to  Love. 

*  scant-of  grace,  s.  A  good-for-nothing 
fellow ;  a  scapegrace, 

*  scan -tl- lone,    a.      [O.    Fr.   eschantillon.] 
[SCANTLING.]    A  pattern,  a  scantling. 

"  Though  it  were  of  no  rounde  stone. 
Wrought  Titb  squier  and  tcantilone." 

Remount  of  the  XOM. 

scant'-l-ly.  adv.     [Eng.  scanty;  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  scanty  manner  or  degree ;  not  plenti- 
fully. 

"  Or  if  yourself,  too  tcantily  supplied. 
Need  help,  let  honest  industry  provide." 

Copper  :  Proyreu  of  Error,  SSL 

*  2.  Sparingly,  grudgingly. 

scant -i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  scanty;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  scanty  or  scant ; 
narrowness  ;  want  of  size,  extent,  or  abund- 
ance ;  insufficiency,  shortness,  scantness. 

"  Supplying  the  defect  of  a  tcantineu  of  dream."— 
ReynQldt :  Art  of  Painting,  Note  312. 

*  scant  I  ty,  *  scant-i-tie,  *.   [Eng.  scant ; 
-ity.]    Scantiness,  scantness,  deficiency,  scar- 
city. 

"  Such  ii  the  tcantitie  of  them  here  in  England."— 
Barriton  :  Detcript,  England,  bk.  11).,  ch.  ir. 

*  Scan  -tie  (IX  i'.i.  &  t.   [Eng.  scant ;  frequent 
sulf.  -le.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  become  scant  or  deficient ; 
to  fail 

"  They  [winds]  rose  or  tcantled,  as  his  sails  would 
drive."  Drayton:  The  Moon-Calf. 

B.  Trans. :  To  scant ;  to  cut  short  or  down ; 
to  be  niggard  of ;  to  grudge. 

"  The  soaring  kite  there  tcantled  his  Urge  wings, 
And  to  the  ark  the  hovering  castril  brings." 

Ifrnyton  :  Jfoah'l  Ar*. 

*  scan'-tle  (2),  v.t,    [O.  Fr.  eschanteler,  from 
es  (Lat.  ex-)  =  out,  and  cantel  =  a  corner,  a 
cantle  (q.v.).]    To  divide  into  small  pieces. 

"  The  Pope's  territories  will,  within  a  century,  be 
Kantlfd  out  among  the  great  powers  who  bare  now  a 
footing  in  Italy."— Chettorfletd, 

Scan'-tle,  s.  [Of.  scantUone,  and  Norw.  skant 
=  a  measuring  rod.]  A  gauge  by  which  slates 
are  regulated  to  their  proper  length. 

'scant -16 1,  *.  [ScASTLE  (1),  v.]  A  small 
pattern,  sample,  or  piece  ;  a  fragment. 

"  While  the  world  was  but  thin,  the  ages  of  mankind 
were  longer;  and  as  the  world  grew  fuller,  so  their 
lives  were  successively  reduced  to  a  shorter  tcantUt,"— 
Bale:  Oriff.  of  Mankind. 

scant  -ting,  *  scant-Ion,  s.  [0.  Fr.  eschan- 
teler —  to  break  up  into  cantles  er  pieces,  to 
scantle  (q.v.);  O.  Fr.  eschantillon  =  a  small 
piece,  a  scantling,  a  pattern.  The  word  has 
been  confused  with  scant  and  scanty.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  quantity  or  piece  cut  or  taken  for  a 
particular  purpose ;  a  sample,  a  pattern. 

"  A  pretty  teanttiny  of  his  knowledge  mar  be 
taken."- Jfttton. 

*  2.  A  small  quantity  or  portion. 

"  Any  tcanOings  of  information  .  .  .  will  be  accept- 
able."—,Vo(«  A  Vueri«.  Hay  3,  1884,  p.  347. 

3.  A  rough  draft ;  a  rude  sketch. 

4.  A  trestle  or  horse  in  a  cellar  for  standing 
casks  on  tap. 

5.  A  beam  or  board  ;  a  piece  of  timber. 

"  Bells  the  last  tcanfliny,  and  transfers  the  price 
To  some  shrewd  sharper,  ere  It  buda  again." 

Cowper ;  Talk,  iii.  TM. 

IX  Technically: 

1.  Corp. :  Lumber  under  five  inches  square, 
used  for  studs,  braces,  ties,  &c.  It  is  expressed 
In  terms  of  its  transverse  dimensions :  as,  a 
timber  having  a  scantling  of  12  x  8. 

2.  Mason.:  The  dimensions  of  ashlar  stones. 

3.  Shipbuilding :  The  transverse  dimensions 
of  pieces  of  timber,  &c.    The  respective  sides 
are  known  as  moulding  and  siding. 

•scant' ling,  a.  [Eng.  scant,  a.;  -ling.] 
Scant,  scanty,  small ;  not  plentiful. 


*  scant'-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  scant;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  scant  manner  or  degree ;  not  fully  or 
plentifully  ;  narrowly,  sparingly,  grudgingly. 

"  Goshen  given  roomth,  bat  teantly  to  their  store." 
Drayton :  Mom,  t 

2.  Barely,  scarcely,  hardly. 

"  His  kirtle  made  of  forest  green, 
Keached  teantly  to  his  knee." 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Lait  Minttrel,  Iii.  IT. 

scAnt  -ness,  s.  [Eng.  scant,  a.  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  oei'jg  scant  or  scanty ; 
narrowness,  shortness,  scantiness,  smallneae. 

"  Either  strutting  in  unwieldy  bulk,  or  sinking  la 
defective  tcantntit.  — Barrow :  Sermont,  voL  i,  ser.  ft. 

scant'-y,  a,    [Eng.  scant;  -y.] 

1.  Wanting  in  amplitude,  size,  or  extent; 
narrow,  small,  scant. 

"  In  the  heaven  of  heavens  that  space  he  deems 
Too  tctinty  for  the  exertion  of  his  beams." 

Cowper:  Charity.  S*>, 

2.  Not  abundant ;   deficient ;  hardly  suffi- 
cient ;  not  enough  ;  falling  or  coming  short  of 
what  is  necessary. 

"  Notwithstanding  their  tcanty  subsistence,"— 
Smith:  Wealth  of  Nation*,  bk.  I,  ch.  viiL 

*  3.   Sparing,    niggardly,    grudging,   parsi- 
monious, stingy. 

"  Unjust  and  tcanty  to  herself  alone." 

Drydtn  :  Eleanor*,  10*. 

scap'-a-nus,  s.  [Gr.  o-KaTrdi/n  (skapanc)  =  * 
spade  or  hoe.] 

Zool :  A  genus  of  Talpidte,  founded  by 
PomeL  In  general  characters  they  agree  with 
Scalops,  but  resemble  Condylura  in  dentition 
and  habit.  There  are  two  species,  Brewer's 
Shrew  Mole  (Scopanus  breweri),  from  the 
Eastern  United  States,  which  probably  gave 
rise  to  the  reports  that  the  Common  Mole 
(Talpa  europcea)  existed  in  America,  and  S. 
toiwisendi,  from  the  Pacific  coast. 

*  scape  (1),  s.     [An  abbreviation  of  escape 

L  The  act  of  escaping ;  an  escape, 

"  I  spoke  of  most  disastrous  chancea, 
Of   hair-breadth  tcapct  in  tb'  imminent  deadly 
breach."  Shake*?. :  Othello.  1 1. 

2.  A  means  of  escape  ;  evasion. 

"  Crafty  mate. 
What  other  leapt  canst  thon  excogitate  T 

Chapman. 

3.  A  freak,  an  escapade,  a  misdemeanour,  a 
trick,  a  cheat. 

"  The;  readily  pardon  all  faults  and  tcapet  com- 
mitted by  negligence,"— .forth :  Plutarch,  p.  206. 

*  scape-gallows,  *.     One  who  has  es- 
caped the  gallows  though  he  has  deserved  it. 

scape-goat,  s. 

1.  LU.  &  Jewish  ritual :  A  goat  designed  to 
'scape,  i.e.,  escape,  as  opposed  to  one  killed 
and  offered  in  sacrifice.     Once  a  year,  on  the 
great   day    of  atonement,  after   Aaron    had 
offered  a  bullock  in  sacrifice  for  the  sins  of 
himself  and  his  house  (Lev.  xvi.  1-6),  he  was 
to  take  two  goats  "for  a  sin  offering "  (5). 
Lots  were  to  be  cast,  one  lot  for  the  Lord, 
and  one  (8,  A.V.)  for  Azazel  (R.V.,  on   the 
margin  "  for  dismissal.")    The  goat  on  which 
Jehovah's  lot  fell  was  to  be  offered  for  a  sin 
offering  (9). 

"  But  the  goat  on  which  the  lot  fell  for  Azuel  shall 
be  set  alive  before  the  Lord,  to  make  atonement  for 
him  to  send  him  away  for  Azazel  Into  the  wilderness. " 
(10.)  Cf.  Matt  xii.  48 ;  Lake  xl  «. 
Before  the  dismissal,  Aaron  was  to  lay  both 
his  hands  on  the  goat's  bead,  and  confess  his 
sins  and  those  of  the  people,  putting  them  on 
the  head  of  the  goat,  and  send  him  by  the 
hand  of  a  trusty  man  into  the  wilderness, 
"and  the  goat  shall  bear  upon  him  all  their 
iniquities  into  a  solitary  land"  (21,  R.V.).  If 
Azazel  is  an  evil  spirit  [AZAZEL,  1],  then  after 
the  sacrifice  of  the  one  goat  had  atoned  for 
and  removed  the  sins  of  the  worshippers, 
the  other  scape-goat  might  return  those  sins 
in  mockery  to  Azazel,  the  evil  spirit  regarded 
as  their  author.  This  is  Hengstenburg*s 
view.  Rationalism,  on  the  contrary,  sees 
in  the  narrative  a  certain  remnant  of  devil- 
worship  flourishing  perhaps  in  pre-Mnsaic 
times.  Under  the  later  Judaism  the  goat  was 
thrown  over  a  precipice  about  twelve  mile* 
from  Jerusalem.  The  scape-goat  is  generally 
considered  the  clearest  type  of  the  substitu- 
tion of  Christ  for  sinners,  and  his  eternal  re- 
moval of  their  transgressions  cf.  Isaiah  liii. 
11-12 ;  John  i.  29  ;  Heb.  ix.  28 ;  1  Peter  ii.  24). 

2.  Fig. :  One  who  is  made  to  bear  the  blame 
due  to  another. 

"  They  were  made  the  icape-goati  of  a  general  in* 
dignation,"—  farrar:  Early  Dayi  of  Vhriitiamty. 
ch.  IT. 


Sate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pfit, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd.  sin;  mute,  ctib,  ciire,  imite,  <mr.  rfcle,  f&ll;  try,  Strian.    CD,  e»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw» 


scape— scapulimanoy 


4129 


•cape-grace,  s.  A  graceless,  good-for- 
•otliing  fellow  ;  a  careless,  idle  fellow  ;  a 
ne'er-do-well 

"  The  tcapc-yraceM  and  ne'er-do-well*  whom  you  con- 
sidered to  be  dead  at  least  a  generation  aiuoe.  —Daily 


•cape-wheel,  s. 

llorol. :  The  wheel  in  an  escapement  whose 
teeth  escape  one  at  a  time  from  the  pallets. 

•cape  (2),  ».    [Lat.  scapus  =  the  shaft  of  a 
pillar,  the  stalk  of  a  plant.]    [BcEPTRE.1  - 

1.  Architecture : 

(1)  The  shaft  of  a  column. 

(2)  The   apophygee  of  a 
shaft. 

2.  Bot. :  A  long  naked  or 
nearly  naked  peduncle,  ris- 
ing from  the  crown  of  a  root, 

and  bearing  at  its  apex  a  single  flower, 
as  in  the  tulip,  or  several,  as  in  the 
cowslip. 

*  scape,  *  skape,  v.i.  &  t.  [An  ab- 
breviation of  escape  (q.v.),  chiefly  used 
In  poetry.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  escape ;  to  get  off. 

"  We  will  be  paid  before  you   *cap«."— 
Beaum.  *  flat. :  Honest  Man'l  future,  ii.  1. 

B.  Trans. :  To  escape,  to  avoid. 

"  Virtue  itoelf  Kapa  not  calumniom  •trokes." 

Shaketp. :  Hamlet,  1. 1 

•eap'-ei,  soa-per-liis,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin. 
from  Lat.  scapus  =  a  stalk.] 

Bot. :  The  neck  or  canticle  connecting  the  ra- 
dicle and  cotyledons  in  a  germinating  embryo. 

•capo  -less.  o.    [Eng.  scape  (2),  s. ;  -Uu.} 
Bot. :  Destitute  of  a  scape. 

•cape   ment,  s.    [See  def.] 

llorol. :  An  abbreviation  of  escapement(q.v.). 

"  •cape-thrift, >.    [Eng.  scape,  v. ,  and  thrift. ] 
A  scape-grace ;  a  good-for-nothing  fellow. 

"  Fur  Bbortlie  vpon  his  delineranoe.  he  gathered  a 
power  of  wicked  ic/iprtkriftt,  and  with  the  same 
coiiiiniiia;  into  Jnuerues,  burnt  the  towne."— Botin- 
Iked :  ata.  Scot.  {an.  1427). 

•caph-,    acaph-6-,    scaph-I-6-,    pref. 
[SCAPBA.]    Boat-shaped. 

•caph   a,  s.    [Lat.,  from  Gr.  <r*a<£i]  (skapjti)  — 
any  tiling  hollow.] 

Anat. :  The  cavity  of  the  external  ear, 
between  the  helix  and  the  antihelix. 

•caph  an  dor,  s.     [Pref.  scaph-,   and   Or. 
avqp  (aner),  genit.  avSoos  (andros)  =a  man.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  case  in  which  a  diver  is 
inclosed  when  under  the  surface  of  the  water. 

2.  Zool.  *  Pakeont.  :  A  genus  of  Bullidse. 
Shell    oblong,    convolute,    spirally  striated ; 
aperture  greatly  expanded  ;  spire  concealed. 
Recent  species  thirteen,  from    Europe   and 
North  America ;  fossil  eight,  from  the  Eocene 
onward. 

•caph -as'- pis,  s.     [Pref.   xxtph-,  and  Or. 
ao-7rtc  (aspis)  =  a  shield.] 

Palaxmt.  :  A  genus  of  Cephalaspidse,  differ- 
ing from  Pterichthys  (with  which  it  is  some- 
times classed)  in  having  the  head-shield 
simple.  ScapJiaspis  ludensis  is  from  the  Lower 
Ludlow  series;  other  species  occur  in  the 
Upper  Silurian  and  Devonian. 

•caph  I-dl'  X-dfle,  s.  pi.     [Mod.    Lat.  9cap\- 
idi(um);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -tdos.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Clavicornia.  Boat- 
shaped  beetles,  i.e.,  much  narrowed  before 
and  behind  ;  antenna;  and  legs  rather  long. 
They  are  sometimes  beautifully  spotted,  live 
in  fungi,  fly  well,  and  are  widely  distributed 
over  the  world.  They  are  generally  from  a 
tenth  to  a  third  of  an  inch  in  length. 

•ca  phld'-I-um,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Or. 

<7*a<t'H<5iov  (stxtphidion)  =  a  small  tub.] 

1.  Bot. :  A  hollow  case  containing  spores  in 
algals. 

2.  Entom. :   The  typical  genus  of  Scaphi- 
diidae  (q.v.).    One  species  is  British. 

scaph-I-6-,  pref.    ;SCAPH-.] 

•caph-J-o-phry'-ne,  s.    [Pref.  scapkio-,  and 
Gr.  <2>pvr7)  (phrune)  =  a  toad.] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Engystomatidae,  with  one 
species,  Scaphiophryne  ma.rmorata,  from  Mada- 
gascar. Fingers  four,  tips  dilated  into  large 
disks  ;  toes  webbed  at  base,  tips  not  dilated. 


•oaph'-I-o-pfts,  t.    [Pref.  xaphio-,  and  Or. 
irovt  (pirns)  =  a  foot.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Pelobatidae  (q.v.),  with 
eight  species,  from  North  America  and  Mexico. 
Fingers  generally  with  a  rudiment  of  web ; 
toes  webbed  ;  tips  of  digits  not  dilated. 

scaph  I  rhyn'-chus,  s.  [Pref.  scaphi(o)-,  and 
Gr.  pu>x°*  (rhungchos)  —  a  snout.] 

Ichthy. :  Shovel-head;  ageuusof  Acipenser- 
idse,  with  four  species ;  one  (Scaphirhyttchus 
platyrhynchus)  from  the  Mississippi  and  its 
affluents,  and  three  others  from  Central  Asia. 
Snout  spatulate  ;  tail  entirely  enveloped  by 
horny  scutes ;  no  spiracles.  This  genus 
affords  a  striking  instance  of  the  close  affinity 
of  the  fauna  of  North  America  to  that  of  the 
north  of  Asia. 

gcaph  ism,  s.  [Fr.  scaphisme ;  Gr.  <rKa$<v<a 
(skapheuo)  =  to  lay  a  person  in  a  trench  or 
trough,  from  O-KO^IJ  (skaphe)  —  a  trough; 
ata-irra  (skapto)  =  to  dig  out,  to  hollow.]  A 
barbarous  punishment  inflicted  on  criminals 
among  the  Persians,  by  confining  them  in  a 
hollow  tree,  in  which  five  holes  were  made, 
one  for  the  head,  and  two  each  for  the  legs 
and  arms.  The  exposed  parts  were  smeared 
with  honey  to  invite  the  wasps,  and  in  this 
situation  the  criminal  was  left  to  die. 

scaph'-ite, s.    [SCAPHITES.]    Any  individual 
of  the  genus  Scaphites  (q.v.). 

scaph-i'-tes,  t.  pi.     [Lat.  «copAa=a  skiff; 
suff.  -ita.] 

Palaont. :  A  genus  of  Ammonitidte.  Shell 
irregularly  convoluted  at  both  ends.  It  is 
at  first  discoidal,  with  close  whorls,  the  last 
chamber  detached  and  recurved.  Known 
species  nineteen,  from  the  Oolite  to  the 
Chalk  of  Europe  and  India. 


*  •caph'-I-iim,  ».     [Lat.,  from  Gr. 
(skaphion)—  a  small  tub  or  basin.] 

Bot. :  The  keel  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 
(Lint.) 

scaph-o-,  pref.    [SCAPH-.]    Scaphoid. 

scapho-cuboid,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  scaphoid  and 
cuboid  bones.  There  is  a  scapho-cuboid  artic- 
ulation. 

scapho  cuneiform,  a. 

Anat.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  scaphoid  and 
cuneiform  bones.  There  is  a  scapho-cuneiform 
articulation. 

scapho  lunar,  a. 

Camp.  Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
scaphoid  and  the  lunar  bones.  In  adult 
carnivora  and  some  other  mammals  these  are 
united  into  a  scapho-lunar  bone. 

•oaph-i-cS-phal'-Ko,  o.    [Pref.  tcapho-,  and 
Eng.  cephalic.] 
Anthrop. :  Knmbecephalic  (q.v.). 

"The  peculiar  elongated  skull,  to  which  Profeaaor 
von  Baer.  of  St.  Petersburg,  has  applied  the  name 
KafluxxpkaUf.'—D.  Bi/jon  :  PreMOoric  Man,  ii.  Ml. 

scaph-o'g'-na-thite,  s.  [Pref.  tcapho- ;  Or. 
Y*cWos  (srna!Aos)=jaw,  and  Eng.  suff.  -Ue.\ 

Camp.  Anat. :  The  epipodite  of  the  second 
pair  of  maxillffi  in  a  crustacean.  It  is  large 
and  spoon-shaped,  and  continually  bales  water 
out  of  the  gill  chamber,  with  the  result  of 
bringing  fresh  water  into  it. 

scaph  Old.  a.  [Gr.  <7«aotac  (skaphos)  =  .  .  . 
a  boat,  and  eI8w  (eidos)  =  form,  appearance.] 
Boat-shaped,  resembling  a  boat. 

scaphoid-bone, «. 

Anat. :  The  navicular  bone  placed  at  the 
inner  side  of  the  foot,  between  the  astragalus 
and  the  cuneiform  bones. 

t  scaph-o'p'-i-da,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  scapho-,  and 
pi.  of  Gr.  iroiic  (pous),  genit.  iroio?  (podos)  = 
a  foot.] 

Zool. :  An  order  of  Gasteropoda,  sometimes 
created  for  the  anomalous  family  Dentalidffl, 
placed  by  Huxley  under  Pteropoda. 

scap-i  form, «.    [Eng.»oap«(2),s.,and/ori».] 
Bot. :  In  the  form  of  a  scape  ;  scape-like. 

scap  o-lite,  s.  [Lat.  scapus,  and  Or.  Ad  . 
Uithos)  =  a  stone  j  Ger.  skapolith.}  [8cAP« 
(2),  ».] 

Mineralogy : 

1.  A  name  formerly  applied  to  a  mineral 


species  which  included  many  substances  of 
varying  composition.  It  is  now  used  for  a 
group  of  minerals  having  certain  characters  In 
common.  Crystallization,  tetragonal.  Hard- 
ness, 5  to  6'5  ;  sp.  gr.  2'5  to  2'9.  It  includes 
the  following  species  with  their  varieties  :  — 
Sarcolite,  meionite,  paranthite,  wernerite, 
ekcbergtte,  mizzonite,  dipyre,  and  marialite 
(see  these  words.) 
2.  The  same  as  WERNEBITE  (q.v.). 

SC&p'-ple,  v.t.     [Etym.  doubtful.]    [SCAFFLK.] 
Mason.  :  To  reduce  a  stone  to  a  compara- 
tively   level     surface    by    hammer-dressing 
without  smoothing. 

sc£p-to  chiir'-us,  *.    [Gr.  ana-ima  (skapto)  = 
to  dig,  and  x«-f>  (cheir)  =  the  hand.] 

Zool.  :    Musky    Mole    (q.v.)  ;    a   genus   of 
Talpidce,  with  one  species,  from  North  China. 


and  ow£  (onux)  =  a  claw.J 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Talpidae,  with  one  species, 
Scaptonyx  fitscicaudatus,  from  North  China. 
It  is  about  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  with 
thick,  soft  blue-black  fur  ;  tail  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  long.  Nothing  is  known  of  iti 
habits  ;  in  external  character  it  resembles 
Urotrichus  (q.v.),  but  it  has  the  dentition 
of  Talpa. 


1.  Anat. :  One  of  the  two  bones,  the  other 
being  the  clavicle,  which  together  form  the 
pectoral  arch  or  shoulder  girdle.    The  scapula 
constitutes  its  posterior  part.     It  is  placed 
upon  the  upper  and  back  part  of  the  thorax,  is 
articulated  with  the  outer  end  of  the  clavicle, 
and  has  suspended  from  it  the  humerus(q.v.). 
(Qwxin.) 

2.  Zool. :  The  row  of  plates  in  the  cup  of 
crinoids,  giving  origin  to  the  arms. 

sc&p'-n 'lar.    scap'-u-lar-?,    *soa»- 
ler-ie,   *  scap'-u-laire,  a.  &  ».     [Lat 

xtipularis,  from  scapula;  Fr,  scapulaire. ] 

A.  As  adj. ;  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  scapula 
or  shoulder. 

"  The  viscera  were  counterpoised  with  the  weight  of 
the  tcapular  ptui."—Dfrham ;  Pkittico-Theolopy,  bk.  T.. 
eh.  ii. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Roman  Church : 

(1)  A  dress  which  covers  the  shoulders.    It 
was  originally  worn  over  their  other  dress  by 
the  monks  when  at  manual  labour,  but  now 
forms  part  of  the  habit  of  the  older  mligious 
orders.     [The  scapular  may  be  seen  in  the 
illustration  under  the  word  Carmelite.] 

(2)  A  miniature  copy  of  No.  (1),  made  of  two 
pieces  of  cloth,  connected  by  strings,  worn  by 
Roman  Catholics  from  motives  of  devotion. 
The  most  celebrated  is  that  of  the  Carmelites, 
said  to  have  been  miraculously  given  to  St 
Simon  Stock,  General  of  the  Order,  who  died 
in  1250.    There  are  four  other  scapulars  in 
use  :  that  of  the  Trinity,  of  white  linen  with 
a  red  cross ;  the  Servite  scapular  of  the  Seven 
Dolours,  of  black  stuff ;  that  of  the  Immacu- 
late Conception,  of  light  blue  woollen,  and 
the  Red  scapular,  in  commemoration  of  the 
Passion. 

"Withered  flshwomen  with  tcapulartet."—Sala. 
Hogarth,  p.  800. 

2.  Ornith.  (PI):  A  series  of  feathers  spring- 
ing from  the  base  of  the  humerus,  ana  con- 
tinned  in  a  longitudinal  stripe  so  as  to  coyei 
the  last  series  of  the  quill  feathers  with  which 
they  are  often  confounded. 

3.  Surg. :  A  bandage  for  the  shoulder-blade. 
scapular-arch,  s.    [PECTORAL-ARCH.] 

SC&p'-U-U-m&n-$jf,  *.    [Lat  scapula,  and  Gr. 

fj.avTtttL  (manleia)  =  divination.] 

Anthrop. :  Divination  by  a  shoulder-blade. 
It  is  especially  practised  in  Tartary,  where  it 
is  very  ancient,  and  whence  it  may  have 
spread  to  other  countries.  The  bone  is  put 
on  the  fire  till  it  cracks  in  various  directions, 
and  then  a  long  split  lengthwise  is  reckoned 
as  the  "  way  of  life,"  while  cross  cracks  on 
the  right  and  left  stand  for  different  kinds 
and  degrees  of  good  and  evil  fortune ;  or  if 
the  omen  is  only  taken  as  to  some  special 
event,  then  lengthwise  splits  mean  going  on 
well,  but  cross  splits  stand  for  hindrance. 
(Tylor.) 

"  Th«  prlncipftl  art  of  thU  kind  is  divination  by  ft 
•houlder-hlrtde,  technically  called  ttcapulimanctf  or 
omoplatoBCOpy."—  Tytor:  Primitive  Culture,  L  112. 


boil,  to6^;  p6fct,  je%l;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  fcem;  thin,  $hi»;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   ph  -  fc 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  .chun.    -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  -  shtts.   -Me,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4130 

SCap-U-16-,  pref.     fLat.  scapnla  (q.v.).] 

Anat. ;  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  connected  with 
the  scapula. 

scapulo-olavicular,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  scapula  and 
-the  clavicle.  There  is  a  scapulo-clavicular 
articulation. 

sea -pus,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  stalk.]    [SCAPE  (2),  s.] 
L  Arch. :  The  shaft  of  a  column  ;  a  scape. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  The  same  as  SCAPE  (2),  s.  (q.v.). 

(2)  The  same  as  SCAPELLUS  (q  v  ). 

3.  Ornith. :  Keil's  name  for  the  sten;  of  a 
feather. 

scar  (IX  *  scaur,  *  scarre  (1),  skorre, 
skerry,  s.     (Icel.  sker  =  a  skerry  (q.v.); 
allied  to  Eng.  share,  and  shear;  Dan.  skwer  ; 
Sw.  skdr.]     A  rock,  a  cliff;   a   precipitous 
bank ;   a  bare  and  broken  place  on  the  side 
of  a  lull  or  mountain.     It   forms  or  enters 
into  many  place  names  in  Great  Britain  aud 
Ireland,  as  .Scarborough,  Scarcliff,  &c. 
"  Whyles  round  a  rocky  scaur  It  strays ; 
Whyles  in  a  wiel  it  dlmpl't," 

Burnt :  ffallnwetn,  3L 

scar-limestone,  s.  [MOUNTAIN-LIME- 
STONE.) 

soar  (2),  scarre,  *  skar,  *  akare,  *  skarre, 
«.  [O.  Fr.  escare.  from  Lat.  eschara  =  a  scar, 
eepec.  one  produced  by  a  burn,  from  Gr. 
itrxapa  (eschara)  =  a  hearth,  a  fireplace  .  .  . 
the  scar  of  a  bum.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  mark  on  the  skin  or  flesh  of  a  person 
•r  animal  caused  by  a  wound,  burn,  or  ulcer, 
•nd  remaining  permanently  after  the  wound, 
Ac.,  is  healed ;  a  cicatrix. 

"  By  all  their  swords,  by  all  their  scar* 

By  all  their  nmnes,  a  might)  spell."* 

Beott  ;  Bard'i  Incantation. 

I.  A  wound,  a  hurt. 

**  Hath  more  scan  of  sorrow  In  his  heart." 

Bhakttp. .'  Tittu  Andronietit,  IT.  L 

•I  Any  mark,  wrinkle,  or  blemish. 

**  Never  mole,  hare-lip,  nor  tear 

Shall  upon  their  children  be." 
tiHatetp.  :  Midsummer  ffiyhft  Drtam,  v. 

II.  Bot. :   The  mark  left  on  a  branch  where 
a  leaf  has  fallen  off. 

scar  (3),  s.  [Lat.  scarus.]  Any  individual  of 
the  genus  Scarus  (q.v.). 

sear(l),  tU.  &i.    [SCAB  (2),  «.] 
A*  Transitive: 

L  To  mark  with  or  as  with  a  scar  or  scars  ; 
to  wound,  to  hurt.  (Shakesp. :  Othello,  v.  5.) 

•  2.  To  cut  lightly,  as  with  a  plough. 

"If  the  soil  be  barren  only  tour 
The  surface."          Dryden :  rtrfftt ;  Oeoryic  t  100, 

B.  Intrans. :  To  form  a  scar ;  to  become 
covered  with  a  scar :  as,  A  wound  tears  over. 

*  scar  (2),  v.t.    [SCARE,  v.} 

•oar'-ab,  s.    [SCARABEE.] 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  beetle,  a  scarabee. 

"  How  the  tearab  lays  its  eggs  in  the  leaf. .  .  I  could 
Mversee."— Durham:  rhysico-Theotoyv,  bk.  IL.ch.  xiv. 

(2)  A  seal  or  gem  cut  In  the  shape  of  a 
see  tie. 

"  Such  a  tcarab  in  carnelian  was  found  at  Orvi*to.  " 
—Kncyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th),  x.  13«. 

*  2.  Fig. :  Applied  to  an  individual  as  a 
term  of  reproach. 

**  Yonder  tcarabt 
That  lir'd  upon  the  dung  of  her  bo.-«  pleasures." 

Beaum.  *  Flet. :  Thierry  A  Tfoodorrt,  ii.  L 

scar-a  bae  -I-dae,  *.  pL  [Lat.  Bcarabce(us) ; 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  family  of  the  Lamelli- 
ooruia.  Antennae  short,  basal  joint  of  mod- 
erate size,  club  with  three  to  seven  leaf-like 
joints,  looking  solidly  clavate  when  the  animal 
is  at  rest.  The  Great  Droning  Beetles  belong 
to  this  family,  which  is  divided  into  two  sec- 
tions, Laparoatictica  and  Pleurostictica  (q.v.). 

*  scar  a-bie   ist,  a.    [Eng.  scarabce(us) ;  -ist.] 
One  who  studies  or  is  versed  in  the  natural 
history  of  l«etles. 

"  The  possibility  of  any  Coleoptertst  being  more  than 
A  fltearawrtrt." — Standard,  Nor.  11,  1B85. 

scar  a-bse  iis,  s  [Lat.  tearabceus,  aearabeus 
s=  a  beetle,  a  scarab.] 

Xntom. :  A  genus  of  Coprinte,  and  the 
typical  one  of  Scarabaeidae.  The  semicircular 


scapulo — scarf 

clypens  is  divided  by  sharp  notches  into  a 
series  of  triangular  teeth  ;  the  fore  legs  are 
retracted.  About  seventy  species  are  known, 
all  from  the  old  world.  Scarabasus  aacer, 
formerly  Ateuchus  sacer,  is  the  sacred  beetle  of 
the  Egyptians,  often  represented  on  Egyptian 
monuments,  though  Latreille  thought  it  \v;is 
S.  egyptiorum,  a  golden-green  species.  Both 
deposit  their  eggs  in  pellets  or  dung,  which 
they  roll  with  their  hind  legs  into  a  hole  dug 
for  its  reception. 

scar -a-bee,  *  scar  -a  ble,  «.   [Lat  tear- 


SCARAMOUCH. 


L  Lit. :  A  beetle ;  any  Insect  of  the  genus 
Scarabtens  (q.v.). 

2.  Fig. :  Applied  to  an  individual,  as  a  term 
of  reproach. 

"Such  as  you  render  the  throne  of  majesty,  the 
court,  suspected  and  contemptible;  you  are  «carafce« 
that  batten  Iti  her  dung."— Beaum.  A  Fist.  :  Elder 
Brother,  iv.  L 

scar'-a-xnouQh,  *  scar-a-mouch  -a.  s. 

[Fr.    scaramouche,    from 
Ital.     Scaramuccia,     the 
name  of  a  famous  Italian 
buffoon,  who 
acted  in  Eng- 
land in  1673,  and 
died  in  Paris  1694.] 

1.  A  personage  in  the 
old  Italian  comedy,  de- 
rived from  Spain,  charac- 
terized by  great   boast- 
fulness  and  poltroonery. 
His  dress  was  black  from 
head  to  foot;  he  wore  a 
black    toque   (a  kind  of 
square  -  topped    cap),    a 
black  mantle,  and  a  mask 
with  openings. 

"  Stout  tcaramaucha.  with  nub  lance  rode  in. 
And  ran  a  tilt  at  centaur  Arlequin." 

Dryden  :  Xpftoffvg  to  Silent  Woman. 

2.  Hence,  used  for  a  poltroon  and  bragga- 
docio. 

scar'-bri-ite,  *.  [After  Scarborough  (Scar- 
bro'),  Yorkshire,  where  found ;  suff.  -ite(i/tn.).] 
Min. :  A  soft  mineral,  mostly  white,  occur- 
ring in  fissures  and  cracks  in  septaria.  Com- 
pos, uncertain,  but  it  is  essentially  a  hy- 
drated  silicate  of  alumina.  Under  the  micro- 
scope It  is  resolved  into  a  mass  of  minute 
crystalline  scales  resembling  those  of  Kao- 
linite  (q.v.),  to  which  it  is  probably  related. 
Dana  includes  it  in  the  group  of  Allophanes. 

scar9e,  *  scars,  *  scarse,  a.  &  adv.  [O. 
Fr.  escars,  eschars  (Fr.  ichart),  from  Low  Lat. 
acarpms,  for  excarpsus  ;  Lat.  excerptus,  pa.  par. 
of  excerpo  —  to  pick  out,  to  select :  ex-  =  out, 
and  carpo  =  to  pluck,  to  gather  ;  Ital.  tcarso; 
Dut.  schaars;  bp.  escaso,] 

A*  As  adjective : 

L  Not  plentiful  or  abundant ;  falling  or 
coming  short  of  the  demand  ;  deficient,  want- 
ing, scanty :  as,  Money  is  scarce. 

2.  Few  in  number  and  seldom  met  with ; 
not  common  ;  rare,  uncommon. 

*3.  Wanting;  scantily  supplied;  poorly 
provided.  (Followed  by  of.) 

"  A  vulture  .  .  . 

Dislodging  from  a  region  scarce  of  prey." 

Milton .-  P.  £,.,  lit  488. 

*  4.  Stingy,  mean,  parsimonious,  sparing. 

"  Blithe  he  was  scan  and  chlnche." 

fienen  Saytt,  1.2*4. 

^  The  English  name  of  many  British  moths 
commences  with  Scarce;  as,  the  Scarce  Black 
Archer,  the  Scarce  Footman,  &c. 

B.  Asadrerb: 

1.  Hardly,  barely,  scantly;  but  just. 

"  Scarte  spake  I  thus,  when  walling  thus  he  sayd." 
Surra*  :  Virgil ;  jfneit  ii. 

2.  With  difficulty;   scarcely;  as,  He  can 
scarce  speak. 

*  3.  Rarely,  seldom, 

"  An  eloquence  tcarct  given  to  mortals.* 

Covper  ;  To  Mrt.  Pmrtn. 

IT  To  make  one's  self  scarce :  To  disappear ; 
to  take  one's  self  off. 

•  scarce'-he'ad,  «.  [Eng.  scarce ;  -head  = 
hood.]  Scarcity,  scarceness. 

*'  But  in  his  court  let  him  first  deoise 
To  exile  tcarcehcad  and  couetise." 

UdffaU  :  Story  of  Thebc»,  lit 

»'-l^>  *  Skars-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  scarce ; 


1.  Barely,  seldom. 


*  2.  Stingily,  meanly,  jnulgingly. 

"  He  tlmt  aoweth  *ka.rily,  »chal  aud  t^irtlti  rep*."— 
Wydiffe:  2  Car.  ix.  6. 

3.  Hardly,  barely,  scarce;  only  just. 

"  Hia  bounding  horsi^  tcarctly  touch  Die  tieldfc" 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xxiii.  6M. 

4.  With  difficulty. 

"  That  tctrccly  could  he  weeld  his  bootlene  sir.  -'t 
blade."  Xfxrttter;  Jf.  ^..  I.  rii.  48« 

e  -mcnt,  s.    [Fr.) 

1.  Build.  :  A  ledge  or  footing  formed  by  the 
setting  back  of  a  wall  ;  a  set-back  in  the 
building  of  walls,  or  in  raising  tanks  of  earth. 

2.  Mining:  A  Jptlgo  of  a  stratum  left  pro- 
jecting into  a  uiiiM.'-Hhaft  as  a  looting  for  a 
ladder,  a  support  for  a  pit-cistern,  &c.     It  ia 
so  fashioned  below  as  to  form  a  bracket. 

scarce'  -ness,  «.  [Eng.  scarce  ;  -ness.]  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  scarce  ;  scarcity 
(q.v.). 

scare'-  1  -t&  *scar-st-tte,  *  scar-sy-tle, 
*  skarsctc,  *  scar-cl-tee,  «.  to.  Fr. 

escarsete.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  scarce  or 
deficient  in  supply  ;  smallness  in  quantity  in 
proportion  to  the   wants  or  demands  ;    de- 
ficiency, scantiness. 

"  To  store  them  all  with  provision  against  the 
ensuing  time  ol  tcarcit*"—  Scott  :  Chnttian  Life, 
pt.  ii..  ch.  iv. 

2.  Rareness,    in  frequency  :    as,  A  coin    U 
valuable  for  its  scarcity. 

*  3.  Stinginess,  meanness,  parsimony. 

"  Right  as  ineu  blanien  an  averous  man  hy  cause  of 
his  ttartete."—  Chaucer  ;  Tale  tf  Melibaut,  p.  IBS. 

Beard,  5.     [SHARD.]    A  fragment.    (Prov.) 

scare,  skccr,  *  sUcre,  *  skerre,  v.t.  [Icel. 
akjarr  =•  shy,  timid  ;  skirra  =  to  bar,  to  pie- 
vent  ;  reflex.  tkirnuJi  =  to  shun  ;  Ger.  sich 
scheren  =  to  withdraw,  to  depart] 

1.  To    frighten;    to   terrify   suddenly;   to 
strike  with  sudden  fear. 

"  Speetre  though  I  be, 
I  am  not  sent  to  tears  thee  or  deceive." 

Wordtworth  :  Laodamta. 

2.  To  drive  through  fear. 

"By  their  rude  iw«f  Bering  they  tcartd  more 
respecUble  k'uesta  from  his^door.  "  —  Macaulay:  B,st, 
Eng.,  ch.  xif. 

scare,  «.  [SCARE,  v.]  A  sudden  fright,  par- 
ticularly one  arising  from  a  trifling  cause  ;  a 
causeless  or  purely  imaginary  alarm  ;  a  panic. 

*  scare-babe,  *  sear-babe,  a.    Some- 
thing to  frighten  a  child  ;  a  bugl>ear. 

"  Like  a  «Mr-oa6«  make  him  take  his  legi."—  Wilt 


•scare  -bug,   *  scar-bugge,   *.     A 

bugbear. 

"  Siiine  is  no  K<ir+buggr."—Dent:  Pathway,  p,  M6. 

scare'-crow,  ».    [Eng.  scare,  and  crow.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1,  Lit.  :  A  hideous  or  fantastic  figure  set 
up  to  frighten  crows  aud  other  birds  away 
from  crops. 

"  Bet  thee  In  one  of  the  pear-treee  for  a  tearterott."— 
Beaum.  A  Flet.  :  ls>*c'i  Cure,  ii.  2. 

2.  Figuratively  : 

(1)  Anything    which    terrifies   without   a 
cause  ;  a  vain  terror. 

(2)  A  person  so  poorly  and  meanly  clad  as 
to  resemble  a  scarecrow  ;  a  guy. 

"  No  eye  hath  seen  such  scarecrows;  ID  not  march 
through  Coventry  with  them."  —  Shaktt/'.  :  l  Henry 

jr.,  iv.  2. 
EL  Ornith.  :  A  sea-bird,  the  Black  Tern. 

*  scare'-fire,  «.     [Eng.  scare,  and  fire.]    A 
fire-alarum. 

"The  drum  and  trumpet,  by  their  several  aoTindt, 
Mtre  for  uiKiiy  kind  of  AdvertieeiueuU.  and  belle 
serve  to  proclttlm  a  tatrqjire,  aud  In  route  places 
water-  bre  AC  h  en.  M  —  Solder. 

Scarf  (IX  *  scarfe,  s.  [A.8.  scearfe  =  a  frag- 
ment, a  piece  :  scearflan  =  to  shred,  or  scrape  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  scherf=*  shred  ;  Ger.  acfterbe  i 
=  a  shard,  a  pot-shard.  Tlie  particular  sense 
is  borrowed  from  O.  Fr.  escharpe  =  a  scarf  or 
baudric,  from  O.  Dut.  scharpe,  schaerpe, 
scerpe  =  a  scrip,  a  pilgrim's  wallet  ;  Low  Ger. 
schrap  =  a  scrip.  From  the  Fr.  come  Ger. 
scharpe  =a  scarf,  a  sash;  8w.  sharp;  Dan. 
skjcrf,  sk}(zrf.  Scarf  is  the  same  word  as  scrap 
and  scrip.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  A  sort  of  light  shawl  ;  »p    article    of 
dress  of  a  light  and  ornamental    character 
worn  round  the  neck,  or  loosely  round  the 


fate,  lot,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall*  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go. 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  od  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  tw. 


scarf— scarlet 


4131 


shoulders,  or  otherwise  ;  sometimes  used  for  a 
kind  of  necktie,  sometimes  fur  a  sash. 

"  Their  rival  icarfi  uf  mix'd  embroidery." 

Byron  :  ChUde  Barold,  L  1L 

•  2.  A  tliin  plate.  (Fuller  :  Ch.  Hist.  XI.  x.  49.) 
IL  H*r.  :    A    small   ecclesiastical    banner 
hanging  down  from  the  top  of  a  crosier. 

1i  (1)  Chaplain's  scarf;  A  scarf  of  black  silk, 
about  twice  the  width  of  a  stole,  worn  round 
the  neck  by  chaplains,  Doctors  of  Divinity, 
and  other  dignitaries  of  the  English  Church. 

(2)  Mourner's  scarf:  A  scarf  of  black  silk 
or  crape  worn  over  the  right  shoulder  by 
mourners  at  funerals. 

(3)  Scarfs  of  coloured  silk  are  worn  on 
public    occasions,    and    in    their    courts   or 
lodges,  by  members  of  many  Friendly  Societies 
—  e.g.,  the  Foresters,  Odd  Fellows,  &c. 

scarf  loom,  s.  A  narrow-ware  figure- 
loom  of  such  width  and  capacity  for  variety 
of  work  as  to  adapt  it  for  ornamental  weaving 
of  fabrics  of  moderate  breadth. 

scarf-skin,  s.    [CUTICLE,  II.  1.] 

scarf  (2),  scarph,  s.    [SCARF  (2),  v.] 

1.  Carp.  ;  A  joint  uniting    two    pieces   of 
timber  endwise.    The  ends  of  each  are  bevelled 
off,  and  projections  are  sometimes  made  in 
the  one  corresponding  to  concavities  In  the 
other,  or  a  corresponding  cavity  in  each  re- 
ceives a  joggle  ;  the  two  are  held  together  by 
bolts,  and  sometimes  also  by  straps. 

2.  Metall  :  The  flattened  or  chamfered  edges 
of  iron  prepared  for  welding.    The  two  sur- 
faces being  drawn  out  or  cut  obliquely,  a 
larger    contact    is    given   to   them,    which 
strengthens  the  joint. 

scarf-bolt,  a. 

Shipwight.  :  A  bolt  used  by  shipbuilders 
for  securing  the  false  keel. 

scarf-joint,  s.    The  same  as  SCARF  (2),  $. 
scarf  (3),  s.   [Icel.  skarfr.]  Acormorant.  (Prov.) 

*  scarf  (1),  *  scarfe,  s.    [SCARP,  «.] 

*  scarf  (1),  v.t.    [SCARF  (i),  5.] 

1.  To  throw  loosely  on  in  -manner  of  a  scarf. 

"  My  tea-gown  tcarfed  about  me  In  the  dark." 

Shakftp.  :  ffitnUet.  v.  3. 

2.  To  cover  up,  as  with  a  scarf;  to  dress 
In  or  with  a  scarf.    (Hall  :  Satires,  iv.  6.) 

3.  To  cover  up  ;  to  blindfold. 

"  Come,  oeeliflg  night, 
Scarf  up  the  tender  eye  of  i>itiful  day." 

Shaketp-  :  Macbeth,  lit  t, 

scarf  (2),  v.t.  [Sw.  skarfva  =  to  join  together, 
to  piece  out,  from  skarf=&  scarf,  a  seam,  a 
joint  ;  Dan.  skarre  =  to  scarf,  to  join  ;  Icel. 
skiir  =  a  rim,  an  edge,  a  scarf.  ] 

Carp.  :  To  cut  or  form  a  scarf  on  ;  to  join 
by  means  of  a  scarf. 

"  In  the  Joining  of  the  stem,  where  It 
—  Anton:  Voyag*,  bk.  il..  ch.  vlt 

*  scarfed,  a.    [Eng.  scarf  (I),  s.  ;  -ed.}     Fur- 
nished or  decorated  with  scarves,  pendants, 
or  flags. 

"  The  *car/Mf  bark  puts  from  her  native  hay."* 

.  :  Merchant  a/  (Vnjc*,  iL  vi. 


scar-ich  thys,  s.  [Lat.  scar(us),  and  Or. 
ix*v«  (idUhvs)  —  a  fish.) 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Lahridte,  with  two 
species,  from  the  Indo-Paciflc,  differing  only 
from  Scarus  (q.v.)  in  having  the  spines  of  the 
dorsal  flexible. 

scar  I-f  I-ca'-tion,  *.  (Fr.,  from  Lat.  scari- 
jKOtionem,  accus.  of  soariftcatio,  from  acarifi- 
catus,  pa.  par.  of  scarified  —  to  scarify  (q.v.)  ; 
8p.  escarificacion  ;  Ital.  scarificazione.] 

Surg.  :  The  act  of  scarifying  ;    the  act  of 

separating  the  gnm  from  the  teeth,  in  order 

tin-  better  to  get  at  them  with  an  instrument  ; 

the  act  of  making  a  number  of  incisions  in 

the  akin  with  a  lancet  or  scariftcator,  for  the 

purpose  of  letting  blood  or  of  drawing  oft"  a 

fluid  ;  the  act  of  making  incisions  in  generally. 

"  The  ti-iiritlcntlon  '  nght  to  be  made  with  crooked 

Inrtrnmeiita,  —  A  rbtrtmot. 

Scar'-I-fl-ca-tor,  3.     [Fr.  scarificatew  ;  Sp. 
escarificador  ;  Ital.  scariflcatore.] 
Surgery  : 

1.  An  instrument  used  in  dental  surgery  In 
separating  the  gum  from  the  teeth. 

2.  An  instrument  used  in  cupping.    It  has 
a  number  of  lancets,  whose  protrusion  beyond 
the  lace  of  the  case  is  adjustable.    These  are 


set  in  a  retracted  position,  and  discharged 
simultaneously  by  a  pull  on  the  trigger,  HO 
as  to  protrude  through  the  apertures  in  the 
plane  face  and  make  a  number  of  incisions 
through  the  skin. 

3.  A  lancet  for  scarifying  the  skin  or  an 
engorged  membrane. 
*  i.  One  who  scarifies  ;  a  scarifier. 
"What  though  the  tcariflcaton  work  upon  him  day 
by  day  ?  "  —  Hichardton  ;  CUiritta,  iv.  m. 

scar'-I-fi-er,  s.    [Eng.  scarify;  •«•.] 
L  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  scarifies. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Agric.  :  An  agricultural  implement  used 
for  stirring  the  soil.   It  is  a  wheeled  cultivator, 
but  the  teeth  are  long,  sharp,  and  compara- 
tively thin. 

2.  Surg.  :  A  Scarificator  (q.v.). 

scar'-I-fy,  *scar-y  fle,  *  scar-ri-fy,  v.t. 
[Fr.  scarifier,  from  Lat.  scarijico,  scarifo,  from 
Gr.  (TKaftit^donai,  (skariphaotiuii)  =  to  scratch 
or  scrape  up,  from  oxopt4>o$  (skariphos)=:  a 
style  or  pointed  instrument  fur  drawing  out- 
lines ;  Sp.  escarificar  ;  Ital.  scarificare.] 

1.  Surg.  :  To  remove  the  flesh  from  about  a 
tooth,  so  as  the  better  to  get  at  it  with  an 
instrument  ;  to  make  several  incisions  in  the 
skin  with  a  lancet  or  cupping  instrument,  for 
the  purpose  of  letting  blood  or  of  drawing 
fluids. 

"  They  will  send  doctors  and  mrgeona  to  wrap  you 
blisters  and  tcar         ou  all  over."—  ^artA  :  Liht  o 


In  blisters  and  tcari/y  you  all  over."—  ^artA  :  Light  of 
Jfature,  vol.  IL,  pt.  if.,  ch.  xxtii. 

2.  Agric*  :  To  stir  the  soil,  as  with  a  scarifier. 

3.  Fig.  :   To  torture,  to  plague  ;  to  cause 
extreme  pain  to  ;  to  pull  to  pieces  cruelly. 
(Physically  or  mentally.) 

"Those  who  delight  In  seeing  other*  icariAed."  — 
Daily  Tetfyraph.  Oct.  8.  1862. 

scar'  -i  oils,  scar'  i  ose,  a.f  (Mod.  Lat 
scariosus,  from  Mod.  Lat.  scarlet—  a,  spinous 
shrub  (Littre);  or  from  Prov.  Eng.  scare  =  lean, 
scraggy,  scaly  (Matin)  ;  Fr.  scarieux,] 

Bot.  :  Membranous  and  dry  ;  having  a  thin. 
dry,  shrivelled  appearance,  as  the  involucral 
leaves  of  many  Centaureas. 

soa-ri'-tes,  *.     [Gr.  <neopm*  (skaritis)  =  a 

stone  coloured  like  the  fish  Scarus.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Searitinse. 
Mandible  strongly  toothed  on  the  inner  side. 
Species  many,  from  temperate  and  warmer 
countries. 

scar-i-ti'-nse,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  scarit(es); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suit",  -iiue.] 

Entom.  :  A  sub-family  of  Carabidse.  Body 
elongated  ;  prothorax  separated,  from  the 
elytra  by  a  narrow  cylindrical  neck  ;  mandi- 
bles generally  large  ;  legs  short,  anterior  tibiae 
strongly  notched  on  the  outer  side,  so  as  to 
constitute  them  palmate  implements,  well 
adapted  for  digging.  They  feed  on  the  small 
insects  found  at  the  roots  of  plants. 

scar-la-tin'-a,  scar-le-tin'-a,  s.  [SCAR- 
LET.] 

PathoL:  Scarlet  fever,  a  disease  of  child- 
hood but  occurring  at  any  age,  consisting  of 
an  inflammation  affecting  the  entire  integu- 
ment, both  cutaneous  and  mucous,  accom- 
panied by  an  infectious  or  contagious  fever, 
There  are  three  varieties,  S.  simplex,  S.  an- 
ginosa,  where  the  throat  is  chiefly  implicated, 
and  S.  maligna,  where  the  poison  is  so  rapidly 
fatal  as  frequently  to  kill  the  patient  before 
the  chief  usual  symptoms  develop.  The  erup- 
tion appears  on  the  second  or  third  day  in  the 
form  of  closely  aggregated  points  about  the 
size  of  a  pin's  head,  with  normal  skin  between, 
rounded  and  tending  to  become  confluent 
The  period  of  desquamation,  owing  to  ex- 
cessive production  of  new  epidermis,  follows 
in  two  or  three  days.  The  eruption  may  be 
on  the  face  only,  the  most  frequent  change 
being  in  the  throat,  the  tonsils  becoming 
swollen  with  catarrhal  pharyngitis,  tenacious 
mucous  secretion,  and  oedema,  with  great 
difficulty  in  swallowing.  Inflammation  of  the 
parotids  and  other  glands  often  occurs,  with 
suppuration  and  abscess,  destroying  the  cell- 
tissues,  with  sloughing,  and  occasionally  fatal 
haemorrhage.  The  middle  ear  is  frequently 
affected  in  the  eruptive  stage,  often  resulting  in 
permanent  deafness,  and  diphtheria  is  a  not 
unusual  complication,  leading  some  observers 
to  treat  it  as  a  symptom  of  scarlatina  or  erup- 
tive maladies  affecting  the  throat  instead  of 


ecting 
e.     T 


a  distinct  disease.     The  kidneys  are  more 


affected  in  this  disease  than  any  other  organ, 
nephritis  being  a  common  accompaniment, 
and  dropsy  a  very  frequent  sequela.  It  is  very 
contagious,  the  infection  persisting  for  a  long 
time,  and  tending  to  attack  every  member  of  a 
family  not  protected  by  a  previous  attack. 
Its  regular  course  is  from  two  to  three  weeks, 
the  period  of  infection  being  strongest  during 
the  process  of  desquamation,  and  lasting  for 
about  three  weeks  from  the  commencement 
of  that  process.  It  is  unost  fatal  in  the  very 
young,  during  pregnaucy,  or  in  adults  suffering 
from  organic  diseases,  or  when  complications 
exist  Death  may  en8ue  from  pyajtuia,  septic- 
aemia, pneumonia,  or  anasarca,  being  ushered 
in  by  convulsions  and  coma  ;  should  the  tem- 
perature reach  105°,  with  a  pulse  over  120, 
livid  eruption,  nervousness  with  typhoid 
symptoms,  haemorrhage  of  the  skin,  or  vomit- 
ing, diarrhoea,  ordropsy  set  in,  the  prognosis 
is  very  unfavourable.  There  is  no  known 
specific  for  this  formidable  malady. 

scar  la  tin  -al,  a.    [Eug.  scarlatina)  ;  -al] 
Patlwl.  :  Of,  belonging  to,  produced,  or  modi- 
fied by  Scarlatina  :  as,  a  scarlatinal  dropsy, 
scarlatinal  synovitis,  &c.    (Tanner.) 

SCar-la  -tin  -old,  a.  [Eng.  scarlatin(a)  ;  -oid.] 
Resembling  scarlatina  or  any  of  its  symptoms  : 
as,  scarlatinoid  rash,  occurring  after  opera- 
tions. (Tanner.) 

8car-la-tin'rous,  o.  [Eng.  scarlatin(a)  ; 
-ous.]  Pertaining  to  scarlatina  or  scarlet  fever. 

scar  -less,  a.  [Eng.  scar  (2),  s.  ;  -less.]  With- 
out a  scar  ;  free  from  scars. 

scar'  let,  *  scar-lat,  *  skar-let,  *.  &  a. 

[O.  Fr.  escarlate  (Fr.  icarlate),  from  Pen. 
saqaldt,  seqaldt,  suqldt  —  scarlet  cloth  ;  cf. 
Pers.  saqldtun,saqldtin  =  scarlet  cloth  ;  saql&n 
=  cloth  ;  Arab,  saqarldt  =.  a  warm  woollen 
cloth  ;  siqldt  =  a  fine  painted  or  figured  cloth, 
a  canopy  over  a  litter  ;  Sp.  <to  Port  escarlata  ; 
Ital.  scarlatto.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  (The  best  scarlet 
dye  is  obtained  from  cochineal.) 

"These  [the  cochineal]   yield    the   much-ee  teamed 
tcarlft."  —  Ltamplrr  :   Voya.gct(*U.  USE). 

2.  Cloth  of  a  scarlet  colour  ;  scarlet  dress 
or  robes. 

clothed  with 


"All   her  household 
Proverbt  xuci.  SI. 

II.  Hot,  ,  d-c.  ;  Pure  carmine  slightly  tinged 
with  yellow. 
B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Of  the  colour  known  as  scarlet. 

"  Invested  with  the  gold  chain  and  the  jcarfef  refctt.* 
—  Knox  :    Winter  Ewfningt,  ev.  56. 

2.  Wearing  scarlet  clothes  ;  dressed  in  IMT- 

let. 

"ScarlM  hypocrite."        Shake*?.:  I  Henry  VI,,  i.  ft. 

scarlet-bean,  s.  The  Scarlet-runwr 
(q.v.). 

scarlet-faced  sakl,  s.    [SAKI.] 
scarlet-fever,  s.    [SCARLATINA.] 

scarlet-fish,  s.  A  name  given  to  the 
Telescope-carp  (q.v,),  from  its  brilliant  red 
colour. 

scarlet-Ibis,  a. 

Ornith.  :  Ibis  rubra,  from  tropical  America. 
It  is  a  beautiful  bird,  with  plumage  of  interns* 
scarlet,  but  in  Europe  the  birds  become  paler 
at  each  successive  moult 

scarlet-lady,  s.    [SCARLET-WOMAN.] 

scarlet-lake,  *.  A  red  pigment  pre- 
pared from  cochineal. 

scarlet-lychnis,  «. 

Bot.  :  Lychnis  chalcedonica,  a  border  plant, 
introduced  into  England  from  Russia  in  1594* 

scarlet  maple,  5. 

Bot.  :  Acer  rubrum. 
scarlet-mite,  «. 

Entom,  :  Trombidium  holosertceum.  Whe« 
young  it  is  parasitic  on  the  genus  Phalangium  ; 
the  adult  insect,  which  is  bright  scarlet,  ma/ 
be  seen  running  about  on  the  ground  and  ia 
moss  on  the  roots  of  trees. 

scarlet  -oak,  s. 

Bot.  ;  Quercus  coccinea,  a  North  American 
oak,  the  leaves  of  which  when  decaying  be- 
come scarlet 


boil,  boy;  poiit.  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  **<",  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing, 
-elan,    tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -fion  =  zhun.   -cious,   tioua,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4132 


•carlet— scattered 


scarlet  pompone,  ». 
Sot.  :  Liliun>  Pomponium. 
scarlet  ranner,  t  scarlet-bean,  «. 
Bot.  :  Phaseolus  multiflorus. 
scarlet  seed.  •- 

Bot.:  (1)  Termtrdmia  obovalit  ;  (S)  Latia 
Thamnia. 

scarlet  sumach,  «. 

Bot.  :  Rhus  glabra. 

scarlet  tanager,  «. 

Ornith.  :  Pyranga  rubra,  a  summer  visitant 
to  the  United  States,  retiring  southwards  in 
winter.  The  popular  name  is  derived  from 
the  prevailing  hue  of  the  summer  plumage  of 
the  male. 

scarlet  -tiger,  ». 

Entom,  :  Hyperocompa  dominula.  Fore  wings 
dark  green,  with  conspicuous  yellow  or  white 
•pots  :  hind  wings  crimson,  with  black  spots 
towards  the  margin.  A  rare  and  fine  British 
moth,  about  two  inches  in  the  expansion  of 
its  wings.  Larva  black,  with  pale  yellow 
•tripes,  feeding  on  various  plants. 

scarlet-woman,  scarlet-lady,  «.  An 

appellation  founded  on  Rev.  xvii.  4,  and 
applied  by  some  Protestant  controversialist* 
to  the  Papacy. 

"  And  fulminated 
against  th«  scarlet-woman  and  her  creed." 

Tennyvjn  :  Sea  Dreamt. 

r'-lSt,  *•*.<.     [8CARLCT,  «.] 

1.  To  make  scarlet  ;  to  redden. 
•  2.  To  clothe  in  scarlet. 
"  Pylyoued  and  HarteUed.'—  Harl  J/ltceO.,  it  «i 

r-le-tln'-a,  «.    [SCARLATIHA.] 

•  scar  mage  (age  as  it).  *  scar  -mogo, 
t.    [SKIRMISH.] 


*  scar  mishe, 
MISH.] 


scar  mische,  i.     [SKIR- 


•earn, skarn,  «.  [A.S.  Ktarn  ;  Icel.,  Dan., 
&  Sw.  si-am  =  dung.]  Dung.  (Prov.  &  Scotch.) 

•car'-old,  a.  [Lat.  scar(us);  Eng.  suff.  -aid.] 
Belonging  to,  characteristic  of,  or  resembling 
the  genus  Scarus  (q.v.). 

"ThU  typical  genus  contain*  by  far  the  greatest 
number  of   Scaroid  Wrtntm.-—0untlur!  Study   of 


scarp  (1),  *  scarf,  *  scarfe,  f.  [Fr.  acarpe, 
from  Ital.  tcarpa,  so  called  because  cut  sharp 
or  steep,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  scharf,  icharf;  Lew 
Qer.  scharp  =  sncrp  (q.v.)  ;  O.  Fr.  escarper  = 
to  cut  smooth  and  steep.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  perpendicular,  or  nearly 
perpendicular  slope. 

2.  Fort.  :  The  interior  slope  or  wall  of  the 
ditch  at  the  foot  of  the  parapet.  It  is  hidden 
from  the  enemy  by  the  glacis. 

•carp   (2).  scarpe,   ».     [O.    Fr.    cscharpe.] 

[SCARF  (1XY] 

Her.  :  A  diminutive  of  the  bend  sinister, 
supposed  to  represent  a  shoulder-belt  or  offi- 
cer's scarf. 

•carp,  v.t.  [SCARP  (IX  «.]  To  cut  down  like 
a  scarp  or  slope  ;  to  cut  down  perpendicularly. 

"  In  other  places  artificially  scarped  into  a  beetling 
crag."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  t.  1885* 

•carped,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [SCARP,  r.J 
•oarpn,  ».    [SCARF  (2),  s.,  1.] 

•  scar  pine,  «.    [Fr.  wear-pin  ;  ItaL  10117x1  = 
a  shoe,  a  slipper.]    An  instrument  of  torture 
like  a  boot. 

**  I  was  pot  to  the  Karpinel."—£iiiffiley  :  Wutvnrd 
Sol  ch.  m 

•  scarre,  ».    [SCAR,  s.] 
•carred,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SCAR  (IX  r.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Marked  by  a  scar  or  scars  ; 
exhibiting  scars. 

"  How  fallen,  he*  alterM  now  !  how  wan 
Each  tcarr'd  and  faded  visage  shone." 

Moon  :  Fire-  Wonhippert. 

H.  Bot.  :  Marked  by  the  scars  left  by 
bodies,  such  as  leaves,  which  have  fallen  off. 

•car  -ry  (1),  o.  [Eng.  «oir  (1),  s.  ;  -».]  Be- 
Mmbling  or  having  scars  or  precipices. 

•  •car'-rjf  (2),  a.    [Eng.  sear  (2),  s.  ;  -y.]    Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  a  scar   or   scars  ; 
having  or  exhibiting  scars  ;  scarred. 


•cart,  v.t.  [A  variant  of  Krat  (q.v.).]  To 
scratch,  to  scrape.  Sometimes  applied  to  in- 
distinct or  bad  writing.  (Scotch.) 

scart  (IX  ».    [ScART,  ».] 

1.  A  scratch,  a  slight  wound. 

"  I  would  never  be  making  a  hum-dudgeon  about  a 
•cart  on  the  pow."— Scott :  Guy  Jfannerinff,  ch.  xxiii. 

2.  A  meagre,  puny-looking  person. 

scart  (2),  skart,  s.  [SCARF  (3),  s.]  A  cor- 
morant. (Scotch.) 

"  D'ye  think  ye'll  help  them  wf  skirling  that  gate 
like  an  auld  -tart  "  "—Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  viii. 

scar  -US,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  o-nipvs  (skarw)  = 
Scarus  creUnsis.] 

Ichthy. :  Parrot- Wrasses ;  a  genus  of  Labridse 
with  ten  species.  The  jaws  form  a  sharp 
beak,  teeth  confluent ;  dorsal  spines  stiff, 
pungent.  Scarus  cretensis  occurs  in  the  Medi- 
terranean ;  the  other  nine  are  from  the  tropii-s. 
The  first  was  held  in  high  repute  among  the 
ancients,  and  is  still  valued  for  its  exquisite 
flavour.  It  feeds  on  fucus,  and  the  fact  that 
it  rolls  its  food  backwards  and  forwards  in  the 
mouth  to  masticate  it  thoroughly  probably 
gave  rise  to  the  idea  that  it  was  a  ruminant. 
[PARROT- FISH.] 

scar  y,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  Poor  land, 
having  a  thin  coat  of  grass.  (Prov.) 

scat  (1),  sead,  scatt,  s.    [A.3.  scent  =  a  tax ; 
Icel.  ecattr;    O.  H.  Ger.  sou;  Ger.  schatz.] 
[SHOT  (2),  t.)    A  tax,  a  tribute.    (Scotch.) 
"  Seizing  Katt  and  treasure 
For  her  royal  needs.** 

LonaftUow  :  Jrusfeian'l  Tale. 

sc&t  (2),  t.  [Icel.  ikadlia,  skadhi.]  [SCATHE.] 
Hurt,  harm. 

scat  (3),  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  brisk  shower 
of  rain  driven  by  the  wind ;  a  passing  shower. 
(Prov.) 

scatch,  •*.  [Fr.  escache.]  A  kind  of  bridle- 
bit.  Called  also  a  Scatchmouth. 

scitch'-e J, «.  pi.  [O.Fr.  eschatses(Fr.  echotses) 
=  stilts,  from  Dut.  schaets,  schaats  =  a  high- 
heeled  shoe,  a  skate.]  Stilts  to  put  the  feet 
In  for  walking  in  dirty  places. 

"  Walking    upon    stilts  or  •catc/tw."—  T/rmAttrt : 
Sabeltit,  U.  L 

scatch  -m6~uth, ».    (SCATCH.) 

*  scate,  s.  &  t*.    [SKATE.] 

*  sca-te' -broils,  a.  [Lat.  tmtebra  =  a  spring, 
from  tcateo  =  to  overflow.]    Abounding  with 
springs. 

*  sca*fn,  c.  &  s.    (SCATHE,  v.  &  ».] 

*  •oath-fire,  s.    A  very  destructive  fire. 

scathe,  scalth,  *  scath,  *  skathe,  t.  [A.8. 
sceadha  ;  Icel.  skadha,  skadhi  ;  O.  Fris.  skatha  ; 
Goth,  skath.ii ;  Dut.  &  Ger.  schade.]  Hurt, 
harm,  injury. 

"  For  harme  and  scotTM  by  hym  done  In  Fraance."— 
Faoyan :  Chronycle,  ch.  Ixxr. 

scathe,  scalth,  •  scath,  v.t.  [A.S.  saadhan, 
cogn.  with  Icel.  skadha ;  Sw.  skada ;  Dan. 
skade ;  Ger.  &  Dut.  schaden;  Goth,  gaskathjan.] 
To  hurt,  to  harm,  to  injure,  to  damage ;  to  de- 
stroy. 

"As  when  heaven's  fire 

Hath  KaOied  the  forest  oaks,  or  mountain  pines. - 
JiiUon:  P.  L.,  i.  eli 

*  scathe -ftU,  *  scath-ful,  ;  scath  full, 
a.    [Eng.  tcathc;  -/uli]    Hurtful,  harmful. 

"  0  Katke/ul  harm,  condition  of  poverte." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  4.519. 

*  scathe  -ful  ness,  *  scath  ful  ness,  «. 

[Eng.  scathffid ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  hurtful  or  injurious ;  hurtfulness, 
injnriousness. 

*  scathe'-less,  *  scath-les,  a.  [Eng.  scathe ; 
-less.]    Free  from  hurt,  harm,  or  injury ;  un- 
injured, unhurt. 

"That  tcatluteu.  roll  sikerly 
I  might  auto  the  welle  go. 

Jtomaunt  of  the  Ron. 

*  scathe-liche,  a.    [A.S.  jwa/fha  =  hurt,  and 
liche  =  like  ]    Hurtful,  harmful,  injurious. 

*  scath-fnl,  a.    [SCATREFUL.] 

scath  -ing,  a.  [SCATHE,  v.]  Hurtful,  harm- 
ful, blasting;  very  bitter  or  severe:  as, 
scathing  sarcasm. 

scath' -less,  o.    [SCATHELESS.] 


"  scath'  -1&  a.  [Eng.  scathe,  ;  -ly.]  Hurtfl-0, 
injurious. 

scat  hold,  s.  [Eng.  scat  (1),  and  hold.]  In 
Orkney  and  Shetland  open  ground  for  pasture 
or  for  furnishing  fuel  ;  scatland.  Written  also 


g  f 
ld, 


scathald,  scattald,  scattold. 

scat'  -land,  *>.  [Eng.  scat  (1),  and  land.]  In 
Orkney  and  Shetland  land  which  paid  a  duty 
or  tax  called  Scat  for  right  of  pasture  anil  fuel. 

•  scat  -6  man-9y,  ».  r.Gr.  o-«aToc  (ria(ns)  = 
dung,  and  jutt/reia  \9vtnteia)  =  prophecy, 
divination.]  Divination  by  a  person's  excre- 
ment. 

sea  toph'-a-ga,  s.    [SCATOPHAGOS.] 

Entoiti.  :  A  genus  of  Musciilie,  section  Aca- 
lypterae,  i.«.,  having  the  halteres  uncovered, 
the  wing-scales  being  absent  or  small.  Scato- 
phaga  stercoraria  is  the  Dung-fly.  The  eggs 
are  deposited  in  dung,  but  are  preserved  from 
sinking  in  it  by  two  horns  diverging  from 
the  upper  end.  The  perfect  insect  is  dingy 
yellow,  about  a  third  of  an  inch  long,  and 
preys  on  other  Diptera. 

SCa-tdph  -a-gUS,  s.     [Or.  <r«aTWpov«  (sta*o- 
phagos)  =  eating  dung  or  dirt  :  o-xaros  ( 
geuit.    of   o-Kuip    (skor)  =  dung,    and 
(phagein)  =  to  eat.] 

1.  Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Squamipennes  (q.v.). 
Two  dorsals  united  at  base,  first  with  ten  or 
eleven  spines  ;  anal  with  four  spines  ;  snout 
rather  short  ;  preoperculum  without  spine  ; 
scales  very  small.    Four  species,  from  the 
Indian  Ocean.    Scatophagvs  argus  is  one  of 
the  commonest  Indian  shore-fishes  ;  it  enters 
rivers  freely,  and  is  said  not  to  be  very  parti- 
cular in  the  selection  of  food.    (Giinthcr.) 

2.  Palceont.  :  From  the  Eocene  of  Monte 
Bolca. 

scatt,  s.    [SCAT  (1),  ».] 

scat  -ter,  *  scat-er,  •  scat-tre,  v.t.  &  «. 
[A.S.   scateran,  from  the  same  root   as  Gr. 
o-Ktoavwfit  (skedannumi)  =  to  scatter.    Scatter 
and  shatter  are  doublets.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  throw  loosely  about  ;  to  sprinkle,  to 
strew. 

"  The  seedsman 
Upon  the  slime  and  ooze  scatters  his  grain" 

Mofeup.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  it.  7. 

2.  To  dissipate  and  disperse  ;  to  cause  to 
separate  and  go  away  or  apart  from  each  other. 

"Scattered  the  clonda  away." 

Byron  :  Ckitae  Harold,  Ir.  16. 

3.  To  sprinkle  something  ;  to  strew  or  be- 
sprinkle with  something. 

A  narrow  way 

Scattered  with  busby  thorns  and  ragged  breares.  ' 
Spenter    f.  O..  I.  x.  aft. 

4.  To  disunite  ;  to  break  up  into  pieces  01 
parties  ;  to  distract. 


. 

:  Lear,  ill.  1 

5.  To  dissipate,  to  dispel,  to  frustrate  :  an, 
To  scatter  hopes  or  plans. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  be  dispersed,  scattered,  or 
dissipated  ;  to  disperse  ;  to  separate  from  each 
other  ;  to  go  dispersedly  ;  to  straggle. 

"  The  commons,  like  an  angry  hive  of  bees 
That  want  their  lender,  tcatter  up  and  down." 

Sttutetp.  :  3  Henry  VI.,  ill.  \. 

scatter-tuft,  .-•. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Sporochnus,  one  of  the 
algals. 

scat  -ter-braln,  s.  [Eng.  scatter,  and  brain.] 
A  giddy  or  thoughtless  person  ;  one  who  is 
incapable  of  settled  or  concentrated  thought 

scat  -ter  brained,  a.  [Eng.  scatter,  and 
brained.]  Giddy,  thoughtless,  flighty,  heed- 
less. 

scat   tered,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SCATTER.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Ord.   Lang.  :  Dispersed,  dissipated,  be- 
sprinkled, strewn,  thinly  spread. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  (Of  leaves)  :   Dispersed,  as  opposed  to 
whorled,  opposite,  ternate,  or  any  such  terms. 

(2)  (Of  branches):   Having  an  apparently 
irregular  arrangement. 

scattered  -light,  >. 
Optics  :   Irregularly  reflected  light.      It  !• 
the  kind  of  light  which  makes  bodies  visible. 


fite,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wor«,  W9lf,  work,  who,  sin ;  mate,  oilb,  cure,  -Quite,  our,  i-ule,  rtll ;  try,  Syrian.    a>,  ce      e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu    -  kw. 


*  scat -tered-1^,  <vlv.    [Eng.  scattered;  ~ly.] 
In  a  scattered  or  dispersed  manner ;  separ- 
ately, disunitedly. 

"An  aggregation  of  things,  which  exist  tcattercdty 
and  apart  111  the  world."— Cud  worth :  Iittelt.  Syttem, 
p.  69ft. 

scaf-ter-er,  5.  [Eng.  scatter;  •er,]  One  who 
scatters. 

scat'-ter-good,  s.  [Eng.  scatter,  and  good.] 
One  who  wastes  his  goods  or  fortune;  a 
spendthrift. 

cclt'-ter-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SCATTER.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  partidp.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

L  The  act  of  one  who  scatters  or  disperses. 

2.  That  which  is  scattered  or  dispersed. 
(Generally  in  the  plural.) 

*  scat'-ter-ing-l^,  *  scat  ter-ing  lie,  adv. 

[Eng.  scattering;  -ly.]    In  a  scattered  or  di- 
spersed manner ;  dispersedly ;  not  together. 

"  Others  tcatteringly  and  sparingly  glean  out  of, 
hum, in  books."— Boyle;  Works,  it  286. 

*  scat  -ter-lmg,  *.    [Eng.  scatter;  -ling.]    A 
vagabond ;  one  who  has  no  fixed  home   or 
residence. 

"  Gathering  unto  htm  all  the  icattirltngt  and  out- 
laws out  of  all  the  woods."— Spenter:  On  Ireland. 

*  sca-tur^-i-ent,  a.    [Lat.  scaturiens,  pr.  par. 
of  scaturio  =  to  flow  or  gush  out,  from  scateo 
=  to  spring.]    Springing  or  gushing  out,  as 
the  water  of  a  fountain. 

*scat-u-rl£'-in-ous,  a.  [Lat.  scaturigo, 
genit.  scaturiginis  =  spring  water.]  [ScATU- 
RIENT.]  Abounding  with  springs  or  foun- 
tains. 

scaud,  v.t.    [SCALD,  v.J    (Scotch.) 
soanld,  v.t.    [SCOLD,  v.]    (Scotch.) 

Scaup  (1),  s.  [Prob.  a  variant  of  scalp  (1),  s,] 
Poor,  hard  land  ;  a  small  square  knoll. 

scaup  (2),  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  bed  or 
stratum  of  oysters  or  the  like :  as,  an  oyster- 
scaup,  a  mussel-«caup. 

scaup  (3),  *.    [Icel.  scalp-hcena.] 

Ornith. :  A  duck,  Ftdigula  marila.  It  is 
ashy,  streaked  with  black,  the  head  and  neck 
black,  changing  into  green,  the  rump  and  tail 
black,  the  under  parts  white  ;  spots  of  white 
on  the  wings,  bill  lead  colour.  Sir  John 
Richardson  describes  it  as  breeding  in  all 
parts  of  the  fur  country  of  North  America, 
from  50"  north  latitude  upwards.  It  occurs 
also  in  Siberia,  the  north  of  Europe,  &c. 

scaup-duck,  s.    [SCAUP  (3).] 

scaup'-er,  s.    [Prob.  for  scalper.] 

Engrav. :  A  tool  having  a  semicircular  face, 
used  by  engravers  to  clear  away  the  spaces 
between  the  lines  of  an  engraving,  in  the 
manner  of  a  chisel. 

scaur,  r.t.    [SCARE,  v.} 

scaur,  (i.  [SCAUR,  v.]  Apt  to  be  scared. 
(ScotcA.) 

"  An'  faith  1  tbou's  neither  lag  nor  lame, 
Nor  Mate  nor  scaur."  Hum*  ;  To  t\t  fitO, 

scaur,  3.  [SCAR  (!),«.]  A  cliff,  a  scar ;  a  pre- 
cipitous bank  overhanging  a  river. 

"  Scale  the  scaur  that  gleams  so  red." 

Blackie :  Layi  of  Highland*,  p.  98. 

*  scav'-age  (age  as  ig),  s.    [Low  Lat.  scam- 
giuin,  an  old  law  term,  equivalent  to  showage, 
being  a  duty  on  goods  shown ;  A.S.  scedwian 
=  to  show  (q.v.).]     A  toll  or  duty  formerly 
exacted  of  merchant  strangers    by  mayors, 
sheriffs,  &c,  for  goods  shown  or  offered  for 
sale  within  their  precincts. 

*  scav'-age  (age  as  Ig),  v.t.     [SCAVAOB,  «.] 
To  scavenge,  to  cleanse  of  tilth. 

"  Th«M  are  16  orderlies  regularly  employed  upon 
tcfivaging  a  portion  of  the  city." — Mayhew :  London 
Labour  i  London  Poor,  ii.  398. 

*  scav   ag-or  (ag  as  Ig),  s.    [Eng.  scavag(e); 
-er.}    A  scavenger  (q.v.). 


"  The  streel^orderlies  seem  likely  to  become  the 
estftlilisbetl  Kavagert."— Xayhtw :  London  Labour  A 
London  Poor,  11.298. 


*  scaV-ag-er  ^  (ag  as  Ig),  s.    [Eng.  scavage; 

ry.}    The  system  of  scavenging  or  cleansing 
the  streets,  &c.,  of  a  town  from  filth. 

"  Any   proposed     improvement     in    tcavagery."— 
W:  London  Labour  A  London  Poor,  it  29ft. 


scatteredly—  scene 

'  scav'-finge,  v.t.  [Formed  from  scavenger 
(q.v.).]  To  cleanse,  as  streets,  &c.,  from  filth. 

"  Vut  parallel  streets  which  were  being  continu- 
ously tcavenacd'—  St.  Jamtt'l  Qatetti.  Sept.  20,  188*. 

Bcav  en-ger  (1),  *  scav  en-gore,  s.  [For 
scavager,  the  n  being  inserted  as  in  messenger, 
passenger,  Ac.]  A  petty  officer  whose  duty 
was  to  see  that  the  streets  of  a  city  were  kept 
clean  ;  hence,  a  man  employed  to  clean  the 
streets,  Ac.,  of  a  city  by  sweeping,  scraping, 
and  carrying  off  the  filth  ;  a  person  engaged 
in  any  mean  or  dirty  occupation. 

"  WhoM  dunghill  all  the  parish  tcavtngert 
Could  never  rid." 

tiaaum.  A  Fltt.  :  Martial  Maid,  lit  L 

scavenger-roll,  s. 

Cotton-man.  :  A  roller  in  a  spinning-machine 
to  collect  loose  fibre  and  fluff. 

*  ScaV-en-fcer  (2),  «.  [See  def.] 
A  corruption  of  the  name  of  Sir 
W.  Skevington,  Lieutenant  of 
the  Tower  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.,  by  whom  the  instrument 
of  torture  called  after  him  was 
invented. 

Scavenger's  daughter, 

s.  An  instrument  of  torture, 
consisting  of  a  broad  hoop  of 
iron  which  so  compressed  the 
body  as  to  force  the  blood  from 
the  ears  and  nose,  and  some- 
times even  from  the  hands  and 
feet.  DAUGHTER. 

scaw,  *.  [Icel.  skagi  =  a  promontory,  from 
skaga  =  to  jut  out.]  A  promontory.  (Shetland.) 

•ca'-zon,  s,  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  a*6.fav  (skazdn) 
=  limping.] 

Lat.  Pros.  :  A  kind  of  iambic  verse,  having 
a  spondee  or  trochee  in  the  last  place  instead 
of  an  iambus. 


*sceat.s. 

Numism.  :  A  small  Anglo  Saxon  copper  coin 
worth  a  penny. 

*  s  cede,  5.    [SCHEDULE.]    A  legal  document  ; 
a  schedule. 

*  S9eT  er-at,  *  scSl'-er-ate,  a.  *  «.    [Fr., 
from  Lat.  sceleratus,  from  scelus,  genit.  sceleris 
=  wickedness.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Wicked. 

"  The  most  toelerate  plot  that  trer  waft  heard  04."— 
tforth  :  Exa/mtn,  p.  ItL 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  villain,  a  criminal. 

*  Sfel'-er-OUS,  a.    [Lat.  sctlerosus,  from  scelus, 
genit.  sceleris  =  crime,  guilt.]    Wicked. 

"By  thii  abominable  and  tctUrmu  •c^~—ttaU; 
Richard  III.,  to.  i. 

*  890  les'-tio,   *  see  les-tlque,  a.     [Lat. 
scelestut  =  wicked,  from  scelus,  genit  sceleris 
wickedness.]    Wicked,  atrocious. 

"  The  world  hath  not  .  .  more  tetttttiqu»  vil- 
Uinea."—  ftUham  :  Retolvtt,  pt  i.,  re».  5. 

SOeT-I-deS,  5.  pi    [PI.  of  Or.  o-xcJUc  (shells), 
genit.  oxeAi'Sos  (skelidos)  =&  leg.] 
Zool  :  The  legs  of  animals. 

Scel-X-do*-,  pref.    [SKSLIDES.] 

Nut.  Hist  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  leg  of  an 
animal  ;  furnished  with  legs. 

scel-I-d*  »an-rl-da>,  *.  pi  [Mod.  Lat. 
scelidosaurius)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 
Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Marsh's  Stegosauria 
(q.v.).  Astragalus  not  coalesced  with  tibia, 
metatarsals  elongate.  European  Genera  : 
Scelidosaurus,  from  the  Lias  ;  Acanthopholis 
from  the  Chalk,  Crataeomus  and  Hyleeosaurus, 
from  the  Wealden  ;  and  Polacanthus. 

Sfel-I-do-sau'-nis,  *.  [Pref.  sceUdo-,  and 
Gr.  o-aGpos  (saurits)  =  a  lizard.]  [ScBLiDO- 

SAURIDA] 

acer-I-do1  -there,*.  [SCELIDOTHERIUM.]  Any 
individual  of  the  extinct  genus  Scelidotherium 
(q.v.)- 

"  The  teeth,  howerer,  are  fewer  In  the  Sc«tidr>thert 
than  In  any  Armadillo."  —  Owen,  In  Zool,  of  Voyage  of 
Beagle,  pt.  1.,  p.  76. 

sceVi-do^tbeV-X-nm,  *.  [Pref.  scelido-,  and 
Gr.  Afptoio  (therion)  =  a  wild  beast  ] 

Palceont.  :  A  South  American  genus  of 
Edentata,  allied  to  Mylodon  (q.v.),  but  com- 
prising forms  of  smaller  size  and  less  massive 
construction.  The  skull  was  elongated. 


4133 

*  scel'-lum,  s.   [ScHELLUM.]  A  rogue,  athlet 

sce'-na,  s.    [Ital.  &  Lat.]    [SCENE.] 

1.  Arch. :  The  permanent  architectural  front 
which  faced  the  audience  in  a  Koman  theatre. 
It  sometimes  consisted  of  three  several  range* 
of  columns  one  above  another. 

2.  Music: 

(1)  A  scene. 

(2)  A   solo   for  a  single   voice,   In   which 
various  dramatic  emotions  are  displayed. 

"  Her  whole  rendering  of  the  long  and  trying  tctrtm 
was  instinct  with  poetic  insight,"—  Daiix  Telegraph, 
Feb.  4,  1386. 

sec  na-rI-6,  *.    [Ital.] 

Drama :  A  sketch  of  the  scenes  and  main 
points  of  an  opera  libretto  or  a  play,  drawn 
up  and  settled  before  filling  in  the  details. 
(Grove.) 

"  This  temario  occupied  twenty-one  pages  of  foolscap 
closely  printed."— Pall  Hall  Gatette,  Dec.  23,  1881. 

*S9en'-ar-^t  «.  [Lat.  scenario  =  pertaining 
to  a  scene.]  [SCENERY.] 

1.  The   appearance   of  places   or   things ; 
scenery. 

"  He  must  rain  a  relish  of  the  works  of  nature,  and 
be  conversant  in  the  various  ternary  of  a  coutitry 
Ufa."— ^1  Alton. 

2.  The  representation  of  a  place  in  which 
an  action  is  performed. 

"  The  progress  of  the  sound,  and  the  tetnarv  of  the 
bordering  regions,  are  imitated  from  AF,n.  vii.  on  the 
sounding  the  born  of  Alecto."— Pope.  (Toad.) 

3.  The  disposition  and  arrangement  of  the 
scenes  of  a  play. 

"  To  make  a  more  perfect  model  of  a  picture.  Is,  In 
the  language  of  poets,  to  draw  up  the  tcenary  of  • 
play."— Dryden  :  Poetry  A  Painting. 

•cene,  s.  [Lat.  scenn,  from  Gr.  O-KTJITJ  (skeiie) 
=  a  sheltered  place,  a  tent,  a  stage,  a  scene  ; 
Fr.  scene;  8p.  escena;  Ital.  scena.] 

*  1.  A  stage ;  the  part  of  a  theatre  on  which 
the  acting  is  done  ;  the  place  where  dramatic 
and  other  shows  are  exhibited. 

"  A  queen  In  Jest,  only  to  fill  the  «c*n«." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  III.,  IT.  4. 

2.  The  imaginary  place  in  which  the  action 
of  a  play  is  supposed  to  take  place ;  the  time, 
place,  circumstances,  Ac.,  in  which  anything 
is  imagined  to  occur,  or  where  the  action  of 
a   story,    play,  poem,  or   the  like  is  laid ; 
surroundings   amid   which  anything   is   set 
before  the  imagination. 

"  The  king  Is  set  from  London,  and  the  SMM 
la  now  transported  to  Southampton." 

Shaketp. :  Henry  V..  ii.     (ProL) 

3.  The  place  where  anything  occurs  or  10 
exhibited. 

"  The  virtue  they  had  learn  VI  In  trcn«t  of  woe." 

Cowptr ;  Sxpottulation,  ML 

4.  A  whole  series  of  actions  and  events  con- 
nected  and  exhibited,  or  a  whole  assemblage 
of  objects  displayed  at  one  view ;  a  play,  a 
spectacle,  an  exhibition. 

"  Now  prepare  thee  for  another  tern*." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  zl.  «7. 

5.  A  place  and  objects  seen  together ;  a 
view,  a  landscape ;  a  combination  of  natural 
views ;  scenery. 

"  Cedar,  and  pine,  and  fir,  and  branching  palm, 
A  sylvan  teent."  Milton;  P.  L,  lv.  140. 

6.  One  of  the  painted  slides,  hangings,  or 
other  devices  used  to  give  an  appearance  of 
reality  to  the  action  of  a  play.    The  usual 
forms  are :  (1)  The  flat  scenes  or  flats  [FLAT,  a., 
C.  II.  8.];  (2)  drop-scenes  (q.v.);  (3)  borders 
or  soffits,  slips  of  canvas  hanging  from  the  top 
of  the  stage,  and  representing  either  the  sky 
or  a  mass  of  overhanging  foliage,  &<%,  and  (4) 
wings,  long,  narrow,  upright  scenes  on  frames 
at  each  side  of  the  stage,  having  much  the 
same  effect  as  the  borders.    [WiNO,  *.] 

7.  Sn  much  of  a  play  as  passes  without  change 
of  locality  or  time ;  a  division  of  an  act ;  so 
much  of  a  play  as  represents  what  passes 
between  the  same  persons  in  the  same  place. 
Plays  are  divided  into  acts,  and  the  acts  are 
subdivided  into  scenes. 

"The  entrance  of  a  new  personage  upon  the  stage, 
forms  what  Is  called  a  Dew  wene.  Tnese  tcenft,  or 
successive  conversations,  should  be  closely  linked  aad 
connected  with  each  other;  and  much  of  the  art  of 
dramatic  composition  is  shown  In  maintaining  this 
connection. "—Blair;  Ltcturet,  lect.  45. 

8.  An  exhibition  of  feeling  between  two  or 
more  persons,  usually  of  a  pathetic  or  pas- 
sionate nature  ;  often  an  artificial  or  affected 
action,  or  course  of  action,  done  for  effect; 
a  theatrical  display. 

T  (1)  Behind  the  scene*: 

Lit. :  Behind  the  scenery  m  a  tneatre ;  hence. 


boj- ;  pout,  j  oM ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenopnon,  exist,   ph  =  £ 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -fcion,  -sion  =  zhun,    -clous*  -tlous,  -sious  =  shus.    -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4134 


(scene— scepticism 


having  access  to  information  not  patent  to 
the  general  public,  concerning  the  : 
for  any  action  or  course  of  conduct,  and  the 
plans  followed  or  to  be  followed  for  attaining 
any  object;  especially,  acquainted  with  ttte 
private  motives  influencing  the  actions  of  a 
party  or  of  an  individual ;  in  the  secret. 

(2)  Set  scenes : 

Theat.:  Scenes  made  np  »f  many  parts 
mounted  on  frames,  which  fit  into  each  other, 
as  an  interior  with  walls,  doors,  windows, 
fireplace,  etc. 

scene-man,  s. 

Theat. :  The  same  as  SCEXI-SHIITKB  (q.v.X 

scene-painter,  s.  One  who  paints  scenes 
•r  scenery  for  theatres. 

"Greenwood  to.  we  believe,  scene-painter  to  Drury 
Lane  Theatre  "—Binn  .  EnslM  Bardl  t  *»<cA  lie- 
sisisers.  (Not*.) 

scene-painting,  s.  A  branch  of  the 
art  of  painting  governed  by  the  laws  of  per- 
•pective,  applied  to  the  peculiar  exigencies 
of  a  theatre.  It  is  executed  chiefly  in  dis- 
temper or  water-colours. 

scene -snifter,  s. 

Theat  :  One  who  shifts  or  arranges  the 
movable  scenery  in  a  theatre  In  accordance 
with  the  requirements  of  the  play. 

•scene-work,*.    A  dramatic  exhibition. 

*  scene,  v.t.    [STBHC,  s.]    To  exhibit ;  to  make 
•  scene  or  exhibition  of ;  to  set  out ;  to  display. 

"  Our  food  Is  plainer,  bat  e»ten  with  a  bettor  ap- 
•etite  i  our  oourse  of  employment  and  action  the  very 
same,  only  not  scmsd  so  Illustriously^  nor  set  off  with 


•  .»•.  only  not  sensed  so  ... 
so  good  company  and  con 
sere.  11.17. 


••cene'-ful,  a.  [Eng.  Kent,  t. ;  -/W(l).) 
Abounding  in  scenes,  scenery,  or  Imagery. 

•oen'-er-?,  ••  [Lat.  tanariia  =  pertaining  to 
•  scene  or  soenes.l 

1.  The  disposition  and  arrangement  of  the 
acenes  of  a  play. 

2.  The  representation  of  a  place  In  which 
an  action  is  supposed  to  take   place;   the 
scenes  of  a  play. 

-  Sophocles  increased  the  number  ol  >otan  to  three. 
and  Added  the  decoration  of  Delated  scenery. "— Twin- 
«Hj:  ArtXotlf  on  foWry.  pt  1. 

S.  The  general  appearance  of  a  place ;  the 
general  aspect,  as  regards  variety  or  beauty, 
or  the  reverse,  In  a  landscape ;  combination  of 
natural  views  which  give  character  to  a  land- 
scape. 

U  Scenery  primarily  depends  on  geological 
phenomena.  Thus  the  series  of  Highland 
lakes  connected  by  the  Caledonian  Canal 
follow  the  strike  of  the  strata,  and  the  wild 
scenery  of  the  Peak  of  Derbyshire,  Ingle- 
borough  in  Yorkshire,  and  the  rocks  over- 
looking the  Wye,  were  produced  by  enormous 
blocks  of  Millstone  Grit.  The  scenery  and 
general  configuration  of  a  district  are  often 
due  rather  to  the  facilities  offered  to  the 
weathering  of  rocks  along  small  and  closely- 
disposed  planes  of  fissure  than  to  the  presence 
of  long  lines  of  fracture  and  faulting. 

scen'-Io,  •  S9en  Ick,  seen -Ic  aL  a.  [Lat. 
Kxnicus,  from  Or.  o-irnyucoc  (skinikot);  Fr. 
tcenupte;  Sp.  escmico ;  IUL  sctnica.)  Per- 
taining to  the  stage ;  dramatic,  theatrical. 

"To-night  no  veteran  Roscii  you  behold, 
ID  all  the  arU  of  scenic  actlou  old." 

Ayron.-  Pro 

scen-6-graph  -Ic,  Bcin-o-graph  -Ic-al, 
a.  (Eng.  xxnograplit  y} ;  -ie,  -leal.}  Of  or 
pertaining  to  stenography ;  drawn  in  per- 
spective. 

•cen-S-graph'-lc-al-ly',  adv.  [Eng.  tceno- 
graphical ;  -ly.]  In  a  scenographic  manner ; 
In  perspective. 

••If  the  workman  be  (killed  In  perspective,  more 
than  one  face  mar  be  represented  in  our  diagram 
ly."—  Mortimer. 


•con-og'-ra-phy,  «.  [Gr.  o-o|ioj  (slant)  =  a 
scene,  and  Ypai&u>  (gra-pKS)  =  to  write,  to  draw ; 
Fr.  stenographic.)  The  art  of  perspective  ; 
the  representation  of  an  object,  as  of  a  build- 
ing, according  to  the  rules  of  perspective  ; 
the  general  view  of  a  building,  as  distinguished 
from  a  ground-plan  or  elevation. 

"  We  shall  here  only  represent  to  TOO  the  lehno- 
graphy.  and  freno?rapAy  of  the  ancient  burial-places 
of  the  Egyptians.  "-grsenMfl .-  Art  of  aTmhtlmin?, 
n,«L 

sec  no  pi  ni  d»,  s.  pL  [Hod.  Lat.  sceno- 
pin(iu);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 


Entom. :  A  family  of  Tanystoma.  Antenna 
short,  with  three  joints,  the  third  the  longest, 
with  no  bristle;  legs  short;  wings  with  a 
complete  cell  on  the  disk.  Very  small  flies, 
the  larvse  of  which  are  long  and  feed  on  fungi. 

390  no  pi  -nus,  s.  [Apparently  a  miswrit- 
ing  for  sctnopoius,  from  Gr.  tnenvbirotos  (sken- 
apois)  =  tent-making. ) 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Scenopinidae 
(q.v.).  S/xnopinia  fenestralis  and  S.fasciatia 
are  often  seen  on  windows,  especially  of 
stables,  on  the  leaves  of  plants,  and  on  wills. 

S9ent,  *  sgnt,  «.    [Scrar,  t>.l 

1.  That  which,  being  emitted  by  or  Issuing 
from  a  body  or  substance,  affects  the  olfactory 
nerves  of  animals. 

"The  rich  wardrobe  breathed  a  costly  scent.' 

Pope :  Bojner;  Odyuey  «.  IIS. 

5.  An   odoriferous   liquid   distilled   from 
flowers,  Ac.,  used  to  perfume  the  handker- 
chief, and  other  articles  of  dress ;  a  perfume. 

1  Odour  or  smell  left  on  the  gronnd,  en- 
abling the  track  of  an  animal  to  be  followed. 

"Under  these  circumstances  scent  did  not  much 
favour  the  pack."— Held.  Sept.  11,  UK. 

4.  Scraps  of  paper  torn  up  small  and  scat- 
tered on  the  ground  in  the  game  of  hare-aml- 
houuds  by  the  hares,  to  serve  as  scent  and 
enable  the  hounds  to  follow  their  track. 

*  5.  A  course  of  pursuit ;  a  track. 

"  He  gained  the  observations  of  Innumerable  ages, 
and  travslled  upon  the  same  ice.it  Into  .Ethiopia."— 
Temple. 

6.  The  power  of  smelling ;  the  smell. 

••  Several  dogs  of  quick  sesat  were  turned  oat  among 
the  bushes.*— jroasulor :  BUt.  fnf..  ch  v. 

1  To  get  scent  o/:  To  find  out,  to  come  to 
know,  to  discover. 

«  Somehow  he  fat  eoenf  o/  what  bad  happened  and 
disappeared."-fl<i«v  Teieyrfpt,  Sept  la,  less. 

scent-glands,  s.  pi. 

Comp.  Anat. :  Glands,  variously  situated  In 
the  males  of  different  animals,  secreting  a 
more  or  less  strongly-smelling  substance. 
Those  of  the  musk-deer  and  civet-cat  are 
familiar  examples.  Their  purpose  is  probably 
aphrodisiac. 

"  Daring  the  breeding  season  the  anal  tee* 
of  snakes  are  In  active  function."— Dartein  : 
o/  Man  led.  1385;.  p.  &U. 

scent,  *  sent,  r.f.  4  f.     [Fr.  »entfr  =  to  feel, 
to  scent,  from  Lat.  aenlio  =to feel,  to  perceive ; 
Sp.  *  Port,  tmtir ;  ItaL  sentire.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  olfactory  organs ;  to 
smell. 

"  Bat  soft  1  methlnks  I  scent  the  morning  air." 

Saevtev.  .•  famUt,  L  5. 

2.  To  fill  or  imbue  with  a  scent  or  odour ; 
to  perfume. 

"  The  profusion  of  rich  perfumes  with  which  It  was 
scented.  —Jforslas1  •'  oermons,  voL  L,  ear.  8. 

*  B.  Intransitive : 
L  To  have  a  smell. 

••  Whatsoever  toueheth  It  tfntet\  presently  of  rron." 
"f.  Holland:  Ptinie  bk.  xxvlL,  ch.  ii. 

2.  To  hunt  animais  by  their  scent. 

scent  -ed,  o.  [Eng.  scent,  s. ;  -ed.]  Having  a 
scent,  odour,  or  perfume. 

••  The  scentless  and  the  scented  rose.* 

Coieper:  Talk.  wL  U. 

•  scenf-fal,  *  senf-full,  a.  [Eng.  scent,  *. ; 


1.  Yielding  much  scent  ;  highly  or  strongly 
scented. 

"  Ye  blossoms,  that  one  varied  landscape  rise, 
Ami  send  your  icentfui  tribute  to  the  skies. 

tenre  :  rolwueer  Launa,  No.  1 

2.  Having  a  quick  scent  or  smell. 

•'  The  tentfuU  osprey  by  the  rocke  had  nsh'd." 

Browne  :  Britannia*  fafUmtU. 

^ent  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SUEST,  v.J 

•  scSnf  -ing-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  tcmUng;  -ly.] 
By  scent  or  smell. 

"  Yet  I  Bud  bat  one  man.  Richard  Smart  by  name 
(the  most  remarkable  because  bat  once,  and  that 
foewttispty  mentioned  by  Mr.  Fox),  borntat  Salisbury." 
—fuller:  WyrOiiel;  rTUUUre. 


•cfint  -less,  a.    [Eng.  scant,  ».  ;  -ten.] 

1.  Having  no  scent  or  smell  ;  destitute  of 
smell  ;  inodorous. 

"  The  corresponding  species  here,  equally  abundant, 
but  entirely  eccntlses.  —  *urroi<pjss  :  Ayjcton,  p.  £53. 

L  Affording  no  scent  for  hunting. 

-That  dry.  som««es  cycle  of  days."-««Ia,  April  4. 


SjSnt'-trood,  s.    [En;,  scent,  and  wool) 
Sot  •  Alyiia  buxi/olia.     (Tiuinuuiun.) 

SCO   pa,  «.     l«r.  »«ir^  (skepf),  from  o-<<«-o« 
(skeptis)  =  a  covering,  a  shelter.) 
Hot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Scrpaceae  (q.v.). 

890  pa  -96-88,  ».  pi.  [MoJ.  Lat.  scepia);  LaL 
fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -aoxe  (q.  v.).] 

Bat. :  Scepads ;  an  order  of  Diclinous 
Exogeus,  alliance  Euphorbiales.  Trees  with 
coriaceous,  alternate  leaves,  and  membranous 
stipules  forming  the  scales  of  the  1-uiis. 
Flowers  apetalous,  unisexual,  males  amen- 
taceous ;  sepals  four  or  five,  minute  and  mem- 
branous  ;  corolla  none  ;  stamens  two  to  five, 
with  short,  inelastic  filaments,  femalas  in 
short,  axillary  racemes  ;  sepals  six,  in  two 
whorls ;  ovary  two-celled ;  style  none ;  stigma 
with  two  or  four  lobes ;  seeds  one  or  two, 
pendulous,  enveloped  in  a  succulent  aril. 
Found  in  forests  in  tropical  India.  Known 
genera  three,  species  six.  (Lindlty.) 

see   pid,  ».    [Mod.  Lat  scrpfr);  Eng.  suft 
•ad.] 
Bot.  (PL) :  The  Scepacea  (q.v.). 

*  scep'-sfs,  s.    [Gr.]    [SCEPTIC.]    Scepticism; 
sceptical  philosophy. 

seep  -tic,  t  skep-tic,  *  step  -tick,  o.  4  «. 
[Fr.  Ktptique  =  a  sceptic,  from  Lat.  scepticvs  ; 
Gr.  <riceiTt«oc  (ikeplikas)  =  thoughtful,  inquir- 
ing ;  0-KfVrone.i  (iktptamai)  =  to  consider.] 

*  A.  As  adj. :  Sceptical. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  doubts  the  truth  or  reality  of 
any  principle  or  system  of  principles  or  doc- 
trines ;  one  who  hesitates  to  believe ;  (more 
loosely)  a  disbeliever. 

2.  Specifically: 

(1)  One  who  doubts  the  existence  of  God 
and  the  truth  of  revelation ;  (more  loosely) 
one  who  disbelieves  or  denies  the  divine  origin 
of  the  Christian  religion. 

"But  what  U  error?    •  Answer  he  who  can  ]' 
The  Kept*  somewhat  haughtily  eiclaiin'd.* 

tFordnorS:  i*cunio».  bk.  vt 

(2)  Philos. :  One  who  pursues  the  sceptical 
system  in  philosophy.    [SCIITICISM,  i  (ij.j 

"  Scepticism,  meaning  doubt,  and  being  frequently 
used  to  signify  religious  doubt,  has  alarming  associa- 
tions attached  to  it.  To  call  a  man  a  eceptic  is  to  call 
a  man  a  heretic.  And.  unfortunately  fur  Hume's 
philosophical  reputation,  he  was  a  Icepic  in  Tnec- 
fogy  as  well  as  In  Philosophy,  and  mankind  have  con- 
sequently Identified  the  former  with  the  latter."— 
S.  a.  Uw*:  SM.  Ratios,  led.  le*».  1L  «S. 

soep'-tic  al,  a.    [Eng.  sceptic;  -aJ.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  a  scep- 
tic ;  hesitating  to  admit  the  truth  or  reality 
of  principles  or  doctrines ;  doubting  of  every- 
thing ;  characterized  by  scepticism. 

"  His  clear  and  somewhat  sceptical  understanding, 
and  his  strong  sense  of  Justice,  preserved  him  from 
all  eieeesee."— JTooautey.-  Sat.  Eno...  ch.  Iv. 

2.  Doubting  or  denying  the  truth  of  revela- 
tion. 

*  ScSp'-tlc-al-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  setptioil;  -!».) 
In  a  sceptical  manner ;  with  doubt. 

"*»p«oill»  leave  It  undecided."— Cudenrt*  .•  /«. 
ten.  System,  p.  806. 

*  soe'p'-tl'o-al-ne'ss,  '•  [Eng.  xxptiml ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sceptical ;  doubt ; 
profession  of  doubt- 

••  Continual  wavering  or  tceptifalneu.  concerning; 
oar  calling  or  election.  —fuUfr :  Sermoni ;  Of  Auur- 
ance.  p.  4. 

soSp'-tl-oism,  t  sktSp'-tl-cism,  ».  [Fr. 
Ktpticimu,  from  Eccles.  Lat.  ewpficismut.] 

1  The  doctrines,  opinions,  or  principles  of 
a  sceptic;  disability  to  believe;  disbelief, 
doubt,  incredulity. 

2.  SpccificaUy: 

(1)  A  doubting,  denial,  or  disbelief  of  the 
truth  of  revelation,  or  of  the  divine  origin  of 
the  Christian  religion,  or  of  the  being  or  truth 
of  God. 

"We  got  clear  of  popish  subtllty  and  sophistry, 
showing  that  there  Is  a  medium,  namely,  mural  cer- 
tainty, between  teepticiim  on  one  hand,  and  papal 
Infallibilityontheother."— l^atertaiii*.-  ITorts. v.  137. 

(9)  Phttoi. :  The  principle  of  universal  doul.t, 
or  at  least  doubt  with  regard  to  the  vali.lity 
of  all  judgments  respecting  that  which  lies 
beyond  the  range  of  experience.  (Kant,  in 
Uebfnaeg:  Bist.  Philos.  (Eng.  ed.).  ii.  32.) 
There  were  three  schools  of  Scepticism  in 
Greek  Philosophy:  (1)  that  of  Pyrrho  of  Elis, 
in  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great ;  (S)  the 


ttte,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pit. 
•r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    «,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  i;  qn  =  kw. 


scepticize— schema 


4135 


MiiMle  Academy,  beginning  with  Arcesilaus, 
who  flourished  towards  the  close  of  the  third 
century  B.C.  ;  and  (:t)  the  Later  Sceptics, 
br-mniug  with  /Knesideiuus  of  Cnossus,  who 
irs  to  have  taught  at  Alexandria  in  the 
first  century  after  Christ ;  they  founded  their 
teaching  iip<>"  that  of  Pyrrlio,  and  are  often 
called  Pyrrhonists.  Scepticism  found  an 
ai'tive  ami  able  opponent  in  St.  Augustine  of 
Hippo  (354-130),  but  revived  somewhat  In 
the  Middle  Ages,  though  at  that  period,  as  in 
later  times,  it  dealt  rather  with  the  arguments 
b)  which  theological  teachings  were  sustained 
with  the  teachings  themselves  and  the 
philosophical  doctrines  corresponding  thereto. 
1  'In'  spirit  of  inquiry  awakened  by  the  Refor- 
mation and  the  Renascence,  and  the  deca- 
dence of  the  Scholastic  Philosophy,  led  men 
to  recur  to  the  ancient  cjrtek  systems,  and 
Si-*  iiticism  was  revived  and  supported  by 
Montaigne  (1553-92),  PieiTe  Charron  (1641- 
1'inO,  anil  Bii.yle  (1647-1706)  in  France,  and 
in  England  by  Hobhes  (1588-1679),  Glanvill 
(1636-80,  author  of  Sce/itis  Scientific!*,  and 
chaplain  to  Charles  II.),  and  Joseph  Hume 
(1711-76),  whose  philosophical  scepticism  in- 
cited Kant  to  the  construction  of  his  Critical 
Philosophy. 

"  Such  Is  the  battle-field,  where  tkepticirm  and  dog- 
matism contend.  Tlie  controversy  Between  them 
reduces  itself  to  this  question—Is  human  knowledge. 
or  Is  it  not.  a  faithful  image  of  real  l<elngT" — fouffroy : 
In/rod,  to  SUuot  ted.  Cuauningl.  i.  203. 

1  In  this  sense  the  spelling  skepticism  is 
occasionally  employed,  especially  in  works 
translated  from  the  German. 

•  sc6p'-ti-9ize,  v.i.     [Eng.  jceptfe;  -tze.]    To 
act  the  sceptic ;  to  doubt  or  to  pretend  to 
doubt  of  everything  ;  to  ba  or  to  pretend  to 
be  sceptical. 

"  You  can  afford  to  teepttcizf,  where  no  one  else  will 
so  much  at  hesitate. "—tihajtttbury :  Inquiry  conotrn- 
iny  Virtue,  rol.  Li.,  pt  ii..  §  1. 

«9cp  tran'-thus,  s.  [Or.  o-irijirrpov  (sklptron) 
=  a  sceptre,  and  ar^os  (anthos)  =  a  flower.] 

Boi. :  A  synonym  of  Cooperia,  one  of  the 
Amarylleje.  Sceptranthus  (Cooperia)  peduncu- 
Jain  is  a  night-blooming  plant  from  Texas. 

-tre  (tre  as  ter),  "  ^Sp'-ter,  ».  [Fr. 
sce/'tre,  from  Lat.  sccplrum;  Gr.  wefjirrpov 
(skeptron)  =  a  Stan"  to  lean  on,  a  sceptre,  from 
ffKijuTiu  (skepto)  —  to  prop;  O.  Sp.  evxptro, 
tetro :  Ital.  scettro.] 

1.  Lit. :  A  staff  or  baton  borne  by  a  sove- 
reign orruleras  a  symbol  of  office  orauthority; 
a  r<n  id  mace  ;  the  ensign  of  royalty  borne  in 
the  hand. 

"  The  iceptgr,  or  staff,  was  always  the  ensign  of 
Judicial  ami  sovereign  power." — Potter  :  AtUiyuitiet  of 
6reece,  bk,  L.  ch.  xx. 

2.  Vig. :  Eoyal  authority  or  power. 

"  And  letteth  her  that  ought  the  tceptfr  weeld." 
H^iufr:  F.Q..,  II.  xL  J. 

sceptre-flower,  .». 

Bot. :  The  genns  Sceptranthus  (q.v.). 

•  seep' -tre  (tre  as  ter),  ».«.  [SCEPTRE,  ».]  To 
give  a  sceptre  to  ;  to  invest  witii  a  sceptre  or 
with  royal  authority. 

•;ep'  trod  (trod  as  terd),  *  S9cp'-tered. 
a.  [Eng.  tceptrif);  -ed.] 

1.  Bearing  or  invested  with  a  sceptre. 

"  For  tctptrtd  cynics  earth  were  far  too  wide  a  den." 
flyron  -•  Child*  Harold,  111  41. 

2.  Imperial ;  regal. 

"  Sometimes  let  gorgeous  tragedy 
\ntceptred  pale  come  sweep! ngly." 

Milton  :  II  roomta.  n. 

•seep'  tre  dom  (tre  as  ter),  «.  [Eng. 
tceptre ;  -do/ft.]  Reign. 

"  In  the  io7.frcrf.im  of  Edward  the  Confessor." — 
Xathe  •  L«nttm  StuJTe. 

•  sgep'  tre-less  (tre  as  ter),  a.    [Eng.  tap- 
tre  ;  -less.]    Having  uo  sceptre. 

•  scfip'-trj;  a.    [Bng.  sceptrte);  -y.]   Sceptred, 
royal. 

"  Ludolph'i  Keptrv  hand." 

Strut :  Otho  t\e  Great,  1.  L 

•  scerne,  v.t.      [Aa  abbreviation  of  discern 
(q.v).]    To  discern. 

Might  teems  that  It  was  not  his  sweetest  sweet." 
."pxiier :  F.  O,,  III.  I.  ffl. 

schaar -stein,  s.    [SCHALSTEIN.] 
Bcllab  -a-site,  s.    [CHABAZITE.] 

Bchabz  -ie-ger  (bz  as  ptz),  s.  [Ger.,  from 
achatieti  =  to  grate,  and  zUtjer  =  green  cheese, 
whey.]  A  kind  of  green  cheese  made  in  Switz- 


erland, and  flavoured  with  the  flowers  of 
Melitotus  ccerulea. 

schretz -ell-ite,  «.     [Etym.   doubtful,  but 
probably  after  one  Schaetzell ;  son".  -ite(Min.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  SYLVIUS  (q.v.). 

*  schah,  s.    [SHAH.] 

schal'- stein,  sehaal  -  stein,  >.  [Ger. 
sc.huU,  sctuiale  =  a  scale,  and  stein  =  a  stone.  ] 

*  1.  if  in. :  Wollastonite  (q.v.). 

2.  Petrol. :  A  name  given  to  certain  foliated 
rocks  of  clastic  origin,  which  have  been 
derived  principally  from  clay-slates,  but  some- 
times mixed  with  minerals  obtained  from 
igneous  rocks. 

schalstcin-amygdaloid,  >. 

Petrol. :  A  schalstein  with  many  lenticular 
and  spherical  inclusions  of  calcite  evenly  dis- 
tributed. 

schalstein  breccia,  >. 

Petrol. :  A  schalstein  permeated  by  reticu- 
lated veins  of  calcite,  so  as  to  present  the 
appearance  of  a  breccia. 

schalstein  conglomerate,  >. 

Petrol. :  A  schalstein-breecia,  in  which  the 
separated  fragments  have  become  partly 
rounded  by  solution. 

schalstein  limestone,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  foliated  rock,  owing  its  existence 
to  the  deposition  of  carbonate  of  lime  mixed 
with  a  diabase-mud. 

schalstein  porphyry,  >. 

Petrol. :  A  schalsteiu  containing  individual 
crystals  of  lahradorite  (q.v.). 

*  schaltow,  v.i.    [A  corrupt,  of  ikalt  thou,] 

*  schame,  s.    (SHAME.) 

*  schap,  s.    [SHAPE.] 

BChap'-baon-ite,  «.  [After  Schapbach, 
Baden,  where  found  ;  suff.  -Ue  (Mtn.).] 

Milt. :  A  mixture  of  bismnthine,  argentite, 
and  galenite.  (See  these  words.) 

achapi-I-ger  (pz  as  ptz), «.  [SCHABZIMEB.] 

sohat'  cheii  (pron.  sliat'-keu),  >.  [Qer.] 
A  man  employed  to  solicit  and  arrange  mar- 
riage for  another ;  a  marriage  broker,  usually 
among  the  German  Jews. 

scheat,  >.    [Arab,  si'  id  =  the  fore-ann.] 
Astnn. :  A  fixed  star,  0  Pegasi. 

*  scho  -dl-asm,  «.     [Gr.    crx«oi'a<rj»a  (xhe- 
diasma.)  =  that  which  is  done  extempore  or 
off-hand,  from  o-xe6ia£o>  (scA^dia«o)  =  to  do  a 
thing  off-hand  ;  <rx«oco?  (tchediot)  =  sudden, 
off-hand;  axt&av(sch*d<rn)  —  near, nigh.]    Cur- 
sory writing  on  a  loose  sheet. 

sched'-ule  (or  as  aed'-ule,  or  sked  ul), 
*  oed-ule,  *  sced-ule,  *  sead  ulc,  s. 

[O.  Fr.  Khcdule(¥i.  cedulc),  from  Lat.  schedula, 
dimin.  of  scheda,  scida  =  &  strip  of  papyrus- 
bark  ;  Gr.  O-Y«'OTJ  (schede)  =  a  tablet,  a  leaf ; 
O-XI'OT;  (schidi)  =  a  cleft  piece  of  wood,  from 
the  same  root  as  Lat.  scindo ;  Gr.  e\i& 
(sdiizd)  =  to  cleave  ;  Ital.  tchedvla,  cedula.] 
A  piece  or  sheet  of  paper  or  parchment  con- 
taining a  written  or  printed  table,  list,  cata- 
logue, or  inventory  ;  a  catalogue,  table,  or 
list  annexed  to  a  large  document,  as  to  a  lease, 
a  will,  an  act  of  parliament,  &c. 

"  Then  were  certain  devices  for  laws  delivered  to 
my  learned  council  to  peu,  as  braicAedufoappeareth." 
—Bumut :  Ktcordi,  pt  11.,  bk.  ii. 

sched   ulo  (or  as  sked'-nl,  or  sed'-ul), 

'•.'.  To  place,  set,  or  write  down  in  a  schedule, 
list,  or  catalogue. 

Scheele,  s.  [C.  W.  Scheele,  a  Swedish  chemist, 
1742-1786.]  (See  etym.  and  compound.) 

Sobeele's  green,  <. 

Chem. :  Acid  arsenite  of  copper.  A  brilliant 
grass-preen  pigment,  obtained  by  dissolving 
in  boiling  water  a  mixture  'of  arsenious  acid 
and  potassic  carbonate,  filtering,  and  adding 
to  the  solution,  whilst  warm,  a  solution  of 
sulphate  of  copper.  It  is  extremely  poisonous. 

scheel-ite,  s.  [After  the  Swedish  chemist, 
Scheele  ;  suff.  -Ut(Min.);  Fr.  scheelincalcatre; 
Ger.  scheelerz,  scheelfpath,  scheelit.} 

Min. :  A~  mineral  crystallizing  in  octahedra 
of  the  tetragonal  system,  hemihedral ;  also 
reniform  and  massive.  Hardness,  4-5S ; 


sp.  gr.  5'9  to  6-076 ;  lustre,  somewhat 
adamantine;  colour,  white,  variously  tinted, 
brownish  ;  transparent  to  translucent ;  brittle. 
>  >s.  :  lime,  10-4;  tungstic  acid,  SO'O  = 
100,  which  gives  the  formula  Ca()WO3.  Found 
associated  with  tin  ore  and  many  other  min- 
erals. 

scheel  -it-iue,  >.    [Eng.  schedule) ;  suff  -tne 
(Afi«.).] 
M in. :  The  same  as  STOLZITE  (q.v.). 

SQheeV-er-ite,  s.  [After  Captain  Scheerer, 
the  tinder ;  suff.  -t(«  (Min.).] 

Mtn. :  A  monoelinic  mineral  occurring  in 
thin  tubular  or  acicular  crystals,  also  granular. 
Soft;  sp.gr.  1  to  1'2;  lustre,  pearly  to  resinous  ; 
colour,  when  pure,  whitish  to  gray ;  trans- 
parent to  translucent ;  tasteless  ;  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether.  Compos.  :  carbon,  73 ; 
hydrogen,  24  —  97,  or,  as  suggested  by  Dana 
because  of  the  imperfect  analysis,  carbon,  75  ; 
hydrogen,  25  =  100,  the  polymere  of  marsh- 
gas.  Found  in  lignite  at  Uznach,  Switzer- 
land, and  near  Manchester,  England. 

schefT-er-Ite, ».    [After  Herr  Scheffer ;  snff. 
•Ue  (Min.).] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  massive  mineral  found  at  Longbau, 
Sweden.    Sp.  gr.  3-89  ;  colour,  reddish-brown. 
A  variety  of  pyroxene  (q.v.)  containing  lime, 
magnesia,  and  manganese,  having  the  formula 
(CaO,MgO,MnO)SiOj. 

2.  A     monoelinic    mineral    occurring    in 
crystals  at  Longban.     Hardness,   5  to  5*5; 
sp.  gr.  3'433  to  3'436  ;  lustre,  vitreous  ;  colour, 
chestnut-  to  clove-brown.     According  to  an 
analysis  by  Winkler,  contains  silica,  49'50; 
alumina,    1*42;   sesquioxide  of  iron,    25*43; 
protoxide  of  manganese,  (V78 ;  protoxide  of 
nickel,   0'20 ;  magnesia,   4-27;    lime,    775; 
potash,  0-19.    Dana  places  it  as  a  sub-species 
of  the  group  of  amphiboles. 

scheik,  s.    [SiiKiK.] 

t  Schel-lln'-gl  an,  o.  [See  def]  Of,  belong- 
ing to,  or  connected  with  F.  W.  J.  v.  Schelling 
or  with  Schellingism  (q.v.). 

U  Neo-Sc\tllingian :  Of,  belonging  to,  or 
connected  with  New-Schellingism.  [SCHEL- 
LINGISM, T[.] 

"To  the  tfeo-SchtWncrlan  School  belongs  W.  Bosea. 
krantz."—  Utberyag  :  Hat.  PMlot.  (Eng.  ed,).  11.  231. 

Schel -ling-ism,  s.  [Ger.  Schellingismw. 
(See  def.)] 

Philos. :  The  system  of  philosophy  of 
Friedrich  "Wilhelm  Joseph  (afterwards  von) 
Schelling  (1775-1854).  [IDENTITY,  «.,  1  (3).] 

"  Kantlsm.  the  renewed  Spinocism  ISckMtnffttm} 
and  Herbartism  lay  conjoined  and  undeveloped  in  the 
.doctrine  of  Leibnitz."—  Utbvrvtg :  Hitt.  rhilvt.  (Eng. 
ed.).  il.  lit 

t  IT  New-ScKellingism : 
Philoa. :  (See  extract). 

"  Friedrich  Julius  Stahl  (I802.«l).  the  anti.ratlcnal- 
Istic.  theologizing  philosopher  of  law,  agreed  In  his 
doctrine  more  especially  with  certain  of  Schelling's 
later  principles  (although  protesting  acrainst  the  de- 
signation of  his  philosophy  as  A'eio-Schcllinffirm)." — 
Ueocrueg:  Hitt.  Philut.  (Eng.  etl.l,  it  226. 

BQhel'-lum,  skel'-liim,  s..  [O.  Fr.  schelmt 
-=  a  rogue,  a  rascal,  from  Ger.  schelm  =  a 
rogue.  The  word  was  introduced  into  France 
by  the  German  mercenary  soldiers  hired  by 
Charles  VIII.  and  Louis  XII.)  A  rogue. 
(Scotch.) 

"That  tchfllum  Malcolm— but  I'm  obliged  to  Colonel 
Talbot  for  putting  my  hounds  Into  such  good  condi- 
tion."—Scott:  Waverley,  ch.  Ixxi. 

*  schelm,  *  shelm,  ».    [SCHELIOM.] 

schol-to  pu  sitk,  shel-to-pu  sik,  s. 
[Russ.] 

ZooL :  Pseudopus  pallasii,  from  Central 
Russia,  Hungary,  and  Dalmatia.  It  is  dark 
chestnut-brown,  glassy  in  appearance,  and 
externally  it  resembles  a  snake,  the  fore  limbs 
being  entirely  absent,  and  the  hind  limbs 
reduced  to  rudiments.  It  is  from  two  to 
three  feet  long ;  feeds  on  insects,  mice,  and 
small  birds,  and  becomes  exceedingly  tame 
in  captivity. 

sche'-ma,  s.    [Or.]    [SCHEME,  >.] 

Metaphysics : 

I.  Kant's  name  for  a  mediating  factor  ren- 
dering possible  the  application  of  the  cate- 
gories to  phenomena.  Such  a  factor  he  f  .mad 
in  Time,  since  Time  is,  as  a  form  d  priori, 
homogeneous  with  the  categories,  and,  as  a 


boil,  boy ;  poftt,  J6%1 ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  tern  ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-Clan,  -tiaii  -  shan.    -tion,  - sion  =  shun ;  -  fion,  -sion  -  zliuu.    -oious,    tious,  -tuous  =  sbua.    -Ue.  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4136 


schematic— schism 


form    of  the    sensibility,    with    phenomena. 
[KANTI  AN-PHILOSOPH  Y.  ] 

"The  Schemata,  in  the  order  of  the  categories 
(quantity,  quality,  relation,  morality)  are  founded  oc 
tike  sertnl  nature  of  time,  the  content*  of  time,  the 
order  of  time,  »ud  on  time  as  a  whole.  The  «cA*m<i 
of  reality  Is  bills]  iti  time,  and  that  of  negation  is  not- 
being  ID  time.  The  tchrmti  of  substance  is  the  IHT- 
•isteuceof  thereat  iutlme:  that  of  causality  is  regular 
succession  in  time;  that  of  community,  or  the  reci- 
procal causality  of  substances  in  respect  of  their  acoi- 
deiiU,  is  the  simultaneous  existence  of  the  quaJiflca- 
uon-i  -if  the  one  siitntAiice  with  those  of  the  other, 
followiiiic  a  universal  rule.  The  tchrma  of  possibility 
is  tne  agreement  of  the  synthesis  of  diverse  represen- 
tations with  the  universal  conditions  of  time,  and 
hence  the  determination  of  the  representation  of  a 
thing  a*  assoviable  with  some  particular  time  ;  the 
•ciWrna  of  actuality  Is  existence  in  a  definite  time, 
and  that  of  necessity  Is  existence  at  all  times,"—  Ue- 
kmeeff:  ffHt.  I'httot.  (Kug.  ed.J.  ii.  171. 

2.  In  Leibnitz's  Monadology  the  principle 
which  is  essential  to  each  monad,  and  consti- 
tutes its  peculiar  characteristics. 

•Ohe-mat'-Ic,  a.  [Lat.  schema,  genit.  sche- 
matic =&  scheme.]  Pertaining  to  a  scheme 
or  schema. 


*  •chem  -a-tlym,  5.    [Gr.  vjci^anvitAt  (sche- 
matitmos),  from  trxwta  (schema),  genit  <TVTJ- 
(schematos)  =  a    scheme    (q.v.)  ;     Fr. 


L  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  particular  form  or  dis- 
position of  a  thing  ;  an  exhibition  in  outline 
of  any  systematic  arrangement  ;  outline,  figure. 

"The  latent  tchematitm  Is  that  Invisible  structure 
of  bodies  on  which  so  many  of  their  properties  de- 
pend. When  we  Inquire  into  the  constitution  of 
crystals,  or  into  the  internal  structure  of  plants,  Ac., 
we  are  examining  into  the  latent  *cA*mafi*m."—  6.  H. 
Lfwet  :  ffittorf  of  Philo»o>*ir.  ii.  181. 

*  IX   AstroL  :  The  combination  of  the  as- 
pects of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

•  BChem  -a-tist,  s.      [Or.    o-x^fia  (schema), 
genft.  <rxijMaT<K  (schfmatos)  =  a  scheme.]     A 
projector  ;  one  given  to  forming  schemes. 

"  The  treasurer  maketh  little  use  of  the  sctomattof*, 
who  are  dayly  plying  him  with  their  visions."—  Swift  : 
Letter  to  Dr.  King- 

*  schem   a  tize,  r.i.    [Or.  a-wno-rtfo  (sche- 
matizd)  —'to  form  a  scheme;  Fr.  schematiser,] 
To  form  a  scheme  or  schemes. 

scheme,    s.      [Lat.  schema,   from  Or.   0Y^/ta 
(schema),  from  trxnffta  (skes$),  fut.  of  «YW  (echo) 
=  to  have;  Fr.  scheme;  Ital.  &  Lat.  schema.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  combination  of  various  things  into  one 
view,  design,  or  purpose  ;  a  system,  a  plan. 

"  Were  our  senses  made  much  quicker,  the  appear- 
ance and  outward  scheme  of  things  would  have  quite 

2.  A  plan,  a  project,  a  contrivance,  adesign. 
"  Then  at  length  the  n-heme  devised  by  the  poor  and 

obscure  Scottish  adventurer  was  taken  up  In  earnest 
toy  Montague.  "—  .s/acauJay  .  Sat.  Eny.,  en.  iz, 

*  3.  A  representation  of  any  design  or  geo- 
metrical figure  by  lines  so  as  to  make  it  intel- 
ligible ;  a  diagram. 

IL  Astral.  :  A  representation  or  diagram  of 
the  aspects  of  the  celestial  bodies  ;  an  astro- 
logical figure  or  diagram  of  the  heavens. 

"  It  is  a  trheme  and  face  of  heaven, 
A*  tit*  aspects  are  disposed  this  even." 

But  iff  :  Hudibrat.  IL  111.  MS, 

•cheme,  a.    [Ital.  sccino  =  incomplete.] 

Arch.  :  Applied  to  an  arch  which  forms  a 
portion  of  a  circle  less  than  a  semicircle  ;  as, 
a  scheme-arch,  sometimes  erroneously  written 

skene-arch. 

•cheme,  v.t.  &  i.    [SCHEME,  ».] 

A.  Trans,  :  To  plot,  to  plan,  to  contrive. 

"  For  useless  lay  the  now-neglected  chain  ; 
Threats    fail'd,  and   punishments  were   trhem'd  In 
valiL"  Lfictt  :  atatiui;  Thebaid,  il. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  form  plans  or  schemes  ;  to 
plot,  to  plan. 

"  I  trhrm'd  and  wrought, 
Until  1  overturned  him." 

Tmnyion  :  Enid  *  Qeraint,  1,977. 

••Cheme'-fol,  a,  [Eng.  scheme,  B.  ;  -ful(l).] 
Full  of  schemes,  plans,  or  tricks. 

•Chexn'-er,  s.  [Eng.  schem(e),  v.  ;  ~er.]  One 
who  schemes,  plots,  or  contrives  ;  a  projector, 
a  contriver,  a  plotter. 

•Chem  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  ft  s.    [SCHEME,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  (See  the  verb). 

B.  A$udjectivt: 

1.  (In  a  good  sense)  :  Planning,  contriving. 

2.  (In  a  bad  sense):   Plotting,   intriguing; 
given  to  forming  schemes. 

C.  As  subst.  :    A  scheme,   a  plot,   a  con* 
trivance.    (Byron  :  Thou  art  not  false.) 


schem  -ing-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  scheming;  -ly.] 
In  a  scheming  manner  ;  by  schemes  or  in- 

trigues. 

*  schem  -1st,  *.     [Eng.    schem(e);    -ist.]     A 
schemer,  a  projector. 

"  Baron  Puffendorf  observed  well  of  those  indepen- 
dent tctunnisti.  iii  the  words  here  following."—  Water- 
land  :  Worltt,  v.  500. 

SChene,  ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  schanus  ;  Gr. 
cr^ou/of  (scKoinos)  =  a  Persian  land-measure.] 
An  Egyptian  measure  of  length,  equal  to  sixty 
stadia,  or  about  seven  miles  and  a  half. 

sphenlc'-beer,  ».  [Ger.  schenk-bier,  from 
schenken  =  to  pour  out,  because  put  on  draught 
soon  after  being  made.]  A  kind  of  mild 
German  beer;  German  draught  beer. 

SCher'-bet,  s.     [SHERBET.  1 

scher  -bet  zide,  s.  [SHERBET.]  An  itiner- 
ant vendor  of  sherbet,  syrup,  fruit,  &c-,  in 
Eastern  towns. 

scheV-er-ite,  s.    [SCHEEREBITI.] 

*  scher-If  ,  s.    [SHERIFF.] 

"  sche-ro-ma,  s.  [Gr.  fTjpos  (ze*ros)  =  dry.J 
A  dry  inflammation  of  the  eye. 

scherz-an  -do  (z  as  tz),  adv.  &  *.    [Ital.] 
Music; 

A.  As  adv.  :  In  a  playful,  lively,  or  sportive 
manner. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  movement  of  a  lively  and 
droll  character. 

SCherz  -6  (z  as  tz),  *.  [Ital.,  from  Ger.  xhen 
=  a  joke.] 

Music  :  A  term  applied  to  a  sportive,  play- 
ful  movement  in  a  sonata  or  symphony. 

*  sche'-sls  (pi.  ache'-tea),  «.    [Gr.  c^w 
(schisd),  fut  of  «Xw  (echo)  =  to  have,  to  hold.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Habitude  ;  state  of  the  body 
or  of  one  thing  with  regard  to  other  things. 

"  If  that  mind  which  has  existing  In  itself  from  all 
eternity  alt  the  simple  essences  of  things,  and  conse- 
quently all  their  possible  tchcut  or  habitudes,  should 
ever  change,  there  would  arise  a  new  tchetii  in  the 
mind,  which  is  contrary  to  the  supposition."  —  Iforrit. 

2.  Rhet.  :  A  statement  of  what  is  considered 
to  be  the  adversary's  habitude  of  mind,  by 
way  of  argument  against  him. 

*  schet  Ic,  *  Bchet  '-fo-al,  a.    [Or.  <rxi»Tuco< 
(schetikos).]    [SCHESIS.]    Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  state  of  the  body;  constitutional;  habi- 
tual. 

scheuch-zer  -i-a  (or  en  as  61  ;  a  as  tz),  «. 

[Named  in  honour  of  John  James  Scheuchzer, 
a  Swiss  botanist,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Juncaginaceae  or  Junca- 
gineae.  Perianth  single,  herbaceous,  of  six 
reflexed  segments,  the  inner  ones  narrower  ; 
stamens  six,  filaments  slender  ;  capsules 
three,  inflated,  two  valved,  one  seeded.  A 
single  known  species,  a  small  marsh  herb, 
found  in  Britain  but  rare. 

schie  dam  ,  s.  [See  def.]  Hollands  gin.  So 
called  from  Schiedam,  a  town  where  It  is 
principally  manufactured. 

schief-er-Bpar,  *.     [Ger.  schiefer  =  slate, 
and  Eiig.  spar;  Ger.  schieferspath,] 
Jtfin.  :  The  same  as  SLATE-SPAR  (q.v.). 

Schi'-itea,  s.    [SHIITES.] 

schll  ler,  s.  [Ger.  =  a  play  of  colour.]  (See 
etym.  and  compound.) 

BchlUer-Bpar,  «. 

Jtfin.  :  The  same  as  BASTITE  (q.V.), 

schll-ler-i-za  -tlon,  *.  (Ger.  schiller  =  a 
play  of  colour  ;  Eng.  -ization.} 

Petrol.  :  A  word  suggested  by  Prof.  Jndd  to 
denote  the  changes  which  take  place  in  the 
structure  and  chemical  composition  of  certain 
minerals,  by  which  "negative  crystals"  are 
produced,  and  sometimes  filled  by  decompo- 
sition products,  giving  rise  to  the  glittering 
appearan  ce  u  pon  certai  n  crys  tallograph  i  c 
planes,  resembling  that  upon  the  well-known 
Schiller-spar  (q.v.).  (Quart.  Journ.  Gtol.  Soc., 
vol.  xli.,  p.  383.) 


*  s<?him  -mer,  v.  &  «.    [SHIMMER.] 


SCIlin  dy-le  -sis,  s.  (Mod.  Liit.,  from  Gr. 
<j-\iv&v\y<ri<;  (schindulesLs)  =  a  cleaving  into 
small  pieces.] 

Anat.  :  The  kind  of  joint  in  which  one  bone 
Is  received  into  a  groove  in  another,  as  the 
rostrum  of  the  sphenoid  bone  is  received  into 
the  vomer. 


B.      [Gr.    ^w     (schinos)  =  the 
mastic  tree.    Not  the  modern  genus.} 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Anacardiacese.  Tropical 
American  trees,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves, 
having  the  terminal  leaflet  long,  and  panicles 
of  small  white  dioecious  flowers.  A  substance 
like  mastic  exudes  from  Schinits  molle.  The 
Peruvians  use  it  for  strengthening  their  gums. 
Auguste  de  St.  Hilaire  says  that  those  who 
sleep  under  the  shade  of  S.  Arroeira  are 
attacked  by  swellings.  The  fresh  juicy  bark 
rubbed  on  newly-made  ropes,  covers  them 
with  a  very  durable  dark-brown  coating,  and 
its  juice  is  used  in  diseases  of  the  eye. 

*  schiro  -man,  5.    [SHIREMAN.] 

s^bir'-mer-ite.s.    [After  J.  F.  L.Schirmer; 

suff.  -tie  (Atin.).] 
Mineralogy  : 

1.  A  massive,  granular  mineral,  disseminated 
in  quartz  ;  soft  ;  brittle  ;  sp.  gr.  6-737  ;  colour, 
bluish-gray     to    black  ;     lustre,      metallic. 
Compos.  :  a  sulphide  of  bismuth,  silver  and 
lead,  analyses  leading  to  the  formula  PbS,2Ag 
S,2BioS3,  which  approaches  to  the  composi- 
tion of  eosalite  (q.v.). 

2.  A  name  given  to  a  mineral  of  doubtful 
composition    from     the     Red     Cloud    mine, 
Colorado.    Compos,  stated  to  be  a  telluride  of 
gold,  silver  and  iron,  with  formula  (AuFe) 
Te  +  SAgTe. 


i;  $.    [SHERIFF.] 
schir  -rus,  s.    [SCIRRHUS.] 

schism  (ch  silent),  *  schisme,  *  sclsme,  «. 

[Fr.  schisme,  scisme  =  a  division  in  or  from  the 
church,  from  Lat.  schisma  ;  Gr.  v^iana 
(schiama)  —  a  rent,  a  split,  a  schism,  from 
<TYI'£«  (shizo)  =  to  cleave;  Sp.  ci*ma;  Port. 
schisma  ;  Ital.  scisma,  cisna,] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  split  or  division  in  a  com- 
munity. 

2.  Theol.  :  The  Greek  word  trxto-no.  is  used 
in  three  senses  in  the  New  Testament  :  (1) 
a  rent  or  tear  (Matt.  ix.  16,  Mark  ii.  21,  Vulg. 
scissura)  ;  (2)  a  difference  of  opinion,  dissen- 
sion (John  vii.  43,  x.  19,  Vulg.  dissensio,  ix.  16, 
Vulg.  schisma)  ;  (3)  party  spirit  or  division  in 
the  Church  (1  Cor.  L  10,  xii.  25,  Vulg.  schisma, 
xi.  18,  Vulg.  scissura).     The  word  was  after- 
wards employed  by  the  fathers  and  theological 
writers  to  denote  formal  separation  from  the 
unity  of  the  Church. 

"  He  [St.  Thomas  Aquinas]  thus  explains  the  differ- 
ence between  heresy  and  tcftum.  Heresy  is  opposed  to 
faith,  tchism  to  charity,  so  that,  although  all  heretics 
are  schismatics,  because  loss  of  faith  includes  separa- 
tion from  the  Church,  all  schismatics  are  not  heretics, 
since  a  man  may,  from  anger,  pride,  ambition,  or  the 
like,  sever  himself  from  the  com  in  union  of  the  Church, 
and  vet  belter*  all  that  which  the  Church  propose* 
for  oar  belief.  Still,  a  state  of  pure  tchitm,  i.e..  of 
tcMtrn  without  heresy,  cannot  continue  long,  at  least, 
in  tb*  case  of  a  large  number  of  men."  —  Addit  4 
Arnold:  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  T46. 

This  is  practically  the  sense  in  which  the 
word  is  used  by  Anglican  High  Churchmen. 
Protestant  Dissenters  apply  the  term  to  divi- 
sions or  parties  in  a  religious  body  (cf.  1  Cor. 
xii.  24-0),  or  rending  a  church  into  two  por- 
tions without  adequate  cause. 

1(1)  Greek  Schism: 

Church  Hist.  :  The  separation  between  the 
churches  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  Churches. 
[GREEK  CHURCH.] 

(2)  Western  Schism  : 

Church  Hist.  :  A  schism  in  the  Roman 
Church,  arising  out  of  a  disputed  claim  to  the 
Papal  throne.  It  practically  ended  in  1417, 
when  the  Council  of  Constance  elected  Otho 
Colonna  (Martin  V.),  though  Peter  de  Luna 
(Benedict  XIII.)asserted  hie  right  to  the  title 
of  Pope  till  his  death  fn  1430. 

Schism  Act,  s. 

Law  :  The  Act  13  Anne,  c.  7,  proposed  and 
carried  in  1714  by  Lord  Bolingbroke.  It 
required  all  teachers  to  conform  to  the 
Established  Church,  and  forbade  them  to  be 
present  at  any  conventicle  or  dissenting  place 
of  worship.  It  took  effect  on  Aug.  1,  1714,  the 
day  on  which  the  queen  died,  and  in  1719  it 
was  repealed  by  5  Geo.  I.  c.  4. 


Ate,  f&t,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  «Ir,  marine ;  go,  pot 
or.  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cu!>,  ciure,  naite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    •»,  o>  =  e;  «y  =  a;  an  =  Itw. 


schisma— Schlippd 


4137 


•chls'-ma,  s.    l.Gr.)    [SCHISM.] 

Minus :  An  interval  equal  to  half  a  comma 
(q.v.). 

Hchis-mat'-io  (ch  silent),  *  schls-mat-lke, 

•  soys-mat-lke,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  schlsmatique 
=  schismatic,  from  Lat.  schismaticus ;  Gr. 
ffvio-nanitot  (schismatikos),  from  »xi»na  (schis- 
ma)=  schism  (q.v.);  8p.  cismatuxi;  Ital.  scis- 
matico.] 

A.  As  adj.:   Pertaining   to   or  implying 
schism  ;  of  the  nature  of  schism ;  tending  to 
schism. 

B.  As  sutst. :  One  who  separates  from  an 
established  church  or  religion  [SCHISM]  ;  one 
who  takes  part  in  a  schism.    (Formerly  pro- 
nounced, as  in  the  example,  sty -ma-tic.) 

"  So  Khimattc*  the  plain  believere  quit. 
And  are  but  damn  il  fi»r  having  too  much  wit. 
Pop*  :  Kuan  on  Criticism,  428. 

Bohls-maf-aC-al  (ch  silent),  "scls-mat-lc- 
all,a.  [Eng.  schismatic;  -at]  The  same  as 
SCHISMATIC  (q.v.). 

schis- mat '-ic-al-ljf  (ch  silent),  adv.  [Eng. 
sckismatical  ;  -ly.]  In  a  schismatic  manner  ; 
by  way  of  schism ;  towards  schism. 

"  But  being  tchitmatiralty  Inclined,  be  [John  Geree] 
refused  to  conform.'—  Wood:  Athena}  Oxon.,  bk.  ii. 

"schls-maf -lo-al-ngss(<*  silent), ».  [Eng. 
Khismatioal ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  schismatical. 

••  Ae  mischievous  a  mark  as  any  of  her  carnality,  Is 
her  disaension  and  tiAitmatlcalneu  even  to  mutual 
persecution. "— Jfore:  On  fAe  Seven  Churchei,  p.  lib. 

•  schts'-ma-tlze  (ch  silent),  v.l.     [Fr.  schis- 
matiaer.]    To  commit  or  practise  schism ;  to 
make  a  breach  in  the   communion   of  the 
church  ;  to  be  a  schismatic. 

•  Bchis'  mlc,  *  schls'-mlck  (ch  silent),  o. 

[Eng.  schism;  -ic.]    Schismatic. 

"  Vouchsafe  our  soul's  rest  without  ichitmic  strife." 
Sylvester  .•  Little  Barttu.  1,047. 

•  BChlsm' -less  (ch  silent),  o.     [Eng.  schism; 
-less.]     Free  from  schism;   not  affected  by 
schism. 

"  The  peace  and  good  of  the  church  is  not  terminated 
In  the  tchiimleu  estate  of  one  or  two  kingdoms."— 
Milton  :  Stolon  of  Church  Government,  uk.  L,  ch.  VL 

schist,  ».  [Or.  crxio-ri?  (schiatos)  =  split  or 
divided.] 

Petrol. :  A  term  used  for  rocks  consisting  of 
mineral  ingredients  arranged  so  as  to  impart 
a  more  or  less  laminar  structure,  that  may 
be  broken  into  slabs  or  slaty  fragments.  Such 
are  mica-schists,  schlorite-schists,  &c. 

schis'-tes,  s.    [SCHIST.] 

Ornlth. :  Wedge-bills ;  a  genus  of  Trochi- 
lidse,  with  two  species  from  Ecuador. 

schis  to  pleu'-rum, ».  [Gr.  o^io-Tcic  (Khit- 
tos)  =  split,  and  »X«upa  (pleura)  =  a  rib.] 

Faineant. :  A  genus  of  Dasypodidee,  closely 
allied  to  Glyptodon  (q.v.),  from  the  bone- 
caves  of  Brazil.  Schistopleurum  typus  was 
eight  feet  long,  including  the  tail,  and  the 
carapace  stood  three  feet  in  height. 

schis  tosc,  Bchis  tic,  schis  tous,  «. 
[Eng.  schist;  -ose,  -ic,  -ous.]  Having  the 
structure  of  schist ;  pertaining  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  schist 

schis-to-Bteg'-a, ».  [Gr.  trxco-Tot  (schiatos)  = 
divided,  and  orey?)  (stege)  =  a  roof.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Schistostegese 
Calyx  cylindrically  bell-shaped.  Only  species 
Schistoslega  ormundacea,  found  in  various 
English  caverns. 

solus  to-steg'-e  as, ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  schisto- 
ttea(a);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -eat.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  operculate,  terminal  fruited 
mosses.  Stem  naked  below,  foliaceous  above 
leaves  frond-  or  fern-like,  attached  vertically 
or  small,  attached  horizontally,  and  arranged 
quincuncially  ;  capsule  minute,  globular  oval 
very  minute,  without  an  aunulus ;  operculum 
very  small,  convex. 

BChlz  ,  schlz  6,  pref.    [Pref.  <TX!?U  (schizo)  = 
to    cleave.)     Marked   by  a  cleft  or  clefts 
denoting  a  cleft 

SOhJ-zse'  a,  «.  [Gr.  <TX'$O  (schizo)  =  to  split 
Named  from  the  fan-like  spikes.] 

Bot .-  The  typical  genus  of  Schizieeee  (q.v.> 
Elegant  exotic  ferns. 


chI-z»-e-»,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  schizce(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ere.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Polypodiaceffi.  Spore- 
cases  dorsal,  with  a  complete  terminal  con- 
tracted ring  ;  spores  pyramidal  or  conical. 

BOhlz-an'-dra,  s.    [Pref.  scfciz-,  and  Gr.  ii-ijp 
(auer),  genit.  ifopos  (andros)  =  a  male.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Schizandracese 
(q.v.).  Schizandra  coccinea,  from  the  Southern 
United  States,  has  been  introduced  into 
Britain,  and  is  a  beautiful  garden  climber. 

Bcnlz-an-dra'-ce'-ce,  s.  pi.     [Mod.    Lat 
schizandr(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -aceas.\ 

Bot. :  An  order  of  Diclinous  Exogens ; 
alliance  Menispermales.  Scrambling  shrubs, 
with  alternate,  simple,  entire,  or  toothed, 
exstipulate  leaves,  often  with  pellucid  dots ; 
flowers,  small,  solitary  or  clustered,  axillary, 
with  imbricated  bracts,  unisexual;  sepals 
three  to  six ;  the  outer  smaller ;  petals  three 
to  nine,  hypogynous  ;  carpels  indefinite  in 
number,  each  one-celled,  with  two  pendulous 
ovules.  Fruit  an  aggregation  of  pulpy  berries, 
each  one-  or  two-seeded,  with  spurious 
dissepiments,  the  seeds  nestling  in  pulp. 
Found  in  India,  Japan,  and  the  hotter  parts 
of  North  America.  Known  genera  five, 
species  twelve.  (Lindley.) 

j'-thtis,  s.     [Pret   tchiz-,   and   Gr. 
.  (anthos)  =  a  flower.] 

Bot  •  A  genus  of  Salpiglossideae.  Viscid 
Chilian  herbs,  with  crimson,  purple,  violet,  or 
white  flowers,  in  cymes. 

schlz-o-,  pref.    [ScHiz-.] 

t  sohiz'-4-carp>  s.     [Pref.  schizo-,  and  Gr. 
jcopirw  (karpos)  =a  fruit] 

Hot. :  A  capsule  which  splits  longitudinally 
or  transversely  into  valves,  called  mericarps. 

sphlz'-o-don, ».  [Pref.  «c*ia(o>,  and  Gr.  i*>vs 
(odous),  genit.  ioon-ot  (odontos)  =  a  tooth.] 

Zoo!. :  A  genus  of  Octodontime,  with  two 
species  from  Chili  and  the  east  side  of  the 
southern  Andes.  The  folds  of  the  molars 
meet  in  the  middle.  S&izodon  fiacus,  the 
Brown  Schizodon,  a  nocturnal  animal,  passing 
most  of  its  life  underground,  is  about  the  size 
of  a  rat,  dark  brown  above,  dirty  yellowish 
beneath.  It  burrows  in  grassy  places  near 
mountain  streams  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
render  travelling  uncomfortable. 

schiz'-o-dus,  s.    [SCHIZODON.] 

Pakeont. :  King's  name  for  the  genus  of 
Trigoniadse,  called  by  Sowerby  Axinus. 
Twenty  known  species,  from  the  Upper 
Silurian  to  the  Muschelkalk. 

schl-zog'-na  thas,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  schizo-,  and 
Gr.  ypdSot  (gnalhos)  =  a  jaw.] 

Ornith. :  A  sub-order  of  Carinate  Birds,  in 
which  the  maxillo-palatine  plates  do  not  unite 
with  the  vomer  or  with  each  other.  There 
are  six  families :  Charadriomorphce,  Gerano- 
morphse,  Cecomorphse,  Spheniscomorphse, 
Alectoromorphae,  and  Peristeromorphae. 
(Huxley, '»  P ««•  z<x>1-  S0"-.  1867>  PP-  415-?2-) 

schi  zog'  na-thous,  a.  [SCHIZOONATH*.; 
Belonging  to,  characteristic  of,  or  resembling 
the  sub-order  Schizognathte.  (Hvaeley:  loc. 
tup.  cit.) 

schiz'  6-tny-9ete,  s.  [SCHIZOMTCETES.]  Any 
individual  of  the  Schizomycetes  (Encyc.  Brit 
(ed.  9th),  xxi.  400). 

Schlz-S-my-ee'-tiB,  «.  pi.  [Pref.  scMzo-,  and 
Gr.  jivicijc  (mukes),  genit  jiii*!)TO«  (mukitos)  = 
a  fungus.] 

Bot. :  A  name  proposed  by  Naegeli  in  185' 
to  include  Bacteria,  Microphytes,  Microbes 
&C.  The  term  has  been  nsed  in  various  sig 
nlflcations  by  different  authors,  but  is  now 
generally  held  to  include  minute  vegetable 
organisms,  destitute  of  chlorophyll  and  mul 
tlplying  by  bipartition.  They  are  saprophy 
tic  or  parasitic  in  habit,  and  are  often  joinet 
with  certain  of  the  lower  Algse  in  a  group 
Schizophytoe. 


---a,  «.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat 
schizo-,  and  Mod.  Lat  nemertea  (q.v.).] 

Zoo!. :  A  sub-order  of  Nemertea  (q.vA 
characterized  by  deep,  longitudinal,  latera 
cephalic  fissures.  Chief  genera :  Linens 
Cerebratulus,  Langia,  and  Borlasia. 


ghiz-6-nc -mer'-tine,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.  ichito- 
nemerUfa) ;  Bug.  suff.  -int.]  Any  individual 
of  the  Schizonemertea  (q.v.). 

"  Uauy  tXAuonemrrtinei  living  In  the  mud  appear 
to  be  bllnd."-i'nc».  Brtt.  led.  Dth),  XTli.  <W. 


, -pe-tal'-l-dse.  s.  pi.     [Mod.   Lat 

sckizopetal(on) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ioM.\ 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Spirolobeaj  (q.v.). 

schiz-o  pet'-a-l8n,   s.     [Pref.  Khizo-,  and 
Gr.  jre'roAoi'  (petalon)  =  a  leaf.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Schlzopetalidn 
(q.v.). 

Qhiz'-ci-phy-tw,  ».  pi.   [Pref.  schizo-,  and  Gr. 
oii/roV  ( phuton)  =.  a  plant.]    [SCHIZOMYCETES.] 

schiz' -6-p6d,  s.    [SCHIZOFODA.]    One  of  the 
Schizo  poda  (q.v.). 

*  schl-zdp'-o-da,  >.  pi.  [Pref.  schizo-,  and  Gr. 
irovs  (pom),  genit.  iroWc  (patios)  =  a  foot] 
Zoo!. :  An  old  name  for  the  Mysidse  (q.v.). 

schiz  op  ter-Is,  >.     [Pref.  schizo-,  and  Or. 
irrcptf  (pteris)  =  a  fern.] 

Pateobot. :  A  genus  of  ferns,  from  the  Oolitic 
Shales  of  Yorkshire.  (Brongniart.) 

Bchiz-o-rhi'-nal,  a.    [SCHIZORBINA.] 

Comp.  Anat. :  Having  the  osseous  external 
nares  in  the  form  of  triangular  openings,  the 
apical  angle  of  each  of  the  triangles  being 
situated  between  the  inner  and  outer  process 
of  the  nasal  bone  of  the  corresponding  side. 
(Gdrrod,  in  Proc.  Zoo!.  Soc.,  1873,  pp.  83-38.) 

schlz'-o-rhis,  5.    [SCHIZORHINA.] 

Ornith.:  A  genus  of  Musophagidse,  or  a 
sub-genus  of  Turacus  forming,  with  Cory- 
thaix,  the  False  Turacos.  Schizorhit  concolor 
is  the  Gray  Plantain-eater.  They  range  over 
Africa  from  Abyssinia  to  the  Cape. 

schl  zos  -to-ma,  s.    [Pref.  schizo-,  and  Gr. 
<rrd(»a  (stoma)  =  the  mouth.] 

Zooi. :  A  genus  of  Vampyri  (q.v.),  with  four 
species,  from  the  Brazilian  and  Mexican  sub- 
regions.  Allied  to  Vampyrus,  but  with  the 
nose-leaf  less  developed. 


-,  s.    [Pref.  schizo-,  and  Lat 
thorax  (q.v.).] 

Ichthy.  :    A   genus   of    Cyprinidas,    group 
yprinina.     Closely  akin  to  Oreinus  (q.v.). 


Cyp 
" 


ypnna.        osey  ... 

Seventeen  species  from  fresh   waters  of  the 
Himalayas,  and  to  the  north  of  them. 


,  s.    [See  extract] 

Geag.  :  A  German  watering-place,  six  mile* 
W.N.W.  of  Wiesbaden.  The  water  has  a  tem- 
perature of  80°,  and  though  not  remarkable 
for  its  medicinal  properties  is  said  to  be  an 
admirable  cosmetic. 

"Thia  place  recelvea  ita  name  of  StManaenbad 
(Serpent's  Bath)  from  the  great  number  of  snakes  and 
vipers  .  .  .  which  not  only  abound  in  the  neighbour. 
hood  but  even  haunt  the  springs  themselves,  for  the 
eake  of  the  warmth  yielded  by  the  water,  or  for  the 
froga."—  Alurrai/'t  Bandbook  of  North  Qtrmany  (ed. 

van,  p.  ass. 
Sohlangenbad-snake,  s. 

Zool.  :  Coluber  cesculapii.  In  the  south  of 
Europe  it  attains  a  length  of  more  than  four 
feet. 

SQhlan'-ite,  «.  [After  Schlan.  Bohemia, 
where  it  occurs  ;  suff.  -ite  (Aftn.).] 

Afi?i.  :  A  name  given  by  Dana  to  a  brown 
powder  obtained  from  anthracoxene  (q.v.)  by 
treatment  with  ether.  Compos.  :  carbon, 
81'63  ;  hydrogen,  8'85  ;  oxygen,  9-52  =  100. 

SQhlei-cher  -a,  ».  [Named  after  Schleicher, 
a  German  botanist] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Sapindea-,  Trees  with 
abruptly  pinnate  leaves  ;  calyx  five-toothed  ; 
petals  none  ;  stamens  six  to  ten  ;  fruit  a  one-r 
two-,  or  three-celled  drupe.  The  succulent 
aril  of  ScMeichtra.  trijuga,  a  large  Indian  and 
Burmese  tree,  is  eaten.  Rubbed  up  with  oil, 
it  is  applied  to  the  skin  as  a  cure  of  itch.  The 
tree  exudes  a  yellow  resin,  and  produces  lac. 

schllcll,  s.    [Ger.]    The  same  as  SLICH  (q.v.). 

Schlip  -pe,  s.  [The  name  of  the  discoverer.) 
(See  compound.) 

Schllppe's  salt,  «. 

Chen.  :  SbS'^aSj^HjO.  Obtained  by  heat- 
ing together  finely-powdered  antimonious 
sulphide,  sulphur,  sodic  carbonate,  slaked 
lime,  and  water,  filtering  and  evaporating 


ttSO,  b 

-clan, 


;  piat,  J<fiH;  oat,  9*11.  chorus,  ohln,  benolij  go,  gem;  thin,  this  ;  sta,  as  ;  expect,  Xenophon.  o^lst.   »>>-<> 
-tlan  =~  shan.   -taon,  -slon  =  shiin  ;  -fUm.  -ftoxi  —  "hfia.   -oloua,  -Uoua,  -slons  ^  enua.   -ble,  -die,  *c.  us  O«J.  Oel. 


4138 


sehmelze— scholium 


filtrate.  It  crystallizes  in  large,  pa3e-yellov 
tetrahedra,  soluble  in  boiling  water.  Kx 
posed  to  the  air,  the  crystals  partly  decom 
pose,  becoming  coated  with  a  reddish-brown 
layer  of  antimonic-sulphide. 

schmelz  -e  (z  as  tx), a,    [Ger.] 

Glass :  A  composition  of  silh^a.  5;  minium. 
8 ;  nitre,  1  ;  potash,  1.  Used  for  making  I 
ruby  glass  for  flashing  colourless  articles. 

3chml-de -li-a,    schmie  -  de  -  U  -  a,   s. 

[Named  after  Ca'siniir  Christopher  Schmidel, 
a  professor  of  botany  at  Erlangen.] 

But. :  A  genus  of  Sapindase.  Trees  or 
shrubs,  generally  with  trifoliate  leaves;  axil- 
lary, rai-emous,  white  flowers,  with  four  petals, 
four  glands,  and  four  stamens.  The  fruit  oi 
Schmidelia  edulis  has  a  sweet  and  pleasant 
taste  ;  it  is  eaten  in  Brazil.  The  root  of 
S.  serrata  is  employed  In  India  in  diarrhcra, 
and  S.  ajricana  in  Abyssinia  against  tapeworm. 

schnaps,  schnapps,  s.    [Ger.  schnapps  — 
dram.)    A  dram  of  Hollands  gin  or  other 
ardent  spirit. 

schnee'-berg-ite,  s.  [After  Schneeberg, 
Tyrol,  where  found  ;  suff.  -Ue  (Jf  in.).] 

Mi>i.  .-  An  isometric  mineral  found  in  small 
octahedrons  with  dodecahedral  cleavage. 
Hardness,  6'5  ;  sp.  gr.  4-1 ;  lustre,  vitreous  ; 
colour,  honey-yellow  ;  transparent.  Compos. : 
principally  lime  and  antimony,  as  oxides. 

sohnei-der-1-an.a.  [Seeder.]  Of,  belong- 
ing to,  or  connected  with  Conrad  Victor  Schnei- 
der (1610-1680),  Professor  of  Medicine  to  the 
Elector  of  Wurtemberg. 

schneiderian-membrane, «. 

Anat. :  The  pituitary-membrane  (q.v.),  first 
described  in  ItjrX)  by  Schneider. 

•chnei'-der-ite,  «.  [After  Herr  Schneider ; 
suff.  -itt  (ifin.).] 

.Min. :  A  variety  of  lanmontite  (q.v.),  con 
taining  magnesia.  Found  in  the  serpentine 
of  Monte  Catini,  Italy. 

schce-nl  da>,  s.  ft.    [Lat  sdutn(ui);  fern. 

pi.  adj.  sutl'.  -id&.\ 

Bat. :  A  family  of  Rhynchosporess  (q.T.X 

schoen  -ite,  •.    [After  Herr  Schone ;  sntT.  -it* 
(A«in.X] 
Jlf  in, :  The  same  as  PICROM ERITE  (q.v.X 

schce  -nus,  s.  (Lat,  from  Or.  o-x°"-o?  (schoi- 
noa)  =  an  aromatic  rush,  a  rope  or  cord.  Some 
of  the  species  are  twisted  into  cordage.) 

But. :  Bog-rush  ;  the  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Schoenide  (q.v.).  Spikelets  one-  to 
four-flowered,  in  compressed  terminal  brac- 
teate  heads.  Bristles  three,  six,  or  none  ; 
stamens  and  stigmas  three ;  fruit  trigonous. 
Known  species  ten.  One  is  British,  Sch&nus 
niffricant,  a  rigid  rush-like  herb,  with  seta- 
ceous leaves  and  nearly  black  beads  of  flowers. 
Found  In  bogs. 

•chd-har'-ite,  «.  [After  Schoharie,  New 
York,  where  found  ;  suff  -ite  (Mia.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  barite  (q.v.)  laid  to  con- 
tain silica. 

•cho  -la,  «.    [Lit.] 

Old  Architecture: 

L  The  margin  or  platform  surrounding  a 
bath,  occupied  by  those  who  waited  until  the 
bath  was  cleared. 

2.  A  portico  corresponding  to  the  exedra  of 
the  Greek  palaestra,  intended  for  the  accom- 
modation of  the  learned,  who  were  accustomed 
to  assemble  and  converse  there. 

schol' -ar,    ••ohol-ler,  *  scol-ere,  >. 

[A.S.  scdtere,  from  scAlu  —  a  school  (q.v.). 
Altered  to  scholar  to  agree  with  Lat.  scholar  is 
=  pertaining  to  a  school ;  O.  Fr.  escolier ;  Fr. 
icolier  ;  Sp.  4  Port,  escclar  ;  Ital.  scolare,  KO- 
lan;  Dut scholier ;  Dan-atoior;  Ger.jcMer.) 

1.  One  who  attends  a  school ;  one  who  Is 
under  the  instruction  of  a  teacher ;  one  under 
tuition  ;  a  pupil,  a  disciple. 

"  I  am  no  breeching  KhoJar  In  the  schools  " 

Shaketp. :  Taming  of  Ou  Sfcreie.  111.  L 

2.  A  man  of  letters ;  one  who  is  eminent 
for  his  learning ;  a  person  of  high  attain- 
ments in  literature  or  science. 

"The  onion  of  the  One  gentleman  with  the  oolite 
well    accomplished    scholar, --ftua:    IfinUr 
Even.  80. 


3.  One  who  learns  anything:  as,  a  read} 
tcholar  in  vice. 

•4.  One  who  is  learned  in  books  only  ;  a 
pedant ;  a  bookish  theorist. 

"  To  spend  too  much  time  In  studies.  Is  sloth  :  t<j 
make  lodgment  wholly  by  their  rules,  is  the  humour 
ol  a  seAoiar.  "—Bacon. 

5.  An  undergraduate  in  an    English  unl 

'y,  who  belongs  to  the  foundation  of  a 

college,  and  receives  a  certain  sum  out  of  its 

revenues   to  enable   him    to    prosecute  his 

studies  during  the  academical  curriculum. 

scholar-like,  a.  Befitting  or  becoming 
a  scholar ;  scholarly. 

scholar's  mate,  ».    In  chess,  a  simple 

mode  of  checkmating  an  opponent  in  three 

•  •  *.   It  is  only  available  against  beginners, 

being  easily  avoided. 

t SChol-arch,  «.  [Gr. OTroAapxrj. (KAoiarcM*.)] 
The  founder  or  head  of  a  philosophical  school. 

"The  succession  of  tchvlarcfu  at  Athena."— O 
we?  •'  ffit-  fha.  (En*,  ed.).  i.  4M. 

•  schoT-ar-ism,  «.     [Eng.  scholar;  4m.} 
Scholarship,  learning. 

"Divinity. 
The  fruitful  plot  of  Icholiiriint,' 

Marlowe:  Doctor  f'auttia.    (Chorus.) 

*  sch8-lai'-I-tjf,  «.    [O.  Fr.  schotarile,  KO- 
larite.]    Scholarship. 

"  Content,  11)  pay  your  it-hilarity." 

»m  Jonton  :  Cynthia' t  Aeeefc.  T.  1 

schdl'-ar-ly,  a.  &  adv.    [Eng.  scholar;  -Jy.} 

A.  ^s  adj. :  Becoming  a  scholar  or  man  of 
letters;  scholarlike. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  the  manner  of  a  scholar,  as 
becomes  a  scholar. 


^t  Ktolarlr  and  wisely.-  —  ShalMp.: 

schol  ar-ship,  ».    [Bug.  scholar;  -ship.] 

1.  The  qualities  or  character  of  a  scholar  ; 
erudition,  learning  ;  high  attainments  In 
literature  or  science. 

"  Ye  once  were  Joitly  famed  for  bringing  forth, 
Undoubted  tcholarAip  and  genuine  worth." 

Cooper:  Tirocinium,  880, 

*  2.  Education,  Instruction. 

••This  place  should  be  school  and  university,  not 
needing  a  remove  to  any  other  house  of  Kholarthip." 

3.  An  exhibition  or  maintenance  forascholar 
at  a  university  or  other  place  of  education; 
a  foundation  for  the  support  of  a  scholar. 

.  "The  charitable  foondatloni  of  Kkotarthii*.  ex- 
hibitions, bursaries,  *c..  uecesaarily  attach  a  certain 
number  ol  student*  to  certain  colleges."  —  Smith: 
Wealth  oSyatiimt,  bit.  V.,  ch.  L 

•cho-las  -tic,  •  schc^las  tick,  a.  &  s.  [Lat. 

scholaaticus,  from  Gr.  o-xo\a<rTi*6c  (schelasti- 
faw),  from  irxoAi)  (scholf)  =  rest,  leisure  .  .  . 
a  school  (q.v.):  Fr.  teholastitrut,  scolastique  ; 
Sp.  escolastico  ;  ItaL  scolastico.] 
A*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Pertaining  to   or   becoming  a  scholar, 
school,  or  schools  ;  like  or  characteristic  of  a 
scholar  ;  learnt  or  obtained  at  a  school. 

"  I  would  render  this  Intelligible  to  every  rational 
man,  however  little  versed  In  fshotatttc  learning." 
—Dtgkjf  :  On  Bodkt. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  a  school  ;  devoted  to 
education  :  as,  a  scholastic  institution. 

3.  Pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of,  the 
schools  or  schoolmen  of  the  middle  ages,  who 
devoted  much  time  to  the  points  of  nice  and 
abstruse  speculation. 

"According  to  the  tcholtutic  notion  of  the  word 
•pedes."—  Loclu:  Human  Undent.,  bk.  liL.cn.  vi. 

*4.  Pedantic;  characterized    by  excessive 

subtilty,  niceness,  or  abstruseness  ;  formal. 

"That  Kkotaxtda  riddle,  which  I  mnst  confess 
seems  to  verge  too    near  to  proiuund   non-sense."  _ 
JCons.'  /n.mort^«*o/tt«,s™i;  bk_L.  ch.1. 
B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Philas.  :  One  of  the  schoolmen  ;  one  who 
adheres  to  the  method  and  snbtilties  of  the 
schools  or  schoolmen  of  the  middle  ages. 

"The  name  of  SduJaMaldoaom  Htolaaici},  which 
WM  given  to  the  teachers  of  the  septral  Neemlss  ortet 
TQuaDKivruM,  TRivju«i  or  at  least  of  some  of  them. 
In  the  Cloister-schools  founded  by 


- 

also  to  teachers  of  theoloiry.  was  aiterwardrVen 
all  who  occupied  themselves  with  the  sciences,  and 
especially  with  philosophy  following  the  tradition 
and  example  ol  the  schools.  '—Vtbervvi  :  Bitt.  PhU 


.  —rvvi       itt.  PhUM. 
(Kug.  ed.).  L  ss«. 

2.  Raman  Church  :  Among  the  Jesuits  the 
name  given  to  students  who  have  taken  their 
first,  but  not  their  final  vows  ;  more  loosely 
applied  to  students  who  have  taken  their  first 
vows,  but  have  not  received  Holy  Orders." 

1  New  Scholastics  : 

Philos.  it  Church  Hist.  :  A  name  sometimes 


given  to  those  Italian  thinkers  and  authors 
who,  in  the  interests  of  the  Roman  Church, 
have  striven  to  revive  scholasticism  in  the 
present  century.  The  principal  representa- 
tive of  this  school  was  Ventura,  Superior- 
generiil  of  the  Theatins  (1792-1861).  The 
Civiltb  Cattolica,  a  monthly  review,  puMished 
in  Rome,  is  their  or^ran.  Their  object  re- 
ceived the  sanction  of  Pius  IX.,  who,  in  the 
Syllabus  (§  11.  xiii.,  VI.  xh-.,  VII.  Ivi.  Ivii) 
condemned  some  of  the  propositions  which 
they  set  themselves  to  oppose  ;  and  Tope 
Leo  XIII.,  in  the  Encyclical  &terni  . 
has  approved  and  nig.  d  the  teaching  of  the 
philosophy  of  St.  Thomas. 

"The  philosophical  works  of  Liberators  and  Sanaa. 
verlno  are  perhaps  the  best  known  auione  those  of  the 
Xn  ackol<uHa."—JitaU  t  ArnoU  :  Co<».  Ma.,  p.  WO. 

scholastic-theology,  «. 

Theol.  :  Theology  systematized  as  Is  done 
in  the  Summa  of  at.  Thomas  Aquinas.  It  is 
defined  by  Hallam  as  "an  alliance  between 
faith  and  reason  ;  an  endeavour  to  arrange  the 
orthodox  system  of  the  Church,  such  us  au- 
thority had  made  it,  acconliiiK  to  the  rule* 
and  methods  of  the  Aristotelian  dialectics, 
and  sometimes  upon  premisses  supplied  by 
metaphysical  reasoning." 

scho-las'-tic-al,    *  scho-las'-tifc-all,    a. 

•it  s.    [Eng.  scholastic  ;  -ul.\ 
A*  As  adj.  :  The  same  as  SCHOLASTIC  (q.v.). 

"  In  the  most  strict  and  tcholaaical  sense  of  that 
word."—  narrow  :  OH  tha  Cried. 

''B.  As  subst.  :  A  scholastic. 
"The  icAorastlc'illtt  against  the  csiionistes."~/«isea  : 
Ktptie  to  Bardinge,  p.  269. 

BCho-las'-tic-al-lS;,  adv.  [Eng.  sctiolastical  ; 
~ly.}  In  a  sch'olastic  manner  ;  according  to 
the  niceties  or  methods  of  the  scholastics. 

"  Moralists,  or  casuists,  that  treat  icholaitic&lly  at 
Justice."—  3outh  :  Sermons,  vuL  L.  ser.  1L 

schS-l&sj'-ti-Cijm,!.  [Eng.  scholastic  ;  -<m>.] 
Philos.  t  Church  Hist.  :  The  name  given  to  a 
movement  which  began  with  the  opening  of 
cloister  schools  by  Charlemagne  (742-814), 
attained  its  greatest  development  in  the  early 
part  of  the  thirteenth  century  under  Aquinas 
and  Scotus,  and,  after  receiving  a  check  from 
the  labours  of  Roger  Bacon  (1214-92)  and  the 
criticism  of  Occam  (died  134T),  gradually  sub- 
sided at  the  Renascence.  Scholasticism  was 
the  reproduction  of  ancient  philosophy  under 
the  control  of  ecclesiastical  discipline,  the 
former  being  accommodated  to  the  latter,  in 
case  of  any  discrepancy  between  them.  It 
had  two  chief  periods  :  (1)  that  from  Scotus 
Erigena  (died  circ.  8S6)  to  the  beginning  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  in  which  Aristotelian 
logic  and  Neoplatonic  philosophemes  were 
pressed  into  the  service  of  the  Church  ;  and 
(2)  from  this  time  till  the  Renascence  and  the 
Reformation^  marked  by  the  adaptation  of  the 
whole  Aristotelian  philosophy  to  theology. 
Alexander  of  Hales  (died  1246)  seems  to  have 
been  the  first  scholastic  who  was  acquainted 
with  the  whole  of  Aristotle's  works  and 
the  Arabian  Commentaries  thereon.  In  the 
first  period  arose  the  Nominalists  and  the 
Realists  ;  In  the  second  the  Scotists  and  the 
Thomists.  [Bee  these  words  ;  SCHOOLMEN.] 

"  But  when  the  belief  of  the  Church  had  been  un- 
folded Into  a  complex  of  dogmas,  and  when  these 
dogmas  Bad  become  firmly  established.  It  remained 
for  the  school  to  verify  and  systematize  them  by  the 
aid  of  a  corresponding  reconstruction  of  ancient  Philo- 
sophy ;  in  this  lay  The  mission  of  ^chula^icam."— 
y  .•  MM.  fhila.  (Eug  ed.),  L  Ml 


BCho-li  ast,  ».  [Gr.  o^oAioo-njc  (scholiastls) 
—  a  commentator  ;  Fr.  tcholiaste,  scoliaste  ; 
Ital.  tmliaste.1  A  commentator,  an  annotator  ; 
one  who  writes  scholia;  specif.,  an  ancient 
grammarian  who  annotated  the  classics. 

"  Bending  shelves  with  ponderous  icholiattt 
.  6ar 


scho-li-as'-tlc,  o.  [Eng.  scholiast ;  -fc.J  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  scholiast  or  the  scholiasts. 

*scho'-li-aze,  r.r,  [SCHOLIDM.)  To  writ* 
scholia  or  notes  on  an  author's  works  ;  to  an- 
notate or  commentate. 

"He  thinks  to  setoMos,  upon  the  Gospel"- Jrttom  : 
TctracJurrdon. 

'  schol  -1C  al,  o.  [Lat.  tcholicut ;  Or. 
(scholilcos).]    SchoUstic. 

"It  1s  a  common  Kholical  errour  to  fill  our  capers 

and  notebooks  with  observations  of  great  and  fauiuus 
events."—  Halm :  ttanaint,  p.  J7fc 

schb   H  um   (pi.   scho  -li-a,    scho-U- 

[Lat.  scholium,  from  Gr.  crxdAioc  (scholion)  = 


r.  wore, 


i;  miite,  ofib.  oiire,  Tmlt«.  otir.  r&le.  All:  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey=a:  au  =  kw. 


soholy— school 


4139 


an  interpretation,  a  comment,   from   o-xoX.) 
(schole).]    [Scuoou] 

1.  Ord,  Lang.  :  A  marginal  note,  comment, 
or  remark  ;  an  explanatory  comment  ;  specif., 
an  explanatory  note  annexed  to  the  Greek  and 
Latin  authors  by  the  early  grammarians. 

••  Many  a  «*>««•»  of  the  Mident.,  and  maw*  folio 
ol  criticism  tnuulawd  from  the  French.'-eoMwm"'  : 
PolUf  Ltamtna.  cb.  vli. 

2.  Geom.  :  A  remark    made  upon   one   or 
more  preceding  propositions,  which  tends  to 
point  out  their  connection,  their  use,  their 
restriction,  or  their  extent. 

•  BCho-ljf,  "  scho'-Iie,  >.    [Fr.  scholit,  from 
Lat.  stholium.]    A  scholium  (q.v.). 

"Without  Kkoly  or  glow*  of  oura."—  ffoo*«r:  *- 
eM.  Mil*.  bk.  V..  i  36. 

•  »ch6'-ly,  v.i.  A  t.    [ScHOLY,  s.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  write  comments  ;  to  com- 
ment, to  scholiaze. 

"  The  preacher  ahould  want  >  tort,  whereupon  to 
ichoty."—  Hooker  :  Scclet.  Polity. 

B.  Tram.  :   To  annotate  ;   to  write   com- 
ments on. 

Bchom'-burgk,  i.   [Sir  Robert  Schomburgk, 
^German  naturalist  and  geographer  (1804- 
1865).! 

Schombnrgk's  deer,  >. 
Zool  •  Rwxrvus  schomburgkii,  a  little-known 
species  from  Siam.  The  antlers  are  extremely 
elegant,  thfflong  brow-tyne  being  followed  by 
a  short  beam  which  bifurcates  into  two  equal 
branches,  each  of  these  bifurcating  in  a  similar 
manner. 

Schomlrargk's  line,  •.  That  laid 
down  by  Sir  Eobert  Schnmbiirgk  as  the  correct 
boundary  line  between  British  Guiana  and 
Venezuela. 

school  (1),  »  Bohole,  *  sohoole,  *  scole, 
t    &  o       [A.8.  scolu,  from    Lat.    «cMo=a 
school,  from  Gr.  <rx°A>?  (scholi)  =  rest,  leisure 
disputation,  a  place  where  lectures  are 
given,  a  school;  O.  Fr.  escole  ;  Fr.  ecole;  8p. 
escuela  •  Port,  escola  ;  Ital.  Koala,  ;  But.  school  ; 
Dan.  skolt;  Sw.  skola  ;  IceL  ikoli  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
Avala;  M.  H.  Ger.  sckuolt;  Ger.  schule.] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  A  place  where  lectures  were  delivered 
by  the  ancient  philosophers. 

"  Which  table*  hang  in  the  philosophert  «o»ool«  or 
w.lking.plMe.--f.  Holland  :  rtbife.  bk.  IM»-  oh.  X. 

2.  A  place,  houje,  or  establisnment  where 
Instruction  is  given  in  arts,  sciences,  lan- 
guages or  any  other  branch  of  learning  ;  a 
place  of  education  and  training  in  mental  or 
mechanical  arts. 

5.  The  pupils  collectively  In  any  place  of 
Instruction,  and    under  the   discipline   and 
direction  of  one  or  more  teachers. 

"  Like  a  icA'Wl  broke  up, 
Each  hurriet  towardi  hii  home." 

Nkakttp.  :  2  Htmry  ir.,  if.  X. 

1.  One  of  the  seminaries  founded  in  the 
middle  ages  for  the  teaching  of  logic,  meta- 
physics, and  theology.  They  were  characterized 
by  academical  disputatious  and  subtilties  of 
reasoning.  [SCBOOLMAH.] 

"  The  ilgnlncatlon  o(  word«.  logick,  and  the  liberal 
iciences,  i  they  have  been  handled  in  the  icAooU.  - 
lockt  :  Human  UniUrtUmdi.nl.  l)k-  UL,  ch.  I. 

6.  A  state  of  instruction. 

••  Bet  th«e  to  Kluol  to  an  ant  --S»ate«l>.  .'  Lmr.  IL  4. 

6.  Kxercises  of  instruction  ;  school-work. 

How  now.  Sir  Hngh.  no  KtooJ  to-daj  f—  ShaJatp.  : 
Winder.  l».  1. 


Jfenr       *&  o         ner.      .    . 

7.  A  large  room  or  hall  in  English  univer- 
sities in  which  examinations  for  degrees  and 
honours  are  held. 

8.  Hence,  the  examinations  therein  held. 

9.  Any  place  or  sphere  of  discipline,  im- 
provement,  instruction,  or  training. 

"  The  world  .  .  . 


10.  The  disciples  or  followers  of  a  teacher  ; 
those  who  hold  a  common  doctrine  or  accept 
the  same  teachings  ;  a  sect  or  denomination 
in  philosophy,  theology,  science,  art,  4kc.  ; 
the  system  of  doctrine  as  delivered  by  parti- 
cular  teachers  :    as,  the   Socratic   «c*ool   of 
philosophy,  the  Dutch  school  of  painting,  &e. 

11.  A  system  or  state  of  matters  or  manners 
prevalent  at  a  certain  time  ;  method  or  cast 
of  thought. 

1M6. 

B.  As  mljectlve: 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  school  or  to 
education  :  as,  school  customs. 


2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Schoolmen  : 
as,  school  divinity. 

f  Education  in  the  earliest  periods  seems 
to  have  been  mainly  domestic  ;  the  ]«rents 
imparted  it,  and  ita  character  was  religious 
(cf.  Gen.  xviii.  19  ;  Exod.  xiii.  14).  Scholars 
are  mentioned  in  1  Chron.  xxv.  8  and  Mai. 
11,  12,  but  nowhere  in  the  Old  Testament  is 
there  a  word  for  school,  though,  according  to 
Dr.  Ginsburg,  eleven  words  having  that  mean- 
ing were  introduced  into  Hebrew  between  the 
return  from  Babylon  and  the  close  of  the 
Talmudic  period.  The  words  for  school  in 
most  European  languages  being  from  the  same 
root,  and  the  Mahratta  sal  —  school,  being 
apparently  so,  schools  among  the  Aryans 
must  be  carried  back  to  a  remote  period. 
Among  the  ancient  Greeks,  both  boys  and 
girls  were  taught  at  public  schools  (cf.  Acts 
xix.  9  ;  Gal.  iii.  24,  25),  as  was  the  case  with 
the  Romans.  The  view  that  India  has  for 
centuries  possessed  a  system  of  village  schools, 
attended  by  all  the  boys,  is  much  beyond  the 
truth,  and  even  now  only  a  fraction  of  the 
Indian  population  can  read. 

In  England  the  procedure  of  the  law 
courts  called  "  benefit  of  clergy"  (q.v.)  shows 
that  for  centuries  there  was  scarcely  a  lay- 
man even  of  rank  who  could  read.  Schools 
therefore  were  designed  chiefly  for  the  edu- 
cation of  ecclesiastics.  Some  were  founded 
in  the  seats  of  bishoprics  or  archbishoprics  ; 
thus,  Canterbury  school  existed  at  least  as 
early  as  1321,  and  Winchester  school  and 
college  in  1387.  There  were  various  endowed 
schools  in  connection  with  religious  foun- 
dations, and  schools  for  teaching  "gram- 
mar" and  singing  in  connection  with  the 
chantries.  The  dissolution  of  the  monasteries 
under  Henry  VIIL,  and  of  the  chantries  under 
Edward  VI.  led  to  the  establishment  of 
several  endowed  public  and  grammar  schools. 
Those  founded  under  the  latter  ruler  are 
called  King  Edward's  Schools.  They  still 
remain,  and  are  wealthy.  Eton  College  was 
founded  in  1541,  Christ's  Hospital  or  the 
Blue-coat  School  in  1552,  Winchester  re- 
founded  in  1560,  Rugby  founded  in  1567,  and 
Harrow  in  1585.  These  "  grammar  "  schools, 
i.e.,  schools  for  teaching  Latin  and  Greek, 
were,  as  a  rule,  for  poor  orphans,  but  the  edu- 
cation given  was  one  suitable  to  the  upper 
and  middle  classes  and  in  practice  they  have 
scarcely  affected  the  lower  classes.  During 
mediaeval  times  the  view  that  ignorance  is  the 
mother  of  devotion  had  helped  to  keep  the 
masses  ignorant.  To  this  succeeded  the  middle 
and  upper  class  prejudice,  not  now  often 
avowed,  but  secretly  held  by  many,  that  to 
teach  the  poor  would  render  them  dis- 
contented with  their  lot.  The  first  greai 
improvement  arose  from  the  establishment 
in  1788  in  England  of  Sunday-schools  (q.v.) 
During  the  present  century  a  system  of  school 
for  elementary  education  has  gradually  devel 
oped  in  Britain,  under  the  form  of  parish 
schools,  conducted  under  church  superintend 
ence,  and  supported  by  parliamentary  grants 
local  school  rates,  and  payment  by  pupils.  The 
schools  have  gradually  grown  more  secular  i ~ 
their  management,  the  church  influence  an 
the  amount  of  religious  instruction  decreasing 
In  the  board-schools  of  the  present  system  the 
attendance  of  children  is  compulsory,  the 
funds  for  school  support  being  derived  from 
various  sources.  [BOARn  SCHOOL,  H  (1).] 

In  the  United  States  a  system  of  [common 
school  education  was  early  instituted,  everj 
colony  in  New  England  before  the  middle  c 
the  first  century  of  its  existence  having  mad 
education  compulsory.  In  the  other  colonie 
education  was  greatly  neglected,  except  i 
Pennsylvania,  where  a  school  was  opened  in  th 
first  year  of  the  colony,  and  a  free  acadenij 
established  at  Philadelphia  in  its  sixth  year 
After  the  Revolution  active  steps  were  take 
for  the  advancement  of  education.  In  thi 
the  national  government  took  no  part,  eac 
state  establishing  its  own  school  Bysten 
making  its  own  appropriations,  and  passing  it 
own  laws.  In  all  but  the  older  states  one 
sixteenth  of  the  public  lands  has  been  set  asid 
for  the  support  of  education,  and  in  all  th 
states  education  in  the  primary  and  grumma 
schools  is  gratuitous,  while  in  some  educatio 
in  high-schools  is  also  gratuitously  providec 
As  regards  compulsory  attendance  the  law 
varies,  it  being  required  in  many  of  the  state 
but  not  demanded  in  all,  and  not  uniform! 
enforced.  The  great  cities,  and  many  of  th 
counties,  form  administrative  districts  fo 
educational  purposes,  making  their  own  regu 


lations  and  appropriations  and  appointing 
their  own  school  officials.  In  many  of  them 
handsome  and  thoroughly-appointed  school 
buildings  have  been  erected,  and  in  tho  bi^h- 
echools  the  grade  of  education  is  coming  to 
vie-  with  that  given  in  many  colleges.  Latin 
and  Greek  are  taught,  but  more  attention  is 
given  to  modern  languages  and  physical 
science  and  less  to  the  classics  than  in  (schools 
of  the  same  character  in  Europe.  The  Kiuder- 
garteu  method  for  younger  children  has  been 
added  to  the  school  system  in  some  of  the 
larger  cities  and  towns,  while  manual  training 
and  instruction  in  elementary  art  are  becoming 
essential  elements  of  the  system  of  common 
School  education. 

In  various  countries  of  Europe  the  system  of 
public  education  lias  made  great  progress, 
particularly  in  Germany,  whose  schools  have 
the  reputation  of  being  the  best  in  the  world. 
The  existing  system  began  there  in  1864,  and 
is  a  thoroughly  organized  one,  even  private  or 
pay  schools  being  required  to  submit  to  public 
superintendence,  and  their  teachers  to  obtain 
government  diplomas.  Education  iu  that 
country  is  only  in  part  gratuitous,  the  payment 
of  school  fees  being  required  in  the  majority 
of  schools,  but  attendance,  between  the  ages  of 
six  and  fourteen,  is  strictly  compulsory. 
Similar  development  of  the  public  schools  has 
taken  place  within  the  present  century  in  all 
the  countries  of  Europe,  France  iu  particular 
having  paid  much  attentiou  to  this  subject.  A 
recent  statement  in  regard  to  fees  and  gratu- 
itous education  says  that  in  France,  Norway, 
Sweden,  and  parts  of  Switzerland  education 
is  free;  in  Italy,  Bavaria,  and  Belgium  it  is 
generally  free ;  in  the  other  countries  there 
is  a  mixed  system,  education  being  to  some 
extent  free,  but  more  generally  fees  being 
charged.  In  most  countries  there  is  a  fixed 
and  definite  system,  except  in  England,  where 
the  school  system  has  grown  out  of  old 
conditions  and  has  not  definitely  grown  into 
new  ones.  It  is  of  interest  to  stale,  in  conclu- 
sion, that  Japan  has  adopted  a  well-organized 
system  of  public  school  education,  based  on 
that  of  the  United  States,  and  is  making  quite 
striking  progress  therein. 

|  (1)  Board  school:  A  school  established 
under  the  authority  of  a  School  Board,  in 
accordance  with  the  Elementary  Education 
Acts  of  Great  Britain.  Its  income  is  derived 
from  rates,  government  grant,  and  school  fees. 
(2)  Common  school :  In  the  United  States, 
the  name  for  a  primary  or  elementary  school, 
supported  by  the  general  funds. 

(8)  High  school :  An  indefinite  term,  gene- 
rally supposed  to  mean  a  school  where  a  rather 
superior  education  is  given ;  unually  the  chief 
public  school  in  a  town. 

(4)  Normal  school :  [NoBMAi.]. 

(5)  Parochial  schools :  In  Scotland,  school! 
established    in   accordance   with   legislative 
enactments  in  different  parishes,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  providing  cheap  education  for  the 
masses.    They  an  now  called  public  schools, 
and  the  management  of  them  has  been  trans- 
ferred to  the  school-boards. 

(6)  Public  school*:  In  England,  a  name  of 
indefinite  application  given  to  certain  schools, 
such  as  Eton,  Harrow,  Rugby,  Winchester, 
Westminster,  &c.,  preparatory  to  universities. 
In  this  country,  common  schools  supported  by 
public  funds. 

(7)  Schools  of  the  Prophets:  [PBOPHET,  U  S]. 
(S)  Bagged  Schools :  [RiOOED-ecHooM]. 

*  school-author,  «.  An  old  name  tor 
one  of  the  Schoolmen. 

school-board,  ».  A  body  of  persons, 
male  or  female,  elected  by  the  ratepayers  in  a 
town  or  parish,  to  provide  accommodation  for 
the  instruction  of  every  child  in  their  dis- 
trict and  having  power  to  compel  the  attend- 
ance of  every  child  between  the  ages  of  five- 
and  fourteen  at  the  board  schools,  unless 
their  education  is  satisfactorily  provided  for 
elsewhere,  or  unless  the  child  shall  have 
obtained  a  certificate  of  proficiency  from  the 
government  inspector.  Children  of  the  age 
of  thirteen  who  have  passed  the  seventh 
standard  may  be  allowed  to  attend  only  half 
time  at  school.  The  School  Board  can  make 
rates  for  the  provision  and  maintenance  of 
the  board  schools.  (English.) 

school-book,  s.    A  book  used  in  schools. 

school  boy ,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  subst. :  A  hoy  belonging  to  or  attend- 
ing a  school.  (Cotton :  Morning  Quatrains.) 


b6lL  bo?;  twat.  JAM,  eat,  cell,  ebon*  chin,  beach;  go,  gem;  ihtn,  this;  In.  »?;  •-£><*. 
-oten.-tlan  =  shan.  -tloa,^iton  =  «I.an:  -tloa.  -flon  =  HAa.   -clou., -tloM. -rtou.  =  ftWU.   - 


4140 


school— schorl 


B.  At  adj.  :  Pertaining  to  the  age  whe 
boys  attend  school. 

"  The  i*iiie  whom  in  my  tcHool-bvy  d»yi 
I  llstteu'd  to."          Wordiwrth:  To  Cfe  Cuckoo. 

*  school  boyishness,  s.    The  manner 
or  disposition  of  a  school-boy. 

"The  men  are  somewhat  older  than  our  student*. 
And  after  the  nnt  tchool-boyithnttt  hu  worn  off,  the> 
discover  more  ni*turity."— ScrUmeSt  Magatine,  Dec. 
1818.  p.  381. 

*  school-bred,  a.    Educated  in  a  school 

That  though  tchoal-bred,  the  boy  be  virtuous  still." 
Covjper :  Tirocinium,  840. 

school -committee,  s.  A  committee 
•harged  with  the  supervision  of  a  sctool  01 
ichools. 

school-dame,  9.  The  mistress  of  a  school 

school-days,  s.  pi.    The  time  passed  at 
school ;  the  time  of  life  during  which  children 
ttend  school. 

"0.  and  Is  all  forgot? 

All  K-hool-darf  friendship,  childless  innocence!" 
Khaketp.  :  Jfidtummer  Xiffht'l  Dream,  lit  t, 

school-district,  >.  A  district  of  a  town 
or  parish  set  apart  for  educational  purposes 
in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the 
laws  governing  education. 

*  school-divine,  •     One  of  the  School- 
men ;  one  who  adopts  or  supports  scholastic 
theology. 

*  school-divinity,  i.  Scholastic  divinity 
*r  theology. 

"  Why  Khool-dtetnili  should  bold  its  ground  there 
lor  nearly  six  hundred  years.'— Qoldtmith :  Poliu 
Learning,  oh.  vi. 

school -fee,  s.  The  amount  paid  on 
behalf  of  a  scholar  for  instruction  at  any 
•chool  for  a  given  time. 

(1)  Private  schools:  School  fees  are  settled 
by  agreement  between  the  principal  and  the 
parent  or  guardian  of  the  child,  and  are  re- 
coverable as  an  ordinary  debt. 

(2)  Public  elementary  schools  of  England: 
Board  Schools :  A  payment  made  by  or  on 

behalf  of  a  pupil  for  admission  to  and  instruc- 
tion in  a  school.  Specially  applied  to  the 
•urns  payable  by  law  by  parents  on  behalf  of 
their  children  attending  public  elementary 
schools  under  the  Education  Act  (1870)  and 
amending  Acts.  Such  fees  are  payable 
weekly  in  advance,  no  legal  means  being 
available  for  the  recovery  of  arrears.  Children 
who  present  themselves  without  their  fees 
may  be  refused  admission,  but  the  managers 
of  each  school  have  power  to  remit  the  fees 
on  proof  of  poverty  or  like  reasonable  excuse. 
Parents  refusing  or  neglecting  to  send  their 
children  to  school,  or  to  pay  the  fee,  may  be 
summoned  and  fined,  the  fine  being  recover- 
able by  distress. 

1  In  1886  tAe  London  School  Board  made 
s  regulation,  which  was  put  in  force  as 
cautiously  as  possible,  that  children  not 
bringing  the  fee  should  be  sent  home.  The 
advocates  of  free  education,  which  had  been 
one  of  the  objects  contended  for  by  the 
National  Education  League,  taking  advantage 
of  the  excitement  thus  produced,  began  more 
actively  to  advocate  the  abolition  of  school  fees. 

school-fellow,  «.  One  who  attends  the 
lame  school ;  a  schoolmate,  a  fellow-pupil. 

"  The  emulation  of  ichool-/,llo**  often  pots  life  and 
Industry  into  young  lads"-ioc*t 

^school-girl,  ».    A  girl  who  It  attending 

school  house,  t. 

1.  A  house  used  as  a  school. 

2.  The  dwelling-house  of  a  schoolmaster  or 
Bchoolmistress. 

school -Inspector,  ..  A  government 
official  appointed  to  inspect  and  examine 
schools,  to  see  if  they  fulfil  all  the  require- 
ments. (English.) 

school-ma'am,  s.  A  schoolmistress. 
(Amer.) 

•  school-name,  ».  A  name  used  in  the 
schools ;  an  expression  to  which  nothing  real 
corresponded  ;  an  abstraction. 


school  room,  «.  A  room  In  which 
pupils  are  taught. 

school  ship,  s.  A  ship  on  board  which 
a  nautical  reform  or  training-school  is  kept, 
and  on  which  boys  are  trained  for  service  as 
sailors ;  a  training-ship. 


school-taught,  a.  Taught  or  learnt . 
school. 

" Let  tdutot-tauffht  pride  dissemble  all  It  can." 

OoliUmith :  Traveller. 

school-teacher,  s.  One  who  teache 
regulany  in  a  school. 

school-teaching,  «.  The  business  o 
profession  of  teaching  in  a  school. 

school-theology,  s.  The  same  as  SCHO- 
LASTIC-THEOLOGY (q.  v.). 

school  (2),  s.    [A  variant  of  shoal  (q.v.).]    A 
shoal ;  a  compact  body. 

".Ichooll  of  porpoises  broke  the  surface.'— field, 
Sept  4,  ISes. 

school  (1),  v.t.    [SCHOOL  (1), ».] 

1.  To  instruct,  to  train. 

"  He  may  learn  the  secret  of  beauty,  and  icnoo 
himself  to  the  refined  and  chastened  utterance  o 
genuine  srf—  Doit*  Telegraph,  Sept.  10,  IBM. 

2.  To  chide  and  admonish ;  to  reprove,  to 
tutor. 

"To  Khool  her  disobedient  heart." 

Scott :  liokeby,  IT.  14 

school  (2),  r.i.    [SCHOOL  (2),  s.)    To  go  or 
move  in  a  body ;  to  troop. 

"  We  Softools*  back  to  the  Poorhouse  Gorse."— ««M 
April  4.  1886. 

•  school  er-y,  s.    [Eng.  school :  -try.]   Some- 
thing taught ;  precepts. 

school -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [SCHOOL  (1),  t>.; 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Engaged  in  teaching  or  educa- 
tion ;  pertaining  to  education. 

"By  public  hackneys  In  the  ichooliny  trade." 

Coieper:  Tirocinium.  *2L 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  teaching  or  educating ;  educa- 
tion, instruction,  tuition. 
*  2.  A  reproof,  a  reprimand. 

••  I  nave  some  private  schooling  for  yon  both." 
Shaietp.  :  J/idlummer  XifU'l  Dream,  i.  L 

3.  Money  paid  for  instruction  given ;  fees 
or  reward  paid  to  a  teacher  for  the  education 
of  a  pupil  or  pupils. 

*  school  -less,  o.    (Eng.  school  (1),  s. ;  -less.] 
Destitute  of  a  school  or  schools  ;  untaught. 

school-maid,  ».    [Eng.  »<*<»!  (i),  s.,  and 
maid.]    A  girl  at  school ;  a  school-girl. 

"As  tcAoolmaidi  change  their  names 
By  vain  though  apt  affection." 

Sltakeip. :  lleature/or  lleamure,  L  4. 

school'- man,  «.     [Eng.  school  (1),  s.,  and 
man.]    One  of  the  schoolmen  (q.v.). 

school  mas  ter,  *  schoole-mals-ter,  .. 
[Eng.  school,  and  master.] 

1.  A  man  who  presides  over  and  teaches  in 
a  school ;  a  teacher,  instructor,  or  preceptor 
in  a  school 

"He  (the  father]  may  also  delegate  mrt  of  his 
parental  authority  during  his  lifeVto  the  tutor  of 
ssMsxHtsr  of  his  child."—  Slaclcaone:  Comment., 

bk.  L,  ch.  16. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  schools,  trains, 
or  disciplines. 

"  The  law  was  our  tchoolmatter  to  bring  us  unto 
Christ.  "-OalaHant  ill.  84. 

3.  A  horse  well  skilled  in  jumping  ridden 
beside  another  to  train  him  for  steeple-chas- 
ing.   (Hating  slang.) 

1  The  schoolmaster  abroad:  A  phrase  used 
by  Lord  Brougham  (in  a  speech  Jan.  29, 1828) 
to  express  the  general  diffusion  of  education, 
and  of  intelligence  arising  therefrom. 

"Let  the  soldier  be  abroad,  if  be  will ;  he  can  do 
nothing  in  this  jige.  There  is  another  personage 
abroad  .  .  .  the  tchoolmatter  it  abroad ;  and  I  trust 
him.  armed  with  his  primer,  against  the  soldier  in 


school  -mas-ter-lng,  «.  [Bng.  school- 
master ;  -ing.}  The  act,  art,  or  occupation  of 
keeping  school ;  teaching. 

"He  could  never  burst  the  shell  of  expert  lOtaolmal- 
ttrtng.  —Carlyle :  Keminiteencet  led.  ftoude),  I.  107. 

school  mas -ter- ly,  o.  [Bug.  school- 
master ;  -ly.]  Befitting  a  schoolmaster  deal- 
ing with  his  pupils;  hence,  dealing  with  petty 
details. 

"The   Held    for  sneh  K-hoolmaaerl*  legislation  is 
boundless.  "-&«Kr<<a»  Keriev,  June  I,  isaip,  W7T 

school-mate,  «.  [Eng.  school  (IX  «.,  and 
mate,  s.)  One  who  attends  the  same  school  • 
a  school-fellow. 

school  -men,  «.  pt    [Eng.  school  (1),  •.,  and 

men.] 

Hist.  »t  PhUo*.:  The  name  given  to  the 


leaders  of  thought  in  the  Scholastic  period, 
The  most  eminent  were :  Johannes  Scotus 
Erigena  (died  circ.  886),  Anselm,  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury  (1038-H09),  William  of  Cham- 
peaux  (died  1121),  Peter  Jjomlurd  (died  1164), 
Alexander  of  Hales  (died  1245),  St.  Bon;i- 
venture  (died  12T4),  Alliertus  Magnus  (1193- 
1280),  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  (circ.  1225-74), 
Duns  Scotus  (died  1;.OK),  Buridan  (died  after 
1350),  and  Johannes  Gerson,  who  endeavoured 
to  combine  Mysticism  with  Scholasticism 

(1S6S-1429).      [SCHOLASTICISM.] 

"The  physics  of  the  Schoolmen,  which  no  one  thinks 
ef  defending,  are  yet  an  integral  part  of  their  philo- 
sophy. -—Jiaait  t  A  mold  :  Cath.  flS..  p.  Mo. 

school'  -  mis  -  tress,    «  school  -  mats  - 

trcsse,  s.    [Eng.  school  (1),  s.,  and  mistress.] 

1.  A  woman  who  presides  over  or  teaches 
in  a  school ;  the  mistress  of  a  school ;  a  pre- 
ceptress. 

"  A  matron  old,  whom  we  Kkoolmittreu  name." 
Skenttone :  The  Hchoolmatrtu. 

2.  She  who  or  that  which  teaches  or  trains. 

"Such  precepts  t  have  selected  from  the  most  con. 
slderahle  which  we  have  from  nature,  thut  exact 
K*oolt*utreu.~—ltrfdm.  (Toad.) 

schoon'-er  (1),  •scodn'-er,  «.  [Properly 
scooner,  and  of  American  origin.  "  The  first 
schooner  ever  constructed  is  said  to  have  been 
built  in  Gloucester,  Massachusetts,  about  the 
year  1713,  by  a  Captain  Andrew  Robinson 
and  to  have  received  its  name  ffcm  the  follow- 
ing trivial  circumstance :  When  the  vessel 
went  off  the  stocks  into  the  water,  a  by- 
stander cried  out,  'O,  how  she  scoons !'— i.e., 
glides,  skims  along.  Robinson  instantly  re- 
plied, 'Ascooiwr  let  her  be; 'and  from  that 
time,  vessels  thus  masted  and  rigged  have 
gone  by  this  name.  The  word  *coon  is  popu- 
larly used  in  some  parts  of  New  England  to 
denote  the  act  of  making  stones  skip  along 
the  surface  of  water.  .  .  .  According  to  the 
New  England  records  the  word  appears  to 
have  been  originally  written  scooner.  (Web- 
ster.) The  New  England  scoon  was  imported 
from  Clydesdale,  Scotland,  being  the  same  as 
Lowland  Scotch  scon  =  to  make  flat  stones 
skip  along  the  surface  of  water ;  also,  to  skip 
in  the  above  manner  (applied  to  flat  bodies), 
from  A.S.  scunian  =  to  shun,  to  flee,  hence, 
to  skip  or  speed  along.  The  Dut  schooner  and 
Ger.  jcAcner  are  borrowed  from  English.] 

Navt. :  A  two  or  three-masted  vessel  whose 
sails  are  of  the  fore-and-aft  class— i.e.,  ex- 
tended on  booms.    The  masts  have  but  one 
splice,  the  topgallant,  if  any,  forming  part  of 
the  topmast  stick. 
When    a    schooner 
has  none  but  fore- 
and-aft    sails, 
she  is  termed 
a  fore-and- 
aft  sob  oo- 
ner;     if 
carrying 
a    square 
foretop- 
sail    and 
foretop- 
gallant 
sail,    a 
SCHOOSEK.  top-sail 

schooner. 

This  latter  rig,  formerly  common,  has  now 
become  rare.  Square-rimed  vessels  have  also 
lower  fore-and-aft  sails,  denominated  spencers 
or  trysails,  but  these  are  small  and  are  brailed 
up  to  the  gaff  when  furled,  instead  of  being 
lowered  like  those  of  a  schooner. 

It  wss  the  scAooner  Hesperus 
That  sailed  the  wintry  sea." 

Longftlkne  :  WmA  ttftnt  Bftpfrus. 

schoon'-er  (2),  «.  [Dut.]  A  glass  used  foi 
lager-beer  or  ale,  and  containing  about  double 
the  quantity  of  an  ordinary  tumbler.  (Amer.) 

schor'-ist,  s.  [Ger.]  A  name  formerly  given 
to  the  more  advanced  students  in  German 
Protestant  universities,  who  made  fags  of  the 
younger  students.  [PENNAL.] 

schorl,  schorl. ..  [O.  Ger.  ichor  =  impurity 
(von  Kobell)  ;  Scandin.  skiorl,  skiirl.] 

Min. :  A  name  originally  applied  to  black 
tourmaline  which  was  found  associated  with 
cas8it«rite(q.v.)in  tin-washings.  Subsequently 
in  its  Scandinavian  form  made  to  include  other 
prismatic  minerals,  and  columnar  basalt 
Later  it  embraced  all  the  varieties  of  tourma- 
line only,  and  is  now  used  by  some  mineralo- 
gists in  its  earliest  application,  and  is  re. 
stricted  to  the  black  varieties  of  tourmaline. 


woolto 
cr.  WOT*,  wolf,  work,  who. 


Here,  c«n,l.  her,  there;  pin.,  pit,  sir..  IT.  marine;  go,  pot, 
;  mate,  ofib.  care,  aaite.  car,  rale,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    »,  a  =  e;  ey  =  &;  ,0  =  ILW. 


schorlaceous — science 


4141 


schorl-rock,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  rockg 
consisting  largely  of  tourmaline  and  quartz  ;  a 
variety  of  tourmaline-granite  (q.v.),  found  as- 
sociated with  tin-ore. 

•chor-la'-ceous  (ce  as  ah),  a.   [Eng.  schorl; 
•aceous.]    Pertaining  to  or  containing  schorl ; 
Bchorlous. 
schorlaceous -granite,  «.     [TOURMA- 

LINE-GRANITE.] 

BCborlaceous-Bchlst,  «.    [TODRMALINK- 

SCHIST.] 

schorl'  ite,  s.   [Eng.  schorl ;  sun*,  -tic  (Afin.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  PYCNITE  (q.v.). 

schorl'-d-mite,  s.  [Eng.  schorl;  om  con- 
nective, and  suff.  -ite  (A/in.).] 

Min. :  A  massive  mineral  of  a  black  color. 
Hardness,  7  to  7-5  ;  sp.  gr.  8-745  to  S'862  ; 
lustre,  vitreous  ;  fracture,  conchoidal.  Com- 
pos.  (according  to  Whitney) :  silica,  24-9 ; 
susquioxide  of  iron,  21  •&  ;  lime,  30*7  ;  titanic 
acid,  22-5  =  100,  equivalent  to  the  formula, 
3CaO,SiO?  +•  Fe2038iO8  +  CaO,2TiO2.  Found 
at  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas. 

BChor-louS,  o.  [Eng.  schorl;  -<nu.]  Per- 
taining to  or  possessing  the  properties  of 
schorl ;  containing  or  resembling  schorl. 

scborlous-topaz,  s.    Schorlite. 
scbor'-ly,  o.     [Eng.  schorl ;  -y.]    Schorlous. 

schot-tish ,  BCbSt-tiBCbe',  s.  [Oer.  schot- 
tishe  =  Scottish.] 

Music:  A  dance,  resembling  a  polka,  per- 
formed by  a  lady  and  gentleman ;  also  the 
music  for  such  a  dance.  It  is  written  in  } 
time. 

•chrahk  I  a,  ».  [Named  after  F.  Schrank,  a 
German  botanist.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Eumimosese.  Schrankia 
uncinata  is  the  Pink  Sensitive  Plant  of  New 
Mexico. 

•chranf  '-ite  (an  as  6%),  s.  [After  Prof.  A. 
Si-hrauf,  of  Vienna;  suff.  -ife  (ifin).] 

Min. :  A  fossil  resin  occurring  in  schistose 
sandstone,  at  Wamma,  Bukowiua.  Hard- 
ness, 2  to  3;  §p.  gr.  I'O  to  112;  color,  hya- 
clnth-red  to  blood-red.  Compos.  :  carbon, 
73-81  ;  hydrogen,  8-82 ;  oxygen,  17-37,  which 
leads  to  the  formula,  CnHjuOj. 

•chrei  -bers-ite,  s.  [After  Carl  von  Schrei- 
bers  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  only  In  meteoric 
iron.  It  forms  steel-gray  folia,  lying  between 
the  crystalline  plates  of  the  various  alloys  of 
iron  and  nickel  of  which  meteoric  iron  con- 
sists. Hardness,  6-5 ;  sp.  gr.  7'01  to  7-22. 
Compcs. :  essentially  a  phosphide  of  iron  and 
nickel. 

_cbrdde,  «.    [SCRODE.J 

Bchroeck'  Ing-er-ite,s.  [After Dr.Schroeck- 
inger  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min).] 

Min. :  A  hydrous  oxy-carbonate  of  uranium, 
occurring  at  Joachimstbal,  Bohemia,  in  small, 
six-sided,  tabular  crystals,  implanted  on 
uraninite  (q.v.). 

BChroef-ter-ite,  ».  [After  the  Austrian 
chemist,  Schrotter ;  suff.  -Uc  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  gum-like  mineral,  amorphous. 
Hardness,  3  to  3'6;  sp.gr.  l-95-2't»5;  color, 
shades  of  green,  yellowish ;  translucent. 
Compos. :  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina,  hav- 
ing the  formula  8Al2O3,3SIOj  +  30HO. 

•c huch  -ard-tite,  >.  [After  Dr.  Schuchardt, 
of  Gorlitz  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.);  QeT.-chrytopra*- 
trdc.] 

Min. :  An  earthy  substance  consisting  mostly 
of  minute  scales  found  with  the  chrysoprase 
of  Koseni'itz,  Silesia.  Compos. :  a  hydrated 
silicate  of  alumina,  magnesia,  sesqui-  and 
protoxide  of  iron  and  nickel. 

•  spbuch  -In,  t.    [SCOTCHEOH.] 

•chuetz  -ite,  >.  [After  Herr  Schtttz ;  suff.  -tie 
(iHn.).-} 
Min. :  The  same  as  CELESTITE  (q.v.). 

SChuit,  SCbuyt,  ».    [SHOOT,  SHUTE.] 
lobule,  ».    [SCHOOL,  s.]    (Scotch.) 


Schultz,  i.  [The  name  of  the  discoverer.] 
(See  compound.) 

Schultz's  test,  s.  A  test  for  cellulose. 
It  consists  of  a  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc, 
iodide  of  potassium,  and  iodine,  and  colors 
cellulose,  if  present,  blue. 

SQhulz  -ite  (z  as  tx),  ».     [After  W.  Schulz  ; 
suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  GEOCRONITE  (q.v.). 

sphung'-ite,  s.  [After  Schunga,  Olonetz, 
Russia,  where  found  ;  suff.  -its  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  An  amorphous  variety  of  carbon, 
differing  somewhat  from  anthracite  in  its 
chemical  composition  and  physical  properties. 

schwartz'-em-berg-Ite,».  [After  Schwartz- 
emberg,  who  discovered  it  ;  suff.  -Ue  (Min.).] 
Min.  :  A  mineral  forming  crystalline  and 
amorphous  crusts  on  galena  (q.v.)  in  the  desert 
of  Atacama,  South  America.  Crystallization, 
rhombohedral.  Hardness,  2  to  2'5  ;  sp.  gr. 
5-7  to  6-3;  lustre,  adamantine;  color  and 
streak,  shades  of  yellow.  Compos.  :  an  oxy- 
chloro-iodide  of  lead,  with  the  probable  for- 
mula, Pb(I,Cl)  +  2  PbO. 

schwatz'-ite,  «.  [After  Schwatz,  Tyrol,  where 
found  ;  suff.  -Ue  (Afin.).] 

Afin.  :  A  variety  of  tetrahedrite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining over  15  per  cent,  of  mercury.  Sp.  gr. 
5'107  ;  color,  iron-black. 

Sobwein'-fftrtb  (th  as  t),  •.    [See  def.] 
Geog.  :  A  town  in  Bavaria. 

Schweinfurtb-blue,  ».  Probably  the 
same  in  substance  as  Scheele's  green,  pre- 
pared without  heat,  or  treated  with  an  alkali 
and  digested  in  water.  It  is  a  beautiful  color, 
liable  to  the  same  changes,  and  is  of  the  same 
habits  as  blue  verditer. 

Sebwelnfurtb-  green,  ».     [EMF.RALD- 

GREKN.] 

schweitz'-cr  ite,  schweiz  er  ite  (w  ai 
V,  Z  as  tz),  ».  [Ger.  Schweiz,  Schweitz  = 
Switzerland  ;  suff.  -erite  (Petrol.).] 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  to  a  serpentine  (q.v.) 
occurring  in  Switzerland,  frequently  pseudo- 
morphous  after  actinolite  or  tremolite  (q.v.). 

sci-a-dSp'-I-tys,  ».  [Or.  muh  (Mas),  genit. 
trttmtft  (skiados)  =  any  shelter,  and  iri-rvt 
(pitiu)  =  a  pine-tree.] 

Hot.  :  A  genus  of  Cnnninghamee,  akin  to 
Sequoia.  Sciadopitys  verticillata  was  intro- 
duced from  Japan  in  1860. 

sci  te  na,  .1.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  anaim  (skiaina) 
=  the  female  of  Scicma  nigra,] 

Ichthy  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
8ci«enid«e  (q.v.).  Upper  jaw  overlapping,  or 
equal  to  the  lower  ;  cleft  of  mouth  horizontal, 
or  nearly  so  ;  no  barbel.  About  fifty  species 
are  known,  approximately  with  the  range  of 
the  family.  Scw»na  oguito  is  theHaigre(q.v.). 
Some  of  the  species  —  as  S.  nigra,  from  the 
Mediterranean,  and  S.  richardsonii,  from  Lake 
Huron  —  have  the  seqond  ray  very  strong,  and 
are  sometimes  madeaseparate  genus,  Corvina. 

•oiee-nl-dsa,  j.  pi.  (Lat.  sci<m(a)  ;  fern.  pi. 
adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ichthy.:  The  sole  family  of  the  division 
Sciffiniformes  (q.v.),  with  thirteen  genera,  from 
the  tropical  and  sub-tropical  coasts  of  the 
Atlantic  and  Indian  Oceans.  Body  rather 
elongate,  compressed,  covered  with  ctenoid 
scales  ;  lateral  line  continuous  ;  teeth  in  villi- 
form  bands  ;  palate  toothless  ;  stomach  ctecal  ; 
air-bladder  frequently  with  numerous  append- 
ages. Many  attain  a  large  size,  and  nearly  all 
are  eaten. 

sci-se  nl-for'-mes,  >.  pi.  [Lat  tcitena  (q.v.), 
and  forma.  =  shape,  appearance.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  division  of  Acanthopterygiau 
Fishes.  Soft  dorsal  generally  much  more 
developed  than  the  spinous  and  anal  ;  no  pec- 
toral filaments  ;  head  with  muciferous  canals 
well  developed. 


sci   se-noid,  a.  ft  «.     [Lat.  «cten(a);   Eng. 
suff.  -otd.) 

A.  At  adj.  :  Belonging  to,  characteristic  of, 
or  resembling  the  Sciaenldse.    (Giinthcr  :  Study 
of  Fishet,  p.  144.) 

B.  As  sitbst.  :  Any  member  of  the  Scimnide. 

"The  MM  And  riven  In  which  fMccnoidi  generally 
occur."—  OOntfur:  Study  o/  t'iihel,  p.  430. 


•oi-aa-niir -UB,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  tcias*(a\  and 
Gr.  aiifd  (oura)  =  the  tail.l 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Scisenidae,  v)  ith  two 
species,  Scicenuru*  bowerbankii  and  S.  crasswr, 
from  the  London  Clay  of  Sheppey. 

•cl'-a  graph,  ..    [SCIAORAPHT.] 

1.  The  section    of  a  building  to  show  it» 
inside. 

2.  A  shadow-picture,  such  as  produced  by  th* 
x-rays  of  Prof.  Boantgen.     [See  ROSNTOEN.] 

sol  ag  ra  pher,  s.    One  who  practices  or  is 

proficient'  in  the  art  of  sciagraphy. 
891  a-graph  Ic,   sci-a  grapb'-Ic-nl,   a. 

[Eng.  sciagraph(y) ;  -ic,  -icaJ..]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  sciagraphy  ;  done  by  sciagraphy. 

sci-a-grapb'-io-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  »do- 
graphical;  -ly.]  In  a  sciagraphical  manner; 
by  sciagraphy. 

89i-ag  -ra-phy,  891-62  -ra-pby,  ».    [Or. 

<TKiaypa<^ux  (skiagraphia),  from  (mid  (sfcia)  —  a 
shadow,  and  ypdjua  (grapho)  =  to  describe,  to 
draw ;  Fr.  sciagraphit.] 

1.  Art :  The  act  or  art  of  correctly  delineat- 
ing shadows  in  drawing ;  the  art  of  sketching 
objects  with  correct  shading. 

"  Let  those  who  are  delighted  with  tctaffrapfiy  paint 
oat  .  .  .  these  •liAdow-pAtrlArchA"—  fuller:  JJolf 
War,  p.  111. 

2.  Arch. :  The  profile  or  section  of  a  build- 
ing showing  its  inside  ;  a  sciagraph. 

3.  Astron. :  The  art  of  finding  the  hour  of 
the  day  or  night  by  the  shadow  of  the  sun, 
moon,  or  stars  ;  dialling. 

4.  Photoy. :    The  act   or   art   of  producing 
shadow  pictures,  as  by  the  x-rays  of  Roentgen. 

•  ijoi-am'-a-ohy,  «.    [SCIOKACHY.J 

sol-ar'-a,  ».  (Fern,  of  Or.  o-«i«fw  (ikiaroi)  = 
shady,  dark.] 

Entom. :  A  genua  of  Mycetophilida  (q.v.). 
The  larvas  of  Sciaro  militari*,  the  Army  worm, 
march  in  a  band  three  or  four  inches  broad 
and  about  twelve  feet  long. 
891'  a  scope,  ..    [See  SKIASCOPE.] 

•89i-a-theV-Ic,  •  B9i-»-tbeV  Ic  al, 
*  sm-a-ter'-Io-al,  *  SQi-4-teV-Ip-al,  a. 
[Gr.  o-Kta9i?0at  (skiatheraa)  =  a  sun-dial,  from 
o-iai  (skin)  =  a  shadow,  and  6S)p«i  (third)  =  to 
hunt.)  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  a  sun-dial 

*  flei-i>-the'r-fo-al-iy,  adv.    (Eng.  sciather- 
ical;  -ly.]    In  a  sciatheric  manner ;  by  meant 
of  a  sun-dial. 

89i  at'-lc,  *  B9i-at  -lek,  a.  A  t.  [Fr.  set- 
atique,  from  Low  Lat.  sciaticus,  a  corrupt,  of 
Lat.  itchiadims  =  subject  to  gout  in  the  hip, 
from  Gr.  io-yi««i«6>  (ischiadikot)  =  subject  to 
pains  In  the  loins,  from  i<rxi«s  (ixhias),  genit. 
io-yio8(k  (ixhiados)  =  pain  In  the  loina,  from 
itryiW  (iKhim)  =  the  socket  in  which  the 
thigh-bone  turns ;  Sp.  ciatica.] 
A.  A*  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  hip. 

•' On  the  Krfotfc  nerve  at  »  ' 

Trantaetiont,  xei.  U. 

2.  Affecting  the  hip. 

*  B.  Ai  mbst. :  The  sciatica  (q.v.). 

"  Baok'd  with  Kiatlcla,  mArtyr'd  with  the  stone. " 
rope  :  Satire*,  iv.  M. 

sciatic  notch,  >. 

Ano.t. :  A  great  and  a  small  notch  in  the 
innominate  bone. 

B9i-at'-Io-a, «.    [SciATio.] 

Pathol. :  Acute  pain  produced  by  neuralgia 
following  the  course  of  the  great  sciatic  nerve, 
generally  in  only  one  limb.  It  extends  from 
the  sciatic  notch  down  the  posterior  surface 
of  the  thigh  to  the  popliteal  space,  or  even  to 
the  foot,  and  arises  from  pressure  on  the  nerve 
by  intestinal  accumulations,  or  from  tumors, 
inflammation,  over-fctigue,  exposure  to  cold 
and  wet,  or  rheumatism.  There  are  often 
nocturnal  exacerbations  of  pain. 

BCi-at'-lo-al,  a.    [Eng.  sciatic;  -al]    Sciatic. 
89!  at  Ic  al-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  sciatical;  -Iy.] 
With  or  by  means  of  sciatica. 

•ei'-enoe, a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tcientia-=  science, 
knowledge,  from  sciens,  genit.  sdentis,  pr.  par. 
of  ado  =  to  know  ;  Sp.  ciencil ;  Port,  sciencia; 
Ital.  sciewia.,  scienza.] 

*  L,  Knowledge.    (Byron :  Cain,  i.  1.) 


boil,  b^y;  pout,  jo^l;  oat,  96!!,  chorus,  cbln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-olan,  -tlaa  =  bhaju   -tiou,  -Blon  =  shun;  -Jion,  -slon  =  «h«n.    -clous,  -tlous,   sious  =  shus.   -bio,  -die,  ic.  =  bcl,  del. 


4142 


science  — aointillant 


2.  Knowledge  amassed,  severely  tested,  co- 
ordinated, and  systematized,  specially  regard  - 
ing  those  wide  generalizations  called  the  laws 
of  nature.  Herbert  Spencer  thus  <•! 
the  sciences  :  (1)  Abstract  sciences  :  logic  and 
mathematics  ;  (2)  Abstract  concrete  sciences  : 
mechanics,  chemistry,  physics,  &c.  ;  (3) 
Concrete  sciences  :  astronomy,  geology,  bi- 
ology, sociology,  Ac.  No  science  rests  on  a 
firmer  base  than  mathematics,  which,  being 
founded  on  demonstrative  evidence,  may  be 
accepted  aa  absolutely  true.  The  results  in 
logic,  which,  like  mathematics,  is  a  deductive 
science,  are  much  less  certain  ;  for  error  may 
creep  into  the  premises,  with  the  result  of 
vitiating  the  conclusion.  All  other  sciences 
are  to  a  large  extent  inductive.  These,  rest- 
ing only  on  probable  evidence,  are  not  really 
science,  or  knowledge,  in  the  strict  sense  of 
the  word,  but  continually  approach  nearer 
and  nearer  to  it,  as  scientific  methods  im- 
prove. The  sciences  vary  in  the  dis- 
tance they  have  moved  towards  perfection, 
astronomy  having  gone  far  forward  and  thera- 
peutics lagged  behind.  The  inductive  sciences 
may  be  divided  into  the  mental  and  the 
physical.  The  former  can  largely  be  studied 
by  reflection  on  our  own  mental  operations  ; 
the  latter  require  observation,  experiment, 
comparison  of  the  facts  obtained,  inductive 
and  deductive  reasoning,  the  whole  ending  in 
as  wide  generalization  as  the  ascertained 
facts  will  permit.  No  one  can  be  a  truly 
scientific  student  unless  he  considers  truth 
of  priceless  importance,  and  is  prepared  to 
sacrifice  all  preconceived  notions  and  care- 
folly  elaborated  opinions,  whenever  he  dis- 
covers them  to  be  erroneous.  No  expenditure 
of  money,  time,  or  even  life,  is  considered 
•xtravagant  if  the  sacrifice  be  made  for  the 
discovery  of  fresh  truth.  The  initial  stages 
in  the  evolution  of  the  several  sciences  are  to 
be  sought  in  a  remote  period  of  antiquity. 
Moral  science,  a  department  of  mental  science, 
reached  some  degree  of  maturity  first,  early 
man  desiring  to  ascertain  what  his  conduct 
should  be  to  his  fellows  and  to  his  God  or 
gods.  Mental  science,  or  the  investigation  of 
the  thinking  and  feeling  mind,  came  next  ; 
but,  to  tltis  day,  has  made  but  slow  progress, 
and  is  still  far  from  certainty.  Physical 
science  had  really  commenced,  though  it  was 
in  its  infancy,  when  ancient  myths  of  observa- 
tion were  framed,  many  of  which  were  hypo- 
theses to  account  for  natural  phenomena.  Its 
progress,  slow  till  the  eighteenth  century, 
has  since  then  been  increasingly  rapid.  Prior 
to  this,  the  greatest  advances  were  made  in 
astronomy  and  in  physics,  then  in  chem- 
istry, botany,  Ac.  Geology  did  not  attract 
much  notice  till  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  and  anthropology,  comparative 
religions,  &c.,  not  till  its  second  half.  Though 
science  has  been  prosecuted  by  its  most 
earnest  cultivators  for  its  own  sake,  and  not 
for  the  beneficial  effects  which  the  discoveries 
will  have  on  mankind,  yet  those  discoveries 
have  already  helped  man  incalculably.  Rail- 
ways, ocean  steamers,  telegraphy,  gas,  &c., 
all  resulted  from  scientific  inquiry  turned 
to  practical  account. 

3.  Knowledge  regarding  any  one  depart- 
ment of  mind  or  matter,  co-ordinated,  ar- 
ranged, and  systematized:  as,  the  science  of 
botany,  of  geology,  Ac. 

t  4.  Art  or  skill  derived  or  resulting  from 
precepts,  principles,  or  training;  exceptional 
or  preeminent  skill. 

*  5.  One  of  the  seven  liberal  arts  :  grammar, 
rhetoric,  logic,  arithmetic,  music,  geometry, 
astronomy. 

-  Good  seiiae.  which  only  1*  the  gift  of  He»v«n. 
And  though  no  tdtnce,  fairly  worth  the  seven." 

Pope  :  Moral  Jettajft,  iv.  «. 

*  6.  An  object  of  study  ;  a  branch  of  know- 
todge. 

"  To  instruct  her  (ally  In  tho*e  tciencet 
Whereof  I  know  she  IB  not  Ignorant.1* 


T  Science  is  the  result  of  general  laws,  and 
is  sometimes  called  theory,  as  correlative  with 
art.  Art  is  the  application  of  knowledge  to 
practice.  A  principle  of  science  is  a  rule  in 
art  Science  is  knowledge;  art  is  skill  in 
•sing  it. 

IT  0)  Applied  science  :  A  science  whose  laws 
are  employed  and  exemplified  in  dealing  with 
concrete  phenomena. 

(2)  Mental  and  Moral  science  :  [SciXNCi,  fl. 

(3)  Natural  science:  [NATUKALJ. 

(4)  Physical  science:  [Sound,  2). 


(5)  The  science:  The  art  of  boxing;  pugilism. 
•    (Slang.) 

*  »ci  ence,  v.t.    [SCIENCE,  s.]    To  cause  to 
become  versed  in  science ;  to  make  skilled ; 
to  instruct. 

*'  Deep  tciffnc'd  in  the  muy  lore 
Of  mad  philosophy.*' 

Franeit :  Horace  ;  Ottot,  L  S4. 

*  891' -ent,  a.     [Lat  teiens,  pr.  par.  of  ado  =  to 
know.]    Knowing,  skilful. 

89i-£n'-ter,  adv.    [Lat.] 

Law:  Knowingly,  wilfully. 

*  891-011  -tial  (tl  as  sh).  a.     [Low  Lat  scirn- 
tialis,    from    Lat.   scientla  —  science   (q.v.).] 
Pertaining  to  science ;  producing  science  or 
knowledge. 

"  But  first,  low  reverence  done,  u  to  the  power 
That  dwelt  within.  who*e  presence  bad  infused 
Into  the  plant  tcifntinl  sap. " 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  Ix.  887. 

*  6fl-3n-tlT -I  al,  a.     [Prob.  for  scientifical.] 

Scientific.    (Howell:  Dodona's  Grove,  p.  11.) 

»91-$n-tlf '-Jc,  a.  [Pr.  scientijlque,  from  Lat. 
Kientificus,  from  scientia  =  science,  and  facio 
to  make  ;  Sp.  dent ifico ;  Ital.  scientifico.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  science  ;  used  in  science. 

"  Voyage*  and  travels,  when  not  obecared  by 
tcitnii&c  observation*,  are  always  delightful  to 
youthful  cariosity."— JTno*.  Bttny  14. 

2.  Endowed  with  a  knowledge  of  science  ; 
well  versed  in  science. 

"  Such  ii  the  youth  whose  tefentfjfc  pate 
Claas  honours,  medals,  fellowships  await." 

Byron  :  ffourt  of  Idlenett ;  College  Xxam. 

8.  Treating  of  or  devoted  to  science  :  as, 
a  scientific  treatise. 

4.  In  accordance  with  the  rules  or  prin- 
ciples of  science  :  as,  a  scientific  classification. 

5.  Extremely  or  remarkably  skilful. 

"  891  en-tif  -Ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  scuntijlc;  -al.} 
The  same  as  SCIENTIFIC  (q.v.). 

"  The  volumes  of  tdentiftcal  and  literary  societies 
or  academies  are  Infinite.'—  Xn-xr :  Winter  X*eni*gi, 
•ven.1. 

89l-$n-tlf -fo-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  *cienti<fical ; 
-ly.]  In  a  scientific  manner ;  according  to  the 
rules  or  principles  of  science :  with  extreme 
skill. 

"  It  ti  easier  to  believe  than  to  be  tdentijlcally  in. 
•tracted.-—  Lodt*:  ffuman  Untorttandlng,  bk.  iv., 
eh.  11. 

891  ent  Ism,  «.  [Eng.  scitnt ;  -int.]  The 
views  or  practice  of  scientists. 

U  Scitntiam  and  scientist  are  words  of  recent 
and  doubtful  formation. 

sci  ent-ist,  ».  [Eng.  scimt ;  -hi.]  One  who 
is  versed  in  or  devoted  to  science  ;  one  skilled 
in  a  particular  science ;  a  scientific  person  ;  a 
savaut 

"  SUITS  of  tcifntittt  attached  to  Tmrioos  adminis- 
trative department,  of  the  State."—  Baity  Tdetrrapft, 
8«pt  10,  1883. 

801  Ii9-et,  am}.  [Lat.]  To  wit,  videlicet 
namely.  (Generally  contracted  to  KU.  or  «c.) 

•f  a  -la,  *.  [Lat.,  from  Or.  <r«iAAa  (skilla)  =  a 
squill.] 

Bat. :  Squill ;  the  typical  genus  of  Scillete 
(q.v.).  Flowers  racemose  or  corymbose ; 
perianth  with  six  spreading  segments,  do- 
ciduoua,  on  a  leafless  scape  without  a  spathe  ; 
bract  mernbranaceous  or  obsolete.  Known 
species  about  sixty,  chiefly  from  Europe  and 
western  Alia.  .  SciUa  marituna  or  Urginea  Scilla, 
the  officinal  squill,  is  used  in  medicine  as  a 
diuretic  and  expectorant.  The  bull*  of  8. 
hyacintlioides  are  used  in  India  as  a  substitute 
for  Squill  (q.T.).  They  are  given  also  for 
strangury  aud  fever  in  horses.  The  bulbs  of 
6'.  indica  and  S,  marUimo,  also  Indian  species, 
are  nauseous  and  acrid.  They  are  emetic, 
purgative,  expectorant,  and  diuretic,  according 
to  the  doses. 

soil  le-88,  s.  pL  [Lat.  xill(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi. 
adj.  suff.  -«s.] 

Bat. :  A  tribe  of  Uliacew.  Fruit  dry,  cap- 
sular ;  root  bulbous.  Sometimes  merged  in 
the  Lilies  (q.v.). 

SCll  lit  -in,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  sctfj(a)  (mar)it(ima)  ; 
-in.] 

Chan. :  The  active  ingredient  of  Scilla  mart- 
lima,  obtained  by  treating  a  decoction  of  the 
bulbs  with  acetate  of  lead,  and  agitating  the 
filtrate  with  punned  animal  charcoal  which 


absorbs  the  scillitin,  and  gives  it  up  again  to 
boiling  alcohol.  It  is  left  on  evaporation  as 
an  amorphous  neutral  mass,  having  a  bitter- 
sweet taste.  Taken  internally,  it  causes 
vomiting  and  purging.  It  has  not  yet  been 
obtained  in  the  pure  state. 

sclm' I-tar,   sfim   J  ter,  •  S9Km'-2-tar. 

*  syjfm-i-tar,  'sem'-i-tar,  "smy-ter, 

*  Clna-e-ter,  s.     [Fr.  cimeterre,  a  corrupt,  of 
Pers.  shimshir,  sham8hir  =  a  sword,  a  sabre, 
from    sham  =  a 

nail,  and  shtr  = 
a  lion ;  8p.  cimi- 
tarra;  Ital.  scimi- 
terra,  Kimita.ro..} 

1.  Lit. :  An  oriental  sword,  the  blade  of 
which  is  single-edged,  short,  much  curved, 
and  heaviest  toward  the  top. 

"  He  die*  upon  my  tcimilar't  sharp  point* 

NVifr-ap.  .   Tiltti  Andrnnictu.  IT.  1 

*  2.  Fig. :  Any  arm  or  weapon. 

"  When  Winter  wieldt 
HU  icy  ictmitar-       Wordtmrtk  :  ItitetU.  MHO. 

scimitar-pod,  s. 

Bot. :  The  legume  of  Entada  tcandem. 

scimitar-shaped,  a.    [Acm»ctroBit.] 

S9ln'-9l-dw,  ».  pi.    [Lat.  tcinc(us);  fern.  pL 
adj.  snff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  Skinks;  an  extensive  family  of 
smooth-scaled  Lizards,  frequenting  dry"  and 
stony  places,  and  almost  universally  dis- 
tributed, being  absent  only  from  the  Arctic 
and  Antarctic  zones.  It  comprises  three 
distinct  forms:  (1)  Snake-like;  (2)  with  a 
single  pair  of  limbs ;  (3)  lacertiform,  as 
Scincus.  Entire  body  covered  with  rounded 
imbricate  scales,  quincunciaily  arranged ; 
head  with  symmetrical  shield,  eyelids  de- 
veloped ;  nostrils  behind  the  rostral  shield ; 
tongue  short,  with  a  notch  in  front.  The 
family  has  different  limits  assigned  by 
different  authors.  Wallace  puts  the  genera 
at  sixty,  and  the  species  at  300. 


S£in  coid,  a.  &  t.    [ScmcoiDJt.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Belonging  to,  or  characteristic 
of  the  family  SciuciJre  or  Scincoidae. 

B.  As  subst. :    Any    lizard    of   the  family 
Scincidse  or  Scincoidae. 

"  Australia     has    some    remarkable    Bdncoidi  "— 
Cattfiri  .Vat.  JKsC,  IT.  3M. 

t  f»cin-c6T-da>,  ».  pi.  [Lat  «cCnc(i«),  and 
Or.  «Wot  (eidos)  =  form.] 

Zool. :  An  approximate  synonym  of  Scin- 
cid;e.  With  the  Zonuridse  it  forma  the  sub- 
order Brevilingues  or  Pachyglossa. 

•cln-ooi'-do-an,  o.  [Mod.  Lat  srtnandfr); 
Eng.  snff.  -tan.}  The  same  as  SCISOOID,  A. 
(q.v.). 

"  All  the  SctntxAdean  Lizards  hare  the  t*,dy  covered 
by  similar  scales."— Aictobo*  .•  Zoolow  led.  18J8I,  p.  OS. 

scin  -cus,  ».    [Lat,  from  Gr.  <r*iy««  (siting- 

Zool :  Skink ;  the  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Scincidfe,  with  two  species  from  North 
Africa  and  Syria.  [ADDA.] 

S9in-dap  -BUS,  s.  [Or.  <nnrj<u^ot  (sJcindapsos) 
=  nu  ivy. like  plant] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Calleae,  akin  to  Pothos. 
Scrambling  plants,  with  perforated  or  pin- 
nate  leaves.  The  fruit  of  Scindaptus  officln- 
oZw,  cut  in  pieces  and  dried,  is  used  In  India 
as  a  stimulant,  a  diaphoretic,  an  authelmintic, 
an  aromatic,  and  a  carminative. 

*  Bcln-dar  ize,  v.t.     [Lat.  scindo  =  to  cat.] 
To   break   to   pieces.     (Ashmole:    Theatrum 
Chemicum  Brit.,  p.  415.) 

ftoink,  t.     [Lat.  acincus.] 

1.  A  skink. 

2.  A  cast  calf.    (Pror.) 

*  Sfinqne  (quo  as  k), «.    [Snimc.] 

S9in'-tll  -la,  s.  [Lat  =  a  spark.]  A  spark,  > 
glimmer,  a  tittle ;  the  least  particle  :  as,  There 
is  not  a  scintilla  of  evidence  against  him. 

89131' -tfl-lant,  a.  [Lat  scintillans,  pr.  par.  cf 
scintilla  =  to  throw  out  sparks  ;  scintilla  =  a 
spark.]  Emitting  sparks  or  fine  Igneous  par- 
ticles; sparkling. 

" JJfno  can  Tiew  the  pointed  rayi 
That  from  black  eye.  tciiaillanl  blaieV 


Ste,  at.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  or,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  ton;  mote,  cub,  eiire,  nnlte.  our,  rule,  fill ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  ej  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


scintillate  — sciur  idse 


4143 


•ofa'-tn-late,  v.i.  [Lat.  tciittiUatut,  pa.  par. 
of  scintilla  =  to  throw  out  sparks.] 

1.  To  emit  sparks  or  fine  igneous  particles. 

2.  To  sparkle,  to  twinkle,  as  the  fixed  stars. 

•ofti-tfl-la'-tlon,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  sciniil- 
lutioittM,  ai-cus.  of  scintillatio,  from  scintilla 
=  to  scintillate  (q.v.)  ;  Ital.  tcintiUaiiane.} 

1.  Tlie  act  of  emitting  sparks  or  Hue  igneous 
partk-les  ;  a  sparkling. 

"  F,,r  those  *.-:ntitl<iti»nt  are  not  the  acoension  of 
»         the  ayr,  upon  the   collision   of    two  haril   bodies.  — 
Brotens:  rulgar  Krrourt,  bk.  ii..  cb.  L 

2.  The  twinkling  or  tremulous  motion  of 
the  li^ht  of  the  fixed  stars. 

"  They  seemed  to  emulate  to  many  little  stars  In  a 

clouai.-s*  hut  .hirk  nifht,  and  continued  this  tcintitti- 
ti  "i  lunger  than  one  wuuld  have  expected.  —Boyle: 
Wortu,  iv.  474. 

3.  A  flash,  a  spark. 

"  Some  tcintillatioM  of  Promethean  fire." 

Cowper:  To  hit  Fattier.    (Trana.) 

*  B9l-og'-ra-ph$r,  s.    [SCIAORAPHY.] 

Bci'-d-llsm,  >•  [Lat.  tclolus  —  a.  smatterer, 
diuiin.  from  scius  =  knowing;  stio  =  to  knmv.] 
A  smattering  of  knowledge  on  any  subject, 
combined  with  hollow  pretence  to  the  posses- 
si  >a  of  more. 

"  It  IB  the  triumph  of  aclentiflc  statesmanship  over 
effeminate  jcfojitm."— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  4,  1876. 

Sci'-6-118t,  s.  [SCIOLISM.]  One  who  knows 
many  things  superficially  ;  a  smatterer. 

"  A  marginal  gloss,  made  by  some  ignorant  tciolitt." 
—  Waala.nO,:  Work!,  V.  We. 

«ci-6-list'-io,  (t.  [Eng.  sciolist;  -fe]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  sciolism  or  sciolists  ;  superficial. 

*  Bol'-o-lo&s,  o.    [SCIOLISM.)    Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  sciolism  or  sciolists ;  having  a  super- 
ficial knowledge. 

"I  could  wish  these  Icioloia  zelotisU  had  mow 
Judgment."— Novell :  Lettert,  bk.  lii..  let.  8. 

*  »oi-6m'-a-cltf,  *  soi-am'-tv-clrjr1, ».  [Or. 

oKiana.\ia'(skiamachia),  from  e-ieia  (sfcia)  =  a 
shadow,  and  fiaxi  (wwicAe)  =  a  battle ;  Fr. 
sciamachie.]  A  fighting  with  a  shadow;  a 
vain  or  futile  combat. 

"  To  aroid  this  tctamachy,  or  Imaginary  combat 
with  word!."— Cuvtev :  Government  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

*  39l'-4-m&n-CJf,  «.      [Gr.    mla  («Ho)=a 
shadow,  and  uoi/rei'a  (manteia)  =  divination, 
prophecy.]    Divination  by  shadows. 

C9i'-*n,  *  si'-on,  «  ci-on.  *  sy  on,  *  cy-un, 
*  si-oun,  s.  [Fr.  scion  =  a  scion,  a  snoot,  a 
twig,  from  scitr  =  to  cut,  to  saw,  from  Lat. 
SKO  =  to  cnt.J 

1.  Lit. :   A  shoot  or  twig ;  especially  one 
taken  for  the  purpose  of  being  grafted  upon 
some  other  tree  or  for  planting ;  a  cutting. 

"  [The  elder  tree]  will  grow  of  rtoni  and  impes  even 
u  the  poplar."— P.  Holland:  Plinie.  bk.  v[.,  ch.  XX. 

2.  Fig. :  A  descendant,  a  child,  an  heir. 

Wji-op  tic.  891  op'-trfc,  a.  [Or.  <r«ia  (skia) 
=  a  shadow,  and  orrropiai  (optomai)  —  to  see.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  camera  obscura,  or 
to  the  art  of  exhibiting  luminous  images  in  a 
darkened  room. 

scioptlc-ball,  scloptrio-ball,  s.     A 

perforated  globe  of  wood  containing  the  lens 
of  a  camera  obscura,  fitted  with  an  appendage 
by  means  of  which  it  is  capable  of  being 
turned  on  its  centre  to  a  small  extent  in  any 
direction  like  the  eye.  It  may  be  fixed  at  an 
aperture  in  a  window  shutter,  and  is  used  for 
producing  images  in  a  darkened  room. 

•ci  op  -tl  con,  >.  [Sciopric.]  A  form  of 
magic  lantern  invented  in  America,  the  first 
to  employ  a  two-wicked  paraffin  lamp.  Since 
its  introduction,  three,  four,  and  five  wicks 
have  been  employed. 

•91  op'-tlos,  s.  [Sciopnc.]  The  art  or  pro- 
cess of  exhibiting  luminous  images,  especially 
those  of  external  objects,  in  a  darkened  room, 
by  means  of  lenses,  &c. 

891  -ote,  S9i'-6t,  a.  &  i.    [See  def.] 

A*  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Scio,  an 

island  in  the  JSgian  Sea,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Scio. 

•91  4-theV-lo,  a.  [SCIATHERIO.)  Of  or  per- 
taining to  sun-dials. 

sclothcric  telescope,  >. 
Dialing  :  A  horizontal  dial  with  a  telescope 
attached  to  it. 


•cir'-S  la'-91-as  (or  o  as  sh),  plir.    [Lat.] 

Law:  A  writ  to  enforce  the  execution  of 
judgments,  ]iatente,  or  matters  of  record,  or 
In  vacate,  quash,  or  annul  them.  It  is  often 
abbreviated  to  sci.  fa. 

*  S9'ire'-wyte,  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  nAre  —  shire, 
and  wyte.]  The  annual  tax  formerly  paid  to 
the  sheriff  for  holding  the  assizes  and  county 
courts. 

«»9l-r6o',   *  s^I-roV-co,   •sJ-rSctf,  «. 

[SIROCCO.] 

SCir'-p6-e8,  «.  pi.    [Lat.  scirpus;  fern.  pU  adj. 
suff.  -eas.) 
Hot.  :  A  tribe  of  Cyperacete  (q.v.). 

SCir'-pua,  s.  (Lat.=  SffirplM  lacustrit.]  (See 
def.) 

Bat.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Seirpeee  (q.v.). 
Spikelets  solitary,  fascicled,  or  many-flowered, 
glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides  ;  hypogynous 
bristles  sir  or  fewer;  style  deciduous;  fruit 
compressed  or  trigonous.  Known  species 
about  fifty,  widely  diffused.  £.  facustris  and 
other  species  are  sometimes  used  like  rushes 
for  making  chair  bottoms,  baskets,  oie.  Its 
root  is  astringent  and  diuretic.  The  tubers 
of  S.  dubius  are  eaten  in  India,  as  those 
of  S.  tuberoses  are  in  China,  where  they  are 
cultivated.  Tho  latter  is  cultivated  in  India  as 
a  source  of  starch.  &  morttimiu  grows  exten- 
sively along  the  shores  of  the  Baltic.  The 
species  of  Scirpns  are  ordinarily  known  as 
bulrushes,  a  name  which  they  bear  in  common 
with  species  of  the  genus  Tvpna. 

t  scfr-rhd'-sls,  «.    [SCIRRHUB.] 

SCir-rhos'-i-t*,  s.    [Eng.  schirrmu  ;  -«y.] 

lied.  :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  scir- 
rliuus  ;  a  scirrhus. 

"The  difficulty  of  swallowing  and  breathing;  occa- 
sioned by  tchirrotitiei  of  the  glands.  U  not  to  be  cured 
any  otherwise  thau  by  extirpation."—  Arbut&not:  On 
Diet,  ch.  111. 

self  -rhous,  *  sklr'-rSus,  a.     [SCIRRHCS.] 
Proceeding  from,  or  of  the  nature  of  scirrhus  ; 
resembling  a  scirrhus  ;  hard,  indurated. 
"  As  sharp  corrosirea  to  the  tchirrhnu*  flesh." 
i,  bk.  lit 


Bcir'-rhiis,  t  Bofr-rho'-sis,  >.  [Mod.  Lat., 
from  Gr.  cmfo;  (ikiros)  =  a  hardened  swelling 
or  tumour.] 

PotKol.  :   Hard   cancer,   occurring    In  thf 
breast,  tongue,  &c. 

••  Such  a  thing  breeds  in  men  upon  the  hardneasc  01 
liver  or  apleeue,  which  the  physicians  call  tcirrhut.' 
—P.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  vl..  ch.  XT. 

scir'-rold,  o.  [Eng.  tcirr(.us);  -otd.]  Re 
seuibling  scirrhus. 

*  soir-r5»'-i-t&  i.    [ScmRHOarrr.] 

*  89is-«ji(-ta'-tloa,  ».    [Lat.  scixitatto,  frorr 
sciscitatua,  pa.  par.  of  sdsri(or  =  tc  inquire, 
from  seism  =  to  begin   to  know  ;   scio  =  tc 
know.]    The  act  of  inquiring;  inquiry,  de 
mand. 

*  891*0,  v.i.    [Lat.  sciuut,  pa.  par.  of  scindt  = 
to  cut.]    To  cut. 

"  The  wicked  steel  irfMd  deep  in  his  right  side.* 
fair/ax. 

*  S9ls'-sars,  s.  pi.    [SCISSORS.] 

g?is  sel,  s.    [ScissiL*,  a.] 
Metal-working  : 

1.  Clippings  of  metallic  plates. 

2.  Remainder  of  plates  after  planchetx  have 
been  punched  therefrom  for  coin. 

*  S9is-8i-ble,  o.    [Scisis.]    Capable  of  being 
cut  or  divided  by  a  sharp  instrument. 

"The  differences  of  Impressible,  and  not  Impress- 
Ible  ;  flgurable,  and  not  ngurable  ;  monldable.  and 
not  mouldable  ;  teiuMe,  aud  not  ici*t(W«."—  Bacon  : 
Sat.  HM.,  f  846. 

sofa  -sQ,  «.    [Scisscu] 

*  scls  -sflo,  a.    [Lat.  ecissiltt,  from   missus, 
pa.    par.   of  scindo  =  to    cut  ;    Fr.    Kitsile.} 
Capable  of  being  cut  ;  scissihle. 

"Animal  fat  is  a  sort  of  amphibious  substance  ;  it  is 
tciuUe  like  a  solid."—  Arouthttot  :  Mature  of  Aliment*, 
ch.  vL 

SC1S    SllC,  «.      [8CISS1SL.J 

*  89188'  Ion  (88  as  zh\  «.     [Pr.,  from  Lat. 
Kiisionem,  accus.  of  scitsia  =  a  cutting,  from 
tcissus,  pa.  par.  of  scindo  —  to  cut]    The  act 


of  cutting  or  dividing  with  an  edged  instru 
ment  ;  division,  cut. 

*  S9ia'-s6r,  v.t.      [SCISSORS.]     To   cut  with 
scissors  ;  to  prepare  with  the  help  of  scissors. 

gcissor-bilLs,  s.  pi.  [SKIMJIEK.] 
scissor  bird,  scissor  tall,  s 
Ornith.  :  Mili".dus  tyrannus  (or  forflciitus}.  a 
native  of  Central  America,  occasionally  stray- 
ing to  the  United  States.  Tht>  body  is  only 
about  four  inches  long,  but  the  two  exterior 
feathers,  which  can  be  opened  and  shut  like  a 
pair  of  scissors,  are  at  least  ten  inches  in 
length,  whilst  those  in  the  centre  are  not 
more  than  two  and  a  half  inches  Head  and 
cheeks  deep  black  ;  crest  yellow  :  back  ash- 
gray  ;  tinder-surface  white;  quills,  wing- 
covers,  and  rump  blackish-brown  edged  with 
gray.  They  live  chiefly  on  insects,  but  they 
also  pursue  and  devour  small  birds. 

scissor  tall,  s.     [SCISSOB-EIRD.] 
scissor-*ooth,  «.    (SECTORIAL.! 

8918  -sors,  *  3913  -sars,  *  els  sers,  *  8l»- 
oures,  *  cys  owre,  *  siz  ars,  s.  pi. 
[O.  Fr.  cisoures  ;  Fr.  ciseavz,  pi.  of  ciseau.  for- 
merly cisel  =  a  chisel  ;  prob.  from  the  same 
base  as  Lat.  seco—  to  cut.)  [CHISEL.]  A  cut- 
ting instrument  consisting  of  twc  portions 
pivoted  tor-ther  and  having  blades  which  cut 
from  opposite  sides  against  an  object  placed 
between  them.  Frequently  spoken  of  as  a 
pair  of  scissors. 

"  My  master  preachei  patience  tc  hitt..  am",  thf  white 
His  man  with  icitton  nickf  hire  for  *  fool.' 

Shaken?.  :  Corned?  a'  Srrort  V. 

U  Scissor!  ana  pasu  :  An  expression  signify- 
ing hasty  and  indiscriminate  compilation,  aa 
distinguished  from  original  literary  work. 
Also  used  ir.  the  sense  of  printing  previously 

ublished,  as  distinct  from  original    mat»»r. 

he  expression  probably  originated  in  a  news- 
paper-office. where  paragraph!  are  cut  out 
from  exchange!  and  pasted  on  pieces  of  papel 
to  be  sent  tc  the  compositors. 

*  89188  -Ure  (88  as  zh),  «.    [Lst  scissura,  from 
scissiis.  pa.  par.  of  scindo  =  tc  cut.] 

1.  Lit.  :  A  longitudinal  opening  in  i  body 
made  by  cutting  ;  a  cleft.  9  cut  t  fissure. 

"The  breach  seeinr  llkt  the  tciuu'tl  anc  rtipturen 
01  an  earthquake  "—Decaf  q'  Piety. 

2.  Fig.  :  A  rupture.  •  split,  t  d;ri«icE. 

ma^  be  impute*:  ai:  tnf  icurvret 
in    Cbrifllanltr-"—  Sovett  .    Lelterl. 


p 
T 


"  Tc  thil  sect  ma^  be  impute*:  ai:  tnf  icurvret  Ihst 

happeuec    in    Cbrifllanltr-"—  S 
bk  ill.,  lei  i 


ha*e    ha 


--]  -ia,  s.  [Dimin.  from  Lat.  tritium 
=  a  rending,  a  'cleft.] 

Zooi.  t  Palamt.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Scis 
surellinsE-  (q.v.).  Shell  minute  thin,  not 
pearly  :  body  whorl  large,  spur  small,  surface 
striated,  aperture  operculatt  rounded,  the 
adult  witt  a  slit  in  the  side.  Known  recent 
species  five,  from  Britain,  the  Mediterranean, 
etc.  ;  fossil  four,  from  the  Tertiary. 

BCls-«u-rSi-li'-xuB,  «.  pi    [Mod.  Lat.  seism- 
relKa)';  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  guff,  -incs.] 
Zooi.  :  A  sub-family  of  Haliotidse.    (Tate.) 

t  891  ta  min'-e-88,  •  gci-tam'-In-a,  «.  pi. 

;Lat.  scitam(CTifa)  =  delicate  food,  dainties  ; 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ineae,  or  neut.  -ina.] 

Botany: 

1  1.  (Of  Ouform  scitaminea;)  :  The  same  as 
ZINGIBERACE.B  (q.v.). 

*2.  (Of  the  form  scitamina)  :  The  third  order 
in  Linnaeus's  Natural  System  (1761).  Genera, 
Musa,  Canua,  Amomum,  olc. 

S9i-tg-mln'-8-oii%  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  «ci(o- 
mine(ai)  ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ons.)  Pertaining  or 
belonging  to  the  Scitamineee  (q.v.). 

•oi-nr'-a-vtis,  ».  [Lat.  Kiur^us)  =  a  squirrel, 
and  avua  —  an  ancestor.] 

Palcamt.  :  A  genus  of  Bciuridse,  with  three 
species,  allied  to  the  type-genus,  from  the) 
Eocene  of  Wyoming. 

sci  iir'-l-doB,  ».  pi  [Lat  «(«)<«)  ;  fern.  pi. 
adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

1.  Zoo!.  :  A  family  of  Scinromorpha  (q.v.), 
conta-ningtheTrueSquirrels.FlyingSquiiTels, 
and  Marmots.   Arboreal  or  terrestrial  rodents, 
with  cylindrical,  hairy  tails  ;  molars  rooted, 
tubercular.     Absent  only  from  the  Australian 
region.    There  are  two  sub-families,  Arctomy- 
Inse  and  Scinrinw  (q.T.). 

2.  Palaont.  :  They  appear  in  the  Eocene. 


bSlt.  to^;  pdikt.  J<J*1;  oat,  cell,  ohoru^  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem:  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst,   -Ing. 
-olan.  -tlan  =  "h?"    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun  ;  - tion,  -jlon  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sioua  =  shua.   -We,  -tllo,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4144 


sciur  inse  —  scler  otioa 


•Cl-U-ri'-nn,  «.  pL  [Lat.  sciur(us) ;  fern.  pi. 
adj.  surf,  -ince.] 

1.  Zooi. ;  True  Squirrels ;  the  typical  sub- 
family of  Sciurids  (q.v.),  with  the  same  dis- 
tribution.    Form  slender,  tail  long  and  hairy. 
There  are  four  genera  :    Belarus,  Pteromys, 
Taiuias,  and  Xerus. 

2.  Palaont. :  [ScnrousJ. 
sci'-n-rine,  a.  4  «.    [SCIURINA] 

A.  As  adj.  :   Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
nature  of  the  squirrels. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Sciu- 
ridffi  (q.v.). 

S€i  ur-o-mor'-pna,  «.  pL  [Gr.  <n«'<n;p<K 
(skiouros)  =  a  squirrel,  and  M0p4»j  (norphe)  = 
form.] 

ZooL  :  A  group  of  Rodentia  simplicidtntata, 
with  four  families:  Anomaluridse,  Sciuridie, 
Heptodontidse,  and  Castoridae. 

t  •ci-u-ro'p'-ter-iiB,  i.  [Gr.  <r«oupo«  («Wo- 
uroj)  =  a  squirrel,  and  wrcpw£  (pterux)  =  a 
wing.] 

ZooL  :  Flying  Squirrels ;  a  genus  of  Sciurid«, 
more  frequently  merged  in  Pterorays  (q.vA 
with  numerous  specie*  widely  distributed. 
Of  American  species  the  most  common  Is  the 
Aasapaa,  S.  volucella,  abundant  from  the  Gulf 
to  Canada,  The  genus  is  akin  to  Pteromys 
(q.v.),  and  has  a  similar  patagium,  but  the  tail 
Is  flat,  and  the  long  hairs  thereon  are  arranged 
in  two  rows. 

•ci-iir  -u«,  *.  [Gr.  ojuwpet  (skiouro*)  =  a 
squirrel  (q.v.).] 

1.  ZooL :  The  type-genus  of  Sciurinie,  with 
the  range  of  the  family ;  species  very  numer- 
ous.   No  cheek-pouches  or  patagium. 

2.  Paicmnt. ;  From  the  Upper  Eocene  of 
Europe  and  the  Post-pliocene  of  North  Ame- 
rica. 

•elate,  s.  &v.    [SLATE,  t.  4  v.] 

Scla'-teV,  «.     [P.  L.  Sclater,  M.A..  Ph.D., 

F.B.S.,  Secretary  to  the  ZooL  Soc.,  London.] 
(See  compound.) 

Sclater's  hornbill,  *. 

Ornith. :  Bycanistes  subcylindricut, 

*  sclaun-dre,  i.    [SLANDER.] 
Sclav,  Sclave,  5.    [SLAV.] 

Scla  vo  ni  an,  Sla-von  -Ic,  a.  [SLAVO- 
NIAN, SLAVONIC.] 

Sclavonlan  grebe,  $. 

Ornith.  :  Podiceps  carnutus,  called  also  the 
Dusky  and  Horned  Grebe.  Tt  is  an  occasional 
winter  visitor  to  Britain. 

*  SOlen-dre,  a.     [SLENDER.] 
scler-,  pref.    [ScLEBo-.] 

scler  -a-g6g-&  s.  [Pref.  scler-,  and  Gr.  aywyij 
(agog$)  —  &  leading;  ayia  (ago)  =  to  lead.]  A 
word  used  by  ascetics  to  express  a  severe 
handling  of  the  body;  severe  discipline  or 
mortification  of  the  body. 

"  Not  our  reformation,  bat  oar  tlothf  ulueaa,  doth 
ludiBpOM  a*,  that  we  let  others  run  fatter  than  we  in 
temperance.  In  chastity,  in  iclertigogy,  as  It  is  called." 
—Backet :  Lift  ef  William*,  pt.  ii..  p.  SL 

•oler'-anth,  *.    [SCLERANTHUS.] 

Bot.  (PL) :  The  Scleranthaceae  (q.T.>. 

•clcr  an  tha  90  se,  *.  pi.  [Hod,  Lat  scler- 
anth(us);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot. :  Scleranths ;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exngens,  alliance  Daphnales.  Small,  incon- 
spicuous herbs,  with  opposite,  exstipulate 
leaves ;  minute,  axillary,  sessile  flowers ;  a  four- 
or  five-toothed  calyx  with  a  stiff  tube ;  no 
petals,  and  one  to  ten  stamens ;  styles  two  or 
one;  emarginate  ovary  simple,  superior,  one- 
seeded,  the  seed  hanging  from  a  slender  cord 
rising  from  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  seed-vessel 
a  membranous  utricle  within  the  hardened 
calyx.  Found  in  temperate  climates.  Known 
genera  four,  species  fourteen.  (Lindley.) 

•cler-an'-tniis,  *.  [Pref.  «Zer-,  and  Gr. 
aHtoc  (anthos)  =  a  flower.] 

Bot. :  Enawel,  the  typical  genus  of  Sc'er- 
anthacese  (q.v.).  Flowers  in  cymes  or  fascicles ; 
calyx  five-cleft ;  petals  none ;  stamens  ten, 
five,  or  more  often  abortive  or  wanting ;  styles 
two.  Two  species  are  British,  Sderanthus 
annuvs,  the  Annual,  and  S.  perennis,  the  Per- 
ennial Knawel. 


SCler' -e*-SB,  s.  pL    [Mod.  Lat.  xter^ui) ;  Lat. 
lem,  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -«e.] 
Bot. ;  A  tribe  of  Cyperaceow 

scler  e  ma,  s.    [SCLEBOMA.] 

scler -en-cfipha'-li-a,  s.    [Pref.  scUr>,  and 
Gr.  «v«*<i>ttAo?  (engkephalos)  =  the  brain.] 
Pathol. :  Induration  of  the  brain, 

scler-en'-chy-ma,  s.  [Pref.  scler-,  and  Gr. 
<yXuMa  (engchuma)'=  an  infusion.] 

1.  Bot. :  Mittenius's  name  for  the  thickened 
parenchyma  and  prosenchyma  found  in  ferns 
and  other  vascular  cryptogams. 

2.  ZooL  :  The  calcareous  tissue  of  a  coral. 

»cler-«t'-In-ite,  s.  [Pref.  scle(r)-,  Gr.  PTJTUT) 
(rhetine)  =  resin  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).\ 

Jtfin. :  A  resin  occurring  in  pea-like  bodies 
in  the  coal  measures  of  Wigan.  Hardness,  3 ; 
sp.  gr.  1-136;  colour,  black,  in  thin  splinters 
by  transmitted  light,  reddish-brown ;  lustre, 
brilliant ;  fracture,  conchoidal ;  brittle.  Com- 
pos. :  carbon,  77*05 ;  hydrogen,  8*99  ;  oxygeii, 
10-28;  ash,  3-68  =  100. 

SCleV-i-a,  i.  [Gr.  O-KAWOC  (sklcro$)  =  dry- 
ness.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Sclerese  (q.v.). 
Known  species  149,  chiefly  from  sub-tropical 
countries.  The  root  of  Scleria  lithosperma  is 
supposed  in  India  to  be  of  use  in  nephritis. 

scler-i -a-sls,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Gr.  cncArjpm 

(skleria)  '=  hardness.] 
PathoL  :  Any  hard  tumour  or  induration. 

»cler  ite,  s.  [Gr.  o-*Arjp6s  (skleros)  —  hard  ; 
Eng.  suff.  -ite.] 

ZooL  (PL) :  Calcareous  spipules  in  the  soft 
tissues  of  the  Gorgonidae.  They  sometimes 
project,  rendering  the  surface  of  the  cceno- 
sarc  rough  and  prickly. 

scler-o-f  prtf.  [Or.  o-cAifpos  (*fcZmw)  =  dry> 
hard.]  Dry,  hard, 

scler  6-base,  scler  6  ba  -sis,  *.  [SCLERO- 

BASTCA.] 

Comp.  Anat. :  An  epidermic  stem-like  coral- 
lum ;  specif.,  that  of  the  Sclerobasica  (q.v.). 

scler-6-ba -sic,  a.  [SCLEROBASICA.]  Of, 
belonging  to,  or  resembling  the  Sclerobasica ; 
possessing  a  sclerobase  (q.v.). 

scler-o-ba'-sl-ca,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
Gr.  o-»cAr)pds  (skleros)  —  hard,  stiff,  and  £a-ns 
(basia)  =  a  pedestal.] 

1.  ZooL  :  Black  Corals,  a  sub-order  of  Zoan- 
tharia  (q.v.X     [CORAL,  *.  t  (1).] 

2.  Palceont. :  They  commence  in  the  Miocene. 

scleV-6-clase,  *.  [Pref.  scUro-,  and  Gr.  itAoo-t? 

(klasis)  =  &  fracture  ;  Ger.  skleroklas.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  SABTOBITE  and  DUFRE- 

»OYSITE(q.V.). 

8Cler'-d-derm,  s.  [SCLERODERMI.]  Any  fish 
of  the  family  Sclerodermi  (q.v.). 

"The  ScUrodermt  may  be  divided  into  three  rery 
natural  px>nps. " — Guntber :  Study  qf  fWiet,  p.  6S&. 

scler  6-der  -ma,  s.    [SCLERODERMATA.] 
PathoL  :  Induration  of  the  cellular  tissue. 

scler  6-der  -ma-ta,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  $dero-t  and 
Gr.  Sepfta.  (derma)  =  skin.] 

1.  ZooL :  Hexacorolla ;  a  sub-order  of  Zoan- 
tharia  (q.v.).     They  possess  a  corallum  par- 
tially or  wholly  developed  within  the  tissues 
of  the  polypes  themselves,  not  consisting  of 
scattered  spicules,  the  parts  being  generally 
disposed  in  multiples  of  six.     The  actinosorna 
may  be  simple  (consisting  of  a  single  polype), 
or   composite    (consisting  of  many  polypes 
united  by  a  coenosarc).    The  Sclerodermata 
are  divided  into  four  groups :  Aporosa,  Per- 
forata,  Tabulata,  and  Tubulosa.     They  attain 
their  maximum  development  in  warm  tieas. 

2.  Pafaont. :  From  the  Silurian  onward. 

scler-^-der'-mi,  s.  pL    [SCLEBODERMATA.] 

Ichthy.:  A  family  of  Plectognathi  (q.v.X 
Snout  somewhat  produced ;  jaws  armed  with 
few  distinct  teeth ;  skin  with  scutes  or  rough ; 
elements  of  a  spinous  dorsal  and  ventral 
generally  present.  They  are  marine  fishes  of 
small  size,  very  common  in  the  tropics,  but 
scarcer  in  higher  latitudes.  There  are  three 
groups  :  Triacanthina,  Balistina,  and  Ostraci- 
ontina. 


scler-o-derm  -!c,  a.   [SCLERODERMATA.)  Ot 

belonging  to,  or  resembling  the  Sclerodermata 
(q.v.) ;  having  a  coralluiu  secreted  by  the 
polype  or  polypes. 

scler  -o-gen,  s.  [Pref.  sclero-,  and  Gr.  y<ww 
(gennao)  =  to  produce.] 

Chem. :  A  term  applied  to  the  incrusting 
matter  deposited  within  the  cells  of  woody 
fibre,  more  particularly  in  bark,  the  external 
portion  of  roots,  and  in  hard  seeds.  It  ia 
said  to  correspond  to  lignin. 

H  It  causes  the  grittiness  of  the  pear,  the 
stones  of  plums,  peaches,  &c.,  the  osseous 
parts  of  which  were  originally  membranous. 

scler  6-gen -£  a,  «.    [SCLEROOEN.] 

Bot.  :  A  tendency  in  cultivated  plant*  to 

revert  to  their  natural  wild  state,  pears  be- 
coming gritty,  potatoes  stringy,  &c. 

t  SCler-&-g6n'-I-d«,  «.    pi.      [Pref.    acltro-, 

and  Gr.  fiv*tov(geneion)  =  the  chin,  the  cheek.] 

Ichthy. :  A  family  of  Owen's  Acanthopteri 

Veri,  now  often  called  Triglidae,  or  merged  in 

Cottidse,  Scorptemdee,  &c. 

scler  -oid,  a.     [Gr.  o-^^po?  (sklerot)  =  hard, 
and  «!&K  (eidos)  =  form,  appearance.] 
Bot. :  Having  a  hard  texture. 

scleV-d-ma,    scler -e  ma,  s.     [Or.,  from 
o-jtAijpo'f  (skleros)  =  hard.] 
Pathol. :  Induration  of  the  cellular  tissue. 

scler-6m  -e-ter,  s.  [Pref.  xlero-,  and  Eng. 
meter.}  An  instrument  for  accurately  deter- 
mining the  degree  of  hardness  of  a  mineral. 

[HARDNESS,  II.  3.] 

*  scler-oph-thal'-mi-a,  5.  [Pref.  adero-,  and 
Eng.  ophthalmia  (q.v.).] 

PathoL :  An  inflammation  of  the  eye,  with 
redness,  pain,  hardness  of  the  eyeball,  making 
its  motion  slow.  The  eyelids  are  hard  and 
dry.  (Parr.) 

scler-o'-sU,  «.    [Gr.  o-KX»jp6«  (skleros)  =  hard.] 
PathoL :  Induration  of  the  cellular  tissue. 
\  Sclerosis  of  the  brain  : 
PathoL  :  Induration  of  the  brain,  occurring 
in  connectiou  with  cerebral  atrophy. 

scler  6-skeT-e-ton,  s.  [Pref.  sclero-,  and 
Eng.  skeleton  (q.v.).] 

Anat. :  The  hardened  or  ossified  fibrous  and 
tendinous  tissues  which  enclose  organs.  (Owen.) 

8Cler-$B'-tA-ma,  s.      [Pref.  sclero-,  and  Gr. 
ffrofio.  (stoma)  =  a  mouth.] 
Zoology : 

1.  A  genus  of  Strongylidae,  of  which  family 
Cobbold    makes    Sclerostoma   syngamus   (the 
parasite  which  causes    gapes  in   fowls)  the 
type.    S.  duodeiiale  (Dochmius  anchylostomum, 
or   Anchylostoma   duodenale),   discovered    by 
Dubeni  in  Milan  in  1838,  is  a  common  endo- 
parasite  in  man  in  Northern    Italy,  and  is 
extremely  abundant  in  Egypt.     Primer  found 
it  in  nearly  every  corpse  he  examined.     It  is 
about  a  third  of  an  inch  long  ;  the  female  is 
much  larger  and  much  more  numerous  than 
the  male. 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Sclerostoma. 
(In  this  sense  there  is  a  pi.,  sclerostornata.) 

"  I  removed  Kven  Klfrottoma," — Cobbold  :  Entotoa, 

P.M. 

•oler'-d-stdme,  5.  [SCLEROSTOMA.]  Any 
individual  of  the  genus  Sclerostoma.  (Quain: 
ZHcf.  Med.  (ed.  1882),  p.  1,398.) 

OOler-O'-tal,  §.     [Eng.  sclerotic);  suff.  -a*.] 

Ichthy. ;  The  eye-capsule  bone  of  a  flsh. 
(Owen.) 

scler  6t-Ic,  t  scler-ot  Ick,  a.  4  *.  [Fr. 
sclerotique,  from  Gr.  cncATjpoTTjv  (skKrotes)  =s 
hardness  ;  <rKAi|p<k  (skltros)  =hard.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Hard,  firm. 

B<  Aisubst.:  The  sclerotic-coat  (q.v.).  Also 
a  medicine  that  causes  hardness  or  induration 
of  parts. 

sclerotic-coat,  s 

Anat. :  The  external  of  the  three  tunics  of 
the  eye,  with  the  cornea,  giving  it  its  peculiar 
form.  It  is  a  dense,  fibrous  membrane,  con- 
tinuous posteriorly  with  the  optic  nerve. 

scler  6t'-ic  a.  «.  [SCLEBOTIC.]  The  same 
as  SCLEROTIC-COAT  (q.v.) 


ftte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot 
or,  wore,  woiir,  work,  whd,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  anite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    «,  »  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw* 


sclerotitis— scolopendrium 


4145 


•Cler-i-ti'-tls,  s.  [Eng.sderoK.ic);  suff.  -Ms.} 
lied. :  Inflammation  of  the  sclerotic  coat. 

sclor-o'-ti-tlm  (pi.  scler-o'-tl-a)  (t  as 
Bh),  s.  [Gr.  o-«A7,pdTr|s  (skllrotls)  =  hardness.] 
Bot. :  A  spurious  genus  of  Fungals,  consist- 
ing of  compact  tuberous  masses.  Some  of 
the  species  are  imperfect  states  of  other 
fungals.  The  tuberous  masses  constitute  er- 
got (q.v.). 

soler'-o-told,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  sderot(ium) ; 
suff.  -oid  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  Having  the  form  and  consistence  of 
the  pseudo-genus  Sclerotium. 

•cler  -6  tome,  s.  [Pref.  sclcro-,  and  Gr.  TOM 
(tome)  =  a  stump,  a  cut,  a  cutting.] 

Anat.  :  A  partition,  partly  bony,  partly  car- 
tilaginous, transversely  dividing  the  muscles 
of  the  trunk  in  fishes,  amphibia,  4tc. 

Boler  ofis,  a.    [Gr.  .«A,poc  (sklent).]    Hard, 

bony. 
•oler-n-ri'-n»,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  sclerur(ia) ; 

Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inte.] 
Ornitk. :  A  sub-family  of  Dendrocolaptidffi. 

There  is  but  one  genus,  Sclerurus,  withtsix 

species,   ranging  from    Brazil    northward  to 

Mexico. 
•oler-u'-rSs,  ».     [Pref.  scler-,  and  Gr.  oipa 

(aura)  =  a  tail.  ]    [SCLERUKIN  «.  ] 

•coat,  ».<.  [Etyra.  doubtful.]  To  stop,  as  a 
wheel,  by  blocking  or  placing  some  obstacle 
in  the  way  ;  to  scotch. 

•cob-by,  ».  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  familiar 
name  for  the  ehafflncl 

"scobe,  v.t.  [Cf.  Lat.  xMbo  =  to  scrape.]  To 
slap. 

"Not  to  speak,  or  he  would  scooe  hfs  month  tor 
him."— Batfour  In  Carlylf :  CromvteU,  111.  182. 

SCOb'-I-form,  a.  [Lat.  scobs,  genit.  scoftis  = 
saw-dust,  and/orma  =  form.]  Having  the  form 
or  appearance  of  saw-dust  or  raspings. 

scfi-bi'-na,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  rasp  or  file.) 

Bot. :  Dumortier's  name  for  a  rachis  in 
grasses  when  it  is  toothed  and  flexuose. 

•cobs,  s.  [Lat.  =  saw-dust,  raspings,  from 
scabo=  to  scrape.]  Raspings  of  metals,  ivory, 
hartshorn,  or  other  hard  substance  ;  dross  of 
metals,  &c. ;  saw-dust. 

*scooli-on,  ».    [SCOTCHEON.  J 

scoff,  ».t  &  t.    [ScoFf,  ».] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  manifest  contempt  by  de- 
rision or  mockery  ;  to  mock,  to  deride,  to 
ntter  contemptuous  language.  (Generally 
followed  by  at.) 

"To  him  who  Kofffi  and  doubted." 

Longfellou :  OuUten  Legend,  H- 

•  B.  Trans. :  To  mock,  to  ridicule,  to  deride ; 
to  treat  with  derision,  contempt,  or  scorn. 
"  Scqfflng  hfs  state." 

Snnkni,.  ;  Kirtdrti  //.,  111.  1 

scSff,  'soot,  *skot;  *skoffe,  ».  [O.  Fris. 
schof  =  a  scoff,  a  taunt ;  cogn.  with  Icel. 
ikaup,  skop  =  mockery,  ridicule;  skeypa,  skopa 
=  to  scoff,  to  mock ;  ikopan  =  railing ;  Dan. 
Ocu/e=  to  deceive.] 

1  An  expression  of  derision,  mockery,  or 
ridicule ;  a  jibe,  a  flout ;  an  expression  of 
ecorn  or  contempt. 

"  &»£»  and  revlllngs  are  of  the  growth  of  all  nations." 
— Dryden :  Juvenal.    (Dedtc.) 

2.  An  object  of  derision,  mockery,  or  scorn ; 
•  mark  for  derision. 

"  The  poor,  blind  slave,  the  Kaf  and  jest  ot  all." 

Lonyfellotc :  The  Warning. 

ScSff-er,  s.  [Eng.  sco/,  s. ;  -er.]  One  who 
scoffs,  derides,  or  mocks  ;  a  mocker. 

"  When  his  health  was  good  and  bis  spirits  high, 
he  was  a  KafferS—Macaulay  :  ffitt.  Eng.,  eh.  Iv. 


mm, r-jf.  •scoff-er-le,  «.     [Eng.  sco/; 

•try.]    The  act  of  scoffing ;  mockery. 

"King  Henrle  the  fifth  In  his  beginning  thought  It 
a  meere  Kofferie  to  pursue  Mile  fallow  deere  with 
hounds."— BolfcuHoi.-  Deic.  Bng.,  bk.  U.,  ch.  Iv. 

•OOfr-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [Scon-,  «.] 

•edfr-lng-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  xoffing;  -ly.}     In 
a  scoffing  manner ;  with  scoffs  or  derision. 

"He  [Alphonsol  did  Koflnffly  and  audaciously  pro- 
less,  that  U  he  had  stood  by  whilst  God  made  the 
world,  be  could  hare  directed  the  frame  of  It  better. 


*sc6g'-an-asm,  s.  [After  Scogan,  jester  to 
Edward  IvTTsuff. -ism.]  Jesting,  mockery. 
(Bishop  Hall :  Works,  ix.  183.) 

*  •coK'-an-iy,  a..    [SCOOANISM.]    Scurrilous. 

"  This  KXytnlii  pen."— Bp.  Hall :  Warkl,  Ix.  261 

scoke,  s.     [POKE.] 

Bot. :  Pokeweed,  Phytolacca  decandra. 

•scolaie,  v.i.  [SCHOOL.]  To  attend  school, 
to  study. 

•cold,  *  scolde,  skold,  v.i.  &  (.  [From 
Out  schold,  pa.  t.  of  scheldan  =  to  scold  ; 
Ger.  schaU,  pa.  t.  of  schelten  =  to  scold ;  con- 
nected with  Icel.  skjalla  (pa.  t.  skal,  pa.  par. 
skollinn  =  to  clash,  to  clatter;  Ger.  schallen, 
In  comp.  erschalkn  (pa.  t.  erscholl)  =  to  re- 
sound ;  Sw.  ika.Ua  =  to  resound.] 

A.  Intmns. :  To  find  fault  or  rail  noisily ; 
to  utter  railing,  or  harsh,  rude,  boisterous 
rebuke ;  to  make  use  of  abuse  or  vitupera- 
tion ;  to  brawl. 

"  Inclines  us  mote  to  laugh  than  Kold." 

Byron :  Btppo,  Uxil. 

B  Trans  :  To  chide  or  find  fault  with 
noisily ;  to  rail  at ;  to  rate,  to  reprimand,  to 
vituperate. 

"Our  master  Is  not  a  man  to  be  scratched  and 
icoMed  out  of  his  kingdom."—  Warturton:  On  MtV 
6rot«'«  P Mbaopkl.  let  1. 

sc61d,  •  skolde,  ».    [SCOLD,  «.] 

1  One  who  scolds ;  a  noisy,  rude,  foul- 
mouthed  woman ;  a  virago.  [BRANK,  CUCKINO- 

8TOOL.] 

"  She  Is  an  Irksome  brawling  scoM. 

Shaknp. :  Taming  of  tfte  SArew,  L  S. 

8.  A  scolding,  a  brawl. 

scold  or,   ».     [Eng.  xxld;   -tr.}     One   who 
scolds  or  rails ;  a  scold. 

"Whether  any  be  braulers.  slanderers,  chlders, 
Kotderi  and  sowers  of  discord  between  one  person 
and  another."— Cranmfr :  Art.  of  Pititation. 

•cold -Ing,  *  scold-yng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  .. 

[SCOLD,  V.] 

A.  *  B.  At  pr.  far.  <*  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  sMtbst. :  The  act  of  railing  or  finding 
fault  noisily ;  noisy  rebuke. 

•oold'-lng-iy.  odu.    [Eng.  scolding;  -ly.]    In 
a  scolding  manner ;  like  a  scold. 

sco-le  -{i-da,  s.  pi.    (Mod.  Lat.  Kola,  genit. 
Kolec(is);  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  Buff,  -ida.] 

Zool. :  Huxley's  name  for  a  class  of  An- 
nuloida.  Animals  possessed  of  a  water- 
vascular  system,  a  set  of  vessels  communi- 
cating with  the  exterior  by  means  of  one  or 
more  apertures  situated  upon  the  surface  of 
the  body,  and  branching  out  more  or  less  ex- 
tensively into  its  substance.  It  comprehends 
Cuvier's  Entozoa  and  the  free  Turbellaria. 
Prof.  Huxley  included  under  it  the  Rotifera, 
Turbellaria,  Trematoda,  Tseniada,  Nematoidea, 
Acanthocephala,  and  Gordiacea. 

•co'-lS-cite,  s.   [Gr.  <r«<oAr|£  (scoter)  =  a  worm ; 
suff.  -ite(Min.);  Ger.  skolent.] 

Min. :  A  member  of  the  zeolite  group  of 
minerals,  crystallizing  in  the  monoclinic  sys- 
tem. Crystals  mostly  acicular,  twinned  ;  also 
occurs  in  nodules,  fibrous  and  radiating. 
Hardness,  5  to  5-5  ;  sp.  gr.  2-16  to  2-4 ;  lustre, 
vitreous,  or  silky  ;  transparent  to  subtranslu- 
cent.  Compos.  :  silica,  45'8  ;  alumina,  26'2  ; 
lime,  14-3 ;  water,  13-7  =  100,  which  corre- 
sponds to  the  formula  3SiO2,Al2O3,CaO,3HO. 
The  finest  crystals  are  met  with  in  the  Beru- 
fiord,  Iceland,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Bombay, 
Poonah.  Mostly  found  in  old  amygdaloidal 
dolerites,  but  occasionally  in  fissures  in  grani- 
tic rocks. 

SCO  lex  (pi.  sod'-la-ccs),  ».     [Gr.   <r«iXnf 
(sk6lix)  =  &  worm.] 

Zool. :  The  larva  of  the  Scolecida.  It  is 
produced  originally  from  an  egg,  which  may 
by  gemmation  give  origin  to  infertile  deuto- 
scolices  or  ovigerous  proglottides. 

•co-lex'-er-ose,  s.    [SCOLECITK.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  ERSBYITE  (q.v.). 


their   larvas  preying  on  those  of  the  larger 
beetles. 

•  sco  11  -a-dw,  s.  pi.      [Mod.  Lat.  «x>H(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -<wte.] 

Entom.  :  Antennae  shorter  than  the  head 
and  thorax,  thick  in  the  female  ;  thorax  often 
short  and  produced  on  each  side  ;  femora-  bent 
near  the  apex  and  compressed  ;  legs  short, 
stout,  densely  clothed  with  spiny  hairs.  Now 
generally  merged  in  Mntillidue. 

•oSl-i-o'-sito,  «.     [Or.  o-KoAiot  (skolios)  = 
crooked.] 
Pathol.  :  Lateral  curvature  of  the  spine. 


sco  -II  a,  ».    [Fern,  of  Gr.  <r«oAioc  (skolios)  = 
crooked,  curved,  bent.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Bcoliadaj 
(q.v.),  or  a  genus  of  Mutillidie.  Palpi  very 
short  ;  sting  powerful.  Some  are  two  inches 
long.  They  chiefly  inhabit  warm  countries, 


sco'  -lite,   »cd-li'-thft8,  s.     [Gr.  o-«ciA>]f 
(skolex)  =  a  worm  ;  Eng.  suff.  -•*«  (q.v.).  J 

Palteont.  :  Any  vertical  btrrow,  which  may 
have  been  formed  by  Annelids  in  the  Upper 
Cambrian  of  England  and  North  America  and 
the  American  Upper  Silurian. 

BCOl  -I6p,  >.  *  V.      [SCALLOP,  I.  t  ».] 

•col'  -loped,  o.    [Eng.  scollop  ;  -id.} 

Bot.  :  Having  deep  and  wide  indentations. 

•col-O-pao'-.-dae,  «.  pi.   [Lat.  scolopaae,  genit 
swlopatHis);  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida>.\ 
Ornith.  :  A  cosmopolitan  family  of  GralHe, 


Slender,    aim    uexiuie.       AMCJ    «nm«w«i 

and  marshes,  or  the  banks  of  rivers  and 
ditches,  where  they  probe  the  ground  for 
worms,  insects,  and  testaceous  mollusca. 
Wallace  puts  the  genera  at  twenty-one. 
SCoT-0-pax,  «.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  <r«oA<ijraf 
(skolopax)  =  a  snipe,  a  woodcock.] 

Ornith. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Scolopacida?  (q.v.),  with  four  species  ranging 
ov«  the  Paliearctic  region  to  India,  Java, 
and  Australia.  Beak  long,  straight,  com- 
pressed ;  nostrils  lateral,  basal ;  legs  rather 
short,  tibia  feathered  nearly  to  joint ;  three 
toes  before,  almost  entirely  divided,  one 
behind ;  wings  moderate,  first  quill-feather 
longest ;  tail  short,  rounded.  Scolopax  rusti- 
ovia  is  the  Woodcock  (q.v.). 

scSl-S-pe'n'-dra,  ».     [Lat.,  from  Gr. 
irtvopa  (skolopendra)  =  a  centipede.] 

Zool.:  Centipede;  the  typical  genus  of 
Scolopendridas  (q.v.).  Legs,  twenty-one  or 
more  pairs  ;  antenna?  with  seventeen  joints ; 
eyes  distinct,  four  on  each  side  ;  the  mandibles 
with  a  poisonous  fluid  injected  into  the  wound 
when  they  bite.  They  shun  the  light,  live 
under  logs  of  wood,  the  bark  of  decayed  trees, 
4c.,  run  very  fast,  and  are  predatory.  The 
largest  are  in  tropical  countries,  some  from 
South  America  being  a  foot  long.  A  few  small 
species  are  found  in  Europe.  Of  these  Scoio- 
pendra  cingulata,  a  native  of  France,  &c.,  is 
three  and  a  half  inches  long.  It  is  rusty 
yellow,  with  the  antennse,  the  head,  a  central 
band,  and  the  margins  green. 

scol-o-pen'-drl-dee,  ».  pi.  [Lat.  scolo- 
pendr(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idol.} 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Chilopoda,  Body  elon- 
gated and  with  many  segments;  autennse 
shorter  than  the  body;  organs  of  vision,  if 
present,  consisting  of  groups  of  ocelli  on  the 
sides  of  the  head ;  tarsi  with  one  or  two  joints, 
not  annulated.  Sub-families  :  Lithobiinee,  Sco- 
lopendrinae,  and  Geophilinffi. 

sc5l-o-p«n-dri-e'-«B,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  «o- 
lopendri(um),  and  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ax.} 

Bot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Polypodiaceffi ;  ferns 
with  indusiate  sort. 

sc6l-o-pen-dri'-nw,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  scolope*. 
dr(a);  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.J  [SCOLOPES- 

DRIDA.] 

«o8l-4-p«n'-<lrine,  o.  [Eng.  scolopend(ra)  ; 
-ine  }  Belonging  to,  characteristic  of,  or  re- 
sembling the  genus  Scolopendra  (q.v.). 

scolopendrine  scale-back,  ». 

Zool. :  Polynoe  saolapendrina.     It  is  about 
four  inches  in  length,  with  from  70  to  11 
segments  in  the  body. 

•cSl-o-pen'-dri-nm,  ».     [Mod.  Lat,  from 

Lat  Kolopendrion ;   Gr.  o-jcoAoirt^pioi-  (skolo- 

pendrion)  =  harts-tongue.      Named  from   a 

fancied  resemblance  to  a  centipede.] 

Bot. :  Hart's-tongue ;  a  genus  of  Polypodese. 


bo?;  poTlt,  J<*1:  ot,  cell,  chorus  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this  ;  In,  a,;  expect,  Xenophon, 
-tiaT=8liaH,    -tton/-«ion  =  .tun;  -tlon.  -«loa  =  laiin.   -clous,  -ttouB,  Halou.  =  .*u«.   -We,  -die, 


4146 


scolopsite— scooper 


Frond  simple,  coriaceous ;  sort  linear,  trans- 
verse, on  lateral  veins,  nearly  confluent;  in- 
volucre dou- 
ble. Tem- 
perate and 
tropical  re- 
gions. Spe- 
cies nine. 
One,  Scalo-  _,.„. 
pen  drium  -^^ 
mlyan,  the 
Common 
Hart's- 
tongue,  is 
British. 

•cor  8p- 

site.j.  [Gr. 

o-«,)Ao*  (SCO-          SCOLOPENDRIOM  VtiLOARK. 

tons)  =  a 

splinter;  auff.  -itt  (A/tn.)  ;  Ger.  skolopsit.] 

Min. :  A  granular,  massive  mineral  asso- 
ciated with  ittnerit*  (q.v.)  at  Kaiserstuhl, 
Baden.  Hardness,  5"0 ;  sp.  gr.  2'58  ;  colour, 
grayish-white  to  pale  reddish-giay.  Probably 
an  altered  haiiyne  (q.v.), 

aco-lym'-e-as,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  scolym(us); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -co:.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Cichoracese. 

•OoT-jMnns.  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat.  scoly- 
mos;  Gr.  mOaifat  (skolumos)=  an  eatable  kind 
of  thistle.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Scolymeas  (q.v.). 

aco-lyt'-l-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  Kolythis); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idos.] 

Entom.:  A  family  of  Tetramera.  Small,  cy- 
lindrical or  oblong  oval  wood-boring  beet-lea 
Mandibles  strongly  toothed,  prothorax  like  a 
grater;  anterior  legs  flattened  and  dentate. 
They  make  vermiform,  radiating  galleries 
under  the  bark  of  trees,  leaving  them  exposed 
to  other  insect  enemies,  and  ultimately  caus- 
ing their  destruction.  The  Scolytidae  have 
wrought  havoc  in  the  French  and  German 
forests,  and  to  a  less  extent  in  English  parks. 
The  trees  chiefly  attacked  are  the  elm,  ash 
oak,  poplar,  the  coniferae,  and  fruit  trees. 
Genera  :  Scolytus,  Hylesinus,  &C, 

SCdl'-jf-tna,  ».  [Gr.  OTcoM/'imo  (skolupto)  =  to 
dock,  to  cut  short.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  germs  of  Scolytidse. 
Scolytus  destructor  is  common  in  England.  It 
attacks  the  elm.  [SCOLTTID^B.] 

•com'-ber,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  axiV/Spo*  (skam- 
bros)  =  the  mackerel.] 

1.  Ichthy. :  True  mackerel ;  the  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Scombridse  (q.v.).     First  dorsal 
continuous,  with  feeble  spines,    five  or  six 
flnlets  behind  the  dorsal  and  anal ;   scales 
wery  small,  covering  the  whole  body  equally ; 
teeth  small ;  two  small  ridpca  on  each  side 
the  caudal.    Seven  species  «r-e  known,  from 
all  temperate  and  tropical  seas,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Atlantic  shores  of  temperate 
South    America,     S.    scomber,    the    Common 
Mackerel,  is  found  from  Greenland  to  Cape 
Cod ;  S.  colias,  the  Spanish  Mackerel,  extends 
as  far  south  as  Cape  Hatteras.    These  also  occur 

'  in  Europe.    8.  scomber  is  a  useful  food  fish. 

2.  Palaont. :  Common  in  Eocene  and  Mio- 
cene formations. 

t  scorn  ber-oid,  a.  k  i.    [SCOMBROID.] 

•com-bre-soc  -i-da>,  s.  pi.  [Mod  Lat. 
scombresox,  genit.  tcombrtsoc(is) ;  Lat.  fem.  pi. 
adj.  suff.  -idae.] 

1.  Ichthy :  A  family  of  carnivorous  Physos- 
tomons  Fishes,  with  five  genera,  from  tem- 
perate and  tropical  zones.    They  are  chiefly 
marine,  but  some  have  been  acclimatised  in 
fresh  water,  and  the  majority  of  these  forms 
are  viviparous.     Body  covered  with  scales  ; 
keeled  scales  along  each  side  of  belly ;  no 
adipose  fin  ;  air-bladder  generally  present ; 
stomach  not  distinct  from  intestine,  which  is 
straight  and  without  appendages. 

2.  Palramt. :  The  family  appears  first  in  the 
Eocene  of  Monte  Uolca. 

•con  bre  sox,  ».    [L»t.  uxmber  (q.v.),  and 

esoz  (q.v.).] 

IcMhy. :  A  genus  of  Scombresoxidw  (q.v.) 
with  flve  species,  from  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific. 
Both  jaws  are  prolonged  into  a  long,  slender 
beak,  and  there  are  several  detached  flnlets 
behind  the  anal  and  dorsal  fins. 


scorn  -bridffl,  3.  pi.     [Lat.  scomber,  genit. 

Kombr(i)  ;  lem.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -idee.] 

1.  Ichthy.  :   Mackerel  ;  a  pelagic  family  of 

:hopterygiau  Fishes,  with  seven  genera, 

from  all  seas  of  the  tropical  and  temperate 

zones.      Body  oblong,  scarcely  compressed  ; 

naked  or  covered  with  small  scales  ;  dentition 

WL  11-developed  ;  two  dorsals,  linlets  generally 

present.    The  Scombridae  are  one  of  the  four 

families  most  useful  for  food,  the  others  being 

the  Uadidie,  the  Clupeidse,  and  the  Salmnniilii- 

are  fislu-s  of  prey,  and  move  about  in 

-,  si«wning  in  the  oi«n  sea,  but  periodi- 

cally approaching  the  shore  in  pursuit  of  other 

>n  which  they  feed. 

L'.  1'almmt.  :  The  family  is  well  represented 
in  Tertiary  formations. 

scorn  br6-clu'-p£-a,  ».  [Lat  scomber;  o 
connect.,  and  ciupea(q.v.).] 

J'nlrrotit.  :  A  genua  of  Clupeidse,  with  flnlets 
behind  the  anal,  from  the  Chalk  of  Lebanon 
and  Comen. 

scom-broid,  «.  A  s.  [Gr.  o-«6>|8pos  (skombros) 
=  a  mackerel,  and  eloos  (e£dos)  =  resemblance.] 

A*  As  adj.  :  Belonging  to,  characteristic  of, 
or  resembling  the  family  Scombridse.  (Ounther: 
Study  of  Fishes,  p.  294.) 

B.  As  subit.  :  Any  individual  of  the  Scom- 
bridae (q.v.). 

"Sharks.  Scomtroidt.  Dolphins."—  oilnOHr:  Study 
of  Fitkee,  p.  m. 

scorn  -fish,  v.t.  &  t.  [A  corrupt  of  dis- 
comfit (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  suffocate,  as  with  foul  air, 
smoke,  &c.  ;  to  stifle.    (Scotch.) 

"  A'  thing  is  aae  poisoned  wi'  snuff,  that  I  am  like 
to  be  leamjUud  whiles.  "—  *ott  :  Heart  of  MieUoOuen. 
ch.  xxxir. 

B.  JiUraxs.  :   To  be  suffocated  or  stifled. 
(Scotch.) 

'  scorn  -fit,  Bcom-fyt,  v.t.  [An  abbrev.  of 
discomfit  (q.v.).]  To  discomfit. 

"  When  he  was  thus  tcomfyted  of  the  Roniaynes."  — 
Fabian  :  Ckroni/cle.  Tol.  L,  ch.  xxxi. 


,  *  scomme,  s.  [Latscommo,  from 
Gr.  mUfUM  (ikdmma)  =  a  flout,  a  jibe,  a  taunt, 
from  (TKWTTTU  (skopto)  =  to  jeer,  to  mock.] 

1.  A  flout,  a  jibe,  a  jeer. 

"  Scoffed  with  tbe  «xnMu  of  the  onto.*—  foOterbt  : 

AthtO'fmttix,  p.  198. 

2.  A  buffoon. 

"  The  icommt,  or  buffoon*  of  quality,  an  wol  vish  in 
con  venation.'—  L'  Estrange. 

«  scorn  -mat  -1C,    "  scorn  mat  lq.ne,    a. 
[bcoKM.]    Scoffing,  jeering,  mocking. 

"  The  heroique  poem  dramntique.  U  traced/.  Tbe 
tcommatiyue  narrative  is  satyre  ;  dramatique  ii 
comedy."—  Hobot  :  Arawer  to  Pref.  to  Omulltert. 

soSnoe,    'scons,    '  sconse,   >.      [O.   Fr. 

csconsc  ;  Low  Lat  sconsa,  from  Lat  absmua, 
fern,  of  absconnu,  pa.  par.  of  absamdo  =  ta 
hide.  In  meaning  1.  (4)  from  O.  Dat.xhantst; 
Dnt.  scha.ni;  Dan.  skandse  ;  Ger.  MAa>ue  =  a 
sconce,  a  fort.)  [ABSCOND.] 

1.  A  cover,  a  protection,  a  shelter. 

*  (1)  A  screen  or  partition  to  cover  or  pro- 
tect anything  ;  a  shelter  ;  a  covered  stall. 

"  Muat  raise  a  Konce  by  tbe  high  way.  and  Mil 
•wltebea."—  Sgaum.  A  Flet.  :  Scornful  Lady,  IT.  1. 

(2)  A  cover  or  protection  for  a  light  ;  a  case 
or  lantern  for  a  candle  ;  a  candle-holder  fixed 
to  or  projecting  from  a  wall  ;  the  tube  in  an 
ordinary  candlestick  in  which  the  candle  is 
inserted. 

"  If  gulden  tconcet  haug  not  on  the  wall." 

nrydtn  :  Lucrttiut.  1. 

(3)  A  cover  or  protection  for  the  head  ;  a 
head-piece,  a  helmet 

(4)  A  work  of  defence  ;  a  bulwark  ;  a  small 
fort. 

"  No  tetmce  or  fortreee  of  hhi  raisin?  wai  ever  known 
either  to  have  been  forc'd.  or  yielded  up,  or  quitted.  "  — 
Milton:  Hill.  Enj.,  bk.  1L 

(5)  The  head,  the  skull. 

"  Shall  I  break  that  merry  teanet  of  yours?" 

f&aAMp.  :  c»rne<ly  of  Xrrort,  i.  i, 

*  (6)  Brains,  sense. 

(7)  A  mulct,  a  fine.  (Obsolete  except  in  the 
Universities.) 

"Any  tronc*  imposed  by  tb«  proeton."—  Colman: 
Terra  Wtut,  No.  1. 

(S)  The  broad  head  or  top  of  anything,  as 
the  brim  round  the  circular  tube  of  a  candle- 
stick into  which  the  candle  is  inserted. 

2.  A  fixed  seat  or  shelf. 

3.  A  fragment  of  an  ice-floe. 


••  8061190,  v.t.    [SCONCE,  «.] 

1.  To  ensconce.    (Shaktsp.  :  Hamlet,  iii.  4.) 

2.  To  fortify,  to  fence. 

"lor  .  .  .  was  icoiictd  and  oomiasaed  aWut  wit« 
wooden  st»kes."-iin«cAol«ii :  Diary  in  Eng.  Oarnef. 
Iii.  338. 

3.  To  fine,  to  mulct.    (Idler,  Ko.  83.) 

4.  To  deduct,  as  a  fine  or  the  like. 

"  She  p&id  niy  bill  the  next  day  without  tmncinj  ofl 
aixiMjuce."—  Pooto:  Devil  Upon  Tw.>  stickt,  iL  L 

scon'  pheon  &    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Arch. :  The  portion  of  the  side  of  an  aper- 
ture from  the  back  of  the  jamb  or  reveal  to 
the  interior  of  the  wall. 

scone,  s.  [Named  after  Scone,  in  Scotland.) 
A  small  thin  cake  of  wheat  or  barley  meal, 
cooked  on  a  griddle,  or  in  a  frying-pan. 

"  And  giving  him  a  welcome  home  with  part  of  their 
farm-house  tcvntt, "—&»«;  ffwjf  .VatineriNs,  oh.  xxiT. 

scon  -ner,  r.t.  [SCONNEB,  «.]  To  disgust,  to 
nauseate.  (Scotch.) 

scon  -ncr,  scun'-ner,  s.  [Sucre.]  Disgust, 
loathing.  (Scotch-.) 

"To  gie  living  things  a  tcanner  wi'  the  sight  ol 
when  iu  dead."— Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxi. 

*  scoon,  f.i.    [See  etym.  SCHOONER  (1).] 

*  scoon'-er,  s.    [SCHOONER  (1).] 

scoop,  *  scope,  s.  [A.S.  «fcopa  =  a  scoop; 
cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  schaepe,  sch-uppe  ~  a  scocip, 
a  shovel ;  Dan.  skufft  =  a  sho  vel ;  Ger.  scA  iippe ; 
and  perhaps  with  Eng.  shovel  (q.v.);  0.  Fr. 
escope;  Fr.  tscop.] 

1.  A  thin  metallic  shovel  with  hollowing, 
capacious  sides  for  handling  grain ;  a  grain- 
shovel. 

2.  A  similar,  but  smaller  utensil,  made  of 
tinplate,   <tc.,  and   used    for   lifting   sugar, 
flour,  or  the  like. 

3.  A  contrivance  for  baling  where  the  lift 
is  moderate. 

4.  The  bucket  of  a  dredging-machine. 

5.  A  tool  for  scooping  out  potato-eyes  from 
the  tubers. 

6.  A  spoon-shaped  instrument  for  extract- 
ing foreign  bodies,  as  a  bullet  from  a  wound, 
calculi  from  the  bladder,  objects  from  the 
external  ear,  nasal  fossae,  Ac. 

7.  A  sort  of  pan  for  holding  coals,  a  coal- 
scuttle. 

*  8.  A  basin-like  cavity,  natural  or  artifi- 
cial ;  a  hollow. 

9.  A  cant  term  on  the  Stock  Exchange  for 
a  sudden  breaking  down  of  prices  for  the 
purpose  of  buying  stocks  at  cheaper  rates, 
followed  by  a  rise. 

10.  A  journalistic  term    for  an   early  and 
exclusive  publication  of  a  news  item  or  other 
matter  of  public  interest.     (U.S.) 

•coon-net,  ».  A  net  so  formed  as  to 
sweep  the  bottom  of  a  river,  &c. 

scoop-wheel,  ».  A  form  of  the  tympanum 
water-wheel  in  which  the  buckets  are  so 
curved  as  to  scoop  up  the  water  into  which 
they  dip,  raising  a  portion  of  the  same  and 
conducting  it  toward  or  into  the  axis,  where 
it  ii  discharged.  [TVMPANDM.] 

scoop,  "  (cop-en,  v.t.    [Scoop,  j.] 

1.  To  take  out  with,  or  as  with  a  scoop  ;  to 
lade  out. 

2.  To  empty  as  with  a  scoop  or  by  baling. 
"  'Tis  at  tasie  with  a  sive  to  Icoop  the  ocean." 

Beaum.  t  r'lH. :   Woman'l  Prize,  1.  2. 

3.  To  hollow  out ;   to  form  by,  or  as  by 
scooping ;  to  excavate. 

"And  trooped  for  him  a  shallow  grave 
Even  from  the  cold  earth  of  our  cave." 

Byron  :  Pritoner  of  CMllrm,  T. 

4.  To   remove,  so   as  to  leave  a  hollow. 
(Generally  followed  by  out.) 

"  A  spectator  would  think  this  circular  mound  had 
been  actually  trooped  out  of  that  hollow  space."— 
Spectator.  (Todd.) 

5.  To  collect  together,  as  by  scooping ;  to 
•crape  together.    (Generally  followed  by  up.) 

scoop'-er,  ».    [Eng.  scoop,  T.  ;  -«r.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  scoops ;  specif., 
a  tool  used  by  engravers  on  wood  for  cleaning 
out  the  white  parts  of  a  block.    It  somewhat 
resembles  a   small   chisel,  but  Is   rounded 
underneath  instead  of  being  flat 

2.  Orni/A. :  The  Avocet  (q.v.). 


fete,  fit,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  p8«, 
•»,  wore,  W9H  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  UvU;  try,  Syrian.    M,  a  =  •;  «y  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


scoot— score 


4147 


•coot    v.i      [VTQ'o.  a  variant  of  scout  (q.v.).] 
To  run  hastily  ;  to  scamper  away.    (Amer.) 

••Ye'd  Iwt  ortor  Men  them  feller.  teM :  fur  the 
«dai»."- *ri»»ei"«  Hagastite,  Jan.  !««>.  P-  «•»• 

•CO  par  -I  a,  «•    lL»t.  scopariua  =  a  sweeper ; 
JCOJXB  =  twigs,  snoots,  a  broom.) 

Bo(. :  A  genus  of  Sibthorpeie.  Branching 
ehrnbs  or  herbs  from  South  America.  An  in- 
fusion of  fcoiarla  (Mcis  is  given  by  the  Indians 
of  Spanish  America  for  ague. 
Bco  pa  rin,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  KOpar<iun);  -in 
(C/iem").] 

Chtm. :  CnHaOio-  The  substance  constitut- 
ing the  diuretic  principle  of  Spartium  smfa- 
riura  Obtained  as  a  jelly  on  concentrating 
•  decoction  of  the  plant,  and  purified  by 
dissolving  in  boiling  water,  and  again  allow- 
ing it  to  solidify.  On  drying  in  a  vacuum,  it 
forms,  a  pale  yellow,  brittle  mass,  without 
taste 'or  smell.  It  dissolves  freely  in  hot 
water  and  alcohol,  also  in  ammonia  and  the 
fixed  alkalis. 


I          OrnitK.  :  A  sab-family  of  Ciconiidae,  with 
two  genera,  Scopus  and  Balaeniceps. 

seo'-pl-ped,  a.    [Lat.  MOJO  =  a  brush,  and 

pes,  genii,  pedii  =  a  foot.)    [SCOPULIPEM:.] 

sco-po'-ll-a,  s.    [Named  after  John  Anthony 
Scopoli,  ft  botanical  author.) 

Sot  •  Ageuusof  S'llunacesa,  The  leaves  of 
Scopolia  lurida,  a  Himalayan  plant,  when 
bruised,  emit  a  flavour  like  that  of  tobacco, 
and  a  decoction  of  them  produces  dilatation 
of  the  pupil  of  the  eye. 

SCO-pcSph'-or-ns,  ».    [Lat.  scopa  =  a  broom, 
and  Gr.  *opos  (pharos)  =  bearing.) 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  AntilopidK,  having  the 
horns  subulate,  elongate,  acute,  and  slightly 
recurved  at  the  tips,  the  knees  largely  tufted. 
Scopophoriu  ourebi  is  the  Ourebi  (q.v.). 

*  «c5p'-p8t,  v.t.    [A  dimin.  from  scoop  (q.v.).] 
To  lade  cut. 

"  Vain  man,  ean  ho  possibly  hop*  to  lappet  it  [the 
rnsh  of  ««terl  out  so  fast  -It  iffis  l"-«rto»>  "all: 


I  SOor-bU'-tlc-al-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  icorbutical} 
•ly.  ]  In  a  scorbutic  manner ;  with  the  scurvy, 
or  with  a  tendency  towards  it. 


•cope,  *  skope,  s.  [Lat.  scopus  ;  Gr.  o-«oiros 
(sioj»s)  =  a  watcher,  a  spy,  a  mark  to  shoot 
at;  o-KeVropai  (8;,-f!)tomai)  =  to  see,  toobservej 
Ital.  soopo  =  a  mark  or  butt  to  shoot  at, 
•cope,  purpose,  intent.] 

•  1.  A  butt  or  mark  shot  at. 

"Shooting  wide,  do  miss  the  marked  K°I»' 
Spenter  :  Shepheardt  Calender  ;  Ifaembvl'. 

2   The  end  or  object  to  which  the  mind 
directs  its  view  ;  the  object  or  end  aimed  at  ; 
that  which  forms  a  person's  aim  ;  the  ulti- 
mate design,  aim,  purpose,  or  intention. 
"While  passion  turn*  aside  from  Its  due  scope." 
Cowper  •'  Hope*  11* 

8.  Free  or  wide  outlook  or  aim  ;  amplitude 
of  intellectual  observation,  range,  or  view. 

4.  Boom  for  free  or  wide  outlook  ;  field  or 
(pace  for  free  observation  or  action  ;  free 
play;  vent. 

"  He  might  let  hlmaelf  loose  to  visionary  objects. 
which  may  give  him  a  freer  tcope  for  imagination.  — 
Drvden.  (Toad.) 

•  6.  A  liberty  ;  a  licence  enjoyed. 

"Twai  mj  fault  to  give  the  people  •cope.' 

Snatetp.  •'  feature  for  HeaKTt.  I  I. 

«  6.  An  act  of  riot  or  licence  ;  exeeM,  sally. 

"  AJ  surfeit  Is  the  father  of  much  fi*t, 
So  every  «cop«,  by  the  Immoderate  use, 
Turns  to  restraint" 

Mtxtrsp.  :  Meaturefor  Jttalure,  I.  1 

•  1.  Extended  quantity  ;  extteD*. 

••  So  huge  a  <eop«  at  first  him  sfatted  best 
To  beTb.  =ompa«  ^K^^  ^ 

•  8.  Length,  extent,  sweep  :  as,  scope  of  cable. 

•  scdpe'-ffill.  a.    [Eng.  scope  ;  -full]    Exten- 
aive  ;  with  a  wide  prospect. 

11  More  KnpefiM  regions." 

Sftwruer  :  Kernel  to  Slalter  R.  IT. 


•co'-pel'-i-dre,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat. 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutT.  -idffl.) 

1  Ichthy.  :  A  family  of  Physostomous 
Fishes  with  numerous  genera,  mostly  pelagic 
or  deep-sea  forms.  Body  naked  or  scaly  ;  no 
barbefe  or  air-bladder  ;  adipose  fln  present. 
The  eggs  are  enclosed  in  the  sacs  of  the  ovary, 
and  excluded  by  oviducts  ;  pyloric  append- 
ages few  in  number  or  absent. 
2.  Palceont.  :  From  the  Chalk  onward. 


•0»p'-e-lus,  s.     [Lat.,  from  Gr 
(fkopelos)  =  a  headland.) 

IMhy. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Scopelidse  (q.v.),  with  thirty  species  of 
pelagic  habits,  distributed  over  all  temperate 
and  tropical  seas.  Body  oblong,  more  or 
less  compressed,  covered  with  large  scales. 
Series  of  phosphorescent  spots  run  along  the 
lower  sideof  the  body,  anda  similar  glandular 
substance  sometimes  occupies  the  front  of 
the  snont  and  the  back  of  the  tail.  Dorsal 
nearly  in  middle  of  body,  adipose  fln  small, 
anal  generally  long,  caudal  forked ;  brancln- 
ostegals  from  eight  to  ten.  They  are  small 
fishes,  and  come  to  the  surface  at  night  only, 
and  in  rough  weather  descend  to  great  depths. 

•cS-pir-er-OUS,  a.  [Lat  scopa  =  a  brush, 
and  /ero  =  to  bear.]  Furnished  with  one  or 
more  dense  brushes  of  hair. 

•co'-pl-form,  o.  [Lat.  »copn  =  a  brush,  a 
broom,  and  forma  =  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  brush  or  besom. 

•oo-pl'-nn,  «.  pt  .[Mod.  Lat.  tart**);  Lat. 

fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -inos.\ 


nemaint,  p.  17. 

scops,  s.    [Gr.  o-«Ji)<  (skSps)  =  a  kind  of  owl.) 

Ornithology : 

L  A  genus  of  Strigidee  (q.v.),  with  thirty 
species  universally  distributed,  except  Aus- 
tralia and  the  Pacific  Islands.  Beak  much 
decurved  from  base,  cere  small,  nostrils 
round ;  facial  disc  incomplete  above  the  eyes ; 
ear-conch  small,  without  operculum  ;  wings 
long;  tarsi  long,  feathered  in  front,  toes 
naked  ;  head  with  plumicorns. 

2.  Any  Individual  of  the  genns.    [1.] 

••  I  hare  been  enabled  to  compare  the  European 
KOM  with  both  the  African  species."—  TarreU  :  BritlA 
«./ii(ed.4tbl,  1. 117. 

•cops-owl,  ». 

Omith. :  Scops  giu,  a  casual  visitor  to  Eng- 
land It  is  about  seven  inches  long ;  plumage, 
in  both  sexes,  chestnut  and  pale  wood-brown 
above ;  grayish  white  and  pale  brown,  with 
streaks  and  patches  of  umber-brown  beneath. 
The  young  birds  have  a  more  rufous  tinge. 

-Th.  Ikap,**  resembles  the  Little  Owl  in  ito 
night"—  rarr««  :  flrttii*  «"ti  led.  «h|.  I.  1T7. 

"•oop'-tfo,  «»oop'-t.ck,  ••c.Sp-tlo-.U, 

a.     [Gr.  o-i«»irru«i5  (sfcnptifcw),  from  O-«»WTU 
(skopto)  =  to  mock.)    Scoffing,  mocking. 

"Luclan  and  other  **£%*?"•  ?f*'£a3Ll?. 

leer  and  droll  away  th«  cnolt  <*  them."-«p.  Wart . 

aermeni.  p.  57. 

*  so6p'-tio-»l-lft  adv.    [Eng.  tcoptical;  -!».] 
In  a  mocking  or  scoffing  manner ;  scomngly. 

"  Snavticalla  or  scornfully  speaking."— Clutpman: 
tttmv^madrrU.  (Fr«f.) 

scop  -u-lJ-pede,  o.    [SOOPOLIPEDES.] 

Entom. :  Having  a  basket-like  apparatus  on 
the  hind  legs.  [SOOPULIPEDES.] 

scop-u-ll-pe'-des,  s.  pi.     [Lat.  ncopato  =  a 
little  broom,  and  pedet,  pi.  of  pes  =  i,  foot.) 

Entom. :  Asection  of  solitary  Apidie,  haying 
on  the  hind  legs  an  apparatus  for  the  con- 
veyance of  pollen,  which  they  assiduously 
collect.  The  apparatus  resembles  that  in  the 
social  hive-  and  humble-bees.  The  posterior 
tibise  and  basal  joint  of  the  tarsi  are  so 
hirsute  that  it  is  Impossible  to  trace  the  form 
of  the  limb  on  account  of  the  hairs.  The 
males  in  many  cases  have  thickened  and 
distorted  legs. 

-u -Ions,  a.     [Lat.  K»mlonu,  from 
w  =  a  peak,  a  rock.]     Full  of  rocks; 
rocky. 


goo  pus,  «.  [Gr.  o-Koirck  («fo>po»)=a  watch- 
man.) 

Ornith  •  Umbre,  Brown  Stork  ;  the  typical 
genus  of  Scopinse  (q.v.),  with  one  species, 
from  tropical  and  South  Africa. 

•scor'-bute.s.  [SCORBUTOS.]  Scurry.  (BJotmt.) 

scor-bu'-tlc,  a,  it  s.  [Low  Lat.  scortrulms, 
from  Low  Ger.  schorbock,  sOiarbuuk,  scharbock, 
scorbut  =  scurvy  ;  Ger.  scharbock  —  O.  Dut 
icheur-buyck ;  Fr.  scorbutique.) 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  scurvy. 

2.  Diseased  or  affected  with  Kurvy. 

B.  Asmbst. :  A  person  affected  with  scurvy. 

•  seor-bu'-tto-al,  a.  [Eng.  tcorbutvs;  -al.] 
The  same  as  SCORBUTIC  (q.v.). 

-  A  parson  abont  forty,  of  a  full  and  morbutiml 


"  A  woman  of  forty,  icarbutically  and  hydroplcally 
affected,  having  a  sordid  ulcer,  put  herself  Into  my 
hand."*-  Wiseman. 

scor-bu'-tfis,  ».  [Low  Lat. ;  Fr.  tcorbut; 
ItaU  seorlmto;  Sp.  o:  Port,  escorluto ;  Dnt 
scheurbuik ;  Sw.  tkorbjugg  (Malm);  Dut.scie* 
en  =  to  bend, and  buik  =  the  belly.)  [SCUKVV.) 

*  scbrce,  s.  &  v.    [SCORSE.] 

scor9h,  v.t.  k  i.  [O.  Fr.  escorcher,  escorcer  = 
to  ttay,  to  pluck  off  the  skin,  from  Lat.  ex- 
wrtico,  from  ex-  =  off,  and  cortex  (genit.  cnrti- 
ci«)=bai-k,  rind,  husk;  Sp.  eswrchar;  ItaL 
scorticarf  =  to  flay.] 

A.  Transitive; 

1.  To  burn  the  outside  of;  to  expose  to  such 
a  degree  of  neat  as  to  change  the  colour,  or 
both  the  colour  and  the  texture  of  the  sur- 
face ;  to  parch  or  shrivel  up  the  surface  of; 
to  singe. 

2.  To  affect  with  Intense  or  extreme  heat ; 
to  parch;    hence,  figuratively,  to  subject  to 
caustic,  burning  criticism. 

*  3.  To  burn  in  general. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  burnt  on  the  surface;  to  be  scorched 
or  parched. 

2.  To  parch  or  dry  up. 

3.  To  travel  with  great  Telocity,  as  •  bi- 
cyclist.   (OoUaq.) 

score hed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SCORCH,  ».] 
scorched-carpet,  •. 
Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  MfMa 
adustata. 

scorched-wing,  ». 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Surjk. 
nene  dolobrana. 

Bcoroh'-er,  «.    [ScomcH,  ».t] 

1.  That  which  is  hot  enough  to  scorch;  as, 
to-day  was  a  scorcher.    (Oolloq.) 

2.  A  burning,  withering   criticism   or   in- 
Tective. 

3  One  or  that  which  attains  high  speed; 
chiefly  used  in  referring  to  a  bicyclist  or  race- 
horse. (Colloq.) 

scorch'-lng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    (SCORCH,  «.] 

A.  oi  B.  As  pr.  par.  <*  yorticip.  adj. :  (8e» 
the  verb). 

C,  As  substantive  : 

Jletal-working :  A  roughing  ont  of  tools  on 
the  dry  grindstone  before  they  are  hardened 
and  tempered.  So  called  from  the  great  heat 
produced. 

t  scorching-fennel, «. 

Bof,  :  The  genus  Thapsia  (q.T.). 

scorch' -lng-lj^,  aav-  I^n8-  scorching  ;  -Zy.J 
In  a  scorching  manner ;  so  as  to  scorch  or 
parch  the  surface. 

scorch' -Ing-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tcorMng;  -nets.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  scorching. 

scor'-doin,  s.    (Seedef.) 

Chem. ;  A  yellow  aromatic  substance  ob- 
tained from  Teucrium  Scordium. 

soor'-di-nm,   ».     [Let.  tcordion,    from   Gr 
«op«.oi.    tfkordwn)  =  »    plant    smelling    of 
garlic ;  probably  the  Water  Germander  (q.v.).  J 
Bot. :  Tevarium  Scordivm, 


score,  s.  [A.8.  SCOT  =  twenty,  from  scar-,  stem 
of  the  pa.  t.  plural  and  pa.  pir.  of  sceran  = 
to  shear,  to  cut ;  Icel.  skor,  skora  =  a  score,  a 
notch,  an  incision  ;  Bw.  «bSro;  Dan.  skaar.] 

(SHEAR.) 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  A  notch  or  incision ;  especially  a  notch 
or  cut  made  on  a  tally  for  the  purpose  of 
keeping  reckoning  or  account  of  something 
a  system  followed  formerly  when  writing  was 
less  common. 

"  Onr  forefather,  had  no  other  books  but  th< ,umj 
and  the  tally  ;  thou  hiwt  caused  printing  to  be  used. 
—Shakup-  •'  1  Senry  VI.,  IT.  1. 

2.  The  number  twenty,  which  was  denoted 
on  the  telly  by  a  longer  and  deeper  cut. 

«  Ho.  n»n,  .cor.  o.  ^ 


4148 


score— scorpsenid® 


t  way  into  God's  book, 
off  that  «cor«."— 


3.  A  large  number  ;  a  great  many.    (Gene- 
rally in  the  plural.) 

"  Stout  be  was.  and  larv*  of  limb, 
SCOT**  Imve  fled  at  tight  of  him." 

Cutcper  :  Epitaph  ;  On  a  Pointer. 

4.  An  account  or  reckoning  kept  by  means 
of  scores  or  notches  ;  a  reckoning  generally  ; 
a  debt  due. 

"I  hare  by  my  tin.!  run  a  great 
mud  ioy  now  reforming  wUlnot  pay 
Hunyan  :  Pilgrim'!  Progrnu,  |)t  L 

5.  An  account  or  register  of  numbers  gene- 
rally ;   especially  the  number  of   points  or 
runs  made  by  a  player  in  certain  games. 

"  -  wat  batting  for  five  hours  and  a  half  for  hli 
tcore  of  lis."—  Field,  June  2«,  1886. 

6.  A  line  drawn. 

7.  Account,  reason,  sake  ;  relative  motive. 

"  If  your  terms  are  moderate,  we'll  never  break  off 
upon  that  tcor«."—  Collier:  On  Pride. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Music:   A  copy  of  a  musical  work  In 
which  all  the  component  parts  are  shown, 
either  fully  or  in  a  compressed  form. 

(1)  A  short  or  compressed  score  is  when  all 
the  parts  are  arranged  or  transcribed  so  that 
they  shall  appear  in  two  staves. 

(2)  A  pianoforte  or  organ  score  is  one  in 
which  the  voice-parts  are  written  out  in  full 
on  separate  lines,  and  the  instrumental  ac- 
companiment is  arranged  in  two  lines,  treble 
and  bass,  for  performance  on  a  pianoforte  or 
organ. 

(3)  A  vocal  score  is  (or  was  formerly  under- 
stood to  be)  one  in  which  the  voice-parts  are 
written  out  in  full,  and  the  accompaniment 
(if  any)  is  indicated  by  a  figured  bass. 

(4)  A  full  score  is  one  in  which  each  part  is 
written  on  a  separate  line  one  over  the  other, 
subject,   however,   to  the  modification  that 
the  parts  to  be  played  by  two  wind  instru- 
ments of  the  same  name  and  compass  may  be 
included  on  one  line. 

2.  Naiit.  :   The  groove  around  a  block  or  a 
dead-eye  for  the  strapping,  shroud,  or  back- 
stay.   The  holes  in  the  block  are  for  the  lan- 
yard. 

IT  (1)  To  go  off  at  score  :  To  start  from  the 
score  or  scratch,  as  a  pedestrian  in  a  footrace  ; 
hence,  to  start  off  generally. 

(2)  To  quit  scores  :  To  pay  fullj  ;  to  make 
even  by  giving  an  equivalent. 

•core,  v.t.  &  i.     [SCORE,  s.] 
A*  Transitive  : 
L  Ordinary  language  : 
1.  To  make  scores,  scratches,  or  slight  in* 
cisions   on    or   in  ;    to   mark    with    scores, 
•cratches,  or  furrows  ;  to  furrow. 
"  Let  us  «»r*  their  backs." 

&uike*f>.  :  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  IT.  T. 

*  2.  To  engrave,  to  cut.    (Spenser.) 

*  3.  To  set  down,  as  in  an  account  or  register  ; 
to  record,  to  register,  to  note. 

"  Score  me  up  for  the  lyingeet  knave  In  Christendom." 
—  ShaJcetp.  :  Taming  of  tht  Shrew.  (Induct,  it) 

4.  To  make  a  score  of  ;  to  win  ;  to  cause  to 
be  registered  to  one's  account,  as  points,  hits, 

Ac.,  in  a  game. 

"  They  were  unable  to  »cor«  even  a  single  goal."— 
field.  Jan.  38.  1882: 

5.  To  set  down  as  a  debt. 


6.  To  enter,  register,  or  set  down  as  a 
debtor.  (Generally  with  up.) 

IL  Music :  To  write  down  in  score ;  to 
write  down,  as  the  different  parts  of  a  com- 
position, in  proper  order  and  arrangement. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  keep  a  register  or  account ;  to  act  as 
tcorer :  as,  To  score  in  a  match. 

2.  To  make  a  score  :  as,  He  had  not  scored. 

3.  To  count  or  be  reckoned  in  a  score. 

"  The  hazard  tcoret  to  the  striker."—  Field,  Deo.  19, 
•ML 

4.  Fig. :  To  make  a  hit ;  to  be  entitled  to 
credit    (Cf.  Hor.,  A.  P.,  343.) 

"  He  worei  distinctly  on  several  occasions."— ffature, 
Oct.  X,  1«M.  p.  CIO. 

*  score  -less,  a.    [Eng.  score ;  -less.] 

1.  Not  making  any  score  or  mark.   (Davits: 
Muses  Sacrifice,  p.  69.) 

2.  Not  having  made  any  score  ;  pointless. 

"  When  both  their  bauds  had  been  disposed  of  they 
were  Will  scoreless. '-Meld.  April  «,  UK. 

BcdV-er, ».    [Eng.  tern,  v. ;  -er.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  scores  or  keeps  a 


score  or  reckoning,  as  in  a  cricket  or  other 
match. 

"  The  umpire*  were  lUtumed  behind  the  wickets  ; 
the  icortn  were  prepared  to  notch  the  runs." — 
Cfct.ru  -•  PicttticJc,  ch.  vii. 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Wood :  An  instrument  for  marking  tim- 
ber.   It  has  two  scoop-shaped  tools,  one  for 
straight  lines,  the  other  adapted  to  revolve 
on  a  pivot  for  arcs  or  circles.     With  these 
readable  ilgures  are  made  to  number  logs,  &c. 

2.  Joinery  :  An  instrument  employed  to  cut 
transversely  the  face  of  a  board,  to  enable  it 
to  be  planed  without  slivering. 

scor'-I-a  (pi.  scor  -I  ae),  s.  [Lat.,  from  Or. 
(TKtapia  (skoria)  —  dross,  scum,  from  o-K<op 
(skor)  =  dung  ;  cogn.  with  A. 8.  scram,  =  dung ; 
Lat.  sterciu.} 

1.  Entom. :  Agenus  of  Geometer  moths,  akin 
to  Fidonia  (q.v.).    Scoria  dealbata  is  the  Black 
veined  Moth. 

2.  Afetatt. :   The   refuse    or   recrement   of 
metals  in  fusion,  or  the  slag  rejected  after  the 
reduction  of  metallic  ores  ;  dross. 

3.  Oeol.    (PL):   The    cinders    of    volcanic 
eruptions,  usually  reddish  brown  or  black. 

*  scbV-I-ac,  a,    [Eng.  KorUa);   -oc.)    Scori- 
aceous. 

"  As  the  scoriae  riyers  that  roll."    foe :  Ulalume. 

scbr-l-a  -ceofis  (CO  as  sh),  a.  [Eng.  scori(a)  ; 
-aceous.]  Pertaining  to,  partaking  of  the 
nature  of,  or  resembling  scoria  or  dross 

scor  I  f  I  ca  tion,  >.  [Eng.  scorify;  "  con- 
nect., and  sun",  -ation.} 

Metall. :  The  act  or  process  of  reducing  a 
body,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  into  scoria. 

BCoV-I-f  i-«r,  ».    [Eng.  scorify  ;  -er.} 

Assaying :  A  saucer  of  refractory  clay  for 
containing  a  charge  of  lead  and  the  metal  to 
be  assayed.  It  is  placed  in  the  muffle  of  an 
assay-furnace.  Also  used  in  burning  off  in- 
flammable matters  from  the  sweepings  of 
jewellers'  shops,  or  to  obtain  the  metallic 
portions  from  gold-lace,  ic. 

•CoV-i-form,  o.  [Eng.  «o>rl(o),  and  form.) 
Resembling  scoria ;  in  the  form  of  scoria. 

•coV-I-ty,  v.t.  [Eng.  scorUa);  suff.  -ft.]  To 
reduce  to  scoria  or  drossy  matter. 

scor  I  lite,  i.  [Eng.  *»n('0;  suff.  -lite 
(Jfin.).] 

iiin. :  A  scoriaceous  substance  of  doubtful 
composition ;  probably  an  altered  volcanic 
product. 

scor'-lng,  pr.  far.,  a.,  &  i.    [SCORE,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  it  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

Pounding :  The  bursting  or  splitting  of  a 
casting,  due  to  the  strain  caused  by  con- 
traction. A  term  generally  applied  to  cylinders 
and  similar  work,  in  which  the  core  does  not 
give  way  when  the  casting  cools,  and  thereby 
causes  its  destruction. 

scoring  machine,  «. 

Wood-work. :  A  machine  for  cutting  scores 
or  grooves  in  blocks. 

*  SCOr'-I-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  scori(a) ;  -ot«.]  Drossy ; 
like  dross  or  scoria ;  recremeutitious. 

"By  the  fire  they  emit  many  drossy  and  tcortoui 
parts. ' — Urovrne :  Vulgar  Errouri,  bk.  li..  ch.  ii. 

scorn,  *  scharn,  *  schorn,  *  soarn, 
"  Bkarn,  >.  [O.  Fr.  eacarn,  from  O.  H.  Qer. 
skern  =  mockery,  scurrility.  Prob.  connected 
with  Icel.  «tar»  =  dung,  dirt;  A.8.  vxarn; 
Ital.  schtrno  =  derision.) 

1.  Extreme  and  passionate  contempt  or  dis- 
dain, arising  from  an  opinion  of  the  utter 
meanness  and  unworthiness  of  the  person  or 
thing  despised  and  a  belief  or  sense  of  our  own 
superiority ;  lofty  contempt  or  disdain. 

"Though  pierced  by  scorn,  oppress 'd  by  pride, 
I  leel  thee  good-feel  nought  beside7 

Coteper  :  The  Soul  that  lovel  Ood. 

2.  An  expression  of  contempt  or  disdain  ; 
mockery,  derision. 

"  If  sickly  ears  will  hear  your  Idle  scorn/." 

SliaJcetp.  :  Lovt'e  Labour  t  Lott,  V.  2. 

*  3.  A  subject  or  object  of  extreme  con- 
tempt or  disdain ;  that  which  is  treated  or 
looked  upon  with  scorn. 

"To  make  a  loathsome  abject  scorn  of  me." 

:  Comedy  of  Krrort,  IT.  4. 


*  4.  A  reproach,  a  disgrace. 

"  His  mother's  sin.  his  kingly  father's  scorn." 

1'fle  :  David  A  DetJuoM. 

IT  (1)  To  laugh  to  scorn  :  To  deride,  tc  mock  ; 
to  ridicule  as  contemptible. 

*  (2)  To    take   scorn,    to   think   scorn  :   To 
disdain,  to  scorn. 

"  Take  thoti  nc  scorn  tc  weal  the  horn." 

Shaketp.  .  At  Yov  LUu  h   !T.  1 

scorn,  '  Skarn-on,  v.t.  *  i.  [0.  Ft.  escarnir, 
'escharnir,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  skernon  —  to  mock, 
from  skern  =  mockery,  scorn  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  hold  in  extrenu  contempt  or  disdain  : 
to  despise,  to  disdain,  tc  look  with  disdainful 
contempt  on. 

"  She  scorn*  his  pleasures  lor  Shi  kllowi  then.  not." 
Courper     Just.  ri.  3W. 

2.  To  treat  with  scorn  ;  to  scoff  at,  to  mock, 
to  taunt. 

"Join  with  men  In  scorning  youi  poor  friend." 
Skakelp.  :  lUdtumme-  Jflahli  Dream,  ill.  1 

B.  Intrunsitivt  : 

1.  To  feel  score  01  disdair,  ;  to  disdain,  to 
despise. 

*  2.  To  mock,  to  scoff. 

"  Tc  flout  and  scorn  at  oui  solemnity." 

Shakttp.  :  Komec  Jc  Juliet,  L  L 

•corn  cr,  ».    fEng.  soor;,,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  scornE  or  despises  ;  a  despiaer, 
a  contemner. 

'  Fabrlcius,  scorn«r  oj  »Il-oouq\ierinc  gold." 

Thenuon  .    Winter,  HI. 

*  2.  One  who  scoffs  ;  a  scoffer,  a  derider, 
specially  of  religion  or  sacred  matters. 

"  How  long  will  ...  the  scornert  delight  In  their 
scorning  t  "—  Prorerof  i.  22. 

•oom'-flil,  a.     [Eng.  scorn,  s.  ;  -/W(0.] 

i.  Full  of  scorn  or  extreme  contempt  ;  dlt- 
dainful  ;  characterized  by  scorn  ;  insolent. 

"  Thou  ecornftd  page,  there  lie  thy  part  " 

shakeip.  :  Cumbetine.  T.  I. 

*  2.  Causing   and   exciting  contempt   and 
derision  ;  contemptible. 

"  The  tcornfut  mark  of  every  open  eye." 

Shakeip.  :  Rape  oj  Lucrece,  MO. 

scorn  ful-lj.dii.  [Eng.  scornful;  -ly.]  It 
a  scornful  or  contemptuous  manner;  with 
scorn  or  contempt  ;  contemptuously,  inso- 
lently. 

"The  sacred  rights  of  the  Christian  church  are 
Komfullv  trampled  on  in  print,  under  an  hypocritical 
pretence  of  maintaining  them."—  ^  (teroury  :  3«rmoflSL 

scorn  ful  ness,  s.  [Eng.  scornful;  -nets.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  scornful. 

*  scorn  y,  *  scorn  le,  a.  [Eng.  scorn;  -») 
Deserving  scorn  ;  contemptible. 

«s  for  tcornie  dr  - 
irrour/or  Jfaffittratet,  p.  HC 

scor'-6-dite,  s.  [Or,  o-«6po5o^  (skorodon)  = 
garlic  ;  Ger.  skorodit.] 

Min.  :  A  sparsely  distributed  mineral,  oc- 
curring in  crystals,  only  occasionally  massive. 
Crystallization,  orthorhombic.  Hardness,  3'&- 
4  ;  sp.  gr.  S'l-S'S  ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  sub- 
adamantine;  colour,  pale  leek-green,  some- 
times brownish  ;  streak,  white  ;  subtrana- 
parent  ;  fracture  uneven.  Compos.  :  arsenic 
acid,  49*8  ;  sesquioxide  of  iron,  34*7  ;  water, 
15'5  =  100,  which  corresponds  to  the  formula 
+  4HO. 


scor  pse   na,  t.     [Lat,  from  Or. 
(skorpaina)  =  a  sea-scorpion.] 

1.  Iclithy.  :   The  typical  genus  of  8corp»B- 
nidffi  (q.v.),  with  about   forty  species  from 
tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas.     Head  large, 
slightly  compressed,  armed  with  spines,  and 
generally  with  tentacles  ;   mouth   large,  ob- 
lique, villiform  teeth  ;  no  air-bladder.    They 
are   small   sedentary  flshes,  none   probabl} 
exceeding  a  length  of  eighteen  inches,  usually 
lying  hidden  in  sands  or  beneath  seaweed, 
watching  for  their  prey—  fishes  smaller  than 
themselves.    Their  strong  pectoral  rays  assist 
them  is  burrowing  or  in  moving  along  the 
bottom.    Coloration  an  irregular  mottling  of 
red,  brown,  yellow,  and  black,  varying  greatly 
in  its  distribution.   The  flesh  is  well  flavoured. 
Their  fin-spines    inflict   exceedingly  painful 
wounds,  but  these  are  not  followed  by  any 
serious  consequences. 

2.  Palceont.  :  [ScoRTSsins,  2.]. 

scor  p»  -nl  dte,  «.    pi.     [Lat.   swrpan(a); 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idae.] 

1.  Ichthy.  :  A  family  of  Acanthopterygiaa 
Fishes,  division  Perciformes,  with  numerous 


f&te,  fat,  Hire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
•r.  wore,  welt  work,  wU6,  »6n;  muto,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oiir,  riile,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «,  «  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  lew. 


scorpeenoid— Scotch 


4149 


genera,  from  the  tropics  and  the  temperate 
Jones  Body  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed, 
covered  with  ordinary  scales  or  naked ;  den- 
tition feeble;  some  bones  of  the  head, 
especially  the  angle  of  the  preoperculum, 
armed  ;  ventrals  thoracic.  They  are  carnivor- 
ous marine  fishes. 

2   Palaont. :   Only  fossil  representative,  a 
species  of  Scorpaena  from  the  Eocene  of  Oran. 

•cor'-pSB-nold,  a.  &  ».  [L«t.  scorpam(a),  and 
Gr.  eMot  (eidos)  =  resemblance.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Belonging  to,  characteristic  of, 
or  resembling  the  family  Scorpsenida;.    (Gun- 
tker :  Study  of  Fishes,  p.  417.) 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  family 
Scorpicnidse  (q.v.). 

••  The  habit  ol  lit  Ing  on  the  bottom  baa  also  de- 
veloped in  many  tcarpanoidi  separate  pectoral  rti>s. 
by  mians  of  .'bleb  Hhey  more  or  t&."-Ount*t>- 
STurfy  u/  Filial,  p.  113. 

scorp'-er,  s.  [Prob.  a  corrupt,  of  imopcr 
(q.v.).]  A  gouging-tool  for  working  iu  a  de- 
pression, as  in  hollowing  bowls,  butter-ladles, 
&c  Also  used  in  removing  wood  or  metal 
from  depressed  portions  of  carvings  or  chas- 
ings. 

•  scor'-pl-ac,  *  scor'-pa-ack,  o.  [Eng. 
scorpHon) ;  -ac.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  scor- 
pion or  scorpions ;  scorpion-like. 

••  To  sting  blm  with  a  icorpiadt  censure.'— Back*  : 
Lift  of  \ViUitiini,  i.  8i 

•Cor'-pJ-o,  «.    [Lat  =  a  scorpion.] 

1.  Astrol.  :   The   "accursed  constellation," 
the  "  false  sign,"  ominous  jf  war,  discord,  and 
woe.     It  is  of   "watery  triplicity,"   and  is 
attended  at  its  setting  by  tempests  and  by 
autumnal  diseases.    Gadbury  dissented  from 
these  views,  having  been  born  when  Scorpio 
was  in  the  ascendant   So  did  the  alchemists, 
for  they  believed  that  iron  couW  not  be  trans- 
muted into  gold  except  when  the  Sun  was  in 
the  sign  of  Scorpio. 

2.  Astronomy: 

(1)  The  eighth  zodiacal  constellation.    It 
Is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ophiuchus  and 
Serpens,  on  the  south  by  Lupus,  Norraa,  and 
Ara,  on  the  east  by  Sagittarius,  and  on  the 
west  by  Libra.    It  is  a  small  but  very  brilliant 
constellation,    especially   when    seen    from 
places  south  of  the  equator.      It  contains 
Antares  (q.v.)  or  Cor  Scorpii  (a  Scorpii),  of  the 
first  magnitude,  and  Iklil,  or  ft  Scorpii,  of 
the  second  magnitude. 

(2)  The  eighth  sign  of  the  zodiac  (Itl),  which 
the  sun  enters  about  Oct.  23. 

3.  Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Scorpionides  (q.v.). 

•cor'-pi-old,  a.  &  t.    [Eng.  tmrpHon);  -aid.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Resembling  a  scorpion  ; 
scorpion-like. 

2  Sot.  (Of  a  cymose  inflorescence) :  Rolled 
up  laterally  like  a  crosier,  and  unrolling  as 
the  flowers  expand,  as  in  the  Forget-me-not. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  cymose  inflorescence  of  the 
character  described  under  A.  2. 

•cor-pI-Sld'-al,  a.  [Eng.  icorpMd;  -al.) 
The  same  as  SCOKPIOID  (q.v.). 

•oor'-pl-on.  *  scor-pl-oun,  ».  [Fr.  scor- 
pion, from  Lat.  scorpionem, ,  accus.  of  scorpio 
=  a  scorpion  ;  Gr.  o-Kopwios  (skorpios)  =  a 
scorpion,  a  prickly  sea-fish,  a  prickly  plant ; 
Bp.  (scorpion  ;  Ital.  scorpions.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  4. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  AAim. :  [SCORPIO,  2.  (2)]. 

•  2.  Old  war :  A  military  engine  formerly 
used,   chiefly  in  the  defence  of  a  castle  or 
town.    It  resembled  the  balista  in  form,  con- 
sisting of  two  beams  bound  together  by  ropes, 
from  the  middle  of  which  rose  a  third  beam, 
called  the  stylus,  so  disposed  as  to  be  pulled 
np  and  let  down  at  pleasure.    On  the  top  of 
this  were  fastened  iron  hooks,  whereon  a  sling 
of  iron  or  hemp  was  hung  for  throwing  stones. 

•  3.  Scrip!. :  A  painful  scourge  ;  a  kind  of 
whip  armed  with  points  like  a  scorpion's  tail. 

"  My  lather  bnth  chastised  you  with  whips,  bat  I 
will  chastise  you  with  KorfAant."— 1  A'ififfl  xii.  11. 

1.  Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Scor- 
pionides (q.v.).  The  European  species  are 
three  or  four  inches  long,  and  confined  to  the 
southern  parts  of  the  Continent,  but  Scor- 
pions have  a  wide  geographical  range  in  tropi 


SCORPION. 


cal  and  sub-tropical  regions,  and  in  Equatorial 
Africa  and  South  America  they  grow  to  a 
length  of  nine  or  ten  inches.  The  sting  in  the 
tropical  species  is  much  more  formidable  than 
that  of  the  European  Scorpion,  though  it  may 
be  doubted  if  it  ever  proves  fatal  to  a  healthy 
adult  human  being.  They  are  nocturnal  in 
hublt,  conceal- 
ing themselves 
under  stones, 
the  loose  bark 
of  trees,  and  in 
crevices  in 
walls,  coming 
forth  at  dusk. 
They  prey  on 
other  spiders 
and  insects; 
and,  seizing 
their  prey  iu  their  palpi,  which  are  practically 
useless  as  weapons  of  offence,  sting  it  to 
death.  The  eggs  are  hatched  in  the  enlarged 
oviducts,  and  the  young,  usually  from  forty 
to  sixty,  are  carried  about  for  some  time  on 
the  back  of  the  mother.  Scorpions  are  very 
pugnacious,  and  the  victor  usually  devours 
his  conquered  foe. 

"  Though  the  well.known  tale  of  the  Karpton.  when 
surrounded  by  fire,  stinging  itself  to  death,  has  been 
perpetually  repeated  ."«.  i?mnat  beheld  to  b.  merely 
atiiyeller's  story."— *nc»c.  Brit.  (ed.  »th),  U.  SM. 

5.  Bot. :  Genista  Swrpiua. 

scorpion  fish,  s. 

Ichthy. :  The  genus  Scorpasna. 

scorpion  fly,  s. 

Entrnn. :  Panorpa  communts,  a  common 
British  insect,  about  half  an  inch  long,  met 
with  almost  everywhere  about  hedge-banks. 

scorpion-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Myosotis  (q.T.> 

scorpion  plant,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  Renantkaraaracknita;  (S)  Genista 
Korpius. 

scorpion  senna,  I. 

Bot. :  Coronilla  Erne-rut. 

scorpion  shell, ». 

Zool. ;  The  genus  Pteroceras  (q.v.).  Called 
also  Spider-shell.  Both  English  names  have 
reference  to  the  prolongation  of  the  outer  lip 
into  several  long  claws. 

scorpion's  heart,  >.    [ANTARXS.] 

scorpion's  tall, «. 

Bot. :  Scorpiurus  sulcatut, 

scorpion's  thorn, «. 

Bot. :  Genista  Scorpiut, 

soor-pa-d'-nes ,  s.  pi.     [PI.  of  Lat.  tcorpio 
(q.v.).] 

Zool. :  A  sub-order  of  Scoipionidea  (q.v.). 
C.  L.  Koch  (Uebersicht  d.  arachn.  Systems)  di- 
vides it  Into  four  families  :  Scorpionides  (sole 
genus  Scorpio),  with  six  eyes ;  Buthides  (five 
genera),  with  eight  eyes;  Centrurides  (two 
genera),  with  ten  eyes;  and  Androctonides 
(three  genera),  with  twelve  eyes. 

scor-pI-d-nld'-S-a,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  *oorpio, 
genit  scorpton(is) ;  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idea.] 

1.  Zool. :  An  order  of  Arachnida,  with  two 
sub-orders,  Pseudo-scorpiones  (containing  one 
family,  Pseudo-scorpionides)  and  Scorpiones 
(q.v.).    Cephalothorax  in  one  piece,  abdomen 
annulate,   palpi   terminating  in  a  didactyle 
claw,    eyes   variable    in    number,   variously 
grouped ;  reproduction,  in  some  oviparous,  in 
others  ovoviviparous ;  no  metamorphosis. 

2.  Palreont. :  From  the  Carboniferous  on- 
wards. 

scor-pa-on'-I-des, «.  pi.  [Lat  scorpio,  genit, 
scorpionfis) ;  masc.  or  fern.  pi.  suff.  -ides.] 
[SCORPIONES.] 

scor'-pi-on-wort,  ».     [Eng.   scorpion,  and 
wort.} 
Bot. :  Various  species  of  Myosotis.    (Lyte.) 

scor'-pis,  s.  (Or.  «opiri?  (sfcorpis)  =  a  sea- 
fish  mentioned  by  Aristotle.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Sqnamipennes,  from 
the  Australian  seas.  Dorsal  fin  in  middle  of 
the  back  ;  teeth  on  vomer. 

scor-ps-ur'-us,  ».    [Lat,  from  Or.  <ricooiri- 
ovpos  (skorpiouros),  as  adj.  =  scorpion-tailed, 
as  subst.  see  def.] 
Bot.:  Caterpillar;  a  genus  of  Coronillese. 


Papilionaceous  plants,  with  simple  leaves. 
yellow  or,  rarely,  purple  flowers,  and  scaly 
tuberculated  prickly  legumes,  looking  like 
caterpillars,  whence  the  English  name.  From 
the  Mediterranean. 

*  scorse,  *  scorce,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf. 
discourse,  and  Ital,  scoraa=  a  course.]  Barter, 
dealing,  exchange. 

*  scorse  (1),  *  scbrce,  v.t.  &  i,    [SCOHSE,  «.) 

A.  Trans. :  To  barter,  to  exchange. 

"  After  they  should  tear* 
Blowi  with  the  Mg-bou'd  Daue." 

Drtiyton  :  Poly-Oloion,  •.  12. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  deal,  to  barter,  to  traffic. 


"  Will  you  icorw  with  him!  you  are  in  Suiithfleld ; 
yon  may  fit  yourself  with  a  line  easy  .going  hackney."— 
Ben  Jonton  :  Bartholomew  fair. 

*  scorse  (2),  v.t.    [Cf.  Ital.  scorso  =  a  course 
(q.v.).]    To  chase. 

"  From  the  country  back  to  private  farmes  [him) 
Korud."  Spmer:  F.  «..  VI.  U.  a. 

*  scor-ta'-tor,  s.     [Lat]     A  whoremonger. 
(Adamt:  Works,  ii.  119.) 

*  scor'-ta-tor-jf,  a.  [Lat.  scortator  =  a  forni- 
cator,  from  scortum  =  a  harlot ;  Eng.  suff.  -y.\ 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  lewduess. 

scorz  a>skorz-a(zastz),s.  [A  Wallachian 
name.] 

Afin. :  An  arenaceous  variety  of  Epidot« 
(q.v.). 

SCOr-*6-ner'-a,  s.  [From  scursxm,  the  Cata- 
lonian  name  of  the  viper,  for  the  bite  of  whi«u 
these  plants  were  considered  an  antidote.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Scorzonereas 
(q.v.).  Bracts  imbricate;  receptacle  naked, 
pappus  feathery,  in  several  rows ;  achenes 
neither  stalked  nor  beaked,  with  a  lateral  scar. 
Scorzontra  hispanica  is  cultivated  for  its  roots, 
which  are  rated  as  a  vegetable. 

scor  zo  ner'-S-ee,  ».  pi.     [Mod.  Lat  KOT- 
zoner(a);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -eas.} 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Ligulifloras. 

scot  (1),  *  SCOtt,  s.    [A.S.  »co<,  tceot,  lit  that 
which  is  sfto<  into  the  general  fund,  a  con- 
tribution,    from   scoi-,    stem  of  aceotan  =  tc  I 
shoot  (q.v.) ;  cogn.  with  O.  Fris.  skat  =  a  shot,  I 
a  payment;   Dut.    tchot;    Icel.    tkat;    Ger.  « 
Khoss  ;  O.  Fr.  «»co«.] 

•  1.  Old  Law :  A  portion  of  money  assessed 
or  paid  ;  a  customary  tax  or  contribution  laid 
on  subjects  according  to  their  ability  ;  also  a 
tax  or  custom  paid  for  the  use  of  a  sheriff  or 
bailiff. 

2.  A  payment,  a  contribution,  a  fine,  ft 
reckoning,  a  shot 

1  Scot  and  lot:  Parish  payments.  When 
persons  were  taxed  not  to  the  same  amount, 
but  according  to  their  ability,  they  were  said 
to  pay  sco(  and  lot. 

"  The  right  of  Toting  at  Westminster  was  In  the 
householders  paying  «oot  and  I*t.~—Macaular:  BM. 
Eng.,  ch.  xzlT. 

Scot  (2),  «.  [A.S.  Scoto,  Scottas,  originally  the 
inhabitants  of  Ireland.]  A  native  of  Scotland  j 
a  Scotchman. 

•  scfit,  v.t.    [SCOTCH,  «.] 

*  scot  al,  *  sc8t'-ale,  «.    [Eng.  KO<  0),  «-i 
and  ate.] 

Old  Law:  The  keeping  of  an  alehouse  by 
the  officer  of  a  forest,  and  drawing  people  to 
spend  their  money  for  liquor  through  fear  of 
his  displeasure.  It  was  prohibited  by  the 
Charter  of  the  Forest,  ch.  vii. 

Scdt$h,  a.  &  s.    [SCOT  (2),  ».] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Scotland, 
Its  inhabitants,  or  language ;  Scottish. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The   people   of    Scotland   collectively; 
Scotchmen  collectively. 

2.  The  dialect  or  dialects  of  English  spoken 
by  the  Scotch. 

Scotch  amulet,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Dasydia 
objuscata. 

Scotch  argus,  s. 

Entom,  :  A  butterfly,  Erebia  blandina,  at 
medea,  one  of  the  Satyrin*.  Wings  of  a  rich 
dark-brown  with  reddish  patches  and  white- 
centred  black  spots.  Expansion  of  wings 
nearly  two  inches.  Found  in  the  north  ol 
England  and  Scotland. 


MB.  bo?;  p6ut,  jo^rl;  cat,  9ell.  chorus.  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  ?enophon,  ejlst.   pt ^-l t 
-tlon,  -slon  =  shun ;  -flon,  -aion  =  .nun.   -clous,  -tlous,  -slons  =  shus.   -We,  -tile.  &c.  =  Del,  d«L 


4150 


scotch — scotophilus 


Scotch-asphodel,  s. 

Lot. :  Tofleldut  alpina, 

Scotch-attorney,  «. 
Sot. :  The  genus  Clusia, 

Scotch-barley,  <.  A  kind  of  pot-barley. 
Pearl  barley  (q.v.). 

Scotch-bonnets,  s.  pi. 
Botany : 

(1)  A  fungus,  Agariciu  (Afaramms)  Ortades. 

(2)  Capsicum  tetragonum. 
Scotch-camomile,  s.   [CAMOMILE,  ^7.  J 
Scotch-drover's  dog,  s.    [SHEEP-DOO.J 
Scotch-elm,  s.    [ELM,  U  8.] 
Scotch-fiddle,!.  A  cant  name  for  the  itch. 
Scotch  fir,  a. 

Set. :  Ptnut  sylvettria,  the  only  pine  indi- 
genous in  Britain,  a  tree  sometimes  u'fty  to  a 
hundred  feet  in  height,  and  twelve  feet  in 
girth,  the  wood  constituting  the  red  or  yellow 
deal,  and  its  resin,  yielding  tar,  pitch,  and  tur- 
pentine(q.v.).  It  is  not  umbrageous,  but  flour- 
ishes chiefly  towards  the  top,  with  branches  nut 
spreading.  The  leaves  are  long,  narrow,  rigid, 
and  evergreen,  fascicled  in  pairs  all  round  the 
branches  ;  the  cones  are  ovoid  and  the  seeds 
winged.  It  constitutes  vast  natural  forests 
in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

Scotch-gale,  s. 

Bot. :  Myrica  gale.    (Jamiesm.) 

Scotch  greyhound,  s. 

Zool.:  A  dog  much  resembling  the  Deer- 
hound  in  colour  and  shape,  but  only  about 
twenty-six  inches  at  the  shoulder,  while  the 
Deerhound  should  be  at  least  two  inches 
higher.  Its  points  are  the  same  aa  those  of 
the  English  Greyhound  (q.v.). 

Scotch-Irish.  «.    Scottish  Presbyterians 
'    who  settled  in  Ulster  (Ireland)  in  the  17th 
(  century ;  also,  their  descendants,  whether  in 
Ireland,  in  this  country,  or  elsewhere. 

Scotch  laburnum,  ». 

Bot. :  Cytisus  alpinus. 

Scotch-mist,  s.  A  colloqnial  term  for  a 
close  dense  mist  like  fine  rain  ;  fine  rain. 

Scotch-pebble, «.     A  popular  name  for 

A  banded  variety  of  agate. 

Scotch-primrose,  s. 

Bot. :  Primula  farinoa.    (Prior.) 

Scotch-rose,  «. 

But. :  A  rose  with  small  white  flowers  and 
Vnsigni  Scant  leaves.    (Britten  it  Holland.) 
Sootoh-sawfly,  ». 
Entom. :  The  genus  Lophyrns  (q.v.). 

Scotch  shepherd's  dog,  i.  [COLLIE, 
•>,  *.j 

Scotch-snap,  t. 

Music :  A  peculiarity  of  the  comparatively 
modern  Scotch  melodies,  in  which  a  short 
note  precedes  a  long  one.  It  is  the  charac- 
teristic of  Strathspey  tunes ;  in  reels  and  jigs 
the  snap  is  absent. 

Scotch-terrier, «. 

Zool. :  A  breed  of  dogs,  with  large  head, 
short  stout  legs,  and  long,  rough,  shaggy  hair 
[TKRBIER.]  The  colours  of  the  pure  breed, 
are  black  and  fawn,  and  they  are  seldom  over 
fourteen  inches  in  height. 

Scotch-thistle,  s. 

Hot. :  (1)  Carduvt  Janccjlatun  (Wonxstfr) ; 
(2)  O'rduM  nvtans  (Prior);  (3)  Onapordum 
Acanthium,  English  border  (Britten  <t  Holland). 

scotch  (1),  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.  Skeat  con- 
siders it  as  connected  with  scutch  (q.v.).]  To 
chop  off  a  piece  of  the  bark  or  skin  of ;  to 
cnt  with  narrow  incisions ;  to  notch ;  to 
wound  slightly. 

-  We  have  tcotchtd  the  mike,  not  killed  it" 

&ia**tf.  :  Jlactak,  ill  1 

scotch  (2),  v.t.  &  I  [Cf.  Wei.  ysgwydd  =  the 
shoulder  ;  ysgivyddaw  =  to  shoulder.] 

A.  Tram. :  To  stop  or  block,  as  a  wheel  of 
•  waggon,  coach,  4c.,  by  placing  a  stone  or 

the  like  against  it. 

••.-'m»rt  the  wheeling  about  of  the  foot"— futttr  : 
Sol*  ttoto.  IL  xiii.  4. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  spare. 


scotch  (1),  s.    [SCOTCH  (1),  ».] 

1.  A  slight  cut  or  incision ;  a  score. 

"  I  have  yet 
Room  for  lix  wtcht*  mow." 

shakttp.  :  Antony  i  Cleopatra,  Ir.  7. 

2.  A  score  or  line  drawn  on  the  ground,  as 
in  hop-scotch. 

scotch -collops,  scotched  collops. 
scotcht  scollops,  s.  pi.  Adish  consisting  "f 
beef  cut  up  into  small  pi-ces,  beaten  and  done 
in  a  stew-pan  with  butter  and  some  salt, 
pepper,  and  a  Bnely-sliced  onion. 

"  What  liquify  •cotete-eoUup*  to  a  feast?" 

King:  A rt a/ Cookery. 

scotch-hopper,   scotch-hop,  «.    A 

boys'  game,  consisting  in  hopping  and  at  the 
same  time  driving  a  piece  of  slate,  shell,  &c., 
over  lines  or  scotches  in  the  ground  with  the 
foot ;  hop-scotch. 

"  Children  being  indifferent  to  any  thing  they  can 
do.  dancing  and  Motafc*opp«n  would  be  the  same  thing 
to  thein."-£odte. 

scotch  (2),  s.  (SCOTCH  (2),  ».]  A  prop,  shoulder, 
strut,  or  support ;  specif,  a  slotted  bar  which 
slips  upon  a  rod  or  pipe,  and  forms  a  bear- 
ing for  a  shoulder  or  collar  thereon,  so  as 
to  support  it  while  a  section  above  is  being 
attached  or  detached.  Used  in  boring  and 
tubing  wells. 

•  Sco'tch'-er-jf,  «.  [Eng.  Scotch,  a. ;  -ery.] 
Scottish  peculiarities. 

"His  .  .  .  SeoU-luri  It  a  little  formidable. "-ITat 
poti :  Lettort.  L  OL 

8cSt9h -Ing,  scutch'-Ing,  s.  [SCOTCH  (1),  r.] 
Mason. :  A  method  of  dressing  stone,  either 
by  a  pick  or  pick-shaped  chisels,  inserted  into 
a  socket  formed  in  the  head  of  a  hammer. 

ScStch'-man,  >.  [Eng.  scotch,  a.,  and  man.] 
A  native  of  Scotland ;  a  Scot,  a  Scotsman. 

•cotes  «•<•    [ScoiT.) 

SCO-tei-ntU,  s.  [Gr.  marrtim  (skoteinos)  = 
dark.]  [SCOTOPHILUS.] 

sco'-ter,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  Icel.  tkati 
=  a  shooter ;  the  name  may  =  a  bird  that 
dives  or  darts.] 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  bird  of 
the  genus  Oidemia  (q.v.).  The  plumage  is 
very  thick  and  close ;  they  seek  their  food 
principally  at  sea,  and  are  sometimes  known 
as  Surf-ducks.  (Edemia  americana  is  widely 
distributed  in  the  United  States  and  northward. 
<K  penpicillata,  the  American  Surf  Scoter,  is 
another  common  form.  The  Common  Scoter 
(CE-nigra)  is  about  the  size  of  the  common  duck. 

scoter  duck,  s.  The  same  as  SCOTEK 
(q.v.). 

scSf -free,  a,    [Eng.  «col  (1),  s.,  andjta.] 
*  1.  Free  from  payment  or  tax ;  uutaxed. 
2.  Unhurt,  free,  safe. 

«  sooth,  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful]  To  wrap  In 
darkness ;  to  clothe  or  cover  up. 

SCO'-ti-a,  i.     [Or.  morif  (skotia)  =  darkness.] 

Arch. :  The  hollow  moulding  in  the  base  of 

an  Ionic  column,   so  called,  because,  from 

being  hollow,  part  of  it  is  always  in  shadow. 

The  scotia  is  likewise  a  groove  or  channel  cut 


THE  TRKLYPHS 


to  the  projecting  angle  of  the  Doric  corona. 
It  is  sometimes  called  a  casemate,  and  also, 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  common  pulley, 
a  trochilus.  It  is  frequently  formed  by  the 
junction  of  curved  surfaces  of  different  radii. 

sco'-tl-o-lite, «.   [Or.  O-HOTIO?  (sfcofiM)  =  dark, 
and  A.9o5  (lithos)  =  a  stone  ;  Ger.  skotiolit.] 

Af  in. :  A  member  of  the  unsatisfactory  group 
of  mineral  substances  included  by  Dana  and 
others  under  Hisingerite  (q.v.). 


Scot-ish.  a.    [SCOTTISH.] 

*  Scot-ism,  s.    [See  def.] 

Philos. :  A  branch  of  Scholasticis  .. 
named  after  its  founder,  Johannes  Uunsbcotus 
(bornatDunston,  Northumberland,  or,aeeord- 
ing  to  Wadding,  in  Co.  Down,  Ulster),  a  dis- 
tinguished Franciscan  friar,  who  taught  in  the 
schools  at  Oxford,  Paris,  and  Cologne,  where 
he  died  in  November,  1308  (at  the  age  of 
thirty-four,  according  to  the  generally  received 
accuunt).  Seotism  was  a  more  pronounced 
form  of  Realism  than  Thomism  (q.v.),  and 
taught  that  the  species  is  numerically  one, 
assigning  to  each  individual  a  hifccitas — 
something  which  gives  individuality  apart 
from  matter;  that  the  created  will  is  the 
total  and  immediate  cause  of  its  own  volition ; 
that  the  creation  of  the  world  and  immortality 
of  the  human  soul  are  not  demonstrable  by 
human  reason  ;  that  the  opinion  that  the 
Virgin  Mary  never  contracted  original  sin  is 
the  "  more  probable  "  (which  led  to  the  Fran- 
ciscans being  recognized  as  the  champions  of 
the  Immaculate  Conception) ;  and  that  an  ac- 
tion is  not  necessarily  good  or  bad,  but  may  be 
indifferent.  In  opposition  to  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas,  Scotus  held  that  the  secular  power 
may  he  lawfully  employed  to  compel  Jews  to 
enter  the  church. 

"Although,  therefore.  Scotos'  critique  of  the  valid- 
ity of  the  arguments  for  Christian  doctrine  uncut, 
and  necessarily  did,  prepare  the  way  for  the  runlure 
between  philosophy  and  theology,  aud.  although  Bume 
of  his  utterance*  went  beyond  the  limit  which  ht  pre- 
acnbej  for  himself  ill  principle,  XcotUtn  i*  none  the 
less,  like  Thomism.  one  of  the  doctrines  iu  which 
Scholasticism  culminates."— Ueoenfig  :  ffM.  PtuU*. 
(Bug.  ed.|,  i.  01. 

Scot'-ist,  a.  &  t.    [Eng.  &of(im) ;  -«.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  character- 
istic of  Scotus  or  Scotisui  (q.v.). 

"Strict  faith  in  reference  to  the  theological  teach- 
ings of  the  Church  aud  the  philosophical  doctrines 
corresponding  with  their  spirit,  and  far  reaching 
scepticism  with  reference  to  the  arguments  by  which 
they  are  sustained,  are  the  general  characteristics  of 
the  Scotitt  doctrine."—  Uebmctg :  Bitr.  fhilvt.  lEng. 
el. I,  L  451 

B.  As  subst. :  A  follower  of  Scotus ;  on* 
who  accepts  Scotism. 

In  opposition    to  the  Semlpelagtanlsm   of    the 
~Ltt,fnctf:  OiO.  I'l.ib*.  (bug.  edl,  p.  440. 

*  Scot  izc,  v.i.    [Eng.  Scot  (2),  s. ;  -te.)    To 
imitate  the  Scotch. 

"  The  ScoU  and  Scotitina  English. "—  Btylin  :  Lift  at 
laud,  p.  398. 

scot  6-,  scot-,  pref.  [Or.  O-KOTOS  (skotos)  = 
darkness.)  Connected  with  the  dark  or  dark- 
ness ;  loving  darkness. 

8o6t-6-di'-ni-a,  ».      [Or.  <r«oroc  («l-o«o»)  = 
darkness,  and  iii-'os  (dinot)  =  giddiness.] 
Med. :  Giddiness,  with  imperfect  vision. 

SCOt'-o-graph,  s.  [Pref.  xvto-,  and  Gr.  Wa*e> 
(grapha)  =  to  write.)  An  instrument  or  ap- 
paratus to  assist  in  writing  iu  the  dark  or 
without  seeing. 

sco- tom'-a-nes,  s.  [Gr.  (ntorojiaiva  (sfcofo- 
maina)  =  a  moonless  night]  [ScoTOPHlLCS.] 

scot  6  my,  SCO-to'-ma,  i.  [Fr.  tcotomie, 
from  Gr.  unorta^a.  (skotOitm)  ^  diuiness,  from 
o-fcoToc  (skotos)  =  darkness.] 

Med. :  Dizziness  or  swimming  of  the  head, 
accompanied  with  dimness  of  sight. 

"  I  have  got  the  tontomy  In  my  bead  already, 
The  nhlinaey  ;  you  all  turn  round.  ' 

MauiHgar :  Old  Late,  lit  S. 

scot-i-pel'-i-a,  i.  [Pref.  tcoto-,  and  Gr. 
ire'Aeia  (peleia)  =  a  dove,  with  a  covert  allu- 
sion to  the  name  of  the  discoverer,  Mr.  Pel,  the 
Dutch  commandant  at  Elmina,  about  I860.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Strigidse  (q.v.),  with 
two  species  from  West  and  South  Africa. 
(Wallace.)  Scotopelia  peli,  Pel's  Fish  Owl,  is 
about  two  feet  long ;  upper  surface  deep 
rnfous  bay,  with  black  transverse  bars; 
below  light  bay,  with  heart-shaped  black 
bars  ;  iris  dark-brown. 

sco-toph  I  lus,  «.  [Pref.  tcoto-,  and  Or. 
dttAo?  (phUus)=  a  friend.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Vespertiliones  (q.vA 
widely  distributed  throughout  the  tropical 
and  sub-tropical  regions  of  the  eastern  hemi- 
sphere. In  many  points  they  approach  Ves- 
pertilio,  from  which  they  are  distinguished 
by  their  dentition,  their  heavy  bodies  and 
strong  limbs,  thick  and  nearly  naked  leathery 
membranes,  and  their  short  fur.  Generally 
olive-  or  chestnut-brown  above,  and  yellowish 


fete,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  ore,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cor.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    as,  ce  =  6 ;  ey  =  a ;  qa  -  kw. 


seotornis— scout 


4161 


or  reddish-white  beneath.  Scotophilus  proper 
has  tliree  spedes  :  Scotaphilus  temminckti,  A. 
Sorfxmicttj,  and  S.  gigas.  There  are  two  sub- 
genera:  Scoteinus  (with  four  species,  Sco- 
teinui  margiiiatus.  S.  grtyii,  S.  paUidua,  ami 
S.  rueppellii)  and  Scutomanes  (with  one 
species,  Scotomanes  ornatus). 

•cot-or1  nis,  «.    [Pref.  scot-,  and  Gr.  Spns 
(ornis)  =  a  bird.] 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  CaprimuWds,  with 
,  fr 


, 

extremely  long  and  graduated,  toes  unequal. 

Soutornis  climacurus  is  the  Long-tailed  Goat- 

sucker. 
•scot    6-soope,  «.    [Pref.  Koto-,   and  Gr. 

o-Kon.'u  (sfco/<o)=to    see,  to    observe.)     An 

optical  instrument  by  which  object*  might 

be  discovered  in  the  dark. 
scd-td'-sl-a,  s.      [Gr.    o-Koruo-i!    (slolosia)  = 

darkening.) 
Entom.  :   A  genus  of  Larentidte.    Scotosia 

dubituta  is  the  Tissue. 

Scots,  a.  &  ».     [SCOT  (2),  «.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Scotch,  Scottish. 

B.  At  subst,  :  The  Scotch  dialect 
Soots-greys,  s.  pi.    (OBEYS.) 
Soots-guards,  ».  pi.    [GCAKD,  «.,  II.  8.] 

Se8ts-man.  ».    [Eng.  Scots,  and  nan.}    A 

Scotchman  (q.v.), 

•cot  ter  ing,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.)    A  pro- 
^incial  word  used,  especially  in  Herefordshire, 

for  a  custom  of  burning  a  wad  of  pease-straw 

at  the  end  of  harvest 
Scot  tl  90,  adv.    [Lat.]    In  the  Scotch  lan- 

guage, dialect,  or  manner. 
Scdf-tl-oism.  s.    [Eng-  Scottish;  •ism.']    An 

Idiom   phrase,  or  expression  peculiar  to  or 

characteristic  of  the  Scottish  dialect. 

Scot  -tl-  91*0,  f.t.  (Eng.  Scottish;  -fee.]  To 
render  Scottish;  to  make  to  resemble  the 
Scotch  or  something  Scotch, 

Scdt'-tlsb,  o.     [Eng.  So*;  -ish;  Ger.  tcltot- 
tisrfi«.]0f  or  pertaining  to    Scotland,  its 
natives,  language,  or  literature  ;  Scotch. 
Scottish-grouse,  e.    [GROUSX.] 

SCOUR,  s.    [Icel.  skuggi  ;  Sw.  skugga  =  shade. 

shadow.)    Shade,  shelter,  «h»xiow. 
•coul'  -er-ite,  ».     [After  Dr.  Scouler  ;  suff. 

-ite  (Min.).~\ 
Min.  •  An  impure  variety  of  THOMSONITE 

(q.v.). 
•coun'-drel,  s.  *  o.    [Eng.  scunner,  tcouiter 

=  to    loathe,  to   shun,  a   freq.   from    A.S. 

Kunian  =  to  shun  (q.v.)  ;  suff.  -d.    For  the 

inserted  d,  ct  thunder,  tender,  &c.) 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  low,  mean  fellow  ;  a  rascal, 
a  thief;  one  without  honour  or  virtue;  a 
villain.    (Shakesp.  :  Twelfth  Night,  I.  8.) 

B.  As  adj.  :  Befitting  or  characteristic  of  a 
scoundrel  ;   low,   base,  rascally,  mean,  un- 
principled. 

"  Finn  to  this  tcoundret  maxim  keepeth  he." 

Thornton  :  Ctutlf  of  Indolent*,  i-  W. 

•sctfun'-drel-doin,  s.  [Eng.  scoundrel, 
-dam.]  Scoundrels  collectively  ;  rascaldom 
(Uarlyle  :  Diamond  Necklace,  ch.  xvi.) 
scoun  -drel  Ism,  s.  [Eng.  nxwndrtl  ;  -ism. 
The  conduct  or  practices  of  a  scoundrel  ;  base 
ness,  meanness,  rascality. 

"  He  never  flinches  from  the  uncomfortable  reward 
of  Mi  successful  representation  of  Koundrfliim."— 
Daily  TAeyraph,  Feb.  80.  1882. 

scoun'  drel-  1^,  a.     [Eng.  scoundrel;  -ly. 
Like  a  scoundrel  ;  base,  villainous,  rascally. 
"Belim  Fawley  is  a  KxwndreUy  wretch."—  Scrioner' 
,  April,  1880,  )i.  Ml 


scoup  (1),  v.t.    [Scoop,  *.] 

•elup  (2),  u.i.    [Icel.  scopa  =  to  skip  (q.v.). 
To  run  hastily  ;  to  scamper,  to  skip.    (Scotch. 
"  Is  not  Ton  Ban  and  Buscar,  who  came  icmtping  u 
the  aYenne."-Sco«  :  Wimrlff,  ch.  bui- 

scour,  *  scowr-yn,  *  scowre,  *  skoure 
v.t.  &  i.  [O.  FT.  escurer,  from  Lat  excuro  = 
to  take  great  care  of:  ex,  intens.,  and  cur 
ae  to  take  care  ;  euro  =  care  ;  Sp.  exurare 


O.  Ital.  scurare;  Fr.  ecurer  ;  Dan.  skure;  Sw. 
item;  Ger.  scheuren;  But.  sckuren.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1  To  rub  hard  with  anything  rough  for  the 
purpose  of  cleaning  the  surface  ;  to  clean  by 
friction  ;  to  make  clean  or  bright  on  the  sur- 
face ;  to  rub  up  ;  to  brighten. 

•'  Some  blamed  Mrs.  Bull  for  grudging  a  quarter  nj  » 
pouud  of  soap  and  land  to  icvur  thu  rooms.  —  Ar- 
SulAiot  .  HM.  John  Ball. 

2  To  remove  the  grease  or  dirt  out  of  the 
fabric  of,  by  pounding,  washing,  and  the  ap- 
plication of  detergents  :  as,  To  scour  cloth. 

3.  To  remove  by  scouring  or  rubbing. 

"A  bloody  mask. 

Which,  washed  away,  .ball  scot  r  my  shame  with  It 
g/mketp.  :  1  atnry  i  >  .,  ill.  *• 

4.  To  pnrge  violently  ;  to  clear  thoroughly. 

"  Thistles.  or  lettuces  instead. 
With  sand  to  scour  bis  maw. 

Cavpvr  :  fpitapk  o*  "  Sir*. 

5.  To  cleanse  or  flush  by  a  stream  of  water. 

6.  To  pass  swiftly  over  ;  to  brush  or  course 
along. 

"  Not  »o  when  iwlft  Camilla  Kouri  the  plwn. 

Pope  :  fuay  on  CrUMim.  Ii.  8«7. 

7  To  pass  over  swiftly  in  search  of  some- 
thing, or  to  drive  something  away  ;  to  over- 
run, to  sweep  ;  to  search  thoroughly. 

"  [Thwl  «.-our«l  the  deep  OlentoUa.^^ 

8.  To  sweep  clear  ;  to  free,  to  rid. 

"The  khuta  of  Lacedemon  having  aeut  out  Borne 
iallle«  under  the  charge  of  one  of  their  nephewa,  to 
Sour  the  tea  of  the  pirate*  they  met  u" 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  clean  articles  by  rubbing. 

" 


2.  To  take  dirt  or  grease  out  of  cloth. 

3.  To  be  purged  to  excess. 

"  If  you  turn  theep  Into  wheat  or  rye  to  feed,  let  it 
not  be  too  rank.  le.t  ft  make  them  Kour'-ilorUmer  : 
Bvloattdrj/. 

4.  To  run  hastily  or  quickly  ;  to  scamper. 

"  N«»er  l«w  I  men  Hour  10  on  their  way." 

Slatap.  :  Winter  I  Tab,  11  1. 

6.  To  rove  or  range  for  sweeping  away  or 
taking  something. 

"  Scouring  along  the  ooait  of  Italy."—  Snotttl  :  Bitt. 

o/(A«  Turk*. 

scour,  «.    [ScooB,  r.] 

1.  A  swift  and  deep  current  in  a  stream. 

"  Spinning  the  weir  pool  and  *cour«."—  fMd,  Jan. 
SO,  1886. 

2.  A  kind  of  diarrhoea  or  dysentery  among 
cattle  ;  excessive  purging  or  laxuess. 

soour'-age  (age  as  Ig),  s.    [Eng.  scour  ;  -age.] 
Refuse  water  after  cleaning  or  scouring. 

scour"  -er,  *  soor-er,  s.   [Eng.  scour,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  scours  or  cleans  by  scouring 
and  rubbing. 

"  Will  Parker  wa§  ...  a  Kourer  or  calender  of 
worsteds  In  Norwich."—  Wood  :  Athena  Oxon.,  vol.  L 

2.  A  strong  purge  or  cathartic. 

*  3.  One  who  runs  with  speed  ;  a  scout 

"Sent  the  toorvn  all  about  the  countries  adjoyn 
ynge."—  Arrttal  of  King  Edward  If.,  p.  T. 

*  4.  One  who  scours  or  roams  about  the 
streets  at  night;  specie,  one  of  a  band  o 
young  scamps  in  the  latter  half  of  the  seven' 
leentn  century,  who  roamed  the  streets  01 
London,    and  committed   various   kinds  o 
mischief.    (Gay  ;  Trivia,  iii.  S15.) 

scourge,  "schurge,  s.  [O.Fr.  «Korjri«(Fr 
escourgee);  of.  Ital.  scuriata,  scuriada=R 
scourging  ;  O.  Ital.  scoria  =  a  whip,  a  scourge 
Koriare  =  to  whip,  from  Lat.  excoriata,  fern 
of  pa.  par.  of  exaorio  =  to  excoriate  (q.v.).J 
L  Literally: 

1.  An  instrument  of  the  whip  kind,  osec 
for  the  infliction  of  pain  or  punishment; 
lash,  a  whip. 

"  Governed  their  bondmen  and  bondwomen  bj 
means  of  the  stocks  and  the  Kourge."—Macaulay 
Bt*t.  Eng.,  ch.  T. 

2.  A  whip  for  a  top. 
n.  Figuratively: 

L  Any  means  of  inflicting  punishment 
vengeance,  or  suffering  ;  a  punishment,  i 
revenge. 

"  Some  twigs  of  that  old  tcourge  are  left  behind." 
Covper  :  Expottulatltm,  61T. 

2.  One  who  greatly  afflicts,  harasses,  a 
destroys.  (Thomson  :  Summer,  1,600.) 

scourge,  v.t.    [SCOURGE,  >.] 

I,  Lit.  :  To  whip  or  punish  with  a  scourge 
to  lash,  to  flog  severely.  (Acts  xxii.  26.) 


II.  Figuratively  : 

1.  To  punish  severely  ;  to  afflict  for  faults 
or  sins,  or    for  purpose   of  correction;   tu 
chastise. 

"  He  will  tcourge  us  for  oar  Iniquities.1'—  T'jott  xllL  s. 

2.  To  afflict  or  harass  greatly  ;  to  torment. 

"  A  nation  tcourgeil  yet  tardy  to  repent." 

Covper:  fizji'iltitlation,  n*. 

scourg'-er,  s.    [Eng.  tcourg(e),  v.  ;  -rr.] 

1.  One  who  scourges  or  punishes;  one  who 
afflicts  or  haras 

2  Specif.  :   One  of  the  sect  of  Flagellants 
(q.v.). 

"The  sect  of  thetcnurgera  broached  several  capital 
erroura."—  Tindal:  llalrin't  Hitlory  a 


scour'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a,,  &  ».    [SoouR,  «.] 

A.  &  B.  As  j>r.  par.  t  pmrticip.  adj.  :  (Set 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantivf  : 

L  Ord.  Lang.:  The  act  of  cleaning  by 
rubbing 

U  Technically: 

1.  Wool  :  The  same  as  BBAYINO  (1),  0.  2. 

2.  Metull.  :  A  process  in  the  cleaning  of  iron- 
tilate  for  tinning  ;  or  of  metal  In  general  for 
plating  by  electro-deposition  or  otherwise. 

3.  Hydraulics  :  Flushing  (q.v). 
scourlng-ball,  s.      A  ball  made  of  » 

combination  such  as  soap,  ox-gall,  and  ab- 
sorbent earth,  used  for  removing  stains  of 
grease,  fruit,  paint,  &c.,  from  oloxh. 

scouring  barrel,  s.  A  machine  to 
free  scrap-iron  or  small  manufactured  arti- 
cles of  metal  from  dirt  and  rust  by  friction. 

scouring-basin,  s. 

Hydr.^ng.  :  A  reservoir  In  which  tidal 
water  is  stored  up  to  a  certain  level,  and  let 
out  through  sluices  in  a  rapid  stream  for  a 
few  minutes,  at  low  water,  to  scour  a  channel 
and  its  bar. 

scouring  drops,  «.  pi.  A  mixture  in 
equal  quantities  of  essential  oil  of  turpentine 
and  oil  of  lemon-peel,  used  to  remove  stains 
of  grease,  paint,  fruit,  &c.,  from  cloth. 

scouring  -flannel,  s.  A  kind,  of  coarse 
flannel  used  for  washing  floors,  paint-work, 

In 

scouring  machine,  «. 

Wool  :  An  apparatus  consisting  of  two 
large  rollers  placed  over  a  trough,  through 
which  cloth  is  passed  after  being  woven,  and 
is  treated  with  stale  urine  and  hog's  dunt'. 

scouring  power,  «.  The  efficiency  of 
a  stream  of  water  employed  to  carry  away 
shingle,  Ac.,  from  the  month  of  a  harbour, 
river,  or  the  like,  by  flushing. 

scouring  rush,  s.  [DUTCH-RUSHES,  EQ.UI- 

SETUM.) 

scouring-stook,  s. 

Wool  :  A  scouriug-machine  in  which  mallet* 
are  employed  instead  of  rollers. 

scourse,  s.  &  v.    [SOORSE.) 

scour'-wort,  *  skour-wort,  s.  [Eng.  scour, 
v.,  and  wort.] 
Bat.  :  Saponaria  offltinalis.    (Brit.  £  Hoi.) 

SCoUt  (1),  *scoute.«.  [O.Fr.  eswute,  from 
escmtier  (Fr.  ecouter)  =  to  hear  ;  from  Lat  aus- 
culto  ;  Ital.  oscoltare  =  to  hear  ;  oscolta,  Kolta 
=  a  spy,  a  scout  ;  Sp.  escucha.] 

1  One  who  is  sent  out  to  gain  and  bring 
In  information  ;  specif.,  one  employed  to  watch 
and  report  the  movements,  number,  &c.,  of 
an  enemy  ;  a  spy. 

"In  this  desolate  region  Sanneld  found  no  lack  o» 
-  Koua  or  of  guides  :  for  all  the  ucasantry  ol  Muuster 
were  zealous  on   his  aide."—  J/Wutay  •    Hitt.  Eng., 
ch.  xvi. 

2.  A  look-out  ;  a  watch  over  the  movement* 
of  an  enemy. 

"  The  rat  is  on  the  scoue."          Cotopvr  :  Crick*. 

3.  A  term  at  Oxford  University  for  a  col- 
lege servant  or  waiter. 

"  Each  man  orders  for  himself  what  he  wantsfrom 
the-college  buttery  and  kitchen,  and  jtapg'bastt 
served  by  his  friend's  tcottt  in  his  room.  —  Scrion»r  t 
Magazine,  Dec.  1S78.  p.  286. 

1  4.  In  cricket  a  fielder  or  fieldsman. 

"The  Houuwm  hot  and  tired."—  UOumt  :  «* 
«**,  ch.  Y& 

*  5.  A  sneak  ;  a  mean  fellow. 

"  For  though  I  be  a  poor  cobbler's  son,  I  am  no 
scout.  --BmoUM  :  Xoderick  Random,  ch.  iv. 


b6H.  b6y;  pout,  JolH;  oat,  90!!.  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  i 
-oian, -t ion  =  shan.   -tlon,  -«ion  =  shun ;  -flon.  -fjion  =  «hnn.   -clous, -ttons, 


In,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    -Ing. 
sious  =  ahus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  Del,  del. 


4152 


scout— scrannel 


•coiit  (2),  s.  [Icel.  skuti  =  &  cave  fonned  by 
jutting  rocks  ;  skuta  =  to  jut  out,]  A  high 
rock. 

*  scout  (3),  *  school,  s.     [leel.  skuta ;  Dan. 
sku.de;  Dut.  sckv.it, }    A  swift  sailing-boat ;  a 
scute. 

scout  (1)  v.i.  &  t    [Scour  (1),  «.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  act  as  a  scout ;  to  watch 
the  movement  or  actions  of  an  enemy. 

"  On  the  bordering  deep 
Encamp  their  legions,  or  with  obscure  wing 
*t-.mt,  far  and  wide  into  the  realm  of  night, 
Scorning  surprise,"  Milton:  P.  L.,  ii.  IBS. 

B.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  watch,  as  a  scout ;  to  spy  out,  to  ob- 
serve closely. 

"  Ride  out,  ride  out 

The  foe  to  tcout  f 
Scott :  Lay  of  the  Lait  Minitrel,  111  27. 

2.  To   range  over  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
covery ;  to  scour. 

scout  (2),  v.t.  [Icel.  skuta,  skuti=&  taunt.] 
To  sneer  at,  to  ridicule ;  to  treat  with  con- 
tempt and  disdain,  to  reject  with  scorn. 

"  Politicians  ...  a  few  yean  ago  would  have  uxntt*d 
if— Wote,  Sept  2,  1885. 

scouth,  scowth,  ».  [Icel.  scotha  =  to  look 
after,  to  view.)  Room,  scope ;  liberty  to 
range. 

scou'  ther,  •cdw'-ther,  v.t.  [Prob.  for 
scalder  =  A  frequent,  from  scald  (q.v.).]  To 
scorch  ;  to  cook  hastily  on  a  gridiron. 

scou'-ther,  s.  [SCOUTHEH,  v.]  A  hasty  toast- 
ing, a  slight  scorching. 

•CO -van,  a.    [Corn.] 

M  in. :  Applied  to  a  lode  having  no  gozzan 
on  its  back  or  near  the  surface. 

SCOV  eL,  «.  [Wei.  ysgubell,  from  ysgub  =  & 
broom  ;  Lat.  scopa.]  A  mop  for  sweeping 
ovens ;  a  maulkin. 

•Co  -Vtll-ite,  *.      [After  Scoville,   Salisbury, 
Connecticut,  where  found  ;  suff.  -tie  (Min.).] 
Min. :  Supposed  at  first  to  be  a  new  species, 
but  now  shown  to  be  the  same  as  RHABDO* 
PHANR  (q.v.). 

Sc6w,  s.    [Dut.  schouw  =  a  ferry-boat.] 

1.  A    flat-bottomed,    square-ended    boat, 
usually  propelled  by  poles,  or  towed ;  being 
very  cheaply  and  easily  constructed,  scows 
are  employed  in  still  waters  for  almost  all 
purposes ;    they  are  made   of  all  sizes,  and 
often  hare  decks.    (Amer.) 

"  Life  is  just  as  well  worth  living  beneath  a  tctne  or 
a  dug-out  as  beneath  the  highest  and  broadest  roof  In 
Christendom."— Burrotight;  Pepacton,  p.  4L 

2.  A  form  of  lighter  or  barge  for  carrying  a 
heavy  deck-load. 

•Cd'w,  v.t    [Scow,  «.]    To  transport  in  a  scow. 

scowed,  a.    [Ktym.  doubtful.] 

Naut.  (Of  an  anchor) :  Having  the  cable  tied 
to  the  shank,  so  that  it  can  be  pulled  up  by 
the  shank  if  it  becomes  fixed.  (Itossiter.) 

*sc6~wer,  v.t.    [SCOUR,  v.] 

*  sco'wer'-er,,  «.    [SCOURER.] 

scowl,  '  scoule,  'scowl  en,  *skoul,  r.i. 

&  /.  [Dan.  skule  =  to  scowl ;  cf.  Icel.  skotta 
=  to  skulk;  skolli  =  &  skulker,  a  fox,  the 
devil ;  Dut.  scuilen  =  to  skulk,  to  lie  hid ; 
Low  Ger.  schulen  =  io  hide  one's  self;  Dan. 
skiule  =  to  hide,  skiul  —  shelter  ;  Icel.  skj6l  = 
a  shelter,  cover  ;  skj6l-cygr  =  goggle-eyed, 
squint-eyed  ;  A.S.  scedl-edge  =  squint-eyed.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  wrinkle  the  brows,  as  in  frowning; 
to  frown,  to  look  sour,  sullen,  or  angry. 

"  Men's  eyes 

Did  taw*  on  Richard :  no  man  cried.  God  save  him." 
Shakttp.  :  Richard  II..  v.  L 

2.  To    look    gloomy,    frowning,    dark,    or 
threatening. 

"  In  rueful  gaze 

The  cattle  stand,  and  on  the  tcoteling  heav'ns 
(Jast  a  deploring  eye."       Thornton  :  Summer,  1.1M. 

•  B.  Trans.  :  To  look  at  or  drive  with  a 
•cowl  or  frown. 

•cowl,  «.    [SCOWL,  v.} 

1.  An  angry  frown  with  deep  depression  of 
the  brows ;  an  expression  of  sourness,  sullen- 
ness,  anger,  or  discontent. 
"  For  his  beat  palfrey  would  not  I 
Endure  that  sullen  tcowi."    Scott :  Marmion,  ill.  «. 


2.  A  gloomy,  dark,  or  threatening  aspect  or 
appearance. 

"  A  ruddy  storm,  whoae  looted 
Made  hear'n'a  radiant  face  look  foul." 

CratAaw  .   IHligMt  of  (A«  Jfusu. 

sc6~wr-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [ScowL,  v.] 

•cowl'-ing-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  scowling;  -ly.]    In 
a  scowling  manner  ;  with  a  scowl. 

*  scrab,  a.     [CRAB  (2).]    A  crab  tree-apple, 

*  scrab,  v.t.  or  (.    [SCRABBLE.,  v.]   To  scratch, 
to  claw. 

*  scrubbed,  pa.  par  «r  a.    [SCRAB,  v.] 

*  scrabbed  eggs,  s.  pi.     A  lenten  dish, 
composed  of  eggs  ooiled  nard.  chopped,  and 
mixed  with  a  seasoning  of  butter,  salt,  and 
pepper.     (Halliwell.)    [SCRAMBLED-EQOS.] 

scrab  -ble,  v.i  &  t.  [For  scrapple,  frequent,  of 
scrape  (q.v.).]     [SCRAMBLE,  v.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  make  irregular  or  unmeaning  marks  ; 
to  scrawl,  to  scribble. 

"[David]  .  .  .  tcrabbled  on  the  doors  of  the  gate,"  — 
1  Samuel  xxi.  IS. 

*  2.  To  scrape  or  scratch  with  the  hands  ; 
to  move  along  on  the  hands  and  knees;  to 
scramble. 

"  Ltttlefaltn  .  .  .   made  shift  to  tcrabbU   on   his 
way."  —  Bunyan:  Pilgrim'  t  Proyrea,  pt.  i. 

*  3.  To  scramble. 

"They  have   thrown  it  amongst   the   women    to 
tcrabblttor.'—Vanbrugh:  Provoked  Wift,  ilL 

B.  Trans.  :  To  make  irregular  or  unmeaning 
marks  on  ;  to  scribble  on  or  over. 

scrab  -ble,  s,    [SCRABBLE,  v.] 

1.  A  scribble,  a  scrawl. 

2.  A  scrambling,  a  moving  along  on  the 
hands  and  knees. 

scra'-ber,  «.   [Prob.  from  Prov.  Bng.  scrab  = 
to  scratch.] 

Ornith.  :  A  loafti  namt,  for  the  Black  Guil- 
lemot (q.v.). 

scraf-fi-to,  a.     [Ital.,    from   scraffiare  =  to 
scratch.] 
Arch.  :  The  same  as  SCRATCH-WORK  (q.v.). 

•craf-fle,   v.i.      [A  variant   of  scrabble  or 


1.  To  scramble,  to  struggle. 

"  Poor  boys  I  they  had  to  scramble.  »craffle,  for  their 
very  clothes  and  tooA."—CarlyU  :  Rtminucencet  (ed. 
Froudel,  1.  M. 

2.  To  quarrel,  to  wrangle. 

3.  To  be  busy  or  industrious. 

4.  To  shuttle,  to  use  evasion. 
f  Provincial  in  all  its  uses. 

scrag,  *.  [Dan.  skrog  =  a  carcase,  the  hull  of 
a  ship  ;  Gael,  sgreag  =  to  shrivel  ;  sgreagach  — 
dry,  rocky  ;  sgreagan  =  anything  dry,  shrunk, 
or  shrivelled  ;  Ir.  sgreag  =a  rock.]  [SCRAOOY.] 

1.  Anything  thin,  lean,  or  shrivelled. 

2.  A  raw-boned  person.    (Vulgar.) 

3.  A  crooked  branch.    (Prov.) 
J  Scrag  of  mutton.  : 

1.  Lit.  :  The  bony  part  of  the  neck  of  a  sheep. 

"  Lady  Mac  Screw  .  .  .  serves  up  a  tcraff  of  mutton 
on  silver."—  TVmdfceray  :  Book  of  Snoot,  ch.  xtr. 

2.  Fig.  :  A  long,  thin  neck. 

scrag  necked,  a.  Having  a  long,  thin 
neck. 

scrag,  v.t.  [SCRAG,  «.,  as  applied  to  the  neck.] 
To  hang,  to  execute.  (Vulgar.) 

"  Hell  come  to  be  tea-awed."—  Dickent  :  Oliver  Twitt, 
ch.  xviii. 

scragged,  a.     [Eng.  scrag;  -ed.] 

1.  Rough,  uneven  ;  full  of  protuberances  or 
asperities  ;  rugged,  scraggy. 

"  Our  imagination  can  strip  It  of  its  muscles  and 
akin,  and  shew  ua  the  tcragg&i  and  knotty  back-bone," 
—lienGey.-  .Vermont. 

2.  Lean  with  roughness. 

scrag'-ged-ness,  *.  [Eng.  scragged;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  scraggy  ;  scraggi- 
ness  ;  leanness  with  roughness  ;  ruggedness, 
unevenness. 

«crag'-gl-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  scraggy;  -ly.]  In  a 
scraggy  manner;  with  roughness  and  leanness. 

scrag'  -gi-  ness,  s.  [Eng.  scraggy;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  scraggy  ; 
scraggedness. 


*  scrag1  -  gling,    a.       [Eng.    scrag;    -ling,] 

Scraggy. 

"A   lean,    tcraggling,   starved   oreatuw."—  Adams- 
Worlu,  L  124. 

scrag'-g^,  *  skrag  gie,  a.  [Cf.  scrag,  s. 
and  scrag  =  a  stunted  bush  ;  Sw.  dial,  skraka  = 
a  great  dry  tree  ...  a  long,  lean  man.  Scraggy 
is  for  scrakky,  from  Norw.  skrakk,  pa.  t.  of 
skrakka  =  to  shrink. 


1.  Lean,  thin,  shrivelled,  bony. 

"The  Kraggy  animal  which  trans-Mediterranean 
folk  ill-treat,*--  frilly  Tdegraph.  Aug.  29.  1885. 

2.  Rough,  with  irregular  points  ;   rugged, 
scragged. 

"  From  a  tcraggy  rock,  whose  prominence 
Half  overahades  the  ocean."       Philipt  :  Cid*r,  L 

scraioh,  serai  gh.  (di,  gh  guttural),  v.i. 
[Gael,  sgreach,  sgreuch  —  to  screech  (q.v.).] 
To  scream  hoarsely  ;  to  screech,  to  shriek  ;  to 
utter  a  shrill  cry,  as  a  fowl,  &c.  (Scotch.) 

scratch,  scraigh,  (eft.,  gh  guttural),  t. 
[SCRAICH,  v.]  A  shriek,  a  scream.  (Scotch.) 

scratch  o'  day,  s.  The  first  appearance 
of  dawn  ;  day-break.  (ScofcA.) 

scram   ble,  v.i.  &  t.    [A  nasalized  form  of 
scrabble  or  scrapple  (q.v.).] 
A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  climb  or  move  along  with  the  hands 
and  knees  ;  to  move  on  all-fours. 

"Scrambling  through  the  legs  of  them  that  were 
about  him.  "—Sidney:  Arcadia,  bk.  IL 

2.  To  seize  or  catch  at  anything  eagerly  and 
tumultuous!  y  with  the  hands  ;   to  catch  at 
things    with    haste    in    order   to    anticipate 
another  ;  to  strive  tumultuously  or  roughly 
for  the  possession  of  anything. 

"They  must  have  scrambled  with  the  wild  beasts 
for  crabs  and  nuts.  "—Kay  :  On  the  Creation. 

*  B.  Trans.  :  To  collect  or  gather  together 
hurriedly  or  confusedly  ;  to  do  in  a  hurried, 
random  fashion.    (Often  followed  by  up.) 
"  They  say  we  are  a  scattered  nation  ; 
I  cannot  tell  :  but  we  hare  tcramblfd  up 
More  wealth  by  far  thmi  those  that  brag  of  faith.  * 
M'.trh.we  ;  Jex  qf  Malta,  i.  L 

scram'-ble,  s.    [SCRAMBLE,  v.) 

\.  The  act  of  scrambling  or  clambering  on 

all  -fours. 

2.  An  eager,  rough,  or  unruly  contest  for 
something,  in  which  each  endeavours  to  seize 
or  get  it  before  others  ;  a  rough  or  uncere- 
monious struggle  for  something. 

scram  -bled   (le    as   el),  pa.   par.    or  a. 

[SCRAMBLE,  v.] 

scrambled-eggs,  s.  pi. 

1.  Eggs  boiled,  and  mixed  up,  In  the  shell, 
with  vinegar,  pepper,  and  salt.     [SCRABBED- 
EQGS.] 

2.  Eggs  broken  into  the  pan,  stirred  to- 
gether, and  lightly  fried  with  butter,  pepper, 
and  salt. 

scram  bier,  s.  [Eng.  scramble);  -*T.)  One 
who  scrambles. 

"  All  the  little  tcramblen  after  fame  fall  upon  him." 

—Atiditon,     ITodd.) 

scram   bling,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SCRAMBLE,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Climbing  or  clambering  ;  moving  on  all- 
fours. 

2.  Contending  roughly  for  the  possession  of 
something. 

3.  Irregular,    rambling,    straggling:   as,   a 
scrambling  house. 

scrambling  rocket,  s. 

But.:   Sisymbrium  officinale.     [CRAMBLINO- 

ROCKET.] 

scram  bllng-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  scrambling; 
-ly.]  In  a  scrambling  manner  ;  with  scrambling, 

scranch,  t;.*.  [Of  imitative  origin  :  cf.  Dut. 
schransen  •=•  to  scraunch  ;  Ger.  schranzen  =  to 
eat  greedily  ;  Eng.  craunch,  crunch,  scrunch.] 
To  grind  with  the  teeth,  and  with  a  crackling 
sound  ;  to  craunch. 

scrank'-jf,  a.  [A  nasalized  form  of  scraggy 
(q.v.).]  Lank,  lean,  slender.  (Scotch.) 

*  scran  nel,  a.   [Prob*  connected  with  scrag; 
cf.    Irish   &  Gael,    crion  =  withered,  little.) 
Thin,  slender,  poor,  miserable. 
"  When  they  list,  their  lean  and  flashy  tongs 
Orate  on  their  tcrannel  pipes  of  wretched  straw." 
Milton  :  Lycidat,  12T 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  won;  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  <B  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


scranny— scratch 


4153 


scran  -nfr,  o. 

(Pmv.) 


Thin,  scraggy. 


•crip,  '  scrappe,  «.  [Icel.  skrap  =  scraps, 
trifles,  from  s'rapa  =  to  scrape,  to  scratch; 
Dau  skrab  =  scrapings,  trash  ;  skrabe  =  to 
scrape ;  Sw.  afskrap  =  scrapings,  refuse,  from 
Krapa  =  to  scrape  (q.v.).] 

1.  Properly  something  scraped  off:  hence, 
*  small  piece,  a  fragment,  a  bit,  a  crumb. 


2  A  detached  piece  or  fragment  of  anything 
written,  printed,  or  spoken ;  a  short  or  un- 
connected extract 

"To  garnish  his  conversation  with  scraps  of  French," 
—Macaulay :  Hist,  Eng.,  ch.  lit. 

3.  A  picture  or  artistic  production  suitable 
for  preservation  in  a  scrap-book,  or  for  orna- 
menting  screens  or  the  like  :  as,   coloured 
tcraps. 

4.  (PL) :  The  Integuments  that  remain  after 
the  rendering  of  fat. 

5.  Broken  iron,  cast  or  wrought,  for  re- 
melting  or  reworking  ;  scrap-metal. 

scrap-book,  s.  A  book  for  holding  scraps; 

•  blank  book  into  which  pictures,  cuttings 
from  newspapers  or  books,  short  poems,  &c., 
are  pasted  for  preservation  ;  an  album. 

scrap-iron,  scrap-forging,  s.  [SCRAP, 
«.,5.) 

scrap-metal,  *.  A  term  applied  to  scraps 
or  fragments  of  metal  which  are  only  of  use 
for  retuelting. 

•  crape,  'scrap-en,  ••crapTl-en, 

*  shrap-en,  *  shrap-1-en,  v.t.  &  ».  [Icel. 
ikrapa  =  to  scrape  ;  Sw.  skrapa  ;  Dan.  skrabe ; 
Dut.  schrapen  =  to  scrape  ;  A. 8.  scearpian  = 
to  scarify ;  scearp  =  sharp  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  rub  the  surface  of  with  a  rough  or 
•harp  instrument ;  to  deprive  of  the  surface 
by  the  light  abrading  action  of  a  sharp  instru- 
ment ;  to  grate,  to  abrade. 

"For  old  olive  trees  (overgrowne  with  a  kind  of 
moasie  skurfe)  it  is  passing  good,  eche  other  yeare  to 
•craps  and  claw  them  welL'W.  JTofland.-  Plinie,  bk. 
nrli..  ch.  jvtlt 

2.  To   clean   by  rubbing  with   something 
•harp  or  rough. 

"He  shirt  a  trencher  T  he  scraps  a  trencher  I  "— 
Otakap. :  game*  t  Juliet,  L  ». 

3.  To  remove  or  take  off  by  rubbing;  to 

erase. 

"Like  the  sanctimonious  pirate  that  went  to  sea 
with  the  ten  commandments,  but  scraped  one  out  ol 
the  table."— Shaketp. :  Xearurefor  Measure,  L  1 

4.  To  collect,  gather,  or  accumulate   by 
laborious  effort  ;  to  gather  by  small  savings 
or  gains  ;  to  save  or  get  together  penuriously 
(Generally  followed  by  together  or  up.) 

"  Scrape  together  the  money  for  the  rent,"— rtmes, 
March  3s,  1886. 

5.  To  express  disapprobation  of,  or  attempi 
to  drown  the  voice  of  at  public  meetings,  by 
drawing  the  feet  along  the  floor.    (Followed 
by  down.) 

"Another  was  coughed  and  scraped  deem."— Jfa- 

eaulay :  Ilitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xxil. 

B,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  rab  the  surface  of  anything  so  as  to 

produce  a  harsh  noise  ;  to  remove  the  surface 

of  anything  by  rubbing ;  to  make  a  harsh  noise 

*  2.  To  gather  riches  by  small  gains  and 

savings  ;  to  be  parsimonious. 

"  Their  tcraping  fathers."  S»o*«rp..-  Xidtari  tl.,r.K 

3.  To  play  awkwardly  on  a  fiddle  or  similar 
Instrument. 

••To  arrive  at  this  surprising  expedition,  this  musical 
legerdemain,  it  is.  Indeed,  necessary  to  do  little  else 
than  scrape  and  pipe."— A"  no*  .  Kuan  70. 

4.  To  make  an  awkward  bow,  with  a  draw 
Ing  back  of  the  foot. 

If  To  scrape  acquaintance  with  any  one  :  Tc 
make  one's  self  acquainted  ;  to  insinuate  one' 
self  into  acquaintance  or  familiarity  with 
person. 

*  scrape-good,  a.    Miserly,  stingy. 

••crape-penny,  «.  A  miserly,  stingy 
person ;  a  miser. 

•crape,  ».    [SCRAPE,  r.] 

1.  The  act  or  noise  of  scraping ;  the  act  o 
rubbing  over  the  surface  of  anything  wit 
something  which  roughens  or  removes  th 
surface. 

"  Elnig  may  be  turned  into  swig,  not  with  scrape  o 
knife,  but  with  the  least  dash  of  a  pen."— Ateham 
DiKourte  of  Germany. 


2.  The  effect  of  scraping   or  rubbing;  a 
scratch  :  as,  a  scrape  of  a  pen. 

3.  An  awkward  bow,  accompanied  with  * 
drawing  back  of  the  foot. 

4.  An  awkward  predicament;  a  difficulty  ; 
an  embarrassing  or  perplexing  situation  ;  a 
perplexity  ;  distress. 

"  The  too  eager  pursuit  of  this  his  old  enemy  through 
thick  and  thin  has  led  him  into  many  of  these 
scrapes."—  Varburton  :  fttvine  Legation,  bk.  Ii. 

scrap  -er,  i.    [Eng.  scrap(e),  v.  ;  -tr.] 

1  One  who  or  that  which  scrapes  ;  specifi- 
cally— 

(1)  A  large  hoe  for  cleaning  roads  and  streets. 

(2)  A  thin  piece  of  wood  shaped  like  a  knife- 
blade  and  provided  with  a  handle,  used  to 
scrape  the  sweat  from  horses. 

(3)  An  instrument,  generally  triangular,  for 
scraping  and  cleaning  the  planks,  masts,  and 
decks  of  ships. 

(4)  An  iron  plate  at  a  door  to  remoTe  mud 
from  the  boots. 

"  Never  clean  your  shoes  on  the  scraper,  but  In  the 
entry,  and  the  scraper  will  last  the  longer.  —  «*V«  -' 
Instruction!  to  Servant*. 

(5)  A  form  of  cutting-tool  for  taking  shav- 
ings  from  the  edge  of  a  blade. 

(6)  A  two-handled  scoop,  drawn  by  cattle 
or  horses,  and  used  in  making  and  levelling 
roads,  excavating  ditches,  canals,  and  cellars, 


and  generally 
in  raising  and 
removing 
ened  sou 


z 


SCKAPSRS. 


ae,  ar 

ceptible  of  be-    a.  Long  bone-shoe  flint  scraper,  from 
Ing   readily       Sussex  Downs,  near  Berlin  Gap  ;  ft. 
Esquimaux  flint  scraper,  mounted 


conrerted  baa, 
In  consequence 
of  Its  similar. 
Ity  in  charae. 
ter  to  a  stone 
Implement  in 


. 

shaped  flint  scraper,  from  the 
shire  Wolds. 


„.,,.«...,. among  the  Esquimaux  for  scraping 

skins  and  other  purposes,  received  the  name  of  a 
•  scraper,' or,  to  use  the  term  first,  I  believe,  employed 
by  the  late  Moris.  K  Lartet,  a  grattoir.  A  typical 
scraper  may  be  defined  as  a  broad  flake,  the  point  of 
which  has  been  chipped  to  a  semi-circular  bevelled 
edge  round  the  margin  of  the  Inner  face,  similar  in 
character  to  that  of  a  round-nosed  burring  chisel.  — 
Svant :  Ancient  Stone  Implement!,  p.  Wt. 

(8)  Blast. :  A  spoon  by  which  the  detritus 
Is  removed  from  the  hole  made  by  the  drill. 

(9)  Engrav. :    A   three-sided    cutting-tool 
fluted,  to  make  it  more  easy  to  sharpen.    It 
is   used  in  taking  off  the  bur  left  by  the 

.etching-needle  or  dry-point,  in  obliterating 
lines,  or  working  mezzotinto. 

(10)  Lithog. :  The  board  in  a  lithographic 
press  whose  edge  is  lowered  on  to  the  tympan- 
sheet  to  bring  the  requisite  pressure  upon 
the  paper,  which'  lies  upon  the  inked  stone. 

(11)  Stone : 

(a)  A  toothed  and  steeled  instrument  for 
sinking  flutings  in  marble,  4c. 

(b)  A  tool  used  by  stucco-workers. 

(12)  Wood-work. :  A  steel-plate,  frequently 
made  of  a  piece  of  saw-plate,  with  a  square 
edge  made  sharp-angled,  and  burnished  to 
raise  a  small  bur  or  wire  edge.     The  edge  is 
used  in   giving  a  final  dressing  to  wooden 
surfaces,  veneers,  &c.     It  is  held  at  an  angli 

of  en: 

2.  An  awkward  fiddler. 

3.  One  who    scrapes    together   money  b; 
laborious  parsimony ;  a  scrape-penny. 

*  scrape'- scall,  >.  [First  element  scrape 
etym.  of  second  element  doubtful.]  A  miser 
a  scrape-penny.  (Withal:  Diet.) 

scrap -I-a'-na,  s.  pi  [Eng.  strap;  i  con 
nective  ;  suff.  -ana.]  A  collection  of  literar 
scraps  or  fragments. 

scrap  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [ScitAPB,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 
1.  The  act  of  one  who  scrapes ;  the  soun 
produced  by  scraping  or  erasure. 

"The  abbot  of  St   Albans  sent  the  book  so  dhv 
figured  with  tcramngi  and  blotting*  out,  with  other 
such  writings  aa  there  were  found,  unto  the  king. 
State  Trial* :  Henry  Y.  (an.  1413). 


2.  That  which  is  scraped  off  a  surface,  of 
which  is  collected  by  scraping,  rubbing,  01 
raking. 

"  Having  laid  a  pretty  quantity  of  these  icrttpingt 
together."-Soj/le.'  It'orts,!  7M. 

scraping  plane,  >.  A  plane  used  by 
workers  in  iron,  steel,  brass,  ivory,  and  hard 
woods.  It  has  a  vertical  cutter  or  bit,  with 
an  edge  ground  at  an  angle  of  70"  or  80*,  ad- 
justed by  a  vertical  screw,  and  held  In  place 
by  an  end  screw  and  block.  The  scraping- 
plane  for  veneers,  used  in  roughing  the  sur- 
face to  be  glued,  has  a  notched  bit,  and  ifl 
called  a  toothing-plane. 

•crap'-Ing-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  temping;  •!».]  In 
a  scraping  manner  ;  by  scraping. 

crap'-ple,  «.  A  compound  of  corn-meal  and 
finely  minced  meat,  usually  pork,  boiled 
together,  and  used  in  sections  of  the  United 
Slates  as  a  breakfast  dish  ;  it  is  fried  for  the 
table,  or  eaten  without  further  cooking. 

scrap  -p£,  o.  [Eng.  jcrop  ;  -y.]  Consisting 
of  scraps;  fragmentary. 

sorat,  *scratte,  n.1.41  [SCEATCH.U.]  To 
scratch,  to  rake,  to  scrape. 

"  Ambitious  mind,  a  world  of  wealth  would  haue,      f 
So  serots,  and  scrapes,  for  sc.»rfe  and  scornie  drosee. 
Mirrourfor  Uagittratet,  p.  M«. 

scrat,  *  skratto,  *  skrat,  •  scrayte,  fc 

[Etym.  doubtful.]    A  hermaphrodite. 

"  There  was  an  Hermaphrodite  or  Skrat  found  al- 
most twelve  yean  old."—  r.  MaUeaut:  Lin,  bk.xxxlx, 
eh.  nil 

scratch,  r.t.  It  i.  [A  form  arising  from  • 
confusion  of  Mid.  Eng.  tarat  =  to  scratch, 
with  cracchen  of  the  same  meaning  ;  Sw.  kratttt 
=  to  scrape  ;  fcrotta  =  a  rake  ;  Dan.  kradse  = 
to  scratch  ;  Dut  kronen;  Ger.  kratxn.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  tear,  mark,  or  scrape  the  surface  of 
with  light  incisions  made  by  som»  sharp  in- 
strument ;  to  wound  slightly. 

"  His  talants  may 

Yet  »cr<ij<*  my  sonne  or  rend  his  tender  hand." 
HjMnter  :  F.  o...  L  xil  1L 

J.  To  rab  or  scrape  with  the  nails. 

"  5cro*cA  my  head,  Feasebloesom."—  Shatetp.  :  JflaV 

summer  Xi'jhit  Dream,  iv.  L 

3.  To  dig,  excavate,  or  hollow  out  with  the 
nails  or  claws  :  as,  To  scratch  a  hole  in  the 
ground. 

4.  To  erase,  to  obliterate,  to  expunge,  to 
blot  out.    (Followed  by  out.) 

5.  Specif,  in  racing,  &c.,  to  erase  or  ex- 
punge the  name  of  from  the  list  of  starters 
or  competitors  in  a  race,  4c.  ;  or,  in  elections, 
to  erase  the  name  or  names  of  (a  candidate  or 
candidates)  from  a  ballot  or  party  ticket. 

*  6.  To  write  or  draw  awkwardly. 

"If  any  of  their  labourers  can  tcratch  out  a  pam- 
phlet, they  desire  no  wit,  style,  or  argument  "— 
Sii/I.  (ToM.) 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  scrape  or  dig  into  or  make  a  hollow 
or  hole  in  the  surface  by  using  the  nails  or 
claws  :  as,  A  hen  scratches  in  the  ground. 

*  2.  To  retire  or  take  one's  name  out  of  the 
list  of  competitors  or  starters  for  a  race,  &C. 

3.  At  election  times,  to  erase  a  name  or  names 
as  in  SCRATCH,  t>.(.,  A.  5. 

scratch,  s.  &  a.     [SCRATCH,  *.] 
A.  As  substantive  : 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
I.  The  act  of  scratching  ;  a  slight  Incision, 
score,  mark,  or  break  made  on  the  surface  of 
anything  by  scratching  or  by  rubbing  with 
some  pointed,  sharp,  or  rough  instrument 

"  Looking  upon  a  few  scrofcAes  on  paper." 
Light  of  nature,  vol.  ii.,  pt  ii..  eh.  xxi. 


,       .     .,  .. 

2.  A  slight  wound,  a  laceration;  a  slight 
tear  or  incision. 

"  Shrewsbury  had  one  of  those  minds  in  which  the 
slightest  scratcft  may  fester  to  the  death."—  Hacaulay  : 
Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  xxii. 

•3.  A  kind  of  wig,  covering  only  a  part  ol 
the  head. 

"  I  see  a  number  of  frocks  and  icraMiet  in  a  morn- 
ing in  the  streets  of  this  metropolis.-—  Smollett  :  Tra- 
rall.  leL  vi. 

4.  A  calcareous,  earthy,  or  stony  substance 
which  separates  from  sea-water  in  boiling  it 
for  salt  (Hay.) 

H  Technically: 

*  L  Billiards:  An  accidentally  •uccessful 
stroke  ;  a  fluke. 


boH,  bo>;  pint,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  si 
-clan,  - tian  =  sflisxm,    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -fion  =  «**"*!-    -clous,  -tioua. 


n,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon.  e^lrt.   ph  =  t 
-sioufl  =  shus.   -We, -die,  *c.  =  bei,  dot 


4154 


soratcher— screen 


2.  Handicap*  for  racing,  rowing,  efc.  :   The 
starting-point,  or    the  time  of  starting   for 
those  who  are  considered  the  best,  and  are 
therefore  allowed  uo  advantage  or  start. 

"The  former  startlne;  from  serolcn.  and  the  latter 
In  receipt  of  300  points." —Morning  Pott,  Feb.  &.  1885. 

3.  Pugilism :  A  line  drawn  across  the  prize- 
ring,  up  to  which  boxers  are  bruught  when 
they  join  fight ;  hence  the  phrases,  To  come  vp 
to  the  scratch,  To  toe  the  scratch,  that  is,  to  ap- 
pear when  wanted  to  present  one's  self. 

4.  yet.  (Pi.):  A  disease  in  horses,  consisting 
of  dry  chaps,  rifts,  or  scabs,  between  the  heel 
and  pastern-joint. 

"Thon'lt  ha'  vapours  I'  thy  leg  again  presently; 
prey  thee  go  in,  it  may  turn  to  the  scroJcAes  else.  — 
Ben  Jonnm:  BarUtotomew  fair.  111.  1. 

B.  As  adj. :  Taken  at  random  or  haphazard  ; 
taken    or   made  up   indiscriminately  or  ex- 
tempore, as  if  scraped  together. 

"  Notwithstanding  their  long  preparation  and  per- 
petual coaching,  [they]  looked  ifke  scnzcdt  crews."— 

H  Old  Scratch :  [OLD  SCRATCH). 
scratch  back,  .-.-. 

1.  A  toy  which,  when  drawn  across  or  down 
a  person's  back,  produces  a  noise  aa  though 
the  clothes  were  torn. 

2.  An  implement  formerly  used  by  ladies 
for  scratching  themselves,   consisting  of  an 
artificial  hands  or  claws  attached  to  a  handle. 

scratch  brush,  ».  A  bundle  of  wires, 
whose  protruding  ends  are  used  to  clean  flies 
and  for  other  purposes. 

scratch-cradle,  s.    [CAT'S-CRADLE.] 

scratch-pan,  ».  A  pan  in  salt-works  to 
receive  the  scratch. 

scratch-race,  >.  A  race  in  which  the 
competitors  are  either  drawn  by  lot  or  taken 
without  regard  to  qualifications ;  a  race  in 
which  all  start  on  the  same  terms. 

scratch  weed,  «. 

Hot. :  Galium  Aparini ;  so  named  because 
the  hooked  bristles  of  its  fruit  enable  it  to 
adhere  to  whatever  it  touches.  [CLEAVERS.] 

scratch-wig,  s.  Th«  tame  as  SCRATCH, 
*,  A.  L  3. 

•cratch-work,  s.  A  species  of  fresco, 
consisting  of  a  coloured  plaster  laid  on  the 
lace  of  a  building,  &c.,  and  covered  with  a 
white  one,  which  being  scratched  through  to 
any  design  the  coloured  one  appears  and  forma 
the  contrast. 

•oratch'-er,  ».  [Eng.  xratch,  v. ;  -er.}  One 
who  or  that  which  scratches ;  specifically,  a 
bird  which  scratches  for  food,  as  the  common 
fowl ;  one  of  the  Rasores  (q.v.) 

scratch  -ef,  >.  pi.    [SCRATCH,  ».,  A.  II.  4.] 
•cratch'-Ing,  pr.  jar.,  a.,  ft  s.    [SCRATCH,  «.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  The  act  of  one  who  scratches ;  a  scratch. 

"  That  night,  by  chance,  the  poet  watching. 
Heard  aa  inexplicable  tcriilcJtiHu." 

Cowper  :  The.  Retire*  Cat. 

8.  (PI.):  Refuse  matter  strained  out  of 
fat  when  it  is  melted  and  purified.  (Prov.) 

* scratch'-lng-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  scratching; 
-ly.]  With  the  action  of  scratching;  like  one 
who  scratches. 

"  Making  him  torn  elow  to  the  ground,  like  a  cat, 
when  tcratchingly  she  wheels  about  after  a  mouse."— 
8id»ty:  •Jrcorfu,  bk.  it 

•crat-tle,  v.i.  [A  frequent,  from  *rot  =  to 
scratch.]  To  scramble,  to  scuttle.  (Prov.) 

"  ScraUUnff  up  and  down  alongshore."— Kingiltg: 
Wet! ward  Ho !  cli.  XXX. 

scraugh,  scraigh  fcrA  guttural),  j.  [SCRAICH.] 
A  scream,  a  shriek.  (Scotch.) 

"I  blow  sic  points  of  war,  that  the  Krauqh  of  a 
•lock in  hen  was  music  to  them." — Scott:  Bride  of 
Lummermoar,  ch,  xxiv. 

•craw,  s.     [Ir.  scrulk.]    A  turf,  a  sod. 

"  Neither  should  that  odious  cuutoiu  be  allowed,  of 
cuttiUK  scrawl,  which  is  flaying  off  the  green  surface 
•f  the  ground,  to  cover  their  cabins,  or  make  up  their 
ditches."— Swift :  Drapier't  LeICert,  Ho,  7. 

•jcrawl,  •  scrall,  *  scraule,  r.t.  &  i.  [Prob. 
the  same  as  scrabble  (q.vA  the  form  being  due 
to  confusion  with  crawl  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans. :  To  draw,  write,  or  mark  awk- 
wardly and  irregularly,  as  with  a  pen,  pencil, 


or  similar  instrument ;  to  write  hastily  of 
illegibly ;  to  scribble. 

"The  detestable  character  in  which  it  is  tcrawlef 
.    .    .  rather  than  written."— ooulAey:  Lettfrt,  iv.  M. 
B.  I iitraiuitivt : 

1.  To   write   awkwardly   or   illegibly ;   to 
•cribble.    (Pope  :  Sandys't  Ghost.) 

2.  To  crawl,  to  creep.    (Prov.) 

"  The  ryuer  ahall  tcraule  with  frogges."— Coterdafe  : 
fxodut  viiL  3 

scrawl,  s.    [SCRAWL,  t>.] 

1.  A  piece  of  hasty,  inelegant,  or  illegible 
writing  ;  bad  writing,  a  scribble. 

"In  sable  scrawls  I  Nero's  name  perused." 

Sane :  I'uion  of  Death. 

2.  A  ragged   broken  branch  of  a  tree  or 
other  brushwood.    (Amer.) 

3.  The  young   of   the   dog-crab. (Carciuui 
manuu).    (Lincolnshire.) 

"  And  in  thy  heart  the  jcratef  shall  play." 

Tfnnyton  :  Sailor  Bog,  12. 

scrawl' -er,  ».  [Eng.  scrawl,  v. ;  -CT-.)  One 
who  scrawls  ;  a  bad  or  inelegant  writer,  a 
scribbler. 

scrawn  I  ness,  s.  [Eng.  scrawny;  tuss.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  scrawny  ;  lean- 
ness, thinness,  scragginess. 

"Such  birds  will  have  an  appearance  of  tcratcni- 
*eu."—3mUk*on:  Uuful  Boole  for  Farmer*,  p.  M. 

scraw'-njf,  a.  (SCRANNY.)  Lean,  thin,  raw- 
boned,  scraggy.  (Pror.) 

scray,  s.  [Wei.  ytvraen.]  The  Sea-swaUow, 
tlie  common  Tern,  Sterna  Hirundo. 

*scre-a-ble,  a.  [Lat  tcreabilit,  from  icreo 
=  to  spit  out.}  That  may  be  spat  out. 

screak,  *  scrike,  r.i.  [Icel.  tkrcekja  =  to 
shriek,  to  screech  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  utter  suddenly  a  sharp,  shrill  sound 
or  cry  ;  to  shriek,  to  screech. 

"  The  little  babe  did  loudly  irrife  and  equall." 

Spenter:  f.  o,,  VL  rl.  It, 

2.  To  creak,  as  a  door. 

•creak,  *  skreek,  *  scrike, «.  [SCREAK,  ».] 

A  shriek,  a  screech,  a  creaking. 

"  Having  by  a  tkreek  or  two  given  testimony  to  the 
mieery  of  his  life."— Bp.  HuU  :8rrmont,vol.  iii ,  ser.  L 

•cream,  *  screme,  •  schreame,  v.i.  &  t. 
[Icel.  skrcema  =  to  scare,  to  terrify;  Sw. 
tkrama  ;  Dan.  tkrasmmt.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  cry  out  with  a  shrill  voice ;  to  ntter  a 
sudden  shrill  or  sharp  cry,  as  one  in  fright  or 
extreme  pain  ;  to  shriek. 

•'  And.  KTfnminff  at  the  sad  presage, 
Awoke  and  found  It  true  " 

Cowper :  Mr*.  Tar&ormortoft's  B*llfino&. 

2.  To  utter  a  shrill,  harsh  cry. 

"The)  famish'd  eagle  screams  and  passes  by." 

Gray  -•  The  Bard. 

3.  To  give  out  a  shrill  sound  :  as,  A  railway 
whistle  screams. 

B.  Trans. :  To  utter  in  a  sharp,  shrill  voice. 
scream,  *  schreeme,  s.    [SCREAM,  «.] 

1.  A  sharp,  shrill  cry,  as  of  one  in  fright  or 
extreme  pain ;  a  shriek. 

"  Mix  .  .  .  their  screams  with  screaming  owls." 

Sapafff  :  The  Wanderer,  iv. 

2.  A  sharp,  shrill  sound. 

scream  -er,  s.    [Eng.  scream,  v. ;  -er.) 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  One  who  screams. 

2.  Fig. :  Something  very  great,  big,  or  out 
of  the  common ;   an   extravagant  story,    a 
whacker.    (Slang.) 

IL  Omtth. :  A  popular  name  for  any  indi- 
vidual of  the  South  American  family  Palame- 
deite  (q.v.).  They  have  a  horn  on  the  fore- 
head, and  strong  spurs  on  their  powerful 
wings.  They  are  jgentle  and  shy,  and  the 
Crested  Screamer  (Chauna  chavaria)  is  said  to 
be  domesticated,  and  to  defend  the  poultry  of 
its  master  from  birds  of  prey.  Chauna 
derbiana  is  the  Derbian  Screamer,  and  1'ala- 
nedea  comuta  the  Horned  Screamer  (q.v.). 

scream  -ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [SCREAK,  v.) 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjectii-e : 

1.  Uttering  screams  or  shrieks :  shrieking. 

2.  Sounding  shrilly. 

"From  afar  he  heard  ascrtamin?  sound.' 

>/>ryaen  :  Tluoaore  4  Bonoritt,  100. 


3.  Causing  screams  or  shouts,  asof  laughter: 
as,  a  screaming  farce  ;  that  is,  one  calculated) 
to  make  the  audience  scream  with  laughter. 
Th.-  expression  is  said  to  have  been  first  used 
in  the  Adelphi  play-bills.  (Slang  Diet.) 

scree,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful  ;•  cf.  Icel.  skritha 
=  a  landslip  on  a  hillside.]  A  small  stone  or 
pebble  ;  debris  of  rocks,  shingle  ;  an  accumu- 
lation of  loose  stones  or  fragments  at  the  foot 
of  a  cliff  or  precipice.  (Prow.) 

"  A  scree,  or  accumulation  of  fragments  from  the 
cliff  above,  gradually  slopes  down  tu  ibe  bottom  of  the 
valley."— /JateWns  :  Cave.tiuiiting.  ch.  iii. 

screech,    '  schrich  -  en,  'schrik-en, 

*  scrike,  *  shrik  en,  r.t.    [Icel.  sAr.r/.ja 
=  to  shriek;  Sw.  skrika;  Dan.  skrige ;  Irish 
sgreachaim ;    Gael,    sgreach,    sgreuch ; 
ysgrechio.  Screech  and  shriek  are  thus  doubN  t>.] 
To  cry  out  with  a  sharp,   shrill  voice  ;  to 
scream,  as  one  in  terror  or  extreme  pain  ;  to 
shriek.     (Often  followed  by  out.) 

"They  sereeeAed  and  chipped  their  wings  for  a 
vltile."—Bvlinffbr*ke:  Ett'iyt;  A utlutritit  on  Meliffion, 

screech,  ».  [Sw.  skrik;  Dan.  skrif;  Irish 
sgreach;  Gael,  sgreuch;  Welsh  ysgrech.] 

[SCKEECH.   ».] 

1.  A  sharp,  shrill  cry,  as  of  one  in  terror  or 
extreme  pain  ;  a  harsh  scream,  a  shrill  sound. 

"The  sea-bitds,  with  portentous  screeca, 
Flew  fast  to  land." 

Hoort:  Firt.WortMlwtri. 

2.  A  sharp,  shrill  noise :  as,  the  screech  of  a 
railway  whistle. 

screech  owl,  s.  A  popular  name  for 
any  owl  whose  voice  is  a  harsh-sounding 
screech.  [LICH-OWL.J 

*  soreeyh'-y'.  a.     [Eng.  screw* ;  -».]     Shrill 
and  sharp  ;  like  a  screech. 

screed,  ».      [A.S.  scredde  =  a  shred  ;   Icel. 
skrjodhr ;  O.  Dut.  schroode.    Screed  and  shred' 
are  doublets.  ] 
L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  A  piece,  a  fragment,  a  shred. 

2.  The  act  of  tearing  or  rending ;  a  rent,  a 
tear. 

3.  A  piece  of  poetry  or  prose ;  a  harangue, 
a  long  tirade.    (Scotclt.) 

IL  Plaitering: 

1.  A  strip  of  mortar,  six  to  eight  inches  in 
width,  and  of  the  required  thickness  of  the 
first  coat,  applied  to  the  angles  of  a  room  or 
edge  of  a  wall.    They  are  laid  on  in  parallel 
lines,  at  intervals  of  three  to  five  feet,  over 
the  surface  to  be  covered.     When  these  have 
become  sufficiently  hard,  the  interspaces  be. 
tween  the  screeds  should  be  filled  out  flush 
with  them,  so  as  to  produce  a  continuous  and 
straight,  even  surface. 

2.  A  wooden  strip  similarly  placed. 

^  A  screed  of  drink :  A  drinking  bout,  ft 
carouse.  (Scotch.) 

"  Naeth  ing  confuses  me.  unless  it  be  a  screed  o'aVina 
at  an  oration."— Seott :  Ovy  jVannertnp.  en.  XXT. 

•creed,  r.t.  &  I.    [SCREED,  ».] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  tear,  to  rend. 

2.  To  repeat  glibly  ;  to  dash  off  with  spirit 
(Scotch.) 

B.  Intrant. :  To  tear. 

"It  wad  ha1  tcrteded  like  an  auld  rag  wl'  sic  a  weight 
as  mine." — Scott :  A'ofr  Hoy,  ch.  xxxi. 

*  screeke,  ».i.    [SCBEAK.] 

screen,  *  ser  en,  *  serene,  '  skreen, 

*  skreine,  s.    [u.  Fr.  escran  (Fr.  ecrun),  a 
word  of  doubtful  origin  ;  cf.  Ger.  schranne  =a 
a  railing  ;  schranlos  =  a  barrier.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That  which    shelters  or  protects  from 
danger ;   that  which  hides   or   conceals ;  a 
guard,  a  protection. 

"Lingering,  In  a  woody  glade 
Or  behind  a  rocky  screen." 

rY  ordtwort A :  fF&tfe  Doe,  i  v. 

2.  A  movable  framework  or  appliance  to 
shelter  from  excess  of  heat,  cold,  or  light,  or 
to  conceal  from  sight ;  it  is  often  hinged  so 
as  to  open  out  more  or  less  as  required,  or  be 
folded  up  to  occupy  less  space. 

3.  A  kind  of  riddle  or  sieve ;  a  sifter  fop 
coal,  sand,  grain,  Ac.     It  consists  of  a  rect- 
angular wooden  frame  with  wires  traversing 
it  longitudinally  at  regular  intervals.      It  is 
propped  up   in    a  nearly  vertical    position, 
and  the  material  to  be  sifted  or  screened  ii 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  anlte,  car.  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    te.  o»  =  e ;  ey  -  a;  «u  =  kw. 


screen— Bcrew 


4155 


thrown,  a  shovelful  at  a  time,  on  the  upper 
piirt  of  the  grating;  the  finer  parts  pass 
through  the  meshes,  while  those  which  are 
too  large  roll  down  the  incline,  the  side  of 
the  screes  being  occasionally  tapped  to  dis- 
lodge any  which  may  stick. 

"A  skuttle  or  tkreine  to  rid  floil  from  the  corn." 
TTUKT:  fin  Uututrvi  Points,  irii.  in. 
P    Technically : 

1.  Arch. :  (See  extract). 

"  1*1  icretn  [isl  a  partition,  enclosure,  or  mreloM. 
separating  i*  portion  of  a  room  or  of  a  church  from  the 
rest.  In  the  domestic  hall  ol  the  middle  age*,  a  icreen 
was  almost  tuvarlablj  fixed  across  the  lower  end,  so  as 
to  part  off  a  small  space  which  became  a  lobby  (with  a 
gallery  above  itl  within  the  main  entrance  doors;  the 
approach  to  the  body  of  the  hall  being  by  one  or  more 
doorways  through  the  screen.  In  churches  icreeru 
were  used  in  various  situations,  to  enclose  the  choir, 
to  separate  subordinate  chapel*,  to  protect  touiba,  M. 
—/***.  of  AreltttKturt. 

2.  Nautical : 

(1)  A  partition  made  of  canvas,  used  in 
place  of  a  wooden  bulkhead,  where  the  latter 
would  require  to  be  frequently  removed. 

(•2)  A  kind  of  curtain,  having  an  opening 
covered  by  a  flap,  placed  in  front  of  a  maga- 
zine in  time  of  action,  or  wheu  the  magazine 
is  open. 
screen,  *  skrcen,  v.t.    [SCREEN,  ».] 

1.  To  shelter  or  protect  from  inconvenience, 
injury,  hurt,  or  pain  ;  to  cover. 

"  With  gauntlet  raised  he  screened  his  sight." 

Scott :  Bridal  of  Trurmain,  i.  13. 

2.  To  protect  or  shelter  :  as,  To  screen  a  man 
from  punishment. 

3.  To  hide,  to  conceal :  as,  To  screen  a  fault 
or  crime. 

4.  To  sift  or  riddle  by  pissing  through  a 
screen. 

"It  is  calculated  that  the  best  coals  may  be  de- 
livered, screened,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  for 
las.  per  load."— Lytton  :  Coztoiu,  pt.  ii.,  oh.  U. 

screen'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  ft  «.    [SCREEN,  u.] 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  *  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  sheltering,  covering,  or  con- 
cealing. 

2.  The  act  of  sifting  or  riddling. 

3.  (Pi.):  The  reluse  matter  left  after  sifting 
coal. 

screening  machine,  >. 
Mining:  An  apparatus  for  lifting  stamped 
ores,  coals,  &c. 

screigh,  ».    [SCRAIOH.] 

•crew,  *  scrne,  s.    [O.  Pr.  escrow  (Fr.  fcrou); 

proh.  from  l*t.  scrobem,  accus.  of  scrubs  =  a 

ditch,  a  trench,  a  hole ;  Ger.  schraube ;  Dut. 

schroef;  Icel.  tkrvfa;  Sw.  tkrvf;  D«u.  tkrue.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

<1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

(2)  A  screw-steamer  (q.v.). 

(3)  The  act  of  screwing  up  or  making  tight. 

(4)  The  state  of  being  stretched,  as  by  a 
•crew. 

"  And  strained  to  the  last  screw  that  he  can  bear, 
Yield  only  discord  in  his  Maker's  ear." 

Ctnoper:  Truth.  385. 

(6)  A  screw-shell  (q.v.). 
(6)  A  twist  or  turn  to  one  side  :  as,  To  give 
a  ball  a  screw  in  billiards. 

2.  Figuratively : 

fl)  Onewho  makes  a  sharp  bargain ;  a  close- 
fisted  person  ;  a  miser,  a  skin-flint. 

"The  ostentatious  said  he  was  a  screw."— Thackeray 
jITewcomef,  ch.  viiL 

(2)  An  unsound  or  broken-down  horse ;  a 
jade. 

"  Rare  are  good  horses— rarer  still  a  good  Jndg*  o] 
them  ;  I  suppose  I  was  cheated,  and  the  brute  proved 
a  screw."— AitKm  .•  What  will  He  da  Kith  Itl  hk.  vlii. 
ch.  vL 

(3)  A  small  parcel  of  tobacco  twisted  up  in 
a  piece  of  paper  ;  a  pennyworth  of  tobacco. 

(4)  Wages,  salary,  pay.    (Slang.) 

"  eiK  per  annum  is  considered  quite  a  good  screw 
tor  a  senior  hand."- flails'  TOtfrapk,  Sept.  JS,  1886. 

(5)  Pressure. 

"  To  take  the  screw  of  Intimidation  off  Irish  ten 

mU."- Daily  Ttlwraph,  April  11,  188s. 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Mach.  it  Mech. :  A  cylinder  surroundet 

by  a  spiral  ridge  or  groove,  every  part  of 

which  forms  an  equal  angle  with  the  axis  o: 

the  cylinder,  so  that  if  developed  on  a  plane 

surface  it  would  be  an  inclined  plane.    The 


screw  il  considered  as  one  of  the  six  me- 
chanical powers,  but  is  really  only  a  modin- 
cation  of  the  inclined  plane  : 

"  Let  us  supiiose  a  piece  of  paper  in  the  shape  of  a 
right-angled  triangle  lobe  applied  with  lu  vertical  side 
against  a  cylinder,  and  parallel  to  the  axis,  and  be 
wrapped  round  the  cylin.ler  ;  the  hypotenuse  will 
describe  on  the  surface  of  the  cylinder  a  screw  line  or 
helix.  If  the  dlrneusious  be  so  ctioseii  that  the  base 
of  the  triangle  Is  equal  to  the  circumference  of  the 
cylinder,  then  the  hy|>ot*nuse  becomes  an  inclined 
plane  traced  on  the  surface  of  the  cylinder ;  the  dis- 
tance being  the  height  of  the  plane.  All  onlliiary 
screw  consists  of  an  elevation  on  a  solid  cylinder  ;  this 
elevation  may  be  either  square  or  acute,  and  such 
screws  are  called  square  or  sharp  screws  accordingly. 
When  a  corresponding  groove  is  cut  In  the  hollow 
cylinder  or  nut  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  bolt,  this 
gives  rise  to  an  Internal  or  companion  screw  or  nut. 
The  vertical  distance  between  any  two  threads  of  a 
screw  measured  parallel  to  the  axis  is  called  the  pitch, 
and  the  angle  is  called  tbe  inclination  of  the  screw. 
In  practice,  a  raised  screw  [s  used  with  its  companion 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  efcvatious  of  the  one  fit 
into,  and  coincide  with,  the  depressions  of  the  other. 
The  screw  being  a  modification  of  the  inclined  plane, 
the  conditions  of  equilibrium  are  those  which  obtain 
lu  the  case  of  the  plane.  The  resistance,  which  Is 
either  a  weight  to  tie  raised  or  a  pressure  to  be  exerted, 
acts  in  the  direction  of  the  vertical,  and  the  power 
acts  parallel  to  the  base ;  heuo«  we  have  P  :  R  =  »  :  4, 
and  the  length  of  the  base  is  the  circumference  of  the 
cylinder  [  Whence  P  :  R  —  h  :  ttrr ;  r  being  the  radius 
of  the  cylinder,  and  A  the  pitch  of  the  screw.  The 
power  Is  usually  applied  to  the  screw  by  means  of  a 
fever,  as  lu  the  bookbinders'  press,  Ac.,  and  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  screw  may  be  stated  to  be  generally  that 
the  power  of  the  screw  Is  to  the  resistance  in  the  same 
ratio  as  the  pitch  of  the  screw  bears  to  the  circum- 
ference of  the  circle  thr->u«h  which  the  power  acta."— 
Ounot:  Pki/tict  (ed.  Atkinson),  I  46. 

A  convex  screw  is  known  as  th«  external  or 
male  screw,  a  concave  or  hollow  screw  (gene- 
rally termed  a  nut)  is  an  internal  or  female 
screw.  The  mechanical  effect  of  a  screw  is 
increased  by  lessening  the  distance  between 
the  threads,  or  by  making  them  finer,  or  by 
lengthening  the  lever  to  which  the  power  is 
applied ;  this  law  is,  however,  greatly  modi- 
fied by  the  friction,  which  ia  very  great. 
The  screw  is  used  for  many  purposes  ;  ordi- 
narily to  fasten  things  together;  for  the 
application  of  great  pressure  it  is  employed 
in  the  form  of  the  screw-jack,  screw-press, 
Arc. ;  as  a  borer  it  is  used  in  the  form  of 
the  gimlet ;  for  fine  adjustments,  as  in  tele- 
scopes, microscopes,  micrometers,  &c.,  it  is 
invaluable.  The  great  attrition  or  friction 
which  takes  place  in  the  screw  is  useful  by 
retaining  it  in  any  state  to  which  it  has 
once  been  brought,  and  continuing  the  effect 
after  the  power  is  removed.  The  parts  of  a 
screw  are  the  head,  barrel  or  stein,  thread, 
and  point.  The  head  has  a  slit,  nick,  or 
square.  In  number  screws  vary,  as  single, 
double,  triple ;  the  numbers  representing  the 
individual  threads,  and  those  above  single 
being  known  as  multiplex-threaded. 

2.  Steam  Nav. :  [HCREW-PBOPELLER]. 

t  (1)  Archimedean  screw :  [ARCHIMEDEAN]. 

(2)  A  screw  loose :  Something  wrong  or  de- 
fective in  a  person  or  thing. 

"  My  uncle  was  confirmed  in  his  original  impression 
that  something  dark  and  mysterious  was  iroing  for- 
ward, or,  as  he  always  said  himself,  that  '  there  was  a 
screw  loose  somewhere.'  "—DicJcftu  :  rtctwic*.  ch.  xlix- 

(3)  Differential  screw :  [DIFFERENTIAL]. 

(4)  Endless  screw,  perpetual  screw :  A  screw 
without  longitudinal  motion,  acting  upon  the 
eogs  of  a  wheel. 

(b)  Hunter's  screw:  A  differential  screw(q.v.). 

(6)  Right  and  left  screw :  A  screw  of  which 
the  threads  upon  the  opposite  ends  run  in 
different  directions. 

(7)  To  put  the  screw  on :  To  bring  pressure 
to  bear  on  a  person,  as  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
torting money. 

"  He  had  little  donnt  of  being  able  to  rut  the  icrae 
on  me  for  any  amount  I  was  good  toT."—J>aUy  Tele- 
graph, Sept.  12.  1885. 

(8)  To  put  under  the  screw :  To  apply  strong 
pressure  to  ;  to  compel. 

screw-alley, ». 

Shipwright. :  A  passage-way  along  the  shaft 
of  a  screw-propeller,  allowing  access  for  the 
men  who  examine  and  attend  to  the  bearings. 

•crew-blade,  >.  The  blade  of  a  screw- 
propeller. 

screw-bolt,  s.  A  bolt  having  a  screw 
thread  on  its  shank.  It  is  adapted  to  pass 
through  holes  prepared  for  the  purpose  in  two 
or  more  pieces  of  timber,  iron,  &c.,  to  fasten 
and  hold  them  together  by  means  of  a  nut 
screwed  on  the  screw-end. 

screw-box,  s. 

Wood:  A  device  for  cutting  the  threads  on 
wooden  screws.  It  is  similar  in  construction 
and  operation  to  the  Screw-plate  (q.v.). 


screw-cap, ». 

1.  A  cover  to  protect  or  conceal  the  head  ol 
a  screw. 

2.  A  cover  for  a  fruit-jar,  or  a  bottle  of  any 
effervescing  beverage. 

screw  clamp,  c.  A  clamp  which  acts 
by  means  of  a  screw. 

screw-collar,  s. 

Optics :  The  means  of  adjustment  for  rela- 
tive distance  between  the  front  and  the  pos- 
terior parts  of  an  achromatic  objective,  de- 
signed to  secure  perfect  definition  with  differ- 
ing thickness  of  covering  glass. 

screw-coupling,  ». 

1.  A  device  for  joining  the  ends  of  two 
vertical  rods  or  chains,  and  giving  them  any 
desired  degree  of  tension. 

2.  A  screw-socket  for  uniting  pipes  or  rods. 

screw-dock,  s.  A  kind  of  graving  dock, 
in  which  vessels  are  largely  raised  and  lowered 
by  means  of  screws. 

screw-driver,  s.  A  tool  for  turning 
screws  in  or  out  of  their  places.  It  has  au 
end  like  a  blunt  chisel,  which  enters  the  nick 
in  the  screw-head. 

screw-gear,  s. 

Mach. :  The  worm  and  worm-wheel,  or  end- 
less screw  and  piniuu. 

screw-jack,  s.  A  lifting-jack,  in  which 
the  power  consists  of  a  screw  rotating  in  a 
nut  in  the  body  of  the  tool.  [JACK.] 

screw-key,  screw-wrench,  >. 

1.  A  spanner  for  the  articles  which  locket 
npon  the  mandrel-screw. 

2.  The  lever  of  a  icrew-press  ;  a  form  of 
key  used  with  lock-faucets. 

screw-lock, «. 

Locktmitk. :  A  lock,  of  which  the  essential 
feature  is  an  opening  bar,  which  is  detained 
by  a  screw  when  in  a  locked  position. 

screw  machine,  s. 

Mach. :  A  machine  for  making  from  bar-iron 
screws  and  studs  such  as  are  used  in  a 
machine-shop.  It  is  of  the  nature  of  a  bolt- 
machine. 

screw-nail,  *.    An  ordinary  screw. 

screw  pile,  s.  A  pile  having  a  screw- 
thread  at  its  slice  to  enable  it  more  readily  to 
penetrate  hard  ground  and  to  hold  it  tirinly 
in  position. 

screw-pine, «. 

Botany : 

1.  Sing. :  The  genus  Pandanus.    The  name 
screw-pine  is  given  because  the  prickly  leaves 
are  arranged  spirally  in  a  triple  series,  form- 
ing dense  tufts  or  crowns  like  those  of  the 
pine-apple  (q.v.). 

2.  PI. :  The  Pandanaceas  (q.v.).    (Lindley.) 

•crew-plate.  «.  A  steel  plate  hiving  a 
series  of  holes  of  varying  sizes,  with  worms 
and  notches  for  cutting  threads. 

screw-post,  s. 

Shipwright. :  The  inner  stern-post,  through 
which  the  shaft  of  the  screw-propeller  passes. 

•Crew-press,  s.  A  press  for  communi- 
cating pressure  by  means  of  a  screw  or  screws. 

screw  propeller,  >. 

Haul. :  A  spiral  blade  on  a  cylindrical  axis, 
called  the  shaft  or  spindle,  parallel  with  the 
keel  of  the  vessel,  made  to  revolve 
by  steam  power  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  water,  usually  at  the 
stern,  as  a  means  of  propulsion. 
The  use  of  the  screw  as  a  means  of 
propelling  ships  was  devised  and 
experimented  with  from  the  earli- 
est days  of  tbe  use  of  steam  as  a 
motive  power,  but  the  first  to 
achieve  success  was  John.Ericsson, 
the  eminent  Swedisli  engineer, 
who  experimented  on  the  Tlianius 
in  1836,  and  afterwards  on  the 
Delaware.  Sir  Francis  Smith  was 
successful  somewhat  later,  and  the 
value  of  screw  propellers  was  acR«w- 
clearly  demonstrated.  Since  then  FBOPKLLBB, 
they  have  been  widely  adopted  as  a 
means  of  propulsion  for  vessels.  In  1860  a 
steamer  was  constructed  in  London  with  twin 
screws,  with  independent  action,  and  recently 


fcSil,  IxSy;  p-ftt.  J<Swl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  yenophon,  exist,    -tig. 
-dan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -slon  =  sb.ua;  -lion,  -eloa  -  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shits,    -ble,  &c.  =  beL   ew-t*. 


415U 


screw— scrims 


Borne  of  the  great  Atlantic  liners  have  been 
provided  with  triple  screws,  with  great  advan- 
tage in  speed.  The  motion  of  a  screw-steamer 
is  often  uncomfortable  to  passengers.  lu 
many  cases,  however,  this  is  obviated  in  some 
measure  by  placing  the  saloon  in  the  fore-part 
of  the  ship.  [TWIN-SCREW.] 

•crew-punch,  ».  A  punching  device 
operated  by  a  screw. 

screw-rudder, .«. 

Naut. :  A  screw  instead  of  a  rudder  for 
•teering  a  ship.  The  direction  of  the  axis  is 
changed  to  give  the  requisite  motion  to  the 
•hip.  Its  efficiency  does  not  depend  on  the 
motion  of  the  vessel. 

screw-sheila,  >.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  family  Turritellidse  (q.v.). 

screw  steamer,  s.  A  steamer  propelled 
by  a  screw,  in  contradistinction  to  a  paddle- 
wheel  steamer. 

screw-stone,  s.  A  popular  name  for  the 
cast  of  a  fossil  encrinite.  [FOSSIL-SCREW,  «.] 

•crew-tap,  s.  An  instrument  for  cutting 
the  interior  thread  on  a  hollow  screw.  [SCREW- 

lum] 
•crew-tree, ». 

Sot. :  The  genus  Helicteres  (q.v.). 

•crew-valve,  s.  A  faucet  or  stop-cock 
actuated  by  a  screw.  [STOP-VALVE.) 

•crew-well,  >. 

Shipbuild. :  A  hollow  in  the  stern  of  a  vessel 
Into  which  a  propeller  is  lifted. 

•crew-wheel,  s.    A  worm-wheel  (q.v.). 
screw-wrench, «.    [SCREW-KEY.] 

•crew,  v.<.  &  i.    [SCREW,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Lit. :  To  turn,  as  a  screw ;  to  apply  a 
•crew  to ;  to  fasten,  press,  or  make  firm  with 
a  screw  or  screws. 

"  [ He]  ordered  all  his  bayonets  to  be  M  formed  that 
they  might  be  Merged  upon  the  barrel  without  stop- 
ping it  up.  —  Jfaeaulay:  Uiu.  Sng.,  cu.  xlii. 
H.  Figuratively: 

•L  To  wrest,  to  wrench,  to  force,  to  press. 
(Phakesp. :  Twelfth  Night,  v.) 
2,  To  distort,  to  deform  by  contortions. 

"  He  tcrtw'd  hii  face  into  a  harden'd  nolle.' 

Itryden:  Don  Scbaitian,  U. 

•  3.  To  raise  extortionately ;  to  rack. 

"  The  rent*  of  laud  in  Ireland.  since  they  have  been 
•o  enormously  raised  and  Krttffii  up,  may  be  com. 

pu  ted  to  be  about  two  mill  ions.'— Sw(rt.    iTodd.) 

*4.  To  oppress  by  exactions;  to  use  violent 
means  to. 

• '  Our  country  landlord!,  by  muneunnble  icmnna 
and  racking  their  teuanta,  have  already  reduced  the 
miserable  people  to  a  worse  condition  than  the  pee- 
lanta  in  France."— SwVt.  ITodd.) 

5.  To  obtain  or  gain  by  force,  or  the  exercise 
of  any  strong  influence. 

"The  utterly  exorbitant  rente  that  Scotch  proprie- 
tors .  have  managed  to  <er«  out  of  aportenien  in 
thela»tfewyeara.--«eM.Dec.  12.18*5. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To    be  propelled    by  means  of  a 
•crew. 

2.  Fig. :  To  be  oppressive  or  exacting ;  to 
use  violent  means  in  exacting. 

IT  (1)  To  screw  up :  To  fasten  up  with  screws ; 
•pecif.,  to  fasten  the  oak  or  outer  door  of  an 
obnoxious  person,  so  as  to  prevent  egress. 
(Univ.  Slang.) 

(2)  To  screw  up  one't  courage:  To  summon 
up  courage. 

screwed,  o.  [SCREW,  «.]  Drunk,  tipsy. 
(flung.)  [Cf.  TIGHT.] 

'•  Divers  kind-hearted  boys,  in  their  simple  language. 
bade  her  be  of  good  cbeer,  for  she  was  •  only  a  little 
termed:  --IHckmi :  Martin  Cftusleurit,  xiv. 

•crew'-er,  ».  [Eng.  screw,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
or  that  which  screws. 

screw'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SCREW,  «.] 

screwing  machine,  «.  A  screw-ma- 
ehine  (q.v.). 

•scrib-a-ble,  a.  [Lat.  «r»oo  =  to  write; 
Eng.  -able.]  Capable  of  being  written,  or  of 
being  written  upon. 

*  •ori-ba'-tlons,  a.  [SCRIBE.]  Skilful  In  or 
fond  of  writing  or  scribbling. 

"Pope*  were  then  not  very  .tcribatiout.  or  not  ao 
pragmatical "— Barrow:  Pop* t  .Supremacy. 


scrlb'-bSt,  ».    [SCRIBE.]    A  painter's  pencil. 

*  sorib'-blage  (age  as  Ig),  «.    [Eng.  scrib- 
bl(e) ;  -age.]    Scribbling. 

"  The  polemic  icribblage  of  theology  and  politica."— 
W.  Taylor :  Survey  of  German  Poetry,  i.  862. 

scrlb'-ble  (1),  v.t.  &  *.  [Bug.  scribe,  s. ;  freq. 
suff.  -le.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  write  hastily,   illegibly,  or  without 
regard  to  correctness  or  elegance  ;  to  scrawl. 

"  Prevent  the  disgrace  of  tcribeling  much  to  no  pur- 
pose."— Warburton:  Divine  Legation,  bk.  t.,  {  4. 

2.  To  cover  or  nil  with  careless,  hasty,  or 
illegible  writing  ;  to  scrawl  over. 

B.  Intrans. :    To  write  hastily,  carelessly, 
or  without  regard  to  correctness,  taste,  or 
elegance.  , 

"  You  have  been  tcribbling  on  a  book  which  Is  not 
your  own."— CaueK'l  Saturday  Journal,  Sept  «,  1885. 

scrib -Die  (2),  v.t.  [Sw.  skrubbla;  Ger.  schrab- 
belu=  to  card,  to  scribble.]  To  card  or  tease 
coarsely  ;  to  pass,  as  cotton  or  wool,  through 
a  scribbler. 

•crlb'-ble,  s.    [SCRIBBLE  (1),  v.] 

1.  Hasty  or  careless  writing  ;  a  scrawL 
"  Neither  did  I  but  vacant  seasons  spend 
In  thia  my  tcribble."  ttunyan:  Apology. 

*  2.  A  hurried  walk. 

•  scrib  blement,  i.    [Eng.  scribble  (1)  v. ; 
•went.]      A    worthless,    careless,     or    hasty 
writing  ;  a  scribble,  a  scrawl. 

•Crib'-bler  (1),  s.  [Eng.  scribbUe),  (1),  v. ;  -er.} 
One  who  scribbles  ;  a  bad  or  careless  writer  ; 
hence,  an  author  of  poor  reputation  ;  a  petty 
writer  ;  a  contemptuous  name  for  an  author. 

"  Montague  wae  thus  represented  by  contemporary 
ienbbter™-Hacaulay  .  IKa.  En,.,  ch.  iilv. 

•crib   bier  (2),  «.    [Eng.  scribbUe)  (2),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  A    carding-machine    by  which  fibre    is 
roughly    carded     preparatory    to    the  final 
carding. 

2.  The  person  in  charge  of  the  machine  de- 
scribed in  1. 

scrlb'-bllng,  ;T.  jwr.  &  a.    [SCRIBBLE  (1),  v.) 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.:  Adapted    or  intended    to  be 
scribbled  on  or  in ;  as,  scribbling  paper,  a  scrib- 
bling diary,  &c. 

sorib'  bllng,  ».    [SCRIBBLE  (2),  ».] 

Cotton  A  WooUen-manuf, :  The  first  rough 
carding,  preparatory  to  the  final  carding. 

scribbling  machine,  s. 

WooUen-manuf. :  A  scribbler. 

sorib'-bling-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  Dribbling,  a. ; 
-ly.]  In  a  scribbling  manner. 

scribe,  •  scrybe,  a.  [Lat.  »crita  =  a  writer; 
scribo  =  to  write  ;  orig.  =  to  scratch  or  cut 
slightly;  FT.  scribe;  Hal.  «crt*o.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  A  writer,  one  who  writes,  a  penman ; 
especially,  one  who  is  skilled  in  penmanship. 

2.  An  official  or  public  writer  ;  an  amanu- 
ensis, a  secretary,  a  copyist. 

"One  of  the  foreaayde  ij  parsonlB  so  condempned, 
wae  Krybe  to  the  pope,"— Fabyan :  Chronicle,  ch.  clii. 

3.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 
IX  Technically: 

1.  Bricklaying  :  A  spike  or  large  nail  ground 
to  a  sharp  point,  to  mark  the  bricks  on  the 
face  and   back  by  the    tapering  edges  of  a 
mould,  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  them  and 
reducing  them  to  the  proper  taper  for  gauged 
arches. 

2.  Jewish   Antiq.    A   Hist.:    Heb.   QnoiD 
(sopherim),  from  1DD  (naphar)  =  to  write,  to 
set  in  order,  to  count ;  Or.  ypa^o-T<Is  (gram- 
mateis).]    An  order  of  men  whose  office  or 
function  seems  at  first  to  have  been  that  of 
military  secretaries  (Judg.  v.  14  ;  Jer.  lii.  26). 
Afterwards    they    multiplied    copies  of  the 
sacred  books,  and  in  consequence  came  to  have 
a  good  knowledge  of  their  contents.    Never- 
theless, their  manner  of  teaching  was  of  a 
hesitating,  not  of  an  authoritative  character 
(Matt.  vii.  29).     They  attained  to  great  social 
dignity.   They  took  part  with  the  chief  priests 
in  plotting  the  death  of  Jesus  (Lake  xxii.  2). 

scribe-awl,  s.  An  awl  used  for  marking 
lines  to  be  followed  in  sawing  or  cutting  out 
work.  Called  also  Scriber,  8cribiug-awl, 
Scratch -awl. 


scribe,  v.t.  &  v.    [Lat.  tcribo  =  to  scratch,  to 
write;  Ger.  ichreiben;   But.  tchrijven;  Dan. 
shrive ;  Sw.  akrijva.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  write  or  mark  upon ; 
to  inscribe. 

XL  Carpentry : 

1.  To  mark  by  a  rule  or  compasses;   to 
mark  so  as  to  fit  one  piece  to  the  edge  of 
another  or  to  a  surface. 

2.  To   adjust,    as    one    piece    of   wood  to 
another,  so  that  the  flbre  of  the  one  shall  be 
at  right  angles  to  that  of  the  other. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  write. 

"  Doing  nothing  but  scribble   and  tcribe."—  Mad. 
DArblay :  Cecilia,  bk.  I.,  ch.  vL 

•Crib'-er, ».  [Eng. scribe), : -er.]  [SCRIBE-AWL.] 

•Crib' -ing,  pr,  par,  &  s,    [SCRIBE,  t).] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Writing,  handwriting. 

2.  Carp. :  The  fitting  the  edge  of  a  board  to 
another  surface,  as  the  skirting-board  of  a 
room  is  scribed  to  the  floor,  being  marked  in 
position,  and  then  cut  to  match  the  in- 
equalities. 

scribing  compass,  t. 

Saddlery:  A  compass  with  one  pointed  leg 
to  act  as  a  pivot,  and  one  scooping  edge  to 
act  as  a  marker. 

scribing-iron,  ».  A  scoring-tool  for 
marking  logs  and  casks. 

*  scnb'-Jsm,  s.     [Eng.  scribe,  s. ;  -ism.]    The 
character,  manners,  or  teaching  of  the  Jewish 
Scribes. 

*  scrib  la  -cious,  a.  [Eng.  scribbl(e) ;  -acious.] 
Fond  of  or  given  to  scribbling  or  writing. 

"  The  loquacious,  tcriblaciout  Heraud."— Carlyte,  in 
Century  Magadne,  June,  1683,  p.  271. 

*  scrid,  s.    [SCREED.]    A  fragment,  a  piece,  • 
shred. 

*  scricne,  s.    [SCREEN,  s.] 

scrieve,  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To  glide 
swiftly  along;  to  rub  or  rasp  along.  (Scotch.) 

"  The  wheels  o'  life  gae  down  hill,  ecrierin , 
Wf  rattliu1  glee."  Burn,.  HcoKk  Drink. 

sciiff-gle.u.i.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To  wriggle; 
to  struggle  or  twist  about 

*  scrike,  v.t    [SCREAK.] 

*  scrim  -er,  s,    [Fr.  escrimeur,  from  escrimtr 
=  to  fence.]    A  fencing-master,  a  swordsman. 

"  The  tcrimeri  of  their  nation. 
He  swore,  bad  neither  motion,  guard,  nor  eye. 
If  you  oppoa'd  them."  Sltajcttp. :  Samlet,  i  v.  T. 

scrim  mage,  scram' -mage  (age  as  Ig), 
*.  [A  corruption  of  skirmish  (q.v.).]  A 
skirmish,  a  tussle  ;  specif,  in  football,  a  con- 
fused close  tussle  round  the  ball. 

"  Some  day  to  engage  in  a  general  Krimmage  for 
freah  apoIL"— Dauv  Telegraph,  Sept.  M,  1885. 

Scrimp,  v.t.  [Dan.  skrumpe;  Sw.  skrumpria; 
Low  Ger.  schrumpen  =  to  shrink,  to  shrivel ; 
A.S.  scrimman  =  to  dry,  to  wither.]  To  make 
small,  scant,  or  short ;  to  scant ;  to  limit  or 
straiten ;  to  put  on  short  allowance. 

"  That  auld  capricious  carlln.  Nature, 
To  inak  amends  for  tcrimpit  stature." 

Burnt :  To  Jamei  Omit*. 

scrimp,  a.  &  --.    [ScRuip,  r.J 

A.  At  adj. :  Scanty,  narrow,  deficient,  con- 
tracted. 

B.  As  wbst. :  A  niggard,  a  pinching  miser. 
(Amer.) 

scrimp  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.     [SCRIMP,  v.] 
scrimping  bar,  >. 

Calico-print. :  A  grooved  bar  which  spreads 
cotton  cloth  right  and  left,  so  as  to  feed 
smoothly  to  the  printing-machine. 


J.*'-l.^t  &dv-    [Eng.  acrimp,  a.  ;  -ly.]    In 
s  scrimp  manner ;  hardly,  scarcely. 

scrimp' -ness,  *.  [Eng.  scrimp,  a. ;  -ness.] 
Scantiness,  small  allowance. 

scrimp'- tion  O  silent),  s.  [SCRIMP,  v.]  A 
small  portion,  a  pittance.  (Prov.) 

scrims,  ».  [Ktyra.  doubtful ;  prob.  for 
scrimps.]  Thin  canvas  glued  on  the  inside  of 
a  panel  to  keep  it  from  cracking  or  breaking. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit; 
or.  wore,  w?!*  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cnb.  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    ee,  oe  =  e.    e w     u ;  qu  =  kw. 


serin — serofulousness 


4157 


serin,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Mining:  A  small  vein. 

•scrine,  s.  [O.  Fr.  escrln  (Fr.  icrin);  Ital. 
scrigno,  from  Lat.  scrinium  =  u  desk,  fnun 
$m&o  =  to  write.]  A  chest,  box,  case,  or 
other  place  in  which  writings  or  curiosities 
are  deposited  ;  a  shrine. 

"  Lay  forth,  out  of  thine  everlasting  tcrine, 
The  antique  rolls."       Spenser:  F.  Q-,  I.    (Introd.) 

scringe,  v.  i.  [A  variant  of  cringe  (q.v.).]  To 
cringe.  (Prow.) 

•crip  (1),  *  scrippe,  *  scryppe,  s.  [Icel. 
slcreppa  •=  a  bag,  a  scrip  ;  Norw.  skreppa  : 
dial,  skrdppa;  O.  Sw.  skreppa,;  O.  Dut. 
scharpe,  schaerpe,  sceppe;  Low  Ger.  schrap.] 
A  wallet,  a  small  bag,  a  satchel. 

"  Across  his  shoulders  then  the  scrip  he  flung." 

Pope:  Homer;  Odyuey  xvfi.  220. 

•orlp  (2),  ».     [The  same  word  as  tcript  (q.v.).] 
*1.  Anything  written;  a  wi-iting;  a  list,  as 
of  names  ;  a  catalogue. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  containing  a  writing; 
a  schedule,  a  certificate. 

3,  Specif,  in  Comm.  :  A  certificate  of  stock 
subscribed  to  a  bank  or  other  company,  or  of 
a  subscription  to  a  loan  ;  an  interim  writing 
or  document  entitling  a  person  to  a  share  or 
•hares  in  any  company,  or  to  an  allocation  of 
stock  in  general,  the  interim  writing  or  scrip 
being   exchanged    after   registration    for    a 
formal  certificate  ;  in  this  sense  termed  tcrip 
certificate.   Also,  paper  obligations  of  a  corpora- 
tion issued  for  wages,  &c.,  in  lieu  of  ca«h  and 
circulating  locally  as  currency.   The  fractional 
currency  of  the  U.  8.  during  and    following 
the  Civil  War  was  known  as  scrip  or  (humor- 
ously) as  "sliinplasters." 

\  For  another  etymology,  see  extract. 

"  A  Stock  Exchange  term  contracted  from  '  sub. 
•erlptlon.'  When  a  foreign  loan  is  issued,  or  a  new 
company  Is  about  to  borrow  capital,  the  public  are 
Invited  to  '  subscribe  '  to  it.  that  is.  In  plain  language, 
they  are  asked  to  say  how  much  money  they  are 
willing  to  leud  for  either  of  those  purposes.  This 
f  a  'prospectus.' 


tation  is  presented  In  the  form  of  a  'prospectus.' 
lender  or  subscriber  'applies'  for  a  share  in  the 
,  or  for  the  privilege  of  contributing  to  a  com- 
pany's capital,  and  in  answer  receives  a  '  letter  of 
allotment'     This  letter  of  allotment  is  afterwards 
exchanged  for  'scrip,'  that  is  a  kind  of  provisional 
document  entitling  him  to  claim  definite  bonds  or 
share   certificates,   indicating    how    many  bonds    or 
shares  he  has  subscribed."  —  Bitheli  :  Counting  Houte 
Dktttman. 

scrip-company,  s.  A  company  having 
•hares  which  pass  by  delivery,  without  the 
formalities  of  register  or  transfer. 

•crip-holder,  s.  A  person  holding  scrip 
entitling  him  to  shares  in  a  company. 

•  scrip'-page  (age  as  ig),  s.    [Eng.  nripfl)  • 
•age.]    That  which  is  contained  in  a 


bag. 


i  scrip  or 


"  Let  as  make  an  honourable  retreat :  though  not 
with  bag  and  baggage,  yet  with  scrip  and  icrippaffe." 
—Shaleip. :  Aifou  Lite  It,  Hi.  i. 

Ooript,  s.  [Lat.  scriptum,  neut.  sing,  of  seriptus, 
pa,  par.  of  scribo  —  to  write.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
L  A  piece  of  writing  ;  a  scrip. 

"  I  trow  it  were  to  longe  you  to  tary. 
If  I  told  you  of  every  icript  and  bond.* 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  ».S01. 

*2.  Style  of  writing. 

"The  book  ...  is  beyond  price  for  the  purity  of  its 
Krfpl."— Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  27, 1886. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Law :  The  original  or  principal   docu- 
ment. 

2.  Print. :  A  kind  of  type  iu  imitation  of 
writing. 


•Crip-toV-i'-um,  ».  [Lat.,  from  scriptor=& 
writer,  from  seriptus,  pa.  par.  of  scribo  =  to 
write.)  The  room  in  a  monastery  or  abbey 
set  apart  for  the  writing  or  copying  of  manu- 
scripts. 

"  Yonr  tcriptoritim 
Is  famous  among  all,  your  manuscripts 
Praised  for  their  beauty  and  their  excellence." 

Longfellow  :  Golden  Legend,  ir. 

•  scrip'-tor-y,  a.  [Lat.  scriptoria,  from 
tcriptor  =  a  writer.] 

1.  Written,  expressed  in  writing,  not  verbal. 

"  Wills  are   nuncupatory   and  tcriptory."—Surift : 
Tale  of  a  Tub,  §  2. 

2.  Used  for  writing. 

"  With  such  differences  of  reeds,  vallatory,  sagittary 
tcriptor//,  and  others."— Browne :  ifigcellany  Tract  i. 


scrip'-tu-ral,  a.  [Eng.  scriptur(e);  -al]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Scriptures ;  contained  in 
the  Scriptures ;  biblical. 

"  Creatures,  the  tcripturat  use  of  that  word  deter- 
mines sometimes  to  men."—  Atterbury. 

*  scrip'-tu-ral-ism,  s.    [Eng.  scriptural; 
-ism.)   The  quality  of  being  scriptural ;  literal 
adherence  to  Scripture. 

*  SCrip'-tU-ral-lst,  s.  [Eng.  scriptural ;  -1st.] 
One  who  adheres  literally  to  the  Scriptures, 
and  makes  them  the  foundation  of  all  philo- 
sophy. 

scrip'-tu-ral-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  scriptural ;  -ly.] 
In  a  scriptural  manner. 

*  scrip'-tu-ral  ness,  s.     [Eng.  scriptural; 
•ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  scrip- 
tural. 

Serip'-ture,  s.  &  a.  [O.  Fr.  escripture,  escri- 
ture  (Fr.  ecriture),  from  Lat.  scriptura  =  a 
writing,  from  scripturus,  fut.  par.  of  scribo  = 
to  write ;  Sp.  &  Port,  escrit  ura ;  Ital.  scrittura.  ] 

A.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  A  writing  ;  anything  written  ;  a  docu- 
ment, an  inscription. 

"  This  Kripture  on  the  tombe,  the  whlche  was  in 

Latyn."— Bernert :  Froiuan ;  Cronycle,  vol.  i. .  ch.  ex. 

2.  The  Bible,  as  preeminently  worthy  of 

being  called   "the  Writing";   the  books  of 

the  Old  and  New  Testament.     (Frequently 

used  in  the  plural,  preceded  by  the  definite 

article.) 

"  Whoever  expects  to  find  in  the  Scripturet  a  specific 
direction  for  every  moral  doubt  that  arises,  looks  for 
more  than  he  will  meet  with."— Patey  :  Philotophy, 
en.  iv. 

*  3.  Anything  contained  in  the  Scriptures  ; 
a  passage  or  quotation  from  the  Scriptures. 

"  The  devil  can  cite  Scripture  for  his  purpose  " 
Shakfip.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  8. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  or  contained  in 
the  Scriptures  or  the  Bible  ;  scriptural :  as, 
Scripture  truths. 

H  (1)  In  the  A.V.  scripture  is  used  in  the 
Old  Testament  iu  Dan.  x.  21,  with  doubtful 
signification.  Our  Lord  often  used  both  the 
singular  and  the  plural  of  the  word  for  the 
Old  Testament  (Matt.  xxi.  42  ;  Mark  xii.  10 ; 
John  v.  39,  x.  35,  &c),  so  do  the  Apostles 
(Rom.  i.  2,  iv.  3 ;  James  iv.  5,  &c.).  St  Peter 
once  includes  under  the  term  the  Epistles  of 
St.  Paul  (2  Peter  iii.  15-16).  The  epithet  Holy 
is  sometimes  prefixed  (Rom.  i.  2 ;  2  Tim.  iii 
15).  [BIBLE.] 

(2)  By  English  law  scoffing  at  Scripture 
is  punishable  by  fine  and  imprisonment. 
Rationalistic  criticism  of  it  in  a  grave  spirit 
is  not  considered  as  constituting  the  offence. 

Scripture-reader,  s.  A  person  employed 
to  read  the  Scriptures  in  private  houses  among 
the  poor  and  uneducated. 

*  scrip'-tured,  a.     [Eng.  Scripture) ;  -ed.) 
Engraved ;  ornamented  with  figures. 

"  Those  tcriptured  flanks  it  caunot  sea" 

2.  B.  Rouettt :  Burden  of  xinneh. 

•crip'-tnre-wort,  «.  [Eng.  scripture,  and 
wort.] 

Bot. :  The  genus  Opegrapha  (q.v.) 

*  scrip-tiLr'-I-an,  s.  [Eng.  Scripture);  -ian.] 
A  scripturist  (q.v.).  , 

"  O  rare  icripturian."— Chapman  :  Humourtmi 
Dayes  Mirth,  p.  108. 

"  Borip-tur'-I-ent,  a.  [Low  Lat.  scripturiens, 
pr.  par.  of  soripturio  =  to  desire  to  write ; 
scribo  =  to  write.]  Having  a  desire  or  passion 
for  writing  ;  having  an  itch  for  authorship. 

"This  grand  tcripturient  paper.spiller." — Wood: 
Athence  Oxon.,  vol.  ii. ;  Wm.  Prynne. 

*  sorfp'-tu-rist,  s.     [Eng.  scripture);  -itt.] 
One  who  is  well  versed  in  the  Scriptures. 

"  Wicliffe  was  not  only  a  good  divine  and  tcripturitt, 
but  well  skilled  in  the  civil,  canon,  and  English  law  " 
— Archbp.  ffewcome :  English  Tram,  of  Bible,  p.  6. 

*  scrit9h,  s.    [SCREECH,  ».] 

seri-vel'-lo,  s.  fltal.]  An  elephant's  tusk 
under  twenty  pounds  weight. 

*  scriy-en,  *  scriv  ein,  s.  [O.  Fr.  escrimin 
(Fr.    ecrivain),    from    Low    Lat.   scribanum, 
accus.  of  scribanus  =  a  scribe  ;  Lat.  scribo  = 
to  write  ;  Sp.  escribano.]    A  scrivener. 

*  scriy'-en,  v.t.    [SCRIVEN,  s.]    To  write,  as 
a  scrivener. 

"A  mortgage  Krtmned  up."— North:  Lift  of  Lard 
OuHford,  ii.  301 


scrlV-en-er,  *  skriv-en-ere,  s.  [Mid. 
Eng.  striven ;  -er.] 

1.  A  writer ;   one  whose  business  was  tc 
draw  up  contracts  or  other  documents. 

"  My  boy  shall  fetch  the  Krivener" 

Shukeap.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  iv.  4. 

2.  One  whose  business  is  to  receive  money 
to  place  out  at  interest,  and  to  supply  those 
who  want  to  raise  money  on  security ;  a  money- 
broker  ;  a  financial  agent. 

"  And  from  the  griping  icrieener  free  1" 

Dryden  :  Horace,  epode  ii. 

![  The  Scriveners  are  one  of  the  London 
Companies.  They  were  incorporated  iu  1616. 

scrivener's  palsy,  s. 

Pathol. :  A  spasm  or  cramp  affecting  certain 
muscles  essential  to  the  act  of  writing.  It 
commences  by  a  stiffness  of  the  muscles  o« 
the  arm  or  forearm,  or  of  the  fingers  of  the 
right  limb  in  the  evening,  disappearing  after 
a  night's  rest ;  then  the  movement  of  the 
hand  becomes  unsteady  and  the  writing  a 
scrawl.  At  the  more  advanced  stage  a  spasm 
comes  on  whenever  the  pen  is  taken  into  the 
hand.  Though  it  does  not  seem  to  be  caused 
by  overwork,  yet  the  hand  should  be  allowed 
to  rest,  and  when  work  is  attempted  some 
mechanical  appliance  should  be  used  to  en- 
able the  fingers  which  are  not  affected  to  hold 
the  pen.  Called  also  Writer's  Paralysis  and 
Writer's  Cramp. 

*  scriv  -en -ish,  *  scrive-in  Ishe,  a.  [Mid. 
Eng.  striven :  -isK.]  Like  a  scrivener. 

"  And  make  it  with  these  araumeutes  tough, 
Ne  KHveinithe  or  craftely  thou  it  write. 

Chaucer :  TroKut  i  Crtnlda.  it 

•scrlV -en -like,  a.  Like  a  scrivener. 
(Chaucer.) 

scro-blc-u  lar  -1-a,  ».  [Lat  terobicuKw) 
(q.v.);  fern.  sing.  adj.  suff.  -aria.) 

Zool.  A  Pakevnt. :  A  sub-genus  of  Semele 
(q.v.).  Known  recent  species  twenty,  from 
Britain,  the  Mediterranean,  Ac. ;  fossil  four, 
from  the  European  Tertiary. 

scrobicularia  crag,  «. 

Geol. :  The  upper  division  of  the  Bed  Crag 
at  Chillesford. 

•crft-bio  -u-late,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  scrobkulatus, 
from  Lat.  scrobiculus  (q.v.).] 
Bot. :  Pitted  (q.v.). 

•crS-bic'-u  liis,  t.  [Lat  =  a  little  ditch,  or 
trench ;  scrobis  =  a  ditch,  a  grave.] 

Anat. :  A  pit,  a  depression. 

scrobiculus  cordis,  i. 

Anat. :  The  pit  of  the  stomach,  a  depression 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  epigastric  region. 

scrof -u-la,  ».  [Lat.  scrofulas  =  a  swelling  of 
the  glands  of  the  neck,  from  scro/a  =  a  sow, 
an  animal  which  was  supposed  to  be  particu- 
larly liable  to  such  swellings  ;  Fr.  scrofula ; 
Ital.  scrofula,  scrofola;  Sp.  escrofula ;  Port 
escrofulas.] 

Pathol. :  A  constitutional  state,  hereditary 
or  acquired,  known  also  as  Struma,  leading 
up  to  the  development  of  tubercles,  though 
it  is  only  when  that  state  is  fully  developed 
that  tubercles  are  deposited.  Previously,  the 
scrofulous  subject  is  ansemic,  feeble,  and 
liable  to  suppurative  and  ulcerative  states  of 
the  skin  and  other  parts  of  the  body,  fre- 
quently with  prematurelyactive  mental  power, 
which  is  proportionately  early  exhausted. 
The  glands  are  specially  liable  to  scrofula, 
particularly  those  at  the  side  of  the  neck  and 
under  the  angles  of  the  jaw.  Iron  and  cod- 
liver  oil  are  the  principal  remedies  for  this 
condition. 

scrof-u-lo'-sis,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  scrofula ;  suff 
-osis.] 

Pathol. :  Scrofula  without  tubercle  ;  as 
opposed  to  tuberculosis  (q.v.). 

scrof  '-u-lous,  o.    [Eng.  scrofuKa)  ;  -oa».] 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  scrofula  ;  of  the 
nature  of  scrofula  :    as,  scrofulous  diathesis, 
scrofulous  ulcer. 

2.  Suffering  from  or  affected  with  scrofula. 

"Charles  once  handled  a  tcrnfulout  quaker,  and 
made  him  a  healthy  man  and  a  sound  churchman  in  a 
moment."— Macauday  :  Hitt  £ng.,  eh.  xiv. 

SCrSf'-U-louS-ljr.adt).  [Eng.  scrofulous;  -ly.) 
In  a  scrofulous  manner ;  with  scrofula. 

scrof -u  lous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  scrofulous; 
•ness.  ]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  scrofulous. 


bo"y;  pt>ut,  Jo^l;  cat,  jell,  chorus,  9liin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-Qlan,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion, -gion  =  shun ; -tion, -sion  -  zhon.    -cious, -tlous, -sious  =  shiis.    -ble. -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4153 


scrog— scrubby 


•crog,  s.  rriie  same  word  as  si-rag  (q.v.) ;  cf. 
GaeL  sgrogag  =  something  shrivelled  "r 
•tanted;  sgrng  —  to  shrivel.]  A  stunt. -d 
bnah  or  shrub ;  in  the  plural  generally  used 
to  designate  thorns,  briers,  &c.,  and  some- 
times small  branches  of  trees  broken  off. 
(fttw.) 

•crSg'-gy,  scrog'-gie,  o.    [Eng.  scrag ;  -y.] 
1,  Stunted,  shrivelled. 
2L  Full  of  bushes  or  scrogs. 

"  The  way  towart  the  cite  was  stony,  thorny,  and 
icrogrjlf." — Hetta  flomfinarum,  p.  19. 

scroll,  *scrolle,  *scrowl,  'scrowle,  s. 
[For  scrawl,  dim.  of  Jlid.  Eng.  arrow  (q.v.). 
The  form  has  doubtless  been  influenced  by 
«U(q.v.).] 
1  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  \  roll  of  paper  or  parchment ;  a  writing 
formed  into  a  roll. 

"  The  heavens  shall  be  rolled  together  as  a  teroO."— 

/•ffioA  XXXlV.  14. 

2.  A  list,  a  catalogue,  a  schedule. 

••  Here  U  the  tcrotl  of  every  man's  name."— &oft«*p.  .- 
Vidiummer  .Vlgkf*  Draum,  L  2. 

3.  A  writing  generally. 

••  Anil  that  between  them  then  there  went 
Some  tcroll  of  courteous  compliment" 

Scott :  Marnltm,  T.  H. 

4.  A  flourish  added  to  a  person's  name  in  a 
«ignatare. 

5.  The  curved  head  of  instruments  of  the 
violin  class,   in  which  are  inserted  the  pins 
for  tuning  the  strings. 

H.  Technically : 

L  Arch. :  A  convolved  or  spiral  ornament, 
variously  introduced  ;  specif.,  the  volute  of 
the  Ionic  and  Corinthian  capitals. 

8.  Her. :  The  ribbon-like  appendage  to  a 
crest  or  escutcheon,  on  which  the  motto  is 
inscribed. 

3L  HyiL-enij. :  A  spiral  or  converging  adjut- 
age around  a  turbine  or  other  reaction  water- 
wbeel,  designed  to  equalise  the  rate  of  flow 
of  water  at  all  parts  around  the  circumfer- 
ence of  the  wheel,  by  decreasing  the  capacity 
of  the  chute  in  its  circuit. 

4.  Joinery  :  An  ornament  of  a  form  derived 
from  and   distantly  resembling,  a  partially 
unrolled  scroll  of  parchment.    Instruments 
are  made  for  laying  out  scrolls  and  curves  for 
stair-work,  and  other  irregular  forms. 

5.  Law :  A  mark  which  supplies  the  place 
of  a  seal. 

ft  Naut. :  A  piece  or  pieces  of  timber  bolted 
to  the  stem  in  lieu  of  a  figure-head. 

scroll-chuck,  s. 

Lathe :  A  device  for  holding  and  centring 
work  in  the  lathe. 

scroll  head,  s. 

Waul. :  (1)  [SCROLL  (5)]  ;  (2)  [BILLBT-HKAD]. 

scroll-gear,  s.  A  gear-wheel  of  spiral 
form. 

scroll  saw,  a.  A  relatively  thin  and 
narrovv-bladedreciprocating-saw,  which  passes 
through  a  hole  in  the  work-table  and  saws  a 
kerf  in  the  work,  which  is  moved  about  in 
any  required  direction  on  the  table.  The  saw 
follows  a  scroll  or  other  ornament,  according 
to  a  pattern  or  traced  figure  upon  the  work 
Tke  band-saw  is  a  scroll-saw,  and  operates 
•onrinuously.  [BAND-SAW.] 

scroll-work,  8. 

Arch. :  Ornamental  work,  characterize! 
generally  by  its  resemblance  to  a  band,  ar 
ranged  in  undulations  or  convolutions. 

•scrolled,  '.  [Eng.  scroll ;  suff.  -ed.]  Formed 
like  a  scroll ;  contained  in  a  scroll. 

scroop,  8.    (A  word  of  imitative  origin.] 
harsh  cry,  tone,  or  shriek. 

scroop,  r.i.    [SCROOP,  s.]     To  grate,  to  creak 

"  The  Incessant  iMUiplng  of  doors,  scrooping  of  locks. 
—J/omina  Chronicle.  Oct.  S,  ISM. 

Scropb-u  lac'  rfn,  s.    [Lat.  scrophul^aria) 

merit  =  sharp,  irritating,  and  suff.  -in  (Chem.). 

Clem. :  An  irritating  resinous  substance  ob 

tain.1.!  from  Scraphuiaria  aquatica.     Solubl 

!•  alcohol  and  ether. 

•erSpli  n  la-res'-iin,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  seroj*» 
•o(rta).  Slid  Eng.  resin.] 

Ckem. :  A  resinous  substance  obtained  froi 
Scropkularia  aquatica.  Soluble  in  alcohoi 
incoluble  in  water  and  ether. 


ce  o  sro. 

Hot.  :  Figwort;  the  typical  genus  "f  Serophu- 
riucete  (q.v.).  Calyx  generally  tive-l"l«  ••!  ; 
orolla  sub-globose,  its  limb  contracted,  wiili 


acroph  u-lar  -i-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat;  so  named 
by  Linnaeus,  because  he  believed  it  of  use  in 
the  cure  of  scrofula.] 

Hot. 
lar 

cor  , 

two  short  lips,  the  upper  two-lobed,  frequently 
with  an  abortive  stamen  inside,  the  lower 
with  three-lobes,  the  two  lateral  ones  straight, 
the  middle  one  decurved.  Capsule  two-celled, 
two-valved,  septicidal.  Known  species  about 
eighty,  from  Europe,  the  temperate  parts  of 
Asia  and  North  Africa,  more  rarelv  from 
America,  Ulii'-ilaxt',  resinous  substances  and 
essential  oils  arn  pro.lui.-ti  of  many  of  tho 
species,  while  acridity,  bitterness  and  a-Jtrin- 
gency  are  prevalent  characteristics.  The  K-;IVL-S 
aud  roots  of  some  species  are  purgative  ami 
.•yen  emetic  in  their  action.  They  are  chielly 
herbaceous  and  half  scrubby  plants.  i*>mo 
are  admired  and  cultivated  t.ir  their  flowers, 
while  others  are  very  hnuitilt)  plants. 

•crSph-n-lar-i-a'-ce-eB,  ».jt.  [Mod.  Lat. 
Krophulari(a)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj  .  stiff.  -OCOT.] 

Sot.  :  Figworts  or  Linariads  ;  an  order  of 
Perigynous  Exogens,  alliance  Bignoniales. 
Herbs,  under-shrubs,  or  shrubs,  generally 
scentless  ;  leaves  opposite,  whorled,  or  al- 
ternate ;  flowers,  solitary  or  many,  sometimes 
in  dichotonious  cymes  ;  calyx  inferior,  in  five 
or  four  ilivisinns;  corolla  monopetalous,  in 
five  regular  or  bilabiate  divisions,  or  in  four, 
owing  to  the  two  upper  petals  being  united  at 
their  tips  ;  stamens  sometimes  two,  but  gener- 
ally didyiiamous,  from  the  abortion  or  ab- 
sence of  a  fifth  upper  one  (in  very  rare  cases  it 
remains  fertile)  ;  style  simple,  rarely  bifid  ; 
ovary  superior,  two-celled,  many-seeded  ;  fruit 
capsular,  rarely  berried  ;  seeds,  generally  in- 
definite, albuminous.  Found  in  all  parts  of 
the  world.  The  species  are  generally  acrid, 
somewhat  bitter,  and  suspected  to  be  dan- 
gerous. Tribes,  SalpiglossuleEe,  Antirrbinidete, 
and  Rhinanthidece.  Known  genera  176,  species 
1,814  (Lindley);  genera  180,  species  about 
1,800.  (Sir/.  Hooker.) 

seroph'-u-la-rln,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.  xrophu- 
lar(ia);  -in  (Chem,.).'] 

Chem.  :  A  bitter  substance  obtained  from 
Scroplmlaria  *o*wa.  It  dissolves  slowly  in 
water,  and  forms  white  flocks  with  tannin. 

scroph-n-la-ri'-nS-»,  «.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat. 
tKrophvlar(vi)  ;  Lat,  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -iruas.] 
Bat.  :  The  Scrophulariaceee  (q.v.). 

*scroph'-ule,  «.  [ScEOFULA.]  Scrofula 
(q.v.). 

"  A  cataplaeme  of  the  leaves  and  hogs  sreaee  incor 
point  toglther,  doth  resolv«  the  tcrophulei  or  swelling 
kernel!  called  the  king'*  evilL"—  P.  Holland 
bk.  «ciL,  ch.  xlv. 

scrot'  al,  a.    [Lat.  tcrot(mn)  ;  Eng.  adj.  stiff 

-al.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  scrotum;  as 

acrotal  hernia. 

scro'-ti-form,  a.  [Lat.  scroti,  geuit.  of  scrotum 

(q.v.X  and  forma  =  form.] 

Bot.  :  Pouch-shaped  (q.v.). 
8cro'-t6-9ele,  s.    [Lat.  scrotum,  and  Or. 
(kele)  =  a  tumour.] 
Med.  :  A  scrotal  hernia. 

SCrot'-tyl»,  S.      [SKEOTTA.) 

scro'-tfim,  s.    [Lat.] 

1.  Corny.   Anat.  :   The  bag  or  external  tegu 
mentary  covering,  enclosing  the  testes  in  tli 
higher  mammals.     In  man  it  is  subject  t> 
a  distinct  disease  known  as  chimney-sweep' 
cancer,  from  the    liability   of  that  class  tc 
suffer  from  it.      Other   diseases  are    hyper 
trophy,  erysipelas,  inflammatory  oedema,  anc 
tumours  of  the  scrotum. 

2.  Bot.  :  The  volva  of  some  fungals. 

scroiige,  scrooge,  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful 
cf.  Dan.  sfcrw7.7e  =  to  stoop.]  To  crowd,  t< 
squeeze,  to  press. 

sorofr,  *  aero  we,  'sorove,  t.    [O.  Fr.  es- 

mm,  eacrte  (Fr.  term.)  ;  Low  Lat.  eoroa,  fro 
O.  Dan.  schroode  =  a  strip,  a  shred  ;  Icel.  sk 
=  a    scroll  ;    Norw.   skraa  =  to    cleave,    t< 
shred.    Thus  the  original  meaning  is  a  shred. 
*1.  A  scroll  (q.v.). 

"  Knowyng*  that  ye  sayrt  B«ylly  v>ed  to  here  «CT 
and   prophecyes  aboute   hym."—  Fabyan  :  Chrony 
(an.  1450). 

2,  Tanners'  and  curriers'  clippings,  used  fo 
glue-making. 


scroyle,  s.  [O.  Fr.  escrvuelles  (Fr.  ecrwtlla) 
=  tiie  king's  evil,  from  Low  Lat.  scro/eHo, 
from  Lat.  scrofula.}  [SCUOFULA.]  A  niran 
wretch.  (Prob.  aiiplied  originally  to  one 
afflicted  with  king's  evil.) 

"  The  trroyUt  of  Auyiera  flout  yon.  km**.' 

Hhaketp.  :  King  John,  IL  •, 

crub,  v.t.  &  {.  [Of  Scandinavian  origin  ;  of. 
Dut.  schrobben  ;  Dan.  skrubbe  ;  Sw.  sfcr»b6a  = 
to  scrub,  to  rub ;  Norw.  sA-rwb6  =  a  scrubliing- 
lirush  ;  skrubbo,  =  the  dwaif  cornel-tree  (Eng. 
shrub ;  A.S.  scrobb).] 

A.  Trans.:  To  rub  hard,  either  with  the 
hand,  or  with  an  instrument  or  cloth  ;  specif., 
to  rub  hard  with  a  brush,  or  something  coarse 
and  rough,  for  the  purpose  of   cleaning  or 
scouring. 

"  We  heeled  her,  icru'>bftl  her  bottom,  and  tallowed 
li."-Dampitr:  Poyaffl  I*"- 10B")- 

B,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  clean,  scour,  or  brighten  things  by 
nibbing  with  a  brush,  or  other  hard  or  coarso 
instrument ;  to  scour. 

"  For  a  woman  who  ha*  been  accustomed  to  keepinf 
a  couple  of  servants  to  be  called  upon  to  cook  ana 
Krub  Is  a  very  great  trial."— Fitld,  Dec.  19.  1885. 

2.  To  work  hard  and  pennriously :  as,  To 
scrub  hard  for  a  living. 

scrub,  «.  oi  o.     [SCRUB,  v. ;  cf.  A.S.  8cro?>>>  =  a 
shrub;  Dau.  tchrobber  =  a  scrub,  a  Sfoun.li-el.] 

A.  -4s  znhilantive : 

1.  A  worn-out  brush  or  broom. 

2.  A  mean  fellow  ;  a  paltry,  stingy  person. 
"  They  are  esteemed  im-wii  and  fools  by  reason  of 

their  carriage."  —  Burton:  Anatomy  of  Melancholy, 
p.  127. 

3.  Something  mean,  paltry,  or  despk^ble. 

4.  Close,  low,  or  stunted  trees  or  brushwood ; 
underwood. 

"There  are  no  trees,  only  here  and  there  patches  of 
short  oak  «crM»."~X  Month  btfort  Se&rtrt«/xtf,  by  • 
,\t>n-c<>tnbiifniit,  p.  tl. 

B.  At  adject  ire: 

1.  Mean,  paltry,  petty,  niggardly,  contempt- 
ible. 

"  With  a  down  large  vessels  my  vault  shall  be  stored. 
No  tittle  tcrttb  Joint  shall  come  on  tuy  board." 

-SV'/'.    (Latham.) 

2.  Covered    with     scrub     or   underwood ; 
scrubby. 

scrub  bird,  8. 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Atrichia.  The  English 
name  has  reference  to  its  habitat,  the  dfiise 
scrubs  of  Western  Australia,  whilst  its  gciv  rie 
name  records  the  absence  of  vibrissse,  so  much 
developed  in  Sphenura,  to  which  it  is  closely 
allied.  There  is  but  one  species,  Atrichia 
damosa,  the  Noisy  Scrub-bird,  about  eight 
inches  long;  upper  surface,  wings,  an<i  tail 
brown,  each  feather  with  crescentic  bars  of  a 
darker  shade;  throat  and  chest  reddish- white, 
with  a  large  irregular  black  patch  on  lower 
part  of  throat.  (Gould :  Handbook  to  Birds  of 
Australia,  ii.  344.) 

scrub  oak,  8. 

Bot. :  Qvercus  Catesbaci  and  P.  ilicifolia.  North 
American  species. 

"  scrub  race,  s.  A  race  got  up  between 
low  and  contemptible  animals  foramus.  incnt. 

*scrub-b8d,a.  [Eng.  «oru&;  -ed.]  Scrubby, 
paltry,  little. 

"  Now,  hy  this  hand,  I  gave  It  to  a  youth— 
A  kind  of  boy  ;  a  little  tcntbbed  boy." 

ShaJc&p. :  Merchant  nf  rente*,  T.  1. 

scrttb'-ber  (1),  '•    !E«s-  scrut>'  "•  '•  •"'•I 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :    One  who   or  that    which 
scrubs ;  a  scrubbing-brush. 
IL  Tectmimlly : 

1.  das-malting:   An  apparatus  for  ridding 
coal-gas  of  tarry  matter  and  some  remains  of 
ammonia. 

2.  Lenther:   A  machine  in    which  leather 
from  the   tan-pit   is    washed    before    being 
finished. 

scruW-ber  (2),  8.  [Eng.  scru»,  s. ;  -er.]  A 
term  applied  to  cattle  allowed  to  run  wild  to 
the  mountains.  (Australian.) 

scrtb-b^,  a.    [Eng.  scrub;  -y.] 

1.  Mean  and  small ;  paltry,  despicable. 

"A  #crM&&ylooking.  yellow-faced  foreigner,  with 
cleaned  gloves,  ia  warlding  iuamlibly  In  a  eomer.  — 
Thackeray :  Book  of  Snob*,  ch.  xviil. 

2.  Stunted,  short. 

3.  Covered  with  scrub  or  low  underwood. 

"  On  some  scrubby  ground  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  Ti™.--FMd,  Deo.  «.  1885. 


Otto,  fat,  fart,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  tkere;  pint),  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wol£  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    a,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  »;  «u  =  kw. 


scrubby  ish— scud 


4159 


•  «Crut>'- by-fen,  a.      [Eug.   scrubby; 
Somewhat  sirubby. 

"I  happen  to  be  sheriff  of  tb«  county:  and.  as  all 
writs  are  returnable  to  me.  a  trrubbyigh  fellow  asked 
me  to  sign  one  against  you." — 0.  Caiman  the  1'outtyer  ; 
Poor  Gentleman. 

serub'-BtoxiG, «.  [Eng.  scrub,  v.,and  stone.]  A 
provincial  name  for  a  kind  of  calciferous 
sandstone.  [HEARTHSTONF,  2.] 

scruC  s.    [SCURF.] 

scruff,  a.   [Prob.  the  same  as  scuff  (q.v.).] 
1.  The  back  part  of  the  neck. 

*  2.  The  scurf  or  outside  skin. 

'  rinugimt  up  in  the  air  by  the  scruff  of  htaneek- 
cloth."— lilack'norv:  Lorna  Doone,  oh.  xxix, 

*crum  -mage  (age  as  ig),  s.  [SCRIMMAGE.] 
A  skirmish. 

scrump'-tious  (p  silenV,  a.    [Etym.  doubt- 
ful.] 
1.  Delightful,  first^class,  capital.    (Slang.) 

**  Scrumptious  young  ladies  you  to£  out  so  finely." 
Chamber*'  Journal,  July,  1879,  p.  888. 

3.  Nice,  fastidious,  particular.    (Amer.) 

ccrungh,  v.t.  &  I.    [SCHANCH.] 

A«  Trans* :   To  crush  with  the  teeth ;  to 
crunch  ;  to  grind  down. 
B.  Intraiis. :  To  make  a  crunching  noise. 
"  A  man  was  mtnching  through  deep  anow  some- 
where near  va."— Field,  April  4,  Itss. 

scru'-ple,  s.  [Fr.  scnipvle  =  a.  little  sharp 
stone  falling  into  a  man's  shoe,  and  hin- 
dering him  iu  his  gait ;  a  scruple,  a  doubt, 
a  weight,  from  Lat.  scrupulum,  accus.  of 
ecrupulus  —  a  small  sharp  stone,  a  small  stone 
used  as  a  weight,  a  small  weight,  a  stone  in 
one's  shoe,  an  uneasiness,  a  difficulty,  a  doubt ; 
dimin.  of  scrupus  —  a  sharp  stone ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
escrupulo;  Ital.  scrupulo,  scrupolo.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  weight  of  twenty  grains  (3) ;  the  third 
part  of  a  dram,  or  the  twenty-fourth  part  of 
an  ounce  in  the  old  apothecaries'  measure. 

*  2.  Any  small  quantity ;  a  particle. 

"  Nature  never  lends 
He  smallest  awuple  of  her  excellence," 

Sfuikcsp. ;  Meaturefor  Jfeatura,  L  1. 

*  3.  A  part  of  a  second  ;  a  minute  division 
of  time. 

"  Not  the  minute  only,  but  the  very  icrupl*  of 
tlme."—Sfiuthey  :  Tke  Doctor,  ch.  IxxxvL 

4.  Hesitation  as  to  action  or  the  course  to 
be    pursued  arising    from   the   difficulty  of 
determining   what    is    right   or   expedient ; 
doubt,  perplexity,  or  hesitation  arising  from 
motives    of    conscience ;    nicety,    delicacy, 
doubt;  a  kind  of  repugnance  or  unwilling- 
ness to  do  anything,  owing  to  the  conscience 
not  being  satisfied  as  to  its  Tightness  or  pro- 
priety. 

"  But  be  broke  through  the  most  sacred  ties  of 
public  faith  without  tcrupl*  or  shame,  whenever 
they  Interfered  with  his  interest,  or  with  what  be 
called  hia  glory." — Jfttcautay :  ffttt.  Rng..  ch.  ii. 

*  IL  Astron. :  A  digit. 

•cru  pie,  v.t.  &  (.    [SCRUPLE,  «.] 

A*  Intrans. :  To  have  scruples ;  to  douot 
or  hesitate  about  one's  actions  or  decisions ; 
to  hesitate  to  do  something  ;  to  doubt. 

"  He  templed  not  to  eat 
*   Ijje." 

Ttton:  P.  L,,  ir.  9ftT. 

*B.  Trans. :  To  have  scruples  about;  to 
question  the  correctness  or  propriety  of;  to 
Hesitate,  to  believe. 

"He  did  not  much  temple  the  honesty  of  tbeae 
people."— Dampitr:  T'oyo^t  (1686). 

* SCru  pie  ness,  s.  [Eng.  scruple;  -ness.] 
Scrupulosity.  (Tusser.) 

*acru'-pler,  *.  [Eng.  scruplfe),  v. ;  «r.]  One 
who  scruples ;  one  who  has  scruples ;  a 
doubter,  a  hesitater;  a  precise  and  scrupulous 
person. 

"Away  with  those  nice  tcruptert."—  Btikop  Hall: 
Remaities,  p.  295. 

*  •cru'-pn-ttst,  s.    [Eng.  scruple;  -&*.]    One 
who  scruples  ;  a  scrupler. 

*scru'-pu-lize,  v.t.  [Eng.  scruple;  -ix.} 
To  perplex  with  scruples  or  doubts. 

"In  other  articles  that  eyther  are  or  may  be  so 
Kntpuiued."—Mvuntague  ;  Appeals  to  Cottar,  p.  244. 

•crn-pn-l8s'-i-t$r,  *.  [Lat.  scrujnUosttas, 
from  scrupulosTts  =  scrupulous  (q.v.)  ;  Ital. 
Krvpulosita.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
scrupulous;  hesitation  or  doubt  as  to  actions 


or  decisions  arising  from  the  difficulty  of 
determining  what  is  right  or  expedient;  re- 
luctance to  act  or  decide  arising  from  the 
fear  of  doing  wrong ;  nice  regard  to  exactness 
and  propriety  ;  precis 

"The  very  scrupulosity  which  made  Nottingham  a 
mutineer  was  a  Mecurity  thnt  he  wmild  never  be  a 
traitor."— Jlticaula.*  :  Sitt,  £>iy.,  ch.  xv. 

SCru'-pn-lous,  a.  [Fr.scntpukux,  from  Lat. 
scrupulosus,  from  seruimlus  —  a  scruplu  (4.  v.) ; 
Sp.  escrupul oso  ;  Ital.  scrupulos1),  scrupoloso.] 

1.  Full  of  scruples ;  inclined  to  scruple ;  re- 
luctant or  hesitating  to  determine  or  act; 
cautious  or  backward  in  acting  from  a  fear  of 
offending  or  doing  wrong. 

"  I  sought 

Other  support,  not  tafuptttOiU  whence  it  MUM" 
Wordsworth:  Excursion,  bk.  iil. 

2.  Precise,     exact,    rigorous,     punctilious, 
particular. 

"Ilia  more  icrupulous  brother  ceased  to  appear  iu 
the  roy:il  chapel."— Macuulay  :  Sitt.  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 

3.  Careful,  cautious,  vigilant ;  exact  or  pre- 
cise regarding  facts. 

"  T  have  been  the  more  scrupulous  and  wary,  In 
regard  the  inferences  from  these  observations  are  of 
importance."—  Woodward. 

4.  Marked  or  characterized  by  preciseness 
or  punctiliousness. 

"  William  aaw  that  he  moat  not  think  of  paying  to 
the  laws  of  Scotland  that  icrupitt"it,i  respect  which  he 
h.nl  wisely  and  righteously  paid  t»  the  laws  of  Eiig- 
l&nd."—  Mucaulay  :  Hut,  Eng.,  ch.  xlll. 

*  5.  Given  to  making  objection ;  captious. 

"  Equality  of  two  domestic  powers 
Breeds  trrupul'im  faction. 

,Sh<ik«tp. :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  i  S. 

•  6.  Nice,  doubtful. 

"  As  the  cause  of  a  war  ought  to  be  Just,  the  Justice 
of  that  cause  ought  to  be  evident;  nut  obscure,  nut 
tarupiUou*."— Bacon:  War  with  Spai  n. 

scru'-pu-lous-l$r,  adv.  [Eng.  scrupulous; 
•ly.]  In  a  scrupulous  manner;  with  a  nice 
or  scrupulous  regard  to  propriety  or  exact- 
ness ;  carefully,  nicely. 

"  Rough-looking  bat  icrupuloutty  clean.1* — C.  Bronte : 
Jane  Eyre.  ch.  xxviii. 

scru -pu  lous  ness,  s.  [Eng.  scrupulous; 
-ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  scrupulous  ; 
the  quality  or  state  of  having  scruples  ;  scru- 
pulosity. 

"Tne  tcrupulouinett  of  the  parent*  or  friends  of  the 
deceased.  "—Boyle :  Worfu,  11.  68. 

2.  Exactness,  precision. 

"  I  foresaw  ray  scn»pu{t7U*n0«  might  impoverish 
my  history." — ttoylc :  Worfo,  ii.  4T8. 

*  scru'-ta-ble,  a.    [From  inscrutable  (q.v.).] 
Capable  of  being  admitted  to  scrutiny;  dis- 
coverable by  scrutiny,  inquiry,  or  critical  ex- 
amination. 

"  Oh  I  not  that  we're  disloyal  to  the  high, 
But  loyal  to  the  low,  andcugnisant 
Of  the  less  scrutabte  mysteries." 

K.  B.  Browning :  Aurora  Leigh,  lv. 

*«cru-ta'-tton,  «.  [Lat.  scrutatio,  from 
scrutatus,  pa.  par.  of  scrtttor  =  to  search  into.] 
The  act  of  searching  ;  search,  examination. 

*  scrik-ta'-tor,  s.     [Lat.,  from  acrutcitug,  pa. 
par.  of  scrutor  =  to  search;  Fr.  scrittoteur.] 
One  who  scrutinizes ;  a  close  searcher,  in- 
quirer, or  examiner. 

"  In  process  of  time,  from  being  a  simple  icrutator, 
an  archdeacon  became  to  have  Jurisdiction  more 
amply."— Ayliffe:  Parvryon. 

*  scru  -tin-ate,  v.t.    [SCRUTINY.]     To  scru- 
tinize, to  investigate. 

"  The  whole  affair  was  icrutinated  by  this  Court." — 
North  :  Kxamen,  p.  404. 

*  scru'-tlne,  v.i.  [SCRUTINY.]  To  investigate. 

"  They  departed  ...  to  tcrntine  of  the  mailer."— 
Greene  :  Quip  nf  Vpitart  Courtier. 

SCru-tin-«iBr',  s.  [Eng.  scrutiny ;  -er.]  One 
who  scrutinizes  ;  one  who  acts  as  an  ex- 
aminer of  votes  at  an  election,  public  meet- 
ing of  a  company,  &c.,  to  see  that  they  are 
valid. 

scru'-tin-ize,  v.t.  &  i.    [Eng.  *eruttn(y) ;  -i*e.] 
Am  Trans. :  To  make  a  scrutiny  into ;  to 
examine  narrowly  or  closely ;  to  subject  to 
scrutiny  ;  to  regard  closely  or  narrowly. 

"The  com  prom  iasurii  should  chose  according  to  the 
Totea  of  such,  whose  votes  they  were  obliged  to  acru- 
tinize."~Ayliffe:  Parergon. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  make  a  scrutiny ;  to  ex- 
amine closely  or  narrowly. 

SCTU'-tin-Iz-er,  5.  [Eng.  scrutinize);  -er.} 
One  who  scrutinizes ;  one  who  makes  a 
scrutiny  or  close  examination. 


scru -tin-ous,  a.    [Kug.  scrutiny);  -ou*.) 

1.  Close,  narrow,  strict,  careful,  precise. 

"  Proceeded  to  make  a  scrufhwus  inspection  <*!  tW 
ranks."— Z>««*  Cftro/i ;o/«,  Sept.  S,  issft. 

2.  Closely  examining  or  scrutinizing  ;  evp- 
tious. 

"Age  hi  froward,  uneasy,  iCT-wrtnotM', 
Hard  to  be  pleased,  atul  paraimuiiioua." 

JJcnhain :  Of  Old  Age,  «T. 

*  BCru'-t3tn-OUS-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  amrtmoswy 
•ly.]  In  a  scrutinous  manner;  searcliuigly, 
closely. 


xW-tim-yi  *  scru-ten-y,  *.    [Lat.  «rr«»- 

(iftijim  =  a  careful  inquiry,  from  aerator  —  to 
search  into  carefully,  lit.  to  search  among 
broken  pieces,  from  scruta  =  broken  piec 
old  rubbish  ;  O.  Fr.  scrutine;  Fr.  scrutiny  I 
escrutinio;  Ital.  scrutinio.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  close  investigation  or   examination  ; 
minute  inquiry;  critical  examination. 

"His  moral  character,  in  which  the  closest  MnsMpMp 
will  detect  little  tlmt  is  not  <lr  erviug  of  11; ~\  T  ilrntiM)_ 
—Uacaulay  :  Hut.  £11?.,  ch.  xviii. 

2.  An  examination  of  the  votes  given,  AS  at 
an  election,   public  meeting  of  a  company, 
&c.,  by  a  competent  authority,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  rejecting  those  thnt  are  invalid,  suid 
thus  correcting  the  poll. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Canon    JM.W  :  A  ticket  or  little    papex 
billet  on  which  a  note  is  Written. 

2.  Church  Hist, :  An  examination  of  those 
who  were  about  to  receive  baptism  as  to  theii 
faith  and  dispositions.     During  the  scrutinies 
they  were  taught  the  Lord's  Prayer  and  the 
Creed,  and  were  exorcised.     At    Rome  the 
Creed  was  given  to  catechumens  on  the  Wed- 
nesday of  the  fourth  week  of  Lent,  and  they 
made  profession  of  faith  on  Holy  Saturday. 
The  end  of  the  scrutiny  is  now  answered  by 
the  questions  and  ceremonies  of  the  Order  for 
Baptism  in  the  Roman  ritual. 

*  scru'-tin-y,  v.t.    [SCRUTINY,  «.)    To  acm- 
tiuize. 

*  acrii  -  toire  (oire  as  war),  s.     [  Fr.  «* 

critoire.]    An  escritoire,  a  writing-case. 

"  I  locked  up  these  papers  In  my  terutotre,  and  my 
fcrutoire  came  to  be  unlocked."— Prior. 

scruze,  v.t.    [A  variant  of  scr<m0e(q.T.).]    To 
squeeze,  to  crowd,  to  press,  to  compress. 

"  bcruztd  oat  of  his  carrion  corse 
The  loathful  life."  Spenser  :  f.  Q.,  IL  xL  4ft. 

*SCry,  v.t.     [A  contr.  of  descry  (q.v.>.3    To 
descry,  to  discover. 

"  As  It  had  bene  two  ahepheards  curres  hwl  trn 
A  ravenous  wolfe."          Spenser:  F.  y,.  V.  xi: 


*  scry  (1), 
wild  fowl. 


*.     [Etym.  doubtfuL]     A  flock  of 


*  aery  (2),  s.    [AsoBY.]    A  cry. 

"  And  so  with  the  tcry,  be  was  fayne  to  flye 
shlrte  barefote,"—  Btrntrt  :  Froittart  ;  Cron^cia. 
ch.  cclxxlL 

*  scryme,  v.i.    [SCRIMBR.]    To  fence. 

*'  Scryminff  and  fencing  with  hU  point."  — 
Westward  Ho  I  ch.  111. 

*  scryne,  s.    [ScKt*E.] 

•end,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  variant  of  scoot,  itself 
another  form  of  shoot  (q.v.);  Dan.  sta/<Je  =  to 
shoot,  to  push,  to  shove;  Sw.  skittta  =  t& 
leap  ;  skjuta  =  to  shoot  ;  Icel.  skj6ta  •=  to 
shoot,  to  slip  or  scud  away.] 
A,  Intransitive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  run  quickly  or  with  pre- 
cipitation ;  to  be  driven  to  flee  or  fly  with 
haste. 

"  A  sound  In  air  pretag'd  approaching  rain, 
And  beasts  to  covert  scud  across  the  plain." 

famuli  .  Bermtt,  M. 

2.  Naut.  :  To  be  driven  fast  before  a  tem- 
pest with  little  or  no  sails  spread. 

"All  which  time  we  tswlded,  or  run  before  th*win*. 
Very  swift."  —  Dampier:  Yoyaget  (an,  1B87J. 

*  B.  Trans.  :  To  pass  over  quickly. 

11  Hia  diffusive  flock, 
In  snowy  groups  diffusive,  feud  the  rale." 

Sheniton*:  Jiuintd  Atdift- 

scud,  s.    [ScoD,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  scudding  ;  a  running  or  rush- 
ing with  speed. 

2.  A  fast  runner.    (School  slang.) 

3.  Loose,   vapoury  clouds,  driven  swiftly 
by  the  wind. 

"  Mow,  though  the  darkening  tend  cornea  OB." 

Scott  :  Lord  of  the  /****,  i.  UL 

i.  A  light,  passing  shower.    (Pron.) 


Wil,  b6y;  po^t,  Jdlfrl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  911111,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  tbls;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^mt.    - 
-cian, -tlan  =  sh^n.    -tion. -sion- shun; -tiou, -jioa --zhu.ro.    -cious, -tious, -slous  =  shus.    -ble, -die,  &c.  =  bet  del. 


4160 


5.  A  heavy  shower.    (Scotch.) 

"  He  will  have  a  wet  Journey,  seeing  It  Ij  apout  to 
pe  a«cuA"-Sco« :  Bear!  of  Mid-Lotlaan.  ch.  li. 

6.  A  small  number  of  larks,  less  than  a 
school.    (Prov.) 

•cud  der,  «.    [Eng.  scud,  v. ;  -«•.]    One  who 

scuds. 
scud  dick,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  Anything  of  small  value.    (Prov.) 

2.  A  shilling.    (Slang.) 

*  scud'  die,  v.i.  [A  freq.  of  tcud,  v.  (q.v.).] 
To  run  with  a  kind  of  affected  haste  or  pre- 
cipitation ;  to  scuttle. 

••  How  the  ml 


•oul-dud  -der-y,  o.  &  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 
A.  At  adj.  :  Relating  to  what  is  unchaste. 


•OUd'-lar, «.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  scullion. 
(Scotch.) 

•CU-do  (PL  SCU'-di),  «.     [Ital.=a  shield, 
a  crown,  from  Lat  scutum  =  a  shield ;  so  called 
from  its  bearing  the  heraldic  shield  of  the 
prince  by  whom  it  was  issued.) 
Numismatics : 

I  The  former  unit  of  value  in  the  Roman 
States  ;  divided  into  10  paoli,  or  100  bsjocchi, 
equal  to  about  4s.  3d.  It  is  now  superseded 
by  the  Italian  scudo  of  10  lire,  which  assimi- 
lates it  to  the  French  system. 

2.  An  Austrian  silver   coin  worth   about 
4s.  3d. 

3.  A  Neapolitan  silver  coin  worth  about  4s. 

4.  A  Genoese  gold  coin  worth  about  4s. 
•cuff,  s.    [SCUFT.]    The  back  part  of  the  neck ; 

the  scruff.    (Proti.) 

"  One  ol  the  biggest ...  was  seized  by  the  nyf  of 
the  Veck/'-i,** :  Wtat  v>0l «.  *>  wit*  it  I  bt  X 
oh.  vu. 

•cuff,  v.i.  &  <•  [Sw.  sku/a  =  to  push,  to 
shove  (q.v.);  O.  Out  Khuffden  ;  Dut.8cAu.wn 
=  to  shove.) 

A.  Intrant. :  To  walk  without  raising  the 
feet  from   the  ground  or  floor;  to  shuffle. 
(frov.) 

B.  Trans. :  To  graze  gently ;  to  pass  with  * 
slight  touch.    (Scotch.) 

•ouf'-fle  (1), «.    [Scurn.«,  ».] 

1  A  struggle  in  which  the  combatants 
grapple  closely ;  a  confused  quarrel  or  contest 
In  which  the  parties  struggle  blindly  or  con- 
fusedly ;  a  tumultuous  struggle  for  victory  or 
superiority. 

"A  tcafflt  ensued,  in  which  Pareea  was  knocked 
,Jown."-<Ct '  Third  Yoyagt.  bk.  T..  ch.  lit 

•  2.  A  tumult,  a  confusion. 

"  But  by  that  they  were  got  within  sight  of  them, 
the  women  were  in  a  very  great  icuftt.  —Bunyaa : 
PUgrim'i  Progreu,  pt  u. 

3.  A  child's  pinafore  or  bib.    (Prov.) 

•cuf '-He  (2),  s.     [Dan.  Ocu/e  =  to  hoe.)    A 
garden  hoe.    (Prov.) 

scuffle-harrow,  t . 

Agric. :  A  barrow  with  cutting  shares  instead 
Of  mere  teeth. 

scuffle-hoe,  8. 

Agric. :  A  thrust-hoe  having  the  blade  in 
line,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  handle. 

•ouf'-fle,  v.i.    [A  frequent,  of  tcuff  (q.v.).] 

1  To  fight  or  struggle  tumultuously  or 
confusedly ;  to  struggle  or  contend  with  close 

^^         '-  Well  KuMt  hard  before  he  perish." 

Beounv  *  FltL  :  PkUaatr,  T.  a, 

*  2.  To  shuffle,  to  scrape. 

•'  The  rude  will  teujjtt  through  with  ease  enough." 
Cowptr :  Tirocinium.  MO. 

*  scuffle-hunter,  s.    (See  extract) 

"Those  who  are  distinguished  by  the  nick-name  of 
icuffle-hunteri  prowl  about  the  wharfs,  quays,  and 
warehouses  under  pretence  of  asking  employment  as 
porters  and  labourers:  but  their  chief  object  a  to 
pillage  and  plunder  whatever  comes  in  their  way.  — 
toUct  of  t«e  MttropolU  (1797),  p.  54. 

•cuf  -Her  (1),  8.    [Eng.  tcuffiC),  v. ;  •«••]    One 

who  scuffles. 

souf -Her  (2),  s.    [Eng.  scufHf)  (2),  s. ;  -er.] 
Agric. :  A  cultivator,  a  scarifier  (q.v.). 

•cult,  s.  [Cf.  Icel.  ikofl ;  Goth,  skvftt  =  hair.) 
The  back  part  of  the  neck. 

SCUg,  v.t.  [Dan.  skygge  =  to  shade;  Sw. 
sktigga;  Icel.  skuggi=e.  shadow,  a  shade.] 
To  hide,  to  shelter. 


Mid-LotUan,  ch,  I  vi. 

B.  At  substantive  (Scotch): 

L  Fornication,  adultery. 

2.  Grossness,  obscenity. 
sculk,  sculk'-er,  &c.   [SKULK,  SKULKER,  Stc.) 
•scull  (!),»•    [SKULL.] 

scull  (2),  s.  [A  variant  of  school  (q.v.).l  A 
school  or  shoal  of  lish. 

••  Fiih  ...  In  jcuia  that  oft 
Bank  the  mid  sea."  HfUa  .  P.L..  vU.  ««• 

scull  (3),..  [IceL  ikj6lo,  =  &  pail,  a  .bucket; 
cf.  scull  (4),  s.)  [SKKEL.]  A  shallow  flsh- 
basket. 

••  She  maun  get  the  leuU  on  her  back,  and  awa 
wi*  the  flah."—  Scott:  Antiquary,  p.  349. 

scull  (*),  8.    [Etym.  doubtful.    Skeat  connects 
tt\Jith  Lowland  Scotch  skul,  skull,  sfo>H  =  a 
goblet  or  large  bowl  ;  Dan.  skoal  =  a  bowl,  a 
cup  ;  Sw.  ikdl;  Icel.  skal  =  a  bowL] 
*  1.  A  boat,  a  cock-boat. 

••  Oo  over  to  Whit«  Hall  in  a  jcuB."—  Ptpyl  •'  Dial, 
March  31,  1969. 

2.  A  short  oar  rowed  with  one  hand,  two 
being  handled  by  a  single  man.  as  m  river- 
wherries  and  match-boats.     Also  an  oar  used 
over  the  stern  by  a  rocking  action  obliquely 

'against  the  water. 

"  Getting  hi.  scid!  Jammed  by  striking  a  wave."— 
«e!4  Sept.  IS.  1886. 

3.  One  who  sculls  a  boat 

"  Like  rowing  tmll,  he's  fain  to  love, 
Look  one  way  and  another  move. 

Butltr:  Budibrat.  L  lii.  IIL 
U  Silver  sculls  : 

Aquatics:  A  pair  of  small  silver  sculls  given 
as  a  challenge  prize  for  scullers  at  several 
regattas. 

scull.  v.t.  or  i.  fScuiA  (4),  ».]  To  impel  or 
propel  a  boat  by  sculls,  or  by  a  single  oar 
over  the  stern. 


scull  -or,  s.    [Eng.  scull,  v.  ;  -«•.] 

1  One  who  sculls  or  rows  with  sculls ;  one 
who  propels  a  boat  by  an  oar  over  the  stern. 

[SCULL  (4),  8.,  2.) 

"  This  ha«  be«n  divided  between  a  Junior  and  a 
senior  iculltri  race."— Daily  Ittu*.  Sept  12.  1881. 

*  2.  A  boat  rowed  by  one  man  with  two 
sculls  or  short  oars. 

"  Her  soul  already  was  consigned  to  fate,  g> 
And  shivering  in  the  leaky  trailer  sate. 

Dryden :  rirgil ;  Otorgic  Iv.  7SS. 

scull'-er-y,  *  skull'-er-y,  8.  [According  to 
Skeat,  from  Bug.  twillcr,  with  suff.  -y ;  •/. 
"  syuyllare,  dysche-wescheare."  (Prompt.  Parv.) 
A.  8  swilian.  The  change  from  swillcry  or 
squillery  to  scullery  was  helped  by  some  con- 
fusion with  O.  Fr.  cscuellt  Lat.  (scutella)  =  * 
dish  ;  escueillier  =  a  place  where  dishes  or 
bowls  are  kept.] 

1.  A  place  or  room  in  a  house  where  dishes, 
pots  kettles,  and  other  culinary  utensils  are 
cleaned  and  kept,  and  where  the  dirty  work 
of  the  kitchen  is  done  ;  a  back-kitchen. 

"  For  it  fell  chiefly  In  the  kitchen  and  office  adjoin- 
ing,  as  the  KuUtry."— Strj/p« :  Zed**.  Mtm.  Attv. 

*  2.  Offall  Blth. 

"The  soot  and  liulltrv  at  vulgar  insolence."— 
Oaudtn  :  Tears  of  '»"  CfcurcA,  p.  258. 

scull' -ing,  a.  [ScuLL,  ».l  Moving  or  worked 
from  side  to  side,  like  the  scull  in  the  stern 
of  a  boat 

"The  motions  consist  In  a  tcuttiny  action  of  the 
tall"—  Toad  4  Bowman  :  Phytiol.  Anat.,  L  66. 

scull  ion  (i  as  y),  *  sool-i-on,  *  sooul-y- 

on,   s.     [Fr.  escouillon  =  a  dish-clout,   from 
Lat.  scopa  =  a  broom.) 

1.  Lit. ;  The  lowest  domestic  servant,  who 
does  the  work  of  the  scullery. 

"  He  [Richard  the  Second]  would  not  move  at  their 
request  the  meanest  tcullion  out  of  his  kitchen.  — 
Bulinabrokt:  Bat.  of  Kng.,  let  6. 

2.  Fig. :  A  low,  mean,  dirty  fellow. 

* •culT-io'n-lSr  (i  as  y),  o.  [Eng.  scullion; 
-ly.]  Like  a  scullion  ;  hence,  low,  mean,  base, 
contemptible. 

"His  tcualmily  paraphraae  on  St  Paul."— MBton: 
Cotatttrion. 


___ — 

•  sculp,  v.t.    [Lat.  sculpo  =  to  carve.) 
TUBE'*.]    To  sculpture,  to  carve,  to  engrav*. 

"  O  that  the  tenor  ol  my  just  complaint 
Were  sculp!  »ltb  steel  on  rocks  ol  adamant.' 

Semdyi :  ParaphraM  of  Jtk. 

sculp  -er, ».    [ScoRpEE.] 

soul -pin,  skul'-pln,  ».  [Etym.  doubtful ; 
perhaps  a  corruption  of  scorpion;  cf.  scorpion- 
Bsh.) 

Ichthy  •  AcanthocoUus  virginianus,  ranging 
from  the  coast  of  New  Brunswick  to  Virginia, 
from  ten  to  eighteen  inches  long,  or  wnlcn 
the  head  is  about  one-third.  Light  or  green- 
ish-brown above,  with  irregular  blotches. 
The  name  is  also  extended  to  any  species  of 
Acanthoeottus,  a  genus  formed  by  Girard  to 
include  marine  species  of  Cottus. 

"  The  common  bullhead  or  scuJpfn  is  well  known  to 

every  boy  ae  a  ,c»recro»  among  nshes.--*ip!«  » 

Dana:  Anur.  Cyclo    .  Hi.  437. 

*  sculp' -tile,  a.     ^.  at.  sculptilis,  from  tculpo 

=  to  carve.]   Formed  by  sculpture  or  carving. 

••  In  a  silver  medal  is  upon  one  side  Moses  horned, 
and  on  the  reverse  the  commandment  against  'cuIP- 
tilt  imagea-— Bmttnt :  rulgar  Errmri,  bk.  v..  oh.  U. 

sculp  tor,  s.  [Lat.,  fromjcu!j)0  =  to  carve.) 
One  who  sculptures ;  one  who  cuts,  ctarves, 
or  hews  figures  in  wood,  stone,  or  like  ma- 
terials. 

"A  marble  courier  by  the  icuipfor'j  hands." 

Pipe:  Homer;  Iliad  zvii.  495. 

*  sculp  -trSss,  s.     [Eng.  sculptor;   -ess.}    A 

female  sculptor  ;  a  female  artist  in  sculpture. 

sculp'-tn-rai,  o.  [Eng.  sculpture);  -al.] 
•al.]  Of  or"  pertaining  to  sculpture  or  en- 
graving. 

"Sculptural  contour  ol  head."-Po«.'  KvvtaAm 
(Worti,  11.  844). 

•SCUlp'-tu-ral-l*,  adv.  [Eng.  sculptural; 
•ly.}  By  means  of  sculpture. 

soulp'-ture,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tculptura, 
prop.  fern.  sing,  of  sculpturus,  fut.  par.  of 
tculpo  =  to  carve ;  Sp.  &  Port  escultura ;  Ital 
scultura.] 

I  The  art  of  cutting,  carving,  or  hewing 
wood  stone,  or  similar  material  into  the 
tiKures  of  men,  beasts,  or  other  things.  It  also 
includes  the  modelling  of  figures  in  clay,  wax, 
or  other  material,  to  be  afterwards  cast  m 
bronze  or  other  metal. 


14  Zeuxis  fonde  first  the  portratnra. 
And  Prouioetheus  the  xulpture."  ^ 

2.  A  piece  of  sculpture  ;  carved  work  ;  a 
figure  cut  or  carved  in  wood,  stone,  or  similar 
material,  representing  some  real  or  imaginary 
object 

••  What  ar«  to  him  the  Kulptura  of  the  shield  t 

Or idt n :  Otid:  Maamorpkotn  XUl. 

H  The  origin  of  sculpture  is  lost  in  an 
tiquity.   An  admirable  material  for  early  effort 
was  found  in  clay,  so  widely  diffused  in  many 
lands  [TEHRA-corra],  to  which,  as  knowledge 
advanced,  were  added  wax,  gesso,    marble, 
bronze,  &<•-.  Hence  the  rudiments  of  sculpture 
are  found  among  all  races  of  mankind.    The 
idolatry  of  the  Old  World  gave  it  a  great  im- 
pulse, from  the  necessity  which  it  produced 
of  representing  gods.     UDOL.)    Innmnerabla 
highly-antique  sculptures  remain  belonging  to 
the  ifeyptians ;  they  are  not  confined  to  gods, 
but  represent  men  engaged  in  their  several 
occupations.    To  a  certain  extent  it  is  the 
same  with  the  Assyrian  sculptures.     Those 
of  India  are  known  chiefly  in  connection  with 
Booddhism  and  the  Later  Brahmanism  ;  they 
are  more  exclusively  connected  with  religion. 
All  these  are  mediocre  specimens  of  art.    1 
was  reserved  to  the  Greeks,  and  specially  to 
the  Athenians,  to  carry  sculpture  to  the  high- 
est perfection,  which  Phidias  did,  about  B.C. 
442,  and  Praxiteles,  about  B.C.  363.   The  works 
of  the  former  were  characterized  by  sublimity, 
those  of  the  latter  by  beauty.    Praxiteles  was 
the  first  who  ventured  to  produce  a  wholly 
nude  figure.    The  conquest  and  spoliation  of 
Greece  by  the  Romans,  B.C.  146,  led  to  the  re- 
moval of  Greek  masterpieces  to  Rome.    This 
ultimately  created  a  certain  Uste  for  sculpture 
among  the  Romans,  especially  under  the  Em- 
peror Augustus,  but,  as  sculptors,  the  Romans 
Sever  equalled  the  Greeks.     Under  the  later 
emperors  the  art  declined  ;  under  the  barbarian 
invaders  who  next  succeeded  to  power  it  all 
but  expired.    It  was  revived  in  Italy  in  the 
thirteenth  century  by  Pisano,  and  gradually 
spread  to  other  European  countnes.     Among 
Italian  sculptors  were  Donatello  (1383-1460), 
Michael  Angelo  (1474-1564),  and  Canova(liS7- 


fite  at,  fire,  Amidst,  what,  t&ll.  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go.  p5t 
or,  wore,  wvli,  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cub.  oiire,  unite,  our.  rule,  full:  try.  Syrian.    «e.  oe  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  - 


sculpture— scurvily 


4161 


1822).  Among  the  sculptors  of  the  United 
States  may  be  named  Hiram  Powers,  Thomas 
Crawford,  Uoratio  Greenough,  and  William  W. 
•glory.  Thoee  of  England  include  John  Flax- 
man,  John  Gibson,  and  others  of  reputation. 
Thorwaldsen,  of  Danish  birth,  is  the  most 
famous  of  modern  sculptors.  Among  living 
sculptors  there  are  several  of  fine  ability. 

sculpture  writing,  «.  Hieroglyphic 
(q.v.). 

•Bculp'-ture,  v.t.    [SCULPTURE,  5.) 

1.  To  represent  in  or  by  sculpture  ;  to  carve 
or  form  with  the  chisel  and  other  tools  in 
wood,  stone,  or  other  material. 

"  We  may  classify  tculptured  works  .  .  .  Into  the 
two  forms.  • -Brandt  A  Cox:  Diet.,  ill.  880. 

2.  To  ornament  or  cover  with  sculpture  or 
carved  work. 

"  By  the  convent'!  iculpturtd  portal." 

Longfellow  :  Norman  Baron. 

3.  To  carve,  to  cut. 

"The  inscriptions  that  are  usually  tculptitred  or 
incised  on  those  monument*."—  Athrnaum,  Dec.  27, 
1834. 

sculp  tu  resque  (quo  as  k),  a.  [Eng. 
Ktilptur(e);  -esque.]  Pertaining  to,  or  possess- 
ing the  character  of  sculpture  ;  after  the 
manner  of  sculpture. 

"  lie  touchet  on  his  own  peculiar  art  by  describing 
»cuVure*gu«  situations."— Patt  Matt  Gazette,  Aug.  5, 

•cum,  *  scome,  *  skom,  *  skum,  5.    [Dan. 

«fcum  =  scum,  froth,  foam  ;  I  eel.  skum  =  foam  ; 
8w.  skum;  O.  H.  Ger.  scum ;  Ger.  schaum; 
O.  Fr.  escume ;  FT.  ecume ;  Ir.  squm ;  Sp.  & 
Port,  escuma;  Ital.  schiuma.} 

1.  Lit. :  The  extraneous  matters  or  impurities 
which  rise  to  the  surface  of  liquors  in  fermen- 
tation or  boiling,  or  which  form  on  the  sur- 
face in  any  other  way  or  by  any  other  means ; 
the  scoria  of  molten  metal. 

"Some  to  remove  the  icum  as  It  did  rise." 

Spenter;  F,  <£..  II.  ix.  SL 

2.  Fig. :   The  refuse,  the  recrement ;  that 
which  is  vile  and  worthless. 

"People  whom  nobody  knows,  the  icum  of  the 
•Mth."—  Knox;  Euayt,  No.  78. 

«cum,  'ekommo,  v.t.  &  i.    [SCUM,  ».] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  take  the  scum  off  the  sur- 
face of ;  to  clear  of  scum  or  impure  matter  ; 
to  skim. 

"  Ton  that  i rum  the  molten  lead. " 

Dryden  :  (Sdiput,  111.  1. 

*B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  throw  off  scum ;  to  be  covered  with 
•cum. 

2.  To  arise  like  scum. 

"  Oolde  and  siluer  was  DO  more  spared  then  thoughe 
It  had  rayiied  out  of  the  clowdes,  or  teamed  out  of  the 
eea."— Bemert  •  Froittiirt ;  Cronycle,  Toi  11..  ch.  xlix. 

*cum'-ber.  *.  [A  contract,  of  discumber 
(q.v.).f  Dung,  especially  the  dung  of  a  fox. 
(Prov.) 

•cum'-ber,  sciim'-mer,  v.i.  [SCUMBEB,  *.] 
To  dung. 

•cum  ble,  v.t.  [A  frequent,  or  dimin.  from 
tcum,  v.  (q.v.).] 

Paint.:  To  cover  lightly  or  spread  thinly 
over,  as  an  oil-painting,  drawing,  or  the  like, 
with  opaque  or  semi-opaque  colours,  so  as  to 
modify  the  effect. 

"  His  habit  of  tcumbling  colour  thinly  over  colour 
with  reference  to  the  tint  beneath.  —Pali  Matt 
Gatette,  Jan.  3,  1883. 

*cum'-bling,  s.     [SCUMBLE.] 

Paint. :  A  mode  of  obtaining  a  softened 
effect  in  painting,  by  blending  tints  with  a 
neutral  colour  of  a  semi-  trans  parent  character, 
forming  a  sort  of  glazing  when  lightly  rubbed 
with  a  nearly  dry  brush  over  that  portion  of 
a  picture  which  is  too  bright  in  colour,  or 
which  requires  harmonising.  In  chalk  and 
pencil  drawing  this  is  done  by  lightly  rub- 
bing the  blunt  point  of  the  chalk  over  the 
surface,  or  spreading  the  harder  lines  by  the 
aid  of  the  stump,  which  produces  a  peculiarly 
soft  effect. 

«cum  -mer,  v.i.    [SCUMBER,  s.}    To  dun^. 

"  Time  tcummeri 
Vpon  th'  effigie." 

Daviet :  Commendatory  Tertfi,  p,  13. 

scum  -mer,  *  akom-mer,  s.  [Eng.  scum, 
v.  ;  -er.]  One  who  or  that  which  scums  ;  a 
skimmer. 

"  The  salt,  after  its  crystallizing,  falls  down  to  the 
bottom,  and  they  take  It  out  by  wooden  tcummeri,  and 
put  it  in  fralla/—  Ray:  Remain*,  p.  120. 


scum  ruing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  5.    [SCUM,  v.} 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  dt  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst.  :  The  act  of  skimming  or  clear- 
ing of  scum  ;  in  the  plural,  the  matter 
skimmed  from  boiling  or  fermented  liquors. 

*  scum  my,  *  skum  -my,  o.  [Eng.  scum  ; 
-y.]  Covered  with  scum;  like  scum;  hence, 
refuse,  low. 

"  These  were  tb< 

niuaiiU  of  tl      .     _ 
-Sidney:  Arcadia, 

UK..  IT. 

soun'-oheon,  s. 

[Etym.  duuhtful.) 

Arch.  :  The  stones 
or  arches  thrown 
across  the  angles  of  a 
square  tower  to  sup- 
port the  alternate 
sides  of  the  octagonal 
spire  ;  also  the  cross-pieces  of  timber  across 
the  angles  to  give  strength  and  firmness  to  a 
frame. 

scun'-ner,  v.i.    [A.S.  scunian,  onscunian  — 
to  sliun  (q.v.).] 
L  To  loathe,  to  nauseate  ;  to  feel  disgust. 

"They  got  tcunnered  wi'  tweet*."—  Kingtley  :  Alton 
Locke,  ch.  iiL 

2.  To  start  at  anything  from  doubtfulness 
of  mind  ;  to  shrink  back  through  fear. 
(Scotch.) 

scun'-ner,  «.  [SCUNNER,  v.]  Loathing,  ab- 
horrence. 

•Cup  (1),  5.    [North  Amer.  Indian  name.] 
Ichtby.  :  The  Porgy  (q.v.). 

•cup  (2),  *.    [Dut.  schop.]    A  swing.    (Amer.) 
soup,  v.i.    [Scup  (2),  s.]    To  swing.    (Amer.) 

scup  -per,  s.  [O.  Fr.  escopir,  escupir=io  spit 
out  ;  Sp.  &  Prov.  escupir  ;  Walloon  scuipa; 
Dut.  spiegat  ;  Ger.  speigat;  Sw.  spygatt—  spit- 
hole,  from  Sw.  spy  =  to  spit  ;  Ger.  speien.} 

Shipbuild.  :  A  hole  or  tube  leading  from  the 
water-way  through  the  ship's  side,  to  convey 
away  water  from  the  deck. 

"  With  all  her  iciippert  spouting  blood."—  Macau. 
lay  :  tlitt.  Eny.,  ch.  xviii. 

scupper-hole,  s.  The  same  as  SCUPPER 
(q.v.). 

"  The  blood  at  tcupper~hol«»  ran  out"        Ward. 

scupper  hose,  scupper-shoot,  *. 

Naut.  :  A  spout  or  shoot  on  the  outside  of 
a  scupper-hole,  to  conduct  the  water  clear  of 
the  vessel's  side. 

scupper-leather,  *. 

Naut.  :  A  flap-valve  of  leather  outside  of  a 
lower-deck  scupper,  to  keep  the  sea-water 
from  entering,  but  permitting  exit  of  water 
from  the  inside. 

scupper  nail,  *. 

Naut.  :  A  short  nail  with  a  very  broad,  flat 
head,  used  for  nailing  on  scupper-hose,  bat- 
tening down  tarpaulins,  fastening  pump- 
leathers,  &c. 

scupper  plug,  s. 

Naut.  :  A  tapering  block,  to  close  a  deck- 
•cupper. 

scupper-shoot,  5.    [SCUPPER-HOSE.] 

scup  -per-nong,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A 
kind  of  grape  found  wild,  and  cultivated  in 
the  southern  parts  of  the  United  States.  It 
is  said  to  be  a  variety  of  Vitis  vulpina,  and  to 
have  been  brought  from  Greece. 

"  The  tcuppemonff 
From  warm  Carolinian  valleys. 

;  Catawba  Win«. 


*  sour,  v.i.     [ScouR,  v.}     To   run  or  move 
hastily  ;  to  scour. 

scurf,  *  scurfe,  «.    [A.S.  scurf,  sceorfa,  from 
sceorfan  (pa.  t.  scearf,  pi.  scurfo-n)  —  to  scrape  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  schurfl  =  scurf  ;  leel.  skurfur; 
8w.  skorf;   Dan.  skurv  ;  Ger.  schorf=  scurf  ; 
schurfen  =  to  scratch  ;  Lat.  sculpo,  *calpo.i 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 
*  2.  The  soil  or  foul  remains  of  anything 
adherent. 

"  Then  are  they  happy,  when  by  length  of  time 
The  *cur/ls  worn  away  of  each  committed  crimed 
Dryden  :  Virgil  ;  .t'neid  vi.  1,010. 


*  3.  Anything  adhering  to  the  surface  ;  a 
coat 

"  A  glossy  jcur/.  undoubted  sign 
That  in  hU  womb  wtu  hid  metallic  ore." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  L  in. 

*  4.  Scum,  scoria. 

"  Scurf*  of  yren  ;  tcoria,"—  Cathol.  Anglicum. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  A  Pathol.  :  Minute  scales  formed 
by  portions  of  the  cuticle  separated  from  the 
body  by  friction  even  when  the  health  ia 
good.  In  itityrlasfs  (q.v.)  they  are  detached 
in  abnormal  abundance. 


2.  Bot.  :  Small,  roundish,  flattened  particles 
giving  a  leprous  appearance  to  the  surface  of 
certain  plants,  as  the  Pine-apple. 


scurff,  *  sourffe,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Th« 
Bull-trout.  (Prov.) 

scurf  -i-ness,  *  scorff-y  ncsse,  *.    [Eng. 
scurfy;  *ness.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
scurfy. 
"  Scabbed  icorffynette."      Skelton  :  Duke  of  Albany. 

SCurr-^,  a.    [Eng.  scurf;  -y.] 

1.  Having  scurf  ;  covered  with  scurf. 

2.  Resembling  scurf;    in  botany,  covered 
with  scales  resembling  scurf. 

*scur'-rert  *.  [Eng.  scur;  •er.}  One  who 
moves  or  runs  hastily  ;  a  scourer,  a  scout. 

"  He  s«Dte  for  the  tcurreri  to  aduyse  the  dealyinge 
of  theyr  ennemys."—  Bernert  :  Froittart;  Cronycu, 
vol.  11.,  ch.  xxxliL 

*  SCur'-rile,  a.  [Lat.  scurrilis,  from  scurra  = 
a  buffoon  ;  Fr.  &  Ital.  scurrile.] 

1.  Befitting  or  characteristic  of  a  buffoon 
or  vulgar  jester  ;  low,  mean  ;  grossly  oppro- 
brious ;  lewdly  jocose  ;  scurrilous. 

"  It  Is  Impossible  to  associate  romance  with  th* 
countenance  which  prompted  Person's  tcurrti*  jeat."— 
Comhill  Magaxin*,  Aug.,  1S81,  p.  IS'J. 

2.  Given  to  the  use  of  scurrilous  language; 
scurrilous. 

"  Dares  thrice  icurrile  lords  behold." 

Bolyday  :  Juvenal,  tat  liL 

l'-I-ty,  »•  [Fr.  scurrUite,  from  Lat. 
scurrilUatem,  accus.  of  scurrilitas,  from  scur* 
riiis  —  scurrile  (q.v.)  ;  Ital.  scurrilita.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  scurrilous  ; 
low,  vile,  or  obscene  jocularity. 

"  Good  Master  Holofernes,  purge  ;  so  It  shall  pleu* 
yon  to  abrogate  *currttity."—&haketp.  :  Love'i  Labour"! 
Lo*t.  iv.  1 

2.  That  which  is  scurrilous  ;  low,  indecent, 
or  vulgar  language  ;  gross  abuse  or  invective; 
obscene  jests. 

"In  this  paper  were  set  forth,  with  a  strength  of 
language  sometime*  approaching  to  teurrility,  many 
real  and  some  imaginary  grievances."—  Macaulay  : 
But.  Eng.,  cb.  v. 

scur  ril  oils,  *  scur  -rll  loiis,  o.    [Eng. 

scurrile);  -ous.] 

1.  Used  or  given  to  scurrility;  using  the 
coarse  and  indecent  language  of  low,  vulgar 
persons  ;  lewdly  jocose. 

"Called  by  Bale  a  icurrillou*  tool."—  Fuller  :  Wor- 
thiet;  Lancaihire.  (J.  Stftndith.) 

2.  Containing  low,  vulgar,  or  indecent  Un- 
guage  ;  obscene  ;  grossly  opprobrious  ;  inde- 
cently abusive. 

"  Indeed  Justice  la  done  to  Sarsfleld  even  in  tnch 
teurrilout  pieces  as  the  Royal  Flight,"—  ilacaulay  : 
Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  si. 

SCUT'-ral-ous-ly',  adv.  [Eng.  scurrilous;  ~ly.\ 
In  a  scurrilous  manner  ;  with  gross  or  inde- 
cent abuse. 

"  Such  men  there  are.  who  have  written 
against  me,  without  any  provocation."—  Drydvn, 

scur-rii-ous-ness,  5.  [Eng.  scurrilous; 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  scurril- 
ous ;  indecency  or  grossness  of  language  ; 
scurrility. 

SCUT'-ry",  v.i.  [A  freq.  from  scur  (q.v.).]  To 
move  rapidly  ;  to  hurry,  to  hasten. 

"  To  fcurry  to  the  trenches  of  the  Romans."—  North: 
Plutarch,  p.  882. 

sciir'-ry\  a.  &  a.    [SCURRY,  v.} 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  hurried  movement  ;  a  ran; 
haste.    (HURRY-SCURRY.] 

"After  affording  a  very  bright  and  lively  tcurry 
for  sixteen  minutes."—  Field,  April  4,  1886. 

B.  -4s  adj.  :  Short  and  sharp. 

"  His  horses  were  rarely  seen  running  In  the  teurry 
races  which  do  so  much  mischief.  '  —  Daily  A'ewt, 
Sept  14,  1881. 


'-vI-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  scurvy  ;  ~ly.}     In  a 
scurvy  manner  ;  basely,  meanly,  shamefully. 
"She  asesthemfcMnrf/y."—  Search:  Light  of  ficiturt, 
vol.  1.,  pt  11.,  cb.  xxxiL 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  yetl,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  (his ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  -tian  =  shanu   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,    sion  --•  »>*""-   -cious,  -tioua,  -sious  =  ahuB.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


•sou-tl-bran'-ohl-an.  a.    &   «.     [Boon 


machine  lu  which  cotton,  flax,    or   silk   Is 


4162 


•cnr'-Vl-neSS,  ».  [Eng.  scurry  :  -n«s.]  The 
qrJlity  or  itoU  of  being  scurvy  ;  meanness, 
vileuess. 

•cur'-vy,  '  sour'-vey,  a.  &  t.    [Kng.  «ir/; 
-]P   cf.   Sw.  storuij  =  scurfy,  from  stor/  = 
•curt]    [SccRFY.] 
A.  -4»  ailjKtive  : 

T   L«  •  Scurfy;  affected  or  covered  with 
scurf    or    scabs;    scabby;    suffering    (EMU 
•curvy. 
"  Whatsoever  man  be  KU™»  oracabbed."-i«».  ul.  30. 

IL  Figimtiiixly  : 

1.  Vile,  mean,  luw,  vulgar,  contemptible. 

2.  Mean,  petty,  paltry,  contemptible,  •harae- 


.     sra 

PBtikoI.  :  A  peculiar  kind  of  anemia,  arising 
from  a  deficiency  of  vegetable  diet,  with  a 
tendency  to  hemorrhage,  impaired  nutrition, 

ami  grea'  mentil1  and  b0***  Pr™4™''1011' 
emaciation,  enlarged  joints,  typical  chants 
In  the  gums,  4c.  Lime-juice,  fruits,  and  vege- 
table  Bod  are  indicated  in  the  treatment  of 
this  disease. 

scurvy-grass,  ». 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Cochleana  Cq-v.> 

•  'souse,  s.    (Excuse.) 
•cnt'sknt,).    [Icel.sttitr  =  the  stern,  from 

skjAta  "o  jut  out.]    A  short  tail,  as  that  of 

share  or  deer. 

••  A«  soon  a*  the  hare  came  fairly  round,  the  latter 
,rt  ,ellTacrf.^Ul«5Pftl,1»  the  •"£«»>•  «™> 
of  fair  length  easily.  —  ««W,  Jan.  «.  18*1 

-  »cu  -tage  (age  as  ig),  «.    [Low  Lat  scuta, 
fium,  from  Lat.  scutum  =  a  shield.] 

Feudal  law  :  The  same  as  BSCTJAOE  (q.v.). 

he  aids  and  fcutaoft  due  to  the  crown  were  only 
d  onitt  SiSKS  toud.1  tooaaU.--e.r-.-i>-  * 


•CU-ta'-ta,  '-  Pi-    [Neut.  pi.  of  Lat  scutatus 
=  armedwith  a  shield,  from  scutum  (q.v.).] 

Entom. :  Shield  bugs ;  a  family  of  Geocores, 
having  a  large  scutellum,  in  some  cases  almost 
concealing  the  hemelytra.  They  feed  on  the 
Juices  of  trees  and  shrubs,  occasionally  attack- 
ing caterpillars.  Some  of  the  tropical  species 
have  splendid  metallic  tints,  and  fly  in  the 
sunshine. 

•on'-tate,  a.    [Lat.  scutatut,  from  scutum  =  a 
shield.) 

1.  Bot.:    Formed  like  an   ancient   round 
buckler. 

2.  Zool. :  Protected  by  large  scales. 
«out9h,  v.t.    [The  same  as  SCOTCH,  v.  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  beat,  to  drub. 

2.  To  dress  by  beating ;  specifically  : 

(1)  Cotton-man. :  To  separate,  as  the  indi- 
vidual tibres  of,  after  they  have  been  loosened 
and  cleansed. 

(2)  f  fcw-mon, :  To  beat  off  and  separate  as 
the  woody  parts  of  the  stalks  of. 

(3)  Silt-man. :   To  disentangle,  straighten, 
and  cut  into  lengths,  as  floss  and  refuse  silk. 

4cfttch,  «.    [SCOTCH,  «.] 

1.  A  wooden  instrument  for  dressing  flax 
or  hemp ;  a  scutcher. 

2.  A  provincial  name  for  couch-grass  (q.v.). 
scutch-rake,  s.    A  flax-dresser's  imple- 
ment. 


scut9h  -Ing,  fr.  jnr.  or  o.    [SCOTCH,  D.] 

scutching  -machine,     scutching  - 
mill,  s.     A  scutcher  (q.v.). 
scutohlng-stock,  s. 

FtaMnonK/.  :  The  part  of  the  machine  on 
which  the  hemp  rests  in  being  scutched. 

scute  (1),  «.    [Lat.  scutum  =  n,  shield.) 

•  1    A  small  shield  ;  a  buckler. 

••  Bare  the  Mlf«iue  arinei  i  that  1  dyd  quarter  In  my 
icute  "—Vatcoisna  :  Hei'iM  of  a  Ma**e. 

•  2.  An  old  French  gold  coin,  of  the  value 

Of  8s.  4.1. 

"  With  KuU,  and  crownes  of  golde. 

1  *-%KS?  K.ftSH.%  "  «><«" 

3.  A  icale,  as  of  a  reptile.    [SccTOM.] 
•  scute  (2),  ».    [Scour,  ».] 

SCU'-tel,  «.      [SCUTELLUM.] 

scu-tSr-la  (pi.  Bcu-tel'-lse),  «.  [Lat.  =  a 
salver,  dimiu.  ftom  scutra  =  a  tray.] 

1  Compar.  Anal.  (PI.):  The  horny  plates 
with  which  the  feet  of  birds  are  covered, 
especially  in  front. 

2  Zool  •   A  genus  of   Echinoidea,  family 
ClypeastridK.    They  are  of  circular  form. 

sou-tei-lar'-e-ie,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  Kutel- 
tor(ia);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutT.  -«z.) 
Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Lamiacese. 

•cu-tel-lar'-I-a,  s.  [Lat.  scutella  =  a  nearly 
S4»axe  salver  o?  waiter.  Named  from  the 
form  of  the  calyx.) 

Bot.:  Skull-cap;  the  typical  genus  of 
Scutellarese.  Calyx  broadly  ovate,  with  a 
tooth  or  scale  on  the  inner  side,  the  two  lip 
closed  after  flowering  ;  corolla  with  the  tube 
much  exserted,  upper  lip  straight,  arched, 
lower  one  trifld;  anthers  of  the  two  lower 
stamens  one-celled,  those  of  the  two  upper 
ones  two-celled.  Known  species  about  ninety, 
from  the  temperate  and  sub-tropical  parts  of 
both  hemispheres.  Two  of  them  are,  ecutelUirta 
gaurimlata,  the  Common,  and  S.  minor,  the 
Lesser  Skull-cap.  The  flowers  of  the  former 
are  blue,  those  of  the  latter  pale  red. 

scu-teT-la-rin,  «  [Mod.  Lat.  «wf>War(ia)  ! 
•in.  (CAem.).] 

Chem.  •  A  bitter  substance  contained  in 
Smtellaria  latfrifolia.  (Watts.) 

•cu-tel'-late,  seu'-tel-lat-M,  a.  [Lat 
sraieWa  =  a  salver.]  Formed  like  a  plate  or 
platter  ;  divided  into  small  plate-like  surfaces. 

"  It  seems  part  of  the  teutatat'*  bone  of  a  sturgeon. 
being  flat,  ofa  porous  or  cellular  constitution.  — 
Woodward. 

sen-teT-U-cln,  ».  p*.  [Lat.  *rtrt«K(a);  fern. 
pi.  adj.  sutT.  -ida.] 

Zool  •  A  family  of  Echinoidea;  shell  de- 
pressed, discoidal,  often  digitate  or  perforated, 
lower  surface  with  ramifying  grooves.  Often 
merged  in  Clypeastridse. 

SOU-tSl'-U-form,  o.  [Lat  scutella  =  a  salver, 
and  /orma  =  form.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:   The  same  as  SCDTK.LATK 
(q.v.). 

2.  Bot.  :  Nearly  patelliform,  but  oval   in- 
stead of  round,  as  the  embryo  of  grapes. 


scutch  con,  *scoch-on,  "soueh-1-on, 
*  Skochen,  ».  [A  contract,  of  escutcheon 
(q.v.).] 

L  An  escutcheon  ;  a  shield  for  armorial 
bearings. 

••  The  defaced  tcutrheoni  and  headleas  statues  of  his 
aacefitry."— Masavlay  :  aitt.  Eng.,  ch.  lit 

2.  Ana.  Arch. :  The  shield  or  plate  on  a 
door,  from  the  centre  of  which  hung  the  door- 
handle. 

S.  LockmUk. :  A  cover  or  frame  to  a  key- 
hole. 

4.  A  name-plate  on  a  coffin,  pocket-knife, 
or  other  object. 

•cnt9h'-c6ned,  a.  [Eng.  scutcheon;  -td.] 
Emblazoned  as  on  a  scutcheon. 

"  The  KUtcheoned  emblems  that  It  bore." 

Seutt :  Bridal  o/  Triirmain.  lli.  18 

SCUtch  er,  «.  [Eng.  scutch,  v.  ;  -er.)  One 
who  or  that  which  scutches;  specif.,  a 


scn'-tSl-line,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  Kutellmui,  from 
Lat  sciUdla  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  genus  Scutella 
(q.v.). 

"The  teu*««<n«  urchins  commence  with  the  Ter- 
tlary."-™«'l>«  .  Otolan  (•»•  I88".  L  *"• 


Bcu-tei'-lfim  (pi.  scu-tei'-la),  s.    [Mod. 
Lat.,  dimin.  from  scutum  (q.v.).] 
Botany : 

(1)  The  single  large  cotyledon  enveloping 
the  embryo  in  Grasses. 

(2)  (Of  lichens):  A  shield  with  an  elevated 
rim  formed  by  the  thallus.    [OBBILLA.] 

scu'-«  a  (t  as  shX  «.     [From  Lat  scutum 
(q.v.).   'Named  from  the  form  of  the  disc.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Khamnaceaj.  Shrubs  with 
nearly  opposite  leaves,  flve  petals,  and  five 
stamens.  From  Asia,  Africa,  and  America. 
The  wood  of  Scutio  capensis  is  used  by  cabinet- 
makers. 


•  sou-tl-bran-chi-a'-ta,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat, 

from  iJit.  scutum  =  a  shield,  and  Eug.  bran 

cAiota  (q.v.).] 

Zool  •  One  of  Lamarck  s  orders  of  Gastero 

poda   now  merged  in  Prosobranchiata  (q.v.) 

Two  families,  Olidea  and  Calyptracea. 
scu-ti-bran'-ohi-ate,  scu-ti-bran'-chl 

a'n,  a.  &  «•    [SCUTIBRANCHIATA.] 

'  A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  onie 

SeutilT«uclii:ita. 
B.  ^13  aubat.  :  A  member  of  the  order  Scut 

branchiata. 
SCU  tif  '-er-OUS,  a.     [Lat.  scutum  =  a  shiele 

and  /«ro  =  to    bear.)     Bearing   a   shield   c 

buckler. 
SCU'-tl-form,  o.    [Fr.  scutiforme,   from  La 

scutum  =  a  shield,  andjbrma  =  form.]   Hsvu: 

the  form  of  a  shield  or  buckler  ;  scutate  (q.v. 

sou-tig  -er-a,  s.  [Lat.  scutum  (q.v.),  at 
giro  =  to  wear,  to  carry  about] 

Zool.:  The  typical  genus  of  Scutigerid 
(q  v  )  Scutigera  coleaptrata,  inhabiting  t! 
south  of  Europe  and  northern  Africa,  is  ton 
fifths  of  an  inch  long,  and  S.  nobilit,  found 
India  and  the  Mauritius,  two  inches. 

sou-tl-ger  -I-dw.  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  «u 
y^ujfLat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.i 

Zool.:  A  family  of  Chilopoda.  Anteni 
very  long  ;  eyes  compound  ;  bocly-segmen 
few  •  limbs  long,  the  first  pair  specially  i 
and  projecting  from  the  sides  of  the  hea 
Widely  distributed. 

scut'-ter,  ».  [ScuTTEH,  ».]  A  hasty,  noisy  ru 

••A  KMter  downstairs.'-*  Brontf  :  Wutl.tr, 
Bttghtt.  cb.  xiiL 

soiit'-ter  v  i.  [Prob.  a  frequent,  from  «c 
(q.v.).]  To  run  away  hastily;  to  scurry, 
scuttle. 

"Here  and  there  a  mongoose  .a.llfr.   under 
l>oni  '»  hoof*  as  we  pats  along."—  ««W.  Ma 

scut-tlo  (1),  •scot-ille,  ••oot-yl 
•  skut-tle,  s.  [A.S.  smtd  =  a  dish,  a  rxv 
from  Lat.  scutella  =  a  salver  or  waiter,  dim 
from  scutra,  scuta  =  a  tray,  dtsh,  or  platti 
Sp.  tscudilla;  Ital.  scodella.] 

1.  A  broad,  shallow  basket,  so  called  fr 
its  resemblance  to  a  dish. 

"The  earth  and  stones  they  ate  fain  to  carir  f 
Ullder  their  leet  ill  icMtla  and  baskets,  -floim 
On  Providence. 

2.  A  metal  pan,  pail,  or  bucket  for  carry 
or  holding  coals. 

scut'-tle  (2),  s.  [SCUTTLE  (1),  ».]  A  qn 
pace  ;  a  short  run. 

scut'-tle  (3),  s.  [O.  Fr.  acontUle  (Fr.'ewuti 
a  word  probably  of  Spanish  origin  ;  of. 
escotilla,  »cotti/cm  =  a  hole  in  thr  baUM  i 
ship,  a  hatch  ;  ultimate  origin  doubtful.] 

1  Ord  Lang.  :  A  square  hole  in  the  wall 
roof  of  a  house  with  a  lid  for  covering  it  ; 
lid  that  covers  such  hole. 

2  Naut.  :   A  small  opening  in  a  ship's  d 
or  side,  closed  by  a  shutter  or  hatch. 

"We  hoysed  out  our  boat,  and  took  up  sou] 
them!  aiatoasmnll  batch,  or  Kultle  ratber.J«1 
liig  to  some  bark."—  Damyltr  :  l'oi/a</ti  (an.  IMS). 

scuttle-tratt,  scuttle-cask,  «. 

Naut  •  A  cask  having  an  opening,  covi 
by  a  lid,  in  its  side  or  top.  It  is  lashe< 
deck,  and  contains  the  water  required  for 
mediate  use.  Called  also  Scuttled-butt. 

SCUttle  flSh,  «.      [CuTTLE-FISH.] 

scttt'-tle  (1),  v.i.    [The  same  as  middle  (q.< 

1.  To  run  hastily  ;  to  scuddle. 

"Went  icuttlins  away  at  a  raijid  rate  ainld 
brushwood."—  W.  B.   Kingaim  :  South  Sea   ' 
ch.  xiv. 

2.  (See  extract.) 

••Owing  to  the  practice  of 
of  a  band  of  ladi  attackin 


magistratas    have   resolted    upuu   severe   repr< 
measures."—  PnpU.  Dec.  ^,  188*. 

scut'-tle  (2),  v.t.    (ScmTLE  (3),  «.] 

KaaU.  :  To  cut  holes  through  the  bottoi 
sides  of  a  ship  for  any  purpose  ;  especiall 
sink  by  cutting  such  holes. 

"On  his  leaTlng  the  place  they  were  towed  c 
narbour.  and  icuatod  and  sunk."—  X  rum.  V01 
bk.  lit.,  ch.  ir. 


ftte,  fat,  &re,  »mldst,  what,  tan,  fetter ;  we,  w6t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,i 
or,  wore,  won;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  euro,  unite,  enr,  rule,  All ;  try,  Sfrlan.    »,  oe  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  o.u  - 


ecuttled-  sea 


41G3 


SCUTUM. 


•cut-tied  (le  as  el),  pa.  par.  or  a.    [SCUTTLE 
CO,  <'-] 
scuttled  -butt,  s.    A  scuttle-butt  (q.v.). 

sou  -turn  (pi.  sou'-ta),  s.     [Lat.] 

1.  Rom.   Antiq.  :   The  shield  of  the  heavy> 
arine'i  Roman  soldiers.    It  was  of 

an  oblong  or  semi  -  cylindrical 
shape,  made  of  boards  or  wicker- 
work,  covered  with  leather,  with 
sometimes  an  iron  rim. 

"When  pay  for  the  soldiers  wag  In- 

truilm-eil  i  *iii.-h  diiiugw  was  made  at  the 
aiege  nf  Veil)  scufn,  or  oblong  reotaugu- 
Ur  altieltU  were  substituted  fur  them." 
—  L>'wU:  Crtd.  Early  Roman  Hist,,  ch. 
liii..  pt.  II.,  §  21. 

2.  Anat.  :  The  "knee-pan. 

3.  Hot.  :  The  broad,  dilated  stig- 
ma of  Stapelia  and  some  other 
Asclepiadacete, 

*  4.  Old  Law  :  A  pent-houae  or  awning. 

5.  Zool.  .*  A  shield-like  plate.  (Applied  spe- 
cially to  the  bony  dermal  plates  on  the  skin 
of  crocodiles  and  the  large  dorsal  scales  of 
some  Annelida. 

*  Scutum  Sobieskl,  s. 

A  iron.:  Sobieski's  shield,  a  northern  con- 
stellation, consisting  only  of  small  stars. 

•cyb'-a-la,   s.     [Or.    o-KujSaAoi*  (skubalon)  = 
dung.] 
Pathol.  :  A  hardened  mass  of  faeces, 

»cjfd-m«e'-nJ-dfle,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  scyd- 
mcen(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suflF.  -idee.] 

Entom.;  A  family  of  Brachelytra.  They 
are  akin  to  Pselaphidse  (q.v.),  but  the  tarsi 
are  five-jointed,  the  abdomen  is  of  six  seg- 
ments, and  the  elytra  cover  the  abdomen. 

•cyd-mse'-nus,  s.  [Or.  <nev6^uuroc  (skud- 
ittainos)  =  angry-looking.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Seydmsenidge 
(q.v.). 

*9ye,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  curve  in  the 
front  and  back,  or  front  side  and  back,  pieces 
of  the  waist  of  a  garment,  adapted  to  fit  or 
suit  the  contour  of  the  arm  where  it  joins  the 
body  of  the  garment.  The  sleeve  is  adapted 
to  fit  this  slope. 

•cyl'-lce-a,  s.     [Lat.  =  pertaining  to  Sylla.] 

[SCYLLItJM.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Tritonidse.  Animal  long, 
compressed  ;  foot  long,  narrow,  and  channeled  ; 
back  with  two  pairs  of  wing-like  lobes,  with 
small  tufted  branchise  on  their  inner  surface  ; 
tentacles  dorsal,  slender,  retractile.  Known 
species  seven,  from  the  Atlantic  and  the 
Mediterranean  in  floating  sea-weed.  (Wood- 
ward.') 

•cyl-laiM-an,  s.  [SYLLARID.A.]  Any  indi- 
vidual of  the  family  Scyllaridee. 

lar'-i-dw.    «.      [Mod.   Lat.  scyllar(u*)  ; 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool.  :  A  tribe  of  Macroura.  External  an- 
tennae foliaceous  and  very  wide,  the  second 
and  fourth  joints  lamellar  and  extremely  large  ; 
carapace  very  wide,  little  elevated,  the  an- 
terior border  with  a  horizontal  prolongation  ; 
sternal  plastron  and  abdomen  very  wide. 

•CyT-lar-iis,  s.  [Gr.  oxuMapos  (skuUaros)  = 
a  kind  of  crab.] 

Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Scyllaridse  (q.v. 
Carapace  much  longer  than  it  is  wide  ;  abdo- 
men very  thick. 

•cyl-ll'-I-d»,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  scylli(um); 
Lat.  fern,  pi  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

1.  Ichthy.:  A  family  of  Selachoidei  (q.v.), 
with  several  genera,  widely  distributed.    Two 
dorsals  without  spine,  the  first  above  or  be- 
hind the  ventrals,  anal  present  ;  no  nictitating 
membrane;  spiracle  always  distinct;  mouth 
inferior,  teeth  small,  usually  in  several  rows. 

2.  Palceont.  :  They  appear  first  in  the  Lias. 

•9yl-li'-6-dus,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  scyUi(um),  and 
Gr.  u£ov$  (odous)  =  a  tooth.] 

Pal(Eont.  :  A  genus  of  Scylliidse,  with  one 
species,  from  the  Upper  Chalk. 


•cyl 


e,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  scyl%ium)  (q.v.)  ;  -ite.] 
Ckem.  :  A  substance  occurring  in  the  liver 
and  other  parts  of  sharks  and  rays.   It  Is  pre- 
pared by  pounding  the  organ  with  ground 


glass,  and  repeatedly  extracting  with  alcohol. 
The  filtrates  are  evaporated,  and  the  residue 
treated  with  absolute  alcohol,  the  insoluble 
portion  is  then  dissolved  in  water,  and  the 
crystals  which  form  after  a  time  are  again 
dissolved,  and  treated  witli  basic  acetate  of 
lead,  and  the  lead  compound  decomposed 
with  sulphydric  acid.  Bey  11  ite  crystallizes 
from  the  solution  in  monoclinic  prisms  with 
vitreous  lustre,  and  faint  sweetish  taste. 
Slightly  soluble  in  water,  insoluble  in  abso- 
lute alcohol.  It  does  not  reduce  alkaline 
copper  solutions. 

S9yl'-ll-um,  s.  [Gr.  2«v'Ua  (Skulla)  =  a 
monster  inhabiting  a  cavern  in  the  Straits  of 
Sicily,  fabled  to  be  girt  about  with  barking 
dogs.  (Homer:  Odys.  xii.  73,  sqq.) 

Ichthy.  :  Dog-fishes  ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Scylliidse  (q.v.),  with  eight  species,  from  the 
coasts  of  temperate  and  tropical  seas.  Origin 
of  anal  always  in  advance  of  that  of  second 
dorsal  ;  nasal  cavity  separate  from  the  mouth; 
teeth  small,  arranged  in  numerous  series. 
They  live  on  the  bottom,  and  feed  on  Crustacea 
and  dead  fish.  Dr.  Giinther  (Study  of  Fishes, 
p.  310)  remarks,  "  that  it  would  be  worth  while 
to  apply  the  tins  of  these  and  other  sharks, 
which  are  so  extensively  used  in  China  for 
making  gelatine  soups,  to  the  same  purpose 
in  this  country,  or  to  dry  them  for  exporta- 
tion to  the  East." 

8$$rmM-tarf  *  scym'-e'-ter,  *.    [SCIMITAR.] 

*  89ym-me'-tri-an,  a.  [Eng.  *scymmeter; 
•ian.]  Resembling  a  scimitar  (q.v.). 

"  In  clumsy  fist  wielding  tcymmttrian  knife." 
Oay:  Win*,  177. 


[Gr.  <r«V*°*  (skumnos)=& 
ion's  whelp.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Spinacidae  (q.v.).  Two 
short  dorsals,  without  spine;  nostrils  at  ex- 
tremity of  snout  ;  spiracles  wide.  The  single 
species,  Scymnus  lickia,  is  rather  common  in 
the  Mediterranean  and  the  neighbouring  parts 
of  the  Atlantic. 

Bcf-pha  (pi.  S9y'-pliw),  3.    [Lat.  scyphiis, 

from  Gr.  <TJCU$O?  (skuphos)  =  a  cap,  a  goblet.] 

Sot.  (Of  lichens)  :  A  cup-like  dilatation  of 

the  podetinni,  bearing  shields  on  tha  margin. 


[SCYPHA.] 

Pakeont. :  A  genus  of  Fossil  Sponges  estab- 
lished by  Goldfuss.  From  the  Devonian  to 
the  Jurassic. 

S9y-phid'-I-a,  s.     [Mod.  Lat,  dlmin.  from 
Lat.  scyphus.}    [SCYPHA.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Vorticellina  (q.v.>  Ani- 
malcules solitary,  elongate  or  pyriform,  highly 
contractile,  adherent  posteriorly  to  foreign 
bodies  by  means  of  a  specially-developed 
acetabuliform  organ  of  attachment ;  oral 
system  as  in,  Vorticella.  Kent  enumerates 
five  species. 

S9$rph'-i-formf  a.    [Gr.  <w'<£of  (skuphoa)  =  a 
cup ;  Eng.  -form.] 

Bot. :  Cup-  or  goblet-shaped.  Used  specif, 
of  scyphse  of  lichens.  [SCYPHA.] 


-lus,  5.    [Lat.  =  a  small  cup,  dimin. 
from  scyphiis  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  (Of  scale  mosses)  :  The  bag  or  cup  whence 
the  seta  arises. 

sjy'-phus,  s.    [Gr. 
<7Ku<f>(tt  (skuphos).'] 

1.  Class.  Antiq.  : 
A    kind    of    large 
drinking  cup,   an- 
ciently used  by 
the    lower    orders 
among  the  Greeks 
and    Etrurians. 
(FairhoU.) 

2.  Bot.  :  Haller's  name  for  a  corona  when 
it  constitutes  an  undivided  cup.     Example, 
the  Narcissus. 

*  scyre,  s,    [SHIHE.J 

S9$rt'-a-l£,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  o-m/ToXij  (sku- 
tale)  =  .  .  .  a  cylindrical  snake  of  equal 
thickness  throughout.  (Pliny:  Hist,  Nat., 
xxxii.  5,  19.)]  [SCYTALID./E,  TORTRIX.] 

S9y-tal  -i-dse,  s.  pi     [Mod.  Lst.  scytal(e); 
LAt.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idte.] 
Zool  :  A  family  of  Ophidia,  often  merged 


in  the  Bofdse.  Wallace  enumerates  three 
genera :  Seytale  and  Oxyrhopus,  confined  to 
tropical  America,  and  Hologerrhum,  from  the 
Philippines. 

S9ythe,  *sithe,  *sythe,  s.  [A.S.  sidhe, 
sithe  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  zeis ;  Icel.  sigdhr,  sigdh 
=  a  sickle  ;  Low  Ger.  seyei.1,  segd,  seed  seid  =  a 
sickle;  O.  H.  Ger.  seh ;  M.  H.  Ger.  seek  =  a 
ploughshare;  Eng.  saw,  sickle.] 

1.  Agric. ;  A  cutting  instrument  used  for 
mowing  or  reaping.  It  consists  of  a  long 
curved  blade  with  a  crooked  handle  set 
nearly  at  a  right  angle  thereto.  It  has  gene- 
rally two  projecting  handles,  called  nebs,  fixed 
to  the  principal  handle,  by  which  it  is  held. 
It  is  used  with  a  peculiar  swinging  motion, 
both  hands  being  employed. 

"  A  stroke  aa  fatal  as  the  scythe  of  death." 

Cowper:  CJ.arity.  145, 

*  2.  Old  War :  A  sharp  curved  blade  at- 
tached to  the  wheels  of  a  war-chariot. 

scythe-bearing,  a.  Bearing  scythes; 
a  term  applied  especially  to  some  ancient 
war  chariots. 

"The  scythe-bearing  chariots,  also  devised  by  him, 
were  very  effective  in  the  «am«  kittle. "—Lewit :  Crtd. 
Early  Roman  ffM.,  ii.  526. 

scythe  stone,  s.  A  whetstone  for  sliarpen- 
ing  scythes. 

*  scythe,  v.t.     [SCYTHE,  «.]    To  cut  with  a 
scythe  ;  to  mow. 

*  &9ythed,  a.     [Eng.  scythe,  s. ;  ~ed.]    Armed 
or  furnished  with  a  scythe  or  scythes. 

"  Thft  tcythed  chariots  were  common  In  Gaul."— 
Elton:  Origiru  of  Englith  Uittory.  119.  (Note.) 

*  scythe'-man,  s.     [Eng.  scythe,  and  man.} 
One  who  uses  a  scythe ;  a  mower. 

"  Had  fled  in  conf union  before  Mouinouth'a  tcytht- 
men."—  Macaulay  :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

S9yth'-I-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Scythia,  a 
name  given  vaguely  to  the  country  north  and 
east  of  the  Black  Sea,  the  Caspian,  and  the 
Sea  of  Aral. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Scythia. 

Scythian-lamb,  s.    [BAROMETZ.] 

89$fth'-r6pS,  s.  [Gr.  cncufywiro?  (skuthrSpot) 
=  gloomy-looking :  oKvOp6g  (skuthros)  =  sullen, 
and  w^  (ops)  =  the  face.] 

Ornith. :  Channel-bill  (q.v.) ;  a  genus  of 
Cuculidae,  or,  in  classifications  in  which  that 
family  is  divided,  of  Crotophaginae.  Bill  long 
and  strong,  hooked  at  tip,  sides  channelled ; 
two  front  toes,  united  at  base.  One  species, 
ranging  from  East  Australia  to  Molucca  and 
Celebes. 

sjy-to'-de1,  s.    [Gr.  <r»cuTw5n«  (tkutodes)  =  like 
leather  ;    OTCVTOS    (skutos)  =  a    hide,   leather, 
and  e73o«  (eidos)      fonn.] 
Zool :  The  typical  genus  of  Scytodides(q.v.). 

S9y-td-d6p'-sic,  a.  [Gr.  owe™?  (skutot)  =  a 
hide,  and  Se^e<a  (d«pseo)  —  to  tan.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  business  of  a  tanner. 

S9y-to'-dl-des,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  scytod(e); 
Lat.  masc.  or  fern.  pi.  sun7,  -ides.] 

Zool :  A  sub-family  of  spiders,  family 
Tegenariidaa  or  Tubitelse.  Eyes  six ;  body 
short,  rouuded.  They  inhabit  temperate 
countries,  and  spin  only  a  few  irregular  lines. 

89y-t6-si'-phdn,  s.  [Gr.  O-KVTOS  (skutos)  = 
leather,  and  vifytav  (siphon)  —  a  hollow  body, 
a  siphon.  Named  from  the  tubular  and  cori- 
aceous form  of  the  fronds.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Dictyotidae.  Fucoids, 
growing  in  the  ocean.  Scytosiphon  filum  is 
thirty  or  forty  feet  long.  It  is  common  in 
the  Northern  Ocean,  and  in  Scalpa  Bay, 
Orkney,  makes  navigation  difficult.  Used  in 
Norway  as  fodder  for  cattle. 

*  sdain,  *  sdayn,  *  sdeign  (g  silent),  s.&a. 
[DISDAIN.] 

sdelgn'-ful  (g  silent),  a.    [DISDAINFUL.] 

sea,  *  se,  *  see*  s.  [A.S.  see,  cogn.  with  Dut. 
zee;  Icel.  seer;  Dan.  so;  Sw.  sjo ;  Ger.  set} 
Goth,  saiws.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Literally: 

(1)  A  general  name  for  the  great  body  ot 


I  oil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  Rcm;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    -ing. 
-oJan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  ahun ;  -tion,  -sion  >  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


4164 


sea 


•alt  water  which  covers  the  greater  part  of 
the  earth's  surface  ;  the  ocean.  In  a  more 
limited  sense  the  term  is  applied  to  a  part 
of  the  ocean,  which  from  its  position  or 
configuration  is  looked  upon  as  distinct,  and 
deserving  of  a  special  name,  as  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea,  the  Black  Sea,  Sx.  The  term 
Is  also  occasionally  applied  to  inland  lakes, 
as  the  Caspian  Sea,  the  Sea  of  Galilee,  &c. 

••  And  God  culled  the  dry  laud  earth,  mid  the  gather. 
Ing  together  of  the  water*  called  he  few."—  Qvneut  i.  10. 

(2)  A  wave,  a  billow,  a  surge. 

(3)  The  swell  of  the  ocean  in  a  tempest  ;  the 
direction  of  the  waves. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  large  quantity  ;  an  ocean,  a  flood. 

"  All  the  space  at  far  at  Chariug  Crow  was  one  ua 
«fh«ds."-J«W«/<i».-  Six.  Una  .  ch.  X. 

(2)  Anything  rough  or  tempestuous. 

"  And  In  »  troubled  •»«  "JjJ^1?1},^^  „,. 
H.  Technically  : 

1.  Geog.,  deal.,  Hydrol.,  tc.:  [OCEAN]. 

2  Lav:  The  main  or  high  seas  (H  11)  are 
considered  to  begin  at  low-water  mark. 
Offences  upon  them  are  tried  by  the  Ao> 
miralty  courts  or  division.  Between  high- 
»nd  low-water  marks  the  Admiralty  have 
turisdiction  when  the  tide  is  ebbing,  and  the 
Common  Law  courts  wiien  it  is  flowing. 

3.  Script.  :  [BRAZEN,  f  *]. 

1  1.  A  croa  tea  :  (CEOSS-SKA). 

2.  A  heavy  sea  :  A  sea  in  which  the  waves 
ran  high. 

3.  A  long  tea  :  A  sea  in  which  the  waves  are 
long  and  extensive. 

4.  A  short  tta:   A  sea  in  which  the  waves 
are  irregular,  broken,  and  interrupted,  so  as 
frequently  to  break  over  a  vessel 

*  5.  At  full  tea.  :  At  high  water  ;  hence,  fig., 
at  the  height. 

"Four  and  madnesse  all  at  fuU  sea."-Surtoit- 
A*M.  if  HtlimdKXi.  (Detuocr.  to  the  Read.il.  p.  28. 


&  At  sea: 

(1)  Lit.  :  On  the  open  sea  ;  ont  of  sight  of 
land. 

(2)  Fig.  :  In  a  vague  condition  ;  uncertain  ; 
wide  of  the  mark. 

••  Thl«  time  backers  wer«  sadly  ol  >ta  In  their  selec- 
tion.-^^. Sept.  i.  ISM. 

7.  Beyond  the  tea,  beyond  Oie  teat  :  Out  of 
the  country  or  realm. 

8.  Half-seat  over  :  [HALF-SEAS  OVEE). 

9.  On  the  tea:  On  the  edge  of  the  sea  ;  on 
the  coast. 

10.  Tht  four  teat:  The  seas  which  border 
Britain  on  the  north,  south,  east,  and  west. 

11.  The  high  teat  :  [HIOH-SEAS]. 

12.  The  molten  sea  : 

Script.  :  The  great  brazen  laver  of  the  Moiaic 
rltnal.  (1  Kings  vii.  28-26.) 

IS.  T"  go  to  tea,  to  follow  the  sea  :  To  follow 
or  adopt  the  profession  of  a  sailor. 

*I  Sea  is  largely  used  in  composition,  th< 
meanings  of  the  compound*  being  in  mos 
eases  self-explanatory. 

sea-acorn,  «.    A  barnacle.    [BALANID.E. 

"  The  Balani  baT«  alto  been  named  sea-acorns,  from 
•ome  wrt  of  resemblance  to  the  fruit  of  the  oak.  — 
Griffith*'  Cnritr,  xli.  429. 

sea-adder,  ».    [FIFTEEN-BPINED-STICKLK- 
t4.cn.] 
sea-  anemones,  s. 

Zool.  :  The  family  Actinidse.  Corallum 
absent  or  spurious  ;  they  are  locomotive,  and 
rarely  compound.  The  body  is  a  soft,  leathery 
truncated  cone,  called  the  column.  The  tw 
extremities  are  named  the  base  and  the  disk 
the  former  constituting  a  sucker  whereby  th 
animal  fixes  itself  at  will,  and  in  the  centre  o 
the  hitter  the  mouth  is  situated,  and  roun 
the  circumference  are  numerous  tentacles 
usually  retractile.  [ANEMONE,  2.) 

sea-ape,  s. 

1.  Ichthy.  :  [Fox-sHAEK]. 

2.  Zool.  :  Enhydra  marina.    [SEA-OTTEE.] 

sea-bank,  t. 

*  1.  The  bank  or  shore  of  the  sea. 

44  Stood  Dido  with  a  willow  In  her  hand 
Upon  the  wild  iea-banki.' 

ShaXrtp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  V.  1. 

2.  A  mole  or  bank  built  to  keep  out  the  sei 
sea-bar,  >.     The  Sea-swallow  (q.v.). 
sea-barrow,  s.    The  case,  shaped  some 


thing  like  a  hand-barrow,  which  contains  the 
eggs  of  the  Skate,  or  of  the  Dog-fish. 

sea-basket,  s.    [BASKET-FISH.] 

sea-bass,  sea-basse,  s.    [BASSE,  «.] 

sea-bat,  s.    [PLATA*.] 

sea-batteries,  a.  pi. 

Law :  Assaults  by  masters  in  the  merchant 
service  upon  seamen  at  sea. 

sea-beach,  s.  The  beacli  of  the  sea, 
especially  when  sandy  or  shingly. 

"  On  tlie  lea-bed^h, 

Piled  in  confusion,  l«y  the  household  goyils  of  the 
Veasauts."  LvngftUov .   Kmneeltne,  I.  S- 

•J  Rawed  sea  beach :  [RAISED] 
sea-bear,  s. 
Zoology : 

1.  The  Polar-bear  (q.v.). 

2.  Otaria  ursinus. 
sea-beard,  s. 

Bat. :  Conferva  rupestrit. 

sea-beast,  s.  An  animal  living  in  the 
sea.  (Milton:  P.  L.,  i.  200.) 

*  sea-beat,  sea-beaten,  o.  Beaten  or 
lashed  by  the  sea. 

41  Sea-brain,  rocks.'         Compel- .•  A  Talt.  June,  I'm. 

t  sea-beaver,  ».    [SEA-OTTEE.] 

sea-beet, «. 

Bot.:  Beta  maritima.    [BEET.] 

t  sea-belch,  t.  A  breaker  or  line  of 
breakers. 

sea-bells,  t.  pi. 

Bot. :  Convolvulus  Soldanella. 

sea  belt,  •. 

Bot.:  Laminaria taccharina. 

sea-l>ent,«. 

Bot. :  The  genu»  Ammophila. 

sea-birds,  t.  pi. 

Ornith. :  The  order  Gavin;,  Cnvier's  Lonzi- 
pennes  (q.v.).  There  are  two  families,  Laridse 
and  Procellariidie,  but  the  tatter  are  often 
erected  into  a  separate  group.  [TCBINABJS.] 

•I  A  Sea-birds  Preservation  Act  was  passed 
on  June  24,  1869. 

sea-biscuit,  i.    Ship-biscuit. 

sea-bllte,  >.    [BUTE,  «.,  H  («).] 

sea-blubber,  >.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  Medusa  or  Jelly-fish. 

sea-board,  *sea-bord,«.,a.,  ka 

A.  As  subst. :   The  territory,    district,   or 
land  bordering  on  the  sea ;  the  sea-shore. 

B.  At  adj. :  Pertaining  to  a  territory,  di: 
trict,  or  land  bordering  on  the  sea ;  on  the 
sea-shore. 

"  There  shall  a  lion  from  the  sea-cord  wood 
Of  Neustria  come  roaring." 

Spenser:  f.  «,,  III.  111.  4T. 

C.  As  adv. :  Towards  the  sea. 
sea-boat,  «.     A  term  applied  to  a  ship 

considered    with   regard   to    her    sea -going 
qualities. 

"  Shipwrecks  were  occasioned  by  their  ships  beini 
bad  tfa-boati.  and  themselves  but  Indifferent  seamen. 
— Arbuthnot. 

•  sea-bord,  ».  &  a.    [SEA-BOARD.] 
sea-bordering,  a.  Lying  on  or  situated 

by  the  sea.    (Drayton.) 
sea-born,  a. 

1.  Born  from  or  of  the  sea. 

14  That  sea-torn  city  was  in  all  her  glory." 

Hyron  :  Beppo,  10. 

2.  Born  at  or  upon  the  sea. 
sea-borne,  a.    Borne  or  carried  seaward 

borne  or  carried  by  sea  :  as,  tta-borne  coal. 

sea-bottle,  s. 

Bot. :  Fncus  resicuJorea, 

*  sea  -  bound,   *  sea  -  bounded,    a 

Bound  or  bounded  by  the  sea. 

"  Our  lea-bounded  Britainy." 

J/irrour/or  Mayittratet,  p.  673. 

sea-boy,  s.  A  boy  employed  on  board 
vessel  at  sea.  (Shakes?-  '•  2  Henry  IV.,  ill.  1 

sea  breach,  s.  The  breach  made  by  th 
sea  through  an  embankment  or  a  reef  of  rock: 

"  To  an  Impetuous  woman,  tempests  sud  *ea-0reacA«f 
are  nothing. *—L'FMrange. 

sea-bread,  s.    Ship-biscuit  (q.v.). 


sea-bream,  t. 


1.  Pagellus  centrodontus.    There  is  a  black 
spot  on  the  origin  of  the  lateral  line. 

2.  (PI.):  The  family  Sparidie  (q.v.). 

"The  Sea-breaint  are  recognized  chiefly  by  their 
dentition.  Their  cojoratiou  is  very  plain.  They  do  not 
attain  to  a  large  size,  but  the  majority  are  used  M 
food."—  Qiinther  :  Study  of  Fithet.  p.  485. 

sea-breeze,  s.  A  breeze  which  blows 
from  the  sea  in  upon  the  land.  It  is  more 
marked  in  the  tropics  than  elsewhere,  but 
tends  to  occur  in  every  latitude.  It  com- 
mences in  the  afternoon,  and  travels  to  the 
land  to  supply  the  place  of  the  air  which  has 
been  heated,  and  ascended  thence  in  the 
earlier  part  of  the  day.  [!JIND-BREEZE.] 

"  The  wasting  sea  brew  keen." 

Scoff  .•  Marmitm.  II  M. 

sea-brief,  s.    [SEA-LETTER.] 

sea-buckthorn,  s. 

Bot.  :  A  British  plant,  Hippophaii  rhamwMtt, 

sea  bugloss,  s. 

Bot.  :  Lithospermum  marilimum. 

*  sea-built,  o. 

L  Built  for  the  sea. 

44  Borne  each  by  other  in  a  distant  line 
The  tea-built  forts  in  dreadful  order  move.44 

Dryden  :  Annul  Miraoilit,  IvH 

2.  Built  on  the  sea. 
sea-bun,  t. 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Spatangus  (q.v.).  Called 
also  Heart-urchin. 

sea-cabbage,  i. 

Bot.  :  Crambe  maritima. 

sea  cale,  s.    [SEA-KALI;.] 

"  sea-calf;  «.    The  Common  Seal  (q.T.). 

41  The  tea-calf,  or  seal,  so  called  from  the  uoiM  •*> 
makes  like  a  cali."—  Grew  .-  Muftettm. 

sea-camomile,  s. 

Bot.  :  Anthemis  maritima. 

*  sea-cap,  s.    A  cap  to  be  worn  at  sea. 

"Though  now  you  have  no  tea-cap  on  your  head." 
Slatap  ;  TveVih  Xiyht,  ill.  4. 

sea-captain,  >.  The  captain  of  a  vessel4 
which  goes  to  sea  ;  a  captain  of  a  ship  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  captain  in  the  army. 

44  And  Others,  the  old  tra-captaln 
SUred  at  him  wild  and  weird" 
LongfeUou  :  Ditcovertr  of  Iht  NorUt  Cap*. 

sea-card,  ».  The  mariner's  card  or  com- 
pass. 

sea-carp,  >.  A  spotted  fish  living  among: 
rocks  and  stones. 

sea-oat,  >. 

*  1.  Zool.  :  Otaria  urn-nut. 
2.  Ichthyology: 

(1)  Trachinus  draco,  the  Greater  Weererr. 
[WEEVEH,] 

(2)  Anarrhichat  lupus.     [SEA-wOLf.] 
(8)  Chimarra  monstrosa.     [CniM^Ei.1 
sea-caterpillar,  >. 

Zool.  :  The  genus  PolynoB. 
sea-catgut,  i. 

Bot.  :  A  name  given  in  Orkney  to  a  common 
sea-weed,  Chorda  jilum;  sea-lace  (q.v.). 

sea-centipedes,  s.  pi. 

Zool.  :  The  Nereidse  (q.v.). 

*  sea-change,  ».    A  change  produced  by 
the  sea. 

44  Doth  suffer  a  seo-ctaiwe."      Sliatap.  :  Ttmptlt,  L  1 

sea-chart,  s.    A  chart  (q.v.). 

•'  The  situation  of  the  parts  of  the  earth  are  better 
learned  by  a  map  or  sea-cAort,  than  reading  the  da. 
•oriptiou/—  If  am. 

sea-chickweed,  *. 

Bot.  :  Arenaria  peploides. 
sea  cliff,  ».  A  cliff  produced  by  the  action 
of  the  sea,  and  if  that  action  be  recent,  con- 
stituting its  boundary  at  some  place.  If  it  be 
of  old  date,  upheaval  may  have  located  the- 
sea-clifT  far  inland. 

sea-coal,  «.  An  old  name  for  coal.  It 
was  given  because  that  mineral  was  generally 
brought  by  sea,  whereas  charcoal  came  by 
land  to  the  consumer. 

44  Coal  in  particular  was  never  seen  eioept  In  th« 
districts  where  it  was  produced,  or  in  the  districts  » 
which  it  could  be  carried  by  sea.  and  was  indeed  al. 
ways  known  in  the  south  of  England  by  the  name  of 
tea-coaL"—Macaulay  :  Hilt.  £nff.,  ch.  iii. 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wjU,  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  onto,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    ee,  «•  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


sea 


4165 


sea-coast,  s.  The  coast  of  the  sea  ;  the 
laii'l  tuljacent  to  the  sea. 

"  Upon  the  tfd-rviift  are  many  parcels  of  laud,  that 
would  pay  well  for  tlie  taking  in."— Uortltntn  But- 
tandry. 

sea-cob,  a.    A  sea-gull  (q.v.). 

sea  cock,  a. 

t 1.  A  sea-rover,  a  viking. 

2.  IcMhy. :  A  popular   name  for   several 
gpecifs  of  the  genus  Trigla  (q.v.). 

3.  Marine  steam-eng.  :  A  cock  or  valve  in 
the  injection  water-pipe  leading  from  the  sea 
to  the  condenser.    It  is  supplementary  to  the 
usual  cock  at  the  condenser,  and  is  used  in 
the  event  of  injury  to  the  latter. 

sea  cocoamit,  s. 

But. :  The  double  cocoanut,  Lodoicea  sey- 
•okeLlariim. 

sea-colander,  s. 

Bot.  :  Agarum  Turneri.    (Amer.) 

sea  colewort,  s.  The  same  as  SEA-KALE 
<q.v.). 

•sea-compass,  ».  The  mariner's  com- 
pass. 

"  The  needle  In  the  tea-compatt  still  moving  but  to 
the  north  point  only,  with  moveor  immatui,  notified 
the  respective  constancy  of  the  gentleman  to  one  only." 
— Camaen :  Remain*. 

sea-coot,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  coot  (q.v.). 
sea-cormorant,  s.    [SKA-CROW.] 
sea  cow.  s. 

Zoology : 

1.  Any  individual  of  the  Sirenia  (q.v.). 

"  The  only  existing  Sireuia  are  the  Manatees  (Mana- 
tua),  the  Dugougs  (flalicore*,  often  sj>oken  of  collec- 
tively aa  '  »ea-cowt,'  and  forming  the  family  of  the 
ManatirtfB."— Xicholton  :  Zoology  (ed.  1878).  p.  663. 

2.  (From  the  Dut.  zeekoe) :  The  Hippopotamus 
<q.v.). 

sea-crab,  s.  A  crab  which  inhabits  the 
flea,  as  contradistinguished  from  land  crabs 
*nd  river  crabs. 

sea-craft,  «. 

Shipbuilding:  The  uppermost  strake  of 
ceiling,  which  is  thicker  than  the  rest  of  the 
veiling,  and  is  considered  the  principal  binding 
•trake.  Also  called  Clamp. 

sea-crawfish.  8.    The  Rock  Lobster. 

sea  -  crow,  sea  -  cormorant,  sea  - 
drake,  s.  Local  names  for  the  Mire-crow  or 
Pewit  gull. 

sea-cucumbers,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  Holothuridea  (q.v.). 

sea-dace,  *.  A  local  name  for  the  Sea- 
perch  (q.v.). 

sea -daffodil,  s. 

Bot, :  Ismene  calathina. 
sea-deity,  s,    [SEA-GOD.] 
sea-devil,  5. 

Ichthy :  (1)  The  Angler-fish  (q.v.).  (?)  The 
Ox-ray,  Dicerobatis  giorna. 

sea-dog,  *. 

L  Zool. :  Phoca  vitulina, 

2.  Ichthy. :  The  dog-flsh  (q.v.). 

3.  A  sailor  who  has  been  long  at  sea ;  an 
-Old  sailor. 

H  The  name  was  specially  applied  to  the 
English  privateers  of  the  time  of  Elizabeth. 

"The  Channel  swarmed  with  '  tea-doyt,'  as  they 
were  culled,  who  accepted  letters  of  marque  from  the 
Prince  of  C<md$."— Qreen  :  Short  Bittory,  p.  ««. 

sea-dottrel,  s. 

Ornith. :  Strepsilas  interpret,  the  Turnstone 
<q.v.). 

sea-dragon,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Pegasus  draconis,  common  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  The  popular  name  has  refer- 
ence to  the  resemblance  of  this  fish  to  the 
mythical  dragon. 

sea-drake,  s.    [SEA-CROW.] 
t  sea -ducks,  s.  pi. 

Ornith.:  The  Fuligulinse.    (Swain&on.) 

sea-dust,  9. 

Sot. :  The  genus  Trichodesmium  (q.v.). 

sea-dyke,  s.  A  dyke,  wall,  or  embank- 
ment formed  to  keep  out  the  sea. 


sea-eagle,  & 

1.  Ornith. :  [HAUAETUS]. 

2.  Idtthy. :  Raia  aquila, 

sea-ear,  s.  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Haiiotis  (q.v.). 

sea-eel,  *.  An  eel  caught  in  salt  water ; 
the  congor. 

sea-eggs,  s.  pi. 

Zool.:  The  Echinoidea  (q.v.).  Called  also 
Sea- hedge  hogs  and  Sea-urchins. 

sea-elephant,  s. 

Zool. :  Macrorhinus  elephantinvs  (or  probo- 
scideus),  the  largest  of  the  Phocidse,  probably 
owing  its  popular  name  as  much  to  its  im- 
mense size  as  to  the  short  dilatable  proboscis 
with  which  the  male  is  furnished.  [MACRO- 
RHINUS.] 

sea-endive,  *. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Halyseris. 
sea-fan,  s. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Gorgonia(q.v.),  andespec. 
Gorgonia  flabdlum, 

sea-farer,  s.  One  who  derives  his  sup- 
port from  the  sea  ;  one  who  follows  the  sea  ; 
a  sailor ;  a  seaman  or  other  person  employed 
on  board  ship. 

"  Which  ever  as  the  tta-farer  undid ; 
They  rose  or  scan  tied,  as  his  sails  would  drlrt. 
To  the  same  port  whereas  he  would  arrive." 

Druyton  :  The  Moon  Caff. 

sea-faring,  a.  Faring  or  deriving  his 
support  from  the  sea. 

"  Such  gifts  had  those  tea-faring  men." 

W'.rdttoorth:  Blind  Highland  Boy. 

soa  fennel,  s.     The  same  as  SAMPHIRE 

(q.v.). 

sea-fern,  5.  A  popular  name  for  a  variety 
of  coral  resembling  a  fern. 

sea-fight,  s.  A  light  or  battle  at  aea; 
a  naval  engagement. 

"  Of  grim  Vikings,  and  their  raptor*,  j     * 
In  the  tea-fight,  and  the  capture." 

Longfellow  ;  Musician'!  Tale,  it. 

sea-fire,  *.  A  phosphorescence  on  the  sea. 

"  We  found  the  loch  all  phosphorescent ;  never  be- 
fore had  we  seen  the  'tea-fir*'  so  beautiful."—  Field, 
Dec.  6.  1884. 

sea-firs,  5.  /// . 

Zool. :  The  Ckelenterate  order  Sertularida 
(q.v.). 

sea-fish,  s.    Any  fish  living  in  salt  water. 

sea-flower,  s.  A  flower  growing  in  or  by 
the  sea. 

"  Pair  as  the  t«a-Jtovm  close  to  thee growing." 

Moore:  Fire-Worthippert, 

sea-foam,  s. 

1.  The  foam  or  froth  of  the  sea. 

"  Fast  from  hia  breast  the  blood  Is  bubbling. 
The  whiteness  of  the  tea-foam  troubling. 

Byron:  Bride  of  Abydot,  11  31. 

2.  A  popular  name  for  meerschaum  (q.v.). 

sea  fowl,  5.  A  fowl  or  bird  which  seeks 
its  food  upon  or  near  the  sea. 

"  But  the  ua-fowl  is  gone  to  her  nest" 

Cowper:  Alexander £00*4. 

sea-fox,  5.    [SEA-APE.] 

t  sea-froth,  s.    [SEA-FOAM,  2.] 
sea-furbelows,  s.  pi    [SEA-HANGERS.] 

sea-gage,  sea-gauge,  *. 

Nautical : 

1.  A    self-registering  apparatus  for  ascer- 
taining   depths    beyond    ordinary    deep-sea 
soundings.      A   body    of  air    is    condensed 
by  a  column  of  quicksilver  on  which  the 
water  acts,  and  a  viscid  material  floats  on  the 
quicksilver  and  leaves  its  high-pressure  mark 
in  the  tube. 

2.  A  tide-gauge  (q.v.). 

3.  The  depth  to  which  *  vessel  sinks  in  the 
water ;  draught 

sea-gates, .--.  pi. 

Hydr.-eng.  :  A  pair  of  dock  or  tidal-basin 
gates,  opening  outward,  to  resist  the  action  of 
waves  when  the  entrance  is  exposed  thereto 
during  storms. 

sea  gilliflower,  a. 

Bot.  :  Armeria  maritime*. 
sea-gipsies,  s.  pi. 

Anthrop. :  A  roaming  tribe  of  fishermen  of 
Malayan  type,  to  be  met  with  in  all  parts  of 


the    Archipelago.     (Wallace:    Malay    ArcAt- 
jKlago,  p.  COT.) 

"  \\here  the  tea-gi t>tict,   who  live  for  ever  on  tb* 

water,  enjoy  a  perpetual  Bumint-r  in  wandering  from 

isle  to  isle/'-.J.We  .•  /'.re-  lKenfe>j*n. 

sea-girdles,  s.  pi. 

Bot. :  Laminaria  dtgitata. 

sea-girt,  a.    Girt,  girded,  or  surrounded 

by  the  sea  ;  pertaining  to  an  island. 

"  The  tea-yirt  iales.11  Milton  :  Comut,  2L 

sea  god,  sea-deity,  s. 

Compar.  Relig. :  A  god  or  deity  supposed  tc 
preside  over  the  sea.  (Cf.  Herod,  iv.  7<>  with 
Cic.,  de  Nat.  Deor,,  iii.  20.) 

"  Among  barbaric  races  we  thus  find  two  conceptions 
current,  the  i>ersonal  divine  Sea,  and  the  anthropo- 
morphic Sea-god,  These  represent  two  stages  of  de- 
velopment of  one  idea,  tbs  view  of  the  natural  object 
as  itself  im  animated  being,  and  the  separation  of  ita 
animated  fetish-soul  as  a  distinct  spiritual  deity." — 
Tylor:  Prim,  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  1L  278, 

sea-going,  a.  Going  or  travelling  on  the 
sea  ;  specif,  applied  to  a  vessel  which  makes 
foreign  voyages,  as  opposed  to  a  coasting  or 
river  vessel. 

"  The  construction  of  rigged  tea-going  turret  ship*.* 
—Brit.  Quart.  Review  (1873).  Ivli.  104. 

sea-gown,  s.   A  gown  with  short  sleeve*, 

designed  to  be  worn  at  sea, 

"  My  tea-gown  scarf d  about  me." 

Shaketp.  :  ffamlttt  V.  S. 

sea-grape,  s. 

Zool.  (PI.) :  A  popular  name  for  the  eggs  of 
the  cuttle-flah,  which  are  comparatively  large, 
oval  in  form,  attenuated  at  the  ends,  clustered 
together,  and  attached  by  a  pedicle  to  aoou 
foreign  body.  (Owtn.) 

sea-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  Zostera  marina. 
sea-green,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  a  colour  resembling  the  green 
hue  often  seen  on  the  sea  ;  glaucous  (q.v.). 

"  His  tea-green  mantle  waving  to  the  wind." 

Pope:  Windtor  for**,  MO. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  colour    resembling    the    green    often 
witnessed   on   the    sea,   especially    on    parti 
where  it  is  shallow  and  has  a  sandy  bottom. 

2.  Ground  overflowed  by  the  sea  in  spring- 
tides. 

sea  gromwell,  s.    [SEA-BUOLOSS.] 

sea-gudgeon,  s.  Any  fish  of  the  genui 
Gobius  or  the  family  Gobiidee. 

sea-gull,  s.  Any  of  the  large  genus  or 
sub-family  of  Gulls.  The  name  is  given 
because  they  chiefly  fly  over  the  sea. 

"  lien  shall  speak  of  your  achievements, 
Calling  you  Kayoshk,  the  tea-gtiUt." 

Longfellow :  Hiawatha,  Till 

sea-hangers,  s.  pi. 

Bot. :  An  algal,  Laminaria  bulbosa. 
sea-hare,  s.    [APLTSIA.] 
sea-heath,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Frankenia  (q.v.),  so  called 
from  their  heath-like  aspect  and  from  their 
growing  near  the  sea. 

sea-hedgehogs,  s.  pi. 

1.  Zool. :  [SEA-EOGS]. 

2.  Ichthy. :  The  Globe-fishes  (q.v.),  because 
when  the  body  is  inflated  the  spines  protrude, 
and  form  a  more  or  less  formidable  defensive 
armour,  as  in  a  hedgehog.     (Gunther.) 

sea-hen,  5.    The  Guillemot  (q.v.X 

t  sea-hog,  .••. 

Zool. :  Phoccena  communis.    [PoBPOisx.] 

sea-holly,  sea-holm  (1),  $. 

Bot. :  Eryngium  maritimum, 

sea-holm  (1),  «.    [SEA-HOLLY.] 

sea-holm  (2),  «.     A  small  uninhabited 

island. 

sea-horse,  s. 

1.  Zool. :  (1)  The  Hippopotamus  (q.v.);  (2) 
the  Walrus  (q.v.). 

2.  Ichthy.  (PL):  The  family  Hippocampida 
(q.v.). 

3.  A  fabulous  animal,  represented  with  fore- 
parts like  those  of  a  horse,  and  with  hinder- 
parts  like  a  fish.    Neptune  employed  them  to 
draw  his  chariot.    In  the  sea-horse  of  herald* 
ry,  a  scalloped  fin  runs  down  the  back. 

"  Though  the  Ma-AorM  in  the  ocean 
Own  no  dear  domestic  cave." 

Wordtmorth :  Wandering  Jim. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo\trl;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a* ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   ph  =  C 
,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tion,    sion  =  g*»""T    -oious,  - tlous,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  del. 


»166 


sea 


•co-jelly,  «.    The  Jelly-fish  (q.v.). 
sea  kale,  s. 

Bot.  :    CraatH    maritima   and    the    genus 
Cram  be. 

"  Leave*  of  tbe  brown  H-a-kal*. 

:  /ftuicviH  «  Tali,  x*L 


sea-king,  «.     [Icel.  teakonvngr  =  a  sea- 
king,  a  viking.)    A  king  of  the  sea;  spci-if., 
one  of  the  piratical  Northmen  who  i: 
the  coasts  of  Western  Europe,  in  the  eighth, 
ninth,  and  tenth  centuries  ;  a  viking  (q.v.). 

sea  laces,  sea  points,  s.  pi. 

Bot.  :  An  algal,  Chorda  ftiuin.. 

sea-lamprey,  s.    [LAMPREY.] 

•ea-language,  t.    Language  used  by  sea- 
men. 

sea-lark,  s. 

Ornitlt.:    Anthvt   otsnmu.      The    EJ 
came  api>ears  to  have  been  given  by  Walcott 
Brit.  Binlx,  ii.  I1.'-). 


sea-lavender,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Statice  (q.v.). 

••  The  wo^awnOr  th«t  lacks  perfume.' 

Crabbe:  Thg  Borouyh. 

•ea-lawyer,  ».  A  seaman  who  possesses 
or  fancies  that  lie  possesses  a  knowledge  of 
marine  law,  and  is  probably  therefore  difficult 
to  govern.  (Naut.  slang.) 

sea-leech,  t. 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Pontobdella  (q.v.). 


n-legs,  s.  i'l.    The  ability  to  stand  or 
on  the  deck  of  a  vessel  out  at  sea  on  a 


sen-: 

stormy  day.  It  is  acquired  when  one  has  be- 
come accustomed  to  the  roll  of  the  vessel  and 
keeps  time  with  it. 

"  It  was  Martin's  torn  ...  to  h»ar  poor  Mark 
Tapley  in  his  wandering  fancy  .  .  .  making  love- 
mSoiuitrances  to  Mrs-  Lupin,  getting  his  ara-tol  on 
the  'Screw'.  .  .  and  burning  stump*  of  trees  in  KMO. 
•11  at  once."— Didunt  :  Martin  Chutzlewit.  ch.  TTXlll 

sea-lemons,  ».  pL 

ZooL  :  The  family  Doridje(q.v.). 

"  Specimens  of  the .  .  wojemom  may  at  any  time 
be  found  creeping  about  on  sea-weeds,  or  attached  to 
the  under  snrtaos  of  stune«  at  low-waWr."— Xieltolum: 
Sovlogy  (ed.  1878).  p.  596. 

sea-leopard,  >. 

Zool. :  Stenorhynchui  leptonyx,  a  seal  from 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  islands  of 
the  Southern  Pacific.  An  old  male,  now  pre- 
served in  the  Sydney  Museum,  measure.l 
twelve  feet  in  length,  light  silvery-gray  with 
yellowish-white  in  jatches,  back  and  sides 
darker,  and  belly  lighter.  The  nails  on  the 
hind  feet  are  almost  obsolete.  The  Fake 
Sea-leopard,  or  Weddell's  Seal,  Is  the  Lep- 
Mnyz  mdddlii,  of  Gray. 

sea-letter,  *.  A  document  from  the 
Custom-house,  carried  by  every  neutral  ship 
on  a  foreign  voyage.  It  specifies  the  nature 
and  quantity  of  the  cargo,  the  place  whence 
it  comes,  and  its  destination.  Called  also  a 
Sea-brief. 

sea-lettuce,  .•. 

Bot. :  A  modern  book  name  for  mvaLactvca. 
{Britten  <t  Holland.) 

sea-level,  «.  The  level  of  the  surface  of 
tbe  sea. 

sea  lily,  t. 

Zooi.. -Any  individual  of  the  Encrinidcefa.v.). 

sea  lion,  «. 

1.  Zool. :   A  popular  name  for  the  genns 
Otaria(q.v.);  specif.,  Otaria(Eumetopias,  Gray) 
Htlleri,  the  Hair  Seal  of  the  Pribylofls,  or 
Bteller  s  Sea-lion.    The  male  attains  a  length 
of  eleven  or  twelve  feet,  and  a  weight  of  about 
1,000  IDS.    Colour  golden  rufous,  darker  be 
hind,  limbs  approaching  black.    It  is  desti 
tote  of  fur,  and  its  skin  therefore  is  of  little 
value,  but  the  hide,  fat,  flesh,   sinews,  and 
intestines  are  all  useful  to  the  Aleutian  islan- 
ders.   The  hides  yield  excellent  leather,  oil- 
vessels  are  made  from  the  stomachs,  the  sinews 
are  used  for  threads  for  binding  skin-canoes 
and  tbe  flesh  is  considered  a  delicacy.    Sea- 
lions  are  found  round  Kamstchatka  and  the 
Asiatic  coast  to'the  Kurile  Islands,  and  there 
is  a  colony  of  them  at  San  Francisco  protectec 
by  the  American  government. 

2.  Her. :  A  monster  consisting  of  the  upper 
part  of  a  lion  combined  with  tbe  tail  of  a  lisli 

•sea-lizards,  '.  r>- 

Palceont. :  The  Enaliosauria  (q.v.). 


sea-loach,  -. 

Ichthy.  :  Motello.  vulqa.ru. 

sea  long-worm,  s.    [LIKEUS.] 

sea-lonse,  s. 

1.  A  Crustacean,  Pediculus  mamma. 

2.  Various  isopod  Crustacea  ;  as,  Cymothoe, 

parasitic  on  marine  animals. 

sea-magpie,  ».    The  Sea-pie  (q.T.> 

sea-maid,  s, 

1.  A  mermaid. 

2.  A  sea-nymph. 

••  The  tea-maid  rides  the  wave*." 

Cowptr  :  Un  tha  Qu«erii  Vine  to  London. 

sea-mantis,  s. 

Zool.  :  Squilla  mantit. 

sea-mark,  s.  An  elevated  object  or  mark 
of  some  description  on  the  land  visible  at 
sea,  and  used  to  direct  ships,  and  serving  as 
a  guide  to  vessels  entering  a  harbour  ;  as  a 
beacon,  a  lighthouse,  &c. 

"They  were  executed  at  diven  places  trpon  the  eea- 
coast.  for  ua-maTkt  or  lighthouses,  to  t«ach  Perkins 
people  to  avoid  the  coast  —Bacon  :  fftnrf  VII. 

sea-mat,  s.    [FLTJSTRA.] 
Sea  mat-gram: 
Bot.  :  Ptamma  arenaria. 
sea-membrane,  t. 

Bot.  :  Rhodomenia  palmata. 

sea-mew,  sea-maw,  «.  Any  sea-gull. 
[LARUS.) 

"I  saw  a  white  object  dart  frae  the  tap  o'  the  cliff 
like  a  sett-maw."—  Scott  :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxxiv. 

sea-mile,  «.  A  nautical  or  geographical 
mile  ;  it  is  the  sixtieth  part  of  a  degree  of 
latitude,  or  of  a  great  circle  of  the  globe. 

sea  milkwort,  i. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Glaui,  specif.  Glavx  mort- 
tima.  (Hooker  A  Arnott.) 

sea-monster,  >. 

1.  Ord.   Lang.  :  A  monster  or  monstrous 
animal  inhabiting  the  sea  ;  a  huge  or  hideous 
marine  animal. 

2.  IchOif.  :  Chiwzra  monstnua. 


sea-moss,.  ». 

L  Bot.  :  Corallina  officinalis. 
"Some  scnrrlgrsss  do  bring  ... 
From  bheppey  teo*nou  some,  to  cool  his  boylitig 
blood.  k  Drarton  :  Poll-OKion,  s.  18. 

2.  Zool.  (PI.):  The  Bryozoa  (q.v.). 
sea-mouse,  ».    [APHRODITE.] 

sea-mud,  s.  Ooze  ;  a  rich  saline  deposit 
from  salt-marshes  and  sea-shores.  It  is  used 
as  a  manure. 

sea-mole,  >.    The  sea-mew  or  sea-gull. 

sea-mussel,  >. 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Mytilus,  and  especially 
tfytilus  edulls. 

sea-navel,  t.  A  popular  name  for  a 
small  shell-  lish  resembling  a  navel. 

sea-needle,  «. 

Ichthy.  :  The  genus  Belone,  and  especially 
Belone  vulgaris. 

sea-nettles,  <.  pi. 

Zool.  :  The  class  Acalephse  or  Medusas. 
The  term  Fixed  Sea-nettles  has  occasionally 
been  applied  to  the  Aetiniadse.  The  resem- 
blance to  nettles  is  in  their  stinging  properties. 

soa-nymph,  t. 

Claa  Mythol.  :  A  nymph  or  goddess  s 
posed  to  inhabit  and  have  a  certain  measure 
of  power  over  the  sea  ;  one  of  the  Oceanides. 

sea-oak,  ». 

1.  The  same  as  SEA-WHACK  (q.v.). 

2.  The  genus  Halidrys. 
Sea-oak  Coralline  : 

Zool.  :  Sertvlaria  pumila,  found  on  the 
fronds  and  stems  of  sea-weeds  on  the  Britisl 
coasts. 

sea-onion,  «. 

Bot.  :  Scilla  maritima. 
sea-ooze,  i.    [OOZE.] 
sea-orb,  ».    The  Globo-flsh  (q.T.). 
sea-otter,  i. 

Zool.  :    Enhydro.   warina,    from    Behring's 


Straits  and  Kam*tch>ttka.  It  U  closely  atliei 
to,  but  larger  than  the  common  Otter,  being 
about  four  feet  long  inclusive  of  tail.  The 
hinder  legs  are  short  and  thick,  somewhat 
resembling  the  hind  limbs  of  the  seal.  It  Is 
covered  with  a  very  flue  chestnut-brown  fur, 
which  is  an  article"  of  considerable  Uatfic  be- 
tween  Russia  and  China, 

Sea-otter's  Cabbage  : 

Bot. :  Nmocystis  Lutkeana. 

sea-owl,  s. 

Ichthy  :  Cydoptenu  liimjna,  the  Lamp  Flsb 
(q.v.). 

sea-pad,  «.    The  ttar-flsh  (q.v.> 

sea -parrot,  9.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  I'Uilm,  from  the  shape  of  its  bilL 

sea-parsnip,  s. 

Bot. :  An  umbelliferous  plant,  the  Sea-side 
Prickly  Samphire,  Echinophora  tpiaojo.  It 
formerly  existed  in  England,  but  is  now- 
extinct  there,  though  still  i'ouud  on  Euro;e;m 
shores. 

sea-pass,  >.  A  passport  carried  by 
neutral  merchant  vessels  in  time  of  war  to 
prove  their  nationality  and  protect  them 
from  molestation. 

sea-pea,  *. 

Bot. :  Lathyrus  maritimus,  the  Pisum  nori- 
timum  of  Linnaeus. 

sea-pen,  sea-rod,  «.    [PENNATTJLA.] 
sea  perch,  ». 

Ichthyology : 

1.  The  genus  Serranns  (q.v.).    The  majority 
of  the  species  are  not  more  than  two  feet  long, 
but  some  grow  to  double  that  length  ;  and 
instances  are  on  record  of   bathers  having 
been  attacked  by  a  gigantic  species  not  un- 
common at  the  Seychelles  and  at  Aden,  and 
persons  have  died  from  the  injuries  so  re- 
ceived. 

2.  The  genus  Labrax  (q.v.). 
sea-pheasant,  s.    The  pintail-duck. 

sea-pie  (1),  sea-pye,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  Oyster-cateher  (q.v.),  Haama- 
topu3  ostrakgus  ;  so  called  from  its  black  and 
whit*  plumage.  [MAUPIE.] 

sea-pie  (2),  «.  A  dish  composed  of  past* 
and  meat  in  alternate  layers,  boiled  together. 

sea-piece,  «.  A  piece  or  picture  repre- 
senting the  sea  or  some  scene  connected  withit. 

sea-pike,  >. 

Ichthy. :  Any  fish  of  the  genus  Belone,  and 
especially  the  gar-fish,  Belone  vulgaris. 

sea  pincushion,  «.  The  egg-case  of  th« 
Skate. 

sea-pink,  «. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Armeria  (q.v.).  Armtria 
maritima  is  Ihrift,  Common  Sea-piak,  or  Sea- 
gilliuower. 

sea-plant,  «.  A  plant  naturally  inhabit- 
ing the  sea. 

*  sea-plash,  0.    The  waves  of  the  sea. 

"  Through  sea-phuA  storuiye  we  marcued." 

tSSSSSt:  nrftt;  JSneid  10.10. 

sea-poacher,  s.    [ASPIDOPHORUS.] 
sea-points,  s.  pi.    [SKA-LACES.] 
sea-pool,  «.    A  pool  of  salt-water  left  by 
the  &ea. 

"I  heard  It  wished  Unit  all  that  land  were  a  tea- 
pool."—3peiuer:  Stale  of  Irtland. 

sea-porcupine,  s. 

Ichthy.  :  A  common  popular  name  for  any 
ple^tognathous  fish,  from  the  spines  with 
which  the  body  is  studded. 

sea-puddings,  >.  pi.    The  same  as  SEA- 

CUCU&IBER8  (q.V.). 

sea-purse, «. 

1.  Zool. :  The  leathery  envelope  in  which 
the  ova  of  most  of  the  Chondropterygii  are 
deposited. 

"The  Tonng  are  deposited  In  a  similar  manner  to 
the  .hnrks.  in  their  horny  cases  of  a  su,u»re  'orm.  »ith 
four  projecting  horns  gmng  them  tbe  forui  of  a 
butcher's  tray.  These  cases  ap«  very  frequently  picked 
up  on  the  seashore,  and  are  sometimes  called  tto- 
pur^t  In  Cumberland  they  are  called  siesta-burrows, 
on  account  ol  their  form."— ««».  C*clop.  (Hot.  aULt, 
Iv.  &30. 

2.  Bot. :  Codvwm  bursa. 


fate,  l&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine;  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    te,  OB  =  i;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


MARINE  LIFE. 

1  PECTEN'  OPERCVLARIS  (SCALLOP). 

2  MUR.E.VA  HELENA  (EEL). 

8  CYNTHIA  (SEA-syuiRT). 

4  CONGER  VCLGAKIS  (CONGER  E«L). 

5  DOLIUM  GALEA  (TUN  SHELL). 

6  ASCIDIAN  (TUNICATE  ANIMAL). 

7  STEGOSTOMA  TIGRINl'M  (TIGER  SHARK). 
£   CESTUM  VENERIS  (VENUS'  GIRDLK). 

9  ATLANTA  (HETEROPOD). 

10  SALPA  MAXIMA  (SWIMMING  TUNICATE). 

11  RHIZOSTOMA    CUVIERII   (UMBRELLA-FISH). 

12  LOLIGO  (SQVID). 

13  EGGS  OF  THE  LOLIGO. 

14  ACT-EON  MEDITERRANEA  (HYDROZOON). 

15  OCTOPUS  VULGARIS  (DEVIL-F'.SH). 

16  HALICHONDRIA-(SPONGE). 

17  POLYTHOA  CAVOLINII  (RocK  CORAL). 

18  ADAMSIA  RONDELETII  (SEA-ANEMONE). 

19  URANOSCOPUS  (STAB-GAZER). 

20  HOLOTHDRIAN  (SEA-CVCUMBER). 
a  TRIGLA  PINI  (RED  MULLET). 

22  CALAPPA   (DECAPOD  CRUSTAC-KAK). 

23  HYAS  ARANEUS  (GREAT  SPIDER  CRAB). 

24  PALINURUS  VULGARIS  (LOBSTER). 

25  SERRANCS  (SEA-PERCH). 

20    CRIBELLA  OCULATA  (STAB-FISH). 

27  CORALLIUM  RUBRUM  (RED  CORAL). 

28  SERPULA  (TUBULAR  SEA-WORM). 

29  SPIROGRAPHIS  SPELLENSONIA  (ANNELID). 

30  TRYGON  PASTINACA  (STING-RAY). 

81  ASTERIXA  GIBBOSA  (GIBBON'S  STARLIT). 

82  ASTEROIDIA  (YELLOW  CORAL). 

33    APLYSIA  PUNCTATA  (SEA-BABE). 

84  CIDARIS  PAPHLATA  (SEA-URCHIN). 

85  TORPEDO  OCULATA  (ELECTRIC-FISH). 

86  CEREACTIS  AURANTIACII  (SEA-ANEMONE). 

87  CEEEASTHUS  MEilBKANA(;EUS  (SEA-ANKMOMl), 


sea 


4167 


sea-purslane,  5. 

Sot. :  Atriplex  portulacoides.  It  has  axillary 
spikes  of  small  yellowish  flowers. 

sea-pye,  *.    [SKA-PIE  (1).] 

sea  quake,  s.  A  tremor  or  agitation  of 
the  sea  produced  by  volcanic  or  similar  action 
from  beneath. 

"  Many  of  the  marine  disturbances,  which  might  be 
culled  ttn-ytinl:cs.  have  been  observed  iu  places  which 
are  clone  to.  or  in  the  line  of,  volcanic  v6ut*."—J, 
Mi'ni:  Earthquakes,  p.  164. 

sea-radish,  s. 

Bot. :  Raphanus  maritimv*. 

sea  rag  wort,  s. 

Bot. :  Cineraria  maritima. 

*  sea  -rat,  «.     A  pirate.     (Afassinger.) 

JWATER-RAT.] 

sea-raven,  s. 

Icfithy,  :  Any  individual  of  the  Scorptenoid 
gr>mis  llemitripturus,  from  the  Western  Atlan- 
tic. (See  extract.) 

"The  typical  species  is  the  common  tea-raven  ,  .  , 
It  Attains  a  length  of  two  feet  and  a  weight  of  four  or 
ti\<-  i-iiuuds  .  .  .  Like  the  land  raven, itla omnivorous 
and  voracious,  acting  the  part  of  n  useful  scavenger  in 
removing  decaying  mutters."— Klpley  &  Dana:  Amer. 
Cyclop,,  xiv.  TS9. 

sea- reach,  s.  The  straight  course  or 
reach  of  a  winding  river,  which  stretches  out 
to  seaward. 

sea  reed,  s. 

Bot.  :  Psamma  arenaria. 

*  sea-reeve,  s.     An  officer  formerly  ap- 
pointed  in  maritime  places  to   protect  the 
maritime  rights  of  the  lord  of  the  manor, 
watch  the  shore,  and  collect  the  wrecks. 

sea-risk,  *  sea-risque,  s.  The  risk  of 
destruction  or  injury  to  goods  or  persons 
crossing  the  sea  ;  hazard  or  risk  at  or  by  sea. 

"  He  charged  himself  with  all  the  tea-ritque  of  such 
vessel*  as  carried  corn  to  Rome  in  the  winter."— 
Arbuthnot. 

sea-robber,  s.    A  pirate. 

"  Across  the  dark  tea-robber's  way." 

Moor* :  Fire-  WoriMppcrt. 

sea-robin,  s. 

Ich  thy. :  Prionotvs  Uneatus,  the  Banded 
Gurnard. 

sea  -rocket,  a. 

Bot.  :  Cokile  maritima  and  the  genus  Caklle. 

sea-room,  *.  Room  wherein  a  ship  may 
be  put  through  all  needful  evolutions  without 
danger  of  being  brought  into  collision  with 
another  vessel,  with  a  rock  at  sea,  or  with  the 
shore ;  open  sea. 

sea-rosemary,  9. 

Bot. :  Schoberia  friiticosa. 

sea-rover,  s. 

1.  A  person  who  roves  up  and  down  the  sea 
for  plunder ;  a  pirate. 

2.  A  piratical  vessel. 
sea  roving,  a.  <t  3. 

A.  As  adj.  :  Roving  over  the  sea. 

B,  As  subst.  :  The  act  of  roving  over  the 
sea  ;  the  acts  or  practices  of  a  pirate :  piracy. 

sea  ruff,  s.  A  marine  fish  belonging  to 
the  genus  Orpb.ua. 

sea-salt,  s. 

Chem. :  Chloride  of  sodium  mixed  with 
•mall  proportions  of  otlier  salts,  and  obtained 
by  evaporation  of  sea-water.  It  is  exten- 
sively employed  in  the  preparation  of  arti- 
ficial sea-water  baths. 

sea- sand  wort,  *. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Honkenya, 
sea-scorpion,  s. 

Ichthyology : 

1.  Any  fish  of  the  genus  Scorprena.     The 
term    is   applied    because   their    heads    are 
covered    with    spines,    angular   projections, 
lobes,  and  filaments,  so  as  to  give  them  a 
formidable  appearance. 

2.  Cottus  scorpius, 
sea-scurf,  s. 

Zool :  The  genus  Lepralia  (q.v.Jt 
sea-serpent,*. 

1.  A  sea-snake  (q.  v.). 

2.  An  animal  of  immense  size,  and  serpentine 
form,  said  to  inhabit  the  ocean,  but  concern- 


ing which  nothing  definite  is  known.  Thetirst 
detailed  accounts  come  from  Norway.  Pon- 
toppidan  (Nat.  Hist.  (ed.  1755)  ii.  195)  figures 
the  Si/a-serpc:nt  raisin y  itself  from  the  water 
and  spouting,  but  tin.-  Ji/icydopwdiaBrikinnica 
(ed.  9th),  xxi.  009,  matches  the  figure  with 
that  of  a  squid.  In  more  recent  times 
several  appearances  of  the  "sea-serpent" 
have  been  recorded ;  notably  by  Captain 
M'Quho,  of  H.M.S.  Dcsdatus  (Times,  Oct.  y, 
1S48,  figured  in  lllus.  Lond.  News,  Oct  28, 
1848),  by  Capt.  A.  Hassel  (Graphic,  Aug.  17, 
1872),  by  the  master  and  crew  of  the  Pauline, 
of  London  (lllus.  Lond.  News,  Nuv.  20,  1875), 
by  Lieut.  Haynes,  of  the  K"\al  yacht  Osborne 
(see  illustration,  and  6'rn/Aie,  June  30, 1877), 
by  Major  Senior,  from  the  City  of  Baltimore 
(Graphic,  April  19,  1879),  and  by  a  clergyman 
at  Busselton,  West  Australia  (Nature,  June  24, 
1S79).  In  these  cases  the  observers  testify  to 


SEA-SERPENT. 


having  seen  a  monstrous  serpentiform  animal, 
and  their  good  faith  is  beyond  question. 
Prof.  Owen,  in  a  letter  to  the  Ti-m.es  (see  lllus. 
Lond.  News,  Nov.  25,  1848,  where  Capt. 
M'Quhae's  reply  is  also  printed),  maintained 
that  the  animal  seen  by  Capt.  M'Quhse  was 
a  gigantic  seal,  Macrorhinus  elephantinvs ; 
but  whilst  many  Sea-serpent  stories  may  be, 
and  some  certainly  have  been,  satisfactorily 
explained  away  by  deceptive  appearance  of 
well-known  natural  objects  at  a  distance,  and 
*' Sea-serpent"  remains  cast  on  British  and 
American  shores  have  been  proved  to  belong 
to  well-known  species,  there  is  a  growing 
tendency  at  least  to  suspend  judgment  in  the 
matter.  Agasstz  says  that  it'  the  Sea-serpent 
exist  it  must  be  closely  allied  to  the  Plesio- 
saur  (Geological  Sketches,  i.  16),  and  P.  H. 
Gosse  (Romance  of  Nat.  Hist.  (1st  ser.),  p.  858) 
claims  that  it  is  a  surviving  Enaliosaur. 

"  It  would  thus  appear  that,  while,  with  very  few 
exceptions,  all  the  so-called  '  ica-ivr pants'  can  be 
explained  l>y  reference  to  some  well  known  animal  or 
other  natural  object,  there  is  atlll  a  residuum  suffi- 
cient to  prevent  modern  zoologists  from  denying  the 
possibility  that  some  such  creature  may  after  all 
exist."—  Encyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th),  xxi.  610. 

sea-service,  s.  Service  rendered  on  board 
a  ship,  and  especially  a  ship  of  war ;  naval 
service. 

"  Ton  were  pressed  for  the  tra-itrvire,  and  got  off 
with  much  ado."— Svrtft-'  Direction  to  Servant!. 

*  sea-shark,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Squalus  carcharias  (Linn.). 

sea-Shell,  s.  A  shell  from  the  sea ;  the 
shell  of  a  mollusc  inhabiting  the  sea ;  a 
marine  shell. 

"  Soa-Bheltt  are  preat  improvers  of  soar  or  cold  land." 
—Mortimer  ;  Butbandry. 

sea-shore,  «. 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  shore,  coast,  or  margin 
of  the  sea ;  the  laud  lying  adjacent  to  the  sea. 

" The  barren  waste  of  the  tea-ihore." 

Longfellow :  Xilet  Standish,  ix. 

II.  TJJ.W  :  The  ground  between  the  ordinary 
high-water  mark  and  low-water  mark. 

sea-shrub,  s, 

Zool.  (PI):  The  family  Gorgonidse  (q.v.). 

sea-sick,  a. 

1.  Suffering  from  or  affected  with  sea-sick- 
ness (q.v.). 

"She  began  to  be  much  tea-tick,  extremity  of 
weather  continuing."— Shaketp. :  Winter'*  Tale,  v,  2. 

*  2.  Tired  of  the  sea ;  weary  of  travelling 
by  sea. 

sea  sickness,  s. 

Pathol. :  A  peculiar  functional  disturbance 
of  the  nervous  system,  produced  by  shock  re- 
sulting from  the  motion  of  a  ship.  The  most 
prominent  symptoms  are  a  state  of  general 
depression,  giddiness,  vomiting  and  derange- 
ment of  the  bowels,  and  urinary  secretions. 
In  some  cases  the  symptoms  are  so  severe 
as  to  threaten  life. 

"  Innumerable  prevcntatives  and  remedies  have 
been  proposed,  but  most  of  them  fall  short  of  the 
success  claimed  for  them.  No  means  have  yet  been 


discovered  which  can  altogether  prevent  the  occnr- 
r»ii.:e  of  sea-sick  nets .  nor  is  it  likely  thnt  any  will  b* 
found,  since  it  is  largely  due  to  the  pitching  moT*- 
ments  of  the  vessel,  whicii  cannot  be  averted." — 
Encyc.  Brit.  (ed.  8th),  jii.  610. 

sea-side,  s.  &  «. 

A.  As  subst. :  A  district  or  place  situated 
close  to  the  sea ;    country    adjacent    to    or 
situated  on  the  sea-shore.    (Juogw  vii.  12.) 

B.  As  adj.  :    Pertaining  to  or  situated  on 
the  sea-shore  :  as,  a  sea-side  residence. 

If  Sea-aide  Balsam  is  Cretan  Eleuteria  ;  Sea- 
side Grape,  Coccoloba  uvifera  [COCCOLOBA]  ; 
Sea-side  laurel,  Xylophylla  latifolia,;  Sea-sidt 
Out,  the  genus  Uuiula. 

sea-slater,  s.    > 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Lygia.  The  Great  Sea- 
Slater  is  Lygia  oceanica,  common  all  round 
the  English  coast. 

sea-sleeve,  a.    [CALAMABY.] 
sea-slug,  s. 

Zool.  ;  Any  individual  of  the  Opistho- 
branchiata  (q.v.).  The  name  is  sometimes 
confined  to  the  Nudibranchiates. 

"  The  molluscs  of  this  order  may  be  termed  tea- 
tlugt,  since  the  shell,  when  it  exists,  la  usually  small 
and  thin,  and  wholly  or  partially  concealed  by  UM 
animaL"—  Woodward:  Mollutca  (ed.  1880),  p.  81L 

sea-snail,  s. 

1.  Ichthy. :  Liparis  vulgaris. 

2.  Zool.  (PL) :  The  family  Naticidse  (q.T.> 
sea-snake,  s. 

Zool.  :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Hydro- 
pliidae  (q.v.).  They  have  depressed  heads, 
dilated  behind  and  covered  with  shiplds. 
Their  bodies  are  covered  with  square  plates ; 
their  tails  are  very  much  compressed,  and 
raised  vertically,  so  as  to  aid  them  In 
swimming.  They  are  very  venomous ;  but 
rarely,  if  ever,  exceed  four  feet  in  length. 
They  are  found  off  the  coast  of  India,  in  the 
salt  water  channels  of  the  Snnderlnmds,  in 
the  seas  around  the  Indian  Islands,  and  in 
the  Pacific,  but  at  no  great  distance  from 
land.  They  are  eaten  in  Tahiti. 

"Where  the  wind  is  a  stranger, 
And  the  tea  make  hath  life." 

Byron :  Manfred,  L  L 

sea-snipe,  5. 

1.  The  popular  name  of  a  fish,  Centriscut 
scoiopax.     [CENTRISCUS.] 

2.  The  Dunlin. 

*  sea-soldier,  *.    A  marine. 
sea-spider,  *. 
Zoology : 

1.  Any  individual  of  the  family  Malarias. 
t  2.  (PI.)  The  order  Pantopoda  (q.v.l  (Cbfr 
tell's  Nat.  Hist.,  vi.  160.) 

sea-squid,  s.    [SQUID.] 
sea-squirt,  *. 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Ascidium  (q.v.). 
t  sea-stars,  s.  pi.    [STAB- FISHES.] 
sea-starwort,  s. 
Bot. :  Aster  Tripoliwn. 

sea-Stick,  a.   A  hen-ing  caught  and  cured 

at  sea. 

sea-stock,  ». 

Bot. :  Matthiola  sinuata. 

sea-storm,  s.  A  storm  at  or  on  the  set, 
(Stiakesp. :  Tempest,  i.  2.) 

sea  sun  flower,  «. 

Zool. :  The  sea-anemone  (q.v.). 
sea-swallow,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Any  individual  of  the  sub-family 
Sterninse  (q.v.). 

sea-swine,  *.  A  popular  name  for  the 
porpoise  (q.v.). 

sea-tang,  «.    Tang,  tangle. 

"  Their  iiests  of  sedge  and  tea-tang." 

Longfellow :  Hiawatha,  IL 

sea-tangle, ». 

1'.  't. :    Laminaria  digitata   and    the    genus 
Laminaria. 
IT  Sea-tangle  tent : 
Therapeut. :  A  stretcher  made  of  sea-tangle. 

sea-term,  s.  A  word  or  phrase  appro- 
priate to  and  used  by  seamen ;  a  word  or  term 
of  navigation. 

"  I  agree  with  you  in  your  censures  of  the  tea-term* 
In  Dryden's  'Virgil,' because  no  terms  of  art  or  cant 
words  suit  the  majesty  of  epick.  poetry." — Pope. 


boll,  bop-;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  ohin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-«4an,  -ttan  =  shan.   -tton,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -fion  =  zhna.    -cious, -tious, -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4168 


seaforthia— seal 


•  sea  thief,  >.    A  pirate. 

•ea  thong,  s. 

Bot. :  A  British  sea-weed,  HimanOuUia  lorta. 

sea  thrift,  s.    [SEA-PISK.) 

sea  titling, «.    [SHOEE-PIPIT.] 

sea  toad,  .-. 

1.  Ichthy. :  Lophiiu  piscatori-us,  the  Fishing- 
frog  (q.v.). 

2,  Zool. :  Hyas  araneus,  the  Harper  Crab  or 
Great  Spider  Crab.    (Wood.) 

sea  tossed,  t  sea  tost,  a.  Tnssed  by 
the  sea.  (>AoA-esp. :  PericUt,  iii.  Chorus.) 

sea-tortoise,  s.    [?URTLE.] 

sea  trumpet,  5. 

Bot. :  (1)  Laminaria  digitata;  (2)  Edclmia 
bnccitialis. 

sea-turn,  *.  A  gale,  mist,  or  breeze  from 
the  sea. 

sea-turtle, «. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  marine  turtle. 

2.  Ornith. :    The    black    Guillemot,     Vria 
frylle. 

sea-unicorn,  s.    [.NARWHAL.] 

sea  urchin,  5.  Any  animal  of  the  genus 
Echinus,  or  of  the  order  Echinida. 

sea-view, «.  A  view  of  the  sea ;  a  place 
which  has  the  advantage  of  presenting  a  view 
of  the  sea. 

sea-voyage,  •.  A  voyage  by  or  over  the 
HB> 

sea-wall,  s.  A  wall  or  embankment  con- 
•tructeO  to  defend  some  portions  of  the  hind 
against  the  inroads  of  the  sea ;  to  form  a  break- 
water, &C. 

*  sea-walled,  a.  Defended  against  hos- 
tile intrusions  by  the  sea,  as  by.  a  wall. 

sea-wand,  «.  The  same  as  SEA-OIBDLSS 
(q.v.). 

sea-ware,  *.  A  name  applied  in  many 
places  to  the  weeds  thrown  up  by  the  sea, 
which  are  collected  and  used  as  manure  and 
for  other  purposes. 

"  Having  the  usual  common  right*  of  hill  pasture, 
ma-toare,  and  grazing  over  the  arable  land  when  the 
crop  is  uot  In  the  ground,"— Poll  Mall  Gazette,  March 
tt.1886. 

sea-water.  «.  The  water  of  any  sea  or 
of  the  ocean.  An  analysis  of  sea-water  taken 
from  the  English  Channel  gave  the  following 
result :  water  964*746,  sodium  chloride  27*059, 
potassium  chloride  0*766,  magnesium  chloride 
B'666,  magnesium  bromide  0-029,  magnesium 
sulphate  2*296,  calcium  sulphate  1*406,  cal- 
cium carbonate  0-033  =  1,000,  with  traces  of 
iodine  and  ainmoniacal  salt. 

sea-wax,  s.    The  same  as  MALTHA  (q.v.). 
sea-way,  s. 

1.  The  progress  made  by  a  ship  through  the 
water. 

2.  An  open  space  in  which  a  vessel  lies  with 
the  sea  rolling  heavily. 

sea-weed,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  popular  name  for  any  of 
the  higher  Algals. 

2.  Bot.  (PL) :  Fucaeese  (q.v.).    (Lindley.) 

sea-whipcord,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Chordaiia. 
sea  whip-lash,  «. 

Bot.  :  Chorda  filum. 
sea- whistle,  *. 

Bot, :  Fucus  nodosu*. 


.wife,  s. 

Ichthy.  :  Acantholabrus  yarreUi.  In  the  pro- 
portions of  the  body  and  in  its  parts  it  is 
in  term  edtate  between  the  Dalian  Wrasse  and 
the  Cook  Wrasse.  (Yarrett  :  British  Fishes, 
I.  516).  The  name  is  sometimes  applied  to 
Labrus  vetula. 


t- willow,  *. 

ZooL  :  Gorgonia  ancep$. 
sea- wing, 
*  1.  Zool :  A  popular  name  for  a  bivalve 
mollusc  akin  to  Mytilua. 
2.  Fig. :  A  sail. 

"  Clips  on  his  lea-wttta." 

fpuiketp. :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  tit  10. 


sea  withwind,  -. 

Bot. :  A  species  of  bindweed,  Convolvulus 
Soldanella. 

*  sea-WOld,  s.  Vegetation  under  the  sea, 
more  or  less  resembling  a  forest ;  a  sea  wood 
or  forest. 

"  We  would  run  to  and  fro.  and  hide  and  seek. 
On  the  broad  tea-woldt,  in  the  crimson  shells." 

Tennyton :  Mermaid,  iii. 

sea  wolf,  9. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  name  applied  to  a  sea- 
king.  [VlKINO.] 

"  Sullenly  answered  Ulf, 
Theoldi.-a.t«>V." 

Longfellow :  Mutician  t  Tale,  xlx. 

8.  Ickthy. :  A  fish,  Anarrhicas  lupus,  about 
seven  or  eight  feet  in  length  ;  gray  or  brown, 


with  transverse  black  or  brown  stripes.  Its 
formidable  aspect  and  sharp,  effective  teeth 
constitute  its  chief  resemblance  to  a  wolf. 

t  sea-woman,  *.    Fata  Morgana  (q.v.), 

sea- worm,  s.  A  popular  name  for  various 
Nereids. 

sea-wormwood, «. 

Bot.  :  Artemisia  maritima. 

sea- worn,  a.  Worn  by  the  sea.  [ WATER- 
WORN.] 

sea- worthiness,  «.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  sea-worthy. 

sea-worthy,  a.  Fit  to  be  sent  to  sea. 
Used  of  a  vessel  sufficiently  strong  and  sound 
to  be  entrusted  with  a  cargo  and  with  the 
lives  of  crew  and  passengers. 

sea-wrack,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Sea  weeds  piled  in  long  lines 
on  the  beach  and  carted  away  for  manure. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  Sea-wrack  grass,  Zostera  marina. 

(2)  (PI.) :  The  Zosteracea  (q.v.).    (Lindley.) 
Sea-wrack  groM :  [SEA- WRACK,  2.  (1)]. 

sea  forth  -I-a,  s.  [Named  after  Francis  Lord 
Seaforth,  a  patron  of  botany.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Areceae.  Elegant  palms, 
with  pinnate  fronds,  polygamous  or  monoe- 
cious flowers,  sessile  on  a  branched  spadlx. 
with  several  incomplete  spathes ;  calyx  and 
corolla  trind ;  males  with  many  stamens  and 
the  rudiments  of  a  pistil ;  style  very  short ; 
stigmas  three ;  berry  small,  oval,  one-seeded. 
Some  have  dwarf,  reed-like  stems,  others  rise 
thirty  or  forty  feet  high.  Known  species 
about  twenty-five,  from  the  Indian  Archipelago 
and  Australia.  Type,  Seaforthia  elegans,  from 
the  latter  region. 

seal  (1),  *  sele  (1),  *.  [A.8.  teolh ;  cogn.  with 
Icel.  selr ;  Dan.  seel,  scelhund;  Sw.  sjal,  sjal- 
hund;  O.  H.  Ger.  selah.] 

Zool.  :  The  English  name  for  any  individual 
of  a  group  of  Marine  Carmvora,  with  resem- 
blances in  cranial  characters  to  the  True 
Bears  on  the  one  hand  and  the  Otters  on  the 
other  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1869,  p.  34).  They 
fall  naturally  into  two  families  :  the  Phocidse. 
or  True  Seals,  and  the  Otariidse,  or  Eared 
Seals.  The  body  in  the  former  is  elongated 
and  somewhat  pisciform,  covered  with  a  short, 
thick  fur,  or  harsh  hairs,  and  terminated  be- 
hind by  a  short,  conical  tail.  The  limbs  are 
developed  into  flippers,  and  adapted  for 
swimming  organs,  whilst  they  are  practically 
useless  on  land  (a  modification  foreshadowed 
in  the  hind-limbs  of  the  Sea  Otter),  so  that, 
wh«n  they  leave  the  water,  the  True  Seals  can 
only  drag  themselves  laboriously  along,  chiefly 
by  contractions  of  the  abdominal  muscles. 
They  especially  abound  in  the  Arctic  and 
Antarctic  regions,  passing  the  greater  part  of 
the  year  in  the  sea,  not  far  from  the  shore, 
to  which,  however,  they  invariably  resort  in 
the  breeding  season  and  to  brinjr  forth  their 
young.  The  Common  Seal  (Phoca  vitulina) 
occurs  on  the  Atlantic  coast  as  far  south  a» 
New  Jersey.  It  is  abundant  farther  north.  It 
is  from  three  to  five  feet  lung,  yellowish -gray  in 
color,  intelligent,  and  capable  ot  attachment. 
The  Eared  Cieals,  almost  exclusively  confined 
to  tli e  southern  heniiapheie,  aie  more  closely 


allied  to  Land  Carniv<>ra  than  the  True  Seals,, 
as  they  possess  small  external  ears,  and  are- 
able  to  use  the  hind  limbs  for  progression  on 
shore.  The  male  Eared  Seal  is  imich^larger 
than  the  female,  which  looks  ridiculously 
small  beside  her  lord.  It  is  from  one  of  this- 
group  that  most  of  the  seal-skins  of  commerce 
are  obtained.  [NORTHERN  FUR-SEAL.]  Seals- 
are  largely  hunted  for  the  sake  of  their  blub- 
ber, whii'h  yields  a  transparent,  inodorous 
oil ;  and  the  skins  of  those  species  which 
have  no  close  under-fur  [SEAL-SKIN],  when 
tanned,  are  employed  in  making  boots,  and, 
when  dressed  with  the  hair  on,  serve  to  cover 
trunks,  &c.  The  species  of  True  and  Eared 
Seals  are  numerous. 

seal-fishery,  *.  The  most  important 
fishing-ground  for  hair-seals  is  off  the  coast* 
of  Newfoundland  and  Labrador.  The  annual 
catch  is  about  5<K),OUO.  There  are  others  iu  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  off  Kova  Zenibla,  iu  the 
White  and  Caspian  Seas,  and  elsewhere.  The- 
Prybiloff  Islands  are  the  seat  of  the  most  im- 
portant fisheries  for  fur-seals,  the  catch  there 
being  restricted  to  100,000  skins.  The  other  fish- 
eries, which  are  principally  in  the  southern 
hemisphere,  are  in  great  measure  exhausted. 
Within  recent  years  the  reckless  destruction  of 
the  Bering  Sea  fur  seals  by  Canadian  fishermen, 
has  l«en  a  subject  of  dispute  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States.  This  question* 
has  been  settled  by  international  arbitration. 

seal-skin,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  subst. :  The  skin  of  the  seal,  which, 
when  dressed  with  the  hair  on,  is  made  into 
caps  and  other  articles  of  dress,  and,  when- 
tanned,  into  shoes,  &c.    The  skin  of  the  sea- 
bear  or  fur-seal,  after  the  long  coarse  hairs, 
which  cover  a  beautifully  fine  and  silky  fur,. 
are  removed,  is  dyed,  aud  made  into  ladies' 
cloaks,  muffs,  &c.    Only  immature  and  female 
specimens  of  the  fur-seal  yield  the  seal-skin 
of  commerce. 

B.  As  adj. :  Made  of  the  skin  of  the  Mai : 
as,  a  seal-skin  jacket,  &.C. 

seal-toothed  whales,  t.  pi 

Zool. :  The  Zeuglodontia  (q.v.). 

seal  (2),  *  seale,  *  seel,  *  sele  (2), «.  [O.  FT, 
seel  (Fr.  sceau),  from  Lat.  sigillum  =  a  seal,  a- 
mark  ;  prop,  dimin.  from  signum,  =  a  sign, 
a  mark  ;  A.S.  sigle  =  an  ornament ;  8p.  seUo, 
rigilo ;  Ital.  sigilto  =  a  seal ;  Qer.  tiegel  ; 
Goth,  siglio.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  species  of  die,  of  stone,  metal,  or 
other   hard    substance,  having  a  device  or 
motto  cut  in  intaglio  on  its  face,  for  the 
purpose  of  stamping  a  device  or  motto  in- 
relief  on  clay,  wax,  or  other  material,  while 
in  a  plastic  state,   or  upon   paper,   as  upon 
legal  documents  in  token  of  i*rfonnance  or 
of  authenticity.     Seals  are  of  great  antiquity 
(in  ancient  times  the  ring  usually  served  as  a 
seal) ;  they  were  of  gold,  iron,  ivory,  &c. 

"  That  teal  yon  ask  with  such  a  violence." 

Shaketp.  :  Henry  VIII..  Hi.  1 

(2)  The  wax  or  other  substance  impressed 
or  stamped  witli  a  device,  and  attached  to 
letters   and   other  documents    in    token    of 

authenticity. 

"  The  use  of  trait,  a*  a  mark  of  authenticity  to 


(3)  The  wax,  wafer,  or  other  fastening  of  a 
letter  or  other  paper. 

"  That  dared  to  break  the  holy  ual." 

StUiketp.  :    H' inter' t  Talt,  ill  t 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  That    which    authenticates,    confirms, 
ratines,  or  makes  stable ;  assurance,  pledge, 
token,  proof,  testimony. 

"  They  their  nil  of  love 
Took  largely,  of  their  mutual  guilt  the  teal.* 

JtUton.    /'.  L.,ix.  1,041 

(2)  That  which  effectually  shuts,  confines, 
or  secures ;  that  which  makes  fast :  as,  the 
teal  of  confession.    (Lit.  £Jig.) 

IL  Technically: 

Qa*-vxrrks :  A  water-trap  joint,  where  the 
gas  is  drawn  or  forced  beneath  a  plate,  whose 
lower  edge  is  beneath  the  level  of  the  water 
in  the  tar-welL 

IT  1.  The  Great  Seal :  The  seal  used  for  the- 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  and  sometimes  for 
Ireland,  in  sealing  public  papers  of  great 
moment ;  as,  writs  to  summon  Parliament, 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wvlt  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  ear,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  o>  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


seal— seance 


4169 


treaties  with  other  countries,  &c.  The  Great 
Seal  is  in  the  custody  of  the  Lord  Chancellor, 
or  Lord  Keeper  (as  he  was  formerly  called), 
whose  office  is  conferred  by  its  delivery  into 
his  hands.  Hence  often  used,  as  in  the  ex- 
ample, for  the  Chancellorship. 

"It  was  immediately  notified  to  Jeffreys  that  ha 
might  expect  the  great  teal  as  the  rew»rd  o!  faituiul 
ana  vigorous  service."— Macautoy :  llitt,  Eng.,  ob.  V. 

2.  Privy  Seal : 

(1)  The  same  as  PRIVY-SEAL  (1).    [PRIVY.] 

(2)  The  principal    Secretary    of  State,   or 
person  intrusted  with   the  Privy-seal.     His 
proper  title  is  Lord  Privy  Seal ;  he  is  the  fifth 
great  officer  of  state  iu  England,  and  applies 
the  privy-seal  to  all  charters,  grants,  pardons, 
&c.,  before  they  come  to  the  Great  Seal. 

3L  To  set  one's  seal  to :  To  give  one's  authority 
or  sanction  to ;  to  give  one's  assurance  of. 

seal-engraver,  *.  One  whose  business 
or  occupation  is  to  engrave  or  cut  seals, 

seal-look,  *.  A  lock  provided  with  a 
seal  which  must  be  broken  in  the  act  of  un- 
fastening, thus  indicating  the  fact  of  the  lock 
having  been  tampered  with. 

seal-paper,  s. 

Law :  A  document  issued  by  the  Lord  Chan- 
cellor, previous  to  the  commencement  of  the 
sittings,  detailing  the  business  iu  hid  court  or 
division  and  in  those  of  the  Lords  Justices 
and  Vice-Chan cellors.  The  Master  of  the 
Rolls  issues  a  similar  paper  for  his  division  of 
the  court.  (Bngli»h.) 

seal-pipe,  *.    A  dip-pipe  (q.v.). 

seal-press,  *•  A  press  for  imprinting 
an  inscription  or  device  on  paper  or  plastic 
material. 

seal-ring,  *.    A  signet-ring. 

"  I  have  lost  a  teal-ring  of  my  grandfather's  worth 
forty  mark."-- SAaXctp. :  1  Henry  IV.,  ilL  3. 

*  seal-wax,  *.    Sealing-wax. 

"  He  uw  his  monkey  picking  the  teal-wax  from  a 
I*ttor."—Arl>uthnot. 

leal,  *  seel,  *  sole,  r.l,  &  i.    [SEAL  (2),  «.] 
A.  Transitive; 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  To  set  or  affix  a  seal  to ;  to  stamp  or 
impress  with  a  seal,  as  a  mark  of  authenticity 
or  execution. 

"  And  vat  the  more.  If  ha  strake  handea,  if  ha  sens 
his  tmud  writing,  and  teal  It."—  Tyndalti  Worke*: 
p.  Hi. 

(2)  To  fasten  or  secure  with  some  material 
•tamped  with  a  seal ;  to  fasten  securely,  aa 
with  wax,  a  wafer,  or  the  like. 

"  Her  tetter  now  is  tealtd" 

Shaketp.  :  Rap«  of  Luertee,  1.881. 

(S)  To  stamp  or  mark  with  some  official 
•tamp  or  mark  as  an  evidence  of  standard 
exactness,  legal  size,  or  merchantable  quality. 

"She  brought  stone  jogs,  aad  noieal'd  quarts. " 

SAahrsp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew.   (Iiid.  ii.) 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  To  confirm,  to    ratify,  to  sanction,  to 

attest,  to  establish. 

"  Seal  the  title  with  a  lovely  kiss.* 

Shakftp. :  Taming  of  the  £Arw,  IU.  1 

(8)  To  attest,  to  bear  witness  to. 
*'  One  In  fire,  and  two  in  field. 
Their  belief  with  blood  have  teal'd.' 

Byron  ;  Prisoner  of  Chilian,  T.  1. 

(8)  To  shut  or  close  up. 

"  Pleasing  sleep  had  tealed  each  mortal  eye." 

Pope:  ffomer;  Iliad  U.  I. 

*(4)  To  confine,  to  shut  up  ;  to  imprison. 

"  Back  to  th*  Infernal  pit  I  drag  thee  chained. 
And  teal  thee  so.'  Milton  :  P.  L.,  iv.  %6. 

(5)  To  shut  or  keep  close  or  secret.    (Fre- 
quently with  up.) 

"Seal  up  your  lips,  and  give  no  words,  but — mom." 
Sbakeip, :  2  ffenry  VI.,  L  S. 

(6)  Among  the  Mormons  and  some  other 
polygamous  sects,  to  take  to  one's  self,  or  to 
assign  to  another,  aa  a  second  or  additional 
wife. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Build. :   To  fix  or  secure  in  a  wall  or 
other  surface,  by  means  of  mortar,  cement, 
plaster,  or  the  like. 

2.  Hydraul. :  To  prevent  the  flow  or  reflux, 
as  of  air  or  gas,  as  in  a  pipe,  by  means  of 
carrying  the  end  of  the  inlet  or  exit  pipe 
below  the  level  of  the  liquid. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  affix  one's  seal. 

"Ill  Hal  to  sucb  a  bond." 

Shaketp. :  Merchant  of  rentes,  L  & 


sealed,  pet.  par.  or  a.     [SEAL,  v.] 

*  sealed-earth,  *.  Terra  sigiUata,  an 
old  name  for  medicinal  earths,  which  were 
made  up  in  cakes  and  stamped  or  sealed. 

"Wormwood,  bole  armoniac,  tenlcd-carth,  clnque- 
toil'-Bacon:  Work*,  i.  «7. 

seal  cr  (1),  s.     [Eng.  sea!  (1),  s.  ;  -er.J    One 
who  is  engaged  in  seal-fishing. 

*  seal'-er  (2),  s.    [Eng.  seal,  v.  ;  -<r.] 

1.  One  who  seals  ;  oue  who  attaches  seals 
to  documents. 

"  He  [Chaffwax]  forms  part  of  a  homogeneous  com- 
bination of  Dealer,  Deputy-Seti/er,  ami  the  Lord  Cban- 
cellor's  Punw  Bearer."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Aug.  4,  167A. 

2.  Spec.  :    An  officer  appointed  to  examine 
and  try  weights  and  measures,  leather,  &e., 
and  affixes  a  stamp  upon  such  as  are  accord- 
ing to  the  legal  standard  ;  an  inspector   of 
weights  and  measures. 

3.  One  who  closes  or  seals  up. 

"  Season  of  my  purest  pleasure, 
Sealer  of  observing  eyes  !  " 

Cowper  :   Watching  unto  God,  No.  S. 


sealgh,  selch  (ght  ch  guttural),  s.  [A.S. 
A  seal  ;  sea-calf. 

"  I  saw  him  to-day  engaged  In  an  animated  contest 
with  a  phoca,  or  seal  (ie<tljh,  our  people  mure  iax.i>ei  ly 
call  them  .  .  .  retaining  the  Gothic  guttural  ?A)."— 
Scott  :  Antiquary,  ch.  xx  x  v. 

seal-ing,  *.  [Eng.  seal  (l),  s.;  -ing.]  The 
act,  operation,  or  occupation  of  catching 
seals,  and  obtaining  their  oil. 

seal'  -ing,  pr.  par.,  or  a.    [SEAL,  v.J 

*  sealing-  day,  s.  A  day  or  time  of  rati- 
fication or  co  u  urination. 

"  The  tealing-day  betwixt  my  lova  and  me.* 

.  ;  Jtidtumnwr  Jfighl't  &ream,.L  L 


sealing-wax,  *.  A  composition  for 
sealing  or  securely  fastening  letters  or  pack- 
ets. Sealing-wax  made  of  resin,  and  coloured 
with  vermilion,  lamp-black,  white  lead,  or 
orpirnent,  was  made  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. It  was  long  known  as  Spanish-wax, 
and  probably  reached  the  Portuguese  from 
India,  and  the  rest  of  Europe  through  Spain. 
(See  extract.) 

"  Sealing-wax  has  a  resin  for  Its  basis,  and  has  no 
wax  In  Its  composition  ;  but  as  It  took  the  place  of 
wax  as  a  material  for  sealing  documents,  the  old  name 
was  retained.  The  best  is  made  of  shellac  and  Venice 
turpeutlna,  coloured  uy  vermilion  or  ivory  black,"— 
Knight  ;  Diet.  Htehun..  s.  T.  Sealing  Wax. 

seam  (1),  *seame,  •seem,  'seeme, 
*  seme,  s.  [A.S.  seam;  eogn.  with  Dut. 
zoom  ;  Icel.  saumr  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  so'm  ;  Ger. 
saum.  From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  suo  ;  A.S. 
siwian  ;  Eng.  sew.} 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  junction  of  two  widths  of  fabric 
joined  together  by  sewing   or  stitching;  a 
suture. 

"  AM  every  team  the  nymphs  shall  sew  " 

Drayton  :  Mutet  Elytiuin,  Nymph.  8, 

2.  A  piece  of  needlework.    (Amer.) 

"  Ha  asked  her  to  put  down  her  Mam,  and  come  for 
a  walk."—  ffarper't  JJugaxtne,  June,  1882,  p.  117. 

*  3.  A  cicatrix  or  scar. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Geol.  :   Any  thin  layer   separating  two 
strata  of  greater  magnitude.    (Lyeli.) 

2.  Shipbuilding  :   The  space    between  two 
planks  of  a  ship's  skin,  filled  with  oakum  by 
calking. 

"With  boiling  pitch  the  teamt  insteps. 
Which,  well  laid  o'er.  the  salt  sea  waves  withstand." 
Dryden,    (Toad.) 

scam-blast,  s.  A  blast  made  by  filling 
with  powder  the  seams  or  crevices  previously 
made  by  a  drill-blast. 

scam-lace,  5. 

Fabric:  A  narrow  stuff  used  by  carriage- 
makers  to  cover  seams  and  edges. 

seam  prcsser,  «. 

1.  Agric.  :  A  heavy  roller  to  flatten  newly- 
ploughed  land. 

2.  Tailoring  :  A  goose,  to  flatten  seams. 

*  seam-rent,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  rent  along  a  seam. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Having  the  clothes  rent  or  torn 
along  the  seams  ;  hence,  ragged,  low,  poor, 
mean. 

"  Such  poor  seam-rent  fellows.  "~*Ben  Jotuon  :  Every 
Man  Out  of  hit  ffumour,  IL  2. 

seam-roller,  s. 

Boot-making  :  A  burnisher,  or  rubber,  for 
flattening  down  the  edges  of  leather  where 
two  thicknesses  are  sewn  together. 


seam-set,  *. 

1.  Tin-working :  A  punch  used  by  tinmen  for 
closing  the  sent  us  prepared  on  a  hatchet  stake. 
The  face  lias  a  groove  which  shuts  duwu  the 
edges,  usually  upon  a  wire. 

2.  Shoemaking:    A  tool  for  flattening  the 
seams  of  buots,  shoes,  or  harness. 

Seam  (2),  s,  [O.  Fr.  somme,  some,  saume,  sum* 
=^  a  pack,  a  burden,  from  Low  Lat.  salnia,  a 
corrupt,  of  Gr.  o-ayxa  (sagma)  =  a  pack  sad- 
dle ;  Ger.  saum  —  a  sack  of  eight  bushels.]  A 
measure  of  eight  bushels  of  corn,  or  the  vessel 
containing  it ;  a  horse-load. 

*  seam  (3),  *  saim,  *  sayme,  *  seamc,  t. 

[Etym.  doubtful,  perhaps  a  corrupt,  of  Fr. 
sain,  from  Lat.  sagina=s.  fatting,  fatness  ;  Sp. 
sayn;  Ital.  saim«=  grease,  lard.J  Tallow,  fat, 
grease,  lard. 

"Seath  it  with  good  old  teame  or  grease.**— P.  Hol- 
land: i'linie,  bk.  xx..  ch.  FL. 

"seam,  v.t.    [SEAM(I),«.] 

1.  To  join  together  with,  or  as  with  a  seam; 
to  form  a  seam  on. 

2.  To  mark  with  a  scar  or  cicatrix  ;  to  scar. 

"  His  naked  arms  and  legs,  teamed  o'er. 
The  scars  of  frantic  penance  bore." 

Scott.-  Ladyqftiu  LaXi.ULL 

sea-man,  s.    [Eng.  sea,  and  man.] 

1.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to  assist  In 
the  navigation  of  ships;  a  mariner,  a  sailor. 
The  term  includes  officers  as  well  as  men,  but 
is  technically  restricted  to  the  latter.  [A&i>£- 
BODIED,  2;  ORDINARY-SEAMAN.] 
*  2.  A  merman.  {Locke.) 

sea  man  Ship,  s.  [Eng.  seaman;  -ship.]  Th« 
skill  of  a  good  seaman ;  skill  in  or  knowledge 
of  the  art  of  managing  and  navigating  a  ship. 

seamed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SEAM,  v.} 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Joined  with  a  seam ;  scarred. 

2.  Falconry :  Out  of  condition  ;  not  in  good 
condition.    (Applied  to  a  falcon.) 

sea  -men,  s.  pi.    [SEAMAN.] 

"seam-er,  s.  [A.S.  stdmere.}  One  who  or 
that  which  seams ;  a  seamster. 

seam  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    (SEAM,  «.] 
seaming  lace,  «.    Seam-lace  (q.v.). 

seaming  machine,  s.  A  machine  for 
forming  the  joints  at  the  edges  of  sheet-metal 
plates. 

seaming  tool,  s.  A  tool  for  joining  or 
working  the  edges  of  sheets  of  metal. 

seam  less, '  seam  Ics,  *  seame-lesse,  a. 
[Eng.  seam  (1),  s. ;  -less.}  Having  no  seams  ; 
of  a  single  piece. 

"Christ's  s«am/«M  coat,  all  of  a  piece  from  the  top 
to  the  bottom."— Bp.  Taylor:  Sermont.  vol.  ill.,  ser.  1. 

*  seam'-ster,  *  seam  ster,  *  scrap  ster 
(p  silent),  *  sem   ster,  s.     [A.S.  sedmestre, 
from  seam  =  a  seam  (q.v.).]    One  who  sews 
well ;  one  whose  occupation  is  to  sew. 

"  To  paint  shops  of  barbers,  shomakers,  cottiers,  tay- 
lers  and  temxtert," — P.  Holland:  Plinie,  blc.  inv., 
ch.x. 

seam' -  stress,  scam'  stress,  semp'- 
strcss  (p  silent),  s.  [Eng.  seamster;  -ess.] 
A  woman  whose  occupation  is  to  sew. 

*  seam -stres  sy,  *.     [Eng.  seamstress;  -y.) 
The  business  or  calling  of  a  seamstress. 

"As  an  appendage  to  itamttretty. " — Xteme  :  Trittram 
Shandy,  iii.  49. 

seam'-;?,  a.     (Eng.  «eam(l),  s. ;  -y.] 

1.  Ha\*ing  or  containing  a  seam  or  seams ; 
showing  the  scams.    (Hence  applied  figura- 
tively to  the  worse  part  of  anything.) 

"  Plainly  to  be  seen  by  all  who  do  not  deliberately 
turn  away  from  the  teamy  side  of  our  civilization."— 
Pall  Mall  Gazette.  Oct  29,  1883. 

2.  Like  seams  or  scars. 

*'  Though  still  his  crimson  taimg  sears  reveal 
The  «ure-aim'd  vengeance  of  tbe  Lusian  steel."  - 
Mickl*:  Lutiad,Vt. 

scan,  s.    [SEINE.] 

se  au9C ,  5.  [Fr.,  from  Lat,  sedens,  pr.  par. 
of  «deo  =  to  sit.]  A  sitting;  a  session,  as  of 
some  public  body ;  specific.,  applied  by  spirit- 
ualists to  a  sitting  with  the  view  of  evoking 
spiritual  manifestations,  or  of  holding  com- 
munication with  spirits. 


boll,  bo"y;  pout,  Jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    ph  =  C 
-dan,  -tian  =  sham,   -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -Vion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tlons,  -sious  =  shos.    -ble, -die,  AC.  =  bel.  del* 


4170 


seannaehie— season 


aean'-na-chie,  s.  '[Gaul,  atannacluud  —  o'ae 
learned  m  old  or  remote  history;  a  reciter  of 
tale*,  from  sftmwzcAer  =  sagacious  ;  seon  = 
old.]  A  Highland  antiquary,  genealogist, 
chronicler,  or  bard. 

-  Fermenting  in  the  brains  of  some  mad  Highland 
SffnMtuJHe."—  Scott  :  Antiquary  ch.  vi 

vjea'-port,  «.    [Eng.  sea,  and  port.] 

1,  A  harbour  or  port  on  the  sea, 

2.  A  city  or  town  situated  on  a  harbour,  or 
on  <v  near  the  sea  ;  also  used  adjectively  :  as, 
a  teaport  town. 

•3ea'-p«iy,  *•    CSspoY.] 

sear,  "  seor-en,  *  ser-en,  v.t.  [A.8.  ttbrian 
=  to  dry  up,  to  wither  or  pine  away,  from 
«<r  =  sear  (q.v.);  O.  H.  tier.  sAren;  Low 
Cer.  soren,  sorm;  O.  But.  «ore».] 

L  Literally: 

L  To  dry  up  ;  to  wither. 

2.  To  burn  the  surface  of  to  dryness  «od 
hardness  ;  to  cauterize  ;  to  bum,  to  scorch. 

"  Bed-hot  steel  to  tear  me  to  the  brain." 

X  :  Richard  Iff.,  IT.  L 


8.  To  parch.    (Cowper  :  Task,  iii.  SO.) 
U.  Figuratively: 
•*!.  To  brand. 

"Calumny  will  Jear  virtue  Itself." 

Htate.p.  .-  Winter't  Tale,  U.  t. 

1  To  make  callous  or  insensible. 

•*•  Hast  them  with  heart  perverse  and  conscience  feared, 
D»pU,ing  aU  rebdce.  .tillper,,  'jgdT^^  m 

•ear,  "  sere,  *  seer,  *  seere,  a,  [A.S.stdr; 
com.  with  O.  Dut.  son,  zoar  =  dry,  withered  ; 
low  Ger.  root-.]  Dry,  dried  up,  withered  ;  no 
longer  green  and  fresh. 

•Old  age  like  tear  trees  Is  eeldom  seen  affteteil." 
B*uim.Jrflet.:  Vflt  «(j»oid  Mmv,  Hi.  L 

•  sear  (1),  «.  &  «•   ICKEE,  s.  &  v.] 
near  (2),  t.    [Fr.  serr«=a  bar,  a  lock,  from 
i«t  »ero  =  a  bar,  a  bolt.] 

Fire-arms  :  The  pivoted  piece  In  a  gun-lock, 
which  enters  the  notches  of  the  tumbler  to 
hold  the  hammer  at  full  or  half-cock,  and  is 
released  therefrom  by  pulling  the  trigger  in 
the  act  of  firing.  The  half-cock  notch  is  made 
•o  deep  that  the  sear  cannot  be  withdrawn 
by  the  trigger. 

sear-spring,  «.  The  spring  which  causes 
the  sear  to  catch  in  the  notch  of  the  tumbler. 

searce,  •  searse.  *  ser9C,  r.fc  [Fr.  torser. 
(SEARCE,  ».]  To  sift,  to  bolt  ;  to  separate  the 
fine  particles  of,  as  of  meal,  from  the  coarse. 
<Pre».) 

scarce,  *  serce,  «.     fFr.  «a«.]    A  siev 
bolter.    (Prov.) 


-  My  next  difficulty  was  to  make  a  sieve,  arMm* 
-t* drees  uiy  meal.  .  .  .  This wasaraostUimcolt  thing 
.•Jen  but  to  think  on ;  for  I  had  nothing  like  the 
veeeaeary  thing  to  make  it ;  I  mean  fine  thin  oany:ia 
or  etuff,  to  searce  tke  meal  through."— £&<*-•  Roein- 
•MiCnuoe. 

search,  *  serche,  *  cerche,  v.  t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr 
archer  (Fr.  chercher),  from  Lat.  circo  =  to  go 
round  ...  to  explore ;  circus  =  a  circle,  a 
•ing;  dratm  =  round,  about;  Ital.  cercare  — 
to  search;  Sp.  «rcor  =  to  encircle,  to  sur 
round.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  go  over  and  examine  ;  to  explore ; 
look  over  or  around  fur  the  purpose  of  in 
•pection  or  of  finding  something. 

'•  He  terchit  alle  the  costs  where  were  best  eomytng." 
Kobert  dt  Urunia.  f.  MS. 

2.  To  look  tliroughorinto;  toexamineinto 
to  scrutinize :  as,  To  search  a  house,  to  >earc 
«  book. 

3.  To  inquire  after ;  to  seek  after  or  for. 

"  Now  clear  I  understand 

What  oft  my  steadiest  thoughts  have«e<m-Aed  in  vain. 
Milton:  P.  L.,  xii.  377. 

4.  To  examine  or  try  with  an  instrument 
to  probe  :  as,  To  search  a  wound. 

•  5.  To  examine,  to  try ;  to  put  to  the  test 

"Thou  hast  jeardlni  me  ont  and  known  rat.: 

*  6.  To  penetrate  to. 

"  Mirth  doth  tfareft  the  bottom  of  annoy." 

Shalcctp. :  Sape  of  Lucrtoe,  1,109. 

B.  Intransitive : 

TL  To  make  search,  to  seek,  to  look,  to  «x 
Tumiae.    (Shakesp. :  Merry  Wives,  tii.  8.) 

5.  To  inquire  ;  to  make  inquiry. 

"  To  ask  or  se*n*  I  blame  the*  not" 

MUM:  f. 
f  To  search  out :  To  find  out  by  seeking  o 


Inquiring  ;  to  seek  till  found.  (Deal.  i.  33.) 
Beaxoh,  •  serche,  «.  [SEARCH,  ».)  The  act 
of  searching  for  or  after  anything  ;  the  act  of 
seeking,  looking,  or  inquiring  for  something  ; 
pursuit  for  finding;  exploration,  inquiry, 
quest,  pursuit,  examination. 

"He  was  in  lefrdtat  plattU."— Onot.-  Firit  Foiwt, 
bk.  ill.  ch.  iiU. 

^  (1)  Bight  of  search : 

Mar.  Law :  The  right  claimed  by  one  nation 
to  authorize  the  commanders  of  their  lawfully 
commissioned  cruisers  to  board  private  mer- 
chant vessel*  of  other  nations  met  with  on 
the  high  seas,  for  the  purpose  of  examining 
their  pajwrs  and  cargo,  and  of  searching  for 
enemy's  jiroperty,  articles  contraband  of  war, 

&C.     [CONTRABAND,  O.,  U.] 

(2)  Search  qf  encumbrances  : 

Law :  The  inquiry  made  in  the  special  legal 
registers  by  a  purchaser  or  mortgagee  of  lands 
as  to  the  burdens  and  state  of  the  title,  in 
order  to  discover  whether  his  purchase  or 
investment  is  safe. 

search  light,  ».  A  powerful  electric 
arc-light,  having  a  lens  or  reflector,  and  eo 
mounted  on  shipboard  or  on  land  that  the 
beam  into  which  its  rays  are  concentrated 
may  be  made  to  travel  iu  a  horizontal  path, 
and  thus  throw  light,  at  night,  on  merchant 
ships,  difficult  channels,  &C. 

search-warrant, «. 

Law :  A  warrant  granted  by  a  justice  of  the 
peace  to  a  constable  to  enter  the  premises  of 
a  person  suspected  of  secreting  stolen  goods, 
In  order  to  discover  and  seize  the  goods  if 
found.  Similar  warrants  are  granted  to  search 
for  property  or  articles  in  respect  of  which 
other  offences  are  committed,  as  base  coin, 
coiners'  tools,  arms,  gunpowder,  nitro-gly- 
cerine,  liquors,  tc.,  kept  contrary  to  law, 

*  sear9h'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  search,  v. ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  searched  or  explored.    (Cot 
grave,) 

•  search'-a-ble-ness,  «.    (Eng.  KamhaWe 

'ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  searchable. 

sear9h'-er,  ».    [Eng.  ware*,  v. ;  -«r.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Gen.  :  One  who  or  that  which  searches, 
examines,  explores,  or  inquires  for  the  pur- 
pose of  finding  something,  obtaining  informa- 
tion, or  the  like ;  a  seeker,  an  inquirer,  »n 
explorer,  an  examiner. 

•  The  unerring  teardttr  at  our  hearts."— ««ct«r 
Sermons,  vol.  L,  eer.  13. 

2.  Specifically: 

»(1)  A  person  formerly  appointed  In  Londot 
to  examine  the  bodies  of  the  dead,  and  report 
the  causes  of  their  deaths. 

"The  Itardtm,  who  are  ancient  matrons  sworn  to 
their  office,  repair  to  the  place  where  the  dead  corpse 
lies  and  by  view  of  the  same,  and  by  other  Inquiries, 
eSmine  by  what  disease  the  corpse  died.--Oroun< 
Ktttaf  MartaiUt. 

(2)  An  officer  of  the  customs,  whose  office 
is  to  search  or  rummage  ships,  basgage,  goods 
&c.,  to  ascertain  if  they  contain  anything 
liable  to  duty. 

(3)  A  prison  official  who  searches  the  cloth 
ing  of  persons  newly  arrested,  and  take*  pos- 
session for  the  time  of  the  articles  found  on 
them. 

*  (4)  A  civil  offlcerappointed  In  some  Scotch 
towns  to  apprehend  idlers   on  the   streets 
during  church  hours  on  the  Sabbath. 

(5)  An  inspector  of  leather.    (Prov.) 

(6)  A  probe  for  examining  a  horse's  hoof. 

(7)  An  instrument  used  in  the  inspection  o 
butter,  &C.,  to  ascertain  the  quality  of  tha 
contained  in  firkins,  &C. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Ordn. :  An  instalment  used  fo 

the  bore  of  a  gun.  It  is  attached  to  a  start 
and  has  steel  points  pressed  outward  b 
springs,  so  as  to  enter  cavities,  if  any  exist 
when  pushed  in  and  drawn  out  and  turne 
around  in  the  bore. 

2.  Surg. :  A  Lithotomy-sound  (q.v.). 

*  search'-er-ess,  •  search'-rens, «.  [Eng 
searcher;  -ess.]  A  female  searcher.  (Stony 
hurst.) 

search' -ing,  pf.  par.  &  a.    [SEARCH, 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  Atadjectire: 

1.  Looking  or  seeking  into  ;  examining,  ex 


ploring,     inquiuiig,     iuveutigating ;    making 
search  or  inquiry. 
2.  Penetrating,  sharp,  trying,  keen. 

"  When  the  teanhiny  eye  of  heaven  i»  hid." 

ard  IL.  ill  I 

SL  Minute,  close :  as,  a  searching  inquiry. 

scar9h'-Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  searching ;  -ty.) 
In  a  searching  manner ;  closely,  minutely. 

Barph'-ing-ness, s.  [Eng.  searching;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  searching  ;  close- 
ness, minuteness,  keenness. 

Bearch'-less,  n.  [Eng.  search;  -less.]  Elud- 
ing search  t>r  investigation  ;  unsearchable,  in- 
scrutable. (Thomson :  Spring,  992.) 

eared,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [SEAR,  ».] 

sear'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  seared ;  -ntss.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  seared  or  hardened ; 
hardness,  insensibility,  callousness. 

"  He  wonders  at  my  extreme  prodigality  of  credit, 
and  i«iirerf»i«M  of  conscience."— zip.  Halt :  Honour  of 
lAe  Married  Clergy,  V-  261. 

sear'-ment, «.    [CEREMENT.] 
searse,  s.    [SEARCE.] 

sea'  scape,  s.  [Formed  from  Eng.  tea  In 
imitation  of  landscape  (q.v.).]  A  picture  re- 
presenting a  scene  at  sea  ;  a  sea-picture. 

"Sketching  a  laud  or  a  inaicap*."— Thackeray : 
Shabby  Oentnei  Story,  ch.  T. 

scas'-on,  *  ses  on,  •  Beys  on,  ».    [O.  Fr. 

seson,  seison,  saison  (Fr.  saison),  from  Low, 
Lat.  lationem,  accus.  of  satio  =  a  sowing  .  .  . 
a  season,  a  time  of  year,  from  satus,  i»x.  par. 
of  sera  —  to  sow.  Originally  it  meant  the  time 
of  sowing  crops,  as  tlie  most  iinportantsposon; 
Sp.  sazon  ;  Port,  sozao,  seiao.] 

L  Lit.  &  Astron. :  The  alternations  in  the 
relative  length  of  day  and  night,  heat  and 
cold,  tea.,  which  take  place  each  year.  In 
England  there  are  four  seasons,  spring,  sum- 
mer, autumn,  and  winter.  The  Anglo-Saxons 
reckoned  only  three,  spring,  summer,  and 
winter,  the  words  -for  which  are  all  from 
Anglo-Saxon,  autumn  (q.v.)  was  borrowed 
from  the  Romans.  In  India  there  are  but 
three  well-marked  seasons  of  four  months 
each,  the  hot(February-SIay),  the  rainy  (June- 
September),  and  the  cold  (October-January). 
The  essential  astronomical  fart  o(  which  the 
recurrence  of  the  successive  seasons  depends 
is  that  the  axis  of  the  earth  always  points  in 
the  same  direction,  whatever  portion  of  the 
orbit  the  earth  may  at  the  time  be  traversing. 
The  inclination  of  the  equator  to  the  ecliptic 
is  23°  27'.  On  June  21,  when  the  sun  is  at 
the  highest  point  of  the  ecliptic,  the  north 
pole  necessarily  inclines  towards  the  sun,  and 
is  as  much  irradiated  as  it  ever  can  be  by  his 
beams,  whilst  the  south  pole,  on  the  contrary, 
is  a*  little.  It  is  therefore  midsummer  in  the 


DIAGRAM 

Showing  the  Earth's  position  with  respect  to  the  Son 
at  the  different  st*«ona 

northern  and  midwinter  in  the  southern 
hemisphere.  Six  months  later,  Dec.  21, 
the  southern  pole  points  towards  the  sun. 
It  is  therefore  now  midwinter  in  the  northern 
and  midsummer  in  the  southern  hemisphere. 
At  the  intermediate  periods  (March  21  and 
September  21),  the  axis  of  the  earth  U  at 
right  angles  to  the  direction  of  the  sun; 
hence,  in  both  hemispheres  it  is  the  equinox, 
the  vernal  at  the  former  date  in  the  uortbern, 
and  at  the  latter  in  the  southern  hemisphere. 

"  Still  sing  the  God  of  teuton*,  as  they  roll." 

Thornton  :  A  It  yam. 

H.  Figuratively : 

1.  A  period  of  time,  especially  as  regard*, 
fitness  or  suitableness  for  anything  contem- 
plated or  done ;  a  convenient,  proper,  or  suit- 
able time  ;  a  proper  conjuncture-;  the  right 
time.    (Shakesp.  :  Comedy  of  Errors,  L  2.) 

2.  The  proper  or  suitable  period  of  the  year 
during  which  any  particular  edible  is  Bt  for 
consumption  :  as,  Oysters  are  in  season. 

*  S.  A  certain  period  of  time  not  very  long , 
hUX  a  time.    (Acts  xiii.  11.) 


we,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  whit,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pSt, 
or.  wir*.  w»U,  work,  whii.  SOB ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    «e.  «e  =  e;  ey  =  a;  q,n  =  kw. 


season— sebacin 


4171 


4.  That  period  of  time  during  which  most 
bustle  or  activity  occurs  iu  any  purtirtihr 
pl;ic«',  profusion,  liu>iin-ss,  pursuit,  or  spurt ; 
the  time  of  the  year  during  which  •  place  is 
m<>st  (toqavated,  or  a  profession,  business, 
pi;.  Miit,  &<•.,  is  in  the  greatest  state  of  activity  ; 
a*,  the  Hntfhton  season,  the  publishing  season, 
th*  cricketing  snison,  &c. 

*  o.  That  which  seasons  ;  that  which  keeps 
fresh  and  tasteful ;  seasoning. 

"  The  teuton  of  all  natures,  eleep." 

Shaketi>. :  M&beth.  IT.  U 

season-ticket,  s.  A  ticket  which  cut  it  Irs 
thf  holder  to  certain  privileges  for  a  < 
time,  as  to  travel  on  a  railway,  Steamboat,  or 
other  conveyance  for  a  certain  specified  time, 
or  to  admission  to  a  place  of  amusement.  Such 
tickets  are  issued  at  reduced  rates,  in  nmsi- 
ion  of  tlie  charges  lieing  paid  in  advance. 

•eas  -on,  v.t  &  i.    (SEASON,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  fit  or  bring  to  the  best  state  for  nse 
by  tiniH  or  hat  »it;  to  habituate,  to  accustom, 
to  mature,  to  inure. 

"  A  mini  should  harden  and  setuion  hlinsolf  beyond 
the  degree  of  cold  wherein  he  live*."— <4.Wwon. 

*  2.  To  lit  for  any  use  by  any  process, 

"  111*  jiK'iiU/uua  stores  tlo  t<-ns-tii'tl  timber  lend." 

I>raiicn:  A  nnus  MirtiltUl*. 

*  3.  To  render  suitable  or  appropriate ;  to 
prepare,  to  fit. 

•'  Huw  miuiy  thtuga  by  season  teattm'd  are 
To  thctr  right  Braise  aud  true  perfect! -in." 

Shakftp :  Merchant  of  t'eidc*,  w. 

4.  To  fit  or  accommodate  to  the  taste;  to 
render  palatable  ;  to  give  a  higher  relish  to, 
by  i  he  mixture  or  addition  of  some  substance 
more  pungent  or  pleasant ;  to  innke  savoury. 

"  Every  oblntion  of  thy  meat-ottering  shall  them 
9*titHt  with  aalt.' '— Levitictu  11.  IS. 

*5.  To  render  more  agreeable,  pleasant,  or 
deli^'litful ;  to  give  a  zest  or  relish  to ;  to 

enliven. 

"  The  proper  uae  of  wit  Is  to  ttafon  conversation,  to 
represent  w  fiat  ia  praiseworthy  to  the  greatest  advan- 
tage, and  to  exiKwe  the  vices  and  follies  of  men," — 
T<  o'ton.  (Todd.} 

* 6.  To  render  less  rigorous  or  severe;  to 

temper,  to  qualify,  to  moderate. 

"  Earthly  power  doth  then  show  llkest  God**, 
When  mercy  a#mot>t  jurtlt-e." 

Xhakttp. :  Merchant  of  Venice.  U,  1. 

*  7.  To  gratify,  to  tickle. 

*  Let  their  pnliite  be  tensuned  with  auch  rlaiitln." 
Shakes  p, :  Merchant  of  I'enice,  ir.  L 

*  8.  To  imbue,  to  tinge,  to  taint. 

"decvre  their  religion,  teatan  their  j-ounger  years 
with  prudent  aud  pious  principles."— Tnylor. 

*  9.  To    copulate    with ;    to   impregnate. 
{Holland.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  become  mature  or  fit  for  uae  by  time ; 
u>  become  acclimatized  or  inured. 

•i.  To  become  dry  and  hard  by  the  escape  of 
the  natural  sap,  or  by  being  penetrated  with 
other  substance. 

"  Orpeiiten  rough-plane  boards  for  flooring,  that 
they  inay«etthemby£of«a*on."— Moxon:  Mechanical 
Xxerclt'-s. 

*  3.  To  give  token  ;  to  savour,  to  smack. 

**  It  teati'iu  of  a  fool." 

Beaum.  4  Fletcher.    (ITe&ifor.) 

,*aa« -6n-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  season;  -able.] 
Suitable  or  fit  for  the  time  or  season ;  occur- 
ring, happening,  or  done  at  the  tit  or  proper 
Mme  or  due  sea>on ;  opportune. 

**  This  .  .  .  came  at  a  very  reasonable  time." — Coo*; 
Second  royriff,  bk.  L.  ch,  ii. 

*cas-6n  a  ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  seasonable; 
-ntxs.}  Tne  quality  or  state  of  being  season- 
able ;  opportuneness ;  fitness  for  the  time  or 
*eason. 

"  And  when  they  expire,  the  trade-wind  . .  .  returns 
wtth  the  customary  stasonabtentstg  of  weather." — 
Dumpier:  Vuyngei.  vol  11.,  pt.  iii.,  ch.  V. 

leas' -on-a-biy,  adv.  [Eng.  seasonable)  ;-ly-] 
In  due  time;  in  the  proper  season;  sufficiently 
early. 

*  seas'-on  age  (age  as  ig),  s.  [Eng.  season ; 
•age.]  Seasoning,  sauce.  (Lit.  &fig.) 

"  Charity  10  the  grand  teatonage  of  every  Chrlntlan 
doty.1'— Soutk  :  Sermon*,  voL  ix,  Mr.  6. 

'  acas'-dn-al,  a.  [Eng.  season ;  -al.]  Of  or 
pertaining  tr1  the  seasons ;  relating  to  a  season 
or  seasons. 

"  The  association  of  anhnala  not  now  found  together 
to  DWrtOMM  deposits.  Is  due  to  *->at<m<d  migrations," 
— DawHnt :  Early  Man  in  Britain,  ch.  vii. 

aeas'-6n-er,  s.     [Eng.  season,  v. ;  -er.]    One 


wlii  or  that  wliich  sf.-is-.ns;  that  which  gives 
a  relish  or  season  ;  a.  seasoning. 

Seas'-dn-Ing,  s.     [Eng.  season;  -ing.] 

I.  The  act  or  proee.ss  by  which  anything  is 

nod  or  rendered  fit  fur  UM- 
'1.  That    by   which    anything    is    midrnM 
]»a:,'it.iM»:  ;  that  which  is  added  to  any  speeies 
of  food  to  make  it  palatable  or  more  agreeable, 
as  salt,  spices,  &c. 

"  Sbaru  hunger  wnx  their  teatoning.  or  they  took 
Such  salt  M  iseuoii  from  the  native  rock. 

hinii :  Art  itf  Coobrry, 

3.  Anything  added  to  or  mixed  with  some- 
tl. ing  else  to  increase  Uie  pleasure  or  enjoy- 
ment. 

seasoiiing-tub,  s.    The  trough  in  which 

the  dou^-li  is  set  apart  to  rise^ 

*  seas' -on -less,  a.    [Eng.  season;  -less.] 

1.  Having  no  seasous ;  without  succession 
of  seasons. 

2.  Tasteless,  Insipid.    (G.  Markham ;  Sir  B. 
GriKvile.) 

seat,  *  seate,  *  sect,  *setef  5.    [Icel.  sceti 
—  a  seat ;  Sw.  sate  ;  Dan.  smlf ;  A.S.  set,  sett  ; 
O.  Dut.  saet,  sate;  il.  11.  Ger.  saze ;  Low  Ger. 
sitt;  Ger.  si/2.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  place  or  thing  on  wliich  a  person 
aits  ;  specifically : 

(1)  A  chair,  bench,  stool,  or  other  similar 
thing  made  to  be  sat  in  or  upon.    (Matthew 
xxi.  12.) 

(2)  The  part  of  a  chair,  liencti,  stool,  &c., 
on  which  a  person  sits  :  as,  the  seat  of  a  chair 
or  sofa,  the  seat  of  a  pair  of  trousers,  &c. 

(3)  The  lower  part  of  the  body ;  the  sitting 
part ;  the  fundament. 

(4)  A  chair  of  state,  office,  or  authority. 

"To  browbeat,  from  the  teat  of  Judgment,  the  un- 
fortunate Roman  Cntholioa  who  were  arraigned  before 
him  for  tbeir  lives. "—  Jfacaulay  ;  Hist.  Eng.,  eta.  IL 

(5)  A    regular    or    appropriated    place   of 
sitting;  hence,  a  right  to  .sit,  a  sitting:  as, 
a  seat  in  a  church,  a  theatre,  &c, 

(6)  The  right  to  sit  in  a  legislative  body. 

2.  The  place   occupied  by  anything;  the 
place  where  anything  is  situated,  fixed,  settled, 
or  established,  or  on  which  anything  rests, 
resides,  or  abides  ;  a  station,  an  abode,  a  post. 

"  Rich  Mexico,  the  teat  of  U ontemraek* 

Mtlton  :  P.L.,lL  «7. 

*  3.  A  site,  a  position,  a  situation. 

"  This  cattle  hath  ft  pleasant  teat." 

Shake*?.  :  M,u-bcth.  I.  6. 

4.  A  place  of  abode  ;  residence,  mansion. 

"I  woot  where  thou  dwellist,  where  the  ttat*  of 
Satanas  IB."—  Wyclijfn  :  Apocalipt  ii. 

If  Now  always  with  a  sense  of  grandeur, 
and  specially  of  a  country  residence. 

[COUNTBY-SEAT,  TOWN-HOUSE.] 

"  Lady  Men* 
From  neighbours'  teatt." 

Tennyson:  f'rinceu.    (ProL) 

5.  PosttJie,  mode,  or  manner  of  sitting,  as 
of  a  person  on  horseback  ;  as,  He  has  a  firm 
teat, 

0.  The  lower  or  fixed  plate  of  a  pair  of 
bellows. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Mach. :  The  part  on  which  another  thing 
rests  :  as,  a  valve-seal. 

2.  Ordn,;   That  part   of  the   bore   of  a 
chambered  piece  of  ordnance  at  which  the 
shell  rests  when  rammed  home. 

3.  Saddlery : 

(1)  The  broad  part  of  a  saddle,  on  which  the 
rider  sits. 

(2)  The  top  piece  on  a  gig  saddle. 

seat,  v.t.  &  L    [SEAT,  s.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  place  or  set  on  a  seat ;  to  cause  to  sit 
down. 

2.  To  assign  seats  to ;  to  accommodate  or 
provide  with  seats  or  sittings ;  to  provide 
sitting  accommodation  for :  as,  The  church 
will  seat  eight  hundred. 

3.  To  fit  up  seats  in  :  as,  To  seat  a  church. 

4.  To  repair  by  providing  with  a  new  seat : 
as,  To  seat  a  pair  of  trousers. 

5.  To  set  or  place  in  a  post  or  position  of 
authority,  office,  or  distinction. 

"  Thoe  high,  by  thy  advice, 
And  thy  assistance,  is  King  Richard  seated.' 

Shake*?. :  Xicftard  III.,  Iv.  1 


6.  To   settle  or  locate    in    any   particular 
place  ur  country  ;  to  situate. 

"  Slmuld  uiie  family  or  uiio  thousand  hold  l     ii  liilesj 
of  :il!   tlie  southern  m  »ec&uo» 

li;ul  tinted    tlieiiiatKi.3    m     NuV^v     CuUumS"  — 
Katei-jk. 

*  7.  To  settle,  to  colonise  ;  to  plant  witfc 
inhabitants. 

*  8.  To  fix  ;  to  set  firm. 

"  From  their  fouodAtiuus  looa'nlng  to  ami  fro 
They  pluck  t  the  teated  hills."    JUiltun:  P.  L..T!  «« 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  rust  ;  to  lie  duwu,   (Spm* 
ser.) 

Seat  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SEAT,  v.J 

A.  «fc  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  p(/7<V<'/'.  n-.ij.  ;  (See 
the  vurbj. 
C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Tlie  act  of  pl;icin£  or  setting  on  a  seat; 
the  act  of  providing  with  a  seat  or  seats, 

2.  The  fitting  np  with  seats  :  as,  The  seating 
of  the  church  wns  very  commodious. 

3.  The  material  for  making  seats,  or  the 
covering  of  seats,  as  horse-hair,  leather,  an4 
the  like. 

seave,  «.     [Icel.  *e/;=sed£e;   Ban.    «?  =  • 
rush.]    A  rush  ;  a  wick  made  of  rush. 

8§aV-$r,    a.     [Eng.   seav(e);    -y.]    Overgrowa 
with  rushes.    (Frov.) 

Sea  -ward,  a.  &  adv.    [Eng.  sea;  -ward.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Directed  or  situated  toward  or 
on  the  side  of  the  sea. 

"  The  »enw,trrf  ramparts  of  St.  Michael's."—  Fortmrs 
Bist,  XwiifMt  <tf  M.iltn,  oh.  xvili. 

B.  As  adv.  :  Toward  or  in  the  direction  ol 

the  sea. 

*'  The  rock  ru*hed  teaward  with  impetuous  r<*r, 
lugulied,  and  to  the  abyux  the  boaster  bore." 


*  scax,  s.    [A.S.]   A  crooked  sword. 

so  -ba'-ceoiis  (ce  as  sh),  a.    [Low  Lat.  seba- 
ceus,  from  Lat.  sebum—  tallow.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  ;  Pertaiuing  to  or  contained 
In  tallow  ;  made  of,  containing,  or  secreting 
Catty  matter  ;  fatty. 

"The  akin  la  further  provided  with  sebace-mt  and 
sudoriferous  glanda."—  Alarthall  :  Outline*  of  i' 


p.. 

2.  But.  :  Having  the  appearance  of  wax, 

tallow,  or  grease. 

sebaceous-glands,  s.  pt. 

Anat.  :  Glands  having  small  dncts  which 
open  within  the  mouth  of  hair  follicles  and 
supply  them  with  sebaceous  matter.  Some- 
times there  are  several  to  one  hair.  Th» 
largest  are  on-  the  sides  of  the  nose,  and  ofbes 
become  unduly  charged  with  pent  up  secre- 
tion. 

sebaceous  humour,  s. 
Anat.  ;  The  fatty  matter  secreted  by  the 
sebaceous  glands. 

e-ba^'-fc,  a.     [SEBACEOUS.)     Pertaining  to 
or  derived  from  fat. 
sebacie  acid,  5. 


Chan.  :  C8H16<y.    Pyroleic  acid.    Se- 

bic  acid.  An  acid  of  the  oxalic  series,  ob- 
tained from  fats  containing  oleic  acid  by  dry 
distillation  or  the  action  of  nitric  acid,  and 
from  castor  oil  by  heating  with  potash.  It 
crystallizes  in  white  very  light  needles,  has 
an  acid  taste,  melts  at  127°,  and  dissolve* 
easily  in  hot  water,  alcohol,  and  ether.  It 
forms  acid  and  neutral  salts,  which  are  mostly 
soluble  in  water,  and  crysUllizable. 

sebacie-  ethers,  s.  pL 
Chem.  :  Methylic  sebate,  C8 

Obtained  by  gradually  adding  methylic  alco- 
hol to  sebacie  acid  in  strong  sulphuric  acid. 
It  crystallizes  In  line  needles,  which  melt  «t 
25'5°,  has  a  faint  odour,  and  boils  at  235*. 

Ethylio  rebate,  C8Hi6<£°$?gs$,  is  liqnia 

above  —9°,  has  an  agreeable  odour,  is  lighter 
than  water,  and  boils  at  308% 

seb'-a-§In,  s.    [Eng.  «6ac(ic)  ;  -in.] 

Chem.  ;  CioH]S.     A  hydrocarbon  obtained 

by  the  dry  distillation  of  calcic  sebate  with 
excess  of  lime.  It  is  purified  by  solution  in 
oil  of  vitriol  and  precipitation  by  water,  and 
crystallizes  in  colourless  laminae  which  melt 
at  65*.  Insoluble  in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether  and  is  without  taste  or  smell. 


boll,  boy ;  pout,  jd\vl ;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bengh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing 
-<uaa, -tlaa -=  snau.   -tion, -siom  -  sUun ; -^ion, -jiou  =  zhun.    -cioua, -ttous, -sious  ^  sb.ua.   -ble, -die,  &c.  =  bcl,  del. 


4172 


sebamic— seckel 


Se-bam-ic,  a.  (Eng.  sei(acic),  and  amic.] 
Derived  from  or  containing  sebacic-acid  and 
ammonia. 


sebamic  acid,  s. 

Chem.  : 


}„. 


Ob- 

•"•  J 

tained  by  digesting  for  several  weeks  a  mix- 
ture of  aqueous  ammonia  and  sebacic  ether. 
The  liquid  portion  containing  the  ft 
acid  is  precipitated  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
and  recrystallized  from  water.  It  forms  a 
white  crystalline  pulverulent  mass,  easily 
soluble  in  wunn  water  and  alcoliol,  and  gives 
a  precipitate  with  nitrate  of  silver  soluble  in 
ammonia. 

•e-b&m  -ide,  *.    [Eng.  seb(acic\  and  amide.] 

Chem,.:  CioHnoNaOj  =  (Cjr>fj1602)"  j-Nj.  A 
crystalline  body  obtained  by  acting  on  ethyl- 
sebaeic  ether  with  ammonia.  It  is  neutral, 
and  forms  microscopic  needles,  insoluble  in 
cold  water  and  in  ammonia,  slightly  soluble  in 
boiling  water,  but  very  soluble  in  boiling 
alcohoL  Water  gradually  converts  it  into 
ammonium  sebate. 


[Gr. 


(sebastos)  = 


•o-b.'ts    tes, 
august.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Scorpssnidse  (q.v.X  with 
about  twenty  species,  widely  distnbuted  in 
temperate  seas.  Head  and  body  compressed  ; 
body  covered  with  scales  of  moderate  or  small 
size,  without  appendages,  villiform  teeth  in 
jaws,  on  Tomer,  and  palatine  bones.  They 
range  from  one  to  four  pounds  in  weight,  in 
general  appearance  resemble  the  Sea-perches 
(q.v.),  and  are  esteemed  as  food. 

t  se-bas-to-ma'-ni-a,  >.  [Or.  <r«f3ao-rik 
(s«6ajfto*)=:  reverenced,  reverend,  and  Eng. 
mania.]  Religious  insanity,  (jr/iarfon.) 

•e'-bate,  «.    [Eng.  seb(ic);  -ate.] 
Chem.  :  A  salt  of  sebacic  acid. 

•e  -bes-ite,  >.     [After  Sebes,  Transylvania, 
where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  TBEMOLITE  (q.v.). 

Bfi-bes-ten,  Be-beV-tan,  ».  [Ital.  &  Sp. 
tebesten,  from  Pers.  sapistdn.] 

L  Botany  (PL): 

(I)  The  nuts  of  Cordia  Ilyxa  and  C.  lati/olia, 
believed  to  be  the  Peraea  of  Dioscorides,  and 
the  trees  themselves.  The  nuts  are  sweet, 
and  when  cat  have  a  heavy  smell.  They  are 
eaten  in  India. 

(3)  The  Cordiace*.    (Undley.) 

2.  Pharm.:  Sebestens  are  very  mucilagi- 
nous, and  the  mucilage  is  given  in  diseases  of 
the  chest  and  urethra,  and  as  an  astringent 
gargle  ;  the  kernel  is  considered  good  for 
ringworm,  ah  1  the  bark  a  mild  tonic.  {Lindley, 
Ainsl'e,  tc.) 

Be'-bic,  a.  [Lat  «W.«m)  =  fat  ;  Eng.  -fc.J 
Sebacic  (q.v.). 

•S-blr-er-ous,  o.  [Lat.  tcbum  =  tallow,  and 
fen  =  to  bear.] 

1.  Ord,  Lang.:  Producing  fat  or  fatty  matter. 

2.  But.  :  Producing  vegetable  wax. 
•S-bil-la,  s.    [Sp-I 

Masonry  :  A  wooden  bowl,  to  hold  the  sand 
and  water  used  in  sawing  or  grinding  marble, 

•e-bin,  «.    [Bag.  «Xocic);  -in.] 

(CsHj)-!         •) 

Chm.  :  CieHwOgr:  (Cj0H16Oa)"  £  O«.  Digly- 

H4  J 

cerylic  sebate.  Produced  by  the  action  of 
hydrochloric  acid  gas  on  a  mixture  of  sebacic 
acid  and  glycerin  heated  to  100°.  It  is  liquid 
at  first,  but  solidifies  partially  after  a  few 
days,  and  completely  at  —  40'.  When  heated 
it  gives  off  acrolein. 

•S-bip'-ar-ous,  a.  [Lat  sebum  =  tallow, 
and  pario  =  to  produce.]  Producing  tallow 
or  fatty  matter  ;  sebaceous. 

Be  bun'-dy,  se  bun  '-dee,  t.  [Hind.]  An 
irregular  or  native  soldier  or  local  militiaman, 
generally  employed  in  the  service  of  the  re- 
yenue  and  police.  (E.  Indies.) 

*  •e-ca-bll'-l'-ty,  «.  [Lat  secabUb  =  possible 
to  be  cut  ;  seao  =  to  cnt)  Capability  of  being 
cut  or  divided  into  parts.  (Graham:  CKem- 
iltry,  i.  133.) 


8<S-ca'-le,  s.  [Lat  =  rye  or  black  spelt,  from 
wco  =  to  cut] 

Bot.  &  Agric. :  Rye;  a  genus  of  Hordese,  akin 
to  Triticum,  but  with  the  inflorescence  in 
spikes,  the  apikelets  with  two  dowers  and  a 
long-stalked  rudiment  of  a  third  ;  glumes  sub- 
ulate. Secale  cereale  is  Rye  (q.v.) ;  S.  cor- 
nutum,  Spurred  Rye  (q.v.).  S.  montanum  is 
found  in  the  mountains  of  Sicily,  and  £. 
wni  in  France,  &c. 

sec-a-mo'-ne,  >.    [Arab,  sakmoinga.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Secamoneae 
(q.v.).  Erect  or  climbing  smooth  shrubs, 
with  opposite  leaves,  a  cymose  inflorescence 
and  small  flowers,  with  a  live-leaved  stain  ine- 
ous  crown,  and  twenty  pollen  masses.  The 
root  of  Secamon*  emttica,  a  cumbing  shrub 
common  in  India,  acts  as  an  emetic. 

sec-a-mo  -nS-89,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  secanumlf); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutt  -ea.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Asclepiadaceae. 

"  se'-can-cy,  s.  [Eng.  secantf);  -cy.]  A  cut- 
ting or  intersection :  as,  the  secancy  of  one 
line  with  another. 

se'-cant,  a.  &  s.  [Lat  secans,  pr.  par.  of  seco 
=  to  cut.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Cutting  or  dividing  into  two 
parts. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Geom. :  A  straight  line  cutting  a  curve 
in  two  or  more  points.    If  a  secant  line  be 
revolved  about  one  of  its  points  of  secancy 
until  the  other  point  of  secancy  coincides  with 
it,  the  secant  becomes  a  tangent    If  it  be 
still  further  revolved,  it  again   becomes  a 
secant  on  the  other  side ;  hence,  a  tangent  to 
a  curve,  at  any  point,  is  a  limit  of  all  secants 
through  that  point    A  secant  plane  is  one 
which  intersects  a  surface  or  solid. 

2.  Trig. :  A  straight  line  drawn  from  the 
centre  of  a  circle  through   the  second  ex- 
tremity of  an  arc,  and  terminating  in  a  tan- 
gent  to  the  first  extremity  of  the  arc. 

sec  -co,  a.    [ItaL,  from  Lat  siccus  =  dry.] 

Paint.:  A  term  applied  to  that  kind  of 
fresco  painting  which  absorbs  the  colours 
into  the  plaster  and  gives  them  a  dry,  sunken 
appearance. 

se-cede',  t>.i.  [Lat.  stcedo  =  to  go  away,  to 
withdraw  :  se-  =  apart,  and  ado  =  to  go.]  To 
withdraw  from  fellowship,  association,  or 
communion ;  to  separate  one's  self,  to  draw 
off,  to  retire  ;  specif.,  to  withdraw  or  separate 
one's  self  from  a  political  or  religious  organi- 
zation. 

"The  tfcfdiny  members  had  again  resumed  their 
seats  ID  the  House  of  Commons." — Smollet :  Sat.  Lng. 

[an.  173SJ. 

se-ced'-er,  s.    [Eng.  stced(t);  -er.] 
L  Ord.  Lang.:  One  who  secedes. 
2.  Scotch  Eccles.  Hist. :  The  name  taken,  In 
preference  to  that  of  Dissenter,  by  those  who 
seceded   from  the  Scottish  Church  in  1733. 
They  believed  that  dissenter  would   imply 
a  difference  in  doctrine,  whereas  they  meaut 
only  to  protest  against  the  method  of  dis- 
cipline.    Used    specially    by   and    of    the 
Secession.    [SECESSION,  II.] 

se-cern',  r.(.  &  i.     [Lat  secerno;  from  ae-  = 
apart,  and  cerna  =  to  separate.]    [SECRET.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  To  separate,  to  distinguish, 
2.  Physiol :  To  excrete. 

"  The  pitnite.  or  mucus,  tecemed  in  the  note,  month, 
palate."—  Arbuthnot:  On  Aliment*,  ch.  vi. 

*  B.  Intrant. :  To  become  divided  or  separ- 
ated ;  to  be  excreted. 

"  Birds  are  better  meat  than  beasts,  because  their 
flesh  (loth  assimilate  more  nnely,  and  lecemetf*  more 
•ubtilly/— Bacon, 

se^ern'-ent.  a.  &  >.  [Lat.  ucernens,  pr.  par. 
of  secerno  =  to  secern  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective: 

Physiol. :  Having  the  power  or  quality  of 
separating  or  excreting ;  secreting,  secretory. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Anat. :  A  vessel  which  separates  matters 
from  the  blood. 

2.  Mtd. :  That  which  promotes  secretion. 

* se-9ern'-ment,  s.  [Eng.  seam;  -ment.] 
The  act  of  secreting ;  secretion. 


•«e-cesh',  s.    [Seedef.]    A  cant  term  in  th« 

United  States  fur  a  Secessionist,  of  which  it  if 
an  abbreviation. 

*  se-cess',  s.  [Lat.  sccetsiis  =  a  withdrawing, 
prop.,  pa.  par.  of  secedo  =  to  secede  (q.v.).]  A 
withdrawing,  a  seu-s.sion  ;  retirement,  retreat 

"  silent  sectu,  waste  solitude." 

More:  Sony  ojo*  Soul,  bk.  IT.  (Prel). 


(8S  as  sll),  s.     [Lat.  secessio,  from 
secessus,  pa.  par.  of  secedo  =  to  secede  (q.v.); 
Fr.  secession  ;  Sp.  sectsion  ;  Ital.  seuessione] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
*1.  The  act  of  departing  ;  departure. 
2.  The  act  of  seceding  or  withdrawing  one'l 
self  from  fellowship,  association,  or  commu- 
nion ;  the  act  of  withdrawing  from  a  political 
or  religious  organization. 

"The  eels  and  cloysters  of  retired  votaries,  whose 
very  tectuion  proclalmes  their  contempt  of  sinfull 
seculars."—/}/*.  Hall.  :  Peace  X.ikeri,  i  9. 

*  3.  Retirement,  seclusion. 

"  In  i  thatsweetsewartim."—  Stem:  IW«ramS»<wi4». 

II.  Amtr.    Hist.:    The    Civil    War    of   th» 
United  States  began  in  the  secession  of  South 
Carolina  from  the  Union  of  States.    This  action 
was  taken  on   December  20,  1860,  and  was 
quickly  followed  by   the    states  of  Georgia. 
Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and 
Texas.  Virginia  followed  in  April,  1861,  Arkan- 
sas and  North  Carolina  in  May,  and  Tennessee) 
in  June.    The  remaining  slave-holding  state* 
failed    to    pass  ordinances  of  secession,  and 
declared  themselves  neutral,  a  declaration  to 
which  the  national   government   paid    little 
attention,  In  view  of  the  fait  that  the  majority 
of  their   people  were   loyal.     The  secession 
movement  failed,  and  all  the  seceding  states 
were  re-admited  to  the  Union  by  1870. 

III.  Scofc*  Ecclet.  Hist.  :    A  religious  body 
which  broke  off  from  the  Established  Church 
of  Scotland  in  17^3.     In   1730  the  General 
Assembly  had  put  an  end  to  the  practice  of 
recording  the  protests  occasionally  taken  by 
individual  members  against   the  decision   of 
the  church  courts.     Several  protesting  min- 
isters soon  after  gave  in  their  "  secession  "  from 
the  prevailing  party  in  the  Church,  whence 
arose  the  name,  "  the  Secession."     On  Dec. 
6,  1733,  they  constituted  themselves  into  an 
Associated  Presbytery.     Four  more  joined  In 
1737,  and  a  first  "Act  and  Testimony"  was 
published.      In  1747  an   ensnaring   burgess 
oath  divided  them  into  Burghers  and  Anti- 
burghers.     In  1806  the  voluntary  question 
[VOLUNTARYISM]  led  to  another  schism.    In 
1820  they  were  reunited  as  the  Associated 
Synod,  and  in  1847,  joining  with  the  Relief 
(q.v.),  constituted  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church  (q.v.). 

se  9088  -ion-Ism  (ss  as  ah),  s.  [Eng.  taxs- 
tion;  -itn.]  The  principles  of  secessionists, 
or  of  those  who  affirm  the  right  of  any  state 
to  secede  at  pleasure  from  a  federal  union. 

se-96ss'-i6n-ist  (ss  as  sh),  s.  [Eng.  teces- 
sion  ',  -ist.] 

1.  One  who  secedes  from  a  party  or  associa- 
tion ;  a  seceder. 

"  If.  therefore,  the  breach  seems  wide  slid  the 
feelings  left  by  the  contest  bitter,  the  fault  Ues  with 
the  SsMllBIBSBSsV^sMsjl  Telegraph,  July  18,  1886. 

2.  One    who   upholds    or   maintains   the 
principle  of  secessionism  ;   specif.,    in    the 
United  States,  one  who  took  part  or  sympath- 
ised with  the  Southern  States,  in  the  struggle, 
begun  in  1861,  to  break  away  from    Union 
with  the  Northern  States. 

*  Beclie,  r.t.    [SEEK.] 

so'-chl  um,  s.  [Gr.  <rnKi£u  (sikaz8)  =  to 
drive  to  a  pen  and  shut  up  in  it,  with  re- 
ference to  its  being  used  to  fatten  pigs.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Sicese.  Sechium  ed-ule  is  a 
climber  with  tendrils  and  yellow  flowers,  and 
bears  a  prickly  edible  fruit  four  inches  long. 
Cultivated  chiefly  in  the  West  Indies. 

t  seek,  ct.  &  ».    [Fr.  sec  =  lean,  spare.] 

A.  As  adj.  :   Barren,  profitless,  as  a  rent 
seek  :  that  is,  a   barren  rant  without  any 
power  of  distress. 

B.  As  subst.:   A  warrant   of  remedy  by 
distress. 

seek  el,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  A  small, 
pulpy  variety  of  pear  of  delicious  flavour.  It 
ripens  about  the  end  of  October,  but  keeps 
good  only  for  a  few  days. 


file,  fat,  faro,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  whd.  son;  mate.  cub.  cure,  nnite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    to,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


secle— secondary 


4173 


"see  le  (le  as  el),  s.  [Fr.  sicdt,  from  Lat. 
seculum  =  an  age,  a  century.]  A  century. 

••Of  a  man's  age,  part  he  lives  In  bia  father's  life- 
time  andTiart  alter  hi.  s  on',  birth;  and  thereupon  it 
is  wont  to  be  laid  that  three  eenemtions  make  one 
teclf,  or  hundred  years  in  the  genealogies.  —Bam- 
mond :  Pract.  Calech. 

•e -elude,  v.t.  (Lat. sedudo,  from se-  =  apart, 
ami  cfamio  =  to  shut] 

1  To  shut  up  apart  or  away  from  society 
or  company ;  to  keep  apart  or  alone  for  some 
'ength  of  time ;  to  withdraw  into  solitude. 

"He  is  lecluded  by  the  infinite  sacredness  of  his 
own  Majesty  from  all  Immediate  converse  and  inter, 
course  with  us.'— Kcott :  ClirMian  Life,  pt  U..  ch.  Til. 

*2.  To  shut  out;  to  keep  out;  to  prevent 
from  entering ;  to  exclude,  to  preclude. 

••  Enclose  your  tender  plants  inyour  conservatory, 
Kduding  all  entrance  of  cold."-£w(yJi :  Kalendar. 

•0 dud  cd.  a.  (SECLUDE.]  Kept  or  with- 
drawn apart  from  others  ;  living  in  retirement ; 
retired ;  away  from  public  notice :  as,  a  «- 
dinted  spot,  a  secluded  life. 

•se-clud'-e'd-Ur',  adv.  [Eng.  secluded;  -ly.] 
In  a  secluded  or  retired  manner ;  in  retire- 
ment. 

*  sS-cluse',  s.     [La*-   "duivt,    pa.    par.    of 
sedtulo  =  to  seclude  (q.v.).]     Seclusion. 

"  Some  cotes  of  sad  tecluM.'    Ball :  Stitiret,  II.  U.  4. 

•  se-cluse'-ness,  s.     [Eng.   seduse;   -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  secluded  ;  seclu- 
sion. 

•£  clu  -sion,  s.  [Lat.  seclusus,  pa.  par.  of  te- 
dudo  =To  seclude  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  seclud- 
ing '  the  state  of  being  secluded  ;  a  separation, 
withdrawal,  or  exclusion  from  society  or  asso- 
ciation ;  retirement,  privacy. 

"  In  that  great  cloUter's  stillness  and  seclusion." 
Lony/eUoia :  KeKfnation. 

•sS-olu'-slVe,  a.  [Lat.  seclus(us);  Eng.  sutf. 
-ive.]  Tending  to  seclude  or  to  shut  out  from 
society  or  association  ;  keeping  in  retirement 
or  seclusion. 

sec  ond,  •  sec  onde,  *sec  ounde,  a.  4  s. 

[Fr  second  ({em.  seconde),  from  Lat.  secundus 
=  following,  second  (as  following  the  first), 
from  seiptor  =  to  follow ;  Sp.  &  Port,  xgundo; 
Ital.  secondo.] 
A#  As  adjective : 

1.  Immediately  following  the  first  in  time 
or  place  ;  coming  next  after  the  first  In  order 
of  time  or  place. 

2.  Hence,  used  for  occurring  again ;  other. 

"  He  slept  and  dreamed  the  second  time." — 0*n*til 
111.  5. 

3.  Secondary ;  not  primary ;  subordinate. 

"  While  the  mind  of   man  looketh    upon   Kco 
causes  scattered,  it  may  sometimes  rest  in  them  ana 
go  no  farther."— flocon .-  Sttayt ;  Of  Atheitm. 

4.  Next  to  the  first  in  value,  excellence 
dignity,  rank,  or  position;   inferior  or  sub- 
ordinate only  to  one. 

"  That  face, 

Which  once  the  second  In  the  world  was  named." 
Beaumont :  Juvenal,  sat.  X. 

6.  Inferior,  subordinate. 

••  I  shall  not  speak  superlatively  of  them,  lest  I  be 
inspected  of  partiality ;  hut  thi»  I  may  truly  say,  the 
are  second  to  none  In  the  Christian  world.  —  Bacon 
Advice  to  rotor*. 

"6.  Helping,  aiding,  assisting,  lending 
assistance. 

"  Good,  my  lords,  be  Ixond  to  me." 

Shaketp.  :  Winter!  Tab,  ii.  S. 

B.  As  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  one  next  after  the  first ;  the  one  next 
to  the  first  in  order  of  time,  place,  value 
Importance,  dignity,  rank,  or  the  like. 

"  Each  second  stood  heir  to  the  first." 

Skaketp. :  IJtheUo,  i.  1. 

2.  One  who  supports,  assists,  or  backs  u' 
another;    specif.,  one  who   attends  on  th 
principal  in  a  duel,  to  mark  out  the  ground 
&c.,  and  see  that  everything  is  carried  ou 
fairly ;  the  principal  supporter  of  a  boxer  i 
a  prize  nght. 

"  Now  prove  good  tecondl.' 

Shdketp-  •  Cortolanut,  i.  4. 

*  3.  Aid,  help,  assistance. 
"  Give  tecond,  and  my  love  is  everlasting  thine." 
J.  Fletcher.    (Webtter.) 

4.  (PI.)  :  A  coarse  and  inferior  kind  of  flour 
hence,  used  for  any  baser  matter. 

"  My  oblation,  poor  but  free, 
Which  is  not  mixed  with  seconds." 

Shaketp. :  Sonnet  125. 

5.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a  minute  of  time  o 
of  a  minute  of  a  degree.    The  hour  and  degre 


are  each  divided  into  sixty  minutes  (mark  •••! 
thus,  60'),  anil  each  minute  is  subdivided  into 
sixty  seconds   (marked    thus,    60")-     In  oltl 
treatises   minutes  are  designated  as  mi 
primie  or  first  small  divisions,  and  seconds  as 
minutes  secundce  (whence  the  name)  or  second 
small  divisions. 
IL  Music : 

1.  The  interval  of  a  second  is  the  difference 
between  any  sound  and  the  next  nearest  sound 
above  or  below  it.    There  are  three  kinds : 
the    minor  second  or  semitone,    the    major 
second,  and  the  extreme  sharp  second.     [IN- 
TERVAL.] 

2.  A  lower  part  added  to  a  melody  when 
arranged  for  two  voices  or  instruments. 

H  To  play  second  fddle:  To  take  »  sub- 
ordinate part  or  position. 

second-advent,  second-coming,  s. 

Theol. :  The  expected  second  coming  of 
Christ. 

U  Second  Advent  Brethren : 

Ecdes.  at  Church  Hist. :  A  small  sect,  giving 
special  prominence  to  the  doctrine  of  the 
Second  Advent,  for  which  they  wait. 

second-best,  a.  Next  to  the  best;  of 
second  kind  or  quality. 

^  To  mrne  off  second  best :  To  get  the  worst 
of  it ;  to  be  worsted. 

second  class  mall  matter, 
fhr  Periodicals,  as  newspapers,  4c.,  allowed  to 
be  mailed  at  pound  rates,  subject  to  certain 
formalities  and  regulations.  (  V.  S.) 

second-coming,  s.    [SECOND-ADVENT.] 

second-cousin,  i.  The  son  or  daughter 
of  a  cousin-german. 

second-out  Hie,  s.  A  file  whose  teeth 
have  a  grade  of  coarseness  between  the 
bastard  and  the  smooth. 

second-distance,  «. 

Paint. :  That  part  of  a  picture  between  the 
foreground  and  the  background. 

second  tand,  *.  it  o. 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Possession     received     from    the    first 
possessor. 

2.  A  hand  for  marking  seconds  on  a  watch 
or  clock. 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Received  from  another ;  not  primary  or 
original ;  secondary. 

"Strange  abuse  made  ol  quotations  and  ncond- 
liand  representations."- W aterland  :  Worla,  ill.  111. 

2.  Not  new  ;  having  been  used  or  worn  : 
tecond-Ka/nd  books. 

^  (1)  At  second-hand:  Not  in  the  first 
place ;  not  originally  or  primarily ;  by  trans- 
mission from  the  first  source  or  owner. 

"  In  Imitation  of  preachers  at  tfcond-hand,  I  shall 
transcribe  from  Bruyere  a  piece  of  raillery.  —Tatter 

(2)  Second-hand  bookseller:    A    dealer  in 
second-hand  books. 
second-rate, ».  &  a. 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  second  order  in  size,  quality,  value, 
dignity,  or  the  like. 

2.  A  vessel  of  war   of  the   second   rate 

[HATE,  >.] 

"  These  so-called  tecond-ratei  are  more  powerfu 
than  the  best  ironclads  the  French  have  afloat'  — 
Brit.  Quart.  Review  (1873),  IviL  118. 

B.  As  adjective : 

1  Of  the  second  order  in  size,  quality 
value,  dignity,  or  the  like  ;  of  inferior  quality 

2.  Applied  to  a  vessel  of  war  of  the  second 
rate. 

*  second-scent,  s.  An  expression  framec 
on  the  model  of  second-sight  (q.v.),  meaninj 
a  presage,  by  means  of  the  sense  of  smell,  tha 
a  death  is  near  at  hand. 

"  That  keen,  lecond-gcent  of  death,         n 
By  which  the  vulture  snuffs  his  food. 

Moore:  Fire-WorAlppvn. 

second-sight,  s. 

I.  Lit. :  The  power  of  seeing  propheti 
visions,  claimed  by  some  people  of  Gaeli 
extraction  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland 
The  faculty  is  called  in  their  native  tongu 
taishitaraugh,  from  tats*  =  an  unreal 


erected  eyelids  at  vacancy,  and  afterward! 
describes  what  he  has  seen.  If  he  has  beheld 
a  shroud,  this  is  deemed  a  sure  prognostic  of 
the  death  of  him  around  whom  it  is  wrapped  ; 
anil  it'  a  woman  is  seen  standing  at  a  man's 
left  hand,  it  is  thought  to  presage  that  she 
will  one  day  be  his  wife. 

"  If  force  of  evidence  could  authorize  us  to  believe 
facts  in<;imsi*toiit  with  the  general  laws  of  nature, 
enim^li  minht  bo  produced  in  favour  of  the  existence 
of  the  iecond-tigM.'— Scott:  Ladv  of  the  Lake,  i.  23. 
(Note.) 

2.  Fig. :  Power  of  insight ;  the  capacity  for 
discerning  truth  where  others  are  unable  to 
see  it. 

••  Suppose  that  Fabius  Pictor  and  some  of  his  suc- 
cessor* were  K'iKed  with  historical  secorui-sifirit."— 
Lewit :  Cred.  Early  Roman  Bitt.  (ed.  1855),  ch.  xii. 

second-sighted,  o.  Having  the  power 
of  second-sight. 

second- wind,  s. 

Athletics:  A  regular  state  of  respiration 
which  succeeds  to  the  breathlessness  arising 
in  early  stages  of  violent  and  continued 
muscular  exertion.  It  is  due  to  the  increased 
arterialization  of  the  blood  which  h&?  been 
rendered  somewhat  venous  by  the  vic'ent 
breathing. 

sec'  ond,  v.t.     [Fr.  seconder;   Lat  secoado.) 

[SECOND,  a.) 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  To  follow  in  the  next  or  second  place) 
to ;  to  follow  up ;  to  attend  closely. 

"  You  some  permit 
To  second  ills  with  Ills." 

Shaketff. :  Cymbeline,  v.  1. 

2.  To  support,  to  back  up,  to  encourage ; 
to  lend  countenance  or  aid  to  ;  to  promote,  to 
forward. 

"  Thy  sight  now  seconds  not  thy  will ." 

Cowper :  To  Jrary. 

3.  In  legislative  and  other  assemblies,  or  public 
meetings  :  To  support  by  one's  voice  or  vote  ; 
to  join  with  a  person,  or  act  as  his  second,  in 
proposing  some  measure  or  resolution. 

"An  amendment  was  proposed  and  ucondtA."— 
Daily  TelefraiiK,  Oot  IS,  1886. 

It  Mtt. :  In  the  Royal  Artillery  and  Eoyal 
Engineers,  to  retire  temporarily,  as  an  officer 
when  he  accepts  civil  employment  under  the 
Crown.  After  six  months  of  such  employ- 
ment, he  is  seconded,  that  is,  he  loses  hi» 
military  pay,  but  retains  his  rank,  &c.,  in  hi« 
corps.  After  being  seconded  for  ten  years, 
he  must  elect  to  return  to  military  duty  or  to 
retire  altogether. 

"  A  military  officer,  on  the  active  list,  tecondmd  for 
colonial  service,  forfeits  his  pay."—  Timet  (Weekly 
ed.),  Nov.  27. 1886. 

seV-ond-a-ri-ltf,  *seo-ond-a-ry-ly. 
* seo-und-a-rl-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  secondary; 

-ly-t 

1.  In  a  secondary  or  subordinate  manner ; 
not  primarily  or  originally. 

"The  so-called  French  accents  have  but  tecondarOtt 
to  do  with  the  accentuation  of  the  language."— Earlt : 
philology.  I  625. 

•2.  Secondly ;  in  the  second  place. 

"First  apostles.  tccondarUa  provheto,  thirdly 
teachers."—!  Corinttiianl  xii  28. 

•Se'-dnd-a-rl-nSss,    s.      [Eng.    secondary; 

•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  secondary. 

"  That  which  is  peculiar  and  discriminative  must 

be  taken  from  the  primariuess  and  tecondarineu  of 

the  perception."—  .Vorris. 

sec'-ond-a-r^,  a.  &  >.  [Lat.  secundariut, 
from  secundus  =  second  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  secondaire; 
Sp.  &  Port,  sewndario,  tcgundario ;  ItaL 
secondario.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Succeeding  next  in  order  to  the  first ; 
second  in  place,  origin,  rank,  value,  import- 
ance or  the  like  ;  not  primary,  not  original ; 
derived.  Specif. :  Pertaining  to  that  grade  of 
instruction  which  is  intermediate  between  the 
primary  grade  and  the  college  or  university 
standard. 

•  2.  Acting  by  deputation  or  delegated  au- 
thority ;  subordinate. 

"  That  we  were  fonn'd  then,  say'st  thou,  and  the  work 
Of  Kcondurt  hands,  by  task  trausferr  d 
Fromfathef  to  his  son?"        Milton :  P.  L.,  V.  SH. 

tt  Pathology: 

1.  Following  on  a  disease  and  produced  by 
it :  as,  secondary  fever  (q.v.). 

•2  Succeeding  the  first  local  symptoms,  and 
generally  constitutional :  as,  secondary  sy- 
philis. 


,     *;  piut,  jo^rl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sl 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shaa.   -tion.  -Blon  =  sliun;  -tlon,  -slon  =  zhiln.   -clous,  -tiou«, 


v  «.;  expect^ 
-rtous  =  shus.   - 


4174 


seconde— secretariat 


H.  A*  substantive; 

1.  A  delegate  or  deputy ;  one  who  acts  by 
dfiputatiou  or  delegated  authority ;  one  who 
fc»:ts  in  subordination  to  another. 

"  Old  Eocalns. 
Though  flrtt  in  question,  la  thy  Mcoiufcry." 

MaJcetp. ;  J/ctUure/vr  JUeuture,  L  L 

*  2.  (See  extract.) 

"He  [Barclay]  sometimes  has  a  stroke  of  humour ; 
M  in  tue  following  stanx*.  where  he  wishe»  I"  ftke  un 
l*.,tixi  tLe  eik'lit  *setmUarte»,  or  iiiiuor  CHUUU*.  of  tiia 
college."—  H'arttw .-  tfi*f.  i'wj.  F<*try,  ii.  2ii 

3.  An  officer  of  the  City  of  London  whose 
duties  arise  out  of  those  devolving  upon  the 
sheriffs  in  connection  with  the  administration 
of  justice,  and  the  election  of  corporate  offi- 
cers and  members  of  Parliament.     '1  he  Smm- 
dary  presides  in  his  own  court  for  the  hearing 
of  coiujieiisaiioD  cases,  assessment  of  d 

in  breach  of  promise  actions,  and  the  like, 
where  judgment  has  gone  by  default,  4ic. 

4.  One  of  the  feathers  growing  oa  the  second 
bone  of  a  bird's  win0-. 

6.  A  secondary  circle  (q.v.). 
C.  A  secondary  planet  (q.v.). 
\  Secondary  qualities  of  I 
Physics :  Those  qualities  which  are  not  in- 
separable from  bodies;  as,  colour,  taste,  &c. 

secondary -alcohol,  s. 

Chan.:  An  alcohol  in  which  the  carbon 
atom,  united  to  hydroxyl,  U  combined  with 
only  one  atom  of  hydrogen. 

secondary-amides  and  amines,  s.  pi. 

Chem. :  Compounds  derived  from  a  single  or 
multiple  molecule  of  ammonia  by  replacing 
two-thirds  of  the  typical  hydrogen  by  acid 
and  busy  Ions  radicals  respectively. 

secondary-amputation,  s. 

Surg. ;  Amputation  of  a  limb,  &c.,  deferred 
till  the  immediate  effects  of  the  injury  upon 
the  constitution  have  passed  away. 

secondary  -  battery,  «.  [STORAGE- 
BATTERY.] 

secondary-circle,  i. 

Geum.  £  Astran. ;  A  great  circle  passing 
through  the  poles  of  another  great  circle  per- 
pendicular to  its  plane. 

secondary-coil,  «. 

Elect, :  The  outer  portion  of  an  Induction 
coil  (q.v.)  in  which  the  secondary  currents 
are  induced.  It  is  .usually  of  fine  wire,  and 
of  great  length. 

secondary-colours,  *.  pi.  Colours  pro- 
faced  by  the  utn.m  in  equal  proportions  of 
primary  colours  ;  thus,  blue  and  yellow  pro- 
duce green,  blue  and  red  violet,  Ac. 

secondary-conveyances,  s.  pi. 
Law.  :  Derivative  conveyances  (q.v.) 
secondary-cortex,  s. 

Bo*. ;  The  jK>rtinns  of  the  cortex  which  are 
formed  fresh  in  any  particular  year. 

secondary  creditor,  9. 

Scots  Law:  A  term  used  in  contradistinction 
to  catholic  creditor,  or  one  whose  debt  is 
secured  over  several  subjects,  or  over  the 
whole  subjects  belonging  to  his  debtor. 

secondary-crystal,  s.  A  crystal  de- 
rived from  one  of  the  primary  forms. 

secondary  current,  «. 
Elect. :  An  induced  current.     The  current 
from  a  secondary -battery. 

secondary  embryo-sacs,  t.  pi. 

Bot. :  A  few  cells  of  larger  growth  than  the 
rest  in  the  endosperm  of  au  embryo  sac. 

secondary-evidence,  *. 

Law :  Indirect  evidence  (q.v.)i 
secondary-fever,  s. 

Pathol. :  A  term  n«ed  specially  of  the  fweer 
which  follows  the  tiret  attack  of  small-pox, 
particularly  of  the  confluent  kind.  It  gene- 
rally begins  about  the  eleventh  day  of  the  dis- 
ease, the  eighth  of  the  eruption,  and  la  often 
Catal,  or  leaves  permanent  consequences,  as 
blindness,  deafness,  or  lameness. 

secondary-formation,*.  [SECONDARY- 

BOCKS.J 

secondary  group,  t. 

Geol. :  A  terra  for  the  Secondary  rocks  re- 
commended by  the  International  Geologists' 
Congress,  held  at  Bologna,  in  1881. 


secondary- plane,  ». 

Crystail. :  Any  plane  on  a  crystal  which  is 
not  one  of  the  primary  planes. 

secondary-planet,  s.    [PLANET.] 
secondary-rocks,  s.  pL 
Geology  : 

*  1.  All  sedimentary  and  fnssiliferous  rocks, 
as  distinguished  from  the  primary  rucks  below 
[PRIMARY]  and  the  Tertiary   alluviums  and 
diluviums  above. 

2.  An  extensive  series  of  stratified  rocks, 
having  certain  characters  in  common  distin- 
guishing them  fnim  tlie  primary  rocks  be- 
neath and  the  Tertiary  altovt-  them.  Lyell 
divides  the  Secondary  rocks  into  the  Trias, 
the  Lias,  the  Oolite,  and  the  Cretaceous; 
Seeley  into  the  Tri:is,  the  Lias,  the  Pelolithic, 
the  Psammolithic,  and  the  Cretaceous ;  and 
Etheritlge  into  the  Triassic,  the  Jurassic,  and 
the  Cretaceous.  In  many  place*  the  palaeozoic 
strata  had  been  fractured,  contorted,  and  even 
thrown  into  a  vertical  position  before  the 
Secondary  rocks  began  to  be  deposited.  There 
is  a  break  between  the  end  of  the  Primary 
[PALEOZOIC]  rocks  and  the  commencement  of 
the  Secondary  strata.  Though  most  of  the 
latter  seem  conformable  to  each  other,  yet 
the  considerable  alterations  ever  and  anon 
occurring  in  the  character  of  the  fossil  re- 
mains suggest  the  existence  of  breaks  not 
stratigraphic.'illy  visible.  Thus  there  is  nu 
visible  uucoufonnability  in  tin-  Lias,  yet  only 
five  per  cent,  of  the  fossils  pass  from  the 
Middle  to  the  Upper  Lias.  During  the  depo- 
sition of  the  Secondary  rocks  the  geographical 
features  of  the  northern  hemisphere  were 
again  and  again  modified.  From  the  Lias  to 
the  Chalk  there  seems  to  have  been  a  series  of 
large  tropical  islands,  drained  by  considerable 
rivers,  with  a  vegetation  of  Cycads,  Reeds, 
and  Conifers.  Qiant  reptiles  were  the  domi- 
nant vertebrates.  Specially  in  the  time  of  the 
Wealden  was  there  in  the  8.E.  of  England  a 
river  draining  a  large  area.  A  great  break 
occurs  between  the  Secondary  and  the  Ter- 
tiary. Murchison  says  that  gold  is  generally 
absent  from  Secondary  rocks.  [MESOZOIC.] 

secondary  -  roots,  t.  pi.  [LATERAL- 
ROOTS.] 

secondary  stems,  a.  ;.'. 

Bot. :  The  ramifications  of  a  stem  ;  branches. 

secondary-strata,  «.  pi.  [SECONDARY- 
HOC  KS.J 

secondary-tints,  «.  pi. 
Paint. :  Tints  of  a  subdued  kind,  such  as 
grays,  &c. 

secondary-tone,  s. 

Music. :  The  same  as  HARMONIC  (q..v.). 
secondary-use,  s.    [USE,  «.] 

se-conde',  s.  [Fr.]  A  thrust  and  parry  In 
fencing,  and  a  corresponding  position  of  the 
body. 

se'c'-o'nd-e'r,  ».    [Eng.  second,  v. ;  -er.]     One 

who  seconds  ;  one  who  supports  what  another 
does,  affirms,  or  proposes. 

"  Hit  proposer  and  meander  will  conduct  h'"»  to  the 
chair.'— Daily  Telegraph.  Jan.  12,  1886. 

sec'-dnd-ine,  s.    [SECUNDINE.] 

aec'-ond-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  second,  a. ;  -Zy.J  In 
the  second  place. 

"  First,  because  God  haa  promised  It;  tecon&y,  b*- 
canae  he  la  able  to  perform  it."—  Bunyan:  Pttgritn'i 
Proyrett,  pt.  ii. 

sec'-dnds,  s.  pi.    [SECOND,  a.  B.  L  4.] 

seconds  pendulum,  s.  A  pendulum 
which  makes  oue  oscillation  per  second. 

*se-co6n',  "se-goon",  s.  [Sp.  segundo.}  The 
same  as  SECONDE  (q.v.X 

"A  thnut  tu  Mpoon  qnite  through  bis  left  side." 
—Sheridan  :  School  for  Scandal,  v.  i. 

9  secre,  *.    [SECRET.] 

se'-cre-$&  *  se  cre-cle,  *.  lEng,  secret); 
-cy.J 

1.  A  state  of  being  secret  or  hidden  ;  con- 
cealment from  the  observation  or  notice  of 
others  not  concerned ;  a  secret  manner  or 
mode  of  proceeding. 

"  Whom  the  king  hath  la  tecrtci/  long  married." 
Shatotp.  :  Henry  »'///.,  ui.  S. 

*  2.  Solitude,  retirement,  seclusion. 

*'  Thou  In  thy  Mcr*ey  .  .  .  wek'st  not 
Social  communication.'    Milton:  P.  L..  Till.  427. 


3.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  secretive; 
the  haHt  of  keeping  secrets;  l'orl>earaiice  of 
dwcIosL  -e  or  discovery  ;  discretion. 

All  tue  officers  of  his  mint  were  sworti  to  Mcr«ey.* 
n««*  :    tt  «M,'f*  </  Xatiaiu,  bit.  v..  th.  ill. 

*  i.  A  secret.    (Sltakesp.  :  Lucrece.  101.) 

*  secrenesse,  s.     [Mid.   Eng.   sfcre;   -ness.} 
Secrecy.    (L'kaucer  :  C.  T.,  5,192.) 

se'-cret,  *  se-crete,   -  sc  crette,  a.  &  «. 

[Fr.  secret,  from  Lat.  sec,-'  :     prop. 

pa.  par.  of  $ecemo=  to  gefarate,  to  set  ajart 
[SKBUr);  tip.  &  Port,  secreto  ;  Ital.  secrete, 
segreto.} 

A.  ^*  adjective  : 

1.  ConL-eale-i    from    the  knowledge  of   air 
except  the  person  or  persons  cuuceiued  ;  pri- 
vate, hidden. 

"  I  have  towards  heaven  hreatlied  a  tfcret  TOW." 

QD   :   H€n-hiMto.f   l>Mir«.  iii.  4. 

2.  Kept  back  from  general   knowledge  or 
observation  ;  not  revealed  ;  hidden. 

"Tbeiecret  tilings  belong  uuto  the  Lord  our  God/ 
—  Deut.  xxix.  29. 

*  3.  Being  in  retirement  or  seclusion  ;   se- 
cliide'I,  privatf,  retired. 

"  There  tecret  in  her  sapphire  cell 
He  with  the  Nai»  wutit  Ui  d»«U." 

/V/if.M.     (Todd.} 

4.  Occult,  mysterious;  not  apparent;  not 
seen. 

"  Whereon  the  stars  In  tocret  Influence  comment." 
&ha.tui#fi.  :  t-imtft  U. 

"5.  Keeping  secrets;  secretive,  di-  f; 
not  apt  or  ^iven  to  hlab  or  betray  confidence  ; 
reserved,  silent. 

"  I  can  be  ttcret  as  a  dumb  man." 

Shuketp.  ;  Much  Ado  About  .Yothing.  1.  1. 

*  6.  Affording  privacy  ;   retired,   secluded. 
private.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  i.  7.) 

7.  Privy  ;  not  proper  or  fit  to  be  seen  ; 
private.  (1  Samuel,  v.  9.) 

B.  .-Is  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  Something  carefully  or  studiously  kept 
back,  hidden,  or  concealed  ;  a  thing  kept  back 
from  general  knowledge,  and  not  to  be  re- 
vealed. 

"  8«crttt  with  girls,  like  loaded  guns  with  hoya, 
Are  never  valued  till  they  maUe  a  ;<    : 

Crabtte  :  Talet  of  the  Salt,  xt 

2.  Something  not  revealed,  discovered, 
known,  or  explained  ;  a  mystery. 

"  All  blest  tecrett, 
All  yonr  unpubliah'd  virtu.  •-  of  tli«  earth." 

Shaktsp.  :  Lear,  IT.  4. 

*  3.  Secrecy. 

4.  (PL):  The  secret  or  pnvaf  parts  ;  the 
parts  of  the  body  which  modesty  and  pro- 
priety require  to  be  concealed. 

IL  Rojnan  Ritual  :  A  prayer  or  prayers  re- 
cited by  the  celebrant  in  a  low  tone  of  voice, 
audible  only  to  himself,  immediately  after  the 
Orate,  Fratres. 

"These  words  [Per  omnla  necula  Moculoruin]  form 
the  conclusion  of  the  Xfcrrf.  The  pn.  at  ht-re  elf 
vatea  bis  voice  at  Low  M.oss,  and  at  Hifli  Mass  em 
ploys  a  chant  iu  their  recitation  In  urder  to  nx  thr 
atu-ntion  of  the  peoi'le.  ami  to  Invite  ttiem  to  uuif 
their  prayers  with  hU."—  Rock:  Mtantrgia,  p.  BO. 


^  (1)  Discipline  of  the  secret: 
«•  1  d)]. 

(2)  In  secret  :  Secretly  ;  in  secrecy  or  privacy; 
privately.  (Prov.  ix.  17.) 

*  secret  false,  a.  Faithless  in  secret  ; 
secretly  false  ;  treacherous. 

secret-society,  s.  A  society,  probably 
for  illegal  purposes,  whuse  optratiuiis  ar* 
conducted  in  secret,  those  initiated  into  it 
being  bound  down  by  solemn  oath  not  to 
reveal  what  takes  place,  and  fe«ling  their  live* 
in  danger  if  they  do.  Example,  the  Assassins. 

[A3SAS31N,  L  l.| 

J  In  the  United  States  the  Fraternal  or 
Beneficial  Societies,  equivalent  to  tlie  friendly 
societies  of  Great  Britai  n,  usually  conduct 
their  meetings  secretly,  and  have  secret  pass- 
words, grips,  Ac.,  which  tfhey  are  bound  by 
oath  not  to  reveal  ;  hence,  they  are  often 
known  as  secret  -societies. 

*  se  -cret-age  (age  as  I&),  *.    [Eng.  tecre(t); 
•age.} 

Furriery  :  The  act  or  process  of  secreting 
(q.v.). 

sec-re-tar'-I-al.  *  sSc-re-tar'-l-an, 

[Eng.  secretary;  -al.]     Pertaining  or  relati 
to  a  secretary  ;  l*tttting  a  secretary. 

scc-rc-tar'-i-at,   sec-re  tar  i  ate, 

[Fr.  secretariat.} 


a. 

ting 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;    we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go.  pot, 
•r,  wore,  W9lf*  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  euro,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    «a.  CD  =  e ;  ey  -  a;  an  =  liw. 


secretariship— sectarian 


4175 


1.  The  office  of  a  secretary ;  secretaryship.   | 
8.  The    place  or  office  where  a   secretary 
transacts  business,  keeps  his  papers,  &c- 
•  sSc'-re-tar-i-shlp,  s.    [SECRETARYSHIP.] 
•eo-re-tar-y,  *  sec-re  tar-ye,  s.     [Fr. 
tecrltaln,  from  Low  Lat.  secretanus  =  *  con- 
lidential  officer,   from   Lat.  secret  at  =  secret 
(q.v.) ;  Sp.  &  Port,  secretario ;  Ital.  secretary, 
segretario.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 
"1.  One  who  is  entrusted  with  or  who  keeps 
secrets ;  a  confidant. 

"  A  faithful  ucraan/  to  her  sex's  foibles.  --BaMgh. 
(Wtbtter.) 

2  A  person  employed  by  a  public  company, 
»n  association,  or  public  body,  or  au  indi- 
vidual to  attend  to  correspondence,  draw  up 
reports,  6tc. ;  one  who  transacts  another  s 
business,  correspondence,  or  other  matters 
requiring  writing. 


S   A  piece  of  furniture   fitted  with   con- 
veniences for  writing  and  for  keeping  papers. 
<In  this  sense  a  corrupt,  of  escritoire.) 
IL  Technically: 

I.  Polit. :  An  officer  of  state,  to  whom  is 
entrusted  the  superintendence  and  manage- 
ment of  a  particular  department  of  the  govern- 
ment ;  as  Secretary  of  State.  The  Cabinet  of 
the  United  States  contains  six  Secretaries,  the 
advisers  of  the  President,  aud  each  at  the  head 
of  some  great  department  of  the  Government, 
These  are:  The  Secretary  of  State,  who  is  in 
control  of  the  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs; 
the  Secretary  of  War,  having  supervision  over 
all  military  matters;  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  similarly  controlling  naval  affairs;  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  chief  of  the 
Department  of  Finance ;  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  in  control  of  all  matters  relating  to 
public  lands,  pensions,  education,  railroads, 
surveys,  census,  aud  similar  interior  affaire; 
aud  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  organized  in 
1889,  for  the  purpose  of  controlling  and  de- 
veloping the  extended  agricultural  interests  of 
the  country-  There  are  two  cabinet  officials,  the 
Postmaster-General  aud  the  Attorney-General, 
not  designated  as  Secretaries.  In  the  British 
Government  there  are  five  Secretaries  of  State, 
viz.,  those  for  the  Home,  Foreign,  Indian, 
Colonial,  and  War  Departments.  The  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  the  Home  Department  is 
responsible  for  the  management  of  the  internal 
affairs  of  the  kingdom,  as  the  administra- 
tion of  justice,  the  maintenance  of  peace  and 
order  in  the  country,  the  snpervisionof  prisons, 
police,  the  inspection  of  schools,  factories, 
mines,  Ac.  The"  duties  of  the  other  Secretaries 
of  State  are  indicated  by  their  official  titles. 
There  are  also  several  Under-Secretaries.  All 
Secretaries  of  State  are  members  of  the  Cabinet 

2.  Print. :  A  kind  of  script  type,  in  imitation 
of  engrossing  hand,  not  unlike  Ronde  (q.  v,). 

3.  OrnUh. :  The  Secretary-bird  (q.v.). 

U  Secretary  of  an  embassy  or  legation :  The 
principal  assistant  of  an  ambassador  or  envoy. 

secretary-bird,  s. 

Ornith. :  Serpentarius  secretariat,  from  South 
Africa,  a  bird  protected  by  the  native  and 
English  authorities  for  the  service  it  renders 
in  destroying  venomous  serpents,  which  it 
kills  by  blows  from  its  powerful  feet  and 
bill,  though  occasionally  the  serpent  succeeds 
tn  inflicting  mortal 
Injury  on  his  foe. 
Layard     asserts 
(Birds  of  South  Afri- 
ca)  that    although 
this  bird  can  inflict 
severe  wounds  with 
its  feet,  the  legs  are 
so  brittle  that  they 
will   snap  if  it  is 
suddenly   started 
into  a  quick    run. 
The   Secretary-bird 
stands   about  four 
feet    high  ;    upper 
surface  grayish- 
blue,   shaded  with 

reddish-brown  on  wing-coverts;  throat  white, 
thighs  black,  tail  feathers  very  long,  black  at 
base  paling  into  gray,  tipped  with  white  ;  two 
long  central  feathers  bluish-gray  tipped  with 
black  and  white.  Crest  of  ten  feathers  black 
or  gray,  tipped  with  black,  arranged  in  pairs, 
and  erectile  at  will.  From  the  fancied  re- 
semblance of  this  crest  to  a  pen  behind  a 


SECRETARY-BIRD. 


cler!  's  ear,  the  bird  derived  its  specific  Latin 
and  popular  English  name. 
BOO'-  re  -  tar  -  y  -  Ship,  s.     [Eng.  secretary  ; 
-ship.)     The  office,  post,  or   position  of  a 
secretary. 

"Mr.  Wottou  gave  his  Karetanlhif.  ami  Mr.  Cecil 
got  It  of  hiiu."-flurn«< :  Kecordl:  Xmy  eduardt 
Journal  (uwj. 

se -Crete',  v.t.     [Lat  secretus,  pa.    par.    of 
secerno  —  to  separate,  to  secern  (q.v.).] 

1  Ord.  Lang. :  To  conceal,  to  hide ;  to  re- 
move or  keep  from  the  knowledge  or  observa- 
tion of  others. 

"A  secondary  sense  which  hides  and  tecretel  it.  — 
Warburton  :  Divine  Legation,  bk.  vl.t  I  & 

2  Physiol. :    To  separate  from  the  blood, 
from  the  sap,  &c. ;  to  secern.    Used  some- 
times so  as  to  exclude,  at  others  so  as  to  in- 
clude, excretion.    [SECRETION.] 

«se-orete',  a-    (SECRETE,!).]    Separate,  dis- 
tinct. 

"They  suppose  two  other  divine  hypostases  supe. 
rtour  iLreilito,  which  were  perfectly  KcreU  frum 
matter.1*—  Cudworth:  Intell.  Syitem,  bk.  i.,  ch.  iv. 

se-cret'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  i.    [SECRETE,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As   adj.:    Performing    the    process   of 
secretion  ;  secretory  :  as,  secreting  glands. 

C.  As  subst.  :  A  process  by  which  the  hairs 
of  hare  and  rabbit  skins  are  rendered  nt  for 
felting.    The  skin  is  laid  upon  a  table,  and 
the  hair  side  brushed  with  a  solution  of  mer- 
cury, 32  ;  aquafortis,  500  ;  water,  SOO.    The 
skins  are  then  stoved,  causing  the  retraction 
and  curling  of  the  hairs. 

secretlng-apparatus,  «. 

Anat. :  A  simple  membrane,  supporting  a 
layer  of  secreting  cells  on  one  of  the  surfaces 
while  freely  ramified  blood-vessels  are  spread 
over  the  other.  To  increase  the  secreting  sur- 
face the  membrane  may  rise  into  a  fold, 
fringes,  or  other  projection,  or,  retiring,  may 
form  a  recess. 

secreting  glands,  «.  ft.  [GLARD,  «. 
t  (4).] 

seoretlng-organs,  s.  pi. 

Dot. :  Reservoirs  or  receptacles  for  secre- 
tions. These  are  glands,  laticiferous  tissue, 
receptacles,  or  reservoirs,  as  the  turpentine 
reservoirs  in  the  Coniferae. 
se-ere'-tlon,  ».  (Fr.,  from  Lat.  tecretus,  pa. 
par.  of  stcerno.]  [SECRETE,*.] 

1  Physiol. :  A  process  in  an  organized  body 
by  'which  various  matters  derived  from  the 
organism  are  collected  and  discharged  at  par- 
ticular parts  that  they  may  be  further  em- 
ployed for  special  purpose  in  the  system,  as 
the  saliva   and  the   gastric-juice,  or   to  be 
simply  eliminated  as  redundant  material  or 
waste  product,  as    perspiration   and   urine. 
The   latter  are   generally   called  excretions 
(q.v.l    The  chief  agent*  in  secretion  are  the 
blood  and  nucleated  cells. 

2  Bat.  *  Vegetable  Physiol. :   Any  organic 
but  unorganized  substance  produced  in  the 
interior  of  plants.     They  are  chiefly  amyla- 
ceous or   saccharine,   aud  are  deposited  in 
cellular  tissue. 

3.  The  matter  secreted,  as  mucus,  per- 
spirable matter,  &c. 

t  se-cre'-tton-al,  a.    (Eng.  tecretional.)    Of, 
belonging  to,  or   connected  with   secretion 
(q.v.). 
secretlonal  diseases,  >•  pi. 

Vegetable  Pathol. :  The  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  transformation  of  cellulose  into  guin, 
resin,  manna,  &tc.  This  is  not  really  a  morbid 
process,  but  in  some  cases  is  an  evidence  of 
vigorous  growth. 

*  se'-crSt-ist,  ».  [Eng.  secret;  -ist.)  A  dealer 
in  secrets.  (Boyle :  Works,  i.  315.) 

»  se-cre-tf'-tiOUS,  a.  [SECRETE,  ».]  Parted 
by  secretion. 

"  They  have  a  similitude  or  contrariety  to  the  ucre- 
Hlioia  humours  in  taste  and  quality.  — finer:  On 
the  Humourt. 

se-cre -tlve,  a.    [Eng.  seertKf);  -ivc.) 

I.  Given  to  secrecy  ;  apt  or  given  to  keep 
secrets. 

"Somewhat  sullen  and  lecretive  In  their  ways."— 
//;,/''.•  v  Smart :  StrwX  Dovm,  ch.  XL 

8.  Promoting  or  causing  secretion ;  pertain- 
ing to  secretion ;  secretary. 


se-cre'  tive-ness,  s.    'Eng.  secretive;  -ness.\ 

1.  Ord.  Law]. :  The  quality  or  state  of  beiuf 
secretive  ;  disposition  to  conceal. 

2.  Phrenol.  :  In  the  system  of  Spurzlieiin, 
and  latterly  also  of  Combe,  the  seventh  i» 
order  of  those  Affective  Faculties  called  Pro- 
pensities.    It  is  the  organ  which  produces 
the  tendency  to  secrecy  in  thoughts,  words, 
intentions,  &c.     It  is  an  essential  element  in 
prudence,  on    the  one  hand,  and  iu  deceit, 
cunning,  and  hypocrisy  on  the  other, 

se'-cret-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  secret;  -ly.] 

1    In  a  secret  manner  ;  privately,  privily, 
not  openly  ;  without  the  knowledge  of  others. 

"An  EiikfllshiiKUl  will  do  you  a  piece  of  service 
Krrrlly,  ami  be  distressed  with  the  expression!  ol  your 
gratitude."— Knox  :  Auayl.  No.  44. 

2.  Inwardly  ;  not  apparently  or  openly  j  In 
one's  heart. 


se-cret-ness,  *  se-cret-nes,  *  se-cret- 

aease,  s.    [Eng.  «cre« ;  -ness.) 

1   The    quality  or  state  of  being   secret, 
hidden,  or  concealed  ;  secrecy,  privacy. 

••  That  I  haue  shewed  you  in  tocrttnet,  preach  it  am 
the  tope  of  the  house."— 0<"iw«.'  Worlcet.  p.  2fll. 

*  2.  The  quality  of  being  secretive ;  secre- 
tiveness. 

"  I  could  iriueler  up 

My  giants  and  my  witches  to.  „ 

Which  are  vast  constancy  aud  lecrctneu.  ^^ 

*  3.  A  secret. 

"Thre  or  four*  that  knewe  the  Mrnfneai  of  his 
myude."-««rn«ri :  Froiuart ;  Cron»ol«.  vol.  1.,  on. 
zxix. 

se-cre' -tor-y,  »  se-ore-tor-le,  o.  [Eng. 
secrete);  -ory.]  Performing  the  office  of  se- 
cretion ;  secreting. 

"  They  give  the  blood  time  to  separate  through  th« 
capillary  vessels  into  the  leerelon,  which  afterwardt 
exunerate  themselves  into  one  duct  -Kay:  On  (*l 
Creation,  pt  11. 

sect  (1),  secte,  ».  [Fr.  secte  =  a  sect  or  fac- 
tion, a  ront  or  troup,  a  company  of  one  (most 
commonly  bad)  opinion  (Cotgrnm),  from  Low 
Lat  secta  =  a  set  of  people,  a  suite  .  .  .  a  suit 
of  clothes,  a  suit  at  law,  from  L;it.  secta  =  a 
party  a  faction,  a  sect,  lit.  =  a  follower,  from 
se<7«or(pa.  par.  secutus)=  to  follow;  Sp.  secta; 
Port,  secta,  sieta;  Ital.  selta.  Not  connected 
in  any  way  with  Lat.  seco  =  to  cut.) 

1  A  body  or  number  of  persons  following 
some  particular  teacher  or  leader,  or  united  in 
some  settled  tenets,  chiefly  in  philosophy  or 
religion,  but  constituting  a  distinct  party  by 
holding  sentiments  different  to  those  ci  » 
school ;  a  denomination  ;  especially  applied 
to  a  religious  denomination. 

"ThU  newe  Itae  of  Lollardie."   Ooatr:  0.  A.  (ProU 

'  1[  The  number  of  religions  sects  or  denomi- 
nations having  registered  places  of  worship  in 
England  and  Wales  in  1885  was  nominally 
223  ;  but  some  are  not  really  separate  sects, 
and  some  are  registered  more  than  once  under 
distinct  names. 

*  2.  A  section  of  the  community  ;  a  party, 
a  faction. 

"  When  ucU  and  factions  were  newly  born. 

Shaketp. :  Timon  of  Athtnt,  ill.  § 

*  3.  A  class,  an  order,  a  rank. 

"  Him  lacked  nought  that  longeth  to  a  klng^ 
A.  of  the  »«.  of  which  «g»J»^t3£gj.i 

*  4.  A  profession.    (Burton.) 

*  sect-master,  ».    The  leader  of  a  sect 

"A  blind  company  will  follow  a  blind  ««ct.nKurer." 
—S.  Ward :  Sermonl,  p.  It. 

*  sect  (2),  «.    [Lat.  sectus,  pa.  par.  of  tern  =  to 
cut.)    A  cutting,  a  scion. 

"Of  our  unbilled  lunls.  I  take  Ihls  that  yon  call 
love  to  be  a  lea  or  ciou.--,S*<ifa!if>.  :  Othello,  i.  8. 

*  sect  (3),  >.    [See  def.]    A  corruption  of  sex 
(q.v.).    (Vulgar.) 

"  So  Is  all  her  leal  :  an  Ihey  be  once  in  a  calm  they 
are  sick."— Shaketp.  :  2  ffenry  /»..  ii.  4. 

sec-tar' -i-au,  o.  &  «.    [SECT  (1),  «.l 


ene 

religious    denomination;    characterized    by 
bigoted  devotion  to  a  particular  sect  or  rel: 
gious  denomination  ;  peculiar  to  a  sect,  (liry- 
dm:  Hind  <6  Panther,  iii.  739.) 

B.  As  subst. :  A  member  or  adherent  of  a 
particular  sect,  school,  or  religious  denomm* 
tioii. 


gem;  thin,  tills;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   -tag. 


4176 


sectarianism— secular 


•dc-tdr'-i-an-ism,  s.  [Eng.  sectarian  ;  -ism.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  a  sectarian  ; 
the  prtiici  pies  of  sectarians  ;  devoted  adherence 
to  a  particular  sect,  school,  or  religious  de- 
nomination ;  bigoted  or  partisan  zeal  for  a 
particular  sect. 

*  Sec  tar'  I-an  ize,    r.t.      [Eng.    sectarian; 
-ize.]     To  niake  sectarian  ;    to    imbue  with 
sectarian  feelings  or  principles. 

"His  feeling  was  to  widen  and  nationalise  the 
Church  raiJier  than  narrow  and  tectarianu*  It"— 
Daily  Ttlryniph,  Nov.  24,  1886. 

*  •ec'-tar-Ismf  s.  (Eng.  sectary);  -ism.]  The 
tame  as  SECTARIANISM  (q.T.). 

"  NI  'riimg  hath  more  marks  of  schUm  and  teetaritm 
thai)  this  presbyterian  way."—  Kina  1'fntrlet  :  i'Ucon 
BafiliJte. 

*  SCO  tar-Ist,  $.      [Eng.  sedarfy);  -ist.}     A 
sectary,  a  sectarian. 

"  Hilton  was  certainly  of  that  profeoeion  or  general 
principle  on  which  all  tfctarult  agree."—  n'arton: 
Milton,  son.  xiv.  (Note.) 

*  sec'  -tar-  y,  s.     [Fr.  sectaire,  from  secte  =  a 
•ect-J     [SECT  (1).] 

L  A  follower,  a  pupil. 

"  How  long  have  you  been  a  tectary  astronomical  t  " 
—Shaketp.  :  Uar,  L  3. 

2.  One  who  belongs  to  a  sect  or  religious 
denomination,  especially  one  who  ae)>arntes 
from  an  established  chn'rch  or  from  the  pre- 
vailing denomination  of  Christiana;  a  sec- 
tarian. 

"  The  anabaptisU.  and  separatist*,  and  itrtariet  .  .  . 
whoM  t«neU  are  full  of  schism,  and  inconsistent  with 
lu  o  nar  c  h  y  .  "  —  Bacon. 

*  sec  ta  -tor.  *  aec-ta-tour,  *.     [lit.  sec- 
tator.]    A  follower,  a  disciple,  an  adherent. 

"  Hereof  the  wiser  tort  and  the  best  learned  phllo- 
•ophen  were  not  Ignorant,  as  Cicero  witneueth, 
gathering  the  opinion  of  Aristotle  aud  bis  tectaton. 
~Saleigk:  But.  World,  bk.  L.  cb,  L 

•ge'-tfle,  a.  [Lat.  sectilis,  from  sectus,  pa.  par. 
of  tcco  =.  to  cut.]  Capable  of  being  cut. 

"Talc,  mica,  and  steatite  yield  quietly  to  the  knife, 
and  are  thence  said  to  be  tertilt,"—I'^ye  :  Handbook  of 
Term*,  p.  40L 


---ty.  *.     [Eng.  sectiUe);  -Uy.]    The 
property  of  being  easily  cut.    (Rossiter.) 

•ec-tl-0-  (t  as  sh),  ?>«/.  [SECTION.]  Sectional. 

sectio-planography,  5. 

Civil  Eng.  :  A  method  of  laying  down  the 
sections  of  engineering,  as  railways,  &c.  It 
is  prepared  by  using  the  line  of  direction  laid 
down  on  the  plan  as  a  datum-line,  the  cut- 
tings being  plotted  on  the  upper  part  and  the 
embankments  on  the  lower  part  of  the  line. 

•$c  -tion,  *.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  sectionem,  accus. 
of  «ctto  =  a  cutting,  from  sectus,  pa.  par.  of 
teco  =  to  cut  ;  Sp.  section  ;  Ital.  sezione,] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  cutting  or  dividing  ;  separa- 
tion by  cutting. 

2.  That  which  is  cut  off  or  separated  from 
the  rest;  a  part,  a  division,  a  portion  :  specif., 

(1)  A  distinct  part  or  portion  ;  a  division,  a 
class. 

(2)  A  distinct  part  or  portion  of  a  book  or 
writing  ;  a  division  or  sub-division  of  a  chap- 
ter ;  a  paragraph  ;  a  division  of  a  statute  or 
other  writing.     Hence  often  applied  to  the 
sign  $,  used  to  denote  such  a  division  or  sub- 
division. 

"Through  which  I  thall  run  in  u  many  several 
Chapters  or  ieciioni.*—  Wotton  :  Remain*,  p.  74. 

(3)  A  distinct  part  or  portion  of  a  country, 
people,  community,  class,  or  the  like  ;  a  class, 
a  division. 

"  Having  alienated  one  great  wctfcm  of  Christendom 
by  MOMBttBi  the  Huguenots,  he  alienated  another 
by  liuoltiug  the  Holy  See."—  Macauiag:  Uitt,  Eng., 

(4)  In  the  United  States,  one  of  the  portions 
of  a  square  of  640  acres,  or  one  square  mile 
each,  into  which  the  public  lands  are  divided. 
Each  section  is  divided  by  east  and  west  and 

'  by  north  and  south  lines,  one  mile  distant 
from  each  other,  into  squares  of  a  mile  on 
each  side.  The  sections  in  each  township  are 
numbered.  Sections  are  somtimea  sub-divided 
Into  half-sections,  quarter-sections,  and  even 
Into  eighths  of  a  section. 

3.  A  vertical  plan  of  the  interior  of  a  build- 
ing, of  a  piece  of  country,  of  a  mine,  or  of 
any  structure,  natural  or  artificial,  showing  it 
as  it  would  appear  upon  an  upright  plane 
cutting  through  it      In  buildings,  sections 
show  the  thicknesses  of  the  walls,  ceilings, 


floors,  the  heights  of  rooms  and  of  doors  and 
windows,  and  the  forms  of  the  ceiling, 
whether  Hat,  coved,  or  vaulted.  Sections 
are  longitudinal,  transverse,  vertical,  hori- 
zontal, oblique,  central,  lateral,  &c.,  according 
to  position  and  direction. 
n.  Technically: 

1.  Geol. :  The  representation  of  an  imaginary 
cutting,  generally  vertical,  through  a  certain 
number  of  beds.    Sections  are  so  essential  to 
aright  comprehension  of  the  dip,  the  strike, 
and  the  mutual  relations  of  strata,  that  they 
abound  in  geological  books. 

2.  Mach. ;  A  detachable  portion  of  a  machine 
or  instrument  when  made  up  of  a  number  of 
parts.    (Amer.) 

3.  Microscopy :  A  thin  slice  of  any  organic 
or  inorganic  substance  cut  off  for  microscopic 
examination.     Sections  are  named  according 
to  the  direction  in  which  they  are  taken,  as 
longitudinal,  transverse,  &c.     They  are  also 
described  specifically,  as  anatomical,  or  min- 
eralogical  sections. 

4.  3ft/. :  Half  a  platoon  of  infantry. 

5.  Mimic:  A  part  of  a  movement,  consist- 
ing of  one  or  more  phrases. 

6.  Surveying:  A  view  showing  the  inequal- 
ities of  the  ground  in  reference  to  a  base-line 
or  line  of  construction. 

f  Conic  sections :  [CoNicJ. 

section-beam,  5. 

Warping i  Ac. :  A  roller  which  receives  the 
yarn  from  the  spools,  either  for  tne  dressing- 
machine  or  for  the  loom.  [WARPING.] 

sec  tion-al,  a.    [Eng.  section  ;  -at] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  section  or  distinct 
part  or  division  of  a  larger  body  or  territory. 

2.  Composed  of  or  made  up  in  sections  or 
independent  parts. 

sectional-boat,  s.  A  boat  made  up  in 
several  independent  sections,  or,  in  fact,  sev- 
eral boats  jointed  together  at  their  ends,  so  as 
to  conform  to  sudden  bends  in  the  channel, 
or  disconnected,  so  that  each  may  be  separ- 
ately conveyed  over  a  portage. 

sectional-dock,  s. 

Hydr.-eng. :  The  sectional  dock  is  intended 
to  lift  a  vessel  above  the  surface  of  the  water, 
in  order  that  its  bottom  may  be  cleaned.  It 
consists  of  a  series  of  caissons,  connected 
with  a  platform,  which  is  introduced  below 
the  vessel,  and,  the  water  being  pumped  from 
these  caissons  by  means  of  steam-engines,  the 
vessel  is  raised  by  their  flotation.  The  appar- 
atus is  towed  to  any  place  where  necessary. 

sectional  steam-boiler*  s. 

Steam :  A  boiler  built  up  of  portions  secured 
together  in  such  a  way  that  the  size  may  be 
increased  by  addition  of  sections,  the  working 
capacity  being  the  sum  of  the  whole,  and  the 
individual  parts  being  separately  removable 
for  repair  or  substitution  of  new  pieces. 

sec'-tion-al-Ism,  *.  [Eng.  sectional;  -im.] 
The  having  regard  to  the  interests  of  a  section 
of  a  country  or  the  community  rather  than 
those  of  the  nation  at  large. 

"  Let  a  statesman  propose  to  the  people  a  remedy  for 
one  of  the  evils  of  their  present  constitution  or  con- 
dition, such  *•  tfctionttlitm  or  over-government.'  — 
Scribner't  Magatine,  August,  1S80,  p.  466. 

se~c-tion-aT-it-ty,  s.  [Eng.  sectional;  My.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sectional ;  sec- 
tionalism. 

sec  tion  al  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  sectional;  -ly.] 
In  a  sectional  manner. 

*  sec  -tion-ize,  v.t.    [Eng.  section ;  -tee.}    To 
divide  or  lay  out  in  sections.    (Amer.) 

*  sect -ism,  *.    [Eng.  sect  (1);  -im.]     Devo- 
tion to  a  sect ;  sectarianism. 

*  sect'-Ist,  s.    [Eng.  sect  (1);  -ist.}    One  de- 
voted to  a  particular  sect ;  a  sectarian. 

*  scc-ti-un  -cle  (t  as  sh),  s.     [A  dimin.  from 
sect  (1).J    A  peity  sect.    (J.  Martineau.) 

sec'-tlve,  a.  [Lat.  sectus,  pa.  par.  of  seco  =  to 
cut.]  The  same  as  SECTILE  (q.r.). 

sec -tor, ».  [Lat  =  a  cutter,  from  sectus,  pa. 
par.  of  seco  =  to  cut;  Fr.  secteur;  8p.  sector; 
Ital.  setters.] 

L  Astron. ;  [DIP-SECTOR,  ZENITH-SECTOR]. 

2.  Gearing :  A  sector- wheel  (q.  v.> 


3.  Geom.  :   That  portion  of  the  area  of  a 
circle  included  between  two  radii  and  an  arc. 
The  area  of  a  sector  is  equal  to  the  product 
of  the  arc  of  the  sector  by  half  of  the  radius. 
If  the  angle  at  the  centre  is  given,  the  length 
of  the  arc  of  tlie  sector  may  \>e  found,  since  it 
is  equal  to  IT  multiplied  by  the  radius  into  the 
ratio  of  180°  to  the  number  of  degrees  of  the 
sector.    A  spherical  set-tor  or  the  sector  of  a 
sphere    is  a  volume  or   solid  that  may  be 
generated  by  revolving  a  sector  of  a  circle 
about  a  straight  line  drawn  through  the  vertex 
of  the  sector  as  an  axis,  or  it  is  the  conic  solid 
whose  vertex  coincides  with  the  centre  of  the 
sphere,  and  whose  base  is  a  segment  of  the 
same  sphere. 

4.  Math.  &  Survey.  :  A  mathematical  instru- 
ment used  for  laying  down  plans,  measuring 
angles,  &c.     It  has  two  legs,  united  by  a  rule- 
juint,  aud  graduated.     The  scales  put  upon 
sectors  are  divided  into  single  and  double; 
the  former  has  a  line  with  inches  divided  into 
eighths  or  tenths  ;  a  second,  into  decimals 
containing  one  hundred  parts  ;  a  third,  into 
chords  ;  the  fourth  has  sines  ;  the  fifth,  tan- 
gents ;  the  sixth,  rhombs  ;  the  seventh  and 
eighth  have  latitudes,  Imurs,  &c.    The  double 
scale  contains  a  line  of  lines;  a  line  of  chords; 
third,  a  line  of  sines  ;  fourth,  tangents  to  45°  ; 
fifth,    secants;   sixth,    tangents   above    45°; 
seventh,  polygons.     In  surveying,  the  instru- 
ment is  mounted  on  a  leg  or  tripod,  and  the 
bob  depending  from  the  axis  of  the  rule-joint 
•indicates  the  station  exactly. 

IT  Dip-sector:  [Dip,  *.]. 

sector  cylinder  steam-engine,  *. 

Steam:  An  engine  whose  working-chamber 
is  a  sector  of  a  cylinder,  in  which  a  rect- 
angular piston  oscillates  to  and  fro  like  a 
door  on  its  hinge.  The  axle  of  oscillation  is 
a  rocking-shaft  to  which  the  piston  is  fixed  ; 
and  by  means  of  an  arm  projecting  from  one 
of  the  outw  ends  of  that  shaft  and  a  connect- 
ing-rod, motion  is  communicated  to  the  crank. 

sector-wheel,  «. 

Gearing  : 

1.  A  wheel,  or  rolling  lever,  which  has  the 
shape  of  a  sector  of  a  circle.     It  is  used  as  a 
gear-wheel  in  machines  when  an  impulse  of 
moderate  length  is  required,  and  has  a  reci- 
procating rotary  motion. 

2.  A  cog-wheel  whose  perimeter  is  formed 
of  sectors  of  varying  radii,  imparting  a  vari- 
able motion  to  a  wheel  of  counterpart  form  ; 
a  variable  wheel. 

sec  -tb'r-al,  a.    [Eng.  sector;  -al]    Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  sector. 

sectoral-barometer,  *.  An  instru- 
ment in  which  the  height  of  the  mercurial 
column  is  found  by  the  angle  at  which  it  is 
necessary  to  incline  the  tube,  in  order  to 
bring  the  mercury  to  a  certain  mark  on  the 
instrument 

s6c  tor  I  al,  a,  &  s.   [SECTOR.  (See  extract)] 
A.  At  adj.  :  Cutting. 

"In  most  Cariiivora  one  molar  tooth  on  each  side 
of  both  laws  has  its  crown  modified  either  wholly  or 
in  put,  for  reacting  upou  the  opposite  tooth,  like  tbe 
blades  of  scissors,  in  express  relation  to  the  division 
of  flesh  :  whence  Cuvier  hae  applied  to  this  tooth  the 
name  of  dent  cur  intuit  rt,  which  I  have  rendered  dent 
uctoriut,  tutorial,  or  scissor-tootb,"—  Owen.'  Odonto- 
y,  1.  475. 


B.  As  subst.  :  A  sectorial  tooth. 

"  The  third  molar  d  isplaces  tbe  deciduous 
—  Oven  :  OdontograpHy,  i.  481. 

Sec  -tr  oid,  s.    [Eng.  sector;  -oid,} 

Arch.  :  A  term  applied  to  the  surface  of  two 
adjacent  groins  in  a  vault. 

sec-u-lar,  *sec-n-ler,  '  sec   u  lore, 
a.  &  s.     [O.  Fr.  seevlier  (Fr.  tecvlaire),  from 
Lat.   «ECttiari$=  secular,  worldly,  belonging 
to  the  age  ;  sceculum  =  a  generation,  an  age  ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  secular;  Ital.  secolare,] 
A*  As  adjective  : 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  present  world  or  to 
things  not  spiritual  or  sacred  ;  pertaining  or 
relating  to  things  connected  with  the  present 
life  only  ;  dissociated  from  religion  or  rt-li- 
gious  teaching;  not  devoted  to  religious  or 
sacred  use  or  purposes  ;  worldly,  temporal, 
profane. 

"  Men  of  a  tecvlar  life  and  conversation  arc  nnerallr 
•o  eu  kinged  In  the  business  and  affkira  of  tins  world, 
that  they  very  rarely  acquire  skill  enough  in  religion 
to  conduct  themselves  safely  to  heaven."—  Scott: 
Chritttan  Lift,  pt  i.,  ch.  tv..  p.  «. 


feto,  f&t,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  hfe.  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go. 
or,  wore,  w»H  work,  who,  son ;  mate.  oub.  care,  ijnite,  our,  rale.  All;  try,  Syrian.    »,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qn  =  kw. 


"  I  Oceurnng  or  observed  mice  in  an  age 
or  century,  or  at  long  intervals  :  as,  secular 
games  (q.v.). 

3  Extending  over,  occurring  in,  or  accom- 
plished ilurijg  a  very  long  period  of  time  :  as 
the  xad,,r  taeqaallty  iu  the  motion  of  a 
heavenly  b,idy,  the  secular  refrigeration  of 
the  globe. 

«4.  Living  for  an  age  or  ages.    (Milton.) 


roll 

toth -          .         . 

regular  :  as,  secular  clergy. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  One  who  is  not  in  holy  orders ;  a  lay- 

^ieW^ilS1  a^ittv^ScS  o, 
rnSZri  "_»o«..,»  .  UUdle  Aget,  ch.  vu. 

2.  A   secular  prieat ;   an   ecclesiastic   not 
bound  by  monastic  vows  or  rules. 

3.  A  church  official,  whose  duties  are  con- 
fined to  the  vocal  department  of  the  choir. 

secular-games,  s.  pi 

Roman  Antiq. :  Games  celebrated  for  the 
safety  of  the  empire.  Horace  wrote  his  Car- 
wn  StaOan  when  they  were  about  to  be  held 
in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  A.LI.  17. 

secular-poem,  s.  A  poem  recited  at  the 
nenUr  games  (q.v.). 

..poem  ol  Horace  was  composed 
ntwtt.'    AMiq.  Rome,  pt.  II.. 


"The  famous 
tor  this  laT 
bk.  v..  ch.  vii. 


secularism— security 

sec'-u-lar-ness,  s.  [Eng.  «c«!«r; -nets.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  secular;  secularity, 
worldly-niindedness. 

"  Thei  alxuslw  not  a  whit  the  .ecularneu."— flia<<>!W> 
tMmSi a  Uemlemaii  and  a,  //mounrfman,  p.  14J. 

•sec'  u-ler,  a.  &s.    [SECULAR.] 

se-cund,  a.     [Lat.  secundus  =  following  in 

time  or  oilier.] 
Bot.  (Of  flowers,  &c.) :  Arranged  all  on  one 

side  of  the  rachis  ;  unilateral. 
»  se-cun'-date,  r.f.    [Lat.  secuiuMus,  pa.  par. 

of    seclinda,    from    secuwtus  =  second    .    .    . 

prosperous.]  To  make  prosperous ;  to  prosper. 

•se  cun-da-tlon,  •-  [SECUNDATE.]  Pro- 
sperity. 

SS-cun'-di-ans,  s.  pi.    (See  def.] 

Church  Hist. :  A  Gnostic  sect  in  the  second 
century,  founded  by  Secundus,   one  of  t 
principal    followers   of   Valentinus.      He    i 
believed  to  have  maintained  that  there  were 
two  antagonistic  first  causes,  light  and  dark- 
ness or  a'  prince  of  good  and  a  prince  of  evil. 
These   views   were   probably   derived    from 
Zoroastrianism  (q.v.). 

se-cun'-dlne,  ».  [Fr.  secundine,  from  Lat 
secundai  (partes),  inferior  parts,  secundus  = 
second.] 

1  Anal.  •  The  several  coats  or  membranes 
in  which  the  foetus  is  wrapped  up  :  th«  after- 
birth. (Often  in  the  plural.) 


•go'-u  lar-ism,  s.    [Eng.  jecufar  ;  -ism.] 

Hist.  ':  The  name  given,  about  1846,  by  Mr. 
George  Jacob  Holyoake  to  an  ethical  system 
founded  on  natural  morality. 

"  «—  ularitm  Is  that  which  seeks  the  development 


nat  ,ral  u  orallty  .".art  from  Atheism.  Thei.in,  o 


•  the  immediate  duty 
tes  th*  practical  sufficiency  of 
t  from  Atheism.  Theism,  or  the 
Sibie-.'nTcT'iVc'u'-  its  method  of  procedure  the 

by  reion  aud  ennoble  it  by  service."-0.  J.  Bolfoat, . 
/Vim-vis.  ,>/SecWurum(ed.  18591,  p.  17. 

Moreover  Secularism  claimsfor  itsadherents 
four  distinct  rights : 

1  The  right  to  think  for  one's  sell,  which  meet 
^Thrr'shr^'dnVeJ.'lS'bout  whicn'  th.  right  to 

"i"  Wie'riSS  »«rt  difference  of  opinion,  without 
which  the  light  to  differ  Is  ot  no  practical  use. 

t.   I'be  riiiht  to  debate  all  vital   opinion,  without 
which  there  Is  no  Intellectual  equafity-no  defence 
agniu.t  tbe  errors  of  th.  State  or  the  pulpit, 
On  this  basis  the  National  Secular  Society 
was  foun.ied  in  1806,  and  had  on  Dec.  31, 1880, 
a  membership  of  14,830. 
0ec'-u-lar-ist,  a.  &  s.    [Eng.  secular;  -ist.] 
A!  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Secularism 

'•'  V-etttarist  union  Implies  the  concerted  action  of 
.11  wlStelU,..  It  right  to  promote  .the  secular  good  o 
this  life."— &.  J.  HullfOaJte :  Principle*  of  StclUarain 
(ed.  UUI°,  p.  20. 

B.  As  mtist. :  An  adherent  of  Secularism  ; 
one  who  accepts  a  system  of  ethics  based  on 
natural  morality. 

sSc-u-lar'-l-tSr,  ».  [Eng.  secutar;  -«y.] 
Supreme  attention  to  the  affairs  of  this  life  ; 
worldliness,  secularism. 

"Security,  for  many  reasons,  the  weakness  ol  our 
church."— tfp-  WUtorlorct,  iu  /.*/«,  1. 148. 

•eo-u-lar-i-za'-tlon,  a.  [Eng.  secularise) ; 
-oiion  ]'  Tlie  act  of  secularizing  ;  the  act  of 
rendering  secular  ;  the  state  of  being  rendered 
secular  ;  the  act  of  converting  from  religious 
or  sacred  to  secular  or  lay  possession,  use,  or 
purposes;  as,  the  secularization  of  church 
property. 

•ec'-u-lar-ize,  seo'-u-lar-ise,  v.t.  [Eng. 
secular;  -ize.\ 

L  To  make  or  render  worldly  or  nnspiritual. 
"  But  let  the  younger  clergy,  more  especially,  beware 
ho. ™h«y "becorn.  *-c«lar.«el<  in  th*  general  cut  and 
fashion  ol  tbelr  lives."— Bp.  Hartley:  Mrmora,  vol.  i., 
aer.  13. 

2.  To  make  secular  ;  to  convert  from  regu- 
lar or  monastic  to  secular  :  as,  To  secularize  a 
monk. 

3.  To  convert  from  religious  or  sacred  to 
secular  or  lay  possession,  use,  or  purpose. 

"The  work  of  tecularizing  the  hospitals  had  been 
•oooinpliahed  in  accordance  with  public  opinion  on 
the  subiect."— Obtereer,  Dec.  20.  1884. 

••eo'-u-lar-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  secular;  •!».]  In 
a  secular  or  worldly  manner. 


B*  (Of  an  embryo):  The  Interior  mem 
brane  immediately  surrounding  the  nucleus. 

se-oun-do-,  pref.  [Lat.  secundo  =  in  the 
second  place.]  (See  compound.) 

secnndo-geniture,  ».  The  right  of  In 
heritance  belonging  to  a  second  son;  the 
possessions  so  inherited. 

sS-cun'-dum  ar'-tem,  phr.  [Lat.]  Accord- 

ing  to  art  or  rule  ;  scientifically. 
se-ciir'-a-ble,  a.  (Eng.  tecur(e);  -aWe.)  Cap- 

able of  b'eing  secured. 

*  sS-our'-ance,  »-  [Eng.  temr(e);  -ana.} 
Assurance'  ;  making  certain. 

••  For  the  .ecuranc.  ot  Thy  Eesumotlon-'-flp.  Ball  : 
Worla.  Till.  3«. 

se-cure',  a.  [Lat.  ttcurus  =  free  from  care, 
from  se-  =  free  from,  and  euro,  =  care;  Sp.  & 
Port,  seguro;  Ital.  securo,  tieuro;  O.  Fr.  seur; 
Fr.  «2r.) 

1    Originally  subjective  ;  that  Is,  not  im- 
Dlvi 
reve 

the  , 

fear  or  apprehension  ;   undisturbed  by  fear, 
easy  in  mind. 

"  We  care  not  to  be  disturbed  or  awakened  from  our 

• 


*  2.  Careless  ;  over-confident. 

"They  were  umrt  where  they  ought  to  hare  been 
wary  aid  timorous  where  they  might  well  have  been 
'-  Hilt.  Eng-  =b.  "it 


ecure.-c.          .          -      . 

3  Confident,  relying,  depending.   (Followed 


by  of.) 


In  Lethe's  lake  soul,  long  oblivion  taste  ; 
0<  future  life  »»r.. 


4.  Certain,  sure.    (Followed  by  of.)  _  ^ 

"Secwre  of  nothing— but  to  lose  tlierace." 

Cawptr  :  Progreu  of  Error,  563. 

5  Free  from  or  not  exposed  to  danger ;  in 
a  state  of  safety  or  security ;  safe.    (Followed 
by  against  or  from,  and  formerly  also  by  of.) 

6  Such  as  may  or  can   be  depended  on  ; 
capable  of  resisting  assault  or  attack ;  safe, 
secured :  as,  The  house  is  secure. 

7.  In  safe  custody. 

"  In  iron  walls  they  deemed  me  not  «•""•«•" 

ShoJfetp. :  1  Bvnry  VI.,  i.  4. 

8.  Resolved,  determined.    (Dryden.) 

se  cure ,  v.t.    (SECURE,  a.] 

1  To  make  safe  or  secure ;  to  put  into  a 
state  of  safety  or  security  against  danger ;  to 
guard  effectually,  to  protect. 

"Thy  lather's  angel  and  thy  fstherloln.  _ 
To  keep  possession,  and  lenrn  the  line- 

Dryiifn :  Britannttt  Keaiviva,  4*. 

2.  To  make  fast  or  secure ;  to  fasten  :  as, 
To  secure  a  door. 


4177 

3   To  make  sure  or  certain  ;  to  put  beyond 
doubt  or  hazard  ;  to  assure,  to  insure. 

"  He  Mccura  himself  of  a  powerful  |!jj!«tift 
ing  an  iugeuuous  aud  laudable  deference  U)  nil 

4.  To  shut  up,  inclose,  or  confine  effectu- 
ally ;  to  guard  effectually  against  escape  ;  to 
seize  ami  coutinu  :  as,  To  secure  a  prisoner. 

5.  To  make  certain  of  payment  (as  by  » 
bond,  surety,    &c.);   to    warrant    or   insure 
against  loss  :  as,  To  secure  a  debt,  to  secure  a 
creditor. 

6.  To  obtain  ;    to  gain  possession    of  ;  to 
make  one's  self  master  of. 

"My  sire  secured  them  on  that  fated  day." 

Byron  :  JViJw*  *  Kuryalia. 

II  To  secure  arms  :  To  hold  a  rifle  or  musket 
with  the  muzzle  downwards,  and  t  lie  lock  well 
up  under  the  arm,  so  as  effectually  to  protect 
the  weapon  against  the  weather. 

*  s8-cure'-ful,  a.  [Bug.  secure  ;  -/«((')•]  Pro- 
"  M£jK£!.tSo£'r  ;  ma*  vii.  » 

-'-yf,  adv.    [Eng.  secure;  -ly.] 

1  In  a  secure  manner  ;  in  security  or  safety  ; 
safely,  without  danger  :  as,  To  travel  secure*. 

2  So  as  to  be    secure   against  danger  or 
violence:  as,  To  fasten  a  door  securely. 

3.  Without  fear  or  apprehension  ;  in  confi- 
dence of  safety. 

"Sf  ™rrt».  though  by  steps  but  rarely  trod, 
Mount*  from  Ulterior  belugs  up  to  God. 

Covrper:  Retirement,  11*. 

*4.  With  confidence  ;  confidently. 

"Whether  any  of  the  reasonings  are  inconsistent,  1 
^cJrileav.  to  the  Judgment  of  the  reader."-^(Mr- 
our*  d'udd.} 

*  se-oure'-ment,  «.      [Eng.  secure  ;  -mm*.! 

Security,  protection. 

"They  like  Judas,  desire  death  ;  Cain,  on  the  con. 
trary  grew  afraid  thereof,  aud  obtained  KcurerMitf 
from  it."—  Broamt:  fulgar  E  rrouri. 

*s5-Oure'-nSss,  s.    [Eng.  secure;  -ness.] 

1    The  quality  or  state  of  lieing  free  froro 

fear  or  apprehension  ;  a  feeling  of  security 

or  confidence. 
2.  Security,  safety. 

"  To  any  least  tccurvMit  in  your  ill." 

jj«aum.  *  I'M.  :  Bloody  UraOter,  U.  4. 

*  sS-oiir'-er,  «.    [Eng.  secure),  T.  ;  -tr.]    One 

who  or  that  which  secures. 
•e'-cur'-I-le'r,  s.    (SECURIFEBA.)    Any  indi- 

vidual of  the  Securifera  (q.v.). 
sec-n-rlT-er-a,  s.  pi.   [Lat.  securis  =  anaie, 

and'/ero  =  to  bear.] 
Entom.  :  Latreille's  name  for  a  section  of 

Terebrantia.    The  thorax  is  affixed  to  the  ab- 

domen by  its  whole  base,  not  simply  by  » 

narrow  point.      He  divided  them  into  Ten- 

thredineta  and  Urocerata. 

ae-ciir'-I-forni,  a.  (Lat.  securis  =  an  axe, 
ami^™«  =ffon«,  shape.]  Having  the  form 
or  shape  of  an  axe  or  hatchet. 

_x  mir-I-ne'-ea.  *•  [L*4-  sec--ris  =  an  axe, 
;°d^«Jo  =  to  deny,  to  refuse,  in  allusion  to 
the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

Bat  •  A  genus  of  Buxese.  The  fruit  of 
Seciirinega  Lmmpyrui,  a  large  shiub  or  small 
tree  growing  on  the  sub-Himalayas  is  eaten. 
The  wood  of  S.  obovata  is  made  into  agricul- 
tural implements. 

«e  ciir'-i-t^  s.  [Fr.  securite,  from  Lat.  securi- 
tat,  m  accuJ.  of  securitas,  from  sec.m.s  =  secure 
(q  v  );  8p.  seguridad;  Ital.  secunlo.] 

1  A  feeling  of  safety,  whether  founded  on 
fact  or  delusion  ;  freedom  from  frar  or  appre- 
hension ;  confidence  of  safety;  hen.-e,  care- 
lessness, over-confidence,  want  ol  caution; 
heedless'ness. 

••  He  means,  my  lord,  that  we  »re  too  rei..l«s. 
While  Bolingbroke.  thnmili  unr  «•<•«;•.(../. 
Grow,  strong  and  KreaU^b..,.,.;;..,,  ,,.  friend,. 

2.  Freedom  from  danger  or  risk  ;  safety. 

"For  your  «™rl/jf  from  any  treachery  (having  no 
hosfcwe  to  coimtervall  you|  take  luy  wol-d.  -.Wnelf  . 
Arcadia,  bk.  iii.  . 

3.  Certainty,  assurance,  confidence,  assnr 


.. 

4.  That  which  guards  or  secures;  a  defence, 
a  guard  ;  hence,  specifically— 

(1)  Something  siven  or  deposited  to  secual 
or  assure  the  fiilHlment  of  a  promise  o. 


;  peat,  561,1;  cat,  cell,  cKorus,  cnin,  Lncl,;  go  .em; 
-dan,    tlan  =  shaa.    -tlon,  -slon  =  (diun;  -tlon,  -sion  =  zhun. 


-tlous. 


417S 


sedan— sedition 


obligation;  the  observance  of  a  provision ;  th. 
repayment  of  a  debt  or  the  like ;  surety 
pledge. 

"In  our  time,  to  Invest  such  a  surplus,  at  somethiui 
more  than  three  per  cent,  on  the  best  security  tha 
hasever  U-ca  kuowu  lu  the  world,  is  the  work  of  a 

*  irity  for  costs  must  be  given  by  a 
plaintiff  residing  abroad;  security  for  gooi. 
behaviour  or  for  keeping  the  peace  > 
required  of  those  whu.su  previous  conduct  or 
nt  threats  show  tliat  such  a  restraint  i» 
needful. 

(-)  One  who  engages  himself  as  surety  for 
the  obligations  of  another;  one  who  Incomes 
surety  for  another. 

5.  An  evidence  of  debt  or  of  property :  as  a 
bond,  a  certificate  of  stock,  or  the  like. 

So  dan,  s.  [Named  from  Sedan,  a  town  in 
France,  N.B.  of  Paris.]  An  upright  convey 
ance  for  one  person,  much  in  vogue  during 


8BDAH  CHAIR. 


the  last  century.  Sedans  were  first  seen  it 
England  in  1581,  and  regularly  used  in  London 
in  1634.  It  was  usually  carried  by  two  men, 
by  means  of  a  pole  on  each  side. 

"  Ye  who.  borne  about 
In  chariot*  and  SMfans,  know  no  fatigue." 

CoK^er :  Ttut,  L  tU. 

sedan-chair,  «.    A  sedan. 

•4  date ,  a.  [Lat  sedotui,  pa.  par.  of  sedo  — 
to  settle,  causal  from  iedeo  =  to  sit ;  Ital. 
xtl'tto.]  Composed,  calm,  quiet,  serene,  tran- 
quil ;  unruffled  by  passion  ;  staid. 

**  A  youngster  at  achool.  more  trdtite  than  the  rait. 
Had  once  his  integrity  put  to  the  test." 

Ctmrper  .•  PUy  Poor  4/Honu. 

•C  d.ite'-l*.  ado,  (Eng.  sedate;  -ly.]  In  a 
sedate,  calm,  or  composed  manner ;  calmly. 

"  And  Lara  gazed  on  these  tedatelu  clad. 
Uis  brow  belled  him.  it  his  soul  VeTsad.- 

Byron ;  Lara,  i.  «L 

Be  date -ness, '.  [Eng.  tedate;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sedate ;  calmness  of 
mind  or  manner ;  composure,  tranquillity  ; 
freedom  from  agitation  or  disturbance  of  mind. 
"  To  preeerre  th.  coolness  and  ttdatmm  proper  to 
MBgoiu  or  learned  Inquiries."—  WaUrland:  Wortt, 

*  SO  da  tlon,  s.    [Lat.  sedatio,  from  serlatia, 
pa.  par.  of  sedo  =  to  settle.]    [SEDATE.]    The 
act  of  calming ;  the  state  of  being  calmed  or 
settled. 

"It  Is  not  any  Bled  ledatlon,  but  a  floating  mlM 
»ari«y  that  pleaselh.-— ftltliam:  JUsrfses.  85. 

i£d  a  tlve.  a.  *  «v  [Pr.  sidatSJ,  from  Lat 
tedatus;  Sp.  &  Ital.  tedatiw.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Tending  to  compose,  calm,  or 
tranquillize;  soothing;  specif.,  in  medicine, 
tending  to  allay  irritability  arid  irritation ; 
assuaging  pain. 

B.  A»   subst.:   A   medicine   which   allavs 
irritability  and  irritation,  and  which  assuages 
pain. 

J  Sedatives  are  divided,  according  to  the 
parts  on  which  they  act,  into  External  or 
L«>i-al  (as  hydrocyanic  acid,  belladonna,  and 
opium),  Spinal  (hemlock,  bromide  of  potas- 
sium). Stomachic  (dilute  hydrocyanic  acid 
ami  nitrate  of  silver),  and  Vascular  (ammonia 
alcohol). 

*  sede,  v.    [SEED,  •.) 

Be  de-fin  den   do,  ;>ftr.    (tat.] 

Law:  In  defending  himself;  the  plea  of  a 
person  charged  with  slaying  another  that  he 
committed  the  act  In  his  own  defence;  the 
plea  of  self-defence. 

*  M'-dent,  a.    [Lat.  sedmt,  pr.  par.  of  ttdeo  = 

to  sit)    Sitting,  inactive,  quiet 

••ed-Sn-tar'-I-a.i.pl.  [Neut  pLof  Lat.  ted- 
«Uaniu  = 


sod  en-taf-I-w,  s.  pi.     [Fern.   pL  of  Lat 

sedeiitarius  =  sedentary.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Dipneumones.  Spiders, 
with  the  ocelli  in  two  rows.  Theye« 
webs  for  the  capture  of  prey,  remaining  ii 
the  centre  or  at  the  side.  There  are  four 
families :  Thomisidse,  Tegenariida.Theridiidw 
and  Epeiridte. 

sed'-en  tar-I-ly,  ado.    [Eng.  sedentary;  -ly. 
lu  a  sedentary  manner. 

Bed    en-tar   i   ness,  s.     (Eng.  sedentary 

• .  J    The  quality  or  state  of  being  sedeii 
tary  ;  inaction. 

"  Paleness,  which  may  be  Imputed  to  their  Kirn 

want  of    motion. S—L.  Additon:    We* 

aarbary  (16711,  p.  Ill 

sed'-$n-tar-y,   *  sed  en-tar-ie,  a  &  i 

[Fr.  sedenlaire,  from   La;.  •.«,   from 

sedens,  pr.  par.  of  iedeo  =  to  sit ;  Sp.  &  Ital. 
sedentario.] 

A,  ^ls  adjective : 

1.  Accustomed  to  sit  much,  or  to  pass  mosl 
of  the  time  in  sitting. 

"  The  most  sedentary  and  least  enterprising  of  any." 
-Waterland:  irorto.  'ill.  .61 

2.  Requiring  much  sitting :  as,  a  sedentary 
occupation. 

3.  Passed  for  the  most  port  in  sitting. 

"  A  if'lentari/  life,  appropriate  to  all  students, 
crashes  the  bowels."— Harvey  :  On  CtrnKonpttons. 

*  4.  Caused  by  sitting  much. 

"  Length  of  years 
And  sedentary  numbness  craze  my  limbs." 

Milton:  Sanuon  jiouniaet,  STi. 

*  5.  Motionless,  inactive ;  not  moving. 

"  The  sedentary  earth  .  .  .  attains 
Her  end  without  least  motion." 

Jlikon :  P.l.,ria.a. 

B,  As  substantive  : 

Zool.:  Any  spider  of  the  Sedentarite (q.v.). 

*  sedentary-annelids,  s.  pi. 

ZooL :  The  Sedentaria  of  Latreill*.    [TUBI- 

COLOU8- ANNELIDS.] 

se-der'-unt,  s.  [Prop,  the  third  pers.  pL 
pert  indie,  of  setieo  =  to  sit,  and  lie.  =  they 
sat]  A  term  employed  chiefly  in  minutes  of 
the  sittings  of  courts,  to  indicate  that  such 
and  snch  members  were  present  at  the  sitting. 
Thus,  sederunt  A,  B,  C,  D,  Ice.,  signifies  that 
A,  13,  C,  D,  oic.,  were  present,  and  composed 
the  meeting.  Hence,  it  is  extended  to  mean 
a  sitting  or  meeting  of  a  court,  and  in  a  still 
more  extended  sense,  a  more  or  less  formal 
meeting  or  sitting  of  any  association,  society, 
company,  or  body  of  men. 

"  An  association  met  at  the  Baron  d'HoIbach's  • 
there  had  iu  blue  li«ht  irderunti.  and  published 
transactions.  —Carlyie:  Ettnyt;  Diderot. 

1  Acti  of  sederuiu :  [ACT,  «.,  B.  (bX  3.  (8)]. 

sedge,  *  segge,  s.  [A.8.  secg;  Low.  Ger. 
segge;  Sw.  S;  Gael.  sie*g;  Wei.  hesg.  Skeat 
considers  it  to  be  from  the  Teutonic  base,  sea 
=  to  cut]  [SEO.J 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  Generally  in  the  sense  IL  S, 
out  sometimes  more  vaguely. 

"Their  horse  at  chariot*  fed, 

°°  P0!1?1'  PMly.  aud  ou  ledge,  that  In  the  fens  It 
wed-  Chapman  :  Homer ;  ntad  U. 

IL  Botany: 

1.  The  genus  Carer  (q.v.) ;  also  Cladium. 

2.  (PI.) :  The  Cyperacete  (q.T.X, 
t  sedge-bird,  >. 

Ornith. :  The  Sedge-warbler  (q.T.X 

...""['S'!'  TSu3Val"1  '»rio"«  aqnaUc  Insects  form 
that" in  auUnnn  It'wuT^a*"*''  *""  N"um""'.1  1Mt's 
hrit.  Birds  (ed.  4th|.  i.  379.  '  Ties.—  a  I. 

sedge-warbler,  t. 

Ornith. :  Acrocephalia  tdutnobomiu,  a  sum- 
mer visitor  to  England,  arriving  in  April  and 
departing  in  September.  Its  total  length  is 
rather  less  than  five  inches ;  tail  compara- 
tively short;  upper  surface  rufous-brown, 
clouded  with  a  darker  shade;  breast  belly, 
and  lower  tail-coverts  pale  buff.  The  eggs  are 
nve  or  six  in  number,  pale  yellowish-brown, 
generally  clouded  with  a  darker  shade,  and 
the  young  are  hatched  about  the  end  of  May. 
"  The  cock  Myt^nrt'er  may  be  heard  throughout 
the  day.  and  frequently  during  a  summer's  night. 
Imitating  the  notes  of  various  lirds  In  a  «imewW 
eonnsed  and  hurried  manner."—  famtt  •  Brit  Btrdt 
(ed.  4th),  t  477. 

sedged,  a.    [Eng.  tcatfe);  -•*.]    Made  or 
composed  of  sedges. 

"With  yo«  serfped  crowns  and  ever.hannless  looks.  • 
.•  TempeM.  iv.  1. 


sSdif-y,  -sedg-le,  *  siedg  le,  a.     [Eng, 
sedg(e)  ;  -y.\     Overgrown  with  sedges. 
"  Ou  the  gentle  Severn's  Kdffy  bank.* 

Saofaij,.     1  Henry  IT.,  L  «. 

«  so-dlg  -I-tat-ed,  o.    [Lat.  xtliijitvs.  from 
sex=  six,  and  iii>jUii3  =  a  finger.]    Having  six 
rs  on  one  or  both  hands. 

se-dii-I-a,  .«.  pi.  [Lat,  pi.  of  sedile  =  a  seat ; 
sedeo  =  to  sit.] 

Arch.  :  Originally  the  rows  of  seats  in  a  Ro- 
man aniphi- 
theatre. 
Now  a  p  - 
plied  to  the 
stone  seats 
on  th' 

"f  the 
altar  in 
Catholic 
churches ; 
used  by  the 
priest,  dea- 
c  o  n,  and 
sub  -  deacon 
in  the  inter- 
vals of  the 
church  ser- 
vice. In  ca- 
thedrals a 
row  of  such  seats  is  provided  for  the  clergy, 
and  they  are  occasionally  canopied  and  en- 
riched with  sculpture. 

sed'-I-mcnt,  «.  [Fr.,  fiom  Lat.  sediment-urn 
=  a  settling,  subsidence,  from  sedeo  =  to  sit, 
to  settle  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  sediniento.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  matter  which  subside* 
or  settles  to  the  bottom  of  water  or  any  other 
liquor;  lees,  dregs,  settlings. 

"  A  sort  of  water  .  .  .  with  a  yellow  ittliment  at  tb« 
bottom."— Coot.-  Third  Voyage,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  viii. 

2.  Geol. :   Earthy  or  other  matter  which. 
afler  having  for  a  time  been  suspended  or  held 
in  solution   in  water,  is   deposited   at    the 
bottom.    It  is  produced  wherever  there  it) 
water  in  motion,  and  the  strata  which  it  calls 
into  existence  may  consequently  be  lacus- 
trine, fluviatile,  or  marine.     It  often  alters  its 
area  of  deposition  :  thus,  if  a  lake  which  inter- 
cepted it  be  filled  up,  it  mny  pass  along  a  river 
traversing  that  lake,  and  be  deposited  many 
miles  away  in  the  sea.    Volcanic  movements 
altering  the   levels   of  a   country  affect   it 
greatly.    It  is  of  the  same   colour  as   the 
materials  from  which  it  was  derived,  if  these 
are    homogeneous.      It   is    perpetually    de- 
posited through  the  globe  on  a  colossal  scale, 
and  has  in  process  of  ages  created  the  sedi- 
mentary rocks.    The  International  Geological 
Congress  (1881)  recommended  the  following 
terms  for  describing  sedimentary  strata :  a 
group  requiring  an  era,  a  system  requiring  a 
jwiai,  a  series  requiring  an  epoch,  and  a  stagt 
requiring  an  age  for  its  deposition.    A  stage  is 
divided  into  beds,  for  which  a  corresponding 
chronological  term  has  not  yet   been  fixed. 
On  this  plan  one  would  speak  of  the  Second- 
ary or  Mezozoic  group  and  era,  the  Oolitic  sys- 
tem and  period,  the  Upper  Oolite  series  and 
epoch,  and  the  Middle  Purbeck  stage  and  age. 

Scd-I-ment  ar-y,  a.  [Fr.  sldimentaire.] 
Containing  or  consisting  of  sediment ;  formed 
by  sediment. 

sedimentary  rocks,  strata,  forma- 
tions, or  series,  s.  i<l 

Geol. :  Rocks,  strata,  or  formations  laid 
down  as  sediments  from  water,  Aqueous 
rocks  (q.v.).  Some  are  argillaceous,  some 
arenaceous,  and  some  calcareous.  [Fossu> 

IFEBOUS.] 

t  sed  i  raen-ta'  tion,  «.    [Mod.  Lat  seat- 
mtntalw.]    [SEDIHEST.] 
Geol. :  Deposition  of  sediment. 
"  Upon  this  view  a  formation  like  the  Lias  ls  on* 
formed  by  a  process  of  very  slow  and  intwmittens 
•alimentation.  —Xickolion  :  Ptfaont.,  L  85. 

so  di'-tion,  •  sc  di  ci  oun.  *  se-du-ol- 
oun,  «.  [Fr.  sedition,  from  Lat.  seditionem, 
accus.  of  seditio  =  dissension,  sedition  ;  lit.= 
a  going  apart,  from  «-,  sed-  =  apart,  and  ttum, 
sup.  of  eo  =  to  go.]  A  factious  rising  or  com- 
motion in  a  state,  not  amounting  to  insurrec- 
tion ;  the  stirring  up  or  fomenting  of  such  a 
commotion ;  the  stirring  up  or  fomenting  of 
discontent  against  government,  and  disturb- 
ance of  public  tranquillity,  as  by  inflamma- 
tory speeches  or  writings  ;  acts  or  language 
exciting  to  a  breach  of  the  public  peace ;  ex- 
citement of  resistance  to  lawful  authority. 


at.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine-  go   pot. 
or.  wo«,.  w9lf.  work,  who,  son;  mute,  oub.  cure,  nnite.  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    «,..  =  .,;  ey  =  .;  qn  =  i^ 


4179 


Sedition  comprises  such  offences  of  this  class 
afdo  not  amount  to  treason,  beiug  without  the 
overt  acts  which  are  essential  to  the  latter. 
Thus  there  are  seditious  meetings  sedition 
libels  &c  as  well  as  direct  and  indirect  acts 
amomitlng  to  sedition;  all  of  which  are  mis- 
demeanours, and  punishable  as  such  by  flue 
and  Imprisonment. 

"And  h,  relied  unto  them  him  *J*'  ^•g""'" 
«nd  murder  was  cast  into  pruon.  —Luke 

•  se-di  -tlon-i|.r-y.  a.    [Eng.  sedition;  -ary.] 
An  inciter  or  promoter  of  sedition. 

"Bambt™,  WM  »  thief,  murderer.  KdUK>«ar».  - 
BUhvp  Ball  :  SeJert  ThaafMi.  i  a. 


tion  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  tedicioto  ;  Ital.  sedtzioso.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  sedi- 
tion ;  tending  to  excite  sedition. 

"T  dull  HOW  move  .  .  .  tbata  Bill  be  brought  In  to 
raiiSrlSSfcSflodrtta  and  KdillM,  practices.  - 
Pitt  :  Speech,  April  19,  1799. 

2.  Exciting  or  promoting  sedition;  guilty 
of  sedition. 


"  The  funeral  oration,  In  which  heclassed  ~-~—-~ 
monk  among  the  in»rtjr»."-SoM»«»» :  Tkt  Be., 
No.  J- 

•g-dl'-tlons-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  seditious;  -ly.] 
In  a  seditions  manner ;  with  factious  or  tu- 
multuous opposition  to  government  or  law. 

"  If  anything  pass  In  a  religious  meetin?  fd'* 
»nd  cot*  r.iry  &  the  public  peace,  it  Is  to  be  pu 
— Locke:  On  Toleration. 

sS-dl  -tlous-ness,  s.    [Eng.  seditious; 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  seditious. 

•ed-raf,  s.    [Arab.] 

Muhammadan  Mythol. :  The  lotus  tree,  stand- 
ing on  the  righthand  side  of  the  invisible 
throne  of  All,  with  two  rivers  running  from 
its  roots  Its  boughs  extend  further  than  the 
distance  between  heaven  and  earth,  number- 
less birds  singing  among  them,  and  countless 
angels  resting  beneath  their  shade  and  a 
houri  being  enclosed  in  each  seed  of  the  fruit. 
(Cf.  Rev.  xxii.) 

•tS-duce',  v.t.    [Lat.  seduco  =  to  lead  or  draw 
•part :  se-  —  apart,  and  duco  =  to  lead.] 

1  To  draw  aside  or  entice  away  from  the 
paths  of  rectitude  and  duty,  as  by  bribes,  pro- 
mises, or  the  like  ;  to  lead  astray;  to  corrupt; 
to  tempt  and  lead  to  wrong. 

"He  no  longer  deepalred  of  being  able  to  uduc, 
Mouuiouth."-Jfaca^«J/ :  Bitt.  Km.,  eh.  V. 

2.  Specif.:  To  entice  to  a  surrender  of 
chastity. 

•se-duce'-a-ble,  *  se-dU9'-I-l>le,  o.  [Eng. 
se,;«*  '  -able.}     Capable  of  being  seduced  or 
led  astray ;  corruptible  ;  liable  to  seduction. 
"  Affording  a  hint  of  sin  unto  •eauceaWe  spirltl"- 
:  Vulgar  Brroun,  bk.  viU  ch.  xix. 


*  •S-dU9e'-ment,  s.    [Eng.  seduce  ;  -mmt.] 
1   The  act  of  seducing  ;  seduction. 
«T1.  true,  'twas  a  weak  part  In  Eve  to  yield  to  th. 
ttduremeru  of  Satan."—  Uowell  :  Later*,  bk.  li..  let.  u 
2.  The  act  or  means  used  in  order  to  seduce 
as  flattery,  falsehood,  bribes,  or  the  like. 

"  Her  hero's  dangers  touched  the  pitying  power, 
Th"  nvmph's  .To.uc.meM,.  and  fhe  ubowe 


•S-dU9'-er,  s.    [Bng.  seduce)  ;  -er.} 

1    One  who  seduces  ;  one  who  entices  o 
draws  another  aside  from  the  path  of  recti- 
tude or  duty  ;  specif.,  one  who  by  flattery, 
promises,  bribes,  or  other  means,  persuades 
•  female  to  surrender  her  chastity. 


"Grant  it  me.  0  king  ;  otherwise  »  .«duc^  flourishes, 
and  a  poor  maid  is  umJone/'-Stataw.  •  <<«  «  ""»•  "•  *• 

2.  That  which  seduces,  leads  astray,  or  en- 
tices to  wrong. 


. 

••Our  thought,  too.  as  well  as  our  passions  an4«W- 
tltes  are  great  KrfustM.  —  uvpm  •  i«™x»".  **  >•• 
nr.  n. 

•  •e-du9'-I-Me,  a.    [SEDUCEABLE.] 
•S-du9'-ing,  pr.  pa*-  °r  °-    [SEDUCE.]    Be- 

dUCtive'  "Wh.t  heart  of  man 

b  proof  against  thy  ..<»t  -££,*£•£  ^ 

•e  du9'-Ing-ly,  odu.  [Eng.  seducing;  -ly.] 
In  a  seductive  manner  ;  seductively. 

*  «8-dU9'-»ve,  o.  [Eng.  sedwtf);  -iw.]  Se- 
ductive. 

•S-duc'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  seductionem, 
aecns.  of  seductio  =  a  leading  aside,  from 
uductiis,  pa.  par.  of  seduco  =  to  seduce  (q.v.)  ; 
;  Ital.  aediaionc.} 


••  Not  a  direction,  but  a  ..duetto*  to  a  simple  man." 
—  Waterland:  ITorla,  1».  SIS. 

2  S«ci/l :  The  act  or  crime  of  persuading 
a  female,  by  flattery,  bribes,  or  other  means, 
to  surrender  her  chastity. 

«  If  a  frirl  too  old  to  be  protected  by  tho 
Criminal  taw  be  seduced,  a  parent  ur  en,|.loyer 

can    bring    an    action    really    for  Mdncti 

t  oiiKh  by  a  legal  fiction  what  he  claims 
is  damages  for  the  loss  of  the  girl's  services  m 
household  duties. 

se-duc'-tlve,  o.  [Lat.  seduct(us)  pa.  par.  ol 
SKluai  =  to  seduce  (q.v.) ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -i«.) 
Tending  to  seduce  or  lead  astray  ;  enticing  or 
seducing  to  evil  or  wrong;  attracting  by 
flattering  appearances. 

"Go.  splendid  sycophant  t  no  more 
Display  thy  soft  «edurti»e  arw. 

Lanyhome :  Sun  flower  t  the  Ivy. 

sg-duo'-tlve-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  seductive;  -ly.} 

In  a  seductive  manner, 
t  se  dtic'-tress,  s.  [Lat.  seductor  =  a  seducer ; 

Eng.  suff.  -rets.]    A  female  seducer;  a  te.nale 

who  seduces. 
se-du'-ll-ty,  •  se-du  li-tie,  s.     [Fr  s«lu- 

UH  from  Lat.  tedalUatem,  accus.  of  »•" 

from  tedulus=  sedulous  (q.v.)  ;  Ital.  «Ju(K,i.] 

Th™  quality    or   state    of    being    .sedulous; 

diligent  and  assiduous  application  ;  industry  ; 

constant  attention  ;  diligent  assiduity. 

"Term.  ""P1?1*!,"™*  Yt;i"'i'./,'..r>UiCO°t6""<"' 

sSd'-u-lous,  a.  [Lat.  sedulus,  »  word  o 
doubtful  origin,  but  prob.  connected  with 
Kdea=\o  sit.]  Assiduous  and  diligent  n 
implication  or  pursuit ;  constant,  steady,  an, 
Tierwveriuz  in  business  or  in  endeavours  ti 
S  an  object;  industrious,  diligent,  labor 

'OU3'          "The  Briton,  squeeze  the  works 

Of  Hdulou,  bees.-  n»if  •'  <*<""•  "• 

s6d'-u-louB-ly,  adv.  [Bug.  sedulous;  -ly. 
In  a  sedulous  manner;  with  sedulity  o 
assiduity  ;  with  constant  and  steady  appliea 
tion;  assiduously,  industriously,  painfully. 

"  Stdulouiln  taught  and  propagated  It"—  ITarturUn  i 
Occat.  aejtectiont.  i  6. 

*  sed'-u-lofis-nSss,  s.  [Eng.  sedulous;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sedulous; 
assiduity  sedulity;  constant  and  steady  ap- 
plication ;  industry  ;  steady  diligence. 

m.n»rMl  tedi^autn/'it  gave  her  an  under- 
,ta,S"gS^veherageand  .«."-&>»ie .'  Wort., 
IL315. 

se-dtim,  ».  [From  Lat  seats  =  0.  seat,  or 
«<fc<r=to  sit,  from  the  sort  of  places  where 
the  species  grow.) 

Bat. :    Stonecrop    or  Orpine;   a   genus   ol 
Crassuieae.    Succulent  herbs,  generally  with 
cymose  flowers.      Calyx  four,   to  six-lobed ; 
pitals   four   to   six,  generally  five,  pc  ent 
stamens  eight  to  ten,  usually  ten  ;   follicles 
with    many,    more    rarely    with    few    seeds 
Known  species  120.  chiefly  from  the  North 
Temperate  and  Arctic  Zones,  especially  m  the 
old    world.      Among    them    are,    Sedum    Bho- 
diola,  formerly  Rlwtiola  rotta,  the  Eosewort, 
S.    Telephium,   the  Orpine   or    Live-long,   S. 
mllosum.  the  Hairy  Stonecrop,  6.  album  the 
White  Stonecrop,  S.  acre    the  Biting  Stone- 
crop  or  Wallpepper,  and  S.  rupestre   St.  Vin- 
cent's Eock  Stonecrop,   S.    dusyphyllum,  S. 
Kxangulare,  S.  refUxum,  S.  tectorum,  S.  Cemai, 
and  S    stellatum.     The  most  common  of  the 
wild  species  is  S.  am,  which  has  golden  yellow 
flowers,  and  is  found  on  rocks,  walls  and  sand  y 
places  near  the  sea,  and  even  on  the  thate.hed 
roofs  of  cottages.      It  is  acrid,   rul*facient, 
emetic,  and  purgative.     S.  ockroleucum,   de- 
scribed by   Dioscorides,  is  a  refngerant,  i. 
Telephium,  a  refrigerant  and  an  astringent. 

•seed),  s.    [SEA.] 

nee  (2)    *  no,   '  sea, ».     [O.  Fr.  ted,  se  =  * 
seat,  a  see,  from  Lat.  sedtm,  accus.  of  teda  = 
a  seat,  from  sedeo  =  to  sit.)    [SEAT,  s.J 
*!.  A  seat. 

"  And  un  Jle  harpers  with  her  glee. 
Sate  under  he,,,  in  divenjle-1. 

Chaucer :  Hou*e  of  Fame.  m. 

*  2   The  seat  of  regal  authority ;  a  throne. 
"  Nor  that,  which  that  .tajjcinj ;  of  Jurt.  framed 
With  eudlesse  cost  to 


3  The  authority  of  the  pope  ;   the  papal 
court  :  as,  To  appeal  to  the  i'w  of  Home. 

4  The  seat  of  episcopal  power  ;  the  diocesn 
or  jurisdiction  of  a  bishop  or  archbishop. 

"  You  my  lord  archbishop,         B 
Who*,  «.  i.  b,  a  civile  ?$*?£  ,T.  ,. 

see,  *se,  "seen,  «sen  (pa.  t;  *  «<«^, 
*  snuh,  stiw,  *  suy,  *  aelgh,  "  xy,  '  «9".  !*• 
mr.  •  seie,  '  seghtn,  •  scim,  *  win,  '  sen,  seen), 
v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  scon,  sio..  (pa.  t.  smh,  pi. 
sdwm,  S'tgm,  pa.  par.  gesegrn,  futmm)  ;  cogn. 
with  Out.  zien  (pa.  t.  lag,  i«.  par  gtaien.), 
Icel.  sjd  (pa.  t.  set,  pa.  par.  stim);  Dan.  m, 
Sw  It:  Ooth.  saihimn  (pa.  t.  xihii;  pi.  sekwtem, 
pa.  par.  «i*imiu)  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  senati,  sehm.l 

A.  Transitive: 

I   To  perceive  or  observe  by  the  eye  ;  t 
hav'e  knowledge  or  perception  orthu  exigence 
and  apparent  qualities  of  by  the  organs  cl 
sight  ;  to  behold. 

"  I  «.  brfore  m.  ««5££VSiSU  "-  «• 

*  2   To  regard,  to  look  after,  to  watch  over. 

"Quod  Pandaru,,  ' 


3  To  regard,  to  look  at,  to  take  care  of,  to 
attend  to,  to  give  attention  to. 

-Seem,  gelding  In  the  stable."-Sln»Mp.  :  1  "«»•* 

4  'TO  perceive  mentally;   to  form  a  con- 
cep'tion  or  idea  of:  to  observe,  to  distinguish, 
to  comprehend,  to  understand. 

••  Now  1  ue  youll  be  a  eourtler."-,S»<i*«p.  .•  Mtrr, 
Wimaf  Winder.  111.  i. 

5.  To  witness,  to   experience,  to   becom* 
acquainted  with. 

"  Wh«  I  have  «»  «oh  intercl^e  of  .tate^  ^ 

6   To  suffer,  to  feel,  to  experience. 
"  If  a  man  keep  my  saying,  he  .hail  never  «c  d»th. 
—John  viil.  51. 

7.  To  call  on  ;  to  visit  ;  to  pay  a  visit  to. 

"  Come,  Cases,  you  and  I  will  yet  ere  d»y 
M  Eru.u.  at  hUbou.*    .  ^^  ^^  ,_  ,, 

*  8.  To  have  intercourse  or  communication 
with';  to  meet  or  associate  with. 

••  The  main  of  them  may  be  reduced  tc  >  '"""M* 


ten,|«rs  and  c.ustoms.'-iojK. 

9.  To  escort,  to  attend  :  as,  To  see  a  ladj 
home.  (Colloq.) 

B.  Intransitive : 

1  To  have  the  power  of  perceiving  by  the 
proper  organs ;  to  have  the  power  or  faculty 
of  sight. 

-  Kitho  w-  <ssy.  ftjsyjfi*,  4sr. 

«  To  perceive  mentally ;  to  have  iutellec- 
tnni  Blubt  or  apprehension  ;  U)  discern,  to 
uUnde,sS!ud  (iVenUently  followed  by  fa* 
or  through  :  as,  To  tee  through  a  plan  or  trick.) 


Reid :  Inquiry,  cb.  vi.,  |  1. 

3  To  be  attentive;  to  pay  attention;  to 
attend  ;  to  take  heed  ;  to  observe. 

"  Let's  tee  further."        Shakeif. :  CynMUnt,  T.  t. 

4.  To  look  out ;  to  inquire.    (With  far.) 

"  Let's  j«/"rmenns.  ^        ^  ^ 

5.  To  eiamine,  to  Inquire,  to  consider,  to 

now  whether  pore  fear  and  entire  cowardice 
dotlf  not  ,n"ko  the,"  wrong :  this  v.rtuou.  g«itl^ 
wouuiu."-Sia*..p. :  a  Bmm  VI;  "•  «• 

6.  To  beware. 

"  Bet  tbou  do  It  not."— XafOatum  lit  10. 

H  1  Let  me  see,  Let  us  see:  Phrases  used  to 
express  consideration,  or  to  introduce  tin 
particular  consideration  of  a  subject. 

2    See  to  it :   Look  well  to  it ;  take  care, 


-  "  toe  » '«  well,  K-»«'  „,  1L  L 

3  To  see  about  a  thing :  To  pay  attention  to 
a  tiiin"  •  to  consider  a  thing ;  to  take  steps 
for  the 'accomplishment  or  execution  of  a 
thing. 

4.  To  see  to  : 
»  (1)  To  look  at,  to  behold. 

••  An  altar  by  Jordan,  a  great  altar  to  *•  to.  - 


4180 


seeable— seek 


call  the  attention  to  an  object  or  a  subject 
lo!  behold! 

"  Is  there  any  tiling  whereof  it  may  be  said.  See 
tfcis  anew  ?•-£<*(•«  i.  10. 

*  Bee  a  We,  a.  [Ens.  see,  v.  ;  -able.}  Capable 
of  It'ing  seen.  (Southey.) 

•ee  bach  ite,  «.  [After  Mr.  Seebach  ;  suff 
-tie  (.Vin.).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  originally  described  as 
hers'.:lielite  (q.v.),  but  made  a  new  species 
by  Bauer.  Crystals  like  those  of  herschelite 
Compos.  :  a  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina,  lime. 
and  soda.  Found  in  cavities  in  basalt  al 
Richmond,  near  Melbourne,  Australia. 

•co-bright  (gh  silent),  >.    [Eng.  see,  v.,  and 

briglu.    Named  from  its  supposed  effect  upon 

the  eyes.] 

Bat.  :  Salvia  Sclarea. 

•cod,  *  sede,  >.  [A.3.  sded;  cogn.  with  Dnt. 
load  ;  IceL  saedhv,  sddh  ;  Dan.  sad  ;  Sir. 
sad;  Ger.  saat.  From  the  same  root  as 


L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  Lit.  :  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  figuratively: 

(1)  The  fecundating  fluid  of  male  animals  ; 
•emeu,  sperm.    (In  this  sense  the  word  has 
DO  plural) 

(2)  That   from    which    anything   springs  ; 
original  ;  first  principle. 

"  To  BOW  the  teed*  of  a  revolution  in  the  Benmsula. 
—  Daily  dirontde,  Sept.  7.  1SSS. 

(S)  Principle  of  production. 

"  Praise  of  great  act*  he  scatters,  u  a  teed 
Which  may  the  like  in  coming  ages  breed." 

Wallace.    (Todd.) 

(4)  Progeny,  offspring,  descendants.  (Rare 
except  in  Scripture  and  religious  writings.) 

"  His  teed  shall  Inherit  the  earth.  -—Pealmt  XXT.  U. 

•  (5)  Race,  generation,  birth,  descent. 

"  Of  mortal  teed  the;  were  not  held, 
Which  other  mortal*  so  excell'd." 

Waller:  To  Zelinda,  ». 

IL  Bat.  at  Veg.  Physiol.  :  A  mature  ovule. 
As  a  rule,  it  remains  modelled  on  the  same 
plan,  though  minor  changes  may  be  produced 
by  the  suppression,  addition,  or  modification 
of  certain  parts.  The  side  of  a  seed  most 
nearly  parallel  with  the  axis  of  a  compound 
fruit,  or  with  the  ventral  suture  or  sutural  line 
of  a  simple  fruit,  is  called  ite  face  ;  the  oppo- 
•ide,  its  back.  When  a  seed  is  flattened 
lengthwise,  it  is  said  to  be  compressed  ;  when 
vertically,  it  is  depressed.  It  is  attached  to 
the  placenta  by  the  hilum  (q.v.)  or  umbilicus. 
The  opposite  point  is  its  apei  (q.v.).  The 
Integuments  of  a  seed  are  called  its  testa; 
the  rudiments  of  the  future  plant,  its  embryo, 
and  a  substance  often  interposed  between 
them,  albumen  (q.v.).  [CHALAZA,  KAPHE,  ARIL 
•COTYLEDON.]  Except  in  the  Oymnosperms, 
the  seeds  are  enclosed  in  a  pericarp,  often 
strong,  which  defends  them  from  cold  or  from 
Injury.  Withinacountry.aballoon-likepappus, 
liooks,  okc.,  can  disperse  seeds.  Most  of  thorn, 
however,  even  when  defended  by  their  peri- 
carps, cannot  be  long  in  salt  water  without 
being  injured  ;  still,  Darwin  calculated  that 
one-tenth  the  plants  of  a  flora  might  be  floated 
•cross  900  miles  of  sea,  and  after  all  germinate. 
They  could  be  taken  yet  farther  in  the 
gizzards  of  birds,  in  particles  of  earth  ad- 
hering to  their  feet,  or  among  soil  floated  on 
icebergs.  On  shore,  melon  seeds  have  been 
known  to  grow  when  forty-one  years  old, 
maize  when  thirty,  rye  when  forty,  the 
•ensitive  plant  when  sixty,  and  the  kidney 
bean  when  100.  The  old  story  about  seeds 
taken  from  a  mummy-case  germinating  is  not 
now  believed.  [MCMIIY-WHEAT.]  In  some 
countries  laws  hare  been  passed  against  the 
adulteration  of  seeds. 

Ths  beds  the  trusted  treasure  of  thlir'mds.- 

Coifper:  TO4t.iU.tU. 

1  To  run  to  teed  :  [Bus,  ».,  H  31.) 

seed-basket,  seed-carrier,  «.    A 

Basket  in  which  the  seed  to  be  sown  is  carried 
by  the  sower. 

seed-bed,  ».  A  plot  where  the  seed  is 
originally  grown,  and  from  which  the  young 
plaits  are  pricked  out 

seed-box,  «. 

Bot.  :  Ludwigia  aUernifolia  and  L.  hirteUa. 
seed  bud,!. 
Bot.  :  An  ovule. 


seed-cake,  «.    A  sweet  cake  containing 

aromatic  seeds. 

"  Remember,  wife. 

The  tfed^ake,  the  pastlw.  ami  furwenty  pot.' 
nuMr 

t  seed-coat,  s. 

Bot. :  The  integument  or  covering  of  a  seed. 
Used  chiefly  of  the  testa,  but  sometimes  o: 
the  aril. 

seed-cod, ».    A  seed-basket.    (Prov.) 

seed-cone,  s.  A  cone  containing  seed. 
(Not  a  botanical  term.) 

"  Gathered  letd^Mnri  of  the  pine-tree." 

Longfellow:  Sony  of  Biuvatha,  xvill 

seed-corn,  seed-grain,  s.  Corn  or 
grain  for  sowing. 

seed-crusher,  t.  An  instrument  for 
crushing  seed  for  the  purpose  of  expressing 
oil. 


seed-down,  s. 

seeds. 


The  down  on  vegetable 


seed-drill, ».   A  machine  for  sowing  seed 
in  rows. 

*  seed-field,  5.    A  field  for  raising  seed. 

seed-garden,  s.     A  garden  for  raising 
seed. 

seed-grain,  s.    [SEED-CORN.] 
seed  lac,  s.    [LAC.] 
seed-leaf;  seminal-leaf,  «. 

Bot. :  A  cotyledon.    Called  also  seed-lobe. 

seed-leap,   seed-lip,  seed-lop,  s. 

[A.S.  seed-leap,  from  s&d  =  seed,  and  Uap  =  & 
basket.]    The  same  as  SEED-BASKET  (q.v.) 

seed-lobe,  s.    [SEED-LEA.-.] 

seed-oil,  s.  Oil  expressed  from  various 
kinds  of  seeds. 

seed-pearl,  s.  A  small  pearl,  resembling, 
or  of  the  size  of  a  grain  or  seed. 

"  The  dissolution  of  teed  pearl  in  some  acid  men- 
struum. " — Boyle. 

seed-plat,  seed-plot,  ». 

1.  Lit. :  A  plot  or  piece  of  ground  on  which 
seeds  are  sown  to  raise  plants,  to  be  after- 
wards transplanted  ;  a  seed-bed. 

2.  Fig. :   The   place  where  the   seed,  or 
origin   of  anything,  is  sown  ;   the  starting- 
place  ;  the  hot-bed. 

"  Thon  feed-plot  of  the  warre." 
Ben  Jonton  :  Execration!  upon  Vulcan. 

•seed-sheet,  s.  The  sheet  containing 
the  seed  carried  by  the  sower. 

seed-time,  ».  The  proper  time  or  season 
for  sowing  seed. 

"While  the  earth  remaineth.  ued*ime  and  harvest 
•hall  not  c**K."—Genetu  viii.  a. 

seed-vessel,  s. 

Bot. :  The  vessel,  case,  hollow  box,  pericarp 
or  envelope  within  which  a  seed  is  contained. 
[FRUIT.] 

seed -wool,  *.  Cotton-wool  not  yet 
cleansed  of  its  seeds.  (Amer.) 

eed,  v.i.  &  (.    [SEED,  «.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  sow  seed. 

"In  the  north-western  territorial  ploughing  and 
feeding  have  commenced.11— Pall  Matt  eoMtte,  March 

2.  To  grow  to  maturity,  so  as  to  shed  seed  ; 
to  come  to  seed. 

"They  pick  np  all  the  old  roots,  except  what  they 
design  for  seed,  which  they  let  stand  to  teed  the  next 
year."—  Mortimer:  ffuloandry. 

*  3.  To  shed  the  seed. 

B.  Transitive: 

L  Lit. :  To  sow,  to  scatter,  u  seed. 

"There  were  three  different  modes  of  Medina  grain 
to  use  among  the  Romans  in  the  times  of  Varro  and 
Columella."— fntaU  :  Dia.  Mechanic!,  a.  v.  Seed. 

2.  FiQ. :  To  sprinkle  as  with  seed ,  to  cover 
or  ornament  with  something  thinly  scattered 
or  sprinkled  over,  as  seed. 

seed  fid,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [Ssn>,  «.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb) 

B.  As  adjective: 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Bearing    seed  ;    hence,   matured,   full- 
grown. 

"  The  vernal  blades  that  rise  with  teeded  stem 
UI  hue  purpureal." 

X'll-m  :  KnuHOt  garden,  bk.  U. 

2.  Sown,  sprinkled  with  seed. 


II.  Her. :  Represented   with  seeds  of  such 

atul  .such  a  colour,  (aaid  of  roses,  lilies,  &c., 
when  bearing  seeds  of  a  tincture  different  to 
the  dower  itself.) 

*seed'-er,  s.  [En^.  seed,  v. ;  -er.}  One  who 
or  that  which  sows  or  plants  seeds. 

•seed' -full,  o.  [Eng.  seed,  s. ;  -full.}  Full  of 
seed ;  pregnant. 

seed -I  ness,  s.  [Eng.  seedy;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  seedy  ;  sliabbiness, 
wretchedness. 

"Wi.it  is  caMfd  •  trrdineu,'  after  a  debauch,  U  • 
plain  proof  ttiat  Ulan  has  been  outraged,  and  wlH 
have  her  penalty."— Blackie  :  Self. Culture,  p.  74, 

*  seed  -let,  s.    [Eng.  seed,  s. ;  dimin.  suff.  -let.] 
A  small  plant  reared  from  seed  ;  a  seedling. 

"Slender-stalked,  capsuled  teedleti."— Century  Mm- 
ffeuint,  Dec.,  1878.  p.  4«9. 

seed' -ling,  o.  &  «.  [Eng.  seed;  dimin.  salt. 
•ling.l 

A.  As  adj. :  Produced  or  raised  from  the 

seed. 

"  O  that  some  ttfdlinff  gem  .  .  . 
Honoured  and  blessed  in  their  shadow  might  grow  1 " 
Scott :  Lady  of  Lake.  U.  SO. 

B,  As  svbst. :  A  plant  reared  from  the  seed, 
as   distinguished    from    one    propagated    bj 
layers,  buds,  &c. 

"  Prepare  also  matrasses,  boxee.  cases,  pots.  Ac.,  fol 
shelter  to  your  tender  plants  and  aMsWMM  newly 
sown,  if  the  weather  prove  very  bitter."— Evelyn 
Saltndarium ;  Not. 

*  seed -ness,  s.   [Eng.  seed ; -ness.}   Seed-time 

"  Blossoming  time 

That  from  the  trcdneu  the  bare  fallow  brings 
To  teeming  foyson." 

Ukakeip.  :  Jleaiure/or  tleature.  L  4. 

seeds/  man,  s.    [Eng.  seed,  s.,  and  man.] 
1.  One  who  deals  in  seeds. 
"  The  ordinary  farmer  .  .  .  cannot  afford  to  buy 
seed  at  first  hand  from  the  uedtman."—  Field,  Oct.  I, 


2.  One  who  sows  seeds ;  a  sower. 

"As  it  ebbs,  the  teedtman 
Upon  the  slime  and  ooze  scatters  his  grain." 

Shakeip. :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  U.  T. 

•seed  ster,  s.    [Eng.  seed,  s.;-ster.}  A  sower. 
SOed-y,  a.     [Eng.  seed;  -y.] 

L  Lit. :  Abounding  with  seeds  ;  having  run 
to  seed. 
IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Having  a  peculiar  flavour,  supposed  to 
be  derived  from  the  weeds  growing  among  the 
vines.    (Applied  to  French  brandy.) 

2.  Worn  out ;  shabby  and  poor-looking :  u, 
seedy  clothes. 

3.  Dressed  in  worn-out,  shabby  clothe*. 

"  A  seedy  raff  who  has  gone  twice  or  thrice  into  the 
gawtte."—  Thackeray:  rttvintaru.ch.lx. 

4.  Feeling  or  looking  wretched  and  miser- 
able, as  after  a  debauch.    (Slang.) 

"A  more  teedy  looking  set  .  .  .  could  scarcely  bt 
Imagined."— C.  if.  Scott :  Tke  Baltic,  Ac.,  ch.  i. 

seedy-toe,  9.     A  disease  of  the  feet  In 
horses. 

"  If  it  is  allowed  to  get  wet  and  is  neglected.  It  will 
try  any  horse  with  the  least  tendency  to  teedy-toe. 
thrush,  or  any  such  diseases  of  the  feef— field,  Jan. 
10,  UM. 

see' -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  «.,  ft  amj.    [S«E,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  6t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  ^s  subst. :  The  act,  state,  or  power  of 
perceiving  by  the  organs  of  sight;  sight 

D.  At  canj. :  Considering,  taking  into  ac- 
count ;  since,  because,  inasmuch  as. 

"  Seeing  gentl«  words  will  not  prevail,  assail  them 
with  the  army  of  the  king."— Snalteep.  :  3  Henry  VI., 

Seek,  Seke,  (pa.  t  sought  'souht,  pa.  par 
sought),  v.t.  &  i.  (A.8.  seam,  secean  (pa.  t 
sihte,  pa.  par.  gesoht);  cogn.  with  Dut.  zotken; 
Icel.  saekja  ;  Dan.  siige ;  Sw.  soha  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
siiohhan;  M.  H.  Ger.'tuochen;  Ger.  suchen.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  go  in  search  or  quest  of;  to  search 
for,  to  try  to  find,  to  look  for. 

"The  man  asked  him,  saying,  What  leetett  thont 
And  ha  said.  I  leek  my  brethren."— Oenetit  xxxvU. 

2.  To  try  to  obtain,  to  try  for ;  to  inquire 
for,  to  solicit. 

"  Others  tempting  him,  totwU  of  him  a  sign."- 
Luke  xi.  16. 

3.  To  aim  at  to  try  to  gain ;  to  pursue  tm 
an  object  or  end,  to  strive  after. 

"What  win  I,  U I  gain  the  thing  I  touohtl" 

SAaketp.  :  Kape  of  Lucrece,  SU. 


ftte,  fat.  fare,  amldrt,  what,  fall,  father;  w.,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire  sir  marine-  go  pot, 
*r.  wore.  W9U  work,  wad,  rtn;  mute,  cub,  oiiw.  unit*,  our.  rule.  ItUl;  try/Serial    ».T=  eTey^? qulkw^ 


4181 


;aw,         ejw**»*»~  «  -     „" 

•less.]  Unbecoming,  unseemly,  unfit, 


ecorou. 
••  Artegal  himself  her  •*$£** 


*  5.  la  go  to,  to  resort  to  ;  to  have  recourse 


t°'"  Mt  not  Bethel,  nor  enter  into  Gilgal."-^mo.  T.  c. 

1.  To  search  ;  to  make  search ;  to  endeavour 
to  find. 

••  Search,  tee*,  flnd  mt.--Shotetp. :  » 
*2.STo  strive,  to  aim ;  to  endeavour  after. 

••  The  sailors  touffM  tor  safety  Ijy  °™^.'a^  ^  ^ 

S.  To  use  solicitation  ;  to  solicit,  to  ask. 

••  See*  and  ye  shall  find.' -Mattheu  vli.  7. 

«  4.  To  search,  to  examine,  to  try. 
fi  To  endeavour,  to  try. 

"  They  .owM  to  lay  hands  upon  him."-***.  "I  «• 

•  6.  To  resort ;  to  have  recourse ;  to  apply. 

"  It  was  your  delight 


co<~,"'w1th "i'cel.  «OTia'=  to"  honour,  to  bear 
with'  to  conform  to  ;  scemr  =  becoming,  fit ; 
somu  =  to  beseem,  to  become.) 

A.  Intransitive : 

1  To  appear  like ;  to  present  the  appear- 
ance of  bring  ;  to  look  like  ;  to  be  in  appear- 
ance,  though  not  in  reality. 

••  Qod  stood  not.  though  he  •"JjJJ'J "^"^(^59. 

2.  To  appear;  to  be  seen  ;  to  show  one's 
self  or  itself.  (Shakesp. :  Hamlet,  in.  1.) 

«  3.  To  assume  an  appearance  or  air ;  to 
pretend. 


•HI.  To  be  to  seek: 

n)  To  be  at  a  loss ;  to  be  without  know- 
ledge, experience,  or  resources.         ^  ^  _ 

(2)  To  require  to  be  sought  for ;  to  be  want- 
ing or  desiderated. 

2.  To  seek  after:  To  make  pursuit;  to  en- 
dea'vour  to  take  or  gain. 

••  Violent  men  have  sow"  after  mr  ml.  -ftolm 
Ixxxvi.  14. 

seek-er, ».    [Eng.  seek;  -«r.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  One  who  seeks  ;  an  inquirer,  a  searcher. 

•  2.  One  who  makes  application ;  one  who 
resorts. 

H  Church  Hist. :  (See  extract).  ^  ^ 

Tr"?".^          \>_  ,i^,.;i.  .ml  th«  d&nined,  Mid  to  tti« 


(ed.  IBSI.  L  27 

•  mailc'-sfir-row.  s.  [Eng.  seek,  and  «orro».] 
"  e  who  co,™  ves  to  cause  himself  sorrow  or 
vexation  ;  a  self-tormentor. 

«  And  thou  «*»«-,  Klains^them  among.'^ 

)    *  oele,  *  Beele,  v.t.    [Fr.  siUer, 
=  tlfe  ey'elid;  Lat.  cilium  =  an  eye- 
lid, an  eyelash.] 

1   Lit  •  To  close  the  eyes  of  with  a  thread  ; 
1  term  'of  falconry,  it  being  a  common  prac- 

a 


, 
»ble  •  to  close,  to  shut. 


. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  close,  as  a  person's  eyes  ;  to 
blind,  to  hoodwink. 

"  To  teei  her  father's  •tgSg'JSSSte 

.eel  (2)  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  cf.  Low  Ger 
,SA  =  to  lead  off  water.]  To  lean  or  inclm 
to  one  side  ;  to  roll,  as  a  ship  in  a  storm. 

••  Whan  a  shlo  «efa  or  rowls  in  foul  weather,  th 
breaking  loose"?  ordnance  is  a  thing  Tery  dangerons. 


Veel  (1),  *  seele, «.  [SEEL  (2),  v.]  The  rollin 
of  a  ship  at  sea. 

"  And  all  aboard  at  every  teel, 
Like  drunkards  ,,n  the  Latches l  rede. 

Sandy*:  Parajthrcue  oftlte  rtmlms,  p.  lab 

•  seel  (2),  s.  [A.S.  sod  =  a  good  time  or  oppo 
tunity,  luck,  prosperity.]   Time,  opportumt 
season  ;  obsolete  except  as  the  second  elemen 
in  provincial  compounds  ;  as,  hay-serf  —  ha 
time,  wheat-seei  =  wheat-time,  &c. 

'  seel'-i-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  seely ;  -ly.}    Sillily. 

•  seel'-y,  a.    [A.S.  sceUa  =  lucky,  from  sod 
luck.)    [SEEL  (2),  s.] 

L  Lucky,  happy,  fortunate. 

••  Thy  teely  sheen  like  wM£3S!Jtr    Jut* 

1.  Simple,  innocent,  artless. 

"  To  holden  chat 
With  tpfl'f  sliepherd'a  awayne. 

£eS°  Shepbeard,  Calender;  Sub 

S.  Simple,  silly,  foolish. 


clause  as  nominative.) 

*  5.  To  beseem,  to  befit. 

"  Nought  teemeth  sike  strife." 
Spatter:  She pheardt  Calender  ;  Ha». 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  beseem,  to  befit. 

••  [She]  did  far  surpass 
Th.  beat  In  honest  mirth  that  "  " 


f  Seem    was   formerly  used  impersonally 
with  the  dative  case  of  a  personal  prononn^as 
meseems  =  it  appears  to  me  ;  him  seemea 
appeared  to  him,  &c. 

*  It  seems:  It  appears;  it  would  appear. 
Used  parenthetically— 

O)  Used  sarcastically  or  ironically  to  con- 
demn the  thing  mentioned,  and  as  equivalent 
to/orsoot*.  (Shakesp. :  Tempest,  l.  2.) 

(2)  It  appears ;  as  the  story  goes  ;  we  are 

"  A  prince  of  Italy, «  teemt.  •gtertained  his  mietres. 
upon  a  great  Mie.--Ad<U*m:  Vuarduin, 

seem,  s.     [SEAM.] 
seeme-lesse  (1),  o.    [SEAMLESS.] 
seeme-lesse  (2),  o.    [SE*MUsa.) 
seem  -er,  >.    [Eng.  teem,  v. ;  •«•.]    One  who 
iienw;  one  who  assumes  an  appearance  or 
makes  a  show  of  anything. 

"  Hence  shall  we  see, 


. 

•  seem'-lHied,  "  seem'-ly-hede,  s.    (Eng. 
seemly;  -hed,  -heile  =  hood.]  Seemliness  ;  seem- 
ly or  comely  appearance. 

••  A  young  man  full  of  Kcmlahedt' 

UnauMMlfl'tltolt,    '•>*»• 

•  seem'-li-ly,  ojlv.    [Eng.   seemly;  -ly.]     In 
a  seemly  manner  ;  decently,  comelily. 

seem  -li-ness,  "seeme-li-nesse.s.  [Eng. 
seemly  ;  -ness.  ] 

1  The  quality  or  state  of  being  seemly  ot 
becoming;  comeliness,  propriety,  decency, 
decorum. 

••  The  natural  lemlineu  of  one  action  and  unseem. 
line.,  o"  another."-/);-.  Bor*H  :   Sermon,,  voL  U, 
ser.  xxl. 
»  2.  Fair  or  specious  appearance. 

••  Strip  thou  their  meretricious  icemllnat.- 

p.  Fletcher  :  Purple  Itland,  vllL 

seem'  ly,  *  seem-lle,  *  seme-ly,  *  sem-11. 

a  &  adi:  [Icel.  scemiligr  =  seemly,  from  samr 
=  becoming,  from  sama  =  to  beseem,  to  befit, 
from  aamr—  same  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Becoming,  beseeming,  befitting  ; 
suited  to  the  object,  occasion,  purpose,  or 
character  ;  suitable,  decent,  proper. 

"The  hero  is  about  to  offer  sacrifice,  and  he  wuhei 
to  o**  it  up  in  peace,  clad  in  a  «.mJ»  robe  of  pui. 
white."—  Cox  :  Introd.  to  Hytkol.,  p.  WS. 

B.  As  adv.  (for  eeemlily):  In  a  becoming  or 
seemly  manner;  decently,  becomingly. 


seem  -trig,  pr.  par.,  a.,  adv.,  «J  s.    [SEEK,  «.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adjective: 

1   Appearing,  apparent ;  having  or  present- 
ingan  appeara°« >°r  semblance,  whether  real 


••eem'-ly-liede,  ».    [SEEMLIBBD.] 
seen,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [SEE,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  far.  :  (See  the  verb). 

•B.  A*  adj.:  Versed,  skilled.  (ALstlnim.) 

••  A  schoolmaster 
" 


seep,  f.i.    [SEIP,  SIPE.] 
•eop'-y,  a-     tEn8-  **P!  "*•'    °° 
drained.  '  (Scoldi  4  Amer.) 

se'-er,  seer  (1),  ••    [Eng-  «• v- :  •*r-1 
1.  One  who  sees ;  a  spectator. 


n°'  He  entMtalned  a  show,  so  rnnlfWlu. 

Skatap.  :  Rapt  of  tucrece.  1,514. 

•2.  Specious  or  plausible  in  appearance. 

..That  little  *-*fgSyf-**n  «•  >• 

11  3.  Becoming,  befitting,  proper. 


a 

2.  A    prophet;    one  who    foresees   future 
events. 

••  Enough  1  I  will  not  play  the  «««r  ; 


43.  As  adv. :   In  a    becoming  or  seemly 
manner ;  becomingly. 

••"•"  yo"rsc°r>^Tiw^  u.  T.  4. 

D.  As  substantive : 

1.  Appearance,  show,  semblance,  especially 
when  false  or  deceitful. 

••  She  that,  so  young,  could  give  out  such  a  teeming, 
To  .eel  her  fathers  eyes  ui>  close  a»  oak. 


•2.  Fair  appearance,. 


seer  (2),  ».  [Ser  in  various  Hindoo  languages  } 
A  weight  in  India,  formerly  varying  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  country,  but  by  an  Act  of  tt 
Anglo-Indian  Government  (Oct.  31,  1871),  the 
feel  was  adopted  as  the  primary  standard  of 
weight,  and  made  =  a  kilogramme. 

seer  (3),  «.    ISEIB.] 

seer,  o.    [SEAR,  o.] 

sebr  hand,    s.     [Etym.  doubtful.]     A  fl» 
nmslin  of  a  grade  between  nainsook  and  mulL 


*3.  Judgment,  opinion,  apprehension. 
"  His  persuasive  words  impregn'd 
Tlth  rea»n  to  her  M-g^  .  ,.  t.  ^  m 

•  seemlng-vlrtuotis,  o.     virtuous  in 
appearance,  not  in  reality. 


or  semblance. 

••Two  s«emiiwl»  InoonlUtent  systems.  -11 
ton:  Worto,  li.84. 


"seem'-Kng-ness,  «.     [Eng. 
1.  Appearance,  semblance. 

••Under  the  uemMgneu  or  «P 
/«r.  Taylor :  Aaifaul  Bandmta, 

2   Fair  appearance,  plausibility. 

.e 


ling;  -ness.] 
iee  of  eTil."— 


aee'-saw   s.  &  a.    [A  reduplication  of  sow, 
from  the  action  of  two  men  sawing  wood, 
when  the  motion  is  up  and  down.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ordinary  jMnf^uige : 

1  A  child's  game,  in  which  two  persons  sit, 
one  on  ead,  end  of  a  boari  or  plank  which  j 
balanced  on  some  support  in  the  middle,  and 
thus  the  two  move  alternately  up  and  down. 

2.  A  board  or  plank  adjusted  for  such  pur- 

P  3  Motion  or  action  resembling  that  in  the 
game  of  seesaw;  alternate  or  reciprocating 
motion.  .  . 

H  Whist:  A  double  ruff;  the  playing  of 
two  partners,  so  that  each  alternately  wins 
the  trick.  . 

B.  As  adj. :  Moving  up  and  down  or  1 
fro  ;  undulating  with  reciprocal  motu 

"  Hi.  wit  .11  «*«a».  bet"e"Vtb.?L';"'1  tllta- 


see'-saw,  v.t.  &  i.    [SEESAW.  *,] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  cause  to  move  « 
fashion. 


4182 


seethe— seigniorage 


B.  Intrant. :  To  more  as  in  the  game  or 
seesaw  ;  to  move  up  and  down  or  backwards 
anil  forwards. 

"  Sometimes  they  were  like  to  pull  John  over,  then 
It  went  all  •  f  a  sudden  again  OD  John  a  aide  j  ao  they 
went  ifffiiciHg  up  ami  down,  from  one  cud  of  tlie 
room  to  tne  other,  —  Arbutiinot. 

seethe,  'settle  (pa.  t.  teethed,  'toil,  * sotk, 
pa*  par.  sodden,  *  soden,  'striken),  v.t.  &  t. 
A.S.  seocUian  (|«L  t.  scwlh.  1^1.  par.  snden) ; 
oogn.  with  Dut.  zieden;  leel.  sjotlha  (pa.  t~ 
saudh,  pi.  vnt'lkv,  pa.  par.  sodhinn);  Dan. 
syrfe ;  Sw.  sjitda ;  O.  H.  Ger.  siodan ;  Ger. 
JwnVit;  ct  also  IceL  «rW*o  =  to  burn,  to 
singe.] 

A.  TVtmjifiw: 

1.  To  boil ;  to  prepare  for  food  in  hot 
liquor. 

"  Till  .  .  .  the  content*  were  ircfficiently  atewed  or 
ttaltrd.'— Coo*.'  nird  Voyage,  bk.  IT.,  ch.  Hi. 

*  2.  To  soak  ;  to  steep  and  soften  in  liquor. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  be  in  a  state  of  ebullition  ; 
to  boil ;  to  be  hot. 

"  Aathetmoluof  a. M«tMn0 pot"— Tyndell:  WorkM, 
p.  7. 

•eetb.  er,  a.  [Eng.  seeWf);  -er.]  One  who 
or  that  which  seethes  ;  a  boiler ;  a  pot  for 
boiling. 

"  Like  buruiahfd  void  the  little  ttctfor  anone." 
OriKiot :  Und  ;  MaamorfAoKi  rill. 

Se  fa  tians,  s.  pL  [Arab.  se/ot  =  qualifica- 
tion, attribute.] 

Muhammodanism :  A  sect  of  Muhammadans 
who  held  that  God  possessed  eternal  attri- 
butes, and  that  there  was  no  difference  between 
the  "  essential  attributes "  and  the  " attri- 
butes of  operation."  To  these  they,  in  process 
of  time,  added  a  third  category,  "  declara- 
tive attributes,"  by  which  they  understood 
anthropomorphic  expressions,  such  as  God's 
eyes,  his  arms,  his  hands,  Ac.  They  were 
opposed  to  the  Mutazititcs  (q.v.).  They 
ultimately  split  into  several  sects,  some  of 
which  still  exist. 

•eg  (1),  s.    [A.8.  sec,.} 

1.  Sedge. 

2.  The  yellow  flower-de-luce,  Irtt  Ptevda- 
oorus.    (Prov.) 

seg  (2),  segg,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  cas- 
trated bull ;  a  boll  castrated  when  fall 
grown.  (Scotch.) 

so  ear7,  i.    [A  common  but  erroneous  spelling 

of  CIGAB  (q.v.).] 
•  sege,  ».    (SiEOE.) 

•eg'-gar,  sag'-ger,  «.  [Said  to  be  a  corrupt, 
of  safeguard.] 

Pottery:  An  open  box  of  clay,  which  re- 
ceives articles  of  plastic  clay  or  in  the  biscuit 
condition,  and  protects  them  while  being 
baked  in  the  kiln.  [BUNG  (1),  s.,  II.  2.] 

"Aa  the  china  cannot  be  eipoeed  directly  to  tne 
blaze,  it  U  put  in  pot*  or  casea  of  fire-proof  clay,  called 
Mppari.  the  form  and  size  of  which  are  in  accordance 
with  the  articles  they  are  to  contain."— Scribmr 't 
Mnyuine.  March,  1378.  p.  688. 

•e-ghol,  !.    [Heb.] 

Hebrew  Gram.  :  A  vowel  (<)  corresponding 
In  sound  to  the  English  e  in  lit,  wit,  &c. 

•e  -gho  late,  o.  *  ».  [Heb.  teghol,  and  Eng. 
suit',  -ate.} 

A.  At  adj. :  Having  a  seghol :  as,  isegholate 
verb. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  word  with  a  seghol  in  it. 

"InOnltlfe  «vAoiottj."_ MOM  Stuart.-  UAnw 
Grant,,  p.  154. 

•eg  mont,  s.  [Lat.  sejmentum,  for  secmentum, 
from  seco  =  to  cut.) 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  part  or  portion  cut  off  or 
marked  off  as  serrate  from  the  rest ;  one  of 
the  parts  into  which  a  body  naturally  divides 
itself ;  a  section  :  as,  a  segment  of  an  orange. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Compar.  Anat. :  One  of  the  divisions  or 
rings  in  the  body  of  an  insect,  an  annelid,  a 
decapod  crustacean,  £c. 

2.  Geom. :  A  part  cut  off  from  any  figure  by 
a  line  or  plane. 

^  (1)  Segment  of  a  ctrcfc  : 

Geam. :  A  part  of  the  area  of  a  circle,  in- 
cluded between  a  chord  and  the  arc  which  it 
subtends.  An  angle  in  a  segment  is  the  angle 
contained  by  any  two  straight  lines  drawn 
from  any  ]x>int  in  the  arc  and  terminating  in 
the  extremities  of  the  chord.  Similar  seg- 


ments of  circles  are  those  which  contain  equal 
angles,  or  whose  arcs  contain  the  same  number 
of  degrees. 

(2)  Spherical  segment : 

Geom. :  A  portion  of  a  sphere  bounded  l»y  a 
secant  line  and  a  zone  or  the  surface.  If  a 
circular  segment  be  revolved  al»out  a  radius 
dr.iwn  perpendicular  to  the  chord  of  the  seg- 
ment, the  volume  generated  is  a  spherical 
segment. 

segment-gear,  i.    [SECTOB-OEAB.) 
segment-saw,  s. 

1.  Wo'jd-working  : 

(1)  A  veneer-saw  (q.v.). 

(2)  A  chair-back  machine  (q.v.). 

2.  Surg. :  A  nearly  circular  plate  of  serrated 
steel,  riveted  to  a  wooden  handle. 

segment  shell,  s. 

Ordn  :  An  elongated  projectile  invented  by 
Sir  W.  Armstrong.  The  iron  body  is  coated 
with  lead,  and  contains  a  number  of  segments 
of  iron  in  successive  rings,  leaving  a  hollow 
cylinder  in  the  centre  fur  the  bursting-charge. 
The  charge  bursts  on  impact  or  by  a  time- 
fuse, and  scatters  the  segments  in  all  direc- 
tions. It  may  be  used  as  case-shot  by  ar- 
ranging the  fuse  to  explode  the  shell  on 
leaving  the  muzzle. 

segment -valve,  segmental -valve, 

s.  A  valve  having  a  seating  surface  consist- 
ing of  a  portion  of  a  cylinder. 

segment-wheel,  «.  A  wheel  a  part 
only  of  whose  periphery  is  utilized. 

t  segment-window,  .--. 

Arch. :  A  window  of  segmental  shape ;  a 
form  of  dormer  or  attic  window. 


seg-menf-al,  a.  [Eng.  teyment;  -al.]  Per- 
taining to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling  a  seg- 
ment. 

segment- 
al-aroh,  s. 

Arch.  :  An 
arch  described 
from  a  centre, 
and  having 
less  or  more 
than  180% 
usually  less. 

segment- 
al-organs, 

Comp.Anat. : 
Certain  or- 
gans, proba-  SEOMENTAL  ARCH. 

bly  excretory,      lfr^,  „  ,^M,  BmK,  Cairo.) 
in  the  Anne- 
lida, consisting  of  sacs  opening  upon  the  ab- 
dominal surfaces. 

segmental-valve,  ».   [SEGMENT-VALVE.] 

seg-men-ta'-tion,  «.  [Eng.  segment;  -aiion.] 
The  act  of  dividing  into  segments ;  the  state 
of  being  divided  into  segments.  [SEGMENTED.] 

seg-menf-ed,  a.     [Eng.  segment;  -ed.] 

Compar.  A  not. :  Having  similar  structural 
elements  repeated  in  a  longitudinal  series,  as 
vertebrae  in  the  higher  animals. 

"  seg'-nl-tude,  *  seg^-m-ty,  >.  [Lat.  seg- 
nitia,  segnitas,  from  segnis  —  sluggish.]  Slug- 
gishness, dulness,  inactivity. 

segno  (as  sen  -yo),  >.    [Ital.] 

Music:  A  sign  or  mark  used  in  notation  in 
connection  with  repetition  ;  abbreviated  -.&•. 
Al  segno  (to  the  sign),  a  direction  to  return  to 
the  sign  ;  dal  segno  (from  the  sign),  a  direction 
to  repeat  from  the  sign. 

se'-gre-ant,  o.    [Fr.) 

Her. :  A  term  applied  to  a  griffln  when 
standing  on  its  hind  legs,  with  the  wings 
elevated  and  endorsed. 

*  Se'-gre-gate,  o.  [Lat  segrtgatus,  pa,  par.  of 
segrego  =  to  set  apart,  to  separate  :  «-  =  apart, 
and  grez,  genit  grcgi*  =  a  flock.]  Separated 
from  others  ;  set  apart ;  select. 

"The  tone  Hyreffate  from  payninu  by  the  sacrament 
of  baptysme.  the  tother  tfartyate  fro  the  lave  peple 
by  the  sacrament  of  order.'1— Mar,:  Wartt.  p.' us. 


segregae-poygamv,  s. 

Bot.  :  Limiitus's  n;ime  for  a  system  of  in- 
florescence, in  which  a  number  of  florets, 
each  with  its  own  ]terianth,  are  comprehended 

ithin  a  common  calyx. 


wi 


se'-gre-gate,  v.t.  &  {.  [Fr.  tigrtffer;  Sp.  & 
Port,  segrcgar ;  Ital.  segregure.)  [SEGREGATE,  o.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  separate  from  others  ;  to 
set  apart. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  separate  or  go  apart, 
2.  Crystall. :  To  separate  from  a  mass  and 
collect  about  centres  or  lines  of  fracture. 

Se-gre-ga'-tion,  >.  [Lat.  storegatio,  from 
serjregatus=  segregate  (q.v.);  Fr.  segregation; 
Sp.  segregacion.} 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  seprcpating ;  the 
state  of  being  segregated  ;  a  parting,  separat- 
ing, or  dispelling. 

"  A  tegrtgatlon  of  the  Turkish  fleet" 

Shakelp. :  Othello,  iL  1. 

2.  Crystall. :   Separation  from  a  mass,  and 
gathering    about    centres    through    cohesive 
attraction  or  the  crystallizing  process. 

segue  (as  seg'-wa),  ..     [ItaL=it  follows; 

Lau  sequor  =  to  follow.] 

Music :  A  word  which,  prefixed  to  a  part, 
denotes  that  it  is  immediately  to  follow  the 
last  note  of  the  preceding  movement, 

seg-ui-dil'-la  (la  as  ya),  «.    [Sp.] 

Music:  A  lively  Spanish  dance,  similar  to 
the  country  dance  ;  the  tune  is  in  J  or  f  time. 

Sold,  Seyd,  s.  [Arab.  =  prince.)  One  of 
the  descendants  of  Mohammed  through  his 
daughter  Fatima  and  his  nephew  All. 

Seid  lltz,  Seid  lltz,  s.  [See  def.]  The 
name  of  a  village  in  Bohemia. 

Seidlitz -powder,  s. 

Chem. :  A  mild,  cooling  aperient,  made  np 
in  two  powders,  one,  usually  in  blue  paper, 
consisting  of  a  mixture  of  Rodielle  salt  and 
bicarbonate  of  soda,  and  the  other,  in  white 
paper,  of  finely  powdered  tartaric  acid  The 
powders  are  dissolved  separately  in  water, 
then  mixed,  and  the  mixture  taken  while 
effervescing.  It  is  intended  to  produce  the 
same  effect  as  Seidlitz-water. 

Seidlitz  water,  s. 

Chem. :  A  sparkling  mineral  water,  imported 
from  the  village  of  Sci.llitz,  in  Bohemia.  It 
is  purgative,  has  a  bitter  and  saline  taste,  and 
contains  a  large  proportion  of  the  sulphates 
of  magnesia  and  lime. 

*  seie,  •  sey,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.     [8«,  ».] 

seignette  (as  san-yette'),  s.    [From  Seig- 
nette,  an  apothewiiy  of  Bochelle,  who  first 
made  the  salt,]    (See  etym.  and  compound.) 
seignette  salt,  s. 

Chem.:  [HOCHELLE-SALT,  SoDIO  -  POTASSIO 
TAKTRATEj. 

*  seigneurial  (as  sen-y6'-ri-al),  a.    [Eng. 
sei'jitior  ;  -ial.] 

1.  Pertaining   to   the   lord   of    a   manor; 
manorial. 

"They  were  the  statesmen,  they  were  the  lawyers; 
from  them  were  ofu-u  tAkeu  the  bailitf*  of  the  teig. 
neuHal  court*."—  Burke  .  A'nj/.  Hilt.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  vi. 

2.  Vested  with  large  powers  ;  independent. 

seignior,  *  seignonr   (as  sen'-yer),    ». 

[O.  Fr.  seigneur,  from  Lat.  seniorem,  accns.  of 
senior  =  elder,  hence,  an  elder,  a  lord ;  Sp. 
scfior ;  Port,  senhor;  Ital.  siynon.]  [SENIOR.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  In  the  south  of  Europe  a 
title  of  honour  ;  signior. 

2.  Feudal  Law :  A  lord  of  a  fee  or  manor. 
IT  0)  Grand  seignior :  [GRAND-SEIGNIOR], 
(2)  Seignior  in  gross:    A    lord    without   a 

manor,  simply  enjoying  superiority  and  ser- 
vices. 

seigniorage,  seignorage  (as  sen  yer- 

•g).».     [FT.] 

1.  Something  claimed  by  the  sovereign  or 
by  a  superior  as  a  prerogative ;  sj>ecif.,  an 
ancient  royalty  or  prerogative  of  the  crown, 
whereby  it  claimed  a  percentage  ujxm  bullion 
brought  to  the  mint  to  be  coined,  or  to  be 
exchanged  for  coin ;  the  profit  derived  from 
issuing  coins  at  a  rate  above  their  intrinsic 
value. 


Ejte,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;   we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wplt;  worls.  who.  son;  mute,  onb,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  ttUl;  try.  Syrian,    ay,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


4183 


«""""*  " 

e  levied  on  tin  hi  the  Duchy  of  Corn- 
•,M.~-M<Miil«a  :  Bta.  «/«..  ch.  xxv. 

seigniorial  (as  sen-yotf-I-al),  a.     [Siso- 

NKL'KIAL.] 

•  selgniorlze,  "seignorlse  (as  sen-yer- 
ize),  t'.f.  &  i.    [Eng.  ««?"'<"'•'  •**J 

A.  Trans.  :  To  lord  it  over. 

••  A.  proud  as  he  that  .cwr.oriMrth.il.- 

Fairfax:  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  bk.  IT. 

B.  Jnfiww.  :  To  be  a  lord  or  ruler. 


power  or  authority  as  sovereign  lord. 

"  O'Neil  never  had  any  irlgniory  over  that  country." 

—  Slimier:  State  at  Ireland. 

sell,  v.t.     [Sw.  si?a  =  to  strain.]      To  strain 
through  a  cloth  or  sieve. 

••  The  brown  four-year-anM'.  milk  to  not  teOtd  yet." 

—  Scott  :  Heart  of  Midlothian,  ch.  JUT. 

•seln,  pa.  par.  ofv.    [SEE,  ».] 
•soindo,  pa.  par.  ofv.    [SmoK.) 

•Sine,  seln,  *sain,  'sayne,  *sean,  ». 

•r    seim,  from  Lat,  sopemi  ;  Gr.  vayw  (sa- 
nem)  =  a  net.  )    A  large  fishing  net. 

"The  «W"«  is  a  net  o(  about  fortle  lathome  in 


Physics  :  A  seismometer  ;  an  instrument  for 
recording  the  period,  extent,  and  direction  of 
each  of  the  vibrations  winch  constitute  an 
earthquake.  For  a  complete  seismograph, 
three  distinct  sets  of  apparatus  are  requiri 
(1)  to  record  horizontal  mi.tion  ;  (i)  to  recon 
vertical  motion  ;  and  (3)  to  record  time.  The 
horizontal  and  vertical  motions  must  be 
written  on  the  same  receiver,  and  if  pos»iblu 
side  by  side,  whilst  at  the  instant  at  whu  h 
the  time  is  recorded  a  mark  must  be  made  on 
the  diasrram  which  is  being  drawn  by  the 
seisnwgrai.h.  The  first  Instrument!  were 
merely"  iio<U«eatton.  of  the  scismoscope 
(qv),  but  successive  improvement*  have 
been  introduced,  and  the  seismograph  has 
been  brought  to  a  high  pitch  of  perfection. 
Some  of  the  best,  it  not  the  best  forms  known 
are  in  use  in  the  Imperial  Observatory  at 
Tokio,  Japan. 


., 

a  have  been  u.ed 

apan.  '-J.  Uilae  :  &.rtlu,w*ta.  p.  u. 

seis-mo-grapn'-Ic,  a.     [Eng.  snmogra 
-i?.]    Pertaining  to  a  seismograph  or  eeismo 
graphy  ;  indicated  by  a  seismograph. 

Sels-m6g'-ra-phy,  I.      [Eng.   seismograph 
.y.)    A  description  or  account  of  earthquakes 


seine-boat,  s.  A  fishing-boat  of  about 
fifteen  tons  burden,  used  on  the  west  coast  of 
England  to  carry  the  seine  (q.v.). 

"They  have  cock-boats  lor  passengers,  and  *rfn«- 
ooitfs  lor  taking  ol  pilchards."— Corew. 

•  sein'-er,  *  sayn-er,  «.    [Eng.  se*i(e),  s. ; 
-tr.l    A  fisher  with  a  seine  or  net. 

-  liners  complain,  with  open  month,  that  these 
drover?  ™rimnch  prejudice  to  the  commonwealth  ol 
fishermen. "-Car™! :  «ur«.» of  Cornwall,  to.  M. 

•  seint  (IX  «•    [SAINT.] 

•  seint  (2),  *.    [CiscTUR*.] 
•selntuarie,  s.    [SANCTOARY.] 

seln    v.i.    [SlPE.]    To  ooze,  to  trickle,  to  leak. 
(Scotch.)   (Scott:  Heart  o/4fM!o«lia»,  ch.  xvu). 

selr,  seer,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.)    (See  com- 
pound.) 
seir  fish,  seer-fish,  s. 

Ichthy.  :  Ci/hium  guttatum,  one  of  the  Scom- 
bridse,  from  'East  Indian  seas.  In  form  and 
size  it  resembles  a  salmon,  and  its  flesh, 
though  white,  is  firm,  and  very  similar  to 
salmon  in  flavour. 

••  01  those  [flshesl  in  ordinary  use  lor  the  table,  the 
«nest  by  fat  Is  the  i,ir-fli/>.  a  .pecie.  ol  S™"^".. 
which  is  called  Tora-malu  by  thenatlvet.  —  Ttnnent . 
Ceylon,  i.  205. 

•  seise,  v.t.    [SEIZE.] 
scis  in,  s.    [SEIZIN.] 

•  seism,  «.     [Gr.  ««o-,»<k  (Ktomos)  =  «n  earth- 
quake.) 

Physics :  (See  extract). 

"To  be  consistent  with  ^fgJJ*  *"arown°S^ 
logical  tf nilillu  ^^-j  f  "."pArti.iIUHke  '  and  sulistltnted 
toe a"."k"  arteword '  »".m.'  --J.  Jian,:  E»nl*,w**>, 

•eis'-mlc,  •gels'-mal.  o.  [Or.  <™»>5 
(seismos)  =  an  earthquake ;  Eng.  -ic,  -o(.]  Of, 
belonging  to,  or  produced  by  an  earthquake. 

"The  coincidence  ol  eruption,  from  neirtbotiriiM 
TOlcauos  with  extraordinary  i«umic  oounihuOTU.  - 
Serofte  :  Volcano*  led.  187*1,  p.  7.  • 

seismic-centre,    seismic-focus,   «. 

(See  extract.) 

"  Whatever  may  be  the  real  origin  of  the  earthquake 

lS5und"a?  aoin  ™e?lnit« "centre.  This  centre  ol  im- 
pulse Is  called  the  teitnitc-focut.  It  must  be  1 
mind  however,  that  such  a  centre  ...  I.  m  nature  a 
Jubterrkuean  reeion.  which  in  many  ca«»  1.  no  doubt 
ol  very  large  dimension.,  measuring,  perhap..  some 
mile,  in  diameter. --fiicye.  UrU.  led.  Mh),  vtt  «0». 

seismic  vertical,  s. 
Physia  :  An  imaginary  vertical  line,  joining 
the  earth's  surface  and  the  seismic  centre. 

"  Just  as  the  seismic  lorce  Is  In  nature,  not  a  slncle 
ixiint.  but  a  considerable  space,  so  the  leambi-ffrl "•"! 
Kot  a. ingle  line,  but  rather  a  succession  o(,*rall« 
lines  drawn  vertiraily  Irom  every  point  ol  the  local 
area  to  the  surface!"— £ncyc.  BrU.  {ed.  wth),  vli.  «10. 

seis'-md-graph,  s.    [Or.  o-«o>6c  (seismos)  = 
an  earthquake,  and  voiAw  (oravho)  —  to 


seis-m6-l8g'-ic-al.  a.  [Eng. 
-ml  ]  Of,  or  pertaining  to  seismology  (q.v.) 
used  in,  or  devoted  to  the  study  of  earth 
quakes. 

"  It  to  not  impo«.lble  that  «rf«moto»fcaJ  iuTmtiKa- 
tlon    i  nay  teach    us    wmethmg  about   the  eartl. 
magnetl.m."-J.  »Um  :  iorr»ju<i*M.  p.  «. 

seis-mol-o-glst,    t  self  -mo-logue,   ». 

[Eng.  seismology  (q.v.)  ;   -M«.]     A  student  of 
seismology  ;  one  versed  in  seismology. 

He  can  only  pretend  to  be  a  very  modert  «•!»• 
.  Jan.,  1884,  p.  50. 


seis  m5l  -o~gy,  ».    [Or.  <«.°-j«*  (seisms)  = 
an  earthquake  ;  suff.  -ology.] 

Physics :  The  study  of  earthquakes.  Prof. 
Milne  (Earthquakes,  Introd.)  suggests  that  in 
addition  to  what  are  generally  known  as 
earthquakes,  seismology  should  investigate: 
(1)  Earth-tremors,  or  minute  movements 
which  escape  attention  by  the  smallness  of 
their  amplitude;  (2)  Earth-pulsations,  o 
movements  which  are  overlooked  on  account 
of  the  length  of  their  period  ;  and  (S)  Eaith- 
oscillations,  or  slow  and  quiet  changes  in  the 
relative  level  of  the  sea  and  land,  which 
geologists  speak  of  as  elevations  or  sub- 
Sidences.  Although  seismology  can  scarcely 
be  said  to  have  existed  before  the  early  part 
of  the  nineteenth  century,  it  has  a  rapidl 
growing  bibliography,  is  accumulating  a  stow 
of  facts  and  observations  on  which  generaliza- 
tions may  be  based,  and  Prof.  Milne  is-san- 
guine  that  earthquake-warnings  in  countries 
subiect  to  seismic  disturbances  will  be  as 
common  and  as  trustworthy  as  the  storm- 
warnings  at  our  seaports.  (See  also  Bnt.  Ass. 
Report.  1868.) 

"  Another  great  impetus  which  observational  tfis- 

««to,»  received   was"lr.   Mallet's  report   upon    the 

NeaJSilui  earthquake  ol  1857.'-/.    attne     Bart*. 

quaktl,  p.  8. 

sels-mom'-S-ter,  s.  [Gr.  O-«O>M>S  (seimos) 
=  an  earthquake,  and  Eng.  meter.] 

Physics :  A  seismograph  (q.v.).  The  word 
is  sometimes  employed  to  include  the  selsmo- 
scope(q.v.). 

"  Instruments  which  will  In  this  way  measure  or 
write  down  the  earth's  motion  are  called  nOMMHn 
orselsrnographs."-X  Milne:  Eartkqwta.  p.  18. 

seis-mS-met'-rio,  o.  [Eng.  seismometer;  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  seismometry  (q.v.);  indicated 
by  a  seismometer. 

••  Thn  diiwtors  who  wished  to  add  teismometrtc 
apparitu.  to  their  other  equipment  •-««**..  Aug. 
1J,  1886.  p.  341 

Seis-m8m'-S-try,  ».  fEng.  seismometer;  -y.} 
The  act  or  art  of  measuring  the  force  and 
duration  of  earthquakes  by  a  seismometer. 

seis  -mo-scope,  «.  [Gr.  o-tio-^os  (ieismos)  = 
an  earthquake  and  o-«oire'u  (skopeS)  =  to  see, 
to  observe.] 

Physics :  The  earliest  and  simplest  form  of 
earthquake-recorder.  The  first  known  was 
invented  by  a  Chinaman  named  Choko,  in 
AD  136,  and  shows  the  occurrence  and 
direction  of  an  earthquake  by  the  fall  of  a 
column,  a  principle  which  was  afterwards 
independently  adopted  in  the  West.  Van 


filled  with  viscid  liquids  have  been  used; 
the  height  to  which  the  liquid  is  washed  up 
the  side  of  the  vessel  being  taken  to  indicate 
the  intensity,  and  a  line  joining  the  points  of 
maximum  motion  to  denote  the  direction  of  an 
earthquake.  Palmieri's  seisim.sc.ope  (probably 
ted  by  Mallet)  consists  of  horizontal 
tulies  turned  up  at  the  end,  partly  filled  with 
mercury  To  intensify  the  motion  of  the  mer- 
curv,  small  floats  of  iron  aro  placed  on  the  sur- 
face, attached  by  threads  lo  a  pulley  provided 
with  indices  moving  in  front  of  a  scale  of  de- 
grees \vlRMicetheintensityniaybereudorr.  ine 
direction  is  determined  by  the  azimuth  of  the 
tube  giving  the  in.iitmum  indication,  several 
tubes  being  placed  in  different  azimuths. 
Pendulum  seismoscopea,  both  swinging  and 
fixed,  have  also  been  emplojed. 

"The  clock  Is  started  into  n>°tlon,J"'1,,m,e^",.?/  * 
Palmier!  leumoscojje."— Nature,  Aug.  IS.  1886.  p.  S44. 

seis-mo-scop'-lc,  a.  [Eng.  «rismraco|X»  ; 
-ic.]  Of,  or  pertaining  to  a  seismoscope ; 
indicated  by  a  seismoscope  (q.v.). 

"The  character  ol  the  record  given  by  certain  Instru- 
ment, is  sometime,  only  aimacovtc.  —J.  Milm. 
Earthquaket,  p.  18. 

sei-sur'-a,  t  si-sur^a  (sur  as  zhiir)    «. 

[Gr.  o-eio-io,  (seisio),  poet,  form  of  o-«iu>  (sew)  = 
to  shake,  and  cwpi  (OIITO)  =  the  tall.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Muscicapidas,  with  five 
species,  from  Australia  and  Austro-Malaya 
(including  Celebes).  The  best  known  Lftfefaunl 
imuietii(Turdus  iiuiuietus,  rolitans,  or  musuala, 
Lath  ),  the  Restless  Flycatcher-the  Grinder 
of  the  colonists;  allied  to  Ilhipidnra  (q.v.). 
Head  and  upper  surface  shining  bluish-black 
wings  dark  ;  lores  deep  velvety  black,  under 
surface  silky  white,  except  sides  of  the  chest, 
which  are  dull  black.  It  frequently  sallies 
forth  into  the  open  glades  of  the  forest,  and 
procures  its  prey  by  poising  itself  in  the  air 
with  a  remarkably  quick  motion  of  the  wings, 
precisely  after  the  manner  of  the  English 
kestrel  every  now  and  then  making  sudden 
perpendicular  descents  to  capture  any  insect 
that  may  attract  its  notice.  (Gould.) 

*  se'-K-ty, ».   [Lat.  se  =  one's  self.]   Something 

peculiar  to  a  man's  self.    (Taller.) 
selz  -a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  seit(e) ;  -oofc.]   Capable 

of  being  seized  ;  liable  to  be  seized  or  taken. 

"  Wherever  a  glance  wan  teiznbl^." 

seize,  seise,  *sayse,  -seyse,  *sese,  «.«. 

&  t  [O  Fr.  saisir,  seisir  (Fr.  saisir)  =  to  put 
one  In  possession,  from  0.  H.  Ger.  Kazan, 
.MM  =  to  set,  to  place,  to  put  in  possession 
of;  Ger.  «(«».] 

A,  Transitive  : 

I.  Ordinary  language : 

1.  To  fall  or  rush  upon  suddenly  and  tak« 
hold  of ;  to  grasp  suddenly. 

••  Whence  rushing  he  might  surest  .<*«  them  both. 
Both  griped  in  each  paw."         *l>Um>  •   '•  *•,  iv.  407. 

2.  To  take  possession  of  by  force,  with  or 
without  right. 


3   To  take  hold  of  suddenly  ;  to  affect  or 
come  upon  suddenly  ;  to  overpower. 

"Where  issh..on.t 


4  To  take  possession  of,  as  an  estate  or 
goods,  by  virtue  of  a  warrant  or  legal  au- 
thority. 


ory. 

"Thy  land,  and  aU  %^&>&&*g,WC' 

*  6.  To  fasten,  to  fix. 

"  ***W  cru.il  clawe.  on  trembling  brest^  ^ 

R   To  make  possessed  ;  to  put  in  possession 
of     (With  of  before  the  thing  possessed.) 
'    »  All  tho»  hto  land,  whlchhe  stood  HtojgS  ^ 

7.  To  grasp  or  lay  hold  of  with  the  mind; 
to  comprehend. 

II  Naut  :  To  bind  or  fasten,  as  two  ropes, 
together,  or  two  parts  of  the  same  rope,  by 
means  of  smaller  stuff. 

B.  Intrans.:  To  grasp;  to  take  in  to  posses- 
sion ;  to  fall  on  or  grasp.  (Followed  by  on  ol 

^  Hto  land,  then  »*££*  ^JSSffi*^  1 

U  To  seize  up  : 

Naut.  :  To  tie  a  man  up  to  receive  pun 


4184 


seizer— selection 


•eiz'-er,  $.    [Eng.  seiz(t)  ;  -er.  J    One  who  seizes 


,  s  els   in,  s.    [Fr.  taisineltrora  saisir 
=  to  seize.] 
Law  : 

1.  Possession.    Seizin  is  of  two  sorts,  seizin 
in  deed  (or  fact)  and  seizin,  in  taw.    Seizin  in 
deed  is  when  actual  or  corporal  possession  is 
taken  ;   seizin  in  law  is  when  something  is 
done  winch  the  law  accounts  as  possession  or 
seizin,  as  an  enrolment,  or  when  lands  descend 
to  an  heir,  but  he  has  not  yet  entered  upon 
them.     In  this  case  the    law   considers  the 
heir  as  seized  of  the  estate,  and  any  person 
wrongfully  entering   upon  the  lands  is  ac- 
counted a  disseizor  (q.v.). 

"We  will  consent,  and  grant,  that  he  a§  superirmr 
lord  to  per  forme  the  premisses  may  liaue  the  teizhte 
of  all  the  laud  and  cartels  of  the  tame  till  they  thut 
pretend  title  to  the  crowne  be  satisfied  in  their  suit." 
—Botinthcd:  Hittvrie  Qf  England  (KR.  1291). 

2.  The  act  of  taking  possession. 

3.  The  thing  possessed  ;  a  possession. 

"  Many  recoveries  were  had,  M  well  by  helm  an  guo- 
ceuoro.  of  the  teiziti  of  their  piedece*w>m."—  Bale. 

H  Livery  of  seisin  :  [LIVERY]. 

*  seizin-ox,  s.    [SASINE-OX.] 
•etz   Irig,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [SEIZE.] 

A.  v  B.  Aspr.  par,  &  particip.  adj.  ;  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  grasping  or  taking 
possession  of  suddenly  or  by  force. 

IL  Nautical: 

1.  The  act  of  binding  two  ropes,  or  the  two 
parts  of  the  same  rope,  together,  by  means  of 
smaller  stuff. 

2.  The   rope-yarn  or  stuff  used  for  such 
seizing. 

*seiz-m6m'-e-terF  s.    [SEISMOMETER.) 
*eiz  -or,  s.     [Eng.  seiz(t)  ;  -or.] 

Law  :  One  who  seizes  or  takes  possession. 

*eiz'  lire,  *  seif'-nre,  s.  [Eng.  sei^e);  -ure.] 
1.  The  act  of  seizing,  grasping,  or  taking 
hold  or  possession  of  suddenly  or  by  force  ; 
sudden  or  violent  grasp  or  grip  ;  a  taking 
possession,  whether  illegally  by  force,  or 
legally  under  the  authority  of  a  warrant  or 
the  like. 

"The  Imliiuia  having  perceived,  by  our  teizurf  of 
the  bark  the  night  before,  that  we  were  enemies,  they 
immediately  fled  into  the  woody  part  of  the  island."— 
Anton  :  Voyage*.  bk.  ill.,  ch.  il. 

•  2.  Retention  within  one's  grasp  or  power  ; 

hold,  possession. 

14  Make  o'er  thy  honour  by  a  deed  of  trust. 
And  give  me  seizure  of  the  mighty  wealth." 

Drydm.    ITodd.) 

3.  That  which  is  seized  or  taken  possession 
of. 

"  Sufficient  that  thy  pray'rs  are  heard,  and  death  .  . 
Defeated  of  his  sefeure.  '         itaton  :  P.  L.,  il.  264. 

4.  A  sudden  attack,  as  of  a  disease. 

"The  prevalence  of  this  atrocious  crime  was  con- 
sidered to  be  the  result  of  a  divine  seizure  "—Ltteii  • 
Cyed.  Early  Roman  Ilitr.  fed.  1865),  ii.  486. 

•e  jant,  se'-jeant,  a.  [Norm.  Fr.  &  Fr. 
leant,  pr.  par.  of  seoir  (Lat.  sedeo)  =  to  sit.] 

Her.  :  Sitting,  as  a  cat,  with  the  forelegs 
rtraight.  (Applied  to  a  lion,  &c.) 

II  (1)  Sejant  addorscd  :  Sitting  back  to  back. 
{Said  of  two  animals.)  [ADDORSED.] 

(2)  Sejant  affronti  :  Borne  in  full  face,  sitting 
with  the  forepaws  extended  sideways,  as  the 
lion  in  crest  of  Scotland. 

(3)  Sejant  rampant  :  [RAMPANT-SEJANT.] 

••S-Joln',  "•e-Joyn,  ».(.  [Lat.  sejungo,  from 
«=  apart,  and  jungo  =  to  join.]  To  separate, 
to  put  or  set  apart. 

"  There  is  no  reason  we  should  be  sefoyned  In  the 
censure."—*/).  Hall  :  The  Hypocrite. 

•e-ju'-goiis,  a.     [Lat.  sejugis,  from  tex  =  six, 
and  jugum  =  a  yoke.] 
Sot.  :  Having  six  pairs  of  leaflets. 

*  so  June  tlon,  s.  [Lat.  sejunctio,  from  tt- 
junctut,  pa.  par.  of  sejtingo  =  to  seioin  (q.v.).] 
The  act  of  disjoining  or  separating  ;  a  dis- 
uniting ;  separation. 

•'The  constitution  of  that  people  was  made  by  a 
M/mirfi-iii  i  and  separation  of  them  from  all  .other  na- 
tions In  the  earth."—  Pearson  :  On  Oa  Creed,  Art.  I 

*s8-Jtln-gi(-ble,  a.  [Lat.  seningo  =  tt>  se- 
join(q.v.);  Enn.  -abU.  }  Capable  of  being  dis- 
joined or  separated. 

"  The  spawn  and  egg  are  itjiinpible  from  the  fish  and 
fowl."—  fearton  :  On  the  Creed,  Art.  i. 


*  soko,  v.t.  &  i.    [SEEK.] 

*  soke,  a.    [SICK.] 

se'-kos,  i.  [Or.  =  a  pen,  an  enclosure,  a 
shrine.] 

Anc.  Arch. :  A  place  in  an  ancient  temple 
in  which  the  images  of  deities  were  placed. 

8eT-a-che,  t  sel  a  chus,  s.  [Gr.  O-<AO.X<K 
(selachos)  =  one  of  a  tribe  of  cartilaginous 
fishes.  Aristotle  derives  the  name  from  o-e'Aoc 
(selas)  =  brightness,  because  most  of  these 
fishes  are  phosphorescent.] 

1.  Ichthy. :  A  family  of  Lamnicla',  with  one 
species,    Selache   maxima,   the  Basking-shark 
(q.v.).    Second  dorsal  and  anal  very  small  ; 
gill-openings    extremely    wide;    teeth    very 
small,  numerous,  conical ;  snout  short,  but 
longer  and  more  pointed  in  young  specimens 
than  in  adults,  which  has  led  to  individuals 
of  different  ages  being  considered  as  consti- 
tuting distinct  species. 

2.  Palmnt. :  Gill-rakers  of  this  shark  have 
been  found  in  the  Antwerp  Crag.    (Gunther.) 

t  se  la  chl-a,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  selache 

(q.v.).] 

Ichthy. :  A  synonym  of  Elasmobranchi  (q.v.). 

SO  la'-cnl-an,  a.  &  ».    [SELACHIA.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  resembling 
the  genus  Selache,  the  order  Selachia,  or  the 
group  Sclachii. 

"It  Is  not  certain  that  the  genus  is  not  rather  truly 
utacMan."—A'icholton :   Palaont.,  U.  163. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Selache,   the  order  Selachia,  or    the   group 
Selachii. 

"  Not  met  with  in  any  other  telachian."—OuntJur  • 
Btudf  o/Fiihc*.  p.  828. 

t  sS-la'-oU-i,  i.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  telache 
(q.v.).] 

Ichthyology : 

L  A  synonym  of  Selachia  (q.v.). 
2.  A    group  of  Owen's   Plagiostomi,  com- 
prising the  Dog-fishes  and  Sharks. 

sel-a-choi'-de  i,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  se- 
lache (q.v.),  and  Gr.  eloos  (eidos)  =  form.] 

L  Ichthy:  Sharks;  a  group  of  Plagios- 
tomi, distinguished  from  the  Batoidei,  or 
Rays,  by  having  the  body  elongate,  more  or 
less  cylindrical,  gradually  tapering  to  a  snout, 
and  contracting  towards  the  tail,  and  the 
gill-slits  lateral.  Dr.  Gunther  enumerates 
nine  families  :  Carchariida?,  Lamnidae,  Rhino- 
dontidte,  Notidanidw,  Scylliidse,  Hybodon- 
tidse,  Cestraciontidse,  Spinacidse,  and  Rhinidte. 
2.  Palceont. :  From  the  Devonian  onward. 

scl-a  don-ite,  >.    [CEI.ADONITE.] 

se-la'-gid,  ».    [Lat.  selag(o) ;  Eng.  suff.  -id.] 
Bat.  (PI):  The  Selaginacese  (q.v.). 

se  la-gi-na  -90-88,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  selago,  genit. 
telagin(ii);  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.) 

Bot. :  Selagids ;  an  order  of  Pengynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Echiales.  Herbs,  or  small 
branched  shrubs,  with  alternate,  exstipulate, 
generally  sessile  leaves  in  clusters;  calyx 
spatliaceous  or  tubular,  persistent,  with 
several  divisions,  rarely  with  two  sepals  ; 
corolla  tubular,  irregular,  five-lobed  ;  stamens 
four,  usually  didynamous,  rarely  two;  an- 
thers one-celled  ;  style  one,  filiform ;  stigma 
nearly  capitate;  ovary  superior;  fruit  two- 
celled,  each  cell  one-seeded.  From  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  Asia,  Southern  Europe,  &c. 
Genera  ten,  species  120.  (l.indley.) 

se  la  gl-nel'-  la,  f.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Lat  selago  (q.v.J.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Lyeopodiacea).  Known 
species  about  150,  chiefly  tropical.  One, 
SelagineUa  selaainoides  is  British.  Selaginella 
convoluta  is  the  Rock  lily. 

scl-a-gite,  s.  [Gr.  o-eAoyeu  (selageo)  =  to 
shine  ;  suff.  -tie  (Petrol.).] 

Petrol. :  A  name  proposed  by  Cordier  for 
certain  rocks  which  contained  hypersthene. 

•S-la'-go,  ».  [Lat.  =  a  kind  of  club-moss, 
Lycopodium  Selago.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Selaginacete 
(q.v.).  More  than  seventy  species  are  known, 
all  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

se'-lah,  i.    [Heb.  rrrJ  (sdoA).    (Seedef.).]   A 
ord  which  occurs  seventy-one  times  in  the 


Psalms  and  three  times  in  Habbakuk,  nearly 
always  at  the  end  of  a  verse.    (See  extract.) 

"  The  term  .  .  .  has  been  variously  interpreted  as 
Indicating  (I)  a  pause:  (2)  repetition  (like  Da  Capo); 
(8)  the  end  of  a  strophe ;  (*)  playing  with  full  power 
t/nrtitltmo) ;  (s)  a  bending  of  the  buoy  an  obeisance ; 
(6)  a  short  recurring  symphouy  (a  rttomeWo).  of  all 
these  the  last  seems  the  most  probable.  In  n  lecture 
on  the  subject,  by  Bir  P.  Ouseley,  a  psalm  was  sane 
into  which  such  ritornclli.  on  string  instrument*  ana 
trumpets,  were  introduced  at  every  occurrence  of  the 
word  SeioA."— Stabler :  Mutic  <y*  the  Bible,  p.  69. 

se  lis  phbr  us,  s.  [Gr.  tTttwrfapwi  (selat- 
phoros)  =  light-bringing.] 

Ornith, :  Flame-bearers  ;  a  genus  of  Trochil- 
idffi,  with  eight  species,  ranging  from  VeYa- 
gua  in  Central  America  to  Mexico,  thence 
along  western  North  America  to  Nootka 
Sound.  The  tail  is  spreading,  and  the  outer 
tail  feathers  are  pointed.  The  throat-feathers 
are  elongated  at  the  side,  and  form  a  shield  of 
brilliant  colouring.  The  sound  produced  by 
their  wings  when  in  motion  is  a  loud  rattling 
noise,  like  the  shrill  chirrup  of  a  locust. 

sel'-bite,  s.  [After  Selb,  the  discoverer ;  suff. 
ite  (Min.).j 

Min. :  A  silver  ore  of  a  grayish  colour 
originally  found  at  the  Wenzel  mine,  Wolfach, 
Baden.  From  its  composition  it  was  regarded 
essentially  as  a  carbonate  of  silver,  but  though 
substances  of  similar  composition  have  since 
been  found  elsewhere,  it  is  still  considered  to 
be  a  doubtful  species. 

•scl  couth,  a.  [A.S.  seldctidh,  from  «eW  = 
seldom,  and  cudh  =  known.]  Rarely  known 
or  seen  ;  rare,  strange,  unusual. 

"  A  tetcouth  sight  they  see." 

Scott :   Thomai  the  Rhymer,  ill 

"  s£r-c6nth-ljr,    adv.      [Eng.  selcouth;    -it/.] 
Rarely,  seldom,  uncommonly,  strangely. 
"  And  how  he  died  here  tetcouthly  I  fond. 

A  Sntnne.  p.  M 

•  seld,  *  seilde,  a.  &  adv.    [A.S.  teld.]   [Siu- 

DOM.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Rare,  scarce. 

B.  As  adv. :  Rarely,  seldom. 

*  seld  shown,  a.  Rarely  exhibited  to 
public  view. 

"  Seld-lhovm  flamlns 
Do  press  among  the  popular  throngs." 

Shakexp. :  Coriolamtt,  U.  I. 

'  seld'-«n,  adv.    [SELDOM.] 

sel'-dom,  *  sel- dome,  adv.  &  a.  [A.S.  seld- 
OTI,  seldon,  eeldum,  formed  with  adverbial 
suff.  -urn  (-om),  from  seld  =  rare  ;  cf.  whilom  ; 
cogn.  with  Out.  zelden;  Iccl.  sjaldan ;  Dan. 
Bidden;  Sw.  sallan;  O.  H.  Ger.  seldan;  Ger. 
telten.] 

A.  As  adv. :  Rarely,  not  often,  not  fre- 
quently. 

"And  suffer  now,  not  tftdom,  from  the  thought," 
Wordtworth :  Excurtion.  bk.  Ut 

•B.  As  adj.:  Rare,  infrequent,  imt  common. 
"  For  blunting  the  fine  point  of  teld>nn  pleasure." 
Stafc-sp.  -•  Sonnet  it. 

•  sel- dom- ness,  s.     [Eng.  seldom;  -nest.} 
Rareness,  infrequency,  uncommonness,  rarity. 

"  The  king  and  queen.  In  whom  the  irfctomtwst  of 
the  sight  increased  the  more  unquiet  longing."— atd- 
nei  :  Arcadia,  bk.  ill. 

•  sele,  s.  &  v.    [SEAL,  >.  &  v.] 

se-leot',  v.t.  [SELECT,  a.]  To  choose  and 
pick  out  from  a  number ;  to  take  by  prefer- 
ence from  amongst  others;  to  pick  out;  to 
cull. 

"Am  I  lelected  from  the  crowd 

To  witness  It  alone."        Cowper :  mghtinoaU. 

S<t-leof ,  a.  &  s.  [Lat  seleclus,  pa.  par.  of 
seligo  =  to  choose  :  se-  =  apart,  and  lego  =  to 
choose.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Taken  from  a  number  by  pre- 
ference ;  picked  out  from  others  by  reason  of 
some  excellence  or  sujwriority ;  culled  out; 
choice ;  more  valuable  or  excellent  than 
others ;  superior :  as,  a  select  party,  select 
troops. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  A  selection. 

"  He ...  sets  forth  »  ulect  of  the  Eye  Plot  papsm" 
—forth:  etamen,  p.  80S. 

se'-lect'-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [SELECT,  v.] 

so-lecf-ed-ly",  adv.  [Eng.  selected;  -Jj/.J 
With  care  in  selection. 


se  lee  -tion,  s.    [Lat.  selectio,  from  selectui. 
pa.  par.  of  seligo  =  to  select  (q.v.).] 
1.  The  act  of  selecting,  choosing,  or  picking 


«?.te.  at,  tare   amidst,  what,  lall.  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or.  wore,  w9li;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute.  cup.  cure,  unite,  eur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


selective— selenodont 


4185 


out  from  a  number  by  preference  ;  »  taking 
by  preference  from  a  number  ;  choice. 

2  That  which  is  selected,  chosen,  or  taken 
by  preference  out  of  a  number  •  a  number •  of 
things  selected  or  chosen  from  others  by  pre- 
ference. 

MWVII.  v«  «inff'«  out 


^[(1)  Natural  selection:    (NATURAL-SELEC- 
TION). 
(2)  Sexual  stltctim :  [SEXUAL-SELECTION]. 

•  se-lect'  -Ive,  a.  [Eng.  select ;  -im.)  Select- 
ing ;  tending  to  select. 

"  Th.  »!.«(»  providenceof  the  Almighty  ~-Bp  Hail 
f  A  "  selective  power"  has  been  attributed 
to  plants  which  take  from  the  ground  the 
precise  nutriment  that  they  require. 

sS-lect-man,  s.  [Eng-.  select,  a.,  and  mm.] 
A  town  ottice?  chosen  annually  to  manage  the 
concerns  of  the  town,  provide  for  the  poor, 
L  Their  number  is  usually  from  three  to 
•even  in  «ach  town,  and  these  constitute  a 
kind  ol  executive  authority.  (Amer.) 

m&  lecf-ness  3.  [Eng.  select,  a.;  -ness.]  The 
quaUty  "state  of  being  select ;  choiceness. 

«S-leot-6r  s.  [Eng.  select;  -or.]  One  who 
sclecto  or  chooses  from  a  number ;  one  who 
makes  a  selection.  (Knox:  Essays,  No.  104.) 

•S-len-,  pref.    [SELENO-.] 

selen-sulphur,  s.    [SELENIC-SOLPHUR.] 
•8-len-aT-dtne,  s.  [Eng.  selen(ium)i  ald(ehy- 
dmle),  and  suff.  -ine  \Chem.).'] 

Chem. :  C6Hi3NSe2.  A  base  produced  by 
the  action  of  selenhydric  acid  on  aldehydrate 
of  ammonium.  When  the  crystals  have  formed 
the  selenhydrate  of  ammonium  is  removed  b. 
de  aerated  water,  and  the  crystals  dried  over 
oil  of  vitriol.  They  are  small  and  colourless 
have  a  disagreeable  smell,  and  are  slightly 
soluble  in  water,  but  easily  in  alcohol.  Selen 
aldine  readily  decomposes,  giving  off  a  fetid 
gas,  and  depositing  a  yellow  powder. 
•S-len-ar'-I-a,  s.  [Or.  <reAi)i^j  (selenl)  =  th 
moon  ;  Lat.  fern.  sing.  adj.  suff.  -aria.] 

Zool.  <t  Palosont.:   The  typical   genss 
Selenariailie  (q.v.). 

•e-len-a-ri-a-diB,  ».  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  Klen- 
ari(a);"Lat.  fern.  sing.  adj.  suff.  -ados.) 

1    Zool  :  A  family  of  Bryozoa,  with  the  fre 

pol'yzoary  consisting  of  a  plano-convex   o 

concave  disk,  with  one  layer  of  cells  on  th 

convex  surface. 

2.  Palosont. :  From  the  Cretaceous  onward 

s6  len'  ate,  s.    [Bng."  selen(ic) i;  -ate.] 
Chem. :  A  salt  of  selenic  acid. 
selenato  of  lead,  selenite  of  lead, 

Min. :  Kerstenite. 
•8-len-«'-thyl,  s.  [Eng.  selenium),  and  ethyl. 

Chem,  :  Se(C2H5>i.    Selenic  ethide.   A  feti 
oilv   liquid,  very  inflammable,   obtained  b 
distilling  potassium  selenide  with  potassm 
ethylsulphate.    It  acts  as  a  bivalent  radica 
uniting  with  bromine,  chlorine,  oxygen,  &c 

•S-len-et'-te'd,  a.    [Eng.  selen(ium),  and  («r> 
etted.]    Combined  with  selenium. 
selenetted-  hydrogen,  »•    [SELENHY- 

DB.IC-ACID.] 

•8-len-hy'-drio,  a.     [Eng.  selen(ium);  hy- 
driogen), and  suff.  -ie.]    Derived  from  or  con- 
taining  selenium  and  hydrogen. 
selenhydric-aoid, ». 

Chem. :  H2Se.  Selenetted  hydrogen.  Hydro- 
gen selenide.  A  colourless  gas  produced  by 
fhe  action  of  dilute  sulphuric  acid  on  potas- 
sium or  iron  selenide.  It  is  very  soluble  in 
water  and,  like  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  de- 
composes metallic  solutions,  insoluble  selen- 
Ides  being  precipitated. 

•e-le'-ni-a,  s.    [Lat.  seliwm,  from  Gr.  afrtvvr 
(selinon)  =  a  kind  of  parsley.) 

Sot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Selenidae  (q.v.). 
Only  one  known  species,  from  Texas. 

se-le  nic,  a.     [Eng.  selenium);  -fc.]    Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  selenium, 
selenic  acid,  s. 
Chem. :  SeO-KHO^    Discovered  in  1827  by 


Mitscherlich,  and  prepared  by  fusing  an  alka- 
line selenite  with  nitrate  of  potassium,  con- 
verting the  selenate   formed  into  a  lead  or 
cadmium  salt,  decomposing  the  latter  will 
sull>hydric  acid,  filtering  and  concentrating 
the  filtrate  by  evaporation.     It  is  a  transparent 
colourteM  liquid.'boils  at  280%  has  a  sp.  gr. 
=  2-6     and   resembles    sulphuric    acid;    its 
admixture  with  water  being  attended  with 
considerable  rise  of  temperature.  Selenic  acid, 
boiled  with  hydrochloric  acid,  gives  off  chlorine 
and  is  reduced  to  selenious  acid. 
selenic-ethide,  s.    [SELENETHYL.] 
selenic  sulpliur,  s. 
Min.  :  A  variety  of  native  sulphur  of  an 
orange  or  sometimes  brownish  colour,  con- 
taining selenium.     Found  at  Vulcano,  Lipari 
Islands,  also  at  Kilauea,  Hawaii.    Called  also 
Selen-sulphur  and  Selenium-sulphur. 

e-len'-i-dm,   «•  pi-     [Mod- 
Lot.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idle.] 

Bot. :  A  family  of  Pleurorhizese. 
sS-len'-lde,  s.     [Eng.  selenium) ;  -ide.] 

Chem.  (PI.):  Compounds  o;  the  metals,  and 
alcohol  radicals,  with  selenium.  The  metallic 
selenides  can  be  produced  by  fusing  selemun 
with  the  metal.  They  are  mostly  reddish  o 
dark  coloured,  and  are  more  difficultly  acted 
on  by  nitric  acid  than  the  correspondin 
sulphides.  Some  occur  in  nature,  as  rar 
minerals.  [If.] 

f  Selen  ide  of  copper  =  Berzeliamte •  Selemd 
of  lead  and  copper  =  Zorgite;  BeUmWe  o 
copper  and  silver  =  Eu.ca.mte ;  Selenide  o 
lead=Cfaus(taiile;  Selenide  of  mercury  = 
Tiemannite;  Selenide  of  mercury  and  lead  = 
=  Lehrbachite ;  Selenide  of  silver  =  Nauman 
nite  ;  Selenide  of  thallium  =  Crookesite. 


sS-len-iT-er-OUS,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  selenium 
Lat.  fen  =  to  bear,  to  produce,  and  Eng.  suff 
-ous.]  Yielding  or  containing  selenium. 

sS-len-l-6-,  pref.    [SELENO-  (8).] 
se-le-nl  6-9y  an  ate, ,.  [Pref.  «dtuio-,an 
Eng.  cyanate.] 

Chem.  (PI.) :  CN  MSe  =  Cy  MSe.  Compound 
analogous  to  the  sulphocyanates  discovered 
in  1820  by  Berzelius.  The  potassium  salt  is 
obtained  by  fusing  potassic  ferrocyamde  with 
selenium.  It  crystallizes  in  needles  very 
deliquescent,  and  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
All  the  other  seleniocyanates  are  formed, 
either  by  neutralising  the  acid  with  a  base,  or 
by  precipitation,  according  as  they  are  soluble 
or  insoluble. 

sS-le-ni-o-oy-an'-io,  o.  [Pref.  selenla-,  and 
Eng.  cyanic.)  Derived  from  selenium  and 
cyanic  acid. 

soleniocyanic  acid,  s. 
Chem. :  CNHSe  =  CyHSe.    Hydric  selenio- 
cyanate.     Prepared  by  passing  a  stream  of 
sulphydric  acid  gas  through  a  warm  aqueous 
solution  of  lead  seleniocyanate,  filtering,  and 
boiling  the  Hltrate  to  expel  the  excess  of  sul- 
phydric acid.   It  is  very  unstable,  the  addition 
of  almost  any  acid  causing  a  precipitate  of  the 
selenium. 
selcniocyanic  anhydride,  s. 

Chem. :  CjNjSe  =  gj  ]•  Se.  Obtained  by  the 
action  of  iodide  of  cyanogen  on  argentic 
seleniocyanate.  It  forms  limpid  rhombic 
tables  which  volatilise  slowly  on  exposure  to 
the  air,  melts  at  60°,  soluble  in  water,  alcohol, 
and  ether,  and  readily  decomposed  by  acids. 

se-le'-nl-ous,  a.     [Eng.   telenHum);  -ma.) 
Pertaining  to  selenium. 

selenious  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  SeO^Ok  Produced  by  the  hydra- 
tion  of  selenious  oxide,  or  the  action  of  nitro- 
muriatic  acid  on  selenium.  It  is  deposited 
from  its  hot  aqueous  solution  in  prismatic 
crystals  like  saltpetre  and  is  a  powerful  acid, 
neutralising  alkalis,  and  decomposingchlomles 
and  nitrates  with  the  aid  of  heat.  It  is  dibasic, 
and  forms  unimportant  neutral  and  acid  salts 
with  the  alkalis  and  metals. 
sS-len'-ite  (1),  s.  [Eng.  selen(inm);  -to.] 

Chem. :  A  salt  of  selenious  acid. 

*  •£  Ian' -ite  (2)  *.  [Gr.  <r«Xnirj  (seZdn2)=the 
moon.)  One  of  the  supposed  inhabitants  of 
the  moon. 


se  len  -ite  (3),  s.  [Or.  (reAiji/Tj  (seline)  =  the 
moon  ;  suff.  -He  (A/in.).] 

Min. :  A  name  used  by  some  mineralogist! 
for  the  species  gypsum  (q.v.),  by  oth«r» 
applied  to  the  crystallized  forms  only. 

e  len-it  Ic,   se-len-it'-Ic-al,   o.     [Eng. 

setenit(e);  -fc,  -ical.} 

1  Of  or  pertaining  to  selenite  ;  resembling 
selenite,  or  partaking  of  ite  nature  or  pro- 
perties. [SELENITE  (8).] 

*  2.  Pertaining  to  the  moon. 

•S-le'-ni-fim,  ».  [Gr.  o-eX^nj  (seline)  =  the 
moon.  Named  by  Berzelius,  because  it  wa« 
associated  with  tellurium  (q.v.).] 

Chem  :    A    non-  metallic    hexad    element 
occupying  an   intermediate    place   betweet 
sulphur  and  tellurium.    Symbol  Se.    Atomic 
weight  79-5.     Discovered  by  Berzelius  in  1817. 
Though  not  very  abundant  in  nature,  it  enters 
into  the  composition  of  many  minerals,  and 
has  boen  found  in  the  free  state  in  certain 
parts  of  Mexico.    It  is  prepared  from  cupro- 
nlumbic  selenide  by  heating  the  pulverised 
ore    with    hydrochloric   acid,    igniting    the 
insoluble  residue  with  an  equal  weight    of 
black  flux  and  dissolving  out  the  selemde  of 
potassium  with  boiling  water.     By  exposing 
this  solution  to  the  air  Selenium  is  deposited 
as  a  gray  powder.    Like  sulphur,  it  occurs  in 
the  amorphous  and  crystalline  states.     In  tn< 
former  it  may  be  drawn  out  into  ruby-coloured 
threads,  and  when  melted  and  quickly  cooled 
becomes  vitreous  with  a  specific  gravity  of  4-8, 
and  nearly  insoluble  in  bisulphide  of  carboc. 
In  the  crystalline  condition  it  forms  mono- 
clinic  prisms  of  sp.  gr.  =  4-5-4-J.     I 
below  a  red  heat,  and  gives  off  a  deep  yellow 
vapour  which  condenses  in  scarlet  flowers, 
and  when  thoroughly  heated  burns  with  • 
blue  flame  forming  selenious  anhydride.     H 
is  oxidised  and  dissolved  by  nitric  acid,  yield- 
ing selenious  acid. 


selenium  chlorides,  s.  pi. 

Chem. :  The  dicnloride,  SeCl2,  is  obtained 
bv  passing  a  slow  stream  of  chlorine  over 
f usedselenium.  It  condenses  as  a  dark  yellow 
oily  liquid  with  very  pungent  odour,  and  I 
quickly  decomposed  with  hot  water  into 
selenious  and  hydrochloric  acids.  The  tetra- 
chloride  is  formed  by  freely  passing  chlorine 
over  fused  selenium.  It  forms  a  white  crystal- 
line mass  which  on  further  heating  yields  a 
yellow  vapour.  It  dissolves  in  water,  forming 
selenious  and  hydrochloric  acids. 

selenium-oxides,  s.  pi. 

Chem  :  Selenious  oxide,  SeOa,  is  the  only 
oxide  of  which  the  composition  is  exactly 
known.  It  is  formed  when  selenium  is  burnt 
in  a  stream  of  oxygen.  At  a  heat  below  red- 
ness it  volatilises  in  the  form  of  a  yellow 
vapour  which  condenses  in  white  four-sided 
needles.  It  readily  takes  up  water  forming 
selenious  acid.  The  tnoxide,  8eO3,  the 
anhydride  of  selenic  acid,  is  not  known. 

selenium -sulphur,  s.    [SELENIC-SUX,- 

PHOR.J 

*  se-len-i-ur'-et, '  se-len-ur'-St,».  [Bng. 

telenHum),  and  uret.) 
Chem. :  Selenide  (q.v.). 

*  sS-le-nl-u-rett'-Sd,  o.    [SELBNETTKD.] 

so  len  6  ,  se-len-I-o-.  se-len-,  prtf.   [Or. 
creXTJ^  (selene)  =  the  moon,  a  crescent] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  moon. 

2.  Crescentic. 

3    Pertaining  to,  or  containing   selenium 

(q.v.). 
se-len-o-bls'-muth-ite, ».  [Pref.  seleno-  (SX 

and  Eng.  bismuthtte.} 
Min  •    A    variety    of  bismuthinite  (q.v.), 

stated  to  contain  10  per  cent,  of  selenium. 

Found  in  Wermland,  Sweden. 
se-len-6-cen'-tric,  a.    [Pref.  seleno-  (1),  and 

Eng.  centric.]    Pertaining  to  the  centre  of  tl 

moon  :  as  seen  or  estimated  from  the  centrt 

of  the  moon. 

ae-len'-6-dont,  a.   [SELENODONTA.]    Belong- 
ing to  01  characteristic  of  the  Selenodonta ; 

having  molars  with  crescentic  ridges. 

••The  tooth  of  the  Home  bmriuB  to  thai ^of Anew- 


4186 


seienodonta— self 


n5  ien  6  don  -ta,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  tden-  (2),  an 
Gr.  uoovc  (odou*),  genit.  uow-ros  (odontos)  = 
tooth.) 

Zool.  d  Palavnt. :  A  group  of  Ardodactyl 
Mammals,  with  three  sections,  Tylopoda 
Tragulina,  and  Pecora,  or  Kuminautia  (q.v. 
Tlie  molars  have  a  crescentic  ridged  forn 
The  earliest  known  member  of  the  group  is 
Anoplotherium  (q.v.). 

•S-len'-A-graph,  «.     [SELENOGRAPHY.)     „ 

drawing  or  picture  of  the  surface  of  the  moon 
or  any  fort  of  it 

•8-len  Sg-ra-pher,    se-len  og'-ra 

phlst,  s.   (Eng.  selenography), :  -er, -ist.}  On 
versed  or  skilled  in  selenography. 

•e-len  6  graph'-lc,  se-len -6- graph 
Ic-aV'  [Eng.  selenography) ;-ic,-icaU]  Per 
taining  or  relating  to  selenography. 

•e;len-6g  -ra-phy,  a.  [Pref.  seleno-  (1),  am 
Or.  -ypacW  (arapho)  =  to  write.)  A  descrip 
tion  of  the  muon  and  its  phenomena  ;  the  ar 
of  picturing  or  delineating  the  face  of  the  moon 
"  Hevelins.  In  his  accurate  telfnoyrap**,  or  descrip- 
tion of  the  moi.u.  hath  well  translated  the  known 
appellations  of  regions,  seas,  and  mountains,  unto  tb 
parts  of  that  luminary."— Browne, 

•e-len  6-log  ic  al,  a.  [Eng.  selenologty) , 
-ical.)  Ol  or  pertaining  to  selenology. 

•£  len-ol  -6-gy,  s.  [Pref.  seleno-  (l\  and  Gr 
Aoyos  ((01704)  =  a  discourse.)  That  branch  o: 
astronomical  science  which  treats  of  the  moon. 

•e-leu  -9!  des,  ».  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat.  seleu- 
cis,  genit  seleucidis  =  a  kind  of  bird  on  Mount 
Cassius  (J'/iitu).! 

Ornith. :  A  genns  of  Epimachinse.  Bill  longer 
than  bead,  nearly  straight,  compressed,  tip 
eniarginate  ;  nostrils  oblong,  partly  hidden  by 
frontal  feathers  ;  wings  moderate  ;  tail  short 
composed  of  twelve  nearly  equal  feathers; 
tarsi  moderate,  scute  Hated  ;  outer  and  middle 
toes  united  at  base ;  claws  curved,  acute. 
A  single  species,  Selrucida  alba,  the  Twelve- 
wired  Bird  of  Farad ise(q.v.>  It  was  formerly 
classed  with  Epimachus. 

•elf,  •  selfe,  •  •llf,  «.  4  j.  [A.8.  self,  te^, 
tylf;  cogn.  with  But.  zelj ;  led.  sjdlfr  ;  Dan 
tele;  Sw.  sjelf;  Goth,  silba;  Ger.  selbe,  selbst. 
According  to  Skeat,  from  a  Teutonic  base, 
Jeioa  for  seliba,  where  se  is  the  same  as  the 
Lat  « ;  Skt.  stw  =  one's  own  self,  and  (ii  is 
the  same  as  the  base  of  Goth,  laiba  =  a  rem- 
nant: bilaibjan  =  ta  be  left;  hence  the 
original  meaning  of  telf  a  "left  to  one's  self." 
Self  was  originally  used  as  an  adjective  = 
ttuie,  as  "That  self  mould"  (Shakesp.: 
Richard  II.,  I  2),  and  was  declined  as  a 
definite  or  indefinite  adjective,  as  Ic  self,  Ic 
««jya  =  I  (my)self,  and  agreed  with  the  pro- 
noun to  which  it  was  added  :  as  nom.  Ic  selfa  • 
genit,  mill  selfes;  dat.  me  silfum;  accus. 
necsilfne ;  thu  selfa=  thou  (thyjself,  he  selfa  = 
he  (him)self,  we  silfe  =  we  (ourselves,  hi  silfe 
=  they  (themselves,  4c.  In  Old  Eng.  the 
dative  of  the  personal  pronoun  was  sometimes 
prefixed  to  the  nominative  of  self,  as  Ic  me  sttf 
=  I  myself,  thu  the  >iV=thou  thyself,  he  him 
«IV=he  himself,  we  us  silfe,  ge  eow  tilfe, 
At  him  silfe.  In  the  thirteenth  century  the 
genitive  was  substituted  for  the  dative  of  the 
prefixed  pronouns  in  the  flrst  and  second 
persons,  as  mi  self,  thi  self,  for  me  self,  the  self, 
and  our  self,  your  self,  for  us  self,  you  self 
From  this  the  transition  to  myself,  thyself  was 
easy.  Self  then  began  to  be  regarded  as  a 
substantive,  and  the  plural,  selves,  was  formed 
on  the  analogy  of  nouns  ending  in/.  In  him- 
telf,  themselves,  itself,  the  old  dative  remains 
unchanged;  his  self,  their  selves,  are  pro- 
vincialisms. With  OTOTI,  the  possessive  pro- 
nouns An,  our,  your,  and  their  may  be  used 
as  "  Who  his  own  self  bare  our  sins  in  his  own 
body  on  the  tree"(l  Peter  ii.  24),  and  so  in 
Scriptural  language  mine,  as  "I  judge  not 
mine  own  self"  (1  Cor.  iv.  3).] 
A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  8»me,  very. 

"  Hell  hath  no  limlte,  nor  is  circumscribed 
In  one  nlf  place."        Harlcaee :  Fauitu*.  U,  L 

•  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  one's  self;  own, 
"VVho  by  i^and  violent  hands  took  off  her  life."— 

S.  As  a  pronominal  affix  or  adjective,  self  is 
•nixed  to  personal  pronouns  (1)  to  express 
emphasis  or  distinction,  and  (2)  when  the 
pronouns  are  used  reflexively.  Thus,  for 
emphasis,  /  myself  will  go,  denotes  not  only 


my  Intention  of  going,  but  also  my  dete 
mination  of  going  in  jx-rson.  Reflexivel; 
he  killed  himself,  we  keep  ourselves,  &c.  Hii'i 
telf,  herself,  and  themxlres  are  used  in  th 
nominative  as  well  as  in  the  objective  case 
as,  "Jesus  himself  baptised  not,  but  hi 
disciples"  (John  if.  2).  Self  (or  selves)  is  some 
times  found  separated  from  the  pronoun  :  as 
"To  thy  sweet  self  too  cruel"  (Shnkesp. 
Sonnet  1),  though  in  such  cases,  self  may  b 
regarded  as  a  noun.  Such  phrases  as  Ccesar 
self,  Tarquin'sself,&renot,  philologicallyspeak 
ing,  so  correct  as  Casar  self,  Tarquln  ttlf. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  individual  as  an  object  to  his  ow 
reflective  consciousness ;  a  person  as  a  dis 
tiiiut  individual  ;  one's  individual  person  ;  th 
ego  of  metaphysicians;  the  man  vie\vvd  l> 
his  own  cognition  as  the  subject  of  all  hi 
mental  phenomena,  the  agent  in  his  owi 
activities,  the  subject  of  his  own  feelings,  and 
the  possessor  of  faculties  and  character. 

"  But  whateoever  to  some  men  makes  a  man,  anri 
consequently  the  same  individual  man  wherein  per 
haps  few  are  agreed,  personal  identity  can  by  us  be 
placed  in  nothing  but  consciousness  (which  is  tha 
alone  which  makes  what  we  call  telft  without  iuv-olv 
Ing  ns  in  great  absurdities."—  Locke  :  Human  Cntler 
Handing,  Bk.  II.,  ch.  xivlL 

2.  Personal    interest ;  one's    own    privatt 
interest :  as,  He  is  always  thinking  of  self. 

3.  A  flower  or  blossom  of  a  uniform  colour 
especially  one  without  an  edging  or  uorde: 
distinct  from  the  ground  colour. 

IT  Self  is  used  as  the  flrst  element  in  in 
numerable  compounds,  generally  of  aufn 
ciently  obvious  meaning,  in  most  of  which  it 
denotes  either  the  agent  or  the  object  of  the 
action  expressed  by  the  word  with  which  it  i» 
joined,  or  the  person  on  behalf  of  whom  it  is 
performed,  or  the  person  or  thing  to,  for,  or 
towards  whom  or  which  a  quality,  attribute, 
or  feeling  expressed  by  the  following  word 
belongs,  is  directed,  or  is  exerted,  or  from 
which  it  proceeds  ;  or  it  denotes  the  subject 
of  or  object  affected  by  such  action,  quality 
attribute,  feeling,  and  the  like  (Webster)-  as 
self-abhorring,  self-accusing,  self -deceiving.  &c. 

•elf-abased,  a.  Humbled  by  conscious- 
ness of  guilt  or  shame. 

self-abasement,  5. 

1.  Humiliation    or   abasement   proceeding 
from  consciousness  of  inferiority,  guilt  or 
shame. 

2.  Degradation  of  one's  self  by  one's  own  act. 

•elf-abasing,  a.  Abasing  or  humiliating 
one's  self  through  consciousness  of  inferiority 
guilt,  or  shame. 

self  -  abhorrence,  i.  Abhorrence  or 
hatred  of  one's  self. 

"  Be  shame  and  uV-abhorrtnce  mine.' 


•elf-abuse, ,. 

1.  Abuse  of  one's  own  powers. 

"  Habitual  apleen  ...  had  sometimes  urged 

To  t::lf.abute  a  not  ineloquent  tongue." 

Wordtvnrth :  Excursion,  bk.  Til. 

*  2.  Self-deception  ;    illusion.       (Shaken  • 
Macbeth,  iii.  4.) 

3.  Masturbation  (q.v.). 

*  self  accusatory,   o.    Accusing  one's 
self.    (Dickens :  Christmas  Carol,  st»ve  1.) 

self-accused,  a.  Accused  by  one's  self 
to  others,  or  by  one's  own  conscience. 

"  Die  tel/-atxuitd  of  life  run  all  to  waste." 

Coteper:  Bill  of  Mortalilt  (i-D.  ITU). 

•elf-acting,  a.  Acting  of  or  by  itself; 
applied  to  any  automatic  contrivance  for 
superseding  the  manipulation  which  would 
otherwise  be  required  in  the  management  of 
machines :  as,  a  self-acting  valve,  one  moved 
by  the  action  of  the  fluid,  in  contradistinction 
to  one  moved  by  mechanical  devices. 

•elf-action,  «.  Action  by  or  originating 
in  one  s  self  or  itself. 

self-active,  a.  Self-acting ;  moving  one's 
self  or  itself  without  foreign  or  external  aid. 

self-activity,  s.  The  power  of  moving 
one's  self  or  itself  without  foreign  or  external 
aid ;  self-action. 

self-adjusting,  a.  Adjusting  by  one's 
self  or  itself. 

•elf -admiration,  t.  Admiration  of 
one  s  self ;  self-conceit 

self  adulation,  ..  Flattery  of  one's  self. 

"Fired  by  loud  plaudits  and  Klf-idutatim 
Byron :  A  Initant  Vie*  of  A 


self  affairs,  s.  pi.    One's  own  private 
affairs  ;  one's  own  business.    (Shakeip.  :  ttid- 


. 
tummer  Night's  Dream,  i.  1.) 


^  self  affrighted,  o.    Frightened  at  one'* 

"  Self-affrighttd.  tremble  at  his  sin  " 

SnatoHP.  :  rticfcord  //..  Ut  J. 

self-aggrandizement,  s.  AggranSize- 
ment  or  exaltation  of  one's  self. 

•elf-annihilation,  s.  Annihilation  by 
one's  own  act. 

self  applause,  ».  Applause  of  one'. 
own  self  ;  self-praise. 

"  With  all  the  attitudes  of  Hlf-nppjtjuxt." 

Byron  :  ritvm  '<tf  Judgment,  ICY. 

*  self  -applying,  a.    Applying  to  or  by 
one  s  self. 

self-approbation,  s.  Approbation  of 
one's  self;  self-applause. 

self-approving,  a.  Approving  of  one'» 
own  conduct,  character,  &c. 

"  Seff-apfrannf  dignity  might  never  be  able  to 
shield  me  from  ridicule."—  OrtdlmitH  .  The  &se,  No.  i. 

self  -asserting,   self  -  assertive,   o. 

1  orward  in  asserting  one's  self  or  one's  righto 
or  claims  ;  putting  one's  self  forward  con- 
fidently. 

self-assertion,  «.  The  act  of  asserting 
or  ^putting  one's  self  or  one's  owu  rights  or 
claims  forward  in  an  assuming  manner. 

self  assumed,  a.  Assumed  by  one's) 
own  act  or  on  one's  own  authority  :  as,  a  self- 
assumed  title. 

*  self  assumption,  s.    Self-conceit*. 

"  In  lelf-auumpCivH  greate* 
Than  in  the  note  of  Judgment.' 

Shaketp.  :  Tr,,Uut  t  Crnftda,  11  » 

•elf-banished,  o.  Banished  or  exiled 
voluntarily. 

"  8Jf-bani*ed  from  society." 

Ctnci.cr  :  TaiJt,  1.  5T». 

self  begot,  self  -begotten,  a.  Begotten 
by  one's  self  or  one's  own  powers. 

"  Know  none  before  us,  ttlf.  begot  self  -raised 
By  our  own  quickening  power 

Millon  :  P.  L.,  T.  Mo. 

self  -beguiled,  a.    Self-deceived. 

self  betrayed,  a.  Betrayed  by  one'* 
own  self. 

"  Sfff-telraned,  and  wilfully  undone." 

Covper  :  Tirocinium^  171 

•elf-blinded,  a.  Blinded  or  led  astray 
by  one's  own  actions,  means,  or  qualities. 

•elf-born,  o.  Born  or  begotten  by  one'i 
self;  self-begotten. 

"  Fright  our  native  peace  with  lelf-bom  anna* 
Shaktip.  :  Richard  II.,  U.  a. 

*  self  -bounty,  s.    Inhorent  kindness  and 
benevolence. 

"  i,  would  not  have  your  free  and  noble  nature* 
Out  of  uV-bou>itir,  be  abuse.!." 

Skattip.  .-  Othello,  tit  t, 

*  »elf-breath,  ».     One's  own  words  01 
speech. 

"A  pride  that  quarrels  at  teJ/^naOt." 

ShaJketp.  :  Troilut  4  Creuiaa,  1L  & 

self-buried,  a.    Buried  by  one's  sell 

"  Self-buried  ere  they  die." 

Cotcptr:  7\jst  v.  K. 

*self-centration,s.  The  act  of  centring, 
or  state  of  being  centred,  on  one's  self. 

*  self-centred,  o.  Centred  In  or  on  one'» 
self  or  itself. 

"  There  hangs  the  ball  of  earth  and  water  mixt 
Self-centred  and  nnmov'd." 

Dryden  :  State  of  Innocence. 

*  •elf-charity,  >.     Love  of  one's  self; 
self-love. 

"  I'niese  tel/*Aaritf  be  sometimes  a  rice." 

tiliab'tf.  :  OOulto,  11.  H 

self-closing,  o.  Closing  itself.  Used  of 
a  gate,  a  door,  otc. 

*  self  cognizance,  s.    Self-knowledge. 

"  The  first  quality  of  thought  Is  Its  Kl/.coani»,nce.- 
—  foe  .  Aratu  (Works  IBM,  p,  m). 

self-collected,  a.  Self-possessed,  calm, 
cool, 

"Still  in  his  stern  and  my-colUcted  mien 
A  conqneror's  more  than  captive's  air  is  seen." 

Byron  :  CulViir,  ii.  8. 

self-coloured,  a.  All  of  *  single  colour. 
(Applied  to  some  animals  and  to  flowers,  and 
also  to  textile  fabrics  In  which  the  warp  and 
weft  are  of  one  colour.) 


e 
.  wore. 


work, 


-        > 
;  mnte,  ctib.  cure,  nnite,  our.  rule,  KU1;  try,  Syrian,    „,  ce  =  e;  ey 


a;  qu  = 


self  command,  s.  A  state  of  steady 
eouanimity  in  every  situation,  enabling  a  man 
S  exert  his  reasoning  faculties  witli  coolness; 
Mlf-posaetttoiL 

••  H.    i.tul     what    Biiruet    wanted,   Judgment,   «w- 

JSJrtgsajA-pgSa  "-p"*  •—  "•  - 

Jfticauf.iy."  ff'*'-  A"^-  *••  xlu- 

«  self-commitment,  s.  A  committing 
or  binding  one's  self,  as  by  a  promise,  state- 
ment,  or  conduct. 

*  self-communicative,  a.  Imparting 
or  communicating  by  its  own  powers. 

self  -  complacency,  self  -  oompla- 
cence,  ».  The  .i.iality  or  state  of  being  self- 
complacent;  satisfaction  with  ones  own 
doings  or  capabilities. 

"  By  tl»  loss  o(  that  repose. 


self 

self-consuming,  a.     Consuming  one's 
self  or  itself. 

"A  wand'rinf 


4187 


self-complaoent,  a.   Pleased  with  one'i 
s«lf  or  one's  own  doings  or  capabilities. 

••  The  K^om^cmt  stupidity  with  which  theyln- 
elsled  on  organising  «n  arniy  as  U  they  had  been 
organising  a  commonwealth,'  —  Jfacoutay.  J/lrt.  i'lj., 
ch.  v. 

self  conceit,  «.    A  high  opinion  of  one's 
«elf  ;  self-esteem,  egotism,  vanity. 
-  Philosophy.  without  hi.  lie.ivei.ly  guide, 

«„  wo.  up  «*»,«.•.  =«*** 


self-conceited,  a.  Having  a  high  or 
overweening  opinion  of  one's  self;  v»in, 
egotistical. 

"A  .,y-c<mc«i!«i    (op  will    iwallo.  anythlng.-- 
L'EVringe. 


"  A  contradiction  of  what  has  been  Ba,  s  a  mar 

o(  yet  greater  pride  and  Klf-conuludnM.  when  we 

take  upon  us  to  set  another  right  in  his  story.  - 

SoH, 

self-condemnation,  *.    Condemnation 


by  one's  own  conscience. 


self  -  condemned,  a.     Condemned  by 
one's  own  conscience. 


roug 
self  condemning,  a.  Condemning  one's 


•elf 


And  could  the  ceaseless  vtittu 


e  to  pt»)T 


self-confidence,  s.  Confidence  in  one's 
•elf  or  in  one's  own  powers,  capabilities,  or 
strength  ;  reliance  on  one's  own  opinions, 
judgment,  or  powers. 

self  confident,  t.  Confident  of  one's 
own  powers,  capabilities,  or  strength  ;  relying 
on  one's  own  opinions,  judgment,  or  powers. 

•elf-confldently,  adv.  In  a  self-con- 
fident manner  ;  with  self-confidence. 

*  self-confiding,  a.    Self-contident, 

••  With  KV-conlWin?.  coldly  patient  air." 

Byron  :  L<irct,  U.  * 

self  conscious,  a. 

1.  Conscious  of  one's  own  acts  or  state  as 
belonging  to  one's  self. 
"Yet  my  ntf-matciota  worth,  ypnr 

Your  virtue,  through  the  BilSi 


2.  Conscious  of  one's  self  as  an  object  of 
observation  to  others  ;  apt  to  think  much  of 
how  one  appears  to  others. 

self-consciousness,  s. 

1   Consciousness  of  one's  own  state  or  acts. 

mSfSS^SlLSSJZ^l^S^ 

<4>u«n«u  the  power  by  wliich  we  apprehend  the 
phmiomena  of  the  Internal.  The  objects  of  the  former 
are  all  presented  to  us  in  Space  and  Time  .  .  .  Tlie 
objects  of  the  latter  are  all  apprehended  by  us  ln_ Tune 
and  in  Self."—  Hamilton:  XeUphitiu  (eu.  Hanaell.  U. 
190. 

3.  Consciousness  of  being  an  object  of  ob- 
servation to  others. 

"It  pays  them  well  for  pandering  to  Us  $4f-con- 
tdou»nt*»~—$t.  Jamett  Ocutttc,  Sept.  1.  1886. 

*  self-considering,  a.  Considering  with 
•one's  self  or  in  one's  own  mind  ;  deliberating. 

"In  dubious  thought  the  king  ..miti, 
And  ttslf-contidering,  as  he  ataiuls. 


self-consumed,  a.    Consumed  by  one's 
Mlf  or  itself. 

"  Bnt  evil  on  Itself  shall  back  reooll  .  .  . 


t 

self-contained,  a. 

1  Wrapt  up  in  one's  self;  reserved,  cold, 
not  communicative.  (Didaau :  CKratnuu 
Carol,  stave  1.) 

2.  Applied  (especially  in  Scotland)  to  a 
house  having  an  entrance  for  itself,  and  not 
approached  by  an  entrance  or  stairs  common 
to  others. 

Setf-contained  engine:  A  portable  engine 
without  travelling  gear. 

*  self-contempt,  *.  Contempt  for  one's 
self. 

self-contradiction,  s.  The  act  or  state 
of  contradicting  itself;  the  quality  or  state 
of  being  self-contradictory ;  repugnancy  in 
terms  ;  a  proposition  consisting  of  two  mem- 
bers, one  of  which  contradicts  the  other. 

••A  writer  of  this  complcttloji  gropes  his  way  sofUy 
among.t.fV-co'XnKWrt'o'i.a'id  grovels  inabsurditlea. 

seir-contradlctory,  o.  Contradicting 
itself ;  involving  a  self-contradiction  ;  repug- 
nant in  terms. 

44  Meu  had  better  own  their  ignorance,  than  advance 
doctrines  which  are  ulfixmtnuUeUrii.  —Sptati 

self-control,  s.  Control  over  one's  self ; 
self-restraint,  self-command. 

*•  A  man  who  without  Klf-controt 
WiSS  «ek  what  the.degraded  son!  „. 

Unworthily  admires."  Wordnnrlk  :  «"«»• 

self-convicted,  o.  Convicted  by  one's 
own  conscience ;  self-condemned. 

self-conviction, ».  Conviction  proceed- 
ing from  one's  own  consciousness,  knowledge, 
or  confession. 

*  self-covered,  o.  Covered  or  clothed 
in  one's  native  semblance. 


. 

self-created,  o.  Created  by  one's  self 
or  one's  own  power. 

self-culture,  s.  Culture,  training,  or  edu- 
cation of  one's  self  without  the  aid  of  others. 

*  self-danger,  s.  Danger  from  one'sself ; 
personal  danger.  (Shalcesp.:  Cymbeline,  ill.  4.) 

self-deceit,  ».  Deception  respecting  one's 
self,  or  arising  from  one's  own  mistake  ;  self- 


self  denyingly,  adv.   In  »  self-denying 
manner. 
self-dependent,  self-depending,  o. 

Depending  on  one's  self. 

•self-depraved,   a.     Depraved  or  cor- 
rupted by  one's  self. 
"Self-tempted.  iaf-deprimd."    Hilton:  P.  L.,  III.  ISO. 

self-destroyer,  t.     One  who  destroy! 
himself. 
self-destruction,  t.     The  destruction 

of  one's  self;  self-murder,  suicide. 

•'  But  Klf-dett ruction  therefore  si  .light." 

Milton  :  P.  L..  i.  l.ols. 

self-destructive,  o.  Tending  to  th« 
destruction  of  one's  self  or  itself. 

•self-determination,  ».  Determina- 
tion by  ono's  own  mind  ;  determination  by 
one's  own  or  its  own  powers  without  external 
influence  or  impulse. 

"  The  Ideas  of  men  and  Ktf-dettrmination  appear  to 
be  connected." — Locke. 

•self-determining,  a.  Capable  of  self- 
determination. 

-  Every  anlrn.l  Is  consciou^of  '^^"^"^"j' 
not:  Jtartinul SwiW-sru*. 

self-devoted,  a.  Voluntarily  devoted ; 
devoted  in  person. 

"  A  lOf^mUd  chief,  by  Hector  slain  " 

WortUwortb:  Laudamla. 

*  self-devotement,  «.    The  act  of  de- 
Toting  one's  self  or  one's  services  voluntarily 
to  any  cause  or  purpose  ;  self-devotion. 

self-devotion,  s.  The  act  of  devoting 
one's  person  or  services  to  any  cause  or  pur- 
pose ;  the  act  of  sacrificing  one's  interest  01 
happiness  for  the  sake  of  others ;  self-sacnttce. 

"Astmllnr  remark  doubtless  applies  to  the  l«fg* 
eoti?n  of  Declus."-i««i<.-  Cred.  iar<»  K<ana.n  ffta. 
(ed.  18iS),  ii.  479. 

self-devouring,  a.  Devouring  one's 
self  or  itself ;  self-consuming. 

self-diffusive,  a.  Having  power  to 
diffuse  itself. 

•  self-disdain,  ».    Self-contempt. 

"  My  Klf-dMain  shall  be  the  unshaken  bale, 
And  my  deformity  iu  fairest  grace. 


devjeptiou. 

"  This  fatal  hypocrisy  and  telf-decclt  Is  taken  not 
of  li  thesTwoM..   W£o  »n  u,,;ler,t.n.l  hi.  «rror.t 
Cleanse  thou  me  from  secret  faults.  —  Addlion .  Spec- 
tator. 

self  deceived,  a.  Deceived  or  mistaken 
respecting  one's  self  by  one  s  own  mistake  o 
error. 

self-deceiver,  «.  On«  who  deceives 
himself. 

self-deception,  *  Deception  concern- 
ing one's  self,  or  arising  from  one's  own  mis- 
take ;  self-deceit. 

self-defence,  «.  The  act  of  defending 
one's  own  person,  property,  or  reputation. 

"  The  right  of  Mf/iie/ence."— Uaeavtay .'  Sitt.  Ens., 
ch.xll. 

U  Ike  art  of  self-defence:  Boxing,  pugilism. 

•  self-defensive,  a.    Defending  or  tend 
Ing  to  defend  one's  self. 

•  self-delation,  t    Accusation  of  one's 
self. 

self-deluded,  o.    Self-deeelved._ 

"  Self-deluded  nymphs  and  swains." 

Co  vper .'  Ta»k,  Hi.  818. 

self-delusion,  «.  Self-deception,  self 
deceit. 

•*Are  not  these  strange  teJ/-<bltin&nl,  and  yet  at- 
tested by  common  experience?"— SmttA:  Sermon*. 

self-denial,  s.    The  denial  of  one's  self 
forbearance  to  gratify  one's  own  appetites  or 
desires. 

'•  If  the  Image  of  God  Is  only  sovereignty,  certain! 
we  hive  beeVTiitHerto  much  mistaken,  and  hwyftaj 
are  to  beware  of  making  ourselves  nnllke  Ood,  b 
too  much  Klf-drnial  and  numllity."-Sou(». 

self-denying,  a.  Denying  one's  self 
forbearing  to  gratify  one's  own  appetite  o 
desires. 

"  Yenr  KV-denlling  zeal."       Co*n»r  .•  To*  T.  !« 

Self-denying  Ordinance : 

Enq  Hi*.:  A  resolution  passed  by  th 
Long  Parliament  in  1648,  that !>  no  member  . 
the  House  shall,  during  the  war  enjoy  or  ex 
cute  any  office  or  command,  civil  or  military 


self-disparagement,  ».  Disparage- 
ment of  one's  self. 

"And  Inward  ,tl/-dtlpitraytmmt  afford! 
TO  medlUUv^spieen^r. tof^least  ^  ^ 

*  self-dispraise,  »•  Dispraise,  censure, 
or  disapprobation  of  one's  self. 

self-distrust,  ».  Distrust  of  one's  own 
powers  or  capabilities ;  waut  of  confidence  in 
one's  self,  or  one's  own  powers. 

self-doomed,  o.  Doomed  by  one's  self; 
voluntarily  doomed. 

self-duttbed,  o.  Dubbed  or  named  by 
one's  self. 

self-educated,  o.  Educated  by  one's 
own  efforts  without  the  aid  of  teachers ;  self- 
Uuglit. 

self-elected,  a.  Elected  by  one's  self,  or 
out  of  its  own  members. 

self-elective,  a.  Having  the  power  or 
right  to  elect  one's  self,  or,  as  a  body,  to  elect 
its  own  members. 

•  self-endeared,  a.    Enamoured  of  one's 
.elf ;  self-loving.    (Shakesp. :  Much  Ada,  111. 1.) 

•  self  -enjoyment,   ».     Internal   satis- 
faction or  pleasure. 

self-esteem,  s.  Esteem  or  good  opinion 
of  one's  aslf.  ..  ^^  n<jthlng  more 

Than  Klf-eaain.  grounded  W>**gl£'** 
Well  managed.  MMon  .  P.  L.,  vm.  671. 

*  self-estimation, ».    Self-esteem. 

*  self-evidence,  s.    The  quality  or  state 
of  being  self-evident. 

••  By  the  same  i«y-n*Jenc«  that  one  and  two  are 
equal  to  three."— Loclee. 

self-evident,  o.  Evident  without  proof 
or  reasoning  ;  needing  no  proof  of  its  correct- 
ness or  truth  ;  producing  certainty  or  clear  con- 
viction upon  a  bare  presentation  to  the  mind. 


4188 


self 


self-evolution,  *.  Development  by  in 
herent  power  or  quality. 

*  self-exaltation,  s.    The  exaltation  of 
one's  si-lf ;  self-aggrandizement. 

self-exalting,  a.  Exalting  or  aggran- 
dizing one's  self. 

-  If  telf+xalting  claims  be  tuni'd  adrift, 
And  grace  be  grace  indeed,  and  life  a  gift." 
Cowper ;  Hope,  530. 

*self  examinant,  -.  On"  who  examines 
himself;  one  who  practises  Best-examination. 

self-examination,  s.  An  examination 
or  scrutiny  into  one's  own  state,  conduct,  or 
motives.  especially  in  regard  to  religious  feel- 
ings or  duties. 

"  Let  a  m*n  apply  himaelf  to  the  difficult  work  of 
tetf-exarninittian.  by  n  strict  scrutiny  into  the  whole 
wiate  of  hi*  soul."— South :  Strmont, 

*  self-example,  s.    One's  own  precedent 

(Sft«/.-«p.  ;  Sonnet  142.) 

self-exiled,  a.  Self-banished.  (Byron : 
Lara,  i.  1.) 

self-existence,  *.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  self-existent ;  inherent  existence  ; 
existence  possessed  by  virtue  of  a  being's  own 
nature,  and  independent  of  any  other  being 
or  cause  ;  an  attribute  peculiar  to  God. 

"  Who  then  will  this  a  tc&rxiXent*  call  I" 

Blackmort:  Creation. 

self-existent,  a.  Existing  by  virtue  of 
one's  own  nature,  and  independent  of  any 
other  being  or  cause  ;  having  self-existence. 

"  This  mlf-exittrnt  being  hath  the  power  of  per. 
fection.  as  well  as  of  existence,  in  himself."— Orne : 
Cotmo.  Sacra. 

*  self-existing,  a.    Self-existent 

"  Prime,  telf-txitting  Cause  and  End  of  MI." 

Wordtvorth:  Bxcurtion,  bk.  IT. 

self-explanatory,  a.  Capable  of  ex- 
plaining itself;  bearing  its  own  explanation 
on  its  face. 

*  self-explication,  ».     The  act  of  ex- 
plaining or  giving  account  of  one's  self  or 
itself.    (Shakesp.  :  Cymbeline,  iii.  4.) 

*  self-exposure, «.    The  act  of  er 

or  laying  one  s  self  open,  as  to  danger,  &c. 

*  self-extolled,  a.  Praised  by  one's  self ; 
•elf-exalted. 


"  Which  we,  a  generation 
As  zealously  perform." 

Werdimarik:  fxcurtion,  A_  tilt 

*  self-exulting,  a.  Exalting  in  one's  self. 

•elf-faced,  a.  A  term  applied  to  the 
natural  face  or  surface  of  a  flagstone,  in 
contradistinction  to  dressed  or  hewn. 

•elf-fed,  a.     Fed  by  one's  self  or  itself. 

"  What  seero'd  his  own.  a  letf-fed  spring, 
Prove*  but  a  brook  that  glides  away. 

Crupper :  Olney  Hymnt,  Iril. 

•elf-feeder,  *.  One  who  or  that  which 
feeds  himself  or  itself ;  specif.,  a  self-feeding 

machine  or  apparatus. 

•elf-feeding,  a.  Capable  of  feeding  one's 
self  or  itself;  Keeping  up  automatically  a 
supply  of  anything  of  which  there  is  a  con- 
stant consumption,  waste,  use,  or  application 
for  some  purpose :  as,  a  self-feeding  boiler, 
printing-press,  &c. 

self-fertilization,  *. 

Bot. :  The  fertilization  of  a  pistil  by  pollen 
from  the  stamens  which  immediately  surround 
it  Opposed  to  cross-fertilization  (q.v.). 

self  fertilized,  a. 

Bot.  :  Fertilized  by  the  pollen  of  the  same 
flower,  or  at  least  of  the  same  individual  plant 

*  self-figured,  o.    Conceived  and  planned 
by  one's  self. 

"  To  knit  their  wiili  .  .  . 
In  letf-flgurcd  knot."        Shaketp.  :  Cymbtiine.  ii.  S. 

*  self-flattering,  a.    Flattering  to  one's 
•elf. 

"  And  expectations  of  tetf-jtatttrina  minds." 

»'ordtwort\  :  Exeunion,  bk.  vil 

*  self-flattery,  *.    Flattery  of  one's  self. 

*  self-gathered,  a.    Gathered,  wrapped 
•p,  or  concentrated  in  one's  self  or  itself. 

Self- glorious,  a.  Springing  from  vain- 
glory or  vanity  ;  vain,  boastful. 

"  Valnnen  and  flf-gloriout  pride." 

Skatrtft.  :  ffenry  F.  v.    (Chorus.) 

•elf- governed,  a.  Governed  by  one's 
•elf  or  itself. 

*'  How  few  who  mingle  with  their  fellow-men 
And  still  remain  teif-govrm'd,  and  apart. " 

Wardtworth  :  Excurtinn,  bk.  T. 


self-government,  s. 

1.  Tbegovernmentofone'sself;  self-control, 
'2.  A  system  of  government  by  which  the 

mass  of  a  nation  or  people  appoint  the  rulers  ; 
cratic  or  republican  government  ;  demo' 

cracy. 

*  self  gratnlation,  *.     Gratulation  of 
one's 

self-harming,  a.  Injuring  or  harming 
one's  self  or  itself. 

self-heal,  .-•. 

Bot.  :  (1)  Prunella  mtlgaris  and  the  genus 
Prunella  (q.v.)  ;  (2)  Sanicvla  europtea  (Prior); 
(3)  Pimpinella  Saxi/raga,  (Britten  <t  Holland.) 

H"  The  meaning  of  self-heal  is  that  one  may 
by  aid  of  these  plants  heal  himself  without  a 
doctor. 

self-healing,  a.  Having  the  property  or 
power  of  healing  itself. 

self-help,  s.  The  use  of  one's  own  powers 
to  attain  one's  ends.  (Smites.) 

self-hidden,  a.   Hidden  within  one's  self. 

"  Tet  not  the  leu  hi*  spirit  would  hold  dear 
Self-hidden  praise,  and  friendship's  private  tear." 
Wordtteorth  :  Intcriptiont. 

*  self-homicide,  i    The  act  of  killing 
one's  self  ;  suicide. 

*  self-hope,  ».    Hop*  or  dependence  in 
one's  self. 

"  It  Is  omnipotent,  and  not  from  love, 
But  terror  and  ttlf-hope.  "       Bgron  :  Cain,  L  L 

*  self  Idolized,  a.    Idolized  by  one's  self. 

"  Self-idolixed,  and  yet  a  knave  at  heart" 

Coifpfr:  Expoit  illation,  M. 

*  self  ignorance,  s.    Ignorance  of  one's 
own  character,  powers,  qualities,  Ac, 

self  -  Ignorant,  a.  Ignorant  of  one's 
own  character,  tc. 

*  self  illumined,  a.    Illumined  of  itself 
or  without  extraneous  aid. 

"  Thni  ihlne  they  Kl/.iltumltud  .  .  . 
The  borrow'd  splendours  of  a  cloudleu  day?" 

Cowptr  :  let  ItlarxU. 

self-Immolating,  a.    Self-sacrificing. 

*  self-imparting,  a.  Imparting  by  one's 
own  powers  and  will. 

"  God,  who  is  an  absolute  spiritual  act,  and  who  la 
such  a  pure  light  u  in  which  there  1*  no  darkness 
mint  ne«ds  be  infinitely  telf-imparting  and  commu- 
nicative."— .Vorrw.  {  Todd.) 

self  importance,  s.  High  or  excessive 
opinion  of  one's  self  ;  self-conceit, 

"  ftwr  tflJ-imptjTta.net  ruins  its  own  scheme." 

Cotpper:  Comenation,  MS. 

self-important,  a.  Having  a  high  opinion 
of  one's  self  ;  self-conceited. 

self-imposed,  a.  Imposed  or  taken  on 
one's  self  voluntarily. 

«  self-Imposture,  ».  Imposture  prac- 
tised on  one's  self;  self-deception,  self-deceit. 

"  A  fatal  •elf-tmfxtttKre.  each  as  defeat*  the  design, 
and  destroys  the  force  of  all  religion."—  Sour*. 

'self-Indignation,  s.  Indignation  at 
one's  own  character  or  actions. 

self  indulgence,  s.  Free  indulgence  of 
one's  appetites  or  passions. 

"  A  course  of  Tain  delights  and  thoughtless  guilt 
And  telf-indulffcncc—  without  shame  pursued." 
Wordtteortti  :  Exmrtion,  bk.  ill. 

self-indulgent,  a.  Indulging  one's  self  ; 
gratifying  one's  passions  or  appetite  ;  indul- 
gent to  one's  self. 

"He  had  become  sluggish  and  lOf-indulfiM.-— 
J/acaulat  :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

self-indulging,  a.    Self-indulgent. 

"  And  wastes  the  sad  remainder  of  his  hours 
In  iflf-tndulging  spleen." 

Wardnevrth  :  Ercvrtion,  bk.  il. 

self  inflicted,  a.  Inflicted  by  or  on  one's 
self. 

"  In  tflf-iiytictfd  penance."    Byron  :  Lara,  i.  17. 

*  self-insufficiency,  s.    Insufficiency  of 
or  in  one's  self. 

self-interest,  s.  Private  interest;  the 
Interest  or  advantage  of  one's  self. 

*  self-interested,  a.    Having  or  marked 
by  self-interest  ;   particularly  concerned   for 
one's  self  ;  selfish. 

self  -Invited,  a.  Come  without  beins; 
invited. 


e  :  Studtnfi  Talt. 

*  self  involution,  s.   Involution  in  one's 
self  ;  hence,  mental  abstraction  ;  reverie. 


*  self  involved,  a.    Wrapped  up  in  one's 
self  or  in  one's  thoughts. 

s^lf  justification,  ».     Justification  of 
one's  self. 

self  Justifier,  s.     One  who  excuses  or 

justitics  himself. 

self-killed,  a.    Killed  by  one's  own  hand. 

"  Now  lu'f<t  victorious 
Among  thy  Blum.  i,-Jf-k,!l':l." 

Milton:  Sanuon  Agonitta,  1.604. 

*  self-kindled,  a.    Kindled  of  itself  or 
without  any  extraneous  aid  or  power. 

"  And  left  one  altar  dark,  a  little  space. 
Which  turu'd  telf-kindled,  and  rt-uewM  the  blare." 
Drydtn:  Palamon  i  Arcite,  ill.  2S3. 

"  self-knowing,  a.    Knowing  of  itself 
or  without  communication  from  another. 

self-knowledge,  s.  Knowledge  of  one's 
self,  or  of  one's  own  character,  powers,  &c. 

"  Self-knowledge  truly  learn'd."    CtHfper  :  Charity,  868. 

self-known,  a.    Known  to  one's  self. 


"  Ob.  lost  in  vanity,  till  once  t-om. 

Cowper:  Glory  to  God  Aloni. 

*  self-left,  a.    Left  to  one's  self  or  to  it- 
self.    (Milton  :  P.  L.,  xi.  93.) 

*  self-life,  s.     Life  in  one's  self;  a  living 
solely  for  one's  self  or  one's  own  gratification 
or  interest. 

•self-like,  o.  Exactly  similar;  corre- 
sponding. 

Self-love,  >.  The  love  of  one's  own  per- 
son, interest,  or  happiness  ;  an  instinctive 
principle  in  the  human  mind  which  impeU 
every  rational  creative  to  preserve  his  life 
and  promote  his  own  happiness. 

*  self-loving,  a.    Loving  one's  self;  cb*. 
racterized  by  self-love. 

"  Feel  for  thy  Tile  if  If.  loving  self  In  vain.' 

Byron  :  A  SJtetek. 

self-luminous,  a.  Luminous  of  itself 
or  without  any  extraneous  aid  or  power  ; 
having  in  itself  the  property  of  emitting  light  ; 
as,  the  sun,  and  the  fixed  stars. 

self-made,  a.  Made  by  one's  self  ;  espec. 
having  risen  in  the  world  by  one's  own  exer- 
tions :  aa,  a  self-made  man. 

"  Desig-n'd  by  Nature  wise,  but  td/.mnue-  fools." 

Cowper:  Tirocinium,  ua. 

*  self  mastery,  i.     Mastery  over  one's 
self;  self-control. 

•self-mate,  s.  A  mate  for  one's  self. 
(StuOcap.  :  Lear,  iv.  8.) 

*  self-mettle,  s.    One's  own  fiery  temper 
or  mettle  ;  inherent  courage. 

"  A  full  hot  horse,  who  being  allow'd  his  war, 
8*tf-mMtti  tires  him." 

S»o*<«p.  .-  Henri  YII1.,  L  V. 

•self-motion,  ».  Motion  given  by  in- 
herent powers,  without  external  impulse  ; 
spontaneous  motion. 


self-moved,  a.  Moved  by  inherent  power, 
without  external  impulse. 

*  self  movent,   a.     The  same  as  SELF- 
MOVING  (q.v.). 

"Body  cannot  be  tell-exiitent,  became  it  it  not 
tety-m  oven  t."  —  O  rtw. 

Self-moving,  a.  Moving  by  inherent 
power,  without  external  impulse. 

*  self-murder,  *.    The  murder  of  one's 
self;  suicide. 

"  By  all  human  laws,  ai  well  ae  divine,  ttlf-n,urd«r 
baa  ever  been  agreed  on  aa  the  greatest  crime  "— 
Temple. 

*  self-murderer,  s.  One  who  voluntarily 
destroys  his  own  life  ;  a  suicide. 

*  self-neglecting,  a.     A  neglecting  of 
one's  self.    (S/iaA-e*/>.  :  Henry  V,,  ii.  4.) 

*  self-occupied  a.    Occupied  with  one's 
own  thought*  or  affairs. 

"  The  cart>Iem  stillness  uf  a  thinking  mind 
Sdf-oompicd."        Wordtioorth  ;  Excursion,  bit.  L 

*  self-offence,  s.    One's  own  offence. 

"  More  nor  lesa  to  others  paying, 
Than  by  tr-f-affencct  weigrwng." 

Shuketp.  :  Meat.  /or  Jieat.,  lit  L 

self-opinion,  s. 

*  1.  One's  own  opinion. 

2.  High  or  exalted  opinion  of  one's  self,  or 
of  one's  own  powers,  capabilities,  &c.  ;  self- 
conceit 

"  Confidence  .  .  .  distinguished  from  decent  aMrov 
anew,  proceeds  from  tflf-opinion.  occaaioned  by  Igno- 
rance  or  flattery.  •-Cottifl-.-  Of  Ctnjldence. 


ftte,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try, 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian.    »,  oo  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


self 


4189 


*  self-opinionated,  a.    Self-opinioaed. 

*  self-opinioned,  a.    Having  a  high  or 
exalted  opinion  of  one'a  self,  or  of  one'a  own 
powers,  capabilities,  &c.  ;  self-conceited. 

"H«  may  cast  him  upon  a  bold  telf^ipininned  phy- 
sician."— South. 

self-originating,  o.  Originating  in,  pro- 
duced by,  or  beginning  with  one's  self  or 
itself. 

*  self-partiality,  s.    A  bias  or  partiality 
towards  one's  self. 

self-perplexed,  a.  Perplexed  by  one's 
own  thoughts. 

*  self-pity,  s.     Pity  on  one's  self. 
"This  pity,  which  some  people  telf-pity  call." 

Coteper    Sweet  Meat  km  Sour  Sauce. 

*  self  pleached,  a.      Pleached  or  inter- 
woven by  natural  growth. 

self-pleasing,  a.  Pleasing  one's  self; 
gratifying  one's  own  wishes  or  feelings. 

•self-pointed,  a.  Pointed  or  directed 
at  or  towards  one's  self. 

"  At  timw  both  wish'd  for  and  Implored, 
At  times  sought  with  ietf-i>ointe<l  sword." 

Byron :  Mazeppa,  xvli. 

*  self-poise,  s.     Self-possession. 

"Yet  he  displayed  excellent  qualifications  for 
•Ither  soldier  or  citizen-«etf-poi»«,  a  quick  intelli- 
gence close  application  to  the  task  in  hand.'  —  Century 
Ifag.,  Jan.,  1881.  p.  US. 

*  self-poised,  a.      Balancing  one's  self. 
(Lit.  &fig.) 

"I've  watch'd  you  now  a  lull  half-hour 
Self-poit'd  upon  that  yellow  flower." 

Wordxmrth :  To  a  Buttorjf*. 

self-pollution,  s.  The  same  as  SELF- 
ABUSE,  2.  (q.v.). 

self-possessed,  a.  Calm,  composed; 
having  self-possession. 

self-possession,  «.  Possession  of  one's 
powers ;  calmness,  composure,  self-control, 
self-command. 

"  Submissive,  yet  with  telf-poueutan  mann'd." 

Byron  :  Cortatr,  Ii.  8. 

self-praise,  ».  The  praise  of  one's  self ; 
•elf-applause. 

"  SeV-prait*  ut  no  recommendation."— Old  Proverb. 

*  self-preference,  s.  Preference  of  one's 
•elf  to  others. 

self-preservation,!.    The  preservation 
Of  one's  self  from  destruction  or  injury. 
"  saf?reier*<uion  bade,  and  I  must  kill  or  die." 
Scott :  Don  Roderick,  vil. 

« self-pride,  s.  Pride  in  one's  own  cha 
racter,  powers,  or  capabilities  ;  self-esteem, 
vanity. 

*  self-profit,  s.    One's  own  profit,  advan- 
tage, or  interest ;  self-interest. 

self  propagating,  o.  Propagating  by 
one's  self  or  itself. 

self-registering,  a.  Registering  auto- 
nritically  ;  applied  to  an  instrument  so  con- 
tri .  ed  as  to  register  automatically  indications 
of  phenomena,  whether  continuously,  or  a' 
stated  times,  or  at  the  maxima  or  minima  of 
variations  :  as,  a  self -registering  thermometer 

self-regulated,  a.  Regulated  by  one's 
self  or  itself. 

*  self-regulative,  a.    Tending  or  serv 
Ing  to  regulate  one's  self  or  itself. 

self-reliance,    s.      Reliance    on   one's 

powers  or  resources. 

self-reliant,  self-relying,  a.   Relying 
OTitepending  on  one's  own  powers  or  resources 
self-dependent. 

self-renouncing,  a.  Renouncing  one', 
own  rights  or  claims. 

"  That  lelf-renauncing  wisdom." 

Ctnfper  :  Truth,  668. 

self-renunciation,  s.      The  act  of  re 

nouncing  one's  own  rights  or  claims;   sell 
abnegation. 

self  repellency,  s.  The  Inherent  powe 
of  repulsion  in  a  body  ;  the  quality  or  state  o 
being  self-repelling. 

self  repelling,  a.  Repelling  by  Its  own 
Inherent  power. 

*  self-repetition,  s.    The  act  of  repeat 
Ing  one's  own  words  or  actions  ;  the  saying  o 
doing  of  what  one  has  already  said  or  done. 

self-reproach,  «.    The  act  of  reproach 


ing,  censuring,  or  condemning  one's  self;  the 
reprojich  or  censure  of  one's  own  conscience. 

"  To  mitigate  as  gently  as  I  could, 
Tlie  sting  of  telf-reyruach  with  healing  words." 

Wordtivorth  ;  Sxcurtion.  bk.  vi. 

self-reproached,  a.  Reproached  by 
one's  own  conscience. 

self-  reproaching,  a.  Reproaching  one's 
self. 

self-reproachingly,  adv.  By  reproach- 
ing one's  self  ;  with  self-reproaches. 

self-reproof,  s.  The  reproof  of  one's 
self;  the  reproof  of  conscience. 

self-reproved,  a.  Reproved  by  one's 
own  conscience. 

self-reproving,  a.  &  s. 

A.  -As  adj.  :  Reproving  one's  self  ;  reproving 
by  conscience. 

B.  As  subst.  :  The  reproof  of  one's  conscience  ; 
self-reproach. 

"  He's  full  o!  alteration  and  telf-reproving* 

Shaketp.  :  Lear,  V.  1. 

self-repugnant,  a.  Repugnant  to  itself  ; 
self-contradictory. 

self-repulsive,  a.  Repulsive  in  or  by 
one's  self  or  itself. 

self-respect,  s.  Respect  for  one's  self 
or  one's  own  character  and  reputation. 


*  self-respecting,  o.      Having   self-re- 
spect, 

"  This  telf-retpecting  Nature  prompts,  and  this 
Wisdom  enjoins."       Wordsworth:  Excunion,  bk.  ri. 

self-restrained,  a.  Restrained  by  one's 
self,  or  by  one's  own  power  of  will  ;  self-con- 
trolled. 

"  Thou  first,  0  king  !  release  the  rights  of  sway  ; 
Power,  telf-reitrained,  the  people  best  obey. 

Dry  den.    (Todd.) 

self-restraint,  s.  Restraint  or  control 
imposed  on  one's  self  ;  self-control,  self-corn 
maud. 

*  self-reverence,  ».     Reverence  or  re- 
spect for  one's  own  character  or  reputation  ; 
self-respect. 

*  self-reverent,  a.    Having  self-respect  ; 
self-respecting. 

self-righteous,  a.  Righteous  in  one's 
own  esteem  ;  pharisaic. 

self-righteousness,  s.  Reliance  on 
one's  own  supposed  righteousness  ;  righte- 
ousness the  merits  of  which  a  person  attri- 
butes to  himself;  Pharisaical  righteousness. 

"  Perhaps  that  Babylonish  vest, 
Self-righteoutneu,  provokes  the  rod. 

;  Olney  Hymn*,  xllii, 


*  self-rolled,   a.      Rolled  or  coiled   on 
itself,    (Milton  :  P.  L.t  ix.  183.) 

*  self-ruined,  a.     Ruined  by  one's  own 

acts  or  conduct. 
self-sacrifice,  s.    Sacrifice  of  one's  self 

or  of  one's  own  interests  or  advantage. 
"  Together  we  have  learned  to  prize 
Forbearance  and  telf-tacriflce.  ' 

Wordtworth  :  White  Doe,  U. 

self-sacrificing,   a.     Sacrificing  one's 
self,  or  one's  own  interest  or  advantage. 

"  Bearing  to  Heaven  that  precious  sigh 
Of  pure,  telf-iacrijlcing  love." 

Moore  :  Paradite  A  the  Perl. 

self-same,  a.    The  very  same  ;  identical 

"  That  self-same  day,  by  flght  or  by  surprise, 
To  win  the  mount  of  God."      Milton  :  P.  L.t  TL 

self-satisfied,  a.    Satisfied  with  one' 
self. 

self-satisfying,  a.    Giving  satisfaction 
to  one's  self. 

"  Then  farewell  all  telf-tatisfying  schemes.  " 

Camper;  Truth,  1. 

*  self-scorn,  s.    Scorn  of  one's  self. 

self-seeker,  s.    One  who  seeks  his  own 
interest  or  advantage. 
self-seeking,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj.  :  Seeking  one's  own  interest  o 
advantage  ;  selfish. 

"  Nick  does  not  pretend  to  be  a  gentleman  :  he  is 
tradesman,  a  setf-seeking  wretch.'—  Arbuthnot  :  Joh 
Bull. 

B.  As  ffubst.  :  The  act  of  seeking  one's  01 
interest  or  advantage  ;  selfishness. 

*  self-severe,  a.    Severe  or  harsh  towardi 
one's  self.    (Milton  :  Samson  Agonistes,  827.) 


self-slain,  a.     Slain  or  killed  by  one'a 
self ;  suicide. 

*  self-slaughter,  *.   The  killing  of  one'* 
self;  suicide. 

"  And  sanction  with  telf-tlaughUr  the  dull  lie 
Which  snared  me  here." 

Byron:  Lament  of  Tcuto,  9. 

*  self-slaughtered,  a.     Killed  by  one's 
self. 

"  Himself  on  her  self-slaughtered  body  threw." 

Xhukesp  :  Rape  of  Lucrece.  1, 733. 

*  self-society,  s.     The  society  of  one's 
self  alone ;  solitude. 

"Moreover,  1  have  observed  that  he  U  too  much 
gi-Ken  to  his  study  and  telf-xoci>-ti/,  espeimilly  to  con- 
verse with  dead  men,  I  mean  books. "—Howell :  Letter*, 
bk.  ii.,  let  si. 

*  self-sought,  a.    Sought  voluntarily. 

"  His  life  was  one  lone  war  with  ttff-iought  foes. 
Or  friends  by  him  fit-lf-bnjjiBheU." 

Byron  ,  Childe  Harold,  ill.  80. 

self-styled,  a.  Called  or  styled  by  one'a 
self;  so  called,  pretended. 

self-subdued,  a.  Subdued  by  one's  own 
power  or  means. 

*  self-substantial,    a.     Composed   or 
consisting  of  one's  own  substance. 

"  Thou,  contracted  to  thine  own  bright  eyes, 
Feed'st  thy  life's  flame  with  lelf-tubttnnttal  fuel. 
Shaketp.:  Sonnet  I. 

self-subversive,  a.  Overturning  or 
subverting  one's  self  or  itself. 

self-sufficiency,  *  self  sufficience,  s. 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  self-suffi- 
cient ;  inherent  fitness  for  all  ends  and  pur- 
poses, independent  of  others ;  capability  of 
workuig  out  one's  own  ends. 

"  The  philosophers,  and  even  the  Epicureans,  main- 
tained the  self-sufficiency  of  the  godhead,  and  seldom 
or  never  sacrificed  at  all.  —  Btntley. 

2.  An  overweening  opinion  of  one's  own 
powers,  capabilities,  or  worth  ;  excessive  con- 
fidence in  one's  own  powers  or  capabilities. 

"  That  self-iuMciency  now  mentioned  may  have  been 
of  service  to  them  in  this  particular."— Ooldimith  : 
Polite  Learning,  cb.  via. 

self  sufficient,  a. 

1.  Capable  of  effecting  all  one's  own  ends  or 
of  fulfilling  one's  own  desires  without  the  aid 
of  others.  \ 

"Neglect  of  friends  can  never  be  proved  rational 
till  we  prove  the  person  using  it  omnipotent  and 
teff '-sufficient,  and  such  as  can  never  need  any  mortal 
assistance."— South:  Sermon*. 

2.  Having  an  overweening   confidence   in 
one's   own   powers,  capabilities,  or   worth ; 
naughty,  overbearing. 

"  This  is  not  to  be  done  in  a  rash  and  Klf-tufflcien* 
manner ;  but  with  an  humble  dependance  on  divine 
grace,  while  we  walk  among  snares."—  Watft, 

*  self-sufficing,  a.     Sufficient  for  one's 
self  or  for  itself ;  without  external  aid ;  self- 
sufficient. 

self  supported,  o.  Supported  by  itself 
without  any  extraneous  aid. 

"  Few  telf-tupported  flowers  endure  the  wind." 
Cotpper  :  Tatk,  Hi.  e6T. 

self-supporting,  a.  Supporting  one'a 
self  or  itself  without  aid  or  contribution  from 
others. 

"The  guarantors  be  called  upon  for  no  further  pay* 
ment.  and  the  wnole  movement  become  tetf-tupport- 
ing."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  17,  1885. 

self-sustained,  a.     Sustained  or  sap* 
ported  by  one's  self. 
self-taught,  a.    Taught  by  one's  sell 

*  self-tempted,  a.     Tempted  by  one's 
self.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  iii.  130.) 

*  self-thinking,     a-    Thinking  for  one's 
self;  forming  one's  own  opinion  irrespective 
of  others. 

*  self-thought,  s.    A  private  thought 

"Till  all  thy  self-thoughti  curdle  into  hate." 

Byron ;  A  Sketch. 

self-tormentor,  *.     One  who  torments  | 
or  harasses  himself. 

self-torture,  *.  Torture  or  pain  inflicted 
on  one's  self. 

*  self-torturing,  a.    Torturing  or  tor- 
menting one's  self. 

"  The  telf-torturing  sophist,  wild  Rousseau." 

Byron :  Childe  Harold,  iiL  TT. 

*  self-trust,  5.    Trust  or  reliance  on  one'a 
self;    self-reliance ;   trust    or   confidence   in 
one's  self. 

"  Whew  U  truth  U  there  be  no  ulf-trutt  r 

Shaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  188. 


k$;  p<at,  ]«W;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this:  sin.  as;  expect,  Xcnophon.  ofist.  pfa-i  t. 
,  -tlan  =  -*",   -tlon,  -«lon  =  shun;  -Jion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -olons,  -tious,  -sioua  =  shus.  -We,  -die,  Ac.  -  uel,  a< 


-clan,  -tlan  =  -*?",   -tlon,  -«lon  =  shun;  -Jion,  -sion 


4190 


selfhood — semaphorist 


*  self-view,  «. 

1.  A  view  of  one's  self  or  of  one's   own 
character  or  actions. 

2.  Regard  or  care  for  one's  own  interests. 

*  self-violence,  3.  Violence  to  one's  self. 
(MBMtl  Samson  Agoniates,  1,584.) 

self-will,  s.     One's  own  will ;  obstinacy. 

"Then  obstinate  tt'S-will  confirms  him  so." 

Coifptr :  Propt'iM  of  Srror,  5*3. 

Self-willed,  a.  Governed  by  one's  own 
will ;  obstinate  ;  not  accommodating  or  com- 
pliant. 

"  For  I  wu  wayward,  bold,  and  wild, 
JL  utf-mttd  imp,  a  gnuidame  •  child." 

Scott :  J/ormion.  iiL    (Introd.) 

*  self  willedness,  <.  Self-will,  obstinacy. 

"  Her  ladyship's  ielS-<tilledntu.~-i<ai  Xdgeimrt/t: 
Mttinda.  en.  XL 

self-worship,  «.  The  idolizing  of  one's 
•elf. 

self-worshipper,  i.  One  who  worships 
or  idolizes  himself. 

*  self -wrong, ».    Wrong  done  by  a  person 
to  himself. 

"  But.  tat  myielf  be  gnilty  of  ~V- 
tSkatap..-  Caaudtaf 

t  self  '-hood,  s.  (Eng.  «//;  -hood.}  Indi- 
viduality, independence  of  thought  and  action. 
(Modelled  on  manhood.) 

S61f'-Ish,a.  [Eng.  «•;/; -MA.]  Caring  only  or 
chiefly  for  self;  attentive  only  to  one's  own 
interest* ;  void  of  regard  for  others ;  proceed- 
ing from  or  characterized  by  a  love  of  self; 
actuated  by  or  proceeding  from  a  regard  to 
private  ends  or  advantage.  (A  word  of  Puritan 
origin.) 

"When  they  [the  Preabyteriani)  law  that  he  wai 
not  utjUt  fit  is  a  word  of  their  own  new  niintL'— 
Racket :  Lift  of  WUlianu,  p.  13*. 

•tit  lab  If,  adv.  [Eng.  telfltn;  -ly.]  In  a 
selfish  manner ;  with  a  regard  only  for  one's 
own  interests,  ends,  or  advantage. 

"  He  can  your  merit  UtJtAIy  approve." 

I'fft    Pro.  to  Sat.,  MS. 

•elf'-I*h-n£ss,  >.  [Eng.  selJUh ; -nets.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  selfish  ;  exclusive 
regard  to  one's  own  interests,  ends,  or  advan- 
tage ;  the  quality  or  state  of  being  self-in- 
terested. 

"  While  nought  save  narrow  telftAnttt  succeed*, 
And  low  tieeign."  Thornton  :  Liberty.  Iv. 

•  sSlT-ism,  «.  [Eng.  telf;  -ton.)  Devotedness 
to  self;  selfishness. 

•  self-list,  «.    (Eng.  self;  -«.]    One  who  is 
wholly  devoted  to  self;  a  aelnsh  person. 

•  self -less,  a.    [Eng.  self;  -las.]    Having  no 
regard  for  self ;  unselfish. 

"  Al  high  *•  woman  in  her  tetjtfu  mood." 

Tennixn  :  Merlin  t  I'M**,  m 

•  self-less-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  selfless;  -ly.}    In 
an  unselfish  manner. 

•  self  -less -ness,  «.     [Eng.  selflut;  -ness.] 
Freedom  from  selfishness. 

••  They  may  not  be  able  to  bout  the  Christian  tttf- 
Uunea  of  Mr.  L."—  World,  NOT.  15, 1883. 

•  self  -ness,  «.    [Eng.  self;  -nest.]    Self-love, 
aelhshness. 

"  Shall  I,  a  ion  and  •abject,  teem  to  dare. 
For  any  tel/nctl,  to  let  realms  on  fire  T 

Lord  nrooke  :  UuitaeAa. 

•self -time,  i.  [Eng.  self,  and  time.]  The 
exact  moment,  the  point  of  time. 

"  At  which  telf  time  the  house  teemed  all  on  Ore." 
Jiarlmfe:  Fauttut,  v.  4. 

•S-li'-nom,  s.  [Hod.  Lat ,  from  Lat.  selinon  ; 
Or.  (ft^tvof  (selinon)  =  a  kind  of  parsley.} 

Sot. :  Milk-parsley  ;  a  genus  of  Angelicidn. 
Umbellifers  from  Europe,  Madeira,  the 
Caucasus,  Ac.  The  old  Selinum  paluttre  is 
now  I'eticedanvm  paliutre. 

•el  i-on,  «.  [Low  Lat  selio,  genit  selionis; 
Fr.  sWon  =  a  ridge,  a  furrow.)  A  ridge  of 
land  rising  between  two  furrows,  of  a  breadth 
sometimes  greater  aud  sometimes  less. 

sill  (1),  «.  [SELL,  ».]  An  imposition,  a  cheat ; 
a  trick  successfully  played  at  another's  ex- 
pense. (Slang.) 

•  sell  (2),  *  cell,  *  selle,  «.    [Fr.  teUe,  from 
Lat.««a=aseat.] 

1.  A  seat,  a  throne. 

2.  A  saddle. 

"On  hU  broad  shield,  bitt  not  bnt  glsandng  fan 
On  hi*  horse  necke  before  the  quilted  tell" 

Sprmer:  r.  «..  II.  T.  4. 


Sill.  '  selle.  •  sille,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  sellan, 
sillan,  tyllan  =  to  give,  to  hand  over;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  setja  =  to  hand  over  to  another ; 
Dan.  salgt;  Sw.  salja ;  O.  H.  Ger.  saljan ; 
M.  H.  Ger.  sellen  ;  Goth,  saljan  =  to  oner  a 
saiTince ;  Lithuan.  nlyti  =  to  proffer,  to 
offer.] 

A.  Transitive: 
i  Literati]/: 

1.  To  transfer,  as  property  of  any  kind,  or 
the  exclusive  right  of  possession,  to  another 
for  an  equivalent ;  to  give  or  dispose  of  for  a 
consideration,  especially  for  money ;  to  vend. 
It  is  the  correlative  to  buy ;  one  buys  what 
another  tells.    (Genesis  xxxvii.  27.) 

2.  To  make  a  matter  of  bargain  and  sale  of; 
to  accept  a  j>ric«,  reward,  or  bribe  fur ;  to  be- 
tray for  a  reward  ;  to  be  unfaithful  to. 

"  Thou  alone  couldst  bate  me. 
Thy  husband,  slight  me,  tell  me.  and  forenu  me." 
J/ilton  :  Samton  Ayonatet.  MO. 

II.  Fig. :  To  impose  upon,  to  cheat,  to 
trick  ;  to  play  a  trick  on.  (Slang.)  (Generally 
nsed  in  the  pa.  par.) 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  have  commerce  or  dealing ;  to  deal. 

"  I  will  buy  with  yon.  uO  with  yon.  but  I  will  not 
eat  with  you.  —  Shatetp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  a. 

2.  To  be  sold ;  to  fetch  a  price :  as.  Good 
wares  will  always  sell. 

1 1.  To  tell  one'i  life  dearly :  To  cause  great 
loss  to  those  by  whom  one  Is  killed ;  to 
avenge  one's  self  dearly  on  an  enemy  before 
losing  one's  life. 

2.  To  tell  one  up :  To  sell  one's  goods  to 
satisfy  his  creditors. 

3.  To  sell  wit: 

(1)  To  dispose  of  all  one's  belongings,  goods, 
shares,  ore. 

(2)  To  sell  one's  commission  In  the  army, 
and  retire  from  the  service.     (English.)  • 

"  So  he  Kid  out.  left  his  regiment,  married,  and 
•ettled  down."-««M.  D«c.  M.  IMS. 

sfilL,  o.  &  >.  [See  def.)  Self.  Sellt  =  our- 
selves, themselves. 

"  Well  gang  quietly  about  onr  Job  our  twa  tttU,  and 
naebody  the  wiser  for  t."— Scott  :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxiT. 

•el-la, ».  [Lat.  =  a  seat,  a  saddle.] 
Anat. :  Anything  saddle-shaped. 
sclla  turcica,  s.  (The  Turkish  saddle.) 

[PITUITABY-FOS8A.J 

sol   lw  form,    a.     [Lat.    telln    (q.v.),    and 
forma  =  form,  shape.] 
Bol. :  Saddle-shaped. 

seU'-a-ite,  «.  [After  Signor  Bella,  the  Italian 
mineralogist  and  statesman  ;  sun*,  -tie  (M in.).] 
ISin. :  A  tetragonal  mineral  occurring  with 
anhydrite  at  Geibroula,  near  Moutiers,  Savoy. 
Hardness,  5D ;  sp.  gr.  2-972 ;  lustre,  vitreous ; 
fracture, con choidal;  colourless;  trausparent. 
Compos. :  uncertain,  but  believed  to  be  a 
fluoride  of  magnesium. 

scl  Ian  ders,  sel-len  ders,  >.  [Fr. 
s>i!uniliet.]  A  dry  scab  in  a  horse's  hough  or 
pastern. 

•selle (l),«.    [CELL.] 
*  selle  (2),  •.    lSBU.(2),.v] 
"selle (3), ». 

sil'-len-ders, ». 

sell'-er,  ».  [Eng.  tell,  T.  ;  -er.}  One  who 
sells ;  a  vender. 

"  Plenty  of  buyers,  but  few  teUen'—Ltxla :  Lawtr- 
ing  ttf  /merest. 

sell' -ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [SELL,  «.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

\.  Disposing  of  by  sale ;  offering  for  sale  ; 
Tending. 

2.  For  sale  ;  offered  for  sale ;  purchasable 
at :  as,  The  selling  price  of  any  commodity. 

stil'-ters,  t.    [SELTZES.) 

seltz  -er,  «.  [A  corrupt  of  Selten.)  Seltzer- 
water  (q.v.). 

seltzer-water,  s. 

Chem. :  A  carbonated  mineral  water  Im- 
ported from  Lower  Belters,  in  the  duchy  of 
Nassau.  It  contains  common  salt  and  the 
carbonates  of  soda,  magnesia,  and  lime,  and 


is  recommended  as  a  mild  stimulant  and 
diuretic.  An  artilicial  seltzer  for  domestic, 
use  is  prepared  by  adding  minute  quantities 
of  common  salt  and  carbonate  of  soda  to 
distilled  water,  and  highly  impregnating  with 
carbonic  acid  gas. 

sel  -vage  (age  as  Ig),  ».    [SELVEDOE.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  same  as  SELVEDOX  (q.T.X 
IL  Technically: 

1.  locksmith.  :   The  edge-plate   of  a  lock 
through  which  the  bolt  shoots. 

2.  Naut.  :  [SELVAOEE], 

sel-va-gee  ,  s.    [SELVA.OE.] 

Naut.  :  A  rope  or  ring  made  by  a  number 
of  spun  yarns  laid  parallel  and  secured  by 
lashings.  Sometimes  used  in  place  of  rope, 
being  less  likely  to  slip,  and  more  elastic. 

"  selve,  a.    [SELF.] 

sei'-vedge,  «  sel'-vege  (ve  as  vt),  «.  [Lit. 
—  self-edge,  from  O.  Uut.  Beljegge,  from  self 
=  self,  and  egge  =  edge  ;  cf.  Low  Ger.  ttlt- 
kant,  selfende;  Ger.  selbentle  —  sk  self-end,  a 
selvedge.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  edge  or  list  of  cloth, 
woven  so  as  to  prevent  ravelling  ;  a  woven 
border  or  border  of  close  work  on  a  fabric. 

"  Thou  shalt  make  loops  of  blue  upon  the  edge  of. 
the  one  curtain  from  the  telted-je  in  the  coupling.'  — 
Ezodut  xxvL  4. 

2.  Natit.  :  Selvagee  (q.v.). 

sel  -vedged,  sel'-vaged  (ve,  va  as  vl),  a. 
[Eng.  seii-edg(e);  -ed.]  Having  a  selvedge; 
formed  with  a  selvedge. 

*s8lv'-en,  a.     [SELF.] 
selves,  s.pl.    (SELF.) 

sel'-wjn-ite,  *.  [After  Dr.  A.  C.  Selwyn  : 
suff.  -Ue  (lt\n.).\ 

Min.  :  A  massive,  emerald-green  mineral, 
found  near  Heathcote,  Victoria,  in  the  Upper 
Silurian  formation.  Hardness,  S'5  ;  sp.  gr. 
2'53  ;  sub-translucent.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated 
silicate  of  alumina  and  magnesia,  with  some 
hydrous  chromic  oxide.  Recent  researches 
tend  to  support  the  view  that  it  is  a  mixture. 

*Se'-l£,  O.      [SEKLT.J 

"  se  -If  -ness,  ».  [Mid.  Eng.  idy;  -nttt.}  Hap- 
piness, simplicity. 

scm  -a-phore,  ».  [Gr.  <r(ina  (stma)  =  a  sign, 
and  Eng.  suff.  -pKore.}  A  kind  of  telegraph 
or  apparatus  for  conveying  Information  Dy 
visible  signs,  such 
as  oscillating  arms 
or  flags  by  day- 
light, and  by  the 
disposition  of  lan- 
terns by  night.  The 
various  combina- 
tions may  serve  to 
indicate  the  num- 
bers corresponding 
to  certain  expres- 
sions in  a  tabulated 
code,  or  may  be 
employed  to  repre- 
sent the  letters  of 
the  alphabet.  In 
the  form  represent- 
ed in  the  illustra- 
tion, introduced  into  England  in  1795,  the 
signal  arms  were  each  made  to  assume  one  of 
six  different  positions  when  required.  By 
various  combinations  of  these  positions,  the 
alphabet,  numerals  up  to  ten,  arbitrary  signs 
and  symbols  could  be  represented.  A  simple 
form  of  the  apparatus  is  used  on  railways  to 
regulate  the  movements  of  trains. 

semaphore-plant,  .«. 
Bat.  :  Dcsmodium  gyrans.     So  called  from 
its  movements. 

scm  a-phSr'-Ic,  scin-a  -pUSr  -lo-al,  a. 
[Eng.  semaphore)  ;  -ic,  -ical.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  a  semaphore  or  semaphores  ;  tele- 
raphic. 

Under  the  Emperor  Nicholas  I.,  a  magnificent  and 


SEMAPHORE. 


.,     m 

expensive    remaplioric  system   waa  introduced  into 
Ruasia."—  Knigtit  :  Diet.  Uteh.,  a  T.  Semaphore. 

sem  a  phor-Ic-al  ly.aiiv.  [Eng.  temapJwrt- 
col;  -ly.]  By  means  of  a  semaphore. 

*  sem  -a  phor-ist,  *  se-maph  or-Ist,  « 
[Eng.  semai>hor(e),  -ut.]  One  who  has  charge 
of  a  semaphore. 


ftte.  tat,  tare,  amidst,  whit,  fall,  tether;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  ottb,  ciire,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go,  pot. 
Syrian,    ee,  oe  =  e ;  e y  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


sematology— semi- 


4191 


- 

The  doctrine  of  signs,  particularly  of  verbal 
signs    in  the  operations  of  thinking  and  rea- 
soning; the  science  of  language  as  expressed 
by  signs. 
•  sem  -bla-ble,  a.  &  ».    [Fr.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Like,  resembling,  similar. 

••  Whatttmt  he  aalth  .  I  hold  It  term  and  .table. 
I  say  the  same.  or  .lie.  ^^^f^  ,iB4. 

B.  ^ssut»(.  :  That  which  is  like  orresembles  ; 
likeness,  representation. 

"  His  Ifmblablt,  yea  himself. 


. 

•  BSm'-bla-bly,  odt>.  [Eng.  wmMai(<<),  -'»•] 
In  a  similar  manner  ;  similarly. 

"*»»,•««,  fumlsh^the  ki^™*;  „. 

sem  -bla  nee,  *  sem-blannce,  ».  [Fr.  sem- 
MO«M;  from  semWer  =  to  seem,  to  appear, 
from  Lat.  simUo,  Simula  =  to  simulate  (q.v.).  J 

1.  Likeness,   resemblance,  appearance,    si- 
militude, show. 

"  High  words  that  bore 
ambiance  ol  worth."       UiUon  :  P.  L-.  i-  •». 

2.  Exterior  figure  or  appearance  ;  exterior. 

"  'Mid«t  sorrow  showing  Joyous  amManM  'or  his 
sake."  Spemsr:  ^.  0...  IV.  vll.44. 

*  3.  A  form  of  figure  representing  something  ; 
a  likeness,  an  image. 

"The  lonely  hoar  present*  again 
The  l«m&t(«!c«  of  thy  gentle  shade. 
Byrem  :  V  SomeMnm  In  <»e  Buuntt  c/  tf«n. 

••Sm'-blant,  *sem-blaunt,  a.  4:  ».  [Fr. 
aemWant,  pr.  par.  of  «emW«r=  to  seem,  to 
appear.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

L  Like,  resembling. 

2.  Appearing  ;  aeernlng  rather  than  real  ; 
apparent. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Show,  appearance,  figure,  resemblance, 
outward  appearance. 

••  Wept  and  node  trrntonmt  of  all  morowe  and  heuy. 
Bess."—  Fitbyan  :  Cnron»<*>.  en.  liiai. 

2.  The  face. 

"  Hel  bowlden  her  amitatwrt  Into  erthe.-->fyrftf»i 
Luke  xxiv.  S. 


stays  putrefaction  when  begun  in  a  hide.  The 
resin  of  the  tree  yields  the  varnish  of  Bylhet. 
An  oil  derived  from  it,  mixed  with  the  milk  of 
Euphorbia,  is  made  in  the  Satpoora  hills  into 
birdlime.  The  acrid  juice  of  the  nuts  is  used 
also  in  rheumatism  and  leprosy,  and  to  ward 
oif  the  attacks  of  white  ants.  Its  seeds,  called 
Malacca-beans  or  Marsh-nuts,  are  eaten  ;  so  is 
the  yellow  fleshy  cap  surrounding  the  seeds, 
which  is  roasted  in  ashes.  The  wood  of  the 
tree  is  sometimes  burnt  as  charcoal.  S. 
panduratus,  a  tree  growing  in  Pegu  and  Mas- 
taban  and  S.  trarancorica,  found  in  the 
Tinnevelly  and  Travancore  Hills,  abound  in 
a  caustic  black  juice  or  resin. 

se-mei-og'-ra-pny.  >.  [Or-  0W»  (* 
meion)  =  a  sign,  a  mark,  and  vp«#"  (.1™?"")— 
to  write.]  The  doctrine  of  signs  ;  spent.,  in 
pathology,  a  description  of  the  marks  or 
symptoms  of  disease. 

se-mei-*-l8fc'-le-al,  a.  [Eng.  temeiolog(y)  ; 
-ical.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  semeiology  ; 
specif.,  pertaining  to  the  symptoms  of  disease. 

8e-mei-ol'-6-gy\  »-     [Gr.  avuHor  (semeion) 
=  a  mark,  a  sign,  and  Ac^yo!  (logos)  =  a  won!, 
The  doctrine  of  signs  ;  semei- 


•Sfim-bla-tlve,  o. 

seeming.  ' 


[O.  Fr.]     Eesembllng, 


*.  I  4. 
•sem-blaunt,  a.  &  >.    [S  KM  BLAST.] 

sem  ble,  v.i.  [Fr.  snniJer  =  to  seem,  from 
Lat.  simila,  Simula  =  to  simulate  (q.v.)  ;  Sp. 
temblar;  Ital.  semblare.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lanj.  :  To  imitate;  to  make  a  like- 
ness or  representation. 

"  When  lembling  art  may  carve  the  fair  effect, 
And  full  achievement  of  th,  .—• 


2  Law:  Used  impersonally,  generally  in 
the  abbreviated  form,  sem,  or  semb  =  it  seems, 
and  commonly  prefixed  to  a  point  of  law  (not 
necessary  to  be  decided  in  the  case),  which 
has  not  been  directly  settled,  but  on  which 
the  court  indicates  its  opinion. 

«  sem' -ble,  a.    [SEMBLE,  ».]    Like,  similar. 

••  Bare  the  umkle  stile."       JTiKtum  :  Ju<Ut*.  1.  80. 

scm  e,  a.    [Fr.  =  sown.] 

Her. :  A  term  employed  to  describe  a  field 
or  charge  powdered  or 
strewn  over  with  fig- 
ures, as  stars,  billets, 
crosses,  &c.  (Called 
also  Powdered.) 

•e-m8-cai"-pus,  s. 
[Gr.  trrinciov  (semeion)  = 
a  mark,  and  Kopiroc  (kar- 
oos) —  fruit  So  called 
from  its  furnishing 
marking-ink.  See  def.] 

Bot  •  A  genus  of  Anacardiacese.  Flowers 
polygamous;  calyx  five-cleft;  petals  and 
stamens  five ;  styles  three ;  nut  compressed, 
heart-shaped,  on  a  thick  and  depressed  torus. 
Semec'irfus  Anacardium  is  a  deciduous  tree, 
growing  in  the  sub-Himalayan  tract,  from  the 
Sutlej  eastwards,  and  ascending  to  3,500  feet 
It  is  called  the  Marking-nut  tree  because  the 
pericarp  of  the  fruit  contains  a  bitter  and 
astringent  principle  used  everywhere  in  India 
for  marking-ink ;  with  lime-water  it  is  made 
into  an  ordinary  ink  ;  and  it  is  also  used  as  a 
black  dye.  Pounded  and  boiled  in  rape-oil,  it 


SEME. 


, 

a  discourse.] 
Otics. 

Be  mei-ot-Jc,  o.    [Or. 
sign.)    Pertaining  to  signs  ;  pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  semeiotics  ;  »peciflcally,  relating  to 
the  symptoms  of  disease  ;  symptomatic. 

Be-mei-St-les,  s.    [SEMEIOTIO.] 

1.  Ord.  lang.  :  The  doctrine  or  science  of 
signs  ;  the  language  of  signs  ;  semeiology. 

2  Patlwl.  :  The  branch  of  medical  science 
which  investigates  the  symptoms  of  disease  ; 
symptomatology,  semeiology. 

Sem  ele,  «.    [Or.] 

1  Greek  Mythol.  A  daughter  of  Cadmus 
and  Hermione,  and  mother  of  Dionysos. 

2.  Astro*.  :  [ASTEROID,  86). 

3.  Zool.  <*  Palceant.  :  A  genus  of  TelllnidjB. 
Shell  rounded  and  sub-equilateral,  the  beaks 
turned    forward;    hinge   teeth    2-2,    partia 
sinus  deep,  rounded.    Recent  species  sixty, 
from  the  warmer  seas  ;  fossil  thirty,  from  the 
Eocene    of    America  and    Europe  onward. 
(Woodward.) 

»  seme  llchc,  •  seme-ly,  o.    [SEEMLY.] 
sem-el-ine,  t.   ILat.  semen  lint  =  flax-seed, 

linseed.] 
Win  •  A  variety  of  sphene  (q.v.),  occurring 

in  small  greenish  crystals  in  the  trachytic 

lavas  of  Lake  Laach,  Rhine. 
•  seme-ly-liede,  s.    [SEEMLIHEAD.] 

se"  men,  s.  [Lat  =  seed,  from  the  same  root 
assero  =  tosow.] 

1.  The  seed  or  prolific  fluid  of  male  animals  ; 
sperm  ;  the  secretion  of  a  testicle. 

2.  The  seed  of  plants,  or  the  matured  ovule. 
semen-contra,  s.    [SEMENCINB.] 

ae-m«n'-«ine,  s.  [Lat.  ternm  =  seed,  and 
qSi  genit.  of  cyno  =  an  Arabian  tree  pro- 
ducing cotton.] 

Pharm.  :  A  strong  aromatic  drug  imported 
from  Aleppo  and  Barbary.  It  is  supposed  tc 
consist  of  the  leaves,  broken  peduncles,  and 
unexpanded  flowers  of  various  Artemisias. 
Called  also  Wormwood  and  Semen-contra. 

*  sem-ese',  a.    [Lat  semi  =  half,  and  «us, 

pa.  par.  of  edo  =  to  eat]    Half-eaten, 
»  sS-mes'-ter,  s.   [Lat  temestris  =  half-yearly, 
from  sex  =  six,  and  mensis  —  a  month.]     A 
period  or  term  of  six  months. 
sem-I-,  PW.     [Lat.  =  half  (reduced   to  •  sem- 
before  a  vowel);  cogn.  with  Gr.  ijuc-  (heini-) 
=  half  ;  A.S.  =  scan-,  as  in  sdm-wis  =  half-wise 
Sanse.  tami=  half.]    A  prefix,  denoting  half, 
half  of,  in  part,  or  partially.     It  is  largely 
used  in  compounds,  the  meanings  being,  as  a 
rule,  sufficiently  obvious. 

semi-acid,  o.    Half-acid,  sub-acid. 

semi  amplexloaul,  a. 

Dot.  :  Half  embracing  the  stem. 

semi-anatropous,  a. 

Sot.  (Of  am.  amle):   Parallel  with  the  funi- 
culus. 


semi-angle,  s.    The  half  of  a  given  or 
measuring  angle. 
semi-annual,  a.    Half-yearly. 
seml-annually,  ado.     Occurring  or  re- 
curring ouce  in  every  six  mouths. 

semi-annular,  o.     Half-round  ;  having 
the  figure  of  half  a  ring  ;  forming  a  semi-circle. 
"  toother  boar-tusk,  somewhat  slenderer,  and  ol  a 
temi-aumilar  figure."—  Grew :  Mutatim. 

semi-aperture,  «.  The  half  of  an  aper- 
ture. 

Semi  Arian,  a.  &  ».    [SEMIARIAS.] 

semi-attached,  a. 

1  Partially  attached  or  united;  partially 
hound  by  affection,  interest,  or  special  pre- 
ference of  any  kind. 

2.  The  same  as  SEMI-DETACHED  (q.v.). 

semi-barbarian,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj.:   Half -savage,  half -civilized; 
partially  civilized. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  is  in  a  state  of  semi- 
barbarism. 

semi -barbaric,  a.  Semi -barbarous; 
partially  civilized. 

semi-barbarism.  «.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  only  partially  civilized. 

semi -barbarous,  a.  Half -civilized, 
semi-barbarian. 

*  semi-brief,  s.    A  semibreve  (q.v.). 

semi-bull,  «.  [Lat  bulla  dimidia,  blanoa, 
dejectim.] 

Scales.  •  A  bull  published  by  a  Pope  before 
his  enthronement  His  name  does  not  appear 
on  the  seal,  the  reverse  of  which  is  left  blank. 
Formerly  such  bulls  needed  ratification  after 
the  Pope's  coronation,  but  they  were  declared 
valid  by  Nicholas  IV.  (1288-92). 

semi-calcined,  a.  Half-calcined,  par 
tially  calcined. 

semi-castrate,  ».«.  To  deprive  of  one 
testicle. 

semi-castration,  ».  Half-castration; 
deprivation  of  one  testicle. 

semi-chorus,  s. 

Music :  A  chorus,  or  part  of  a  chorus,  per- 
formed by  half  or  a  part  of  the  full  chorus. 

*  semi-circled,  a.    Semicircular. 

"  In  a  »ml-c<rri«i  farthingale."— «»»*«?•  •'  Jftrrn 

Witn,  ill.  s. 

semi-circumference,  «.  Half  the  cir- 
cumference. 

semi-column,  >.    A  half  column, 
semi -columnar,  a. 
Bot. :  Columnar  on  one  side  only. 
semi-conscious,  o.     Half  or  partially 
conscious. 

semi-crustaceous,  o.  Half  or  partially 
crustaceous  in  texture. 

semi-crystalline,  a.  Half  or  imperfectly 
crystalline. 

semi-cylinder,  s.  Half 
a  cylinder. 

semi  cyllndric,  semi- 
cylindrical,  o.    Half 
cylindrical. 
Semi-cyttndriad  leaf: 
Bot. :  A  leaf  convex  on  one 
side  and  flat  on  the  other. 

Beml-deistical,  a. 
Half  deistical ;  bordering  on 
deism.  £iAr. 

semi-detached,  a.    \.i*a.  i. section. 
Partly  separated  ;  applied  to 
onToftwV buildings  which  are  detached  from 
other  buildings  anS  joined  together  by  a  single 
party  wall :  as,  a  semi,-detached  villa. 

semi-diameter,  s.  Half  a  diameter ;  a 
radius. 


. 
semi-demlsemiquaver, 


a  semibreve. 
semi-diapason.  ». 

Music:   An  imperfect  octave; 
diminished  by  a  lesser  semitone. 


an  octave 


black  dye.    Founded  ana  noi         i  ruye-ui.,  ••  — . 

- 


4192 


seml- 


•eral-dlapente,  i. 

Music:  An  imperfect  or  diminished  fifth. 

•  soml  diaphaneity,  s.    Half  or  partial 
transparency. 

"The  transparency  or  irmi-diar*ancity  of  tfie  super- 
ficial corpuscles  of  bigger  bodies,  may  have  an  interest 
In  the  production  of  their  colours."— Boyle :  On 
Colours, 

*  semi  diaphanous,  o.    Half  or  imper- 
fectly transparent. 

"  Another  plate,  finely  variegated  with  a  fmi- 
iaapnanout  grey  or  sky.  yellow  and  brown."—  Wood- 
ward :  On  Fouile. 

semi  diatcssaron.  s. 

Music :  An  imperfect  or  diminished  fourth. 

scml  ditonc.  semi  ditono,  s. 

Music :  A  minor  third. 

semi-diurnal,  a. 

Astronomy  : 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  completed  in  half  a  day 
or  twelve  hours  ;  continuing  for  half  a  day. 

2.  (Of  an  arc) :  Traversed  in  half  the  time 
a.  heavenly  body  ia  above  the  horizon. 

semi-dome,  s.  Half  a  dome,  especially 
as  fonned  by  a  vertical  section. 

semi-double,  s.  i  a. 

A»  As  substantive : 

Roman  Ritual : 

1.  A  feast  in  which  the  antiphona  In  the 
Divine  office  are  half-doubled,  i.e.,  in  which 
half  the  antiphon  is  recited  before  the  psalm 
or  canticle,  and  the  whole  after  the  Gloria, 
instead  of  the  whole  antiphon  being  repeated 
before  and  after  the  psalm  or  canticle,  as  on 
a  double. 

"2.  The  name  was  formerly  applied  to  a 
feast  on  which  the  ferial  office  and  the  office 
of  the  feast  were  combined.  [DOUBLE,  ».,  0. 
111.) 

B.  At  adjectivt : 

Hart,  it  Hot. :  Having  the  external  flowers 
converted  into  petals,  while  the  inner  ones 
remain  perfect. 

*  semi-fable,  s.    A  mixture  of  truth  and 
fable;  half  truth,  half  fable. 

semi-fldel,  a.  Sceptical,  but  not  infidel 
(Southey  :  Doctor,  ch.  xv.) 

*  semi-flexed,  a.    Half  bent 

*  semi  floret,  >. 

Bot. :  Among  florists,  a  half  flourish,  which 
Is  tubulous  at  the  beginning  like  a  floret,  and 
afterwards  expanded  in  the  form  of  a  tongue  ; 
a  semi-floscule.  (Bailey.) 

seml-floscular,  a.    [SEMI-FLOSCDLODS.] 
semi  floscule,  s.    [SEMI-FLORET.] 
semi  flosculous,  seml-floscular,  a. 
Bo*.  .•  Having  the  corolla  split,  and  turned 
to  one  side.  Example,  the  ligule  of  Composites. 

semi-fluid,  a.  k  s. 

A*  As  adj. :  Imperfectly  fluid. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  substance  imperfectly  fluid. 

"Phlegm,  or  pltulte,  is  a  aort  at  umi-jt,M.-— 
Artuthnot. 

semi-formed,  a.  Half-formed,  Imper- 
fectly-formed. 

*  semi-god,  s.    A  demigod. 

semi-grand,  a.  Applied  to  a  pianoforte 
having  the  shape  and  movement  of  a  grand, 
but  possessing  only  two  strings  to  a  note. 

semi-horal,  a.    Half-hourly. 

semi -indurated,  a.  Imperfectly  In- 
durated or  hardened. 

semi  Judalzors,  s.  pi. 

Church  Hist. :  A  sect  of  Socinians,  founded 
by  Francis  Davides,  a  Hungarian,  who  denied 
that  prayer  or  any  other  religious  worship 
should  be  offered  to  Jesus  Christ.  Davides 
was  thrown  into  prison,  where  he  died  in  1579 
(Mosheim  (ed.  Held),  p.  712.) 

semi-ligneous,  a. 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Half  or  partially  ligneous  or 
wooden. 

2.  Bot.  (O/  o  stem) :  Half  ligneous  ;  woody 
at  the  base,  herbaceous  at  the  top.  Used  of 
nndershrubs  (q.v.). 

semi  liquid,  a.    Semi-fluid. 

semi-liquidity,  s.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  semi-liquid. 


semi  membranosus,  «.  [SEMI-MEM- 
BRANOUS.] 

semi-membranous,  a, 

Anat. :  Half  membranous.  Used  of  the 
9cjni~mfmbranosu3  muscle,  which  arises  from 
the  tuberosity  of  the  ischium,  and  joins  the 
tibia  by  a  tendon. 

semi  -  menstrual,  a.  Half-monthly ; 
specifically  applied  to  an  inequality  of  the 
tide,  which  goea  through  its  changes  every 
half-month. 

*  semi-metal,  5.    (See  extract.) 

"  8<rrni-mctali  are  metallic  fossils,  heavy,  opaque,  of 
a  bright  glittering  surface,  iiot  malleable  under  the 
hammer ;  w  quicksilver.  antimony,  cobalt,  the 
anenicks,  bismuth,  ziiik,  with  it*  ore  calamine ;  to 
*  these  may  bo  added  the  semi -met*  I  lick  recremeaU, 
tut  ly  and  pampholyx."— fftlt. 

semi  metallic,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  semi-nu-tal ;  partially  metallic  in  character. 

*  semi-minim,  >-. 

Music :  Haifa  minim  ;  a  crotchet 
semi-mute,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj. :  Applied  to  a  person  who,  owing 
to  a  loss  of  the  sense  of  hearing,  has  lost  also 
to  a  great  extent  the  faculty  of  speech,  or 
who.  owing  to  congenital  deafness,  has  never 
perfectly  acquired  that  faculty. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  semi-mute  person. 
semi-Norman,  a. 

Arch. :  Of  or  relating  to  a  style  of  Gothic 
architecture  prevalent,  according  to  Bloxham, 
about  A.D.  1140-1200. 

"  The  weat  doorway  li  also  of  trml-fforman 
character ;  the  arch  IB  pointed,  the  (ace  is  enriched 
with  the  zigzag  and  semi-hexagonal  mouldings,  and 
the  shafts  of  the  Jambs  are  banded  and  have  capitals 
of  stiffly -sculptured  foliage." —  Bloxham  :  Gothic 
Architecture,  p.  151. 

semi  nude,  a.  Partially  nude;  half- 
naked. 

semi-nymph,  *. 

Entom, :  A  nymph  or  larva  of  au  insect 
whirl,  undergoes  only  a  slight  change  in 
passing  to  maturity ;  a  larva  of  the  sub-class 
Hemimetabola  (q.v.). 

*  semi  opacous,  a.    Semi -opaque. 

"  Semi-opacoit*  bodies  are  such  as,  looked  upon  In  an 
ordinary  light,  and  not  held  betwixt  it  and  the  eye, 
are  not  wont  to  be  discriminated  from  the  re*t  of  opa- 
cous bodies. "— Boy  I*. 

semi-opal,  s. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  opal  (q.v.)  holding  an 
intermediate  position,  both  in  chemical  com- 
position and  physical  characters,  between 
true  opal  and  chalcedony. 

semi-opaque,  a.      Half   opaque,   half 

tran  spare  lit. 

semi-orbicular,  a.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  half  orb  or  sphere. 

*  semi  ordinate,  s. 

Conic  Sections :  A  term  used  by  some  of  the 
old  writers  to  designate  half  of  a  chord  of  a 
curve  perpendicular  to  an  axis.  It  is  now 
called  an  ordinate. 

semi-osseous,  a.  Of  a  bony  nature,  but 
only  half  so  hard  as  bone. 

semi-palmate,  semi  palmated,  a. 
Ornith.  £  Zool. :  Having  the  feet  webbed 
only  half-way  down  the  toes. 

semi-parabola,  s. 

Math. :  A  curve  of  such  a  nature  that  the 
powers  of  its  ordinates  are  to  each  other  as 
the  next  lower  powers  of  its  abscissas. 

semi  pelagian,  s.  &  a.    [SEMI PELAGIAN.] 

semi-pellucid,  a.     Partially  pellucid; 

imperfectly  transparent. 

"  A  light  grey  irmi-pellucid  flint,  of  much  the  same 
complexion  with  the  common  Indian  agat"—  Wood- 
ward. 

*  semi  pcllucidity,  «.     The  quality  or 
state    of    being    semi -pell  acid ;    semi-trans- 
parency. 

*  semi  -perspicuous,    a.     Half-trans- 
parent; semi -pellucid. 

"A  kind  of  amethystine  flint,  not  composed  of 
crystals  or  grains ;  bat  one  entire  massy  stone,  temi- 
pertpicumu,  and  of  a  pale  blue,  almost  of  the  colour 
of  some  cows'  horns."— «9rew. 

*  semi  proot  *.     Half- proof;  evidence 
from  the  testimony  of  a  single  witness. 

*  semi-quadrate,  *  semi-quartile,  *. 
Astrol. ;  An  aspect    of   the    planets  when 


distant  from  each  other  forty-five  degree*,  at 
one  sign  and  a  half. 

semi  Quietists,  s.  pi. 

Church  Hist.  :  The  name  given  to  those  who 
professed  a  modified  form  of  Quietism  in  the 
seventeenth  and  eighteenth  century. 

"  In  more  modern  times,  Feuelon  and  Madam* 
Guyon  have  taught  Quietism.  They  are  however, 
usually  called  lemi-tjiiielitti.'"— HcClinUxk  *  Utrona : 
Snctic.  Bib.  Lit.,  viii.  847- 

*  semi  qui ntile, «. 

Astrol. :  An  aspect  of  the  planets  when  at  the 
distance  of  thirty-six  degrees  from  one  another, 

semi  recondite,  a.  Half  hidden  or 
concealed  ;  specif,  in  entomology,  of  the  head 
of  an  insect  when  half-hidden  in  the  thorax. 

seml-retloulate,  o.     [HALF-NETTED.] 
semi-savage,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj. :  Half  savage ;  imperfectly  tamed 
or  civilized. 

B.  As   subst.  :    One    who    is   imperfectly 
tamed  or  civilized. 

semi-Separatists,  s.  ft. 

Church  Hist. :  A  name  given  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  to  certain  persons  who  would 
listen  to  the  sermons  of  clergymen  of  the 
Establishment,  but  would  not  be  present 
during  the  prayers.  (Pagitt:  Heresiograpliv 
(ed.  1562),  p.  94.) 

semi-septate,  a. 

Bot. :  Half  septate ;  having  a  partition 
which  does  not  advance  far  enough  to  cut  the 
fruit  into  which  it  penetrates  into  two  cell*. 

*  semi  sextile,  s. 

Astrol. :  A  semi-sixth ;  an  aspect  of  the 
planets  when  they  are  distant  from  each  other 
one-twelfth  part  of  a  circle,  (Bailey.) 

*  semi-smile,  >.    A  half  laugh ;  a  forced 
laugh  or  grin. 

seml-sospiro, ». 

Music :  A  quaver  rest. 

semi  spheric,  semi  -  spherical,  a. 
Having  the  figure  of  a  half  sphere. 

semi -spheroidal,  a.  Formed  like  • 
half-spheroid. 

semi -spinal,  a.  Half-spinal;  applied 
to  the  tcmispinalis  muscle,  which  extends 
from  transverse  processes  to  spines  of  the 
vertebra.  It  is  divided  into  the  temispina- 

lis  (W/i  and  the  s.  dorsi. 

semi  splnalis,  s.    [SEMI-SPINAL.] 
semi-steel,  s.    Fuddled  steel.    (Amer.) 

semi-tangent,  s.  In  spherical  projection, 
the  tangent  ofhalf  an  arc. 

semi  tendinose.  a. 

Anat. :  Half  tendinous.  (Used  of  the  semi- 
tendinosus  muscle  arising  from  the  tuberosity 
of  the  ischium  and  descending  the  back  of 
the  thigh.)  About  its  middle  it  is  traversed 
by  a  thin,  oblique,  tendinous  intersection. 

semi  tendinosus,  s.    [SEMI-TENDINGS*.] 
t  semi-terete,  a.    [HAI.F-TEKETK.] 
semi-transept,  s. 
Arch. :  The  half  of  a  transept  or  cross  aisle, 

semi-transparency,  s.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  semi-transparent. 

semi-transparent,  a.  Half  or  imper- 
fectly transparent 

semi  Universalists,  s.  pL 

Church  Hist. :  A  name  given  to  those  mem- 
bers of  the  Reformed  Churches  in  Germany 
who  held  that  God  wishes  to  make  all  men 
happy,  but  only  on  condition  of  their  be- 
lieving; and  that  this  faith  originates  from 
the  sovereign  and  irresistible  operation  of 
God,  or  from  the  free,  unconditional,  and 
sovereign  election  of  God.  (tfosheim  (exC 
Reid),  p.  816.) 

semi-verticlllate,  a.  Partially  vertt 
cilia  te. 

semi-Vitreous,  o.    Partially  vitrooo*. 
semi  vitrifaction,  >. 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  imperfectly 
vitrified. 

2.  A  substance  imperfectly  vitrified. 

semi  vitrified,  a.  Half  or  Imperfectly 
vitrified  ;  partially  converted  into  glass. 


Kate,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot. 
or.  wore,  wolt;  work,  who,  son;  mate,  ciib,  cure,  unite,  our.  rtle.  full;  try,  Syrian,    »,  o*  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


4193 


*  2.  The  place  or  original  stock  whence 


-emi-vowel,  ».  A  half-vowel ;  a  sound 
Tofthe  «*ta»  both  of  a  vowel  and 
^sonant •;  an  articulation  which  1.  accon, 
,,anic<l  by  an  imperfect  sound,  which  may  be 
c,  mied  at  pleasure,  as  the  sounds ^of  I,  m, 
r,  also  the  sign  representing  such  sound. 

•emi-weekly,  a.  Jt ». 

A.  Aiaaj.:    Happening  or  issued  twice 
week. 

B.  As  mba. :  A  semi-weekly  periodical. 
6T1  I-ar-I-an,  a.  &  t.    [Pref.  semi-,  and 

Eng.  Arian  (q.v.).] 

A.  At  adj. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  character- 
istic of  the  Semiarians.    [B.] 

B.  As  substantive : 

Church  Hist.  (PI.):  (See  extract). 

«  innthpr  nartv  known  as  Semiariant.  a  name  they 
to  the  amaiai  tat'  ouaion).    Basil  ol  Anerra, 


Jriwl'd  :  vath.  Diet.,  p.  60. 

Bern  I-ar'-i-an-Ism,  ».     [Eng.  Semiarian; 

'^Church  Hist. :  The  tenets  or  practice  of  the 
Bemiarians. 

council  held  at  th«  «me  place. "-Addit  A  Arnold. 
Catk.  Diet.,  p.  50. 

,gm  i-ben-rid  am,  s.  [Pref.  semi-;  Eng 
6e7u(ene);  Gr.  .Mot  (eidos)  =  resemblance,  and 
Eng.  am(moni«ra).] 

CTiem  :  A  name  given  by  Zinin  to  a  com- 
pound produced  by  the  action  of  ammonium 
sulphide  on  dinitrobenzene. 
sem  -I-breve,  *  sem-1-brlet;  s.    [Pref. 
semi-,  and  Eng.  breve  (q.v.).] 

Music  •  A  note  of  half  the  duration  or  time 
of  a  breve.  It  is  equivalent  in  time  to  two 
minims,  or  four  crotchets,  or  eight  quavers, 
or  sixteen  semiquavers,  or  thirty-two  demi- 
%emiquavers. 

•emM-9ir-cle,  «.     [Fret  «emi-,  and  Eng. 
circle  (q.v.).] 

1  A  half  circle  ;  one  of  the  two  equal  parts 
into  which  a  circle  is  divided  by  its  diameter. 

2.  A  surveying-instrument  for  taking  angles. 

3.  Any  body  in  the  form  of  a  semicircle. 
•em-I-cir'-CU-lar,  a.   [Pref.  s«mi-,  and  Eng. 

circular  (a.v.).]  'Having  the  form  of  a  semi- 
circle ;  half  round. 

••That  umlcircular  Tarietywe  H""™11?.  call  the 
Idnbow.-_«ro«n« :  Vulgar  krrauri,  bk.  vli.,  ch.  IT. 

semicircular  canals,  s.  pi 
Anat  •  Three  bony  tubes  above  and  beneath 
the  vestibule  of  the  ear,  into  which  they  open 
by  five  apertures,  the  contiguous  ends  of  two 
of  the  canals  being  joined.    (Quoin.) 

Bern  i  06  Ion,  ».      [Pref.  semi-,  and  Eng. 
colon  (q.v.).] 

Gram.  <t  Punct. :  A  mark  or  point  (;)  used 
in  punctuation  to  denote  a  pause  to  be  ob- 
served in  reading  or  speaking,  of  less  duration 
than  the  colon  and  more  than  that  of  the 
comma.  It  is  used  to  distinguish  the  con- 
junct members  of  a  sentence. 

Bem-i-con'-flu-ent,  a.     [Pref.   ««»*-,   and 
Eng.  confluent.] 

Anat.:  Half-confluent  Used  spec,  of  a  kind 
of  small-pox  (q.v.). 

•  sem'-I-oope,   *  sem-y-cope,  s.     [Pref. 
semi-,  and   Eng.    cope   (q.v.).]      An   ancient 
clerical  garment ;  a  half-cloak  or  cope. 
"Ol  doable  worsted  was  his  Kmicope.' 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  Ml    (ProL) 

•em-I-cu'-blc-al,  a.  [Pref.  semi-,  and  Eng. 
cutica!  (q.v.).] 

Conic  Section! :  Applied  to  a  parabola  which 
may  be  referred  to  coordinate  axes  such  that 
the  squares  of  the  ordinates  of  its  points  shall 
be  to  each  other  as  the  cubes  of  the  abscissas 
of  the  same  points. 

•sSm-I-cu'-bJ-uin,  *  Bem-I-cu'-pI-iim, ». 
[Low  Lat,  from  Lat.  semi-  =  half,  and  capo== 
a  tun,  a  cask.)  A  bath  which  only  covers  the 
lower  extremities  and  hips ;  a  half-bath  ;  a 
hip-bath. 


sem'-Mor. s.  [Pref.  «mi-,  and  Fr.  or  =  gold.) 
An  alloy  for  cheap  jewellery,  &c.,  consisting 
of  copper  five  parts  and  zinc  one  part. 
uem  I-lu'-nar,  a.  [Pref.  semi-,  and  Eng. 
".or  (q.v.)  f  Fr.  semilunairc.]  Resembling  a 
half-moon  in  form. 

semilunar  Txme,  s. 

Ami. :  A  bone  of  the  carpus  articulating 
with  the  radius,  the  scaphoid,  the  cuneiform, 
the  Os  magnum,  and  the  unciform  bones. 

semilunar-cartllages,  s.  pi. 

Anat  •  Two  crescent-shaped  interarticular 
flbro-cartilages,  the  internal  and  the  external, 
placed  between  the  head  of  the  tibia  and  the 
condyles  of  the  femur. 

semilunar  cavity,  s. 

Anat.:  A  cavity  in  the  lower  extremity  of 
the  radius,  where  it  articulates  with  the  ulna 
which  moves  within  it. 

semilunar  fold,  t. 

Camp.  Anat. :  The  remnant  of  the  nictitating 
membrane.  [MEMBRANA-NICTITANS.] 

semllunar-ganglia,  s.  pi. 

Anat  •  Two  ganglionic  masses  occupying 
the  upper  and  outer  part  of  the  solar  or 
epigastric  plexus  of  the  sympathetic  nerve. 

semilunar  notch,  s. 

Anat. :  The  suprascapular  notch  (q.v.). 
semllunar-valves,  s.  pi 

Anat  •  Three  valves  or  flaps  semilunar  in 
form,  at  the  orifice  of  the  pulmonary  artery. 

•  BSm-I-lu'-nar-y,  *  sSm-l-lft'-nate,  a. 

[Pref.  semi-,  and  Eng.  lunary,  lunate  (q.v.>J 
Semilunar. 

Bern  -In-al,  o.  *  «.    [Fr.,  from  Lat  teminalis 
from  sem£T,  genit  teminis  =  seed.]    [SEMEN.] 

A.  At  adjective : 

1  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  seed  of  plants  or 
the  semen  of  animals,  or  to  the  elements  of 
reproduction  :  as,  seminaJ  weakness. 

*  2.  Contained  in  the  seed  ;  radical,  ger- 
minal, original. 

"Which  Hmmal  principle  U  a  mUtnre  o(  the  divers 
particle,  ol  matter  and  .pirit '— Sal* :  Orie.  o/  Man- 
Kind,  p.  76. 

*  B.  At  subat. :  Seminal  state. 

••  The  umlnoli  o(  other  inio.ultiea.~-aro.me- .-  CTrij- 
tian  Jforalf,  bk.  lii.,  ch.  IT. 

seminal-leaf,  «.   [SEED-LEAF.] 

1  sSm-ln-al'-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  seminal;  -ity.} 
The  state  of  being  seminal ;  the  power  of  being 
produced. 

"There  was  a  «rm(na!tty  and  contracted  Adam  in 
the  rib/1— «r»w:  Vulgar  t mmrl,  bk.vi.,  ch.  i. 

•  Bem'-In-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  seminal;  -ly.] 
Originally." 

t.  nmlnaUi,   and    eminently   in    them- 
•      :  Ttart  of  the  C»»r<A,  p.  470. 


ng  s  . 

••The.««(»ar»orpromptuarythatl.iri,Uhethtorth 
matter  for  the  tormafiO"  aud  increment  ol  animal  and 
vegetable  bodies"—  Woodward:  On  Fotnu. 

*  3.  Seminal  state. 

"  The  hand  of  God.  who  first  created  the  earth,  hath 
»i>ely  contrived  tl.e.u  in  their  vroper  nminantt,  aM 
where  they  beat  maintain  the  intention  ol  thell 
•peclea."—  Browne. 

*  i.  A  seed-bed,  a  source,  an  origin. 

"  Nothing  subiniuiatrate.  apter  matter  to  be  con- 
rerted  into  pettileiit  uminaAi.  sooner  t)i«n  steam. 
olSsty  (olkVaud  begga^.'-Bari,.!,  :  On  th,  Plasnu. 

5  A  place  of  education  ;  a  school,  academy, 
college,  or  other  institution  fur  education. 


sSm-.-niph-thyr-a-mine,  s.    [Pref.  semi-, 
and  Eng.  naphthylamine.] 

Chem. :  fAoHeW*  Naphthylene  dia- 
mine.  A  base  produced  by  the  action  of 
sulphydrate  of  ammonium  on  dmitronapn- 
thalene.  It  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in  long 
shining  needles,  slightly  soluble  in  water, 
easily  in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  160  ,  and 
dissolves  in  sulphuric  acid  to  a  dark  violet 
solution.  It  forms  crystalline  salts  with 
mineral  and  organic  acids. 
•  Bem-In-ar-Ist,  *  sem-In-ar'-i-an,  -. 
[Eng  seminary);  -ist,  -arian.]  A  member 
of  a  seminary  ;  specif.,  an  English  Roman 
Catholic  priest  educated  in  a  foreign  seminary. 
"  The  pommilslon  on  teminaristt  to  serve  (or  three 

year,  will  !Sy»e  the  prie.thood."-flai/»  Telefrafk, 

June  23, 1889. 

"  sSm'-In-ar-ize,  v.t.    [Lat.  seminar(ium)  = 

a  seed-plot,  and  Eng.  suff.  -ue.]    To  sow  or 

plant    (OgUvie.) 
sem'  In-ar-y,  s.    (Lat.  seminarium  =  a  seed 

garden,  from  semen,  genit.  seminis  =  seed  ;  Fr 

iemtnoire;  8p.  *  ItaL  seminario.] 
*  1   A  seed-plot  or  seed-garden ;  a  plot  o 

ground  in  which  seeds  are  sown  to  be  after 

wards  transplanted  ;  a  nursery. 

"A»  concerning  Kminaria  and  nource-gardena.  - 


"To  establish  temiaaria  to  prepare  men  (or  the 
world,  but  to  teach  them  to  despise  It  —Knox .  a- 
tay  128. 

*  6.  A  seminarist 

"To  mistake  an  honest  zealous  pursuivant  (or  a 
*minar,."-B<m  Jonlon  :  Bartholomew  Pair,  U.  1. 

sem'-In-ar-y,  a.    [Lat.  serainarius.] 

*  1.  Pe'rtaiuing  or  belonging  to  seed ;  sem- 
inal. 

"S«minar»  Tessels.  both  preparatory  and  ejacnla, 
tory  "—Smith  :  On  Old  Agt  (1666i.  p.  117. 

2.  Trained  or  educated  in  a  foreign  semin- 
ary:  as,  a  seminan/  priest. 

"  sSm'-In-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  seminatus,  pa.  par. 
of  semino  =  to  sow  ;  semen,  genit  seminis  _ 
seed.]  [DISSEMINATE.]  To  sow,  to  spread,  to 
propagate,  to  disseminate. 

« BSm-Kn-a'-tion,  s.  [Lat  seminatw,  from 
seminatus,  pa.  par.  of  semino.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  sowing,  spread- 
ing, or  disseminating. 

••  For  the  (ourth  and  last  way.  o(  aecret  Krninatian, 
wherein  we  had  beeu  hitherto  wholly  deficient  and 
ul"f.--Reli,uia  WoUMian*.  p.  ««. 

ti  Sot.:  (1)  Seeding  (London);  (2)  Th« 
natural  dispersal  of  seeds  (Martyn). 

*  Bem'-Ined,  "sSm'-ln-Sd,  o.   [Lat  semen, 
"nit.  WavMi  =  seed.)    Thickly  covered  or 

strewn,  as  with  seeds ;  seme. 

••  Her  garment!  blue,  and  lemined  with  •tars." 
Ben  Jonion :  3/niqufl  at  Court. 

*  BSm-ln-lr-er-oftB,  a.     [Lat.  semen,  genit 
seminis  =  seed,  and  (era  =  to  bear.]    Bearing 
or  producing  seed. 

*  Bem-Jn-aT-Ic,  *  •Sm-ln-W-aC-.O.  •• 

[Lat  semen,  genit.  seminis  =  seed,  and  facia 
=  to  make.]  Forming  or  producing  seed  or 
semen. 

"Ill  th«  fourteenth  year  malea  are  itminiflcal  anol 
pubearent."-flro«me.-  Vulgar  Xrrouri  bk.  vL.  ch.  Till. 

*  sein-ln-I-f  I-oa'-tlon,  «.    [Eng.  seminiflc; 
•alion.]  Propagation  from  the  seed  or  seminal 
parts.    (Hale.) 

t  s8-min'-u-lum, ».    [Mod.  Lat ,  dimin.  from 
Lat.  semen"(q.v.).J 

Bat. :  A  spore, 
so  mi  6  log   ic  al.  ti'.  [SEMEIOLOOICAL,&C.) 

se-ml-o-no'-ttiB,  s.    [Pref.  semio-,  and  Gr. 
virot  (no(os)  =  the  back.) 

Palaont  :  A  genus  of  Saurida?,  with  distich- 
ous fulcra.  There  are  two  species,  from  tn» 
Lias. 

e-ml-Spb'-or-iis,  t.  [Pref.  semto-,  and  Or 
<f>op6c  (pharos)  =  bearing.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Carangidffi,  from  the 
Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca.  The  dorsal,  com- 
mencing immediately  above  the  head  u 
enormously  developed  ;  the  ventral,  are  long 
and  slender,  and  thoracic,  placed  below  and 
in  advance  of  the  pectorals,  which  are  very 
small. 

se-ml-fip'-ter-a,  ».  [Pref.  semio-,  and  Or. 
irTepdi-  (pteron)  =  »  wing.l 

Ornilh. :  Standard-wing,  a  genus  of  Para- 
rtUcinip  with  one  species,  Hemioiitera  vKUIaaf, 
discovered  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Wallace  in  1S58  in 
Batchian,  one  of  the  Moluccas,  to  which 
eroup  it  appears  to  be  conhued.  Bill  long, 
compressed,  culmen  much  curved,  tip  eniar- 
ginato  ;  nostrils  basal,  oval,  hidden  by  routal 
plumes;  wings  rounded,  fourth  and  ttfUl 
primaries  equal  and  longest ;  tail  moderate, 
slightly  rounded  ;  tarsi  long,  rather  slender 
cohered  by  a  single  scale  ;  toes  slender,  rather 
short ;  claws  long,  much  curved,  acute. 
Bern  i-ped,  «.  [Lat.  »smi-  =  half,  and  pu, 
genit.  pedis  =  a  foot] 
Pros. :  A  half-foot 


4194 


semipedal— sen 


•fem-I-pe'-dal,  a.    [SEMIPED.] 
Pros. :  Containing  a  half-foot. 

Sem-i-pe  la'-gl  an,  a.  &  *,  [Pref.  semi-, 
and  Eng.  Pelagian  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. ;  Of,  belonging  to,  or  character- 
istic of  tlie  party  described  under  B. 

"The  Sfmipctaffian  tenets  which  are  often  called 
the  heresy  of  the  Masai lieiusea."— AddU  A  Arnold: 
Cath.  Diet.,  p.  TM. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Church  Hist.  (PI-) :  The  name  given  to  cer- 
tain persons  who,  chiefly  in  the  fifth  and  sixth 
centuries,  endeavoured  to  find  a  middle  course 
between  the  doctrine  of  Augustine  of  Hippo 
and  that  of  Pelagius  on  the  subject  of  grace 
and  the  freedom  of  the  human  will.  The 
name  is  principally  confined  to  the  followers 
of  Cassiau.  [MASSILIANS.] 

"  The  Sent4pelayiant  did  not  go  M  far  M  Pelagiua."— 
Ad<lti  A  Arnold:  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  T59. 

Sem-l-pS-la'-gl-an-Ism,«.   [Eng.Semi- 

jtelagian ;  -ism.} 

Church,  Hist. :  The  doctrine  that  man  can 
by  his  natural  powers  have  and  exercise  faith 
in  Christ,  and  a  purpose  of  living  a  holy  life, 
though  none  can  persevere  in  this  course 
unless  constantly  supported  by  divine  assist- 
ance and  grace. 

"  In  539  tb«  Synod  of  Orange  In  South  Gaul  gmve  the 

death-blow   to  Semipel<i9iani*m,"—AdM*  *  Arnold: 

Cath.  Diet.,  p.  760. 

•em-i-pen'-nl-form,  a.  [Pref.  semi-,  aad 
Eng.  penniform,  (q.v.).] 

Anat.  (Of  muscles):  Half  penniform,  half 
approaching  the  form  of  the  plume  of  a 
feather. 

*  •em-X-phyl-Ud'-t-a,  ».  pi.    [Pref.  »mi-; 
Mod.  Lat.  phyllidia  (qTv.).] 

Zoo/.;  A  division  of  Latreille's  Gasterop- 
oda, consisting  of  those  having  branchiae  on 
the  right  side  of  the  body,  under  the  border 
of  the  mantle,  in  a  longitudinal  series.  Gen- 
era, Pleurobranchus  and  Umbrella  (q.v.). 

*  »em  i  phyl  lid'-I-an,  a.  &  «.     [SEMI- 

PHYLLIDIA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Serai- 
phyllidift  (q.v.X 

B.  As  subst.  :  Any  individual  of  the  Semi- 
phyllidia  (q.v.). 

t  •e'm  i-plan-ti-gra'-da,  *.  pi  [Pref.  semi-, 
and  Mod.  Lat.  plantigrada  (q.v.).j 

Zool. :  A  section  of  the  Carnivora  in  which 
a  portion  of  the  sole  is  applied  to  the  ground. 
Intermediate  between  the  Plantigrada  and 
the  Digitigrada. 

sem  i  plan  tl- grade,  a.  [SEMIPLANTI- 
ORADA.]  Placing  part  of  the  sole  of  the  foot 
to  the  ground  ;  of  or  belonging  to  the  Planti- 
grada  (q.v.). 

Bem-I  plo  ti'-na,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  semi- 
plot(u£) ;  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 

Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Cyprinidse.  Anal  short ; 
dorsal  elongate,  with  an  osseous  ray ;  lateral 
line  running  along  middle  of  tail ;  barbels 
sometimes  present.  There  are  two  genera : 
Oyprinion,  from  Persia  and  Syria,  and  Semi- 
plotus,  from  Assam. 

•e'm-I-plo'-ttis,  *.  [Pref.  semi-,  and  Or. 
arAtoTov  (plotos).']  [PLOTUS.I  [SEMIPLOTINA.] 

•fim  -I-qua  ver,  5.  [Pref.  semi-,  and  Eng. 
quaver  (q.v.).] 

Music :  A  half  quaver ;  a  note  of  half  the 
duration  of  a  quaver;  the  sixteenth  of  the 

semi  breve. 

*  sem'-I-qua  ver,  v.t.    [SEMIQUAVER,  *.]  To 
sound  or  sing,  as  in  semiquavers. 

"  With  wire  and  catgut  he  concludes  the  day, 
Quavering  imd  temiqiuivrring  care  away." 

Cowptr  :  Progreu  of  Error. 

*  Sem  1-SOUn,  >.     [Lat.  semi  =  half,  and  sonus 
=  a  nouud.}    A  half  sound  ;  a  low,  broken,  or 
indistinct  sound.    (Chaucer;  C.  T.,  3,697.) 

*  s£m -t-taur  e,    *.      [Pref.    semi-,  and  Lat 
taurus  =  a  bull.]    Half  bull,  half  man. 

Sem  ite,  s.  &  a.    [SHEMITE.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  descendant  of  Shem ;  one 
of  the  Semitic  race. 

"None  but  the  Semttet  have,  since  the  dawn  of  the 
historic  period,  Berloutly  disputed  with  our  family  the 
headship  of  the  human  race.'—  Whitney  ;  lAj*  * 
Growth  of  Language,  ch.  xlil. 

B.  As  adj. :  Semitic  (q.v.). 


sem-I-ter'-tlan,  a.  &  s.  [Pref.  semi-,  and 
Eng.  tertian.} 

A.  As  adj.  :  Possessing  the  characters  of 
a  quotidian  and  a  tertmn  ague.    (Used  of  a 
quotidian  fever  which  has  remissions  on  tin; 
days  when,  if  it  were  an  ordinary  tertian,  it 
would  intermit 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Pathol.  :  A  semitertian  fever. 

"  The  natural  product  of  such  a  cold  moist  year  are 
tertians,  t?»Ktertt,tnt,  »nd  some  quartan*,"—  Arbuth- 
not:  On  Air. 

Se-mit'-lC,  a,  [Eng.  SemU(e);  -ic.}  Pertain- 
ing or  relating  to  Shein  or  his  descendants  ; 
pertaining  to  the  Hebrew  race,  or  any  of 
those  kindred  to  it,  as  the  ancient  Phoeni- 
cians, the  Arabians,  and  the  Assyrians. 

Semitic  languages,  s.  pi.  The  most 
important  group  of  languages,  after  the  Indo- 
European.  It  is  marked  by  the  triliterality 
of  the  roots  and  their  inflection  by  internal 
change,  by  variation  of  vuwel. 

"  The  name  '  Semitic-tang  uaya  '  is  used  to  designate 
a  group  of  Aaiatic  and  African  liuiguatfes.  some  living 


and   Bume   dead,    namely.    Hebrew    a  , 

Aramaic,  Assyrian,  Arabic,  Ethiouic  (Ue«z  ami  Am- 
baric).  The  name  which  was  Introduced  by  Eichhorn 
(iUnleV.  in  <l<tt  A.  T.  («L  2nd),  i.  «(  is  derived  from 
the  fact  that  moat  iiations  which  apeak  or  spoke  these 
languages  are  descended,  according  to  Genesis,  from 
Shein,  ton  of  Noah."—  Kncyc.  Brit.  led.  9th).  xxi.  ML 

sem'-itHism,  s.  [Eng.  Semite);  -ism.}  A 
beraitic  idiom  or  word  ;  the  adoption  of  what 
is  peculiarly  Semitic. 

8em'-l-t6ne,  5.  [Pref.  temi-,  and  Eng.  tone 
(q.v.).] 

Music  :  A  half  tone,  or  an  approximate  half 
of  a  tone  ;  there  are  three  kinds,  greater, 
lesser,  and  natural.  An  interval  of  sound,  as 
between  mi  and  fa  on  the  diatonic  scale, 
which  is  only  half  the  distance  of  the  interval 
between  do  and  re,  or  sol  and  la. 

"  A  Miles  of  sounds  relating  to  one  leading  note  it 
called  a  mode,  or  a  tone,  ana  there  are  twelve  temi- 
tonet  in  the  scale,  each  of  which  may  be  made  in  it* 
turn  the  leader  of  a  mode."  —  Juiut  :  imitative  A  rti. 

sem-1-ton  -ic,  a.  [Eng.  semitonfe);  -ic.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  semitone  ;  consisting  of  a 
semitone  or  of  semitones. 

*  scm  i  iin'  9i-al,  a.  [SEMUNCIA.]  Half  an 
inch  in  size. 

"  Uncial  or  Mmiundal  letters."—  North  ;  Lift  e/  Lord 


sem'-mft,  s.  [Perhaps  the  same  as  Samite 
(q.v.),  or  a  contract,  of  chemisette.}  An  urtler- 
shirt,  generally  woollen,  (Scotch.) 

t  scm-no  pi  the   9!  dse,  s.  pi.    [Hod.  Lat. 
semnopithec(us)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  toff.  -u/oj.J 
HECIN^.  ] 


sem  no  pith-e-9i'-n»,  *.  pL     [Mod.  Lat. 

8emnopithec(u8)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

1.  ZooL  :    A  sub-family  of  Simiadse  (q.v.). 
Pelvic  limbs  longer  than  pectoral  ;  tail  very 
long;   no  cheek   pouches  or  vermiform  ap- 
pendix ;  sternum  narrow  ;  ischiatic  callosities  ; 
third  lower  molar  always  with  five  tubercles. 
Two  genera,  Colobus  and  Semnopithecus.     It 
was  formerly  made  a  family  (Senmopithecidae) 
of  Primates  (q.v.). 

2.  Palceont.  ;  From  the  Miocene  onward. 

sem-no  pl-the'  -cus,  *.    [Gr.  cre^wis  (semnos) 
=  sacred,  and  jrt'ftj«os  (pithekos)  —  an  ape.] 

1.  Zool.  :  Sacred  monkeys,  Sacred  apes  ;  the 
type-genus    of  the    Semuopithecinse,  distin- 
guished from  Colobus  by  the  presence  of  a 
small  functional  thumb   and    their  absence 
from    Africa.      The    species   are    numerous, 
spread  over  almost  the  whole  of  the  Oriental 
region,  wherever  the  forests  are  extensive. 
They  extend  along  the  Himalayas  to  beyond 
Simla  ;    on  the  west  of  India  they  are  not 
found  north  of  143  N.  lat.,  on  the  east  they 
extend  into  Arakan,  and  to  Borneo  and  Java, 
but  apparently  not  into  Siam  or  Cambodia. 
One  species  (Semnopithecus  roxellana)  was  dis- 
covered by  Pere  David  at  Moupin,  in  East 
Thibet,  where  the  winters  are  severe,  and  the 
whole  vegetation  is  palrearctic.    The  monkeys 
of  this  genus  vary  much  in  size,  the  largest 
are  bigger  than  a   pointer  ;  the  body  in  all 
long  and  slightly  made,  and  the  tail  pendu- 
lous.     The  most  important  species  are  de- 
scribed in  this  Dictionary  under  their  popular 
names. 

2,  Palteont.  :  From  the  Upper  Miocene  of 
Greece  and  the  Sivalik  Hills,  and  the  Pliocene 
of  the  South  of  France  and  Italy. 


scm   6  la,  sem  6  lei  -la,  *.    [SEMOLIKA.) 

sem-O-li'-na,  s.     [Ital.  semolino,  sewutella.] 

Food*  ;  A  farinaceous  food  consisting  of  th« 
fine  liard  parts  of  wheat,  rounded  by  attrition 
in  the  mill-stones.  The  best  is  obtained  from 
wheat  grown  in  the  southern  parts  of  Europe. 

se-moule',  5.    [Fr.]    Semolina  (q.v.). 

*sem-per-vir'-ent,  a.  [Lat.  semper  = 
always,  and  virens,  pr.  par.  of  vireo  =  to  be 
green.]  Always  green  ;  evergreen. 

*  sem'-per-vive,  s.    [SEMPERVIVUM.]    The 
house-leek. 

"  The  greater  temprrvivc  will  put  out  brnnrhea  two 
or  three  years  ;  but  they  wrap  the  rout  iu  an  oil-cloth 
once  in  half  a  year."—  Bacon. 

sem-per-vi'-viim,  s.  [Lat.  semper  =  always, 
and  vivus  =  living,  alive.  Named  from  their 
tenacity  of  life.] 

Bot.  :  House-leek  ;  a  genus  of  Crassnleae. 
Succulent  herbs  or  undershruhs.  Radicle 
leaves  densely  rosulate,  stoloniferous  from 
their  axils,  the  cauline  ones  alternate;  calyx 
six-  to  twenty-cleft;  petals  distinct  or  nearly 
so  ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  or 
as  many  and  opposite  to  them  ;  follicles  many- 
seeded  ;  hypogynous  scales  laciniated,  toothed, 
or  wanting.  Known  species  about  forty,  from 
Europe,  North  Africa,  especially  Madeira  and 
tile  Canary  islands.  The  Common  House-leek 
(&  tectorum)  is  an  European  species,  frequently 
planted  in  the  United  States  in  beds  of  l.jif 

!  slants,  &c.  In  Europe  it  is  planted  on  walls, 
louse  roots,  &c.  The  loaves  are  very  iracculeut 
and  form  close  rosettes.  The  flower  stem  growtv 
6  to  12  Inches  high,  and  bean  pale  red,  star- 
like  flowers.  The  fishermen  of  Madeira  ml, 
their  nets  with  the  fresh  leaves  of  6'.  ylutinosmn, 
then  steep  them  in  an  alkaline  liquor;  tlii- 
renders  them  as  durable  as  if  they  were  tanned- 

sem  pi-ter  nal,    *  sem  pi-  ter  -nail,  o. 

[Fr.  sempiternal,  from  Lat.  sempiternits,  from 
semper  =  always  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  sempiterno  ; 
Ital.  sempiteniale,  sempiterno.] 

1.  Of  never-ending  duration  ;    everlasting, 
endless  ;  having  beginning,  but  no  end. 

"All  truth  Is  from  the  icmpitrrna!  source." 

Cowptr;  Talk,  il.  4M. 

2.  Eternal,  everlasting;  without  beginning 
or  end. 

"  If  that  one  man  WM  limpitemal,  whir 
Did  he,  sine*  Independent,  ever  di«T 

Blaekmort  ;  Creation,  bk.  Tt. 

*  se'm'-pl-terne,  a.    [Lat.  sempiternus.]  Sem- 
piternal ;  everlasting. 

"  And  his  bfiuge  !•  tcmpittr**"     thmtr  :  C.  A.,  ril. 


I-ter'-nl-t,  *.      [Vr.   t, 

from  Lat.  sempiternitatem,  accus.  of  sempiter- 
nitat,  from  sempiternus  =  sempiternal  (q.v.).] 
Future  duration  without  end  ;  eternity. 

"  Upon  a  supposition  of  a  future  itmptttnrity,  thl* 
would  produce  the  same  difficulty,  without  such  iu- 
terpmitlon  of  the  Divine  wiadora  and  providvuce."  — 
Hat*:  (trig,  of  Mankind,  p.  227. 

*  Bern  pi-ter'-nize,  v.t.    [SEMPITEBNE.]    To 

perpetuate. 

"The  tempttemizittffot  the  human  race.*—  ffffuhartt 
Rabelait,  bk.  iii..  ch.  viii. 

*  f*em'  pie,  a.    [SIMPLE.] 

8<$m  pre,  adv.     [Ital.,  from  Lat.  semper=. 
always.] 

Music  :  Ever,  always,  throughout.  Used  in 
conjunction  with  some  other  mark  of  time  or 
expression,  to  signify  that  such  mark  is  to- 
remain  in  force  until  a  new  direction  appears. 

scmp  -ster  (p  silent),  *.    [SEAMSTER.] 
scrap   stress  (p  silent),  s.    [SEAMSTRESS.] 
semp  -stres-sy  (p  silent),  *.    [SEAMSTRESST.  j 

scm'-sey  xte,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful,  but  pro- 
bably after  one  8emsey  ;  sntl.  -ite  (Min.).~] 

Min.  ;  A  mineral  occurring  in  small,  gray 
tabular  crystals  at  Felsbbanya,  Hungary. 
Sp.  gr.  6'05.  Compos.  :  sulphur,  19-10  ; 
antimony,  2f>'85  ;  lead,  S4'05  =  100,  which 
corresponds  to  the  formula  7PU  +  8Sb^3> 

*  sS-mun'-9i-a,  5.  [  Lat.  semi  =  half,  and  uncia 

=  an  ounce.]"  A  small  Roman  coin  of  the 
weight  of  four  drachms,  being  the  twenty- 
fourth  part  of  the  Roman  pound. 

*  sem  y  cope,  t.    [SEMICOPK.] 

*  sen,  *  sens,  adv.    [SINCE.] 


fite.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  fathor;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  oa  -  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu      kw. 


•e"  na'-ci-a,  s.  [Named  after  Jean  Senac,  a 
French  physician  (1693-1770).] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Ceiastracete.  Shrubs  with 
smooth  branches  ;  feathery  veined,  entire 
leaves;  terminal  corymbs  of  white  flowers, 
with  liypogynous  stamens.  AkintoCetostrus. 
Senacia (formerly  Celastrus)undulata  furnishes 
a  hard  wood. 

ecn'-age  (age  as  ig),  s.  [First  element  doubt- 
ful ;  suff.  -age.} 
Law :  Money  paid  for  synodala. 

sen-ar-mSn'-tlte,  s.  [After  the  mineralogist, 
H.  <le  Senarmout,  who  first  described  it ;  suff. 
-Ue(Min.).] 

Min.  :  An  isometric  mineral,  occurring  in 
octahedrons  with  octahedral  cleavage,  also 
granular,  massive.  Hardness,  2  to  '2-5  ;  sp. 
gr.  6'22  to  5'3  ;  lustre,  resinous  to  sub-adaman- 
tine; colourless  or  grayish;  streak,  white. 
Compos.  :  oxygen,  16*44;  antimony,  83'56  = 
100,  equal  to  the  formuln,  8bO3.  Results 
principally  from  the  decomposition  of  stibnite, 
the  finest  and  largest  crystals  being  found  in 
Algeria. 

son  ar-jf,  a.  [Lat.  senarius,  from  senl  =  six 
each,  sex  =  six.]  Of  six ;  belonging  to  six  ; 
containing  six. 

sen'- ate,  *  sen-at,  s.  [Fr.  senat,  from  Lat. 
senatum,  accus.  of  senatits  =  a  council  of 
elders,  from  senex,  genii,  senis  =  an  old  man ; 
Sp.  senado;  Ital.  senate.] 

L  An  assembly  or  council  of  elders ;  an 
assembly  or  council  of  citizens  invested  with 
a  share  in  the  government. 

(1)  In  ancient  Rome,  a  body  or  council  of 
elders,  appointed  or  elected  from  amongst 
citizens  of  free  birth,  and  entrusted  with  the 
supreme  legislative  power.  To  it  belonged 
exclusively  the  administration  of  foreign 
affairs,  and  of  the  exchequer.  It  also  exercised 
a  general  superintendence  over  the  religion  of 
the  state.  It  could  not  meet  unless  summoned 
by  a  magistrate.  The  numberofthemembers 
varied  at  different  times. 

(2)  The  Upper  House  of  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  whose  members  represent  the 
states,  while  those  of  the  Lower  House  are  the 
direct  representatives  of  the  people.  Each 
.state  has  two  senators,  chosen  by  the  state 
legislature  fur  six  years,  though  there  is  a 
stroug  feeling  in  favor  of  having  the  senators 
directly  voted  for  by  the  people.  Tbe  Upper 
House  of  the  French  national  legislature 
.also  bears  the  name  of  Senate,  and  the  same 
is  the  case  in  some  of  the  Cantons  of  Switzer- 
land. The  House  of  Lords  of  Great  Britain 
differs  from  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  i  n 
being  an  hereditary,  not  a  representative,  body 
of  legislators,  and  in  other  particulars. 

(3)  The  Upper  House  of  the  various  State 
legislatures,  all  members  of  which  are  chosen 
by  direct  vote  of  the  people. 

(4)  Hence,  legislative  bodies  in  general ;  a 
.state  council ;  the  legislative  department  of  a 
government. 

•*  While  listening  lenatet  hang  upon  thy  tongue." 
Thornton  :  Autumn,  li. 

J.  The  governing  body  of  the  Universities 
of  Cambridge  and  London. 
senate  chamber,  *.     The  chamber  or 

hal'  in  which  a  senate  meets., 

senate-house,  s.  A  house  in  which  a 
senate  meets  ;  a  place  of  public  council. 

"  The  nuMei.  in  great  earnectneu,  are  going 
All  to  tbe  tenate-boutt." 

:  Coriofanut,  IT.  fl. 


•en'-at-or,  *  sen  at  our,  *  cen  a  tour,  a. 

[O.    Fr.   senatour  (Fr.    senateur),    from    Lat. 
senatorem,  accus.  of  senator  =  a  senator;  Sp. 
and  Port,  senador ;  Ital.  senatore.] 
1.  Ord.  Lang.  ;  A  member  of  a  senate. 

"  The  right  of  naming  tenatort  belonged  at  flrat  to 
the  kluga.  —  Kennett;  Rorru»  Antigua  JfotUia,  pt.  11., 
bk.  Hi.,  ch.  II. 

*2.  Old  Law:  A  member  of  the  king's 
council ;  a  king's  councillor. 

If  In  Scotland  the  Lords  of  Session  are 
called  Senators  of  the  College  of  Justice. 

•fin-a-tbr'-I-al,  a.    [Eng.  senator ;  -ial] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  senate  ;  befitting  a 
senate  or  a  senator. 

"  Host  of  the  earlier  historians  were  of  consular  or 
tftmt'iriti  rank." — l^.wit:  Cred.  Early  Roman  ffitt. 
(1856),  i.  /i. 

2.  Entitled    to    elect    a    senator:    as,    a 
senatorial  district.    (Amer.) 


senacia— senega 


r'-I-al-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  senatorial; 
-ly.]  In  a  senatorial  manner;  in  a  manner 
becoming  or  befitting  a  senator. 

"  The  mother  waa  cheerful ;  the  father  teitatorially 
frrave."— Jtrwnmond:  Travel,  p.  IT. 

*  sen-a-toV-i-an,  *  sen-a-tb'r'-i-ous,  a. 

[Lat. "  senator iu's,  from  senator  =  a  senator.] 
Senatorial. 

"  Raising  it  from  the  equestrian  to  the  tenatorian 
TKak."~MlddUton ;  Life  of  Cicero,  vol.  i.,  j  L 

sen  a-tor-ship,  s.  [Eng.  senator;  -ship.] 
The  "office,  dignity,  or  position  of  a  senator. 

"  From  which  st«p  his  courage  and  wiaedome  rayeed 
him  by  degrees  to  the  sovereignty  of  Lucca,  the 
tentttorship  ot  Koiu*."— Cart  a :  Survey  qf  Cornwall, 
fol.  130. 

sSn-a'-tUS,  s.    [Lat.]    [SENATE.] 

*  1.  A  senate. 

"After  this,  he  made  a  hundred  counsellors  of  the 
beat  and  honeste&t  men  of  the  city,  which  be  called 
patricians;  and  the  whole  company  nf  them  together 
he  called  tenatut.  aa  one  wuuld  Bay,  tbe  Couticel  of  the 
Ancients. "—Worth :  /"lutorcA.  p.  2L 

2.  The    senate    or    governing   body    of  a 
university. 
senatus-academicus,  s.     One  of  the 

governing  bodies  in  Scotch  universities,  con- 
sisting of  the  principal  and  professors,  and 
charged  with  the  superintendence  and  regu- 
lation of  discipline,  the  administration  of  the 
university  property  and  revenues,  subject  to 
the  control  and  review  of  the  university 
court,  and  the  conferring  of  degrees  through 
the  chancellor  or  vice-chancellor. 

senatus  consultum,  5. 

Rom.Antiq. :  A  decree  of  the  Roman  Senate. 

*  06x196,  s.    [SENS*.] 

send,  * sende  (pa.  t.  *aendet  *sente,  sent; 
pa.  par.  sent),  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  sendan  (pa.  t. 
sende,  pa.  par.  sended);  cogn.  with  Dut. 
xenden;  Icel.  senda;  Dan.  sende;  Sw.  sanda; 
Goth,  sandjan;  M.  H.  Ger.  senten;  Ger. 
senden.  From  a  root  signifying  to  make  to 
go  ;  cf.  O.  H.  Ger.  sinnan—  to  go,  to  go  forth  ; 
Ger.  sinnen  (pa.  t.  eann)  =  to  go  over  in  the 
mind;  Icel.  sinni  (for  sinthi)  =  &  walk,  a 
journey  ;  A.S.  sidh  (for  sintK)=  a  journey,  a 
time  ;  sidhian  =  to  travel ;  M.  H.  Ger.  sint  = 
a  way,  a  time.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  go  or  pass  from  one  place  to 
Another ;  to  despatch. 

"  Thl«  sudden  tending  him  away  must  a**m 
Deliberate  pause."         Shakes?. :  Samlet,  IT.  1 

2.  To  cause  to  be  conveyed  or  transmitted. 
"[He]  tent  letters  by  post*  on  horseback."— Kttker 

TiiLlOl 

*  3.  To  impel,  to  propel,  to  hurl,  to  cast,  to 
throw :  as,  A  gun  sends  a  ball  1,000  yards. 

4.  To  cause  to  take  place  ;  to  cause  to  come  ; 
to  inflict. 

"  Ood  .  .  .  tendeth  rain  on  tbe  Jtut  and  on  the 
unjust."— Matthew -v.  «. 

5.  To  commission  by  authority  to  go  and 
act. 

"I  bear  witnew  the  Father  hath  tent  me."— John 
T.  36. 

6.  To  cause  to  be. 

"  God  tend  him  well  I ' 
Shake*?. .-  Altt  Well  that  Endt  Well,  L  1. 

7.  (With  certain  verbs  implying   motion)  : 
To    cause  to  do  the  act   indicated    by  the 
principal  verb.    It  always  implies  impulsion 
or  propulsion :  as,  He  sent  him  flying,  the 
blow  sent  bun  staggering. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  despatch  a  messenger ;  to 
despatch  an  agent  or  messenger  for  some  pur- 
pose. 

"  Pharaoh  tent,  and  called  Joseph."— Qenctit  xli.  14. 

2.  Naut. :  To  pitch  precipitately  into  the 
hollow  or  interval  between  two  waves.    (In 
this  sense  the  pa.  t.  is  sended.) 

^[  1.  To  send  for :  To  require  or  request  the 
attendance  of  a  person  or  the  bringing  of  a 
thing  by  messenger  :  as,  To  send  for  a  person, 
to  send  for  a  book. 

2.  To  send  forth  (or  out) : 

(1)  To  put  out  or  forth ;  to  produce  :  as,  A 
tree  sends  out  branches. 

(2)  To  emit :  as,  A  flower  sends  forth  frag* 
ranee. 

send,  s.    [SEND,  v.] 

Naut. :  The  motion  of  the  waves,  or  the 
impetus  given  by  their  motion. 

"Borne  on  the  tend  of  the  Be*." 

Longfellow  :  Mile*  Standitk,  T. 


4195 

sen  -dal,    *  sen  dall,    *  cen  -dal,  *  sen- 

delle,  s.  [O.  Fr.  tendal,  ceiuial,  from  Low 
Lat.  cetidalum,  cendale,  cindadtis,  citidalu*, 
semialum,  so  called  because  brought  from 
India,  from  Sansc.  sintlhu  =  the  river  Indus, 
Scinde,  from  syand  =  to  flow ;  cf.  Gr.  <TW&&V 
(sindon)  =  fine  linen;  Sp.  &  Port,  cendal ; 
Ital.  zendalo,  zendado.]  A  light,  thin  stuff  of 
silk  or  thread. 

"The  courtein*  were  of  tendatl  Ihyn." 

fenvr;a,tf..t 

send  -or,  i.  [Eng.  send,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
sends. 

"  We  must  receive  him 
According  to  the  honour  of  his  tender." 

nfciKesp. :  Cymbettne,  11.  a 

Be'n-S-W-er'-a.,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Jean 
Senebier,  a  Swiss  Protestant  minister,  natur- 
alist, and  bibliographer  (1742-1809).] 

Bot. :  Wart-cress ;  the  typical  genus  of  Sene- 
bieridae  (q.v.).  Fruit  broader  than  long,  with- 
out valves  or  wings ;  two-celled,  each  cell 
one-seeded.  Known  species  six,  from  tem- 
perate and  warm  countries.  One,  Senetriera 
Coronopus,  is  a  native  of  Britain,  and  another 
(S.  didyma)  a  denizen.  They  have  raceme* 
of  minute  white  flowers.  The  first,  which  is 
the  yAav£  (glaux)  of  Dioscorides,  was  for- 
merly eaten  aa  a  salad,  as  S.  nilotica  still  i* 
In  Egypt. 


«.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat  sen* 
bier^a)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Bot.  :  A  family  of  Cruciferae,  tribe  Diple- 
colobeae  (q.v.). 

sen'-e-ca,  $.    [For  etym.  and  def.  see  com- 

pound.] 

senoca  -oil,  s. 

Min.  :  A  petroleum  found  at  Cuba,  Alle- 
ghany  Co.,  New  York.  Also  occurs  on  the 
surface  of  Seneca  Lake,  but  It  is  uncertain 
whether  the  name  arose  from  this  fact,  or 
because  it  was  collected  and  sold  by  the 
Seneca-  Indians.  (Dana.) 

seneca-root,  s.    [SENEGA.] 

sg-ne'-cf-6  (or  9  as  sh),  *.  [Lat.  =  (!)*» 
old  man,  (2)  the  genus  Senecio  (see  def.), 
Named  because  its  pappus  resembles  gray 
hairs.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Senecionese  and 
Senecionidese  (q.v.).  Generally  herbs  with 
alternate  leaves  and  solitary  or  corymbose 
yellow  flowers.  Involucre  cylindrical,  with 
linear  scales,  often  tipped  with  brown.  An* 
thers  without  bristles  at  the  base,  style  scarcely 
longer  than  the  corolla  ;  truncate  or  ciliato 
at  the  extremities  of  the  branches.  Known 
species  about  500,  from  temperate  and  cold 
countries.  It  is  the  most  numerous  genus  of 
the  great  natural  order  Composite,  tbe  species 
being  annual  or  perennial  and  half  shrubby 
plants,  the  last  from  the  warmer  latitudes.  8. 
hieracifoUtu  is  the  Fireweed  of  the  United 
States,  so  called  from  its  quick  appearance 
where  a  forest  has  been  consumed  by  fire. 
Many  species  have  a  strong,  unpleasant  odor. 
A  few  are  rather  ornamental  aa  flowers.  The 
leaves  of  Senecio  devuiflarus,  a  Hungarian 
species,  are  applied  to  boils. 

sen-c-^I-o'-nc-se  (or  o  as  sh),  s.pt.  [Lat 
senecio  (genit.  senecion(is);  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff, 
-ece.} 

Bot.  :  The  typical  sub-tribe  of  Senecionide* 
(q.v.X 

se-ne-$i-£-nId-e-»f  «.  pi.  [Lat.  senecio; 
genii.  *enecion(is);  fern.  pi.  adj.  fluff,  -idece.} 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Tubuliflone,  with  the  fol- 
lowing sub-tribes  : 

Euxenleie,  Millericae,  Bllphieie,  Melampodlew,  Am- 
brosieflD,  Iveae,  ParthenJen,  Heliopsideso,  Rudt«ckie», 
Coreopetdese,  Bldentidew,  VerbealueiB.  Plaverleie,  Ta- 
getett,  Porophyllec.  Gaillardlew.  Hcleuieje,  Qalinao- 

o- 


*s6-neo'-tl-tude,  «.     [Lat.  senectus  =  old 

age,  from  tenex  —  old.]    Old  age. 

sen'-c-ga,  sen  -e-ka,  *.    [SENECA.] 

Pharm.  :  The  dried  root  of  Polygala  Senega, 
the  Rattlesnake-root  It  is  stimulant,  ex- 
pectorant, diuretic,  and  emmenagogue,  and, 
in  large  doses,  emetic  and  cathartic.  It  is 
given  in  chronic  affections  of  the  lungs,  la 
functional  derangement  of  the  heart,  In 
dropsy,  amenorrhcea,  and  dysmenorrhoaa. 


boll,  bo^;  poUt,  J6>1;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  oHln,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xeuophon,  eylst.    -in«, 
-tlan  =  «^*^"     -tion,  -siou  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -gion  =  «hft«,    -oious,  -tious,  -sious  =  011110,   -ble»  -die,  «Stc.  =  bel.  del. 


4196 


Senegal— sensation 


ftSn-3-gaT,  *.    [From  the  native  name.] 

Geog. :  A  French  colonial  dependency  on  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  traversed  by  a  river  of 
the  same  name. 

Senegal-galago,  s. 

Zool. :  Galago  senegalentis.  It  Is  fawn-gray 
above,  yellowish  white  beneath,  «vith  dark 
brown  feet  and  tail,  and  a  white  stripe  on  the 

lace. 

Senegal-jackal,  s. 

Zool. :  A  well-marked  variety  of  the  Jackal 
(Cants  aureus),  to  which  specific  distinction  is 
sometimes  given  as  Canis  anthus.  It  is  larger 
than  the  common  kind,  more  elegantly  built, 
and  has  long  legs,  somewhat  like  a  greyhound. 
Colour  bright  tawny,  with  a  black  baud  on 
back,  chest,  and  sides. 

Senegal-parrot,  s. 

Ornith. :  Palasomis  senegalus. 
Senegal-root,  s. 

Pharm. :  The  root  of  Cocculm  Baki$.  It  is 
very  bitter,  and  is  &  diuretic. 

•Sn'-e1 -gin.  sen  -e-guln,  s.  [Eng.  seneg<a); 
-in.]  [SAPOWIN.] 

•  se-nes'-cen9e,  *.     [Lat.  senescent,  pr.  par. 
of  senesco  =  to  become  old  ;  senex  =  old.}  The 
state  of  growing  old  ;  decay  by  time ;  begin- 
ning of  old  age. 

"  The  earth  and  all  things  will  continue  In  the  state 
wherein  they  no*  are,  without  the  least  lenctctnce  co- 
decay.  "—  Woodward. 

•  se  nes'~9ent,  a.    [Lat  senescens.}    Growing 
old. 

"  8#n«tc«nt  spinsters  tiiu  dowagers." — Smtthey:  Th* 
Doctor,  ch.  cxci 

s4n  -es-phal,  *  »en -es-chalX  *  sen - 
esh-al,  s.  [O.  Fr.  seneschal  (Fr.  seneehaC); 
Low  Lat.  senescallus,  senescalius ;  0.  Ger. 
tenescalh,  from  Goth.  *iiw=old  (cogn.  with 
Lat  senex),  and  skalhs  =  a  servant.}  [MAR- 
SHAL.] An  officer  in  the  house  of  princes  and 
high  dignitaries,  who  had  the  superintendence 
of  feasts  and  domestic  ceremonies  ;  a  steward. 
lu  some  instances  he  had  the  dispensing  of 
Justice. 

**  With  solemn  step,  and  silver  wand. 
The  Scnetch/il  the  presence  scannM 
Of  these  strange  fuesU  .  .  . 
And  there  he  luanhaU'd  them  their  plae*. 
Pint  of  that  company." 

Scott:  Lord  of  the  Met.  ii.  «. 

•Sn'-es-chal-Ship,  *.  [Eng.  seneschal ;  -ship.} 
The  office  or  post  of  a  seneschal. 

*  senge.  v.t.    [SINGE.] 

•en  green,  s.    [From  singrun,  a  prov.  form 
of  Ger.  ingrun  =  periwinkle :  in-,  intens.,  and 
grtin  =  green.] 
Bat. :  Sempcrvivum  tectorum 

*  Sen-ic-al,  a.    [Btym.  doubtful.] 

Navig.  ;  A  term  applied  to  an  old  form  of 
quadrant,  consisting  of  several  concentric 
quadrauticarcs,  divided  into  eight  equal  parts 
by  radii  with  parallel  right  lines  crossing  each 
other  at  right  angles.  It  was  made  of  brass 
or  wood,  with  lines  drawn  from  each  side 
Intersecting  one  another,  and  an  index  divided 
by  sines  also,  with  90*  on  the  limb  and  two 
sights  on  the  edge  to  take  the  altitude  of  the 
sun.  It  was  in  great  use  among  French  navi- 
gators. (Smyth.) 

•e'-nile,  a.     [Lat.  senilis,   from  «ener=old; 

Fr.  senil;  Sp.  &  Port  senil;  Ital.  senile.}    Of 

or  pertaining  to  old  age ;  derived  or  proceeding 

from  old  age  ;  consequent  on  or  arising  from 

the  weaknesses  usually  accompanying  old  age. 

"A  person  in  whom  nature,  education,  and  time, 

have  happily  matched  a  tmile  maturity  of  judgment 

with  youthful  vigour  of  fancy."—  Bnyl« :  On  Colour*. 

IT  In  pathology  there  are  senile  catarrh  and 

senile  prnrigo. 

•S-nIT-1-ty,  s.  [Fr.  stnilite.}  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  senile ;  old  age. 

**  Again  recurred  to  his  consciousness  of  tenUity.*— 
Botwett :  Life  of  Johnson  (an.  1778). 

•en'-i-or,  *  sen-1-onr,  a.  &  *.    (Lat  senior 
.    =  older,   compar.    of  senex  =  old.      Signor, 

tenor,  senior,  seignior,  sire,  and  sir  are  thus 

the  same  word.] 
A*  As  adjective : 
1.  Older,  elder ;  more  advanced  in  years. 

When  appended  to  a  proper  name,  as  John 

Smith,  senior  (generally  abbreviated  into  senr. 

or  wn.\  it  denotes  the  elder  of  two  persons 

of  that  name  in  one  family  or  community. 

{JUNIOR.] 


2.  Higher  or  more  advanced  in  rank,  office, 
or  the  like  :  as,  a  senior  lieutenant,  a  senior 
partner,  &c. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  One  who  is  older  or  more  advanced  in 
years  than  another. 

2.  One  who  is  older  or  higher  in  office  than 
another  ;  one  who  has  held  office  longer  than 
another  ;  one  who  is  prior  or  superior  in  rank 
or  office. 

"  How  can  you  admit  your  tejiiort  to  the  examina- 
tion or  allowing  of  them,  not  only  beiun  inferior  in 
office  and  calling,  but  In  gifts  aUo  T  "  —  Whitytftt. 

*  3.  An  aged  person,  an  elder. 

"  So.  talking  on  the  toure, 
These  tmiourt  of  the  people  sate." 

Chapman  :  Burner  ;  Iliad  ill 

4.  A  student  in  the  fourth  year  of  the  cur- 
riculum in  American  colleges  ;  also  one  in  the 
third  year  in  certain  professional  seminaries. 

senior-uptime,  s.    [OPTIME.] 
senior  sophistcr,  s.    [SOPHISTKR.] 
senior-wrangler,  s.    [WRANGLER.] 


-I-t^,  ».    [Eng.  senior;  -ity.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being    senior  ; 
priority  of  birth  ;  superior  age. 

"  In  this  case,  the  first  provoker  has,  by  h\st*niority 
and  primogeniture,  a  double  portion  of  the  guilt."— 
Government  of  the  Tonyue. 

2.  Priority,  precedence,   or   superiority  in 
rank  or  office. 

*3.  An  assembly  or  court  consisting  of  the 
senior  fellows  of  a  college. 

vsen'-i-or-ize,  v.  i.  [Eng.  senior  ;  -tie.}  To 
exercise  lordly  authority  ;  to  signorize, 

*  aen'-I-or-^,  «.  [Eng.  senior  ;  -y.}  Seniority, 
eldership. 

"  It  ancient  sorrow  be  most  reverent, 
Qlve  mine  the  benefit  of  teniory." 

Sha**tp.  :  Kichard  III..  IT.  4. 

Ben'-na    *  scn-a,    *  sen-ie,    *  sen  -y,    «. 

[Ital.  and  Sp.  sena;   Fort  senna;  Fr.  sene, 
from  Arab,  sana  or  sena.} 

1.  Hot.  :    Various  species  of  Caseia.      The 
leaf  of  Cassia  elongata  constitutes  Tinnevelly 
Senna.    Other  Indian  species  furnishing  the 
drug  are  C.  obovata,  C.  lanceolate.,  and  C.  Absus, 
Alexandrian  or  Nubian  Senna  is  the  leaf  of 
C.  lanceolat/.t  and  C.  obovata.     It  is  often  adul- 
terated, accidentally  or   intentionally,   with 
the  Bladder  Senna    (Colutea  aroorescens),  as 
other  kinds  sometimes  are  with  Solenostemma 
Argel,  which  is  bitter  and  irritating.    Tripoli 
Senna  is  from  C.  cethwpica;  and  that  of  Chili 
from  Myoschilos  oblongus. 

2.  Pharm.  :  A  confection,  a  compound  mix- 
ture, a  tincture,  and  a  syrup  of  senna  are  em- 
ployed in  pharmacy.     Senna  is  a  somewhat 
potent  purgative,  but  is  apt  to  gripe  unless 
combined  with  salines,  like  Epsom  salts,  or 
tartarate    of    potash    and    some    aromatic. 
[BLACK-DRAUGHT.) 

senna-tree,  *. 

Bot.  :  Coma  emarginata. 
Sen   na-ar,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog.  :  The  southern  portion  of  NubU. 

Sennaar  galago,  s. 

Zool.  :  Galago  sennaariensis,  by  some  au- 
thorities classed  as  a  distinct  species,  but 
possibly  only  a  variety  of  the  Senegal  Galago. 

sen'-na-chy,  *.    [SEANNACHIE.] 

sen  -net,      *  sen  ct,     *  signet,     *  synct, 
*  synnet,  *.     [Etym.   doubtful  ;    probably 
either  from  Lat  signum  =  a  sign,  or  connected 
with  septem  —  seven.] 
Music: 

1.  A  word  chiefly  occurring  in  the  stage 
directions    of  the  old   plays    indicating  the 
sounding  of  a  note  seven  times. 

2.  A  flourish  consisting  of  a  phrase  made  of 
the  open  notes  of  a  trumpet  or  other  tube- 
instrument 

sen  night  (gh  silent),  s.  [Contracted  from 
seven-night,  as  fortnight  from  fourteen-nigkt.} 
The  space  of  seven  nights  and  days  ;  a  week. 

"  If  the  Interim  be  but  a  tenniaht,  time's  pace  IB  so 
hard  that  it  seems  the  length  of  seren  years."— 
Shaketp.  .  Aifou  like  It,  ill.  2. 

sen'-nit,  *•     [Contracted  from  seven-knit.} 
Nautical  : 

1.  Braided  cordage  made  by  plaiting  three 
or  any  odd  number  of  ropes  together. 


2.  A  coarse,  hempen  yam. 

3.  Plaited  straw  or  palm-leaf  slips 
Ac. 

*  sen-oc'-n-lar,  a.    fLat  stni  —  six  each,  and 

oculus  =  an  eye.]    Having  six  eyes. 

"  Host  animals  are  binocular,  spiders  octnnoculai 
and  some  twocittar,"  —  Derham:  PAytico-Theotoju, 
bk.  viil..  ch.  iii..  p.S7*. 

sen  or  (as  sen-yor'),  s.  [Sp.]  A  Spanish 
form  of  address,  corresponding  to  the  English 
Mr.  or  Sir. 

senora  (as  sen-yoV-a),  s.  [Sp.]  The  femin- 
ine of  Senor ;  Madame  "or  Mrs.  ;  a  lady. 

*  sen -sate,  "sen   sat  ed,  a.    [Lat  sensatus 

=  gifted  with  sense,  intelligent]     Perceived 
by  the  senses. 

"sen  sate,  v.t.  [SENSATE.  a.]  To  perceive 
or  apprehend  by  the  senses;  to  have  perception; 
of  as  an  object  of  the  senses. 

"  As  those  of  the  one  are  teruated  by  the  ear,  so 
those  of  the  other  are  by  the  eye."— Hooke :  MM. 
Royal  Society.  Hi.  X 

sen-sa'-tion,  s.     [Fr.,  as  if  from  a  Lat.  wn- 
satio,  from  sensatus  =  gifted  with  sense  ;  Sp. 
sensacion  ;  Ital.  sensazione.} 
L  Ordinary  Language  ; 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  The  power  of  feeling  or  receiving    im- 
pressions through  organs  of  sense. 

"This  great  source  of  inoat  of  the  ideas  we  hare, 
depending  wholly  upon  our  senses,  and  derived  by 
them  to  the  understanding,  I  call  $emntit>n." — Locke. 

3.  Feelings,  agreeable  or  otherwise,  arising 
from  causes  that  are  not  corporeal  or  mate- 
rial ;  purely  spiritual  or  psychical  affections  : 
as,  a  sensation  of  awe,  a  sensation  of  novelty, 
Ac. 

4.  A  state  of  excited  feeling  or  interest 

"  One  of  the  papers  which  created  a  fetuation  at  the 
late  meeting  of  the  Church  Congress, "— Daily  Te!» 
graph,  Oct.  25,  1886. 

5.  That  which  produces  sensation  or  a  state 
of  excited  feeling  or  interest. 

6.  Just  as  much  as  can  be  perceived  by  Ihs 
senses ;  a  very  small  quantity  :  as,  a  sensation 
of  brandy.    (Slang.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Metaph. :  The  word  Sensation,  like  Per- 
ception [See  extract  under  PERCEPTION,  II.], 
Is  employed  in  different  senses : 

(1)  Mental  consciousness  of  the  processes 
of  physiological  sensation.    [2.] 

"Our  Senses,  conversant  about  particular  sensible 
ebjects.  do  convey  Into  the  Mind  several  distinct  per- 
ceutlons  of  things,  according  to  those  various  ways 
wherein  those  objects  do  affect  them  :  and  tlius  w« 
come  by  those  Ideas  we  have,  of  Yellow,  White.  Heat. 
Cold.  Soft,  Hard,  Bitter,  Sweet,  and  all  those  which  we 
call  sensible  qualities,  which  when  I  say  the  Reuses 
convey  Into  the  Hind,  I  mean,  they  from  external 
objects  convey  Into  the  Mind  what  produce*  there 
those  perceptions.  This  great  source  of  most  of  the 
ideas  we  have,  depending  wholly  UJKHI  our  Seiiaea.  and 
derived  liy  them  to  the  Understand  tup.  I  call  £#»*>- 
tion," — Locke -.  Human  I'nderttanding.lik.  1L,  ch.  L 

(2)  Subjective  experience,  as  of  pleasure  or 
pain,  arising  from  objective  experience-  e.g.t 
from  the  sight  of  a  beautiful  landscape. 

"There  Is  all  the  difference  In  the  world  between 
the  permanence  or  independence  of  tangible  extension 
and  that  of  the  mere  feeling  of  contact,  the  sensation 
of  taste,  of  pleasure  or  pain.  In  the  latter  cases  we 
know  that  the  actual  MtuoMon  ceases  to  I*  the  moment 
It  passes  out  of  consciousness,"—  VeitcJt:  Hamilton, 
P-  190.  . 

(3)  For  the  use  of   the  word  in  Positive 
Philosophy,  see  extract.     [SENS ATI ONAL-CEN- 
TRES.] 

"By  Seniation,  therefore,  must  bo  understood  that 
form  of  sensiblity  which  belongs  to  the  organs  of 
Sen*e — including,  of  course,  those  Important,  but 
generally  neglected  sensibilities  which  arise  fruni  the 
viscera  and  from  muscular  actioua."— a.  U.  Lmoet; 
Sat,  PhUot.  (ed.  1S80),  IL  357. 

2.  Physiol. :  The  peculiar  property  of  the 
nervous  system  in  a  state  of  activity,  by  which 
impressions  are  conveyed  to  the  brain  or  sen- 
sorium.     When  an  impression  is  made  on  any 
portion  of  the  bodily  surface  by  contact,  heat, 
electricity,  or  any  other  agent,  the  mind  is 
rendered  conscious  of  this  by  sensation.      In 
this  process  there  are  three  stages — reception 
of  the  impression  at  the  end  of  the  sens"ry 
nerve,  the  conduction  of  it  along  the  nerve 
trunk  to  the  sensorium,  and  the  change  it 
excites  in  the  sensorium  itself,  through  which 
is  produced  sensation. 

T[  The  word  is  frequently  used  adjectivally, 
in  the  sense  of  causing  great  interest  or  feeling ; 
sensational :  as,  sensation  dramas. 

sensation-novels,  *.  pi  Novels  which 
produce  their  effect  by  highly  exciting  and 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    as,  co  =  e;ey  =  a;qu  =  kw. 


sensational— sensible 


4197 


ofton  improbable  situations,  having,  as  their 
ground-work,  some  great  mystery  or  secret, 
atrocious  crime,  or  the  like,  and  written  in 
passionate  and  highly-wrought  language. 

Ben-sa'-tion-al,  a.     [Bug.  sensation;  -al.] 

1.  Having    sensation ;    serving   to  convey 
sensation ;  sentient. 

2.  Pertaining    or  relating  to,   or  implying 
sensation  or  perception  by  the  senses ;  sensa- 
tionalist 

"  An  a  contribution  to  philosophy,  the  labours  of  the 

teni.it  i-tiuil  school  have  mainly  an  iudirect  valae."— 
6.  U.  teu>ei:  flitf.  PhXut.  (ed.  1880),  ii.  395. 

3.  Producing  sensation    or  excited  feeling 
or  interest :  as,  a  sensational  novel. 

4.  Of  or  pertaining  to  sensationalism. 
sensational-centres,  s.  pi 

Plulos.  d  Physiol. :  (See  extract). 
"Every  sense  ...  baa  its  own  special  centre  or 
tens.irium :  but  there  seems  to  be  no  ground  for 
assuming,  with  Uiizer  and  Prochaska.  the  existence  of 
any  une  general  sensurium.  to  which  all  these  con- 
verge, ana  I  shall  speak  therefore  of  the  tensationul- 
centrei  as  the  seats  of  sensations  derived  from  the 
stimuli  which  ac-t  on  the  organs  of  sense." — 0.  B. 
Lewei :  ffitt.  Philot.  (ed.  1880).  ii.  369. 

sen  sa'-tion-al-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  sensational; 
-fm] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Sensational  writing  or  lan- 
guage. 

"The  most  painful  of  all  social  questions  before 
tentntionalitm  ever  thought  of  taking  it  up."— Oaity 
Telfffraph,  Sept.  11,  1B86. 

2.  Philos. :  The  doctrine  that  knowledge  is 
the  outcome  of  sensation,  that  Psychology  is 
a  branch  of  the  wider  science  of  Biology,  and 
Mind  but  one  aspect  of  Life.    This  teaching 
flourished,  chiefly  in  France,  in  the  eighteenth 
century,  whence  Sensationalism  is  sometimes 
called   Eighteenth-century  Philosophy.      Its 
precursor  was  Hobbes  [HOBBISM],  whom  Con- 
dillac   (1715-80)  followed  and  amplified,  at- 
tributing a  sensuous  origin  to  faculties  as 
well   as    to    ideas.      Hartley   (1705-57)   and 
Erasmus  Darwin  (1731-1802)  in  England  and 
de  Tracy  (1754-1836)  and  Cabanis  (1757-1808) 
In  France,  also  endeavoured  to  establish  a 
physiological  basis  for  mental  phenomena. 

"  Here  Is  stated.  In  the  broadest  manner,  the  prin. 
ciple  of  tcntati»tulitm.  It  is  in  direct  antagonism  to 
the  ductrine  of  Descartes,  that  there  are  innate  Ideas ; 
in  direct  antagonism  to  tbe  old  doctrine  of  the  spirit- 
uality of  Mind."— 0.  H.  Lewet:  Si*.  Philot.  (ed.  1880). 
11.  281. 

sen  sa  tion  al  1st,  s.  &  a.  [Eng.  sensa- 
tional; -ist.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  One  who  accepts  or  defends 
the  theory  of  Sensationalism  (q.v.) ;  one  who 
assigns  a  physiological  origin  to  mental  phe- 
nomena, 

"  He  [Hume)  takes  a  decided  stand  upon  experience ; 
be  is  the  precursor  of  modern  tentationaliitt." — (7.  U. 
Levin:  ffitt.  Philot.  (ed.  1880),  IL  33L 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Sensational- 
ism (q.v.);  attributing  a  physiological  origin 
to  mental  phenomena. 

"  We  are  not  surprised  to  find  that  Locke  was 
claimed  aa  the  founder  of  a  Sentationalixt  school." — 
Farrar.  \Annandale.) 

•sSn-sa'-tlon-ar-^,  a.  [Eng.  sensation; 
-ary.}  Possessing,  or  relating  to  sensation ; 
sensational. 

•  scn-sa'-tlon-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  sensation;  -ism.  ] 
Sensationalism,  1. 

"  Sentationiitn  is  a  grievous  vice  of  the  pulpit,  and 
does  incalculable  injury  to  its  influences.  But  tenta- 
tionitm  is  only  an  insurrection  .  .  .  against  conven- 
tionality. "-Seri6w'«  Magazine.  Nov..  1878,  p.  144. 

Sense,  *  S$nce,  s.    [Fr.  sens,  from  Lat.  sen- 

sum,  accus.  of  sensus  =  feeling,  sense,  from 
sensus,  pa.  par.  of  sentio  —  to  feel,  to  perceive  ; 
Ital.  senso.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

\.  In  the  same  sense  as  IL 

"  Dost  thou  think  I  have  no  *ente,  thou  strik'st  me 
+Aus?"~ Shaketp. .-  Troilut  A  Crettida,  ILL 

2.  Perception  by  the  senses  or  bodily  organs ; 
sensation,  feeling. 

"  Let  oar  finger  ache,  and  it  endues 
Our  other  healthful  members  even  to  that  i«ti« 
Of  pain."  Shaketp.  :  Othello,  ill.  4. 

3.  Perception  by  the  mind  ;  apprehension 
through  the  intellect;   understanding,  com- 
prehension, appreciation. 

"  To  all  am* 

Tls  groes  you  love  my  son." 
Shaketp. :  All't  Well  that  End*  Well,  I  S. 

4.  Normal  perception  ;  consciousness,  con- 
viction. 

"  And  the  commencement  of  atonement  U 
The  tente  of  Its  necessity." 

Myron  :  Manfred,  ill.  L 


5.  Sound  perception,  reasoning,  and  judg- 
ment ;  good  mental  capacity  ;  understanding. 

"  Fools  admire,  hut  men  of  tenie  Approve." 

Pope  :  Kuay  on  Criticism,  11.  1»L 

6..  That  which  is  sound  and  sensible. 

"  He  speaks  tente."      Shaketp.  :  Merry  Wi*t,  U,  1. 

7.  The  perceptive  faculties  in  the  aggregate  ; 
the  faculty  of  thinking  and  feeling;  mind, 
feeling  ;  mental  power  ;  spirit. 

*'  Are  you  a  "*"*  T  Have  you  a  soul  or  tente  I" 

Shaketp.  ;  Othello,  iil.  3. 

8.  That  which  is  felt  or  held  as  a  sentiment; 
an  opinion,  a  feeling,  a  view,  a  judgment. 

"  In  oppoeition  to  the  tente  of  the  House  of  Com. 
mons."—  Jfacaulay  :  ffist.  Enff..  ch.  i. 

9.  Meaning,  import,  signification. 

"  He  in  the  worst  tente  construes  their  denial." 

Shaketp.  .'  Rapt  of  Lucrece,  324. 

*  10.  Sensuality. 

"  Modesty  may  more  betray  our  tente 
Than  woman's  lightness." 

Shtiketp.  :  .Venture  f«r  Afeature,  iL  3. 

IL  Anat.,  Physiol.,  Metoph.  ,  <&c.  :  Perception 
by  means  of  certain  bodily  organs.  Five 
senses  are  universally  recognized  :  sight, 
hearing,  smell,  taste,  and  touch.  Each  has 
its  appropriate  organ  ;  seeing  has  the  eye, 
hearing  the  ear,  smell  the  nostrils,  taste  the 
tongue,  and  touch  the  fingers  and  the  body 
generally.  To  this  some  add  a  sixth  or 
muscular  sense,  by  which  we  become  aware 
of  the  position  and  direction  of  the  limbs  and 
other  parts  moved  by  means  of  the  voluntary 
muscles.  But  the  sensation  is  really  in  the 
nerves  distributed  through  the  muscles.  If 
the  nerves  be  cut  sensation  in  the  muscles 
ceases.  Some  believe  that  the  muscular  sense 
is  not  essentially  distinct  from  the  touch  ;  it 
is,  however,  recognized  by  Foster.  Each 
sense  has  a  nerve  conveying  the  appropriate 
impressions  to  the  brain.  (For  the  meta- 
physics of  the  senses,  see  SENSATION.) 

t  (1)  Common  sense  :  [COMMON  -SENSE]. 

t  (2)  In  all  sense  :  In  every  respect. 

"  You  should,  in  all  lenie,  be  mnch  bound  to  him." 
Shake*?.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  V.  L 

(3)  To  take  the  seine.  of  a  meeting  :  To  ascer- 
tain the  opinions  or  views  of  a  meeting  by 
putting  a  question  to  the  vote. 

sense  capsules,  sense  -cavities,  s.  pi. 

Anat.  :  Capsules  or  cavities  interposed  be- 
tween other  bones  for  the  lodgment  of  the 
higher  organs  of  sense,  the  nose,  the  eye,  and 
the  ear.  In  the  case  of  tho  ear,  and  to  a  less 
extent  of  the  nose,  the  capsules  are  formed  of 
special  and  complex  bony  apparatus.  (Quain.) 

*  sense,  v.t.    [SENSE,  ».]    To  perceive  by  the 

senses. 

"  I*  he  sure  that  object!  are  not  otherwise  tented  by 
others,  than  they  are  by  him?"—  Qlanvill:  Sceptit 


*  sense   ful,  *  sense  -full,  a.    [Eng.  sense; 
-full.]    Reasonable,  judicious,  sensible. 

"  The  ladie,  hearkening  to  his  tentefutt  speach." 

Spenter:  f.  «.,  VI.  IT.  17. 

sense  '-less,  *  senoe-lesso,  a.  [Eng.  sense; 
•less.} 

1.  Destitute  or  deprived  of  sense  or  the 
power  of  feeling  ;  having  no  power  of  feeling 
or  sensation  ;  incapable  of  sensation,  feeling, 
or  perception  ;  insensible. 

"  His  wife  .  .  .  was  carried  tenstlea  to  her  charn- 
ber."—  Macaulav  :  ffitt.  Kng.,  ch  iv. 

*  2.  Not  feeling  or  appreciating. 

"  Harm  not  yourself  with  your  vexation,  I 
Am  inuelfu  of  your  wrath." 

Shaketp.  :  Cymbeline,  \.  1. 

*  3.  Wanting  In  feeling,  sympathy,  or  appre- 
ciation ;  without  sensibility. 

»4.  Unfelt. 

"  Hock  not  my  tenteleu  conjuration." 

Shaketp.  :  Jiichard  //.,  UL  1 

*  5.  Inanimate,  insensible. 

"  Their  lady  lying  on  the  tencehsue  grownd." 

Spenter  :  f.  Q.,  III.  L  «&. 

6.  Wanting    in     understanding  ;     foolish, 
stupid,  silly  :  as,  a  senseless  act. 

7.  Contrary  to  sound  judgment  or  reason  ; 
unwise,  ill-judged,  foolish,  stupid,  nonsensical. 

"The  wild  and  tentelrtt  escape  of  a  few  desperate 
wretches."—  Warburton  :  Divine  Legation,  bk.  tft.lt 


-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  senseless;  -ly.] 
In  a  senseless,  stupid,  or  foolish  manner  ; 
foolishly,  unreasonably  ;  without  sense. 

"  Unbred,  untaught,  be  rhymes,  yet  hardly  spells, 
And  tfittelftsly,  as  squirrels  jangle  bells. 

(jtvmv  :  Upon  f'rrrrh't  I.ucretiui. 

sense'  -less-ness,     *  sence  les  ness,    s. 

[Eng.  senseless  ;  -ness.} 
1.  The  state  of  being  senseless  or  insensible  ; 


want  or  absence  of  sense  or  feeling  ;  insensi- 
bility. 

"  A  mean  between  perceptivity  and  ien<«Ze*tn«tt,"— 
Search  :  Light  'if  Mature,  vol.  it,  pt  i.,  cb.v. 

2.  Want  of  judgment  or  good  sense  ;  folly, 
foolishness,  stupidity,  absurdity. 

"  The  tenteleuneu  of  the  tradition  of  the  crocodile's 
moving  it*  upper  jaw  ia  plain,  (nun  the  articulation 
of  the  occiput  with  the  ueck."—  ilrew  :  JUutteum. 

sen-si-bil-I-ty,  s.  [Fr.  sensibiUte,  from  Lat 
sensibilitaUm,  accus.  of  sejisibilitas,  from  sen- 
sibilis  =  sensible  (q.v.);  Sp.  sensibilidad  ;  ItaL 
se/isibilita..] 

1.  The  quality  or  stifte  of  being  sensible 
or  capable  of  sensation  ;  susceptibility  of  im- 
pression, especially  to  see  or  feel.     (Applied 
especially  to  animal  bodies.) 

"  Any  tenttbilUy  of  liia  power  and  will  for  the  illus- 
tration of  his  own  glory."—  Pearson  :  Creed,  art.  L 

2.  Capacity  to  feel  or  perceive  in  general  ; 
the  capacity  of  t)«e  soul  to  exercise  nr  be  th« 
subject  of  emotion  or  feeling,  as  distinguished 
from  the  intellect  and  the  will  ;  susceptibility 
of  impressions,  such  as  awe,  wonder,  sub- 
limity, &c. 

3.  Acuteness  of  sensation  or  of  perception  ; 
peculiar  susceptibility  of  impressions,   plea- 
surable or  otherwise  ;  delicacy  or  keenness  of 
feeling  ;  quick  emotion  or  sympathy  ;  delicacy 
of  temperament. 

"  A  melancholy  of  a  kind  not  very  unuaual  in  girls 
of  strung  tetitibility  and  lively  Imagination  who  are 
subject  to  the  restraints  of  austere  religious  societies." 
—  Jfaoattlay  :  ffitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xxv. 

%  In  this  sense  frequently  used  in  the 
plural. 

"  He  was  born  with  violent  passions  and  quick 
>eniit>Uitiei."—Macavtay:  Hist.  Riff,,  ch.  vli. 

*  4.  Experience  of  sensations  ;  actual  feeling. 
5.  That  quality  of  an   instrument  which 

makes  it  indicate  very  slight  changes  of  con- 
dition ;  delicacy  :  as,  the  sensibility  of  a 
thermometer. 

sen  -si-ble,  a.  &  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  sensibili$t 
from  sensut  =  sense  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  sensible  ;  ItaL 
sensibile.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

L  Capable  of  being  perceived  by  the  senses  ; 
capable  of  exciting  sensation  ;  perceptible  by 
the  senses. 

"  Art  thou  not,  fatal  vision,  tentible 
To  feeling,  as  to  sight?  "     Sbaketp.  :  Macbeth,  ii.  L 

*2.  Perceptible  by  the  mind;  capable  of 
making  an  impression  on  the  reason  or  under- 
standing. 

"Idlenew  was  punished  by  BO  many  stripe*  In 
public,  and  the  disgrace  was  more  tentible  thau  the 
pain.  "—  Temple. 

3.  Capable  of  being  estimated  or  calculated  ; 
appreciable. 

"The  tentible  decline  of  the  papacy  U  to  be  dated 
from  the  Pontificate  of  Boniface  the  Eighth."— 
I/a/lam  :  Middle  Aget,  cb.  vii. 

4.  Capable  of  sensation  ;  having  the  capacity 
of  receiving  impressions   from  external  ob- 
jects ;   having  the  power  or  capacity  of  per- 
ceiving by  the  senses. 

"Would  your  cambric  were  as  lentibl*  as  you? 
finger,  that  you  might,  leave  pricking  It  for  pity.  — 
SAotetp.  :  Coriolanvt,  i.  3. 

*  5.  Capable  of  emotional  influences  ;  capable 
of  feeling. 

"  Not  mad,  but  tentible  of  grief." 

Shakup.  :  King  John,  ill  4. 

*6.  Easily  affected  ;   very  liable  to  or  sus- 
ceptible of  impression  from  without. 
"  With  affection  wondrous  le/ui  W«." 

tp.  ;  Merchant  <tf  Venice,  IL  8. 


7.  Perceiving  or  having  perception  clearly 
by  the  senses  or  the  intellect;  seeing,  per- 
ceiving, or  apprehending  clearly  :  hence,  con- 
vinced, satisfied,  persuaded. 

"  They  are  very  tentible  that  they  had  better  hare 
pushed  their  conquests  on  the  other  tide  of  the 
Adriatic.  "—  A  adiion. 

8.  Easily    moved    or   affected    by    natural 
agents  or  changes  of  condition  ;    capable  of 
indicating  slight  changes  of  condition  ;  deli- 
cate, sensitive  :  as,  a  sensible  thermometer. 

9.  Possessing  or  endowed  with  sense,  judg- 
ment,   or   reason  ;    endowed    with   common 
sense  ;  intelligent  ;  acting  with  sense  or  reason. 

"  Twas  a  good  tentible  itttow.'—Shaketp.  :  Merr* 
Wivet  of  Windsor,  ii.  1. 

10.  Characterized  by  sense,  judgment,  or 
reason  ;  judicious,  reasonable  ;  in  accordance 
with  good  sense  ;  as,  a  sensible  act,  sensible 
language. 

*  B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Sensation,  sensibility. 

"Host  needs  remove 
The  tentible  of  pain."       Milton  :  P.  L..  tt.  *U. 


boil,  b*^;  ptfut,  J6>1;  oat,  cell,  ohorns,  fUn,  bench;  go,  &em;  thin,  this;  sin, 
-tton,  -rt«n  =  »liiin;  -tion.  -flon  =  iliiiB.  -olou*,  -tlonm, 


as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =•=  ft 
-bU,  -41*.  Ac.  =  bfL  del. 


4198 


sensibleness—  sensnalistio 


2.  That  which  produces  sensation  ;  tome- 
thing  perceptible,  a  material  substance. 

"  The  creation 
Of  till*  vide  ttntlole.- 

Hart:  tony  of  Saul,  I.  1L  IK. 

S.  That  wliieh  possesses  sensibility  ;  a  sen- 
sitive being. 

sensible-horizon,  >.    (HORIZON.] 
sensible  note,  ». 
ifiwic :  A  leading-note  (q.v.). 
Bt5n  -sl-ble-ness,  s.    [Eng.  sensible ;  -new.) 

1.  Possibility  of  being  perceived   by  the 
sensrs. 

2.  Perception,  apprehension,  appreciation. 

"  The  tenitblentu  of  an  acquiescence  in  the  bene- 
factor's goodness."—  Barrow:  Strmatu.  VOL  11..  ser.  18. 

3.  Sensitiveness ;  keenness  of  feeling ;  pain- 
ful consciousness. 

-Till.  feeling  and  MMitUMH.  and  sorrow  for  tin." 
—Hammond. 

i  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sensible  ; 
sensibility  ;  capability  of  sensation. 

"The  terutbleneu  ot  the  eye  renders  it  snbject.  to 
pain,  as  also  unfit  to  be  droned  with  sharp  medic*- 
menu."— Sharp. 

6.  Good  sense,  good  judgment ;  intelligence, 
reason. 

•rin-si-bly,  adv.    [Eng.  sewiKk);  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  sensible  manner ;  so  as  to  be  per- 
ceived   by  the   senses ;   perceptibly  to    the 
tenses. 

••  Fetched  not  out  her  broth  senriWy."—  P .  BolKmd  : 
flinit.  bk.va.ch.  11L 

2.  So  as  to  be  perceived  by  the  mind  ;  ap- 
preciably, materially. 

"  The  main  features  of  the  trade  have  not,  however. 
tnutolt  altered."— Aj«y  TelearapH,  Aug.  U,  1B85. 

3.  With  perception  either  of  body  or  mind ; 
sensibly,  feelingly. 

••  •  How  wu  there  »  CotUrd  broken  In  a  shlnV 

.,  .111  wi  'g^'^.L^,  to*,  m.  t 

4.  In  a  sensible  or  Judicious  manner ;  with 
good  sense ;  judiciously,  reasonably :  as,  He 
•poke  most  sensibly. 

tsen  sif -er-oiis,   a.    [l*t.  tenrns  —  sense, 
and  Jcro  =  to  bear.)    Producing  sensation. 

•  sen-slf  -Ic,  o.   [Lat.  tenmt  =  sense,  and/ado 
=  to  make.]    Causing  or  producing  sensation. 

•ins -ism, «.    [Eng.  swwfe);  -'*'"•] 

Jtctaph.:    The   same    «s    SENSATIOKAUSM 
(q.T.). 
•&U' -1st,  s.ka.    [Eng.  sens(e);  -ist.] 

Metaph. :  The  same  as  8EN6ATiOMALi8T(q.v.). 

•en'-si-tave,  o.  4  «.     [Fr.  tensWf;  Low  Lat. 
tensitims ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  ItaL 
A.  At  adjective: 
i  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Having  sense  or  feeling,  or  the  capacity 
Of  receiving  impressions  from  external  objects. 

2.  Having  feelings  easily  excited  or  keenly 
susceptible  of  external  impressions ;  of  keen 
sensibility  ;  readily  and  acutely  affected. 

"  Torpid  M  Spain  had  become,  there  wa»  still  one 
tolnt  on  which  she  wa«  e»quleltlTely  itntlttff."— 
Sacaulai :  But.  Xno.,  oh.  ixtv. 

*S.  Serving  to  affect  the  seniei ;  sensible, 
material. 

"The  tmittot  faculty  may  hare  a  louttfee  love  of 
•ome  Kntitivt  object*."—  Bajnmond. 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  senses  or  to  sensation. 

"  What  are  called  seimrtw  nerves  or  nerree  of  com 
mon  sensation."  —  Tod*  *  Bonman:  Pliytioi  Anal. 
Ii.  55. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Chem.  t  Phot. :  Capable  of  undergoing 
change  by  exposure  to  light. 

2.  Phys. :  Easily  affected  or  moved ;  indi 
eating  readily  slight  changes  of  condition :  as 
a  sensitive  balance  or  thermometer. 

•B.  At  tubst.:  Something  that  feels;  a 
Sensorium. 

"  The  aeat  of  the  one  U  In  the  Intellectual  reasonabl 
nature ;  the  aeat  of  the  other  la  in  the  lenritit*:  — 
tkarp  .'  Sermon*,  vol.  ir.,  aer.  R. 

sensitive-f orn,  >. 
Sot. :  Onoclea  xnfibUi*.     Named  from  the 
sensibility  and  delicacy  of  the  frond. 

sensitive-flames,  s.  pi  Flames  whicl 
quiver  and  are  sometimes  extinguished  when 
an  appropriate  musical  note  la  sounded. 

sensitive-plants,  «.  pi 

Bet.  :  Mimosa  pudica  and  Af.  senlilim,  which 


possess  a  vegetable  irritability,  causing  tliem 
to  shrink  from  the  touch.  If  the  fingers  be 
applied  to  one  of  them,  the  leaflets  of  the  bi- 
plnnate  leaf  overlap  one  another  from  below 
upwards  ;  if  greater  irritation  be  applied,  the 
secondary  petioles  bending  forward  approach 
one  another,  and  if  the  irritation  be  still  in- 
creased, the  common  petiole  sinks  down  by 
bending  at  the  joint  uniting  it  with  the  stem. 
Dr.  Robert  Brown  mentions  that  plants  of  M. 
piulica  grow  abundantly  by  the  sides  of  the 
Panama  Railway  in  New  Granada,  and  that 
when  a  train  passes  they  fold  up  their  leaves. 
They  do  so  also  when  growing  by  a  roadside 
if  a  horseman  gallop  past.  Most  Mimosas  and 
some  other  leguminous  plants  with  compound 
leaves  are  partially  sensitive ;  ao  are  various 
Oxalidaceae,  specially  Averrhoa  Bilimbi,  Oi- 
alis  sensitim  and  0.  stricta.  Of  other  orders, 
Venus's  Flytrap,  Dioneea  mnscipula,  is  sensi- 
tive, as  Is,  to  a  less  extent,  Barbarea  vulgaris, 
the  Common  Barberry. 

sSn'-si-tlve-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  imsitive;  -ly.] 
in  a  sensitive  manner. 

"  The  sensitive  faculty,  through  the  nature  of  man's 
sense  may  express  itself  more  tenettively  towards  an 
inferior  object  than  towards  God :  this  is  a  piece  of 
frailty. "— Hammond. 

sen   si-tive-ness,  ».    [Eng.  sensitive ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sensitive 
or  easily  affected  by  external  objects  or  im- 
pressions. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  having  quick  and 
acute   sensibility  to   impressions  upon  the 
mind  and  feelings. 

3.  The    quality  or   state  of  being   easily 
affected,  or  of  indicating  readily  slight  changes 
of  condition ;  delicacy. 

sen'  sl-tiv-ism,  ».  The  style  of  certain 
modern  Dutch  novelists,  which  may  be  de- 
scribed u  "A  development  of  impressionism 
grafted  upon  naturalism."  (The  Critic,  April 
9, 1892.) 
•en-si-tlV-I-ty,  s.  [Eng.  xnsMvte);  -ity.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :   The  quality  or  state  ol 
being  sensitive ;  sensitiveness. 
IL  Technically; 

1.  Chem.  dk  Photog. :  The  quality  of  being 
readily  affected  by  the  action  of  appropriate 
agents. 

2.  Physiol :  The  power  or  capability  of  sen- 
sation. 

"  Sttuitlritt/  may  be  potentially  present  in  these 
hydatlds.--*.  3eoiy«  JlKart :  Tkt  Cat,  ch.  xlii,  I «. 

sen'  al-tize,  sen'-si-tlse.  t>.(.  [Eng.  sen- 
ritiive);  -we.]  To  render  sensitive  or  capable 
of  being  readily  affected  by  the  action  of  ap- 
propriate agents. 

"In  photography,  the  use  of  tetaltited  paper  pro- 
mises &  dlsnlace  the  gelatine  plates."  -  Standard. 
Dec.  SI.  1IW. 

siSn'-sI-tiz  er,  «.    [Eng.  sensitive) ;  -tr.] 

Photog. :  Any  substance  added  to  a  photo- 
graphic material  to  increase  or  alter  its  sen- 
sitiveness to  light. 

sen-si  t6m-6-ter,  «. 
connect.,  and  meter.] 

Photog. :  An  apparatus  for  testing  the  sen- 
sitiveness of  photographic  preparations.  One 
form  consists  of  a  screen,  divided  Into  small 
squares  of  varying  opacity,  which  is  placed 
before  the  surface  to  be  tested,  and  the  whole 
exposed  to  a  standard  light  for  a  fixed  time. 
Each  square  of  the  screen  bears  a  number, 
and  the  higher  the  number  impressed  upon 
the  sensitive  surface,  the  more  sensitive  it  is. 

"  sen'-sl-tor-y,  o.  [Eng.  sensitive);  -cry.] 
The  same  as  SEHSOKT  (q.v.). 

*sens'-Ive,  o.  [Eng.  tens(e);  -ttx.]  Pos- 
sessing sense  or  feeling  ;  sensitive. 

Shall  itrufte  things  be  so  senseless  u  to  resist 
Arabia,  bit.  L 


•sSn'-Sor,  a.    [Eng.  *nw(«);  -or.]    Sensory. 

sen-soV-.-al,  a.    [Eng.  ternary ;  -at]    Of  or 
pertaining  fa  the  sensorium  or  sensory. 

"By  agitating  the  muorfal  and  motorial  ether,  or 
by  beginning  a  succession  of  perceptio  — *  • 
light  of  Mature,  vol.  t.  ch.  I.,  ch.  lit 

*  sonsorlal -motions,  s.  pi. 

Philos.  it  Physiol. :  The  name  given  by 
Erasmus  Darwin  to  the  changes  which  take 
place  in  the  sensorinm  (q.v.),  aa  during  the 
exertions  of  volition  or  the  sensations  of 
pleasure  and  pain.  (Zoonnmia,  L  10.) 


s6n-sb'r'-I-umf  s.   [Lat.  sensus  =  sense  (q.v.).} 
Philosophy  &  Physiology : 

*  1.  A  sensory  point   in  the  human  braia 
where  the  soul  was  supposed  to  be  situated, 
or  to  have  its  chief  seat.      Descartes  placed 
this  in  the  pineal  gland  (q.v.). 

*  2.  According    to    Erasmus    Darwin,    the 
medullary  part  of  the  brain,  spinal  marrow, 
organs  of  sense,  and  of  the  muscles,  and  that 
spirit  of  animation  which  resides  throughout 
the  body   without  being  cognizable    to  our 
senses,  except  by  its  effects.  (Zoonomia,  i.  10.) 

3.  The  brain  (q.v.). 

4.  A  sensational  centre  (q.v.). 

se"n'-s6r-jf,  o.  &  «.    (SENSOHICH.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
sensorium ;  sensurial. 

"  Vibrations  in  the  Mtuory nerves. "—Belikam;  J'hU. 
of  //U»KI>I  Mind,  ch.  111.,  i  S. 

B.  As  substantive ; 

1.  The  sensoriuiu  (q.v.). 

"Unable  to  convey  to  the  sensory  any  more  than 
an  oblique  glimpse  of  the  sovereign  Good.  —  Warbur. 
ton:  Doctrine  of  Orace,  bk.  ii..  ch.  ii. 

2.  One  of  the  organs  of  sense. 

"  The  blessed  organs  and  tenvria  by  which  It  feel* 
and  perceives  the  loys  of  the  world  to  come.  —Scutt: 
ChrUtian  L\fe,  pt  i..  ch.  lv.,  i  i. 

sensory-nerve,  i. 

Anat. :  A  nerve  constituting  an  instrument 
of  sensation  as  distinguished  from  a  motasy- 
nerve,  which  is  an  instrument  of  motion. 
The  sensory  terminal  organs  are  three  end- 
bulbs,  tactile  corpuscles,  and  Pacinian  bodies. 

sSn'  su-al,  *sen'Hra-all,  a.  [Late  Lat.»«i- 
Mlalis  —  endowed  with  feeling,  from  Lat.  sen- 
nus  =  sense  (q.v.) ;  Fr.  sensual ;  Sp.  ot  Port. 
ttnsuat.} 

•1.  Belonging  to  the  predominance  of 
"sense,"  meaning  bodily  sensibility,  over  the 
faculties  of  the  soul ;  pertaining  to  or  affecting 
the  senses  or  bodily  organs  of  perception. 

'•  Hath  not  the  Son  Jesus  convinced  thy  teniual 
heart  by  tentual  arguments?"—  Rogert :  Jfaaman, 
tits  Syrian,  p.  491. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  concerning  the  body,  in 
distinction  to  the  soul ;  carnal,  fleshly ;  not 
spiritual,  not  intellectual. 

"  The  greatest  part  of  men  are  rach  as  prefer  their 
own  private  good  before  all  things,  eveu  that  good 
which  1s  leiuual  before  whatsoever  is  most  divine.  — 
Booher. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  In  the  gratifi- 
cation of  sense,  or  the  indulgence  of  the  ap- 
petites or  passions ;  luxurious,  lewd,  volup- 
tuous. 

"  That  base  and  tentual  life  which  Isads 

To  waut  and  shame." 
Longfellow :  Coplat  de  Manri/jvt.    (Trans.) 

4.  Devoted  to  sensuality  or  the  indulgence 
of  the  appetites  or  passions ;  voluptuous. 

"  Delights  tike  these,  ye  tentual  and  profane, 
Ye  are  hid,  begg'd.  besought  to  entertain." 

Cowper:  Progrt»t  of  Error,  168. 

5.  Pertaining,  relating,  or  peculiar  to  sen- 
sualism, as  a  philosophic  doctrine. 

*  sensual-motion. ». 

Philos.  A  Physiol. :  An  expression  used  by 
Erasmus  Darwin  instead  of  idea,  which  he 
defines  as  "  a  contraction  or  motion,  or  con- 
figuration of  the  flbres  which  constitute  the 
immediate  organ  of  sense."  (Zoonomia,  i.  27.) 

se'n'-sn-al-lsm,  *.    [Eng.  sensual;  •ism.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  quality  or  state    of 
being  sensual ;  sensuality. 

2.  Metaph. :  The  same  as  SENSATIOKALISM 
(q.v.). 

M  In  France  two  philosophical  tendencies  optused 
the  Seruualifm  and  Materialism  which  reigned  fit  the 
beginning  of  the  century."—  ffeoeneea  •'  Hilt-  Pl^ttot. 
(Eng.  eJ.J,  IL  337. 

•fin'-sn-al-Ist,  «.     (Eng.  sensual;  -M.] 

1.  One"  who  is  sensual ;  one  who  is  devoted 
to  the  gratification  of  sense  or  the  indulgence 
of  the  appetites  or  passions ;  one  who  place* 
his  chief  happiness  m  carnal  pleasures. 

"Nor  such  ae  for  a  while  suWst 
Between  the  sot  and  •Maca/llt 

Counter :  FriendfMp. 

2.  A  supporter   of  the  sensual  theory  in 
philosophy. 

•sin-su-al-Ist'-Io,  o.    tEng.  Mnswlat  ;  -to.) 

1.  Sensual. 

2.  Supporting  or  holding   the  doctrine  of 
sensualism. 

"  Reaction  against  the  HntuaJlxtic  school*—  p«6«r 
tteo:  BM.  PhSai.  (Eng.  ed.1,  U.  S3». 


Cite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  welt  work,  who.  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  nnite,  oar.  rule,  full;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit. 
Syrian,    aj,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Itw. 


sensuality— sentimentalize 


4199 


sea-eu  41  -I-ty,  ».    [Fr.  sevnuilM.] 

*  1.  Originally  used  of  the  predominance  of 
sense  over  the  higher  powers,  but  witliout 
implying  the  heavy  censure  now  involved  in 
the  word  ;  carnality,  worldliness. 

"[Qod]  seeing  the  Miuuu'tt*  of  man  and  our  woful 
distrust.  Is  willing  to  allow  us  all  the  means  uf 
strengthening  our  souls  in  liis  promise  by  such  seals 
and  witnesses  as  confirm  it."—  Koyeri  :  Naaman  tf* 
Syrian,  p.  *y:l. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sensual  or 
devoted  to  the  gratification  of  sense  and  the 
indulgence  of  the  appetites  or  passions;  free 
indulgence  in  carnal  or  sensual  pleasures. 

"Sobriety  is    sometimes  opposed    in   scripture  to 
pride,  and  other  disorders  of  t.lje  uiiud.    And  Bume- 
it  is  opposed  to  tmsualW—Uilpin:  Hint!  fur 
"ii,  S  -•'. 

*  sen-su-al-l-za'-tlon,  >.  lEng.  sensualize) ; 
-alion.i  The  act  of  sensualizing ;  the  state  of 
being  sensualized. 

sen'-SU-al-ize,  r.t.  tEng.  sensual ; -tie.]  To 
make  or  render  sensual;  to  degrade  into  sub- 
jection to  the  senses;  to  sink  to  love  of 
sensual  pleasures. 

"  A  KamaOKd  soul  would  carry  such  appetites  with 
her  thither,  for  which  she  cuiild  llnd  no  suitable  ob- 
Jecta."—  fforrit:  On  the  Heatitudtt.  p.  16*. 

een'-sn-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  itneval;  -!y.]  In 
a  aensual  manner. 

"  For  there  10  a  sanctity  even  of  body  and  com- 
plexion, which  the  imlunllff  minded  do  not  so  much 
is  dreau,  of-Jior..-  em.  writ.  (Oeu.  Fret.  p.  viiLI 

sen'-sii-al-ness,  s.  [Eng.  sensual;  -ness.] 
The  'lual'uy  or  state  of  being  sensual;  seu- 
suality. 

1  sSn'-su-lsm,  s.  [Eng.  sentu(at);  -ism.]  The 
same  as  BamiXMHtUM  (q.v.). 

1  sen'-srj-ist,  «.  &  o.  [Eng.  scnfitfol);  -tot.} 
The  same  as  SENSATIONALIST  (q.v.). 

*  sen-su-8s'-I-ty,  t.    [Eng.  tensumu;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sensuous. 

*  sen'-su-ous,  a.    [Eng.  sens(e) ;  -now.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  senses  or  sensible 
objects  ;  abounding  in  or  suggesting  sensible 
imugea. 

•'  Being  less  suttle  and  flue,  but  more  simple,  «eiuu- 
otu,  and  passionate."—  Milton  :  Of  ZdutxUion. 

2  Readily  affected  through  the  senses ; 
alive  to  the  pleasures  to  be  received  through 
the  senses. 

*  sen'-su-ous-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  senswna ; -ly.] 
In  a  sensuous  manner. 


*  sen'- su- otis -ness*  «.     tEng. 

•ness.  ]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  sensuous. 
sent.  pret.  &  pa.  par.    [SEND,  v.] 

*  sent.  s.    [SCENT.] 

sent'-ence,  *.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  «enfenfia  =  a 
way  of  thinking,   sentiment,   opinion,  from 
sentienst  pr.  par.  of  sentio  =  to  feel,  to  think  ; 
Sp.  sentencia  ;  Ital.  senfcniia,  sentenza.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  An  expressed  or  pronounced  opinion ; 
decision,  judgment. 

"  My  tenttnct  U  for  open  war."    Hilton  :  P.  L.,  tt.  61. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

"  Receive  the  tentence  vt  the  Jaw.  for  sins 
Such  aa  by  God's  bonk  ar«  >uijudgfd  to  death. 

ShaXetp. :  3  ttimy  VI.,  ii  8. 

5.  A  decision  or  judgment  given  or  passed, 
^specially  one  of  an  un favourable  nature. 

"Let  him  set  out  some  of  Luther1*  works,  that  by 
them  we  may  i<**»  tmUenctt  upou  his  doctrines.  — 
AUerbury. 

*  4.  A  maxim,  an  axiom,  a  proverb,  a  saw. 

"  A  te-ntewt:r.  may  be  defined  a  moral  instruction 
•ouchfd  iu  a  few  word*."—  Broome :  J/otet  on  Odystey. 

*  5.  Meaning,  sense,  significance. 

"  The  discourse  Itself,  voluble  enough  and  full  of 
tentenc>:"~Uitton. 

6.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Gram. :  A  period ;  a  number  of  words 
forming  a  complete  statement  or  utterance 
of  thought,  and  followed  by  a  full  stop.  Sen- 
tences are  simple,  complex,  or  compound.  A 
simple  sentence  consists  of  only  one  sulject 
and  <me  predicate,  as,  "I  write."  A  complex 
sentence  is  one  which  contains  a  principal 
sentence  together  with  one  or  more  clauses  or 
dependent  sentences:  as,  "The  house,  in 
wWch  the  event  happened,  Is  taken  down." 
A  compound  sentence  is  one  which  consists 
of  two  or  more  coordinate  sentences  linked 


t'other   by  a  conjunction,  as,  *'He  could 
write,  but  he  could  not  draw." 

"  A  lentence  U  aii  aaseiiiMatte  of  words  expressed  in 

proper  form,  and   ranged  iu   proper  order,  and  con- 

plete  sense.  —  Lowth :  Introd.  to 

2.  Law:  A  definite  judgment  pronounced  by 
a  court  or  judge  upon  a  criminal ;  a  judicial 
djriMon  publicly  and  officially  nrenoffflcet  in 
a  rrimiiiiil  prosecution.  Technically,  sen- 
tence is  confined  to  decisions  pronounced 
aigunst  persons  convicted  of  crime  ;  the  deci- 
s.ou  in  a  civil  case  is  called  a  judgiueut. 

sent-en9e,  v.t.    [SENTENCE,  *.] 

1.  To  pass  or  pronounce  judgment  or  sen- 
tence on  ;  to  doom  to  punishment  or  penalty. 

"  Oune  the  mild  Judge  and  Intercessor  both 
To  lenience  uian,"  Milton:  P.  I*,  x.  W. 

*  2.  To  pronounce  as  judgment ;  to  decree ; 
to  utter  or  give  out  as  a  decision. 

"  Let  them  .  .  .  enforce  the  present  execution 
Of  what  we  chance  to  fi-ntfftiff." 

bh/tkrsfi. :  Coriolanus.  Hi.  8. 

•  3.  To  express  in  a  sententious,  energetic 
manner. 

"  Let  me  hear  one  wise  man  lentexre  It,  rather  than 
twenty  fools,  garrulous  in  their  lengthened  tale.  — 
f'eltham  :  Itetolves,  i  93. 

sent  ~en5-er,  s.    [Eng.  sentence)  ;  -er.]    One 
who  pronounces  a  sentence. 

*  sen-ten'-tial  (tl  as  sh),  o.     [Eng.  sen- 
tenc(e);  -ial.\ 

1.  Comprising  sentences. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sentence  or  sen- 
tences :  as,  a  sentential  pause. 

*  sen-ten'-tlal-Hf  (tl  as  sh),  adv.    [Eng. 
sentential;  -ly.]    In  a  sentential  manner;  by 
means  of  a  sentence  or  sentences  ;  judicially. 

"  Sentential tfj  deprived  him  of  his  kingdom."— 
ffeylin  :  Bilt.  Reformation,  L  '2'i. 

*  sen-ten-ti-iir'-I-an,  *  sen-ten'-tl-a^ry 
(tl  as  shf),  8.    [Low  Lat.  sententiariue.}   One 
who  read  lectures  or  commented  on  the  Liber 
Sententiarum,  or  Book  of  Sentences,  of  Peter 
Lombard,  a  school  divine  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, called  the  Master  of  Sentences.    It  con- 
sisted of  arranged  extracts  from  St.  Augustine 
and  others  of  the  Fathers  on  points  of  Chris- 
tian doctrine,  with  objections  and  replies,  also 
taken  from  writers  of  repute. 

*  sSn-ten-tl-6s'-I-1#  (tl  as  shi),  «.    [Eng. 
sententious;   -ity.}     Tlie  quality  or  state  of 
being  sententious  ;  senteutiousness. 

"The  extemporary  ttntrntiority   of   common  i 
celt*."—  Brottne:  Vulgar  frrouri,  bk.  1.,  cb.  vL 

sen -ten'-tious,  a.  [Fr.  sentencieuse,  from 
Lat.  sententiosus,  from  sententia  =  a  sentence 
(q.v.).] 

1.  Abounding  with  sentences,  axioms,  anc 
maxima  ;  terse,  pithy ;  short  and  energetic 
rich  injudicious  observations. 

"The  style  la  clear  and  atroug,ri»ort*nd  tententiout 
abounding  with  antitheses,  elegant  turua,  and  inaiily 
•trokes  of  wit,"—  Waterland  :  Work*,  lv.  263. 

*  2.  Comprising  sentences ;  sententiaL 

"  Instead  of  tententiaut  marks  to  think  of  rerbat 
Bach  M  the  Chinese  still  retain."— Qrm :  Cotmo. 
Sacra, 

sen-ten'-tlous-l^,  adv.  lEng.  sententious 
-ly.]  In  a  sententious  or  pithy  manner 
pithily,  tersely  ;  with  striking  brevity. 

"  They  describe  her  [Fame I  In  part  finely  and  el< 
gantly.  and  in  part  gravely  and  KMtntiQutly.  '—Bacon 
fragment  <rf  Jiaay  on  fume. 

sen  ten'-tious-ness,  *.  [Eng.  tententious 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  seuten 
tious ;  pithiness  or  terseness  of  sentences 
brevity  of  expression  combined  with  energ 
or  strength. 

"  I  am  confident  the  Medea  Is  none  of  his :  though 
ccteem  It  for  the  gravity  and  tenteatioutnett  of  it."— 

/fryden:  <jf  Dramatic  I'oetie. 

*  sen-ter-y,  «.    [SENTRY.] 

*s€nt'-€ur  (e  long),  *.  [Fr.,  from  ttntir  = 
to  perceive.]  Scent,  odour. 

"  Pleasant  tmtettn  and  odour*,"— ff oil  and.    { Wtbtter 

*  sen-ti-co'-sse,  s.  pi.  [Fern.  pi.  of  Lat.  tenti 
CQSUS  =  full  of  tliorna,  thorny,  briery.] 

Bot. :  The  thirty-fifth  order  in  Linnaeus' 
Natural  System.  It  consists  of  the  moder 
KosacereCq.v.). 


[Eng.  se'ntien(t);  -ce,  -cy.]  The  quality  o 
state  of  being  sentient ;  the  faculty  of  percep 
tion  ;  feeling. 


cn'-tl  ent  (tl  as  shi),  a.  &  «.    [Lat.  sentlau, 
IIT.  par.  of  sentio  =  to  leel,  to  perceive  by  the 
senses.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  iMng. :  Capable  of  perceiving  by  the 
senses ;  having  the  faculty  of  perception. 

"  To  have  any  tentient,  conscious,  or  intellectual 
nature  presiding  over  iu  '— Vtuiworlh:  Intel!.  Syttfm, 
bk.  i.,  &  ii. 

2.  1'hvsiol:   Specially  adapted  for  feeling: 
as,  the  sentient  nerves. 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  One  who  has  tin  faculty  of 
perception  ;  a  sentient  lieiii>;. 

"If  the  tentient  be  carried  pntsitna  oyntit  with  the 
body,  whose  motion  it  would  observ e,"— QlanvUl  : 
ticepta  Scieiifijica,  eh.  U. 

6n'-tl-ent-iy  (tl  as  shi),  adv.  [Eng.  »en- 
tieiu ;  '-ly.\  la  a  sentient  manner;  with 
perception. 

8nf-I-m£nt,  *  sentement,  s.    [O.  Fr. 

sentement   (Fr.    sentiment),    from    Low    Lat. 
sentimentum,  from  Lat.  sentio  =  to  feel;  Sp. 
sentimiento;  Port.  &  Ital.  sentimento.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  feeling  towards  or  respecting   some 
person  or  being ;  a  particular  disposition  of 
tnind  as  regards  some  person  or  thing ;   a 
thought  prompted  by  passion  or  feeling. 

"  He  was  destitute  alike  of  the  tfniiment  of  gratl. 
tnde  and  of  the  jetifiment  of  revenge."— Afacaulait  : 

Jti*t.  I'.n'.i..  ch.  x\i. 

2.  Tendency  to  be  moved  or  influenced  by 
feeling;  susceptibility  of  emotion  ;  sensibility. 

"  I  am  apt  to  suspect .  .  .  that  reason  and  tfnti- 
ment  concur  in  almost  all  moral  determinations  and 
ttmtuSaf'—Bmm:  PrtnoipUi  of  Horali,  I  L 

3.  Thought,    opinion,    view,    notion ;    the 
judgment  or  decision  of  the  mind  formed  by 
reasoning  or  deliberation. 

"  In  the  tetrtfmenri  of  both  closes  there  la  some- 
thing to  approve." — Macaulay  :  SSK.  Sng.,  ch.  L 

4.  The  sense,  thought,  or  inner  signification 
contained    in   words,  as  distinct   from   the 
words  themselves. 

5.  A  sentence  or  passage  considered  as  the 
expression  of  a  thought ;  a  thought  expressed 
in  striking  language  ;  a  maxim,  a  saying ;  a 
sentence  expressive  of  a  wish ;  a  toast  L  as, 
The  sentiment  is  good,  though  the  language  it 
coarse. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Art:  The  leading  idea  which  has  governed 
the  general  conception  of  a  work  of  art,  or 
which  makes  itself  visible  to  the  eye  and 
mind  of  the  spectator  through  the  work  of  an 
artist. 

2.  Phrenal. :  A  term  used  by  Spurzheim  to 
distinguish  those  affective  faculties  which  not 
only  produce  a  desire  to  act,  but  are  combined 
witli  some  other  emotion  or  affection  which  is 
not  a  mere  propensity. 

sent-.-mSnt'-al,  o.  [Fr.;  Sp.  sentimental; 
Ital.  sentimentale.] 

*  1.  Having  or  containing  sentiment; 
abounding  with  sentiments  or  reflections; 
sententious ;  didactic. 

"  Each  moral  Mentlmental  stroke. 
Where  not  the  character,  hut  poet  «poke.- 

Whilvtead  :  Prol.  to  Roman  Fafjttr. 

2.  Liable  to  be  moved  or  swayed  by  senti- 
ment ;  given  to  sentiment  or  sensibility ; 
affecting  sentiment  or  sensibility ;  artificially 
or  affectedly  tender. 

3  Exciting  sensibility ;  appealing  to  senti- 
ment or  feeling  rather  than  to  reason. 

"  Perhaps  there  1«  no  less  danger  In  workt  oaU«d 
Hntimtntal."— Knot  :  Boat  171. 

sent-i-ment-al-asm,  ».  [Eng.  sentimental; 
•ism,]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  senti- 
mental ;  excess  of  sensibility ;  affectation  of 
sentiment  or  sensibility ;  sentimentality. 

«  And  aell  you,  mix'd  with  western  tentimmtaUtM, 
Some  sample*  of  the  finest  Orientalism." 

Byron :  aeppo,  u. 

sent-i-mSnt'-al-Ist,  s.  [Eng.  sentimental  ; 
-ist,]  One  given  to  sentimentalism  ;  one  wu« 
affects  sentiment  or  sensibility. 

sent-I-mSn-tal'-I-ty,  s.  [Eng.  sentimental  ; 
-ity.]  Affectation  of  sentiment  or  sensibility ; 
sentimentalism. 

"  His  dUlike  of  priestly  KnUmentalUIa  Is  no  an- 
achxonuuu."— C.  Kingttey  :  Saint  t  Tragedy.    (Introd.) 

sent-i-m8nf-»l-ize,  r.t.  [Eng.  sentimental ; 
-ize.]  To  affect  sentiment  or  sensibility ;  to 
play  the  sentimentalist. 

••  He  wanted  to bequietand  mlm*MaHM.'— «•"»» 
ley  -•  nan  Kears  Ago.  ch.  i  ii- 


b6y;  ptflt.  Jd*l;  oat,  jell,  chorus,  ?Hin,  ben,*;  go,  gem;  tfeta,  !*!•;  •!»,  *9'.  expect. 
-<jlau,-tlan  =  sUaii.   -tton,  -«IOH  =  BHUB;  -tion,  -slon  =  zliun.  -oions,  -ttoM,  -rtous  =  •bus.  -We,  -die, 


4200 


flentimentally— separatism 


•cnt  I  mcnt  -al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  senttmtntal ; 
*{y.]  In  a  sentimental  manner. 

••en-tine,  «.  [Lat  s«Ut'na  =  a  sink.]  A 
place  into  which  dirt,  dregs,  &e.,  are  thrown  ; 
m  sink. 

"  A  stinking  Mnline  of  all  vicee."— £arin»«r :  rTorto, 
10. 

»«5n  -tin  el,  •  sen  tin  ell,  •  pen- ton-ell,  5. 
[Fr.  sentinelU,  from  Ital.  sentindia,  a  word  of 
doubtful  origin  ;  Sp.  centinela.] 

1.  One  who  keeps  watch  or  guard  to  pre- 
vent surprise  ;  specif. ,  a  soldier  posted  to 
watch  or  guard  an  army,  cainp,  or  other  place 
from  surprise  ;  a  sentry. 

••  Th«  lenlfnrli  who  pMed  the  rampkrtB  announced 
that  the  r&ugiiArd  of  the  hostile  army  WM  ill  sight."— 
Maeaulaf:  But.  Kng.,  cb.  xii. 

•1  Many  birds  and  some  mammals  post 
sentinels  to  warn  them  of  danger.  In  the 
case  of  seals  females  are  sentinels.  (Darwin : 
Descent  of  Man,  pt  i.,  ch.  iv.) 

"2.  The  watch,  guard,  or  duty  of  a  sentinel ; 
•entry. 

"Counsellor!  are  not  commonly  ao  united,  but  that 
one  counsellor  keepeth  trntfrtrl  over  another,  BO  that 
If  any  do  counsel  out  of  faction  or  private  ends,  it 
commonly  cornel  to  the  king's  ear.-— Bacon :  Ettayt 

U  Also  used  adjectivally  =  guarding,  guar- 
dian. 

-  The  imtintl  stan  Bet  their  watch  in  the  iky." 

Campbell  :  Soldier1!  ' 

•entinel-orab,  .-•. 

ZooL :  PodopMhalmus  vigil,  two  to  four 
Inches  long,  from  the  Indian  Ocean.  The 
eyes  are  set  on  long  footstalks,  which,  when 
the  animal  is  alarmed,  are  erected  BO  as  to 
command  an  extensive  view. 

•  men'-tln-el,  v.t.    [SENTINEL,  «.] 
L  To  watch  over,  as  a  sentinel. 

"  Mountains,  that  like  plants  stand. 
To  MnlifMf  enchanted  land." 

Scan  :  lady  o/  tb  Lott,  L  U. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  sentinel  or  sentinels  ; 
to  place)  under  the  guard  of  a  sentinel  or  sen- 
tinels. 

••Sn  -try,  •  sen-ter-y,  *  sen-trie,  i.    [A 

corrupt,  of  sentinel  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  soldier  posted  on  guard  ;  a  sentinel. 

"It  had  only  to  furnish  two  sentries  for  the  mag*, 
sine  in  two-hour  reliefs."— Daily  Telegraph.  Sept.  U, 
UK. 

2.  The  duty  of  a  sentinel ;  guard,  watch. 

"As  Boon  a*  he  went  on  sentry  at  midnight  he 
thought  he  heard  footstep,  and  voice*,"—  Daily  Ttle- 
fratA.  Sept.  U.  1885. 

*  3.  A  prop,  a  support. 

"Pleasure  U  but  like  tentrtet.  or  wooden  framee, 
Mt  under  arches,  till  they  be  strong  by  their  own 
weight  and  consolidation  to  stand  alone." — Teremy 
Taylor :  Applet  of  Sodom. 

8entry-t>ox,  «.  A  small  shed  to  cover  a 
•entry  on  his  post  and  shelter  him  from  the 
weather. 

•Sn'-vjf,  sen'-vie, «.  [Fr.  seneve  =  the  genus 
Sinapis.] 

Bot. :  Sinapis  nlgra,  S.  alba,  and  S.  arventit. 
(Britten  Jt  Holland.) 

•6m  -a  (I  as  tz),  prep.    [Ital.] 

Music:  Without:  as,  sema accompagnamento, 
without  accompaniment ;  senza  bassi,  without 
the  basses  ;  senza  sordini,  without  the  dampers 
in  pianoforte  playing  ;  senza  sordino,  without 
the  mute  of  a  violin  ;  senza  stromenti,  without 
Instruments ;  senza  tempo,  without  time,  In  no 
definite  or  exactly  marked  time. 

•ip'-a-nl,  s.    [SEPOY.] 
•e  pal,  >.  [Fr.  sepate,  from  Hod.  Lat.  sepalum.] 
Bot. :  The  segments,  divisions,  or  leaves  of 

•  calyx  (q.v.).    First  used  by  Necker,  revived 

by  De  Candolle,  and 

now  universally  ac- 
cepted.   If  there  is 

but  one  sepal,   i.e., 

If  the  sepals   have 

adhered    by     their 

•ides,  the  calyx  is 

said  to  be  monose- 

palous  or  gamosepa- 

lous,  if  two,  disepa- 

lous,  if  three,  trise- 

palons,  if  four,  te- 

trasepalous,  but  the 


three  last  terms  are 


i.  Sepals. 


rare.  Sepals  are  modified  leaves  with  netted 
Teins  like  the  original  leaf  ff  the  plant  be  an 
•zogen,  and  with  parallel  veins  if  it  be  an 
endogen. 


sep'-al-ine,  a.     [Eng.  sepal;  -ine.] 
Bot.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  a  sepal. 


y^  *.     [Eng.  sepal,  and  Or.  «Ioo? 
(euios)  =  form.] 
Bot,  :  The  reversion  of  petals  into  sepals. 

sep  al  old,  a.  [Eng.  sepal;  -oid,]  Like  a 
sepal  ;  used  specif,  when  there  is  a  single 
floral  envelope  and  it  is  green,  as  in  Ulmua 
and  Rumex. 

sep'  -al  -oils,  a.  [Eng.  sepal;  -out.]  Relating 
to  or  having  sepals. 

sep-a-ra-bll'-I-t^,  s.  [Eng.  separable  ;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  separable  ;  divisi- 
bility, separableness. 

"As  real  a  divisibility  and  separability  of  the  parts 
M  In  a  body."—  More:  Antidote  againtt  Atheism.  pt.  i. 
ch.  x. 

sep'-a-ra-ble,  a.  [Lat.  separabtli*,  from 
separo  =  to  separate  (q.v.)  ;  FT.  separable  ;  Sp. 
separable  ;  Ital.  separabile.] 

1.  Capable  of  beiug  separated  or  rent  ;  ad- 
mitting of  separation  of  its  parts  ;  divisible. 

"Where  the  substance  Is  separate  or  teparable."— 
Water  land:  Workt,  iv.  M. 

2.  Capable  of  being  disjoined  or  disunited. 
(Followed  by/rom.) 

"  Expansion  and  duration  .  .  .  are  both  considered 
by  us  as  having  parts,  yet  their  parts  are  not  tepar- 
abU  oue/rom  another."  —  Locke. 

*  sep'-a-ra-ble-ne'ss,  s.  [Eng.  separable  ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  separable  ; 
separability. 

"  By  the  teparableneu  of  such  substances  from  some 
gema,"-fioy&.  Workt,  ill.  ML 


In  a  separable  manner. 

se'p'-a-rate,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat  separatus,  pa.  par. 
of  separo  =  to  separate  :  «-  =  apart,  and  paro. 
=to  provide  ;  Fr.  separer  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  teparar; 
Ital.  separare.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  disunite,  to  disjoin  ;  to  break  up  into 
separate  and  distinct  parts  ;  to  part  things 
either  naturally  or  artificially  joined  ;  to  sever. 

"  From  the  flue  gold  I  separate  the  alloy." 

Dryden  :  Art  o/  Poetry. 

2.  To  set  apart  from  a  number,  as  for  a  par- 
ticular service  or  office. 

"Separate  me  Barnabas  and  Saul,  for  the  work 
whereunto  I  have  called  them."  —  Act*  xiit.  2. 

3.  To  withdraw  (with  a  reflexive  pronoun). 

"  Separate  thyself  from  me."  —  Generis  xllL  ». 

4.  To  part  ;  to  make  a  space  or  interval  be- 
tween ;  to  lie  or  come  between. 

"  During  the  ten  centuries  which  teparattd  the 
reign  of  Charlemagne  from  the  reign  of  Napoleon."  — 
Jfacaulay  :  ffist.  £ng.t  ch.  U. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

L  To  part  ;  to  be  disunited  or  disjoined  ;  to 
become  disconnected  ;  to  withdraw  from  each 
other  ;  to  break  up  into  parts. 

**  When  there  was  not  room  enough  for  their  herds 
to  feed,  they  by  consent  separated,  and  enlarged  their 
•  past  lira"—  Locke, 

2.  To  cleave,  to  open,  to  come  apart. 

sep'-a-rate,  a,  &s.    [SEPARATE,  ».] 
A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Divided  from  the  rest  ;  disjoined,  dis- 
united, disconnected.    (Used  of  things  which 
have  been  united  or  connected.) 

"Twere  hard  to  conceive  an  eternal  watch,  whose 
pieces  were  never  separate  one  from  another,  nor  ever 
In  any  other  form.*'—  Bumtt  :  Theory  of  (A*  Xarth, 

2.  Unconnected;  not  united;  distinct  (Used 
of  things  which  have  never  been  united  or 
connected.) 

"  Separate  from  sinner*,'*—  ffebrewt  vii.  2«. 
*[  Used   in  Botany,  to  denote  absence  of 
cohesion  between  parts. 

3.  Alone  ;  without  company. 

"  He  sought  them  both,  but  wished  his  hap  might  find 
Eve  separate."  Milton  :  P.  1...  i  x.  4XL 

*  4.  Secret,  secluded. 

"  In  a  secret  vale  the  Trojan  sees 

A  separate  grove."    Dry  den  :  Viryil  ;  *fneid  vi  MS. 

*  6.  Disunited  from  the  body  ;  incorporeal 
"The  soul,  or  any  separate  spirit,  will  have  but  little 

advantage  by  thinking."  —  LoeJu. 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  A  separatist.    (Gauden.) 

separate-estate,  s.  The  property  of  a 
marned  woman  which  she  holds  Independently 
of  her  husband's  control  or  interference. 

separate-maintenance,  5.  A  provision 
made  by  a  husband  for  the  support  of  his 


wife  when  they  have  come  to  an  arrangement 
to  live  apart. 

sejp'-a-rate-l&  adv.  [Eng.  separate);  -lii.] 
In  a  separate  or  disconnected  state  ;  apart, 
distinctly,  singly. 

"Trading  trpar-itely  upon  their  own  stocks."— 
Smith  :  Wealth  of  ffationt.  bk.  v.,  ch.  L 

sep'-a-rate-ness,  *.  [Eng.  separate;  -ness.] 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  separate. 

*  sep-a-rat'-Jc-al,  a-  [Eng.  separat(t) ;  -ical.) 
Pertaining  to  separation  in  religion  ;  scliis- 
maticaL 

sep  -a-rat  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SEPARATE,  p.] 

separating  -  sieve,  s.  A  compound 
sieve  used  in  powder-mills  for  sorting  the 
grains  according  to  their  different  sizes. 

s  e  par  at  ing -weir,  s.  A  weir  of  masonry 
so  contrived  as  to  allow  the  waters  to  flow 
away  during  floods,  but  having  an  intercept- 
ing channel  along  the  fa-:e  of  the  weir  to 
collect  the  water  in  medium  stages. 

sep  a-ra'-tton,  s.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  separa- 
tionem,  accus.  of  separatio,  from  separatus,  pa. 
par.  of  separo  =  to  separate  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  separa- 
cion;  Ital.  separazione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  separating,  disjoining,  or  dis- 
connecting; the  disjunction  or  disconnection 
of  parts. 

2.  The  state  of  being  separated  ;  the  act  of 
separating  or  going  apart  from  each  other. 

"  Bnt  their  whole  sagacity  Is  lost  upon  teparation, 
and  a  single  bee  or  ant  seems  destitute  of  every  degre* 
of  industry."— Goldsmith:  The  B*e. 

*3.  The  operation  of  disuniting  or  decom- 
posing substances ;  chemical  analysis. 

"  A  fifteenth  part  of  silver,  Incorporate  with  gold, 
will  not  be  recovered  by  any  matter  of  iep'irati»u, 
unless  you  put  a  greater  quantity  of  silver,  which  is 
the  last  refuge  in  separation.' —Bacon. 

4.  The  repeal  of  a  union  between  two  or 
more  countries. 

"  If  he  could  not  convert,  as  It  Is  now  plain  that  he 
has  not  converted,  the  urban  electorate  to  the  Sepa- 
ration policy."— Daily  Telegraph,  July  6,  1886. 

5.  The  disunion  of  married  persons  ;  cessa- 
tion of   conjugal    cohabitation  of   man  and 
wife;  divorce.    [U.] 

"  Did  you  not  hear 
A  buzzing  of  a  separation 
Between  the  king  ami  Catherine!" 

Shaketp.  :  Henry  VIII.  1L  L 

*  BE.  Music :  An  old  name  for  a  grace  or 
passing  note  "not  reckoned  in  the  measure  or 
time,  put  between  two  real  notes  rising  a 
third,  and  only  designed  to  give  a  variety  to 
the  melody." 

U  Judicial  separation : 

Law;  The  separation  of  a  husband  and  wife 
voluntarily  or  by  decree  of  court  A  decree  of 
judicial  separation  may  be  obtained  by  either 
party  on  the  ground  of  adultery,  cruelty,  or 
desertion  without  cause  for  two  years  and 
upwards.  Not  being  divorced,  the  partie* 
cannot  marry  again.  The  terms  of  a  decree 
of  judicial  separation  are  determined  by  the 
judge  according  to  the  merits  of  each  case. 
A  separation  order  can  be  granted  by  a  magis- 
trate on  proof  of  cruelty,  and  he  baa  also 
power  to  order  the  husband  to  allow  his  wife  a 
certain  sum  for  her  support.  The  laws  of  the 
several  states  confer  on  a  married  woman,  who 
for  good  cause  is  living  apart  from  her  husband, 
the  right  to  enter  into  contracts,  to  maintain 
,  actions,  and  otherwise  to  act  in  business  as  a 
single  woman. 

"  "  The  suit  for  a  Judicial  teparation  is  also  a  cause 
thoroughly  matrimonial.  For  if  it  becomes  Improper 
that  the  parties  should  live  together;  as  through  in- 
tolerable cruelty,  a  perpetual  disease,  and  the  like, 
the  biw  allows  the  remedy  of  &  judicial  teparation  "— 
Blaclutone:  Comment.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  4. 

sSp-a-ra'-tlon-ist,  *.  A  a.  [Eng.  separation  ; 
-ist.] 

A*  As  subst. :  One  who  advocates  separa- 
tion, or  the  dissolution  of  the  union  between 
two  countries  ;  a  separatist 

"  According  to  the  latest  returns  the  Unionists  had 
carried  two  hundred  and  seven  seats  and  the  &v"<- 
rationittt  one  hundred  and  five."— Datty  fMbyMpA, 
July  6,  188* 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  sepa- 
ration, or  separationists. 

Sop  a-rat  Ism,  *.     [Eng.  »eparat(e);   -to*,] 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  a  separatist ;  tie 

opinions,  principles,  or  practice  of  separatists. 

"If  the  thirty  could  be  raised  to  one  hundred,  it  fs 

probable  that  Separatism  would  be  dropped."— Oka-  dk 

Timtt,  June  25.  188«. 


Ifcte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  W9lt  work,  who,  sin;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pdt, 
Syrian,    so,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  QU  -  kw. 


4201 


Sep  -8-rat-ist,  s.  &  a.    [Eng.  separate)  ;  -«.] 

A.  -As  substantive  : 

L  Oni.  Lang.  :  One  who  withdraws  or 
lerarates  himself;  specifically,  one  who  with- 
diiws  or  secedes  from  a  church  or  sect  to 
which  he  has  belonged  ;  a  seceder,  a  schis- 
matic, a  sectary. 

IL  Technically: 

Church  Hist.  : 


i 

En^,  believing  it  not  sufflciently  to  mam- 
tain  its  Protestant  character. 
2   Eng.  Hist.  (PI.):  A  name  applied  by  their 
ose  who,  in  1  '"r- 


tnVnSrne  Separatist  believed  that  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's bill,  ifpassed  into  law  would  sooner 
or  later  lead  to  the  total  separation  of  Ireland 
from  the  British  Empire. 

Telffrai*.  Sept-  ».  189i'  . 

B.  As  adj.  :  Advocating  separation  or  repeal 
of  a  union  ;  separationist. 

"In  re.pect  ot  tho»  »*<f  for  »>|lcl, 
candidate  he.  been  allowed  to  walk 
8,  1886. 


. 

•  •Sp-a-ra-tfat'-Io,  o.  [Eng.  «j«rat«  ;  -to.] 
Relating  'to  or  characterized  by  separation  , 
schismatical. 

•sep'-a-rat-ive,  a.  [Eng.  separate);  -i«.] 
Tending  to  separate  ;  promoting  separation. 

"The  uvarattot  virtue  of  extreme  cold.--Bo»i«  .• 
IforH.  L  feU 

•Sp'-a-rat-or,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Mgnrufiu,  pa. 
par.  of  sepa.ro  =  to  separate  (q.v.).] 

L  Ord.  Lang.:  One  who  or  that  which 
ieparates,  divides,  or  disconnects  ;  a  divider  ; 
specifically,  a  machine  for  thrashing  gram  in 
the  straw  ;  a  machine  for  clearing  gram  from 
dust,  seeds,  aud  chaff. 

IL  Technically: 

1  Chtm.  :  A  vessel  of  globular  or  spindle 
ihape,  having  a  narrow  mouth,  closed  by  a  stop- 
per and  terminating  in  a  downwardly  taper- 
ing pipe,  frequently  provided  with  a  valve. 
It  is  used  for  separating  chemical  mixtures. 

2.  Metallurgy: 

(1)  A  large  pan  set  below  the  amalgamating 
pan  in  a  mill.    [SETTLER,  SILVER-MILL.) 

(2)  An  ore-sorting  apparatus  in  which  an 
ascending  current  of  water  is  directed  against 

ndin 


BSCBIHllIlK    CUlieLill    Ul     TlttlAyl     ao    «»»»—•—    — o 

a  descending  shower  of  the  comminuted  ore, 
floating  off  the  lighter  and  worthless  portions, 
while  the  metalliferous  matters  sink  to  the 
bottom. 
3.  Weaving :  A  ravel  (q.v.). 

•5p'-a-rat-6r-J,  o.  &  ».  [Eng.  KparaUf); 
•ory'] 

A.  As  adj. :  Causing  or  used  in  separation  ; 
separative. 

"  The  moat  con.uicuou.  gland  of  an  animal  1.  the 
mtim  of  the  gut.,  where  the  lacteal,  are  the  emtaaary 
veeeel.,  or  leparaiary  ducta."— Chw*  :  Pnil.  Prin. 

B.  As  subst.  :    A  surgical   instrument  for 
leparating  the  pericranium  from  the  skull. 

•sep-ar-Ist,  >.  [Eng.  separate);  -i«<.]  A 
separatist.  (Barl.  Miscell,  vi.  383.) 

•8-pawn,  se  pon,  s.  [Native  name.]  A 
species  of  food,  consisting  of  meal  of  maize 
boiled  in  water.  (Amer.) 

t  •e'-pfi-dSn,   ».     [Gr.    o-nire&ii'   (stpedon)  = 
putrefaction.] 
Zool. :  A  partial  synonym  of  Naja  (q.v.). 

•  Be-pS-do-ni-*'-!,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  sepe- 
doni(um);  Lat.  masc.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ei.\ 

Bot  •  A  sub-order  of  Hymenomycetes 
(Lindley),  of  Hyphomycetes  (Griffith  <* 
Henfrey).  Spores  lying  in  heaps  among  the 
filaments  of  the  mycelium.  A  heterogeneous 
assemblage  of  genera. 

•e-pe-do'-ni-um,  i.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr. 
oTlireicii-  (sipedon)  =  rottenness,  decay,  cnjimi 
(sepo)  =  to  make  rotten  or  putrid.) 


so  peer  -ine,  se-pir'-ane,  s.    [SIPEERINE.] 

*  se  DeT-i-ble     a.      [Lat.    sepelibilis,    from 
sei:elia  =  to  bury.]    Fit  for  burial ;  admitting 
of  or  intended  for  burial ;  that  maybe  buried. 

*  sep-e-li'-tion,  s.     [Lat.  sepelio  =  to  bury.] 
Burial,  interment. 

"  Abridge  .oine  part,  of  them  of  a  due 
Bp.U<ai:  Wortt,  T.  «6. 

se   pi-a,  t.    fLat.,  from  Gr. 
the  cultle-fish  (q.v.).] 

1  Zool  •  The  typical  and  only  recent  genus 
of  Sepiadas  (q.v.).      Body  oblong  (varying  in 
length  from   three  to  twenty-eight   inches), 
with  lateral  fins  as  long  as  itself;  arms  with 
four  rows  of  suckers ;   mantle  supported  by 
tubercles  fitting  into  sockets  on  neck  and 
funnel ;   shell  broad  and  thick  in  front,  la- 
minated, and   terminating  in   a    permanent 
mucro.    Woodward  puts  the  species  at  thirty, 
universally  distributed;    Sepia  officirudit,  the 
common  Cuttle-fish,  is  found  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  the  Atlantic. 

2  Palteont. :    Fossil  species  ten,  from  the 
Jurassic   to   the    Eocene  Tertiary.     Several 
species  have  been  founded  on  mucrones  from 
the  London  Clay. 

3.  Comp.  Anat. :  The  black  secretion  of  the 
cuttle-fish. 

"Nobody  who  haa  not  taeted  the  great  cnttle-fUh, 
hi.  feeler,  cut  UD  and  .towed  in  the  black  ink  or  Ki>ia 
which  SrV- him.  apparent!, ;.  fo. 'blood,  can  Imagm. 
how  good  he  U.'— Olokt.  Oct.  IT,  1886. 

4  Chem,  A  Art :  A  dark  brown  pigment  pre- 
pared from  the  black  secretion  of  the  cuttle- 
fish, Sepia  offidnalis.  The  pigment  may  be  iso- 
lated by  boiling  the  secretion  successively  with 
water,  hydrochloric  acid,  and  ammonium  car- 
bonate. It  is  tasteless,  inodorous,  insoluble 
in  water  alcohol,  and  ether,  but  dissolves  in 
warm  caustic  potash.  When  the  latter  is 
decomposed  with  acid,  the  sepia  pigment  is 
precipitated  of  a  dark  brown  colour,  and 
having  a  fine  grain. 

se  pi  a  da),  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  sepia;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -(i)dce.] 

Zool.  is  Palmnt. :  A  family  of  Cephalopoda, 
with  one  recent  genus  (Sepia)  and  four  fossil 
genera  (Spirulirostra,  Beloptera,  Belemnosis, 
and  Helicerus).  Shell  calcareous ;  consisting 
of  a  broad  laminated  plate,  terminating 
behind  in  a  hollow,  imperfectly  chambered 
apex  (or  mucro).  They  commence  in  the 
Middle  Oolites. 

*  se-pl-ar'-l-a),  t.fl.  [Lat.  sepes,  genit  scpVs) 
=  a  hedge  ;  fern.  pL  adj.  surf.  -arue.\ 

Bot  •  The  twenty-fifth  order  in  Linnsens's 
Katural  System.  Genera,  Jasminum,  Llgus- 
trum,  Brunfelsia,  &c. 


se  pt  6  la,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  sipia 
(q.v.).] 

Zool. :  A   geuus  of  Teuthidae  (q.v.),  with 
seven  species,   from  the  coasts  of  Norway, 
Britain,  the  Mediterranean,  Mauritius,  Japan 
aud     Australia.      Body    short,     purse-like 
mantle  supported  by  a  broad  cervical  band 
and  a  ridge  fitting  a  groove  in  the  funnel 
fins  dorsal ;  suckers  in  two  rows,  or  crowded, 
on  arms,  in  four  rows  on  tentacles  ;  first  left 
arm  hectocotylised ;  pen  half  as  long  as  the 
back.   Sepinla  rondeletii,  one  of  the  smallest  of 
the  Teuthidie,  about  an  inch  long,  is  some- 
times taken  in  shrimp-nets  on  the  south  coast. 

li'-pi-S-lite,  s.      [Gr.  <rnirta  (sepia)  =  cuttle- 
fish, and  Ai'flos  (lithos)  =  a  stone ;  Ger.  sepiohth.] 
ifin. :  The  same  as  MEERSCHAUM  (q.v.). 


se'-pi  6  staire,  s.    [Gr.  oT|ina  (sepia),  and 
otrTeov  (osleon)  =  a  bone.] 
Comp.  Anat. :  Cuttle-bone  (q.v.). 

•e-pI-O-teU'-tWs,  t.     [Mod.  Lat.  sepia  (q.v.). 
and  teuthis  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Teuthidffi,  with  thirteen 
species,  distributed  from  the  West  Indies  to 
the  Cape,  the  Red  Sea,  Java,  and  Australia. 
Closely  akin  to  Loligo  (q.v.);  fins  lateral,  as 
long  as  the  body ;  length  from  four  inches  to 
three  feet ;  fourth  left  arm  hectocotylised  at 
apex. 

se  -pi-um,  s.     [SEPIA.]    The  internal  bone  of 
a  cuttle-fish.    (Brande.) 

se  Dom  -e  ter,  s.  [Gr.  <r>jiro  (sepo)  =  to 
pu£efy,  and  i^rfov  (metron)  =  *  measure.] 
Physics:  An  instrument  for  determining, 
by  means  of  the  decoloration  and  decomposi- 
tion produced  in  permanganate  of  soda,  th 
amount  of  organic  impurity  existing  in  the 
atmosphere. 

so  pon ,  s.    [SEPAWK.J 

«se-pose',   ».(.    [Lat.  sepositus,  pa.    par.  of 

sepuno:  se-  =  apart, and pono  =  to  place.)    To 

set  apart. 


(IBM). 

»  se-pos'-It,  v.t.    [8EP08K.]    To  set  aside  or 
apart. 

"  Parente  and  the  neere.1  bloud  mu.t  all  for  thia  U 
"-™«*am;  Utt""'  No'  '• 


*  »e'-ple,  o.     [Eng.  sep(ia);  -to.) 

'  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  sepia. 
2.  Done  in  sepia,  as  a  drawing. 

*  s3-pIo'-4-lo&s,  a.     [Lat.  sepet  =  •  hedge, 
and  colo  —  to  inhabit  ] 

Bo*. :  Growing  in  hedge-rowg. 

*  •ep-.d-a'-oeoiis  (ce  as  sh),  a.    [Formed 
from  sepiadas  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Sepiadas  (q.v.). 
(Goodrich.) 

se  -pi-dee,  ».  pi.  [Lat.  sept,  genit.  sep(is) ; 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool  •  A  family  of  Lizards,  often  combined 
with  the  Scincid»  (q.v.).     Palate  toothless, 
with  longitudinal  groove  ;  limbs  four  or  two, 
weak       Almost   confined    to  the  Ethiopian 
region,  but  extending  into  the  borders  of  the 
Oriental  and  Palaearctic  regions. 
se  -pi  form,  o.     [Lat.  tept,  genit.  sepis,  and 
forma  =  form.]      [SEPS.J     Resembling    the 
genus  Seps  in  form. 
sepiform  lizard,  «. 
Zool. :  Pleurostrichus  sepiformit. 

»  se-pil'-i-ble,  a.    [SEPELIBLE.] 

*  sep'-I-ment,  s.  [Lat.  Kpimsntum,  from 
s«;io=to  hedge  in;  sepes  =  a  hedge.]  A 
hedge,  a  f«nce ;  anything  which  separates. 

"  A  farther  teetlmonjr  and  tmtiynt  to  which,  were 
the  Samaritan.  Chaldee,  and  Greek  vemiona.  —  Lmli 
Oniefef,  p.  M. 


*  sep-S-si'-tlon,  ».  [Lat.  sepositio,  from 
seposi««Tpa.  par.  of  sepono.]  [SEPOSE.]  The 
act  of  setting  apart  ;  segregation. 

ie'-po^,  s.  [Mahratta,  &c.  sMpat  =  a  soldier, 
a  policeman  ;  Hind.  4  Pers.  sipahi  =  a  soldier, 
from  Pers.  sipdA=army;  O.  Pers.  {pdda  =  a 
native  soldier.  Heber  thought  that  the  word 
was  derived  from  rip  =  the  bow  and  arrow 
with  which  they  were  originally  armed.] 

Hist. :   A  slight  alteration  of  the  ordinary 
word  used  for  centuries  by  the    natives  of 
India  for  a  soldier  in  general,  but  confined  by 
Anelo-Iudians  to  the  Hindoo  and  Muhamma- 
dan  troops,  especially  to  those  in  British  pay. 
The   French,   under  Labourdonnais,  set  the 
example  of  employing  sepoys  at  the  siege  of 
Madras  in  1746.    Next  year,  sepoys,  probably 
undisciplined  peons  or  policemen,  fought  o 
the  British  side ;  and  in  1748  a  small  corps 
of  sepoys  was  raised.     As  the  three  Presi- 
dencies were  established  and  developed,  each 
trained  sepoys,  till  at  length  there  arose  three 
great  armies,  which  largely  aided  Britain  in 
establishing  its  Indian  empire.    The  battle  of 
Inkerman  (Nov.  5,  1854)  having  shown  the  su- 
periority of  the  Minie  rifle  to  the  old  musket, 
toe  British  desired  to  place  the  Enfleld,  an 
improvement  on  the  Minie,  in  the  hands  of 
the  native  soldiery.    Unhappily  the  cartridges 
manufactured  iu  England  were  made  up  with 
cows'  grease,  which,  by  the   Hindoo   cere- 
monial law,  was  fatal  to  the  caste  of  any  one 
putting    them  to  his  lips.     The   cry  arose 
that  this  was  done  intentionally,  all  explana- 
tions to  the  contrary  were  rejected,  and  o 
Sunday,  May  10,  1857,  the  troops  statioi 
at  Meerut  broke  into  open  mutiny,  attended 
by  a  massacre  of  Europeans.    The  mutineers 
escaped   to  Delhi,  where  a  fresh  massacre 
took  place.      The  restoration  of  the  Mogul 
empire  was  proclaimed,  and  the  Bengal  sepoy 
mutiny  became  strengthened  by  a  Muhamma- 
dan  rebellion.    Regiment  after  regiment  o 
Beneal  army  mutinied,  till  nearly  all  had  de- 
serted their  colours,  aAd  adeath  struggle  took 


oat,  9en.  chom*  chin.  M,  *..  *-..-«•. 
-tton.^on  =  Stan; -flan. -*<»  =  «"»*=•   -clou* 


4202 


seps  —  septifor  m 


place  during  the  next  two  years  between  the 
aandful  of  Europeans  in  Upper  India  and  Ben- 
gal and  those  who  sought  their  lives.  Delhi 
waa  retaken,  after  desperate  fighting,  between 
the  14th  and  20th  of  Sept.,  1857 ;  Lucknow  rein- 
forced on  Nov.  16,  lay",  and  relieved  in  March, 
1858.  [EAST  INDIA  COMPANY.]  The  dispropor- 
tion between  sepoys  and  European  soldiers, 
which  had  been  very  great  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  mutiny  w:is  reduced  at  once  by  a  large 
diminution  of  the  former  and  a  great  increase 
of  the  latter.  Immediately  before  the  Muti- 
ny the  number  of  European  officers  was 
«,I70,  of  soldiers  39,352,  and  of  natives  23'2,'J'24 
—total  277,741).  Mr.  W.  W.  Hunter  states  that 
in  18S2-3  the  Bengal  nrmy  numbered  105, '270 
officers  and  men,  of  whom  66,081  were  native 
troops;  the  Madras  army  46,309,  of  whom 
34,  i^3  were  natives;  and  the  Bombay  army 
38,897,  of  whom  27.041  were  natives.  The 
total  British  army  in  India  consisted  of  190,470 
officers  and  men,  of  whom  63,071  were  Euro- 
peans and  102,183  natives. 

seps,  5.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  OTJ$  («eps)=a  lizard 
with  a  long  body  and  a  short  tail,  probably 
Seps  chalcides,  the  cicigna  of  the  Italians.] 

ZooL  :  The  type-genus  of  Sepidae  (q.v.),  or  a 
genusof8cincidie(q.v.).  Rostral  plate  rounded ; 
head  pyramidal ;  body  long  and  cylindrical ; 
lower  eyelid  with  transparent  disc ;  limbs 
four.  Seven  species,  from  the  south  of  Europe, 
Madeira,  Teneriffe,  Palestine,  North  and  South 
Africa,  and  Madagascar. 

sSpt  (1),  s.    [Lat.  septum  =  an  enclosure.} 
Arch, :  A  railing. 

"About  the  temple,  and  within  the  outward  tept 
thereof. "-JfcZtor.  PUyah  Siyht.  IIL,  pt  lit.  lx  3. 

*  sept  (2),   *  septe,  s.     [A  corrupt,  of  sect 
(q.v.).]     A  clan,  a  family,  a  branch  of  a  race 
or  family.     Applied  especially  to  the  clans  or 
families  in  Ireland. 

"  In  like  maimer,  the  partlcul&t  form  which  tattoo 
asaumea  In  mauy  countries  is  due  to  the  desire  of 
families  to  distinguish  the  members  of  their  own 
tepti."— Standard,  April  13,  1886. 

•opt-,  sep-ti-,  pref.  [Lat.  septem  —  seven.] 
Containing  seven  ;  sevenfold. 

•ep'-ta,  s.  pi    [SEPTUM.] 
sept-w  -ml-a,  s.     [SEPTIC.F.MIA.] 

sep  taL  a.  [Lat.  septum);  Eng.  adj.  miff, 
-a'.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  septum. 

*  sepf -on-gle,  s.     [Lat  septem  =  seven,  and 
anguius  =  an  angle.] 

Geom. ;  A  figure  having  seven  sides  and 
Mven  angles ;  a  heptagon. 

sept-an -gu-lar,  a.  [Pref.  sept-t  and  Eng. 
angular  (q.v.).]  Having  seven  angles. 

sep  tar  -i  a,  *.  [Lat.  septum  =  an  enclosure, 
and  fern.  sing.  adj.  suff.  -aria.] 

Zool. :  A  synonym  of  Teredo  (q.v.).  (La- 
march.) 

sep  tar  -I  um  (pi.  sep  tar'  i  a),  s.  [Mod. 
Lat.,  from  Lat.  septum  =  an  enclosure.  So 
named  from  the  partitions  or  septa  by  which 
they  are  divided.] 

Geol.  (PL):  Flattened  balls  of  stone,  gene- 
rally ironstone,  which,  on  being  split,  are 
seen  to  be  separated  in  their  interior  into 
irregular  masses.  (LyeU.)  Seeley  defines  them 
to  be  concretions  formed  of  a  mixture  of  lime 
and  clay.  They  are  found  in  flattened  ovoid 
masses  in  nearly  all  clays,  generally  in  hori- 
zontal layers.  In  the  Ludlow  district,  where 
they  are  sometimes  eighty  feet  in  diameter, 
they  are  called  Ball-stones.  Brickmakers  term 
them  Turtle -stones.  When  burnt  and  ground 
to  powder,  they  form  hydraulic  cement,  which 
seta  nnder  water. 

sep'-tate,  a.  [Lat.  sep(tum)  —  a  hedge ;  Eng. 
adj.  suff.  -aU.]  Partitioned  off  or  divided  into 
compartments  by  septa. 

Sgp-tem'-ber, «.  [Lat.,  from  septem  =  seven  ; 
FT.  Sejitembre.]  The  ninth  month  of  the  year  ; 
so  called  from  being  the  seventh  month  after 
March,  with  which  month  the  year  originally 
began. 

September-thorn,  *. 

Entom.  :  A  British  geometer  moth,  En- 
nemos  eroearia, 

Sep-tSm'-brfsts,  Sep'- tern -taiz-ers, 

*.  pL  [Fr.  Septembristest  Septembriseurs.]  A 
name  given  to  the  authors  or  organizers  of 


the  massacre  of  Loyalists  which  took  place  on 
September  2,  3,  and  4,  1792,  in  the  Abbaye 
and  other  French  prisons,  after  the  capture 
of  Verdun  by  the  allied  Prussian  army ;  hence, 
a  malignant  or  bloodthirsty  person. 

*  sep-tem  -flu-ous,  a.     [Lat  septem  —  seven, 
and    fluo  =  to    flow.]      Divided    into    seven 
streams  or  currents ;  having  seven  mouths, 
as  a  river. 

"The  main  stream  of  this  tfptvmHuout  river  [the 
Nile]."— More:  Mystery  of  Iniquity,  bk.  L,  ch.  rvL,  1 IL 

sep-tem-part'-ite,  a.  [Lat.  septem  —  seven, 
and  jtartitus,  pa.  par.  of  partior  =  to  divide.] 
Divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  seven  parts. 

*  sep  -  tern  -  trl  -  oun,  a.    [Lat.  septemtrio.] 
The  north. 

"  Both  est  and  west  and  MptfrMrioun." 

Chauctr:  C.  T..  18,963. 

*  sSp-tem'-vI-OUS,  a.     [Lat  septem  =  seven, 
and  via=  a  way.]    In  seven  directions. 

"  Officers  of  the  state  ran  tept*m9iou*.n—Rtade  : 
Cloitter  4  Hearth,  ch.  Ixxiii. 

sep'-tem-Vir,  *.  [Lat.,  from  septem  —  seven, 
and  -air  —  a  man.]  One  of  a  body  of  seven 
men  joined  in  any  office  or  commission. 

scp  tem'-vir-ate,  s.  [Lat.  septemviratus.] 
The  office  of  a"  aeptemvir ;  a  government  by 
seven  persons. 

sep  ten'-a-ry, «  &  5.    [Lat.  septenariut,  from 
septeni  —  seven  each  ;  septem  =  seven.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1,  Consisting  of  or  relating  to  the  number 
seven. 

"The  rare  and  singular  effects  of  the  uptenary 
Dumber."—  £O*MMU  ;  Apolofie,  lib.  111.,  oh.  11 

2.  Lasting  seven  years;  occurring  once  in 
every  seven  years. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  The  number  seven  ;  a  period 
of  seven  years. 

"  The  time  of  the  pentarchle  Indured  likewise  49 
yeares.  or  seauea  teptenariet." — Solimhed:  /J«jc.  of 
Britain*,  ch.  ix. 

septenary  institutions,  s.  i>l.  Such 
institutions  as  the  Week  (q.v.),  a  week  of 
years,  Ac, 

se~p'-te~n-ate,  sep~ten-ous,  a.  [Lat. 
septeni  =  seven  each  ;  Eug.  suff.  -ate,  -ous.\ 

Bat. :  Growing  in  sevens.  Used  of  leaflets, 
Ac. 

sept'-ene,  3.  [Lat.  sept(em)  =  seven';  -enc.] 
[HEPTENE.] 

sop  ten  nate,  t.  [Lat.  septem  —  seven,  and 
annus  =  a  year.]  A  period  of  seven  years. 

"  The  apparent  reaction  at  the  beginning  of  the  »«i>- 
tennata  of  Marshal  MacMahon."— Daily  Chronicle, 
Oct.  8,  1888. 

sep  ten'-nl-al,  a.  [Lat.  septimus,  from  sep- 
tem =  seven,  and  annus  =  a  year.] 

1.  Lasting  or  continuing  seven  years :  as,  a 
septennial  parliament. 

2.  Happening  or  recurring  once  in  every 
seven  years. 

"He  was  ready  to  accept  a  principle  of  tepttnnial 
revaluations."— FWd,  Jan.  80, 1886. 

Septennial  Act,  s.  An  act  by  which  the 
duration  of  Parliament  was  limited  to  seven 
years.  (See  extract.) 

"As  to  the  duration  of  Parliament,  the  present  limit 
of  seven  yean  was  fixed  by  tbe  Stptctmiat  Act,  In  the 
first  year  of  George  I."— Standard,  Nov.  30,  1886. 

sep-ton'-nl-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  septennial; 
-ly.  ]  Once  in  every  seven  years. 

sep  ten  nt-um,  9.  [Lat]  [SEPTENNATB.] 
A  period  of  seven  years. 

*  sep-ten'-trl-al,  a.    [Lat.  septentri(o)  =  the 
north;'  Eng.  adj.  suff.   -a/.]     Septentrional, 
northern. 

"  Waueny  in  her  way,  on  this  ttptentrial  side." 
Drat/ton  :  foly-Olbion,  s.  24 

sep  -  ten'- tri  -  6,  9.  [Lat,  from  septem  = 
seven,  and  trio  —  a  ploughing  ox.] 

Attron. :  The  constellation  Ursa  Major  or 
the  Great  Bear. 

*  s^p-tSn'-tri-d'n,  s.  &  o.    [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
septentrio.]    [SSPTENTRIO.] 

A.  As  subst. :  The  north. 

"  Thon  art  u  opposite  to  every  good 
As  the  antipodes  are  unto  us. 
Or  ai  the  south  to  tbe  tepUntrion." 

Shaketp. :  t  Henry  VI.,  \.  4 

B.  As  adj. :  Northern. 

"  If  the  blast  trpttntrifm  with  brushing  wings 
Sweep  up  the  smoky  mists,  and  vapours  damp." 

J.  PhUii* :  Cider.  L 


sSp-tSn'-txi-dn-al,    *  sep-ten'-tii-An- 

all,  a.  [Liit.  septentrionalis,  from  stptentrio 
=  the  north.]  Northern  ;  situated  in  or 
coming  from  the  north. 

"  Among  the  nations  Septentrionall,  the  same  Is 
drivt'ii  to  the  Inferior  parts,  by  renami  o!  moisture."  — 
P.  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  if.,  ch.  Ixxviii. 

*  sep-ten-trI-6-nal  -I-ty,  «.    [Eng.  stpten. 
trional;  -ity.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
northern  ;  northerliness. 

*  sep-ten'-tri-on-al-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  septen- 
trional; -ly.]    Towa'rd  the  north  ;  northerly. 

'  •  They  were  Mpt«mrfonatty  excited."—  lirowne  : 
Vulgar  Xrrourt.  bk.  ii.,  ch.  U. 

*  sep  ten  trl  on  ate,    v.i.      [Eng.    septen- 
trion;  -ate.]    To  tend  northerly  or  toward  the 
north. 

"A  directive  or  polary  facultle,  wliereby,  conve- 
niently placed,  they  do  i*t>tentrionatc  «  t  one  extream," 
—  Browne:  Vulgar  Srroitrt,  bk.  it,  ch.  U. 

scp    tet',    sep-tette',   s.     [Lat.  septem  = 
seven.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  body  or  number  of  seven. 

"  Another  teptette  facet!  the  starter  for  tbe  inaptly 
named  Thursday  Hurdle  Race."—  field,  Jan.  8.  1886. 

2.  Music  :  A  composition  for  seven  voices 
or  instruments. 

Sept-foil,   S.      [SEPTIFOLIuUS.] 

1.  Bot.  :  PotentillaTormentllla.  [TORMENTIL.] 

2.  Christian  Art:   A  figure  of  seven  equal 
segments  of  a  circle,  used  as  a  symbol  of  the 
seven  sacraments,  the  seven  gifts  of  the  Holy 
Spirit,  &c. 

sep-ti-  (1),  pref.     [SEPT-.] 


l-  ('2),  pref.    [Lat.  septum  =  an  enclosure.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  a  partition. 

scp  tic,  *  scp  tick,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  septicus, 
from  Gr.  OTJJTTIKOS  (septikos),  from  a-qirtu  (sepo) 
=  to  putrefy  ;  Fr.  septique;  Sp.  septico.] 

A.  .4s  adj.  :  Having  power  to  promote  or 
produce  putrefaction  ;  causing  putrefaction; 
putrefying. 

"Poisoning  Its   blood   with  teptic  fluid  from   the 
spoiled  tissues."—  Field,  Feb.  13,  18&6. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  substance  which  has  the 
power  of  promoting  or  producing,  or  which 
tends  to  promote  or  produce  putrefaction  ;  a 
substance  which  eats  away  the  flesh  without 
causing  much  pain. 

sep  tic  ce  mi  a,  sop-tee  -m!-a,  *.  [Gr. 
<njirr6«  (septos)  =  putrid,  and  ol/ia  (haima)  = 
blood.] 

Pathol.  :  A  state  of  the  blood  without  se- 
condary abscesses,  a  kind  of  pytemia  with 
intense  fever,  and  great  constitutional  dis- 
turbance from  blood-poisoning.  The  anti- 
septic researches  of  Lister  and  of  Pasteur 
lead  to  the  hope  that  septicaemia  will  in  future 
be  of  rare  occurrence 


sep'-tio-aX  a.    [Eng.  septw;  -al]    The  same 
as  SEPTIC  (q.v.). 

"As  a  lejifical  medicine  he  commended  the  ashes  of 
a  salamander."—  Brown*  ;    Vulgar  Krrouri,   bk.   lit. 


Sep'-tlo-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  septical  ;  -ly.]  In 
a  septic  manner  ;  by  means  of  septics. 

sep  ti  91  -dal,  a.  [Pref.  septi-  (2)  ;  Lat.  ctedo 
=  to  cut  (in  comp.  -cido),  and  Eng.  suff.  -al.] 
Bot.  (Of  the  dehiscence  of  a  fruit):  Taking 
place  through  the  dissepiments,  leaving  the 
dissepiments  divided  into  two  plate*,  and 
forming  the  sides  of  each  valve,  as  in  Rhodo- 
dendron. 

•e"p-tl9'-I-ty",  *.  [Eng.  septic;  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  septic  ;  tendency  or 
power  to  promote  or  produce  putrefaction. 

scp   ti    far'-i-ous,  o.     [Lat.  septifariam^ 
sevenfold,  from  septem  =  seven.] 
Bot.  :  Turned  seven  different  ways. 

sep  tif   cr  ous,  a.    [Lat  septum  (pi.  septa) 
=  an  incloBure,  a  septum,  and/«ro  =  to  bear.] 
Bot.  :  Bearing  septa. 

*  scp-tlf-lu-ous,  a.  [Pref.  septi-  (1),  and 
I  jiit.  jl  no  =  to  flow.]  Flowing  in  seven  streams. 


*  scp-tl  -fo'-li-ous,  a.    fLat   septi-  OX  *nd 
folium  —  a  leaf.]    Having  seven  leaves. 

sSp'-tl-forin,  a.    [Pref.  tepti-  (2),  and  forma 
=  form.]    Resembling  a  septum  or  partition. 


fite,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine.  pJt,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
«T.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  foil;  try.  Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


septifragal—  sequarious 


4203 


811  ff    -. 

Bofc  (O/  <fc«  (feAisoeno!  o/  o  A"«)  •'  Leaving 
the  dissepiments  adhering  to  the  axis  and 
separated  from  the  valves.  Example,  Con- 
volvulus. 

•  gep-tl-laf-er-al,  o.    [Pref.  ^  0),  »nd 

Eng.  toterttf.)    Having  seven  sides. 

"The  seven  «ldesofthe»pt!!a<«m!  figure.  —  wwcm*: 
Fuijar  Errmn,  bk.  v..  oh.  IX. 

•Jp'-tllo  a.  (Lat.  septum)  =  an  Inclosnre,  a 
septum  ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -He.} 

Bat.:   Of  or  belonging  to   sept»  or   dis- 
sepiments. 

««5p'-ta-ll6n  (1  as  y),  ».  [Lat  «tptem=  seven  ; 
cf.  billion,  trillion.  &c.j  In  American,  Trench, 
and  Italian  notation,  a  number  consisting  ol  a 
unit  followed  by  twenty-four  ciphers.  In  tna- 
lish  notation  a  million  raised  to  the  euventh 
power;  a  unit  followed  by  forty-two  ciphers. 


aep  -tu  a  glnt,  «.  4  o.    (Lat.  «p<uajinta  = 
seventy.) 


number  seven. 

-  Like  the  Turk.,  their  numeral.  we«  .blued  on  a 
Mmol  >r.tem."-Sa»<*.-  "•  >« 


•  •eD-tt-ma-nar'-I-an,  «•          - 

=!*«  ™]    A  monk  Snduty  for  a  week  m  a 
monastery. 

*  sSpf  -  tim  -  Ised,  o.    [L«t  MpKm(«)  =jhe 
seventh  ;  Engf  suff.  -ted.]    Of,  or  belonging 
to  a  period  measured  by  the  number  seven. 


1U.51S. 

»ep  tf  mble.  «,    [Fr.] 

Music :  A  group  of  seven  notes  to  be  played 
In  the  time  of  four  or  six. 
sep'-tine,  *.    [Or.  <njim|  (teftf)  =  a  means  of 

producing  decay.) 

PathoL :  Organic  poison. 
•Sp'-tl-nous.  n-    [Bag.  uptime);  •««.) 

PathoU:  Produced  by  organio  poison.  A 
term  introduced  by  Dr.  Richardson  In  his  in- 
muiiural  addressat  the  Congress  of  the  Sanitary 
Institute,  Nov.  8,  1877.  It  was  "tended  by 
him  to  express  the  hypothetical  view  that 
contagious  and  infectious  diseases  are  propa- 
gated by  the  sick  person  becoming  for  a  time 
like  a  poisonous  animal,  the  venom  of  which 
Is  capable  of  being  transmitted  by  some  chan- 
nel or  medium  to  others.  This  view  was  in- 
tended as  a  rival  one  to  the  germ  hypothesis 
of  disease. 

"HelDr  Richardson)  classed  the  disease* 
bv  orftanlo  poisons  as  teptinou*  instead  of  zy~... 
preferring  the  «ord  Kyttx*  for  thU  pol»u.  -: 
Bet  6.  1877. 

•  tiept-ln'-su-lar,  a.    [Fr.  srpanrulatrc  from 
lit   stpfemi  seven,  and  iiwiita  =  an  island  ] 
Consisting   of  seven   islands:   as,  the  «j><- 
insular  republic  of  the  Ionian  Islands. 

•  sSp-ti  syl-la-ble,  «.     [Fret  «p«-,   and 
Eng  "itaL  (q.v.).]    A  word  of  seven  syl- 
lables. 

•go-tf-vt-gfa'-tene, «.  [Pref.  teptl-  0) :  La*- 
riji"(0  =  twenty,  and  suff.  •«*.]  [CEBOTENE.] 


Scripture:  A  Greek  version  of  the  Hebrew 
or  Old  Testament  Scriptures  ;  the  oldest  one 
made  into  any  language.    A  still  extant  letter, 
referred  to  by  Josephus,  Jerome,  and  Eusebius, 
purports  to  be  from  a  certain  Aristeus,  officer 
at  the  court  of  Ptolemy  Phitadelphu*.     It 
states  that  after  the  king  had  founded  the 
great  Alexandrian  library,  he  wished  to  have 
in  it  a  copy  of  the  Jewish  sacred  books.    1 
the  advice  of  his  chief  librarian    Demetrius 
Phalareus,  he  sent   to   the    high    priest 
Jerusalem,  requesting  him  to  send  six  trans- 
lators  from  each  tribe  .  seventy-two  in  a". 
The  request  was  complied  with;  the  trans- 
lators   came,  and  completed  their  work  in 
seventy-two  days.    From  their  number,  and 
perhaps  the  time  they  occupied,  the  name 
ITptuSgint  arose.    But  the  letter  of  Aroteas 
is  not  now  believed  to  be  genuine,  and  Coptic 
words  in  the  work  show  that  the  translators 
were  from  Egypt,  and  not  from  Jerusalem. 
The  version  was  apparently  •{»•  ISAJn- 
andria,  and  was  commenced  about  280 BO 
the  Pentateuch  being  the  only  part  tran 
at  first    It  is  well  done.    Next  in  value  is 
the  book  of  Proverbs.    Job  was  translated 
torn  a  Hebrew  text,  differing  both  by  excess 
and  defect  from  that  now  recognized.    S     Mr, 
?he    Psalms,    and    the    P'J'P1"'8    followec , 
seemingly  between  B.C.  180  and  170.    Jeie- 
S  "s  the  best  translated,  and  Daniel  is  exe- 

SSfflKstfftSEH 
S^Assay-KSCB 

Thigh  opinion  of  the  Septuagint  but  on 
finding  the  Messianic  passages  used  effectively 
by  the  Christians  in  controversy  with  them, 
they  established  a  fast  to  mourn  that  the 
Septoagmt  had  ever  been  issued,  and  had  a 
nra •translation  by  Aquila  brought  out  for  the 
use  of  the  synagogues  Three  Christian 
recensions  took  place  late  in  the  third  or 
early  in  the  fourth  century.  The  first  modern 
edition  was  the  Complutensian  in  1414-1617 , 
since  then  several  others  have  appeared. 

B.  Ai  adj. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  contained 
in  the  Septuagint  (q.v.). 

"  Bep'-tu-a-rfr  «.  [Lat.  »ep(«m=  seven.]  Some- 
thing  composed  of  seven  ;  a  week. 


2.  Fin.  :  Suggestive  of  a  sepulchre  or  th« 
tomb;  hence,  deep,  grave,  hollow  in  tone: 
as,  a  sepulchral  tone  of  voice. 

sepulchral  mounds,  >.  pi. 

Anthrop.  :  A  generic  name  for  the  graves 
and  funeral  monuments  of  earjy  peoples  and 
some  races  of  low  culture  at  the  present  day. 
[CAIRN,  BARROW,  TOMULOS.) 
*  se-pttl'-cliral-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  teputobral; 
-ix.}  To  rend'er  sepulchral  or  soli-inn. 

•Sp'-ai-ohre,  *  sep  -ttl-ere  (chre,  ore  as 
ker)  s.  [Fr.  xpulcre,  from  Lat.  sepulcrum, 
KrniGhrum,  from  oepultui,  pa.  par.  of  Mpto 
=  to  bury  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  sepulcro  ;  Ital.  lepolcro.  ] 
L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  tomb,  a  grave,  a  burial 
vault 

••  Ott  leeu  In  charnel  T»ulto.  and  <»pufcl>r«, 
g  and  ilttlng  by  a  "«™^.  g 


sep-tn-la  (pi.  Bep'-tu-l»), «.    [Mod.  Lat. 

dimin.  from  septum  (q.v.).J 
Bot. :  A  small  or  imperfect  partition. 

t  Bep'-tu-late,  o.    [Mod.  Lat.  teptuUfl) ;  B"g- 
auff.  -ate.} 
Bat. :  Having  one  or  more  septuue. 


ageTa'  person  between  the  ages  of  seventy 
and 'eighty. 
•Sp-tu-air-en  a-if,  s8p-tr>-a-ftSn'-a- 

rV  a  &  >.  ILat.  acptiutgtnarms  =  consist- 
ing of  seventy;  ieptuageni  seventy  each;  »ej>- 
tm  =  seven ;  Pr.  septuagtnaire.] 

A  As  adj. :  Consisting  of  seventy  or  of 
seventy  years ;  pertaining  to  a  person  seventy 
years  of  age. 

••  Nor  can  .  .  Nettor  overthrow  the  assertion  of 
Hoses  or  afford  a  reasonable  encouragement  beyond 
hU^i>S^ISi»  deter.ainatloii."-flro«!!«.-  Tulfar 

*  B.  As  mbst. :  The  same  as  SEPTUAGEN- 
ARIAN (q-v.). 

•  sSp-tu-a-fces'-i-ma, ».  [Lat  septuagtsimus 

=  seventieth,  from  septuaginta  —  seventy.] 
The  third  Sunday  before  Lent,  so  called  be- 
cause it  is  about  seventy  days  before  Easter. 

•  •gp-tu-a-gSa'-s-mal,  o.   [SEPTOAOESIHA.] 
Consisting  of  seventy  or  of  seventy  years. 

"  In  our  abridged  and  1^r«o,r«h|ioJ  ages.  It  1.  v«r 
r»re."-«ro«n. :  Vulgar  fmurt,  bk.  vL.  eh.  vi. 


1  Anat  •  A  partition,  as  the  septum  nanum, 
the  partition  between  the  nostrils,  the  neural 
and  hffimal  septa,  Ac. 

2.  Botany  : 

(1)  (PI  )  :   The  partitions  or  dissepiments 
constituting  the  cells  in  ovaries. 

(2)  The  connective  in  an  anther. 

3   Zoo!.  (PI.)  :  The  partitions  in  a  chambered 
she'll,  in  some  corals,  &c. 
sgp'-tn-or,  ».  [Pr.,  from  Lat  scpUm  =  seven.) 
Afusic  :  The  same  as  SEPTET  (q.v.). 

*  »Sp'-tn-pl«,  o.    [Lat.  teptvptns,  from  septm 
=  seven.)    Sevenfold. 

*  scSp'-tn-ple,  f.t.    [SEPTOPLK,  o.]   To  make 
or  multiply  sevenfold. 

••  The  nr«  .  .  .  whoe«  h«ot  me.  UftupM.--Ada.rn,  : 
Workt.  1.  »L 


,471. 

IL  Ecda. :  A  small  temporary  alter,  on 
which  the  se- 
cond  Host 
consecrated 
in  the  Mass 
on  Maundy 
Thursday  Is 
reserved  for 
the  Missa  Sic- 
ca  on  Good 
Friday.  In 
many  of  the 
English  pre- 
Re  formation 
churches 

there  was    a 

SEPULCHRE. 

(at.Htcm  S.  J<*»'l,  < 


recess  in  the 
north  wall  for 
this  purpose. 


. 
sepulchre-table,  «.    A  moral  tablet. 

sSp'-ttl-chre  (ohre  as  ker),  fc«.   !8Epm> 
CHRE  s.]    To  inter,  to  bury,  to  entomb. 
"  When  Oc«n  .hroud.  «>d  •*  %£S?L  1. 


ing  S 
body." 


sSp-ftl  ture,  «.  [Pr.,  from  Lat.  tejmU  ura, 
from  l3S3,  pa.  par.  of  «pri.o  =  to  bury; 
Sp.  A  Port  upultum;  Ital.  sepnltura,  HP* 

1  1  The  act  of  interring  or  depositing  the 
corpse  of  a  human  being  in  a  burial-place  ;  in- 
terment, burial. 

»  He  hath  n«d«  of  charlUble  coneellling  and  visit- 

g S  pSSn  acVd  In  maladie.  and  Kpultur,  of  hU  ded 

ody."-CA<iuc«r  .  t^rtona  TaU. 

'  2.  A  grave  ;  a  burial-place  ;  a  tomb,  a 
sepulchre. 

••  sir  John  Conwde  .  .  .  Tlewlng  ^•Sfff^lf 
tided  to  bane  cceene  three  prlnclpall  lewelci.  -uotm- 
HSd:  rtrU  I«luMtMion  of  Inland. 

"sSp'-iil-ture,i>.«.  [SEPDLTURE,  «.]  To  bury, 
to  entomb,  to  sepulchre. 

j^at'K  sasssss  tiysKssA 

U.1SM. 

•  se  qua'-olons,  a.  [Lat  aquax,  genit.  M- 
mu£is,  from  teguor  =  to  follow.] 

1.  Following,  attendant  ;  not  moving  along 
independently. 

"  Treed  uprooted  left  their  place, 
SES-  of  t 


(q.v.);  Sp. 

1.  Literally: 

m  Of  or  pertaining  to  burial,  the  grave,  or 
monuments  raised  over  the  dead. 


(2)  Found  in   ancient   tombs   or   burying 


*  •e-auar'-I-ous,  a.    [Probably  only  a  mis- 


2.  Clinging  closely  ;  adhering. 

"  Now  extr*ct 
From  the  ,^uoc<o«  «thU,e 

3.  Ductile,  pliant 


On  the  Creation,  pt.  11. 

f.  Logically  consistent  and  rigorous;  fol- 
lowing strictly  the  line  of  reason. 


ctois;   disposition  or  tendency   to 
sequacity.  H 

••  The  aerrllltr  and  lequaeiaumut  of  conioleno*.  - 

HP.  rii5rT3"*w<i«  TESE*53»,  P-  «i- 
"  BS-anao'-i-t*.  s.   [Late  lit.  seVacUas,  from 
Tat    iftZ,    genit    >equa^  =  sequacious 

1?A  following;  a  disposition  to  follow, 
sequaciousness. 
2.  Ductility,  pliability. 

-All  matter  whereof  creature.  •»»"*£  aS 
putrefaction,  have  evermore  a  «lj««"«c».  cwntour,  ant 
"—       on  :  Jfat.  Hilt.,  I  WO. 


4204 

•i'-quel,  *  se  queUe,  *»e-qneU, «.  [0.  Fr. 

sequfle  (Fr  sequellt),  from  Lat.  s&fuela  =  thai 
which  follows,  a  result;  sequor ~io  follow 
8p  &  Port,  sequela;  ItaL  sequela,  seguela.] 
L  Ordinary  Language ; 

*  1.  A  following. 

»ebt 

ppes  our  teyttele  to 

Surrey  :  Of  On  Death  oj'  Sir  T.  W. 

2,  That   which    immediately    follows   and 
forms  a  continuation ;    a   succeeding    part, 
(Often  followed  by  to  or  of  before  another 
substantive.) 

•*  Now  here  Christian  was  worse  pot  to  it  than  in 
hi*  nght  with  Apollyon,  as  by  the  «eyu*I  you  shall  see,** 
— Bunyan :  Pilgrimt  Proyrttt,  pt,  £ 

3.  Consequence,  result,  effect,  event 

"  For  oftentimes  it  hath  been  seen,  that  to  a  ue' 
enterprise,  there  followeth  a  new  maner.  and  stnuigs 
StyuM."—  Strype  ;  Eccltt.  Jtcjnor.  ;  Henry  VI! I.,  bk.  I, 
cL.  ilL 

*  4.  A  consequence  inferred ;  a  conclusion. 

"  What  teyvel  is  there  in  this  argument?  An  arch- 
deacon is  the  chief  deacon ;  ergo,  he  is  only  a  deacon."— 

IL  Scots  Law:  [THIRLAOE]. 

•8-qne  -la  (pi.  se-que  -Ise),  s.    [Lat.,  from 
sequor  =  to  follow.}    [SEQUEL.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  or  that  which 
follows  :  as, 

1.  An    adherent,  a   follower ;   a    band   of 
adherents  or  followers. 

2.  An  inference ;  a  conclusion ;   a  conse- 
quence inferred. 

IL  Pathol. :  A  disease  or  morbid  symptoms 
following  upon  a  prior  malady,  as  the  sequelae 
of  measles,  of  scarlet  fever,  Ac. 

sequela  curtee,  s.    A  suit  of  court. 

sequela-causae,  s.  The  process  and  de- 
fending issue  of  a  cause  for  trial. 

Be'-quence,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat  sequential  a. 
following,  from  sequent,  pr.  par.  of  sequor  = 
to  follow  ;  Ital.  sequemo.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  state  of  being  sequent  or  following ; 
ft  following  or  coming  after ;  succession. 

"  How  art  thou  a  king. 
But  by  fair  *«qv#rtc«  and  succession  f" 

OuOutp. :  Sickard  II.,  U.  L 

2.  A  particular  order  of  succession  or  fol- 
lowing ;  an  arrangement ;  order. 

"  Tell  Athens,  in  the  *e?u«*i<*  of  degree. 
From  high  to  low  throughout." 

StM*e»p. :  fimon  of  Atftrnt,  T.  1 

3.  Invariable  order  of  succession  ;  an  ob- 
served instance  of  uniformity  in  following. 

4.  A  series  of  things  following  in  a  certain 
order  or  succession  ;   specifically,  a   set  of 
cards  immediately  following  each  other  in  the 
•ante  suit,  as  an  ace,  two,  three,  and  four. 

"  Crawley  again  serving  .  .  .  ran  up  a  Mowne*  oi 
six  aces.'-.HiSrApril  4.  1884. 

*  &.  Result,  consequence. 

"The  inevitable ie?u«ncM of  stn  and  punishment.* 
—Bp.  Bali  :  Sermon  on  Ptalm  evil  SA. 

*  6.  (PI) :  Answering  verses. 

**  Of  such  our  patrons  here,  the  viscont  Mountacute, 
Hath  nuuiy  comely  ttqutiicet,  well  sorted  all  in  sute," 
QoKxigne :  Mat**  for  ritcount  Mountacute. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Music :  The  recurrence  of  a  harmonic 
progression  or  melodic  figure  at  a  different 
pitch  or  in  a  different  key  to  that  in  which  it 
was  first  given.    A  tonal  or  diatonic  sequence 
is  when  no  modulation  takes  place.    A  chro- 
matic or  real  sequence  takes  place  when  the 
recurrence  of  a  plira.se  at  an  exact  interval 
causes  a  change  of  key. 

2.  Roman   Ritual :    A    rhythm    sometimes 
sung  between  the  Epistle  and  the  Gospel. 
At  first  it  was  merely  a  prolongation  of  the 
hist    note    of  the    Alleluia,   but   afterwards 
appropriate  words  were  substituted.     When 
the  Roman  Missal  was  revised  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  only  four  of  the  existing  sequences 

I     were  retained  :  Victima  Paschali,  for  Easter  ; 

|  Keni,  Sancte  Spiritus,  for  Pentecost;  Lauda, 
Sion,  for  Corpus  Christ! ;  and  the  Dies  Tree,  for 
Masses  of  the  Dead.  The  Stabat  Mater,  for  the 
Feast  of  the  Seven  Dolours,  is  of  later  date. 

"  He  made  dyuers  impnes,  tifuencet.  and  responde*, 
M  0  Joda.'— fabyan :  Oironydt,  ch.  ccllL 

•e  -qnent,  a.  4  «.  [Lat  sequent,  pr.  p«r.  of 
sequor  =  to  follow.] 

*  A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Following,  succeeding ;  continuing  in  the 
•ame  course  or  order. 

"  The  galliet 
Hare  sent  a  doseu  trqutnt  messengers.' 


sequel— sequin 

2.  Following  as  a  result  or  by  logical  con- 
sequence ;  consequential. 
B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  follower. 

"  He  hath  framed  a  letter  to  a  teyutnt  of  the  stranger 
queen'a "— SkaJtetp-  •'  Love't  Labour'*  Latt,  tv.  S. 

2.  That  which  follows  as  a  result ;  a  sequel, 
a  sequence. 

se-quen'-ttal  (tl  as  ah),  a.  [Eng.  sequent ; 
•ial.]  Being  in  succession;  succeeding,  fol- 
lowing. 

se-quen-tial  ly  (tl  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng. 
sequential;  -ly.]  By  sequence  or  succession. 

se  ques-ter,  *  se  ques  tre,  t.t.  &  f.  [Fr. 
sequestrer,  from  Lat.  sequestro  —  to  surrender, 
to  remove,  to  lay  aside ;  tip.  &  Port,  sequestrar ; 
Ital.  sequestrare.] 

A*  Transitive ; 

JL  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  To  put  aside,  to  remove  ;  to  separate 
from  other  things. 

"  Him  hath  God  the  father  specially  *e> 
and  seuered  and  set  aside  out  of  the  num 
creatures."— Jlon  :  Worket,  p.  1,046. 

2.  To  cause  to    retire   or    withdraw  from 
society  or  into  obscurity ;  to  withdraw,  to 
seclude.     (In  this  sense  frequently  used  re- 
flexively.) 

"  Why  are  you  »equ9H«rfd  from  all  your  train*"— 

SMa%e*p.  :  Tititt  Andronieut,  ii.  S, 

3.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

*  4.   To   deprive    of    property,   goods,   or 

possessions. 

"  It  was  his  taylor  and  his  cook,  hi*  fins  fashions 
and  his  French  ragouts,  which  teyuettmd  him  ;  and. 
in  a  word,  he  came  by  his  porerty  as  sinfully  as  some 
usually  do  by  their  riches.'— South.  (Toad.) 

IL  Law: 

L  To  separate  or  withdraw  from  the  owner 
for  a  time  ;  to  seize  or  take  possession  of,  as 
the  property  or  income  of  a  debtor,  until  the 
claims  of  his  creditors  are  satisfied ;  to 
sequestrate.  (Used  specifically  of  the  tem- 
poralities of  Church  preferment :  as,  To  se- 
quester A  living.) 

2.  To  set  aside  from  the  power  of  either 
party,  as  a  matter  at  issue,  by  order  of  a 
court  of  law. 

3.  Scots  Law :  To  sequestrate. 
B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  withdraw. 

"  To  s09i*«**«r  out  of  the  world  into  Atlantic*  and 
Utopian  politicks."— Milton. 

2*  Law :  To  renounce  or  decline,  as  a  widow, 
any  concern  with  the  estate  of  her  husband. 

je'-ques  -ter,  s.    [SEQUESTER,  v.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  sequestering ; 
sequestration,  separation,  seclusion. 

"This  hand  of  yours  requires 
A  tequettfr  from  liberty."      shaketp-  •  Ottollo,  lit  4. 

2.  Law :  A  person  with  whom  two  or  more 
parties  to  a  suit  or  controversy  deposit  the 
subject  of  controversy ;  a  mediator  or  referee 
between  two  parties;  an  umpire.  (Bouvier.) 

•e-ques'-tered,  pa.  pa.  &  a.    [SEQCKSTBB,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb), 

B.  As  adjective : 

It  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  Secluded,  retired,  private. 

"  And  rich  and  poor,  and  young  and  old.  rejotee 

Under  his  spiritual  sway,  collected  round  him 
In  this  ivquetter'd  realm.1' 

K'(,rdnfforOi :  Excurrion,  bk.  T. 

2.  Separated    from  others ;   sent  or  with- 
drawn into  retirement. 

"  In  scale  of  culture,  few  among  my  flock 
Hold  lower  rank  than  this  *fqu<tterjd  pair." 

H'orfifitffort*  :  Excvrtion,  bk,  T. 

3.  Deprived  of  property,  income,  Ac. ;  under 
sequestration. 

"  Aged,  *e?u«*f«red  ministers.'— fuller;  Wortki*. 
IL  Law  :  Seized  and  detained  for  a  time,  to 
satisfy  a  claim  or  demand. 

*se-ques'-tra-ble,  a.  CEng.  sequester; -able.] 
Capable  of  being  sequestered  or  separated ; 
subject  or  liable  to  sequestration. 

"  Hartshorn,  and  divers  other  bodies  belonging  to 
the  animal  kingdom,  abound  with  a  not  uneasily 
M?u«sf  roA/«  salt  — Boyle. 

•e'-ques'-trate,  v.t.  [Lat  sequestratus,  pa. 
par.  of  sequestro  =  to  sequestrate  (q.v.).] 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  set  apart  from  otheis  ; 
to  withdraw,  to  seclude. 

"In  general  contagions,  more  perish  for  want  of 
necessaries  than  by  the  malignity  of  the  disease,  they 
being  Myucsfrofed  from  mankind. "— Artntthnot:  On 


2.  Law:  To  requester;  specif.  In 
Law,  to  take  possession  of  for  behoof  oi 
creditors ;  to  take  possession  of,  as  of  the 
estate  of  a  bankrupt,  with  a  view  of  realizing 
it  and  distributing  it  equitably  among  the 
creditors. 

e-ques-tra'-tlon,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  stquet* 
tnttionem,  accus.  of  sequcstratio,  from  stques- 
tratus,  pa.  par.  of  sequestra  =:  to  sequester 
(q.v.);  Sp.  sequestration;  Ital.  sequestraxione,] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  sequestering  or  setting  aside ; 
separation,  withdrawal,  retirement 

"  There  must  t>e  leisure,  retirement,  solitude,  and  a 
fe^iifttrati'.n  of  a  man's  self  from  the  uoise  of  the 
world."— South:  Sermoru. 

2.  The  state  of  being   sequestered  or  set 
aside  ;  retireiuentor  withdrawal  from  society; 
seclusion. 

*'  Any  t&jitfitratfin 
Prom  open  haunts  and  popularity.* 

S*n***p, .-  Henry  F.,  1  L 

3.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 


"  Sequfttrationt  were  first  introduced  by  Sir 
Nicholas  Bacon,  lord  keeper  in  tbe  reign  of  Qneen 
Elizabeth."— Slackttone;  Comment.,  bk.  Hi.,  cb.  xxrii. 

*  4.  Disunion,  disjunction,  division,  rupture. 

"  The  metals  remain  unsevered.  the  fire  only 
dividing  the  body  into  smaller  particles,  hindering 
rest  and  continuity,  without  any  tequtttration  ot 
elementary  principles."— Boyl«, 

II.  Law: 
1.  Civil  Law: 

(1)  The  separation  of  a  thing  in  controversy 
from  the  possession  of  those  who  contend  for  it. 

(2)  The  setting  apart  the  goods  and  chattels 
of  a  deceased  person  to  whom  no  one  was 
willing  to  take  out  administration. 

(3)  A  writ  directed  by  the  Court  of  Chancery 
to  commissioners,  commanding  them  to  enter 
the  lands  and  seize  the  goods  of  the  person 
against  whom  it  is  directed.     It  may  be  issued 
against  a  defendant  who  is  in  contempt  by 
reason   of  neglect  or   refusal  to  appear   or 
answer  or  to  obey  a  decree  of  court. 

(4)  The  act  of  taking  property  from  the 
owner  for  a  time  till  the  rents,  issues,  and 
profits  satisfy  a  demand ;  in  Britain,  a  form  of 
execution  in  the  case  of  a  beneficed  clergyman, 
issued  by  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  on  the 
receipt  of  a  writ  to  that  effect.     The  profits  of 
the  benefice  are  paid  over  to  the  creditor  until 
his  chum  is  satisfied. 

(5)  The  gathering  of  the  fruits  of  a  vacant 
benefice  for  the  use  of  the  next  incumbent. 

(6)  The  seizure  of  the  property  of  an  indi- 
vidual for  the  use  of  the  state ;  particularly 
applied  to  the  seizure  by  a  belligerent  power 
of  debts  due  by  its  subjects  to  the  enemy. 

2.  Scots  Law :  The  seizing  of  a  bankrupt's 
estate,  by  decree  of  a  competent  court,  for 
behoof  of  the  creditors. 

sequestrator  (as  sek  -wes-tra-tor).  t, 
[Lat.,  from  seque&tratus,  pa,  par.  of  sequestro 
=  to  sequester  (q.v.).] 

1.  One  who  sequesters  property ;  one  who 
puts  property  under  a  sequestration. 

"  The  Puritan,  a  conqueror,  a  ruler,  a  pf  rsecntor,  a 
ttiiueitratvr,  had  been  detested."—  Macaulay :  Sitt. 
Jfng.,  ch,  ii. 

2.  One  to  whom  the  charge  of  sequestered 
property  is  committed. 

•e  -  ques  -  trtim,  s.  [Lat.  sequestro  =  to 
separate.]  (See  def.  and  compound.) 

sequestrum-forceps,  .-•. 
Surg. :  An  instrument  for  removing  portions 
of  necrosed  or  exfoliated  bone. 

se-quin,   *ohe-quin,    xe-chin,  s.     [Fr. 

sequin,   from    Ital.    zecchino,    from    zecca  —  a 
mint  or  place  of  coining,  from  Arab,  sikkat 


SEQUIN. 


(from  sikkah)  =  a  die  for  coins.]  A  gold  coin, 
first  struck  at  Venice  about  the  end  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  In  value  it  was  worth 
from  9s.  2d.  to  9s.  6d.  sterling. 

"Treasuries  where  diamonds  wen  piled  tn  heap*, 

and  tftuini  In  mountains."— Jtacaulay;  Bill.  Eng.. 

ch.  xviU. 


fete.  fSt,  fere,  amidst,  what,  l&U,  lather ;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire.  »irt  marine ;   go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  wplt  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  -  few. 


sequoia— sere  ne 


4205 


»6  quoi  -a,  i.     [FbVlre  name.] 

1,  Botany: 

(\)  A  genus  of  Abietinse,  with  peltate  scales, 
no  bracts,  and  five  to  seven  seeds.  Two 
•pecies  are  known,  Sequoia  giga7itea,  formerly 
Wdlingtonia  gignntea,  and  S.  sempervirens. 
The  former  is  the  Mammoth-tree  (q.v.);  its 
rings  have  been  counted,  and  its  age  has  been 
estimated  at  about  1,100  years.  S.  sempervi- 
rens,  known  in  the  timber  trade  as  Red-wood, 
is  sometimes  above  300  feet  high.  It  grows 
fnnn  Upper  California  to  Nootka  Sound. 

(2)  The  Mammoth-tree  (q.v.). 

"  The  waving  of  a  forest  of  the  giant  tequfiicu  IB  In- 
describably sublime."  —  Scribner't  Jittgaxinc,  Nov., 
1678.  p.  56. 

2.  Palceobot. :   A.    species  is  found  in  the 
Eocene    of   Bournemouth   and    the    Isle    of 
Wight ;  Sequoia  Couttsice  occurs  in  the  Oligp- 
cene  of  Bovey  Tracey,  and  S.  Langsdorffli  in 
the  leaf-beds  of  Ardtun  in  Mull.     S.  CotUtnce 
also    occurs    abundantly    in    the    Oligocene 
of  Switzerland,  and  more  than  thirty  species 
are  found  in  the  Miocene  (?)  of  the  Arctic 
regions. 

aS-quoi  i  -tes,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  sequoia) ;  -ites.] 
Paiceont.  :   A  genus  of  Coniferse,   akin  to 
Sequoia  (q.v.).     Three  species  are  found  in 
the  Cretaceous  rocks. 

Ser   a  flic,  s.    [Fr.  scrrefrte  =  close  of  a  file.] 
Jtf  il. :  The  last  soldier  of  a  file. 

"  I  should  think  the  term  ternflle  has  been  generally 
knowu  in  the  army  for  the  last  fifty  yean."— Evening 
Standard,  June  10,  1873. 

•eragllo  (as  so  ral'-yo),  s.  [Ital.  serraglio 
=  an  inclosure,  a  paddock,  a  park,  from  ser- 
rare  =  to  shut,  to  lock,  to  inclose,  from  Low 
Lat.  sero,  from  Lat.  sera  —  a  bar,  a  bolt,  from 
$ero  —  to  join  or  bind  together.  The  modern 
use  of  the  word  is  due  to  confusion  withPers. 
and  Turk,  sardy,  sardi  =  a  palace,  a  grand 
edifice,  a  king's  court,  a  seraglio.  (Skeat.)] 

*1.  An  inclosure,  a  place  or  quarter  to 
which  certain  persons  or  classes  are  confined. 

"  I  went  to  the  ghetto,  where  t  lie  Jewe*  dwell,  u 
In  a  suburb*,  by  themselves.  I  passed  by  the  Piazza 
Juilta.  where  their  tcraylio  begins,  for  being  Invlron'd 
with  walla,  they  are  locVd  up  every  night.  —Evelyn  : 
Diiry,  Jan.  15,  10U. 

2.  A  palace;  specifically,  the  palace  of  the 
Sultan  of  Turkey  at  Constantinople. 

3.  A  harem ;  a  place  in  which  wives  or 
concubines  are  kept ;  hence,  a  place  or  house 
of  debauchery  or  licentious  pleasure. 

"Could  still  exclude  unwelcome  truth  from  the 
imrlieiuof  hi*  own  ttraglio,"— ilacaulaf  :  BisL  Xny., 
ch.  11. 

•e-rai,  s.  [Pers.  &  Turk,  sardy,  sardi.]  [SE- 
RAOLIO.]  A  palace,  a  place  of  accommodation 
for  travellers;  a  caravanseray,  a  khan. 

"  He  In  AbdalUh's  palace  grew. 
And  held  that  poet  in  his  terai." 

Byron :  Bride  &  Abydot,  il,  Id. 

•er'-al,  a.  [Lat.  sera  (hora)  =  the  evening 
(hour).] 

Geol. ;  Late ;  an  epithet  expressing  the 
period  of  the  nightfall  or  late  twilight  of  the 
Appalachian  Palaeozoic  day.  The  coal-mea- 
sures of  North  America  occupy  an  area  of 
200,000  square  miles,  and  range  from  3,000 
feet  to  such  thickness  as  to  be  unworkable. 
From  the  fossils  it  is  evident  that  the  Appala- 
chian Serai  series  is  the  equivalent  of  the 
European  Carboniferous  series.  (Prey.  H.  D. 
Rogers :  Geology  of  Pennsylvania.) 

•e'r  al'-bu-men,  s.  [Eng,  ser(um\  and  albu- 
men.).'] 

Chem. :  CVaHnaNigSOaj  (?).  A  substance  oc- 
curring in  all  the  liquids  of  the  animal  body. 
It  may  be  obtained  by  diluting  the  serum  of 
blood  with  twenty  times  its  volume  of  water, 
precipitating  the  globulin  with  carbonic  an- 
hydride, and  evaporating  the  filtrate  below  50°. 
It  closely  resembles  egg  albumen, .but  its  spe- 
•  cine  rotary  power  for  yellow  light  =  —  66*. 
Ether  does  not  coagulate  its  solutions. 

SO  rang7,  9.  [See  def.]  An  East  Indian  name 
for  the  boatswain  of  a  vessel. 

se-ra'-pe,  «.  [Sp.]  A  blanket  or  shawl  worn 
as  an  outer  garment  by  the  Mexicans  and 
other  natives  of  Spanish  North  America. 

•gr  aph  (Pl.  ser-aphs,  scr'  a-phim, 
*  »er  a-phlms),  *.  [Heb.  D^ntp  (seraphim) 
=  (1)  serpents,  (2)  seraphs  ;  Fpip  (saraph)  =  to 
be  nobl«  $  Fr.  seraphim ;  Sp.  seraphim,  serajln ; 
Ital.  seraflno.] 


1.  Ord.  Lang.  £  Script. :   An  angel  of  the 
highest  order.    They  are  mentioned  in  the 
Bible  only  in  Isaiah  vi.  2.  6.    They  were  of 
human  form,  with  six  wings,  with  two  of  which 
they  covered  their  faces,  with  the  next  two 
flew,  and  with  the  hist  two  covered  their  feet. 
They  resembled  the  cherubim,  which,  how- 
ever, had  four  wings  and  four  faces. 

"  Fly,  Seravhs  I  to  your  eternal  shore. 
Where  winds  nor  howl  iinr  waters  roar." 

Byron :  Heaven  A  h'arth.  L,  3. 

IT  Sometimes  seraphim,  really  a  Hebrew 
plural,  is  used  as  if  it  were  a  singular.  [2,  3.] 

2.  Entom. :  The  genus  Lobophora,  belong- 
ing to  the  Larentidee,  and  spec.  Lobophora 
hexapterata,  in  which  there  is  an  additional 
lobe  to  the  hinder  wings,  giving  the  moth 
the    appearance    of  a    six-winged   creature, 
whence  the  name  Seraphim.     It  occurs  in 
England. 

3.  Paiceont. :  A  popular  name  for  the  genus 
Pterygotus  (q.v.). 

"  The  workmen  in  the  quarries  In  which  they  occur, 
finding  form  without  body,  and  struck  by  the  resem- 
blance which  the  delicately-waved  scale*  bear  to  the 
sculptured  markings  on  the  wings  of  cherubs— of  all 
subjects  of  the  chisel  the  most  common— fancifully 
termed  them  Seraphim."  —  Hugh  Jlilirr :  Old  Red 
SandtCone,  ch.  viiL 

se-raph   ic,   *  se  raph  -Ic-al,  a.    (Fr.  «. 

raphique;  Sp.  seraphico.} 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  seraph  ;  angelic,  sublime ; 
of  the  nature  of  a  seraph. 

"  And  In  their  own  dimensions,  like  themselves. 
The  great  teraphie  lords  and  cherubim." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  i.  794. 

*2.  Pure  ;  refined  from  sensuality. 

"  Or  whether  he  at  last  descends 
To  like  with  less  tcrapMtk  ends." 

Swift.    (Toad.) 

3.  Burning  or  inflamed  with  love  or  zeal ; 
zealous,  ardent. 

"He  [William  Ckrtwright]  became  the  most  florid 
and  graphical  preacher  In  the  university."—  Wood: 
At\en.  Oxon.,  vol.  IL 

IT  Seraphic  doctor :  A  title  given  to  St. 
Bonaventure,  who  became  Minister-general  of 
the  Franciscans  in  1256. 

seraphic  gum,  *.    Sagapenum  (q.v.). 

*  se-raph'-Ic-al-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  seraphioal; 
-ly.]    After  the*  manner  of  a  seraph. 

*  so  raph  -Ic  al  n6ss,  5.    [Eng.  seraphical ; 
•ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  seraphic. 

*  se-raph -l-9ism,  *.    [Eng.  seraphic;  -tern,.} 
The  quality  of  being  seraphic ;  seraphical  ness. 

ser'-a  phlm,  *.  pi.    [SERAPH.] 

ser  a  phine,  ser  a  phi'-na,  s.    [SERAPH.] 

Music :  An  instrument  iutroduced  in  the  early 
part  of  the  nineteenth  century.  It  was  an 
organ  with  free-reeds,  a  key-board,  and  bellows 
worked  by  a  pedal :  but  being  very  coarse  and 
unpleasant  in  tone,  it  rapidly  disappeared  on 
the  introduction  of  the  harmonium,  which 
was  an  improvement  on  it. 

ser  a-pi  -a-dee,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  serapia^s) 
(q.v.) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  snff.  -idee.] 
Bot. :  A  family  of  Ophreee. 

Se-ra -pi-is,    *.      [Lat.,   from  Or.  o-epan-tofe 

(serapias)  =  the  purple  orchis  (Orchis  Morio), 
from  Se'pairis  (terapis),  Sapairt?  (Sara^tlf)  = 
an  Egyptian  deity.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Serapiad»  (q.v.). 
Small  Orchids,  with  brown  or  greenish-brown 
flowers,  from  the  south  of  Europe. 

t  ser-a-pi'-niim, ».    [SAOAPENUM.] 

ae-ras   kier,  se  ras  -  quier  (qu  as  k),  s. 

[Fr.  serasquiert  from  Pers.  serasker,  from  sert 
seri  =  head,  chief,  and  asker  —  &n  army.]  A 
Turkish  general  or  commander  of  land-forces. 
The  title  is  given  especially  to  the  commander- 
in-chief  and  minister  of  war. 

se-ra« -kier-ate,  s.  [Eng.  seraskier;  -ate.] 
The  office  of  a  seraskier. 

Serb,  ».  [Native  word.]  A  native  or  inhabi- 
tant of  Servia. 

Serb  -I-an,  *.    [After  Serbia  =  Servia,  where 
found.) 
Min. :  The  same  aa  MILOSCHJNE  (q.v.). 

Ser-bo'-ni-an,  a.  [See  def.]  A  term  applied 
to  a  bog  or  lake  of  Serbonis,  lying  between 
the  mountains  Casius  and  Damieta  in  Egypt, 
or  one  of  the  more  eastern  mouths  of  the 


Nile.  It  was  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  hillf 
of  loose  sand,  which  being  carried  iuto  the 
water  by  high  winds  so  thickened  the  lak« 
that  it  could  not  be  distinguished  from  the 
land.  Whole  armies  are  reported  to  have 
been  swallowed  up  in  it. 

"A  gulf  profound  as  that  Serbanian  bog  .  .  . 
Where  armies  whole  have  sunk." 

JIUton:  P.  L,,U.  SM. 

Hence,  the  phrase  Serbonian  bog  is  used  pro- 
verbially to  express  a  difficulty  or  complica- 
tion from  which  there  is  no  way  of  extricating 
one's  self;  a  mess,  a  confusion. 

"  I  know  of  no  Sfrboni.tii  dopdeeper  than  a  £6  ratin* 
would  prove  to  be."— fi,  Ditraeli,  In  Timet,  March  73, 
1867. 

ser'-cel,  s.    [SARCEL.] 
sere,  a.    [SBAR,  a.] 

*  sere,   s.     [Fr.  serre  =  a  claw.]     A  claw,  « 
talon. 

"  Their  necks  and  cheeks  tore  with  their  eager  tern." 
Chapman :  Homtr ;  Udyuty. 

sc  rein'  (el  as  a)f  «.  [Fr.  serein  ;  Prov.  seren  ; 
Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  sereno,  from  Lat.  serum  — 
the  evening,  modified  by  serenus  =  serene, 
(UUrt.)] 

Meteor. :  Fine  rain  falling  from  a  cloudleaa 
sky. 

sSr-e-nade',  *  ser-e-nate',  s.  [Fr.  sert- 
nate,  from  Ital.  serenata  =  a  serenade,  from 
serenare  —  to  make  clear.]  [SERENE.] 

Music :  Originally  a  vocal  or  instrumental 
composition  for  use  in  the  open  air  at  night, 
generally  of  a  quiet  soothing  character.  The 
term  in  its  Italian  form,  serenata,  came  to  be 
applied  afterwards  to  a  cantata  having  a  pu- 
toral  subject,  and  in  our  own  days  has  been 
applied  to  a  work  of  large  proportions  in  the 
form,  to  some  extent,  of  a  symphony. 

"  Sereiinte.  which  the  starved  lover  sings 
To  his  proud  fair."  ifUton  ;  P.L.,  IT.  7m 

s6r  e-nade ,  v.t.  &  i.    [SERENADE,  s.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  entertain  with  a  serenade ; 
to  sing  a  serenade  to. 

'  **  To  dance,  dress,  sing,  and  tervnade  the  fair. 
Conduct  a  finger,  or  reclaim  a  hair." 

P.  Whitehcud  :  Slot*  Dune*. 

B.  Intrans.  .*  To  perform  serenades  or  noc- 
turnal music. 

"  When  I  go  a  ttrtnading  again  with  'em,  1*11  give 
em  leave  to  make  nddle-itritigi  of  my  small  gut*."— 
Dryden ;  Evening't  Love,  ii.  u 

ser-e-nad-er,  s.  [Eng.  serenade,  T.;  -«r.J 
One  who  serenades. 

ser  e-na  -ta,  s.    [Ital.] 
Music;  A  serenade  (q.v.). 

*  ser-e-nate',  «.    [SERENADE,  *.] 

•e-rene',  a.&$.    [Lat.  sert  tins  =  bright,  calm, 
from  the  same  root  as  Sansc.  svar  =  splendour, 
heaven  ;  Or.  <reX)}n}  (selene)  =  the  moon.} 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Calm,  fair  and  clear ;  placid,  quiet. 

"  If  the  iky  continue  still,  ur*n«,  and  clear,  notoa* 

egg  in  an  hundred  will  miacatry.  —  Bovett:  Lettert, 
b£  L.  let  38. 

2.  Calm,   placid,  unruffled,  composed,  un- 
disturbed. 

"  His  terene  Intrepidity  distinguished  blm  among 
thousands  of  brave  toldiers."— Macaulajf  :  Bitt.  Kng., 
ch.  Iv. 

3.  Applied  as  a  form  of  address  to  the  sore- 
reign  .princes  of  Germany,  and  the  members 
of  their  families. 

*  B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Clearness. 

2.  Serenity,    calmness,    composure,   tran- 
quillity. 

"Not  a  cloud  obscured  the  deep  Mr*n«."— Jft« 
Edgtworth  :  Helen,  ch.  Zlll. 

3.  A  serein  (q.v.). 

"  The  fogs  and  the  terenet  offend  us  more, 
Or  we  may  think  so,  than  they  did  before.* 

Daniel ;  Queen't  Arcadia,  i  L 

*  se-rene',  w.(.    [Lat.  sereno,  from  serenus  m 
serene  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  make  clear  and  calm ;  to  calm,  to 
quiet. 

"  She,  where  she  passes,  make*  the  wind  to  lye 
With  gentle  motion,  and  tertnet  the  sky." 

t'/inthite :  Luttad. 

2.  To  make  clear  or  bright;  to  clear,  ta 

brighten. 

"  Take  care 
Thy  muddy  beverage  to  >erene"      PhUipt :  Ottter, 

3.  To  smooth. 

"Gay  boats  terene  the  wrinkled  front  of  care." 
Grainger ;  Tibuliut,  t  a 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9611,  chorus,  ghin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  :.enophon,  c^ist.    ph  =  & 
-clan,  -tlan  =  fthaau     tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -aion  -  xhiin.    -cious,  -tloua,  -sioua  =  shum.   -ble,  -die,  4c.  =  bel,  del. 


4206 

•e~-rene'-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  «cren«;  -ly.] 

1.  Calmly,  quietly. 

"  Serenity  sof  t  aud  fair."  Cotton  .' 

2.  Coolly,  calmly,  composedly,  deliberately  ; 
with  unrnffled  temper. 

•e-rene  -neM,  *•  [Eug.  serene;  •ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  serene  ;  serenity. 

"  In  the  *.-r«ie«i*«  of  a  healthfull  conscience."— 
SWfAam  :  /fcSotMf,  pi  L.  res.  t. 

•  se-ren  -i-tude,  s.  [SBRENE.J  Calmness, 
sortnity. 

"From  the  equal  distribution  of  the  phlegm*  tick 
humour  will  flow  quietude  and  terenitude  in  the  aiiec- 
tioua.  "—  Wof/on  :  wmafn*,  p.  "9. 

•8-ren  -I-t^,  a.  [Fr.  KrvnUe,  from  Let.  «re*i- 
tatem,  accus.  of  sererutas,  from  serenus  — 
serene  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  serenidad  ;  Ital.  serenita.] 

1.  The  quality    or  state  of   being  serene, 
calm,   quiet,    or    still  ;    clearness,  calmness, 
quietness,  stillness. 

"A  country  which  .  .  .  enjoys  a  constant  ter*nity." 
—  Dampier;  Voyage*  (an.  1635). 

2.  Calmness  of  mind,  composure  ;  evenness 
of  temper,  coolness. 

"The  calm  •erenify  and  steady  complacence  of  mind 
•be  ensure*."—  Starch:  Light  of  Nature,  vol.  L,  pi.  11.. 
•itutivu 

•3.  Quietness,  peace, 

geueral  peac*  aud  urtnUn  newly  succeeded  a 
trouble  and  cloud  throughout  all  his  king- 


•4.  A  title  of  respect  or  courtesy;  serene 
highness. 

"The  sentence  at  that  court,  now  ami  to  your 
*renitg,  together  with  these  letters."—  Milton  ;  To 
frinc*  Leopold;  Ltttert  qf  State. 

••e-ren-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  seren(e);  -{*.]  To 
make  serene,  to  glorify.  (Davies  :  Muses 
Sacrijwtt  p.  33.) 

•erf;  *.  [Fr,  from  Lat.  servum,  accus.  of 
strvus  =  a  slave  ;  servio  =  to  serve  (q.v.).]  A 
villein  ;  one  who  in  the  middle  ages  was  in- 
cai  able  of  holding  property,  was  attached  to 
the  soil,  and  transferred  with  it,  and  was 
liable  to  feudal  services  of  the  lowest  descrip- 
tion ;  a  feudal  slave  ;  a  forced  labourer  at- 
tached to  an  estate,  as,  until  March,  1863,  in 
Russia. 

•erf  -age  (age  as  Jg),  serf  '  dom,  serf- 
hood, serf  i»m,  s.  [Eng.  serf;  -age,  -dom, 
-kood,  -ism.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a 

•erf. 

"The  various  organisations  of  society  which  have 
existed—  slavery.  tvrfayt,  vtllanage,  feudalism,  caste* 
—are  all  traceable  to  iyi  instinctive  effort  of  mankind 
to  adjust  itaelf  to  the  conditions  of  human  life."  — 
Scribneri  Jfafftuine,  Oct.,  1878,  p.  881 

•Srge  (1),  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  series,  fern,  of 
tericus  =  silken,  prop.  =  Chinese,  from  Seres 
=  the  Chinese.] 

1.  A  cloth  of  quilted  woollen,  extensively 
manuiactured  in  Devonshire.  It  is  much 
used  for  ladies'  dresses,  men's  suits,  and  bi- 
cyclists' uniforms. 

"  Ye  weavers,  all  your  shuttles  throw. 
And  bid  broad-cloths  and  teryci  grow." 
' 


. 
ftajr  .  tfiefAerd't  Wttk,  L 

2.  A  light  silken  stuff,  twilled  on  both  sides. 

•erge(2),  *.  [Fr.  dirge;  from  Lat.  eereus- 
waxen  ;  cera  =  wax.)  A  large  wax  candle, 
sometime*  weighing  several  pounds,  burnt 
before  the  altar  in  Roman  Catholic  churches. 

•er  gean  -cy,  ser  -geant  ^cy,  •er'-jeant- 
97  (Or  as  ar),  «.  [Eng.  sergeant  ;  -cy.}  The 
office  or  position  of  a  sergeant. 

"  Knyght  A  tergcanci*  ate  bow  mykelle  thel  helde." 
R.  Itrunne,  p.  83. 

•er  geant.  ser  jeant  (er  as  ar),  *  »er- 
gant,  *.    [0.  Fr.  sergant,  serjant  ;  Fr.  sergent, 
from  Jx>w  Lat.  servientem,  accus.  of  serviens 
—  a  servant,  a  vassal,  a  soldier,  an  apparitor, 
from  serviens,  .  pr.    par.   of  servio  =  to  serve 
(q.  v.  )  ;  Low  Lat,  serviens  ad  legem  ;=  a  sergeant- 
•Wmw  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  sargento;  IteL  sergente.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
•1.  A  squire,  attendant  upon  a  prince  or 
nobleman.  (English.) 

"  To  aToid  tUe  Tane  expression*  of  the  foUowen, 
*«..  I  UM.  after  Villebardouin,  the  word  terjeantt,  for 
•11  horsemen  who  are  not  knights.  There  were  ter- 
t*+ntt  at  arm*,  and  ttrjcant*  at  law  :  and.  If  we  visit 
the  parade  and  Westminster  Hall,  w*  may  observe  the 
•triage  result  of  the  distinction."—  GUjtxm  :  Roman 
Mmpfrt,  eh.  Ix.  (Mote  Q.) 

1  A  sheriff's  officer  ;  a  bailiff. 

"Tour  office.  tery*a*t."—JUMk*tp.  :  Asiry  TUI..LI. 

ft.  In  the  same  sense  as  IT.  2. 

4.  A  title  given  to  certain  officers  of  the 

British  sovereign's  household.     [SEBJEANT.] 


serenely—  sericulus 

5.  A  police-officer  of  higher  rank  than  a 
private. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Law:  [SEEJEASY]. 

2.  Mil.  :  The  second  permanent  grade  in  the 
non-commissioned  raukb  of  the  army.     ID  the 
United  States  army  there  art-  company  and  regi- 
mental eorgpants,  named  in  accordance  with 
thfir  duties,  as  color-eergeant,  quartermaster- 
sergeant,  Ac 

<  8ergeant-<tt-arm»  ;  An  officer  of  a  legislative 
body,  whose  duties  are  to  keep  order  in  such 
body,  and  to  enforce  the  orders  given  by  the 
presiding  officer,  an  the  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Reprt-aeutaiives. 

f  The  two  spellings,  tergeant  and  serjeant 
are  both  based  on  good  authority,  but  in  tha 
senses  I.  2,  4,  and  II.  1,  the  form  serjeant  is 
usually  adoj'te'l. 

sergeant-major,  i. 

Mil.  :  The  senior  of  the  non-commfssioned 
ranks,  and  assistant  to  the  adjutant.  He  is  ex 
officio  the  head  of  the  sergeants'  mess,  and  is 
responsible  for  the  other  sergeants  both  on  and 
off  parade. 
ser'-geant-ry,  •er'-geant-y  (er  as  •«•). 

*.    [SERJEANTRY.] 

aer'-geant-ship  (er  as  ar),  *.  [Eng.  ser- 
geant'; -ship.}  The  office  of  a  sergeant  ;  ser- 
geantry. 

ser-I,  pref.    [SERIOO-.] 

scr  -I-al,  a.  &  s.    [Eng.  series);  -of.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Pertaining  to  a  series  ;  con- 
sisting of,  formed  in,  or  having  the  nature  of 
a  series. 

2.  Bot.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  rows. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  work  or  publication  issued  in  succes- 
sive numbers  ;  a  periodical. 

"The  tarialt  which  have  superseded  thequarterlies." 
—Daily  TtUyraph.  Oct.  8,  1883. 

2.  A  tale  or  other  composition  continued  in 
successive  numbers  of  a  periodical  work. 

serial  homology,  t.    [HOHOLOOY,  *,  .] 

•  •e'r-J-M'-I-t^,  *.    [Eng.  serial  ;  -ity.}    The 
state  or  condition  of  following  In  successive 
order  ;  sequence. 

*  •eV-I-al-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  serial;  -ly,}    In  a 

series,  o'r  in  regular  order  :  as,  Things  arranged 

serially. 

•Ser-i-^n,  a.     [From  Lat  serious.]     [SxRi- 
Chinese.  (Fletcher;  Purple  Island,  xii.) 


ser-i-a'-na,  s.    [SKRJANIA.] 

ser  -i  ate,  a.  [Eng.  seri(es);  -ate.]  Arranged 
in  a  series  or  succession  ;  pertaining  to  a 
series. 


^,  adv.    [Eug.  seriate;  -4y.]    In  a 
regular  series  ;  seriatim. 

•er-i-a  -tim,  adv.  [Lat.]  In  regular  order  ; 
one  after  the  other. 

•eV-I-ca,  *.  [Fern,  of  Lat.  serious  =  silky. 
Named  'from  the  silky  appearance  of  these 
insects,  which  vary  in  hue  according  as  the 
light  falls  on  them.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Melolonthinae,  Body 
ovate,  convex  ;  claws  of  all  the  tarsi  divided 
at  the  apex.  One,  Serica  brunnea,  is  British. 
Some  of  the  African  species  are  globose. 

'  ser  i-cate,  a.  [Lat.  sericatus.}  Pertaining 
to  silk  ;  covered  with  silk  ;  sericeous. 

se-ric  -eous   (o  as  sh),  a.     [Lat.  tericeus, 

from  sericum  —  silk.] 

*  1,  Ord.  Lang.  :  Pertaining  to  silk  ;  con- 
sisting of  silk  ;  silky. 

2.  Bo*.  :  Silky  (q.v.). 

Be-ri9'-!c,  o.  [Eng.  senc(*n);  4o.]  (See  com- 
pound.) 

sericic-acid,  s.    [MYRISTIC  ACID.] 

oe-rl9  -I-des,  5.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  9ertc(a);  Lat 
masc.  or  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idts.] 

Entom.  :  A  section  or  group  of  Melolonthiiue 
(q.v.).  Many  are  Australian,  but  one  species 
of  the  genus  Serica  (q.v.)  is  British. 

•er'-X-cIn,  *.    [Lat.  sericum  =  silk  ;  -in.] 

Chtm.  :  A  name  proposed  for  the  fibroin  of 
silk  to  distinguish  it  from  the  organic  matter 


of  the  sponge,  for  which  the  name  fibro'ia 
would  be  retained.  It  was  once  applied  to 
myristin  on  account  of  its  silky  aspect. 

•eV-I-cite,  «.     [Gr.  <n)puuk  (strikes)  =  silk,] 

Min.  :  A  scaly  mineral  fou:id  in  a  silky 
schist  near  Wiesbaden.  Early  analyses  were 
very  discordant,  owing  to  the  non-recognition 
of  impurities.  It  has  now  been  shown  by 
Laspeyres  to  be  a  massive  must:nvite  (q.v.)r 
resulting  from  the  alteration  of  felspar. 

sericite-gneiss,  s. 

Petrol.  :  A  gneiss  in  which  sericit*  consti- 
tutes the  principal  micaceous  constituent. 

sericite-Bchist,  s. 

Petrol.  :  A  schistose  rock  in  which  sericite 
predominates. 


-,  •er-1'-,  prtf.  [Gr.  tn)piie6s  (serikos) 
=  silky.]  Silky  ;  resembling  silk  in  texture 
or  appearance. 

•er  -i-cd-lite.  *.    [Gr.  ^pum;  (serikos)  =  silk, 
and  Ai'6o?  (lithos)  =  a  stone.] 
ifin.  :  The  same  as  SATIN-SPAR  (q.v.). 

•e'r-i-CoV-i-dfiO,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  «ricor(u«); 
Lat  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  ;  A  family  of  Tortricina.  Anterior 
wings  rather  broad  ;  costa  generally  much 
rounded,  the  tip  sometimes  pointed.  Lanw 
feeding  between  united  leaves  or  in  roots. 
Known  British  species,  twenty-two. 

•er-Ic'-or-Ia,  s.    [Gr.  <n)pi«6>  (serikos)  =  silky, 

and.  xopis  (koris)  =  a  bug.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Sericoridee 
(q.v.).  Sericoris  littoraiis  is  a  small  moth,  the 
larva  of  which  feeds  on  Armeria  vulgaris. 

ser-I-cos'-to-ma,  s.  [Pref.  serico-t  and  Gr. 
<rTO/ia  (stoma)—&  mouth.} 

Entom.  ;  The  type-genus  of  fcericostonmtidse 
(q.v.).  Antenna-  about  the  length  of  anterior 
wings,  joints  short,  with  adpre&sed  pubes- 
cence ;  head  densely  hairy  ;  eyes  large  ;  legs 
long,  normal  in  tarsal  structure  ;  abdomen 
short  and  moderately  stout  Larvre  regular 
in  form  ;  the  insects  appear  in  summer,  and 
do  not  stray  far  from  their  breeding-places  ; 
their  cylindrical  cases  are  found  in  moderately 
swift  streams.  MacLachlan  admits  sixteen 
species,  alt  from  Europe,  one  of  which,  Seri- 
costoma  personatum,  is  British. 

Mr-i-co-sto-mat'-i-dro,  s.  pi.  [Hod.  Lat 
tericostoma,  genit.  sericostomat(is)  ;  Lat.  fem. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Trichoptera  (q.v.l 
Anteunee  as  long  as  the  wings,  very  stout, 
and  strongly  hairy  ;  eyes  moderately  large  ; 
labial  palpi  nearly  alike,  but  maxillary  palpi 
very  differently  formed  in  the  sexes  ;  head 
smnll  ;  abdomen  short  ;  legs  short,  tibial 
spurs  varying  ;  wings  often  densely  pubescent 
Larva;  almost  always  inhabiting  streams,  and 
varying  considerably  in  form  ;  case  free,  usu- 
ally of  sand  or  small  stones.  Almost  uni- 
versally distributed.  MacLachlan  divides  the 
family  into  four  sectionsywith  nineteen  genera. 

t  •e'r-Jc-ter'-I-a,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  «njp  (ser).  genit 
<nipof  (seros)  =  the  silkworm,  and  Urcpoc 
(ikteros)  =  the  jaundice.] 

Compar.  Anat.  :  The  glands  which  secrete 
the  silk  in  the  silkworm.  (Given.) 

•er-I-CUT-tn-ral,  a.  [Eng.  sericulture)  ;  -ai.) 
Of  or  pertaining  to  sericulture. 

"The  result  was  a  sort  of  Mricuttvrol  Uvtr.'— 
Standard,  Oct.  30,  1885. 

ser  -1-cul-ture,  «.  [Pref.  seri-,  and  Eng, 
culture.]  The  breeding  and  treatment  of 
silkworms. 

"From  the  rery  earliest  Culonlal  days,  the  Ameri- 
cans bad  dreams  of  lericulture."—  titandard,  Oct  SO, 
1884. 

ser  -1-cuT-tur-ist,  *.  (Eng.  sericulture  ;  -irt.] 
One  who  breeds  silkworms. 

•e-ric'-  u  lus,  s.  [Mod  Lat.,  dimin.  from  Lat 
sericus  =  silken,  from  the  glossy  plumage.] 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Tectonarchinse  (q.v.), 
with  one  species,  Sericulus  melinus,  the  Re- 
gent-bird (q.v.),  from  Western  Australia.  Bill 
rather  slender,  nearly  as  long  as  head  ;  culmen 
keeled  at  base,  curving  slightly  towards  the 
tip  ;  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  exposed  ;  wings 
moderate  ;  tail  rather  long,  even  ;  tarsi  longer 
than  middle  toe,  scutellated  ;  toes  long,  outer 
and  middle  united  at  base. 


fete,  fat,  far*,  amidst,  what,  (all,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or*  wore,  wolt  work,  wb.6,  son ;  orate,  cub.  cure,  nnite,  citr,  role,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ee,  «  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  <iu  =-  lew. 


serte— serjeanty 


4207 


*  serle,  s,     TFr.,  from  Lat.  seriem,  accus.  of 
series  (q-v.),]    A  series  (q.  v.). 

aer-I-e'-ma, «.  [CARIAMA.) 

fler'-ies,  ser'-i-€S,  s.    [Lat.,  from  sero  =  to 
Join  toother;  Fr.  eerie;  Sp.  &  Ital.  serie.] 

T  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  continued  succession  of 
similar  tilings,  or  of  things  bearing  a  similar 
n'Htion  to  each  other;  an  extended  order, 
line,  or  course  ;  a  sequence,  a  succession. 

U  There  is  always  a  course  where  there  Is  a 
serifs,  but  not  vice  versa.  Things  must  have 
snnie  sort  of  connection  with  each  other  in 
onto-  t-)  form  a  series,  but  they  need  simply 
follow  in  order  to  form  a  course  ;  thus  a  series 
of  events  respects  those  which  flow  out  of 
each  other,  a  course  of  events,  on  the  con- 
trary, respects  those  which  happen  uncon- 
necWdly  within  a  certain  space.  (Crabb.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arm.  £  Alg.:  An  Infinite  number  of 
terms  following  one  another,  each  of  which  is 
derived  from  one  or  more  of  the  preceding 
ones  by  a  fixed  law,  called  the  law  of  the 
series.  Wherever  a  sufficient  number  of  terms 
is  given,  and  the  law  of  the  series  is  known, 
any  number  of  succeeding  terms  may  be  de- 
duced. 

8.  Sot.  :  A  row  or  layer.  In  botanical 
classification,  a  grade  intermediate  between  a 
class  and  an  order. 

3.  Chem. :   A   group   of  compounds,  each 
containin-  the  same  radical.    Thus  the  hydro- 
carbon, CH4,  Methane,  may  take  up  any  num- 
ber of  the  molecules  of   the    radical    CH2, 
thereby  giving  rise  to  the  series,  CaHj,  Ethane, 
C3H8,  Propane,  C4H10,  Quartane,  &C, 

4.  (Teal. :  A  term  long  used  more  or  less 
va-'iiely,  but  now  precisely,  of  subdivisions  of 
sedimentary  strata,    [SEDIMENTARY,  II.] 

1  1    Arithmetical  series:   An    arithmetical 
progression  (q.v.).      The  sum  of  » terms  "' 
such  s  series  is  given  by  the  formula,  »=      ,. 
in  which  a  denotes  the  first  term,  t  the  last 
term,  and  n  the  number  of  terms. 

2  Circular  series:  A   series    whose  terms 
depend  on  circular  functions,  as  sines,  co- 
sines, &c. 

t.  Converging  series :  (COKVEROEST,  II.  LI 

4.  Decreasing  series:  [DECREAsrao-sEWES]. 

5.  Diverging  series :  [DIVERGENT-SERIES], 

6.  Exponential    series:    [EXPONENTIAL 

6E.RIES]. 

7    General  term  of  a  series  :  [G«MKRAL-TE*U, 

HI- 

g.  Geometrical  series:  A  geometrical  pro- 
gression (q.v.).  The  sum  of  »  terms  of  sue] 
a  series  is  given  by  the  formula,  t—  -^ 
Jn  which  (  denotes  the  last  term,  o  the  first 
term,  and  r  the  ratio. 

9  Barmonical series:  [HARMONiCALcSERtES] 

10  Increasing  series:  A  series  in  which  th 
numerical  value  of  each  term  is  greater  tha: 
that  of  the  preceding. 

11.  Indeterminate  series:  [ISDamRKniATB- 

BERIBS]. 

12.  Infinite  series:  [iNTrNrns-SERiEs], 

13.  Lav  of  a  series:  [LAW  (IX  *•,  IL  »•!• 
14   Logarithmic  series :  A  series  derived  b 

developing  the  logarithm  of  (1  +  »)aooordin 
to  the  ascending  powers  of  y. 

15.  Recurring  series:  [RECTORING-SERIES]. 

16.  Trigonometrical   series:   Series  deriyec 
from  developing  some  of  the  trigonometnca 
functions. 

17  Summation  of  a  series:  The  operation  o 
finding  an  expression  for  the  sum  of  an 
number  of  teruw  of  the  series. 

gcr  -II,  BeV-Iff,  •Sr'-aplit  «•   [Cnura.1 
Ser'-I-form,  o.     [Lat.  Seres  =  the  Chinese 
forma  =  form.] 

Anthrop. :  A  term  collectively  applied  b 
Latham  to  the  peoples  inhabiting  Chin: 
Thibet  the  Indo-Chinese  peninsula,  and  th 
base  of  the  Himalayan  range.  He  group 
thum  together  principally  on  account  of  th 
total  absence  of  inflection  from  the  various 
tongues  spoken  by  them. 

•eV  I  graph,  s.  An  instrument  of  America 
invention  for  testing  the  uniformity  of  ra 
silk. 


er-fl'-o-phfis,  s.    [Pref.  seri-,  and  Gr.  Aooios 

(lopkos)  =  a  cn-st.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  EurylaimiidB  (or,  if 
that  family  is  divided,  of  Eurylaimiinse),  with 
two  species  ranging  from  Ji'epaul  to  Tenas- 
serim.  Serilophm  lunatus,  the  Lunated 
Broadbill,  feeds  ou  fruits,  and  in  other  re- 
spects shows  a  remarkable  analogy  to  the 
Chatterers. 

g-rlm'-e'-ter,  «.    An  instrument  for  testing 
the  tensile  strength  of  a  silk  thread. 

ser'-.n,«.    [Fr.] 

Ornith. :  Serinus  hortulanus  (Koch),  a  finch 
closely  allied  te  the  Canary,  common  in  cen- 
tral and  south-eastern  Europe,  and  in  occa- 
sional visitor  to  England.  Mantle  and  back 
dark-grayish  brown,  each  feather  broadly 
edged  with  yellow;  head,  olive-gray;  chin, 
throat,  aud  breast,  bright  gamboge-yellow, 
paling  to  white  on  the  belly. 

"The  lerfn  is  a  Tery  popular  cage-bird  on  Uu  con- 
tinent."- farreU  ;  Brit.  Btrdi(iA.  4th),  11.  US. 

serin  finch,  s. 

Ornith. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Se- 
rinus (q.v.). 

scr-ing,  s.    [SAIRINO.] 

ser'-in-ns,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  serin  (q.v.).] 
Ornith.:  A  genus  of  Fringillidie  (q.v.). 
Bill  short,  stout,  conical,  broad  at  base  ;  nos- 
trils basal,  round,  hidden  by  stiff  frontal 
feathers  directed  forwards,  gape  straight, 
without  bristles;  wings  moderately  long, 
rather  pointed,  tail  moderate  in  length,  deeply 
forked.  Serinns  hortulanus,  the  Serin  ;  H. 
canonicus,  Tristram's  Serin ;  S.  canarius,  the 
Canary;  and  S.  pusillus,  the  Bed-fronted 
Finch,  Inhabit  the  Western  Palsearotic  region, 
but  species  occur  in  the  Eastern  Palsearcfac, 
Oriental,  and  Ethiopian  regions. 

ser-l'-o-,  pref.    PERIODS.]    Having  a  mixture 

of  serious  interest ;  partly  serious. 

serio  -  comedy,  s.  A  comedy  with  a 
vein  of  serious  thought  running  through  it 

'•  Ite  method  Is  clear.  Ita  «tory  is  told,  and  told  tune- 
fully aud  gaily,  as  beflta  a  terio-oomedy.  —PaU  Mat 
Qtuelt*.  April  30,  1S64. 

serio-comic,  serio  comical,  a.    Hal 

serious  and  lialf  comic ;  having  a  nurture  of 
seriousness  and  comicality. 

aer-i-d'-la,  s.    [Etym.  not  apparent.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Carangidse,  with  twelv( 
species,  from  nearly  all  temperate  and  tropi 
cat  seas.  Body  oblong,  slightly  compressed 
abdomen  rounded;  first  dorsal  continuous 
with  feeble  spine  ;  villiform  teeth  In  jaws  anc 
on  vomer  and  palatine  bones.  The  large 
species  are  from  four  to  five  feet  long,  anc 
are  valued  for  food. 

ser'-I-ous,  *  ser-y-ouse,  o.  [Fr.  serleux 
from  Low  Lat.  seriosus,  from  Lat.  terius  = 
serious.] 

1.  Grave  in  manner  or  disposition  ;  no 
light,  fickle,  or  volatile ;  thoughtful,  solemn. 

"  Sirinu  and  thoughtful  was  her  mind." 

Wordtworth :  Jaccurtion,  OK.  VL 

2  Really  Intending  what  is  said ;  not  tr 
fling,  jesting,  or  joking ;  being  in  earnest, 

3.  Deeply  impressed  with  the  importance 
of  religion. 

4.  Weighty,  important,  grave. 

"  Indeed  one  of  bis  most  Krima  faulta  wa«  an  In 
ordinate  contempt  for  youth.  — atacautay:  uitt.  zng 
ctuii. 

5.  Dangerous  ;  attended  with  danger;  givin 
rise  to  apprehension  :  as,  a  serious  illness. 

H  For  the  difference   between  grave,   an 
serious,  see  GRAVE. 
BeV-I-oiia-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  serious;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  serious  manner ;  gravely,  solemnly 
in  earnest. 

••  Do  but  seriOTOly  set  youixuves  to  be  good.    T> 
but  get  your  hearts  serioiuly  affected  with  religion. 
Shurp :  8«rmont,  voL  L,  ser.  L 

2.  In  a  serious  manner  or  degree;  weightily 
gravely,  dangerously. 

"Evidence    would    have  »erloui(y  affected   man 
Jacobite   noblemen,   gentlemen,  and    clergymen. 
MticaMay:  HM.  f*l>:  "n.  ""• 

sir  I-oiis  ness,  s.    [Eng.  serious ;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  serious 
gravity  of  manner  or  of  mind ;  solemnity 
absence  of  jesting  or  frivolity. 


— StWingJteft :  Sermon*. 


2.  Earnest  attention,  especially  to  religion! 
concerns. 

"The  flrat  requisite  hi  religion  U  terlvwteu :  nc 
imuresaiuu  cau  bo  mado  without  it." — Patty :  tifrmoru, 
Mo.  1. 

3.  Danger :  as,  the  seriousness  of  an  illness, 

•S-rlph-a-e'-w,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  seriphi(um); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun".  -e«.) 
Bat. :  A  sub-tribe  of  SenecionideK. 

•e-rfph'-i-um,  s.    [Gr.  <r«>i<J>o«  (seriphos)  = 
a  kind  of  wormwood.) 
Bat. :  The  typical  genus  of  Seriphlete. 

SO-rls'-sa,  s.    [Not  explained.    (Pajcton.^ 

BoL:  A  genus  of  Siiermacocidep.  Only 
known  species  Seriim  ftttida,  a  shrub  with 
wliite  flowers,  found  in  India,  China,  and 
Japan.  Its  root  is  given  in  diarrhoea,  ulcer- 
atiou,  &c. 

sSr-Ja'-ni-a,  •er-.-a'-na,  s.  [Named  after 
I'aul  Sergeant,  a  French  fi'iar  and  botanist.) 
BoL  :  A  genus  of  Sapilidere.  The  species 
are  from  tropical  America.  Serjania  trilernata 
is  used  as  a  poison  for  fish.  S.  lethalis  is 
probably  one  of  the  plants  yielding  a  kind  of 
deleterious  honey. 

ser'-jean-$y,  •  8er-Jeant-9J?  (er  as  ar), 

s.    [Eng.  Serjeant;  -ct/.}    The  same  as  SER- 

JEANTSHIP  (q.V.). 

"The  lord  keeper  [who]  congratulated ^belr  adoption 
to  that  title  of  terjtancy.  —  llaOcet :  L\It  of  »  t/J.am* 
p.  110. 

•er'-Jeant  (er  as  ar), «.    [SERGEANT.] 

L  Formerly  an  offlctr  in  England,  nearly 
answering  to  the  more  modern  bailiff  of  the 
hundred  ;  also  an  officer  whose  duty  was  to 
attend  on  the  king,  and  on  his  lord  high- 
Stewart  In  court,  to  arrest  traitors  and  other 
offenders.  Now  called  a  Serjeant-at-Arms 
(q.v.). 

2.  English  Law:  A  lawyer  of  the  highest 
rank.  He  is  called  serjeant-at-law  (femens 
ad  kgem).  serjeant-eounter,  or  Serjeant  of  the 
coif/  Up  to  1874  all  common  law  judges  were 
admitted  to  the  rank  of  serjeants-at-law  be- 
fore sitting  as  judges.  Serjeants  were  ap- 
pointed by  writ  or  patent  of  the  crown.  The 
title  was  abolished  in  1880.  The  number  of 
sergeants-at-law  was  limited  to  fifteen.  The 
most  valuable  privilege  enjoyed  by  them  was 
the  monopoly  of  pleading  in  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas.  This  was  taken  away  trom 
them  by  the  Act  9  &  10  Viet.,  c.  64  (1846), 
when  the  privilege  was  extended  to  barristers 
of  any  degree  practising  in  the  superior  courts 
at  Westminster.  They  wore  scarlet  rolies, 
and  in  former  times  a  coif  or  hood,  of  lawn, 
upon  the  head.  This  latter  was  afterwards 
represented  by  a  small  circlet  of  black  silk, 
of  about  three  inches  in  diameter,  upon  the 
top  of  the  wig.  They  were  addressed  as 
"Brothers"  by  the  judges. 

14  The  d*g«ea  were  those  of  barrister*  (flrtt  styled 
apprentice?  from  apprendre.  la  learnl,  who  an.wered 
ti  our  Ijaobelors :  a»  the  state  and  degi-es  of  iterjmnl, 
mvieMH  ad  legem,  did  to  that  of  *Ktor.  -««*- 
stone  :  Comment..  (Introd.,  1  1.) 

3.  Mil. :  A  sergeant  (q.v.). 

t  (1)  Common  Serjeant :  [CoMMON-SEROiAST]. 

(2)  Inferior  Serjeants :  Serjeants  of  the  mace 
In  corporations,  officers  of  the  county,  4ic. 
There  are  also  Serjeants  of  manors,  &c. 

*  (3)  *  King's  (or  Queen's)  Serjeant:  The  titl« 
given  to  one  or  more  of  the  serjeants-at-law, 
whose  presumed  duty  is  to  plead  for  the  crown 
in  causes  of  a  public  nature,  as  indictments 
for  treason,  &c. 

•(4)  Prime  Serjeant:  The  sovereign's  first 
serjeant-at-law. 

(S)  Serjeant-at-arms:  A  title  given  to  certain 
English  officials,  one  of  whom  attends  the  lord- 
chancellor,  another  the  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  and  the*  third  the  lord-mayor 
of  London  on  state  or  solemn  occasions. 
[SEEGEANT-AT-ARMS.] 

»  (6)  Serjeants'  inn :  A  society  or  corporation 
consisting  of  the  entire  body  of  serjeants-at-law. 
It  is  now  dissolved. 

(7)  SerieauU  of  the  lausehold:  Officers  who 
execute  several  functions  within  the  royal 
household,  as  the  serjeoiU-surgeon. 

•er'-j eant-ship  (er  as  ar),  s.  (Eng.  Serjeant  ; 
•ship'}    The  office  of  a  serjeant-at-law. 

'-Jeant-rjf  (er  as  ur), «. 

An  honorary 


;  -rf*  KM,  cat,  ,.1,  chorus  oMr, 
-elan. -tlan  =  .ban.   -tton.  -rton  =  8htin;  -tlon.  -fion  = 


420$ 


sermooination— serpent 


kind  of  English  tenure,  on  condition  of  ser- 
vice due,  not  to  any  lord,  but  to  the  king  only. 
It  is  of  two  kinds,  Grand  serjeanty  and  Petit 
serjeanty.  (See  these  words.) 

*  ser-mo-  9f--na'-tion,  5.    [Lat.  sermocinatio, 
from  sermocinatus,  pa,  par.  of  sermocinor  =  to 
discourse  ;  sermo  =  a  discourse.]    The  act  or 
practice  of  speech-making. 

"  No   $rrmoctnationi  of   Ironmonger*,   felt-makers. 
eobblen,  brooin-ineu  \"—Bp.  Hall  ;  /Ve«  Pritoner,  \  %. 

*  ser-md-9l-na'-t6r,  *.  [Lat.]  [SERMOCINA- 
TiON.]    One  who  makes  speeches  or  sermons. 

*  These  obstreperous  ttrmocinaton  make  easy  im- 
aressiou  npou  the  minds  of  the  vulgar.  "—Bowel, 


,  'ser-moun,  *ser-mnji,*.  [Fr. 
sermon,  from  Lat  sermonem,  accus.  of  sermo 
=  a  discourse;  Sp.  sermon;  ItaL  sermoxe.] 
*  1.  A  speech,  a  discourse,  a  writing. 

"  Auother  blnbop  tham  bt,  tho  first  said  hU  wrmoun." 
Robert  at  Srunne,  p.  14$. 

2.  A  discourse  delivered  in  public,  espe- 
cially  one    delivered    by  a    clergyman    or 
preacher  for  the  purpose  of  inculcating  reli- 
gion or  morality,  or  of  giving  religious   in- 
struction, and  founded  on  a  text  or  passage 
of   Scripture;  a   similar   discourse  whether 
written  or  printed  ;  a  homily. 

3.  A  serious  exhortation,  rebuke,  reproof, 
or  expostulation  ;  an  address  ou  one's  con- 
duct or  duty.    (Colloq.) 

•  seV-mon,  r.t  A  i.    [SERMON,  *.) 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  discourse  of  or  inculcate,  M  In  a 
sermon. 

"  Some  would  rather  hare  good  discipline  delivered 
plainly  by  way  of  precept,  or  wnrnmwf  at  large,  than 
thus  cloudily  in  wrapped  In  Allegorical  devices."— 


2.  To  tutor  ;  to  teach  dogmatically  ;  to  lec- 
ture. 

"Game,  ifrmon  me  no  farther.* 

Skatoqh  :  Timon  of  Athcm,  1L  S. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  discourse. 

"You  Mrnion  to  vi  of  a  dungeon  appointed  for 
offenders  and  iDiscredents."—  Hohnttwd  ;  Detcription 
qf  Ireland,  eh.  i  v. 

2.  Tocomposeordeliversermons;  to  preach. 

"These  assiduous  prayers,  these  frequent  termon* 
ingt'—BiOtop  Hall  :  iicmaint.  p.  280. 

*  sermon  ecr',  *  seV-mon-er,  *.     [Eng, 

sermon  ;   -eer.}     A   preacher  of  sermons  ;   a 
•ermon  izer. 

"  The  wits  will  leave  yon.  If  they  once  perceive 
You  cling  to  lords  ;  and  lords,  if  them  you  leave 
For  lerm'mctret.* 

Ben  Jonton  :  Epigram  on  £A«  Court  Putxtt. 

*er-  mon-etto',  t  ser  mon-et',  s.  [Eng.  ser- 
mon, s.  ;  dimin.  suff.  -et.\  A  short  sermon  ; 

a  lecture. 

"  It  was  hi*  characteristic  plan  to  preach  a  series  of 
week-day  termonett,"—  faU  Mall  Gazette,  Doc.  J7,  1883. 

«er-mou'-ic,  ser-m5n'-ic-ai,  o.  [Bng. 
sermon  ;  -ic,  -ioi/.J  Like  a  sermon;  of  the 
nature  of  a  sermon  ;  hortatory. 

"Pint  then  of  the  first  (forgive  my  tcrmonical 
style),  namely,  of  tho  fine  man."  —  Knox:  Ettayi, 
No.  100. 

'  *er  mon-lng,  *.  [Eng.  sermon  ;  -Ing.]  The 
act  of  preaching  or  teaching;  hence,  dis- 
course, instruction,  advice.  (Chaucer:  C.  21., 
3,091.) 

*  ser  '-mon-ish,  a.   [Eng.  sermon  ;  -ish.}   Re- 
sembling a  sermon. 

*  *eV-mon-Istf    s.     [Eng.  sermon;    -ist.}    A 
writer  or  deliverer  of  sermons. 

*  ser-mo  -ni-um,  s.    [Lat.]    An  interlude  or 
historical  play  formerly  acted  by  the  inferior 
orders  of  the   Catholic  clergy,  assisted  by 
youths,  in  the  body  of  the  church. 

t  Ser  mon-ize,  r.i.£  t.    [Eng.  sermon;  -fee.] 
A*  Intransitive: 

1.  To  preach,  to  discourse. 

"Under  a  pretence  of  termoniiiny  they  have  caat  off 
Ood'i  solemn  worship  on  this  day."—  An.  JftehoUon  : 
On  ttus  CatechUm,  p.  108. 

2.  To  inculcate  rigid  rules. 

"The  dictates  of  a  morose  and  *ermonfeina  father." 
—  Lard  Ch&UrJMd. 

3.  To  make  sermons  ;  to  write  or  compose 
a  sermon  or  sermons. 

4.  To  adopt  a  dogmatical  style  of  speaking 
or  writing. 

"  Though  the  tone  of  H  Is  distinctly  religions,  then 
is  very  little  itmnnniiing  and  no  fabe  sentiment"— 
St.  Jumei'i  Gazette,  Dec.  S3,  1886. 


B.  Trans.  :  To  preach  a  sermon  to  ;  to 
lecture,  to  tutor. 

*  ser'-mon-iz-er.  *.    [Eng.  sermonise);  -er.] 
One  who  sermonizes  ;  a  preacher. 

ser'-moiln  -tain,  s.    [Fr.  sermontain  ;  Lat, 
Siler  montanum,.} 
Bot.  :  Laserpitium  tiler.    [LASERPITIUM.] 

*  ser-mun  -  cle,  e.      [A  dimin.    from  Lat. 
strmo  =  a  discourse.]    A  short  sermon  or  dis- 
course ;  a  serraonette. 

*"Th«  essence  of  this  devotion  Is  a  series  of  i«r- 
muncte*.  meditations,  hymiu,  or  prayers."—  C'Au  reft 
Tirnet.  April  2,  1884. 

ser'-d-lln,  «.     [Eng.  ser(um),  (alcohol,  and 

suff.  -in.] 

CACTI.  :  A  name  given  to  a  fatty  substance 
extracted  from  dried  blood-serum  by  the 
action  of  alcohol  or  ether.  According  to 
Gobley  it  is  not  a  pure  substance,  but  a 
mixture  of  several  fats  of  different  melting 
points. 

ser'-o-lls,  *.    [Etym.  not  apparent] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Isopods,  containing  only 
one  species,  Cymothoa  paradoxa.  Formerly  it 
was  supposed  to  be  the  most  closely  akin  of 
any  living  crustacean  to  the  extinct  Trilobites. 
Much  nearer  approaches  are  now  known. 

[TE1LOB1TE.] 

se-roon',  &e  r6n',  *.    [Sp.  seron  =  a  pail,  a 
basket.] 

1.  A  weight  varying  with  the    substance 
which  it  measures  :  a  seroon  of  almonds  is 
87ilbs,  a  seroon  of  anise-seed  from  three  to 
four  hundredweight. 

2.  A  bale  or  package  made  of  hide  or  leather, 
or  formed  of  pieces  of  wood  covered  or  fas- 
tened with  hide  for  holding  drugs,  &c.  ;   a 
seroon. 


s'-I-t^,  *.    [Fr.  serosite;  Sp.  serosidad; 
Ital.  serositd.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  serous. 

2.  A  serous  fluid  ;  serum  ;  the  watery  part 
of  the  blood  which  exudes  from  the  serum 
when  it  is  coagulated  by  heat, 

"The  amnlos  Is  a  general  Investment,  containing 
the  sudorous  or  thin  terotity  perspirable  through  tho 
akin."—  Browne:  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  V*  ch.  XXL. 

8cr'-o-  tine,  s.    [SEROTINOUS.] 

Zool.  :  Vesperugo  serotinus,  a  bat  occurring 
only  in  the  south-eastern  counties  of  England, 
commoner  in  France,  and  distributed  over  a 
great  part  of  Europe,  temperate  Asia,  and 
the  north  of  Africa.  Head  and  body  together 
about  three  inches  long  ;  fur  soft  and  silky, 
usually  chestnut-brown  above  and  yellowish- 
gray  beneath,  but  varying  somewhat  in  differ- 
ent individuals. 

t  Be"r-St'-In-OUS,  a.     [Lat.  serotinus,  from 

terns  =  late.] 

Sot.:  (1)  Appearing  late  in  a  season;  (2) 
Evening  flowered. 

ser'-ous,  "ser'-ose,  a.     [Fr.  serevx,  from 
Lat.  serosus.]    [SERUM.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  serum. 

"  This  disease  [dropsy]  may  happen  wherever  there 
are  *eroiM  vessel*."  —  Artntthnot  :  On  Diet,  cb.  iv. 

2.  Thin,  watery;   like  whey.    (Applied  to 
that  part  of   the  blood  which  separates  in 
evaporation  from  the  grumous  or  red  part, 
also  to  the  fluid  which  lubricates  a  serous 
membrane.) 

"[This]  cannot  keep  It  from  squeezing  on  all  sides. 
and  pressing  out  the  milky  and  terote  humour  in  the 
butter,  if  there  were  any  such  pressure,  an  Is  supposed." 
—More:  Antidote  affaintt  Atheitm,  bk.  iu.  ch.  ii. 

serous-apoplexy,  «. 

PathoL  :  Apoplexy  produced  by  serous  effu- 
sion on  the  brain. 

serous  membrane,  *. 

Anat.(Pl.):  Membranes  having  their  surface 
moistened  by  serum.  They  line  cavities  of 
the  body  from  which  there  is  no  outlet.  The 
chief  are  the  peritoneum,  the  two  pleura,  the 
pericardium,  and  the  arachnoid  membrane. 
Serous  membranes  differ  from  mucous  mem- 
branes in  having  thinner  layers,  finer  fibres, 
and  an  epithelium  with  only  a  single  layer  of 
polygonal  cells. 

Ser'-pens,  «.    [Lat.  =  a  serpent]    [SERPENT, 

8.,  A.  II.  1.] 

ser'-pent,  *.  &  a.    [Fr.,  from  Lat  serpentem, 
accus.  of  seryens  =  a  serpent  ;  lit  =  a  creep- 


Ing  thing,  from  serpens,  pr.  par.  of  «rpo  =to 
creep ;  Or.  fpn-w  (herpS)  =  to  creep.l 

A.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  t 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  4. 

2.  Fig.  :   A  subtle,  treacherous,  and  mali- 
cious person. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Astron. :  One  of  the  forty-eight  ancient 
constellations  extending  serpent-like  through 
a  wide  expanse  of  sky.    The  head  is  under 
Corona    borealis,    the    body    winds    through 
Ophiuchus,   and  the  tail  reaches  the.  Milky 
Way  near  the  constellation  Aquila.    Its  stars 
are  generally  very    small,  the    largest,   Cor 
serpentis,    being    intermediate    between    the 
second  and  the  third  magnitude. 

2.  Music:  An  almost  obsolete  bass  instru* 
nient  of  a  powerful  character.     It  is  a  wooden 
tube,  about  eight  feet  long,  increasing  conic- 
ally  from  |  inch  diameter  at  the 
mouthpiece  to  four  inches  at  the 

open  end.  twisted  into  V-shaped 
turns,  followed  by  a  large  circu- 
lar convolution.  This  is  covered 
with  leather,  and  has  a  mouth- 
piece like  a  horn  or  trombone, 
and  keys  for  the  several  notes 
to  be  produced.  It  was  invented  , 
by  a  French  priest  at  Auxerre 
in  1590,  and  is  frequently  used 
in  the  orchestra  to  strengthen 
the  bass  part ;  but  it  requires 
to  be  very  skilfully  blown.    The 
serpent  is  a  transposing  instrument,  being  in 
B  flat,  and  the  part  it  is  to  take  is  therefore 
written  a  note  higher  than  its  real  sound.    Its 
compass  is  three  octaves  and  one  note. 

3.  Pyrotechny :  A  small  paper  tube,  filled 
with  mealed  powder  or  rocket  composition, 
not  very  compactly  driven.   Serpents  are  used 
for  filling  paper  shells  or  the  pots  of  rockets, 
and   pursue    a  wavering    serpentine    course 
through  the  air  when  ignited. 

"In  fireworks  give  him  leave  to  vent  his  spite, 
These  are  the  only  wprntt  he  can  write. 

Dryden:  Abtalom  *  Actiithophfl,  H.  451. 

4.  Zool.  (PL):  Ophidia,  an  order  of  Reptiles 
popularly  distinguished  from  the  rest  of  the 
class  by  having  a  very  elongated  body  and  no 
external  limbs.     They  are  very  widely  dis- 
tributed, abounding   in  the    tropics,   where 
they  attain  their  greatest  size,  absent  only 
from  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic  regions,  and 
they  are  mentioned  in  the  earliest  records  of 
the   human  race.     The    body   and    tail   are 
covered  with  scales,  and  the  head  often  with 
plates  or  shields.  Locomotion  is  effected  either 
entirely  by  means  of  the  ribs,  the  free  extrem- 
ities of  which  are  attached  by  muscular  con- 
nections to  the  abdominal  scales — the  animals 
walking,  so  to  speak,  on  the  ends  of  their 
ribs,  or  aided  by  rudimentary  hind  limbs,  the 
only  external  trace  of  which  is  a  horny  claw 
or  spur,   as  in  the  case  of   the    Boas    and 
Pythons  (to  which  the  name  serpent  is  often 
popularly  confinedX     They  are  divided  into 
three  groups :    Innocuous,   Venomous   Colu- 
brine,  and  Vii>erine,  the  last  two  groups  pos- 
sessing  poison-fangs,   the    Boas,    which    Mil 
their  prey  by  constriction,  belonging  to  the 
first     Broadly  speaking,  the  innocuous  ser- 
pents are  oviparous,  the  venomous  are  ovi- 
viparous.    Most  of  the  former,  like  the  Com- 
mon   English    Snake  (Tropidonotus   natrix), 
deposit  the  eggs  in  a  long  string  in  some  heap 
of  decaying  vegetable  matter,  and  leave  them ; 
while  some  of  the  larger  serpents  coil  round 
their  eggs,  and   hatch  them  by  the  heat  of 
their  bodies.    The  senses  of  smell  and  taste 
are  probably  not  acute  ;  the  ear  has  no  ex- 
ternal opening,  but  they  are  sensible  of  sound, 
and  especially  of  sharp,  shrill  notes  [SEBPENT- 
CHARMINO]  ;  the  eyes  are  small,  and  protected 
from  injury  by  a    transparent    integument, 
which  comes  away  with  the  slough  when  the 
animal  casts  its  skin,  which  happens  at  least 
once  a  year.    [TROPIDONOTUS.]    Serpents  are 
very  variously  coloured  ;  some  axe  extremely 
beautiful ;  but,  as  a  rule,  the  venomous  kinds 
are  of  darker  and  more  uniform  coloration 
than  those  which  are  not  poisonous.    Some 
of  the  innocuous  kinds  are  capable  of  being 
tamed ;  the  Rat-snake  (Ptyas  mucosus)  is  often 
kept  in  houses  In  India  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
stroying rats  and  mice,  but  by  the  generality 
of  mankind  serpents  are  regarded  with  aver- 
sion and  horror;   and    Brehm  and    Darwin 
both  note  the  terror  which  they  excite  in 
monkeys — zoologically  so  near  akin  to  man. 
There  are  numerous  species  in  the  United  States, 


fite,  ttt,  ifcre,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;   we,  wfit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  gd,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wtflt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  vnlte,  cur,  rule*  fall;  tryt  Syrian.    »,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


4209 


including  several  poisonous  species  of  rattle- 
snakes, copperhead.  and  moccasins.  In  England 
the  Mte  of  the  viper  is  venomous  but  rarely  or 
never  fatal.  Ireland  has  no  snakes.  [S1.AKE.J 
•  B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Serpentine,  winding. 

2.  Deceitful,  treacherous,  subtle.    (Pope.) 
serpent-bearer,  i.    [SEBPENTABIUS.] 
serpent-boat,  ».    [PAMBAN-MANCUE.] 
serpent-charmer,  s.    One  who  charms 

or   professes    to  charm  serpents;   a  snake- 
charmer. 

"Ill  general  these  Krpcnt-charmirl  were.  and  arft 


U.  586. 

serpent-charming,  s.  A  fascination 
exercised  over  a  serpent  by  simple  music. 
Many  itinerant  showmen  make  a  living  in  the 
East  by  exhibiting  their  powers  over  veno- 
mous snakes.  The  practice  has  come  down 
from  remote  antiquity,  and  is  alluded  to  in 
Psalm  Iviii.  4,  5,  and  Jer.  viii.  17.  In  nv 
cases  the  cobra  (Noja  tripudians)  is  the  serpent 
charmed,  and  the  poison-fangs  are  generally 
extracted  ;  if  this  is  not  done  the  performer 
holds  a  cloth  in  one  hand  which  he  allows  the 
serpent  to  strike,  and  so  exhaust  the  supply 
of  venom.  A  large  proportion  of  so-call« 
serpent  charmers  are,  however,  mountebanks 
who  perform  with  non-venomous  serpents  or 
those  drugged  into  hannlesaness. 

serpent-cucumber,  ». 
Bot. :  Trichosanthes  coluMna 
serpent-deity,  snake-deity,  «. 

Compar.  Relig. :  A  serpent  worshipped  as  a 
divinity  or  as  the  avatar  of  some  deity  or 

prt™(7u«.(ed.lB7Sl.ll.MO. 

serpent-eagle,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Spilornis  (q.v.). 
serpent-eater,  s. 

1.  Ornith. :  The  Secretary-bird. 

2.  Zool. :  [MARKHOOB]. 

serpent- fence,  ».  A  zigzag  fence  made 
"lad,"  the  ends  of  the  rails  upon  each 
.jer. 

serpent-fish,  *. 
Ichthy. :  Cepola  rubescens. 
serpent-like,  a.    Like  a  serpent. 

••  struck  me  with  her  tongue,      f 
Most  tsrj>enWf*«.  upon  thievery  heart.^  ^  ^ 

serpent-race,  ». 

Compar.  Rtlig. :  A  race  which  at  one  tune 
nrobably  had  a  serpent  as  a  totem,  and  so 
Snie  to  attribute  their  descent  to  a  serpent. 
[OpHiooENE ;  see  extract.] 

«T>iA  Sanskrit  name  of  the  snake,  ' n&ga,'  becomes 

1 116   Bansatlf  ll»luw   v. >    »*.  ...I,,™™    »nd    thin 


been  of  a  serpent-race.  In  Roman  history 
many  traces  of  serpent-worship  appear.  In 
addition  to  the  embassy  to  Emdauiw  «?»? 
be  cited  the  fate  of  Laocoon  (.*n.  11.  2U1-JJ), 
the  snake  which  glided  from  the  tomb  of 
Anchises  (ib.  v.  84-99),  and  which  JEneas 
considered  to  be  either  the  jen.iu  toct,  or  the 
Jnirit  of  his  father  ;  and  the  sacred  serpent  of 
LanuvHim  (Prop  iv.  8);  whilst  from  Persms 
(i.  113),  and  from  discoveries  at  Pompeii  and 
Herculameum  it  is  clear  that  the  serpent  was 
f  sacred  emblem.  In  modern  times  serpent- 
worship  is  prevalent  among  some  of  t 
Indian!  of  North  America,  on  the  west  coast 
of  Africa,  and,  to  a  great  extent,  in  India. 

"When  we  first  meet  urpeM-vorMf .either  In  the 

zsyvxSassSjttXSis^ 


by 
oth 


serpent-worshipper,  _ 
Compar.    Rdig. :   One    who    pays    dlTlne 
honours  to  serpents.    [SEBPENT-WOBSHIP.] 

^^ss°ss^g§ 

16781.  ii.  MO. 

serpent's  beard,  t. 

Bot. :  Ophiopogon  japanica. 
Serpent's  heart,  i.    [Con,  1 4.] 
serpent's  tongue,  s. 

1    Bot. :  Ophioglosrnm  nlgatum. 

•  2.  Palcnant. :    A   popular   name    for    the 

tooth  of  a  particular  shark      It  resembles  » 

serpent's  tongue  with  its  root. 

•  gor  -pent,  v.i.  &  I.    [SEBPENT,  s.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  wind  like  a  serpent;  to 

••  This  moon,  that  sun.  _.. 
Did  the  ttrpmHne  seasons 


2.  Winding,  or  turning  one  way  and  th« 
other,  like  a  moving  serpent;  meandering, 
crooked,  anfractuous. 

-In  a  st»te  of  health  accompanying  youU,,  the 
outline,  are  waving,  flowing,  and  ,erpennnc.  -kef 
noidt :  Art  of  Painting.  No.  56. 

n  Manege:  Applied  to  a  horse's  tongue 
when  he  is  constantly  moving  it  and  sometimes 
passing  it  over  the  bit. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  winding  in  and  out ; 
i  curve  ;  a  serpentine  figure. 

andwhiVnot"^«'w!'M«chlS."i8886: 

IL  Technically  : 

•  1    Ordn  :  An  old  form  of  cannon  of  seven 
inches  bore.    The  handles  represented  ser- 

"2"  Min  •  An  abundant  mineral  occurring 
in  one  or 'other  of  its  numerous  varieties  in  all 
parts  of  the  world.  Crystallization,  P™1*^'? 
oTthorhombie,  but  when  found  in  distinct 
crystals  always  pseudomorphous.  Occurs 
v  massive,  but  sometimes  fibrous, 
foSated,  toe  granular  to  cryptocrystallme 
H ardness  2 '5  to  4  ;  but  varying  according  to 
a.  2-5  to  2-65 ;  lustre,  sub-resm- 
dull ; 


B.  Trant. :  To  curl  or  wind  round  ;  to  en 

"  Fruit  trees  whoee  boles  are  itrpentii  with  eioel- 
lent  vlnee."-«»«l»n.-  Mmoir-i.  L  1ST. 

ser-pSn-tar'-I-a,  ..    [SEBPENTABT.] 


led.  1873),  ii.  2W. 

serpent-withe,  ». 

Bot.  :  A  plant,  Aristolochia  odoratissima. 
serpent-wood,  s.    [OPHIOXYLOS.] 
serpent-  worship,  «. 

Compar.  Relig.:  Ophiolatry;  the  worship 

of  serpents  as  symbols  or  avatars  of  a  deity, 

.branch  of  animal-worship  [ZooLATBv],  with 

a  wide  range  in  time  and  space.    Fergusson 

connects  it  with  Tree-worship  (q.v.).    He  con- 

siders  that  the  curse  pronounced  on  the  Ser- 

pent (Gen.  iii.  14,  15)  had  reference  to  serpent- 

worship,  and  was  put  in  by  the  writers  of  the 

Pentateuch,  who  "set  themselves  to  intro- 

duce the  purer  and  loftier  worship  of  the 

Elohim,  or  of  Jehovah,"  in  order  to  discoun- 

tenance  an  older  faith,  to  which  from  time  to 

time  some  of  the  Jews  seem  to  have  reverted 

5  Kings  xviii.  4  ;  Wisdom  id.  15,  Story  of  Bel). 

In  Greece  the  centre  of  serpent-worship  was 

the  drove  of  Epidaurus,  whence  the  Komans, 

on  the  occasion  of  a  plague,  A.U.C.  462  sent  for 

>  aoriwnt  and  brought  it  to  Rome  with  great 

cerXny'  (tt.  x.  47  ;  Or.  Met.  xv.  626-744); 

»t  the  siege  of  Troy  a  serpent  TO***" 

an  omen  of  victory  to  the  Greeks  i  (It  n.  304  , 

if.  Or.  Met.  xii.  1-23),  and  from  Plutarch  we 

know  that  Alexander  was  reputed  to  have 


[SEBPENTABIUS,  2.] 

ser-pen-tai'-i-us,  ».    . 

1.  Astron. :  Ophiuchus  (q.v.). 

2.  Ornith  •  A  genus  of  doubtful  affinities, 
sometimes  'placed  with  the  Falconidm    but, 
according  to  Prof.  Newton,  properly  made  the 
?>Pe  of  a8 family  Serpentariid*.    There  is  but 
one  species,  Serpentarins  criitatus,  the  Secre- 
tary-bird (q.v.). 

3.  Pateont. :  One  species,  S.  rotmstus,  from 
the  Miocene  of  the  Allier. 

sey-pen-tar-y,  ser-pen-tar--I-a, ».  [Lat. 
serpentaria.] 

1  Bot  :  Aristolachia  serpentaria.     The  root 
has'  an  aromatic  and  camphoraceous  odour, 
and  a  bitter  camphoraceous  taste. 

2  Pharm.  :  The  root  is  used  to  form  an  in- 
fusion and  a  tincture  of  serpentary.     They 
are  stimulant,  tonic,  diaphoretic,  and  diuretic^ 
Sometimes  used  in  atonic  rheumatism  in  low 
fever,  and  to  promote  eruption  in  exanthemata. 

ser-pen'-tes,  »•  pi.    [La*-  P1-  of  MrPOTU>  = 
a  serpent  (q.vT)-] 

Zool.:  The  second  order  of  Linnanss  Am- 
phibia.     It  consisted_  of  six  genera  :Crotalus 


aen 

Having  the  form  of  a  serpent ;  serpentine 
o.      [La 


=  a  serpent ;  Sp. 

A.  As  adjective : 

i  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  serpent 
having  the  qualities  of  a  serpent ;  subtle. 

"  Heart-itung  with  a  terpcntint  desire. 

A.  C  Sunburnt:  TriUram  at  Lyonau.  L 


»«  U9  =  100,   . 

accepted   formula,   *.~*0~ — -*    .    --« 
Dana  divides  this  species  as  follows  : 

Metaiite  and  Baltiiuonte. 

E.  Crystallized. 

F.  Serpentine  rooks.  - 

3  Petrol  •  A  rock  consisting  essentially  of 
a  hydrated  silicate  of  magnesia,  resulting  from 
the  alteration  of  magnesian  rocks,  of  all  geolog. 
cal  aces,  especially  those  of  oliv.ne.  It  con- 
Sins  also  some  protoxide  of  iron,  and  other 
topurities  which  cause  a  great  variation  m 
colour  which  is  often  of  a  dull  green,  but  is 
also  marbled  and  mottled  with  red  and  purple 
It  takes  a  high  polish,  and  is  turned  into 
ornamental  articles.  The  accessory  minerals 
are  numerous,  the  most  frequent  being  pyrope, 
bronzite,  magnetite,  and  chromlte. 

4   deal  •  Serpentine  is  considered  an  altered 
intrusive'  rock,  originally  a  trap  or  doleri 
with  olivine.    Prof.  Bonney  limits  the  term 
to  the  type  found  at  the  Lizard,  in  Cornwall, 
i?  has  been  maintained  that  in  some  cases 
serpentine  may  have  arisen  from  the  alteration 
of  sedimentary  rocks. 
serpwrtlntsHrt0110'  *>    [SNAKE-STONE.] 
serpentine-verse.  >.     A  verse  which 
begins  and  ends  with  the  same  word  :  as, 
••  Cre.ri!  amor  nummi.  quantum  ipsa  pecunia  craictt 
••  arbiter  grow,  the  lore  of  pelf,  a>  pelf  itself  growl 

greater." 

"  Ambo  florentee  letatibus.  Arcades  umoo." 
Both  in  the  spring  of  We,  Arcadians  Mh. 

'  ser-pen-tine,  v.t.  &  i.    [SEBPENTINE,  o.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  wind  or  twine  round  ;  to 
encircle. 


*B!  Intrans. :  To  wind  in  and  out  like  a 
serpent ;  to  meander. 

••  In  those  fair  vales  by  Nature  form'd I  to i  please, 
Where  Guadalquiver  *r— • 


*  ser'-pen-tine-ly.  adv.     [Eng.  terpentim, 
a  ;  -ly.]    1°  a  serpentine  manner. 

ser-pen-tin'-lng,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [SEBPBN- 

T1NE,   0.1 

•  ser-pen-tin'-lng-ly,    adv.     [Eng.  wr. 
pmtining;  -ly.}    Serpentinely. 

"  They  .  .  .  Itrpentiningly  -nrich  the  roof. 

R.  Bretming :  Balautttent  Adoenturf. 

ser'-pen-tin-ite,  »•    [Eng.  serpentine);  snff. 
-ite  (Petrol.).] 

Petrol  •  A  name  used  to  designate  the  rock 
serperTtine  to  distinguish  it  from  the  mineral 
of  the  same  name. 

-tin-ous,   a.    [Lat.    urpentinut.} 

Imm 6  or  relating  to,  or  of  the  nature  of 

a  serpent ;  serpentine. 


4210 


serpentize — sertularida 


*  seV-pent-Ize,  v.i.    [Eng.  serpent;  -tV.]    To 
wind  in  and  out  like  a  serpent  ;  to  meander. 

"  The  lane  »crpenti&t  for  many  a  mil«."—  Mtuon  : 
fiat*  on  tf  ray.  let.  4. 

*  Ber'-pent-ry\  «.    [Bug.  serpent;  -ry.J 

1.  A  witi'luii;  in  and  out,  like  that  of  a 
•erpent  ;  a  meandering. 

2.  A  place  infested  by  serpents. 

*3.  (A  collective  noun.)  Serpents  ;  beings 
having  the  characteristics  of  serpents. 

"  Left  by  iuen-*lugB,  and  bunum  t^r^ntry." 

Jifitt:  £»dyni<>n.  i  821. 

*  •er'-pet,  s.    [Lat.  tirpicid  ,<g  =  a  basket  made 
of  rushes  ;  sirpvt,  scirpm  =.  a  rush.]   A  basket. 

•er  pier-ite,  *.     [After  M.  Serpier(i)  ;  suff. 
-i/<  UKA.XJ 

Min.  ;  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occnrring 
in  small  crystals  of  a  greenUh-bliie  colour, 
and  stated  to  be  a  basic  sulphate  cf  copper 
and  zinc.  Made  a  Dew  species  principally  on 
optical  grounds,  but  (as  suggested  by  Dana, 
jun.)  needs  further  chemical  examination. 
Found  at  the  Laurium  mines,  Greece. 

•er-  pis'  In-oiis,    a.     [Lat    serpigo,    genit. 
acrpiginlt,] 

1.  Ord,  Lang.  :  Affected  with  serpigo  (q.v.). 

2.  Pathol.  :  Extending  from  several  point*  in 
the  form  of  portions  of  circles.    Used  spec,  of 
aerpfginoua  chancre. 

**  It  bemn  with  M  serpigo,  making  many  round 
•pots,  such  at  »re  Keiienvlly  called  ring-worm*,  with 
extTMDi  itching,  which  by  frequent  scratching  heated 
and  mattered,  and  afterward*  acabb'd,  and  In  progress 
overspread  her  limb*  with  a  dry  white  acuri.  under 
which  UM  a*r-Di«*a«u  circles  Uy  covered."—  Witeman: 
Auv*r».  bk.  £.  ch.  xxr. 

*  ser-pi'-go,  *.    [Lat.]     A  kind  of  tetter,  or 
dry  eruption  on  the  skin.    (.Yares.) 

**  For  thy  own  bowp  la,  which  do  call  the*  sire, 
Do  curse  the  trout,  ttrpigo-  »"<•!  the  rheaiu, 

Shuketp-  :  MeaHtrvfw  Jfcamrv.  lit  L 

aer'-plath,  5.    [A   corrupt    of  *orp/ar.]    A 
weight  equal  to  80  stones.    (Scotch.) 

scr  polet,  ?.    [Fr.] 

1.  Wild  thyme. 

2.  An  oil  front  Thynuu  Serpyllum..    It  is 
wed  in  perfumery. 

•eV-pn-la,  s.  [Lat,  =  a  little  serpent  (q.v.).] 
Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Serpnlinse.  Tube 
long  and  shelly,  more  or  less  tortuous,  some- 
times solitary,  sometimes  aggregated  and  fixed 
to  some  foreign  body  by  part  of  iU  surface  ;  well- 
marked  operculum,  homy,  rarely  calcareous. 
The  United  States  has  Mveral  specie*,  bat  the 
Urgent  are  from  tropical  seas.  ISEBPLLIDC.] 

ser-pu'-le-an,  «.  [SERHTLA.]  Any  one  of  the 

Serpulidae.  " 

•er  pu-li  doe,  s.  pL     [Lat  JcrjreZ(o);  fern. 
pi  adj.  sutl.  -i-itc.] 

1.  Zool.  :   A  family  of  Tubicolous  Annelids, 
with  two  sub-families  :   Sabellinee  and  Serpu- 
lln«  (q.v.).    Tube  calcareous  or  membranous  ; 
animal  vermiform;  thoracic  and  abdominal 
regions  usually  well  defined,  mouth  situate 
between  spiral  or  semicircular  branchial  fans 
or  laminae  ;  tentacular  cirri  present 

2.  Palaeont.  :  The  family  commences  In  the 
Upper  Silurian,  in  which  the  type-genus,  with 
others,  occurs,  and  is  found  also  in  Secondary 
and  Tertiary  formations. 


»er  pu-li-dan,*. 

ber  of  the  family  Serpulidae. 


Any  mem- 


ser pu  li  -me,  «.  pi.     [Lat  terpulfa)  ;  fern. 
pL  adj.  suff.  -««.] 

Zool,  :  The  typical  sub-family  of  Serpulidce 
(q.v.),  with  several  genera.  Tube  calcareous  ; 
animal  with  ciliated  thoracic  membrane,  dor- 
sal and  ventral  surfaces  partly  covered  with 
cilia  ;  operculuin  usually  present 

•er  -pu-llne,  o.  &  *.    [SERPULINA] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  resembling 
the  Serpulinae  (q.v.). 

B.  As  ruhxt.  :  Any  individual  of  the  Serpu- 
lin«.    (Caaelts  Nat.  ffiet.,  vi.  249.) 

•er'-pu-lite,  *.    [SERPDLITES.] 

1.  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Serpulites 
(q.v.X 

2.  A  fossil  Serpula  (q.v.) 

•er-pn-li'-tef,  «.    [Lat«erjmJ(a);  .<*«•.} 

Palaxmt.  :  A  genus  instituted  by  Murchfson, 
for  certain  smooth  semi-cahareou*  tubes, 


often  of  great  length,  and  apparently  unat- 
tached, which  occur  in  the  Silurian  series. 
TliL-se  tubes  in  some  species  reach  a  length  of 
over  a  foot,  with  a  diameter  of  an  inch,  and 
th.-ir  true  nature  is  not  yet  satisfactorily  as- 
certained. 


'  serr,  v.t.  (Fr.  serrer=to  compact,  to  press 
to/ether,  to  lock;  Low  Lat,  *ero=to  bolt, 
frmn  Lat.  «em=.a  bolt]  To  crowd,  press, 
or  drive  together  ;  to  contract  [SERRIED.] 

"Grinding  of  the  teeth  is  caused  (Ukevlte)  by  a 
gaAbariagMMMrrtw  of  the  «pirit*  together  to  resist" 
-Uacon:  .Vat.  Bttt..  \  711 

ser'-ra,  (pi.  seV-raB),  s.     [Lat  =  a  saw.) 

Brt.,  Anat,,  Ac.  (PL):  Tlie  saw-like  toothings 
on  the  margins  of  leaves,  in  the  serrated  su- 
tured of  the  skull,  &c. 

sdr-ra-dU'-la,  «.    [Pr.  ttrradelle.} 

Bot*  :  Ornithopus  sativus,  a  fodder-plant 

ger-ra'-nus,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  serra  =  a 
saw,  froui  the  serrated  dorsal  fin.] 

1.  Ichthy.  :  Sea-perches  ;  a  genus  of  Percidse. 
They  are  found  on  the  shores  of  all  temperate 
seas,  and  abound  in  the  tropics,  some  of  the 
latter  species   entering   brackish    and   even 
fresh  water,  but  all  sfwwn  in  the  sea.     Body 
oblong,  compressed,  with  small  scales  ;  teeth 
villiform,  with  distinct  canines  in  each  jaw, 
teeth  on    vomer   and    palatine    bones  ;   one 
dorsal,  mostly  with  nine  or  eleven  spines, 
anal    with    three.      Two    species,    Serranus 
cabrilla,  the  Smooth  Serranus,  and  S.  gigas, 
the  Dusky  Perch,  are  met  with  in  the  British 
Channel,  and  are  common  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean.   (See  extract) 

"  In  the  European  specie*  of  Serranvt  a  testicle- 
like  body  is  attached  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary  ; 
but  many  spec!  mitnit  of  this  geuuc  are  undoubtedly 
males."—  Ounther:  Study  <tf  Flthet,  p.  1ST. 

2.  Palasont.  :  From  the  Eocene  of  Monte 
Bete. 

ser  ra  sal'-mo,  *.  [Lat.  terra  =  a  saw,  and 
salnio  —  a  salmon.] 

Ichthy.  :  Agenusof  Characinide.  Thespecies 
are  found  in  the  South  American  rivers,  where 
they  grow  to  a  large  size. 

scr'-rate,  s6r'-rat  ed,  a.  [Lat.  Mrralvj, 
pa.  par.  of  aerro=  to  saw.] 

*  1.  Ord,  Lang.  ;  Notched  on  the  edge,  like  a 
saw  ;  toothed. 

2.  Bot.  (Of  a  Uaft  <fcu);  Having  sharp, 
straight-edged  teeth,  pointing  to  the  apex. 

[BlSERRATK.] 

*  IB  tbe  figure  they  are  npreaanted  too  stiff  and  too 
much  **rrat*i"—  Dampicr:  Yofagm;  Plant*  in  Jffif 


serrated  suture,  s.  [DENTATED-SUTURE.] 

ser  r  a  -t  ion,  *.  [SERRATE.]  Formation  in 
the  shape  of  a  aaw. 

ser  rat'-u-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  serrula  = 
a  little  saw,  referring  to  the  serrated  margins 
of  the  leaves.  In  Class.  Lat  terratttia  = 
be  tony,  a  different  genus.] 

Bot,  :  Sawwort  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Serra- 
tuleae  (q.v.).  Heads  solitary  or  corymbose, 
sometimes  dioecious,  purple  or  white  ;  in- 
volucre oblong,  imbricated  with  straight 
unarmed  scales  ;  receptacle  chaffy  ;  the  scales 
split  into  linear  bristles  ;  corolla  regular, 
tubular  ;  pappus  persistent,  pilose  ;  hairs 
filiform,  in  several  rows,  the  interior  the 
longest;  ti  laments  papillose;  anthers  with  a 
short  blunt  appendage,  ecaudate  at  the  base. 
Known  species  about  thirty.  One,  Serratula 
tinctoria.  Is  British.  It  Is  two  to  three  feet 
high,  generally  with  pinnatifid  or  lyrate  and 
finely  serrated  leaves,  and  reddish  -purple 
flowers,  the  males  with  blue,  the  females  with 
white  anthers.  Not  wild  in  Scotland,  and 
absent  from  Ireland.  It  yields  a  green  or  a 
yellow  dye. 

ser-ra-tu'-lS-SB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lmt  Krratv2(a)  ; 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.] 
Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Cynare*  (q.v.X 

ser  ra-ture,  «.    [Lat  serralura.} 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  ;  A  notching  in  the  edge  of 
anything,  like  that  of  a  saw. 

"  Theae  are  serrated  on  the  edge*;  bat  the  i#rro<wrei 
are  deeper  and  grosser  than  any  of  the  rest."—  Wood- 
tcarrf. 

2.  Bot.  (PI):  The  teeth  of  a  serrated  leaf. 
ser-ri-com,  a.  &  s.    [SERRICORNES.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 


group  or  tribe  Serricornia  (q.v.);  having  ser- 
rated antennae. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  coleopterous  insect  ol 
the  lamily  tJerricornia  (q.v.). 

ser-ri-cor'-ui-a,    ser-rl-cor -nes,  *.  p*. 

[Lat  serra  =  a  saw,  and  cornu  =  a  horn.) 

Entom. :  A  tribe  of  Pentamera,  Elongata 
beetles,  with  anttunie  short  or  moderate  in 
length,  most  of  the  joints  so  prolonged  on  the 
inner  side  as  to  api«ar  at  least  serrate,  or  in 
some  cases  pectinate.  Head  generally  re- 
tracted up  to  the  eyes  in  the  prothorax,  a 
projection  of  the  prosternum  received  into 
a  cavity  of  the  mesosternum.  Families : 
Buprestidffi,  Throscidae,  Eucuemidae,  and 
Elateridee. 

ser'-rfed,  a.  [SERRY.]  Crowded,  close,  com- 
pact. 

"  Linked  In  the  »erri«d  phalanx  tight" 

Scvtt:  Marmion,  ri.  S4. 

ser-ro'-nl-a,  *.  [From  Pr.  terron  =  Cheno- 
podium  Bonus  Henricus  (?).] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Piperidae.  Serronia 
Jaborandi  is  sialogogue  aud  diuretic. 

*  ReV-rous,  a.     [Lat.  8frra=a  saw.]     Like 
the  teeth  of  a  saw  ;  irregular. 

"  A  *em»ut  or  Jarrln?  motion,"— Brown* :  rulaar 
Brrourt,  bk.  iii..  ch.  xxvil. 

scr'-ru-late,  ger'-ru-lat-ed.  a.  [Lat.  ser- 
rula,  dimin.  of  «crra  =  a  saw.]  Finely  senate  ; 
having  very  minute  notches. 

"The anterior  tlbisj  .  .  .  usually Mrrulafe."— TVan*. 
Amer.  Philot.  Society,  1873,  p.  Ml. 

scr  ru-la -tion.  «.  [SERRULATE.]  A  very 
minute  notch  ;  a  slight  indentation. 

"  The  terruiati'int  being  eompuoed  of  spiuules."— 
Tratu.  Amir.  Pkti<*.  Society,  1878,  p.  287. 

S^r-ru'-ri-a,  s.  [Named  after  Dr.  James 
6errurier,  Prof,  of  Botany  at  Utrecht.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Proteidje.  Many  species, 
all  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  aud  culti- 
vated as  greenhouse  shrubs. 

*  •er'-rjr,  tU.    [SERR.]    To  crowd   or   press 
together. 

1  Obsolete  except  in  the  pa.  par.  [SERRIED.) 

ser-tu  la  rel-la,  *.  [Mod,  Lat,  dimin, 
from  serlitiaria  (q.v.).J 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Sertnlariidte.  Plant- 
like ;  stem  simple  or  branching,  jointed, 
rooted  by  a  creeping  stolon ;  hydrotheca 
biserial,  decidedly  alternate,  one  usually 
borne  on  each  internode,  with  an  operculuin 
composed  of  several  pieces,  the  orifice  gene- 
rally toothed ;  gonothecae  usually  ringed 
transversely.  Species  numerous ;  widely 
distributed. 

•Sr-tij-lar'-I-a,  *.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lai 
tertitm  =  a  garland.] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  SertulariidBB  (q.v.). 
Plant-like ;  stems  simple  or  branching, 
jointed,  rooted  by  a  creeping  stolon ;  hydro- 
theca  biserial,  opposite  to  alternate,  without 
external  operculuin,  mostly  arranged  in  pairs, 
gonothecn  scattered  with  a  simple  orifice, 
and  without  internal  tnarsupium.  Species 
very  numerous,  with  representatives  In  almott 
all  seas. 

ser  tu  lar'-i-an,  >.    [SERTULARIA.] 

Zool. :  Any  member  of  the  sub-order  Ser- 
tularida (q.v.X 

ser'-tu-la-rfd,    *.     [SERTULARTDA.]     Any 

individual  of  the    SertulariJa.      (Nicholson : 
ZooL  (ed.  1878),  p.  115.) 

ser-tn-l&r'-I-da,  ».  pi.  [Mod,  Lat  tertutar- 
(ia);  neut  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.] 

1.  ZooL  :  A  group  or  sub-order  of  Hydroida, 
having  the  hydrosoma  com  pound  and  fixed; 
the  polvpary,  besides  investing  the  wenosarc, 
forms  hydrothecae  for  the  protection  of  the 
polypites  ;  the  gonophores  are  borne  on  gono- 
blastidia  and  enclosed  in  gooothecae.    There 
are  several  families,  and  the  group  is  univer- 
sally distributed.     With  the  Campaualarida, 
this   group  has  been  named  Calypt"blastea 
(AUman),     Sertularina    (Ehren.),    Sertularise 
(Agass.),   Skenotoka  (Canu\  or  Thecaphora 
(Hincks). 

2.  Falfpont, :  Not  certainly  known  to  occur 
fossil,  but  Several  genera  now  ranked  with 
the  Qraptolites  are  not  improbably  Sertularids. 
I  DEKDROORAFTUB.  ] 


fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
«r.  wore,  woif;  work,  who,  son;  mate,  eub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rile,  full;  try. 


:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :  go,  pdt, 
Syrian,    w,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


sertulariidse— serve 


4211 


•Jjr-tu-la-ri'-.-d«,  «-  pi- 

tari(a);  Lat.  fern.  adj.  suff.  -ido!.] 

ZooL  •  A  family  of  Sertularida  (O.J.T. 
Hydrothecie  sessile,  more  or  less  inserted  in 
the  stem  and  branches;  polymtes  w  ml  y 
retractile,  with  a  singb  wreath  of  filiform 
tentacles  round  a  conical  proboscis  ;  gone- 
zooids  always  fixed.  Several  genera,  widely 
distributed. 

•  ser'-tu-lfim,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimln.  from 
Lat.  strtum  =  a  wreath,  a  garland.] 
But.  :  A  simple  umbel.    (Louis  C.  Richard.) 

•Sr'-um,  >.    [Lat.  =  whey,  serum  ;  cogn.  with 
Or.  6p6s  (oros)  =  whey.] 

1  Anat.  :  A  pale  yellowish  liquid  obtained 
by  drawing  blood  from  the  vessela  and  allo' 
ing  it  to  separate  into  a  thicker  and  a  thinner 
Dortion.    The  thinner  one  is  the  serum.    I 
£n.lsta  of  proteid  substances,    ats,  extrac- 
tives,  and  saline  matter.    The  solid  contents 
of  the  serum  is  9-22  in  male,    and  8.29  in 
females  ;  the  rest  is  water.    There  is  also  a 
serum  of  chyle  and  one  of  lymph. 

2  CT«m.:Whey.  The  opalescent  liquid,  cm 
taining  milk-sugar  and  various  salts   which 
separates  when  milk  is  curdled  by  the  action 
of  acids,  rennet,  otc.    (Watts.) 

serum-lactls,  s.    The  same  aa  SEBUM,  2. 

*  serv'-a-ble,  a,    lEng.  terv(e);  -aole.}    Cap- 
able of  "being  served. 

•serv'-age  (age  as  Jg).  «.    [Eng.  arv(e); 

-age.}    Serfage,  servitude. 


. 

V  Used  when  a  tenant,  besides  paying  rent, 
had  to  find  one  or  more  workmen  for  his 
lord's  service. 
ser'-val,  ».    [Native  name.] 

Zoo!.  :  Felis  senal,  the  Bush  Cat,  or  African 
Tiger-cat,  distributed  over  Africa,  abounding 
in  the  south.  IU  body  is  proportionately 
longer  and  its  tail  shorter  than  those  of  the 
True  Cats,  in  this  respect  approaching  the 
Lynxes,  from  which  it  is  differentiated  by  the 
absence  of  ear-tufts.  Body  about  forty  inches 
tail  sixteen  inches,  fur  tawny,  spotted  with 
black.  It  is  found  in  the  extensive  grassy 
plains,  where  it  prey«  on  antelopes  and  other 
small  game. 

*  soiV-and,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SEBVE.] 
ser  -vant,  *  ser-vannt,  «.    [Fr.  servant,  pr. 
^»r.  oTsercir  =  to  serve  (q.v.)  ;  8p.  nrmente  ; 
p7rt.  t  Hal.  senente.     Servant  and  sergeant 
are  doublets.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  One  who  serves  or  does  service,  volun 


form  menial  omces  or  jur  uwrci  u«.,  ««« 
subject  to  his  orders  ;  a  person  who  labours 
or  exerts  himself  for  the  benefit  of  another, 
his  master  or  employer  ;  a  subordinate  helper 
or  assistant.  The  term  usually  implies  the 
Idea  of  one  who  performs  certain  duties  or 
offices  for  another  according  to  an  agreement ; 
tt  Is  thus  distinguished  from  a  slave,  who  is 
the  property  of  his  master,  and  Is  entirely 
subject  to  his  will.  Legally,  any  person  is 
the  servant  of  another,  in  whose  business  or 
under  whose  order  or  direction  he  is  acting 
for  the  time  being.  Colloquially  the  term  is 
applied  distinctively  to  domestic  servants, 
forming  part  of  ahousehold  for  the  time  being. 

•  2.  One  in  a  state  of  bondage  or  subjection. 

"Remember  that  tioo.  wast  a  tenant  In  Egypt."— 
Deuteronomy  v.  IS. 

*  3   Anything  which  serves  to  assist  or  aid : 
It,  Fire  is  a  good  servant,  but  a  bad  master. 

4  An  expression  of  civility  used  by  equals ; 
formerly  a  term  of  gallantry  denoting  an  ad- 
mirer of  a  lady. 

"Who  calls t  Tour  tenant  and  TOOT  friend.  — 
Outter.:  TmSenOemmof  Verona,  if.  s. 

II.  Ettglith  Law:  Servants  are  of  various 
kinds— servants  iu  husbandry,  or  laborers; 
servants  in  particular  trades,  and  menial  or 
domestic  servants.  Servants  in  husbandry 
are  generally  hired  by  the  year,  as  from 
Michaelmas  to  Michaelmas,  and  unless  there 
De  a  stipulation  to  the  contrary,  no  wages 
due  till  the  year  expires.  Unless  by  express 
agreement,  the  engagement  with  a  domestic 
servant  can  be  terminated  if  a  mon 
notice  be  given  on  either  side.  A  master 
cannot  deduct  from  a  servant's  wages  the 


price  of  articles  broken  or  lost,  however  gross 
the  negligence  may  have  been.  It  is  not 
legally  compulsory  on  a  master  or  mistress  to 
give  a  discharged  servant  a  character ;  if, 
however,  one  be  given,  it  must  be  true.  If  a 
servant,  dishonest  in  one  house,  obtain  a 
situation  in  another  one  through  a  false 
character  given  by  the  person  who  dismissed 
the  servant,  and  if  as  the  result  of  this  un- 
truthfulness  the  second  house  is  robbed,  an 
action  for  the  entire  amount  taken  lies  against 
the  writer  of  the  false  character.  A  tax  on 
male  servants  was  imposed  in  1777  ;  one  on 
female  servants,  imposed  in  1780,  was  re- 
pealed In  1792. 

t  In  the  term  tenant  is  included  the  idea 
of  the  service  performed.  The  term  aruage 
includes  drudgery.  We  hire  a  servant  at  a 
certain  rate,  and  for  a  particular  service;  we 
employ  a  drudge  in  any  labour  however  hard 
and  disagreeable.  (Crabb.) 

T  (1)  Servant*  of  the  Ever  Biased  Virgin : 

tSEKVITES]. 

(2)  Your  obedient  servant,  your  humble  ser- 
vant- Phrases  of  civility  used  especially  in 
the  conclusion  of  a  letter,  and  expressing,  or 
supposed  to  express,  the  willingness  of  the 
writer  or  speaker  to  do  service  to  the  person 
addressed. 

servant  maid,  servant-girl,  «.  A 
female  domestic  servant. 

servant-man, ».  A  male  or  man-servant. 

servant  of  servants, «. 

1.  One  debased  to  the  lowest  condition  of 
servitude. 

"Cuned  be  Omaan ;  •  want  ofarnnt,  .hall  he 
be  unto  his  brethren."— OtnetU  U.  2S. 

2.  A  title  (term*  sermrum)  assumed  by  the 
Popes  since  the  time  of  Gregory  the  Great. 

servant's  hall, «.  The  room  In  a  house 
set  apart  for  the  use  of  the  servants  in  com- 
mon, in  which  they  take  their  meal*  together, 
ic. 

•  ser'-vant,  ».t    [SERVAUT,  «.]    To  subject 

"My  affairs 
An  wanted  to  other./    Shatetf. :  Oortolanut,  T.  J. 

•  ser'-vant-Sss,  «.    (Eng.  tenant ;  -«».]    A 
female  servant. 

•  ser'-vant-rjf,  ».    [Eng.  tenant ;  -ry.]   Ser- 
vants collectively  ;  a  body  of  servants. 


*  11.  To  fit,  to  suit. 

"  Ho«  ot  hi.  garments  terfe  ine" 

bhtiketp.  :  Cvmbelin*.  IT.  1  . 

12.  To  be  of  use  or  service  to  ;  to  avail. 

"  That  'scuse  ««rwa  many  men." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venict,  IT.  1. 

13.  To  be  or  stand  in  the  place  of  anything 
else  to  ;  to  be  of  use  to  in  the  stead  of  any- 
thing ;  to  be  or  act  in  stead  or  lieu,  or  to  fill 
the  place  of  anything  to. 

"  Which  i*na  It  In  the  offloe  of  a  walL" 

Shakew.  :  Richard  //.,  1L  1. 

14.  To  satisfy,  to  content. 

"  Nothing  will  lenK  me  but  going  on  pilgrimage."— 
Bunyan  :  Pilffrim'*  ProffrfU.  I>t-  IL 

15.  To  undergo  ;  to  go  through,  as  a  punish- 
ment. 

"  A  sentence  of  eighteen  months'  hard  labour,  which 
he  <«rwrf."-  DaVy  Telegraph.  Dec.  «,  IMS. 

16.  To  fulfil  the  duties  of. 


serve,  v.t.  &  t.  [Fr.  servir,  from  Lat 
from  the  same  root  as  servo  =  to  keep ; 
Port,  servir;  ItaL  tervire.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1  To  work  for ;  to  do  service  for ;  to  act 
as  servant  to ;  to  be  in  the  employment  of,  as 
a  domestic,  a  hired  assistant,  an  official 
helper,  ic. 

"  The  tyrant  that  I  tene.-    SkaHep. :  Tempett,  0.1. 

2.  To  be  in  a  state  of  subjection  or  servi- 
tude to. 

3  To  render  spiritual  service,  obedience, 
or  worship  to ;  to  revere  and  obey. 

"  Who  best 
Bear  Hi.  mild  yoke.  %$£**}«>,  %f%nta. 

4.  To  be  subordinate  or  subservient  to ;  to 
act 'or  take  a  secondary  or  inferior  part  under ; 
to  minister  to. 


••  Had  previously  jeroKf  to  it  an  a 
nveu  yeai-sat  least."-S»il»  .'  W«*l*h  o 

ch.  I. 


renticeship  of 
.  hi  L. 


lfatiem. 


5  To  wait  and  attend  on  in  the  service  of 
the  table  or  at  meals ;  to  supply  with  food. 

6.  To  supply  with  goods  or  articles  in  a 
shop  or  the  like. 

"Cabel  who  had  a  lively  altercation  with  the  men 
on  the  preceding  day,  refused  to  irrw  "1«m,!  "'"tr 
upon  a  quarrel  ensued."— Daily  Telegraph.  Sept.  Si. 
18M. 

7  To  bring  in  and  place  as  food  on  the 
table  •  to  set  out.  (Generally  with  up,  some- 
times with  in,  except  in  the  phrase,  Dinner  is 
served.) 

"Sene  to  the  meat"-Sfta*«O>. .'  Merchant  of  F«nlo«. 

8.  To  perform  service  or  duties  required  in: 
as,  A  curate  serves  two  churches. 

9.  To  contribute  or  conduce  to ;  to  be  suffi- 
cient for ;  to  promote. 

"  This  maid  will  not  tene  your  turn." 

Skaketp.  :  Love't  laomr'l  Loft,  L  1 

10  To  help  by  good  offices ;  to  administer 
or  contribute  to  the  wants  of. 

••  Serm  his  kind  in  deed  and  word" 

"    n  .  tl0m  thou  tky  Land,  aft. 


17.  To  comply  with;  to  submit  to;  to  re- 
gulate one's  conduct  in  accordance  with  the 
fashion,  demands,  or  spirit  of. 

"They  think  herein  we  ten,  the  time,  becanse 
thereby  we  either  hold  or  seek  preferment  -Hooker . 
Eodet.  Politii. 

18.  To  behave  towards,  to  treat,  to  requite. 

"  When  I  tene  him  so,  he  takes  It  ill." 

Shaketp. :  Comedy  of  Errort,  U.  1. 

19.  To  handle,  to  manipulate,  to  work  :  as, 
To  serve  a  gun. 

tt  Technically: 
1.  Law : 

(1)  To  deliver,  or  transmit  to  a  person. 

"  After  he  bad  promiaed  that  he  would  never  again 
be  caight tenlni ;  such  notice,  be  wa.  allowed  to  de. 
part."— Evening  Standard.  Oct.  S.  IStS. 

(2)  To  present  formally  ;  followed  by  vritk : 
as,  To  serve  one  with  a  writ. 

2  Naut.:  To  protect  from  friction,  kc.,  a» 
a  rope,  by  winding  something  tight  round  tt. 

"  Pointing  or  knotting  a  rope's  eud.  tening  rigging. 
40."— St.  Jameft  Gatette,  April  7.  18S8. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

1  To  be  or  act  as  a  servant ;  to  work  In  the 
employment  of  another ;  to  be  employed  in 
labour  or  other  services  for  another.  Spe- 
cifically- 

(1)  To  perform  domestic  or  other  offices ;  to 
attend  or  wait  upon  another  as  a  servant. 

••  Lord,  dost  thon  not  care  that  my  altt«r  hath  left 
me  to  tene  alone  ?  "— LvJce  X.  40. 

(2)  To  discharge  the  duties  of  an  office  or 
employment;  specially,  to  act  as  a  soldier, 
seaman,  Ac. 

"  Pav  had  been  Introduced  In  order  to 
reluctance  ol  the  citizens  to  tene."— 
farlyRornan  Hitt.  (ed.  1865).  ii.  298. 

(8)  To  be  in  subjection  or  servitude. 

2.  To  answer  a  purpose ;  to  fulfil  an  end ;. 
to  suffice,  to  avail. 

"  The  felt  hoiwi-coTertng  that  tened  as  a  carpet"— 
Dalit  Xev».  BeP*-  28' 198L 

3.  To  be  favourable ;  to  suit ;  to  be  con- 
venient. 

11  When  tlmeand  place  shall  tene."— Shatetf. :  Much 
Ado  about  Nothing,  V.  1. 

EL  Tennis  &  other  Ball  Games:  To  lead  off 
in  striking  the  ball. 

"  The  winner  at  times  showing  a  tendency  to  ten* 
faulty"— Field,  April  4,  1886. 

1  (1)  To. serve  an  attachment,  or  a  writ  of 
attachment: 

Law :  To  levy  it  on  the  person  or  goods  by 
seizure,  or  to  seize. 

(2)  To  serve  an  execution :  To  levy  It  on  lands, 
goods,  or  person,  by  seizure  or  taking  pos- 
session. 

(3)  To  serve  a  persm  heir  to  o  property : 
Scots  Law :  To  take  the  necessary  legal  steps 

for  putting  him  In  possession  of  the  property. 

(4)  To  serve  a  process:  To  read  It  so  as  to 
rive t  due  notice  to  the  party  concerned,  or  to 
leave  an  attested  copy  with  him  or  his  at- 
torney, or  at  his  usual  place  of  abode. 

(5)  To  serve  a  warrant :  To  read  it,  and  to- 
seize  the  person  against  whom  it  is  issued. 

(6)  To  serve  a  writ :  To  read  It  to  the  de- 
fendant, or  to  leave  an  attested  copy  at  hi» 
usual  place  of  abode. 

(7)  To  serve  one  a  trick :  To  play  a  trick  upon 
on  6. 

"If  1   be  Itmd  such   another  trlet."-S»alMf.  : 
Merry  Witet  of  Wtoultor,  iu.  6. 

(8)  To  serve  one  ont:  To  pay  one  out  foi 


4212 


server— servility 


something  done  ;  to  retaliate  on  one  according 
to  his  deserts ;  to  take  revenge  on  one. 

(9)  To  serve  one  right :  To  treat  one  as  be 
deserves  ;  to  happen  or  fall  to  deservedly  :  as, 
That  served  him  right. 

*(10)  To  serve  one's  self  of:  To  avail  one's 
self  of ;  to  make  use  of ;  to  use.  (A  Gallicism.) 

"  How  to  tfrM  himtelf  of  tbe  dirine'i  high  contem- 
plations."— Digby:  On  IA«  Soul, 

•erv  -er,  *.    [Eng.  «n<e);  -er.J 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  One  who  serves. 

"Particulars  of  MI  attack  on  a  writ  *«rwr  reached 
that  city."— Itoning  Standard,  Oct.  3.  1SS5. 

2.  A  salver  or  small  tray. 

"Some  luaitlck  is  brought  them  on  \  terser." — San- 
delpk  :  lilands  in  Ike  ArcMfXlaao  (1-587),  p.  49. 

11.  Roman  &  High   Anglican:    One  who 
assists  the  priest  in  the  celebration  of  Mass, 
by  lighting  the  altar   tapers,  arranging  the 
books,  bringing  in  the   bread,  wine,  water, 
Ac.,  and  making  the  appointed  responses  on 
behalf  of  the  congregation.  [MASS  (2),  *.,  H 13.] 

t&er-ve-ttans,  t  Ser'-ve-tlsts,  s.  pi.   [See 
def.) 

Church  Hist. :  A  name  given  to  anti-Trini- 
tarians in  the  sixteenth  century,  because  they 
derived,  or  were  supposed  to  derive,  their 
tenets  from  the  teachings  of  Michael  Serveto, 
a  Spanish  physician,  who  wrote  against  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity.  He  was  seized  at 
Geneva  by  Calvin's  influence,  imprisoned  on  a 
charge  of  blasphemy,  and  burnt  alive  in  1553. 
"  ThoM  who  are  called  Sertftian*.  and  followers  of 
the  doctrine  of  Servetua  by  writers  of  that  s*e,  differed 
widely  from  Servettu  in  maiiy  respect*.'—  Jlothtim 
fed.  Held),  p.  70S. 

•eV-vife  U),  'seV-vI*e,    »ser-vyce,  «. 

[O.  F.  servise,  service ;    Fr.  service,  from  Lat. 
servitium  =  service,   servitude;  8p.  servicio ; 
Port,  servico  ;  ItaL  servizio.] 
*L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  serving ;  the  performance  of 
labour  or  offices  at  the  command  of  or  for 
another ;  menial  duties ;  attendance  of  a  ser- 
vant,  inferior,  or  hired  helper,  &c.,  upon  a 
superior,  master,  or  employer. 

"  The  banish'd  Kent,  who  In  di^uiM 
Follow'd  hie  kinc,  and  did  him  trrvic* 
Improper  for  a  slave."  Bbaketp. :  L*ar,  r.  S. 

2.  The  place,  office,  or  position  of  a  servant ; 
employment  as  a  servant;  menial  employ  or 
capacity. 

"  Whom  now  I  keep  in  ttrvlct' 

Sttaktp.  :  Temp**,  L  9. 

8.  The  act  of  serving  God ;  spiritual  obe- 
dience, reverence,  and  lore. 

"  Nor  was  his  tervice  hard. 
What  could  be  lee*  than  to  afford  htm  praise?" 
Milton:  P.L..  ir.  *&. 

4.  Labour  done  for  another ;  assistance  or 
kindness  rendered  to  another ;  duty  done  or 
required ;  good  offices. 

"If  you  and  your  companion*  do  me  thii  **r*fc# 
you  •hall  never  want.  —  Macattlajf :  Bttt,  Bny., 
eh.  xix. 

5.  Useful  office ;  an  act  conferring  advantage 
or  benefit ;  advantage  conferred  or  brought 
about;  good. 

"The  stork's  pie*,  when  taken  In  a  net.  was,  the 
twice  she  did  in  picking  up  venomous  creature*. " — 
L'Ettranye:  Fable*. 

6.  Duty  performed  in  or  appropriate  to  any 
office,  charge,  position,  or  employment;  offi- 
cial function  or  duties;  specif.,  performance 
of  the  duties  of  a  soldier  or  sailor;  military 
or  naval  duty. 

*  7.  Used  as  a  term  of  mere  courtesy ;  a  pro* 
fesaion  of  respect  uttered  or  sent. 

"  My  duty  and  most  humble  ttrvic*.* 

Shaketp. :  JWtfl*  Ififfto,  Ui.  L 

&  Purpose,  use,  end. 

"  AH  the  vessels  of  the  king1!  hones  are  not  for  oees 
at  honour ;  »ome  be  common  stuff,  and  for  mean 
ttrncet,  yet  profitable."— Spel man. 

9.  A  public  office  of  devotion ;  public  reli- 
gious worship  or  ceremony ;  official  religious 
duty   performed ;    performance   of  religious 
rites  appropriate  to  any  event  or  ceremonial : 
as,  a  marriage  service,  a  burial  service. 

*  10.  That  which  is  served  round  to  a  com- 
pany at  one  time :  as,  a  service  of  fruit,  &c. 

*  11.  A  course  or  order  of  dishes  at  table. 

"Cleopatra  made  Antony  a  supper  sumptuous  and 
royal ;  howbelt  there  was  no  extraordinary  service 
seen  on  the  board."—  HaktwfU :  Apology. 

12.  Waiting  at  table :  as,  The  service  was 
good  or  indifferent. 

13.  Things  required  for  use ;  furniture— 
(1)  A  set  of  dishes  or  other  vessels  for  the 


table  :  as,  a  dinner  service,  a  tea  service,  a  ter* 
vice  of  plate. 
(2)  An  assortment  of  table  linen . 

14.  The  act  of  presenting  or  delivering  for- 
mally :  as,  the  service  of  a  notice. 

15.  The  supply  of  gas,  water,  or  the  like  to 
a  building ;  also  the  pipes  by  which  such  gas, 
water,  &c.,  are  supplied. 

16.  A  number  of   conveyances  or  vessels 
running   or    plying   regularly    between    two 
places  :  as,  a  service  of  trains. 

U.  Technically: 

L  Law :  The  duty  which  a  tenant  owes  to 
his  lord  for  his  fee :  as,  personal  service,  which 
consists  in  homage  and  fealty,  &c. ;  annual 
service,  in  rent,  suit  to  the  court  of  the  lord, 
Ac.  ;  accidental  services,  in  heriots,  reliefs,  <fec. 
"Although  they  built  castles  and  made  freeholders, 
yet  were  there  no  tenures  and  tervicet  reserved  to  the 
crown."—  Da*iet:  Stae  of  Ireland, 

2.  Music:  A  musical  setting  of  those  por- 
tions of  the  offices  which  are  sung  by  the 
choir,  such  as  the  Canticles,  Sanctus,  Gloria 
in  excelsis,  &c.  A  Burial  Service  is  a  setting 
of  those  portions  of  the  office  for  the  Burial 
of  the  Dead  which  may  be  sung  by  a  choir. 

3L  Naut. :  The  material  used  for  serving  a 
rope,  as  spun-yarn,  twine,  canvas,  or  the  like. 

4.  Tennis  A  other  Ball  Games:  The  act  of 
serving  the  ball.  [SERVE,  v.  II.] 

"  Only  occasionally  was  his  terwic*  difficult."— Field, 
April  4,  1836. 

H  (1)  Service  of  an  attachment : 
Law:  The  seizure  of  the  person  or  goods 
according  to  the  direction. 

(2)  Service  of  an  execution : 

Law:  The  levying  of  it  upon  the  goods, 
estate,  or  person  of  the  defendant. 

(3)  Service  of  an  heir: 

Scots  Law:  A  proceeding  before  a  jury  for 
ascertaining  and  determining  the  heir  of  a 
person  deceased.  It  is  either  general  or 
special.  A  general  service  determines  gene- 
rally who  is  the  heir  of  another ;  a  special 
service  ascertains  who  is  heir  to  particular 
lands  or  heritage  in  which  a  person  dies  iufeft. 

(4)  Service  of  a  writ,  process,  <frc.  ; 

Law :  The  reading  of  it  to  the  person  to 
whom  notice  is  intended  to  be  given,  or  the 
leaving  of  an  attested  copy  with  the  person 
or  his  attorney,  or  at  his  usual  place  of  abode, 

(5)  Substitution  of  service : 

Law :  A  mode  of  serving  a  writ  upon  a  de- 
fendant who  cannot  be  served  personally,  by 
serving  it  upon  an  agent  or  other  person 
acting  for  him,  or,  in  Ireland,  by  posting  it 
up  in  some  conspicuous  or  public  place  iu 
the  neighbourhood  or  parish  ;  a  course  re- 
sorted to  when  entrance  to  the  dwelling-house 
of  the  defendant  cannot  be  effected. 

(6)  The  Service :  Military  or  naval  adminis- 
tration  or  discipline:  as,  the  rules   of  the 
service. 

*  service  -book,  s.  A  book  used  In 
Church  service ;  a  prayer-book. 

service  money,  *.  Money  paid  for  ser- 
vices performed. 

service-pipe,  s.  A  branch  pipe,  of  lead 
or  iron,  for  the  supply  of  gas,  water,  or  the 
like  from  the  main  to  a  building. 

ser  -vice  (2),  s.    [A  corruption  of  Lat  sorbits 
=  the  Service-tree  (q.v.).J    (See  compounds.) 
service -berry,  s. 
Bot.  Amelanchier  canadentis. 
service-tree,  s. 
Botany  : 

1.  Pynt*  Sorbus  or  domestica*  a  native  of 
Continental  Europe  and  Western  Asia.   It  has 
serrate  leaves,  unequally  pinnate,  and  cream- 
coloured  flowers.     It  is  from  twenty  to  sixty 
feet  high.     Two  varieties,  the  Pear-shaped, 
P.  S.  pyriformis,  and  the  Apple-shaped,  P.  S. 
maliformis,  are  cultivated  In  parts  of  France 
and  near  Genoa  for  their  fruit. 

2.  Pyrus  (Sorbus)  torminalis,  the  Wild  Ser- 
vice-tree.     It  is  a  small  tree  growing  in  woods 
and  hedges,  but  rare  and  local,   with  six- 
to  ten-lobed  serrate  leaves,  pubescent  below 
when  young,  but  glabrous  on  both  sides  when 
mature.      Flowers  numerous,  white,  appear- 
ing in  April  and  May.    The  fruit  ppriform  or 
sub-globose,   greenish- brown,  dotted.     It  is 
eatable,  and  is  sold  in  parts  of  England. 


ser  -vice  a  ble,  *  ser-vis-a-ble,  a.    [Eng. 

service;  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  rendering  useful  service ;  pro- 
moting happiness,  interest,  advantage,  or  any 
good  ;  useful,  beneficial,  advantageous. 

"  In  the  South  Seaa  the  Spaniards  do  make  oak  am 
to  calk  their  ships,  with  the  husk  of  the  coco-nut, 
which  is  more  serviceable  than  that  made  of  hemp, 
and  they  said  It  will  never  rot."— Dampicr:  Youagm 
(an.  1630). 

2.  Fit  for  service  or  use. 

*  3.  Doing  or  ready  to  do  service ;  active,, 
diligent,  officious. 

"  If  it  be  so  to  do  good  service,  never 
Let  ine  be  counted  wrvfaMftl*." 

SkaJtfip. :  Cambttine,  III.  ft. 

ser'-vi9e-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  serviceable; 
•ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  service- 
able ;  usefulness,  beneficialness. 

"Its  great  tervictablewts  to  religion  itself."— Bfttt- 
If  If :  Sermon*,  No.  4. 

*  2.  Officiousness,  activity  ;  readiness  to  do 
service. 

"  He  might  continually  be  In  her  presence,  shewing 
more  humble  Mff*MaM«tMM  and  joy  to  content  her 
Uian  ever  before."— Sidney. 

SeV-vl9e-a-bl&  arfr.  [Eng.  serviceable)  ;  -ly.} 
In  a  serviceable  manner. 

*  ser'-vice-age  (age  as  ig),  *.     [Eng.  ser- 
vice; -age.}    A  state  of  servitude. 
"  His  threats  he  feareth,  and  obeyes  the  rain* 
Of  thraldome  base,  and  tenictage,  though  loth." 
Fairfax  :  Godfrey  qf  Boulogne,  bk.  viiL 

seV-yi-ent,  a.  [Lat.  serviens,  pr.  par.  of 
servio  =  to  serve.]  Serving,  subordinate, 

"A  form  jenrfontand  assisting  there." 

Cowtey  :  Th§  SotO. 

servient  tenement,  s. 

Scoh  Law:  A  tenement  or  subject  over 
which  a  predial  servitude  is  constituted  ;  an 
estate  in  respect  of  which  a  service  is  owing, 
the  dominant  tenement  being  that  to  which 
the  service  is  due. 

ser-vl-ette',  s.    [Fr.J    A  table-napkin. 

*'  Consented  bravely  to  have  terviettet  tied  orar  their 
eyes."— Daily  Telesfraph,  March  12.  1836. 

seV-vUe,  a.  At  ».  [Lat.  servilis,  from  servio  =s 
to  serve  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  servil;  Fr.  servile.} 

A.  As  adjective: 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  befitting  a  slave  or  ser- 
vant ;  slavish,  mean ;  proceeding  from  or 
caused  by  dependence  :  as,  servile  fear. 

*  2.  Held  in  subjection ;  dependent. 

*  What  1  b»v«  we  hands  and  shall  weMrrffebtf* 

OanM  s  Cirii  Wart,  bk.  tr. 

*  3.  Owing  service. 

"  Besides  the  free  tenants,  there  were  elevea  natlvt, 
elsewhere  called  custumarii  or  customary  tenant*,  who 
were  tbe  sons  of  former  terviie  tenant*,  and  held  land 
for  which  they  paid  rent  ID  money,  besides  giving  their 
services  to  tbe  lord  on  certain  days,  when  his  (arming 
operations  required  their  help.  "—Field,  March  80,  1884. 
4.  Cringing,  fawning,  meanly  submissive. 

"  The  most  wrril*  flattery  is  lodged  the  moat  easily 
In  the  grossest  capacity."— Std**». 

*  IL  Grammar : 

1.  Not  belonging  to  the  original  root :  aa,  a 
servile  letter. 

2.  Not  itself  sounded  ;  silent,  as  the  final  • 
In  servile,  time,  &c. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Gram.  :  A  letter  which  forms  no  part  of  the 
original  root;  opposed  to  radical.  Also  a 
letter  of  a  word  which  is  not  sounded. 

servile-war,  s.  A  war  of  slaves  against 
their  masters.  Such  wars  broke  out  in  Sicily 
B.C.  184  and  B.C.  104.  Others  have  occurred 
in  different  countries  and  ages. 

servile-work,  «. 

Roman  Theol. :  Work  of  the  kind  usually 
done  by  slaves,  domestic  servants,  or  hired 
workmen.  Such  work  is  forbidden  on  Sunday! 
and  holidays  ofr  obligation. 

"Custom  permits  certain  ternlt  work,  even  wfaea 
not  required  oy  necessity  or  mercy." — Addit  Jt  Arnold: 
Cath.  Diet.,  PL  78L 

SeV-viae-l&  adv.  [Eng.  servile;  -ly.]  IB  a 
servile  manner;  meanly,  basely;  with  ser- 
vility or  base  obsequiousness, 

"  If  the  House  thought  ItMlf  bound  terwilelv  to  fol- 
low the  order  tn  which  matters  were  mentioned  by  the 
king  from  the  throne."— Jtactntlay  :  Hut.  Eng.,  en.  »L 

ser  vile-nesa,  s.  [Eng.  servile;  -new.]  Th« 
quality  or  stat«  of  being  servile  ;  servility. 

*er-vlV-i-t?,  •  ser-vil-1  tie,  s.  [Fr.  wn 
viliU;  8p.  servilidad;  Ital.  servilitd.) 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    w,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  ^  lew. 


serving— sesleria 


4213 


*  1.  The  state  of  actual  servitude  or  slavery. 

••a™     ifrviiitu  as  the  Jews  endured  under  the 


Bcriitture,  bk.  i..  ch.  xxrt. 

2  The  state  of  mind  generally  produced  by 
B  state  of  servility  ;  mean  submission  ;  slavish 
obsequiousness  ;  baseness. 

••  Submission  and  tilth,  such  a.  at  a  later  .period 
would  b7  Justly  called  «•"'««<»  »»d  credulity.  -**• 
eavlay  :  But,  Kng.,  ch.  1. 

•erV-Ihg,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SERVE.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <£  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive  : 

I  Ord  Lang.  :  The  act'or  state  of  being  a 
servant,  helper,  or  assistant  in  any  manner. 

II  Kaut.  :  The  act  of  wrapping  spun-yarn 
found  a  rope  after  it  has  been  wormed  and 
parcelled. 

serving-board,  «. 

Haul.  :  A  flat  board  used  in  serving  ropes. 

serving  maid,  s.    A  servant-maid. 

serving-mallet,  ». 

Naut  •  A  mallet-shaped  tool  used  for  wrap- 
ping spun  yarn  tightly  around  a  rope.  Several 
Wns  5  the  stuff  are  taken  around  the  mallet, 
and,  as  the  mallet  is  rotated  around  the  rope 
which  lies  in  the  hollow,  the  stuff  is  tightly 
and  closely  wrapped  around  the  rope. 

serving-man,  ».    A  servant-man. 

••  Your  niece  did  more  favour;  to  the  duke's  KJ-rimT- 
man  than  ever  .he  bestowed  on  me.  -Outltetp.  : 
JVetft*  -Vto«.  HI-  «• 

gerV-ite,  ».  &  o.    [Ital.  tenitore  =  a  servant.] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

Chimb  Hist.  (PI.):  The  name  commonly 
given  to  a  monastic  order,  the  Religious  Ser- 
lants  of  the  Holy  Virgin,  founded  in  1233  by 
seven  Florentine  merchants,  at  MountSenano, 
near  Florence.  St.  Philip  Benoit,  the  fifth 
general,  saved  the  order  from  suppression  m 
1276,  and  in  1487  Pope  Innocent  VIII.  be- 
stowed on  the  Servites  the  privileges  of  the 
four  great  mendicant  orders.  The  life  is  one 
of  austerity  and  continual  prayer  ;  the  habit 
is  black,  with  a  leather  girdle,  a  scapular,  and 
•  cloak  and  the  rule  is  a  modification  of  that 
of  St.  Augustine.  The  strength  of  the  order 
lay  chiefly  in  Italy  and  Germany  ;  it  had  no 
Louses  in  England  before  the  Reformation. 
[See  extract  under  B.)  Since  the  French  Re- 
Volution  many  houses  have  been  founded  in 
different  countries. 

B.  At  adj.  :  Of,  pertarning  to,  or  charac- 
teristic of  the  Order  described  under  A. 


In  England   there  i»  a  nourishing  Servile  com. 
nltyesUbluhed  in  the  Fulham  Road.  London,  with 
affiliated  house  at  Bognor  :  also  three  convents  ol 
r 


so      re 

uum.  two  in  London,  and  one  In  ArundeL  - 
*™M:  ClUk.  Diet.,  p.  7M. 

•Sr-vtt'-I-um  (t  as  sh),  >.    [L»t] 

Law  :  Service,  servitude. 
•eV-vI-tor,  »     [Fr.  servUeur;  Lat.  tenritar; 
Sp.  4  Port,  servidor;  Ital.  servitore.} 

*  1.  A  male  servant  or  attendant. 

"*Thns  are  poor  tervitart  ... 
Oonstraln'd  to  watch  lu  darknesa,  rain,  and  cold. 
Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  VI.,  u.  1. 

*  2.'  A  follower,  an  adherent. 

"  Our  Nornian  conqueror  gave  away  to  his  """»" 
the  lauds  and  possessions  ol  «uch  ai  did  oppose  hu 
Invasion."  —  Daviet. 

*  3.  One  who  professes  duty  and  obedience. 

"  H«"*'°rth  '  -'.  in.  >. 


*  2.  The  condition  of  a  menial  or  under- 
ling ;  service. 

3.  Compulsory  service  or  labour,  such  as 
a  criminal  has  to  undergo  as  a  punishment. 
(Only  used  in  the  compound  Penal  servitude.) 

[PENAL.] 

»  I.  A  state  of  slavish  dependence  ;  servility. 

*  5.  Servants  collectively. 

"  After  him  a  cumbrous  train        „ 
01  herds,  and  Hock*  and  vgnvyglhg-^ 

tt  Civil  ot  Scots  Lam:  A  term  used  to 
signify  a  right,  whereby  one  thing  is  subject 
to  another  thing  or  person  for  use  or  con- 
venieuce  contrary  to  common  right,  servi- 
tudes are  divided  into  personal  and  predial. 
A  predial  servitude  is  a  right  constituted  over 
one  subject  or  tenement  by  the  owner  of  an- 
other subject  or  tenement.  Predial  servi- 
tudes are  cither  rural  or  urban,  according  as 
they  affect  land  or  houses.  The  usual  rural 
servitudes  are  :  passage  or  road,  or  the  right 
which  a  person  has  to  walk  or  drive  to  hu 
house  over  another's  laud  ;  pasture,  or  the 
right  to  send  cattle  to  graze  on  another  s 
land  •  feal  and  divot,  or  the  right  to  cut  turf 
and  peat  on  another's  land  ;  aqueduct,  or  the 
right  to  have  a  stream  of  water  conveyed 
through  another's  land  ;  thirlage,  or  the  right 
to  have  other  people's  corn  sent  to  one's  own 
mill  to  be  ground.  Urban  servitudes  consist 
chiefly  in  the  right  to  have  the  rain  from  one  s 
roof  to  drop  on  another's  land  or  house  ;  the 
right  to  prevent  another  from  building  so  as 
to  obstruct  the  windows  of  one's  house  ;  the 
right  of  the  owner  of  the  flat  above  to  have 
his  flat  supported  by  the  flat  beneath,  &C.  A 
personal  servitude  is  a  right  constituted  over 
asubject  in  favour  of  a  person  without  refer- 
ence to  possession  or  property,  and  now  con- 
sists only  in  liferent  or  usufruct. 

*  seV-vi-tnre,  ».     [SERVE.]     Servants   col- 

lectively. '(Mitton.) 
"  seV-VU-lite,  v.i.  [Lat.  ajnwJw,  dimln.  from 

senna  =  a  slave.]    To  do  petty  services. 

"  I  embrace  their  love. 

wu°h  - 


4  In  Oxford  University,  an  undergraduate 
•who  is  partly  supported  out  of  the  college 
funds,  and  whose  duty  it  was  formerly  to  wait 
at  table  on  the  fellows  and  gentlemen  com- 
moners. They  corresponded  to  the  sizars  at 
Cambridge  and  Dublin. 

"  No  ordinary  undergraduate  conld  appear  ta  Public 

with  a  urnUr.'—DaUa  Telegraph,  March  4. 1886. 

•ef-vi-tor-ship,  «.'    [Eng.  servitor;  -ship.] 
The  office  or  position  of  a  servitor. 

"  He  found  lertitoriMp  at  Oilord  a  rise  in  life."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  March  4,  1B86. 

•eY-vl-tude,*.   [Fr.,  from  Lat.  servtludinem, 
accus.    of  tervitudo,   from  «enrio  =  to  serve 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

I  The  quality  or  condition  of  a  slave; 
slavery,  bondage  ;  the  state  of  involuntary 
•abjection  to  a  master. 

-  Ton  would  have  sold  your  king  to  slaughter, 
Bli  princes  and  his  peers  to  terntude. 


. 

BeV-a-me,  ».    [From  sempsem,  the  Egyptian 
name  of  one  of  the  species.] 

Bat.  :  Sesamum  oriental*  and  3.  indicum. 
(SESAMUH.) 

fl  Open  Sesame  :  The  charm  by  which  the 
door  of  the  robbers'  dungeon  in  the  tale  of 
"  All  Baba  and  the  Forty  Thieves"  flew  open  ; 
hence,  a  specific  for  obtaining  entrance  into 
any  place,  or  means  of  exit  from  it. 
sesame-oil,  *• 

CA«m.  :  C10Hi802.  A  non-drying,  fatty  oil, 
obtained  from  the  seeds  of  Sesamum  anentale, 
and  used  in  India  as  an  article  of  food.  It 
has  a  yellowish  colour,  is  inodorous,  and  has 
a  slight  taste  of  hemp  ;  sp.  gr.  0-923  at  15. 
The  crude  oil  is  used  in  soap-making,  and  lor 
burning  in  lamps.  [GlNOELLY-olL.] 
»e-sa'-me-i»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  >etam(um); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ex.] 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Pedaliaceee. 
ses'  a  -moid,  ses-a-moid'-al,  o.     [Eng. 
sesame);    -oid.]     Resembling   the   seeds   of 
sesame  in  form. 
sesamold-bones,  «.  pi. 
Anat  •  Bones  in  form  somewhat  resem.ling 
the  seeds  of  Sesame.    The  sesamoid-bones  of 
the  toes  are  the  small  bones  at  the  articula- 
tions of  the  great  toes  ;  those  of  the  fingers 
are  the  joints  of  the  thumbs.    There  are  also 
radial  and  uluar  sesamoid-bones. 


ses'-a-mum,  ».    [SESAME.] 

Bot. :  Sesame;  the  typical  genus  of  Sesameas 
(q  v.).  Calyx  five-parted,  corolla  with  a 
short  tube,  the  limb  five-cleft,  somewhat 
bilabiate;  stamens  four,  didynamous,  with 
the  rudiments  of  a  flfth  one ;  capsule  oblong, 
four- celled,  many -seeded.  Annuals,  with 
axillary  solitary  flowers,  in  form  resembling 
those  of  the  English  Foxglove.  Sesamum 
orientate  is  a  very  common  plant  in  India  In 
uncultivated  ground,  flowering  at  the  close  of 
the  rains.  Several  varieties  are  cultivated  in 
warm  countries  for  the  oil  obtained  from  the 
seeds.  Two  in  India  are  distinguished,  one 
by  having  white  and  the  other  black  seeds. 
[SESAME-OIL.] 
seV-ban,  >.  [SESBANIA.] 
Bot. :  Stsbania  agyptiaea. 


Ses-ba'-ni-a,  s.    [From  sesban,  the    Arabia 
name  of  Saoania  aegyptiaca.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Galegete.  Shrubs  or 
herbs,  with  abruptly-pinnate  leaves,  having 
many  pairs  of  leaflets;  flowers  axillary,  in 
racemes,  generally  yellow ;  and  the  leguinfs 
long,  slender,  torulose,  many-seeded.  Ses- 
bania  aculeata,  a  slightly  prickly  annual,  is 
cultivated  in  India  for  its  fibre.  [LUNCHI.| 
The  plant  occurs  also  in  tropical  Africa  and 
the  West  Indies.  The  wood  of  S.  agyptiaca, 
which  grows  also  ill  India,  is  made  into  good 
charcoal,  and  the  bark  into  rope.  An  oint- 
ment made  with  the  seeds  is  applied  in  India 
to  eruptions,  and  the  bark  is  given  internally 
as  a  stimulant  and  an  emmenagogue.  The 
leaves  are  applied  in  the  form  of  poultices  to 
hydrocele  and  rheumatic  swellings.  The  eld 
S.grandiJloraisnowAgatigrandiflora.  [AOATl.J 

ses'-e-lt  ».     [Lat.    seseli,    seselis,    from   Gr. 
o-fo-«A«  (seselis)  =  hartwort,  Seseli  elatum.] 

Bot  •  Meadow-saxifrage ;  the  typical  genus 
of  Seselinidffi  (q.v.).  Umbels  compound,  the 
bracts  many,  few,  or  wanting;  bracteoles 
many  ;  calyx  teeth  acute  ;  petals  obcordate, 
with  an  inflexed  point.  Fruit  oval  or  oblong, 
with  long  reflexed  styles;  carpels  dorsally 
compressed,  with  five  prominent,  obtuse, 
corky  ribs,  having  single  vittae  on  the  in- 
terstices. Known  species  about  forty,  from 
the  eastern  hemisphere,  one  of  which  is 
Seseli  Libanotis,  the  Mountain  Meadow-saxi- 
frage. It  is  one  to  two  feet  high,  with  a 
furrowed  stem,  bipinnate  leaves,  pinnatifid 
leaflets,  and  white  flowers.  It  is  found  m 
English  chalk  pastures,  but  is  rare.  The 
seeds  of  S.  indicum  are  carminatives,  and  are 
used  as  a  medicine  for  cattle. 

ses  e  lin  e-se,   s.  pi.     [Lat.   laeVf)  i  tern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -in«e.] 

Botany : 

I  A  tribe  of  Umbellifene.  Fruit  globose 
or  ovoid,  not  laterally  compressed,  commissure 
broad,  lateral  ridges,  generally  distinct,  rarely 
winged— if  so,  wings  of  opposite  carpels  not 
in  contact  Sub-tribes,  Seseline«e  proper, 
Coriandrete,  Cachrydess,  (Enanthete,  Bchultz- 
ie«,  Selinese,  and  Angelicem.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.) 

2.  A  sub-tribe  of  No.  1  (q.T.).  Fruit  sub-  I 
terete,  edges  not  thickened  or  corkey.  Common  \ 
genera,  Seseli  and  Fosnicalum.  (Sir/.  Hooker.) 

ses-e  lln-I-d»,  «.  jt    [L»t.  tutHO:  tern. 

pL  adj.  suff.  -inida.) 

Bot. :  A  family  of  Apiacee).    (Umbeilifem.) 
(Lindley.) 
se'-si-a,  t.    [Mod,  Let ,  from  Or.  »$«  (*)  =  • 

moth.    (Brandt.)] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genns  of  Sesiidse  (q.vA 
Two  specie!  are  Sesia  bombyhformu,  the 
Narrow-bordered  Bee  Hawk-moth,  and  S. 
fuciformia,  the  Broad-bordered  Bee  Hawk- 
moth.  Both  have  transparent  wings,  only 
the  margins  being  clothed  with  dense  opaque 
brown  or  reddish-brown  scales.  With  their 
transparent  wings  and  hairy,  yellow  bodies, 
surrounded  by  a  reddish-brown  belt,  they 
present  considerable  resemblance  to  humble 
bees.  They  fly  swiftly  during  the  day,  and 
extract  honey  from  flowers.  The  larva  of  the 
first  feeds  on  Scabiasa  succisa ;  that  of  the 
second  on  the  honeysuckle. 
se-si-I  dae,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  L»t  laHa,);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Sphingina.  Antennas 
much  thickened  beyond  the  middle,  ending 
in  a  hooked  bristle ;  wings  short,  broad  ; 
abdomen  thick,  with  a  broad  tuft  at  the  tip 
(whence  Swainson  calls  them  Brush-tipped). 
Larva  long,  smooth,  with  a  horn  rising  up- 
ward from  the  twelfth  segment.  Pupa  on 
the  ground  among  leaves.  Two  European 


lilt)       ItlUUUU      CUJl'Jalf^        a^«».»™.  ••  — f~— — 

genera,  with  several  species,  are   Sesia   and 
Macroglossa.    (Saintoii.) 

ses-leV-i-a,   fc     [Named    after    Sesler,    an 
Italian  botanist.) 

Bot. :  Moor-grass,  a  genus  of  Bromidro. 
Panicle  spiked,  rounded  or  slightly  unilateral ; 
spikelets  sessile,  laterally  compressed,  with 
two  or  more  perfect  florets ;  empty  glumes 
two,  longer  than  the  flowering  ones,  generally 
one-nerved;  scales  two-  to  five-toothed, 
Known  species  eight.  One,  Seslena  c<zrulea. 
(he  BluelMoor-g4ss,  is  British,  being  found 
in  mountainous  regions  in  the  North  ol 
England  and  Scotland,  and  flowering  from 
April  to  June. 


4214 


sesqui — set 


l-,  frrtf,  [r,at.  =  semuqu.1;  Knit  = 
a  half,  and  qui  =  que  =  and.)  A  prenx  de- 
noting one  integer  and  a  half:  as,  ttsqui- 
cyathus  =  a  cyat.hus  aud  a  halt  It  is  used  in  : 

1  1.  Chem.  :  To  denote  that  two  atoms  of  a 
metal  were  combined  with  three  atoms  of 
exygen  or  other  non-metallic  element  :  as  thus, 
anruioxide  of  iron,  FejOg,  now  called  ferric 
oxide  i  JMC/U  (sulphide  of  iron,  or  ferric  sul- 
phide, Fe-jSg,  Ac.  This  definition  does  not 
hold  good  unless  the  valency  of  the  metal  is 
taken  into  consideration.  Thus  sesquichloride 
of  iron  is  FejClj,  the  iron  being  quadrivalent, 
whilst  Sfsquichloride  of  antimony  is  SbCls, 
the  antimony  being  trivalent. 

t  2.  (learn.  :  To  express  a  ratio  In  which 
the  greater  term  contains  the  less  once,  aud 
leaves  a  certain  aliquot  part  of  the  less  one. 

t  3.  Static  :  To  signify  a  whole  and  a  half  : 
as,  *f$guialtera,  swyuiterza,  &c, 

*  aea-qnl-ivr-ter,  «.  *  a.    [Lat.  tajuialler; 
Fr.  teguialtere.] 

A.  At  subst.:  The  same  as  SESQUIALTIBA 
(q.v.). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Sesquialteral 

••  The  periodical  lima  are  In  a  asioisiiUer  propor. 
tioa  to  the  mean  distance,"—  CJheyne. 

•es-qul-al'-ter-a,  t.    [SESQUIALTER.] 

Music  :  A  compound  organ  stop  consisting 
of  several  ranks  of  pipes.  Various  combina- 
tions of  intervals  are  used,  but  they  only 
represent  different  positions  of  the  third,  fifth, 
and  eighth  of  the  ground  tone  in  the  third  or 
fourth  octave.  (Grow.) 

*  e*e-qnl  il  -ter  al,  a.    [Lat.  •wgutotter.] 

Math.  :  A  term  applied  to  a  ratio  where  one 
quantity  or  number  contains  another  once 
and  half  as  much  more,  as  the  ratio  of  3  to  2. 

"  In    the    wine    Mttquialteral   proportion    of    their 
periodic*!  motion!  to  their  orbs."—  atMUft  tomtom, 

sesquialteral  -floret,  t. 

But.  :  A  perfect  floret,  with  an  abortive  one 

beside  it. 

*  aes-qul  al'-ter-ate,  •  seVqni-  al  -ter- 
ous,  a.    [SESQUIALTER.]    Sesquialteral. 

*  ses-qul-cen-tcn  -ni-al,  «.    [Pref.  setqui-, 
and    Eng.    centennial  (q.v.).]     The  hundred 
aud  fiftieth  anniversary. 

"In  Oct..    ISM.    Baltimore   celebrated   tta   •*•>»<• 
emumiiaL—earpei'i  Has****,  Jane,  ISO,  p.  «u 

•Ss-quI-chlor'-Ide,  «.  [Pref.  tayit-  1,  and 
Eng.  chloride.]  (See  compound.) 

sescrui  chloride  of  iron,  «.     [FEHBIO 

CHLORIDE.) 

aes'-qul-du-ple,  o.  [Pref.  scsqul-,  and  Lat. 
dui&x  =  double.]  Sesquiduplicate  (q.v.). 

aSa-quI-du'-pU-cate,  o.  [Pref.  scsijui-,  and 
Lat.  d«pjicoluj='doubled.]  Denoting  the 
ratio  of  two  and  a  half  to  one,  or  where  the 
greater  term  contains  the  lesser  twice  and  a 
half,  as  that  of  60  to  20. 


•eVqui-oit-ide,  a.     [Pref. 
Eng.  oxide.]    (bee  compound.) 


1,  «nd 


uioxido   Of  iron,   i.        [FERRIC- 


•e«-qul-pe  -da'-  li-an.  *  ses-quJp'-e-Ual, 

a.  [Lat.  stsquipedalis,  from  pref.  sesqui-,  and 
pedalis=  pertaining  to  a  foot.  [PEDAL.] 
Containing  or  measuring  a  foot  and  a  half. 
Often  applied  in  humour  to  very  long  words 
In  imitation  of  Horace's  tesqulpedalia  terba 
(De  ArU  Poet.,  97). 

**  Language  whoM  ponderous  absurdity  was  nerer 
•quailed  Itiihe  most  tea/uipeda/itn  period  of  dramatic 
literature."—  Daily  Teltffraj*,  Oct.  11,  1SU. 

•ses-quip-e-da'  ll-an-Ism.  >.     [Eng. 
testfuipedalian  ;  -ism.]    Sesquipedalism. 

"  These    masters  of    hyperpolysyllablc    mwtpeda- 
Halt  :  Modem  taflUt,  f-  "• 


*  Be  S-  quip  -6-dal-ism,  >.   [Eng.  xsqntpedal  ; 
•4tm.]    The  use  of  very  long  words. 

*'  No  ir*iuip9<ttltim  and  barbarous  Latlnlrlngdls- 
flgurs  Ms  explanation*  of  pbeuonMna."—  Doily 
r««r,,pa.  Dec.  tt,  ISM. 

••Ss-quJ-pS-daT-I-tft  ».  fjing.  tayulpedal: 
•*W 

1.  The  quality  or  condition  of  being  sesqui- 
pedalian. 

2.  Tho  use  or  habit  of  using  very  long 
words  ;  scsquipedalism. 


ses-quip'-li-cate,  a.  [Pref.  tesqui-,  and 
Eng.  f/ieot«(q.v.).J 

Math.:  Designating  the  proportion  one 
quantity  or  number  has  to  another  in  the 
ratio  of  one  and  a  half  to  one. 

••  The  periodic.!  time*  of  the  planet*  are  In  ««*»u/. 
pfieue  proportion."— CheyM:  Phil.  Principle!. 

•ses-qm-ter-tlal  (tl  as  ah),  "Be*j-qul- 
ter  -tian,  *  ses-qm-ter  -tion  al,  a. 
[Pref.  sesqui-,  and  Lat.  tertius=  third.] 

UaJh. :  Designating  the  ratio  of  one  and 
one-third  to  one. 

aes -qui-tone,  «.  [Pref.  tesqul-,  and  Eng. 
torn  (q.v.).] 

Music :  A  minor  third  or  interval  of  three 
semitones. 

•sess,  "sesse,  s.  [A  shortened  form  of  assess 
(q.v.).]  A  tax. 

"The  English  Buffered  more  damage  by  the  itu  of 
bli  soldiers,  than  they  gained  profit  or  eecurity  by 
abating  the  pride  of  their  enemies."— Dane*  :  Hilt,  of 
IrOaruL 

•sess,  "sesse,  r.t.  [Siss,  «.]  To  assess,  to 
tax. 

"  To  consyder  of  the  matter  in  variance,  aud  to  lew 

the  penalty." — Gddiiiye  :  Catar,  foL  108. 

aeV-san,  sag  -sen,  i.    [SABSEX.] 

sess  lie,  a.  [Lat.  seisilli  =  pertaining  to 
sitting  ;  sedto  =  to  sit.] 

1.  Sot. :  Bitting  close  upon  the  body  that  sup- 
port* it  without  any  sensible  stalk:  as,  a 
tessUc  leaf,  i.*.,  one  without  a  petiole. 

2.  ZaoL,  <tc. :  Destitute  of  a  peduncle,  at- 
tached simply  by  a  base. 

sesslle-clrripedes,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  Balanidte.    [ACORH-SHEIX.] 

sessile  eyed,  u. 

Zool. :  Having  the  eyes  fixed  on  the  surface 
of  the  head  without  the  intervention  of  a  foot- 
stalk. Applied  to  the  Edriopthalmla  (q.v.). 

[STALK-ETKD.] 

'  ses  sfl'-.-a, ».  pi.  [Kent  pL  of  Lat.  ictiUls.] 
[SESSILE.] 
Zool :  A  lapsed  order  of  Eotifera  (q  v.). 

•  sess  ion  (w  as  Eh),  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat,  ses- 
lionem,  accns. of «Mio=a  sitting,  frorasewKjn, 
•up.  Gt sedto  =  to  sit ;  8p.  saion;  l\£\.Ksnone.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  act  of  sitting ;  the  state  of  being 
seated. 

••  HU  ietrion  at  the  right  hand  of  Ood.*— Boater  i 
Ecclc*.  Polity. 

2.  The  sitting  together  of  a  body  of  indi- 
viduals for  the  transaction  of  business ;  the 
sitting  of  a  court,  council,  legislature,  aca- 
demic body,  or  the  like,  or  the  actual  assembly 
of  the  members  of  such  or  like  bodies  for  the 
transaction  of  business. 

"  The  aaid  Lord  President  and  Council  iball  keep 
four  general  sitting"  or  leuiant  In  the  year." — llurntt : 
Record*,  pt  U-,  bk.  L.  No.  H. 

3.  The  time,  space,  or  term  during  which  a 
court,  council,  legislature,  or  the  like  meets 
for  business,  or  transacts  business  regularly 
without  lireaking  up  or  dissolving.    Thus,  the 
session  of  a  congress   is   the    time  from  its 
meeting  till   its  prorogation  or   dissolution. 
The  session  of  a  judicial  court  is  called  a  term. 

"But  the  latt  day  of  that  parlament  or  iuMfim  the 
prince  oommeth  In  person  In  nil  parlament  robe*,  and 
aitteth  In  his  state  :  all  the  vpper  bouse  sitteth  about 
the  prince  In  their  states  ana  order  In  their  rubes.'  — 
AnUJs  -•  Commonwealth,  bk.iL.ch.ui. 

tt  Technically: 

L  Lav  :  A  sitting  of  Justices  In  court  upon 
commission.  (Generally  used  absolutely  in 
the  plural.) 

2.  Church  of  Scotland:  The  same  as  KIEK- 

SESilON  (q.V.). 

1  (1)  Clerk  of  the  session :  A  clerk  of  the 
court  of  session. 

(2)  Court  of  session :  [CooaT,  •„  T  (9)]. 

(3)  General  session  of  the  peace  :  A  meeting 
of  the  justice*  held  for  the  purpose  of  acting 
judicially  for  the  whole  district    comprised 
within  their  commission.     The  sessions  that 
are  held  once  every  quarter  of  the  year  are 
called  the  General  quarter  sessions  of  the  fence. 

*  (4)  Grmt  session  aJWaltt :  A  court  abolished 
by  stat.  1,  William  IV.,  c.  70,  circuits  being 
held  in  Wales  and  Cheshire,  as  in  other  English 
counties,  by  two  judges  of  the  superior  courts. 

(5)  Petty  sessions :   The  meeting  of  two  or 


more  justices  for  trying  offences  in  a  summary 
way  uuder  various  acts  of  parliament  em- 
powering them  so  to  do. 

(6)  Quarter  tedium :  [QUARTER]. 

(7)  Sessions  of  the  peace :  The  general  name 
for   sessions   held  by  justices  of  the  peace, 
whether  petty,  special,  quarter,  or  general. 

(S)  Special  sessions :  Sessions  held  by  justices 
acting  for  a  division  of  a  county  or  ruing,  or 
for  a  burgh,  for  the  transaction  of  special 
business,  such  as  granting  licences,  Ac. 

(9)  Sessions  clerk :  One  who  officially  keeps 
the  books  and  documents  of  a  kirk-S';s:siou, 
nuikes  all  entries,  and  manages  the  proclama- 
tion of  banns  of  marriage.  (Scotch.) 

sess  -lon-al  (ssas  sh),  a.    [Eng.  session;  -a!.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  session  or  sessions. 

sessional-orders,  s.pl.  In  Parliament 
certain  orders  agreed  to  by  both  Houses  of 
Parliament,  at  the  beginning  of  each  session, 
which  are  renewed  from  year  to  year,  and  are 
not  intended  to  endure  beyond  the  existing 
session.  (Sir  T.  E.  May.) 

'  sess' -pool,  s.    [CESSPOOL.) 

ses-ter9e,  sgs-teV-ti-fia  (tl  as  shl),  t. 

[Lat.  sestertius  =a  sesterce;  lit.  —  that  which 
contains  two  and  a  half;  from  semlt=  a  half, 
and  ttrtiux  =  third  ;  Fr.  sesterce.} 

Roman  Antiq. :  A  silver  coin,  properly  of 
the  value  of  two  asses  and  a  half,  the  foutth 
part  of  a  denarius,  or  about  2d.  sterling.  The 
Romans  were  accustomed  to  reckon  sums  of 
money  in  sesterces,  large  sums  in  sestertia, 
or  sums  of  a  thousand  sesterces. 

"  In  reckoning  by  testerce*,  the  Roman*  had  an  art, 
which  niay  be  understood  by  these  three  rule?  :  the 
fint  Is,  if  a  numeral  noun  agree  In  case,  geuder,  and 
number,  with  sestertius,  then  it  denotes  precisely  so 
mauy  sestertii,  as  deccin  sestertii,  jnst  so  miinj  ;  the 
second  is  this:  if  a  numeral  noun  of  another  ca«e  be 
Joined  with  the  genitive  plural  of  aeetercius.  it  de- 
note* so  many  thousand,  as  decem  aestertlnin  signifies 
ten  thousand  sestertii."— Kenntt:  Hainan  AittiiuUic*. 
bk.  T.,  ch.  rill. 

sos'-tet,  aea-tef-to,  «.    [Ital.] 

Music :  A  composition  for  six  Instrument* 
or  voices. 

14  A  vocal  tettet  In  the  second  act  shows  fancy  and 
•kill  of  a  blfb  order."— Daily  refejrrupa,  Nor.  16,  ISSk 

ses'-tine,  s.    [SKXTAIX.] 

Pros. :  A  stanza  of  six  lines ;  a  sextain. 

ae'-au'-ve-te,  s.  pt.     [Mod.  Lat.  se*ut<ium)  ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ea.] 

Bat. :  A  sub-order  of  Tetragoniaceee.  Cap- 
sule circumscissile.  (Lindley.)  Sometimes  made 
an  order,  Sesuviaceae. 

t  se-su-vi-a'-cfi-se,  «.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  tent- 
rf (urn) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  sutf.  -acta.]    [S«- 

SUVEJL] 

se-BU'-vi-um,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful] 

Bol. :  The  typical  genus  of  Sesuvea;  (q.v.). 
Sesuvium  portulucattrum  and  S.  repeni  are 
cultivated  in  tropical  Asia  as  a  substitute  for 
spinach. 

ait,  *  aette,  r.t.  &  <.    [A.8.  settan,  causal  of 
sittan  =  to  sit;  cogn.  with  Dut.  zetten;  IceL 
setja;   Dan.  toztte ;   bw.  satte;  Gotln.  satjan; 
Ger.  tetzen.] 
A.  Transitive: 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  To  make  or  cause  to  sit ;  to  place  in  • 
sitting  posture. 

"  They  cast  their  garment*  upon  the  colt,  aud  they 
Mf  Jesus  thereon."— Lukt  xlx.  3& 

•_'.  To  place,  as  in  a  sitting  position  ;  to  place 
upright :  a»,  To  set  a  box  ou  its  end. 

3.  To  place,  put,  or  fix  ;  to  put  or  place  in 
a  certain  place,  position,  or  station. 

-  I  do  M  my  bow  in  the  cloud,  •—email  U.  13. 

I.  To  arrange,  to  dispose,  to  appoint,  to 
station,  to  post. 

••  Let's  se<  the  watch.'          Ota^v  :  OOUUo.  U.  a, 

5.  To  flr  or  plant  firmly. 

6.  To  plant,  as  a  shrub,  tree,  or  vegetable, 
as  distinguished  from  sowing. 

••  I'll  m>t  pot 

The  dibble  In  earth,  to  let  one  slip  of  them." 

SWi<ap.  .•  H--<iri  Tale,  IT.  i. 

7.  To  fix  or  place  in  a  getting ;  to  fix  for 
ornament,  as  in  mct-iL 

"  And  him  too  rich  a  Jewel  to  be  set 
In  vulgar  metal  for  a  vulgar  use." 

liryden  :  Spanith  Friar,  IF.  t 

8.  To  adorn  or  stud ,  as  with  precious  stones. 


•Ete.  flit,  fin,  amidst,  what,  foil,  father ;    we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
me,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who.  son;  mate,  cub,  oiiro,  nulta,  cur,  role,  foil;  try,  Syrian,    to.  ce  =  i ;  ey  *=  a;  qu  =  kw. 


set 


4215 


To  intersperse  or  variegate  with  anything. 
'•  A.  with  •turn,  their  bodlm  ill 


10.  To  fix  or  make  immobile. 

"  Set  are  her  eye*.  and  motionless  her  limbs." 

Garth:  Ipkit  A  AnaxartU. 

11.  To  establish  in  some  post  or  office  ;  to 
Appoint. 

"  The  Lord  hath  tet  a  king  over  you."—  1  Samuel 
*UU 

12.  To  put  from  one  state  to  another  ;  to 
make  or  cause  to  be,  do,  or  act, 

"  I  will  ift  the  Egyptian*  against  the  Egyptians,"— 
Itaiah  xix.  2. 

13.  T"lix  or  settle  authoritatively;  to  pre- 
scribe, to  appoint,  to  predetermine,  to  assign. 

*  Let  in  ran  the  race  that  U  tet  before  u*."—Bebrem 
Xll.l. 

14.  To  fix  or  determine,  as  the  thoughts  or 
affections. 

"Set  your  affection  on  things  above,  not  on  things 
•n  the  earth.  '—Colottiant  lit.  2. 

15.  To  place  in  estimation  ;  to  estimate,  to 
Talue,  to  prize.    (Proverbs  i.  25.) 

16.  To    regulate    or  adjust:    as,   To  set  a 
watch  by  the  sun. 

17.  To  fit  to  music  ;  to  adapt  with  notes  : 
as,  To  set  a  song  £o  music. 

*  18.  To  pitch  ;   to  lead  off,  as  a  tune  in 
ringing. 

"  I  ahoultl  be  very  •willing  to  be  his  clerk,  for  which 
you  know  I  am  qualified,  being  able  to  read  and  to  *'< 
a  psalm."—  Fielding  :  Jottph  A  ndreat,  bk.  1.,  ch.  r  i. 

19.  To  reduce  from  a  fractured  or  dislocated 
•tote. 

"  I  only  recommended  that  ray  arm  and  leg  should 
be  tet,  and  my  body  anointed  with  oil."—  Herbert. 

20.  To  put  in  order  ;  to  put  in  proper  trim 
tor  use  :  as,  To  set  a  razor  =.  to  give  it  a  sharp 
or  tine  edge  ;  to  set  a  saw  =.  to  incline  the  teeth 
laterally  to  right  and  left,  in  order  that  the 
kerf  may  be  wider  than  the  thickness  of  the 
blade. 

21.  To  place  in  order  ;  to  frame. 

"  After  it  was  framed,  and  ready  to  be  wC  together, 
he  was,  with  infinite  labour  and  charge,  carried  by 
land  with  camel*  through  that  hot  and  sandy  country." 
—K*oUet  :  aiti.  Turk**. 

22.  To  propose  for  choice. 

"  AU  that  can  be  done  IB  to  *•*  the  thing  before  men. 
and  to  offer  It  to  their  choice.  "—TUlotton. 

23.  To  apply  or  use  in  action  ;  to  employ. 

"  Set  hit  knife  into  the  root." 

Shake*?.  :  8  Henry  VI.,  1L  ft, 

&,  To  write  or  note  down. 

"  HU  fault*  otaerred, 
Set  In  a  note-book.  " 

Shaketp.  :  Juliui  Catar,  IT.  $. 

25.  To  attach  ;  to  add  to  ;  to  join  to;  to 
Impart. 

**  Time  hath  tet  a  blot  upon  my  pride," 

Shaketp.  :  Richard  11.,  UL  1 

26.  To  instigate  ;  to  urge  on. 

The  dog*  of  the  street  to  bay  me." 

Shukeip.  :  Cymbelin*,  T.  k 

87.  To  cause,  to  produce,  to  contrive. 

*  SH  diateotloii  twixt  the  BOH  and  sire." 

Shahetp.  :  I'enut  *  Adonit,  1,160, 

*  28.  To   put  or  place  in  opposition  ;  to 
Oppose. 

"Will    you  tet  your  wit  to  a  ioolsT"—  ShaXetp.: 

Troilut  A  CreuiUa,  ii.  1. 

*  29.  To  offer  for  a  price  ;  to  expose  for  sale. 

*  30.  To  let  or  grant  to  a  tenant. 

"  They  care  not  ...  at  how  unreasonable  rates  they 
Mf  their  grounds."—  Bp.  Bail  :  Cattt  of  Contcienca. 

*  31.  To  stake  at  play  ;  to  wager,  to  risk, 
to  hazard. 

"  Desperate  and  mad,  at  length  hu  ttti 
Those  darts,  whose  points  make  gods  adore." 

Prior  i  Cupid  A  Ganymede,  to. 

*  32.  To  offer  a  wager  to. 

"  VThotttt  me  else?  by  heaven)  111  throw  at  all." 
.  :  Richard  II.,  IT.  l. 


33.  To  embarrass,  to  perplex,  to  puzzle  ;  to 
bring  to  a  mental  standstill. 

"  Shew  how  hard  they  are  tet  in  this  particular."— 
Jtdduon. 

34.  To  make  stiff  or  solid  ;  to  convert  into 
curd  ;  to  curdle. 

35.  To  become,  as  to  manners,  merit,  sta- 
tion, «fcc.  ;  to  become,  as  a  dress  ;  to  fit,  to 
suit.    (Scotch.) 

"  Keen  Uck.  sir,  as  best  ten  ye."—  Scott  :  Rob  Roy, 
eh.  xxrfi. 

36.  To  point  out  by  stretching  ont  the  tail  : 
as,  A  dog  sets  birds. 

IL  Technically: 
1.  Nautical: 

(I)  To  loosen  and  extend  ;  to  spread  :  as, 
To  set  the  sails. 


(2)  To  observe  the  bearings  of,  u  a  distant 
Object  by  the  compass  :  as,  To  set  the  laud. 
2.  Printing: 

(1)  To  place  in  proper  order,  as  types ;  to 
compose. 

(2)  To  put   into   type,  as  a   manuscript. 
(Generally  with  up.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  fixed  hard,  closely,  and  firmly. 

"A  gathering  Mid  serring  of  the  spirit*  together  to 
resist,  maketh  the  t*cth  to  tet  hard  one  Against 
another." — Bacon. 

2.  To  plant ;  to  place  roots  or  shoots  in  the 
ground. 

M  In  gard'nlng  ne'er  this  rnle  forget. 
To  BOW  dry,  and  tet  wet"  Old  Proterb. 

3.  To  congeal,  to  solidify,  to  concrete. 

"That  fluid  substance  in  a  few  minutes  begins  to 
tet,  as  the  tradesmen  speak ;  that  is,  to  exchange  iU 
fluidity  for  firmness,"— Boyle. 

*  4,  To  fit  music  to  words. 

**  I  might  sing  it,  madam,  to  a  tone, 
Give  me  a  note:  your  ludyaMp  can  itt. 

Shaketp.  :  Two  Gentlemen,  L  2. 

6.  To  go  down  or  descend  below  the  horizon ; 
to  sink,  to  decline. 

"  When  the  sun  was  tettinff.'—Luke  Iv.  40. 
6.  To  flow;    to  have  a  certain  course  or 
direction ;  to  run :  as.  The  current  sets  east- 
ward.   (Lit.  &fig.) 

*  7.  To  point  out  game,  as  a  sporting  dog ; 
to  hunt  game  by  the  aid  of  a  setter. 

"When  I  go  a-hawkiug  or  tettitiy.  I  think  myself 
beholden  to  him  that  assures  me.  tliat  in  such  A  field 
there  Is  a  covey  of  partridges."—  Boyle. 

*  8.  To  undertake  earnestly ;  to  apply  one's 
self.    (Hammond.) 

*  9,  To  begin  a  journey,  march,  or  voyage ; 
to  start ;  to  go  forth. 

"  The  king  is  tet  from  London,  and  the  scene 
Xa  DOW  transported  to  Southampton." 

Shaketp.:  Senry  Y.,  It    (ChoruiJ 

10.  To  face  one's  partner  in  dancing. 

11.  To  fit  or  suit  a  person :  as,  The  dress 
sets  well.     (Colloq.) 

If  1.  To  set  about :  To  begin ;  to  take  the 
first  steps  in. 

2.  To  set  against :  To  oppose ;  to  place  In 
comparison,  or  as  an  equivalent. 

"  This  perishing  of  the  world  In  a  deluge  is  t«t  ayainii, 
or  compared  with,  the  perishing  of  the  world  in  the 
conflagration."—  Burnet:  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

3.  To  tet  aside : 

(1)  To  put  aside  or  out  of  the  question  for  a 
time ;  to  omit  or  pass  over  for  the  present. 

"Setting  arid*  all  other  consideration*,  I  will  endea- 
vour to  know  the  truth,  and  yield  to  that"— TiUotxm. 

(2)  To  reject. 

"I'll  look  into  the  pretension*  of  each,  and  ahow 
npon  what  ground  it  Is  that  I  embrace  that  of  the 
deluge,  and  get  arid*  all  the  rest  '—Woodi*trd  :  Jfat. 
-HiwfT 

(3)  To  abrogate,  to  annul,  to  quash  :  as,  To 
set  aside  a  verdict. 

4.  To  set  at  defiance :  [DEFIANCE,  TfJ. 

5.  To  stt  at  ease :  To  put  at  ease ;  to  quiet ; 
to  tranquillize. 

6.  To  set  at  naught:  [NAUGHT,  *.,  ^  (2)]. 

7.  To  tet  a  trap  or  snare:  To  prepare  and 
place  a  trap  to  catch  prey ;  hence,  to  lay  a 
plan  to  deceive  and  draw  into  the  power  of 
another. 

8.  To  set  at  work :  To  cause  to  enter  on. 
work ;  to  show  how  to  proceed  with  work ; 
to  start  on  work. 

9.  To  set  by : 

(1)  To  put  aside ;  to  set  aside. 
*(2)  To  regard,  to  esteem. 
"•David  behaved  himself  more  wisely  than  all,  BO 
that  his  name  was  much  tet  by.' — 1  Samuel  xriii.  »0. 

10.  To  set  down: 

(1)  To  place  on  the  ground  or  floor. 

(2)  To  deposit  or  place  a  passenger :  as,  A 
cabman  sets  down  his  fare  at  a  certain  place. 

(3)  To  snub ;  to  check  or  rebuke ;  to  slight. 

(4)  To  enter  in  writing ;  to  note ;  to  register. 

(5)  To  explain,  to  set  forth,  to  fix,  to  esta- 
blish. 

"  Some  rules  were  to  be  act  down  for  the  government 
ol  the  army." — Clarendon, 

(6)  To  consider,  to  rank,  to  class :  as,  To 
set  one  down  as  stupid. 

11.  To  set  eyes  on:  To  fix  the  eyes  on  ;  to 
behold,  to  see. 

12.  *  To  set  fire  on,  To  set  fire  to :  To  apply 
fire  to ;  to  set  on  fire  ;  to  cause  to  burn. 

"Setjlre  on  barn*  and  haystack*." 

Khukctp.  :  Titut  Andronieut,  T.  1. 


13.  To  set  forth: 

(1)  Transitive: 

*  (a)  To  prepare  and  send  out 

"The  Venetian  admiral  had  a  fleet  of  slity  galliee, 
**t/or«Aby  the  Venetians."— Knollet:  ffitt.  Tarkei. 

(b)  To  represent  in  words  ;  to  present  Of 
put  forward  for  consideration. 

(c)  To  promulgate,  to  publish. 

*  (d)  To  show ;  to  make  a  show  ot 

"  Set  forth  a  deep  repentance.™ 

Shaltetp,;  Macbeth.  L^ 

(e)  To  arrange,  to  dispose. 
"  Up  higher  to  tho  plain,  where  well  Mt  forth 
In  best  appointment  all  our  VsgluMuU. 

Shaketp.  '  King  John,  IL 

*(/)  To  praise,  to  recommend. 

"lit  let  ynn  forth." 
Sh'ikctp..-  Merchant  of  Pcitfctf,  ill.  6. 

(2)  Intrans. :  To  move  forward  ;  to  start ; 
to  set  out. 

"  I  take  this  as  an  unexj>ected  favour,  that  thou 
•houldest  tet  forth  out  of  doors  with  iue."~Bun]/an; 
fUgrim't  I'rvyreii.  pt.  ii. 

*  14.  To  set  foruxird  : 

(1)  Trans. :  To  advance,  to  promote, 

(2)  Intrans. :  To  set  out,  to  start. 

"The  BOIIS  of  Oershon  and  the  soua  of  Merart  tet 
forward."—  Number*  X  17. 

15.  To  set  in: 

*  {!)  Trans. :  To  put  in  the  way  to  begin  ; 

to  give  a  start  to. 

"  If  you  please  to  assist  and  «rt  me  in,  I  will  recollect 
myself."— Collier. 

(2)  Intransitive: 

(a)  To  begin :  as,  Winterseto  in  in  December. 

(b)  To  become  settled  in  a  particular  state. 

"  Then  It  tet  in  rainy."— firid,  April  4, 1885. 

(c)  To  flow  towards :  as,  The  current  sets  in 
towards  the  shore. 

16.  To  set  in  order:  To  put  In  order,  to 

arrange,  to  adjust. 

"The  rest  will  I  tat  in  order  when  I  come."— 1 
Corinthian*  xL  Si. 

17.  To  set  little  (or  much)  by :  To  have  a  poor 
(or  high)  opinion  of ;  to  value  little  (or  highly), 

18.  To  set  off: 
(1)  Transitive: 

*  (a)  To  remove. 

"  Every  thing  tet  off 
That  might  so  much  as  think  you  enemiei." 

bh/ifcetp.  :  3  Htnry  IV.,  tr.  1. 

(6)  To  adorn,  to  decorate. 

"  Claud iim  tft«  o^liis  description  of  the  Krldantu 
with  all  th«  poetical  *toriea,"— Addwm  :  On  Italy. 

(c)  To  show  off  to  the  best  advantage. 

"  Show  more  goodly,  and  attract  more  eyes, 
Than  that  which  hath  DO  foil  to  tet  it  off." 

Shoketp. .-  1  Benry  If.,  L  2. 

*  (2)  Intrans. ;  To  start,  to  set  out,  to  enter 
on  a  journey. 

19.  To  set  on  (or  upon) : 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  incite,  to  encourage. 
('*')  To  employ,  as  on  a  task ;  to  place  or  put 
to  some  work. 

*  (c)  To  determine  with  settled  purpose. 

(2)  Intransitive  : 

(a)  To  begin  a  journey  or  an  enterprise. 

(b)  To  make  an  attack  ;  to  assault. 

"  And  then  I'll  tet  upon  him." 

Shaketp. :  Coriolanut,  T.  L 

20.  Tosetonjire:  [12]. 

21.  To  set  on  foot :  To  start,  to  originate,  to 
set  a-going. 

22.  To  set  out: 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  mark  by  boundaries  or  distinction* 
of  space ;  to  mark  out 

*  (6)  To  raise,  equip,  and  send  forth  ;  to 
furnish. 

"The  Venetians  pretend  they  could  tet  out.  in  case 
of  great  necessity,  thirty  men  of  war,  a  hundred 
galhea,  and  ten  galeasses."— A dditon :  Truvelt  in  Italy. 

(c)  To  publish,  as  a  proclamation. 

(d)  To  assign,  to  allot 

(e)  To  adorn,  to  embellish,  to  set  off. 

"  An  ugly  woman,  in  a  rich  habit  tet  out  with  Jewell* 
nothing  can  become."—  Dryden. 

(/)  To  show,  to  display,  to  set  off,  to  recom- 
mend. 

(g)  To  show,  to  prove. 
(h)  To  recite ;  to  state  at  large. 

(2)  Intransitive: 

(a)  To  start  on  a  journey  or  course ;  to 
start,  to  begin. 


fc&ll,  boy;  pout,  J<ftrl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  911111,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing* 
-elan,  -tian  =  «»iyn     -tiou,  -siou  =  •>**" ;  -tion,  -§ion  —  *hnnr    -cious,  -  tioua,  -aious  —  shua.    -ble,  -die*  Ac.  =  bel,  del* 


4216 


set 


(b)  To  have  a  beginning. 

"  It  any  Individual  casualty  there  be.  It  U  quMtlou- 
able  whether  it«  activity  only  Mf  ou<  at  our  nativity, 
uid  began  not  rather  in  the  womb."— Brown*  :  Vulgar 
ftrrourt. 

23.  To  set  over: 

(1)  To  appoint  or  place  aa  supervisor, 
governor,  inspector,  or  director. 

"  I  bave  ttt  thee  ow  mil  the  land  of  E«jpt"-Ge/t«« 

tii.  4L 

*  (2)  To  assign,  to  convey,  to  transfer, 

24.  To  set  right :  To  correct,  to  put  in  order, 
to  adjust. 

25.  To  set  tail :  To  expand  and  spread  the 
•an*  :  hence,  to  begin  a  voyage. 

3S.  To  set  the  fashion :  To  determine  what 
•hall  be  the  fashion ;  to  lead  the  fashion. 

27.  To  Kt  the  game  at : 

Rackets:  (See  extract,  and  extract  under 
SET,  5.,  I.  8). 


"  It  Is  mei&llr  the  rule  that  when  the  fame  U 
called  'tlnrteeii  all.'  It  may,  upon  the  demand  of  the 
out-player,  be  tet  at  flre,  that  is  to  say.  a  sort  of  com- 
plementary game  is  started  in  which  five  aces  must  be 
von  before  the  tame  can  bt  counted  to  either  side. 
ID  a  similar  way.  at  '  fourteen  all.'  the  yamt  may  be 
•M  at  three,"— CeuMtCt  Book  of  Sport*,  p.  M. 

28.  To  set  the  teeth  on  edge  : 

(1)  Lit, :  [EDGE,  t.  5J. 

(2)  Fig. :  To  cause  to  suffer  the  natural 
penalty  of  one's  sin.    (Exek.  xviii.  2.) 

29.  To  set  to : 

(1)  To  apply  one's  sell 

(2)  To  begin  to  fight 
90.  Tosftup: 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  Ordinary  Language  : 

(i)  To  erect. 

(ii)  To  raise  :  as,  To  set  up  a  shout. 

(iii)  To  establish,  to  found,  to  institute :  as, 
To  set  up  a  government,  to  set  up  a  school 

(i  v)  To  enable  to  commence  a  new  business ; 
to  start  in  a  new  business :  as,  He  baa  set  his 
•on  up  in  business, 

(v)  To  raise,  to  exalt,  to  put  in  power. 

"I  will  MC  up  shepherd*  over  them." — Jertmiah 
nili.4. 

(vi)  To  place  or  fix  in  view :  as.  To  set  tip  a 
mark. 

"He  Mi  «p  fab  bill  ben."— JfcUttp. .•  Jfwefc  Ado 
About  Xothing,  L  1. 

(vii)  To  advance,  to  propose,  to  put  for- 
ward :  as,  To  set  up  a  new  doctrine. 

"  The  authors  that  *at  up  this  opinion  wen  not  them. 
Mires  satisfied  with  It."—  Bum«t:  Theory  of  th*  Lartk, 

(viii)  To  raise  from  depression  or  difficulty : 
as,  This  good  fortune  set  him  up  again. 
(6)  Technically: 

(1)  NauL  :  To  extend,  as  the  shrouds,  stays, 
Ac, 

00  Printing: 

(a)  To  put  in  type :  as,  To  set  up  a  page  of 
copy. 

(0)  To  arrange  In  words,  lines,  Ac. ;  to  com- 
pose :  as,  To  set  up  type. 

(2)  Intransitive: 

(a)  To  begin  business ;  to  start  in  business  : 
as,  He  has  set  up  as  a  grocer. 

(6)  To  profess ;  to  make  pretensions :  as, 
H<;  sets  up  for  a  scholar.  (Followed  by/w.) 

31.  To  set  up  rigging : 

Naut. :  To  increase  the  tension  of  the  rig- 
ging by  tackles. 

set-back,  s. 

1.  Ord,  Lang. :   The  reflux   of  a  current 
caused  by  a  counter-current,  by  a  dam,  Ac. : 
bence,  fig.,  a  reverse,  a  discomfiture.    (Amtr.) 

2.  Arch. :  A  flat,  plain  set-off  in  a  wall. 
set-bolt,  *. 

Shipbuild. :  (1)  A  bolt  used  to  force  another 
t>olt  out  of  its  hole ;  (2)  a  bringing-to  bolt 
(q.v.)u 

set-down.  *.  The  state  of  being  "set 
down  ; "  severe  censure  fitted  and  intended  to 
humiliate  one. 

set-fair,  «.  A  o, 

1.  [Ser,  «.,  II.  3  tJ. 

2.  Fair,  as  indicated  by  the  barometer,  and 
with  every  prospect  of  continuance. 

set-hammer,  «.  A  hammer  In  which 
the  handle  is  merely  set  in,  not  wedged,  so  aa 
to  be  readily  reversed. 

set  in, «.  A  beginning,  a  setting  in.  (Amer.) 


set  line,  *. 

Angling:  A  line  to  which  a  number  of 
baited  hooks  are  attached,  and  which,  sup- 
ported by  buoys,  is  extended  on  the  surface  of 
the  water,  and  may  be  left  unguarded  during 
the  absence  of  the  fisherman. 

set  off,  t. 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That  which  is  set  off  against  another 
thing ;  an  offset. 

2.  A  counter-claim  or  demand ;    a    cross- 
debt  ;  a  counter- balance  ;  an  equivalent. 

3.  That  which  is  used  to  improve  the  appear- 
ance of  or  to  set  off  anything ;  a  decoration, 
an  ornament. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Build.  :  The  part  of  a  wall  which  forms  a 
horizontal  ledge  when  the  portion  above  is 
reduced  in  thickness. 

2.  Print. :  The  accidental  transference  of 
Ink  from  one  recently  printed  sheet  to  another. 

3.  Law :  The  merging,  wholly  or  partially, 
of  the  claim  of  one  person  against  another  in 
a  counter-claim    by  the    bitter   against  the 
former.    Thus,  by  a  plea  of  set-off,  the  de- 
fendant acknowledges  the  justice  of  the  plain- 
tiff's demand,  but  sets  up  another  demand  of 
his  own  to  counterbalance  that  of  the  plain- 
tiff in  whole  or  in  part. 

set-off;  v. 

Print. :  To  soil  by  the  accidental  transfer- 
ence of  ink.  (Used  of  a  printed  sheet  or  a 
machine  blanket.) 

set  out,  *. 

1.  Preparations  as  for  beginning  a  journey  ; 
a  start. 

"The  parties  wen  pretty  equal  at  the  tet-out,"— 
Byron  :  IHary.  Feb.  18,  1821. 

2.  A  display,  as  of  plate,  Ac. ;  dress  and 
accessories ;  equipage,  turn-out. 

3.  Company,  set,  clique. 

4.  A  bustle,  a  confusion,  a  disturbance. 

set-pot,  *.  A  copper  pan,  used  in  varnish- 
making.  It  is  heated  by  a  spiral  flue,  which 
winds  around  it,  and  is  used  for  boiling  oil, 
gold  size,  Japan,  and  Brunswick  black,  Ac. 

set-screw,  *. 

Mach, :  A  screw  employed  to  hold  or  move 
objects  to  their  bearings,  as  the  bits  in  a 
cutter-head  or  brace. 

*  set-stitched,  a.  Stitched  according  to 
a  set  pattern,  or,  perhaps,  worked  with  plaits. 
(Sterne.)  [SET,  s.,  I.  1.] 

set-to,  s.  A  fight  at  fisticuffs  ;  a  pugilistic 
contest ;  hence,  any  similar  contest. 

set-up,  *. 

1.  Metal-work. :  The  steam-ram  used  In  the 
squee2er  which  operates  on  the  ball  of  iron 
from  the  puddling-furnace.    The  action  is  to 
condense  longitudinally  the  bloom,  previously 
elongated  by  the  action  of  the  squeezer  which 
ejects  the  cinder. 

2.  Bakery:  One  of  the  scantlings  used  to 
keep  the  loaves  in  place  in  the  oven. 

set-work,  *. 

Piaster. ;  Two-coat  plastering  on  lath. 

set,  sett,  s.    [SET,  v.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  manner  in  which  a  thing  Is  set  or 
placed  ;  the  way  in  which  a  thing,  as  a  dress, 
sets  or  fits. 

2.  An  attitude,  position,  or  posture. 

3.  The  descent  of  the  sun  or  other  luminary 
below  the  horizon  ;  setting. 

"  The  weary  ran  hath  made  a  golden  tec.*1 

ShaXetp.  :  A'Kkard  III.,  V.  S. 

4.  A  young  plant  for  growth  or  setting ;  a 
slip,  a  shoot. 

"To  search  the  woods  for  left  of  flowery  thorn." 

Pope;  Somer;  Odyuey  xxlv.  459. 

5.  A  permanent  change  of  figure  caused  by 
pressure,  or  being  retained  long  in  any  one  posi- 
tion.    When  metal  is  subjected  to  any  strain, 
either  tensile  or  compressive,  the  material  is 
lengthened  or  shortened  in  proportion  to  the 
force  exerted.    When  released  from  the  strain 
it  resumes  its  original  length,  unless  the  force 
exerted  exceeded  its   limit  of  elasticity.     If 
this   occurs,  the  material  receives  what  is 
called  a  permanent  set 

6.  A  direction  or  course :  M,  the  at  of  the 
tide. 


*  7.  A  plait. 

"  [One)  searching  him  found  In  the  M** 
Of  his  great  ruffs  the— I  "hall  think  on't  p 
Tl»  a  bard  word— the  Inquisition." 

Gfafthorne:  Wit  in  a  ConttabU,  V.  L 

8.  A  wager,  a  venture,  a  stake ;  hence,  • 
game,  a  match.     [SbT,  v.t  1  27.) 

"By  dint  of  rery  smart  service  and  general  good 
play  the  old  Etonian  took,  the  game  to  "M  all."  and 
finished  up  by  gaining  all  nveacea  In  the  «#!/."— f\*ld, 
April  4,  1SSS. 

9.  A  number  or  collection  of  things  of  the 
same  kind,  or  suited  to  each  other,  or  in- 
tended   to    be   used  together,  each  being  * 
necessary  complement  of  the  rest ;  a  complete 
suit  or  assortment. 

"  A  **  of  beads.-       Sbiketp. :  Richard  II.,  ill.  t. 

10.  A  number  of  persons    customarily  or 
officially  associated,  as  a  set  of  men  or  officials  ; 
a  number  of  persons  drawn  together  or  united 
by  some  common  pursuit,  affinity  of  taste, 
character,  or  the  like. 

11.  Hence,  in  a  bad  sense,  a  clique :  as,  He 
belongs  to  a  bad  set. 

12.  A  number  of  particular  things  that  are 
united  in  the  formation  of  a  wkole  ;  as,  a  set 
of  features. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Machinery; 

(1)  A  tool  used  to  close  plates  around  a 
rivet  before  upsetting  the  point  of  the  latter 
to  form  the  second  head. 

(2)  The  lateral  deflection  of  a  saw-tooth,  to 
enable  it  to  free  itself,  by  cutting  a  kerf  wider 
than  the  blade.    [SAW-SET.] 

(3)  An  iron  bar,  bent  in  two  right  angles  on 
the  same  side,  used  in  dressing  forged  iron. 

2.  Locksmith. :  A  contrivance  for  preventing 
the  opening  of  a  lock  without  its  proper  key. 

3.  Plaster. :  The  last  coat  of  plaster  on  walls 
for  papering;  a  setting  or  setting-coat.    The 
last  coat  for  painting  is  called  stucco. 

TT  Set-fair  indicates  a  particularly  good 
trowelled  surface. 

4.  Dancing  &  Music:  The  five  movements 
or  figures  of  a  quadrille ;  the  music  adapted 
to  a  quadrille ;  and  also  the  number  of  couples 
required  to  execute  the  dance. 

6.  Theat. :  A  set-scene  (q.v.). 

6.  Saddlery;  The  stuffing  beneath  the  ground 
seat  of  a  saddle,  to  bring  the  top  seat  to  ita 
shape. 

T  (1)  A  dead  set :  [DEAD-SET]. 

(2)  Set  (or  sett)  of  a  burgh : 

Scots  Law :  The  constitution  of  a  burgh. 
The  setts  are  either  established  by  im- 
memorial usage,  or  were  at  some  time  or 
other  modelled  by  the  convention  of  burghs. 

(3)  Set  of  exchange,  set  of  bV.ls : 

Exchange :  A  certain  number,  generally  three 
parts  of  the  same  bill  of  exchange,  any  part 
of  which  being  paid  the  others  are  void. 

*(4)  To  be  at  a  dead  set :  To  be  in  a  fixed 
state  or  condition,  which  precludes  further 
progress ;  to  be  at  a  standstill. 

(5)  To  make  a  dead  set:  To  make  a  deter- 
mined onset,  attack,  or  application. 

set,  *  sette,  a.    [Scr,  v.} 

1.  Placed,  put,  located,  fixed,  Ac. 

2.  Fixed,  immovable ;  as.  His  eyes  were  set 

3.  Fixed  in  opinion,  determined,  obstinate. 

4.  Intent,  bent. 

"All  my  mind  was  asf 
Serious  to  learn  and  know,  ami  tiicnce  to  do 
What  might  be  public  good."  Milton  :/>.&..  \.V*. 

5.  Established ;  fixed  by  authority  or  Cus- 
tom;   prescribed,  settled,  appointed:  as,  a 
set  form  of  service, 

6.  Predetermined ;  fixed  beforehand. 

"  The  tyme  *ettt  of  klnde  is  come."    G"ww ;  C.  A.,  U. 

7.  Regular ;  in  due  form  ;  well-arranged  ot 
put  together. 

"  [He]  railed  on  Lady  Fortune  in  good  terms, 
In  good  ut  terms,  and  yet  a  motley  fooi." 

Xhakap. :  At  )'ou  Like  It,  11  I. 

8.  Cricket :  A  term  applied  to  a  player  wb» 
has  acquired  a  mastery  over  the  bowling. 

set  scene,  s. 

Theat. :  A  scene  built  up  by  the  stage-car- 
penters, or  a  furnished  interior,  as  a  drawing- 
room,  as  distinguished  from  an  ordinary  or 
a  shifting  scene. 

set-speech,  «. 

L  A  speech  carefully  prepared  beforehand 
2.  A  formal  or  methodical  speech 


fete,  at,  flare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot* 
•r,  wore,  wolt;  work,  whd,  sin;  mute,  ciib,  cure,  unite,  cur.  role.  All;  try,  Syrian.    «,  oe  =  e;  ey  «=  a;  QU  =  kw- 


•sy-ta  (pi.  se'-tw),  «.    [Lat] 

•  L  Ord.  Lang,  it  Zool. :  A  bristle  or  sharp 
hair. 

2  Bot. :  Bristles  when  short  and  stiff,  as  on 
the  stalk  of  Echium.  (Used  specifically  of 
the  stalk  supporting  the  theca  in  a  moss.) 

J  Hypogynous  seta : 

Bot. :  Little  filiform  appendages  at  the  base 
of  the  ovary  in  Cyperaceas. 

Be  ta  -ce-6-  (O  as  sh),  pref.  [Mod.  Lat  seta- 
ceus,  from  Lat.  seta  =  a  bristle.) 

Bot. :  Covered  or  pointed  with  bristles. 

setaceo  rostrate,  a. 

Bot. :  Having  a  beak  with  the  figure  of  a 
bristle. 

setaceo  serrate,  a. 

Bot. :  Serrulated,  the  aerratures  ending  in 
bristle-like  points. 

s6  ta  ceous  (oe  as  sh),  a.  [Lat.  wto  =  a 
bristle.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Bristly  ;  covered  or  set  with 
bristles  ;  consisting  of  bristles. 

2.  Bot. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  having  the  form 
of  a  bristle. 

setaceous  Hebrew-character,  t. 
Entom. :  A  British  night  moth,  Noctua  C. 
riigrum. 

•3- tar'-I-a,  «.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat  seta  = 
a  bristle.  Named  from  the  bristly  nature  of 
the  involucre.] 

Bot. :  Bristle-grass ;  a  genus  of  Paniceae. 
Panicle  spike-like ;  spikelets  two-flowered,  one 
to  three  together,  surrounded  by  bristles ; 
glumes  two,  awnless.  Known  species  twenty. 
One,  Setaria  viridis  is  perhaps  British.  It  oc- 
curs in  cultivated  fields  in  Norfolk,  Suffolk, 
and  Surrey.  S.  verticillata,  found  with  the 
former,  is  not  indigenous.  5.  germanica  is 
German  millet  S.  italica,  a  grain  cultivated 
in  India  on  the  plains,  and  on  the  hills  up  to 
6,500  feet,  with  two  varieties,  one  straw-yellow 
and  the  other  reddish-yellow,  is  largely  used 
as  a  cereal  in  India,  but  is  considered  heating. 
It  may  have  come  originally  from  China, 
Japan,  the  Indian  Archipelago,  or  Australia. 

settee',  ».    [SETTEE,  1.] 

"  site -wall,  ».    [CETEWALE.J 

set'  fo"il,  s.    [SEFTFOIL.] 

*  sethe,  v.t.  or  L    [SEETHB.] 

Bcthe,    seethe,    seath,    saith,    sey,    >. 

[Gael.]    The  coal-fish.    (Scotch.) 

Beth'  i-a,  s.  [Named  in  honour  of  S.  Sethi, 
author  of  a  work  ou  culinary  vegetables.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Erythroxylacea?,  some- 
times merged  in  Erythroxylon.  An  empy- 
reumatic  oil  or  tar,  obtained  from  S.  indica,  is 
used  in  Southern  India. 

Beth'  Ic,  a.    [A  corrupt,  of  sotAww  (q.v.).] 

Seth'-ites,  Seth  I-ans,  >.  pi.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist. :  An  obscure  Gnostic  sect  in 
the  second  century  who  are  said  to  have  re- 
garded Seth  as  the  Messiah. 

se-tif  -er-ous, «.  [Lat.  seta  =  a  bristle,  and 
fero  =  to  bear.]  Producing  or  bearing  bristles. 

se'-ti-form,  a.  [Lat.  seta  =  &  bristle,  and 
forma  =  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  bristle. 

set'-i  ger,  s.  [Lat]  [SETIGEROCS.]  One  of 
the  Setigera  (q.v.). 

*  86  tlg'-er-a,  s.  pi.    [Neut  pi.  of  Lat.  setiger 
=  bristly.] 

Zool. :  An  old  synonym  of  Chsetopoda(q.v.). 

Se'-tlg'-er-ous,  a.  [SETIGER*.]  Covered  with 
ln-istles;  setiferous.  (Used  in  Zoology  specif, 
of  the  Locomotive  Annelida.) 

•i-tlp'-ar-OUS,  o.  [Lat.  seta  (q.v.),  and 
pario  =  ta  bring  forth.)  Producing  or  giving 
origin  to  bristles. 

"The  development  In  these  segments  of  the  seli- 
parout  glands  of  the  inner  row  of  aetsa." — Roilftton  : 
farm  of  Animal  Life,  p.  126. 

DC' -tr  rente,  s.  [Lat  seta  =  a  bristle,  and 
remus  —  an  oar.] 

Entom. :  The  leg  of  an  aquatic  beetle  when 
fringed  with  bristles,  to  aid  it  in  propelling 
itself  through  the  water. 


seta— setting 

1  set  ling.  s.  [Eng.  *»(,  s. ;  dimin.  stiff,  -ling.} 
A  young  set,  slip,  or  shoot  (Becon :  Preface 
to  Various  Tracts.) 

set  ness,  s.  [Eng.  set;  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  set 

se-to  des,  s.  (Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat  seta  — 
a  hair,  and  Or.  elSot  (eidos)=  form.] 

Kntom. :  A  genus  of  Trichoptera,  family 
Leptoceridee.  Head  small,  densely  pubescent ; 
antennae  varying ;  wings  exceedingly  long, 
narrow,  and  acute,  posterior  pair  not  so 
broad  as  anterior;  abdomen  slender,  with 
varying  appendages.  The  larvse  inhabit 
standing  and  running  waters.  In  at  least 
two  of  the  species  the  case  is  a  tube  of 
hardened  silky  secretion,  apparently  with  no 
admixture  of  extraneous  matter.  Six  species 
from  the  Palasarctie  region ;  two,  Setodes 
tineiformis  and  S.  interrupta,  are  British. 

Se'-ton,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat  seta  — a  bristle.) 

Surg. :  A  few  horse-hairs,  or  small  threads, 
or  a  twist  of  silk,  cotton,  or  similar  material, 
passed  under  the  true  skin  and  the  cellular 
tissue  beneath,  in  order  to  maintain  an  arti- 
ficial issue.  They  are  applied  as  counter- 
irritants  to  act  as  a  drain  on  the  system, 
or  to  excite  inflammation  or  adhesion.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  the  issue  itself. 

seton  needle,  s. 

Surg. :  A  needle  by  which  a  seton  (q.v.),  is 
introduced  beneath  the  skin. 

se'-tose,  t  se'-tous,  a.  [Lat  tetonu,  from 
seta  —  a,  bristle.) 

Bot.,  Zool.,  Ac. :  Covered  with  set«e ;  bristly. 
(Used  specif,  when  the  hairs  or  bristles  are 
unusually  stiff.) 

sett,  s.    [SET,  ».] 

1.  A  match.    [SET,  ».,  I.  8.] 

2.  A  number  of  mines  taken  upon  lease. 

3.  Piling:  Apiece  forming  a  prolongation 
of  the  upper  end  of  a  pile  when  the  latter  has 
been  driven  beyond  the  reach  of  the  hammer. 

H  Sett  of  a  burgh :  [Set  of  a  burgh\. 
•  sette,  v.t.    [Ssr,  ».] 
set-tee'  (1),  set  ee',  «.    [Pr.  scetie,  «e«*J 

Naut. :  A  Mediterranean  vessel  with  a  sharp 
prow,  single  deck,  two  masts,  and  sails  inter- 
mediate in  shape  between  a  lug-sail  and  a 
lateen  sail. 

set-tee  (2),  s.  [According  to  Skeat,  a  variation 
of  settle,  s.  (q.v.).]  A  long-backed  seat,  for 
four  or  more  persons  ;  a  kind  of  double  arm- 
chair. 

"  Ingenious  Fancy,  never  better  pleased 
Thau  when  employ'd  t'  accommodate  the  fair. 
Heard  the  sweet  moan  with  pity,  and  devised 
The  soft  tettee  ;  one  elbow  at  each  end. 
And  in  the  midst  an  elbow  it  received. 
United  yet  divided ;  twain  at  once. 
So  sit  two  lungs  of  Brentford  on  one  throne." 

Covtper:  Talk,  L  75. 

settee-bed,  5.  A  bed  formed  so  as  to 
turn  up  in  the  day-time  in  the  form  of  a  settee. 

sSt'-ter,  s.     [Eng.  set,  v. ;  <r.J 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  sets  :  as,  a  setter  of 
precious  stones,   a  setter  of  type,  a  setter  of 
music.    It  is  found  chiefly  in  composition,  as, 
type-setter,  setter-off,  setter-on,  &c. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  8. 

*  3.  One  who  performed  the  office  of  a  setter- 
dog,  or  found  persons  to  be  plundered  ;  one 
who  made  appointments  and  watched  oppor- 
tunities. 

"O,  'tis  our  letter:  I  know  his  voice."— Shaketp.  : 
1  Henry  IV.,  11.  S. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Gun. :  A  round  stick  for  driving  fuses, 
or  any  other  compositions,  into  paper  cases. 

2.  Porcelain :  A  seggar  adapted  and  shaped 
to  receive  an  article  of  porcelain  biscuit,  for 
firing  in  the  kiln. 

3.  Zool. :  The  large  Spaniel  improved  to  his 
peculiar  size  and  beauty,  and  taught  another 
way  of  marking  his  game,  viz.,  by  setting  or 
crouching.    (Youatt.)    There  are  two  breeds, 
the  English  and  the  Irish  ;  the  latter  stands 
alittle  higher  on  the  legs,  and  is  said  to  be  the 
hardier  of  the  two.    The  coat  should  be  wavy  ; 
but  not  curly,  as  in  the  Water-spaniel,  nor 
so  thick  as  in  the  Newfoundland.    The  hinder 
parts  of  the  legs  and  the  lower  surface  of  the 
tail  should  be  well  set  with  long  hair,  and  the 


4217 

predominating  colour  be  white.,  blotched  wills 
lemon,  liver,  yellow,  red,  or  black. 

Better-forth,  s.     One  who  declares,  pub- 
lishes, or  sets  forth  ;  a  proclaimer. 

"  Your  tetttrt-forth  of  unexampled  themes." 

R.  Browning :  SordeUo.  bk.  L 

setter-grass,  s.    [SETTEKWORT.] 

setter-off,  s.  One  who  or  that  which 
sets  off,  decorates,  or  adorns. 

setter-on,  s.  One  who  sets  on ;  an  in- 
stigator, an  encourager,  a  promoter. 

setter-out,  s.  One  who  sets  forth  or 
proclaims. 

"  A  noble  trttrr-mtt,  and  as  true  a  follower  of  Christ 
and  hys  gospelL"— Atcliam  :  Afairet  of  Germany . 

setter-up,  ».  One  who  sets  up  or  estab- 
lishes ;  one  who  raises  to  office  or  dignity. 

"  Proud  tetter.up  and  puller  down  of  kings  1 " 

Skakap.  :  >  Henri  fL,  u.  «. 

«  set'-ter,  v.i.    [Eng.  seton  (q.v.).]    (See  ex- 
tract) 

"  Husbandmen  are  used  to  make  a  hole,  and  put  a 
piece  of  the  root  [cf .  SETTBRWOKTJ  into  the  dewlap . . . 
as  a  seton  in  cases  of  diseased  lungs,  and  this  is  called 
pegging  or  fettering."—  Gerard*  :  Herbal,  p.  979. 

sSf  -ter-wort,  s.    [Eng.  setter,  v.,  and  wort) 
Bot. :  Helleborus  foitidus. 

*  sSt'-ter-y,  a,      [Eng.  setter;   -».]    Like  o» 
resembling  a  setter. 

"  Generally  too  tettory  in  appearance  to  be  perfect" 
—field,  Dec.  S.  1884. 

sett  ing,    "sett-yng,   pr.   par.,   a.,    *   «. 

[SET,  ».] 

A.  &  'B.  As  pr.  par.  it  particip.  adj. :  (S»» 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  set*,  places,  or  flxM 
anything  in  any  position. 

2.  A  descending  below  the  horizon  ;   set ; 
hence,  fig.,  fall  from  high  estate. 

"From  that  full  meridian  of  my  glory, 
I  haste  now  to  my  getting." 

SlioJteip.  :  Bern?  rill.,  B,  1 

3.  The  act  of  fixing  for  ornament,  as  in 
metal ;  that  in  which  anything  is  set  for  orna- 
ment :  as,  the  setting  of  a  ring. 

4.  The  act  of  arranging  or  fitting  words  to 
music  ;  a  musical  arrangement  of  words. 

"  In  some  of  the  tetttnyt  the  frequent  changes  of 
measure  and  tonality  produce  an  uneasy  and  laboured 
effect "—Athsnosum,  Dec.  27,  1884. 

•  5.  Sporting  with  a  setting  dog. 

6.  The  sharpening  of  a  razor  on  a  hone ;  an 
intermediate  process  between  grinding  on  a 
stone  and  strapping. 

7.  Displaying  the  teeth  of  a  saw  laterally  In 
alternate   directions,  so  as  to  increase   th« 
width  of  the  kerf,  and  allow  the  blade  to 
move  freely  without  rubbing  and    heating. 
[SAW-SET.] 

8.  The  hardening  of  mortar,  concrete,  plat- 
ter, or  the  like. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Mason. :  The  fixing  of  stones  in  position 
in  a  wall. 

2.  Plaster. :    [SET,  «.,  II.  S.]. 

3.  Watchmaking: 

(1)  The  jewel  which  is  clasped  by  the  bezel ; 
or  one  which  serves  as  a  bushing  for  an  arbor 
or  pivot 

(2)  The  adjustment  of  the  hands. 
setting-board,  s. 

Entom. :  A  board  for  setting  out  insects  for 
preservation.  It  consists  of  a  sheet  of  cork 
glued  to  a  flat  piece  of  wood,  and  having  its 
surface  covered  with  paper.  A  butterfly  or 
moth  is  set  out  by  having  its  outstretched 
wings  kept  in  position  on  the  setting-board  by 
pieces  of  card  cut  in  long  triangles,  with  a  pin 
through  their  base. 

setting-coat,  s.    [SET,  «.,  II.  S.] 

*  setting-dog,  s.    A  setter.    [SETTER,*.. 
II.  3.) 

setting-gauge,  ».  An  apparatus  for 
setting  axles  of  wheels. 

setting-machine,  s. 
Spinning :  A  machine  for  setting  wire  teeth 
in  cards  for  carding-machines. 

setting  out  rod,  s. 

Joinery :  A  rod  used  in  setting  out  framei. 
as  windows,  doors,  &c. 


bSil,  b6J;  po~ut,  Jtfwl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  jhln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst    ph  = 
-elan,  -Uan  =  sham,   -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -lion,  -jion  =  zhun.   -clous, -tlous, -sious  =  shua.   -ble, -die,  Ac.  =  bfl,  4 


4218 


settle— settling 


setting  pole. «. 

Nautif*t: 

1.  A  pole  by  which  a  boat  or  raft  it  poshed 
along,  "lie  end  renting  on  the  bottom,  and  the 
other  usually  applied  to  the  shoulder,  while 
the  man  walks  the  length  of  the  deck. 

2.  A  pole  driven  into  the  bottom,  and  used 
for  mooring  a  boat  in  fishing,  &c. 

setting-punch,  *, 

Saddlery :  A  punch  with  a  tube  for  setting 
down  the  washer  upon  the  stem  of  the  rivet, 
and  a  hollow  for  riveting  down  the  stem  upon 
tlie  washer. 

set  ting- rule,  &,    A  composing-rule  (q.  v.). 
Betting  stick, 5.  Acomposing-stiekfq.v.). 

setting  up  machine,  *, 

Coopering :  A  machine  in  which  the  staves 
of  a  cask  are  set  up  in  order  and  held  for 
hooping. 

»et  -  tie,  *  set  el,  *  set  11,  *  set  le.  s.  [A.S. 
xtl ;  cogn.  with  Goth,  sit  Is  —  a  seat,  a  throne ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  sezai  ;  Ger.  sessel.] 

1.  A  seat  or  bench;  a  stool;  generally  a 
long,  high-backed,  stationary  seat  made  to 
accommodate  several  sitters. 

"  Basil,  iny  friend  1  Come,  take  thy  place  on  the  *««/*," 
Longfellow  :  Jlvangeline,  i.  2. 

2.  A  part  of  a  platform  lower  than  another 
part 

*  settle-bed,  «.    A  bed  so  constructed  as 
to  form  a  aeat  or  settle  by  day.   [SETTEE-BCD.] 

set  tie,  *  set  le,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.8.  setlan  =  to 
fix.  Skeat  considers  that  there  is  a  confusion 
with  the  Mid.  Eng.  verb  saghtlen,  sahtlcn,  or 
taughtlen  =  to  reconcile,  to  make  peace,  from 
A.S.  saht  —  reconciliation.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  place  in  a  fixed  or  firm  position ;  to  fix. 

"  Settled  in  hi*  f MB  I  se* 
Sad  resolution.*  Milton  :  f.  L^  TL  6*0. 

2.  To  place  or  set  in  a  permanent  or  fixed 
position ;  to  establish.  * 

"  I  will  tetfTe  you  after  your  old  estates,  and  will  do 
better  mto  you  than  at  your  beginnings."— Esekiel 
xuvL  11. 

3.  To  establish  or  fix  in  any  way  of  life ; 
to  place  or  establish  in  an  office,  business, 
charge,  or  the  like. 

"  The  lather  thought  the  time  drew  on 
Of  tttttiny  in  tbe  world  UU  only  son." 

JJrydtn.    (Todd.\ 

*  4.  To  set,  fix,  or  determine,  aa  in  purpose 

or  intention. 

11  Exalt  yoor_pe*rfon»  by  directing  and  Kttlinff  It 

5.  To  determine,  aa  something  subject  to 
doubt,  question,  or  controversy ;  to  decide. 

"After  this  amnfoment  warn  noted."—  Field,  Oct. 
«,18W. 

6.  To  free  from  uncertainty,  doubt,  waver- 
ing, or  hesitation ;  to  confirm. 

"  A  pamphlet  that  talks  of  alarery.  France,  «nd  the 
Pretender;  they  deal  re  DO  more;  It  will  tettic  the 
wavering,  and  confirm  the  doubtful. "— Swyt 

7.  To  adjust,  arrange,  or  accommodate,  as 
something  which  has  been  a  subject  of  con- 
troversy or  question  ;  to  bring  to  a  conclusion ; 
to  finish,  to  close  :  a*,  To  settle  a  dispute  by  a 
compromise. 

8.  To  make  sure  or  certain  ;  to  secure  or 
establish  by  a  formal  or  legal  process  or  act. 

"  The  remainder  of  the  crown,  on  the  death  of  king 
William  aiid  queen  Anne  without  iMue,  WAS  settled  by 
•tatute.1*—  Blaekttorte  :  Comment.,  bk.  i.,  eh.  i. 

9.  To  liquidate,  to  balance,  to  pay ;  to  clear 
off :  as,  To  settle  an  account. 

10.  To  change  from  a  disturbed  or  troubled 
condition  to  one  of  quietness,    peace,   and 
security ;  to  quiet,  to  still,  to  compose ;  to 
calm  agitation  in. 

"  Hoping  that  sleep  might  tattle  hU  brains,  with  nil 
haste  they  got  him  to  bed."—  Bunion  :  filffrim't  Pro- 
prew.pt.  C 

11.  To  clear  of  dregs,  sediment,  or  Impuri- 
ties by  causing  them  to  sink  ;  to  render  pure 
and  clear,  as  a  liquid. 

"  Bo  working  seas  ttttle  and  pnrge  the  wine." 

Sir  J.  liaviet :  Immortality  of  the  Soul. 

12.  Tocausetosinkorsubsidetothe  bottom. 

*  13.  To  render  compact,  close,  or  solid  ;  to 
bring  to  a  smooth,  dry,  and  passable  condition. 

"  Cover  ant  Mils  up.  that  the  rain  may  tetde  tbe 
turf  before  the  spring,  —Mortimer  ;  Butbandry. 

14.  To  plant  with  inhabitants ;  to  people, 
to  colonize  :  as,  The  French  settled  Canada. 

15.  To  give  the  final  touch  to ;  to  finish  ;  to 
do  for.    (CoUoq.) 


B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  descend  and  stop  ;  to  come  down  and 
take  up  a  position  on  something. 

"  AJid,  yet  more  splendid,  numerous  flocks 
Of  pigeon*,  tettlinff  on  the  rock*.*1 

Moore  .'  raratttoe  *  the  Peri. 

2.  To  become  calm  ;  to  calm  down  ;  to  sub- 
side. 

*  Till  the  fury  of  his  highness  fettle." 

3h>Uc*tt>.  :    Winter*  Tale.  iv.  4. 

3.  To  subside  ;  to  sink  to  the  bottom,  as 
dregs  from  a  clarifying  liquid. 

4.  To  subside  ;  to  become  lower,  as  a  build- 
ing by  the  sinking  of  its  foundation,  or  the 
displacement  of  the  earth  beneath. 

**  One  part  being  moist,  and  the  other  dry.  occasions 
It*  tetrlinif  more  In  one  place  than  another,  which 
" 


, 

s  cracks  and  tettlingt  iii  the  walL"—  Mortimer  : 
liutbandry. 

5.  To  become  fixed  or  permanent  ;  to  assume 
a  fixed  or  permanent  form,  condition,  or  state 
from  a  temporary  or  changing  state. 


"  Accordlngto  laws  established  by  the  divine  wisdom, 
It  was  wrought  by  degrees  from  one  form  into 

till  it  tt'ttlft  at  length  into  ail  habitable 


, 

t  by  degrees  from  one  form  into  another. 
at  length  into  ail  habitable  earth."— 
Burnet  :  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

6.  To  become  compact  or  solid. 

**  That  country  becnme  a  gained  ground  by  the  mud 
brought  down  by  the  Nilus,  which  tettlcd  by  degrees 
Into  a  firm  land.  —Browne:  Vulgar  Errourt. 

7.  To  establish  a  residence  ;  to  take  np  a 
permanent  abode  or  residence  ;  to  found  a 
colony. 


"  Among  the  Teutonic  people  who  tettltd  In  Britain, 
me  chief  tribes  were  the  Angles,  the  Saxons,  and  the 
Jute*,"— E.  A.  fneman:  Old  Englith  Hiitory.  ch.  v. 

8.  To  be  established  in  a  mode  of  life ;  to 
quit  an  irregular,  unsettled,  or  desultory  life 
for  a  methodical  one ;  to  enter  the  married 
state  or  the  state  of  a  householder ;  to  estab- 
lish one's  self  in  a  business,  employment,  or 
profession.    (Frequently  with  down.) 

"  As  people  marry  now,  and  tettle, 
Fierce  love  abatee  his  usual  metal." 

Prior;  Alma,  IL  4ft. 

9.  To  be  ordained  or  installed  as  a  minister 
over  a  parish  church  or  congregation.   (Amer.) 

10.  To  become  clear  or  pure;  to  change 
from  a  turbid  or  disturbed  state  to  the  oppo- 
site ;  to  become  free  from  dregs,  sediment,  or 
impurities  by  their  sinking  to  tbe  bottom,  as 
liquids. 

"  The  spring  has  lost  been  rolled  by  a  frog  or  musk- 
rat,  and  the  boys  have  to  wait  till  It  tettt~."— Jsir- 
ruught  :  Ptpacton,  p.  to. 

11.  To   adjust  differences,  claims,    or  ac- 
counts ;  to  come  to  an  agreement  or  settle- 
ment :  as,  He  has  settled  with  his  creditors. 

*  12.  To  make  a  jointure  on  a  wife. 

"  He  sighs  with  most  miccees  that  trttlm  wen." 
Garth:  EpUogn»to  Cato. 

t  (1)  To  fettle  one's  hath :  [HASH,  *.,  1J. 

(2)  To  settle  the  land : 

Naut. :  To  cause  it  to  sink  or  appear  lower 
by  receding  from  it. 

(3)  To  settle  the  main-topsail  halyard*: 
Naut. :  To  ease  off  a  small  portion  of  them, 

so  aa  to  lower  the  yard  a  little. 

set' -tied  (le  as  el),  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SETTLE,  v.] 

A.  A  spa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Fixed  ;  firmly  established  or  set. 

2.  Permanently    or    deeply    fixed ;    deep- 
rooted,  unchanging,  steady,  decided,  firmly 
rooted. 

"  A  deep  cold  tetfled  aspect  naught  can  shake." 
tlyron  :  ChiUe  ffarold,  ir.  178. 

3.  Quiet,  methodical :  as,  He  leads  a  settled 
life. 

*  4.  Firmly  resolved. 

"  I  am  fettled,  and  bend  up 
Bach  corporal  agent  to  this  terrible  feat* 

Shakeip. :  Macbeth,  1.  7. 

*  5.  Composed,  calm,  sober,  grave. 

"  Reasons  find  of  settled  gravity."  Bhake&p. ;  Sonnet  49. 

8.  Arranged  or  adjusted  by  agreement,  pay- 
ment, or  otherwise  :  as,  a  settled  account,  set- 
tled differences. 

settled-estate,  s. 

Law:  An  estate  held  by  some  tenant  for 
life,  under  conditions  more  or  less  strict,  de- 
fined by  the  deed. 

T  The  Settled  Estates  Act,  40  &  41  Viet, 
c.  18,  was  passed  in  1877* 

*  sSf  -tled-ness  (le  as  el),  *.  [Eng.*eftfed; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  settled  ; 
settled  or  confirmed  state. 

"Ton  are  yourself,  my  lord  ;  I  like  your 
—Beaum.  t  flft,  •  Woman- ffater.  V.  L 


set  tie  ment  (le  as  el),  s.     [Eng.  «&.; 
-metU.} 
L  Ordinary  Language ; 

1.  The  act  of  settling  ;  the  state  of  being 
settled ;  specifically : 

(1)  The  act  or  state  of  settling,  subsiding, 
or  sinking :  as,  the  settlement  of  a  house  through 
the  giving  way  of  the  foundation. 

(2)  Establishment  in  life,  business,  condi- 
tion, or  the  like. 

(3)  The  act  of  settling,  ndjnsting,  arranging, 
accommodating,  or  determining ;  the  adjust- 
ment,   arrangement,    or   acromnn  Nation    of 
differences  or  accounts;   the  removal  of  or 
reconciliation  of  differences  or  doubts ;  the 
liquidation  of  an  acc*»'mt;  an  arrangement 
come  to  or  agreed  upon  to  determine  a  point 
In  dispute  or  controversy. 

"  Bat  to  such  n  ittttcment  both  the  court  and  the 
nation  were  averse."— Macatday  :  Hist.  Sng.,  ch.  li. 

(4)  The  act  of  colonizing,  settling,  or  peo- 
pling ;  the  colonization  of  a  country  or  dis- 
trict. 

"The  tettlemeiti  of  oriental  colonies  lu  Greece  pro. 
duced  no  sensible  effect  on  the  character  either  of  the 
language  or  the  nation."— Murt :  Littratu.rt  of  (jrrcce. 
bk.  i..  ch.  v..  i  L 

(5)  The  act  of  settling  down,  or  of  taking. 
up  one's  permanent  abode  in  a  place. 

"Every  man  living  has  a  design  ID  his  head  upon 
...  power,  or  tettlement  lu  the  world." — L'lMran-jt: 
Fablet. 

*  (6)  A  giving  or  bestowing  of  possession 
nnder  legal  sanction ;  the  act  of  giving  or 
conferring  anything  in  a  formal  and  perma- 
nent manner. 

"  My  flecks,  my  fields,  my  woods,  my  posture*  take, 
With  tettlement  as  good  as  law  can  make." 

Drydtn;  Itaphnit  t  Chlorit. 

2.  Thai  which  settles,  subsides,  or  sinks  to 
the    bottom ;    subsided    matter ;    sediment, 
dregs,  lees. 

"  Fuller's  earth  left  ft  thick  ttttltment."— Mortimer  : 
JfutlMmdry. 

3.  A  new  tract  of  country  peopled  or  settled ; 
a  colony ;  especially  a  colony  in   its  early 
stages. 

"The  Spaniards  have  neither  tettlement  nor  trade 
with  th*  native  Indiana" — Dampier:  Yoyagit  (an. 

1684). 

4.  A  sum  of  money  or  other  property  granted 
to  a  clergyman  on  his  ordination,  exclusive 
of  his  salary.    (Amer.) 

5.  A  homestead  of  a  pastor,  as  furnished 
sometimes  by  donation  of  lana  with  or  with- 
out buildings,  sometimes  by  the  pastor's  apply- 
ing funds  granted  for  the  purpose.    (Bartutt.} 

II.  Law: 

L  The  act  of  settling  property  upon  a  per- 
son or  persona  ;  a  deed  by  which  property  is 
settled  ;  the  general  will  or  disposition  by 
which  a  person  regulates  the  disposal  of  his 
property,  usually  through  the  medium  of 
trustees,  and  for  the  benefit  of  a  wife,  chil- 
dren, or  other  relatives  ;  disposition  of  pro- 
perty at  marriage  in  favour  of  a  wife ;  Jointure. 

2.  A  settled  place  of  abode ;  residence ;  a 
right  growing  out  of  residence ;  legal  resi- 
dence or  establishment  of  a  person  in  a  par- 
ticular parish  or  town  which  entitles  him  to 
maintenance,  if  a  pauper,  and  subjects  the 
parish  or  town  to  his  support. 

"  It  was  enacted  that  forty  days'  undisturbed  real, 
dence  should  gain  any  person  a  tettlrment  In  any 
parish."— Smith  :  Wealth  of  A'altotu.  bk.  L,  ch.  viii. 

U  Act  of  Settlement : 

Eng.  Hist.  :  An  Act  passed  !n  1702,  by 
which  the  succession  to  the  crown  was  settled, 
on  the  death  of  Queen  Anne,  upon  Sophia, 
granddaughter  of  James  I.,  and  wife  of  the 
Elector  of  Hanover,  and  the  heirs  of  her 
body,  being  Protestants. 

set   tier,  «.    [Eng.  settle),  v. ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One    who    settles,   especially   one    whe 
settles  down  in  a  new  colony  ;  a  colonist,  as 
opposed  to  a  native. 

"All  those  colonies  had  established  themselves  In 
countries  inhabited  by  savage  and  barbarous  nations, 
who  easily  gave  place  to  the  new  lettlert."— Smith  : 
Wealth  of  ffationt,  bk.  iv.,  clu  vii. 

2.  That  which  finally  decides  or  settles  any- 
thing; that  which  gives  the  finishing  touch 
to  anything.    (Colloq.  or  slang.) 

n.  Afetall. :  An  apparatus  for  extracting 
the  amalgam  from  slimes  received  from  the 
amalgamating  pan. 

set'  tling,  pr.  pan,  a.,  &  ».    [SETTLE,  v.] 

A.  &  B*  At  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (Se» 
the  verb). 


ffvte,  fat,  faro,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  whA,  son;  mute,  cttb,  cure,  unito.  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    a».  a      e ;  ey  ^-  a;  qu  =  kw. 


(10)  Seven  Wonders  of  the  World:  [Wo»D«B, 


C.  Aa  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  settles. 

J.  A  settlement 


.  . 

•  3.  A  deposit,  a  pool. 

••  A  uiainy  or  rtw  ol  rain«  water  fallen  from  higher 
place*'  -P.  Koa»J:  Win*  IJk.  *x*i..  oh.  Uu 
4.  (Pi.)  :  Sediment,  dregs,  lees. 

"  Til  but  the  leee. 

;M. 


u  of  i 

settling-back,  ».  A  receptacle  in  which 
a  solution  of  glue  in  process  of  manufacture 
is  kept  warm  until  the  impurities  have  time  K 
settle. 

settling-day,  s.  A  day  appointed  for 
the  settling  of  accounts,  &c.  Specif.,  on  the 
Stock  Exchange,  the  prompt-,  or  pay-day, 
which  occurs  twice  every  month,  one  as  near 
as  may  be  about  the  middle,  and  the  second 
about  the  end  of  the  month.  It  is  preceded 
by  the  ticket-day  (the  day  before  the  settle- 
ment), and  the  contango-day  (the  day  pre- 
ceding the  ticket-day),  so  that  every  fort- 
nightly settlement  occupies  three  days. 

•etf -ling-ite,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Min. :  An  undescribed  fossil  wax  or  resin. 

set  -tlor,  ».     [Eng.  settl(e),  v.  ;  -or.] 

Law :  The  person  who  makes  a  settlement. 
aef-u-la  (pi.  setf-u-lse),  s.    [Lat.  =  a  little 
bristle,  dimin.  from  seta  =  a  bristle.) 
Bat. :  The  stipe  of  certain  fnngala. 
•et'-nle,  s.    [SKTBLA.]    A  small,  short  bristle 

or  hair. 

set  -u-lose,  a.    [Eng.  xttMf) ; -<ae.]    Bearing 
or  provided  with  setules. 


(11)  Seem  Years'  War  :  The  conflict  between 
Frederick  II.  of  Prussia,  aud  Austria,  Russia, 
and  France,  in  1756-1763. 

seven  gilled   sharks,  s.   pi.     [Nori- 

PAXUS.  1 

seven-hilled,  o.  Standing  on  seven 
hills  Used  spec,  of  ancient  Rome,  standing, 
when  its  area  was  largest,  on  the  following 
seven  hills  :  Palatinus,  Capitollnus.Qumnalis, 
Ctelius,  Aventinus,  Viminalis.and  Esquiliuus. 

seven-leaves,  s.  pi. 

Bot. :  '.SKITFOIIJ.    (Brtttm  Jt  Holland.) 

seven-shooter,  s.  A  revolver  having 
seven  chambers  or  barrels. 

seven-spotted  lady-bird.  <. 

Entom. :  CoccineUa  tepttmpunctata.  [Cocci- 
NELLA,  LADY-BIBD.) 

seven  up,  > 

Oard-pla<,i«g:    A  game  played  with  a  full 
pack  ol  fifty-two  cards,  and  consisting  of  seven 
points. 
seven  -fold,  a.  *  adv.    [A.S.  •eofon-feald.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1   Repeated  seven  times  ;  multiplied  seven 
times  ;  increased  to  seven  times  the  amount, 
tth  that  kindled  thoee  grim  flree. 


set  -wall,  s. 

•  seure-ment,  >•    [Strut]    A  legal  security. 

*  seure-tee,  s.    [SURETY,  SECURITY.] 

•aven,  *  sev-ene,  s.  Si  a.  [A.S.  teofon, 
xofone;  cogn.  with  Out  zeven;  IceL  ijo,  »y.n; 
Dan.  syv;  Sw.  sju  ;  Goth.  sOmn;  O.  H.  Ger. 
sibun;  Ger.  Keben  ;  LaL  Kptem  ;  Gr.  eirr« 
(heota)  •  Wei.  laith;  Gael,  teachd  ;  Iriah«a<A«; 
Russ  seme;  Lithuan.  Kplyn;  Sansc.  saptan.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

I  The  number  greater  by  one  than  six  ; 
the  cardinal  number  following  six  and  pre- 
ceding eight  ;  a  group  of  things  amounting  to 
this  number. 

2,  The  symbol  representing  such  number, 
«s  7  or  vii. 

B.  At  adj.  :  Consisting  or  amounting  to  one 
more  than  six  or  less  than  eight. 


2.  Having  seven  plies  or  folds. 
B.  As  adv. :  Seven  times  as  many  or  often ; 
in  the  proportion  of  seven  to  one. 

••  Whoever  .lay.th  Cain,  vengeance  ehall  be  taken 
on  him  Kvenfotd.  —  0*n«ttt  IV.  15. 

•  seven -fold-ed,  o.     [Eng.  teven;  folded.] 
Sevenfold.  .._    nppCTm,irg. 


n.d* «'/«".]    [SNiouT.]    The 
period  of  seven  nights  and  days  ;  a  week. 


1  (1)  Seven  Churcltei  of  Asia :  Ephesus, 
Smyrna,  Pergamos,  Thyatira,  Sardis,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Laodieea.  (Rev.  i.  11.) 

(2)  Seven  Day  Fever 

Pathol. :  A  variety  of  Relapsing  fever. 

(3)  Seven  Deadly  Sins:  Pride,  Covetousness, 
lust,  Gluttony,  Anger,  Envy,  Sloth. 

(4)  Seven  Dolours  of  Our  Lady :  The  prophecy 
of  Simeon,  the  Flight  into  Egypt,  the  loss  of 
Jesus  in  the  Temple,  meeting  Jesus  with  His 
Cross    the  Standing  beneath  His  Cross,  the 
receiving  the  Body  of  Jesus,  the  Burial  of 

JesUS.      [DOLOUB,  1 .] 

(5)  Seven  Gifts  of  the  Holy  Ghost :  Wisdom, 
Understanding,    Counsel,    Fortitude,   Know- 
ledge,   Piety,    and   the   Fear  of  the  Lord, 
{/so.  xi.  2.) 

(8)  Seven  Principal  Virtues:  Faith,  Hope, 
Charity,  Prudence,  Justice,  Fortitude,  Tem- 
perance. The  first  three  are  called  also  The- 
ological Virtues,  the  other  four  are  known  as 
the  Cardinal  Virtues. 

(7)  Seven  Stars  :  The  Pleiades  (q.v.). 

(8)  Seven  WccM  War:  The  great  conflict  in 
1866  for  German  supremacy  between  Prussia 
«nd  Italy  on  one  side  and  Austria  on  the  other, 
In  which  the  allies  were  victorious. 

(9)  Seven  Wise  Men  (or  Sages')  of  Greece:  A 
name  applied  to  seven  philosophers  of  ancient 
Greece-    Periander  of  Corinth,   Pittacus  of 
Mitylene,  Thales  of  Miletus,  Solon  of  Athens, 
Bias  of  Priene,  CMlo  of  Sparta,  Mid  Cleobulus 
of  Lindus. 


'-some,  a.  [Eng.  seven;  -tome.] 
Consisting  or  composed  of  seven  things  or 
parts  ;  arranged  in  sevens.  (Scotch.) 

*  Beven'-some-ness,  ».  [Eng.  teventome ; 
^ess.]  Arrangement  or  gradation  by  sevens. 

seven'  teen,  a.  *  s.  [A.S.  seojon-tfne,  from 
•to/cm  =  seven,  and  f  jin  =  ten.) 

A.  As  adj. :   Consisting  of  ten  and  seven 
added ;  one  more  than  sixteen  or  less  than 
eighteen. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  The  number  greaUr  by  one  than  sixteen 
or  less  than  eighteen. 

2.  The  symbol  denoting  such  number,  as 
17  or  xvii. 

seventeen-years' loonst, ».    [CICADA.] 

seventeenth,  a.  tit.  [Eng.  seventeen  ;  -th ; 
A.S.  seofon-teodha.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  One  next  in  order  after  the  sixteenth  ; 
the  ordinal  of  seventeen. 

2  Being  or  constituting  one  of  seventeen 
equal  parts  into  which  a  thing  is  or  m»y  be 
divided. 

B.  As  substantive : 

I,  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  next  in  order  after  the  sixteenth ; 
the  seventh  after  the  tenth. 

2.  One  of  seventeen  equal  parts  into  which 
a  thing  is  or  may  be  divided ;  the  quotient  of 
unity  divided  by  seventeen. 

tt  Music:  An  Interval  consisting  of  two 
octaves  and  a  third. 
seventh,  a.  &  s.    [Eng.  seven ;  -tM 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Coming  or  being  next  after  the  sixth. 
2    Being  or  constituting  one  of  seven  equal 
parts  into  which  a  thing  is  or  may  be  divided. 

B.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  The  one  next  in  order  after  the  sixth, 
i  One  of  seven  equal  parts  into  which  a 
thing  is  or  may  be  divided. 


4219 


H.  Music: 

1.  The  interval  of  five  tones  and  a  semi- 
tone, embracing  seven  degrees  of  the  diatonic 
scale,  as  from  c  to  B  ;  also  called  a  Ma.ior- 
seventh.  An  interval  a  semitone  greater  than 
this  is  an  Augmeuted-sevtmth.     An   interval 
one  semitone  less  than  the  major-seventh  is  a 
Minor-seventh,  and  one  a  semitone  less  than 
this  again  is  a  Diminished-seventh. 

2.  The  seventh  note  of  the  diatonic  scab 
reckoning   upwards;    the  B  of  the    nalur&l 
scale.     Called  also  the  Leading-note. 

Seventh-day,  s.    Saturday,  the  seventh 
day  of  the  week  or  the  sabbath  of  the  Jews 
(SABBATH.) 
Seventh-day  Baptistt  : 

Church  Hist,   it   EccltsM.:    Baptists  who, 
holding  that  the  Fourth  Commandment  ex- 
pressly named  the  seventh  as  the  sacred  day, 
Jnd  that  there  is  no  express  command  in  the 
New  Testament  to  alter  that  day  to  the  first 
of  the    week,    observe    Saturday    as    then- 
Sabbath      This  view  arose  in  the  sixteenth 
century  among  a  minority  of  the  continental 
Anabaptists.    Erasmus  (De  Amati.    Concord., 
col.    506),   in  an  obscure    passage,    perhaps 
alludes  to  a  sect  of  this  nature  among  the 
Bohemians.     In  1620  John  Traske,  Trasque, 
or  Thraske,  published  a  work  advocating  a 
seventh-day  Sabbath.     Even  before    ,     U,! 
had  made  known  his  opinions,  and  in  1C 
had  been  censured  by  the  Star  Chamber,  set 
in  the  pillory  at  Westminster,  and  thence 
whipped  to  the  Fleet,  where  he  was  imprisoned 
till  lie  nominally   retracted    his    views.     In 
1628  Theophilus  Brabourne,  a  Puritan  minister 
in    Norfolk,  published    a    sermon,    followed 
shortly  after  by  another  publication,  In  favour 
of  Seventh-day  Sabbatarianism.     He  was  in- 
duced   by  the   High   Commission   Court   to 
abandon  his  views,  which,  however,  continued 
to    be    maintained    by   his    followers.      Mr. 
Edward  Stennct,  writing  from  Abingdon,  in 
Berkshire,  in  1668.  said  that  there  were  about 
nine  or  ten  churches  (congregations)  in  Eng- 
land holding  that  the   seventh    day  is  the 
Sabbath.     In  18S1  there  were  only  three  con- 
(rregations  in  England.     In  New  England  and 
Sther   parts    of    America    they    are    more 
numerous,  and   issue  tracts   and   republisb. 
works  bearing  on  their  opinions. 


seventh'-ly,  adv      [Eng.  seventh;  -ly.]     In 
the  seventh  place. 

••  amntU,.  HvtoB  boll-  bar.  KHM.  which  plan* 
have  not"—  Baoon. 

seven'-tl-eth,  a.  In.    [Eng.  seventy  ;  -ft.] 

A.  At  adjective  : 

1.  Coming  next  after  the  sixty-ninth. 

2  Being  or  constituting  one  of  seventy 
equal  parts  into  which  a  thing  is  or  may  be 
divided. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  one  next  in  order  after  the  sixty- 
ninth. 

2.  One  of  seventy  equal  parts  into  which  a 
thing  is  or  may  be  divided. 

•Sven'-ty,  •  ««ven-tie,  a.  fc  «.  [A.S.  (hund) 
Kofontig.} 

A.  As  adj.  :  Seven  times  ten. 

»  I  ny  not  onto  thee.  Until  •e'e"  «">«»  i  *«*• 
Untu2~.«»  tlu.ee  eefen.  "-xaauv  ».1U-  n. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  number  made  up  of  seven  times  ten. 

2.  A  symbol  representing  such  number,  as 
70  or  Ixx. 

•J  The  Seventy  : 

1.  Biblical  Critidm  :  The  seventy  or  seventy- 
two  Hebrew-Greek  scholars  alleged  to  have 
translated  the  Septuagint  (q.v.). 

2  Script..-  The  seventy  evangelists  sent 
forth  by  Jesus  on  a  mission  like  that  of  the 
apostlei,  to  whom,  however,  they  weMmfenor 
Tornce  and  dignity  (Luke  x.  1-24)  Nothing 
further  is  known  of  the  seventy  or  their  work. 
seV-er,  v.t.  &,  i.  {O.  Fr.  sevrer,  severer  (Fr. 
sIvTsr),  from  Lat.  teparo  =  to  separate  (q.T.)  , 
Ital.  mverare,  scevrare.) 

A,  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  To  separate  by  cutting  or  rending;  to 
part  or  separate  by  violence  :  as,  To  sever  a 
body  with  a  blow. 

2.  To  part  or  separate  from  the  r, 
violence  :  as,  To  sever  an  arm  from  th.)  b. 


4220 

9.  To  separate,  to  disjoin,  as  things  united 
by  some  tie,  but  naturally  distinct. 

"  So  should  my  thought*  be  mer'd  from  my  griefs.* 
Skaketp. :  Midtumnw  Xigto'i  Dream.  Tii.  2. 

•4.  To  separate  and  put  indifferent  places 
or  orders, 

"  Tb«  angrls  sh»ll  come  forth  and  «riw  the  wicked 
trout  among  the  Just"— Matthew  xiiL  *fl. 

0.  To  disjoin ;  to  disunite  generally. 

"  He  from  my  delight*  to  j«vrr." 

Covpfr  :  Jfffroi  Complaint. 

*  6.  To  keep  distinct  or  apart ;  to  set  apart. 

"  I  will  MW  iii  that  day  the  l*nd  of  G.*hen,  in 
whi'-h  my  people  dwell.  th»t  no  swarms  of  flirt  thall 
be  there.  —Sxodut  vilL  ±i. 

IL  Law:  To  disunite,  to  disconnect,  to  part 
possession. 

"  We  are,  lutly.  to  enquire  how  an  estat*  tri 
Joint  tenancy  may  be  MwrwJ  and  destroyed."— Black- 
Mont:  Commf-nt,,  ok.  U..  ch.  U. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  suffer  disjunction ;  to  be  separated  or 
ssitad. 

"  Look.  lov*.  what  enrlooa  streak* 
Do  lace  the  mwritw  clouds  in  yonder  east 

AoW  :  /tom«o  A  Su/M.  lit  ft. 

2.  To  part;  to  disconnect  one's  self  from 
Others, 

"  Half  broken-hearted 
To  »*t*r  (or  yean." 

Byron  :   H- ton  TT«  fwo  Fart*! 

8.  To  act  separately.    [1U 

"They  claimed  the  right  of  »«*rt«  la  their  chal- 
lenge.'-J/<ic<iwf<jjf:  Jirt.  fttf..  ch.  xviL 

4.  To  part ;   to  become  separated  or  dis- 
united. 

6.  To  make  a  separation  or  distinction  ;  to 
distinguish.  (Exodus  ix,  4.) 

H  To  sever  in  defences : 

Lav :  A  term  used  when  several  defendants 
to  an  action  plead  independently. 

•  seY-er-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  sever;  -able,}  Cap- 
able of  being  severed. 

aeY  er-aL    *  seY'-er-all,    a.,  adv.,    ft  i. 
(O.  FT.  several.} 
A*  A$  adjective : 

\.  Separate,  distinct ;  not  common  to  two 
or  more.  (Rarely  used  now  except  in  legal 
phraseology.) 

"  All  skilful  In  tb«lr  tmsral  U*ka." 

C<neptr:  An  Enigma.    (Tram.) 

2.  Single ;  individual. 

Bach  Miwal  chip  a  victory  did  gain." 

/trydtn  :  Annui  Hirabillt,  exd. 

5.  Distinct,  diverse,  different,  various. 

"  The  conqtiMt  of  Ireland  wa*  made  piece  by  piece. 
by  m«rat  attempts,  In  literal  age*."— Dariet :  History 
4f  Inland. 

4.  Consisting  of  a  number ;  more  than  two, 
but  not  very  many ;  divers. 

"Thii  elae  to  M*wroJ  sphere*  thon  must  ajcribe." 
J/iitan  :  P.  L.,  TliL  1SL 

*  5.  Separate,  distinct. 

"  Be  ttveral  at  meat  and  lodging.* 

Beaum.  *  Ftet.  :  .VoW«  Qmtleman. 

•B.  As  adv. :  Severally,  separately,  asunder. 

C.  A$  substantive : 

*  1.  A  particular  person  or  thing ;  a  particu- 
lar, an  item. 

"  There  was  not  time  enough  to  hear 

The  wMrcifi."  ShaJCftp. :  Aimry  r.,  i.  L 

&  A  few  separately  or  individually ;  a 
•mall  number,  singly.  (Followed  by  a  plural 
verb) :  as,  Several  of  them  came. 

*  3.  Something  peculiar  or  appropriated  to 
Ue  person  or  thing. 

"  Yee  moat  be  made,  your  owne  reel  i  >rocalU 
To  your  lou'd  clttie.  atid  faire  ftueraltt 
Of  wtue*.  and  noose*. " 

Chapman:  Homer;  Hymne  to  Apolln. 

*4.  An  Inclosed  or  separate  space ;  specifi- 
cally, an  Inclosed  field  or  pasture,  as  opposed 
to  a  common  or  open  field. 

"They  had  their  itfernl  for  heathen  nation*,  their 
tfverrtl  for  the  people  of  their  own  nation,  "-/footer  .- 
fecit*.  Polity. 

If  (1)  '"  several:  In  a  state  of  separation  or 
partition ;  separate. 

•'  More  profit  ii  quieter  found 
Where  postures  in  tcttnil  be." 

Tuner:  ffittbandry, 

(S)  Joint  and  several  note  (or  bond) :  A  note 
or  bond  executed  by  two  or  more  persons, 
each  of  whom  is  bound  to  pay  the  whole 
amount  named  in  the  document;. 

several-estate,  *.  An  estate  held  by  a 
tenant  in  his  own  right,  or  a  distinct  estate 
unconnected  with  any  other  person. 

several-fishery,  *.  A  fishery  held  by 
the  owner  of  the  soil,  or  by  title  derived  from 
the  owner. 


aeverable—  sew 

*  scY  cr  al,  *  seY-er-all,  v.i.     [SEVERAL, 
a.]    To  divide  or  break  up  into  severals  or 
inclosed  spares. 

"  The  people  of  this  iile  uwd  Dot  to  teveraU  their 
ground*.  —  garrison  :  ItMcri^t.  England,  ch,  x. 

*  seV-er-al  -J-ty,    i.      [Eug.   several  ;    -ity.] 

Each  particular  singly  taken  ;  distinction. 

"All  the  ttreralititt  of  the  degree*  prohibited."— 
Bp.  SaU  :  Caset  of  Contcitnct,  dec.  lv.,  ch.  v. 

*  seV-er-al-ixe,   v.t.     [Eng.  several;   -ite.] 
To  distinguish. 

"One  and  the  tame  church  .  .  .  howeverMgregated. 
and    infinitely   teveraiitcd   lu   person*."—  Bp.    Salt  : 


seY-er-al-ly,    adv.      [Eng.    several;     -ly.] 
Separately,  distinctly  ;  apart  from  others. 

"  Compare  their  reasons. 
When  tecerally  we  hear  them  rendered." 

,.  :  Juliut  Catar,  ill.  1 


•J  Jointly  and  severally  bound  :  Said  of  the 
parties  to  a  contract  when  each  obligor  is 
liable  to  pay  the  whole  demand,  in  case  the 
others  fail  or  are  not  able  to  do  so. 

•eY-er-al-ty;  ».  [Eng.  sertral  ;  -ty.}  A  state 
of  severance  or  separation  from  the  rest,  or 
from  all  others. 

"Thu*  having  considered  the  precedent  apertiou*, 
or  overture*  in  ttveralty.  according  to  their  particular 
requisite*.  '—  Riliquia  Wotttmiana.  p.  SB. 

H  Estate  in  severally  :  An  estate  which  the 
tenant  holds  In  his  own  right,  without  being 
joined  in  interest  with  any  other  person.  It 
is  distinguished  from  joint-tenancy,  copar- 
cenary, and  common. 

'*  He  that  hold*  lands  and  tenement*  t'n  tevtrnlty.  or 
1*  *ola  tenant  thereof,  la  he  that  hold*  them  lit  his 
own  right  only."—  Blackttont:  Comm*nt.t  bk.  U-, 
eh.  ll 


r  ance,  «.  [Eng.  sever;  -ante.}  The 
act  of  severing,  dividing,  or  separating  ;  the 
state  of  being  severed,  separated,  or  disjoined  ; 
separation,  partition. 

^  Severance  of  a.  jointure  : 

Law  :  A  severance  made  by  destroying  the 
unity  of  interest  ;  as  when  there  are  two 
joint-tenants  for  life,  and  the  inheritance  is 
purchased  or  descends  upon  either,  it  is  a 
severance.  So  also  when  two  persons  are 
joined  in  a  writ,  and  one  is  nonsuited,  in 
which  case  severance  is  permitted,  and  the 
other  plaintiff  may  proceed  in  the  suit 

"  If  there  be  two  Joint-tenant*  for  life,  and  the  in- 
heritance i»  purchased  by  or  descend*  upon  either,  it 
it  *  $e9*rance  of  the  jointun."  —  Bladutont:  Comment., 
bk.  ii..  ch.  is. 

se"  vere  ,  a.  [Fr.  sevlre,  from  Lat.  sevtrus  = 
serious,  severe  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  severo.] 

1.  Serious,  earnest,   or  grave  in  feeling  or 
manner  ;   free  from  levity  of  manner  or  ap- 
pearance ;  not  lively,  gay,  or  volatile  ;  sedate, 
grave,  austere.    (Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  iv.  14.) 

2.  Very  strict  in  judgment,  discipline,  or 
government  ;  rigorous,  harsh,  merciless,  hard. 

"The  king'*  temper  wa*  arbitrary  and  M**r*."  — 
Maoaulay:  Hiif.  Kny.t  ch.  vill. 

3.  Rigid,  indelible. 

"  Be  deaceitded  in  great  pomp  from  hi*  throne,  with 
the  Hverett  resolution  never  to  remount  it,"  —  D« 
Oulno*y  .-  K*fflHA  Mail  Ceaeh. 

4.  Sharp  ;   hard   to    be  endured  ;   violent, 
afflictive,  bitter,  painful. 

"  Pang*  enforced  with  Ood'*  tevtrrtt  •troke." 

Cowper  :  Ittttrement,  S14. 

5.  Hard    to  be  endured  ;   rigorous,   exact, 
strict  :  as,  a  severe  examination,  a  severe  test. 

6.  Strictly  conforming  to  or  regulated  by 
rule  or  principle  ;   exactly  conforming  to  a 
standard  ;  rigidly  methodical  ;  rigidly  adhering 
to  rule  :  hence,  not  allowing  of  or  employing 
unnecessary  ornament,  amplification,  or  the 
like  ;  not  luxuriant  ;  not  florid  ;  simple  :  as,  a 
severe  style  of  architecture. 

s«5v'-er-ee',  *.      [Etym.  doubtful  ;  by  some 

supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  cioorium.] 

Arch.  :  A  part  separated  from  the  rest  ;  a 
bay  or  compartment  in  a  vaulted  roof  ;  a  com- 
partment or  division  of  scaffolding. 

"  Each  tfveree,  or  compartment  of  vaulting  was 
of  the  Mine  dimension*  a*  the  preaent  vaulting."— 
Wettern  DaUg  .\'rm.  Felt.  8,  IMS. 

»S-ve're'-l&  adv.  (Eng.  severe  ;  -ly.]  In  a 
severe  manner;  with  severity;  strictly,  vigor- 
ously, rigidly,  jwinfully. 

"  A  youthful  gentleman  of  worth. 
And  kept  itvertly  from  renort  of  men.* 

Sltaketp.':  Two  Oentlcmtn,  11L  1. 

^  TO  let  a  person  (or  thing)  severely  alone  : 
To  avoid  of  set  purpose,  to  isolate. 

"  England  and  her  want*  .  .  .  are  to  &«  wiwcty  J*( 
atone.'  —fte/erov,  June  JO,  UM,  p.  S. 


s£  vcre-ness,  *.    [Eng.  severe;  -ness.]    Tht 
quality  or  state  of  being  severe  ;  severity 

seV-er-er,   *.     [Eng.  sever;  -*r.}    One  who 

severs  or  disjoins. 

S6-veY-I-ans,  s.  pi.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  :  A  party  of  Monophysites,  who 
followed  the  teaching  of  Severus,  who  became 

Striarch  of  Antioch  in  513.     He  asserted  that 
e  body  of  Jesus,  prior  to  his  resurrection, 
was  corruptible.    [JULIANISTS.] 

seY-er-ttet  s.    [After  St.  Sever,  France,  where 
found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.)-J 
Min.  :  The  same  as  LENZINITE  (q.v.). 


se-ver-I  t^f  *  se-ver-i-tye,  5.  [ 

from  Lat.  severitattm,  accus.  of  severitas,  from 
severus  =  severe  (q.v.);  Sp.  tereridad  ;  Ital. 
teverUa.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
severe— 

(1)  Gravity,  austerity,  extreme  strictness  ; 
harshness,  rigour. 

"  Strict  age  and  >our  ttverity, 
With  tlieir  grave  *aw*  in  slumber  He. 

J/iHon:  Comut,  109. 

(2)  Harsh  treatment,  cruelty,  rigour,  harsh- 
ness. 

"  Protected  against  the  teverity  of  victorious  govern- 
ment* t.y  female  adroitueea  nud  geueivsity.'  —  ttat- 
eauloff  :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  v. 

(3)  The  quality  or  state  of  afflicting,  dis- 
tressing,  or    paining  ;  extreme    degree  ;    ex- 
tremity, keenness,  sharpness. 

"  Though  uatura  hath  given  inaect*  sagacity  to 
avoid  the  winter  cold,  yet  its  tfvtrity  find*  them  uvV 
—Halt  :  isriyin.  of  Mankind. 

(4)  Extremity  of  coldness  or  inclemency: 
as,  the  severity  of  a  winter. 

(5)  Exactness,    rigour,    nicety  :  as,  the  it- 
verity  of  a  test. 

*(6)  Strictness,  strict  accuracy. 

"  Confining  myself  to  the  *etvri(y  of  troth,  becoming, 
I  mu»t  paa*  over  many  iHiUuces  of  your  military 
skill.  —Drydfn,  (Todd.) 


,  s6b  -er-ee', 


[S* 


pi, 
is 


VEREE.) 

SeY-Dle,  *.    [Eng.,  from  Sp.  Sevilla.l 

Geog.  :  A  Spanish  city  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Guadalquivir. 

Seville-orange,  s. 

Hort.,  <fc.  ;  The  Bitter  Orange  or  Bigarade, 
Citrus  Bigaradia.  The  rind  and  the  flowers 
have  a  stronger  flavour  and  odour  than  those 
of  the  Sweet  Orange.  The  flowers,  when 
distilled,  yield  orange-flower  water,  and  the 
rind  is  used  as  a  stomachic  and  tonic. 
[ORANGE.] 

*se-vo-ca  tion,  >.  [Lat.  serocatus,  pa.  par. 
of  sevoco  =.  to  call  apart  or  aside  :  se-  =  apart, 
and  voco  =  to  call.]  The  act  of  calling  aside. 

sev  o  e  Ja  (J  «s  h).  *-    [Mexican  name.] 

Hot.  :  Stenanthium  frigidum,  sometime* 
)laced  under  Veratrum.  It  grows  in  Mexico, 
is  believed  to  be  poisonous,  and  is  used  as  an 
an  th  el  min  tic. 

Sevres  (as  sevr),  «.    [Se«  compound.] 

Sevres-  ware,  s.  Porcelain  of  fine  quality. 
made  at  the  French  government  works  afe 
Sevres.  It  is  principally  of  a  peculiarly  fine 
and  delicate  quality,  for  ornament  rather 
than  use. 

•  sew  (ew  as  u)  (1),  v.t.     [Sew  (3),  «.]     To 
bring  on  and  remove  meat  at  table  ;  to  assay 
or  taste,  as  meats  or  drinks,  before  they  are 
served  up,  or  in  presence  at  the  table. 

*  sew  (ew  as  u)  (2),  v.t,  &  i.    [Sue.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  follow,  to  pursue. 

"  If  me  thon  delgue  to  serve  and  nw.~ 

Spenter;  F.  <?..  II.  vll  f, 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  solicit  ;  to  make  solicita- 
tion. 

•'  To  Proteus  selfe  to  *nt  she  thouyht  it  vain* 
Who  waa  the  root  anil  worker  of  her  woa," 

Spcnter:  F.  «..  IV.  zli.  » 

sew  (ew  as  6)  (3),  *  sewe,  *  so  wen.  v.t.  &  «. 

[A.S.  siurian  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  syja;  Dan.  s-ye; 
Sw.  sy;  O.  H.  Ger.  siuwan,  siwan  ;  Goth,  sin- 
jan;  Lat.  suo  ;  Lith.  suti;  Russ.  shite;  Sansc. 
siv.] 

A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  unite  or  fasten  together  with  a  needl*. 
and  thread. 

"  Hi*  cloke  wa*  towtd  to  hi*  bode." 

r.  C.  T.,l6,<m. 


ftte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall*  father;  we.  wet,  Here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  p*t» 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin;  mate,  cub,  ours,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  o>  =  e;  «y  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


sew— sexangle 


4221 


To  fasten  with  a  needle  and  thread. 


*3.  To  mend,  to  repair. 

"My  bellows  to  mend,  or  bowU  to  MW." 

Monty  .tf  £Mt«ri  all  Thingi,  p.  98. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  practise  sewing  ;  to  work 
With  a  needle  and  thread. 

"  A  time  to  rent.  and  *  time  to  MM."—  Jed**.  iil.  7. 
IT  1.  ro«wup; 

(1)  Literally  : 

(a)  To  inclose  by  sewing. 
"8m  me  up  in  the  iltlrte  of  it."-.S*a*«ip.  :  ranrin? 
qf  Me  £*r0u>.  iv.  3. 

(6)  To  close  or  unite  by  sewing. 

"  The  sleeves  should  be  cut  out  and  trutd  up  again." 
—  StaJCMp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrtte,  iv.  3. 

(2)  Fig.  :  To  tire  out,  to  exhaust,  to  finish. 
(Slang.)    [SBWN-UP.] 

2.  To  be  sewed  up:  To  rest  on  the  ground,  as 
»  ship  when  there  is  not  sufficient  water  for 
her  to  float  ;  a  ship  thus  situated  is  said  to  be 
tewed  up  by  the  difference  between  the  surface 
of  the  water  and  her  floating  mark  or  line. 

»ew  (ew  as  u)  (4),  "sewe,  v.t.  &  i.    [For  «. 

sewt,  from  O.  Fr.  essuier,  esuer  =  to  dry,  from 
Lat.  exsucco,  exsuco  —  to  deprive  of  moisture, 
to  suck  the  juice  from  :  ex  =  out,  and  succus  = 
juice,  moisture.] 

A.  Trans.  :    To  let  off  the  water  from  ;  to 
drain,  as  a  pond  for  taking  the  fish. 

"They  .  .  .  spoyled  and  brake  bis  cloimes  and 
wary  new,  and  fewya  their  pondes  and  waters,  and  dyd 
TO  to  them  many  displeasures."—  Fabt/an  :  Chroniclt 
(an.  1876). 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  ooze  out.    (Prou.) 

•sew  (ew  as  u)  (1),  *.  [A.S.  seaw  =  juice.]  A 
dish,  food. 

"  I  wol  not  tellen  of  hlr  strange  M*MI  , 
Ne  of  ber  iwannea,  ue  her  hereniewes." 

Chaucer.  C.  T.,  10.ML 

*  «ew  (ew  as  u)  (2),  *.     [Sew  (4),  v.  ]    A  sewer, 

a  drain. 

"  The  towne-sinke,  the  common  tm."—tfomenclator. 

•ewage  (as  BU'~ig),  *.   [Bng.  sew  (4),  v.  ;  -age.] 

1.  The  foul  matter  which  passes  through 
the  drains,   conduits,  or  sewers  of  a  town, 
village,   collection  of  houses,    Ac.,    or  indi- 
vidual houses.     It  consists  of  the   excreted 
matter,  liquid  and  solid,  the  water  by  which 
•uch  matter  is  carried  off,  the  waste  water  of 
baths,  wash-houses,  and  other  domestic  oper- 
ations,  the  liquid  waste  product  of  various 
manufacturing  operations,  and,  in  most  cases, 
of  the  greater  part  of  the  surface  drainage  of 
the  area  drained.    In  most  cases  the  sewage 
of  towns,  Ac.,  is  allowed  to  run  to  waste  into 
tome  river,  the  sea,  Ac.  ;  but  the  value  of  its 
manurial  constituents  being  now  recognized, 
many  towns  and  districts  and  large  establish- 
ments have  adopted  systems  of  sewage  utili- 
lation.     Of  these,  the  chief  ia  irrigation  of 
land    especially  prepared    for   the    purpose. 
Attempts  have  also  been  made  to  produce  a 
dry,   portable  manure    from  the  sewage   by 
treatment  with    chemicals,  deposition,    &c. 
The  quantity  of  sewage  passing  from  a  town, 
&c.,  is  estimated,  according  to  circumstances, 
at  about  thirty  gallons  per  head  per  day. 

"  Sevagt  generally  yields  ammonia  at  the  rate  of 
about  seven  grains  In  a  gal  Ion.  "—Brandt  £  Cox. 

2.  The  same  as  SEWERAGE,  1.  (q.v.). 

5T  The  words  sewage  =  that  which  ia  carried 
off  by  the  sewers,  and  Sewerage  =  the  system 
of  sewers  of  a  town,  are  said  to  have  been 
first  used  by  Mr.  James  Pilbrow,  F.S.A.,  civil 
engineer,  Worthing,  in  1850,  In  a  report  to  the 
Board  of  Works  for  Tottenham,  Middlesex. 

•ewage  (su'-ig),  v.t.  [SEWAGE,  «.]  To  fur- 
nish with  sewers  ;  to  drain  with  sewers  ;  to 
sewer. 

sew'  -el  (ew  as  u),  ».  [Btym.  doubtful  Per- 
haps for  shewell,  from  shew  or  show.] 

Hunt.  :  A  scarecrow,  generally  made  of 
feathers,  hung  up  to  prevent  deer  from  enter- 
ing a  place. 


(Native  name.] 
Zool.  :  Haplodon  rufus,  a  small  rodent  from 
the  west  coast  of  America.  It  is  about  a  foot 
long,  with  a  tail  of  an  inch  or  an  inch  and 
a  half,  brownish  above,  lighter  below.  Its 
habits  are  approximately  those  of  the  Prairie 
Dog  (q.v.).  It  constitutes  the  genus  Ani- 
sonyx  of  Rafinesque,  Aplodontia  of  Richard- 
son, and  Haplodon  or  Haploodon  of  later 
writers.  Lilleborg  makes  it  the  type  of  a 
family  Haploodontidse. 


seW-er  (ew  as  u)  (I),  s.  [Eng.  sew  (1),  v.  ; 
-er.]  An  officer  who  served  up  a  feast,  ar- 
ranged the  dishes,  and  provided  water  for  the 
hands  of  the  guests. 

"  Their  task  the  busy  *ew«  ply, 
••        •         i, ,. « 


And  all  is  mirth  and  revelry. 

Scott :  Lay  "f  V*  ^*"<  itirutrtt,  vt.  «. 

•ew'-er  (ew  as  d)  (2),  *.  [Eng.  sew  (2),  v. ; 
•er.]  One  who  sews  or  uses  the  needle. 

sew'-er  (ew  as  u)  (3),  *.  [Eng.  sew  (4),  v.  ; 
•er.]  An  underground  channel  for  carrying 
off  the  surface  water  and  liquid  refuse  matter 
of  cities  and  towns.  Sewers  are  constructed 
of  brick  or  earthenware  pipes  ;  iron  pipea  are 
uaed  in  a  few  instances.  [SEWAGE,  *j.] 

^  Courts  of  Commissioners  of  Sewers :  (See 
extract). 

"  Court*  of  t\*  CommUtlontrt  of  Sttetn  are  tempo- 
rary  tribunals,  erected  by  cominiasion  under  the  great 
seal,  with  Jurisdiction  to  overlook  the  repair*  of  sea- 
banks  and  walls,  and  the  cleansing  of  public  streams, 
ditches,  and  other  conduits,  whereby  any  waters  are 
carried  off.  In  the  county  or  particular  district  speci- 
fied in  the  commission.  ...  In  modern  times  powers 
similar  to  those  poneued  by  the  courts  of  sewers  have 
been  freely  conferred  on  vestries,  borough  councils, 
and  other  local  representative  bodies,  charged  with 
the  improvement  and  police  of  towns  and  other  popu* 
lou»  places."— Blacktlone ;  Comment.,  ok.  ill.,  ch.  a. 

sew  er  (ew  as  u),  v.t.  [SKWKK  (3),  «.]  To 
provide  or  drain  with  sewers. 

sewerage  (as  su-er-Ig),  «.  [Eng.  sewer 
(3),  a.;  -age.} 

1.  A  systematic  arrangement  of  sewers, 
drains,  Ac.,  in  a  city,  town,  Ac. ;  the  system 
of  sewers  or  underground  channels,  pipes,  &c., 
for  receiving  and  carrying  off  the  sewage  of  a 
town,  village,  &c- 

*  2.  The  matter  carried  away  in  the  sewers ; 
sewage. 

sew  in,  •ew'-en  (ew  as  u),  s.    [See  def.] 

Ichthy. :  The  Welsh  name  for  a  variety  of 
Salmo  trutta,  sometimes  ranked  as  distinct 
species,  S.  cambricus.  Though  characteristic 
of  the  Welsh  area,  it  ia  found  alao  in  Ireland, 
and  in  Denmark  and  Norway.  It  attains  a 
length  of  about  three  feet. 

seW-Ing  (ew  as  6),  pr.  par.,  a.,  *  *.  [Siw 
(3),  f.J 

A*  &  B.  As  pr.  par,  &  particip.  adj. ;  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  occupation  of  working  with 
or  using  a  needle. 

2.  That  which  is  sewed  by  the  needle. 

3.  (PL):  Compound  threads  of  silk  wound, 
cleaned,  doubled  and  thrown,  to  be  used  for 
sewing. 

sewing  clamp,  «. 

Leather :  A  contrivance  for  holding  a  piece 
of  work  while  being  stitched. 

sewing  horse,  s. 

Leather :  A  harn ess- maker's  clamp  for  hold- 
ing leather  while  being  sewed. 

sewing  machine,  s.  A  machine  for 
sewing  or  stitching  cloth,  leather,  &c.  Sew- 
ing machines  are  of  several  classes :  (1)  Those 
in  which  the  needle  is  passed  completely 
through  the  work,  aa  in  hand-sewing.  (2) 
Those  making  the  chain-stitch,  which  is 
wrought  by  the  crochet-hook  or  by  an  eye- 
pointed  needle  and  auxiliary  hook.  (S)  Those 
making  a  fair  stitch  on  one  aide,  the  upper 
thread  being  interwoven  by  another  thread 
below.  (4)  Those  making  the  lock-stitch,  the 
same  on  both  sides.  The  last  ia  the  latest 
and  best.  Sewing-machines  have  been  by 
various  modifications  adapted  to  perform 
almost  every  variety  of  stitching  which  can 
be  done  by  hand.  The  first  sewing-machine 
was  patented  by  Elias  Howe,  of  the  United 
States,  In  1846;  this  was  followed  by  the 
Singer  machine  in  1851 ;  and  since  that  time 
innumerable  improvements,  modifications, 
an<l  additions  have  been  made.  America  has 
constantly  led  in  the  production  of  sewing 
machines,  as  in  so  many  other  departments  of 
mechanical  Ingenuity,  and  vast  numbers  of 
these  useful  implements  have  been  exported. 

sewing -needle,  «.  A  needle  used  in 
sewing. 

sewing-press,  s. 

Bookbind. :  The  frame  with  stretched  vertical 
cords,  against  which  the  backs  of  the  folded 
aheeta  of  a  book  are  consecutively  laid  and 
sewed. 


•own  (ew  as  o),  pa.  par.  or  a.     [SEW  (2),  v.] 
sewn-np,  a.     Intoxicated.    {Slang.) 

"Some  of  the  party  were  considerably  *ewn-up."-* 
Thackeray  :  Shabby  Otnttel  Story,  ch.  i. 

*  sew'-ater  (ew  as  6),  *.    [Eng.  sew  (2),  v.  ; 
fern.    suit,  -ster.]     A  woman  who   aews;  a 
seamstress. 

"  At  every  twisted  thrid  my  rock  let  fly  1 

Unto  the  tetetter,  that  did  nit  me  nigh." 

Ben  Jonton  ;  Sad  tihepkerd.  II.  (. 

sex,  ».     [Fr.  sexe,  from  Lat.  sexum,  accus.  of 
5«rt«  =  8ex,  prob.  lit.=  a  division,  from  <eco 
=  to  cut  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  sexo  ;  ItaL  cewo.J 
L  Ordinary  Language  ; 

1.  The  distinction  between  male  and  female  ; 
the   physical  difference    between    male    and 
female  ;  that  property  or  character  by  which 
an  animal  is  male  or  female.    Sexual  distinc- 
tions are  derived  from  the  presence  and  de- 
velopment of  the   characteristic   generative 
organs  of  the  male  and  female  respectively. 

2.  Womankind,  by  way  of  emphasis.   (Gene- 
rally preceded  by  the  definite  article  the.) 

"  A  tact  which  surpassed  the  tact  of  her  ttx.  as  much 
M  the  tact  of  her  tex  surpasses  the  tact  of  ours."— 
Jiacaulay  :  Hut.  Bng.,  ch.  il. 

3.  One   of  the  two  divisions  of  animals 
founded  on  the  distinction  of  male  and  female. 

II.  Bot.  :  A  distinctive  peculiarity  of  some 
flower  or  flowers,  as  beating  a  stamen  or 
stamens,  and  therefore  being  analogous  to  the 
male  aex  in  animals,  or  bearing  a  pistil  or 
pistils,  and  thus  being  analogous  to  the  female 
sex.  [SEXUAL-SYSTEM.] 

SCX  ,  pref.  [Lat]  A  prefix  used  to  denote 
six  or  sixfold. 

*  sex-i&'-e'-cu-ple,   a.      [Lat   sexagi(es)  = 
sixty  times,  and  Eng.  couple.]    Proceeding  by 
sixties  :  aa,  a  sexagecupte  ratio. 

scx-a-gen-ar'-l-an,  a.  &  s.  [[Eng.  sexa- 
genary  ;  -an.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Sixty  years  of  age  ;  sexagenary. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  person  between  sixty  and 
seventy  years  of  age. 

sex  ag'-e'n-ar-^,  a.  &  *.  [Lat.  sexagenariut, 
from  sexageni  =  sixty  each  ;  sexaginta  =  sixty  ; 
sex  =  six;  Fr.  sexagenaire  ;  Sp.  sexagenario  ; 
Ital.  fessagenario.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to  the  number  sixty  ; 
composed  of  or  proceeding  by  sixties  ;  sixty 
years  of  age. 

"  These  are  the  texagtnary  fair  ones,  and  upward*. 
who,  whether  they  were  handsome  or  not  in  the  last 
century,  ought  at  least  In  this  to  reduce  theiniwlvs* 
to  a  decency  and  gravity  of  dress  suitable  to  their 
years,*—  ChetUr  field  :  Common  Sent*,  No.  «. 

*  B*  As  substantive: 

1.  A  sexagenarian. 

2.  A  thing  composed  of  sixty  parts,  or  coa- 
tain  ing  sixty. 

sexagenary  arithmetic,  9.  A  scale 
In  which  the  modulus  is  sixty.  It  in  used  in 
treating  o*.  the  divisions  of  the  circle.  [SEXA- 
GESIMAL.] 

sex  a  ges  -I-ma,  J.  [Lat.  sexagesima(dies)  = 
the  sixtieth  (day)  ;  Fr.  sexagesiwe  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
sexagesima;  Ital.  sessagesima,]  The  second 
Sunday  before  Lent,  so  called  aa  being  about 
the  sixtieth  day  before  Easter. 

sex-a-g6s  -I-mal,  a.  &  s.    [SEXAOESIMA.] 

A.  As  adj.  :   Sixtieth  ;    pertaining  to  the 
number  sixty  ;  proceeding  by  sixties. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Math.  :  The  same  aa  SEXAGESIMAL-FRAC-HOW 
(q.v.). 

sexagesimal  -  arithmetic,  «.  Sexa* 
genary  arithmetic  (q.v.). 

sexagesimal-fractions,  «.?>*.  Fraction* 
whose  denominators  are  some  power  of  sixty, 
as  -„*-;,  fV^Bt  sTiiVoiT-  Such  fractious  were  alone 
used  in  astronomical  calculations,  and  so  were 
formerly  also  called  astronomical  fractions. 
They  are  still  retained  in  the  division  of  the 
circle  and  of  time,  each  degree  or  hour  being 
divided  into  sixty  minutes,  and  each  minute 
into  sixty  seconds,  and  ao  on. 

*  sfix  -an-a-r^,  a.    [Lat.  sex  =  six.    Perhaps 
a  mistake  "for  sexenary,]    Consisting  of  six  or 
sixes  ;  sixfold. 

sex-an  gle,  s.     [Pref.  sex-,  and  Eng.  angle 


Geom.  :  A  figure  having  six  angles  and  six 
sides  ;  a  hexagon. 


boil,  boy;  poiit,  J6>1;  cat,  cell,  ebonu,  olila,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   pb  =  1 
-Uon, -sion  =  shun ; -{ion, -flon  =  xnuxu   -oioiu. -tious, -sious  =  Shu*.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel.  del. 


dam    -tian  — 


4222 

sex  -an  glcd  (Ic  ta  el),  sex  an  -gu  lar, 
a.  [Pref.Ki-,  aud  Eng.°uti<;krf,a«».TiU<rr<.q.v.).] 
Having  six  angle*  ;  hexagonal. 

•  The  grate  trom  thetr  *w<y*l*r  abode 
Crawl  out  unflQUh'd  tike  the  maggot*  brood. 

Drgdat  :  tMd  ;  Mttamorpttotm  XT. 
•ex  in'-gu-lar-ly,  'Kir.     [Bug.  texangular; 
-ty.]  In  a  sex&ngular  manner  ;  with  six  angles  ; 
hexagon»Uy. 

"  Crystal  Is.  In  It*  natural  growth,  a  aexangular 
prlsme.  texxngvlarlg  pointed.  —  Gr*wV  ftwtnofoold, 
bk.t-.eh.lli. 

•ex-de'-cene,  s.    [Pret  *ez-,  and   Eng.  <fe- 

««,]    [CETF.SE.] 

•ex  dec'-im-aL  o.  [Lat.  «eid«ini  =  sixteen.] 
Crystal;.  :  Having  sixteen  faces  ;  applied  to 

a  crystal  when  the  prism  or  middle  part  lias 

»il  faces,  and  the  two  summits  together  ten 

laces,  or  the  reverse. 

•ix-de'-cyl,  s.    [Pref.  sex-,  and  Eng.  dtcyl] 

[CETYL.] 
sexdecyl-  alcohol,   «.     [Cer  VUG-ALCO- 

HOL.) 
•ttx-Atg-lt-lm,*.  'Lett  ««r=  six,  and  «?.- 

tut  =  a  finger  or  toe.]    The  state  or  condition 

of  having  six  fingers  on  one  or  both  hands, 

or  six  toes  on  one  or  both  feet. 

"sex-dig  It-Ist,  «.  [SEXJJIGITIHM.]  One  who 
has  six  fingers  on  one  or  both  hands,  or  six 
toes  on  one  or  both  feet. 

sex  du  6  deS  -1m  aL  o.      [Lat.   <u  =  slx, 

and  d'uodccim  =  twelve.] 
Crystal!.  :  Having  eighteen  faces  ;  applied  to 

a  crystal  when  the  prism  or  middle  part  has 

six  faces,  and  the  two  summits  together  twelve 

faces. 
•  seated,  ».    [Eng.  sec  ;  -ed.]    Having  sex. 

"  LOM  l*i  sen  t*e  aez'd  hnmanitle.*      , 

Btuam.  i  rut.  :  Four  Flnjt*  tn  OIM. 

sex  6n  a-ry,a.  [Lat.  sec  =  six.)  Proceeding 
by  sixes  ;  specif,  applied  to  a  system  of  arith- 
metic whose  base  is  six. 

sex-en  nl-al,  a.  [Lat  «eonni(iim)  =  a  space 
of  six  rears  :  srx  =  six,  and  anniw  =  a  year  ; 
Eng.  adj.  sun".  -al.)    Lasting  or  continuing  for 
six  years  ;  happening  once  m  six  years. 
"  A  consolidatio 
."-flotf» 


gex  Sn'-nJ-al-iy,  adu.   [Eng.  sexennial  ;-!».] 
Once  in  every  six  years. 

sex   fid,  •Sx'-i-f  Jd,  o.    [Lat.  ter,  andJWi, 
pret  of  yiruio  =  to  cleave.] 
Sot.  :  (O/o  calyx,  a  corolla,  a*c.):  Six-cleft 

s^x  foil,  s.     tLat  «o!  =  six,  and/oJiur»  =  » 
leal]    A  plant  ar  flower  having  six  leaves. 

•  six  hind  -man,  ».    [A.8.  roc  =  six;  Inmd 
=  hundred,  and  man  =  man.] 

Eng.  Hiit.  :  One  of  the  middle  thanes,  who 
were  valued  at  600s. 

sex-U  -lion  (11  as  y),  ».    [SEXTILLION.] 

•  s&x'-I-ayl-la-Me,  ..    [Pref.  so-,  and  Eng. 
syllable  (q.v.).J    A  word  having  six  syllables. 

•iSjc-IV-a-Ient,  o.    [SEXVALENT.] 

•  sex  -less,  a.    [Eng.  sex,  s.  ;  -las.}    Having 
no  sex  ;  destitute  of  the  characteristics  of  sex. 

"  How  the  lexlett  worker*  .  .  . 
Wrought  to  Chrtetian  faith  and  holy  order 
Bavage  heart*  alike  and  barren  moor." 

C.  Kingilty  :  Saint't  Tragedy.    (Proem.) 

^[  The  term  is  often  applied  to  religious  of 
both  sexes. 

six  -16c  -u-lar,  a.    [Pref.  see-,  and  Eng.  fccu- 
tar  (q.v.);  Fr.  sexloculain.] 
Bat.:  (0/afntit):  Having  six  cells. 

•  sex  -If  ,  a.    [Eng.  tec,  s.  ;  Jy.)    Pertaining 
to  or  characteristic  of  sex  ;  sexual. 

•ext,  s.    [Lat.  sextva  =  sixth.] 

Rvaan  Ritual  :  The  office  for  horn  sexta  (the 
sixth  hour  =  noon).  It  consists  of  a  hymn, 
three  psalms,  the  little  chapter,  and  versicles 
and  responses.  [OmcE,  «.,  U  (2>] 


•ex-tain,  «.    [Lat. 
six  lines. 


z  =  six.)    A  stanza  of 


•  Six  -tins,  «.     [Lat.,  from  ««tu»  =  sixth.] 
L  £omon  ^?Ui4.  :  A  coin,  the  sixth  part  of 


2.  Aitron.  :  The  sextant  (q.T.). 


sexangled— sexualize 

sex  tan t,  i.  [Lat.  sextans,  genlt.  sata*tis  = 
a  sixth  part;  Fr.  sextant;  8p.  sextant*;  ItaL 
SKtante.J 

1.  JtfuU. :  The  sixth  part  of  the  circumfer- 
ence of  a  circle. 

2.  Sum.  <*  Navig. :  An  instrument  used  in 
measuring  angles,  founded  upon  the  optical 
principle  that  a  ray  of  light  twice  reflected 
from   plane  reflectors  makes,   with    the  ray 
before  reflection,  an  angle  equal  to  twice  the 
angle  of  inclination  of  the  reflecting  surfaces. 
It  resembles  a  quadrant,  but  has  an  arc  of 
about  65°.  The 

reflecting  sex- 
tant is  an  im- 
proved form 
of  the  quad- 
rant of  reflec- 
tion, invented 
by  Newton  in 
1699  [Qr/Ai>- 
RANT],  and  is 
capable  of 
measuring 
angles  of  120* 
or  more.  It 
consists  of  a  SEXTANT. 

frame,  gene- 
rally of  metal,  but  sometimes  of  ebony,  stiff- 
ened by  cross-braces,  and  having  an  arc  em- 
bracing about  65°  of  a  circle.  This  is  divided 
into  double  the  number  of  degrees  actually  em- 
braced between  the  two  extreme  graduations 
of  the  arc,  as  the  fixed  and  movable  glasses, 
owing  to  the  double  reflection,  only  form  with 
each  other  an  angle  equal  to  half  the  angular 
distance  lietween  the  two  objects  observed, 
one  of  which  is  seen  directly  and  the  other 
by  reflection  from  the  index-glass. 

3.  Astro*. :  Sextans :  one  of  the  constella- 
tions introduced  by  Hevellns.     It  extends  a 
little  more    than    from  the   eqnator  to  the 
ecliptic,  between  Regulua  and  Cor  Hydra. 

•  sejf-ta-ry  (1),  «•  tLat  sextarlus  =  the  sixth 
of  anything.] 

Roman  Antiq. :  A  dry  and  liquid  measure 
containing  about  a  pint 

"sejf-ta-ry(2),  *  BeV-ter-y, ».  [SACBISTT.] 

sextary-land,  s.  Land  given  to  a  church 
or  religious  house  for  maintenance  of  a  sexton 
or  sacristan. 

sex'  tene,  >.  [Lat.  sext(us)  =  sixth;  -ene.} 
[HEXES  E.J 

sex-tett',  s.    [SESTET.] 

SeV-ti  an,  ».    [See  def.] 

Philos.  (PI):  The  followers  of  Quintus 
Sextius  (born  circ.  70  M.C.),  who  founded  a 
school  of  philosophy  at  Rome. 

"  Abstinence  from  -n*i«*l  food,  dally  »elf-exainiiia- 
tton  and  a  leaning  toward  the  doctrine  of  the  trans- 
migration of  soul*  are  among  the  Pythagorean  ele. 
menu  in  the  philosophy  of  the  StaOiant.  Their  teach- 
ing seems  to  have  coniUted  principally  of  exhortations 
to  moral  excellence,  to  energy  of  *oul.  and  to  inde- 
pendence with  reference  to  external  thing*."—  Feoer- 
«« .  Bat.  fhtt.  (En(.  «d-l.  1-  •"• 

sSx'-tile,  a.  [Lat.  sextus  =  sixth.]  A  term 
used  to  denote  the  position  or  aspect  of  two 
planets  when  distant  from  each  other  sixty 
degrees  or  two  signs.  It  is  marked  thus  *. 

"  To  the  blank  moon 

H«r  office  they  preacrlb'd.  to  th'  other  Ore; 
Thetr  planetary  motion*  and  aspect* 
In  textile,  square,  aud  trine,  aud  opposite. 

Stilton :  P.  L.,  x.  659. 

sex  til  lion  (11  as  y),  «.  [Lat.  sext(ut)  = 
sixth,  and  Eug.  (m)illu>K.]  In  American  and 
French  notation  a  number  represented  by  a 
unit  with  twenty-one  ciphers  annexed.  In 
English  notation  a  million  raised  to  the  sixth 
power,  a  unit  with  thirty-six  ciphers  annexed. 

sex1  tine,  a.  It  s.  [Lat  sext(us)=  sixth ;  -int.] 

•A.  At  adj.:  Sixteenth.    (Xashe:  Lenten 

Stu/e.) 

B.   AS  lUbst.  :   [DlALLTL]. 

*  sex'-tl-ply,  v.t.  [SEXTUPLE.]  To  multiply 
sixfold. 

"  So  *ome  affection*  oar  Kiule*  browee  unbend. 
And  other  some  do  Kxtipty  each  dent." 

rmMft:  JftcrooMon*.  p.  IS. 

sex'-to  (pi.  sex'-tos),  *.  [Lat  abl.  sing,  of 
sextus  =•  sixth.]  A  book  formed  by  folding  the 
sheets  into  six  leaves  each. 

sexto -decixno,  >.  A  size  of  hook  in 
which  each  signature  is  folded  to  contain  six 
teen  leaves ;  generally  abbreviated  16mo,  16*. 


sex  -ton.  s.    [A  contract  of  sacristan  (q.T.).] 
An  under  officer  of  the  church,  whose  duty 
is  to  take  care  of  the  vessels,  vestments,  Jtc., 
belonging  to  the  church,  to  attend  on  the 
officiating  minister,  aud  perform  other  duties 
pertaining  to  the  church,  t<>  which  is  added 
the  duty  of  digging  and  filling  np  graves  in 
the  churchyaruT     The    office   corresponds  to 
that  of  a  janitor  in  other  buildings. 
"  III  always  kept  the  Mrton't  arm*  In  use 
with  digging  grave*  and  ringing  dead  men's  knella" 
Marl'jtee  :  Jne  of  Stalta.  11.  1 

*  sex  ton  ess,  s.  [Eng.  sexton ;  -en.]  A 
female  - 

"  The  tfztnneu  haitened  to  turn  on  the  gaa" 

Bartmm  :  Ingot&by  Legtndt ;  Sir  Kvpert. 

sSx'-ton-ry,  '  sSx'-ten-ry,  s.  [Eng.  sex- 
tan ,  -ry.)  The  office  or  post  of  sexton  ;  sex- 
tonship. 

"The  ttxtanry  of  our  lady*  ehurcbe  in  Rome."— 
Bernert:  froatart;  Cnmyctt,  vol.  11,,  ch.  cxcvii. 

sex  ton-ship,  ».  (Eng.  sexton;  -ship.]  The 
office  oi"  a  sexton. 

"  lit  died  v»for«  my  day  of  •stlmiMp ." 

Byron :  Churchitft  ffraa*. 

•6x'-try,  s.    [SEXTARY,  (2).] 

BtSx'-tu-ple,  a.  [Low  Lat  sextuplns,  from 
sex  =  six,  and  plico  =  to  fold.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Sixfold  ;  six  times  as  many. 

"  Man'*  length,  being  a  perpendicular  from  the 
vertex  unto  the  eole  of  the  foot.  1*  itrtuplf  onto  hi* 
breadth,  or  a  right  line  drawn  from  the  ribs  of  on* 
side  to  another."— Aretme .-  t'ulyar  Krrourt,  ok.  iv., 
ch.  v. 

2.  3/tiste :    Applied  to  music  divided  into 
bars  containing  six  equal  notes  or  their  equiva- 
lents, generally  considered  a  sort  of  compound 
common  time. 

scx'-tu  plet,  s.    [SKXTUPLI.] 

Music :  A  double  triplet,  six  notes  to  b« 
performed  in  the  time  of  four. 

sex  u-al,  a.  (Lat  sexualis,  from  sexus  =  sex ; 
Fr.  serial ;  Sp.  sexual;  Ital.  sessuale.]  Per- 
taining to  sex  or  the  sexes  ;  distinguishing  the 
sex ;  peculiar  to  the  distinction  and  office  of 
male  and  female  ;  pertaining  to  the  genital 
organs  :  as  sexual  intercourse,  sexual  diseases, 
etc. 

sexual  affinity,  «. 

Biol. :  Power  of  hybridization. 

sexual  reproduction,  *.  [GAMOO*»»- 
sis.] 

sexual  selection,  s. 

Bioi. ;  The  modification  of  the  two  sexes 
through  natural  selection  in  relation  to  differ- 
ent habits  of  life,  or  the  modification  of  the 
one  sex  in  relation  to  the  other.  The  latter  is 
the  more  common.  Male  mammals,  alligators, 
stag-beetles,  drc.,  generally  flght  for  the  pos- 
session of  the  females.  Among  birds,  again, 
the  males  exhibit  their  splendid  plumage  or 
sing  with  all  their  skill  to  attract  the  females. 
In  both  cases  sexual  selection  tends  to  modify 
the  structure.  (Darurin :  Origin  of  Species, 
ch.  iv.) 

sexual  system,  s. 

1.  Physiol. :  The  sexual  organs  collectively, 
with  their  collateral  appendages  and  arrange- 
ments.   The  male  and  female  elements  pro- 
duce what  are  usually  termed  sperm-cells  and 
germ-cells  respectively,  the  fusion  of  the  two 
cells  being  required  for  the  production  of  a 
fertile  embryo.    Except  in  the  very  lowest 
forms  of  life,  this  statement  is  generally  cor- 
rect as  regards  all  animate  Nature,  of  the 
vegetable  kingdom  equally  with  the  animal. 

2.  Bat. :  The  classification  of  plants  by  the 
number,  length,  and  grouping  of  the  stamens, 
and  the  orders  by  the  number,  &c-,  of  the) 

pistils.       IABTIFIOIAL-8TSTEM,     LlNN«AN-BTB- 
TEM.) 

"The  adoption  of  the  Mzuol  ivtttm  by  Professor 

Martvn    at  Cambridge,  and  by  Dr.  Hope  at  Edin. 

burgh    Is  to  be  considered  as  the  ami  of  the  eatablUh- 

ment  of  the  Llnnean  system  In  Britain."— Pvltmey : 

8ktt<A4t  o/  Botany. 

sex-n  al-lst,  s.  [Eug.  sexual;  -1st.]  One 
who  maintains  or  supports  the  doctrine  of 
sexes  in  plants ;  one  who  classifies  plauts  mo- 
cording  to  the  sexual  system  (q.v.). 

*  sex-u-ai'-T-ty^  s.  [Eng.  sexual ;  -tfy.]  The) 
quality  or  state  of  being  distinguished  by  sex ; 
recognition  of  sexual  relations. 

•ex'  n  al-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  sexual ;  -to.)  To 
give  sex  to ;  to  distinguish  into  sexes. 


fite,  fitt,  ttre,  .jmldrt,  what,  tail,  father;  we,  •»»*.,  here,  eamel,  ber,  thSre;  pine,  pit,  sire,  •ir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wftre.  wolt  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  enb,  onre,  nnlte,  our,  rule,  ItUl;  try,  Syrian.    •*,  o>  =  6;  «y  =  a;  «u  =  kw. 


sexually— shad 


4223 


^,  adv.     [Eng.  stxual;  -ly.]    In  a 
sexual  mauner  or  relation. 

•fcx-va  l?nt,  a.     [Lat.  sea:  =  six,  and  raten*, 

genit.  'valentis,  pr.  par.  of  roieo  —  to  be  worth.] 

Cftem. :    Equivalent   to   six    units  »of  any 

standard,  especially  to  six  atoms  of  hydrogen. 

sexvalent-elements,  s.  pL    [HKXADS.] 

•ey  (1),  5.  [Fr.  say*.]  A  sort  of  woollen  cloth. 
(Scotch.) 

•ey  (2),  a.  [Icel.  «(7i  =  a  slice.]  The  opening 
In  a  garment  through  which  the  arm  passes  ; 
the  seam  in  a  coat  or  gown  which  runs  under 
the  arm.  (Scotch.) 

•ey,  v.t.  (A.S.  sehan,  sfon;  Icel.  *b.]  To 
strain,  as  a  liquid.  (Scotch.) 

•ey  bert  ite,  s.  [After  H.  Seybert ;  suff. 
•ite  (A/ia.).] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occurring 
mostly  in  tabular  crystals  with  a  thin  foliated 
micaceous  structure.  Hardness,  4  to  6  ;  sp. 
gr.  3  to  3'1 ;  lustre,  pearly;  colour,  reddish- 
brown,  yellowish,  copper-red.  Compos.  :  a 
hydrated  silicate  of  alumina,  magnesia,  lime, 
with  some  sesqui-  and  protoxide  of  iron. 
Dana  divides  this  species  into  (1)  the  Amity 
seybertite,  (2)  xanthophyllite,  and  (3)  brandis- 
ite.  (See  these  words.) 

Seychelles,  *.;>!.    [Seedef.] 

Geog. :  A  group  of  islands,  north-east  of 
Madagascar. 

Seychelles  cocoanut,  «.    [LODOICRA.] 

*mey*9pret.  ofv.    [SEE.] 

'•foot,  inter/.  [See  def.]  An  oath  or  impre- 
cation, abbreviated  from  God'*  foot. 

sforz  an  do,  sforz-a'-to  («  as  ta),  adv. 
[Ital.] 

Music:  Forced.  A  term  signifying  that  the 
note  or  notes  pointed  out  by  the  sign  sf.  are 
to  be  emphasised  more  strongly  than  they 
would  otherwise  bo  In  the  course  of  the 
rhythm. 

•fro  gazz'-i,  (zz  as  tx\  s,  (Ital.  sfrtggare  = 
to  rub,  from  ex  =  out,  andyrico  =  to  rub.] 

Art:  A  term  applied  to  a  mode  of  glazing 
adopted  by  Titian  and  other  old  masters  for 
soft  shadows  of  flesh,  &c.,  and  consisting  in 
dipping  the  finger  into  the  colour,  and  draw- 
ing it  once  along  the  surface  to  be  painted 
with  an  even  movement.  (Fairholt.) 

•fu-ma'-td,  a.     [Ital.  =  smoky.] 

Paint. :  A  term  applied  to  that  style  of 
pain  ting  wherein  the  tints  are  so  blended  tlmt 
the  outline  is  scarcely  perceptible,  the  whole 
presenting  an  indistinct,  misty  appearance. 

•gra-fitf-to,  a.  [Ital.  =  scratched.]  Applied 
to  a  style  of  painting  in  which  a  white  ground 
is  chipped  or  worked  away,  so  aa  to  expose  a 
black  sub-surface. 

*8h&t>,  v.i.  &  (.     [SHABBY.] 

A.  Intrans, :  To  play  mean  or  shabby  tricks ; 
to  act  shabbily ;  to  skulk  or  sneak  away. 

B.  Trans. :  To  rub  or  scratch,  aa  a  dog  or 
cat  scratching  itself. 

IT  To  shab  off:  To  get  rid  of. 

"  I  would  have  thnbbtd  himojf  purtly."—  farqukar; 
Lore  A  a  Bottle,  iv.  9. 

•h£b,  9.    [SHABBY.]   A  disease  in  sheep ;  scab. 

*  •h&b'-be'd,  "shib-byd,  a,  [Eng.  shab; 
•td.}  Scabby,  mean,  shabby. 

"  They  mostl  y  had  abort  hair,  and  went  In  a  thabbed 
condition."—  Wood:  Athen.  Oxon.,  iL  7U. 

•h&b'-bi  ly,  adv.    [Eng.  shabby;  -ly.] 

1.  In   a   shabby   manner   or  state ;   with 
shabby,  threadbare,  or  worn  clothes :  as,  To 
be  dressed  shabbily. 

2.  In  a  shabby  or  mean  manner ;  meanly : 
as,  To  act  shabbily. 

•h&b  bl  ness,  «.    [Eng.  shabby;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  shabby; 
the  state  of  being  threadbare  or  worn. 

"  He  exchanged  hia  gay  (Aattinan  of  clothe*  fit  for 
a  much  younger  man,  to  warm  ones  that  would,  be 
decent  for  a  much  older  one.*— .Spectator. 

2.  Squalor,  dirt ;  state  of  neglect 

"  Skabbinet*  hold*  it*  ground  here  and  there,  both 
In  the  Strand  and  m  Its  eastward  continuation.  Fleet 
Street. "— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  7.  1885. 

3.  Meanness  of  conduct. 


Sh&b-ble,  s.     [Out  aabel;    Ger. 
cutlass,  a  hanger.    (Scotch.) 

"  I  think  It  euld  hae  set  the  ihabbl*  my  father  the 
deaouD  had  at  Both  well  brig  a  walking  ajtaiu."—  Scott  : 
Rob  Koy,  ch.  xxvi, 

shab  by,  a.    [A  doublet  of  Koibji  (q.  v.).] 

1.  Bagged,  threadbare,  much  woru. 

"  I  snt  down  on  one  of  the  benches,  at  the  other  end 
of  which  was  seated  a  mau  with  very  jAuooi  clothe*." 
—  Guldtmith  :  Jtattff  6. 

2.  Dressed  in  ragged,  threadbare,  or  much* 
worn  clothes. 

"  For  the  dean  was  BO  thabby,  and  looked  like  a  ninny, 
That  ttie  cai't&iu  supposed  he  was  curate  Ui  Jinny." 
,Svi/£  .-  UamUmnl  £uron. 

3.  Mean,  paltry,  despicable,  low. 

"  These  sAoAoy  evaaiuus  are  themielves  sufficient 
arguments  against  those  who  use  them."—  Tuolu  : 
Dionrsioni  ofj'urle]/,  pt.  iL,  ch.  vli. 

Shabby  genteel,  a.  Having  a  certain 
remnant  of  gentility  in  manner,  though  shab- 
bily dressed.  (Used  generally  of  one  who,  in 
popular  phrase,  "  has  seen  better  days,"  but 
DOW  has  somewhat  threadbare  clothes.") 

shab'-rack,  t.  (Ger.  schabrachc  ;  Fr.  chab- 
raffue,  from  Turk,  tshdprdk  ;  Hungar.  csabrdg.] 
The  cloth  or  housing  of  a  military  saddle. 

*  shab-roon,  >.  [SHAB.]  A  shabby  fellow. 
(r.  Browne:  Works,  ii.  184.) 

t  sha'  -  biib,  *  shaw  -  bubbe,  i.     [Btym. 
doubtful.) 
Sot.  :  Lunaria  Uennit.  (Britten  ot  Holland.) 

shack  (1),  *  shacke,  j.  [Prob.  from  shake 
(u..v.).] 

1.  Grain  shaken  from  the  ripe  ear,  eaten  by 
swine,  &c.,  after  harvest.  i 

2.  Beech,  oak.  &c.,  mast  for  swine's  food* 
(Prov.) 

3.  Liberty  of  winter  pasturage. 

4.  A  shiftless,  lazy  fellow  ;  a  vagabond  ;  a 
sturdy  beggar.    (Prov.) 

"Such  a  iloei  as  Kitiharris."-  Jfort*  :  fzam*t, 
p.  2W. 

If  Common  of  sliack  :  The  right  of  persona 
occupying  lands  lying  together  in  the  same 
common  field  to  turn  out  their  cattle  after 
harvest  to  feed  promiscuously  in  that  field. 

shack  (2),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]    (See  extract) 

"A  thack  U  a  one-story  house  built  of  cotton-  wctxl 
logs,  driven  in  the  ground  like  piles,  or  laid  one  upon 
another.  The  roof  is  of  sticks  and  twin  covered  with 
dirt,  and  if  there  is  no  woman  to  Insist  on  tidiness 
the  floor  will  be  of  pounded  earth."—  Century  Maya- 
tine,  Aug.,  1882,  p.  61L 

shack,  t>.i.    [SBACK  (1),  «.] 

1.  To  be  shed  or  fall,  as  corn  at  harvest 

2.  To  feed  In  stubble,  or  upon  the  waste 
corn  of  the  field. 

3.  To  rove  or  wander  about,  as  a  tramp  or 
beggar.    (Prop.) 


shack,  a. 
(l-v-)  ]    ( 


[An   abbreviation  of  ihackle  (2) 
*6  compounds.) 


shack  bolt,  s. 

Her. :  A  fetter,  such  as  might  be  pub  on  the 
wrists  or  ankles  of  prisoners. 

shack-look,  «.    [SHACKLOCK.] 

*  shack'- a- tor -y\  *.     [For  shake  a  Tory.] 
[ToKY.]    An  Irish  hound.    (Dekkcr.) 

Shac'-kle  (1),  s.     [Eng.  shack  (1),  »-  J  dimin. 

guff.  -le.\    Stubble.    (Prov.) 

abac'  klo  (2)  '  schak  kyl,  *  scha  klo,  *. 

[A.S.  sceacul  =  nijont\  ;  cogn.  with  IceL  skokull 
=  the  pole  of  a  carriage  ;  Sw.  skakel  =  the 
loose  shaft  of  a  carriage  ;  Dan.  skagte  —  a 
ti~ace  for  a  carriage  ;  O.  Dut.  aohakel  =link  or 
ring  of  a  chain.  Named  from  its  shaking 
about ;  A.S.  sceacan,  tcaoan  =  to  snake.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  fetter,  gyve,  or  handcuff,  or  aimilar 
contrivance  to  confine  the  limba,  so  as  to 
restrain  the  use,  of  them,  or  to  prevent  free 
motion. 


"They  touch  our  o 


atrjr  and  their  ,*•«•««•  fall." 
Cowper:  r<tti,  ii.  42. 


*  (2)  A  fetter-like  band  or  chain  worn  on  the 
legs  or  arms  for  ornament. 

"They  bad  all  ear-rings  made  of  gold,  and  gold 
thacklet  about  their  legs  aud  arms."—  Ztamjner; 
Voyitgei  (an.  IVK). 

(3)  The  hinged  and  curved  bar  of  a  padlock, 
by  which  It  is  hung  to  the  staple. 


(4)  The  iron  by  which  the  bed  or  body  of  a 
carriage  is  made  to  rest  upon  the  spring-bar. 

2.  Fig. :  Anything  which  obstructs,  re- 
strains, or  embarrasses  free  action. 

II.  Technically  : 

1.  Htabandry :  A  clevy  (q.v.). 

2.  Nautical : 

(1)  A  link  in  a  chain-cable  which  may  be 
opened  to  allow  it  to  be  connected  to  the  ring 
of  the  anchor  or  divided  into  lengths,  usually 
fifteen  fathoms.     It  consists  of  a  clevy,  bolt, 
and  key.     Used  for  the  chains  also.  . 

(2)  A  ring  on  the  port  through  which  the  I 
port-bar   is   paused   to   close   the  port-hole  ' 
effectually. 

(3)  The  clevy,  secured  by  a  pin  and  bolt  to 
the  shank  of  an  anchor,  and  to  which  the 
cable  is   bent ;  used   in   place   of  the  old- 
fashioned  anchor-ring. 

3.  Sail. :  A  link  for  coupling  railway-car- 
riages.   (Amer.) 

•hackle-bar,  >. 

Rail. :  A  coupling-bar. 
shackle-bolt,  >. 

1.  A  bolt  having  a  shackle  or  clevy  on  th* 
end. 

2.  A  bolt  passing  through  the  eyes  of  a 
clevy  or  shackle. 

3.  Her. :  A  shackle.    (FETTER-LOCK.] 

Shackle  bone,  s.  The  bone  on  which 
•hackles  are  put ;  the  wrist,  (Scotch.) 

•hackle-crow, «. 

Kaut. :  A  bolt-extractor  with  a  shackle  in- 
stead of  a  claw. 

*  shackle  hammed,  a.    Bow-legged. 
•hackle-Jack,  s. 

Vehiclts:  An  implement  for  attaching  the 
thills  to  the  shackle  on  the  axle  where  a  box 
of  india-rubber  is  used  to  prevent  rattling. 

shackle  joint,  s. 

Compar.  Aiutt. :  A  joint  in  which  two  rings 
of  bone  are  connected,  aa  in  the  spine-bone* 
of  some  fishes. 

shoc-kle,  v.t.    [SHACKLE  (2),*.] 
L  Literal*: 

1.  To  chain,  to  fetter  ;  to  confine  the  limbs 
of,  so  as  to  prevent  free  motion  ;  to  put  shac- 
kles or  fetters  on. 

2.  To  join  by  a  (hackle,  link,  or  chain,  aa 
railway-carriages.    (Amer.) 

H.  Fig. :  To  fetter  ;  to  obstruct  or  impede  r 
to  embarrass,  to  hamper. 

•hack'-lock,  «.    [Eng.  shack(le),  and  lock.]  A 
shackle-bolt ;  a  sort  of  shackle. 

shack'-ly,  a.    [For  date;  -ly.J    Shaky,  ric- 
ketty. 

•W'".  *  shadde,  s.  [A.S.  sceadda ;  Prov.  Ger. 
Ktade  =  a  shad ;  Irish  St.  Gael,  sgadan ;  Wei. 
ysgajlan  = 
a  herring.] 
Ichthy.  : 
The  popu- 
lar name  of 
three  ana- 
dromous 
fishes  of 
the  genus 
Clnpea :  ALLICMHAD. 

1.  The  American  Shad,  Clupea  lapidissima, 
an  important  food  fish,  abundant  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  the  United  States  and  in  the  Delaware, 
Hudson,  and  some  other  rivers.    It  spawns  in 
fresh  water.    Great  numbers  are  taken,  it  being 
highly  esteemed  aud  considered  one  of  the  best 
of  food  Osbes. 

2.  The  Allice  Shad.     [ALLICE.] 

3.  The  TwaiteShad,  Clupea  finto,  from  twelve 
to  sixteen  inches  long.    Common  on  the  coasts 
of  Britain   and   Europe,    ascending  rivers; 
abundant  in  the  Nile.     The  flesh  is  coarser 
than  that  of  the  Allice  Shad. 

shall  bellied,  a. 

1.  Having  a  flat  belly:    opposed   to   pot- 
bellied (q.v.). 

2.  Having  a  gradual  slope  from  the  front 
backward,  as  the  skirt  of  a  cut-away  coat. 

shad-belly,  *.  An  humorous  epithet 
applied  to  a  Quaker,  from  the  customary  shape 
of  his  coat.  (U.  &) 


boll,  btfy;  pout,  JcfiM;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  cnln,  bench;  go,  fcem;  thin,  thl«;  »ln,  a» ;  expect.  ?onophon,  extet.    -14*. 
-•tan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -Uon,    jion  -  zfcun.    -clous,  -tioua,  -clou*  =  shua.    -hie,  -die.  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4224 


8had.de— shadow 


•bad-bush, .«. 

Hot. :  Anuianchier  canadtmit.  It  Is  found 
In  Canada  and  the  northern  United  States, 
putting  forth  its  racemes  of  white,  roseate 
Sowers  in  April  or  May,  when  the  shad  is 
ascending  the  rivers :  hence  the  name  Shad- 
bush.  Called  also  June-berry,  because  the 
fruit,  which  is  edible,  is  ripe  in  June.  [SgK- 

VICE-BBRRY.] 

•had  frog,  s. 

Zeal.  :  Sana  habecina,  called  also  R.  viraini- 
oa  ;  an  American  frog,  resembling  the  common 
species,  but  with  a  much  more  pointed  muzzle, 
and  generally  only  two  inches  long.  It  is 
very  common  in  Carolina,  is  a  persistent 
croaker,  leaps  several  feet,  and  comes  to  land 
about  the  time  that  shads  come  to  the  shore. 


Ichthy.  :  Coregonvt  dupeiformis,  from  Lakes 
Erie  and  Ontario.  Called  also  the  Fresh-water 
Herring. 
•  sbadde,  pret.  of  v.    [SHED,  t>.] 

•hid  -ddck,  ».  [Named  after  Capt  Shaddock, 
who  first  introduced  the  fruit  from  China  into 
the  West  Indies  early  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury.) 

Bot.  A  Hart.  :  Cilrui  deeumana.  The  shoots 
•re  pubeacent  ;  the  leaves  ovate,  generally 
sub-acute,  large,  with  their  stalk  winged  ;  the 
flowers  large  and  white  ;  the  fruit  nearly 
round,  with  a  pale  yellow  skin,  and  a  white  or 
reddish  pulp.  It  is  large,  sometimes  weighing 
from  ten  to  twenty  pounds.  When  abnor- 
mally large,  it  is  a  Pompoleon,  when  small, 
•  Forbidden  fruit,  while  a  small  sub-variety 
with  clustered  fruit  is  a  Grape-fruit. 

•hade,   •  scbade,  a,    [A.8.  Kad,  Ktade  = 
shadow  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  A  state  of  comparative  obscurity,  caused 
by  the  interception,  cutting  off,  or  interrup- 
tion of  the  rays  of  light  ;  comparative  dimness 
or  gloom  caused  by  the  interception  of  light 

2.  Darkness,  obscurity.  (In  this  sense  often 
used  in  the  plural.) 

"  The  afcuiM  of  night  wen  falling  fa*t" 

ionyftllou  :  tfCfMor. 

S.  A  shaded  or  obscure  r\ace  ;  a  place  shel- 
tered bom  the  rays  of  the  sun,  as  a  grove  or 
wood  ;  hence,  a  secluded  retreat. 

"  He  ended—  or  »he  heard  no  more  : 


•  4.  Protection,  shelter. 

«  Coder  the  ewe«t  ihuie  of  Jour  goTemment.- 

StaJbeip.  :  /T«nry  «'..  It  1 

•  6.  A  shadow.    [Saiuow,  ».,  I.  2  (5).] 

ft.  Hence,  something  unreal  or  having  no 
real  existence. 

•  The  earth  e  »  •VxJe  that  I  panne  no  more. 
CDvper:  T 

T.  A  degree  or  gradation  of  light. 

"  Wblte.  nd.  yellow  blue,  with  their  eeTeral  de- 
•nee  or  «Mde*  end  mixturee.  a,  green,  come  In  only 
by  the  .jev'-ioc*.. 

8.  A  small  or  scarcely  perceptible  degree  or 
•mount  :  as,  Prices  are  a  shade  higher. 

9.  A  screen  ;  something  which  throws  or 
causes  a  shadow,  or  diminishes  the  strength  of 
light,  as— 

(1)  A  colonred  glass  in  a  sextant  or  other 
optical  instrument  for  solar  observations. 

(2)  A  hollow  conic  frustum  of  paper  or 
metal  surrounding  the  flame  of  a  lamp,  in 
order  to  confine  the  light  within  a  given  cir 
cnlararea. 

(S)  A  hollow  globe  of  ground  glass  or  other 
translucent  material,  used  for  diffusing  the 
light  of  a  lamp  or  burner. 

(4)  A  contrivance  for  protecting  the  eyes 
from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  or  artificial 
light. 

(5)  A  hollow  cylinder  perforated  with  holes, 
used  to  cover  a  night-light, 

(8)  A  hollow  glass  covering  used  to  protect 
ornaments,  Ac.,  from  dust. 
(7)  A  window-blind  (q.v.). 

10.  The  soul,  after  its  separation  from  the 
body  ;  from  its  being  supposed  to  be  percep- 
tible to  the  sight,  but  not  to  the  touch  ;  a 
(host,  a  spirit. 

"  If  &ad*t  by  carnage  be  appimi. 
Patroclua*  epirit  leea  we*  pleaeed." 

Byron  :  Aepe  of  CoHntV  xxv. 

11.  (PI.)  :  The  abode  of  spirits  ;  Hades  ;  the 
Invisible  world  of  the  ancients. 


12.  (PI.):  Wine  vaults.  Brewer  says  that 
the  expression  originated  at  Brighton,  when 
the  old  hank  "was  turned  by  Mr.  Savage  into 
a  smoking-room  and  gin-shop.  .  .  .  This  term 
was  not  inappropriate,  as  the  room  was  in 
reality  shaded  by  the  opposite  house." 

IL  Paint. :  The  dark  or  darker  part  of  a 
picture ;  deficiency  or  absence  of  illumination. 

"The  meane  by  which  the  painter  work*,  and  on 
which  the  effect  of  hl«  picture  depend*,  are  light  aud 
tktuU.  warm  and  cold  colour*.'— £eynofcti :  Art  of 
Painting.  Note  3y. 

If  Both  shade  and  shadow  express  that  dark- 
ness which  is  occasioned  by  the  sun's  rays 
being  intercepted  by  any  body ;  but  shade 
simply  expresses  the  absence  of  the  light,  and 
thadow  signifies  also  the  figure  of  the  body 
which  thus  intercepts  the  light.  Trees  natu- 
rally produce  a  shade  by  means  of  their 
branches  and  leaves ;  and  wherever  the  image 
of  the  tree  is  reflected  on  the  earth,  that  forms 
its  shadow.  (Crabb.) 

shade  fish,  s. 

IMhy.  :  A  translation  of  the  Lat.  umbra, 
the  old  Roman  name  of  the  Maigre  (q.v.). 

•hade-book,  ».  A  hook  for  holding  a 
curtain-cord. 

•hade,  r.(.    [SHADE,  <.] 
1.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  shelter  or  screen  from  light,  by  inter- 
cepting its  rays;  to  shelter  from  the  light  and 
heat  of  the  sun. 

"  A  pleaiant  brook,  ihutod  by  the  treee  from  both 
wind  and  inn."— Coo* .  Second  Ko»o»«.  bk.  L.  ch.  v. 

2.  To  throw  or  cast  a  shade  over ;  to  render 
comparatively  gloomy  or  obscure,  by  inter- 
cepting the  light. 

3.  To  cover  with  a  shade  or  screen,  or  other 
contrivance  for  intercepting  or  interrupting 
the  rays  of  light :  as,  To  shade  one's  eyes  with 
the  hand. 

*  4.  To  shelter,  to  hide. 

"  Ere  in  our  own  houee  I  do  abide  my  head. 
The  good  patrician*  mult  be  Tlsitod." 

. :  Corttntna.  It  L 


•  5.  To  protect,  to  shelter. 

"  Leave  not  the  faithful  aide 
That  gave  thee  being,  .till  ikada  thee  and  protecta." 

JtiUtm :  F.  L.,  it  aw. 
tt  Painting,  <tc.  : 

1.  To  paint  in  obscure  colours ;  to  darken. 

2.  To  mark  with  gradations  of  colour. 

••  The  portal  shone.  Inimitable  on  earth 
By  model,  or  by  trading  pencil  drawn." 

shad  -ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.  [SHADE,  ».] 
shaded  broad-bar,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer-moth,  Thm 
obelucata. 

shaded  pug.  t. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer-moth,  EupiUu- 
cia  tubumtjrata. 

"  shade'-ful,  a.   [Eng.ihadt;  -SuK.1).]  Shady. 

"  The  only  child  of  ihudtful  Saremake." 

Drayton :  Pol^-otkitm,  a  &. 

•  shade -ISss,  n.  [Eng.  dude ; -lea.\  Desti- 
tute of  shade  ;  unshaded. 

"  More  than  watersprliigi  to  t\adflttt  sands. 
More  to  me  were  the  comfort  of  her  hands." 

A.  C.  Xtrinburne :  Trtgtram  n/  LyoneMt.  IT. 

shad'-er,  «.  [Eng.  ihad(e),  v. ;  -«r.l 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  shades. 
"  2.  A  maligner,  a  slanderer. 

••  In  every  age  virtue  has  its  saoders  or  maligner*. " 
— «r  a.  Corita*  .-  Xmoin,  p.  1M. 

shades,  >.  pi.    [SHADE,  a.,  I.  11, 12.] 

shad'-I-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  $hady ;  -If.]  In  a 
shady  manner. 

shad  I  ness,  i.  [Eng.  shady;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  shady. 

Shad  Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    (SHADE,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  <£  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  nbstantivt: 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  causing  a  shade  or 
shadow ;  interception  or  interruption  of  light ; 
obscuration. 

2.  That  which  represents  the  effect  of  light 
and  shade  on  a  drawing ;  the  filling  up  of  an 
outline. 

sha  doof ,  sha-dnf.  «.  [Arab,  ifcutt/.] 
Tne  oldest  known  contrivance  for  elevating 
water,  being  found  represented  on  monu- 


ments  of  as  early  date  as  1432  B.C.  It  i* 
still  very  common  along  the  Nile,  being  us*d 
for  purposes  of  Irrigation.  It  consists  of 
a  long  stout  pole  or 
rod  suspended  on  a 
frame  at  about  one- 
fifth  of  its  length 
from  the  end.  The 
short  end  is 
weighted  to  act  as 
a  counterpoise  of  a 
lever,  and  from  the 
long  end  a  bucket 
of  leather  or  earth- 
enware is  suspend- 
ed by  a  rope.  The 
worker  dips  the  SHADOOF. 

bucket  in  the  river, 

and  aided  by  the  counterpoising  weight,  raise* 
it,  and  empties  the  water  into  a  hole  dug  fa 
the  bank,  from  which  a  channel  conducts  it 
to  the  lands  to  be  irrigated. 

shad  -  6w,  *  schead-ewe.  *  schad  ue,  t. 

[A.S.  sceadu,  accus.  pi.  sceodwo;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  achaduw;  O.  H.  Ger.  acato  (geuit.  soot- 
ewes) ;  Ger.  schatten ;  Goth,  skadus ;  Gr. 
critoTOf,  mria  (skotos,  skotia) ;  Ir.  &  Gael. 
sgath,  from  the  same  root  as  Gr.  ania.  (skid)  = 
shade;  Sansc,  shhdyd  =  shade;  Bug.  sky.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Literally: 

(1)  Shade  within  defined  limits ;  the  figure 
of  a  body  projected  on  the  ground,  &c.,  by 
the  interception  of  light ;  obscurity  or  depriva- 
tion of  light,  apparent  on  a  surface  or  plane, 
and  representing  the  form  of  the  body  which 
intercepts  the  rays  of  light. 

"  Nearchua  assures  ui.  that  daring  hi.  voyage  along 
tht  coast  of  India  (for  no  ,»rt  of  India  MtW-tfi 
beyond  the  Orit*'  th«  3  Aadovt  tall  not  the  MIU« 
way,  M  in  other  i«rto ;  for  when  they  mil  d  far  into 
th*  ocean,  toward*  the  aouth.  there,  the  thadom, 
uigh  nooii-day  decliu'd  southward  ;  and  when  the  sun 
wa»  upon  the  meridian,  they  had  no  thadoiet  at  MIL  — 
Rook*:  Arrian;  Alexander  *  expedition,  bk.  v.. 
ch.  xxr. 

(2)  Darkness,  gloom,  shade,  obscurity. 

"  By  the  revolution  of  th»  ikiei 
Nlght'i  sable  ihadotat  from  the  ocean  rise  " 

/VnAam.     (Todd.) 

(3)  Shade ;  comparative  obscurity  or  gloom. 
*(4)  An  obscure  or  shady  place;  a  secluded 

retreat 

"  To  the  McretaAadotn  I  retire. 
To  DMT  my  penance  till  my  yean  expire. 

Orydtn:  Virgil;  Jtncid Ti.  7M. 

(5)  The  dark  part  of  a  picture  ;  the  repre- 
sentation of  comparative  deflcieucy  or  depriva- 
tion of  light ;  shade. 

"  A  i\'idou  Is  •  diminution  of  tb«  first  and  second 
light.  The  flr-t  light  i»  that  which  proceeds  imme- 
diaUly  from  a  lighuned  body,  a*  the  brains  of  the 
nti.  The  Mcood  U  an  accident*!  light,  spreading 
iUelf  Into  the  air,  or  medium,  proceeding  from  tb« 
other.  &uutov>*  an  threefold :  the  first  Is  a  single 
jfcufow,  and  tht  least  of  all ;  aud  Is  proper  to  the  plain 
surface,  where  it  is  not  wholly  poateat«d  of  the  light. 
The  second  is  tbe  double  tfiadotr,  and  it  is  used  when 
the  surface  begini  ones  to  forsake  your  eye,  as  in 
columns.  The  third  tkodo*  Is  made  by  crossing  over 
your  double  thado*  acain,  which  durkenetli  by  a 
third  part  It  Is  used  for  the  i»nioat  .Aod'if,  and 
farthest  from  tbe  light,  as  In  gulls,  wells,  and  caves.' 
— j"*acAam .'  On  .Ora win; . 

(6)  A  reflected  image,  as  in  a  mirror  or  water 
hence,  any  image  or  portrait. 

"  To  yoor  ifuido*  will  I  make  true  lor*." 

ShaJkttp.  :  Two  Gtntlemtn  of  Veron*,  If.  S. 

*  (7)  A  shade  or  protection  for  the  face. 

"  For  your  head  here's  precious  geer, 

Bougraca,  cross-cloths,  square*,  and  ihadowt, 
Dressings  which  your  worship  made  us 
Work  upon  above  a  year." 

Jordan  :  £eol*  DiUKtai  (1HH 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  spirit,  a  ghost,  a  shade. 

"  Came  wandering  by  a  ifcodow  like  an  angel." 

SHaltttp. :  KiOarflll..  L  4. 

*  (2)  An  imperfect  or  faint  representation  ; 
an  adumbration,  a  prenguration  ;  a  dim  fore- 
showing or  bodying  forth. 

"  The  law  having  a  aVodov  of  good  thing,  to  00104 
and  not  the  rery  image  of  the  thinga,"— flefrreiet  T.  L 

•  (3)  A  type,  a  mystical  representation. 

-  Types  and  ifcufoim  of  that  deetlned  eeed." 

Jlillen:  P.  i..  III.  ttt 

•  (4)  A  slight  or  faint  appearance ;  a  shade. 

"  With  whom  it  no  variableneM,  neither  Aadov  oi 
turning." — Jamei  i.  17. 

(5)  Something  unsubstantial  or  unreal, 
though  presenting  the  appearance  of  reality ; 
an  image  produced  by  the  imagination. 

"  To  wonbip  tAadom.  and  adore  falee  Bhapea." 

S*a**ip-  '  rt*o  Oentlmen  of  rcrvna.  iT.  t 

(8)  A  constant  or  inseparable  companion  or 
attendant. 

"  3m  and  her  ihuiowJ,  death,  and  mteerr.* 

Hilton:  r.L.  lll± 


Kta,  flat,  fun,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  oub,  ciire,  qnlte,  our,  riUe,  fuU;  try,  Syrian.    SB,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw- 


shadow— shaft 


4225 


*(7)  An  uninvited  guest,  introduced  to  a 
feast  by  one  who  is  invited.  (A  translation 
of  the  Latin  umbra.) 

"  I  must  not  hare  my  board  pestered  with  shadow*, 
That  under  other  men's  protection  break  In 
Without  liiviteiueut." 

Hnaingtr  :  Unnatural  Combat. 

(8)  Shelter,  protection. 

"  Within  the  thadota  of  your  power.1* 

Shakctp.  :  Ttmon  of  Athmt,  T.  4. 

IL  Optics :  Shadows  are,  theoretically  con- 
sidered, of  two  kinds,  geometrical  and  physi- 
cal. If  a  shadow  be  supposed  to  be  produced 
by  the  interception  of  light  proceeding  from  a 
single  mathematical  point,  it  will  be  well  de- 
fined by  straight  lines  proceeding  from  the 
point,  and  grazing  the  intervening  object. 


But  as  every  luminous  body  is  possessed  of 
some  magnitude,  and,  therefore,  emits  light 
from  many  points,  the  shadow  is  not  precisely 
defined,  but  consists  of  a  portion  in  perfect 
shadow,  or  to  which  uo  luminous  rays  have 
access,  and  penumbra,  to  which  some  rays 
have  access.  In  the  former  case  the  theoreti- 
cal shadow  is  a  geometric  one,  in  the  latter 
physical,  i.e.,  such  as  actually  occurs  in  nature. 

If  May  your  shadow  never  be  or  grow  less :  May 
you  escape  the  clutches  of  {he  devil  t  hence, 
May  you  be  fortunate.  It  was  fabled  that  when 
students  of  magic  had  attained  a  certain  pro- 
ficiency, they  had  to  run  round  a  subterranean 
hall,  pursued  by  the  devil.  If  he  succeeded 
in  catching  only  their  shadow,  they  became 
first-rate  magicians,  but  were  thenceforth 
Bhadowless.  (Brewer.) 

"  The  recipient*  .  .  .  hope  that  Sara's  sftodow  may 
IMfer  grow  l«H. "—Keferte,  J MI.  3,  1887. 

t  shadow  -grass,  s. 

Bot. :  Probably  Luznla.  (Britten  &  Hottand.) 

*  shadow-house,  *.    A  summer-house. 

shadow  of  death,  s.    The  approach  of 

death  or  calamity.    (Job  in.  5.) 

shadow  picture,   «.      A    photograph 
taken  by  means  of  the  Rceiitgen  X-rays.     [See 
SKIAGRAPH,  SHADOWQKAPH,  ROINTOEN  BAYS.] 
thad'-ow,  v.t.    [SHADOW,  «.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  overspread  with  obscurity  or  shade  ; 
to  shade ;  to  obscure  by  intercepting  the  light 
or  heat  from. 

"  At  the  lewt  way  r  shadowe  of  Peter  when  he  came 
by.  might  *\adv»  some  ol  them."— Xcf  i  T.  15.  (1551.  f 

2.  To  darken,  to  obscure,  to  cloud ;  to  cast 
•  gloom  over. 

3.  To  mark  with  slight  gradations  of  light 

or  color;  to  shade. 

*4.  To  paint  in  dark  or.  obscure  colon. 
"  If  the  parts  be  too  much  distant,  to  that  then  be 
void  S[>;K:«-S  which  are  deeply  Aadowed,  then  place  in 
those  voids  eome  (old,  to  make  a  joining  of  tbe  parU.* 
— lt,yden:  Dufretnoy. 

*  5.  To  represent  by  a  shadow. 

"Certea  a  shadowe  hath  llkeneaae  of  the  thing  of 
which  It  is  thtuiowrd.  but  ahadowe  ii  not  same  thing 
of  which  it  is  *•*••*•— OfcMOT :  PtrtonM  Tata. 

H  Figuratively: 

*  1.  To  screen,  to  hide,  to  conceal. 

"Thereby  shall  we  ihadow 
The  number  of  oar  host."     Shaketp. :  Mtu&tt\  T.  4 

*  2.  To  shelter,  to  protect 

"  Shadow  ny  their  right  under  your  wings  of  war." 
m  Shatotp-  •'  King  John,  VL  \. 

*  3.  To  follow  closely ;    to    attend  on    a* 
closely  as  a  shadow. 

4.  To  represent  or  indicate  faintly  or  im- 
perfectly ;  to  adumbrate. 

5.  To  represent  typically.    (Frequently  fol- 
lowed by  forth.) 

shad'- ow  graph,  «.    A  shadow-picture. 

•had'-ow  I-ness,  «.     [Eng.  thadowy ;  -nest.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  shadowy. 

•had'-ow-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  A  s.    [SHADOW,  v.] 
A.  &  B*  A»  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 


C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Shade  or  gradation  of  light 
.    and  color;  shading. 

"The  Hue  of  distance  .  .  .  with  all  tta  adumbrations 
and  thadowingt."—  JTvwZjrn:  Architecture. 

2.  Paint. :  The  art  of  correctly  representing 
the  shadows  of  objects. 

*  Shad'-  OW  -  Ish,  a.      [Eng.  shadow;    -t*A.J 
Shadowy. 

"  That  truth  whereof  theirs  was  but  a  thadowith 
resemblance."— Hooker:  Scdet.  Politic,  bk.  viii. 

shid  6w  less,  a.  [Eng.  shadow,  s.  ;  -less.] 
Having  no  shadow.  [SHADOW,  s.  If.] 

"  FalrieasndfAodowtoi  w Itches. "-J^m  Edgtwort\: 
Ennui,  ch.  iii. 

shad'-ow-y\  a.    [Eng.  shadow,  s. ;  -y.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  Full  of  shade  ;  shady,  shaded ;  causing 
shade ;  gloomy,  obscure. 

"  On  sunny  slope  and  beecben  swell, 
Tbe  thadowy  light  of  erening  fell." 

LonafeUow :  Burial  of  lh*  Jftnni****. 

2.  Like  a  shade  or  spirit. 

"  Bid  not  the  thadotfjf  phantoms  stay." 

Lonsfclloif  :  CopltU  d*  Manrtqu* 

II.  Figuratively: 
1.  Dimly  seen  ;  obscure,  dim. 
*  2.  Faintly ;  dimly  or  imperfectly  repre- 
senting or  typical.    (Milton :  P.  L.,  xii.  Ml.) 

3.  Unsubstantial,  unreal. 

"  Nor  Mo4owy  honour,  nor  substantial  gain." 

Byron  :  Lara,  L.  7. 

M.  Indulging  in  fancies  or  dreamy  imagina- 
tions. 

Bhad'-raoh,  *.  [From  Shatlrach,  one  of  the 
three  on  whose  bodies  the  fire  of  the  furnace, 
mentioned  in  Daniel  iii.  23,  27,  had  no  power.] 
A  mass  of  iron,  in  which  the  operation  of 
smelting  has  failed  of  its  intended  effect. 

shad-y,  •  shad  le,  a.    [Eng.  thad(e);  -y.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  Full   of  shade ;   abounding   in    shade ; 
shaded ;  casting  a  shade  or  shadow. 

"  Part  under  thady  sycamore." 

WordMiforth  :  Excurtion,  bk.  Tl. 

2.  Sheltered  or  shaded  from  the  glare  of 
light  or  sultry  heat. 

"  Cast  it  also  that  Ton  may  hare  roomi  ikadjf  for 
summer."— Bacon :  Suayi ;  Of  Building, 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Such   as   will    not  bear  the  light ;   of 
doubtful  morality  or  character ;  equivocal. 

"  The  public  might  be  misled  into  subscribing  to 
a  thctdy  undertaking. "—Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  11,  ISM. 

2.  Dull,  declining :  as,  He  is  on  the  $hady 
side  of  fifty. 

ahaf  fer  oon ,  *.    [Fr.] 

Arch. :  A  form  of  moulding. 

ahaf  -fle,  v  .t.  [A  variant  of  $huffle(q.  T.).]  To 
hobble  or  limp. 

shaf-fler,  ».  [Eng.  ihaffl(e) ;  -er.]  One  who 
shuffles,  hobbles,  or  limps. 

*  shafT-net,  s.    [SHAJTICEHT.]    A  measure  of 
about  six  inches. 

"  One  heare  the  lead  again  and  sound  abaflb, 
A  thajf/ift  less,  seren  all. 

Taylor  (T**   Watir-po*). 

Shaf'-Mtes,  *.  p!.    [Seedef.J 

Muhammadanism :  The  followers  of  Muham- 
mad Ibn  Idris  al  Shafei,  born  in  Syria,  Hegira 
150  (A.D.  767).  He  wrote  three  works  on  the 
fundamental  principles  of  Islam,  and  became 
the  founder  of  the  Shanites,  one  of  the  four 
sects  considered  orthodox.  It  still  exists  in 
Arabia,  India,  Ac.  [SONNITM.] 

shaft,   'schaft,  *shafte,  f.     [A.8.  tceaft, 
for  acctfl,  from  KO/=  stem  of  pa.  par.  of  too/an 
=  to  shave ;  Dut.  schacht,  from  schaven  =  to 
smooth,  to  plane ;  Icel.  skapt  =  ashaved  stick, 
a  shaft;  Dan.  skafi  =  a.  handle,  a  shaft;  8w. 
ikajl;    Qer.    schaft.      The    meaning    is    thus 
literally  =  a  (shaven)  rod.] 
A*  Ordinary  Language: 
L  Literally: 

L  An  arrow ;  properly  one  which  is  sharp 
or  barbed,  thus  differing  from  a  bolt,  which 
was  a  blunt-headed  missile.    flM 
"  In  his  race  tbe  bow  he  drew. 
The  ihaft  lust  grazed  Fitz-James's  crest" 

Scott :  Lady  of  tht  Lake,  if.  M. 

2.  Something  more  or  less  resembling  a 
shaft ;  a  body  of  a  long,  cylindrical  form ;  a 
stem,  stalk,  trunk,  or  the  like :  as— 


*  (1)  A  pole,  a  maypole. 

"The  triumphant  setting  up  of  the  great  ihaftt  (a 
principal  maypole  in  CornhUl).  before  the  parUh 
church  of  St.  Andrew."— Stow :  London,  p.  7*. 

(2)  The  spire  of  a  steeple. 

(3)  The  part  of  a  chimney  which  rises  abort 
the  roof;  a  stack. 

(4)  The  stem  or  stock  of  a  feather  or  quill. 

(5)  The  chimney  of  a  furnace. 

3.  One  of  the  bars,  between  a  pair  of  which 
a    horse  is  harnessed  to  a  vehicle ;  a  thill ; 
the  pole  or  tongue  of  a  carriage,  chariot,  Ac. 

"  The  racer  stumbles  In  the  thaft. 
And  shows  he  was  not  meant  for  draft." 

Lloyd :  The  Cobbler  of  Crippieffatet  L*t*r. 

4.  The  handle  of  certain  weapons  or  tools  ; 
a  haft :  as,  the  shaft  of  a  hammer,  whip,  &c. 

5.  The  forward,  straight  part  of  a  gun-stock. 

6.  The  interior  space  of  a  start-furnace. 
II.  Fig.  :  A  missile  weapon. 

"  Some  kinds  of  literary  pursuit*,  indisputably  In- 
nooent  at  least.  .  .  .  have  been  attacked  with  all  UM 
ihaftt  of  ridicule."—  Knwc:  Kuayt,  No.  71. 

B.  Technically: 

1.  Architecture: 

(1)  The  body  of  a  column  between  the  baa* 
and  capital ;  the  fust  or  trunk.    [COLUMN.] 

(2)  One   of    the  small  columns  which,  in 
mediaeval   architecture,  are   clustered  round 
pillars,  or  used  in  the  jambs  of  doors  or  win- 
dows, in  arcades,  &c. 

2.  Machinery :  ' 

(1)  That  part  of  a  machine  to  which  motion 
Is  communicated  by  torsion,  as  the  shaft  of  a 
fly-wheel,  a  paddle-shaft  or  screw-shaft  of  a 
steam-vessel,  the  crank-axle  of  a  locomotive. 
[COUNTER-SHAFT.  ] 

(2)  A  rod  supported  in  hangers  or  bearings 
suspended  from  the  ceiling  or  beneath  the 
floor  of  a  workshop,  communicating  motion  to 
various  machines  from  the  prime  motor. 

3.  Mining:   A  perpendicular   or   slightly- 
inclined  pit,  sunk  by  digging  or  blasting.     In 
treacherous  ground  it  is  lined  by  curbs,  called 
tubbing  or  cribbing.    [BRATTICE.) 

4.  Weaving :  A  long  lath  at  each  end  of  tUa 
heddles  of  a  loom. 

*  T  To  make  a  thaft  or  a  bolt  of  a  thing :  A 
proverbial  expression,  meaning   to  take  tha 
risk,  to  chance  a  thing. 

"  I  ihall  to  It  again  closely  when  be  is  gone,  and 
mn*«  a  thaft  or  a  bolt  of  it."—Bow«U :  Litter*,  p.  ISO. 

shaft  alley,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  A  passage-way  between  the  after 
bulkhead  of  the  engine-room  and  the  shaft- 
pipe,  around  the  propeller-shaft,  and  affording 
a  means  of  access  thereto. 

shaft-bender,  5.  A  person  who  bends 
timber  by  steam  or  pressure. 

shaft  coupling,  i. 

1.  A  device  for  connecting  together  two  or 
more  lengths  of  a  revolving-shaft  by  shaping 
the  ends  into  flat  surfaces  or  bearings,  which 
are  held  together  by  a  coupling-box. 

2.  A  device  for  securing  the  thills  of  a  car- 
riage to  the  axle-tree. 

Shaft-drill,  s.  A  rotary  drilling- machine, 
armed  with  diamond-points,  for  boring  ver- 
tical shafts. 

shaft  furnace,  *. 

MetalL :  A  furnace  in  which  the  ore,  in  a 
state  of  division,  is  dropped  down  a  chimney 
through  the  flame. 

shaft-horse,  s.  The  horse  that  go«a 
in  the  shafts  or  thills  of  a  vehicle. 

shaft-Jack,  s. 

Vehicle :  An  iron  attaching  the  shafts  to  tiw 
axle. 

shaft-loop,  *. 

Harness:  The  ring  of  leather  suspended 
from  the  gig-saddle  to  hold  the  thill  or  shaft. 

•haft-  pipe,  5. 

ShipbuUd. :  The  pipe  or  tube  in  the  stern 
of  a  vessel  through  which  the  propeller-shaft 
passes  in-board.  In  wooden  vessels  it  occu- 
pies a  hole  bored  through  the  stern-post  and 
dead-wood.  In  iron  vessels  it  passes  through 
a  hole  in  the  stern-post  and  through  frame* 
with  circular  arcs,  which  form  bearings. 

shaft-tag,  *. 

Harness :  The  loop  depending  from  the  har- 
ness-saddle, and  holding  up  the  shaft  thai 
passes  through  it 


boil,  boy;  p6*ut»  jeltl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  cHln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  fills;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    ph  =  & 
-clan,  -tlan  -  aha*,    -tion,  -aion  -  shun ;  -flon,  -Bion  -  zhun,    -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  thus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


422« 


shafted— shake 


•haft -id,  a.     [Eng.  shaft;  -ed.] 

•1.  Having  shafts  ;  ornamented  with  shafts 
or  small  clustering  pillars. 
2.  Having  a  handle ;  applied  in  heraldry  to 

a  spear-head  to  which  a  handle  is  attached. 

•haft  Ing,  s.    [Eng.  shaft ;  -ing.] 

Maah. :  The  system  of  shafts  in  a  machine- 
shop  for  the  transmission  of  power.  It  serves 
to  convey  the  force  which  is  generated  in  the 
engine  to  the  different  machines,  for  which 
purpose  it  is  provided  with  drums  and  belts,  or 
cog-wheels  firmly  keyed  on.  Horizontal  shafts 
are  known  as  lying ;  vertical,  as  upright. 

•haft -less,  a.  [Eng.shafl; -less.]  Having  no 
shaft*. 

"  Broken-down.  wheelleas.  Aa/tleu  buggies."— Daily 
Telegraph,  March  20,  18M. 

shan'  -  ment,  *  shaft  -  man,  *  shaft  - 
mound,  "  schaft  monde,  *  shaft  - 
ment,  *  shaft-men,  >.  [A.s.  scexylround.] 
A  measure  of  about  six  inches  ;  a  span. 

"  Not  exceeding  a  foot  in  length  nor  ft  tkaStman  in 
shortness."— Barttaby  Googe :  Butoandry.  p.  78. 

•hag,  s.  Si  a.    [A.8.  Ktacga;  cogn.  with  Icel. 
tktgg  ;  Sw.  itcagg  =  a  beard  ;  Dan.  ikjag ;  IceL 
tlcaga.  =  to  jut  out ;  skagi  =  &  headland.] 
A.  A>  substantive : 
I  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  Coarse  hair  or  nap ;  rongh  woolly  hair. 

"  True  Wituey  broad  cloth,  with  ite  Aaff  unihorn." 
Bay  :  Trivia,  i.  47. 

"2.  Akind  of  cloth  having  along  coarse  nap. 

"  Tour  «B«r«  mint  be  lull  of  bounty.  TelTeta  to  fur. 
abb  a  gown  silks  for  petticoats,  and  foreparts,  thaff 
for  lining."—  Seaum.  A  flft.  :  Woman  Bater.  IT.  1 

a  A  kind  of  tobacco  cot  into  fine  shreds. 

"  Smoke  large  quantities  of  the  strongest  tobacco 
manufactured,  generally  that  known  as  ttff—tm»- 
fttr'l  Magatine,  Sept.,  1877,  p.  701. 

4.  A  shred. 

"Nat.  wblcb  have  been  packed  away  and  wedged 
beneath  the  loose  thagt  of  bark."— Harper  t  Jlagaxtne, 
May,  1883,  p.  1877.  p.  8H>. 

*  6.  Roughness,  coarseness. 

"  They  had  Indeed  ability  to  smooth 
The  Ouiy  ol  earago  nature." 

Coxier  :  Tails,  T.  6M. 

&  The  refuse  of  barley.  (Scotch.) 
II.  Ornith. :  Phalacrocorax  graculue,  the 
Scart,  or  Crested  Cormorant.  It  is  smaller 
than  the  Common  Cormorant  (P.  carbo),  from 
which  it  is  distinguished  also  by  its  rich  dark 
green  plumage,  with  purple  and  bronze  re- 
lectious.  Total  length  twenty-seven  inches  ; 
both  sexes  coloured  alike.  They  pair  early 
In  April,  and  as  many  as  five  eggs  have  been 
frequently  found.  (See  ertract.) 

"  The  Aag  is  eseentially  a  marine  species,  Terr 
seldom  wandering,  even  for  a  short  distance,  inland, 
or  being  found  on  fresh-water.  ...  It  is  well  to  re- 
member tbat  by  fishermen  and  sea-side  folk  the  names 
ih'i'i  and  cormorant  are  frequently  Interchanged."— 
I'arrtU  :  Britilh  Birdl  (ed.  4th),  IT.  151. 

*  B.  At  adj. :  Snaggy,  shagged. 

*•  Eound-boof  d.  short-Jointed,  fetlocks  ifMtr  and  long." 
•SAoJtesp.  :  Venul  a  Adonil,  306. 

•hag-bark,  .<. 

Sat. :  (1)  Carya  alba;  a  kind  of  hickory, 
with  shaggy  bark.  Called  also  Shell-bark. 
(2)  Its  nut. 

*  shag-dog,  i.  A  dog  with  rough, 
hair.    (Ford :  Lady's  Trial,  iii.  1.) 

'•hag-eared,  a.    Having  shaggy  ears. 

-  Thou  llest.  them  laM-eare*  villain." 

Zhakciv:  Mttcbflh,  IT.  i. 

•shag-haired,  a.    Having  shaggy  hair. 

"  A  itiag-haired  crafty  kern. " 

Skatetp.  :  1  Henry  Fl.,  111.  1. 

•hag,  r.t.    [SHAO,  s.] 

1.  To  make  rough  or  hairy. 

2.  To  make  rongh  or  shaggy ;  to  deform. 

'•bagged,  a.    [Eng.  shag;  -ed.] 

J.  Bough  with  long  hair  or  wool ;  shaggy. 

"  With  rugged  board,  and  hoarie  thaggfd  heaje.' 
Spenser :  f.  «..  IV.  T.  H. 

J.  Rough,  rugged. 

"  Where  the  rude  torrent's  brawling  coune 
Was  thagyed  with  thorn  and  tangling  sloe." 

Scott  :Caayo*>  Cattle. 

•hag'-gSd  n£ss,  «.  [Eng.  shagged;  -nest.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  shagged  ;  shaggi 
ness. 

"  The  colour,  fjMygedneu,  and  other  qualities  of  the 
dog."—  1/ort :  Vyaery  o/ OodHneu  (\teil. 

Shag'-gi  ness,  >.  [Eng.  shaggy;  -net*.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  shaggy. 

"The  cokrar  and  thnyyinat  of  the  hair.'— Coo*  . 
TMrd  f'oyayt,  bk.  ill ,  ch.  T. 


shag'-gy,  *  shag-gle,  o.    [Bng.  shag ;  -y.  ] 

1.  Hough,  with  long  hair  or  wool. 

2.  Rough,  rugged. 

"  Hinder  a  good  account  of  a  big  wild  bo»r  in  the 
Ihnffgy  thickets  and  rocky  fastnesses  of  Brittany.  — 
Daily  JWejropA.Xov.  25.  1885. 

Sha  green ,  *  sha  grin',  s.  &  a.  [Fr.  chagrin, 
from  Turk,  sdgtirl,  sughri  =  the  back  of  a 
horse  ;  shagreen  ;  Pers.  saghri.] 

A.  ^3  «uosian(U'« : 

1.  A  species  of  leather,  or  rather  parch- 
ment, prepared  without  tanning  from  the 
skins  of  horses,  asses,  and  camels.  The 
strips,  having  been  softened  by  steeping  in 
water,  and  cleared  of  the  hair,  are  spread  on 
the  floor  and  covered  with  the  seeds  of  the 
Goose-foot  (Chenopodinm  album).  A  covering 
of  felt  is  laid  on,  and  the  seeds  are  pressed 
into  the  skin  by  trampling  or  mechanical 
means,  thus  producing  the  peculiar  granular 
appearance  of  shagreen.  It  is  dyed  green 
with  sal-ammoniac  and  copper  filings,  red 
with  cochineal,  etc.  Shagreen  is  also  made 
of  the  skins  of  otters,  seals,  sharks,  &c.  It 
was  formerly  much  used  for  cases  for  spec- 
tacles, instruments,  watches,  &c. 

•  2.  The  same  as  CHAOHIS  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adj. :  Made  of  the  leather  described 
to  I.  1. 

"  Two  table-books  in  ihngreen  covers/ 

Prior :  Cupid  A  Ganymede. 

shagreen-ray,  shagreen-skate,  ». 

Ichthy. :  Eaja.  fullonica  ;  a  species  of  moder- 
ate size,  often  taken  off  the  coast  of  the  north 
of  England  and  Scotland.  It  is  about  thirty 
inches  long  and  fourteen  broad,  and  the  body, 
above  and  below,  is  covered  with  minute 
spines. 

shagreen-skate,  s.    [SHAGREEN-RAT.] 

*  sha-green',  v.t.    [CHAGRIN,  ».] 

*  sha -greened',  o.     [Eng.  shagreen;  -td.] 
Made  of  shagreen  ;  shagreen. 

shah,  •  shaw,  s.  [Pers.  shdh  =  king.)  [CHECK, 
r. ;  CHESS.) 

1.  The  title  given  by  European  writers  to 
the  sovereign  of  Persia.    In  his  own  country 
he  is  known  by  the  compound  title  Padishah. 

2.  A  chieftain  or  prince. 

Shah  Nameh,  s.  [Pers. = Book  of  Kings.] 
The  title  of  several  Eastern  works,  the  most 
ancient  and  celebrated  of  which  is  the  poem 
in  the  modern  Persian  language  by  the  poet 
Firdousi,  containing  the  history  of  the  ancient 
Persian  kings. 

sha' -hi,  s.  [Pers.]  A  Persian  copper  coin 
value  Jd. 

shah  za  -da,  s.  [Hind.]  A  prince,  the  son 
of  a  king.  '(Anglo-Indian.) 

shalk,  schelk,  s.    [SHEIK.] 

shall,  v.l.  (Cf.  Low  Ger.  scheleti ;  Get.  schielen 
=  fx>  squint,  to  be  oblique.]  To  walk  side- 
ways. 

"CnJld.  yon  must  walk  straight,  withont  skiewing 
and  ih'iiUny  to  every  step  you  set."— L'&tranye. 

shaird,  s.    [SHARD.]    A  shred,  a  shard. 

"  An'  when  the  auld  moon's  (taun  to  lea'e  them 
The  hindmost  lhaird.  they'll  fetch  it  wi'  them." 
Burnt :  To  William  Simpton.    (Post) 

shake,  *  sohak-en  (pa.  t.  shook,  *  schook, 
pa.  par.  shaken,  'schaken,  'shook),  v.t.  &  i. 
[A.S.  sceacan,  scaoan  (pa.  t.  scoc,  pa.  par. 
scacen,  sceacen) :  cogn.  with  Icel.  skaka  (pa.  t. 
skok,  pa.  par.  skakinn ;  Sw.  skaka:  Dan.  skage 
=  to  shirt.] 

A.  Transitire: 

1,  To  put  into  a  vibrating  motion ;  to  cause 
to  move  with  quick  vibrations ;  to  move 
hither  and  thither;  to  cause  to 


tremble,  quiver,  or  shiver ;  to  agitate. 

"  When  the  wind  earth's  foundation  rt<. 

Shakflp. ;  Vmta  t  Advnil,  1,047. 

2.  To  move  or  remove  by  agitating  ;  to  rid 
one's  self  of ;  to  throw  off  by  a  jolting.  Jerk- 
ing, or  vibratory  motion.    (Generally  followed 
by  an  adverb,  as  away,  off,  out.) 

"  We  shall  thate  ojfour  slavish  yoke." 

j&aktlp. :  Mduird  //.,  1L  1. 

3.  To  brandish. 

•'  Whilst  I  can  tftike  my  sword." 

Skateip. :  *  "'<  "ell  that  Kndi  Witt,  U.  !. 

4.  To  give  a  tremulous  and  vibrating  sound 
to ;  to  trill :  as.  To  shake  a  note  in  music. 

5.  To  move  from  firmness ;  to  cause  to  be 


unsteady  ;  to  weaken  the  stability  of ;  to  en- 
danger, to  threaten. 

"SAafas  the  peace  and  safety  of  our  throne." 

Stattif. :  1  Benrt  ir..  111.  I 

6.  To  cause  to  waver,  hesitate,  or  doubt ;  to 
impair  or  weaken  the  resolution  or  courage  of. 

7.  To  rouse  suddenly,  and  with  some  degree 
of  violence  :  as,  To  shake  one  out  of  sleep. 

8.  To  injure  by  a  sudden  shock  :  as,  He 
was  very  much  shaken  by  the  fall. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  be  agitated  with  a  trem- 
bling or  vibrating  motion  ;  to  tremble,  to 
totter,  to  shiver,  to  qmtke. 

"  Those  bonghs  which  saoA«  against  the  cold." 
SltnlMp. :  Koiiu.'t  73. 

•I  1.  To  shake  afoot:  To  dalice.    (Prop.) 
"  Tve  heard  my  father  play  it  at  Arrah.  and  ihovk  a 

fool  myself  wltb  the  lads  on  the  green."— Xcrtontr'i 

Hayaiin,.  March.  1880.  p.  «is. 

•  2.  To  shake  a  loose  leg:  To  lead  a  roving 
unsettled  life.    (Slang.) 

3.  To  shake  hands : 

(1)  To  greet  by  grasping  and  shaking  the 
hand. 

(2)  To  make  an  agreement  or  contract ;  to 
ratify,  confirm,  or  settle  a  matter. 

•  (3)  To  part  ;  to  take  leave. 

"  I  tell  tb.ee,  slave,  I  have  thook  hand*  with  hope.      _ 

And  all  niy  thoughts  are  rage,  despair,  and  horror, 

flow*  .•  Tamerlant.  U.  1. 

4.  To  shake  dmm :  To  betake  one's  self  to  or 
occupy  a  shake-down  (q.v.). 

5.  To  shake  off  the  dust  from  one's  feet :  To 
disclaim  or  renounce  solemnly  all  connection 
or  intercourse  with  a  person  or  persons. 

6.  To  sftalct,  to  shake  off: 

(1)  To  get  rid  of  by  shaking. 

(2)  To  rid  one's  eelf  of ;  to  get  rid  of. 

(3)  To  abandon,  to  discard;  to  cast  off. 

"Skalcittst  Q/SO  good  »  wife." 
SitalMtf. :  Alii  He.'i  CwE  /-'«u,  H'eK.  IT.  S. 
*(4)  To  deny,  to  refuse. 

"  These  offers  he  ihalcei  off." 
Skakeii*. :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  ill.  T. 

•  7.  To  shake  one's  elbow :  To  gamble  at  dice. 

8.  To  shake  the  head :  To  express  disappro- 
bation, reluctance,  dissatisfaction,  negation, 
refusal,  denial,  disappointment,  reproach,  or 
the  like. 

9.  To  shake  together :  To  be  on  good  terms  ; 
to  get  along  well  or  smoothly  together ;  to 
accommodate  one's  self  to  the  habits,  ways, 
Ac.,  of  another. 

10.  To  shake  up : 

(1)  The  same  as  To  shake  together  (q.T.X 

•  (2)  To  upbraid. 

"  Did  ihnkf  up  in  some  hard  and  sliarpe  termes  a 
young  gentleman."—  /'.  Holland:  Comae*,  p.  628. 

shake,  s.    [SHAKE,  r.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  shaking ;  a  rapid  motion  one 
way  and  the  other ;  a  shock  or  concussion  ; 
agitation,  vibration. 

"II  udge  of  a  friend  by  the  lhake  of  bis  hand." 
Jtitton :  JAMwOflititt,  s.  80. 

2.  A  crack  in  timber  caused  by*  great  heat, 
rapid  drying,  seasoning,  &c. 

3.  A  crack  or  fissure  in  the  earth.    (Pror.) 

4.  A  brief  moment ;  an  instant.    (Colloj.) 

"  I'll  be  back  in  a  couple  of  stubs." 
Barham:  Inooldlby  Legend*;  Buoei  in  the  Wood. 

5.  (Pi.):  A  trembling  fit ;  specif.,  ague,  in- 
termittent fever. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Cooper. :  A  shook  of  staves  and  headings. 
[SHOOK,  s.] 

2.  Muiie:  An  ornament  produced  by  Uie 
rapid  alternations  of  two  notes,  either  a  tone 
or  semitone  apart,  as  the  case  may  be.     The 
sign  of  a  shake  is  tr.  (the  first  two  letters  of 

WrUUn.  Performed  or  t»us. 


the  Italian  trillo)  placed  over  the  chief  note. 
A  succession  of  shakes  is  called  a  chain.  A 
shake  which  commences  with  a  turn  is  called 
a  prepared  shake. 

K  ATo  (rfwtf  shakes  (lit,  No  great  windftJli): 
Nothing  extraordinary  or  out  of  the  common 
of  no  great  account. 

"I  had  my  hands  fol!  and  my  bead  too.  Just  then 
'when  be  wrote  Marino  FallenA  so  it  canbe  no  treat 
'."— Byron:  To  Murray,  Sept.  38. 1820. 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wot,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wire,  woU,  work,  who,  L.JH;  mute,  cab,  cure,  tjnite,  ear,  rule,  fall;  try, 


;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  p6t, 
Syrian,    w,  oo  =  e;  «y  =  a:  *u  =  kw. 


ehakebuckler— shall! 


4227 


*  shako  bag,  s.    A  large  game-cock. 

shake-down,  5.  A  temporary  substi- 
tute for  a  bed,  as  one  formed  on  a  chair  or 
the  floor.  (From  straw  being  in  old  times 
used  to  form  a  rough  bed.) 

"  A  ihake-dtnon  had  beeu  ordered  oven  in  Mr.  Barry's 
own  study."— Mrs.  Hall:  Sketchet  of  Jrtth  Character, 
V.  187. 

shake-fork,  s. 

1.  Orel,  Lang. :  A  fork  to 
toss  hay  about. 

2.  Her. :  The  shake-fork 
resembles  the  pall  in  form, 
;iiit  the  ends  do  not  touch 
t  lie  edges  of  the  sh  ield,  and 
have  points  in    the   same 
manner  as  the  pile. 

Shako-rag,  s.  A  ragged  fellow ;  a  tatter- 
demalion. 

"  He  was  a  thake-rag  like  fellow."— Soott :  Guy  &("*• 

neriny,  oh.  XX vi. 

shake-willy,  *. 

Cottnti'ma-n. :  A  wlllowing  machine  for 
cleaning  cotton,  preparatory  to  carding. 

ahake'-biiek-ler,  s.      [Eng.   shake,   and 
buckler.]    A  swashbuckler  ;  a  bully. 

shak  -en,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SHAKE,  v.} 

A.  .is  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Caused  to  shake  ;  agitated. 

2.  Cracked  or  split :  as,  shaken  timber. 

3.  Injured  by  a  sudden  fall  or  shock. 

.Shak'-er,  s.  &  o.    [Eng.  MoJfc(e),  v. ;  -«•.] 
A»  As  substantive; 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  shakes. 
*'  Thou  inlghtie  ihaker  of  the  earth,  thou  lord  of  all 
the  seas.  "  Chapman :  Homer ;  Jtiud  vii. 

*  2.  An  old  name  for  the  Fantail  pigeon. 
It  Technically: 

1.  Hot. :  Briza  media, 

2.  Church  Hist.  (PL): 

(1)  A  name  given  to  an  American  sect  of 
celibates  of  both  sexes,  founded  by  Ann  Lee, 
an  English  emigrant,  about  1776,  from  their 
using  a  kind  of  dance  in  their  religious  exer- 
cises, but  who  call  themselves  the  United 
Society  of  Believers  in  Christ's  Second  Ap- 
pearing.   Their  chief  settlement  Is  at  Mount 
Lebanon,  in  the  State  of  New  York.    Their 
foundress   was  called   the  Elect  Lady,  and 
Mother  of  all  the  Elect,  and  claimed  to  be 
the   woman    mentioned    in    Rev.    xii.      The 
Shakers  profess  to  have  passed  through  death 
and  the  resurrection  into  a  state  of  grace 
— the  Resurrection  order,  in  which  the  love 
which  leads  to  marriage  is  not  allowed,  and 
are  known  as  brothers  and    sisters.     They 
abstain  from  wine  and  pork,  live  on  the  land, 
.and  shun  towns.     They  cultivate  the  virtues 
of  sobriety,  prudence,  and  meekness,  take  no 
oaths,  deprecate  law,  avoid  contention,  and 
repudiate  war.  They  affect  to  hold  communion 
with  the  dead,  and  believe  in   angels   and 
spirits,  not  as  a  theological  dogma,  but  as  a 
practical  fact. 

"  III  many  of  their  ideas  the  Shaktrt  would  appear 
to  lie  followers  of  the  Easenes  .  .  .  Their  church  la 
based  un  these  grand  idea*:  The  kingdom  of  heaven 
has  come,  Christ  has  actually  appeared  on  earth ;  the 
personal  rule  of  God  has  been  restored ;  the  old  law  la 
abolished ;  the  command  to  multiply  has  ceased ; 
Adam's  aln  has  been  atoned  ;  the  Intercourse  of  heaven 
*nd  earth  has  been  restored  ;  the  curse  is  taken  away 
from  Uiwur :  the  earth,  and  all  that  is  on  it,  will  be 
redeemed  ;  angela  and  spirits  have  become,  as  of  old, 
the  familiars  and  ministers  of  men." — »'.  H.  Dixon  : 
XetD  Atneriott  led.  1866),  p.  282. 

(2)  An  English  Millenarian  sect  founded 
by  Mrs.  Mary  Anne  Girling,  who  gave  out 
that  she  was  a  new  incarnation  of  the  Deity, 
and  could  never  die.    Her  followers  estab- 
lished a  community  on  the   borders  of  the 
New  Forest;  but  Mrs.  Girling  died  on  Sept. 
18,  1886,  and  shortly  afterwards  her  followers 
dispersed. 

"  Under  a  railway  arch  at  Walworth  she  commenced 
her  meetings,  and  it  wa»  there  that,  owing  to  the  danc- 
ing and  jumping  practised  by  some  of  her  followers  at 
their  devotion,  they  were  called  Shatter*."— Chrittian 
Age,  Oct.  18,  1888, 

B.  As  adj. :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  character- 
istic of  the  Shakers.  [A.  II.  2.  (1).] 

"Gentiles  working  on  the  Shaker  lands."—  W.  ff. 
ZMxm  :  Jfnf  America  {ed,  18«).  p.  280. 

Shak -er  ess,  3.  [Eng.  Shaker;  •«*».]  A  female 
Shaker. 

"The  Shaker  Is  a  monk,  the  Sluiktr&t  a  nun."— 
FT.  a,  Dixon  :  Jfnt  America  led.  1689),  p.  371. 


Shak  -er-ism,  s.  [Eng.  Shaker ;  -ism.}  The 
principles  or  teaching  of  the  Shakers. 

"  It  U  a  Uuul,  too,  where  every  posaible  experiment 
has  beta  tried,  from  xhnkerum  to  Polygamy,  and 
where  every  Joctrlue  finds  apostle.,  dUclples,  and 
fapHb*-*AN%  Telfgroph,  Feb.  25.  1881}. 

Shako  spear  J  an,  Shak  spear -1  an, 
Shake  spear -e  an,  Shak -sper  I - 
an,  Shak  sper  c  an.  a.  [Bug.  Shake- 
speare ;  -an.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to,  or  re- 
sembling Shakespeare. 

Shak'  I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  shaky;  -not.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  shaky. 

Shalt  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [SHAKE,  t>.] 
shaking  frame,  s. 

1.  A  frame  turned  by  a  crank  or  otlierwi.se, 
and  having  sieves  arranged  upon  it,  used  in 
graining  powder. 

2.  MetaU. :  A  form  of  buddle  or  sieve  used 
in  sorting  ores. 

shaking-machine,  >.   [TUMBLINO-BOX.] 

shaking-palsy,  s. 

PcUhol. :  Paralysis  agitans ;  characterized 
by  a  tremulous  agitation,  commencing  in  the 
hands  and  arms,  or  in  the  head,  and  gradually 
extending  over  the  whole  body.  It  is  gener- 
ally fata],  though  a  cure  has  sometimes  been 
effected  by  electricity. 

Shaking  quakers,  s.  pi.  The  same  as 
SHAKER,  II.  2.  (1)  (q.v.). 

shaking-table,  «. 

Meiall. :  A  form  of  separator  in  which  the 
slimes  or  comminnted  ores  are  agitated  In  the 
presence  of  water. 

sha'-ko,  s.  [Fr.  shako,  schako,  from  Hung. 
csako  (pron.  shako)  =  a  cap,  a  shako.]  A  mili- 
tary head-dress,  formerly  worn  by  the  infantry 
oftheline;  it  somewhat  resembled  a  truncated 
cone,  having  a  peak  in  front  and  sometimes 
another  behind.  It  was  generally  ornamented 
with  a  ball  or  other  body  in  front  of  the 
crown. 

Shak'-y,  o.    [Eng.  thaktf) ;  -».] 

I.  Literally: 

1.  Disposed  to  shake  or  tremble ;  liable  to 
shake. 

2.  Loosely  put  together ;  ready  to  come  to 
pieces. 

3.  Full  of  shakes  or  cracks;   cracked  or 
split,  as  timber. 

II.  Fig. :  Of  questionable  Integrity,  sol- 
vency, or  ability. 

*  shal'-der,  v.i.    [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  thail.] 
To  give  way,  to  come  down. 

"  Two  hill  betwljt  »htch  It  ran,  did  ihalder  «nd  K 
choke  vphia course. "—Holinthed:  Dct.  Britatne,  cli.  XT. 

Shale,  *  shal,  s.    [Ger.  schale  =  e.  shell,  peel, 
rind,  or  scale.    Shale  and  scale  are  doublets.] 
*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  shell,  a  husk. 
"  Leaving  them  but  the  ifHtlet  and  husks  of  men." 
KKalitil'- :  Henn  r.,  IT.  2. 

2.  Petrol. :  A  more  or  less  laminated  rock  of 
varying  hardness  and  mineral  composition, 
consisting  of  exceedingly  line    comminuted 
materials ;  sometimes  resembling  suites,  but  of 
more  recent  geological  age. 

3.  Geol. :  Shale,  having  been  originally  mud, 
may  occur  wherever  in  any  bygone  age  silt  has 
been  deposited,  and  metamorphic  action  has 
not  subsequently  taken  place.  One  of  the  best- 
known  shales  is  the  Carbonaceous  Shale,  black- 
ened and  otherwise  modified,  by  carbonaceous 
matter.    It  has  often  finely-preserved  impres- 
sions of  fossil  ferns,  &c.   [BITUMINOUS-SHALE, 
CARBONIFEROUS-FORMATION.)  The  Bituminous 
Shales  yield  oil  by  distillation.    [TOHBANITE.] 

*  shale,  v.t.    [SHALE,  ».]    To  peel,  to  shell. 

shalk'-ite,  a.  [After  Shalka,  India,  where  it 
fell  (Nov.  30,  1850) ;  suff.  -ite  (.Win.).] 

Min. :  An  extra-terrestrial  rock,  of  which 
the  meteorite  of  Slialka  is  the  type.  It  con- 
sists principally  of  olivine  and  bronzite,  with 
a  little  chromite. 

shall,  *  schal.  *  shal  (pa.  t.  *  AoMt,  *  echolde, 
*  shulde,  should),  aux.  v.  [A.8.  sceal,  an  old 
pa.  t,  used  as  a  present,  and  thus  conjugated  : 
ic  sceal,  thu  scealt,  he  sceal ;  pi.  sculon,  sculun, 
sceol-un.  Hence  was  formed  a  pa.  t.  tcolde, 
iceolde,  pi.  sceoldon.  The  infinitive  form  is 
tculan  =  to  owe,  to  be  under  an  obligation  to 


do  a  thing,  the  verb  following  being  put  In 
the  infinitive  mood,  as  ic  sceal  gdn  =  l  must 
go  ;  hence,  the  modern  use  of  the  word  as  aa 
auxiliary  verb,  Cogn.  with  Dut  ik  za.1  =  I 
shall,  ik  zoude  =  I  should,  infin.  sullen; 
Icel.  skal,  pi.  skulum,  pa.  t.  skyldi,  skyldu, 
iufln.  skulu;  Sw.  skall,  pa.  t.  skulle,  inlin 
skola;  Dan.  skal,  pa.  t.  skulde,  infln.  skulle; 
Ger.  soil,  pa.  t.  solUe,  infln.  sollen ;  Goth. 
skal,  \>l  skulum,  pa.  t.  skulda,  infln.  skulan. 
All  from  the  same  base  as  A.S.  scyld  =  guilt, 
i.e.,  desert  of  punishment ;  Ger.  schuld  = 
guilt,  fault,  debt.  (Skeat.)] 

*  L  Originally  as  an  independent  transitive 
verb  :  To  owe  ;  to  be  under  an  obligation  of  or 
for.    (Chaucer;  Troihts  £  Cresstda,  l,dr  ) 

II.  As  an  auxiliary  verb: 

*  1.   To  be  under  the  obligation;   to   be 
bound. 

"  Al  drery  was  his  chere  and  his  loklng 
When  that  he  thotde  out  of  the  clmiubre  go." 
Chaucer.    (Todd.) 

0)  Forming  the  first  persons  singular  and 
plural  of  the  future  tense,  shall  is  used  to 
denote  simple  futurity,  and  simply  foretelling 
or  declaring  something  which  is  to  take  place, 
and  thus  equivalent  to  am  to,  are  to :  as, 
I  shall  go  to  town  to-morrow,  i.e.,  I  am  to, 
or  I  intend  to  go  to  town.  Shall  in  this  case 
expresses  mere  futurity,  without  any  idea  of 
determination  or  decision,  to  denote  which  in 
the  first  persons  singular  and  plural  will  it 
used  [WILL  (1),  v.] ;  that  is,  the  simple  future 
in  full  is,  I  shall,  thou  wilt,  he  will ;  we  shall, 
you  will,  they  will.  In  indirect  narration,  how- 
ever, shall  is  used  in  the  second  and  third 
persons  to  denote  simple  futurity :  as,  He 
thinks  be  shall  go. 

(2)  In  the  second  and  third  persons  shall  li 
used: 

(a)  To  denote  control  or  authority  on  tin 
part  of  the  speaker,  as  when  a  promise,  com- 
mand, or  determination  is  applied :  as,  You 
shall  go,  i.e..  You  must  go,  Thou  shalt  not 
kill,  Ac. 

(6)  To  denote  necessity  or  inevitability  In 
the  mind  of  the  speaker;  futurity  thought 
Inevitable  and  answered  for  by  the  speaker. 
"  Beasts  iA«W  tremble  at  thy  din." 

Sh*k*tp.  :  Ttmpete,  L  1 

(3)  When  used  interrogatively,  in  the  first 
and  third  persons,  shall  asks  for  direction  or 
refers  the    question  to  the  decision  of  the 
person  asked  :  as,  Shall  I  go?  Ska] I  they  go? 
But  in  the  second  person  shall,  used  interroga- 
tively, merely  asks  for  information  as  to  the 
future :  as,  Shall  you  come? 

(4)  After  conditionals,  as  t/or  whether,  and 
in  dependent  clauses  generally,  shall,  iu  all 
the  persons,  denotes  simple  futurity. 

"  If  we  thail  shake  off  our  slavish  yoke." 

fihaltmf.  :  Ridturd  //.,  11.  9. 

*2.  Shall  and  should  are  used  elliptically 
with  adverbs,  for  shall  (or  should)  go,  as  : 
"  I  »haU  no  more  to  sea."     Shaketp. :  Tempest,  II.  2. 

3.  Should,  though  in  form  the  past  of  shall, 
Is  not  used  to  express  simple  past  futurity, 
except  in  indirect  speech  :  as,  I  said  I  should 
go.    It  is  used : 

(1)  To  express  present  duty  or  obligation : 
as,  We  (they,  &c.)  should  practise  virtue  ;  or 

(2)  Past  duty  or  obligation  :  as,  I  (thou,  he, 
&c.)  should  have  gone,  i.e.,  I  (thon,  he,  &c.) 
ought  to  have  gone,  It  was  the  duty  of  me 
(you,  him,  &c.)  to  have  gone, 

(3)  To  express  a  simple  hypothetical  case 
or  a  contingent  future  event,  standing  in  the 
same  relation  to  would  that  shall  does  to  will: 
as,  I  shall  be  pleased  if  you  will  come,  and 
I  should  be  pleased  if  you  would  come.    So 
also  in  conditional  and  dependent   clauses 
should  is,  like  shall,  used  to  denote  simple 
futurity  :  as,  If  it  should  rain  to-morrow,  he 
will  not  come. 

"  He  had  expected  that  be  thoidd  be  able  to  posh 
forward  without  a  moment's  pause,  that  he  t\ould 
find  the  French  army  in  a  state  of  wild  disorder,  and 
that  his  victory  would  be  easy  and  complete."— Mao- 
attlay:  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  zlz 

(4)  It  is  used  to  soften  or  modify  a  state- 
ment :  as,  I  should  not  like  to  say  so. 

(5)  It  should  seem  was  formerly  used  for 
"it  seems,"  where  we  now  say,  It  would  seem. 

4.  Shall   was    sometimes    colloquially    or 
provincially  abbreviated  into  's :  as, 

"  Tliou'j  hear  our  counsel." 

Shakap. :  Komeo  A  Juliet,  L  1 

shal'-U,s.    [SHAWL.] 

Fabric :  A  twilled  cloth  made  from  the  hail 
of  the  Angora  goat. 


5)611,  bo^;  pout.  JIM;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  XenopUon,  exist.    -Ing. 
filan,  -tian  =  shaa,   -tlon,  -aion  =  shun ;  -fion,  -sion  =  zhiiu.    -clous,  -tloua,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  Del,  d$L 


4228 


shallon— shame 


•nal   Ion,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot. :  Gaultheria  Shallon,  a  small,  shrubby, 
evergreen  heath  wort,  with  white  flowers, 
growing  in  pine  forests  in  North  America. 
The  berries  are  used  for  tarts,  and  the  Indians 
make  them  into  bread.  Called  also  Salal. 

*  shal  loon ,  s.     [Fr.  chalan  =  a  woollen  stuff, 
•aid  to  have  been  made  at  Chalons,  in  France.] 
Fabric:  A  kind  of  worsted  stuff. 
*  In  blue  thalloon  shall  Hannibal  be  clad. 
And  Scipio  trail  an  Irish  purple  plaid."      Stfi/t. 

ahal    lop,  s.     [Fr.  chaloupc,  from  Sp.  chalupa 
=  a  sloop  (q.v.>] 
Nautical : 

I.  A  light  fishing-vessel  with  two  masts  and 
carrying  log  or  fore-and-aft  sails. 


1  A  Sloop  (q.  v.). 

S.  A  boat  for  one  or  two  rowers. 

"  The  maid  alarmed,  with  hasty  oar, 
Pushed  her  light  thaUop  from  the  shore.' 

Scott:  LadyofttoLalt*,i.V>. 

fthal-l*f ,  *-      [ESCHALOT.] 

Bot.:  The  common  name  of  Allium  asoa- 
lonicum* 

thai  -low,  *  schal  owe,  a.  &  *.  [The  same 
word  as  shoal  (q.\.);  cf.  I  eel.  $kjdlgr—  oblique, 
wry ;  Sw.  dial  skjalg ;  Ger.  schel.} 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Not  deep ;  not  having  much  depth  ; 
having  the  bottom  at  a  little  distance  from 
the  surface  or  edge  :  as,  shallow  water,  a 
shallow  dish,  Ac. 

*  2.  Not  penetrating  deeply. 

"A  tkattow  scratch."        SkaJt**p. :  1  ffcnry  IT.,  T.  i. 

8.  Not  intellectually  deep,  not  profound ; 
»ot  penetrating  deeply  into  abstruse  matters  ; 
superficial,  empty,  silly. 

"Some  shallow  story  of  de«p  lore." 
Skakttp-  •'  Two  GmOemen  of  Verona,  1.  1. 

*  4.  Not  deep  or  fall  of  sound ;  thin  and 
weak  in  sound. 

"  If  a  virginal  were  made  with  a  doable  concave,  the 
one  all  the  length  of  the  virginal,  and  the  other  at  the 
«nd  of  the  string*.  as  the  harp  hath,  it  must  make  the 
•onnd  perfecter,  and  not  so  shallow  and  Jarring."— 
Bacon. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   A  place  where  the  water  is 
not  deep ;  a  shoal,  a  shelf,  a  flat,  a  sandbank. 

"  In  arm*  of  the  sea,  and  among  Islands,  there  Is  no 
great  depth,  and  some  places  are  plain  shallow*."— 
Bitrntt :  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

2.  Astron.  :  (See  extract). 

"  Shallow*  are  extensive  and  level  depressions  of  the 
Inminotu  solar  clouds,  generally  surrounding  the 
openings  to  a  considerable  distance." — Sir  W.  ffertchtt. 
111  PMfowp*.  Transaction*.  xcL  267. 

^i  ^hollow-water  deposits: 

Geol. :  Deposits  which  afford  evidence  that 
they  were  originally  laid  down  in  shallow 
water.  Examples :  Conglomerates,  grits, 
sandstones,  especially  when  they  have  ripple 
marks  and  false  bedding.  Among  the  mollusc- 
ous genera  characteristic  of  shallow  water  are 
Purpura,  Patella,  Cardium,  Haliotis,  Trochus, 
Pecten,  Mytilus,  Fholas,  Conus,  Mitra, 
Cypnea,  Pinna,  Area,  Ac.  (S«tey.) 

•hallow-brained,  a.  Having  no  depth 
of  intellect;  empty-headed. 

"A  company  of  lewd,  shallow  brainfd  huffs  making 
atheism,  and  contempt  of  religion,  the  sole  badge  of 

wit*— South. 

*  shallow -hearted,    a.      Superficial. 
trifling. 

"  Ye  sanguine,  shalltfie-Keartcd  0071." 

ShaJtesp. ;  Titus  Androni&u,  IT.  1 

shallow  pated,  a.  The  same  as  SHAL- 
LOW-BRAINED (q.  v.). 

•hallow-rooted,  a.  Not  having  deeply- 
penetrating  roots. 

*  Now,  'tis  the  spring  and  weeds  are  tkaUov-rootodS 

:  S  Henry  VI.,  i  ii.  1. 


*  shallow  -  searching,  a.     Not  pene- 
trating deeply  into  abstruse  matters. 

shal  -low,   s.      [Etym.  doubtful.]     A   local 
name  for  the  Rudd  (q.v.). 

*  anal  -low,  r.f.      [SHALLOW,  a.]     To  make 

shallow. 

"  In  long  proceas  of  time,  the  slit  and  sands  shall  so 
choak  and  jViiJow  the  tea  in  and  about  it.'—  Browne: 
MitetUany  Tract  ziL 

*  shaT  -low-ling,  s.      [Eng.  shallow  ;  dimin. 
suff.  -ling.}    A  shallow-pated  or  silly  person. 

"  They  have  drawn  ID  silly  ihaUowtings."-  British 
BtUman,  IMS. 

shal'-low-ly.  adv.     [Eng.  shallow;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  shallow  manner  ;  with  little  depth. 

"The  load  lieth  open  on  the  grass,  or  but  thailvwly 
eorered."—  Car**:  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

2.  Without  depth  of  thought  or  judgment; 

superficially,  simply,  foolishly. 

"  Host  shaUoteltf  did  TOO  these  arms  commence." 

Shakcsp.  :  S  Htnry  IV..  IT.  L 

shal  low  nes»,  s.    [Eng.  shallow;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  shallow  ; 
want  of  depth  ;  small  depth. 

"Accumulating  from  the  thaUownru  of  the  water.** 
—Coo*  :  Third  Voyafft,  bk,  v.,  ch.  Tit 

2.  Want  of  depth  of  intellect  ;  superficial- 
ness  of  intellect  ;    want  of  power  to  enter 
deeply  into  subjects  ;  emptiness,  silliness. 

"Perverse  craft  [UJ  the  meereat  thaUowntss."  — 
Burrow  :  Vermont,  vol.  ii,  ser.  13. 

*  •halm,  *  shalmle,  5.    [SHAWM.] 

*  sha-ldte',  5.    [SHALLOT.] 

shalt,  aux.  v.     [SHALL.]     The  second  person 

singular  of  the  auxiliary  shall. 

Shal  -y,  a.     [Eng.  shal(e)  ;  -y.]    Partaking  of 

the  nature  of  shale  ;  resembling  or  containing 
shale. 

"  H«  lie*  down  upon  the  thaly  toll."—  KinfftUy  ;  Two 
Tears  Ago.  ch.  uiii. 

•ham.  s.  &  a.     [Prob.  the  same  word  as  shame 


A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  deceives  ex- 
pectation; a  trick,  fraud,  or  device  which 
deludes  and  disappoints  ;  a  false  pretence, 
an  imposture,  a  counterfeit 

"  A  meer  tham  and  disguiae  to  avoid  a  more  odious 
imputation."  —  StiUinffjIect  :  Sermon*,  vol.  iv.,  »er.  9. 

*2.  A  false  shirt-front  ;  a  dickey. 
"  Wearing  shams  to  make  linen  last  clean  a  fortr 
night"—  Steel*  :  Conscious  Lovers,  L 

B.  As  adj.  :  Feigned,  false,  counterfeit  ;  not 
real  or  genuine. 

**  Why  ihould  I  warn  thee  ne'er  to  Join  the  fray, 
Where  the  sham  quarrel  interrupt*  the  way?" 

Gay  :  Trivia,  111.  252. 

*  Sham  -Abram,      Stria.™  -  A'hyqAfl.Tn| 
s.&a, 

A.  As  subst.  :   One  who   feigns  or  shams 
illness  to  escape  duty.     [ABRAHAM-MAN.] 

B.  As  adj.  :  Sham,  false,  counterfeit. 

•ham-fight,  ».  A  pretended  fight  or  en- 
gagement for  exercise  and  training  of  soldiers 
or  sailors. 

•ham-plea,  *. 

Law  :  A  plea  entered  for  the  mere  purpose 
of  delay. 

•ham,  r.f.  &  i.    [SHAM,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  L  To  cheat,  to  trick,  to  deceive  ;  to  de- 
lude with  false  pretences. 

"  Men  tender  in  point  of  honour,  and  yet  with  little 
regard  to  truth,  an  sooner  wrought  upon  by  shame 
than  by  conscience,  when  they  find  themselves  fooled 
and  shammed  into  a  conviction."1—  L'  Estrange, 

*  2.  To  obtrude  by  fraud  or  imposition  ;  to 
palm  off. 

"  We  most  have  a  care  that  we  do  not  .  .  .  sham,  fal- 
lacies upon  the  world  for  current  reason."—  LKttrange  : 
Fable*. 

3.  To  feign  ;  to  make  a  pretence  of,  in  order 
to  deceive  ;  to  imitate,  to  ape  :  as,  To  sham 
illness. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  make  false  pretences  ;  to 
pretend,  especially  to  feign  illness  :  as,  He  is 
only  shamming. 

^  To  sham  Abram:  A  nautical  slang  ex- 
pression for  pretending  illness  in  order  to 
escape  duty.  [ABRAHAM-MAN.] 

Sham    an,  *.  &  a.     [Pers.  &  Hind,  shaman  = 
an  idolater.] 
A.  As   sitbst.  :   A  professor   or   priest   of 


Shamanism  ;  a  wizard  ;  a  conjurer  amongst 
Shamanists. 

"The  Shaman  himself  la  a  witard. priest,  closely 
akin  to  the  medicine-men  of  savage  tribes  in  othei 
part*  of  the  world.  '—A'ncyc.  Brit,  (ed.  »tb|,  xxi.  ::i. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
Shamanism  or  the  Shamanists. 

Sham   an  ism,  s.    [Eng.  Shaman  ;  -fcm.i 

Compar.  Rdig.  :  A  form  of  religion  practised 
in  Siberia,  though  Lubbock  (Orig.  of  Ctvil., 
ed.  1882,  p.  339)  remarks  that  "the  phase  oi 
thought  is  widely  distributed,  and  seems  tu  be 
a  necessary  stage  in  the  progress  of  religious 
development.  There  is  no  system  of  belief, 
and  the  only  religious  ceremonies  consist  in 
the  Shamans  working  themselves  into  a  fury, 
and  supposing  or  pretending  that  they  are  in- 
spired by  the  Spirit  in  whose  name  they 
speak,  and  through  whose  inspiration  they 
are  enabled  to  answer  questions  and  foretell 
the  future. 

"In  TotemUm  the  deities  Inhabit  our  earth:  in 
Sttamanitm  they  live  generally  in  a  world  of  their 
own.  and  trouble  themselves  little  about  what  is  pass- 
ing here."— Lubbock  :  Orig.  Civil,  (ed.  1882),  p.  340. 

Sham-an-ist,  s.  [Eng.  Shaman;  -ist.]  A 
believer  in  or  supporter  of  Shamanism  (q.v.). 

Sham-an-iat'-Ie,  a.  [Eng.  Shaman  ;  -istic.] 
Of,  belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of  Shaman- 
ism (q.v.). 

"  CoL  Dalton  state*  that  '  the  paganism  of  the  Ho 
and  Uoondah  in  all  essential  features  is  Shamanittie.' ' 
—Lubbock :  Orig.  CiriL  (ed.  1882),  p.  MS. 

Sham  -ble,  r.f.     [A  weakened  form  of  scamble 
(q.v.);   O.   Dut.  schampeUn  =  to  tumble,  to 
trip,  to  swerve.]     To  walk  awkwardly  and 
unsteadily,  as  though  the  knees  were  weak, 
"  So  when  nurse  Nokes,  to  act  young  Ammon  tries. 
With  thambiing  legs,  long  chin,  and  foolish  eyes." 
Smith:  Memory  of  Mr.  John  Phillip*. 


i'-ble«j,  *  sham'-bel$,  s.  pi  [Mid.  Eng. 
schamel;  A.S.  scamel  =  a  stool,  a  bench,  from 
Lat.  scamtllum  =  a  little  bench  or  stool ;  cf. 
Dan.  skammel ;  Icel.  skemmiU  =  a  footstool,  a 
bench,  a  trestle.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  A  bench  or  stall  in  *  market  on  which 
goods  were  exposed  for  sale. 

2.  The  tables  or  stalls  on  which  butchers 
expose  meat  for  sale ;  a  slaughter-house,  a 
meat-market     (Often  used  as  a  singular.) 

"  Till  it  pleated  the  sheepheard  to  appoint  f oorth, 
which  should  be  thrust  into  puture,  and  which  taken 
to  go  to  the  i>uiinbtU,~—I/olin*hed:  Sift,  Eng.  (an. 
1881). 

3.  A  place  of  indiscriminate  or  wholesale 
slaughter  or  butchery. 

IL  Mining :  Shelves,  stages,  or  benches  on 
to  which  the  ore  is  thrown  successively  in 

raising. 


a.  [SHAMBLE,  v.]  Moving 
with  an  awkward  or  unsteady  gait,  as  though 
with  weak  knees. 

shame, '  scham,  •  schame,  5  [A.S.«ceamu, 
scamu,  cogn.  with  Icel.  skomm ;  Dan.  afcam  ; 
Sw.  skam  ;  Ger.  scham  ;  Goth,  skanda  ;  O.  H. 
Ger.  Kama.} 

1.  A  painful  sensation,  excited  by  a  con- 
sciousness of  guilt,  or  of  having  done  some- 
thing which  injures  reputation,   or   by  the 
exposure  of  that  which  nature  and  modesty 
prompt  us  to  conceal. 

"  Let  his  shame  quickly  drive  him  to  Rome." 

3haketp. :  Antony  4  Cleopatra,  i.  4. 

2.  A  fear  of  incurring  disgrace  or  of  offend 
ing  decency  or  decorum  ;  modesty,  decency 
decorum  :  as,  He  has  no  shame  in  him. 

*  3.  Shameful  or  ignominious  treatment. 

"He  ...  dude  hym  gret  scham*.' 

Robert  of  (jloucftfer,  p.  T5. 

4.  That   which    causes    shame ;    anything 
which  brings  reproach  upon  or  degrades  a 
person  in  the  eyes  of  others  ;  a  disgrace. 

"  O  tham*  to  manhood  1  shall  one  daring  boy 
The  scheme  of  all  our  happiness  destroy  t 

Pope:  ffomtr;  Odyttey-    (Todd.) 

5.  Reproach,    ignominy,    disgrace,    oppro- 
brium, derision.    (Ezekiel  xxxvi.  6.) 

*  6.  The  parts  which  modesty  requires  to  be 
covered.     (Isaiah  xlvii.  3.) 

^|  (1)  For  shame!  An  interjectional  phrase 
equivalent  to,  Shame  on  you. 

(2)  To  put  to  shamt :  To  inflict  shame  or 
disgrace  on  ;  to  cause  to  feel  shame. 

*  shame-proof,  a.    Insensible  to  shame : 
callous. 

"  Wt  are  thant-prvof,  my  lord." 

ShaJc€ip. :  Lowf'i  Labour' t  Lost,  T.  1 


fit*,  Alt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  woU  work,  who,  s^n;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  ~  a;  qn  =  kw. 


shame— shank 


4229 


•harnc,  *  schame,  v.t.  &  i.    [A.S.  seeamian.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To    make    ashamed ;    to   cause  to    feel 
shame;  to  cause  to  blush  or  feel  degraded, 
dishonoured,  or. disgraced. 

"To  tell  thee  whence  thou  earnest,  of  whom  derived, 
Were  «ham«  enough  to  thame  thee.   wert  thoa  not 
si.ainele**,"  Skakttp  :  8  Henry  VI..  L  4. 

2.  To  disgrace  ;  to  bring  ignominy,  reproach, 
or  disgrace  on. 

"To  tharae  his  hope  with  deeds  degenerate." 

Muiktip. :  Rap*  oj  Lucrec*,  1.0,3. 

*  3.  To  mock  at ;  to  deride. 

"  Ye  have  tfuzmeti  the  counsel  of  the  poor.1*—  Ptalm 
xiv. «. 

*  4.  To  be  ashamed  of. 

"For  whoso  tchameth  me  Mid  my  wordli ;  mannei 
•one  schal  tcham*  him  whanue  he  cometh  In  hi* 
majute  and  of  the  fadris  and  of  the  holy  aungels."— 
Wytfiffe  :  Luke  ix. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :   To    be    ashamed ;    to    feel 
shame ;  to  blush. 

"  Be  aot  you  ashamed  to  shew,  he'll  not  »Kame  to 
tell  you  what  it  weans."— Sttaketp. :  Samlet,  ill.  2. 

Bhamc  fa9ed,  a.  [A  corrupt,  of  shamefast 
(q.v.).J  Bashful,  easily  confused  or  put  out 
of  countenance. 

"  And  scarce  the  thamefuced  king  could  brook 
The  gaze."          Scott :  Bridal  o/Triermain,  i.  19. 

*  shame -fa9ed-ly.  adv.    (Eng.  shamefaced; 

•ly.]    In  a  shamefaced  manner  ;  with  excessive 

modesty  or  bashfulness. 

•tfiame  -  fa^ed  -  ness,    shame    £0,9- ed 
ness,   8.      I  Eng.    shamefaced ;    -ness.]     The 
quality  or  state  of  being  shamefaced ;    ex- 
cessive modesty  or  bashfulness. 

•  The  emburan'd  look  of  shy  distren, 
And  maidenly  **aww/a«»f /!«*.' 

tronttwort* .  To  a  Biy  \land  Girl. 

'  shame  -fast,  *  schame-fast,  *  sham 
fast,  a.  [A.S.  scam/aest,  from  scamu  =  shame, 
and  fast  =  fast,  firm.]  Shamefaced,  bashful, 
tuodest ;  easily  put  out  of  countenance. 

"  He  waa  thnmfntt.  bycause  of  tbem  that  were  there 
present"— Btrnert:  froiuart;  Cron.,  vol.  I.,  ch. 
occlxxiv. 

*  shame   fast-ness,  s,     [A.S.  scamfastnet.] 
Shamefacedness,  excessive  bashfulness. 

"  She  looked  on  him  and  loved  him  ;  but  being  young 
Made  Aameftittneu  a  aeal  upon  her  tongue. 

A.  C.  Sicinburne :  Trittram of  Lyone**,  Ul 

shame    ful,  *  shame' -full,  *  schi~uie- 

ful,  a,     [Eng.  shame;  -fttlL] 

1.  Bringing  shame  or  disgrace  ;  disgraceful, 
ignominious. 

"  But  from  the  moment  of  that  ihamtful  flight."— 
Macaulay  :  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  xi. 

2.  Raising  a  feeling  of  shame  in  others ; 
indecent. 

*  3.  Feeling  shame,  full  of  shame,  ashamed. 

"  Where  he  would  bare  hid 
Hi»  thamtfull  head.'         Sptnter :  F.  V-.  IIL  T.  14. 

Shame  ful  1J,  adv.  [Eng.  shameful;  -ly.} 
In  a  shameful  manner  or  degree ;  with 
indignity  or  indecency  ;  disgracefully. 

"  We  had  not  been  thus  shamefully  surprised." 

SkaJcttp- :  X  Henry  VI..  it  L 

•hame  -ful  ness,    *  shame  fill  nes,    s, 

[Eng.  shameful ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  shameful ;  disgrace,  disgracefulness, 
shame,  opprobrium,  reproach. 

"Then  began  decrees,  ordinances,  depocytloot,  di«- 
posycyons,  reaeroatlons,  prouysions  with  like  lAame- 
futntt  for  to  spring."— Barnei :  Workes,  p.  SO*. 

Shame  less,  a.  [A.S.  tcamUds,  from  jcamu 
=.  shame,  and  leas  = less.] 

1.  Destitute  of  shame ;  having  no  feeling 
of  shame  or  modesty ;  brazenfaced,  impudent, 
audacious ;  insensible  to  shame  or  disgrace, 

"The  moot  ifc>m*/«w  and  Importunate  suitor  who 
could  obtain  an  audience.11— ilacaulay :  But.  Eny., 
eh.  ii. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  exhibiting  want  of 
shame  or  modesty. 

"  For  the  load  of  public  hatred  under  which  he 
already  lay  waa  too  much  even  fur  bis  Aamtiett  fore- 
head.<-V<ic<iutay:  Btit,  Eng..  ch.  viiL 

3.  Done  without  shame :  as,  a  shameless  deed. 

Shame  loss  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  shameless;  -ly.] 
In  a  shameless  manner ;  without  shame  or 
modesty ;  impudently 

"  He  [Bonner]  alledged,  or  rather  tfwmelculy  and 
slanderously  cavilled,  that  those  his  denouncers  were 
Tile."— a*o«e  Trial*  ;  Edward  VI. 

Shame -less  ness,  5  [Eng.  shameless ;  -nets.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  shameless ;  in- 
sensibility to  shame,  dishonour,  or  disgrace. 

"  Her  beauty  being  baUanced  by  her  Aamel, 
-AdiMy .-  Arcadia,  bk.  ii. 


*  sham  -er,  s.    [Eng.  sham(e),  v. ;  -er.]    One 
who  or  that  which  shames  or  disgraces. 

"  My  means  and  my  conditions  are  no  ihameri 

Of  him  that  owes  'em.' 

Hoaum.  *  net. :  Woman' t  PrUe,  i.  S. 

*  sham  -mels,  s.  pi.    [SHAMBLES.] 

sham  mer,  s.  [Eng.  sham,  v. ;  -tr.]  One 
who  shams  ;  an  impostor. 

*  Sham-mish,  a.     [Eng.   sham;  -ish.]     De- 
ceitful. 

"  The  overture  wa»  very  thammiA.'— Worth  : 
Sxamen,  p.  100. 

sham   my,  sham  -oy,  sham  o is,  s.     [A 

corrupt,  of  chamois  (q.v.).]     (See  etym.) 

Sham -oy  ing,  s.  [SHAMMY.]  The  mode  of 
preparing  chamois  leather.  [CHAMOIS,  *,  2.] 
[SHAMMY.] 

shampoo,  -gham  poo,  v.t.  [Hind. 
champnd  =  (l)  to  join,  (2)  to  thrust  in,  to 
press,  to  shampoo.] 

1.  To  squeeze  and  rub  the  whole  surface  of 
the  body  of,  after  a  hot  bath,  at  the  same  time 
extending  the  limbs  and  racking  the  joints, 
for  the  purpose  of  restoring  tone  and  vigour. 
It  was  introduced  from  the  East. 

2.  To  wash  thoroughly,  and  rub  and  brush 
the  head  of,  using  either  soap  or  a  preparation 
of  soap. 

"  I  wish  to  add  that  It  is  necessary  thai  the  patient 
should  have  the  nails  on  both  fingers  and  toes  short- 
ened and  cleansed  by  brushing  ;  the  ears  syringed 
out,  the  hair  cat  and  Aampooed.  and  the  whole  body 
well  cleansed  with  carbolic  soap. '  —  Timtt,  Jan.  «,  1881. 

sham  -poo',  *  cham-poo ,  s.  [SHAMPOO,  v.] 
The  act  of  shampooing  ;  the  state  of  being 

shampooed. 

sham-pod'-er,  s.  [Eng.  shampoo,  v. ;  -er.] 
One  who  performs  the  operation  of  shampoo- 
ing. [SHAMPOO,  v.  1.] 


"A    professional    lAamtMoer   sued  for   sham- 

'      his  wife."— Daily  .V««.  Dec,  23.  ISM. 


poo  ing  bii 


shim  rock,  *  sham'- brogue,  'sham 
roke,   t.     [Ir  seamrog  =  trefoil ;  dimin.  of 
seamar  =  trefoil ;  Gael,  seamrag.] 

1.  Ord.  lang. :  A  plant  with  three  leaflets 
selected  by  the  Irish  as  the  symbol  of  their 
country,  from  - 

the  tradition 
that  St.  Patrick 
used  it  to  illus- 
trate the  doc- 
trine of  the 
Trinity.  A 
bunch  of  sham- 
rock is  worn  by 
most  Irishmen 
on  St.  Patrick's 
Day  (March  17). 

"  If  they  found 
a  plot  of  water, 
creuea,  or  lAant- 
roclu.  there  thej 
nocked  a.  to  a  SHAMROCK. 

feait    for    the 
time."—  SJMMMT  .-  FtM.  o/  Ou  Statt  qf  Inland. 

2.  Bot. :  Tri/oliun  minus,  T.  repem,  T.  pro- 
tense,  T.  filiforme,  Oxalis  Acttosella  (See  flg.), 
Medicago  lupulina,  &c.,  are  all  sometimes  used 
as  the  shamrock.    (Britten  t  Holland,  &c.) 

*  Sham'-r8ck-y,   a.      [Eng.  shamrock;    -y.) 
Covered  or  abounding  with  shamrock. 

"  Exchanging  the  blue  jTraat  of  the  far  West  for  the 
•AamrvcJty  savannah*  of  Heath."— /*M4  Jan.  S,  UC4. 


(1),  S.      [SHAXXY.] 

Bb&n  (2),  >.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Shipbuild. :  A  defect  in  spars,  most  com- 
monly from  bad  collared  knots ;  an  injurious 
compression  of  fibres  in  timber  ;  the  turning 
out  of  the  cortical  layers,  when  the  plank  has 
been  sawed  obliquely  to  the  central  axis  of 
the  tree. 

Shan,  s.  &  a.    [Native  name.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

Anthrop.  (PI.) :  A  race  'of  Eastern  Asia, 
living  in  independent  communities,  or  subject 
to  Barman,  China,  or  Siam.  Their  origin  is 
not  clearly  understood,  and  the  term  seems 
to  be  of  a  political  rather  than  of  an  ethno- 
logical character. 

"The  attitude  of  the  Shant.  u  a  whole,  hu  uot 
been  hostile  to  the  Brititb."— «.  Jamctt  Qcuctte, 
Dec.tt.UM. 

B.  At  adj. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  character- 
istic of  the  Slians.     [A.] 

"  The  Sfinn  influence  beiiv  felt  even  in  Jara." — 
Encyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th),  ill.  77S. 


•hand,  a.  S  ».  [A.S.  xmd,  sc«md  =.  shame, 
disgrace.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Worthless. 

B.  As  subst.:  A  cant  term   for  base  coin. 

"  I  douht  Oloaian  will    prove  but  (Aand  after  a, 
mlatn*a."-A»«:  Ou,  IMiMan  ch.  liii?. 

sbAn -dry-dan,  shan  dry,  ,.  [Etym. 
doubtful.]  A  one-horse  Irish  conveyance. 

sh&n-djF-g&O;  s.  [Etym.  doubtful]  A  mix- 
ture of  beer  and  ginger-beer. 

abang'-hai.  r.t.  To  ship  a  sailor  while  he  is 
Irian  unconscious  state  from  the  admiuistratioa 
of  a  drug. 

Bhang  -ie,  shahg  -an.  >.  [Etym.  doubt- 
ful.) A  stick  cleft  at  one  end  for  putting  the 
tail  of  a  dog  in  by  way  of  mischief,  or  to 
frighten  him  away. 

"  Hell  clap  a  lAanpavi  on  her  tail, 
An'  aet  the  bairu*  to  daud  her.'' 

a»r».  7V««  OrJin-Uton 

shan  -ing,  s.    [SHANHY.] 

shank.  •  achanke,  *  shanke,  >.  [A.S. 
sceanca,  scanca ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  schonk  —  B 
bone;  Dan.  5tauk  =  the  shank;  Sw.  skank  = 
a  leg ;  Oer.  schinken  —  the  ham  ;  schenkel  = 
the  shank,  the  leg.  According  to  Skeat,  the 
shankt  are  literally  the  runners,  being  a  nasal- 
ised form  from  the  same  root  as  thuke  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  The  leg,  or  the  part  of  the  leg  from  the 
knee  to  the  ankle  ;  the  tibia,  or  shin-bone. 

"  I  view  the  moaenlar  proportion 'd  limb 
Traoaforui'd  to  a  lean  AanJc." 

Cateptr :  To*.  T.  14. 

2.  In  a  horse,  the  part  of  the  foreleg  be- 
tween the  knee  and  the  fetlock. 

3.  Something  more  or  less  resembling  the 
shank  or  leg ;    that  part  of  an  instrument, 
tool,  or  other  thing  which  connects  the  acting 
part  with  the  handle  or  other  part  by  which 
it  is  held  or  moved,  aa — 

(1)  The  stem  of  a  key  between  the  bow  and 
the  bit. 

(2)  The  part  of  a  nail  between  the  head  and 
the  taper  of  the  point. 

(3)  The  straight  part  of  a  hook. 

(4)  The  tang,  or  part  of  a  case-kuife,  chisel, 
&c.,  inserted  in  the  handle. 

(5)  The  body  of  a  printing-type. 

(6)  The  eye  on  (not  through)  a  button. 

(T)  That  part  of  the  shoe  which  unites  th« 
broad  sole  and  the  heel,  beneath  the  arch  or 
small  of  the  foot. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Architecture : 

(1)  The  shaft  of  a  column. 

(2)  The  space  between  two  of  the  channel* 
in  the  Doric  triglyph  (q.v.).    [FEMUR.] 

2.  Founding :  A  large  ladle  to  contain  molten 
metals ;  it  is  managed  by  a  straight  bar  at 
one  end,  and  a  cross  bar  with  handles,  called 
the  crutch,  at  the  other  end,  by  which  it  is 
tipped  to  pour  out  the  metal.    They  are  made 
of  various  sizes,  from  those  handled  by  two 
men  to  those  slung  from  a  crane. 

3.  Navt. :  The  stem  of  an  anchor,  connecting 
the  arms  with  the  stock.    [ANCHOR.] 

4.  Optics:  Flat  pliers  used  by  lens-makers 
to  reduce  pieces  of  glass  to   circular   form 
before  grinding  and  polishing. 

5  To  ride  thanks' s  man  (or  nag):  To  per- 
form a  journey  on  foot. 

shank  Iron. 

1.  A  former  for  the  shank  of  a  boot  or  shoe. 

2.  An  iron  plate  placed  between  the  leather 
portions  of  a  boot-shank  to  stiffen  it. 

•bank-painter,  >. 

Navt. :  The  chain  or  chain  and  repe  whicb 
fastens  the  shank  and  flukes  of  an  anchor  to 
the  side  of  a  vessel,  abaft  the  cat-head. 

Shank,  v.t.  &  i.    [SHANK,  >.] 

A.  Tram. :  To   send  off  or  away  without 
ceremony ;  to  push  off.    (Scotch.) 

"Ye  ihODld  baith  be  <Aan*it  off  till  Edinburgh 
Gutle."— Scott :  Antiquary,  eh.  xuTi. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  take  to  one's  legs ;  to  be  off.    (Scotch.", 
2.  To  be  affected  with  disease  of  the  pedicel 
or  footstalk  ;  to  fall  off  by  decay  of  the  foot- 
stalk.   (Often  with  of.)    (Darwin.) 

1  To  thank  one's  self  away :  To  take  one's 
self  off.  (Scotch.) 


boil,  b^;  p6ut,  J6%1;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-«ian. -Uan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -fion  =  ihfin.  -clous,  -Uous,  -sions  =  shos.   -Mo,  -die,  4c-  =  bel,  d»L 


4230 


shankbeer— share 


beer,  5.     [SHENKBEF.R.] 

a.     [Eng.  shank,  s.  ;  -ed.] 

1.  Having  a  shank. 

2.  Affected  with  disease  of   the  shank  or 
footstalk. 

Shank  -er,  s.    [CHANCRE.  ) 

Shank  -Un,  «.    [See  def.] 

Geog.  :  A  maritime  parish  on  the  south-east 
coast  of  the  Isle  of  Wight, 

*  Shanklln  snnd,  5. 

Geog.  :  The  Lower  Greensand  or  Upper  Neo- 
comian,  largely  developed  near  Shanklin. 

shan  -ny,  shan,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Ichthy.  :  Blennivs  pholius,  sometimes  called 
the  Smooth  Blenny,  a  British  species.  It  is 
about  four  inches  long,  olive-green,  with  ir- 
regular black  spots.  There  is  no  crest-like 
appendage  on  the  head,  and  the  notched 
dorsal  is  not  continuous  with  the  caudal  fln. 
The  incisors  are  long,  and  serve  to  detach 
limpets  and  mussels  from  the  rocks.  The 
shanny  will  endure  fresh  water  for  a  short 
time,  and  will  live  for  many  days  out  of 
water  in  places  if  the  ground  is  moist. 

Shan  ny,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    Wild,  fool- 
ish.   (East  Anglian.) 

*  shanny-pated,  a.    Giddy-pated. 

*  A.  thanny-pattd  crew."       Bluornfrld  :  The  fforttjc 

*  Shans-crit,  «.    [SANSCRIT.] 

sha'n't,  v.i.    [See  def.]    A  colloquial  contrac- 
tion of  shall  not, 

*  Shan  -ty.  *  shan  -te,  a.    [A  form  of  jaunty 
(q.v.).]    Jaunty,  gay. 

"  TU  thine  for  aleevei  to  teach  the  thantiett  cuts, 
Give  empty  coxcomb*  wore  Important  strut*." 
JVarton  :  SkuAtoH  ;  A  Satire. 


v.i,      [SHANTY,  *.]    To  live  in  a 
shanty. 

•han  t&  *«han'-tee,  *.  [Said  to  be  from 
Irish  sean  =.  old,  and  tig  =a  house.]  A  rough 
hut,  a  temporary  building, 

"  Travellers  new  to  frontier  life  laugh  at  the*e  droll 
and  dirty  congeries  of  thantiei  aud  shacks,  which 
make  a  figure  as  cities  upon  the  railroad  map*."—  CVn- 
tury  Magazine.  Dec.,  1878.  p.  bit). 

shanty  man,   «.     One  who  lives  in  a 
Shanty  ;  a  backwoodsman.    (Avar.) 

•hap-a-ble,  a.     [SHAREABLE.] 

•nape,  *  schape,  *  shappe  (pa.  t  shaped, 

*  achaped,  *  shoop,  *  shop,  *  shape  ;  pa,  par. 
thaped,  *  shapen,  "  shape),  v.t.  A;  i.  [A.S. 
sceapan,  scapan,  sceppan,  scyppan,  scippan  (pa. 
t.  scop  sceop,  pa.  par.  scopes,  sceapen)  ;  cogn. 
with  leel.  skapa  (pa.  t  skAp);  Goth,  skapjan; 
8w.  skapa;  Dan.  skabe  ;  Ger.  tcha/enfato.  t. 
tchvf;  pa.  par.  geschoffen.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  form,  to  create,  to  make. 

"  Hake  you.  weoe  that  we  ben  th*f* 
Sometime  like  a  man,  or  like  an  ape." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  T.MS, 

2.  To  mould,  cut,  or  make  into  a  particular 
form  ;  to  mould  or  form,  with  respect  to  ex- 
ternal dimensions,  from  a  figure. 

"  And  eke  Mi  nrment,  to  be  thereto  meet, 
He  wilfully  did  cat  and  «*«;>«  anew.* 

Sp*n*er  ;  f.  V-.  IV.  Til.  40. 

3.  To  adapt  to  a  purpose  ;  to  regulate,  to 
adjust,  to  direct. 

'  4.  To  plan,  to  plot. 

"  This  further  purpose  to  him  rtop*." 

Spenter:  f.  ?.,  V.  T.  ». 

*  6.  To  image,  to  conceive,  to  conjure  up. 

"  My  Jealoner 
Shape$  fanlU  that  are  not" 

Shakttp.  :  OthMo,  ill.  8. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :     To   be    conformable  ;    to 
square,  to  suit. 

"  The  more  It  thap«d 
Unto  my  end."  Shakap.  :  Cymbcline,  T.  5. 

•nApet  s.     [A.S.  gesceap=&  creature,  beauty.] 

1.  The  character  or  construction  of  an  ob- 
ject with  respect  to  its  external  dimensions 
or  appearance  ;  form,  figure,  make,  outward 
aspect,  guise. 

"  Fancy  him  In  the  thape  of  a  man  fitting  In 
heaven,"—  Aoe*«  .  Hum**  Und*r*andi*g,b]L.\.t  ch.  IT. 

2.  That  which  has  form  or  figure  ;  a  figure, 
an  appearance,  a  being. 

"  The  other  $h*pe, 

If  Aape  it  m*y  be  call'd,  that  thai*  had  none 
•  *    '  1*  In  member,  joint,  or  limb," 

Hilton:  P.L.,  a  966. 


3.  A  matrix,  a  mould. 

4.  A  pattern  to  be  followed  ;  a  model  :  as, 
a  shape  for  a  lady's  dress. 

5.  The  groundwork  or  framework  of  any- 
thing :  as,  a  shape  for  a  lady's  bounot. 

6.  A  piece  of  metal,  roughed  out  as  nearly 
as  may  be  to  the  shape  it  will  assume  when 
Onally  forged  and  nnisbed. 

7.  In  cookery,  a  dessert  dish  made  of  blanc- 
mange,   rice,    corn-flour,   &c.,   variously  fla- 
voured, or  of  jelly,  cast  into  a  mouM,  allowed 
to  stand  till  it  sets,  and  then  turned  out  to  be 
served. 

*  8.  Form  of  embodiment,  as  in  words ;  any- 
thing bodied  forth  by  the  imagination  ;  form, 
as  of  thought  or  conception. 

"So  full  of  lhapei  is  fancy." 

SAoJtw/>.  .-  Ttof'Sth  yight,  L  1. 

•9.  A  dress  for  disguise;  a  guise.  (Af<u- 
ringer.)  • 

H  To  take  shape :  To  become  embodied, 

*  Shape,  pa,  par.  or  a.    [8a*PE,  v.} 

shape  a-blo,  snap'  a-ble,  a.  [Eng. 
shape  ;  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  shaped, 

2.  Shapely. 

*  snap   en,  pa.  par.  or  a.    (SHAPE,  v.] 

Shape' -less,  a.     [Eng,  shape;  -less,] 

1.  Having  no  shape  or  regular  form  ;  want- 
ing symmetry  of  dimensions  ;  formless. 

"  The  roolu  their  iJiapelf**  form  n*g»in," 

Scott :  Bridal  of  Triermuin,  lit  12, 

*  2.  Deformed,  ugly,  hideous. 

"A  hideous  ifxipdttt  devil. " 

Shaketp. :  Rape  of  iucreo*,  978. 

*  Bhape'-less-ness,  s.   (Eng.  shapeless;  -ness.] 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  shapeless  ;  want 
of  regular  form  or  figure. 

*  shape-lich, -shape- 11  che,  a.  [SHAPELY.] 

shape'-li-ness,  s.  [Eng.  shapely;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  shapely ;  beauty, 
regularity,  or  proportion  of  form. 

shape -1?,  a.  [Eng.  shape;  -1y ;  Mid.  Bng. 
shape,  and  A.S.  ttc£«=like.]  Well  formed; 
having  beauty,  regularity,  or  proportion  of 
form. 

"  Where  the  ihapeli/  column  stood. " 

Covper:  TWfc  1L  76. 

Shap  OF,  s.  [Eng.  shap(e);  -«r.]  One  who 
or  that  which  shapes  or  forms.  Specifically— 

1.  A  form  of  planer  in  a  lathe. 

2.  A  striking  or  stamping  machine  for  rais- 
ing sheet-metal. 

3.  A  machine  for  cutting  mouldings   and 
irregular  forms. 

*  Shape' -smith,  s.    [Eng.  shape,  and  smith.} 
One  who  undertakes  to  improve  the  shape  or 
form  of  the  body.    (Used  in  a  burlesque  or 

ludicrous  sense.) 

"  No  thfififtmith  yet  s«t  up  and  drove  a  trade, 
To  meud  the  work  that  pruvideuoe  had  made." 
Garth:  Ctaremont.W. 

snap -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.    [SHAPE,  p.] 

A.  £  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  giving  shape,  form, 
or  figure  to;  specifically  in  shipbuilding,  the 
preparation  of  angle-plates  for  shipbuilding. 
Shaping  consists  in  cutting  or  shearing  the 
angle-iron  bars  to  the  proper  length ;  bending 
them  so  as  to  give  the  proper  figure  to  the 
moulding  edge,  and  bevelling  them.  The 
shaping  of  plates  consists  in  cutting,  planing 
the  edges,  and  bending. 

sha  -poo,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool.  :  Ovis  vignei  ;  a  brownish-gray  moun- 
tain sheep  with  a  short  brown  beard.  The 
horns  turn  outwards  at  the  tips,  and  never 
form  more  than  half  a  circle.  It  is  a  native 
of  Ladak,  and  lives  at  high  altitudes. 

sha-pottr'-nSt,  *.    [CHAPOURNET.] 

shard,    sherd,    "scherd,  *scherde,  s. 

[A.S.  sward  =  a  fragment,  lit.  =  broken  ;  cf. 
leel.  KkardK  =  a  notch;  skardhr=  sheared, 
diminished  ;  A.S.  sceran=  to  shear,  scearu  = 
a  share.]  [SHERD.] 

*  1.  A  fragment,  a  piece ;  especially,  a  frag- 
ment or  piece  of  an  earthen  vessel,  or  of  some 
brittle  substance  ;  a  potsherd. 

"  Shardi,  flint*,  and  pebble*  should  be  thrown  on  her." 
Shaketp.  :  ffamlet,  v.  L 


*2.  A  boundary,  a  division,  a  bourne. 

"  There  by  hia  master  left,  wheu  lute  he  hr'd 
lit  1'hedria'B  fleet  bark,  over  that  per 'lous  third." 
Spenter:  F.  «.,!!.  vL  2S. 

*  3.  A  gap  in  a  fence. 

4.  The  shell  of  an  egg  or  of  a  snail. 

5.  The  wing-case  of  a  beetle. 

**  The  shining  tVird*  of  beetle*." 

Lonyfellow    HiateaOM,  rii. 

*  6.  The  leaves  of  the  artichoke  and  some 
other  vegetables  whitened  and  blaucUed. 

"  Shard*  or  mallows  for  the  pot 
Keep  the  luoaea'd  body  sound." 

Dryden  :  Soract,  Epode  it 

•shard-borne*   'shard-born,   o. 

Borne  through  the  air  on  scaly  wings,   or 
rather  wing-cases. 

"  Ere  to  black  Heoat'a  summons 
The  thard-bom  beetle,  with  lU  drowsy  humi, 
Hath  rung  night's  yawning  |*»1." 

Shake*?, :  Macbeth,  Hi.  2. 

*  Shard,  pret.  of  v.    [SHEAR.]    (Spenser:  F.Q., 
V.  i.  10.) 

*  shard  ed,  a.    [Eng.  shard,  s. ;  ~ed.]  Having 
wings  sheathed  with  ;i  hard  case. 

"  Often,  to  our  comlort,  slinll  w«  find 
The  fhttrdcd  beetle  ill  «  nater  huld 
Thau  is  the  full-wiug'd  eacle." 

tfhaktap.  :  Cymbflint,  111.  8. 

*  Shard  -^,  a.     [Eng.  shard,  s.  ;  -y.}    (.' 

ing  of  or  formed  by  a  shard  or  shards ;  fur- 
nished with  shards ;  sharded. 

"The  hornet's  thardy  wings." 

J.  ft,  £>rnke.    (Annandale.) 

share  (1),  *  schar,  *  schare  (1),  s.  [A.S. 
scearu,  for  scaru,  from  sceran  =  to  shear,  to 
cut.]  [SHARE  (2),  s.,  SHEAJI.] 

*  1.  Something  cut  or  divided ;  the  groin. 

"  He  stabbed  him  beneth  111  the  very  thare." — 
P.  B,jtland  :  Suttoniiit,  p.  170. 

2.  A  certain  quantity  ;  a  part  or  portion. 

"  I  shAll  hare  ihare  In  this  most  happy  wreck. " 

.stutlMp. :  Twelfth  A'itfht,  v. 

3.  A  part  or  portion  belonging  or  assigned 
to  each  individual  of  a  number;   a  portion 
amongst  others ;   an  apportioned  lot  or  por- 
tion ;  a  lot ;  an  allotment. 

"Each  member  sharing  In  the  common  profit  or  lose 
In  proportion  to  hU  ihare  in  thu  stock."— UmitH: 
Wealth  <tf  ffattont,  bk.  v.,  ch.  L 

4.  A  part  or  portion  of  a  thing  owned  by  a 
number  in  common  ;  that  part  of  an  undivided 
interest  which  belongs  to  each  proprietor,  as 
sh-        in  a  railway  or  other  company. 

o^iare -broker,  s.  A  dealer  in  the  shares 
or  securities  of  joint-stock  companies  and 
the  like. 

*  share  -  line,  s.     The  summit  line  of 
elevated  ground  ;  a  dividing  line. 

share-list,  5.  A  list  ."  the  prices  of 
shares  in  stocks,  railways,  banks,  or  other 
joint-stock  companies. 

*  share-penny,  s.    A  miser. 

share  (2),  *  schare  (2).  s.  [A.S.  scear,  from 
sceran  =  to  shear  (q.v.).J 

1.  The  sharp  blade  at  the  front  of  a  plough 
which   cuts  the  bottom  of  the  furrow  aud 
raises  the  soil ;  a  ploughshare. 

"  Nor  blush,  a  malic,  oft  to  guide  the  than 
Or  goad  the  tardy  ox  along  the  land." 

(jratn-jer  :  Tibultut,  i.  L 

2.  The  blade  in  a  seeding-machine  or  drill, 
which  opens  the  ground  for  the  reception  of 
the  seed. 

share-beam,  s.  That  i«rt  of  a  plough 
to  which  the  share  is  attached. 

share-bone,  s. 

Anat. :  The  os  pubis.    [PnBis.] 

share,  v.t.  A  i.    [SHARE  (1),  $,} 

A.  Transitive; 

*  1.  To  cut,  to  shear,  to  cleave,  to  divide. 

"  With  swift  wheel  reverse  deei>  rut' ring  ihar'd 
All  hU  right  aide."  jtittan  :  P.  L.,  vi.  8«. 

2.  To  divide  in  portions  ;  to  part  or  j>ortioD 
out  among  two  or  more. 

"  The  latest  of  my  wealth  I'll  tharc  among  yon." 
Shaketp. :  Ttmon  of  Athti.t,  iv.  -2. 

3.  To  partake  of,  enjoy,  or  suffer  in  coiumoo 
with  others ;  to  participate  in. 

*4.  To  receive  as  one's  share  or  portion ;  to 
experience ;  to  enjoy  or  suffer. 

"  The  least  of  you  shall  *Aare  ht*  part  thereof." 

StaJntp.  :  Richard  III.,  v.  S. 

B.  Intrant. ;  To  have  a  share  or  part ;  to 
participate. 

"Think  not,  Percy, 
To  ihar*  with  me  to  (lory  any  more." 

Shakttp. :  1  tivnrv  IV.,  T.  4 


f5te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  nnite,  our.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    as,  oe  —  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  Uw- 


shareholder— sharp 


4231 


•hare'-hold-er,  s.  [Eng.  share  (1),  s.,  and 
holder  1  One  who  owns  or  holds  a  share  or 
shares  in  a  joint-stock  company,  in  a  common 
fund,  or  in  some  property. 

shar'-er,  *.    [Bug.  shar(e),  v. ;  -er.} 

I  One  who  shares ;  one  who  participates, 
partakes,  enjoys,  or  sutlers  in  common  with 
another  or  others  ;  a  participator,  a  partaker. 

"Thou  Shalt  be  ».)K.r«r  iu  .11  til.  good  that  I  have." 
—Bunt/an :  fitari'n'l  1'roffrtis.  pt  ii. 

2.  One  who  divides  or  apportions  to  others ; 
•  divider. 
share'-wort,  «.     [Eng.  there,  and  wort.] 

But. :  Aster  Tripolium. 

•bark,  ».     ti»t-  <Mrcftan«  =  a  kind  of  dog- 
n»h,  from  Or.  «apx«p''»!  (*n«Aaria.)  =  a  kind 
of  shark,  so  called  from  its  sharp  or  jagged 
teeth,  from  Ka>x»f>«  (fairctaros)  =  jagged.) 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  an  II.  1. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  greedy,  artful  fellow ;  one  who  fills 
bis  pockets  by  sly  tricks. 

••  The  .hartt  in  your  profession  are  alway.  •"«*  imd 
on  th«  scent."-*>u«Wy  .•  ie««i-«,  IT.  «7. 

•  (2)  Trickery,  roguery,  fraud. 

"Wretches  who  live  upon  th.  .tart  and  other 
men's  sins,  the  common  poisoners  ol  youth.  —Smalt . 
Sermoni,  If.  fill. 

II.  Technically:       . 

1.  fcMy. :  The  Bnglish  popular  name  for 
any  individual  of  the  group  Selachmdei  (q.v.). 
The  body  is  generally  elongated  ;  the  muzzle, 
on  the  under  side  of  which  the  nostrils  are 
placed  projects  over  the  mouth,  and  the 
males  have  claspers  (with  the  function  of 
intromittent  organs)  attached  to  the  ventral 
fins.  The  ova  are  large  and  few  in  number,  im- 
pregnated, and  in  some  genera  developed, 
within  an  uterine  cavity  ;  in  others  deposited 
in  a  tough,  horny  case,  from  which  the  young 
fish  carrying  a  yolk-bag,  for  its  nourishment 
till  it  is  able  to  seek  food,  is  discharged  ;  in 
this  stage  the  gill-laminae  are  prolonged  into 
filaments  projecting  beyond  the  gill-cavities, 
but  these  are  soon  absorbed.  The  teeth  are 
generally  large,  sharp,  and  formed  for  cutting, 
Sften  with  serrated  edges,  but  in  some  genera 
they  form  a  solid  pavement-like  mass.  Sharks 
»re  sealeless,  and  the  skin  is  usually  very 
rough  [SHAGREEN.]  They  are  most  numerous 
In  tropical  seas,  becoming  scarcer  as  they 
recede  from  the  warmer  regions,  a  few  only 
reaching  the  Arctic  circle.  They  are  rapid 
swimmers,  with  great  power  of  endurance  ; 
the  larger  sharks  are  exclusively  carnivorous, 
and  some  of  them  extremely  dangerous  to 
man  Th«y  scent  their  food  from  a  distance, 
and  are  readily  attracted  by  the  smell  of  blood 
or  decomposing  bodies.  The  smaller  sharks 


«  shark -er,  a.    [Bug.  shark,  v. ;  -er.]     One 
who  lives  by  mean  or  dishonest  practices  ;  a 

•.,.!-         run  a  DIS     •       T.    9    ('2V 1 


damage  to  fishermen  s  lines  anu  iiem.  i"< 
flesh  of  sharks  is  coarse,  but  it  is  sometimes 
eaten  ;  the  Chinese  use  sharks'  fins  for  making 
thick  gelatinous  soups,  and  the  liver  yields 
an  oil  for  the  sake  of  which  a  shark-fishery 
is  prosecuted  on  the  coast  of  Ceylon.  Their 
rough  skin  is  employed  by  joiners  to  polish 
fine-grained  wood,  and  by  cutlers  to  cover 
the  hilts  of  swords  to  make  them  firmer  in 
the  grasp.  The  most  important  species  are 
described  in  this  Dictionary  under  their 
popular  names.  [BASKINQ-SHARK,  DOGFISH, 
HAMMER -HEADED  SHARK,  TUBE -SHARK, 
WHITE  SHARK,  &c.J 
2.  Entom. :  [SHARK-MOTH]. 
shark-moth,  s. 

Entom. :  The  genus  Cucullia,  belonging  to 
the  Xylinida.  The  Common  Shark-moth  or 
Shark  is  Cucullia  umbratica,  a  smoky  gray 
insect,  which  hovers  over  flowers  like  a 
sphinx  in  the  evenings  of  June  and  July. 
The  larva,  which  is  brightly  coloured,  feeds 
by  night  on  sow-thistle.  [MUU.EIH-SHARK.] 

•  shark,  v.t.  &  i.    [SHARK,  s.} 

A.  Tram. :  To  pick  up  hastily  or  slily. 

"  Young  Fontinbras  .  .  . 
H.th  in  the  skirts  of  Norway,  here  and  then, 
Sharked  up  a  list  of  landless  resolutea." 

altakap. :  Hamlet,  L  1. 

B,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  play  the  petty  thief;  to  live  by  shifts 
or  stratagems ;  to  swindle,  to  cozen  ;  to  play 
mean  or  dishonest  tricks. 

"  A  thnrking.  pauderly  constable."— Beamn.  *  net. : 
Leve't  Cure.    jDram.  Pers.l 

2.  To  fawn  upon  persons  for  a  dinner. 


shark.     [SUABK,  ».,  I.  2.  ^-,.j 

••  A  dirty  starter  about  the  Komlsh  court,  who  only 
scribbles  that  he  may  dine."-  Walton :  Letter  to  Ii. 
rcUeriu. 

sharn,  >.  [A.S.  sccarn;  Icel.  stern  =  dung, 
dirt.]  The  dung  of  oxen  or  cows.  (Scotch.) 

shar  ock,  s.  [Native  name.)  A  silver  coin 
in  India,  worth  about  Is.  sterling. 

sharp  *  scharp,  a.,  adv.,  &  s.  [A.S.  scearp ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  scherp;  Icel.  skarpr;  Dan.  4 
Sw.  skarp  ;  Ger.  scharf.  From  the  same  root  as 
Lat.  scalpo,  sculpo  =  to  cut;  Bug.  sculpture, 
scorpion,  scarp.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Having  a  keen  edge  or  fine  point ;  keen, 
acute ;  not  blunt. 

"  Thy  tongue  deviseth  mischief.,  lik«  a  tharp  raior, 
working  deceitfully."— ftalm  lii.  2. 

2.  Terminating  in  a  point  or  edge  ;  ridged, 
peaked ;  not  obtuse. 

"It  is  so  much  the  firmer,  by  how  much  broader 
the  bottom,  and  iftarperthe  top. '—  Temple. 

3.  Very  thin  ;  lean,  emaciated. 

"His  IIOM  was  as  tharp  as  a  pen."— Shaketp. :  fftnry 
Y.,  ii.  3. 

4.  Gritty,  hard  ;  having  fine  edges. 

"They  make  us.  of  the  tharpeit  sand,  that  being 
best  fur  mortar  to  lay  bricks  aud  tiles  in.  —Moscon  : 
Mechanical  Exercitet. 

5.  Abruptly   turned ;    bent    at    an   acute 
angle  ;  not  obtuse  :  as,  a  sharp  corner. 

6.  Biting,  piercing,  pinching,  bitter,  bracing. 
"  The  nieht  »  as  winter  in  ita  rougheit  mood  i 

The  morning  tharp  aud  clear. ' 

C'.vper  :  Ttuk,  Tl.  IS. 

7.  Severe,  afflictive,  hard,  cruel,  painful. 

"  To  keep  the  tharp  woes  waking.' 

Skakeep.:  nape  of  Lucrece.  l.lSfl. 

8.  Hard,  severe,  stern;  not  lenient:  as, 
sharp  sentence, 

9  Acute  of  mind  ;  penetrating ;  quick  to 
discern  or  distinguish  ;  clever,  witty,  inge 
nious,  shrewd,  subtle,  inventive. 

"There  is  nothing  makes  men  tharper,  and  sets 
their  head*  and  wit.  inor*  at  work,  than  want  —Addi 
eon :  On  Italy. 

10.  Subtle,  witty ;  marked  by  shrewdnes: 
or  cleverness. 

"  Voluble  and  tharp  discourse." 

Shaketp. :  Comedy  of  Krrort.  it  1. 

11.  Keen,  acrimonious,  severe,  harsh,  biting 
cutting. 

"The  admonitioBS  which  he  addresjed  to  the  kini 
himself  were  very  thorp,  and.  what  Charles  disl.ke 
still  more,  rery  long.  —  Macaulay  :  Site.  Eng.,  ch.  ii 

12.  Keenly  awake  or  alive   to  one's  owi 
interests  ;  keen  or  shrewd  in  making  bargain 
or  in  exacting  one's  dues ;  ready  to  take  ad 
vantage  of  others. 

13.  Characterized    by    keenness;     bar«l 
honest  or  honourable  :  as,  sharp  practices. 

14.  Severely  rigid  ;  harsh,  stiiuc,  cruel. 

"  The  tharpeit  KM  of  justice." 

Jiaketp. :  ffenry  rill.,  II  4. 

15.  Affecting  the  organs  of  sense,  as  though 
pointed  or  cutting  : 

(1)  Affecting   the   organs  of  taste  :   sour, 
acid,  acrid,  bitter. 

•Thy  wit  U  a  rery  sweeting;  It  is  a  most  tharp 
rfuce."— Shaketp. :  ftomeo  A  Juliet,  ii.  4. 

(2)  Affecting  the  organs  of  hearing ;  piercing, 
shrill 


linn. 

"  For  the  rarioue  modulation  of  the  rolce  lie  upper 
end  of  the  wind.pipe  is  endued  with  sereral  cnrtilafes 
to  contract  or  ditate  it.  as  we  would  bare  our  voice 
flat  or  tharp."—  Ray  :  On  the  Creation. 

(3)  Quick  or  keen  of  sight :  vigilant,  atten- 
tive, penetrating. 

"  The  iharpat  eye  diseemeth  nought, 
FJtcept  the  sunbeams  in  the  air  do  shine. 

Davit! :  Immort.  o/ the  Soul. 

16.  Eager  ;  keen  in  quest ;  eager  for  food. 

"  An  empty  eagle,  tharp  by  fast." 

Shatetp.  ;  ftnut  1  Adimil,  K. 

17.  Fierce,  ardent,  fiery,  Impetuous  :  as,  a 
sharp  contest. 

18.  Quick  :  «,  He  took  a  sharp  walk. 

19.  Keenly  contested  :  as,  a  tharp  race. 
IL  technically: 

^  Music: 

(1)  Raised  a  semitone,  as  a  note. 

(2)  Shrill  or  acute,  as  the  sharp  mixture  = 
an  organ  stop  of  a  shrill  or  acute  character. 

[MIXTURE,  S.,  II.  2.] 

(3)  Out  of  tune  by  being  higher  in  pitch 
than  is  just. 


(4)  Applied  by  old  writers  to  an  augmented 
interval. 

2.  Phunetics :  Applied  to  a  consonant  pro- 
nounced or  uttered  with  breath  and  not  with 
voice  ;  surd,  non-vocal :  as,  the  tharp  mutes, 
j>,  (,  k. 

Jl.  As  adverb : 

1.  Sharply  :  as,  To  look  sharp. 

2.  Exactly,  to  the  moment :  as,  Dinner  I* 
at  six  o'clock,  sharp. 

3.  At  a  sharp  angle. 

"  Turned  tharp  to  the  right."— field,  Dec.  36,  UU. 
G.  -•!*'  substantive : 
i  Ordinary  Language: 
'  1.  An  acute  or  shrill  sound. 
••  It  U  the  lark  that  sings  so  out  of  tune, 

Straining  harsh  discards  imtl  unplewung  tharpt. 
Sltateip. .  Komeo  t  Juliet,  lit  a, 

*  2.  A  pointed  weapon. 

3  A  kind  of  sewing-needle,  one  of  the  most 
pointed  of  the  three  grades— blunts,  bet  weens, 
and  sharps. 

4.  A  portion  of  a  stream  where  the  w»tef 
runs  very  rapidly.    (Prov.) 

5.  (Pi.):  The  haul  parts  of  wheat  which 
require  grinding  a  second  time.    Called  also 
Mlddnnes. 

6.  A  sharper,  as  a  card  sharp;    hence,  an 
adept  at  anything.    ( U.  S.) 

II.  Technically: 
1.  Afunc: 

(1)  A  note  artificially  raised  a  semitona. 

(2)  The  sign  flt)  which  raises  a  note  on* 
semitone  above  the  normal  or  natural  scale. 
A  note  so  affected  is  restored  to  its  normal 
pitch  by  the  use  of  a  natural.     In  old  music 
sharps  were  often  used  to  raise  notes  which 
had  been  previously  flattened,  for  which  pur- 
pose a  natural  is  always  now  used.     When 
placed  on  a  line  or  space  of  the  staff  at  the 
commencement  of  a  movement,  it  raises  all 
the  notes  on  that  line  or   space,    or   their 
octaves  a  semitone  ;   if  placed  before  a  note 
in  the  course  of  a  movement,  it  raises  that 
note  or  the  repetition  of  it  a  semitone,  but 
only  within  the  same  bar.     A  double-sharp 
(x  )  is  used  in  chromatic  music  to  raise  a  note 
two  semitones  above  its  natural  pitch. 

2.  Phonetics  :  A  sharp  consonant.    [A.  II.  8.] 

H  Sharp  is  often  used  in  compounds,  the 

meanings    being    in    most   cases  sufficiently 

obviou*,  as  sharp-cornered,  sharp-edged,  tharp- 

pointed,  &C. 

sharp-angled,  o.    Having  sharp  angles. 

It  The   Sharp-angled    Carpet  is  tfelanippt 

nnangutata,  and  the  Sharrwmgled  Peacock, 

Macaria  alternata,    both    British    geometer 

moths. 

sharp  cedar,  s. 

•\t.:  (I)  Acacia  oxycedrus ;  (2)  Jmiptnu 
oxyctdrus. 

sharp-out,  o.  Cut  sharply  or  clearly; 
cut  so  as  to  present  a  clear,  well-defined  out- 
line, as  a  figure  on  a  medal ;  hence,  present- 
ing great  distinctness  ;  well-defined,  clear. 

o.    'vThetted   till   it   la 


sharp-ground, 

sharp;  sharpened. 


sharp-looking,  a.     Having  an  appear- 
ance of  sharpness  ;  hungry,  emaciated,  lean. 

"  A  needy,  hollow-eyed,  tharpJaotiny  wretch."— 
ghahetp.  :  Comedy  o/Jlrrourt,  r. 

sharp-nail,  a.     A   nail   with  a  sharp 
forged  point,  used  in  some  trades. 
sharp-nosed  eel,  s. 
Zool. :  Anguttla  mdgarit. 
sharp-pointed,  a.    [ACUTE,  B.  2.] 
*  sharp-set,  a. 
L  Eager  in  appetite;  very  hungry,  ravenoui. 

"  The  tharp-let  squire  resolves  at  last, 
Wh.te'er  befel  him.  not  to  fast," 

SomertUe:  QJIctoul  Hitamier. 

2.  Eager  in  desire  of  gratification. 

"  A  comedy  of  Johnson  s,  not  Ben,  held  •«*•» 
nighta  for  the  town  is  tharp-tet  on  new  plays.  —Pope, 
(Todd.\ 

sharp-shinned  hawk, .». 

Ornith. :  Asturfuecus. 

sharp-shooter,  s.  One  who  is  skilful  in 
shooting  at  an  object ;  one  skilled  in  the  us« 
of  the  rifle.  The  name  was  formerly  given  to 
the  best  shots  of  a  company  of  soldiers  who 
were  armed  with  rifles,  and  appointed  to  picks 
off  the  enemy. 


4232 


sharp— stave 


Sharp -Shoo  ting.  s.  A  shooting  with 
great  precis  ion  and  effect,  as  by  sharp-shooters. 
Hence,  applied  figuratively  to  any  sharp 
skirmish  of  wit  or  would-be  wit 

"  The  frequent  repetition  of  this  playful  inquiry  on 
the  part  of  Mr.    Pecksniff,    led   at    hut    to    playful 


.          tague ;  but  after  some 
little  ikarp-thooting    on    both    «d«*.    Mr.    Pecksniff 


answers  on  the  part  of  Mr.  M 

"title  iharp-thooting    on   bot_    

ecaiue   grave,  almost    to   tear*. '— Dickent:    Mart 
Cauatant.  ch.  xli v. 

sharp-sighted,  o. 

1.  Having  sharp,  acute,  or  keen  sight:  as, 
An  eagle  is  sharp-sighted. 

2.  Having    sharp    or    keen    discernment, 
judgment,  or  understanding ;  sharp,  shrewd. 

"  The    King  of  England  is    very  tharp-tiyhted." — 
Macallan  :  ail*.  Sng.,  ch.  xxiii. 

sharp-sightedness,  s.  The  quality  or 
State  of  oeing  sharp-sighted. 

sharp-tail,  5.    [SHARP-TAILED  GROUSE.] 
•harp-tailed  grouse,  *. 

OrnifA. ;  A  popular  name  for  PedUeeetes 
fikasianeUus  and  the  variety  oolumbianus, 
which  latter  is  also  called  the  Columbia 
Sharp- tail. 


"  According  to  Dr.  Suckiey,  the  Sharp-tailed  Grvute 
entirely  replaces  the  Pinnated  Grouse  in  Washington 
Territory."— Baird,  Brewer,  t  Ridffvay  :  A'orth  Amer- 
toanBirdt.iii.tS:. 

*  sharp-tasted,  a.    Having  a  sharp,  acid, 
sour,  or  bitter  taste. 

"  Sharp-tatted  citrons  Median  climes  produce.' 

Dryden  :  Viroil ;  Georffiet  ii.  17ft. 

'  sharp  -  toothed,  a.  Having  sharp 
teeth  ;  hence,  bitter,  cruel,  biting. 

"  Sharp-tooth' d  unkludness."    Shaketp.  :  Lear,  ii.  4. 

*  Sharp  -  visaged,  a.    Having  a  sharp, 
thin,  or  lean  face. 

"  The  Welch  that  inhabit  the  mountains  are  com. 
monly  •harp-*i4afftd."-B<ile  :  Grig,  of  Mankind. 

Sharp-witted,  a.  Having  a  sharp,  acute, 
or  keen  wit,  judgment,  or  discernment. 

"  O  lord,  said  Musidorns,  how  tharp-mtted  yon  are 
to  hurt  your  self ;  No,  answered  he  (Pyrocles},  but  it  is 
the  hurt  you  speak  of,  which  makes  me  so  tharp- 
tfitted."— Sidney :  Arcadia,  bk.  L 

*  sharp,  *  sharpe,  v.t.  &  i.    [SHARP,  a.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  make  sharp  or  keen  ;  to  sharpen. 

"  Whom  the  whetstone  tharpi  to  eat 
And  cry  millstones  are  good  meat." 

Ben  Jonton :  Loee'i  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 

ft.  To  make  keen,  to  sharpen,  to  quicken. 

**  Te  tharpe  my  seuce  with  sundry  beauties  yew.' 
Spenter  ;  To  the  Ladiet  of  the  Court. 

3.  To  mark  with  a  sharp,  in  musical  com- 
position, or  to  raise  a  note  a  semitone. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  play  tricks  in  bargaining ; 
to  act  the  sharper. 

"Cheating  or  tharpinf  one  half  of  the  year."— 
L'Sttrange :  Fable*. 

••harped,   a.     [Eng.  sharp;   -ed.}     Sharp, 

pointed. 

"  .Sharped  steeples  high  shot  up  In  ayre," 

Spenter:  fiuim  of  Rome,  U. 

Sharp    en,  v.t.  &  i.     [Kng.  sharp  ;  -en.] 
A*  Transitive: 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  make  sharp  or  keen ;  to  give  a  sharp 
or  keen  edge  or  point  to  ;  to  edge,  to  point. 

"The  Israelites  went  down  to  the  Philistines,  to 
lharpen  every  man  his  share  anil  bis  coulter."— 
1  Samuel  liiL  30. 

2.  To  make  more  eager  or  active ;  to  excite. 
"The  weaker  their  helps  are,  the  more  their  need  is 

toiharpen  the  edge  of  their  own  industry."— Booker: 
Mode*.  Polity. 

8.  To  make  more  quick,  acute,  or  ingenious. 

"Overmuch  quickneu  of  wit.  either  given  by  na- 
ture, or  sharpened  by  study,  doth  not  commonly  bring 
greatest  learning,  best  manners,  or  happiest  life  in  the 
end."— Aicham  :  Kchootmatter. 

4.  To  render  more  keen ;  to  whet,  to  excite. 

"  Epicurean  cooks 
Sharpen  with  cloy  less  sauce  his  Appetite." 

Shaketp.  :  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  ii.  1. 

&  To  intensify ;  to  make  more  intense, 
painful,  or  severe. 

6.  To  render  quicker,  sharper,  or  keener  of 
perception. 

"  The  air  tharpened  his  visual  ray 
To  objects  distant  tar."       MUton  :  P.  L,,  Ui.  4KX. 

T.  To  make  more  tart,  acid,  or  sour. 

*  8.  To  make  more  biting,  sarcastic,  or  severe. 

"  My  haughty  soul  would  •well. 
Sharpen  each  word,  and  threaten  in  my  eyes." 

Smith. 

0,  To  make  more  shrill  or  acute. 
H  Music :  To  apply  a  sharp  to  ;  to  raise,  as 
s  note,  by  means  of  a  sharp. 


*  B.  Intrant. :  To  grow  or  become  more 
sharp. 

"  Now  she  iharpfni :  well  said,  whetstone." 

Shakeip.  :  Truittu  *  Creerida,  v.  1 

sharp  er,  *.  [Eng.  sharp,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who  is 
sharp  or  shrewd  in  bargaining ;  a  tricky  fellow, 
a  swindler,  a  cheat. 

"  In  his  youth  b*  bad  been  one  of  the  most  noted 
iharpert  and  bullies  of  London."— Macautay .*  tittt. 
Eng..  ch.  VL 

shar  -pie,  s.    [SHARP,  a.] 

Aaut. :  A  long,  sharp,  flat-bottomed  sailing- 
boat.  (Amer.) 

"  The  rudder  being  attached  to  It  as  to  a  spindle, 
...  aa  iu  the  rudder  of  a  tharpie."—  Century  Maga- 
tine,  Dec.,  1S78,  p.  SOL 

sharp  ling,  sharp'-lin,  *.  [Eng.  sharp,  a.-; 
•ling.]  The  stickleback.  (Prov.) 

sharp  ly,  *  sharp-lie,  ode.  [Eng.  sharp,  a ; 
*] 

1.  In  a  sharp  manner ;  with  a  sharp  or  keen 
edge  or  point; 

"  He  tooke  an  arrow  full  tharpely  whet, 

Romaunt  nf  the  Rote. 

2.  Abruptly,    steeply ;    as,    A   hill    rises 
sharply. 

3.  Severely,  rigorously ;    with    sharp   lan- 
guage. 

"  Rebuke  them  Aarply." 

OhaJCeip.  :  Titui  Andronicut,  i.  13. 

4.  Violently,  vehemently,  fiercely  :  as,  They 
were  sharply  attacked. 

5.  With  a  sharp,  clear,  or  acute  sound. 

"  Deep  need  that  day  that  every  string. 
By  wet  unharmed,  should  tharply  ring." 

Scott :  Marmion,  ti.  21 

6.  With  keen  perception  ;  minutely,  closely, 
exactly. 

"  Too  contract  your  eye  when  you  would  see  tharplg ; 
and  erect  your  ear  when  yon  would  hear  attentively." 
—Bacon. 

7.  Wittily,  cleverly ;  with  nice  discernment 
or  judgment. 

"  To  this  the  Panther  tharply  had  replyM." 

bryden :  Bind  4  Panther,  Ui  760. 

8.  Quickly :  as,  He  pulled  up  sharply. 

sharp -ness,  *  sharp -nes,  " sharpe - 
nesse,  «.  [Eng.  sharp;  -nws.J 

1.  The  quality  or  state   of   being    sharp; 
keenness  of  edge  or  point 

"My  lance,  as  well  u  thin*, 
Hath  point  and  tharpnet*." 

Chapman :  Homer ;  Iliad  zx. 

2.  Severity,  keenness,  pa  in  fulness. 

"  And  were  the  rlche  wanteth,  what  can  the  pore 
nude,  who  in  a  common  scarsitie,  lyueth  most  scarsely, 
and  feeleth  quickliest  the  tharpenette  of  itarun.u, 
when  eurye  man  for  lack  is  hunger  bitten." — .Sir  John 
Cheeke  ;  The  Hurt  of  Sedition. 

3.  Keenness,  severity. 

"The  tharpnett  of  the  air.  and  gloominess  of  the 

weather,  for  two  or  three  days  past,  seemed  to  indicate 
some  sudden  change."— Coo*.;  Third  Voyage,  bk.  lv., 
ch.  lx 

4.  Eagerness  of  desire  or  pursuit;  keen- 
ness of  appetite,  as  for  food,  &c. 

5.  Acuteness  of  intellect;    power  of  nice 
discernment ;  quickness  of  understanding. 

" Till  AriauUm  had  made  it  a  matter  of  great  tharp- 
nett  and  subtllty  of  wit  to  be  a  sound  believing  Chris- 
tian, men  were  not  curious  what  syllables  or  particles 
of  speech  they  used."—  Booker;  JBccte*.  Polity. 

6.  Quickness  of  sense  or  perception :  as, 
sharpness  of  sight. 

7.  Severity  of  language;  sarcasm,  pungency. 

"  There's  gold  for  thee ; 
Thou  must  not  take  my  former  tharpnttt  111, 
I  will  employ  thee  back  again." 

tAaketp. :  Antony  *  Cleopatra.  111.  L 

8.  Acidity,  pungency :  as,  the  sharpness  of 
vinegar. 

9.  Keenness  or  shrewdness  in  transacting 
business  or  exacting  one's  own  dues ;  equivocal 
honesty  ;  sharp  practices. 

"Here  and  there,  by  tharpneu  and  canning,  men 
rise  into  wealth."— Scribner'*  Mag*  Dec.,  1878,  p.  SM. 

*  shash,  s.    [SASH  (1), «.] 

shas'-ter,  shas'-tra,  *.  [Mahratta,  &c. 
shastra;  Sansc.  shdstra.] 

Brahmanitm:  That  by  which  faith  and 
practice  are  governed,  an  institute  of  letters, 
taw,  or  religion  considered  as  of  divine  au- 
thority. Used  of  the  Vedas  and  other  books 
of  the  Brahmanic  scriptures. 

shath  mont,  «.  [SHAFTMAN.]  A  measure  of 
six  inches. 

"Not  a  step,  notapaee.  notan  inoh,  nota 
as  I  may  say.  — Heott :  Antiyuary,  ch.  viii, 

shat'-ter,  *  schat-er,  v.t.  &  i.  [A  strength- 
ened form  of  scatter  (q.v.X] 


A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  break  up  at  once  in  many  pieces ;  to 
dash,  burst,  or  part  by  violence  into  frag- 
ments ;  to  rend,  rive,  or  split  into  splinters. 


2.  To  break  up,  to  disorder,  to  derange,  to 
overthrow  :  as,  His  mind  was  shattered. 


3.  To  scatter,  to  dissipate. 


Thewlt.ds 


Blow  moist  and  keen,  shattering  the  graceful  locks 
Of  those  fair  spreading  trees."   Milton  ;  P.  L.,  x.  1.M6. 

4.  To  destroy,  to  overthrow,  to  ruin,  to 
scatter  :  as,  His  hopes  were  skattfred. 

*  5.  To  dissipate,  to  derange  ;  to  make  in- 
capable of  close  and  continued  application. 

"A  man  of  a  loose,  volatile,  and  ihattered  humour, 
think*  only  by  fit*  and  starta,  —  A'orrit. 

t  B.  Intrans.  :  To  be  broken  into  frag- 
ments ;  to  fall  or  come  to  pieces  ;  to  crumble 
to  pieces. 

"  The  frosts  have  been  so  searching  that  the  clods 
thatter  readily."—  Daily  Telegraph,  March  22,  US*. 

*  shaf-ter,  *.     [SHATTER,  v.]     One  part  of 
many  into  which  anything  is  broken  ;  a  frag- 
ment.   (Usually  in  the  plural.) 

"Stick  the  candle  so  loose  that  it  will  fall  upon  the 

5  lass  of  the  sconce,  aiid  break  it  into«A«««n."—  Strift: 
nttruct.  to  Servant*. 

*  shatter-brain,  *.      A  careless,  giddy 
person  ;  a  scatter-brain. 

*  shatter  -brained,  shatter  pated, 

a.      Disordered    iu   intellect  ;    intellectually 
weak;  scatter-brained. 

"  Whatever  some  thatter-brained  and  debauched 
persons  would  falu  persuade  themselves  and  others." 
—Goodman  :  Winter  Evening  Con/.,  pL  iii- 

*  Shat'-ter-^,  a.  [Eng.  shatter,  s.  ;  -y.]  Easily 

breaking  up  into  many  pieces  ;  loose  of  tex- 
ture ;  brittle  ;  not  compact. 

"  The  quarries  are  of  a  coarse  grit  stone,  often  filled 
with  shells,  but  of  too  ihattery  a  nature  to  be  used."— 
Pennant  :  Journey  from  Chetter,  p.  3T1 

shau  -de,  *  shau-ghle,  v.i.  &  (.  [SHUFFLE.] 

A.  Intrans.  :   To  walk  with  a  shuttling  or 
shambling  gait. 

B.  Trans.  :   To   distort   from   the   proper 
shape  or  direction  by  use  or  wear. 

"Bucklaw  was  welcome  to  the  wearing  of  Bareu* 
wood's  thattffhled  shoes,"—  Scott."  Bride  uf  Lamnur- 
moor,  ch.  xx  viii. 

•haul,  a.     [SHALLOW.]    (Scotch.) 


Shave,    *  schave,  r.(.  &  i.     [A.S.  , 

scafan  (pa.  t.  «co/,  pa.  par.  scafen);  cogn,  with 
Dut.  schaven  =  to  scrape,  to  plane  wood  ; 
Icel.  ska/a;  Sw.  skafva  =  to  scraj*  ;  Dan. 
shave;  Goth,  skaban;  Ger.  schaben;  Lat.  scabo 
=  to  scrape  ;  Gr.  <ra-arrw  (skapto)  =  to  dig.] 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  cut  or  pare  off  from  the  surface  of  a 
body,  by  means  of  a  razor  or  other  edged  in- 
strument   (Frequently  with  off.) 

2.  To  pare  close  ;  to  make  smooth  and  bare 
by  cutting  or  paring  from  the  surface  of  ;  es- 
pecially, to  cut  or  remove  the  hair  from  by 
means  of  a  razor,  or  other  sharp  instrument. 

The  Egyptians  from  a  very  early  age  I/MIM  their 
~     leloe  :  Xer-jdotut,  bk.  lii..  ch.  L 


3.  To  cut  in  thin  slices. 

"Make  some  medley  of  earth,  with    some  other 
plants  braised  or  ihaven  in  root  or  leaf."— Bacon. 

4.  To  pass  along  close  to  the  surface  or  side 
of;  to  brush  past,  to  skim  by ;  to  sweep  by 
almost  touching. 

"Do  H  whipcord;  aVww  the  signpost"  —  O'Keefe; 
fontainebletM,  ii.  I 

•  6.  To  strip,  to  fleece ;  to  oppress  by  ex- 
tortion. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  use  the  razor ;  to  remove  the  hair 
from  the  chin,  head,  &c.,  with  a  razor. 

2.  To  pass  so  closely  by  anything  as  almost 
to  touch  it. 

"  In  trying  to  tfta**  past."— field,  Sept.  4,  IBM. 

*  3.  To  be  hard  in  bargaining ;  to  cheat. 

5  To  shave  a  note :  To  purchase  it  at  a  great 
discount,  or  to  take  interest  upon  it  much 
beyond  the  legal  rate.  (Amer.) 

•have  (1),  «.    [SHAVE,  v.} 

1 .  The  act  of  shaving  ;  a  cutting  off  of  tn« 
beard. 

2.  A  thin  slice  ;  a  shaving. 

3.  An  instrument  with  a  long  blade,  and  s 
handle  at  each  end.  for  shaving  hoops,  &c.  ; 
also,  a  spokeshave. 


fate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  s6n;  mute,  cub.  core,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pfit, 
Sjhrlan.    m,  cs  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


4.  The  act  of  passing  close  to  or  along  ;  the 
•ct  of  grazing  or  passing  so  close  as  nearly  to 
touch. 

<i   Hence     an  exceedingly    narrow    miss, 
?,  Tescape.    (Often  with  clos,  ,  or  rw 

O»"»» 


••  It  was  a  de.Femt.r  e-  • 
decided  lor  Deliverance.  -  flM.  April  «•• 

6.  A  false  report  or  alarm  started,  with  a 
view  to  deceive  ;  a  trick,  a  cheat 


Dec.  13,  18&4. 

shave  grass,  shave-weed,  ». 

Bot  •  Equixtum  hyemale.  So  called,  accord- 
ina  to'  Wni  Coles,  because  it  was  '  used  07 
aetchers  and  combmakers  to  polish  thcir 
work."  (Prior.) 

st^'th^r^cned  edges?u8ea  ?n  scraping 
?he  surface.  of  metal  which  are  to  be  soldered, 
BO  that  the  solder  may  adhere. 


•have  (2X  i.  [SHAW.]  A  small  coppice. 
Tourth.ro-  Great  Britain,  i.  168.) 

"  ^M°  A^fu  Suved  ;  hence,  used  contemp- 
tuously for  a  monk,  friar,  or  priest. 

• 


BhaV-en,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [SHAVE,  ».] 

shav  er,  s.    [Eng.  shav(e);  -f-\ 

1.  One  who  shaves  ;  one  whose  occupation 
is  to  shave. 

••  I  am  a  barber,  and  F<1  h»ye  yon  know  ., 

iZ.~r  too  sometime,,  no^-nad...  J-JJ£ 

*  2.  A   robber,  an  extortioner  ;   one  who 

to  the  hand.  at  the  cruel  "•"" 


shave— shear 


shawl,  ..  [Pers.»Mt;  Fr.  chdle.]  An  outer 
nraffit  covering  the  upper  part  of  the  per- 
Sn;  commonly  used  by  lad.es  but  not  in- 
frequently by  men.  In  the'atter  case  it  re- 
presents the  outer  garment  of  the  Scotch 
Highlanders,  the  plaid,  which  term  in  time 
ha?  come  to  be  applied  to  any  kind  of 
checkered  goods  similar  in  pattern  to  th 
tartan  of  wliicli  the  Highlander's  plaid  was 
rnade.  Shawls  are  made  of  various  materials, 
as  wool  silk  crape,  &c.,  plain  or  embroidered. 
TraSS  kinds'  are'generally  of  wool,  and 
are  woven  in  the  usual  manner.  The  best 
shawls  made  are  those  of  Cashmere  ;  they  are 
now  successfully  imitated  in  Europe,  their 
manufacture  being  introduced  into  England 
about  1784,  by  a  manufacturer  at  Norwich. 

shawl-dance,  «.  An  imitation  of  an 
Oriental  dance,  in  which  Ihe  dancer  wavee  a 
shawl  as  part  of  her  performance. 

*  shawl,  v.l.    [SHAWL,  •.]    To  cover  or  wrap' 

with  a  shawl. 

*  shawl'  less,  a.    [Eng.  skavl  ;-!«>.]    With- 

out a  shawl. 

shawm,  shalm  (I  silent),  •shaume, 
•  shawme,  "  shal-mle,  s.  [O.  Fr.  chale- 
mie  =  a  little  pipe  made  of  a  reed  or  ol  a 
wheaten  or  oaten  straw,  also  cWemeUe  <*a  - 
Umeau,  from  dumme  =  a  straw  ;  Lat.  calamus 
-  a  reed,  from  Or.  «oAd^«  (kalarMS)  =  a  reed  ; 
«^^M  (Wame)  =  a  stalk  or  straw  of  corn; 

Khalmel.} 

oie^twtnd  instrument,  similar  to  the  clarionet. 

'   etern«l  King, 


Mnolltt:  BM.  Turket. 

8.  A  humorous  fellow  ;  a  wag 

" 


SHAWM. 


«ud  hymns  to  he»Ten's 

a-  " 


4233 

which  there  is  a  coroner  or  chief  constable) 
There  are  six  sheadings  in  the  island. 

sheaf   (1),    *  Behoof,    *  shef,    *  .«fce«fe. 

*  shelve,  ..    [A.S.  «xdf;  cogn.   with  Dut. 
sclwof;   Icel.  skauf;   Ger.  schaub.    The  A.S. 
seed/  is  from  seed/,  pa.  t.  of  scufav,  =  to  shove ; 
hence,  a  sheaf  is  a  bundle  of  things  shoved 
together.) 

1  A  quantity  or  bundle  of  things  bound  or 
held  together ;  specifically  : 

(1)  A  quantity  of  the  stalks  of  wheat  rye, 
oats,  or  barley  bound  together ;  a  bundle  o« 
stalks  or  straw. 

••  The  fashion  ii  to  cut  with  a  booke  or  syccle  th« 
straw  In  tho  mlddest:  and  betweeue  every  two  sMM 
"iVy  .It  do»ue.  and  then  crop  off  the  ear.."-P.  Hoi- 
land:  PUnit,  bk.  xylll..  ch.  irx. 

(2)  A  bundle  or  number  of  arrows  ;  aa  many 
as  will  fill  the  quiver. 

"They  .111  looke  at  bis  verie  bow,  and  ifein  ol 
arrowe.;  u  at  straunge  and  wonderous  things.  -P. 
Molland :  PlinU,  bk.  ylll..  ch.  mil. 

2  A  collection  or  quantity  of  things  close 
or  'thick  together;  a  quantity  or  numbei 
generally. 

"  And  hence  In  fair  remembrance  worn,  w 
Yon  ttoaf  of  spear,  his  crest  has  borne. 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  lart  Minitrel,  IT.^a 

*  3.  A  quautity  of  steel,  containing  thirty 
gads. 

••  The  one  Is  often  sold  for  the  other,  and  like  tal« 
vsedlnbotb,  that  1s  to  sale,  thirtie  gads  to  £•*<£ 
and  twelue ,Oufa  to  the  buid«n.--floKm»«i.  D** 
cript.  of  England,  bk.  11.,  ch.  xi. 

Sheaf  (2),  s.    [SHEAVE,  «.]    The  wheel  in  the 
block  of  a  pulley  ;  a  sheave. 

*  cheat;  *  sheafe,  v.t.  &  i.    [SHEAF  (l), «.) 

A.  Trans. :  To  collect  and  bind  in  sheaves  ; 
to  make  sheaves  of. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  collect  and  bind  straw, 
Ac.,  into  sheaves. 


"  A  cunning  «Aa*«r." 

Stotlf: Cmiciota  Lof*n.    (ProU 

4.  A  jocular  name   for  a  young   boy;  a 
youngster. 
•haV-Ie,  ».    [SHAVE,  ».]    A  trick,  a  prank,  a 

shave. 
•hav'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  4  «.    [SHAVE,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1  The  act  of  one  who  shaves. 

2  A  thin  slice  pared  off  with  a  shave,  a 
knife,  a  plane,  or  other  cutting  instrument. 

••  In  one  corner  was  a  pile  of  all  coffins ;  In  another 
» dogenjoyedarestlesssfeepon  a  pile  ol  ,»a~no<.  - 
Century  Wwa«in«,  Dec.  1878,  p.  HO. 

Shaving-brush, s.  A  brash  used  in  shav- 
ing for  spreading  the  lather  over  the  face. 

shaving  box,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Feuillea,  or  Fevillea. 
{FECILLEA. ] 

shaving  cup,  «.  A  cup  with  compart- 
ments forhot  water  and  soap,  for  convenience 
in  shaving. 

shaving  horse,  ».    [HORSE,  •.,  I.  2  (1).] 

shaving  tub,  s. 

Bookbind. :  The  box  beneath  the  cutting- 
press  to  catch  the  shavings. 
•haw   *sehawe,  "aha we,  s.    [A.S.  scajo 

"shaw-  cogn.  with  Icel.  skogr;  8w.  skoa; 
Dan.  stare;  cf.  also  Icel.  skuggi;  A.a  scuu, 
Kuwa  =  a  shade,  shadow.) 

1.  A  thicket,  a  small  wood  ;  a  shady  place, 
t  grove.    (ScoWi.) 

••  But  och  I  that  night,  amang  the  HaM. 
She  got  a  learfu1  settlm1 1  Buna :  JoUomen. 

2.  A  stem  with  the  leaves,  as  of  a  potato, 
turnip,  oic.    (Prou.) 

•haw,  v.t.    [SHOW,  v.] 

shaw-fowl.  s.  An  artificial  fowl  made 
by  fowlers  to  shoot  at 

Sha-wa-nese,  Shaw-nose',  Sha-wo- 
nese ,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Shawnees, 
t  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  now 
located  on  the  Indian  Territory,  west  of  the 
Missouri. 

Shawanese-salad,  <.  The  eatable  leaves 
o: 


A  vulgar  corruption  of 
sha  -ya,  oha'-ya.  ..    [CHAT,  (I)-] 


•hay,  s.    [See  del] 
chaise  (q.v.). 


she"' Icel.  so,,  sjd,  fern,  of  sd,  demons,  pro- 
noun;  Ger.  ««  =  she;  Goth,  so,  fern,  of  so, 
demons,  pronoun ;  Russ.  siw,  fern,  ol 
this ;  Gr.  i  (he),  fern,  of  o  (ho)  =  the ;  Sansc. 
id  =  she,  fern,  of  sos  =  he.  The  proper  A.S 
word  for  she  is  heo,  fern,  of  W  =  he  (q.v.). 
Her  is  used  as  the  possessive,  dative,  and 
objective  cases  of  she.]  [HER  (1),  HERS.) 

1  The  nominative  feminine  of  the  personal 
pronoun  of  the  third  person,  and  used  as 
a  substitute  for  the  name  of  a  female,  or  of 
something  personified  as  a  female ;  the  woman 
or  female  referred  to  ;  the  animal  of  the  female 
sex,  or  object  personified  as  feminine,  which 
was  spoken  of. 

-  For  contemplation  he  and  valour  form'd. 
For  softness  Ae  and  sweet  attractive  grace : 
HelorGodonly,  aHforGoOUn^iiin.^  ^  ,,  ,., 

2.  Used  absolutely  as  a  noun  for  woman  or 

"  Yon  are  the  cruellest  l»e  alive." 

Shaketp. :  Twelfth  Sight,  \.  6. 

«I  She  is  commonly  used  as  a  prefix  to 
denote  the  female  of  the  second  part  of  the 
compound  :  as,  sfoj-ass,  s)k«-bear,  sfce-cat,  etc. 

••he -atheist,  «.  A  female  atheist 
[ATHEIST.] 

"  Atheists  have  been  but  rare :  ''"^^'^5,  . 
Till  nor~  ~*      * 


•  sheaf  -y,  o.  [Eng.  sheaf  (1),  s. ;  -».]   Pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling  sheaves. 

"  Whose  golden  locks  a  Atafy  garland  bear." 

liau :  Ovid ;  MetamorphfUet  n. 

•heal  (1),  «.     [A  variant  of  shell  (q.v.).]    A 
husk  or  pod.    (frov.) 

shoal  (2),  shell,  s.  [Icel.  skdli  =  a  hut,  a  shed.] 
1    A  hut  or  small  cottage  for  shepherds,  or 

for  fishermen  on  the  shore  or  on  the  banks  ol 

a  river  ;  a  sheeling. 
2.  A  shed  for  sheltering  sheep  on  the  hills 

during  the  night 
3   A    summer   residence,    especially   one 

erected  for  those  who  go  to  the  hills  for 

sport,  4c.    (Scotch.) 
•heal,  ti.f,     [SHEAL  (1),  «.]   To  shell ;  to  take 

the  husk  or  shell  off. 

••  That's  a  s»«rf«i  penood."         SkolMf    I"".  «•  «• 


she  oak,  s. 

Bot. :  CaUitris  yuadrivalvit. 

*  she-school,  s.    A  girls' school.    (.Putter : 
Church  Hist.,  vi.  297.) 

•She-slip,  ».     A    young    female    scion, 
branch,  or  member. 

*  she-society, ».    Female  society. 
she-world,   i.     The  female  inhabitants 

of  the  world  or  of  a  particular  part  of  it 

•he -a,.'.    [Native  name.]    [GALA*.] 
shea-tree,  s.    [BUTTER-TREE,  S.) 


Ann  •    Erie    shed    as  in  watersft«d.]     In  the 
Isle  of  Man,  a  riding,  tithing,  or  division,  in 


•heal -tug  (2),  i.    [SHUAL  (2).]    A  Highland 

cottage. 
•hear,  *  soher-on,  *  shore  (pa.  t  •  «Aor, 

*  star,  sheared,  *  shore,  pa,  jar.  *  sclwren  shorn), 
„.(.  A  i.  [A.S.  sceran,  sciran  (pa.  t  scar, 
Dl  sco-ron,  pa.  par.  scoren);  cogn.  with  Dut 
Zcheren  •  IceLsfceVa  ;  Dan.  skasrt ;  Ger.  scheren  ; 
Ger  ««/»«.  (keiro).  Allied  to  scar,  scare,  scrap, 
Krape,  share,  shred,  score,  short,  4c.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  Literally : 

1.  To  cut  or  clip  something  from,  by  means 
of  'a   shears,  scissors,   or  like    instrument; 
BDeciflcally  applied  to  the  cutting  of  wool  from 
shelp  or  theif  skins,  or  the  clipping  of  nap 
from  cloth. 

"  Laban  went  to  Otear  his  sheep.*— flenesii  mi.  ». 

2.  To  separate  by  shears ;  to  cut  or  clip  off 
from  a  surface,  with  a  shears,  scissors,  or  hlw 
instrument 

"  His  burde  be  little  Kkeri  first." 

Kabert  o/  gimaxiter,  p.  HO. 

3.  To  cat  down,  as  with  a  sickle  ;  to  reap. 
(ScotcJi.) 

IL   Fig.:    To   strip   of    property,   as_ by 
exactions  or  excessive  sharpness ;  to  fleece. 
B.   Intransitive: 

1.  To  use  shears. 

2.  To  cut,  to  penetrate. 

3.  To  turn  aside,  to  deviate,  to  sheer. 


4234 


shear— sheathy 


shear,  *  sheer,  5.    (SHEAR,  i\] 

1.  An  instmment  to  cut  with.    Now  only 
used  in  the  plural,  slttars  (q.v.> 

"  Short  of  the  wool,  and  uake*l  from  the  «*w." 

Drydtn:  riryii  ;  Otorylc  ill.  679. 

2.  A  year,  as  applied  to  the  age  of  a  sheep, 
from  the  yearly  shearing  :  as,  a  sheep  of  oue 
$hear,  or  of  two  shears,  &c, 

3.  A  barbed  fish-spear  with  several  prongs. 
•bear-bill,  s.    [SKIMMER,  $.,  II.  2.] 
•bear-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  Triticitm  repens. 

shear  -hog,  aharrag,  aherrng,  s,  A 

f&m  or  wether  after  the  first  shearing.  (Prov.) 

•bear-hook,  s. 

A*a«(. :  An  instrument  with  prongs  and 
hooks,  placed  at  the  extremities  of  the  yards 
of  lire-ships  to  entangle  the  enemy's  rigging. 


'-bulk,  s.    [SHEBR-HULK.] 
•bear-plan,  *.    [SHEER-PLAN.] 

•hear  -steel,  s.  Blister-steel,  heated, 
rolled,  and  tilted  to  improve  the  quality. 
Several  bare  are  welded  together  and  drawn 
out.  The  bar  is  sometimes  cut,  faggoted, 
reheated,  and  again  tilted.  This  may  he  re- 
peated. The  terms  Single-shear  and  Double- 
shear  indicate  the  extent  to  which  the  process 
is  carried.  It  is  named  from  ite  applicability 
•  to  the  manufacture  of  cutting-instruments, 
shears,  knives,  scythes,  &c. 

*  sheard,  s.    [SHARD.] 

shear  -er,  s.    [Eng.  shear,  v.  ;  er.} 

1.  One  who  shears. 

"  Kicked  the  shears  out  of  the  thearcr't  hand,"— 
Boyle:  Work*,  ri.  473. 

2.  One  who  reaps  corn.    (Scotch,) 
•hear  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SHEAR,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  Aspr.  par,  <tparticip.  adj.  :  (Bee  the 
verb). 
C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

|  1.  The  act  or  operation  of  clipping  or  cut- 
ting with  a  shears  or  by  a  machine  :  as,  the 
shearing  of  a  sheep,  the  shearing  of  metallic 
plates,  &c, 

2.  The  proceeds  of  the  operation  of  clipping 
t»y  shears  :  as,  the  shearing  of  a  flock. 

3.  A  sheep  that  has  been  but  once  sheared  ; 
A  shearling. 

4.  The  act  or  operation  of  reaping.    (Scotch.) 

"  His  men  were  gane  hune  to  the  Aoaring.  and  he 
would  uot  call  th.-m  oat  before  the  victual  waa  got 
In."—  Scott  :  Waverley,  ch.  xvilL 

II.  Mining:  The  making  of  vertical  cuts  at 
the  ends  of  a  portion  of  an  undercut  seam  of 
coal,  serving  to  destroy  the  continuity  of  the 
•strata  and  facilitate  the  breaking  down  of  the 
mass.  [HOLING.] 


1.  Woollen-manuf.  :     A   machine    through 
^rhich  cloth  is  passed  after  leaving  the  gig-, 
mill,  to  shorten  the  nap  evenly,  so  as  to 
secure  a  smooth  surface. 

2.  Afocfc.  :  A  machine  for  cutting  plates  and 
bars  of  iron  and  other  metal. 

•hearing-table,  s. 

Husbandry  :  A  bench  for  holding  sheep 
while  being  sheared.  (Amer.) 

Shear  -ling,  s.     [Eng.  shear,  v.  ;  dimin.  sutT. 
•ling.}    A  sheep  that  has  been  but  oaoe  shorn. 

"  Disposed  of  several  ihwrlinpt  at  from  100  to  200 

guineas  e*.ch."—/>aily  Telegraph,  Sept  14,  IBM. 

••hear'  -man,  s.      [Eng.  shear,   and  man.] 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  shear  cloth. 

"  Thy  father  was  a  plasterer  ; 
And  thou  thyself  a  the'trman. 

Shatotp.  ;  2  Benry  YL,  IT.  1 

*  shearn,  s.    [SHARN.] 

•hears,  s.  pi.    [SHEAR,  «.] 

I,  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  cutting  -instrument,  operating  like 
scissors,  but  on  a  larger  scale  and  somewhat 
differently  shaped.  In  one  variety  the  edges 
of  the  blades  are  bevelled,  and  the  handles 
adapted  for  thumb  and  fingers  respectively, 
instead  of  being  duplicates.  They  are  adapted 
for  tailors'  use.  Tinmen's  shears  have  rela- 
tively shorter  jaws,  and  are  either  grasped  in 
the  hand,  or  one  leg  placed  in  the  vice  while 
the  other  Is  worked  by  hand.  They  are  used 


for  cutting  tin-plate  and  sheet-metal  of  moder- 
ate thickness.  The  shears  used  by  farriers, 
sheep-shearers,  weavers,  &c.,  are  made  of  a 
single  piece  of  steel  bent  round  until  the 
blades  meet,  which  open  of  themselves  by  the 
elasticity  of  the  metal.  Garden  shears  and 
grass  shears  have  long  wooden  handles  to 
which  the  blades  are  attached  at  an  angle  of 
about  45°. 

2.  The  ways  or  track  of  a  lathe  upon  which 
the  lathe-head,  puppet-head,  and  rest  are 
placed,  and  on  which  the  latter  is  adjusted  in 
the  common  lathe  or  slides  in  the  traversing 
lathe. 

*  3.  The  same  as  SHEERS  (q.v.). 

*  4.  A  wing.    (Spender;  F.  Q.,  IL  viii.  5.) 

shear'  -tail,  s.    [Eng.  shear  s.,  and  tail,  s.] 

1.  Ornith.  :  The  genus  Thaumastura  (q.v.); 
brilliantly  coloured  Humming-birds  from  Cen- 
tral America.  The  Slender  Sheartai!  (Thaumas- 
tura enicura)  lias  th«  tail  deeply  forked  ;  in 
Cora's  tilieartuil  (T.  cores)  the  two  central  tail- 
feathers  are  double  the  length  of  the  next 
pair,   the  others  being  regularly  graduated, 
and  the  exterior  pair  the  shortest. 

2.  Entom.  :   Hadena  dentina,  a  widely-dis- 
tributed British  night-moth, 

shear  -wa-ter,  t  sheer  -wa-ter,*shere'- 

wa-ter,  *.     [See  def.] 

Ornith.  :  The  popular  name  of  any  species  of 
the  genus  Fuffinus  (q.v.),  found  distributed 
over  nearly  all  seas,  usually  at  no  great  dis- 
tance from  land,  to  which  however  they  only 
resort  at  the  breeding  season.  Four  Shear- 
waters visit  theUnited  Kingdom,  butonly  one, 
PuJKnits  anglortim,  Ihe  Manx  Shearwater,  is  at 
all  common.  It  is  a  plain-looking  bird,  about 
the  size  of  a  pigeon,  black  above  and  white 
beneath.  Sir  T.  Browne  (Willughbtf  s  Ornitho- 
logla  (ed.  Ray),  p.  334)  calls  it,  "a  Sea-fowl 
which  doth,  as  it  were,  radere  aqvam  shear  the 
water,  from  whence  perhaps  it  has  its  name." 
Their  habits  appear  to  be  the  same  all  over 
the  world,  laying  a  single  white  egg  in  a  hole 
under  ground.  The  young  are  clothed  with 
thick  long  down,  are  extremely  fat,  and  are 
said  to  be  good  eating. 

"A  Ma-fowl  called  a  ther*wat*r,  somewhat  billed 
like  a  cormorant,  hut  much  lesser  ;  a  strong  and  fierce 


•heat,  s.  [Ger.  sdieid,  sehaid,  schaidjisch.]  (See 
compound.) 

sheat-fish,  «. 

Ichthy.  :  A  name  applied  to  any  flsh  of  the 
family  Siluridse  (q.v.),  but  specifically  to  Silu- 
rus  glanis,  called  also  the  Sly  Silurus,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Sturgeon,  the  largest  Euro- 
pean freshwater  flsh,  and  the  only  European 
member  of  the  family.  It  occurs  in  the 
Rhine,  and  is  common  in  Germany,  Poland, 
Styria,  the  Danube,  and  the  rivers  of  southern 
Russia.  It  attains  a  weight  of  from  300  to 
400  Ibs.,  and  the  flesh  of  the  young  flsh  is 
firm,  flaky,  and  well-flavoured.  The  fat  is 
used  m  dressing  leather,  and  the  air-bladder 
is  made  into  gelatine.  The  Marquis  of  Bath 
presented  two  specimens  to  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London  in  1885. 

"  A  mighty  theat-flth   tmokM  upon    the    festive 
board."—  \infftlfy.  ffypatia.  ch.  x. 

•heath,  *  schcthc,  *.  [A.S.  nx&ft,  sctdh, 
sceiidh  ;  cogn.  with  But.  scheede  ;  Icel.  skeidhir 
(fern,  pi.)  ;  Dan.  skede;  Sw.  skida;  Ger. 
acheide.} 

L  Ord.  lM,ng.  :  A  ease  for  the  reception  of  a 
sword  or  long  knife,  or  similar  instrument  ; 
a  scabbard. 


IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :   A  petiole  when  rt  embraces  the 
branch  from  which  it  springs.    Called  also  a 
vagina.    The  toothed  sheaths  of  Equisetacete 
are  formed  by  the  coalescence  of  the  leaves  at 
their  base. 

2.  Entom. :  The  wing-case  of  an  insect. 

3.  Hy<Jkr.-tng.  :  A  structure  of  loose  stones 
for  confining  a  river  within  its  banks. 

*  •heath-claw,  $. 

Zool, :  The  English  translation  of  Mod.  Lat 
Thecadactylus  (q.v.). 

sheath -winged,  a.     Having  cases  for 
covering  the  wings  ;  coleopterous. 

"  VaglnipennoUB or ikeath-wi»g«<t insects,  as beetlw." 
— Brmme  :   Vulgar  Brrourt.  bk.  ill.,  ch.  »xv!t 


*  sheath,  v.t.    [SHKATHE,  v.] 

sheath  -bill,  s.  [Eng.  sheath,  a.,  and  bill  (I),  $,\ 
Named  by  Pennant,  in  17S1,  from  the  fixed 
horny  sheath  inclosing  the  base  of  the  bill ; 
this  sheath  is  almost  level  in  Chionis  allm, 
but  rises  in  front  in  C.  minor  like  the  pommel 
of  a  saddle.] 

Ornith, :  The  genus  Chionis,  made  known 
by  the  naturalists  of  Cook's  second  voyage,  * 
specimen  of  Chionis  alba,  having  been  met  with 
mi  New- Year  Island,  on  Dec.  31,  1774.  It  re- 
sembles a  pigeon  in  size  and  general  appear- 
ance ;  plumage  pure  white;  bill  yellow  at 
base  [see  def.],  passing  into  pink  at  tip  ;  round 
the  eyes  the  skin  is  bare,  and  doited  with 
cream-coloured  papillae  ;  legs  bluish-gray.  In 
the  Falkland  Islands  it  is  called  the  Kelp- 
pigeon.  Another  8pecit>s  was  discriminM-a 
in  1842  by  Dr.  Hartlaub;  it  is  smaller  than 
C.  alba,  with  similar  plumage,  but  having  the 
bill  and  bare  skin  of  the  face  black  and  the 
legs  much  darker.  The  sealers  of  Kerguelen 
Land  call  it  the  8'ire-eyed  Pigeon,  from  ita 
prominent  fleshy  orbit. 

sheathe,  *  sheath  *  shethe,  v.t.  [SHEATH. 
*.j  ' 

1.  To  put  up  Into  a  sheath  or  scabbard  ;  to 
inclose,  cover,  or  hide  in  a  sheath  or  case, 
or  as  with  a  sheath  or  case. 

"  He  who  hath  drawn  his  sword  agalnat  hU  priuce. 
ought  to  throw  away  the  scabbard,  never  to  think  ol 
theathing  it  again."— Clarendon:  Civil  War,  ill  110. 

2.  To  inclose  or  cover  up  with  a  defensive 
covering. 

"  Many  a  bosom,  sheathed  in  brass, 
Strew' d  the  earth  like  brok.eu  «Uas." 

Huron  :  Aie-je  <>/  Corinth,  V.  28. 

3.  To  protect  by  a  casing  or  covering ;  to 
case  or  cover  as  with  boards,  metal,  &c. 

"  Irou  ships  may  be  theathed  with  copper  or  alloy  by 
attaching  to  the  iron  akin  a  complete  wooden  surface 
to  hold  the  *beathiug-Uttils."— A'ttfiMt :  Diet.  Mechanic*. 

4.  To  cover  up,  to  hide. 

"Her  eyea,  like  marigolds,  had  theathtd  their  light." 
ShaXxtjs. :  Rape  qf  Lucrece,  397. 

•  6.  To  take  away  sharpness  or  acridity 
from  ;  to  obviate  the  acridity  of;  to  blunt,  to 
obtund. 

"  Other  substances,  opposite  In  acrimony,  are  called, 
demulcent  or  mild,  because  they  blunt  or  jAcafA  tio.«« 
•harp  salts  ;  as  pease  and  beans.  — Arbuthnvt. 

U  To  sheathe  the  sword :  To  make  peace,  to 
put  an  end  to  war  or  enmity.     [HATCHET.  «.. 
1(1).] 
Sheathed,  pa.  par.  A  a.    [SHEATHE.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  Put  into  a  sheath  ;  Inclosed 
in  or  covered  with  a  sheath  or  case. 

"  All  theathed  he  was  In  armour  bright.'' 

Scott;  Jfamton,  Tt  IT. 

II.  Bot.  (Of  a  stem,  etc.) :  Embraced  by  a 
sheath. 

Sheath -er,  *.  [Eng.  sheath(e);  -er.]  Ont 
who  sheathes. 

Sheath  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SHEATHE.] 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  £  parting,  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C*  As  substantive: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  sheathes. 

2.  That  which  sheathes  or  covers  :  specif., 
in    shipbuilding,    a    covering,   usually   thin 
plates  of  copper  or  an  alloy  containing  copper, 
to  protect  the  bottom  of  a  wooden  ship  from 
worms.   Lead  was  used  for  the  purpose  nearly 
two  thousand  years  ago. 

sheathlng-nail,  s. 

1.  Carp. :  A  nail,  in  size  6d.  to  8'!.,  used  to 
nail  on  sheathing  for  shin^livg  or  sibling. 

2.  Naut, :  A  cast  nail  of  an  alloy  of  copper 
and  tin,  used  for  nailing    on    the    metallic 
sheathing    of  vessels.      They   are    flat   and 
polished  on  the  head,  countersunk  beneath. 

Sheathing- paper,  s.  A  large  and  co,trse 
jinjicr  made  for  an  inner  lining  of  the  metallic 
sheathing  of  vessels. 

sheath -less,  a.  [Eng.  sheath;  -leu.]  With- 
out a  sheath  or  covering ;  drawn  from  the 
sheath ;  unsheathed. 

"A  thousand  nword*  had  Aeathleu  shone. 
And  made  her  quarrel  all  their  own." 

Byron  :  1'aritina,  x. 

*  sheath  y,  *  sheath  ie,  a.  [Eng.  theatJi ; 
-y.}  Forming  or  resembling  a  sheath  or  case. 

"  The  short  and    iheathu  cases  on  their  baclt*."- 
Browne :  Vulgar  Krrouri.  ok.  ill.,  eh.  TXT!!. 


fite,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p»t, 
or,  wore,  welt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    ra,  03  =  6;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


shed  (2),  s.    [Another  form  of  shade  (q.v.).] 


,   . 
1    A  lean-to  frame  building  of  one  story 


1         ean-o  r 

Blight  or  temporary  building  ;  a  P<">«'o°«v»r 

ovel 


Blight  or     mporar  v 

covering  of  boards,  4c.,  for  shelter  ;  a  hovel, 


.lice/a  disc ;  Yrav.  Eng. 
1.  The  grooved  wheel  in  the  shell  of  a  block 


wooden  blocks,  it  is  generally  of  llgn 

and  has  a  brass  bushing,  called  a  ooak,  win. 

runs  on  the  pin. 

2.  iMksmith.  :    A    sliding    scutelieon   for 
covering  a  keyhole. 

sheave-hole,  s. 

Kant  •  A  channel  cut  in  a  mast,  yard,  or 
other  timber,  in  which  to  fix  a  sheave. 

•  sheave,  v.t.  [Ens.  sheaves,  pi.  of  sheaf  (<\.v.\~\ 
To bring 'together  into  sheaves  ;  to  collect  and 
bind  in  a  sUf  or  sheaves  ;  hence,  to  collect 
or  bring  together. 

•sheaved,  a.     [SHEAVE.]     Made  of  straw. 

gheV  an-der,  «.  [Hind,  shahbander.]  A 
harbor-master.  (Anglo-Indian.) 


place  •  a"aDby  fnrthw'ex.Snrtt.e'wholV of 

any  concern,  business,  or  thing. 
•he-been'.  s.     [Irish.]    A  low  public-house  ; 

an  i££u*  house  of  a  low  character  where 

exciseable  liquors  are  sold. 
she  been -er,  ».    [Eng.  shebeen;  -er.}    One 

who  keeps  a  shebeen. 
•he-been'-lng,  «.   [Eng.  shebeen;  -ing.)  The 

act  or  practice  of  keeping  a  shebeen. 
•die -obi' -nab,  she -ki'- nan,  «.  [East 
£aiLan  TO'M  (.*<k*i  no*)  =  the  majesty  of 
God,  the  presence  of  God's  Holy  Spirit,  from 
13S5  (shekhan)  p*  (shakhan  =  to  rest.)  A 
word  not  in  the"  Old  Testament,  but  used  by 
the  later  Jews,  and  from  them  torrow«d  by 
the  Christians  technically  to  describe 
visible  presence  of  Jehovah  above  the  mercy- 
seat  and  between  the  cherubim  m  the  taber- 
nacle and  Solomon's  temple,  but  absent  fron 
that  built  under  Zernbbabel  [MERCY-SEAT 
(Exod  xxv.  8,  Psalm  Ixxx.  1,  etc.),  though  it 
was  expected  to  be  restored  when  the  Messiah 
rame  (Hag-  ii.  7,  9,  Mai.  iii.  1).  The  shechmah 
Associated  with  glory  (Sum.  x  v.  10 ;  XVK 
19  42),  which  again  is  sometimes  described  as 
"the  angel  of  the  Lord  "  (Exod.  xiv.  19). 

•  •hSok'-la-to'n,  >.    [CICLATOOT.] 

^-flCV'^WSAi^ 

[A  S.  sceddan,  scadan  (p.  t.  sced,sceaa.  na. 
sadden,  scdden);  cogn.  with  Ger, 
Goth,  skaidan.} 

A,  Transitive: 

*  1*  To  separate,  to  divide. 

••  He  «alle  Kked  "  o  eonder. 

Robert  dc  Bruno*,  p.  174. 

2  To  cause  or  suffer  to  flow  out;  to  pour 
out ;  to  let  fall.    (Said  especially  of  blood  or 

••  For  be,  toJay.  that  rt«i.  hi.  blood  with  me, 
Shall  be  iny  brother."     S\a*e,p. :  Benr,  V..  \i.  «. 

<«.  To  throw  off;  to  cause  to  flow  off  with 

out  penetrating  :  as,  A  roof  sheds  rain-water. 

4.  To  cast  off;  to  throw  off,  as  a  covering. 


shed  on  a  wharf. 
3  The  space  between  the  upper  and  lower 

warps,  forming  a  raceway  for  the  shuttle. 
Shed-fork,  s.  A  pitchfork.  (Pror.) 
shed-roof,  s.  A  lean-to ;  the  simplest 

kind  of  roof,  having  hut  one  inclined  sule. 
shed'-der,  s.    [Eng.  shed,  v. ;  -er.}    One  who 

shed-ding  (1),  ».    [SHED,  t'.] 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  sheds ;  a  pouring 
out ;  a  casting  off. 

2.  That  which  is  shed  or  cast  off. 

3.  A  division. 

••We  got  out  to   that  tludding .of  the  roadi.  - 
Black:  Ad<*M*ret  o/  a  pmam.  ch.  iiu. 

Shed'-dlng  (2),  s.     [Eng    shed  (2),  s. ;  -ing.) 
A  collection  of  sheds  ;  a  shea. 

"Comfortably  housed   under   oauvw  «»•*»»». 
Field,  Sept.  4,  ISM. 
Steel,  V.t.      [SHEAL,  ».] 
ShOCI,  S.      [SHEAL  (2),  >.} 

sheer-Ing,  s.    [SHEALINO.] 
•heel  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [SHEBL,  ».] 
miUewhefegtte^.e'iledRoatsgarrrwmnowed. 


y,  oh.  Til. 


o^,,v,  .ceone,   scume,  wy"'          ••  •  "V"'",,";;, 
O    S    sconi;  But.  schoon;  Ger.  schon;  Uotn. 
shauns.    Allied  to  show,  not  to  shine.) 
A.  As  adj.:  Bright, glittering,  shiny, showy. 

••And  now  they  never  meet  in  p™"',''^!"-    . 

W«o««^a«j«35S^J»fl!si£Cu.i, 

B  As  snbst. :  Brightness,  splendour,  glitter. 

Bircou-tf.  adv.   [Eng.  sheen, ; -ly.)  Brightly, 
brilliantly.    (Browning.) 
•been'-*,  a.     [Eng.  sheen;  -».]    Bright,  glit- 
tering, shiny,  showy. 


4235 

America.    They  are  gregarious,  and  this  cha- 
racter is  retained  in  the  domesticated  state. 
The  male  of  the  sheep  is  called  a  ram,  and 
the  female  a  ewe;  the  former  often  exhibit! 
great  pugnacity,  rushing  straight  at  a  foe,  and 
butting  with  its  strongly-armed  forehead.  The 
sheep  is  one  of  the  most  profitable  domesti 
animals,  nearly  every  part  serving  some  u 
ful  purpose  ;  the  fleece  yields  wool,  the  flesh 
is  used  for  food,  the  skin  is  made  into  leather 
for  bookbinding  and  gloves,  or  into  parch- 
ment   and  the   intestines   into    strings  for 
musical  instruments.     [CATOUT.]     The  milk 
was  formerly  much  used,  as  it  is  still  in  some 
countries  ;  and  cheese  is  made  from  it  on  the 
continent.     The  disposition  of  the  sheep  is 
patient  and  peaceable,  its  constitution  is  suffl- 
•iently  hardy  to  endure  extremes  of  tempera- 
ture, it  thrives  on  a  variety  of  pastures,  and 
shee'p-farming,  both  for  .the  P«**«?»°J 
wool  and  mutton,  is  an  important  industry 
in  all  agricultural  countries.    The  ewe  gene- 
rally brfnra  forth  one  lamb,  frequently  twins, 
sometimef  three,  at  a  birth.  .  The s  lambing 
season  is  generally  in  early  spring,  bu .some- 
times late  in  the  winter,  in  order  to i  fun u*h 
young  lambs  to  the  market.    In  Great  Buta 
the  breeds  of  sheep  are  numerous  :  the  Di 
ley,  or  Improved  Leicesters,  are  m  high  repute 
for  weight  of   carcase  and   fattening  quali- 
ties     The  Lincoln,  the  Cotswold,  the  Tees- 
water,  and  Romney  Marsh  are  heavy  breeds 
exceeding  the  Leicester  in  <l«»ntity  ° '  *<> 
and   hardiness   of  constitution;   the  Short- 
wooled  Southdowns  have  a  close-set  fleeo< 
fine  wool,  and  their  mutton   is  of  superior 
quality.    They  were  first  bred  on  the  chalk 
downs  in  the   south  of  England,  and  have 
since  spread  all  over  the  country ;  m  Hamp- 
shire,   Shropshire,     and    Dorsetshire     local 
breeds  replace  the  Southdowns     The  Black- 
faced,  the  Cheviot,  and  the  Welsh  sheep  are 
mountain  breeds;  the  Cheviot  are  the  least 
hardy  of  the  three,  but  they  all  yield  excel- 
lent mutton.    The  Iceland  sheep  have  three, 
four,  and  sometimes  five  horns ;  the  B 
tailed  sheep  of  Asia  have  the  tail  so  loaded 
with  fat  on  each  side  as  to  weigh  seventy  or 
eighty  pounds.    As  the  tail  is  considered  a 
great  delicacy,  the  shepherd  sometimes  pro- 
tects it  from  being  injured  by  dragging  on 
the  ground  by  attaching  to  it  a  small  board  on 
rough    wheels.      The  Tat-rumped    sheep   o« 
Southern  Tartary  has  a  similar  development 
-     on  the  rump.   .The  Wallachian  sheep  » 


get?  leave,  earl,,  or  Hud 


•5.  To  emit ;  to  give  or  pour  out ;  to  diffuse. 

"  TboM  blazing  sun.  that  dart  a  downward  ray, 
And  fiercely  i\ed  Intolerable  dav. 


•  6.  To  sprinkle,  to  intersperse :  as,  hair 
dud  with  gray. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  fall ;  to  be  poured  out. 

••  Dot  niche i  a  rain  doan  from  the  welkm  I 
That  »low  the  ore,  t 


2.  To  let  fall  or  cast  off  seed,  a  covering,  &c. 

"  The  ihedding  trees  beg 
frrydtm: 

•bed  (1),  s.    [SHED,  v.) 

1.  A  division,  a  parting  :  as,  the  tMd  of  the 
hair. 

2  The  act  of  shedding,  pouring  out,  or  caus- 
ing to  flow ;  only  in  composition,  as  blood«AwJ. 

*  3.  The  slope  of  a  hill.    [WATERSHED.] 

•bed-line,  s.  The  summit  line  of  elevated 
ground  ;  the  line  of  the  watershed. 


ferred'  to  Pol.  sfcop :  Bohem.  skopec  =  a  wether, 
a  castrated  sheep  (whence  Pol  ricopomnM  = 
mutton),  from  slcopiti  =  1a  castrate ;  of.  Hal. 
castrato  =  mutton.) 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  Used  in  contempt  for  a  silly,  bashful 
fellow. 

f»  (PI  ) '  God'8  people,  as  being  under  the 
•overnm'ent  and  care  of  Christ,  the  Good 
Shepherd.  (John  x.  11.) 

»(3)  A  congregation,  considered  as  under  i 
spiritual  shepherd  or  pastor ;  a  flock. 

n   Zool. :  The  genus  Ovis  (q.v.),  or  any  indi 
vidual  of  that  genus,  particularly  Ovis  artes,  the 
Common  Sheep,  or  any  of  its  numerous  breeds 
Sheep  form  a  small  group  of  Cayicorn  Rumi 
nanti,  characterized  by   their  thick,  heavy 
transversely-ridged    horns,    curved    spirally 
outwards,  and  by  their  peculiar  physiognomy 
quite  distinct  from  that  of  their  near est  allies 
They  have  been  known  and  domesticated  froi 
remote  antiquity,  and  it  is  now  almost  im 
possible  to  ascertain  the  ancestral  stock  from 
which    they   are  descended;  J"*^.^ 
have  a  mixed  origin  from  several  wild  species, 
and   were   introduced   into   Europe   in   pre- 
historic times.     Wild  sheep  are  essentially 
mountainous  ;  they  have  their  head-quarters 
in  Asia,  with  species  in  Africa  and 


Merino  (q.v.).  This  breed  has  been  ao  widely 
raised  in  the  United  States  that  now  95  per 
cent,  of  our  sheep  are  mainly  of  Menno  ongin, 
though  not  all  of  pore  breed.  Ko  important 
breed  of  native  origin  exists  In  this  country, 
but  the  finer  English  breeds  have  been  imported. 

sheep-berry,  >. 

Bat. :  Viburnum  iMtago;  a  small  A««rican 
tree?  with  flat  cymes  of  white  flowers  and 
edible  fruit. 

*  Sheep-tote,  v.i.  To  nibble  like  a  sheep ; 
hence,  flg.,  to  practise  petty  thefts. 


Jfeature/vr  Meaiure,  i . 

*  Bheep-biter, «.  A  petty  thief ;  a  aurly, 
morose  fellow. 

.3B!ttaMtf*ttaBiw*ff 

SB&TjWlijrW*** 

sheep-dip,  ».    A  sheep-wash  (q.v.). 

sheep-dog,  s.  A  shepherd's  dog ;  a  collie 
(q.v.).  ^SHEPHERD'S  uoo.] 

sheep  faced,  a.    Sheepish,  bashful. 

Sheep-farm,  s.    A  sheep-run  (q.v.). 

sheep -farmer,  s.  The  proprietor  or 
tenant  of  a  sheep-farm  ;  one  who  breeds 
sheep  for  the  market  or  for  their  wool. 

"Wool  i.  the  chief  object  of  the  Australian  A**- 
/«rm«r.--CTiom!.«rI-  Cyclop.,  Till.  663. 

sheep-farming,  ».  The  act  or  occupa- 
tion of  breeding  sheep  for  the  market  or  fo 
the  sake  of  their  wool. 

"The  great  ol 
this  time  was  '. 
Cyclop.,  viti.  66S, 

•  sheep-headed,  o.  Dull,  stupid,  silly : 
simple-minded. 

•beep-holder,  s.  A  cradle  or  table  to 
hold  a  sheep  while  being  shorn.  (Amer.) 


^WH^*WSSV^*rSW 


4236 


sheepcot— sheerly 


•beep  laurel,  ». 

Hot.  :  Kalmia  augiuti/olia.     [KALMIA.J 

Sheep  louse,  a.  The  same  as  SHEEP- 
TICK,  1  (q.v.). 

sheep-market,  «.  A  place  where  sheep 
are  sold. 

sheep  master,  «.  An  owner  of  sheep ; 
a  flock-master. 

sheep  pen,  *.  An  inclosure  for  sheep  ; 
a  sheepfoliL 

*  sheep-pick,  a.    A  kind  of  hay-fork. 

•beep-pox,  >. 

Anim.  Pathol.  :  Variola  ovina ;  a  disease  in 
•beep,  akin  to,  but  not  identical  with,  small- 
pox in  man.  In  June.  1862,  it  was  very  fatal 
at  Allington,  in  Wiltshire,  till  Professor 
Simonds  successfully  treated  it  by  inoculation. 

sheep-rack,  s.  A  portable  iron  rack  for 
containing  food  for  sheep. 

•sheep-reeve,  «.  A  shepherd.  (Paston 
Letters,  i.  175.) 

•heep-nm,  s.  A  large  tract  of  country 
for  pasturing  sheep.  (Originally  Australian.) 

"The  leaseholder  of  a  aaeep-riMI."— Daily  Telfgrapti, 
NOT.  JO.  1885. 

sheep  shank,    . 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  shank  or  leg  of  a  sheep. 

2.  Naut. :  A  peculiar  mode  of  taking  up  the 
slack  of  a  rope  and  shortening  it  temporarily. 
The  rope  is  doubled  in  three  parts,  a  hitch  is 
taken  over  each  bight  with  the  standing  part 
and  jammed  taut. 

U  To  think  one's  self  nae  sheep-thank:  To  be 
conceited.  (Scotch.) 

"  1  doubt  na'.  frien1,  t'tt  «Un*  »«V«  nne  Ouep-tha**, 
Ance  ye  were  streekit  o'er  frae  bank  to  bank. 

Burnt.  The  Sngt  of  Ayr. 

sheep  ihearer,  >.  One  who  shears  or 
dips  the  wool  from  sheep. 

•beep-shearing,  *. 

1.  The  act  of  shearing  sheep. 

2.  The  time  when  sheep  are  shorn ;  also  a 
(east  or  festival  made  on  that  occasion. 

H  Used  also  adjectlvely,  as  in  the  example. 

"Oar    Attp-thearine    leant."— Skaketp. :    Winter't 

Tale.  IT.  s. 

sheep-silver,  «. 

L  Feud.  Law :  A  sum  of  money  anciently 
paid  by  tenants  to  be  relieved  from  service  of 
washing  the  lord's  sheep. 

2.  A  popular  name  for  mica.    (Scotch.) 

•beep-skin,  >. 

1.  Lit. :  The  skin  of  a  sheep,  either  made 
Into  parchment,  for  which  it  is  often  used  as 
a  synonym,  or  tanned.     When  subjected  to 
the  latter  process,  it  is  in  demand  for  many 
of  the  commoner  uses  of  leather — shoe-bind- 
ing, bookbinding,  and  wash-leather. 

"  Bat  the  destruction  of  mere  piper  and  thtfptkin 
would  not  B»ti«fy  the  bigota."—  itacaulag  :  But.  Kng., 
ch  nil. 

2.  Fig.:  A  diploma;  no  called  from  being 
originally  written  or  engrossed  on  parchment, 
prepared  from  the  skin  of  a  sheep. 

•beep-spilt,  s.  The  divided  skin  of  a 
aheep ;  one  half  is  a  thin  skin,  and  the  other 
•  split. 

sheep-stealer,  s.    One  who  steals  sheep. 

sheep-stealing,  i.  The  act  of  stealing 
aheep.  It  is  a  felony. 

sheep  tick,  s. 
Entomology : 

1.  [MELOPHAOUS]. 

2.  A  lonse,  Trichocephalut  tfhcerocephalus, 
parasitic  upon  sheep. 

sheep  walk,  s.  A  pasture  for  sheep  ;  a 
tract  of  land  for  pasturing  sheep,  of  less  ex- 
tent than  a  sheep-run  (q.v.). 

"  Sheep-watt*  populous  with  bleating  lamb*." 

CWper:  JVut.  rt.  11L 

•beep-walker,  «.  One  who  holds  or 
keeps  a  sheep-walk. 

"The  tfoep-woUvrfl  of  Titranxkl  will  find  It  to  their 
Interest  to  disuoee  of  their  produce  by  way  of  Auck- 
laad.--Do«»  faevrapk,  NOT.  JO, 181*. 

Sheep-wash,  s.  A  preparation  used  to 
wash  sheep,  either  to  free  them  from  vermin, 
or  to  preserve  the  wool. 

*  •beep-whistling,  a.  Whistling  after 
sheep;  tending  sheep.  (Shakesp. :  Winter's 
Tali,  iv.  4.) 


sheep's  bane,  s. 

Hot.  :  Hydrocotyle  vulgarit. 

sheep's  beard,  i. 

Hot.  :  Arnopogou  ;  a  genus  of  Composites, 
from  the  south  of  Europe.  Three  are  culti- 
vated in  British  gardens. 

sheep's  bit,  sheep's  bit  scabious,  «. 
[SHEEP'S  SCABIOUS.] 

sheep's  eye,  s.  A  modest,  bashful,  or 
diffident  look  ;  a  wishful  glance  ;  a  leer. 

1  To  cast  a  sheep's  eye  :  To  direct  a  wishful 
or  leering  look.  (Usually  of  a  bashful  lover.) 

sheep's  head,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  head  of  a  sheep. 

2.  Sat.  :  Rhodymenia  palmata.    (Scotch.) 

3.  Ichthyology: 

(I)  Sargus  ovit,  an  important  food-fish, 
which  occurs  abundantly  ou  the  Atlantic 
coasts  of  the  United  States.  It  attains  a 
length  of  about  thirty  inches  and  a  weight  of 
fifteen  pounds,  and  feeds  on  shell-fish,  detach- 
ing them  from  the  rocks  with  its  incisors  and 
crushing  them  with  iU  powerful  molar  teeth. 
The  head  has  a  distant  resemblance  to  that  of 
a  sheep. 

(S)  Conina  oscula,  a  freshwater  Scianoid, 
of  little  value  for  the  table. 

sheep's  scabious,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Jasione  (q.v.). 
sheep's  sorrel,  .-. 
Bot.  :  llumex  acetosella. 

sheep   cot,  sheep  cote,  i.     [Eng.  sheep, 
and  cot  or  cote.] 
1.  A  small  inclosure  for  sheep  ;  a  sheep-pen. 

"  But  cottage,  herd,  or  iheepcotf,  uono  He  «w.  " 
1/Uton  .  P.  «.,  U,  987. 

*  2.  The  cottage  of  a  shepherd.  (Shakesp.  : 
At  You  Like  It,  iv.  3.) 

Sheep-fold,  ».    [Eng.  sheep,  and  fold,  s.]    A 
fold  or  pen  for  sheep. 

"  There,  by  the  theenf^ld,  sometimes  was  he  seen." 
Michael. 


•sheep'  hook,  s.  [Eng.  sheep,  and  hook]  A 
shepherd's  crook. 

"  Thou  a  sceptre's  heir, 
That  thus  affect  it  a  ih^ephooJct" 

SAofeip.  :   WiMffl  Tall,  IT.  4. 

sheep   ish,  o.    [Eng.  sheep;  -it*.] 

*  1.  Lit.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  sheep. 

2.  Fig.  :  Like  a  sheep  ;  bashful,  diffident  ; 
timid  to  excess  ;  meanly  diffident 

"  Two  or  three  theepith  young  men  slouched  awk- 
wardly on  the  platform."—  Daily  Telrffraph.  Oct  14, 
1881. 

sheep'-Ish-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  sheepish  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  sheepish  manner  ;  bashfully  ;  over  mo- 
destly or  diffidently. 

"  Billy,  my  dear,  how  iV*;<ii'i/.v  you  look  t  ' 

Port  :   Wife  of  BaA,  Itt 

Sheep'-lsh-ness,  «.  [Eng.  sheepish;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sheepish  ;  bash- 
fulness  ;  excessive  timidity  or  diffidence. 

"  fOtctpiihneu  and  Ignorance  of  the  world,  the  fault! 
Imputed  to  a  private  education."—  Lock*  .-  On  £ducu- 
lion,  |  89. 

"sheep'-*,  a.  [Eng.  sheep;  -y.]  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  sheep  ;  sheepish. 

sheer,  '  soheere,  *  shore,  a.  &  adv.  [led. 
skosrr  =  bright,  clear  ;  Dan.  skcer  ;  allied  to 
IceL  *Wrr  =  clear,  bright;  A.8,  scir;  Goth. 
skeirs  ;  Qer.  schier.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

*  1.  Bright,  shining. 

"  The  there  tonne."      Lydgatt  :  Morif  o/  TMtt,  I 

*2.  Pure,  unmixed. 

"  They  had  scarcely  sunk  through  the  uppermost 
ooune  of  sand  above,  when  they  might  see  small 
sources  to  boil  up,  at  the  fint  troubled,  but  after- 
ward* they  began  to  yield  lAeer  and  clear  water  in 
great  abundance,"—/'.  Holland  :  Lily.  p.  1.191. 

*  S.  Being  only  what  it  seems  or  pretends 
to  be  ;  unmingled,  simple,  mere,  pure,  down- 
right :  as,  sheer  nonsense. 

4.  Applied  to  very  thin  fabrics  of  cotton  or 
muslin. 

5.  Straight  up  and  down;   perpendicular, 
precipitous. 

"  Perched  on  ite  flat-topped  rock  of  sandstone  and 
basalt,  naturally  theer  in  some  places."—  Daily  Tele- 
graph. Dec.  4.  1S8S. 

B.  As  adv.  :  Clean,  quite,  completely,  right, 
at  once. 

"  Bow'd  their  stiff  necks,  leaden  wtth  stormy  blasU. 
Or  torn  up  steer."  Hilton  :  P.  A.,  iv.  4ly 


•beer  (1),  v.t.  &  t.    [SHEAR,  «.] 

sheer  (2),  v.i.     [Dut.  scheren  =  to  shear,  .  .  . 
to  withdraw  or  go  away.) 

Naut. :  To  decline  or  deviate  from  the  line 
of  the  proper  course ;  to  slip  or  move  aside  : 
as,  A  ship  sheers  from  her  course. 

•J  (1)  To  sheer  alongside :  To  come  gently 
alongside  any  object. 

(2)  To  sheer  o/ :  To  turn  or  move  aside  to  a 
distance  ;  to  move  off;  to  go  away. 

(3)  To  sheer  up :  To  turn  and  approach  to 
a  place  or  ship. 

sheer,  s.    [SHEER  (2),  ».) 

1.  Shipbuilding : 

(1)  The  upward  curvature  of  the  lines  of  a 
vessel  toward   the    bow  and  stern.      Sharp 
vessels  generally  have  more  than  full-built 
ones ;  small  vessels  more  than  large  ones  ;  and 
merchantmen  more  than   men-of-war.     When 
the  deck  is  perfectly  flush  from  stem  to  stern, 
a  vessel  is  said  to  have  a  straight  sheer. 

(2)  The  after-strake  of  a  vessel 

2.  Naut.  :  The  position  of  a  ship  riding  at 
single  anchor  with  the  anchor  ahead.     When 
riding   at    short    scope  of  cable,   when  she 
swings  at  right  angles  to  the  cable,  exposing 
a  larger  surfa.ce  to  the  wind  or  current,  and 
causing  the  anchor  to  drag,  she  is  said  to  break 
her  sheer. 

•J  (1)  To  quicken  the  sheer : 
Shipbuild. :  To  shorten  the    radius  which 
strikes  out  the  curve. 
(2)  To  straighten  the  sheer : 
Shipbuild. :  To  lengthen  the  radius. 
sheer-batten,  s. 

1.  Shiphuild. :  A  strip  nailed  to  the  ribs  to 
indicate  the  position  of  the  wales  or  bends 
preparatory  to  those  planks  being  bolted  on. 

2.  Naut.  :  A  horizontal  batten  seized  to  the 
shrouds  above  the  dead-eyes  to  keep  the  latter 
from  turning. 

•beer-boom,  .-. 

Lumbering:  A  boom  in  a  stream  to  catch 
logs  and  direct  them  towards  a  log-pond. 
[BOOM  (2),  «.,  HI.] 

•beer-draught,  sheer-draft,  *. 

Shiiilmild.:  The  same  as  SHEER-PLAN  (q.v.). 

•  sheer-hook, «.    [SHEAR-HOOK.] 

sheer-hulk,  ». 

Naut. :  An  old  vessel  fitted  with  sheers  for 
taking  out  and  putting  in  masts  of  vessels. 

[SHEERS.] 

sheer  lashing,  s. 

Naut.  :  The  mode  of  lashing  together  the 
legs  of  the  sheer  at  the  cross.  The  middle  ol 
the  rope  is  passed  around  the  cross,  the  ends 
passed  up  and  down  respectively,  then  re- 
turned on  their  own  parts  and  lashed  together. 

sheer-line,  «. 

1.  Xhipbuild. :  The  line  of  the  deck  at  the 
side  of  the  ship. 

2.  Mil. :  The  stretched  hawser  of  a  flying 
bridge  along  which  the  boat  passes. 

sheer-mast,  5. 

Naut. :  A  mast  formed  of  a  pair  of  spars, 
between  which  the  yard  of  the  sail  is  slung. 

sheer-mould,  .-. 

Shipbuild. :  A  long,  thin  plank  for  adjusting 
the  ram-line  on  the  ship's  side,  in  order  to 
form  the  sheer  of  the  ship.  One  of  its  edges 
is  curved  to  the  extent  of  sheer  intended  to 
be  given. 

sheer-plan,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  The  plan  of  elevation  of  a  ship, 
whereon  is  described  the  outboard  works,  as 
the  wales,  shear-rails,  ports,  drifts,  heads, 
quarters,  post,  and  stem,  &c.,  the  hang  of 
each  deck  inside,  the  water-lines,  &c. 

sheer-rail,  «. 

Shipvrright. :  A  rail  surrounding  a  ship  on 
the  outside,  under  the  gunwale.  Also  called 
a  Waist-rail. 

sheer  strake,  >. 

Shipbuild.:  The  strake  under  the  gunwale 
in  the  top  side. 

•sheer'-!*,  adv.  [Eng.  sheer,  a.;  -ly.]  At 
once,  quite,  completely,  sheer.  (Beaum,  tt 
Flet.  :  Mad  Lover,  v.  1.) 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son:  mute.  cub.  cure,  nnlte,  cur,  rule,  full:  try.  Syrian.    ».  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  Q.U  =  kw. 


sheers— shelf 


4237 


•beer?,  *  shear?,  «.  pi.  [The  same  word  as 
ghear,  s.,  and  so  called  from  the  resemblance 
to  a  pair  of  shears.  ] 

Naut. :  An  apparatus  consisting  of  two 
masts,  or  legs,  secured  together  at  the  top, 
and  provided  with  ropes  or  chaios  and  pulleys ; 
us.'d  principally  for  masting  or  dismantling 
ships,  hoisting  in  and  taking  out  boilers,  &e. 
The  legs  are  separated  at  their  feet  to  form  an 
extended  base, 
and  are  lashed 
together  at 
their  upper  ends, 
to  whicli  the  guy- 
ropes  and  tackle 
are  attached.  The 
sheers  have  one 
motion  on  the 
steps  describing 
an  arc,  and  are 
inclined  from  the 
perpendicular  to 
a  greater  or  less  SHEERS. 

extent  as  re- 
quired, by  slacking  or  hauling  on  the  guy- 
rope  or  fall  of  the  sheer-tackle.  Temporary 
sheers  are  made  of  two  spars  lashed  together 
at  the  top  and  sustained  by  guys.  Permanent 
sheers  are  sloped  together  at  £op  and  crowned 
with  an  iron  cap  bolted  thereto.  They  are 
now  usually  mounted  on  a  wharf,  but  were 
formerly  placed  on  a  shear-hulk  (q.v). 

t  shee'r'-wa-ter,  s.    [SHEARWATEB.J 

•beet,  '  sheete,  '  schete,  ~shetc,  $.  [A.S. 
tcete,  sctfte  =  a  sheet,  original  meaning  —  a  pro- 
jection, being  allied  to  scedt  =  a  corner,  a 
nook  of  ground,  a  fold  of  a  garment,  from 
aceofau  =  to  shoot  (q.v.).;  cf.  A.S.  sceata  = 
the  foot  of  a  sail ;  Icel.  skaut  =  a  sheet,  a 
corner  of  a  square  cloth,  sheet,  or  rope  at- 
tached to  a  sail ;  Dut.  schoot  =  a  shoot,  sprig, 
bosom,  lap  ;  Sw.  shot  =  the  sheet  of  a  sail.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  large,  broad,  and  thin  piece  of  anything, 
u  paper,  linen,  glass,  iron,  &c. ;  specifically — 

(1)  A  broad  and  large  piece  of  cloth,  as  of 
linen  or  cotton,  used  as  part  of  the  furniture 
of  a  bed. 

"O'er  the  blanched  theet  her  raven  hair 
Lies  in  disordered  streams." 

Mutthew  Arnold :  Tristram  A  Iteult,  It 

(2)  A  broad  piece  of  paper,  either  unfolded 
aa  it  comes  from  the  manufacturer,  or  folded 
Into  pages.  Sheets  of  paper  are  of  various  sizes ; 
aa  royal,  demy,  foolscap,  &c.    [PAPER.] 

"A  thfft  of  blank  paper  that  must  have  thli  new 
imprimatur  clapt  upon  It,"  —  Additon. :  Spectator, 
No.  MS. 

(3)  (PI.) :  A  book  or  pamphlet. 

"  To  this  the  following  theft*  an  intended  for  a  full 
and  distinct  answer."—  Waterland. 

(4)  A  sail. 

2.  Anything  expanded  ;  a  broad  expanse  or 
surface. 

"  Such  theett  of  tire,  such  bunt*  of  horrid  thunder, 
I  never  remember  to  have  heard." 

Shaketp.  :  Lear,  111.  2. 

II,  Naut. :  A  rope  attached  to  the  clew  of  a 
•ail  in  order  to  extend  it.  Lower  square  sails, 
or  courses,  have  another  rope,  the  tack  (q.v.). 

IT  (1)  A  sheet  in  the  vrind :  Slightly  intoxi- 
cated ;  somewhat  tipsy.  (Colloq.  &  slang.) 

(2)  In  sheets : 

Print. :  Lying  flat  or  expanded ;  not  folded, 
or  folded  but  not  bound.  (Uaid  especially  of 
printed  pages.) 

sheet-anchor,  *  shoot -anchor,  a. 
[Orig.  and  properly  shoot-anchor,  i.e.,  an 
anchor  to  be  shot  out  or  lowered  in  case 
of  great  danger.] 

1.  Lit.  <*  Naut. :  The  largest  anchor  of  a 
ship,  let  go  in  cases  of  extreme  danger. 

2.  Fig. :  The  chief  support ;  the  last  refuge 
or  resort  for  safety. 

"  This  saying  they  make  their  thoot-ancftor."—Cran- 
mer:  Anneer  Co  Gardiner,  p.  117. 

sheet-bend, «. 

Nautical : 

1.  A  double  hitch,   formed  by  laying  the 
bight  of  one  rope  over  that  of  another,  pass- 
ing its  two  parts  under  the  two  parts  of  the 
other,  and  upward  through  its  bight  cross- 
wise and  overlaying  it. 

2.  The  strongest  cable  on  board  ship ;  bent 
to  the  sheet-anchor. 

sheet-cable,  s. 

Naut.  :  The  cable  attached  to  the  sheet-an- 
chor ;  the  strongest  and  best  cable  in  the  ship. 


sheet-copper,  s.  Copper  in  broad,  thin 
plates. 

Sheet-glass,  $.  A  kind  of  crown-glass, 
formed  first  into  an  elongated  spheroidal  form, 
and  then  swung  around  in  a  vertical  circle 
and  reheated  two  or  three  times,  until  the 
end  not  attached  flies  open,  and  the  glass 
assumes  the  form  of  a  hollow  cylinder.  The 
cylinders  are  cut  longitudinally  with  a  dia- 
mond, and  placed  in  a  furnace,  where  they 
open  out  into  sheets  under  the  influence  of 
heat.  Glass  made  in  this  way  is  also  known 
as  cylinder,  broad,  spread,  or  German  glass. 

Sheet-Iron,  s.    Iron  in  broad,  thin  plates. 

sheet-lead,  5.  Lead  formed  in  broad, 
thin  plates. 

sheet-lightning,  *. 

Elect.  A  Meteor. :  Lightning  which,  not  being 
compressed  by  a  dense  atmosphere,  is  free  to 
expand  into  a  sheet  of  flame.  [LIGHTNING,  II.] 

Sheet-pile,  s.  The  same  as  SHEETING- 
PILE  (q.v.). 

*  Sheet,  v.t.     [SHEET,  *.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  a  sheet  or  sheets. 

2.  To  cover  or  wrap  in  a  sheet ;  to  shroud. 

"  Where  damps  hang  niould'riug  on  the  Ivied  wall. 
And  theeted  ghosts  drink  up  the  midnight  dew.** 
amollett ;  Love  Elegy, 

3.  To  cover,  as  with  a  sheet ;  to  shroud. 
'*  Yen,  like  the  stag,  when  enow  the  pasture  theett, 

The  barks  of  trees  thou  brows'd." 

Shaketp. :  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  t  4. 

*  Sheet  ed,  a,    [Eng.  sheet ;  -ed.] 

1.  Shrouded  or  wrapped  in  a  sheet.  (Shakesp, : 
Hamlet,  i.  1.) 

2.  Formed  into  or  resembling  a  sheet 

"  Blasts  from  Nlffelhelm 
Lifted  tbe  theeted  mists." 

Longfellow ;  Teffner"i  Drapa. 

*  Sheet  -en,  a.     [Eng.  sheet ;  -en.]    Made  of 
sheeting.    (Davies :  Paper's  Complaint,  260.) 

Sheet'-fUl,  s.  [Eng.  sheet;  -fuUf).]  As  much 
as  a  sheet  will  hold ;  enough  to  fill  a  sheet. 

Sheet -Ing,  *.    [Eng.  sheet;  -ing.} 

1.  Fabric :  Common  calico,  bleached  or  un- 
bleached.   Sometimes  made  of  double  width 
for  sheets. 

"  Diaper*  were  made  In  one  town  or  district,  damasks 
In  another,  thfuttng  in  a  third,  fine  wearing  linen  in  a 
fourth,  coane  In  a  fifth."— Berkeley :  The  Queritt,  |  532. 

2.  Hydr.  Eng. :  A  lining  of  timber  or  metal 
for  protection  of  a  river-bank.    Timber  is  the 
usual  material,  and  consists  of  sheet-piles  or 
of  guide   piles   and    planking,  fortified   by 
anchoring  to  the  bank  m  the  rear. 

3.  Tobacco :  The  act  or  process  of  laying  the 
leaves  flat  to  be  piled  in  books. 

i.  Wool-man. :  A  form  of  batting ;  a  process 
of  bringing  the  fibre  into  an  even  sheet. 

sheeting-pile,  sheet-pile,  *. 

Hydr.-eng. :  A  plank,  tongued  and  grooved, 
driven  between  two  principal  piles,  to  shut 
out  the  water.  The  exterior  piles  of  a  coffer- 
dam or  other  structure,  serving  to  sustain  a 
filling  in  of  earth,  masonry,  or  other  material. 

*  sheet' -&  a.    [Eng.  sheet ;  -y.]    Forming  a 
sheet  or  broad  expanse  ;  broad. 

"Were  the  Niagara  thus  broken,  at  least  If  Rome 
considerable  parts  of  It  were  not  left  broad  and  theft}/, 
It  might  be  a  grand  scene  of  ooufualoo."— Qilpin : 
Tour  to  the  Lake*,  vol.  L.  i  8. 

*  shefe,  5.    [SHEAF,  «.] 

sheik,  sheikh,  s.  [Arab,  sheikh  —  an  elder, 
a  chief.]  The  head  of  a  Bedouin  family  of 
importance  with  its  retainers,  or  of  a  clan  or 
tribe.  He  is  sovereign  within  the  portion  of 
the  desert  occupied  or  traversed  by  his  people, 
but,  if  too  despotic,  can  be  kept  within 
bounds  by  the  knowledge  that  a  portion  of 
his  clan  may  transfer  its  allegiance  to  some 
other  sheik.  When  war  exists,  the  sheiks 
of  a  region  confederate  together  and  choose 
one  of  their  number  as  a  sheik  or  chief.  The 
position  of  Abraham  with  his  allies,  Aner  and 
Eshcol  of  Mamre,  much  resembled  that  of  an 
Arab  sheik  with  his  confederates  (Gen.  xiv. 
13,  14).  When  a  traveller  passes  through  the 
territories  of  a  sheik  he  pays  for  guidance  and 
safe  conduct,  a  process  which  requires  repeti- 
tion whenever  the  petty  dominions  of  some 
new  sheik  are  reached. 

sheik  ul-islam,  *.  The  highest  Mu- 
hammadan  ecclesiastics!  functionary  in  Tur- 
key, in  whom  the  primacy  is  vested. 


shell,  shell   ing,  3.    [SHEAL,  SHEALINO.] 
shell  -drake,  s.    [SHELDRAKE.] 
she  kar  ry,  s.    [SHIKAREE.] 
shek  -el,  s.    [Heb.  b[7ip  (sheqel)  (see  def.),  from 
V1?  (shaqal)  —  to  weigh,  to  weigh  out.] 

1.  Hebrew  weights  :  The  fundamental  weight 
in  the  Hebrew  scale.     It  is  believed  to  have 
weighed  8'78  drs.  avoirdupois,  10  dwt.  troy. 
Half  a  shekel  was  called  a  bekah,  which  was 
divided    into   ten   gerahs.      Three    hundred 
shekels  constituted  a  talent. 

2.  Hebrew  money :  A  coin,  believed  to  hav« 
been  worth  2s.  3*37d.,  or  54*74  American  cents, 
but  money  was  then,  perhaps,  ten  times  as 
valuable  as  now.     Shekels  of  the  Maccabee 
period  still  exist.     In  shekels  of  three  years, 
struck  under  Simon  Maccabseus,  the  obverse 
has  a  vase,  over  which  are  the  Hebrew  letters 
aleph,   shin  with  a  beth,  and  shin  with   a 
gimel ;  the  reverse,  a  twig  with  three  buds 
and  an  inscription,  Jerusalem  Kedushah,  or 
Hakedushah  (Jerusalem  the  Holy).    The  cha- 
racter   is    the    Samaritan.      Other   so-called 
shekels  in  the  square  Hebrew  letters  are  con- 
sidered forgeries. 

she-ki-nah,  *.    [&HECHINAH.] 

sheld,  5.  &  a.    [A.S.  scyld,  scild.} 
*  A.  As  subst. :  A  shield. 
B.  As   adj. :    Speckled,    flecked,    piebald. 
(Prou.) 

sheld  duck,  *. 

Ornithology : 

1.  The  Shelduck  (q.v.). 

2.  Mergus  serrator,  the  Bed-breasted  Mer- 
ganser. 

"In  Ireland  this  species  Is  more  or  leu  common  In 
winter  .  .  .  being  generally  known  to  the  tiah«rmi>n 
and  fowlers  by  the  name  of  Shetd-ducki.  and,  occa- 
sionally as  Spear-Wigeon,  on  account  of  tbe  sharp 
*errat«d  bW.f—  Tamil :  Britith  Birdt  (ed.  4th),  Iv.  496. 

shcld  afle,  sheld  aple  (le  as  el),  s. 
[SHELD,  a.]  The  chaffinch.  (Prov.) 

*  she! do,  t.    [SHIELD,  s.]    A  French  crown, 
so  called  from  having  the  figure  of  a  shield  on 
one  side. 

sheT -drake,  *.  [From  East  Anglian  sheld  = 
parti-coloured  (Bay :  Eng.  Words,  p.  74) ;  the 
Old  Norse  name  was  skjb'ldungr,  from  sJcjoldr 
=  (1)  a  patch,  (2)  a  piebald  horse.  Some  make 
skjoldr  =  a  shield,  and  refer  it  to  the  shield- 
like  patch  on  the  breast  of  the  bird,  thus  ac 
counting  for  the  English  form  shieldrake.] 

Ornith. :  Tadorna  cornuta  (or  vulpanser)  ol 
modern  ornithologists;  Anas  tadorna  (Linn.). 
It  is  somewhat  larger  than  an  ordinary  duck, 
with  a  fleshy  protuberance  at  the  base  of  the 
bill,  whence  its  specific  name.  It  is  a  very 
handsome  bird ;  head  and  upper  neck  dark 
glossy  green,  broad  white  collar,  below  which 
a  broader  band  of  bright  bay  extends  from 
the  back  across  the  breast ;  outer  scapulars, 
primaries,  a  median  abdominal  stripe,  and  a 
bar  on  tip  of  middle  tail-quills  black ;  inner 
secondaries  and  lower  tail  -  coverts  gray  ; 
speculum  rich  bronze-green  ;  rest  of  plumage 
white.  The  female  is  smaller,  and  less  bril- 
liantly coloured.  It  frequents  sandy  coasts 
in  Britain,  Europe,  North  Africa,  ranging 
across  Asia  to  Japan ;  nesting  under  cover, 
tisually  in  a  rabbit-hole.  The  Ruddy  Shel- 
drake (Tadorna  casarca)  sometimes  strays  to 
the  British  Islands,  but  is  a  native  of  Barbary, 
south-eastern  Europe,  and  central  Asia.  Its 
colour  is  an  almost  uniform  bay,  the  male 
with  a  black  ring  round  the  neck.  The  Com- 
mon Sheldrake  breeds  freely  in  captivity, 
crossing  readily  with  other  species,  and  the 
offspring  show  a  remarkable  tendency  to  re- 
version. 

*  sheld  trome,  *  sheld-trume,   *  sliel 
trome,  *  shcl  -  trone,    *  she!  -  troun, 
*  shel  tr un,  *  schil  tr urn,  s.    [A. S.  scild- 
(rwma  — a  shield-troop,  from  scild  =  a  shield, 
and  truma  =  &  troop  of  men.]     A  body  of 
troops  used  to  protect  anything ;  a  guard,  a 
squadron. 

Shcl     dUCk,    5.      [SHELDRAKE.] 

Ornith. :  The  female  of  the  Sheldrake  (q.v.> 

shelf;  »  schelfe,  *  shelfe,  s.  [A.S.  scyife=. 
a  plank  or  shelf,  cogn.  with  Low  Ger.  schelfe 
—  a  shelf,  schelfern  —  to  scale  off,  to  peel  ;  ct 
Dut.  schelfe  =  a  shell ;  Ger.  schelfe  =  a  husk, 
a  paring,  a  shell ;  Icel.  &kjal<f=*  shelf.] 


boll,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  beach;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -(ion,  -gion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tioua,  -sioua  =  thus,   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  beL  del 


4238 


shelf-shell 


L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  ledge  for  holding  article!  secured  to 
s,  wall,  Ac.  ;  a  board  or  platform  of  boards 
secured  horizontally  to  a  wall,  fcc.,  or  on  a 
frame  apart,  to  hold  vessels,  books,  or  the 
like  ;  a  ledge. 

"These  «*«J»ei  admit  Dot  any  modern  book." 

Pt.pt  :  Mont  Kaayt.  iv.  140. 

2.  A  projecting  layer  of  rock  ;  a  stratum 
lying  horizontally. 

*  3.  A  rock  or  ledge  of  rocks  rend»ring  the 
water  shallow  ;  a  shoai,  a  sandbank.    [Tn  this 
tense  there  is  a  confusion  with  shelve,  2.J 

-  Sure  of  bb  pllofi  Ion,  be  takes  himself 

The  helm.  and  tUrn  alool  and  .nuns  the  aM/. 

I>r,d*n  .    fuya  :  .K*eU  T.  LIB. 

It  Shipbuild.  :  An  inner  timber  following 
the  sheer  of  the  vessel  and  bolted  to  the 
inner  side  of  the  ribs  to  strengthen  the  frame 
and  sustain  the  deck-beams. 

T  To  lay  (or  put)  on  the  shelf:  To  put  aside 
as  out  of  use,  or  date,  or  unfit  for  further 
•entice. 

•  shelf;  r.t    (SHELF,  ».]    To  put  or  lay  on  a 
shelf;  to  shelve. 

•  »helf  y.  a.    [Eng.  thelf;  -y.l 

1.  Full  of  or  abounding  with  sandbanks  or 
rocks  rising  nearly  to  the  surface,  and  so 
rendering  navigation  dangerous. 

"  Glides  bT  the  errens'  cliffs,  a  •»•»>  coast, 
Long  infamous  for  ships  and  »ailora  lust 

IHyden:  rtrfil;  *urid  T.  1,131. 

S.  Full  of  strata  of  rock;  having  rocky 
ledges  cropping  up. 

"  The  tillable  field*  are  In  Borne  places  M  tough.  that 
the  plough  will  scarcely  cat  them  :  aud  in  some  so 
tMfy  that  the  corn  bath  much  ado  to  fatten  Its 
loot.*'—  Cam*:  Surwy  «/  CarmfaO. 

•bill,  '  schelle,  *  shello,  i.  [A.S.  tall, 
to/11  ;  cogn.  with  Dot.  Khtt  ;  Icel.  sfctl;  Goth. 
tkalja  =  a  tile.  Allied  to  scale  (1),  s.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  hard  outside  covering  of  anything, 
especially  that  which  serves  as  the  covering 
of  certain  fruits  and  animals  :  as  — 

(1)  The  outside  or  covering  of  a  nut. 

(2)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  8. 

"These  [torches]  being  laid  aside,  tketb  ol  oebes 
succeeded,   which    they  sonnded   lu    the  manner  of 
tetu»peta,--/M««r.    AntiquitM   of  tVe.ee.  bk.    ill, 
~ 


. 

(8)  The  covering  or  outside  layer  of  an  egg. 

"  Think  him  aa  a  serpent's  egg  .  .  . 
And  kill  him  In  the  iML" 

Slmkttp.  :  Jullui  Cmar,  IL  t. 

J.  Any  framework  or  exterior  structure, 
regarded  as  not  being  completed  or  filled  fh  ; 
a  carcase. 

"The  marquis  of  Medina  Sldonia  made  the  afceff  ot 
a  house  that  would  have  been  a  Terr  noble  building. 
had  he  brought  U  to  perfection."—  Jddisonf  On  Italy. 

3.  Any  slight  hollow  structure  or  vessel, 
Incapable  of  sustaining  rough  usage. 

4.  A  coarse  kind  of  coffin  ;  or  a  thin  interior 
coffin  inclosed  by  the  more  substantial  one 

6.  The  exterior  plates  of  a  steam-boiler. 

8.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  5. 

•  7.  A  musical  instrument,  such  as  a  lyre, 
the  first  lyre  being  made,  according  to  the 
classic  legend,  of  strings  stretched  across  a 
tortoise-shell. 

11  The  hollow  of  that  i*eB, 
That  spoke  so  sweetly,  and  so  wefL" 

Drydsn  :  St.  Ctcilia'i  Off. 

•8.  Outward  show  without  inward  sub- 
stance or  reality. 

"  So  devout  are  the  Romantsto  about  this  outward 
aa«H  of  religion,  that  If  an  altar  be  moved,  or  a  etone 
of  It  broken,  it  uugbt  to  be  re-eonaecrated."—  AgUft  : 

9.  A  name  given  to  one  of  the  forms  at 
several  public  schools. 

10.  A  shell-jacket 
TJ.  Technically: 

1.  Caiiahvork:  An  engraved  copper  roller 
used  in  calico  printing. 
t  2.  fiUom.  :  An  elytron  (q.v.). 

"  Converted  Into  cases  or  tfielU  (elytra).  "—  AMiiwoii 
t  Skuctard  :  /ItKCO  (1HO).  p.  SL 

3.  Nautical: 

(1)  The  wooden  outer  portion  or  casing  of 
a  block,  which  is  mortised  for  the  sheave,  and 
bored  at  right  angles  to  the  mortise  for  the 
pin,  which  is  the  axis  of  the  sheave  or  sheaves. 

(8)  A  kind  of  thimble  dead-eye  block  em- 
ployed in  joining  the  ends  of  two  ropes, 

4.  Optics  :  A  concave-faced  tool  of  cast-iron, 
in  which  convex  lenses   are    ground.     The 
glasses  are  attached  to  the  face  of  a  runner, 


wnlch  is  worked  around  with  a  circular 
swinging  stroke,  so  as  not  to  wear  either  the 
glasses  or  the  shell  into  ridges. 

5.  Ordn. :  A  hollow  projectile  containing  a 
bursting-i-harpe,  which  is  exploded  by  a  time 
or  percussion  fud*.    Invented  at  Venlo,  1496 ; 
used  by  the  Turks  at  the  siege  of  Rhodes, 
1522.    Shells  are  usually  made  of  cast-iron, 
and  for  mortars  and  smooth-bore  cannon  are 
spherical ;  but  for  rifled  gnns  they  are,  witii 
the  exception  of  WbttwortB's  and  a  few  others, 
cylindrical  and  have  aconoidal  point.  Palliser 
shells  are  made  of  "chilled"  cast  iron,  and 
are  much  harder.    Shells  are  caused  to  take 
the  grooves  in  a  rifled  gun  ;  to  receive  a  rotary 
motion,  by  means  of  studs,  »s  in  the  French 
and  early  Woolwich  and  Armstrong  systems  ; 
by  a  leaden  casing,  as  in  many  of  Armstrong's 
first  guus,  and,  more  recently,  by  means  of 
•  disc  or  ring,  the  sabot,  which  U  expanded 

'  in  the  act  of  firing.  Hardened  steel  shells  uf 
from  six  to  thirteen-inch  caliber,  now  being 
made  for  the  United  States  Government,  will 
penetrate  several  inches  of  Harvoyized  arninr 
plate  without  crumbling  or  showing  serious 
abrasion. 

6.  Orntth. :  [EGG-SHELL]. 

7.  Weaving :  The  bars  of  the  lay,  which  are 
grooved  to  receive  the  reed. 

8.  ZooL  :  A  calcareous  defence  for  the  soft 
and  vulnerable  bodies  of  the  various  animals, 
specif.,  of  the  Molluscs.    The  relation  of  the 
shell  to  the  breathing-organ  is  so  close  that 
Mr.  8.  P.  Woodward  regarded  the  former  as  a 
pneumoskeleton,  essentially  a  calcified  por- 
tion of  the  mantle,  with  the  breathing  organ 
as  the  most  specialised  part.     80  many  mol- 
luscs have  shells  that  the  whole  sub-kingdom 
has  been  called  Testacea,  or  popularly  "shell- 
fish ;"  but  some  are  without  shells,  while  the 
great  Crustaceous  sub-class  of  the  Entomos- 
traca  possess  them,  and  the  fossil  bivalve, 
hingeless  shell  of  the  Crustaceous  genus  Esthe- 
ria  was  long  mistaken  for  the  hinged  shell  of 
Posidonomya,  a  true  mollusc.    Shells  are  said 
to  be  external  when  the  animal  is  contained  in 
them,  and  internal  when  they  are  concealed  in 
the  mantle.    In  form,  the  shells  of  molluscs 
may  be  univalves  or  bivalves.    Formerly  there 
was  a  category  also  of  multivalves,  including 
the  cirripedes;   but  these  are   now  classed 
with  the  Crustacea.     Shells  are  composed  of 
carbonate  of  lime  with  a  little  animal  matter. 
The  former  is  derived  from  the  food.     In 
structure  they  may  be   fibrous,   laminated, 
horny,  or  glossy  and  translucent ;  in  lustre 
they  may  be  dull,  porcellanous,  or  nacreous. 
The  shell  is  formed  by  the  mantle.    The  more 
It  is  exposed  to  light  the  brighter  it  is.    [For 
their  geological  value  see  Fossil.]    The  distri- 
bution  of  sea-shells  in  the  ocean  is  easily 
accounted  for  :  freshwater  shells,  in  Darwin's 
view,  are  transferred  to  new  regions  by  ad- 
hering, as  young  ones  often  do,  to  the  feet  of 
water-birds.    The  means  for  dispersing  land- 
shells  are  less  effective,  and  in  fact  they  are 
often    confined  to  single  islands  or  similar 
limited  areas.    (CARAPACE,  ECHISODERMATA, 

FORAMINIFERA.    T£ST,    TORTOI.SESHELL,   &C.J 

shell-anger, ».    A  pump-bit  (q.v.). 
•hall-bark,  s. 

Sot. :  Carya  alba.  [SHAO-BARK,  HICKORY.) 
Thick  Shell-bark  Hickory  is  Carya  sulcata. 

shell-binder,  s. 

Zool. :  Terebella  conchilega,  plentiful  on 
some  parts  of  the  British  coast.  The  tube  is 
of  great  length,  and  built  np  almost  entirely 
of  sand. 


l-hlt,  «.  A  wood-boring  tool  used  in 
a  brace.  It  has  a  semi-cylindrical  form,  ter- 
minates la  a  sharp  edge,  and  has  a  hollow 
shank. 

shell-board,  >.  A  frame  placed  on  a  cart 
or  waggon  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  nay, 
straw,  &c. 

•hell-boat,  s.  A  boat  with  a  light  frame 
and  thin  covering ;  one  kind  of  racing-boat. 

shell-button,  .«.  A  hollow  button  made 
of  two  pieces,  front  and  back,  joined  by  a 
turn-over  seam  at  the  edge,  and  usually 
covered  with  silk  or  cloth ;  also  a  button  made 
of  mother-of-pearl. 

shell  cameo. «.  A  cameo  cut  on  a  shell 
instead  of  a  stone,  the  shells  used  having 
different  layers  of  colour,  so  as  to  exhibit  the 
peculiar  effects  of  a  cameo. 

shell-fish,  s.  pi.  A  popular,  but  incorrect, 


name  for  marine  or  fluviatile  animals  used  for 
food,  and  having  a  defensive  covering.  Thii 
may  be  a  carapace,  as  in  the  Crab,  the  Lobster, 
and  the  Crayfish  ;  a  spiral  or  conical  univalve 
shell,  as  in'  the  \Vlielk  and  Limpet  respec- 
tively ;  or  a  bivalve  shell,  as  in  the  Oyster 
and  Mussel 

"  Crabs  aud  other  iMl-fltti  which  abound  don't  peiy 
the  carriage."— St.  James1,  li.aati,  Nov.  «.  1M«. 

•^  Sometimes  the  name  is  limited  T< 
M.illusca,  and  Woodward  (Sfolluica  (ed.  1880). 
p.  28)  says  that  this  popular  name,  "  though 
not  quite  accurate,  cannot  be  replaced  by  any 
other  epithet  in  common  use." 

shell-flower,  s. 

Pot. :  Chelone  glabra,  a  variety  of  Chtlamr 
obliqua.  The  corollas,  which  are  in  spikes, 
are  tubular  and  inflated. 

shell  fougass,  s. 

Fort.  :  A  mine  charged  chiefly  with  shells, 
and  covered  with  earth.  LFouOASs.] 

shell-gauge,  s. 

Ordn.:  An  instrument  for  verifying  the 
thickness  of  hollow  projectiles. 

Shell-gold,  s.  Chips  or  thin  lamina?  ol 
gold  prepared  by  beating  ;  applied  to  surfaces 
for  decorative  purposes. 

shell-gun,  s.  A  gun  or  cannon  for  throw- 
ing bombs  or  shells. 

shell-hook,  s. 

Ordn. :  A  pair  of  tongs  with  hooks,  which 
are  inserted  into  the  ears  of  a  shell,  and  by 
which  it  is  carried  to  the  inortar. 

t  shell  Insects, ».  pi.  [SHELLKD-INSECTO.) 
shell-jacket,  s. 
Mil. :  An  undress  military  jacket. 
Shell-lac,  s.    [SHELLAC.) 

shell-lime,  s.  Lime  obtained  by  burning 
sea-shells. 

shell-limestone,  s. 

Geology : 

1.  Gen. :  A  limestone  composed  mainly  of 
shells.    A  stratum  of  this  type  is  at  present 
forming  in  shallow  water  at  Shell  Ness,  on 
the  east  of  Sheppey.    (Seelty.) 

2.  Spec. :  Muschelkalk  (q.v.). 
shell-marl,  *, 

CeoL  :  A  deposit  of  clay,  peat,  and  other 
substances  mixed  with  shells,  which  collects 
at  the  bottom  of  lakes.  Shell-mart  occurs 
abundantly  in  parts  of  the  United  States,  and 
is  largely  used  for  fertilizing  purposes.  Re- 
mains of  fossil  animals  have  been  found  in  it, 
and  in  the  shell-marls  of  Scottish  lakes  remains 
of  recent  animals  occur. 

•hell-mounds,  >.  pi. 

Anlhrop. :  Kitchen-middens  (q.v.). 

"  Outlying  savages  are  still  heaping  up  taeR-mourfca. 
like  those  of  far-past  Scandinavian  antiquity."— Tutor: 
Print.  Cult.  (ed.  urn),  IL  01. 

Shell-out,  >.    A  game  at  billiards. 

shell  parrakeet, ». 

Ornilh. :  Melopsittaaa  undulaJus,  an  Austra- 
lian species,  easily  distinguished  by  its  breast 
of  lovely  green,  and  back  delicately  banded 
with  black  and  yellow.  It  differs  essentially 
from  all  other  parrots  in  warbling  a  low,  con- 
tinuous, and  not  unlively  melody,  something 
like  the  English  Whitethroat.  It  breeds  in  con- 
finement very  readily,  if  properly  treated.  The 
first  living  specimen  was  brought  to  England 
by  Gould  in  1840 ;  but  since  that  period 
It  has  become  common  in  American  and 
English  aviaries.  Called  also  Undulated  and 
Waved  Grass  Parrakeet 

shell  proot  a.  Proof  against  shells ;  Im- 
penetrable by  shells ;  bomb-proof. 

Shell-pump,  ».     A  sand-pump  (q.v.). 

shell-road,  ».  A  road,  the  upper  stratum 
of  which  is  composed  of  a  layer  of  broken 
shells. 

shell-sand,  «.  Sand  consisting  mainly 
of  comminuted  shells. 

shell-work,  s.  Work  composed  of  01 
ornamented  with  shell*. 

Shell,  t>.«.  *t      [SHELL,*.] 

A.  TrantMve: 

L  To  strip  or  break  off  the  shell  of;  to  Uki 
out  of  the  shell :  as,  To  shell  nuts. 


Ate,  fat,  fere,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p5t, 
or.  wore,  wplt  work,  who,  «on;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    w,  »  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  lew. 


shellac— shepherd 


4239 


2,  To  separate  from  the  shell :  as,  To  shell 
corn. 

3.  To  throw  or  hurl  bomb-shells  into,  upon, 
or  among  :  as,  To  shell  a  town. 

*  B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  fall  off,  as  a  shell,  crust,  or  exterior 
coat. 

••  The  ulcers  were  oared,  and  the  soabs  Otelled  oft"— 
Wiseman. 

2.  To  cast  the  shell  or  exterior  covering. 

U  To  shell  out:  To  pay  up  or  hand  over 
money,  &c. :  as,  The  thieves  made  him  shell 
mt.  (Collaq.) 

shell  apple,  ». 

1  The  common  Crossbill,  Loxia  curvirottra. 
(PrOT.) 

2.  The  chaffinch.    (Prov.) 

•hel-lac, s.  [Eng. !hel(T>, and  Ioc(q.v.).] 

Ghem. :  Lac  purified  by  melting  and  strain- 
ing through  coarse  cotton  bags.  It  occurs  iu 
commerce  in  thin,  translucent,  hard  flakes, 
varying  in  colour  from  yellowish  brown  to 
black,  sp.  gr.  1-139,  and  is  soluble  in  alcohol, 
hydrochloric  acid,  acetic  acid,  potash,  soda, 
and  borax,  but  insoluble  in  ammonia.  A 
bleached  or  white  variety  is  prepared  by  dis- 
solving crude  lac  in  potash  or  soda,  filtering 
and  passing  chlorine  gas  into  the  filtrate  till 
all  is  precipitated ;  this  is  then  collected, 
washed  with  water,  slightly  heated,  and  then 
twisted  into  sticks.  Shellac  is  chiefly  used 
in  varnishes,  lacquers,  and  in  the  manufacture 
of  sealing-wax. 

•helled,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SHELL,  ».] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Stripped  or  deprived  of  the  shell ;  having 
shed  or  cast  the  shell. 

2.  Provided  with  a  shell  or  shells, 
t  shelled-insects,  s.  pL 

Zool.  :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
Crustacean  group  Entomostraca  (q.v.),  from 
the  fact  that  most  of  its  members  are  more 
or  less  entirely  invested  in  a  shelly  envelope. 

SheT-less,  a.    [Eng.  sheVJ.) ;  -Jess.]    Destitute 
of  a  shell ;  having  no  shell. 

"  I  found  a  pair  of  tree-toads,  male  and  female,  and 
a  Inrge  thellett  snail."—  Burroughs:  Pepacton,  p.  KOI. 

shell  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  I.    [SHELL,  ».) 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  A  commercial  name  for  groats. 
(Simmonds.) 

'  shell -meat,  s.  [Eng.  shell,  and  meat.]  Food 
covered  with  a  shell,  as  eggs,  nuts,  &C. 

•'  Sfiellmeatt  may  be  eaten  after  foul  hands  without 
any  harm."— Fuller:  Holy  Slate,  p.  886. 

"  sheT-lum,  s.    [SKELLOM.] 

•hel'-ly,  a.    [Bng.  shell ;  -».] 

1.  Abounding  with  shells;   covered  with 
shells.    (Blackie :  Lay  of  Highlands,  p.  18.) 

2,  Consisting  of  a  shell  or  shells. 

"  Their  thella  treasures,  and  their  golden  coast" 
Grainger:  Sulpicia,  Poem  L 

8.  Of  the  nature  of  a  shell. 

"  This  membrane  was  entirely  ol  the  lAeBjr  nature." 
— Qoldnnith:  Sitt.  Sarth,  vol.  Iv.,  ch.  v. 

.-  ta,  s.  [See  def.]  An  ancient  Celtic  lan- 
guage, "said  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Leland  to  be  peculiar 
to  tinkers,  but  extensively  understood  anc 
spoken  by  most  of  the  confirmed  tramps  anc 
vagabonds  in  Great  Britain.  (Academy,  Nov. 
20,  1886,  p.  347.) 

SheT-ter,  s.  [According  to  Skeat  a  corruption 
of  Mid.  Eng.  sheldtrome  (q.v.).] 

1.  That  which  protects,  defends,  or  covers 
from  injury  or  annoyance;  a  protection,  a 
defence. 

"  They  wish  the  mountains  now  might  be  again 
Thrown  on  them,  as  a  thelter  from  his  Ire. ' 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  vL  847. 

2.  A  place  or  position  which  affords  cove 
or  protection ;  cover,  protection,  security. 

"  He  seeks  the  shelter  of  the  crowd." 

Scott :  The  Cliate,  28. 

•hel'-ter, ».(.  &  i.    [SHELTER,  «.] 

A*  Transitive : 

1.  To  provide  or  supply  with  shelter,  cover 
or  protection  from  injury,  danger,  or  annoy 
ance ;  to  protect,  to  cover,  to  secure. 


2.  To  place  in  shelter  or  under  cover  ;  often 
with  the  reflexive  pronoun,  to  betake  one's 
self  to  shelter  or  cover.    (Lit.  £  fig.) 

3.  To  cover  from  notice. 

"  SAelter  passion  under  friendship's  name." 

Prior.    (Todd.) 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  take  shelter  ;  to  shelter  one's  self. 

44  Coine.  thelter."          Shaketp.  :  1  Henrg  /  K.,  11.  1 

2.  To  give  or  afford  shelter. 

sheT-tercd,  a.  [Bng.  iktUer;  -ed.]  Protected, 
covered,  or  shut  in  from  any  thing  that  can 
injure,  annoy,  or  incommode  ;  especially,  pro- 
tected by  natural  or  artificial  means  from  in- 
clement weather. 

••  In  that  theltered  core."—  Globe,  Nov.  14  1884. 

shel'-ter-er,  s.    [Bng.  shelter,  v.  ;  -er.]    One 
who  or  that  which  shelters,  covers,  or  protects. 
14  His  thelteren  be  blest." 

Wilberforcf,  In  Life.  i.  166. 

*  Shel'-ter-less,  «•  (Eng.  shelter;  -less.] 
Destitute  of  shelter  or  protection  ;  without 
home  or  refuge. 

"  Now  gad  and  ihelterleu,  perhapa,  she  lies." 

Rovte  :  Jane  Short,  V. 

«  shgl'-ter-y,  a.  [Eng.  shelter;  ••/.)  Afford- 
ing shelter. 

"  The  warm  and  theltery  shores  of  Gibraltar  and 
Barbary."—  White  :  Selborne,  p.  8«. 

Shel-tO-pU  -Blk,  ».     [SCHELTOPDSIK.J 

8heT-ty,  Shel'-tite,  s.  [Prob.  so  called  from 
Shetland.}  A  very  small  but  strong  horse  in 
Scotland  ;  a  pony. 

"  On  a  Highland  shelty,  that  does  not  help  me  much 
faster  forward.  "—Scott  :  Rob  Roy,  ch.  iv. 

shelve  (1),  v.t.  [Eng.  shelves,  pi.  of  uM/fa-v.).] 

1.  To  place  on  a  shelf  or  on  shelves. 

"ThetooaecnratediBpraingorsketohwof  Ids  books." 
—Comment,  on  Chaucer  (1665J. 

2.  To  furnish  or  provide  with  shelves. 

3.  Fig.  :  To  lay  or  put  aside  as  out  of  use  or 
unfit  for  active  employment  ;  to  dismiss  ;  to 
pass  by  or  over. 

"Seems  to  have  Buffered  especially  from  the  thriving 
process."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Oct  1,  1885. 

shelve  (2),  v.i.  [Orig.  from  Icel.  akwJ.gr  •  = 
wry,  oblique;  M.  H.  Ger.  tAelck;  O.  Out. 
schelwe  —  one  who  squints.]  To  slope,  to  in- 
cline downwards  gradually,  as  a  bank. 

"  There  upon  that  ihflring  beach,  the  weary  Trojans 
dragged  their  weary  ships.  —Globe,  Nov.  13.  1886. 

Shelve,  «.    (SHELVE,  r.]    A  shelf,  a  ledge. 

••  On  a  crag's  uneasy  thrive."  Keatt. 

shelves,  «.  pi-    [SHELI-,*.] 
shelv'-ing.  a.  k  s.    [SHELVE  (2),  v.} 

A.  Aa  adj.:  Sloping;  inclining  gradually 
downward. 

"  Not  cautious  coasting  by  the  shelving  shore." 
Cowfjer:  An  Ode;  Secundum  Artn 

*B.  Assnbst.  :  A  rock  or  sandbank  ;  a  ledge 
of  rocks. 

"At  his  stern  he  aaw 
The  bold  Cloanthus  near  the  shapings  draw. 

Drfdtn:   I'irfil  :  jEomt  V.  819. 

ShclV-ing,  8.      [SHELVE  (1),  V.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  fitting  up  shelves 
or  of  placing  upon  a  shelf  or  shelves. 

2.  Materials  for  shelves  ;  the  shelves  of  » 
room,  shop,  &C.,  collectively. 

"  shelV-J-,  a.  Eng.  thelv(e)  ;  -y.]  Shelving, 
sloping. 

"The  mountain  s  Ihelvy  side. 

Blaekie  :  Law  of  Biphlandt,  p.  182. 

*  shem-er-ing,  s.  [SHIMMER,  v.}  An  im 
perfect  light,  a  glimmering. 

Shem'-ite,  s.  [Eng.  Shem  :  -ite.]  A  descend 
ant  of  Shem,  the  eldest  son  of  Noah. 


She-mit'-io,  Shem'-It-ish,  a.    [E 

«(e)  ;  -ic,  -ish,.}    The  same  as  SEMITIC  (q.v.). 

Shem'-it-ism,  8.    [SEMITISM.] 

*  shend,  soend-en,  schend-en,  v.i.  [A.S 
scendan,  scyndan;  O.  But.  schenden;  O.  H.  Ger 
scendan,  scentan,  from  A.S.  sceand,  amnu 
scemd,  smnd  =  disgrace  ;  Goth,  skanda;  O.  H 
Ger.  scarula,  scanla.] 

1.  To  disgrace,  to  degrade,  to  blame,  to  re 
proach,  to  revile,  to  put  to  shame. 

"  The  famous  name  of  knighthood  fowly  Oumd.  " 
Speaieri  f.  «.,  II.  vl.  86. 

2.  To  injure,  to  damage,  to  hurt,  to  destroy 

"Losseof  time  rtoufalA  us." 

Chaucer:  0.  T..  4.44J. 


3.  To  surpass,  to  overpower. 

••  That  did  excell 

The  rest,  so  far  as  Cyiithin  doth  thend 
The  lesser  starres."      tspeiuer:  Prvthalamion,  121. 

shend  -ful,  a.    [Eng.  thend ;  -A»I(00    1SR°- 
minious,  disgraceful. 

shend'-fiil  ly,  *  shend  ful -llohe,  od« 

[Eng.  shendjnl;   -ly.]    In  an  ignominious  OF 
disgraceful  manner. 

shend'-ful-ness,  s.   [Eng.  shtndfu.1;  -ness.) 
Igiiumiiiy,  disgracefulness. 

shend' -ness,   *  usend-nesse,  s.     [Eng. 
shend;  -ness.}    Disgrace,  ruin,  ignominy. 

"  Wyth  aendneue  inou." 

Robert  of  tiloueelter.  p.  842. 

shcnd'-ship,  *  sohend-sohepe, 
*  schen-schepe,    *  schen  -  schipc,   t. 

[Eng.  shend;  -ship.]  Ignominy,  disgrace,  ruin. 
"  If  a  man  norksche  long  heer  it  is  tchentctUpe  it 
him."—  Wycliffe:  1  Corinth.  XL 

shone,  a.    [SHEEN,  a.] 
shent,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [SHEND.] 


she'-61,  ».  [Heb.  7iw?5  wp  (shtoT)  =  a  sub. 
terranean  cavern,  from  talj  (staoJ)  =  to  be 
hollow.] 

Jewish  Belief:  The  place  of  the  dead. 
For  its  use  in  the  A.V.  see  HADES,  2.,  and 
HELL,  2.  (1).  In  the  B.V.  the  word  "  Sheol " 
is  generally  left  untranslated  in  the  text, 
while  "grave"  is  put  in  the  margin.  Foi 
instance,  in  Ps.  ix.  17,  "The  wicked  shall 
be  turned  into  hell"  (A.V.),  becomes  "The 
wicked  shall  return  to  Sheol''  (R.V.). 

shSp'-ard-Ite,  s.  [After  C.  TJ.  Shepard; 
surf.  -Ue  (Jfi».).] 

Mln. :  A  name  given  by  Haidinger  to  a 
mineral  substance  found  in  a  meteorite  by 
Shepard,  and  supposed  by  him  to  be  a  sesqui- 
sulphide  of  chromium. 

*  shepen,  *  sobipne,  *  shepne,  s.  [A.S. 
scypen.]  A  stable,  a  stall. 

shop -herd,  "schep-herd,  s.  (A.S.  scedp- 
hyrde  =  a  keeper  of  sheep  ;  from  scedp  =  a 
sheep,  and  heorde,  hyrde  =  a  keeper.] 

1.  Lit. :  A  man  employed  in  the  tending, 
feeding,  and  guarding  of  sheep. 

2.  Fig. :   A    pastor ;    one    who    exercises 
spiritual  care  over  a  district,  community,  or 
congregation. 

shepherd-god,  ».  A  name  applied  to 
Pan. 

"Anon  he  stained  the  thick  and  spongy  sod 
With  wine  In  honour  of  the  thepherd-god,- 
I  Keatt :  Enaymwn,  L  XI9. 

Shepherd  Kings,  s.  pi.  The  chiefs  of  a 
nomadic  tribe  of  Arabs,  who  established 
themselves  in  Lower  Egypt  some  2,000  years 
B.C.  Manetho  says  they  rejgned  611  years, 
Eratosthenes  says  470  years,  Africanus,  284 
years,  Eusebius,  103  years.  Some  say  they 
extended  over  five  dynasties,  some  over  three, 
some  limit  their  sway  to  one  ;  some  give  the 
name  of  only  one  monarch,  some  of  four,  and 
others  of  six.  Bunsen  places  them  B.C.  1689; 
Lepsius,  B.C.  1842  ;  others,  B.C.  1900  or  2000. 

shepherd's  bag,  shepherd's  purse, «. 

Bat. :  Capsel/a  Bursa-pastorii. 

t  shepherd's  beard,  8.  [SHKEP'S-BKABD.] 

shepherd's  club,  s. 

Bat. :  Yerbascum  Thapsui. 

shepherd's  cress,  8. 

Bot. :  Teesdalia  nvdieaulii.    (Prior.) 

shepherd's  crook,  t.  A  sheephook.  A 
long  staff  with  an  iron  crook  fixed  on  its 
upper  end.  It  is  used  by  shepherds  to  catch 
or  hold  sheep. 

shepherd's  dog,  sheep-dog,  .1. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  many  varieties 
of  Carais  familaris  used  to  tend  and  drive 
sheep.  The  English  Shepherds-dog  has  a 
longish  head,  with  a  sharp  muzzle,  and  good 
breadth  over  the  forehead;  his  ears  are 
slightly  raised,  and  his  coat  is  short  and 
woolly ;  tail  usually  long  and  bnshy  ;  he  is 
less  faithful  and  sagacious  than  the  Colley. 
[COLLra,  ».,  1.  2.]  The  Drover's  Dog  is  larger 
and  stronger,  and  has  usually  a  strain  ol 
Mastiff  blood.  Special  breeds  of  Sheep-dogs 
are  found  on  the  Continent. 


MH. 


;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect, 

=  shiin;-iion.-Sion  =  Zhun.   -cious.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die, 


=  Del.  del. 


4240 


shepherd— Shetland 


shepherd's  knot,  s. 
Bot. :  PotentiUa  Tormentilla. 
shepherd's  myrtle,  .«. 

Bot. :  Ruscut  aculeatus. 
shepherd's  needle,  *. 

Bot.:  (1)  Scandix  Pecten;  (2)  the  genus 
9eranium.  (Ihtllein.) 

shepherd's  plaid,  .«. 

L  A  kind  of  small  check  pattern  in  cloth, 
woven  with  black  and  white  warp  and  weft. 

2.  A  kind  of  woollen  cloth,  woven  in  this 
pattern,  and  generally  made  into  shepherd's 
plaids,  and  often  into  trouserings,  Ac. 

shepherd's  pouch.  5. 

Bot :  Capsella  Bursa-pastori*. 

shepherd's  purse. .«. 

Sot.  :  ft)  Capsella  Bursa-pastoris ;  (2)  the 
genus  Thlaspi. 

shepherd's  rod,  shepherd's  staff,  a. 

Bot. :  *(1)  Dipsocut  tylvestrit ;  (2)  D.  pttosu*. 
(Britten  A  Holland.) 

shepherd's  tartan,   *.      [SHEPHERD'S 

FLA  ID.) 

shepherd's  watch,  *. 

Bot. :  Anagallis  arvensis. 

shepherd's  weather-glass, «. 
Bot. ;  Anagallis  arvensis. 

'shep'-herd,  v.t.    [SHEPHERD,  s.] 

1.  To  tend  or  guide,  as  a  shepherd. 

2.  To  attend  or  wait  on  ;  to  gallant 

•hep  herd-Ssa,  s.  [Eng.  shepherd;  -MI.] 
A  woman  who  tends  sheep ;  a  rural  lass. 

"  No  ihefAerdtu,  but  Flor* 
Peering  In  April'*  front." 

SAo*«p. :  Winter* t  Talf.  IT.  i. 

•hep-ner'-dl-a,  s.  [Named  aft«r  Mr.  John 
Shepherd,  curator  of  the  Liverpool  Botanical 
Garden.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Elseagnaceee.  Small  dioe- 
cious shrubs  from  North  America.  Shepherdia 
canadensis  is  covered  with  rusty  scales. 

1  ShSp'-herd-Xsh,  a.  [Bug.  shepherd  ;  -i*A.] 
Resembling  a  shepherd ;  suiting  or  becoming 
a  shepherd  ;  rural,  pastoral,  rustic. 

"He  would  have  drawn  her  elder  sister,  esteemed 
her  match  for  beauty.  In  her  thefherditft  attire." — 
Sidney:  Arcadia. 

'  shep'-herd-Jsm,  t.  [Eng.  thepherd  ;  -ism.) 
Pastoral  life  or  occupation. 

"Shop -herd-ling,  s.  [Eng.  shepherd;  dim. 
•off.  -ling.]  A  young  shepherd. 

"  Let  each  young  $\rf>f)erdlin<j, 
Walk  by,  or  stop  hi*  ear,  the  whilst  I  •lag." 

Brown  :  Britanniat  Pattoratt,  i.  S. 

'  she*p'-herd-l&  «•  [Eng.  shepherd;  -ly.] 
Pastoral,  rural ;  belonging  to,  or  becoming  a 
ahepherd.  (Jer,  Taylor.) 

"  BhSps'-ter,  &  [Eng.  shap(r);  -ster.]  One 
who  shapes  ;  a  sempstress.  (ll'ithal.) 

BhSp'-way,  *.    [Etym,  doubtful.]   (See  5.) 
*  If  Court  of  Shepway  : 
Law :  A  court  formerly  held  before  the  Lord 
Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports  to  bear  appeals 
from  those  ports  which  had  separate  fran- 
chises.   The  civil  jurisdiction  of  the  Cinque 
Ports  was  abolished  by  18  &  Id  Viet,  c.  48. 

sher-ard  -I-a,  *.  [Named  by  Dillenins  after 
James  Sherard,  a  botanist  who  had  botanical 
gardens  at  Eltham,  Kent.  (London.)  Named 
by  Dillenins  after  his  patron,  William  Sherard, 
LL.D.  (1659-1728),  consul  at  Smyrna.  (Aut<m, 
Ac.)  The  two  Sherards  were  brothers.} 

Bot. :  Field-madder ;  a  genus  of  Galiacese. 
Calyx  funnel-shaped ;  stamens  four ;  fruit 
Towned  with  the  calyx.  There  is  a  single 
species,  Shtranlia  arvensis.  a  small  slender- 
branched  and  spreading  plant,  with  a  small 
•essile  umbel  of  pale  blue  flowers.  Found  in 
Britain  in  corn-fields,  Ac.,  flowering  from 
April  to  October. 

sher'-bet,  *.  [Arab,  tharbat  =  a  draught,  a 
drink,  a  beverage,  from  shariba  =  he  drank.] 
An  eastern  cooling  drink,  made  of  fruit  juices 
diluted  with  water,  and  variously  sweetened 
•fid  flavoured. 

"  Whene'er,  at  Harara  hours, 
"  I  take  him  cool  M«r&«r*  and  flowers? 

Moon :  Fir*-  WortXipptrt. 


Sherd,  ».     [SHARD.] 

1.  Ord.    Lang. :    A    fragment.      (Obsolete, 
except  in  the  compound  pot-sherd.) 

2.  ffort  (PL):  The  fragments  of  pottery 
employed  by  gardeners  to  drain  their  flower 
pots. 

•shcre,  v.t.    [SHEAR,  «.] 
•shere,  a.    [SHEER,  a.] 

she -reef,  sche-rif,  sh€-riff  a). 
sher-rife,  *.  [Arab,] 

1.  A  descendant  of  Muhammed  through  his 
daughter  Fatima  and  Hassan  Ibn  All. 

2.  A  prince  or  ruler,  the  chief  magistrate 
of  Mecca. 

sheV-Iff  (2),  *  sche-rif,  *  sher-eve,  *  she- 
rife,  *she-reyve,  *shi-rlffe,  *  she  rife, 
•shrleve,  *.  [A.  S.  $ctr~gerejfa  =  a  shire- 
reeve,  from  sclr  =  a  shire  (q.v.),  and  gere/a  = 
a  reeve  (q.v.).] 

1.  In  the  United  States  the  principal  duties 
of  the  public  official  known  as  sheriff  are  to 
maintain  peace  and  order,  to  attend  as  admin- 
istrative officer  during  sessions  of  court   to 
guard  prisoners  and  juries,  to  preside  at  inqui- 
hiiious,  to  serve  processes   and   execute   the 
judgments  of  the  courts,  as  In  the  sale  of 
property   condemned    for  debt,  &c.    An   un- 
pleasant duty  of  the  sheriff  is  the  execution 
of  criminals  condemned  to  death.    In  most  of 
the  Btatee  the  sheriff  is  elected  by  the  people, 
and  in  large  cities,  where  the  fees  of  the  office 
are  important,  the  position  is  a  highly  coveted 
one.    In  some  of  the  states  nnder-eheriffs  are 
appointed,  who  replace  the  sheriff  in  hie  ab- 
sence ;  while  in  all  of  them  there  are  deputy 
sheriffs,  the  servants  and  agents  of  the  sheriff 
in  the  performance  of  his  duties. 

2.  In  England,  the  chief  officer  of  the  Crown 
In  every  county  or  shire,  to  whom  the  charge 
of  the  county  is  committed  by  letters  patent. 
He  Is  appointed  (except  in  the  case  of  London 
and  the  county  of  Middlesex)  by  the  Crown 
out  of  three  names  submitted  for  each  county 
by  the  judge  who  goes  on  circuit.    [PRICK- 
ING, If.]    Unless  specially  exempted,  or  in 
case  of  legal  disability,   the   person  nomi- 
nated is  bound  under  penalty  to  serve  the 
office.    As  keeper  of  the  Queen's  peace,  the 
sheriff  is  the  first  man  in  the  county,  and 
during  his  year  of  office  is  superior  in  rank 
to  any  nobleman  in  the  county.    He  is  spe- 
cially Intrusted  with  the    execution  of  the 
law  and  the  preservation  of  the  peace  in  his 
county,  for  which  purposes  he  has  at  his  dis- 
posal the  whole  civil  force  of  the  county, 
[POSSE   COMITATUS.)     Personally  the   sheriff 
performs  only  such  duties  as  are  purely  hono- 
rary, as  attendance  upon  the  judges  on  cir- 
cuit, or  duties  of  dignity  or  public  importance, 
as  presiding  over  elections  and  the  holding  of 
county  meetings.     The    ordinary  functions, 
such  as  execution  of  write,  Ac.,  are  discharged 
through  an  under-sheriff,  so  called  to  distin- 
guish him  from  tho  sheriff,  who  is  often  popu- 
larly known  as  the  High-sheriff. 

"Originally  the  high  ihtriff  was  the  official  deputy 
of  the  Crown,  for  enforcement— tn  the  county  to  which 
he  belonged— of  law  and  order  and  of  the  Crown's 
decree*.  Did  the  Crown  require  an  armed  force,  the 
«A*ri/ levied  It.  The  theri/ wn*  responsible  for  pro- 
Tiding  that  the  Royal  writ  of  summons  should  run  in 
hit  shrievalty,  that  It  should  be  dnly  served  and 
obeyed.  When  the  courts  of  law,  at  representing  the 
Crown,  had  recorded  a  judgment,  it  wu  the  duty  of 
the  theriff  to  see  that  Judgment  enforced,  whether 
against  goods  or  person  of  the  individual  who  was  the 
subject  of  the  judgment  The  theriff  was  the  Incarna- 
tion of  police,  militia,  high  bailiff,  Ac.,  rolled  into 
one.  He  was  the  precursor.  In  days  of  more  primitive 
civilisation,  of  farces  and  functions  most  of  which 
have  now  passed  from  his  hands.  To  this  day  he  Is  still 
the  recipient  of  the  Royal  writ  for  election  of  a  mem- 
ber of  Parliament,  and  is  responsible  for  the  conduct 
of  the  same.  He  still  enforces,  through  his  under- 
aherifb,  the  Judgments  of  the  superior  courts;;  he 
seises  the  goods  of  judgment  debtors,  though  he  has 
been  relieved  (by  the  abolition  of  imprisonment  for 
debt  In  1«»)  of  the  odious  duties  of  capiat  ad  tatit- 
faciendum;  and  he  Is  still  responsible  for  the  due 
carrying  out  of  the  sentence  tut.  per  ooU.  In  the  case 
of  criminals  sentenced  to  capital  punishment.  Also — 
and  this  Is  the  most  onerous  and  least  useful  of  his 
functions— he  is  still  the  nominal  guardian  and  escort 
of  the  Crown,  represented  by  judges  In  eyre,  when 
county  assizes  are  being  held.  Up  to  the  days  of  rail- 
roads,  the  iheriff  actually  escorted  their  lordships 
from  one  confine  of  his  county  to  the  other,  meeting 
his  neighbouring  brother  ihfrijfon  the  county  border, 
and  there  receiving  from  him  or  transferring  to  him 
his  august  charges.  In  older  days  his  'javelin  men* 
were  a  really  armed  and  necessary  force,  requisite  to 
ensure  the  safety  of  the  Crown  and  its  deputies  on  the 
march."— field,  Jan.  2,  1886. 

3.  A  law  officer  in  Scotland,  whose  functions 
seem  to  have  been  originally,  like  those  of 
the  sheriffs  in  England,  mainly  executive,  but 
who  now  U  judge  in  a  county  court.    At  one 
time  the  office  waa  hereditary ;  but  it  is  now 


in  the  appointment  of  the  Crown.  Nearly  all 
the  sheriffs  are  now  practicing  lawyers  resident 
in  Edinburgh,  eheriff-flubetitutes  acting  for 
them  aj  local  judges  in  the  several  counties. 

sheriff  clerk,  *.  Tn  Scotland,  the  clerk 
of  the  sheriffs  court,  who  has  charge  of  the 
records.  He  registers  the  judgments  of  the 
court,  and  issues  them  to  the  proper  parties. 

*  sheriff-geld,  c.     A  rent  formerly  paid 

by  a  sheriff. 

sheriff-officer,  s.  In  Scotland,  an  officer 
onnected  with  the  sheriff's  court,  who  is 
harged  with  arrests,  the  serving  of  processes 
nd  the  like. 

sheriff-tooth,  s.    A  tenure  by  the  ser- 
Ice  of  providing  entertainment  for  the  sheriff 
t  his  county  courts  ;  a  common  tax  formerly 
levied  for  the  sheriffs  diet.    (WTiarton.) 

sheV-iff-al  t#,  sher  iff  dom,  sheV-Iff- 
ship,  sher  -Iff  wick,  *.  [Eng.  sheriff; 
•alty,  -dom,  -ship,  -vrick.]  The  office  or  juris- 
diction of  a  sheriff  ;  shrievalty. 

"  Not  only  writs  or  orders  were  sent  to  the  nobility 
and  clergy  in  the  several  ifter^fwickt  and  bailiwicks, 
but  to  the  commons,  to  assemble  and  take  into  0011. 
sidf  ration  how  to  redress  grievances,  and  support  the 
publick  expenses,"—  Bolinybrvk*  :  Diu«rtQ.t\on  tifon 
Purtiet. 

sheV  -rifle,  «.    [SHERIFF.] 
11  shcr'-ris,  «.    [SHERRY.] 
sherris-sack,  s.    Sherry. 

"  A  good  thrrrit-t'tck  hath  a  two-fold  operation  tn  It; 
It  ascends  me  Into  the  brain."—  MoAefp.  :  3  JTtnry  /r, 

lv.  a. 


-r&  ».  [From  the  town  of  Xeres,  near 
Cadiz,  in  Spain,  whence  it  was  brought.  The 
original  form  of  the  word  was  sherris,  the  final 
s  of  which  was  dropped  from  a  mistaken  idea 
that  it  was  the  plural  ending,  as  in  the  case 
of  pea  for  pease,  &c.J 

1.  Comm.  :  A  favourite  Spanish  white  wine, 
prepared  from  small  white  grapes  grown  in  the 
province  of  Andalusia,  those  which  furnish 
the  better  qualities  being  cultivated  in  the 
vineyards  of  Xeres.     In  the  manufacture  of 
sherry  the  grapes  are  not  gathered  until  they 
are  quite  ripe,  and  the  fermentation  is  con- 
tinned  until   nearly  all  the  sugar  has  been 
converted  into  alcohol.     At  first  it  is  of  a  pale 
straw    colour,    but    it    darkens    with    age. 
Sherries  may  be  divided  into  natural,  contain- 
ing from  20  to  26  per  cent,  of  proof  spirit,  and 
fortified,  containing  from  30  to  40  per  cent.  ; 
the  reason  given  for  the  addition  of  so  much 
spirit  is  that  the  wine  will  not  otherwise  stand 
the  voyage.    Sherry  is  not  adulterated  to  any 
great  extent,  but  many  of  the  cheap  sherries 
now  usually  sold  are  mixtures  of  low-classed 
sherries  with  ordinary  white  wine,  the  strength 
being  increased  by  the  addition  of  alcohol. 

2.  Pharm.  :  Sherry  is  used  in  many  of  the) 
wines  of  the  pharmacopoeia,  as  Vinumfcrri,  Ac, 

sherry-cobbler,  5.  Sherry,  sugar,  and 
Iced  water  sucked  up  through  a  straw. 

shey-r£-val-lies,  t.  pi.  [A  corrupt,  of  Pr. 
chevalier  —  a  horseman.]  Pantaloons  of  thick 
cloth  or  leather  worn  buttoned  round  each 
leg  over  other  pantaloons  when  riding.  (Amer.) 

*  shcrte,  s.    [SHIRT.] 

*  shete,  v.t.    [SHOOT,  ».] 

shcth,  ».  [Perhaps  connected  with  iheafh 
(q.v.).] 

Agric.  :  That  portion  of  a  plough,  some- 
times called  the  post  or  standard,  which  is 
attached  at  its  upper  end  to  the  beam  and  at 
points  below  affords  places  of  attachment  for 
the  share,  mould-board,  and  land-side  in  ordi- 
nary ploughs.  In  shovel-ploughs  it  fills  a 
similar  function  as  the  part  to  which  tin 
share  or  shovel  is  secured. 

Shot-land,*.    [Seedef.] 

1.  Geog.  :   A  group  of  about  100  islands, 
twenty-three  of  which  are  inhabited,  lying 
to  the  north-east  of  Scotland. 

2.  Zool  :  A  Shetland-pony  (q.v.). 

"A  tricksy  BMland.   who  goes  through  a  'pits*' 
with  the  big  gray."—  fXUly  Jftwt,  Dfc.  14,  1CM. 

Shetland  pony,  «. 

Zool.  :  A  very  small  variety  of  the  Hone 
(q.v.),  with  flowing  manes  and  tails,  peculiar 
to  Shetland.  They  are  very  strong,  and  capa- 
ble of  enduring  great  fatigue,  but  do  not 
average  more  than  eight  hands  iu  height. 


fete,  fit,  fare,  simldst,  what,  «&",  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pftt, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son:  mute.  cftb.  cure,  unite,  our.  role,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  CD  -  e ;  oy  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


Shetlander— shift 


4241 


ghet -land-er,  s.  [Eng.  Shetland;  -«•.]  A 
native  "or  inhabitant  of  Shetland.  (Chambers' 
Cyclop,  viii.  678.) 

•  shette,  *  shot,  v.t.    [SHOT.] 

ghengh  (gh  guttural),  «.  [Cf.  Ger.  tchacht  = 
the  shaft  of  a  mine.)  A  ditch,  a  stank,  an 
open  drain.  (Scotch.) 

••  And  a'  the  bonny  engine*,  and  wheela.  and  the 
coves,  and  theughi,  downat  Glauwitberahlus.  —Scott  : 
Antiquary,  ch.  xltv. 

•hew,  shewed,  shewn,  &c.  [SHOW,  SHOWED, 

SHOWN,  Arc.] 
Shew  bread,  s.    [SHOW-BREAD.] 

•  shew  el, » shew-elle,  s.   [Prob.  from  shew 

=  show.]  An  example  ;  something  held  up 
to  give  warning  of  danger  (Narts);  a  scarecrow 
(Trench). 

"  So  are  these  bug-bears  of  opiniona  brought  by  great 
elearkea  into  the  world  to  serve  u  thetvellet.  to  keep 
them  from  thOM  faults,  whereto  elue  the  vanltle  of 
the  world,  and  weakeneas  of  aensea,  might  pull  them. 
—Sidney  :  Arcadia,  p.  263. 

•hew  -er  (ew  as  6),  ».    [Eng.  shew  ;  -er.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  shows. 

2.  Scots  Law :  A  person  named  by  the  court 
in  jury  cases,  usually  on  the  suggestion  of  the 
parties,  to  accompany  the  six  viewers  when  a 
view  is  allowed.     [VlKWER.] 

•hews,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  (See  extract) 

"  And  other  treea  which  demand  moat  attention 
•hall  be  covered  with  a  aubstance  called  them,  being 
the  refuse  of  a  flaxmill."— Scott :  Prole  Workt  (1B4S). 
xxi.  142. 

ghey  tan,  s.  [Arab.]  A  Huhammadan  name 
for  the'devil  or  a  devil. 

Shi' -ah, s.    [SniiTE.] 

•hn>'-bd-leth,  i.  [Heb.  =  (1)  an  ear  of  corn  ; 
(2)  a  river,  from  shdbal  =  to  increase,  to  grow, 
to  flow.) 

1.  A  word  used  as  a  test  or  criterion  by 
which  to  distinguish  the  Ephraimites  from 
the  Gileadites,  the  former,  through  not  being 
able  to  pronounce  the  letter  sh,  pronouncing 
the  word  as  sibboUth  (Judges  xii.). 

"  So  many  died 

Without  reprieve  adjudg'd  to  death, 
nt  of  w 


For  want  of  well  pronouncin^ 

Sliltan:  Samson  Agmittet,  K». 

8.  Fig. :  The  criterion,  test,  or  watchword 
of  a  party  ;  that  which  distinguishes  one 
party  from  another,  usually  some  peculiarity 
in  things  of  little  importance. 

"  Opportunism  survived  as  the  thibboteOt  of  a  fao- 
tlon.'r-B<i«y  Telegraph,  Sept.  a,  1886. 

*  shld'-der,  s.    [BIDDER.] 

•hide,  *  shyde,  *  sehlde,  •.  [A.S.  tcide; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  skidh ;  Ger.  scheit.  From  the 
same  root  as  sheath  and  shed,  and  a  doublet  of 
sJfcid.]  A  piece  split  off;  a  splinter  ;  a  billet 
of  wood. 

"  Beams  of  aah,  and  thidei  of  okes." 

Pfiaer :  Trantlatton  of  rirgtt. 

•hie,  i'.  4  «.    [SHY,  r.] 

shlel,  s.  [SHEAL.]  A  shed ;  a  small  cottage. 
(Scotch.) 

"  The  swallows  Jlnkllng  round  my  Aiel, 
Amuse  me  at  my  spinning  wheel." 

Hitrnt :  Bell  i  her  Spinning  Wheel. 

Bhlel,  v.t.  [A  variant  of  shell  (q.v.).]  To  take 
out  of  the  shell  or  husk  ;  to  shell. 

shield,  -schclde,   'shelde,  •  shllda.  -•. 
[A.S.  scttd,  sceUi—e,  shield ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
schild;  Icel.  skjoldr,  pi.  skildir  ;  Dan.  skiold; 
Sw.  skold;  Goth,  skildus;  Ger.  schild.) 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Lit. :  A  broad  piece  of  defensive  armour, 
borne  on  the  arm  or  before  the  body  ;  a  buck- 
ler.   Shields  were  of  various  forms  and  sizes, 
triangular,  square,  round,  oval,  Ac.,  and  were 
made  of  leather,  or  of  wood  covered  with 
leather.    They  formed  a  good  defence  against 
arrows,  darts,  spears,  &c.,  but  are,  of  course, 
useless  against  rifle-bullets. 

"  Hia  pond'roua  thield, 
Ethereal  temper,  massy,  large,  and  round. 
Behind  him  cast.*  MUton :  P.  L.,  L  284. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  Any  thing  which  protects,  defends,  or 
•belters  ;  a  defence,  a  protection,  a  shield. 

"  His  truth  shall  be  thy  thitld."—Ptnlm  let.  4 

(2)  One  who  defends  or  protects  ;  a  defen- 
der, a  protector. 

"  Fear  not,  Abram :  I  am  thy  thMd  and  thy  ex- 
ceeding great  reward.  —Gtnetis  XT.  1. 


*  (8)  A  spot  more  or  less  resembling  or  sug- 
gesting a  shield.    (Spenser.) 

EL  Technically: 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  (PI.):  The  reproductive  bodies  of  lichens ; 
apothecia. 

(2)  A  broad  table-like  process  in  the  flowers 
of  Stapelia,  Sic. 

2.  Her. :  The  escutcheon  or  field  on  which 
are  placed  the  bearings  in  coats  of   arms. 
Shields,  except  in  the  case  of  single  ladies  and 
widows,  by  whom  the  lozenge  shape  only  is 
used,  are  of  various  forms. 

3.  Husband. :   A  fender-plate   attached  to 
the  share  of  a  corn-plough  to  keep  clods  from 
rolling  on  to  the  young  plant. 

4.  Mining,  Ac. :  A  framework  for  protecting 
a  miner  in  working  an  adit ;  it  is  pushed  for- 
ward as  the  work  progresses. 

shield-bearer,  s.  A  young  man  who 
carried  his  master's  shield. 

shield-bugs,  .-•.  ;•'. 

Entom. :  The  family  Scutata.  They  owe 
their  scientific  and  popular  name  to  the  large 
size  of  the  scutellum. 

shield-fern,  >. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Aspidium. 

shield-shaped,  a.  Having  the  form  or 
figure  of  a  shield  ;  scutate  (q.v.). 

*  shield-ship,  s. 

Naut.:  A  vessel  of  war  carrying  movable 
shields  to  protect  the  heavy  guns  except  at 
the  moment  of  firing.  Superseded  by  the 
turret-ship  (q.v.). 

shield-slater,  «. 

Zool. :  Gassidina,  a  genus  of  Cursorial 
Isopoda. 

shield-tall, «. 

Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  Uropeltidse 
(q.v.). 

shield,  *  sehelde,  *  sehllde,  '  ahlldo,  v.t. 

[SHIELD,  s.] 

1.  To  cover,  defend,  or  protect  with,  or  as 
with  a  shield ;  to  shelter  or  protect  from  any 
thing  hurtful  or  annoying. 

"  Heaven  thield  your  grace  from  woe." 

Shake* v.  :  Meaturefor  Meature,  T.  L 

*  2.  To  ward  off. 

"  Out  of  their  cold  cavea  and  frozen  habitations, 
Into  the  sweet  soil  of  Europe,  they  brought  with  them 
their  usual  weeds,  fit  to  thield  the  cold  to  which  they 
had  been  toured/— Spatter:  State  of  Ireland. 

*  3.  To  forbid,  to  forfend,  to  avert. 

"  God  thilde  that  he  died  aodenly.* 

Chaucer:  C.  r.,  MIT. 

Shield' -less,  a.  [Eng.  shield,  s. ;  -lest.)  Desti- 
tute of  a  shield  ;  unprotected. 

*  shield'-less-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  shieldless ;  -ly.] 
In  a  shieldless  manner ;  without  protection. 

shield  -  less-ness,  a.  [Eng.  shieldless ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  shieldless  or  un- 
protected. 

shlel'  Ing,  *.    [SiiEALiso.] 

shift,  'schifte,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  sciftan,  scyflan 
=  to  divide  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  schiften  =  to 
divide,  separate,  turn ;  Icel.  skipta  =  to  part, 
share,  divide,  shift,  change  ;  Sw.  skifta  =  to 
divide,  change,  shift ;  Dan.  skifte  =  to  divide, 
shift ;  skifte  =  a  division,  an  exchange  ;  Icel. 
skipti  =  a  division,  an  exchange,  a  shift ;  skifa 
=  to  cut  in  pieces  ;  skija  =  a  slice ;  Dan. 
skive;  Sw.  skifva.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  divide,  to  part,  to  distribute. 

"  To  which  God  of  his  bountee  wolde  thift 
Corones  two,  of  flourea  wel  amelling." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  T.  15,«81. 

2.  To  separate ;  to  put  asunder  or  apart ;  to 
remove. 

"Ha-tlllch  he  tchifte  him.* 

Fieri  Plowman,  xx.  1M. 

3.  To  get  rid  of. 

"  Mercy  also,  u  well  as  she  could,  did  what  she  could 
to  thift  them.  —  Bunyan  :  pilgrimt  Progreu.  pt.  11. 

4.  To  transfer  to  another  :  as,  To  shift  the 
blame. 

5.  To  move  or  transfer  from  one  place  to 
another. 

"  The  skiff  she  mark'd  lay  toealng  sore, 
And  thifted  oft  her  stooping  side." 

&»« .  i£fo/  ate  /aa,  L »«. 

6.  To  change  in  position. 

"  We'll  thift  our  ground.*        shakttp. :  Namlet,  L  a. 


7.  To  change,  as  clothes. 

"  1  would  advise  you  to  thift  a  shirt." 

Shakttp.  :  ('ifmbeline,  i  t> 

*  8.  To  dress  in  fresh  clothes. 

"  Aa  It  were  to  tide  day  and  night,  and  not  to  have 
patience  to  thift  me."—Shatceip.  :  2  Henry  I  V.,  v.  fi. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

•  1.  To  divide,  to  distribute. 

"  God  clepetb  folk  to  him  in  aondry  wine, 
And  everich  hath  of  God  a  nropre  gift. 
Som  this,  aom  that,  as  that  him  liketh  thift." 
Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  5.68T. 

2.  To  move  ;  to  change  place  or  position  : 
as,  The  wind  shifts.    (Used  also  in  this  sense 
in  Music.)    [SHIFT,  s.,  II.  4.] 

3.  To  change  ;  to  give  place  to  other  things  ; 
to  pass  into  a  different  form,  state,  or  the  like. 

"  The  sixth  Age 
SAtrt)  into  the  lean  and  allppereil  pantidoon," 

Shaketp.  :  At  rou  Like  It,  1L  T. 

•  4.  To  digress. 

"  Thou  hast  Alfred  out  of  thy  tale  into  telling  me  of 
the  fashion."-  A'atalu.  :  Jfui*  Ado,  M.S. 

5.  To  change  dress,  and,   particularly,  the 
under  garments. 

"  She  begB  you  Juat  would  turn  you  while  ahe  |A(/M." 
Young  :  Mlirai,  vL  42. 

*  6.  To  practise  indirect  methods. 

"  All  those  schoolmen,  though  they  were  exceeding 
witty,  yet  better  teach  all  their  followers  to  thift  than 
" 


7.  To  resort  to  expedients  ;  to  adopt  such 
and  such  a  course  in  time  of  difficulty  ;  to 
contrive,  to  manage,  to  fare. 

"  These  beasts  range  In  the  night  for  their  prey,  and 
If  they  ahould  meet  with  me  in  the  dark,  how  should 
I  tluft  then  T  "—Bunyan  :  Pilgrim'!  Prugrftt,  pt.  L 

U  1.  To  shift  about  :  To  change  about  from 
side  to  side  ;  to  vacillate. 

2.  To  shift  of  : 

(1)  To  put  away  ;  to  disengage  or  disencum- 
ber one's  self  of. 

*  (2)  To  defer,  to  delay  ;  to  put  off,  to  post- 
pone. 

shift,  *  shlfte,  s.    [SHIFT,  «.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  moving  or  changing  of  place  ;  a  more. 

"With  other  two  thift  of  the  camp  the  contract  was 
completed.  "-««M.  April  4.  1885. 

2.  A  change  ;  a  substitution  of  one  thing 
for  another. 

"  Fortune  in  her  thift  and  change  of  mood.* 

Shaketp.  :  Titnon  of  Alhent.  i.  1. 

3.  A  change  of  clothing  ;  applied  specifically 
to  a  change   of  underclothing;  a  woman's 
under  garment,  a  chemise. 

4.  A  turning  from  one  thing  or  resource  to 
another  ;  hence,  an  expedient  tried  in  time  of 
difficulty  ;  a  contrivance,  a  resource,  a  plan. 

"  But  In  the  autumn  of  1691  all  these  th  ifu  wen  ex- 
hausted.'— Jtacaulai/  :  Bill.  Eng.,  ch.  xvtll. 

5.  A  mean  or  petty  refuge  ;  a  last  resource 
or  expedient;   a  trick  to  escape  detection, 
evil,  or  responsibility  ;  fraud,  trickery. 

"  Guilty  thon  art  of  murder  and  of  theft  .  .  . 
Guilty  of  treason,  forgery,  and  thiftf." 

Shaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrtce,  920. 

6.  A  squad  or  turn  of  men  to  take  a  spell  of 
work  at  stated  intervals  ;  the  working  time  of 
such  squad  or  relay  of  men  ;  a  spell  or  turn 
of  work  :  as,  a  Ally-shift  and  a  night-sM/H.    A 
double  shift  or  single  shift  indicates  two  sets 
or  one  set  of  men  to  a  work.    A  three-turn 
shift  consists  of  three  relays,  working  eight 
hours  each. 

EL  Technically: 

1.  Agric.  :  An  alteration  or  variation  in  the 
succession  of  crops  :  as,  a  three  years'  shift,  a 
four  years'  shift.     [ROTATION,  f  4.] 

2.  Build.  :  A  mode  of  arranging  the  tiers  of 
plates,  bricks,  timbers,  planking,  &c.,  so  that 
the  joints  of  adjacent  rows  shall  not  coincide. 

3.  Mining-eng.  :  A  fault  or  dislocation,  ac- 
companied   by   depression   of  one   portion, 
destroying  the  continuity  ;  a  slip. 

4.  Music  :  A  change  of  the  position  of  the 
hand  in  violin  playing,  by  which  the  first 
finger  of  the  player  has  to  temporarily  become 
the  nut.    Shifts  are  complete  changes  of  four 
notes  ;  thus,  the  first  shift  on  the  violin  is 
when  the  first  finger  is  on  A  of  the  first  string; 
the  second  shift,  when  it  is  on  D  above.    The 
intermediate  points  on  which  the  finger  can 
be  placed  are  called  positions. 

1  To  make  ihifl  :  [MAM,  *.,  t  30). 
»  •hilt-got,  o.    Got  or  gained  by  shifts  or 
tricks. 

"  The  ding-thrift  helr«  hU  lUft^at  summe  mlspent, 
".  Ilk.  a  ''  IT.  a, 


boll,  bo^;  p<5nt.  Jowl;  oat,  fell,  cnorns,  9nin,  bench;  go.  *em;  thin,  thto;  "In,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e-flst.   ph  -t 
-4*lan,  -tian  =  Shan,     tion,  -slon  =  «httn;  -{Ion,    ston     zimn.   -clous,    tious,  -slous  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  ic.  -  bfi,  del. 


4242 


shiftable— shine 


•hift-a-ble,  a.     [EnR.  shift;  -able.}    Capable 
of  being  shifted,  muveU,  or  changed. 

•hift'-or,  5.     [Eng.  thift;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language ; 

1.  Lit. :    One  who  shifts  or  changes  :   as,  a 
scene-shifter. 

2.  Fig. :   One  who  plays  tricks  or  practises 
Artifice ;  &  trickster. 

"  Tb*T  h»v«  to  little 

As  well  rnay  free  them  from  the  name  of  itii/trrt." 
Bcnum.  *  Flet. :  Bloody  Brother,  IT.  2. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Knittlng-machitie :   One  of  the  beardless 
needles  (or  awns,  as  they  have  no  eyes)  which, 
by  suitable  mechanism  under  the  control  of 
their  attendant,    oi>erate   to   disengage    the 
outer  loops  of  the  course  and  put  them  on  the 
next  inner  or  the  next  outer  needles  for  nar- 
rowing or  widening. 

2.  Naut. ;   A  person  employed  to  assist  the 
ship's  couk  in  washing,  steeping,  and  shifting 
the  salt  provisions. 

shifter-bar,  s. 

Knitting-machine:  A  bar  having  stops  or 
projections,  whose  office  it  is  to  stop  one 
needle-carrier  bolt  while  they  lift  the  otlier. 

Shift '-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  A;  s.     [SHIFT,  v.] 

A.  At  pr.  par. :  {See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Changing  place  or  position. 

"  Others  rtaer'd,  or  tum'd  tiw  Mil*. 
To  receive  the  thifting  gules." 

Covrper';  Procedur«  of  Divine  Love. 

2.  Resorting  from  one  expedient  to  another; 
fickle,  changeable,  vacillating. 

C*  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  removing  or  changing ; 
«hange,  removal. 

"Hereby  it  is  cleare,  that  the  godly  fathers,  and 
btshomm  In  olde  times,  mtaliked  much  thU  ihtflinj* 
of  Diat«n  to  Boue."-y«iMU  .-  Works,  p.  16S. 

2.  The  act  of  having  recourse  to  equivocal 
•expedients  or  shifts;  evasion,  artifice,  trickery. 

II.  A'aui. :  The  parting  of  tackle-blocks 
which  have  been  pulled  together. 

shift  ing  bar,  s. 

Print. ;  A  cross-bar  removably  dovetailed 
into  a  chase.  Shifting-bars  are  generally  used 
in  the  imposition  of  oddments.  [ODDMENT,  2.} 

S&ifting-beaoh,  «.  A  beach  of  gravel 
liable  to  be  moved  or  shifted  by  the  action  of 
the  sea  or  a  current, 

shifting-centre,  *.    The  same  as  META- 

CEN1RE  (Q.V.). 

shifting-gauge,  s.   An  adj nstable  gauge. 
shifting-plank,  s. 

Ordn. :  An  oaken  plank,  used,  In  conjunction 
with  the  rollers,  blocks,  and  other  implements, 
for  shifting  cannon  from  one  level  to  another. 

shifting  rail,  s. 

Vehicles:  An  upper  rail  or  lazy-back  to  a 
carriage,  removable  at  pleasure. 

shifting-sand  (or  sands),  «.  Loose- 
moving  sand ;  a  quicksand. 

shifting  (or  secondary)  use,  *. 

Law:  [USE,  s.]. 

*hlft'-ing-l&  adv.  [Eng.  shifting;  -ly.]  In 
a  shifting  manner;  by  shifts  and  changes; 
with  deceit  or  evasion. 

Shift -leas,  a.  [Eng.  shift;  -lest.]  Destitute 
of  expedients ;  having  no  expedients  or  re- 
sources ;  unable  to  shift  for  one's  self. 

"  To  shield  the  thiftUtt  people  around  him  from  the 
results  of  their  own  imprudence  and  luiproTldenee." — 
ScrHnter't  Mnyanti*,  Dec..  1878.  p.  387. 

Shift  leas  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  shift;  -lest.]  In  a 
shiftless  manner. 

Shift  less  nese.  *.  [Eng.  tki/tless;  -new.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  shiftless. 

sniff  -y,  a.    [Eng.  *Hfl;  -y.J 

1.  Inclined  to  shift  or  change  ;  changeable, 

shifting, 

2.  Full  of  shifts ;   fertile  in  expedients   or 
resources ;  well  able  to  shift  for  one's  self. 

3.  In  a  bad  sense :  Full  of  shifts,  tricks,  or 
evasions :  given  to  shifting  or  trickery. 

fcht'-Ite,  s.  &  o.  [Arab,  shiah  =  a  party,  a 
faction,  a  number  of  separatists.] 


A.  As  substantive : 
Mrthammailanistn  (PI.) :  One  of  the  two  great 

divisions  of  Muham  madam.  They  reject  the 
Sunna,  or  body  of  tradition  regarding  the  pro- 
phet, while  this  is  accepted  by  the  iSunnitcs, 
or  Sonnites.  They  assert  that  Muhammad, 
trcfure  his  death,  named  his  adopted  son  Ali 
t"  the  Caliphate,  and  therefore  reject  Abn 
Bekr,  Omar,  and  Othman,  the  first  three 
caliphs  who heM  the  dignity  before  Ali's  elec- 
tion. Persia  is  the  leading  Sldite  nation, 
and  one  sourue  of  its  often  being  at  variance 
with  Turkey  is  that  the  latter  power  is  Sim- 
nite.  Many  Shifted  exist,  also  in  India,  though 
the  Sunuites  are  there  more  numerous. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  party 
described  under  A. 

shl  kar-ree,  she-Uiir'-ry,  s.  [Hind,  shi- 
kari.] A  native  attendant  hunter ;  hence  a 
sportsman  generally. 

'shilde,  "shelde,  v.  &s.    [SHIELD.] 
shilf,  *.    (Gen.  «Ai<y=  sedge.]   Straw.  (Prov.) 

shill,  v.t.  [Icel.  skjdl;  Dan.  skjal  =  a  shelter, 
protection,]  To  put  under  cover,  to  sheal. 
(Prov.) 

shil-le  -l^h,  sha-la'-lah,   8hll  la'-ly,  s. 

[From  Shillelagh,  a  barony  in  the  county 
Wieklow,  famous  for  its  oaks.]  An  oak  or 
blackthorn  sapling,  used  as  a  cudgel.  (Irish.) 

"One  civilised  nation  cluUihea  its  ihilttlagh  when 
another  trails  it*  coaL~— Echo,  Sept.  6,  1305. 

shil!  ing,  *  shill-yng,  *  shyll-ing,  s.  [A. 8 

settling,  scylling ;  cogii.  with  Dut.  schelling; 
Icel.  skillingr ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  shilling;  Goth. 
skilliggs;  Ger.  schilling,  from  the  same  root 
as  Icel.  skilja  =  to  divide  ;  Dan.  tkUle  ;  cf. 
Sw.  slciijemynt ;  Dan.  skillemynt  (from  sktija, 
skille  =  to  divide,  and  mynt  =  coin) ;  and  Ger. 
scheidemunze  (from  scheiden=  to  divide,  and 
miinze  =  coin),  all  meaning  small  change.] 

Nunis. :  A  British  coin  of  currency  and 
account,  now  equal  in  value  to  twelve  pennies, 
or  to  one-twentieth  of  the  pound  sterling.  U 
has  varied  considerably  in  value  at  different 
times,  from  four  pennies  to  twenty  pence.  In 
1560  the  pound  troy  was  coined  into  sixty 
shillings,  in  1000  into  sixty-two  shillings,  and 
by  the  Act,  56  George  III.,  it  was  ordered  to 
be  coined  into  sixty-six  shillings,  which  is  the 
rate  at  which  shillings  are  now  struck.  The 
term  shilling  was  also  applied  to  a  weight 
equivalent  to  the  twentieth  part  of  a  pound ; 
thus,  the  statute  of  Henry  II.,  A.D.  1266, 
decreed  that  "if  the  corn  be  at  twelvepence 
a  quarter,  the  farthing  loaf  shall  weigh  six 
pounds  sixteen  shillings,"  i.e.,  six  pounds  and 
£$  of  a  pound. 

"  The  first  current  fhiVin'j  or  sllner  piece*  of  tweltta 

Brace  stamped  within   meiuorie.  were  coined  by  K. 
enriethe  eight.  In  the  twentlth  yeare  of  his  reigne.  * 
-I/unwind  :  Detcrip.  of  Eng,,  bk.  li.,  ch,  xxv. 

shilling-dreadful,  s.  A  short  novel,  of 
a  sensational  character,  published  in  one 
volume,  and  sold  for  a  shilling. 

"Mr.  fltevenaot.  U  writing  another  iMtltnff^irnid- 
fut,"—Athentxum,  Nov.  14.  1885,  p.  638. 

shil  ly  shal  ly.    shilli  shalli.    r.i.      [A 

reduplication  of  shall  /,  and  hence  =  shaU  /, 
shall  I  not  f]  To  act  in  an  irresolute  or  unde- 
cided manner ;  to  hesitate. 

*»lin-ly-Bhil  ly;  *  shiU-I-shaU-I.  adv. 
&  $.  [SHILLYSHALLY,  v.] 

A.  As  adv. :  In  an  Irresolute  or  hesitating 
manner. 

"I  am  somewhat  dainty  In  making  a  rMolation, 
because  when  1  make.  I  keep  it:  I  don't  stand  thili-f- 

$£,'£&:  *  '"^  ™  *&=K5tt  w*9 

B.  As  sultst. :  Foolish  trifling,  irresolution. 
shil  -pet,  ana-pit,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  Weak,  washy,  insipid.    (Scotch.) 

"  W%  protionnwd  the  claret  iMJpit,  and  demanded 
brandy  with  great  vociferation."— Seott :  WtwtrUu, 
ch.  li. 

2.  Of  a  sickly,  white  colour;  feeble-looking. 

*  8hll-Wit,  J.      [CHILDWIT.J 

shi'-ljf,  adv.    [SHYLT.] 

shim,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  fladl.  :    A  thin  piece    of  metal  placed 
between  two  parts  to  make  a  fit.     It  Is  some- 
times used  In  adjusting  the  parts  of  a  journal- 
box  to  the  crank-pin  or  wrist  either  in  the 
original  fitting  or  in  taking  up  lost  motion. 

2.  Stone-working :   One  of  the  plates  in  a 


jumper  -hole  to  fill  out  a  portion  of  the  thick* 
ness  not  occupied  by  the  wedges  or  feather*. 

3.  Agric.  :  A  shallow  plough  for  breaking 
the  surface  of  laud  and  killing  weeds. 

shim'  -mer.  *  shim'-er,  v.i.  [A.S.  sq/mrian  ; 
frequent,  from  sciman,  seinium=to  shine; 
«cima  =  a  li>?lit,  brightM*;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
sckeaurtn;  Sw.  skimra  :  Ger.  schimmern.]  To 
emit  a  tremulous  light;  to  gleam,  to  glisten. 

"  Stagnant,  lifeless,  drenry.  dismal. 
Llghusd  by  the  tMmtntrtag  moDHUpht." 

Lonxftllnvp  :  Hiawatha,  Iz. 

shlm'-mer,  e.  [SHIMMER,  v.]  A  tremulouj 
light  or  gleam. 

shin,  'shine,  "shyn,  s.  [A.S.  teina;  cogn. 
with  l)ut.  Khan;  Sw.  iken-ben  =  shin-bone  ; 
Ban.  skinnt-been;  Ger.  schieju;  O.  H.  Ger. 
scina,  Bcena.] 

1.  Ont.  Lang.  :  The  forepart  of  the  leg  be- 
tn-ren  the  ankle  and  the  knee,  applied  espe- 
cially to  the  human  leg  ;  the  forepart  of  the 
crural  bone.    [TIBIA.] 

"Nay,  I  shall  ne'er  beware  of  my  <r*n  wit  till  I 
break  my  tfitnt  against  it."—  Shakeip.  :  At  1'ou  Likt  It, 

2.  Rail.-eng.  :  A  flsh-plate. 

shin-bone,  s.  The  bone  of  the  shin  ;  the 
tibia. 

"  I  find  I'm  but  hurt  In  the  leg,  a  dangerous  kick  on 
the  jAm-6o«*"—  Btaum.  <e  J-ltt.  :  Sontit  Uan'i  for- 
tune, 11.  1. 

shin-boot,  s. 

Manege  :  A  liorse-boot  having  a  long  leather 
ihield  to  protect  the  ehin  of  a  horse  from 
being  injured  by  the  opposite  foot  ;  used  on 
trotting  horses.  (Amer.) 

shin-leaf,  i. 

Sot.  :  Pyrola  aiiptim. 

shin-plaster,  «.  Originally,  any  kind 
of  paper  money  ;  said  to  have  been  firet  applied 
to  the  Continental  currency  after  its  deprecia- 
tion. During  the  Civil  War,  and  thereafter, 
the  fractional  paper  currency  issued  by  the 
Government,  and  by  many  private  banks  and 
companies,  was  BO  called.  Essentially  a  term 
of  contempt,  implying  worthlessness.  (  U.  S.) 

shin-rapper,  «.  One  who  disables  a 
horse  by  a  blow  on  the  splint-bone. 

shin,  v.i.  *  t.    [SHI-.-,  ..] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  climb  a  tree  by  means  of  the  hands 
and  legs  alone  ;  to  swarm.    (Usually  followed 
by  up.) 

2.  To  go  afoot  ;  to  hurry  about. 

B.  Tram.:  To  climb  by  embracing  with  ths 
arms  and  legs,  and  pulling  one's  self  up  ;  to 
•warm  up. 

*  shln'-dle,  *.      [Lat.  scindula  —  a  wooden 
tile,  from  scindo  =  to  cut,  to  cleave,  to  split  ; 
Ger.  schintlel.] 

1.  A  shingle,     [SHINOLE  (1).] 

"Cornelius  Nepos  wrltoth,  that  the  housen  In  Rom. 
were  no  otherw  ise  covered  over  htwd  but  with  sAintUo." 
—P.  Bollarul  :  Pllnit,  bk.  Ivi..  oh.  X 

2.  A  roofing  slate. 

*  shin  -die,  v.t.     [SIIINDLE,  ».]    To  cover  ot 

roof  with  shingles. 


,  ».  [Etym.  doubtful.  Leland  suggests 
a  derivation  from  the  Gipsy  chingaree  or  c 
=  a  quarrel.] 

1.  A  row,  a  spree.    (Slang.) 

"  Hear  them  for  miles  kicking  up  their  wil  . 

Barham  :  Inyaltltby  l.tgendt  ;  Inyoldiby  Penantt. 

2.  A  liking,  a  fancy.    (Amer.) 

3.  The  same  as  SHINTY  (q.v.). 

shine,  *  schinc,  *  scliync,  *  shyne  (pa.  t 
*  sh-ined,  •  sfJione,  *  schoon,  *  *^OOM,  shone,  pa. 
par.  "  ihiaen,  shone\  r.i.  Si  t.  [A.S.  scinon 
(pa.  t.  scan,  pa,  ^ar.  icineu):  cogn.  with  Dut. 
fchijnen.  ;  Icel.  gkina  ;  Dan.  skinne  ;  Sw.  skina; 
Goth.  sl,cinan;  Ger.  fcheinfn.] 
A.  Intramitive  : 

1.  To  emit  rays  of  light  ;  to  give  light  ;  to 
gleam  ;  to  beam  with  steady  radiance. 

"The  moon  »hlnt*  bright." 

SHakeip.  :  Merchant  of  Venioe,  T.  U 

2.  To  be  bright  ;  to  glitter  ;  to  be  brilliant. 

"  But  all  thing,  which  that  Aintttt  as  tbe  gold, 
Ne  Is  no  gold,  as  I  have  herd  It  tolil." 

Ohaueer  :  C.  T..  1S.4M. 

3.  To  be  gay  or  splendid  ;  to  be  beautiful. 

4.  To  be  eminent  or  conspicuous, 

"  A  quality  wherein,  they  say,  you  •*!**.* 

:  aami*,  IT.  t. 


Ifcte,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather ;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pfit, 
«r.  wore,  wolf,  work,  wno,  son;  mute,  oflb,  cure,  unite,  onr,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  a,  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


shine— ship 


4243 


6.  To  be  noticeably  visible  or  apparent ;  to 
be  prominent. 

"Love,  sweetness,  goodness.  In  her  person  thlnr:!.* 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  shine  or  be  bright. 
(Vulgar.) 

H  To  shint  to  a  steady  emission  of  light ; 
to  glitter  is  an  unsteady  emission  of  light, 
occasioned  by  the  reflection  on  transparent  or 
bright  bodies.  The  sun  and  moon  shine  when- 
ever they  make  their  appearance  ;  but  a  set 
of  diamonds  glitter  by  the  irregular  refraction 
of  the  light  on  them.  Shint  specifies  no  de- 
gree of  light,  It  may  be  barely  sufficient  to 
render  itself  visible,  or  it  may  be  a  very 
strong  degree  of  light ;  glare  on  the  contrary 
denotes  the  highest  possible  degree  of  light ; 
the  sun  frequently  glares,  when  it  shines  only 
at  intervals ;  and  all  naked  light,  the  strength 
of  which  is  diminished  by  any  shade,  will 
produce  a  glare. 

1  To  cause  the  face  to  shines 

Script. :  To  be  propitious. 
shine,  s.    [SHINE,  «.] 

*  1.  The  state  of  shining  ;brilliancy,  bright- 
ness, splendour,  lustre. 

"And  careless  eye  the  blood  that  dims  it*  jMn«." 
Btron:  Corjair.  i.  2. 

*2.  Fair  weather;  sunshine. 

"  Remember  me  In  thine  and  shower, 
In  sorrow  and  in  glee." 

Praed  :  Remember  Ate. 

8.  A  row,  a  quarrel.  (In  this  sense  perhaps 
a  corrupt,  of  shindy,  q.v.)  (Slang.) 

"  There'*  mostly  a  thine  of  a  Sunday  evening."— 
a.  King***  !  Kaeenthoe,  ch.  ili. 

H  (1)  To  kick  up  a  shine :  To  make  a  row. 
(2)  To  take  the  shine  out  of:  To  cast  into 
the  shade ;  to  excel,  to  surpass. 

shin'-er,  s.    [Bng.  shln(e\  i. ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Lit. :  One  who  or  that  which  shines. 

2.  Fig. :  A  coin,  especially  a  bright  one ;  a 
sovereign.  (Slang.) 

"The  ballot  and  all  other  principle*  are.  It  appear*, 
to  be  thrown  over  In  the  forthcoming  election,  and 
the  thiturrt  are  to  be  the  only  interest."— Morning 
Chronicle.  Sept.  9.  1857. 

IL  Ichthy. :  (1)  A  popular  name  for  any 
species  of  Leuoiscus ;  (2)  Abramis  ameriamut. 
(Amer.) 

shi  ness,  «.    [SHYNESS.] 

Shin'-ey,  ».    [SHINE.]    Money.    (Slang.) 

14  We'll  soon  fill  both  pocket*  with  the  thinly  In 
California."—  Xeade  :  finer  too  Lat*  to  Mend,  eh.  i. 

sbin'-gle  (1),   '  shyn-gle,  *  shyn  gil,  «. 
[A  corrupt,  of  shinaU  (q.v.).] 

1.  lluild.:  A  thin  piece  of  wood,  having 
parallel  sides,  and  thicker  at  one  end  than  the 
other,  commonly  used  as  a  roof-covering,  in- 
stead of  slates,  tiles,  or  metal.  Shingles  are 
laid  with  one-third  of  their  lengths  to  the 
weather.  They  are  usually  eighteen  inches 
long,  and  so  have  six  inches  of  margin  ;  this 
is  the  gauge  of  the  shingle ;  the  other  two- 
thirds  is  cover.  The  excess  over  twice  the 
gauge  is  the  lap  or  bond. 

"  A  very  poor  cathedral  church,  covered  with  tltinolei 
or  tile*."— Say  t  Remaint,  p.  123. 

*  2.  Hide,  skin. 

"  She  bath  some  black  spots  about  ber  thittgle."— 
Jfmcell:  Parly  ofBeattt,  p.  5L 

shingle-mill,  s.  A  saw-mill  for  cutting 
logs  into  shingles. 

shingle-nail,  s.  A  cut  nail  of  proper 
size  for  fastening  shingles  on  a  roof. 

shingle-oak,  s. 

Bot. :  Quercus  imbricata. 

shingle  -  roofed,  a.  Earing  a  roof 
covered  with  shingles. 

shingle-wood,  s. 

Sot. :  Nectandra  leucantha. 

Shin'-gle  (2),  s.  [Norw.  singl  or  tingling  = 
coarse  gravel,  small  round  stones.  (Wedg- 
wood.)'] Coarse  round  gravel  on  the  sea 
shore ;  the  coarse  gravel  or  accumulation  01 
small  rounded  stones  found  on  the  shores  of 
rivers  or  of  the  sea. 

shingle-trap,  a.  A  groin.  [GROIN  (1), 
«.  S.] 

shin'-gle,  r.t.    [SHINGLE  (IX  s.] 
1.  To  cover  or  roof  with  shingles. 

"  They  thinyle  their  house*  with  It."— Svelyn  :  Archi- 
tecture, bk.  li..  ch.  i  v..  S  L 


2.  To  perform  the  process  of  shingling  on. 
[SHINGLING. J 

shln'-gler,  s.    [Eng.  shinglfe),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  covers  or  roofs  houses  with 
shingles. 

2.  One  who  or  a  machine  which  cuts  and 
prepares  shingles. 

3.  A  workman  who   attends   a   shingling 
machine. 

4.  A  machine  for  shingling  iron  ;  an  eccentric 
wheel  or  roller,  revolving  within  a  concave, 
and  pressing  the  dross  out  of  the  loop  or  ball 
from  the  puddling-furnaee. 

shlri'-gles,  s.  pi.    [Lat.  dngulum  =  a  girdle, 
from  cinyo~  to  gjrd.] 

Pathol. :  Herpes  zoster  (or  zona),  a  cutaneous 
disease,  forming  a  band  of  inflamed  patches, 
with  their  clustered  vesicles  along  the  course 
of  one  or  more  iutercostal  nerves,  encircling 
half  the  circumference  of  the  body,  generally 
on  the  right  side,  and  stopping  at  the  median 
plane.  It  leaves  scars  behind,  and,  specially 
in  old  people,  obstinate  neuralgic  pains. 
There  is  a  variety,  Herpes  zoster  frontalis  (or 
ophthalmiffus,  called  Brow  Shingles,  which  is 
characterized  by  small  vesicles  on  the  fore- 
head, the  upper  eyelid,  and  the  side  of  the 
nose.  [HERPES.] 

"  Stteh  are  used  successfully  In  erysipelas  and 
tMnfflet.  by  a  slender  diet  of  decoctions  of  farinaceous 
vegetables. " — Arbutlinot:  On  Ittet. 

shin'-gling,  s.    [SHINGLE,  v.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  or  process  of  cover- 
ing with  shingles ;  a  covering  of  shingles. 

2.  Iron-work. :  The  operation  of  removing 
slag,  &c.,  from  puddled  iron,  and  forming  the 
bail  into  shape  for  the  puddle-rolls. 

shingling  -  gauge,   a.     A    device    for 

adjusting  shingles  in  the  proper  position  for 
nailing. 

shlngling-hammer,  s.  A  tilt  or  other 
power  hammer  employed  in  shingling. 
[SHINGLING,  2.] 

shingling-hatchet,  s.  A  tool  with  a 
poll,  used  in  nailing  on  shingles,  a  bit  for 
occasionally  trimming  them  to  fit,  and  a  claw 
for  drawing  the  nails. 

shingling  mill,  t. 

Metal-work. :  A  rolling-mill  or  forge,  where 
puddled  iron  is  hammered  to  remove  the 
dross,  compact  the  grain,  and  turn  out 
malleable  iron. 

shingling-tongs,  s.  pi.  Heavy  tongs, 
usually  slung  from  a  crane  and  nsed  in 
moving  the  ball  of  red-hot  iron  to  and  beneath 
the  trip  or  steam  hammer. 

Shln'-gl*  (1),  a.  (Bug.  Mngl(e)  (1),  ». ;  -V-l 
Resembling  shingles ;  appearing  as  it'  covered 
with  shingles. 

"  The  squirrel,  on  the  tMngly  shag-bark's  bough." 
Lowell .'  Indian  Summer  Reverie. 

Shin'-giy  (2),  a.  [Eng.  shingl(e)  (2X  s. ;  -y.] 
Consisting  of  or  covered  with  shingle. 

"  Led  me  a  rare  chase  across  some  ihlngly  banks."— 
Field.  Sept.  4.  1888. 

shm'-ing,  "Shya-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  i. 
[SHINE,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 
B*  As  adjective  : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Emitting  light ;  bright,  gleaming,  glitter- 
ing. 

"  No  ihinino  ornament*  hare  they  to  seek." 

Cowper:  Hope,  76&. 

2.  Illustrious,    eminent,    prominent,    dis- 
tinguished. 

IL  Bot. :  Having  a  smooth,  even,  polished 

surface,  as  many  leaves. 

C*  As  substantive : 

1.  Effusion  or  emission  of  light ;  brightness. 

"  The  moon  shall  be  dark,  and  the  stars  shall  with. 
draw  their  thining.'—Joel  ii.  10. 

*  2.  The  act  or  state  of  making  one's  self 
conspicuous  by  display  of  superiority ;  osten 
tatious  display. 

shining  gurnard,  s. 

Ichthy.:  Triglot  lucerna,  probably  named 
from  the  brilliant  longitudinal  silvery  banri 
on  each  side.  The  Cornish  fishermen  call  it 
the  Long-finned  Captain,  from  the  elongation 
of  the  second  ray  of  the  first  dorsal  fin. 

*  shin -ing  ness,  s.    [Eng.  shining;  -nett. 


The  quality  or  state  of  being  shining ;  bright- 
ness, splendour,  lustre. 

Shln'-ner,  s.  [Eng.  shin;  -er:  that  Is,  one 
who  plies  his  shins  or  legs  busily.] 

1.  One  who  goes  aboutamongst  his  acquaint- 
ances borrowing  money  to  meet  pressing 
demands.  The  practice  itself  is  called  shin- 
ning. (Amer.  slang.) 

*  2.  A  stocking. 

shin'  ney,  s.    [SHISTY.] 

Shin'-td,  s.    [Chinese  =  the  way  of  the  godi.] 

Comparative  Religions: 

1.  The  religious  belief  of  the   people    o( 
Japan,  prior  to  the  introduction  of  Buddhism 
from  Corea  in  A.n.  652.     The  new  belief  almost 
entirely  absorbed  the  old,   being,   however, 
itself  modified  in  the  process.  Shinto  possesses 
no  moral  code.     Motoori  (1730-1801)  main- 
tained that  the  will  of  the  Mikado  was  the 
criterion  of  right  and  wrong.     Shinto  holds 
the  Mikado  to  be  the  direct  descendant  and 
representative  of  the  Sun-goddess ;  has  asso- 
ciated with  it  a  system  of  hero-worship,  and 
attributes  spiritual  agencies  to  the  powers  of 
nature,    (See  extract.) 

**  The  three  great  commandment*.  Issued  by  the 
deiwrtmeut  of  reilal-m  In  1878.  Intended  to  be  the 
basis  of  a  reformed  Shinto  and  natural  religion,  are  a» 
follow*  i  (1)  Thou  shalt  honour  the  gods,  and  love  thy 
country ;  (2)  Thou  shalt  clearly  understand  the 
principles  of  heaven  and  the  duty  of  man;  (31  Thou 
shalt  revere  the  emperor  as  thy  sovereign,  nnd  oliey 
the  will  of  his  court.  In  its  higher  forms,  Shinto  is  a 
cultured  and  Intellectual  deism ;  In  its  lower  forme 
It  consists  in  blind  obedience  to  governmental  and 
priestly  dictate*. "—Sipley  *  Dana:  Amer.  Cyclop., 
ix.  MS. 

2.  A  Shintoist 

"  The  Shintot  believe  In  a  past  life,  and  they  live  In 
fear  and  reverence  of  the  spirit*  of  the  dead."— Riplef 
A  Dana:  Amer.  Cyclop.,  ix.  £37. 

Shin'-to  Ism,  s.    [Eng.  Shinto;  -ism.] 

Compar.  Relig.  :  The  same  as  SHINTO,  1 
(q.v.). 

"The  gre^t  end  and  aim  of  KhinfoUm  is  obedience  to 
the  edicts  of  the  government,  as  shown  hi  the  sermons 
of  lecturer*  and  priests."— Jtipley  A  JJana:  Amer 
Cyclop.,  ix.  538. 

Shln'-td-ist,  «.    [Eng.  Shinto;  -ist.] 

Compar.  Relig. ;  A  believer  in  Shinto  (q.v.), 

"  The  Khintoittx  have  very  obscure  notions  about  the 
Immortality  of  the  soul,  a  supreme  creator,  or  a 
future  state  of  reward*  and  punishment*.  '—Ilipleu  t 
Dana  :  Amer.  Cyclop.,  Ix.  MS, 


,  s.    [Gael,  sinteag  =  a  skip,  a  bouml.] 

1.  A  game  played  in  Scotland,  correspond- 
ing to  the  English  hockey  (q.v.). 

2.  The  club  or  stick  used  in  playing  such 
game. 

shiu'-y,  *  shinle,  a.    [Bng.  shln(e) ;  -y.] 

1.  Bright,  clear,  splendid,  sunshiny. 

"  Like  distant  thunder  on  a  ihitty  day." 

Dryden  :  To  the  Ducket*  of  Tort. 

2.  Having  a  glittering  appearance  ;  glossy, 
brilliant. 

"  SWn»  beach  and  pebbly  bay." 

Blactie  :  lam  of  Highland*,  p.  8. 

-ship,  «*/•  [A.S.  scipc.]  A  suffix  denoting 
state,  office,  dignity,  profession,  art,  or  the 
like,  as  lordsMp,  friendsAip,  stewardship, 
horsemanship. 

ship  (1),  *  Bchlp,  *  schlppe,  <  shlppe, 
•  shup,  s.  [A.S.  snip,  soup  (pi.  sclpu);  cogn. 
with  But.  schif;  Icel.  tkip ;  Dan.  skib;  Sw. 
tkepp;  Goth,  skip;  Ger.  schi/;  O;  H.  Ger. 
K\f.  From  the  same  root  as  shape  and  shave  ; 
Or.  O-KOJJIOS  (skaphos)  =  a  digging,  a  trench,  the 
hull  of  a  ship,  a  ship,  from  oxiimo  (skapto)  = 
to  dig,  delve,  hollow  out ;  Lat.  scapha  =  a 
bowl,  a  boat,  a  skiff.] 

1.  Strictly,  a  three-masted  vessel  with 
square  sails  on  each  mast,  but  applied  in 
ordinary  language  to  vessels  of  whatever  kind, 
excepting  boats,  adapted  for  navigation. 
Ships  are  of  various  sizes,  and  fitted  for 
various  purposes,  and  are  called  by  various 
names  according  to  their  rig  and  the  purposes 
to  which  they  are  applied,  as  men-of-war, 
merchantmen,  brigs,  sloops,  schooners, 
galleys,  &C.  A  ship,  strictly  so  called,  has  a 
bowsprit  and  three  masts — main-mast,  fore- 
mast, and  mizzen-mast — each  square-rigged, 
and  composed  of  a  lower-mast,  a  top-mast, 
and  a  top-gallant  mast.  A  ship  is  distinguished 
from  a  barque  by  the  square  sails  on  the 
mizzen,  where  a  barque  has  only  fore-and- 
aft  sails.  In  order  to  meet  the  increase 
in  size,  and  especially  in  length,  some  ships 
are  now  built  with  four  masts.  Ships  were. 


MB,  bo^;  poit,  J<fiW;  cat,  ?ell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  ?enopnon,  eylst.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sioa  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -oioos,  -tlons.  -sious  =  shus.   -We.  -die.  &c.  =  bel.  del. 


4244 


ship— shipper 


until  comparatively  recent  times,  constructed 
at  wood,  such  as  oak,  pine,  &c.,  but  this 
material  has  to  a  very  great  extent  been 


THE   "  NORTH  KLEOT." 

superseded  by  iron  and  steel,  by  the  adoption 
of  which  lightness  and  strength  are  combined. 
Vessels  of  war  are  often  constructed  on  the 
composite  system,  that  is,  of  wood  with  a 
skin  or  coating  of  iron  or  steel. 

"  The  proper  definition  of  a  ihip  Is  a  vessel  with 
three  masts,  each  mast  belnjr  square-rigged.  She 
would  be  a  tftip,  even  if  she  did  nut  carry  anything 
above  her  cross-trees,  fur  the  ia  made  HO  by  her  cross- 
jack  and  mlzzen  topsail  yard  and  inizzen  tip ;  yet,  it 
you  add  a  fourth  mast  to  a  thip  nhe  is  still  a  thip, 
•Ten  If  it  be  what  U  termed  a  spanker  mast— that  is, 
a  matt  rigged  like  the  mlueii-mait  of  a  barque,"— 
Itoily  Teltgraph,  NOT.  20, 1885. 

'  2.  A  dish  or  utensil  formed  like  the  hull 
uf  a  ship  for  holding  incense. 

Y  (1)  Armed  ship:  (ARMED). 

(2)  Ship  of  Guinea :  [GUINEA-SHIP]. 

(S)  Ship  of  the  desert :  A  poetical  name  for 
the  camel. 

(4)  Ship  of  the  line :  A  man-of-war,  large  and 
atrong  enough  to  take  its  place  in  a  line  of 
battle, 

ship  biscuit,  $.  A  kind  of  hard,  coarse 
biscuit,  prepared  for  long  keeping  and  for  use 
on  board  ship.  Called  also  ship-bread. 

•hip-board,  *.    A  board  or  plank  of  a 
•hip. 
ship  borer,  *.    [SHIP-WORM.] 

*  ship-boy,  s.    A  boy  who  serves  on  board 
sahip. 

"  Upon  the  high  and  giddy  mart 
Baal  up  the  thip-boy't  eyes." 

Mo*«/>. :  2  Henry  /F.,  lit  L 

•hip-bread,  s.    [SHIP-BISCUIT.] 
ship-breaker,  s.    A  person  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  break  up  vessels  which  are  no 
longer  fit  for  service. 

Ship-broker,  s.  A  mercantile  agent, 
who  transacts  all  necessary  business  lor  a 
•hip  when  in  port,  as  procuring  cargoes,  &c.  ; 
also,  an  agent  who  buys  and  sells  ships  ;  also, 
a  broker  who  procures  insurances  on  ships, 

ship-brokerage,  s.  The  occupation  of 
a  ship-broker. 

"The  question  of  thlp-brokeragt  In  France  had 
formed  the  subject  of  frequent  representations  to  the 
French  government"— /wi/y  Tdrgraph,  Sept.  11,  1886. 

Ship-canal,  s.  A  canal  through  which 
sea-going  vessels  or  vessels  of  a  large  size  can 
pans. 

ship  captain,  *.  The  commander  or 
captaiu  of  a  ship. 

ship-carpenter,  «.  A  carpenter  who 
works  at  shipbuilding  or  repairing ;  a  ship- 
wright. 

ship-carpentry,  *.    Shipbuilding  (<{. v.). 

"  The  Clyde  has  supplied  an  unusually  rich  store  of 
primitive  thip-carpentry."—WUion:  Primitive  Man, 

ch.  vi. 

ship-chandler,*.  One  who  deals  in  cord- 
ige,  canvas,  and  other  commodities  for  fitting 
out  ships. 

ship-chandlery,  s.  The  business  of  a 
•hip-chandler;  the  commodities  aold  by  a 
•hip-chandler. 

ship-fever, «. 

Puthol. :  A  popular  name,  and  till  1759  the 
technical  appellation  for  typhus  when  pro- 
duced by  overcrowding  on  board  ship. 

*  Ship-holder,  s.  The  owner  of  a  ship ;  a 

ship-owner. 


ship-Jack,  *.  A  compact  and  portable 
form  of  hydraulic  jack,  adapted  for  lifting 
ships  and  other  heavy  objects. 

*  ship-joiner,  *.    A  ship-carpenter. 
ship-letter,  s.    A  letter  sent  by  private 

slap  and  not  by  mail. 

ship-money,  s. 

Eng.  Hist. :  An  imposition  formerly  charged 
on  the  ports,  towns,  cities,  boroughs,  and 
counties  of  England  for  providing  and  fur- 
nishing certain  ships  for  the  king's  service. 
The  attempt  made  by  Charles  I.  to  revive  and 
enforce  this  imposition,  which  had  lain  dor- 
mant for  many  years,  was  resisted  by  John 
Hampden,  and  was  one  of  the  proximate 
causes  of  the  Great  Rebellion.  Ship-money 
was  finally  abolished  during  the  same  reign. 

"  Niiy  hfa  attorney,  a  great  antiquary,  had  much  to 
do  in  this  business  of  thip-monei/."—Whitelock;  M«- 
mor,  f  hurl  ft  /.,  p.  7. 

Ship-owner,  s.  One  who  has  a  right  of 
property  in  a  ship  or  ships,  or  any  share 
therein. 

s  hip -pendulum,  s.  A  pendulum  with  a 
graduated  arc.  used  in  the  navy  to  ascertain 
the  heel  of  a  vessel,  so  that  allowance  may 
be  made  in  laying  a  gun  for  the  inclination  of 
the  deck. 

ship-propeller,  *.  The  same  as  SCREW- 
PROPELLER  (q.v.). 

ship-rigged,  a. 

Xaut.  :  Rigged  with  square  sails  and  spread- 
ing yards,  like  a  three-masted  ship. 

Ship-shape,  a.  or  adv.  In  a  seaman-like 
manner ;  after  the  manner  of  a  ship ;  hence, 
well-arranged,  neat,  trim. 

"  Keep  everything  thip-ihapt,  for  I  must  go." 

Tennyion  ;  Enoch  Arden,  226. 

*  Ship-tire,  *.    A  kind  of  female  head- 
dress.   Perhaps  so-called  from  resembling  a 
ship. 

"  The  brow  that  becomes  the  thip-tire."—Shak*ip.  : 
Mfrrjf  Wixtt  of  Windtor,  ilL  8. 

ship-worm,  ship-borer,  s. 

Zool, :  Teredo  navalis*    [TEREDO.] 
"  The  thip'Worm,  as  this  mollusc  Is  appropriately 
called,   from  iU  depredations  on  ships  and  all  sub- 
merged wooden  structures.   Is  found  in  most  seas."— 
Wood;  lllut.  Mat.  Hitt.,  ill.  436. 

ship-yard,  *.  A  yard  or  piece  of  ground 
near  the  water,  in  which  ships  or  vessels  are 
constructed  ;  a  shipbuilding  yard. 

"  In  the  ihip-yard  stood  the  Master, 
With  the  model  of  the  vesael." 

Longfellow  :  Building  of  ih*  SMp. 

ship's  husband,  s.    [HUSBAND,  *.,  II.] 

ship's  papers,  s.  pi.  The  papers  or 
documents  required  for  the  manifestation  of 
the  property  of  the  ship  and  cargo.  They  are 
of  two  kinds  :  (1)  Those  required  by  the  law 
of  a  particular  country,  as  the  certificate  of 
registry,  license,  charter-party,  bills  of  lading, 
bills  of  health,  Arc.,  to  be  on  board  the  merchant 
ships  of  the  country ;  (2)  those  required  by  the 
law  of  nations  to  be  on  board  neutral  ships,  to 
indicate  their  title  to  that  character,  and  pro- 
tect them  in  time  of  war. 

ship's  -writer,  *.  A  petty  officer  who 
keeps  the  watch-bills,  quarto r-bills,  and  station- 
bills  of  the  crew.  (  U.  8.  Navy.) 

Ship  (2),  t.     [An  abbreF.  of  companionship.} 
[COMPANIONSHIP,  II.  2.J 

ship,  v.t.  &  i.    [SHIP  (1),  «.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  put  on  board  of  a  ship  or  vessel  of 
any  kind  ;  to  embark. 

"  More  than  one  fifth  of  those  who  were  ihipped 
were  flung  to  the  sharks  before  the  end  of  the  voyage." 
— Jlacaulay :  //iff.  Eng.,  ch,  T. 

2.  To  transport  in  a  ship;  to  convey  by 
water.    (Shakesp. :  Hamlet,  iv.  1.) 

3.  To  engage  for  service  on  board  a  ship  or 
other  vessel :  as,  To  ship  seamen. 

4.  To  fix  in  the  proper  place. 
B*  Intransitive: 

1.  To  go  on  board  a  vessel,  to  make  a  voyage 
in  it ;  to  embark. 

"  Aftlr  three  monethls  we  tcMppiden  in  a  sohip  of 
AUsauudre."-Ft>c*{jr«;  DtdU  xxvlii. 

2.  To  engage  for  service  on  board  a  ship. 

Ship-board,  s.     [Eng.  ship  (1),  and  board.] 

1.  The  deck  or  side  of  a  ship.  (Used  chiefly 
or  only  in  the  phrases,  On  shipboard,  a  ship- 
board.) 


2.  A  plank  or  board  of  a  ship. 


'  ship  breach.  *  schip-broche,  s.  [Eng. 
ship  (1),  and  breach.]  Shipwreck. 

"Thries  I  was  at  tchipbreche,  nyght  and  dal  I  was 
in  the  depuesse  of  the  see."—  Wyclifft :  2  Corynm.  t\. 

ship  -build -er,  5.  [Eng.  ship  (1),  and 
builder.]  One  whose  occupation  is  to  build 
ships  and  other  vessels  ;  a  shipwright ;  a  naval 
architect. 

ship  build-ing,  a.  &  s.  [Eng.  ship  (1),  and 
building.] 

A.  As  adj.  ;  Used  in  or  for  the  construction 
and  repair  of  vessels  :  as,  a  shipbuilding  yard. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  art  or  occupation  of  con- 
fltiucting  vessels  for  navigation,  particularly 
ships  and  other  vessels  of  a  large  kind  bear- 
ing masts,  as  distinguished  from  boat-build- 
ing ;  naval  architecture. 

"[  Tradition  alleges  that  shipbuilding  waa 
first  successfully  attempted  in  Egypt,  and 
brought  thence  to  Greece  by  Danaus,  B.C. 
about  1485.  In  historic  times  the  Phoenicians 
took  the  lead  in  the  art.  In  England  the 
first  two-decked  vessel  built  was  the  "Royal 
Harry,"  built  in  1488;  it  had  five  masts. 
Port-holes  were  first  introduced  in  France  by 
Discharges,  A.D.  about  1500.  Steamships  were 
first  constructed  about  1812  ;  they  were  of 
wood,  the  first  two  of  iron  were  launched  in 
1833  and  1834,  to  ply  upon  the  Humber.  Now 
iron  is  being  superseded  by  steel. 

ship  -ful,  *  ship-fall,  *.  [Eng.  ship  (l),  and 
ftul.]  As  much  or  as  many  as  a  ship  will  con- 
tain ;  enough  to  fill  a  ship. 

"  The  time  will  soon  be  upon  us  when  the  arrival  of 
a  thtjiful  of  such  precious  wares  will  cease  to  excite 
curiosity."— Pall  Mall  Gazette,  Nov.  2,  1888, 

t  ship  less,  a.  [Eng.  ship  (1) ;  -less.]  Desti 
tnte  of  ships. 

"It  U  by  no  means  a  ihipteu  sea." — (tray:  To  Dr. 
WKarton,  lett  M. 

*  Ship  161,  s.  [Eng.  ship  (1);  dimin.  suff.  -let,] 
A  little  ship. 

"  Whither  ihiplttt  sometlmedoo  resort  for  s 
—Bolinthed:  fittcripf.  Britain,  ch.  lit. 

*  ship  man,  *  schlp-man,  s.     [Eng. 
(1),  and  man.] 

1.  A  seaman,  a  sailor,  a  mariner, 

"  Hiram  sent  in  the  navy  lAipmen  that  had 
ledge  of  the  se-v."— l  Kingt  U.  27. 

2.  The  captain  of  a  ship. 

"A  thipman  was  ther.  woned  fer  by  west: 
For  ought  I  wote,  he  was  of  Dertemouth." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T..  390.    (ProL) 

*  ship'  -  mas  -  ter,  *.     [Eng.  ship  (l),  and 
master.]    The  master,  captain,  or  commander 
of  a  vessel. 

"The  thipmatter  came  to  him,  and  said  unto  him, 
What  meanest  thon,  O  sleeper  T  arise,  call  upon  thy 
God."—  Jonah  i.  6. 

ship  mate,  s.  [Eng.  ship(l),  and  mate.]  One 
who  serves  in  the  same  ship  with  another ;  a 
fellow  sailor. 

Ship   ment,  s.     [Eng.  ship  (1);  -ment.] 

1.  The  act  of  shipping,  or  of  putting  any- 
thing on  board  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel;  em- 
barkation. 

"  But,  it  was  added,  the  tMpmentt  must  not  be  de- 
layed."— Macauiay  :  Hitt.  Eng,,  ch.  xvi. 

2.  Goods  or  commodities  shipped  or   put 
on  board  a  ship  for  transportation. 

"American  thipwntt  were  again  heavy.1*—  Daily 
Chronicle.  Hay  25,  1BS5. 

•ship-page  (age  as  I£),  s.  [Eng.  ship (1) ; 
-age.]  Freightage.  (H'alpole.) 

shipped,  pa.  par.  &  a.     [SHIP,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  jdjective: 

1.  Put  on  board  a  ship ;  carried  in  a  ship 
or  ships. 

2.  Provided  or  furnished  with  a  ship  or 
ships. 

"  Ia  he  well  ihipped  t "          fthab»p. :  Othello,  11.  L 

ship  pen,  ship  pon,  s.  [A.S.  scypen. 
scepen.]  A  stable,  a  stall,  a  cowhouse.  (fvMbj 

ship  -per,  «.    [Eng.  ship.  v. ;  -*r.] 

1.  One  who  puts  goods  on  board  a  vessel 

for  transportation. 
*  2.  The  master  of  a  ship  ;  a  skipper,  a 

seaman. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pft, 
or,  wore,  wvlf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cor,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    <e,  oe  =  e ;  ey    -  a ;  qu     k w. 


shipping— shiver 


4245 


ship  -ping,  pr.  par.,  a.,  tt  s.    [Snip,  v.) 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  ships : 
as,  shipping  matters,  shipping  news. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ships  collectively;  the  collective  body 
of  ships,  &c.,  belonging  to  any  country  or 
port  ;  ships  in  general ;  tonnage. 

"They  conversed  every  day  long  and  freely  about 
the  state  of  the  Moping  and  the  dockyards.  —  Ma- 
caulay:  Mitt.  Eng.,  ch.  vl. 

1  In  the  year  1890  the  United  States  had 
928,062  tons  of  shipping  engaged  in  the  foreign 
trade  •  in  the  coasting  trade  the  tonnage 
employed  was  3,409,345.  Counting  barge  and 
canal  boats  the  grand  total  was  4,424,497  tons. 
Great  Britain,  however,  is  the  great  shipping 
country  of  the  world.  In  the  same  year  the 
United  Kingdom  had— of  shipping  over  100 
tons  register— 11,928,624  tons,  being  more  than 
half  the  total  shipping  of  the  world— 22,936,958 
tons.  In  1890  the  total  tonnage  of  vessels 
built  in  the  United  Kingdom  was  1,197,236; 
in  the  United  States  148,178. 

*2.  Sailing,  navigation  ;  a  passage  by  water. 

"  God  send  'em  good  thipping  I  "—Shaketp. :  Taming 
o/  the  Shrew,  v,  1, 

If  To  take  shipping:  To  take  passage  in  a 
ship ;  to  embark  on  board  a  ship  for  passage 
or  conveyance. 

•  Tote,  therefore,  thtpping ;  post,  my  lord,  to^ France." 

Shipping-articles,  s.  pi.  Articles  of 
agreement  between  the  captain  of  a  vessel 
and  the  seamen  on  board  in  respect  to  the 
amount  of  wages,  length  of  time  for  which 
they  are  shipped,  Ac. 

*  Bhip'-pj?,  o.  [Eng.  ship ;  -y.]  Pertaining 
to  or  frequented  by  ships. 

•hip' -way,  «.  The  framework  of  timbers 
upon  which  a  ship  is  built  and  ultimately 
slities  when  launched. 

•hip'- wreck,  *  schip  -  wracke,  *ship- 

wrack,  s.    [Eng.  ship,  and  wreck.] 

L  Literally: 

1.  The  wreck  of  a  ship ;  the  destruction  or 
loss  at  sea  of  a  ship,  by  striking  on  a  rock  or 
•hoal,  foundering,  or  other  cause. 

*  2.  The  shattered  fragments  of  a  wrecked 
•hip ;  wreck,  wreckage. 

"  They  might  have  it  in  their  own  country,  and  that 
hy  gathering  up  the  ihipvreck*  of  the  Athenian  and 
Roman  theatres."— Dryden. 

U.  Fig. :  Destruction,  ruin. 

"  Did  afterwards  make  a  thipwrac*  violent. 
Both  of  their  life  aud  fame  for  ever  fowly  blent" 
Spemer :  f.  «..  it  111.  7. 

U  (1)  To  make  shipwreck:  To  go  astray,  to 
err.  (1  Tim.  i.  19.) 

(2)  To  make  shipwreck  of:  To  rain,  to  de- 
stroy :  as,  To  make  shipwreck  of  one's  chances, 

•hip  -wreck,  v.t.    [SHIPWRECK,  «.] 
L  Literally : 

1.  To  make  to  suffer  shipwreck,  by  driving 
on  the  shore,  a  rock,  or  sandbank,  or  by  the 
force  of  the  wind  in  a  tempest ;  to  wreck. 

"  Whence  the  sun  'gins  his  reflection. 
Shipwrecking  storms  and  direful  thunders  break." 
Shaketp. :  Macbeth,  L  2. 

2.  To  cause  to   be  thrown  away   by   the 
wrecking  of  a  ship. 

"  Shi, 'wrecked  upon  a  kingdom,  where  no  pity. 
No  friends,  no  hope  1  no  kindred  weep  for  me." 
Shake^. :  BennVlll.,  111.  1. 

IL  Fig.  :  To  ruin,  to  destroy. 

"Those  minor  differences  which  had  so  often  thip. 
wrecked  the  fortunes  of  a  great  Party."— standard, 
Jan.  18.  1886. 

•hlp'-wnght  (gh  silent),  s.  [Eng.  ship,  and 
wright.]  One  whose  occupation  is  to  build 
ships ;  a  builder  of  ships  ;  a  ship-carpenter. 

U  The  Shipwrights  are  one  of  the  Londor 
Companies ;  founded  in  1605,  and  incorporated 
in  1612. 

shi  raz,  s     [See  def.]    A  Persian  wine  from 

Shiraz. 

•hire,  'sohire,  *shyre,  «.  [A.8.  scir;  al 
lied  to  share  and  shear.] 

I.  Originally  a  minor  division  of  Englanc 
under  an  earl  or  alderman,  whose  jurisdiction 
was  intrusted  to  the  sheriff  (q.v.),  on  whom 
the  government  of  the  division  devolved. 
Now,  one  of  the  larger  divisions  into  which 
Great  Britain  is  divided,  and  practically  cor- 
nwponding  to  a  county,  by  which  terra  it  is 
in  many  cases  superseded.  English  county 
members  of  Parliament  are  known  as  knights 


of  the  shire.  In  England  the  shires  were 
divided  into  hundreds  and  then  again  into 
tithings.  In  Scotland  they  were  divided  into 
wards  and  quarters.  Some  smaller  districts 
in  the  north  of  England  retain  the  provincial 
name  of  shires  :  as,  Richmondsfctre,  in  the 
north  of  Yorkshire ;  HaUams/iire,  or  the 
manor  of  Hallam,  in  the  West  Riding. 

"  The  borough  law  had  been  likewise  anciently  es- 
tablished among  the  Saxons,  whereby  every  thire  was 
divided  into  so  many  hundreds  or  boroughs,  consisting 
at  first  of  one  hundred  families  therein  usually  in- 
habiting: every  hundred  in  so  many  tytbiugs,  con- 
sisting of  ten  families."— Sir  W.  TtmpU  :  SM.  Eng. 
(Introd.) 

*  2.  A  shire-mote  (q.v.). 

"Beying  there  thanne  agrete  congregaclon  of  people 
by  cause  of  the  seyd  thyre.  —  Patton  :  Lettert,  1 18. 

H  The  shires:  Those  English  counties  which 
terminate  in  "shire;"  a  belt  running  from 
Devonshire  and  Hampshire  in  a  north-east 
direction.  In  a  general  way  it  means  the 
midland  counties. 

"  In  such  huntingas  we  have  oat  of  the  grass  thiret." 
—Globe,  Nov.  11,  1B85. 

*  shire-Clerk,  «.    In  England,  an  officer 
appointed  by  the  sheriff  to  assist  in  keeping 
the  county  court ;  an  under-sheriff ;    also,  a 
clerk  in  the  old  county-court  who  was  deputy 
to  the  under-sheriff. 

*  shire-mote,  *  shire-gemot,  >.    [A. S. 

scire-gemot.]  A  court  held  formerly  twice  a 
year  by  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  and  the 
alderman  in  shires  that  had  aldermen,  and  in 
others  by  the  bishop  and  sheriffs.  (Cowell.) 

"  If  the  matter  was  of  great  importance  it  was  put 
In  the  full  ikire-mote:  and  if  the  general  voice  ac- 
quitted, or  condemned,  decided  for  one  party  or  the 
other,  this  was  final  in  the  cause."—  Burke:  Aoridg.  of 
Eng.  Bitt..  bk.  iL,  ch.  vii. 

•shire-reeve,  t.    A  sheriff  (q.v.). 

shire-town, ».  The  chief  town  of  a  shire ; 
a  county-town. 

•shire  wick,  i.  A  •bin,  •  county. 
(P.  Holland.) 

•shire -man,  >.  [Eng.  sKire,  and  man.]  A 
sheriff  (q.v. ). 

shirk,  *  sherk,  v.t.  &  i.  [The  same  word  as 
shark,  v.  (q.v.).J 

A.  Transitive : 

*  1.  To  procure  by  mean  tricks  ;  to  shark. 
2.  To  avoid  or  get  away  from  unfairly  or 

meanly  ;  to  slink  away  from. 

B.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  To  practise  mean  tricks ;  to  live  by 
one's  wits. 

"  Certainly 

much  better, 

than  thus  therking  and  rakin_ 
Statt  Trial* :  Sarbottle  Grimitone. 

2.  To  avoid  performance  of  duty ;  to  slink 
or  shuffle  away. 

"  One  of  the  cities  shirked  from  the  league."— Lord 
Byron:  To  Murray ;  Kavenna,  Sept.  7,  1820. 

U  To  shirk  of:  To  sneak  away. 

shirk,  ».  [SHIRK,  v.]  One  who  seeks  to 
avoid  the  performance  of  duty ;  one  who  lives 
by  shifts  or  tricks. 

shirk  er,  i.  (Eng.  shirk,  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
shirks  duty  or  danger  ;  a  shirk. 

Shirk' -y,  o,  [Eng.  thirk;  -y.]  Disposed  to 
shirk  ;  characterized  by  shirking. 

*  shirt,  o.    [SHRILL.] 
"shirt,  s.    [SiioRL.] 

Shirr,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Fabric:  An  elastic  cord  inserted  in  cloth 
or  between  two  pieces. 

shirred,  a.    [Eng.  shirr; 

Fabric :  Applied  to  goods  with  elastic  cords 
interwoven,  as  suspenders,  garters,  &c, 

shirt  *  shirt, '  sherte,  •  shirte,  '  shurte, 
*  schlrte,  s.  [Icel.  skyrta  =  a  skirt ;  8w. 
skjorta;  Dan.  skiorte;  Ger.  schurz,  schurze  — 
an  apron.  So  called  from  its  being  originally 
a  short  garment,  from  Icel.  skorta  =  to  come 
off  short,  to  lack  ;  skortr  =  shortness.  Shirt 
and  skirt  are  doublets.]  [SHORT.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  loose  garment  of  linen, 
cotton,  or  other  material,  worn  by  males  under 
the  outer  clothes. 

"  I  bold  him  rlche,  al  had  he  not  a  thtrte." 

Chaucer:  C.T.,t,1«l 

2.  Bot.  (PI.):  The  seeds  of  Sinapis arvensis. 
(Scotch.) 


[y  he  [Land]  might  have  spent  his  time 
;r.  ana  more  for  his  grace  m  tl  e  pulpit, 
herking  and  raking  in  the  tobacco-shops."— 


shirt  buttons,  s.  pi. 

Bot.:  Stelluria  Holostea.  (Britten  &  Holland.) 

shirt-front,  s.  The  dressed  part  of  a 
shirt,  which  covers  the  breast ;  also  an  article 
of  dress  made  in  imitation  of  this  part ;  a 
dickey.  . 

*  shirt,  v.t.     [SHIRT,  s.]     To  cover  or  clothe 
with,  or  as  with,  a  shirt ;  to  put  a  shirt  ou. 

"Ah  ]  for  so  many  souls,  as  but  this  mom 
Were  cloath'd  with    flesh,  and  warin'd   with   vita* 
But  naked  now,  orihirted  but  with  sir."       [blood. 
Dryden  :  Xing  Arthur,  It 

•  shirte,  «.    [SHIET,  s.] 

shirt' -Ing,  s.    [Eng.  shirt ;  -ing.] 

Fabric :  Bleached  or  unbleached  calico,  ol 
quality  and  texture  suited  for  under-garments. 

shirt' -less,  a.  [Eng.  shirt;  -less.]  Having 
no  shirt ;  without  a  shirt. 

"  Of  thirties*  youths  the  secret  rise  to  trace." 

Gay :  Trivia,  il.  lot. 

shist,  shlst  -us,  Shis' -tic,  &c.     [SCHIST; 

SCHISTIC,  &C.] 

shit  -tab  (pi.  shlt'-tlm),  «.  [Heb.  rnjuj 
(sM«aA),fornp3!lJ(s/u?itafc)(seedef.)(pl.  D»t3<§ 
(shittim);  Coptic  sont,  sant,  santh  =  acacia. ] 

Script. :  A  tree  mentioned  in  the  singular  in 
Isa.  xli.  19,  and  repeated  in  the  plural,  as 
used  in  constructing  the  ark  of  the  covenant 
(Exod.  xxv.  10,  xxxvii.  1 ;  Deut.  x.  3,  &C.X 
staves  (Exod.  xxv.  13,  28),  a  table  (xxv.  23, 
xxxvii.  10),  boards  for  the  tabernacle  (xxvi. 
15,  xxxvi.  20),  and  pillars  (xxvi.  32,  37,  xxxvi. 
36).  The  tree  is  almost  certainly  an  acacia. 
Some  think  it  was  A.  Seyal,  others  S.  nilotica 
or  A.  arabica.  Dr.  Livingstone  believed  it  to 
have  been  A.  girafa.  Dean  Stanley,  preferring 
A.  Seyal,  considered  that  the  plural  form  was 
suggested  by  the  tangled  thickets  produced 
by  the  stems  of  this  tree. 
shittah-tree,  s.  [SHITTAH.] 

shit'-tim,  a.    [SHITTAH.] 

*  Bhit'-tle,  »  schit  el,  •  schet  yl,  *  «eyt- 
yl,  *  schyt-tyl,  a.  &  s.  [SHUTTLE.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Wavering,  unsettled,  unsteady. 

"Their  thittle  hate  makes  none  but  cowards  shrinke." 
Mirrourfor  Magistrate*,  p.  ise. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  shuttle. 

"  Stone  caps,  stone  vessels,  thittlet,  all  of  stone." 
Chapman  :  Homer ;  Odyt.  ijii. 

*  Shlttle-OOCk,  s.    A  shuttle-cock  (q.v.). 
"The  pat  of  a  thittle-cock,  or  the  creaking  of  a  Jack, 

will  do  his  buslness."-Co«i«r. 

*  shittle  witted,  a..    Flighty,  unsteady. 

"  Stiittle-toitted  fools." — Greene:    Quip   far  an   Up- 
Start  Courtier. 

»  Shit -tie  ness,  s.    [Eng.  shittle;  -ness.]   Un- 
settledness,  unsteadiness,  wavering,  fickleness. 
"The  vain  ihittlejiett  of  an   unconatant  head."— 
Barret:  Alxearie. 

•hive  (1),  »  sheeve, ».  [Icel.  skifa  =  a  slice ; 
Dan.  skive  ;  8w.  skifva  —  a  slice,  a  disk  ;  Dut. 
schijf;  Ger.  scheibe.]  [SHEAVE,  SHIFT.] 

1.  A  thin  slice  or  cut. 

"Easy  It  la 
Of  ft  cut  loaf  to  steal  a  Ihiue.* 

Shaketp-  :  Titut  Andronicut,  U.  L 

2.  The  scale  or   bark  removed  from  thd 
fibrous  portion  of  hemp  or  flax  in  braking. 

3.  A  name  given  by  cork-cutters  to   the 
small  bungs  used  to  close  wide-mouthed  bot- 
tles, in  contradistinction  to  the  phial  corks 
used  for  narrow-necked  bottles :  also,  ft  thin 
wooden  bung  used  by  brewers. 

shive  (2X  «.    tCnivE  (2),  2.] 
•hiV-er  (IX  «•    [SHIVE,  (i).] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 
I.  A  small  piece  or  fragment  into  which 
anything    is    broken    by   sudden   violence. 
(Usually  in  plural.) 

"  This  time,  , 

Sprang  in  a  thousand  tliioeri  ou  the  h 

Matlltcv  Arnold :  Sokrab  i  Kultum. 

*  2.  A  thin  cut  or  slice  ;  a  shive. 

"  Of  your  white  breed  nat  but  a  iftfver." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  7.4U. 

3.  A  small  wedge  or  key. 
U.  Technically: 

1.  Min. :  A  species  of  blue  slate ;  schist^ 
shale. 

2.  Natit. :  A  small  wheel ;  a  sheave. 
shiver-spar,  «.     A  corruption  of 

Schieferspar  (q.v.). 


b8H,  bo?;  po%t,  J«fiM;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  fcem;  thin,  thls;-aln,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejist.   ph  _  t 
-don.  -tian  =  •nan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -flon  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tie us,  -sious  =  shiia.   -We,  -die,  4c.  =  bel,  del. 


4246 


shiver— shoddy 


•hiV-er  (2X  *.     [SHIVER  (2),  v.]     A  shaking 
fit ;  a  trembling  or  tremulous  motion. 
IT  The  shivers :  The  ague. 

•hiv'-er  (1),  *  shev-er,  *  schiv-er,  v.t.  &  i. 

[SHIVER  (IX  *.J 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  break  to  shivers  or  pieces ; 
to  shatter  ;  to  dash  to  pieces  by  a  blow. 

"  With  sabre  tMver'd  to  the  hilt." 

Byron:  Otaour. 

2.  N'titt.  :  To  cause  to  flutter  or  shake  in 
the  wind,  as  a  sail,  by  trimming  the  yards  or 
ehjfting  the  helm,  so  that  the  wind  strikes  on 
the  edge  of  the  saiL 

B.  Intrans. :  To  fall  or  be  dashed  to  pieces ; 
to  be  shattered. 

*  With  brand  to  aid,  when  M  the  spear 
Should  jA*w  In  the  course." 

Scott :  Lav  of  the  Ltut  J/initrei.  ly.  SI. 

U  Shiver  my  timbers:  A  mild  form  of  oath, 
formerly  used  by  sailors. 

•hiV-er  (2),   *  ehev-er-en,   *  ohiv-ere. 
*  chiv-er-en,  *  chyy-er-en,  *  chiv-el- 

en,  "  chyv-el-en,  v.i.  [According  to  Skeat, 
a  frequent,  form  from  quiver  (q.v.).]  To 
tremble  or  shake,  as  from  cold  ;  to  shudder, 
to  quiver,  to  shake,  as  with  ague,  fear,  horror, 
or  excitement  ((tapper ;  Tablt-  Talk,  215.) 

Shiv  -er-ing,  pr.  par.,  eu,  &  «.  [SHIVKR  (2X  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  partieip.  adj.  :  (See 
tlie  verb). 

C.  As  svbst.  :  The  state  of  one  who  shivers ; 
a  shiver,  a  trembling,  a  shaking,  as  with  cold, 
ague,  &.c. 

"A  hollow  wind  comes  whistling  through  that  door; 
And  a  cold  thivrmg  seizes  me  all  o'er. 

Drydm  :  Coutfufit  ttf  Granada.  IT.  1. 

*hlv'-er-ing-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  shivering;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  shivering  manner;  with  shivering 
or  shivers. 

"  During  the  last  few  weeks  I  have  often  and  thieer- 
<*0iy  loused  tor  a  certain  fur  coat."— r   " 
Morel.  31,  1866. 

2.  With  tremulous  motion. 


**  The  Terj  wave-et*  .  .  .  Mem  to  creep  thittrinnlg 
toward*  the  shallow  water*."  —  Poll  Mall  Gazette, 
Jferch  si,  isw. 

hiV-er-*  (1),  o.  [Eng.  shiver  (1)»  «•  "»  •?•] 
Easily  felling  into  pieces  ;  not  compact  ; 
toose  cf  coherence. 

"There  were  obwrred  Incredible  number*  of  these 
ih«Ua  thus  fiatud.  and  extremely  tender. 
atooe.  '—  Woodtoard. 


(2),  a.    [Eng.  shiver;  -y.]    Shiver- 
ing ;  with  tremulous  motion. 

"  Sad  ocean  'a  far* 

A  carting  undulation  tkttery  *wept 
From  wave  to  wave." 
JtalM:  Am 


flhcad,  Bhode,  s.    [Prob.  Cornish.) 

Mining  :  Surface  ore  in  pieces  mixed  with 
other  matters,  and  indicating  the  outcrop  of 
a  lode  or  vein  in  the  vicinity.  The  method  of 
finding  the  vein  by  tracing  the  shoad-stones 
to  their  source  at  the  strike  is  called  Bhoad- 
tag.  Holes  dug  to  prospect  or  intercept  the 
vein  are  called  Snood-pits. 

"  The  ttuMdt,  or  train*  of  motullick  frafmeu  t*  borne 
off  from  thflOi.'—  Woodward  ;  On  fottiU. 

shoad-pit,  t.    [SHOAD.] 

shoad-atone,  s,  A  small  stone  or  frag- 
ment of  ore  made  smooth  by  the  action  of 
•water  passing  over  it. 

fthoad  ing,  «.     [Eng.  shoad;  -ing]    [SHOAD.] 

•hoal  0),  *  shole  (1).  s.  [The  same  word  as 
Mid.  Eng.  scole  =  a  school  (q.v.);  Dut  school 
=  a  school,  a  shoal  ;  Irish  sgoL]  A  large 
number  assembled  ;  a  great  quantity  ;  a  throng, 
a  crowd. 

"  SAoo/*  of  artisan* 
Were  from  their  dally  labour  turned  adrift" 

trordtwortk.   JCtcurndfl,  bk.  L 

•hoal  (2),  *  shole  (2),  *  ahold,  *.  &  a.    [  Icel. 

skjdlgr  =  oblique,  awry,  hence  applied  to  a 

'      sloping  or  shelving  shore;  8w.  dial.  skjalgz=. 

obhqae,  slant,  wry  ;  O.  8w.  skeelg  ;  Ger.  echeel. 

• 


A.  As  subst.  :  A  place  where  the  water  of  a 
river,  lake,  sea,  &c.,  is  shallow  or  of  little 
depth  ;  a  shallow,  a  sandbank,  a  bar  :  more 

particularly,  among  seamen,  a  sandbank  which 
becomes  dry  at  low  water. 

"The  thoaTi,   he  said,  consisted  of   coral  rock*."— 
Coot  :  ftrtt  t'ojroffe.  vol.  IL,  eh.  IT. 

•  B.  A8  adj.  :  Shallow. 

"  TU*  Molanna,  were  she  not  so  •*«*«." 

r:  F.  t^  VII.  vi.  4ft. 


*  Shoal  (1),  tU.    [SHOAL  (1),  s.]    To  crowd,  to 

"  Entrails,  about  «  hich  fauaens  and  other  fish 
Uid  thole,  to  nibble  of  the  tat." 

i.    Homer;  /Uod  xxL  191. 


Shoal  (2),  V.i.  &  (.      [SHOAL  (2),  S.] 

A.  Intratis. :  To  become  more  shallow ;  to 
decrease  in  depth. 

B.  Tnmitivc: 

NauL :  To  cause  to  become  more  shallow ; 
to  move  or  pass  from  a  greater  to  a  less  depth 
of. 

"We  suddenly  t\oaled  om  water. "— Cbo*."  Third 
Voyage,  bit.  v.,  ch.  r. 

shoal -i  now,  s.  [Eng.  shorty;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  shoaly  or  of  abound- 
ing in  shoals ;  shallowness ;  little  depth  of 
water ;  frequency  of  shallow  places. 

Shoal  -ing,  a.  [Eng.  shoal  (2),  s.  ;  -in?.]  Be- 
coming shallow  by  being  filled  up  with  shoals. 

*  shoal  -wise,  adv.    [Eng.  shoal  (1),  s. ;  -wise.] 
lii  shoals  or  crowds. 

•hoal'-y,  a.  [Eng.  shoal  (2),  s. ;  -y.]  Fall  of 
shoals  or  shallows. 

"The  t«»tng  venae!  Balled  on  Aoaiy  ground." 

Drjfden:  Tirgil ;  Jbieidv.  1,130. 

*  ahoar,  s.    [SHORE  (2),  s.] 
shoat,  s.    [SHOT.]    A  young  hog. 

shock  (1),  *.  [O.  Fr.  choc  =  a  shock  ;  choquer 
=  to  give  a  shock,  from  0.  H.  Ger.  scoc;  M. 
H.  Ger.scfcoc  =  a  shock,  a  shaking  movement ; 
Dut.  <cAofc  =  a  shock,  a  jolt;  schokktn  =  to 
jolt,  to  shake ;  Icel.  skykkr  =  a  jolt.] 
L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  A  violent  collision  of  bodies ;  a  violent 
striking  or  dashing  together  or  against;  a 
concussion. 

"  The  AoA  that  violently  shook 
Her  entraila,"  Drayton :  t*oly-OU>ion,  B.  M. 

2.  A  violent  onset  or  hostile  encounter ;  the 
collision  of  contending  armies  or  bodies. 

"  Rush  ou  with  Highland  *wo*dand  Urge, 
I,  with  ui  v  Carriuk  speanuttt,  charge  ; 
Now  forward  to  the  **oe*  r 

Scott :  Lord  <tf  the  Itte*.  ri.  28. 

3.  Anything  which  surprises  or  offends  the 
intellect  or   moral   sense ;   anything    which 
causes  a  violent  or  sudden  Impression  or  sen- 
sation.     (Generally    applied    to    something 
offensive  or  displeasing :  as,  To  give  a  «Aodfc 
to  one's  modesty.) 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Electricity; 

(1)  Frlctional :  A  sensation  as  of  a  more  or 
less  painful  concussion  or  blow  attended  by 
a  sudden  contraction  or  convulsion  of  the 
muscles,   produced  by  a  discharge  through 
them  of  electricity  from  a  charged  body.     If 
a  number  of   persons  join  hands,  the  first 
touching  the  outside  coating  and  the  hut  the 
knob  of  a  charged  Leyden  jar,  all  will  receive 
a  nearly  simultaneous  shock  proportioned  to 
the  strength  of  the  charge  and  the  number  of 
persons  whom  it  strikes. 

(2)  Dynamical:  The  sensation  produced  in 
the  same  way  by  a  current  from  a  charged 
inductive    coil,  or   from   a  dynamo-electric 
machine.      Owing  to  the  large  quantity  of 
these  latter  currents,  fetal  accidents  not  un* 
frequently  occur. 

2.  Pathol. :  A  sudden  and  violent  derange- 
ment of  any  organ  or  of  the  nervous  system, 
and  through  it  of  the  general  frame,  conse- 
quent on  sudden  injury,  the  sight  of  anything 
painful  or  terrible,  or  the  reception  of  very 
startling  uews. 

3.  Galvanism :  The  shock  from  a  ealvanfc- 
battery.     [II.  1.  (1).] 

shock  (2),  'schokke,  *  shocke,  s.     [O. 
Dut.  shocke  ~&  shock,  cock,  or  heap  ;  Sw. 
shock  =  a  crowd,  a  heap ;  Ger.  schock ;  Dan. 
skok ;  Sw.  stock  =  three  score  sheave*.] 
1.  Hutbandry: 

(1)  A  collection  of  sheaves  standing  together 
In  the  field  for  the  grain  to  ripen  ;  also  called 
a  shook  or  stock.     It  has   usually  twelve 
sheaves,  but  customs  differ. 

"The  sheaves  being  yet  In  thocTu  In  the  field,  they 
thought  they  mtffht  not  p-ind  tb«  wheat,  nor  make 
any  commodity  of  profit  thereof."— A'ortA:  /Vu/arcA. 

(2)  A  collection  of  cut  stalks  of  corn  stand- 
Ing  in  the  field  around  a  central  core  of  four 
sulks,  whose  tops  are  diagonally  woven  to- 
gether and  bound  at  the  intersection.    This 


central  support  holds  the  stalks  while  they 
are  being  set  up,  aud  is  called  a  gallows.  The 
shock  should  be  bound  when  about  one-third 
of  the  stalks  are  in  place,  and  bound  again 
when  all  are  gathered.  (Amer.) 

2.  A  lot  of  sixty  pieces  of  loose  goods,  u 
staves. 

Shock  (3),  a.  A  «.     [A  variant  of  shag  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Shaggy  ;  having  shaggy  hair. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  shock-dog  (q.v.). 

"  I  wooia  fain  know  why  a  lAoct  and  a  hound  arc 
not  distinct  *pecies.'— Lotto :  Human  Undemanding, 
bk.  iiL.  ch.  VL 

2.  A  mass  of  close  matted  hair. 

*  shock  dog,  *.  A  dog  with  long,  rough 
hair  ;  a  kind  of  shaggy  dog. 

shock-headed,  shock-head*  a.  Hav- 
ing a  thick,  bushy  head  of  hair. 


t.       [SHOCK 


ight, 

the  Bight" 


shock  (1),  *  shok-ken,  v.t. 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  strike  by  the  violent  collision  of  a 
body ;  to  strike  against  suddenly  and  vio- 
lently ;  to  give  a  shock  to. 

*  2.  To    meet  with    hostile  force ;   to  en- 
counter violently. 

"  Come  the  three  cornen  of  the  world  In  anna. 
And  w«  will  «Aoc* them."    ShaXttp.  ;  King  /Jin,  T.  7. 

3.  To  give  a  shock  to ;  to  strike  aa  with 
horror,  fear,  or  disgust ;  to  cause  to  recoil  in 
disgust ;  to  offend  extremely ;  to  disgust,  to 
scandalize. 

"  But  thine,  as  dark  as  witcheries  of  the  night, 

Was  formed  to  harden  heart*  and  ihock 
C'owper;  Kxpottu 

*4.  To  shake  or  move  from  one's  purpose. 

"They  who  could  not  be  thocked  by  persecution. 
were  in  Atmgtr  of  being  oYercwme  by  flattery.**— «fl- 
Itnyjttft :  Herman*.  voL  iL,  ser.  8. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  meet  with  a  shock  ;  to 
meet  in  sudden  onset  or  encounter. 

"  With  liorrid  clangour  «Aoc*  the  ethereal  arm*," 
Pope  :  Homer ;  ittad  ud.  4SL 

•hook  (2),  v.t.  &,  i.    [SHOCK  (2),  5.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  up  into  shocks   or 
stocks  :  aa,  To  shock  com. 

B.  Intrans. :     To    collect     sheaves     into 
shocks  ;  to  pile  sheaves. 

"  Reap  well,  scatter  nut,  gather  clean  that  Is  shorn, 
Blud  fast,  th'jck  apace,  liave  an  eye  to  thy  corn." 

Timer.   Husbandry;  AvfutL 

Shock-ing,  pr.  par.  &  a,    [SHOCK  (1),  ».J 
A*  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 
B.  As  adj. :  Causing  a  shock  of  horror,  dis- 
gust, or  pain ;  causing  to  recoil  with  horror 
or  disgust;  extremely  offensive;  disgusting; 
very  obnoxious  or  repugnant 

"To  hide  the  ttoxking  features  of  her  fxoe.* 

Cvmyer :  Proyreti  of  Error.  MS. 

IT  For  the  difference  between  shocking  and 
formidable,  see  FORMIDABLE. 

Shock'- ing -ly,  adv.     [Eng.   shocking;   -ly.] 

In  a  shocking  mauner  or  degree ;  so  as  to 
shock  or  disgust ;  disgustingly. 

Shock'-ing-ness,  s.  [Eng.  shocking;  -wo.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  shocking. 

shod,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.    [SHOE,  v,} 

shod  -dy,  s.  &  a.  [Prob.  from  being  at  first 
the  waste  stuff  aAed  or  thrown  off  in  spinning 
wool ;  A.S.  sctadan=.  to  shed,  to  divide.] 

A.  As   subst. :    Old    woollen    or   worsted 
fabrics  torn  to  pieces  by  a  machine  having 
spiked  rollers  (termed  a  devil),  cleansed,  and 
the  fibre  spun  with  a  certain  proportion  of 
new  wool,  the  yarn  being  afterwards  woven 
into  the  full-bodied  but  flimsy   fabric,  also 
known  as  shoddy,  and  made  into  cheap  cloth, 
table  covers,  &c. 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Made  of  shoddy :  as,  shoddy  cloth. 

2.  Of  a  trashy  or  inferior  character;  pre- 
tentious, not  genuine,  sham. 

"  A  fleet  of  snips,  thoddier  by  a  hundrecifoid  tLaa 
the  thoddieit  of  thorn  now  afloat."— Daily  Trlr-jrapl, 
Nov.  17,  1882. 

shoddy-fever,  *. 

Pathol :  A  popular  name  for  broncliitU 
produced  by  the  inhalation  of  the  dust  arising 
from  shoddy. 

shoddy-mill,  s.  A  mill  employed  In 
the  manufacture  of  yarn  from  old  woollen 
cloths  and  refuse  goods. 


fate,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son;  mute,  ofib,  cure,  untt«,  oar.  rule,  fftll;  try.  Syrian.    »,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


shode— shole 


4247 


•  (bode,  *  sohede,  *  sohod,  *  schode,  s. 

{A.  8.  scddc,  from  scedtlan  =  ta  divide.)     Ihe 
parting  or  division  of  the  liair. 

••  Th,  nail  y^ryv.  iu  «-«J*«*fyS^^m 
•bode,  J.     [SHOAD.] 

*  abode,  pret.  &  pa.  far.  afv.    [SHOE,  «.] 
anode   irig,  shod  ing,  s.    [SHOADINQ.] 

sho'-der,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

aold-bwting  :  The  package  of  goldbeater's 
skin  employed  in  the  aecoud  stage  ot  gold- 
leaf  making. 

•hoe  *scho,  'shoo  (pi.  *schon,  'slum, 
•shoon,  shoes),  s.  [A.S.  seed  (pi.  seeds)  .- 
cogn.  with  Dut.  shoen;  Icel.  sk6r  (pi.  s«or, 
jfafr);  Sw.  &  Dan.  sfco;  Goth,  ikons;  O.  H. 
Ger.  sc6h,  satoch  ;  Ger.  «*«<*.) 

1  A  covering  for  the  foot,  made  of  leather 
in  Europe,  America,  and  some  other  parts  ;  of 
paper  and  various  fabrics  in  China  and  Japan  ; 
of  wood  in  Holland  and  Prance  (sabots); 
of  dressed  skins  among  the  North  American 
Indians  (moccasins).  A  shoe  has  a  thinner 
and  more  elastic  leather  for  the  sole  than  a 
boot.  The  parts  are  united  by  stitches,  pegs, 
nails,  or  screws. 


. 

"  Spare  uone  but  such  as  go  In  clouted  shoon, 
For  they  are  thrifty  honest  men.  '        ...... 

:  2  Htnry  >  /..  IT.  J. 


2  A  metallic  plate  nailed  to  the  hoof  of  a 
horse,  mule,  or  ox,  to  preserve  it  from  wear, 
and  prevent  it  from  becoming  sore. 

3.  Anything  more  or  less  resembling  a  shoe 
In  form  or  use  ;  as— 

(1)  Agriculture: 

(a)  The  metallic  block  on  the  inner  end  of  a 
finger-bar ;  it  runs  on  the  ground  next  to  the 
standing  grain. 

(i>)  The  shaking  portion  of  a  winnowing- 
machine  or  grain-separator. 

(2)  Building: 

(a)  A  block  or  base  piece  for  the  reception 
of  a  pillar,  a  truss,  or  girder. 

(b)  The  short  horizontal  section  at  the  foot 
of  a  rain-water  pipe,  to  give  direction  to  the 
Issuing  water. 

(S)  Machinery: 

(a)  A  bottom  piece  on  which  a  body  Is  sup- 
ported. 

(b)  A  piece  on  which  an  object  ie  placed 
'  while  moving,  to  prevent  its  being  worn. 

(c)  The  iron  point  of  a  pile. 

(4)  Milling:  The  spout  beneath  the  feeding 
hopper. 

(5)  Mining: 

(o)  An  inclined  trough  used  in  an  ore-crush- 
ing mill. 

(b)  A  removable  piece  of  iron  at  the  bottom 
of  a  stamp  or  muller. 

(6)  Nautical: 

(o)  A  wooden  piece  secured  to  an  anchor 
during  the  operation  of  fishing ;  it  holds  the 
point  as  the  anchor  rises,  and  keeps  it  from 
tearing  the  ship's  side. 

(b)  A  board  lashed  to  the  fluke  to  extend  its 
area  and  consequent  bearing  surface  when  in 
the  ground. 

(c)  A  foot-board  on  which  a  spar  is  erected 
to  act  as  a  jib  in  hoisting. 

(7)  RaiL-eng. :  That  part  of  a  brake  which 
is  brought  in  contact  with  the  wheel. 

(8)  Shipwright. :  The  step  of  a  mast. 

(9)  Wheelwrighting: 

(a)  A  strip  of  wood  or  steel  fastened  beneath 
the  runner  of  a  sled  or  sleigh. 

(b)  [DEAO,  s.,  II.  3.  (1).] 

H  (1)  To  be  in  another's  shoes:  To  be  in  hi 
place ;  to  take  his  place. 

(2)  To  die  in  one's  shoes:  To  be  hanged 

(3)  To  put  the  shoe  on  the  right  foot:  To  la 
the  blame  on  the  right  person. 

shoe-billed  stork,  a. 

Ornith. :  Balcenteeps  rex,  a  large  stork  (bun 
on  the  Upper  Nile.  It  figures  in  many  Ara 
myths.  Called  also  the  Boot-bill. 

shoe-block,  «. 

Naut. :  A  Mock  having  two  sheaves  whic 
revolve  in  planes  at  right  angles  to  each  othe 

shoe-brush,  s.  A  brush  for  cleanin 
shoes;  they  are  generally  used  in  seta 


three— one  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  for  removing 
the  dirt ;  a  second  with  softer  and  longer 
hairs  for  spreading  the  blacking,  and  the 
third  with  soft  hairs  for  polishing. 

shoe-butts,  s.  fl.   Stout  leather  for  coles. 

shoe-clasp,  ».  A  buckle  for  closing  some 
kinds  of  shoes. 

shoe-factor,  t.  A  factor  or  wholesale 
dealer  in  shoes. 

shoe-flower,  s. 

Bot. :  Hibiscus  Rosa  sinensto. 

shoe-hammer,  s.  A  hammer  with  a 
slightly  convex,  broad  face,  and  a  wide,  thin, 
rounding  peen.  Used  in  pounding  leather 
upon  the  lapstone  to  condense  its  pores,  and 
also  in  driving  pegs.  The  peen  is  used  to 
press  out  creases. 

shoe-horn,  «.    A  shoeiug-horn  (q.v.). 

Shoe-jack,  s.    A  pegging-jack  (q.v.). 

shoe-key,  ». 

Shoemak. :  A  hook  by  which  a  last  is  with- 
drawn from  a  boot  or  shoe. 

shoe-knife,  s.  A  thin  blade  of  steel 
affixed  by  a  tang  in  a  wooden  handle,  and 
used  by  shoemakers  for  cutting  and  paring 
leather. 

shoe-lace,  s.    [SHOE-STSINO.] 

shoe-latchet,  s.    A  shoe  tie. 

Shoe-leather,  s.  Leather  for  making 
shoes  ;  hence,  used  for  the  shoes  themselves. 

shoe-pack,  s.    [PAC.] 

shoe-peg,  s.    [FEU,  s.,  I.  J.J 

shoe-shaped,  a. 

jtntKrop. :  An  epithet  applied  to  a  form  of 
pointed  flake  implement  (the  use  of  which  is 
unknown),  flat  on  one  face  and  convex  on  the 
other. 

"  The  whole  form  Is  so  like  that  of  a  shoe,  that  the 
name  thoe-thaped  has  been  applied  to  it  —  Evaiu  • 
Ancient  Stont  Implement!,  p.  SO&. 

shoe-shave,  .?. 

Slwemak. :  An  implement  on  the  principle 
of  the  spoke-shave,  for  trimming  the  soles  of 
boots  and  shoes. 

shoe-stirrup.  >• 

Saddlery :  A  stirrup  having  a  toot-rest 
shaped  like  a  shoe. 

shoe-stone,  *.  A  whetstone  for  a  shoe 
knife. 

shoe-strap,  ».  A  strap  attached  to  a 
shoe  for  fastening  it  to  the  foot. 

shoe-stretcher,  s.  An  expansible  last 
for  distending  shoes. 

shoe-string,  shoe-lace,  «.  A  string 
of  leather  or  other  material  used  for  fastening 
the  shoe  on  the  foot. 

shoe-tie,  s.    A  shoe-lace. 

shoe-valve,  s. 

Hydraul. :  A  valve  at  the  foot  of  a  pnmp 
stock,  or  at  the  bottom  of  a  reservoir. 

shoe  (pa.  t.  A  pa.  par.  shod),  v.t.    [SHOE,  s.] 
1    To  put  a  shoe  or  shoes  on ;  to  furnish 
with  shoes.  (Shakesp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  i.  2. 
2.  To  cover  at  the  bottom  or  tip ;  to  tip. 
H  To  shoe  an  anchor :  [ANCHOR,  ».]. 

shde'-black,  s.      [Eng.  shoe,  and  Wade,  v. 
A  person  who  cleans  shoes. 

IT  Shoeblack  Brigades  (English):  Companies  o 
boys  who  clean  boots  and  shoes  in  the  street. 
at  appointed  standings,  each  separate  com 
pany  being  recognized  by  its  own  uniform 
The  brigades  represent  an  outcome  of  tli 
work  of  ragged-schools  in  London.  The  Cen 
tral  and  East  London  companies  were  foundet 
in  1851,  chiefly  through  the  effort  of  Mr.  J 
Macgregor  (Rob  Roy).  The  movement  ha 
been  taken  up  in  all  large  provincial  towns 
In  London  there  are  nine  Protestant,  anc 
several  Roman  Catholic  brigades.  The  boy 
in  these  nine  companies  in  1886  numbere 
364,  and  earned  in  that  year  £11,235  8s.  2d 
There  has  been  no  such  organization  of  eho 
blacks  in  any  cities  of  the  United  Statei 
though  homes  for  them  have  been  inetitutec 
shoeblack-plant,  «.  [SHOE-FLOWZR.] 

* Bhoe'-black-er,  «.     [Eng.  shoeblack;  -a 
A  shoeblack. 


shoe'-bo^,  t.    [Eng.  shoe,  and  boy.]    A  boy 

who  cleans  shoes  ;  a  shoeblack. 

"HI  employ  a  jfto«&oy,  is  it  in  view  to  hia  advan- 
tage, or  my  owu  convenience  t "— SiriSt :  ZWrectwni  to 

Servaiiti. 

hoe-buc-kle,  «.  [Ens.  shoe,  and  bncklt.} 
A  buckle  for  fastening  the  shoe  to  the  foot ; 
an  ornament  in  the  shape  of  a  buckle  worn  on 
the  upper  of  a  shoe. 

hoe'-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SHOE,  ».] 
shoeing  hammer,  s. 

Farr. :  A  light  hand-hammer  used  for  shoe- 
ing horses. 
shoeing  horn,  shoe-horn,  s. 

I.  Lit. :  A  device  to  assist  in  putting  on  a 
shoe.  It  is  frequently  made  of  polished  horn, 
but  also  of  sheet  metal. 

*n.  Figuratively: 

1.  Anything  by  which  a  transaction  is  facil- 
itated ;  anything  used  as  a  medium  ;  hence, 
applied  to  a  dangler  on  young  ladies,  encour- 
aged merely  to  draw  on  other  admirers. 

"  Most  of  our  fine  young  ladles  retain  in  their  a«rrlo» 
.npernumtmry  and  iii.ig..i!ic»Ut  fallow.,  which  Uiej 
u«e  like  whlfflers,  and  commonly  call  ihoemg-honu. 
—Addilon :  Spectator.  No.  536. 

2.  Something  to  draw  on  another  glass  or 
pot ;  an  incitement  to  drinking. 

shoe  less,  a.  [Eng.  nhoe;  -less.]  Destitute- 
of  shoes  ;  having  no  slices. 

"A  thoelat  soldier  there  a  man  might  meet." 

Drat/tern:  Battle  qf  A  gtncourt. 

shoe'-mak-er,  s.  [Eng.  shoe,  and  maker.) 
One  whose  trade  is  to  make  shoes,  boots,  or 
other  articles  connected  with  the  calling. 
(Applied  both  to  the  employer  and  employed.) 

shoemaker's  bark-tree,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  Montserrat  name  for  Byrxonima 
spicata.  (1'reas.  of  Hot.) 

Bhoe'-mak-ing,  s-  [Eng.  shoe,  and  making.} 
The  act  or  occupation  of  making  shoes,  Ac. 

sho'-er,  s.  [Eng.  shoe,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
makes  or  puts  on  shoes  :  as,  a  shoer  of  horses. 

•  Bhofe,  pret.  of  v.    [SHOVE,  «.] 

shoe,  s.  [Wei.  ysgog  =  a  quick  motion,  a  jolt  f 
ysgogi  =  to  wag,  to  stir,  to  shake.)  A  shock ; 
a  push  off  at  one  side. 

"  An1  gied  the  Infant  world  a  Ow." 

Burnt:  Addret*  to  the  D«tt. 

*  ShOg,  "SChOg,  'ShOgg,  1>.t.  &«.   |SHOO,S.} 

A.  Trans, :  To  shake,  to  agitate 

"  And  the  boot  in  the  inyddil  of  the  see  wallchofffft* 
with  waWs."—  Wycnfe :  Matthew  llv. 

B.  Intrant.:  To  move  off;  to  jog  off  or 
along. 

••  Oom«.  pretbee  let's  item  off,  and .browse  an  bour 
or  two."— Btaum.  *  Flet. :  Coxcomb,  h.  1. 

shog'-ging,  «.  [SHOO,  t>.)  A  concussion,  a. 
shaking. 

Bhog'-gle,  v.t.  [Eng.  shog,  v. ;  frequent,  suff. 
-le.]  To  joggle,  to  shake. 

sho'-  goon,  s.    [SHOOTTK.] 

•ho'-gun,*.  [Japanese  =  generalissimo.]  The- 
so-called  "secular"  emperor  of  Japan;  in 
reality  the  governor  and  generalissimo  of  that 
country.  (See  extract.) 

"  The  mikado  .  .  .  was  the  true  sovereign  of  Japan, 
and  the  ikogun  was  a  usurper,  and  in  no  seine  of  the 
word  a  kiiigur  emperor.  &  w«s  but  a  military  gover- 
nor  a  cominaiidef-iu-chief  •  •  •  n«  term  u"k"?,.(or 
tycoon)  means  great  sovereign,  and  was  an  absurd  title, 

6  which  the  «»V"  fc"1  uo  rlsht  what«;;er-  >"d  "*."* 

was  Invented  to  deceive  foreigners  . . .  The  assumption 
of"hi.  title  by  the  ,fto<nmhel|ied  to  brii.g  on  the  civil 
war  of  "MM*:  which  reduced  his  power  to  that  of  • 
Daimio  and  restored  the  emperor  t*  hi.  ancient  power 
and  rights;  There  never  were  two  emperors  m  Japan, 
Ind  tfie  loose  statements  about  .  'secular'  and  an 
^ecclesiastical'  emperor  originated  in  deception.  - 
Rijilt'y  *  Sana  :  Amer.  Ci/clap.,  ix.  6«. 

Sho'-gun-ate,  >.  [Eng.  shogun;  -ate.]  The 
office,  jurisdiction,  or  dignity  of  a  shogun 
(q.v.). 

"The  decay  ot  the  ikogwnatt  had  gradually  been 
«olng  on  lor  years  back."-£nc»o.  Bra.  led.  9U»k  ""•- 
184. 

sho -la,  s.    [SOLA.] 

*  shole  (1),  ».    [SHOAL  0),  «•! 

Shole  00,  «.    [Prob.  a  variant  of  thore  (2),  «. 

Naitt. :  A  piece  of  plank  placed  under  the 
soles  of  standards,  or  under  the  heels  ol 
shores,  in  docks  or  on  ships,  where  there  »r« 


Wiil.  W»;  pat.  J«M;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go   gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a,;  expect, 
Kton.-tian  =  shan.  -tiwi.  -«lon  =  8huu;  -tion.  -»ion  =  shun,   -oioua,  -tiouB,  -«ou»  =  shus.  -Die.  -die. 


4248 


shole— shooting 


no  ground-ways,  In  order  to  enable  them  to  sus-  I 
tain  the  weight  required  without  sinking; 
also,  a  piece  of  plank  fixed  under  anything 
by  way  of  protection,  as  a  piece  put  on  the 
lower  end  of  a  rudder,  which,  in  case  of  the 
ship's  striking  the  ground,  may  be  knocked 
off  without  injury  to  the  rudder. 

*  (hole,  a.    [SHOAL,  a.) 

*  shonde,  s.     [A.3.  second.]     [SHEND.]    Dis- 
grace, harm,  injury. 

shone,  fret,  t  pa.  par.  of  r.    [SmsE,  «.] 

*  shone,  ».    [SHONE,  ti.)    Radiance. 

"  Like  the  tun  with  open  jAoiM," 

Hidnei:  AitrvpM  t  StfOa.  O. 

•boo,  inter}.  [Cf.  Ger.  acheuclien=to  scare.] 
Begone  I  be  off  1  off!  away  I  An  interjection 
used  in  scaring  away  fowls  or  other  animals. 

•hook,  pre«.  <t  ;«.  par.  o/t).     [SHAKE,  t>.l 

shO9k,  s.     [A  form  of  shock  (2),  s.  (q.  v.).] 

1.  Coopering:  A   package   containing  the 
staves  and  heading  of  a  cask  ready  for  setting 
up.     Whalers  carry  out  the  staves  and  head- 
ings for  oil-casks  ready  prepared  in  shocks, 
and  put  them  together  on  board  as  the  catch 
of  fish  requires. 

2.  Furniture  made  in  parts  and  not  set  up, 
but  shipped  in  packs. 

3.  A  set  of  boards  for  a  box. 

•hook,  v.t.  [SHOOK,  t.]  To  pack  in  shocks. 
•hodl,  v.t.  [SuouL,  $.]  To  shovel.  (Scotch.) 
Bhool,s.  [Seedef.]  A  shovel.  (Scotch.) 

*  ahoon,  ».  pi.    [SHOE,  «.] 

shoot,  'schot  i  en,  "Bcot-1-en,  "sehetc, 

*  shete  (pa.  t  *  Khet,  that,  *  shotte,  pa,  par. 

•  xhot,  shot),  v.t.  &  i.     [A.S.  Kxitian  =  to  dart 
(intrans.),   from  xtotan  =  to  shoot,  to  dart 
(pa.  t.  scedt,  pa.  par.  scoten)  ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
•chieten  (pa.  t.  xhoot,  pa.  par.  yeschotcn.)  ;  Icel. 
ikjota  (pa.  t.  skaitt,  pa.  par.  skotinn)  ;  Dan. 
tkyile;  Sw.  skjuta  ;  Ger.  tchiessen.} 

A.  Transitive: 

L  On  Hilary  Language  : 

1.  To  let  fly  or  cause  to  be  driven  with 
force;  to  propel,  as  from  a  gun,  firearm,  or 
bow  ;  to  discharge. 

"  A  darto  WM  icAol  to  them,  but  non  wUt  who  It 
.•efeta"  Jtvbert  dt  Srumie,  f.  in. 

2.  To  discharge,  causing  a  missile  to  be 
driven  out  ;  to  let  off  ;  to  fire  off  (with  the 
weapon  as  the  object,  and  followed  by  ojf)  : 
as,  To  shuot  off  a  gun. 

3.  To  emit  or  send  out  or  forth  violently  or 
hastily  ;  to  discharge,  propel,  eject,  or  empty 
out   with   rapidity   or  violence  ;   to   throw 
roughly.    (Generally  followed  by  out.) 

•Mr.  Welltr  wheeled  hli  muter  nlml.ly  to  the 
green  hill,  Mot  him  dexteronily  out  by  the  rery  *ide 
of  the  basket."—  rtifkeni  :  Ptctotlelt,  ch.  xlx. 

4.  To  throw  out,  as  a  net,  into  the  water; 
to  cast. 

"  On  joining  tbem  afterwards,  we  found  that  they 
had  JtuC  «*of  their  neU."—  Fietd.  Dec.  «,  18M. 

5.  To  kill  game  in,  on,  or  over;  to  shoot 
game  over. 

"  We  Bhall  eoon  be  able  to  s&oo*  the  big  corerta  In 
the  hollow."—  Daily  .Vetei,  Oct.  6,  1881. 

6.  To  strike  with  a  missile  shot  ;  to  hit, 
•wound,  or  kill  with  a  missile  discharged  from 
a  gun,  firearm,  bow,  &c. 

"To  dethe  he  tcftef  yt  owne  fader. 


7.  To  contend  In,  as  a  shooter  :  as,  To  thoot 
•  match. 

8.  To  pass  rapidly  through,  under,  or  over. 

"The  attempt  to  tAooe  that  portion  of  Niagara  which 
la  found  below  th«  whirlpool.-—  DaUt  TiUpnw*, 
Jnly  13,  1SU. 

9.  To  drive  or  cast  with  the  hand  in  work- 
;     Ing. 

"  An  honest  wearer,  and  M  good  s  workman  M  e'er 
thot  •battle,  and  a*  clow."—  Beaum.  Jt  flM.;  Cox* 
comb,  v  L 

10.  To  push  or  thrust  forward  ;   to  pro- 
trude ;  to  dart  forth.    (Followed  by  out.) 

"They  Aoot  out  the  lip.  they  shake  the  head."— 


. 
'     11.  To  put  forth.  M  vegetable  growth. 

"A  grain  of  mustard  .  .  .  grow«th  up  aud  thooteth 
out  great  branches  "—  Mart  IT.  «. 

12.  To  variegate,  as  by  a  sprinkling  or  in- 
termingling of  different  colours  ;  to  give  a 
variable  or  changing  colour  to  ;  to  colour  In 
streaks  or  patches  ;  to  streak. 


II,  Carp.  ;  To  plane  straight  or  fit  by  planing. 

"Straight  lines  in    joiner*'  language  an  called    a 
Joint  ;  that  U,  two  pieoM  of  wood,  that  are  titot,  that 

11,  planed,  or  else  pAj*d  with  a  ^taring  chisel."—  Moxon  ; 


B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  perform  the  act  of  discharging  a  mis- 
sile from  a  gun,  firearm,  bow,  Ac.  ;  to  fire. 

"  The  archers  have  sorely  grieved  him  aud  thot  at 
him."—  Qmeiit  xili.  as. 

IT  To  shoot  at  a  person  with  the  view  of 
doing  him  grievous  oodily  injury,  or  to  pre- 
vent one's  own  arrest  is  a  felony.  If  one 
discharge  or  even  present  a  firearm,  loaded  or 
unloaded,  at  the  sovereign,  he  may  be  com- 
mitted to  penal  servitude  for  five  to  seven 
years,  or  be  imprisoned  for  not  more  than 
three  years,  and  be  thrice  whipped  during 
that  period.  (English  Law.) 

2.  To  shoot  game  in  a  place  (followed  by 
owr)  :  as,  To  shoot  over  a  covert. 

3.  To  be  emitted  ;  to  dart  forth  ;  to  rush 
or  move  along  rapidly  or  violently  ;  to  dart 
along. 

"  Swift  as  the  sparkle  of  a  glancing  star 
I  thoot  from  heaven."  31  ill  mi  :  Comtu.  80. 

4.  To  push  or  be  pushed  out  ;  to  project,  to 
jut,  to  stretch,  to  extend. 

"It*  dominions  thoot  out  into  several  branches 
.  among  the  breaks  of  the  mountains."—  Additon:  On 
*  Italy? 

5.  To  sprout,  to  germinate  ;  to  send  or  put 
out  shoots  or  buds. 

&  To  be  felt  aa  if  darting  through  one. 

"Thy  words  thoot  through  my  heart, 
Melt  my  resolves,  and  turn  me  all  to  lore. 

Additon.    (Toad.) 

7.  To  be  affected  with  sharp,  darting  pains  : 
as,  A  corn  shoots. 

8.  To  increase  In  growth  ;  to  grow  taller  or 
larger. 

9.  To  increase  In  value  ;  to  rise  rapidly  :  as, 
Prices  shot  «(. 

10.  To  make  progress  ;  to  advance. 

"  To  teaob  to*  young  idea  how  to  thoot' 

Thornton  :  Spring.  1,149. 

*  11.  To  assume  instantaneous  and   solid 
shape. 

"  Expressed  Juices  of  plants,  boiled  into  the  consist- 

ence of  a  syrup,  and  set  into  a  cool  place,  the  essential 
salt  will  thoot  upon  the  sides  of  the  Teasels."—  drouth- 
not  :  On  Aliment  i. 

IF  (1)  VU  be  shot,  I'm  shot  :  A  mild,  euphem- 
istic form  of  oath. 

(2)  To  be  that  (or  shut)  o/;  To  be  freed  or 
released  from  ;  to  be  quit  of.  (Colioq.) 

(8)  To  shoot  a  bolt:  To  push  it  home  into 
the  socket. 

(4)  To  thoot  ahead  :  To  move  swiftly  ahead 
or  in  front  ;  to  outstrip  a  competitor  or  com- 
petitors in  running,  swimming,  or  other  con- 
tests. 

t  (5)  To  shoot  one's  bolt  :  To  exhaust  one's 
resources  or  opportunities. 

"The  boy  who  won  never  did  anything  In  later  life. 
He  had  thot  hit  bolt."—  Daily  A'mn,  Oct.  8,  18M. 

(6)  To  shoot  the  moon  :  To  abscond  without 
paying  one's  rent.  (Slang.) 

*  shoot  anchor.  '  ahote  ancre,*.     A 
sheet-anchor  (q.v.). 

"  This  wise  reason  Is  their  rhote-ancr*  and  all  their 
hold."—  Tyndali:  fronts*,  p.  Mi. 

SllOOt,  S.      [SHOOT,  V.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  ; 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  shoots  ; 
the  discharge  of  a  missile  ;  a  shot. 

"  Prizes  were  given  for  the  best  total  of  five  oompe* 
U  Lions,  including  three  thoott  at  all  three  of  the  long 
ranges.—  Daily  Chronicle,  Sept.  7,  1885. 

2.  A  shooting-party. 

"Lately  at  a  big  thoot  in  Warwickshire,*—  /1«W. 
April  4.  18S5. 

3.  A  place  where  rubbish,  Ac.,  may  be  shot 
or  deposited. 

"  The  contractor  has  to  provide  a  thoot,  "—Daily  ZV1*. 
ffraph,  Sept.  23,  1885, 

4.  A  young  branch  which  shoots  out  from 
the  main  stock  ;  hence,  an  annual  growth. 

"The  seed  of  the  world  takes  deeper  hold,  and  makes 
very  strong  and  promising  thoott.'  —  Sector:  Vermont. 
vol.  L,  ser.  IL 

5.  A  trough  or  Inclined  plane  to  carry  coal, 
lumber.  &c.  ;  a  chute. 

6.  A  young  swine  ;  a  shoat  or  shote. 

7.  A  species  of  colic,  often  fatal  to  calves. 
(Lowson  :  Modern  Farrier,  p.  176.) 

S.  A  rush  of  water. 

"  The  thoot  Is  swift  and  not  too  clear." 

Denny  t  :  Secrttt  of  A  ngllny. 


IL  Technically : 

1.  Arch. :  The  horizontal  thrust  of  an  arch 
or  vault  upon  the  abutments. 

2.  Hydraulics; 

(1)  A  channel  in  a  river  forming  a  cut-ofl 
or  an  inclined  plane  for  logs. 

(2)  A  branch  from  a  main  water-pipe. 

3.  Mining :  A  vein  or  branch  of  ore  run- 
ning in  the  same  general  direction  as  the  lode. 

"  I  hope  to  be  advanced  enough  to  make  our  first 
«*«o*  pass."—- Voney  Market  Keriev,  Nov.  7,  Utl» 

4.  Weaving  :  The  woof. 
shoot-board,  *.  A  shooting-board  (q.».> 

*Bho6t-a  ble,  a.   [Eng. shoot;  -able]  Capable 
of  being  "shot  over. 

"  If   the  large  coverts  are  not  easily  jfcrotaU*."-* 
Gaily  Jfnet,  Oct.  6,  1&81. 

shoof-er,  *.    [Eng.  shoot;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  shoots  ;  a  gunner,  an  archer. 
"The  principal  event,  for  which   twenty  thtottrt 

competed."— fwd.  April  4,  1835., 

2.  An  implement  used  in  shooting ;  aa,  • 
pea-shooter. 

*  3.  A  shooting-star. 

*  4.  The  guard  of  a  coach. 

5.  Cricket:  A  ball  that  pitches  aud  rolli 
along  the  ground. 

shoot   ing.  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SHOOT,  v.] 

A.  -4*  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  one  who  or 
that  which  shoots ;  especially  pertaining  to 
or  connected  with  the  killing  of  game  with 
firearms :   as,   a   shooting    party,  a   shootiuy 
licence,  &c. 

C.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  shoots ;  the  act  at 
practice  of  using  or  discharging  firearms ;  espe- 
cially the  art  of  killing  game  with  firearms. 

2.  A  sudden  dart 

"  Quick  thootingt.  like  the  deadly  zigzag  of  forks* 
lightning."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  15,  1886. 

3.  A  sensation  of  a  quick,  shooting  pain. 

4.  A  right  to   shoot  game  over  a    certain 
district. 

5.  A  district  or  denned  tract  of  ground  over 
which  game  is  or  may  be  shot. 

"To  induce  a  lessee  to  rent  his  thootina.'—FUlti. 
Sept  *  1888. 

IL  Carp. :  The  operation  of  planing  the 
edge  of  a  board  straight. 

shooting-board,  s.  A  board  or  planed 
metallic  slab  with  a  plane-race  on  which  an 
object  is  held  while  its  edge  is  squared  or 
reduced  by  a  side-plane.  It  is  used  by  car- 
penters and  joiners,  and  also  by  stereotypera 
iij  trimming  the  edges  of  stereotype  plates. 

Shooting-box,  s.  A  house  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  a  sportsman  during  the 
shouting  season. 

shooting  coat,  s.  A  variety  of  coat 
adapted  for  wear  while  shooting. 

shooting-gallery,  s.  A  covered  shoot- 
ing-range ;  a  place  covered  in  for  the  practice 
of  shooting. 

shooting-Jacket,  s.  A  kind  of  jacket 
adapted  for  wear  while  shooting. 

shooting  plane,  s.  A  side-plane  used, 
in  connection  with  the  shooting- board,  for 
squaring  or  bevelling  the  edges  of  stuff. 

shooting-star,  s. 

1.  Astron. :  A  small  celestial  body  suddenly 
becoming  luminous,  and  darting  across  the 
sky,  its  course  being  marked  by  a  streak  of 
silvery  radiance,  which  is  an  optical  illusion 
caused  by  the  rapidity  of  its  passage.    [ME- 
TEOR, 1  ;  5T  2.]    When  larger,  a  shooting-star 
Is  called  a  Fire-ball  (q.v.). 

"  Shooting-ttart,  that  glance  and  die." 

.Scott;  Lord  of  th*  Itto,  U.  SI 

2.  Bot. :  (See  extract).    (Amer.) 

"  Our  real  cowslip,  the  thooting-ttar  .  .  .  U  verj 
rare."— Burrouyht :  Pepacton,  p.  118. 

shooting  stick,  *. 

Printing:  A  piece  of  wood  or  metal. 
usually  about  one  foot  long,  1A  inches  wide, 
and  ^  inch  thick,  by  which  the  quoins  are 
driven  in  locking  up  the  form  in  the  chase. 
The  form  lies  on  the  imposing-stone,  the  foot 
and  side-sticks  are  against  the  pages,  and  the 
quoins  are  driven  between  the  sticks  and  th« 
frame  of  the  chase. 


l&te,  fat,  fare,  mmidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there; 
or.  wore,  woii.  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  role,  roll;  try. 


:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    w,  OB  =  e;  «y  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


shootress-Bhorling 


4249 


•shodf-ress.  •  shoot -resae,  «.  [Eng. 
shooter;  -as.}  A  female  shooter. 

"  For  that  proud  ikootrtu  scorned  weaker  game." 
Fairfax  :  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  xl,  4L 

•hodf-jf,  a.  [Eng.  shoot;  -y.]  Of  equal 
growth,  or  coming  up  regularly  in  the  rows, 
as  potatoes.  (Prov.) 

•hop,  *  schoppe,  *  shoppe,  s.  [  A . S.  sceoppa 
a  stall  or  booth  ;  allied  to  scyptn  =  a  shed  for 
cattle  [SHIPPEN] ;  cogn.  with  Low  Ger.  setup 
=  a  shed ;  Ger.  schuppen  =  a  shed,  a  cart-house ; 
O.  FT.  eschoppe,  ttehope  =  a  little  low  shop.] 
L  Literally : 

1.  A  building  or  apartment,  generally  with 
•  frontage  to   the  street  or  road,  in  which 
retail  goods  are  sold. 

"  In  gospel-phrase  their  chapmen  they  betray ; 
Their  rtopf  are  dena,  the  buyer  it  their  prey. 

Dryden :  Medal,  in. 

2.  A  building  or  room  in  which  workmen 
carry  on  their  trades  or  occupation :  as,  a 
joiner's  shop. 

II.  Figuratively: 

*  1.  Source  or  origin ;  the  place  where  any- 
thing is  made. 

"  Galen  would  have  the  liver,  which  i§  the  «Aop  and 
eourt-e  of  the  blood,  and  Ariatotle  the  heart,  to  be  the 
nnt  framed."— Ba*eU:  Letteri,  bk.  ii..  let.  So. 

2.  One's  business  or  profession ;  one's 
culling ;  generally  used  in  contempt.  (Colloq.) 

"A  young  man  should  rather  be  anxious  to  avoid 
the  engrossing  Influence  of  what  is  popularly  called 
Itop.'—Blackie :  Self-Culture,  p.  W. 

K  To  talk  shop :  To  speak  too  much  or  at 
improper  times  of  one's  business,  calling,  or 
profession. 

"  Nothing  IB  more  absolutely  barred  than  talking 
•ftop."— Scribner't  Magasine,  Dec.,  1878.  p.  387. 

Shop-bill,  s.  An  advertisement  of  a 
•hopkeepei-s  business,  or  list  of  his  goods, 
printed  separately  for  distribution. 

*  shop-book,  s.    A  book  in  which  a  shop- 
keeper enters  his  business  transactions. 

11  Books  of  account,  or  *Aop-6oo*i,  are  not  allowed^of 
themselves  to  be  given  in  evidence  for  the  ewner.  — 
Blackttone :  Commentaria.  bk.  lii..  ch.  82. 

•hop-boy,  «.    A  boy  engaged  in  a  shop. 
•hop-girl,  s.    A  girl  employed  in  a  shop. 

*  shop-maid,  ».      A  young  female  em- 
ployed as  an  assistant  in  a  shop. 

*  shop  shift,   5.     A  shift  or  trick  of  a 
shopkeeper ;  deception,  fraud.    (Ben  Jonton.) 

•hop- walker,  «.  An  overseer  or  super- 
intendent in  a  large  shop,  who  walks  about 
In  front  of  the  counters  attending  to  customers, 
morn  generally  designated,  in  this  country, 
floor-walker. 

•hop-woman,  *•  A  woman  who  serve* 
in  a  shop. 

*  •hop-worn,    a.       Worn  or  somewhat 
damaged  by  exposure  or  keeping  in  a  shop. 

•hop,  v.i.  &  (.    [SHOP,  s.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  visit  shops  for  the  pur- 
pose of  buying  goods. 

•'  It  Is  Mid  that  the  poorer  classes  are  themselves 
the  worst  offenders  as  regards  late  flopping."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Aug.  23.  1885. 

"  B.  Trans. :  To  shut  up  ;  to  imprison. 
(Slang.) 

"It  wai  Barttemy  time  when  I  wai  i*opp«i."— 
Dicker*:  Oliver  Twut,  cb.  rvi. 

••hop-board,  s.  [Eug.  thop,  and  board.]  A 
bench  on  which  work  is  performed. 

"  That  he  should  commence  doctor  or  divine  from 
the  Aopboara  or  the  anvil."— South  .'  Sermont. 

'•hope,  pret.  ofv.    [SHAPE,  ».] 

Shop  keep  er,  s.    [Eng.  shop,  and  keeper.] 

1.  One  who  keeps  a  shop  for  the  sale  of 
retail  goods ;  a  tradesman  who  sells  goods  in 
a  shop,  or  by  retail,  as  distinguished  from  a 
merchant  or  one  who  deals  by  wholesale. 

2.  An  article  which  has  remained  long  on 
hand  in  a  shop :  as,  That  dress  is  an  old  shop- 
keeper.   (Colloq,  &  Slang.) 

•hop' keep-ing,  s.  [Eng.  shop,  and  keeping.] 
The  act  or  business  of  keeping  a  shop. 

•hop'-lift-er,  s.  [Eng.  shop,  and2^/%er.]  One 
who  steals  or  purloins  goods  from  a  shop ; 
especially  one  who,  under  pretence  of  examin- 
ing or  purchasing  articles,  takes  advantage  to 
purloin  any  article  he  or  she  can  lay  hands  on. 

"  Like  those  women  they  call  ihopllftert,  who,  when 
they  are  challenged  for  their  thefts  appear  mighty 
angry  and  affronted."— Swtft.-  Examiner,  No.  28. 


shop'-llft  Ing,  i.  [Eng.  shop,  and  lifting.] 
The  acts  or  practices  of  a  shoplifter ;  larceny 
from  a  shop. 

*  shSp'-like,  a.    [Eng.  shop,  and  lilx.\    Low, 

vulgar.    (Ben  Jonson.) 

•hop' -man,  s.    [Eng.  shop,  and  man.] 

1.  A  man  who  is  employed  to  assist  in  a 
shop. 

*  2.  A  petty  trader,  a  shopkeeper. 

"  The  ihopman  tells ;  aud  by  destruction  lives." 

Dryden:  SpM.  13. 

*  »hdp-dc'-ra-ey,  «.     [From  Eng.  shop,  on 
analogy  of  democracy,  mobocracy,   &C.J     The 
body  of  shopkeepers.    (Humorous.) 

•hop' -per,  s.  (Eng.  shop,  v. ;  -tr.]  One  who 
shops ;  one  who  frequents  shops. 

Ship -ping,  s.  [Eng.  shop;  -ing.}  The  act  or 
practiceof  visiting  shops  for  the  purpose  of 
buying  goods. 

*  shop -pish,  a.    [Eng.  shop;  -Mi.]    Having 
the  habits  and  manners  of  a  shopman. 

shop  -p^,  a.    [Eng  shop ;  •«/.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  shop  or  shops ;  abound- 
ing with  shops. 

2.  Fond  of  the  shop,  or  of  talking  shop. 
(Colloq.  in  both  senses.) 

11 1  don't  like  itoppy  people."— Mrs.  Otukelt .  fort* 
taauOi.  ch.  U. 

*  shor'-age  (age  as  Ig),  s.  [Eng.  shore  (1),  v.] 
Duty  paid  on  goods  brought  on  shore. 

*  shore,  pret.  of  v.    [SHEAR,  «.] 

shiire  (1),  "  sohore  (1),  s.  [A.S.  score;  prop. 
=  edge  or  part  shorn  off,  from  scoren,  pa.  par. 
of  sceran  =  to  shear  (q.v.) ;  O.  Dut.  schoore, 
schoor.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  coast  or  laud  on  the 
borders  of  a  large  body  of  water,  as  the  sea,  a 
river,  a  large  lake,  Ac. 

"  They  quit  the  thore,  and  rush  Into  the  main." 

Waller  :  Virgil ;  .Cnett  iv. 

2.  Law :  The  space  between  ordinary  high- 
water  mark  and  low-water  mark  ;  foreshore. 

shore  crab,  s. 

Zool. :  Cnrcinus  mccnas  [CARCINUS],  abundant 
In  very  shallow  water  round  the  British  coasts. 
The  front  margin  of  the  carapace  is  strongly 
toothed  with  five  teeth  on  each  side,  and  three 
lobes  in  front. 

•bore-fishes,  t.  pi- 

Ichthy. :  Fishes  inhabiting  parts  of  the  sea 
near  the  land.  The  majority  live  close  to  the 
surface.  Some  are  confined  to  coasts  with 
soft  or  sandy  bottoms,  others  to  rocky  and 
fissured  coasts,  and  others  to  living  coral 
formations.  Dr.  Giinther  estimates  the  num- 
ber of  species  of  Shore-fishes  at  3,587. 

"  The  ttwre.Jtthet  of  the  extremity  of  Africa  form  a 
separate  district  of  the  temperate  zone."—  Qunther : 
Study  of  fitha,  p.  260. 

•bore-grass,  s.     [SHORE-WEED.] 
shore-hopper,  s. 

Zool. :  Onhestia  littorea,  plentiful  on  sandy 
coasts. 

*  shore-land,  s.     Land  bordering  on  a 
shore  or  sea-beach. 

shore-lark,  shore-pipit,  s. 

ornith. :  Otocorys  (t  Aluuda)  alptstris,  a 
native  of  the  north  of  Europe  and  Asia,  whose 
visits  to  the  east  coast  of  Britain  have  been 
increasingly  frequent  since  1840.  The  adult 
male  is  about  seven  inches  long  ;  in  summer, 
lores,  cheeks,  gorget,  and  band  on  top  of 
head,  ending  in  erectile  tufts,  black ;  nape, 
mantle,  and  upper  tail-coverts  pinkish-brown, 
white  beneath.  They  nest  in  a  depression  in 
the  ground,  and  lay  four  or  five  eggs— French- 
white  mottled  with  dull  olive-green  or  yel- 
lowish-brown. 

shore-pipit,  s.    [SHORE-LARK.] 

shore -shooter,  <.  One  who  shoots 
birds,  especially  sea-birds,  from  the  shore. 

"  There  la  an  army  of  sportsmen,  gunners,  and  there- 
lAooterl."— «.  Jamai  Gazette,  Dec.  18,  1885. 

shore  wainscot,  s. 

Entom. :  A  rare  British  night-moth,  Leu- 
orato  liUoralis,  occurring  locally  among  sand- 
hills. 

shore-weed,  s. 

Bat. :  Littorella  lacuatrl*  and  the  genus 
Littorella. 


shore  (2),  •  sohore  (2),  s.  (Icel.  skordha  = 
(s. )  a  stay,  a  prop ;  (v.)  to  under-prop,  to  shore 
up  ;  Norw,  skorda,  skora  —  a  prop  ;  Dut.  Schorr 
=  a  prop ;  tchoren  =  to  poop.  Closely  allied 
to  shore  (I),  s.,  being  properly  a  piece  of  wood 
shorn  or  cut  off  at  a  required  length,  so  as  to 
serve  as  a  prop.] 

1.  A  prop,  a  stay  ;  a  piece  of  timber  or  Iron 
placed  temporarily  as  a  support  for  anything. 

2.  Specifically : 

(1)  A  prop  or  piece  of  timber  set  obliquely, 
and  acting  as  a  strut  on  the  side  of  a  building, 
as  when  it  is  in  danger  of  falling,  or  when 
alterations  or  repairs  are  being  executed  on 
the  lower  part  of  it,  the  upper  end  of  the 
shore  resting  against  that  part  of  the  wall  on 
which  there  is  the  greatest  stress. 

(2)  Shipurrighting : 

(a)  One  of  the  wooden  props  which  support 
the  ribs  or  frame  of  a  vessel  while  building, 
or  by  which  the  vessel  is  laterally  supported 
on  the  stocks. 

(b)  A  timber  temporarily  placed  beneath  a 
beam  to  afford  additional  support  to  the  deck, 
when  taking  In  the  lower  masts. 

(c)  A  strut  used  to  support  a  mast  in  heav- 
ing down. 

1[  Dead  shore  :  [DEAD-SHOAR]. 

shore  (3),  i.  [See  def.]  A  corruption  of  sewer 
(q.v.). 

shore  (4),  *  sohor,  •  sohoyr,  s.  [SHORE  (3X 
v.]  Menace,  clamour.  (Scotch.) 

shore  (1),  v.t.  [SHORE  (1),  «.]  To  set  on  shore 
or  on  land. 

"  I  will  bring-  these  two  moles,  these  blind  on«e 
aboard  him  :  if  he  think  it  fit  to  More  them  agaln."- 
Skaieep.  ;  mnter'i  Tale,  Iv.  3. 

shore  (2),  v.t.  [SHORE  (2),  s.]  To  mpport  by 
a  shore  or  post ;  to  prop.  (Usually  followed 
by  up.) 

V  •'  It  sank  again.  Just  over  an  arch  which  had  been 
Otored  up." -Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  17,  1885. 

shore  (3),  v.t.  [Cf.  O.  Sw.  storm  =  to  make  t 
grating  sound.  ]  To  threaten.  (Scotch.) 

"  Shored  folk  live  long."— Scott  :  Hob  Kay.  ch.  XXIX. 

shor  -e  a,  s.  [Named  by  Roxburgh  after  Sir 
John  Shore,  afterwards  Lord  Teignmouth, 
Governor-General  of  India  (179S-1797).] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Dipteraceaj,  generally 
adopted,  though  a  synonym  of  the  Linneean 
genus  Vatica.  Large  Asiatic  trees,  with  ex- 
cellent and  durable  wood.  Sepals  five,  en- 
larging into  long  wings ;  petals  five ;  stamens 
twenty-five  to  thirty  ;  fruit  three-valved,  one- 
celled,  one-seeded.  Shorea  robusta  is  the 
Saul-tree  (q.v.).  S.  nervosa  and  S.  Tumbuggaia 
are  from  the  south  of  India  ;  the  former  yields 
a  clear  yellowish  resin  like  colophony,  the 
latter  a  dammar  used  as  a  substitute  for  pitch. 
S.  ohtusa  exndes  a  white,  and  S.  siamensis  a  red 
resin  ;  both  are  from  the  Eastern  Peninsula. 

*  shore'-age  (age  as  ig),  >.    [SHORAOE.] 

shore  -less,  n.  [Eng.  shore  (1),  s. ;  -las.] 
Having  no  shore  or  coast ;  hence,  of  unlimited 
or  indefinite  extent. 

"  Oan  she  unappall'd  .  .  . 
The  Ikreleu  deluge  stem  T  " 

Orainyer :  Sugar-Cans,  U. 

shore'-llng,  s.    [SHORLIHO.] 

*  shor'-er,  *  •hor-l-er,  «.    [SHORE  (2),  «.) 
A  shore,  a  prop. 

"Then  setteth  he  to  It  another  thorer.  that  all  thinge 
U  in  the  Newe  Testament  fulfilled  that  was  promyae-1 
before."— Sir  T.  More:  WorJtel,  p.  478. 

Shore-ward,  a.  or  adv.  [Eng.  shore  (1),  s. ; 
-ward.]  Towards  the  shore. 

"  Sailing  where  the  ihornmrd  ripple  curled." 

A.  C.  Steinburne :  Trittram  of  Lyoneue.  YllL 

shor  -tog,  s.    [Eng.  shore  (2),  s.  ;  -ing.] 

1.  The  act  of  supporting  with  shores  o» 
props. 

2.  A  number  or  set  of  shores  or  props  taken 
collectively. 

shorl,  shor-la  -ceous  (c  as  sh),  &c. 

[SCHORL,  SOHORLACEOUS,  Ac.] 

shor-  ling,  shore' -ling,  >.  [Eng.  shore,  pret 
of  shear;  -ling.} 

I.  Wool  shorn  from  a  living  sheep,  in  op- 
position to  that  of  a  dead  sheep,  or  morling 

(q.v.). 

••  SiorH.v  being  the  f«ll»  after  the  fleece,  are  ihorn 
off  the  sheep's  back."—  TontUn  :  Law  McMonary. 


boU,b6>;  p«Sut.  Jowl;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  5hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    ph  =  .. 
-clan. -tian  =  shan.   -tion,    siou  -  shun ; -tion, -jion  =  zhun.   -clous, -tioua, -sious  =  shds.   -ble, -die,  &c.  =  beL  deL 


4250 


shorn— short 


2.  A  sheep  of  the  flrst  year's  shearing ;  a 
abearling  ;  a  newly-shorn  sheep. 

*  3.  A  shaveling.  (A  contemptuous  name 
for  a  priest.)  (Bale:  Select  Warta,  p.  404.) 

Shorn,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [&IIKAR,  v.] 

A.  At  pa.  par. :  (See  the  rerbX 

B.  At  adjective : 

1.  Cut  off :  as,  thorn  wool. 

2.  Having  the  hair  or  wool  cat  off:  M,  a 


•korn  lunik 
3.  Deprived.    (Followed  by  of.) 

"So  rose 
Bkom  of  hi*  strength. 


"  So  rose  the  Dnntt«  strong. 

HUUin  :  r.L..  In.  1,00. 

short,  *  schort,  •  shorte,  o.,adr.,is.  [A.S. 
tceort ;  rf.  I  eel.  akorta  ~  to  be  short  of;  to 
lack  ;  tkortr  =  shortness,  want ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
•curj.  From  the  same  root  as  shear,  v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective : 

i  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Not  long ;  not  having  great  length  or 
linear  extension, 

2.  Not  extended  in  time  or  duration ;  not  of 
long  duration.    (Job  xx.  b.) 

3.  Not  coming  up  to  a  fixed  or  required 
standard  ;  deficient ;  limited  in  quantity  ;  not 
reaching  a  certain  point ;  insufficient,  iuade- 
qnate,  scanty,  defective. 

"Hi.  means  most  •»««.••          OuOutf. :  n*m,  i.  L 

4.  Insufficiently  provided ;  inadequately  ^up- 
plied  ;    uot  having  a  sufficient  or  adequate 
•apply,  amount,  or  quantity  ;  deficient,  want- 
Ing.    (Generally  followed  by  of,  and  used  pre 
dicatively.) 

"I  know  them  not ;  Dot  therefore  am  I  laort 
Of  knowing  what  1  ought."        Milton  :  P.  K..  I.  M. 

5.  Not  distant  in    time ;   not  far   in   the 
future ;  near  at  hand. 

"  He  commanded  those,  who  wen  appointed  to  attend 
him.  to  be  rendy  by  a  tltort  day."—  Clarendon :  Ctnl 
Wart. 

6.  Limited  In  intellectual  power  or  grasp ; 
DOtfar-reacliing  or  comprehensive ;  contracted, 
narrow,  scanty ;  not  tenacious :  as,  a  »Aort 
memory. 

7.  Brief,  short ;  not  prolix  or  tedious. 

"Shan  tal*  to  make."     SriaJutj*. :  9  Menrt  ri..  It  L 

8.  Curt,  brief,  abrupt,  pointed,  sharp,  petu- 
lant ;  not  ceremonious. 

"  I  will  be  Utter  with  him  and  pawing  «V>rt." 

»atap. :  At  "reuI.Ae  It.  III.  6. 

9.  Brittle,  friable  ;  liable  to  break.    [COLD- 
SHORT.] 

"Marl  from  Derbyshire  was  r«ry  fat,  though  It  had 
ao  great  aqutntity  of  Mod.  that  it  w;ia  ao  tlvtrt.  that, 
wet.  you  could  not  wurk  11  into  a  b<dl."—Morli>ner: 
Buitandry. 

10.  Breaking  or  crumbling  readily  In  the 
mouth  ;  crisp :  as,  short  pastry. 

11.  Followed  by  of  and  used  predicatively 
in  comparative  statements. 

(1)  tens  than  ;  inferior  to  :  as,  Eseape  was 
little  short  of  a  miracle. 

(2)  Inadequate  to  ;  not  equal  to. 

"lrnlm»l)«at«  pralsea  the  foolish  lover  thinks  dors 
Of  his  mistress,  though  they  reach  tar  beyond  the 
iMSYVens."— Sidnfg;  Arcadia. 

12.  Unmixed  with  water ;  pore  ;  undiluted, 
as  spirits  neat.    (Slang.) 

•  "A  young  man  offered  her  some  coffee,  but  she 
•Id  she  would  prefer  something  ikon.-— Horning 
ChronicU,  Nov.  s.  l&Sg. 

IL  Prosody :  Not  prolonged  in  sound :  as,  a 
short  vowel,  a  short  syllable. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  short  manner;  shortly ; 
not  long ;  briefly,  abruptly,  suddenly. 

"The  lion  turned  thnrt  upon  him  and  tort  him  to 
pieoe*."— L'&trattffe:  /'•Mas. 

C.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  summary  account;  an  accountorstate- 
ment  in  brief. 

2.  (PL) :  [SHORTS]. 

IL  Pros.:  A  short  syllable. 
T  1.  At  short  sight  : 

Comm. :  A  term  applied  to  bills  having  but 
•  short  time  to  run. 

2.  To  cut  short :  To  check  or  stop  abruptly. 

3.  Tofali  short:  (FALL,  v.,  H  21J. 

4.  To  sell  short :  To  sell  for  future  delivery 
what  the  seller  doe*  not  at  the  time  hold,  but 
hopes  to  buy  at  a  lower  rate.    (Antr.  Stock 

•aMMtfft) 

5.  To  Hop  short : 

(1)  To  stop  suddenly  or  ftbruptly  ;  to  come 
to  a  sadden  stop. 


(2)  To  fail  to  reach  the  extent  or  importance 
of;  uot  to  reach  the  point  wished  or  indicated. 

•  6.  To  take  short :  To  take  to  task  suddenly ; 
to  check  abruptly ;  to  answer  curtly  or 
sharply  ;  to  reprimand. 

7.  To  turn  short :  To  turn  on  the  spot  occu- 
pied ;  to  turn  round  abruptly  ;  to  turn  with- 
out making  a  compass. 

IT  Short  is  largely  used  in  the  formation  ol 
compounds,  the  meaning  in  most  cases  being 
obvious :  as,  sAort-arineu1,  lAorMegged,  short- 
necked,  &c. 

short  -  allowance,  s.  Less  than  the 
usual  or  regular  qtuuitity  served  out,  as  the 
allowance  to  sailors,  soldiers,  &c.,  during  a 
protracted  voyage,  march,  siege,  or  the  like, 
when  the  stock  of  provisions  is  getting  low, 
with  no  prospect  of  a  speedy  fresh  supply. 
In  the  British  Nary  officers  and  men  are  paid 
the  nominal  value  of  the  provisions  so  stopped, 
such  sum  being  called  short-allowance  money. 

short-billed,  a.    Brevirostrate. 

short-bills,  s.  pi. 

Comm. :  Bills  having  leas  than  ten  days  to 
run, 

short-bread,  s.    [SHORT-CAKE.] 

short  breathed,  a.  Having  short  breath 
or  quick  respiration. 

short-cake,  short-bread,  ».  A  sweet 
and  very  brittle  cake,  in  which  butter  or  lard 
has  been  mixed  with  the  flour.  In  America, 
a  cake  having  alternate  layers  of  pastry  and 
fruit ;  as  a  strawberry  snort-cote. 

short-cause,  s. 

Chancery :  A  suit  in  which  there  is  only  a 
simple  point  for  discussion. 

short-cloak  carpet,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Cidarta 
picata. 

short-cloaked  moth,  s. 

Enton, :  A  British  ursine  moth,  Nola  cttcid- 
lattUa. 

short-clothes,  >.  pi. 

1.  Coverings  for  the  legs  of  men  and  boys, 
consisting  of  breeches  coming  down  to  the 
knees,  anil  long  stockings. 

2.  The  dress  of  an    infant  when   a   few 
months  old.    The  outer  garment  is  a  frock, 
descending  below  the  knee.     [LONG-CLOTHES.] 

short-coat,  v.t.  To  dress  in  short-clothes. 
(Said  of  infants.) 

short-coated,  a.   Wearing  short-clothes. 

short  commons,  i.  pi.  A  short  or  scanty 
allowance  of  food. 

short-cut,  s.  &  o. 

A*  As  subsUiiLtLi'e : 

1.  A  near  or  short  road  to  a  place. 

2.  A  kind  of  tobacco,  so  called  from  the 
manner  in  which  it  is  cut. 

B.  As  adj. :  Near,  short. 

"  Hen  who  hare  been  to  the  University,  and  possibly 
hare  come  out  as  first-class  men  or  wranglers,  hare 
been  known  before  now  to  take  the  thorl-cat  road  to 
their  meaning  which  swearing  unhappily  supplies."— 
— Daft  Telegraph.  Sept  10,  I8W. 

Short-dated,  a.  Having  only  a  little 
time  to  run  :  as,  a  short-dated  bill. 

*  short  drawn,  a.  Drawn  in  without 
filling  the  lungs;  imperfectly  inspired:  as, 
short-dravm  breath. 

short-eared  owl,  «. 

Ornith. :  Asia  accipitrinm,  t.  British  species. 
It  is  occasionally  seen  in  the  day-time,  and  on 
dull  days  will  fly  abroad  to  hunt  it*  prey. 

short-entry,  -. 

Banking:  The  entry  made  In  a  customer's 
bank-book,  when  a  bill  or  note  not  yet  due 
has  been  sent  to  the  bank  for  collection.  The 
amount  is  stated  in  an  inner  column,  and 
when  it  is  received,  is  then  carried  to  the  pro  per 
account. 

short-exchange.  «. 

Comm.  .•  The  rate  of  exchange  quoted  in  the 
market  for  bills  payable  ten,  twenty,  thirty, 
or  more,  days  after  sight. 

short-hand,  >.    [SHORTHAND.] 

short-handed,  a.  Deficient  In  the 
necessary  or  regular  number  of  hands  or 
assistants. 


short-headed,  a.    [BRACUYCEPHALUX] 

Short-headed  Flying  Phaianjer  : 

ZooL  :  Petaurut  breviceps,  from  New  South 
Wales. 

Short-headed  Whale  : 

Zoo!.  :  Physeter  simiu  (Owen).  A  little- 
known  whale,  from  six  to  ten  feet  long,  almost 
porpoise-like  in  general  appearance,  speci- 
mens of  which  have  been  obtained  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  East  Indies,  and 
Australia.  Well-marked  dorsal  behind  middle 
of  body,  short  nip)«rs,  and  snout  with  a 
margin  like  that  of  a  pig;  upper  surface 
black,  yellow  or  light  flesh-colour  beneath. 

short-horn,  s. 

Cattle-breed.  (Pi.)  :  4  teeed  of  cattle  charac- 
terized by  short  horns,  rapidity  of  growth, 
aptitude  to  fatten,  and  good  temper.  It  wag 
produced  by  Charles  and  Robert  Colling,  at 
Ketton  and  Barmpton,  near  Darlington,  by  s 
process  of  in-and-in  breeding  between  1780 
and  1818.  Short-horn  cattle  were  early  intr  >- 
duced  into  the  fuited  States,  and  muih 
attention  has  been  given  to  tbeir  improvement 
in  this  country  as  well  as  in  England.  There 
are  fine  herds  of  them  in  the  Blue-grass  regiuu 
of  Kentucky,  and  in  other  parts  of  the 
country.  The  breed  here  has  run  into  several 
sub-breeds. 

"  It  would  not  be  easier  to  concern  a  higher  tribute 
to  the  memory  of  Robert  and  Charles  Colling,  the  two 
famous  Durham  brothers,  who  were  the  originators  of 
the  thort-korn."—  Daily  TtUgraph,  Aug.  2c,  187S. 

short-horned,  a.  Having  shorthorns; 
as,  tho  short-horned  breed  of  cattle. 

short-jointed,  a. 

1.  Having    short    intervals    between   the 
joints.    (Said  of  plants.) 

2.  Having  a  short  pastern.  (Said  of  ahorse.) 

short-laid,  a.    Short-twisted.    (A  term 

used  in  rope-making.) 

short-lived,  a.  Not  living  or  lasting  long  ; 
being  of  short  duration  or  continuance  ;  brief. 
"With  many  a  tfiort-Ufgd  thought  thftt  passed  between. 

And  disappeared."     Wordsworth:  Excursion,  bk.  i. 

H  TV  Short-lived  Administration  : 

Sng.  Hist.  :  The  administration  of  William 
Pulteney,  Earl  of  Bath  (Feb.  10-12,  1740). 

short-pile,  ». 

Hydr.-ent.  :  A  pile  of  round  timber  from 
six  to  nine  inches  in  diameter,  and  from  six 
to  twelve  feet  long.  Such  are  driven  as  closely 
as  possible  without  causing  the  driving  of  one 
pile  to  raise  the  adjacent  ones.  They  are 
nsed  to  compress  and  consolidate  ground  for 
foundations. 

short-rib,  i.    A  false  rib. 

"  The  ranter  entered  into  his  right  side,  slanting  by 
his  sAorr-rioj  under  the  musclea."—  H'imnan: 


short-shipped,  a. 

1.  Put  on  board  ship  in  defective  quantity. 

2.  Shut  out  from  a  ship  accidentally  or  for 
want  of  room. 

short-sight,   >.     Near   sight;   myopia; 

shortness  ul  sight  ;  vision  accurate  only  when 
the  object  is  near. 

short-sighted,  a. 

I.  Lit.  :  Having  short-sight  or  limited 
vision  ;  not  able  to  see  far. 

"  Skart-ttyhted  men  Me  remote  objecte  best  in  old 
age;  therefore  they  are  accounted  to  have  the  most 
lasting  eyea."—  A'ntntm. 

U.  Figuratively  : 

1.  Not  able  to  see  or  penetrate  far  into 
futurity  ;  not  able  to  understand  things  deep 
or  remote  ;  of  limited  intellect. 

"  Other  propositions  were  designed  for  snares  to  tha 
ihort-tiffUfd  and  creduloua,"—  £'£st>t<>ve. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  characterized   by  a 
want  of  foresight  :  as,  a  short-sighted  policy. 

short  -  sight  edly,  adv.  In  a  short- 
sighted manner  ;  with  want  of  foresight. 


"The  clerical  agitators  are  Aort-tiy\tfiHjt  striving 
10  fetter  the  iudepenuence  of  1'arliainent  for  an  in- 
definite period."— Dattg  TWcyrapA,  NOT.  18,  18*5. 

short-sightedness,  s. 

1.  Lit. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  short- 
sighted ;  a  defect  in  vision  consisting  in  the 
inability  to  see  objects  at  a  distance ;  myopis ; 
near-sightedness.    [Myopr.] 

2.  Fig. :  Defective  or  limited  intellectual 
vision  ;  Inability  to  see  far  into  futurity  at 
things  deep  or  abstruse ;  want  of  foresight. 

"Onr  tbort-tkrlUednru  and  Ifablenees  to  error."— 
Lot**;  Bum  Cn,(«r«  ,  bk.  IT.,  ch.  X!T. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  hare,  camel.  Her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub.  oiire.  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
SJrrian.    w,  os  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  QU  =  lew. 


short— shot 


4251 


short-spoken,  o.  Speaking  in  a  short, 
abrupt,  or  quick-tempered  manner;  curt, 
.short. 

short-tailed  bangsring, «. 

Zool.:  Hylomys  millut,  a  small  insectivor- 
ous mammal  from  Sumatra.  The  muzzle  is 
prolonged  into  a  movable  snout,  and  the  tail 
wery  short  and  naked. 

short-tailed  chinchilla,  s. 

Zool. :  Chinchilla  brevicaudata.  The  fur  Is 
silvery-gray,  tinged  with  black. 

short-tailed  crustaceans,  a,  pi. 

Zool. :  The  Brachyura  (q.v.). 

short-tailed  eagle,  >. 

Ornith. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
E.it.  lour  Eagle,  llclatarsus  ecaiulatus,  because 
it  is  the  only  species  in  which  the  wings  ex- 
ceed the  tail  in  length. 

short-tailed  field-mouse,  a,    [FIELD- 

yOLK.} 

short-tailed  indrls, .«. 

Zool.:  Indris  brevicauclatus.    [INDRI3.] 

short-tailed  kangaroo,  a. 

Zool.:  llalmaturus  brachyurus,  from  King 
George's  Sound.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a 
rabbit. 

short-tailed  mole,  s. 

Zool.:  Talpa  micru.ro,,  from  Nepanl  and 
Darjeeling. 

short-tailed  pangolin. «.  [PHATAOIH.] 

short-tailed  snakes,  a.  pi.    [EOLLEB, 

II.  8.] 

short-tempered,  a.  Having  a  short— 
i.e.,  a  hasty  temper ;  not  long-suffering. 

short-tongued  lizards,  ».  pi. 

Zool.:  The  sub-order  Crassilingues.  They 
have  a  short,  thick,  fleshy  tongne,  slightly 
notched  In  front,  and  not  protractile.  Four 
limbs  are  present,  with  digits  In  front  of  the 
.  ankle  and  wrist. 

short-walsted,  a.  Having  a  short  waist 
or  body.  (Said  of  a  person,  a  dress,  or  a  ship.) 

short-winded,  o.  Affected  with  short- 
ness of  breath  ;  having  a  quick  respiration  ; 
asthmatic. 

"With  this  the  Mede  rtorMrfn**!  old  men  eases. 
And  cures  the  lungs'  unsavory  Atieo**.^      rtraO. 

short-windedness,  a.    The  quality  or 
state  of  being  short-winded. 
"Balm   Is    very  good  against 
Jdanu:  Work*.  L  374. 

short-wltted,  a.  Having  little  wit;  of 
scanty  intellect  or  judgment. 

•short,  'sohort,  * shorte,  v.t.  &  1. 
[SHORT,  o.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  short  or  shorter ;  to  shorten,  to 
Abbreviate. 

••  Wherfore  swlehe  sorwe  thorteth  the  life  of  many  a 
man.  or  that  his  ttino  to  COOK  by  way  ol  klnde.  — 
Chaucer:  Pertonet  Tote. 

2.  To   divert,  to   amuse;    to   make   time 
appear  short  to.    (Used  reflexively.) 

••  Fnrth  I  tan  ...  to  tchorl  me  on  the  sandta." 

Sir  JJ.  Lyndetay  :  MonarcM. 

B.  Intram. :  To  fail,  to  decrease. 

"His  syght  wasteth,  his  wytte  mynsheth,  his  lyf 
thorteth.  —  Book  of  Qood  Manner*,  sign.  e.  viil. 

short-age  (age  as  Jg),  s.  [Eng.  short ;  -age.} 
Amount  short  or  deficient;  an  amount  by 
which  a  sum  of  money  is  deficient. 

short-com-lng, «.   [Eng.  short,  and  coming.} 

1.  A  failing  of  the  usual  produce,  quantity, 
amount,  or  return,  as  of  a  crop. 

2.  A  failure  of  full  performance,  as  of  duty, 

' "  The  thought  of  my  thorttjomtngl  In  this  life 
Falls  like  a  shadow  on  the  life  to  come." 

Longfellov:  itviden  Legend,  Iv. 

short-en,  v.t.  &  i.    [A.S.  tceartian.} 
A.  Trans  it  ire: 

1.  To  make  short  or  Bhorter  In  measure, 
extent,  or  time. 

"  I  can  but  thorten  thy  life  one  week." 

Shaketp.  :  Winter'*  Tale,  tv.  4. 

2.  To  abridge,  to  lessen,  to  diminish ;  to 
make  to  appear  short  or  shorter. 

"  We  ifiorten'd  days  to  momenta  by  love's  art, 
Whilst  onr  two  souls 
Percelred  no  passing  time.*  Hurtling. 


3.  To  contract,  to  lessen ;  to  diminish  to 
amount,  quantity,  or  extent. 

"  We  thortentd  sail."— Cook  :  Second  Voyage,  bk.  1L. 

4.  To  curtail.   (Shakesp.:  Xichard  II.,  Ui.  S.) 

•  5.  To  lop,  to  deprive. 

14  Dishonest  with  lopt  anus,  the  youth  appears, 
Spoil'd  of  his  uo«e.  and  tkctlpnd  of  hu.ear*. 

jiryden .'  Virgil;  t£neut  VL  Mi. 

•  6.  To  confine,  to  restrain. 

••  Hem  where  the  subject  Is  so  fruitful.  I  «m 
Ih^fened  by  my  chain,  and  can  only  «o  what  is  for- 
bidden  me  to  reach.  —Dryaen.  (Toad.) 

•  7.  To  make  to  fall  short ;  to  cause  to  fall ; 
to  prejudice.    (Shakesp. :  Lear,  iv.  7.) 

8.  To  make  short  and  crisp,  as  pastry,  with 
butter  or  lard. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  become  short  or  shorter :  as,  The  days 
shorten. 

2.  To  contract :  as,  A  cord  thartint  by  being 
wetted. 

Short -«n-er,  a.     [Kng.  shorten;  -«•.]    One 

who  or  that  which  shortens. 
short-en  ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.    [SHORTEN.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  Jt  partMf.  adj. :  (See 

the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  making  short  or  shorter ;  the 
state  of  becoming  short  ur  shorter. 

2.  Something  used  in  cookery  to  make  paste 
short  aud  friable,  as  butter  or  lard. 

short'-er,  a.    [Compar.  of  --hurt  (q.v.).] 
Shorter  Catechism, .-. 

Church  Hist. :  A  catechism  composed  under 
the  direction  of  the  Westminster  Assembly. 
It  was  called  Shorter  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  larger  Catechism,  which  had  been  finished 
just  previously.  A  small  Committee  of  As- 
sembly was  appointed  on  August  6,  1647,  to 
prepare  the  Shorter  Catechism.  When  com- 
pleted, it  was  presented  to  Parliament  ou 
November  26.  Both  Houses  of  Parliament 
thanked  the  divines  who  had  composed  it,  and 
ordered  six  hundred  copies,  but  requested 
that  proofs  shoe  Id  be  appended.  This  being 
done,  the  Catechism  with  proofs  was  presented 
to  Parliament  on,  April  16,  1648,  and  ordered 
to  be  printed.  It  was  adopted  by  the  Scottish 
•General  Assemb'.y  on  July  28,  1648,  the  de- 
cision being  ratified  by  the  Scottish  Parlia- 
ment on  Februa-y  7, 1649.  It  is  still  most  ex- 
tensively used  among  English-speaking  Pres- 
byterians all  over  the  world. 

short-hand,  i.  [Eng.  short,  and  hand.}  A 
general  term  for  any  system  of  contracted 
writing ;  specif.,  a  method  of  writing  in  which 
straight  lines  and  curves,  struck  in  different 
directions,  are  substituted  for  the  ordinary 

letters,  as =  k,  ' — »  =  m,  V^_=  /.    The 

vowels  are  generally  represented  by  dots  and 
short  dashes  placed  before  or  after  these 
strokes.  On  the  Continent,  the  system  of 
shorthand  most  practised  is  composed  of  cur- 
vilinear lines  and  loops,  leaning  from  left  to 
right,  as  in  ordinary  writing.  The  art  was 
practised  by  the  Romans,  was  lost  In  the 
Dark  Ages,  from  the  third  to  the  sixteenth 
centuries,  and  was  revived  in  England  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth.  Borne  800  different  systems 
have  since  been  published.  The  most  impor- 
tant of  these  are  :— Rich  (1654),  Mason  (1072), 
Gurney  (1740),  Byrom  (1767),  Mavor  (1780), 
Taylor  (1786),  Lewis  (1812),  Harding  (1823), 
Moat  (1833).  The  most  popular  system  of 
shorthand  in  vogue  is  Isaac  Pitman's  Phono- 
graphy, invented  in  1837,  based  on  the  sounds 
of  the  English  language.  The  alphabet  con- 
tains six  long  and  six  short  vowels,  flve  diph- 
thongs, and  twenty-four  consonants,  or  forty- 
one  letters  in  all.  Hooks  and  circles  at  the 
beginning  and  end  of  the  consonant  strokes 
make  double  and  treble  consonants  for  abbre- 
viating the  writing. 

"  Shorthand,  an  art.  as  I  ha*e  been  told,  known  only 

In  England  may  perhaps  he  thought  worth  the  StTUOf 

Ing."—  l/Kke:  On  Education. 

short -1J,  *  schort-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  short;  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  short  manner;   in  a  short  time; 
quickly,  soon.    (Spenser :  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  45.) 

2.  In  a  few  words  ;  briefly,  concisely. 

••  Scaorfltf  forto  say.  to  Snowdonhas  he  ti«ht" 

Itobrrt  de  Brvnne.  p.  MS. 

3.  In  an  abrupt,  sharp,  or  cnrt  manner :  as, 
He  answered  me  very  shortly. 


I        shortly-acuminated,  a. 

bat. :    Having    a    short    tapering    point- 
(Paxton.) 
shortly-bifid,  shortly  two-cleft,  «. 

Brt. :  Slightly  cleft  at  tua  apex  into  two 
parts.    (Paxton.) 
short-ness,  s.    [Eng.  short ;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or   state  of  being  short; 
want  of  length  or  extent  In  space,  time,  or 
duration ;  little  length  or  little  duration ; 
brevity. 

••Think  upon  the  vanity  and  thortnett  of  humasv 
life,  and  lot  death  and  eternity  be  often  In  yuut 
luinda.'' — Lour. 

2.  Fewness  of  words  ;  conciseness,  brevity, 

14  Your  plainness  and  your  thortneu  please  me  welL" 
Xhaketp. :  Turning  of  the  Shreua,  iv.  4. 

3.  Deficiency,  imperfection,  shortcoming. 

"To  supply  the  thortnets  of  our  views."— ,s«un* .- 
•       '  latltre,  »oL  U..  pt.  L.  ch.  !•'- 


4.  Want  of  reach  or  of  the  power  of  reten- 
tion :  as,  thortness  ol  memory. 

5.  Abruptness,  sharpness,  curtness :  as,  the 
shortness  of  an  answer. 

shorts, «.  pi    [SHORT,  a.] 

1.  The  bran  and  coarse  part  of  meal   In 
mixture. 

2.  A  term  in  rope-making  for  t«e  toppings 
and  teilin"s  of  hemp,  which  are  dressed  for 
bolt-ropes  and  whale-lines.    The  term  is  also 
employed  to  denote  the  distinction  between 
the  long  hemp  used  in  making  staple-ropes 
and  inferior  hemp. 

S.  Small-clothes,  breeches. 

"The  busiue»s  of  the  evening  was  commenced  by  a 
little  emphatic  man.  with  a  bald  bead,  and  drab 
lharti  who  suddenly  rushed  up  the  ladder,  at  the 
Imminent  peril  of  snapping  the  two  little  legs  enctsed 
ill  the  drab  ihorttS—lrtckent :  Pickwick,  ch.  xxxllL 

*  shoV-ft  a.    [Eng.  thore  (1).  »• ;  'V-J 
near  the  shore. 

••  There  Is  commonly  a  declivity  from  the  •horeto 
the  middle  part  of  the  channel,  and  those  thay 
inrts  are  generally  hot  some  latLoins  dseii."—  Bum* : 
Theory  of  the  LarA. 

shSt,pre(.,ixz.  jwi-.o/t!.,  &O.    [SHOOT,  ».] 
A.  &  B.  As  pret.  &  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb) 
C.  As  adjective: 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Struck  or  killed  by  a  ariot 
2   Having  a  changeable  colour,  like  that 
produced  in  weaving,  by  all  the  warp  threads 
being  of  one  colour  and  all  the  weft  of  another ; 
chatoyant;  hence,  intermingled,  interwoven, 
Interspersed. 
*  3.  Advanced  in  years. 

"  Well  that  In  years  he  seemed." 

Spenser  :  F.  Q.,  V.  vl.  U. 

sh8t  W,  *  schot,  »  shotte,  «.    f.A.8.  gesceot, 
from  scot-,  stem  of  pa.  par.  of  Median  =  to 
shoot;   cogn.  with  O.   Fris.  start  =  a  shot; 
Icel.  skot  =  a  shot,  a  shooting ;  Dut.  schot  =  a 
shot,  shoot;  Oer.  schoss,  «c/mss  =  a  shot.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  The  act  of  shooting ;  the  discharge  of  a 
firearm  or  similar  weapon. 

"As  we  were  crossing  tllttta  rlvm  that  lay  ta  onr 
way  we  saw  some  ducks,  and  Mr.  Banks  as  suon  as  he 
had  not  orer  flred  at  them,  and  happened  to  kill  three 
at  one  ilwt.--Coels:  fira  Voyage,  ok.  L.  ch.  Ix. 

2  Small  spherical  pellets  of  lead  or  shot 
metal,  used  for  shooting  birds  and  other  small 
game.  They  were  originally  made  by  rolling 
an  ingot  of  lead  into  a  sheet  of  a  thickness 
corresponding  to  the  size  of  the  shot  to  be 
made,  then  cutting  the  lead  into  cubes  and 
placing  the  latter  in  a  "tumbler " ;  the  action 
of  the  leaden  cubes  when  rubbed  against  each 
other  in  the  operation  of  the  apparatus  gradu- 
ally rounding  them  nntil  brought  to  a  more 
or  less  spherical  form.  This  was  superseded 
by  the  method  now  employed  of  dropping  the 
molten  metal,  in  a  finely  divided  etate,  from 
a  height  into  water,  invented  by  Watts,  of 
Bristol  about  1782.  To  obviate  the  necessity 
for  the  high  tower,  the  metal  is  sometime, 
dropped  through  a  tube,  up  which  a  strong 
current  of  cold  air  Is  driven,  and  in  another 
process  the  lead  is  dropped  through  a  column 
of  glycerine  or  oil  instead  of  air. 

"  The  action  of  the  nre  set  the  powjter  In  >  blaze, 
that  of  the  powder  forced  out  the  ihct,  that  of  the  that 
wounded  the  bird,  and  that  of  gravity  brought  her  to 
tlie  ground."— Search  :  Ltoht  of  Mature,  pt.  L.  ch.  1L 

3.  A  missile,  particularly  a  hall  or  bnllet. 
It  is  generally  applied  to  solid  projectiles,  and 
also  to  hollow  projectiles  without  bursting 
charges.  Originally  ronnded  stones  were 
used,  but  were  afterwards  superseded  by  balls 


fcSil.  l*y  :  poTkt,  J6>1;  oat.  cell,  cltoru.v,  chin.  Inmch;  go,  gem;  thin.  »hU;  .to,  as;  expect. 
Hnan.-tt«r=shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tlon.  -*ion  =  shun,   -clous.  -UoM.  -*ous  =  «hfifc   -ble, 


**£. 
*c.  =  bel.  del. 


425Z 


shot— shoulder 


of  lead  or  Iron.  The  introduction  of  rifling 
into  firearms  has  caused  the  adoption  of  the 
elongated  .shot,  round  shot  being  retained  only 
for  use  with  mortars  or  smooth-bore  arms.  In 
the  case  of  the  Palliser  shot,  the  same  pro- 
jectile may  be  used  with  or  without  a  bursting 
charge,  it  being  cast  hollow  so  as  to  serve  as  a 
shell  or  an  ordinary  shot  Various  forms  of 
shot  are  manufactured,  which  will  be  found 
described  under  their  respective  heads. 

"  The  flnt  that  struck  one  of  the  holster*  of  Prince 
George  of  Hesse,  and  brought  his  hone  to  the  ground." 
-~Macaulay :  Hat.  fag.,  ch  xvt. 

4.  The  night  or  range  of  a  missile ;  the  dis- 
tance to  which  a  projectile  passes. 


•6.  Hence,  used  figuratively  for  range, 
reach. 

"  Out  of  the  tttot  sud  danger  of  desire." 

Shataup. .-  Bamlet.  L  S. 

•  6.  Any  thing  emitted,  cast,  or  thrown 
forth ;  discharge. 

"  Against  the  dreadful  thot  of  wordes 
That  thousands  bad  beguilde." 

Oatcoipne  :  Of  the  Louerl  Ettale. 

*  7.  A  musketeer ;  a  soldier  armed  with  s 
musket. 

"  I  was  brought  from  prison  by  two  drums  and  a 
hundred  thot.—&.  feake:  Three  to  Owl  (in  Engltih 
Bam*-.  L  OH. 

8.  One  who  shoots ;  a  shooter,  a  marksman. 

"  The  father  was  a  good  thot,  a  keen  fisherman."— 
Standard,  Nov.  24,  1886. 

9.  The  whole  sweep  of  nets  thrown  out  at 
one  time ;  the  number  of  fish  caught  at  one 
haul  of  the  net.    (Scotch.) 

10.  An  inferior  animal  taken  out  of  a  drove 
of  cattle  or  a  Dock  of  sheep ;  also  a  young 
hog.    [SeoAT.) 

IL  Technically: 

\.  Mining :  A  charge  of  powder  in  a  blast- 
hole. 

2.  Weaving :  A  pattern  produced  by  weav- 
ing warp  and  weft  threads  of  different  colours. 

II  (1)  &  shot  «"  the  locker:  Money  in  the 
pocket  or  at  one's  disposal. 

(2)  Shot  of  a  cable : 

Naut. :  The  splicing  of  two  cables  together, 
or  the  whole  length  of  the  two  cables  thus 
spliced. 

*  allot  -  anchor,  '  shot  -  an  ere,  s.    A 

sheet-anchor  (q.v.). 

•hot-belt,  i.  A  long  leather  tube  for 
shot,  worn  as  a  baldric,  and  having  a  charger 
at  the  lower  and. 

•hot-boz,<. 

-Vnrf. :  A  box  In  which  grape  or  canister 
shot  are  placed  near  the  guns. 

shot  cartridge,  t.  A  round  of  ammu- 
nition for  a  shot-gun.  The  shot  are  frequently 
inclosed  in  a  wire-game  case  to  prevent  their 
scattering  too  much. 

•  shot  free  0),  o.    Not  Injured  or  not  to 
be  injured  by  shot ;  shot-proof. 

"  For  If  he  feel  no  chagrin  or  remorse, 
His  forehead's  that-free,  and  he's  ne'er  the  worse." 
Butler:  Ppom  Drunkenneu. 

•hot-garland,  a. 

Naiit. :  A  wooden  frame  to  contain  cannon- 
balls,  secured  to  the  coamings  and  ledges 
around  the  hatchway  of  a  vessel. 

•hot -gauge,   «.     The  same  as  KINO- 

GAUGE,  3. 

shot-glass,  «.  The  same  a*  CLCTH- 
PKOVKB  (q.v.). 

•hot-gnu,  t.  A  smooth-bore  firearm  for 
shooting  small  game.  Shot-guns  are  frequently 
made  double-barrelled. 

shot-hole,  s.  A  hole  made  by  a  shot  or 
bullet  discharged. 

•hot-looker,  >. 

Xaut. :  81ats  or  planks  pierced  with  holes 
to  receive  shot,  and  placed  along  the  aides 
and  round  the  hatch  ways. 

•hot-metal,  s.  An  alloy  of  lead,  66  parts; 
arsenic,  1.  Used  for  making  bird  shot. 

shot-ping,  shot-prop,  t. 

Jfavi, :  A  tapered  cone  of  wood  driven  Into  a 
•hot-hole  in  a  vessel's  side  to  prevent  leakage. 

shot  poach,  s.  A  receptacle  for  small 
shot  carried  on  the  person.  It  is  usually 
made  of  leather,  the  mouthpiece  being  pro- 
vided with  a  measure,  having  an  adjustable 
cut-off  to  determine  the  quantity  of  the  charge. 


shot-proof;  a.  Proof  against  shot;  in- 
capable of  being  damaged  by  shot. 

Shot-prop, «.     [SHoT-r LUO.] 
shot-rack,  >. 

iVaui. ;  A  wooden  frame,  around  a  hatch  or 
near  a  gun,  in  which  a  certain  number  of 
round  shot  are  kept  for  service. 

shot-silk,  t. 

Fabric :  A  silk  stuff  whose  warp  and  weft 
threads  are  of  two  colours,  so  as  to  exhibit 
changeable  tints  under  varying  circumstances 
of  light 

shot-sorter, ».  A  frame  with  a  series  of 
sieves  of  different  grades  of  fineness,  to  sort 
shot  into  various  grades  of  size. 

Shot-Star,  s.    [STARSHOT.] 

shot-table,  «.  A  device  for  insuring  the 
equal  shrinkage  of  shot  in  all  directions  while 
cooling. 

Shot-tower,  s.  A  tall  building  from  the 
summit  of  which  melted  lead  is  dropped  into 
a  cistern  of  water. 

shot-window,  <. 

1.  A  small  window  chiefly  filled   with   a 
board  that  opens  and  shuts.    (Scotch.) 

2.  A  window  projecting  from  a  wall. 

BhSt  (2),  «.  [A  corrupt,  of  scot  (q.v.).]  A  rec- 
koning ;  a  person's  share  of  expenses  or  of  a 
reckoning. 

"  So,  if  I  prove  a  good  repast  to  the  spectators,  the 
dish  pays  the  tlwt.~—3hakrip.  :  Cymbeline,  v.  t, 

*  Shot-clog,  s.    One  who  was  a  mere  clog 
on  a  company,  but  who  was  tolerated  because 
he  paid  the  shot  for  the  rest 

*  shot-free  (2),  a. 

1.  Free  from  shot  or  charge ;  not  having  to 
pay  any  share  of  the  expenses ;  scot-free. 

"  Though  I  could  scape  that-free  at  London,  I  fear 
the  shot  nere:  here's  no  scoring,  but  upon  the  pate." 
— Staton  :  1  Henry  IF.,  T.  «. 

2.  Unpunished,  uninjured,  scot-free. 

t  shot-shark,  «.  A  waiter;  one  who 
receives  the  shot  or  reckoning. 

"Where  be  then  these  thot-tharkt  I  "—Be*  Jensen  i 
Eetry  Man  out  of  hit  Humour,  V.  ft, 

*  Shot,  pa.  par.  ofv.    [SHUT.] 

•shote  (1),  i.  [A.S.  sce6ta  =  *  shooting  .or 
darting  fish, from  «eedtan  =  to8hoot(q.v.).j  A 
fish. 

"The  thotf,  peculiar  to  Devonshire  and  Cornwall,  in 
shape  and  colour  reeembleth  the  trout ;  howbeit  in 
bigness  and  goodness  Cometh  far  behind  him."— Caret* : 
Survey  of  Cornwall. 

shote  (2), «.    [SnoAT.1 

*  shot-er, «.    [SHOOTER.] 

*  ShSf -rel,  «.    [Etyrn.  doubtful.)    A  pike  In 
its  first  year.    (Prm.) 

*  shotte,  >.    [SHOT,  >.] 
shot'-ted,  a.    [Eng.  Outt  (1),  s.  j  -ei] 

1.  Loaded  with  shot.    (Said  of  a  cannon.) 

2.  Having  a  shot  attached. 

BhSf-ten,  a.  [A.S.  Kottn,  pa.  par.  of  tcctta* 
=  to  shoot  (q.v.).] 

1.  Having  ejected  the  spawn. 

Go  thy  ways,  old  Jack :  die  when  thon  wilt,  If 
i  manhood  be  not  forgot  upon  the  earth,  then  am 
ifiotten  herring."— Shfketp.  :  1  Henry  IY^  ii.  i. 

2.  Shot  out  of  its  socket ;  dislocated,  as  a 
bone. 

3.  Shooting  out  into  angles. 

shotten-milk,  «.  Sour  curdled  milk. 
(Pnm.) 

shSugh  (ah  guttural),  «.  [SHOOK,  a.]  A  species 
of  shaggy  dog  ;  a  shock. 

M  As  hounds  and  greyhounds,  mongrels,  spaniels,  curs, 
Shouyht.  water-rags,  and  demi-wolvee.  are  'clep'd 
All  by  the  name  of  dogs." 

Shaketp. .-  JfacoeO,  111  L 

Bhongh  (gh  guttural),  inter}.  (SHOO.)  Begone I 
off! awayl 

"  Shouffh.  though  t  up  to  your  coop,  peahen."— 
Beaum.  t  Hit.  :  Maid  in  the  Mill. 

should  (i  silent),  *  shold,  *  sholde,  fret, 
ofv.  [SHALL.] 

shdul'  -  dor,  *  shol  -  der,  •  shnl  -  dre,  ••. 

lA.8.ieuldrr,sa»dor;  cogn.  with  DuttcoouoVr; 
Sw.  tkvldra;  Dan.  tkulder;  Ger.  sehvlter.] 

L  Ordinary  language : 

I.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 


good  i 
lasfe 


2.  The  upper  joint  of  a  foreleg  of  an  animal 
cut  for  the  market. 

"  We  give  the  recipe  to  show  the  variety  of  ways  in 
which  a  thoulder  ol  mutton  may  be  served." — Catttltt 
Diet,  of  Cookery,  p.  4S1. 

3.  (PL):  The  part  of  the  human  body  on 
which  the  head  is  set ;  the  upper  part  of  the 
back. 

"  Make  broad  thy  thouldert  to  receive  my  weight, 
And  bear  me  to  the  margin." 

Tennyton:  Morte  d'Arthur.  1M. 

4.  The  back. 

"  The  wind  sits  in  the  thoulder  of  your  sail." 

Shaketp.  :  Bamlet,  L  5. 

5.  Used  fig.,  as  typical  of  sustaining  power; 
the  emblem  of  supporting  strength. 

"  On  thy  thouliler  will  I  lean." 

Sfiakeip. :  8  Henry  VI.,  ii.  1. 

6.  That  which  resembles  a  human  shoulder , 
a  prominent  or  projecting  part ;  a  slope,  a 
declivity  :  as,  the  shoulder  of  a  hill. 

7.  A  projection  on  an  object  to  oppose  or 
limit  motion,  or  to  form  an  abutment ;  a  hori- 
zontal   or  rectangular    projection  from   the 
body  of  a  thing ;  as— 

(1)  Vehicles :  The  butting-ring  on  an  axle. 

(2)  Corp. :  The  square  end  of  an  object  at 
the  point  where  the  tenon  commences  ;  as  of 
a  spoke,  the  stile  of  a  door,  4c. 

(3)  Print. :  The  projection  at  the  top  of  the 
shank  of  a  type  beyond  the  face  of  the  letter. 

(4)  The  contraction  in  a  lamp-chimney  just 
above  the  level  of  the  wick  in  an  argand  or 
flat-wick  lamp. 

*  (5)  Archery :  The  broad  part  of  au  arrow- 
head. 

U.  Technically: 

1.  Anat. :  The  shoulder-joint  (q.v.),  and  the 
portion  of  the  body  containing  it. 

2.  Fort. :  The  obtuse  angle  formed  by  the 
junction  of  the  face  and  the  flank  of  a  bastion. 
[See  illustration  under  BASTION.] 

8.  leather:  A  name  given   to  tanned    or 
curried  hides  and  kips,  and  also  to  English 
and  foreign  offal. 

H  (1)  Shoulder  to  shoulder:  A  phrase  express- 
ive of  united  action  and  mutual  cooperation 
and  support 

"  It  would  strengthen  their  cause  if  the  people  of 
Ireland  and  Scotland  fought  thoulder  to  thoulder  to 
obtain  the  management  of  their  own  affairs."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Dec.  1,  ISM. 

(2)  The  cold  shoulder:  A  cold  or  cool  recep- 
tion, especially  of  one  with  whom  we  have 
been  on  friendly  terms. 

"  Gives  the  cold  Aoulder  to  the  man  that  made 
him."—  Diekent :  (treat  Expectation!,  ch.  11L 

(5)  To  put  one's   shoulder  to  the  wheel :  To 
assist  in  bearing  a  burden  or  in  overcoming  a 
difficulty ;  to  exert  one's  self ;  to  work  per- 
sonally ;  to  set  to ;  to  bestir  one's  self. 

shoulder-belt,  t.  A  belt  which  passes 
across  the  shoulder ;  a  baldric. 

"  Thou  hast  an  ulcer  which  no  leech  can  heal. 
Though  thy  broad  thouldtr-belt  the  wound  conceal." 
llryden.    (Todd.) 

shoulder-blade,  «. 

Anat. :  The  scapula  (q.v.). 

"Then  let  mine  arm  fall  from  the  thoulder-bladt. 
and  mine  arm  be  broken  from  the  bone." — Job 

KXXi.  Si. 

shoulder  block,  t. 

Naut. :  A  single  block  having  a  projection 
at  the  bottom  of  the  shell  to  prevent  the  rope 
that  is  rove  through  it  from  becoming  jammed 
between  the  block  and  the  yard. 

shoulder-bone,  >.  The  shoulder-blade. 
(Shakesp. :  Winter's  Tale,  iii.  3.) 

shoulder-brace,  «. 

Surg. :  An  appliance  for  treating  round 
shoulders  or  unconfirmed  curvatures  of  the 
spine. 

*  shoulder-clapper  «.    One  who  claps 
another  on  the  shoulder,  as  in  familiarity,  or 
to  arrest  him ;  a  bailiff. 

"  A  thdulder^lapper.  one  that  commands 
The  passages  of  alleys." 

Shaketf.  :  Comedy  of  Xrrort.  IT.  1 

shoulder-joint,  >. 

Anat. :  The  articulation  by  which  the  arm 
ta  man  or  the  foreleg  of  a  quadruped  is  con- 
nected with  the  trunk.  The  large  bemispherl- 
calhead  of  thehnmerus  is  opposed  to  the  much 
smaller  surface  of  the  glenoid  cavity  of  the 
scapula,  the  bones,  for  freedom's  sake,  being 
retained  in  position  not  by  the  direct  tension 
of  ligaments,  but  by  surrounding  muscles  and 
the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  (Quoin.) 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cus>,  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  full;  try,  Syrian,    m,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a:  QU  =  kw. 


shoulder— shoveller 


4253 


shoulder-knot,  s.    An  ornamental  knot 
of  ribbons  worn  on  the  shoulder  ;  an  epaulet. 


*  shoulder-  knotted,  a.     Wearing  a 

shoiiltler-knot. 
shoulder-of  mutton  sail,  >. 

Kant.  :  A  triangular  fore-and-aft  Bail,  era- 
ployed  on  boats,  &e.  The  apex  is  at  the  head 
of  the  mast,  and  the  foot  18  extended  by  a 
boom. 


"Somewkat  resembling  what  we  call  a^-- 

mJ£  tail,  and  ...ed  for  boat,  belonging  to  men  of 
war."-Coe* :  fir,t  Voyage,  bk.  t,  ch.  xvlil. 

shoulder-pegged,  a.  Applied  to  horses 
that  are  gourdy,  stifl",  and  almost  without 
motion. 

shoulder -pitch,  >. 

Anat  •  A  popular  name  for  the  acromion 
process  projecting  outwards  and  forwards 
from  the  extremity  of  the  spine  over  the 
glenoid  cavity,  and  forming  the  summit  of 
the  shoulder. 

*  shoulder-shotten,  o.    Strained  In  the 
•boulder.    [SHOTTEN.] 

"His  horse  swayed  in  the  back,  and  thoulderjhotttn." 
—Bhaketp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  ill.  S. 

•shoulder-slip,  s.  Dislocation  of  the 
ihoukler  or  of  the  humeral. 

••  The  horse  will  take  so  much  car*  of  himself  as  to 
come  off  with  only  a  strain  or  a  thoulder4lip.  -S«trt. 

•shoulder -slipped,  a.     Having   the 

•boulder  dislocated. 

"Koemante  was  half  ihoulder-lUpped."  —  Jartit: 
Don  Quixote,  pt.  1.,  bk.  i.,  ch.  vitl. 

•  shoulder-splayed,  a.     Applied  to  a 
horse  when  he  has  given  his  shoulder  such  a 
violent  shock  as  to  dislocate  the  shoulder- 
joint. 

shoulder-strap,  ».  A  strap  worn  over 
the  shoulder,  either  for  ornament  or  distinc- 
tion, or  to  support  the  dress. 

shoulder-stripe,  ». 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Antidea 
tadlata. 

shoulder-striped  wainscot,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Leucania 
Comma. 

shoulder-washer,  ». 

Vehicles :  The  washer  between  a  wheel  and 
•xle-tree. 

*  shoulder- wrench,   «.     A  wrench  of 
the  shoulder. 
thou!  der,  v.t.  &  i.    [SHOULDER,  «.J 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  push  or  thrust  with  the  shoulder ;  to 
push  or  shove  violently. 

"  The  mld-stream's  his  ;  I  creeping  by  the  side, 
Am  thoulderd  off  by  his  impetuous  tide. 

Dryden :  Tyrannic  Love.  ii.  1. 

2.  To  take  np  on  the  shoulder  or  shoulders. 

"We  once  more  thouldered  our  packs  and  put  our 
best  foot  foremost."—  Field,  Sept  »,  1886. 

IX  Mil. :  To  carry  vertically  at  the  side  of 
the  body,  and  resting  against  the  hollow  of 
the  shoulder. 

"  Wept  o'er  his  wound.,  or,  tale,  of  sorrow  done, 
Slmilder'd  his  crutch,  and  ihoWd  how  fields  were 
won."  OoldimUh :  Deierted  Village. 

'  B.  Intrans. :  To  push  forward  ;  to  force 
one's  way  through  a  crowd. 

shoul'-dered,  a.  [Eng.  shoulder ;  -ed.]  Hav- 
ing shoulders ;  generally  in  composition  :  as, 
broad-a/wuWereo. 

shoul'-der-Ing,  pr,  par.  or  a.  [SHOULDER,  v.] 
shouldering  file,  5.  A  flat  safe-edged 
file  whose  narrower  sides  are  parallel  and  in- 
clined. When  made  of  large  size  and  right 
and  left,  they  are  sometimes  called  parallel 
V-flles. 

•hout,  *  shoute,  v.t.  &  I.    [SHOUT,  «.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  utter  a  loud  and  sudden  cry,  as  in 
joy,  triumph,  exultation,  to  arrest  attention 
of  some  one  at  a  distance,  &c. 

"He  thouted  with  all  his  force  for  aome  minutes."— 
Coot.-  Pint  Voyage,  bk.  L,  ch.  ill. 

2.  To  treat  a  person  with  liquor.    (Austr.  it 
Amer.  slang.) 

"  He  thouted,  or  treated  to  Honor  everybody  who 
entered  the  bar."— O.  A.  Sola,  in  Dally  Telegraph, 

March 


B  Trans.  :  To  utter  with  a  shout;  to  cry 
out  loudly.  Often  with  out  :  as,  He  shouted 
out  my  name. 

If  To  shout  at:  To  deride  or  revile  with 
shouU  ;  to  mock. 

sho'ut,  •  shoute,  *  showte,  «.  [Etym. 
doubtful.]  A  loud,  vehement,  and  sudden 
outcry  ;  a  sudden  burst  of  voices  ;  an  outcry 
of  a  multitude  of  men,  especially  in  joy, 
triumph,  exultation,  or  the  like. 

"Thereat  of  the  Grecian.  .  .  .  In  the  beginning  of 
their  onset  gave  a  general  thout."—  Potter  :  MUMBM 
of  Greece,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  ix. 

shoHt'-er,  s.  [Eng.  shout;  -er.]  One  who 
shouts. 

"  A  peal  of  loud  applause  rang  put. 
And  thinu'd  the  air.  till  eveu  the  birds  fell  down 
Upon  the  Otouterf  bead.."       Dryden  :  Cleomenet. 

8ho"u'-ther,  ».    [SHOULDER,  ».]    (Scotch.) 
shout'  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SHOUT,  «.l 


A.  *  BY.4«  pr.  par.  to  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  shouting  ;  a  shout, 
a  loud  outcry,  expressive  of  joy,  grief,  triumph, 
or  the  like. 

shove,  *  sohove,  t.t.  ft  <.  [A.8.  sco/Um, 
scii/bJi(pa.  t.  scedf,  pi.  scufon,  pa.  par.  scofen); 
cogn  with  Out.  schuiven;  Icel.  skufa,  ski/fa; 
Dan.  sku/e:  Sw.  skufa  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sciaban  ; 
Goth,  skiuban;  Ger.  schieben  (pa.  t.  schob,  pa. 
par.  gexkobcn).] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  drive  along  by  the  direct  application 
of  strength  without  any  direct  impulse;  to 
push  along,  so  as  to  make  a  body  slide  or 
move  along  on  the  surface  of  another  body  ; 
to  push  along  by  main  force. 

"  Prom  the  pebble,  of  the  margin. 
ShoKd  it  forth  into  the  water 


•  2.  To  push  wide,  to  jostle  ;  to  press  or 
push  against. 

"He  used  to  thove  and  elbow  his  fellow-servant*  to 
let  near  his  mistress,  when  money  was  a  paying  or  «• 
ceiviug."—  Arbuthnot:  BM.  John  BuU. 

*3.  To  push,  to  press. 

"  We  see  bodies  moved  by  other  bodies,  striking  or 
*o*ng  wln«<  !  thein."-S~rc»  .-  Light  o/  Xature,  vol. 
ii..  ptX  ch.  vll. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  push  or  drive  forward  on  a  course; 
to  push  roughly  on. 

"The  seamen  towed,  and  I  rtoteA  till  we  arrived 
within  forty  yard*  of  the  shore.  —  Swift  :  QuUiver  ; 
LiUiput,  ch.  via. 

2.  To  push  off;  to  move  in  a  boat  by  means 
of  a  pole  or  oar  which  reaches  to  the  bottom 
of  the  water.    (Followed  by  o/  or  from.) 

"  He  graBp'd  the  oar, 
ReoelVd  hi.  putt  aboard,  au<f  Ho.'d.rrom  •hore.^ 

f  (1)  T°  shove  away:  To  push  away  to  a 
distance  ;  to  thrust  off  or  away. 

*  (2)  To  shove  by  :  To  push  away,  to  reject  ; 
to  delay. 

"  Offence's  guded  hand  may  rto..  ovlustlce.- 

Shaknp.  :  Samlet,  ill  8. 

(8)  To  shove  down  :  To  overthrow  by  push- 
Ing  ;  to  throw  down. 

(4)  To  show  off:  To  thrust  or  push  away  ;  to 
cause  to  move  from  the  shore  by  pushing  with 
a  pole  or  oar. 
shove,  s.    [SHOVE,  «.] 

1.  The  act  of  shoving  or  pushing  ;  a  push. 

"I  re-ted  two  minutes,  and  then  gave  the  boat 
another  i/>o»e.  and  so  on."—  Siof/r:  OuKiner;  iiUlput, 
ch.  viii. 

2.  The  central,  woody  portion  of  the  stem 
of  flax  ;  the  boon. 

shove-board,  ».  A  sort  of  game  played 
by  pushing  or  shoving  pieces  of  money  along 
a  board,  on  which  were  cut  a  number  of 
transverse  lines,  the  object  being  to  play  the 
coin  so  that  it  rested  between  each  set  of 
lines  ;  also  the  board  on  which  the  game  was 
played.  Also  called  Shove-groat,  Shovel- 
board,  Shuffle-board,  Shove-halfpenny,  and 
Shovel-penny. 

•shove-groat,  shove-halfpenny,  «. 
The  same  as  SHOVE-BOARD. 


"  A  favourite  game  during  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth  centuries  was  thove-groat,  which  was  played  m 
A   parallelogram  wag  drawn 
table,  and  divided  into  nin 


cranpartmentsT'each'of  which'  wa«"nnmbered.  Th 
..laver.  then  placed  in  turn  a  .liver  groat,  or  «mooth 
laffpenny,  upon  the  edge  oj  the  tub e,  and  by  a 
smart  stroke  of  the  palm  sent  It  among  the  Partition,, 
where  It  counted  according  to  the  number  on  which 
it  rested."— Knight:  Pictorial  Bitt.  Bng.  it  BH. 


shov  -el,  '  schov-el,  *  show-el,  "  shov- 
eli,  s.  [A.S.  scq/!,  from  sco/-,  base  of  pa.  par. 
of  sCTVan  =  to  shove  (q.v.) ;  Dut.  scho/el; 
Dan.  skovl;  Low  Ger.  schufel ;  Ger.  schaufel.} 

1.  An  implement  consisting  of  a  broad  scoop 
or  hollow  blade  with  a  handle,  u««d  for  raising 
loose  substances,  such  as  loose  earth,  coal, 
sand,  gravel,  money,  &c.     Shovels  are  con- 
structed in  various  shapes  and  sizes,  and  of 
various  materials  according  to  the  particular 
purposes  to  be  served.    Thus,   a  fire-shovel 
for  raising  coals,  cinders,  or  ashes,  is  of  iron ; 
a  grain-shovel  is  of  wood,  &c. 

"  Then  must  you  goe  deeper  and  cast  up  the  earth 
with  a  broad  Slide  or  Ox,^U."-P.  Holland:  Plinii, 
bk.  ivii..  ch.  xxL 

2.  A  shovel-hat  (q.v.). 

"An  old  party  In  a  Oiael."-Alferd  :  Quem'l  EnglM, 
f.TK. 

shovel-board,  *  shovel-boord, «. 

1.  The  same  as  SHOVE-BOARD  (q.v.). 

••The  youngest  and  silliest  chaplain  who,  in  • 
remote  mauor  home,  passed  his  life  in  drinking  ale 
and  playing  at  Oto^Uioard.--llacaulay :  Bia.  tag.. 
ch.  xL 

2.  A  game  played  on  board  ship  by  shoving 
with  a  cue  wooden  discs  so  that  they  shall  rest 
in  one  of  nine  squares  chalked  on  the  deck. 

shovel-fish,  shovel-head,  s. 

Ichthy.:  The  genus  Scaphirhynchus,  and 
especially  S.  platyrhyncliu*. 

"  The  two  .mailer  u 
to  called  from  th 


•  figures  represent  the  SJtovel-fiA. 
Curious  form  of  1U  head,  which  ia 


.  really  not  unlike  the  implement  from  which  it 
derive.  iU  popular  title."—  Wood :  /«"»•  "at.  BitL, 
ill.  200. 

Shovel-hat,  ».    A  hat  with  a  broad  brim 
turned  up  at  the  sides  and  projecting  in  front, 
like  a  shovel,  worn    by  dignitaries   of  the 
Church  of  England. 
shovel-head,  s.    (SHOVEL-FISH.) 
*  shovel-penny,  s.    [SHOVE-BOARD.] 
shovel-plough,  shovel-plow,  «.    A 
plough  having  a  simple  triangular  share,  ana 
employed    for   cultivating   ground    between 
growing  crops. 
shov  -el,  v.t.    [SHOVEL,  ».] 

1.  To  take  up  and  throw  with  a  shovel. 

"  Where  no  priest  ihoeelt  in  dust." 

Shateip. :  Winter!  Talt,  IV.  t, 

2.  To  gather  in  great  quantities. 

"Ducks  thoeel  them  up  a.  they  swim  along  th, 
waters."-Oer«om  .•  Phytico-Theology,  bk.  IT.,  ch.  XL 

(Note.) 

^1  To  sJwvel  up : 

1.  To  throw  up  with  a  shovel. 

2.  To  cover  np  with  earth  with  •  spade  or 
shovel. 

shoV-el-ard,  s.    [SHOVELLER,  ».] 

•hov  el-ful,  sh*V-«l-fall,  s.  [Eng.  shovel; 
•full.]  As  much  as  a  shovel  will  hold  ;  enough 
to  fill  a  shovel. 

"  Then  tl.ree  time,  laid  upon  his  head 
A  thovelful  of  churchyard  clay." 

Longfellow  :  Ooldm  Legend,  i 

shoV-el-ler,  *  shoV-el-or,  s.  [Eng.  shovel; 
•er.] 

1.  Oni.  Lang. :  One  who  shovels  ;  one  who 
works  with  a  shovel. 

"Of  setting  a  numerous  body  of  thovcUert  and 
,w«perV  to  work  whuet  the  snow  i.  still  dropping 
from  the  clouda,--flo«»  Telegraph,  Jan.  S.  188«. 

2.  Ornilhotogy: 

(1)  Spatula  (Anas)  dypeata,  the  Broad-bill 
(a  v  )  or  Spoonbill-duck,  widely  distributed 
over  the  northern  hemisphere,  a  winter 
visitor  to  Britain,  some  remaining  to  breed  ; 
resident  on  the  east  coast,  though  becoming 
rare.  Length  about  twenty  inches;  bill 
much  widened  on  each  side  near  tip,  some- 
what resembling  that  of  the  Spoonbill ;  head 
and  upper  part  of  neck  in  adult  male  rich 
green  lower  part  white,  back  brown,  breast 
and  abdomen  chestnut  brown.  It  nests  in 
some  dry  spot  near  water,  and  lays  from 
eight  to  fourteen  greenish-buff  eggs.  (Bee 
extract.) 

••  The  flesh  i.  tender,  juicy,  and  of  good  flavour. 

The  exceVlence  of  the  Canvas-back  of  ..' '-  "  " 

article  of  food  ie  proverbial,  ; 
that  no  Bportamau  who  1 
Shoveller  to  .hoot  a  Canv 
Birat  (ed.  «h).  iv.  379. 

(2)  The  White  Spoonbill.    [SPOONBILL.] 

"In  a  MS.  survey  of  a  certain  manor  fin  Suseer! 
taken  in  1S70.  it  is  »l»ted  that  'in  the  woods  caltel  tb« 
Westwood  and  the  Haslette.  Shopelen  and  Heron. 
have  lately  breed  [ricl  and  lome  Showier, breedther. 


led.  4th),  iv.  S38. 


rerhial,  yet  Audubon  also  says 
ho  Is  a  fudge  will  ever  go  by  a 
!anva»-back.^-l-orre!l:  Britilh 


bo^ ;  poTlt,  J6%1;  eat,  cell,  chorn.*.  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  In,  »,;  «peot, 
-*Un,-tian  =  shan.   -tton,  -sion  =  shun  ^n.  -«lon  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -siou.  =  Hxus.   -ble.-dle. 


4254 


show— shrap 


•how,  shew  (ew  as  o),  *  she  w-  en.  *  she  we, 

r.t  A  i.  [A.S.  sceawian  —  tQ  look,  see, 
behold,  to  point  out ;  cogn.  with  Out. 
tchouioen  =  to  inspect,  to  view ;  Dan.  skve  — 
to  behold  ;  Goth,  tkawjan  (MI  comp.  uuJoavtjan) 
=:  to  awake  ;  Ger.  schauen  =  to  behold,  to 
see.  From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  caveo  =  to 
be  careful,  to  take  care  ;  Eng.  cautious.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  exhibit  or  present  to  the  view;  to 
display  ;  to  place  in  sight. 

"  JStfjtf  thyiwlf  to  the  priest."— Matthew  »UL  4. 

2.  To  poiut  out  to,  as  a  guide ;  hence,  to 
guide  or  usher,  to  direct. 

"  Will  yon  ih'-ito  me  to  this  house  T  " 

A'/KtA-M^.  :  JtferdtanJ  of  fentcf,  IT.  3. 

3.  To  let  be  seen  ;  to  discover,  to  disclose  ; 
not  to  conceal ;  to  exhibit. 

"  1  bare  cAowwd too  much  the  rashness  of  a  woman." 
SAakeip.  :  Winter  i  TaU,  Hi.  2. 

4.  To  discover,  to  reveal,  to  communicate, 
to  disclose. 

"  All  th*  secrets  of  oar  camp  Til  the*.' 

.SA.(*c*/>.  -'  ^/r*  »'e//  (ft-it  ftu£*  Ff«H,  IT.  L 

C.  To  explain,  to  expound,  to  make  clear. 

"  Forasmuch  M  knowledge  and  Aewl*g  of  hard 
sentence*,  and  Jusolving  of  doubts,  were  found  in  the 
same  Diuiiel.  let  him  be  called."— Daniel  v.  IS. 

6.  To  indicate,  to  point  out,  to  point  to. 

**  Why  Ktaticl  we  longer,  shivering  under  fears, 
Thai  tho»  110  end  bat  death  f  " 

Milton:  P.  L.,  x.  1,008. 

7.  To  prove,  to  manifest,  to  make  apparent 
or  clear  by  evidence,  reasoning,  or  the  like. 

"  I  have  thowed  the  unfitnew.* 

xhatxtp.  :  Lear,  L  4. 

8.  To  bestow,  to  confer,  to  afford,  to  do. 

"  Felix  willing  to  theto  the  Jews  a  pleasure,  left 
P»ul  bound."— Act*  rxiT.  27. 

9.  To  inform,  to  teach,  to  instruct 

"  I  •ball  «fcow  you  plainly  of  tbe  Father."— ^cAw 

*Ti.  tt. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  appear,  to  become  risible. 

"  The  fire  i'  the  flint 
SftotM  not  till  it  be  struck." 

SJuitetp,  :  Timon  o/AOtent.  L  L 

2.  To  appear,  to  look  ;  to  present  an  appear- 
ance ;  to  be  in  appearance. 

-  Floating  darkly  downward  there 

Her  rounded  arm  thowd  white  and  bare." 

Byron:  Sleye  qfCorinA,  XX. 

8.  To  look,  to  appear. 

"The  painter,  whose  pictures  thaw  tost  at  a  dis- 
tance, but  very  near,  more  uu  pleasing." — Bungan: 
FUj/rim't  Proffren,  pt.  L 

*  4.  To  become  or  suit  one  well  or  ilL 

"  My  lord  of  York,  it  better  thowd  with  yon." 
S*aJu*p.  :  2  Henry  IV.,  it.  1 

T  *  (1)  To  show  away,  To  shew  away :  To 
assume  an  air  of  consequence  ;  to  show  off. 

"  Never  sdre  yourself  airs;  never  press  to  the*  away, 
as  they  caUit  —  T.  /full :  Genuine  tettert,  Ii.  45. 

(2)  To  show  forth:  To  manifest,  to  proclaim, 
to  set  forth. 

"  Shew  forth  the  praises  of  Elm,"— 1  Peter  ii.  9. 

(3)  To  show  off: 

(o)  Trans. :  To  set  off;  to  make  an  ostenta- 
tious show  of. 

(&)  Intrans. :  To  make  an  ostentatious  show 
or  display. 

(4)  To  show  up  : 

(a)  To  show  or  point  out  the  way  up  to  :  as, 
To  show  a  gentleman  up  to  a  drawing-room. 

(8)  To  hold  up  to  animadversion,  ridicule, 
or  contempt ;  to  expose. 

(e)  To  put  in  appearance.    (OoUoq.) 

•how,     Jiew  (ew  as    6),    *  schewe,    «. 

[SHOW,  V.J 

1.  The  act  of  showing  or  exhibiting  to  the 
View ;  exposure  or  exhibition  to  the  view. 

"Thus  much  ihott  of  Ore." 

£***•*?. ;  JtUita  Caiar,  L  1, 

2.  Appearance,  whether  true  or  false. 

"  Thy  odour  matchetb  not  tby  thotc." 

Skaketp.  :  Sonnet  99. 

8.  Ostentatious  display ;  parade,  ostentation. 

"  His  grandeur  and  majestic  thov 
Of  luxury."  Milton  :  P.  K.,  iv.  1W. 

4.  Anything  presented  to  the  view ;  an 
object  attracting  notice ;  an  aspect ;  an  ex* 
ternal  sign. 

"Throng  oar  large  temples  with  the  thawt  of  peace. * 
Shataap.  ;  CorMama,  111.  ft. 

*  5.  Semblance,  likeness. 

**  Oar  senators 

Cheat  the  deluded  people  with  a  «fcow 
Of  liberty."        Otwny.   Venice  PretmtO,  L  1. 

6.  Speciousness,  plausibility;  hypocritical 
pretence. 

"  For  »  tkow  make  long  prayers."— Ltdtf  zx.  47. 


7-  A  sight,  a  spectacle,  a  public  exhibition  ; 
specif.,  an  exhibition  shown  for  money:  as, 
a  fluwer-*7iow,  a  cattle-s/iow,  AJC. 
8.  Representatire  action. 
"  Expressed  in  dumb  thow those  sentiments  of  frrnti- 
tade    that    were    too    big   for   utterance."— Additon. 
(MsL) 

.  9.  A  mucous  discharge,  streaked  with  blood, 
which  takes  place  one,  two,  or  three  days 
before  a  woman  fulls  into  labour. 
10.  An  opportunity,  a  chance. 
•"fi  Show  of  hands:  The  holding  up  of  the 
hands  as  a  means  of  indicating  the  opinion 
of  a  meeting  upon  a  proposition. 

Show-bill*  s.  A  placard  or  other  adver- 
tisement, usually  printed,  containing  an- 
nouncement of  goods  for  sale. 

*  Show-box,  s.     A  box  containing  some 
object  or  objects  of  curiosity,  carried  round 
as  a  show. 

show-bread,  shew-bread,  *. 

Judaism:  A  word  modelled  on  the  German 
schaubrode,  Luther's  rendering  of  the  Heb. 
E^-rn  OH"}  (lehem  hapanim)  =  bread  of  the 
faces  or  face,  perhaps  meaning,  designed  for 
the  presence  or  Jehovah.  It  is  called  also  the 
*'  continual  shew-bread"  (2  Chron.  ii.  4),  or, 
more  brie0y,  the  *' continual  bread"  (Num. 
iv.  7X  or  "  hallowed  bread"  (1  Sam.  xxi.  4-6). 
It  was  to  be  set  on  a  table  of  shittim  wood 
(q.v.),  overlaid  with  gold  (Exod.  xxv.  23-29  ; 
1  Kings  vii.  48),  and  having  a  blue  covering 
(Num.  iv.  7).  The  shew-bread  consisted  of 
twelve  cakes  baked  with  fine  flour,  two 
tenth  deals  being  in  each  cake  (Lev.  xxiv.  5). 
It  was  to  stand  in  the  Holy  Place,  and,  being 
sprinkled  with  frankincense,  was  there  to  be 
eaten  each  Sabbath  by  Aaron  and  his  priestly 
descendants  (Lev.  xxiv.  9).  When  the  old 
shew-bread  was  removed,  new  and  hot  bread 
was  to  take  its  place  (1  Stun.  xxi.  6X  When 
David  was  in  want  of  food,  he  ate  the  shew- 
bread,  though  lie  was  not  a  priest  (1  Sam. 
xxi.  3-6),  and  Jesus  approved  the  deed  (Matt, 
xii.  4  ;  Mark  ii.  26;  Luke  vi.  4).  The  twelve 
cukes  of  shew-bread  were  apparently  one  for 
each  tribe ;  the  deeper  spiritual  significance 
of  the  bread  has  been  variously  interpreted. 

ShOW-oard,  *.  A  tradesman's  card,  ad- 
vertising goods  or  novelties. 

show  case,  s.  A  case  or  box,  having  a 
glass  top,  side,  or  front,  in  which  delicate  or 
valuable  articles  are  placed  for  exhibition. 

show  down,  «.  A  display  of  strength 
or  accomplishment,  usually  at  the  end  of  a 
contest.  (Oollog.) 

Show-glass,  ».  A  glass  in  or  by  means 
of  which  anything  is  seen ;  a  showman's  glass  ; 
a  mirror. 

*  show-place,  .«. 

1.  A  place  for  public  exhibition. 

2.  North's  (Plvtarch:  Ant.,  liv.)  translation 
of    tbe    Greek    yvp.vaffi.ov    (gumnasion)  =  a 
gymnasium,  adopted  by  Shakespeare  (Ant.  & 
Clfop.,  in.  6). 

show-room,  s. 

1.  A  room  or  apartment  in  which  a  show  Is 

exhibited. 

2.  A   room   in  a  warehouse  or  wholesale 
establishment,  in  which  samples  of  goods  are 
set  out  for  inspection ;  also  a  room  in  an 
hotel  set  aside  for  the  use  of   commercial 
travellers  in  which  to  exhibit  samples  of  their 
goods  to  their  customers. 

*  show-stone,  s.    A  glass  or  crystal  ball 
by  means  of  which  fortune-tellers  professed 
to  foretell  future  events. 

show  yard,  s.  A  yard  or  inclosure  In 
which  cattle,  sheep,  horses,  &c.,  are  exhibited 
for  show. 

sh6W-er  (1),  ».    [Eng.  show,  v. ;  -er.J 

1.  One  who  shows  or  exhibits. 

2.  That  which  shows,  as  a  mirror.  (Wycli/e.) 

sho*V-er  (2), "  schour. '  shour, "  shonre 

(orig.  a  monosyllable),  s.     [A.S.  scur;  cogn. 

with    Dut.    vchoer ;    I  eel.    sfciir ;   8w.    skur  ; 

Goth,  afcuro;  O.  H,  Ger.  scur;  Ger.  schaucr.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  foil  of  rain  or  hail  (and  sometime*  of 
•now)  of  short  or  not  very  long  duration. 

2.  A  storm  or  heavy  fall  of  anything ;  a 


fall  of  things  in  thick  ana  fast  succession. 

[M  ETEOR-SHOWEB.  ] 

"  They  wheeled,  and  flying  behind  th.lu  shot 
Sharp  sleet  of  arrowy  thowert  &gaiunt  the  i  te, 
Of  their  pursuer*"  MUtun  :  P.  R..  i...  i  M. 

3.  A  copious  supply  bestowed  ;  liberal  dis- 
tribution or  supply. 

"Sfxrwersvf  wealth  de*cvndin;  from  the  nicies.** 
/•op*.-  ffamer;  lU'id  Ii.  BU 

0.  Pyrotechny  :  A  term  applied  to  gold-rain 
(q.v.). 

shower-bath,  9.     A  bath  in  which  « 
shower  of  water  is  dropped  upon  the  ]«.-rsoi 
usually  a  stream  distributed  by  a  strainer. 

sho'w'-er,  v.t.  &  I.    [SHOWER  (2),  «.) 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  water  with  a  shower  or  showers  ;  to 
wet  with  rain. 

"  Last  it  again  dissolve  and  Aotcer  the  earth," 

Mtltun  :  P.  L.,  xi.  sai 

2.  To  pour  down  copiously  and  rapidly;  to 
bestow  liberally  ;  to  distribute  or  scatter 
freely. 

"Tbe  commodore's  yacht  was  th»oering  rockets  and 
burning  lights.1—  /*i«M,  Sept.  4,  16«. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  rain  in  showers  ;  to  pour 
or  fall  down  copiously. 

"  It  rained  down  fortune  ihotoertng  on  your  head." 
Btnry  ir.,  T.  L 


s.    [Eng.  showery  ;   -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  showery. 

*  sho'w'-er-ing,  o.    [Bog.  *Aot«r(2);  -ing.] 
Showery. 

Sho'w'-er  -less,  a.    [Eng.  shaver  (2);  -tegs.] 

Free  from  showers;  without  showers. 

"  Scarce  in  a  thoioerJett  day  the  heavens  indulge 
Our  melting  clime." 

.  Art  «/  Pretarwinf  ff-oiO,  t 


r-^,  o.    [Eng.  s*wnwr(2);  -y.] 
L  Falling  in  showers. 

"  Scattering  everywhere 
The  thovrery  rain." 

Longfellow  :  Rain  in  Summer, 

2.  Abounding  in  showers  of  rain  ;  rainy. 

"  By  sowing  the  same  quantity  broadcast  in  thmoerf 
weather."—  Smithton  :  Utefut  Bn.>kfor  farmtrt,  p.  B. 

3.  A  free  translation  of  Germinal  (springing 
or  budding),  the  seventh  month  of  tlie  French 
republican  year. 

»  Bhow'-ful-l-JS  adv.  [Eng.  show;  -full;  -ly.] 
Gaudily. 

"  All  ihourfuHjf  gmrniiht"—  Chapman  :    Jfatytte   qf 
Middl*  Temple, 

Show'-i-l'jr,  adv.  [Enff.  showy;  -Jy.]  In  a 
showy  manner  ;  with  show  or  parade  ;  osten- 
tatiously, pom{>ously. 

show'-I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  showy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  showy  ;  show. 

ShowMng,  «.  [Eng.  show;  -ing.]  A  presen- 
tation to  exhibition  ;  representation  by  words  ; 
a  setting  forth. 

*  shOW'-Ish,  a.  [Eng.  show;  -M.)  Splendid, 
gaudy,  showy,  specious,  plausible. 

"  To  distinguish  real  and  solid  worth  from  stowi** 
or  plausible  expense."  —  Pope:  To  Tonton,  Jane  7,  1T32. 

show'-man.  *.  [Eng.  show,  v,,  and  man.] 
One  who  exhibits  a  show  ;  the  proprietor  of  a 
show. 

"Yet,  chasm.!*,  where  can  11*  the  canset" 

H'ordiuurth:  Star  ffastrfc 

shown,  pa.  par.  ofv.    [Saow,  *.] 
*showve,  f.i.    [SHOVE,  v.J 


'-*^,  a.  [Eng.  show  ;  -y.]  Making  a  great 
show  or  appearance;  attracting  attention; 
gaudy,  ostentations,  gay,  splendid. 

-He  loaded  her  with  beads,  and  every  s*ow*  tritto 
that  would  please  her."—  Cuo*  .•  firtt  I  oyaye,  bk.  L, 
cb.  vilL 

*  shrag,  v.t.    [SeaAa,  *.J    To  lop. 


s.    [Prob.  a  softened  form  of  scrag  =  a 
stump  or  branch.]    A  twig  of  a  tree  cut  off. 

*  shr&g'-ger,  *.  [Eng.  shray,  T.  ;  -er.J  OM 
who  lops  or  trims  trees. 

shram,  r.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To  cause  4 
shrink  or  shrivel,  as  with  cold  ;  to  benumb. 
(Prov.) 

shrank,  pret.  ofv. 


shrap,  *  shrape,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.)    A 
place  baited  with  chaff  to  catch  birds. 

"  The  most  charry  Amp  that  ever  was  set  before  th* 
eyes  of  winged  fowL1*—  Buhop  Badtlt:  Letter*,  p.  ML 


fito,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  p6t, 
or,  wore.  wpl£  work,  whd,  Bon;  mute,  crib,  ciire,  •onlte,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »toe  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qn      kw. 


shrapnel— sb  rievalty 


4255 


Shr&p'-nel,  *     [See  compound.) 
shrapnel-  shell,  s. 

Ordn,  :  A  hollow  projectile  or  shell,  so  called 
after  its  inventor,  General  Shrapnel.  As 
originally  constructed,  the  projectile  consisted 
of  a  spherical  iron  shell  filled  with  balls, 
sufficient  powder  being  mingled  with  the  balls 
to  burst  the  shell  when  the  fuse  ignited  the 
charge.  It  was  hence  called  spherical  case- 
shot,  and  was  designed  tn  attain  a  longer 
range  than  common  case-shot  or  grape.  The 
bursting  charge  was  of  jnst  sufficient  strength 
to  open  the  shell  without  scattering  the  balls, 
which  continued  their  flight.  The  improved 
shrapnel  has  its  bursting  charge  in  a  cylinder 
in  the  middle  of  the  elongated  projectile  used 
with  rifled  guns.  Shrapnel  are  commonly  filled 
with  leaden  musket-balls  ;  melted  sulphur  or 
bituminous  matter  is  poured  in  to  fill  np  the 
Interstices,  and  a  chamber  sufficiently  large  to 
contain  the  bursting  charge  is  formed  at  the 
base  of  the  shell. 
shrcad  head,  «.  [Eng.  *  thread,  and  head.} 

[jERKINHKAD.j 

•hre'd,  •sbrede,  »shread,  ».  [A.S.scredrfe; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  skrjndhr  =  a  shred  ;  O.  Dut. 
Khroode;  Ger.  schrot.] 

L  A  piece  torn  off;  a  strip  ;  a  fragment 
torn  or  cut  off. 

"  In  a  piebald  livery  of  coarse  patches  and  borrowed 
':  On  Human  Undent.,  ok.  ii'.,  on.  xz. 


2.  A  fragment  ;  a  piece  generally. 

"The  tutors  content  themselves  with  teaching  a 
few  unconnected  Kltredt  anil  parcels  of  thia  corrupted 
course.  •-£*>!>*.•  n'tallh  ofXationl.  bk.  L.  oh.  i. 

•J  Used  specif,  of  strips  of  cloth  employed 
to  nail  up  trees. 
S.  A  particle  ;  an  iota. 

"There  was  not  a  thred  of  evidence  against  his 
client."—  aawtey  Smart  :  struck  Dovm.  ch.  x. 

*  shred-pie,  «.    A  mince-pie. 

Shred,  *  shredde,  t'.f.    [A.S.  screadian  ;  GQT. 
tckroten  =  to  gnaw,  to  cut,  to  saw.] 

1.  To  tear  or  cut  into  small  pieces,  particu- 
larly into  long  and  narrow  pieces,  as  of  cloth 
or  leather;  to  tear  into  strips  ;  to  strip. 

2.  To  prune,  to  lop,  to  trim. 

"  In  lopping  and  thrgddlny  of  trees,  when  the  cut 
standeth  open.  there  would  be  no  hollow  places  made 
like  cups,  fur  feare  that  water  should  stand  therein." 
—P.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  xvll..  oh.  xxiii. 

3.  To  cnt  vegetables  into  shreds  for  cook- 
ing.   (2  Kings  iv.  39). 

•  4.  To  cut.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  52.) 
•5.  To  scatter. 

.  .  .  being  «4r«d  amongst  other  whole- 
nei,  of  Maryland  :  IT  aria,  11.  28a. 


••Wild  gourds 
tome  herbs.  "—J 


shred  -ding,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [SHRED,  v.} 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  substantive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  cutting  into  shreds  ;  the  act 
of  pruning  or  trimming. 

2.  That  which  is  cut  off;  a  fragment,  a  shred. 

"  A  number  of  short  cuts  or  ibreddingt.  which  may 
be  better  called  wishes  than  prayers."—  llooker:  Scclef. 
Polilif,  bk.  V.,  1  37. 

II.  Carp.  (PI.)  :  Short,  light  pieces  of  timber, 
fixed  as  bearers  below  the  roof,  forming  a 
straight  line  with  the  upper  side  of  the  rafters. 

•hred'-d^,  a.    [Eng.  shred;  -y,}    Consisting 
of  shreds  or  fragments. 

*  Shre'd'-Uiss,  a.   [Eng.  shred;  -less.]  Having 
no  shreds.    (Byron:  ChUde  Harold,  iii.  47.) 

•brew.  *  sohrowe,  *  shrewe,  *  sorewe, 

i,  oi  a.  [A.S.  scredwa  =  a  shrew-mouse,  prob. 
orig.=  the  bit'T,  and  bence  transferred  to  a 
scolding  or  churlish  person.  Originally  used 
of  both  sexes,  and  implying  a  graver  charge 
than  is  now  involved  in  the  word.] 

A*  As  substantive  : 

I  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

*2.  A  churlish  person,  male  or  female;  a 
malignant,  spiteful,  or  cantankerous  person 
of  either  sex. 

•  ft.  A  wretch,  an  accursed  person,  a  villain. 

"  [He]  toke  to  his  connwtle  a  Ihretee. 
Whorp  to  his  father  forth  he  sent. 

Oower  :  0.  A.,  TU". 

4.  A  woman  of  a  vile  temper  ;  a  virago,  a 
termagant,  a  scold. 

"  Soch  an  Injury  would  vex  a  very  saint, 
Much  more  a  threw  of  thy  Impatient  humour." 
Shaketp.  :  Taming  of  the  Hhrrw.  ill.  X 


SHREWS. 

L  Common  Shrew,    l  Lener,  or 
Pigmy,  Shrew. 


IL  Zool.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  indi- 
vidual of  the  Soricidse,  particularly  the  Com- 
mon (Sorer,  vulgaris)  and  the  Lesser  Shrew 
(S.  pygmaru).  The  former,  common  in  Europe, 
is  about  the  size  of  a  mouse,  which  it 
somewhat  resemoles  in  the  shape  of  the  body, 
feet,  and  tail,  but  has  the  muzzle  produced, 
with  prominent  nostrils,  far  beyond  the  lip  ; 
the  eyes  are  small,  and  scarcely  discernible 
through  the  fur;  ears  wide  and  short;  the 
tail  is  four- 
sided,  with 
the  angles 
rounded  off; 
fur  usually 
r eddi  sh - 
gray  above, 
grayish  be- 
neath, but 
the  colour 
varies,  and 
pied  speci- 
mens often 
occur. 
[LESSER- 
SHREW.] 
They  feed 
on  insects 
and  worms 
and  the  smaller  mollusca ;  they  are  extremely 
pugnacious,  and  two  males  scarcely  ever  meet 
without  a  battle,  when  the  weaker  in  killed 
and  eaten.  They  breed  in  the  spring ;  the  fe- 
male makes  a  nest  of  dry  herbage  in  a  hole  in 
the  ground,  and  brings  forth  from  five  to  seven 
young,  but  their  increase  is  checked  by  the 
weasel  and  barn-owl.  In  former  times  the 
bite  of  the  Shrew  was  erroneously  considered 
venomous,  and  the  auimal  itself  played  an 
important  part  in  folk-medicine.  [SHREW- 
ASH,  OARED-SHREW,  WATER-SHREW.) 

B*  As  adj. :  Churlish,  shrewish. 

'•  Yet  was  he  to  me  the  moste  threw." 

Chaucer!  CJ.  r..  6.087. 

shrew-ash,  «.    (Bee  extract.) 

"A  threte-ash  Is  an  ash  whose  twigs  or  branches, 
when  applied  to  the  limbs  of  cattle,  will  immediately 
relieve  the  pains  which  a  beast  suffers  from  the  run- 
ning of  a  shrew-mouse  over  the  part  affected.  .  .  . 
Into  the  body  of  the  tree  a  deep  bole  was  bored  with 
an  auger  and  a  poor  devoted  shrew-mouse  was  thrust 
in  alive,  and  plugged  in.  no  doubt  with  several  incan- 
tations long  since  forgotten."— If**..-  fat.  Ilia,  of 
Setborne,  pt  ii..  eh.  xxvii. 

shrew-footed  uropsile,  s. 

Zool. :  Uropsilus  soricijKs,  the  sole  species 
of  the  genus,  discovered  in  Eastern  Tibet  by 
Pere  David.  The  general  characters  are  like 
those  of  Urotrlchus  (q.v.);  the  tail  is  nakrd 
and  scaly,  fur  slate-colour,  with  a  brownish 
tinge. 

shrew-mole, ». 

Zool. :  Scalfrps  affitatitxt,  often  called  the 
Mole  in  the  United  States,  through  which  it 
is  widely  distributed.  The  snout  is  slender 
and  elongated,  and  the  toes  of  the  hind  feet 
are  webbed.  [SCALOPS.] 

shrew-mouse,  s. 

Zool. :  Strm  mdgarit.    [SHREW,  t.,  II.] 

•  shrew-struck,  a,.    Injured  or  affected 
by  a  Shrew.    [SHREW-ASH.] 

M  When  a  horse  in  the  fields  happened  to  be  sud- 
denly seized  with  anything  like  a  numbness  In  his 
legs,  he  was  immediately  judged  by  the  old  persons  to 
be  either  planet-struck  or  ihma-ttruck.  The  mode  of 
core  which  they  prescribed,  and  which  they  considered 
in  all  cases  infallible,  was  to  drag  the  auimal  through 
a  piece  of  bramble  that  grew  at  both  ends."—  Whit  e  : 
Selborne,  lett.  xxviiL  (Note.) 

•shrew,  *  shrew*,  v.t.  [SHREW,  t.]  To 
beshrew,  to  curse. 

"  threat  me 
If  I  would  lose  it  for  a  revenue." 

Rhaketp.  :  CiroArline.  ii.  3. 

shrewd,  'sohrewed,  "  shreude, 
•shrewed,  a,  [Prop,  the  pa.  par.  of 
threw  =  to  beshrew,  to  curse.] 

•  1.  Wicked,  rmfair,  swindling,  malicious. 
(Conveying   a  graver   charge   than  we  now 
attach  to  the  word.) 

"Is  be  litre***  and  unjust  In  his  dealing!  with 
others."— Sout h ;  Sermont,  vi.  10ft. 

•  2.  Accursed,  cursed,  vile. 

"  Ne  lenede  yet  nogt 
Here  tchrevKtle  dede."    Robert  of  Gloucester,  p.  1M. 

•  3.  Vixenish,  scolding,  shrewish. 

"As  old  as  Sybil,  and  as  curst  and 
As  Socrates'  Xantlppe." 

Shakesp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrent,  i.  2. 

•4.  Vexatious,  troublesome,  mischievous, 
ill,  hurtful,  malicious. 

"  No  enemy  is  so  despicable  but  he  may  do  ft  body 
•  threted  iaxru'—L'Eitrange :  Fablet. 


*  5.  Spiteful,  dangerous. 

"  He  made  aiAretw*  Uirustat  Jour  belly."— »*fl.a*s*p. : 
»  Henry  jr..  ILs. 

*  6.  Sly,  cunning,  artful,  arch. 

"  That  tttrewd  and  knavish  sprite.1* 
Shaketp. :  Midtummer  tfight't  Ih-eam,  11. 1. 

7.  Astute,     sagacious,    discerning,    sharp, 
acute,  keen  :  as,  He  Is  a  threwd  man. 

8.  Characterized  by  or  arising  from  acute- 
ness,  sagacity,  or  acuteness  of  discernment. 

"Professing  to  despise  the  Ul  opinion  of  mankind 
creates  a  stimcd  suspicion  that  we  have  deserved  1U 
— Seeker:  Sermons,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  16. 

Shrewd' -If,  *shreud-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  shrewd} 
•iji.J 

*  1.  In  a  mischievous  manner  or  degree ; 
mischievously,  injuriously. 

"This  practice  hath  must  thnvdlu  past  upon  thee." 
Suilxty. :  Twelfth  XHht,  V. 

*  2.  Vexatiously,  annoyingly. 

"  Yet  seem'd  she  not  to  wince,  too'  OtreuxUH  paln'd." 
In-yden  :  Hind  t  Panther,  ill.  183. 

*  8.  Greatly,  exceedingly. 

u  He  is  ihretcdlg  vexed  at  something." 

Shttketp.  :  AU'l  Wett  that  Kndt  Well,  ill.  I. 

4.  Sharply,  keenly,  bitingly,  painfully. 

•*  Let  ns  assume  that  the  morning  is  a  ihrftodlyoolA 
one  and  damp  to  boot."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  1, 
lean. 

fi.  In  a  shrewd,  astute,  pr  sagacious  manner ; 
astutely,  sagaciously ;  with  acuteness  of  dis- 
cernment. 

"  TIs  ihrrvrfty  guessed 
That  Redmond  rule*  the  damsel's  breast." 

Scott :  Rokeby.  vi.  la 

shrewd'-ness, ».    [Eng.  shrewd ;  -neu.] 

*  L  Iniquity,  wickedness,  depravity. 

••  Forsothe  the  erthe  is  corrupt  before  God.  and  to 
fulfilled  with  «»f»i«i»!««."— OmetU  vi.  It  (1S5H.I 

*  2.  Vexatiousness,  annoyance,  mischievous- 
ness. 

'3.  Cunning,  artfulness,  slyness.  (ShaKap.  : 
Antony  it  Cleopatra,  ii.  2.) 

4.  Sagaciousuess,  sagacity,  astuteness, 
cleverness  ;  sharpness  of  discernment :  as, 
the  shrewdness  of  a  reunark. 

*  shrewe, ».  &  ».    [SHREW,  s.  &  v.] 

*  shrewed, "  shrewed-ness,  &c.  [SHKEWD, 

SHREWDNESS,  &c.] 

Shrew'-lsh,  a.  [Eng.  shrew;  -ish.]  Having 
the  qualities  or  manners  of  a  shrew  ;  vixeuish. 
(Said  of  a  woman.) 

"  My  wife  is  ihrewUh  when  I  keep  not  noun.1* 

Shateip. :  Comedy  of  Errors,  iii.  1. 

Shrew'-lsh-lft  adv.  [Eng.  shrewish ;  -ly.\  In 
a  shrewish  manner;  like  a  shrew  ;  peevishly, 
tartly,  sharply. 

"  He  speaks  very  threvrithlg ;  one  would  think  his 
mother's  milk  were  scarce  out  of  him."— Shakstp.  : 
Tvelflk  Xilht,  L  5. 

shreW-ish-ness,  >.    [Eng.  shrewish ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  shrewish. 
"  I  have  no  gift  at  all  in  ihrewiihnfM." 

Sftaketp.  :  Midtummtr  Xiyhtt  Dream,  Ul  &> 

*  shrich,  *  shriegh,  v.    [SHRIEK,  v.] 

shriek,  *  scriek,  *  scrikc,  *  shrike,  «.<. 
&  t.  [A  doublet  of  screech  (q.v.).J 

A.  Intrant. :  To  otter  a  sharp,  shrill  cry; 
to  scream,  as  one  in  a  sudden  fright,  horror, 
or  anguish. 

"  And  pour  these  accents,  ihrieking  as  he  flies." 

Byron  :  Jfitia  t  furl/alia. 

B.  Tram.  :  To  utter  with  a  shriek  or  shrill 
cry. 

"  BtrleMnf  nndirtlngul.lied  woe." 

Shaketp. :  Lover  •  Complaint,  *>. 

Shriek,  s.  [SHRIEK,  ».)  A  sharp,  shrill  cry 
or  scream,  as  of  one  in  anguish  or  extreme 
terror ;  a  shrill  noise. 

"  The  ihrtela  of  the  conquered,  the  conquerors'  yell." 
Byron  :  chiftU-  Uarotd,  ii .  72. 

Shriek-owl, «.    The  Screech-owl  (q.v.). 

shriek' -er,  ».  [Eng.  $kriek;  -er.J  One  who 
shrieks. 

"  Ag»in-the  shrieking  charmers— how  they  rend 
The  Kentle  air— the  thrickert  lack  a  frielul. 

Crabbe  :  Talel  of  the  Hall,  vit 

shrleV-al,  a.  [Mid.  Eng.  shrieve  =  a  sheriff; 
-o(.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sheriff. 

"  His  thrktal  sword,  and  hit  richly  bejewelled  chain 
of  office."— Oltittn,  Jan.  e,  1886. 

shrlev'-sl-tj,  •  shrev'-al-ty,  ».  [A  con- 
tract of  sherlffalty.]  The  office  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  sheriff ;  the  period  during  which  a  sheriff 
holds  office. 

"  The  ihrevaJty  In  ancient  times  wa*  Imol  ttftf 
ontre."— fuller:  Worthtel  of  England. 


bSil,  Dt»»;  ptiut,  J<Jwl;  oat,  cell,  ohorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  yenophon,  e^lst.    -**«• 
-oian.  -tlan  =  shi>n.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -,lon,  -ylon  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -clous  =  shuo.    -We,  Ac.  =  beL   e 


4256 

*  shrleve,  *.    [SHERIFF.]    A  sheriff! 

"  Scarce  a  tArtmr'i  wife  at  an  visize 
Was  drMwd  so  fine.  M  roll'd  her  eyes. 

.Som^rviU.-  r*«  Fwmatt  of  Ktnt. 

*  shrieve,  r.(.    [SHRIVK.] 

shrift,  *.  [A.8.  acrift=  confession,  from  scrifan 
=  to  shrive  (q.v.);  Icel.  stoript,  thrift;  Sw. 
thrift  :  Dan.  «An/t«.] 

1.  Confession  to  a  priest 

"  '  Twas  told  me  ID  ihrift  ; 
Itoa  knoWst  'Us  death  an  if  *,  be  reveled 

Marlon  :  Jew  of  Malta,  111.  S. 

J.  The  priestly  act  of  shriving  ;  absolution. 

"I  will  give  him  a  present  •fcrt/t* 

«uur«for  MMturt,  iv.  *. 


•shrift  father,  *  •hrltte  -  fader,  «. 

A  father-confessor. 

"  I  shrewe  these  thrift-fatten  everich  on." 

(Tftaucer  :  C,  T.,  T.OH 

*  shright  (g\  silent),  pret.  of  v.    [SHRIEK,  ».] 
A  shriek.    (Spenstr:  F.  Q.,  VI.  iv.  2.) 

shrike.  «.    [From  the  cry  of  the  bird.] 

OntttA.  ;  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  Laniida  (q.v.),  applied  specially  for 
the  last  three  centuries  to  Lanius  excubitor, 
the  Great  Gray  Shrike,  the  largest  European 
species.  The  length  of  the  adult  male  is  about 
ten  inchfs;  pearl  gray  on  upper  part  of 
body;  chin,  breast,  aud  abdomen  white;  tail 
feathers  black,  variegated,  and  tipped  with 
white;  a  black  band  crosses  the  forehead, 
runs  under  the  eyes,  and  expands  into  a 
patch  on  the  ear-coverts.  Of  the  large  family 
of  the  Shrikes,  containing  in  all  over  one 
hundred  species,  the  United  States  possesses 
but  a  fragmentary  representation,  there  being 
here  only  two  species  of  Lanius,  the  leading 
genus.  These  are  L,  borealis,  the  Northern 
Butcher-bird,  and  L.  luthricianus,  the  Southern 
Logger-head.  Europe  is  better  provided,  having, 
in  addition  to  the  species  named,  L.  minor,  the 
Leaser  Gray  Shrike.  Like  L.  seplentrionalis,  it  is 
often  called  in  England  the  Nine-killer  (q.v.), 
and  is  sometimes  placed,  with  some  other  small 
Shrikes,  in  a  separate  genus.  The  only  other 
European  species  is  L.  auriculalut,  the  Woodchat 
(q.v.).  Shrikes  feed  on  insects  and  small  birds, 
and  have  a  remarkable  habit  of  impaling  their 
prey  on  thorns  in  the  neighborhood  of  their 
nests,  which  may  thus  bu  easily  discovered. 
They  kill  and  impale  many  insects  that  they  do 
not  eat,  and  even  in  confinement  they  pusn 
portions  of  the  food  given  them  between  the 
wires  of  their  cages,  or  transfix  it  on  a  nharp 
nail,  if  one  be  provided  for  the  purpose. 
[BUTCHER-BIRD.] 

"Tbs)  mayfly  1*  torn  by  the  swallow,  the  sparrow 
•peared  by  the  .*rt*«." 

rtnnysoit  :  Maud.  L  Iv.  4. 

shrike  crow,  *. 

Omith,  :  Swainaon's  name  fo"  the  genus 
Barita  (q.v.). 

•brill,  'schril,  •shril.  -ahrille,  'shlrle, 
a.  &  s.  [The  same  word  as  Lowland  Scotch 
skirl  =  a  shrill  cry  ;  skirl  =  to  cry  shrilly  ; 
from  Norw.  skryla,  «fcrceta  =  to  crv  shrilly; 
tkrcel  =  a  shrill  cry  ;  cf.  Sw.  dial,  skrfila  =  to 
cry  loudly  ;  A.  8.  scraUetan  —  to  make  a  loud 
outcry  ;  Low  Ger.  schrell  =  shrill  ;  Prov.  Ger. 
KhriU  =  shrill  ;  schriiUn  =  to  sound  shrilL] 
A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Sharp  or  acute  in  sound  or  tone  ;  having 
s  piercing  sound  or  tone. 

"  Unimpair'd.  and  thrill,  and  clear." 

Cow  per.-  T  to  Cricket. 

2.  Uttering  or  emitting  a  sharp,  piercing 
sound  :  as,  a  shrill  trumpet. 

*  B.  At  subst.  :  A  shrill  sound. 

"  With  the  sudden  thrill  I  wa*  appalled." 

Sinter:  Kainet  qf  Time,  MO. 

*  shrill-edged,    a.      Acute,  sharp,   or 
piercing-  in  sound. 

"  The  thrUl-«da«d  ahrl«k  of  a  mother.* 

Ttnnyton  ;  Maud,  I.  L  1*. 

'  Shrill-gorged,  a.  Having  a  gorge  or 
throat  which  emits  a  shrill,  piercing  note  ; 
having  a  clear  or  high-pitched  voice  or  note. 

"  The  tkrill-fforffed  lark."       BJuOtMp.  :  L*tr,  IT.  L 

shrill  tongued,  a. 
L  Having  a  shrill  voice. 

"  When  thriU-tonyued  Folrla  scold*.  * 

XhaJcetp.  :  Antony  *  CUoptifro,  L  1. 

3.  Speaking  in  a  high  tone. 

"  IB  the  tkritl-ttnffufd  or  low?  " 

£Ao*«*7>.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  Hi.  S. 

shrill-voiced,  a.  Having  a  shrill  or 
piercing  voice  or  sound. 

"Oonfinf*  the  rtrtO-wicwf  whirlwind   round  and 
round."         WordtworOt;  Kxcvrtion,   bk.  111. 


shrieve— shrinkage 

*  Shrill,  v.i.  ft  t.    [SHRILL,  a.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  utter  a  shrill,  piercing  sound. 

"  At  last  they  heard  a  home  that  **^*dr?ej^*^ 

2.  To  sound  shrilly  or  piercingly. 

"  First  tbriltHi  an  unrepwited  female  shriek." 

Scoff :  Don  Roderick,  xlx. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  give  or  utter  a  shrill  sound. 

2.  To  utter  in  a  shrill  tone. 

"  Death  thrill+d.  hard  and  quick.  In  spite  and  fear: 
Ha !  ha  !  and  what  maysAhou  do  at  the  domett" 
R.  Browning:  Balauttion't  Adventur*. 

*  shrttT-Ing,  a.    [Eng.  thrill ;  -ing.]    Sound- 
ing shrilly,  shrill. 

"  SOT  eager  steed,  with  thrillinv  neigh. 
Accused  the  lagging  groom'*  delay.  ' 

Sco€t ;  Jiotebj/,  It  17. 

shrill -ness,  ».  [Eng.  shrill;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  shrill. 

"  These  parts  first  dispose  the  voioe  to  hoarseness  or 
ArUlneM.*— Smith  :  On  Old  Aft*. 

•brill'  -  $,  *  shrill  -  le,  adv.  A  a.     (Eng. 

shrill;  -y.] 

A.  As  adv. :  In  a  shrill  manner ;  with  a  shrill 
or  piercing  sound. 

"  Round  the  rough  ca»tle  thrlUy  sung 
The  whirling  blast." 

warton  :  Gravt  of  King  Arthur. 

B.  As  adj. :  Somewhat  shrilL 

"  And  children  that,  unwitting  why. 
Lent  the  gay  shout  their  thriUy  cry." 

Scott:  Lady  o/rfe  Lots,  lit  Ml 

shrimp,  v.t.  &  i.  [The  same  as  SCRIMP  (q.v.X 
Probably  there  was  an  A.  8.  verb  scrimpan 
(pa.  t.  scramp,  pa.  par.  scrampen),  whence  also 
crimp,  cramp,  and  crumple.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  contract,  to  make  small  or 
paltry. 

"  Bat  what  dismally  thrimptd  things  would  they 
appear,  turned  into  English.  —  Echard :  Contempt 
of  the  Clergy,  p.  44. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  catch  or  fish  for  shrimps. 

shrimp,  *.    [SHRIMP,  v.] 

1.  Literally  &  Zoology: 

(1)  A  popular   name  for  any  Individual 
of    the     genus    Crangon    (q.v.),     allied    to 
Lobster,  Crayfish,    and   Prawn.     The   form 
is    elongated,    tapering,    and    arched.     The 
rostrum  is  very  snort,  claws  small,  the  fixed 
finger  being  merely  a  small  tooth,  the  movable 
finger  unciform.    The  whole  structure  is  deli- 
cate and  sub- translucent,  and  of  such  hues 
that  the  species  may  readily  escape  observa- 
tion, whetnei  resting  on  a  sandy  bottom  or 
moving  through  the  water.     When  alarmed 
they  bury  themselves  in  the  sand  by  a  peculiar 
motion  of  the  telsou.    The  Common  Shrimp 
(Cranyon  viUgaris),  about  two  inches  long, 
greenish-gray  dotted  with  brown,  plentiful  on 
the  European  coasts,  is  esteemed  as  an  article 
of  food ;  other  species,  from  warmer  latitudes, 
are  equally  prized.    They  are  usually  taken  by 
means  of  a  shrimp-net.    (See  extract.) 

"The  common  ihrimp  U  an  exception  to  the  general 
rule  that  the  cuticle  of  the  Crustaceans  Is  either  red 
In  the  living  animal  or  becomes  so  ou  boiling.  The 
cuticle  of  (7.  vulgarit  in  the  living  sUt«  IB  light- 
brown  or  almost  white,  and  the  animal  is  somewhat 
translucent  .  .  .  After  boiling,  the  cuticle  assumes 
It*  well-known  brown  oolourT— Sncy.  Brit.  (ed.  9th). 
xzL  147. 

(2)  Pandalus  annulicornis,  taken  on  the  east 
and  south  coast  of  England,  occurring  also 
in  Scotland^  Ireland,  Shetland,  and  Iceland. 
When  alive  its  colour  is  reddish-gray,  with 
red  spots.    When  boiled  it  becomes  a  deep 
red.     It  is  smaller  than  the  Prawn  (Pal&mon 
strratus),  with  which,  however,  it  is  some- 
times confounded. 

2.  Fig.;    A   dwarfish    creature;    a    little 
wrinkled  person ;  a  pigmy,  a  manikin. 

"  It  cannot  be,  this  weak  and  wrlthled  thrimp 
Should  strike  such  terror  In  his  enemies." 

Shaketp.  :  1  ffenrv  >'/..  1L  S. 

^[  Cup  shrimps:  A  local  name  in  the  south 
of  England  for  the  young  of  Paltemon  serratiis, 
from  their  being  measured  In  small  cups  in- 
stead of  being  sold  by  tale,  as  they  are  when 
full  grown. 

shrimp  net,  s.  A  small-meshed  bag-net, 
mounted  on  a  hoop  and  pole  for  catching 
shrimps. 

shrimp  er,  9.  [Eng.  shrimp,  v. ;  -tr.]  One 
who  fishes  for  or  catches  shrimps. 

shrine,  *  schrin,  *schryne,  '  srine,  «. 
[A.S.  serin  —  the  ark  (of  the  covenant),  from 
Lat  scrinium.  =  a  chest,  case,  or  box.] 

[SCRIKK.) 


t  Literally: 

1.  A  case,  box,  or  reliquary  in  which  th« 
bones  or  other  remains  of  saints  were  deposited. 
They  were  often  rich- 
ly ornamented  with 

gold,  precious  stones, 
and  elaborate  carv- 
ings, and  were  gene- 
rally placed  near  the 
\  altar  of  the  church. 
The  earliest  form  of 
the  shrine  was  that 
ofailiminutivemodel 
of  a  church,  with  a 
high  -  pitched  root 
The  illustration  ' 
shows  the  shrine  ot  SHRINE 

St.  Etheldreda,   for- 
merly in  Ely  Cathedral,  whither  her  body  was 
removed  early  in  the  twelfth  century. 

2.  A  tomb  of  shrine-like  form  ;  the  mauso- 
leum of  a  saint  in  a  church. 

*'  And  let  the  cone  enbaume,  and  forth  she  fett* 
This  dead  corse,  and  in  the  Urine  it  shette." 

Chaucer :  Legend*  of  CIropatras. 

II.  Fig. :  A  place  or  object  sacred  or  hal- 
lowed from  its  associations  or  history ;  an 
altar. 

"  Lovers  are  In  rapture  at  the  name  of  their  fair 
Idol;  they  lavish  out  all  their  incense  uj>on  that 
thrine."—  tt'attt. 

t  Shrine- work,  s.  The  elaborate  carving 
with  which  shrines  and  eanopieasjvere  adorned. 

"  The  exquisite  tracery  of  their  screens  and  jArin*- 
work."— J.  8,  Brewer  :  Xnglith  Studiet,  p.  106. 

"shrine,  *shryne,  v.t.  [SHRINE,  s,}  To 
place  in  a  shrine ;  to  enshrine. 

"Causydit  to  be  had  into  the  monastery  of  seynt 
Drays,  and  there  thrynyd  hym."— Fabyan ;  Chronycl*, 
ch.  xxxii. 

shrink,  *  shrinke  (pa.  t.  shrank,  *shronke, 
*shrunck,  shrunk,  pa,  par.  *  shrank,  shrunk, 
*  shruncken),  v.i.  &  t.  [A.8.  scrincan  (pa.  t. 
scranc,  pa.  par.  scmncen)  =  to  contract,  to 
shrivel ;  cogn.  with  O.  Dan.  schrinken ;  cf.  Sw. 
skrynka  —  a  wrinkle  ;  skrunkia  =  to  wrinkle, 
to  rumple.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  contract  spontaneously ;  to  draw  or 
be  drawn  by  an  inherent  quality  into  lew 
breadth,  length,  or  compass. 

"Ills  given  very  well  in  case  of  contractions  and 
shrinking  of  sinews."— P.  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  xxlL. 
ch.  xxili, 

2.  To    shrivel;  to  become    shrivelled   or 
wrinkled  by  contraction,  as  the  skin. 

"  And  ihrink  like  parchment  In  consuming  flaina." 
Jirydtn;  Annul  Mirabiltt,  Oclziv. 

3.  To  withdraw,  recoil,  or  retire,  as  from 
danger ;  to  give  way. 

"  Whereas  the  Englishmen  should  haoa  kept  their 
ground  and  defended  them,  they  began  to  thrtnke."— 
Bolinthed ;  Hitt.  Scotland  (an.  834). 

4.  To  recoil,  as  in  horror,  distrust,  disgust, 
or  fear. 

"  None  had  been  deeper  in  guilt,  and  none  thrank 
with  more  abject  terror  from  death,  than  Porter."— 
Mwiulay  ;  Hitt.  Kng.,  ch.  xxL 

5.  To  express  or  indicate  fear,  horror,   or 
pain,  by  a  contraction  or  shrugging  of  the 
body. 

"  And  when  I  bend,  retire  and  thHnk. 
Says,  *  Well—'tis  more  than  on*  would  think." 
Coteper  ;  Pott,  Qytttr,  *  ScniitiM  Plant, 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  shrink  or  contract 

"  Return,  Alpheus,  the  dread  voice  U  past, 
That  thrunJt  thy  streams."      Milton:  Lycidat,  13*. 

•  2.  To  withdraw.    (Milton.) 

Tf  To  shrink  on :  To  fix  firmly  on  by 
causing  to  shrink,  as  a  tire  on  a  wheel  or  a 
hoop  round  a  cannon  is  shrunk  on  by  making 
it  slightly  smaller  than  the  part  it  is  to  fit, 
expanding  it  by  heat  till  it  can  be  slipped 
Into  its  place,  and  then  allowing  it  to  cool 

*  shrink,  s.    [SHRINK,  v.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  shrinking ;  a  spon- 
taneous contraction  into  less  compass. 

2.  A  withdrawing,    recoiling,    or   drawing 
back,  as  in  fear  or  horror ;  recoil. 

"  Reoelv'd  with  such  a  chear. 
As  not  a  sigh,  a  look,  a  ihrink  bewrays.* 

Uanirt:  CioU  If  art,  L 

shrink'-age  (age  as  Ig),  *.  [Eng.  shrink,  r. ; 
•age,] 

1.  The  contraction  of  a  material  in  cooling 
after  being  heated ;  or  in  consequence  of 
desiccation,  as  in  the  case  of  wood  and  clay. 
It  is  an  important  element  to  be  taken  into 
consideration  in  many  mechanical  processes. 


Ate,  f&t,  Hire,  amidst*  what,  fall,  father:   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there:  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine;  go, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work*  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  roll;  try,  Syrian.    »,  «  =  ej  ey  =  a;  <iu  =  k 


! 


shrinker — shrubbiness 


4257 


*  2.  The  act  of  shrinking  or  recoiling,  as 
from  danger,  &c. 

"  By  Abstaining  altogether  from  action,  the  public 
no  doubt  make  a  further  thrinkttge  probable."—  St. 
Jwmet't  Oatette,  Sept.  SS,  liai. 

3.  Diminution  in  value  :  as,  shrinkage  of 
real  estate. 

•hrink-er,  s.  (Eng.  shrink,  v.  ;  -«r.]  One 
who  shrinks  or  withdraws  from  danger,  Ac. 

"  We  are  no  cowardly  thrinkcrt. 
But  true  EualiBhiueu  bred." 

Wd  Sea  Song  •'  Heptune't  Raying  fury. 

shrink  Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SHRINK,  v.] 

shrinking  head,  s. 

Founding  :  A  body  of  molten  metal  In  the 
gate  of  a  mould,  to  supply  metal  to  the  casting 
during  shrinking.  Also  called  a  Sinking  bead. 

•hrlnk  ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  shrinking;  -ly.] 
In  a  shrinking  manner  ;  by  shrinking 

shrite,  x.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  local  name 
for  the  thrush. 

•  shriv'-al-ty,  s.    [SHRIEVALTY.] 

thrive  (pa.  t.  shrove,  pa.  par.  shriven),  v.t.  &  t. 

*  [A.S.  scrifan  (pa.  t.  scrdf,  pa.   par.   scrtferi), 
borrowed  from  Lat.  scribo  =  to  write,  to  draw 
up  a  law,  hence  to  impose  a  legal  obligation 
or  penalty,  to  prescribe  a  penance  ;  cf.  IceL 
ikrifa  =  to  scratch,  to  write  ;  Dan.  skrive.} 

A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  hear  or  receive  the  confession  of,  as  a 
priest. 

"  Save  what  the  father  must  not  say 
Who  thrived  him  on  his  dying  day." 

Myron  :  The  Giaour. 

2.  To  confess  and  absolve  ;  to  grant  abso- 
lution to  after  confession. 

"  And  they  throve  the  dying  Haco, 
And  they  prayed  hia  bed  beside.  ' 
Blackie  :  Layt  of  ffiyfilnndt  *  Itlandt.  p.  88. 

*  3.    To    make     confession  ;     to    confess. 
<Used  reflexively.) 

"  Kneel  thee  down  by  me, 
And  thrive  thee  so  clean  of  thy  deadly  sin." 

Scott  :  Gray  Brother. 
B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  administer  confession  and  absolution. 

"  Where  holy  fathers  wont  to  thrive." 

Spenter  :  Shepheardi  Calender;  Aug. 

*  S.  To  confess,  to  make  confession. 

"  And  who  art  thou,  thou  Gray  Brother, 

Th*t  I  should  thrive  to  thee  T  " 

Scott  :  Gray  Brother. 

IfirJv^-el,  v.i.  &  t.  [Etym.  doubtful.  Skeat 
considers  it  a  frequentative  form  from  Old 
Northumbrian  screpa  =  to  pine  away  ;  cf. 
Norweg.  skrypa  =  to  waste,  skryp,  skryv  = 
transitory,  frail  ;  Sw.  dial  skryyp  =  to  shorten, 
contract  ;  »kryp  =  weak,  feeble  ;  Icel.  skrjupr 
=  brittle,  frail.] 

A.  I  ntrans.  :  To  contract  ;  to  draw  or  be 
drawn  into  wrinkles  ;  to  become  wrinkled  or 
corrugated.    (Frequently  followed  by  up.) 

"  Learea.  If  they  thriv*  and  fold  up,  give  them 
drink.  '—Bretf*. 

B.  Trans,  ;  To   cause    to    contract    into 
wrinkles  or  corrugations. 

"  He  call*  for  Famine,  and  the  meagre  fiend 
Blow*  mildew  from  beueath  his  thriveU'd  Hpt." 
Cotfper  ;  Tat*,  11.  1M. 

*Sllriv'-eld-y;  a.  [Eng.  shrivelled;  -y.] 
Shrivelled  up. 

"A  poor,  ricketty,  thritvldy  sort  of  a  child."—  Mrt. 
Trollop*  :  Michael  Armttrong,  oh.  111. 

•hriv'-en,  pa,  par.  or  a.    [SHRIVE.] 

Shriy'-er,  *.  [Eng.  shriv(e);  -er.\  One  who 
shrives  ;  a  confessor. 

"  The  ghostly  father  now  hath  done  his  shrift 
When  he  was  made  a  thriver,  'twas  for  shift" 

Shaken*.  :  »  Benrg  VI..  ill.  t, 


-IAg,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.     [SHRIVB.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj.  ;  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst.  :  Shrift,  confession. 
"  Prleeta  were  praying,  preaching,  thriving,  holding 
•P  the  host."—  Macaula.ii;  SiMt.  Sng..  ch,  xvil. 

*  shrlvlng-pew,  *.    A  confessional 

*  shriving-time,  s.     Time  in  which  to 

make  confession  and  receive  absolution. 

"  He  should  the  beareri  put  to  sudden  death, 
Not  thrlvintj-time  allow'd," 

Shaketp.  :  Hamlet,  r.  I 

•hroff;  <  [Hind,  sarraf—  a  banker.]  A  banker 
or  money-changer.  (East  Indies.) 

shroff-age  (age  as  !&),«.  [SHROFF.]  The 
examination  of  coins,  and  the  separation  of 
the  good  from  the  debased.  (Simmonds.) 


•  shronk,  *  skronke,  pret.  of  v.  &  pet.  par. 
[SHRINK,  v.] 

*  shrood,  v.t.    [SHROUD,  v.] 

shroild.  '  schroud,  '  shrud,  *.  [A.8. 
scrud  —  a  garment,  clothing  ;  cogn.  with 
Icel.  skrw.lh  =  the  shrouds  of  a  ship,  furni- 
ture of  a  church  ;  Norw.,  Dan.,  &  Sw.  skrud 
=  dress.  Allied  to  shred  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  L  A  piece,  shred,  or  fragment  of  stuff. 

"  Oiue  my  nakednee 
Some  throud  to  shelter  It.' 

Chapman :  Homer ;  Odytiey  vL  274. 

2.  Dress,  clothes,  a  garment,  a  drees. 

3.  The  dress  of  the  dead  ;  a  winding-sheet. 
"  Nature's  pleasant  robe  of  green. 

Humanity's  appointed  throud,  enwraps 
Their  moaumeata  and  their  memory. 

Wordsworth:  Excurtion,  bk.  vll. 

*  4.  Anything  which    serves  to  cover    or 
surround ;  a  surrounding. 

"I  stood 

Among  them,  but  not  of  them  ;  in  a  throud 
Of  thoughts  which  were  not  their  thoughts." 

Byron  :  Childe  Harold.  ilL  US. 

*  5.  A  covered  place,  serving  as  a  retreat  or 
shelter,  as  a  den  or  cave ;  a  vault  under  a 
church. 

"  Oryptoporticut.    A  vault  or  tkroude,  as  under  a 
church  or  other  place."—  Withal*. 

*  6.  Shelter,  protection. 

"  Put  yourself  under  hli  throud." 

Shaketp. :  A  ntony  t  Cleopatra,  111.  IS. 

*  7.  The  branching  top  or  foliage  of  a  tree. 

"  An  equivocal  reference  to  throudt  in  the 
the  branches  of  a  tree."— War****/  O»  MUtm'i 


It  Technically: 

1.  Mach.  (PI.): 

2.  Nautical  (PI.): 

(1)  Large  ropes  extending  from  the  lower- 
mast  heads  to  the  sides  of  the  ship,  where 
they  are  fastened  to  the  dead-eyes,  which  are 
secured  to    the    channels.      They    serve    to 
steady  the  mast  athwartship,  assist  the  stays 
and  backstays  in  supporting  it  in  a  fore-and- 
aft  direction,  and  afford  means  of  ascending 
it.    Shrouds  are  named  from  their  position, 
or  from  the  spar  to  which  they  are  attached, 
as  fore,  main,  mizzen,  topmast,  top-gallant, 
&c.    The  bowsprit-shrouds  extend  from  the 
head  of  the  bowsprit  to  the  sides  of  the  vessel. 

[FUTTOCK-SH  ROUDS.  ] 

"  Mr.  Hicks  .  .  .  ordered  him  to  be  taken  to  the 
gang-way,  and  tied  up  to  the  ihrowU."—  Coo*:  Firtt 
Voyage,  bk.  ii.  cb.  Iv. 

(2)  The    chains   by   which   the   funnel   is 
braced,  in  steamers. 

shroud  bridle,  s. 

Naut. :  A  kind  of  crowfoot  fastened  to  the 
shrouds,  to  hold  sheets,  braces,  &c. 

shroud  laid,  a. 

Rope-making:  A  term  applied  to  a  rope 
mode  of  four  strands  twisted  around  a  core. 

shroud  plate,  «. 

1.  Mach. :  [SHROUD,  *.,  II.  1.J.1 

2.  Nautical: 

(1)  An  iron  plate  fixed  to  a  ship's  side  for 
the  attachment  of  the  shrouds. 

(2)  A  ring  surrounding  a  mast  and  to  which 
the  futtock- shroud 3  are  secured. 

shroud-rope,  «. 

Naut. :  A  fine  quality  of  hawser-made  rope, 
used  for  shrouds. 

shroud  stopper,  *. 

Naut. :  A  piece  of  rope  made  fast,  above 
and  below  the  damaged  part  of  a  shroud 
which  has  been  injured,  by  shot  or  otherwise, 
in  order  to  secure  it. 

shroud  truck,  s. 

Naut. :  A  wooden  thimble  secured  to  the 
shrouds  and  acting  as  a  fair-leader  for  the 

running-rigging. 

shroud,  v.t.  &  i.    [SHROUD,  s.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  shelter  or  conceal  with  a  shroud  or 
covering;  to  cover,  to  hide  from  sight;   to 
veil ;  to  envelope  so  as  to  conceal. 

"  Amid  the  flock's  domestic  herd 
His  harmless  bead  he  hopes  to  throud." 

Soott :  The  Chate,  xxllL 

2.  To  put  a  shroud  or  winding-sheet  on  ;  to 
dress  for  the  grave. 

"  If  I  die  before  thee,  throud  me 
In  one  of  these  same  sheets." 

Shaketp, :  Othello,  ir.  9. 


3.  To  lop  the  branches  of.    (Prov.) 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  take  shelter  or  harbour 

*  shroude,  v.    [SHROUD,  v.] 

shroud  -3d,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [SHROUD,  u.] 
shrouded-gear,  *, 
Mach.  :  Cog-gear  in  which  the  cogs  are  pro- 
tected by  a  flange  coming  out  even  with  the  face 
of  the  wheel,  so  that  the  interdental  spaces 
are  in  effect  mortises  in  the  lace  of  the  wheel. 

shro'ud  -irig,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SHROUD,  u.l 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive  : 

Hydraul.-eng.:  The  annular  peripheral  plates 
of  a  water-wheel,  forming  the  ends  of  the 
buckets  ;  usually  termed  the  sides  of  the 
buckets,  as  occupying  positions  at  the  sides 
of  the  wheel. 

'  shroud'  -  less,  a.  [Eng.  shroud;  -leu.l 
Without  a  shroud. 

"  Lies  throud  Uu.  unentombed." 

Dodtley:  Melpomene. 

"Shroud  y,  *shroud-ie,  a.  [Eng.  shroud  -t 
-y.\  Affording  shelter. 

"  If  your  stray  attendance  be  yet  lodg'd 

Within  these  throudie  limits." 
Milton:  MS.  of  Comu*.  Trinity 

Shrove,  pret.  ofv. 

*  shrove,  »  i.    [Sn  ROVE-TIDE.]    To  Join  in  the 

favtiTlliea   of   Shrove-tide  ;    hence,  to  make 
merry. 

•;  What  else,  I  beseech  you,  was  the  whole  life  ot 
thin  miserable  man  here,  but  in  a  manner  a  perpetual 
throfingt  "—Sale;  Sermon  on  Z,u*«  xvi.  35  (ed.  168»X 

n,i 

Shrove  -tide,  «.  Confession  time  ;  speci- 
fically, the  time  when  people  were  shriven  pre- 
paratory to  Lent;  the  period  between  the 
evening  of  the  Saturday  before  Quinquagesima 
Sunday  and  the  morning  of  Ash-Wednesday. 

"  For  Easter  gloves,  or  for  a  Shrotre-tide  hen. 
Which  bought  to  give,  he  takes  to  sell  again." 

Bj>.  Ball  :  Satire!,  ir.  5. 

Shrove  Tuesday,  s.  Confession  Tue» 
day  ;  the  day  before  Ash  'Wednesday,  th« 
Tuesday  after  Quinquagesima  Sunday,  on 
which  day  all  Catholics  were  accustomed  to 
confess  to  their  priest,  after  which  they  spent 
the  day  in  merriment  and  sports,  and  dined 
on  pancakes  or  fritters.  The  practice  of  eat* 
ing  pancakes  on  this  day  still  survives,  whence 
the  name  of  Pancake-Tuesday  or  Pancake-day 
given  to  it.  In  Scotland  Shrove-Tuesday  ic 
called  Pastern's  E'en  or  Fas  ten's  E'en, 
[FASTENSKVEN,] 

shrov'-Ing,  s.  [SHROVE,  v.]  Performing  th« 
ceremonies,  or  enjoying  the  sports  of  Shrove- 
tide. 

'  ahrow,  >.    [SHREW,  s.}    A  shrew. 

"In  suoh  anight 

Did  pretty  Jessica  (like  a  little  thro*) 
Slander  her  love,  and  he  forgave  It  her." 

Shaicetp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  T.  1. 

shrub(l),  "schrub,  *shrob,  5.  [A.S.wroft; 
cogn.  with  Norw.  skrubba;  Dan.  dial,  sfcrufr; 
and  Eng.  scrub  (q.v.),] 

Bot.  :  A  plant  having  perennial  branche* 
proceeding  directly  from  the  surface  of  the 
earth  without  any  supporting  trunk.  It  la 
generally  taller  than  a  herb,  and  less  tall 
than  a  tree.  From  four  to  twelve  feet  we 
common  dimensions  for  a  shrub. 

"  The  flowering  thruht  that  deuorate  our  door 
Will  prosper,  though  untended  aad  alone." 

Wordntorth  :  F(l>9WtH. 

Shrub  (2),  8.  [Arab,  shirb,  shurb  =  a  drink,  a 
beverage,  from  shariba  =  he  drank.  Shrub 
and  syrup  are  doublets.]  [SHERBET.]  A  drink 
or  liqueur,  composed  of  acid,  generally  that 
of  lemons  and  sugar,  with  spirit,  chiefly  rum, 
to  preserve  it. 

*  shrub,  v.t.    [SHRUB  (1),  s.]    To  prune  down, 
so  as  to  preserve  a  shrubby  form. 

"  Though  they  be  well  thrut,b«d  and  shred,  yet  thay 
beKiueven  now  before  the  spring  to  bud."—AnJerion: 
Bxpof.  of  Benedict  ut  (1578),  lol.  M. 

shriib'-ber-y,  *.    [Eng.  shrub  (1),  8.  ;  -try.] 

1.  Shrubs  generally  or  collectively. 

2.  A  plantation  of  shrubs,  formed  as  an 
ornament  to  gardens  or  pleasure-grounds. 

"  All  the  shore  IB  Adorned  by  a  gay  succession  dtf 
country  houses,  ihrubberiet,  and  flower  beds."—  Macam- 
lay  :  ffitt.  Eng.,  eh.  xvi. 


*  shrub'  bl-ness,  s.    [Bng-  shrubby; 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  shrubby. 


l 


boil,  boy;  pout,  je%l;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a«;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.   ph  =  f. 
••tan.  -tUn  =  shan.   -Uom,  -«ion  =  shun;  -^lon,  -slon^xhun.   -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  shu*.  -We, -die,  <tc.  =  bel,  d§l. 


4258 


shrubby— shunt 


shrub  -by,  a.    [En«.  shrub  (l),  s. ;  ~y.] 

1.  Full  of  or  abounding  with  shrubs. 

"  Doe  west  it  rises  from  thti  thrubby  point." 

Jtilton  :  Gamut,  KM. 

2.  Resembling  a  shrub ;  specifically  applied 
to  perennial  plants    having   several   woody 
Btems. 

**  The  land  about  It  is  dry  and  sandy,  bearing  only  a 
few  ihrnboy  trees.  '—/Ai)/ip<«r .'  Yoyaget,  ch,  ri. 

3.  Consisting  of  shrubs  or  brushwood. 

"  The  thriibb?  herbage  on  their  meagre  hills." 

Armtlron-j:  Art  of  Preserving  Health. 

shrubby-trefoil,  s. 

Bot.:  The  genus  Ptdea  (q.v.),  and  spec. 
Pteka  trtfoliata. 

•  Shrub' -less,  a.  [Eng.  shrub  (1),  s. ;  -less.] 
Destitute  of  shrubs. 

**  And  was  scarce  conscious  what  I  wist, 
As  thrubleu  crags  within  the  mist." 

Byron :  Prttenvr  of  Chilian,  is. 

Shroff;  *.  [A  variant  of  scurf  or  sent/.)  Re- 
fuse, rubbish  ;  the  refuse  or  dross  of  inetals ; 
light  dry  wood  used  as  fuel.  (Prov.) 

Shrug,  *  shrug-gyn,  «.(.  &  i.  (Dan.  skrugge, 
akruwce  =  to  stoop ;  Sw.  dial,  skrukka,  skruga 
=  to  sit  in  a  crouching  position.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  draw  up ;  to  contract ;  al- 
ways used  with  reference  to  the  shoulders, 
and  to  denote  a  motion  or  action  implying 
dislike,  dissatisfaction,  doubt,  or  the  like. 

"  He  thrvgged  up  his  shoulders,  and  seemed  to  be 
terrified,"-^ Anton:  Vow*,  bk.  lit,  ch.  U. 

*  B.  Intran*. :  To  raise,  draw  up.  or  contract 
the  shoulders,  as  to  denote  dislike,  dissatis- 
faction, doubt,  or  the  like. 
"  He  grins,  smacks,  ihrvgt, and  such  an  Itoh  endures, 
As  'prentice*  and  school-boys,  which  do  know 
OJ  some  gay  sport  abroad,  yet  dam  not  go." 

/tonne  :  Sotiret,  iL 

Shrug,  s.  [SHBUO,  v.]  The  act  of  shrugging 
the  shoulders ;  a  drawing  up  or  raising  of  the 
shoulders,  as  to  denote  dislike,  dissatisfaction, 
doubt,  or  the  like. 

"  His  shoulders  witnessing  by  many  a  thruf. 
How  much  hia  feelings  suner'd." 

Ctneper:  Bop*,  41$. 

Shrunk,  pret.  &  pa,  par.  ofv.    [SHBUTK.] 
shrunk -on,  a.    [SHRINK,  ».,  f .] 

SiirunlE'-en.pa.par.  ora.  [SHRINK.]  Shrunk; 
shrivelled  up ;  withered,  contracted. 

"  To  build  for  giants,  and  for  his  Tain  earth. 
His  thrunkan  ashes,  raise  this  dome," 

Byron :  ChUde  ffarotd,  IT.  1WL 

Shuck,  3.     [Prob.  connected  with  shock,  a.] 

1.  A    shell    or  covering;    a  husk   or   pod, 
especially  the  shell  or  covering  of  a  nut,  or 
the  husk  of  corn. 

2.  The  case  or  covering  of  the  larva  of  cer- 
tain insects. 

"  Larvae  when  rising  to  the  surface  and  before 
•merging  from  the  thuck,"— Field,  Jan.  23,  1836. 

3.  A  shock,  a  stook. 

shuck,  «.<.  [SHUCK,  s.]  To  shell ;  to  remove 
the  shucks  or  husks  of. 

"  Shucking  peas  In  the  barn."— Daily  Telegraph, 
Sept  13, 186ft. 

shiid  -  dor,  *  shod  -  cr,  *  schud  -  er, 
*  SChod-er,  v.i.  [A  frequentative  verb,  from 
the  same  root  as  scud  (q.v.);  cf.  O.  H.  Ger. 
Khiittern  =  to  shake,  to  tremble,  to  quake.]  To 
tremble  or  shake,  as  in  fear,  horror,  aversion, 
or  cold  ;  to  shiver,  to  quake. 
"  Shuddering  with  fear."  Dyer  :  The  Fleece,  it 

shud'-der,  *.  [SHUDDER,  v.]  A  trembling  or 
shaking,  as  in  fear,  horror,  aversion,  or  cold  ; 
a  shivering. 

"  Terribly  swear 
Into  strong  ihttddert," 

Shoketp. :  Timon  of  A  thent,  i  v,  8. 

Shud   der-lng,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SHUDDER,  v,] 

Shud'-der-Ing-ly^  adv.     [Eng.  shuddering; 
•ty.]  In  a  shuddering  manner  ;  with  shudders. 
"  W«  listen  ihudderingly  for  the  creeping  tiger."— 
dcribner't  Magazine,  Sept.  1877,  p.  054, 

Shude,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful,  but  prob.  con- 
nected with  shed,  v.]  The  husks  of  rice  and 
other  refuse  of  rice-mills,  largely  used  to 
adulterate  linseed-cake.  (Simmondt.) 

Shuf -fle,  v.t.  &  i.    [A  doublet  of  scufle,  and  a 
frequent,  from  shove  (q.v.) ;  Low  Ger.  xhu/eln, 
tehitfeln.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  push  or  shove  from  one  to  the  other ; 
to  shove  one  way  and  the  other. 

"  SlmMtna  her  threads  about  the  Ilrelong  day.* 

Cowper:  Truth,  m 


2.  To  mix  by  pushing  or  passing  from  one 
place  to  another  ;   to  throw  into  disorder  : 
specif.,  to  change  the  relative  positions  of,  as 
of  cards  in  a  pack. 

"A  mere  uiuUstinguish'd  chaos,  where  sense  and 
reason,  brut*  aud  man,  are  Aujftett  together  without 
any  order."—  Scott  :  Chrivivn  Life,  pt.  I,  ch.  1L 

3.  To  remove  or  introduce  with  some  arti- 
ficial or  fraudulent  confusion. 

"  Her  toother, 

Xow  Arm  for  doctor  Gains,  hath  appointed 
That  he  shall  likewise  thuffte  her  away.  ' 

SMaktip.  :  Merry  tfi*e*  of  Windtor,  Iv.  9. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  change  the  relative  position  of  cards 
in  a  pa^k  by  moving. 

"  To  deal  and  thujjtc,  to  divide  aud  sort 
Her  mingled  suits  and  sequences." 

Gowper  ;  Tatlt,  L  474. 

*  2.  To  shift,  to  move  about. 

"  (Toe  wind)  soon  came  about  again  to  the  east,  and 
blew  a  gentle  gale  ;  yet  it  often  ihujfletl  about  to  the 
8.E."—  Dampttr:  Voyagtt  (an.  1886). 

3.  To  change  position,  to  shift  ground,  to 
evade  questions,  to  prevaricate  ;  to  practise 
shifts  to  elude  detection. 

*  4.  To  struggle,  to  shift,  to  make  shift. 

"  Your  life,  good  waster, 
Mart  thujUt  for  itself?' 

Shaketp.  :  Cymbeltne,  v.  *. 

5.  To  move  with  a  slovenly  and  dragging 
gait 

"  Shuffle  away  with  slippered  feet  to  their  offices.  '— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  l.  188«. 

6.  To  shove,  push,  or  move  the  feet  noisily 
to  and  fro  on  the  floor  ;  to  scrape  the  floor 
with  the  feet. 

IT  1.  To  shuffle  off; 

(1)  Trans.  :  To  get  rid  of  ;  to  rid  one's  self 
of;  to  shake  off. 

"  When  we  hare  ihuffled  off  this  mortal  coil." 

Shake*?,  :  Hamlet,  lit  L 

(2)  Intrant.  :  To  move  off  in  a  slovenly, 
dragging  manner  ;  to  evade,  to  equivocate. 

"  If,  when  a  child  is  questioned  for  any  thing,  he 
persist  to  ihuffte  it  off  with  a  falsehood,  he  must  be 
chastised."—  Locks  :  On  Education. 

*  2.  To  shuffle  up  :  To  throw  together  in 
haste  ;  to  make  up  or  form  in  confusion  or 
with  fraudulent  disorder. 

"They  sent  forth  their  precepts  to  convent  them 
before  a  court  of  commission,  and  there  used  to  thuffte 
up  s  summary  proceeding  by  examination,  without 
trial  of  Jury."—  Bacon. 

shuf  -fle,  s.    [SHUFFLE,  «.) 

1.  A  pushing,  shoving,  or  jostling  ;  the  act 
of  shuffling,  mixing,  or  throwing  into  con- 
fusion by  change  of  places  ;  specif.,  the  act 
of  changing  the  relative  position  of  cards  in  a 
pack  by  shuffling  them. 

"All  lll-favouredly  cobbled  and  Jumbled  together, 
by  the  tuiguided  agitation  aud  rude  thujjlet  at  matter." 
—Beittley  :  Boyle  Lecturet, 

2.  An  evasion,  a  trick,  an  artifice. 

gainst  th 

a  pretence.  '—Water- 


3.  In  dancing,  a  rapid  scraping  movement 
with  the  feet. 

*  shuffle-board,  *.  The  sanies  SHOVEL- 
BOARD  (q.v.). 

*  shuffle-cap,  *.    A  play  in  which  money 
is  shaken  in  a  cap  or  hat. 

"  He  lost  his  money  at  chuck-fai  thing,  thujfle-oap, 
and  all-fours."  —  Arbuthnot. 

shuffle-scale,  s. 

Tailoring  :  A  measure  used  by  tailors.  It 
is  graduated  at  both  ends,  each  end  being  in- 
dependently adjustable, 

Shuffle-wing,  s.  A  local  name  for  the 
hedge-sparrow,  Accentor  modularis. 

shuf  -fler,  s.    [Eng.  shuffl(e)  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  shuffles  ;  one  who  mixes  up  the 
cards  previous  to  dealing. 

2.  One  who  walks  or  moves  with  a  slovenly, 
dragging  gait. 

3.  One  who  prevaricates  or  equivocates  ;  a 
prevaricator. 

"The  greatest  prevaricator  and  shuflfer  Imaginable." 
—WaterTand:  Work*,  lit  lift. 

shuf  '-fling,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SHUFFLE,  v.] 

A.  -4s  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adjective: 

L  Moving  with  a  slovenly,  dragging  gait 

"  Tls  like  the  forced  gait  of  a  ihujfting  nag." 

BhaJtetp.  ;  1  Henry  H'.,  111.  1. 

2.  Prevaricating,  evasive. 

C.  As  tubst.  :  The  act  of  mixing  or  changing 


the  relative  position  of  things,  as  of  cardij 
evasion  ;  escape  by  artifice  or  trick. 

"  But  'tis  not  so  above  : 
There  Is  no  tkuffiing."        nAuiuip, .-  Samiet,  ttt  &, 

shuffling-plates,  s.  pi. 

Locksmith. :  A  series  of  isolated  slabs  or 
boards,  made  to  advance  in  a  given  plane, 
then  to  drop  down,  return  on  a  lower  level 
beneath  another  set  of  advancing  plates,  and 
then  rise  to  repeat  the  movement. 

Shuf-fllng-lf,  adv.  [Eng.  shuffling;  -ly.} 
In  a  shuffling  manner ;  with  shuttling ;  eva- 
sively, prevaricatingly. 

"  I  may  go  thufflingly,  for  I  was  neTer  before  walked 
In  trammels  ;  yet  I  shall  drudfe  and  moil  at  con- 
stancy, till  I  have  worn  otf  the  hitching  la  my  pace."— 
Dryden  ;  Spanith  Friar,  J. 

*  shug,  v.i.    [SHOO.] 

1.  To  shrug ;  to  writhe  the  body,  as  persons 
with  the  itch ;  to  scratch.  (Prov.) 

*  2.  To  crawl,  to  sneak. 

*  shulde,  *  shul-den,  v.i.    [SHOULD.] 
shule,  shod,  s.    [SHOVEL,  s.]    (Scotch.) 

*  shullen,  *  shuln,  *  shul,  v.i.    [SHALL.] 
shu'-mach,  s.    [SUMACH.] 

shun,  '  shonlen,  *  shun  1  en,  v.t  [A.S. 
scunian,  onsciwiian,  orig.  ^  to  nee  away,  to 
hurry  off;  cogn.  with  Icel.  skunda,  skymla; 
Dan.  skynde  ;  Sw.  skyitda  sig  =.  to  hasten,  to 
hurry,  to  speed.] 

1.  To  avoid  ;  to  keep  clear  of  or  away  from ; 
to  get  or  keep  out  of  the  way  of ;  to  avoid,  to 
shrink  from,  to  eschew,  to  elude. 

"Placed  in  such  a  light  as  to  be  shunned  by  ever; 
boy  In  the  school."— Qoldtmith  :  The  Bee. 

*  2.  To  decline,  to  neglect. 

"  I  hare  not  thunntd  to  declare  the  whole  counsel  of 
God.*— Act*  xi.  2T. 

*  Shun  -less,  a.     [Eng.  shun;  -tess.]    Not  to 
be  avoided  or  escaped  ;  inevitable. 

"  Alone  he  entered 

The  mortal  gate  of  the  city,  which  he  painted 
With  thunlett  destiny."      shatcsp.  :  Coriol«ntti.  it.  ft. 

shunt,  *  schont,  *  schount,  *  schownt, 
*  schunt,  v.i.  &  t.  [Icel.  *fcun<2a  =  to  speed.] 
[SHUN.] 

A.  Intransitirt : 

*  1»  To  start  aside ;  to  step  or  go  aside. 

"  I  ihuntctt  from  a  ueyke." 

lAtae  John  Nobod*.    (HttlUwtU.) 

*  2.  To  escape ;  to  get  away. 

"  If  at-  ye  shap  you  to  ihount."        Alexander,  2,143. 

3.  To  go  away  ;  to  depart,  to  shift, 

"Elder  Shlpp  managed  to  thvnt  away  from  the 
question  of  Mormon  morality  altogether.  "—Dady 
Telegraph,  Oct.  14,  1886. 

*  4.  To  put  off ;  to  delay. 

5.  To  turn  or  be  turned  from  one  line  of 
rails  to  another;  to  be  switched  from  one  rait- 
way  track  to  another;  figuratively,  to  be 
diverted  from  one's  original  purpose. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  shun,  to  avoid.    (Prov.) 

2.  To  give  a  start  to  ;  to  shove.    (Prov.) 

3.  To  move  or  turn  aside  i  as, 

(1)  To  turn  a  railway  train  from  the  main 
line  into  a  siding ;  to  switch  off. 

"  In  goods  trains  the  guard,  moreorer,  has  to  tfiunt 
and  marshal  the  wagons. "— St.  Jame,t'$  Gazette.  Sept-  23, 
1885. 

(2)  To  shift  to  another  circuit,  as  an  electric 
current. 

4.  To  get  rid  of ;  to  push  or  set  aside;  to 
free  from,  as  something  disagreeable. 

"  Ee  did  not  do  me  any  harm,  and  a  friendly  police- 
man cnme  up  and  gently  thuntri  him."— batty  Tele- 
graph, March  15,  i&Sfr 

shunt,  *.     [SHCNT,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  turning  aside ;  specif. ,  the  tarn- 
ing  off  or  shunting  of  a  railway  train  from  the 
main  line  into  a  siding,  so  as  to  leave  the  main 
line  clear. 

2.  Qrdn, :  The  transference  of  the  studs  on 
a  projectile  from  the  deeper  to  the  shallower 
sides  of  the  grooves  of  a  gun  in  passing  along 
the  bore,  so  that  it  may  leave  the  bore  axially, 
as  is  effected  in  Armstrong's  and  some  other 
systems  of  rifling. 

3.  Teleg. :  A  wire  used  to  divert  a  portion 
of  the  current. 

shunt  gu n,  s. 

Ordn. :  A  rifled  gun  having  two  sete  of 
grooves,  one  down  which  the  studs  on  the 


fate,  fitt,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or*  wore,  wpli;  work,  who,  son;  mote,  cub,  core,  unite,  cur.  role,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  03  =  e ;  ey  -  a;  qn  =  kw. 


shunter— shy 


4259 


projectile  are  passed  in  loading,  and  another, 
not  so  deep,  along  which  the  studs  pass  in 
discharging,  thus  fitting  tightly  in  the  shal- 
lower rifting  of  the  double  groove,  the  ball 
l>eing  shunted  from  one  set  to  the  other  at  the 
bottom  of  the  bore  by  the  explosion  of  the 
charge. 

Shunt' -er, ».    [Eng.  shunt,  v. ;  -er.)   One  who 

shunts  ;  specif,  a  servant  employed  on  a  rail- 
way to  shunt  or  switch  off  a  train  or  carriage 
from  one  line  to  another. 

Shiire,  fret,  of  v.    [SHEAR,  r.] 

shurf,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  puny,  insig- 
nificant person  ;  a  dwarf.  (Scotch.) 

'  Shurk,  r.i.    [SHARK,!;.] 

shut,  *  shitte,  *  shutte  (pa.  t.  *  shette,  *shit, 
shut,  pa,  par.  *  schit,  *  shette,  *  shit,  shut),  v.t. 
&  i.  [A.S.  scyttan  =  toBh\it,  prop.=  to  fasten 
with  a  bolt  or  sliding-bar  (shuttle),  which 
took  its  name  from  being  shot  across  ;  O.  Dut. 
schut  =  an  arrow,  a  dart ;  Dut.  schutten  =  to 
shut  in,  to  lock  up  ;  schut  =  a  fence,  a  screen, 
a  partition  ;  Ger.  schiitzen  =  to  protect,  to 
shut  off  water ;  schulz  =  a  guard,  a  flood-gate.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  close,  so  as  to  bar  egress  or  ingress  ; 
to  bar. 

"  Jesua  cam  while  the  yatis  weren  tcftit.  and  stood 
In  the  myddil  and  seide  pees  to  you."—  H'wc/i/f«  : 

jMMim 

2.  To  close   by  bringing  the  parts   close 
together  :  as,  To  shut  a  book. 

3.  To  forbid  or  bar  entrance  into;  to  pre- 
vent access  to  ;  to  bar,  to  prohibit. 

"  Shall  that  be  ihM  to  man.  which  to  the  beast 
la  open  t"  Milton :  P.  L.t  ix.  691. 

4.  To  inclose,  to  surround,  to  confine,  to 
hem  in. 

"  Shut  me  nightly  hi  a  charnel-house." 

Stiaketp.  :  Romeo  A  Juli*t,  iv.  1. 

5.  To  cover  over  or  up.    (Often  followed 
by  up.)  c 

••  And  shutting  up  their  window*  to  prevent  any  of 
their  lights  from  being  aeeu." — Anton:  Vogmatt, 

bk.  ii.,  oil.  T. 

6.  To  preclude,  to  exclude. 

"  On  various  seas  not  only  lost. 

But  thut  from  every  shore,  and  barred  from  every 
coast"  Dryden.    (Tadd.) 

*  7.  To  contract,  to  harden.    (Dent.  xv.  7.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  close  iUelf ;  to  be  closed  : 
»»,  A  door  shuts  of  itself ;  flowers  shut  at  night. 

It  1.  To  shut  in: 

(1)  To  inclose,  to  confine.    (Genesli  vii.  16.) 

(2)  To  cover  or  intercept  from  view :  as, 
The  headland  shuts  in  the  view. 

2.  To  shut  off: 

(1)  To  exclude,  to  intercept :  as,  To  shut  off 
from  supplies. 

(2)  To  prevent  or  stop  the  passage  of,  as 
steam  to  an  engine,  by  closing  the  throttle- 
valve. 

3.  To  shutout:  To  preclude  from  entering ; 
to  deny  or  refuse  admission  to  ;  to  exclude. 

4.  To  shut  up : 
(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  close  ;  to  make  fast ;  to  secure  the 
entrance  into. 

"  Shut  up  your  doors."         .S*o*«p.  .•  [Mr.  ii.  1 

(1)  To  inclose,  to  confine :  as,  To  shut  up  a 
prisoner. 

*  (c)  To   bring  to  an  end ;   to   terminate. 
IDryden.) 

*  (d)  To  bar. 

"  Our  halberds  did  so  thut  up  his  passage." 

6'Aofawp. :  8  Henry  V~l..  IT.  ft. 

(t)  To  unite,  as  two  pieces  of  metal  by  weld- 
ing. 

(/)  To  cause  to  become  silent  by  argument, 
retort,  authority,  or  force ;  to  cause  to  cease  : 
to  put  an  end  to  the  action  of.  (Collaq.) 

(2)  Intrant. :  To  cease  speaking ;  to  become 
silent.    (Colloq.) 

5.  To  shut  vip  shop  :  To  come  to  an  end ;  to 

cease  to  exist. 

"  It  would  not  be  many  months  before,  to  use  a 
homely  expression,  our  mercantile  marine  would  thut 
upthop.--PallllaUOaiate.Oct.tt.mi 

•hut,  pa.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SHOT,  «.] 

A.  At  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verbji 

B.  As  adjective : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  Closed,  barred,  fastened. 


2.  Rid,  free.    (Followed  by  of.) 

3.  Not  resonant  or  sonorous  ;  dull.    (Said 
of  sound.) 

H.  Orthoepy:  Having  the  sound  suddenly 
interrupted  or  stopped  by  a  succeeding  con- 
sonant, as  the  t  in  grit. 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  Tlie  act  of  shutting  ;  close. 

"  Since  the  thut  of  evening  none  bad  seen  him. 

Drt/ilen :  Don  Sftb'ittiati,  iv.  1. 

*  2.  A  small  door  or  cover  ;  a  shutter. 

"  In  a  very  dark  chamber,  at  a  round  hole,  about 
one-third  part  of  an  inch  broad,  made  In  the  thut  of 
a  window,  I  placed  a  glass  prism."— jVBWfon. 

II.  Metal-work. :   The  line  of  junction    of 
two  pieces  of  metal  united  by  welding. 

f  Cold  shut:  [COLD-SHUT]. 

shute,  ».    [CHUTE,  SHOOT,  «.] 

shut'-ter,  s.    [Eng.  shut,  v. ;  •«•.] 

L  Ord.   Lang. :   One  who  or   that  which 
shuts  or  closes. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Joinery  :  A  framing  hung  upon  hinges  to 
the  sash-frame  of  a  window,  and  serving  to 
close  out  the  light  or  spectators.    There  are 
inside  and  outside  shutters.    The  former  are 
usually  in  several  pieces,  called  flaps,  which 
are  hinged  together  and  fold  into  a  casing 
called  a  boxing.     [FRONT-SHUTTER.]     Some 
shutters  are  arranged  to  be  opened  and  closed 
by  a  sliding  movement,  either  horizontally  or 
vertically ;  and  others,  particularly  those  for 
shops,  are  made  in  sections,  so  as  to  be  en- 
tirely removed  from  the  window. 

"  The  wealthy, 

In  lofty  litters  borne,  can  read  and  write, 
Or  sleep  at  ease  ',  the  thulttrt  make  It  night." 

Dryden :  Juvenal,  sat.  v. 

2.  Found. :  [GATE-SHUTTER  ;  SHUTTLE]. 

shutter  fastening,  shutter  hook, s. 

A  hook  for  fastening  a  shutter,  open  or  shut. 

Shutter-hook,  s.    [SHUTTER-FASTENING.] 

shutter-lift,  ».  A  catch  on  a  shop- 
shutter,  by  which  to  lift  it, 

shut'-ter,  v.t.  [SHUTTER,  «.]  To  close  up  or 
protect  with  shutters. 

"  Here  Is  Oarraway's  belted  and  thiiftfred  hard  and 
fast"—  Dickent :  Uncommercial  Traveller,  xxi. 

shut' -ting,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.    [SHOT,  v.} 

A.  &  B.  As  pr,  par.  <£  particip.  adj. :  (See 

the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 
Metal-work. :  The  act  of  joining  or  welding 

one  piece  of  iron  to  another. 

Shutting-post,  s.  The  post  or  Joint 
against  which  a  gate  or  door  is  closed. 

sh  ut'  -tie, '  sch  i  t  el ,  *  sh  i  t  -  tie ,  -  sohet-yl, 
"sohyt-tyl, 'shyt-tell,  «.  [A.S.  scyttels, 
from  scut-,  base  of  pi.  of  pa.  t.  of  sceota/n-  =  to 
shoot  (q.v.);  cogn.  with  Dan.  skytle,  skyttel  = 
a  shuttle ;  8w.  dial,  skyttel,  skottel.}  [SHOOT, 
SHUT.] 

1.  Weaving :  An  instrument  used  by  weavers 
for  shooting  or  passing  the  thread  of  the  weft 
from  one  side  of  the  web  to  the  other,  between 
the  threads  of  the  warp.    It  is  a  boat-shaped 
piece  of  wood  which  carries  a  bobbin  or  cop, 
containing  the  yarn  of  the  weft  or  woof.    The 
shuttle  sometimes  has  wheels  to  facilitate  its 
motion.     It  is  thrown  by  hand  or  by  the  fly. 
In  the  hitter  case,  the  ends  of  the  shuttle-race 
form  boxes  into  which  the  shuttle  is  received, 
and  out  of  which  it  is  driven  by  a  smart  blow 
from  a  pin  called  a  driver  or  picker.    There  is 
one  of  these  pins  on  each  side  of  the  loom, 
and  they  are  connected  by  a  cord  to  which  a 
handle  is  attached.     Holding  the  handle  in 
his  right  hand,  the  weaver  moves  the  two 
pins  together  in  each  direction  alternately  by 
a  sudden  jerk.    The  fly-shuttle  was  invented 
by  John  Kay,  of  Bury,  in  1735.    The  shuttle 
for  haircloth  weaving  has   no  pirn,  but  a 
spring-catch  to   hold  tie  ends  of  the  hair 
forming  the  weft,  and  carry  them  through  the 
shed  when  the  shuttle  is  thrown. 

"  Te  weavers  all  your  shuttles  throw, 
And  bid  broad-cloths  and  serges  grow." 

Qay  :  shepherd  t  True*,  I. 

2.  Seuiing-mach. :  The  sliding  thread-holder 
which  carries  the  lower  thread  between  the 
needle  and  the  upper  thread,  to  make  a  lock- 
stitch. 

3.  Hydmml.-eng. :  The  gate  which  opens  to 
allow  the  water  to  flow  on  to  a  wheel.    That 


side  of  a  wheel  which  receives  the  water  t* 
known  as  the  shuttle-side. 

4.  Found. :  [GATK-SBOTTER]. 

shuttle-binder,  «.    [BINDER,  B.  5.1 

shuttle-box,  s. 

1.  [Box  (3),  s.,  II.  6.  (2).] 

2.  One  of  a  set  of  compartments  containing 
shuttles    with   differently-coloured    threads, 
and  brought  in  relation  with  the  picker  ac- 
cording to  the  pattern. 

*  shuttle  -  brained,  a.  Volatile,  un- 
steady, fickle. 

shuttle-check,  ». 

Weaving  :  A  contrivance  to  prevent  a 
shuttle  from  bouncing  out  of  the  box  by  re- 
coil. [SHUTTLE-BINDER.] 

shuttle-race,  s.    [LAY-RACE.] 
shuttle-shaped  dart,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Agrotit  puta. 

shuttle-train,  8. 

Sailway :  A  train  that  goes  backwards  and 
forwards  over  the  same  distance,  the  position 
of  the  engine  only  being  changed. 

*  shut'-tle,  v.i.  [SHUTTLE,  t. ;  cf.  SCUTTLI.] 
To  move  quickly  backwards  and  forwards, 
like  a  weaver's  shuttle. 

"  Their  corps  go  marching  and  ihuttli-ng  In  the  in- 
terior of  the  country."— Carliflt :  French  tiewl.,  pt.  11., 
bk.  vi.,  ch.  t 

shut  tie-cock,  *  shut'  -tel-oSck,  s.  [Eng. 
shuttle,  s.,  and  cork.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  cork  stuck  with  feathers, 
which  is  struck  with  a  battledore ;  also  the 
game  itself. 

"  With  dice,  with  cards,  with  halliards  farm  unfit, 
With  thuttelcocks,  misdeeming  maiilie  wit" 

Spenier  :  Mother  Ilubbcrdt  Tall. 

2.  Bot. :   Periptera  punicea,  a  malvaceous 
plant,  a  native  of  Spain.    The  flowers  have 
the  shape  of  a  shuttlecock. 

•shut'-tle-cock,  v.t.  [SHUTTLECOCK,  s.]  To 
bandy  or  throw  backwards  and  forwards  like 
a  shuttlecock.  (Lit.  &jtg.) 

"If  the  phrase  Is  to  be  thuttlecocked  between  ua  "-» 
Thackeray  :  Virginians  (pocket  ed.),  ii.  264. 

'  shut  -tie-cork,  s.    [SHUTTLECOCK,  >.] 

shwan'-p&n,  schwan'-pan,  s.  [Chin.]  A 
Chinese  calculating  machine,  similar  to  the 
Roman  abacus,  and  used  in  the  same  manner. 
[ABACUS.] 

shy,   "schey,  *shle,  *skey,  'skyg,  a. 

[A.S.  sceofi  =  timid  ;  Dan.  sky  =  shy,  skittish ; 
8w.  skygg ;  M.  H.  Ger.  schreih,  tchieh ;  Ger. 
scheu.] 

1.  Fearful  of  near  approach ;  keeping  at  a 
distance  ;  timid,  readily  frightened. 

"  They  are  very  thy.  there/ore  Jt  la  hard  to  shoot 
them."— Dampier:  Voyogot  {an.  16831. 

2.  Sensitively   timid  ;    reserved,    modest, 
bashful,  coy,  retiring ;  not  familiar  or  free  of 
behaviour. 

"  Like  some  «ay  maid  In  convent  bred." 

Scott:  Sakcbii,  ii.  I«. 

3.  Cautious,  wary,  careful,  chary.  (Followed 
by  of.) 

"  I  am  very  tfty  of  employing  corrosive  liquors  In 
the  preparations  of  medicines." — Bfyle. 

4.  Suspicious,  distrustful,  jealous.    (Gene- 
rally followed  by  of.) 

5.  Having  less  money  staked  than  the  rules 
of  the  game  require.    (Bettmg  slang.) 

Shy,  v.i.  &  t.    [SHY,  o.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  start  or  turn  aside  suddenly  from  any 
object  which  startles  or  causes  fear.    (Said  of 
a  horse.) 

"Shy,  sir?— he  wouldn't  thy  If  he  waa  to  meet  a 
vaggin-load  of  monkeys,  with  their  tails  buiut  oir."— 
Dickenl :  Pickwick  Papers,  ch.  V. 

2.  To  throw  stones. 

B.  Trans. :  To  throw,  as  a  stone,  at  a  per- 
son or  thing. 

"  With  a  grievoos  'clod 'In  hi*  hand  totftyatrt"— 
Daily  Tdtgraph,  Sept.  IT,  1685, 

Shy,  «.    [SHY,  ».] 

1.  The  act  of  starting  aside ;  a  sudden  start 
aside  made  by  a  horse. 

2.  The  act  of  throwing  a  stone,  or  the  like. 

3.  A  throw,  a  fling.    [FLINO,  ».,  2.] 

"  There  you  go,  Polly ;  yon  are  always  having  a  «ajr 
at  Lady  Ann  and  her  relations."— rAactcray .'  litvt- 


boil,  b6y ;  plat,  Jowl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   -Ing. 
-olan,  - tian  -  sban.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -fton  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious.   sious  -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  Ice.  =  bel,  deL 


4260 


shyly— sibylline 


'-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  shy,  a.  ;  -ly.]  In  a  shy 
manner  ;  timidly,  coyly,  bashfully. 

•shyne,  r.  &«.    [SHINE.] 

Bhy'-ness,  s  (Eng.  shy,  a.  ;  -nets.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  shy  ;  reserve,  coyness,  bash- 
fulness. 

•hy'-ster,  «.  A  tricky,  unprincipled,  or  in- 
competent lawyer,  or  other  person.  (Slang.) 

•t  »-    [Ital.] 

Music  •  A  name  given  in  some  systems  to 
the  seve-  *Vi  note  of  the  natural  or  normal 
scale  (sca*e  of  C);  in  others  to  the  seventh 
note  of  any  diatonic  scale. 

W-a-go-ni-nea.s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  siagoni(um); 
Let.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -irwe.] 

Entom.  :  A  sub-family  of  Carabidse  or  of 
Staphylinidae.  Predatory  beetles  found  chiefly 
in  sandy  districts  around  the  Mediterranean. 

si-a  go  ni  um,s.  [Lat.  siagmta  =  the  maxil- 
lary muscles.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Siagontnae 
(q.v.).  They  have  porrected  horns  on  the 
bead  and  thorax.  The  males  are  in  two  sets, 
differing  greatly  in  the  size  of  their  bodies 
and  in  the  development  of  their  horns.  The 
females  are  the  more  numerous  sex.  (Darwin  ; 
Descent  of  Man,  ch.  viii.,  x.) 

t  si'-a-gusch,  s.    [Fere.  =  black  ear.  ) 
Zool.  :  Felis  caracal,  the  Caracal  (q.v.) 

si-al  -a-gogue,  s.    [SIALOOOOUI.] 

•i-a-U-a,  ».  [Prom  (Motadlla)  sialii,  the 
Linntean  name  of  the  Blue-bird  (q.v.).  (Now 
Sialia  swfis.)]  [SlALls.] 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Sylviidse,  sub-family 
Accentorinse,  with  eight  species,  ranging  from 
the  United  States  to  Guatemala.  Bill  short, 
broad  at  base  ;  nostrils  in  groove,  opening 
elongated  ;  wings  very  long  and  pointed  ;  hind 
toe  moderate.  (Tristram,  in  Wallace:  Goto. 
Dist.  Anim.,  ii.  260.) 


>.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  sial(is)  ;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Flanipennia.  Antenna 
bristle-shaped  or  filiform,  ocelli  generally  pre- 
sent, head  nearly  in  front  of  the  thorax,  having 
the  mouth  In  line  with  it  instead  of  beneath. 
Fore  and  hind  wings  similar  except  that  the 
front  margin  of  the  anterior  pair  is  more 
dilated.  Larvae  nearly  all  aquatic,  pupae  not 
inclosed  in  a  cocoon. 

•H'-ft-lIs,  «.  [Gr.  <ria\i!  («iaiw)  =  »  kind  of 
bird.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Sialidae  (q.v.). 
Sialls  lutaria,  common  in  spring  and  early 
•nmmer  upon  walls  and  palings  near  water,  is 
Med  by  anglers  as  bait. 

•i-al'-o-gogue,  s.  [Gr.  o-ioAov  (sialon)  = 
saliva,  and  ayuyof  (agigos)  =  leading,  drawing  ; 
iyu  (ago)  =  to  lead.]  A  medicine  which  pro- 
motes salivary  discharge,  as  pyrethrum,  va- 
rious preparations  of  mercury,  Ac. 

H  Garrpel  divided  these  medicines  Into 
Topical  or  Direct  Sialogogues(as  Mustard,  tc  ) 
and  remote  (as  Mercurial  Salts). 

•u'-a-mang,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool.  :  Hylobatei  fyndactylus,  a  Gibbon  from 
Sumatra  and  the  Malay  peninsula.  It  is 
larger  than  the  rest  of  the  genus  (Trne  Gib- 
bons), has  abnormally  long  pectoral  limbs, 
and  the  middle  and  index  digits  of  the  pelvic 
limbs  are  united  for  nearly  the  whole  length 
A  laryngeal  air-sac  is  present.  It  can  walk 
fairly  well  in  the  erect  position,  by  balancing 
Itself  with  its  arms,  or  by  placing  them  over 
the  head,  and  is  quiet  and  affectionate  in  cap- 
tivity. 

Si-a-mese  ,  a.  &  i.    [See  def.] 

A.  ^»  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Slam,  its 
inhabitants,  or  language. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  (Sing,  or  PI.):  An  Inhabitant  or  native, 
or  the  inhabitants  of  Siaiu. 

2.  The  language  of  the  people  of  Slam.    It 
U  monosyllabic  and  uninflected. 

Siamese  coupling,  ,.  A  hose  coup- 
ling  which  serves  to  divide  one  stream  into 
two,  or  unite  two  streams  into  one. 

Siamese-muggar,  ». 

ZooL:    Crocodilw   tiamensit. 


Si  a  mese'.  *.(,  To  double  or  divide  the 
volume  (of  a  stream)  by  means  of  a  Siamese 
coupling;  a  term  derived  Irom  the  *' Siamese 
Twins,"  and  used  by  firemen.  ( V.  B.) 

•  sib,  •  sibe,  «  sybbe,  s.  k  a.     [A.S.  sib, 

syb  =  peace,  quiet,  agreement.]    [Gossip.] 

*  A*  As  subst. :  A  relation. 

"  Our  puritans,  very  ribt  auto  thoee  fathers  of  the 

society  [the  Jesuits ["—Xountague  :  Appealeto  Cat 

p.  139. 

B.  As  adj.:  Related,  akin,  in  affinity, 
related  by  consanguinity.  (Scotch.) 

"  They  been  but  Utel  tibbe  to  you,  and  the  kin  of 
youre  enemies  ben  nigh  tibbe  to  hem."— Chaucer : 
Tale  of  Melibeu*. 

H  Marlowe  uses  the  word  as  an  endearing 
term  of  address. 

"  Tush.  Sib,  if  this  be  all 
Valois  and  I  will  soon  be  friends  again." 

sib'-a-ry,  s.    [SEVEBEE.] 

Sib  -bald.  s.  [Dr.  Robert  Sibbald,  who  wrote 
on  the  fauna  of  Scotland  towards  the  close  of 
the  seventeenth  century.]  (See  compound.) 

Sibbald's  rorqual,  >. 

Zool. :  Baltenoptera  sibbaldii,  one  of  the 
largest  forms,  abundant  in  the  Arctic  regions  ; 
black  above;  slate-gray  below,  varied  with 
white  spots. 

slb-bal'-di-a,  ».    [SIBBALD.] 

Bot. :  Formerly  a  genus  of  Potentilleae,  now 
reduced  to  a  sub-genus  of  Potentilla.  Calyx 
in  ten  alternately  large  and  small  segments ; 
petals,  five  to  seven,  sometimes  wanting ; 
stamens  four  to  ten ;  achenes  four  to  ten.  One 
British  species,  Potentilla  (formerly  SibbaJdia) 
procumbens.  It  is  a  small  glaucous,  hairy 
plant,  with  trifoliolate  leaves  and  small  yel- 
low flowers,  occurring  abundantly  on  the 
Scottish  mountains. 

*sibbe,a.  &s.    [SiB.] 

sib  bens,  *  siv'-vens,  «.  [For  etym.  and 
def.  see  extract.] 

"  Sibbtnt.—Tk\t  term,  derived  from  a  Scotch  word, 
signifying  '  kindred  '  is  suggestive  of  a  disease  preva- 
lent in  families,  and  presumed  to  be  a  form  of  chronic 
ayphiUs."— Quoin:  JMct.  Med.  fed.  1883),  p.  1,481. 

Si-beV-I-an,  a.  [See  def.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Siberia,  a  large  extent  of  Russian  territory 
in  the  north  of  Asia. 

Siberian  crab,  . 

Bot. :  Pyrus  pmnifolia,  introduced  into 
English  gardens  from  Siberia,  A.D.  1758. 

Siberian-dog,  t. 

Zool. :  A  variety  of  the  Esquimaux  dog, 
but  of  larger  size  and  more  docile  temper. 
They  do  not  stand  so  high  as  the  pointer,  but 
their  thick  hair,  three  or  four  inches  long  in 
the  winter,  gives  them  an  appearance  of 
greater  stoutness.  Under  this  hair  is  a 
coating  of  soft,  fine  wool,  which  begins  to 
grow  in  the  winter,  and  drops  off  in  the  spring. 
Muzzle  sharp,  generally  black ;  ears  erect. 

Siberian  pea-tree,  s. 

Bot. :  The  papilionaceous  genus  Caragana. 
Siberian  sub-region,  >. 

Zool.  dt  Geoff. :  A  division  of  the  Palaearctic 
region,  extending  from  Kamtchatka  and 
Behring's  Straits,  and  from  the  shores  of  the 
Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Himalayas  of  Sikkim  in 
29"  N.  hit. 

Si-ber'-Ite,  ».    [After  Siberi(a),  where  found ; 
suff.  -tie  (Jkfin.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  RDBELLITB  (q.v.). 

sib  il  ance,  ».  [Eng.  sibilant);  -«.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sibilant ;  a  sibilaat 
or  hissing  sound. 

Sib'-il-an-^,  s.  [Eng.  sibilan(();  -q/.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sibilant,  or  of 
being  pronounced  or  uttered  with  a  hissing 
sound,  as  <  or  a. 

•ib'-U-ant,  a.  &  a.     [Lat  sibUaru,  pr.  par.  of 


A.  As  adj. :   Hissing ;   making  a  hissing 
sound  ;  uttered  or  pronounced  with  a  hissing 
sound. 

"  It  were  easy  to  Add  a  nasal  letter  to  each  of  the 
other  pair  of  lisping  and  ttbilant  letter,'— Holder  • 
Stemtntt  o/5peecA. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  letter  which  is  pronounced 
or  uttered  with  a  hissing  sound  of  the  voice, 
as  s  or  z. 


t  sib -il  ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  sibilatum,  sup.  of 
sifriio  =  to  hiss.]  To  pronounce  with  a  hissing 
sound,  as  that  of  <  or  »;  to  mark  with  a 
character  indicating  such  pronunciation. 

*  sib-il-a'-tion,  s.     [SIBILATE.]    The  act  of 
hissing,    or  of  pronouncing   with  a  hissinp 
sound  ;  a  hissing  sound  ;  a  hiss. 

"  5  has  in  English  the  same  hissing  sound  as  iu 
other  languages,  and  unhappily  prevails  iu  ao  many 
of  our  words,  that  it  produces  in  the  ear  of  a 
foreigner  a  continued  libiltttion."— Johnton :  Eng. 
Diet.,  let.  3. 

*  Slb'-B-a-tor-jf,  a,      [Eng.  sibUat(e);  -ory) 
Hissing,  sibilous. 

"  Sib  il  ous,  a.  [Lat.  sibilus,  from  sibilo  = 
to  hiss.]  Hissing,  sibilant. 

sib  il  us,  ».    [Lat.  =  a  hissing,  a  whistling.] 

Pathol. :  A  dry  sound  like  a  sibilant  murmur 
heard  by  auscultation  in  bronchitis  ;  it  indi- 
cates that  the  air-tubes  are  partially  narrowed. 

*slb'-rede,».  [A.S.]  Relationship,  relations. 
(Gower:  C.  A.,  viii.) 

sib  tnorp'-e-se,  s.  pt.  [Mod.  Lat.  sMhorp(ia)i 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ex.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Rhinanthideee  (q.v.). 

slb-thorp'-i-a,  s.  [Named  after  Dr.  Humphry 
Sibthorp,  prof,  of  botany  at  Oxford  in  the 
eighteenth  century.] 

Bot. :  Moneywort ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Sibthorpeee  (q.v.).  Calyx  in  four  to  eight 
deep  spreading  segments  ;  corolla  subrotate, 
four  to  eight  cleft ;  stamens  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla  or  one  fewer  ;  stigma 
capitate ;  capsule  membranous,  compressed, 
two-celled,  two-valved,  loculicidal.  Known 
species  four  or  five,  widely  distributed.  One, 
Sibthorpia  europoM,  is  British,  but  very  rare. 
It  has  a  creeping  stem,  and  pink  flowers,  with 
two  small  yellowish  lobes. 

SIb'-yX  *  Syb'-il,  *  Syb'-Dl,  t.  [Lat.  SibvUa, 
from  Gr.  SipvAXa  (Hibulla)  =  a  Sibyl.] 

1.  Class.  Myth.:  One  of  a  number  of  certain 
women  supposed  to  be  inspired  by  heaven, 
who  nourished  in  different  parts  of  the  ancient 
world.  According  to  Varro,  the  Sibyls  were 
ten  in  number:  Persiea,  Delphica,  Ciunaea 
(ot  Cumse,  in  Italy),  Erythraea.  Sainia,  Cumana 
(of  Cymae,  in  ^Eolis,  called  Amalthaea,  Hero- 
phile,  and  Demophile),  Hellespontica,  Phrygia, 
who  prophesied  at  Ancyra,  Libyssa,  and 
Tiburs,  called  Albunea,  worshipped  at  Tibur. 
Besides  these  there  were  a  Hebrew,  a  Chaldean, 
a  Babylonian,  an  Egyptian,  a  Sardinian  Sibyl, 
and  some  others.  It  is  considered,  however, 
most  probable  that  the  first  eight  of  these  were 
in  reality  identical.  The  most  celebrated  of  the 
whole  number  was  the  Cymaean  (Amalthaea), 
who  is  said  to  have  offered  the  Sibylline  Books, 
originally  nine  in  number,  and  which  were 
supposed  to  contain  the  fate  of  the  Roman 
Empire,  to  Tarquin  the  Proud.  Tarquin  re- 
fusing to  give  the  price  she  asked,  she  went 
away  and  burnt  three  of  them.  Returning 
with  the  remainder,  she  again  offered  these  to 
the  king  at  the  same  price,  and  on  his  second 
refusal  departed  again,  and  returned  with 
three,  which  she  still  offered  at  the  same 
price  as  the  original  nine.  The  king,  struck 
with  her  conduct,  at  last  acceded  to  her  offer, 
and  entrusted  the  care  of  the  books  to  certain 
priests  (the  quindecemviri).  They  were  pre- 
served in  a  stone  chest  beneath  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Capitolinus,  and  were  consulted  in 
times  of  public  danger  or  calamity.  They 
were  destroyed  by  the  fire  that  consumed  the 
Capitol  in  the  Marsic  war.  After  this  calamity, 
ambassadors  were  sent  to  collect  fragments 
of  Sibylline  prophecies  in  various  countries ; 
from  these  Augustus  formed  two  new  books, 
which  were  deposited  in  the  temple  of  the 
Palatine  Apollo.  Sibylline  verses  are  often 
quoted  by  Christian  writers,  as  containing 
prophecies  of  Christianity  ;  but  these  are  for- 
geries of  the  second  century.  (Bamsay.) 

2.  A  prophetess,  a  sorceress,  a  fortune- 
teller, a  witch.  (Byron  :  Dream.) 

slb'-yl  line,  a.  [Lat.  itbylUmu.}  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Sibyls  ;  written,  composed,  or 
uttered  by  a  Sibyl ;  prophetical,  like  the 
utterances  of  the  Sibyls. 

"The  other  extream  may  be,  in  concluding  the 
whole  business  of  the  tiii/lline  oracles  las  any  ways 
relating  to  Christianity)  to  have  been  a  mere  cheat 
and  figment."— Cudwort  A  .'  ItifU.  Syttem,  p.  283. 

sibylline  books,  sibylline  oracles, 

a.  pt.    [SIBYL.] 


We,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  whiU,  Jftn.  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  won  work,  who,  SOB;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    t».  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


sibyllist-sickled 


4261 


*lb'-yl-llst,  s.  [Eng.  Sibyl;  -ist.]  A  devotee 
of  or  believer  in  the  Sibyls  ;  a  believer  in  the 
Sybilline  oracles. 

"  Upon  Celaus  mentioning  *  sect  of  Christians  called 
Sibylluf*,  Driven  tells  ua,  th*t  these  were  such  as  using 
the  sibylline  testimonies,  were  called  BO  in  way  of  dis- 
grace, by  other  Christiana,  who  would  not  allow  the 
sibyl  to  h»v»  beau  a  prophetess."—  Cudworth:  Intel  t, 
Syttem,  p.  284. 

sic,  adv.  [Lat.=  so.]  Thus,  so.  (A  word 
often  used  within  brackets  in  quoting,  in 
order  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
word  or  words  are  quoted  exactly  and  literally. 
It  is  generally  used  to  indicate  that  there  is 
or  seems  to  be  a  mistake  in  the  original,  or  to 
express  a  difference  of  opinion,  or  contempt.) 

sic,  a.    [SUCH.]    (Scotch.) 
"slc-a-mbre,  «.    [SYCAMORE.] 

•ic  ca,  s.  [Hind.]  An  Indian  jeweller's  weight 
of  about  180  grains  troy. 

*  sicca  rupee,  s.    [RUPEE.] 

Sic  can,  a.  [Eng.  such;  -an.]  Such;  such 
Wnd  of.  (Scotch.) 

"  NR,  na  !  If  ye  are  nae  friend  to  kirk  and  the  king, 
and  are  detained  as  riccana  person."—  Scott:  Waverley, 
ch.  xxx. 

sic  car,  sik'-  kar,  a.    [SICKER.] 

*  SIC  cate,  v.t.    [Lat.  siccatus,  pa,  par.  of  sioco 
=  to  dry  ;  siccus  =  dry.  ]    To  dry. 

*  Sic  ca  -tion,  s.    [Lat.  siccatio.]    The  act  or 
process  of  drying. 

Sic  -ca-tlve,  a.  &  s.     [Lat.  siccativus.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Drying  ;  causing  to  dry  ;  tend- 
ing to  dry. 

"The  extreme  bitterness  and  siccative  faculty."  — 
Sandy  t  :  Trtivelt,  p.  134. 

B.  As  subst.  :  [DRYER,  II.  8]. 

*  Slo-clf  '-Ic,  a.      [Lat.  siccificust  from  stems 
—  dry,  and  facio  =  to  make.]     Causing  dry- 
ness. 

*  Sic'-cX-ty\   5.    [Lat.  siccitas,  from  siccu*  = 
dry;  Fr.  sicciti.]     Destitution  of  moisture; 
dry  ness,  aridity. 

"That  which  Is  coagulated  by  a  flery  ticcity,  will 
suffer  cotliquJition  from  an  aqueous  humidity,  as  salt 
and  sugar."—  Brown*.'  Vulgar  Errottri,  bk.  if.,  ch.  i. 

«.    [Fr.  tix  =  six.]    The  number  six  at 


dice. 

"  What  reason  can  he  have  to  presume  that  he  shall 
throw  an  ace  rather  than  a  ticet"—  South:  Sermons, 
vol.  ).,  p.  128. 

•1  90-05,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  sic(yos);  Lat  fera. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -eft.} 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Cucurbttacere.  Placentae 
not  projecting  into  the  cavity.  Seed  solitary 
from  the  top  of  the  cell.  (Lindley.) 

a.    [SUCH.] 

Still  used  in  vulgar  talk. 

*sich,  s.  [A.S.=  a  watercourse.]  A  little 
current  of  water  which  is  dry  in  summer  ;  a 
gutter.  (Cowel.) 

Sl-ca-I-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  -45  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Sicily  or 
its  inhabitants. 

B.  ,45  subst,  :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Sicily. 

Sicilian  saffron,  & 
Bot.  :  Crocus  odorus. 

Sicilian-vespers,  s.  pi,  A  name  com- 
monly given  to  the  great  massacre  of  the 
French  in  Sicily,  which  began  on  a  signal 
given  by  the  first  stroke  of  the  vesper-bell  on 
Easter  Monday  in  1282. 

•I-9il  la  -na,  si-cil  1-a  -no,  *.    [ItaL] 

Music:  A  graceful  dance  of  the  Sicilian 
peasantry,  set  to  a  melody  in  |  or  ^  time,  of 
a  simple  pastoral  character. 

Si  9il  -I-an-ite,  *.  [Eng.  Sicilian  ;  suff.  -ite 
(Kin.).] 

Afin.  :  A  name  suggested  for  the  celestite 
(q.v.)  from  Sicily,  because  of  the  exceptional 
beauty  of  the  crystal-groups  found  in  the 
sulphur  mines  there. 

sick,  *sek,  '  seke,  *slcke,  *slk,  'sike. 

a,  [A.S.  sedc;  cogn.  with  Dut  siek;  Icel. 
afofai;  Dan.  syg  ;  Sw.  sink;  Goth,  sinks  ; 
Ger.  siech.} 


*  1.  Affected  with  disease  of  any  kind  ;  ill ; 
In  bad  health.    (Still  used  iu  this  sense  in 
America.) 

"  Tie  up  the  knocker,  say  I'm  «>*.  I'm  dead." 

l'"pe :  Satire*.    (Prol.) 

2.  Affected  with  nausea;  inclined  to  vomit. 

"  If  you  are  riot  at  sea."      Shaketp. :  Cymbeline,  lit  4. 

3.  Tending  to  cause  or  accompanied  with 
sickness  :  as,  a  sick  headache. 

4.  Disgusted  ;    having    a    strong    feeling 
against  or  dislike  to.    (Followed  by  of.) 

"I  am  tick  <^  this  false  world." 

SHaketp. ;  Timon  of  Athens,  IT.  S. 

5.  Feeling  ill  or  disturbed. 

"  I  am  tick  at  heart"       SHaketp.  :  Samlet,  i.  1. 

*  6.  Applied  to  any  irregular,  distempered, 
or  corrupt  state. 

"  Poor  kingdom,  rfct  with  civil  blows." 

Shaketp,  :  t  Benry  1\'..  lv.  «. 

7.  Occupied  by  or  set  apart  for  sick  per- 
sons :  as,  a  sick  room. 

8.  A  trade  term  applied  to  wine  when  it 
loses    its    brightness   and    becomes    turbid ; 
caused,  according  to  Pasteur,  by  low  veget- 
able cells  or  organisms,  the  growth  and  de- 
velopment of  which  are  promoted  by  slight 
elevations  of  temperature,  or  exposure  to  air. 

IF  The  sick:  Persons  affected  with  disease 
collectively. 

sick  bay,  s. 

Naut. :  A  portion  of  the  main  deck,  usually 
in  the  bow,  partitioned  off  for  invalids. 

8lck-b<ed,  5.  A  bed  to  which  one  is  con- 
fined by  sickness. 

sick  berth,  5.  An  apartment  for  the 
sick  in  a  man-of-war. 

*  sick  brained,  a.     Disordered  in  the 
brain  ;  distempered  in  mind. 

*  sick-fallen,    a.      Struck   down   with 
sickness  or  illness. 

"  A  tick-fallen  beast"       SHatotp.  :  King  John,  tr,  S. 

sick  headache,  s.    [MEOBIM,  II.  2.] 

sick-list,  s.  A  list  containing  the  names 
of  persons  laid  up  by  sickness. 

T  On  the  sick  list :  Indisposed. 

Slok  Ham  5. 

Hist.  ;  A  term  applied  to  Turkey  on  "Janu- 
ary 15,  1854,  by  the  Czar  Nicholas,  in  a  con- 
versation with  Sir  Hamilton  Seymour,  the 
British  ambassador  at  St  Petersburg.  The 
Czar  intimated  his  opinion  that  Turkey  was 
sick  and  dying.  He  therefore  proposed  that, 
to  avoid  a  European  war  when  tho  demise 
took  place,  Russia  and  Great  Britain  should 
come  at  once  to  a  private  arrangement  as 
to  the  disposal  of  the  Sick  Mairs  effects. 
As  France  was  ignored  in  the  arrangement, 
there  was  some  doubt  as  to  the  good  faith 
of  the  Czar.  The  British  Government  re- 
jected the  proposal,  intimated  its  belief  in  the 
recovery  of  the  Sick  Man,  and  soon  after 
fought  by  his  side  in  the  Crimean  war. 

*  slok,  v.t.  &  i.     [SICK,  a.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  sick  ;  to  sicken. 

B.  Intrans. :   To  become  sick  or  ill ;   to 
sicken. 

"  Our  great  grandsire  Edward  tiek'd  and  died." 

Shaketp. :  a  Henry  II'.,  iv.  4. 

Sick-en,  r.i.  &  t.     [Eng.  sick ;  -en.] 
A*  Intransitive : 

1.  To  fall  ill,  to  become  ill ;   to  fall  into 
sickness  or  disease. 

"My  Lord  of  Southampton  and  his  eldest  son 
tickened  at  the  siege."— BoweU:  Lettert,  bk.  L,  let  15. 

2.  To  become  qualmish  or  sick  at  heart ;  to 
feel  sick ;  to  be  filled  with  disgust,  aversion, 
or  abhorence. 

"  Pensive  she  stood  on  THon's  towery  height. 
Beheld  the  war,  and  ticken'd  at  the  sight'' 

Pope  :  Bomer ;  mad  vL  469. 

3.  To  become  distempered ;  to  decay ;  to 
languish,  to  become  feeble. 

"  When  love  begins  to  ticken  and  decay." 

Shake»p. :  Juiiut  Cottar,  lv.  2. 

B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  make  sick ;  to  disease. 

2.  To  make  squeamish  or  qualmish. 

3.  To  disgust. 

%4.  To  impair,  to  weaken. 

"  Kinsmen  of  mine  hare 
By  this  so  ticken'tl  their  estates." 

Bhttketp.  :  Henry  VIII.,  L  L 

sick  -en-ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [SICKEN.] 
A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 


B.  As  adj. :  Making  sick  ;  causing  disgust, 
disgusting.  (Byron:  Siege  of  Corinth,  xvii.) 

slck-en-Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  sickening;  -Zy.J 
In  a  sickening  manner. 

"  Seized  her  by  the  arm,  with  a  grip  not  painful,  bat 
ttckeningly  firm."— Scribner't  Uagatine,  Sept,  187T. 
1 '.  628. 

sic'-ker,  *slk-er,  *  sik -ere,  a.  &  adv. 
[Lat.  securus=  secure  (q.v.)  ;  cf.  O.  Fris.  siker, 
sikur ;  Dut.  zeker ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sickur ;  Ger. 
sicker;  Sw.  sdker ;  Dan.  sikker;  Wei.  sicr.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Sure,  certain,  steady,  firm. 
(Scotch.) 

"  Setting  my  staff  wi*  a*  my  skill. 
To  keep  me  ticker." 

Burnt :  Death  *  Doctor  ffornboo*. 

*B.  As  adi\  :  Surely,  certainly. 

"  Sicker  thou'a  but  a  lazy  loord."  Sptnter. 

*  sic'-ker,  *  sik  er,  v.t.     [SICKBB,  a.]     Ic 

make  sure  or  certain  ;  to  assure. 

"  Now  be  we  duchesses  both  I  and  ye, 
And  tikerde  to  the  regain  of  Athenes, 
And  both  hereafter  lively  to  be  queenes." 

Chaucer:  Legend  of  Ariadne. 

*  sic'-ker-  ly,  t  sik-er-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  sicker  ; 

-ly.]    Surely,  certainly,  firmly. 

"  And  by  that  light  she  saw  hem  bothe  two. 
Kuttickerty  she  n'tste  who  was  who." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  4.2M. 

*  sic   ker  ness,  *  sik-er-nesse,  5.    [Eng. 
sicker ;  -ness.]    Certainty,  security  ;  sureues*, 
secureness,    (Chaucer:  C.  T.,  9,153.) 

Sick   ish,  a.     [Eng.  sick ;  -4sh.] 

1.  Rather  sick  ;  somewhat  sick  or  diseased  | 
feeling  sick  or  squeamish. 

"The  medicine  had  scarce  any  other  sensible  opera- 
tion upon  her,  and  did  not  make  ber  tickuh," — Hot/It  i 
Work*,  ii.  i4S. 

2.  Somewhat   exciting  nausea  or  disgust; 
nauseating  :  as,  a  sickish.  taste. 

sick  -Ish-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  sickish ;  -ly.]  In  a 
sickish  manner. 

sick  Ish  ness,  «.  [Eng.  sickish;  -ness.]  Th» 
quality  or  state  of  being  sickish. 

slc'-kle,  'sik-il,  •  sik  ul,  *  syck-ell,  «. 

[A.S.  sicol,  from  Lat.  secuia  =  a  sickle,  from 

seco  =  to  cut ; 

cogn.  withDut. 

sikkel;  Icel. 

sigdhr,    sigdh ; 

Dan.  segel;  O. 

H.QeT.sihhila; 

Ger.  sickel] 

1.  Husband- 
ry: A  reaping- 
hook  ;ahooked 
blade,  flattened 
in  the  plane  of 
its  curve  and 

sharpened    on  SICKLES. 

its  inner  edge, 

used  for  cutting  growing  grain.    One  side  of 

the  blade  is  notched,  so  as  always  to  sharpen 

with  a  serrated  edge. 

"  The  plough  he  guided,  and  the  scythe  he  sway'd  ; 
And  the  ripe  corn  before  his  tickle  fell." 

Wordnoorth:  Szcurtion,  bk.  vii. 

2.  Astron. :  A  group  of  stars  in  the  constel- 
lation Leo,  resembling  a  sickle  in  form.    The 
radiant  point  of  the  Leonids  is  within  its  area, 

sickle-bills,  s.  pi. 
Ornithology : 

1.  A  popular  name  for  the  genera  Drepan- 
oruis  and  Epimachus. 

2.  Eutoxeres,  a  genus  of  Humming-birda, 
with  three  species,  from  Central  America,  re- 
markable for  their  strong  and  greatly  arched 
bills.     When  approaching  a  flower,  like  othet 
Humming-birds,   in  a  direct  line,  they  no 
sooner  reach  the  calyx  than  they  alter  the 
position  of  their  body  in  a  downward  direction, 
so  that  they  appear  to  be  suspended  from  the 
flower  by  the  tip  of  the  bill.    The  sexes  ar* 
alike  in  plumage,  which  is  rather  plain. 

sickle-head,  s. 

Husbandry :  The  pitman-head  in  a  reaping, 
machine,  which  grasps  the  end  of  the  cutter- 
bar. 

sickle-pod,  s. 

BoL :  Arabis  canadensis. 

sickle-shaped,  a.     Having  the  shape 

or  form  of  a  sickle. 

*  sic   kled  (le  as  el),  a.    [Eng.  sickl(e) ;  •«*.] 
Furnished  with  a  sickle. 

"Tempts  the  tickled  swain  Into  the  field.* 

Thornton :  Autumn,  1.ML 


ANCIENT 

ROMAN 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  &em ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
tian -«  shan.   -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -(ion,  -slon^zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shua.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4262 


sickleman— side 


*  sic  -kle-man,  *  sic'-kler,  5.    [Eng.  sickle  ; 

man,  -er.]    One  who  cuts  grain  with  a  sickle  ; 
•  reaper. 

•*  Their  tickler*  reap  the  corn  another  •OWE." 

Sandyt:  Paraphrase  of  the  Ptalmi. 

*  »fck  -loss,  a.    [Eug,  sick  ;  'leas.]    Free  from 
sickness. 

•Xc'-kle-wdrt,  ».  [Eng.  sickle,  and  wort; 
A.8.  sicelwyrt.  Named  from  the  shape  of  the 
corolla  when  seen  in  profile.  (Prior.)] 

Bot.  :  (1)  Prunella  vulgarto  ;  (2)  Ajuga  rep- 
tans.  (Britten  dt  Holland.) 

•sJck'-lI-l3r,  adv.  [Eng.  sickly;  -ly.]  In  a 
sickly  or  unhealthy  manner  ;  unhealthily. 

"  His  will  swayed  ticUily  from  aide  to  side." 

Browning  :  Bordello,  bk.  U. 

alcfc'  li  nesa,  s.    [Eng.  sickly  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sickly  ;  the 
state  of  being  in  ill  health  or  indisposed  ;  in- 
disposition. 

"My  persona!  maladies  and  ttckltneu  cannot  rightly 
Infer  the  tiieffieacy  uf  the  medicines  I  impai't  or  re- 
commended." —  Boyle:  Wort*,  v.  316. 

2.  The  state  of  being  characterized  by  or 
attended  with  much  sickness  ;  prevalence  of 
sickness  or  disease  ;  un  healthiness. 

"  Next  compare  the  tickUnett,  beaUhfalnesfl,  and 
fruitfulueas  of  the  several  years.  "  —  Uran.nl:  Siltt  of 
Mortality. 

3.  A  sickly  look  or  appearance. 

4.  The  disposition  or  tendency  to  generate 
disease  :  as,  the  swkliness  of  a  climate. 

sick  -1£,  a.  &  adv.    [Eng.  sick;  -ly.] 
A*  As  adjective: 

1.  Somewhat  sick,  ill,  or  affected  with  dis- 
ease ;  not   healthy  ;    habitually   indisposed  ; 
delicate. 

-  The  king  of  Spain  wu  a  tiekly  child."—  Macau- 
lay:  Hist.  Eng..  ch.  ii. 

2.  Connected  with  sickness  ;  attended  with 
or   characterized   by   sickness  ;    unhealthy  ; 
marked  by  or  attended  with  a  wide  prevalence 
Of  disease  :  as,  a  sickly  season. 

3.  Producing  or  tending  to  produce  disease  ; 
unhealthy. 

"  Has  some  ttcUy  eastern  waste 
Bent  IIB  a  wind  to  parch  us  at  a  blast  T" 

Covper  :  Proffrett  of  Srror,  255. 

4.  Faint,    weak,   languid  ;    appearing   un- 
healthy or  distempered. 

5.  Causing  or  tending  to  cause  qualmish- 
ness or  disgust  ;  sickening. 

"  Feels  a  sensible  distaste  for  sickly  sent!  mentality 
on  the  on*  baud,  or  outrageous  sensationalism  on  the 
Other."—  Daily  Telcyraph,  NOT.  17.  1385. 

*  B.  As  adverb  : 

1.  In  a  sickly  manner  ;  unhealthily. 

"  We  wear  our  health  but  si'-klu  in  his  life. 
Which  in  bis  death  were  perfect" 

Hltaketp,  :  Macbeth,  lit  1. 

2.  Reluctantly  ;  with  reluctance  oraversion. 

*'  Cold  and  ticlcly  he  vented  them." 

Sftaketp.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  lit  4. 

*  •Xck'-iy,  v.t.    [SICKLY,  a.]    To  make  sickly 
or  diseased  ;  to  give  a  sickly  appearance  to. 

"  And  thus  tlie  uatire  hue  of  revolution 
<        Is  ticlUied  o'er  with  the  pale  cast  of  thought." 

Shaketp.  :  ffamlet,  HI  L, 

sick'  ness.  *  eeke  ness,  *  syk  nessc,  s. 

[A.S.  teocncs,  from  seoc  =  sick.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sick  or  dis- 
eased ;  the  state  of  suffering  from  some  dis- 
ease ;  disease  ;  ill-health  ;  indisposition,  ill- 
ness. 

"  I  do  lament  the  ticknett  of  the  king, 
As  loth  to  late  him." 

Shifaip.  :  Richard  III.,  L  S. 

8.  A  disease,  a  malady,  an  illness. 
**  To  beale  al  maner  of  ticknctttt,  and  al  maner  dis- 

•Mes.11—  .tfofl.  X.  (1551). 

3.  Adisordered  state  of  the  stomach,  attended 
by  nausea,  retching,  or  vomiting. 

*  4.  Any  diseased  or  disordered  state. 

"  Argues  a  great  ticknett  in  his  judgment" 

Shakatp.  :  Timon  of  Athens,  v.  1. 

*  slc'-la  toun,    *  sy  c  la  ton,    *  alg-la- 
ton,  *'. 


*  SiC-1*,  3.      [SHEKEL.] 

Sic  like,  «.  &  adv.    [Scotch  sic  =  such,  and 
like.} 

A.  As  adj.  :  Such  like  ;  such,  similar. 

"  That  you,  sir,  and  other  tictike  unhappy  persons." 
—  Scott  :  Waverleif.  ch.  xxxvl. 

B.  As  adv.  :  In  the  same  manner. 

•X-cy'-a-ses,  s.    [Or.  ffun/anc  (t&uasti)  =  a 
cupping.] 
Ickthy.  :  A  genus  of  Gobies  ocidee,  with  in- 


cisor-like teeth  in  both  jaws,  from  the  coast 
of  Chili  and  the  West  Indies. 

si  9yd'-i-um,  s.  [Gr.  trim/Sio?  (sikudion), 
dimin.  from  <rurva  (sikud)  =(1)  the  long  Indian 
gourd,  (2)  a  cupping  glass.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Gobiidse  (q.v.) ;  ventral 
fins  united,  and  forming  a  short  disk,  more  or 
less  adherent  to  the  abdomen.  Small  fresh- 
water fishes,  from  rivers  of  the  islands  in  the 
Indo-Pacific,  About  twelve  species  are  known. 

si'-cy-os,  sy'-cl'-o's,  s.  [Gr.  crtVuo?  or  o-wow 
(sikuos)  —  the  wild  cucumber,] 

Sot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Sicece  (q.v.). 
The  roots  and  seeds  of  Sicyos  angitlatus,  a 
North  American  climbing  plant,  are  bitter 
and  diuretic. 

si'-da,  s.  [Gr.  <rt8ij  (side)  =(1)  a  pomegranate 
tree,  (2)  a  water  plant,  perhaps  a  water  lily.] 
Bot. ;  The  typical  genus  of  Sideee  (q.v.). 
Calyx  cup-shaped,  five-cleft,  valvate ;  petals 
flve ;  stamens  and  styles  many,  the  former  in 
a  columnar  tube,  the  latter  more  or  less 
united  at  the  base  ;  capsule  few-  or  many- 
celled,  each  cell  with  one  roundish,  flattened, 
suspended  seed.  It  contains  about  200  herbs 
and  shrubs,  from  the  warmer  parts  of  the 
world.  Sida  rhombifolia,  S.  rhomboidea,  £>. 
cordtfolia,  S.  carpinifolia,  S.  abutila,  S.  tilice- 
folia,  &C-,  have  delicate  fibres,  which  may  be 
used  as  a  substitute  for  hemp  and  flax.  The 
last  species  is  cultivated  for  this  purpose  in 
China.  The  roots  of  S.  cordifolia  and  S.  acute, 
mixed  with  rice,  are  given  in  India  in  dysentery ; 
that  of  S.  carpiJiiJjlia  is  prescribed  in  inter- 
mittent fevers,  stomach  complaints,  &c. ;  those 
of  S.  lanceolata  and  S.  spinosa  are  also  medic- 
inal. The  leaves  of  S.  acuta,  S.  retusa,  and 
S.  Mauritania  are  made  into  poultices,  and  the 
chewed  leaves  of  S.  carpinifolia  are  applied  in 
Brazil  to  wasp-stings. 

sioY-dow,  o.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Soft,  pulpy. 
(Prov.) 

side.  *  slid,  *  syde,  *  syyd,  s.  &  a.    [A.S. 

side  —  a  side  ;  lid  =  long,  extended  ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  zijde;  IC*L  tidhft ;  Dan.  side;  8w. 
sida;  O.  H.  Ger.  site;  Cer.  seite,] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  broad  and  long  part  or  surface  of 
any  body,  as  distinguished  from  the  ends, 
which  are  of  less  extent,  and  may  be  points  ; 
one  of  the  parts  of  a  body  that  run  collater- 
ally, or  that,  being  opposite  to  each  other, 
are  extended  in  length. 

2.  The  exterior  line  of  anything  considered 
with  regard  to  length  ;  margin,  edge,  border, 
verge. 

"  I  would  you  had  been  by  the  ship's  tide." 

Shaken*.:  Winter'!  Tale,  11L  S. 

3.  The  part  of  an  animal  between  the  hip 
and  the  shoulder  ;  one  of  the  opposite  parts 
fortified  by  the  ribs ;  one  of  the  two  parts  of 
the  body  lying  on  each  side  of  a  plane,  pass- 
ing from  front  to  back  along  the  spine. 

"  His  brawny  tidet  with  hairy  bristles  armed." 

Shakctp:  Venus  &  Adonit,  625, 

4.  The  part  of  a  person  on  the  right  hand 
or  the  left ;  hence,  used  to  denote  nearness, 
proximity,  or  neighbourhood. 

"  She,  on  his  left  tide,  craving  aid." 

Shaketp.  :  S  Henry  VI.,  iii.  L 

5.  The  part  between  the  top  and  bottom ;  a 
slope,  declivity,  or  ascent,  as  of  a  hill. 

6.  Any  part  considered  in  respect  to  Its 
direction  or  its  situation  as  regards  the  points 
of  the  compass  ;  direction,  quarter,  region. 

"  Towards  the  south  tide  turned  thel  ther  flete." 
ilobert  de  Srunne,  p.  69. 

7.  Any  outer  portion  of  a  thing  considered 
apart  from,  and  yet  in  relation  to  the  rest; 
one  of  two  principal  parts  or  surfaces  opposed 
to  each  other. 

"  The  tables  were  written  on  both  their  tidet,  on 
the  one  tide  and  on  the  other/—  Exodut  xxxii.  is. 

8.  A  part  or  position  viewed  as  opposite  to 
or  as  contrasted  with  another. 

"  Armado  on  th'  one  tide,  and  his  page  o'  t'other."— 
Shaketp. :  Love't  Labour' t  Lott,  i  v.  1. 

9.  A  party,  faction,   interest,  or   opinion 
opposed  to  another. 

"  The  Lord  Is  on  uiyride."—Pialm  ozvlll  ft. 

10.  The  interest  or  cause  which  one  main' 
tains  against  another ;  a  doctrine  opposed  to 
another  doctrine;  a  view  contradictory  of 
another. 

"  Favour,  custom,  and  at  last  number,  will  be  on 
the  tide  of  grace. "—Sprat. 


11.  A  line  of  descent  traced  through  on* 
parent  as  distinguished  from  that  traced 
through  another. 

"  Brother  by  the  mother's  tide." 

Shaketp. :  Kity  John.  L  L 

IL  Technically; 

1.  Billiards:   A  spinning  motion    or    bias 
given  to  a  ball,  by  striking  it  on  the  side, 
causing  it  to  deflect  more    or    less   in    the 
direction  of  that  side,  on  touching  a  cushion. 

"It  is  possible,  theoretically,  to  communicate  tidb 
to  an  object  ball.  But  the  amount  of  tide  so  com- 
mtmlflatM  is  inappreciable,  and  iu  practice  it  may  be 
disregarded. "— Aeid,  Dec.  4.  1886. 

2.  Cloth:   The    surface    on   the    right   or 
dressed  side  of  cloth. 

3.  Football,  £c. :  [OFF,  tl- 

4.  Geom. ;  Any  line  which  forms  one  of  the 
boundaries  of  a  right-lined  figure,  as  the  side 
of  a  triangle,  &c.  ;  also,  any  of  the  bounding 
surfaces  of  a  solid  :  as,  the  side  of  a  parallele- 
piped or  of  a  priain. 

5.  Mining  (PI.):  The  hard  rock  enclosing 
the  vein  on  both  sides. 

6.  Naut.  :  The  part  of  a  vessel  from  stem  to 
stern  and  from  the  gunwale  to  the  main-wale. 
B«low  the  latter  is  the  bottom. 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Long,  large,   hanging  low,  as  a  dress. 
(Obsolete  except  in  Scotland.) 

"  A  tide  sweeping  gown." 

Ben  Jonton  :  A>i*  Inn,  v.  "L 

2.  Being,   or  situated  at,  or  on  the  side; 
lateral. 

"  Take  of  the  blood,  and  strike  it  on  the  two  tide 
posts."— Exodut  xii.  7. 

3.  Being  from  or  toward  the  side  ;  oblique, 
indirect. 

"  By  a  neat  tide  stroke,  sent  the  ball  between  the 
posts. *'— Field,  Sept.  4,  1886. 

*  4.  Oblique,  indirect,  not  legitimate,     (Of 
immaterial  things.) 

"  They  preratne  that  the  law  doth  speak  with  all 
indifferency,  that  the  law  hath  no  tide  respect  to  their 
persons." — Booker  :  Ecclet.  Polity. 

IT  (1)  By  the  side  of:  Near  to,  adjoining, 
close  at  hand. 

(2)  Exterior  ride :  [EXTERIOR]. 

(3)  Interior  side : 

Fort :  A  line  drawn  from  the  centre  of  one 
bastion  to  that  of  the  next,  or  the  line  of  the 
curtain  produced  to  the  two  oblique  radii  in 
front. 

(4)  Side  by  side:  Close  together  and  abreast. 

(5)  To  choose  sides ;   To  select  parties  for 
competition  in  a  game  or  exercise. 

(6)  To  put  on  side :  To  assume  an  air  of  un- 
due importance ;  to  be  conceited.    (A  meta- 
phor probably  taken  from  billiards.)    [SIDE, 

8.,  II.  1.] 

"  He  is  one  among  the  few  successful  music-hall 
people  who  do  not  put  on  tide."— Referee,  Jan.  16, 1887. 

(7)  To  take  a  side :  To  attach  one's  self  to  a 
particular  side,  party,  or  opinion  in  opposition 
to  another. 

side-arms,  s.  pi. 

Mil. :  Arms  or  weapons  carried  by  the  side, 
as  a  sword  or  bayonet. 

side  axe,  s.  An  axe  with  a  handle  bent 
somewhat  askew,  to  prevent  striking  the  hand 
in  hewing. 

side-bar,  s. 

1.  Scots  Law:  The  name  given  to  the  bar  in 
the  outer  parliament-house  of  the  Court  of 
Session,  at  which  the  lords- ordinary  were  in 
use  to  call  their  hand-rolls. 

2.  Saddlery  (PI):  Two  plates  which  unite 
the  pommel  and  can  tie  of  a  saddle. 

3.  Carriage:  One  of  the  longitudinal  side- 
pieces  of  a  vehicle  supporting  the  body. 

Side-bar  rule : 

Law :  A  rule  obtained  at  chambers,  without 
counsel's  signature  to  a  motion  paper,  on  a 
note  of  instructions  from  a  solicitor. 

side-box,  s.  A  box  or  inclosed  seat  on 
the  side  of  a  theatre. 

"  To  ensure  a  tide-box  station  at  half-price." 

Cotvper :  Tatk,  ii.  634. 

side-chain,  s.  One  of  the  chains  uniting 
the  sides  of  the  tender  and  engine,  as  a  safety 
arrangement  in  the  event  of  the  drag-bar 
giving  way. 

*  side-cousin,  s.  An  illegitimate  (or  per- 
haps a  distant)  relation. 

"  Little  Jenny,  though  she's  but  a  t 
Tennyton  :  Quern  Mary,  ii.  ft. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolA  work,  wh*,  sou;  mate,  otib,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    TO,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


side— sideral 


4263 


side-cut,  s. 

1.  An  iudlreot  blow  or  attack  ;  s  side-blow. 

2.  A  canal  or  road  branching  out  from  the 
main  one. 

side-catting,  s. 

Cii-ii  Engineering : 

1  Birth  cut  away  on  the  side  of  a  canal  or 
railroail  when  there  is  not  sufficient  excava- 
tion on  the  line  to  form  the  embankments. 

2.  The  formation  of  a  road  or  canal  along 
the  side  of  a  slope,  where,  the  centre  of  the 
work  being  nearly  on  the  surface,  the 
ground  requires  to  be  cut  only  on  the  upper 
side  to  form  one-half  of  the  work,  while  the 
material  thrown  down  forms  the  other  half. 

Side-dish,  s.  A  dish  placed  at  the  side 
of  a  dining-table,  instead  of  at  the  top  or 
"bottom. 

side-drum,  s.    [DRCM  (1),  s.,  II.  1  (2).] 
side-fillister,  s. 

Joinery :  A  plane  for  making  a  rabbet  The 
width  and  depth  are  regulated  by  a  movable 
atop.  Much  used  in  planing  stufffor  window- 
sashes. 

side-flap,  s. 

Saddlery :  A  piece  of  leather  which  hangs 
between  the  stirrup-strap  and  the  skirting. 

side-fly,  >. 

Entom. :  Gasterophilus  equi  (?). 
"  From  a  rough  whitish  maggot.  In  the  Intestlnum 
rectum   of  honea,   the  tide-jit  proceeds."— ZterAam  : 
fhyaico-  Theology. 

Side-glance,  s.  A  glance  to  one  side ; 
a  sidelong  glance. 

side-head, «. 

1.  Mack. :  An  auxiliary  side-rest  on  a 
planiitg-inachiue. 

8.  Print. :  A  paragraph  in  which  the  head- 
ing, or  title,  is  set  at  the  beginning  of  the 
matter,  instead  of  in  a  separate  line. 

side-hook,  i. 

Carp. :  A  piece  of  wood  having  projections 
.at  the  ends,  used  for  holding  a  board  fast 
while  being  operated  upon  by  the  saw  or 
plane. 

side-keelson, s.    [KEELSON.] 
side-lever,  >. 

Steam-eng. :  A  heavy  lever,  working  along- 
side the  steam-cylinder  and  answering  in 
function  to  the  working-beam.  The  side- 
levers  communicate  motion  from  the  cross- 
tail  to  the  side-rods,  and  they  to  the  paddle- 
shaft. 

side-light,  f. 

1.  Light  admitted  Into  a  building,  &c.,  from 
the  side ;  also,  a  window  in  the  walls  of  a 
building  in  contradistinction  to  a  sky-light ; 
Also  a  plate  of  glass  in  a  frame  fitted  to  an 
air-port  in  a  ship's  side,  to  admit  light.    It  is 
thrown  open  for  ventilation,  and  closed  when 
jiecessary  to  exclude  water. 

2.  [LIGHT,  ».,  II.  4.  (2).] 

side-look,  s.  An  oblique  look ;  a  side- 
glauce. 

*  Side-piercing,  a.  Piercing  the  side  ; 
hence,  affecting  severely  ;  heart-rending. 

"  O  tbou  tide.pierctnff  tight  1 "    SHaketp.  :  Lear,  IT. «. 

side-pipe,  ». 

Steam-eng. :  A  steam  or  exhaust  pipe  ex- 
tending between  the  opposite  steam-chests  of 
a  cylinder. 

side-plane,  s. 

Joinery:  A  plane  whose  bit  is  presented 
on  the  side,  used  to  trim  the  edges  of  objects 
which  are  held  upon  a  shooting-board  while 
the  plane  traverses  in  a  race. 

side-plate,  t. 

Saddlery :  A  wide  leather  trace-strap,  which 
toadies  back  a  little  beyond  the  point  at 
which  it  is  connected  to  the  breeching. 

side-pond,  s. 

Hydr.-eng. :  A  reservoir  at  the  side  of  a 
canal-lock  to  economize  the  water  in  locking. 

side-post,  s. 

Carp. :  One  of  a  kind  of  truss-posts,  placed 
in  pairs,  each  disposed  at  the  same  distance 
from  the  middle  of  the  truss,  for  the  purpose 
of  supporting  the  principal  rafters,  braces, 
Crown  or  camber  beams,  as  wall  as  for  bang- 


ing the  tie-beam  below.    In  extended  roofs 
two  or  three  pairs  of  aide-posts  are  used. 

side-rail,  t. 

Rail.-eng. :  A  short  rail  at  a  switch,  to  bear 
a.:;tiiist  the  wheel-flange  and  keep  the  wheel 
on  the  track. 

side-reflector,  s. 

Optics :  A  highly  polished  concave  speculum 
placed  at  the  side  of  an  object,  to  direct  an 
illuminating  pencil  of  rays  upon  it. 

side-rods,  s.  pi 

Steam-fug. :  Rods  connecting  the  cross-head 
above  the  piston-rod  with  the  side-levers  of 
that  form  of  marine  steam-engine. 

side-round,  ». 

Joinery :  A  joiner's  plane  for  making  half- 
round  mouldings.  They  work  in  pairs,  right 
and  left. 

side-saddle,  ». 

Saddlery  :  A  lady's  saddle  in  which  the  feet 
are  both  presented  on  one  side.  The  right 
knee  is  placed  between  the  two  horns,  which 
are  respectively  called  the  large  and  the 
small  horn. 

Sulc-saildle  flower : 

Sat. :  The  genus  Sarracenia  (q.v.).  The 
Califhrnian  side-saddle  flower  is  Darlingtonia 
caltybmica. 

slde-scription,  «. 

Scott  Law :  The  mode  of  subscribing  deeds 
in  use  before  the  introduction  of  the  present 
system  of  writing  them  book  wise.  The  suc- 
cessive sheets  were  pasted  together,  and  the 
party  subscribing,  in  order  to  authenticate 
them,  signed  his  name  on  the  side  at  each 
junction,  half  on  the  one  sheet  and  half  on 
the  other. 

side  show,  «.  A  smaller  show  incidental 
to  or  connected  with  a  larger  one ;  henoe,  any- 
thing of  a  subordinate  character. 

side-slip,  ».  An  Illegitimate  child;  a 
bastard.  [BY-BLOW,  2.] 

side-snipe,  i. 

Joinery:  A  moulding-plane  made  like  a 
snipe's  mouth,  and  cutting  on  the  side. 

side-space,  5. 

Rail. :  The  distance  outside  each  line  of 
rails. 

side  stick,  s. 

Print. :  A  tapering  stick  or  bar  at  the  side 
of  a  forme  in  a  chase.  The  matter  is  locked 
up  by  driving  quoins  between  the  stick  and 
the  chase. 

side-stitch,  i.  A  sudden  sharp  pain  or 
stitch  in  the  side.  (Shakesp. :  Tempest,  i.  2.) 

side-strap,  >. 

Saddlery:  A  strap  passing  forward  from 
the  breechlng-rings,  to  unite  with  the  tug  at 
the  back-band. 

Side-table,  >.  A  table  placed  against 
the  wall,  or  away  from  the  principal  table. 

side-tackle,  s. 

Gun. :  A  purchase  hooking  into  an  eye-bolt 
on  a  naval  gun-carriage  and  an  eye-bolt  in 
the  ship's  side,  and  serving  to  train  the  gun 
to  point  forward  or  abaft  the  beam,  and  to 
run  it  out  of  the  port.  Each  carriage  has  a 
side-tackle  on  each  side. 

side-timbers,  side-wavers, ».  pi. 

Build. :  Purlins  (q.v.), 

side-track,  «.    A  railroad  siding.  (U.S.) 

side  track,  r.>..ti. 

At  Trans. :  To  drive  (a  car)  off  upon  a 
siding ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  turn  aside  from 
the  main  issue. 

B.  Intrant.:  To  go  upon  a  siding;  or,  figura- 
tively, to  deviate  from  the  main  subject. 

side-tree,  s. 

Shipwright. :  One  of  the  principal  or  lower 
main  pieces  of  a  made-mast. 

side-view,  s.  An  oblique  view  ;  a  view 
from  one  side. 

side-walk,  ».    A  foot-pavement. 
side  winch,  s.    A  winch  which  may  be 


secured  to  the  side  of  a  wall  or  a  beam  for 
hoisting  light  weights. 

side-wind,  s.    A  wind  blowing  from  one 
side ;   hence,  tig.,  any  indirect  influence  or 
means  ;  an  indirect  or  underhand  course. 
side,  t'.i.  &  t.    [SIDE,  t.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  lean  on  one  side.  (Used  also  n- 
flexively.) 

"AH  rising  to  great  placets  by  a  winding-stair;  and 
if  there  be  factions.  It  Is  good  to  tide  a  man's  Belt 
whilat  rising."— Bacon  :  Estaut;  Of  tireat  I'laoe. 

2.  To  attach  one's  self  to  any  particular 
party,  faction,  or  interest,  when  opposed  to 
another ;  to  take  sides  with  a  particular  party ; 
to  engage  in  a  faction.  (Generally  followed 
by  with?) 

H  Used  also  reflexively. 

•B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  stand  or  be  at  the  side  of ;  to  be  next  to. 

"  His  blind  ele  that  tide,!  I'ari.MI  " 

Siatuer:  f.  «...  III.  ix.  IT. 

2.  To  take  the  part  or  side  of ;  to  side  with ; 
to  support, 

"  If  Clara  IM<  him.  and  will  call  him  friend- • 

lieaum.  t  net.  :  Low  I  Cure,  li  2. 

3.  To  match,  to  suit,  to  pair ;  to  be  equal 
with. 

"  In  my  country,  friend, 
Where  I  have  tided  my  suiierlara.* 

ford :  faili/'i  Trial,  i.  t 

4.  To  go  or  come  to  the  side  of ;  to  approach. 

"  He  tided  there  a  lusty  lovely  laase." 

Fairfax :  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  xll.  77. 

t  si'-de-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tid(a);  Lat.  fern, 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -.«•.] 

Bot.:  A  tribe  of  Malvaceee,  generally 
merged  in  Malvese. 

side' -board,  s.    [Eng.  side,  and  board.) 

L  Ord.  Jiang. :  A  piece  of  dining-room 
furniture,  consisting  of  a  kind  of  table  or  box 
with  drawers  and  compartments,  placed  at 
the  side  of  a  room,  or  in  a  recess,  to  hold 
dining  utensils,  &c. 

"  Sideboard*  gorgeous  with  silver  bowls  and  chargera.* 
—Macaula* :  Jiitt  £nfr.,  oh.  xu. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  A  vertical  board  at  the  side  of  a 
work-bench,  and  provided  with  holes  or  pins 
for  supporting  one  end  of  a  piece  of  work,  the 
other  being  held  by  the  bench-screw  or  clamp. 

2.  Vehicles:  An  additional  board  on  the  side 
of  a  waggon,  to  increase  its  carrying  capacity. 

Bld'-ed,  a.  [Eng.  >id(e) ;  -ed.]  Having  a  side 
or  sides ;  used  in  composition,  as,  one-sided, 
two-sided,  otc. 

"It  Is  formed  like  an  irregular  tided  cone."— Coo*  : 
Firtt  VotcLai,  ok.  li..  oh.  vi. 

side' -ling,  side -llns,  "  sid  linges, 
•  syd-lyngs,  adv.,  a.,  &  s.  [Eng.  side; 
adverb.  sutfT-anfl.)  [SIDELONO.] 

A.  As  adv. :  Sidelong  ;  on  the  side. 

B.  As  adj. :  Inclined,  sloping,  oblique. 

"  Harlshes  with  such  ttdeUng  banks."—  BalinOttt  : 
Eitr.  Scotland. 

C.  At  subst. :  The  slope  of  a  hill ;  a  line  of 
country  whose  cross-section  is  inclined  or 
sloping.    (Prov.) 

'  side-  ling  -wise,  adv.  [Eng.  sideling; 
-wise.]  Sidelong  ;  from  the  side  ;  obliquely. 

"  Running  at  OoUterme  4tdetinffteiM."—SoltntJtt4f 
Bitt.  Scotland ;  Couramu. 

side  long,  adv.  &  o.    [SIDEUNO.] 
A*  As  adverb : 

1.  Laterally,  obliquely  ;  in  the  direction  of 
or  towards  the  side. 

2.  On  the  side,  with  the  side  horizontal. 

*•  Nectarine  fruits,  which  the  compliant  boughs 
Yielded  them,  tiiielvng  as  they  sat  reclined." 

Hilton :  P.  L.,  i  v.  8ML 

B.  As  adj. :  Lateral,  oblique ;  coming  or 
directed  from  the  side. 

"The  dreaming  man  .  .  . 
With  tldelono  eye  looks  out  upon  the  scene." 

Wordtworth :  Kxcurtton,  bk.  L 

*  sid  -cr  (1),  ».    [Eng.  «id(«),  v. ;   -er.]     One 
who  sides  with  or  supports  a  particular  party, 
faction,  aect,  Ac.  ;  a  supporter. 

"The  Paplltt  and  their  tiaerl."— Sheldon :  Iliratt* 
ofAMidiritt.  (Pref.) 

"si'-der(2), «.    [CIDER.] 

*  si  -  deV  -al,  *  si'-der-al,  a.    [Lat.  tiatralit, 

from  sidus,  genit.  sideris  =  a  star.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  stars; 
sidereal. 


bSO,  bo};  p.iut.  Jowl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a*;  expect.  *enophon,  e$Ut.   -Ing. 
-tlan  =  shan.  -Uon,  -slon-shun;  -flon,  -»ion  =  zhun.   -cious, -tious, -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die.  4c.  =  H-.  off*- 


4264 


siderated— sideroxylon 


2.  Affecting  unfavourably  by  the  supposed 
Influence  of  the  stars  ;  baleful. 

"  With  Urge  and  juicy  offspring,  that  defies 
The  vernal  nlppings  and  cold  tideral  blast*." 

PhUipt:  Cidtr. 

"  Si'-der-at-ed,  a.  [Lat  sideratus,  pa.  par. 
of  sideror=  to  be  blasted  by  a  constellation  ; 
ridus,  genit.  sideris  =  a  star.]  Blasted,  planet- 
struck. 

"So  parta  cauterized,  g&iigreuated,  ttderated,  and 
mortified  become  black.  —Browne:  Vulgar  frrourt, 
bk.vi.ch.  xlL 

*  si-der-a'-tion,  *.  [Lat.  sideratio,  from 
$ideratus,  pa.  par.  of  sideror.]  [SIDERATED.] 
A  blasting  or  blast  in  plants ;  the  state  of 
being  planet-struck  ;  a  sudden  deprivation  of 
tense ;  an  apoplexy. 

"The  contagious  vapour  of  the  very  eggi  produced  a 
mortification  or  tidf  ration  in  the  part*  of  plants  on 
which  they  were  laid."—  Ray:  On  the  Creation,  pt.  ii. 

Si-der  -a-zote,  s.  [Eng.  sidtr(Ue),  and  azote 
(q.v.).]  ' 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  as  a  very  thin 
coating  on  lava,  and  incrusting  small  rounded 
fragments  ejected  from  certain  mud  volcanoes 
in  Algeria.  Lustre,  metallic;  colour,  brass- 
yellow.  Compos.  :  iron,  90'86;  nitrogen,  9'14 
=  100,  corresponding  to  the  formula,  FegNg, 
like  that  of  the  artificial  preparation. 

si  deV-S  -al,  a.  [Lat.  sidereus,  from  sidus, 
genit  sideris  =  a  star.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  stars ;   starry, 
astral. 

2.  Measured  or  determined  by  the  apparent 
motions  of  the  stars :  as,  a  sidereal  day. 

sidereal-aggregation,  -. 

Astron.  :  The  hypothesis  that  stars  are  con- 
densed by  the  gradual  cooling  down  of  the 
phosphorescent  vapour  of  nebulae. 

sidereal-clock,  «.  A  clock  regulated  to 
measure  sidereal  time,  reckoned  by  sidereal 
cays  of  23  h.  56  m.  4s.  mean  solar  time,  whicli 
are  measured  by  the  interval  between  two 
successive  passages  of  any  fixed  star  over  the 
same  meridian,  and  divided  into  twenty-four 
sidereal  hours. 

sidereal-day,  s.    [DAY  (i),  «.,  n.) 

sidereal-magnetism,  *• 

Animal  magnetism:  A  beneficial  effect  al- 
leged to  be  produced  by  the  stars  in  certain 
circumstances  on  persons  who  are  afflicted 
with  disease. 

t  sidereal-system,  *. 

Astron. :  An  expression  modelled  on  the 
appellation  Solar-system.  It  is  the  system  to 
which  all  suns  with  their  planets  belong.  It 
embraces  the  Solar-system. 

sidereal-time,  «.    [SIDEREAL-CLOCK.] 
sidereal-year,  *. 

Astron. :  The  time  occupied  by  a  complete 
revolution  of  the  earth  around  the  sun.  It  is 
measured  by  the  recurrence  of  some  fixed 
•tar,  and  is  365  days,  6  hours,  10  m.  nearly. 

'  si-deV-e-ous,  a.    [Lat.  sidereus.}    Sidereal. 

"The  mystical  conjunction  of  hawk  and  lions  im- 
plle*  either  the  genial  or  the  tidereoiu  nun."— Browne  : 
rulyar  Errourt. 

*l-der -et-ine,  5.     [Eng.  tider(ite),  and  Gr. 
p^rivrj  (rhetine)  =  resin.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  PITTICITE  (q.v.). 

*  si  der  is  mus,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Or. 
<ri'o'r)pos  (sidiros)  =  iron.] 

Mesmerism :  The  effect  alleged  to  be  pro- 
duced by  the  loadstone  or  by  a  metallic  rod 
on  the  human  body,  the  real  agent  being  the 
imagination  of  the  patient.  [METALLIC-TRACT- 
OR,] 

41  der  -ite,  sld'-er-ite,  s.     [Or.  o-i^pirrj? 
(sideritis)  =  of  iron  ;  cri£i)po«  (sideros)  =  iron.] 
Mineralogy ; 

1.  A  species  belonging  to  the  rhombohedral 
group  of  carbonates.  Forms  mostly  rhombo- 
hedral, frequently  with  curved  faces,  cleavage 
rhombohedral  and  perfect  Hardness,  3'5  to 
4'5 ;  sp.  gr.  37  to  3'9  ;  lustre,  vitreous  to 
pearly ;  colour,  shades  of  gray,  brown,  and 
brownish-red,  rarely  white  ;  fracture,  uneven. 
Compos,  for  pure  varieties  :  carbonic  acid, 
87*9  ;  protoxide  of  iron,  62'1  =  100,  which  is 
equivalent  to  the  formula,  FeO,CO2,  but  part 
of  Oe  iron  is  frequently  replaced  by  man- 
ganese, magnesium,  or  calcium,  giving  rise  to 


numerous  varieties,  which  Dana  divides  aa 
follows  :— 

A.  Ordinary  :  (1)  crystallized  ;  (2)  concre- 
tionary (sphserosiderite);  (3)  granular  to  com- 
pact massive  ;  (4)  oolitic ;  (5)  earthy. 

B.  By  replacing  part  of  the  iron  :  (1)  nearly 
pure ;  (2)  containing  five  to  twelve  per  cent. 
of  protoxide  of  manganese,  with  a  little  mag- 
nesia and  lime ;  (3)  containing  seventeen  to 
eighteen  per  cent  of  protoxide  of  manganese, 
having  the  formula,   ajFeOCOa  +  MnOCO2 ; 
(4)  containing  twenty-five  per  cent  of  pro- 
toxide of  manganese,  the  oligonite,  with  for- 
mula, UFeOCO2-fMnOCO2;  (5)  containing 
little  manganese  and  much  magnesia,  with 
the  formula,  4FeOCO2  +  MgOCOo  ;  (6)  a  simi- 
lar composition,  with  sp.  gr.  3-616  to  8'660, 
the  sideroplesite ;  (7)  containing  twenty  per 
cent,   of  carbonate  of  lime,   with    formula, 
8FeOCO2  -f  2MnOC02  +  SCaOCOo ;  and  (8)  in- 
cluding all  other  kinds.    A  widely  distributed 
mineral,  but  only  occasionally  found  in  suffi- 
cient abundance  to  work  as  an  iron  ore,  except 
as  the  principal  constituent  of  clay -ironstones. 

2.  The  name  given  to  those  meteorites  which 
consist  wholly  of  iron. 

3.  The  same  as  SAPPHIRE-QUARTZ  (q.v.). 

4.  The  same  as  LAZULITE  (q.v.). 

si-der-i'-tls,  «.  [Lat,  from  Or.  o-tS^pms 
(sideritis)  —  various  plants,  from  <ri'6>jpo«  (side- 
ros) —  iron.] 

Bot. :  Ironwort ;  a  genus  of  Marrubidte, 
consisting  of  herbs  or  shrubs  from  the  south 
of  Europe,  the  Canary  Islands,  &c.  They 
are  not  known  to  have  medicinal  properties. 
Sideritis  romana  was  believed  by  Sir  J.  E. 
Smith  to  be  the  sideritis  of  Dioscorides. 

Sl-der-0-,  pref.  [Gr.  at^po*  (sideros)  =  iron.] 
Of,  belonging  to,  or  resembling  iron  in  lustre, 
hardness,  or  weight,  &c. 

si-der-o-bb'r -ine,  *.     [Pref.  sidcro-;  Ger. 
6or  =  boron,  and  suff.  -ine  (M i?i.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  LAOONITE  (q.v.). 

si  der  6  chal  fite,  s.    [Pref.  stdero- ;   Gr. 
XoAicoc    (chalkos)  =  copper,    and    suff.    -ite 
(Jtfin.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  CI.INOCLASE  (q.v.). 

si  der'-o-chrome,   «.      [Pref.    sidero-,   and 
Eng.  chrome,} 
Min. ;  The  same  as  CHROMITE  (q.v.). 

si-der-d-clep'-te,  *  [Pref.  sidero-,  and  Gr. 
K\tirrta  (klepto)  =  to  steal.] 

Min. :  Limonite  having  the  form  of  chryso- 
lite, from  which  it  has  been  derived  by  chemical 
alteration. 

si-der  6  co -mte,  s.  tPref.  sidero-;  Gr.  (coVis 
(amis)  =  a  powder,  and  suff.  -ite  (Min,);  Ger. 
siderokonit.} 

Min. :  A  variety  of  marble  of  a  yellowish- 
brown  colour,  owing  to  the  inclusion  of  pul- 
verulent hydrated  sesquioxide  of  iron. 

si-der-6  den  -dron,  s.     [Pref.  sidero-,  and 

Gr.  Sev&pov  (dendron)  =  a  tree.] 

Bot, :  Iron-tree ;  a  genus  of  Psychotridfe. 
The  popular  and  scientific  names  refer  to  the 
hardness  of  the  wood. 

si-der  -6-dot  ((  silent),  ».  [Pref.  sidero-,  and 
Lat.  doto  =  to  endow,  to  give.] 

Min. :  A  siderite  (q.v.),  containing  carbonate 
of  lime,  found  at  Radstadt,  Salzburg,  having 
a  sp.  g*.  of  3-41. 

si- der- 6 -fer -rite,  *.  [Pref.  sidero-,  and 
Eng.  ferrite.] 

Min. :  A  name  given  by  Bahr  to  some  grains 
of  native  iron  found  in  a  fossil  wood. 

si-der  6  graph,  sld-er  6-graph,  f. 
[Pref.  swierp-,  and  Gr.  ypd<j>tu  (grapho)  =  to 
write,  to  draw.]  An  engraving  on  steeL 

si-der-o-graph'-Ic,  si  -der  6  graph  - 
ic-al,  sld   er   6   graph    ic,  sld   er  o 
graph'-ic-al,  a.    [Eng.  siderography);  -ic, 
-ical.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  siderography ;  per- 
formed by  engraved  plates  of  steel. 

si  der  og-ra-phist,  sid  er-og^-ra- 
phist,  s.  [Eng.  siderography);  -ist.}  One 
who  engraves  steel  plates,  or  who  performs 
work  by  means  of  such  plates. 

si  der  6g  -ra  phy ,  si d  e r  6g  r a  phy,  s. 


[Eng.  siderograph;  -y.]  The  art  or  practice 
of  engraving  on  steel;  applied  espeeiallv  to  a 
transfer  process,  in  which  the  design  is  first 
engraved  on  steel  blocks,  which  are  afterwards 
hardened,  and  the  engraving  transferred  to 
steel  rollers  under  heavy  pressure,  the  rollers 
being  afterwards  hardened  and  used  as  dies 
to  impress  the  engraving  upon  the  printing 
plates. 

si  der  6-lite,  s.  [Pref.  sidero-,  and  Gr.  Atfo? 
(lithos)  =  a  stone.] 

Petrol. :  A  name  proposed  for  those  meteor- 
ites which  consist  partly  of  iron  and  partly  of 
stony  matter. 

*  si-de'r'-i-man-cy,  s.     [Pref.  awtero-,  anil 
Gr.  pavreia.  (manteia)  —  prophecy,  divination.) 
A  species  of  divination  performed  by  burning 
straws,  »fec.,  upon  red-hot  iron.     By  observing 
their  figures,  bendings,  sparklings,  and  burn- 
ing, prognostics  were  obtained. 

si  der  6-mel-ane,  s.  [Pref.  sidero-,  and 
Gr.  fi«'A«  (melas)  =  black.] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  by  Von  Waltershausen 
to  the  black  glassy  grains  found  in  the  so- 
called  palagonite.  Probably  an  obsidian  (q.v.). 

si-der-6  na -trite,  s.  [Pref.  sidero-;  Eng. 
natr(on),  and  suff.  -ite  (A/in.).] 

Min. :  A  crystalline  massive  mineral,  found 
in  the  mine  San  Simon,  Tarapaca,  Peru. 
Hardness,  2*5 ;  sp.  gr.  2'153 ;  colour  and 
streak,  shades  of  yellow.  An  analysis  yielded  : 
sulphuric  acid,  43'26 ;  sesquioxide  of  iron, 
21-60;  soda,  15*59;  water,  15-35;  impurities, 
4-26  =  100-06,  which  corresponds  to  the 
formula,  Na2SO4  -f-  [FeaJSgOa  -+-  6  aq. 

si  der  6  phyll-ite,  *.  [Pref.  sidero-,  and 
Eng.  phyuite.} 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  mica  (q.v.),  containing 
over  25  per  cent,  of  protoxide  of  iron.  Found 
near  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado. 

si-der-o-ples'-ite,  s.  [Pref.  sidero-,  and  Gr. 
*A7j<ru>«  (plesios)=  near.] 

Min. :  A  siderite  (q.v.)  containing  much 
magnesia,  and  having  sp.  gr.  3'616  to  3'66. 
Formula  2FeOCO2  +  MgOCO2. 

si  der  6  schi -so-lite,  «.  [Pref.  sidero-; 
Gr.  (TXIO-TOS  (schistos)  =  split,  and  Atfos  (lithos} 
=  a  stone ;  Ger,  sideroschisolith.] 

Min. :  A  rhombohedral  mineral,  occurring. 
In  minute  crystals,  having  a  perfect  basal 
cleavage.  Hardness,  2'5;  sp.  gr.  3  to  3'4;. 
lustre,  splendent ;  colour,  velvet-black  to 
dark-gray  ;  opaque.  An  analysis  yielded  •. 
silica,  16-3;  alumina,  4*1;  proto-  and  sesqui- 
oxides  of  iron,  75'5  :  water,  7'3  =  103%  yield- 
ing the  formula,  4FeO,SiOa  +  l£HO.  Found 
in  Brazil,  with  pyrrhotite,  &c. 

Si  der  -6  scope,  s.     [Pref.  sidero-,  and  Gr. 
erxoTTcw  (skoped)  —  to  observe.]  An  instrument. 
for  detecting  minute  degrees  of  magnetism  by 
a  delicate  combination  of  magnetic  needles 
Invented  by  Lebaillif. 

si  der-ose,  s.    [SIDERITE.] 

si-de'r-6"-Bir-I-cite,  a.  [Pref.  sidero-,  *nd 
Eng.  filidte.}  ' 

Min. :  A  hypothetical  compound,  supposed 
to  be  a  hydrous  silicate  of  sesquioxide  of  iron 
and  alumina.  Named  by  von  Waltershausen. 

si-der'~6-stat,  s.  [Pref.  sidero-,  and  Gr. 
oraTos  (statos)  =  placed,  stationed,  standing, 
from  "t<rrr\p.i  (histemi)  =  to  stand.}  An  appa- 
ratus for  observing  the  light  of  the  stars.  Its- 
action  and  construction  are  similar  to  those 
of  the  heliostat  <q.v.). 

si-der-o-tan'-tal,  s.  [Pref.  sidero-,  and  Ger. 
tantal  =  tantalum.] 

Min.:  A  variety  of  tantalite  (q.v.),  rich  in 
iron. 

*  Sl-deV-O^-type,  5.     [Pref.  sidero-,  and  Eng. 
type  (q-v-)0    An  old  method  of  producing 
sun-pictures  by  means  of  ammonio-citrate  of 
iron. 

si-der-ox'-ene,  s.    [Pref.   sidero-,   and   Gr. 
£CPO«  (xenos)  =  a  stranger.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  HESSENBEEOITE  (q.v.). 

Si-der-6 Jt-y-lon,  s.    [Pref.  sidero-,  and  Gr. 
^vAov  (xulon)  =  wood.       Named   from  their 
very  hard  wood,  which  sinks  in  water.] 
Bot. :    Iron-wood,  a  genus   of  Sapotacee 


l&te,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wgt;  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  poi, 
or.  wore,  woU  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    00,  «  ^  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


eidesman— sift 


4265 


containing  from  thirty  to  forty  species  from 
the  tropics.  They  are  evergreen  trees,  with 
axillary  and  lateral  fascicles  of  flowers.  The 
fruit  of  Sideroxylon  tomentosum,  an  Indian 
tree  is  made  into  pickles  and  curries.  S. 
dn/ci/tcum  is  the  Miraculous  Berry  of  West 
Afi  ica,  the  sweet  fruit  of  which  is  taken  to 
correct  the  acidity  of  any  other  article  of  food 
or  drink. 
•ides  man,  9.  [Eng.  sides,  and  man.] 

1.  A  church  officer   chosen  to  assist  the 
churchwarden ;  a  questman. 

"  A  gift  of  such  goods,  made  by  them  with  the  con- 
tent of  the  sidtmen  or  vestry,  it  void.  —  Atltfe . 
Parergon. 

*  2.  A  party-man  ;  a  partisan. 

"  How  little  leisure  would  they  find  to  be  the  most 
pragmatical  sidesmen  of  every  popular  tumult  and 
Sedition."— Hilton:  Tenure  o/  Kings  t  Magistrates. 

•  side  -tak-Ihg,  «.     [Eng.  tide,  and  talcing.] 
The  taking  of  sides  in,  or  attaching  one's  self 
to  a  party  or  sect. 

*  Bids-ward,  *  syde-warde,  adv.    [Eng. 
side ;  -ward.]    Towards  the  side  ;  sideways. 

••  Therefore  creeling  her  armn,  and  looking  a tide- 
toftrd.  upon  the  ground,  do  what  you  will,  said  she, 
with  us.* — Sidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  111. 

side  -ways,  side'-wise,  adv.    [Eng.  tide; 
•ways,  -wise.] 
1.  Towards  one  side  ;  inclining. 

••  HlB  beard,  a  good  palm's  length  at  least  .  .  . 
Shot  tidemss.  like  a  .wallow's  wings." 

LongfeOtnt:  Wayside  Inn.    (Prel.) 

3.  On  one  side  ;  laterally,  obliquely. 

"  Casual  Inequalities  of  the  refraction  sideuats."— 
yewton:  Uptirkl. 

•Bid    fast,  S.      [SlTFAST.] 

8ld  Ing,  pr  .far.,  a.,  &  ».    [SIDE,  t>.] 

A.  As  pr.  -par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Taking  part  with  any  particular 
side  or  party. 

"  The  virtuous  mind,  that  ever  walks  attended 
By  a  strong-aiding  champion,  conscience. 
JliUon:  Com 

C.  As  substantive : 

"  I.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  attaching  of  one's  self 
to  any  particular  side  or  party. 


"  Stickle  and  keep  on  foot  such  questions,  which 
nav  be  better  sopited  and  sileuced  than  maintained 
iid  drawn  into  sidings  and  partakings, "—  Wood  : 


Athena  Own.,  voL  iL 

EL 

1.  Carp. :  The  boarding  of  the  sides  of  a 
frame  building. 

i  Itail.-ing. :  A  short  line  of  additional 
track  laid  alongside  of  a  railway,  and  con- 
nected therewith  by  switches.  It  is  for  a  train 
to  lie  by  while  another  is  passing  on  the  main 
line. 

3.  Shipbuild. :  That  part  of  the  operation  ol 
forming  or  trimming  ship's  timbers,  &c.,  which 
consists  in  giving  them  their  correct  breadths. 

siding-machine,  s.  A  machine  for  saw. 
ing  timbers,  or  re-sawing  boards  into  thin 
stuff  for  weather-boarding. 

«i' -die,  v.i.    [Eng.  side ;  frequent,  snff.  -If.] 

1.  To  go  or  move  side  foremost ;  to  move 
sideways,  or  push  one's  way  through  a  crowc 
by  moving  side  foremost. 

"  T  was  accosted  by  a  villainous-looking  ruffian.  wh< 
tidied  quite  cloae  up  to  me,  walking  by  my  side."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Aug.  27,  1885. 

2.  To  saunter  idly  about.    {Pnv.) 

•  aid  -ling,  adv.    [SIDELING.] 

Si-dd'-ni-an,  a.  [See  def.]  Of  or  belongini 
to  Sidon,  an  old  Phoenician  town  on  the  coas 
of  Syria. 

"  Not  In  that  proud  Sidonian  tincture  dyed." 

P.  Fletcher :  Purple  Island,  xii. 

•  (tie,  pret.  of  v.     [SEE,  v.] 

»ie  bol  -dl  a,  ».  [Named  in  honour  of  Philip] 
Franz  v.  Siebold,  who  in  1823  accompaniei 
the  Dutch  Embassy  to  Japan.  He  was  th 
author  of  Nippon,  Fauna  Japonica,  Flort 
Jafionica,  &c.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Menopomidse  (q.v.),  witl 
two  species,  from  Japan  and  North-wes 
China.  They  are  large  salamanders  of  repul 
sive  appearance,  four  toes  in  front,  five  be 
hind  ;  no  branchial  clefts  ;  tongue  not  dis 
tinct,  numerous  teeth  on  palate. 

•leg-burg-ite,  s.  [After  Siegburg,  Rhine 
where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Uin. :  A  fossil  resin,  containing  85  per  cent 
of  carbon. 


iege,  "  sege, ».  [Fr.  siege  =  a  seat,  a  sitting, 
ultimately  from  Lat.  sedeo  =  to  sit.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  seat,  a  throne. 

••  Then  he  shall  sitte  on  the  sege  of  his  majeste  and 
all  folks  shall  be  gaderede  before  hym.  —  Wyeliffe : 
Matt.  xxv.  82. 

•  2.  Place,  position,  or  situation  occupied ; 
seat. 

"Ah.  traitor  eyet,  come  out  of  your  shameletse  siege 
for  ever."— Palace  of  Pleasure. 

*  3.  Rank,  class,  position. 

"  From  men  of  royal  sitgf." 

Hhakesii. :  Othello,  L  1 

•  1.  Stool,  excrement ;  fecal  matter. 

"  The  siege  of  this  moon-calt" 

Shakesp.  :  Temiiest,  ft.  1 

5.  The  sitting  down  of  an  army  before  or 
around  a  fortified  place  for  the  purpose  of 
compelling  it  to  surrender  ;  the  investment  of 
a  place  by  an  army,  and  attack  of  it  by 
trenches  and  other  works,  intended  to  cover 
the  advance  of  the  besiegers.  A  siege  differs 
from  a  blockade,  as  being  an  attempt  to  reduce 
a  place  to  surrender  by  force  or  assault, 
whereas  in  a  blockade  the  besiegers  endeavour 
to  effect  their  object  by  blocking  up  all  means 
of  exit  and  ingress,  so  as  to  intercept  all 
supplies,  and  thus  compel  the  garrison  to 
surrender  through  famine. 

"  The  town  of  Calais  had  been  defended  with  re- 
markable  vigilance,  constancy,  and  bravery  by  the 
townsmen  during  a  siege  of  unusual  length.' — Hume: 
Hist.  Eng. ;  Edward  III.,  ch.  XV. 

f  Two  of  the  most  celebrated  sieges  in 
ancient  times  were  the  mythic  siege  of  Troy 
and  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus,  A.D.  70. 
Three  of  the  most  notable  sieges  of  recent 
date  were  the  siege  of  Sebastopol  by  the 
British,  the  French,  the  Sardinians,  and  the 
Turks,  A.D.  1854-5 ;  the  siege  of  Delhi  by  the 
British,  A.D.  1857  ;  and  the  siege  of  Paris  by 
the  Germans,  A.D.  1870-1. 

6.  Any  continued  assault  or  endeavour  to 
gain  possession. 

"  Give  me  so  much  of  your  time.  In  exchange  of  it, 
as  to  lav  an  amiable  siege  to  the  honesty  of  Ford's 
wife."-S»a*<r«j>.  .'  Merry  trims  of  Windsor,  ii.  1 

7.  A  workman's  table  or  bench. 

n.  Glass :  The  floor  of  a  glass-furnace. 

siege  gun.  ». 

Ordn. .-  A  cannon  sufficiently  light  to  be 
conveniently  transported,  and  throwing  pro- 
jectiles adapted  for  breeching  fortifications  in 
sieges.  It  is  mounted  on  a  siege-carriage,  and 
forms  part  of  the  train  of  an  army.  Siege- 
gun  carriages  differ  from  those  of  ordinary 
field-pieces  in  being  stronger  and  heavier.  The 
limber  has  no  ammunition-chest,  the  ammu- 
nition and  implements  being  transported  in 
waggons  accompanying  the  train. 

siege-train,  >. 

Ordn. :  The  artillery,  with  its  carriages  and 
equipments,  which  is  carried  with  an  army 
for  the  purpose  of  attacking  fortified  places. 

*  siege,  v.t.    [SIEGE,  s.]    To  besiege,  to  beset. 

"They  sieged  him  a  whole  summer  night." 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  Iv.  4. 

sleg  -en-ite,  *.  [After  Siegen,  Prussia,  where 
found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Uin. :  A  variety  of  Linmeite  (q.v.),  in  which 
a  part  of  the  cobalt  is  replaced  by  nickel. 

si  en  ite,  &c.    [SYENITE,  &c.) 

Si  en  -na,  ».    [See  def.] 

1.  Geog. :  A  city  of  Central  Italy,  thirty-one 
miles  south-east  of  Florence. 

2.  Art:  A  pigment  made  of  terra  di  Sienna 
(Sienna  earth),  a  compound  of  iron  oxide  anc 
earthy  matter.    Sienna  is  of  two  kinds,  raw 
and  burnt,  the  latter  being  simply  the  earth 
exposed  to  red  beat,  so  as  to  make  it  take  up 
more  oxygen. 

Sienna-earth,  s.    [SIENNA,  «.] 

Bl-eV-ra,  a.  [Sp.,  from  Lat.  Mrrn  =  a  St.... 
A  chain  of  hills  or  mass  of  mountains  with 
jagged  or  saw-like  ridges. 

"And  to  the  South,  from  FoutAine-qtii-bout  and  the 
Spanish  sierras.         Longfellow:  £<tangeltnf.  ii.  4. 

Sierra  Leone,  s. 

Geog. :  A  British  colony  on  the  West  Coast 
of  Africa,  notorious  for  its  unhealthiness. 
Sierra  Leone  fever : 
Pathol. :  Remittent  fever  (q.v.). 
Sierra  Leone  peach :  [PEACH,  It]. 

si  cs-ta,  «.  [Sp.]  The  act  or  practice,  fol 
lowed  by  the  Spaniards  and  other  inhabitants 


of  hot  countries,  of  resting  for  a  short  time  in 
the  hot  part  of  the  day,  or  after  dinner. 

Sles-ter,  «.  [Native  word.]  A  silver  coin, 
current  in  Bavaria,  and  worth  about  8jd. 

slothes,  *  sieves,  sithes,  «.    [CHIVE  (2).] 

Botany : 

1.  AlliumJissUe.    (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

2.  A.  Schcenoprasum.    {Britten  t  Holland.) 

[CHIVE  (2)  2.] 

si  -eur,  a.  [Fr.,  contracted  from  seigneur.]  A 
title  of  respect  used  by  the  French  ;  sir. 

sieve,  "seve,  *sive,  ».  [A.S.  sife;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  zeej;  M.  H.  Ger.  sip;  tier,  sieb; 
probably  so  called  from  having  been  originally 
made  of  sedge  or  rushes  ;  cf.  Icel.  sef—  sedge  ; 
Sw.  sdf;  Dan.  siv  =  a  rush.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  effecting  the  separa- 
tion of  the  finer  particles  of  substances  from 
the  grosser.    The  sifter,  strainer,  riddle,  and 
colander  are   all  forms  of  sieves,  and  have 
special  applications  rather  than  different  func- 
tions.   Sieves  are  made  of  various  forms  and 
materials,  according   to    the  nature  of   the 
article  to  be  sifted,  but  in  its  ordinary  form  a 
sieve  consists  of  a  hoop  or  frame  of  wood  or 
metal,  from  two  to  six  inches  in  depth,  having 
a  meshed  bottom  of  wire,  basket-work,  horse- 
hair, gauze,  silk,  perforated  parchment,  cloth, 
canvas,  muslin,  lawn,  &c.,  according  to  the 
use  intended. 

"  Mr.  Bank's  house  admitted  the  water  in  every  part 
like  a  sieve,  and  It  run  through  the  lower  rooms  In  a 
stream  that  would  have  turned  a  mill."— Coo*. •  Ftnt 
Vvj/age.  bk.  iii..  ch.  X. 

2.  A  kind  of  coarse  basket. 

3.  A  basket  used  as  a  measure  of  fruit.    It 
varies  in  capacity  in  different  places. 

4.  Calico-printing :   A  cloth  extending  over 
the  vat  which  contains  the  colour. 

H  (1)  Drum-sieve:  A  kind  of  sieve  largely 
used  for  sifting  very  fine  powders  by  druggists, 
drysalters,  and  confectioners,  and  so  named 
from  its  shape.  It  consists  of  three  parts  or 
sections,  the  top  and  bottom  section  being 
covered  with  leather  or  parchment,  and  made 
to  tit  over  and  under  a  sieve  of  the  usual  form, 
which  is  placed  between  them.  The  substance 
to  be  sifted  being  thus  closed  in,  the  operator 
is  not  annoyed  by  the  clouds  of  powder, 
which  would  otherwise  be  produced  by  the 
agitation,  and  the  material  under  operation  is 
at  the  same  time  saved  from  waste. 

(2)  Sieve  4k  Shears :  A  popular  name  for  Cos- 
cinomancy  (q.v.). 

"  Th'  oracle  of  sieve  and  shears, 
That  turns  at  certain  as  the  spheres. " 

Butler :  Budisras,  pt.  U..  0. Ill 

t  sieve-disc,  5. 

Bat. :  The  partition-wall  of  a  cell  when  per- 
forated like  a  sieve.  (Thcmti.) 

t  sieve-tube,  s. 

Hot. :  A  tube  resulting  from  the  coalescence 
of  cells  with  sieve-discs  standing  over  each 
other  ;  called  also  a  bast  vessel.  (Thome.) 

Sie-ver'-si-a,  ».  [Named  by  Willdenow  after 
M.  Sievers,  a  Russian  botanical  collector.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Potentillidne,  closely  akin 
to,  and  often  merged  in  Geum.  The  root  of 
Sieversia  montana,  an  Austrian  plant,  is  ft 
febrifuge. 

•fdeV-eJ  er  *slV-ejH>r,  ».  [Eng.  sieve; 
-er.]  A  maker  of  sieves. 

"William  Siveyer  was  bora  at  Bhinkley  In  this 
bishopric,  where  his  fattier  was  a  livei/er  or  sive- 
maker."— Fuller :  Worthies ;  Durham. 

*  tSf  -fle-ment,  s.  [Fr.,  from  siffier  =  to 
whistle.]  The  act  of  whistling  or  hissing  ;  a 
whistling  sound,  or  a  sound  resembling  a 
whistle. 

"  Uttering  nought  else  but  statements.' 

Brewer  :  Lingua,  L  1. 

sJft,    v.t.       [A.S.  siflan,  syftan,  from  si/e=8 
sieve  (q.v.) ;  Dut.  ziften  =  to  sift ;   zijt  =  a 
sieve.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  separate  by  means  of  a  sieve,  as  th« 
finer  parts  of  a  substance  from  the  grosser ; 
to  pass  through  a  sieve  ;    to  operate  upon 
with  a  sieve. 

"And  fresh  mould  sifted  and  strewed  over  with 
riddles,  an  inch  thicke  and  no  more."—/*.  Holland : 
Ptinie.  bk.  xvii.  ch.  x. 

2.  To  part,  as  by  a  sieve  ;  to  separate. 

"  When  yellow  sands  are  sifted  from  below, 
The  glitt'rlng  billows  give  a  golden  show. 

ftryden.    (Toam.J 


toll,  bo^;  po%t,  j<fiH;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,   ph  - 1 
-dan.    tian  =  shan.    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -jion  =  shun,    -cioua,  -ttous,  -sions  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  tc.  =  bel,  d*L 


4260 


sifter— sigillarla 


tt  Fi>>.  :  To  examine  minutely  or  critically  ; 
to  scrutinize. 

"Those  who  hive  not  lifted  thii  question  to  the 
*>ttea.--emtv.-  Sermon.  vol.  U..  ser.  17. 

Slft-er,  t.    (Eng.  sift  ;  -er.] 

L  One  who  silts  ;  that  which  sifts  ;  a  sieve. 
2.  An  implement  with  meshes,  fine  or 
coarse,  according  to  circumstances,  for  sepa- 
rating materials  according  to  size,  used  for 
sifting  a.shes  from  cinders  ;  flour  from  lumps, 
Ac.  ;  sand  from  gravel,  dust  or  smaller  seeds 
frum  grain,  and  for  various  other  purposes. 

»ig,  s.  [Ct.  A.S.  Man,seon  ;  Ger.  seigen,  eeihm 
=  to  filter.]  Urine  ;  stale  uriue.  (Prof.) 

•i-gal-I  on,  ».  [Lat.=  the  god  of  Silence 
auioni!  the  Egyptians,  from  Gr.  <nyow  (sigau) 
=  to  keep  silence.] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Aphroditidae,  with  cirri 
on  all  the  feet  Sigalion  boa,  the  Boa-shaped 
Sigalion  is  a  worm  about  eight  inches  long, 
and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  broad,  with  num.  r- 
ous  feet  and  horny  ju\vs.  It  lives  near  low- 
water  mark  in  the  British  and  Mediterranean 
Seas. 

•ig  a  re  tus,  ».  [Latinised  by  Adanson  from 
tagaret,  prob.  the  native  name  of  some  species.] 
Zool.  t  Palasont.  :  A  genus  of  Naticidte  ; 
shell  striated,  ear-shaped  ;  spire  minute  ; 
aperture  very  wide,  oblique,  not  pearly  ;  oper- 
culum  minute,  horny,  sub-spiral.  Recent 
species  thirty-one,  from  the  West  Indies, 
India,  China,  and  Pern  ;  fossil  ten,  from  the 
Eocene  onward.  (S.  P.  Woodward.) 

•i  gaul  ti  an  (tl  as  Bull  a.  [See  def.]  Of 
or  belonging  to  Sigault,  a  French  physician. 

stgaultian  section,  a. 

Obsteiria:  The  operation,  Bret  performed  by 
Sigault,  of  dividing  tlie  sgMpkysis  pubis,  for 
the  purpose  of  facilitating  labour;  syiuiiliy- 
seotomy.  (Dunglisou.) 

•Ig-  ger,  r.i.   [Ger.  sieger  =  a  filter.]   [Sio,  «.] 
Mining:  To  trickle  through  a  cranny  or 
crevice  ;  to  ooze  into  a  mine. 


(S*   "ilent),  ••Ike,  'sygh,   *.yke, 

».».  *  f,    (A.8.  nmn  =  to  sigh,  prob.  of  imi- 
tative origin  ;    cf.  A.8.  swogan  =  to  sound, 
to  howl  as  wind  ;  8w.  svcka  ;  Dan.  sukke  =  to 
sigh,  to  groan  ;  Eng.  tough.] 
A,  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  a  deep,  single  respiration,  as 
the  result  or  involuntary  expression  of  grief, 
sorrow,  or  the   like  ;   hence,  to  grieve,  to 
mourn. 

"  H«  who4e  virtue  tishtd  to  lux  •  day." 

Pop*  :  Etmy  on  Man,  if.  14T. 

2.  To  utter  or  give  out  a  sound  resembling 
or  suggestive  of  a  sigh. 

"  Whenever  a  March  wind  itytu." 

Tenniiton.  Jlaud,  L.  nU.  10. 

*B,  rronstfiw: 

I.  To  emit  or  exhale  in  sighs. 

"  Never  niao  tighed  truer  breath." 

Shatetp.  :  Cori  ,l'tnut,  IT.  «. 

i  To  mourn,  to  grieve,  to  lament. 

"  I  litfWd  the  Uck  of  many  a  thing." 

Sliatap.  :  Sonnet  SO. 

1  Tostghfar:  To  long  for  or  desire  ardently. 

•i  gh(gh  silent),  *  like,  ».  [Sion,  u.)  A  single 
deep  respiration  ;  a  long  breath  ;  the  inhaling 
of  a  larger  quantity  of  air  than  usual,  and  the 
sudden  emission  of  it,  especially  as  the  result 
or  involuntary  expression  of  fatigue,  exhaus- 
tion, or  some  depressing  emotion,  as  grief 
sorrow,  anxiety,  or  the  like. 

"An  internal  emotion,  which  acting  on  the  dia- 


•  Sigh,  pret.  ofv.    [SEE,  e.) 

•igb'-er  (gh  silent),  a,    [Eng.  sigh,  T.  ;  -«r.] 
One  who  sighs. 

"There  are  •  eet  of  «ij»-n  In  that  university.  who 
have  erected  themselves  into  a  society  iu  honour  of 
that  tender  passion."—  Steefa  /  Spectator,  No.  so. 

*  «igh  -full   (gh  silent),  a.     [Eng.  nigh,  s.  ; 
•full.}      Sorrowful,    mournful  ;    uttering   or 
accompanied  by  sighs.    (Sylvester:  Trophies, 


sigh  Ing  (yh  sllentX  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SIOH,  r.] 

•Ugh  -Ing-lf  (gh  silent),  adv.    [Eng.  sighing  ; 

-<!/.]    In  a  sighing  manner  ;  with  siehs  or 
sighing. 

"Sometimes  tiyMntfy.  and  sometimes  comfortably.- 
—  £u*ycui  :  ftiffrim't  Progreu,  pt.  L 


Bight  (gh  silent),  *  siht,  s.     lA.8.  siht,  gesiht, 
(jtxulh,    ike.,   from   seyen,  gewjen,   pa.  par.  of 
seon  =  to  see  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  gesigt ;  Dan. 
sigte  ;  8w.  sigt  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  siiit ;  Ger.  sicht.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  seeing;  perception  of  objects 
by  the  organs  of  vision  ;  view.    (Acts  i.  9.) 

2.  The  power  o/   seeing;   the    faculty    of 
vision  or  of  perceiving  objects  by  the  eyes  ; 
vision. 

"  O  IOM  of  light,  of  tbee  I  ioo.it  coiupUin." 

Milton  :  Sttmton  Agonistet,  8T. 

3.  Range  of  unobstructed  vision  ;  space  or 
limit  to  which  tlie  power  of  seeing  extends; 
open  view  ;  visibility. 

"  Hostile  Troy  waa  ever  full  In  tight." 

J'ope ;  1/umer ,  Iliad  x,  222. 

*4.  The  eye  or  eyee ;  the  organs  or  instru- 
ments of  vision. 

"  Why  cloud  they  not  their  tiffhtt  I" 

jAoAev. ;  Peridet.  \.  L 

5.  Inspection,  examination,  notice,  know- 
ladge. 

"  It  w&a  writ  M  a  private  letter  to  a  person  of  piety, 
upini  an  KMiirniice  that  it  should  m-ver  come  to  auy 
oue  a  stout  but  her  own.-—  Wake. 

6.  Judgment,  view,  estimation,  considera- 
tion. 

"If  I  be  M  diigracionfl  In  your  tiyht." 

ShuJcetp. :  AicAara  ///..  IT.  4. 

7.  That  which  is  seen  or  beheld ;  a  spec- 
tacle,  a   show ;    especially  something  won- 
derful, remarkable,  or  worth  seeing. 

"  I  will  now  turn  aside  aud  s«e  thii  great  tiff\(,  why 
the  bo»h  la  not  burned. "-Exodut  iiL  a. 

8.  A  small  aperture  through  which  objects 
can  be  seen,  and  by  which  the  direction  is 
settled  or  ascertained  ;   an  aperture  for  the 
eyes  in  a  helmet,  .fee. 

"  Their  eyM  of  fire  sparklliig  through  tightt  of  steel.' 
SHatxtp. ;  9  Henry  IV..  iv.  L 


..      . 

9.  A  piece  of  metal  attached  or  applied  to 
a  firearm,  by  which  the  arm  is  pointed  at 
the  object.     Small   arms    have    breech    and 
front  sights,  the  former  usually  notched  and 
the  hitter  pointed. 

"The  hack  tigkl  in  a  great  measure  hides  the  body 
of  the  deer.-— field,  April  «.  1885. 

10.  A  great  number ;  a  great  many ;  a  mul- 
titude.   (Collaq.) 

•  11.  Insight    [SEEN.] 

"I  gave  my  time  for  nothing,  on  condition  of  hi. 
giving  ine  a  ayhl  into  hii  uusiueaa,"— a,  tlruoti:  fool 
O/  Quality,  L  385. 

IX  PhyiM. :  The  eye  is  a  camera  consisting 
of  a  series  of  lenses  and  media  arranged  in  a 
dark  chamber,  the  iris  serving  as  a  diaphragm, 
and  the  object  of  the  apparatus  is  to  form  on 
the  retina  a  distinct  image  of  external  objects. 
[EYE.]  Light  falling  on  the  retina  excites 
sensory  Impulses,  and  these,  passing  up  the 
optic  nerve  to  certain  parts  of  the  brain,  pro- 
duce sensations.  We  receive  two  sensations 
from  each  object ;  these,  however,  blend  into 
one,  for  the  two  eyes  virtually  constitute  a 
stereoscope,  and  enable  us  to  form  visual 
judgments  concerning  the  form,  size,  and  dis- 
tance of  objects.  The  chief  defects  of  sight 
are :  long  sight,  short  sight,  double  vision, 
and  colour-blindness.  (Foster :  PhysM.) 

IF  (1)  M  tight,  after  light : 

Comm. :  In  the  case  of  bills  drawn  payable 
at  sight,  or  on  demand,  no  days  of  grace  are 
allowed.  When  bills  are  made  payable  after 
sight,  the  customary  days  of  grace  are  allowed. 

(2)  Field  of  sight :  The  same  as  Field  of 
Vision..  [FIELD,  s.,  A.  II.  8.] 

(S)  To  read  at  sight: 

MUSK:  To  read  a  piece  at  first  sight  with- 
out previous  knowledge. 

(4)  To  take  a  tight :  To  denote  incredulity  or 
contempt  for  authority  by  putting  the  thumb 
to  the  nose  and  extending  the  fingers.  (Kuijor.) 

(5)  To  take  sight :  To  take  aim,  as  with  a 
firearm,  cannon,  &c. 

(6)  Owf  of  tight:    Completely,   absolutely; 
also,     beyond     comparison,     fiiper-excellent, 
(OoHoq.) 

sight  bill,  slgnt-draft,  *. 

Comm. :  A  bill  or  draft  payable  at  sieht 
or  on  presentation. 

*  sight  hole,  s.    A  hole  to  see  through, 
•sight  out-running,  a.    Swifter  than 
light.    (Shaktsp. :  Tempest,  i.  8.) 

sight  seeing,  s.  The  act  of  seeing  sights; 
eagerness  for  novel  or  curious  sights. 

sight  seer,  >.  One  who  is  fond  of  or 
goes  to  see  novel  sights  or  curiosities. 


*  sight,  *  sighte,  pret.  o/v.    [Sion,  t>.) 

sight  (gh  silent),  t>.«.  &  i.    [SIQHT,  a,] 
A.  Transitive: 
1.  To  get  sight  of  ;  to  spy,  to  see  ;  to  come 

in  sight  of  ;  to  perceive. 

"  At  five  in  the  afteruoon  the  crew  of 


2.  To  look  at  or  examine  through  a  sight  : 
to  see  accurately  :  as,  To  sight  a  star. 

3.  To  give  the  proper  elevation  and  direction 
to  by  means  of  a  sight  :  as,  To  sight  a  gun. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  look  along  or  through  the 
sight  or  sights  of  an  instrument  ;  to  take  ain 
by  means  uf  a  sight  or  sights,  as  with  a  rifle  ; 
to  aim.  [SiouTiNa-SHOT.j 

H  To  tight  a  bill  : 

Comm.  :  To  present  a  bill  for  acceptance  to 
the  person  on  whom  it  is  drawn  so  as  to 
bring  it  under  his  sight.  This  should  be  done 
as  soon  after  receipt  as  possible. 

sight  -ed  (gh  silent),  a.    [Eng.  sight;  -ed.] 

1.  Having  sight  or  vision  of  a  jiarticulat 
kind.    (Used  in  composition,  as  short-dpAtel 
long-sighted,  qaick-sighled,  &c.) 

••  That  he  might  aee  this  lovely  mghted  maid  " 

Chapman:  Hunter;  Odyuty  vt 

2.  Having  a   sight  or  sights:  as.  a  rifle 
sighted  to  1,000  yards. 

sight  -en  Ing  (gh  silent),  s.   [Eng.  sight  ;  -en  ; 
-ing.] 

Calico-print.  :  A  fugitive  colour  added  to  a 
paste  to  enable  the  printer  to  judge  of  the 
perfectness  of  the  work. 

*  sight'-ful  (gh  silent),  a.    [Eng.  sight  ;  -JWU 
Visible,  perspicuous. 

*  sight'-ful-neM  (gh  silent),  s.    [Eng.  right- 
ful ;  -ness.]    Clearness  of  sight 

"  Let  ue  not  wiuk.  though  void  o(  punet  tightfulnat.- 
Sidney  :  Arcalm.  bk.  ii. 

Sight'-Ing  (<A  silent),  pr.  par.  or  a.   [Sioui,  v.  J 

sighting-shot,  «.  A  shot  Bred  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  if  the  weapon  ia 
properly  sighted  ;  a  trial  shot. 

•ijBhf  -l&w  (ah  silent),   «  sight-leese,  a. 

lEng.  sight  ;  -less.] 
1.  Wanting  sight  ;  blind. 

"  Raising  hli  Of  Mat  balla  to  heaven." 

,Sco«  .-  Harmian.  tt.  H. 

*  2.  Not  sightly  ;  offensive  to  the  eye  :  un- 
sightly. 

"  Foil  of  uupleaaliig  blots  and  tigfitleu  sUiua" 

Sliateip.  :  A'«;(1/  John,  ill.  L 

*  3.  Not  appearing  to  sight  ;  invisible. 

"  Upon  the  tt'jhilea  couriers  of  the  air  " 

Shalcetp.  :  Hoxteth,  L  ». 

sight  les«-lJ-(.A  silent),  ado.  [Eng.  sight-; 
less;  -ly.)  In  a  sightless  manner  ;  blindly. 

sight  -less  ness  (gh  silent),  s.  (Eng.  sight- 
less; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
sightless;  blindness. 

sight  linoss  (gh  silent),  a.  [Eng.  sightly  • 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sightly  ; 
an  appearance  pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  comeli- 
ness. 

.,  ~.°J*m  ey««  may  he  used,  though  not  for  seeing,  for 
ttflUUneu.'  -Fuller  :  Holy  Slate,  p.  !». 

sight  -ly  (gh  silent),  o.  [Eng.  sight;  -ly.\ 
Pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  striking  to  the  view  ;  of 
pleasing  appearance  ;  also,  affording  a  pleasing 
view  or  outlook  ;  as  a  sightly  location. 

•  sight  -shot  (gh  silent),  a,  [Eng.  sight,  and 
shot.]  The  distance  to  which  the  sight  can 
reach  ;  range  of  sight  ;  eye-shot.  (Comity  : 
Essays;  Obscurity.) 

sights  -man  (gh  silent),  «.  [Eng.  tight,  and 
man.] 

Music  :  One  who  reads  music  readily  at  first 
sight. 

•sUr-fl,*.  [Lat.  stgiHum  =  i  seal,  dimin.  of 
signum  =  a  sign,  a  mark.]  A  seal,  a  signature; 
an  occult  sign,  mark,  or  character. 

"  And  tia*li  fnun'd  in  planetary  hours." 

Dryden  :  Palamon  Jt  Arcite,  ii.  4SS. 

slg-n-lar'-l'-B,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
it'<j/Hti«  =  a  seal.  Named  from  the  marking* 
like  a  seal  on  the  stem.] 

Palaxbot.  :   The   type-genus  of  Sigillariea 
(q.v.),  or  any  individual  of  the  genus.    The 


ate,  fit,  ttre,  amidst,  whit,  fan,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  oamol.  her,  there;  pine,  pit, 
T.  wore,  won  work,  who,  .on;  «ii^  cub.  cur*  »nlu.  our.  rule,  toll;  try,  Syrian.    «. 


sir   marine-  B6  pit, 
° 


Is  arborescent,  cylindrical,  unjointe.i, 


SI01LLAEIA. 


is  are    flattened,  the  outer   ,..--- 
TOW  generally  coal  without  vegetable  strut 

SSStsBft-SSSS 

SfcMS.S.«KS.: 

The  arrangement 
is  not  distinctly 
spii-al.  The  long, 
narrow.rlgid.two- 
or  three  -  nerved 
leaves,  at  first 
called  from  their 
sedge-like  appear- 
ance Cypentes, 
•re  their  leaves. 
Stigmaria  (q.v.) 
has  been  proved 
to  constitute  the 
roots,  the  two 

Sfly^T  Principal  Dawson  believes 
that  b?igillaria  had  medullary  rays,  Mr. 
Carruthere  is  of  a  contrary  opinion.  Ihe 
former  pateobotanist  believes  Trigonocarpum 
have  been  their  fruit,  the  latter  regards 
the  fruit  as  having  been  a  cone  or  s  too  talus. 
Brongniart  ultimately  classified  them  with 
arborescent  ferns ;  Oorda  thought  them  akin 
to  Euphorbiacea; ;  Principal  Dawson  places 
them  among  Gymnosperms  near  the i  Cycai is  or 
intermediate  between  these  and  the  higher 
Acrozens;  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  deems  them 
Cryptogams;  Mr.  Carruthers,  concurring  in 
this  vilw,  ranks  them  among  the  Lycopods. 
A  species  is  recorded  from  the  Upper  Silu- 
rian; they  occur  in  the  Devonian,  reach  their 
maximum  in  the  Carboniferous,  with  thirty- 
one  British  species,  and  a  single  doubtful  one 
in  the  Permian.  In  the  coal  measures  near 
Newcastle,  about  thirty  stumps  of  their  stems 
were  found  upright  just  where  they  grew, 
within  an  area  of  fifty  yards  square. 
riffr-ifl-lar'-I-an.  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  sigillarUa) ; 
Eng.  -an.]  Sigi'llarioid.  (S«>i..Sfaj7.,1870,p.293.) 

•iK-fl-lar-i-i'-SB,  «.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat,  rigU- 
tari(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ecu.] 

Palceobot. :  An  order  of  fossil  plants  founded 
by  Unzer.  Pateozoic  trees  with  the  seal-like 
markings  described  under  Sigillaria.  Genera 
Sigillaria,  Syringodendron,  and  Diploxylon. 

slg-n-lar'-A-old,  o.  &  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  rigillar. 
-i(o);  Bng.  snff. -oid.] 

A.  AB  adj. :  Resembling  Bigillaria  (q..v.). 
(Geol.  Mag.,  1870,  p.  293.) 

B.  A»  subttuntive : 

Palceobot. :  Any  palteozolc ,P1«"M".™5S: 
dolepis,  Favularia,  tic.,  having  affinity  with 
Bigillaria  (q.v.). 

*  Big  -fl-la-tlve,  o.    [Fr.  tigillatif,  from  Lat. 
rigMum  =  a  seal.)  Fit  to  seal ;  belonging  to  a 
seal ;  composed  of  wax. 
slg  n  li'  na,  «.     [Mod.   L»t,   dimin.   from 
sigillum  =  i  seaLJ 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Botryllidss  (q.v.),  with 
one  species,  from  tropical  seas.  Covering 
solid  gelatinous,  conical,  elongated,  erect  on 
a  sUlk,  individuals  one  above  another ;  open- 
ings six-rayed. 

I  slg-iH8g'-ra-ph&  «.  [Fr.  tigittograpKie_; 
Lat  sigillum  =  a  seal,  and  Gr.  ypifyai  (grapho) 
=  to  write.)  The  study  or  history  of  seals. 

••  The  study  of  Bysantln.  tifittoaraphu  now  assumes 
the  position  due  to  It."— Atkmaum,  Sept.  11.  .1888. 
p.  312. 

•te'-la,  s.  pi.  [Lat.]  The  signs,  characters, 
abllreviations,  or  letters  used  for  words  in 
ancient  manuscripts,  printing,  coins,  medals, 
and  the  like. 

slg  ma,  «.  (Or.)  The  name  of  the  Greek 
letter  £  <r,  5,  equivalent  to  the  English  S. 

sir  mate,  ».t  [Eng.  sigmfa);  -at*.]  To  in- 
crease by  adding  the  letter  sigma  (q.v.). 

••  The  root  of  the  future  i.  jot  from  .the  root  of  the 
present  (or  infinitive)  by  rigmvMa  it.  -T.JC.  Arnold . 
Srrt  Or*;*  Book,  p.  6. 


Bigillarian-aign 

ZooL  •  The  type-genus  of  the  group  Sigmo- 
dontes  (q.v.).  It  contain.  but  one  specie., 
S°gmodoS  hdpidu,,  the  Cotton-rat  or  Rice-rat, 
ranging  through  the  southern  United  State. 
Sid  Mexico  to  Vera  Cruz  aud  Guatemala. 

8ig  -mo  dont,  o.  *  s.    [SIOMODONTES.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Of,  belonging  to,  or  charac- 
terUtto  of  the  genus  Sigmodon  or  the  group 
Siguiodontes  (q.v.). 

••  Probably  descendant.  o(  Sigrtadmt  Murids).  - 
Encyc.  Brit.  led.  nth),  xvIL  6. 

B.  As  «utafc  :  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Sigmodon  or 

the  group 
Sigmodoutes 
(q.v.). 

sit?  mo  don- 
tea,  ».  pi- 

[Moil.  Lat., 
pL  of  tigmo- 


4J67 


Zool.  :    A 

grOUp  Of  MU-  MOLARS  OF  ORDntARY 

having  the  cusps  of  the  molars  arranged  bi- 
seria  lly  in  pairs  along  the  teeth.  When  ground 
down  by  u£e  the  cusps  show  S-like  patterns 
in  the  folds  of  the  enamel.  Ten  genera,  four 
from  Madagascar  and  six  from  America,  i 
teeth  in  the  cut  are  mucli  enlarged. 

"oils™?*  dllst™  W*)"^fom,  appearance"] 
Curved  like  the  letter  8.  Used  in  anatomy 
of  the  tigmaid  notch  of  the  lower  jaw  the 
aigrooid  davity  of  the  ulna,  ic.  ;  and  in 
botany  of  the  form  of  certain  embryos. 

sigmoid  flexure,  '. 

Anat  :  A  flexure  of  the  colon  situated  in 
the  left  iliac  fossa  consisting  of  a  double 
binding  of  the  intestine  upon  itself  in  the 
form  of  the  letter  8. 

sign  (3  silent),  *  signs*  ».  IFr.  •<««*,  from 
Lat  signum  =  a  mark,  a  token  ;  8p.  ngno, 
itKa;  Port,  rigno,  aenha;  Ital.  segno.) 

L  Ordinary  Language 

1  That  by  which  anything  is  shown,  made 
known,  or  represented  ;  that  which  furnishes 
evidence  of  the  existence  or  approach  of  any- 
thing •  a  mark,  a  token,  an  indication. 

••  The  Unit  taint  «te™  of  a  <*ange  ««  P°>>u°  <*Ur,g." 
—  Jtacnula*  :  BM  £n»..  ch.  li. 

2  A  motion,  action,  or  gesture  by  which  a 
thought  is  expressed,  a  wish  made  known, 
or  a  command   given;   hence,    one  of  the 
natural  or  conventional  gestures  by  winch 
intelligence  is  communicated  or  conversation 
carried  on  as  by  deaf-mutes.    (Luke  i.  62.) 

3.  Something  intended  or  serving  to  indi- 
cate the  existence,  or  preserve  the  memory,  « 
a  thing  ;  a  memorial,  a  monument,  a  ten. 

••  The  are  devoured  two  hundred  and  fifty  men, 
and  they  became  a  .i0n."-JV  *mbm  xivu  10. 

4  Any  symbol  or  emblem  which  prefigures, 
typifies}  or  represents  an  idea  ;  hence,  some- 
times, a  picture. 

"  The  holy  symbols  or  rismi  are  not  barely  itgnlfi- 
,»tlJe°  but  wbat  they  represent  U  as  certainly  de- 
Sverea  to  i  a.U,e  Byiboli  theiMelTea."-«»»™«ooJ. 

5  A  remarkable  event,  regarded  as  indi- 
cating the  will  of  a  deity  ;  an  omen,  a  prodigy. 

6  Any  remarkable  event,  transaction,  or 
phenomenon,  regarded  as  indicating  the  will 
of  the  deity,  oras  manifesting  an  interposition 
of  the  divine  power  for  some  special  end  ;  a 
wonder. 

••  If  theT  will  not  hearken  to  the  voice  of  the  flret 
.ton  th.yVill  not  believe  the  latter  *,m."-JE*«lu. 
Iv.  8. 

*  7.  A  word  regarded  as  the  outward  mani- 
festation of  thought.    (Bacon.) 

*  8.  A  mark  of  distinction,  a  cognizance. 

"  The  ensign  of  Messiah  blnz'd, 
Aloft  by  angel,  bo^iJjjE  he..'n.^  ^ 

9  That  which,  being  external,  represents 
or  signifies  something  internal  or  spiritual. 
A  term  used  in  the  formularies  of  the  fcnglisli 
Church  in  speaking  of  an  ordinance  considered 
with  reference  to  that  which  it  represents. 
"An  outward  and  vMbl.  «m  <*f*SSL^> 

spiritual  grace  given  unto  on.'—  Chunk  CaUOuan. 

ia  A  lettered  board,  carved  or  painted 
future  or  the  like,  set  conspicuously  over  or 
near  a  door,  shop,  &c.,  to  indicate  the  oc- 
cupation of  the  tenant  of  the  premises,  or 
to  give  notice  of  the  articles  sold  or  made 
within;  a  sign-board.  (Shakesp.  :  2  Henry  VI., 
iii.  2.) 


H.  Technically: 

1.  Astron.  :  Originally,  any  constellation  ; 
now  limited  to  a  constellation  of  the  Zodiac 
or  to  the  marks  representing  them.  14ODU.O.J 

••  There  .tay  until  the  twelve  celestial  "C"'       ,. 
Have  brought  auout  their  iiniiual  reokosinj. 

Ohakety.  .  Love  I  Labour  I  Lott,  V.  3. 

2  Arlth.  &  Math.  :  A  symbol  employed  to 
denote  an  operation  to  be  performed,  to  show 
the  nature  of  a  result  of  some  previous 
operation,  or  to  indicate  the  sense  in  Which 
an  indicated  quantity  is  to  be  considered. 
Thus  the  sign  +  (plus)  prefixed  to  «  .quantity 
indicates  tiiat  that  quantity  is  to  be  added, 
while  the  sign  -  (minus)  indicates  that  the 
quantity  to  which  it  is  prefixed  is  to  be 
subtracted.  Other  signs  are  x  (into),  indi- 
cating multiplication:  -j-  (divided  by),  in- 
dicating division;  v/  for  the  square  root; 
I/  for  the  cube  root  ;  £/  for  th«  nth  root, 
&c.  The  signs  indicating  relation  are 
>  (greater  than),  <  0<»»  thsn>>  =  (etlual  ^ 
&c. 


BSSi 

3  Bot  :  Certain  marks,  designed  to  econo- 
mize space  (",  t,  ?,  1,  &c. ;  t,  9 ,  &«•),  '•>  b°- 
Uiiical  descriptions.     They  were  introduced 
by  Linnmus,  Willdenow,  De  Caudollo,  Loudon, 
4c.,  but  the  meanings  of  the  signs  are  not  the 
same  in  different  authors. 

4  Med  •  Any  indication  which  may  present 
itse'lf  as  to  the  health  or  morbid  state  of  an 
individual,  aud,  in  the  latter  case,  point  out 
the  nature  and  stage  of  the  disease. 

5.  liuaie:  Any  character,  as  a  flat,  sharp, 
dot,  &c. 

sign-board.  ».  A  board  on  which  a  man 
sets  out  his  occupation,  or  gives  notice  ol 
articles  for  sale.  [SuM,  s.,  I.  10.) 

sign-manual,  ».     The  subscription  of 
one's    name    to  a   document;   a  signature; 
specif.,  a  royal  signature,   which    must    I 
adhibited  to  all  writs  which  have  to  pass  the 
privy  seal  or  great  seaL 

"  Within  twenty-lour  hours  after  he  had  assumed 

the  regal  title,  h'e  put  forth  several  froc  amatious 

headed   with    his   lifn^mtnutl.  -  Jfocnulaj      a 

At?.,  oh.  V. 

sign  painter,  ».  One  who  paints  sign- 
boards for  tradesmen. 

Sign-post,  s.  A  post  on  which  a  sign 
hangs. 

"The  tton-txM  of  the  White  Hart  Inn  served  tor  e 
gallows."— *oca»ta».  Hill.  &<g..  oh.  T. 

sign  to  silent),  *  slgne,  v.t.  *  i.  [Fr.  signer, 
from  Lat.  signo,  from  aignum  =  a  mark,  a 
sign  (q.v.) ;  8p.  signar ;  Ital.  segnare.} 

A.  Tramitive: 

1.  To  make  a  sign  upon;  to  mark  with  a 
sign  or  symbol. 

.OkVK'JMSi  SS  wfMe^V. 

SS  i  Soken  that  hereafter  he  .hall  not  b.  ashamed 

Sssfe^fsS.?^*^5*  - 

*  2.  To  express  by  a  sign  ;  to  make  known 
in  a  typical  or  symbolical  manner,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  speech  ;  to  signify. 

••  The  sacrament,  and  symbols  are  luitsuoh  as  they 

thnv  receive  the  uames  of  what  them, 
secret  mysiery,  luey  icmno  BM* 
selves  do  rijn.  -Tartar. 

3   To  affix  one's  signature  to  a  writing  01 
deed;  to  mark  and  ratify  by  writing  ones 
name  ;  to  subscribe  in  one's  own  handwriting. 
Send  the  deed  after  me 


«^a»,  o/  T***.  IT.  1. 

*  4.  To  convey  formally  ;  to  assign. 
«  5.  To  dress  or  array  in  insignia. 

"  Here  thy  hunters  stand 


.  .  . 

*  6.  To  make  known  ;  to  make  distinguish- 
able ;  to  mark. 

"  Vrni  lian  vour  place  and  calling  In  full  seeming, 
Wlttme&neHia  hu.nility.Tmt  yuur  heart 
J,  cramm'd  with  atr^ncy.'     ^^  ^  ^  ^ 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  a  sign  or  signal. 

"  Sinning  to  their  heraUs  with  hi»  hand." 

Oryden  :  Palamon  *  Aral*,  hi.  4»t 

2.  To  write   one's   signature  on  a  paper, 


Sept.  VI,  1866. 

3    To  be  a  sign  or  omen 


4268 


signable— significant 


ring 


•ign'-a-ble   (g   silent),    a.      [Eng.   sign, 
-able.]     Capable  of  being  signed  ;  requiri 
to  be  signed. 

Sig  -nal,  *  sig  -nail,  *.  &  a.  [Fr.  signal  = 
a  signal,  from  Low  Lat.  signals,  accus.  o: 
Lat.  signalis  =  pertaining  to  a  sign  ;  signum 
•si  a  sign ;  Sp.  senal ;  Port,  si  nal ;  Ital.  segnale. 

*  1.  A  sign,  a  token,  an  omen. 

"  The  weary  sun  hath  made  a  golden  set. 
And  by  the  bright  track  of  his  liery  car, 
Gives  tigtial  of  a  goodly  day  to-morrow, 

&h<iict«jj. :  Kicfiard  III.,  v.  S. 

2.  A  means  of  communication  by  audible 
or  visible  signs  between  two  distant  points 
according  to  a  preconcerted  system.  The 
means  of  signalling  are  numerous,  as  by 
motions  of  the  hand  or  arm,  the  display  o; 
lights  of  various  colours,  the  firing  of  guns, 
the  sound  of  a  bugle,  rockets,  semaphores, 
he  Ii  os  tats,  nags,  &c. 

"  For  God's  sake,  lords,  give  signal  to  the  fight.' 

Shaketp. :  3  Henry  V].,  ii.  i. 

B.  As  adj. :  Distinguished  or  standing  ou1 
from  the  rest ;  eminent,  notable,  remarkable, 
conspicuous  :  as,  a  signal  failure. 

signal-book,  «.  A  book  containing  a 
code  of  signals. 

signal-box,  s. 

1.  A  small  house  or  building  in  which  rail- 
way signals  are  worked. 

2.  A   street-box    having   a    signalling  ap- 
paratus connected  by  wires  with  a  central 
apparatus  for  ringing  alarms  of  fire, 

signal-corps,  •.  A  military  body  !n 
charge  of  the  field-telegraphs  and  general 
•ignal-eerTice. 

signal-cry,  s.  A  cry  intended  to  act  aa 
a  signal. 

"  Monkeys  .  .  .  when  wild  utter  signal-cries  of  daa.. 
gw.*— Darwin:  Descent  of  Man  (ed.  2nd),  p.  87. 

signal-fire,  *.    A  fire  intended  to  act  aa 

S  signal. 

Signal-gun,  s.    A  gun  fired  as  a  signal. 

"  Mark  that  the  tignal-yun  be  duly  fired. 
To  tell  us  when  the  hour  of  stay's  expired.* 

Byron  :  Corsair,  i.  T. 

Signal-lamp,  *.  A  lamp  with  coloured 
panes  or  bull's-eyes,  for  signalling  trains. 

signal-light,  *.    A  light  displayed  as  a 

signal. 

"  Hts  looks  are  lifted  to  the  skiea, 
A*  If  the  ti?n>il-Iight*  of  Fate 
Were  shining  in  those  awful  eyes  !" 

Moore:  Fire-Wonhippm. 

Signal-man,  s.     [SIGNALMAN.] 

signal-post,  s.  A  post  on  which  flags, 
lamps,  &c.,  are  displayed  as  signals. 

signal-service,  ..  The  business  of 
communicating  by  signals;  the  method  used, 
or  the  corps  engaged  therein.  The  duties  of 
the  late  United  States  Signal  Service  Bureau 
were  transferred  in  1891  to  the  Signal  Corps 
and  the  Weather  Bureau. 

sig'-nal,  v.i.&t. 

A,  Intrant. :  To  make  signals. 
B.  Trans. :  To  make  signals  to,  or  announce 
by  signals. 

•  Sig -nal-ist,  «.  [Eng.  signal;  -i*.)  One 
who  makes  signals. 

* Blg-naT-I-ty,  *.  [Eng.  signal;  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  signal  or  remarkable. 

"And  therefore  herein  significations  are  natural 
and  concluding  upon  the  iuiant,  but  not  to  be  ex- 
tended unto  tignalitiet,  or  any  other  person."— 
Browne  :  Vulgar  Jtrrourt,  bk.  v.,  cb,  xxL 

sig -nal-ize,  v.t.    [Eng.  signal;  -ize.} 

1.  To  make  signal  or  remarkable  ;  to  render 
distinguished  or  conspicuous  from  what   is 
common  ;  to  distinguish. 

"  To  mark  thy  love  and  signalize  my  doom." 
Byron:  Kisus  A  Euryalus. 

2.  To  make  signals  to ;  to  indicate  by  a 
signal ;  to  signal. 

H  To  signalize  or  make  one's  self  the  sign 
of  anything,  is  a  much  stronger  term  than 
•imply  to  distinguish;  it  is  in  the  power  of 
many  to  do  the  latter,  but  few  only  have  the 
power  of  effecting  the  former:  the  English 
have  always  signalized  themselves  for  their 
unconquerable  valour  in  battle ;  there  is  no 
nation  that  has  not  distinguisheil  itself  at 
some  period  or  other  in  war.  (Crabb.) 


Sig    nal  ler,  s.     [Eng.  signal,  v. ;  -er.]    One 

who  signals  ;  one  who  makes  signals. 

sJg'-nal-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  signal;  -ly.]  In  a 
signal"  manner  or  degree  ;  eminently,  remark- 
ably, conspicuously,  notably. 

"The  adherence  to  our  purpose  proves  so 
serviceable."— Starch:  tight  of  Jfaturt,  vol.  i,  pt.  it, 

cb.  xx hi. 

Sig'-nal- man,  s.  [Eng.  signal,  and  man.]  A 
man  whose'duty  it  is  to  convey  intelligence, 
notice,  warning,  &c.,  by  signals  ;  specif.,  a 
man  who  works  the  signals  on  a  railway. 

sig'-na-tdr-y,   sig'-na-tar-y,  o.  &  a, 

[Lat.  signatories  =  that  serves  for  sealing.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  seal ;  used  in 
sealing. 

2.  Signing  or  subscribing  to  a  document ; 
specif.,  applied  to  the  head  or  representative 
of  a  state  who  signs  a  public  document,  as  a 
treaty. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  signs ;  specif.,  the 
head  or  representative  of  a  state  who  signs  a 
public  document,  as  a  treaty. 

"  Hoping  to  receive  the  support  of  the  tignatorie* 
of  the  Treaty  of  Berlin."— Daily  Tetyrapk,  ttept.  28, 

sig'-na-ture,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  signatura, 
fern.  sing,  of  fut.   part,   of  signo  —  to  sign 
(q.v.);  Sp.  signatura;  Ital.  signatura,  segna- 
tura.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  mark,  sign,  or  stamp  impressed. 

"  The  tignature  and  stamp  of  power  divine." 

Camper :  Retirement,  54. 

2.  The  name  of  a  person  written  with  his 
own  hand,  and  intended  to  signify  his  ap- 
proval or  ratification  of  the  writing  which 
precedes. 

3.  An  external  mark  or  figure  by  which 
physiognomists     pretend     to    discover    the 
temper  or  character  of  persons. 

II.  Technically: 

L  Music  (PL):  The  signs  of  chromatic 
alteration,  sharps  or  flats,  placed  at  the  com- 
mencement of  a  composition,  immediately 
after  the  clef,  and  affecting  all  notes  of  the 
same  names  as  the  degrees  upon  which  they 
stand,  unless  their  influence  is  in  any  case 
counteracted  by  a  contrary  sign.  (Grove.) 

*  2.  Old  Med. :  A  mark  or  sign  on  any  sub- 
stance, especially  on  a  plant,   supposed  to 
indicate  its  use  as  a  remedy.    [%] 

"  The  doctrine,  that  plants  bear  certain  marks  and 
signatures,  indicative  of  their  qualities  or  properties  " 
— Brown*.'  Worts  (ed.  Bohu),  I.  199  (Note  8j. 

3.  Print. :  A  distinguishing  letter  or  num- 
ber at  the  bottom  of  the  first  page  of  each 
sheet  of  a  book,  to  indicate  its  order  to  the 
folder  and  binder.    Signatures  are  sometimes 
inserted  at  the  bottoms  of  other  pages,  as  the 
third,  fifth,  and  seventh  in  octavo,  the  third 
in  quarto,  and  so  on  of  the  other  styles.    The 
signature  of  the  first  sheet  of  matter  is  B,  A 
being  reserved  for  the  title-page,  index,  con- 
tents, &c. ;  the  next  would  be  c,  and  so  on. 
The  old  Roman  alphabet  was  originally  used 
to  designate  signatures,  but  Arabic  numerals 
are  now  more  commonly  employed.    The  word 
signature  is  also  used  to  denote  the  full  number 
of  pages  included  under  one  signature. 

4.  Scots  Law :  A  writing  formerly  prepared 
and  presented  by  a  writer  to  the  signet,  to  the 
baron  of  exchequer  as  the  ground  of  a  royal 
grant  to  the  person  in  whose  name  it  was 
presented,  which  having,  in  the  case  of  an 
original  charter,  the  sign-manual  of  the  sove- 
reign, and,  in  other  cases,  the  cachet  appointed 
by  the  Act  of  Union  for  Scotland,  attached  to 
it,  became  the  warrant  of  a  conveyance  under 
one  or  other  of  the  seals,  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  subject  or  the  object  in  view. 

^  Doctrine  of  Signatures : 

9  Old  Med. :  (See  extract). 

"  Such  notions  as  these  were  elaborated  into  the  old 
medical  theory  known  as  the  Doctrine  of  Signature* 
which  supposed  that  plants  and  minerals  indicated 
by  their  external  characters  the  diseases  for  which 
nature  had  intended  them  as  remedies.  Thus  the 
Euphrania,  or  Eyebright,  was.  and  is,  supposed  to  be 
good  for  the  eyes,  on  the  strength  of  a  black  pupil- 
Tike  spot  in  its  corolla,  the  yellow  turmeric  was 
thought  good  for  jaundice,  and  the  blood-atone  is 
probably  used  to  this  day  for  stopping  blood  By 
virtue  of  a  similar  association  of  ideas,  the  ginseng 
which  Is  still  largely  used  in  China,  was  also  em- 
ployed by  the  Indians  of  North  America,  and  in  both 
countries  its  virtues  were  deduced  from  the  shape  of 
the  root,  which  is  supposed  to  resemble  the  hun 


*  sig'-na-ture,  v.t.  [SIGNATURE,  *.]  To  mark 

out,  to  distinguish. 

"  Those  who.  by  the  order  of  Providence  and  situa- 
tion of  life,  have  been  tiynatured  to  intellectual  wo- 
fessiuna."— CA*yn«;  Eitay  on  Regimen,  p.  30. 

*  Sig-na-tiir-lst,  s.     [Eng.  signature);  -ist.] 
One  who  holds  to  the  doctrine  that  signatures 
impressed  upon  various  objects  indicate  their 
characters  or  qualities. 

"  Siffnaturitti  have  somewhat  advanced  It.  who 
seldom  omitting  what  aucienU  delivered  ;  drawing 
into  inferences  nauntl  distinction*  of  sex,  not  willing 
to  examine  its  human  resemblance.*1— Browne  :  J'uA/ur 
Jfrrowrs.  bk.  ii.,  ch.  vi. 

*  Slgne,  3.  &  V.      [SlON.] 

sign  er  (g  silent),  s.  [Eng.  sign,  v. ;  -er.] 
One  who  signs. 

sig  net,  s.  [Fr.,  dimin.  of  signe  =  a  sign 
(q.v.).]  A  seal,  especially  the  seal  used  for 
the  seal-manual  of  a  sovereign,  as  in  England, 
one  of  the  seals  for  the  authentication  of 
royal  grants.  lu  Scotland  the  signet  is  a  seal 
by  which  royal  warrants  for  the  purpose  of 
justice  seem  to  have  been  at  one  time  authen- 
ticated. Hence  the  title  of  "clerks  to  the 
signet"  or  "writers  to  the  signet,"  a  class  of 
legal  practitioners  in  Edinburgh  who  formerly 
had  important  privileges,  which  are  now  nearly 
all  abolished.  They  act  generally  as  agents  or 
attorneys  in  conducting  causes  before  the  Court 
of  Session. 

"  The  Parliament  laid  claim  to  a  Veto  on  the  nom- 
ination of  the  Judges,  and  assumed  the  power  of  stop 
ping  the  signet,  iii  other  words,  of  suspending  ths 
whole  administration  of  Justice,  till  this  claim  should 
be  allowed."— MacauJay ;  Uitt.  Eng.,  ch,  xiii. 

TT  Clerk  of  the  signet:  An  officer  in  England 
continually  in  attendance  upon  the  principal 
Secretary  of  State,  who  has  the  custody  of 
the  privy  signet. 

Signet  -  ring,  s.  A  ring  containing  • 
signet  or  private  seal. 

"  His  tignct-ring  she  bore. 
Which  oft  IB  sport  adorned  her  hand  before." 

Byron :  Cortair.  il.  If. 

*  sig  -net-ed,  a.  [Eng.  signet ;  -ed.]  Stamped, 
sealed,  or  marked  with  a  signet. 

*  sig  -ni-fer,  «.    (Lat.  signum  =.  a  sigs,  and 
fero  =  to  bear.]    The  Zodiac. 

*  sig-ni-fi   anco,  *  sig-nl  -fl   aunce,  «. 
[O.  Fr.  signifiance.]    [SIGNIFY.]   Signification 

*  Slg-nlf  '-ic,  a.      [Lat.  signiftco  =  to  signify 
(q.v.).]    Significant 

sig-nlf'-i-cance,  slg-nlf'-l-can-sjf,  • 

[Fr.  significance,  from  Lat.  significantia,  from 
significans  =  signifying,  significant  (q.v.);  Sp. 
&  Ital.  significanza.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  significant ; 
meaning,  import;  that  which  is  intended  to 
be  expressed. 

"If  he  declares  he  Intends  It  for  the  honour  ol 
another,  he  takes  away  by  his  words  the 
of  his  action."— Sti 


2.  The  real  import  of  anything,  as  opposed 
to  that  which  appears  ;  the  internal  and  true 
sense,  as  distinguished  from  the  external  and 
partial. 

3.  Expressiveness,    impressiveness,    force ; 
the  power  or  quality  of  impressing  the  mind. 

"As  far  aa  this  duty  will  admit  of  privacy,  our 
Saviour  hath  enjoined  it  In  terms  of  particular  stf- 
nificancy  and  force." — Atterbury. 

*  4.  Importance,  moment,  consequence. 
"The  third  commandment  would  have  been  of  very 
•mall  siffniftcancy   under  the  Gospel.*— teeter.-   Str- 
moru,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  SO. 

sig-nif  -! -cant,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  significant,  pr. 
par.  of  sigiujico  =  to  signify  (q.v.);  Fr.  tig- 
nijiant.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Serving  to  signify  something;  having  a 
meaning  expressing  or  denoting  something ; 
having  a  signification. 

"Man  .  .  .  survey 'd 

All  creatures,  with  precision  understood 
Their  purport,  uses,  properties,  assign  d 
To  each  his  name  tiynijivtint." 

Cowper;  Yardley  Oak. 

2.  Expressive  or  suggestive  of  something 
more  than  appears  on  the  surface. 

"  He  was  designated  at  the  public  offices  and  lu  the 
antechambers  of  the  palace  by  the  significant  nick- 
name of  the  Cardinal.  — Macautay;  Hitt.  £ng.,ch.  xiiL 

3.  Betokening  something ;  representing  or 
standing  as  a  sign  of  something :  thus,  figures 
standing  for  numbers,  as  1,  2,  S,  Ac.,  are 
called  significant  figures. 

"  It  was  well  said  of  Plotinns,  that  the  stars  wv* 
significant,  but  not  efficient  "—Raleigh. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or.  wore,  W9H  work,  whd(  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


slgnifl.ccta.tly— silenales 


4269 


4.  Expressive  or  suggestive  In  an  eminent 
degree;  forcible;  full  uf  meaning  or  signifi- 
cance. 

"  Other  some  not  so  well  seene  In  the  English  tongue, 
u  perhaps  in  other  languages,  if  they  DimwD  to  tie-are 
an  olde  word,  albeit  very  natural!  and  stanijicant,  cry 
out  straightway,  that  we  epeitke  uo  English,  but  gib- 
berish."— Spenter  :  £pi*tl«  to  Muuter  Harvey. 

*  5.  Important,  momentous. 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  Something  intimating  one's 
meaning  ;  a  sign,  a  token,  a  symbol. 

"  In  dumb  tignijlcantt  proclaim  your  thoughts." 
Shaketp.  :  1  U«nry  Vj.,  11.  4. 

vXg-nir-I-oant-l&  adv.  [Eng.  significant; 
-ly] 

1.  In  a  significant  manner  or  degree  ;  so  as 
to  convey  meaning  or  signification. 

"  Ye  do  significantly  express  it,  ye  do  solemnly  pub- 
lish and  declare  it."—  After  bury  :  Sfrmont,  vol.  lv., 
•er.  & 

2.  Meaningly,  expressively  ;  80  as  to  signify 
or  convey  more  than  appears  on  the  surface. 

•Ig  nlf-I-cate,  s.  [Lat.  tignijicatus,  pa,  par. 
of  significo  ==•  to  signify  (q.v.).] 

Logic:  One  of  several  things  signified  by  a 
common  term. 

•Ig  nl-fl-ca-tlon,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  stgni- 
fieationem,  accus.  of  significatio,  from  signiji- 
catus,  pa.  par.  of  significo  —  to  signify  (q.v.)  ; 
8p.  signification  ;  Ital.  significazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  signifying  ;  the  act  of  making 
known  by  signs  or  other  intelligible  means. 

"For  all  speaking,  or  tiffntycation  of  one's  mind 
Implies  AII  act  or  address  of  oue  man  to  another."— 
South. 

2.  That  which  is  signified  or  expressed  by 
•igus  or  words  ;  meaning,  import,  sense  ;  that 
which  a  person  by  a  sign  intends  to  convey, 
or  that  which  a  sign  is  commonly  understood 
to  convey.    By  custom  certain  signs  or  ges- 
tures have  acquired  a  determined  signification, 
and  so  also  with  figures,  algebraic  characters, 
Ac. 

"3.  That  which  signifies  ;  a  sign. 

*  Slg-nif  '-J-ca-tlve,  a,     [Fr.  rigniftmttf.] 

1.  Betokening  or  representing  by  an  external 
sign. 

*'  The  holy  symbols  or  signs  are  not  barely  tiynijtca- 
flw.  "  —  BrermciMjd. 

2.  Having  signification  or  meaning  ;  expres- 
sive of  a  meaning  ;  signified  tory,  significant. 

"  Neither  in  the  degree*  of  kindred  they  were  desti- 
tute of  tiynijicative  words,"  —  Camdm:  Remain*; 
Language*. 


^,  adv.      [Eng.  signifi- 
tive; -Iti.]     In  a  significative  manner  ;  so  as 
to  betoken  by  an  external  sign  ;  significantly. 

"  This  sentence  must  either  be  taken  tropically, 
that  bread  may  be  the  body  of  Christ  itgni&cat  irmly, 
or  else  it  is  plainly  absurd  and  Impossible,  —Piter: 
Ant.  to  M  alone,  p.  190. 

"Big  nif-1-ca-tive  ness,  *.  [Eng.  tignljl- 
cative;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
significative. 

«Ig-niT-i-<»-tor,  «.  [Lat]  One  who  or 
that  which  signifies  or  makes  known  by  signs, 
words,  Ac. 

"  They  are   principal!  tignifle-atnn  of 
Burton  :  Anat.  of  Melancholy,  p.  ISO. 


r-y,  o.  &  *.     [Lat.  signijica- 
torius.] 

A.  J4*od;.;Havingsigniflcation  or  meaning; 
significative. 

B.  Assubst, :  That  which  signifies,  betokens, 
or  represents. 

"  Here  is  a  double  tignificatory  of  the  spirit,  a  word 
and  a  sign."— ray  (or. 

•  slg-ni-fJ-ca'-ylt,  «.  [Lat.,  3rd  pers.  sing. 
perf.  indie,  of  $ignifico=  to  signify  (q.v.).] 

Eccles.  Law :  A  writ,  now  obsolete,  issuing 
out  of  Chancery  upon  certificate  given  by  the 
ordinary  of  a  man  s  standing  excommunicate 
by  the  space  of  forty  days,  for  the  keeping 
him  in  prison  till  he  submit  himself  to  the 
authority  of  the  Church.  (Wharton.) 

•Ig'-ni-f*-,  *Big-ni-fle,  *syg-ny-fyo,  v.t. 
At.  [tr.  signifier;  from  Lat.  signiftco=to 
show  by  signs  :  signum  =  a  sign,  and  /acio  = 
to  make ;  Sp.  &  Port,  rignificar;  Ital  signiA- 
«re.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  known  by  signs  or  words ;  to 
express,  convey,  or  communicate  to  another 
by  words,  signs,  gestures,  or  the  like. 

"  Nobody  ever  saw  one  animal,  by  its  gestures  and 
Mtuial  cries,  tignify  to  another,  this  is  mine,  that 
Fonn;  I  am  willing;  to  give  this  for  that,"— Smith  : 
W faith  of  Jfationt,  bV  L,  oh.  ii. 


2.  To  give  notice  of;  to  announce,  to  de- 
clare, to  impart. 

"  This  he  found,  and  titjniAtd  the  lame  by  signal."— 
Cook  :  Second  Voyaj*.  bk.  (.,  cli.  ill. 

3.  To  mean,  to  import,  to  denote ;  to  have 
the  meaning  or  sense  of. 

"  A  tale 

Told  by  an  Idiot,  full  of  sound  and  fury. 
"  Kinni/yinff  nothing."         Slmketp. :  Macbeth,  v.  6. 

*4.  To  represent ;  to  suggest  as  being  in- 
tended. 

"  Let  him  have  some  plaster,  or  some  loam,  or  some 
rough-cast  about  him  to  tigittyy  wail."  —  SHakeip.  : 
Midsummer  fiight't  Dream,  ill. 

5.  To  weigh,  to  matter. 

"  What  tignifirt  the  splendour  of  courts,  considering 
the  slavish  attendances  that  go  along  with  itf— 
L' Estrange. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  of  consequence  or  importance,  to 
matter :  as,  It  does  not  signify  whether  you 
go  or  not 

*2.  To  express  meaning  with  force. 

*'  For  If  the  words  be  but  becoming,  and  tignifs/ing, 
and  the  sense  gentle  there  is  juyce."— B«n  Jorucm : 
Ditcovtriet. 

Signior,  signer  (as  sen  yor),  s.  [Ital. 
signore  ;  Sp.  seitor.  ]  A  title  of  respect  cor- 
responding to  the  English  sir,  or  Mr.  ;  French, 
Monsieur. 

"  This  worthy  tiyntor,  I  thank  him.  makes  no 
stranger  of  me."— Stwkttp.  :  CymbeliM,  L  5. 

*  signiorize  (as  sen'-yor-ize),  v.i.  &  t.  [Se- 

KIORIZE.] 

*  signiorship,  *  algnorahlp  (as  sen'  ybr 
Ship),  s.    [Eng.  siynitir,  signor ;  -ship.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  a  signior. 

*  signlory,  "  slgnory  (as  sen'-yor-y),  *. 

[SE1QNOBY.] 

1.  A  principality,  a  province. 

"At  that  time 

Through  all  the  tigniariet  It  was  the  first, 
And  Prospero  the  prime  duke." 

Hh.ik*ti>. :  Ttmput,  i.  2. 

2.  An  estate,  a  manor  ;  the  landed  property 
of  a  lord.    (Shakesp. :  Richard  II.,  iv.  1.) 

3.  Government,  power,  dominion,  seigniory. 

4.  The  governing  body  ;  the  aristocracy. 

"  My  services  which  I  have  done  the  tigninry" 

ShakMp. :  Othftlo,  L  2. 

6.  Seniority. 

"  If  ancient  sorrow  be  most  reverent, 
Give  mine  the  benefit  of  tigniory, 
And  let  my  griefs  frown  on  the  upper  hand." 
Shakt*p. :  Mctotfa  ///.,  iv.  4. 

signer,  ».    [SiaxioB.] 

signora   (as    sen-yor  a),    «.      [Ital.]     An 

Italian  title  of  address  or  respect,  equivalent 
to  Madame  or  Mrs. 

signorina  (as  sen  yor-e'  na),  s.  [Ital.] 
An  Italian  title  of  address  or  respect,  equiva- 
lent to  Miss  ;  Fr.  mademoiselle. 

slg'-num,  f.    [Lat.  =  a  sign  (q.v.).] 

Law :  A  cross  prefixed  as  a  sign  of  assent 

and  approbation  to  a  charter  or  deed. 
IT  Ecce  signum  (Lat  =  behold  the  sign) :  Here 

is  ocular  demonstration  for  you.    (Shakesp. : 

1  Henry  IV.t  ii.  4.) 

*sigrim,    *segrum,    •  seggrom,  "«cg 
grum,  s.     [Cf.  sengreen  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  (1)  Senecio  Jacobcua,  (2)  Semperviw.ru 
tectorum. 

Bike,  a.    [SUCH.] 
*sike,o.  &.$.    [SrcK.1 

sike  (1),  s.  [Icel.  si/;.]  A  small  stream  of 
water,  a  rill ;  a  marshy  bottom  with  a  small 
stream  in  it  (Proy.) 

*  sike  s.  &  v.    [SIOH,  «.] 
*sik'-er,  Ac.    [SICKER,  &c.] 

Sikh,  Seikh,  s.  [Sans,  sishya ;  Mahratta,  &c. 
shishya,  —  a  disciple.] 

Religious  History,  &c. :  A  Hindoo  refonning 
sect  and  nationality,  the  former  of  which 
commenced  with  Nanuk  Shah,  (A.D.  1469- 
1539).  He  was  an  enthusiast  who,  retaining 
the  whole  body  of  poetical  and  mythological 
fiction  of  Hindooism,  still  preached  the  unity 
of  the  Godhead,  the  essential  identity  of  all 
castes,  universal  toleration,  and  the  emanci- 
pation of  the  spirit  from  the  tenets  of  Maya 
(illusion),  by  acts  of  benevolence  and  self- 
denial.  Persecuted  by  the  Mutiammadans, 
the  Sikh  enthusiasm  became  fanaticism;  and 


about  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
their  leader,  the  Guru  Govind,  the  tenth 
teacher  from  Nanuk,  devoted  hid  followers  to 
steel  and  the  worship  of  the  sword,  which  he 
encouraged  them  to  use  in  defence  of  the 
faith.  He  also  ordered  his  adherents  to  allow 
their  "lair  and  beards  to  grow,  to  wear  blue 
garmeuts,  and  eat  all  flesh  but  that  of  the  cow. 
Caste  was  abolished  among  his  followers,  and 
the  Das  Padishah  ka  gruntfi  was  compiled  by 
him,  that,  with  the  Adi  Granth,  containing 
tin:  sayings  of  Nanuk  and  his  immediate  suc- 
cessors, it  might  supersede  the  Vedas  arid 
the  Puranas.  The  struggle  against  the  Mu- 
hammadan  government  was  sanguinary,  but 
it  ended  by  the  Sikhs  achieving  their  inde- 
pendence. Runjeet  Singh  (1780-1839),  the 
Lion  of  the  Punjaub,  their  chief  seat,  ob- 
tained for  them  the  benefit  of  European 
discipline,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  Sikh 
empire,  which,  coming  into  collision  with  the 
Anglo-Indian  government,  went  down  in  the, 
pitched  battles  of  Moodkee,  Ferozeshah, 
Aliwal,  and  Sobraon,  in  1845-6.  Rebellion 
occurring  in  1848,  further  losses  were  inflicted 
in  1849,  at  Chillianwallah  and  Gooztrai. 
When  the  mutinies  broke  out  in  1857,  th« 
Sikhs,  who  had  been  well  governed  during 
the  few  years  they  had  been  under  British 
rule,  fought  with  exceeding  loyalty  on  the 
side  of  their  conquerors,  to  prevent  the 
restoration  of  a  Muhammadan  empire  like 
that  from  which,  two  centuries  before,  they 
ha'd  suffered  such  persecution. 

sil'  age  (age  as  ig),  8.  [An  abbrev.  of  en, 
silage  (q.v.).]  Ensilage ;  fodder  prepared  b) 
the  system  of  ensilage. 

"The  superior  value  of  good  tilage  over  hay  for 
milk  production."— Ftotdt  Deo.  l»,  1884. 

Sll-age  (age  as  Ig),  v.t.  [SILAOK,  s.]  To 
prepare  or  preserve  in  a  silo  (q.v.). 

"  Any  grass  in  excess   of  the  requirements  of  the 
stock  could  be  ttiagvd,"— Firid,  Dec.  19,  1866. 

sll-a  6-mte,  s.  [After  Silao,  Mexico,  when 
found  ;  n  connect.,  and  guff,  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Min. :  A  massive  mineral,  described  as  a 
seleuide  of  bismuth.  Now  shown  to  be  a  mix- 
ture. 

si-la'-us,  s.  [Lat  =  Silaus  praUnsi*.]  [Seede£j 
Bot. :  Pepper  Saxifrage,  a  genus  of  Seselinidae 
(Lindley),  of  Schultzieae  (Sir  J.  Hooker).  Par- 
tial involucre,  many-leaved,  .calyx  obsolete ; 
petals  obcordate,  subemargiaate,  with  an  in- 
flated point  appendaged  or  sessile.  Fruit 
oval ;  carpels  with  five  sharp,  somewhat 
winged  ribs,  and  many  vittse  between.  Known 
species,  two ;  one,  Silaus  pratensis,  the  Meadow 
Pepper  Saxifrage,  is  British. 

Sil  boe   lite,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful,  but  prob- 
ably after  Silboele,  Finland  ;  suff.  -ite  (3fin.),J 
Afin. :  A  variety  of  actinolite  (q.v.). 

•lie  (1),  s.    [SILL  (2).] 

sile  (2),  s.  [Sw.  aUa  =  to  strain ;  fti  =  a 
strainer  ;  Low  Ger.sieien  =  to  draw  off  water; 
cf.  Icel.  sia;  Dan.  sie  =  to  filter  ;  A.S.  sihan 
=  to  filter ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sihan ;  Ger.  ttihen.} 

1.  A  sieve,  a  strainer.    (Prop.) 

2.  Filth,  sediment,  silt 

sile,  v.t.  &  i.    [SILE  (2),  *.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  strain,  as  fresh  milk  froir 
the  cow. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  flow  down,  to  drop,  to  tall. 

H  Provincial  in  both  uses. 

*  si  le  na'-9e  se,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat  stttn(e); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -actas.] 

Bot. :  An  old  order  of  plants  now  generally 
reduced  to  a  sub-order  or  tribe  Silenese  (q.v.). 

Sl-le'-nad,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  silence) ;  Eng.  suff. 
-ad.] 

Bot.  (PL):  The  Caryophyllaceae,  called  also 
Cloveworts.  (Lindley.) 

si  le   nal.  a.    [SILENALES.? 

Bot. :  Of  or  belonging  to  tin  Silenales  (q.v.)  : 
as,  the  Silenal  Alliance. 

si  lc  na  le?,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  sUen(e);  Lat    ^ 
masc.  or  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ales.] 

Bot. :  The  Silenal  Alliance ;  an  alliance  of 
Hypogynous  Exogens.  Flowers  nionodi- 
chlamydeous;  carpels  combined  into  a  com- 
pound fruit,  having  a  free  central  placenta 
and  an  external  embryo,  curved  around  » 


boll,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  cap  1st.   ph  =  C. 
-cian,    tUn  -  shan,   -tlon,  -*ion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -sion  =  zhon.   -<sious. -tioua, -sious  -  slius.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4270 


silence— silicic 


little  mealy  albumen.  Orders :  Caryophyl- 
lacew,  Illecebraccae,  Portulacacew,  and  Poly- 
gonacefe.  (Li  miley.) 

lenco,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  siltntw,  from 
sUeii8t  genit  ailetitis  —  silent  (q.v.);  Sp.  & 
Fort.  suencio;  llal.  siUnzio.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  or  being  silent ;  the 
•tat*    which    prevails    when    everything    is 
silent ;   entire   absence  of  noise ;    stillness, 
quiet. 

"  I  should  poneu 

The  poets  treasure,  tilenc-:  and  indulge 
The  dreams  of  Luicy."        Courier  :  Tatk,  L  235. 

2.  Stillness,    calmness ;   a   state    of    rest, 
quii-t,  or  cessation  from  agitation,  fury,  or 
tumult :  am,  The  winds  were  hushed  to  silence. 

3.  The  state  of  holding  one's  peace;  for- 
bearance of  speech  in  man  or  of  noise  in  other 
animate  ;  taciturnity,  muteness  :  as,  To  keep 
silence,  to  listen  in  silence. 

4.  The  refraining  from  speaking  of  or  mak- 
ing known  something;  secrecy:  as,  To  pur- 
chase a  person's  silence. 

5.  Oblivion,  obscurity  ;  absence  of  mention. 
^  Silfnce  is  either  occasional  or  habitual ; 

it  may  arise  from  circunwrtances  or  character ; 
taciturnity  is  mostly  habitual,  and  springs 
from  disposition. 

1-191196,  V.t.     [SILENCE,  *.] 

1.  To  make  silent ;  to  compel  to  hold  one's 
peace,  or  to  refrain  from  speaking. 

"  The  Interested  individuals,  who  have  been  served 
by  their  connlug.  hava  been  tllmcfd." — Knox:  Winter 
Mwningt,  even.  «. 

2.  To   oppose    or  refute   with   arguments 
which  are  unanswerable. 

."—  Macau- 


"  The  king  wu  tU*ne*d,  but  not 
lag:  But.  Eng.,  oh.  viL 

3.  To  stop  from  sounding  ;  to  quiet  ;   to 
•take  to  cease. 

"  Mfefic*  that  dreadfnl  bell.* 

Shake*?.  :  Othtllo,  fl  8. 

4.  To  atop  the  noise  of  firing  from  ;  to  canse 
to  cease  tiring,  as  by  a  vigorous  cannonade. 

"  To  ucertjdu  the  comparative  efficiency  of  quick- 
firing  and  machine  gum  in  tilencing  a  chore  battery." 
—It.intlartl,  Oct.  IS,  ISM. 

5.  To  restrain  in  reference    to   liberty  of 
speech  ;   especially,  to  restrain  or  interdict 
from    preaching    by   revoking   a   licence    to 
preach. 

**  Tin  titenc'd  preacher  yields  to  patent  (train, 
And  (eels  that  grace  hi»  prayer  besought  in  vain." 
V    Pop*  :  Imitation  of  fforact,  Bp,  i 

6.  To  still,  to  quiet,  to  appease,  to  restrain  : 
•B,  To  silent*  opposition,  to  silence  complaints. 

•1-191190,  interj.  [SILENCE,  v.]  Used  ellipti- 
cally  for,  Let  there  be  alienee,  or,  Keep  silence. 

"  Stttnot  I  one  word  more 
dball  make  me  chide  thee,  if  not  lute  thee." 

Skakttp.  ;  Tempett.  L  J. 

si  le  no,  s.  [From  Lat  siUnus  (q.  v.)  (Lmtdon), 
from  Or.  o-i'oAoc  (sialon)  =  spittle,  from  the 
viscid  moisture  on  the  stalks  of  many  species, 
by  which  small  flies  are  entrapped  ;  hence 
the  English  name,  Catchfly.  (Paxton,  Sir/. 
Hooker,  Ac.X] 

Bat.  :  Catchfly  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Silenese. 
Calyx  gamnsepalous,  tubular,  often  ventricose, 
flve-toothedt  ten-nerved  ;  petals  five,  clawed, 
mostly  crowned  at  the  mouth,  and  with  the 
Kmb  generally  notched  or  bifid  ;  stamens  tea  ; 
styles  usually  three  ;  capsule  three-celled  be- 
low, six  toothed  above,  many  seeded.  Species 
200,  from  the  north  temperate  zone.  Of  these 
the  United  States  possess  ten  native  and  several 
that  have  been  introduced.  These  are  usually 
inconspicuous  plants,  but  Sileue  regia,  the 
tiplendid  Catchfly,  is  of  large  size  and  beau- 
tiful in  cultivation,  it  bearing  flowers  of  a 
bright  scarlet  color.  Its  range  is  from  Ohio  to 
Louisiana.  Europe  possesses  a  considerable 
number  of  species,  variously  known  as  Cam- 
pion and  Catchfly,  the  latter  name  due  to  their 
viscid  secretions.  Many  species  are  cultivate-! 
as  ornamental  plants.  Darwin  mentions  Silene 
as  a  genus  in  which  it  is  nearly  impoe«il>e 
to  produce  hybrids,  even  between  the  most 
closely  allied  species.  S,  OlUes  is  bitter  and 
astringent;  it  has  been  given  in  dropsy.  A 
deooction  of  the  root  of  &  virginica  has  been 
used  in  the  United  States  as  an  anthelmlntic. 


-le  -nS-»,  s.     [Mod.  Lat  *H«i(0  ;  Lat  fern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.} 

Bat.  :  A  sub-order  of  Caryophyllacefe.  Sepals 
united  into  a  tube,  opposite  the  stamens, 
when  the  latter  equal  them  in  number. 

1  -lent,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  silens,  genit  silentis,  pr. 


par.  of  yileo  =  to  be  still  ;   cogn.  with  Goth. 
(anu)silan=  to  become  silent] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Not  speaking  ;  mute,  dumb, 

"  O  my  God,  I  cry  In  the  day  time,  and  in  the  night 
•easun  I  am  nut  silent,"—  Piulm  xxii.  1 

2.  Habitually  taciturn  ;  naturally  disposed 
to  silence;  speaking  little;  not  loquacious. 

"  UlysMo,  addi  he,  was  the  moat  eloquent  and  moat 
tit  '-tit  ot  men,"—  Broom*;  On  the  Odyttfy. 

3.  Not  making  mention  or  proclamation  ; 
making  no  noise  or  rumour. 

"  This  new  created  world,  whereof  in  hell 
Fame  is  not  tilrnt."         ifilt>n  :  P.  L.,  iv.  938. 

4.  Perfectly  quiet  ;  still  ;  free  from  noise  or 
sound  :  as,  a  silent  wood. 

5.  Making  no  noise  ;  noiseless  :  as,  a  silent 
match. 

6.  Not    pronounced    or    expressed  ;    m-t 
sounded  in  pronunciation  :  as,  The  e  in  fable 
is  silent. 

*  7.  Having  no  effect;  not  operating;   in- 
efficient 

"Second  and  Instrumental  causes,  together  with 
nature  itself,  without  that  operative  faculty  which 
God  gave  them,  would  become  lilent,  virtueless,  and 
dead  r-Rnltigh  :  Hitt.  KVrW. 

*  B.  At  subst.  :  A  time  of  silence  ;  silence, 
quiet 

"  Deep  Digbt,  dark  eight,  the  Ulent  of  the  night." 
Sh-iketp.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  L  4. 

Silent  partner,  5.     The  same  as  SLKEP- 

INO  Or  DORM  ANT-  PARTNER.       [DORMANT.] 

silent  system,  s.  A  system  of  prison 
discipline  which  imposes  entire  silence  among 
the  prisoners  even  when  assembled  together. 

*  si-  len'-ti-ar-y  (ti  as  shl),  s.  [Lat  silen- 
tiarius  ;  Fr."  silenciaire.] 

1.  One  appointed  to  keep  silence  and  order 
in  a  court  of  justice. 

2.  A  privy  -councillor  ;  one  sworn  to  secrecy 
in  affairs  of  state. 

"  The  emperor  afterwards  cent  his  rescript  by  En- 
at»thlua,the«Z«M«ar»."—  Barrow:  Fope't  Supremacy. 

"  si  I6n  tious,  a.  [Lat  sUentiofus.]  Ha- 
bitually silent  ;  taciturn. 

81   le^it  ly,  adv.     [Eng.  silent;  -Jy.] 

1.  In  a  silent  manner  ;   without  words  or 
speech. 

"  Some  band  unseen  theae  rilentlu  di«pl*y'd  " 

Thornton  :  Caitl*  <tf  Indtftuce.  L  31 

2.  Without  noise  ;  quietly. 

"  With  tiptoe  step  vice  tilentlf  •ucceeds.'* 

Cowper:  Expatriation,  84. 

3.  Without  mention  ;  in  silence. 

"What  the  compilers  recommended  chiefly  to  onr 
faith,  he  tilfntly  passes  OTer."—  Wattrland;  Work*. 

v.  887. 

81  lent  ngss,  s.  [Eng.  silent  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  silent  ;  silence,  still- 
ness, quiet 

"  And  if  my  eye*  reveal'd  it,  they,  alae  1 
Were  punish  d  by  the  rilentneu  of  thine," 

Byron  :  Lament  of  Taut.  v. 

t  si-le'-nus,  s.  [Lat  ,  from  Gr.  2ctAiptff  (Sri- 
linos),  the  constant  attendant  and  tutor  of 
Bacchus,  and  the  father  of  the  Satyrs.  He 
was  represented  as  drunken,  bald-headed,  with 
short  horns  and  a  flat  nose.] 

Zool.  :  An  old  genus  of  Monkeys,  with  one 
species,  Silenws  vetus,  the  Silenns  Ape  or 
Wanderoo  (q.v.),  now  merged  in  Uacacus. 

silenns-ape,  s.    [SILENL-S.] 

Bi'-ler,  s.  [Lat  =  a  kind  of  willow,  Salix 
Caprea  or  S.  vitellina*  Not  of  the  modern 
genus.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Sileridffi  (q.v.). 
Siler  trUobum  occurs  in  Cambridgeshire,  but 
is  rare. 

Sl-Ur'-i'-dae,  *.  pi.     [Mod.    Lat.   tiler;   Lafr. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 
Bot.  :  A  family  or  tribe  of  Apiacece. 


-j,  s.    [Etyrn.  doubtful.] 
Arch,  :  Foliage  carved  on  the  tops  of  pillars. 
si  le  »i  a  (»1  as  shl),  5.    [Seedef.] 

Fabric  :  A  kind  of  thin  coarse  linen  cloth, 
so  called  from  having  been  originally  manu- 
factured. in  Silesia,  a  province  of  Prussia. 

SI  le   sl-an  (si  as  »hl),  a.  &  s.    [SILESIA.] 

A.  As  adj.:    Pertaining    or    relating    to 
Silesia  :  as,  Silesian  linen. 

B.  As  svbtt.  :  A  native  or  inhabitant   of 


si   ler,  «.    [Lat  =  flint] 

Min,  ,  etc.  :  A  word  formerly  used  to  desig- 
nate any  flinty  substance,  also  as  an  equivalent 
of  silica  (q.v.). 

BiU'-berg-ite,  *.  [After  Vester-Silfberget, 
Sweden,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  honey-yellow 
crystals  or  in  large  cleavable  masses.  U;ini- 
ness,  5'5;  sp.  gr.  3'44t>  ;  lustre,  vitreims  : 
transparent.  Compos.  :  silica,  43'83  ;  prot- 
oxide of  iron,  30'49  ;  protoxide  of  manganese, 
8-34  ;  magnesia,  8-39  ;  lime,  1-74  ;  loss  on  igni- 
tion, 0'44  =  98*23,  which  nearly  corresponds 
to  the  proposed  formula,  4FeSiOa  4-  2(MgCa) 
S1O3  +  MuSiOj. 

sil'-green,  s.    [SENGRiEN.] 

sil  hou  ette  ,  s.  [A  name  given,  about  1767, 
in  derision  of  the  French  Minister  of  Finance, 
Etienne  Silhouette,  he  having  vexed  the 
people  of  Paris  by  many  salutary  and  some 
rather  trifling  reforms;  the  wits,  therefore, 
dubbed  any  very  cheap  article  a  silhouette.] 
A  profile  or  outline  representation  of  an 
object  tilled  in  with  black.  The  inner  parts 
are  .sometimes  touched  up  with  lines  of  lighter 
colour,  and  shadows  are  indicated  by  a 
brightening  of  gum  or  other  lustrous  medium. 
The  first  notice  of  the  modern  practice  of  the 
art  was  in  regard  to  portraits  made  by 
Elizabeth  Pyberg,  who  cut  the  protiles  of 
William  and  Mary  out  of  black  paper,  1699. 

"Converting  the  old  lady's  strong  iiquiliue  profile 
Into  a  grim  tithouett?  of  some  warrior  uf  aucient 
Greece  or  'SiOD»t—Ma/rpfr'»  Magazine,  June,  18*4 
p.  117. 

siT-i-ca,  5.    [Lat]    [SILICIC-ANHYDEIDE.! 

sil  I-cal-car'-e'H&us,  sll-l-cl-cal-cai'-*- 
OUS,  a.  [Eng.  silica,  and  calcareous.] 

Min.  &  Petrol.  :  Applied  to  calcareous  sub- 
stances containing  free  silica. 

Sil   i-cate,  «.     [Eng.  *Hi«(ic);  -ate.} 
Chem.  :  A  salt  of  silicic  acid. 


,  a.    [Eng.  silicate);  -ed.]    Com- 
bined with  silica  ;  coated  with  silica. 

silicatcd  hydrogen,  s. 

Chem.  :  Sill^.  tiilicium  hydride.  A  colour- 
less gas  produced  by  treating  magnesium  con- 
taining silicium  with  hydrochloric  acid.  In 
its  impure  state  it  takes  lire  spontaneously 
when  exposed  to  the  air,  burning  with  a  white 
flame,  and  depositing  clouds  of  silica.  On 
1-assiiig  pure  silicated  hydrogen  through  a 
tube  heated  to  redness  it  is  decomposed,  silica 
being  deposited. 

sil-i-cat-i-ra-tion,   s.     [Eng.  silica^); 
-ization.) 

Min.  A  Petrol.  ;  Becoming  more  or  lea 
changed  to  silica  or  a  silicate. 

si  119   e  a  (or  9  as  sh),  s.  pi.    [Neut.  pi.  of 

Lat  siliceus  =  of  flint,  flinty.] 
Zool.  :  Tlie  Silicispongia  (q.v.). 

si-lf'-ceous  (ee  as  sh),  si  -li-  clous,  a 
[Lat  siliceus.] 

Min,  <f  Petrol.  :  Applied  to  any  mineral 
substance  or  rock  containing  or  consisting 
wholly  or  in  part  of  impure  silica* 

siliceous-sinter,  s. 

Min.  :  A  spongy  or  cellular  form  of  silica, 
mostly  hydrated,  and  therefore  referable  to 
opal  (q.v.),  brought  to  the  surface  and  de- 
posited by  thermal  waters,  occasionally  the 
deposit  is  more  or  less  compact  with  a  vitre- 
ous lustre,  and  in  this  case  is  not  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  true  opal. 

siliceous  -  sponges,    s.    pi.     [SILICI- 

SPONQIA. 

8i-li9'-ic,  a.     [Eng.  silicium)  :  -ic.]    Derived 
from  or  containing  silica. 

silicic-acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  Si  HO*  A  weak  polybasic  acid  ob- 
tained by  acting  on  a  solution  of  acidic  Mid 
potassic  silicate  with  hydrochloric  acid.  On 
concentrating  the  solution,  the  silicic  acid 
separates  out  as  a  gelatinous  precipitate.  It 
is  very  unstable,  having  a  great  tendency  to 
give  off  water  and  form  the  anhydride. 

silicic  anhydride,  s. 

Chem.  :  8iO2.  Silica.  Silicic  oxide.  Occurs 
In  nature  as  sand,  flint,  rock  crystal,  quartz, 
&c.,  and  readily  prepared  by  heating  silicic 


ftte.  At,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wolft  work,  wh$,  son ;  mute,  cnb,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    w,  OB  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


sllicicalcareous— silk 


4271 


acid  to  100°.  In  the  amorphous  state  it  Is  a 
fine  white  lewder,  sp.  gr.  i'9-2'3,  but  in  the 
crystalline  condition  it  exists  in  the  form  of 
hexagonal  prisms,  terminated  by  a  hexagonal 
pyramid,  as  in  rock-crystal,  sp.  gr.  2'69.  In 
both  forms  it  Is  Insoluble  in  water  and  acids, 
with  the  exception  of  hydrofluoric  acid. 

silicic  chloride,  «. 

Clum. :  81014.  Obtained  by  heating  a  mix- 
ture of  finely  divided  carbon  and  silicic  an- 
hydride in  a  current  of  dry  chlorine.  It  is  a 
colourless,  mobile  liquid,  fuming  in  contact 
with  air  ;  sp.  gr.  1-52,  and  boiling  at  59*.  Water 
decomposes  it  instantaneously,  with  forma- 
tion of  silicic  and  hydrochloric  acids. 

silicic -ethers,  s.  pi. 

Chem.. :  Silicates  of  alcohol  radiclea.produced 
by  the  action  of  alcohols  ou  silicic  chloride. 

silicic-fluoride,  «. 

Chem. :  SiP4.  A  colourless  gas  with  pun- 
gent odour,  prepared  by  heating  a  mixture  of 
quart/,  sand,  fluorspar,  and  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  collecting  in  a  dry  vessel 
over  mercury.  It  fumes  in  contact  with  air, 
ami  under  a  pressure  of  thirty  atmospheres 
condenses  to  a  colourless  liquid. 

silicic  hydrotrichloride,  s.  [SILICON- 

CHLOROFORM.] 

silicic  oxide,  «.    [SILICIC-ANHYDRIDE.] 
•Il-i-ci-c&l-oar'-e-ous,   o.      [SILICALCAB- 

EOUb.] 

sll-i-qif'-er-ous,  o.  [Eng.  »f/i<<o);  Lat/ero 
=  to  produce,  and  Eng.  sulf.  -mis.] 

Petrol.:  Applied  to  rocks  containing  mi- 
nut'-ly  disseminated  free  silica. 

si  lic-i-fl-ca'-tion,  s.   [Eng.  sXiciJ(y) ;  -ieeo- 
tion.} 

Petrol. :  Applied  to  rocks  in  which  silica 
replaces  one  or  more  of  their  constituents. 

Bi-ll9'-I-f  led,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [SILICIFT.] 
silicifled  wood,  >. 

Min.  :  Quartz  pseudomorphous  after  wood 
in  which  the  original  structure  is  usually  well 
retained. 

•1-119  i-tf,  v.t.  &  i.    [Lat  Ma,  genit  Midi 
=  a  Hint,  and/ocio  (pass.Jlo)  =  to  make.} 

A.  Trans.  :To  convert  into  silica;  to  miner- 
alize or  petrify  by  silica. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  become  silica ;  to  be  im- 
pregnated with  silica. 

•fl-I-9i(-mur'-ite,  s.  [Eng.  silica);  Lat. 
mur(ex),  genit.  murticia)  =  a  rock,  or  point  of 
rock,  and  raff,  -ite  (Miii.).] 

Mln. :  A  name  formerly  applied  to  a  com- 
pound of  silica  and  magnesia. 

•11-1-9K  o'-phlte,  s.    [Eng.  Mica,  andopMfe.] 
J/iu. :  A  name  given  by  Schrauf  to  a  sub- 
stance  supposed    to   have  an   intermediate 
composition  between  oliviue  and  opal,  and 
resulting  from  the  alteration  of  the  former. 

sl-li   clous,  a.    [SILICEOUS.] 

sil  i  ci  spon  -gl-ae,  s.  pt.  [Lat.  siltx,  genit 
si! ins  =  flint,  and  spongia  =  a  sponge  (q.v.),] 
Zool. :  An  order  of  Sponges.  Skeleton 
characterized  by  siliceous  spicules  which  may 
or  may  not  be  united  into  a  fibrous  skeleton. 
They  are  the  most  highly  developed  of  the 
class,  and  its  most  numerous  division.  They 
exist  in  all  seas.  The  only  family  of  fresh- 
wateraponges  falls  under  this  order.  Families, 
or  sub-orders :  Monaxonidee,  Tetractinellidse, 
and  Ilexactinellidie. 

•n--I-9ite,  s.    [Eng.siH<<a);  Buff,  -ite  (Win.).] 
Min. :  Labradorite  (q.v.),  from  Co.  Antrim. 

sl-Up'-it-e'd,  a.    [Lat.  tiltx,  genit.  «iio(s)  = 
flint;  t  connect.,  and  Eng.  sufT.  -ed.] 

Min. :  Impregnated  with  silica  to  a  greater 
or  less  degree. 

»l-li9  -I-um,  ••  I1**-  *&**,  genit  atficis  = 
flint.  Modelled  on  calcium,  potassium,  &c.] 
Chem. :  Silicon.  A  tetratomic  element, 
symbol,  Si ;  at.  wt.  28-2 ;  sp.  gr.  (crystallized) 
S-49,  first  isolated  by  Berwlius  in  1810; 
occurs  in  combination  with  oxygen  as  quartz 
or  silica,  and  enters  largely  into  the  composi- 
tion of  many  of  the  rocks  of  which  the  earth 
is  composed.  With  the  exception  of  oxygen 


it  is  the  most  abundant  and  widely  distributed 
of  the  elements.  It  may  be  obtained  nearly 
pure  by  heating  the  double  fluoride  of  silicium 
and  potassium  in  a  glass  vessel  with  its  own 
weight  of  potassium  or  sodium,  and  treating 
the  fused  mass  when  cold  with  water,  silicium 
remaining  behind  as  a  dark-brown  amorphous 
powder.  It  may  also  be  obtained  in  the  crys- 
talline form  by  heating  in  a  crucible  a  mixture 
of  aluminium,  glass,  and  cryolite.  Amorphous 
silicium  is  devoid  of  lustre,  inflames  when 
heated  in  the  air,  and  is  insoluble  in  water 
and  all  acids,  except  hydrofluoric,  in  which  it 
dissolves  readily.  Crystallized  silicium  forms 
dark  lustrous  octahedra,  hard  enough  to 
scratch  glass,  and  is  almost  infusible. 

silicium-hydride,  «.      [SLLICATED-HT- 

DROGES.J 

•Ml9-i-ur-et'-ed,  sMIo-l-ur-St'-tSd,  a. 

[Bug.  silicate,  and  uretud.]    Silicated  (q.v.). 

siliciuretted-hydrogen,  s.  [SILICATED- 

BYDROGEN.) 

sil'-I-cle,  si-lic'-u-la,  •  [Lat.  silicula, 
dilniu.  from  siliqua  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  A  shorter  form  of  a  siliqua,  in  no 
case  more  than  four  times  as  long  as  broad, 
and  often  much  shorter. 

sil  i  co  bor  6-cal  9ite,  ».  [Pref.  lilico-, 
and  Eng.  borocalcite.] 

Min. :  A  compact  to  earthy  mineral  occur- 
ring in  small  nodules  in  anhydrite  or  gypsum 
near  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia.  Hardness,  3'5  ; 
sp.  gr.  2'55 ;  lustre,  subvitreons ;  colour, 
white  ;  subtranslucent  Compos. :  boric  acid, 
48-0;  silica,  15'8;  lime,  29-4;  water,  11-8  = 
100.  According  to  How,  the  formula  should 
be  2CaOSiO2  +  2(CaO2BOs  +  HO)  +  SHOBOj. 

sll-I-co-flu  oV-Io,  o.  [Eng.  Mico(n\  and 
fluoric.]  A  synonym  of  Hydrofluosilicic  (q.v.). 

silicofluoric  -  acid,  s.     [HYDROFLOO- 

8IL1CIC-ACID.] 

sil-i  cd  flu'-or-ide,  «.  [Eng.  iilico(n),  and 
fluoride.} 

Chan.  (PI.) :  ZMF-SiF^  Salts  produced  by 
dissolving  the  metallic  oxides,  hydrates,  or 
carbonates  in  silicofluoric  acid,  till  the  liquid 
is  saturated.  The  siiicofluorides  of  sodium, 
lithium,  barium,  and  calcium  are  sparingly 
soluble  in  water ;  all  the  other  siiicofluorides 
are  very  soluble. 

sH'-i-cSn,  «.    [SiLioiu*.] 
silicon-chloroform,  $. 

Chan.  :  SiHCl3.  Silicic  hydrotrichloride. 
A  volatile  inflammable  liquid  formed  when 
silicium  is  heated  to  dull  redness  in  a  current 
of  hydrochloric  acid  gas.  It  burns  with  a 
green-edge  flame,  boils  at  36°,  sp.  gr.  1-6,  and 
is  decomposed  by  chlorine  at  ordinary  tem- 
peratures. 

SI  llC '-U  la,  ».      [SlLICLE.] 

sil  -i-cule,  s.    [SILICLE.] 

*sI-Uc-u-ld'-sa,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  nent  pL  of 

giliculosui,  from  silicula  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  Plants  having  for  their  fruit  a  silicic 
(q.v.).  In  Linnaeus  s  Artificial  System  an 
order  of  Tetradyuainia.  Genera,  Draba,  Lu- 
naria,  &c. 

81  lie'  u  -lose,  si  lic'-u-  lous,  a.  [Eng. 
silicul(e);  -ose,  -ous.  ] 

1.  Having  silkies  or  pertaining  to  silicleg. 

*  2.  Full  of  or  consisting  of  husks ;  husky. 
(Bailey.) 

•  si  US'  in  CUB,  *  sMigT  In-6so,  a.    [Lat. 

siligineus,  from  silitjo,  genit.  Miginif  =  flne 
white  wheat]  Made  of  white  wheat.  (Bailey.) 

sir  ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [SiLE,  v.} 

siting  dish,  s.    A  colander,  a  strainer. 

sil  -I  qua  (pi.  sfl'-I-quas),  «.  [Lat= a  pod 
or  husk.] 

1.  Bot. :   A  dry,  elongated  pericarp,  con- 
sisting  of  two  valves,  held  together  by  a 
common  suture  or  replura,  from  which  they 
ultimately  dehisce.    Many  seeds  attached  to 
two  placentae  adhering  to  the  replant,  and 
opposite  to  the  lobes  of  the  stigma.    Lindley 
places  it  under  his  Compound  Fruits. 

2.  A  weight  of  fonr  grains  used  In  weighing 
gold  and  precious  stones  ;  a  carat 


sil-I  quar'-I  a,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
sili'nM  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  A  Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Turrttellid« 
(Wood-ward),  of  Vermetidw  (Tute),  with  eight 
recent  species,  from  the  Mediterranean  (where 
the  typical  species,  Siliquaria  angitina,  is 
found  embedded  in  silicious  sponges),  and 
North  Australia.  Fossil  species  ten,  from 
the  Eocene  onward, 

si  lique'  (quo  as  k),  «.    [SILIQUA.] 

sil  i  quel  -la,  ».  [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from 
Lat.  siliqua  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  :  One  of  the  carpels  or  divisions  of 
certain  fruits  like  that  of  Papaver  with  the 
two  placenta;. 

si  li'-qul-form,  o.  [Lat.  siliqua  =  a  pod, 
and  forma  =  form.]  Having  the  form  or 
shape  of  a  siliqua. 

t  sfl-I-qu6'H»a,  ».  pi.   [Neut.  pi.  of  Mod.  Lat. 

siliquosus,  from  Lat.  tiliqua(q.v.).j 

Bot.  :  Plants  having  for  their  fruit  a  siliqua 
(q.v.).  In  Linna-us's  Artificial  System  an  order 
of  Tetradynaniia.  Genera  :  Rapliauus,  Cheiran- 
thus,  &c. 

*  sil-i-quo'-see,  «.  pi.  [Fern.  pi.  of  Mod.  Lat 
siliquosvs.]  [SlLlQUOSA.] 

Bot.  :  The  fifty-seventh  order  in  Linnaeus's 
Natural  System.  The  same  as  CRUCIFERA 
(q.v.). 

sil'-l  quose,  sir  I  quous,  a.  [SILIQDA.J 
Bearing  siliquae  ;  having  that  species  of  peri- 
carp called  a  siliqua. 


"All  the  tttrnpetaloua  ttligvot*  pluiti  are 
cent."  —  A  rbuthnot. 

•Ilk,  *  selke,  *  alike,  s.  k  a.    [A.s.  uolc, 

from  Lat.  aericum  =  silk,  prop,  neut  sing,  of 
Seriaw  =  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Seres  or 
Chinese;  cogn.  with  IceL  nlki;  8w.  tUke; 
Dan.  silke.] 

A.  As  substantive  ; 

1.  A  fine,  glossy,  and  tenacious  fibre  span 
by  Bombyx  mart  and  allied  species.  [MILK- 
WORM.]  The  Chinese  seem  to  have  led  the 
way  in  rearing  the  silkworm,  a  native  of  their 
country,  and  using  the  silk  for  textile  pur- 
poses. The  first  Greek  writer  who  mentions 
it  is  Aristotle  (B.C.  S84-S22).  Some  think 
that  Virgil  alludes  to  silk  in  Gtorg.  II.  121, 
but  it  may  be  cotton  that  is  referred  to.  Pliny 
describes  the  formation  of  silk  by  the  Bombyx 
(Hist.  Nat.,  xi.  17).  In  the  reign  of  Tiberius 
a  law  was  passed  at  Rome  that  no  man  should 
disgrace  himself  by  wearing  a  silken  garment 
(Tacit.  :  An.,  ii.  83).  The  Emperor  Helinga- 
balus  broke  through  the  regulation  and  came 
forth  all  in  silk.  His  example  was  followed, 
and  the  use  of  silk  spread  among  all  classes. 
Hitherto  the  fibre  had  been  imported  from 
China,  but  in  A.D.  551  two  Persian  monks, 
resident  in  China,  were  encouraged  by  Jus- 
tinian to  carry  off  the  eggs  of  the  moth  to 
Constantinople.  They  were  successful,  and 
the  new  industry  took  root  in  Europe.  It  was 
introduced  into  Sicily  in  1146,  whence  it  passed 
to  the  mainland  of  Italy,  to  Spain  in  1253,  and 
to  Lyons,  now  its  great  seat  in  France,  in 
1521,  and  to  England  by  refugees  from  Ant- 
werp in  1585. 

The  insects  are  fed  by  silk  producers  on 
mulberry  leaves,  their  appropriate  nutriment, 
though  they  will  also  consume  lettuces.  The 
cocoons  are  boiled  for  a  considerable  time 
in  an  alkaline  solution,  to  which  some  gly- 
cerine may  be  added.  They  are  then  placed 
in  a  basin,  where  a  semi-rotating  brush  i*  so 
adjusted  as  to  remove  the  outer  waste  shell, 
and  pick  out  the  continuous  threads.  Then 
the  cocoons  are  placed  in  the  hot  water  basin 
of  a  reeling  machine,  cleansed,  and  a  fixed 
number  of  threads  are  wound  into  a  single  of 
uniform  thickness.  Two  or  more  singles  are 
then  thrown  together  and  spun  or  twisted 
into  a  yarn.  Two  or  more  threads  twisted 
together  are  called  a  tram.  When  silk  is  em- 
ployed in  this  state  in  weaving  it  is  called  the 
shoot,  or  weft.  Thrown  silk  is  formed  of  two, 
three,  or  more  singles  twisted  together  in  a 
contrary  direction  to  that  in  which  the  singles 
of  which  it  is  composed  are  twisted.  Thi» 
process  is  termed  organzlnlng,  and  the  pro- 
duct organzine.  [SILK-THROWER.]  The  silk 
reaches  the  spinner  twisted  Into  the  form  of 
knots,  and  in  batches  called  books  or  hard 
yarn.  (For  the  manufacture  of  silk  in  India 
see  Tusser.) 
A  thread  of  silk  will  support  a  weight 


boil,  bo>;  pout,  Jo«l;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  tills;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xonophon,  exist,    -ing, 
-ctan. -tian  =  shan.    -tlon, -«ioB  =  shun; -^ion, -sion  =  shun,    -cious, -tious, -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  Del,  deL 


4272 


silken— silly 


utanding  to  that  borne  by  a  flax  thread  of  the 
game  diameter  in  the  ratio  of  136  to  47,  and 
to  one  of  hemp  in  the  ratio  of  102  to  49. 

"I  H4»d  not  ex  plain  that  rilk  is  origimolly  spun  from 
tfc.  boweU  of  a  caterpillar,  and  th&t  it  compote*  a 
foldeu  tomb  from  whence  a  worm  emerge*  in  the 
focin  of  a  botterHy."—  SUAon :  Decline  t  Full,  ch.  i. 

2.  Cloth  made  of  silk. 

"  He  caused  the  shore  to  be  covered  with  Persian 
til*  fur  him  to  tread  upoD.'— Knetlu  ;  Bat.  Turka. 

U  In  this  sense  the  word  admits  of  a  plural. 

3.  A  dress  made  of  silk. 

"  Let  not  the  creaking  of  .hoes,  or  rustling  of  «;«». 
betray  thy  poor  heart.'— Shaken.  :  Lear,  iiL  4. 

4.  A  name  given  to  the  filiform  style  of  thn 
female  flower  of  maize,  from  its  resemblance 
to  real  silk  in  fineness  and  softness. 

B.  As  adjectirt : 

1.  Made  of  silk  ;  silken  :  as,  a  silk  dress, 
tilk  stockings. 

2.  Resembling  silk  ;  silky  :  as,  silk   hair. 
(Shaktup. :  At  You  Like  It,  iii.  5.) 

H  (1)  To  take  silk:  To  attain  the  rank  of  a 
queen's  counsel. 
(2)  Virginia  silk:   [VIRGINIAN-SILK]. 

silk  cotton,  s.  A  short,  silky,  elastic 
fibre  obtained  from  the  bombax  and  some 
other  trees.  It  is  employed  by  the  Hindoos 
for  producing  a  coarse,  loose  kind  of  cloth, 
and  has  been  used  instead  of  silk  for  cover- 
ing hat-bodies. 

Silk-cottm-lTU : 

Bat. :  (1)  The  genus  Bombax  (q.v.) ;  (2)  the 
genus  Eriodendron. 

silk-dresser,  «.  One  whose  occupation 
la  to  dress  or  stiffen  and  smooth  silk. 

silk-flower,  s. 

Bet. :  Calliundra  trinenia. 
•ilk-fowl,  s.    The  same  as  SILKY,  B. 
Silk-gelatine,  s.     [SERK-IN.] 

silk-gown,  s.  The  technical  name  of  the 
canonical  gown  or  robe  of  a  queen's  counsel, 
differing  from  that  of  an  ordinary  barrister  in 
being  made  of  silk,  and  not  of  stuff;  hence, 
applied  to  a  queen's  counsel  himself. 

t  silk-grass, ». 

Hot. :  A  popular  name  for  the  genus  Yucca, 
from  the  nbres  which  it  yields. 

silk-hen,  s.  The  female  of  the  silk-fowl 
(q.v.). 

silk-mercer,  <-    A  dealer  in  silk. 

Silk-mill,  ».  A  building  where  ailk  is 
reeled,  spun,  and  woven. 

silk  moth,  «. 

Entomology : 

1.  Bombyx  mori. 

2.  (PL):  The  family  Bombyddaj. 

•ilk-shag,  «.  A  coarse,  rough,  woven 
•ilk,  with  a  shaggy  nap. 

»ilk  stocking,  „.  Aristocratic,  exclu- 
sive, composed  of  aristocrats ;  as  a  lilk-tttxldng 
club,  or  regiment.  (Often  rued  in  contemot 
or  ridicule.) 

•ilk-tall.'. 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  specie* 
of  the  genus  Bombycilla  (q.v.), 

silk  thrower,    silk -throwster,    >. 

One  who  winds,  twists,  spins,  or  throws  silk, 
to  prepare  it  for  weaving. 

•ilk-tree,  >. 

Hot. :  Acacia  Julibriuin.  a  native  of  the 
Levant. 

silk-weaver,  «.  One  whose  trade  is  to 
weave  silken  manufactures. 

"  True  EngtUh  hate  your  monsieun*  paltry  arta ; 
For  you  are  all  nlk-wtartr*  in  your  neartA." 

Dryden:  Epilogue  to  Aurunfrtb*. 

•ilk-weed,  i. 

1.  Asclepiat  Cornuti,  or  syriaca. 

2,  (Pi.) :  The  Confervaceae. 

silk- winding,  s.  The  operation  of  wind- 
fag  off  the  cocoons  of  the  silk-worm. 

"  Her  day  that  lightens  the  next  twelvemonth'*  toll 
At  wearisome  nlk-tetndlng  coil  on  coiL" 

Broufniny :  Pippa  fattet. 

•ilk-worm,  *  silke-worme,  . . 

Entom.,  Comm.,  etc. :  A  popular  name  for 
the  caterpillar  of  any  moth,  the  chrysalis  of 
which  Is  enclosed  in  a  cocoon  of  silk.  Ap- 
plied to  the  caterpillars  of  the  genus  Bombyx, 


all  the  species  of  which  produce  silk,  and 
specially  to  Bombyx  mori,  a  native  of  the 
northern  provinces  of  China.  It  is  of  a  yellow- 
ish-gray colour,  and  when  full-grown  is  about 
three  inches  long,  with  a  horu-like  process  on 
the  last  segment.  The  cocoon  is  yellow  or 
white,  and  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg. 
The  perfect  male  insect  is  about  an  inch  long, 
with  a  wing-expanse  of  two  inches,  the  female 
is  rather  larger  ;  wings  yellowish-white,  with 
indistinct,  dusky,  transverse  lines.  Eleven 
genera  of  the  family  Saturuidse  (Actias, 
Antherwa,  Attacus,  Caligula,  Circula,  Lcepa, 
Neons,  Rinaca,  Rhodia,  Salassa,  and  Saturnia), 
natives  of  China,  Japan,  or  India,  also  bear  silk. 
"  [l\tilk-mr*n  tike,  so  long  within  have  wrought, 
That  I  am  lost  In  my  own  web  of  thought." 

Drydeii :  Conquett  of  Granada.  L  2. 

Silk-worm  disease,  silk-worm  rot :  [PANHISTO- 
PHYTON,  PEBRINE). 

Silk-worm  gut :  A  fine  cord  for  angling, 
made  of  the  gut  of  the  silk-worm.  Fine 
worms  about  to  begin  spinning  are  killed 
by  immersion  in  vinegar.  After  steeping  for 
about  twelve  hours,  the  worms  are  removed 
and  pulled  apart,  each  exposing  two  trans- 
parent yellowish  -  green  cords.  These  are 
stretched  to  the  required  extent,  and  fas- 
tened in  the  elongated  condition  on  a  board 
to  dry. 

Silk  en,  a.    [  A.  S.  seolcen,  from  stole  —  silk.] 
1.  Made  of  silk. 


* ;  Sirffe  of  Jfarteillet,  L  S. 

2.  Like  silk ;  silky ;  soft  to  the  touch ; 
hence,  tender,  delicate,  smooth,  effeminate. 

"  And  illken  dalliance  In  the  wardrobe  lies." 

Shakeip.  ;  Benry  v,,  it.    (Chorus.) 

*  3.  Delicate,  smooth. 

"  Time,  as  be  passes  us,  has  a  dove's  wing. 
Unsolled,  and  swift,  and  of  a  tilken  sound." 

Cowper;  Talk,  iv.  212. 

*  4.  Dressed  in  silk  ;  effeminate,  soft. 

"  Shall  a  beardless  boy. 
A  cooker'd  tUktn  wanton,  brave  our  fieldi?" 

Shakeip.  :  Sing  John,  v.  1. 

*  silk  en,  v.t.    [SILKEN,  a.]    To  make  like 
silk ;  to  render  soft  or  smooth. 

H  To  house  them  dry  on  fern  or  straw. 
SUkeniny  their  fleeces."  D*er :  /7**c*.  11. 

Silk  -I  ness,  s.     [Eng.  silky  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  silky  ;  soft- 
ness or  smoothness  to  the  touch. 

*  2.  Smoothness  of  taste. 

*  silk -man,  *.     [Eng.  silk,  and  man.]     A 
dealer  in  silk  ;  a  silk-mercer. 

"  He  ls  Invited  to  dinner  at .  .  .  Master  Smooth's, 
the  silkman." — tfhakeip.  :  2  Henry  IV.,  ii.  L 

*  silk -ness,  'silk- nesse,  s.    [Eng.ai-tt; 

•nets.]    Silkiness. 

"  This  brize  hath  prickt  my  patience :  sir,  your  illkntut 
Clearety  mistakes  Mecaenas,  and  his  house." 

B*n  Jonton  :  Pottatttr,  IiL  1. 

•Hk'-y",  a,ks.    [Eng.  silk;  -y.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Made  or  composed  of  silk  ;  silken. 

2.  Resembling  silk  ;  soft  and  smooth  to  the 
touch,  like  silk ;  delicate,  glossy. 

"  To  spread  upon  the  field  the  dews  of  heaven. 
And  feed  the  «Uiy  fleece.'  D*er  :  Pic**,  it 

3.  Delicate,  soft,  smooth. 

"The  several  graces  and  elegancies  of  musick,  the 
soft  and  tUky  touches,   the  nimble  transitions  and 
delicate  closes."— Smith .-  On  Old  Ago  (iwwj,  p.  1*4. 
IL  Botany : 

1.  (Of  hairs) :  Long,  very  fine,  and  pressed 
closely  to  the  surface,  so  as  to  present  a  sub- 
lucid  silky  appearance. 

2.  (Of  leaves,  <*c.);  Covered  with  such  hairs, 
as  the  leaves  of  Alchemilla  alpintu 

B.  As  substantive : 

Ornith. :  A  fancy  variety  of  the  domestic 
fowl,  originally  from  China,  Malacca,  or 
Singapore. 

"  StV*««  may  be  classed  as  purely  fancy  poultry, 
having  little  but  their  unique  appearance  to  recom- 
mend them.  Instead  of  feathers  they  are  covered 


with  abundance  of  white,  silky  hair,  the  wing  and 
tall-qallls  also  being  bung  with  long  silky  fringe.  Tb< 
skin  and  legs  are  blue,  the  face  and  comb  a  dee] 


akin  and  legs  are  blue,  the  face  and  comb  a  deep 
purple  colour,  ear-lobes  being  slightly  tinged  with 
white.  The  best  specimens  have  five  toes,  and  are 
feathered  on  the  legs.  The  plumage  should  be  pure 
white."— Z^vK  Wright:  /Hi*.  £00*  </ Poultry,  p,  ua. 

silky- tamar in,  s. 

ZooL  :  Midas  rosalia,  one  of  the  prettiest  of 
the  genus.  [MIDAS.]  The  fur  is  long,  yellow, 
and  silky,  and  arranged  like  a  mane  round  the 
neck  and  face. 


silky  wainscot,  & 
Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Senta  marl 
tima. 

silky-wave,  s, 

Eiitom. :  A  British  geometer-moth,  Aridalit 
holosericata. 

sill  (1),  901,   *  Belle,   *  Bille,  *  sylle.  >. 

[A.S.  syl  =  a  base,  a  support ;  cogn.  with  I  eel. 
syll,  svill  =  a  sill,  a  door-sill ;  Sw.  syll ;  Sw. 
dial,  svill ;  Dan.  syUl  =  the  base  of  a  frame- 
work building;  O.  H.  Ger.  *ic*/U  =  a  sill,  a 
threshold ;  Ger.  scJiwelle ;  Goth,  sulja  =  a 
foundation,  the  sole  of  a  shoe.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  block  forming  a  basis  or  foundation  ;  a 
stone  or  a  piece  of  timber  on  which  a  structure 
rests ;  the  lowest  timber  in  a  wooden  struc- 
ture, especially  the  horizontal  piece  of  timber 
or  stone  at  the  bottom  of  a  franyd  case,  as 
of  a  door  or  window. 

2.  The  shaft  or  thill  of  a  carriage.    (Prop.) 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Fort. :  The  inner  edge  of  the  bottom  or 
sole  of  an  embrasure. 

2.  Mining :  The  floor  of  a  gallery  or  passage 
in  a  mine. 

T  0)  Ground-sills :  [CiLL,  *]. 
(2)  S  ills  of  the  port ;  [PORT-SILL]. 

Bill  (2),  s.  [Cf.  Icel.  set  =  a  fish  allied  to  the 
herring.]  The  young  of  the  herring.  (Prop.) 

sil  la-  bub,  *  «il  -li-btib,  *  ayl  -la  bub, 

*  siilibouk,  s.  [Etyiu.  doubtful.  Perhaps 
for  swiil-bouk  or  swell-bouk,  where  bouk  •=  Icel. 
bukr=the  belly.]  A  dish  made  by  mixing 
wine  or  cider  with  cream  or  milk,  and  thus 
forming  a  soft  curd. 

"Quafts  tUlabu&i  in  cans." 

Drayton  :  Poly-Olbion,  t,  14. 

sil  la'-go,  s.     [Etym.  not  apparent.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Traehanina  (q.v.),  with 
eight  species.  Two  dorsals,  the  first  with 
nine  to  twelve  spines ;  ventrals  thoracic ;  villi- 
form  teeth  in  jaws  and  on  vomer ;  operenlum 
nnarmed  ;  praeoperculum  serrated.  They  are 
small  plain -coloured  shore-fishes,  common  in 
the  Indian  Ocean  to  Australia. 

sil'-ler,  s.    [SILVER.)    (Scotch.) 

80'-ler-$r,  s.  [See  def.]  A  non-sparkling  cham- 
pagne wine,  so  called  after  the  Marquis  of 
Sillery,  the  owner  of  the  vineyards  where  it 
is  produced. 

Bil'-llk,  «.      [SlLLOCK.] 

rfl'-U-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  silly;  -ly.}  In  a  silly 
manner ;  foolishly. 

"  We  are  eanght  as  tiUily  a>  the  bird  In  the  net'— 

L' Estrange  :  Fubltt. 

sill  -!-man-ite,  s.  [After  Prof.  SilUman ; 
suff.  -Ucl&fin.):] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  fibrolite  (q.v.)  occurring 
in  long  slender  crystals  at  Chester,  Connecti- 
cut. Because  of  its  distinct  crystallization 
formerly  regarded  as  a  distinct  species,  but 
its  optical  analogies  with  fibrolite  were  first 
pointed  by  Des  Cloizeanx,  as  well  as  its 
chemical  composition  which,  like  that  of 
fibrolite,  is  essentially  a  silicate  of  alumina. 

sil  II  ness,  *  so  11  nesse,  s.  [Eng.  silly; 
•ness.} 

*  1.  Simplicity,  simpleness. 
2.  Weakness   of  understanding ;    want   of 
sound  sense  or  judgment ;  foolishness, 

"ThefiHinesf  of  the  person  does  not  derogate  from 
the  dignity  of  his  character."— L'fKratigt. 

all' -look,  s.  [Eng.  till  (2);  dimiu.  snff.  -ock.} 
The  fry  of  the  Coal-fish  (q.v.).  Written  also 
sellok,  sillik,  silloc.  (Orkney.) 

"  A  laree  quantity  of  titlock*.  or  young  withe,  wen 
got  to-day  here  with  the  sweep-nets." — Daily  Ttl*- 
ffraph,  Nov.  M,  188L 

t  siT-ld-graph,  ».  [Lat.  siUographus;  Gr. 
ffi\\6ypa^>o^  (sillographos).]  A  satirist ;  a 
writer  of  satirical  poems. 

"  His  state  of  mind  is  finely  described  by  Union  thr 
tUlograp^—Lewet  :  Eiti.  Philotophf.  1.  41 

sU  Ion,  .1.    [Fr.] 

Fort. :  A  work  raised  in  a  ditch  to  defend  ft, 
if  too  wide.  It  must  be  lower  than  the  main 
works,  but  higher  than  the  covered  way. 

«n  -ly,  'sel  ie.  *sel-i,  *Bel-y.  'seel  y,  o. 
[AS.  scp,lig=.  happy,  prosperous,  fortunate. 


Cite,  fat,  fare,  amldat,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  oamel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  siro,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  ofe,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    ».  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


flillyhow— sllvanlte 


4273 


from  sttl  -  time,  season,  happiness  ;  cogn. 
with  Out.  talig  =  blessed ;  Icel.  tall  =  blessed, 
mappy  I  sola.  =  bliss ;  8w.  still  =  blest,  happy  ; 
Ger.  telig;  Goth,  stls.] 

•  1.  Blessed. 

"[He]  had  his  head  stricken  from  his  shoulders  by 
that  tilly  woman  Judith."— Homtilet ;  Xvrmon  againtt 
(Muttony. 

•  2.  Happy,  fortunate,  prosperous. 

•  3.  Innocent. 

"This  Milet  Forest  and  John  Dighton  about  mid- 
night (the  tilly  children  lying  in  their  beds)  came  iuto 
the  chamber,  and  suddenly  lapped  tltem  up  among 
the  clothes."— Sir  T.  Mure :  BIM.  tlich'ird  111. 

•  i.  Harmless,  innocent,  inoffensive. 

"  Strange  It  was  thought  and  absurd  above  the  rest. 
to  cbase  a*  keep  out  of  the  bouse  tills  swallows, 
harmless  and  gentle  creatures.  — P.  Holland :  flu- 
UrcVl  Uoralt,  p.  77«. 

•  5.  Plain,  simple,  rnde,  rustic. 

•'  There  was  a  fourth  man.  ill  a  illl*  bahit." 

Snaketp.  :  Cymbetine,  V.  t, 

•  6.  Weak,  impotent,  helpless,  frail. 

"Some  teely  trough  of  wood  or  some  tree*  rind." 
Browne :  Brifutniat  PtuturaTt.  i.  2. 

7.  Weakly  foolish ;  wanting  in  sense  or 
judgment ;  weak  of  intellect ;  witless. 

9.  Foolish,  as  a  term  of  contempt ;  charac- 
terized by  weakness  or  folly  ;  showing  want 
of  judgment;  foolish,  unwise,  stupid. 
"  Fooles.  to  raise  such  tillu  forts,  not  worth  the  least 
account."  Chapman  :  Homer ;  Iliad  viii. 

9.  Fatuous,  imbecile ;  having  weakness  of 
mind  approaching  to  idiocy. 

10.  Weak  in  body;   not  in  good   health. 
(Scotch.) 

sB'-ly-h<«.-,  >.  [A.S.  s&lig  =  blessed,  and 
»u/e=a  hood.]  The  membrane  that  covers 
the  head  of  the  fetus  ;  a  caul. 

"  Great  conceits  are  raised  of  the  membranous 
covering  called  the  tiUHhoiff,  sometimes  found  about 
the  heads  of  children  upon  their  birth.  '—Urotone  : 
Vulgar  Errouri,  bk.  v.,  ch.  11. 

•sB'-ly-ton,  s.    [SILLY.]    A  simpleton. 

'•Sttlyfon,  forbear  railing."— Bailey  :  Sratmut,  p.  413. 
•I'-addX*.      [O.Fr.]     [ENSILAGE,  SlLAOE.] 

1.  A  store-pit  for  potatoes  or  beets.    (Amer.) 

2.  A  pit  in  which  green  fodder  is  tightly 
packed  to  make  silage  or  ensilage. 

"  The  system  of  preserving  one  kind  of  green  food  at 
least  was  practised  in  pits  or  tilot  more  than  eighty 
years  ago.' '-Field,  Oct.  »,  188S. 

•i  -16  (2),  >.    [Lat.  tilui  —  snub-nose.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Sericostomatidse.  The 
species,  which  are  mostly  small  dark  insects 
much  resembling  each  other,  usually  abound 
In  the  localities  where  they  occur,  the  males 
flying  briskly  in  the  afternoon,  especially  in 
bright  sunshine,  settling  on  the  herbage, 
among  which  the  less  active  females  occur. 
Seven  or  eight  species  ;  two,  Siio  pallipes  and 
S.  nigricornii,  are  British. 

u'-lo,  v.t.  [SiLO  (I),  ».]  To  pack  or  store  in  * 
silo. 

"  Last  year,  owing  partly  to  commencing  too  late, 
and  principally  to  the  drought,  material  was  tiloed 
which  would  have  been  better  made  into  hay." — 
rtrl't,  Dec.  19.  1885. 

M-lom'-e-ter,  i.  [First  element  doubtful; 
Diez  derives  it  from  Scand.  silo,  =  to  plough, 
and  Littre  from  FT.  siller  =  to  make  sail ;  Gr. 
tierpov  (metron)  =  a  measure.] 

Naut. :  An  instrument  for  measuring,  with- 
out the  aid  of  the  log-line,  the  distance  passed 
over  by  a  ship.  Various  forms  have  been 
proposed  or  actually  constructed. 

»il  pha,  ».    [Gr.  o-iXAi)  (silphe)  =  *  grub,  an 
insect  emitting  an  evil  odour,  perhaps  Blatta.] 
Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Silphidae. 

sB-phl-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tUpJ^a);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idn.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Pentamerous  Beetles, 
tribe  Necrophaga  (q.v.).  The  mandibles  end 
in  an  entire  point,  and  the  antennse  in  a 
kn«t>,  generally  perfoliate,  and  having  four  or 
five  articulations.  There  are  many  genera 
and  a  considerable  number  of  species,  in 
Europe  and  elsewhere. 

siV-phl-e'-te,  i.pl.     [Hod.  Lat.  n!pM(um); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -««.] 
Bot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Seneeionidsj. 

sfl'-phl-fim,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  cn'AoVoi'  (siZ- 
phum)  =  a  plant,  the  juice  of  which  was  used 
for  food  and  medicine.  Probably  Thapsia 
Silphion  or  Prangos  pabularUi.] 


Bat. :  The  typical  genus  of  Silphiete.  Per- 
ennial herbs  from  the  western  part  of  the 
United  States.  Silphium  laciniatum  is  the 
Compass  plant  (q.v.j.  The  tubers  of  S.  lave 
are  eaten  by  the  Indians. 

sat,  *  elite,  «.  [From  the  pa.  par.  of  silt  =  to 
drain,  strain,  filter.]  [SiLE.]  A  fine  mixture 
or  deposit  of  clay  and  sand  from  running  or 
standing  water ;  fine  soil  deposited  from 
water ;  mud,  slime,  sediment. 

"  Covered  bv  the  inundation  of  the  freeh  and  aalt 
waters,  and  the  tilt  and  moorish  earth  exaggerated 
npon  them.'— Sale :  Orio.  of  H.inUad.  I  a,  oh.  viL 

sat,  v.t.  k  i.    [SILT,  i.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  choke,  fill  up,  or  obstruct 
with  silt  or  mud.    (Generally  with  up.) 

"  Both  [canoes]  would  become  tilted  up  on  the  floor 
of  the  estuary."— Quart.  Journ.  Oeol.  Soc.,  xviiL  W4. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  percolate  through  crevices ;  to  ooze. 

2.  To  become  choked  or  filled  up  with  silt. 

at'-y,  a.    [Eng.  silt ;  -y.}    Consisting  of,  or  of 
the  nature  of  silt;  resembling  silt ;  full  of  silt. 

sll-u-bo'-san'-rus,  «.  [Gr.  o-iAAv|3oc  (sittu- 
bos)  =  a  kind  of  thistle,  and  o-avpoc  (sauros)  = 
a  lizard.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Seincidse,  with  two 
species  peculiar  to  Australia.  The  tail  is 
short,  conical,  and  armed  with  sharp  spinous 
scales. 

sa-ur-an'-4-don,  «.  [Lat.  sflurOu),  and  Gr. 
avoo'ovc  (anotlotis)  =  toothless.] 

Ichthy.  :  An  Indian  genus  of  Siluroids,  group 
Siluriua  (q.v.). 

sl-Iiire',  s.  [SauRCs.]  Any  fish  of  the  genus 
Silurus  (q.v.). 

Sl-lur'-I.-an,  a.  [Seedef.]  Pertaining  to  the 
Silures,  an  old  British  people,  who  in- 
habited part  of  Wales,  Herefordshire,  &c. 
Under  their  king,  Caractacus  (Caradoc),  they 
maintained  their  freedom  for  a  time,  but  were 
ultimately  subdued  by  the  Romans.  (Thom- 
son :  Liberty,  iv.) 

Silurian  system,  «. 

Geol. :  A  term  made  public  by  Sir  Roderick 
Uurchison,  in  1839,  though  he  had  begun  to 
use  it  as  early  as  1835.  It  implied  that, 
speaking  broadly,  the  rocks  so  described 
were  well  developed  in  the  country  of  the 
old  Silures.  The  term  has  been  universally 
adopted.  Murchison  divided  his  Silurian 
system  into  Upper  and  Lower  Silurian,  con- 
tending that  the  Cambrian  system  of  Sedgwick 
was  not  independent,  but  simply  Lower 
Silurian.  Whatever  be  the  case  with  the 
Cambrian,  the  Laurentian  system,  since 
established,  is  unequivocally  older  than  the 
Silurian.  In  the  United  States  Silurian  strata 
extend  southwest  along  the  Alk'ghanies  into 
Alabama,  and  probably  throughout  the  interior 
continental  basin,  for  areas  appear  at  interval*, 
and  they  reappear  in  the  Rocky  mountains. 
In  Canada  they  extend  from  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  past  the  great  lakes  iuto  the  far 
northwest.  The  Canadian  and  the  Trenton 
formations  are  believed  to  be  Lower  Silurian, 
the  Niagara,  the  Salina,  and  the  Oriskany  to  be 
successive  strata  of  Upper  Silurian  age.  The 
table  of  strata  in  England  stands : 

I.  Upper    Silurian:  1.   Lndlow    formation  (q.v.); 
1  Wenlock  formation  (q.v.) :  s.  Llaudovery  formation 
or  Group  (q.v.). 

II.  Lower    Silurian:   1.     Bata    and    Caradoc    beds. 
fCxRADoc.) ;  2.  Llandeilo flags  (q.T.);  &  AreulgorStiper 
atone  Group. 

There  is  a  great  break  between  the  Upper 
and  Lower  Silurian,  which  are  unconformable, 
and  a  greater  break  between  the  Upper  Silu- 
rian and  the  Devonian.  During  the  early 
part  of  the  Silurian  the  land  was  sinking; 
during  the  deposition  of  the  Llandeilo  the 
sea  was  moderately  deep.  Algffi,  corals, 
braehiopods,  tritobites,  and  other  Crustacea, 
and,  in  the  upper  strata,  fishes,  are  the  cha- 
racteristic fossils.  The  higher  vertebrates 
had  not  yet  appeared.  Vast  areas  in  Russia, 
Ac.,  are  covered  by  Silurian  rocks,  and  they 
are  found  in  many  other  parts  of  Europe. 
[GBEYWACKE,  TRANSITION.] 

all  iir  ich  -thys,  t.  [Lat  tUuiius),  and  Or. 
ix»iis  (iclithus)  =  a  flsh.J 

Ichthy. :  An  Indian  genus  of  SUnroids,  group 
Siluriua  (q.v.). 

s.-lur'-i-da,,  ,.  pt 

adj.  suff.  -ides.) 


[Lat.  tUurius);  fern.  pi. 


1.  Ichthy. :  Cat-fishes;  a  family  of  Physosto- 
mi,  chiefly  from  the  frcshwaters  of  tropical 
and  temperate  regions,  and  the  few  which 
enter  the  sea  keep  close  to  the  coast.  Scale* 
are  never  present,  and  when  the  skin  is  not 
naked  it  bears  osseous  scutes ;  the  maxillary 
bones  are  reduced  to  rudiments,  and  generally 


MALAPTERURUS  ELECTRICU8. 

form  the  support  for  a  maxillary  barbel,  ID 
that  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw  is  formed  by 
the  pre-maxillary  bones  only  ;  sub-operculunv 
absent;  air-bladder  generally  present,  com- 
municating with  the  organ  of  hearing  by 
auditory  ossicles.  The  anal  and  dorsal  nn» 
are  variable  in  their  development,  and  the 
family  have  been  subdivided  as  under  :— 

SUB-DIVISIONS.  OROUM. 

1.  HOKALOPTKR*     ...    Clarlina.  Plotosina. 

2.  HBTEROPTKR4C      ...     Hilurirm. 

S.  ANOMAL  )PTKR*  ...    Hypophthalmlna. 

4.  PKOTKROPTERJI  ...  -Bagrina,  Amiuriua.  Pimelodln*, 

Arilna,  Bagnriina. 

5.  STEHOBRAS CHL* ...    Doradina,  Kliinoglanina,  Malap- 

terurina. 

«.  PROTKROPODBS    ...    Hypostomatlna,  ABpredinlnk. 
7.  OnsTHopTEluK    ...    Nenmtogeuyina,    TrichomycU- 

rlna. 
ft.  BRANCHIOOLA. 

2.  I'alasont. :  They  appear  in  the  Chalk. 

si  liir'-i  dan,  ».  [SILURID^B.]  Any  fish  of 
the  family  Siiuridae  (q.v.). 

sB-ur-i'-na,  ».  pi.  [Lat.  «J«r(iu);  neut.  pt. 
adj.  suff.  -ina.] 

Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Siluridae,  sub-division 
Heteroptera.  Bayed  dorsal  very  little  deve- 
loped, if  present,  it  belongs  to  the  abdominal 
portion  of  the  vertebral  column ;  adipose  fln 
exceedingly  small  or  absent.  Chief  genera, 
Saccobranchus  and  Silurus,  with  numerous 
less  important  ones  from  Africa  and  East 
India. 

Sl-liir'-oid,  a.  *  «.  [Lat  rifur(u>);  Eng.  suff. 
•aid.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  character- 
istic of  the  genus  Silurus  or  the  family  Silu- 
ridae. 

"Of  all  the  Siluroid  genera,  this  has  the  greatest 
number  of  species."— Oiinther :  Study  of  Fitha.  p.  6W. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Silurus  or  the  family  Siluridce. 

"  The  skeleton  of  the  typical  Siluroidi  shows  many 
peculiarities."— Quniher  :  Study  o/  fittti't,  p.  us. 

gj-iur'-iis,  i.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  o-c'Aovpoc  (»i- 
Imiros)  =  prob.  S.  glanis.  Athenseus  Gramma- 
ticus,  287  B,  derives  it  from  trtiiir  oupa»  (selein 
ouran)  =  to  shake  the  tail.  (Liddell  £  Sco«.)] 

1.  Ichthy. :  The  typical  genus  of  Silurina 
(q.v.).    Adipose  fln  wanting  ;  one  very  short 
spineless  dorsal ;  barbels  four  or  six,  one  to 
each  maxillary  ;  head  and  body  covered  with 
soft  skin;    caudal  rounded.      Four   species 
from  the  temperate  parts  of  Asia,  one  Euro- 
pean, Silurus  glanis,  the  Sheat-fish  (q.v.). 

2.  Palannt. :   From  the  Middle  Eocene  of 
Bracklesham. 

sir  va,  sjfl'-va,  ».    [Lat.  =  a  wood.) 

1.  A   word    corresponding   to    Flora    and 
Fauna,  meaning  the  description  of  the  forest 
trees  of  a  country. 

H  The  word  in  this  sense  dates  from  the 
publication  of  John  Evelyn's  Sylva;  or,  A 
Discourse  of  Forest  Trees,  in  1664. 

2.  A  name  given  to  a  woodland  plain  of  the 
great  Amazonian  region  of  South  America. 

BiT-van,  syl'-van,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  silvanus  = 
belonging  to  a  wood  ;  silva  =  a  wood  ;  cogn. 
with  Gr.  UA.J  (hull)  =  a  wood.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of 
woods;  woody. 

•'  Betwixt  two  rows  or  rocks,  a  lUean  scene 
Appears  above,  and  grove,  for  ever  green' 

Dryden:  Virfftt ;  .Kneid  1.  VS. 

*  B.  As  subtt.  :  An  obsolete  name  for  th« 
element  Tellurium  (q.v.). 

sU'-van-ita, «.    [SYLVANIT«.] 


boil, 


;  ptJut,  J<fi>rl;  cat,  $ell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.   ph  -  1 
-tion,    sion  =  shun;  -Jion,  -jion  =.  shun,    -otoos,  -tlous,    slon»  =  sons.   -Me,  -die,  ic.  =  Del,  d«L 


4274 


Silvanus— silver 


Sil-va  -nfis,  s.    [Lat.]    (SILVAN.] 

1.  Roman  Myth. :  A  deity  among  the  Romans, 
who  had  the  care  O! 
fields  and  cattle, 
and  presided  over 
boundaries.  He 
was  usually  repre- 
sented as  old,  and 
bearing  a  cypress 
plucked  up  by  the 
roots ;  and  the  le- 
gend of  Apollo  and 
Cyparissus  was  trans- 
ferred to  him.  The 
usual  offering  to  Sil- 
vauus  was  milk. 

2.  Entom.  :  A 
genus  of  Cucti- 
jidse.  The  spe 
cies  infest  meal- 

81LVANUS.  bins   or  sug 

(Bruu\  .Viueum.)  casks,    and    are 

sometimes  seen 

on  windows  or  floating  In  teacups.    FOOT  are 
British. 

sil'-ver.  *  sel-ver,  *  syl-ver, «.  ft  a.  [A.S. 
tolfor;  cogn.  with  Dut.  rilver ;  Icel.  Mfr; 
Dan.  sols;  Sw.  silfver ;  Goth,  silubr;  Ger. 
tilber ;  Russ.  serebro  ;  Lith.  sUdbras.) 

A.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  tl. 

"  A  man.  Demetrius  bl  name,  a  worker  In  *fl**r."— 
Wiidiffe :  Dfdit  xix. 

2.  A  piece  of  plate  or  utensil  made  of  silver : 
*8,  To  eat  off  silver. 

3.  Money  ;  coin  made  of  silver. 

"  Four  and  twenti  thousand  ponde  he  gnf  away  to  go ... 
The  l>snea  tok  the  tiliier.  to  Danmark  gall  weiule." 
Robert  tie  Brunn*.  p.  S9. 

I.  Anything  resembling   silver;   anything 
lustrous  like  silver. 

"  Pallas,  piteous  of  her  plaintive  criee, 
ID  slumber  clos'd  her  (ftper-streAming  eyes." 

P»p»:  Momtr;  Udyttet/  i.  464. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Chem. :  [AROBNTUM]. 

2.  Coinage,  Comm. ,  Se. :   As  early  as  the 
times  of  Abraham  silver  (not   coined,  but 
weighed)  was  given  as  a  medium  of  exchange 
<Gen.  xxiii.  16).     For  many  ages  it  has  l«en 
coined  into  money,  bearingacertain  fluctuating 
relation  to  the  value  of  gold.    Depreciation  in 
the  gold  price  of  silver,  with  corresponding 
appreciation  in  the  purchasing  power  of  gold, 
has  been  a    notable  result  of  the   practical 
abandonment  of  bimetallism  by  the  United 
States,  France,  and  Germany,  about  1870-73; 
and  a  large  increase  in  the  production  of  silver 
here  and  in  Mexico,  during  the  same  period, 
has  doubtless  intensified  this  deviation  from  a 
former  approximate  parity.     [METAL,  *.,  fl.] 

3.  Min. :   Crystallization   isometric,    only 
occasionally  found  in  distinct  crystals,  more 
often  filiform,  reticulated  and  arborescent  in 
calcite  and  quartz  in  veins  traversing  metamor- 
phic  rocks.    Dana  distinguishes  the  following 
varieties :  (1)  Ordinary,  (a)  crystallized,  (6) 
filiform  or  arborescent,  (c)  massive ;  (2),  Auri- 
ferons  =  KUstelite  ;     (3)   Cupriferous  ;     (4) 
Antimonlal.    Much  of  the  silver  from  Kongs- 
berg,  Norway,  contains  mercnry  in  variable 
amounts,  which,  it  is  suggested,  may  account 
for  the  fine  crystallizations  which  occur  there. 
In  the  copper  mines  of  the  Lake  Superior 
mining  region  it  is  frequently  found  in  a  pure 
state,  intimately  associated  withnative  copper. 

IT  Silver-bromide  =  Bnmargyrite ;  Silver- 
carbonate  =  Selbite ;  Silver-chloride  =  Chlor- 
argyrite;  Silver-chlorobromide  =  Embolite ; 
Silver-fahlerz  =  Tetrahedrite ;  Silver-iodide  = 
lodargyrite,  Silrer-selenide  =  Kavmannite  ; 
Silver-sulphide  =  ArgentUt  and  Akanthite  ; 
Silver-tellurium  =  Hessite. 

4.  Mining  <t  Geol. :  Silver  exists  In  most 
countries,  but  the  chief  mines  are  in  the  United 
States  and  Mexico.    A  rect- nt  statement  makes 
the  total  production  of  the  world  to  be  about 
$160,000,000  in  value.    Of  this  the  United  States 
yielded  about  865,000  000,  Mexico  855,000,000, 
and  South  America  $20,000,000.    In  1865  the 
total  annual  yield  of  all  countries  was  estimated 
at  43,2W,000  ounces,  worth  about  860,000,000, 
so  that  the  subsequent  period  has  shown  a  great 
increase.    This  is  mainly  due  to  the  verj  rich 
mines  opened  in  Nevada  arid  Colorado,  which 
have  added  enormously  to  the  world's  stock  of 
silver  bullion. 


5.  Fharn. :  Nitrate  of  silver  is  used  exter 
nally  as  an  escharotic,  and  is  given  internally 
in  chronic  gastric  affections  of  an  intlaimna 
tory  type  or  epilepsy,  &c.  Oxide  of  silver  and 
chloride  have  both  of  them  somewhat  similar 
effects.  (Garrod.)  [CiUSTlc-J 

B.  -4s  adjective: 

1.  Made  of  silver ;  silvern, 

"  Put  uv  tilfer  cup  iu  the  stick's  mouth." 
xliv.  2. 

2.  Resembling  silver  in  one  or  more  of  its 
characteristics  :  as, 

(1)  White  like  silver  ;  of  a  pure  and  bright 
whiteness. 

"  Shame  to  thy  tilver  hair  " 

Shubtsp. .-  2  ffenry  Tl.,  v.  1. 

(2)  Bright  and  lustrous  as  silver ;  shining, 
glittering. 

Spread  o'er  the  iilcrr  waves  thy  golden  hairs." 

Shaketp. :  Conta?  o/  Error*,  iii.  S. 

(3)  Having  a  pale  lustre ;  of  a  soft  splen- 
dor. 

"  Nor  shines  the  lilvcr  moon  one  half  so  bright." 

Slwkrip. :  Love'i  Lahour't  Lou,  ir.  S, 

(4)  Having  a  soft  and  clear  tone. 

"  Let  your  tilver  chime 
More  In  melodious  time." 

Milton:  Odxiii. 

*  (5)  Soft,  quiet,  gentle,  peaceful. 
"  All  the  uight  la  nrrrr  sleep  I  spend. " 

Spenler :  F.  «.,  VL  Ix.  91 

T  (1)  German-silver :  [GERMAN-SILVER]. 

(2)  To  be  barn  with  a  silver  spoon  in  one's 
mouth :  To  be  born  under  favorable  circum- 
stances ;  to  be  born  to  good  fortune. 

"  I  must  have  been  born  with  a  ttlver  spoon  In  my 
mourA,  I  am  sure,  to  have  ever  come  across  Peek*n  itf. 
And  here  hare  I  fallen  again  into  my  usual  good  luck 
with  the  new  pupil."— Dickent :  Martin  Cftuzc/ewtt 

ch.  vi. 

If  Silver  is  nsed  in  many  compounds,  the 
meanings  of  which  are  in  most  cases  self- 
explanatory. 

silver  acetyL,  ». 

Chem. :  CaAg.jH.  An  organic  radicle,  the 
componnds  of  which  are  obtained  by  the  action 
of  acetylene  on  ammoniacal  solutions  of  silver 
salts.  (Watts.) 

silver-age,  s. 

1.  The  second  mythological  period  In  the 
history   of  the   world,    under   the    care    of 
Jupiter.     It  succeeded  the  golden  age,  and 
was  characterized  by  voluptuousness.     [AGE, 
s.,  IV.  1.] 

2.  Applied  to  a  period  of  Roman  literature 
succeeding  the  most  brilliant  period,  and  ex- 
tending from  about  A.D.  14  to  A.D.  180. 

silver-alum,  «. 

Chan.:  Ar'AgfSO^iaHjO.  Prepared  by 
heating  equivalent  quantities  of  aluminium 
and  argentic  sulphates  till  the  latter  is  dis- 
solved. It  crystallizes  in  regular  octahedrons, 
and  is  resolved  by  water  into  Its  component 
salts. 

•liver-barred  moth,  .•. 

Enlom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Bankia  or- 
gentida. 

•liver-barred  sable,  «. 
Entom. :  A  British  pyralideous  moth,  Enny- 
chia  cingulalis. 

silver-beater,  «.  One  who  beats  silver 
Into  thin  leaves  or  sheets. 

"  flffver-deoten  choose  the  finest  coin,  as  that  which 
Is  most  extensive  under  the  hammer."— Boyle. 

•liver-bell,  silver  bell  tree,  • 
Bat. :  The  genus  Halesia  (q.v.). 
silver-bush, «. 

Bat. :  Anthytlis  Barba-Jovts. 

*  sllver-bnskined,  a.  Baring  buskins 
ornamented  with  silver. 

silver-chain,  s. 

Sot. :  Bobinia  Pseudacacia.  Modelled  on 
the  appellation  Golden-chain,  used  of  the 
Laburnum.  (Britten  A  Holland.) 

silver-chloride, ».  [ARQEKTIO-CHLORIDE.] 
silver-cloud,  «. 

Entom.  :  A  British  night-moth,  Xylomiga 
conspicillaris. 

•liver-fir,  a. 

Dot. :  Abua  (or  Picea)  pectinata,  Piniu  Picea 
of  Liniiwus.  It  is  named  from  its  silvery- 
white  lark.  Leaves  arranged  in  two  rows, 
with  their  points  turned  upwards ;  the  tree 
very  elegant.  It  is  a  native  of  Central  Europe, 


where  it  sometimes  reaches  a  hundred  feet 
high.    It  yields  Strasburg  turpentine. 

silver-fish,  «. 

Ichthyology : 

1.  [SlLVERSIDE,  2.). 

2.  A  variety  of  Cyprinut  au-wttw,  the  Gold. 
fish  (q.v.).     The  color  of  this  fish  varies  much 
in  domestication. 

silver-fox,  s. 

Zool.  :  A  variety  of  the  Virginian  Fox,  Fulpa 
fulvus,  to  which  specific  distinction  was  for- 
merly  given  as  V.  argentatus.  When  adult, 
the  fur  is  of  a  deep  glossy  black  (whence  it  it 
also  called  the  Black  Fox),  with  a  silvery 
grizzle  on  the  forehead,  and  on  the  flanks 
passing  upward  to  the  rump.  It  is  extremely 
rare,  and  the  fur  is  very  valuable. 

silver  glance,  s. 

Min. :  The  same  as  AROENTITE  (q.v.). 

Silver-grain,  s.  The  name  given  by  car. 
penters  to  medullary  rays  (q.v.). 

Silver-gray,  a.  Of  a  color  resembling 
silver. 

silver  ground  carpet,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Mtlanippt 
montanata. 

silver-haired,  a.  Having  hair  of  the 
color  of  silver;  having  white  hair. 

Silver -headed,  a.  Tipped  or  headed 
with  silver.  (Longfellow :  Hiawatha,  ix.) 

silver-hook,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Bydrelia 
unca. 

silver-leaf,  «.  Silver  beaten  out  into 
thin  leaves  or  plates. 

Silver-mill,  s.  A  mill  or  set  of  machinery 
in  which  argentiferous  ores  are  treated. 

silver-ore,  s. 

Min. :  A  name  which  includes  all  the  na- 
tive compounds  of  silver,  their  various  me- 
chanical mixtures,  and  argentiferous  ores  of 
other  metals. 

silver-paper, ». 

1.  Paper  covered  with  silver  foil. 

2.  Tissue-paper. 
•liver-plate,  >. 

Bot. :  Lunaria  biennU,    (Britten  <*  ffoitand.) 

silver-plated,  o.  Covered  with  a  thin 
coating  of  silver. 

silver-print,  ,.  A  photographic  print 
used  by  artists  as  a  basis  for  a  pen-tracing; 
after  completing  which,  the  untraced  parts  are 
bleached  out.  The  print  is  made  by  the  use  of 
a  sensitizing  silver  aait 

silver-purple,  s. 

Chem. :  A  purple-brown  compound,  obtained 
by  adding  stannous  nitrate  to  a  dilute  neutral 
solution  of  argentic  nitrate.  It  contuii.s  silver, 
tin,  and  oxygen,  and  is  probably  an  argentous 
Stan  Date. 

silver-rain,  s. 

Pyrotechny :  Small  cubes  of  a  composition 
which  emits  a  white  light  in  burning,  used  as 
decorations  for  the  pots  of  rockets,  Sus. 

•liver-salts,  s.  pi  [ARGENTIC-SALTS.] 
silver  steel,  «.  An  alloy  of  silver  and 
steel,  which  seems  to  have  been  tirst  made 
about  1822,  and  which  was  soon  taken  up  by 
the  cutlers  of  Sheffield  for  fine  razors,  surgical 
instruments,  Ac.  The  silver  is  only  about 
one  part  in  five  hundred. 

silver  stick,  s.  The  name  given  to  a 
field-officer  of  the  Life  Guards  when  on  palace 
duty. 

•liver-striped  hawk-moth,  >. 

Entom. :  Cherocampa  cderio  (btainton),  D»- 
ilephila  livornica  (Newman),  very  rare  ia 
Britain. 

silver-studded  blue  butterfly,  «. 

Entom. :  Polyommatiu  agon,  common  oo 
British  heaths. 

silver-thistle,  t. 

Bot. :  (1)  Acanthus  spinont  [.&.CAHTHUS]  ; 
(2)  Onopordum  Acanthium. 

silver-tongued,  o.  Having  a  smooth, 
soft  tongue  or  speech. 


fate,  fit,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit; 
or.  wore,  wolt;  work,  who,  BOH;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unit*,  oiir,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  oy  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


silver— similar 


4276 


•liver  tree,  «. 

Hot.  :  LeucaienAron  argenteum. 
•llver-vltrlol,  >•    [AROENTIC-SOLPHATB.] 
•liver-washed  trltlllary,  »• 

Btiom.:  A  British  butterfly,  Aryynnii 
papkia. 

•liver  -wedding,  «-  The  twenty-fifth 
•iinivei-3«ry  of  the  wedding-day  of  a  married 
couple. 

silver-weed,  s. 

Botany: 

1.  PotmtUIa  araerina.    It  Is  a  stoloniferous 
plant,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  silky  leaves, 
silvery  beneath,  and  solitary  yellow  flowers. 
Common  by  roadsides  and  in  pastures,  flower- 
ing in  July  or  August.    The  roots  have  been 
used  for  tanning. 

2.  The  genus  Argyreia  (London),  spec.,  A. 
cuneatu    'o. 


•liver- wood,  s. 

Bot. :  0)  The  genus  Mourirla,  spec.,  M. 
Guiana;  (2)  Ouettarda  argentea;  (3)  Qiulania 
ketioides. 

Silver  Y, ».    [SILVERY  T.] 

•Il'-ver,  ».«.    [SILVEB,  ».] 

1.  To  cover  superfloially  with  silver ;  to  coat 
with  silver. 

•  On  a  tribunal  titirer'J, 
Cleopatra  and  himself  In  chairs  of  gold 
Were  publicly  enthroned." 

SftoJtasjx  ;  Antony  a  Cleopatra,  ill.  & 

8.  To  cover  or  coat  with   tin-foil   amal- 
gamated with  quicksilver :  as,  To  silver  glass. 
3.  To  adorn  with  mild,  pare  lustre. 


4.  To  ttoge  with  gray  ;  to  make  white  or 
boary-  - 


•  mfl-V&e-if  -3T-OUS,  «.    (Eng.  stiver  ;  i  con- 
nect, and  Lrt.  /««  =  to  produce.)  Producing 
•liver. 

•Il'-vSr  Ing,  «.    [Eng.«flwr;  •ing.'] 

I.  The  act,  art,  or  process  of  covering  the 
surface  of  anything  with  silver  or  with  an 
amalgam  of  tin  and  quicksilver. 
3.  The  silver  or  amalgam  laid  on. 

•il'  ver-ite.  «.  A  name  given  to  an  advocate 
of  bimetallism  by  its  opponents;  one  who  snp- 
ports  the  free  coinage  of  silver.  (V.8.) 

•  sir  ver  izo,  v.t.     [Kng.  silver;  •lie.']     To 
coat  or  cover  with  silver  ;  to  silver  over. 

"  When  like  age  shall  illvertte  thy  treue." 

Sylpetter  :  Quadraint  of  Pwrae,  ex  IT. 

••il'-ver-lesB,  *sel-ver-lo«,  a.  [Eng. 
silver;  -las.]  Having  no  silver  or  money  ; 
moneyless. 

"  For  he  sente  hem  forth  ujverles.  In  a  aomer  sarns- 
meat."  fieri  Ploughman,  p.  15 

•  •IT-ver-lIng,  »•    (Eng.  silver  ;  dimin.  suir. 
•ling  ;  A.S.  sylfrlng.]    A  silver  coin. 

"  Hen  havs  I  punt  their  paltry  ittterllain.' 

Jforiows  .  Jew  of  Jlatta,  i  I. 

•»H'-ver-ly,  «*»•    [Bug.  eilver;  -ly.] 

1.  With  a  bright,  lustrous  appearance,  as  ol 
silver  ;  like  silver. 

"  Let  me  wipe  off  th  in  hoDonrable  dew 
That  tUvcrly  doth  progress  on  thy  cheeks." 

Sliaketp.  :  Sing  JokH,  V.  1 

t.  With  a  soft,  clear  tone  or  sound. 

•  And  tliou,  cherablc  Gratitude,  whose  voice 
To  pleas  ears  souuds  tilpfrtf  so  sweet." 

Smart  :  Omnitcience  q/  the  Supreme  Being. 

'sfl'-vern,  *  sll-vcrne,  a.  [A.a  sylfrm. 
Made  of  silver  ;  silver. 

"Maklde  tUfem  houses  to  Dtane.-—  Wlcllft:  JiOt 
III.  II. 

fdl'-ver-aide,  s.    [Eng.  silver,  and  side.] 

1.  Cookery  ;  The  lower  and  choicer  part  o 
the  buttock  or  round  of  beef,  tender  and  close 
to  grain.    It  is  frequently  corned. 

2.  lehthy.  ;  A  popular  American  name  for  any 
species  of  the  family  Atherinidse  or  the  genu 
Atherina,  the  species  of  which  have  a  broai 
silvery  band  on  each  side.    The  Dotted  Silver 
side  (Atherina  notata)  is  called  also  Capelin 
(q.v.X 

•ul  -vor  smith,  •  Byl-ver-smlth,  s.  [Eng 
silver,  and  smith.]  One  whose  occupation  is 
to  work  in  silver.  (Acts  xix.  24.) 


tuT-ver-y,  a.     [Eng.  stiver;  -y.] 
L  Ordinary  Ltingtutge : 

1.  Covered  with,  containing,  or  of  the  nature 
of  silver. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  silver  ;  bright 
and  lustrous  like  silver. 

"  Th1  entuneU'd  race  whose  Kilvtrv  wloff 
Waves  to  the  tepid  sepliyrs  of  the  sprinff. 

Pope :  Dunctad,  iv.  «1. 

t  3.  Sounding  soft  and  clear,  as  the  sound 
of  a  silver  bell,  &c.  :  as,  a  silvery  laugh. 

H.  Bat.  (Of  colour):  White  a  little  chang- 
ing to  bluish-gray  with  some  metallic  lustre. 

silvery  arches,  i. 

Entan. :   A    British    night-moth,    Aplecta 
Hncta. 
sllvery-gade,  t. 

Ichthy. ;  Couchio,  argentata,  from  the  North 
Atlantic.  It  is  closely  allied  to  the  Mackerel- 
midge  (q.v.). 

silvery -gibbon,  «. 

Zool. :  Hylobates  (racisms,  the  Wow-wow. 
Nothing  is  known  of  its  habits,  but  there  is  a 
stuffed  specimen  in  the  British  Museum  (Nat. 
Hist.),  South  Kensington. 

•livery-gull,  s.    [HERBINO-OCI.L.] 

silvery  halrtalL  t. 

Ichthy. :  Trichiurus  lepturus,  a  common  West 
Indian  fish,  occasionally  taken  on  the  British 
coast.  Body  band-like,  about  four  feet  long. 

•livery  shrew-mole,  s. 

Zool.  :  Scalops  argentatus,  about  seven  inches 
long,  having  the  hairs  annnlated  with  white 
and  lead-colour,  giving  the  animal  a  silvery 
appearance.  It  inhabits  the  western  prairies 
advancing  as  far  east  as  Ohio  aud  Michigan. 

silvery  Y.  ». 

Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Plusia. 
gamma.  Called  also  the  Gamma  Moth. 
[PLUSIA.]  It  flies  at  all  hours  of  the  day  and 
night 

•I-lyW-6-...   •.  ft.     [Mod.    Lat    sily(bum); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutT.  -ex.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Cynarea. 

•H'-y-bttm,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Or.  <ri'\Av/3«  (til- 
Zutws)  =  a  thistle-like  plant.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Silybete  (q.v.). 
Now  reduced  by  Sir  J.  Hooker  to  a  sub-genus 
of  Carduus,  having  the  filaments  glandular, 
connate,  the  fruit  rugose,  the  pappus  silky, 
connate  at  the  base.  Under  it  is  placed 
Cardnus  marianiu,  formerly  Silyoum  rnari- 
anum,  a  thistle,  with  rose-purple  flowers; 
an  European  plant. 

Sim,  «.  [Abbrev.  of  Simeonite  (q.v.).]  Origin- 
ally applied  to  a  follower  of  the  Rev.  C. 
Simeon ;  hence,  a  Low  Churchman. 

si-ma,  «.    [CTMA.J 

•I-ma'-ba,  s.  [The  native  name  of  Simalm 
guianensii.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Slmarubess.  Trees  or 
shrubs  from  tropical  America.  Simuba  Cedron, 
a  native  of  New  Granada,  has  fruits  the  kernel 
of  which  is  the  cedron  of  commerce.  It  is 
given  in  fevers  and  for  the  bites  of  serpents 
and  other  venomous  animals. 

*  slm  -a-gre,  «.    [Pr.  simagree.]    A  grimace. 

"  Now  in  the  crystal  stream  he  looks,  to  try 
tiatiinfitji-ei.  and  rolls  hi*  glaring  eye." 

llryden i  Ovid;  Stetamoreholtl JtlU. 

*  si-mar  re',  *  si-mar',  *  si-mar  e',  ».    [Pr. 
simarre;  Ital.  rimarra.]    A  woman's  robe;  a 
loose,  light  garment.    [CIMAK.J 

sim-a-rti'-bo,  s.  [From  iimarmtha,  the  Ca- 
ribbean name*  of  Simaruba  ojjtcinalis.] 

Bot, ;  The  typical  genus  of  Simarubscese 
(q.v.).  Flowers  unisexual ;  calyx  small,  cup 
shaped,  five-toothed ;  petals,  stamens,  styles 
and  ovaries  five.  Tropical  American  trees. 
Simaruba  aiaa.ro,  yields  simaruba  bark,  used 
in  dysentery,  &c.  The  variety  verticolor  is 
the  Mountain  Damson,  sometimes  cultivated 
in  English  hothouses.  S.  versuxlor,  a  native 
of  Brazil  is  so  intensely  bitter  that  no  insects 
will  touch  it,  and  Is  used  to  preserve  plants 
In  herbaria  from  their  attacks. 

aim  a  ru  ba'-cjS-sa,  «.  pi  [Moi  Lat  «imo- 
rub(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -accce.} 

Bot. :  Quasslads ;  sn  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Entales.  Trees  or  shrubs 


with  exstipulate,  alternate,  mostly  compound 
leaves  ;  peduncles  axillary  or  tei-minal  ;  flowers 
whitish,  green,  or  purple  ;  calyx  in  four  or 
five  divisions,  Imbricated  ;  petals  the  same 
number  ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals, 
each  arising  from  the  back  of  a  hypogynous 
scale  ;  ovary  stalked,  four  or  five  lobed,  four 
or  five  celled,  each  cell  with  one  suspended 
ovule.  Fruit  of  four  or  five  drupes.  Intensely 
bitter  plants  from  the  Tropics  of  both  hemi- 
spheres. Tribes  four  :  Simarubeae,  H;trri- 
soniete,  Allantheaj,  and  Spathelieae.  Genera 
seventeen  ;  number  of  species  doubtful. 
(Lindley.) 

•Im-a-ru'-be-as,  ».  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  rfinn- 
rub(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -«t.) 

Bot.  :  The  typical  tribe  of  Simarubaceie 
(q.v.). 

Sim  -blot,  s.  [Fr.]  The  harness  of  a  weaver's) 
draw-loom. 

Sim'-e-on-ites,  ».  pi    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  :  A  name  given  to  the  fol- 
lowers of  the  Eev.  Charles  Simeon  (1758-1836), 
Vice-provost  of  King's  College,  and  Viciir  cif 
Trinity  Church,  Cambridge.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  an  impassioned  evangelicalism  in 
language,  sentiment,  and  doctrine,  that  at 
first  roused  bitter  opposition,  but  his  influ- 
ence increased,  and  from  about  1793  he  ga- 
thered round  him  a  number  of  young  men, 
chiefly  undergraduates,  whom  he  sought  to 
indoctrinate  with  his  opinions,  which  he  also 
endeavoured  to  perpetuate  by  establishing  the 
Simeon  Trust,  for  the  purchase  of  cures  of 
souls  to  which  men  holding  evangelical  views 
were  to  be  appointed. 

si-me-this,  >.  [Named  after  the  Sicilian 
nymph  Symsethls.  (Ovid  :  Met.  xiii.  760.)] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Liliacese,  tribe  Anthericew. 
Flowers  perfect,  jointed  with  the  pedicel; 
perianth  six-partite,  spreading,  deciduous  ;  sta- 
mens six,  distinct,  with  woolly  filaments  ;  style 
filiform  ;  stigma  entire  ;  ovary  three-celled, 
with  two  ovules  superimposed  in  each  cell 
Only  known  species  Simethis  biatlor,  a  native 
of  Britain,  or  a  denizen.  Found  in  fir  woods 
at  Bournemouth  and  in  Ireland  ;  rare.  Its 
flowers  are  purple  on  the  back,  white  inside. 

glm'-I-a,  s.  [Lat  =  an  ape,  from  Lat.  SIMM, 
Gr.  on^ios  (rimos)  =  snub-nosed.] 

•1.  A  Linnajan  genus  of  Primates,  coexten- 
sive with  the  modern  Simfadse  and  Cebida 
(the  Catarhina  and  Platyrhina  of  Geoffrey). 

2.  Orang-ut*n(q.v.);  the  type-genus  of  thf) 
family  Simlada  (q.v.).  Head  vertically  pio- 
duced  ;  anus  reaching  to  ankle  ;  ribs,  twelve 
pairs  ;  no  ischiatic  callosities  or  01  inter- 
medium;  hallux  small.  One  species,  Stmia 
satyr  us,  from  Borneo  and  Sumatra. 

si  mi  a,  d«e,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  ii»it(a);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -adce.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Primates,  equal  to  the  old 
group  Catarhina.  r.  H  $,  u  }  ;  bony  meatus  au- 
ditorius  externus  present  ;  pollex,  if  present, 
opposabla  ;  tail  never  prehensile  ;  internasal 
septum  narrow  ;  ischial  callosities  and  cheek- 
pouches  often  present  ;  pectoral  limbs  some- 
times much  longer  than  the  pelvic  limbs  ;  the 
hitter  in  no  case  much  longer  than  the  former. 
There  are  three  sub-families  :  Simiinue,  Sem- 
nopithecinte,  and  Cynopithecineo. 


•im'-I-txl,   slm'-I-an,  a.     [Lat 
ape.)   'Of  or  pertaining  to  an  ape  ;  resembling 
an  ape  ;  ape-like. 

"  Not  la  any  almffll.  canine,  ovine,  or  otherwise  in- 
human manner."—  Caflyle  :  Pott  and  Prtunt,  bk.  it, 
ch.1. 

sfcn-i-i'-na),  «.  p*.  [Mod.  Lat.  simi(a);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suit  -ime.l 

Zool.  :  Anthropoid  apes,  Latiaternal  apes  ; 
a  sub-family  of  Simiadaj  (q.v.).  Pectoral 
longer  than  pelvic  limbs  ;  no  tail  or  cheek- 
pouches  ;  stomach  simple,  cfiecum  with  a  ver- 
miform appendix  ;  sternum  broad,  at  inter- 
medium sometimes  absent  from  carpus.  There 
are  three  genera  :  Simla,  Troglodytes,  and 
Hylobates. 

slm'-Mar,  a.  &  «.  [Pr.  timilaln,  as  if  from 
a  Lat.  similaris,  extended  from  rimillt  =  like; 
Ital.  similare.] 

A*  As  adjective  : 

L  Ordinary  language  : 

I.  Like  ;  having  a  like  form,  appearance, 


boll,  bt5y;  poUt,  Jowl;  oat.  oelL  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  fU*;  «in,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   -H«. 
-oian. -tlan  -  shan.    -tlon.  -slon  =  shun ;  -flon,  -«lon  =  Shun,   -eious.  -tlous,  -eioos  =  alitU.   -ble.  -die,  *e.  -  bel.  O*i. 


4276 


similarity— simpering 


characteristics,  or  qualities  ;  resembling,  alike. 
Similar  sometimes  means  exactly  alike,  but 
generally  it  denotes  a  resemblance  less  than 
exact  likeness,  that  is,  a  general  likeness  in 
the  principal  points. 

.  "My  present  concern  is  with  the  commandment  to 
loveour  neighbour,  which  isatluty  second  ami  rimilar 
to  that  of  the  love  of  God."—  n'alerland  :  Workt,  voL 
be.,  aer.  2. 

*  Z.  Homogeneous  ;  having  all  parts  alike  ; 
uniform. 

"  Minerals  appear  to  the  eye  to  be  perfectly  timil 
as  metals."— Boyle. 

U.  Geom.,  Ac. :  Applied  to  figures  made  up 
of  the  same  number  of  parts,  those  parts 
being  arranged  in  the  same  manner,  so  that 
the  ligures  shall  be  of  the  same  form  and  diffe 
from  each  other  only  in  magnitude. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  That  which  is  similar  to  or 
resembles  something  else  in  form,  appearance, 
quality,  or  the  like. 

•Im-i-lar'-l-tjf,  s.  [Fr.  similarttl.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  similar ;  perfect  or 
partial  resemblance  ;  close  likeness. 

"The   limitfrUy    it   bore    to   the   spruce."— Coot  .- 
Second  Voyage,  bk.  1.,  ch.  iv. 

Sim  i-lar  ly,  adv.  [Kng.  similar;  -fy.]  In 
a  similar  or  like  manner  ;  in  a  manner  more 
or  less  exactly  resembling  or  corresponding 
with  something  else  ;  in  like  manner. 

BlnV-I-lar-y,  a.   [Eng.  similar  ; -».]  Similar, 
like. 


*  simllary-parts,  3.  pi. 
Bat.  :  Grew's  name  for  the  vegetable  tissue 
or  elementary  organs  of  plants. 

•Jm'-I-le,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  like  thing  ;  neut.  sing. 
of  rimilis  =  like,  similar  (q.v.).] 

Bhet.  :  The  likening  of  two  things,  which, 
though  differing  la  other  respects,  have  some 
strong  point,  or  points,  of  resemblance  ;  a 
comparison  ;  a  likening  by  comparison.  [ME- 
TAPHOR.] 

"  To  which  let  me  here  Add  another  near  of  kin  to 
this,  at  least  In  name,  and  that  Is  letting  the  miud 
upon  the  suggestion  of  any  new  notion,  run  imme- 
diately after  rimila  to  make  it  the  clearer  to  itself  : 
which,  though  it  may  be  a  good  way,  and  useful  in 
the  explaining  our  thoughts  to  others  ;  yet  it  is  by  no 
means  a  right  method  to  settle  true  notions  of  any- 
thing In  ourselves,  because  rimdct  always  fail  In  some 
imrt,  and  come  short  of  that  exactness  which  our  con- 
ceptions should  have  to  things,  if  we  would  think 
aright"—  LocJte  :  Conduct  of  the  Undent.,  f  3L 

IT  Everything  is  a  simile  which  associates 
objects  together  on  account  of  any  real  or 
supposed  likeness  between  them  ;  but  a  timi- 
lit».'ie  signifies  a  prolonged  or  continued 
rimile.  Every  simile  is  more  or  less  a  compari- 
son, but  every  companion  is  not  a  simile:  the 
latter  compares  things  only  as  far  as  they  are 
alike  ;  but  the  former  extends  to  those  things 
which  are  different.  (Crabb.) 

•I-mn  -i-ter,  adv.    [Lat.  =  In  like  manner.) 
Law.  :  The    technical  designation    of  the 
form  by  which  either  party  in  pleading  ac- 
cepts the  issue  tendered  by  his  opponent. 

si-mil  -i-tude,  •  sy-myll  tude,  =.    [Fr., 
from  Lat.  similitudintm,  accus.  of  similitudo 
=  likeness,  from  similis  =  like  ;  Sp.  similitud  • 
ItaL  similitudine.] 
1.  Likeness,  resemblance,  similarity. 

••  Bneh  1»  the  limUlludr  between  Judaism,  the  an. 
cient  stock,  and  Christianity,  which  was  ingrafted 
npon  it---OBpin:  SmamM,  voL  Hi.,  ser.  a. 


.     . 

*  2.  A  comparison,  a  simile,  a  likeness 
parable.    [SIMILE.] 

"  He  spake  by  a  rimilUude.-—LuJu  rill.  (1561.) 

3.  A  representation,  a  likeness,  a  portrait, 
»  facsimile. 

"  Had  Phojbus  fall'd  to  move 
jEneas,  In  limilitmte  of  Ferlphas.- 

Chnpman:  Bomgr;  ntadTvil 


-ar-jf,  o.  [Eng.  similitude  ; 
-inury.]  Making  similitudes  or  similes;  in- 
volving a  simile  or  similes. 

"Our  Saviour  chose    this  limtlitudinari  way  to 
'  °°'™  "th  Uaail{-"-Dr-  Pottff:  CKHao- 


•sim-I-lize,  v.t.    [Eng.  simil(e);  -to.] 
1.  To  liken,  to  compare. 


2.  To  imitate.    (Sylvester  :  Captaines,  454.) 
•am'-I-lor,  a.    [SEMILOR.] 

tsim'-l-ous,  cr.    [SmiA.]   Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling an  ape  ;  monkey-like. 


sim'-i-tar,  «.    [SCIMITAB.] 

Sim   la  ite,  s.      [After  Simla,  India,  where 
found";  suff.  -ite  (frta.).] 
Min. :  ThesameasMEERsCHAHlMlNlTE(q.v.). 
sim-mer,  s.    [SUMMER.]    (Scotch.) 

sim  mcr,  •  sim  ber,   •aim-par,  *sym- 

per,  v.i.  &  t.  [Prob.  an  imitative  word  ;  cf. 
Dan.  summe  ;  Ger.  summen  ;  Sw.  dial,  summa 
—  to  hum,  to  buzz.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  boil  gently  ;  to  boil  with  a 
gentle  hissing. 

"  Increase  the  heat  by  degrees,  till  the  spirit  of  wine 
begin  to  rimmer."— Boyle:  (Forti,  i  712. 

B.  Tram. :  To  cause  to  boil  gently. 

aim  mond'-sl-a,  s.  [Named  after  a  naturalist, 
T.  W.  Simmonds,  who  accompanied  Lord  Sea- 
forth  to  the  West  Indies.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Acalyphea  (Lindley),  of 
Garryacese  (Nuttall).  Only  known  species, 
Simmondsia  cali/ornicu.  The  nuts  taste  like 
filberts,  but  leave  a  nauseous  after-taste,  and 
cause  purging. 

•slm-nel, -slmeneL'slm'-nelLi.  [O.Fr. 
simenel  =  bread  or  cake  of  fine  wheat  flour; 
from  Low  Lat.  siminellus,  prob.  for  similellus, 
from  Lat.  simila  =  fine  wheat  flour.] 

1.  A  cake  made  of  fine  flour ;  a  cracknel. 

2.  A  simnel-cake  (q.v.). 

"  111  to  thee  a  tlmaett  bring, 
'Gainst  thou  go'st  a  mothering." 

fferricJc  :  To  Dtaneme. 

simnel-cake,  s.  A  raised  cake,  with  a 
crust  coloured  with  saffron,  the  interior  being 
filled  with  the  materials  of  a  very  rich  plum- 
pudding.  They  are  made  up  very  stiff,  boiled 


SIMNEI.-CAKBS. 

in  a  cloth  for  several  hours,  then  brushed  over 
with  egg  and  baked.  It  was  formerly  (and  in 
some  parts  still  is)  the  custom  in  the  West- 
ern midlands  to  send  simnels  as  presents  at 
Christmas,  Easter,  and  especially  on  Mid-Lent 
or  Mothering  Sunday. 

S&n-o'c'-y-on,  «.  [Or.  0-if.cic  (»imoj)  =  snub- 
nosed,  and  K-dtav  (fcuon)  =  a  dog.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Carnivore,  sometimes 
placed;  with  the  Canidse,  but  of  doubtful 
affinities,  from  the  Upper  Miocene  of  Greece. 

Si'  mo"n,  i.  A  credulous  person,  resembling 
"  Simple  Simon  "  in  the  nursery  rhyme. 

U  Simon  Pure,  or  the  real  Simon  t^re :  The 
genuine  article ;  an  allusion  to  Simon  Pure  a 
character  counterfeited  by  an  impostor  In 
Susanna  Centlivre'fp  comedy,  A  Bold  Stroke  for 

*  sim'-6n-er,  s.  [SIMONT.]  A  simoniacal 
person.  (Bale :  Select  Works,  p.  129.) 

si-mo'  m  ac,   "si-mo'-ru  act,   "si-mo- 

nl-ake,  s.  [Fr.  simaniaque  ;  from  Lat  simo- 
niacus.]  [SIMONY.]  One  who  practises  or  is 
guilty  of  simony ;  one  who  buys  or  sells  pre- 
ferment in  the  church. 

aim  o-nl'-ae-al,  a.    [Eng.  timoniac ;  -al.] 

1.  Practising  simony ;  guilty  of  simony. 

"I*- is  but  reasonable  to  believe,  the  Holy  Ghost  will 
not  descend  upon  the  ,(m<mfc*i,(  unchaste  TO™ 
binaries,  schismatlcks,  and  scandaloui  priests  ^-S 
Taylor  ,  Sermons,  Tot  1..  set.  vi. 

2.  Pertaining  to,    involving,  or  consisting 
of  simony ;  obtained  by  simony  :  as,  ajrfmoni- 
acal  presentation. 

1 slm-o-ni'-ac-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  stmmiaml ; 
•ly.]  In  a  simoniacal  manner;  with  or  by 
simony. 

Si  mo  ril  ana,  s.  pi.    [Lat.  Simoniani,  from 
Simon  Magus.    (Euseb :  Eccles.  Hilt.,  lib.  iv., 
ch.  xiii.)]    [SIMONY.] 
Church  History  : 

1,  A  name  applied  to  the  Gnostics,  from  the 
belief  that  Simon  Magus  was  their  founder. 

2.  A  name  of  infamy  applied  to  the  Nes- 
torians,  after  Simon  Magus,  the  first  heretic. 


*  Si-mo  -nl-oua,  a.  [Eng.  sinum(y) ; -ous.]  Par- 

taking of  simony ;  given  to  simony ;  simoniacal 

*  Sim -OH -1st,  s.      [Eng.  fimonfy);  -i$t.]     One 
who  practises  simony  ;  a  simoniac. 

"If    we    be    condemned  as    timonitu."  —  Adamt : 

sim  on  y,  *  sim  on-le,  *sym-on-ye,  ». 

[Fr.  simonie,  from  Low  Lat.  simonia  ;  named 
after  Simon  Magus,  who  wished  to  buy  th» 
gift  of  the  Holy  Ghost  with  money  (Act* 
viii.  18.).]  The  act,  practice,  or  crime  of 
trafficking  in  sacred  things,  and  especially  io 
the  buying  or  selling  of  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferments, or  the  corrupt  presentation  of  any- 
one to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice  for  money  er 
reward. 

"By  itmmy,  the  right  of  presentation  to  a  bring 
Is  forfeited  and  vested  pro  Me  mae  in  the  crowd; 
Simony,  so  called  from  the  resemblance  it  is  said  to 
bear  to  the  sin  of  Simon  Magus,  is  the  corrupt  presen- 
tation of  any  one  to  an  ecclesiastical  benertoe  for 
money,  gift,  or  reward,  and  ia  by  the  canon  law  a  very 
grievous  crime.  With  us,  bowerer,  the  law  hat  estab- 
lished so  many  exceptions  that  there  is  no  difficulty 
whatever  in  avoiding  the  forfeiture.-— Blaciitone 
Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  16. 

si  mon  yite.  s.  [After  Prof.  F.  Simony, 
suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  monoclinic  mineral  occurring  both 
in  crystals  and  massive.  Hardness,  2'5  • 
sp.gr.  2-244.  Compos. :  sulphuric  acid,  47-17: 
magnesia,  12-65;  soda,  18'86 ;  water,  21 '82  = 
100-50,  yielding  the  formula  ROSOj+2HO, 
where  RO  =  magnesia  and  soda. 

si  moom,  'si-moon',  s.  [Arab.  samum=* 
sultry,  pestilential  wind  which  destroys  tra- 
vellers ;  from  samma  =  he  poisoned  ;  samut 
=  poisoning.] 

Meteor.  :  A  hot  wind  which  blows  over  the 
deserts  of  Asia  and  Africa,  darkening  the  air 
with  the  sand  which  it  raises.  Under  its  in- 
fluence the  skin  feels  dry,  the  respiration  ii 
accelerated,  and  there  is  burning  thirst.  The 
simoom  is  called  in  Algiers  and  Italy  the 
Sirocco,  in  Egypt  the  Kamsin,  in  Turkey  the 
Samiel,  and  in  Guinea  the  Harmattan.  The 
Indian  hot  wind  blowing  over  Central  India 
in  April  and  May  is  a  milder  form  of  ths 
Simoom. 

"  Like  a  minute's  gleam  of  sun. 
Amid  the  black  timaom'i  eclipse." 

Moore  :  Fire-  H'orthippert. 

•si-moon',  s.    [SIMOOM.] 

sim-  6  sau-rus,  s.  [Or.  o-i^os  (simos)  3 
snub-nosed,  and  o-aCpoc  (sauros)  =  a  lizard.) 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Plesiosauria,  confined 
to  the  Muschelkalk  (q.v.).  It  had  a  large 
head,  with  enormous  orbits,  and  teeth  sunk  in 
distinct  sockets. 

*  si'-mous,  o.    [Lat.  simus.)    [SIMIA.J 

1.  Having  a  flat  or  snub  nose,  with  the  end 
turned  up. 

2.  Concave. 

"  In  the  concave  or  Hmna  part  at  the  IlT«r."— 
Browne:  Vulgar  Errowri,  p.  108. 

sim  pai,  ».    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  SemnopUKecus  melalophus ;  called  also 
the  Black-crested  Monkey,  a  native  of  Suma- 
tra. Body  long,  slender,  pelvic  limbs  so  long 
that  the  hind-quarters  are  higher  than  the 
shoulders  when  the  animal  walks  on  all-fours. 
There  is  a  long  crest  of  black  hair  on  the  top 
of  the  head ;  under  parU  white ;  back  and 
neck  bright  yellow  and  red. 

Sim'-per.  v.i.  [Prob.  a  nasalized  form  from 
sip  (q.v.);  cf.  Dan.  sij>pe  =  a  woman  who  is 
affectedly  coy ;  Sw.  sipp  =  finical,  prim  ; 
Low  Ger.  sipp  =  the  gesture  of  a  compressed 
mouth  .and  affected  pronunciation ;  Norw. 
semper  =  fine,  smart  ;  Dan.  dial,  simper,  sem- 
per =  affected,  coy,  prudish  ;  Prov.  Ger.  iim- 
pern  =  to  be  affectedly  coy.] 
1.  To  smile  in  an  affected,  silly  manner. 

"  There  dost  thou  glide  from  fair  to  fair. 
Still  lilnperfng  on  with  eager  haste." 

Byron :  To  a  Youthful  frieni. 

*  2.  To  glimmer ;  to  twinkle. 

"  Stars  above 
Simper  and  shine."  6.  Herbert. 

Sim'-per,  s.  [SIMPER,  t).]  An  affected  smile 
or  smirk  ;  a  smile  with  an  air  of  affectation 
and  silliness.  (Byron :  Beppo,  Ixv.) 

aim'-per-er,  s.  [Eng.  simper,  v. ;  -w.)  One 
who  simpers. 

"And  well  the  timperer  might  be  vain, 
He  chose  the  fairest  of  the  train.' 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  V.  tL 

aim   per -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SIMPER,  ».] 


at,  tare    amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  thfire;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  K6,  pot, 
«r.  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son;  mate.  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  flill:  try.  Syrian.    ».  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  i™. 


simperingly— simply 


4277 


er-Ing-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  simpering; 
•ty.]  In  a  si  mowing  uianiier  ;  with  simpers 
or  smirks. 

"Why  looks  neat  Gurus  all  no  stmperingly  t" 

Marston  :  Scourge  of  Villany,  ill.  fl. 

rftn  pl-es-dm -e-ter,  s.    [SVMPIESOMETER.] 

»lm  pie,  *  sym  pie,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  simple, 
from  Lat.  simplicem,  accus.  of  simplex  = 
simple ;  lit.=  one-fold,  from  sim~t  a  prefix 
=  same  (seen  also  in  sem-el  =  once,  sim-ul 
=  together)  and  plico  =  to  fold  ;  Sp.  simple ; 
Port,  simples ;  ItaL  simplice,  semplice.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language ; 

1.  Single  ;  not  double  or  duplex ;  consist- 
ing of  only  one  thing ;  uncompounded  or  un- 
cornbined  with  anything  else. 

"Among  substance*,  some  are  called  timjJe.  some 
compound,  whether  taken  in  a  philosophical  or  vulgiir 
sense."—  Watts:  Logic. 

2.  Not  complex  or  complicated :  as,  a  simple 
machine. 

3.  Mere,  pure  ;  being  no  more  and  no  less 
than;  nothing  els§  than  ;  being  only. 

"  The  sceptre  Is  a  simple  peed." 

Longfellow;  Golden  Legend,  Iv. 

4.  Not  distinguished   by  any  excellence ; 
plain  ;  of  an  average  quality. 

"Thy  simple  fare,  ami  ail  thy  plain  delights." 

Copper:  Talk,  i.  6«. 

5.  Not  given  to  deceit,  stratagem,  art,  or 
duplicity ;    undesigning,    artless,    harmless, 
sincere. 

"Off  their  own   element  they  were  u  simple  u 

children."— Sfacaulay :  But,  Eng.,  ch.  111. 

6.  Unaffected,  plain,  artless,  unconstrained ; 
not  artificial ;  unadorned. 

"  In  hi*  simple  show  he  harbours  treason." 

ShaXesp,  :  2  Henry  VI,,  til.  1. 

7.  Unmistakable,  clear,  plain,  intelligible : 
§s,  a  simple  statement. 

8.  Easy  to  be  done ;  not  difficult  or  com- 
plicated :  as,  a  simple  problem,  a  simple  task. 

9.  Weak  in  intellect ;  rather  silly ;  too  con- 
fiding. 

"  The  simple  helieveth  every  word."—  Proterbt  xlv.  16. 
n.  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  Not  consisting  of  several  distinct 
parts  ;  scarcely  divided  or  branched  at  all. 
3.  Ch#m. ;  Elementary.    [ELEMENT,  s.,  II.  2.] 

3.  Math. :    Not    complicated.      A    simple 
quantity  is  a  quantity  containing  but  one 
term.      [MONOMIAL.]     A  simple  equation  is 
one  of  the  first  degree.    Simple  addition  is 
the  addition  of  numbers  expressed  in  a  uni- 
form scale.    Simple  subtraction,  multiplica- 
tion, division,  &c.,  have  corresponding  signi- 
fications. 

4.  Min. :  The  same  as  HOMOGENEOUS  (q.v-X 

5.  Pathol. :  Uncomplicated  with  other  dis- 
eases :  as,  simple  apoplexy. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Gen. :  Something  single ;  not  mixed  or 
compounded. 

"  It  is  a  melancholy  of  mine  own,  compounded  of 
many  simples,  extracted  from  many  object*."— 
Shatosp.  :  At  You  Like  ft.  iv.  L 

f.  Specif. :  A  medicinal  herb,  or  medicine 
obtained  from  a  herb  ;  so  called  because  each 
vegetable  was  supposed  to  possess  its  parti- 
cular virtue,  and  therefore  to  constitute  a 
•imple  remedy. 

"  There  Hum  shalt  call  me  timpJfs.  and  shalt  teach 

Thy  friend  the  name  and  healing  powers  of  each." 

Cowper :  Death  of  Damon. 

U.  Technically: 

1.  Roman  Ritual : 

*  (1)  A  feast  on  which  the  office  of  the  feria 
was  said,  with  only  a  commemoration  of  the 
feast 

(2)  Any  feast  which  is  not  a  double  or  semi- 
double.  The  office  for  a  simple  differs  little 
from  the  ferial  office. 

"  The  practice  of  taking  the  hymn  on  simples  from 
the  common  of  saints  .  .  .  only  dates  from  1'iui  V."— 
Addis  A  Arnold  :  Oath,  Diet.,  p.  844. 

2.  Weaving: 

(1)  A  draw-loom  employed  in  fancy  weaving. 

(2)  A  cord  dependent  from  the  tail  of  a 
harness  cord  in  a  draw-loom,  having  at  its 

'  end  a  bob,  by  which  it  is  pulled  to  work  a 
certain  portion  of  the  harness. 

If  Simple,  when  applied  to  the  understand- 
ing, implies  such  a  contracted  power  as  is 
Incapable  of  combination ;  silly  and  foolish 
rise  in  sense  upon  the  former,  signifying 
ftithar  the  perversion  or  the  total  deficiency 


of  understanding.  The  behaviour  of  a  person 
may  be  silly,  who  from  any  excess  of  feeling 
loses  his  sense  of  propriety  ;  the  conduct  of  a 
person  will  be  foolish,  who  has  not  judgment 
to  direct  himself.  Country  people  may  be 
simple  owing  to  their  want  of  knowledge. 
(Crabb.) 

H  Simple  interest :  (See  under  the  noun.) 
[INTEREST,  a.,  II.  1.] 

*  simple-answered,  a.  Making  a  plain, 

simple  answer, 

"  Be  simple-answered,  for  we  know  the  troth." 

Hhakeip, :  Lear,  ill,  7. 

simple  ascidians,  s.  pi.    [ASCIDIADAU] 
simple-contract,  s. 

Law :  A  parole  promise,  verbal  or  written, 
but  not  under  seal.  A  simple  contract  debt  is 
one  ascertained  only  by  oral  evidence  or  by 
unsealed  notes, 

simple-hearted,  a.  Having  a  simple, 
open  heart ;  single-hearted,  ingenuous. 

simple-larceny,  s.    [LARCENY.] 
simple-leaf,  s. 

Bot. :  A  leaf  consisting  of  a  single  piece, 
not  divided  into  leaflets. 

simple-minded,  a.  Artless,  frank, 
straightforward,  devoid  of  duplicity,  unsus- 
pecting. 

simple-mindedness,  5.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  simple-minded  ;  artlessness  ; 
freedom  from  duplicity  or  suspicion. 

simple-mineral,  *. 

Min. :  An  individual  mineral  substance,  aa 
distinguished  from  a  rock.  Minerals  are  not, 
as  a  rule,  really  simple,  for  chemical  analysis 
can  resolve  them  into  various  elements. 

simple-toothed  rodents,  «.  pi.    [Siu- 

PLICIDENTATA.j 

simple-trust,  s. 

Law:  The  terra  used  when  property  is 
vested  in  one  person  in  trust  for  another. 

simple-umbel, «.    [UMBE/..] 

*  slm'-ple,  v.i.  [SIMPLE,  a.]  To  gather  simples. 

"  While  botanist*,  all  cold  to  smile*  and  dimpling. 
Forsake  the  fair,  and  patiently— go  nmplina." 

Goldsmith  :  Prol.  to  Zobeide. 

sim  pie  ness,  *  sim-ple-nesse,  s,    [Eng. 

simple;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being   simple, 
single,  or  uncompounded. 

"  They  are  least  compounded,  and  approach  moat  to 
the  simpleness  of  the  elements.  —  Digby  ;  On  Bodies. 

2.  Artlessness,  simplicity,  plainness,  inno- 
cence. 

"  For  never  any  thing  can  be  amiss. 
When  timptenett  and  duty  tender  It" 
Shuketp. ;  Midsummer  Sight' t  Dream,  r.  l. 

3.  Weaknessof intellect;  silliness, stupidity, 
folly. 

"  What  simplenett  la  tli  is  I    I  come,  I  come." 

Shoketp,:  Romeo  t  Juliet,  ill.  3. 

4.  Freedom  from  complication  or  difficulty  ; 
simplicity  :  as,  the  simpleness  of  a  machine  or 
remedy. 

*  aim   pldr,  s.    [Eng.  simple) ;  -en]    One  who 
collects    simples,    or    medicinal    herbs ;    a 
simplist,  a  herbalist. 

"  The  rich  green  beds  of  sweet-fern  give  out  their 
aromatic  savour  to  the  wise  old  simpler." — Harper  t 
J/agaxitie,  Hay,  1882.  p.  86ft. 

simpler's  Joy,  s. 

Bot. :  Verbena  officinalis.  So  named  from 
the  good  sale  collectors  of  simples  had  for  so 
highly  esteemed  a  plant.  (Prior.) 

*  slm'-plesse,  s.  [Fr.]  Simplicity,  simpleness. 

"  Their  weeda  been  not  so  Highly  wore. 
Such  simplcsse  in  ought  them  shend." 

Spenser ;  Shepheards  Calender;  July. 

sim'-ple-ton,  s.  [Fr.  simplet,  fern,  simplette  = 
a  simphi  person,  from  simple  =  simple  (q.v.).] 
A  simple,  silly  person ;  one  who  is  simple,  a 
person  of  weak  intellect, 

"  They  look  upon  persons  employing  their  time  In 
making  verses,  pictures,  or  in  reading  books,  as 
simpleton*  easily  to  be  deceived."— Jinox :  Winter 
Evenings,  even.  60. 

sim'-plex,  a.    [Lat.]    Simple,  single. 

*  slm-pli'-cian,  s.     [O.  Fr.  simplicien,]     A 
simple,  artless,  or  innocent  person ;  a  sim- 
pleton. 

"  Sometimes  the  veriest  simplictant  are  most  lucky, 
the  wisest  politicians  least,  especially  where  orders 
are  unobserved."— Archd.  Arnway;  The  Tablet,  or 
Moderation  of  Chat.  /.,  p.  U. 


sim  pli  91  den-ta  -ta,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  nmptex, 
genit  simplicis,  and  neut.  pi.  of  Lat  dtntatu* 
=  dentated.] 

Zool. :  Simple-toothed  Rodents;  a  sub-order 
of  Rodentia  (q.v.).  The  sub-order  comprises 
most  of  the  Rodentia,  arranged  in  three  ac- 
tions :  Sciuromorplia,  Myomorpha,  and  Hys- 
trieomorpha, 

"sim-pli-yi-ma'-nl,  s.  pi  [Lat.  simplex, 
genit.  simplicis,  and  manus  =  a  hand.] 

Entom.  :  A  division  of  Carabidte,  instituted 
by  Latreille. 

Slm-plfy-a'-ter,  adv.     [Lat.  =  simply.] 

Law :  Without  involving  anything  not 
actually  named. 

lm-plIf'-X-t?,  *.  [Fr.  simplicite.,  from  L&t 
simpticitatem,  accus.  of  simplicitas,  from  sim- 
plex, genit.  simplicis—  simple  (q.v.) ;  Sp. 
simplicidad ;  Ital.  simplicitd,  semplicita,} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  simple, 
single,  or  uncompounded  ;  simpleness,  single- 
ness. 

"Mandrakes  afford  a  papaverous  unpleasant  odour 
In  the  leaf  or  apple,  discoverable  iu  their  si»tpli<-i(v 
and  mixture."— Browne;  Vulgar  Jirrours,  bk.  vli., 
ch.vii. 

*  2.  That  which  is  simple,  single,  uncom- 
pounded, or  indivisible. 

"They  divided  the  divine  attributes  Into  so  many 
persons ;  because  the  infirmity  of  a  human  niiud 
cannot  sufficiently  conceive,  or  explain,  so  much 
power  and  action  in  a  simplicity  so  great  and  indi- 
visible as  that  of  God."—  Pope  :  View  of  the  Epic  Poem, 

3.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  simple  or 
not  complex  ;  freedom  from  complication. 

"  We  are  led  to  conceive  that  great  machine  of  th« 
world  to  have  been  once  iu  a  state  of  greater  «fm> 
plicX?  than  now  it  is,"—Burntt ;  Theory  ./  the  Earth. 

1.  Freedom  from  subtlety  or  abstruseness  ; 
plainness,  clearness ;  as,  the  simplicity  of  a 
problem. 

5.  Freedom  from  a  disposition  to  duplicity, 
cunning,  or  stratagem  ;  artlessuess,  sincerity, 
harmlessness,  innocence. 

"  By  the  simplicity  of  Venus'  doves." 
Shaketp. :  Midsummer  JfifffU's  Dream,  i.  l. 

&  Plainness,  naturalness ;  absence  of  any- 
thing that  seems  extraordinary. 

"  O  sweet  simplicity  of  days  gone  by  ! " 

Longfellow  :  The  Broolt, 

7.  Freedom   from   or  absence  of  artificial 
ornament;  plainness  :  as,  simplicity  of  dress, 
simplicity  of  style. 

8.  Weakness  of  intellect ;  silliness,  folly. 

"  How  long,  ye  simple  one*,  will  ye  love  simplicity  >~ 


sim  pli  fi  ca'  tion,  s.  [Fr.]  The  act  of 
simplifying,  or  of  reducing  to  simplicity  or  to 
a  state  not  complex. 

"  The  simplification  at  machines  renders  them  mor* 
and  more  perfect,  but  this  simplification  of  the  rudi- 
ments of  languages  renders  them  more  and  more 
imperfect."— Sim* A  ."  formation  of  Languages. 

slm'-pli-ry,  v.t.  [Fr.  simplijier,  from  Lat. 
simplex  =  simple,  and  facio  =  to  make ;  Sp. 
timplificar ;  Ital.  simplificare,  aemplijicare.] 
To  make  simple;  to  reduce  to  simplicity  or  to 
a  state  not  complex ;  to  free  from  complexity, 
abstruseness,  or  difficulty ;  to  make  easier  or 
simpler. 

"  Philosophers  ...  bid  us  endeavour  to  simplify 
ourselves,  or  to  get  into  a  condition  requiring  of  us 
the  least  that  can  be  to  do."— Barrow :  Sermons,  voL 
1L,  ser.  34. 

•  slm'-plist,  s.     [Eng.  simple);   -«.]     One 
who  collects  or  is  skilled  in  simples ;  a  simpler. 

"  A  plant  so  unlike  a  rose,  it  hath  been  mistaken  by 
some  good  timplists  for  amoinum."— Browne  :  Vulgar 
Srrourt,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  vi- 

*  sim-pUs'-titc,  a.     [Eng.  simplist ;  -ic.]    Of 
or  pertaining  to  simples  or  a  simplist. 

*sfan'-pU-t&   *.     [See  def.]     Simplicity. 

(Pier*  Plowman.) 

sim   plo  90,  s.    [SYMPLOCE.] 

slm'-ply,  adv.     [Eng.  simple);  -Zy.] 

1.  Without  another  or  others ;  simply,  alone, 
absolutely. 

"  If  he  take  her,  let  him  take  her  timply.'—Shakeep.  • 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  iii.  ± 

2.  In  a  simple  manner ;  without  art,  dupli- 
city, or  subtleness  ;  artlessly,  plainly. 

3.  In  a  plain   manner ;   unostentatiously, 
plainly. 

"  Simply  let  these,  like  htm  of  Samoe,  live, 
Let  herbs  to  them  a  bloodless  batiquet  give." 

Cowper :  To  Charlet  Deodati,  elegj  rL 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  «M«,  this ;  sin,  as 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -slon  =  zhun.    -clous,    tious,  -slous 


expect,  Xenophon,  o^ist.    ph  =  t 
shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4278 


siinson — sinaite 


4.  Merely,  solely,  only. 

"  Bv-  Imitation,  I  do  not  mean  imitation  in 
largest  airue.  but  Hmpir  the  following  o(  other  I 
ten,'  -Xtyneldt:  Diteourte  vi. 

5.  In  a  simple  or  fwolish  manner  ;  foolishly 
weakly  ;  like  a  simpleton. 

•1m  son.  •  sin  slon,  *  Ben'-clon.  (oi  as 

•h),  j.     [Fr.  sentfon.]    [SEMECIO.] 
-/*oi.  :  Senecio  vulgaris. 

elm   u  la  chre  (chre  as  ker),  >.    [Lat 

s-imu/«cru?n  =  an  image,  a  likeness,  from  sim 
«lo  =  to  make  like,  to  simulate  (q.v.).J    An 


"  Phidias  made  of  ivory  the  *MtM&KSir»  or  Image 
Jupiter."—  Elyot  :  Goternow.  IoL  32  a, 

*  sim  u-lar,  s.&a.    [SIMULATE.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  One  who  simulates  or  coun 
terteits  something  ;  one  who  pretends  to  be 
what  he  U  not;  a  hypocritical  pretender; 

stimulator. 

"  Hide  thee,  thou  bloody  hand. 
'1  boil  perjurer,  thou  limu'tir  of  virtue, 
That  art  incestuous."       AkaAetp.  :  Lear,  ill.  s. 

B.  As    adj.  :     Simulated,    counterfeited 

specious,  false. 

••  I  returned  will  etumlar  prof  enough.* 
- 


*  Bim'-u  late,  a.  [Lat.  simulates,  pa.  par.  o 
timvlo  =  to  feign,  to  pretend,  to  make  like  , 
similit  —  like  ;  simul  =  together.)  Simulated, 
feigned,  pretended,  false. 

"They    bad    vowed   a  (rniulole   chattily.-—  S*l4 
't  t'etariei.  pu  11. 


•Im  u  late,  ».(.  [Fr.  simultr;  Sp.  &  Port. 
simular.]  (SIMULATE,  a.]  To  assume  the 
likeoesa  of;  to  assume  the  men  signs  or 
appearance  of  falsely  ;  to  feign,  to  counter- 
feit, to  sham,  to  imitate. 

"The  Bteuu  and  foliage  of  a  creeper  are  eo  Emulated 
that  ttttltire  u  not  more  lithe  and  living  than  the 
(tone.  "—  JMOf  Tmletrap*,  Jan.  U,  Latt. 

dm  -n-la'-tion,  s.  (Fr.,  from  Lat.  gtmufo- 
tionent,  accus.  of  timitlatlo  =  an  appearance 
falsely  assumed,  from  simulates  =  simulate 
(q.v.)  ;  Sp.  simulation;  Ital.  rimulazione.} 
The  act  of  simulating,  or  of  pretending  to  be 
what  one  is  nut  ;  the  act  of  assuming  a  deceit- 
ful character  or  appearance. 

"  Simulation  is  put  on  that  we  may  look  Into  the 
cards  at  another,  whereas  dissimulation  Intend*  no- 
thing more  than  to  hide  our  own."—  Bolina  brake  :  luea 
q/  a  Patriot  A".  »W- 

J  Simulation  and  dissimulation  differ  In 
that  the  former  is  the  deceitful  assumption  of 
a  false  character,  the  latter  is  the  concealment 
of  the  true  character. 

*  Sim  u-la-tor,  «.    [Lat]    One  who  simu- 
lates or  feigns. 

"Thfly  are  merely  linui&ito*  of  the  part  they  sus- 
tain. —  aeOuineejr.-  Aiaoi.  Stadia.  L  200. 

•  «Iin-u-la-tOr-J,   a.      [Let.    simulatorius.] 
Consisting  in  or  characterized  by  simulation. 

"  Johoram  wisely  suspects  this  flight  of  the  Syrian! 
to  be  but  simu/afory.  and  politicke  only  to  draw  Israel 
out  of  their  oitla.--in.tfiB.  faMni<flMu,^r 


•Im  n-lld'-l-uin,  g.   [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from 
timuliun  (q.v.).J 


.:  A   genos  of  Diptera,  akin   to 
Siumlium,  from  the  Purbeck  beds. 

•I  mu'-li-um,  s.  [Lat.  simulo.]  [SIMULATE.] 
Entom.  :  Sand-fly  ;  a  genus  of  Bibionide  or 
of  I  ipnlidte.  They  resemble  mosquitoes,  and 
their  bite  often  produces  very  painful  swell- 
ings. Simvliim  replant  it  a  common  British 
species.  The  larva  lives  on  the  sub-aquatic 
st«m  of  Phellandrium  and  Smm,  to  which  also 
it  attaches  its  cocoon.  Other  species  inhabit 
South  America,  Lapland,  Ac.  One,  8.  rolim- 
talichense,  swarms  along  the  Lower  Danube, 
and  bites  so  severely  as  sometimes  to  injure 
cattle  fatally. 


a----  ,  g.  [Bng.  rtmultant- 
(oui);  -ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
simultaneous  ;  simultaneousness. 

"These  equations  are  equations  of  condition  (or 
•tmuUeii,att.~-OeaU  t  f 


•Im-iil-ta'-ne'-ons,  o.  [Low  Lat  tintO- 
taneus,  from  sijn«ttim=at  the  same  time, 
from  Lat.  «i«suf  =  together.  J  Happening 
done,  or  taking  place  at  the  same  time. 

'  *»,  "»*  »e  had  need  of.  In  the  performing-  of 
these.  Is  only  God's  concurrences  whether  previous  or 
ttmultanfota.  —  ffammond:  Works.  Iv.  Ho; 

simultaneous  equations.  g.  pi. 
Math.:   Two  equations  are   simultaneous 
when  the  value  of  the  unknown  quantities 


which  enter  them  are  the  same  in  both  at  th 
same  time.    A  group  of  equations  is  siiiiui 
taneous    when    the    value  of   the   unknow 
quantities  is  the  same  in  them  all  at  the  same 
time. 

Sim  iil-ti'-ne  ous-lf .  adv.  [Eng.  riwu. 
taneous;  *ly.]  In  a  simultaneous  manner;  a 
the  &aiue  time ;  together  ;  iu  conjunction. 

sim  al  t4*-ncous  ness,  *.  [Eng.  simul 
taneouy  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  beiiij 
simultaneous,  or  of  happening,  acting,  beinj 
done,  or  taking  place  at  the  same  time. 

"  There  hu  been  DO  explanation  of  the  timuUan 
outnttt  with  which  thtjr  ill  t.|>peared  togetber.- 
Hcnoner  t  Jtaffiuine,  May,  lb»0,  j).  2. 

*  sixn'-ul-t^f  «.  [Lat,  nmultas  =  grurige,  en 
mity.]  Pnvate  grudge  or  quarrel. 

"Toenquir*  after  dwmetUc  tiwultitt,  their  *porta, 
or  atfectKjQ*.  "—Ben  Jonton  :  ftitcoveriat. 


sim'-urg,  s.    [Pers.]     A  fabulous  monstrous 
bird  of  the  Persians.    [Roc.] 

sin,  '  slnne,  •  synne,  i.  [A.8.  tyn,  tinn 
senn,  genit.,  dat.,  and  accus.  synne  ;  cogn 
with  Dut.  zonde;  Icel.  synd,  syndh;  Dan.  & 
8w.  tyna;  O.  H.  Ger.  runtja,  sundja;  Ger 
siinde;  Lat.  sons  =  gnilty.) 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Any  volnntary  transgression  of  the  law 
of  God  ;  disobedience  to  the  divine  command  • 
any  violation  of  the  divine  command  ;  mora! 
depravity,  wickedness,  iniquity.   Sin  includes 
not  only  actions,  but  neglect  of  known  duty, 
all  evil  thoughts,  words    purposes,  and  all 
that  is  contrary  to  the  law  of  God.    It  may 
consist  in  commission,  when  a  known  divine 
law  is  violated,  or  in  omission,  when  a  positive 
divine  command  or  a  rule  of  duty  is  volun- 
tarily and  wilfully  neglected. 

••  All  Crimea  are  Indeed  situ,  but  uot  all  tint  crimes. 
A  tin  may  be  in  the  thought  ur  secret  purpose  of  a 
man.  of  which  neither  a  judge,  nor  *  witness,  nor  any 
man  can  take  notice  ;  but  a  crime  is  such  a  tin  as 
consists  in  an  action  against  the  law,  of  which  acti 
he  can  be  accused,  and  tried  by  a  judge,  and  be  con. 
vlnced  or  cleared  by  witnesses.  Farther,  that  which 
is  no  tfo  in  itself,  but  icdiffereut,  may  be  made  ttn  by 
a  positive  law.^AM*.*  Un  tht  Common  Lout  of 
England. 

2.  An  offence  in  general  ;  a  transgression,  a 
breach  :  as,  a  sin  against  good  taste. 

*  3.  A  sin-offering;    an  offering  made   to 
atone  for  sin. 

"  He  hath  made  Wm  tx,  be  afn  for  n.  who  knew  no 
sin,  that  we  might  M  jL*de  the  righteousness  of  God 
in  him"—  2  CoriRCJUoaK  T.  11 

"  4.  A  man  enormously  wicked  ;  the  incar- 
nation of  sin. 

"Thy  ambition, 

Thoa  scarlet  tin.  robb'd  this  bewailing  land 
Of  noble  Buckingham.  - 

TT  T  i.  /    71       8*at*p.:  amrrin.,  ULJ. 
11.  Technically: 

1.  Script.  £  Protest.  Theol.  :  Sin  Is  used  gen- 
erically  (1  Kings  viii.  84  ;  Roin.  vi.  1)  and  spe- 
cifically (Bzod.  Kxiv.  7X    It  is  denned  as  the 
transgression  of  the  law  (1  John  iii.  4).    All 
sins  are  not  equally  great  (Exod.  jnncii.  81  ; 
1  Sam.  ii.  17).    Distinction  is  recognized  be- 
tween a  "sin  unto  death"  and  a  sin  "not 
unto  death"  (1  John  v.  10).    There  are  sins 
against  one's  self  (Num.  jcvi.  38  ;  Acts  xvl.  28) 
and  against  one's  fellow-mau  (Gen.  xlii.  22  • 
Matt,  ivili.  21),  but  every  sin  is  also  a  sin 
against  God  (Dent  xx_  IS),  which  is  so  im- 
portant, that  compared  with  It  the  others  may 
almost  be  left  unmen  tinned  (cf.  Psalm  1L  4,  14). 
Unlike  crime,  or  transgression  of  human  law, 
sin  may  be  commuted  without  any  overt  act  ; 
there  may  be  sins  of  thought  as  well  as  sins 
of  word  or  deed  (Matt.  v.  22-28).  Theologians 
divide  sins  into  sins  of  omission  and  of  com- 
mission ;   the  former   characterized    by  the 
omission  of  some  commanded  duty,  and  the 
latter  by  the  commission  of  some  deed  posi- 
tively forbidden.    Another  division  is   into 
Original  and  Actual  Sin.    [OBIOINAL-SIN.] 

2.  Raman  Theol.  :  Sin  was  defined  by  St. 
Augustine  aa  "any  thought,  word,  or  deed 
against  the  law  of  God,"  and  his  definition  is 
generally  followed  by  theologians.  The  Coun- 
cil of  Trent  (seas,  vi.,  can.  23)  denned  that 
"  no  one  can  avoid  sin  altogether,  except  by 
•  special  privilege  of  God,  as  the  Church  holds 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin."     Hence  follows  the 
division  into  mortal  and  venial  [MORTAL-SIX 
VEMIAL-SIX.J 

*  sin  born,  «.  Born  of  sin  ;  originally 
sprung  or  derived  from  sin.  (Afitton  ;  P.  L., 
X  696.) 


•in. 


*•     Produced  or  bred  from 
:  P.  L.,  iT.  S15.) 


*  Bin-eater,  <. 

Fotklors  :  A  man  who,  for  a  small  consi- 
deration, professed  to  take  UIKJII  himself  the 
sins  of  a  person  recently  deceased  [Six- 

EATIXO.) 

-The  manner  was.  that  when  the  corpse  was 
brought  out  of  the  house,  and  laid  on  tae  hiera  loaf 
of  bread  was  brought  out  and  delivered  to  th«  tin. 
""T.  5»«f  the,  corpse,  as  also  a  u.uMxl  -U,wl,  „, 
maple,  full  of  beer  (which  he  was  to  drink  upi  and 
sixpence  in  money:  in  considerat:nn  whereof  betook 
upon  himself.  t>uo  facto,  all  the  >ins  of  the  defunct. 
and  freed  him  or  her  from  walking  after  tbav  were 
dead.  '-^n»r»y.  in  Bont:  rear  Soot  July  1»^ 

'  Bin-eating,  s. 

Folklore  :  A  practice  formerly  common,  by 
which  a  man  [SIN-EATER],  in  consideration  of 
*  small  quantity  of  food  and  drink  and  a 
trifling  money  gratuity,  professed  to  take 
upon  nimself  the  sins  of  a  person  deceased. 
The  practice  is  said  by  Laurence  Howel  (Hist 
Pontificate)  to  have  originated  from  a  mistaken 
interpretation  of  Hosea  iv.  8  :  "  They  eat  up 
the  sins  of  my  people.' 

„  I;*1.'"'!?'  adled  «<n-«<z«rw  undoubtedly  arose  In 
Catiol  c  time*  and.  however  it  may  n.ve  been 
limited  to  the  clergy  in  early  ages,  was  afterwards 
continued  and  practised  as  a  profession  by  certain 
persons  called  sin-eaters.-—  11™,  :  Year  Boat,  July  u. 

sin  offering,  s. 

Judaism:  Heb.  n«En  (chhattatn\  a  sacrifice 
for  the  removal  of  sin,  first  Instituted  In 
Lev.  iv.  When  a  sin  had  been  committed  by 
an  anointed  priest,  a  young  bullock  without 
blemish  was  brought  to  the  door  of  the  taber- 
nacle of  the  congregation  before  the  Lord. 
The  priest  laid  his  hand  upon  the  bullock's 
head  (as  if  to  transfer  his  sins  to  the  animal) 
and  then  killed  it  before  the  Lord.  [ScApt- 
GOAT.]  He  next  sprinkled  its  blood  seven 
times  before  the  veil  of  the  sanctuary,  put 
some  of  it  on  the  horns  of  the  altar  "of  in- 
cense, burnt  the  fat,  &c.,  and  theu  the  bullock 
itself  outside  the  camp  (Lev.  iv.  1-12).  There 
were  similar  ceremonies  in  the  case  of  the 
people  at  large  (18-21),  or  of  a  rnler  (22-2«), 
or  one  of  the  common  people  (27-36).  Some- 
times a  ram  or  a  kid  of  the  goats  was  sub- 
stituted for  a  bullock,  or,  in  case  of  poverty, 
a  turtle-dove  (v.  7)  ;  or,  if  the  indigence  was 
still  greater,  the  tenth  part  of  an  ephah  of  fine 
flour  (11).  There  were  stated  times  or  occa- 
sions on  which  sin-offerings  were  sacrificed 
(Num.  xxviii.  15  ;  xxix.  88).  The  Christian 
sees  in  the  sin-offering  a  vivid  type  of  the 
propitiatory  sacrifice  of  Christ.  (Cf.  Heb. 
vii.  27;  ix  18,  14  ;  x.  26,  &c.) 

"  The  flesh  of  the  bullock  shnit  thou  burn  without 
the  camp  :  it  is  a  tmnftrtng."—  Eiadui  xxi*.  14. 

*  Sin-sick,  a.     Suffering  from  the  effect* 
of  sin. 

"  O  God,  whose  favourable  eye 
The  <uMict  soul  revives.- 

Cowper:  Oltify  Ilymnt,  Ivul 

*  Bin-worn,  o.     Worn  by  sin.    (Milton: 
Camus,  17.) 

sin,  *Binne,  •slngen,  *«lnegen,  'sun- 
gen,    v.t.  &  t.      [A.S.    syngian,    gesyngian.} 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  commit  sin  ;   to  depart  voluntarily 
from  the  path  of  duty  prescribed  by  God  to 
man  ;  to  violate  or  transgress  the  divine  law 
In  any  particular,  either  by  commission  of  a 
sin,  or  by  omission  to  fulfil  a  positive  com- 
mand ;  to  transgress. 

"All  have  tiniifd  and  come  short  of  the  glory  of 

II  Frequently  followed  by  against. 

"  Affairut  thee  only  have  1  timed."—  Pialm  U.  i. 

2.  To   offend,  to   transgress,   to  trespass. 
(Followed  by  against.) 

"  I  am  a  man 
*(ore  tinned  ayaitttt  than  siunlng." 

Shakrtf.  :  Lear.  Iii  1 

*  B.  Trans.  :  To  commit,  as  a  sin. 

"  Dost  thou  repent  thee  of  the  sin  we  einnedt' 

A.  C.  Swinburne  :  Trutram  qf  Lueneue,  v. 

1  Sinning  one't  mercies  :  Being  ungrateful 
for  the  gifts  of  Providence.    (&otcA.) 

•in,  adv.  &  conj.    [SlKCE.] 

Si-nie'-an,  o.  [See  def.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  bina;  or  people  of  ancient  China: 
Chinese. 


kn 

A>iUo*  .•  r.L.  XL  M. 

i  -na-ite,   «.      [After   Mount   Sinai,   wheti 
found  ;  suff.  -Ue  (Petrol.).] 

Petrol.  :   A  name  suggested  by  Roziere  for 
the  granites  of  Mount  Sinai  (q.v.). 


. 
work, 


;  mute,  ciib,  cure,  vilte,  CUP.  rule,  lull;  try.  Sjrrlaa.    «,  c»  =  e;  «y  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


Sinaitio— sinecure 


4279 


Si  na  It  Ic,  •  Si-na'-Io,  a.  (See  def.)  Of 
or  u:rbuiiing  to  Mount  Sinai ;  given  or  made 
at  Mount  Sinai. 

•In'-a-mine,  s.     [Lat.   rin<apis)  =  mustard, 

and'Eng.  amine.] 


Chtm. :  C4H6Nj 


CN    ) 
=  C3H5}N. 


A  basic  com- 


pound,  discovered  in  1839  by  Robiquet  and 
Bussy,  prepared  by  rubbing  together  a  mix- 
ture of  oue  part  thiosiuamiue  and  five  parts 
men-uric  oxide,  exhausting  with  ether,  eva- 
porating, dissolving  the  viscid  mass  in  boiling 
water,  and  allowing  it  to  crystallize.  It  forma 
white,  shining,  triclinic  prisms,  which  melt 
at  100",  is  very  bitter  to  the  taste,  inodorous, 
and  dissolves  in  water,  alcohol,  and  ether, 
Its  aqueous  solution  has  an  alkaline  reaction, 
and  is  precipitated  by  tannic  acid.  With 
nitrate  of  silver  it  forma  a  resinous  precipi- 
tate. 

*  sin  a  moine,  s.    [CINNAMON.  J 

rf-nap  *0,  a.  [Eng.  ginajtine);  -ic.J  Of  or 
pertaining  to  mustard  ;  derived  from  or  con- 
tained in  mustard. 

sinapic  acid,  s. 

C^.:CnH1205  =  <C»g™W}o2.  A  di- 
basic acid,  obtained  by  boiling  si  napinesulpho- 
cyanate  with  potash  or  baryta  water.  It 
crystallize*  in  prisms,  which  melt  between 
150°  and  200',  is  sparingly  soluble  in  wafer 
and  alcohol  at  the  ordinary  temperature,  very 
soluble  in  boiling  alcohol,  but  insoluble  in 
ether.  It  forma  easily  soluble  salts  with  the 
alkalis,  sparingly  soluble  with  the  earths  and 
metallic  oxides,  but  all  the  salts  decompose 
with  great  facility. 

•In  a  pine,  *.  [Lat  sinapfis)  =  mustard  ; 
W(GVtem.).] 

Chem,  :  C^H^NO^  An  organic  base,  exist- 
ing as  sulphocyanate  in  the  seed  of  Sinapis 
alba,  and  tirst  extracted  by  Henry  and  Garot 
in  1S25.  It  is  only  known  in  the  form  of  its 
salts  (q.v.). 

sinapine-Bulphato,  s. 

Ckem.  :  Ci6H23NO5.H2SO4.2H2O.  Obtained 
by  adding  a  small  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid 
to  a  hot  concentrated  alcoholic  solution  of 
iinapine  sulphocyanate.  It  forms  rectangular 
plates,  soluble  in  water  and  boiling  alcohol, 
insoluble  in  ether. 

sinapine  sulphocyanate.  s. 

Ckem.  :  C^r^NjjSOs  =  CujHssNO 
Dry  mustard  ttour  freed  from  tixed  oil  by  pres- 
sure, and  washed  with  cold  alcohol  as  long  as 
the  alcohol  acquires  a  yellow  colour,  is  boiled 
with  alcohol  of  85  per  cent.,  and  filtered.  On 
evaporating  the  filtrate,  and  removing  the 
layer  of  fat  from  the  solution,  ainapine  sulpho- 
cyanate crystallizes  out  in  loose  tufts  of  white 
pearly  needles,  which  melt  at  130".  It  is  in- 
odoroua,  tastes  bitter,  and  dissolves  with  a 
yellow  colour  in  water,  alcohol,  and  ether. 
When  strongly  heated,  it  decomposes,  giving 
off  einpyreuraatK  oils  which  burn  with  lumin- 
ous Same,  leaving  chaicoal. 

*I  na-pla,  «.  [Lat.  rinopi,  sinapis,  from  Or. 
vivaiTi,  <r.VaTrv,  (nVrrn-i,  viinrmt  (sinapi,  sinopu, 
sinepi,  sinepv)  =  mustard.] 

1.  Bot.  :  Formerly  a  genns  of  Brassfeldte, 
now  reduced  by  Sir  J.  Hooker  to  a  sub-genus 
of  Brassica,  characterized  by  spreading  sepals. 
Four  are  British:  Brassica  niffra,  Black,  B. 
adpressa  or  incana,  Floury  Mustard  ;  B.  Sina- 

C"  "  itm,  Charlock  ;  and  B.  alba,  White  Mus- 
. 

2.  Pharm.  :  [MUSTARD,  S.J. 

si  nap  is  inc.  s.    [Lat.  einapis  =  mustard  ; 


.. 

Chan,  :  Simon's  name  for  a  white  scaly 
crystalline  substance,  obtained  from  black 
mustard  seed  by  extracting  with  alcohol  and 
ether. 

•Xn-ap  Ijm,  8.      [Lat.,  from  Gr.  a-tvaantr^y 

(tinapismos)  =  the  use  of  a  mustard  blister, 
from  <7tv*jri£<a  (sinapizo)  —  to  use  a  mustard 
blister.] 

Pharm.  :  (1)  A  mustard  plaster  or  poultice  ; 
(2)  the  application  of  a  mustard  plaster  or 
poultice.  [POULTICE,  a.,  2.] 

*J-nap  -A  line,  <-    [Bng.  sinap(ic);  (alcohol, 
and  suff.  -ine.]    [DIALLVL-UREA.] 


sin   ca  line,  s.    [Fr.  sin(apique),  and  (atya- 
line.] 

Cheiti.  :  C8HijNO.  A  brownish  crystalline 
mass,  obtained,  together  with  sinapic  acid, 
by  boiling  sinapine  sulphocyanafce  with  bary- 
ta water.  It  has  a  strong  alkaline  reaction, 
dissolves  sulphur,  and  precipitates  most  of 
the  metallic  oxides  from  their  solution.  Its 
salts  are  extremely  deliquescent. 

1n9e,  'sins,  *  sit  hens,  'slthoncc, 

*  sithen,  *  sin,  *  sith,  *  sithe,  adv.,  prep.t 

*  conj,    [A.8.  sidhdhan,  sidhdhon,  sydhdhan, 
sedhdhan,  siodhdhan  =  after  that,  since,   for 
sidh  dhdin—  after  that:  si<JA  =  after  (prep.), 
dhdm,  dat.  niasc.  of  the  demonstrative  pron.j 

A.  As  adverb : 

1.  From  that  time ;   from  then  till  now  ; 
after  that  time  up  to  now. 

"Sine*,  I  have  not  much  Importuned  you." 

SkaJcttp.  :  Cvrntdy  of  JCrrort.  1  v.  L 

2.  At  a  period  or  point  of  time  subsequent 
to  one  already  mentioned  :  as,  I  have  heard 
since,  that  he  is  dead. 

3.  Before  this  or  now ;  ago. 

"  Twel  ve  years  litrw. 
Thy  lather  WM  the  duke  of  Milan." 

Sftoiw;'.  .   Tempttt,  1 1 

*4.  When. 

"  We  know  the  time  «f>ic«  he  was  mild  and  affable." 
Shakftp.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  ill.  1. 

B.  As  prep. :  Even  from  the  time  of;  in  or 
during  the  period  subsequent  to ;  after.  (With 
a  past  event  for  the  object.) 

'*  Not  rince  Widow  Dido's  time."— Shakttp- 1  Tim- 
pelt,  it.  l. 

C.  As  conjunction : 

1.  From  the  timd  that  or  when. 

*'  How  long  ia  It.  count, 
Sine*  the  physician  at  your  father's  died? " 

Sliaketp. :  Alii  Writ  that  Knot  \l«ll,  L  2. 

2.  Seeing  that ;  because  that ;  inasmuch  as ; 
considering. 

"  Sine*  tboa  art  dead.  lo.  here  I  prophesy : 
Sorrow  on  love  hereafter  shall  attend/ 

~     '       '.  ;    Venut  A  Adonit.  1,185. 


e',  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  sincerus,  a  word 
of  doubtful  etymology,  some  considering  it  a 
contraction  of  SIM  cerd  =  without  wax,  like 
the  strained  honey,  the  best  in  the  shop, 
while  others  consider  sin-  to  be  the  same  as 
in  sin-guli  =  one  by  one,  sem-el  =  once,  sim-id 
=  together,  and  -cents  to  be  connected  with 
cenio  =  to  separate ;  8p.  &  Itai  sincero.} 

*  1.  Pure,  unmixed. 

"The  mind  of  a  man,  as  It  Is  not  of  that  content  or 
receipt  to  comprehend  knowledge  without  helpe  and 
supplies,  so  again,  it  is  not  sincere,  but  of  an  ill  and 
corrupt  tincture."— Bacon  :  Interpretation  of  Nature, 
eli.  xvL 

*  2.  Unhurt,  uninjured,  whole. 

"  He  tried  a  tough  well  chosen  spear ; 
Th'  inviolable  body  stood  tincere." 

Dryden  ;  Ovid ;  itetamorphottt  xil. 

3.  Being  in  reality  wh»t  it  appears  or  pre- 
tends   to    be ;    not   feigned,    not   assumed ; 
genuine,  real,  true.    [See  also  example  under 
NARD,  «.,  2.J 

"A  mourning  much  mor«  tincfre  than  on  the  death 
of  one  of  those  princes  whose  accursed  ambition  is  the 
•ole  cause  of  war."— Knox  :  On  tht  foUg  <tf  War. 

4.  Honest,  undissembling,  frank,  truthful, 
true ;  really  meaning  what  one  says  or  does. 

"  Assure  yourself  that  I  never  was  more  rittctfrv."— 
Jfocau/ay .  Uitt.  Sng.,  oh.  xzilL 

sln-cere'-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  sincere;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  sincere  manner  ;  without  mixture  or 
alloy. 

"Commonwealths  . . .  absolutely; and ttnccrtfy  made 
of  any  of  them.  .  .  butalwaies  mixed  with  another." 
— Smith  :  Commonwealth,  bk.  1.,  ch.  vi. 

2.  Honestly  ;  with  purity  of  heart,  purpose, 
or  motives ;  in  sincerity  ;  without  simulation 
or  disguise, 

"  Nothing  simply  or  tinetrely  done." 

Daniel :  Hedic.  •/  (jueerit  Arcadia. 

Sin  $ere  n£s«,  tf  [Eng.  sincere ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sincere  ;  sincerity. 

"  Suddenly  see  you  leave  off  thin  tinrertneu." 

Beaum.  A  Flit. :   Woman  Pleated,  Iv.  L 

sln-^r'-I-t^,  s.  [Fr.  sinceriti,  from  Lat. 
sinceritatem,  accus.  of  si nceritas,  from  sincerus 
;=  sincere  (q.v.);  8p.  sinceridad;  Ital.  sin- 
cerita.} 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pure  or 
unmixed. 

"The  Germans  are  a  people  that  more  than  all  the 
»orld,  I  think,  may  boast  sincerity,  it*  being  for  some 
thousand  years  a  pure n.nd  unmixed  people."— Ftltham  : 
Brief  Character  of  tJu  Lou  Countrte,  p.  M. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sincere  or 
honest  in  mind,  motives,  or  intention ;  free- 


dom from  simulation  or  disguise  ;  genuine- 
ness  of  purpose  ;  truth  fulness,  earnestness. 

"  Sincerity  Is  a  duty  no  leas  plaiu  thau  Important." 
—  A'nor:  Strmota,  vol.  in'.,  s«r.  & 

slnph,  s.  [Sp.  cfncfco.]  A  strap  whereby  the 
loop  on  the  end  of  the  girth  of  a  Spanish 
saddle  is  laced  to  Die  loop  on  the  saddle.  The 
Spaniards  and  Mexicans  do  not  use  a  buckle, 
but  pass  a  strap,  rope,  or  raw-hide  over  and 
over  around  the  loops,  and  tuck  the  end  in. 

"  Has  quietly  wriggled  and  swelled  blmaett  until  lie 
has  got  far  enough  through  the  tinck  to  try  lUs  expert- 
ment,-—  5cri&H«r'«  Magazine,  April.  1880.  p.  938. 

in-yip'-fc-al,  a.  [Lat.  sinciput,  genit.  sin- 
cipi(w  =  the  fore-part  of  the  head.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  sinciput  (q.v,). 


s.     [Lat.,  from  semi  =  half,  and 
caput  =  the  head.] 
Anat.  :  The  upper  part  of  the  head. 

*  sin  -der,  s.    [CINDER.] 
sin  doc,  s.    [SiMTOC.] 

sin  -don,  s.    [Lat.,  from  Or.  tnvSuv  (sindon).'] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  ;  A  piece  of  cotton  or  linen  ; 
a  wrapper. 

"  There  were  found  a  book  and  a  letter,  both  written 
hi  fine  parchment,  and  wrapped  in  tinaoni  of  linen." 
—  Bacon. 

2.  Surg.  :  A  small  piece  of  rag  or  a  round 
pledget  introduced  into  the  hole  made  in  the 
cranium  by  a  trephine. 

*  sin'-dr^,  a.    [SUNDRY,] 

Sine,  s.    [Lat.  sinus  =  a  curve,  a  fold,  a  bosom, 
a  gulf] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  gulf,  a  bay. 

"Th«  Persian  fine."  Sylttetter:  Cotontet,  94. 

2.  Trigon.  :  The  straight  line  drawn  from 
one  extremity  of  an  arc  perpendicular  to  the* 
diameter  passing  through  the  other  extrem- 
ity. If  from  any  point  on  one  side  of  a  plane 
angle  a  perpendicular  be  let  fall  upon  the 
other  side,  thns  forming  a  right-angled  tri- 
angle, the  ratio  of  the  hypothenuse  of  this 
triangle  to  the  perpendicular  is  the  sine  of 
the  angle. 

5T  (1)  Arithmetic  of  sines:  Analytical  trig- 
onometry, the  object  of  which  is  to  exhii-it 
the  relations  of  the  sines,  cosines,  tangents, 
&c.,  of  arcs,  multiple  ares,  &c. 

(2)  Artificial  sines  :  Logarithms  of  the  na- 
tural sines  or  logarithmic  sines. 

(8)  Line  of  sines:  A  line  on  the  sector,  or 
Gnnter*s  scale,  &c.,  divided  according  to  the 
sines,  or  expressing  the  sines. 

(4)  Natural  sines  :  Sines  expressed  by  natural 
numbers. 

(5)  Versed  sine  of  an  arc  or  angle  :  The  seg- 
ment of  the  diameter  intercepted  between,  the 
sine  and  the  extremity  of  the  arc. 

sine  -  galvanometer,  sine  -  com  - 
pass,  s. 

Elect.  :  A  galvanometer  In  which  the  strength 
of  the  current  is  measured  by  the  sine  of  the 
angle  through  which  the  coil  has  to  be  turned 
to  be  parallel  to  the  deflected  needle. 

"It  may  be  worth  while  to  point  out  that  any  gal- 
vanometer may  be  used  as  a  tine-ffalvai 
though  it  Is  not  pro'  '  * 
the  angle  through  « 
Phj/t.  Ooc.  Lvndvn,  pt,  11.,  p.  106. 


though  it  Is  not  provided  with  a  graduation  to  ehow 
ngle  through  which  it  haa  been  turned."— Proa. 


Si'-nS,  prep.    [Lat.]    Without 

Sine  die*  phr.  [Lat.  =  without  a  day.) 
A  phrase  used  In  reference  to  an  adjournment 
or  prorogation  of  an  assembly  or  meeting,  its 
of  a  court  or  parliament,  when  no  specified 
day  or  time  ia  fixed  for  its  re-assembling  or 
for  the  resuming  of  business.  When  a  de- 
fendant is  allowed  to  go  sine  die,  he  is  dis- 
missed the  court. 

sine  qua  non,  phr.  [Lat  =  without 
which  not.]  Something  absolutely  necessary 
or  indispensable;  an  indispensable  condition. 

*  sine-qun-non  ui  ness,  &  Indispen- 
sability.  (Southey  :  Doctor,  ch.  iii.,  a.  1.) 

*  Sin'-iS-CUT-al,  a.  [Eng.  sineeur(e)  ;  -al.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  sinecure  ;  of  the  nature  of  a 
sinecure. 

sin'-e-ciire,  «.  [Let.  sine  curd  =  without  cure 
of  souls.] 

1.  Strictly  an  ecclesiastical  benefice,  without 
cnre  of  souls.  There  are  three  sorts  of  ecclesi- 
astical sinecures  : 


Mb.  b*>;  piat,  jtfJrt;  cat,  jell,  chorus,  jhin.  bench;  go,  gem  j  thin,  this;  Bin,  Of ;  expect,  Xonophon,  exist,    -tag. 
-clan,  -tlnn  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;    t ion,  -$ioa  =  zhun.    -clotu,    tious,  -sious  =  *hus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


42SO 


sinecure— singing 


(1)  Where  the  benefice  is  a  donative,  and 
to  committed  to  the  incumbent  by  the  patron 
expressly  without  cure  of  souls,  the  cure 
either  not  existing  or  being  intrusted  to  a 
vicar ;  this  is  the  strictest  form  of  ecclesiastical 
benetlce. 

(8)  Certain  cathedral  offices,  viz.,  the  canon- 
ries  and  prebends,  and,  according  to  some 
authorities,  the  deaneries. 

(3)  Where  a  parish  is  destitute  of  parish- 
loners,  having  become  depopulated. 

2.  Anyofflce  or  post  which  has  remuneration 
without  employment. 

"  The  great  patent  offices  lu  the  exchequer  .  .  .  «re 
ttnecuret."— Burke:  On  Economical  Reform. 

•  sin'-e  oiire,  v.t.    [SINECURE,  ».]    To  place 
in  a  sinecure. 

•  sin'-*  cur  Ism,  ».     [Eng.  sinecure) ;  -ism.] 
The  state  of  holding  a  sinecure. 

•sin'-S-ciir-iBt,  «.     [En^  sinecure);  -isfcj 

1.  One  who  holds  a  sinecure. 

2.  An  advocate  or  supporter  of  sinecures. 

*sln'-S-pite,  s.  [Lat.  sinapi,  sinapls  =  mus- 
tard.) Something  resembling  mustard-seed. 

sin  es'-ic,  a.  [Formed  from  Or.  Ziva.  (Sina) 
=  China.]  Contained  in,  or  derived  from 
Chinese  wax. 

slnesic  acid,  .• . 

Chem. :  C^H^Oo  (?).  Lewy's  name  for  a 
fatty  acid,  which  he  obtained  by  heating 
Chinese- wax  with  potash  lime. 

•In-e-thyl'-a-mine,  >.  [Contract,  from 
thiosinethylamine  (q.v.).] 

CN     ) 
Chem. :    C«H10N2  =  C3H5  VN.      Ethylsin- 

CjH5) 

aniine.  A  bitter  compound,  produced  by  de- 
composing thiosinethylamine  with  plumbic 
hydrate.  It  crystallizes  In  needles  arranged 
in  dendritic  groups,  melts  to  a  colourless 
liquid  at  100°,  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether. 

sin  ew  (ewas  u),  'si  newe,  *  si  no  we, 
*  sy-newe,  s.  [A. 8.  sitni,  seonu,  sionu ; 
cogn.  wi£h  Dut  zenuw;  Dan.  sene;  Svr.sena; 
O.  H. Ger.  senawa,  senewa,  stnuim;  Ger.  sehne.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1*  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  Warrior,  who  hart  waited  long. 
Firm  of  soul,  of  tinew  strong  " 

Sco«  .•  Bridal  a/  Triermain,  UL  15. 

*2.  Muscle,  nerve. 

"  The  feeling  pow'r.  which  U  illes  root. 
Through  ev'ry  living  part  itself  doth  abed 
By  linetel,  which  extend  from  bead  to  foot." 

Datiet.     (Todd.} 

S.  That  which  gives  strength  or  vigour; 
that  in  which  strength  consists. 

"  Nay.  patience,  or  we  break  the  sinews  of  our  plot" 
—Skaktip. ;  TuelfOi  Might,  ii.  S. 

IX  Anat. :  A  tendon  (q.v.). 
Y  The  rinevu  of  war :  Honey. 
-  The  Irish  Loyal  and  Patriotic  Union  will  supply 
the  rinem  of  war."— Daily  Telefrapk,  Oct.  1*.  188s. 

sinew  shrunk,  a. 

Farr. :  Having  the  sinews  under  the  belly 
shrunk  by  excessive  fatigue.  (Said  of  a  horse.) 

•sin-ew  (ew  as  u),  v.t.  [SIHEW,  «.]  To 
knit  strongly  together,  as  with  sinews. 

"  Aak  the  lady  Bona  tor  thy  queen  : 
So  ibalt  tnou  tinew  both  theee  lands  together  " 
ShaJceip.  :  S  lienr*  \'l..  ii.  8. 

•In  owed  (ew  as  u),  a.     [Eng.  tinea;  -td.] 

1.  Having  sinews, 

2.  Strong,  vigorous,  firm,  sinewy. 

"  Drew 
With  tlnew'd  arm  the  stubborn  yew." 

tslnewey,  s.    [Fr.  smtvi.} 
Bat.  :  The  seed  of  Sinapis  nigra. 

•  sin  ew  I  ness  (ew  as  uX  «.  [Eng.  sinewy; 
•not.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sinewy. 

•sin  ew  ish  (ew  as  uX  a.  [Bng.  sinew; 
-ish.]  Sinewy. 

"Hla  body  tinnpith  and  strong  compact"—  HoUn- 
Oted  :  CoaquM  of  Ireland,  en.  rift. 

•Un'-ew-lStW  (ew  as  aX  a.  [Bng.  tinew ; 
•lea.}  Devoid  of  sinews;  hence,  having  no 
strength  or  vigour. 

"  9>  *«*•  *»  b°1>7  "hltenese,  glitter  d  there, 
Shrunken  and  tinnoleu  and  ghastly  bare  " 

Sfron  :  J/rbrtte  Mrlotliet ;  Saul. 


•sin   ew  ous  (ew  as  u),  a.     [Bng.  sinew ; 
•ous.]    Sinewy. 

"  His  arms  and  other  limb*  wore  tinewout   than 
fleahle."—  Boliiuhed :  Conguett  of  IreUind,  ch.  x. 

Sln'-ew-y  (ew  as  ii),  a.    [Eng.  sinew;  -y.\ 

1.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling 
a  sinew. 

"The  tinevy  thread  my  brain  let*  fall 
Through  every  part.  Donne. 

2.  Well  braced  with  sinews  ;  strong,  vigor- 
ous, nervous. 

"  His  tineKjf  throat  seems  by  convulsions  twitched." 
Scott :  TluPoaclar. 

si'-ney,  a.    [Btym.  doubtful.  ] 
Bot.  :  Staphylm  pinnata. 

sin  fill,    "syn-fuL,    "syn-vol,   a.     [A. 8. 


1.  Full  of  sin ;  tainted  with  sin ;   wicked, 
unholy ;  acting  or  living  sinfully. 

"  Depart  from  me,  for  I  mm  a  tinful  man."—  Luke 
ill.  X 

2.  Containing  sin ;  consisting  of  sin  ;  con- 
trary to  the  laws  of  God  ;  wicked  :  as,  sinful 
actions,  sinful  thoughts. 

sin  ful-ly.  adv.  (Eng.  sinful;  -ly.]  In  a 
sinful  manner  ;  wickedly  ;  in  a  manner  con- 
trary to  the  laws  of  God. 

"  Thy  neighebour  thon  witeet  tinfutlu, 
And  sayst.  thou  hast  a  litel  and  he  hath  all." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  4.5M. 

Sin  fill  ness,  s.  (Eng.  sinful;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sinful ;  iniquity, 
wickedness,  criminality,  depravity,  moral  cor- 
ruption. 

"  Supernal  grace  contending 
With  rftvWnesi  of  men."        Milton :  P.  L.,  iL  «60. 

sing  (pa.  t.,  sang,  'song,  *songe,  'sung,  pa. 
par.  'sang,  sung),  v.t.  &  «.  [A.S.  singan  (pa.  t. 
sang,  pi.  sungon,  pa.  par.,  sungen);  cogn. 
with  Dut  zingen  (pa.  t  zong,  pa.  par.  gczon- 
gen) ;  Icel.  syngja  (pa.  t.  saung,  song;  pa.  par. 
sunginn) ;  Dan.  synge;  8w.  sjunga ;  Goth. 
siggwan;  Ger.  singen.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  utter  sounds  with  melodious  inflections 
or  modulations  of  the  voice,  either  as  fancy 
may  dictate,  or  according  to  the  notes  of  a 
song  or  tune. 

"  To  the  lute  she  lung." 

Hhaket,,. ,  I'eridtt  IT.  (Pro!) 

2.  To  utter  sweet  or  melodious  sounds  ;  to 
produce  or  emit  rhythmical  or  pleasing  sounds 
as  birds. 

"The  birds  such  pleasure  took 
That  some  would  ting." 

Shaketp.  :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  li.  1 

If  Snme  think  that  male  birds  sing  to  attract 
the  females ;  others  that  their  song  is  intended 
only  for  a  call.  There  is  great  rivalry  between 
males  as  to  which  will  sing  best.  At  other 
times  than  the  breeding  season  the  male  sings 
apparently  to  please  himself.  (Darwin:  De- 
scent of  Man,  pt.  ii.,  ch.  xiii.) 

*  3.  To  make  or  cause  a  small  shrill  sound. 

"  Through  his  mane  and  tail  the  high  wind  tingt." 
Shaketp.  :  Venut  t  Adontl.  805. 

1  The  singing  of  a  kettle,  or,  strictly  speak- 
ing, of  the  water  in  a  kettle,  is  produced  by 
the  formation  and  successive  condensation  of 
the  first  bubbles  which  rise  as  the  water 
begins  to  Ixiil. 

4.  To  relate  or  speak  of  something  in  num- 
bers or  verse. 

"  5?'"  d  from  earth,  and  saT'd  from  psaslon,  ting 
Of  human  hope  by  cross  event  destroyed." 


1.  To    utter    with    musical   or   melodious 
modulations  of  the  voice. 

"  And  to  the  maydeni  aowndfng  tymbrels  tona 
In  well  attuned  notes  a  loyoos  lay." 

Spenter  :  f.  Q.t  I.  xil.  7. 

2.  To  celebrate  in  song  ;  to  give  praise  to  in 
Terse. 

"  Arms  and  the  man  I  tiny." 

Drfden  :  rirfit ;  -ffnrid  I.  L 

3.  To  usher,  attend  on,  or  accompany  with 
singing 

"  Sim  him  home.*    ffioiop. .-  At  You  Lit*  It,  IT.  1 

4.  To  produce  an  effect  on  by  singing. 

"Sina  me   now  asleep."  —  Slutetf.:   Mlammaur 
yiokfi  Dream,  U.  «. 

HI.  To  sing  small:  [SMALL]. 
*  2.  To  sing  sorrow :  To  fare  badly. 
"  As  for  the  poor  squires  they  may  ting  sorrow." — 
Jarti,:  Don  Ifuliote,  jitl..  l)k.  III.,  ch.  IT. 

sing-song,  s.  &  o. 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  term  for  bad  singing  or  drawling ; 


a  drawling  or  monotonous  tone  ;  a  wearisome 
repetition  of  similar  notes  or  tones. 

2.  A  convivial  meeting,  where  each  person 
is  expected  to  contribute  a  song. 

"  He  deposed  that  he  saw  the  defendant  at  the 
ttng*ong.'—  Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  IS.  138«. 

*  3.  A  song,  a  rhyme. 

"  This  ttng^ong  WAS  made  on  the  English  by  the 
Scots."—  Fuller:  HTorthUl  ;  BartaUn. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Drawling,  monotonous,  chant- 
ing. 

"  Keeping  time  to  the  sing-tang  drawl  by  a  rapid 
waving  o(  tnelr  bodies."-««&.  Set  s.  1885. 

*  Sing-song,  u.i.    To  write  poetry. 

"  You  sit 
Sing-songing  here."    Tennuton  :  Queen  Mary,  u.  L 

"  sing'-a-ble,  o.  [Eng.  sing;  -able.]  Capable 
or  being  sung  ;  tit  or  suitable  for  singing. 

"  Doee  not  excel  in  the  invention  of  suitable 
operatic  motives  or  the  manufacture  of  tingaole 
lyrics."—  Obterver,  Nov.  15,  1886. 

singe,  *  senge,  v.t.  [A.S.  sengan  =  to  singe 
lit.  =  to  cause  to  sing,  in  reference  to  the 
noise  made  by  singed  hair,  &c.  ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  zcngen  ;  Ger.  sengen  ;  Icel.  sangr  = 
singed,  burnt.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  burn  slightly  or  super- 
ficially ;  to  burn  the  surface,  ends,  or  outside 
of;  to  scorch. 

"II  you  want  paper  to  tinge  a  fowl,  tear  the  first 
book  you  soe  about  the  house."—  Xvjfl:  Kulet  fnr 
Servant*  in  General. 

2.  Calico  :   To  remove  the  nap  from  ;   to 
prepare  for  printing  or  dyeing  by  removing 
the  fibrous  down  from    the    surface  of,   by 
passing  it  through  a  gas  flame. 

Binge,  ».  [SiNOE,  v.}  A  slight  burning:  t 
burning  of  the  surface. 

singe  ing,  'sindg-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o. 
[SINGE,  v.] 

singelng-lamp,  s.  A  flat-bodied  lamp 
with  one  open  side  to  the  light-chamber,  used 
to  singe  the  hair  of  horses  as  a  substitute  for 
clipping. 

singeing  machine,  s.  A  machine  in 
which  the  fibrous  down  is  removed  from  the 
surface  of  cotton  cloth  by  passing  it  tlirour  h 
a  gas  flame. 

singe  ing  ly,-sJndg-Ing-ly,a<ft>.  [Eng. 
singeing  ;  -ly.]  In  a  singeing  manner  ;  so  as 
to  singe  or  scorch. 

"  I  confess  that  the  bodies  of  devils  may  be  not  only 

war-.,,  but  ,  tindaingl,,  hot.  "--I/ore:  AnUdae  again* 
Atn.'i.m.    (A|>p.) 

sing'-er,  ».    [Eng.  sing;  +r.] 

1.  One  who  sings. 

"  Here  seem'd  the  tinffrr  touch  'd  at  what  he  sung. 
And  grief  awhile  delay'd  his  hand  and  tongue 
farneU  :  To  Lord  I'tsc.  Bolinglrolte. 

2.  One  whose   occupation   is   to   sing  ;  a 
skilled  or  professional  vocalist. 

"  To  the  chief  tinker  on  my  stringed  instrument*  "— 
Babakkuk  til 


s.    [Eng.  singe,  v.  ;  -er.]    One  who  or 
that  which  singes  ;  specif.,  a  singeing  machine. 

*  sihR  -er-ess,  ».  [Eng.  singer  (1)  ;  -«».]  A 
female  singer.  (Wycliffe  :  2  Chron.  iii.  5.) 

Singh,  s.  [Punjabi,  Hind.,  *c.]  A  lion.  Used 
as  a  title  by  Rajpoots,  Sikhs,  &c.  :  as,  Gholab 
Singh,  or  more  rarely  in  the  names  of  places, 
as  Siny(A)apore=  the  city  of  lions. 

Sin  gha  lese  ,  a.  &  s.    [CINGALESE.] 

sing  ha  -ra,  >.  [Hahratta  shingaree  =  Trap* 
bispinosa.]  (See  etym.  and  compoind.) 

singhara  nuts,  s.  pi.  The  large  edible 
seeds  of  Trapa  bicornis,  a  native  of  China, 
and  T.  bispinosa  and  T.  natans,  natives  of 
India.  The  nuts  abound  in  fecula.  In  China 
the  kernels  are  roasted  or  boiled,  like  pota- 
toes. Called  also  Water-nuts. 

sing  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SiNO.] 
singing  bird,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  bird  that  sings  ;  s  song 
bird. 

All  t  nil  ol  tinging  -birat.'  *  "*'"*  '  '  ' 

Longfellow:  Blrdl  of  JOatnfworOt 

2.  Ornith.(Pl.):  The  Acromyodl,  a  division 
of  Passeres  suggested  by  Garrod.    They  have 
the  muscles  of  the  syrinx  attached  to  the 
extremities  of  the  bronchial  semi-rings. 

*  singing  book,  s.  A  book  containing 
music  for  singing  ;  a  song-book. 


iSte,  flat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  tor,  marine;  go,  pS 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  sou;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  --  a:  qn  -    kw. 


slngingly— singular 


4281 


•  singing-cakes,  s.  pi. 

Kcdes.:  The  ancient  term  for  the  altar- 
bread  used  for  the  priest's  communion.  In 
Queen  Elizabeth's  Injunctions  it  is  ordered 
that  they  be  round  as  heretofore,  but  some- 
what thicker,  and  without  the  usual  Imprint 
of  a  crucifix,  a  cross,  or  the  sacred  mono- 
grams I.H.8.  or  X.P.S.  (Lee:  Glossary.) 

singing-flame,  .-• 

Physics :  A  flame,  either  naked  or  enclosed 
In  a  tube,  which  emits  musical  sounds  under 
certain  conditions. 

singing-glass,  s.  A  thin.sonorousglass 
vra»i'l,  which  yields  an  echo  when  set  in 
vibration  by  a  sound. 

singing  hinny,  «.  A  cake  made  with 
butter  and  currants  and  baked  on  a  griddle. 
(Pror.) 

*  singing-man,  s.    A  man  who  sings,  or 
Is  employed  to  sing,  as  in  churches  or  cathe- 
drals ;  a  chorister, 

"  Liking  his  father  to  a  tinging-man  of  Windsor."— 
»aketp. :  S  Henry  IV.,  U.  L 

singing-master,  s.  A  man  who  teaches 
singing. 

•singing-woman,  s.  A  woman  em- 
ployed to  sing. 

"  Her  hands  are  .not  alternately  stretched  out.  and 
then  drawn  in  again,  as  with  the  tinging-moman  at 
Sadler's  Wells."— Ooldtmith  :  The  Bee,  No.  a. 

sing'-Ing-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  singing ;  -ly.}    In 
a  singing  manner ;  with  sound  like  singing. 

"  Counterfalte  courtiers— speaking  llsplngly,  and 
answering  tingingly."— Worth :  PhUofopker  at  Court 
(1S7M.  p.  !«. 

Sin  gle,  a.  &  ».  flat,  singulus  =  single, 
separate,  from  the  same  root  as  simplex  = 
simple  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjectivt : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  One  only,  as  distinguished  from  a  num- 
ber ;  consisting  of  one  only ;  not  double  or 
more  than  one. 

"  Hear  me  one  tingle  word." 

Shaketp. :  Altt  Well  that  Endt  Well,  T.  ft 

2.  Concerning  only  one;  particular,  indi 
Tidual. 

"  Wherein  every  one  of  us  has  a  tingle  honour." 

Shaketp.  :  Coriolanut,  II.  8. 

5.  Separate,  alone ;  by  one's  self  or  itself. 

"What,  alas  1  can  these  my  single  arms?" 

Shaketp. :  Troilm  t  Crtuida,  1L  L 

4.  Unmarried. 

M  But  If  these  live  remembered  not  to  be. 
Die  tingle,  snd  thine  image  dies  with  the«." 

Shakap. :  Sonnet  s. 

6.  Not  compound  ;  simple. 

"The  English  tongue  has  some  advantage  above  tha 
learned  languages,  wiiich  have  no  usual  word  to  dis- 
tinguish tingle  mmi  simple." — Watt*. 

6.  Not  twisted,  doubled,  or  combined  with 
others  :  as,  a  single  thread. 

7.  Performed  by  one  person  only,  or  by 
one  opposed  to  one  :  as,  single  combat,  single 
fight 

'  8.  Not  double  or  deceitful ;  simple,  honest, 
artless,  sincere. 

"  I  speak  It  with  a  tingle  heart" 

Shaketp.  :  Benry  nil,  V.  i. 

•9.  Simple,  silly,  foolish,  weak. 

"  Is  not  your  voice  broken?  your  wind  short?  your 
•kin  double?  your  wit  linatel'— Sltatay.!  1  JImr 
IV.,  L  i. 

*  10.  Singular. 

"  That  you  may  know  my  tingle  charity, 
Freely  I  here  remit  all  interest." 

F'ird  :  'Tit  Pity  Bhe'e  a  It'Aor*,  tv.  L 

TT   Technically : 

1.  Bat. :  Having  but  one  of  any  organ :  as 
a  single  flower,  a  single  seed,  &c. 

2.  Hart.  (Of  a  flower):  Having  but  one  ro 
of  petals. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  unit,  one  :  as,  He  scored  a  single. 

*  2.  The  tail  of  an  animal ;  properly  applied 
to  that  of  the  buck.    (HaUiweU.) 

3.  Battball :  A  hit  for  one  base. 

4.  [SINGLES], 

single-acting,  a.    Applied  to  an  engine 
ft  which  steam  is  admitted  to  one  side  mil; 
of  the    piston,  in    contradistinction  to  tin 
double-acting  engine,  in  which  both  motion 
of  the  piston  are  made  by  live-steam. 

*  single-ale,  *  single-beer,  *  single 
drink,  s.     Small  beer,  as  double-ale  was 
strong  ale. 


single-blessedness,  t.  The  state  of 
being  unmarried ;  celibacy. 

"  But  earthller  happy  Is  the  rose  dtstltl'd. 
Than  that  which,  withering  on  the  vizijin  thorn. 
Grows,  lives,  and  dies,  iu  single-bleuedneu.  ' 

shaketp. :  Jiianimmer  Night  I  Dream,  L  L 

single-block,  s,  A  block  having  but  a 
single  sheave;  a  single  sheave  in  a  pair  of 
cheeks. 

single-bond,  s.    [BOND,  «.,  A.  IL  6.] 

single-breasted,  a.  Applied  to  a  coat 
or  waistcoat  which  buttons  only  to  one  side, 
and  has  not  flaps  for  overlapping.  (Opposed 
to  double-breasted.) 

single-combat,  s.  A  combat  between 
two  individuals.  [BATTLK,  «.,  B.  1.] 

single-cut,  a.  Applied  to  a  file  having 
but  a  single  rank  of  teeth. 

single-entry, ». 

Book-keeping,  itc. :  A  method  of  book-keep- 
ing in  which  each  transaction  is  only  entered 
once.  Opposed  to  double-entry  (q.v..). 

*  single-escheat, «. 

Law :  The  forfeiture  to  the  Crown  of  all  a 
person's  movables  on  his  being  declared  a 
rebel. 

single  fluid  battery, «. 

Electro-magnetism:  A  galvanic  battery  having 
but  a  single  fluid,  in  which  the  elements  are 
submerged  or  by  which  they  are  wetted.  The 
original  Voltaic  pile  was  the  first  of  this  class. 
The  term  is  in  contradistinction  to  the  double- 
fluid  batteries,  which  are  also  very  numerous. 

single-handed,  a. 

1.  Having  one  hand  or  workman  only. 

2.  Unassisted  ;  by  one's  self  alone  ;  alone. 

"When  tingle-handed  in  a  sloop,  care  should  be 
taken  to  iwf  down  iu  good  tlnw."—  field.  Jan.  80, 
US6. 

3.  Worked  or  managed  by  one  person  only. 

"I  should  not  advise  any  topmast  for  a  tiwjle- 
kanded  sailing  boat. "-Arid.  Jan.  SO,  1886. 

single-hearted,  a.    Having  a  single  or 
honest  heart ;  simple-hearted. 
single-line,  «. 

Saddlery :  A  single  rein  leading  from  the 
hand  of  the  driver  to  a  strap  forked  a  little 
behind  the  hames,  and  proceeding  thence  to 
the  bit-rings. 

single-minded,  a.  Having  a  single  or 
honest  mind  or  heart. 

single -reed  plane,  s.  A  bead-plane 
with  but  one  hollow  in  its  sole.  Bead-planes 
are  also  made  for  planing  several  beads  at 
once. 

single-seeded  cucumber, ». 

Bat. :  The  genus  Sicyos  (q.v.> 

single-stick,  t. 

1.  A  long  stick,  formerly  used  In  a  certain 
description  of  fencing ;  also  the  style  of 
fencing  practised  with  such  sticks. 

*  2.  A  game  of  cudgel/  in  which  he  who 
first  brought  blood  from  his  adversary's  head 
was  declared  victor. 

"  Fearless  he  risks  that  cranium  thick 
At  cudgelling  and  tingle-air k. - 

•ingle  tax,  «.  The  theory  of  taxation 
advocated  by  Henry  George  and  his  disciples 
in  which  it  is  maintained  that  all  taxation 
should  be  laid  upon  land,  and  all  improvements 
be  relieved  from  revenue  charges.  They  claim 
that  the  land  Is  rightfully  the  property  of  the 
community  and  should  be  held  for  the  public 
good,  all  who  use  it  being  made  to  pay  for  the 
privilege.  The  advocates  of  this  theory  main- 
tain that  it  would  put  an  end  to  poverty,  and 
field  other  highly  beneficial  results. 

single-thorn,   . 

Ichthy. :  The  English  translation  of  Mono 
centris  (q.v.).  Used  as  a  popular  name  for 
the  single  species  of  that  genus. 

single-tree,  *.  A  bar  secured  by  Its 
centre  to  the  cross-bar  of  the  thills  or  shafts 
and  to  whose  ends  the  traces  are  attached 
The  single-trees  are  connected  to  the  ends  o 
the  double-tree  when  the  horses  are  hitched  in 
pairs.  A  whiffle-tree. 

Single-tree  hook:  A  hook  on  each  arm  o 
the  single-tree,  to  which  the  traces  are  at 
tached. 

sin-gle,  !•.(.    [SmoLE,  o.] 

1.  To   select   individually  from   among 


number ;  to  choose  or  pick  out  from  amongsl 
others.    (Generally  followed  by  out.) 

"  Why  she  In  particular  should  .be  tingled  oat  lot 
protest  '—Daily  Telegraph,  Aug.  39.  1885. 

*  2.  To  sequester,  to  withdraw,  to  retire,  to 
separate. 

"  I  see  not  any  thing  done  as  it  should  be,  if  It  bs 
wrought  by  an  agent  tingling  itself  from  consorts.  — 
Booker:  Eeclet.  Polity. 

*  3.  To  take  alone  or  apart. 

"  Many  men  there  are.  than  whom  nothing  is  mor* 
commendable  when  they  are tingled."— ffooker:  Eccle*. 
Polity. 

sin   gle  ness,  s.    [Eng.  single;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  single  ;  the 
state  or  condition  of  being  one  only  or  of 
being  separate  from  all  others.    (Opposed  to 
doubleness  or  multiplicity.) 

2.  Simplicity ;  sincerity  or  purity  of  mind 
or  purpose  ;  freedom  from  duplicity. 

"  [They]  did  eat  their  meat  with  gladness  and  tinglt- 
neu  of  haal."-Ac<t  h.  46. 

sln'-gles,  s.    [SINGLE,  o.] 

Silk-mannf. :  Silk  thread  formed  of  one  of 
the  reel-threads  twisted.  [THKOWN-SILK.] 

Sin   gle  ton,  s.    [Fr.]    A  single  card  of  any 
suit  held  by  a  player. 

"  Nor  was  it  to  prove  that  the  lead  of  a  tingMon 
was  sometimes  good  play."— field,  Dec.  12,  1885. 

sin'-glo,  s.     [Chinese  (?).]    A  sort  of  flne  te«, 
with  large  flat  leaves,  not  much  rolled. 

sln'-gly,  adv.    [Eng.  sing(le);  -ly.] 

1.  Individually,  particularly,  separately. 

"  Demand  them  iingly.~—Shaketp.  :  All'l  Well  thus 
Endt  Well,  Iv  s. 

*  2.  By  one's  self ;  alone. 

"  Thou  tingly  honest  man." 

Shakes?. :  Timon  of  Athtnt,  IT.  S. 

3.  Without  partners  or  associates ;  single 
handed  :  as,  To  attack  a  person  singly. 

*  4.  Honestly,  simply,  sincerely. 
*5.  Singularly. 

"An  edict  singly  un|ost."-J«rto«.    (Todd.} 

sing  sing,  s.    [See  extract.] 

Zool. :  Kobus  (or  Cobus)  sing  ting,  from 
Western  Africa.  Colour  reddish  -  brown, 
grayish  on  shoulders.  It  differs  in  Its  colour 
ing  and  in  the  length  of  its  rough  coat  at 
different  seasons  of  the  year. 

"  This  animal  is  called  Sing  Sing  by  all  the  negroes 
They  do  not  think  that  their  flocks  will  be  healthy  o» 
fruitful  unless  they  have  a  Sing  Sing  with  them.  . 
The  English  on  the  Gambia  call  It  a  Jackass-deer  fron. 
IU  appearance,  and  it  Is  called  Koba  and  Kasslmaus. 
by  the  negroes  at  Macarthy's  Island."— Unfit*.  Cyclop 
(Sat.  Hilt.),  1.  SM. 

*  sihg'-ster,  s.    [Eng.  sing;  fern.  suff. 
A  female  singer. 

sln'-gn-lar,  *  sln'-gn-ler,  o.   &  «.     [Fr. 

singulier,  from  Lat.  eingularis  =  single,  separ 
ate  from  singuli  =  one  by  one ;  Sp.  «  Port. 
singular;  Ital.  sinjrulare,  tingolare.]  [SiNOL-.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Separate  from  others ;  distinct,  single. 
(Obsolete  except  in  legal  phrases.) 

"  That  the  two  princes  should  trie  the  matt«r  Uaus 
toglther  in  a  angular  coinbaf-aolim***:  Si*.  Inf- 
land,  bk.  vli..  cfi.  x. 

*  2.  Being  alone  ;  unique. 

"  These  busts  of  the  emperors  and  empresses  are  all 
very  scarce,  and  some  of  them  almost  tingular  In 
their  kind."— Adaiton. 

"  3.  Alone  in  its  kind ;  unparalleled,  unex- 
ampled. 

"  Some  villain,  ay,  and  tingitlar  in  his  art." 

shalatp.  :  CymoeHn*,  IB.  4. 

4.  Out  of  the  usual  course  ;  extraordinary, 
unusual,  strange. 

"  The  fame  of  theoe  rinputar  audiences  spread  OTS« 
Borne."— MaoatUay :  Sift.  £ng.t  ch.  viL 

5.  Above  or  beyond  the  common ;  remark- 
able, notable,  rare,  eminent. 

"  lien  of  singular  Integrity  and  learning.' 

Shakeip. :  Henry  VIII..  U.  1 

6.  Not  following  common  usage  or  ideal  | 
peculiar,  odd,  strange. 

"  So  spake  the  fervent  angel,  but  his  ceal 
None  seconded,  as  out  of  season  judg'd, 
Or  angular  and  rash."  tlilttm :  P.  L.,  V.  851. 

H,  Gram. :  Denoting  one  person  or  thing ; 
opposed  to  dual  or  plural. 

B.  As  substantive : 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  particular  insUnce  ;  • 
particular. 

2.  Gram. :  The  singular  number. 

^[  By  13  &  14  Viet.,  c.  21,  s.  4,  it  is  enacted 


boll,  b6y;  ptfnt,  JtfvVl;  oat,  oell,  chorus.  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  si 
-clan,  -tlan  •=.  shan.   -tion,   sion  =  shun ;  -{ion,  -sion  =  «t*a"     -clous,  -tlous. 


u,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-sions  =  shus.   -ble,  -die.  &c.  =  Del.  del. 


4282 


sin  gularist— sink 


tint  a  woid  in  an  Act  of  Parliament  meaning 
the  singular  shall  include  the  plural,  and  vic< 
vena,  unless  the  couuury  it  stated. 

singular  point,  s. 

Math, :  A  singular  point  of  a  cnnre  Is  a 
point  at  which  the  curve  possesses  some 
peculiar  properties  not  possessed  by  othe 

points  of  the  curve. 

singular-proposition, «. 

Logic :  A  proposition  which  has  for  Its  sub- 
ject a  singular  term,  or  a  common  teru 
limited  to  one  individual  by  a  singular  sign. 

singular  successor,  >. 

Scott  Laio :  A  purchaser  or  other  disponer  or 
acquirer  of  titles,  whether  judicial  or  volun 
t»ry,  in  contradistinction  to  the  heir,  win 
succeeds  by  a  general  title  of  succession  or 
universal  representation. 

singular- term,  -. 

Logic:  A  term  which  stands  for  one  Indi 
YiduaL    [TERM,  ».] 

•  Bin'  gn-lar  l«t,  «.     [Eng.  singular;  -itt. 
One  who  afreets  singularity. 


:  sneaksby,  a  clownish  sbvuterfsc.  or 

non  conformist  to  ordinary  usage,  a  stiff  opiniatn.'— 
Bamm:  Strnwnt,  vol.  1U-,  ser.  Si. 

•In  gu-lar -I-ty,  «.  [Fr.  sinjvlariU,  from 
Lat.  singutaritatem,  accus.  of  singvlaritas, 
from  tlnpularis  =  singular  (q.v.);  8p.  sinm- 
laridad  ;  ItaL  singularita.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  singular ; 
some  quality  or  character  by  which  a  thing  is 
distinguished  from  others ;  a  peculiarity. 

•  I  took  notice  of  this  little  Bgure  for  the  tinn- 
laritg  of  the  Instrument:  It  Is  not  uuiike  a  violin/'— 


•  2.  Something  singular,  rare,  or  curious ; 
•  rarity,  a  curiosity. 

-  TOOT  gallery 
Hare  we  pass'd  through,  tut  without  much  content 
111  many  jin^uluritie*.- 

Jheteip.  :  VtnUr'i  Tali,  r.  8. 

•  3.  A  particular  privilege,  prerogative,  or 
distinction. 

"  Catholicism,  which  I.  here  attributed  onto  the 
church,  must  be  understood  in  opposition  to  the  legal 
jf/tpufortry  of  the  Jewish  nation,  —Pearson. 

4.  Character  or  trait  of  character  differing 
from   that  of  others ;  strangeness,   oddity, 
eccentricity. 

•  SinfutarUn  la  this  matter  U  so  far  from  being  a 
reflection  upon  any  man'*   prudence,    that  It   U  a 
singular  commendation  of  ft."—  IWotom .-  gerrnonj, 

•  5.  Celibacy. 

*  Sin   gli  lar-ize,  r.«.    [Eng.  tinfular ;  -la.} 

1.  To  make  singular  or  single, 
t  2.  To  distinguish. 

•  The  two  Amazon*  who  tfnoularfscd'  themselves 
meet  in  acUon/'-^SmoUect :  XumiAreg  Clinjcfr.  lett. 
An.  so. 

aun'-gu-lar-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  tinjvlar  ;  -I».J 

1.  In  a  singular  manner  or  degree;  in  a 
manner  or  degree  different  from  others ;  pe- 
culiarly, eminently. 

••  HI*  temperance  had  Ite  proper  reward,  a  KH<TO- 
larli  gnen  aad  vigorous  old  age."— Maauiiau  :  JIM. 
Eng..  ch.  xlF. 

2.  Strangely,  oddly. 

5.  So  as  to  express   one  or  the  singular 
Dumber. 

*  sin  -gun  "sin'-gulfe,  «.    (Smoow.) 
"sln'-gult,  s.     [Lat.  singvltut.)    A  sigh. 

"  Bo  when  her  leans  wen  stopped  from  eyther  eye 
Her  linyulti,  blubbrlngs.  eeein'd  to  make  them  "dye." 
Brwng :  Britaintiat  PattoraU,  U.  L 

•adn-K&r-tl-ent,   a.      tLat    tingultient.] 
aighiuK,  sobbing. 

"  Bo  many  disordered  notet  and  s*v»BleeX  aconite.* 
—Homll:  farli of  Aeattt,  p.  23. 

•stfn-irul'-to'usj,  a.     [SixocLT.J    Eelating  to 
•    or  affected  with  hiccough. 

•In-gTU'-tftaV  a,    [Lat.] 

Ued. :  Tlie  hiccough  (q.v.). 

•fa'-Io-al,  a,    [Eng.  stiK»;  -faotj    Of  or  per- 
taining  to  a  sine. 

stoical-quadrant,  «.  A  quadrant  for- 
merly used  for  taking  the  altitude  of  the  sun. 
It  had  lines  drawn  from  each  side  intersecting 
each  other,  with  an  index  divided  by  sines, 
also  with  90*  on  the  limb,  and  sights  at  the 
edge. 

•to'-ite-ter,  *  sin  is  -t«r.  o.    [Lat  =  on  the 

left  hand,  inauspicious,  ill-omened.] 


L  Ordinary  Lanyuayt  : 

1.  On  the  left  hand  ;  on  the  side  of  the  left 
hand.    (Opposed  to  right  or  dexter.) 

"  Hii  cicatrice,  an  emblem  of  war.  ben,  go  hi» 
ri,iu(«-  ebeek."—  Skates*.  •  AU1  Wtlt,  U.  L 

2.  Unlucky,  inauspicious,  Ill-omened. 

"  The  victor  eagle,  wboae  sJnfccsr  flight 
£«t&nl>  our  beet,  and  rills  our  hearts  with  fright  " 
Pop*:  Homer;  Hind  *IL  tot. 

3.  Eril,  bad,  dishonest,  corrupt,  treacherous. 

**  '  Til  senseless  arrogance  to  scenic 
Another  of  sjnieter  slews. 
Our  own  as  much  distorted.  - 


U.  Her. :  A  term  applied  to  the  left  side  o: 
the  escutcheon  :  as,  the  sinister  chief  point 
the  sinister  base  point. 

sinister-aspect,  a, 

Astrol. :  An  appearance  of  two  planets 
happening  according  to  the  succession  of  the 
signs,  as  Saturn  in  Aries,  and  liars  in  the 
same  degree  of  Gemini. 

•sinister-handed,  a.    Left-handed. 

Bln'-Is-ter-rjf,  *sin-ls-ter-lle,  ode.  [Eng. 
sinister  ;  -/y.J  In  a  sinister  manner,  unfairly, 
dishonestly,  perversely. 

"  By  curious  carvers  iliiiifiilss  •Bsneeted-"— S otin. 
0*4  :  Iktcrlpt.  Ir&Zd.  ch.  rL 

*  sin  is  ter-nossi,  *  sin-is  -ter-nesse,  s. 
[Eng.  sinister;  -ncs$.}    Wrongfulness. 

"  Precipitancy  and  sfmsCernsiM  of  this  silly  een 
suns,"— thtudm:  Tears  o/  (Ae  CkunA,  p.  KL 

•In'-I»-tTal,  a.    [Eng.  sinister;  -a/.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 

left  hand ;  inclining  to  the  left  hand  ;  sinis- 

trous. 
2.  ZooL  (Of  a  shell) :  Having  a  spire  turning 

to  the   left  hand ;   reverse,  as   Fhysa  and 

Clan»ilia. 

•sfa'-Ift-tral-lf,  ode.  [EnR.  sinittral;  -ly.] 
On  the  left  hand  ;  from  left  to  right. 

sin  is  trin,  s.  (Lat.  rini«tr(a)  =  the  left 
hand ;  -in.] 

Chem. :  Marquart's  name  for  inulin,  prepared 
from  dahlia-root  by  boiling  with  water.  It 
disintegrates  quickly  in  cold  water,  dissolves 
to  a  colourless  liquid  at  75",  and  turns  the 
plane  of  polarization  to  the  left. 

sin  -  is -tr  or- sal,  o.  [Lat  sinistronus,  for 
tinistroversus,  from  sinister  =  left,  and  versus, 
pa.  par.  of  wrto=  to  tnm.J  Turned  or  turn- 
ing towards  the  left ;  sinistrorse. 

sin'-Is-trorae,  o.  [SirtisrnoRsyiL.]  Directed 
towards  the  left;  twining  or  turning  to  the 
left.  (Said  of  the  stems  of  plants.) 

*  sln'-iaj-troiis,  o.    [SIXISTEE.] 

1.  Being  on  the  left  side ;  inclining  towards 
the  left. 

"  Its  sMsfnnu  gravity  b  drawn  that  way  by  the 
treat  erterie/'— «rovies .  r*lgar  tmvn.  p.  m. 

2.  Wrong,  perverse,  absurd. 

maid  hare  some  shiiirnxu  respect 

',  p.  S32. 


"  MUjht  not 
todeluae?"— 


.-  Miracltt  qf  AraickriMt.  p. 

[Bng.  tinutrous;-ly.] 

1.  With  a  tendency  to  use  the  left  hand. 

"Many  In  their  infancy  an  alitlKnmtfy  dupoeed. 
and  Uiver.  continue  all  their  life  left-handedTTmi 
ha«  but  weak  and  Imperfect  oat  of  the  riahf  '— 
fnmit:  r«V»r  *rre«r».  bk.  i».,  eh,  r. 

2.  Perversely,  wrongly. 

•ink.  'dnke  (pa.  t.  tank,  rent,  pa.  par. 
•ttnltm,  snot,  *«ujs»«nX  r.i.  ot  t.  [A.8.  tin- 
ea* (pa,  t  KUU,  pL  mteon;  pa.  par.  suncen) 
=  to  sink  ;  senaan  =  to  cause  to  sink  ;  cogn. 
with  Out  rtubm;  Icel.  <oU-oa(i>a,  t,  lilck  • 
pa.  par.  tokkin);  Dan.  lynke;  8w.  ejunka; 
Goth,  tiytvan,  figzlcunn  ;  Ger.  rinfam] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  fall  by  the  force  of  gravity  ;  to  de- 
scend to  the  bottom,  as  through  water,  sand, 
mud,  or  the  like  ;  to  become  submerged  :  to 
descend  below  the  surface. 

41  Hare  yon  a  mind  to  rin*  r—  &o*etp,  :  Ttmpftt.  I  1. 

2.  To  Ml  gradually  orsubside,  as  from  want 
of  power  to  keep  erect  or  standing;  to  drop 
slowly  or  gradually. 


rape 


">«  c«>y«e  band. 
pact—  he  tintt  upon  the 


e  eye—  . 
nd."  flyron  :  OiUdt  BaroUL,  \.  78. 

3.  To  faint,  to  droop. 

"  ler  the  sorrow  almost  I  euOe* 

XmtauM  df  OU  San. 

4.  To  penetrate  or  enter  into  any  body. 

"The  stone  not  Into  bis  forebear,  *-l  Amulet 
zvu.43. 


5.  To  go  down,  to  descend. 


6.  To  be  received  ;  to  be  impressed  ;  to  enter 
deeply.    (Followed  by  in  or  into.) 

"  Let  these  sayings  rtnJc  into  your  ears."—  £«*»  iz.  44 

7.  To  become   hollow  from  loss  of  flesh. 
(Used  chiefly  in  the  pa.  par.) 

•  A  bine  eye  and  ssnUm.-—  Skatetp.    At  r<m  Lltf  It, 

8.  To  take,  or  appear  to  take,  a  lower  level 
or  position  ;  to  decrease,  or  appear  to  decrease, 
in  height  :  as.  The  land  sinks  as  a  ship  sails 
further  from  it 

9.  To    be   overwhelmed  or  depressed  ;    to 
give  way. 

"  Oar  country  tinkt  beneath  the  yoke." 


•10.  To  (all,  to  perish. 

"  Now,  Troy,  tint  down." 

Mai-Mp.  .-  TVoCw.  T.  1 

11.  To  change  from  a  better  to  a  worse 
state  ;  to  decay,  to  decrease  ;  to  fall  off  or 
decline  in  value,  strength,  vigour,  estimation, 
or  the  like. 

"  The  ralne.  as  It  rises  In  times  of  opulence  and 
iroeperity.  BO  it  nit**  til  times  of  poverty  and  dislnas  ~ 
—SmU*  :  H-ralih  tf  xmtloia.  bk.  1.  ch.  xL 

*  12.  To  fall  into  a  state  of  rest  or  indolence. 
B,  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  sink  ;   to  immerse  or  sub- 
merge in  a  fluid  ;  to  put  under  water. 

"  A  load  would  sin*  a  navy." 

Siufa«>.  .    Urn*?  rtll.,  lit  J. 

2.  To  bring  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  posl 
tion  ;  to  cause  to  fall  or  droop  ;  to  let  fall  or 
droop.    (Shaixsp.  :  Tempest,  U.  1.) 

3.  To  depress,  to  degrade,  to  lower. 

4.  To  plunge  iuto  destruction  ;  to  ruin,  to 
make  to  perish. 

"  If  I  hare  a  conscience,  let  It  tint  me, 

E»'n  as  the  ax  (alls,  if  I  be  not  faithful.* 

&ko«e»/>.  :  Bnri  rill..  H.  I 

5.  To  make  by  digging  or  delving. 

"  In  this  square  they  lint  a  piti  and  dig  for  free. 
stone.  —Addityn  :  (ht  naif. 

*  6.  To  reduce  in  quantity  ;  to  bring  low. 

"  When  on  the  banks  of  an  nnlook'd.for  stream. 
Ton  nut*  the  rirer  with  repeated  draughts." 

Additon.    ITvJd.l 

*  7.  To  lower  in  value  or  amount  ;  to  de- 
crease the  value  ot 

*  8.  To  crush,  to  depress,  to  overbear. 

~  The  first  «.f  these  will  tint  the  spirit  of  a  hero.'— 
Pore.  (T<*U.] 

*  8.  To  suppress,  to  conceal,  to  apprormte. 

"  If  sent  with  ready  money  to  buy  auyttiuaz.  and 
you  happen  to  be  out  of  pocket,  «i«i  UN  uieney.  aud 
uke  up  the  goods  on  account."—  fiwirt; 


10.  Not  to  take  into  account ;  to  IOE. 
of  ;  to  suppress  :  as,  To  sink  self. 

11.  To  invest,  as  money,  more  or  less  per- 
manently, in  any  undertaking  or  scheme  for 
the  sake  of  a  profitable  return,  interest,  or 
the  like.    [SINKING-FOND.] 

T  To  i {at  the  shop :  To  avoid  all  allusion  to 
one's  business  or  calling. 

sink,  '  slnko,  s.    [SINK,  «.] 

1.  A  receptacle  for  filth ;  a  kennf  1,  a  sewer. 

"  The  ballife  that  bad  the  charge  of  the  puhlick 
lintrt  vaulted  under  the  ground,  il«Ut  with  Scaurus." 
—F.  Holla**:  mints,  bk.  xixri..  o*.  U. 

2.  A  tray  into  which  slops  or  wash-water 
are  poured,  to  get  rid  of  them  by  means  of  a 
pipe  which  carries  them  to  a  drain.    Sinks  are 
used  in  kitchens,  wash-houses,  ore. 

3.  Any  place  where  corruption  Is  gathered 

H  She  poured  forth  oat  of  her  hellish  cfiUe 
Her  fruitful  cursed  spawns  of  serpent*  small" 
.Spenser ;  F.  o..  1. 1  n. 

^  Used  also  fig. :  as,  a  link  of  iniquity. 

4.  A  hole  or  depression  In  land  or  rock 
where  waters  sink  and  are  lost    (Amer.) 

sink  hole,  >. 

1.  An  orifice  in  a  sink  ;  s  hole  for  dirty 
water  to  pass  through. 

2.  The  same  as  SINK,  «.,  4. 
sink  stone,  s. 

Antkrop. :  A  stone,  In  shape  resembling  a 
hammer-stone  (q.v.),  bnt  of  softer  material, 
used  in  early  times,  and  still  by  races  of  low 
culture,  to  sink  nets  or  Hues. 

"  .Sfcil  a'siiii  an  by  no  means  ran  la  Inland,  and 
conttnaein  use  to  the  present  day."— Xswu.-  Andtnt 
Stone  /ntpismeiits,  n,  ill. 

Sink-trap,  a,  A  trap  for  a  kitchen-sink, 
so  constructed  as  to  allow  water  to  pass  down, 
but  preventing  the  reflow  of  air  or  gases. 


fete,  fit,  fiire,  amidst,  whit,  tall,  lather:  we.  w6t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  «ir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
«r.  wore,  w?H  work,  wad,  son;  mote,  cub,  cure,  tjnlte,  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


rlnkapace — sip 


4283 


Bink-er, ->.    [Eng.  riai,  T.  ;  -«r.J    One  who  or 
that  which  amka;  speoUkeally: 
L  A  leadea  weight  for  a  fishing-Una,  net. 


atnlter  bax,  *.     A   bar   in   a 
-     thelead-amkersa 


sinker- wheel.  -. 

fTiir-iny  sMrtiar  -  A  wheel  wfth  a  series  of 

obiiqne  wings  to  depress  the  yarn  between 

*---    ^~   .V*. 


Bmk  field,  t    [S««et] 

AC  :  A  corruption  ofebajKbO.    (Friar.) 

aink-ing,  p-.w«r.,  a.,  *«.    [Snnc,a.: 

A-iB.  Aipr.par.  *  TVttcip.  adj.  .-  (Bee 


:  A  rabbet  (q.T.V 
The  d«gii«  «C  •  Tertiemlawaft 


,«.    A  fcnd  •*  aaide  by  a 
i  or  eompny  *r  flie  gradual 
extinction  of  the  debt,  •  IB  the  can  of  tb*  n- 

1  Sinking  fondi  eiitt  in  nmaj  of  tkcatatea 
a»J   atk»  of  Urn  coantrj  far  the  gndwal 

' 


(.  la  England  the  fiat 
of  a  Siting  Fond  t~k  place  la  1TIC. 
BIiUBl  was  ra  «rtihliih««1  on  a  great  scale  in 
T7;6  by  XT.  Fitt,  but  the  debt  went  on 
increasing,  and  the  sjXem,  aa  adariirfatfted, 
an>Trd  a  fanarr  In  1*T5  a  aew  tSakiu 
Tnnd  waa  fta  mt  il.  fSn^QOOgOOO  annoaOy  to  Le 
need,  the  snrpha  onr  interest  to  be  applied 
Mtaepqwotof  prineifal.  TbeiwawetiMof 
the  debt  bj  Una  awans  bas  han  TBTJ  awHiL 

waaTar.-TBe  mottem  metal  bi  the  bgate 
of  a  noald,  to  aapply  metal  to  the  easting 


a.     Beady  to  atok;  en 


!_ 

-TW 


-  IfBi  a.    [Eng.  ri» ; 

L  Kiempt  worn  sin ;  hmoeeat. 

•T» 


sin -ner,  *  syn-ner,  i.    [Eng.  sta,  T.  ; -ST.] 

L  One  who  sins;  one  who. 


X,  OnewbotaUsiasaydatjort 
aa7law;aac~ 

'aim-aer,  «.{.    (Sonm,  «,]    To  act  aa  a 


aim   «er  ea«,  a    [Eng.  ahmar;  -—.J    A 
in    n  wh»sina;afcmafeamaar.   (ffdift: 


sin  -net,  «.    ;Scntir.] 

ai-no-dam  -drom. «.  [<Jr.  oi»«  (j*««)  =  hnrt. 
harm,  —  *— hi*f.  and  tmtftr  (dMdnm)  =  a 
use.] 

&nwm>  *  A  mmaa  of  Locanidav  Body  nar- 
row, cylindrical;  the  anterior  Ie^  broad, 
digitate.  On*  sun  in,  Staoaraitroa  eaitadri- 
cxm,  ia  British,  aad  is  bond  iu  taa  iDterior 
of  dead  ash  tress. 

Bj»-4-l««'-Ic-»l.  a.  tE^g.  riaofasOr);  -ioi-.I 
Of  or  pertaining  to  sinaiogT. 

a-a8r-t-&tt,  i.    [Eog.  sfaalsKr); -4aL]    A 

all  ._v-=- 

•bf-w-licne,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Gr.  &a  (Kaa) 

=  Chini<,  and  Aiyot  O»i>i)  =  a  word,  a    .  -- 

eoane.1    A  student  of  the  ChnMM  language, 

Uteratare,  hmtery,  *c- ;  one  who  is 

' 


t,  a.     [Sn«ouwc«.] 
of  knowledge  whieh  deals  with  the  hmgaage, 
Mil  il  si  i.  history,  Ac.,  of  China, 


no-pi-a,   ai  nopfa.  a,    PTSOM.J   A 
'     T  a  One  led  coloor,  prepsred  from 


AsiatieTtr- 


I»wLat.ttaapu=:a  kad  eoloor,  aUo  a 
bom  Lat.  Jute**;  Gr.  «Mn,- 
•»!    aka*,  rr 
Saa,waenit  u 


1.  Jfia,.-  | 

2.  Sir.  :   The    Continental 
eoloar green;  called  by  Bngliahl 

r-»^wm.a.    [Gt. 


fcnrt, 


[Sa- 


aina  rin«.».    [XatiT*  aame.} 

ZooL:  Any  indiTidmUotthr  liarHy  Tcpafldg 
(o.r.1.  Tke  Sinaringa,  or  Banxringa  (as  they 
,Js  »iao  oBtd),  lire  in  and  aboat  trees,  and 
th«r  actfrity  and  general  appearance  giTe 


Btn-tJKS,  Bin 
„ 
At  ,  ate.  :  CnlOawan  bark  (q.T.% 

Srn  toA.  Sin  fafl  JBTBI.  4e.   ISannoo,  *t] 
-,jr«X. 


sinn  paJHml,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Braialfialia  (»*->• 


Zooi.  .-  A  aeettoB  at 
the  paffial  line 
siphoBslong.    Families:  Venerate,  Martridz, 


. 
(S.f.Vsoo- 


'  ai*  »>  itw.  T.C  OakJiawano,  pa.  par.  of 
»»«  =  to  bead,  to  earre.]  To  bead  or  carre 
IB  and  out;  to  wind,  to  torn. 


sin  u-a  tlon.  i.  [Lat.  ji»»«tfo,  from  «»»- 
aau  =  «aaate(q.T.X}  A  baking  or  winding 
ia  ami  oat. 


-T*.  >    i        temta 
meator*r>k«»  tk. 
u  ttair  bgrfw  ud  !a 
- 


.- Or*.  «•  J»*U«*  p.  av 

sin  u-»~to-,  pnf*    [SrHTATB.] 
sinuate-dentate.  -. 
AC :  At  once  ainnate  and  ifcaUta. 

sin  n  cV  late,  a.    [A  i 

Ac. :  Bepand  (q.r.X 
•  Bin  -n-oae,  a.    [Sraroca.] 

8in-u-dar-J-tJ,  «.    [Fr.  aiaMaiaL] 
1.  The  qnality  or  state  of  being 

sfBemannj   -  *::.  J:...-.L  •*•-.   •-•' 

II    •  II   Ijlh    Mil    Mill  II 

»»fcrta«i'i ii  a»i.<« 


2.  A  aeries  of  bends  orenrrei  inarches  or 
other  irregular  BgBrae;  a  bud,  a  carre,  a 


,  a.  [Ft  atawiai,  boot  Lat.  aiaav 
on*,  DIM  «Mu  =  a  carre.]  Beading  or 
earring  in  and  oat;  winding,  crooked,  meaBV 


ci  nfts,<.    [Lst.= 
a  bend,  a  bosom.] 

•  L  Orataer.  Laffumf: 
L  A  bar  of  the  aea;  a 
aa  a|xan«  into  tke  nmd. 


:av  ;.'  -.1= 


2.  An  opening,  •  hollow,  a  abnuairy;  a 

Tl  TtdauaOt: 

1.  A*at. :  A  koOow.    Them  ar*  afraai  at 
the  Tdns,  a  eamaauj  JHOU  of  the  heart,  a 
aia**  of  the  Tsatibaie,  a  frontal  «a«,  ie. 
Owe*  apftiea  the  term  speaallj  ta  a  dilated 
•amorntapHrlsotblooa. 

2.  AC.-  A  reeesa  between  two  lobes  af  a 
lobedkaf. 

1  Zool .-  A  bay  in  the  paffial  liupnaalua  of 
a  eooehUerons  mtftmr,  iadintiag  that  the 
»;.  i.  bau  :  .-- 

i.  SBTJL.- A  little  etoBgatedearrtylajwnieh 
pas  is  ooto-fcd ;  an  etoogated  abseeaa  with  a 


account  of  the  barrenness  of  its  i 
;  The  typical  geaaa  off 

[Hod.  Lat.  rfcw(«);  Lat. 


with  two 


Xmom..-  AntmilvafGeoinatiina.  Antennae 
of  the  male  simple;  abdomen  Tery  slender; 
wings  svtin,  of  one  eoloar,  eraet  in  repose, 
thewerior  pair  rather  bloat  at  the  tap. 

Si-oev-it**.*,*!.    [See  dell 

Cfcana  But.  :  A  small  atet  which  arose  m 
Norway  in  the  lot  half  of  the  fjglitmitt 
eentnry.  They  embroidered  the  word  Baaa. 

and  endeaTOBred  to  estaMish'a  inimmiiailj 
whieh  abooJd  be  the  germ  of  the  ringaimi  *f 
Sion.    In  the  reign  of  Christiu  TL  llTX-tt), 
la sawmill  BBS  iTksiilnrllijlafilimrrai 

(proa.  8«V-4Bm).  a.     Of,  or  par- 

flmenmtz;  Dakoiaa. 

(proa.  86).  «.    (Smf.tfi)     Ames., 
ber  of  the  nfeoaa  abxk  of  Ia«aa«,  coauiniag 


root 


»JL  *  i.    [From  the  ma 
and  eogn.  with  O.  DwL  - 
=  toanp;  Pttt.  miftt 


boll,  boy;  B*mt.  J«wl;  eat,  $eH.  emavma, 


go.  KW»;  thla. 


da.  aa;  expect. 


=  be4.dal, 


42*4 


sip— siphonophora 


A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  imbibe  or  take  into  the  mouth  i 
•nail  quantities;  to  drink  in  small  draught; 

-  Char  In  tipped  a  little  of  the  poisonous  draught. 
fUlngbr,,^:  On  PartUt.  let.  B, 

SL  To  drink  in  or  absorb  in  small  quantities 

"  She  ahould  Imbue  the  tongue  with  what  the  tipt. 
Ctneper:  Cdtifervitton.  441. 

S.  To  draw  into  the  mouth  ;  to  extract,  t 
inck  up:  as,  A  bees  sips  nectar  from  th 
flowers. 

4.  To  drink  out  of. 

"  Ere  he  if  jv 
The  purple  bumper."  Cowper:  fop*.  W7. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  drink  hi  small  quantities 
to  take  a  sip. 

"  Rldotta  I*M  and  dauoee,  till  .he  Bee 
The  doubling  lustres  daiice  :ia  fast  aa  she." 

foft :  Jmii  a/  Baract,  bk.  1L,  aat  1. 

dp,  s.    [Sip,  e.] 

1.  The  act  of  sipping  ;   tlie   taking  of  a 
liquor  with  the  lips. 

2.  A  very  small    draught  taken  with  the 
lips. 

Will  bathe  the  drooping  iplriu'with  delight- 

.MMor.:  Comiu,  111. 

•3.  Sup,  drink. 

••  Thus  aemetb  he  without  meat  or  tip." 

Chaucer:  O,  AneUda  t  Fat*  Arettt. 

lipe,  seep,  v.t.  [A.S.  <ipon ;  cogn.  with  Dnt 
sijpen ;  Low  Ger.  eeipen.]  To  issue  slowly  as 
a  liquid  ;  to  ooze.  (Prov.) 

"The  tipitiy  through  of  the  waters  Into  the  bouse." 
—Grainger:  On  Jcrferinsfer,  p.  316. 

si  peer  -a,  si  pelr  a.  si  pi'-ra,  t.  [Etym. 
doubtful.) 
Bot. :  The  Greenheart  (q.v.). 

•I-peeV-ine,  9.    [Eng.  sipeer(a);  -int.] 

Chtm.  :  Sipirine,  Sepeerine.  An  alkaloid 
discovered  by  Rodie,  in  1834,  in  the  Green- 
heart  tree  (Nectandra  Rodin).  It  forms 
reddish-brown,  shining  scales,  slightly  soluble 
in  water,  very  soluble  in  alcohol,  but  insolu- 
ble in  ether.  It  neutralizes  acids,  forming 
brownish-coloured  salts. 

•s-phag'-o-nua,  s.  [Gr.  <rifa,v  (siphon)  =  a 
small  pipe,  and  Mod.  Lat.  agonus  (q.v.).] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Cataphract i.  from  Beh- 
rlng's  Straits  and  Japan.  The  snout  is  pro- 
duced into  a  long  tube  like  that  of  a  Pipe- 
fish ;  chin  prominent,  with  a  barbel. 

•  si'-pher,  s.    [CIPHER.] 

•  slph'-I-Us,  «.    [SYPHILIS.] 

•Iph-ne-i -na>,  ..  pL  [Mod.  Lat  ilphnefus); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*,  -ina.} 

Zool :  A  sub-family  of  Muriate,  with  two 
genera,  Siphneus  and  Bllobius.  Form  cylin- 
drical, ear-conch  rudimentary,  limbs  and  tail 
very  short. 

•Iph  ne  us,  «.  [Gr.  C-..MC  (siphnevs)  =  a 
mole,  from  its  supposed  blindness ;  o-i*Aos, 
ffi^w  (siphlos,  siphnos)  =  crippled,  blinking, 

Zool.:  The  typical  genus  of  SIphnelna 
(q.v.) ;  forming  a  connecting  link  between  the 
Muridte  and  the  Spalacidaj.  Two  species,  one 
from  the  Altai  Mountains  and  one  from  the 
north  of  China. 

•n-pht-cam'-py-lns.  «.  [Gr.  <r£«W  (siphM) 
=  a  siphon,  and  «afurvAot  (kampulos)  =  bent, 
curved.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Lobelese.  Siphommpvhis 
Caoutchouc,  growing  near  Popayan,  is  distin- 
guished for  the  tenacity  of  its  juice. 

SI  phoid,  «.  [Fr.  tiphoUt.]  An  apparatus 
for  manufacturing  soda-water. 

•i'-phon,  *  •y'-phon,  «.  [Fr.  siphon,  from 
l*t.  siphontm,  accus,  of  siphon  =&  siphon  • 
Or.  7to>«v  (siphon)  =  a  small  pipe  or  reed.) 

1.  A  curved  tube  having  one  branch  longer 
than  the  other ;  nsed  for  transferring  liquids 
from  higher  to  lower  levels.  It  acte  by  at- 
mospheric pressure,  and  consequently  cannot 
1>e  depended  on  for  overcoming  heights  greater 
than  about  thirty  feet  near  fhe  level  of  the 
tea,  and  a  less  height  at  great  elevations.  It 
to  nsed  in  transferring  liquids  in  the  follow- 
ing manner:  the  syphon  is  filled  with  some 
liquid,  and  the  two  ends  being  closed,  the 
shorter  leg  is  dipped  in  the  liquid,  or  the 
•horter  leg  having  been  dipped  in  the  liquid, 
the  air  is  exhausted  by  applying  the  mouth  at 


the  extremity  of  the  longer  leg.  A  vacun:. 
1s  thus  produced,  the  liquid  in  the  vesae 
rises  and  tills  the  tube  in  consequence  of  th 
atmospheric  pressur*.  It  will  then  run  ou 
through  the  sipho 

D  ,,„     ,  jj     as  long  as  the  shorte 

H*   end   dips  in  the  1 

a  aid.  In  the  illustra 
on,  c  is  the  surfac 
of  the  liquid  ;  c  D 
the  siphon.  The  pres 
sure  acting  on  th 
right  and  left  han< 
sides  of  the  bem 

! mils  the  pressur 
the   atmosphere 
less  th 
pressur 
of  the  co 
lumn 
liquid  A  B 
DC  res  pec- 
tivefy 
SIPHON.  Since  A  B 

is  greate 

than  D  c,  the  pressure  tending  to  keep  the 
liquid  in  the  tube  is  less  on  the  right  hanc 
side ;  the  liquid  consequently  flows,  and  wil 
continue  to  flow  from  the  lower  end  of  the 
siphon  so  long  as  the  shorter  end  remains  in 
the  liquid,  and  the  end  B  is  lower  than  the 
surface  a  [INTERMITTENT-SIPHON.] 

2.  A  siphon-bottle  (q.v.)i 

3.  Zool. :  A  canal,  often  drawn  out  Into 
long  tube,  through  which  water  passes  to  th. 
respiratory  chamber  in  various  conchiferous 
molluscs,  especially  those  which  burrow  in 
sand.    Though  the  combined  siphons  of  Mya 
are  much  longer  than  the  shell,  and  those  o 
some  Tellinidse  three  or  four  times  as  long 
they  may  be  retracted  within  the  shell.  There 
is  also  a  tubular  prolongation  orfoldingof  the 
mantle,  constituting  a  siphon  to  convey  water 
to  and  from  the  breathing  apparatus  of  some 
Gas  tero  pods. 

siphon-barometer,  «.  [BAROMETER.] 
Siphon-bottle,  s.  A  flask  for  containing 
aerated  waters,  which  may  be  discharged 
without  uncorking,  through  a  bent  tube  pro- 
vided with  a  downwardly  opening  valve 
operated  by  a  lever,  and  kept  to  its  seat  by 
pressure  of  the  contained  gas,  which,  when 
the  valve  is  displaced  by  pressure  on  the 
lever,  forces  out  the  liquid  until  all  is  dis- 
charged. 

siphon  cup,  i. 

Mach. :  A  form  of  lubricator  In  which  the 
oil  is  led  over  the  edge  of  the  vessel  by  capil- 
lary action,  ascending  and  descending  in  a 
cotton  wick  and  dropping  on  the  journal. 

siphon  gauge,  s.  A  bent  glass  tube 
partially  filled  with  mercury,  used  for  ascer- 
taining the  degree  of  exhaustion  effected  by 
an  air-pump,  and  also  for  ascertaining  the 
degree  of  vacuum  in  the  condenser  of  a  steam- 
engine,  or  for  indicating  the  pressure  of  a 
fluid  contained  In  a  vessel  when  greater  than 
the  pressure  of  the  external  atmosphere,  and 
also  the  pressure  of  liquids,  as  of  water  in 
pipes,  ftc. 

si-phon,  v.t.  [SIPHON,  ».]  To  convey  or 
transfer,  as  water,  by  means  of  a  siphon ;  to 
transmit  or  remove  by  a  siphon. 

si  phon-age  (age  as  Jg),  >.  [Eng.  siphon, 
a. ;  -aye.)  The  action  or  operation  of  a  siphon. 

•i'-phdn-aL  a.  [Eng.  siphon ;  -a!.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  a  siphon. 

siphonal  -  Impression.  «.     [PALLUL- 

SrHUS-J 

siphonal  stomach,  «. 

Compar.  Anat. :  A  term  applied  to  the 
stomach  of  fishes,  when,  as  in  the  genus 
Salmo,  that  organ  presents  the  form  of  a  bent 
tube  or  canal  (U),  one  arm  being  formed  by 
the  cardiac,  the  other  by  the  pyloric  portion. 

•i-pho-aaf-r-a...^  [Mod.  tat,  from  Lat. 
siphon  (q.v.).] 

Zool  t  Palamt. :  A  genus  of  Gasteropods 
placed  by  Woodward  in  the  family  PateUida?; 
byothersamongthelnopercnlatePulmonifera. 
Shell  flattened  and  tent-shaped,  like  that  of 
Patella  (q.v.),  rugose  externally,  divided  on 
the  right  side  by  a  deep  siphonal  groove, 
which  makes  a  slight  projection  on  the  margin. 
The  species,  which  are  numerous  and  very 


widely  distributed,  live  between  tide-marks. 
They  commence  in  the  Miocene. 

*  si  pho  na  ta,  s.  pi.    [SIPHONIDA.] 

si   pho  -ne   09,  si   pho  na  -cg-as, s.  pi 

[Mod.  Lat.  siphon(ia);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff 
•ece  or  -acecc.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-order  of  Confervacese.  Frond 
either  consisting  of  a  single  cell,  with  con- 
tinuous or  jointed,  distinct  or  variously  united 
branches,  or  of  many  tubular  cells  in  con- 
tact, branched,  and  variously  united,  or  held 
together  byintercellularmatter.  Marine  plants 
usually  covered  with  calcareous  encrustations. 
Tribes,  Caulcrpidffi,  Acetabularidae  and  Haly- 
medida. 

Bi-pho  -ni  a,  «.    [Lat.  sipho,  genit  ttphonii 
=  a  siphon  (q.v.).] 

1.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Crotonese.    Siphonia 
elaatlca  is  a  tree  fifty  to  sixty  feet  high,  com- 
mon in  Guiana  and  Brazil,  and  has  been  intro- 
duced into  the  West  Indies.    It  yields  the 
bottle  india-rubber  of  Bui-ope,  which  the  na- 
tives obtain  by  smearing  clay  moulds  with 
the  juice  in  successive  layers. 

2.  Zool.  <t  Paloxnt. :  A  genus  of  Siliceous 
Sponges,  family  Tetraclodina.      Mass   poly- 
morphous, free  or  fixed,  ramose  or  simple 
concave  or  fistulous  above,  porous  at  the  sur- 
face, and  penetrated  by  anastomosing  canals 
which  terminate  in  sub-radiating  orifices  with- 
in   the   cup.     Type,  Siphonia  typum,   from 
Sicily.    They  occur  in  great  numbers  in  the 
Greensand. 

si-phon  -ic,  o.    [Eng.  siphon,  s. ;  -fc,]    Of  o* 

pertaining  to  a  siphon  ;  siphonal. 

si-phon  i- da,    *sI-ph<S-na-ta,  ».  pi 

[Mod.    Lat.,  from   Lat.  siphon  =&'  tube,  a 
siphon  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  A  section  of  Conchifera,  with  fifteen 
families,  seven  of  which  belong  to  the  sub- 
section Integro-pallialia,  the  remaining  eight 
constituting  the  Sinu-pallialia  (q.v.).  The 
animal  has  respiratory  siphons,  and  the 
mantle-lobes  are  more  or  less  united. 

"  si  phon'-If-er,  ».  [SIPHONIFERA.]  Any 
member  of  the  order  Siphonifera  (q.v.). 

"  si  pho  nif-er-a,  «.  pi.  [Eng.  siphon,  and 
Lat.  J'ero  =  to  bear.] 

Zool. :  D'Orbigny's  name  for  an  order  of 
Mollusca,  approximately  equivalent  to  the 
modern  Tetrabranchiata  (q.v.). 

*  si  pho-mf  er-ous,  a,  [SIPHONIFERA.) 
Bearing  siphons,  as  the  chambered  shells  of 
the  nautilus. 

si-phon-l-zan'-tl-a  (or  t  as  sh),  s.  pi.  [Gr. 
ffufnavi^nt  (siphonizo)  =  to  tap  a  wine-cask 
with  a  siphon,] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Chilognatha,  akin  to 
lulidee.  Body  semi-cylindrical,  the  dorsal 
plates  of  the  segments  encroaching  but  slightly 
on  the  under  surface ;  head  small ;  oral  ap- 
paratus a  conical  sucking  organ  ;  legs  short 
Small  millipedes  in  rotten  stumps  of  trees. 
Species  few. 

si  phon-6-t  pref.  [SIPHON.]  Resembling  • 
siphon  or  tube ;  furnished  with  a  siphon. 

si  ]>hon  6  brAn  chl  a  ta,  s.  pi.  [Pret- 
siphono-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  branchiata.] 

Zool. :  De  Blainville's  name  for  an  order  of 
his  Malacozoa,  approximately  equivalent  to 
the  modern  Siphonostomata  (q.v.). 

i  phon-6  bran'-chl  ate,  a.  [SIPHONO- 
BBANCHIATA.]  Of,  or  belonging  to  De  Blain- 
ville's order8iphonobranchiata(q.v.) ;  siphono- 
stomatons. 

i  phon-dg"  na  thus,  «.  [Pref.  ripAono, 
and  Gr.  yvdSos  (gnathos)  =  a  jaw.] 

Ichthy. :  An  aberrant  genus  of  Labridae, 
with  one  species,  Siphonognathusargyrophanes, 
from  King  George's  Sound.  It  retains  the 
principal  characters  of  a  Wrasse,  but  in  shape 
the  body  resembles  that  of  a  Pipe-fish. 

i  pho  noph'  6r-a,  ».  pi.  [Pref.  stphono-, 
and  Or.  fopds  (pharos)  =  bearing.) 

Zool. :  Oceanic  Hydrozoa;  an  order  or  a 
sub-class  of  Hydrozoa  (q.v ),  possessing  a 
free  and  oceanic  hydrosoma,  consisting  of 
several  polypites,  united  by  a  flexible,  con- 
tractile, unbranched  or  slightly  branched 


5n;  nmte.  efib,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    ta.  OS  =.  e;  ey 


i;  «a 


Biphonops— siren 


4285 


coenosarc,  the  proximal  end  of  which  is 
usually  furnished  with  nectocalyces,  and 
dilated  into  a  somatocyst  or  into  a  pneumato- 
phore.  (Greene.)  All  are  unattached,  perma- 
nently free,  and  have  the  hydrosoma  compo- 
site. They  are  beautiful  organisms,  usually 
found  floating  on  the  surface  of  tropical  seas. 
Physalia  utriculus,  the  Portuguese  Man-of- 
war,  is  the  most  familiar  member  of  the  group. 
The  sub-class  is  divided  into  two  orders  :  Caly- 
cophoridae  and  Physophoridse ;  and  the  order 
Into  four  sub-orders :  Physophora,  Phyaalia, 
Calycophora,  and  Discoida. 

«i  phon-ops,  s.    [SiPHONOPsia.] 

«i  phon  op  sis,  si'-phon-6ps,  s.    [Pref. 

siphon(o)',  and  Gr.  6\f/it  (apsis)  =  outward  ap- 
pearance.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  vermiform  Amphibia, 
family  Caeciliadse.  The  muzzle  is  short  ;  head 
and  body  cylindrical ;  eyes  distinct  through 
the  skin;  a  'false  nostril  in  front  of  and  a  little 
below  each  eye. 

fi-pbon-os'-to-ma,  *•  [Pref.  siph&no-,  and 
Gr.  orojLta  (stoma)  =  a  mouth.] 

1.  Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Pipe-fishes,  group 
Syngnathina.   Body  with  distinct  ridges  ;  pec- 
torals and  caudal  well-developed,  dorsal  of 
moderate  length,  opposite  the  vent.    Males 
with  an  egg- pouch  on  the  tail,  the  eggs  being 
covered  by  cutaneous  folds.     There  are  only 
two  species. 

2.  Palceont, :  From  the  Eocene  of  Monte 
Bolca  and  Ucata, 

«  phon  6  atom  a  ta,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  siphono*. 
and  Gr.  crro^ara.  (stomata\  pi.  of  (TTO/ia  (stoma) 
=  a  mouth.] 

Zool, :  Carnivorous  Gasteropoda ;  a  section 
ofProsobranchiata(q.v.).  Shell  spiral,  usually 
iraperforate ;  aperture  notched  or  produced 
into  a  canal  in  front ;  operculnm  horny, 
lamellar.  Auimal  with  retractile  proboscis; 
eye-pedicels  connected  with  the  tentacles ; 
margin  of  mantle  prolonged  into  a  siphon,  by 
which  the  water  is  conveyed  to  the  branchial 
chamber ;  gills  one  or  two,  pectinate,  placed 
obliquely  over  the  back.  Families:  Strombidse, 
Muricidae,  Buccinidse,  Conidae,  Volutidse,  and 
Cyprseidae;  all  marine.  (Woodward.) 

4l-phon  6  stom-a-tous,  a.  [Mod.  Lat. 
$ipkonostomat(a)  ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ous.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Siphonostomata  (q.v-). 

•a'-  ph&n - 4 - stome,  *.  [SIPHONOSTOMATA.] 
Any  mollusc  belonging  to  the  division  Si- 
phonostomata (q.v.). 

«  phon  6s  to  motif*,  a.  [Eng.  siphono- 
stom(e);  -ous,}  The  same  as  SIPHONOSTOMA- 
TOUS  (q.v.). 

•  Sl-phd-ri'-nl,  s.  pi.  [Or.  (rtytov  (siphon)  — 
a  tube,  and  p«  (rhis),  genit.  pivot  (rhinos)  — 
the  nose.] 

Ornith. :  A  family  of  Natatores,  founded  by 
Vieillot,  containing  the  Petrels  and  Alba- 
trosses. [TUBINARES.] 

«i  phuri  cle,  &>    [SIPUNCULUB.] 

Zool.  :  The  tube  which  connects  together 
the  air-chambers  of  the  shell  in  many  Cephal- 
opods.  In  the  Ammonitidae  the  siphuncle  is 
external,  and  close  to  the  outer  margin  of  the 
shell ;  in  the  Nautilidse  it  is  usually  central  or 
internal. 

•S-phun'-cu-lar,  a.    [Eng.  siphwncty) ;  -ar.3 

Of  or  pertaining  to  "a  siphuncle. 

«  ph.un'  cu-lat  ed,     si  -phun  cled,    a. 

[Eng.  siphuncl(e);  -ated,  -ed.]  Having  or 
being  provided  with  a  siphuncle. 

"  The  Internal  shells  may  even  be  chambered  and 
tiphunculated." — Huxley;  Anat.  Invert.  Anim.,  p. 631. 

•sip'- id,  a.  [Lat.  sipidus;  cf.  insipid.} 
Having  a  taste  or  flavour  ;  savoury. 

si  pi  ra,  s.    [SiPEERA.J 

•Ip'-per,  s.    [Eng.  sip,  v.;  -en]    One  wiao  sips. 

dp  -pet,  5.    [Eng.  sip,  s. ;  dimin.  s^iff  -et.} 

1.  A  small   sop;   a  small  piec«  of  bread 
dipped  in  milk,  gravy,  broth,  &c. 

2.  A  little  sup  or  drink  ;  a  sip. 

"Give  mn  *tif>f#t 
01  yoor  stale  ale."        Skelton :  Klir^mr  Summing. 

3.  Cook  (PI.):  Triangular  pieces  of  toasted 
or  fried  bread,  used  for  gar-ishing. 


-pie,  i'. i.  [Eng.  sip,  v.;  freq.  suff.  4e;  cf. 
e.]    To  sip  frequently  ;  to  tipple. 


*  sip 

tipple 

si-jniri-cu'-li-dce,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  si* 
puncuKus);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee] 

Zool,  :  The  typical  family  of  the  Sipuncu- 
loidea  or  Gephyrea(q.v.),  with  three  genera, 
Sipunculus,  Syrinx,  and  Plmseolosoma.  Tlie 
proboscis  is  retractile,  furnished  with  tenta- 
cles at  its  tip  ;  vent  at  base. 

si-pun-cu-loT-de-a,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
sipuncul(us)  (q.v.),  and  Gr.  «I5os  (eidos)  =  re- 
semblance.] 
Zool.  :  A  synonym  of  Gephyrea  (q.v.). 

Sl-pun'-cu-lus,    i.      [Lat.    sipunculus  =  a 
little  tube,  dimin.  from  siphon,  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Sipunculidee  (q.v.). 
The  prolwscis,  which  is  retractile,  is  as  long 
as  the  body,  furnished  with  short  tentacular 
appendages  arranged  in  a  circle  round  the 
mouth  ;  intestine  coiled  and  bent  upon  itself, 
so  as  to  terminate  in  the  middle  of  the  body. 
Sipunculus  bernhardus  is  common  on  the 
British  coasts,  living  at  a  depth  of  ten  to  thirty 
fathoms,  occupying  the  shell  of  some  uni- 
valve mollusc  for  the  protection  of  its  soft 
vermiform  body,  plastering  up  the  entrance, 
leaving  only  a  hole  for  the  protrusion  of  its 
proboscis.  Other  species  burrow  in  land,  as 
does  6'.  edulis,  eaten  by  the  Chinese. 


s.    [After  Sipylus,  one  of  Niobe's 
children  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).  j 

Min.  :  A  tetragonal  mineral,  occurring  in 
octahedrons.  Hardness,  6*0;  sp.  gr.  4*89; 
lustre,  resinous  ;  colour,  brownish  -black  to 
brownish  -orange.  Comp.  :  essentially  a  colum- 
bate  of  erbium,  lanthanum,  didymium,  cerium, 
&C.  Found  in  Amherst  county,  Virginia. 

81  quis,  phr.  [Lat.  =  if  any  one,  so  called 
from  the  opening  words  of  the  notice  for- 
merly given  in  Latin.] 

Eccles.  Law  :  A  notification  by  a  candidate 
for  orders  of  his  intention  to  inquire  whether 
any  impediment  may  be  alleged  against  hint. 

SIT,  *.  [Fr.  sieur,  from  Lat.  senior  =  older, 
senior  (q.v.);  Icel.  eira  ;  Sp.  ser;  Ital.  ser. 
The  older  form  of  sir  was  sire  (q.v.)  ;  senior^ 
seignior,  senor,  signor,  and  sir  are  doublets.] 

1.  A  term  of  complimentary  address  applied 
commonly,  without  regard  to  position  or 
standing,  to  men  of  any  degree  ;  a  general 
title  by  which  a  person  addresses  the  man  to 
whom  he  is  speaking.  Commonly  used  as  a 
title  of  respect  by  servants  to  their  masters, 
sons  to  their  fathers,  pupils  to  their  teachers, 
and  generally  by  inferiors  to  superiors  ;  also 
in  phrases  expressing  doubt,  displeasure,  as- 
tonishment, or  the  like. 

*  2.  A  title  formerly  given  to  clergymen  : 
as,  Shakespeare's  Sir  Hugli  Evans,  a  Welsh 
priest,  &c. 

3.  A  title  of  honour  given  to  baronets  and 
knights;  it  is  always  prefixed  to  the  Christian 
uame,  as  Sir  John,  Sir  Robert,  &c. 

M.  Used  as  a  noun  appellative  to  signify  — 

(1)  A  lord,  a  master,  a  sovereign. 

"  Sole  riro'  the  world." 

Sfto*«p.  .  Antony  A  Cfeopatrm,  T.  1 

(2)  A  gentleman. 

"  In  the  habit  of  some  tir  of  note." 

Shaketp.  :  Twelfth  Might,  lit  4. 

SIT,  v.t.    [Sin,  «.]    To  address  as  sir. 

"  Sfr'd  him  at  every  word.  '—  AfcAarttam  :  Marina, 

*  sir  -  reverence,  *  sur  -  reverence, 

phr.     [A  corrupt,  of  save-reverenee  (q.v.).] 

1.  An  apologetical  apostrophe  for  introduc- 
ing an  indelicate  word  or  expression. 

"  A  very  reverend  body  :  ay,  such  a  one  as  A  man 
may  not  speak  of.  without  he  say,  tir-revercnce."— 
Shaketp.  :  Comedy  of  Errori,  Hi.  2. 

2.  The  thing  signified  by  the  word  or  ex- 
pression.   (Shakesp.  :  Romeo  &  Juliet,  i.  4.) 

Si-ra  bal'  li,  «.    [A  Demerara  word.] 

Bat.  d;  Comm.  :  A  valuable  timber  brought 
from  Demerara.  It  is  supposed  to  come  from 
a  Nectandra  or  Oreodaphne. 

si  ras'-kier,  s.    [SERASKIER.] 

sir'-dar,  s.  [Hind.]  A  chieftain,  a  captain, 
a  head-man. 

sirdar-bearer  (or  simply  sirdar),  *. 
The  chief  of  the  palanquin-bearers,  who  is 
generally  his  master's  valet. 


sir   kar,  s.    [CIRCAR.] 

1.  A  Hindu  clerk  or  accountant. 

2.  A  circar. 

3.  The  government 

s'ire,  s.     [The  same  word  as  sir  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  title  of  respect,  addressed  to  seniors 
or  superiors  ;  sir.     It  is  now  nsed  only  in 
addressing  a  king  or  other  sovereign  pnnce. 

".Sir*  knight,  (quod  he)  my  maUter  and  my  lord." 
CHaucer:  C.  T.,  839.     (Frol.) 

2.  A  father,  a  progenitor.     (Used  only  in 
poetry,  and  in  composition,   as  graudsirrr: 
grandfather,  Ac.) 

"  Whether  his  hoary  tire  he  nples. 
While  thousand  grateful  tiioughU  arlM, 
Or  meets  his  spouse's  fonder  eye." 

Pop* :  Chorut  to  Brutut. 

3.  The  mal«  parent  of  a  beast,  and  es]>eriallT 
of  a  horse ;   an  entire  animal,  as  a  bull  or 
stallion,  kept  for  breeding  purposes.   Opposed 
to  dam.     [DAM  (!),«.,  S.]. 

*  4.  A  maker,  an  author. 

"  He  died. 
Who  was  the  tirt  of  an  Immortal  strain. " 

Shelley ;  Adonait,  IT. 

Sire,  v.t.  [SIRE,  *.]  To  be  the  sire  or  father 
of ;  to  beget,  to  procreate.  (Used  now  only 
of  beasts,  and  especially  of  stallions.) 

41  Farnham  WM  a  dark  chesnut  hone  by  Ratcatcher, 
who  also  tired  the  noted  chaser  Rat-trap."— Fitld, 
Dec.  26,  1885. 

sired,  a.  [Eng.  sir(e);  -ed.]  Having  a  sire  or 
father. 

t  Sl-re'-don,  s.  [Late  Gr.  <r<tpi)$uv  (seiredon) 
=  a  «iren  (q.v.).] 

Zool :  An  old  name  for  the  Axolotl  (q.v.), 
the  larval  form  of  Amblystoma  mexicanus.  Aa 
will  be  seen  from  the  illustration,  in  the  per- 
fect animal  the  gills  are  absorbed,  and  the 


AMBLYSTOMA    MEXICANUS. 
A.  Larval  form,  or  Axolotl.    B.  Adult  form. 

whole  body  becomes  altered.  Both  larval  and 
adult  forms  are  oviparous,  and  from  the  eggs 
of  both  branchiate  and  abranchiate  young 
have  been  produced,  so  that  the  Amblystome 
or  perfect  form  may  be  born  from  an  egg,  or 
lose  its  gills  and  change  its  shape  by  meta- 
morphosis. 

*  sire'-less,  a.    [Eng.  sire,  a. ;  -less.}    Having 
no  sire  or  father ;  fatherless,  orphaned. 

"  The  itrcleu  ofliprinf  and  the  lonely  spouse." 
Byron:  Addrettfor  Caledonian  Netting  (1814). 

sir'  en,  'ser  cin,  'sir  ene.  *syr-ene,». 

&  a.  [Lat.  siren  ;  Gr.  trtip^v  (seiren),  a  word  of 
doubtful  etymology;  Fr.  sirene;  Sp.  &  Ital. 
sirena.} 

A*  As  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 
"Next,  where  the  tirent  dwell,  you  plough  the  attftl* 
Pope  :  Homer;  Odystey  xll.  SL 

*  2.  A  mermaid. 

"  Over-agalnst  the  creeke  Paestanum.  there  Is  Leo- 
casla,  called  so  of  a  ineremaid  or  tirme  there  buried," 
— P.  Holland:  Plinie.  bk.  iii..  ch.  vil. 

3.  A  charming,  alluring,  or  seductive  woman; 
a  woman  dangerous  from  her  powers  of  alluring 
or  enticing. 

"  Oh,  train  me  not,  sweet  mermafd,  with  thy  note,     '• 
To  drown  me  in  thy  sister's  flood  of  tears : 
Sing,  tiren,  to  thyself,  and  I  will  dote." 

Shakctp. :  Comedy  of  Errort,  lit  3. 

*  i.  Something  alluring,  seductive,  or  in- 
sidious. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Acoustics :  An  instrument  fordetertnining 
the  number  of  vibrations  corresponding  to  a 
note  of  any  given  pitch.  In  ite  most  ele- 
mentary form  the  siren  is  simply  a  perforated 
rotating  disk,  against  which  a  current  of  air 
is  directed,  producing  sounds  of  higher  or 
lower  pitch,  according  to  the  velocity  of 
rotation.  The  improved  siren  of  Helmholti 


boll,  b6^;  p£ut,  Joivl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bencn;  go,  &em;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph      t 
••clan, -tiaa  -  slum,    -t ion, -sion  =  shun; -tion, -sion^znun.    -clous,  -tious,  -filous  =  thus.    -ble.  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 

10 


4286 


sirene— siskin 


consists  of  two  equal  discs,  one  forming  the 
top  of  a  hollow  fixed  cylinder  into  which 
air  can  be  driven,  the  other  capable  of  re- 
volving concentrically  upon  it  with  the 
smallest  possible  amount  of  friction.  A  circle 
of  small  holes,  equidistant  from  each  other, 
U  bored  upon  each  disk,  and  concentric  with 
it,  those  in  the  upi>er  disk  being  inclined 
slantwise  to  its  plane,  those  in  the  lower  being 
slantwise  also,  but  in  the  opposite  direction. 
There  are  arrangements  for  registering  the 
number  of  revolutions  the  upper  disk  per- 
forms in  a  minute.  Thus,  when  air  is  forced 
into  the  cylinder,  it  will  pass  through  the 
perforations,  and,  by  reason  of  their  obliquity, 
will  cause  the  movable  disc  to  revolve  with 
ft  rapidity  corresponding  to  the  pressure,  and 
each  time  that  the  holes  coincide,  a  number 
of  little  puffs  of  air  get  through  simulta- 
neously, and,  if  the  pressure  of  the  air  in 
the  cylinder  is  sufficient,  the  series  of 
impulses  thus  given  will  link  themselves 
together,  forming  a  continuous  note.  From 
the  deep,  piercing  nature  of  the  sound  which 
the  siren  emits,  it  is  well  adapted  for  fog- 


81  REN,  TSED   AS  FOO-S1UNAL. 

signals  or  alarms.  In  this  case  two  disks 
rotating  with  great  rapidity  in  opposite  direc- 
tions are  employed.  They  are  driven  by  a 
•team-engine,  which  also  forces  a  blast  of 
steam  through  their  apertures  when  those  in 
the  two  disks  come  in  apposition.  The  device 
is  placed  at  the  smaller  extremity  of  a  large 
trumpet,  which,  intensifies  the  sound. 

2.  Class.   Mythol. :    Certain   melodious    di- 
vinities, who  dwelt  on  the  shores  of  Sicily, 
and  so  charmed    passing   mariners    by  the 
sweetness  of  their    song,  that   they  forgot 
their  homes,  and  remained  there   till  they 
perished  of  hunger.  According  to  one  legend, 
they  threw  themselves  into  the  sea,  from  rage 
and  despair,  on  hearing  the  more  melodious 
song  of  Orpheus.    Originally  there  were  only 
two  sirens  ;  but  their  number  was  afterwards 
increased  to  three,  and  their  names  are  given 
with  great  variety. 

3.  Zool. :  Mod-eels  :  a  genus  of  Urodela  or 
of  Perennibranchiate  Ichthyoidfia,  constitut- 
ing the  family  Sirenidse.     They  are  eel-like 
Amphibians,  with  two  anterior  feet  and  per- 
manent branchiae,  and  range  from  Texas  to 
Carolina.      There  are  three   species.     Siren 
lacertina  is  the  Mud-eel  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to  a  siren ;  like  or 
befitting  a  siren  ;  bewitching,  alluring,  fas- 
cinating. 

"  Her  tirgn  voice,  enchanting,  drnwo  him  on 
To  guileful  shores,  and  nieada  of  fatal  Joy." 

Thornton  :  Mpriny,  994. 

Bl-rene',  *.     [Fr.]     The  same  as  BIREN,  A. 

•i-ren'-i-a,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  siren. 
Named  from  the  pectoral  position  of  the 
mammae.] 

L  Zool. :  An  order  of  aquatic  Mammalia, 
allied  to  the  Cetacea,  with  which  they  were 
formerly  and  are  still  occasionally  classed. 
The  body  is  long,  compact,  and  cylindrical, 
narrowing  towards  the  tail,  which  is  set 
horizontally  and  terminates  either  in  forked 
flukes  or  a  flat  fibrous  expansion.  Hind  limbs 
and  sacrum  absent ;  anterior  limbs  converted 
Into  paddles.  Snout  fleshy  and  well-developed ; 
nostrils  on  upper  surface ;  lips  fleshy,  the 
upper  lip  usually  with  a  moustache.  The  skin 
is  rough  and  sparsely  hairy,  or  smooth  like 
that  of  the  Whale.  The  two  mammae  are  on 
the  breast,  close  to  the  armpits,  and  there  is 
little  doubt  that  from  the  habit  of  the  »u- 
gong  (q.v.)  raising  the  upper  pan  of  its  body 
perpendicularly  out  of  the  water  and  clasping 
its  young  to  its  breast,  the  stories  of  Sirens 
and  Mermaids  took  their  rise.  There  are  two 
recent  genera,  Halicore  and  Manatus.  The 
former  is  monophyodont,  the  latter  diphyo- 


dont,  the  permanent  teeth  consisting  of 
molars  with  flattened  crowns  adapted  for 
bruising  vegetable  food.  The  recently  extinct 
genus  Rhytiua  (q.v.)  had  no  true  teeth.  The 
Sirenla  pass  their  life  in  the  water,  living 
chiefly  in  shallow  bays,  estuaries,  lagoons, 
and  rivers,  never  straying  far  from  shore,  and 
feeding  solely  on  aquatic  vegetation* 

2.  Palixont. :  From  the  Eocene  onward. 
[EoTHERit'M,  RHYTINA.] 

si-re  -nl  an,  a.  &  s.    [SIRENIA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  order 
Sire  nia, 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  member  of 
the  order  Sireuia. 

*  si-ren'-ic-al,  a.    [Eng.  siren;  -icaL]    Like 

or  appropriate  to  a  siren. 

"  A  couple  of  tirenieal  rascals,*  Mwston. 

Si-ren'-I-dse,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  siren;  Lat. 

fern.  pi.  adj.  suff  -idee.} 

1.  Ichthy. :  A  family  of  Dipnoi,  with  three 
genera,  LepMosireu,  Protopterus,  and  Cera- 
todus.   The  caudal  fin  is  diphycercal ;  no  gnlur 
plates,  scales  cycloid.     Two  molars,  above 
and  below,  and  a  pair  of  vomerine  teeth. 

2.  Palceont. :  [CERATODUS]. 

3.  Zool. :  [SIREN,  3.]. 

*  sir'-on-ize,  v.i.    [Eng.  siren;  -fee.]  -  To  nse 
the  enticements  or  allurements  of  a  siren  ;  to 
charm,  to  fascinate. 

t  sir-6-noT-da,  s.  pi.   [Mod.  Lat.,  from  siren 
(q.v.),  aud  Gr.  eI5o$  (eidos)  =  resemblance.] 
Ichthy. :  A  synonym  of  Sireuidse,  1.  (q.v.> 

t  s'ir-e  noi'-de-i,  s.  pL    [SIRENOIDA.] 

Ichthy. :  An  order  containing  a  single  family, 
similarly  named,  constituting  Muller's  sub- 
class Dipnoi  (q.v.). 

sir'-ex,  a.    [Gr.  v«wv  (seiren).']    [SIREN.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Uroceridae. 
It  was  formerly  called  Urocerus.  Sirex  gigas 
is  the  Great-tailed  Wasp.  It  is,  however,  an 
aberrant  saw-fly,  the  apparent  sting  being  a 
projecting  ovipositor.  It  is  black,  the  anten- 
nae, the  hinder  part  of  the  head  on  each  side, 
the  tibiae  and  tarsi,  and  the  base  and  apex  of 
the  abdomen  yellow ;  abdomen  of  the  male  red- 
dish, spotted  with  black  at  the  sides  and  apex. 
It  is  not  uncommon  in  pine  and  fir  woods  in 
Britain.  The  eggs  are  deposited  about  an 
inch  from  the  surface,  and  the  hatched  grubs 
bore  deeper.  S.  juvencus,  also  British,  is 
smaller.  The  male  is  banded  with  orange, 
while  the  female  is  dark  purple. 

Sir  -i-am,  s.  [Native  name.]  (See  compound.) 

Siriam  garnet,  s. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  almandine  (q.v.),  of  a 
beautiful  crimson  colour  tinged  with  violet, 
found  at  Siriam  or  Syriarn,  in  Pegu. 

*  si  ri'-a  sis,  «.     [Lat,  from  Gr.  <r«ipta<ri$ 
(seiriasis)  =  sunstroke.]    (See  etyra.) 

Si-ric'-I-cUe,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  sirex,  geuit. 
8iric(is);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suft'.  -idee.] 

Entom. :  The  same  as  UROCERID.B.  Darwin 
uses  Siricida?. 

sir  -it9h,  s.  [Arab.]  A  sweet  oil  expressed 
from  the  seeds  of Sesamum  orientate,  much  used 
as  an  article  of  diet,  for  friction  of  the  body, 
and  for  lamps. 

Sir'-i-US,  s.  [Lat,  from  Gr.Seipcos  (Seirios).'] 
Astron. :  The  Dog-star,  by  far  the  brightest 
fixed  star  in  the  sky.  It  is  a  Canis  Major, 
situated  a  little  below  Orion,  and  is  mytho- 
logically  regarded  as  one  of  two  hounds  held 
in  leash  by  Orion,  Procyon  in  Canis  Minor 
being  the  other.  A  line  drawn  from  the 
Pleiades  through  the  three  stars  of  Orion's 
belt  will  pass  it  closely ;  straight  lines  con- 
necting it  with  Procyon  and  Betelguese  will 
constitute  a  nearly  equilateral  triangle ;  and 
Aldebaran,  Betelguese,  Sirius,  and  Regel,  all  of 
the  first  magnitude,  form  a  lozenge-shaped 
figure,  with  Orion's  belt  in  the  centre.  Ptolemy, 
in  the  second  century,  ranked  Sirius  among 
red  stars ;  now  it  is  white,  and  is  a  very  bril- 
liant object,  its  light  being  324  times  as  great 
as  that  of  a  star  of  the  sixth  magnitude.  It 
is  about  a  million  times  as  far  from  us  as  the 
sun,  and  its  mass  is  about  twenty  times  as 
great.  Viewed  by  the  spectroscope,  its  chief 
lines  are  those  of  incandescent  hydrogen,  with 


ftvbler  ones  of  sodium  and  magnesium  ;  the 
metal  mercury  seems  also  to  be  present.  Some 
irregular  movements  of  Sirius  le<l  to  the  belief 
that  a  heavenly  body  existed  near  enough  to 
produce  a  perturbation,  and  a  son  of  Mr. 
Alvati  Clark,  of  Boston  (Mass.),  discovered, 
on  Jan.  81,  1862,  what  appears  to  be  a 
planet  revolving  around  Sirius  as  its  sun,  it 
is  thought  in  about  forty-nine  years.  The 
heliacal  rising  of  Sirius  varies  in  different 
latitudes,  and  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes 
makes  it  do  so  also  in  successive  ages.  When 
the  heliacal  rising  of  Sirius  (called  by  the  old 
Egyptians  fciothes)  took  place,  it  indicated  to 
them  that  the  overflow  of  the  Nile  was  at 
hand.  In  England,  Sirius  rises  heliacally  on 
Aug.  25,  fourteen  days  after  the  termination 
of  the  "dog  days"  (July  3  to  Aug.  11),  to 
which  he  has  given  their  name.  Some  con- 
sider the  Dog-star  to  have  been  Procyon  ;  but 
that  hound  rises,  like  the  other  dogs,  far  be- 
hind the  *'  dog  days,"  in  place  of  ushering 
them,  in. 

sir'-loin,   sur'-loin,  *sur-loyn,  *     [Fr. 

surlonge,  from  sur(Lat.  KJfer)  —  above,  upon, 
and  lotige  =.  a  loin  (q.v.).]  The  loin,  or  upper 
part  of  the  loin,  of  beef,  or  jiart  covering 
either  kidney.  The  spelling  sirloin  is  de- 
rived from  tiie  erroneous  idea  that  this  joint 
was  knighted  by  Charles  1 1.  in  a  merry  moment. 

"  The  strong  table  groans 

Beneath  the  smoking  sirloin  atretch'd  iiuiueitae 
From  aide  to  aide."  Thomson  :  AutU'im,  Mi. 

sir  -mark,  «.    [SUHMARK.] 
sir -name,  s.    [SURNAME.] 

Si-roc'-co,  si  roc',  *.  [ItaL  sirocco  =  the 
south-east  wind,  from  Arab,  sharaga  —  (the 
sun)  arose.]  A  hot,  oppressive  wind,  coming 
from  northern  Africa,  over  the  Mediterranean, 
to  Italy,  Sicily,  &c. 

"  But  corne,  the  board  IB  spread ;  cur  iilver  lamp 
In  trimm'd,  aud  heeds  uut  the  riroccot  damp. 

Byron :  Corsair.  L  14. 

sir'-rah,  sir'-ra,  *  ser-rha,  *  sir-rha,  s. 

[Icel.  sera  —  sir,  sirrah,  from  Fr.  sire  —  air 
(q.v.).]  A  term  of  address  used  in  anger  or 
contempt,  and  generally  equivalent  to  iellow. 
It  is  sometimes  applied  to  children  in  play, 
and  was  formerly  used,  also  as  an  address  to 
women. 

"  Who  1»  here  1    What!  are  you  packing,  lirrahf 
Shakap. ;  Cj/mbelinet  in.  ft. 

*8irt,  a.    [SYRT.]    A  quicksand,  a  bog. 

They  discovered  the  immense  and  vast  ocean  of  tht 
courts  to  be  all  over  full  of  flats,  shelve*,  •h&lluw*, 
quicksauda,  crags,  rocks,  gulfs,  whirlpools,  tirtt,  Ac.''— 
Traiul,  ofBoccalini  (1626),  p.  12. 

slr'-iip,  sir'-up-Jr,  &c,    [SYRUP,  &c.j 

*  sirurgien,  s.    [CHIRURQEON,  SURGEON.] 

sir'-vente  (e  as  a),  sir'-vantc, «.  [Fr.  ser- 
ceiite  =  a  poem  of  service,  originally  a  poem 
in  praise  of  some  one,  from  Lat.  seroietis,  pr. 
par.  of  servio  =  to  serve.]  In  medieval 
literature,  a  species  of  poem  in  common  use 
among  the  Troubadours  and  Trouveres. 
usually  satirical,  though  sometimes  devoted 
to  love  or  praises,  and  divided  into  strophes 
of  a  peculiar  construction. 

*  sis,  s.    [Fr.  six  =  six.]    The  cast  of  six ;  the 
highest  throw  on  a  die. 

Si-sal,  5.    [Seedef.] 

Geog.  :  A  port  in  Yucatan. 
Sisal -hemp,  s. 

Sot. :  Agave  sisalana. 

*  si§e,  *  size,  s,    [See  def.]    A  contraction  of 
assize  (q.v.). 

"  You  said.  If  I  return'd  next  siia  in  Lent, 
1  should  be  in  remitter  of  your  grace." 

sis  -el,  *.    [Russ.] 

Zool. :  Spermophilus  citillus,  a  small  squirrel- 
like  rodent,  abundant  in  central  and  eastern 
Kurope  and  in  Siberia.  Called  also  Suslik 
and  Earless  Marmot. 

sis'-S-ra-ra,  sis'-e-ra-ry\  s.  [A  corrupt. 
utcertiorari  (q.v.).]  A  Lard  blow.  (Prov.) 

Sis'- kin,  «.  [Dan,  sisken;  Sw.  siska;  Ger. 
zeisig.] 

Ornith. ;  Carduelis  spinvs,  an  autumnal 
visitant  from  the  north  to  England,  generally 
leaving  in  the  spring,  though  many  pairs 
remain  and  bree«!,  especially  in  Scotland.  The 
adult  male  is  rather  less  than  five  inches  long. 
Its  plumage  is  chiefly  green,  spread  over  the 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  ptt. 
*r»  wore,  wolf,  work*  wh6.  son;  mute,  cub,  core,  nnlte,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «.  CB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw- 


siskowit— sisymbrium 


4287 


Bftck  and  upper  parts  of  the  body,  with  the 
centre  of  each  feather  dark  olive-green  ;  top 
of  head  and  chin  black  ;  patches  of  yellow 
behind  the  ear,  on  neck,  breast,  greater 
coverts  and  tail,  and  edge  of  quill  feathers; 
abdomen  and  under  tail-coverts  white,  deepen- 
ing into  gray  on  flanks.  They  nest  usually  in 
the  fork  of  a  bough,  and  lay  from  three  to 
five  egss  bluish-white,  spotted  at  the  larger 
end  with  brown  or  gray.  Breeders  often  pair 
the  Siskin  with  the  Canary  to  obtain  a  song- 
bird whose  note  is  less  slirill  than  that  of  the 
pure  Canary. 

Bis'-ko-wit,  5.    [American  Indian  name.] 

lohthy. :  S'dmosiscowet  (Agass.). 

"  The  titkowit  la  of  large  size,  a  tout  and  thick,  of  » 
rich  flavour,  but  so  fat  fa  to  be  almost  unfit  for  food. 
—Ripley  *  Dtintt :  Amer.  Cyclop.,  xvi.  9. 

sis-mom'-e-ter,  s.    [SEISMOMETER.] 

sis-mdn'-dine,  sis-mon'-dite,  *•  [After 
Prof.  A.  Sismonda,  of  Turin  ;  suff.  -iiw,  -it« 

Min.  :  A  black  variety  of  Chloritoid  (q.v.), 
but  Des  Cloizeaux  states  that  very  thin  cleav- 
age laminse  are  grass-green.  Occurs  at  San 
Marcel,  Vald'Aosta,  Italy. 

SI  son,  8.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  aivuv  (sison)  = 
Sison  Amomum.  (See  def.).] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Amminidse  (Lindley) ;  um- 
belliferous plants,  section  Amminese  (Sir.  J. 
Hooker).  Involucre  of  few  leaves,  partial,  sub- 
dimidiate  ;  calyx-teeth  obsolete ;  petals  broadly 
obcordate,  deeply  curved  and  notched,  with 
an  inflected  point;  carpels  with  five  riba  and 
single  clavate  vittaa  between  them.  Only  known 
species  Sison  Amomum,  the  B&stard  Stone- 
parsley.  It  is  a  plant  two  or  three  feet  high, 
the  lower  leaves  pinnate,  the  upper  cut  into 
narrow  segments.  Found  in  Britain  and  on 
toe  Continent  in  moist  ground  under  hedges. 
It  is  aromatic  and  carminative. 

tti'-sor,  s.    [From  the  native  name.] 

Ichthy, :  A  genus  of  Siluridse  Proteropodes, 
group  Hypostomatina.  Head  depressed,  spa tu- 
late ;  trunk  depressed  ;  tail  long  and  thin  ; 
eyes  very  small ;  mouth  inferior,  small,  trans- 
verse, with  barbels ;  no  teeth.  One  species, 
Sisor  rhabdoplwrus,  from  the  rivers  of  northern 
Bengal. 

siss,  v.i.  [Out.  sissen.]  To  hiss.  (Prov.  & 
Amer.)  (Often  used  of  the  noise  made  by 
grooms  when  rubbing  down  horses.) 

siss'-ers-kite,  s.  [After  Sissersk,  Urals, 
Russia,  where  found ;  suff.  -ite  (Jlfin,).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Iridosraine(q.v.),  occur- 
ring frequently  in  hexagonal  fiat  scales.  Sp. 
gr.  20'0  to  21  *2.  Indium  not  over  30  per  cent. 

Sis-sod',  sis-sum',  8.  [Hind,  sisnoo,  sisaai.] 
Bot.  :  Dalbergia  Sissoo,  a  large  timber-tree, 
with  pinnate,  drooping  leaves,  growing  along 
the  base  of  the  Himalayas.  It  is  used  by 
shipbuilders  in  Bengal  when  crooked  timbers 
and  knees  are  required. 

Bist,  v.t.    [Lat  risto  =  to  stop.] 

Scots  Law : 

L  To  stop,  to  stay. 

2.  To  cite,  to  summon,  to  bring  forward. 

Tf  (1)  To  sist  one's  self:  To  take  a  place  at 
the  bar  of  a  court  where  one's  cause  is  to  be 
judicially  tried  and  determined. 

(2)  To  sist  parties:  To  join   other  parties 
In   a   suit  or  action,  and  serve  them  with 
process. 

(3)  To  sist  proceedings:   To  delay  judicial 
proceedings  in  a  cause.    (Used  both  in  civil 
and  ecclesiastical  courts.) 

Bist,  a.    [SiST,  u.] 

Scots  Law :  The  act  of  legally  delaying  dili- 
gence or  execution  on  decrees  for  civil  debts. 

H  Sist  on  a  suspension : 

Scots  Law :  In  the  Court  of  Session  the 
order  or  injunction  of  the  lord-ordinary  pro- 
hibiting diligence  to  proceed,  where  relevant 
grounds  of  supersession  have  been  stated  in 
the  bill  of  supersession.  [SUPERSESSION.] 

*  Sis'-ten9e,  *.  [Lat  sistens,  pr.  par.  of  sisto 
=  to  stop.]  A  halting-place. 

"  There  i*  seldom  e  any  tittenc*  "twixt  sinking  and 
•wt turning."— Hawett  :  Dodona't  (trove,  p.  122. 

sia'-ter,  *  sls-tir,  *  sos-ter,  *  sus-tcr, 
*  sys-ter,  *  sos-tre,  *  sus-tre,  s.  &  a. 


[Icel.  systir;  Sw.  syster ;  Dan.  soster ;  A.S. 
sweostor,  sw inter  ;  Dut.  zuster;  Gotli.  swistar ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  siiester,  suister  ;  Ger.  schivester; 
Russ.  sestra;  Lat.  soror;  Suiisc.  svasri.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  female  born  of  the  same  parents  as 
another ;  the  correlative  to  brother. 

"But  bistdis  the  cross  of  Jlieeus  stoodeii  his  moder 
and  the  *<*(ir  of  hia  modir  Maria  Cleuphe  and  Marie 
Maudeleyn."—  Wycliffe :  Jon  xix. 

2.  A  woman  closely  allied  to  or  associated 
with  another  ;  a  female  belonging  to  the  same 
society,  community,  or  the  like,  as  nuns  in  a 
convent.    [SISTERHOOD.] 

*•  Gave  him,  with  her  last  farewell. 
The  charge  of  Sister  Isabel." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Itlet.  V.  6. 

3.  A  woman  belonging  to  the  same  faith  ;  a 
female  fellow-Christian. 

"If  a  brother  or  tUter  be  naked,  and  destitute  of 
food." — Jamet  U.  15. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Applied  to  females,  or  things; 
regarded  as  female,  of  the  same  kind  or  con- 
dition ;  akin. 

"Thus  have  I  given  your  lordship  the  beet  account  I 
could  of  the  fitter  dialects  of  the  Italian,  Spanish,  and 
French.11—  H owcfl :  Letter*,  bk.  U.,  let.  69. 

sister-block,  5. 

Naut. :  A  fiddle-block  (q.v.). 
sister-hook,  *.    [MATCH-BOOK,  MOUSING- 

HOOK.J 

sister-in-law,  s.    A  husband's  or  wife's 

sister ;  a  brother's  wife. 

sister-keelson,  s.    [KEELSON.] 
Sister-like,  adv.    Like  sisters. 

"  And  titter-like  in  love  they  dwell 
In  that  Itme  convent's  silent  cell," 

Scott  i  Lord  u/t he  Itlet,  Yt  ft. 

sister-marriage,  s. 
Anthrop. :  (For  def.  see  extract). 

*'  A  remarkable  Vedda  custom  sanctioned  a  man 
taking  his  younger  (not  elder)  sister  as  hU  wife; 
titter-marriage  existing  amontf  the  Singhalese,  but 
being  confined  to  the  royal  family." — Tylor :  Primitive 
Culture  led.  1873),  i.  4ft. 

*  sis  -ter,  v.t.  &  i.    [SISTER,  *.] 

A.  Trans, :  To  be  sister  to ;  to  resemble 
closely. 

"  Her  art  tutert  the  natural  roses." 

8hakct}>. :  Pericles,  v.    (Prol.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  allied ;  to  be  close  and 
contiguous. 

*'  A  bill  whose  concave  womb  reworded 

A  plaintful  story  from  a  Uttering  vale.* 

Shakesp.  :  Looer't  Complaint,  3. 

sis'-ter-hood,  *  sus-ter-hode,  5.     [Eng. 

sister;  -hood.} 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  a  sister ; 
the  office  or  duty  of  a  sister. 

"  For  nuterhode  andjcompanle 
Of  lone.'  Qower  .•  0.  A.t  V. 

2.  Sisters  collectively ;  a  number,  society, 
or  community  of  sisters,  or  of  females  united 
in  one  faith  or  order. 

"  The  members  of  a  religious  tisterhood  were  trained 
to  habita  of  order  and  obedience."—  Victoria  Magazine, 
NOT.,  1886,  p.  64. 

If  In  the  early  ages  of  the  Church  the  ob- 
ject of  religious  women  living  in  community 
was  their  own  sanctiflcation  by  means  of  re- 
tirement from  the  world,  prayer,  and  medita- 
tion. In  course  of  time  they  extended  their 
sphere  of  work,  and  founded  hospitals,  peni- 
tentiaries, and  schools,  and  for  the  last  four 
centuries  among  Roman  Catholics  the  educa- 
tion of  girls  of  all  classes  has  been  largely 
connected  with  sisterhoods.  The  most  Import- 
ant of  these  is  that  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity 
(q.v.).  This,  after  its  origin  in  1633,  spread 
with  remarkable  rapidity,  and  now  numbers 
between  30,000  and  40,000  sisters,  with  two 
thousand  houses,  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and 
devoted  to  works  of  charity  of  every  description. 
All  are  in  connection  with  the  mother  house, 
Rue  de  Bac,  Paris,  and  are  under  the  control  of 
the  superitresa,  who  is  elected  every  three 
years,  and  who  resides  there.  The  first  sister- 
hood in  the  Church  of  England  was  founded 
at  Plymouth  in  1848,  for  the  benefit  of  the 

Cr  of  that  city.  Since  then  several  others 
e  been  founded.  The  first  Protestantsister- 
hood  in  the  United  States  was  organized  in  1852 
at  New  York,  the  sisters  afterwards  taking 
charge  of  St.  Luke's  hospital,  founded  in  1851). 
The  following  are  some  of  the  most  important 
Roman  sisterhoods : 

(1)  Littlt  Sisters  of  the  Poor:  Founded  in 
1840  by  If  le  Pailleur,  the  Cure  of  St.  Servan, 
for  the  support,  relief,  and  narsing  of  the 
aged  or  infirm  poor.  Their  only  resources 


are   the   alms    of   the    charitable,   in    man/ 
gathered  from  door  to  door. 

(2)  School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  :  Founded 
at  Amiens  iu  1797.     The  sisters  devote  them- 
selves to  teaching,  especially  among  the  poor. 

(3)  Sisters   of  Charity:    Founded    by   St. 
Vincent  de  Paul  at  Paris  in  1034,  for  the  work 
of  nursing  the  sick  in  hospitals,  to  which  are 
sometimes  added  the  charge  of  orphanages 
and  the  management  of  poor  schools.     In 
1883  they  had  eighteen  houses  in  England, 
two  in  Scotland,  and  three  in  Ireland.    Called 
also  Gray  Sisters,  Daughters  of  Charity,  and 
Sisters  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul. 

(4)  Sisters  of  Charity  (Irish)  :  Founded  in 
Dublin  in  1815,  by  Mary  Francis  Aikunhead, 
for  the  purpose  of  nursing  the  sick  in  hospi- 
tals  and   at    their  own  homes.     There  are 
twenty  -two  convents    of    this    institute    in 
Ireland. 

(5)  Sisters  of  Charity  of  St.  Paul  :  Founded 
by  M.  Chauvet,  a  French  cure,  in  1704,  fo» 
educational  work. 

(0)  Sisters  of  Mercy  :  Founded  in  Dublin  in 
1827  by  Catherine  McAuley,  for  carrying  on 
the  spiritual  and  corporal  works  of  mercy. 
The  order  has  109  houses  in  Ireland,  forty- 
nine  in  Great  Britain,  with  offshoots  ill 
America,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand. 

(7)  Sisters  of  Providence  :   Founded  a  little 
before  the  French  Revolution,  by  M.  Moyei 
for  educational  work  in  country  districts. 

(8)  Sister*  of  St.  Brigid,  or  of  the  Holy  Faith: 
Founded  by  Cardinal  Cullen  in  1867,  to  take 
charge  of  poor  schools. 

(9)  Sisters  of  the  Assumption  :  An  educational 
order,  founded  by  Monsignor  Afire  of  Paris,  in 
1839. 

(10)  Sisters  of  the  Good  Shepherd  :  Founded 
by  Pere  Eudes  (whence  they  are  also  called 
Eudists)and  Margaret  I'Ami,  in  1046.     Their 
object  is  the  reformation  of   fallen  women. 
They  have  seven  houses  in  Great  Britain  and 
five  in  Ireland. 

sis'-ter-less,  a.  [Eng.  sister;  -less.]  Having 
no  sister. 

Sls'-ter-ly,  a.  [Eng.  sister;  -ly.]  Like  a 
sister  ;  becoming  or  befitting  a  sister  ;  affec- 
tionate. 

"  Ami  after  much  debatement 
My  sUterly  remorse  confute*  mine  honour, 
And  I  did  yield  to  him." 

tihaketp,  ;  Measure  for  Measure,  r.  i. 

SlS  -tine,  a.  [See  def.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Pope  Sixtus  V.  :  as,  the  Sistin*  Chapel  in  the 
Vatican  at  Rome. 

sis'-trum,  &.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  o-turrpoc  ($«*- 
*ron),  from  fftt<a  (seio)  =  to  shake.} 

Music:  A  jingling  instrument  of  ancient 
Egypt.  It  had  four  loose  rods  in  a  lyre- 
shaped  metallic  head.  It  was,  in  fact,  a 
rattle  made  of  bronze  or  silver,  according  to 
ability.  It  was  used  in  the  services  of  Isis 
or  Athor,  which  were  introduced  into  Rome 
before  the  Christian  era,  and  is  still  employed 
in  Christian  churches  in  Nubia  and  Abyssinia. 

si-siir'-a  (s  as  zh),  *.    [SEISURA.] 

si  sym'-bri  dee,  si  sym-bri  o'-ae,  5.  pL 

[Lat.  sisymbri(i)um)  ;  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -(i)dcet 
-ecu.] 

Bot.  :  A  family  or  tribe  of  Notorhlzese. 
Seeds  usually  in  a  single  series  ;  cotyledons 
incumbent,  straight,  plano-convex.  Flowers 
white,  yellow,  or  lilac. 


rf-iim,  ».    [Lat.,  from  Gr.  <ri<ru>- 

flptov  (sisumbriori)  =  a  sweet  smelling  plant, 
probably  mint  or  thyme*  Not  the  modern 
genus.) 

Sot.  :  Hedge-mustard  ;  the  typical  genus 
of  Sisymbridte  (q.v.)-  Annuals  or  biennials, 
with  simple  hairs.  Flowers  usually  racemes, 
yellow  or  white  ;  pod  narrow,  linear,  rounded> 
or  six-winged  ;  valves  convex  or  three-angled, 
three-nerved  ;  stigma  entire.  Known  species 
about  eighty  ;  chiefly  from  the  north  temper- 
ate zone.  The  Common  Hedge-mustard,  (Sisym- 
brium offiicinale)  is  a  native  of  Europe,  and 
was  once  employed  in  medieiiie  for  catarrhs 
and  other  ailments.  In  taste  it  is  mildly 
pungent,  and  is  sometimes  cultivated  as 
a  put-herb.  It  is  an  annual  plant,  plentiful  in 
waste  places  and  by  waysides,  sometimes  two 
feet  high.  The  pods  are  erect  and  closely 
pressed  to  the  stalk,  flowers  very  small 
and  yellow  in  color.  S.  Irio  is  found  iu 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  ^btn,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
Man.  -tian  -  »>^".   -tion,  -sion  =  «*»"  ;  -Jion,  -fion  =  «**»-    -cions,  -tious,  -Bious  =  shiis.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  — .  bel,  del. 


4288 


Sisyphean— sitter 


North  India  from  Rajpootanato  the  Punjab. 
The  seed  is  stimulant,  restorative,  and,  it  is 
•aid,  febrifugal  ;  it  is  used  in  India  also  ex* 
teraally  as  a  stimulant  poultice.  S.  Tfudian- 
vm  is  often  called  Arabia  Tlialiana. 

Sis  y-phe   an,  a.    [See  def.] 

Gr.  MythoL  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Sisyphus, 
a  king,  prince,  or,  according  to  other  accounts, 
a  notorious  robl>er  of  Corinth.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  craftiness  and  cunning; 
and  his  punishment  in  Tartarus  for  his  crimes 
committed  on  earth  consisted  in  rolling  a 
huge  stone  to  the  top  of  a  high  hill,  which 
constantly  recoiled,  and  thus  rendered  his 
labour  incessant.  The  terra  is  hence  applied 
to  something  unending  or  unceasing:  as,  a 
Sisyphean  task. 

tfs-tf-rfn'-chX-tim,  *  sls-$r-rltfn'-chl- 

um,  5.  [Lat  sisyrinchion  ;  Gr.  <rurvpiyxtolf 
(si*iiringchion)=z&  bulbous  plant  of  the  Iris 
kind.  Not  the  modern  genus,  which  has 
fibrous  roots,  and  is  American.] 

Bot.  :  Blue-eyed  grass  ;  a  genus  of  Iridaeeae. 
Perianth  six  cleft,  segments  nearly  equal, 
patent,  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  limb, 
stamens  monadelphous  ;  stigma  three-partite, 
segments  filiform.  Sisyrinchium  bermudian- 
«m,  or  anceps,  the  common  Blue-eyed  grass, 
or  Bermudiana,  has  linear,  equitant,  radical 
leaves,  scapes  six  to  eighteen  inches  high, 
perianth  segments  blue  inside.  It  is  common 
in  Bermuda  and  the  temperate  mainland  of 
North  America.  It  has  been  found  at  Wood- 
ford  in  Galway,  but  is  not  indigenous,  S.  ga- 
laxioides,  from  Brazil,  is  reputed  purgative* 

•It,  *  sitte,  *  sytte  (pa.  t.  sat,  *  sate,  pa.  par. 
satt  *  seten,  •  siten),  v.i.  &  t.  [A.8.  sittan  (pa.  t. 
sat,  pi.  «<&on,  pa.  par.  seten)  ;  cogn.  with  Dut 
titten;  Icel.  sitja  (pa.  t.  sat,  pa.  par.  setinn); 
Dan.  sidde  ;  Sw.  sitta  ;  Goth,  sitan  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
sizzan;  Ger.  siteen  ;  Gr.  cgbpat  (hedzomai)  = 
Lat.  sedeo  ;  Russ.  siditte  ;  Sansc.  sad.  From 
the  same  root  come  seat,  set,  settle,  sedate,  siege, 
possess,  preside,  sediment,  session,  subside,  &c.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

L  To  rest  upon  the  haunches  or  lower 
extremities  of  the  body;  to  repose  on  a  seat; 
to  seat  one's  self.  Generally  applied  to  human 
beings. 

"  Aloft,  In  awful  state, 
Tbe  godlike  hero  tat." 

Dryden:  Alexander*!  Feast. 

2.  To  perch  ;  to  rest  on  the  feet  :  as,  A  bird 
$Ms  on  a  tree. 

3.  To  incubate;  to  cover  and  keep  warm 
eggs  for  hatching. 

"  The  partridge  titteth  on  eggs,  and  hatcheth  them 
•of—  Jeremiah  xvli.  IL 

4.  To  occupy  a  place  or  seat  in  an  official 
capacity  ;  to  have  a  seat  in  any  council  or 
assembly,  as  a  member  ;  to  be  a  member  or 
representative  for  A  place  in  a  representative 
assembly. 

"  Several  gentlemen  who  tut  on  the  late  Ordnance 
Committee.11-  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  20,  1886. 

5.  To  meet,  or  be  convened  as  an  assembly  ; 
to  hold   a   sitting  or  session  ;   to  meet  for 
business  ;  to  be  officially  engaged  in  public 
business. 

"There  will  be  no  necessity  for  the  House  of  Com- 
mous  to  tit  on  Thursday."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  20, 

6.  To  stay  or  remain  in  a  place. 

M  I  ha»e  tat  here  all  day."—  Shaketp.  :  Measure  for 

Measure.  IT.  L 

*7.  To  continue  or  remain  occupied;  to 
rtay. 

**  We  tit  too  long  on  trifles." 

Shaketp.  :  Pertdu,  1L  *. 

8.  To  rest  or  remain  in  any  position,  condi- 
tion, or  situation  ;  to  rest,  to  abide, 


9.  To  have  a  seat  or  position  ;  to  be  placed 
or  located  ;  to  dwell. 

"  I»  there  uo  pity  tilting  In  the  clouds?" 

Shaketp.  :  Romeo  *  Juliet.  111.  5. 

10.  To  rest,  lie,  or  bear  on  ;  to  be  felt  as  a 
weight  or  burden  ;  to  press. 

"  Woe  doth  the  heavier  tit 
Whan  It  perceives  It  is  but  faintly  borne.* 

Shaketp.  :  Richard  //„  L  S. 

11.  To  assume  a  position  for  the  purpose  of 
having  one's  portrait  taken  or  bust  modelled, 
or  the  like. 

"  One  la  under  no  more  obligation  to  extol  every. 
thing  he  find*  In  the  author  he  translate*,  than  a 
painter  Is  to  make  erery  face  that  sift  to  him  hand. 
•Mfc  -HMrtfc 

12.  To  attend  the  ministrations  of:  as,  To 
$it  under  a  minister. 


13.  To  attend  for  the  purpose  of  being 
examined  :  as,  To  sit  for  a  fellowship  at  Dub- 
lin. Pupil  teachers  are  also  said  to  tit  when 
they  attend  examinations  for  certificates  under 
the  Elementary  Education  Act. 

*  14.  To  have  position  or  direction. 

"  Plucking  the  grass,  to  know  where  titt  the  wind." 
tihak+tp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  L 

15.  To  be  suited  to  a  person  ;  to  fit,  suit,  or 
become  when  put  on. 

"  How  will  my  garments  tit  upon  me  T  " 

.  :  Tempest,  H.  1. 


*  16.  To  be  becoming,  proper,  or  beseeming  ; 
to  beseem. 

"  With  them  it  titt  to  care  for  their  helre." 

Spenser  :  Shepherds  Calender  ;  May. 

B.  Reflex.  ;  To  place  on  a  seat  ;  to  seat. 

"Stt  you  down."    ShaJcesp.  :  Measure  for  Measure,  T. 

C.  Transitively: 

1.  To  keep  the  seat  upon. 

**  He  could  not  tit  his  mule.* 

Shakes?.  :  Henry  VIII.,  tv.  S. 

•2.  To  become,  to  befit,  to  beseem,  to  be 
becoming  to. 

"  It  sitte  the  well  to  leaue  pride. 
And  take  humblesse  on  thy  siita." 

ttower  :  0.  A.,  IL 

IT  1.  To  sit  at  table;  to  tit  at  nicest  :  To  be  at 
table  for  eating. 

2.  To  sit  down: 

(1)  To  seat  one's  self  on  a  chair  or  other  seat. 

(2)  To  begin  a  siege. 

"  Nor  would  the  enemy  have  tat  down  before  It,  till 
they  had  done  their  business  iu  all  other  places."— 
Clarendon  ;  Ci-il  War. 

*(3)  To   settle;    to  take  up  a  permanent 

abode. 

"  From  beside*  Tanals,  the  Goths,  Hans,  and  Qetes 
tat  down."—  Spenser  :  State  of  Ireland. 

*(4)  To  rest  content;  to  stay  or  stop,  as 
being  satisfied. 

"  Hen  we  cannot  tit  down,  but  still  proceed  In  onr 
March,  and  look  higher  for  a  support"—  Rogers, 

3.  To  sit  out: 

(1)  To  sit  till  all  la  over  or  done  ;  as,  To  sU 
out  a  performance. 

*  (2)  To  be  without  engagement  or  employ- 
ment ;  to  stand  out,  or  not  to  take  part,  as  in 
a  game. 

"  They  an  glad,  rather  than  sit  out,  to  play  very 
small  game,  and  to  make  use  of  arguments,  such  as 
will  not  prove  a  bare  Inexpediency."—  Bp.  Sanderson  : 
Judgment. 

4.  Tositvp: 

(1)  To  rise  or  be  raised  from  a  recumbent 
position. 

(2)  To  refrain  from  lying  down  ;  not  to  go 
to  bed  :  as,  He  sat  up  all  night. 

Si'-ta,  *.    [See  def.  1.] 

1.  Hindoo  Mythol,  :  The  wife  of  the  hero-god 
Rama. 

2.  Astron.  :  [ASTEROID,  244J. 

si  -ta'-na,  s.    [Cf.  SITA.] 

Zool.  :  An  Indian  genus  of  Agamidae,  with 
two  species.  Limbs  long,  five  toea  in  front, 
four  behind  ;  scales  regularly  arranged,  keeled  ; 
male  with  a  very  large  gular  appendage,  which 
can  be  folded  up  like  a  fan.  (Giinther.) 

Si  -ta-rls,  s.  [Gr.  o-iToptw  (sitarion)  =  a  little 
corn,  bread,  or  food.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Meloidse  (q.v.).  One 
species,  Sitaris  muralis,  is  found  in  Britain. 
It  is  parasitic  in  the  nest  of  the  Mason-bee 
(q.v.).  M.  Fabre  has  shown  that,  emerging 
from  the  egg  as  a  minute  insect,  with  six  legs, 
two  long  antennae,  and  four  eyes,  it  affixes 
itself  to  the  male  bees  as  they  emerge  from 
the  combs  in  spring.  Thence  it  transfers 
itself  to  the  females.  Whenever  a  bee  deposits 
her  eggs  the  Sitaris  devours  them.  Next  the 
parasite  loses  its  eyes,  its  antenna;  and  legs 
become  rudimentary,  and  it  emerges  as  a  per- 
fect beetle.  (Darwin  :  Orig.  Species,  ch.  xiv.) 

site,  *  Spite,  ».  [Pr.,  from  Lat  situm,  accus. 
of  situs  —  a  site,  also  pa,  par.  of  sina  =  to  let, 
to  suffer,  to  permit] 

1.  Local  position  ;  situation,  as  regards 
surroundings. 

"  The  site,  the  wealth,  the  beauty  of  the  place." 

Beaum.  *  flet.  :  Prophetess,  IL  S. 

*  2.  Posture,    (Thomson  :  Spring,  1,023.) 

3.  A  plot  of  ground  set  out  or  fit  for  building. 

*Bit'-ed,  a,  [Eng.  9U(e);  -ed.}  Situated, 
placed  ;  having  a  site. 

"  It  ttttd  was  In  fruitful  soil  of  old." 

Spmser.  f.  q..  III.  »L  SL 


Sit-fast,  a.  A  5.    [Eng.  sit, 

*  A.  As  adj. :  Stationary,  immovable. 
"  To  find  the  tU/att  acres  where  you  left  them," 

Emerson,    Unnundols.) 
B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Bot.  :    Ranunculus   repens   and     Ononit 
orve?wi*,  the  roots  of  which  cling  tenaciously 
to  the  ground. 

2.  Farr. ;    An    ulcerated,    horny    sore    or 
tumour  on  a  horse's  back  under  the  saddle. 

*  sith,  *  sithe,  *  slthen,  adv.t  prep.,  OHM.,  ft 
s.     [A.S.*£dA.]     [SINCE.] 

A*  As  adverb: 

1.  Since. 

2.  Afterwards. 

**  The  thrid  sorrow  of  this  lond  com  thorgh  the  SMMMb 
That  ten  si  the*  aryued  vppnn  the  Bretons, 
And  sithen  were  cnaced  ageyii  away." 

Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  T. 

B.  As  prep.  :  Since;  from  the  time  that. 
"HeaxidehUfadirhow  long  it  is  tithe  this  hath* 

felle  to  him.11-  Wydiffe:  Mark  ii. 

C.  As  conj. :  Since  ;  seeing  that 

"A  man  may  alwaye  erre,  A  yet  not  fayle  nor  fat 
away  fro  God.  sith  euery  errour  Is  not  dam  nimble." 
More  :    Works,  p.  776. 

D.  As  subst.  :  A  time,  an  occasion. 

"  A  thousand  sithet  I  curse  the  careful!  hoore," 
Spenser  :  Shepheardt  Calender ;  January, 

*  sithe,  *.    (SCYTHE.] 

Sithe,  v.i.    [SiOH.]    To  sigh.    (Prov.) 

*  sith  -ed,  a.    (Mid.  Eng.  sithe  =  scythe ;  -*i.J 
Armed  with  scythes ;  scythed. 

*sithe'-man,  s.    [SCYTHKMAN.] 

sith  en,  sith'-  enfo,  *  sith  -ens,  *  sitb- 
then,  adv.  &conj.    [SINCE.] 

A.  As  adv. :  Since,  afterwards. 

B.  As  conj. :  Since ;  seeing  that. 

sithes,  s,    [SIETUES.] 

si   tic,  a.     [Gr.  o-trucof  (sitikos)  =  of  cora.J 
(See  etym.  and  compound). 

sltio-aoid,  *. 

Chem. :  Berzelius's  name  for  oenanthic  acid. 

B-tX-tt'-ft-ftft  *  «i-t6l  -6-^,  s.    [Gr.  <rtno» 

(sition)  =  food  ;  Eng.  suff.  -ology.} 

Med.  :  That  department  of  medical  science 
which  deals  with  matters  connected  with  diet; 
dietetics.  (Mayne.) 

si  ti  6  pho  bi  a,  si  ti  6  ma,  nl-, 
[Gr.  o-trt'oc  (sition)  =  food,  and  4.0^0?  (phob 
=  fear,  or  fj-avia.  (mania)  =  madness.] 

Mental  Pathol. :  The  refusal  to  take  food,  a 
common  symptom  in  persons  suffering  from 
melancholia.  It  may  proceed  from  hallucina- 
tion or  from  anorexia,  the  sensation  of  hunger 
being  scarcely  experienced,  but  in  either  case 
the  mechanical  administration  of  food  ia 
necessary.  (Nyaten.) 

sit  sic-ker,  s.    [Eng.  sit,  and  Scotch  sicker 
=  fast] 

Bot. :  Ranunculus  repens.  [SITFAST,  B.  1.] 
(Britten  &  Holland.) 

sit'-ta,  s.     (Lat,  from  Or.  o-trr^  (ttttt)  =  * 
woodpecker.] 

Ornith. :  Nuthatch  ;  the  typical  genus  of 
the  sub-family  Sittinae,  with  seventeen  species, 
ranging  over  the  Palaearctic  and  Nearctie 
regions  to  South  India  and  Mexico.  Bill 
straight,  nostrils  in  broad  groove  ;  wings,  first 
quill  very  short,  third  and  fourth  longest ; 
tail  short  and  broad ;  tarsi  strong,  hind  toe 
longer  than  middle.  Sitta  europoia  is  the 
Common  Nuthatch. 

"  sit  -  tand,    *slt'-tende,   pr.   par.  or*. 
[Sir.]    Sitting,  becoming,  beseeming: 

*  «itte,  v.i.  A  (.    [8rr.] 

sit  tel-la,  t.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  lit* 
(q.v.).] 
Ornith.:    A   genus    of    Sitting,    with   six 

species,  from  Australia  and  New  Guinea. 

•It'-ter,  s.    [Eng.  sit ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  sits. 

"  And  he  cam  and  took  of  the  righthond  of  tht 
titter  in  the  trone  the  book."—  Wycliffe :  Apoealipt  T. 

2.  One  who  sits  for  his  portrait 

3.  A  bird  that  sits  or  incubates. 

"  The  oldest  hens  are  reckoned  the  best  tittert;  tmt 
the  youngest  the  best  layen."~tfortim«r .'  Husbandry. 


boH,  bo^ ;  po^t,  jo%l ;  eat,  $ell,  chorus,  ^hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  ex  1st,    -ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  ahan.    -tion,    slon  -  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -dons,  -tlons,  -sious  =  shus.    -Die,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


sittidae— six 


4289 


f  slf-tl-dW,  «-  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  si«(a);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -itlce.}  LSirriN^.] 

•It  ti  nse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  sitt(a);  Lat.  fern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -incK.] 

Ornith.  :  Nuthatches  ;  a  sub-family  of 
Certhiidae,  with  six  genera  and  thirty-one 
species.  (Formerly  made  a  family,  Sittidse.) 
Outer  toe  longer  than  inner,  and  united  as 
f;ir  as  first  joint  to  middle  toe.  They  are  small 
tree-  creeping  birds,  widely  distributed. 

Sit  tine,  a.    [SITTING.]    Of  or  pertaining  to 

tli3  bittinse  or  Nuthatches. 

•it-ting,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SiT.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Resting  on  the  haunches  or  lower  ex- 
tremity of  the  body  ;  seated. 

2.  Incubating,  brooding  ;  as,  a  sitting  hen. 

3.  Perched,  or  resting  on  the  legs,  as  birds. 

4.  Having  a  seat  inacouncil,  assembly,  &c.  : 
as,  a  sitting  member  of  Parliament. 

5.  Occupying  a  seat  in  an  official  capacity; 
holding  a  court  :  as,  a  sitting  judge. 

II.  Bot.  :  Sessile. 

C.  As  substantive 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  one  who  sits;  the 
posture  of  being  on  a  seat. 

2.  The  act  of  one  who  sits  for  his  portrait  ; 
the  occasion  on  which  or  the  time  during 
which  one  sits  for  his  portrait,  bust,  model,  &c. 

"  Few  good  picture*  have  been  finished  at  one  tit- 
tiny.  "—Dryden. 

3.  Incubation  ;  a  resting  on  eggs  for  hatch* 
Ing,  as  fowls. 

"  Whilst  the  hen  IB  covering  her  eggs,  the  male  bird 
t*ke*  his  stand  upon  a  neighbouring  bough,  mid 
tunoaes  her  with  his  sougs  during  the  whole  time  of 
her  titt  ing."—  Additon. 

4.  A  session  ;  a  meeting  for  business  ;  the 
meeting  or  presence  of  any  body  of  men  in 
their  official  seats  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ness. 

"  The  fitting  closed  ID  great  agitation."—  Jfacau7ay  .• 
S  itt  Eng,,  ch.  xlil. 

5.  The  holding  of  a  court  of  justice. 

6.  The  time  during  which  one  sits,  as  at 
cards,  books,  work,  or  the  like. 

"  For  the  understanding  of  any  on«  of  St.  Paul'* 
epistles.  I  read  it  all  through  at  one  tilting."—  Locke, 

1.  The  space  occupied  by  one  person  in  a 
church  or  other  place  of  regular  meeting. 

8.  A  set  of  eggs  placed  under  a  hen  for 
hatching.  When  no  number  is  specified,  it 
usually  consists  of  twelve  or  thirteen. 

sitting  room,  s. 

1.  Sufficient  space  or  room  for  sitting  in  : 
as,  There  was  no  sitting-room,  in  the  hall. 

2,  An  apartment  or  room  for  sitting  in  ;  a 
parlour. 

•It'-u-ate,  o.  [Low  Lat.  situatus,  pa.  par.  of 
tituo  =  to  place,  to  locate,  from  Lat.  situs  = 
a  site  (q.v.).j 

1.  Placed  or  located  with  relation  to  other 
objects  ;  permanently  fixed  ;  situated. 

"I  know  where  It  is  tituate."  —  Shatetp.:  Love'i 
Labour't  Lott.  i.  2. 

*  2.  Placed,  consisting. 

"  Pleasure  tituate  in  hill  and  dale." 

Milton:  P.  L.,  vt  Ml. 

•sit'-u-ate,  v.t.  [SITUATE,  a.]  To  place,  to 
locate. 

"  A  painter  wontd  tituate  a  beggar  under  a  trium- 
phal arch."—  Landor:  Works,  ii.  (Author  to  the 
Reader.  ) 

•Xt'-u-at-ed,  o.    [Eng.  situate);  -ed.] 

1.  Having  a  situation,  seat,   or  position  ; 
seated,   placed,  or  located  with  relation  to 
other  objects  :  as,  a  house  situated  on  a  hill,  a 
town  situated  on  the  sea-coast,  &c. 

2.  Placed  or  being  in  any  state  or  condition 
with  relation  to  other  men  or  things. 

"Thus  tUuated,  we  began  to  clear  placet  In  the 
woods.'—  Cook  :  Second  Voyage,  bk.  i.,  ch.  iv. 

•Xt-u-a'-tion.  s.    [Fr.]    [SITUATE,  o.] 

1.  Position,  place,  seat,  or  location  with 
relation  to  other  objects. 

"  PriDce  Cesarinl  has  a  palace  In  a  pleasant  tttua- 
tian.--Addison:  On  Italy. 

2.  Condition,  state,  or  position  with  relation 
to  society  or  circumstances. 

We  hoped  to  enjoy  with  ease  what.  In  our  titua- 
ght  be  called   the  l  " 

oyage,  bk.  i.,  eb.  iv. 


.  u 

tion,  might  be  called   the  luxuries  of   life."—  Cook 
Sfctmd  Vo 


3.  Temporary  condition  of  affairs  ;  circum- 
stances ;  position  of  affairs. 

"  The  utter  Incapacity  of  the  Union  authorities  to 
grasp  the  situation."— Field,  Oct.  17,  1835. 

4.  Hence,  a  point  or  conjuncture  in  a  play, 

5.  Place,   office,   permanent   employment : 
as,  He  has  a  situation  under  government. 

^J  Situation  is  said  generally  of  objects  as 
they  respect  others  ;  condition  as  they  respect 
themselves.  Situation  And  condition  are  either 
permanent  or  temporary  ;  case  is  a  species  of 
temporary  condition.  Situation  and  condition 
are  said  of  that  which  is  contingent  and 
changeable ;  state,  signifying  that  position  in 
which  one  stands,  is  said  of  that  which  is 
comparatively  stable  and  established.  (Crabb.) 

si  tus,  s.    [Lat.] 

Bot. :  The  position  occupied  by  an  organ. 

Sitz,  s.     [Ger.  =  a  chair.]    (See  compound.) 

sitz  bath,  s.  A  hip-bath,  in  which  a 
person  assumes  a  sitting  posture  ;  a  bath 
taken  in  a  sitting  posture. 

si  um,  s.    [Or.  a-iov(sion)= a .marsh  or  meadow 
plant,  probably  Sium  latifolium.] 

Bot. :  Water-parsnip ;  a  genus  of  Umbel- 
liferae,  family  Amminidae.  Bracts  and  brac- 
teoles  many  ;  calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete ; 
petals  obcordate,  with  an  inflected  point, 
white ;  carpels  with  five  rather  obtuse  ribs, 
and  two  or  more  vitfae  in  the  interstices  ; 
suture  with  vittae ;  fruit  ovate  or  globose, 
subdidymous,  crowned  by  the  depressed  base 
of  the  reflexed  styles.  Known  species  four ; 
two,  Sium  latifolium,  the  Broad-leaved,  and 
S.  augustifolium,  the  Narrow-leaved  Water- 
parsnip,  are  British.  The  first  is  three  or 
four  feet  high,  the  second  is  smaller.  S. 
sisarum  is  the  Skillet  (q.v.). 

Si'-va,  t  Si'-wa,  s.    [Sansc.,  Ac.,  from  Sans. 

fiva=  happy,  happiness.] 

1.  Brahmanism :  The  Destroyer  and  Repro- 
ducer; the  third  person  of  the  Hindoo  triad. 
Modern    views  of  Siva  seem  to  have  been 
evolved  from  two  distinct  germs,  one  Aryan, 
the  other  Turanian.     The  Aryans   of  Vedic 
times,  deeply  impressed  on  hearing  the  noise 
and  viewing  the  devastation  produced  by  a 
cyclone,  framed  the  conception  of  Rudra,  the 
Roarer,  or  Storm-god,  afterwards  developed 
into  Siva,  the    Destroyer.     Reflecting  next 
that  the  death  of 

living  organisms 
cleared  the  way  for 
younger  and  more 
fruitful  life,  they 
added  the  concep- 
tion of  Siva,  the 
Reproducer  as  well 
as  the  Destroyer. 
The  Turanian  abo- 
rigines were  in  that 
state  of  religious 
barbarism  when 
every  god  is  an 
object  of  terror. 
When  converted  to 
Brahmanism,  they 
had  to  choose  be- 
tween Vishnu,  the  SIVA. 
Preserver,  and  Siva, 

the  Destroyer  (Brahma  having  become  nearly 
obsolete),  and  instinctively  preferred  Siva  as 
their  patron  divinity.  The  image  of  Siva, 
on  the  Brahmanical  conception,  is  a  man  of 
fair  colour,  in  profound  thought,  with  the 
symbol  of  the  Ganges  above  his  head,  and  the 
Brahman-bull  (q.v.)  at  his  side.  The  Tura- 
nians added  a  necklace  of  skulls,  a  collar  of 
twining  serpents,  a  tiger  skin  and  a  club  with 
a  human  head  at  the  end,  five  faces  and  four 
anns ;  his  wife  is  Durga,  or  Kali ;  the  Linga 
(q.v.)  is  his  symbol,  and  the  chief  form  in 
which  he  is  now  worshipped  in  India.  [SAIVA.] 

2.  Astron.  (Of  the  form  Siwa) :  [ASTEROID, 
140]. 

3.  Ornith. :   A  genus  of  Liotrichidae,  with 
three  species,  from  the  Himalayas. 

Sl-va'-lik,  Si-wa'-Uk,  Se-wa'-lik  (w 

as  v),  s.     [From  Sim  (q.v.).  J 

1.  Geog. :  The  name  given  to  a  range  of  Indian 
hills,   otherwise   called    the  Sub-Himalayas, 
running  parallel  to  the  main  chain,  and  gene- 
rally consisting  of  two  ranges  separated  by 
a  broad  doon  or  valley,  the  southern  slope 
overlooking  the  plain  of  the  Ganges. 

2.  Geol.  (PL"):  The  Siwalik  strata. 


Sivalik  strata,  s.  pi. 

Geol. :  Certain  freshwater  strata  found  ta 
the  Sivalik  Hills  in  Sirmoor,  &c.  They 
were  originally  regarded  as  Miocene,  but  Mr. 
Blanford  believes  that,  while  the  Lower*  Si- 
valik or  Nahun  beds  are  not  older  than  Upper 
Miocene,  the  mass  of  the  strata  is  Pliocene. 
They  have  been  investigated  by  Dr.  Hugh 
Falconer,  Sir  Proby  T.  Cautley,  Lieuts.  Baker 


or  puDiieauons  beginning  in  Calcutta  in  1830. 
Tliey  yielded  moHusca  belonging  chiefly  to 
living  species.  Forty-eight  genera  and  ninety- 
three  species  of  mammalia,  some  recent, 
others  extinct,  have  been  described;  they 
include  Macacus,  Semnopithecus,  Felis, 
Machairodus,  Elephas,  Mastodon,  Rhinocer- 
os, Equtis,  Hipparion,  Hippopotamus,  Cer- 
vus,  Sivatherium,  Antilope,  Capra,  Ovis, 
Camelus,  Mus,  and  Hystrix.  Some  speciea 
have  lingered  on  in  the  Nerbnddah  and  the 
Godavery  Valley  to  the  Pleistocene,  with 
flint  implements. 

Si'  -van,  s.  [Heb,  JVp  (sivan)  ;  Pers.  sefend- 
armad  ;  Pehlevi  sapandomad  ;  Zend  fpenti 
armaiti.]  The  third  month  of  the  Hebrew 
year.  It  extended  from  the  new  moon  of 
June  to  that  of  July.  (Esther  viii.  9.) 

t  si-va-ther'-I-daB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  siva- 
ther(ium);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idoe.] 

Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Cavicornia,  proposed 
by  Dr.  Murie,  for  the  reception  of  Sivather- 
ium (q.v.),  which  he  regards  as  most  nearly 
related  to  the  Antilocapridse. 

si  va  ther  -  Mim,  s.  [Eng.,  &c.  Siva,  1, 
and  Gr.  Bjjpiov  (therion)  =  a  wild  beast.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Antilopidse  or  Siw 
theridse,  with  one  species,  Sivatherium  gigan- 
teum,  discovered  by  Falconer  and  Cautley  in 
the    Sivalik 
Hills.   [Siv-1 

A  LIK-  STRA- 

TA.] It  must 

have  been 

far  larger 

than   any 

living  Ru- 

minant, for 

the   skull 

was   nearly 

as    long   as 

that   of  an 

elephant. 

Dr.Falconer 

(Palceont.         BKTJLL  OF  SIVATBEBIUM. 

Notes,  ed. 

Murchison),  considered  that  it  connected  the 

Ruminantia  with  the  Pachydermata.     It  had 

two  pairs  of  horns  ;  the  anterior  pair  simple, 

the  posterior  possessing  two  snags  or  branches. 

[BBAMATHERIUM.]    (See  extract.) 

"  That  the  Sivatherium  had  a  huge  long  proboscis, 
tactile  and  prehensile,  as  in  the  Elephant,  or,  to  ft 
lessened  extent,  as  in  the  Tapir,  does  not  seeui  to  be 
established.  Falconer  and  Cautley,  from  the  structure 
of  the  facial  bones,  infer  as  much.  The  bones  of  the 
face  of  Sivatherium  and  Saiga  assimilate  closely  in 
pattern,  and  individually  correspond  ;  and,  as  in  the 
latter  we  have  a  soft,  flabby,  enlarged,  patulous  nostril 
oderate  dimension,  it  follows,  as  a  matter  of  prob- 
as in  th« 


,  , 

ability,  that  the  same  existed  in  the  former,  as  in  th« 
Elk  and  others.  For  it  is  to  be  borne  in  mind,  when 
we  attribute  a  pachyderm's  trunk  to  the  Sivatherium, 
that  the  animal  had  large,  heavy  horns  occipital  and 
pre-frontal,  a  circumstance  vastly  different  from  the 
Elephant  and  Tapir."—  Dr.  Murie,  in  Geol.  Mag.,  1971, 
p.  442. 


si'-ver,  s. 

*  siV-er,  v.i.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    To  simmer. 

slv'-vens,  s.    [SIBBENS.] 

SIX,  *  Slxe,  a.  &  s.  [A.S.  six,  siex,  syx;  cogtt. 
with  Dut.  zes;  Icel.,  Dan.,  &  Sw.  sex;  O.  H, 
Ger.  sehs;  Ger.  sechs  ;  Fr.  six;  Goth,  sarhs; 
Russ.  sheste;  Wei.  chwech;  Gael.  &  Irish  se; 
Lat.  sex;  Gr.  e£  (hex);  Lith.  czeszi  ;  Pen, 
&  Sansc,  shash;  Sp.  &  Port,  seis;  Ital.  sei.] 

A.  As  adj.  :    Amounting   to   the   sum  or 
number  of  twice  three  ;  one  more  than  five. 
*&.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  number  of  six,  or  twice  three. 

2.  A  symbol  representing  such  number,  M 
6  or  vi. 

•H  (1)  The  Six  Acts  : 

Hist.  :  1  Geo.  IV.,  cc.  1,  2,  4,  6,  8,  &  *, 
passed  in  1819,  to  suppress  seditious  meet- 
ings and  publications.  Called  also  the  Gag- 
ging Acts. 


bSU,  bo^;  p6ut,  Je>l;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  $hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    ph  =  £ 
-clan, -tian  =  shaa.   -tlon,  -slon  =  shun;  -$ion.  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -ttoas,  -slous  =  shit*.  -We, -die,  <tc  =  bel,  deL 


4290 

(2)  The  Six  Articles : 

Hist.:  The  popular  name  for  the  Act 
Jl  Hen.  VIII.,  c.  14,  techni.-ally  called  "An 
Act  for  Abolishing  Diversity  of  Opinion."  It 
provided  that  if  any  one  by  word  of  mouth 
or  in  writing  denied  the  real  presence,  or 
affirmed  that  communion  in  both  kinils  w.is 
necessary,  or  that  priests  might  marry,  or 
that  vows  of  chastity  might  be  broken,  or 
that  private  masses  should  not  be  nsi-l,  or 
that  auricular  confessinn  was  inexpedient, 
he  should  be  deemed  guilty  of  felony, 
•iso  the  Bloody  Statute,  and  the  Whip  with 
8ix  Strings.  Repealed  by  1  Eiiz.,  c.  I. 

•  (3)  The  Six  Clerks  in  Chancery  : 

law:  Six  officers  who  received  and  filed 
•11  proceedings  in  Chancery,  signed  offlce 
copies,  attended  court  to  read  the  pleadings, 
&c.  The  offlce  of  the  clerks,  which  was  of 
great  antiquity,  was  abolished  by  5  &  6  Viet., 
C.  103. 

(4)  Tobeatstxandserenor(morv  commonly) 
*i  sires  and  serene :  To  be  in  a  state  of  dis- 
order or  confusion. 

"  Alt  ia  uneven. 
And  everything  1«  '«"  »t  «"  <""'  "*en,~  ., 

SA'tkeip. :  Richard  II..  It  L 

six  banded  armadillo,  s.    [Povoo.] 
six-belted  clear  wing,  «. 

Entom.  :  Sfsia  ichneumonifurmis,  a  hawk- 
moth  found  at  Bamsgate.  Margate,  &O.  The 
larva  feeds  on  Helleborus  fcetidns. 

Six  gllled  shark,  >.    (NOTIDANCS.) 

six  o'  clock  flower,  «. 

Bot. :  Ornithogalnm  umbellatum.  Named 
from  the  early  closing  of  the  flowers.  (.Britten 
A  Holland.) 

Six-principle  Baptists,  s.  pi. 

Church  Hill. :  An  American  sect  of  Baptists, 
Claiming  descent  from  the  original  settlement 
of  Roger  Williams  at  Providence,  Rhode  Is- 
land, in  1630.  The  Six  Principles  from  which 
they  derive  their  name,  are  Repentance  from 
dead  works,  Faith  towards  God,  the  Doctrine 
of  Baptism,  Laying  on  of  Hands,  Resurrec- 
tion of  the  Dead,  and  Eternal  Judgment 
(Heb.  v.  1-3). 

six  shafted  bird  of  paradise,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Ptirotia  sexptnnis.  Galled  also  the 
Bix-pluined  Bird  of  Paradise.  (PABOTIA.) 

six-shooter,  s.  A  colloquial  name  for  a 
six-chambered  revolver. 

six-spot  burnet  moth,  «.    [BmjHaT- 

MOTH.] 

six  striped  rustic,  i. 
Bntam. :    A    British    night-moth,   Noctua 
umbrom. 

Six,  i.    [See  compound.] 
Six's  thermometer,  s. 

Physio :  A  form  of  thermometer  invented 
by  Six  in  1782,  which  regulated  the  maximum 
and  minimum  temperature  occurring  between 
observations.  It  has  since  been  modified  by 
Dr.  Miller  and  Mr.  Cassella.  [THERMOMETER.  ] 

six  ain,  >.    [Fr.  ]    A  stanza  of  six  verse*. 

•dxe,  *.    [Seedef.] 

Chem. :  Gmelin's  name  for  propyleno,  from 
containing  six  atoms  of  hydrogen. 

six  fold,  a.  [Eng.  six,  and  fold.]  Six  times 
repeated  ;  six  times  as  many  or  as  much. 

six  pence,  ».    [Eng.  »te,  and  penee.] 

1.  An  English  silver  coin  of  the  value  of 
six  pennies,  or  half  a  shilling. 

2.  The  value  of  six  pennies  or  half  a  (hil- 
ling. 

•Ix  pen  ny,  a.  [Eng.  six,  and  penny.]  Worth 
sixpence  ;  costing  sixpence :  as,  a  sixpenny 
loaf. 

*  sixpenny-strikers,  s.  pi.  Petty  foot- 
pads. (Shakesp.  :  1  Henry  LV.,  ii.  1.) 

•bt1- score,  a.  [Eng.  six,  and  score.]  Six 
times  twenty  ;  one  hundred  and  twenty. 

six'  teen,  a.  A  i.    [A.S.  sixtine,  sixtyne.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Amounting  to  six  and  ten  ; 
consisting  of  six  and  ten. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

L  The  sum  of  six  and  ten. 
2.  A  symbol  representing  such  number :  as, 
10  or  xvi. 


Six— sizing 

six"  teen  mo,  ».    [SEXTO-DICIMO.! 
six  -teenth,  a.  4  s.    [Eng.  sixteen  ;  -tt.] 
A*  As  ckljtctive : 

1.  Next  in  order  after  the  fifteenth;  the 
ordinal  of  sixteen. 

2.  Being  one  of  sixteen  equal  parts  Into 
which  a  whole  is  divided. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  iMttg. :  One  of  sixteen  equal  parts 
into  which  a  whole  is  divided. 

2.  Music :  The  replicate  of  the  ninth ;  an 
interval  consisting  of  two  octaves  and  a  second. 

sixth,  *  slxte,  *  sexte,  a.  i  s.    [A.S.  sixta.} 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Next  in  order  after  the  fifth  ;  the  ordinal 
of  six. 

2.  Being  one  of  six  equal  parti  into  which 
a  whole  ia  divided. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  sixth  part;  one  of  six 
equal  parts  into  which  a  whole  is  divided. 

2.  Music :  A  hexachord  ;  an  interval  of  two 
kinds :  the  minor  sixth,  consisting  of  three 
tones  and  two  semitones  major,  and  the  major 
sixth,  consisting  of  four  tones  and  a  major 
semitone. 

^  Chard  of  the  sixth : 

Music:  The  first  inversion  of  the  common 
chord  ;  it  consists  of  a  note  with  its  minor 
third  and  minor  sixth. 

glxth'-l?,  adv.  [Bng.  sixth;  -ly.J  In  the 
sixth  place. 

"Sixthf:/.  living  creatnroa-  have  more  diversity  of 
organs  thai)  plants." — Baton. 

slx'-tl-eth,  a.  &  a.    [Eng.  sixty;  -O.J 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Coming  next  after  the  fifty-ninth ;  the 
ordinal  of  sixty. 

2.  Being  one  of  sixty  equal  parts  Into  which 
a  whole  is  divided. 

B.  As  most. :  One  of  sixty  equal  parts  into 
which  a  whole  is  divided. 

Six'-ty,  o.  &  ».  [A_8.  ttxtlg,} 
A.  As  adj. :  Ten  times  six. 
IS.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  sum  of  ten  times  six. 

2.  A  symbol  representing  such  number,  as 
60orlx. 

sixty-fold,  a.  Sixty  times  as  much  or  as 
great. 

siz'-a  ble,  size -a  bio,  a.  [Eng.  tia  (1): 
•able.} 

1.  Of  considerable  size  or  bulk. 

"  Yearling*,  which  tu  three  years  have  grown  Into 
sizeaNe  Jack/— field.  Jan.  1,  in*. 

2.  Being  of  reasonable  or  suitable  size  or 
bulk. 

14  He  should  be  purged,  sweated,  voni  i  ted  and  •tarred 
till  he  come  to  a  tfeeoMe  bulk." — Arbuthnot, 

siz'-ar,  *  siz'-er,  ».  [Eng.  ii*(e)  (1)  j  -or.] 
One"  of  a  class  of  students  in  the  universities 
of  Cambridge  and  Dublin  who  pay  lower  fees 
than  the  ordinary  students,  being  pecuniarily 
assisted  by  the  benefactions  of  founders  or 
other  charitable  persons.  They  had  formerly 
to  perform  certain  menial  offices,  but  these 
are  not  now  required  of  them.  The  corre- 
sponding term  at  Oxford  is  Servitor  (q.v.). 

Biz  ar-ship,  >.  [Eng.  sizar;  -Mp.]  The 
position  or  standing  of  a  sizar. 

size  (1),  *  sise,  ».  [A  shortened  form  of  assize 
or  assise,  the  usual  word  for  an  allowance  or 
settled  portion  of  bread,  4c.,  doled  out  for  a 
particular  price  or  given  to  a  dependent.  The 
assize  of  bread  or  fuel  was  the  ordinance  for 
the  sale  of  bread  or  fuel,  laying  down  price, 
length,  weight,  thickness,  &c.  Hence  size 
came  to  mean  dimension,  magnitude,  &<:., 
generally,  as  at  present.  (Skeat.)] 

*  1.  A  settled  allowance  or  quantity. 

"  To  eoaut  my  tfees."  Bttakop. :  Lear,  il.  4. 

*  2.  A  farthing's  worth  of  bread  or  drink, 
which    scholars    at  Cambridge   had   at   the 
buttery.    (Bltmnt.) 

'3.  (PL):  Assize,  assizes.  (Beaton.  <t 
Fletcher.) 

4.  Extent  of  volume  or  surface ;  dimensions, 
whether  great  or  small ;  comparative  magni- 
tude j  boDc.  (Shakesp. :  Trail.  <*  Crest.,  Iv.  5.) 


5.  A  conventional  lelative  meAsnrement  of 
dimension,  applied  to  various  aiiicles,  at 
gloves,  boots,  shoes,  hats,  Xc. 

*  6.  Measure,  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  amount, 
form. 

"In  clamours  of  all  ttZff." 

.Ihaketp.  :  Complaint  of  a  Lover,  21. 

*  7.  Condition  as  to  standing,  position  in 
society,  rank,  character,  or  the  like. 

"  They  do  not  consider  the  difference  between  ela- 
borate discoursea.  delivered  to  princes  or  parl  iatnt-n  ta, 
and  a  plain  sermon,  for  the  middling  or  lower  toe  OF 
people."—  Stfi/t. 

8.  A  gauge  for  measuring;  specif.,  an  in- 
strument for  measuring  pearls.  A  .lumber  u( 
perforated  gauges  are  fastened  together  by  a 
rivet  at  one  end. 

U  Size  is   a   general    term.  Including   ali 
manner  of  dimension  ormea-suremeut  ;  ; 
tude  is  employed  in  science  or  in  an  al 
sense  to  denote  some  specific  measurem*  nt  ; 
greatness    is    applied  in  the  same    sense    to 
objects  in  genend.    Sise  is  indefinite  ;  magni- 
tude and  greatness  always  suppose  something 
great,  and  bull:  ilenntes  a  considerable  degree 
of  greatness.    (Crabb.) 

Size-roll,  «.  A  small  piece  of  parchment 
added  to  some  part  of  a  roll  or  record. 

Size-Stick,  8.  The  shoemaker's  measuring' 
stick  to  determine  the  length  of  feet. 

Size  (2),  syse,  s.     [Ital.  sisa,  an  abbrev.  OF 

assisa  =:  size,  an  assize  or  sessinn.     Sizt  (1) 
and  size  (2)  are  thus  essentially  the  same  word. 


I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  gelatinous  solution  made  by  boiling 
the  skin  and  membraneous  tissues  of  animals 
to  a  jelly,  and  used  by  painters,  paper-makers, 
and  in  many  other  trades.   [ISINOLASS,  GI.UE.  j 

2.  Anything  resembling  size  in  being  r'u- 
tinous  and  viscid  ;  specif.,  a  thick,  tenaciouf 
kind  of  varnish  used  by  gilders  ;  gold-size. 

U.  Pathol.,  £c.:  [BUFFY-COAT.] 

size-box,  >. 

Ropemafring  :  A  box  through  which  cordagf 
Is  drawn  in  the  process  of  sizing. 

size  (1),  v.t.  it  i.    [SIZE  (IX  a.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

i  Ordinary  Language  : 

•  1.  To  fix  or  determine  the  standard  of. 

U  To  sue  up  :  To  form  au  estimate  or  opinion 
of  (a  person  or  thing). 

2.  To  adjust  or  arrange  according  to  size  or 
bulk  ;  specif.,  to  take  the  size  of  soldiers 
with  the  view  of  placing  them  in  the  ranks 
according  to  their  sizes  ;  to  arrange  according 
to  sizes  or  statures. 

•  3.  To  swell  ;  to  increase  the  size  or  bulk  ot 

"To  tiae  your  belly  out  with  shoulder  fees." 
Btaum.  *  net.  :  WU  at  Mvtrral  Weapont.  1L  1. 

4.  Mining  :  To  sort  or  separate,  as  ore,  or 
the  finer  from  the  coarser  i>arts  of  metal,  by 
sifting  through  a  wire  sieve. 

B.  Intratis.  :  At  Cambridge  University,  to 
order  food  or  drink  from  the  buttery,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  regularcommons.    [BATTEL.] 

1  To  size  up  to:  To  prove  equal  to  (a  situa- 

tion or  emergency,  &c.). 
size  (2),  v.t.    [SIZE  (2),  ».]    To  cover  with  aiie; 

to  prepare  with  size. 
size'-a-ble,  a.    (.SIZABUL) 
sized,  o.     [Eng.  siz(e)  (1);   -ea.]    Having  » 

particular  size  or  magnitude.    Now  used  uiily 

in    compounds,  as   middle-witxi,  large-nzed, 

medium-sised.  &c. 
siz'-el,  s.    [ScissEuJ 

siz'-er,  s.    [SIZAR.] 

•  1.  A  sizar  (q.v.). 

2.  A  machine  of  perforated  plates  to  sort 
articles  of  varying  sizes,  as  the  cuilee-s.--Tr» 
of  Ceylon  and  Rio. 

3.  A  gauge,  as  the  bullet-»feer,  which  h»» 
holes  to  determine  the  size  of  bullets. 

»  siz  -ers,  s.  pi.    [ScissoBS.] 

•siz-i-ness,  s.  (Eng.  sizy  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sizy  ;  glutiiiousness, 
viscosity. 

"  Cold  Is  capable  of  producing  a  aWiuaf  and  vlaoosltj 
In  the  blood.  —  ^r&uttno*. 


•iz'-Ing  (1),  «.    [Eng.  sit*?)  a)  ; 

1.  The  act   or   process    of   adjusting    01 


Ote,  fltt.  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;   we,  w6t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  W9H  work,  whd,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  nnlte.  cnr,  rtle,  ttkll;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  09  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  k»<. 


sizing— skeleton 


4291 


arraii-in^'  according  to  size;  specif.,  the  act 
of  sorting  ore,  &c.,  into  grades  according  to 
size. 

2,  Cambridge  University:  Food  or  drink 
ordered  by  a  student  from  the  buttery ;  a  size. 

sizing  -  cistern,  *.  A  form  of  ore- 
separator  which  acts  upon  the  metalliferous 
slime  from  the  stamping-mill. 

Mrf-Ing  (2),  s.    [Eng.  siz(t)  (2) ;  -Ing.} 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  covering  with  size. 

2.  The  glutinous   material    used   in    such 
operation ;  size. 

sizing -machine,  ».  An  apparatus  for 
sizing  cotton  warp-threads. 

*Slz'-y,  a-  [Eng.  *iz(e)(2);  -y.]  Containing, 
consisting  of,  or  resembling  size ;  glutinous, 
viscous,  ropy  ;  adhesive  like  size. 

"The  blood  let  the  first  time  florid;  after* second 
time  sizy  "—A  rbuthnot :  On  Diet,  ch.  IT. 

sl-xyg'-I-um,  5.    [SYZYOIUM.] 

Siz'-zle,  v.i.  [A  frequent,  of  siss  (q.v.).]  To 
dry  or  shrivel  up  with  a  hissing  noise  by  the 
action  of  fire.  (Prov.  &  Amer.) 

"  To  test  whether  the  fat  is  hot  enongh,  wn«n  the 
tiadina  has  ceased  for  a  minute  or  two,  and  tlie  Mioka 
begins  to  appear,  drop  a  siunll  square  of  bread  iiitu  it." 
—ScrUmer't  Uagatint,  March,  1880,  p.  788. 

Siz'-zle,  s.    [SIZZLE,  v.]    A  hissing  noise. 

•kad-dle,  a.  &  *.    [From  scath  —  hurt.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Hurtful,  mischievous.    (Prov.) 

B.  A»  subst.:     Hurt,    damage,    mischief. 
(Proo.) 

skad  -don,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful]  The  em- 
bryo of  a  bee. 

*  skaf  faut,  *  skaf  fold,  s.    [SCAFFOLD.] 

skall,  skale,  v.t.  &  i.    [SCALE,  v.] 

A.  Trans. ;  To  disperse,  to  scatter,  to  spill. 
(Scotch.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  separate,  to  disperse,  as 
the  members  of  an  assembly. 

skain    (1),     *  skeane,     skone,     skein, 

*  skayne,  s.  [Ir.  &  Gael,  sgian  =  a  knife  ; 
Wei.  ysgien  =  a  slicer,  a  scimitar.]  A  dagger, 
a  knife. 

"  He,  or  any  man  els,  that  Is  disposed  to  mischief  or 
vlllany,  may  under  hia  mantle  Koe  privily  armed 
without  suspicion  of  any,  carry  hia  liead-peece.  His 
tkettn.  or  pistol  if  he  pleaaa.  — £p«nMr :  State  of 
Ireland. 

Skain  (2),  3.    [SKEIN.] 

*  skains  -mate,  s.    [Eng.  skain  (1),  and  mate.] 
A  comrade  or  brother  in  arms. 

"  I  am  noue  of  hi*  tknimmatat." 

Shakesp. :  Romeo  *  JuUM,  it  4. 

skaith,  s.    [SCATH.]    Hurt,  damage. 

skald,*.    [SCALD.] 

skall,  v.t.    [SCALE,  v.]    To  climb. 

•kar,  skalr,  v.i.  [SCARE,  r.]  To  take  flight; 
to  be  scared.  (Scotch.) 

•kar,  skair,  a.  &  s.    [SKAR,  v.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Scared,  frightened, 

B.  As  aubst. :  Fright,  scare. 

Skart,  scart,  v.t.    [&CRAT,  v.]    (Scotch.) 

Skart,  scart,  &  [SKART,  «.]  A  scratch. 
(Scutch.) 

skat,  3.    [SCAT.] 

skate  (1),  *  scate,  *  skeat,  ».    [Icel.  skata; 

Norw.  aicata,  from  Lat.  squatus.  smtatina  =  a 
skate.] 

Ichthy.  :  The  popular  name  of  any  individual 
of  a  section  of  the  genus  Raja  (q.v.),  differing 
from  the  Rays  proper  in  having  a  long  pointed 
snont.  [RAY  (3}.1  Numerous  epecies  occur 
OQ  the  coast  of  the  United  States.  Of  these 
may  bo  named  Raja  erinacea,  the  Tobacco-box 
Skate;  U.  eglattiena,  the  Briar  Skate;  It.  Itevti, 
the  Smooth  or  Barndoor  Skate.  These  ar« 
Atlantic  coast  fishes ;  the  Pacific  coast  has 
/.'.  mornata  and  R.  binocwlata,  the  latter  a 
large  species  which  attains  a  length  of  BIX  feet. 
Europe  also  possesses  a  Dumber  of  species,  of 
which  R.  marginata,  the  White  Skate,  is  fre- 
quently eight  feet  long.  /*'.  batis,  the  True 
Skate,  also  attains  a  large  size.  It.  vomer,  the 
Long-nosed  Skate,  has  its  snout  exceedingly 
prolonged.  Skates  are  voracious  fishes,  feeding 


along  the  but  turn.  They  are  often  caught 
as  food  fished  iu  European  waters,  large  num- 
bers beiug  brought  to  nmrki't  by  the  trawlers. 
The  greatly  expanded  pectoral  fins  are  eaten. 
The  flesh  is  apt  to  be  coarse. 

"  The  yawl,  wbich  had  been  left  upon  the  shoid. 

returned  with  three  turtles  and  a  large  tkeat."— Cook  : 

t'irtt  \'oyaye,  bk.  in.,  ch.  iv. 

skate  barrows,  s.  pt.    [SEA-PURSES.] 
Skate-SUOker,  s.    [PONTOHDELLA.] 

skate  (2),  *  schcets,  *  skeatcs,  *  scate,  s. 

[Prop,  skates  (s.),  with  a  pi.  skateses,  from  Dut. 
schaatsen  —  skates.]  A  contrivance  consisting 
of  a  steel  runner  or  ridge  fixed  either  to  a 
wooden  sole  with  straps  and  buckles  or  laces, 
attached  to  fasten  it  to  the  boot,  or  to  a  liglit 
iron  framework  having  clamps  or  other  means 
of  attachment  to  the  boot,  and  used  to  enable 
a  person  to  propel  himaeif  along  the  ice. 

[ROLLER-BKATB.] 

skate  (3),*.  A  condition  of  partial  intoxica- 
tion; also,  a  worn-out  race-horse.  (  U.S.  tilany. ) 

skate,  v.i.  [SKATE  (2),  s.]  To  slide  or  mova 
along  the  ice  on  skates. 

"  A  Dutchman  ikatina  upon  the  tee."— Search  :  Light 
of  Xaturt,  vol.  U.,  pt  11.,  ch.  xxiit. 

skat  -er,  s.    [Eng.  skat(e)t  v. ;  -«r.]    One  who 

skates. 

SkAt  Ing;  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SKATE,  v.} 

skating-rink,  s.  The  same  as  RINK,  ».,  2. 
skayle,  s.    [KAVLE.]    A  skittle,  a  ninepin. 

skean,  skeen,  s.  [SKAIN  (1),  s.]  A  long  knife 
or  short  sword  used  by  the  Irish  and  the 
Highlanders  of  Scotland. 

"  A  long  knife  called  a  titan."— if acaulay :  HlA. 
Mng.,  ch.  xii. 

skean  dim,  *.  A  knife  worn  by  High- 
landers when  in  full  costume,  stuck  in  the 
stocking. 

*  ske   at,  s.    [Corrupted  Arabic.] 
Astron. :  A  fixed  star,  ft  Pegasi. 
ske  dad  -die,  v.i.    [Btym.  doubtful ;  perhaps 
allied  to  scud.]    To  betake  one's  self  hurriedly 
to  flight ;  to  run  away  as  in  a  panic ;  to  fly  in 
terror.     (A  word  of  American  origin,) 

skeed,  s.    [SKID.] 

skeel(l),  s.    [SKILL.]    (Scotch.) 

Skeel  (2),  s.  [Allied  to  scale  and  shell]  A 
shallow  wooden  vessel  for  holding  milk  or 
cream.  (Scotch.) 

skeeT-y ,  a.  [Eng.  steel  (1) ;  -y.]  Skilful, 
cunning. 

"  It  wad  hM  taen  &  steely  man  to  hM  •QWUttd  wl' 
her."— Scott:  Antiquary,  ch-  ixix. 

skeen,  s.    [SKEAN.] 

skoer,  v.t.  [SCARE,  v.}  To  frighten.  (Amer. 
oolloq.) 

"'I  seen  they  WM  mighty  tkeered,'  said  be,  'and 
took  me  for  the  devil  or  some  other  tea  varmint.'" — 
ScrUmer't  Magatine,  Jan.,  1*80,  p.  832. 

skeeV-jf,  skear'-y,  a.  [Eng.  skeer;  -y.] 
Scared,  afraid.  (Prov.) 

"  Women  fret  tkeary,  and  desperate  afraid  of  being 
compromised."— Havttey  Smart :  Struck  Down,  eh.  xi. 

skcet,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Naut. :  A  scoop  used  for  throwing  water 
on  the  sails  and  decks. 

Skeg,  s.  [Icel.  skegg  =  *  beard,  the  beak  or 
cutwater  of  a  ship.] 

1.  Kant.  :  A  knee  which  unites  and  braces 
the  stern-post  and  keel  of  a  boat. 

"  It  is  protected  by  a  sfceff.  or  depressed  convex  pro- 
jection of  wood  and  copper,  or  copper  alone. "—Century 
Mayatfne,  Dec.,  1878,  p.  601. 

2.  (PI.) :  A  kind  of  oats, 
*3.  A  kind  of  wild  plum. 

"  That  kind  of  peaches  or  apricot*  which  bee  called 
tuberea,  love  better  to  be  grafted  either  upon  a  tkey  or 
•wild  plumb  ntocke,  orquiiice." — P.  Holland;  Plinit. 
bk.  xvii.,  ch.  x, 

skeg-shore,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  One  of  several  pieces  of  plank 
put  up  endways  under  the  skeg  of  a  heavy 
ship,  to  steady  her  after-part  a  little  at  the 
moment  of  launching. 

Skeg'-ger,  s.     [Gael.]    (See  extract.) 

"  Little  aalmons,  called  tkegycr*.  are  bred  of  such 
lick  salmon,  t.hut  mitfbt  not  go  to  the  sea." — Walton  : 
Angler,  cb.  vii. 


skeigh,  skicgh  (gh  gutttu-nl),  a.  [SHY,  a.] 
Proud,  nice,  liigh-meUltil,  skittish,  coy. 

"  When  thou  an'  I  were  young  and  tkrtffk." 

Burnt  :  To  Bit  Auld  Hart. 

skein  (IX  «.    [SKAIN  (1).] 

skein  (2),  skain,  *  skeyne,  s.  [Ir.  sgamn* 
=  a  Haw,  truck,  ti.ssure,  a  skein  or  clue  of 
thread  ;  O.  Fr.  esaiigne.] 

1.  A  shaved  split  of  osier. 

2.  A  flock  of  wild  geese  or  swang. 

'*  A  punt-gun  was  fired  tuto  a  tkein  of  brent  gMM 
and  wild  »waiis.  "—  Daily  Telegraph.  Jan.  23.  ISM. 

3.  Spinning:  A  quantity  of  yarn  from  the 
reel,  of  silk,  wool,  cotton,  or  flax.     Of  cotton 
it  contains  eighty  threads  of  fifty-four  inches  ; 
seventeen  skeins  make  a  hank. 

"  Drew  from  the  reel  on  the  table  a  snowy  ikein  of  her 
spinning."         Longfellow:  Milei  Stnmlith,  vilL 

4.  Vehicle  :   A  metallic  strengthening  band 
or  thimble  on  the  wooden  arm  of  an  axle. 
The  ordinary  skein  consists  of  three  straps, 
let  into  slots  in  the  arm. 

skeT-der,  «.  [Etym,  doubtful  ;  perhaps 
allied  to  skellum  (q.v.).J  A  vagabond,  a 
vagrant. 

SkeT-der,  v.t.  ori.  [SKBLDBK,*.]  To  swindle, 
to  trick. 

"  Wandering  abroad  to  tkeldcr  for  a  shilling." 

Marmion:  fim  Companion,  lii.  4. 

*  skel'-et,  s.    [SKELETON.]    A  mummy.    (Hoi' 

land:  Plutarch's  Morals;  Explan.  of  Words.) 

*  skel'-et  al,  a.    [Eng.  skeleton)  ;  -al.]    Of  01 

pertaining  to  a  skeleton. 


.     [Eog.  skeleton);  sutt 
•ology.] 

Med.  :  The  branch  of  anatomy  which  treats 
of  the  skeleton.    (Dungllson.) 


skel-e-ton,    »«o4l-S-t6nt  «.    &  a.     [Gr. 

tTKe\fTov  (skeleton)  =  a  dried  body,  a  mummy. 
from  <7ieeA«To«  (skeletos)=  dried  up,  parched; 
o-K6\Ao)  (skello)  =  to  dry  up,  to.parch.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

L  Literally  : 

1.  Ordinary  Language: 
*  (1)  A  dried  mummy. 

(2)  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

(3)  The  supporting  framework  of  anything  } 
the  principal  parts  which  support  anything, 
but  without  the  appendages. 

(4)  A  very  lean  or  thin  person. 

(5)  An  outline,  rough  draft,  or  sketch  of  any 
kind  ;  the  heads  and  outline  of  a  literary  com- 
position. 

"The  dead  carcaae  or  skeleton  of  the  old  Hotchlcal 
phllusuphy,  namely  the  atomic*!  physiology."  —  Cud- 
worth  :  Intellectual  Syitem,  p.  51. 

2.  Fig.  :  Something  annoying,  usually  kept 
secret. 

'•  No  skeleton  is  allowed  to  remain  pe*cWully  In  hU 
cupboard.  "-Daily  Newt,  Oct.,  IBM. 

II.  Anat.  :  The  support  or  framework  of  en 
animal  body,  in  life  protecting  the  central 
parts  of  the  nervous  system,  and  forming  a 
fulcrum  for  the  limbs.  It  is  made  up  of 
different  parts  —  in  the  human  adult  of  198 
serrate  bones.  The  skeleton  proper  con- 
sists of  the  skull  and  bones  of  the  trunk, 
the  pectoral  and  pelvic  limbs  forming  the 
appendicular  skeleton,  the  whole  constitut- 
ing the  interior  or  endoskeleton.  This, 
when  removed  from  the  body  for  purposes  of 
examination  and  study,  is  termed  a  natural 
skeleton,  if  connected  by  the  dried  ligaments; 
an  artificial  skeleton,  if  the  various  bones  are 
joined  together  by  wire  ;  and  a  disarticulated 
skeleton,  if  the  bones  are  separated  from  each 
other.  In  the  majority  of  vertebrates  the 
skeleton  is  osseous  ;  in  some  fishes  it  is  carti- 
laginous, and  in  the  Lancelet  (Branchiostoma 
lanceolatum)  the  vertebral  column  is  reduced 
to  a  notochord.  [CHOBDA-DORSALIS.]  Owen 
looks  upon  the  endoskeleton  as  a  whole  made 
up  of  three  parts  :  the  neuroskeleton,  the 
scleroskeleton,  and  the  splanchnoskeleton. 
(See  these  words.)  In  the  typical  skeleton 
the  axial  or  chief  portion  comprises  tlie  skull, 
the  vertebral  column,  the  sternum,  and  the 
ribs.  The  anterior  or  pectoral  portion  of  the 
appendicular  skeleton  consists  of  the  humer- 
us,  the  radius  and  ulna,  and  the  carpals, 
metacarpals,  and  phalanges.  The  posterior  or 
pelvic  portion  consists  of  the  femur,  the  tibia 
and  fibula,  the  tarsals,  metatarsals,  and  phal- 
anges. In  the  Pinnipedia,  Cetacea,  and 
Fishes  all  four  limbs  are  modified  ;  in  Bats  and 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  onin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-ciaa.  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -{Ion.  -giou  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tiooa,   sious .--  shuSr   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4292 


skeleton— skew 


Birds  the  pectoral  limbs  are  converted  into 
organs  of  flight ;  in  the  Pythons  the  pelvic, 
and  in  some  lizards—  e.g.,  the  British  Slow- 
wonn — both  pelvic  and  pectoral  Hiiiba  are  ru- 
dimentary. [VESTIGE.]  There  is  no  endoskele- 
ton  in  the  Invertebrata,  though  the  internal 
bone  of  some  of  the  Cephalopoda  may  fore- 
shadow the  neuro-,  as  the  phragiuacoue  fore- 
shadows the  splanchnoskeleton.  The  arma- 
dillo, crocodile,  and  the  sturgeon  aniun^r  Ver- 
tebrates, and  the  crab  and  lobster  among  In- 
vertebrates, are  familiar  examples  of  animals 
furnished  with  an  exo-  or  dermoskeleton  (q.v.). 
B.  As  adj. :  Containing  only  the  heads  or 
•atlines  :  as,  a  skeleton  sermon. 

^  There  is  a  skeleton  in  every  hovM :  Every 
house  or  family  has  its  own  peculiar  trouble 
or  annoyance.  The  expression  probably  arose 
from  a  secret  murder  being  made  known  by 
the  accidental  discovery  of  the  skeleton  of  the 
murdered  person. 

Skeleton-Army,  5.  An  organization 
framed  to  dispute  with  the  Salvation  Army 
(q.v.)  the  possession  of  the  streets.  It  was 
loon  broken  up. 

skeleton-bill,  «.  A  signed  blank-paper 
stamped  with  a  bill-stamp.  The  subscriber 
is  held  the  drawer  or  acceptor,  as  it  may  be, 
of  any  bill  afterwards  written  above  his  name 
for  any  sum  which  the  stamp  will  cover. 

skeleton-frame,  i. 

Spinning:  A  kind  of  frame  in  which  the 
usual  can  is  replaced  by  a  skeleton. 

skeleton-key,  s.  A  key  of  skeleton 
form,  a  large  portion  of  the  web  being  removed 
to  adapt  it  to  avoid  the  wards  and  impedi- 
ments in  a  lock. 

skeleton  plough,  s. 

Agric. :  A  plough  in  which  the  parts  bear- 
ing against  the  soil  are  made  in  skeleton  form 
to  lessen  friction. 

skeleton-proof;  t. 

Engr. :  A  proof  of  print  or  engraving  with 
the  inscription  outlined  in  hair  strokes  only, 
such  proofs  being  earlier  than  those  having 
the  inscription  in  ordinary  letters. 

skeleton-regiment,  «. 

Mil. :  A  regiment,  the  officers,  &c.,  of  which 
•re  kept  up  after  the  men  are  disbanded,  with 
ft  view  to  future  service. 

skeleton-screw.  «. 

Zool.:  Caprella  linearis.  Called  also  Spectre 
Shrimp,  and  Skeleton  shrimp. 

skeleton-shrimp,  s.  [SKELETON-SCREW.] 

skeleton-suit,  s.  A  suit  of  clothes  con- 
listing  of  a  tight-titting  jacket  and  a  pair  of 
trousers,  the  trousers  being  buttoned  to  the 
Jacket. 

•  Skel  e  t6n,  t>.t.    [SKELETON,  «.] 

1.  To  skeletonize. 

2.  To  draft  in  outline. 

-  Be  ikelttont  his  «ct,  then  clothes  it  with  language 
adonis  it*  situations,  and  filially  worlu  iu  his 
climax."— Pott  Mall  Oaatte,  Nov.  Je.  1881 

•sker  e  ton  ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  skeleton;  -Ize.]  To 
form  into  a  skeleton  ;  to  make  a  skeleton  of. 

Skel  -loch  (ch  guttural), «.    [Gael  sgaik.} 

1.  A  shrill  cry. 

2.  Wild  mustard  ;  charlock  (q.v.). 

•kel'-lum,  «.  I  Dan.  skielm  =  a  rogue,  a  knave  • 
Dut  ft  Ger.  tchelm.}  A  worthless  fellow,  a 
•coundrel.  (Scotch.) 

"She  tauld  thee  weel  thon  was  a  sJtettum. 
A  blethering,  blustering,  drunken  blellum." 

burnt :  Tarn  O'Xhantcr. 

•keT-ly,  r.i.     (Dan.  skele;   Sw.  skela.]     To 
squint.    (Scotch.) 
•  "J£,U  ">«  "T  maul'  laid  Both  well ;    •  ibima 

tf1U"y  wlth  °°e  •I"'"-**:  Old  Mortality. 
Co,  lv. 

BkeT-l£,  s.  ft  a.    [SHELLY,  ».] 

A.  As  ntbst. :  A  squint. 

B,  As  adj. :  Squinting. 

ekel  -ly,  ».    [For  etym.  and  def.  see  extract.] 

"The  Chub  li  the  Stale  of  th«  waters  of  Camber, 
land,  so  called  on  account  ot  the  large  size  ol  its  scales." 
-Tarrell :  B,-U.  fUui  (ed.  »rd),  L  4JL 

»•<•    (Gael,  tgealp.)    To  strike,  to  (lap. 

1*  OtOf  an'  scaud  poor  dogs  like  me." 

Burn* :  Addreu  to  the  DM. 


Skelp  (I),  *.     [Gael,  sgealp.} 

1.  A  blow,  a  slap. 

2.  A  squall ;  a  heavy  fall  of  rain.    (Scutch.) 

Skelp  (2),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  A  strip  of 
iron  which  is  bent  and  welded  into  a  tube  to 
form  a  gun-barrel,  or  pipe. 

skcn,  ti.t.  [Cf.  Sw.  »Ma  =  to  squint,  skeining 
=  squinting.]  To  squint  (Prov.) 

ske  -ne-a,  s.  [Named  after  Dr.  Skene,  of 
Aberdeen,  a  contemporary  of  Linnaeus.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Littorinid*,  made  by  Tate 
the  type  of  a  family  Skeueidse.  Shell  minute, 
orbicular,  few  whorled ;  peristome  continu- 
ous, entire,  round ;  operculum  paucispiral. 
Number  of  species  doubtful.  Distribution, 
Norway  and  Britain,  &c.  Found  under  stones 
at  low  water.  (S.  P.  Woodward.) 

ske-ne-i-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  skene(a); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  guff,  -idte.]  [SKENEA.] 

t  ske-no'-to-ka,  s.  pi.    [Gr.  O-IOIKUTIJS  (skin- 
otes)  —  a  comrade  in  a  tent.] 
Zool :  The  Sertularida.    (Carus.) 

Bkep,  s.  [A.S.  seep,  sceop  —  a  basket,  a  chest; 
Icel.  akeppa,  skjajypa.] 

1.  A  sort  of  basket,  narrow  at  the  bottom 
and  wide  at  the  top. 

"  The  tkept  ...  are  then  loaded."— Daily  Chronicle, 
Oct.  19,  1866. 

2.  A  bee-hive.    (Scotch.) 

"But  I'm  thinking  they  are  settled  in  their  Afpt 
for  the  uight"— Scott :  Jtob  Roy.  cb.  xxii. 

skep'-tlc,  skep  -tic-al,  &c.    [SCEPTIC,  tus.] 

Sker'-rjf,  >.  [Icel.  sker;  Dan.  star,  skiar.J 
[SCAR  (1),  s.]  A  rocky  island,  an  insulated 
rock,  a  reef. 

"The  cautions  helmsman  gives  Its  fkerriel  and 
wave-lashed  dirts  as  wide  a  berth  as  be  conveniently 
can."— Standard,  Oct.  13.  1885. 

sketch,!.  [Dut,  schets  =  &  draught,  model, 
sketch,  from  Lat.  schedium.  =  an  extempo- 
raneous poem,  from  Gr.  <rx<oioc  (schedios)  = 
sudden,  otf-hand,  near,  from  »x«°°>-  (schedon) 
=  near,  hard  by ;  ItaL  schizzo  =  a  rough 
draught  of  anything ;  Ger.  »fcizze  =  a  sketch.) 

1.  Ord.  Ia.ng. :  An  outline  or  general  delinea- 
tion of  anything  ;  a  flrst  or  rough  draught  of 
•  plan  or  design. 

2.  Art: 

(1)  The  first  embodiment  of  an  artist's  idea 
in    modelling   clay,  canvas,  or  paper,  from 
which  he  intends  to  produce  s  more  finished 
performance, 

(2)  A   copy  from  nature  only,  sufficiently 
finished  for  the  artist  to  secure  materials  for 
a  picture  ;  an  outline  of  a  building  or  street- 
view  ;  a  transcript   of  the    human  figure  in 
pencil  or  chalk,  with  simple  shades  only,  or  a 
rough  draught  of  the  same  in  colours. 

41  The  memorandums  and  rude  tketcha  of  the  master 
and  surgeon.1'— Anton  :  royagei.  bk.  ii..  ch.  iu. 

3.  Music: 

(1)  A  short  movement,  usually  for  the  piano- 
forte, deriving  its  name  from  its  descriptive 
character,  or  the  slightness  of  its  construction. 

(2)  The  tentative  treatment  of  a  subject,  to 
be  afterwards  fully  worked  out 

"The  Oiftchet  are  In  the  k»y  ot  C"-On>»«.-  Diet. 

Jluitr,  ill.  537. 

sketch-book,  s. 

1.  A  book  formed   of  drawing-paper,  and 
used  for  sketching  in. 

2.  A  collection  of  slight  descriptions   of 
people  or   places :   as,   Washington  Irving's 
Sketch-book. 

sketch,  v.t.  &  i.    [SKETCH,  s.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  make  a  sketch  of ;  to  draw  the  out- 
line or  general  figure  of;  to  make  a  rough 
draught  or  drawing. 

"The  method  of  Reubens  was  to  ttttch  his  composi. 
nons  in  colours."—  Reynold!:  Art  of  Painting,  Note  11. 

2.  To  plan  by  giving  the  principal  points  or 
ideas  of  ;  to  describe  roughly. 

"  He  torched  a  most  attractive  plim  of  camping 
out."— Scribner't  Jfriyntiiie.  Aug.,  1877.  p.  488. 

B,  Intrant. :  To  practise  sketching. 

Sketfh'-er,  ».  [Eng.  sketch,  v. ;  -cr.]  One 
who  sketches. 

"The  woods  and  the  waters,  were  Indeed  the  same 
that  now  swarm  every  autumn  with  admiring  gazers 
and  ilaKIart.~-aaco.ala, :  Bitt.  Ena..  ch.  xill 


h'-I-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  sketchy;  -ly.]    In* 
sketchy  manner. 

"The  authoress  writes  too  Iketcfiily   at  times."— 
Daily  Chronicle,  Oct.  10,  1885. 

sketch -I  ness,  s.  [Eng.  sketchy;  -nets.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sketchy. 

sket9h-y,  a.  (Eng.  sketch;  -y.}  Possessing 
the  characteristics  of  a  sketch  ;  not  elabor- 
ated ;  slim  or  slight  in  execution  ;  not  finished. 

"  The  tkftchy  freedom  which  varies  the  accustomed 
elaboration  of  detail."— Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  3.  1885.     / 

skew  (ew  as  u),  •  skue,  a.,  adv.,  ft «.  [Cf. 
Dan.  skiev  =  oblique  ;  skieve  —  to  slope,  to  de- 
viate; Sw.  £&/=  oblique  ;  skefva=to  skew; 
Dut.  scherj—  oblique ;  Ger.  schief;  O.  II.  Ger. 
sciuhen  =  to  avoid,  get  out  of  the  way  ;  Ger. 
scheuen  =  to  shun,  to  avoid  ;  M.  H.  Ger. 
schiech,  schich  ;  Ger.  scheu  —  shy,  timid.) 

A.  As  adj.:  Having  an  oblique  position; 
oblique  ;  turned  or  twisted  to  one  side. 

"This  tkue  posture  of  the  axis  is  a  most  unfortimat* 
and  pernicious  thing."—  Bentley  :  Sermont.  No.  vUL 

B.  As  adv. :  Obliquely,  askew,  awry. 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 
•  1.  A  sidelong  glance. 

"A  tkeia  unto  our  own  name*."—  Ward :  Sermons, 
p.». 

2.  A  piebald  horse.    (Prov.) 

II.  Arch.  :  The  sloping  top  of  a  buttress 
where  it  slants  off  into  a  wall ;  the  coping  of 
a  gable ;  a  stone  built  into  the  bottom  of  a 
gable  or  other  similar  position,  to  support  the 
coping  above;  a  summer-stone,  a  skew-corbel. 

skew  arch,  t. 

Arch. :  An  arch,  in  which  the  front  la 
oblique  with  the  face  of  the  abutment,  in- 
stead of  being  at  right  angles  thereto. 

skew-back,  «. 

Architecture : 

1.  The  upper  course  of  an  abutment  which 
receives  the  spring  of  an  arch  ;  an  impost. 

2.  A  bedding-stone. 


SKEW  BBIDOE. 

skew-bridge,  s. 

Arch. :  A  bridge  having  an  oblique  arch  or 
arches  with  spiral  courses. 

skew  chisel,  s. 

1.  A  chisel  for  wood  working  or  turning, 
having  the  basil  on  both  sides  and  an  oblique 
edge. 

2.  A  carver's  chisel,  whose  shank  is  bent  to 
allow  the  edge  to  reach  a  sunk  surface. 

skew-corbel,  skew-put,  t. 

Arch. :  The  same  as  SKEW,  s.,  II. 
skew-fillet,  «. 

Arch. :  A  fillet  nailed  on  a  roof  along  the 
gable  coping  to  raise  the  slates  there  and 
throw  the  water  away  from  the  joining. 

skew-gearing,  «.  Cog-wheels  with  teeth 
placed  obliquely,  so  as  to  slide  into  each  other 
and  avoid  clashing. 

skew-plane,  >. 

Join. :  A  plane  in  which  the  mouth  of  the 
plane  and  the  edge  of  the  iron  lie  obliquely 
across  the  face. 

Skew-put,  S.      [SKEW-CORBEL.J 

skew-table,  s. 

Arch. :  A  course  of  skews. 

"  Stem-tattle  was  probably  the  course  of  stone  wea- 
thered, or  sloped  on  the  top,  placed  as  a  coping  to 
the  wall.  It  may,  perhaps,  have  been  applied  to  the 
•tonal  tabling,  commonly  used  in  meOiwval  archi- 
tecture over  the  gable  ends  of  roofs,  where  they  abut 
against  hlglier  buildings  ...  or  it  may  be  a  racking 
coping  formed  of  solid  blocks,  with  horisontHl  Joints. 
and  built  into  the  walllng."-ffloa»>>  oSArcMUcan 

skew-wheel,  s. 

Mach. :  A  form  of  wheel  used  to  transmit 


•St..  CW,  tare,  amidst,  what.  tall,  father;  we.  wSt,  here,  camel,  her.  there 
•r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd.  sou;  mate,  cub,  cure,  nnlte,  cur.  rale,  rtUj  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
Syrian.    «e,  ot  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  an  =  kw. 


skew— skim 


4293 


•  uniform  velocity  ratio  between  two  axes 
which  are  neither  parallel  nor  intersecting. 

•skew  (ew  as  u),  *  skewe,  *  skue,  v.i,  &  t. 

[SKEW,  a.] 

A,  Intransitive: 

1.  To  walk  obliquely  or  sideways, 

2.  To  start  aside,  aa  a  horse  ;  to  shy. 

3.  To  look  obliquely  :  hence,  to  look  slight- 
ingly, suspiciously,  or  uncharitably. 

"  Our  service 
Neglected,  raid  look'd  lamely  on,  aud  tkew'd  at." 

Beaum.  *  Flet.  :  Loyal  Subject,  il  U 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  give  an  oblique  position  to  ;  to  put 
•skew. 

2.  To  shape  or  form  in  an  oblique  manner. 

"  Windows  broad  within  and  narrow  without,  or 
ikeiffd  and  closed.'  —  1  Kings  vi.  4.    (Margin.) 

3.  To  throw  or  hurl  obliquely. 

skew'-bald  (ew  as  u),  a.    [Eng.  skew,  and 
bal'L]    Piebald.    (Said  of  horses.)    Properly 


piebald  means  spotted  with  white  and  black, 
skewbald  spotted  with  white  and  any  other 
color  than  black. 

•kew'-er  (ew  as  u),  s.  [A  variant  of  Prov. 
skiver  —a  skewer.  Skiver  is  an  older  form  of 
shiver  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  spindle-shaped  piece  of  wood  or  metal 
inserted    into   meat,  to  hold  the  layers   of 
muscle  or  musele  and  fet  together. 

2.  A  bobbin-spindle  fixed  by  its  blunt  end 
into  a  shelf  or  bar  in  the  creel. 

skewer-wood,  skiver-wood,  ». 

Bot.  :  A  popular  name  for  Euonymus  euro- 
JXEUS  and  Cornus  sanguinea,  used  for  making 
butchers'  skewers. 

skew'-er  (ew  aa  u),  v.t.  [SKEWER,  ».]  To 
fasten  with  a  skewer  or  skewers  ;  to  pierce  or 
transfix  as  with  a  skewer. 

ski'  a  graph,  89i'-a-graph,  ».  [Gr. 
«&ia  =  a  shadow,  and  yrap&o  =  to  draw.]  A 
shadow-picture  (q.v.).  [SCIAGRAPHY,  «.,  4.J 

ski  ag'  raph-er,  *.  One  who  practices  or 
is  proficient  in  the  art  of  skiagraphy. 

aki-ag'-raph-y,  0.  The  art  and  process  of 
producing  skiagraphs. 

ski'  a  scope,  $91'  a  scope,  s.  [Gr.  *kia 
—  a  shadow,  and  *&qped«to  see,  to  observe.] 
An  instrument  consisting  essentially  of  an 
actinically  darkened  tube  or  box,  having  at  one 
end  a  fluorescent  screen  upon  which  shadow- 
pictures  may  be  projected  from  without,  thus 
becoming  immediately  visible  to  the  observer 
looking  within  (see  illustration  opposite  page 
4033).  [ROENTGKN'S  METHOD.!  A  similar  in- 
strument, designed  by  Edison,  has  been  termed 
by  him  a  fluoroscope  (q.v.). 

Skid,  5.    [Icel.  sktdh  ;  a  billet  of  wood,  a  kind 
of  snow-shoe  ;  Sw.  skid  —  &  kind  of  skate  ; 
A.S.  *cid«  =  a  billet  of  wood,  a  shide;  Ger. 
Kheit  =  a  log,  a  billet  of  wood.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  chain  with  a  shoe  to  drag  a  wheel  of  a 
carriage  or  wagon,  and  prevent  it  from  re- 
volving in  descending  a  hill  ;  a  skid-pan. 

"  A  portion  of  the  harness  broke,  through  the  omis- 
•Ion  to  apply  the  tkid,'  —  Daily  ffewt,  Aug.  4,  1886. 

2.  A  log  forming  a  track  for  a  heavy  moving 
object. 

3.  Slanting   timber*    forming   an  inclined 
plane  in  loading  or  unloading  heavy  articles 
from  a  truck  or  wagon. 

4.  Timbers  resting  on  blocks  on  which  a 
•tructure  is  built,  such  as  a  boat. 

5.  One  of  a  pair  of  parallel  timbers  for  sup- 
porting a  barrel,  a  row  of  casks,  Ac, 

6.  A  drag  of  any  sort. 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Mech.  :  An  iron  brake-piece  in  a  crane. 

2.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  strut  or  post  to  sustain  a  beam  or 
deck,  or  to    throw  the  weight  of  a  heavy 
object  upon  a  part  of  the  structure  able  to 
bear  the  burden. 

(2)  One  of  a  pair  of  timbers  in  the  waist,  to 
lupport  the  larger  boats  when  aboard. 

(3)  Timbers  acting  as  fenders  against  a  ship's 
•ide  when  raising  or  lowering  heavy  bodies 
inboard  or  overboard. 

3.  Ordn.  :  An  oaken  timber  six  feet  long  by 
eight  inches  square,  used  for  the  temporary 


support  of  a  cannon.  These  and  the  other 
implements  are  all  made  to  given  sizes  for 
more  convenient  use  and  transportation  toge- 
ther. Skids  of  cast-iron  are  generally  used  in 
arsenals. 

Skid-pan,  *.    The  same  as  SKID,  «.,  1. 1. 
Skid  (I),  v.t.  &,  i.     [SKID,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  place  on  a  skid  or  skida. 

2.  To  support  with  skids, 

3.  To  put  a  skid  or  skid-pan  on ;  to  lock ; 
to  scotch. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  slip  along  obliquely.     (Followed  by 
with  or  DTI  before  a  substantive.) 

"  The  cart  tkidded  with  the  tramway  rails. "— Daily 
Chronicle,  Oct.  3.  1885. 

2.  To  revolve  rapidly,  as  the  wheel  of  a 
locomotive,   without   biting   the   rails.      To 
obviate  this,  the  driving-wheels  on    freight- 
engines  are  coupled. 

*  skid  (2),  v.i.    [Scun.] 

*  skle,  s.    [SKY.] 

*  ski-ejf,  a.    [Eng.  sky;  -ey.]    Like  the  sky ; 

skyey. 

Skiff;  *  skifife,  *.  [Fr.  esquif,  from  M.  H.  Ger. 
ski<f,  schif;  Ger.  schi/=&  ship.) 

Naut. :  A  small  fiat-bottomed  boat,  usually 
without  a  keel ;  a  small  boat  generally. 

*  Skiff,  v.t.   [SKIFF,  s.}   To  pass  over  in  a  skiff. 

"  They  have  tkift 
Torrent*. "    Shakcsp.  {});  Ttoo  ftobl*  Xintmtn,  L  L 

sklf   fling,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Mason. :  Knocking  off  the  rough  corners  of 
ashlar  in  the  preliminary  dressing. 

skfl'-der,  v.i.  [SKELDER.]  To  live  by  begging 
or  pilfering.  (Scotch.) 

skil'-ful,  skill  ful,  *  ska  full,  "  skil- 
fulle,  a.  [Eng.  skill;  -full.] 

L  Having  skill ;  well  skilled  in  any  art ; 
hence,  dexterous  or  clever  in  any  manual 
operation  in  the  arts  or  professions ;  expert. 

"  His  father  waa  a  man  of  Tyre,  tkilful  to  work  In 
gold  and  silver. "—2  Chronictet  it  14. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  done  with  skill ; 
clever ;  indicating  skill  in  the  performer :  as, 
a  skilful  performance. 

*  3.  Cunning,  judicious. 

"  The  tktifid  shepherd  peel'd  me  certain  wands.* 
Shakttp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  i.  S. 

*  4.  Reasonable. 

"  All  that  wrought  U  with  a  ikilful  thought," 

Chaucer;  C.  T.,  16,782. 

Skfl'-fol-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  skilful;  -ly.]  In  a 
skilful,  dexterous,  or  clever  manner;  dex- 
terously, cleverly,  expertly ;  with  skill. 

"  Their  encouragements  to  merit  are  more  tkilftilly 
directed."— Goldsmith  :  I'olitt  Learning,  ch.  viii. 

skil-ful-ness,  s.  [Eng.  skilful ;  -nest.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  skilful  or  possessing 
skill ;  dexterity,  expertness,  cleverness,  skill. 

skill,  skil.  skilc,  *  skille,  '  skyl,  *  skyll, 

*.  [Icel.  skil  =  distinction,  discernment;  cogn. 
with  Dan.  skiel  =  a  separation,  a  boundary; 
skille  =  to  separate  ;  Sw.  skal  =  reason  ;  skUja 
=  to  separate.  From  the  same  root  as  shell, 
scale,  shilling.] 

*  1.  Reason,  judgment,  discernment,  wit. 
sagacity. 

"  All  the  tkill  I  havi 
Remembers  not  these  garments." 
.  0     0  Shaketp. :  Lear.  lv.  T. 

*  2.  Reason,  cause. 

M  Philip  herd  that  chance,  how  the  Inglts  had  done. 
And  alle  how  it  bigan,  and  alle  the  tkllle  why." 

Robert  de  Brunne.  p.  262. 

*  3.  Reason  ;  reasonable  ground  for  action. 

"  Ai  it  U  right  and  «*&" 
Chawer  :  Legend  qf  Good  Womtn.    (ProL) 

4.  Familiar  knowledge  of  any  art  or  science, 
combined  with  readiness  and  dexterity,  or 
manipulation,  or  performance,  or  in  the  ap- 
plication of  the  art  or  science  to  practical 
purposes ;  power  to  discern  and  execute ; 
ability  to  perceive  and  perform;  dexterity, 
expertness,  art,  aptitude. 

*  5.  A  specific  exercise  or  display  of  art  or 
ability. 

*  6.  Any  particular  art. 

"  Learned  in  one  ikill,  and  In  another  kind  of  learn. 
Ing  unskilf nL"— Booker  ;  Ecclet,  Polity. 

*  Skill-less,  a.    Inexpert,  ignorant. 

"  How  features  are  abroad, 
X  am  tkifl-lctt  of."       Shaketp. :  Ttmpett.  iii.  L 


*  skill-thirst,  «.  Strong  desire  for  know- 
ledge. 

"  Too  curious  tkill-thirtt,  envy,  felony," 

Sylvctter :  The  Imposture,  Mfc 

*  Skill,  V.t.  &  i.      [SKILL,  S.] 

A.  Trans. ;  To  know ;  to  understand ;  to 
be  skilled  in. 

"  To  tkill  the  arts  of  expressing  our  mind."— Sorrow. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  discern,  to  discriminate,  to  under- 
stand ;   to  have  discernment  or  understand* 
ing. 

"One  man  of  wisdom,  experience,  learning  and 
direction,  may  Judge  better  in  those  things  that  h« 
oan  fkill  of,  than  ten  thousand  others  that  be  igno- 
rant."— Whitgtfte. 

2.  To  matter,  to  signify ;  to  be  a  matter  of 
concern  or  importance.    (In  this  sense  used 
impersonally.) 

*'  It  tkill*  not,  boots  not,  step  by  step  to  trace 
His  youth  through  all  the  mazes  of  its  race." 

Byron :  Lara.  L  t 

Skilled,  a.  [Eng.  skill;  -ed.]  Having  skill 
or  familiar  knowledge  of  any  art  or  science, 
combined  with  readiness  and  dexterity  in 
manipulation  or  performance ;  familiar  or 
well  acquainted  with ;  expert,  dexterous, 
skilful. 

"  Whom,  ik&led  in  fates  to  come. 
The  sire  forwara'd."        Pop.:  Homer  ;  Iliad  iL  1.0M. 

*  Skil' less,  o.    [Eng.  sHUf) ; -less.}   Destitute 
of  skill ;  unskilful,  unskilled,  ignorant,  awk- 
ward. 

"  Who  ever  taught  a  ikillfim  man  to  teach  ?  " 

Sidney:  Arcadia,  11 

skil'  let,  *  skel'-let,  s.  [O.  Fr.  esmellette  = 
a  little  dish,  dimin.  from  escuelle  =  a  dish,  from 
Lat.  scutella  =  a  salver,  dimin.  from  scutra,  scuta 
=  a  tray.  Skillet  and  scuttle  are  doublets.]  A 
pan  or  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  other  metal, 
with  a  long  handle,  used  for  boiling  water, 
stewing  meat  or  vegetables,  &o. 

"  Savea  the  small  Inventory,  bed.  and  stool, 

Milh-t  and  old  carved  chest,  from  public  sale.* 
.  „.         .  Cower:  TaOt,  iv.  «t. 

*  Bkfll'-fiU,  a.     [SKILFOUl 

skil  II  ga  lee',  skil -li -go-lee',  «.   [Etym. 

doubtful.]  A  kind  of  poor,  thin,  watery  broth 
or  soup,  sometimes  composed  of  oatmeal  and 
water  in  which  meal  has  been  boiled  ;  thin 
watery  porridge  served  out  to  prisoners, 
paupers,  Ac. ;  a  dish  made  of  oatmeal,  sugar, 
and  water,  formerly  served  out  to  sailors  in 
the  navy. 

skill'-ing  (IX  ».  [Prob.  connected  with  shml. 
ing  or  shelling.]  A  bay  of  a  barn  or  a  slight 
addition  to  •  cottage. 

skill  ing  (2), «.    [.SCHILLING.] 

skil  ly,  s.  [See  def.]  An  abbreviation  of 
skilligalee  (q.v.). 

Skim,  s.  [SKIM,  v.]  Scum  ;  the  thick  matter 
which  forms  on  the  surface  of  a  liquid. 

skim-coulter  plough,  s.  A  plough 
having  a  small  share  in  advance  of  the  main 
one,  the  object  being  to  pare  and  turn  into 
the  furrow  the  surface  herbage  and  manure, 
so  that  the  main  furrow-slice  may  cover  it 
over  entirely. 


Chem. :  Milk  from  which  the  excess  of 
cream  has  been  extracted.  It  is  a  light  and 
digestible  food,  but  its  composition  varies 
according  to  the  extent  to  which  the  cream 
has  risen  and  been  removed. 

•*  Cheese  was  brought ;  says  Slouch,  This  e'en  shall  roll : 
This  is  ttim-milk,  and  therefore  it  shall  go,"     Ki»g. 

Skim,  *  skym,  v.t.  &  i.  [A  variant  of  scum 
(q.v.);  Dan.  skummc  —  to  skim,  from  skum 
=  scum  ;  Sw.  skumma  mjnlk  =  to  skim  milk  ; 
skum  =  scum  ;  Irish  sgemim  =.  to  skim  ;  sgeim 
=  foam,  scum  ;  Ger.  schdumen  —  to  skim,  from 
schaum  =  scum.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  clear  the  scum  from ;   to  clear,  aa 
liquid,  from  a  substance   floating  on  it  by 
means  of  an  instrument  which  passes  under 
the  substance  and  along  the  liquid. 

"  Each  with  a  mess  of  pottage  and  tkimmed  milk." 
Wordtworth;  Michael. 

2.  To  take  off  by  skimming. 

"Skimming  them  | locusts]  from  off  the  water  with 
little  iieta,"— /Jampttfr.1  Voyage*  (an.  1688). 

3.  To  pass  near  the  surface  of ;  to  pass  over 
lightly  and  rapidly ;  to  graze. 

"  The  horse  as  wanton,  and  almost  ai  fleet. 
That  tkimi  the  spacious  meadow  at  full  speed. 

Cowpvr;  Tatt,  vi.  XS. 


^;  poat,  jftrl;  cat,  $ell,  chorus,  {bin,  bench;  go,  gem;  tMn,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lat.   ph  =  * 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shaa.   -tlon.  -aion  =  shun;  -tton,  .^on  =  ^^^   -clous,  -tloua.  -*lous  =  shua.   -We,  -41e,  <tc.  =  bel,  deL 


4294 


skimblescamble— skink 


4.  To  glance  over  slightly  or  superficially. 

"To  read,  or  at  all  eTeutt  to  aHm.  tin  voluminous 
Vtterances  of  rival  Btateamen."—  Daily  Telegraph, 
Oct  29.  1S8&. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  pass  lightly  and  rapidly;  to  glide 
•loug  in  an  even,  smooth  course. 

"  Embarked  his  men,  and  tJcimmed  along  the  sea." 
Urydert :   Viryil ;  .fnrid  vt  1.244. 

2.  To  glide  along  near  the  surface  ;  to  brush 
•long. 

•  Not  90  when  swift  Camilla  eooura  the  plain. 
Files  o'er  th  unbeudiug  com.  ami  tkirnt  alpu^  the 
main.'  ^op« :  Ajay  on  Crtticunt,  1L  36ft. 

3.  To  hasten  over  superficially  and  without 

attention. 

"  They  itim  over  a  science  in  a  very  superficial  eur. 
Tey.  and  never  lead  their  dieciplee  into  the  depths  uf 
It.'-  WatU 

•  skim- ble- scam -ble.  *skim'-ble- 

skam-ble,  a.  &.  adv.     [A  reduplication  of 
laamble  (q.v.).] 

A.  At  adj. :  Wandering,  rambling,  discon- 
nected, wild. 

"A  clip- winged  griffin,  and  •  moulten  raven. 
A  couching  lion,  and  a  ramping  cat. 
And  «uch  a  deal  of  Ikimblakamble  stuff 

Slutteip. :  I  Benn  />'.,  ill.  1. 

B.  At  adv. :   In  a  confused  or  rambling 
manner. 

•  skim   ing-ton,  *  skim'-I-try,  '• 

aUNOTON.) 

skim  mer,  j.    [Eng.  tkim,  v. ;  -er .] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  or  that  which 
alums ;  specifically— 

L  A  perforated  ladle  or  flat  dish  with  a 
handle  for  taking  the  scuin  from  a  boiling  so- 
lution, or  from  the  water  in  which  an  object 
la  boiled. 

2.  One  who  skims  over  a  subject ;  a  super- 
ficial student. 

"  There  are  different  degree*  of  tktmmert :  first,  he 
who  (oee  no  farther  than  the  title-page  :  secondly,  lie 
who  proceeds  to  the  content*  and  Intel,  to."— SketUn 
Deiim  Revealed,  dial,  t 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Founding:  A  stiffbar  of  iron,  the  end  of 
which  for  a  few  inches  is  flattened  and  curved 
•lightly.  It  is  used  at  the  time  of  pouring, 
to  keep  back  the  slag. 

i  Orniih. :  The  popular  name  of  any  species 
of  Rhynchops  (q.v.),  from  their  habit  of  skim- 
ming along  the  surface  of  the  sea  in  search  of 
food.  They  are  also  called  Scissor-bills,  from 
the  fact  that  their  bills  are  well  adapted  for 
catting  or  scooping,  the  lower  mandible  being 
much  longer  and  rather  natter  than  the  upper, 
and  shutting  into  it  like  the  blade  of  a  clasp- 
knife  into  its  handle.  The  best  known  species 
is  Shynchops  nigra,  the  Common  Skimmer, 
Cut-water,  Shear-bill,  or  Bla  ck  Skimmer,  found 
on  the  coast  of  America  and  part  of  Africa, 
•bout  twenty  inches  long,  dark  brown  on  the 
top  of  head  and  upper  surface,  with  a  bar  of 
white  across  the  wings,  and  the  nnder  surface 
white.  It  breeds  on  marshes  and  sandy  islands, 
laying  three  white  eggs  with  ash-coloured 
apote. 

•  skim' -mer -ton,  «.    [SKIMMISGTON.] 

•klm  mi-a,  s.  [Japanese  ikimmi  =  a  hurt- 
ful fruit.)  " 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Celastracete  or  of  Auranti- 
acea:  (Treaa.  of  Bot.\  of  Butaceas  (Pro/.  Watt). 
Calyx  four-parted,  persistent ;  petals  four  ; 
stamens  four ;  disk  fleshy,  four-lobed  ;  seed,  a 
drupe  with  four  one-seeded  stones.  Skimmia 
Laureofa  is  a  very  fragrant  Himalayan  shrub, 
the  leaves  of  which  are  burnt  for  incense  or 
are  eaten  by  the  hill  people. 

Skim  ming,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Ssrac,  v.) 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  it  parlicip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C,  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  skims. 

2.  That  which   is   removed  by  skimming 
from  the  surface  of  a  liquid ;  scum.    (Usually 
ID  the  plural.) 

"They  relished  the  Tery  tUmmioft  of  the  kettle."— 
Coot:  Second  lo»<K7«.  bk.  I.,  ch.  vli. 

skim'-mlng-ly,  adr.  [Eng.  skimming;  -ty.] 
In  a  skimming  manner ;  by  gliding  along  the 
surface. 

skim  -  ming  -  ton,   *  skim' -  mer    ton, 

•skim -Ing  ton,  'skim  I-try,  adv.  ft  a. 

[See  def.  A.] 

A*  As  adv. :  A  word  of  unknown  origin,  bu1 


probably  the  name  of  some  notorious  scold  j 
used  only  in  the  phrase.  To  ride  ikintmington, 
or  to  ride  the  tkimmixgton,  a  burlesque  pro- 
cession in  ridicule  of  a  man  who  allowed  him- 
self to  be  henve.-ked.  The  man  rode  behind 
the  woman,  with  his  face  to  the  horse's  tail. 
The  man  held  a  distaff,  and  the  woman  beat 
him  about  the  head  and  face  with  a  ladle. 
As  the  procession  passed  a  house  where  a 
woman  was  paramount,  each  person  gave  the 
threshold  a  sweep. 
B.  As  mbst. :  A  row,  a  disturbance. 

"  There  was  danger  of  a  Mmmtnffton  between  the 
great  vrlg  and  the  colt"—  Walpate:  Letter*,  i.  an. 

skimp,  a.  [Cf.  Icel.  «fcamr,  skamt  =  short ; 
s::emma  =  to  shorten.)  Scanty,  niggardly,  in- 
sufficient. 

slump,  v.t.  &  {.    [SKIMP,  a.1 

A.  Trans. :  To  treat  in  a  niggardly,  scanty 
manner ;  to  scrimp. 

"  When  tkimped  and  cut  with  economy  they  are 
•Imply  horrible."—  Daily  Telegraph.  Sept.  11, 188&. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  be  parsimonious  or  nig- 
gardly ;  to  save.    (Prot>.) 

t  skimp  ing.  a.  [SKIMP,  o.)  Insufficient ; 
scant,  done  in  an  unworkmanlike  manner,  from 
want  of  time,  proper  materials,  or  sufficient 
care. 

"  The  work  was  not  tkimptng  work  by  any  means  ; 
It  was  a  bridge  of  some  pretension." — /.  &  brewer : 
Xnglith  Studies,  p.  444. 

*  skimp'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  skimping  ;  -Zy.) 
In  a  skimping  manner ;  parsimoniously. 

"  AU  things  lea*  Oampingly  dealt  out."— LytUm  :  My 
ffovet.  bk.  iii..  ch.  xv. 

skin,  *  skinne, "  skyn,  *  skynne, «.  [Icel. 
skinn ;  A.S.  scinn ;  cogn.  with  Sw.  storm ; 
Dan.  skind ;  Ger.  tchinden  =  to  skin  ;  O.  H. 
Ger.  teintan,  scindan;  Welsh  oen  =  akin, 
peel.) 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally : 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  IL  1. 

"  The  body  is  consumed  to  nothing,  the  skin  feeling 
rough  and  dry  like  leather."— Harvey :  On  Consump- 
tions. 

(2)  A  hide,  a  pelt ;  the  skin  of  an  animal 
stripped  off  the  body,  whether  green,  dry,  or 
tanned.     In  commercial  language  the  term 
skin  is  applied  to  those  pelts  as  of  calves, 
sheep,  deer,  goats,  lambs,  Ac.,  which,  when 
prepared,  are  used    for  the  lighter  uses  of 
bookbinding,    the    manufacture   of  gloves, 
parchment,  &c. ;  while  the  term  hide  is  ap- 
plied to  those  which  are  tanned  and  used  for 
stronger  and  heavier  purposes,  as  for  boots, 
harness,  belts  for  machinery,  Ate. 

"  A  lamentable  thing,  that  of  the  sJMn  of  an  inno- 
cent lamb  should  be  made  parchment" — BhaJtetp.  : 
3  Henry  VI.,  iv.  S. 

(3)  The  hide  of  an  animal  still  retaining  its 
shape,  and  used  as  a  vessel  for  containing 
liquids. 

(4)  Any  external  covering  resembling  skin 
in    appearance  ;    a   membranous   substance 
formed  or  attached  to  a  surface. 

2.  Fig. :  The  body,  the  person. 

"  We  meet  with  many  of  these  dangerous  civilities, 
wherein  tie  hard  for  a  man  to  save  both  his  tkin  and 
his  credit."— L'Eitrange. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Anal. :  The  integument  everywhere  sur- 
rounding the  body.     It  consists  of  an  outer 
layer  called  the  cuticle,  epidermis,  or  scarf- 
skin,  and  an  inner  one,  the  cutis  vero,the  cutit, 
or  the  cortum.    These  constitute  the  proper 
skin.    Under  them  is  a  third  layer,  called  the 
subcutaneous  cellular  tissue,  considered  also  as 
pertaining  to  the  skin  when  that  word  Is  used 
in  its  most  comprehensive  sense.     In  man 
the  skin  is  more  or  less  covered  with  scattered 
hairs  ;  in  some  lower  mammals  the  hairs  are 
mueh  more  dense  ;  in  birds  they  are  replaced 
by  feathers,  and  in  reptiles  and  fishes  by  scales, 
or,  in  some  cases,  by  plates ;   the   typical 
Amphibia  have  a  naked  skin.     An  Integu- 
ment homologous  with  the  skin  exists  in  the 
Invertebrates. 

2.  Physiol. :  The  skin  acts  as  a  protection  to 
the  organs  below.    It  is  also  a  vast  excretory 
system,  sending  out  a  large  amount  of  perspi- 
ration (q.v.)  through  the  sudoriferous  glands 
To  a  small  extent  it  is  also  an  absorbent  of 
fluids  from  without. 

\  3.  Bot. :  The  epidermis  of  a  plant  or  of  a 
fruit. 

•     4.  Ifaut. :  That  part  of  a  sail  when  furled 
which  remains  outside  and  covers  the  whole. 


To  furl  with,  a  tmooth  tkin,  or  ikin  the  tail  up 
in  the  bunt.  Is  to  tum  the  skin  well  up,  to  a* 
to  cover  the  sail  neatly. 

5.  ShipbuiM. :  The  casing  covering  the  ribs 
of  a  ship.  When  this  is  of  iron  it  consists  of 
plates  laid  In  alternate  inside  and  onUide 
strakes. 

skin-bound,  a.  A  term  applied  to  a 
state  in  which  the  skin  appears  to  be  drawn 
tightly  over  the  flesh. 

Skin-bound  disease : 

Pathol. :  Induration  of  the  cellular  tissue. 

skin-diseases,  >.  pi. 

Pathol.  :  Diseases  affecting  the  skin.  Borne 
are  of  a  trifling  character,  others  are  sympto- 
matic of  grave  internal  derangements,  and 
are  difficult  to  cure.  Many  resemble  each 
other,  and  mistakes  of  identification  are  apt 

to  OCCUr.      [DERMATOLOGY.) 

'     skin-eaters,  t  skin-moths,  a.  ji 

Entom. :  The  Dermestidte  (q.v.). 

skin-grafting,  >. 

Burg. :  The  transplanting  of  sections  of  living 
skin  Irorn  one  portion  of  the  body  to  another 
or  from  one  person  to  another. 

skin-woxH,  a.  Wool  plucked  from  th* 
dead  sheep. 

skin,  v.t.  &  i.    [SKIN,  «.] 

A,  Transitive: 

1.  To  strip  or  divest  of  the  skin ;  to  flay,  to 
peel 

"  It  was  unanimously  agreed  that  they  should  eat 
their  vulture :  the  bird  was  accordingly  tkinntd." — 
Coot:  nrtt  reyagi,  bk.  i.  ch.  Iv. 

2.  To  cover  with,  or  as  with  skin  ;  to  cover 
superficially.    (Lit.  at  fig.) 

"  That  stint  the  vice  o*  th'  top." 

Shiikttp.  :  Measure /or  ^feature,  IL  a 

B.  Intrans. :  To  become  covered  over  with 
skin  :  as,  A  wound  tkins  over. 

t  To  tkin  up  a  tail  in  the  bunt:  [Sum,  a., 
II.  4.]. 

skinoh,  v.t.  [Cf.  skimp,  scrimp,  scant,  &c.]  To 
stint,  to  scrimp;  to  give  short  allowance. 
<Pro».) 

skin' -deep,  a.  [Eng.  skin,  and  deep.]  Not 
reaching  or  penetrating  beyond  the  skin; 
superficial,  slight ;  not  deep. 

skin'-flint,  s.  [Eng.  skin,  and  ./tint]  A  very 
niggardly,  stingy  person. 

skln-rtU,  s.  [Eng.  skin ;  -faKTl^  As  much. 
as  the  skin,  i.e.,  the  stomach,  will  hold. 

•  sklrik  (1),  ».    [A.B.  scene  =  drink.)    Drink. 

skink  (2),  *  ^vtvio-te,  t.  [SHANK.]  A  shin- 
bone  of  beef ;  soup  made  with  a  shin  of  beef 
or  other  sinewy  portions. 

••  Scotch  sWn*.  which  Is  a  pottage  of  strong  nourish- 
ment, is  made  of  the  knees  and  sinews  of  beef,  but 
long  boiled  ;  jelly  also  of  knuckles  of  veaL"— Bacon : 
Xat.  Hat.,  f  46. 

Skink  (3),  scink,  s.    [Scmcus.] 

Zool. :  The  popular  name  for  Scincus  o^wrf- 
nalit  or  any  individual  of  the  family  Scincida?, 
considered  by  some  naturalists  as  forming  a 
connecting  link  between  the  Lizards  and  the 


COMMON  RKINE 


Serpents,  since  it  contains  individuals  which 
are  lacertiform,  others  having  rudimentary 
limbs,  and  others  again  serpentifonn  in  ap- 


LIMBS  OF  8CTHCIDJS. 

1.  AMI  oeeUatta.    a.  8.  tnionscton.    X.  S.  tridaftytm. 
4.  The  genus  Rhodona.    ft.  8.  monodoctylu*. 

pearance,  the  external  limbs  being  entirely 
absent  as  in  the  Slow-worm.  The  Common 
Skink  is  from  six  to  eight  inches  long,  red- 
dish  -  dun,  with  darker  transverse  bands, 
wedge-shaped  head,  and  four  short  limbs. 

[ADDA.] 


Ate,  fSt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wol£  work,  wbd,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,ee  =  e;ey  =  »;<iu  =  kw. 


skink— skirt 


•UUo 


*  skink,  v.i.  &  (.  [A.S.  sctncan;  Icel.  skenkjti.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  serve  drink  ;  to  pour  out 
liquor. 

"  Vlll«tiuefl,  why  tfcint  you  not  nnto  this  fellow  T 
He  makei  ine  blyilia  »md  nu-rry  in  my  thoughts." 
Lodge:  Looking  -gltitt  for  England. 

B.  Trans.  ;  To  serve  out  or  draw,  as  liquor  ; 
to  pour  out  for  drinking. 

"  Then  skink  out  the  first  glass  ever,  and  drink  with 
all  companies."—  ti^n  Joiuon  ;  tiartholonww  fair,  ii.  3. 

Skfcik'-er,  s.     [Eng.  skink;   -er.}     One  who 

serves    oi1    yours    out    liquor;   a  drawer,  a 
tapster. 

"An  old  ikinker.  you  mean,  John."—  Scott:  Old 
Mortality,  ch.  xi. 

skink'  -ing,   skink'  -ling,  a.     [SKINCH.] 

Mean,  pultry,  ni-^urdly,  scanty. 

"  Auld  Scotland  wants  no  skinning  ware." 

Burns  :  To  a  ffaffffU. 

Skin'  -less,  a.  [Eng.  skin,'  -less.]  Having  no 
skin  or  ;i  thin  skin  ;  destitute  of  a  skin  or 
outer  covering. 

Skinned,  pa.  par.  &.  a.    [SKIN,  «.] 

A.  As  pa.  par,  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  ; 

1.  Deprived  of  the  skiu  ;  flayed,  peeled. 

2.  Having  a  skin  ;  covered  with  a  skin. 

"  The  wound  was  thinned  ;  tmt  the  strength  of  his 
thk-h  was  not  restored."  —  Oryden:  Virgil;  ^Sneit. 
<Ded.( 

3.  Having  the  nature  of  skin  or  leather  ; 
bard,  callous. 

"  When  the  ulcer  becomes  foul,  and  discharges  a 
nasty  ichor,  the  edges  in  prote^a  of  tiiuo  tuck  ill,  and 
growing  ikinrteuiud  luwd,  give  it  tlie  name  of  calloaa.  " 
—  Sharp:  Surgery, 

Skin  ner,  s.    [Eng.  skin,  v.  ;  -«r.J 

1.  One  who  skins. 

"  Then  the  Hockser  immediately  mounts,  and  rides 
after  more  game,  leaving  the  other  to  the  tklnneri, 
who  are  at  hand."—  Dumpier  ;  Voyage*  (an.  167fiJ. 

2.  One  who  deals  iu  skins  or  felts. 

"  Let  not  tin  skinner'*  daughter's  sono* 
Possesse  what  he  pretends." 

Warntr  :  Albions  England,  bt  Ir. 

IT  The  Skinners  are  one  of  the  chief  London 
Companies.    They  were  incorporated  in  1327. 

Skin  ni  ness,  s.  [Eng.  skinny;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  skinny;  want  of 
flesh,  leanness. 

•kin  ny,  *  skln-nie,  a.     [Eng.  skin;  -ny.] 

1.  Consisting   only   of  skin  ;    very    lean  ; 
wanting  flesh. 

*'  Her  chappy  finger  laving 
Upon  her  skinny  lips."         Shakesp.  :  Macbeth,  L  3. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  or  resembling  skin. 

"  The  end  of  their  beaks  Is  soft,  and  of  a  tkinny,  or 
more  pro  per  "— 

Voyage,  ok. 


,  , 

more  pro  perly,  cartilaginous  substance."—  Cook:  Second 
£,  oh.  v. 


•kip,  "skippe,  v.i.  &(.  [Ir.s0io&  =  tosnatr,h; 
sgobiuiH.  =  to  pluck,  to  pull,  to  bite;  Gael. 
sgiub  =1  to  start  or  move  suddenly  ;  Wei. 
ysgipio  =  to  snatch  away  *,  ysgip  —  a  quick 
snatch  ;  cf.  Icel.  skoppa  =  to  spin  like  a  top.] 
A*  Intransitive: 

1.  To  leap  lightly;  to  fetch  quick  bounds; 
to  bound  or  spring  lightly. 

"  He  skipped,  he  smiled,  he  blessed  them  with  a 
thousand  good  wiahea.'  —  Bunyan:  Pilgrim's  Progress, 
pt.  ii. 

2.  To  pass  without  notice  ;  to  make  omis- 
sions.   (Frequently  with  over.) 

"  The  Spaccio  taxes  even  a  bookworm*!  patience, 
and  ought  to  be  read  with  a  liberal  licence  iu  skia- 
fi»g."-(i.  ff.  Lewet  :  Hut.  of  Philosophy,  ii.  114 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  pass  with  a  quick  bound  ;  to  pass  over 
or  by  ;  to  miss. 

"  As  our  toads  are  known  at  times  to  do,  and  thus 
tkip  the  tadpole  state.  '  —  Burroughs:  Pepactvn,  p.  202. 

2.  To  pass  over  intentionally  in  reading. 

"  They  who  have  a  mind  to  see  the  Issue,  may  tkip 
theee  two  chapters,  and  proceed  to  the  following."— 

Bur/iet. 

Skip  (1),  a.    [SKIP,  t>.] 

I,  Ordinary  lM,nauage: 

1.  A  light  leap  or  bound  ;  a  spring. 

"  You  will  make  so  large  a  tkip  aa  to  cast  yourself 
from  the  laud  into  the  water.'—  Store:  Antidote 
ayairut  Atheism. 

2.  In  Dublin  University,  a  slang  term  for  a 
college  servant  or  waiter  ;  a  scout. 

II.  Music  :  A  movement  from  any  one  note 
to  another  which  is  at  a  greater  interval  than 
one  degree. 

*  skip  -  brain,    *  skipp-braine,    a. 

Flighty,  volatile. 


skip-jack,  s. 

I.  Ordinary  Language  ; 

1.  (See  extract). 

"  The  boyee,  striplings,  Sc.,  that  have  tne  riding  of 
the  jades  up  ami  Uuwin.-  are  caltad  tMp^aflfca, — Dekker: 
Lanthortie  Jb  Candle  Light,  ch.  X. 

2.  An  upstart. 

"  Now  the  devil,  said  she.  take  these  villains,  that 
can  never  leave  grinning,  because  1  am  not  so  fair  aa 
mistress  Mopsa;  tu  see  how  this  skipjack  looks  at 
me."—  Sidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  ili. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Entom, :  Any  insect  of  the  Elaterldse 
(q.v.).    Called  also  Click-beetle. 

"  The  British  species  are  numerous,  the  largest  not 
quite  half  aa  inch  km:.'.  Ski/i-j't'-b  is  another  popular 
name  for  them."— Chambers'  Cyclop.,  iii.  77. 

2.  Ichthy. :  The  same  a.s  BLUE-FISH,  2. 

"  Temnodon  sa!titort  sometimes  called  Skip-jack,  Is 
spread  over  nearly  all  the  tropical  and  Bub-tropical 
seas."— Ounther-  Study  of  Pishes,  p.  «7. 

*  skip-kennel,  s.    A  lackey,  a  footboy. 

"The  lowest  station  of  human  life,  which,  as  the 
old  ballad  aaya,  is  that  of  a  tkii>-kennel  turned  out  of 
place."— Swift :  JXrectiont  to  the  Footonan. 

Skip-tooth  saw,  s.  A  saw  in  which 
alternate  teeth  are  cut  out. 

Skip  (2),  s.    [A.S.  seep.]    [SKEP.] 

1.  Mining:  A  kind  of  bucket  employed  in 
narrow  or  inclined  shafts,  where  the  hoisting- 
device  has  to  be  confined  between  guides. 

"  There  will  be  nothing  to  prevent  the  proper  work- 
lug  of  the  skip  with  the  new  engine."— Money  Market 
Reoiev,  Nov.  7.  1885. 

2.  Sugar-making :  A  charge  of  syrup  in  the 
pans. 

3.  A  wicker  basket  mounted  on  wheels,  and 
employed  to  convey  cops,  &c.,  about  a  factory. 

skip-shaft,  s. 

Mining:  A  shaft  boxed  off  by  itself  tor  the 

skip  to  ascend  and  descend  in, 

skip-wheel,  s. 

Carding:  A  wheel  in  a  self-stripping  cardlng- 
machiue  to  govern  the  order  in  which  the 
top-flats  are  lifted  to  be  cleaned. 

skip  (3X  «•  LAn  abbrer.  of  skipper  (1),  (q-v.).] 
The  leader  of  the  players  on  each  side  in 
curling. 

Skip'-per  (1),  s.  [But  scUpper  =  &  mariner, 
a  shipper,  a  sailor,  from  schip  —  ship  (q.v.).] 

L  The  master  or  captain  of  a  small  trading 
or  merchant  vessel ;  a  sea-captain ;  the  master 
of  a  vessel  generally. 

"  And  the  skipper  had  taken  his  little  daughter, 
To  bear  him  company." 

Longfellow:  Wreck  of  the  Httperus. 

2.  The  same  as  SKIP  (3),  9.  (q.v.). 
skip'-per  (2),  a.    [Eng.  skip,  v. ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  skips. 

"  Two  classes  of  readers,  however,  may  get  not  a 
little  that  i«  interest  ing  out  of  this  book—the  i>a.chy. 
dennatons  plodder  ana  the  Judicious  skipper."— PaU 
Mall  Gazette,  Feb.  28  1864. 

2.  A  young,  thoughtless  person ;  a  youngling. 

3.  The  cheese  maggot. 

4.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  Saury 
Pike,  Scomberesox  saurus. 

II.  EnUm.  (PI):  The  family  Hesperidse 
(q.v.).  So  named  from  their  short,  jerky 
flight.  The  Grizzled  Skipper  is  Thymele  alve- 
oha;  the  Dingy  Skipper,  Tkanaos  tagespthe 
Chequered  Skipper,  Steropes  paniscus ;  the 
Small  Skipper,  Pamphila  linen ;  the  Lul worth 
Skipper,  P.  act&on;  the  Large  Skipper,  P. 
sylvanus  ;  the  Pearl  or  Silver-spotted  Skipper, 
P.  comma.  The  rarest  are  the  Lulworth  and 
the  PearL 

skip'-pet,  *.    [Dimin.  from  A.S.  sdp  =  a  ship.] 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  small  boat ;  a  skiff. 

"  Upon  the  bank  they  sitting  did  espy 
A  dainty  damsel,  dressing  of  her  hair, 
By  whom  a  little  floating  tkippet  did  appear." 
Spenser :  f.  Q.,  II.  xil.  14. 

II.  ArcTtceol. :  A  small  cylindrical  turned 
box,  with  a  lid  or  cover,  for  keeping  records. 

skip'-pmg,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [SKIP,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Given  to  skip ;  characterized 
"by  skips    or   bounds ;    hence,    fig.,    flighty, 
wanton,  thoughtless. 

skipping-rope,  s.  A  small  rope  used 
for  exercise  by  young  persons,  who  make 
short  leaps  while  it  is  swung  under  their 
feet  and  over  their  heads. 


skipping  teache,  s. 

.Sityar;  A  dipping-pan  used  in  a  sugar- 
boiling  house  for  lifiing  the  concentrated 
saccharine  solution  from  the  open  evaporating 
pan  and  conveying  it  to  the  cooler. 


'-ping-l^,  adv.      [Eng.    skipping;   -ft/.] 
In  a  skipping  manner;  with  skips  or  bounds  * 
with  omissions. 
skir,  v.i.    [SKIRR.] 

*  skirk,  v.i.    [SHRIEK.] 

Skirl,  v.i.  [Allied  to  shrill  (q.v.).]  To  shriek  ; 
to  cry  out  in  a  shrill  voice;  to  give  out  a 
shrill  sound.  (Scotch.) 

"  D'ye  think  yell  helu  tlu.m  wi'  OttrHng  that  gate?  " 
—  Scott:  Antiquary,  ch.  xxt 

Skirl,  5.  [SKIRL,  v.]  A  shrill  cry  or  sound. 
(Soonh.) 

"  Dune  naethtng  but  larjgh  Mid  greet,  the  tfrlrl  at 
the  tail  o'  the  gntta.*1—  'Scott  :  Antiyuurjf,  ch.  xnxv. 

skirl'-ing,  s.  [SKIRL,  v.]  A  shrill  cry;  a 
skirl.  (Scotch.) 

*  skirm,  v.i.    [O.  Fr.  eskermir  ;  Fr.  escrimer.] 
To  fence,  to  skirmish.    [SKIRUISH,  s.j 

skir  -mish,  *  scar'-mishe,  *  scar-moge. 
*  skrym-yssh,  *  skyr-myssh,  *.  [Fr. 
escarmouche,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  scinnan;  11.  H. 
Ger.  schirmen  =  to  defend,  to  fight,  from 
O.  H.  Ger.  scim,  sdiinu;  Ger.  schirm  =  a 
shield,  a  shelter,  a  defence.]  [SCARAMOUCH, 
SCRIMMAGE.] 

1.  A  slight    fight  In    war,  between   small 
parties,  and  less  than  a  battle  ;  a  loose,  desultory 
kind  of  engagement  in  presence  of  two  armies, 
between  smalt  detachments  sent  out  for  the 
purpose  either  of  drawing  on  a  battle  or  of 
concealing  by  their  fire  the  movements  of  the 
troops  in  the  rear. 

2.  A  contest. 

"  There  U  a  kind  of  merry  war  betwixt  slgntor 
Benedick  and  her:  they  never  meet  but  there's  a 
rtirmuA  of  wit.  '—Shakesp.  :  Much  Ado,  L  L 

sklr'-mlsh,  v.i.  [SKIRMISH,  s.]  To  engage  in 
skirmishes  ;  to  fight  slightly  or  in  small 
parties. 

"  Skirmishing  every  day  In  small  parties,  and  some- 
times surprising  a  brest-work."—  Dumpier:  I'oyagei 
(an.  1686J. 

skir'-mish-er,  i.  [Eng.  skirmish,  y.  ;  -er.] 
Une  who  skirmishes. 

skirr,  skir,  v.i.  &  t.    [SCOUR.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  pass  quickly,  to  scud,  to 
run. 

"  The  black-mazied  clouds,  like  Furies  on  the  wing 
Skir  paat"         BUuitee:  Lays  of  Highland*,  p.  11A 

B.  Trans.  :  To  pass  over  rapidly  ;  to  scour. 

"  Mount  ye,  spur  ye,  skirr  the  plain, 
That  the  fugitive  may  flee  in  vain." 

Byron:  Siege  of  Corinth,  xxii. 

Skir'-rct,  sker'-ret,  *.  [Dut.  tuikerwortd 
=  sugar-root.  (Prior.)] 

Bot.  :  Sium  Sisarum,  a  perennial  umbel- 
liferous plant,  a  native  of  China,  cultivated 
for  its  small  fleshy  tubers,  which  are  boiled 
and  served  with  butter  as  a  vegetable. 

"  The  tkirret,  and  the  leek's  aspiring  kind.* 

Coupir:  Virgil  {  'J'l*  Xalad. 

skir'-rhus,  s.    [SCIRRHUS.] 

skirt,  *  skyrt,  s.  [Icel.  skiirta  =  a  shirt  ; 
Sw.  skjorta  ;  Dan.  skiorU.  Skirt  and  shirt  are 
doublets.] 

1.  The  lower  and  loose  part  of  a  coat  or 
other  dress  below  the  waist. 

2.  The  edge  of  any  part  of  drew. 

3.  The  border,  edge,  margin,  or  extreme  part 
of  any  thing  or  place. 

4.  A  woman's  garment  like  a  petticoat. 

fl  Divided-skirt:  A  skirt  so  cut  and  fashioned 
as  to  resemble  very  wide  trousers. 

5.  The  diaphragm  or  midriff  in  animals, 

*]  To  sit  upon  one'*  ekirtt:  To  take  revenge 
upon  a  person. 

skirt-dance,  «.  A  dance  in  which  the 
rhythmical  motions  of  the  body  are  accom- 
panied by  corresponding  wavings  of  the  per- 
former's skirt. 

skirt-dancer,  *.    One  who  performs  a 

skirt-dance  (q.v.). 

skirt-dancing,  •.    The  performing  of 

a  skirt-dance  (q.v.). 


boil,  bo^;  pout,  jorfcrl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenopl.on,  eyist.    -ing. 
-clan,  -tiaa  =  shan.    -tlon,  -siou  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  —  ^^"n.    -clous,  -tioua,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  be],  deL 


4296 


skirt— skulpln 


Skirt,  ».(.  A  t.    [SKIRT,  s.] 
A*  7'ruHjitUl-e : 
1.  To  border ;  to  run  along  the  edge  of;  to 
form  or  constitute  the  border  of. 

11  The  miildle  pair  .  .  . 
"  Skirled  his  loins."  J/iUon  :  P.  1.,  V.  282. 

8.  To  pus  along  or  by  the  border  or  edge  of. 

••  Skirting  the  little  spinney  on  tbe  top  of  the  hill." 
—Field.  Dec.  19, 138J. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  be  on  the  border ;   to 
live  on  the  border  or  extreme. 

•kirt'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.    [SKIRT,  r.J 

A.  &  B,  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  Ord  Lang. :  Material  for  making  skirts. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Build. :   A  wash-board   or  plinth   laid 
•round  the  wall  of  a  room  next  to  the  floor. 
Called  also  Skirting-board. 

2.  Saddlery :  A  padded  lining  beneath  the 
flaps  of  a  saddle. 

skirting-board,  i.  [SKIRTING,  C.  II.  l.J 

•  •kirf -l&M,  a.    [Eng.  skirt,  a.  ;  -lea.]    With- 
out a  skirt ;  destitute  of  a  skirt. 

"  And  sure  great  Skefflngton  must  claim  oar  praise, 
For  Mkirtleti  coats  and  skeletons  of  plays." 

Byron  :  £nglith  llardt  A  .Scotch  fferittocri. 

•kit,  I.  [Cf.  I  eel.  skuti,  tkuta,  stealing  =  a  scoff, 
a  taunt ;  tkyti,  skytja,  skytta  =  an  archer,  a 
marksman;  Dan.  skytte;  Sw.  tkytt.]     [SKIT- 
TISH.) 
L  A  banter,  jeer. 

••  But  I  canna  think  It'l  Mr.  Oloaaan ;  thil  will  be 
aome  o  your  ikitt  now." — Scott :  Out/  Jtannering,  ch. 

v-wrlt 

2.  A  satirical  or  sarcastic  attack ;  a  lam- 
poon, a  burlesque. 

"  Of  theae  many  are  IkUt  at  the  expense  of  that  un- 
failing object  of  Tbackeray'i  love  of  banter."— Haiti/ 
Jinn.  Sept.  2s.  1985. 

*  3.  A  light,  wanton  wench. 

"  [Herod]  at  tne  request  of  a  dancing  aWr  stroke  off 
the  head  of  St.  John  the  Baptist."— ffovard  (Earl  of 
Jfortnampton) :  Def.  agt.  Superttitiout  Propkeciet. 

•kit,  r.t.  lii.     [SKIT,  I.] 

A.  Trant. :  To  cast  reflections  on.    (Prov.) 

B.  Intrans. :    To   skip    or    caper    about. 
(Scotch.) 

•kit   tish,  *  skyt-tyshe,  a.    [Eng.  skit,  v. ; 
-ish  :  cf.  Sw.  skuta  =  to  leap  ;  Sw.  dial,  skutta 
llcotta  =  to  leap.  Closely  allied  to  shoot  (q.v.).] 
1.  Shy ;  easily  frightened. 

••  How  many  tkitltth  girls  hare  thai  been  caught." 
lirt/den  :  Ovid  ;  Art  of  Love,  L 

*  2.  Wanton,  volatile,  hasty. 

"  Now  expectation,  tickling  skiltith  spirit*. 
8eU  all  on  hasard."      £aa*«n>.-  Troilut.    (Prol.) 

*  3.  Cliangeable,  fickle. 

"  Some  men  sleep  in  tkittuh  fortune's  hall." 

Skaketp. :  Trailut  *  CretUda,  111  «. 

*  4.  Deceitful,  deceptive,  untrustworthy. 

"  Withal  it  is  observed,  that  the  lands  in  Barksti  ire 
are  very  tkittUh.  and  often  cut  their  owners."— Puller  • 
Worthia:  Barkthire. 

•klf-tish^y,  mh..  [Eng.  skittish  ; -ly.]  In  a 
skittish  manner ;  shyly,  wantonly,  change- 
ably. 

"The  beasts  were  Terr  plump,  and  ikittMly  played 
ai  they  passed  by."— Situation  o/  Paradite  (l$8Sj;  p.  M. 

•kit  tish-ness,  s.  [Eng.  skittish ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  skittish  ;  shyness, 
wantonness,  fickleness. 

•  skit -tie,  s.    [SKITTLES.] 

•kittle-alley,  *.  An  alley  or  court  in 
which  the  game  of  skittles  is  played. 

Skittle-ball,  s.  A  disc  of  hard  wood 
used  in  the  game  of  skittles. 

skittle-dog,  s.    [PICKED  DOG-FISH.] 

•klttle-gronnd,<.  The  same  as  SKITTLE- 
ALLEY  (q.v.X 

•kittle-pot,  -. 

ItetaU. :  A  tall  crucible,  swelled  towards 
the  middle,  used  for  reducing  jeweller's  sweep- 
ings. 

•kit-ties,  i.  pi  [Dan.  ikyttel ;  Sw. dial,  skyttel, 
tkottel  =  a  shuttle  ;  I  eel.  skvtile,  from  root  of 
ik]6la  =  ta  shoot  (q.v.).]  A  game  in  which 
nine  wooden  pins  are  set  up  on  a  frame  at  the 
end  of  a  short  court  or  alley,  the  object  of 
the  players  being  to  knock  over  all  the  pins 
in  as  few  throws  as  possible  with  the  skittle- 
ball  (q.v.). 


Skive,  a.  [The  same  as  SHIVE  (q  v.).]  The 
revolving  cable  or  hip  charged  with  diamond- 
powder,  on  which  diamonds  are  polished  and 
other  gems  are  ground. 

flkive,  v.t.    To  shave,  pare  or  grind  off. 

ski'-ver  (1),  «.    [SKIVE.] 

1.  A  paring  tool  for  leather ;  a  knife  used  in 
splitting  sheep-skins. 

2.  A  leather  prepared  from  sheepskin  with 
sumac]),    like    imitation    morocco,  only  the 
skins  are  split  by  machinery.     The  skins  are 
spread  out  in  the  ooze,  and  not  sewn  into 
bags,  as  iu  the  morocco  process. 

*  skiv-er  (2),  s.    [SKEWER.] 

ski -vie,  a.  [SKEW.]  Out  of  the  proper  direc- 
tion ;  deranged,  askew.  (Scotch.) 

"  •  It  have  it,'  said  Peter,  'that  is.  not  clean  s*irt«, 
bat ,"— 3ao(C  :  fiedyuuntlet.  ch.  viii. 

Sklent,  f.t.  [SLANT.]  To  run  or  hit  in  an 
oblique  direction  ;  to  slant :  hence,  to  depart 
from  the  truth. 

"  Do  ye  envy  the  city  gent, 
Behiiit  a  kist  to  lie  and  tUeM." 

Burnt :  Spittle  to  1.  LapraUL 

'  Bklere,  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  Oer.  tchleier 
=  a  veil.)  To  cover,  to  shield,  to  protect. 

skog  boe  lite,  ».  [After  Skogboele,  Fin- 
land, where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Min. :  The  same  as  TANTALITE  (q.v.)* 
sko  -16  zite,  s.    [SCOLECITE.] 

*  skonoe,  s.    [SCONCE.] 

*  Skor'-cle,  v.t.      [A   frequent  from  tcorch 
(q.v.),]    To  scorch. 

skor  6-dite,  <.    [SCORODITE.] 

Bkouth,  s.  [Cf.  I  eel.  skodha  =  to  look  about, 
to  view.]  Freedom  to  converse  without  re- 
straint ;  range,  scope.  (Scotch.) 

"  They  talk  o'  mercy,  grace,  and  truth. 
For  what?— togie  their  malice  tkouth." 

Hurra :  To  the  Rem.  Jolrn  Mcllatlt. 

skrfw,  «.    [Scow.] 

*  skreen,  ».  &  v.    [SCREEN.] 

skreigh  (gh  guttural),  s.  it  t.  [SCREECH.] 
(Scotch..) 

"skrim  magc(ageasig),  «.    [SCRIMMAGE.] 
skrlmp,  v.    [SCRIMP.] 
skrirhp'-y,  a.     [SCRIMPY.] 
skringe,  v.t.    [SCRINGE.] 
'skrlppe,  >.    [SCRIP.] 

•krot'-ta,  skrot'-tle,  scrot'-tyle,  «. 

[See  def.] 

Dyeing  it  Bat. :  The  Shetland  name  for  a 
dye  prepared  from  Parmelia  taxatilis,  or  from 
the  variety  omphalodes. 

sku'-a,  s.    (See  extract.) 

Ornith, :  The  popular  name  of  «ny  species 
of  the  genus  Stercorarins  (q.v.).  They  are 
predatory  swimming  birds,  rarely  fishing  for 
themselves,  and  generally  pursuing  smaller 
gulls  and  terns,  and  compelling  them  to  drop 
or  disgorge  their  prey.  Four  species  may  be 
named  ;  Skua  catarrhactfs  (f  Lestris  cataractes), 
the  Great  Skua,  which  breeds  in  the  Shetland 


Islands;  It  is  about  twenty-four  Inches  long, 
and  of  sombre  plumage  ;  S.  pomatorhinus,  the 
Pomatorhine  Skua,  twenty-one  inches,  dark, 
mottled  above,  under  surface  brown  (nearly 
white  in  old  birds) ;  S.  crepidatus,  the  Arctic, 
or  Richardson's  Skua,  about  twenty  inches 
long,  occurring  under  two  different  plumages, 
one  entirely  sooty,  the  other  with  white 
under  parts,  and  S.  parasiticus,  the  Long- 


tailed,  or  Buffon's  Skua,  about  fourteen  inches 
long,  upper  part  of  head  black,  upper  surface 
brownish-gray,  under  surface  white. 

"  The  name  of  SJcua  Is  said  to  be  derived  from  the 
cry  of  the  bird,  which  somewliat  resembles  tbe  word 
'skui.'"—  Wood:  JUut.  Hat.  Hat.,  it  762, 

skua-gull,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  Great  Skua.     JSKUA.J 

*  Skud,  v.i.    [Sci-D,  P  I 
skue,  a.  &  ado.    [SKEW.] 
skug,  scoug,  t.    [Scuo.] 
skul-dud'-der-y,  s.  &  a.    [SCTLDUDDERT.] 

skulk,  'soolk,  -scuLk,r.t. ii (.  [Dau.sfcutiz; 
Sw.  skolku;  Icel.  skolla.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  hide  one's  self ;  to  lurk  ;  to 
withdraw  into  a  corner  or  close  place  for  con- 
cealment ;  to  lie  close  or  hide  one  s  self  through 
shame,  fear,  or  the  like  ;  to  sneak  away. 

"  Who  were  forced  to  skulk  In  disguise  through 
hack  streets."— Jfacaulay  :  JJiat.  Eng.,  ch.  V. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  produce  or  bring  forward 
clandestinely  or  improperly. 

skulk'-er,    *  skulk,   s.    [SKDLK,   t>.]    One 
who  skulks  to  avoid  duty  or  work  ;  a  shirker. 
"  Did  we  conjure  thee  not  to  let  that  tkulker, 
That  fox  Octavio,  pass  the  gates  of  i'elsen  t" 

Coleridge:  DeaOtaf  Wallenittia,  i.1. 

skulk -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SKULK,  ».] 

8kulk'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  skulking ;  -ly.]  la 
a  skulking  manner. 

skull  (l),  "  soolle,  *  soul,  *  scull,  *  senile, 
'  schulle,  s.  [Named  from  its  bowl-like 
shape  ;  Icel.  skal  =  a  bowl ;  Sw.  skal ;  Dan. 
skoal.  Allied  to  scale  (of  a  balance),  shell, 
scull,  &c.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  Bnt  all  the  ground  with  tcult  was  scattered. 
And  dead  men  *  boueo."       Spenter:  F.  Q.,  II.  TiLIO, 

*2.  The  brain,  as  the  seat  of  intelligence. 
(Cowper.) 
•3.  A  skull-cap. 

"  No  succour  It  was  to  many  that  had  their  tkuUt 
OH."— Patten  :  Sxped.  to  Scotland  (1548.) 

II.  Anal. :  The  bones  of  the  head   united 
by  sutures  into  a  spheroidal  figure  compressed 
on  the  sides,  broader  behind  than  before,  and 
supported  on  the  vertebral  column.     It  is 
divided  into  the  cranium  (q.v.)  and  the  face, 
composed  of  fourteen  bonts,  twelve  being  in 
pairs,  viz.  :  the  superior  maxillary,  the  malar, 
the  nasal,  the  palate,  the  lachrymal,  and  the 
inferior  turbinated  bones ;  the  voiner  and  the 
inferior  maxilla  are  single.  The  byoid  bone,  one 
of  the  bones  of  the  head,  is  suspended  from 
the  under  surface  of  the  cranium.    Goethe,  in 
1791,  adopted  the  view  that  the  skull  was 
formed  by   four    modified    vertebrae.     Oken 
independently  published  the  same  view  in 
1807.      In  the  hands  of  subsequent   anato- 
mists, the  hypothesis  has  undergone  some 
change,  and  has  by  some  been  abandoned 
altogether.    (Quain.)  The  skull  varies  in  form 
according  to  age,  sex,  race,  &c.    [BRACHY- 
CEPHALIC,     DOLICHOCEPHALIC,      ORTHOGNA- 
THOUS,    PROGNATHOUS.]     Broadly   speaking, 
the  capacity  of  the  skull  measures  the  in- 
tellect   [CRANIOMETER.] 

skull-cap,  5. 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  iron  defence  for  the  head  sewed  to 
side  the  cap. 

2.  A  cap,  usually  of  black  silk  or  velvet, 
fitting  closely  to  the  head.    Often  worn  by 
elderly  men  at  church.     [ZUCHETTO.] 

"  You  wore  an  open  tkull-cap.  with  a  twist 
Of  water-reeds."  A.  Browning  :  Luria,  11 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bet. :   The  common  book-name  for  ttie 
genus  Scutellaria,     Named  from  the  shape  ol 
its  flower.    (Prior.) 

2.  deal. :  The  Lower  Purbeck  beds.    Called 
also  the  Cap.    (Etheridge.) 

skull  fish,  t.      A  whaler's  name  for  an 
old  whale,  or  one  more  than  two  years  old. 

sknl'-less,  a.    [Eng.  skuUJ) ;  -less.]   Destitute 
of  a  skull  or  cranium ;  having  no  skull. 

skul'-pin, ».    [ScuLPiu.J 

Ichthyology : 

1.  [SCULPIN]. 

2.  The  Dragonet  (q.T.% 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  mre,  BIT,  marine;  go,  p8t, 
*r.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full:  try,  Syrian,    at,  ce  =  e.-  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


I 


skunk— slab 


4297 


skunk,  «.    [From  seganku,  the  North  Amer. 
aanie.] 

Zool.  :  The  popular  name  of  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Mephitis  (q.v.),  especially  M. 
tnephitica,  the  Common  Skunk,  which  occurs 
throughout  the  temperate  portion  of  North 
America.  It  is  about  two  feet  long,  of  which 
the  tail  occupies  nearly  a  half,  stoutly  built, 
with  short  legs,  a  long,  conical  head  and 
truncated  snout,  and  bushy  tail.  The  fur  is 
black,  or  very  dark  brown,  with  a  white 
streak  on  the  forehead,  and  a  white  patch  on 
the  neck,  from  which  two  broad  bands  of  the 
tame  colour  proceed  backwards  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  body.  In  general 
appearance  the  Skunk  resembles 
the  Badger,  and,  like  it,  burrows 
in  the  earth,  and  feeds  on  mice, 


fruits,  Insects,  &c.  Its  means  of  defence 
consist  in  its  power  of  ejecting  a  fetid,  acrid 
secretion  from  the  anal  glands,  and  its  bite 
produces  symptoms  not  distinguishable  from 
hydrophobia.  Clothes  defiled  with  the  secre- 
tion are  rendered  useless  on  account  of  its 
unbearable  odour,  and  it  is  said  that  persons 
have  been  rendered  blind  by  having  it  squirted 
into  their  eyes  by  the  animal.  A  method  of 
purifying  Skunk-skins  has  been  discovered, 
and  large  numbers  are  used  by  furriers.  In  Eng- 
land they  are  sold  under  their  proper  names, 
but  in  America  they  are  called  Alaska  Sable. 

skunk-bird,  skunk-blackbird,  «. 

Ornith :  Dolichonyx  oryzivorus.  [BOBOLINK.] 
"  The  song  of  the  male  generally  ceases  about  the 
first  week  iu  July,  and  about  the  same  time  his 
variegated  dress,  which,  from  a  resemblance  In  its 
colours  to  that  of  the  quadruped,  obtained  for  It  the 
name  of  Skunk-bird  among  the  Cree  Indians,  is  ex- 
changed for  the  sombre  hues  of  the  plumage  of  the 
lemale."— Sng.  Cyclop.  [Sat,  Mitt.],  L  Ktt. 

skunk-cabbage, ».    [SKONKWEED.] 

Skunk'-ish,  a.  [Eng.  skunk ;  -ish.]  Resem- 
bling a  skunk  ;  having  an  offensive  odour  like 
a  skunk.  (Amer.) 

skunk' -weed,  scuhk'-weed,   s.     [Eng. 

tkunk,  and  weed.  ] 

Bat.  :  Pathos  ftztida  (Symplocarpus  fcetidus). 
Called  also  Skunk-cabbage. 

•skur'-ry,  v.,  ».,  &  a.    [SCURRY.] 

skute,  s.  [Dut.  schuyt ;  Icel.  sktita ;  Dan. 
skiuU-.]  A  boat ;  a  scout. 

"They  carried  witb  them  all  the  tkutet  and  boats 
that  might  be  found."—  WUliamt :  Actions  of  the 
Lowe  Countries,  p.  114, 

skut'-ter-ud-ite,  >.  [After  Skutterud,  Nor. 
way,  where  found  ;  sun*.  -Ue  (iftn.).] 

Min. :  An  isometric  mineral,  occurring  in 
individual  crystals  in  a  hornblende  band  in 
gneiss,  frequently  associated  with  cobaltite. 
Hardness,  6-0 ;  sp.  gr.  674  to  6-84 ;  lustre, 
metallic ;  colour,  tin-white.  Compos. :  arsenic, 
79"2;  cobalt,  20-8  =  100,  corresponding  with 
the  formula,  CoAss. 

•ky,  *  sk-ie,  *  skye,  t.    [IceL  sky  =  &  cloud ; 
Dan.  &  Sw.  sky;   cf.   A.S.  scua,  scuwa  =  & 
shade  ;  IceL  skuggi  =  shade,  shadow.] 
•LA  cloud. 

"  It  [the  wind]  ne  left  not  a  •Ma- 
la all  the  welken  long  and  brode." 

Chaucer:  House  of  Fame,  111. 

•2.  A  shadow. 

"With  these  words  all  sodenly 
8hs  paaseth  as  it  were  a  skie."       fftneer:  O.A.,  iv. 

3.  The  apparent  arch  or  vault  of  heaven ; 
the  firmament. 

4,  That  portion  of  the  ethereal  region  In 
which  meteorological  phenomena  take  place ; 
the  region  of  clouds. 

*  5.  The  weather,  the  climate. 

"Thou  wert  better  In  thy  grave,  than  to  answer 
with  thy  uncovered  body  this  extremity  of  the  skies." 
— Shaketp.,  Lear,  111.  4. 

•6.  Heaven. 

"  The  fated  sky  gives  us  free  scope.' 

Shaketp. :  AIT  I  Wen,  i, 

IT  Open  sky :  Open  air ;  sky  with  no  cover 
or  shelter  intervening. 


sky-blue,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  the  blue  colour  of  a  clear 
sky ;  azure. 

"  Upon  the  board  he  lays  the  sky.blue  stone 
With  iu  rich  spoil." 

IVordtuorth  .•  Sxcurtion,  bk.  vUL 

T  The  azure  colour  of  the  sky  is  produced 
by  the  reflection  of  the  blue  rays,  whilst  the 
others  are  absorbed.  It  becomes  deeper  as 
one  ascends  to  great  elevations.  It  is  to  the 
vapoury  and  the  earthy  particles  in  the  atmo- 
sphere that  the  reflection  is  due  ;  but  for 
these  there  would  be  total  darkness  till  the 
instant  of  sunrise,  and  it  would  return  the 
moment  of  sunset. 

B.  As  mbst. :    Milk  and  water,  from  its 
colour.    (Applied  also  to  milk  diluted  with 
water,  but  sold  as  pure.) 

"That  mild  tkyjilue 
That  washed  my  sweet  meals  down." 

Hood. :  Ketrotpective  lievtev. 

*  sky-born,  a.    Born  or  produced  in  the 
sky ;  heavu-born. 

sky-bred,  *  skie-bred,  a.   Sky-born. 

••  The  skie-bred  eagle,  rolall  bird, 
Percht  there  upon  an  oke  above. 

Spenser:  FrituA's  Passion. 

sky-colour,  8.  The  colour  of  the  sky ; 
azure. 

"A  solution  as  clear  as  water,  with  only  *  light 
touch  of  sky-colour,  but  nothing  near  so  high  as  the 
ceruleuus  tincture  of  silver. '—Beale. 

sky-coloured,  a.  Of  the  colour  of  the 
sky ;  sky-blue. 

"This  your  Ovid  himself  has  hinted,  when  he  tells 
us  that  the  blue  water-nymphs  are  dressed  in  iky. 
coloured  garments."— Additon. 

sky-drain,  s.  An  open  drain,  or  a  drain 
filled  with  loose  stones  not  covered  with 
earth,  round  the  walls  of  a  building,  to  pre- 
vent dampness. 

*  sky-dyed,  o.    Coloured  like  the  sky. 

"There  figs,  tky-dyed.  a  purple  hue  disclose." 

fope :  Homer  r  Odyssey,  xi,  TC7. 

sky-high,  a.  or  adv.    High  as  the  eky ; 

veryhigh. 

sky-lark,  ». 

Ornith. :  Alauda  arvensis,  one  of  the  most 
popular  European  cage-birds  from  the  variety 
and  power,  rather  than  the  quality  of  its 
song,  and  the  ease  with  which  its  health  is 
preserved  in  captivity.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of 
the  British  Islands  and  of  all  the  countries  of 
the  Continent,  many  migrating  southward  in 
winter.  The  adult  male  is  about  seven  inches 
long ;  feathers  on  top  of  head  dark  brown 
witn  paler  edges,  forming  a  crest,  upper  parts 
brown,  each  feather  with  a  spot  of  darker 
hue  ;  throat  and  upper  part  of  breast  grayish- 
brown,  spotted  with  dark  brown,  abdomen 
yellowish-white,  deepening  into  pale  brown  on 
the  flanks ;  tail-feathers  various  shades  of 
brown.  The  female  is  a  little  smaller  than 
the  male  and  somewhat  narrower  across  the 
shoulders. 

"  He  next  proceeded  to  the  skylark,  mounting  np  by 
A  proper  scale  of  notes,  and  afterwards  falling  to  the 
ground  witb  a  very  easy  descent" — Spectator. 

sky-larking,  s.  The  act  of  running  or 
gambolling  about  in  the  rigging  of  a  vessel  in 
sport ;  hence,  frolicking ;  tricks  or  games  of 
any  kind. 

Sky-light,  f.  A  glazed  frame  covering 
an  opening  in  a  roof  or  ship's  deck. 

"  A  plane  skylight  is  about  even  with,  and  has  the 
slope  of  the  roof ;  a  raised  skylight  Is  set  upon  an 
elevated  curb  ;  a  double  skylight  has  an  outer  window 
for  protection,  and  an  inner  one.  of  stained  glass,  for 
ornament."— Knight :  Pract.  Diet.  Mechanics. 

'  sky-planted,  a.  Placed  or  planted  in 
the  sky. 

"The  thunderer,  whose  bolt  yon  know, 
Sky-planted,  batters  all  rebelling  coasts." 

Bhakesp.  :  Cymbeline,  V.  4. 

*  Sky-pointing,  a.  Pointing  towards  the 
sky. 

*  Sky-robes,  s.  pi.    Heavenly  dress ;  the 
garb  of  a  spirit  or  angel. 

"  First  I  rnnst  put  off 
These  my  sky  robes,  spun  out  of  Iris's  woof." 

Milton  :  Comus,  83. 

sky-rocket,  ». 

Pyrotechny:  A  firework,  composed  of  a  mix- 
ture of  nitre,  sulphur,  and  charcoal,  tightly 
rammed  in  a  stout  paper  case,  which  ascends 
when  the  compound  is  ignited  at  the  lower 
end.  A  stick  is  attached  to  one  side  of  the 
ease  to  steady  the  flight. 

"The  diverging  fire  of  *  sky-rocket.''— Bertchel: 
Astronomy  (18581.  i  556. 


*  sky-roofed,  a.    Having  the  sky  for  a 
root 

sky  -sail,  i. 

Naut. :  A  square  sail  set  above  the  royal. 

"  When  you  speak  of  sky-sail  poles  you  are  talking  of 
••length  of  mastcontitiued  above  the  royal  mast,  upon 
which  a  skysait-y*r<i  may  be  crossed.  When  you  speak 
of  stump  topgallant  masts  you  refer  to  a  mast  that  Is 
neither  royal  mast  nor  tkysail  mast,  and  upon  which 
only  a  topgallant  sail  can  be  set.  thus  losing  the  two 
sails  which  the  existence  of  the  skysail  pole  admits  of." 
—Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  26,  1886. 

sky-scraper,  ». 

Kaut. :  A  triangular  sky-sail 

*  sky -tinctured,  a.    Tinctured  or 
coloured  like  the  sky  ;  azure. 

••  The  third  his  feet 

Shadow'd  from  either  heel  with  feather'd  mall, 
SkyJinctured  grain."  Jlilton  :  P.  L.,  v.  385. 

.Oty(l),v.t.   [SKY.S.] 

1.  To  raise  or  throw  aloft  or  towards  th« 
sky  ;  to  raise  in  the  air. 

" In  the  following  oversUed  a  ball  from  Garret*; 

the  catch  being  misjudged."— Field,  Sept  4, 1886. 

2.  To  place  or  baug  up  high  :  as,  To  iky  a 
picture. 

Sky  (2),  10.  &  t    [Sev.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  shy. 

B.  Trans. :  To  throw,  to  toss,  to  shy. 

Skye,.-.    [Seedef.] 

Geog. :  The  second  largest  of  the  Scotch 
islands,  one  of  the  Inner  Hebrides,  forming 
part  of  the  county  of  Inverness,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  channel,  about  half*  mile 
wide  in  the  narrowest  part 

Skye  terrier,  s. 

Zool.,  ate. :  A  small  variety  of  the  Scotch 
terrier,  with  very  long  boJy,  very  short  legs, 
long  neck,  and  ears  standing  out  slightly  from 
the  head.  The  coat  should  be  long,  wiry,  and 
straight,  and  the  colour  either  slate  or  fawn. 

*  skyed,  o.    [Eng.  sky;  -«d.]    Enveloped  by 
the  sky  or  the  clouds. 

'  The  pale  deluge  floats 
O'er  the  sky'd  mountain  to  the  shadowy  vale. " 

Thornton:  Summer. 

*  •ky'-By,  a.    [Eng.  sky ;  -ey.]    Like  the  sky; 
ethereal ;  pertaining  to  the  sky. 

"  A  breath  thou  art. 
Servile  to  all  the  skyey  influences. 

Shaketp.  :  Measure  for  Measure,  111.  1. 

*  sky'-lsh,  a.  [Eng.  sky;  -ish.]   Like  the  sky ; 

approaching  the  sky. 

"  To  o'ertop  old  Fellon,  or  the  ikyith  head 
Of  blue  Olympus. '  Shaketp.  :  Hamlet,  V.  1. 

skyr'-sn  (yr  as  ir),  a.  [Icel.  skirr  =  clear, 
bright]  Shining,  showy,  flaunting,  gaudy. 
(Scotch.) 

"  Bnt  had  you  seen  the  philabegs. 
And  tkyrin  tartan  trews,  man. 

Bums :  Battle  of  Sheriff- Hair. 

Skyte,  *.    [A.  S.  scytan  =  to  shoot.)    (Scotch.) 

1.  A  contemptible  fellow. 

"  Right,  Mr.  Osbaldistone— right  But  I  maun  speak 
to  this  gabbling  skyte  too."— Scott :  Rob  Roy,  ch.  xxvli. 

2.  Force. 

"  When  hailstanes  drive  wl1  bitter  tkyte." 

Burnt :  Jolly  Beggars. 

3.  The  act  of  squirting  or  shooting ;  a  squirt 
of  fluid. 

i.  A  squirt,  a  syringe. 

Skytes,  s.     [Prom  Scotch  tkyters  =  shooters 

for  which  the  hollow  stems  are  used.)  [SKYTE.] 

Bat. :  (1)  Angelica  sylvestris ;  (2)  Heracleum 

Sphondylium.    (Scotch.)    (Britten  &  Holland.) 

Sky"- ward,  a.  or  ads.  [Eng.  sky;  -ward.) 
Toward  the  sky. 

•lab,  a.  &  s.  [Irish  slab,  slalb ;  Gael,  slalb  = 
mire,  mud  ;  slaibeach  =  miry ;  Icel.  slepja  = 
slime.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Thick,  viscous,  slimy. 

"  Make  the  gruel  thick  and  slab." 

Shakesp.  :  Macbeth,  IT.  L 

B,  As  ffiibst. :  Moist  earth,  slime,  puddle. 

"  They  must  be  diligently  cleansed  from  moss,  ilab, 
and  uaae." — Evelyn. 

Slab,  ».  [Prop.  =  a  smooth  piece;  cf.  IceL 
sleipr  =  slippery  ;  sleppa  =  to  slip  ;  Norw. 
skip  =  slippery,  smooth ;  sleip  =  a  smooth 
piece  of  timber  for  dragging  anything  over ; 
Sw.  sl&pa  =  a  sledge  ;  O.  Dut.  slippen  =  to 
slip,  to  tear  or  cut  in  pieces.] 
1.  A  thin,  flat,  regularly-shaped  piece  of 


boil,  b6y ;  pout,  Jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  cjiln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   pn  =  C 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon,    siou  =  sbun;  -float  -f Ion  =  «**",    -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =•=  bel,  dels 


4398 


slabber— slake 


anything.  (Used  spec,  of  fissile  sandstones, 
large  thin  pieces  of  which  can  be  detached 
without  their  breaking.) 

t.  Tim  outside  piece  sawn  from  a  log  li. 
iqnanng  the  side ;  a  slab-board. 

Blab-board,  s.    A  board  cot  off  the 

rounding  portion  of  a  lug. 

alab-grlnaer,  .«. 

Sam-mill.  :  A  machine  used  for  grlndlns  np 
the  refuse  slabs  in  a  water-driven  saw-mill,  in 
order  to  allow  them  to  pass  off  with  the  at 
dust. 

slab  sided,  o.    Long,  thin,  angular. 

Blab-line,  «.  A  mi«  fastened  to  the  foot 
of  a  s;iil,  ami  used  to  truss  it  up,  after  hauling 
opou  the  leech  aud  bunt  lines. 

Slab-ber,  'slab  or.  slob -her,  'Blub'- 
ber.  'M.  &  I.  [o.  Out.  tUiblen,  twfaWfii 
to  slalii  er;  slabbenn  =  to  sup  up  hot  broth  ; 
Ger.  schlabbcrn,  schlabben  =  to  slablier,  to  lap  ; 
KhloMerig  =  slobbery.  Prob.  allied  to  slab,  a. 
(q.v.).] 

A.  In! runs. :  To  let  the  saliva  or  spittle  full 
from  the  mouth ;  to  drivel. 

"  Bins  each  little  «oWn-iti>  month." 

Ilium:  Ike  Dton  t  UtSjuirf. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  smear  or  dirty  with  spittle  or  liquids 
allowed  to  pass  from  the  mouth. 

•  Slobbtr,  his  baud  with  SMk.possef-rfcVf  ** 

«/  Cook*?,  let  TL 

2.  To  sup  np  hastily,  as  liquid  food. 

3.  To  cover,  as  with  a  liquid  spilled. 
"The  milk-pail  and  creatu-pot  toilabbtr'd and  tost. 

That  butter  la  wanting,  and  cheese  is  half  lost" 

Tuntr:  Butbandrg  ;  April, 

slab  her  (1),  s.  [SLABBER,  t).]  Slimy  moisture 
from  the  mouth  ;  saliva. 

Slab-ber  (2),  >.    [Eng.  slab,  g. ;  -tr.} 

1.  Metal-working:  A  quick-motion  machine 
for  dressing  the  sides  of  nuts  or  bead*  of 
bolts. 

2.  Wood-working :  A  saw  for  removing  a 
portion  from  the  outside  of  ft  log  so  as  to 
square  it. 

Blab  -ber  or, ».    fEng.  tUbber,  T.  ;  -tr.]   One 

who  slabbers ;  a  driveller. 

Blab'  bcr  i-ness,  ».  [En».  tlabbery;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  slabbery. 

slab  -ber-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SLABBER,  r.] 

slab'  ber  ihg-ly,  •  slnb'-ber-Ing-l?,  adv. 
[Eng.  slabbering ;  -It/.}  In  a  slabbering  man- 
ner. 

"  Not  Bach  as  basely  sooth  the  humour  of  the  time 
And  ilubt^rinflr  patch  u|j  Mine  alight  and  shallow 
rhyme.  -  OraiU*  !  Po/t-OUtion,  a.  SL 

t  slab'  -bor-y,  o.    [SLOBBEET.] 

•  slab'-bi-ness,  t.    fEng.  slobby;  -nor)  The 

Siiality  or  state  of  being  alabby ;  muddiness 
ime,  filth. 

ji'lTheJwV  Jf  •"?•  b"°  vely  """tsonit,  through 
dirt  aud  Afoooinstl.  —Bunion:    Pilgrim  t   froyrtu, 

Blab'-by,  a.    [Eng.  slab,  a. ;  -y.] 

1.  Thick,  viscous. 

"  In  the  cure  of  an  uloer,  with  a  moist  tntemperles 
Onbby  and  greasy  medicaments  are  to  be  forborne. and 
drying  to  bs  used. "— irjjrrauti  .•  Surfer,. 

2.  Slimy,  muddy,  filthy. 

"  y*Si  *t&w>  *°r*  »>>«  stunted  besom  ply. 
To  rid  tbs  sloosy  pavements,  pass  iiot  by.* 

Oaf:  Trl*a,n.n. 

Slack,  "slacke.  *8lake,o.,odr.,*«.    (A.8. 

time  ;  cogn.  with  IceL  slakr  =  slack  ;  slakna 
=  to  slacken,  to  become  slack  ;  Sw.  &  Dan. 
•tot;  Prov.  Ger.  schlock;  M.  H.  Ger.  slack; 
O.  H.  Qer.  »fa*.J 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Not  drawn  tight  j  not  tense ;  not  firmly 
extended ;  loose. 

"  He  gives*  particular  caution,  in  this  case,  to  make 
•  toe*  compression,  for  few  of  editing  a  wnvulsion.- 
— Arbuthnot. 

*  2.  Weak,  relaxed ;  not  holding  fast  or  tight. 

H  Prom  his  tfflc*  baud  the  garland  wreath'd  for  Evs 
Down  dropp'd."  MUtim  ;  P.  /,.,  ix.  S«. 

S.  Not  using  due  diligence ;  remiss,  back- 
ward ;  not  zealous,  eager,  or  fervent. 
"  I  will  not  be  Hack  to  play  my  part." 

Omltttf.  :  «  tttirr,  Tl.,  I  ». 

•4.  Not  violent;  not  moving  rapidly ;  slow. 

"  With  stafe  pass."       C\avoer:  C.  T..  ttoi. 


pounds. 
Mortimer: 


5.  Not  busy ;    not   fully  occupied ;   dull ; 
not  brisk  :  as,  Business  is  slack,  a  slack  time. 

B.  .is   adv.:    In  a  slack    manner;    in- 
sufficiently. 

"  A  handful  of  Hack  dried  bops  spoils  many 
by  taking  away  tiieir  pleasaut  suieli."— M<* 
•MBatsstrV 

C.  As  substantive: 

1.  The  part  of  a  rope  which  hangs  loosely, 
not  being  drawn  tight. 

2.  A  dulness  or  remission,  as  in  trade  or 
work  ;  a  slack  period  ;  slackness. 

3.  Small  coal  screened  at  the  mines  from 
household  or  furnace  fire-coal  of  good  quality. 

If  Slack  in  stays  : 

Kaut. :  Slow  in  going  about,  as  a  ship. 

slack-baked,  a.     Imperfectly  baked ; 
hence,  crude. 


"  Who  stigmatise  as  hopelessly  dull    tbe  slmpls 
plots,  homely  dialogue,  and  tluck-t    '    '  ' 
—Dally  TeleyrafA,  Dec.  26. 1865. 


•urt^uted  jocularities." 


slack-course,  s. 

Knitting-machine:  A  range  of  loops  or 
stitches  more  open  than  those  which  precede 
them. 

slack-jaw.  *.  Impertinent  language; 
Impudence.  (Slang.) 

slack-lime,  s.    Slaked -lime  (q.v.). 

slack- water,  «.  The  time  when  the  tide 
runs  slowly,  or  the  water  is  at  rest;  or  the 
interval  between  the  flux  aud  the  reflux  of  the 
tide. 

Black,  ».  [Icel.  slakki  =  a  slope  on  a  moun- 
uiin.j  An  opening  between  hills;  a  hollow 
where  no  water  runs.  (Prov.) 

"  I  see  some  folk  coming  through  the  rfac*  yonder." 
—Scott:  Guy  Mannerinff,  en.  xxiu. 

slack,  slack'-en,  '  sick  ncn,  v.i.  &  t. 
[SLACK,  a.) 

A.  Intransitive: 

L.  To  become  slack  ;  to  become  less  tense, 
firm,  or  rigid  ;  to  decrease  in  tension. 

2.  To  be  or  become  remiss  or  backward ;  to 
neglect. 

*•  Meantime  Luke  began 
To  iladten  In  his  duty."        H'ortituorrJt :  Jfictuiti 

3.  To  abate;  to  become  less  violent  or 
fierce. 

**  Whence  these  rafftnff  fires 
WU1  Otcltat,  U  bit  breath  itir  not  their  flames.- 
mitan:  P.  JL.U.9U. 

4.  To  lose  force  or  rapidity;   to  become 
more  slow :  as,  His  speed  slackened, 

•5.  To  languish,  to  fail,  to  flag. 

"  Their  negociaUons  all  must  ttadc.' 

Sliaktifj.  :  TroUut  4  Cratida,  lit  a, 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  diminish  the  tension  of;  to  make  less 
tense,  firm,  or  rigid ;  to  relax,  to  loosen. 

-  Which  Uks  the  strings  of  a  lute,  by  being  sfootoud 
now  and  then,  will  sound  the  sweeter  when  they  are 
wound  up  again."— Scott :  Ctirittian  Hfe,  pL  L.  ch.  iv. 

*  2.  To  relax,  to  remit,  to  be  remiss  in,  to 
neglect. 

"They  ifac*  their  duties."    BuOtttp.  :  Ortrflo.  IT.  S. 

"3.  To  abate,  to  mitigate;  to  make  less 
fierce,  severe,  or  intense ;  to  ease,  to  lessen, 
to  relieve. 

"  To  respite,  or  deceive,  or  tfnck  the  pain." 

Jtiltm  :  ET,  1L  461 

4.  To  abate,  to  lower:  as,  To  •locket,  the 
heat  of  a  fire. 

5.  To   cause  to  become  more  slow;    to 
diminish  in  rapidity ;  to  retard. 

*•  I  ain-uothing  slow  to  Hack  his  baste." 

SluOerp-  ••  Aomra  t  JutUt,  IT.  L 

*  6.  To  repress,  to  check. 

"I  should  be  griei-'d,  young  prince,  to  think  my 

presence 

Unbent  your  thoughts,  snd  stocfcen'd  them  toarms. " 
Additon :  Cab},  L 

*  7.  To  withhold ;  to  cause  to  be  withheld  ; 
to  cause  to  be  used  or  applied  less  liberally. 

*  8.  To  quench,  to  slake. 

slack'-en,  s.   [SLAK«.] 

slack' -IJ'.'slacke-ly,  ode.  [Eng.slaiA;-ly.] 
L  Not  tightly  ;  loosely. 

*  Stacktti  braided  In  loose  negligence." 

SJtaketp.  :  Lower  i  C'mplatot,  Si. 

i.  Negligently,  carelessly,  remissly. 

"  That  a  king's  children  should  be  so  conveyM. 
So  slookly  guarded."     SJtatap.  :  CjpnbMnt,  L  L 

3.  Not  briskly ;  dully ;  without  activity  In 
trade. 


'S'iM.?1'  nnlshw  up  «aeOf.--Daa,  C»ro«fci«, 


Slack  -ness,  s.    [Eng.  flack,  a.  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  slack; 
looseness  ;  absence  of  tightness,  tension,  or 
rigidity. 

"  Knowing  well  the  ttacknrti  of  his  arm." 


2.  Remlssness,  negligence,  inattention. 

"  To  afford  aijy  excuse  or  colour  for  slii  knrt*  In  out 
bounueii  duties.  —H'atfrland:  Wtrrki,  fx.  383. 

*  3.  Slowness,  tardiness  ;  want  of  tendency. 
"  There  Is  a  ilicXnrtt  to  heal,  and  a  cure  Is  Terr 

difficultly  eflected."  —  SAnrjt*  :  Hurgtry. 

*  4.  Weakness  ;  want  of  intenseness. 

"  Through  the  ilackiieti  of  mntion,  or  long  banltfa. 
Blent  from  the  air.  it  might  gather  some  ai'tutu  to 
putrtfy."—  Brerevood. 

5.  Duluess;  want  of  briskness:  as,  the 
slackness  of  trade. 

Blade,  «.  [A.S.  slasd.]  A  little  dell  or  valley  ; 
a  glade  ;  a  flat  piece  of  low  moist  ground. 

"  The  thick  And  well-grown  fog  doth  mat  my  smooths* 
*W«a  Drai/lon  :  Poty-Olbion,  s.  Is. 

Blade,  pret.qfv.    (SLIDE,  ».]    (Scotch.) 
slae,  <.    [SLOE.]    (Scotch.) 

slag,  "slagg,  s.  [Sw.  slagg  =  dross,  slag; 
jamslagy  =  dross  of  iron  ;  cf.  Icel.  slagna  = 
to  flow  over,  to  be  spilt  ;  Ger.  teMacke  =  dross, 
sediment  ;  Low  Ger.  slakke  =  scoria.) 

1.  iletall.  :    Vitreous    mineral    matter  re- 
moved in  the  reduction  of  metals  ;  the  scoria 
from  a  smelting  furnace.    It  is  used  for  nuk- 
ing cement  and  artiticial  stone,  in  the  manu- 
facture of  alum  aud  crown-glass,  and  is  cast 
into  slabs  for  pavements,  garden-rollers,  &C. 

2.  Founding  :  The  fused  sullage  and  dross 
which  accompanies  the  metal  in  a  furnace, 
and  which  it  is  the  business  of  the  skimmer 
to  hold  back  from  the  iiigate. 

3.  The  scoria  of  a  volcano. 

slag-car,  >.  A  wrought-lron  car  on  two 
wheels,  used  to  carry  off  the  slag  of  a  furnace 
to  a  place  where  it  may  be  dumped. 

slag-furnace,  s. 

Metall.  :  A  furnace  for  extracting  the  lead 
from  slags,  and  frutv  ores  containing  a  small 
proportion  of  that  metal. 

slag-hearth,  s. 

Metall.  :  A  furnace  for  treating  slags  run 
from  the  surface  of  lead  in  a  smelting-  furnaee. 

Slag'-gjf,  a.  [Eng.  slag;  •».]  Pertaining  to, 
resembling,  or  of  the  nature  of  slag. 

slaggy  cobalt,  s. 

Uin.  :  The  same  as  COBALT-OCHRE  (q.T.). 

slaie,  ».  [A.S.  *!AJ  A  weaver's  reed  ;  a  sler 
(q.v.). 

Slain,  pa.  far.  or  a.    [SLAT,  ».] 

t  slain  (1),  'slane,  •sleean,  *.  [Etym. 
doubtful;  cf.  slian  =  to  strike,  to  kill.]  Smut 
In  corn.  (Britten  &  Holland.) 

*  slain  (2),  *  Blalne,  •  slay-an,  «.  [See 
def.J  A  slaying.  (Scotch.) 

"If  Letters  of  stains  : 

Scots  Law  :  Letters  subscribed  by  the  rela- 
tions of  a  person  slain,  declaring  that  they 
had  received  an  assythement  or  recompense, 
and  containing  an  application  to  the  crown 
for  a  pardon  to  the  murderer. 

slais-ter,   >.    [Etym.  doubtful;   prob.  con- 

nected with  slush.    (Jamieson.)] 

1.  The  act  of  dabbling  in  anything  moist 
and  unctuous  ;  the  act  of  bedaubing. 

2.  A  quantity  of  anything  moist  and  unc- 
tuous ;  a  worthless  heterogeneous  composi- 
tion. 

Slais'-ter,  r.f.  &  {.    [SLAISTEB,  «.] 

A,  Trans.  ;  To  bedaub. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  do  any  thing  In  an  »wfc 
ward  and  untidy  way. 

"  Hae,  there's  a  soup  parrttch  for  ye  ;  It  will  set  yoo 
better  to  bs  tlaMering  at  thlm.  "—Scott;  Antiquary, 

ch.  X. 

BlalB'-ter-y,  «.  {Eng.  slaister;  -».]  TheofTaUi 
of  a  kitchen,  including  the  mixed  refuse  of 
solids  and  fluids  ;  dirty  work.  (Scotch.) 

Slake  (1),  •  Black,  v.t  &  i.  [A.S.  ileackin  = 
to  grow  slack  or  remiss  ;  tleac  =  slack  (q.v.); 
Icel.  ilokm  =  to  slake;  Sw.slacka=  to  quench. 
to  put  out,  slack.  Slake  is  a  doublet  of  stack 


*te.  at,  ftre,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p*t, 
«r,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  etib.  our*,  ijnlte.  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    ».  o>  -  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  -  kw. 


Blake— slant 


4299 


„.  Transitive: 

1.  To  quench,  to  extinguish,  to  allay,  to 
decrease. 

••  For  lack  of  further  live*  to  ilajci 

The  thirst  of  vengeance  uowawake.     

Byron :  Sl««  of  Oontak,  r«TlL 

9  To  mix  or  cause  to  combine  with  water, 
go  that  a  true  chemical  combination  shall 
take  place. 

"  That  which  be  sawtappeued  to  be  fresh  Nine,  and 
rUherS  before  auy  rali^ad  fallen  to  *•*•!•."- 
Woodvard. 

B.  Intransitive : 

I  To  absorb  or  become  mixed  with  water, 
•o  'that  a  true  chemical  combination  takes 
place. 

••  I  have  kept  lime  long  without  tl.rMny.  and  with. 
out  Imparting  to  the  ambient  liquor  any  sensible 
beat."-**!..'  forte  111.  «9. 

*  2.  To  be  quenched ;  to  go  out ;  to  become 
extinct ;  to  fail. 

••  Fweivinj  that  his  »ame        ^**" 


2.  Cards  :  The  winning  of  all  the  tricks  in  a 
hand  of  whist. 

"  Until  a  noble  general  came, 
And  gave  the  cheaters  a  clean  Item.      Loyal  Sonot. 

slam  (2),  «.    [Etym,  doubtful.]    The  refuse  of 

alum-works,  used  as  a  manure. 
slam'-kln,  alam'-mer-kln,  «.  [But.  atom?  ; 

Ger.  icMMnpe  =  "  slut,  a  trollop  ;  dinnn.  sail. 

•kin.]    A  slut  ;  a  slatternly  woman.    («•*) 

*  Bl&m'-palne,  *  slam-pant,*  [Cf.  SLAM.] 
A  hit,  a  cuff,  a  blow. 

"  Tliat  one  rascal  in  euch  scornefull  wl«e  should  glue 
-<b.lu. 


•  3.  To  give  way ;  to  fail,  to  slacken,  to  be- 
come relaxed. 

"  But  when  the  body's  strongest  sinews  I" 
Then  is  the  soul  most  active,  quick,  all 

Jhn'iei 

*  4.  To  abate ;  to  become  less  decided  ;  to 
decrease. 

••  No  flood  by  raining  tlaketh. 

tikateip. :  Ktipe  of  Lucrect,  LOT. 

Blake-trough,  ».  The  water-trough  In 
which  a  blacksmith  slakes  or  cools  his  tools 
or  his  forging. 

•lake  (2),  v.t.  rEtym.  doubtful]  To  bedaub, 
to  besmear.  (Scotch.) 

Blake  (1),  slauke,  Bloke,  Bloke,  slawk, 

>.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Dot. :  Various  Algae,  chiefly  marine  edible 
species,  though  some  are  freshwater.  Spec.: 
(1)  Vim  Laetwaa,  (2)Porphyra  laciniata,  (3) 
various  species  of  Enteromorpha,  (4)  some 
Conferva  (Scotch).  (Britten  o*  Holland.) 

•lake  (2X ».  [SLAKE  (2),  v.  ]  A  smear ;  a  splotch 
of  tli.it  with  which  any  thing  is  bedaubed. 
(Scotch.) 

"  May  be  ft  touch  o*  a  blacklt  cork,  or  a  •!«*«  If 
paluU"— Scort  :  Midlothian,  ch.  xxu. 

•laked,  pa-  Par-  or  °-    ISLAKE  (1),  *.] 

slaked  lime,  s. 

Chm. :  CaOH2O.  Calcium  hydrate.  Pro- 
duced by  sprinkling  calcium  oxide  with  water. 
When  a  mass  of  lime  is  moistened  with  water, 
an  energetic  combination  takes  place,  accom- 
panied oeeasionally  with  slight  explosions, 
due  to  the  sudden  evolution  of  steam ;  the 
mass  splits  in  all  directions,  and  finally 
crumbles  to  a  soft,  white,  bnlky  powder.  It 
it  chit-fly  employed  in  the  preparation  of 
mortar  for  building  purposes. 

•  •lake'-leBS,  a.  [Eng.  flake  fl),  ••  I  •*"•! 
Incapable  of  being  slaked  ;  inextinguishable, 
unquenchable. 

•lak'-In,  s.    [SLAKE  (IX  ».] 

MetalL  :  A  spongy,  semi-vitrified  substance 
mixed  by  smelters  with  the  ores  of  metal  to 
prevent  their  fusion.  It  is  the  scoria  or  scum 
separated  from  the  surface  of  a  former  fusion 
of  the  same  metal. 

•lam,  v.t.  A  t  [Norw.  slemba,  slemna,  ttamra 
=  to  smack,  to  bang,  to  slam  a  door ;  Sw.  dial. 
eliimma  =  to  slam ;  IceL  slamra,  tlambra  =  to 
slam ;  Sw.  slamra  =  to  prate,  chatter,  or 
jingle  ;  slammer  =  a  clank,  a  noise.] 

A.  Transitive: 

I,  Ordinary  Langvage: 

1.  To  close  or  shut  suddenly  with  notae  or 
force ;  to  bang. 

••  Joy  and  Temperance  and  Repose    B 


8.  To  beat,  to  cuff.    (Frov.) 

8.  To  strike  down,  to  slaughter.    (Pnv.) 

U.  Cards:  To  beat  by  winning  all  the  tricks 
tn  a  hand  at  whist. 

B.  Intrani. :  To  strike  violently  or  noisily, 
u  a  door  or  the  like :  as,  The  door  ilammed, 
•  valve  slams. 

•lam-bang,  adv.    Slap-bang. 

•lam  (1),  a.    [SLAU,  v.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  violent  and  noisy  driving 
or  shutting  against ;  a  violent  shuttiug  of  a 
door ; a  bang 


slin.  slane,  slern,  s.    [SLOE.] 

Blan'-der,  *  sohlaun-dlr,  *  sclaun-der, 
*sclaun-dre,*sclan-dre,  *slaun-der, 

a.  [O.  Fr.  esdanrlre,  scandele,  tscamlel,  esamdle, 
from  Lat,  scandalum  =  scandal  (q.v.>  Slaiuler 
and  scandal  are  thus  doublets.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  false  report  or  tale  maliciously  uttered 
or  circulated,  and  tending  to  damage  the 
reputation  of  another  ;  the>  act  of  uttering  or 
circulating  such  a  report  or  tale  ;  defamation, 
detraction. 

••  Whether  we  speak  evil  of  a  man  to  Ms  face,  or 
behind  his  tack:  the  former  way  indeed  Mani  to  I>< 
the  most  generous,  but  yet  1»  a  great  fault,  and  that 
which  we  call  reviling  :  the  latter  is  more  mean  and 
base  and  that  which  we  pro]*rly  call  ttander  or 
backbiting.  '—  Jillotton:  Sermon  42. 

"2.  An  injury  or  offence  done  by  words. 

-  Do  me  no  Oander.  Douglas." 

,SAo*«A  •'  1  Benry  If-,  Vr-  *• 

*  3.  A  disgrace,  a  reproach,  a  scandal. 

"  That  ahamefull  hag,  the  staunder  of  her  eexe." 
Speruer:  P.  C-.  IV.  v-lii.  85. 

•  4.  Ill-name,  ill-report,  ill-reputation,  dis- 

«  Ton  shall  not  find  me.  daughter, 
After  the  gander  of  uiost  stepmotlicrs. 
Ill-eyed  unto  you."       Hhaketp.  :  Cymbfline,  L  L 

JL  Law:  The  maliciously  defaming  of  a 
person  in  his  reputation,  business,  or  pro- 
fession, by  spoken  words,  as  libel  to  by  writ- 
ten words.  A  person  can  only  be  proceeded 
against  civilly  for  slander,  whereas  libel  may 
be  criminally  punished.  , 

Slau'-der,  r.l.    [SLANDER,  «.] 

1.  To  defame  ;  to  injure  in  reputation,  busi- 
ness, or  profession,  by  the  malicious  utterance 
of  a  false  report  ;  to  utter  slander  concerning  ; 
to  calumniate. 

-  Slandered  bjr  those  to  whom  bis  captivity  w«a 
Justly  Impntahle.-—  Macautai:  Bill.  *n».,oh.  xviiL 

*  2.  To  detract  from  ;  to  disparage. 

••  The  sentence  that  you  have  ilandertd  10." 

ftoitrip.  :  Mtatun/or-  Mtaam,  IL  4. 

•  S.  To  disgrace,  to  dishonour. 

"  Slandering  creation  with  a  false  esteem." 

Shaictlp.  .'  Sonjut  13. 

•4.  To  reproach. 

Slander  Valentin* 

With  falsehood,  eowardke.  and  poor  descent.". 
SHaketp.  :  Tm  Oentlemm  of  Ttrona,  lit  1 

Slan'-der  or,  s.  [Eng.  slander,  v.  ;  -«r.]  One 
who  slanders  another  ;  a  calumniator,  a 
defamer;  one  who  utters  slanders  about 
another. 

"The  taatiertr  here  confesses  he  baa  no  further 
notice  of  me  than  his  own  conjecture.  —Milton  : 
A  pot.  for  Snseefymnuu*. 

•Ian'-  der  -  ofia,  *  Bclaun  -  der  -  OUB, 
*  Blaun-drous,  a.  [Eng.  slander;  -OTIS.] 

1.  Uttering  slanders  or  defamatory  reports 
concerning  others;  given  or  disposed  to 
slandering  others. 

••  1  love  him  •till,  despite  my  wrongs, 
By  hasty  wrath  and  tlnnderou*  tonguea. 

Scotl  :  loan  of  tht  Lake,  U.  «. 

8.  Containing  slander  or  defamation;  de- 
famatory, calumnious. 

"  Truth  shall  retire 
Bastruek  with  ttandrvtu  dai-ts." 

•  8.   Scandalous,    disgraceful,    shameful, 
opprobrious. 

•  The  vile  and  slanderma  de«th  of  th»  crou."—  «oe* 

' 


•  slane  (2),  s. 

slang,  pret.  ojv.    [SLING,  u.) 

slang  (l\  »•    [Etym.  doubtful.]     A  narrow 
piece  of  waste  ground  by  the  roadside. 

"  Eventually,  though  very  beat,  he  struggled  acres* 
a  couple  of  grass  nel.lB  into  the  llunff  adjoining  Brown  a 

wooa/Wwel,  April  4,  1885, 

Slang  (2),  ».  &  o.  [A  word  of  doubtful  origin. 
According  to  Skeat  and  Wedgwood,  from  slang, 
pa.  t.  of  sling;  cf.  Norw.  slenq  =  a  slinging, 
an  invention,  a  device  ...  a  burden  of  a  song  ; 
sltngja  kjtfttn  (lit.  =  to  sling  the  jaw)  =  to  use 
abusive  language,  to  slang  ;  slengjtnanm  = 
a  nickname.] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  kind  of  colloquial  language  current 
amongst    one    particular   class    or   amongst 
various  classes  of  society,  uneducated  or  edu- 
cated, but  which,   not  having  received   the 
stamp  of  general  approval,  is  frequently  con- 
sidered as    inelegant,  incorrect,    or   vnlgar. 
Almost  every  profession   or  calling  has   it» 
own  particular  slang,  as,  literary  slang,  theat- 
rical slang,  legal  slang,  sporting  slang,  se. 
In  this  sense  it  means  any  colloquial  word* 
or  phrases,  vulgar  or  refined,  used  conven- 
tionally by  each  particular  class  of  people  in 
speaking  of  particular  matters  connected  wr 
their  own  calling.    Slang  is  sometimes  allied 
to,  but  not  quite  identical  with  cant. 

"In  the  exuberance  of  ment«l  activity,  and  tb« 
natural  delight  of  language-making,  tlana  is  a  neces- 
sary «vil  ;  and  there  are  grades  and  uses  of  tlanp  whose 
charm  no  one  need  be  ashamed  to  feel  and  confess  : 
It  is  like  reading  a  narrative  In  a  series  of  rude  but 
telling  picture.,  inetead  of  tn  worda."-  H'Mtnel  :  Ltf* 
t  growth  of  Lanffuag*.  ch.  vii. 

2.  A  term  used  by  London  costermongera 
for  counterfeit  weights  and  measures. 

3.  A  travelling  show  or  booth  ;  a  perform- 
ance. 

4.  A  watch-chain. 

*  5.  A  fetter  worn  by  convicts,  so  called 
from  being  slung  on  their  legs  by  a  sling  to 
prevent  slipping  down. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Of  the  nature  of  slang  ;  slangy  i 
as,  a  slang  expression. 

•J  (1)  Back  ilang:  A  kind  of  slang  used  by 
street  traders  in  London.  Its  main  principle 
is  that  of  pronouncing  words  rudely  back- 
wards :  as,  Coot  the  duo  nammow  =  Look  at 
the  old  woman.  (Slang  Diet.) 

(2)  Bhyming  slang,  Riming  slang  :  A  kind  of* 
cant  language  nsed  by  street  vagabonds,  &C., 
of  London,  which  consists  of  the  substitution- 
of  words  and  sentences  which  rhyme  with. 
other  words  or  sentences  intended  to  lie  kept 
secret.  [BACK-SLANO.] 

slang  -whanger,  ».  A  long-winded 
speaker  ;  one  given  to  slang. 

slang-  whanging,  t.  The  use  of  slangy 
or  abusive  language. 


uiui-uo.-v.i~-*?,  adv.  [Eng.  ilanderow; 
-ly.]  in  a  slanderous  manner;  with  slander 
or  defamation ;  calumniously. 

••«•  enemlea   tlandfKouHt   npnmt.*—8>iarp  : 
Strtiunu.  vol.  1..  ser.  2. 

8lan'-der-ous-nSsB,  adv.  [Eng.  tlandemnu; 
*ies>.\  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sl*n- 
derous  or  defamatory. 


•slang  (3),  ».  [SLINO.]  A  promontory,  (ffol- 
land:  Canute,  p.  715.) 

slang,  v.l.  &  I.    [SLANO,  ».] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  use  slang  ;  to  make  nse  of 
vulgar  or  abusive  language. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  address  in  vulgar,  abusive 
language  ;  to  abuse  with  slang. 

"  A  tipsy  virago  ilanring  the  magistrate  to  the  high 
amusemei't  of  tfie  topAooted  constables.  "-Dail*  Telf 
fra-fli.  Sept.  U,  1886. 

•  slang'-ey,  o.    [BLAWT.) 

slang'-i-ness,  «.  [Eng.  slangy;  -nea.1  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  slangy  ;  slang. 

slaiig'-ism,  «.  A  slangy  expression,  or  the 
using  of  slang. 

'•lan'-gu-lar.  a.  [SLAKO,  «.]  Having  the 
nature  of  slang;  slangy. 

"His  aTjerurth  lying  In  a  Oanyutar  dlreoUom.  - 
:  BliaX  BOUK,  on,  XL 


•  slane  (IX  «• 


"  (2>-3 


aig-,  *  slang'-e^,  o.  [Eng.  slang;  -V-] 
Ufor  relating  to  slang  ;  of  the  nature  ol  slang  ; 
using  or  given  to  the  use  of  slang. 

•••Don't  be  so   tlann.    Jnli.,-   remonstraUa   bet 
«ath«r."-fla«»  Ttlefraph,  Sept  It,  ISM. 

•lank,  pret.  o/».   [SHOT.] 

•lant,  *  Blent,  o.  *  t.     [Sw.  dial,  slenta, 

tlanta  =  to  cause  to  slide  ;  slinta  (p.  t.  slant. 

pa.  par.  »!w»llit)  =  to  slide  ;    slant=  slippery; 

cf.  Corn.  ilyntya  =  to  slide;  Wei.  yiglmt  =  • 

slide.] 
A.  As  adj.  :   Sloping,   oblique  ;   inclined 


bo^;  ptfit,  J6%1S  cat.  sell,  oaor«,  9hln,  J^ench;  go.  Kem;  ttdn.  «hi.:  sin.  a*;  expect, 
tlan  =  rtiU  -tlon,  -fllon  =  sUun;  -tlon.  -jioa  =  xufin.  -clous,  -ttoum  -.Uous  =  •&*•. 


4300 


slant— slate 


from  a  direct  line,  whether  horizontal  or  per 
pen.lirular. 

*  The  ilant  lightning,  who**  thwart  flame  drive 
suudles  the  gummy  bark  of  fir  or  pine."        fdow 
Jrttt»«:Ai.x,1.0T>. 
B.  At  substantive  : 

L  Lit.  :  An  oblique  direction  or  plane; 
slope. 

2.  Fig.  :  An  oblique  reflection  ;  a  gibe  ; 

sarcastic  remark. 

3.  iViii/f.  ;  A  transitory  breeze  of  wind,  o 
the  period  of  its  duration. 

"  Lenore  again  got  away.  bat  the  other*  were  edtch 
iug  tlanti  on  their  own  account  and  keeping  inside  th 
hind!cj.pt"-  field.  Sept.  t,  188&, 

slant,  •  sclent,  •  slent,  r.t  &  i.    [SLANT,  o. 

A.  Tnuaitire: 

1.  To  tarn  from  a  direct  line  ;  to  slope  ;  t< 
give  a  sloping  or  oblique  direction  to. 

•To  break  and  iltnt  the  downright  minings  of 
stronger  vessel."—  Fuller  :  ffot]/  War.  p.  210. 

•  2.  To  hold  or  stretch  oat  in  a  slanting  o 
oblique  direction.    (Followed  by  out.) 

B.  Intraru.  :  To  slope  ;  to  lie  slantingly  o 
obliquely. 

"On  the  «ide  of  yonder  ifontfri?  hill.- 

Dodllti:  Agriculture.  111. 

Slant  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [SLANT,  v.] 
Slant'-ing-ly,  a<it>.    [Eng.  slanting  ;  -ly.) 

1.  Lit.  :  In  a  slanting  or  obliqae  direction 
with  a  slope  or  inclination  ;  on  the  slant 
obliquely. 

"  He  digs  In  tl'intlnfflg  for  about  two  or  three  feet" 
—Burrougtu  :  Pepafton,  p.  MO. 

2.  Fig.  :  With  an  oblique  or  indirect  hinl 
or  remark. 

•  slant'  -ly,  slanf  -wise,  adv.  [Bng.  tlant  ; 
-ly,  -wise.}  In  a  slanting  or  oblique  direction  ; 
obliquely,  slantingly. 


"  Borne  maketh  a  hoUowness  half  a  foot  deep. 
s  In  it.  set  tlanttfite  asteep. 

Tuaer;  lluibandr,;  Jtarc*. 


With  flower  sets  I 


•lap,   -slappe, 

1  of  a  blow ;  schlappen  =  to  slap.J 


,          [Low  Qer. 
sound    '  ' 

1.  A  blow,  especially  one  given  with  the 
open  hand  or  with  something  broad. 

"The  laugh,  the  stop,  the  jocund  curve,  go  round.* 
Ttuimton  :  A  utumtt,  H. 

2.  A  gap  in  a  wall  or  dyke.    (Scotch.) 

"  His  guide  then  broke  down  a  stop,  ai  he  called  It, 
In  a  dry  stoue  feuoe."—  Seatt  :  Oug  Bannering.  eh.  i, 

«15p,  V.t.     [SUP,  •.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  strike  with  the  open 
hand,  or  with  something  broad. 

"[Dick]  topped  hU  hand  upon  the  board.  - 

Prior:  Alma,  I  St. 

S.  Mason.  :  To  break  out  an  opening  iu  a 
solid  wall. 

•lip,   adv.     [SLAP,  «.]     With  a  sudden  and 
violent  blow  ;  plump. 

"They  offered  to  come  Into  the  warehouse,  then 
straight  went  the  yard  liitp  over  their  noddle."— 
JrhxbuX.-  eta.  afja\a  Bull. 


slap-bang,  adv.     Violently,  suddenly; 
with  a  bang  or  noise. 

*  slap-sauce,  >.    A  parasite. 
slap-up,  a.    Excellent,  first-rate. 

•lap'-dash, adr.,  a., &«.  [Bng.«iap, tnddath.} 
«1»  As  adverb: 
L  All  at  once ;  slap. 

"  And  yet.  tiapdaA.  Is  all  again 
In  every  sinew,  nerve,  and  vein.* 

Prior  .-Alma.  Lit. 

2.  In  a  careless,  rash  manner. 

B.  As  adj. :  Free,  careless. 

"It  was  a  napoo*  style. "- iylfem  :  MI  Xofei,  bk. 
111.,  ch.  vl. 

C.  As  substantive  : 

Build. :  A  composition  of  lime  and  coarse 
•and  reduced  to  a  liquid  form,  and  applied  to 
1     the  exterior  of  walls  as  a  preservative ;  also 
'     called  Rough-casting. 

•lap'-dash.  v.t.    [SLAPDASH,  adv.] 

*  1.  To  do  in  a  careless,  rash  manner. 

2.  To  rough-cast,  as  a  wall,  with  mortar. 

Slape.  a.    [IceL  «!dpr=  slippery.)    Slippery, 
smooth  ;  hence,  crafty,  hypocritical.    (Aw.) 

slape  ale,  «.    Plain  ale  ;  as  opposed  to 
medicated  or  mixed  ale. 

slape-face,   ».      A  soft-spoken,   crafty 
hypocrite.    (HaUiweU.) 

slap'-Jack,  a.    [FLAPJACK.] 


slap'-per,  o.  4  s.    [SLAP,  ».] 

A.  As  adj.  :    Very  big.    Urge,  or  great 
(Vulgar.) 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  slaps. 

2.  A   person    or    thing   of    large   size ; 
whopper.    (Vulgar.) 

slap' -ping,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.    [SLAP,  nj 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As   a3j.:   Very   big,    great,    or   large 
(Vulgar.) 

C.  As  substantive : 

Pottery :  The  process  of  working  clay  by 
dividing  a  block   and   slapping  the   halve 
together.   This  develops  the  plasticity,  make 
the  mass  homogeneous,  and  expels  air-bub 
bles.    The  grain  of  the  mass  is  preserved,  th 
pieces  being  dashed  parallel  upon  each  other 
The  process  is  repeated  again,  the  dividing 
instrument  being  a  wire. 

Slash  (IX  v.t.  &  t.    [A  variant  of  dice ;  0.  Pr 

esclecker,  esclescher,  esclischer=to  dismember 
to  sever  ;  txlexiw  =  a  portion,  a  part,  a  sever 
ing,  a  dismemberment,  from  O.  H.  Ger 
rfizan  =  to  slit,  to  reud,  to  destroy.  (Skeat.) 
[SLICE,  SLIT.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cut  with  long  incisions ;  to  slit. 

2.  To   cut   by   striking   violently  and 
random. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  strike  violently  and  at  random  with  a 
knife,  sword,  or  other  sharp  instrument ;  to 
lay  about  one  with  blows. 
"  Broke  their  rude  troops,  and  orders  did  confound. 
Hewing  aid  Hashing  at  tbeir  idle  shades." 

Spenier:  P.  0..,  IL  tz.  15. 

*  2.  To  cut  through  anything  rapidly,  and 
with  violence. 

"  Not  that  I'd  lop  the  beauties  from  his  hook 
Like  Nothing  Beutley  with  his  desp'rate  hook." 
Pope  :  Satires,  v.  104. 

Slash  (2),  v.t.    [A  corrupt  of  lash  (q.v.>] 

1.  To  cut  with  a  whip  ;  to  lash. 

"  Daniel,  a  sprightly  swatn.  that  us'd  to  Hath 
The  vig'rous  steeds  that  drew  his  lord's  calash. 
To  Peggy's  side  Inclln'd."  King. 

2.  To  cause  to  make  a  sharp  sound;  to 
crack,  as  a  whip. 

"  She  aatXd  a  whip  she  held  In  her  hand.--.lfor.  .- 
J«V«t«r»  o/  OrxUineet,  p.  MO. 

Slash  (3),  v.i.  [Sw.  slaska  =  to  paddle  In  water.] 
To  work  In  the  wet    (Scotch.) 

•lash  «.    [SLASH  (IX  ».] 

1.  A  long  cut ;  a  cut  given  at  random. 

"  Some  few  received  some  cuts  and  tlathet  that  had 
drawn  blood."—  Clarendon. 

2.  A  large  slit  in  the  thighs  and  arms  of  old 
dresses,  such  as  those  of  the  time  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,    made   to   show  a  'rich-coloured 
fining  through  the  openings. 

3.  Mining :  A  local  Welsh  term  for  a  small 
natural  trough  or  hollow  filled  with  small 
fragments  of  culm  or  anthracite,   (if  urchitm : 
Siluria,  ch.  xi.) 

slashed,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [SLASH  (IX  ».J 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

i  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  Cut    with  a  slash   or  slashes;  deeply 
gashed. 

2.  Having  artificial  slashes  or  ornamental 
openings,  as  a  sleeve,  &c. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bat.  (Of  a  leaf):  Divided  by  deep,  taper- 
pointed  cut  incisions.     Multifld,  laciniated, 
decomposed. 

2.  Her. :  A  term  employed  when  openings 
or  gashings  in  the  sleeve  are  to  be  described 
as  filled  with  a  puffing  of  another  tincture. 

slash '-Ing,  pr.  par.  4  o.    [SLASH  (IX  ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Striking  or   cutting  violently   and   at 
random  ;  hence,  in  literary  slang,  cutting  up  • 
severe,  sarcastic. 

2.  Very  targe ;  very  big  or  great ;  whopping. 

Slash'-y,  o.     [Eng.  slash  (3X  T. ;  -».]     Wet 
and  dirty ;  slushy. 

•lit,  •  sclat,  «.    [O.  Fr.  etdat  =  a  shiver,  a 


splinter,  a  small  thin  lath  or  shingle,  from 

0.  H.  Ger.  sclizan  (Ger.  scUeissen)  =  to  split) 
L  A  thin  narrow  strip  of  wood :  specif., 

(1)  One  of  the  transverse  pieces,  which  rest 
at  their  ends  upon  the  side-rails  of  a  bedstead. 

(2)  In  vehicles : 

(a)  A  bent  strip  which  bows  over  the  seat 
and  forms  one  of  the  ribs  of  the  canopy ;  a  bow. 

(6)  The  sloats  or  rounds  of  a  kind  of  cart 
or  waggon  bed. 

2.  The  foundation  of  a  basket,  consisting  of 
crossing  sets  of  parallel  rods  interlaced,  and 
forming  a  nucleus  for  the  commencement  of 
the  spiral  courses  of  which  the  bottom  is  made. 

3.  A  spent  fish. 

"  These  tlati  would  then  escape,  aud  the  cause  of  a 
great  injury  to  the  fishing  be  prevented."— Field.  Feb. 

Slat-iron,  s.  The  iron-shoe  or  termination 
of  the  bow  or  slat  of  a  carriage-top. 

slat-matting,  s.  A  floor  covering  of 
wooden  slats  or  veneers  on  a  flexible  fabric, 
which  may  be  rolled  like  a  carpet 

slat,  v.t.      [Icel.  sfe«o  =  to   strike,  to  slap; 
Norw.  sfe«  =  ablow.] 

•  1.  To  beat,  to  strike,  to  slap ;  to  throw 
down  violently.  [SLATE  (2),  «.] 

"  Slatted  bis  brains  out."  .*/  into*. 

2.  To  split,  to  crack  (Prof.).    In  this  sens* 
perhaps  from  slate. 

3.  To  set  on  ;  to  incite.    (Prop.) 

slatch,  s.     [A  softened  form  of  slack  (q.T.)J 
Nautical : 

1.  The  slack  of  a  rope. 

2.  The  period  of  a  transitory  breeze. 

3.  An  interval  of  fine  weather. 

slate,  *  sclat,  •  slat,  t.    [SLAT,  a,] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  A  thin  riven  slab  of  slate  used  in  roof- 
Ing.    The  upper  surface  of  a  slate  is  called  its 
back,  the  under  surface  the  bed,  the  lower 
edge  the  tail,  the  upper  edge  the  head.    The 
part  of  each  course  of  slates  exposed  to  view 
is  called  the  margin  of  the  course,  and  the 
width  of  the  margin  is  called  the  gauge.    The 
portion  hidden  from  view  is  the  cover.    The 
bond  or  lap  is  the  distance  which  the  lower 
edge  of  any  course  overlaps  the  slates  of  the 
second  course  below,  measuring  from  the  nail- 
hole,  and  may  be  from  two  to  four  inches.  Slates 
are  laid  on  laths,  battens,  or  sheathing,  and 
must  break  joint    [BB.KAK,  v.,  C.  21.J.    The 
nails  are  of  copper,  zinc,  or  tinned  iron.     In 
England,  1,200  slates  constitute  a  thousand, 
common  sizes.    Slates  are  known  technically 
as  Doubles,  Ladies,  Countesses,   Duchesses, 
Princesses,  Queens,    Imperials.     (See   these 
words.)    A  square  of  shite  or  slating  is  100 
superficial  feet. 

3.  A  tablet  for  writing  upon,  formed   of 
slate  or  of  an  imitation  of  slate. 

"  A  person  who  should  undertake  to  draw  any  plan 
assiKiied  hilu  upon  a  ilute." — Search:  Light  of  A'alurf. 
voL  11.,  pt  1..  ch.  iii. 

*  4.  A  lamina ;  a  thin  plate ;  a  flake. 

"  It  [the  Columbine  marie]  will  resolve  and  cleave 
Into  most  thin  Halt* and  flakes."—/-.  Holland  :  PllnU. 
bk.  xviL.  ch.  Till. 

5.  A  list  of  candidates  prepared  for  nomina- 
tion or  election  ;  a  preliminary  list  of  candi. 
dates  which  is  liable  to  revision.  (Amer.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Geol. :  Slates  of  a  typical  kind  are  gene, 
rally  of  great  antiquity,  being  chiefly  of  Cam- 
brian or  Silurian  age.    Sometimes,  however, 
the  term  is  more  loosely  applied  to  any  rock 
of  fissile  structure  whatever  the  character,  as 
the  Collyweston  Slates  of  the  Lower  Oolite, 
which  are  calcareous  sandstone. 

2.  Petrol. :  An  indurated  laminated  rock,  cor- 
responding to  shale,  but  of  greater  age,  and  in 
which  a  cleavage,  independent  of  the  lines  of 
bedding,  has  been  set  up  by  pressure. 

3.  Comm. :  About  half  the  slates  nsed  In  this 
country  are  quarried  in  Pennsylvania.    Their 
total  value  is  over  $3,500,000 yearly.    In  Britain 
the  great  quarries  are  in  Wales.     The  total 
value  of  product  equals  $6,000,000  yearly. 

H  To  have  a  Oate  or  tilt  loose :  To  be  a  little) 
nnsound  in  the  head. 

slate-axe.  «.  A  slater's  tool  It  has  a 
blade  for  trimming  the  edges  of  the  slate,  and 
a  spike  for  making  nail-holes. 


fite,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  lather;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wore,  wglC  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  lull;  try,  Syrian,    to,  oo  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


elate— slaver 


4301 


Slate-clay,  s.  Another  name  for  Shale 
(q.v.)- 

slate-club,  *.  A  mutual  benefit  club  in 
which  each  member  pays  in  a  small  contribu- 
tion each  week  to  the  funds,  out  of  which 
allowances  are  made  to  sick  or  disabled  mem- 
bers. The  lialance  of  the  contributions,  after 
payment  of  such  allowances,  is  divided  at  the 
end  of  the  year  amongst  the  members. 

slate-coal,  >•. 

Jtfin. :  A  hard  coal  with  a  thick  slaty  struc- 
ture, and  an  uneven  fracture  across  the  lamina- 
tion. 

slate-gray,  s.  &  a.  Gray  with  a  bluish 
tinge. 

slate  peg,  s.  A  kind  of  nail  used  in 
securing  slates  on  a  roof ;  a  slater's  nail. 

Slate-pencil,  s.  A  pencil-shaped  piece  of 
soft  slate,  used  for  writing  or  figuring  upon 
slates  in  schools,  &c. 

slate-spar,  s. 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  calcite  (q.v.),  when 
crystallized  in  thin  tabular  crystals  with  sharp 
edges. 

•late  (1),  v.t.  [SLATE,  5.]  To  cover  with  a  slate 
or  slates;  to  roof  with  slates.  Also  (U.  8. 
polit.),  to  put  on  the  slate.  [SLATE,  «.,  I.  5.J 

"  Sonnets  and  elegies  to  Chloris 
Would  raise  a  house  about  two  storie*, 
A  lyrick  ode  would  slate." 

Swift :  Yanburgh't  Haute. 

•late  (2),  *  slatte,  v.t.    [Of.  Norw.  sletta  =  t* 
fling,  to  cast ;  slett  —  a  blow.] 
*  1.  To  cast  down  ;  to  throw, 

2.  To  set  a  dog  loose  at ;  to  bait. 

3.  To   hold   up   to   ridicule ;   to   criticise 
severely  ;  to  reprimand  severely. 

•lat-en-ha'-ra,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot. :  A  local  Scotch  name  for  Laminaria 
digitata.  (Britten  &  Holland.) 

•latter,  s.    [Eng.  slate  (1),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  manufactures  slates ; 
one  who  lays  slates  or  whose  occupation  is  to 
•lute  buildings. 

2.  ZooL  :   A  popular  name  for  various  cur- 
sorial Isopods.     The  Slater,  simply  so  called, 
Is  Uniscus  armadillo,  the  Water-slater  is  the 
genus  Asellus,  the   Box-slater  Idothea,  the 
Shield-slater  Cassidina,  and  the  Cheliferous 
Slater  Tanais. 

Blat  i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  slaty;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  slaty ;  slaty  nature  or 
character. 

•lat  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    [SLATE  (1),  vt] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  cfr  partidp.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb;. 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  laying  slates  on 
roofs,  &c. 

2.  The  covering  of  slates  laid  on  roofs,  Sec. 

3.  Slates  taken  collectively  ;   materials  for 
slating  a  roof. 

•lat  Ing,  *.  [SLATE  (2),  v.]  A  severe  criti- 
cism or  reprimand. 

slat  -ter,  v.i.  [A  frequent,  from  slat,  v.  (q.v.) ; 
cf.  Icel.  sletta  =  to  slap,  to  dab,  to  squirt  out 
liquids,  to  dash  them  about;  sletta  =  a.  dab, 
a  spot,  a  blot.]  [SLAT.] 

1,  To  be  careless  in  dress  ;  to  be  untidy  or 
slovenly.  (Prov.) 

5!.  To  waste ;  not  to  make  a  proper  and  due 
use  of  anything.  (Prov.) 

•lat  -tern,  a.  &  s.    [Prob.  for  flattering,  pr. 
par.  of  slatter  (q.v.),  or  the  n  may  be  a  simple 
'      addition,  as  in  bittern.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Resembling  a  slattern  ;  untidy, 
slovenly,  slatternly. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  woman  who  is  slovenly  or 
untidy  in  her  dress ;  one  who  is  not  neat  in 
dress ;  a  slut 

"  The  tinttern  had  left,  ID  the  hurry  and  hast*. 
Her  lady's  complexion  and  aye-brows  at  Calais." 
Prior:  A  Reaionabte  Affliction. 

*  Slat-tern,  v.t.  [SLATTERN,  a.]  To  consume 
wastefully  or  carelessly  ;  to  waste. 

t  Slat'  -  tern  -ll-  ness,  s.  [Eng.  slatternly; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  slatternly ; 
untidiness,  slovenliness. 


i-l&  °-  *  'wfr*     [Eng.  slattern;  -ly.] 
A*  As  adj. ;  Untidy,  slovenly  ;  like  a  slat- 
tern. 

"  The  tlatternly  girl  trapesing  about. "— Daily  Tele- 
graph, March  20,  1836. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  slovenly,  untidy  manner ; 
like  a  slattern ;  awkwardly. 

Blaf -ter-jf,  a.  BLATTER.]  Wet,  dirty.  (Prov.) 

slat-y,  a.  [Eng.  slat(e);  -y.]  Having  the 
nature  or  properties  of  slate;  resembling 
slate. 

"  The  grlesly  gulfs  ami  tlnty  rifts." 

Scott :  Lord  uf  the  Jtlei,  UL  10. 

slaty-cleavage,  s.    [CLEAVAGE.] 

slaugh'-ter  (gh  silent),  *  slagh-ter,  *  slau- 

tir,  *  slaw-tyr,  s.  [Icel.  slatr  —  a  slaugh- 
tering, butchers'  meat ;  sldtra  —  to  slaughter 
cattle;  A.S.  sleaht.  From  the  same  root  as 
slay,  v.  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  killing  or  slaying: 

1.  (Of  human  beings):  An  indiscriminate  and 
violent  putting  to  death, 

"  He  made  of  hem  through  his  high  renoun, 
So  great  ilnu'jhter  and  occlaiouu." 

Lidgate :  Story  of  Thebet,  ill. 

2.  (Of  beasts):  The  killing  of  oxen  or  other 
beasts  for  market. 

slaughter-house,  s. 

1.  Lit. :  A  house  or  shed  where  beasts  are 
slaughtered  for  human  food ;  an  abattoir,  a 
shambles. 

"  Bearing  It  to  the  bloody  daughter-home." 

Shaketp, :  2  Henry  VI..  111.  1. 

If  A  Slaughter-house  Act  for  London  was 
passed  in  1874. 

2.  Fig. :  The  scene  of  a  great  destruction  of 
human  life ;  the  scene  of  a  massacre. 

*  slaughter-man,  s.    One  employed  in 
slaughtering ;  a  slayer,  a  destroyer. 

"  Ten  chased  by  one, 

Art  now  each  one  the  tlaughter-man  of  twenty." 
Shaketp.  :  Cymbeline,  V.  8. 

slaugh'-ter  (gh  silent),  v.t.     [SLAUGHTER,  s.] 

1.  (Of  human  beings) :  To  massacre  ;  to  kill 
indiscriminately. 

"  Mercilessly  ilaughterfd  In  discharge  of  their  dtfty." 
— Scott:  War  Song  of  the  Royal  Edinburgh  Light 
Dragoon*.  (Note.) 

2.  (Of  beasts) ;  To  kill  for  the  market ;  to 
butcher. 

slaugh'-ter-er  (gh  silent),  s.  [Eng.  slaughter, 
v. ;  -er.]    One  who  slaughters ;  a  person  em- 
ployed in  slaughtering  ;  a  butcher. 
"  Thou  dost  th«n  wrong  me  as  that  tlaugttierer  doth." 
Shaketp. :  1  Henry  Yl.t  ii.  6. 

*  slaugh -ter -oils   (gh   silent),  o,     [Eng. 
slaughter;  •ous.]    Destructive,  murderous. 

"  There  would  I  go  and  hang  my  armour  up, 
And  with  these  tlaughterout  hands  draw  sword  no 
more."          Matthew  Arnold :  So/irab  A  Kuttum. 

*  •laugh'-ter-ous-ly"  (gh  silent),  adv.  [Eng. 
slaughterous ;    -ly.  ]      Destructively,    murder- 
ously. 

*  slauke,  s.    [SLAKE,  s.] 

Slav,  Sclav,  Sclave,  Slave,  s.    [SLAV*] 

Ethnol.  (PI.) :  One  of  the  primary  divisions 
of  t^e  Aryan  race.  [PANSLAVISM.]  Latham 
called  them  Sarmatians,  and,  following, 
Retzius  described  them  as  brachycephalic 
rather  than  dolichocephalic,  and,  in  many  in- 
dividuals, approaching  the  Turanian  type. 
He  divided  them  into  Lithuanians  and  Slavo- 
nians, snbdividing  these  again  by  their  lan- 
guages. [SLAVONIC.]  The  name  is  sometimes 
confined  to  the  Slavonians  proper. 

Slav'-dom,  s.  [Eng.  slav;  -dom.]  Slavs  col- 
lectively. 

"  It  was  premature  and  less  calculated  to  promote 
the  interests  of  Slavdom."— Daiij/  Telegraph.  Dec.  5, 
1886. 

slave,  s.  [Fr.  esclave,  from  Ger.  slclave ;  M.  H. 
Ger.  slave  =  a  slave,  from  Ger.  Slave  =  a 
Slavonian,  one  of  Slavonic  race  captured  and 
made  a  bondman  by  the  Germans,  from  Russ. 
slava  =  glory,  fame  ;  O.  Dut.  slave,  slaeve ; 
Dut.  slaaf;  Dan.  slave,  sclave;  Sw.  slaf;  Sp. 
esclavo;  Ital.  schiavo.] 

*  1.  A  Slav,  a  Slavonian. 

"  From  the  Euxlne  to  the  Adriatic,  lit  the  state  of 
captives  or  subjects,  or  allies  or  enemies,  of  the  Greek 
empire,  they  overspread  the  land ;  and  the  national 
appellation  of  the  tlavet  haa  been  degraded  by  chance 
or  malice  from  the  signification  of  glory  to  that  of 
servitude."— Gibbon  :  Decline  A  Pall,  ch,  Iv. 

2.  A  bond-servant ;  one  who  is  wholly  sub- 
ject to  the  will  and  power  of  another ;  one 
whose  person  and  services  are  wholly  at  the 


disposal  and  under  the  control  of  another. 
In  ancient  times,  and  even  now  amongst 
uncivilized  nations,  prisoners  of  war  were 
treated  as  slaves. 

"  Any  British  subject  who  conveys  or  removes  any 

person  as  a  tla.ee.  U  now  by  statute  guilty  of  piracy, 

felony,  and  robbery  ;  for  which  penal  servitude  for 

life  may  be  awarded,  so  that  tbia  crime  is  now  rarely, 

" 


3.  One  who*  has  lost  the  power  of  resistance  j 
one  who  has  surrendered  himself  to  any  in- 
fluence or  power  whatever. 

*  4.  A  mean,  abject  person  ;  a  wretch. 
"  Go  base  intruder,  overweening  tlavr  I 

Bestow  thy  fawning  smiles  on  equal  mates," 
tihakftp. :  Two  gentlemen  of  Verona,,  iii.  L 

5.  A  drudge ;  one  who  has  to  work  like  a 
slave. 

*  slave-born,  a.    Born  in  slavery. 

slave  coffle,  s.  A  band  of  slaves  for 
sale ;  a  coffle. 

slave-dealer,  9.  One  who  deals  In 
slaves. 

slave-driver,  s.  Au  overseer  of  slaves 
at  their  work ;  hence,  a  cruel  or  severe  master. 

Slave-fork,  s.  A  branch  of  a  tree  of 
considerable  thickness,  four  or  five  feet  long, 
forking  at  the  end  into  two  prongs,  and  em- 
ployed to  inclose  the  necks  of  slaves  when  on 
their  march  from  the  interior  of  Africa  to  the 
coast,  to  prevent  their  running  away. 

Slave-grown,  a.  Grown  upon  land  cul- 
tivated by  slaves  ;  produced  by  slave  labour. 

slave-making  ant,  s. 

Entom,  :  Polyerges  rufescens  and  Formica 
sanguinea.  Their  habits  were  first  made 
known  by  Pierre  Huber.  The  latter  species 
being  found  in  England,  Mr.  F.  Smith,  Mr. 
Darwin,  and  others,  watched  its  habits.  These 
ants  attack  the  nests  of  F.  fusca,  carry  off 
their  cocoons,  and  rear  them  as  slaves. 

slave-merchant,  s.     A  slave-trader;  ft 

slaver. 

slave-ship,  s.  A  vessel  employed  in  the 
slave-trade  ;  a  slaver. 

slave-state,  ».  Any  state  in  which 
•lavery  is  lawful ;  specif.,  any  one  of  the  15 
States  in  which  a  slave  code  existed  when  the 
Civil  War  commenced. 

Slave-trade,  s.  The  business  or  trade 
of  buying  men,  women,  or  children,  trans- 
porting them  to  a  distant  country,  and  selling 
them  for  slaves, 

slave-trader,  s.  One  who  deals  in 
slaves ;  a  slave-merchant. 

slave-wood,  *. 

Sot.  :  Simaruba  ojficinalis.  Called  also  the 
Bitter  Damson-tree. 

Slave,  v.t.  &  t.    [SLAVE,  s.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  toil  or  drudge  like  a  sla-re ; 
to  work  hard. 

"  Had  women  been  the  makers  of  oar  laws, 
The  men  should  ttavt  at  cards  from  morn  to  night,' 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  enslave. 

"A  woman  tlaved  to  appetite." 

Muttinger  ;  Renegade,  IT.  S, 

alave'-hold-er,  s.  [Eng.  slave,  s.,  and  holder.] 
One  who  owns  slaves ;  a  slave-owner. 

slave  -hold  Ing,  a.  [Eng.  slave,  and  holding.] 
Holding  or  possessing  persons  in  shivery  :  as, 
a  slave-holding  state. 

slave'-like,  a.  [Eng.  slave,  and  like.]  Like 
a  slave ;  becoming  a  slave. 

Slav'-er  (1),  *.    [Eng.  slav(e);  *r.] 

1.  One  who  is  engaged  in  the  slave-trade ; 

a  slave-trader. 

"  The  ilaver't  thumb  was  on  the  latch." 

Longfellow:  Quadroon  Girl. 

2.  A  vessel  engaged  in  the  slave-trade. 

"  Her  appearance  Is  saucy,  rakish,  and  severe.  &M 
suggests  rather  some  fleet  smuggler  or  rfawrthau  • 
yacht"—  Century  Magaxine,  Aug.,  1882.  p.  603. 

Slav  er  (2),  8.  [Icel.  slafr.]  Saliva,  slabber, 
drivel. 

"  Adown  my  beard  the  tlavert  trickle." 

Burnt :  AddrfU  to  the  Toot  hack*. 

•laV-er,  v.i.  &  t.    [Icel.  $lafra;  cogn.  with 
Low  Ger.  slabbem.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  slabber ;  to  suffer  the  spittle  to  run 
from  the  mouth. 


b6H,  bo*^;  pout,  J6*wl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench :  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =*  * 
-clan, -tian  =  shan.   -tton,  -«ion  =  shon ;  -fton,  -fion  =  ihun.   -cious, -tious. -sioua  ^  shus.   -bl*. -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4302 


slaverer— sled 


2.  To  be  besmeared  with  saliva. 

"  Should  I 

8l'it«r  with  HI*  as  ct'iu  itmu  *s  the  stain 
Tlutt  mount  the  CapiUl'1 

SbaMJK  .-  CyrtibeUnt,  1.  6. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  besmear  with  slaver  or  saliva  ; 


"T»  itch'd  by  the  slave,  he  tiiouths  It  more  and  more, 
Till  with  white  froth  tin  gown  la  tlaet  rd  o'er  " 

/>ry<fcn.   (Todd.) 

slav'-er-er,  *.    [Eng.  doeer,  v.  ;  -er.}    Oue 
who  slavers  ;  a  slabberer,  a  driveller. 

slav-er-ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [SLAVER,  v.] 

*  aU*V-er-ing-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  slavering  ;  -ly.} 
In  a  slavering  matiuer  ;  witli  slaver  or  drivel. 

Slav  er  y,  *.    [Eng.  »Iat«  ;  -ry.] 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  slave  ;  boml- 
acfi;  the  state  or  condition  of  being  entirely 
subject  to  the  will  of  another.  Slavery  is  the 
obligation  of  the  slave  to  work  for  the  benefit 
of  his  master,  without  the  consent  or  contract 
of  the  former  ;  or  it  is  the  establishment  of 
a  right  which  gives  one  person  such  a  power 
over  another  as  to  make  him  absolute  master 
of  the  other's  lift]  and  property. 

^  In  barlwrous  times  the  man  who  over- 
came an  adversary  in  battle  never  thought 
his  victory  completed  till  he  had  killed  lain. 
ID  the  next  stage  of  development  it  was  dis- 
covered that  by  sparing  him,  be  could  be  put 
to  some  use  ;  and  slavery  arose  as  a  reform. 
Though  tending  to  stop  slaughter  in  the  battle- 
field, it  caused  fresh  wars  of  its  own,  the 
object  being  to  overcome  the  men  of  feebler 
tribes,  and  reduce  them,  with  their  wives  and 
families,  to  servitude. 

The  subjection  of  some  at  least  of  Ham's 
race  to  slavery  is  prophesied  in  Gen.  be.  25, 
»nd  shivery  very  early  existed  in  the  world. 
The  318  trained  servants  (A.V.),  men  (R.V.) 
born  in  Abraham's  house,  seem  to  have  been 
slaves,  and  the  patriarch  must  have  habitually 
treated  them  well  or  he  would  not  have 
ventured  to  arm  them  (Gen.  xiv.  14).  The 
Mosaic  law  found  shivery  previously  existing 
among  the  Jews,  and  regulated  it,  making  it 
milder  (Exod.  xxi.  16),  especially  in  the  case 
of  the  poor  of  their  own  race  temporarily  in 
bondage  (Lev.  xxv.  39),  for  whom  it  had  a 
year  of  release  (Exod.  xxi.  2)  and  a  jubilee 
(Lev.  xxv.  30-54). 

The  Egyptians  (Gen.  xxxix.  1,  Exod.  t-xii.), 
the  Carthaginians,  the  Greeks,  and  the  Ro- 
mans, even  when  their  civilization  was  at  its 
highest,  all  had  slaves.  The  New  Testament 
did  not  directly  attack  slavery  (Philemon  10- 
19),  but  the  principles  of  Jesus  were  quite 
inconsistent  with  its  maintenance  (Matt.  vii. 
12),  and,  as  Christianity  gained  the  power  of 
moulding  European  faith  and  practice,  the 
•evere  slavery  of  the  ancient  times  was  trans- 
formed into  the  milder  serfage  of  the  Middle 
Ages.  With  regard  to  Muhammadan  shivery, 
Hughes  (Diet.  /riant,  p.  54*6)  says  : 

'*  From  the  teaching  of  the  Qur'an  ...  It  will  be 
wen  that  all  male  and  female  slaves  taken  as  plunder 
In  war  lire  the  lawful  property  of  their  waster  ;  tl.iu 
the  muter  Ua*  power  to  take  to  himself  auy  female 
alare  either  married  or  single;  that  the  position  of  * 
•lave  is  as  helpless  us  that  of  the  atone  idoUcf  Arabia; 
but  they  should  be  treated  with  kindueta,audgranted 
their  freedom  when  they  are  able  to  ask  for  and  i*y 
for  it." 

On  the  conquest  of  Hispaniola,  Pern, 
•nd  Mexico  by  the  Spaniards,  the  American 
Indian  natives,  reduced  to  bondage,  were 
compelled  to  labour  long  hours  in  mining  and 
other  occupations.  Las  Casas  (1474-1566),  a 
Spanish  Dominican,  "the  Father  and  Pro- 
tector of  the  Indians,"  in  vain  urging  their 
emancipation.  The  mortality  among  them 
was  so  great  that  negroes  from  Africa  were 
introduced  to  take  their  place.  It  was  found 
that  a  negro  did  four  times  as  much  work  as 
an  Indian,  and  lived  when  the  Indian  died. 
The  llrst  slaves  were  brought  to  Hispaniola  in 
1503,  and  a  larger  number  in  1511.  American 
Slavery  once  begun  gradually  reached  large 
proportions,  and  sullied  the  fair  fame  of  all 
European  nations  which  possessed  colonies 
abroad.  In  1713,  Great  Britain  was  no  better 
than  the  rest.  [ASSIENTO.]  The  worst  fea- 
ture of  slavery  was  the  slave  trade.  As  early 
as  A.D.  1688,  William  Penn,  the  Quaker,  had 
denounced  it.  The  London  Society  of  Friends 
did  so  also  in  1727,  and  resolved  in  1760  to 
expel  any  member  who  engaged  in  the  traffic. 
On  June  22,  1772,  the  English  Court  of  Kind's 
Bench  u  in  the  case  of  Somerset,  decided  that 
a  slave  reaching  England  was  free,  and  the 
Scotch  Court  of  Session,  about  the  same  time, 
came  to  the  same  decision.  In  1785,  the  Vice- 


Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cambri<l.-< 
offered  a  prize  for  the  best  e.>say  on  the  ques- 
tion whether  slavery  was  right,  and  the  suc- 
cessful candidate  was  Mr.  Thomas  Gl&rkson 
(1760-lMti),  wiio  commenced  an  agita:: 
the  al'Olitiun  of  the  slave  tr;ule.  Many  of  liis 
warnu-st  .supporters  belonged  to  the  i$uei--;y 
of  Friends.  In  17St>  William  WUberforce 
(17J9-18S3)  brought  the  subject  before  Parlia- 
ment, but  the  Art  abolishing  it  did  not  In- 
come law  till  March  ii.\  1807.  Agitation  was 
now  directed  against  slavery  itself,  and  in 
1833  an  Emancipation  A</t  was  passed,  which, 
on  August  1,  1;C4,  set  free  770,'JSO  skives  in  the 
British  West  Indies,  with  a  compensation  of 
£20,000,000  to  their  owners.  On  August  1, 
ItxiS,  slavery  WHS  abolished  in  British  India, 

As  time  went  forward,  the  struggle  between 
the  advocates  of  slavery  and  the  abolitionists 
In  the  United  StaU-s  became  more  determined, 
the  former  being  generally  Democrats  and  the 
latter  Republicans,  and  when  on  Nov.  6, 1860, 
Abraham  Lincoln,  the  Republican  candidate, 
was  elected  President,  great  excitement  arose 
among  the  Southern  or  slave-holding  States, 
one  after  another  of  which  seceded  from  the 
Union.  [CONFEDERATE.]  Lincoln,  at  the  head 
of  the  Northern  States,  declared  war  against 
the  revolted  South.  The  war  was  undertaken 
for  the  preservation  of  the  U  nion,  yet  the  Presi- 
dent found  it  expedient,  in  18G3,  to  proclaim  th  - 
emancipation  ot*  the  slaves  in  the  unsubdued 
portions  of  the  South,  and  the  ultimate  success 
of  the  North  led  to  the  abolition  of  slavery 
throughout  the  Union.  Slavery  was  abolished 
in  Cuba  in  1886,  and  in  Brazil  in  1833.  It  no 
longer  exists  anywhere  upon  the  American 
continent. 

2.  The    keeping  or  possessing  of  slaves; 
•laveholding  :  as,  To  abolish  slavery, 

3,  The  office  of  a  slave;   exhausting  and 
mean  labour ;  drudgery. 

Slav  -ey, s.  [Eng.  «tow,  *. ;  -y.]  A  aervant- 
girl.  fCMSf.) 

"  Mo  well-conducted  English  girl  need  be  ft  ttawef  at 
•U."— Daily  Ttlearaph,  Ayril  1.  1886. 

SlaV-Ic,  a.     [Eng.  Slav;  -ic.]    Slavonic. 

TT  Church  Slavic :  A  name  given  to  an  ancient 
dialect  of  Bulgaria,  from  its  being  used  as  the 
sacred  language  of  the  Greek  Church.  Called 
also  Old  Bulgarian. 

SlaV-isli,  a.    [Eng.  *tot<«);  -isA.] 

L  Pertaining  to,  befitting,  or  characteris- 
tic of  a  slave  ;  mean,  base,  servile. 

"  To  ttaeith  alotli  and  tyranny  a  prey." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  it  Ifl. 

2.  Servile,  laborious ;  fit  for  a  slave  ;  con- 
sisting in  slavery  or  drudgery. 

"  Yon  bare  among  yon  many  a  purchased  Blare, 
Which,  like  jnnir  antes,  and  your  dog»  and  mules, 
You  aw  lu  abject  and  In  ilavuh  part." 

Shakmn :  Merchant  of  I'enic*,  iv.  L 

•3.  Being  in  slavery. 

"  Clogge  their  tlavith  tenants  with  command*.* 

Bp.  UaU;  Satire*,  iv.  S. 

Slav'-lsh-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  slavish  ;  -ty.)  In  a 
slavish  manner ;  like  a  slave ;  servilely, 

meanly,  basely. 

"  She  ueverrfarfaMy  submit*.'    Gay  :  FaKet,  No.  12. 

slavish  ness,  *.  [Eng.  tlarish  ;-«*».]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  slavish  ;  servility, 
baseness,  meanness. 

"  Imprinting  a  character  of  ttorbAncM  upon  if— 
Seeker :  aermotu.  vol.  iii,  »er.  7. 

Sla-v6-t  rref.  [SLAV.]  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
nected with  Slavonic. 

Slavo  Lettlc,  a.  A  name  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  Slavonic  language. 

"  This  [the  Slavonic]  branch  la  often  called  the 
S!  a  t'o- Lettic,  because  it  la  uiade  to  include  another 
nib-branch,  the  Lettic  or  Lithuania,  which,  though 
considerably  further  removed  from  the  Slavonic  than 
any  of  these  from  the  rest,  is  yet  too  nearly  related 
to  rank  as  a  »eparHU>  branch. "—  Whitney ;  Life  A 
Growth  of  Language,  cfa.  x. 

*  Blav-6*C'-ra-cy\  s.  [Eng.  slave;  stiff,  -cracy, 
as  In  democracy,  aristocracy,  &c.]  Slave- 
owners collectively  ;  persons  exercising  politi- 
cal power  for  the  maintenance  of  slavery. 

Sla-vo'-nl-an,  a.  &  *.    [See  def.l 

A*  At  adj. :  The  same  as  SLAVONIC  (q.v.). 
B.  As  subst. :   A  native  or  inhabitant   of 
SUvonia ;  a  Slav. 

Sla  von  -ic,  Scla-von'-Jo,  <*.&$.  [See  def.l 

A.  A»  adj. :    Pertaining  to    the  Slavs  or 
Slavonians,  or  their  language. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  language  of  the  Slavs,  a 


branch  of  the  Indo-European  family  of  Ian. 
guages.  SM mutinies  also  called  the  Slavo* 
Lettic  (q.v.). 

"  The  tfufimic  branch  hat  always  lain  In  close 
proximity  to  the  Germanic  on  the  east ;  it  has  been 
the  laat  of  all  to  gain  historical  prominence.  It* 
eaatoru  division  includes  Ui«  lUissiau,  Bulgarian, 
Servian  and  Croatian,  and  Slovenian.  ...  To  the 
westmi  diviBiun  t"-l"iix  the  Polish,  the  Bohemian,  of 
which  the  ftlorariau  and  Slovak ian  are  clusely  kin- 
ihril  .lialeoU.  the  aorhia.n,  and  the  fniabiau."— n  *,£- 
ney  :  Lift  A  Growth  of  Language,  ch.  x. 

Sla'-vo-phil,  a.  [Pref.  slavo-,  and  Gr.  <^i'Ao« 
(j)Aiio*)  =  a  friend.]  Supporting  or  advocat- 
ing the  interests  of  the  Slavs. 

*'  Aud  It  is  of  these  peoples,  therefore,  that  OUT 
Slavophil  politicians  and  professon  «peak.n— £aiJy 
Tftt'jraph,  Sept.  25,  1885. 

slaw,  a.    [Stow.)   (Scotch.) 

Slaw,  *.    [Dan.  sla.  slaa,  contract,  from  salnde 

=  a  salad  (u..v.).J  Sliced  cabbage,  served 
cooked  or  uncooked  as  a  salad. 

*  sla  WO,  pa.  par.    [SLAY,  v.] 

*  alawk,  s.    [SLAKE,  s.] 

slawm,  s.    [Cf.  Sw.  *fam  =  mud,  slfm^.l 

Min. :  A  point  in  the  stone  or  ore  lilted  with 
soft  clay.  (Jf'eate.) 

•lay,   *  sle,   •  slee,   *  sleyn  (pa,  t  slew, 

*  slew,  *slou,  *  sLovg,  *sloiigkt  *slouh,  *slowt 
pa.    par.    *  sUiw,     *  niawe^    *  y-sUtwe,    slain, 

*  slaine,    *  sUtyn),  v.L    [A.S.  sledn  (contract, 
from  slahan)  =  to  smite,  to  slay  (pa.  t.  sl6h, 
sl6gt  pi.  g!6gont  pa.  par.  slegen);  cogn.  with 
But,   -Vnart  (pa.  t.  stoeg,  pa.  par.  gestogen); 
Icel.  sld ;  Dan.  staae;  Sw.  sla;  Goth,  slahan; 
O.  H.  (.u-r.  slalom. ;  Ger.  schlagen.] 

1.  To  put  to  death,  with  a  weapon  of  any 
kind  ;  to  kill  violently  or  suddenly. 

"  I  aaw  under  the  altar  the  souls  of  them  that  wen 
j/'iin  for  the  word  ut  Uod."—  Revelation  vi.  S. 

2.  To  annihilate,  to  destroy,  to  ruin ;  to  put 
an  end  to. 

**  To  save  a  i  *ltry  life,  and  *?ny  bright  fame." 

Shatetp.  :  1  Benry  Vl^  Iv.  6. 

slay.sley,*.  [A.S.  sl<k,  from  «fed»=to strike, 
to  smite  ;  cf.  Icel.  sla  =  a  bolt,  a  bar.]  [SLAY, 
v.]  A  weaver's  reed ;  a  sley. 

Slay'-er,  *  sle-er, «.  [Eng.  slay,  v. ;  -«r.]  Ono 
who  slays  or  kills;  a  killer,  a  murderer;  a 
destroyer  of  life. 

"  What !  wait  thej  till  its  beami  amain 
Crash  on  the  flayers  and  the  elalii  f  " 
Scott: 

*  slaz'-y\  o.   [SLEAZY.] 

*  sle,  *  Slee,  v.t.    [SLAY,  u.J 

sleave,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  Ger. 
=  a  loop,  a  knot.)  The  knotted  and  entanpled 
part  of  silk  or  thread  ;  soft  floaa  01  uii^ua 
silk  used  for  weaving. 

"  As  soft  aa  tleane  or  sarcenet  ever  waa. 
Whereon  uiy  Clons  her  sweet  Belt  repo««." 

Jjr.iyton  :  The  Mutet  Xtyiiutn,  Kympfa.  4. 

sleave  silk,  s.   Soft  floss  or  unspun  silk, 

sleave,  v.t.  [SLEAVE,  s.]  To  separate  and 
divide  as  into  threads. 

"The  more  subtle,  aud  more  hard  to  tie-toe  a-tw<^ 
...  Is  that  dominion  over  conscieucee." — tt'hitloclt: 
Manner*  of  the  Englith,  p.  860. 

*  slcaved,  *  sieved,  a.    [SLKAVE,  v.]    Raw, 

unspun,  unwrought. 

"  Eight  wild  men  all  apparelled  in  green  moss  mad* 
With  tieved  siOL."—aotiHthed  :  Hist,  tinflaiut,  p.  8&S. 

*  slcaz-l  ness,  ».    [Rng.  sleazy;  -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sleazy;  thinness, 
nimsiness. 

slcaz'-y,  slccz'-^  *slaz"-y,  a,  [Gw. 
schUiszig,  schlisaig  =  worn-out,  threadbare, 
from  sciiUiszen  =  to  slit,  to  split,  to  decay.] 

1.  Thin  ;  wanting  in  substance  ;  flimsy. 

"  I  cannot  well  away  with  such  tlemy  stuff,  with 
•uch  couweb  coin  posit  ions,  where  there  is  no  strength 
ol  matter."— Howell:  Letter*.  (1/alliwell.) 

2.  Rough  from  projecting  fibres,  as  yarn  or 
twine  made  of  inferior  material. 

Sled,   *  alede,  s.    [Icel.  dedhi;  Dan.  slade; 

8w.  slfde  ;  Dut,  slede ;  O.  H.  Ger.  slito,  sltid; 

Ger.  schlitten ;  Ir.  &  Gael,  stood  =  a  sledge. 

From  the  same  root&ssiide.]  [SLKDOE,  SLEIGH.) 

1 1.  A  sledge. 

"  Upon  an  ivory  tied 
Thou  ihalt  be  drawn  among  the  frozen  poles." 

Tamburlaine,  or  the  Scythian  Shepherd. 

2.  A  vehicle  on  runners,  used  for  hauling 
loads.  It  corresponds  to  the  waggon,  as  the 
sleigh  does  to  the  carriage  among  wheeled 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  Hill,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  tore,  sir.  marine;  go,  p6t, 
«r,  wore*  wo.li;  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


sled— sleeper 


4303 


Tehicles,  the  two  latter  being  intended  for 
passengers. 

3.  A  seat  mounted  on  runners,  used  for 
sliding  on  snow  or  ice.  (Amcf.) 

sled-brake,  s.  A  device  to  prevent  too 
rapid  motion  of  a  sled.  It  is  usually  a  prong 
brought  into  contact  with  the  ice. 

sled-knee,  s.  One  of  those  portions  of 
the  frame  of  a  sled  or  sleigh  which  rest  on 
the  runners  and  raise  the  fenders  and  benches 
I  a  sufficient  height  above  the  ground. 

Sled -runner,  s.  One  of  the  curved 
pieces  on  which  a  sled  slides. 

Bled,  v.t.    [SLED,  s.]    To  carry  or  convey  on  a 

sled  :  as,  To  nl&l  wood  or  timber. 

*  sled'-ded,  a.  [Eng.  skd;  -ed.]  A  word  of 
doubtful  meaning,  but  probably  denoting 
mounted  on  a  sled. 

"  He  smote  the  tledded  Polack  on  the  ice." 

Shattui.  :  llamttt,  I.  J. 

*Sled'-der,  s.  [Eng.  sled;  -er.}  Ahorse 
that  draws  a  sledge. 

Sledgo  (1),  ».  [Prop,  for  sleds,  pi.  of  sled 
<*».« 

1.  A  vehicle  mounted  on  runners,  or  low 
wheels,  or  without  wheels,  and  used  for  con- 
veying loads  over  snow,  ice,  bare  ground,  &c. ; 
%  sled. 

2.  A  travelling  carriage  mounted  on  runners, 
used  for  travelling  over  snow  or  ice  ;  a  sleigh. 

"  The  sledge  Is  extremely  light,  and  shod  at  the 
bottom  with  the  flklu  of  a  young  deer,  the  hair  turned 
to  slide  ou  the  frozen  enow."-  OoltUmith :  Animated 
Salure,  bk.  11.,  eh.  V. 

*  3.  The    hurdle   on   which   traitors  were 
drawn  to  the  place  of  execution.    [HURDLE, 
*,  *.] 

Sledge-chair,  s.  A  kind  of  chair  mounted 
on  runners  and  propelled  along  the  ice  by  the 
hand. 

Bledge  (2),  *  slegge,  s.  (A.S.  slecge  =  a  heavy 
hammer,  prop.  —  a  sluiter,  from  slegen,  pa. 
par.  of  sledn  =  to  smite,  to  slay  (q.v.)  ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  slegge,  slei  ;  Sw.  sliigga ;  Icel.  sleggja; 
Ger.  schlagel;  Dut.  slcgel  =  &  mallet;  Ger. 
scltlag-hammer  =  a  sledge-hammer.  J  The  heavy 
hammer  of  a  smith,  wielded  by  both  hands  ; 
a  sledge-hammer. 

"The  blacksmith  'nttedffe  and  the  scythe  of  the  mower." 
Ltmyfellmo :  Evanyeline,  L  2. 

sledge-hammer,  s.    A  sledge. 

*  sledge-hammer,  v.t.    To  hit  with  a 
dledge. 

Blee,  s.    [Perhaps  corrupt,  from  sleigh  (q.v.).] 
Shipvrright. :    A  cradle    placed   beneath  a 
ship  when  hauling  her  up  for  repairs. 

Slee,  o.  [SLY.]  (Scotch.) 
Sleean,  ».  [SLAIN  (2).], 
sleegh,  s.  [SLEETCH.] 

•leek,  -slcke,  "sllcke.  'alike,  "sclyke, 

a.,  adv.,  &  s.  [Icel.  slikr  =  sleek,  smooth  ; 
O.  Dut.  sleyck  —  plain,  even;  cf.  Dut.  siijfc; 
Low  Ger.  slikk ;  Ger.  schlick  —  grease,  slime, 
mud ;  Low  Ger.  sliken  (pa.  t.  sleek,  pa.  par. 
tleken) ;  Ger.  schleichen  (pa.  t.  slicK,  pa.  par. 
gesclilichen) ;  O.  H.  Ger.  slMan  =  to  slink, 
to  crawl,  to  creep.) 
A*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Smooth;  having  an  even,  smooth  sur- 
fece ;  hence,  glossy. 

"  II  the  cattei  skin  be  tlebi  and  gay.* 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  5,930. 

*  2.  Not  rough  or  harsh.    (Milton.) 
S.  As  adverb: 

•l.  Smoothly. 

"  Beyde  til  hire  lake  and  ilBte."         ffatetot.  1.15T. 

2.  With  ease  and  dexterity ;  with  exactness ; 
alick.    (Vulgar.) 

C.  As  subst. :  That  which  makes  sleek  or 
smooth  ;  varnish. 

Sleek  -  headed,  a.  Having  the  hair 
•muothed  or  well-combed. 

"  SI eek-hended  men  ami  such  as  sleep  o'  nights." 
Shtikesfj. :  Julius  Cauar,  1.  2. 

••leek,  * slecke,  *  slick,  v.t.  &  i.  [SLEEK,  a.] 
A.  Transitive  : 
i  Lit. :  To  make  sleek,  even,  and  smooth. 

••  The  third  a  gentle  squire  Oatlero  hight. 
Who  will  our  jialfriea  tltck  with  wisps  of  straw." 
Setutm.  t  Plet. :  Knight  of  the  Burning  Pestle,  ii.  1. 


UL  Figuratively : 

1.  To  make  smooth,  soft,  or  more  pleasant ; 
to  smooth  over. 

"  Gentls  luy  lord,  sleek  o'er  your  rugged  looks  ; 
Be  bi  ijdit  and  jovial  'inoug  your  guests  to-night. 

Shafcttft.  :  Macbeth,  ill.  2. 

*  2.  To  soothe,  to  appease,  to  calm. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  glide  or  sweep. 

"  The  racks  came  peeking  on. ' 

Lei-jh  Hunt :  Foliage,  p.  xxx. 

sleelt'-it,  a.    [Eng.  sleek;  -it.] 

1.  Lit.  :    Smooth-haired ;    having   a   sleek 
skin.    (Bwnut:  To  a  Mouse.) 

2.  Fig. :  Smooth  in  appearance ;  deceitful, 
sly,  cunning. 

sleek   ly,  *  slicke-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  sleek,  a. ; 
-ly.]    In  a  sleek  manner  ;  smoothly,  glossily. 
"  Let  their  heads  be  slickly  combed,  their  blue  coats 
bruabed."— Ohuitesp.  :  Taming  of  the  tihrew,  iv.  l. 

Sleek'-ness,  «.  [Eng.  sleek;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sleek  ;  smoothness, 
glossiness. 

"  They  lust  their  sleekness  and  grace,  and  were  Boon 
purchased  at  half  the  value."—  Rambler,  No.  138. 

sleek' -  stone,  *  sleke  -  stone,  ».  [led. 
slike-steinn  —  a  fine  whetstone  for  polishing,] 
A  smoothing  stone. 

"  The  purest  pasteboard  with  a  tleetotone  rub 
smooth,  ami  aa  even  aa  you  call."— Peacham:  On 
Drawing. 

sleek  -y,  a.    [Eng.  sleek ;  -y.} 
L  Lit. :  Sleek,  smooth,  glossy. 

"  Of  brave  Troxartas'  line,  whose  sleefry  down 
In  love  coinpreas  d  Lychomile  the  bruwu." 

Parnell :  Battle  qf  Frogs  tfr  Mice,  L 

2.  Fig. :  Sly,  cunning,  deceitful,  hypo- 
critical, fawning. 

sleep,   *  slepe,  *  sleepe,  v.i.  &  t.    [A.S. 

skepan,  slepan  (pa.  t.  skp) ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 

slapen;  Goth,  stepan;  O.  H.  Ger.  sldfan;  Ger. 

schlaj'en.    From  the  same  root  as  slip  (q.v.).] 

A»  Intransitive : 

1.  To  take  rest  in  sleep;  to  slumber;  to 
take  rest  by  suspension  of  the  mental  and 
corporal  powers.    (Piers  Ploughman,  p.  1.) 

^  When  apparently  transitive,  as  in  the  fol- 
lowing example,  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  during 
or  for. 

"  Never  slept  a  quiet  hour." 

bfvtkap.  :  Richard  111.,  v.  S. 

2.  To  be  careless,  inattentive,  or   uncon- 
cerned ;  to  live  thoughtlessly  or  carelessly. 

"  Why  should  a  man  sleep  when  he  is  awake  t " 

Shakesp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  1, 

3.  To  be  dead  ;  to  lie  in  the  grave. 

*'  If  we  believe  that  Jesus  died  and  ruse  again,  even 
30  them  also  which  sleep  in  Jeaus  will  God  bring  with 
hiiu."—l  Then.  iv.  14. 

4.  To  be  in  a  state  of  repose,  rest,  or  quiet ; 
to  be  unemployed,  unused,  or  unagitated  ;  to 
be  or  lie  dormant. 

"  The  law  bath  not  been  dead,  though  it  hath  tlept.* 
Shakesp.  •  Measure  for  Measure,  ii.  2. 

5.  To  spin  so  rapidly  and  smoothly  that  the 
motion  cannot  be  observed  or  detected.  (Said 
of  a  top,  &c.) 

6.  To  assume  a  state  as  regards  vegetable 
functions  analogous  to  the  sleeping  of  animals. 

B.  Transitive; 

1.  To  slumber.     (Followed  by  a  cognate 
object)    (Tennyson;  Day  Dreams,  262.) 

2.  To  afford  sleeping  accommodation  for : 
as,  The  cabin  sleeps  thirty  passengers.  (Colloq.) 

*ff  (1)  To  sleep  away:  To  pass  away  in  sleep, 
to  consume  in  sleeping  :  as,  To  sleep  one's  lite 
away. 

(2)  To  sleep  off:  To  get  rid  of,  overcome,  or 
recover  from  sleeping  :  as,  To  sleep  o/  the 
effects  of  drinking. 

sleep,   *  slepe,  s.     [A.S.  sldsp;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  slaap;  Goth,  steps  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  slaf;  Ger. 
Khlaf.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  In  a  most  fast  sleep."       Shakesp.  :  Macbeth,  V.  "L 

2.  Fig. :  Death ;  rest  in  the  grave. 

"  Here  are  no  storms, 
No  noise,  but  silence  and  eternal  sleep,' 

Shakasp.:  Titut  Andrvnicus,  L  2. 

II.  Physiol.  :  The  periodical  lethargy  and 
repose  of  the  organs  of  sense  and  locomotion 
and  some  of  the  intellectual  powers.  The 
salient  feature  of  sleep  is  the  cessation  of  the 
automatic  activity  of  the  brain.  When  sleep 
is  approaching,  the  mind  becomes  less  active, 
the  power  of  attention  being  among  the  first 
to  give  way;  finally  greater  or  less  loss  of 


consciousness  takes  place.  [DREAM.]  All  the 
higher  animals  sleep,  and  some  hibernate 
[.HIBERNATION.]  The  functions  of  organic  lifo 
are  not  much  affected  by  sleep.  The  pulse  and 
breathing  are  slower,  the  latter  more  thoracic 
tlmu  diaphragmatic  ;  the  intestines  and  other 
muscular  mechanisms  and  the  secreting 
organs  less  active,  or  even  some  of  them 
quiescent,  and  the  pupil  of  the  eye  is  con- 
tracted proportionally  to  the  depth  of  the 
sleep.  The  temperature  of  the  body  is  lower, 
and  from  two  to  five  in  the  morning  vitality 
is  low,  and  this  period  is  marked  by  a  high 
rate  of  mortality  among  the  old  and  weak. 
The  cause  of  sleep  is  not  yet  fully  understood. 
The  very  young  require  much  sleep ;  in  adult 
life  about  eight  hours'  sleep  are  required  ;  in 
old  age  there  should  be  more,  for  the  repair  of 
waste,  but  generally  there  is  less.  A  morbid 
tendency  to  sleep  denotes  imperfect  nutrition 
and  degeneracy  of  the  nervous  tissue,  and  is 
often  the  precursor  of  apoplexy.  It  may  be 
caust-d  also  by  undue  heat  or  cold,  by  dys- 
pepsia, passion,  mental  excitement,  overwork, 
anxiety,  or  drunkenness.  [SLEEPLESSNESS.] 

1[  Sleep  denotes  an  entire  relaxation  of  the 
physical  frame  ;  drowse  is  a  short,  light  sleep. 
Sleep  is  the  general  term ;  to  slumber  is  to 
sleep  lightly  and  softly ;  to  doze  is  to  incline 
to  sleep,  or  to  begin  sleeping;  to  nap  is  to 
sleep  for  a  time. 

IT  Sleep  of  plants: 

Bot. :  The  folding  of  leaves  during  the  night. 
Simple  leaves  may  rest  face  to  face,  or  may 
envelop  the  stem,  Ac.  ;  trifoliolate  ones  be 
di  vergeut,  pendent,  &c. ,  and  com  pound 
pinnate  leaves  may  be  turned  up  or  down,  or 
be  imbricated  orretrorse.  [SENSITIVE-PLANTS.] 
An  analogous  phenomenon  is  presented  by 
the  opening  and  closing  of  flowers. 

sleep-at-noon,  s. 
Bot.:  Tragopogon pratensis. 

*  sleep-charged,  a.    Heavy  with  sleep. 

*  Sleep-sick,  a.     Fond  of  sleep  ;  sleepy. 

*  sleep- waker,   s.     One  in  a  state  of 
mesmeric,  morbid,  or  partial  sleep. 

Asleep  waking,  s.  The  state  or  con- 
dition of  one  who  is  mesmerized,  or  one  who 
is  understood  to  be  at  once  asleep  and  awake, 
or  in  a  partial  and  morbid  sleep. 

Sleep-walker,  a.    A  somnambulist. 
sleep-walking,  s.    Somnambulism. 

sleep'-er  (1),  s.    [Eng.  sleep,  v. ;  -er.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  One  who  sleeps. 

"  Come,  my  queen,  take  hand  with  ma, 
And  rock  tlie  ground  whereon  these  steepen  be. 

Shakesp.  :  ilidtummer  A'ight's  Dream,  iv.  L 

*2.  A  lazy  drone. 

"He  must  be  no  great  eater,  drinker,  nor  sterner 
that  will  discipline  his  senses,  ami  exert  hiaiiuua; 
every  worthy  undertaking  requlree  both."— Grew. 

*  3.  A  dead  person. 

"  Graves,  at  my  command. 
Have  waked  their  sleepers." 

Shakesp.  :  Tempest,  T.  1. 

*4.  That  which  lies  dormant;  as,  a  law  not 
put  in  execution. 

"Let  penal  laws,  if  they  have  been  keepers  of  long, 
or  if  grown  unfit  for  the  present  time,  be  by  wiie 
judges  confined  ill  the  execution."— Bacon. 

5.  A  sleeping-car  (q.v.). 

"  Our  aleeping-car,  or  sleeper  as  the  natives  prefer  to 
call  these  nmch- vaunted  American  inventions." — 
Jlefer«e.  Dec.  26,  1866. 

n.  Ichthy. :  A  popular  American  name  for 
several  fishes :  (1)  Somniosus  microcephalus, 
a  shark  of  the  family  Scymnidse,  common  in 
the  North  Atlantic;  (2)  Ginglymostmna  cir- 
ratum;  (3)  any  individual  of  the  genua 
Eleotris. 

Sleep   cr  (2),  s.     [Allied  to  slab  (q.v.).] 

1.  Shipbuilding : 

(1)  A  fore-and-aft  floor-timber  in  a  ship's 
bottom. 

(2)  A  knee-piece  connecting   the   transom 
and  after-timbers,  to  strengthen  the  counter. 
Similar    timbers    strengthen    the    bows   of 
whalers. 

2.  Ordn.  :  The  undermost  timbers  of  a  gun 
or  mortar   platform,    or,  generally,  of  any 
framework. 

3.  Carpentry  : 

(1)  One  of  the  set  of  timbers  supporting 
the  lower  floor  of  the  building.  The  sleepers, 


boll,  boy;  po"ftt,  J6wl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bencH;  go,  gem;  thin,  *his;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  eyist.    -Ins. 
-clan,  -tifvn  =  «h^"    -tion*  -sion  =  ^»» ;  -flon,  -gion  =  «tittn.    -cious,  -tious,  -sioua  =  sfcus.   -4>le,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4304 


sleepful— sleightily 


In  a  wooden  frame,  rest  on  the  sills.     In  a 
bride  or  stone  house  they  rest  on  the  walls. 

[JO  1ST.] 

(2)  One  of  a  set  of  logs  or  scantlings  laid 
beneath  a  rough  floor,  aa  of  a  pen,  shed,  or 
temporary  stable. 

4  Ra.il.-eng.  :  One  of  the  timbers  support- 
ing a  railway  track.  When  it  is  longitudinal 
with  the  track,  it  is  called  a  stringer  or  sill ; 
when  it  is  transverse  it  is  called  a  sleeper  or 
tee 

"  The  oUtruction  consisted  of  sleepers  and  materials 
lor  mending  the  permanent  way.  — Standard,  Nov. 
•MS8&. 

5.  A  platform. 

6.  Weaving :  The  upper  part  of  the  heddle 
of  a  draw-loom  through  which  the  threads 
pws. 

•  Sleep -fol,  a.    [Eng.  sleep;  -full.}    Strongly 

inclined  to  sleep  ;  sleepy,  drowsy. 

"Distrust  will  cure  *  lethargy;  of  *  tltepful  man  It 
Biakea  a  wakeful  one,  and  BO  Keeps  out  poverty.  — 
SaM ;  Ettay  on  Drapery  (1635),  p.  188. 

•  Sleep'-fal-ness,  *.     [Eng.  sleepful;    -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sleepful ;  sleepi- 
ness, drowsiness. 

Sleep   1-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  sleepy  ;  -ly.] 

L  Lit. :    In  a  sleepy  manner ;    drowsily ; 

with  a  desire  to  sleep. 
2.  Fig. :    Lazily,    dull,    stupidly,    without 

energy. 

"  I  rather  chtue  to  endure  the  wounds  of  those  darU 
which  envy  castetli  at  novelty,  than  to  go  on  safely 
And  tltrpily  in  the  easy  ways  of  ancient  mistaking*,"— 
Raleigh. 

slesp'-I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  sleepy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sleepy ;  inclination 
to  sleep ;  drowsiness. 

"  Watchfulness  precede*  too  great  sleepiness,  and  IB 
the  most  ill-boding  lymptom  ot  a  fever.  —  Artmthnot. 

Sleep  ing,  *  slep-ynge,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *. 
[SLEEP,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Reposing  in  sleep. 

2.  Occupied  in  sleep  :  aa,  sleeping  hours. 

3.  Tending  to  produce  sleep. 

*•  A  tiff  piny  potion,  which  ao  took  effect 
A»  I  intended."        Shaketp. :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  T.  i. 

4.  Used  for  sleeping  in  :  as,  a  sleeping  room. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  one  who  sleeps. 

2.  The  state  of  being  at  rest  or  not  stirred 
or  agitated ;  the  state  of  being  dormant. 

"  You  ever 
Have  wtih'd  the  tiff  piny  of  this  business.* 

*hilts*.  :  Henry  VIII.,  U.  4. 

^  Sleeping  of  process : 

Scots  Law :  The  state  of  a  process  in  the 
juter  court  of  the  Court  of  Session,  in  which 
fio  judicial  order  or  interlocutor  has  been 
pronounced  for  a  year  and  a  day. 

sleeping  car,  sleeping  carriage,  s. 
A  railway -car  arranged  with  berths  for 
passengers  during  night  travel.  The  seats 
are  usually  convertible  into  a  lower  berth, 
while  an  upper  berth  is  let  down  from  the  root 

sleeping  -  partner,    *.      A    dormant 

partner  (q.v.). 

Bleeping  table,  s. 

Metall. :  An  apparatus  consisting  of  an  In- 
clined plane  (two  snch  are  generally  arranged 
alongside  each  other),  upon  which  finely- 
pounded  ore  is  washed  to  concentrate  it. 

•  Bleep '-Ing-l&  adv.     [Eng,  sleeping;  -ly.] 
Sleepily. 

"  To  Jog  sleejsinffly  through  the  world."— Kennet ; 
frarmut ;  Pratte  of  Folly,  p.  S5. 

•  Bleep   ish,  a.    [Eng.  sleep;  -ish.]    Disposed 
to  sleep  ;  sleepy,  drowsy. 

Sleep  less,  *  slope  lease,  a.    [Eng.  sleep ; 
4m.} 
L  Having  no  sleep;  without  sleep;  wakeful. 

"  Lo  tee  myne  eyes  flow  with  continual  tearee. 
The  body  still  away  itrp#l*s*e  it  weare*." 

Wyatt:  To  hit  UnkindeLov*. 

2.  Having  no  rest ;  never  resting ;  un- 
eeasingly  in  motion. 

"  The  sltepltts  ocean  murmurs  for  all  ean ; 

Wordsworth :  Excursion,  bk.  Ix. 

frleep  lees  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  steeples* ;  -ly.]  In 
a  sleepless  manner ;  without  sleep. 

olecp  less  ness,  *  sleep-lesse-nesse,  *. 

[Eng.  sleepless  ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of 


being  sleepless ;  want  or  deprivation  of  sleep. 
[INSOMNIA,  BLEEP.] 

"  Conceiving  an  impossibility  of  an  absolute  jf««p- 
t**ten*sse."-Bp.  Ball:  Balm  of  QUead. 

Sleep'-wdrt,  s.    [Bug.  sleep,  and  wort.   Named 
from  the  soporiOc  tendency  of  the  plant.] 
Bot,  :  Lactuca  sativa.    (Prior.) 

sleep'-?,  *  slep-ye,  a.    [Eng.  deep;  •?.] 
1.  Inclined  to  sleep  ;  drowsy. 

**  I  am  sleepy."          Shakesp. :  Meat,  for  Metis.,  IT.  1 

*  2.  Tending  to  induce  sleep  ;  soporiferous, 
somniferous. 

"  We  will  give  you  sleepy  drinks." 

Shaketp.;   u  inter' t  TaU,  L  ~L 

*  3.  Sleeping,  asleep. 

"  Go  .  .  .  smear 
The  slerpy  grooms  with  blood." 

ShaXesp. :  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

*  4.  Dull,  lazy,  indolent,  inactive,  sluggish. 

"  In  the  mildneat  of  your  sleepy  thought*." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  III.,  111.  7. 

*sle'-er,  *.  [Mid.  Eng.  «te«  =  slay;  ~tr.]  A 
slayer. 

•  sle   er-ess, «.    [Eng.  $ker;  -ess.}    A  female 

slayer. 

Sleet  (1),  *.  [Norw.  sletta  =  sleet,  from  sletta 
=  to  fling ;  Icel.  sletta  =  to  strike,  to  slap,  to 
dash  down ;  cf.  Dan.  slud  =  sleet ;  IceL  slydda.] 
1.  Rain  mingled  with  hail  or  snow.  It  con- 
sists of  small  icy  needles  confusedly  pressed 
together,  and  is  probably  produced  by  the 
sudden  congelation  of  minute  globules  of 
aqueous  vapour  in  an  agitated  atmosphere. 

"  The  marble  where  her  feet 
Qleaiu'd  whiter  tban  the  mountain  sleet." 

Byron;  The  Giaour. 

*  2.  A  shower  of  anything  falling  thickly, 
and  causing  a  painful  sensation. 

"  They  wheel'd.  and.  flying,  behind  them  shot 
Sharp  tie*  of  arrowy  showers  agaiuit  the  face 
Of  their  pursuers."  JliUon :  P.  &.,  Ui.  W4. 

sleet  (2),  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Ordn.  :  The  part  of  a  mortar  passing  from 
the  chamber  to  the  trunnions  for  strengthen- 
ing that  part. 

Sleet,  v.i.  [SLEET,  *.]  To  snow  or  hail  with  a 
mixture  of  rain. 

sleetch,  s.  [Prob.  connected  with  sludge  or 
slush,  the  spelling  being  affected  by  sleet  (1).] 
Thick  mud,  as  at  the  bottom  of  rivers. 

Sleet'-I-ness,  *.  [Eng.  sleety;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sleety. 

Sleef  -?,  a.  &  «.    [Eng.  sleet  (1) ;  -#.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Consisting  of  sleet ;  resembling 
sleet ;  of  the  nature  of  sleet. 

"  Meantime  the  dark  banks  of  cloud  had  been  drift- 
Ing  up,  ami  BOOB  a  cold,  sleety  rain  began  to  fall."— 
Fielil,  Sept.  11,  1856. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  translation  of  Frimaire, 
the  third  month  of  the  French  Republican 
year. 

sleeve  (1),  •  sieve,  *.    [A.8.  slefe.  sUf,  slyfe, 
slyf;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  sloove  =  a  veil  or  a 
skin;  sieve  —  a  sleeve  ;  Ger.  seAtowh«  =  ahusk, 
a  shell.     From  the  same  root  as  slip  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  Lit. :  The  part  of  a  garment  which  is 
fitted  to  cover  the  arm. 

"Shaped  like  our  carters'  frocks,  being  without 
ileefet.  —Dampier :  Voyage*  (an.  1687}. 

*2.  Fig. :  A  narrow  channel  of  the  sea ;  a 
channel.  (Cf.  Fr.  La  Manche=  the  English 
Channel ;  manche  =  a  sleeve.] 

n.  Mech. :  A  tube  into  which  a  rod  or 
another  tube  is  inserted.  If  small,  It  is  often 
called  a  thimble ;  when  fixed,  and  serving 
merely  to  strengthen  the  object  which  it  in- 
closes, it  is  a  reinforce.  In  the  majority  of 
its  applications,  however,  the  two  parts  have 
more  or  less  relative  circular  or  longitudinal 
motion. 

*  ^  (1)  To  hang  on  (or  upon)  the  sleeve :  To 
be  or  make  dependent. 

"  It  ii  not  for  a  man  which  doth  know,  or  should 
know,  what  orders,  and  what  peaceable  government 
required,  to  ask  why  we  should  hang  our  Judgment 
tipon  the  church's  sleeve,  and  why  in  matters  of  orders 
more  than  In  matters  of  doctrine."—  Hooker:  Eecles. 
Polity. 

(2)  To  laugh  in  one's  sleeve:  To  laugh  or  exult 
privately ;  originally,  to  laugh  while  hiding 
one's  face  behind  the  wide  sleeves,  so  as  to 
escape  detection. 

"  John  laughed  heartily  in  hit  Of  eve  at  the  pride  of 
the  esquire/—  Arbuthnot:  Btst.  John  BuU. 


sleeve-axle,  5.  A  hollow  axle  running 
upon  an  axial  shaft. 

sleeve-button,  s.  A  button  to  fasten 
the  sleeve  or  wristband. 

sleeve  -  coupling,  s.  A  tube  within 
which  the  abutting  ends  of  shafting  are 
coupled  together. 

sleeve-fish,  s. 

Zool.  :  A  popular  name  for  the  genus  Loligo 
(q.v.). 

*  sleeve-hand,  s.     The  cuff  attached  to 
a  sleeve.    (Shakesp.  :  Winter's  Tale,  iv.  4.) 

sleeve-knot,  s.    A  knot  or  bow  of  ribbon 

attached  to  a  sleeve. 

sleeve-link,  s.  A  contrivance  consisting 
of  two  buttons  or  studs  connected  by  a  link, 
for  fastening  the  wristband  or  culls. 

Sleeve  (2),  a.    [SLEAVE.] 

sleeve,  v.t,  [SLEEVE  (1),  *.]  To  furnish  with 
sleeves  ;  to  put  in  sleeves. 

Sleeved,  o.  [Eng.  sUeve  (1);  -ed.}  Having 
sleeves. 

sleeve'-  less,  *  sleeve  -  lesse,  a.     [Eng. 

sleeve;  -less.] 
1.  Lit.  ;  Having  no  sleeves  ;  wanting  sleeve*. 

**  Tbeu  baring  both  his  arms—  a  tl*c»tlfU  coat 
He  girds  the  rough  exuviae  of  a  guat." 
Covper  :  Translations  from  Virgil  ;  The  ffal-id. 

*  2.  Fig.  :    Wanting   a   cover,    pretext,    or 
excuse  ;     unreasonable,     bootless,      useless. 
(Generally  in  the  phrase,  a  sleei'dess  errand.) 

"To  save  himself  from  the  vexation   of  a  tletvelest 
errand."—  Warburton  :  Divine  Legation,  bk.  iii. 

sleez'-y,  a.    [SLEAZY.] 

Sleid,  v.t.  [SLEY.]  To  prepare  for  use  in  the 
weaver's  sley  or  slaie. 

"  She  weaved  the  sleided  silk, 
With  nugers  long."       Shuketp:  Pericles,  if.  (ProL) 

Sleigh  (gh  silent),  s.  [The  same  word  as  sled, 
or  sledge,  the  form  being  due  to  contraction 
by  the  loss  of  d.]  A  vehicle  mounted  on 
runners  for  transporting  passengers  or  goods 
on  snow  or  ice;  a  somewhat  finer  vehicle 
than  a  sled  (q.v.). 

sleigh-bell,  5.  A  small  bell  of  globular 
form  attached  to  sleigh  harness. 

"  The  musical  jangle  of  iteiffh-btllt.' 

Longfellow  :  Theologian's  Tale. 

sleigh-brake,  *.  The  same  as  SLED- 
BRAKE  (q.v.). 

sleigh-runner,  *.  One  of  the  curved 
pieces  on  which  a  sleigh  slides. 

sleigh  -ing  (j^A  silent),  s.     [Eng.  sleigh;  -ing.] 

1.  The  state  of  the  snow  which  permits  of 
running  sleighs.    (Amer.) 

2.  The  act  or  pastime  of  riding  in  a  sleigh. 

*  sleigh-ly,  adv.    [SLEIGHT.J   Slily,  cunningly. 

sleight,  *  slight  (gh  silent),  *  slehthe, 
•sleighte,  *  sleighth,  *  sleithe,  s.  &  a. 

[Icel.  slcegdh  —  slyness,  cunning  ;  from  slcegr  = 
sly  (q.v.);  Sw.  dogd-=.  mechanical  ait,  dex- 
terity ;  from  nldg  =  hardy,  dexterous,  expert.! 
A*  As  substantive  : 

I.  An  artful  trick  ;  a  trick  so  dexterously 
performed  as  to  escape  detection. 

"  Whatever  sleights,  none  would  suspicious  mark." 
Milton  :  J*.  L.t  ix.  93. 

*  2.  An  art  ;  a  skilful  operation. 

"  Dirtilled  by  magic  Heights." 

:  Macbeth,  iii.  S. 


3.  Dexterity,  expertness,  dexterous  practice, 

"  Lookers  on  feel  most  delight, 
That  least  iwrceive  the  juggler's  sleight." 

Sutler  rbudibrai,  1L  111.  4, 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Deceitful,  artful. 

"  Spells  .  .  . 

Of  power  to  cheat  the  eye  with  sleight  illusion." 
Jtttton:  ComuilMS.). 

5  Sleight  of  hand  :  Legerdemain,  prestidigi- 
tation. 

"  Will  ye  see  Any  feats  of  activity. 

Some  slHfffit  of  hand,  le^erdeiuiiu  ?  " 

Be'ium.  A  Ftet.  :  Beggar's  Bush,  ill.  L 

*  sleight   ful   (gh  silent),  a.     [Eng.  sleight  i 
-full.]    Cunning,  artful,  crafty. 

"  Wilde  beasts  fonooke  their  dens  on  woody  hils, 
And  tleightfol  utters  Ifft  the  purling  rils.  ' 

Hrowne;  Britannia*  Pastoral*,  U-  4. 

*  sleight-M^  (gh  silent),  adv.    [Eng.  sleighty  ; 
~ly.]    In  a  cunning  manner;  cunningly,  art- 
fully. 


Ate,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woll,  work,  wild,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  quite,  car,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    te,  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


sleighty-slide 


4305 


••leighf-y   (gh  silent),   *  sleyght-ye,  a. 

[Eng  jfctjw  ;  -».)  Exercising  or  giveu  to 
•leighte  or  tricks  ;  artful,  cunning,  crafty. 

"  Men's  ibwUir  iugling  and  counterfeit  craftea,"— 
tr.  aardntr  Trut  OiedSmce.  foL  «. 

•den,  "  sleen,  i>.<.    [SLAY,  ».] 

slen-der  'solen-dre.  *slen-dre,a.  (O. 

Dut.  slimier  =  slender,  thin  ;  properly  =  trail- 
Ing,  dragging,  hence,  long  drawn  out,  from 
llinderen  =  to  drag,  to  trail.] 

1  Small  or  narrow  in  circumference  or 
width  as  compared  with  the  length;  thin, 
slim,  not  tliii'k. 

-  Hire  annee  long  and  ictfndn.- 

C'Aaucer.-  C.  T.t  9,57«. 

I  Not  strong,  weak,  feeble,  slight. 

-neilnvtorat  shews  of  probability  will  suffice  to 
Make  him  an  iuriael."—  Scott  :  Ctiritliun  Uft,  pt.  it, 
eh.  ill. 

3.  Moderate,  small,  inconsiderable,  slight, 
trivial. 

"  Where  )oy  molt  revel,,  grief  Joth  most  lament  ; 
Or...  MS.  Joy  griev.,  -™' 


t.  Small,  insufficient,  meagre,  poor,  pitiful 

"  A  thin  and  Omtbr  pittance." 

&uttetp.  :  Tamino  of  Ou  Sin*.  Iv.  4. 

•6.  Notamply  supplied,  poor,  unpretending. 

"  The  good  Ostorius  often  deign'  d 
To  grace  »,  *»*r  Uhl.  with  MMjese  nce.^ 

•6,  Spare,  abstemious. 

"In  obstructions  inflammatory,  the  aliment  ought 
to  be  cool,  tender,  thin,  diluting.  *—Arbuthnot. 

slender  beaked  spider  crab,  >. 

Zool.  :  Stenorhynchui  tennirostris,  a  small, 
brilliantly  coloured  triangular  crab,  having 
the  rostrum  as  lonfe  as  the  carapace.  It  is 
often  met  with  in  deep  water  off  Torquay. 

Blender  clouded  brindle,  «. 

Entom.  :  A  British  night  moth,  Xylophasia 
tDokrpacina. 

slender-loris,  s. 

Zool.  :  Loris  fracilis.    fJLoara.] 

slender  pus,  ». 

Entom.  :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Eupithe- 
eta  tenuioto. 

slender-striped  rufous  moth,  .<. 

Entom.  :  A  British  geometer  moth,  PKibo- 
tapteryx  lapidoto. 

•len'-der-ly,  adt>.  [Bng.  slender  ;  -ly.]  In  a 
•lender  manner  ;  slightly,  feebly,  inadequately, 
sparely,  sparingly,  meanly. 

He  bath  ever  but  tltnderly   known  himself."— 
:  Lear.  L  L 


Blew  (ew  as  6),  v.t,  [SLOE.]  To  awing  round ; 
to  slue. 

slewed  (ew  as  6),  o.  [Snw,  ».]  Moderately 
drunk ;  tipsy.  (Slang.) 

'•  When  a  vessel  changes  the  tack,  she,  as  it  were 
staggers,  the  sails  flap,  she  gradually  heels  over,  and 
the  wiud  catching  the  waiting  canvas,  .he  glides .off  at 
another  angle.  The  course  pursued  by  an  Intonicated 
or  ilaaed  man  Is  supposed  to  be  analogous  to  that  of 
the  ship,"— Son?  Diet. 

•ley,].    [A.8.  sice.) 

1.  Weaving:    A    weaver'i   reed.      [REED, 
«.,  II.  7.) 

2.  Knitting-machiiu:  Any  guide-way  in  a 
knitting-machine. 

Sley,  v.t.  [SLEY,  «.]  To  separate  or  part  into 
threads,  as  weavers  do ;  to  prepare  for  the 
sley 


«lcn  -der-ncss, «.    [Eng.  slender ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  slender ; 
ilimness,  thinness,  slightuess. 

"  By  their  extreme  littleness  or  by  their  ttender- 
«e»l--«oyl«:   Work,.  L  674. 

2.  Want  of  strength  ;  feebleness,  alightness, 
weakness  :  as,  the  slenderness  of  a  probability. 

3.  Insufficiency,  meagreness,  sparseneas. 

"  From  the  tlenderneu  of  their  fortunes."— Knox : 
Sintt  to  Young  Men. 

•  Blent,  s.  [SLENT,  r.]  An  oblique  or  sarcastic 
remark  ;  a  gibe,  a  jest. 

"  Cleopatra  found  Antoniue*  Jests  and  tienu  to  be 
bat  gross."— JTortA:  Plutarch,  p.  763. 

••lent,  v.i.  &  I.    [SLANT,  a.] 

A.  [ntrans. :  To  make  oblique  or  sarcastic 
remarks  or  reflections. 

"  One  Proteus,  a  pleasant  conceited  man,  and  that 
could  tlent  finely."— AortA :  Plutarch,  p.  744. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  turn  aslant  or  aside ;  to  ward 
•C 

2.  To  rend. 

"  They  were  ilented  and  shivered  asunder."— SoweU  : 
lettert,  bk.  iv..  let.  19. 

•  slop,  *  slepe,  >.  &  v.    [SLEEP.] 
•le-pe*  (z  as  t3),  s.    [Rnss.] 

Zool. :  The  Mole-rat  (q.v.). 

•lept,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.    [SLEEP,  ».] 

•  slete,  >.    [SLEET,  5.] 

•leuth,  ».    [SLOT  (1),  «.]    The  track  of  man  or 
beast  as  known  by  the  scent. 

sleuth-hound,  s.    A  bloodhound  (q.v.). 

•  Blere-lesse,  a.    [SLEEVELESS.] 
•lew  (ew  as  d),  pret.  of  v.    [SLAY,  ».] 


are  used'indiacriniin»t«iy7and  mean  exactly  the  same 
thing."—  Ure :  Dictionary  of  Artt.  ic. 

•  slib'-ber,  o.    [SLIPPER,  a.] 

slibber-sauce,  s.    Draff,  hogswash. 

sliV-3-wMa  (W  as  V),  s.  [Bohemian.]  An 
ardent  spirit,  distilled  in  Bohemia  from  the 
fermented  juice  of  plums. 

slice,  *  sclioe, "  sollse,  *  sclyoe,  s.  [O.  Fr. 

esclice  =  a  shiver,  a  splinter,  a  broken  piece  of 
wood,  from  esclier,  esclicer  =  to  split,  to  slit, 
from  O.  H.  Ger.  slizan  =  to  slit  (q.v.).] 
L  A  broad  thin  piece  of  any  thing  cut  off. 

*•  Whether  the  Grecians  took  a  slice- 
Four  times  a  day.  or  only  twice." 

Uoyd :  A  Dialogue. 

1  Something  broad  and  thin  :  as, 

S)  A  broad  thin  knife  for  serving  flsh  at 
le. 
•  (2)  A  salver,  platter,  or  tray. 

(3)  A  peel  or  flre  shoveL 

(4)  Around-ended  pliable  knife  for  spreading 
plasters ;  a  spatula. 

"  The  pelican  hath  a  beak  broad  and  flat,  much  like 
the  Mlice  of  apothecaries. "— B akewitl :  Apologie,  bk.  L, 
ch.  L,  16. 

(5)  Furnace :  The  instrument  used  for  clear- 
ing the  air-spaces  between  the  bars  of  the 
furnace   when   they   become    choked    with 
clinkers. 

(6)  Sautical: 

(a)  A  bar  with  a  chisel  or  spear-shaped  end, 
used  for  stripping  off  sheathing  or  planking. 

(6)  A  spade-shaped   tool  used  in  flensing 
whales. 

(c)  A  wedge  driven  between  the  false  keel 
and  the  bilgeway,  to  raise  a  vessel  before 
launching. 

(7)  Printing 

(a)  An  ink-slice  (q.v.). 
(0)  A  galley-slice  (q.v.). 
slice-bar,  s.    [SLICE,  i.,  t.  (5).] 
slice  galley,  s. 

Print. :  A  galley  having  a  movable  false 
bottom  or  slice. 

Slice,  v.t.    [SLICE,  «.] 

1.  To  cut  into  broad,  thin  pieces ;  to  cut 
slices  or  broad,  thin  pieces  from. 

"  An  Iron  bar  sHeerf  out  Into  a  multitude  of  plates 
as  thin  as  paper."— Searc*.'  LigU  of  Stature,  voL  U.. 
pt  L.  ch.  liL 

2.  To  cut  off  in  slices  or  broad,  thin  pieces. 
'  •  3.  To  cut  up  into  parts ;  to  cut,  to  divide. 

"  Princes  and  tyrant*  slice  the  earth  among  them."— 
Bumet. 

Blic'-er,  ».    [Enp;.  slic(e),  v. ;  -tr.]   One  who  or 
that  which  slices  ;  specifically, 
L  [LAPIDARY-WHEEL]. 
2.  The  same  as  SLICE,  s.,  2.  (6)  6. 

Blich,  slick,  ».  [Low  Ger.  slidi ;  Qer.  tMich 
=  pounded  and  washed  ore.]  The  ore  of  a 
metal,  particularly  of  gold,  when  pounded 
and  prepared  for  working. 

slick,  *  slicke,  o.,  adv.,  A  «.  [•*•  doublet  of 
sleek  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj.:  Sleek,  smooth;  also  (cottoq.), 
shrewd,  diplomatic,  well-performed. 

Both  sltcte  and  dalntle.          Chapman.    fTodd.) 

'B.Ai  adv. :  Immediately,  quickly,  thorough- 
ly, effectually.    (Amer.) 
C.  As  substantive : 
t.  Joinery :  A  wide-bitted  chisel,  used  by 


framers  in  paring  the  sides  of  mortisea  and 
tenons* 
2.  UetaO. :  A  metalliferous  slime. 

*  slick,  v.i.     [SLICK,  a.)     To  make  sliok  01 

sleek. 
slick  -en,  a.    [SLICK.]  Slick,  smooth.    (Pror.) 

slick -en  side,  >.  [Eng.  slicken,  and  sidt; 
Fr.  plonib  suljure  speculaire.] 

itin.  Jt  Petrol. :  A  name  originally  applied 
to  a  specular  galena,  found  as  a  thin  coating 
on  the  sides  of  fissures  in  the  Derbyshire  lime- 
stone. Now  applied  to  any  polished  and 
grooved  rock  surface  produced  by  the  sliding 
and  friction  of  two  contiguous  surfaces. 

slick  er,  «.    [Eng.  slick;  -«r.] 

Leather:  A  tool  for  removing  inequalitiet 
from,  and  imparting  a  polish  to  a  surface. 

slick' -Ing,  s.    [SLICK.] 

ifin. :  A  narrow  vein  of  ore. 

Slick -ness,  ..  [Eng.  slick;  -«»..]  Th« 
quality  or  state  of  being  slick  or  sleek ;  sleek, 
ness. 

•lid,  pret.  ofv.    [SLIDE,  ».] 

slid,  slid' -den,  pa-  par.  ofv.    [SLIDE,  «.] 

slid  -der,  v.i.  (SLIDDER,  a.]  To  slide  with 
interruptions  ;  to  slip  repeatedly. 

"  With  that  he  dragged  the  trembling  tire. 
Btidfrina  through  clotteTblood." 

Drtdm :  Virgtt ;  JtotU  II.  746. 

slid  der,  slid-der-y,  a.  [A.8.  aidor.) 
[SLIDE,  v.]  Slippery. 

"  Which,  in  these  Aiddtay  times,  will  be  expected  hr 
a  man  like  the  Marquis."— Scott :  Bride  of  Lamm*. 
moor,  ch.  xr. 

slide,  «  slyde  (p.t.  Aid,  *  flood,  pa.  par.  slid, 
slidden,  '  sliden,  *  slidun,  "slyden),  v.i.  *  t. 
[A.S.  slidan  (pa.  t.  sldd,  pa.  par.  sliden) ;  cf. 
slidor  =  slippery  ;  Icel.  sledhi  =  a  sledge ; 
O.  Dut  slidderen  =  to  drag  or  trail ;  Ir.  * 
Gael,  siood  =  to  slide ;  Lith.  slidus  =  slippery. 
From  the  same  root  as  tied,  sledge,  tleiyh, 
slender.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  move  smoothly  along  the  surface  of 
any  body  by  slipping  ;  to  slip,  to  glide. 

"  The  make  of  gold  Hid  from  her  hair." 

Tennyson.-  Firien,  7OT. 

2.  Specif. :  To  move  over  the  surface  of  ioe 
or  snow  with  a  smooth,  uninterrupted  mo- 
tion ;  to  amuse  one's  self  with  gliding  over  • 
surface  of  ice. 

"  Frost  admit*  of  a  certain  amount  of  Hiding  and 
akating."-««i<i.  Dec.  16. 188«. 

3.  To  pass  along  smoothly ;  to  move  gently 
on ;  to  glide  or  slip  onward. 

"The  moonbeam  <{<««»  softly  in  between." 

Couper  :  Tatx,  L  781, 

4.  To  make  a  slip  in  walking;  to  slip. 

"  Young  children,  who  are  tied  in 
Go-cart*,  to  keep  their  stops  from  ilidint." 

friar :  fpM.  to  F.  Slepkard,  Af. 

•  5.  To  pass  gently. 

"  The  weary  sight. 

Too  well  acquainted  with  their  smile,  tHriet  off 
Fastidious.'  Cosrper:  Talk.  L  til. 

*6.  To  pass  inadvertently. 

••  Make  a  door  and  a  bar  for  thy  mouth  ;  beware  thon 
tttda  not  by  it"— S bete*,  ixviii.  26. 

7.  To  pass   gradually   from  one  state   to 
another  (generally  from  a  better  to  a  worn 
state) ;  to  glide. 

"  They  have  not  only  tliit  Imperceptibly,  but  have 
plvnged  openly  into  artifice."— Lord  Bottngbrokt: 
£way  L 

8.  To  pass  away  disregarded. 

"  Let  the  world  Hide."— Snataf. :  Tamlrty  e/  tto 
Shrew.  (Induct.  L) 

9  To  make  a  slip ;  to  commit  a  fault ;  to 
backslide. 

"  I  find  myself  a  learner  yet. 
Unskilful,  weak,  and  apt  to  Mat.' 

Covtper  :  Olney  Symnl.  XL 

10.  To  go,  to  move  off ;  to  be  gone.  (Cofiog.) 

•  11.  To  slope. 

12.  Baseball :   [See  SUDE,  «.,  I.  7]. 

H,  Music :  To  pass  from  one  note  to  another 
without  any  cessation  of  sound,  or  distinction 
between  the  intervals. 

B.  Transitive : 


1.  To  thrust  smoothly  and  gently  along; 
to  cause  to  slide  or  slip  along  :  as,  To  tluit  a 
piece  of  timber  along. 


bo?;  ptfit,  Jtfwl;  cat,  y>U,  olu,ra»,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem .  tnln.  thi- ;  In,  •• ;  ~pect,  ?«ioph.«. 

Mrl«i.  -«lon  =  «mtn.  HHou*.  -Uons,  -Hon.  =  .Hu...   -W«.  Hlle, 


1306 


slide-Blighting 


"2.  To  place,  put,  or  pass  imperceptibly  ; 
to  slip. 

"  Little  tricks  of  sophistry.  *y  ttitirvr  In  or  leaving 
out  r.Mi  wordaae  entirely  cbange  the  question, should 
be  abandoned  by  all  fair  dispuUnta."—  IPom 

Slide,  ».    (SLIDE,  r.) 

I.  OrdtTMiry  Language  : 

*  1.  The  act  or  state  of  sliding  ;  a  smooth 

and  easy  passa^-. 

"Kiiiirs  that  have  able  men  of  their  nobility  ilinll 
f  TI.I  ,-nw  in  etni  'luying  them,  and  a  better  Hid*  into 
> J-ineM."— AOCOM .-  Euayt;  Of  A'obUttf. 

'  2.  Slow,  even  course. 

"There  be,  whose  fortune*  are  like  Homer*!  Terees. 
that  hare  mtUliwM  easiueee  uiort  than  the  venea  of 
other  poeta."— Bacon, 

3.  That  on  which  a  person  or  thing  slides  ; 
ipecif.,  a  prepared  smooth  surface  of  ice  for 
Eliding  on. 

"  Mr.  Welter  and  the  fat  bor.  having  by  their  Joint 
endeavours  cut  out  a  Illdr.  were  exercising  thelnst'lvee 
thereupon."—  DicJuni:  fieJapidk.  ch.  xxx. 

4.  An  inclined    plane  for   facilitating  the 
descent  of  heavy  bodies  by  the  force  of  gravity. 

5.  A  sliding  shutter  to  an  aperture,  as  of  a 
dark-lantern. 

6.  A  brooch  or  clasp  for  a  boa. 

7.  Bateball :  The  movement  by  which  a  base 
runner  throws  himself  head  or  feet  foremost  to 
a  bam. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  .Magic  lantern :  A  painting,  photograph, 
or  other  picture  on  glass  for  projection  on  a 
screen. 

2.  Microscope :  A  microscopic  preparation 
mounted  on  a  slip  of  glass,  usually  3x1 
in.    The  thin  glass  for  covering  the  object 
Is  made  from  Js  to  ,Ja  cf  an  inch  thick. 

3.  Music. 

(1)  An  arrangement  in  the  trumpet  and 
trombone,  by  means  of  which  the  tube  can  be 
lengthened  so  an  to  generate  a  new  series  of 
harmonics. 

(2)  The  slider  of  an  organ. 

4.  Orrln, :  The  lower  part  of  a  ship's  «ar- 
ronade  or  howitzer  carriage,  on  which  the 
top  carriage  rests  and  Is  run  in  and  ont.    It 
corresponds  to  the  chassis  of  a  land  fortifica- 
tion carriage. 

&  Steaat-eng. :  The  guide-ban  of  a  box  or 
cross- head. 

slide-box,*. 

SUam-eng. ;  A  slide-valve  chest 
•lide-case,  «. 

Steaming.:  The  chamber  to  which  the 
eliding  valve  operates. 

•  slide-groat,  *  slide -grote, «.  Shove- 
groat  (q.v.). 

"The  lieutenant  and  he  for  their  dliport  were 
pUleinj  at  iti<tt-yrotc  or  ihoofleboord.-— B .JiniM : 
CAr-Kicfa  of  Ireland  (an.  U38). 

slide-head,  «. 

Mack. :  A  device  for  supporting  a  tool  or 
piece  of  work  in  a  lathe,  &c. 

slide-lathe,  s.  The  lathe  of  the  metal- 
worker, in  which  the  tool-rest  is  cp.used  to 
traverse  the  bed  from  end  to  end  by  means  of 
•  screw. 

slide-rail,  j. 

1.  A  turn-table  (q.v.). 

5.  A  switch-rail 
slide-rest.  *. 

Hack. :  A  tool-rest  employed  for  lathes, 
planing-macbines,  ic.,  in  which  the  tool  is 
securely  clamped  to  a  plate  capable  of  motion 
In  one  or  several  directions  by  means  of 
•crews. 

slide-rod,  t. 

Steam-eng. :  The  rod  which  operates  a  ilide- 
valve. 

Slide-rule,  s.    A  sliding-rule. 

•slide-thrift,  t.  The  same  as  SLIDE- 
CROAT  (q.v.).  (statute  on  Gomel,  1641.) 

slide-valve,  ». 

Steam-eng. :  A  valve  which  opens  or  closes 
by  sliding  over  the  port  or  ports,  as  the 
ordinary  steam-valve  of  a  steam-engine. 

•lid'  er,  «.  [Eng.  <ltd(e\  v. ;  -«-.)  One  who 
or  that  which  slides  ;  the  part  of  an  instru- 
ment or  apparatus  which  slides. 

-  Whilst  ho  Is  receiving  their  homage  It  ...  flttlni 
to  their  size  the  ilidgr  oi   his  guillotine."— Burke  • 
KtffKide  Ptae*. 


slider  pump,  «.  A  name  common  to 
sever.il  pumps  ol  various  forms,  but  all  havin, 
a  I'istuii  wliich  revolves  continuously  an 
forces  the  water  through  a  pipe  by  means  of  a 
sliiie  regulated  by  a  sprinc,  which  intercepts 
its  passage  in  any  otlu-r  dii 

slid' -Ing,   "slid  yng,   pr.  par.,  «.,&». 

[SLIDE,  0.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verbX 

B.  .-Is  adjective: 

1.  Fitting  for  sliding ;  apt  to  slide. 

*  2.  Slippery,  uncertain,  fickle.    (Chaucer.} 

C.  As  substantive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  one  who  slides. 

2.  A  lapse,  a  backsliding,  a  falling  away,  a 
transgr 

"  Bather  proved  the  t!i<lin<j*it  your  mother 
A  luerriuifiit  than  u  . 

Skalcap. :  J/eaiurg/or  feature,  IL  4. 

IL  Mach. :  The  motion  of  a  body  along  a 
plane  when  the  same  face  or  surface  of  the 
moving  body  keeps  in  contact  with  the  surface 
of  the  plane  :  thus  distinguished  from  rolling, 
in  which  the  several  parts  of  the  moving  body 
come  successively  in  contact  with  the  plane  on 
which  it  rolls. 

sliding  baulk,  «. 

ShipbuUd. :  One  of  a  set  of  planks  fitted 
under  the  bottom  of  a  ship,  to  descend  with 
her  upon  the  bilge-ways  in  launching ;  also 
called  Sliding-plauk. 

sliding  gauge,  s.  An  instrument  nsed 
by  mathematical-instrument  makers  for  mea- 
suring and  setting  off  distances. 

•lldlng-gunter,  s. 

Naut. :  A  mast  with  means  for  mounting 
on  the  after  side,  used  with  royals,  akysails, 
&c. 

sliding-keeL  «    [KEEL,  a.,  IL  S.] 

sliding  plank,  s.  The  same  as  SLIDINO- 
BAULK  (q.v.). 

sliding  pulley,  i. 

Mack. :  A  kind  of  coupling  In  which  the 
band-pnllej  is  slipped  into  or  ont  of  engage- 
ment with  an  arm  firmly  attached  to  the  shaft 
and  rotating  therewith. 

sliding-relish,  s. 

Music :  A  grace  in  old  harpsichord  music. 

sliding  rule,  s.  A  scale  having  two 
graduated  parts,  one  of  which  slips  upon  the 
other.  The  numbers  are  so  arranged  that, 
when  a  given  number  on  one  scale  is  made  to 
coincide  with  a  given  number  on  the  other, 
the  product  or  some  other  function  of  the  two 
numliers  is  obtained  by  inspection.  It  is  used 
for  gauging  and  mensuration. 

sliding  scale,  >. 

1.  The  same  as  SLIDINO-BULE  (q.T.X 

2.  A  scale  of  payments  varying  under  cer- 
tain conditions  :  as, 

(1)  A  scale  for  raising  or  lowering  imposts 
in  proportion  to  the  fall  or  rise  in  the  price  of 
the  goods.    [(4).] 

(2)  A  scale  of  prices  for  manufactured  goods, 
which  is  regulated  by  the  rise  and  fall  in  the 
price  of  the  raw  material. 

(3)  A  scale  of  wages  which  rises  and  falls 
in  proportion  to  the  rise  or  fall  in  the  market 
value  of  the  goods  turned  out. 

(4)  Bnglith  Economical  History :  Two  methods 
for  raising  the  duty  on  imported  wheat  and 
other  cereals  when  they  became  cheap,  and 
lowering  it  when  they  became  dear.     The 
first  came  into  operation  on  July  13,  1828. 
The  highest  duty  in  the  scale  was  £1  is.  6d. 
per  quarter,  when  the  average  price  of  wheat 
was  under  62s.  over  all  England,  and  the 
lowest  was  Is.,  when  the  average  price  was 
73s.    The  attempt  to  substitute  a  uniform 
duty  of  8s.  on  wheat  overthrew  the  Melbourne 
administration  on  August  30,  1841,  and  trans- 
ferred power  to  Sir  Robert  Peel,  who  carried 
the  Act  5  Viet.,  c.  14,  establishing  the  second 
sliding-scale.    The  highest  duty  was  now  £1 
and  took  effect  when  wheat  fell  below  Sis. ; 
the  lowest  was  Is.,  when  wheat  rose  above 
73s.    The  Corn  Importation  Act,  9  i  10  Viet 
c.  22,  passed  June  26, 1848,  reduced  the  duty 
on  wheat  to  4s.,  when  the  average  price  was 
53s. ;  but  after  June  24,  1849,  it  was  to  be  Is. 
whatever  the  average  price,  and  the  impost 
wai  abolished  in  18ti9.    [CORN-LAWS.] 


slidlng-seat,  ». 

Routing  :  A  form  of  se«t  of  American  inven- 
tion. The  thwart  is  much  wider  than  in  the 
old  fonn  of  se-it,  an  I  nn  the  top  of  it  is  fixed 
a  glass  rod  which  .  vory  traveller, 

firmly  screwed  to  the  under  *ide  of  t 
which  win  thus  slide  backwards  and  forwards, 
enabling  the  rower  to  make  a  much  longer 
stroke. 

sliding  ways.  s.  pi. 

ShipIjtiiM.  :  The  inclined  planes  down  which 
the  vessel  slides.  They  are  made  of  plankl 
three  or  four  inches  wide,  laid  on  blocks  of 
wood. 

*  site,  *  sligh,  a.    [SLY.] 

•  slight,  «  sleight  (gh  silent),  «  slyght,  a., 
adv.,   &  s.     [O.   But.  slicht  =  even,    plain; 
•teUsaligbt,  simple,  vile,  of  litile  account; 
slichten  =  to  make  even  or  plain  ;  O.  Fries. 
sliueht  =  slight  ;    O.    L.    Ger.  iligt  =  even, 
smooth,  simple,  silly,  poor,  liad  ;  Icel.  ««/r= 
flat,  smooth,  level,  worthless,  slight;   linn. 
itet  =  flat,  level,  bad  ;  Sw.  tlat  =  smooth,  level, 
plain,    worthless,    slight  ;    Goth.    >laiht»  = 
ami  ioth  ;  Ger.  schlicht  =  smooth,  sleek,  plain, 
homely.] 

A.  At  adjective: 

1.  Trifling,  inconsiderable,  small,  insignifi- 
cant; of  little  importance  or  account. 

"  In  some  flight  measure." 
Shakegp.  :  Mlttiumma-  Sight  t  Drtam,  111  i. 

2.  Not  strong,  forcible,  or  violent  ;  gentle, 
feeble,  light  :  a*,saityU  impulse,  a  slight  blow. 

3.  Nut  severe,  violent,  or  very  painful  ;  not 
dangerous  :  as,  a  slight  fain,  a  slight  illness. 

1.  Not  firm,  lasting,  or  enduring;  perish- 
able. 

*  5.  Paltry,  contemptible,  worthless,  friv- 
olous. 

"  Away,  itiffht  man  1  *     sholtttp.  :  Jui  Ctmnr,  Iv.  & 
6.  Not  thorough,  close,  or  exhaustive;  super- 
ficial, careless,  negligent:  as,  a  slight  exam- 
ination. 

*  7.  Careless,  negligent. 

"  We  have  been  to.  *lf\t  In  sufferance." 

Shuketp.  :  Cymi*line,  lit  1 

*  8.  Foolish,  silly,  weak  in  intellect. 

*  9.  Contemptuous,  disdainful. 

10.  Not  stout  or  heavy  ;  slender,  siim  :  as, 
•  flight  figure. 

*  B.  As  adv.  :  Slightly,  little 

"  Is  Caesar  with  \ntonfiu  prized  so  aiyJa  f  * 

XfulkrttJ.     Ajttong  *  Ctoy/XUrO,  1.  1. 

C*  As  subst.  :  A  moderate  degree  of  con- 
tempt manifested,  especially  by  neglect,  in- 
difference, oversight,  or  inattention  ;  neglect, 
disregard,  scorn;  a  slight  insult  or  act  of 
contempt. 

•  In  nery  spiriu.  ilijU,,  though  fe» 
And  thoughtless,  will  disturb  repose  " 

Byron:  BrUe  of  A  bfiiel.  U.  IX 

Slight  (gh  silent),  r.(.    [SLIGHT,  a.) 

*  1.  To   overthrow  ;    to    dismantle,    as    a 
fortress  ;  to  raze. 

"  They  tttgkted  and  demolished  ail  the  works  of  that 
garrison."—  Clarendon:  aittory.  IL  483. 

2.  To  treat  as  of  little  value  or  importance  ; 
to  treat  with  neglect  or  superciliousness  ;  to 
disregard  as  unworthy  of  notice  or  considera- 
tion ;  to  put  a  slight  upon. 

"  That  aiyMlta  and  despUinf  the  things  that  an 
present,  for  Uie  love  that  he  hath  to  his  Master* 
service.'—  Sungan  :  PUyrlri*  1'r^grtu,  pt.  L 

*  3.  To  throw,  as  of  no  value. 

"  The  rogue*  ilijfitf-i  me  Into  the  rint.'—Shakftp.  I 
M*rr,  Wha  of  WIMmr,  ill.  6. 

*  U  To  flight  over  :  To  treat  carelessly  ;  to 
run  over  in  haste  ;  to  perform  superficially  or 
perfunctorily. 

"  These  men,  when  they  hare  promised  great 
matters,  and  tailed  most  shamefully,  u  they  hnv«  the 
perfection  of  boldnen.  will  but  iitffkt  it  over,  and  uo 
more  ado."—  Bacon: 


Blight  (gh  silent),  ».    [SLEIOHT.] 

"  slight  -en  (yh  silent),  t>.(.    [Eng.  flight,  a.  ; 
•en.]    To  slight,  to  disregard. 

"  It  Is  an  odious  wisdom  to  blaspheme. 
Much  more  to  lUffUftt.  or  deny  their  powen.* 

Bm  Jonton  :  Sejanut.  r.  10. 

slight'-er  (gh  silent),  «.    (Eng.  slight,  v.  ;  •«•.] 
One  who  slights  or  neglects. 

"  I  do  not  believe  you  are  so  great  an  uudervaluer 
or  tlujhrer  of  it,  ee  not  to  preserve  It  tenderly  and 
tbritUly."  -£p.  Taylor:  jtrtiMcial  aaiidt  .nttntu. 
p.  IM. 

*  Slight'  -nil  (gh  silent),  o.    [SLiioirrruu] 
Slight-Ing^Asilent),  pr.  par.  ola.  [SLIOBT,  ».] 


late.  fSt,  fere,  amidst,  what,  f&ll,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wore,  wolt;  work,  who,  son;  muto,  otib,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  lull;  try,  Syrian.    »,  03  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  lew. 


slightingly— alink 


4307 


Blighf-ing-1^  (sA  silent!,  adv.  [Eng.  slifilit- 
ing ;  -ly.]  In  a  slighting  manner;  with 
neglect,  disregard,  or  disrespect 

"  A  p«r«on  whom  we  esteemed  our  friend  has  spoken 
illotttingly  of  us."— Knox :  £ssay  25. 

•light'-ljKsft  silent),  »sleight-ly,o<ft).  [Eng. 
flight,  a,  ;  -ly.]  In  a  slight  manner  or  degree  : 
as, 

(1)  In  a  small  degree ;   not  strongly,  vio- 
lently, or  dangerously ;  inconsiderably. 

"MI  gall  him  tlightly."       S\aketp.  :  Samlet,  Iv.  T. 

(2)  Carelessly,    negligently,    superficially ; 
not  thoroughly  or  exhaustively, 

"  I  haue  not  s'eightly  looked,  but  by  many  yeres 
stuilie.1  ami  aduisedly  considered."— Sir  T.  More: 
Worket,  p.  1.436. 

*  (3)  Slightingly,  contemptuously,  thought- 
lessly. 

"  You  were  to  blame, 
To  part  to  tHsWu  with  your  wife's  first  gift." 

mOftf.  :  Merchant  o/1'enice,  T. 

•light' -n6ss  (gh  silent),  s.  [Eng.  slight,  a. ; 
•mess.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  slight  or 
inconsiderable ;    want   or   absence  of  force, 
strength,  or  violence  :  as,  the  slightness  of  a 
blow. 

2.  Negligence;  want  of  thoroughness  or 
exhaustiveness ;  superficialness. 

"  Experience  ban  given  us  a  better  opinion  of  it, 
than  I  fear  the  iHghtneu  of  the  preparation  will  at 
yet  allow  you."—Boylm:  Vforkt,  ii.  241. 

*  3.  Trifling,  frivolity. 

"  Give  way  the  while 
T  mutable  aithtnea."    Skukap. :  Coriolojmu,  Iii.  1. 

•  slight'-^  (qh  silent),  a.    [Eng.  slight,  a. ;  -y.] 

1.  Superticial,  slight. 

"  This  dothlul  and  iliahty  way."— JCoAani  ;  OH.  on 
Answer  to  Contempt  of  Clergy,  p.  184. 

2.  Trifling,  inconsiderable. 

alike,  a.    [A  corrupt,  of  so-likt  =  such  (q.v.).] 
budi. 

"  Wha  herkned  ever  tlilce  a  ferly  thing)  • 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  4.1M. 

gUk'-en-sido,  s.    [SLICKENSIDE.] 

ffli'-lj?,  adv.  [Eng.  sly;  -ly.]  In  a  sly  or  cun- 
ning manner ;  cunningly,  artfully ;  with 
artful  or  dexterous  secrecy. 

"  Full  llily  smiled  the  observant  page." 

Scott :  Lay  qfOULatt  Minstrel.  1L  34. 

•lim,  o.    tO.  Cut.  sKm  =  awry,  crafty;  Dan. 

&  Sw.  slem  =  bad,  vile,  worthless ;  Icel.  slamr 

=  vile,  bad;  Ger.  8cWimm  =  bad,  evil,  arch, 

cunning.] 

•1.  Slight,  weak,  feeble,  poor,  unsubstantial. 

"  Was  it  in  regard  to  the  succession  of  St.  Pet«rf 
Ho:  that  was  a  dim  excuse."— Burrow :  Pop*'! 
Supremacy. 

2.  Worthless,  bad.    (Prov.) 

3,  Slender,  thin  ;  of  small  diameter  or  thick- 
ness in  proportion  to  the  height. 

•lime,  *  slim,  *  slyme,  s.    [A. 8.  slim ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  slijm  —  phlegm,  slime;  Icel.  slim; 
Bw.  slem,;  Dan.  sllim  =  mucus ;  Ger.  ecMtim.] 
J.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Lit.:  Any  soft,  ropy,  glutinous,  or  vis- 
cous substance :  as, 

(1)  Soft,  moist,  and  sticky  earth ;  viscous 
mnd. 

"  His  fattie  waves  doe  fertile  riime  ontwetl." 

Bpenrer:  F.  0..,  L  L  21. 

(2)  Asphalt  or  bitumen. 

"  Slyine  was  a  fatnesse  that  issued  out  of  the  earth, 
like  vnto  tarre."— TyndaU  :  Worket,  p.  «. 

(S)  A  mucous,  viscous  substance,  exuded 
from  the  bodies  of  certain  animals. 

"  The  soft  tfime  of  the  snail  hardens."—  Goldmft*  : 
Animated  Stature,  bk.  iv.,  oh.  V. 

2.  Fig. :  Anything  of  a  clinging  and  oflen 
tive  nature,  as  cringing  or  fawning  words  or 
actions,  the  reproach  that  follows  evil-doing, 
fee. 

"  The  tlimt  that  sticks  on  filthy  deeds." 

Shaketp. :  Othello,  T.  X. 

IT.  tletall. :  The  common  name  among 
miners  for  the  mud  obtained  by  wet  grinding 
or  stamping  the  ores  of  the  precious  metals. 

slime  pit,  *  slyme-pitte,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  An  asphalt  or  bitumen  pit. 

"  The  rale  of  Siddim  was  full  of  stime-pits."—Vt>itxis 
xiv.  10. 

2.  Metall. :  A  labyrinth.    [LABYRINTH,  ». 
H.  3.] 

slime-separator,  «.     [SEPARATOR,  IL 

a  (2).j 

*  Slime,  ii.t.    [SLIME,  s.]    To  cover  with,  o: 
as  with  slime ;  to  make  slimy. 


Slim'-I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  slimy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  slimy ;  slime,  vis- 
cosity. 

"  Procreated  by  the  sun's  heat,  and  the  earth's  sltmi. 
ness."— Austin :  Hoc  Homo,  p.  47.  (JHfWntofs.1 

slim'-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  slim;   -ly.}     Thinly, 
sparsely,  scantily. 

"  The  farewell  all-night  meetings  which  were  held 

in  a  small  church  here  were  slimly  attended.'—  Daily 

Jftlta,  Dec.  13,  188«. 

Slim'-mer,  a.  [SLIM.]  [Cf.  Ger.  sMimner  = 
sorry,  paltry.]  Delicate  ;  easily  hurt.  (Prov.) 

slim'-mish,  a.     [Eng.  slim;  -ith.]    Some- 
what slim. 

Slim  ness,  s.  [Eng.  slim;  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  slim. 

sli-mo'-ni-a,  ».  [Named  after  Mr.  Robert 
Slimon,  its  discoverer.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Eurypterida,  having 
the  antennae  simple  and  the  telson  bilobate. 
Found  in  the  Upper  Silurian  of  Lanarkshire. 
Dr.  Henry  Woodward  (Quar.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc., 
xxiii.  3G)  puts  the  known  species  at  three. 

Slim'-sy,  a.  [SLIM.]  Flimsy,  frail  (Frequently 
applied  to  cotton  and  other  cloth.)  (Amer.~) 

slim'-y,  *slim-ie,  a.  [Eng.  slii^e);  -y.] 
Consisting  of  or  abounding  with  slime  ;  of  the 
nature  of  slime;  overspread  with  slime;  glu- 
tinous ;  in  botany,  mucous  (q.v.). 

"  Reflecting  gems. 
That  woo'd  the  slimy  bottom  of  the  deep." 

Shakesp, :  Richard  III.,  L  4. 

sli  -ness,  s.    [SLYNESS.] 

sling  (1),    *slong.    *  slynge,    «.     [Dut. 
slinger;  Sw.  sluttga  ;  Icel.  slanga;  O.  H.  Ger. 
tttnga.]     [SLINO,  v.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  sweep  or  swing ;  a  sweeping  stroke,  as 
If  made  with  a  swing. 

'*  The  deadly  slin><  of  the  hailstones." 

Longfellow  :  BoanaeHnf,  L  4. 

2.  A   short  leather    strap  having  a  string 
secured  to  each  end,   by  which  a  stone  is 
burled.    The  stone  lying  io  the  stiap,  which 
has  a  central  aperture  to  receive  it,  the  sling 
is  rapidly  whirled,  the  ends  of  the  two  strings 
being  held  in  the  hand,  and  when  one  string 
is  released,  the  stone  flies  off  at  a  tangent. 
The  velocity  of  the  projectile  is  computed 
from  the  length  of  toe  radius  and  rate  of 
revolution. 

"  The  most  common  [engine!  In  field  engagements 
was  a  slitta ;  which  we  are  told  by  some,  was  invented 
by  the  natives  of  the  Balearian  islands,  where  it  was 
managed  with  so  great  art  and  dexterity,  that  young 
children  were  not  allowed  any  food  by  their  mothers, 
till  they  could  sli'tg  it  down  from  the  beam,  where  it 
was  placed."— Potter :  Antiq.  Greece,  bk.  iiL,  ch.  iv. 

f  The  skill  of  the  left-handed  Benjamites  in 
using  a  sling  is  mentioned  in  Judges  xx.  16. 
A  sling  was  the  weapon  which  David  used 
with  fatal  effect  against  Goliath.  In  ancient 
times  the  best  slingers  were  believed  to  be 
the  natives  of  the  Balearic  isles.  (See  extract.) 

3.  The  strap  by  which  a  rifle  is  supported 
on  the  shoulders. 

U.  Technically: 

1.  Mach. :  A  device  for  holding  articles  se- 
curely while  being  hoisted  or  lowered.  It  is 
usually  of  rope,  but  frequently  a  chain  having 
hooks  at  its  ends,  and  a  ring  through  which 
to  pass  the  hook  of  the  hoisting-rope,  is 
employed.  For  embarking  or  disembarking 
horses  or  cattle,  the  slings  have  a  canvas 
band  which  forms  a  cradle  for  the  animal. 

8.  Ifaut. :  The  chain,  clamp,  or  rope  which 
supports  a  mast.  To  sling  the  yards  for  action 
is  to  secure  them  at  the  slings  by  iron  chains 
fitted  for  the  purpose. 

3.  Surg. :  A  looped  bandage  or  handkerchiei 
placed  around  the  neck  to  support  a  wounded 
arm :  as,  To  carry  one's  arm  in  a  sling. 

•J  (1)  Boat  slings  : 

Naut. :  Strong  ropes  furnished  with  hooks 
and  iron  thimbles,  whereby  to  hook  the  tac- 
kles in  order  to  hoist  the  boats  in  and  out  of 
the  ship. 

(2)  Slings  of  a  yard :  [SuNO  (1),  s.,  II.  2.]. 

sling-cart, ». 

Ordn. :  A  two-wheeled  vehicle  used  for 
transporting  cannon,  &c.,  short  distances. 
It  has  a  strong,  upwardly  curved  iron  axle 
through  which  passes  a  perpendicular  ele 
vating-screw.  The  breech  of  the  gun  is  slung 
beneath  the  axle,  and  the  muzzle  beneath  the 


pole,  anil  it  is  raised  from  the  ground  by  turn- 
ing the  screw. 

Sling-dog,  s.  An  iron  hook  with  a  fang 
at  one  end,  and  an  eye  at  the  other  for  a  rope. 
Used  in  pairs  for  hoisting,  hauling,  rafting,  &c. 

*  sling-man,  s.    A  slinger.    (Sylvester.) 

*  sling-stone,  s.    A  stoue  hurled  from  a 
sling. 

"  The  arrow  cannot  make  him  flee  :  sling-ttonet  an 
turned  with  him  into  stubble."— J ob  xli  28. 

Sling  (2),  s.  [Cf .  Low  Ger.  slingen  ;  Ger.  schlin- 
gfn  —  to  drink,  to  swallow.]  An  American 
drink.  [GlN-SLlNO.] 

Sling  (pa.  t.  *  slang,  slung,  pa.  par.  *  slongen, 
siting),  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  slingan  (pa.  t.  slang, 
pa.  par.  slungen) ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  slingeren 
=  to  toss,  to  slin;; ;  Icel.  slyngya,  slo'ngva  (pa. 
t.  slang,  slaung,  pa.  par.  slunginn)  =  to  sling, 
to  throw ;  Dan.  slynge ;  Sw.  tlunga. ;  Ger. 
schlingen  (pa.  t.  schlang,  pa.  par.  geschlungm). 
Prob.  from  the  same  root  as  slide,  slip,  slink, 
and  sleek.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  throw,  to  hurl,  to  cast. 

2.  Specif. :  To  hurl  or  throw  with  or  from  a 
sling. 

"  Every  one  could  illng  stones  at  an  hair  breadth 
and  not  inisi."— Judge!  xx.  16. 

3.  To  hang,  so  as  to  swing  ;  to  suspend  in 
slings. 

"  The  yard  Is  tlunff  nearly  in  the  middle,  or  upon  an 
equipoise."— Coo* :  Second  Voyage,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  n. 

t.  To  move  or  swing  by  a  rope  which  sus- 
pends the  thing  moved  ;  to  place  in  or  move 
by  slings  in  order  to  hoist,  lower,  or  move 
from  one  position  to  another. 

»  B.  Intrans. :  To  move  with  long,  swing- 
ing, or  elastic  strides. 

sling'-er,  •  slyng-er,  t.  [Eng.  sling,  v. ; 
-er.]  One  who  slings  ;  one  who  uses  or  is 
skilled  in  the  use  of  a  sling. 

"  They  repulsed  the  cavalry,  cut  the  archers  and 
tlingert  to  pieces.'— Bidden  1  CaHar'l  Comment.,  bk. 
iii.,  eh.  xrti. 

Sllng'-Ihg,  a.  [SLINO,  v.]  A  term  applied  to 
a  long,  swinging,  elastic  pace,  in  which  much 
ground  is  covered  with  apparently  little  ex- 
ertion ;  swinging  :  as,  a  slinging  trot. 

•link,  *  slinke,  *  sclynk,  (pa.  t.  »  slank, 
slunk),  v.i.  4  t.  [A.S.  slincan;  cogn.  with 
Low  Ger.  sliken  (pa.  t.  ikek,  pa.  par.  sleken) 
=  to  slink,  to  creep,  to  crawl,  to  sneak  ;  Ger. 
ichleichen  (pa.  t.  schlich,  pa.  par.  geschlichen).] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To   sneak   or  creep   away   meanly   or 
timidly. 

"  And  by  «>  postern  gate  he  ilwnk  away." 

Wordtworth :  Born  of  Egremont. 

2.  To  miscarry ;  to  slip  or  cast  the  young. 
(Said  of  cattle  and  sheep.) 

"  Swedes  have  not  proved  a  cheap  food  when  ewes  In 
lamb  have  tlinked  after  living  on  them."— Field,  Jan. 
16,  1886. 

B.  Trans. :  To  cast  prematurely.    (Said  of 
cattle  and  sheep.) 

"  Sometimes  all  cows  in  a  dairy  slink  their  cal  vee, 
yet  the  farmer  cannot  account  lor  it," — Fiela,  Feb.  18, 

Him 
slink,  o.  &  s.    [SLINK,  «.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1,  Produced  prematurely. 

••  This  membrane  does  not  properly  appertain  to 
dogs.  &c.,  yet  it  may  be  found  in  tlink  calves."— 
Student,  vol  L,  p.  840. 

2.  Thin,  slender,  lean,  hungry. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  sneak;  a  mean,  paltry  fellow. 

"  He  has  no  settled  his  account  wi'  my  gudeman  th« 
deacon  for  the  twelvemonth  ;  he's  but  tlink.  I  doubt." 
— Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  xv. 

2.  A  calf,    or  other  animal  brought  forth 
prematurely ;  the  flesh  of  such  an  animal ;  the 
veal  of  a  calf  killed  immediately  after  being 
calved.    (Prov.) 

"  A  Hint  being  acart-calf-JWA  Oct.  17. 1885. 

3.  Diseased  meat;  meat  unfit  for  human 
food. 

slink-butcher,  s.  One  who  slaughters 
diseased  animals  and  sends  their  carcases  to 
markets. 

"There  la,  however,  reaeon  to  fear  that  some  of  the 
rabblU  and  other  animals  exported  from  the  mother 
country  in  ill-health  may  return  to  us  in  the  shape  of 
tinned  meats  ;  and  steps  ehould,  of  course,  be  taken 
for  the  protection  of  our  own  tlink-butcheri  from  any 
dishonourable  competition  of  this  nature  with  theit 
industry. "-St  Jarnelt  (Huttte.  May  14.  1884,  p.  4. 


fcoll,  b6y;  p6ut,  J<firt;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   -ing. 
.  -tiaa  =  Shan,   -tton,  -.lion  =  stun;  -tion,  -alon  =  zhiln.   -dons,  -tioua,  -sious  =  shua.   -We,  -die.  Ax.  =  bel,  del. 


4308 


slinkie— slip 


•link  -le,  slink  -#,  a.  [SLINK,  a. ;  cf.  Dut 
slunken  =  gaunt,  thin ;  G«r.  schlank  =  slender. 
Thin,  lank,  lean. 

•lip,  slippe  (pa.  t.  "slope,  slipped,  pa.  par 
dipped,  'slippen),  v.i.  It  t.  [A.S.  sMjxm(pa,  t. 
flap,  pa.  par.  slipen);  cogn.  with  Dan.  alippm 
=  to  slip,  to  escajw  ;  Icel.  sleppo,  =  (tr.)  to  le 
slip,  (intr.X  to  slip,  to  escape,  to  fail,  to  miss 
Dan.  slippe  =  to  let  go,  to  escape ;  Sw.  slippo, 
—  to  get  rid  of,  to  escape  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  slifan 
M.  H.  Ger.  sUpfen  ;  Ger.  schleifen  =  to  slide 
to  glance,  to  glide  ;  also  Goth,  sliupan  =  to 
•lip  or  creep  into  ;  A.S.  sleopan,  slitpan;  Dut 
«hn>rn  =  to  sneak;  Ger.  sM up/en  =  to  slip 
to  glide.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  move  along  the  surface  of  anything 
without  bounding,  rolling,  or  stepping;  to 
slide,  to  glide. 

2.  To  slide,  to  miss  one's  step,  to  fall  down 
not  to  tread  firmly. 

"His  toot  ilipt.-        Spenter:  f.  «.,  TL  vll.  U. 

3.  To  pass  unexpectedly  or  imperceptibly 
to  glide.    (Followed  by  away.) 

"  And  thrice  th«  flitting  shadow  tlipp'd  away." 
Dnden:  Virgil;  JftuWTLML 

4.  To  move  or  start  out  of  place,  as  from 
•  socket  or  the  like.    (Followed  by  out) 

"  Sometime*  the  ancle-bone  Is  apt  to  turn  ont  on 
either  side,  by  reason  of  relaxation  which  though 
you  reduce,  vet.  upon  the  leiut  walking  on  it,  the  bone 
«Hpt  ou<  again."—  wiieman:  Surgery. 

5.  To  pass  through  neglect,  inattention,  or 
oversight. 

"Thirdly,  there  is  always  a  certain  proportion  of 
Bills  which  m»y  be  said  to  tlip  through  both  Houses, 
and  to  receive  the  Royal  assent"—  Daily  Telegraph, 
Aug.  4,  1875. 

6.  To  pass  unnoticed. 

"  Let  him  let  the  matter  a  In.' 

ShaJceip.  :  Twelfth  Xijht,  ill.  4. 

7.  To  depart  or  withdraw  secretly ;  to  sneak 
or  slink  off.    (Followed  by  away.) 

"When  Judas  saw  that  his  host  dipt  away,  he  was 
•ore  troubled."—!  Maccabtet  Iz.  I. 

8.  To  escape  insensibly,  especially  from  the 
memory  ;  to  be  lost. 

"  UN  the  most  proper  methods  to  retain  the  ideas 
you  have  acquired ;  for  the  mind  Is  ready  to  let  many 
of  them  tlip.—  VfatU :  Education. 

9.  To  enter  or  be  admitted  by  oversight 
(Followed  by  in  or  into.) 

''Some  mistakes  majr  have  Opt  InU  U  ;  but  othen 
will  be  prevented."—  Pop*.  (Todd.] 

10.  To  fall  into  error,  fault,  crime,  or  sin ; 
to  backslide. 

"  If  he  had  been  as  yon. 
And  yon  as  he,  you  would  have  ilipt  like  him." 

Shakap.  :  Measure  for  Meaiurt,  11. 1 
B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  slip ;  to  convey  gently  or 
•ecretly.    (Followed  by  in.) 

"  We  flipped  In  a  couple  of  Ho.  4  cartridges.*— Datti 
Telegraph,  Dec.  M,  IMS. 

2.  In  cricket,  to  play  a  ball  so  that  it  shall 
Tun  towards  or  through  the  slips. 

3.  To  let  loose  from,  or  as  from  slips. 

"  Many  a  jrand  greyhound  I"  Tery  thy  of  being 
taken  up  when  once  tupped."-  Fen  Sfeiw :  Baa* SoZ 
Dog,  P*  249. 

4.  To  throw  off;  to  disengage   one's  self 
from. 

"  Forced  to  alight,  my  horse  Hipped  his  bridle  and 

*5.  To  lose  by  neglect  or  negligence;  to 
allow  to  escape. 

"  Let  us  not  tlip  the  occasion."— Milton,    (Todd.) 

*  6.  To  pass  over  negligently ;  to  omit  by 
negligence. 

"  I  had  almost  ilipp'd  the  hour. - 

Sltatetp. ;  Mai*et\,  1L  s. 

7.  To  make  abortion  of;  to  miscarry  with. 
Used  of  a  beast :  as,  To  slip  a  calf. 

8.  To  cut  a  slip  or  slips  from ;  to  make  a 
slip  or  slips  of  for  planting. 

"The  branches  also  may  be  ilipptd  and  planted."— 
Mortimer :  ffuibandry. 

"9.  To  set  loose,  to  free. 

"Prom    which  [yoke]  even  here  I  tlip  my  weary 

neck."  •sVliiii. .  Aictarrf  til.,  IT.  4. 

IT  To  slip  and  Aide  are  lateral  movements 
of  the  feet,  but  to  glide  is  the  movement  of 
the  whole  body.  A  person  glides  along  the 
surface  of  the  ice  when  he  slides ;  a  vessel 
glides  along  through  the  water.  In  the  moral 
and  figurative  application,  a  person  slips  who 
commits  unintentional  errors ;  he  slides  into 
a  course  of  life  who  willingly,  and  yet  with- 
out difficulty,  falls  into  the  practice  and 
hahita  which  lire  recommended;  he  glides 
though  life  if  he  pnrsue  his  course  smoothly 
and  without  interruption.— Crabb. 


1  (1)  To  let  slip :  [LET  (1),  u,  f  19.]. 
(•2)  To  slip  a  cable:  [CABLE,  s.,  U  11.) 
(8)  To  slip  collar:  [COLLAR,  s.,  III.  2.] 

(4)  To  slip  off:  To  take  off  quietly,  noise 
lessly,  or  hastily :  as,  To  slip  off  one's  clothes 

(5)  To  slip  on :  To  put  on  quietly  or  hastily 
as,  To  slip  on  one's  clothes. 

*  (6)  To  slip  tlu  breath  or  wind :  To  die. 

(7)  To  slip  the  leash :  To  disengage  one's  sel 
as  from  a  leash  or  noose ;  hence,  to  free  one's 
self  from  all  restraining  influences. 

Slip,  S.      (SLIP,  V.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  slipping. 

2.  An  unintentional  error  or  fault ;  a  mia 
take  made  through  inadvertence. 

"  Mistake  ill  the  [mines  by  a  tlip  of  the  pen.1* 

Byrom:  Patronage  of  England. 

3.  A  false  step,  a  fault,  an  offence,  an  iudis 
cretion. 

"  "Tis  a  venial  tlip.'        StuAetp.  :  Ot hello,  iv.  L 

4.  A  twig  separated  from  the  main  stock 
especially  for  planting  or  grafting  ;  a  scion,  i 
cutting. 

"A  native  tlip  to  us  from  foreign  seeds." 

Shateip. :  Alfi  Well.  L  t, 

5.  A  scion,  a  descendant. 

"  The  girlish  nip  of  a  Sicilian  bride. 
From  Otho's  house,  he  carried  to  reside 
At  Mantua."          Brimming :  Sordello.  bk.  1L 

6.  A  leash  or  string  by  which  a  dog  U  held 
(Usually  in  the  plural.) 

"  I  see  you  stand  like  greyhounds  in  the  tlipt.' 
Shuketp. :  Henry  V.,  ill.  L 

7.  Anything  easily  slipped  on  or  off:  as— 

(1)  A  loose   kind  of  garment   worn  by  i 
woman. 

(2)  A  child's  pinafore. 

(3j  A  loose  covering  or  case :  as,  the  cover- 
ing of  a  pillow. 

"  The  prisoner  was  conveyed  In  a  ptllow-aHp  to  the 
edge  of  the  cliff;  and  the  tlip  opened,  so  that  he  might 
have  his  choice,  whether  to  remain  a  captive  or  to 
take  the  leap.*— Burroughs  :  Pepacton,  p.  SIS. 

(4)  A  slip-carriage  (q.v.). 

8.  A  long,  narrow  piece ;  a  strip,  a  streak. 

"An  unproductive  tlip  of  rugged  ground." 

Wordsworth :  Sxcuriion,  bk.  L 

9.  A  long,  narrow  seat  or  pew,  oftan  with 
out  any  door,  in  churches.    (Amtr.) 

10.  A  space  between  wharves  or  jetties,  in 
which  ships  or  ferry-boats  may  lie  to  receive 
or  discharge  cargo  or  passengers.    (Amer.) 

*  11.  A  narrow  passage  between  two  build 
ings.  (Prov.) 

"  12.  A  counterfeit  piece  of  money,  being 
brass  covered  with  silver. 

13.  A  particular  quantity  of  yarn.    (Local.) 

14.  The  fine  mud  from  a  grindstone  trough 
(Prov.) 

15.  A  young  sole. 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Bookbind. :   The  end   of  the   twine    to 
which  the  sheets  are  sewed,  serving  to  attach 
the  book  to  the  boards. 

2.  Cricket :  One  of  two  fielders  who  stand 
behind  and  on  the  off  side  of  the  wicket. 
Short-jiip  stands  close  up  to  the  wicket,  and 
is  backed  up  by  long-slip. 

"  Was  missed  at  tlip  In  the  new  bowler's  third  over  " 
—Field.  Sept.  4.  1888. 

3.  Geol. :  The  slipping  of  the  strata  down- 
ward on  one  side  of  a  fault  or  dislocation,  or 
the  appearance  presented  by  the  strata  which 
have  done  so.    [LANDSLIP.] 

4.  Hydr.-eng. :  An  inclined  plane  on  which 
a  vessel  in  its  cradle  is  supported  while  on 
the  stocks  building,  or  upon  wnich  it  is  hauled 
for  repair :    also,  a  contrivance  for  hauling 
vessels  out  of  the  water  for  repairs,  Ac.    It 
generally  consists  of  a  carriage  or  cradle  with 
thick  wheels,  which  run  upon  rails  laid  on  an 
inclined  plane. 

5.  Insurance :  A  note  of  the  contract  made 
out  before  the  policy  is  effected,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  asking  the  consent  of  underwriters  to 
the  proposed  policy.    It  is  merely  a  jotting 
or  short  memorandum  of  the  terms,  to  which 
the  underwriters  subscribe  their  initials,  with 
the  sums  for  which  they  are  willing  to  engage. 
It  has  no  force  as  a  contract  of  insurance. 

6.  Ifaut. :  The  difference  between  the  speed 
of  the  propeller  and  that  of  the  vessel,  due  to 
the  retreat  of  the  resisting  body  under  the 
impact  of  the  propeller. 

T  Negative  slip  is  when  the  speed  of  the 


vessel  is  apparently  greater  than  that  of  the 
propeller.  This  occurs  when,  owing  to  th« 
bad  lines  of  the  vessel,  a  body  of  dead  water 
is  created,  which  follows  iu  her  wake. 

7.  Pottery: 

(1)  Fluid  material  for  making  porcelain.  It 
consists  of  finely-ground  flint  or  of  clay.  The 
flint  is  calcined,  stamped,  and  ground  in'  water. 
Clay  is  mixed  with  water,  and  mechanically 
divided  until  it  makes  a  creamy  fluid. 


"  These  are  lead  glazed,  rudely  painted  or  witfc 
single  colours,  and  iu  some  Instances  '  a-rr.tffiato.' 
proving  that  the  IIM  of  a  white  Hip.  or  -engul*;  was 
known  in  Italy  at  that  pe,rloa.--rortnum:  UajoU 


:  UajoUea, 


(2)  The  coloured  clays  used  to  fill  up  the 
depressed  pattern  in  the  face  nf  a  tile  which 
is  to  be  ornamented  by  encaustic. 

8.  Print.  :  Matter  in  column  printed  from 
the  galley  on  slips  of  paper  for  revision,  when 
the  corrections  are  likely  to  be  extensive,  and 
to  affect  the  paging. 

9.  Shipbuild.  :  A  place  having  a  slope  to  a 
harbour  or  a  river,  at  a  proper  angle,  for  the 
launch  from  it  of  a  ship  ;  a  building-slip. 

10.  Theat.  (PL)  :  That  part  of  a  theatre  from 
which  the  scenery  is  slipped  on  ;  also  that 
part  where  the  actors  stand  before  entering 
on  the  scene. 

"  Go  at  half  price  to  the  tltpt  at  the  City  Theatre."— 
Dickent  :  Sketchet  by  80*  ;  Making  a  fH.jht  of  it. 

•J  To  give  the  slip  :  To  escape  from  ;  to  evade. 

„"  ?."  •J™'"  °'  (e*r  '«"*  oar  stag  should  lire  ul  On 
Hip"—  field.  Sept.  36.  1886. 

*  slip-along,  a.    Slip-shod. 

'  slip  -  board,  s.  A  board  sliding  b 
grooves. 

"  I  ventured  to  draw  back  the  flip-board  on  tho 
roof,  contrived  on  purpose  to  let  In  air."—  Jw^rt  ;  Out- 

slip  carriage,  s. 

Railway  :  A  carriage  attached  to  an  express 
train  in  such  a  manner  that  it  may  be  detached, 
and  put  down  passengers  at  a  station  through 
whicn  the  rest  of  the  train  passes  without 
stopping. 


slip  clutch  coupling,  t. 

Mach. :  A  kind  of  coupling  belonging  to  tho 
class  of  friction  couplings.     ' 
hoop  F,  on  the  shaft  o, 
is  set  in  motion  by  the 
bayonet  ODE,  which  is 
slipped  upon  the  shaft 
A,  the  rods  c  D  sliding 
in  holes  in   the  cross- 
head  H  B  I, 
which    is 
keyed  fast 

to  the  shaft  A.  When" 
the  bayonets  project,  as 
in  the  illustration,  they 
come  in  contact  with 
the  studs  L  M  on  the 
hoop,  and  impart  motion 
thereto.  The  hoop  may 
be  tightened  on  the  wheel,  which  it  inclose* 
to  just  such  an  extent  as  will  cause  it  to  im- 
part motion  thereto,  when  revolved,  without 
giving  too  sudden  a  jerk  In  starting. 

slip-coat  cheese,  ».  A  rich  variety  of 
cheese,  made  from  milk  warm  from  the  cow, 
and  resembling  butter,  but  white. 

*  Slip-coin,  s.    Counterfeit  coin. 

"  To  take  a  piece  of  tlip-coin  in  hand."— Adamt: 
Workt,  i.  247. 

slip-dock,  .'. 

Shiptruild. :  A  dock  whose  floor  slopes  to- 
ward the  water,  so  that  its  lower  end  is  in 
deep  water  and  its  upper  end  above  high- 
water  mark.  On  the  floor  of  the  slip  are  four 
parallel  rails  to  support  the  cradle. 

slip-hook,  s. 

Naut. :  A  hook  which  grasps  a  chain-cable 
by  one  of  its  links,  and  may  be  disengaged  or 
slipped  by  the  motion  of  a  trigger,  a  sliding 
ring,  or  otherwise. 

slip-kiln,  s. 

Pottery :  An  oblong  trough  of  stone  or  brick, 
bottomed  with  nre-tiles,  and  heated  by  a  fur- 
nace beneath.  It  is  used  for  evaporating  slip 
to  a  workable  consistence. 

Slip-knot,  s.  A  knot  which  slips  along 
the  line  or  rope  around  which  it  is  made. 

"  They  draw  off  so  much  Mne  as  1s  necessary,  and 
fasten  the  rest  upon  the  line-rowl  with  a  tlip-lnu*. 
that  no  more  line  turn  oS."  -  Jtozon :  ItediaMcti 
Exercilee. 


fete,  at.  fere,  amidst,  what,  tall,  lather;  we,  w8t,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go   pot. 
or.  wore,  wpli,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  ruU,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  oa  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


slipped— sliver 


4309 


•lip-link,  s.  A  connecting  link  which 
allows  a  certain  freedom  of  motion. 

sllP-on,  s.  A  great  coat  thrown  over  the 
shoulders  loosely  like  a  cloak.  (West  Scotch.) 

slip  rope,  s. 

Naut.  •  A  rope  by  which  a  cable  is  secured 
preparatory  to  slipping  the  cable. 

slip  shackle,  s. 

Ifaut. :  A  shackle  having  a  lever-bolt  which 
may  be  let  go  suddenly  when  required. 

*  slip  skin,  a.    Slippery,  evasive. 

••  A  pretty  tlip-tkin  conveyance  to  sift  mass  into  no 
Biaas.—  Milton:  Animad.  on  Kemonf.  Defence. 

*  Slip-slap,  v.t.    To  slap  repeatedly. 

*  slip-slop,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj. :  Slipshed,  slovenly. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  blunder. 

*  Slip-Sloppy,  a.    Wet,  splashy. 
slip-stopper,  s. 

Naut. :  Apparatus  for  suddenly  letting  go 
the  anchor  out  of  its  lashings  when  it  is 
required  to  drop  it. 

*  Slip-thrift,  s.     A  spendthrift,  a  pro- 
digal. 

"  Thus  it  is  in  the  house  of  prodigals,  drinking  flip- 
thrifrt.  and  Belials."— Granger :  On  Eccletiattet,  p.  278. 

slip-way,  a. 

Shipbuild. :  One  of  the  pair  of  parallel,  in- 
elined  platforms  of  timber,  firmly  founded  on 
the  floor  of  the  slip,  and  kept  steady  in  their 
positions  by  shores.  Their  inclination  varies 
from  1  in  12  for  small  ships  to  1  in  24  for  the 
largest.  The  breadth  may  be  four  feet  and 
under,  according  to  the  size  of  the  vessel 

slipped,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SLIP,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

Her. :  An  epithet  applied  to  a  flower  or 
branch  depicted  as  torn  from  the  stalk. 

Slip  per,  ».    [Eng.  slip,  v. ;  -«•.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  slips  or  lets  slip : 
ipecif.,  in  coursing,  the  official  who  holds  a 
couple  of  greyhounds  in  the  slips  or  leash, 
and  lets  both  go  at  the  same  instant,  on  a 
given  signal,  after  the  hare. 

"  If  one  dog  gets  out  of  the  slips,  the  flipper  IB  not 
allowed  to  let  the  other  go."—  Fero  Shaw :  Book  of  the 
Dog.  P.W9. 

2.  A  covering  for  the  foot,  into  or  out  of 
which  the  foot  can  be  easily  slipped.     It  does 
not  extend  so  high  up  as  the  ankle-joint,  and 
•B  unprovided  with  a  fastening. 

"  Meanwhile  the  master  porter  wide  display' d 
Great  store  of  caps,  of  tlipfjert,  and  of  gowns." 
Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  1.  2fi. 

3.  A  brake-shoe  for  a  wheel  in  descending  a 
hill. 

4.  A  kind  of  apron  or  pinafore  for  children, 
to  be  slipped  on  over  their  other  clothes  to 
keep  them  clean  ;  a  slip. 

6.  The  same  as  SLIPPEE^PLANT  (q.v.). 

slipper  animalcule,  s. 

Zool. :  Paramoxtum  aurelia. 

slipper  -  bath,  s.  A  bath,  usually  of 
tinned  iron  or  zinc  plates,  and  shaped  like  a 
high  shoe,  so  as  to  enable  the  bather  to  take  a 
half-horizontal,  half-vertical  position. 

slipper-plant,  slipper-spurge,  >. 

Hot. :  The  genus  Pedilanthus  (q.v.). 
slipper-shell,  s. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Crepidula  (q.v.). 

•slip' -per,  *slyp-per,  a.    [A. 8.  tliper.] 
Slippery. 

"  I  know  they  bee  ttipper  that  I  have  to  do  wyth, 
and  there  is  no  bolde  of  them." — unmet:  Warket, 
p.  393. 

slip-pered,  a.  [Eng.  slipper,  s. ;  -td.]  Having 
or  wearing  slippers. 

"  The  sixth  age  shifts 
Into  the  lean  and  flipper  d  pantaloon." 

Shakap.  :  At  rim  Like  It,  M.  I. 

Sllp'-per-i-ly,   adv.    [Eng.  slippery;   -ly.] 
In  a  slippery  manner. 

•lip   per  i  ness,    "  slip  per  nesse,   s. 

[Eng.  slippery;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  slippery ;  a 
•tate  of  surface  rendering  it  easy  to  slip  or 
slide ;  smoothness,  lubricity. 

"The  smoothness  and  tlipperinett  of  the  surfaces."— 
Sot/It :  Workt,  lit.  867. 


2.  Glibness  ;  readiness  or  liability  to  slip. 

ly  f 

liber 


"We  do  not  only  fall  by  the  tlipperintef  of 
tongues  but  we  deliberately  discipli 
"— 


_  them  to  tuis- 

chief."— Government  of  the  Tongue^ 

3.  Readiness  or  disposition  to  use  evasions, 
or  the  like ;  lubricity  or  uncertainty  of  cha- 
racter. 

4.  Uncertainty,  instability,  changeableness. 

slip'-per-wort,  8.    (Eng.  slipper,  and  wort.] 
Bot. :  The  genus  Calceolaria. 

lp'-per-y\  a.    [Eng.  slipper  ;  -y.] 

1.  Having  a  surface  of  such  a  state  as  to 
render  it  easy  for  any  body  to  slip  or  slide 
along  it  easily  ;  allowing  or  causing  anything 
to  slip,  slide,  or  move  smoothly  along  on  the 
surface  with  little  friction  ;  smooth. 

"Sanguine  streams  the  tlippery  ground  embrue." 
Oryden:  f  trail :  .Bneid  xlL  1.003 

2.  Difficult  to  hold  in  consequence  of  lu- 
bricity :  as,  The  eel  is  slippery. 

3.  Not  affording  firm  footing,  standing,  or 
support. 

"  My  credit  now  stands  on  such  tlipperii  ground." 
Shaketp.  :  Juliui  Catar.  iii.  1. 

•4.  Liable  to  slip  ;  not  standing  firm. 
"  Being  tlippery  standers." 

Shakefp. :  Troilut  *  Creuida,  ill.  S. 

•  3.  Unstable,  uncertain,  mutable. 


6.  Ready  or  disposed  to  use  evasions,  sub- 
terfuges, or  tricks  ;  not  to  lie  depended  on  ; 
artful,  cunning,  untrustworthy  ;  that  cannot 
be  kept  or  bound  to  one  statement  or  line  of 
conduct. 

*  7.  Not  sure  or  certain  in  its  effect. 

"One  sure  trick  is  better  than  a  hundred  tlipperit 
QOM."—L'Sttrange. 

*  8.  Wanton,  unchaste. 

"  My  wife  is  Mppmi" 

Shaken.:  Winter"!  Tale,  L  I 

slip'  pi-ness,  ».  [Bug.  slippy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  slippy  or  slippery  ; 
slipperiness. 

Slip'-pjf,  o.  &  i.    [Eng.  tlip  ;  -».] 

A.  As  adj. :  Slippery,  smooth. 

"  The  white  of  an  egg  is  ropy,  flippy,  and  nutritions.'' 
— floyer. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  free  translation  of  Nivose, 
the  fourth  month  of  the  French  Republican 
year. 

•lip  -Shod,  a.     [Eng.  slip,  and  shod.] 

1.  Lit. :  Wearing  slippers  or  shoes  down  at 
heel. 

"  The  shiv'ring  urchin,  bending  as  he  goes. 
With  ttipthod  heels."  Covnter :  Truth,  1U. 

2.  Fig. :  Careless,  slovenly  in  manner,  style, 

fee. 

"Stilted  phraseology   is  preferable  to  tUpthod."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Aug.  39,  188S. 

•slip'  shoe,  «.  [Eng.  tlip,  and  shoe.]  A 
slipper. 

*  slip' -slop,  t.  &  a.    [A  rednp.  of  Oop  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Bad,  poor  liquor. 

2.  Feeble  composition. 

B.  As  adj. :  Poor,  feeble,  jejune. 

*  slip'-string,   s.      [Eng.  slip,  and    strinfj.] 

One  who  has  shaken  off  restraint ;  a  prodigal. 
"  One  owed  to  the  gallows."    (Trench.) 
"  Well,  tliintrtng,  I  shall  meet  with  you." 
.  Beaum.  I  Flet. :  A  King  i  So  King,  ii. 

*  slish,  s.    fA  lighter  form  of  slash  (q.v.).]    A 
cut,  a  slash. 

"This  a  sleeve? 
Here's  snip  and  nip,  and  ttieh  and  slash." 

Shaketp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  iv.  s. 

Slit,  *  slitte,  v.t.  [A.S.  slltan  (pa.  t.  slat,  pa. 
par.  sliten) ;  Icel.  sltta  (pa.  t.  sltit,  pa.  par. 
slitinn) ;  Dan.  slide  ;  Sw.  slila ;  Dut.  slijten  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.,  sltean ;  Ger.  schkissen.  From  the 
same  root  as  slate,  slash,  slice.} 

1.  To    cut  lengthwise;   to  cut   into  long 
pieces  or  strips. 

2.  To  cut  or  make  a  long  cut  or  fissure  in 
or  upon. 

"  And  B«v'd  the  flitting  of  his  nose, 
By  timely  changing  of  his  clothes." 

King  :  Art  of  Love,  V. 

3.  To  cut  generally ;  to  divide  by  cutting. 

"  Comes  the  blind  Fnry,  with  the  abhorred  shears, 
And  tlitt  the  thin-spun  life." 

Hilton :  Lycidat.  75. 

Slit,  •  slitte,  pa.  par.,  a.,  &  s.  [A.a  slite  =  a 
slit.]  [SLIT,  «.] 


A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Divided ;   specif.,  in  Botany, 
split  up  into  narrow,  pointed  segments. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  long  cut  or  narrow  opening. 

"  We  made  it  to  more  in  a  perpendicular  flit  in  • 
piece  of  pasteboard."— Boyle  :  Workt.  iii.  253. 

2.  A  cleft  or  crack  in  the  breast  of  cattle. 
silt-deal,  s. 

Carp. :  A  1J  inch  plank  cut  into  two  boards. 

Slit-deal  plane :  A  tonguing  or  grooving 
plane. 

Silt-planting,  s.  A  method  of  planting 
which  is  performed  by  making  slits  in  the 
soil  by  means  of  a  spade  so  as  to  cross  each 
other,  and  inserting  the  plant  at  the  point 
where  the  slits  cross. 

silt-shell,  *. 

ZooL :  The  genus  Pleurotomaria  (q.v.).  The 
scientific  and  the  popular  name  refer  to  a 
deep  slit  in  the  outer  lip,  which,  as  the  shell 
grows,  is  gradually  filled  up,  and  forms  a  dis- 
tinct band  round  the  whorls. 

slith  -er,  v.i.    [SLIDDEB.]    To  slide,  to  glide. 

"You  could  not  estimate  the  distance  or  direction 
to  which  yonr  horse  might  tlithtr."— field,  Feb.  18, 
HML 

sll'th'-er-y',  o.  [Eng.  slither;  -y.]  Slippery. 
(Prov.) 

slit'-ter,  ».  [Eng.  slit,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who  or 
that  which  slits;  specif.,  a  slittmg-machine 
(q.v.). 

slit'-tihg,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [SLIT,  v.] 

slltting-file,  s.    A  lozenge-shaped  file, 
slitting  gauge,  s. 

Saddlery :  A  tool  used  to  cut  straps  of  any 
given  width  from  the  hide. 

Slitting  machine,  s. 

1.  Metal-work. :  A  machine  for  cutting  plate- 
metal  into  strips  for  nail-rods  or  other  pur- 
poses. 

2.  Leather:  A  machine  for  cutting  leather 
into  strips  or  thongs.  i 

slitting  mill,  s. 

L  Gem-cutting :  [LAPIDARY'S  MILL]. 

2.  Metal-work. :  A  slitting-machin*. 

slitting  plane,  i. 

Carp. :  A  tool  for  cutting  boards,  &C.,  Into 

strips. 

slitting  roller,  s.  One  of  a  pair  of  re- 
ciprocating rollers  for  cutting  into  strips  ma- 
terial fed  between  them. 

slitting  saw,  s. 

Wood-work. :  A  machine  for  slitting  scant- 
ling,  boards,  &c.,  into  thin  planks. 

slive  (1),  v.t.  ("A.S.  sllfan  (pa.  t.  slaf,  pa.  par. 
slipen).]  To  cut,  to  cleave,  to  split,  to  reud. 

Slive  (2),  v.i.  [Cf.  Ger.  sMeifcn  =  to  glide.] 
To  sneak,  to  skulk,  to  creep;  to  idle  away 
time.  (Prov.) 

"I  minded  her  when  she  dived  off."  —  Centliprt: 
Platonick  Lady.  it. 

slive,  s.    [SLIVE  (1),  r.]  A  slice,  a  chip.  (Prov.) 

Sliv'-er,  v.t.  4t  i.     [SLIVEB,  ».] 

A.  Trans. :  To  cut  or  divide  into  long,  thin 
pieces  ;  to  cut  into  very  small  pieces  ;  to  slit, 
to  slice,  to  rend,  to  tear  up. 

"  Gall  of  goat,  and  slips  of  yew, 
Slivered  in  the  moon's  eclipse." 

Shaketp. :  Macbeth,  IT.  L 

B.  Intrant. :  To  split ;  to  become  split. 

"  Tbe  planks  being  cut  across  the  grain  to  prevent 
Ilivering.  '—Scrldnert  Magazine,  May,  1880,  p.  79. 

Sliv'-er,  s.    [A  dimin.  of  slive,  s.  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

L,  A  long  piece  cut  or  torn  off ;  a  slice,  a 
slive. 

2.  A  small  branch. 

"  There  on  the  pendent  boughs  her  coronet  weed! 
Clambering  to  hang,  an  envious  tliver  broke." 

Shaketp. :  Samlet,  iv.  1. 

II.  Spinning :  A  continuous  strand  of  cotton 
or  other  fibre  in  a  loose,  untwisted  condition, 
ready  for  slubbing  and  roving,  preparatory  to 
being  spun. 

sliver  box,  s.  The  machine  in  which 
slivers  of  long-stapled  wool  are  lapped  on  each 
other  and  then  elongated. 


boil,  biy;  pout,  ]6\rt;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  tills;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  -  £ 
-olan,  -tlan  =  Shan,     tion, -aiou  -  shun; -tion, -sion- zhun.   -clous,  -tlons,  -slous  =  shus.   -ble, -tile,  ic.  ~  bcL  deL 


4310 


slivering— slope 


•liV-er  mg,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [SLIVER,  «.J 
slivering  machine,  >. 
Wood-work.  :  A  machine  for  cutting  splints, 
slivers,  or  shreds  of  wood  for  various  pur- 
poses. 

•  slo,  v.t.    [SLAY,  r.J 

*  BlO,  I.     (SLOtl 

sloak,  sloak  an,  t.    [SLOKAS.] 

•loam,  s.    [Etyni.  doubtful.) 

ilin.:  A  layer  of  earth  between  coal-seams. 

•loan  -fi-a,  t.  [Named  after  Sir  Hans  Sloane 
(lfiou-1753),  President  of  the  Royal  Society, 
whose  natural  history  collection,  sold  to  the 
nation,  became  the  nucleus  of  those  in  the 
British  Museum.) 

Bat. :  The  typical  genus  of  Sloanidse  (q.v.). 
Leaves  feather-veined ;  Sowers  axillary,  in 
racemes,  panicles,  or  clusters,  white  or  green- 
ish-yellow ;  species  more  than  thirty;  fruit 
from  the  size  of  a  hazel-nut  to  that  of  an 
orange,  bristly,  four-celled,  four-seeded.  Tro- 
pical American  trees,  often  above  a  hundred 
feet  high,  with  very  hard  wood.  Sloann 
jacmaieensii  is  the  Break-axe  or  Ironwood.  The 
fruit  otS.  dentata  is  eaten,  and  tlie  inner  bark 
of  the  tree,  which  is  astringent,  is  given  in 
dysentery. 

•loan   I  die,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lit  tloanfea);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -Wo;.] 
Bat, :  A  family  of  Tileas. 

•loan  ite, ».  [After  the  Chevalier  Sloane,  of 
Florence ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).~\ 

Mln. :  An  orthorhomblc  mineral,  occurring 
in  radiated  masses  in  fissures  of  the  gabbro 
rosso  of  Tuscany.  Hardness,  4'5 ;  sp.  gr. 
2-441 ;  lustre,  pearly  ;  colour,  white ;  opaque. 
Compos.:  silica,  42-7;  alumina,  84-9;  lime, 
11-4;  water,  11-0  =  100. 

••loap'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tloap  =  Hope;  -ly.l 
Slopingly. 

Bloat,  t.  [A  variant  of  slat  (q.v.);  cf  Low 
Ger.  slaale  =  a  pole,  a  stem.]  A  narrow  piece 
of  timber  which  holds  together  large  pieces  ; 
specif.,  one  of  the  cross  pieces  in  the  frame 
funning  the  bottom  of  a  cart  or  wagon-bed. 

•lob  (!),«.  [Gael.  slaib  —  mud.]  Hud;  muddy 
land. 

slob  (2),  i.  An  nntidy,  ungainly,  or  worthless 
person.  (U.  8.  Slang.) 

•lob -ber,  t.  [SLABBER,  ».]  Slaver,  slabber; 
liquor  spilled ;  drivel. 

•lob   ber,  v.t.  t  i.    [SLABBKR,  ».] 

A,  Tram. :  To  slaver,  to  slabber ;  to  drivel 
upon. 

"  The  cook  that  ttoWers  hU  beard  with  nck-pMMt,* 
—Kin? :  Art  of  CwAery.  lett.  Tt 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  slaver,  to  drivel,  to  dote ; 
to  be  weak  or  foolish. 

"  When,  blees  each  HtUe  JtoooeHnJ  mouth. 
It  bad  Dot  cut  a  single  tooth." 

M<if/n  :  Dean  A  Stra&rt. 

•f  To  slobber  over  work :  To  do  work  in  a 
careless,  slovenly  manner. 

•iSb'-ber-er,  ».    [Eng.  slobber,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  slobbers  ;  a  driveller. 

2.  A  slovenly  tanner;  also,  a  jobbing  tailor. 
(Proe.) 

•lob-ber-y,  a.  [Eng.  slobber;  -».]  Moist, 
muddy,  sloppy. 

"  To  boy  ft  stofr&ery  and  ft  dirty  farm." 

SHalsup.  :  Bmy  r,  III  S. 

•lock.  Block-en,  si  ok -en,  v.t.  [Icel. 
slokna  =  to  be  extinguished.]  [SLAKE.]  To 
quench,  to  slake,  to  allay. 

"The  bine  bowl  .  .  .  that  will  siofen  ftll  their 
drouth."— 3coU  :  Ktdffauntlet,  ch.  xlv. 

•lock   ing,  pr.  par.,  or  o.    [SLOCK.) 

slocking  stone,  «. 

Mining:  A  piece  of  rich  ore  extracted,  or 
pretended  to  be  extracted,  from  a  certain 
mine,  and  displayed  to  induce  persons  to  take 
shares  in  such  mine. 

•loo,  Bio,  ».  [A. 8.  *!d,  pi.  sldn;  Dot  s!a, 
sleeuwe ;  Dan.  slaaen ;  Sw.  slAn  ;  Ger.  schlehe; 
O.  H.  Ger.  sUha.  from  Low  Ger.  site,  slei ; 
N.  H.  Ger.  jcWe*;  But  sleeuw;  Sw.  slo  = 
harsh,  blunt,  dull.) 


Bot.,  <J>c.  :  The  fruit  of  Prnnvs  communis, 
var.  apinotOt  or  the  tree  which  bears  it.  The 
latter  has  black  bark,  divaricate  branches, 
all  spinescent  ;  finely-serrulate  leaves,  convo- 
lute when  young,  at  last  glabrous  beneath  ; 
pedicels  solitary  or  in  pairs,  glabrous  ;  flowers 
-ring  before  the  leaves;  petals  obovate, 
white  ;  berry  glolwse,  half  an  inch  in  diameter, 
bi.tck.  covered  with  blnom,  very  austere. 
Found  in  Europe  in  h«d|re«,  coppices,  and 
woods.  Called  al?<>  Bin  kJlinrn,  ami,  more 
rarely,  Blackthorn  May  (q.v.).  There  is  a 
species  of  Sole  (P.  urabrllata)  found  in  the 
southern  United  States,  which  bears  a  pleasant 
fruit,  of  black  or  red  color. 

sloe  carpet,  i. 

Entom.  :  A  geometer  moth,  Aleucis  pictaria, 
found  in  the  south  of  England.  The  cater- 
pillar feeds  on  the  sloe. 

Slog,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful]  To  hit  hard. 
(Slang.) 

•lo'-gan,  ».  [Oael.  sluagK-gluiirm,  from  slua<jh 
=  a  host,  an  army,  and  gairm  =  a  call,  an  out- 
cry.] The  war-cry  or  gathering  cry  of  one  of 
the  old  Highland  clans  ;  hence,  the  watch- 
word used  by  soldiers  in  the  Held. 

"  The  popular  tloyant  on  both  Bidea  were  IndefaMga- 
bly  repeaUd.-—  Jfeeauia*  :  fliit.  Xng.,  Co.  T. 


*  slog  ard-le,  s.    [SLUOOARDY.J 


er,  *.    [Bng.  flog;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  slogs  ;  a  hard  hitter. 

"  He  was  ft  vigorous  Hoagfr.  and  heartily  objected  to 
being  bowled  Oral  bill.'—  SUuufcmi.  Dec.  1,  IBM. 

2.  A  second-class  racing  boat  at  Cambridge, 
corresponding  to  the  torpids  at  Oxford.  (Univ. 
slang.) 

slog'-wood,  «.      [Scotch  sloga=»  slough,  a 
quagmire  (!),  and  Eng.  wood.] 

Bat.  :   Hufdandia  pmdula,  one  of  the  Lau- 
racea;. 

Bloke,  Blouli,  slok-aun,  Blake,  «.    [Sw. 
•tot  =  loose!?).] 

Bat.  :  Porphyra  lactniata.  (Scotch.)  [SLAKE, 
GREEN-BLOKE.) 

slok-en,  v.t.    [SLOCK.} 
slom  ber,  s.  &  v.    [SLUHBCB.] 
•lod,  «.    [SLOUOH  (1).] 

•  sloom,  ..     [A.  8.  sluma  =  slumber  («..».).] 
Slumber. 


•loom' 


om'-y.  o. 

<> ...    (Prov.) 


[Eng.   sloom;   -y.)     Sluggish, 


•loop,  •  sloope,  ».  [But  tloep;  O.  Dut. 
sloept,  tloepken ;  prob.  a  contract,  of  Fr.  cha- 
loupe  ;  Eng.  shallop  (q.v.).] 

Naut. :  A  fore-and-aft  rigged  vessel  with  one 
mast,  like  a  cutter,  but  having  a  jib-stay  and 
standing  bowsprit,  which  the  cutter  has  not. 

•  And  bnldee  at  thii  Uland  we  might  bnlld  eanoa.. 
It  being  plentifully  ttorcl  wltb  large  ccdara  for  lucli  a 
purpoae,  and  for  thla  reason  the  Jamaica  men  come 
hither  fp-qnentlr  to  build  iloopi." -ttamptor :  r«f- 
ofM  (an.  1680). 

•J  SIoop-o/-uiar:  In  the  modern  navy,  a 
vessel,  of  whatever  rig,  between  a  corvette 
and  a  gun-boat,  generally  under  the  command 
of  a  commander.  Formerly  sloops-of-war 
carried  from  ten  to  eighteen  guns,  but  since 
the  introduction  of  steam-ships  the  number 
of  guns  has  ceased  to  be  distinctive.  The  term 
is  now  practically  out  of  use,  except  in  refer- 
ring to  the  few  wooden  veasels  of  this  type 
still  remaining  in  commission. 

8lOP.  V.t.  ft  t.      [SLOP  (I),  «.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  spill  or  cause  to  overflow,  as  a  liquid. 
*  2.  To  drink  grossly  and  greedily. 
3.  To  spill  liquid  upon ;  to  soil  by  spilling 
liquid  upon. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  spilled  or  overflow,  as 
a  liquid  by  the  motion  of  the  vessel  contain- 
ing it.    (Generally  with  over.) 

BlSp  (1),  ».  [A.S.  sloppe,  tlyppe  =  fhe  sloppy 
drippings  of  a  cow;  prob.  allied  to  slab, 
slabber,  slaver,  and  slobber ;  cf.  Icel.  slop  = 
slimy  offal  of  fish ;  slipja  =  slime  ;  Gael.  & 
Irish  stall)  =  mire,  mud.] 

1.  Water  carelessly  thrown  about  or  spilt, 
as  on  a  table,  4c. ;  a  puddle,  a  soiled  spot. 

2.  Poor  liquor ;  liquid  food,  such  as  broth, 
milk,  &c.,  given  to  invalids.     (Generally  in 
the  plural.) 

3.  (PL) :  The  waste,  dirty  water  of  a  house. 


slop  basin,  slop -bowl,  s.  A  basin  or 
vessel  iuto  which  the  dreys  iroui  the  tea  or 
cottee-cups  are  emptied. 

slop  pall,  «.  A  pail  or  bucket  for  r» 
criving  slops,  or  for  chamber  use. 

•lop  (2),  *  Bloppe,  s.  [Icel.  «/o))j)r  =  a  slop, 
gown,  loose,  trailing  garment ;  yfirsloppr  = 
an  outer  gown ;  A.S.  slype,  slyi*,  from  niupan 
=  to  glide  ;  Dan.  slcrb  =  a  train,  from  st<rbe 
=  to  trail ;  Ger.  schltpp*  =  a  train,  from 
schleppen  —  to  trail.] 

1.  A  smock-frock. 

2.  Any  kind  of  outer  garment  made  of  linen; 
a  night-gown  ;  a  kind  of  cloak  or  mantle, 

"  Rhymea  are  guard*  on  wanton  Cupid's  how : 
Disfigure  not  hit  .•>;'." 

Shakeip. :  Lawc'l  Labour'*  Lf.it,  Ir.  S. 

3.  (PL):    A   loose   lower  garment;    wid« 
breeches. 

"  He  had  nothing  upon  him  but  a  pair  of  i?opi.  and 
upon  hia  body  a  goat  ikiu."—  Hiilnty  :  Arcadia,  bit.  L 

4.  (PI.):  Beady-made  clothing. 

5.  (PI.) :  In  the  navy,  the  clothes  and  bed- 
ding of  a  sailor ;  they  are  supplied  to  the 
men  at  cost  price. 

6.  A  tailor.    (Slang.) 

Slop-book,  «.  In  the  navy,  a  register  of 
the  slop  clothing,  soap,  and  tobacco,  served  to 
the  men  ;  also  of  the  religious  books  supplied. 

slop-room,  >. 

Kaul. :  The  room  In  which  the  slops  are 
kept  for  the  ship's  company. 

slop-work,  «.  The  manufacture  of  cheap 
ready-lnade  clothing. 

"  Worse  done  than  if  aent  to  the  wont  jfop-worfc 
shop  in  the  Eaet-eud."— Qwe«it,  Sept.  26,  1886. 

•lop  (3),  >.  [See  clef.]  A  contraction  of  esdop, 
a  term  used  in  the  back-slang  of  the  lower 
classes  for  a  policeman.  It  is  an  attempt  to 
render  the  backward  spelling  of  the  word 
police  pronounceable.  [SLANG  (2),  s.,  H  (1).J 

Slop  (4),  «.    [SLIP,  ».,  II.  7  (1).] 

•lope,  s.  &  a.    [Prob.  from  A.8.  slap,  pa.  t.  of 
sllpan  =  io  slip.] 
A*  As  substantive : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  oblique  direction,  especially  a  direc- 
tion downwards. 

2.  A   declivity  or   acclivity  ;  any  ground 
whose    surface   makes   an    angle   with   the 
horizon. 

"His  army  was  drawn  up  on  the  slope  of  a  hill, 
which  WM  almost  surrounded  by  red  bog."— Xacau- 
lay  :  ffiit.  Eng.,  eli.  i v.l. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Ciml-enij. :  An  inclined  bank  of  earth  OB 
the  sides  of  a  cutting  or  an  embankment. 

2.  Mining :   The  dip   or  inclination  of  a 
stratum  or  vein  of  ore. 

3.  Fort. :  The  inclined  surface  of  the  interior, 
top,  or  exterior  of  a  parapet  or  other  portion 
of  a  work. 

•  B.  As  adj. :  Inclined  or  inclining  from  a 
horizontal  position  ;  forming  an  angle  with 
the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

"  Murmuring  waters  fall 
Down  the  slope  hills."         Milton  .  P.  L.,  Iv.  ML 

slope  level,  s.    [CLIKOHETEB,  1.] 

Slope,  v.t.  &  i.    [SLOPE,  «.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  form  with  a  slope ;  to  form  to  obli- 
quity or  declivity. 

2.  To  direct  obliquely ;  to  bend  down. 

"  The  star  that  rose,  at  evening,  bright. 
Toward  heaven's  ueeceut  bad  tl-t'td  his  weafrfssx 
wheel.*  Hilton:  l.,adal.tS. 

3.  To  give  the  slip  to  ;  to  defraud  l>y  running 
away  :  as,  To  slope  a  shopkeeper.    (Klang.) 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  take  an  oblique  direction  ;  to  be  de- 
clivous or  inclined  ;  to  descend  in  an  oblique, 
sloping,  or  slanting  direction. 

"  Broad  In  the  beam,  but  it  -ping  aft 
With  graceful  curve  aud  slow  degree*. " 

Longfellate:  Building  of  <A«  R*ip. 

2.  To  run  away ;  to  decamp,  to  bolt.  (Slang.) 
T  (1)  To  slope  arms : 

Mil. :  To  carry  the  rifle  obliquely  over  tho 
shoulder. 

(2)  To  slope  the  standard : 

Mil. :  To  dip  or  lower  the  standard  as  • 
form  of  salute. 


fete,  fitt,  fcire,  amidst,  what,  tali,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  »6n:  mute,  cub,  cure,  quite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,     w,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  <jm  =  kw. 


slope— slough 


4311 


*  slope,  adv.  [SLOPE,  a.]  Obliquely ;  not 
perpendicularly. 

"  That  bright  beam,  whose  point  now  raised 
Bow  him  alup«  downward  to  the  BUII. 

Milto*;  P.  L..lv.  Wl. 

"slope -ness,  s,  [Eng.  slope;  -TKSS.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sloping;  obliquity, 
declivity. 

"The  Italians  are  very  precise  in  giving  the  cover  a 

graceful  yendeiiceuf  slope tie**."— Jieli'juiwWuttwiantx, 
p.  48. 

*slope'-wise,  adv.  [Eng.  slnpe;  -wise.]  Ob- 
liquely, slantingly. 

"The  fosse  that  goeth  not  directlfe  but  t7opevnte 
over  tlie  greatest  part  of  this  island,"—  Uoliiitked  : 
Dctc.  tirit.,  ch.  xlx. 

Slop  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [SLOPE,  v.]  Oblique, 
declivous  ;  inclined  or  inclining  from  a  hori- 
zontal or  other  straight  line. 

"  Hark  !  'tis  the  music  of  a  thousand  rillu,   . 
Some  through  the  groves,  some  down  the  Oopinff 
hills."  Cowper:  Char  it  ft,  v^. 

*Slop'-mg-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  sloping;  -ly.]  In  a 
sloping  manner ;  obliquely. 

"  Mata,  which,  whenever  the  ralu  descends,  they 
rmi:e  tloningly  against  the  gun  wale."— Anton ;  Voyages, 
lik.  ii..  ch.  x.  • 

»  slop'-pJ-ness,  s.  [Eng.  sloppy  (1);  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sloppy ;  muddi- 
ness  ;  wetness  of  the  ground. 

'-p^  (1),  a.    [Eng.  slop  (1),  s.  J  -y-1 

1.  Wet,  so  as  to  spatter  easily ;  muddy, 
plash  y. 

"The  links  in  many  places  were  floppy  and  the 
putting  greens  very  heavy."— n«ld,  Oct.  8.  1885, 

2.  Bespattered,  slopped  over. 

"The  we*ther  was  cold,  and  sloppy  bait-cans  are  not 
pleasant  things  In  railway  carrlnges.  MpMlsJly  on  long 
Journeys,"— fithinff  Gazette,  Jan.  30, 1886. 

slop  -py  (2),  a.  [Eng.  slop  (2X  s.;  -y.]   Loose, 
ill-litting. 

"  It  muat  not  be  imagined  that,  to  be  easv.  dress 
moat  necessarily  be  »topj>y."— Queen,  Oct.  7,  18S1 

SidpS,  3.  pL      [SLOP  (2),  5.] 

slop'-sel-ler,  s.  [Eng.  slop  (2),  s.,  and  teller.} 
A  dealer  in  ready-made  clothes. 

"The  harsh,  oppressive  middleman,  and  the  heart- 
less imliilerent  tloptflferhnve  sat  for  their  portrait* 
again  and  agaiu."— Daily  Newt,  Dec.  3, 1866. 

8l8p'-shop,  s.  [Eng.  slop  (2),  s.,  andsfcop.]  A 
shop  where  ready-made  clothes  are  sold. 

*sl6p'-y\  a.    [Eng.  slop(e) ;  -y.]    Sloping. 

"  Where  the  mantling  willows  nod 
From  the  green  baiik's  ilopy  Bide." 

Cunningham:  A  Landscape. 

Slosh,  a.    [SLUSH.]    Soft  mad,  filth. 
slosh-wheel,  s. 

Mack. :  A  wheel  having  two  slots  crossing 
at  right  angles  and  forming  guides  for  two 
slides  which  traverse  in  them  like  the  slides 
in  a  trammel  (q.v.).  A  bar  pivoted  to  the 
two  slides  makes  two  reciprocations  in  each 
direction  for  each  revolution  of  the  wheel. 
The  name  has  reference  to  the  fact  that  wheels 
of  thi»  description  are  used  in  grinding  lime. 

Slosh,  v.i.  [SLOSH,  8.]  To  flounder  among 
slosh. 

Slosh'-y,  a.    [Eng.  slosh ;  -y.]    Muddy,  slushy. 

"The  roads  were  wet  and  tloshy." — St.  Jnmesi 
Gazette,  Dec.  23,  1886. 

SlSt  (1),  v.t.  [SLOT  (2),  s.]  To  shut  with  vio- 
lence ;  to  slam,  to  bang,  (Prov.) 

Bl5t  (2),  v.t.  [SLOT  (1),  a.]  To  track  or  trace 
by  the  slot. 

"The  outlying  deer  .  .  .  had  been  itottrd  by  the 
keepers  round  the  neighbouring  covert*." — field,  Feb. 
30, 18S6. 

Slot  (1),  sleuth,  *  Sloth,  s.    [Tcel.  sUdh  =  a 
track  or  trail  in  snow,  or  the  like  ;  sicidha  =  to 
trail.]    [SLEUTH-HOUND.] 
1.  The  track  of  a  deer,  as  followed  by  the 

nark  of  his  feet. 

"The  labouring  hunter  tulta    the  thick  unbarhed 

grounds 

Where  harhoar'd  is  the  hart ;  there  often  from  hitt  feed 
The  dogs  of  him  do  find  ;  or  thorough  skilful  heed 
The  huntsman  by  hi.-  slot,  or  breaking  earth   per- 
ceives." Drayton  :  Poiy-Olbion,  s.  13. 

*2.  A  track,  trail,  or  trace  of  any  kind. 
"This  odious  fool,  who  .  .  .    leaves  the  notftnme 
•tench  of  bis  rude  tlot  behind  him."— Milton :  Colas- 
terion. 

slot-hound,  s.    [SLEUTH -HOUND.] 

•lot  (2),  *slotte,  *sloot,  a.  [Dut.  slot^a. 
lock,  from  sluiten  —  to  shut  (pa.  t.  sloot,  pa. 


par.  geslotm) ;  O.  Fris.  slot,  from  sl-uta  —  to 
shut;  Low  Ger.  slot,  from  sluta=^to  shut ; 
Sw.  sluta  =  to  shut  (pa.  t.  slot,  pa.  par.  §luten  ; 
Ger.  schliessen;  O.  H.  Ger.  sliosan ;  M.  H. 
Ger.  sliezen.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  fastening  of  a  door ;  a  bar,  a  bolt. 
(Prov.) 

2.  A  piece  of  timber  which   connects  or 
holds  others  together  ;  a  slat  or  sloat. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Mack. :  An  elongated,  narrow  perforation 
or  aperture,  a  slit ;  a  rectangular  recess  or 
depression  cut  partially  into  the  thickness  of 
any  piece  of  metal  for  the  reception  of  another 
piece  of  similar  form. 

2.  Theat. :    A   trap-door  in   the  stage  of   a 
theatre.     (Also  spelled  slate.) 

slot  machine,  «.  A  device  by  which 
the  dropping  of  a  coin  in  a  slot  automatically 
enables  the  purchaser  to  obtain  that  which  he 
pays  for. 

Slot  (3),  s.    [Sw.  slutt  =  &  slope,  a  declivity.] 
A  hollow. 

If  (1)  Slot  of  a  hill :  A  hollow  in  a  hill  or 
between  two  ridges. 

(2)  Slot  of  the  breast :  The  pit  of  the  stomach. 
(Scotch.) 

slote,  s.    [Sixxr  (2),  s.,  II.  2.] 

sloth,  *  sleuthe,  *  slouth,  *  sloutho,  s.  & 

a,     [A.S.  sl&wdh,  from  slaw  =slow  (q.v.).] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  Slowness,  dilatoriness. 

2.  Disinclination  to  work  or  exertion  ;  lazi- 
ness, idleness ;  habitual  indolence  ;  sluggish- 
ness. 

"  Nor  tloth  hath  seized  me.  hut  thy  word  restrains." 
Pope;  Bomer;  fliadv.  1,018. 

II.  Zool.:  The  popular  name  for  any  indi- 
vidual of  the  Edentate  group  Tardigrada 
(q.v.),  from  their  slow  and  awkward  move- 
ments on  the  ground,  owing  to  the  peculiar 
structure  of  the  wrist  and  ankle-joints.  The 
feet  are  armed  with  long  claws,  and  turned 
towards  the  body,  so  that  the  animal  is  com- 
pelled to  rest  on  the  side  of  the  hind  foot, 
while  the  disproportionate  length  of  the  fore- 
limbs  causes  it  to  rest  also  on  the  elbows.  It 
shuffles  forward,  alternately  stretching  the 
fore-legs  and  hooking  the  claws  into  the 
ground,  or  grasping  some  object  to  draw  itself 
along.  Sloths  are  natives  of  South  America, 
nocturnal  in  habit,  and  are  found  in  the  forests 
of  that  region,  passing  their  lives  among  the 
branches  of  trees,  on  the  leaves  and  young 
shoots  of  which  they  feed.  In  moving  from 
one  limb  of  a  tree  to  another,  they  hang  back 
downwards,  embracing  the  limb  with  their 
hind,  and  drawing  themselves  forward  with 
their  fore  feet.  They  are  covered  with  coarse, 
shaggy  hair,  not  unlike  withered  grass,  which 
protects  them  from  insects  and  shields  them 
from  observation  when  at  rest  in  the  day- 
time. The  stomach  is  complicated,  but  there 
is  no  rumination.  The  female  produces  but 
one  at  a  birth,  which  clings  to  its  mother  till 
able  to  provide  for  itself.  Their  chief  enemies 
are  snakes  and  the  Carnivora ;  their  arboreal 
habits  are  a  partial  protection  against  the 
latter,  and  against  the  former  they  defend 
themselves  by  their  powerful  fore-limbs  and 
claws.  There  are  several  species,  the  most 
important  of  which  are  described  in  this 
Dictionary  under  their  popular  names.  [Ai, 
TWO-TOED  SLOTH,  THREE-TOED  SLOTH.] 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Slow,  slothful 

"God  is  ...  very  Ooth  to  avenge."— Latimer. 

sloth-animalcules,  s.  pi. 
Zool. :    The  Arachnidan  order  Tardigrada 
(q.v.).    Called  also  Bear  Animalcules. 

sloth-bear,  a. 

Zool. :  Melursus  Idbiatus,  an  Indian  bear, 
found  throughout  the  Peninsula  and  in  Ceylon. 
It  feeds  on  ants,  honey,  fruit,  and,  occa- 
sionally, birds'  eggs.  It  is  between  five  and 
six  feet  long,  extremely  awkward  and  un- 
gainly in  appearance,  and  the  snout  and  lower 
lips  are  prolonged.  [PROCHILTJS.]  The  fur  is 
mostly  black,  the  muzzle  and  tips  of  the  fei't 
being  of  a  dirty  white  oryellowish  colour,  and 
the  breast  ornamented  with  a  light  crescentic 
or  V-shaped  mark. 

*  Sloth,  v.i.    [SLOTH,  *.]      To  be  slothful  or 
idle. 


aloth'-ful,  *  slouth- full,  a.  [Eng.  sloth; 
•J'ldt.'}  Inactive,  sluggish,  lazy,  indolent. 

"  To  vice  industrious,  but  to  nobler  deeds 
Timorous  and  tlothfut."        Milton  :  P.  L..  it  11T. 

Sloth'-ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  slothful;  -ly.]  In 
a  slothful  or  lazy  manner  ;  lazily,  sluggishly. 

sloth'- ful- ness,    *  slouth-  ful- ness,   .1. 

[Eng.  slothful ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  st;il<>  of. 
being  slut  liful ;  laziness,  habitual  indolence, 
idleness,  sloth. 

"  filf-tTifittn.-ss  ca-teth  into  a  deep  sleep,  and  tui  Idle 
soul  shall  sutler  hunger."— Proverbs  six.  16. 

Slfit'-ter-y,  a.  [Allied  to  slattern  (q.v.);  cf. 
Low  Ger.  slodderig  =  loose,  slovenly  ;  Ger. 
schlotttrig  =  negligent.]  . 

1.  Squalid,    dirty,    sluttish,    slovenly,  un- 
trimmcd. 

2.  Foul,  wet. 

slot-ting,  s.  [Eng.  slot  (2),  s. ;  -ing.}  The 
act,  operation,  or  process  of  making  slots. 

slotting-auger,  s.  A  form  of  auger 
having  side-cutting  lips  so  as  to  make  a  slot 
in  work  fed  laterally  against  it, 

slotting  machine,  s. 

Metal-work. :  A  variety  of  planing-ma  chine 
in  which  the  tool  is  vertically  reciprocated 
while  the  work  is  fed  beneath  it  between  cuts. 
It  is  employed  in  the  formation  of  slots  in  any 
piece  of  machinery. 

slou9h,  a.  [Icel,  sl6kr  —  a  slouching  fellow ; 
slakr  —  slack  ;  cf.  Sw.  slaka  =  to  droop ;  slokig 
=  hanging,  slouching.] 

1.  A  drooping  or  depression  of  the  head  or 
other  part  of  the  body  ;  a  stoop  ;  an  ungainly, 
clownish  gait. 

2.  An  awkward,  lubberly,  clownish  fellow. 
"  Begin  thy  carols  then ,  thou  vaunting  slowh  : 

Be  thine  the  oaken  staff,  or  lulne  the  you*. 

Gay  :  shepherd'!  Week,  L 

3.  A  depression  or  hanging  down,  as  of  the 
brim  of  a  hat. 

SlOUOh-hat,  s.  A  hat  with  a  wide,  hang- 
ing brim. 

"  A  big  farmer-looking  man  in  a  tlouch-hat  and 
shocking  old  coat."— Scribrur't  i/agatitu,  Sept.  1877. 
p.  628. 

,  v.i.  &  t.    [SLOUCH,  0.] 

A.  Intrans. :    To    have    or   move  with  a 
slouching,    downcast,    or   clownish    gait   or 
manner. 

"  A  child  taken  by  a  douching  villain.*— Da ily 
TeJfffraph,  Sept  14, 1886. 

B.  Trans. ;  To  depress ;  to  cause  to  hang 
down,  as  the  brim  of  a  hat. 

Slouch-fog,  a.    [Eng.  slouch;  -ing.] 

1.  Hanging  down,  depressed. 

2.  Walking  with  a  heavy,  clownish  gait  or 
manner. 

*  Sloufh'-y.a.     [Eng.  sloitch ;  -y.]    Slouching. 
"  Bow-let'ifd.  ttouchy,  ungraceful,  and  inactive. "— 
Scribner'i  Mttgaxtne,  Aug.,  1877,  p.  610. 

Slough  <gh  silent)  (1),  *  Slogh,  s.  [A.S.  stth, 
from  Ir.  sloe  —  a  pit,  a  hollow,  from  slugaim  = 
to  swallow,  to  devour ;  Gael,  sloe  =  a  pit,  den, 
pool ;  slugard  =  a  slough,  from  slug  =  to 
swallow,  to  gorge.]  A  hole  full  of  mire  ;  a 
hollow  place  filled  with  mud  ;  a  mire. 

"  Passing  over  Haeslem  mere,  a  huge  island  slough." 
—Bowell :  Letteri,  bk.  L,  let*  l". 

^  Slough  of  despond :  A  depth  of  despond- 
ency. An  expression  borrowed  from  the 
Slough  of  Despond,  in  which  Bunyan,  in  the 
Pilgrim's  Progress,  describes  Christian  as 
having  sunk  and  become  bemired. 

slough  (gh  as  f)  (2),  *  slougth,  *  slouh, 
*  slow,  *  sloughe,  *  slugue,  s.  [From 
the  same  root  as  slip  (q.v.J;  cf.  Sw.  dial. 
slug,  sluve,  sluv  =  a  covering ;  Low  Ger.  slut 
sluwe  =  a  husk,  a  covering  ;  O.  Dut.  sloove  = 
a  veil,  a  skin  ;  Ger.  schlauch  =  a  skin,  a  bag.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  skin  or  cast  skin  of  a 
serpent. 

"  Purged  of  his  slough,  he  nimbly  thrlds  the  brake." 
J.  Phitipt:  Cercalia, 

2.  Surg. :   The  dead  part  which  separates 
from  the  living  in  mortification,  or  the  part 
that  separates  from  a  foul  sore. 

"  At  the  next  dressing  I  found  a  dough  come  away 
with  the  dressings,  which  was  the  sorriest—  Witcman  : 
On  Ulcert. 

slough-heal,  s. 

Bot. :  Prunella  vulgaris.  (Prior.)  A  mis- 
taken correction  of  Self-heal. 


boll,  bo^;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^enophon,  eyist.    -ing. 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.   -tton,  -*ion  =  suun;  -fion,  -$ion  =  zhun.   -cioos, -tious, -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -Ole,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


4312 


slough— sludging 


Slough  (gh  as  f),  v.i.    [SLOUGH  (2),  *.J 

Surg. ;  To  separate  from  the  sound  part ;  to 
separate  or  come  off,  as  the  matter  formed 
over  a  sore. 

^  To  slough  off: 

Surg. :  To  separate  from  the  living  part,  as 
the  dead  part  in  mortification. 

Slough  -y  (gK  silent)(l),  a.  [Eng.  slough  (1),  s. ; 
-y.J  Full  of  sloughs ;  miry,  muddy,  boggy. 

"  The  old  tloughy  lane  connecting  Swanborne  and 
Stewkley."— Field,  Feb.  30,  1696. 

Slough  -£  (gh  as  f )  (2),  a.  [Eng.  slough  (2),  s. ; 
-y.)  Of  the  nature  of,  or  resembling  slough ; 
foul,  mortified,  suppurated. 

&15  va-kl-an,  a.  &  s.  [Slavonian  Slovak; 
Eng.  sulT.  -fan.] 

A.  As  adj. ;  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Slovaks 
or  their  language. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  language  of  the  Slovaks. 
It  is  still  spoken  in  parts  of  Moravia  and 
Bohemia. 

Bid  -van,  s.     [Etyrn.  doubtful.] 

Mining:  A  gallery  in  a  mine  ;  a  day  level. 
(Specially  applied  to  damp  places.) 

sldv'-en,  *  slov-yn,  *.  [O.  Dut.  slof,  tloef— 
a  careless  person,  a  sloven ;  sloeven  —  to  play 
the  sloven ;  Dut  slof=  careless ;  Low  Ger. 
slvf=  slovenly ;  slu/ent  slu/em  =  to  be  care- 
less; slu/en  =  to  go  about  in  slippers.]  A 
slovenly  person ;  one  who  is  careless  of  his 
dress  or  negligent  of  cleanliness;  a  person 
habitually  untidy  or  negligent  of  cleanliness 
or  order  ;  a  slow,  lazy  fellow. 

"  The  medium  between  a  fop  and  a  itoven  Is  what  a 

man  of  sense  would   endeavour  to  keep."— Steele: 

Spectator,  No.  140. 

Sl6V-en-lI-ne'ss,  ».  [Eng.  slovenly;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  slovenly ; 
habitual  negligence  of  dress  or  disregard  of 
cleanliness,  tidiness,  and  order ;  carelessness 
•r  untidiness  generally. 

"  A  literature  not  to  tolerant  as  OUT  own  of  flowft- 
li*e*t."—Athen»um,  Dec  SO,  ISM. 

•lov'-en-ly,  a.  &  adv.    [Eng.  sloven  ;  -ly.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Having  the  habits  or  manners  of  a  sloven ; 
negligent  of  dress  or  neatness  ;  nntidy. 

"  JBaop  at  last  found  oat  a  tlovenly  laxr  fellow, 
lolling  at  Ms  ease,  as  if  he  liad  nothing  to  do." — 
L'Ettrange  :  fabtet. 

2.  Characterized  by  slovenliness  or  untidi- 
ness;  wanting  in  neatness  or  tidiness;  care* 
less,  loose  :  as,  slovenly  dress. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  slovenly  manner ;  like  a 
•loven  ;  carelessly,  negligently,  untidily. 

"How  slightly  It  hath  been  handled:  and  how 
hastily  and  •tovenfy  harried  over." — Wartmrton; 
Julian.  (ConcL) 

*  slaV -en -ness,   «.       [Eng.    sloven ;    -ness.] 
Slovenliness. 

*  Slo'v'-en-rjf,  s.    [Eng.  sloven  ;  -ry.]    Sloven- 
liness, untidiness,  want  of  neatness. 

"  And  time  hath  worn  us  into  ttoeenry.  " 

S*oA«p.  :  Henry  V.,  IT.  1 

•low,  *  slaw,  '  slough,  *  slowe,  a.,  adv.,  & 
*.  [A..S.sldw;  cogn.  with  Dut.  glee;  Icel.slj6r  ; 
Dan.  slov  =  blunt,  dull ;  Sw.  slo=  blunt,  dull, 
dead,  weak;  O.  H.  Ger.  */eo  =  blunt,  dull, 
lukewarm ;  M.  H.  Ger.  ste.} 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Moving  a  short  distance  in  a  long  time  ; 
not  swift,  not  rapid  ;  not  quick  in  motion :  as, 
a  slow  stream,  a  slow  pace. 

2.  Not  thrown  with  a  rapid  motion :  as, 
glow  bowling  in  cricket. 

3.  Throwing  or  bowling  a  ball  in  cricket 
with  a  gentle,  easy  motion ;  not  bowling  fast : 
as,  a  slow  bowler. 

4.  Not  happening  in  a  short  time ;  gradual ; 
spread  over  a  long  period  of  time  ;  not  rapid 
in  growth  or  progress. 

*  These  change*  in  the  he»v'n&.  though  «&>»,  produc'd 
Like  chauge  on  Maaud  land.' 

Mttton:  P.  X,.z.«M. 

5.  Not  ready,  not  quick  or  prompt. 

"  I  am  «f<M»  of  speech,  and  of  a  ilote  tongue." — 
gxodut  Ir.  10. 

6.  Inactive,  tardy,  sluggish,  dilatory,  back- 
ward. 

**  FixM  on  defence,  the  Trojans  are  not  tlow 
To  guard  their  shore  from  an  expected  foe." 

Dryden.    (Todd.) 

7.  Not  hasty,  not  precipitate ;  acting  with 
deliberation.    (Proverbs  xix.  29.) 


8.  Behind  in  time  ;  not  keeping  true  time  : 
as,  A  clock  or  watch  is  slow. 

9.  Behind  the  times  ;  exciting  contempt  on 
account  of  dulness,  or  want  of  spirit  ;  not 
lively;  stupid,  dulL 

10.  Dull,  spiritless,  lifeless. 

"  The  party  was  what  you  youug  fellows  call  •low." 
—  Thackeray  :  A'evcomei,  ch.  xlix. 

*  11.  Dull,  heavy,  dead. 

"It  makes  me  baveatZow  haart,"—  S7ia**tp.  ;  Two 
Gentlemen  of  Verona,  iT.  S. 

B.  As  adv.  :  Slowly. 

"  How  »I«w  time  go**." 

Shaketp.  •'  Rap*  of  Lucrece,  WO. 

C.  As  substantive  : 

Cricket  :  A  ball  bowled  or  delivered  slowly  : 
as,  To  bowl  slows. 

slow-coach,  *.  A  lumbering,  dull  per- 
son ;  one  of  slow  comprehension.  (Siting 
Diet.) 

slow-gaited,  a.    Going  or  moving  slowly. 

"  You  must  aeiid  the  ass  upon  the  horse,  for  he  is 
vtrytlow-yaitedJ'—Xhaketp.  :  Lote't  Labour'*  Lott,  ili.  2. 


slow-hound,  s.    A  sleuthhound  (q.v.). 

"  The  itow-hound  wakes  the  fox's  lair  : 
The  greyhound  presses  on  the  hare. 

Scott  :  Rok*y,  Hi  L 

slow  lemuroids,  s.  pi 
Zool.  :  The  Asiatic  genera  Nycticebus  and 
Loris. 

•low-lemurs,  s.  pi. 

Zool.  :  The  African  genera  Perodicticns  and 
Arctocebus. 

slow-lozis,  s. 

Zool.  :  Nycticebus  tardigradnx.  Oalled  also 
Slow  Lemur.  Slow-paced  Lemur,  and  Bengal 
Sloth. 

slow-match,  *.    [HATCH  (i),  s.  2.] 

*  slow-paced,  a.    Having  a  slow  pace  ; 
moving  slowly. 

Slow-paced  lemur  :  [SLOW-LEMUR]. 

*  Slow  -sighted,  a.  Slow  to  discern  ;  dulL 

*  Slow-Winged,  a.    Flying  slowly. 

"  The  ttow-winged  turtle." 

Shaketp.  :  Taming  «/  the  Shrew,  It 

slow-worm,  sloe-worm,  s. 

Zool.  :  Anguis  fragilis,  the  Blind-worm. 
Common  throughout  Europe,  except  in  the 
more  northern  parts.  It  is  from  ten  to  four- 
teen inches  in  length,  brownish  gray  with  a 
silvery  glance,  and  a  dark  liue  down  the 
back. 

SlOW,  V.t.  &  t.      [SLOW,  O.) 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  slacken  in  speed  :  as,  To  slow  a  loco- 
motive or  steamer, 

*  2.  To  delay,  to  retard. 

"  I  would  I  knew  why  it  should  be  iIotMd.* 

Shakeip.  :  Borneo  A  Juliet,  IT.  1. 

t  B.  Intrans.  :  To  slacken  speed  :  as,  A 
locomotive  slows. 

*  Slow  bdck,  s.    [Eng.  slow,  a.,  and  back.]  A 
lazy,  idle  fellow  ;  a  lubber,  a  loiterer. 

"  The  ilotefiackt  and  lacie  bones  will  none  of  this.**—- 
favour  ;  Antiquity'*  Triumph  over  A'ovetty,  p.  61. 

slow'-Ish,  a.    [Eng.  slow,  a.  ;   -ish.]    Rather 
slow  or  dull. 

"  A  tlowith  kind  of  sport,  all  things  taken  Into  eon. 
sideration."~/%eld,  Oct.  8,  1885. 

Slow'-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  slow,  a.  ;  -fy.] 

1.  In  a  slow  manner  ;  not  quickly  or  rapidly  ; 
with  alow  motion  or  progress. 

"  Like  the  new  moon  tlowly.  tlovily 
Sinking  in  the  purple  distance." 

Longfellow  :  Biateitha,  nil. 

2.  Not  soon  ;  not  in  a  little  time  ;  not  with 
rapid  progress  ;  gradually,  tardily. 

"  The  chapel  of  St.  Laurence  advances  to  very  ilotety, 
that  'tis  not  impossible  but  the  family  of  Medicia  may 
be  extinct  before  their  burial  place  Is  finished."— 
Addiion:  On  Italy. 

3.  Not  hastily  ;  not  rashly  or  precipitately  ; 
with  due  deliberation. 

4.  Not  promptly,  not  readily  :  as,  He  learns 
slowly. 

Slow   ness,  s.    [Eng.  slow;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  slow  ;  want 
or  absence  of  speed,  rapidity,  or  velocity. 

"  The  tlovmeu  of  the  procesdon."—  Knox  :  Christian 

Fhiltitaphy,  App.  1. 

2.  Length  of  time  in  which  anything  acta  or 
Is  brought  to  pass  ;  tardy  advance  or  progress  ; 

slow  progression, 


3.  Want  of  readiness  or  promptness  ;  dul- 
ness. 

"Hta*k>wi«WQf  apprehension."—  Watrrland?  Wortm, 
V1844. 

4.  Absence  of  baste  or  rashness  ;  delibera- 
tion ;  coolness  or  caution  in  deciding  or  pro- 
ceeding. 

5.  Dilatorinesa,  procrastination,  tardiness, 
sluggishness. 

6.  Want  of  life  or  spirit  ;  dulness  :  as,  the 
slowness  of  an  entertainment.    (Colloq.) 

Slows,  8.  pi.  [Stow.]  A  disease  prevalent  In 
some  of  the  western  and  southern  states  of 
America  ;  milk  -sickness  (q.v.). 

Slub,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  slightly  twisted 
roving  of  wool,  intermediate  between  the 
carding  and  the  yarn. 

Sliih,  v.t.  [SLrB,  *.]  To  draw  out  and  slightly 
twist,  as  wool  ;  to  form  into  slubs. 

slub'-ber,  *.     [Eng.  stub,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One   who  slubs;    one    who  manages  s 
slubbing-machine. 

2.  -A  slubbing-machine  (q.v.). 

*  Slub'-ber,  v.t.  &  i.    [A   variant  of  tlaVb* 
(q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  do  lazily,  carelessly,  or  with  careleae 
hurry  ;  to  slabber  over. 

.   "  Slubber  not  bualneM  for  my  sake." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  renlee.^L  8. 

2.  To  stain,  to  daub,  to  cover  carelessly,  to 
obscure. 

"You  must  be  content  to  tluAbfr  the  g-lona  of  yoor 
new  fortunes  with  this  more  stubborn  and  boisterous 
expedition."—  Shaketp.  :  Ottello,  I  *. 

3.  To  stain,  to  soil. 

"  Smothered  under  the  habit  of  a  scholar,  and  rtuft- 
bered  over  with  a  certain  rutle  and  clownish  fashion." 
—  Wotton. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  move  or  act  in  a  slovenly, 
hurried  manner. 

•slub-ber-de-gul  -liAn  (11  as  y),  s.    [Eng. 

slubber,  and  Prov.  Eng.  gull  ion  (Eng.  cu/Zion}= 
a  mean  wretch.]    A  dirty,  mean  wretch. 

"Thou  hut  deserved. 
Baae  tttibberdrifullion.  to  be  served 
AJ  thou  didst  row  to  deal  with  me." 

Butler  .-  Budtorat,  I.  UL  Mfc. 

*  slub'-ber-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SLUBBER,  «.) 


er-ing-l^,  <ult».  [Eng.  slubbering; 
•ly.]  In  a  slovenly,  hurried,  or  imperfect 
manner. 

slub'-bing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «,    [SLOB,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj.:  (Set 

the  verb), 
C.  As  subst.  :  Reducing  the  sliver  of  carded 

fibre  to  a  uniform  thickness  by  doubling  and 

slightly  twisting. 

slubbing  -billy,  slubbing  machine, 
».  The  first  spinning-machine  for  drawing 
and  twisting  slightly  thecardings  orscribblings 
of  wool.  It  consists  of  a  wooden  frame,  within 
which  isamovingcarriagecontaininga  number 
of  spindles  rotated  by  a  series  of  cords  passing 
round  the  pulley  of  each  spindle  and  connected 
with  a  drum  extending  the  whole  breadth  of 
the  carriage.  The  drum  is  turned  by  a  cmnk- 
handle  on  a  shaft  connected  by  a  baud  with 
the  drum. 

Slud,  *.    [An  abbrev.  of  sludge  (q.v.).] 

Mining  :  A  term  given  to  the  water  and  mod 
mixed  together  which  runs  off  in  washing 
some  minerals. 

sludge,  s.    [SLUSH.] 

1.  Hud,  mire,  soft  mnd,  slash. 

"A  Teasel  capable  of  conveying  from  the  sewaft 
outfalls  in  the  Thames  out  to  sea  1,000  tons  of  scwag* 
iludye."—  DoXy  lf*m.  Feb.  1.  1686. 

2.  Small  floating  pieces  of  ice  or  anow. 
sludge-door,  sludge-hole,  s. 

St«ain-eng.  :  A  hole  in  a  steam-boiler  at 
which  mud  or  deposits  are  raked  out. 

sludg'-er,  ».     [Eng.  slvdg(c);  -«r.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  boring  in  sludge  or 
quicksand. 

2.  A  sand-pump. 

Sludg'-lhg,  s.     [Eng.  sludg(e);  -ing.} 

Ifydr.-eng.  :  Stopping  the  crevices  Incident 
to  the  contraction  of  clay  piled  in  embank* 
merits,  by  mud  sufficiently  fluid  to  ran  freely. 


Ate,  at,  Ore,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt;  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


sludgy— slumbering 


4313 


slushy. 


a.      [Eng.    «Judy(«);    -y.)     Miry, 

s.  pi    [SLUD.l 

.ing:  Half-roasted  ore. 

Blue,  slew  (ew  as  6),  v.t.  &  i.  (Etym.  doubt- 
ful.] 

A.  TmnsMvt: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :    To   tarn   or   twtet  about. 
(Often  used  reflexively  with  round.) 

2.  Naut. :  To  turn  round  as  a  mast  or  boom 
about  its  ails,  without  removing  it  from  its 
place. 

B.  Intrans. :   To   turn  about ;  to  torn  or 
twist  round. 

sine-rope,  s. 

Kant. :  A  rope  applied  for  turninj?  a  spar  or 
other  object  in  a  required  direction. 

Blued',  a     [SLEWED.]    Intoxicated. 
•lug  (1),  slugge,  s.    [SLUG,  ».] 
•I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  slow,    heavy,    awkward    fellow ;  a 
Iluggard. 

"Thou  drone,  thou   snail,  thou  ttuffl"— SkaJtetp. : 
Comedy  of  A'rrcrf,  il  2. 

2.  A  hindrance,  an  obstruction. 

"  Money  would  be  stirring,  if  it  were  not  for  this 
"—Baron:  Sttayl;  Of  Utury. 


*  3.  A  slow-sailing  vessel. 
"  His  rendezvous  (or  his  fleet  and  (or  til  tluyyi  to 
come  to,"—  Pip**-'  Dtarit*  Oct.  17,  1666. 

n.  Zool.  :  Any  individual  of  the  family 
Limacidie  (q.v.).  They  are  naked,  air-breath- 
ing molluscs,  universally  distributed,  commit- 
ting great  ravages  in  fields  and  garden  crops 
in  moist  weather,  but  becoming  dormant  dur- 
ing frosts.  The  body  is  generally  oval  or 
oblong,  elongated,  from  one  to  three  inches  in 
length  ;  the  creeping  disk,  or  sole  of  the  foot, 
extends  the  whole  length  of  the  animal,  but, 
like  snails,  slugs  frequently  raise  their  heads 
and  move  their  tentacles  in  search  of  objects 
above  them.  They  often  climb  trees,  and  can 
lower  themselves  to  the  ground  by  the  accu- 
mulation of  mucus  at  the  extremity  of  the 
tail  hardening  into  a  gelatinous  thread. 
They  oviposit  in  moist  places  in  spring  and 
summer,  often  at  roots  of  grass  ;  the  eggs 
resemble  small  oval  clusters  of  jelly.  Umax 
agrestis,  the  Gray  Slug,  is  the  commonest,  and 
L.  maximus  (or  antiqu&rum),  the  Great  Gray 
Slug,  one  of  the  largest  species.  Arion  ofer, 
the  Black  Slug,  or  Black  Snail,  and  A.  agrestis, 
the  Red  Slug,  are  also  plentiful.  Various 
means  are  employed  by  gardeners  to  check 
the  ravages  of  these  animals.  One  of  the 
most  efficacious  is  the  sprinkling  of  coal 
ashes,  lime,  or  soot  round  young  and  tender 
plants.  [SEA-SLUG.  I 

•lug  (2X  «.    [Etym.  doubtful] 

1.  Print.  :  A  strip  of  metal  less  than  type 
high,  and  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  column 
or  page.     Slugs  are  used  to  nil  out  a  short 
page  or  between  display  lines. 

2.  Firearm*  ;  An  extemporized  leaden  pro- 
jectile formed  by  cutting  bar  or  sheet  lead  into 
irregular  masses.    Used  in  case  of  necessity 
as  a  substitute  for  balls  or  shot. 

"  Some  of  the  men  were  employed  in  cutting  lend 
from  the  roof  of  the  Marquess's  house  and  shaping  it 
Into  tluyi."—  Macaulay  :  Hut.  Eng.,  cb.  xiii. 

3.  MetaU.(Pl.):  Partially  roasted  ore. 

4.  Hat-making:  A  natter's  heating-iron. 

slug-shaped  caterpillars,  «.  vt. 

Entom.  :  Newman's  name  for  caterpillars 
shaped  like  a  slug.  They  are  sometimes 
downy  or  covered  with  short  pile,  are  desti- 
tute of  spines,  and  have  two  tail-like  projec- 
tions directed  backwards.  Examples,  the 
caterpillars  of  Apatura  iris,  Hipparckia  janira, 
and  Arge  galathea  (all  butterflies). 

•lug  (1),  *slogge,  *slngge,  v.i.  St  f, 
[Dan.  slug  ;  Norw.  sloka  =  to  go  heavily,  to 
slouch  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  play  the  sluggard  ;  to  be 
lazy  or  sluggish. 

"  He  lay  not  all  night  Hugging  in  a  cabin  under  hi* 
mantle.*1—  Spenter  ;  State  of  Ireland, 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  sluggish. 

"  And  It  Is  still  episcopacy  that  before  all  our  eye* 
worsens  and  ttuyi  the  most  learned,  and  seeming  re- 
Hgioini  of  our  ministers."—  Milton:  Reformation  in 
Mngland,  bk.  L 

2.  To  retard,  to  hinder. 


Slug  (2),  v.t.  &  i.    (SLUG  (2),*.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  load  with  a  slug  or  slugs,  as 
a  gun. 

B.  Intrans. :  In  breech-loading  arms,  which 
carry  a  bullet  slightly  larger  than  the  bore  of 
the  barrel,  the  bullet,  when  forced  to  assume 
the  sectional  shape  of  the  bore  in  the  act 
of  firing,  is  said  to  slug  or  be  slugged.     [See 
also  SLOQ,  t-.i.] 

*  Slug'  a  bed,  t.     [Eng.  dug  (1),  T.,  and  bed.] 

One  who  indulges  in  lying  iu  bed ;  a  sluggard. 

SlUg'-gard,  «.  &  *     [Eng.  slug  (1),  a.  ;  -artt] 
A.  As  subst. :  A  person  habitually  lazy  and 
indolent. 

"  Go  to  the  ant,  thou  ttugyard ;  consider  her  ways 
and  be  wise.*—  Proverb*  vi.  6. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Sluggish,  lazy. 

"  For  sprightly  May  commands  our  youth  to  keep 
The  vigils  of  her  night,  and  breaks  tbeir  iluggard 
Bleep."  Dryden:  Palamon  *  ArcUe,  L  177. 

*  slug'-gard-ize,  v.t.    (Eng.  sluggard  ;  -i?e.] 
To  make  "sluggish  or  lazy. 

"  Rather  see  the  wonders  of  the  world  abroad. 
Than,  living  dully  tfuwirdizd  at  home, 
Wear  out  thy  youth  *  itb  shapeless  idleness." 

Shaketp. .'  Two  Gentlemen  of  >*«reru»,  i.  T. 

*  slug'-gard-jr,  *  slog-ard-ie,  *.     [Eng. 
sluggard ;  -y.}    The  state  of  a  sluggard ;  slug- 
gishness. 

"  Arise,  for  shame,  do  way  your 

WyaU :  The  Lover 

slug'-ger,  t.     [See  SLOGGER,  *.,  1.] 

Blug'-gish,  a.     [Eng.  slug  (1),  «•  I 

1.  Habitually  lazy  or  indolent;   slothful, 
dull,  inactive. 

"  But  none  of  these  things  moved  that  tluffffith  *nd 
ignoble  nature."—  J/acaulay :  ffitt.  Eng.,  cb,  rvL 

2.  Inert,    inactive ;   having   no   power  to 

move  itself. 

"  Matter,  being  impotent,  »l\tgffi»h,  and  Inactive, 
hath  no  power  to  stir  or  move  itself." — Woodward. 

3.  Slow ;  having  little  motion. 

"  Floating  slowly  down  the  current 
Of  the  tluggith  Taqnamenaw." 

Longfellow  :  Hiawatha,  zrllL 

*  4.  Dull,  tame,  stupid. 
5.  Dull,  inert,  inactive. 

"  Bacon  had  sown  the  good  seed  In  a  •twyith  soil 
and  an  ungenial  season.  —Jfooauiay :  Hut.  Eng., 
dLiii. 

*  6.  Not  volatUe. 

"  Answerable  to  my  conjecture,  there  remained  In 
the  bottom  a  salt  far  more  tluffyith  than  the  fugitive 
one  of  urine."— Boyle  :  fforlu,  iii.  305. 

Slug'-gish-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  sluggish ;  -ly.]  In 
a  sluggish  manner  ;  lazily,  idly,  indolently. 

"  Ou  shore  they  [seals]  lie  very  tiuogisMy,  and  will 
not  go  oat  of  our  ways." — Dampier:  Yoy&get  (an.  1S8S). 

slug -gish-ness,  s.    [Eng.  sluggish;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sluggish  ; 
natural  or  habitual    laziness    or  indolence; 
sloth,  dulness. 

2.  Inertness ;  want  of  power  to  move. 

3.  Slowness :    as,    the    sluggishness   of    a 
stream. 

4.  Dulness ;  want  or  absence  of  spirit  or 
life. 

"  Bat  It  is  probable  that  he  was  guilty  of  nothing 
worse  than  the  haughty  apathy  and  tluyyuhneu  cha- 
racteristic of  his  nation."— JJacaulay ;  Hitt.  Eng. 
eh.  xix. 

»  Slug'-g^,  o.  [Eng.  slug  (1),  s.  ;  -y.}  Slug- 
gish ;  lazy. 

"  Than  cometh  sompnolence,  that  Is.  ttuaffv  slum- 
bring,  which  maketh  a  man  bevy,  and  dull  in  body 
and  in  scale." — Chaucer  :  The  Perxmet  Tale. 

Sluice,  *  Since,  s.  [O.  Fr.  escluse  (Fr.  MUM), 
from  Low  Lat.  exdusa  =  a  floodgate ;  lit.  shut 
off  [water],  from  Lat.  exclusus,  pa,  par.  of 
excludo=to  exclude  (q.v.);  Dut.  sluys,  sluis; 
Dan.  sluse ;  Ger  schleuse.] 

1.  Hydr.-cng. :  A  waterway  provided  with  a 
valve  or  gate  by  which  the  flow  of  the  water 
is  controlled.     It  is  used  in  regulating  the 
passage  of  water   into   and    out    of    canal- 
locks  and  in  the  hydraulic  arrangements  for 
sluicing   harbours  to  deepen  the  channels. 
They  are  also  used  on  mill-streams  to  keep 
back  the  water  when  the  mill  is  at  rest,  and 
to  regulate  the  flow  when  the  mill  is  at  work. 
They  are  also  largely  used  in  the  hydraulic 
arrangements  connected  with  irrigation  works. 

"  Most  of  their  towns  are  thereby  iucompass'd  with 
water,  which  by  ifucet  they  can  contract  or  dilate  as 
they  Ust."-ffoiwli  :  Letter*,  bk.  i,  let.  S. 

2.  A  tubulure  or  pipe  through  which  water 
is  directed  at  will. 


pipe 
fro 


3.  The  stream  of  water  issuing  through  ft 
floodgate. 

*  4.  Any  vent  for  water. 

"  Two  other  precious  drops  that  ready  stood, 
Each  in  their  crystal  tfuice.-     Jfilton  :  P.  L..  T.  Its. 

*  5.  An  opening  ;  that  through  which  any 
thing  flows. 

"  Through  uuseen  iJuieei  of  the  air.' 

Longfellow  :  Golden  Legend,  xl 

6.  Steam  :  An  injection  -valve  (q.v.). 
sluice-gate,  *.    [FLOODGATE.] 

sluice-valve,  s.  The  sliding  door  which 
governs  the  opening  through  a  sluice-gate. 
Sluice-valves  at  the  mouth  of  a  discharge 

ipe  or  main  serve  to  control  the  exit  of  water 
m  a  reservoir.  They  are  of  several  kinds. 

sluico-way,  *.  An  artificial  passage  or 
channel  into  which  water  is  admitted  by  a 
sluice. 

SlUlCe,   V.t.      [SLUICE,  *.] 

1.  To  open  a  sluice  or  floodgate  upon  ;  to 
let  in  a  copious  flood  of  water  upon  :  as,  To 
sluice*  meadow. 

2.  To  wet  or  bathe  freely.    (Colloq.) 

3.  To  scour  or  cleanse  out  by  means  of 
sluices  :  as,  To  sluice  a  harbour  or  channel. 

*  4.  To  emit  by  or  as  by  a  sluice  ;  to  lot 
gush  out. 

"And  consequently,  like  a  traitor  coward. 
Sluiced  out  his  innocent  soul  through  stream*  «• 
blood."  Shatttp.  :  Richard  II.,  L  L 

*Slui'-CJf,  a.    [Eng.  sluic(e);  -y.] 

1.  Falling  in  streams,  as  from   a  sluice) 

felling  heavily  or  thickly. 

"  While  Jove  descends  iu  tlulcy  sheets  of  rain. 
And  all  the  labours  of  mankind  are  vain." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  T.  111. 

2.  Soaked  with  water. 

"  She  dabbles  on  the  cool  and  duicy  sands." 

KeaU  :  Sndymion,  L  Ms. 

Slum,  *.  [Etyra.  doubtful  ;  cf.  slump  =  boggy 
ground.]  A  low,  dirty  back  street  of  a  city, 
especially  one  inhabited  by  a  poor  criminal 
population  ;  a  low  neighbourhood. 

"There  Is  little  in  the  authors  observations  oc 
«Ium«  and  slam-life  which  has  not  been  said  before.'  — 
Echo,  Sept  8,  188$. 

t  slum,  v.i.  [Stuic,  *.]  To  visit  slums  in  t 
dilettante  manner,  rather  than  with  the  ob- 
ject of  relieving  the  necessities  of  the  poor. 

"  A  wealthy  lady  went  tlumminy  through  the  Dlali 
the  other  day."—  Referee,  June  22,  1884. 

slum'-ber,  *  slum-er  -en,  *  slom-er. 
*  slom-ber.  *  slom-bren,  v.i.  &  t.  [A 

ffeq.  from  Mid.  Eng.  slumen  =  to  slumber 
from  slume  =  slumber  ;  cogn.  with  Dut 
sluimeren  ;  Dan.  slumre,  freq.  of  slumme  —  to 
slumber  ;  Sw.  slum-ma,  =  to  slumber  ;  slummer 
=  slumber  ;  Ger.  schlummcrn  =  to  slumber  ; 
schlummer  =  slumber.  For  the  inserted  6,  cl 
number,  humble,  &c.J  [SLDMEN.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

L  To  sleep  lightly  ;  to  doze.  (Psalm  exit  4.) 

2.  To  sleep. 

"  In  fiery  dreams  the  Dutch  they  still  destroy, 
And  numbering  smile  at  the  imagined  flames.  ** 
Dryden  :  Annut  MirabUit,  Ixix. 

3.  To  be  in  a  state  of  inactivity,  sloth,  or 
negligence  ;  to  be  or  lie  dormant. 

*  B.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  lay  to  sleep. 

2.  To  stupefy,  to  stun. 

"  To  honest  a  deed  after  It  was  done,  or  to  tlumt#+ 
his  conscience  in  the  doing,  he  studied  other  incen- 
tives."— Wotton. 

slum'-ber,  *  slom-ber,  s.    [SLUMBER,  v.] 

1.  Light  sleep  ;  sleep  not  deep  or  sound. 
"From  carelessness  it  shall  fall  into  ilumbtr,  and 

from  a  tlumber  it  shall  settle  into  a  deep  and  long 
sleep."—  South  :  Sermont. 

2.  Sleep,  repose. 

slumber-robe,  t.  A  night-robe;  also 
a  rug  for  covering  one  when  sleeping. 

slum-ber-er,  s.  [Eng.  slumber,  v.;  -er.\  Oo« 
who  slumbers  ;  a  sleeper. 

"  A  tlumberer  stretching  on  his  bed." 

Donne  :  Progrett  of  the  Aoml. 

slum'-ber-mg,  slom  -bring,  pr.  par.,  a.t 

&  S.      [tJLUMBEB,  V.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj.  '•  (8ec 
the  verb). 
C.  As  subst.  :  A  state  of  slumber,  sleep,  « 

repose, 

"  And  ever  lay 
Pandare  a  bed,  halfe  in  s  OomMng." 

Chaucer  :  Troilut  *  OrtnUrn,  11 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-dan, -tian  =  slian.   -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -(ion,  -eion  =  shun,    -cious, -tious, -sious  =  shus.    -We, -die,  *c.  =  bel.  *•*. 


4314 


slumberingly— smack 


•lum'-ber  mg-ly,  »(».  [Eng.  slumljering ; 
•ly.]  lu  a  slumbering  manner. 

•  slum  -ber  land,  ».    [Eng.  dumber,  s.,  and 
land.]    Sleep ;  dri-ariiland. 

"TaltM  his  strange  rest  at  heart  ot  thtmberl,n>tl~ 
A.  C.  Swtnburnt:  Trittram  nf  Lyontue.  vL 

•  slum'-ber-less,  o.    [Eng.  slumber;  -less.] 

Sleej'lt-.xs. 

•Blum-ber-ous,  *  slum'-brous,  a.  [Eng. 

slumber;  -ous.J 

1.  Inviting  to  sleep ;  causing  or  inducing 
sleep;  sleepy,  sopoiilerous. 

"  Flowery  bodl  th«t  itumbrrout  influence  kelt, 
¥roiu  poppies  hreathed." 

r&owwon .-  Cnttle  of  /ndolenct,  L  X 

i  Inclined  to  sleep ;  sleepy,  drowsy. 

"And  wakes  and  tliula  his  sfumoerou,  eyea 
Wet  with  moat  delicious  tears.  ' 

LontfeUow:  CarUlan. 

•  slum'  ber  y,  "  slom  bry,  •  slum'-bry, 
a.    [Eng.  slumber;  -y.] 

1.  Inviting  to  sleep ;  causing  sleep ;  slum* 
berous. 

2.  Sleeping ;  taking  place  in  sleep. 

"In  thU  ftumbfry  agitation,  what  have  yon  beard 
bar  say  ?"— *M*«;>. :  Macbeth,  V.  i. 

'  Slum'-brous,  a.    [SLUMBEROUS.] 

•slume,  *  slonmbe,  >.  [A.S.  sluma.}  Slum- 
ber, sleep. 

"Blum  en,  r.i.  [M.H.Ger.s;«mw«t.]  [SLUME.] 
To  slumber,  to  sleep. 

•lump  (1),  r.i.  [Etym.  doubtful;  cf.  Dan. 
slumpe  =  to  stumble  or  light  upon ;  slump  — 
chance,  hazard.  But  perhaps  of  imitative 
origin.] 

1.  To  fall  or  sink  suddenly  when  walking  on 
the  surface,  as  ou  ice  or  frozen  ground  Dot 
strong  enough  to  bear  the  weight;  to  walk 
with  sinking  feet ;  to  sink  aa  in  snow  or  mud ; 
to  fall. 

2.  To  decrease  or  fall  oft*  suddenly ;  as,  prices 
or  the  tlemaud  for  anything. 

•lump  (2),  v.t.  [SLUMP  (2),  i.]  To  throw 
together  into  a  single  lot  or  mass ;  to  lump 
together :  as,  To  slump  work  or  charges. 

•lump  (1),  >.    [SLUMP  (1),  «.] 

1.  A  boggy  place  ;  soft,  swampy  ground ;  a 
swamp,  a  marsh. 

2.  The  noise  made  by  anything  falling  into 
a  hole  or  slump. 

3.  A  sudden  fall,  as  in  prices. 

•lump  (2),  s.  [Dan.  slump  =  a  lot,  a  number 
of  things  indiscriminately  ;  Sw.  slumpa  =  to 
buy  things  in  a  lump  ;  Dut.  stomp  =  a  mass, 
a  heap.]  The  gross  amount;  the  lump:  as, 
To  take  things  in  the  slump. 

Slump'-y,  a.  [Eng.  slump  (IX  s. ;-!/.]  Marshy, 
swampy,  boggy;  easily  broken  through.  (Proti.) 

•lung,  pret.  it  pa.  par.  ofv.    [SuNO,  r.] 

•lung-allot,  s.  A  weapon  consisting  of 
a  leaden  or  metal  ball  with  a  strap  or  chain 
attached,  used  by  rowdies  in  America  and 
elsewhere. 

Blunk,  pret.  <t  pa.  par.  oft.    [SLINK.]' 

Blur,  v.t.  [Icel.  sUra  =  io  trail,  contr.  from 
sto<//tra  =  to  trail  or  drag  one's  self  along; 
tlalh  =  a  trail,  a  track,  a  slot;  cf.  O.  Dut. 
sleuren,  slooren  =  to  drag,  to  trail ;  sloorigh  = 
filthy,  sluttish;  Low  Ger.  sluren  =  to  hang 
loosely ;  slurig,  tlvdaerig  =  lazy  ;  Prov.  Eng. 
*!ur=Uiin,  washy  mud:  Norw.  s/u're  =  to 
sully.)  [SLOOR.J 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

•1.  To  soil,  to  sully,  to  contaminate,  to 
tarnish,  to  pollute. 

•2.  To  obscure  by  running  the  different 
parts  into  each  other. 

"The  part*  never  appearing  uncertain  or  confused, 
or.  a*  a  luuslcinn  would  lay,  itu.rrtd.~- Kemol.il :  Art 
tfPaintitia.  (Note  56.) 

*3.  To  disparage  by  insinuation  or  innu- 
endo ;  to  calumniate,  to  traduce,  to  asperse  ; 
to  speak  slightingly  of. 

4.  To  pass  lightly  over ;  to  pass  with  little 
notice. 

«  Studious  to  please  th«  genius  of  the  times, 
With  pertoda.polnU.and  tropea,  he  KurThlicrlmes." 
1'rydtn.    (Todd.) 

5.  To  pronounce  in  an  indistinct  manner. 
*&.  To   cheat,  originally   by   slipping    or 


sliding  a  die  in  a  particular  manner ;  hence, 
to  trick,  to  cheat  generally. 

"  What  was  the  public  faith  found  out  for. 
But  to  tiur  men  of  what  they  fought  for?" 

Boon:  OuUtraa,  ft,  11..  0. 1 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Music :  To  sing  or  perform  in  a  smooth, 
gliding  style  ;  to  run  notes  into  each  other. 

2.  Prinf. ;  To  blur  or  double,  as  an  impres- 
sion from  type ;  to  maeule. 

slur,  *  slnrr,  "  slurre,  s.    [SLUK,  t>.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  A  mark  or  stain  ;  a  stigma,  a  slight  re- 
proach or  disgrace. 

"  Those  worthies  seem  to  (tee  no  shame  In, 
Nor  strive  to  paas  &tlur  on  giuulli^." 

Cambridge:  A  Dialogue. 

*  2.  A  trick,  an  imposition. 

"  Without  some  fingering  trick  or  tlur? 

Butler:  Mitcetlancout  ThouyMi. 
IL  Technically : 

1.  Knitting :  A  piece  of  metal  in  a  stockiug- 
frame  which  depresses  the  jack-sinkers  in  suc- 
cession. 

2.  Music:  The  smooth  blending  of  two  or 
more  notes  not  on  the  same  degree ;  also  a 

curved  line  (-"        ~~  or ^)  placed  over 

or  under  notes,  directing  that  they  are  to  be 
played  legato.    [BIND.]    A  slur  is  often  nsed 
in  modern  music  to  show  the  phrasing.    In 
violin  music   a  slur  directs  that  the  notes 
under  it  are  to  be  played  with  one  bow. 
[Bowmo.] 

3.  Print. :  A  blurred  impression. 
slur-cock,  «. 

Knitting :  A  cam  or  wiper  projecting  from 
the  traverse  or  carriage  to  lift  the  jacks,  and 
through  them  the  jack -sinkers. 

slurred,  a.    [SLUR.] 

Music  :  Marked  with  a  slur ;  performed  in 
a  smooth,  gliding  style,  as  notes  marked  with 
a  slur. 

sluV-ry,  «>.t  [Eng.  slur;  -ry.]  To  dirty,  to 
smear. 

slush,  slosh,  t.    [A  variant  of  sludge  (q.v.).] 

1.  Sludge ;  thin,  watery  mire  ;  soft  mud. 

2.  Snow  in  a  state  of  liquefaction;  half- 
melted  snow. 

"To  block  np  streets,  divert  accustomed  traffic, 
turn  solid  pavement  Into  *(u*V—  Daily  Telegraph. 
Sept.  13,  1886. 

3.  A  mixture  of  grease  and  other  materials 
used  for  lubrication. 

4.  Whitelead  and  lime  used  In  painting  bright 
parts  of  machinery  to  prevent  their  rusting. 

5.  The  refuse  fat  or  grease,  especially  of 
salt  meat,  skimmed  off  in  cooking,  particu- 
larly on  ships. 

6.  Mawkish  or  silly  ideas,  either  oral  or 
written;  sentimental  trash.    (Colloq.) 

slush-bucket,  s. 

Naut.:  A  bucket  kept  In  the  tops,  to 
grease  the  masts,  sheets,  &c.,  to  make  all  run 
smoothly. 

slush,  v.t.    [SLUSH,  s.] 

1.  To  wash  roughly ;  to  sluice  :  as,  To  tliuh 
a  floor. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  mixture  of  white  lead 
and  lime,  as  the  bright  parts  of  machinery, 
to  prevent  their  rusting. 

3.  To  grease  or  coat  with  slush,  as  a  mast. 

•lushed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [SLUSH,  t>.] 

slushed-up,  a.    Grouted.    [GROUT,  ».] 

slush  y,  Slosh' -y,  a.  [Eng.  slush;  -jr.] 
Consisting  of  slush  or  soft  mud,  or  of  snow 
and  vatrr;  covered  with  slush;  also,  trifling, 
silly,  or  trashy  in  sentiment 

slut,  'slutte,  "Blent,  t.  [Icel.  sKttr  =  * 
heavy,  clownish  fellow,  from  slota  =  to  droop; 
Sw.  dial,  slitta  —  an  idle  woman,  a  slut ;  sldter 
=  an  idler ;  slota  =  to  be  idle  ;  Norw.  sloth  = 
an  idler;  sluta  =  to  droop ;  D.-m.  slatte  =  a 
slut ;  slat  =  loose,  flabby  ;  Dut.  slmlde  =  a 
slut,  a  sloven  ;  Icel.  slmthi  =  a  sloven  ;  Ir.  & 
Gael,  slaodaire  =  a  lazy  person,  a  sluggard  ; 
alapaire,  tkipair  =  &  sloven.] 

1.  A  woman  who  is  careless  or  negligent  of 
cleanliness,  and  is  dirty  or  untidy  in  dress, 
person,  furniture,  Ac. 

IT  The  term  was  originally  applied  to  males 
as  well  as  to  females. 


2.  A  term  of  slight  contempt  for  a  woman. 

"  Hold  up,  you  tluti. 
Your  aprons  mon&wit  ;  you're  not  oiitlmble  " 

Miikcit>.:  Timim  o/  AtlifnM.  iv.  a> 

•3.  A  servant-girl  ;  a  drudge.    (Pepys.) 
i.  A  female  dog,  a  bitch.    (Amer.) 

*  slut,  v.t.    (SLUT,  s.]    To  befoul. 

"  Tobacco's  damnable  Infection  ttuttinff  the  body." 
Syli'titer:  TVjami  Buttered,  586. 

Slut9h,s.  [A  form  of  sludge,  ot  slush.}  Sludge, 
mire,  slush.  (Prov.) 

Slut9h'-y,  o.  [Eng.  sltitch;  -y.]  Slushy, 
miry. 

sluth  liound,  s.    [SLEUTHHOUND.] 

sluf-ter-y,  s.  [Eng.  slut;  -ry.]  The  cha- 
racter, qualities,  or  habits  of  a  slut  ;  lialiitual 
neglect  of  cleanliness,  tidiness,  or  order  ;  dirti- 
ness of  clothes,  person,  or  furniture  ;  sluvtiili- 
uess. 

"  Our  radiant  queen  hates  sluts  and  slutlerv." 

Shakeiii.  :  Merry  WiMof  WinOior,*.  V 

slut'-tish,  *  slut-tyssho,  a.  [Eng.  slut; 
-tsA.) 

1.  Like  a  slut  ;  characteristic  of  or  befitting 
a  slut  ;  marked  by  want  of  cleanliness,  tidi- 
ness, or  order  in  dress,  person,  or  furniture  ; 
slovenly. 

"The  Spanyardea  .    .    .   1*  tluttyuhe  and  lousy."— 
Bemvrli  f^roiurtrt  ;  Cronyple,  vol.  it.,  ch.  xxxl. 

*  2.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to  a  woman  of 
loose  behaviour  ;  meretricious. 

sliit'-tish-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  sluttish  ;  -ly.]  In  a 
sluttish  manner  ;  dirtily,  negligently. 

"  Shtttithly  conceived  or  written."  —  Sandyi  :  Staff 
o/  Religion. 

slut'-tish-ncss,  *slut-tlsh-nesse,   t. 

[Eng.  shittish  ;  -ness.]    The  qualities,  manners, 

or  practice  of  a  slut  ;  want  of  cleanliness,  tidi- 

ness, or  order  in  clothes,  person,  or  furniture. 

"Well,  praised  be  the  gods  for  thy  foulness  1  thit- 

ttotineu  may  come  hereafter."—  SAoteiu.  :  At  Yo*  Likt 

/«,iiL  a. 

•ly,  *  slle,  »  sleh,  *  sleigh,  •  sligh,  •  slygh 

o.  ot  adv.    [Icel.  sfre0r=sly,  cunning;  cogn. 
with  Sw.  slug  ;  Dan.  slug,  slu  ;  Low  Ger.  *l<w; 
Ger.  schlau  ;  Sw.  slog  =  cunning,  dexterous.) 
A*  As  adjective: 

*  1.  Cautious,  wily,  sharp. 


2.  Meanly  artful,  crafty,  or  insidious  ;  cun- 
ning ;    proceeding  by    crafty   or   underhand 
ways  ;  not  open  or  frank. 

"  Envy  Is  a  cursed  plant  ;  some  fibres  of  It  art- 
rooted  almost  lu  every  man's  nature,  and  It  works  in 
as/y  and  imperceptible  manner."—  WattM. 

3.  Using  good-humoured  and  innocent  wilea 
or  stratagems  ;  arch  :  as,  a  sly  remark 

*  4.  Thin,  fine,  slight,  slender,  subtle. 

"  Covered  with  lids  uevlz'd  of  substance  tig." 

apmter:f.  «.,  II.  ii.41. 

*  B.  As  adv.  :  Slyly. 

H  For  the  difference  between  tly  and  cun- 
ning, see  CUNNING. 

f  On  the  sly,  t  By  the  sly  :  In  a  sly  or  secret 
manner  ;  secretly  ;  not  openly. 

Sly-boots,  s.  A  sly,  cunning,  or  artful 
person.  (Generally  used  playfully.) 

"  The  frog  called  the  ln/y  one  several  times,  but  In 
vain  ;  there  was  no  such  thing  as  stirring  liiin,  though 
the«*y-doo*<  heard  well  enough  nil  the  while."—  Adftn- 
Cures  o/  Abdalla.  p.  82. 

Sly-Silurus,  s.     [SHEAT-FISH.] 

•ly'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  sly;  -ly.]  In  a  sly  man- 
ner; cunningly,  artfully,  craftily,  slily. 

Bly'-ness,  ».  [Eng.  sly,  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  sly  ;  artful  secrecy  ;  crafti- 
ness, cunning. 

"  With  wonted  wile  and  ilyneu." 

Hicjt  :  .S'Aeridiin  I  .s'uAmfjafon. 

Slype,  s.  [Cf.  Dut.  sluip  dmr  =  a  secret  door; 
sluip  hoi  =  a  corner  to  creep  into  ;  sluipcn  = 
to  sneak,  to  slip.]  A  passage  between  two 
walls. 

1f  A  narrow  strip  of  land  between  the  walls 
of  New  College,  Oxford,  and  the  old  city  wall, 
is  still  called  The  Slype. 

sraa',  a.    [SMALL.]    (Scotch.) 

smack  (1),  r.i.    [SMACK  (1),  «.] 

1.  To  have  a  taste  ;  to  be  tinctured  with  any 
particular  taste. 

2.  To  have  a  tincture  or  quality  Infused  ;  to 


ate.  fit,  fere,  amidst,  what,  Call,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there; 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  oub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
Syrian,    as,  oe  =  e;  ey -•  a;  qu  =  ltw. 


smack— small 


4315 


•how  or  exhibit  the  presence  or  Influence  of 
any  character,  quality,  or  the  like.  (Followed 
by  of) 

"  All  sects,  all  age*  mack  of  this  vice." 

Shakes?,  i  Measure/or  Measure,  U.  S. 

smSck  (2),  tU  &  i.  [Of  imitative  origin  :  ef. 
tiw.  sauieka  =  to  smack;  Sw.  dial.  smtiHka  =  to 
throw  down  noisily ;  smdkk  =  a  light,  quick 
blow  with  the  liaud  ;  smdkka  =  to  hit  smartly  ; 
Dan.  amtekke  =  io  slam,  to  bang;  emo:*  =  a 
smack,  a  rap  ;  Low  Ger.  swikken  =  to  smack 
the  lips  ;  O.  Cut.  smacken,  Dut.  mutkkm  —  to 
•ast  on  the  ground,  to  fling ;  Dut.  smak  = 
i  loud  noise ;  Ger.  schmatzen  =  to  smack. 
Smack  (1)  and  aaadc  (2)  are  quite  distinct, 
though  they  have  often  been  confused.)  (gtxtf.) 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  give  a  sharp  stroke  or  slap  to :  as,  To 
unack  a  person's  face. 

2.  To  make  a  loud,  sharp  noise  by  striking 
with  ;  to  crack* 

"  The  boy  then  tmacKd  his  whip,  and  fast 
The  horses  gcamyeral  through  the  rain.* 

Wordsworth :  Alice  Ftu. 

3.  To  make  a  sharp  noise  by  opening  the 
lips  quickly. 

1.  To  kiss  with  a  sharp  noise. 

"  '  God  bless  thee.  mouse,'  the  bridegroom  Bald, 
Alld  ti'iakt  her  on  tile  lips." 

Warner:  Albion!  England,  pt,  11.,  ch.  Iv. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  make  a  sharp  noise  by  the 
sudden  separation  of  the  lips. 

"  In  vain  I  taste,  and  alp  and  trnacK." 

Lloyd:  Familiar  Epistle  to  it  Frlena. 

f  To  smack  at :  To  relish,  as  shown  by 
smacking  the  lips. 

smack  (1),  *smacke,  *  smak,  s.    [A.S. 

sincec  =  taste  ;  sniecgan,  sm(Kccan  =  to  tasto  ; 
cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  smaeck  =  taste,  smack,  or 
flavour ;  smaecken  =  to  savour ;  Dut.  smaketi 
to  taste  ;  Dan.  mag  =  taste  ;  mage  =  to  taste ; 
Sw.  smak  =  taste ;  tmaka  =  to  taste ;  Ger. 
gexJimack  =  taste ;  schmecken  =  to  taste ;  Low 
Ger.  smekken  =  to  taste.] 

*  1.  Taste,  flavour. 

"  The  tast  or  tmacke  of  saver!*  . . .  Is  hole  and  bit. 
tog."—/1,  Holland:  Plinle,  bk.  xix.,  ch.  xii. 

2.  A  slight  taste  or  flavour ;  savour,  tinc- 
ture. 

"  Your  lordship,  though  not  clean  past  your  youth, 
bath  yet  some  tmach  ol  age  In  you,"— Shakesp. :  3 
Senry  It'.,  i.  a. 

*  3.  Pleasing  taste ;  a  relish, 

"  Stack  pease  upon 
To  cover  it  quickly  let  owner  reg 
Lest  dove  and  the  eadow  there  finding  a  smack, 
With  ill  stormy  weather  do  perish  thy  stack." 

Tiitter:  Husbandry, 

4.  A  flavour,  a  savour ;  a  slight  taste  or  ex- 
perience. 

"  If  good  Madam  Squinlnra  my  work  should  abuse, 
May  I  venture  to  give  her  a  tmack  of  niy  muse." 
Anttey:  JV«W  Bath  fluid*. 

*  5.  A  small  quantity,  a  taste. 

"  H'  essays  the  wimble,  often  draws  It  baeV, 
And  deals  to  thirsty  servants  but  a  smack." 

Dryden  :  Persiiis.  eat.  Iv. 

*6.  A  slight  or  superficial  knowledge;  a 
•mattering. 

"  He  hath  a  tmack  of  all  neighbouring  languages.  "— 
Buitetp.  :  All't  Well  that  Xndl  Well.  IT.  L 

smack,  ,.    [SHACK  (2),  i>J 

1.  A  quick,  smart  blow,  as  with  the  flat  of 
the  hand  ;  a  slap. 

2.  A  quick,  sharp  noise,  as  after  a  relished 
taste,  or  a  hearty  kiss ;  a  similar  noise  made 
by  cracking  a  whip. 

"Be  ...  klss'd  her  lips. 

With  such  a  clamorous  tmack,  that  at  the  parting 
All  the  church  echo'd.' 

Shaktsp, :  Turning  of  the  Shrew,  111  2. 

smack  (3),  «.  [O.  Dut.  smacke,  smak;  Dan. 
smakke;  Ger.  schmacke;  prob.  for  snack;  ef. 
A.S.  snacc  =  a  smafk  ;  Icel.  snekkja  ;  Dan. 
nukke;  and  so  called  from  its  snake-like 
movement  in  the  water.] 

Naut, ;  A  one-masted  vessel,  resembling  a 
sloop  or  a  cutter,  as  the  case  may  be,  used  in 
the  coasting  trade.  The  Leith  (Scotland) 
smacks  ran  as  high  as  200  tons. 

"  The  smack  Is  a  vessel  that  Is  rigged  like  a  cutter, 
and  it  U  not  necessary  that  a  vessel  sliould  be  ansliin^ 
boat  in  oriler  to  be  called  a  tmack."— Daily  Telegraph, 
Nov.  26.  1885. 

smack,  adv.  [SMACK  (2),  t>.]  In  a  sudden  and 
direct  manner,  as  with  a  smack  or  slap. 

smack-smooth,  adv.  Openly ;  without 
obstruction  or  impediment ;  smoothly  level. 

smack  -cr,  s.    [Eng.  emack,  v. ;  •«•.] 

1.  One  who  smacks. 

2.  A  smack ;  a  loud  kiss. 


*  smSck'-er-ing,  ».    [SMACK  (1),  «•]    A  smat- 
tering.   (It'ard:  Sermons,  p.  S3.) 

Smack'-Ing,  pr.  par.  &  o.    [SMACK  (2),  ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  ailj.  :  Making  a  sharp,  brisk  sound ; 
hence,  brisk. 

*  smack'-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  tmack  (2),  T.  ;  -ly.] 
With  a  smack  or  smacking  sound. 

Smaik,  0.  [IceL  smeykr,  smf.ykinn  =  mean- 
spirited,  timid.]  A  silly  fellow,  a  puny  fellow, 
a  paltry  rogue.  (Scotch.) 

"  '0,  I  have  heard  of  that  tmaik,'  sni(l  the  Scotch 
merchant,  interrupting  hiio."— Scott:  Rub  lloy,  xxiii. 

smalr'-doclc,  e.  [Scotch  smair  =  smear,  and 
Eng.  dock  (1).] 

Bat.  :  Eiimae  oUitsifollus  (Prior').  Named 
from  having  been  formerly  used  in  making 
healing  ointment.  (Jamieson.) 

*  smal-aoh,  s.    [SMALLAOE.] 

Smal-kal'-dio,  a.  (See  def.]  Of,  or  pertain- 
ing to  SmalKald,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
province  of  Fulda,  eleven,  miles  north  of 
Ueiningen. 

Smalkaldic  Articles, «.  pi. 

Hist.  :  Articles  of  guarantee  drawn  up  by 
Luther,  at  Wittenberg,  iu  1536,  and  subscribed 
by  the  theologians  present  at  a  meeting  of 
the  League  iu  1537.  It  was  a  summary  of  the 
religious  principles  of  the  League,  designed 
to  be  presented  to  the  Council  proclaimed 
bj  rope  Paul  III. 

Smalkaldic  League,  t. 

Hist.:  A  defensive  alliance,  formed  in  1531, 
between  the  whole  of  Northern  Germany, 
Denmark,  Saxony,  and  W'irtemburg,  with 
portions  of  Bavaria  and  Switzerland,  for  the 
defence  of  the  Protestant  religion  and  the  poli- 
tical freedom  of  its  adherents  against  Charles 
V.  and  the  Catholic  Powers.  The  struggle 
known  as  the  War  of  Smalkald  commenced  in 
1546,  and  was  carried  on  with  varying  for- 
tuue  on  both  sides  [INTERIM],  till  the  objects 
of  the  League  were  attained  in  1552,  when 
Maurice,  Elector  of  Saxony,  compelled  the 
Emperor  to  grant  the  treaty  of  Passau,  which 
was  ratified  in  1555. 

Small,  *  sinal,  *  smale,  o.  &  s.    [A.8.  smtel 

—  small,  thin;  cogn.  with  Dut.,  Dan.,  &  Sw. 
smal  =  narrow,    tliin ;  Goth,  smalt  =  small ; 
Ger.  tchmal  =  narrow,  thin,  slim.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Little  in  size ;  not  large,  not  great ;  of 
little  dimensions  ;  not  big ;  diminutive. 

2.  Little  In  degree,  quantity  amount,   or 
number.    (Acts  xix.  23.) 

3.  Little  in  duration  ;  short 

"After some  small  space." 

tihakesp. :  At  1'ou  Like  It.  Ir.  8. 

4.  Being  of  little  moment,  weight,  or  im- 
portance ;  trifling,  inconsiderable,  petty. 

"  So  mall  a  fault." 
Shaketp. :  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  iv.  1. 

5.  Of  little  genius,  talent,  worth,  or  ability ; 
petty,  poor. 

"  Knowing  by  fame,  small  poets,  small  musicians, 
Small  painters,  and  still  smaller  politicians." 

Harte. 

6.  Of  little   strength ;    of  poor  quality ; 
Weak  :  as,  small  beer. 

7.  As  applied  to  the  voice  :  • 

*  (1)  Fine ;  of  a  clear  and  high  sound. 

"  Thy  small  pipe 
Is,  as  the  maiden's  organ,  shrill  and  sound.* 

Sliaketp.  :  Twelfth  Sight,  L  *. 

(2)  Gentle,  soft ;  not  loud. 

"  After  the  Are  a  still  small  voice."—!  Kingt  xlx.  12. 

8.  Characterized  by  littleness  of  mind  or 
character;  indicating  little  worth;  narrow- 
minded,  selfish,  ungenerous,  mean,  petty. 

JB.  As  substantive : 

L  The  small  or  slender  part  of  anything : 
as,  the  small  of  the  leg. 

2.  (PI.):  Small-clothes,  breeches. 

"  Wear  a  negative  coat  and  positive  smaW*.* 

Mood:  Mitt  KHmansegy. 

3.  (PI):  The  Little-go  or  previous  examina- 
tion.   Now  called  Responsions, 

"  Looking  forward  with  annoyance  to  the  rather 
childish  first  examination.  In  Oxford  language  kuowu 
as  Smalls."— Scribner't  Magatine,  Dec.,  1878,  p.  383. 

H  Small  of  an  anchor  ! 

Naut. :  The  part  of  the  shank  immediately 
under  the  stock. 


small-arms,  s.  pi.  A  general  term  in- 
cluding muskets,  rilles,  carbines,  pistols,  &C., 
as  distinguished  from  cannon. 

small-beer,  «.  Beer  of  a  poor,  weak 
quality. 

II  *(1)  To  chronicle  small  beer:  To  be  engaged 
in  trivial  occupations. 

"  To  suckle  fools  and  chronicle  small  beer." 

ShuA:>'Sf>.  :  Othello,  11.  L 

(2)  To  think  small  beer  a] any tiling:  To  h»v» 
a  poor  opinion  of  it. 

small -bur,*. 

But :  Trium/etta  Lappula. 
small-burdock,  s. 

Bot. :  Xanthinm  Strumarfa. 
small-cardamom,  s. 
Bot. :  Amomum  Cardamomum. 

*  small-chat,  s.    Small  talk,  gossip. 

"  Some  ttmill-chat  and  guinea  expectatiun.'' 

/)rtjilt-ii :  An  EpilofflM. 

small-chisel,  s.  A  burin  or  graver  used 
by  engravers,  chasers,  &c. 

small-clothes,  «.  pi.    The  male  nether 
garments,  as  trousers,  breeches,  &c. ;  smalls. 
"  You'd  better  walk  about  begirt  with  briars. 
Instead  of  coat  and  smuu-clothes." 

Byron  :  Beppo,  IT. 

small-coal,  s. 

*  1.  Little  wood  coals  that  used  to  be  sold 
to  light  fires. 

"  When  unall-coal  murmurs  In  the  hoarser  throat.** 
Qay:  Trivia.  iLK. 

2.  Coal  not  in  lumps  or  large  pieces. 

Small-coal  man :  One  who  sells  coal  in  small 
quantities,  usually  in  connection  with  other 
articles,  as  greengrocery,  &C. 

small-craft,  s.    A  vessel,  or  vessels  In 
general,  of  a  small  size. 
small-crepitation,  «. 

Pathol. :  A  sound  of  the  bursting  of  air- 
bubbles  in  the  mucous  secretion  existing  in 
the  smaller  vesicles  of  the  lungs  in  bronchitis, 
and  still  more  in  pneumonia. 

small-debts,  s.  pi. 

1.  In  England,  such  debts  as'  are  usually 
sued  for  in  the  county  courts. 

2.  In  Scotland,  debts  under  £12,  recover- 
able by  summary  process  in  the  sheriff  court. 

Small-debt  court:  A  court  for  the  recovery 
of  small  debts  :  in  England,  the  county  courts ; 
in  Scotland,  the  sheriff  courts. 

small-fruits,  s.  pL  Fruits  raised  In 
market-gardens,  such,  as  strawberries,  rasp- 
berries, and  the  like. 

small-fry.s.  Small  creatures  collectively! 
young  children;  persons  of  no  importance. 
(Colloa.)  [Fay  (2),  s.] 

*  small-hand,  s.    The  hand-writing  used 
in  ordinary  correspondence,  as  distinguished 
from  text  or  large-hand. 

small-hours,  s.  pi.    [HOUR.] 
small-Intestine,  &    [INTESTINE.] 
small-lupine,  s. 

Bot. :  Lupinus  nanus. 
small-monarda,  s. 
Bot. :  Pycnanthemum  mvnardtlltt, 
small-nailed  seal,  s. 
Zool.  :  Phoca  leptonyx.    [SEA-J.EOPAIID.J 
small-palm,  s. 
Sot. :  Sabal  Palmetto. 
small-peppermint, 
Bot. :  Thym-us  Piperella, 
small-pica,  s. 

Print. :  A  size  of  type  between  long  prtmej 
and  pica. 

This  line  is  Small  Pica, 

*  small-piece,  s.    A  Scotch  coin,  worth 
about  2.;d.  sterling. 

small  pox,  «. 

Pathol. :  Variola ;  a  contagious  disease,  dis- 
tinguished by  an  eruption  of  the  skin,  passing 
through  several  stages,  from  simple  congestion 
of  the  papillae,  followed  by  small  red  spots, 
which  develop  serous  infiltrations,  called  ve- 
sicles, with  their  characteristic  central  de- 
pression, changing  to  pustules,  which  invade 
the  deeper  tissue  under  the  skin,  and  leave 


boll,  boy;  pout,  joM;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  cjMn,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   -Ing. 
-oian,  -tlan  =  Shan,   -tiou,  -sion  =  shun ;  -{Ion,  -fion  -  zhiin.   -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  se.  =  Del,  del. 


4316 


small— smartly 


cicatrices  in  the  form  of  pitting.  After  the 
pustules  have  formed,  a  crust  is  produced,  con- 
tracting in  the  centre,  and  ultimately  falling 
off,  when  in  favourable  cases,  recovery  takes 
place  ;  but  often  sloughing,  pytemia,  pneu- 
monia, laryngitis,  ic.,  supervene,  and  increase 
the  danger  to  life.  The  sight  also  is  liable  to 
be  destroyed  by  the  formation  of  pustules  on 
jhe  cornea,  and  the  eruption  is  also  found  in 
levere  cases  in  the  nostrils,  mouth,  and  other 
mucous  passages.  The  period  of  incubation 
;s  usually  about  twelve  days,  in  which  fever, 
headache,  backache,  and  restlessness  and 
•niiety  are  prominent  symptoms.  Three  days 
after  the  invasion  of  the  initial  fever,  the 
eruption  appears,  going  on  to  suppuration, 
with  secondary  fever  about  the  eighth  day,  and 
terminating  from  the  eleventh  to  the  four- 
teenth day,  with  desiccation,  which  lasts  for 
three  to  six  weeks  or  more,  according  to  the 
severity  of  the  attack.  There  are  three  chief 
forms  of  the  disease,  variola  discrete  (simple 
•mall-pox),  usually  terminating  in  recovery  ; 
variola  confluens  (confluent  small-pox,  where 
the  spots  run  into  one  another),  in  which 
almost  half  the  eases  end  fatally  ;  and  variola 
TumorrlMguxL  (the  spots  being  of  a  purplish- 
black  from  hsemorrhagio  effusions),  usually 
fatal  in  forty-eight  hours.  Vaccination  (q.v.) 
is  ordinarily  a  preventive,  and  where  it  does 
not  prevent,  greatly  modifies  the  disease, 
although  fatal  cases  sometimes  occur  among 
Taccinated  persons.  The  mortality  from 
small-pox  unmodified  by  vaccination  is  about 
60  per  cent.  [REVACCINATION.]  From  the 
Tery  contagious  nature  of  the  disease,  isolation 
of  the  patient,  and  vaccination  or  revaccina- 
tton  of  all  who  have  been  in  contact  with  him, 
•re  absolutely  indicated  to  prevent  it  be- 
coming, as  it  too  frequently  does  through 
neglect  of  these  precautions,  epidemic. 

•mall-reed,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Calamagrostis  (q.v.). 

•moll-stuff^  s. 

Naut.  :  A  term  applied  to  spun-yam,  mar- 

ie, and  the  smallest  kind  of  ropes. 

•mall-talk,!.  Light  conversation,  gossip. 
•mall-tithes,  s.  pi.    [TITHE.] 

•mall-wares,  >.  pL  The  name  given  to 
textile  articles  of  the  tape  kind,  narrow  bind- 
ings of  cotton,  linen,  silk,  or  woollen  fabric  ; 
plaited  sash-cord,  braid,  &c.  ;  also  to  buttons, 
hooks,  eyes,  and  other  dress  trimmings,  4x. 

1  Fmn.ll,  r.t.    [SHALL,  a.]    To  make  small  or 
less. 


.  adv.    [SMALL,  a.] 

*  1.  In  or  to  a  little  degree  or  quantity  ; 
little. 

"Itsmaft-arails  my  mood." 

Shake  tp.  :  /tape  of  Lucrect.  1,171 

t.  In  or  into  small  particles  ;  finely  :  as,  To 
pound  sugar  small. 

*  3.  With  a  high  and  clear  sound. 

She  speaks  imaK.  like*  woman."—  &ha*etp.  :  Jferry 
Windtor,  L  L 


4.  Timidly  :  as,  To  sing  mall  —  it.,  to  speak 
humbly  through  fear.    (Colloq.) 

•mall'  age   (age   as   Ig),  *  small  ache, 
*  smal-ach,  *.      fEng-  small,  and  *  ach  = 
parsley,    as    distinguished    from    Smyrntum 
Olusatrum,  the  Great  Parsley.    (Prior.).] 
Bot.  :  Apium  graveolens.    [APIUH.] 

"  SmaUigc  is  raised  by  slips  or  seed,  which  Is  red. 
dish,  aud  pretty  big,  of  a  ronndUh  oval  figure."— 
Mortimer 


•all  -ish,  a.    [Eng.  small,  a.  ;  -{*&.]    Rather 
small. 
"  Small  Uh  In  the  giidleetede."     Romaunt  of  the  liitu. 

Hall'  -ness,  *  smal  ness,  e.    [Eng.  mall, 
a.  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  small  or  of 
tittle  dimensions  ;  littleness  of  size  or  extent. 

"That  sort  of  animals  being,  by  reason  of  their 
tmallnttt,  the  fittest  of  those  furnished  with  lungs."— 
Bat  It:  lr»«j.  iii.  37S. 

2.  Littleness  of  quantity,  amount,  or  value  : 
as,  the  smallness  of  a  bill. 

3.  Littleness  in  degree  :  as,  the  smallness 
of  pain. 

4.  Littleness  in  force  or  strength  ;  weak- 
ness. 

"  When  the  greatnrfls  of  his  charge  exceed* 
The  imaUnea  of  his  powers." 

DanM  :  CilU  Van,  1L 

5.  Littleness    of  importance  ;    inconsider- 
ableness  :  as,  the  smallness  of  an  affair. 


*  6.  Fineness,  softness,  melodiousness, 
clearness  :  as,  the  smallnas  of  a  female  Toice. 

smalls,  s.  pi.    [SMALL,  i.,  s.) 

*  smal-ly,  ado.    [Eng.  mall;  •!».] 

1.  In  a  small  quantity  or  degree  ;  little. 

"  The  Frenchmen  seeing  they  could  not  that  way 
prevail,  continued  their  buttery  but  imaHv.  on  which 
before  they  itad  speut  1.600  shot  iu  »  day.  —  Burnct  : 
Record*;  King  Edward  Ian.  3). 

2.  By  few  people. 

"Venulph  and  his  panuuoura  were  tmaUy  acoom. 
panyed."—  Fabyun :  Cronycle,  on.  cliL 

smalt, s.  [Ital.  motto,  from  0.  H.  Ger.  amah- 
jan  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  smetzen  =  to  smelt  (q.v.)  ; 
Ger.  schmekeii  ;  Dut  smalt.] 

Chem.:  A  vitreous  substance  prepared  by 
melting  roasted  cobalt  ore  with  silica  and 
potash,  and  grinding  the  product  to  a  fine 
powder.  It  is  sometimes  called  powder-blue, 
and  is  used  to  give  a  blue  tinge  to  writing- 
paper,  linen,  and  starch,  and,  not  being 
affected  by  fire,  is  frequently  employed  in 
painting  earthenware. 

smalt -ine,  smalt -Ite,  ».  [Ital.  tmalto  = 
smalt,  enamel;  Buff,  -int,  -ite  (Min.);  Ger. 
tpeiskobalt.} 

liin. :  An  isometric  metallic  mineral,  oc- 
curring sometimes  in  crystals  in  which  the 
cubic  faces  mostly  predominate,  but  more 
frequently  massive.  Hardness,  5-5  to  6  ;  sp. 
gr.  6-4  to  7'2 ;  lustre,  metallic  ;  colour,  tin- 
white  to  steel-gray  ;  streak,  grayish-black  ; 
brittle.  Compos. :  somewhat  variable  owing 
to  the  replacement  of  a  part  of  the  cobalt  by 
nickel,  but  typical  kinds  would  contain, 
arsenic,  72'1 ;  cobalt,  9-4  ;  nickel,  9'6 ;  iron, 
9^0  =  100,  corresponding  with  the  formula, 
(Co,Fe,Ni,)As2.  Dana  divides  as  follows  :  (1) 
Cobaltic  =  smaltine ;  (2)  Nickeliferous  =  chlo 
anthite,  in  which  cobalt  is  sometimes  almost 
absent ;  (3)  Ferriferous  =  safflorite,  which 
contains  over  ten  per  cent  of  iron.  Mixtures 
of  these  lead  to  other  groups,  which  however 
blend  more  or  less  with  one  another.  Found 
in  veins  frequently  associated  with  silver. 

smaltz,  s.    [SMALT.] 

•smar-  agd,  *  sma-rag'-dus,  s.  [Lat. 
smaragdus,  from  Gr.  o-uapa-yfio*  (smaragdos)  = 
an  emerald  (q.v.);  O.  Fr.  smaragde,  esmer- 
aulte.]  The  emerald;  also  applied  to  the 
jasper,  beryl,  malachite,  &c. 

"  A  table  of  gold  richly  adorned  with  carbuncle*. 
tmarasfdti.  and  other  precious  stones."— Ztomie  .•  SM. 
Stptuayint,  p.  199. 

sma  rag'-dine,  o.  [Lat  maragrtinvs.]  Per- 
taining to  emerald  ;  consisting  of  or  resem- 
bling emerald  ;  of  an  emerald  green. 

sma-rag'-dite,  «.  [Lnt.  maragd(us)  =  an 
emerald  ;  suff.  -ite  (3ftn.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Amphibole  (q.T.),  of  a 
light  grass-green  colour,  belonging  (according 
to  Dana  and  others)  to  the  aluminous  division 
of  the  amphiboles.  Occurs  frequently  with 
the  ill-defined  form  of  felspar  called  Saussurite 
(q.v.),  constituting  the  rock  called  Gabbro. 

urna-rag-do-chaT-cite,  s.  [Lat.  smarag- 
dus =  emerald ;  Gr.  yuA«6c  (chalkas)  =  copper, 
and  suff.  -ite  (liin.).] 

Min. :  The  same  as  ATACA  M  ITE  and  DIOPTASE 
(q.v.). 

smar'-is,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Or.  o-fxopic  (tmaris) 
=  a  small  sea-fish  mentioned  by  Oppian.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  small  Percidae,  with 
six  species,  from  the  Mediterranean.  Body 
oblong  or  cylindrical,  with  very  small  ciliated 
scales ;  mouth  very  protractile,  teeth  villi- 
form,  palate  toothless  ;  caudal  forked. 

•mart,  *  smarte,  *  smerte,  >.,  a.,  &  adv. 

[Dut.   smart,  smert ;    Low   Ger.   smart ;  Dan. 
smerte ;    Ger.    schmen ;    Russ.    smert ;    Lith. 
smertis  =  death  ;  Sw.  smarta.]    [SMART,  «.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  sharp,  quick,  lively  pain ;  a  pricking 
local  pain. 

"And  this  we  denominate  heat,  from  that  beet 
known  effect  we  dud  it  have  upon  ounelve*  in  raising 
a  burning  smart  in  our  flesh."— Search:  Light  ij/ 
Jtature.  vol.  1.,  pt.  i..  ch.  vii. 

2.  Severe  pain  of  mind  ;  sharp,  pungent 
grief. 

"  And  mourn*  with  much  and  freqvent  tmart.' 

Covptr :  IJlitey  Bipnn»,  xlil 

3.  A  contraction  of  smart-money  (q.v.). 

4.  A  fellow  that  affects  smartness,  brisk- 
ness, or  vivacity.    (Slang.) 


B.  As  adjective: 

L  Causing   a   sharp,   quick,  lively    pain ; 

smarting,  pungent,  pricking. 

"  Their  softest  touch  are  imart  as  litArds'  stings." 
Hftttketp.  :  3  Henry  17..  ifl.  1 

2.  Keen,  sharp,    severe,    poignant :   as,  a 
smart  pain. 

3.  Vigorous,    sharp,   severe :    as,  a   mart 
skirmish. 

4.  Producing  any  effect  with  force  or  vigour ; 
vigorous,  strong,  effective  :  as,  a  smart  blow. 

5.  Brisk,  fresh  :  as,  a  smart  breeze. 

6.  Brisk,  quick  ;  performed  briskly :  as,  a 
smart  walk. 

7.  Brisk,  vivacious,  lively,  witty. 

8.  Brisk,  active  ;  quick  in  action  ;  not  dull 
or  slow. 

"And  sighs  for  the  tmart  comrade*  he  ha*  left." 
Coicj,er  :  Talk,  iv.  tftfl. 

9.  Quick,  intelligent,  clever,   sharp :  as,  a 
smart  business  man. 

10.  Keen  or  sharp,  as  in  making  bargains ; 
well  able  to  take  care  of  one's  own  interests  ; 
sharp  ;  using  sharp  practices.    (Amer.) 

11.  Acute   and    pertinent;    witty,   to   th» 
point :  as,  a  smart  answer. 

12.  Dressed  in  a  showy  manner,  spruce. 

13.  Heavy,  severe,  sharp  :  as,  a  smart  sen- 
tence. 

C.  As  adv. :  Smartly. 

"  For  to  lede  hym  swithe  and  smart*.** 

Gvirfr:  C.  A.,  TU. 

smart-money,  s. 

1.  Money  paid  by  a  person  to  buy  himself 
off  from  some  unpleasant  difficulty  or  predi- 
cament :  specif., 

(1)  llil. :   Money  paid  by  a  recruit,  before 
being  sworu  in,  to  be  free  from  his  engagement. 

(2)  Law :  Excessive  or  vindictive  damages ; 
damages  in  excess  of  the  injury  done :  such 
damages  are  given  in  cases  of  gross  miscon- 
duct or  cruelty  on  the  part  of  the  defendant. 

2.  Money  allowed  to  soldiers  and  sailors 
for  wounds  and  injuries  received  in  service. 

•mart-ticket,  s.  A  certificate  granted 
to  a  seaman  when  hurt,  maimed,  or  disabled 
in  the  service,  showing  that  he  is  entitled  to 
smart-money,  or  an  allowance  for  wounds  or 
injuries  received  iu  the  service. 

•mart-weed,  s. 

Bot. :  Polygonum  Uydropiper,  called  also 
Arse-smart.  The  English  names  refer  to  the 
acrid  qualities  of  the  plant,  which  is  from  one 
to  three  feet  high,  and  grows  in  watery  places. 

[POLYOONUM.J 

smart,  *  smerte,  r.t.  &  t.  [A.S.  mtorta*, 
cogn.  with  Dut.  smarten  =  to  give  pain ; 
smart  =  pain ;  Dan.  smerte;  Sw.  smarta; 
O.  H.  Ger.  smerzan  =  to  pain,  smena  =  smart, 
pain ;  Ger.  sclunenen  =  to  smart ;  schmerz  = 
smart,  pain  ;  Lat.  mordeo  =  to  bite.J 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  feel  a  lively,  pungent  pain  ;  to  be  the 
seat  of  a  pungent,  local  pain,  as  from  some 
piercing  or  irritating  application. 

•*  I  have  some  wounds  upon  me  and  ther  smart." 
Xhaketp.  :  Coriolanut.  i.  9. 

2.  To  feel  pungent  pain  of  mind  ;  to  feel 
sharp  pain  ;  to  suffer  evil  consequences  ;  to 
suffer,  to  bear  a  penalty. 

"  Some  of  us  will  mart  for  it." 

S»n*e«p.      i/uck  Ada.  T.t 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  a  lively,  pungent  pain 
In. 

smart  -en,  r.t.  [Eng.  smart ;  -en.]  To  make 
smart  or  spruce ;  to  rende?  brisk,  lively, 
smart,  or  active.  (Frequently  with  up:  as, 
To  smarten  one's  self  up.) 

smar-tle,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  To  waste 
away.  (Prop.) 

smart -ly,  •  smert-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  smart,  a.; 
•ly.] 

1.  In  a  smart  manner;  so  as  to  smart; 
with  sharp,  pungent  paiu. 

2.  Quickly,  briskly. 

"  And  therwith  he  Bterte  up  tmertlf  and  cast  down 
agrote."  CAaueer:  Tale  of  Bergn. 

3.  Vigorously,  actively,  sharply. 

"The  art,  order,  and  gravitv  of  these  orooeedlngs, 
where  short,  severe,  constant  rules  were  set.  and 
«martly  panned,  made  them  lea*  taken  notice  ot 
—LUirendon:  CtvU  War. 

4.  Sharply,   wittily,  briskly:   as,   He  an- 
swered smartly. 


OUe,  fat,  (are,  amidst,  what,  (all,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pSt 
or,  wore,  wglf,  work,  who,  sin;  mate,  cab,  care,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    «s,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  A;  an  -  kw. 


smartness— smellfeast 


4317 


5.  Sharply,  heavily :  as,  He  paid  rmartty 
for  his  conduct. 

6.  Showily,  in  a  showy  manner,  sprucely : 
as,  He  dresses  smartly. 

•mart  ness,  s.    [Eng.  smart,  a. ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or    state  of  being  smart ; 
acuteness,  poignancy,  keenness,  pungency. 

2.  Quickness,   briskness,   vigour:   as,  the 
smartness  of  a  blow. 

3.  Sharpness,  wittines*  vivacity,  cleverness. 

"  No  tmarttiftt  in  the  jest"       Cowpsr :  Talk,  L  409. 

*  4.  Sharpness,  severity :  as,  the  smartness 
of  a  penalty. 

5.  Showiness,  spruceness  :  as,  smartness  of 
dress. 

6.  Sharpness  in  dealing  with  others  ;  keen- 
ness in  business. 

•mash,  v.t.  &  i.  [A  word  of  comparatively 
recent  introduction.  Sw  dial,  smaske  =  to  kiss 
with  a  loud  noise,  to  smack  ;  smask  =  a  slight 
explosion,  a  crack,  a  report.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  break  in  pieces  by  violence, 
to  dash  to  pieces. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  go  to  pieces,  to  be  rained,  to  fail,  to 
become    bankrupt.     (Frequently   with   up.) 
(Colloq.) 

2.  To  utter  base  coin.    (Slang.) 

smash,  *.     [SMASH,  v.] 

1.  A  breaking  to  pieces. 

2.  Ruin,  destruction,  failnre,  bankruptcy. 

"  If  It  ...  cornea  to  out-and-out  tmath  and  selling 
Up."—D<ti!v  Telegraph,  Dec.  28.  1886. 

3.  Iced  brandy-and- water.    (Slang.) 

1  All  to  smash :  All  to  pieces.    (Vulgar.) 
smash-up,  5.    Total  ruin. 

"  There  was  a  final  math-up  of  his  party  a*  w*U  at 
bis  own  reputation." — St.  Jamet't  Gatette,  Jan.  23, 1807. 

•mash'-er,  «.    [Eng.  smash ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who   or   that  which   smashes  or 
breaks. 

2.  Anything  astounding,  extraordinary,  or 
Tery  large  and  unusual ;  a  settler.    (Slang.) 

3.  One  who  passes  bad   coin ;   a  coiner. 
(Slang.) 

"  Paper  of  a  kind  commonly  used  by  tmathert  to 
wrap  up  their  coins  to  prevent  their  rubbing  against 
•ach  other."— Evening  Standard,  Jan.  11,  1884. 

ig,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [SMASH,  v.} 


Bookbind. :  A  press  made  on  the  principle 
of  an  embossing- press,  and  used  for  compress- 
ing books. 

*  •match,  *  smatche,  «.     [A  softened  form 
of  mack  (I),  s.]    Taste,  tincture,  smack. 

"  Thy  life  hath  had  some  tmatch  of  honour  in  "t," 
&ha*xtp. :  Juliui  Ctnar.  T.  k 

*  smat9h,  *  smatche,  v.i.    [SMATCH,  s.)    To 
have  a  taste  or  smack  ;  to  smack. 

"Allowing  his  description  therein    to  retain  and 
matche  of  verltie."— Banitter:  Bitt.  of  Man,  p.  22. 

*  onat'-ter,  *  smat-er,  v.i.  &  t.  [Sw.  smattra 
=  to  clatter,  to  cackle,  a  variant  of  snattra  = 
to  chatter;   Dan.  snaddre;   Ger.  schnattem ; 
Dan.  snakke  =.  to  chat,  to  prate.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  talk  superficially  or  ignorantly;  to 
Chatter. 

"A  virtuoso,  able 
To  matter,  quack,  and  cant,  and  dabble.* 

Butler  :  Budlbrat,  pt.  ill  o.  1. 

8.  To  have  a  slight  or  superficial  knowledge 
Of  anything. 

B.  Trans. :    To  talk  ignorantly  or  superfi- 
cially about ;  to  chatter  about. 

•m&t'-ter,  s.    [SHATTER,  v.]    A  slight  super- 
ficial knowledge ;  a  smattering. 

"A-tmatter  of  Judicial  astrology."— Temple:  Ancient 
*  Modern  Learning. 

•mat  -ter  er,  5.    [Eng.  smatfer,  v.  ;  -«r.]  One 

who  has  only  a  smattering  or  slight  superficial 
knowledge  of  any  subject. 

"They  are  not  therefore  men  of  sound  learning  for 

the  moat,   but   tmatterert." — Cranmer;   letter    unto 

Boater. 

•mat'-ter-Ing,   s.     [SHATTER,  v.]    A  slight 
superficial  knowledge. 

trt.  £ng.t  ch.  xili. 

••mere,  *smerien,  *smirien, 
».*.     [A.S.  smenen,   smyrian,   from  smeru  = 


fat  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  smeren  =  to  grease,  from 
smeer=zf&t',  I  eel.  smyrja=to  anoint,  from 
tmjor,  SWOT  =  grease  ;  Dan.  smore,  from  smor 
grease  ;  Sw.  smorja,  from  smdr;  Ger.  schmieren, 
from  schmeer;  Goth.  smairtlir=  fatness  ;  smarna 
=  dung  ;  Gr.  pvpov  (muron)  =  an  unguent.] 

1.  To  overspread  with  any  substance  vis- 
cous, unctuous,  or  adhesive  ;  to  besmear,  to 
daub. 

"  Smeared  therewith  each  aeara  and  fissure, 
Made  each  crevice  safe  from  water." 

Longfellow.  Hiawatha,  vlt. 

2.  To   soil,    to   stain,  to   contaminate,  to 
pollute. 

"  My  glory  tmeared  in  dunt  and  blood.* 

Shuketp.  :  a  Henry  f/.,  T.  2. 

smear,  *  smere,  *  smair,  5.  [A.S.  smeru 
=  fat]  [SMEAR,  v.] 

*1.  Fat,  grease;  a  fat,  oily  substance; 
ointment,  fatness. 

2.  A  spot  made  as  if  with  some  unctuous 
substance  ;  a  stain,  a  blot,  a  blotch,  a  patch. 

smear-case,  «.  [Dan.  smeer-kaas,  from 
smter  =  grease,  and  kaas  =  cheese.]  A  pre- 
paration of  milk  made  to  be  spread  on  bread. 
Called  also  Cottage-cheese.  (Amer.) 

smear-dab,  s. 

Ichthy.  :  The  Lemon  Dab  (q.v.).  Called  also 
the  Smooth  Dab.  [DAB  (1),  *.,  II.  2.] 

smear   ing,  pr.  par.,  a,,  &  s.    [SMEAR,  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  (See 

the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive: 
Pottery  :   An  operation  in  firing  whereby  an 

external  lustre  is  imparted  without  glazing. 


'-y,  a.     [Eng.  smear;  -y.]    Tending  to 
smear  or  soil  ;  greasy,  unctuous,  and  adhesive 

"  The  tmeary  wax  the  brightening  blaze  supplier.  " 
Row*;  Lucan;  Pfutrtalia,  iii. 

smeath,  s.    [SMEW.] 

smeath  -man  -Hi  -a,  *.  [Named  by  De 
Candolle,  after  Snieathmann,  a  naturalist  and 
African  traveller.]  . 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Passifloracese.  Known 
species  two,  both  erect  instead  of  creeping 
like  most  Passion-flowers.  Smeathmannia 
Icevigata,  from  Sierra  Leone,  is  cultivated  in 
English  hothouses. 

smect'-lte.s.  [QT.<rniiitT6t(miktos)  =  greasy; 
suff.  -ite  (Min.%] 
Min,  :  The  same  as  FULLER'S  EARTH  (q.v.). 

smod   dum,  *.      [A.S.  tmedeme  =  meal,  fine 
flour.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  powder  or  finest  part  of  ground  malt. 

2.  Sagacity,  quickness;  sharpness  of  appre- 
hension ;  spirit,  mettle,  liveliness. 

IL  Metal.  :  The  smaller  particles  which 
pass  through  the  sieve  in  hutching  (q.v.). 

smee  (1),  s.    [SMEW.] 

Smee  (2),  *.  [Dr.  Alfred  Smee,  F.B.S.,  in- 
ventor  of  the  battery.]  (See  etym.  and  com- 
pound.) 

Smee's  battery*  *• 

Elect.  :  A  battery  in  which  there  is  a  sheet 
of  platinum  (or,  for  cheapness,  silver)  between 
two  vertical  plates  of  zinc.  On  the  platinum 
is  a  deposit  of  the  same  metal  finely  divided, 
in  order  to  prevent  as  far  as  as  possible  the 
effects  of  polarization. 

smcek,  'smoke,  s.    [SMOKE 
smee  -kit,  a.    [SMOKED.] 

*  smeeth  (1),  v.t.    [Prob.  connected  with  smith 
(q.v.).]     To  smoke  ;  to  blacken  with  smoke. 

smeeth  (2),  v.t.    [SMOOTH,  «.]    (Prov.) 

*  smcg  mat-Ic,  a.    [Eng.  smegmat(ite)  ;  -&.] 

Resembling  smegmatite  (q.v.)  ;  having  the 
nature  or  properties  of  soap  ;  soapy,  deter- 
sive, cleansing. 

smeg'-ma-tite,  s.  [Gr.  a-wy^a.  (smegma), 
genit.  ntifwMTof  (smegmatos)=&n  unguent; 
suff.  -ite  (Min.).} 

Min.  :  A  soapy  clay,  occurring  at  Plombieres. 
Dana  refers  it  to  Montmorillonite  (q.v.). 

smeir,  s.    [SMEAR.] 

Pottery:  A  semi-glaze  on  pottery  ;  common 
salt  added  to  an  earthenware  glaze. 


sxnel'-ite,    s.     [Gr.     O-M^ATJ     (mwie)  =  soap, 
grease;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 
Min. :  The  same  as  KAOLIN  (q.v.). 

smell,  'smelle,  v.t.  &  i.     (Allied  to  Dnt. 
smeulen  —  to    smoulder ;    Low    Ger.  smelen. 
The  more  original  form  is  A.S.  moron,  smorian 
=  to  suffocate.] 
A«  Transitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  perceive  by  the  nose  or  by  the 
olfactory  nerves ;  to  perceive  the  scent  of. 

"We  tmelled  the  einoke  of  nre.  though  we  did  not 
see  It."— Coot:  Second  Voyage,  bit.  I.,  ch.  iv. 

2.  Fig. :  To  perceive  as  though  by  the  smell 
or  scent ;  to  scent  out ;  to  detect  by  sagacity. 

"  Lest  she  aome  subtle  practice  tm*!t." 

Shaketp.  :  fauionate  Pilgrim,  SOT. 

B.  Intransitive : 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  give  out  an  odour  or  perfume ;  to 
aflfect  the  sense  of  smell. 

"  There  saw  I  eke  the  fresh  hauthome 
In  white  motley,  that  ao  awote  doth  imell." 

Lydffate ;  Complaint  of  Black  Knight. 

2.  To  have  or  give  out  a  particular  odour, 
perfume,  or  scent.    (Followed  by  of.) 

"  Honey  in  Spain  tmclleth  apparently  of  the  rose- 
mary or  orange,  from  whence  the  bee  gathereth  It." — 
Bacon. 

3.  To  practise  smelling;   to   exercise   the 
sense  of  smell. 

"  Whosoever  shall  make  like  unto  that,  to  tmeU 
thereto,  shall  be  cut  of[."—£xoil/a  xxx.  88. 

*  IL  Fig. :  To  have  a  particular  tincture  or 
smack ;  to  smack. 

"  Thy  counsel  tmtUt  of  no  cowardice." 

Shakeip. :  Titut  Andronicut,  IL  L 

IT  (1)  To  smett  a  rat :  [RAT,  *.  If]. 

*  (2)  To  smett  out ;  To  find  out  by  sagacity, 
smell,  "  smol,   'smelle,   •  smul.  & 

[SMELL,  V.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  Hidden  wayea,  that  scarse  an  hound  by  fmett 
Can  follow  out"  Spinier:  F.  Q.,  V.  li.  C 

2.  The  quality  of  a  thing  or  substance,  or 
emanation  therefrom,  which  affects  the  olfac- 
tory nerves ;  scent,  odour,  perfume. 

"  All  the  null  of  plants,  and  of  other  bodies,  la 
caused  bythete  volatile  parts."— Reid :  On  the  ffuman 
Mind,  ch.  it,  f  L 

It.  Physiol. :  The  perception  of  odorous 
emanations,  the  nature  of  which  is  not  cer- 
tainly known.  They  may  consist  of  .aerial 
waves,  or  may  be  aerial  particles  of  the 
odorous  substance.  In  either  case,  they  are 
extremely  delicate ;  air  containing  only  a 
millionth  part  of  hydrogen  sulphide,  having  a 
distinct  odour,  and  a  minute  portion  of  musk 
will  continue,  without  appreciable  loss  of 
weight,  to  render  its  presence  perceptible  in 
a  large  room  for  years.  These  particles  must 
be  conducted  to  the  nostrils  by  the  air,  or  no 
impression  will  be  perceived.  The  organ  of 
smell  is  situated  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
nose,  a  portion  of  the  mucous  membrane 
covering  the  upper  and  middle  turbinals  and 
the  septum  nasi  being  specially  modified  for 
this  purpose.  [ANOSMIA.]  Smell  exists  in 
all  the  higher  animals.  Darwin  (Descent  of 
Man,  pt.  i.,  ch.  i.)  says  that  it  is  of  su- 
preme importance  to  the  Ruminants  in  warn- 
ing them  of  danger,  to  the  Carnivora  for  find- 
ing their  prey,  and  to  others  again,  as  the 
wild  boar,  for  both  purposes  combined.  Mr. 
8.  P.  Woodward  finds  it  present  in  the 
Cephalopods  and  Gasteropods. 

smell-smock,  5. 

Bot.  :  (1)  Cardamine  pratensis ;  (2)  Anemon* 
nemorosa.  (Britten  <&  Holland.) 

smell  -cr,  5.    [Eng.  smell,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  smells ;  one  who  perceivei  by 
the  organs  of  smell. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  vgives  out  an 
odour  or  smell. 

"  Such  nasty  tmtltert  .  .  . 

They  might  have  cudKell'd  me  with  their  very  stinka." 
Beaum.  &  Flet. :  Jfice  Valour,  v.  1. 

3.  The  nose.    Also  applied  to  a  blow  on  the 
nose.    (Pugilistic  slang.) 

i.  (PL):  The  vibrissse  of  a  cat.    (Prov.) 

*  smell -feast,  s.    [Eng.  smell,  and/eos(.] 

1.  One  who  is  quick  at  finding  and  frequent- 
Ing  good  tables  ;  a  parasite. 

"An  intruder,  and  a  common  tmell -feast,  thfttspungei 
upon  other  people's  trencnera,"— L'Eitrange. 

2.  A  feast  at  which  the  guests  are  supposed 
to  feed  upon  the  odours  of  the  viands. 


bo^;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  50!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenopnon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -^ion,  -sion  =  zhnn.   -clous,  -tioua,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  tool,  dfL 

11 


4313 


smelling— smile 


«meU  -ing,  *  smell  ynge,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «. 

[SMELL,  I'.J 

A.  &  B.  .4 s  j/r.  par.  <£  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  Aasvbttantire: 

1.  The  s*-nse  by  which  odours  are  perceived ; 
-the  seDse  of  smell. 

"  Smelling  is  another  sense,  that  teems  to  be  wrought 
on  by  bodies  at  a  duUuee." — Loot*:  £l*mcittt  of 
A'nturai  f'kHoKtffiii.  eh.  xi 

2.  The  act  of  one  who  smells. 

smelling-bottle,  s.  A  small  bottle  con- 
taining some  agreeable,  or  pungent  scent,  used 
either  as  a  remedy  against  laintness,  or  to 
please  or  stimulate  the  sense  of  smell. 

smelling -Baits,  *.  pL  Volatile  salts  used 
for  exciting  the  organs  of  swell. 

*  smel  -less,  a.    [Eng.  jrn^O,  s. ;  -kss-] 

1.  Destitute  of   smell;    having   no   smell, 
odour,  or  scent. 

2.  Not  having  the  sense  of  smell. 

ainclt,  s.     [A.S.  srntlt  ;  cogn.  with  Dan.  unelt ; 
Norw.  smeltd.] 
1  Ordinary  Language: 

I.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 
*  2.  Fig.  :  A  gull,  a  simpleton. 

"  Talk  what  you  will,  he  U  a  very  «m«K."— £«aum. 
4  Fief. :  Lovt'i  Pilffrimaye,  v.  2. 

II.  Ichthy.  :    Osmerus    eperlamus;    a   small 
ainailromous  fish,  common  ou  the  coasts  and 
in  the  freshwaters  of  northern  and  central 
Europe.     The  United  States  has  two  species  of 
this  genus:    0.  mordax,  the  common  species; 
and  O.  thaleicfttliys,  a  smaller  Pacific  coast  fish. 
O.  dentex  occurs  on  the  coast  of  Asia.      The 
European  Smelt  is  one  of  the  most  delicate 
food  fishes.     It  is  about  8  or  10  inches  long, 
belongs  to  the  salmon  family,  and  is  charac- 
terized by  its  strong,  fang-like  teeth.     [New 
Zealand  Smelt.] 

•smelt,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  qf  v.    [SMELL,  v.} 

smelt,  r.(.  [Dan.  tmeUe  =  to  fuse,  to  melt ; 
Sw.  tmiilta  =  to  smelt,  to  run,  to  liquefy; 
smalta  malm  —  to  smelt  ore  ;  O.  Dut.  smitten, 
smelten  =  to  melt,  to  smelt ;  0.  H.  Ger. 
smalzjan;  Ger.  ackmelzen.]  [MELT.]  To  fuse, 
as  an  ore,  so  as  to  separate  the  metal  from 
extraneous  substances. 

"  What  tools  m«  DMd  in  tmemng.  their  flgnr«,  CM, 
Ac.,  and  th«  whole  manner  of  workiug. —  Boyle  ; 
JFbrti,  v.  J4L 

smelt  er,  «.     [SMELT,  «.]    One  who  smelts 
1.  One  who  smelts  ore ;   one  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  fuse  ores. 
2.  A  Btoolterj  (q.v.).     (Local  V.  S.) 
smelter's  fume,  *. 
Metall. :  The  metallic  fume  resulting  from 
the  smelting  of  lead,  the  sublimation  of  one 
from  ore,  mercury  from  cinnabar,  &c. 

*meit'-«r-$',  *.  [Eng.  melt ;  -cry.]  A  house 
or  place  where  ores  are  smelted. 

smelt  -ie.  «.    [Bng.  smeU,  s. ;  -fe.] 

Ichthy. :  Morrhua  lutca,    [Brr,  «.,  2.] 

smelt  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Sn  F,LT,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  or  process  of  obtain- 
ing metal  from  ore  by  the  combined  action  of 
beat,  air,  and  fluxes.  The  operation  Taries 
according  to  the  different  metallic  ores  to  be 
operated  on.  In  smelting  iron,  the  ore  is  first 
roasted  in  a  kiln,  in  order  to  drive  off  the 
water,  sulphur,  and  arsenic  with  which  it  is 
more  or  less  combined  in  its  native  state,  and 
is  then  subjected  to  the  heat  of  a  blast-fur* 
"  nace,  along  with  certain  proportions  of  coke 
or  coal  and  limestone,  varying  according  to 
the  quality  mud  composition  of  the  ore  to  be 
heated.  [BLAST-FURNACE.]  The  smelting  of 
•copper  consists  in  alternate  roastings  and 
fuftinna.  The  first  of  these  operations  is 
calcining  the  ore  in  furnaces  in  which  the 
heat  is  applied,  and  increased  gradually,  till 
the  temperature  be  as  high  as  the  ore  can 
support  without  melting  or  agglutinating, 
when  the  ore  is  thrown  into  an  arch  formed 
under  the  sole  of  the  furnace.  The  second 
operation,  or  fusion  of  the  calcined  ore,  is 
performed  in  a  luted  furnace,  the  ore  having 
oeen  spread  uniformly  over  the  hearth,  and 
fluxes,  such  as  lime,  sand,  or  fluor-spar,  being 
added  when  required,  although  the  necessity 


for  this  addition  is  sought  to  be  obviated  by  a 
careful  ail  mixture  of  ores  of  dinVrent  quali- 
ties, the  several  earthy  components  of  which 
shall  serve  as  fluxes  in  the  fusion  of  th>' 
These  two  processes  of  calcination  HI  id  fusion 
are  rejieated  alternately  until  the  ore  is  com- 
pletely freed  from  all  the  earthy  materials, 
ami  pure  metal  is  obtained.  In  smelting  lead, 
the  ores,  after  being  sorted,  cleansed,  ground, 
and  washed,  are  masted  in  furnaces,  which 
are  without  any  bhist  or  blowing  apparatus, 
the  ores  being  separable  from  the  metal  by  its 
great  fusibility.  The  smelting  of  tin  consists 
of  the  calcining  or  roasting  of  the  ores  after 
they  have  been  cleaned,  sorted,  stamped,  and 
washed. 

smelting  -  furnace,  s.    A  furnace  for 

disengaging  the  metal  from  its  gangue  or  the 
non-metalliferous  portions  of  the  ore.  Tho 
furnaces  differ  much,  according  to  the  metals 
to  be  treated.  [BLAST-FURNACE,  REVERBEU- 

ATOBY-FUBNACE.] 

smer  -dls,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful,  perhaps  from 
Gr.  £^t€p5ts  (Smerdis)=  the  son  of  Cyrus.] 

Palatont. :  A  genus  of  PercidBB,  from  the 
Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca. 

sme  rin  -thus,  s.  [Gr.  vfujpu'tfoc  (tnirinthos) 
=  a  cord,  a  line,  a  kind  of  bird.] 

Entom. ;  A  genus  of  Sphingiila?.  Antennae 
serrate  ;  no  distinct  tongue.  There  are  three 
British  species :  Smerinthus  ooellatus,  the 
Eyed,  S.  popidi,  the  Poplar,  and  S.  Wwe,  the 
Lime  Hawk-moth. 

*  smerk,  t.  &  v.    [SHIRK,  $.  A  v.] 

smcrk,    smerk-y,    a.     [Eng.  smerk;   -y.] 
Smart,  jaunty,  spruce. 

-tin,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

. :  Cobites  actUeata,  (Goodrich  APorter.) 

*  smerte,  v.t,    [SMART,  v.] 

*  smerte,  a.  &  adv.    [SMART,  a.] 

smeV-Wort,  «.      [Mid.  Eug.   smer  =  mear, 
a'nd  wort.    From  the  use  of  the  plant  in  oint- 
ments.] 
Hot. :  Aristolochia  rotunda. 


/  (CW  asu),  «.     [Perhaps  a  contract,  of 

ice-mew  =  ice-gull;  cf.  Ger.  weisse  nonne  = 
the  smew  ;  eiamove  =  the  fulmar  (q.v.).J 

Ornith. :    Mergus  atbcUus,  called  also  the 
6mee  or  Nan,  a  biid  which  .is  at  borne  in 
Bussia  and  Siberia,  but  has  a  wide  range  of 
migration.    Family  Anutidie.    The 
adult  male  is  about  seventeen 
inches   long ;   head,    chin,  and 
neck  white,  a  black  patch 
round  the  eyes,  and  over 
the  back  of  the  head 
is  a  green  streak 
forming,  with 
some    white, 
elongated     fea- 
thers, a  kind  of 
crest;     back 
black,  tail  gray, 
wings  black  and 
white,  under 

surface  white,  pencilled  with  gray  on  the 
flanks.  The  female  is  smaller,  with  plumage 
chiefly  reddish-brown  and  gray.  The  Smew  is 
a  shy  bird ;  it  flies  well,  bat,  like  most  Divers, 
walks  badly,  from  the  backward  position  of 
italega. 

*8mick'-er,  v.i.  [Qv.smicTcra;  Dan.  smigre.] 
[SMICKER,  a.]  To  look  amorously  or  wan- 
tonly. 

*  smlck  cr,  a.    [A.S.  micer  =  neat,  elegant] 
Gay,  spruce,  smart,  amorous,  wanton. 

*•  Regardful  of  hit  honrmr  he  forsook 
The  tmicker  rue  of  court  humanity." 

ford  :  famt'i  Memorial,  57*. 

*  smick'-er-Ing,  s.     [SMICKER,  v.}    An  amor- 

ous inclination. 

"  W«  bud  a  young  doctonr,  who  rode  by  our  co*ch 
and  seem'd  to  nave  a  tmi,-keriny  to  onr  young  lad)  of 
Piitoii."—  Oryden  :  To  Mn.  Steward,  let.  36. 

*  emick'-et,  «.    [Eng.  smock;  dimin,  snff.  -et.] 
A  little  smock,  a  shift 

"  The  white  rmicb-tt  wuve  below  * 

Cornbt :  Dr.  Syntax,  it.  5. 

*  smlck'-ly,  adv.  [SMICKER.]  Smartly,  trimly, 
amorously.    (Ford;  Sun's  Darling y  ii.  1.) 

t  emick  emock,  s.    [Gf. 
Bot. :  Cardamine  pratensi*. 


smid   diira,  s.    [SMEDDCTH.] 
smiddum-talls.  s.pl. 
Mining;  The  slimy  mud  deposited  in  or* 
was  li  ing. 

smid'-dy,  «.    [SMITHY.] 

smift,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Mining:  A  match  of  paper  saturated  with 
nitre  or    other   combustible    substance,    for 
igniting  a  charge  of  powder;  a  fuse.     Paper  ' 
rubbed  over  with  gunpowder  and  grease  if  ' 
also  used  by  miners. 

*  smiglit,  v.t.    [SMITE.] 

smi  la-5e-«f  s.;<r.    [Mod.  Lat  rniiZos,  genit  i 
smilat^is);  Lat  fern,  pi,  adj.  suff.  -act'?..] 

Bot. :  Sarsaparillas  ;  an  order  of  Dirtyogent.  i 
Herbs  or  under-shrubs  often    cliinbiug,  and 
with   tlushy  tuberous  rhizomes;  leavs 
dilated;   periau,li  six-parted;  stamens  «ix ; 
style  generally  trifid  ;  stigmas  tlirte  ; 
with  three  cells,  each  with  one  or  many  seeds ; 
fruit,  a  roundish  berry.     Known  genera  two; 
species    120,   widely    distributed,    but    most  : 
numerous  in  Asia  and  America. 

smi'-la^chin,  s.    [SMILACIN.] 

Chem. :    Reinsch's  name  for  a  crystalline 
substance  which  he  extracted  from  the  root 

of  sm  ilax. 

smi-la-fin, «.      [Mod.  Lat    smUax,    genii 
smilcto^is);  -in  (C/wni.).]     [SARSAPARILUN.J 

smi-la-ci'-na,  «.     [Diinin.  from  Lat  smila* 
(q.T.J] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Asparagese,  or  Asparm-  , 
gmeee.  Rootstxxik  slender,  crepj'ing ;  i-trm 
erect,  leafy;  leaves  alternate  ;  tluwers  white, 
in  terminal  racemes;  perianth  of  four  free 
segments  in  one  series,  or  six  in  two  series ; 
stamens  four  or  six  ;  ovary  with  two  to  three 
cells,  each  cell  with  one  or  two  ovules ;  fruit 
a  berry.  Known  species  about  ten,  from  the 
north  temperate  zone.  One,  Smilacina  bifolia 
(formerly  called  Maianthemum  lifolium),  U 
found  in  woods  in  England,  but  is  very  rare.  • 
The  berries  of  Smilacina  ramosa  are  said  to  be ' 
diuretic. 

smi'-l&K,  s.     [Lat,  from  Gr.  o>uAa{  (smilax) 
=  the  holly,  the  yew,  &.Q.] 

1.  Bot.:  The  typical  genus  of  Smilacetefq.v.), , 
Perianth  petaloid,    six-partite  ;  stamens  .six; 
stigmas  three,   spreading;    ovary  with  three : 
cells,  each  one-seeded,  pendulous ;  berry  one ' 
to  three-ceiled,  one  to  three  seeded.   Climbing, 
shrubs  from  tropical  countries,  as  far  nurtlj 
as  Southern  Europe.    Many  species  furnish 
sarsaparilla  (q.v.).     The  leaves  <>f  the  Ans 
tralian   Sniilax  glycyphylla  are  called    Sweet! 
Tea.    The  Chinese  eat  the  rhizome  of  S.  China 
instead  of  rice,  and,  like  the  Hindoos,  jire 
scribe  it  in  rheumatism,  &c.  The  large  tuberous 
rhizomes  of  6'.  lancetrJolM  are  often  eat. 
juice  is  used  in  rheumatism,  and  the  > 

laid  over  the  atfected  parts.  S.  Pseudo-Unina. 
in  the  United  States,  is  used  as  an  alterative 
It  constitutes  the  basis  of  many  drinks  giver 
by  the  herbalists.  With  corn.  BaruufrM*,  am: 
molasses  it  is  manufactured  by  the  C 
negroes  into  beer. 

2.  Palfeobot.  N  The    genus    occurs   in    the 
Ligni tic-series  (q.v.).     Eight  Buries  are  ii| 
the  Miocene  of  (Jfeningen,  &c.,  in  Switzerland 
flowers  and  leaves  being  preserved    in    tin 
slate.    Some  occur  in  the  Pliocene  of  Italy. 

Smile,  v.i.  &(.    [Sw.  mito  =  to  smirk,  t< 
to  simper;  Dan.  smile;  M.  H.  Ger.  smielen 
smieren,  srniren;  Lat.  wirfr  =  to  wonder  at 
admire  ;  mints  =  wonderful.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  express  kindness,  love,  pleasure,  o 
amusement  by  a  change  of  the  countenance 
especially  by  a  movement  of  the  month ;  t» 
laugh  gently.    (The  opposite  to/roum,) 

"  And  on«  imilsd.  and  another  smiled,  atid 
imilfti  for  Joy  tliat  Christiana  was  become  a 
•—ffunyatt :  Pilffrim't  Progrt**,  pt.  ii. 

2.  To  express  slight  contempt  by  a  lool 
implying  sarcasm  or  pity  ;  to  sneer. 

"  T  was  what  I  said  to  Crngga  Mid  Child, 
Who  prataed  my  modesty  and  tmiltd." 

fape:  hnit.  Bortut,  L  €T. 

3.  To  look  gay,  cheerful,  or  joyful ;  to  hav 
such  an  appearance  as  to  excite  cheerfulnea 
or  joy. 

"  Smiling  plenty  and  fair  proaperou*  dayf." 

Shaktip. :  flichardfll.,  T.  fc 


fete,  ttt,  l&re,  amidst,  what,  f&U,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  wire,  air,  marine;  go,  pdt 
•r.  wore,  w?lt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  crib,  ciiro,  unite,  our,  rule,  foil;  try.  Syrian.    ».o9  =  e;ey  =  a;aa  =  lew. 


smile -smock 


4319 


*  4.  To  appear  propitious  or  favourable  ;  to 
fcvour. 

"  Smile,  gentle  heaven." 

MaAv.v>.   .a  Henry  VI.,  11.  1. 

5.  To  take  a  drink  of  liquor.    (Amer.  slany 
B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  express  by  or  with  a  smile:  aa,  To 
$rtiile  a  welcome. 

*  2.  To  put  an  end  to  ;  to  disperse  or  dispel 
by    smiling  ;    to    exercise    influence    on    b\ 
smiling.    (Followed  by  away  or  the  like.) 

"Wo  fair  H<  brew  boy 
SliAjl  tmili  await  '">'  iniudeii  blame." 

Tennyson  :  Dream  qf  fair  Women. 

*  3.  To  smile  at  ;  to  receive  or  hear  with  a 
•mile. 

"  Smtle  you  my  speeches,  as  I  were  a  fool  ?** 

HlniX**i>.  :  Lrar.  ii.  2. 

*  4.  To  wrinkle  or  contract  by  smiling. 

"He  dues  imite  his  face  Into  more  lines  than  lion 
the  n«w  map.'1—  3haJu*P.  :  Twelfth  J/iffkt,  iii.  3. 

emile,  *  smyle,  s.    [SMILE,  v.] 

1.  A  slight  contraction  of  the  features  ol 
the  face  indicative  of  pleasure,   amusement, 
approbation,  or  kindness.    (The  opposite  to 
/row  A.) 

"  Sweet  Intercourse 

Of  looks  and  mites;  for  ttnifes  from  reason  flow, 
To  brute  denied."  .Viltan  :  P.  L.,  ix.  239. 

2.  Gay,  cheerful,  or  joyous  appearance  :  as, 
the  smites  of  spring. 

3.  Favour,    propitiousness,     countenance, 
support. 

"  Methonght  I  stood  not  in  the  smile  of  heaven." 
Hhaketp.  :  Beiiry  VIII,,  11.  4. 

4.  An  expression  of  countenance,  somewhat 
resembling   a    smile,   but   expressing  slight 
contempt,  scorn,  or  self-satisfaction  ;  a  sneer- 
ing or  contemptuous  smile. 

5.  A  dram.    {Amer.  slang.) 

•»mlle'-fal,rt.     [Eng.  smile,  a.  ;  -fuj(l).']    Full 

of  .smiles  ;  smiling. 

smile'  less,  a.    [Eng.  smile,  s.  ;   -less.]    Not 
having  a  smile  ;  without  a  smile. 

,  Toicelew,    and  bedraggett"—  Scrittner't 
Aug..  1880,  p,  607. 

•mH'-er,  s.    [Eng.  saiil(e),  v.  ;  -en]    One  who 
smiles. 

"And  when  they  love,  your  imilert  guess  not  how." 
Byron:  Lara.  1L  32. 

'smil-et,  *.    [Eng.  smile;  dimin.  suff.   -et.] 
A  little  smile.     (Sfiakesp.  ;  Lear,  iv.  3.) 

smil  Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SMILE,  v.] 

•mil'-ing-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  smiling;  -ly.]    In  a 
smiling  manner  ;  with  a  smile  or  smiles. 

"  All  the  regions 
Do  smilingly  revolt"       Shaketp.  :  Coriolama.  IT.  1 

*  amil-ihg-ness,  *.     [Eng.  smiling;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  smiling. 

•*  The  very  knowledge  that  he  lived  in  vntn  .  . 
Hud  made  Despair  a  intili-minrs*  tuiaume  " 

Byron  :  Child*  Harold,  lit  14 

*  mult.  v.i.    [Apparently  from  smelt  or  melt,] 
To  melt. 

"  Having  too  much  water,  many  coma  will  rmilt.  or 
have  their  pulp  turned  into  a  substance  like  thick 
cream.  —  Mortimer  : 


smin-thi-naB,  s.  ;>Z.    [Mod.  Lat 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -iiue.] 

ZooL  :  A  sub-family  of  Muridse,  with  one 
genus,  Suiinthus,  founded  for  the  reception  of 
'kits  vagus,  discovered  in  the  Crimea, 
ranging  through  Eastern  Europe  to  Tartary 
and  Siberia.  One  or  two  other  species  have 
since  been  discriminated  ;  M.  |,  the  first  and 
fourth  much  smaller  than  those  between  them. 

•min'-thus,  s.     [From  an  old  Cretan  word, 

vpi'Ktfof  (swuHi&os)  =  a  field-mouae.1 

THIN<E.] 


t  v.t.    [From  the  same  root  as  smear 
(q.v.).]    To  smear,  to  stain,  to  soil,  to  dirty. 

In  both  hia  hands  the  duat  that  lay  around 
And  threw  it  on  hi*  hend,  imd  tmirched  Ms  hair." 
M.  Arnold:  Sohrab  4  Kuttum. 

•mirk,  "smcrk,  "smirke,  v.i.  [A.S. 
tjnsircian,  from  the  same  root  as  smile;  cf. 
M.  H.  Ger.  smicren,  smiren  =  to  smile.] 
[t%MiLE,  v.]  To  smile  affectedly  or  wantonly  ; 
to  simper  ;  to  assume  an  affectedly  soft  or 
kind  look. 

"  Her  grizzled  locks  assume  a  imtrHng  grace, 
And  art  bu  levell'd  her  deep  furrow'd  face?' 

Young  :  L^ve  of  /'am*  T. 

•mirk,  *  smlrkc,  B.  &  a.    [SMIEK,  v.] 


A.  As  subst.  :  An  affected  smile  ;   a  aofi 
look,  a  simper. 

"  Oli  !  torture  me  not,  for  lovc- 
With  the  tmirkol  thos«  iMi 

B.  As  adj.  ;  Smart,  spruce. 

"  Seest  how  brag  yoiid  bullocke  beares, 
So«mir**,  BO  smoothe,  hU  prloke.1  earea?" 

Spmiter  ;  Shephtardt  Caltnanr  .  Feb. 

*  Bmirk'-iyf  adv.     [Eng.  smirk;   'ly.]    In  a 
smirking  manner;  with  a  smirk. 

"  Smirkly  thus  e»n  »T."      Sidney  :  Arcadia,  p.  Wfc 

smirk'-$r.a.   [Eug.  smirk;  -y.J  Smart,  spruce 
(Prov.) 

*  smit,  pa.  par.  ofv.    [SMITE.] 

smit,  v.t.     [A.S.  smitan  =  to  infect;  besmitan 

—  to  pollute,  to  defile  ;  Ger.  smitten,  schmUzen 

—  to  besmear.]    To  infect.    (Prop.) 

smite,  *smight,  *  smyte  (pa.  t.  •  smat 
*  smoot,  *  smot,  smote  ;  pa.  par.  *  vmiien 
smitten),  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  smitan  (pa,  t.  smdt  t 
pa.  par.  smiteri)  ;  cogn.  with  Uut.  smijten, 
8w.  smida=to  forge;  Dan.  ^muta  =  to  tlin- 
O.  II.  Ger.  smizan=to  throw,  to  stroke,  to 
smear  ;  Ger.  schmeitwn  =  to  smite,  to  fling.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  strike  ;  to  give  a  blow  to,  a«  with  the 
hand,  a  weapon  held  in  the  hand,  or  auytlini' 
thrown  ;  to  beat. 

2.  To  destroy  the  life  of  with  weapons  of 
any  kind  ;  to  kill,  to  slay,  to  slaughter. 

"The  servants  of  David  had  tmittm  of  Benjamin 
and  of  Abuer's  men.  so  that  three  hundred  and  three 
•core  men  died."—  2  Sa>nml  ii.  31. 

3.  To  blast  ;  to  destroy  the  life  or  vigour  of, 
as  by  a  stroke  or  some  destructive  visitation. 

"  And  the  flax  and  the  barley  WM  mitten."— 
—Sxodui  is.  ;a 

*  4.   To  afflict,  to  chasten,  to  punish  ;  to 

visit  with  punishment  or  suffering. 

"  Let  ua  not  mistake  God's  goodness,  nor  Imagine, 
because  he  tmitei  ua,  tiutt  we  are  forsaken  by  him."  — 

5.  To  strike  or  affect  with  any  passion. 

"  Septimiua  no  sooner  saw  her,  but  he  wit*  smit  with 
•n  iiivohmtary  iwMion,"—  Goldsmith;  The  Bee,  No.  L 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  strike,  to  deliver  strokes. 

"Saw  where  the  sword  of  Michael  mote." 

Mttton;  P.L..VLKO. 

2.  To  strike,  to  collide,  to  knock. 

"  The  heart  melteth,  and  the  knees  unite  together.' 
—Na&ttm  ii.  10. 

3.  To  affect  an  by  a  stroke  ;   to  enter  or 
penetrate  with  quickness  and  force  ;  to  shoot. 

"  All  that  secret  regret,  and  those  inward  tmitirtfft, 
.  .  .  which  are  so  often  felt  in  the  minds  of  men, 
upon  the  commission  of  any  great  tin."  —  Wilkins  : 
Natural  Religion,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xi. 

smite,  s.  [SMITE,  v.]  A  stroke,  a  blow,  a 
sudden  affection,  (Prov.) 

smlt'-er,  5.  [Eng.  sm.it(e},  v.  ;  -«r.]  One  who 
smites. 

"  And  therefore  came  T,  In  my  bark  of  war, 
To  smite  the  imiter  with  the  scimitar." 

Byron  :  Cortair,  lit  8. 

smith,  s.  [A.S.smidft,  cogn.  with  Dut.  smid; 
Icel.  smidhr;  Dan.  &  Sw.  smed;  M.  H.  Ger. 
smit,  smid;  Goth,  smitha  ;  Ger.  schmied.  From 
the  same-  root  as  smooth  (q.v.).] 

1.  One  who  forges  with  the  hammer;  one 
who  works  in  metals  :  as,  a  goldsmith,  a  silver- 
smith  ;  when  used  independently,  it  is  gene- 
rally applied  to  a  blaeksrmfA  (q.v.). 

"  The  trade  of  the  carpenter  is  commonly  separated 
from  that  of  the  rmith,  —  Smith  :  Wealth  o/  Nations, 
bk.  L,  ch.  i- 

*  2.    One  who  makes,  effects,  or  accom- 

plishes anything. 

"  The  doves  repented,  thongh  too  late. 
Become  the  rmitfn  of  their  own  fiwlish  fate." 
Drytltn:  Ilitxl  J  Fanfher,  iii.  1,268. 

*  smith,  v.t.  [A.  8.  smidhian.]  To  beat  into 
shape,  to  forge. 

"  [lie]  In  his  forge  tmitktd  plow-harneis." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  S.687 

smith'  -  craft,  s.  [Eng.  smith,  and  craft..] 
The  art,  occupation,  or  business  of  a  smith  ; 
smith's  work  ;  smithing. 

"  Inventors  of  pastorage,  smithcraft,  and  mustck." 
—  Raleigh, 

smith  -ers,  smith  er  ocns,  «.  pi  [Etym. 
doubtful.]  Small  fragments. 


"  Knocked  heaps  of  things  to  gmttJurfem.*—  Black  : 
Adventuret  of  a  fhatton,  ch.  iH. 

smith'-€r-^,  *.     [Eng.  smith  ;  -try.] 

1.    The  workshop  of  a  smith;  a  smith's 
shop,  a  smithy. 


2.  Work  done  by  a  smith. 

3.  The  act,  art,   or  process  of  forging  or 
hammering  a  mass  of  Iron  or  other  metal  into 
a  desired  shape  ;  smithing 


smlth'-I-a,  «.  [Named  after  Sir  James  Smith 
(irs9-182>>),  (bunder  and  first  president  of  the 
Uonceao  Society.] 

Bat.  :  A  genus  of  Hedysareffi  (?).  Hi>rhs  or 
undershrubs  from  the  tropics  of  Asia  and 
Africa,  Smithia  sensitii-a.  has  sensitive  leaves. 

smith  -ing,  s.  [Eng.  smith;  -ing.]  The  ant, 
art,  or  process  of  forging  or  working  inetaln 
into  a  desired  shape. 

Smith-son'-ii-an,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to. 
James  L.  31.  Smithson,  the  Englinh  chemist,  or 
the  institution  he  founded  at  Washington. 

smith'-son-ite,  s.  [After  Smithson,  who 
analysed  both  the  zinc  carbonate  and  silicate  t 
suff.  -ite  (Aftn.).] 

1.  An  ore  of  zinc  occurring   abundantly, 
both  crystallized  and  massive,  also  staluctitic,. 
mammillated  and  botryoidal  witli  tlbroua  struc- 
ture.   Crystallization,  orthorhombic.     Hani- 
ness,  4-5  to  5  ;  sp.  gr.  8-16  to  3'9  ;  lustre,  vit- 
reoils  to  sub-pearly  ;  colour,  white,  sometimes- 
bluish  or  greenish  ;  streak,    white  ;   brittle  ; 
pyroelectric.    Compos.  :  silica,  25-0  ;  oxide  of 
zinc,  6T'5  ;   water,    7'5  =  100,   corresponding 
with  the  formula   2ZnO,8iO2  +  HO.      Dana 
divides  this  species  into  (1)  Ordinary  :  (a)  in 
crystals,  (6)  mammillary  or   sfcilactitic,    (c) 
massive  ;  (2)  Carbonated,  containing  froni  12. 
to  20  per  cent,  of  carbonate  of  zinc  ;  (3)  Argil- 
laceous.     As  this  name   has  been  used  by 
difterent  mineralogists  both  for  the  silicate  and 
the  carbonate  of  zinc,  in  order  to  get  rid  of 
the  confusion  arising  therefrom,  in  the  Brit, 
Mus.  Cat.  Kenngott's  name,  Heuiimorphite, 
has  been  adopted. 

2.  The  same  as  CALAMIXE  (q.v.). 

smith'-ft  s.  [A.S.  mfOhdh;  Icel.  midias^ 
The  workshop  of  a  smith. 

"  Under  a  spreading  chestnut  tw« 
The  village  imithy  ataiiJa.' 

Longfellow:   \'i!lttge  BhickfmiOL. 

smit'-Ing,  pr.  pew.  or  a.    [SMITE,  ».] 
smiting  line,  & 

Naut,  :  A  rope  by  which  a  yarn-stoppered 
sail  is  loosened  without  sending  the  men< 
aloft. 

smltt,  ».  [Low  Ger.  mitt,  scKmitte;  Ger, 
scltimtz,  schmitze,  from  wnitten,  schmitzen  = 
to  besmear.)  The  finest  of  the  clayey  ore- 
made  up  into  balls,  and  used  for  marking; 
sheep. 

»  amif  -ted,  pa.  par.  of  9.    [SMITH,  v.] 
smit'-ten,  pa.  par.  ofv.    [SMITE,  ».] 

1.  Struck,  killed,  slain,  blasted;  afflicted. 
puniahed,  destroyed. 

"  We  did  esteem  him  stricken,  mitten  of  God,  kadi 
afflicted."—  luaah  llii.  4. 

2.  Affected  with  some  passion,  as  love  ;  ex- 
cited or  struck  by  something  impressive. 

"  He  was  himself  no  less  tmitten  with  ConsUnti*.'* 
—Addiion.  (Todd.) 

Bmif-tle,  v.t.  [Eng.  smit;  frequent,  suff.  -ls.\ 
To  infect  (Prov.) 

smif-tle,  smit'-tlish,  a.  [SMITTLB,  «.]  In- 
fectious, contagious.  (Prov.) 

"  Tifl  a  imittle  night  for  rheumatics."—  ff.  Kinutleyc 
Geoffrey  ffamlyn,  ch.  xxzvL 

smock,  *  smockc.  amok,  s.  [A.S. 
from  smogen,  pa.  par.  of  smeogan,  smuqam  — 
to  creep  ;  Icel.  smokkr  =  a  smock,  from  mo- 
guin,  pa.  par.  of  smjuga  =  to  creep  through  ft. 
hole,  to  put  on  a  garment.)  [SMUO,  SMUGGLE.} 

1.  A  shift,  a  chemise,  a  woman's  under- 
garment. 

"  You  may  do  what  you  ploaae  ;  you  may  sell  mx> 

chemise, 

Sirs.  P.  was  too  well-bred  to  mention  her  tmoct." 
Barham  :  Ing.  Legendl  ;  Look  at  the  CToek- 

2,  A  smock-frock  (q.v.). 

II  It  was  sometimes  used  adjectively,  to* 
equivalent  to,  pertaining-  to,  or  connected 
with  women,  fem.ile  :  as,  OTWcft-treason  (Beit. 
Jonson),  smocfc-loyalty  (Dryden),  &c. 

*  smock-faced,  a.  Having  a  feminine- 
countenance,  appearance,  or  complexion  J 
smooth-faced,  effeminate. 


boll,  bo>;  poit,  J6>1;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  yhin,  bench;  go,  £em;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-dm,  -tlan  =  Bhan.    -turn, -sion  ^  sbun ; -Jion, -jion  -  ztun.    -oloos,  -tious,  -sioua  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  deL. 


4320 


smock— smoking 


•mock-frock,  s.  A  garment  of  coarse 
material,  resembling  a  shirt,  worn  by  farm 
'•bourers  over  their  other  clothes. 

"  He  was  often  introduced  into  meetings  through 
back  doors,  with  a  smock-frock  on  his  back  aud  a  whip 
In  his  baud."— Macau- 
tay:  ttitt.  Eng.,  ch.  vlL 

smock  mill,  i. 
A  form  of  windmill 
in  which  a  cap  ro- 
tates on  a  vertical 
axis  to  present  the 
sails  towards  the 
wind.  The  term  is 
used  in  contradis- 
tinction to  post- 
mill,  in  which  the 
whole  mill  rotates 
for  a  similar  pur- 
pose. It  is  also 
called  the  Dutch 
mill,  as  being  the 
form  most  common- 
ly used'  in  Holland 
for  pumping.  The  SMOCK-HIIX. 

mill  in  the  illustra- 
tion is  at  Blean,  a  village  near  Canterbury. 

*  smock-race,  s.  A  race  run  by  women 
tor  the  prize  of  a  fine  smock.  (North.) 

'  smock,  ii.t.  [SMOCK,  «.]  To  provide  with  a 
smock  ;  to  clothe  or  dress  in  a  smock  or 
•mock-frock. 

"  Though  mocked,  or  furred  and  purpled." 

Tennyson .'  Princeu,  iv,  218. 

•smock -less,  'smok-les,  a.  [Eng. 
smock,  s. ;  -less.]  Wanting  a  smock  ;  without 
*  smock. 

*  smok,  ».    [SMOCK,  j.] 

smok'-a-ble,  smoke'-a-ble,  o.  [Eng. 
smuke,  v.  ;  -able.]  Capable  of  being  smoked ; 
fit  to  be  smoked. 

"The  question  whether  green  tobacco  can  be  rendered 
tmokeabte  by  any  process  of  drying  has  yet  to  be  de- 
cided."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  as,  1886, 

smoke,  *  smoake,  •  smok,  ».  [A.S.  tmoca, 
from  smocen,  pa.  par.  of  smeocan  =  to  smoke, 
to  reek  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  smook  =  smoke  ; 
Dan.  smSge  =  to  smoke  ;  Ger.  schmauch  — 
smoke ;  Irish  smuid  =  vapour,  smoke ;  much 
=  smoke ;  Wei.  mwg  =  smoke.] 
I.  Literally: 

1.  Any  volatile,  and  specially  any  carbona- 
ceous matter  escaping  from  a  burning  sub- 
stance.   When  wood  or  coal  is  in  process  of 
combustion,  it  emits,  not  merely  minute  par- 
t'zles  of  unconsumed  carbon,  but  invisible 
gaseous  matter.     Appliances  for  consuming 
smoke  aim  simply  at  preventing  the  rise  of 
the  carbonaceous  particles,  ignoring  the  un- 
seen gases.    They  turn  on  the  furnishing  of 
a  supply  of  air  containing  an  abundance  of 
oxygen,  the  absence  of  which  is  the  reason 
why  any  carbon  escapes  unconsumed. 

"  And  there  arose  the  tmok  of  a  great  fomaoe."— 
tetelatlon  Ix.  (USD 

2.  Something  resembling  smoke ;  a  vapour; 
an  exhalation. 

••  For  tmoke  and  dusty  vapours  of  the  night." 

Shaketp.  :  I  Benry  VI..  1L  «. 

3.  The  act  of  drawing  in  and  puffing  out 
the  fumes  of  burning  tobacco. 

4.  A  cigar.    (Slang.) 
•  5.  A  chimney. 

"  Dublin  hath  Houses  of  more  than  one 
Petty :  Polit.  Surmy  of  Ireland,  p.  9. 

IL  Fig. :  Something  light,  inconsiderable, 
or   unimportant ;   idle   talk ;    mere   words 
•anity,  emptiness. 

"  This  helpless  tmofte  of  words.' 

Shaketp. :  Rape  of  Lucretx,  1,037. 

1  Like  smoke :  Very  rapidly.    (Slang.) 

•moke-arch,  «. 

Steam-eng. :  The  smoke-box  of  a  locomotive 

•moke-ball,  >. 

Ordn. :  A  paper  shell  filled  with  a  compod 
tion  which,  when  ignited,  emits  volumes  o 
•moke.  Smoke-balls  are  thrown  into  military 
mines  to  suffocate  working  parties,  or  into 
forts  to  cover  an  advance.  They  have  also 
oeen  used  as  signal!. 

smoke-bell,  s.  A  glass  bell  suspended 
over  a  gas-light,  to  intercept  the  smoke  and 
prevent  its  blackening  the  ceiling  immediately 
over  the  jet. 

smoke-black,  ».  Lamp-black  obtainet 
by  deposit  of  smoke  from  burning  resinous 
material. 


•moke  -  board,  «.  A  board  placed 
against  a  fireplace  to  keep  smoke  from  issuing 
Into  a  room. 

smoke-box,  s. 

Steam: 

1.  A   chamber  in  which   the   smoke   and 
heated  gases  of  the  flues  are  collected,  and 
from  which  they  pass  to  the  chimney,  funnel, 
or  stack.    Some  forms  of  revertiug-flue  boilers 
have  smoke-boxes  at  each  end. 

2.  tn  locomotives,  the  end  of  the  boiler  on 
which  the  chimney  is  placed.    It  receives  the 
draught  from  the  tubes.     Locomotives  with 
inside  cylinders  have  them  placed  in  this  box, 
which  keeps  them  and  the  steam-pipes  at  a 
high  temperature. 

*  smoke-cloud,  i.    A  cloud  of  smoke. 
smoke  -  condenser,  s.    An  apparatus 

for  precipitating  the  soot  and  smoke  emanat- 
ing from  furnaces  underground  or  in  other 
confined  situations. 

smoke-consumer,  >.  An  apparatus  for 
consuming  or  burning  the  smoke  from  a  fire. 

smoke  -  consuming,  o.  Tending  or 
serving  to  consume  or  burn  smoke :  as,  a 
smoke-consuming  furnace. 

smoke-dried,  a.    Dried  with  smoke. 

smoke-dry,  v.t.  To  dry  by  hanging  np 
{n  smoke. 

"  Smoke-dry  the  fruit,  but  not  If  Jon  plant  them."—* 
Mortimer :  Bmbandry. 

*  smoke  farthing,  t. 

1.  The  same  as  PENTECOSTAL  (q.v.). 

2.  The  same  as  HEARTH-MONEY  (q.v.). 
smoke-flue,  «.   A  flue  or  chimney  for  the 

passage  of  smoke. 

"  Shouted  down  Into  the  moke-flue." 

Longfellow :  Biauatha,  li. 

•moke-house,  *  smoak-house,  «. 

*  1.    A  dwelling-house  with  a  hearth   or 
ohimney. 

"  The  simple  tmoak-houia  an  ...  1M.OOO."— Petty: 
PotU.  Survey  of  Ireland,  p.  ». 

2.  A  building  employed  for  the  purpose  of 
curing  flesh  by  smoking.  It  is  provided  with 
hooks  for  suspending  the  pieces  of  meat,  which 
are  hung  over  a  smudge  or  smouldering  fire 
kindled  at  the  bottom  of  the  apartment. 

smoke-Jack,  ».  An  apparatus  for  turn- 
ing a  roasting-spit  by  means  of  a  wheel  or 
wheels  set  in  motion  by  a  current  of  ascending 
air  in  a  chimney. 

*  smoke-money,  *  smoke-penny,  i. 

The  same  as  SMOKE-SILVER  (q.v.). 

smoke-pipe,  s. 

1.  A  metallic  chimney ;  as  that  of  t  loco- 
motive, a  stove,  or  a  steamboat. 

*  2.  A  tobacco-pipe ;  a  pipe  for  smoking 
tobacco. 

smoke-plant,  smoke-tree, «. 

Bot. :  Rhus  Cotinus. 

smoke-sail,  .-•. 

Naut. :  A  sail  hoisted  before  the  funnel  of 
the  galley  when  the  ship  is  anchored  head  to 
wind,  to  screen  the  quarter-deck  from  the 
smoke. 

*  smoke-silver,  ».   Money  formerly  paid 
annually  to  the  minister  of  a  parish  as  a 
modus  in  lien  of  tithe-wood. 

"  Lands  were  held  in  some  places  by  the  payment  of 
the  sum  of  sixpence  yearly  to  the  sheriff,  called  tmoke- 
tUter.  ...  In  some  manors  formerly  belonging  to 
religious  houses  there  is  still  paid,  ss  appeiidant  to 
the  said  manors,  the  ancient  Peter.pence,  by  the  ni 
of  smoke-money."—  Tomline :  Lav  Diet. 

smoke-stack,  ».     The   term   stack    is 

Cperly  applied  to  a  brick  or  stone  chimney, 
is  not  properly  applicable  to  the  funnel 
or  furnace  chimney  rising  above  the  deck  of 
a  vessel  (in  which  sense,  however,  it  is  used 
in  America).  The  term  is  also  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  chimney  of  a  locomotive. 

•moke-tight,  a.    Impervious  to  smoks ; 
not  allowing  smoke  to  enter  or  escape. 
smoke-tree,  «.    [SMOKE-PLANT.] 
smoke,  *  smoake,  v.i.  &  t.    [SMOKE,  «.] 
A.  Intransitive : 
1.  To  emit  smoke. 

"The  Volcan  may  oasily  he  known,  .  .  .  tt  imoakt 
all  the  day,  and  in  the  night  It  sometimes  sends  forth 
flames  of  fire." — Dampier:  Voyaya  (an.  16841. 


2.  To  throw  off  volatile  matter  in  the  form 
of  vapour  or  exhalation  ;  to  reek. 

"The  horses  ID  the  stages  that  were  going  out.  and 
had  come  through  the  City,  were  tmokirta  so,  that  the 
ouUide  passengers  were  invisible."— /Mdfcew ;  Pick- 
wick, ch.  xxxv. 

f  Tennyson  (Holy  Grail,  18)  applies  thi» 
verb  to  the  yew,  from  the  blossoms  of  which 
in  spring  light  clouds  of  pollen  are  shaken  out 
by  puffs  of  wind. 

"  0  brother,  I  have  seen  this  yew.tree  tmokf, 
Spring  after  spring,  for  half  a  hundred  years." 

3.  To  draw  into  and  expel  from  the  moutn 
the  fumes  of  burning  tobacco,  from  a  pip*, 
cigar,  or  the  like. 

"Given  more  to  bibbing  and  Imoaking  than  tb* 
duty  of  his  office."—  Wood :  futti  Oion..  voL  11. 

*  4.  To  burn  ;  to  be  kindled. 

"  The  auger  of  the  Lord  shall  tmoke  against  that 
man." — Deut.  xxix.  20. 

*  5.  To  raise  a  dust  or  smoke  by  rapid  mo- 
tion. 

"Proud  of  his  steeds,  he  tmoket  along  the  field." 

Eryden  :  rifjil ;  -Ktieid  vii.  got. 

*  6.  To  smell  or  hunt  out ;   to  detect,  to 
suspect. 

"  I  began  to  tmoke  that  they  were  a  parcel  of  mum- 
men,  and  wondered  that  uoue  of  the  Middlesex 
Justices  took  care  to  lay  some  of  them  by  the  heels."— 
Additon  :  freeholder. 

*  7.  To  suffer ;  to  be  punished. 

"  Maugre  all  the  world  win  I  keep  safe. 
Or  some  of  you  shall  tmoke  for  it  in  Rome." 

Shaketp.  :  Titui  Andronicut,  IT.  & 

8.  To  blush.    (School  slang.) 
B.  Traneitive: 

1.  To  apply  smoke  to,  to  foul  by  smoke ;  to 
hang  up  and  dry  in  smoke  ;  to  fumigate  :  as, 
To  smoke  hams  or  fish  for  preservation. 

2.  To  draw  smoke  from  into  the  mouth  and 
expel  it  again  ;  to  burn  or  use  in  smoking. 

"  '  Send  down  word  that  he's  to  sjiend  the  change  la 
cigars.  .  .  They  shan't  be  wasted.'  continued  Smanglt, 
turning  to  Mr.  Pickwick.  •  I'll  imoke  'eiu.'  "-Kckenl : 
nckmick.  ch.  xlL 

3.  To  drive  out  or  expel  by  smoke.    (Gene- 
rally with  out.) 

*  4.  To  smell  out,  to  find  out ;  to  detect. 

"  He  was  first  tmnked  by  the  old  Lord  Lalew— whet) 
his  disguise  and  he  is  parted,  tell  me  what  a  sprat  yon 
shall  find  him."—  Skaketp. :  AU't  Well,  Hi.  6. 

*  5.  To  sneer  at,  to  quiz ;  to  ridicule  to  th« 
face. 

"  Thou'rt  very  smart,  my  dear.  But  Me  t  Smoke* 
the  Doctor."—  Additon:  Drummer,  11L  1. 

6.  To  seek,  hunt,  or  look  after.    (Prm.) 

smoke  less," smoak  less, a.  [Eng. smokt; 
-Uss.]  Having  no  smoke ;  emitting  no  smoke. 

smokeless-powder,  >.  A  form  of 
gunpowder  now  widely  coming  into  use,  whose 
value  consists  in  its  making  very  little  smoke. 
This  is  likely  to  render  it  of  great  utility  in 
war,  since  the  old  kind  of  powder,  if  used  in 
the  modern  rapid  fire  guns,  would  soon  hide 
the  combatants  within  a  dense  cloud  of  smoke. 
Various  smokeless  powders  have  been  devised, 
one  of  which  was  used  by  the  Japanese  (1895) 
in  the  war  between  Japan  and  China. 

smoke  less-nesa,  J.  [Eng.  mokeless;  -nea.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  smokeless  ;  free- 
dom from  smoke. 

"The  cta'.ity  of  the  coal  !•  stated  to  exceed  anj 
In  England  in  oiltneas  and  ImoKelettneH."— -OaHf 
Chronicle,  Aug.  13,  1685. 

smok  or,  «.    (Eng.  moke,  v. ;  -er.1 

1.  One  who  dries  or  preserves  by  smoke. 

2.  One  who  smokes  tobacco,  from  a  pipe, 
cigar,  &C. 

3.  A  smoking-car. 

4.  An    evening   entertainment    (originally 
designated  as  a  smoking-concert)    at  which 
smoking  is  permitted. 

smoke'-wood.  s.    [Eng.  make,  and  wood.] 

Bot. :  Clematis  Vitalba,  the  porous  stalks  of 
which  are  smoked  by  children. 

smok-I-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  «mo*y;  •!».]     In  • 

smoky  manner. 
smok  i  ness,  ».     [Eng.  moky ;  -ness.)    Tht 

quality  or  state  of  being  smoky. 

smok  -ing,  *  smok-yng,  pr.  par.,  o.,  &  » 

[SMOKE,  V.} 

A.  At  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Emitting  smoke. 

2.  Used  for  smoking;    adapted  for  being 
smoked  :  as,  a  smoking  mixture. 

3.  Used  for  smoking  in ;  set  apart  for  tht 


fite,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what  fall,  father:  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  •ire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt 
or.  wore,  wolf.  work.  who.  .tin;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full:  try,  Syrian.    ».  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a:  an  =  kw. 


smokies— smoothly 


4321 


iuw>  or  accommodation  of  smokers :  as,  a 
emoking  carriage,  a  smoking  room. 

C.  Aa  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  of  that  which 
flnumes  ;  the  emission  of  smoke  ;  specifically, 
the  act  or  practice  of  Inhaling  and  expelling 
from  the  mouth  the  fumes  of  burning  tobacco, 
•s  from  a  pipe,  a  cigar,  &c.  . 

*  2.  The  act  of  quizzing  or  bantering. 

"  What  a  tntokiny  did  Miss  Burney  give  Mr.  Cratch- 
ley.'—  Moat.  D'ArUay:  Diarf,  lL«Si 

smoking -cap,  «.  A  light  ornamental 
ca|i,  resembling  a  fez,  used  by  smokers  and 
others  for  indoor  wear. 

smoking  car,  smoking- 
carriage,  «.  A  railroad  car  set  apart  for 
the  use  of  smokers. 

smoking  concert,  ».    [SMOKER,  t.,  4.] 
«nok'-y,  *  smoak-le,  a.    [Eng.  smokff) ;  -y.J 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Emitting  smoke,  especially  In  quantity. 

2.  Filled  with  smoke,  or  with  an  atmosphere 
resembling  smoke. 

"  In  many  a  tmoky  fireside  nook 
01  Iceland,  lu  the  aucieut  day.* 

Longfellow:  Wautldt  Inn.    (Interlude.) 

3.  Subject  or  liable  to  be  filled  with  smoke, 
as  from  a  chimney  or  fire-place. 

"  Once  Prince  Frederick's  Guard 
Saog  them  in  their  tmoky  barracks." 

Longfellow:  To  an  Old  Danith  Song-boolt. 

4.  Palling  to  carry  off  the  smoke  properly  : 
as,  a  sinoky  chimney. 

5.  Foul  or  tarnished  with  smoke ;  noisome 
with  smoke. 

6.  Having  the  appearance  or  nature  of 
4moke ;  dark,  obscure. 

"  If  blast  septentrional  with  brushing  wlnn 
Sweep  up  the  imoku  misu.  and  vapours  damn. 
Then  woe  to  mortals  1 "        1'htlipt :  Cider,  bk.  t 

*  7.  Suspicious. 

"  He  seem,  a  little  gmoaky."—CWMr:  Provottti 
Hatband,  IL 

II.  Bat. :  Gray,  changing  to  brown, 
smoky  mastiff-bat,  «. 

Zool. :  Molosswnasvlw,  from  Sonth  America 
ami  the  West  Indian  Islands.  It  is  about  six 
inches  long,  and  has  fur  of  a  smoky-brown 
-colour.  Sometimes  called  Mouk-bat  Oi-v.). 

smoky-quartz,  «.    [CAIRNGORM.] 
smoky  urine,  a. 

Pothol :  Urine  of  a  dark,  smoky  colour,  and 
Highly  albuminous,  passed  in  Bright's  disease, 
or  tinged  by  a  small  quantity  of  blood  in 
tomatnrla. 

smoky-wainscot,  «. 

Entom.:  A  British  night-moth,  Leucania 
impura. 

smoky-wave,  «. 

Entom.  :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Addalla 
fumata. 

••smol'-der,    tr.i.    [SMOULDER.] 

•molt,  j.  [Gael,  smal  =  a  spot.]  A  salmon, 
a  year  or  two  old,  when  It  has  acquired  its 
•ilvery  scales. 

flmoor,  v.t.  [A.S.  amorlan ;  Dut.  smooren  = 
to  suffocate  ;  Ger.  schmoren  =  to  stew  ;  O. 
Dut.  tmoor  =  vapour,  fume.]  To  smother 
(q.v.).  (Scotch.) 

"  Duncan  could  na'  be  Tier  death, 
Swelling  pity  tmoor'd  bis  wrath.* 

Burnt :  Duncan  Gray. 

dnooth,    *  smoothe,   *  smethe,  a.  &  s. 

[A.SI  ymtdJie;  cf.  O.  Dut  smtdigh,  smijdigh 
=  soft ;  Dut.  smijdig  =  malleable  ;  Ger.  ge- 
schmeidig ;  Dan.  tmidig  =  pliable,  supple. 
Hence,  allied  to  smith  (q.v.).J 

A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Having  an  even  surface ;  having  a  sur- 
face so  even  that  no  roughness  or  points  are 
perceptible  to  the  touch  ;  free  from  roughness 
or  asperities.  In  botany  free  from  asperities 
or  hairs,  or  any  sort  of  unevenness. 

"  As  tmooth  as  alabaster.**        Shukftp. :  Othello,  V.  S. 

1  Not  hairy. 

"  Behold  Esau  my  brother  Is  a  hairy  man,  and  I  am 
ttmooth  inna."~Otnettt  xxvli.  U. 

3.  Evenly  spread,  glossy. 

"  Thy  sleek,  tmooth  head.' 
Shaltftp. :  jlidntmmer  fiight't  Dream,  Ir.  1. 

4.  Gently  flowing ;  not  ruffled,  agitated,  or 
undulating. 

H  The  sea  being  smooth,*       SJiaXrtp.  •  Troilut,  L  8. 


5.  Level,  plain. 

"  The  path  la  tmooth  that  leadeth  on  to  danger.* 
.:  Vtnut  A  Adonit,  1 


6.  Uttered  without  stops,  obstruction,  or 
hesitation;   falling  pleasantly   on   the   ear; 
even,  not  harsh,  not  rugged  ;  hence,  using 
language  not  harsh  or  rugged. 

"  When  sage  Minerva  rose. 
From  her  sweet  11  1»  tmooth  elocution  flows." 

Qay  :  fan,  Hi.  1 

7.  Without  joltor  shock;  equable,  (Applied 
to  motion.) 

8.  Free  from  anything  disagreeable  or  un- 
pleasant ;  not  alloyed  with  any  painful  sensa- 
tion or  difficulty. 

"  Smooth  and  welcome  news." 

Shaketp,  :  I  Henry  tT.t  t  L 

9.  Bland,  mild,  soothing,  flattering,  fawning. 

**  That  man,  when  imoothett  he  appears, 
la  luuat  to  be  suspected." 

Cuutjrtr:  0*  Friendship. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  making  smooth. 

2.  That  which  is  smooth  ;  the  smooth  part 

of  anything. 

"  She  put  the  nidus  of  the  kids  .  .  .  npoa  the  tmooth 
of  his  neck."—  Qenetit  xxvii.  l«. 

3.  Freedom  from  hardship  or  difficulty  ; 
ease,  comfort. 

*'  We  enjoyed  some  of  those  tmootht  which  wipe  off 
the  rough*  .."f  a  hunter's  life."—  Field,  Sdpt.  25.  1886. 

4.  A  grass  field  ;  a  meadow.    (Amer.) 
smooth-blenny,  s.    [SUAHMY.] 
smooth-bore,  a.  &  a, 

A*  As  adj.:  The  same  as  SMOOTH-UOEED 
(q.v.). 

B.  Assulist.  :  A  gun  having  a  smooth-bored 
barrel,  as  distinguished  from  a  rifle. 

smooth-bored,  a.  Having  a  smooth 
bore,  as  distinguished  from  rifled. 

smooth-  chinned,  a.    Beardless. 
smooth-dab,  s.    [SHEAR-DAB.] 

*  smooth  -dittied,  a.     Sweetly    and 
smoothly  sung  or  played;  having  a  smooth, 
flowing  melody.    (Milton  :  Comus,  89.) 

smooth-faced,  a. 

1.  Having  a  smooth  face  ;  beardless, 

2.  Having  a  mild,  soft,  blaud,  or  winning 
look. 

3.  Having  a  fawning  or  insinuating  look. 

.  i,  HavingasmoothfaceorsurfaceingeneraL 
smooth  file,  s. 

1.  A  finishing-file,  whose  teeth  are  of  a 
grade  of  coarseness  between  the  second-cut 
and  the  dead-smooth.    [ROUGH-FILE.] 

2.  The  rubbing-tool  used  by  the  needle- 
maker  in  pressing  and  rolling  a  pack  of  wires 
cut  for  needles,  to  take  out  of  them  the  bend 
they  have  acquired  by  the  coiling  of  the  wire. 

smooth  -grained,  a.    Smooth  In  the 

grain,  as  wood  or  stone. 

"Smooths/rained,  and  proper  for  the  turner's  trade." 
Drgdm:  Viryit;  Georyic  IL  631. 

smooth-hound,  & 

Ichthy.  :  Mustelus  Icevis,  about  three  feet 
long,  said  to  be  used  for  food  in  the  Hebrides. 
Its  skin  is  much  smoother  and  softer  than  the 
skins  of  other  British  sharks. 

*  smooth-paced,  a.    Having  a  smooth, 
easy  pace  ;  moving  or  flowing  easily,  readily, 
•nd  smoothly. 

**  Remarks  which  none  did  e'er  disclose 
lu  imooth-pacd  verse  or  hobbling  proae." 

Prior:  Alma,  lii  144. 

smooth-plane,  s.    A  smoothing  plane. 
smooth  serranus,  & 

Ichthy.  :  Serranus  cabrilla,  common  in  the 
Mediterranean,  reaching  south  ward  to  Madeira. 
The  view,  sanctioned  by  Cuvier,  that  this  fish 
Is  hermaphrodite,  one  lobe  of  the  roe  consist- 
ing of  ova  and  the  other  of  milt,  is  probably 
an  error,  due  to  some  peculiarities  in  the 
reproductive  apparatus. 

smooth-shaven,  a.  Cut  or  clipt  smooth; 
made  smooth  by  cutting  or  mowing.  (Milton  : 
II  Penseroso,  68.) 

smooth-snake,  t. 

Zool.  :  Coronella  latvi*  (or  avstrlaca),  called 
also  the  Austrian  Snake,  common  in  Southern 
and  Central  Europe,  and  occasionally  observed 
In  the  western  section.  It  is  about  two  feet 
long,  shiny  brown  with  irregular  patches  of 
black,  yellow  mark  on  back  and  sides  of  head, 
under  surface  yellowish  with  black  spots. 


smooth-sole,  & 

Ichthy.:  Amoglossus  laterna,  the  Megrim, 
or  Scald-fish,  a  small  species,  four  or  five 
inches  long,  common  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  extending  to  the  north  coast  of  the  Eng- 
lish Channel. 

smooth-spoken,  a.  Having  a  smooth, 
plausible  tongue. 

smooth  tongued,  a.     Soft  of  speech ; 

plausible,  flattering. 

44  He  was  tmooth-tonqned,  gave  good  words,  and 
Mldoin  lost  his  temper.  —Arbuthnvt :  Ifitt.  John  BuU. 

smooth-winged  swallows,  s.  pL 

Omith. :  The  sub-family  Hirundinidse, 

smooth,  r.J.&(.  [A.S.sm&Huan.]  [SMOOTH,  tk} 

A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  smooth ;  to  make  level  on  th» 
surface  by  any  means. 

**  To  tmooth  the  Ice."       ShaJtesp.  t  King  John,  Ir.  ft. 

2.  To  free  from  obstruction ;  to  make  easy. 

**  Smooth  my  passage  to  the  realms  of  day." 

Pope:  Eloiia  to  Abclard,  Stt. 

3.  To  free  from  harshness ;  to  make  smooth 
and  flowing. 

14  In  their  motions  harmonv  divine 
So  tmootltt  her  charming  tones. " 

Milton:  P.  L..  T.  0*. 

*  4.  To  soften;  to  palliate,  to  colour. 

"  Had  It  been  a  stranger,  not  my  child. 
To  tmooth  his  fault,  1  would  have  been  more  mild." 
Shakeip, .  Richard  IL,  i.  L 

*  5,  To  soften,  to  quiet,  to  allay,  to  cairn. 

"  Smooth  every  passion." 

Sfinkesp.  :  Lear,  11.  S. 

*  6.  To    soften    with    blandishments ;    to 
flatter,  to  humour. 

"  Smooth  and  speak  h  1m  fair." 

Shakeip. :  Ttiut  Atidroniau,  T.  1* 

*  7.  To  ease,  to  regulate. 

**  Restor'd  It  soon  will  be ;  the  mean's  preiMiM, 
The  difficulty  tmooth' d,  the  danger  shar'd." , 

*  8.  To  work  up  into  a  soft,  uniform  mass. 

**  It  brings  up  again  Into  the  mouth  that  which  II 
had  swallowed,  and  chewing  it,  grind*  and  tmooiht  it* 
Ray:  On  ih*  Creation, 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  become  smooth ;  to  settle  down ;  to 

become  calm. 

M  The  falls  were  smoothing  down."— J*ieM.  Dee.  6,  IBM 

*  2.  To  use  blandishments ;   to  flatter,  ty 
cajole,  to  be  insinuating. 

"  Smooth,  deceive,  and  cog." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  Iff.,  L  H 

*smooth'-en,  v.t.    [Kng.  smooth;  -en,}    To 
make  smooth  ;  to  smooth. 

"  With  edged  grooving  tools  they  cat  down  and 
•mootA«ntheextuberancesleft."—  Moxon:  Jtach.  Ejtr. 

smodth'-er,  «.    [Eng.  smooth,  v. ;  -«r.] 
1,  One  who  or  that  which  makes  smooth. 

**  The  bleachers  and  tmoot hm-t  of  the  linen  " — SnUtk  t 
Wealth  of  ffationt,  bk.  L,  ch.  L 

*  2.  A  flatterer. 

"My  claw-backs,  my  tmooihcrt,  my  parasite*"— 
Urquhart:  Ruoeiaut  bit.  lit.  ch.  ill. 

smo^th'-InjT,  pr.  par,  or  a.    [SMOOTH,  t?.) 

*  smooth  ing-box,  s.    A  box-iron. 

"  Smoothing -boret.  Buckles,  Steels,  and  Awl*.*— 
Monty  liatUrt  Alt  Thingt,  p.  76  (1698). 

smoothing-iron,  s.  A  domestic  imple- 
ment, used  in  the  laundry  to  smooth  (iron) 
linen.  It  Is  heated  by  placing  on  a  stove,  I  ~ 
a  gas  jet,  by  a  hot  iron  or  charcoal  fire  pit 
within  it. 

smoothing- mill,  &  [PousmNo-uauJ 
smoothing  plane,  s. 

Joinery  :  A  short  plane,  finely  set,  for  finiah* 
tog.  It  is  74  inches  long. 

smoothing-stone,  s.  A  substitute  for  s 
smoothing-iron,  made  of  steatite,  attached  to 
a  plate  and  handle  of  metal. 

smooth'-ly,    *  smothc  - ly,    adv.     [Eng. 
smooth,  a. ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  smooth    manner;    not    roughly: 
evenly ;   with    even  flow    or    motion ;   not 
harshly  or  ruggedly. 

"  O'er  the  calm  Ionian  smoothJn  Balls." 

Iiryden:  Ovid;  Metamorphoiet  XT. 

2.  Without  obstruction  or  difficulty  ;  easily, 
readily. 

3.  With  soft,  bland,  plausible,  or  insinuating 
language. 

M.  Mildly,  innocently;  especially  with 
affected  mildness  or  innocence. 


boy;  pout,  Jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  fhln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £ 
-clan,  -tian  =  sham,   -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -fton,  -sion  =  shun,   -clous,  -tioua,  -Bious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die*  dtc.  =  bel,  del. 


4522 


smoothness— smut 


smooth -ness,  s.    [Eng.  smooth ;  -nest.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  smooth ; 
freedom  from  roughness,  inequalities,  or  asper- 
ities ;  evenness  of  surface. 

•*  How  wit  and  Tirrue  from  within 
Bent  out  a  tmoothnett  o'er  the  akin. 

Svrifl  :  To  Dr.  Sfuridan. 

J.  Freedom  from  jolt  or  shock ;  evenness : 
•a,  the  smoothness  of  motion. 

3.  Softness  or  mildness  to  the  palate :  as, 
the  smoothness  of  wine. 

4.  Softness  or  sweetness  of  numbers ;  easy 
flow  of  words. 

"  Vlrv-ii.  though  smooth,  where  insoortfWSf  Is  re- 
quired ia  so  farfroui  artti'tlng  it,  that  he  rather  dis- 
dain* it."— Oryden.  (Todd.i 

5.  Mildness  or  gentleness  of  speech  ;  bland- 
Bess  of  manners :  especially  assumed  or  hypo- 
critical mildness. 

"  She  Is  too  subtle  for  thee  ;  and  her  tmoofmeu, 
Her  very  silence,  and  her  patience, 
Speak  to  the  people,  and  tttsj  I'11?  Der-       -.  . 

SHatap. :  M  Tou  LOtt  «,!.«, 

wnorz  a'-to,  smorz-an'-do  (z  as  tz),  adv. 
[lul.  =  smothered.] 

llusie:  A  direction  tliat  the  passage  over 
which  it  is  pbced  is  to  be  played  so  as  to 
gradually  fade  or  die  away. 

smote,  fret,  of  «.    [SMITE,  «.] 

•smoterlich,  a.     [SnuT.J    Smutty,  dirty, 

wan  ton. 

smoth'-er,  "smor-ther,  ••mor-thre, 
*  smor-thur,  *  smud-der,  v.L  &  I.  [A.S. 
morian=  to  choke,  to  stifle;  Dut,  tmooren.] 

ISMOOB.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  suffocate  or  destroy  the  life  of  by 
causing  smoke  or  dust  to  enter  the  lungs ;  to 
suffocate  by  covering  up  closely  and  excluding 
air  from  ;  to  stifle. 

"  This  Is  the  place  In  which  my  dear  husband  ha4 
like  to  have  been  mothered  with  mud,  —  Buttyant 
PUprim'l  Proffreu,  pt  it 

2.  To  cover  closely  np:  as,  To  mother  a 
toe. 

3.  To  suppress,  to  stifle,  to  conceal,  to  ex- 
tinguish. 

a%nsl 

•  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  suffocated  or  stifled. 

Z.  To  suffocate,  to  stifle. 

"  The  smoflkerfiw  elouds  of  poisoned  air." 

Scon  :  Bridal  of  Mermala,  Ul  SI 

8.  To  smoke  without  vent ;  to  smoulder. 
"  Hay  and  straw  haw  a  Tory  low  degree  of  beat  t 

bat  yet  close  and  imothtrinu,  and  which  drteth  not. 
— £uron.-  If  tit.  Bitt. 

4.  To  be  suppressed  or  kept  close. 

"A  man  had  better  talk  to  a  post  than  let  his 

thoughts  lie  smoking  and  vnottering.  —CoiHer : 


-  Noticed  with  a  maOafd  sigh.- 

•      »  : /vu-Mna,  J 


*  smoth'-er,  a.    [SMOTHEB,  •.] 

1.  Smoke ;   thick  dust ;  thick  and  suffo- 
cating smoke :  hence,  confusion. 

"  Thus  must  I  from  the  smoke  Into  t 
From  tyrant  duke  unto  a  tyrant  brother. 

' 


2.  A  state  of  suppression. 

"  Therefore  men  should  procure  to  know  more,  and 
Cot  u,  keep  their  suspicions  in  mother.  —  Bat™-  • 
fu:iyt :  Of  Suspicion. 

*  smother-fly,  a,  A  popular  name  for  an 
unidentified  species  of  Aphis. 

"  The  people  of  the  Tillage  were  surprised  by  a 
•bower  of  aphides,  or  motlaT-JKet,  which  fell  In 
these  parts."—  tt'hit«:  Seldom*,  tot.  1111. 

•moth'-ered,  pa.  par.  at  a.    [SMOTHEB,  a] 

smothered  mate,  a. 

Chess :  A  form  of  mate  only  possible  when 
the  king  is  surrounded  by  his  own  men  and 
check  is  given  by  a  knight. 

••mSth'-er-I-ness,  *.     [Eng.   mother^, 
-MM.']  The  quality  or  state  of  being  smothery. 

srmoth  -er-ing,  pr.  par.  at  a,    [SitorHra,  < 

•  smdth'-er-Ing-ly,  adv.    fEng.  smothering, 
•In.]  '  In  a  smothering  manner;  suffocatingly 
suppressingly. 

•moth'-er-y,  o.    [Eng.  another;  -jr.] 

L  Tending  to  smother ;  stifling,  suffocating. 
2.  Full  of  smother  or  dust. 

•  smouch,  ».fc    [Prob,  allied  to  made  (2),  v 
(q.v.).  J    To  kiss,  to  embrace,  to  buss. 

"  What  bussing,  what  tmaucMnff  and  slabbering  one 
of  another."— stuobet :  Anatomy  of  Aouttt,  p.  114, 


smoul'-der,  smol'-der,  •  Bmool-der,  r.t. 

&  i.      [SMOULDER,  «.] 

A.  Trans.:  To  suffocate,  to  smother,  to 
choke. 

"They  preaased  forward  Tnder  their  ennlgnes.  bear- 
bw  downs  such  as  stoode  in  their  way.  and  with  their 
mat  nre  anootdtrfd  and  bnmt  them  to  ashea.  — 
Bollmhed:  Huturi,  of  England,  bk.  ii..  ch.  1*. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  Lit. :  To  burn  and  smoke  without  vent 
or  flame. 

2.  Fig. :  To  exist  in  a  suppressed  state  ;  to 
burn  inwardly  without  outward  sign  or  indica- 
tions, ns  a  thought,  a  passion,  or  the  like. 

••  Still,  though  thy  sire  the  peace  renewed.^ 
tiiHuulilerM  in  ficxleriek's  breast  the  fend." 

Scott :  Lady  o/  the  Lake,  11.  15. 

•  smoul'-der,  •  smol'-der,  «.    [The  same 
word  as  smother  (q.v.) ;  cf.  Low  Ger.  smoleti, 
tmelen  =  to  smoulder.]    Smoke,  smother. 

••  The  tmoulder  stops  onr  nose  with  stench." 

Gatcoigii*:  J/aike/or  Vitcount  Mountacule. 

*  smouT-dry,  a,  [Eng.  smoulder  ; -y.}  Smoth- 
ery, suffocating,  smouldering. 

•Tb  rough  «n«oui<lr»cloudofdusklahstlncklngsnioke." 
Spfnter  :  F.  ^.,  I.  vll.  13. 

"  smoutch,  r.t.    [SMOUCH.] 
smu9e,  smulce.  a.    [MUSE  (3), ».] 

smudge,  *  stnoge,  v.t.  [Dan.  »mtKi»  =  filth; 
smudse  =  to  soil,  to  dirty ;  Ger.  schmutz  =  smut ; 
tchmutzen  =  to  smudge.]  [Snur,  s.,  SMUTCH.  ] 

1.  To  smear  or  stain  with  dirt  or  filth ;  to 
blacken  with  smoke  ;  to  stain,  to  sully. 

"The  hunted  foT.  tmudged  and  bedraggled,  was 
viewed  away."— field,  Jan.  23.  1886. 

2.  To  stifle,  to  suffocate.    (Pnw.) 

"  3.  To  smoke ;  to  dry  with  smoke. 

-In  the  craft  of  catching  or  taking  it  (the  herring) 
and  tmudsing  iL"—.\at>ie:  Lenten  Stuff. 

smudge,  ».    [SMCDOE,  r.] 

1.  A  foul  spot,  a  stain,  a  smear. 

**  Anybody  can  make  a  dark  tmudffe  with  the  neces- 
sary amount  of  labour."— ^crUmtr'i  Jtaffati**.  August, 
1880.  p.  WO. 

2.  A  suffocating  smoke.    (Pror.) 

8.  A  heap  of  damp  combustibles,  partially 
Ignited,  placed  on  the  windward  side  of  a 
house,  tent,  &c,,  so  as  to  raise  a  dense  smoke 
to  keep  off  mosquitoes.  (Amer.) 

smudge-coal,  s.  A  miner's  name  for 
coal  which  has  been  partially  deprived  of  its 
bitumen  by  coming  in  contact  with  trap- 
dykes,  &c.,  in  a  state  of  heat,  and  so  been 
converted  into  a  kind  of  natural  coke.  Called 
also  Blind-coal,  Stone-coal. 

•mudg'-y.o.  [Eng.  madgCe) ;  •?.]  Smudged, 
smeary. 

With  madfr  telegrams  la  their  bands."—*, 
•s  OatetU,  April  7, 1880. 

smug,  •  smoog,  a.     [Dan.  tmvJc  =  pretty, 
fine,  fair;  O.  Sw.  «mtie*  =  elegant,  fine,  feir; 
8w.  smycto  =  to  adorn  ;  Low  Ger.  smvk  =- 
neat,  trim ;  Ger.  schmuck  (a.)  =  trim,  spruce 
(s.)  =  ornament.]    Neat,  trim,  spruce,  fine ; 
affectedly  neat  In  dress. 
-  Like  a  imtw  bridegroom."     Ktalutf.  i  Lear,  IT.  6. 
smug-faced,  o.    Having  a  smug  or  pre- 
cise lace ;  prim-faced. 

smug,  *  smugge,  r.(.    [Suno,  a.] 

1.  To  make  smug  or  sprnce ;  to  dress  npv 

"  Studiously  sweetened,  tmuprd  with  oil." 

Chapmant  Homer  i  Odyttey  z. 

2.  To  hush  np.    (Slang.) 

"  She  wanted  a  guarantee  that  the  ease  should  be 
tmuffoed.oT,  In  other  words,  compromised."— J*orr»'»" 
CAroHscte,  Oct.  ft,  1857. 

smug,  a.  f_A  contract,  of  smuggle  (q.v.).]  (See 
compound.) 

smug-boat,  (.  A  contraband  boat  on 
the  coast  of  China ;  an  opium  boat. 

smug'-glc,  t.t,  &  i.  [Dan.  nutgle;  t  smug 
=  in  secret,  privately ;  smughandel  =  contra 
baud  trade;  cf.  Dan.  smSge  =  &  narrow  pas 
sage ;  Sw.  smuga  =  a  lurking-hole ;  IceL  smuga 
=  a  hole  to  creep  through;  tmi&ga  (pa.  t. 
gmaug,  pL  smvgu,  pa.  par.  emoglnn\= to  creep 
A  A  tmeogan,  tmugan  =  to  creep.) 

A.  Trantltlre: 

1.  Lit. :  To  Import  or  export  secretly,  am 
against  the  law ;  to  import  or  export  withon 
paying  the  duties  Imposed  by  law. 

•  And  I  had  the  greatest  reason  to  believe  that  no 
a  single  article  was  mnayted  by  any  at  our  people. 
-CM*.-  first  l-oyaeel.  bk.  L.  ch.  U. 


2.  Fig. :  To  convey,  manage,  or  introduce) 
clandestinely. 

••  He  nerer  scamped  his  lesson  or  tmuygtad  cigars 
into  the  dormitory.  —&.  Jamei't  Otaette.  Jan.  «,  U8T. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  practise  smuggling. 

smug'-gler,  s.    [Eng.  smuggle);  -«r.] 

1.  One  who  smuggles;  one  who  imports  or 
ex]»orts  contraband  or  dutiable  goods  s. -nvtly 
and  without  paying  the  duties  imposed   by 
law. 

"The  moat  hazardous  of  all  tradM.  that  of  a  tmuf 
gltr."—s>»ilb  :  IVt'Uth  of  Ifatiota,  bk.  i.,  ch.  z. 

2.  A  vessel  employed  in  smuggling  goods. 

smug'-glmg,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SMCOOLE.]     L 

A.  &  B.  -ds  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
tin1  vt-rt'J. 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  or  practice  of  import- 
ing or  exporting  contraband  or  dutiable  gnods 
secretly  and  without  paying  the  duties   im- 
posed by  law  ;  the  act  or  practice  of  defraud- 
ing the  revenue  by  importing  or  exporting 
goods  clandestinely  without  payment  of  tli« 
duties   imposed   on  tfiem.     Smuggling    is   a 
serious    offense    in    many    countries,    being 
punishable  here  liy  a  heavy  fine  and  imprison- 
ment, beside  confiscation  of  the  contraband 
goods.    In  England,  by  the  Act  19  Geo.  III. 
C.  24,  it  was  constituted  felony  without  benefit 
of  clergy,  l>ut  is  now  punishable  by  flue  and 
Imprisonment. 

*  smug'-ly,  smug'-gly,  adv.    [Eng.  smug ; 
-ly.]    In  a  smug  manner;  neatly,  srtucely, 
finely. 

smug'- ness,  «.  [Eng.  tmug ;  -ness.l  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  smug;  spruceness, 
neatness. 

smuT-kin,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  An  Irish 
brass  coin,  value  Jd.,  current  iu  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth. 

*  smu'-ly,  a.     [Etym.    doubtful]    Looking 
smoothly  demure. 

smut,  «.    [Properly  smutch  (q.v.) ;  cf.  8\v.  met 
=  grease,  filth  ;  smeta  =  to  bedaub ;  emitta  = 
contagion ;  tmitte  =  to  Infect ;  Dan.  smitte  = 
contagion.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Lit. :  A  spot  made  with  soot  or  coal ;  the 
foul  matter  itself ;  a  particle  of  soot. 

"  The  steam  of  lamps  still  banging  on  her  cheeks 
In  ropy  tmut,"  Dryden  :  Juvenal,  sat.  Ti. 

2.  Fig. :  Obscene  or  ribald  language  ;  ob- 
scenity, ribaldry. 

"Spite,  or  tmut.  or  rhymes,  or  blasphemies. 
Pop* :  Satires      ' 

IL  Botany: 

1.  Dust-brand ;  s  fungus,  Ustilago  segttum 
(or  Carte),  which  attacks  the  ears  of  barley, 
oats,  and  rye,  but 

is  seldom  found  ou 
wheat.  In  appear- 
ance it  resembles 
bunt,  but  it  is  in- 
odorous. When 
examined  microsco- 
pically, the  black 
powder  Is  found  to 
consist  of  round 
spores,  smaller 
than  those  of  bunt 
and  without  reticu- 
lations. It  has  been  SPORES  or  SMUT. 
ascertained  that 

one  square  inch  of  surface  would  contain  not 
less  than  eight  millions  of  spores. 

"Fanners  have  suffered  by  smutty  wheat,  when 
such  will  not  sell  for  above  live  shilllnp  a  bn.h,]j 
whereas  that  which  is  free  from  smut  will  sell  for  ten. 
—Mortimer:  ffuttmndry. 

2.  Tilletia  caries, 
smut-ball,  s. 

Bat. :  (1)  Lycoperdo*  Bo^sta;  (2)  Tillftta 
caries, 

smut,  r.t.  &  i.    [SMUT,  «.] 
A*  Transitive  : 

1.  To  stain,  soil,  or  mark  with  smut ;  to 
blacken  or  stain  with  coal,  soot,  or  the  like. 

"Clotho  bad  her  nneers  tmultea  In  snufflm  th« 
candle."—  navxll:  Letter!,  bk.  ii.,  let  1. 

2.  To  affect  with  the  disease  known  as  smut 

"Men  or  boys  shonM  go  through  the  crops,  armed 
with  scissors,  by  which  they  are  toelipoirth<.«,m."«l 
heads,  and  let  them  fall  to  ths  ground.  —SmlOuv*. 
Vlf/ul  Rook  for  ftirmert,  p.  S&. 

*  3.  To  blacken,  to  stain,  to  taint,  to  tarnish. 

"B«  Is  far  from  being  «mu«<rf  with  the  soil  «1 
atheism."—  Hurt, 


fate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
«W,  wore,  woli,  work.  who.  »4n ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall  t  try.  Syrian.    «.  ca  =  e;  ey  =  a;  gu-kw. 


smutch— snailery 


4323 


•  4.  To  make  obscene. 

"Another  tmutt  his  scene." 

sreele :  Contcioia  Lover*.    (ProU 
B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  gather  smut ;  to  be  converted  into 
smut  ;  to  be  attacked  by  smut. 

"  White  red  eared  wheat  is  good  for  clays,  and  bears 
a  very  good  crop,  aud  seldom  tmutt.  —  Mortimer: 

2.  To  give  off  smut ;  to  crock. 
smutch,  t'.i.    [Sw.  smuts  =  smut,  dirt,  filth; 

smutw  =  to  dirt,  to  sully;  Dan.  smuds  — 
filth;  smudse  =  to  soil,  to  dirty.)  [SMUDGE, 
SMUT.)  To  blacken  or  soil  with  smoke,  soot, 
or  coal ;  to  smudge. 

"What?     Hast   tmtitched    thy    noee?"— Shaketp.  : 
Winter't  Tab.  L  2. 

smut9h,  *  smutclic,  s.  [SMUTCH,  «.]  A 
foul  spot  or  mark  ;  a  stain,  a  smudge. 

"Here  aud  there  an  ugly  imutch  :ip[iears." 

Courier:  Talk,  If.  108. 

smut'-mlll,  s.  [Eng.  emit,  and  mill.]  A 
machine  for  cleansing  grain  from  smut  or 
mildew. 

smut'-ti-ly',  adv.    [Eng.  smutty;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  smutty  manner ;  blackly,  foully. 

2.  In  an  obscene  manner ;  with  obscene  or 
filthy  language.    {Taller,  No.  269.) 

smut-tl  ness,  a.    [Eng.  smutty;  -JKJSS.) 

1.  The  quality  or  state   of  being  smutty; 
the  quality  or  state  of  being  soiled  or  foul,  as 
with  smut ;  the  state  of  being  affected  with 
smut, 

"  My  Tines  and  peaches,  upon  my  best  south  walls, 
were  apt  to  a  soot  or  iiuuttineu  ui*m  their  snsTee  " 
Temple, 

2.  Obscenity  orfilthinessof  language;  smnt. 

"  Snuuunm  Is  a  fault  In  beharlout.  M  veil  as  In 
teligion."— Coliifr:  Snglit*  SUffa,  p.  •. 

•muf-ty,  a.    [Eng.  ramf;  •».] 

1.  Soiled  with  smut,  coal,  soot,  or  the  like. 
-  Lilies  still  ere  lilies 

Fulled  by  tmu'l<j  hauda" 
£.  B.  BrotmtHg :  Aurora 

8.  Affected  with  smut  or  mildew. 
••  s,,,,<iy  corn  will  sell  dearer  it  ooe  time  them  tbe 
clean  at  another,  "—iocta. 

3.  Obscene,  filthy,  ribald. 

"  The  mtatt  Joke,  ridiculously  lewd." 

HmoUtu:  JLdttct,  m. 

n  tliiirMi-daj,  ».  pt.    [Hod.  Lat.  tmyn- 

«»);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -Mm.] 
Zool. ;  A  family  of  Collembola  (q.v.).  An- 
tennas four-jointed,  terminal  segment  long, 
ringed  ;  saltatory  appendage  composed  of  a 
basal  portion  and  two  arms ;  trachea  well 
developed.  There  is  but  one  genus,  Smyu- 
thurus,  with  several  species. 

,  n  thiir'-fts,  ».  [A  mlswritlng  for  smln- 
thtirus,  from  Gr.  oTuVtfos  (smlnthos)  =  a  mouse, 
and  oiipd  (oura)=  n  taiL]  [SMYNTHCBIDyE.] 

r'-ni-dsa  (yr  as  ir\  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat 

i ) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  surf,  -idee.] 
Sot. :  A  family  of  Apiaceae.    (Lindley.) 

r'-nl-um  (yr  as  ir),  ».  [Lat.  smyrnton  ; 
Gr.  ffftvpvtov  (sniurnion)  =  alexanders  (see 
def.),  the  seeds  of  which  taste  like  those  of 
nyrrh  ;  o-uu'pi/a  (smuma)  =  myrrh.] 
Sot. :  Alexanders  (q.v.);  the  typical  genus 
•  Smyiiiide  (q.v.).  Umbels  cf)!ni>ound  ; 
acts  and  bractioles  few  or  wanting ;  calyx- 
eth  minute  or  absent;  petals  lanceolate  or 
liptical,  with  an  inflected  point ;  fruit  of 
pro  nearly  globose  lobes  or  carpels,  eaoh 
rith  three  dorsal,  prominent,  sharp  ribs, 
he  two  lateral  ril>s  obsolete ;  vitt«  several. 
Six  or  seven  species,  from  the  north  temperate 
zone  of  the  eastern  hemisphere. 

smy'-ter-le,  smyt'-rie,  ».  [Etym.  doubt- 
ful.] A  numerous  collection  of  small  indi- 
viduals. (Scotch.) 

snack,  snak,  s.  [The  same  word  as  snnt'-h 
(q.v.).  A  snack  is  lit.  a  snatch  or  thing 
snatched  up.] 

*  1.  A  snatch  or  snap,  as  of  a  dog's  jaws. 
(Douglas:  Virgil;  ^Eneid  jtii.  754.) 

2.  A  share,  a  part,  a  portion.     Now  only 
nsed  in  the  phrase  to  go  snacks,  i.e.,  to  have  a 
anare. 

"  All  my  demurs  but  double  his  attacks ; 
At  laat  he  whispers,  'Doand  woffotnactt.'" 

Pope:  Satlret.   (ProU 

3.  A  slight,  hasty  repast ;   a   portion    of 
food  that  can  be  eaten  in  haste. 


*  snack,  i:t.    [SXACK,  «.]    To  go  snacks  in, 
to  share. 

"  He  aud  his  comrades  coming  to  an  luu  to  mack 
their  booty."— Smit h .•  Lite*  of  Biyhwaynun,  L  85. 
[UUJ 

snac'-ot,  a,    [A  corrupt,  of syngnathus  (q.v.).] 
Ichthy.  :  Syngnathus  ocus,  the  Great  Pipe- 
fish. 

snack'-et,  s.    [SNECKEI.) 

s'naf'-fie,  ».  [Short  for  snaffle-piece,  from  Dut 
snavel  =  a  horse's  muzzle ;  O.  Dut.  snubtl, 
snavel,  dimin.  of  snabbt,  snebbe  =  t\ie  bill  of 
a  bird ;  Ger.  schnabel  —  bill,  snout.] 

Harness :  A  bridle-bit  with  a  joint  in  the 
middle,  rings  at  the  ends  for  the  attachment 
of  the  reins,  without  branches,  but  in  some 
cases  having  chucks  (side-bars)  to  keep  the 
rings  from  getting  inside  the  mouth  of  the 
horse.  They  are  culled  jointed,  twisted,  or 
double-mouth  ana  (lies,  according  to  the  con- 
struction. 

"In  all  the  uortheru  counties  here, 
Whoee  word  is  Snuffle,  spur,  aud  spear, 
Thou  wert  the  beat  to  follow  gear. 

Scott:  Ian  o/IJu  Lout  lliiMrft,  T.  U. 

snaffle-bit,  s.    A  snaffle  (q.v.). 

snaf -fle,  v.t.  [SMAFFLE,  ».]  To  bridle ;  to 
hold  or  manage  with  or  as  with  a  bridle. 

"  Like  horses  mooted  with  the  bite 
Olfaucie,  leare.  ordm.hu" 

Mirrour/ar  Mayiaralet,  p.  MS. 

*  sniff,  a,    [Prob.  connected  with  rait/,  v.] 
The  wick  of  a  candle. 

snag,  «.  [Gad.  snagalr  =  to  carve  or  whittle 
away  wood  with  a  knife  ;  siwigh  =  to  hew,  to 
cat  down ;  Ir.  snalgh  =  a  hewing,  a  cutting ; 
I  cd.  magi  =  a  clothes-peg.] 

1.  A  stumpy  base  of  a  branch  left  In 
pruning ;  a  branch  broken  off  a  tree ;  a  knot, 
•  protuberance. 

"  The  one  her  other  leg  had  lame. 
Which  with  a  statf.  all  full  of  little  mai/l, 
She  did  disport."  Spetutr  1  /'.  o. ,  IL.  xL  51 

•S.  A  contemptuous  expression  fora  long, 
ugly,  irregular  tooth ;  a  snag-tooth. 
M  ID  China  none  hold  women  sweet, 
Kaoept  tlieir  titayt  are  black  as  jet.* 

Prior:  Al,na,n.Va. 

3.  The  tronk  of  a  large  tree  armly  fixed  to 
the  bottom  of  a  river  at  one  end,  and  rising  at 
the  other  to  or   nearly  to   the  surface,  by 
which  steamboats,  &c.,  are  often  pierced  and 
sunk. 

•*  We  paddled  a  good  four  miles  to  the  outlet  of  the 
lake,  carefully  avoiding  the  many  ntayM  of  sunken 
timijer.'—Scrittucr'i  Ataffastne,  Aug..  1877,  p.  447. 

4.  A  local  name  for  Prunus  spinosa. 

snag-boat,  s.  A  steam-boat  with  hoisting 
apparatus,  employed  on  the  western  rivers  of 
America  for  removing  snags. 

snag-tooth,  I.    [SNAO,  s.  2.) 

*  snog  (1),  v.i.    [Prob.  connected  with  natek 
(q.v.).]    To  snap,  to  cavil. 

Beware  olinagglnff  and  snarling  at  God's  secrets." 
:  NaamHH  the  Kjfrtan,  p.  K 


snag  (2),  v.t.    [SNAO,  >.] 

1.  To  trim  by  lopping  branches ;  to  trim 
or  cut  the  branches,  knots,  or  protuberances 
from,  as  from  the  stem  of  R  tree. 

2.  To  injure  or  destroy  by  running  against 
a  snag,  or  the  trunk  or  branches  of  a  sunken 
tree  :  as,  To  snag  a  steamboat.    (Amer.) 

snagged,  a.  [Eng.  snag,  s. ;  -ed.]  Full  of  or 
covered  with  snags  or  short  stumps  or  points ; 
full  of  knots. 

"  The  eye  reposes  on  a  secret  erldge. 
Half  gray,  half  m<itj{fd  with  ivy  to  Its  ridge." 
Wordnxirth:  Eoenina  Walk. 


snag'-gy,  a.    [Eng.  snag,  s. ;  -».] 

1.  Lit.;  Full  of  or  abounding  with  snags; 
snagged,  gnarled. 

"  His  stalking  steps  are  stayM 
Upon  a  tnaggy  oak."         Speruer:  F.<j,I.  vli.  10. 

2.  Fig. :  Ill-tempered.   (Tennyson :  KorOurn 
Cobbler.) 

snail,  *  snayle,  »  snegge,  «.     [A.S.  snatgl, 
snegel,  a  dimin.  from  s?wu?a  =  a  snake  (q.v.)  ; 
Sw.  snadca ;  Ger.  schnecke  ;  IceL  snigill;  ban. 
snegL] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  4. 

••  Bearing  bis  ixxwirlaid  hands  upon  hie  backe 
At  tnailel  their  sheila,  or  nedlers  do  their  packe." 
BI>.  Ball :  Batiret.  Iv.  2. 

2.  A  drone  ;  a  slow-moving  person.    [SLUG 
(1),  «.,  I.  1.] 


*  3.  A  tortoise ;  hence  the  name  of  an  an* 
dent  military  engine,  called  also  a  Testudo, 
(Maundcville.) 

II.  Technically: 

L  Bot. :  The  same  as  SNAII.-C-  <*"en  (q.v.). 

2.  Horol. :  A  flat  piece  of  u..,ial  of  spirally. 
curved  outline,  used  for  lifting  a  movable 
part,  as  the  hammer-tail  of  a  strikiug  clock. 

3.  Mach. :  A  spiral  cam, 

4.  Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Heli- 
cidse.    The  foot  of  the  animal  is  long,  pointed 
behind,  head  with  four  retractile    tentacles 
(of  which  the  anterior  pair  are  the  larger),  at 
the  tops   of  which   the  eyes  are  situated; 
mouth  with  a  strong  horny  upper  mandible ; 
the  tongue    broad  and  oblong,  armed   with 
numerous  rolvs  of  small  teeth.      Snails  are 
shell-bearing,  pulmoniffrous  molluscs,  univer- 
sally distributed,  feeding  chiefly  on  vegetable 
substances,  and  causing  great  damage  to  gar- 
den crops.     They  are  most  active  in  warm, 
moist  weather.     At  the  approach  of  winter, 
or  during  a  season  of  drought,  they  close  the 
month  of  their  shell  with  an  epiphragm  of 
hardened  mucus,  and  become   inactive  and 
torpid.    They  possess  in  a  high  degree  the 
power  of  repairing  injuries  both  to  the  shell 
and  to  the  soft  parts.    Helix  pomatia,  the  Edible 
Snail  of  Europe,  was  a  favorite  article  of  food 
with  the  ancient  Romans,  and  is  still  much 
esteemed  as  au  article  of   food  in  Southern 
Europe.      H.  aspera  U  also  eaten.    Snails  are 
found  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  earth,  several 
thousand  species  having  been  described. 

"Snailt  boiled  In  milk  are  popularly  regarded  as  a 
remedy  for  iliseiuwa  of  the  chest,  aud  for  thin  mirixjee 
they  are  brought  to  Coveut  Uardeu  market."—  Cham, 
btri  Cyclop.,  vlii.  786. 

snail-clover,  s.    [SNAIL-PLANT,  (1).] 
snail-fish,  5. 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  for  Liparis  llneatus 
and  L.  Tiwntagui,  the  two  British  species  of 
the  genus. 

snail-flower,  s. 

Sot.:PhateolusCaracalla.  The  specific  name 
was  given  it  by  the  Portuguese,  who  first 
brought  it  from  South  America,  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  flower  to  the  Gallic  mantle 
so  called,  from  which  the  Emperor  Caracalla 
was  named  or  nicknamed.  It  is  cultivated  in 
gardens  in  India. 

snail-like,  a.  &  adv. 

A.  As  adj. ;   Resembling  a  snail ;  moving 
very  slowly. 

B.  As  adv. :  Like  a  snail ;  in  manner  of  a 
snail ;  very  slowly. 

snail-movement,  *. 
Mach. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
eccentric  of  a  steam-engine. 

*  snail  paced,  o.  Moving  very  slowly, 
like  a  snail. 

•*  Impotent  and  mall-paced  beggary." 

Shakeip. :  Kichard  III,,  IT.  t. 

snail-plant,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  Medicago  smtellata,  called  also 
Snail-clover  and  Snail-trefoil ;  (2)  Medicago 
Helix,  the  legumes  of  which  in  their  spiral  con- 
volutions resemble  snails  of  the  genus  Helix. 

snail-shell,'.  The  shell  or  covering  of  a 
(nail. 

snail-slow,  n.    Slow,  lazy. 

"  Snall-tlow  In  profit. ' 

Xluitap. :  iferchaM  of  Fenfoe,  11.  eV 

snail-trefoil,  s.    [SNAIL-PLANT (l).] 
snail-wheel,  s. 

Horol. :  A  wheel  having  an  edge  formed  in 
twelve  steps,  arranged  spirally,  the  positions 
of  which  determine  the  number  of  strokes  of 
the  hammer  on  the  bell.  The  snail  is  placed 
on  the  arbor  of  the  twelve-hour  wheel. 

snail's  gallop,  s.  Motion  or  progress  so 
slow  as  to  be  almost  imperceptible. 

"  You  go  a  tiuiil't  gallop."^ Bailey  :  £ratmitt,  p.  tL 

snail,  v.l.  &  t.    [SNAIL,  s.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  move  slowly. 

"  Snail  on  ae  we  did  before."—  fiichardton  :  Clarln*. 
IT.  m 

B.  Trans. :  To  curve,  to  wind.     (Sylvester: 
Creation,  sixth  day,  first  week,  637.) 

*  snail'-er-y,  s.  (Eng.  mail,  s. ;  *ry,]  A  place 
where  snails  are  reared  or  fattened. 

"  The  numerous  Continental  tnuUrrlrt  where  the 
apple  snail  Is  cultivated  for  home  consumption  or  for 
the  market.1'— St.  Jamei't  Oawttt,  Hay  28.  1884. 


bo>;  ptfut,  Jfiwl;  eat,  fell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-dan.  -Uan  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -sion  =  zhun.   -ciou»,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4324 


snako— snap 


•make  *.  [A.S.  »nacn,  from  sittain  (pa.  t. 
tndf,  pa.i»r.  j/ii«;i)  =  t»  sneak  (q.v.);  cogn. 
with  Ice!,  sndkr,  sndkr;  Dan.  snog;  Sw.  tnok ; 
tense.  noga.J 

Zbol. :  A  serpent ;  any  member  of  the  rep- 
tilian family  Ophidia;  specially  marked  by 
the  absence  of  limbs,  and  by  their  slender, 
elongated  shape.  This  shape  is  probably  au 
adaptation  to  their  habit  of  creeping  through 
crevices  aud  among  dense  herbage,  conceal- 
ment being  one  of  the  characteristics  of  this 
family  of  animals.  They  may  be  broadly 
distinguished  into  tree  snakes,  usually  green 
in  color,  Blender  in  body,  aud  active  iu  motion  ; 
water  snakes,  found  both  iu  fresh  and  salt 
water;  burrowing  snakes,  with  rigid  cylin- 
drical bodies  and  narrow  mouths ;  and  ground 
makes,  to  which  class  the  majority  of  species 
belong.  They  are  covered  with  scales,  which 
yentrally  are  developed  into  strong  shields. 
These  shields  are  essential  to  the  life  of  the 
animal,  for  to  each  of  them  is  attached  a  pair 
of  ribs,  and  by  their  grip  on  the  ground  the 
animal  moves.  The  number  of  vertebrae  is 
Tery  great,  in  some  of  the  pythons  more  than 
four  hundred.  Many  snakes  are  poisouous,  the 
poison  being  conveyed  through  a  hollow  fang  to 
the  blood  of  the  victim.  They  vary  greatly  in 
size.  The  number  of  species  is  variously  esti- 
mated at  from  1000  to  1800. 

•J  A  make  in  the  grata:  A  secret  enemy. 
(Of.  Virgil :  Ed.  iii.  93.) 

snake  bird,  snake-neck,  >. 

OrmtA.:  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Plotus  (q.v.X  [See  extract,  and  illustration 
under  Darter.) 

"  They  an  also  oiled  Snute-nedo.  from  the  habit 
they  have  of  swimming  with  tbe  bod?  submerged, 
and  only  the  Deck  exposed  above  tbe  water,  no  that 
they  really  look  not  unlike  a  make  coming  aloof.  '— 
Caaelfi  .Vol.  Hilt..  IT.  JOO. 

snake-boat,  t.    [PAKBANIUHCHI.] 


Dot. :  Sunthia  Montana. 

snake-charmer,  s.  [SERPENT-CHARMER.] 

snake  charming,  «.  [SEBPKNT-CHAKH- 
nro.) 

•  snake-eel, ». 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  for  Ophinrus, 
SB  old  genus  of  Muraenidsp,  in  which  the 
extremity  of  the  tail  was  free,  and  not  sur- 
rounded by  a  fin. 

snake  fish,  «. 

Ichthy. :  The  genus  Cepola, 

snake-fly,  i.    [RHAPHIDIA.] 

snake  gourd,  >. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Trichosanthe*. 

snake-head,  s. 

1.  Bot. :  [SNAKE'S  BEAD]. 

2.  The  end  of  a  flat  rail  formerly  used  on 
American   railways,    which   was   sometimes 
loosened   and    thrown    up   by   the   carriage 
wheels,  and  frequently  entered  the  bodies  of 
the  carriages,  to   the  great  danger   of  the 
passengers. 

snake-headed  tortoises,  s.  ft. 

Z«oL*  The  genus  Hydromedusa,  from  Monte 
Video,  Buenos  Ayres,  and  southern  Brazil. 
The  buckler  is  large  and  flat,  the  neck  and  the 
bead  long  and  pointed. 

snake-line,  ». 

Kaut. :  Line  used  in  worming  a  rope. 

t  snake-lizard,  s. 

Zool.  IPl.) :  Lizards  without  visible  limbs, 
ss  Amphisbaena,  Anguis,  aud  Pseudopus. 

snake-moss,  s. 

Bot. :  Lycopodium  clavatum. 

snake-neck,  s.    [SNAKE-BIRD.) 

snake  nut.  s. 

Bot. :  Ophiotaryon  paradojntm. 

snake-piece,  . 

Naut. :  The  same  as  POINTER  (q.v.). 

snake-poison  nut,  s.   [SXAKE-WOOD,  3.] 

snake-rat,  .•. 

Zool. :  (See  extract). 

**  Some  tnikf.rati  ( Jfut alfxandrtmu]  escaped  In  the 
Zoological  Gardeui  of  London,  and  for  a  long  time 
afterwards  the  keepers  frequently  caught  Croat-bred 
lata,  at  r.rat  half-breeds,  afterwards  with  lees  and  leas 
of  the  character  of  tbe  fnoto-roA  tilt  at  length  all 
traces  of  It  disappeared.'— Darwin:  Far.  of  Anim.  t 
Plant*.  U.  87. 


snake -seed,  - 

B-A. :  The  genus  Ophiospermum. 
snake-stone,  s. 

1.  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of  Am- 
monite (q.v.). 

2.  A  kind  of  hone  or  whetstone  occurring  in 
Scotland. 

3.  The   name  given  to  any  substance  ap- 
plied as  a  specific  to  snake-bites  in  various 
countries.     Three  which  had    been  used  in 
Ceylon  were  submitted  to  Faraday  for  analysis. 
One  proved  to  be  a  piece  of  animal  charcoal, 
the  second  was  chalk,  and  the  third  was  of 
a  vegetable  nature,  and  resembled  a  bezoar. 
Only   the  first  could  have  any  effect,  and, 
possibly,  animal  charcoal,  if  instantaneously 
applied,  may  be  sufficiently  porous  and  ab- 
sorbent to  extract  the  venom  from  a  recent 
wound    before   it   can  be    carried  into    the 
system.    (Tenant:  Ceylon,  ed.  3rd,  L  200.) 

4.  A  local  name  for  a'  spindle-whorl  (q.v.) 
(See  extract.) 

"In  Uarria  A  Lewis  tbe  distaff  aud  spindle  are  still 
in  common  use.  and  yet  the  original  intention  of  the 
•tone  spindle-whorls,  which  occur  there  and  elsewhere, 
appears  to  be  unknown.  They  are  called  oJacV 
natAretcA.  adder-stones,  or  tnakeMone*.  and  have  an 
orlglu  assigned  them  much  like  the  ovum  anyuinum 
of  Pliny."— Svani:  Ancient  Stone  Implement*,  p.  Ml. 

snake-tall,  ».    [SHAKE'S  TAIL.] 
snake -worship,   «.    Serpent  -  worship 
(q.v.). 

"The  name  of  Nagpor.  and  the  number  of  non. 
Aryan  families  which  claim  a  Nigbanst  connection, 
soeins  to  show  that  MawMHrabfp  formerly  existed  in 
Grondwana." —  W.  W.  Hunter :  Imp.  tiatetteer  ttf  India, 
11.  ML 

snake's  beard,  «. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Ophiopogoa. 

snake's  flower,  «. 

Bot. :  Lychnis  resptrtina. 

snake's  head,  «. 

Botany: 

1.  Fri'illaria  Meleayru  ;  to  named  from  the 
chequered  markings  on  the  petals,  like  the 
scales  on  a  snake's  head.    (Prior.) 

2.  The  genus  Chelone.    (Amer.) 
Snake's  head  Iris  :  [IBIS,  t]. 

snake's  tall,  t. 

Bot.  :  Rottbollia  incurrata.  Called  also  Lep- 
turtts  incurvatus  and  L.  incurvus.  Named 
from  its  cylindrical  spikes.  (Prior.) 

snake's  tongue,  ». 
Bot.:  (1)  The  genus  Ophioglossum ;  (2) The 
genus  Lygodium. 

snake,  r.t.  &.  i.    [SNAKE,  ».] 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  drag  or  haul,  as  a  snake, 
from  its  hole.    (Frequently  with  out.)   (Amer.) 

2.  Mint. :  To  wind  round  spirally,  as  a  large 
rope  with  a  smaller  one,  or  with  cord,  the 
small  ropes  lying  in  the  indentations  between 
the   strands  of  the  larger   one ;  to   worm. 

[SNA  KINO.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  wind  or  crawl  like  a  snake ; 
to  move  with  serpentine  motion. 

"  Laced  about  with  innking  silver  brooks." 

Sylvester:  Creation,  seventh  day,  nrst  wk.,  81. 

snake' -root,  s.    [Eng.  make,  and  root.] 

Botany : 

1.  Polygonnm  Bistorta.    [BlSTOBT.] 

2.  Polygala  senega.    [SENEOA.] 

3.  Aristolochia  serpentaria.  [ARISTOLOCHIA.] 

4.  Tbe  genus  Ophiorhiza. 

snake -weed,    t  snake -wort,  s.     [Eng. 
snake,  and  weed  or  wort.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Polygonum  Fagopyrum  {Britten  £ 
Holland);  (2)  P.  Bistorta.  Named  from  its 
writhed  roots.  (Prior.) 

gnake  wood,  s.    [Eng.  make,  and  wood.) 
Botany: 

1.  The  genus  Ophioxylon  (q.v.). 

2.  Brosimum  Aubletii ;    called   also   Pira- 
linera  guianensis ;  an  Artocarpad,   sixty  to 
seventy  feet  high,  growing  in   Brazil.     The 
beautiful  heart  wood,  called  from  its  markings 
snake-wood,  is  exceedingly  hard. 

3.  Strychnos  colubrina,  a  climbing  Indian 
plant,  with  tendrils  believed  by  native  doctors 
to  be  a  cure  for  the  poison  of  the  cobra. 

4.  The  genus  Cecropia.    (Poxton.) 


snak   Ing,  s.    [Eng.  snak\e);  -ixy.] 
Xuutiati: 

1.  Passing  a  line  spirally  around  a  ro^e,  so 
as   to  lie  in  the  indentations   between  the 
strands.    [WoRMlNO.] 

2.  One  of  a  set  of  stoppers  passed  alternately 
from  one  stay  or  rope  to  another  throughout 
their  length  in  a  parallel  direction,  so  that  il 
one  is  shot  away  its  functions  may  be  per.  , 
formed  by  the  other. 

snak'-ish,  a.    [Eng.  snaS<e);  -ish.]     Having  I 
a  snake-like  form,  habits,  or  qualitk-s  ;  snaky. 

snak-y,  "snak-ie,  o.    [Eng.  snak(e);  -y.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  snake  or  snakes; 
resembling  a  snake. 

"  A  devil  with  horns,  cloven  hoof,  aud  a  tnajtj/  tail.'   ' 
—Macaulay:  lliit.  £ny.,  cli.  xxv. 

2.  Winding  in  and  out  like  a  snake ;  mean- 
dering. 

"  A  matier  stream  I  never  saw."— Dailg  Teleffraye,, 
Kept.  Si,  liii. 

*  3.  Having  or  consisting  of  snakes. 

"  Wings  on  bis  heels  were  bung,  aud  In  his  hand 
He  holds  the  virtue  of  the  tuaky  wand.'* 

Additan:  Ovid;  Kctamorphotet  1. 

4.  Sly,  cunning,  deceitful,  insinuating. 

"  Girded  with  «n<i*y  wiles." 

Milton  :  P.  «..  L  U*. 

snaky-headed,  a.     Having  snakes  In- 
stead of  hair  on  the  head. 

"  That  inaky-hfadtd  Gorgon  shield 
That  wise  Minerva  wore,  unconquer'd  virgin." 

Hilton  :  Camui,  HI. 

snap,  *  snappe,  r.t.  &  t.  [Dut.  snappm  =• 
to  snap,  to  snatch  ;  Dan.  snappe ;  Sw.  snappa  ; 
II.  H.  Ger.  snaben  ;  Ger.  tchnappen.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  break  instantaneously ;  to  break  short. 

"But  passion  rudely  tnafji  tbe  string." 

Cov per :  Human  fratttjf. 

2.  To  shut  with  a  sharp,  quick  sound. 

"  The  bowxy  sire 

First  shook  from  out  hU  pipe  the  seeds  of  fire. 
Then  tnapt  hia  box. '  Pope  :  Itunciad,  iv.  4M. 

3.  To  seize  or  catch  suddenly  ;  to  catch  un- 
expectedly. 

4.  To  bite  sharply  and  suddenly ;  to  seize 
suddenly  with  the  teeth. 

•  5.  To  catch,  to  swindle,  to  cheat. 

"  Since  tbe  privateers  and  logwood-ships  have  sailed 
this  way.  these  fisher-men  are  very  shy,  havlug  been 
often  tnupped  by  them." — Dumpier:  Vaj/tiyet,  vol  U., 
pt,  11.  ch.  L 

6.  To  crack ;  to  make  a  sharp  sound  with : 
U,  To  snap  a  whip,  to  snap  one  s  fingers. 

7.  To  break  out  upon  suddenly  with  sharp, 
angry  words  ;  to  catch  up.    (Sometimes  with 
up.  or  up  short.) 

"A  surly  Ill-bred  lord. 
That  chides  aud  tnapt  her  up  at  every  word." 

8.  To  cause  to  spring  back,  or  vibrate  with 
a  sudden,  sharp  sound  ;  to  twang. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  break  off  short ;  to  part  asunder  sud- 
denly. 

"  Tbe  wire  rope  mapped,  and  tbe  lift  and  Its  occu- 
pants fell  from  the  third  storey."— Daily  Ttttfrat* 
Dee.  13.  1885. 

2.  To  make  an  effort  to  bite ;  to  try  to  sei« 
with  the  teeth. 

••  With  little  can,  which  dare  his  way  molest. 
Snapping  behind." 

P.  rtetcher:  Purple  Ifani,  il 

3.  To  give  out  a  sharp,  cracking  sound,  i 
that  of  the  hammer  of  a  fire-arm  wlien  it  lall.' 
without  exploding  the  charge  :  as,  The  pisto 
mapped. 

4.  To  utter  sharp,  harsh,  or  angry  words 
(Generally  followed  by  at.) 

5.  To  catch  eagerly  at  a  proposal  or  offer 
to  jump  at  or  accept  an  offer  readily. 

TT  To  snap  off : 

1.  Transitive: 

(1)  To  break  suddenly. 

(2)  To  bite  suddenly. 

"To  have  had  our  two  noses  mapped  ojf  with  t» 
Old  men  without  teeth.'— Skakeip. :  Muck  Ada.  ».  1. 

2.  Intrant. :    To   break   or  part  asunde 
suddenly. 

snap,  s.    [SNAP,  v.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  sudden  breaking  or  rupture  of  an; 
•ubstance. 

2.  A  sudden,  eager  bite ;  a  sudden  selling 
or  attempt  to  seize,  as  with  the  teeth. 

3.  A  sharp,  cracking  sound,  as  the  crack  c 
a  whip. 


ftte,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pi* 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    «e,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  ki 


snapdragon— snarling 


432ft 


*4.  That  which   is  caught  by  a  sudden 
natch  or  grasp ;  a  catch. 
*5.  A  greedy  fellow. 

"  HL>  had  no  sooner  said  out  his  say,  but  up  rises  a 
cummin  map,  then  at  the  board."—  L Kttrange. 

6.  The    spring-catch    of  a  bracelet,  book- 
clasp,  purse,  reticule,  &c. 

7.  \  sudden  and  severe  interval  or  spell. 
(Applied  to  weather.) 

••  If  we  are  to  be  '  interned'  for  a  cold  map.  It  will 
V  a  i.lea»iir«  to  think  of  this  Tuesdays  sport  -Field, 
Jan.), 

8.  A  crisp  kind  of  gingerbread-nut  or  small 
cakf. 

*  9.  A  scrap,  a  fragment,  a  morsel. 

"Alms  of  learning,  here  a  map.  there  a  piece  of 
knowledge."—  Fuller :  Boltl  *  Profane  State,  V.  xiv.  1. 

10.  A  snack,  a  slight  refection. 

••  Two  hearty  meals  that  might  have  been  mistaken 
for  dinners  if  he  had  not  declared  them  to  be  inapt. ' 
—O.  Eliot :  Janet'l  Repentance,  ch.  1. 

11.  An  ear-ring  furnished  with  a  snap  to 
prevent  its  coining  out  of  the  lobe  of  the 
ear.    [8.] 

12.  A  children's  round  game  of  cards,  played 
by  three  or  more  players. 

13.  An  easy  or  profitable  situation.    (Slang.) 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Entam.  (PI):  A  popular  name  for  the 
Elaterids,  because  when  they  fall  or  are  laid 
upon  their  lack,  they  leap  into  the  air  with  a 
snapping  noise. 

•2.  Glass:  An  implement  used  in  making 
glassware. 

3.  Harness:  [SNAP-HOOK]. 

4.  Boilers:  A  tool  used  by  boiler-makers 
for  giving  the  head  of  a  rivet  a  round  and 
symmetrical  form  before  it  cools  but  after  it 
has  been  closed. 

snap-bugs,  s.  pi.    [SKAP,  i,,  II.  1.] 

snap-flask,  s. 

Found. :  A  two-part  flask  having  its  halves 
joined  together  by  a  butt-hinge  at  one  corner 
and  a  latch  at  the  diagonally  opposite  corner. 

snap-head,  s. 

Machinery : 

1,  A  round  head  to  a  pin,  bolt,  or  rivet 

2.  A  swaging  tool  with  a  hollow  correspond- 
ing to  the  required  form  of  a  rivet.      It  is 
tield  over  the  end  of  the  hot  rivet  and  struck 
by  a  hammer. 

snap-hook,  s.  A  hook  with  a  spring 
mousing  by  which  it  is  prevented  from  acci- 
dental disengagement  from  the  object  to  which 
It  is  attached. 

snap-link,  s.  An  open  link  with  a 
•pring,  for  the  purpose  of  connecting  parts 
of  harness,  chains,  &e. 

snap-lock,  s. 

Hardware  :  A  lock  with  a  spring-latch  which 
fastens  by  snapping. 

snap-shooter,  «.  The  same  as  SNAP- 
SHOT, 2. 

"I   cannot  but   believe  that  onr  brilliant   map- 
Aootert  ...  are  born,  not  made."— Field,  Jan.  B,  1887. 

snap-shot,  .*. 

1.  A  shot  fired  suddenly,  without  taking 
deliberate  aim. 

2.  One  who  is  skilled  in  shooting  without 
taking  deliberate  aim. 

"  1  myself  am  a  map-snot."— field,  Jan.  B.  1867. 

3.  Photog.:  A  picture  hurriedly  taken,  as 
with  a  detective  camera. 

snap-tree,  s. 

Bot. :  Justicia  hyssopifulia. 

•nap '-drag-on,  s.    [Eng.  snap,  and  dragon, 

1.  Bot. :  (1)  The  genus  Antirrhinum  (q.v.)  ;  (2) 
Silent  Antirrhina;  (3)  Linaria  mlgaris.  (Brit- 
ten t  Holland.) 

2.  Class :  A  kind  of  tongs  used  by  glass 
blowers  to  hold  their  hot  hollow  ware. 

3.  A  game  in  which  raisins  are  snatche< 
from  burning  spirit,  and  put  into  the  mouth. 

4.  That  which  is  eaten  at  snapdragon. 

•nape,  v.t.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Shiptmild. :  To  bevel  the  end  of  a  piece  o 
timber,  so  as  to  make  it  fit  against  a  surfac 
which  it  meets  obliquely.  Tins  angular  fitting 
Is  also  termed  flinching,  snying,  laying,  &c. 
In  different  trades. 

snaped,  pa.  par.  or  a. 


snap  -hance,   »  snap-haunoe,  s.    [Dut. 
snaphaan  =  a  firelock  ;  0.  Dut.  snai>haen.\ 

1.  The  name  formerly  applied  to  the  spring- 
lock  of  a  tire-arm.    The  word  and  the  object 
were  derived  from  Continental  Europe.     The 
snaphance    superseded   the  wheel-lock,   and 
fell  upon  a  movable  piece  of  steel,  called  a 
frizel,  which  was  placed  vertically  above  the 
pan.    Hence,  a  firelock,  a  musket. 

"There  arrived  four  horsemen  .  .  .  very  well  ap- 
pointed,  having  tnaphances  h.-iiitfing  at  the  pommel  of 
their  saddles."— Snelton :  Don  Quixott.  Iv.  16. 

2.  A  snappish  retort ;  a  curt,  sharp  answer ; 
a  repartee. 

snap  -per,  s.    [Eng.  snap,  V. )  -arj 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  snaps  or  snatchflft 

"My  father  named  me  Autolycus,  buns  Uttered 
under  Mercury  ;  who.  as  I  am.  was  likewise  a  mapper 
up  of  unconsidered  trifles."—  Shaketp.  :  Winter't  Tale, 
Iv.  3. 

2.  A  cracker,  or  bonbon. 

"  Narty  French  lucifer  mapperi  with  mottos." 
Barnam:  Ing.  l.effendl;  Wedding-dag. 

'3.  (PI.):  Castanets. 

"  The  instrument*  not  other  than  mappers,  glngles, 
and  round-bottomed  drums."—  Sandyi:  Travel!,  p.  172. 

II.  Ichthy. :  Pagrus  unicolor.    [PAORDS.] 
snap'-ping,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SNAP,  v.] 

snapping  mackerel,  «.  A  young 
bluefish. 

snapping  tool,  s. 

Metal-nwk. :  A  stain 
a  plate  into  holes  in  a 

snapping  turtle,  s. 

Zool. :  Chelydra  serpentina,  widely  dis- 
tributed over  the  United  States.  They  grow 
to  a  consi- 
derable size, 
a  weight 
of  twenty 
pounds  be- 
ing far  from 
uncommon, 
and  are 
prized  as 
food.  Their 

popular  SNAPPINO-TURTLE. 

name  Is  de- 
rived from  their  ferocity  in  captivity,  and 
their  habit  of  biting  or  snapping  at  every- 
thing that  comes  in  their  way.  Called  also 
Alligator  Terrapin  and  Alligator  Tortoise. 

snap -pish,  a.    [Eng.  snap  ;  -ish.] 

1.  Ready  or  apt  to  snap  at  or  bite  people. 

2.  Sharp  in  reply  ;  apt  to  speak  sharply  or 
harshly. 

3.  Sharp,  harsh,  tart,  bitter. 

"SnappU*  dialogue,  that  flippant  wlto 
Call  comedy."  Cowper  :  Talk,  Iv. 1*8. 

snap'- pish -ly,  adv.  [Eng.  snappish;  -ly.] 
In  a  snappish  manner;  peevishly,  angrily, 
tartly. 

"  Nell  answered  him  .rK.wK.Wy.  •  How  can  that  be. 
When  my  husband  hat  been  more  than  two  years  at 
Beat"*  Prior:  A  Sailor  t  Wife. 

Snap'-pfeh-ness,  s.  [Eng.  snappish  :  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  snappish ;  pee- 
vishness, tartness. 

"  Ha  threatened  with  great  mappiihneu  to  flog  me," 

—  Wakeflrld. :  Memoirt,  p.  23. 

snap'-p^,  o.  [Eng.  snap ; -y.]  Snappish,  sharp. 

•snap1- sack,  ».  [Sw.  snappstkk ;  Ger. 
schnappsack.)  A  knapsack. 

"  We  should  look  upon  him  as  a  strange  soWIerJthat 
when  he  Is  upon  hi 


on     m  as  a  srange  s 
march,  and  to  go  upon  service 
Instead  of  his  sword  should  take  hismaploc*.  —  South 


Sermont,  viii.  233, 

snapt,  pret.  i  pa,,  par.  ofv.    [SNAP,  ».] 

snap'  -weed,  ».    [Eng.  snap,  and  weed.] 
Bot.  :  The  genus  Impatiens. 

*  snar,  *  snarre,  v.l.  [O.  Dut.  snarren  = 
to  brawl,  to  snarl  ;  Ger.  schnarren  =  to  snarl.. 
To  snarl. 

that  did  seeme  to  grin. 


snare,  «•    [A.S.  sMor  =  a  cord, a  string;  cogn 
with  Dut.  snaar  =  a  string ;  Icel.  snara  =  l 
snare,  a  halter ;  Dan.  mare  ;  Sw.  snara  ;  0 
H.  Ger.  snarahha.] 
1.  A  string  formed  into  a  noose ;  a  noose. 

"  Honglde  himself  with  a  .nan."—  WycUfe:  llattluw 


DM 

til! 


2.  A  contrivance,  generally  consisting  of  a 
noose  or  set  of  nooses  of  cords,  hair,  or  the 
like,  by  which  a  bird  or  other  animal  may  be 
caught ;  a  gin,  a  noose. 

3.  Hence,  anything  by  which  one  is  en- 
tangled, entrapped,  or  inveigled  and  brought 
into  trouble. 

"  Yet  are  we  so  weake,  and  the  marcs  and  occasion* 
so  innumerable,  that  we  fall  dayly  and  hourely."— 

Tynd<dl :  JtWArj.  p.  t»l. 

4.  The  gut  stretched  across  the  head  of  a 
drum. 

snare-drum,.'.  [DRUM  (1),  t.,  II.  1.  (1>1 

snare,  v.t.  &  I.    [SNARE,  s.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  catch  in  or  with  a  snare ;  to 
take  or  catch  by  guile ;  to  bring  into  unex- 

!Cted  evil,  perplexity,  or  danger;  to  en- 
mgle. 

"  Had  her  eyes  disposed  their  lookes  to  play, 
The  king  had  tnared  beene  lu  loues  strong  lace." 
rairr/ax :  Oodfrty  of  Boulogne,  II.  20. 

B.  Intrans. :    To    catch    birds,    &c.,  with 
snares  ;  to  set  snares  for  birds,  &c. 

"  But  be,  triumphant  spirit !  all  things  dared. 
He  poached  the  wood  and  on  tlu<  warren  tntired. 
Crablt :  Parish  Register. 

snar'-er,  s.  [Eng.  snar(e),  v. ;  -er.)  One  who 
lays  snares  or  traps. 

"  Never  prate  on 't ;  nor,  like  a  cunning  tnarer, 
Hake  thy  clipped  name  the  bir  I  to  call  it  others. 
Mitlil!eto/<  :    ll'ifc'A. 

*  snark,  v.l.  [Sw.  snarka,  =  to  snore  loudly.] 
To  make  a  grating  noise. 

"  I  will  not  quite  compare  It  to  a  certain  kind  of 
mirking  or  gnashing."— Hole*  A  Querist.  Sept.  2*, 
wet,  p.  2.8. 

snarl  (1),  "snarlo  (1),  v.l.  [A  freq.  from 
snar  (q.v.).J 

1.  Lit. :  To  growl,  as  an  angry  or  surly  dog  j 
to  gnarl. 

"  Dogs  that  tnnrl  about  a  bon» 
And  play  together  when  they've  none. 

Butler  :  Hudtbrai.  111.  S. 

2.  fig, :  To  speak  roughly  or  crossly ;  to 
talk  harshly. 

"Do  ye  narte.  yba  black  illlt  she  look,  like  tb« 
picture  of  America.11— Beaum.  t  flet.:  JCntglU  at 
Italia,  T.  L 

»  snarl  (2),  *  snarlo  (2),  v.t.  [A.  freq.  from 
tnare  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  entangle,  to  complicate ;  to  Involv* 
In  knots. 

"And  from  her  baofce  her  garment*  she  did  tear*. 
And  from  her  head  ofte  reut  her  marled  heare. 
Spetaer:  f.  O...  III.  xlt  T. 

2.  To  confuse,  to  embarrass,  to  entangle. 

"You  tnarle  yourself  Into  so  many  and  heynoua* 
absurdities,  as  you  shall  never  be  able  to  wynde  your. 
self  oute."— XSu.  Cranmer:  Am.  to  Bf.  Sardner. 

snarl  (3),  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  To  rail* 
hollow  work  in  metals  by  percussion. 

snarl  (1),  «.  [SNARL  (1),  «.]  A  growl,  * 
quarrel ;  an  angry  controversy. 

snarl  (2),  ».  [SNARL  (2),  ».]  An  entangle- 
ment ;  a  knot  or  complication  of  hair,  thread, 
&c. ;  hence,  intricacy,  complication,  embar- 
rassing difficulty. 

"  I  have  always  observed  tbe  thread  of  life  to  b» 
like  other  threads  or  skeins  of  silk,  full  of  mnrlei  and 
lncumbran««a.>1-/«aac  Waltm:  Ufe  of  a.  Bereert 
(1670). 

snarl-knot,  ».  A  knot  that  cannot  be 
drawn  loose.  (Prov.) 

snarl'-er,  ».  [Eng.  snarl  0),  '• :  •«••]  °.M 
who  snarls  or  growls;  a  growling,  surly, 
quarrelsome  person. 

••  Lie  down  obscure,  like  other  folks. 
Below  the  lash  of  tnnrleri'  Jokes.' 

Svtft:  To  Dr.  Delaiuf. 

snarl -Ing,  o.  &  s.    [SNARL  (1),  v.] 

A.  As   adj. :    Growling,    surly,   snappish, 
quarrelsome. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  one  who  snarls  ;  • 
snarl,  a  growl. 

"  I  was  startled  by  a  furious  marling  and  yapping 
behind."— A'Utey  :  Black  Poodle. 

snarling-letter,  ».    The  letter  R.    [B.] 
*  snarling-muscles,  i.  pi. 

Anat, :  A  popular  expression  used  by  Bell 
for  the  muscles  employed  by  a  dog  in  snarling. 
(Darwin:  Descent  of  Man  (ed.  2nd),  p.  41.) 

snarT  ing,  ».    [SNARL  (3),  ».] 

Metal-work.:  A  method  of  raising  hollow 
works  in  metal  by  percussion. 
snarling-lron,  s. 
Metal-work.:  A   tool   used   for  fluting  of 


bSH,  b6»;  p6nt,  J6>1;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  si 
•clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tlon.  -slon  =  shun ;  -flon,  -flon  =  zhun,   -clous,  -tious. 


in,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   p 
-sioua  =  Bhus.   -Die,  -die,  fcc.  =  *«I. 


4326 


gnarumite— sneer 


embossing  works  in  sheet-metal,  when,  from 
their  shape,  swages  cannot  be  applied.  Its 
two  emit)  are  oppositely  curved,  one  being 
held  by  the  jaws  of  a  vice,  and  the  other 
inserted  through  the  mouth  of  the  vessel  and 
•pl'lied  to  the  part  to  be  rained.  The  ir-'ii  i> 
struck  with  a  hummer,  and  the  reaction  pivt-s 
a  blow  within  the  vi-^el,  tin-owing  the  metal 
out  in  form  corresponding  to  that  of  the  tool, 
whetiier  angular,  cylindrical,  or  globular. 

•nar  um-ite,  s.     [After  Snarum,  Norway, 
w  IK'  re  I'.mnd;  suIT.  -ite  (M  in.).] 

J/in.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  columnar 
tufts  of  crystals  and  massive,  »>ni 
associated  uith  mica.  Hardness,  4  to  5'5, 
the  lowest  on  cleavage  surface,  which  is 
parallel  with  the  length  of  the  crystal  ;  sp.  gr. 
2'MVi  ;  lustre  on  cleavage  face,  pearly,  else- 
where vitreous;  colour,  reddish-  to  grayi>]i- 
white.  An  analysis  yielded  :  silica,  W90  ; 
alumina,  13'5j  ;  protoxide  of  iron,  T90  ; 
magnesia,  19'40  ;  lime,0'87  ;  soda  and  potash, 
4'50  ;  ioas  on  ignition,  2'86  =  100-98. 
Des  Cloizeaux  suggests  that  in  view  of  its 
optical  properties,  it  is  probably  an  altered 
aluminous  authrophyllite. 

*snar'-y,  a.    [Eng.  «iar(e);-jr.]   Of  the  nature 
of  a  snare  ;  entangling,  insidious. 
"  Spider.  la  the  vault  their  ntarjf  weba  have  •pread." 
frryden.     (Todd.) 

jfifarti,  t.i.    [Cf.  6w.  snaaa  =  to  chide  sharply.] 
To  use  abusive  language.    (Scotch.) 


l  3.      [SMASH,  V.]     Abuse. 
"  Poor  tenant  bodice,  scant  o  each, 
How  they  mauu  tUoie  a  factor  •  tnnih.' 

Burnt  :  The  Ttea  Dofft. 

•nast,  "snaste,  «.    [From  the  root  of  A.S. 
tnidhan  =  to  cut.] 

1.  The  snuff  of  a  candle. 

"Some  part  of  tin  candle  WM  oonsnmed.  and  the 
4n*t  gathered  aboat  the  matte."—  Bacon:  .Vat  Hut.. 

2.  The  wick  of  a  candle  or  lamp. 

"And  thus  in  our  dale*  do  men  practise  to  make 
longlaating  intuti  for  buupea."—  /frown*.*  Fuiyar  £r- 
rourt,  bk.  hi.,  oh  xir. 


•nat.  «.     [SSOT.] 

*  sn^t  nosed,  a.    Snub-nosed. 
Apoph.  oftimmus,  p.  250.) 


(Udal  : 


ditch,  *  anacchen,  *  sneochen,  v.t.  &  i. 
[A  weakened  form  ofsnakken,  fn>m  Out.  snafc- 
ken  =•  to  grasp,  to  desire,  to  aspire  ;  Low  Ger. 
tnakken;  Prov.  Ger.  schnakken  =  to  chatter.] 

[SNACK.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1  .  To  seize  hastily  and  suddenly  ;  to  seize 
Or  take  without  permission  or  ceremony. 

**  A  pone  ot  gold  most  resolutely  matched.' 

:  1  Hcnrg  /F.,  i.  S. 


2.  To  seize  and  transport  away. 
*  I  -ink  down  in  a  sinful  fray. 
And  'twlxt  night  and  U&tth  was  tnatcJitd  away." 
Start  :  Lady  <tf  the  Lake,  IT.  Ifc. 

*3.  To  take  away,  to  rob. 

"  The  life  of  Helen  WM  f  ou  lly  matched." 

Shikiip.  ;  AU't  Hell,  T.  IB. 

B,  Intransitive: 

1.  To  attempt  to  seize  anything  suddenly  ; 
to  catch.    (Generally  with  ot.) 

"  Like  a  dog  that  in  compelled  to  fight, 
Snatch  at  bit  matter  that  doth  tarre  him  on." 
tShakrtp,  :  King  John,  iv.  l. 

2.  To  poach  for  flsh  in  the  manner  described 
SB  the  extract. 

"  Snatching  is  a  form  of  illicit  pisclcaptum.  A  large 
trimgle  is  attached  to  a  HIM  uf  nue  gut  well  weighted 
with  swan-cbotorauuall  plummet.  Some  *  matchers' 
will  on  two,  three,  or  even  four  triangles:  but  the 
mode  of  tiperatiou  is,  of  course,  the  same.  The  line  is 
then  dropped  into  some  quiet  place  where  flsh  are 
plentiful—  a  deep  corner  pom,  or  the  outfall  of  a  drain, 
or  the  mouth  of  a  small  affluent—  and,  aa  soon  aa  the 
plummet  has  touched  the  bottom,  is  twitched  violently 
up.  It  ia  almost  a  certainty  that  on  tome  one  or  other 
01  the  hooka,  and  possibly  on  more  than  one,  will  he  a 
fiab  fottl-hooked,"—  Standard,  Oct.  21,  1STI. 

•nat9h,  snatche,  *.    [SNATCH,  ».] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  hasty  catch  or  seizing. 

2.  A  catching  at  or  attempt  to  seize  sud- 
denly. 

3.  A  short,  sadden  fit  of  vigorous  action. 

"  They  more  by  nta  and  rnatcJtei  ;  so  that  It  is  not 
Conceivable  how  they  conduce  unto  a  tnutiuu.  which 
by  renaon  of  its  peri-etui  ty,  must  Oe  regular  and  equal." 
—  Votiw  D*d<l*t. 

4.  A  small  piece,  fragment,  or  quantity. 

"  At  nil  door  he  etood, 
Aad  whistled  many  a  match  of  merry  tunes." 

Wordtwrth  :  Sxmrtion,  bk.  1. 


5.  A  hasty  repast,  a  snack.    (Scotch.) 
•6.  A  shuffling  answer. 

"Leave  your  tnatcke*,  yield  me  a  direct  mntwer."— 
A'jAYJf.  „•  Meaturufvr  .Venture,  iv.  i 

EL  Naut.  :  An  open  lead  for  a  rope. 
[SNATCH  BLOCK.)  If  it  be  without  a  sheave, 
it  is  known  as  a  dumb-snatch,  such  as  are 
provided  on  the  bows  and  quarter*  for  hawsers. 

snatch-block,  5. 

Naut.  :  A  single  block  which  has  an  opening 
(notch)  in  one  cheek  to  receive  the  bight  of  a 
roi«.  The  block  ia  iron-bound,  with  a  swivel 
hook.  The  portion  of  the  strap  which  < 
the  opening  or  snatch  in  the  shell  is  hinged, 
so  as  to  be  laid  back  when  the  bight  of  the 
rope  is  to  tw  Ituwrted,  when  warping  the  ship. 
This  savos  the  trouble  of  reeving  the  end 
through.  Large  blocks  of  this  kind  are  called 
viol-blocks  or  rouse-about  blocks. 

snatch'-er,  *.    [Eng.  match,  v.  ;  -er.] 

L  One  who  snatches;  one  who  seizes  sud- 
denly or  abruptly;  s  pilferer.  [SNATCH,  v.t 
B.2.] 

"  We  do  not  mean  the  coursing  tnatchert  only, 
But  fear  the  main  iuteudment  of  the  Scot/* 

ShaXttp.  :  Benry  r..  L  2. 

*2.  (PI):  A  book-name  for  the  Baptores 


Snatch'  -ing,  pr.par.  or  a.    [SNATCH,  v.} 

'  snat9h'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  snatching;  4y.] 
By  snatching  ;  hastily,  abruptly. 

*snat9h'-jf,  a,  [Eng.  snatch;  *y.J  Consist- 
ing of  or  made  up  of  snatches  or  sndden  etarte 
or  fits. 

snath*  snathe,  *.    [A.S.  tnad,  from  xnidhan 
=  to  cut]   "The  helve  of  a  scythe  ;  a  sneath. 
"  There  crooked  rn'itht  of  flexile  sallow  make, 
Or  of  tough  a*h  the  fork-st.-ile  and  the  rake,1* 
hcott:  Amaboan  Eclogue,  2. 

enathe,  v.t.  [A.S.  snidhan;  Icel.  yneitha; 
Goth,  gneithan;  Ger.  Khneiden.}  To  lop,  to 
prone, 

snaf-t&ck,  a.  [Eng.  snath;  dim.  sun*,  -ock.} 
A  chip,  a  slice.  (Prov.) 

"  Stutttock*  of  that  very  cross  ;  of  cedar  some.  Mine 
of  Juniper."—  Gay  ton:  On  Don  Quixote,  fk  f7& 

snaw,  s,    [Snow.]    (Scotch.) 

anaw-broo,  «.    Melted  snow.    (Scotch,) 

"  lit  mony  a  torrent  down  to  bU  tna'-broo  rowea," 
Burnt  :  1  A«  Brigt  </  Ayr. 

snaw'-ie,  «.    [SNOWY.]   (Scotch.) 

snead  (1),  sneed,  ».  [A.a  snced.]  The  handle 
of  a  scythe. 

•"This  Is  fixed  on  a  lonsr  tneeJ,  or  atmlght  handle, 
and  doea  woinlerfully  expeiiite  the  triuiming  of  the^e 
and  the  like  h*dp*V£lNfe«tf  s»ln,  bk,  iL.  ch.  ii.,  i  :. 

snead  (2),  *.  [SNOOD.]  A  ligament  ;  a  line  or 
string.  (Prov.) 

Sneak,  *snike,  v.i.  &  (.  [A.S.  $nican=  to 
creep;  Sw.  diaU  eniga  =  to  creep;  snika  = 
to  Itanker  after  ;  Ir.  or  Gael,  snaiah*  tnaig 
—  to  crawl,  to  sneak.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  creep  or  steal  privately  ;  to  move  or 
go  furtively,  as  though  afraid  or  ashamed  to 
be  seen  ;  to  slink,     (Followed  by  off.  away. 
Ac.) 

"If  he  was  a  fierce  bally  he  tneakcd  off.  muttering 
that  he  ahould  find  a  time."—  Macaulay;  Bat.  Enj., 
ch.iiL 

2.  To  behave  with  meanness  and  servility  ; 
to  crouch. 

"So  Pliable  Bat  tneaJdny  among  them."—  Aunya*  ; 
PUyrim't  Progrtu,  pt.  U 

B.  Transitive: 

*  L  To  hitle,  to  conceal. 

2.  To  steal,  to  pilfer.    (Slang.) 

sneak,  *sneake,  «.    [SNEAK,  v.] 

1.  A    mean,    cowardly,    and    treacherous 

fellow. 

2.  A  petty  thief.    (Slang.) 

sneak-boat,  «.  A  small  flat  boat  in 
which  gunners  endeavor,  by  means  of  weeds 
and  brush,  to  conceal  their  approach  from  the 
fowl  they  wish  to  surprise. 

*  sneak-cup,  *  sncake-cuppe,  s.  One 

who  sneaks  from  his  cup  or  liquor  ;  a  paltry 

fellow. 

"  Howf  The  prince  Is  a  Jack,  a  t>i*-ik-rup,  and 
If  he  were  here.  I  would  cudgel  him  like  a  dog  if  be 
were  to  say  w."—  .'ttaJtew  :  1  Henry  IT.,  ill.  s. 


sneak  -er,  «.    [Eng.  sneak  ;  -er.J 

1.  One  whosneuks  ;  a  sneak  ;  a  paltry  fellow. 

"  Many  had  abandoned  the  faith,  aud  more  I,  ad 
been  *n«a*er«aud  tiuieservera,'  —  Watcrland:  Workt, 
Iii.  420. 

*  2.  A  small  vessel  of  drink  ;   a  kind  of 
punch-  bowl. 

"  He  walked  up  to  the  room  where  Joseph  Uy  ;  but 
finding  him  asleep,  returned  to  take  the  other 
sneaker."  —  fielding:  Jotepk  Andrews,  bk.  i.,  ch.  mn. 

Sneak'-  1  -ness,  «.  [Eng.  sneaky;  -ne«.J 
Sneak  ingness. 

sneak'-ing,  a.    [Eng.  mxik  ;  -ing.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sneak  ;  acting  like 
a  sneak  ;  servile,  crouching,  base. 

"  This  fawning.  tneaJtiay,  and  flattering  hypocrite." 
—  StiM  ingjleet  :  Vermont,  voL  ii-,  aer.  1. 

2.  Secret,  clandestine,  as  if  of  a  nature  to 
be  ashamed  of. 

"  For  they  iioaaesaed,  with  all  their  pother, 
A  tneaicinjj  kiudneai  for  each  utber." 

Coinbe  :  Dr.  Syntax,  L  T. 

Sncak'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  *neaki*ff  ;  -iy.) 
In  a  sneakiug  manner;  meanly,  basely,  ser- 
vilely. 

"  While  you  tneaMitgJy  submit, 
And  b«g  for  pardon  at  our  feet," 

Butler:  Lady'i  Annovr  ta  the  SniglU. 

snealt-Ing-nSss,  «.  [Eng.  sneaking  ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sneaking; 
meanness. 

"  A  ttteakinynett,  which  so  Implies  a  guilt,  that 
where  It  i>rocueUa  not  from  a  fault,  it  is  one,"—  Bog  U  ; 
Work*,  ri  l& 

*sneaks'-b^,  s.    [SNEAK,  v.}    A  sneak;  a 

paltry  fellow. 

"A  demure  tneaJtiby.  a  clownish  •tnfiuiarUL"— 
Barrow  :  Sermons,  vol.  ill.,  aer.  34. 

'-^,  a.    [Eng.  sneak;  -y.]    Sneaking. 

*  Bneap,  v.t.     [Icel.  sneypa  =to  castrate  .  .  . 
to  snub  ;  sneifpn  =  disgnice.     From  the  same 
root  as  snib  or  snub  (q.v.).] 
L  To  check,  to  reprove,  to  reprimand. 

•*  Life  that's  here,  .  .  . 

is  often  tneay'd  by  nnguish  and  by  fear.™ 

Dr.  a.  More  :Sona  o/  tke  &>nl.  IIL  UL  IS. 

2.  To  nip,  to  pinch. 

"  Sneapins  winds  at  home." 

.:   W  tnter't  Tale,  \.  i. 


*  Bnoap,  s.   [SNEAP,  v.]  A  reprimand,  a  check, 
a  snub. 

"My  lord.  I  will  not  undergo  this  m»ap  ,  without 
reply-  —  SitaJtetp.:  2  Henry  /»'.,  U.  1. 

sneath,  sneathe,  s.    [SNATH.] 


*  sneb,  snebbe,  v.t.     [A  form  of  snib  or  snvb 
(q-v.).J     [SNEAP.J     To  check,  to  chide,  to 
reprimand. 

"  On  a  time  he  cut  htm  to  scold 
And  mebbe  t!ie  gvod  iwk.  for  he  WM  old" 
Sptnttr :  *h,-jjht:ardt  Calender ;  FA. 

sneck,  *  snccke,  *  snick,  v.t.    [SNECK,  a] 
To  fasten  with  a  latch  or  catch. 

"Keep  them  hard  and  fast  t  necked  up,  and  It '«  ft* 
very  weel."— Scott  :  Antiquary,  cb.  xxix. 

sneck,  *  snecke,  snek, '  anckke,  *  snick, 

«.    [Prob.  from  snack  ~  snatch. J    A  latch  ;  a 
catch  or  fastening  of  a  door. 

sneck-drawer,  s.  A  latch-lifter ;  a  bolt- 
drawer  ;  a  sly  feHow. 

"gyddall    Is   an   auld   tMcJt-drawer.'— Scott :    K<* 
Roy,  ch.  xxxvtii. 

an eck- drawing,  a.     Crafty,  cozening, 
cheating.    (Scotch.) 

*  sneck'-et,  s.    [Eng.  $neck,  s. ;  dimin.  suS. 
•et.}    The  latch  of  a  door ;  a  snacket. 

*  sncck   tip,   *  snick   iip,  interj.     rProb. 
contract,  from  Aw  neck  up.    (Nam.),]    Go, 
hang  1  Be  hanged  1 

"  Let  him  go  tnifl:  up." 
Beaum.  A  flat. :  SniglU  of  Burning  P«ttU,  i!L  L 

sned,  snead,  sneed,  *.  [SNATH,  SNEAD  (I)-] 
sued,  v.t.    [SNATHE.] 

snee,  s.    [T)ut.,  contract,  from  tntde  =  a  cut] 
A  knife. 

sneer,  *  anere,  v.i.  &  t.    [Dan.  »»«rre  =  to 
grin  like  a  dog ;  to  snar  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  show  contempt  by  turning  np  the 
nose  or  by  other  movement  of  the  countenance. 

•*  The  courtier's  supple  bow  aud  tneeriny  aiuile." 
Byron  :  Childith  Kecvlleetiom. 

2.  To  insinuate  contempt  by  a  covert  ex- 
pression ;  to  use  words  suggestive  rather  than 


ffcte,  t%t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cftb,  cure,  nnite,  cor,  rule,  full;  try*  Syrian,    •afoo  =  e;ey  =  »;an  =  kw. 


sneer— sniggle 


4327 


«npre«d»e  of  contempt  ;  to  speak  derisively. 
wed  by  at.) 

••  Be  raiUatlr  ~«r»  •»  It  «e  wtakneal  and  follr.1 
-S  i.  V—rt   *<i*r..  Ml  lit  IW7J'. 

•  3.  To  show  mirth  awkwardly. 

off,  to  jibe,  to  jeer. 
B.  Transitive: 
1,  To  affect  or  more  with  sneers. 

"  \ur  •aMT'rf  nor  brib'd  from  *irtn«  into 
- 


!  To   utter  in  a  sneering,  contemptuous 
manner. 
3.  To  address  with  sneers  ;  to  sneer  at 

-  Th<n  oar  Tthicle  benn 
Ito  «»r  U«  loeklM  cWto  «ad  «ML- 

ITartu*  :  />****«  *  OiKvkerae  Cfcrfee. 

•neer,  *.    (Sxein,  ».] 

1.  A  look  of  contempt,  disdain,  derision,  or 

•_•.    (Byron  :  Corjoir,  i.  9.) 

2.  An  expression  of  contemptnous  scorn, 
derision,  or  ridicule  ;  a  scoff,  a  gibe,  a  jeer. 

Attained  X  '.hi.  conjuncture  bom  raewn   and 
tawactrtm'—  Vaeoter  .-  Bite,  fnf.,  ch.  rfv. 

•neer  -er,  t.    [Eng.  metr,  r.  ;  -«r.J    One  who 
sneers. 

"  Then  wu  M  Out  Conrt  no  want  of  lUadenre  and 
" 


*  sneer  '-fal,  o.    (TBng.  tiwer;  -AW-]    Given 
to  sneering  ;  fond  of  sneering. 
-  The  aurrSirf  maid.'        »«•«•••.•  AeMV.  UL 

•neer  -ing,  pr.  yor.  or  &    [Smnsa,  «.] 

sneer  -Ing  -If,   ado.    fBng.  nxring;  -l».] 
In  a  sneering  manner  ;  with  a  sneer. 

sneesh-ln',    sneeslV-  Ing,   «.     PXKZE.] 

'..    (Scotch.) 
•  I  wad  be  lite  o'  a  pickle  ie.n>l«V—  taxi  :  Am- 

fwarw.  ch.  lit 

sneeshin'-mill,    sneesnin'-znull,   ». 
A    :uiT-box,  generally  made  of  tie  end  of  a 

L    ... 

•neeze,  mesa,  r.t  [Parfnae  arfuae,  from 
•««w  =  to  snee»;  IceL  fnata;  Dot 
fniexn  ;  8w.  >yja  ;  Dan.  fxgte  =  to  snort  ; 
s«Mje  =  to  sniff.]  To  emit  wind  through  the 
•ose  audibly  and  violently  by  a  kind  of  in- 
voluntary  convulsive  force,  occasioned  by 
irritation  of  the  inner  membrane  of  the  nose. 

-  "-•  ----  *•—  then  neert  alond.* 


*l  To  tncae  at :  To  despise  ;  to  object  to ; 
to  show  or  feel  contempt  for  ;  to  scorn. 

•neeze,  s.  [S-sxxzt,  ».)  The  act  of  sneezing ; 
the  act  of  one  who  sneezes  ;  emission  of  wind 
audibly  and  violently  through  the  nose. 

"  JU  wholeeoae  *e  a  meevt 
To  man's  leee  unirene."  J/Otv* :  f.  M.,  tv.  iSe- 


1.  One  who  meeses. 

-When.HlrKl.e 


r  repuee.  With  row.'— rj.lerT5M.rcWi, 

«B_iiL 
•    2.  A  violent  gust  of  wind.    (San?.) 

"  Would  make  It  ondisirabl*  for  any  craft  with 
•Kh  «  low  freeboard  and  each  ntnuy  upper  wort. 
let  caorht  out   la  »   north-weet  mtatr.'— Cfnaf 
Kfal~,  Dee,  H7«,  p.  em. 

•weed,  a.    [Eng.  ntex,  and  weed.] 
l  autumnale. 

,  «.    [Eng.  tneea,  and  s»«L] 

AX. :  Plerozylm  tttile.  Its  sawdust  causes 
sneezing,  hence  the  English  name. 

Sneeze  -wort,  «.  [Eng.  nueze,  and  wort.  So 
called  because  the  dried  leaves  produce 
sneezing.] 

Bat. :  Achillea  Ptarmica  (Ptarmita  nlgaris), 
a  common  British  plant  with  linear,  serrulate 
haves.  The  root-stock  is  aromatic,  the  whole 
plant  pungent  and  sialogogue. 

Sneer -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  *  a.    [Ssnzc,  ».] 

A.  *  B.  At  pr.  par.  it  partictp.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
G.  At  substantive : 
L  A  sudden  violent  and  convulsive  ex 
polsion  of  air  through  the  nostrils,  with  a 
peculiar  sound.  It  is  preceded  by  a  more  o 
less  long-drawn  and  deep  inspiration,  like 
that  which  precedes  coughing ;  but  the  open 
ing  from  the  pharynx  into  the  mouth  is  cloui 
by  the  contraction  of  the  anterior  pillars  o 
the  fauces  and  the  descent  of  the  soft  palate, 
so  that  the  force  of  the  blast  is  driven  entirely 
through  the  nose.  It  is  caused  by  the  irrita 


the  inner  membrane  of  the  nostrils, 
and  is  designed  to  throw  off  any  particles 
causing  the  morbid  action.  It  is  often  one  of 
the  earliest  symptoms  in  eoryza. 

u*ml*tt   proceed    from    the    Inrlilbl* 
--- 


•LSD. 

2.  A  medicine  to  promote  sneezing;  an 
errhine  ;  a  sternutatory.  (Bacon.) 

•J  A  large  body  of  folklore  has  gathered 
round  sneezing.  According  to  Aristotle 
(Prod.,  xxxiii.  7),  in  hu  days  a  single  sneeze 
was  considered  a  holy  thing.  The  custom  of 
saluting  a  i-erson  sneezing  existed  in  classic 
times,  is  still  found  among  the  Jews  and 
Moslems  and  almost  every  race  of  lower  cul- 
ture, and  lingers  in  Europe,  though  here  the 
early  idea  that  sneezing  was  due  to  spiritual 
possession  has  vanished.  (See  Tylar:  Prim. 
Cult.,  ch.  iii.,  for  copious  references.) 

sneez'-jf,  a,  [Eng.  mtx*c):  -»-J  A  &" 
translation  of  Brumalre  (FoggyX  the  second 
month  of  the  French  republican  year. 

snell,  a.  [A.S.  tnel;  O.  H.  Ger.  neOer  = 
active.] 

*  1.  Active,  qniek,  brisk,  nimble,  brave. 

2.  Sharp,  cold,  severe,  piercing,  bitter. 
(Lit.  iff.)  (Scotch.) 

"Aad  he-.  meV.  ana  dor.  enonfh  la  eaetia*  np  their 
noneenee."— Scott  :  Amtifumrg.  eh.  all 

snell,  a,  [Etyra.  doubtful.)  A  short  line  of 
horsehair  or  gut  by  which  a  fish-hook  is 
attached  to  a  line ;  a  snood. 

*  snet,   a.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    The  fat  of  a 

.-::-. 

•new,  pret.  of».    [Snow,  ».] 

•  snewe,  r.i.    [Snow,  «.] 

snib,  •  snibbe,  ».«.  [StrcB,  •.]  To  snub, 
to  reprimand,  to  check.  (Chaucer:  C.  T^  1,100.) 

snib,  s.  [SxiB,  *)  A  snub,  a  reproof,  a  repri- 
Mi  L 

snick,  ».*.  [SxicK,  a.]  To  cut  slightly; 
specif,  in  cricket,  to  hit  a  ball  very  lightly  to 
the  slips  or  leg,  often  unintentionally. 

-  <Me*«f  him  rather  forbmaialT  to  the  lof  bound- 
ary -—«««,  Sept.  4.  ISM. 

snick  (IX  *.  tlceL  «aUm  =  to  cut  with  a 
knife ;  Dut.  ami*  =  a  sharp  tool.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  A  slight  or  small  cut  or  mark. 

2.  In  cricket,  a  slight  hit  to  the  slips  or  leg, 
often  unintentional. 

-A  four  aOet  to  the  old  Ckrthoeiam.*—  DaOf  rete- 


ll. 

1.  Fifrre :  A  knot  or  irregularity  on  yam, 
removed  by  passing  it  through  a  slotted  plate. 

2.  fur. :  A  small  snip  or  cut,  as  in  the  hair 
of  a  beast. 

•J  *  Snick-and-aue,  nitk-or-tnm:  A  combat 
with  knives  amongst  the  Dutch. 

U  •port  a 
oftUe 


-  Somebodr  mart  onnrrf  the  «tfc*-t«irt.  In  the 
"- 


rrf,  April  i.  UO,  p.  ».  coL  4. 


snick  (2%  «.    [SxEoc,  a,] 

*  snick  (3),  «.  [Etym.  dorjbtfuL]  Cold  to  the 
head ;  catarrh.  (Littleton :  lot.  Did.,  a.  T. 
Co  TIM.) 

snick -er,  ».  [SXICKKR,  ».]  A  suppressed 
laugh,  or  sound  resembling  a  laugh. 

ement  lexire  we  hear  hie  mioUr.  and  the 

!nc  of  hie  teeth  upon  the  herd  white  uut- 
— ' — ,  May.  US*.  P-  e7*- 


ieerMi 

1L-— Mm 


snick  -er,  r.i.  [A  word  of  imitative  origin. 
To  laugh  in  a  half-suppressed  manner;  to 
giggle,  to  snigger. 

•  snick'-er-snee,  «.    [Cf.  nick-amd-mtt.} 
L  A  combat  with  knives. 
2,  A  large  clasp-knife. 

Sni'-der,  «.   [Named  after  Jacob  Snider(1820- 
1860)  the  inventor.) 

Firearms :  A  breech-loading  rifle,  the  sysVm 
of  which  was  applied  in  1867  to  the  Bnfleld  rifle 
then  in  use  in  the  British  army.  The  breech 
action  consisted  of  a  simple  plug  containing 
an  oblique  needle,  and  being  hinged  on  its 


right  side,  was  opened  by  means  of  a  thnmb- 
piece  in  a  short  motion  from  left  to  right. 
The  cartridge,  at  first  of  paper,  but  after- 
wards of  thin  sheet  brass,  with  a  metallic  base 
cup  containing  the  detonator,  and  assisting 
to  prevent  the  escape  of  gas,  was  put  in,  and 
the  breech  closed.  The  gun  was  fired  by  Bull- 
ing an  ordinary  trigger,  releasing  a  common 
hammer  which  drove  the  ne&lle  into  the  base- 
cup.  It  was  also  provided  with  an  automatic 
extractor  for  the  latter,  which  came  into 
operation  when  the  breech  was  opened. 

SnirT,  r.i.  ft  t.  [Dan.  ntire  —  to  sniff,  to  snuff; 
IceL  snippa  =  to  sniff  with  the  cose ;  napa  a 
to  sniff,  j  (SKin,  «.] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  draw  air  or  breath  audibly 
op  the  nose,  frequently  as  an  expression  of 
scorn  or  contempt ;  to  snuff. 

-  So  then  jroo  looked  eeomfal.  end  je*t  at  the  Sean.- 
Ae«l .-  Aa*tUto»'j  Mow. 

B.  Trantitire: 

1.  Lit. :  To  draw  in  with  the  breath  through 
the  nose  ;  to  snuff  up. 

-|  He]  we.  In  the  habit  at  nlfy  ehUuofou  to 

•M. 

•1  Fig. :   To  perceive  as   by  snuffing;  to 
scent,  to  smell :  as,  To  ami/ danger. 

sniff,  a,    [Sxirr,  t>.) 

1.  The  act  of  sniffing ;  perception  by  th» 


"  Oa»  itmsU  mtftt  CkewMte'e  ce, 
ITurtoit :  Oxford  Xftmrntta't 


2.  That  which  is  taken  into  the  nose  by 

sniffing  :  as,  a  nif  of  fresh  air.    (Cotlaq.) 

3.  The  sound  produced  by  drawing  to  the 
breath  through  the  nose. 

-  Mn.  Ounn  .  .  .  a»e  a  nif  of  uncommon  eiinls- 
eance-~— MetxmM:  Jearriit  dutmifwil.  ch.  azU. 

*  snift,  v.i.    [8w.  mafia  =  to  sob.]    [SMrr,  ».] 

1.  To  make  a  noise  by  drawing  the  breath 
in  through  the  nose ;  to  snort. 

2.  To  sniff,  to  snuff,  to  smelL 

snift,  a.    [SWIFT,  tr.) 

1.  A  sniff. 

2.  A  moment,    (Prat.) 

3.  Slight  snow  or  sleet    (fro* 

snift -er,  «.    [Eng.  n\fl;  •«•.] 

L  The  drawing  of  the  breath  np  the  noctrOi 
noisily ;  a  snift. 

1  A  large  dram  of  spirits.     (  U.  B.  Slamg .) 
3.  Phntl: 

0)  The  stoppage  of  the  nostrils  through 
cold. 
(2)  A  disease  of  hones. 

snift  -er,  v.i.  [SMIFTER,  s.)  To  draw  up  the 
breath  through  the  nose  ;  to  sniff.  (Cotgnm  : 
S.  V.  Brawtttr.) 

sniff -Ing.  pr.  par.  or  a.    [S-in, «.] 
snifting-valve,  s. 

Steaming. :  A  valve  commanding  the  valve- 
way  through  which  the  air  and  water  an 
expelled  from  a  condensing  steam-engine, 
when  steam  is  blown  through  the  engine. 

snig.  a,  [A  variant  of  mala  (q.T.).]  An  eeL 
(Proa.) 

'  snig.  r.t  [Perhaps  allied  to  mag  (q.T.).] 
To  be  bitter,  harsh,  or  sharp. 

"  Other*  are  to  dangerously  worldly.  Miptfto?  and 

,  .  .*"™™*      """l  L_,i  tOt  '  fflwMW    - 

O.  »!(.«.  p.  Pl- 


er.  a.    [A  word  of  Imitative  origin.) 
f-suppressed  laugh ;  a  giggle,  a  snicker, 

snig'-ger  (IX  »-*•    [SNICKS*.] 
snig'-ger  (2).  r.i.    [Tie  same  word  as  nlgjlt 
(i^v-Xl    (See  extract.) 

i«^{Sm  tothe  bottom  of  the  pool*-*!***- 


snig'  gle,  tr.C  ft  (.    [Ssio,  a,] 

:  To  ttsh  for  eels.   (See  extract.) 

d«j.  when 


_  -u.  ».^  Inetantlr.  and  «e< 
hbnontby  deareee.  —  Woltom: _- 

*  B.  Tram. :  To  catch,  to  snare. 


boil,  1X^:  ptfut,  J«J9rt;  eat,  cell,  chorus.  5hin.  bench;  go.  gem ;  thin.  thi. ;  -to.  a- ;  expect.  WP*°";  «***• 
-Clan, -tian  =  shan.    -Won.  -rioo  =  shun ;  -tion.  -*ion  =  xhun,    -eriotts.  -Uons,  -atoms  =  shus.    -ble.  -die.  *c-  =  bel. 


4328 


snip— snore 


•nip,  v.t.  [Dut  snippen  =  to  snip,  to  slip,  a 
weakened  form  of  snap  (q.v);  Ger.  scknippen 
=  to  snap.] 

1.  To  clip  ;    to  cut  or  clip  off  sharply,  as 
with  a  pair  of  shears  or  scissors. 

"  K»ipped  »nd  cut  about  the  edge*."—  P.  Holland  : 
Plinie.  bk.  xxv..  cb.  v. 
*2.  To  snap,  to  snatch. 

"  If  you  are  so  resolv'd,  I  have  provided 
A  means  to  tnip  him  hence." 

Btuim.  *  flat.  :  Thierry  A  Theodoret,  iv,  1. 

•nip,  s.    [SNIP,  v.] 

1.  A  single  cut  with  scissors  or  shears  ;  a 
dip. 

"A  few  mipt  of  the  scissors,  a  cunning  re*rn\ng«- 
ment  of  drai>ery,  and  last  year'*  robe  will  do  duty  for 
tliia.WJ.uij/  Tetwaph,  Jan.  14,  1886. 

2.  A  small  hand-shears  for  cutting  metal. 
8.  A  tailor.    (Slang.) 

*  4.  A  small  piece  ;  a  snack. 

•"For  some  have  doubted  if  [the  beard]  'twere  made 

Of  sablTsTglew'd  aud  fitted  to  tbe  lips." 

Buffer:  ffye't  Beard. 

*H  To  go  snip:  To  go  snacks  ;  to  share. 
"Pray,  sir,  let  me  go  mip  with  you  In  thin  lye." 

Dryden  :  Evening'!  Lorn,  T. 

*  snip-snap,  *.  &  o. 

A.  As  subst.  ;  A  tart  dialogue  with  sharp 
replies. 

"  Dennis  and  dlMooance,  and  captious  art, 
And  tnip-tnap  short.  and  interruption  •mart," 
Pope  :  fiunciad,  1L  340. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Short  and  quick  ;  sharp,  smart 

•nipe,  "  snype,  *  suite,  *  snyte,  A  [icel. 
tuipa  —  ^.  snipe;  Dan.  sneppe  ;  Sw.  sndppa  ; 
Dut.  snip,  snep;  O.  Dut.  snippe,  sneppe  ;  Ger. 
Khnepfe  ;  A.S.  snite,  which  is  allied  to  snout,} 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit.  :  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

8.  Figuratively; 

(1)  A  thin,  lean,  puny  person. 

•(2)  A  blockhead,  a  fool,  a  simpleton. 

**  I  mine  own  gained  knowledge  should  profane, 
If  I  would  time  expend  with  a  " 


. 
.  :  Othello,  i.  8. 

II.  Ontiih.  :  The  name  of  cerium  well- 
known  game  birds  of  the  order  Grail  BE,  family 
Scolopacidee,  and  genus  Gallinago.  The  Snipes 
have  a  long,  straight,  flexible  bill,  the  tip  of 
the  upper  mandible  being  decurved  at  the 
point  and  projecting  over  the  lower.  The 
wings  are  moderate  in  size;  the  legs  rather 
long.  Snipes  are  found  in  most  parts  of  the 
earth.  There  are  several  species  in  the  United 
States,  the  Common  Sulpe  of  this  country 
(G.  Wiltoni)  closely  resembling  the  Common 
Snipe  of  Europe,  but  with  more  feathers  in  its 
tail.  G.  ctflestis,  the  European  Snipe,  extends 
also  Into  Asia  and  north  Africa,  being  found 
commonly  in  marshy  districts.  It  makes  its 
nest  of  a  little  dry  grass  in  a  depression  of  the 
ground,  or  in  a  tuft  of  grass  or  rushes.  It  is  a 
favorite  game  bird,  and  is  in  high  esteem  for 
the  table,  but  is  difficult  to  shoot,  from  its  zigzag 
habit  of  flight  when  flushed,  followed  by  a 
swift  dart  through  the  air.  The  species  of  the 
genus  Macrorhamphus  are  also  called  snipes. 
To  these  belongs  M.  grigeus,  the  American  Bed- 
breasted  or  Brown  Snipe. 

snipe  bill,  «. 

1.  Joinery  :  A  narrow,  deep-working  mould- 
ing-plane, used  for  forming  quirks. 

2.  Vehicles  :  A  rod  by  which  the  body  of  a 
Cart  is  bolted  to  the  axle. 

snipe-fish,  8. 

Ichiky.  :  Centriscus  scolopax  ;  named  from 
Its  elongated  and  tubular  snout.  Called  also 
Bellows-fish,  Sea-snipe,  and  Trumpet-nsh. 

•nip'  -per,   «.      [Eng.   snip;    -€r.]     One  who 
snips  or  chips. 

snipper-snapper,  *.  A  puny,  insig- 
nificant fellow;  a  small,  effeminate  man; 
a  whipper-snapper.  (CoUoq.) 

'•nip'-pet,  s.     [Eng.  snip;  dimin.  suff.  -et.} 
A  small  piece  or  share  ;  a  fragment. 

"  If  tbe  editor  had  confined  himaelf  to  one  period  he 
might  have  made  a  useful  book  ;  u  it  is,  he  has  pro- 
duced a  collection  of  tnippett.  "—Saturday  Jlericw, 
Jan.  12.  1884,  p.  62. 

*  Snip'-pet  i  ness,  s.    [Eng.  snippety  ;  -ness.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  fragmentary. 
"  The  whole  number  U  broken  op  into  more  small 
fragments  than  we   think  quite  wise.     Variety  ia 
pleasant,  tntppetinett  U  not"—  Church  Time*.  April  9, 

itsa 

*snlp'-pet-t&  a.     [Eng.   snippet;    -y.]    In- 
significant ;  ridiculously  small. 


snir-tle,  v.i.  [Prob.  imitative,  or  a  dimin. 
from  snort  (q.v.).]  To  laugh  quietly  or  re- 
strainedly. 

feigned  to  tnirtlt 

if.n  tim*  th«  ,-jiiri. 

Burnt :  Jully  Boggart. 

*snitch'-er,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  An  informer,  a  tell-tale  ;  one  who  turns 
queen's  (or  king's)  evidence. 

2.  A  handcuff.    (Slang.) 

*  snite,  *  snyte,  *.    [SNIPE.] 

suite,  v.t.  [A.S.  S7i#tan  =  to  wipe  or  clean 
the  nose  ;  Icel.  snyta  =  to  blow  the  nose  ;  Sw. 
snyta;  Dan.  stiyde ;  Dut.  snuiten.]  [SNOUT.] 
To  blow  or  clean  the  nose  ;  to  snuff*,  as  a 
candle. 

"  Nor  would  any  one  be  able  to  tnite  his  note,  or  to 
sneeze."— Grew :  Cotmo.  Sacra,  bk.  i..  eh.  T. 

*  snlthe,  *  snlth-y,  a.    [ A.S.  snidhan  =  to 
cut.]    Sharp,  piercing,  cutting.    (Applied  to 
the  wind.) 

sniv   el,  "snev-11,  *.    [SNIVEL,  v.] 

1.  Lit. :  Mucus  running  from  the  nose ;  snot. 

2.  Fig, :  Hypocrisy,  cant. 

"  The  cant  and  tntvel  of  which  we  have  wen  to  much 
of  late."— St.  J'imet't  Gazette,  Feb.  8,  1886. 

snlv-el,   'snevil,    -snev-yll,   v.i.     [A 

frequent  from  sni/(q.v.);  cf.  Dan.  sn6vle  = 
to  snuille  ;  Icel.  sneJiU  —  a  slight  scent.] 

1.  To  run  at  the  nose, 

2.  To  draw  up  the  mucus  audibly  through 
the  nose. 

"There   Is  nothing  but  tnivelling  and  blowing  of 
noses."  Covrper :  Letter  to  Rev.  Mr,  Nevton. 

3.  To  cry  or  fret,  as  a  child,  with  snuffling 
or  snivelling. 

"  Though  Bell  ha*  lost  bis  nightingale*  and  owlt, 
Matilda  tnltvlt  still,  aud  llaflz  howls." 

Byron  ;  Englith  Bardt  A  Scotch  Reviewers 

sniv'-el-Ier,  5.    [Eng.  snivel,  v. ;  -*r.] 

1.  One  who  snivels ;  one  who  cries  or  frets 
with  snivelling. 

2.  One  who  criea  ui  fret*  for  slight  causes  ; 
one  who  manifests   weakness  by  crying  or 
fretting. 

"  He'd  more  lament  when  I  was  dead, 
Than  all  the  tnioellert  round  my  bed." 

iW     On  the  Death  of  Dr.  Swift. 

snlv'-el  ling,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SNIVEL,  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :    (See 

the  verb). 
G.  As  subst.  :   The  act  or  noise  of  one  who 

snivels ;   a  running  from  the  nose,  a  speaking 

as  through  the  nose. 

* Sniv'-el-ljf,  a.  [Eng.  snivel;  -y.J  Running 
at  the  nose  ;  pitiful,  whining. 

snob,  s.  [Icel.  sndpr  =  &  dolt,  an  idiot,  a 
charlatan  ;  Sw.  dial,  snopp  =  a  boy,  a  stump.] 

1.  A  vulgar,  ignorant  person.    (Prov.) 

2.  A  vulgar  person  who  apes  gentility  ;  oue 
who  is  always  pretending  to  be  something 
better  than  he  is. 

3.  In  the  Universities,  a  townsman,  as  op- 
posed to  a  gownsman.    (Slang,) 

4.  A  shoemaker ;  a  journeyman  shoemaker. 
(Slang.) 

5.  A  workman  who  continues  at  work  when 
others  go  on  strike ;  one  who  works  for  lower 
wages  than  his  fellows  ;  a  knobstick,  a  rat. 

snob'-ber-jf,  s.  [Eng.  snob;  -ery.]  Snobbish- 
ness. 

snob'-bish,  a.  [Eng.  snob  ;  -ish.]  Belonging 
to  or  characteristic  of  a  snob  ;  resembling  a 
snob ;  vulgarly  ostentatious. 

"That  which  we  call  a  snob,  by  any  other  name 
would  still  be  tnobbith."— Thackeray  :  Book  o/ Snobt. 

snob'-blsh-ly,  mil'.  [Eng.  snobbish;  -ly.]  In 
a  snobbish  manner ;  like  a  snob. 

snob  -blsh  ness,  *.  [Eng.  snobbish ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  snobbish ;  vulgar 
ostentation. 

"  It  Is  not  tm,bbithnctt  to  object  to  compete  with 
men  against  whom  ample  evidence  in  forthcoming 
that  thetr  incentive  is  profit  rather  than  sport." — 
Field.  Oct.  17,  1*85. 

"snob'-blsm,  >.  [Eng.  snob;  -ism.]  The 
state  of  being  a  snob ;  the  manners  of  a  snob ; 
snobbishness. 

*sn5b'-by,  a.  [Eng.  snob;  -y.]  Of  or  re- 
lating to  a  snob  ;  like  a  snob ;  snobbish. 


*  snob'-  ling,  s.     [Eng.  snob;   dimin.    suftt 
-ling.]    A  little  snob. 

"You  eee,  dear  moblinff,  that  though   the 


,  on,  oug          e    parsac- 

would  not  have  been  authorised,  yet  he  might  li*ve  been- 
excused  for  interfering."—  Thackeray  :  Bout  of  Snoot. 

*sn6b-oc'-ra-c&  s.  [Eng.  snob;  suftt 
-ocracy,  as  in  aristocracy,  monocracy,  &C.J 
Snobs  taken  collectively. 

"  Sn5b  6g  -ra-phcr,  s.  [Eng.  snobograph(y)  ;. 
•er.]  One  who  studies  or  writes  about  snobs. 

"The  yet  undeveloped  tnobographer.'  —  World,  Nov. 
15,  1882. 

*  •nd'b-d'g'-ra-phy,  s.    [Eng.  57106;  o  con. 
nect.,  and  Or.  ypdfyta  (grapho)  =  to  write,  to 
describe.]    A  history  or  description  of  snobs. 

"The  safer  and  wiser  way.  In  this  Infancy  of  the 
science  of  tnobography,  is  to  refrain  from  the  attempt 
at  absolute  aphorism.  "—Saturday  Review,  Jan.  19, 
1884,  p.  76. 

snftd,  s.  &  o.  [A.S.  sn6d  =  &  fillet;  cf.  Dan. 
tnoe=  to  twist  ;  Sw.  sno  ;  Icel.  snua.]  [SNOOD.J 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  fillet,  a  ribbon,  a  snood 
(q.v.). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Neat,  trim,  smooth.    (Scotch.) 

sno  if,  5.  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  perhaps  connected 
with»nu/(2),  s.] 

Mining  :  The  slow  match  for  igniting  the 
train  in  blasting. 

snood,  s.    [SNOD.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  (See  extract). 

"The  tnood,  or  ribaud.  with  which  a  Scottish  lake- 
braided  her  hair,  had  an  emblematical  Bignifleatioa, 
and  applied  to  her  ntuiilen  character.  It  was  ex- 
chaugea  for  tbe  curch,  toy.  «>r  culf,  when  »he  tiaued, 
by  marriHge,  into  the  matron  state.  But  If  ttiedftiusel' 
was  so  unfortunate  as  to  lose  pret«nsious  to  the  name 
of  maldeii,  without  gaining  a  right  to  that  of  matron, 
•he  was  neither  permitted  to  use  the  mood  nor  ad- 
vanced to  the  graver  dignity  of  the  curch."—  Scott  : 
Lady  of  the  Lake.  (Note.) 

2.  Angling  :  A  hair-line,  gut,  or  silk  cord 
by  which  a  fish-hook  is  fastened  to  the  line. 

"Letting  the  tnoodt  hang  over  the  tides'—  Field. 
Oct  17,  18S6. 

snood,  v.t.  [SNOOD,  «.]  To  braid  up,  as  the- 
hair,  with  a  snood. 

Snood  6d,  a.  [Eng.  snood,  s.  ;  -ed.]  Wear- 
ing or  having  a  snood. 

"And  plalded  youth,  with  Jest  and  leer, 
Which  tnoodfd  mtdden  would  not  liearl" 

Hcott:  Lady  of  the  L,ike,  ill.  Mi 

snood  -ing,  s.     [Eng.  snood,  s.  ;  -ing.] 
Angling  :  The  same  as  SNOOD,  s.,  2. 
"  Each  balt«d  hook,  hanging  from  Its  short  ftflfth- 
Of  tnooding."—  field,  Oct.  17,  1685. 

*  snoQk,  *  snoke,  v.i.     [Cf.  Sw.  snofca  =  to 
lurk,  to  dog  a  person.]     To  lurk;  to  lie  in 
ambush. 

If  To  cut  snooks:  To  make  derisive  grimaces  ^ 
to  take  a  sight.     [SIGHT,  *.,  T[  (4).J 

snool,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  One  whose  spirit 
is  broken  with  oppressive  slavery.  (Scotch.) 

snool,  v.i.  &  t.    [SNOOL,  8.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  |ubmit  tamely  ;  to  sneak. 

"Owre  blate  to  seek,  owre  proud  to  wool." 

Burnt  :  A  Bard'*  Epitaph, 

B.  Tram.  :    To    subjugate    or   govern    by 
authority  ;    to    keep     under    by    tyrannical 
means.    (Scotch,.) 

snooze,  s.    [SNOOZE,  v.]    A  nap  ;  a  short  sleep. 
"  The  last  surreptitious  tnooee  in  which  he  was  wont 
to  reveL"—  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  1,  1668. 

snooze,  v.i.  [Prob.  imitative  of  the  sound 
made  in  drawing  the  breath  while  asleep.) 
To  take  a  nap  or  short  sleep  ;  to  sleep,  to- 
slumber. 

snooz  er,  *.  [Eng.  snooze);  -er.]  One  who 
snoozes;  often  used  as  a  meaningless  epithet. 

snore,  v.i.  [A.S.  snora=&  snoring;  cogn. 
with  O.  Dut.  snorren  =  to  grumble,  to 
mutter;  snarren=to  brawl,  to  snarl;  Ger. 
schnarnn  =•  to  rattle,  to  snarl  ;  cf.  Dut. 
tnorkcn  ;  Low  Ger.  snorken,  snurken  ;  Dan. 
snorke  ;  Sw.  snorka  =  to  snort  with  rage,  t<> 
threaten.]  To  breathe  with  a  rnu^h,  hoars*) 
noise  in  sleep  ;  to  breathe  hard  through  the 
nose  and  open  mouth  while  sleeping. 
"  And  the  stretched  matle  »i<m-j  beneath  the  hedge. 
C'owper  ;  Heath  of  Damon. 

snore,  *.  [SNORE,  v.]  A  breathing  with  t 
rough,  hoarse  noise  in  sleep. 

"  The  auifelted  grooms 

Do  mock  their  charge  with  **>ntv*  ;  I've  drugged  thetr 
"  Shaketp.  ;  Macbeth,  1L  1 


{&t«,  fat,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there; 
or,  wore,  won  work,  who.  son;  mate*  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
Sjfrlaa.    *,  oa  -  e;  ey  ---  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


snorer— snow 


4329 


more-hole,  s. 

Mining :  The  hole  in  the  wind-bore  or  lower 
Block  of  a  mining-pump,  to  admit  the  water. 

•nor -or,  «.    [Eng.  mnie);  -«-.]    One  who 

snores. 
•  snorke,  s.    [SNORE,  SNORT.)    A  snore. 

"At  the  cocke-crowiug  before  daye  thou  Shalt  not 
hear  there  the  servauutes  tnorke.'— Staplfton  :  Fort- 
rmeofU*  failla.  fuL  121  b. 

•nort,  r.i  ft  <•  [For  mark,  from  Dan.  snorke 
=  to  snnrt ;  Sw.  snorka  =  to  snort  with  rage, 
to  threaten  ;  Dut.  snorken  =  to  snore,  to 
snort ;  Ger.  schnarchen  =  to  snore,  to  snort.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

\.  To  force  the  air  with  violence  through 
the  nose,  so  as  to  make  a  loud,  rough  noise,  as 
a  horse. 

*He  fomes,  tnorft.  neighs,  and  fire  and  smoke  breaths 
out."  Fairefax:  Godfrey  <tf  Bovtoffne.  XX,  29. 

*  2.  To  snore. 

"Awake  the  morting  citizens  with  the  bell." 

Khakap. :  Otttello,  L  L 

8.  To  laugh  outright    (Prov) 

B.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  turn  up,  as  in  anger,  scorn,  or  deri- 
•ion,  as  the  nose. 

2.  To  utter  with  a  snort. 

*  3.  To  expel  or  force  out,  as  with  a  snort. 

•nort,  a.  [SNORT,  D.]  A  loud,  rough  sound 
produced  by  forcing  the  air  through  the  nose. 

snort-er  (1),  «•     [Eng.  nort,  r. ;  •«•.]    One 

who  snorts  ;  a  snorer. 

•nort'-er  (2),  ».    [SNOTTER.) 
Naut. :  A  snotter. 

"The  lower  end  or  heel  hu  been  known  often  to 
part  or  lump  out  of  the  becket  or  tnortcr,  which  sup- 
port* It.  and  confines  it  to  the  matt."— fMd,  Feb.  87, 
1866. 

•nort  Ing,  jrr.  par.,  a.,  ft  s.    [SNORT,  *.] 

A.  fc  B.  At  pr.  par.  <t  partidp.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  forcing  the  air  through  the 
nose  with  violence  and  noise  ;  the  sound  thus 
produced  ;  a  snort. 

"The  mortingol  his  horse*  was  heard."— JenmtaA 
Till.  16. 

*  2.  The  act  of  snoring. 

••nor'-tle,  ».  [SNORT,  r.]  To  snort,  to 
grunt. 

"  [To]  tnorttf  like  a  hog." 

Breton  :  Schoole  0}  Fande.  p.  «. 

•  Bnort'-f ,  o.  [Eng.  mart,  s.  ;  -y.]  Snoring ; 
broken  by  snorts  or  snores.  (Stanyhurst : 
Virgil;  JEn.  iii.  648.) 

snot,  'snotte,  'snothe, «.  [0.  Fris.  motte; 
Dut.  mot ;  law  Ger.  motte  ;  Dan.  mot,  Al 
lied  to  snout  and  mite,  v.] 

1.  The  mucus  discharged  or  secreted  in  the 
nose. 

2.  An  opprobrious  name  for  a  low,  mean 
person.    (Vulgar.) 

•not,  ttt.  [SNOT,  «.]  To  free  from  suot;  to 
blow  or  wipe  the  nose. 

•n&t'-ter,  >.    [SNOUT.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  proboscis  of  a  turkey-cock. 

2.  Snot.    (Scotch.) 
n.  Nautical: 

1.  A  becket  on  a  boat's  mast,  to  hold  the 
lower  end  of  the  sprit  which  elevates  the 
peak  of  the  sail 

2.  A  rope  going  over  a  yard-arm,  used  to 
bend  a  tripping  line  to  in  sending  down  the 
top-gallant  and  royal  yards. 

•not'  ter,  v.i.  [SNOTTER,  «.]  To  go  along 
lazily.  (Scotch.) 

H  To  snotter  and  mivel:  To  snivel  and 
•mime. 

"  Bringing  a  woman  here  to  tworter  and  jntori.'— 
Scott :  Start  q/  XuUotMan,  eh.  1 11  i i. 

••nSff-ter-y,  ».  [Eng.  matter;  -».]  Filth, 
abomination. 

"  Teach  thy  incubus  to  poetize, 
And  throw  abroad  thy  spurious  tnottertei. 

Ben  Jvnwn :  FoetatUr,  T.  1. 

t  snSt'-H-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  snotty;  -ly.]  In  a 
snotty  manner.  (Goodrich.) 

•nSt'-ti-ness,  ».  [Eng.  snotty;  -MM.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  snotty. 


snot  -ty,  a.    [Eng.  snot ;  -y.] 

1.  Foul  with  suot ;  full  of  snot. 

*  2.  Mean,  dirty,  sneering,  sarcastic,  dry. 

"The  continual  importunities  of  his  covetous  and 
gnotti/  wife."—  Wood :  Athene  Uxon.,  vol.  ii. 

snout,  *  snoute,  *  snowt,  *  snute,  <.  [Sw. 
snut  =  a  snout,  a  muzzle  ;  Dau.  snude;  Low 
Ger.  mute  ;  Dan.  snuit ;  Ger.  schnauze.  Al- 
lied to  suite,  v.,  and  snot.] 

1.  The  long,  projecting  nose  of  a  beast. 
"  A  cruel  boar,  whose  mout  hath  rooted  up 

The  fruitful  vineyard  of  the  common-wealth." 

Beaum.  i  f'let. :  1'ropheteu,  il.  S. 

2.  The  nose  of  a  man.    (Said  in  contempt.) 

3.  The  nozzle  of  a  hose  or  hollow  pipe, 
i,  Entom. :  [SNOUT-MOTH]. 

snout  moth,  s. 

Entom. :  Hypena  proboscidalis.  Body  slender, 
wings  broad  and  triangular,  colour  mainly 
brown,  expansion  of  wings  an  inch  and  a  half. 
Common  among  nettles.  [HYPENA.] 

snout-ring,  s.  A  ring  or  staple  placed 
In  the  nose  of  a  hog  to  deter  him  from  rooting. 

*  snout,  *  sndwt,  v.t.  [SNOUT,  ».]  To  furn- 
ish with  a  snout  or  point. 

snout'-ed,  «»n6\W-Sd,  or  [Eng.  snout;  -ed.] 
1.  Having  a  snout  or  long  pointed  nose. 
-Snouted  and  tailed  like  a  boar,  and  footed  like  a 
|oat."— Ornf. 

•2.  Pointed. 

"  Their  shoes  and  pattens  are  tnmotcd  and  piked 
more  than  a  finger  long  crooking  vpwards."— Camden  : 

sno~ut-er,  ».  [Eng.  mout;  -er.]  A  pair  of 
cutting  shears  with  one  curved  blade  approxi- 
mating to  the  shape  of  a  hog's  snout,  and 
used  for  removing  at  one  cut  the  cartilage 
wherewith  he  roots. 

'sno"ut'-y,  o.  [Eng.  snout;  -y.]  Resembling 
the  snout  of  a  beast. 

"  The  nose  was  ugly,  long,  and  blf , 
Broad,  and  tnottty  like  a  pig.' 

Otteay :  Poeft  Complaint  of  MM  JfUJsv 

snow  (1%  ».  [A.S.  snaw;  cop.  with  Dut. 
sneeuw ;  Icel.  sneer,  snjdr,  snjor ;  Dan.  snee ; 
Sw.  sno ;  Goth,  snaiws;  Ger.  schnee;  Lith. 
snegas:  Enss.  snieg ;  Lat.  nix  (genit.  nivis); 
Gr.  (ace.)  w'<£a  (nipha),  from  a  nom.  W<p  (nt/'/i), 
not  found ;  n*os  (niphas)  =  a  snow-flake  ;  Ir. 
&  Gael,  sneachd ;  Wei.  nyf.} 

1.  Lit.  <fe  Meteor. :  Aqueous  particles  frozen 
In  their  descent  through  the  atmosphere  into 
separate    crystals,    afterwards    uniting   into 
assemblages  of  crystals  called  snow-flakes. 
To  view  the  crystals  to  advantage  under  the 
microscope  they  should  be  allowed  to  fall  on 
a  black  surface.    The  finest  are  observed  in 
the  polar  regions,  where  Captain  Scoresby 
keenly  examined    them,  arranging  them  in 
five  classes.     They  belong  to  the  rhoinbo- 
heilral  or  hexagonal  system,  and  so  vary  that 
about  a  thousand  forms  of  them  have  been 
observed.     Some   appear   as   hexagonal    or 
dodecahedral    plates,    others    as    hexagonal 
prisms,  either  single  or  stellate,  or  terminated 
by  rectangularly  placed  plates  or  secondary 
groups    of    needles.     The    angles   of   these 
crystals  often  form  secondary  centres,  around 
which  others  of  more  skeleton  form  aggregate. 
Snow  does  not   fall  at  all  on  low  tropical 
plains,  though  it  does  on  high  mountains. 
[SNOW-LINE.]     It  is  absent  from  Malta;  it 
falls  at  Palermo  on  an  average  one  day  each 
year,  at  Rome  two  days,  at  Venice  five,  at 
Paris  twelve,  at  Copenhagen  thirty,  and  at 
St.  Petersburg  170.     Where  it  falls  it  protects 
the  ground  from  sinking  to  a  temperature 
which  would  injure  the  seeds  in  the  super- 
ficial mould.    The  snow  and  ice  of  the  polar 
regions  are  among  the  great  elements  affecting 
the  winds,  and  through  them  the  climates,  01 
the  several  regions  of  the  globe.    The  cold  01 
the  snow  on  the  lofty  mountain  chains  is 
carried  down  to  the  tropical  places  in  which 
they  are  chiefly  situated,  and  tempers  their 
heat.    [RED-SNOW.] 

"  Snow  is  the  small  particles  of  water  frozen  before 
they  unite  into  drops."— Lock*:  Elemvnttoft/ai.PhU. 
eh.  vi. 

2.  Fig. :  Something  which  resembles  snow. 

t  Snow  is  largely  used  in  composition,  the 
meanings  of  the  various  compounds  being 
in  most  cases  "nfBciently  obvious :  as,  snow 
capped,  snow-clad,  mow-covered,  snow-crowned 
*c. 

snow  bank,  ».    A  mow-drift. 


snow-berry,  s. 

Botany : 

1.  The  fruit  of  Symphoricarpus  racemonuf 
a  caprifoil. 

2.  The  fruit  of  Chiococca  racemosa  and  the 
plant  itself,  also  the  genus  Chiococca  (q.v.). 

snow-bird,  s. 

Ornith. :  Fringilla  hyemalis,  ranging  widely 
over  North  America.  It  is  about  six  inches 
long ;  head,  neck,  upper  parts  of  body,  and 
wings  slate-brown,  lower  parts  of  breast, 
abdomen,  and  two  exterior  tail  feathers  pure 
white. 

•now-blanket,  s.  A  farmer's  name  foi 
such  a  covering  of  snow  as  protects,  or  ma- 
terially contributes  to  protect,  vegetation 
from  the  severity  of  the  weather. 

snow-blind,  a.  Affected  with  snow-blind- 
ness (q.v.). 

snow-blindness,  s.  An  affection  of  the 
eyes  caused  by  the  reflection  of  light  from 
snow. 

snow-blink,  s.  The  peculiar  reflection 
arising  from  tields  of  ice  or  snow. 

*  snow-block,  v.t.  To  block  or  Impede 
the  passage  of  by  snow. 

"The  trains  have  been  tnow-blocked  between  two 
stations."— /Mi/y  TeleyrajA,  Jau.  14,  1886. 

snow-boot,  s.  A  boot  to  protect  tha 
feet  from  snow  ;  specif.,  a  kind  of  golosh 
with  an  india-rubber  sole  and  felt  uppers, 
covering  the  boot  worn  inside  of  it. 

snow-broth,  s.  Snow  and  water  mixed ; 
very  cold  liquor. 

"  Angelo,  a  man  whoae  blood 
Is  very  tnow-brvth.  one  who  never  feels 
The  wanton  stiugs  and  motions  of  the  cense." 

Shakcsp. :  lieantrefyr  J/etwj^A  i.  i, 

•now-bunting,  >. 

Ornith. :  Plectrophanes  nivalia,  an  Arctic 
passerine  bird,  visiting  the  continents  of 
America  and  Europe  in  the  winter.  It  is  about 
seven  inches  in  length,  and  its  plumage  varies 
considerably  at  different  seasons.  (See  ex- 
tract.) In  winter  the  upper  part  of  the  head, 
cheeks,  and  a  band  on  the  lower  neck  are 
light  reddish-brown  ;  lower  parts  white,  upper 
parts  black,  edged  with  yellowish-brown,  but 
varying  much  in  individuals.  In  summer  the 
head,  neck,  lower  parts,  and  a  patch  on  the 
wings  are  pure  white,  the  rest  of  the  plumage 
black.  They  feed  on  seeds  and  insects,  and 
soon  after  their  arrival  in  temperate  regions 
become  very  fat,  and  are  then  esteemed  a 
delicacy.  The  Greeiilanders  kill  them  in 
great  numbers,  and  dry  them  for  wint«r  use. 
Their  song  is  not  unlike  that  of  the  lark,  and 
when  singing  they  perch  near  a  mate  ;  their 
call  is  a  shrill  piping  note,  generally  uttered 
on  the  wing. 

"  There  arrive  every  year  in  this  country,  from  the 
north  flocks  of  pretty  little  birds  called  tnov-buntinffl. 
They  come  fr.  .in  within  the  Arctic  Circle,  and  are  so 
variable  in  their  plumage  that  naturalists  almost 
despaired  of  ever  getting  a  characteristic  description. 
Indeed,  so  much  a  puzzle  did  these  little  strangers 
offer,  that  for  long  they  were  described  by  the  older 
naturalists  as  three  different  birds.  Of  course,  we  now 
know  that  the  mountain,  tawny,  and  tnow-biinliny 
are  one;  and  this  because  we  get  them  in  almost 
every  possible  stage  of  transition.  They  breed  upon 
the  summits  of  the  highest  hills  with  the  ptarmigan  ; 
and,  like  that  bird,  they  regulate  their  plumage 
according  to  the  prevailing  aspect  of  their  hauufl. 
In  this  they  succeed  admirably,  and  flourish  accord- 
ingly."—*. Jamet't  OazetU,  Jan.  6.  1887. 

snow-cook,  s.    [SNOW-PARTRIDGE.] 

snow-drift,  s.  A  drift  of  snow;  snow 
driven  by  the  wind  ;  a  bank  of  snow  driven 
together  by  the  wind. 

"  White  bis  hair  was  as  a  tnaw-drift." 

Lona/Moia :  Hiaa.itlKt,  uL 

snow-eyes,  s.  pi.  A  contrivance  used  by 
the  Esquimaux  to  prevent  snow-blindness. 
They  are  made  of  extremely  light  wood,  with 
a  bridge  resting  on  the  nose  like  spectacles, 
and  a  narrow  slit  for  the  passage  of  the  light. 

snow-fall,  s.    A  fall  or  storm  of  snow. 

"Further  interruption  in  railway  traffic  has  been 
caused  cry  the  continuous  tnour-fall."— Daily  T«|4- 
grafih,  Jan.  14,  18S6. 

snow-fed,  a.  Originating  from  or  aug- 
mented by  melted  snow  :  as,  a  snow-fed  river. 

snow-field,  a.  A  wide  expanse  of  snow, 
especially  of  permanent  snow. 

snow  finch,  5. 

Ornith. :  U onHfringilla  nivalit ;  called  alio 
the  Stone-finch. 


b5il,  bo?;  p<Sut,  J«wl;  oat,  9ell,  Chora.,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin.  tal>:  sin.  as;  wpect,  JCenophon,  e^lst.   pi i-fc 
-dan, -tian  =  shan.   -tlon.  -srton  =  »hun ;  -tion.  -sion  =  zhun.   -clou*,  -tlou*.  -«ious  =  HMm.  -ble,  -4le,  *c.  -  Bet,  of 


4330 


snow— snub 


snow-flake,  s. 
I.  Onl.  Lang. :    A  small  feathery  flake  or 
particle  of  falling  snow. 

"Bestore  me  the  roclu,  where  the  mov-flaX*  repoeeg." 
Byron;  LaMn-Jf-Uair. 

IT.  Technically: 

1.  Bot  :  The  genus  Leuco.jum  (q.v.),  and 
•jpec..   Uucojvm  cestivum.      Prior  says    that 

the  English  name  was  given  by  W.  Curtis  to 
•  distinguish  it  from  the  Snowdrop. 

2.  Ornith.  :  The  Snow-bunting  (q.v.).  Called 
also  Snow-fleck. 

"Seen  against  a  dark  hill-aide,  or  a  lowering  sky.  a 
dock  of  these  birds  presents  an  exceedingly  beautiful 
appearance,  and  it  may  then  lie  aeea  how  aptly  the 
term  inow.jaltg  has  haen  applied  to  the  species.  — 
r«mll :  Brit.  Birdi  led.  tthi,  11.  7. 

•now-fleck,  s.    (SNOW-FLAKE,  3.] 

snow-flood,  i.  A  flood  caused  by  melt- 
ing snow. 

snow-flower, ». 

I'M.  :  (1)  The  Snowdrop  (q.v.);  (2)  Chion- 
anthit*  virginica. 

snow-goose.  ». 

Ornith. :  Anser  hyberbonvs.  Colour  white, 
•oinetimes  with  more  or  less  of  a  ferruginous 
tinge  on  the  head ;  bill,  feet,  and  orbits 
aurora-red.  It  obtains  its  snow-white  plumage 
only  at  maturity.  It  breeds  in  large  numbers 
in  the  barren  grounds  of  Arctic  America,  and 
migrates  southward  during  the  winter. 

snow  house,  snow-but,  >.  A  house 
or  hut,  constructed  of  blocks  of  snow.  Capt. 
Lyon  (Private  Journal,  ch.  iii.)  thus  describes 
some  he  saw  in  the  Arctic  regions :  "  Each 
dwelling  might  be  averaged  at  fourteen  or 
sixteen  feet  iu  diameter,  by  six  or  seven  feet 


SHOW-HOUSE. 

to  height  .  .  .  The  blocks  of  snow  used  In 
the  building  were  from  four  to  six  Inches  in 
thickness,  and  about  a  couple  of  feet  in 
length,  carefully  pared  with  a  large  knife  .  .  . 
The  building  of  a  house  was  but  the  work  of 
an  hour  or  two,  and  a  couple  of  men,  one  to 
cut  the  slabs  and  the  other  to  lay  them,  were 
labourers  sufficient." 

snow-hut,  s.    [SNOW-HOUSE.] 
snow-light,  «.    Snow-blink  (q.v.). 
•now- line,  «. 

Physical  Geeg.  :  The  line  of  perpetual  snow 
-or  congelation ;  the  line  above  which  snow 
does  not  melt,  even  in  summer,  but  con- 
tinues from  age  to  age,  unless  it  descends 
in  glaciers.  It  is  highest  on  the  northern  side 
of  the  Himalayas  and  the  western  slop*  of  the 

Andes,  on  both  of  which  it  is  18,500  feet  high  ; 

In  Mont  Blanc  it  is  8,500  feet ;  at  the  North 

jape  2,300  feet ;  and  in  Spitsbergen,  lat.  78* 

V.,  it  falls  to  the  sea  level. 

snow-mould,  s. 

Bot.:  Lanosa  nivalte,  *  hyphomycetous 
fungal,  one  of  the  Mucedines. 

snow-mouse,  s. 

ZooL  :  Arvicola  nivalis,  found  on  the  Alps 
-  and  Pyrenees  near  the  snow-line. 

snow  partridge,  snow-cook,  «. 

Ornith. :  Tetraogallus  himaiayensis. 
snow-plant,  s.    [PEOTOCOCCUS.J 

snow  plough,  >.  An  implement  used 
to  clear  a  road  or  track  of  anow.  It  is  of  two 
kinds  :  one  is  adapted  to  be  hauled  by  horses 
or  oxen  on  a  common  highway,  and  the  other 
to  be  placed  in  front  of  a  locomotive.  A 
variety  of  the  latter  is  adapted  for  street 
tramways.  The  simplest  fonn  for  common 
highways  consists  of  boards  framed  together 
so  as  to  form  a  sharp  angle,  like  the  letter  A, 
in  front,  and  spreading  out  behind  to  a  greater 
or  less  width.  Being  drawn  along  with  the 


apex  in  front,  the  snow  is  thrown  off  by  the 
boards  to  tha  aide  of  the  road  or  path,  and 
thus  a  free 
passage  is 
opened  for 
traffic.  For 
ra  i  1  way 
purposes 
the  forms 

are  vari-  SNOW-PLOUGH. 

OILS,    ac- 
cording to  the  character  of  the  country,  the 
amount  of  snow-fall,  tendency  to  drift,  ic, 

•now-shed,  s.  A  protection  for  a  line  of 
railway  in  exposed  situations,  where  snow- 
drifts are  likely  to  occur.  Uprights  are  placed 
on  both  sides  of  the  lines,  which  is  roughly 
roofed  in. 

snow-shoe,  s.  A  light  frame  made  of 
bent  wood  and  interlacing  thongs,  used  to 
give  the  wearer  a  broader  base  of  support 
when  walking  on  snow.  The  tread  of  the 
shoe  is  formed  of  strips  of  raw  hide,  hard- 
twisted  twine,  or,  among  the  Indians,  of  deer- 
sinews.  In  use,  the  toe 
is  placed  beneath  the 
strap  and  the  foot  rests 
on  the  thongs ;  as  the 
heel  rises  in  walking,  SNOW-SHOE. 

the  snow-shoe  is  not 

raised,  but  as  the  foot  is  lifted,  the  toe 
elevates  the  forward  end  of  the  snow-shoe, 
which  is  then  dragged  along  on  the  snow  as 
the  leg  is  advanced.  They  are  usually  from 
three  to  four  feet  in  length,  and  a  foot  to 
eighteen  inches  broad  in  the  middle. 

"Armed  with  arrow*,  ihod  with  innn.shoet," 

Longfelloto :  JHawutha,  XV. 

snow-shoer,  s.  One  who  Indulges  in  the 
pastime  of  snow-shoeing. 

"  So  far,  at  least,  the  Aun try  tnotf-t hofrt  showed  a 
most  decided  superiority."— Fttld,  Feb.  20.  1336. 

snow-shoeing,  s.  The  act  or  practice 
of  walking  on  snow  in  snow-shoes. 

"We  consider  tnoiMttaeing  not  only  one  of  the 
•porUof  the  wurld,  hut  one  of  the  moat  robust  and 
manly  sports."—  Fttld,  Feb.  20.  1880. 

snow-skate,  «.  A  thin  elastic  piece  of 
wood,  about  six  feet  long  and  as  broad  as  the 
foot,  used  by  the  Laps  for  skating  on  the 
snow;  sometimes  also  by  the  Swedes  and 
Norwegians. 

snow-slip,  «.  A  large  rnass  of  snow 
which  slips  down  the  side  of  a  mountain. 

snow-storm,  s.  A  storm  with  a  heavy, 
drifting  faU  of  snow. 

snow-water,  «.  Water  produced  by  the 
melting  of  snow. 

snow-white,  a.  White  as  snow  ;  pure 
white. 

"  There  tnow-ufiite  curtains  hung  In  decent  folds." 
n'ordiurorth  :  Kxcitrrion,  bk,  VU, 

snow-wreath,  «.  An  accumulation  of 
snow  of  some  considerable  length  and  height. 

now  (2),  ».     (Out.  maauw,  from  Low  Ger. 
man  =  a  snout,  a  beak.] 

Naut. :  A  brig-rigged  vessel,  whose  driver 
is  bent  to  rings  on  a  supplementary  mast  Just 
abaft  the  mainmast. 

"Take,  for  example,  that  most  familiar  craft,  the 
brig.  If  the  trys-til  of  this  vessel  set*  directly  upon 
her  mainmast,  then  she  Is  a  brig ;  but  if  you  affix  a 
little  inast  abaft  her  mainmast,  and  call  it  a  trysail, 
mast,  and  then  set  your  trysail  upon  this  mast,  the 
brig,  by  this  very  trifling  change,  becoraee  what  is 
called  a  mo»."—JJaili/  Teltprapk,  Nov.  26,  1886. 

snow,  i>.i.  &  t.    [SNOW  (1).  s.] 

A.  Intram. :  To  fall  in  snow.  (Used  im- 
personally.) 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  scatter  or  cause  to  fall  like 
snow.  (Shaktsp. :  Merry  Wives,  v.  5.) 

snow-ball,  s.    [Eng.  mow,  and  ball.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :   A  ball  or  round  mass  of 
•now  pressed  together  with  the  hands. 

2.  Cook. :  A    kind   of    pudding  made   by 
putting  rice  which  has  been  swelled  in  milk 
round  a  pared  and  cored  apple,  tying  it  un  in 
a  cloth  and  boiling  welL 

snowball-tree,  «. 

Bat. :  The  sterile-flowered  variety  of  Guelder 
rose.  Named  from  its  round  balls  of  white 
flowers. 

snow'  ball,  v.t.  &  i.    [SNOWBALL,  «.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  pelt  with  snow-balls. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  throw  snow-balls. 


*  snow   break,  ».    [Eng.  mow  (I),  and  break.] 
The  flood  which  usually  follows  a  thaw  in 
mountainous    districts.       (Uarlyle  :    French 
Kevol.,  pt.  i.,  bk.  vii.,  ca.  iv.) 

sn<5wd,  snowd'-Ing, «.    (SNOOD,  SSOODINO.! 

snow1- drop,  ».  [Eng.  mow,  s.,  and  drop. 
Nam«'tl  from  the  resemblance  of  the  flowers 
to  the  "drops"  or  pendants  worn  in  the  six- 
teenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  by  la«iies 
both  as  ear-rings  and  hangings  to  tlieir 
brooches.  ] 

Bot.  JtHort. :  The  genus  Galanthus,  specially 
GaUinthiisnivalis.  Root  an  ovoid  bulb;  leaves 
obtuse,  glaucous,  keeled,  six  to  ten  inches 
long ;  inflorescence  a  scape,  bearing  a  white 
flower  with  a  double  green  spot  below  the 
tip.  The  bulb  of  the  snowdrop  Is  emetic. 
[GALANTUUS.] 

snowdrop  tree,  i. 

Bot. :  (I)  Chionanthui  viroinica;  (2)  the 
genus  Halesia. 

*  snow   ish,  *  snow-lsse,  a.    (Eng.  mow} 
•ish.]     Resembling  snow;   white  as  snow; 
snow-white. 

"  Her  tnovrUb  necke  with  blewlsh  valnes." 

Warner:  Albiont  Rnyhind,  bk.  Iv. 

*  snow'-less,  a.    [Eng.  snow;   -;««.)    Free 
from  snow  ;  destitute  of  snow. 

snow'- like,  a.  [Eng.  mow;  -Wet.}  Re- 
sembling snow. 

snoW-jf,  snow-ie,  a.    [Eng.  «now;  -y.J 
L  Literally: 

1.  White  like  snow ;  snow-white. 

"  The  sunbeam,  through  the  narrow  lattice,  fell 
Upon  the  tnowg  neck  aud  long  dark  hair. 

Scvtt :  Lord  o/ fat  lilei,  V.  1. 

2.  Abounding  with  snow ;  covered  with  snow 

**  As  when  the  Tartar  from  h  Is  Russian  foe. 
By  Aatracau,  over  the  mowy  plains 
lletires."  VfttoN  :  P.  L.,  K.  4st. 

•II.  Fig. :  White,  pore,  spotless,  un- 
blemished. 

snowy-owl, ». 

Ornith. :  Nyctea  scandtaca,  a  native  of  the 
north  of  Europe  and  America,  visiting  and 
breeding  in  the  Orkney  and  Shetland  Islands. 
In  old  birds  the  plumage  is  pure  white,  but) 
in  younger  and  adult  birds  each  feather  is 
tipped  with  dark  brown  or  black.  The  length 
of  the  adult  male  is  about  twenty  inches,  that 
of  the  female  four  or  five  inches  more.  It 
flies  by  day,  and  preys  on  the  smaller  mam- 
malia and  on  various  birds. 

snub,  *  snubbe,  ».    [SNDB,  t>.) 

1.  A  knot  or  protuberance  in  wood ;  a  snag. 

"And  lifting  np  his  dreadfull  club  on  hlght. 
All  armed  with  ragged  *i<ufcfc«  and  knot  tie  Braine.* 
Spenur:  F.  IJ.,  1.  rtlL  T. 

2.  A  check,  a  rebuke,  a  take-down. 

3.  A  snub-nose  (q.v.). 

snub-nose,  «.  A  short  nose,  flat  at  the 
bridge,  aud  somewhat  turned  up  at  the  tip. 

snub-nosed,  a.    Having  a  snub-nose. 

Snub-nosed  cachalot : 

Zool. :  The  Short-headed  Whale  (q.v.X 

snub-post, .;. 

Kaut.  :  A  form  of  bitt  or  mooring-post  on  I 
raft  or  canal  boat  or  flat-boat,  used  for  wind- 
ing the  hawser  around,  whereby  the  raft  or 
boat  is  brought  to  a  mooring. 

snub  (1),  *  snebbe,  •  snib,  '  snlbbe,  ».(. 
[Dan.  snlbbe  =  to  set  down,  to  reprimand ; 
Sw.  snubba;  Icel.  snubba.  Originally  =  to 
snip  off  the  end  of  a  thing  ;  cf.  Icel.  snnbbottr 
=  snubbed,  snipped  ;  snupra  =  to  snub,  to 
chide  ;  Sw.  dial,  sndppa  —  to  cut  off,  to  snuff 
a  candle  ;  snubba  =  to  clip,  to  cut  on.} 
*  1.  To  nip ;  to  check  in  growth. 

"  Trees  .  .  .  whose  heads  and  boughs  I  hare  ob- 
serv'd  to  run  out  far  to  landward,  but  toward  the  sea- 
to  be  so  Inub'd  by  the  winds,  as  If  their  boughs  and 
leaves  had  been  par'd  or  shaven  off  on  that  side."— 
Kay  :  OH  (*e  Cnatlon,  pt.  L 

2.  To  check,  to  reprimand  ;  to  rebuke  with 
tartness  or  sarcasm. 

"  I  found  to  my  cost.  I  was  almost  miilM  for 
asking."— ifUtbe,  Sept.  2.  1885. 

3.  To  slight  designedly ;  to  treat  with  con- 
temptuous neglect  as  too  forward    or   pre- 
tentious. 

H  To  snub  a  cable : 

Xaut. :  1\»  stop  it  suddenly  when  running 
out. 


i  fits,  lat,  Hire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  nor,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pit; 
«r.  wore,  woU  work,  wh6,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    a.  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a:  an  =  kw. 


snub— so 


4331 


•  snub  (2),  v.l     [Cf.  Ger.  saauben  =  to  pant.) 
To  sub  with  convulsions 

•nub  -ber, ».    [Eng  mnb  (1),  v  ;  -er.] 
•  I   Ord.  Lang  :  One  who  snubs. 
IL  .Y.uil. :  A  cable-stopper. 

•nuv-bing.  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SNOB  (1),  ».] 
snnbbing-llne, «. 

A'uuf. :  The  line  on  Hie  bow  of  a  canal-boat, 
which  is  taken  one  or  two  turns  around  a  po.-,t 
or  bollard  on  the  kind  to  churl;  tin-  Forward 
iih.ivii'i'iit  of  the  boat  in  entering  a  lock. 

•  snib'-blsh,  a.   [Eng.  mvf>,  s. ;  -isk.]   Surly, 
repressive;  inclined  to  administer  snubs. 

"  Spirit  of  Kant:  have  we  not  liiul  enough 
To  make  religion  sad,  and  »"iir,  ;ui<l  iKuMttkl 

Hood:  An  Optn  VwsttoH. 

•  gnaW-by,  o.     (En^'.    snub,   9.  ;    -l/.l     Short 
and  Hat  at  the  bridge,  and  somewhat  turned 
up  at  the  tip. 

"  Both  have  gntibby  noses." 


*  snudge,  u.t      [A    softened    form   of  mug 
(H.v.).J    To  lie  close  and  still ;  to  snug. 
••  Now  crtt  liia  bread  in  ixsAce. 
Ami  tntitlge  in  quiet.  Berbert:  CUrlincu. 

'  snudge,  s.    [SsoooE,  r.)    A  miser ;  a  sneak- 
ing, niggardly  fellow. 

"  And  thus  your  huabandrye,  me  tliiucke.  is  more 
like  the  life  of  a  covetous  «<i«d{7«,  that  ofte  veryevill 
proves."— Atcham:  Toxophilut,  bk.  1. 

•snudgr-ing.   a.     lEng.  inudgt,  s. ;   -ing.} 
Miserly,  niggardly. 

"  ftntKlfflny  iieniefathers  would  take  him  vp  verie 
roiu-lille,"— Boliiuhed:  Uetcr.  of  Ireland,  cu.  111. 

muff  (!),».    [SNUFF  (IX  v.} 

I.  The  act  of  Inhaling  by  the  nose ;  »  sniff. 
*  2.  Snot,  mucus. 
3.  Smell,  scent,  odonr. 
»  1.  Resentment  expressed  by  snuffling  or 
mining  ;  a  huff. 

14  He    went   away   In   iniiJT.'—Heil   Jonttm:    Sttfnt 

B-aiu'ill.  i V.  2. 

5.  A  powdered  preparation  of  tobacco  in- 
haled through  the  nose.  The  leaves  of  the 
tobai-co-plant,  having  undergone  fermentation 
by  moisture  and  warmth,  are  chopped,  well 
dried,  and  then  ground  in  mortars  or  mills. 
The  amount  of  drying  gives  the  peculiar 
flavour  of  high-dried  snuffs,  such  as  the 
Welsh,  Irish,  and  Scotch.  Sr.uffs  are  scented 
In  various  ways  to  suit  the  fancies  of  the 
users.  Dry  snuffs  are  often  adulterated  with 
quicklime,  and  moist  snuffs,  as  rappee,  with 
ammonia,  hellebore,  pearl-ash,  &o.  [TOBACCO.) 
'  t  (1)  To  take  a  thing  in  muff:  To  taf.e 
Offence  at  a  thing. 

"I  tell  yon  true.  I  take  U  highly  innrnf.  t»  learn 

bow  to  entertain  gentlefolks  of  you,  at  theH  years, 

f  faith. '-Ben  Jonton:  PoetaMer.  U.  I. 

(2)  Up  to  snuff:  Knowing,  sharp,  wide- 
awake ;  not  easily  taken  in  or  imposed  upon. 

snuff  clipping,  s.  A  mode  of  taking 
tobacco  practised  by  some  of  the  lower  class 
of  women  in  the  United  States,  consisting  of 
dipping  a  brush  among  snuff,  and  rubbing 
the  teeth  and  gums  with  It. 

snuff-mill,  s.  A  mill  or  machine  for 
grinding  tobacco  into  snuff. 

H  The  Denft  S*u/-miU:  (DEVIL'S  SHTJFF- 
Box.) 

snuff  taker,  s.  One  who  Is  In  the  habit 
Of  taking  or  inhaling  snuff;  a  snuffer. 

snuff- taking,  ».    The  act  or  practice  of 

taking  or  inhaling  tmuff  into  the  nose. 

snuff  (2),  •  snoffo,  *  snut  s.    [SNUFF  (2), «.] 
1.  The  burning  part  of  a  candle-wick,  or 
that  which    lias  been  charred  by  the  flame, 
whether  burning  or  not. 

"Virgil  says,  '  as  tlie  young  women  are  plying  their 
evening  t;iaks,  they  nre  sensible  of  the  winter  season 
from   the  oil  siftrklhig  lu  the  lamp,  and  the  tnii 
hardening.'"— Coo*e:  A  Vietoofthe  It'onct  A  Dayt. 

*  2.  Leavings  in    a   glass  after  drinking ; 
beel-taps. 

"  Meantime,  those  very  snuffs  which  your  excess  pro- 
cured, would  have  been  Bweet  drops  to  many  poor 
thinly  souls,  who  for  want  of  drink  have  fainted."— 
M.  firaithwtite  :  T\e  Penitent  Pilfrim. 

•  snuff  dish, '  snuf  dish,  s. 

Jew.  A»fi<[. :  A  dish  for  the  snntTof  the 
lamps  of  the  tabernacle. 

14  And  he  made  for  it  seuen  lampea  with  the  mmfTi  . 
and  tnuf^UAet  thereof  of  pure  gold.  "—Exotou  xxxvtit 


snuff  (1),  *  snufle,  r.t.  &  f.  [A  variant  of 
sniff  (q.v.).  O.  Hut.  maffen,  snuynn;  DM. 
«t«iyCTt=to  snuff;  arm/—  smelling,  scent; 
ma/elen  =  to  smell  out  ;  cf.  Sw.  sn.-1/m  =  u 
cold,  a  catarrh;  snwfmn  =  a  sniff,  a  scent; 
Sw.  dial,  siiavfa,  miijl/t,  sin:(Ril  =  to  sn'.llh-  ; 
Dan.  sitoole  ;  G'.-r.  sclinu^fcil  =  a  OatMThi 
scliiiuiifeii  =to  take  snuU'.J 

A.  l'ran$Uii'e: 

1.  To  draw  in  with  the  breath  ;  to  inhale. 

"  Thfre  feels  a  pleasure  perfect  in  its  kind. 
itiiu-ivs  at  liberty,  and  mnj'ti  the  wutd. 

futa/xr:  Ketirement,  630. 

2.  To  smell,  to  scent  ;  to  perceive  by  the  uose. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  snort;  to  Inhale  air  with  force  and 
noise. 

"  The  fnuffliitr  tlotja  are  aet  at  fault" 

A1.  Moore  :  Wolf,  xliecp.  A  Lamb. 

2.  To  take  snull'. 

*  3.  To  turn  up  the  nose  and  inhale  air  in 
contempt;  to  snilf  contemptuously. 

"  Ye  said,  wliat  a  weariueM  U  It,  and  J«  have 
Hmffed  at  it."—  JlalacM  i.  IS. 

«  4.  To  take  offence.    (Up.  Hall.) 

snuff  (2),  v.t.  [Sw.  dial,  mdpjia  =  to  snip  or 
cutoff;  Dan.mnW>«  =  tosnub(q.v.).]  To  cut, 
clip,  or  take  ott'  the  snult'  ol,  as  ol  a  c-uindle. 

"  Sttuff  the  candled  at  su|>l*er  as  they  staud  on  the 
table."—  Swift  :  Directions  to  Servant*. 

U  To  snuff  ant:  To  extinguish  by  snumiig; 
hence,  to  annihilate. 

"  Thoy  will  be  tnufff-tt  out  ;  nobody  will  Ust*n  to 
them  before  seven  or  after  nine."—  Uailtt  Telegraph. 
Feb.  15.  1887. 

snuff'-box,  s.  [Eng.  snuff  (1),  s.,  and  tor.] 
A  box  for  carrying  snuff  about  the  person. 
They  are  made  of  every  variety  of  pattern  and 
material. 

44  Says  the  pine  to  the  tnwffbox  I  can't  understand 
Whut  the  ladies  and  geubkmen  see  in  your  face." 
Cvwjicr;  Letter  to  llev.  Mr.  A'cwton. 

snuff'  or,  «.  [Eng.  muff  (1),  v.  ;  -er.J  Cue 
who  snuffs. 

snuff'-ers,  s.  pi.  [Eng.  muff  (2),  v.  ;•«•».]  An 
instrument  for  cropping  the  snuff  of  a  candle. 

"Wheu  yon  have  snuffed  the  caudle, 
open."—  ,Sw(/t.*  JMrecttoni  to  t  Ae  Butler. 

snuffer  -dish,  snuffer-tray,  >.  A  small 
stand  of  metal,  papier-mache,  &c.,  for  holding 
snuffers. 

snuff'-i  ness,  a.    [Eng.  nmffy;  r  •«««.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  snuffy. 

"  There  Is  a  tnuffneu,  a  stuffiness,  a  general  seedl- 
ness  about  the  former."  —  Evening  Standard,  Nov.  14, 

lust. 
snuf'-fle,  ».    [SNUFFLE,  r.] 

1.  A  sound    made   by  the  passage  of  air 
through  the  nostrils. 

2.  The  act  of  speaking  through  the  nose  ;  an 
affected  nasal  twang  ;  hence,  cant. 

snuf  tie,  v.l.  [A  freq.  from  muff  OX  '• 
(q.v.).]  To  speak  through  the  nose  ;  to 
breathe  hard  through  the  nose,  or  through 
the  nose  when  obstructed. 

"  Snuffling  at  nose  and  croaking  In  Ms  throat." 
Drydtm  :  Periiui,  sat.  L 

snuf  -Her,  «.  [Eng-  muMf)  ;  •«•.]  One  who 
snuttles;  specif,  applied  to  one  who  makes 
great  profession  of  religion. 

Bnuf  flcs,  ».  pi.  [SHDFPLK.]  Obstrnr.tion  of 
the  nose  by  mucus,  an  affection  occurring  in 
man  and  the  lower  animals. 

"Then  Princess  Augusta  gets  the  mmJIe*,"—  Jfad* 
D'Arblay  :  Diary.  111.  ISO. 

snuf  '-fling,  a.  [SNUFFLE,  V.}  Canting, 
hypocritical. 

"Assailing  the  straight-haired.  tmtfOnp.  whining 
lainto."—  Ma&uOaf:  Hut.  E*f.,  ek.  ill. 

»  »nd  mam-] 


*  snufi"  man,  «.    [Eng. 
A  dealer  in  snuff. 


"The  shop  of  a  tnuffman  of  the  present  day."— 
Smage:  R.  MedHcott,  bk.  iii,,  ch.  L 


-y,  o.    [Eng.  mu/(l),  s.  ;  -jr.J 

1.  Resembling  snuff  in  colour. 

2.  Soiled  with  snuff;  smelling  of  snuff. 

3.  Offended,  displeased,  huffed.    (Scotch.) 

snug,  r.t.  ft  (.    [SNUO,  a.] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  lie  close  ;  to  snuggle  ;  to 
make  one's  self  snug. 

"  We  mumed  up  for  the  night'—  «efB.  TMo,*,  ISM. 

fi.  Trans.  :  To  put  in  A  snug  position  ;  to 

place  snugly. 


snog;,  a.  &  s.  [Icel.  snnyjr  =  smooth,  said  ol 
wnnl  or  linir  ;  O.  Sw.  snyyg  ;=  short-haired, 
trimmed,  neat ;  Sw.  sn  ,ig<j  =  cleanly,  neat, 
genteel ;  Norw.  sn'agij  =  short,  quick ;  Dan. 
snog  =  neat,  smart.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Lying  elose ;  closely  pressed. 

*  2.  Close,  concealed ;  not  exposed  to  view, 

"When  you  lay  mug  to  simp  yomi--  liHinon's  gnats." 
Drydvn     I'iiyil ;  Krl.  iii.  24. 

3.  Compact,  trim  ;  comfortable  and   con- 
venient. 

"Within  her  master's  inr#f  al>"<Ie." 

•'I  Cat. 

B.  As  siibsUinlivc : 

1.  Math. :    A  small  rib,  lug,  or  marginal 
riil^'i:,  east  on  a  plate,  and  acting  as  a  lat-ral 
support  to  keep  an  attached  object  in  place  ; 
as,  on  the  edge  of  a  bracket-sole. 

2.  Stfam-fng. :  One  of  the  catches  on  the 
eccentric  pulley  and  intermediate  shaft,  for 
the  purpose  of  communicating  the  motion  of 
the  shaft  through  the  eccentric  to  the  slide- 
valves. 

snugr-ger-y.  «.  [Eng.  snuy:  -ery.1  A  snog, 
warm  IXJIMU  or  place.  (Often  used  of  a  bap* 
parlour.) 

"  We  in  Heath  had  a  pleaannt  time  In  Miss  Murphy'i, 
*nuag*ry:'—l>*ad,  Feb.  13, ISM. 

snug'-ging,  s.  [SNTJO,  o.]  The  operation  of 
rubbing  down  the  liln-es  of  rope  to  improve 
its  finish.  Known  also  as  slicking  or  nuisb- 
ing. 

gnug'-gle,  ».*.  [A  freq.  or  dimin.  from  mug 
(q.v.).]  To  move  one  way  and  another  to  get 
a  snug,  close  place ;  to  lie  close  for  warmth 
or  comfort ;  to  cuddle,  to  nestle. 

"  Young  Newcoine  ntugglinp  by  my  side."— 7»«A. 
tray :  Jfeufcomei.  cu.  i. 

*  snng'-I-fy,  v.t.  [Eng.  mug ;  i  connect.,  and 
surf,  -fy.]  To  make  snug. 

"Coleridge  1  I  devoutly  wish  that  Fortune,  who. 
has  luade  sport  with  you  so  L.ng.  may  play  one  freak 
more,  throw  you  into  London,  or  some  spot  near  it, 
ami  there  tnuatfy  you  for  lift"— G.  Lamb!  Letur  to 


Snug-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  mug;  -ly.\  In  a  snug 
manner ;  comfortably. 

"  And.  migla  housed  from  the  wind  and  weather, 
Mope  like  biros  that  are  chunking  feather." 

Longfellow;  Spring. 

snug7- ness,  ».  [Eng.  mug;  -nest.}  Tb» 
quality  or  state  of  being  snug. 

Bnush,  a.    [SNUFF  (1),  a.] 

•ny,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Shipbuilding: 

1.  A  gentle  bend  In  timber  curving  upward. 
If  it  tend  downward  it  is  said  to  hang. 

2.  The  trend  of  the  lines  of  a  ship  upward 
from  amidship  toward  the  bow  and  the  stem. 

sny'mg,  «.    [SHY.] 

SMpbuild.:  A  curved  plank  worked  edge- 
ways into  tb»  bow  of  a  vessel. 

so,  *  sa,  "  swa,  adv.,  cmj.,  ft  inter}.  [A.8. 
swa;  cogn.  with  Dut.  zoo;  Icel.  si-a,  wo,  00; 
Dan.  sou;  Sw.  sa;  Goth,  tarn;  Ger.  to.] 

A*  As  adverb  : 

\.  In  that  manner  or  degree ;  in  such  man- 
ner or  to  such  degree  as  is  indicated  irr  any 
way,  or  is  implied,  or  to  supposed  to  be 
known. 

•Olw  thanks  yon  have  lived  »  long" 

XtKikesp.  :  Ttmpett,  L  I. 

2.  In  like  manner  or  degree ;  in  the  way 
that;   for  like  reason.     (Used  coirelatively 
with  as  preceding  to  denote  comiarinon  01 

resemblance.) 

~AI  whom  the  fables  feign  a  monstrous  six*, 
Titauian  or  earthborn  that  warred  on  Jove. 
80  stretched  out  huge  in  length  the  arch-fiend  lay." 

3.  In  snch  a  manner;  to  sni'h  a  diegre*. 
(Used  correlatively  with  as  or  that  following.) 

"So  frowned  the  mighty  combntanta,  that  hell 
Grew  darker."  Union:  f.  L..  IL  7U. 

If  It  was  formerly  nsed  with  an  infinitive, 
but  without  as,  to  denote  the  effect  or  result 

"  &>  proud  thy  service  tn  dftptat." 

Shitkesp. :  Sonnet  1«L 

4.  In  snch  a  manner,  or  to  such  a  degree, 
as  cannot  very  well  be  expressed  ;  in   a  high 
degree,  very  much,  extremely  :  as,  You  an  ft 
good.    (Colloq.) 

5.  In  the  same  degree ;  with  as. 

"&>soon  was  she  along  at  be  was  down.* 

Khuketp.:  remat  Adattb.1* 


boil,  boy;  pout,  Jtf*-l;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Irig, 
-dan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  Thfi" ;  - tion,  -sloa  —  «!»*»«,    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shua.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del* 


4332 


soak— soapwort 


6.  As  has  been  said  or  stated  ;  used  with 
reflex  reference  to  something  just  asserted  or 
implied  ;  used  to  imply  the  sense  of  a  pre- 
ceding word  or  sentence,  and  to  avoid  repe- 
tition. 

"  Let  the  waters  under  the  heaven  be  gathered  to- 

'•'  *"•  •**  Uud  "piw; 


7.  Likewise,  as  well,  also. 

"You  have  cause,  so  have  we  all,  of  Joy." 

Aotsw  :  T,mlxu,  U.  I 

8.  For  this  reason  ;  on  these  terms  or  con- 
ditions ;  consequently,  therefore,  on  this  ac- 
count, accordingly. 

"God  makes  him  In  bis  own  image  an  intellectual 
creature,  and  to  capable  of  dominion."  —  Lockf. 

9.  Be  it  so  ;  so  let  it  be  ;  it  is  well  ;  it  is 
good;  it  is  all  right.      Used  to  supply  the 
place  of  a  sentence,  and  to  express  acquies- 
cence, assent,  or  approbation. 

"If  It  be  017  luck,  K."—  fj,ot*p.:  utrrt  ITttw, 

10.  Such  being  the  case  ;  accordingly,  well. 

"And  «,.  farewell."    Bluacap.  :  Two  Gcntloiun.  L  L. 

11.  Used  to  introduce  a  wish,  after  or  be- 
fore an  asseveration. 

"  1  never  law  the  chain.  so  help  me  Heaven." 

tA'iketp.  :  Comedy  of  Erron,  T. 

12.  Used  interrogatively:  Is  it  *o?  =  Do  you 
mean  it? 

13.  Used  to  imply  a   manner,  degree,   or 
quantity,  not  expressly  stated,  but  implied, 
hinted  at,  or  left  to  be  guessed  ;  a  little  more 
or  less. 

"  Have  a  score  of  knaves  or  to.' 

Skateip.  !  Taming  of  On  atmf.  I  J. 

B.  At  conjunction  ; 

1.  For  this  reason  ;  on  these  terms  or  con- 
ditions ;  on  this  account  ;  therefore. 

"It  leavee  instruction  and  so  instructors,  to  the 
sobriety  o[  the  settled  articles  and  rule  of  the  church." 
—  ffalyday. 

2.  Provided   that:   en  condition  that:  in 
case  that 

"So  the  i  doctrine  be  but  wholesome  and  edifying. 
though  then  should  be  a  want  of  exactness  in  the 


C.  As  interj.  :  Stand  still  1  stop  I  stay  I  that 
will  do  1 

1  •!.  Soot:  Such  as. 

"  Thou  art  as  tyrannous.  K  at  thou  art." 

SkaJteif.  :  Smut*  m. 

•2.  So  far  forth  :  So  far  ;  to  such  a  degree 
or  extent. 


d.'— Bible  Tfinttntorl :  Tu  the  Reader  iUll^" 

3.  So  forth;  so  on:  Further  in  the  same 
or  a  similar  manner ;  more  of  the  same  or  a 
•imilar  kind  ;  et  cetera. 

*  4.  So  much  as :  However  much ;  to  what- 
ever degree  or  extent. 

"So  mue*  at  you  admire  the  beauty  of  bis  verse, 
hlsprossisfullasgood.--^^  ITodd.) 

5.  So-and-so :  A  certain  person  or  thing,  not 
mentioned  by  name ;  an  indefinite  person  or 
thing:  as,  I  must  see  so-and-so  about  it. 

6.  So-»o: 

(1)  Indifferent,  indifferently,  middling,  me- 
diocre ;  in  an  indifferent  manner  or  degree. 
(Used  both  as  an  adjective  and  an  adverb.) 

" '.S?1!!'  t">u?)'«st  thou  of  the  rich  Mercatio  f ' 
Well  of  bis  wealth  :  but  of  himself  Mo-to  "• 

.<«.!*«/>. :  Two  Qmutmm,  (.  e. 

(2)  Used  as  an  exclamation  implying  dis- 
covery or  observation  of  some  effect :  ay.  av  1 
well,  well  I 

"So-so,  farewell,  we  are 

0)  To  the  end  that;  in  order  that;  with 
the  view,  purpose,  or  intention  that. 
(2)  With  the  result  or  effect  that, 

"All  Israel  shouted  with  a  great  shoot,  so  Oua  the 
ssrth  rang  again.-— 1  Samuel  Si.  i. 

8.  So  Men:  Thus,  then,  it  is  that,  the  conse- 
quence is  ;  therefore. 

"  To  »  war  are  required  s  lust  quarrel,  sufficient 
force.,  and  a  prudent  choice  of  the  designs ;  la  then, 
I  will  first  Justify  the  quarrel,  balance  t?e  forces,  sia 
propound  designs."—  Bacon. 

•oak,  'soke,  •sok-yn,  v.t.  &  t  [A.S.  «kon 
=  to  suck,  to  soak  ;  cf.  Wei.  twga  =  soaked ; 
lugnc  =  to  sack.) 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  steep  or  cause  to  lie  in  a  liquid  till 
the  substance  has  imbibed  all  the  moisture  it 
is  capable  of  containing;  to  macerate  in 
water  or  other  fluid. 

"  Wormwood,  put  into  the  bri»e  Ton  loot  your  corn 
Sonj*"™™'1*  ""  blld*  e*t1"*'  "•  "ortimer:  Hut- 


2.  To  wet  thoroughly,  to  drench. 

"  While  moist  Arcturoa  toak'd  the  vales  below  " 
fawta:  Apollon.  Khodiut:  Argonautict  u. 

3.  To  draw  iii  by  the  pores,  as  the  skin. 
"Suppling  thy  stinen'd  Joints  with  fragrant  oil  ; 

Then  in  thy  sikicious  garden  walk  awhile, 
To  suclc  the  moisture  up  and  fja'.  :t  in." 

Drydcn.    (Todd.) 

•4.  To  penetrate,  work,  or  accomplish  by 

wetting   thoroughly.       (Often   followed    by 
through.) 

"  5.  To  suck  up,  to  drain,  to  dry  up   to 

exhaust 

"His  feasting*,  wherein  he  was  only  sumptuous. 
could  not  but  «uat  his  exchequer."—  HoKon. 
B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  steeped  in  water  or  other  fluid  ;  to 
steep. 

2.  To    enter  gradually  into  pores  or  in- 
terstices. 

"Bain,  stnrtn.7  into  the  strata  which  lie  near  the 
surface,  bears  witli  it  all  such  movable  matter  as 
occurs.*—  Woodward. 

3.  To  drink  in  temperately  or  gluttonously: 
to  be  given  to  excessive  drinking. 

"  The  tickling  of  his  palate  with  a  glass  of  wine,  or 
the  idle  chat  of  a  KaJtiiw  club.-—  iocls, 

soak  -age  (age  as  Ig),  «.    [Eng.  wait;  -age.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  soaking. 

2.  Fluid  imbibed. 

soak  -or,  «  sok-ere,  s.    [Bug.  male  ;  ^r.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  soaks  or  macerates 
in  water  or  other  fluid  ;  one  who  or  that  which 
drenches  thoroughly. 

2.  A  heavy  drinker  ;  a  toper. 

"  In  the  next  place,  by  a  good  naturM  man.  Is 
usually  meant,  neither  more  nor  less  than  a  good 
fellow,  a  painful,  able,  and  laborious  toalcer,  one  who 
owes  all  his  good  nature  to  the  pot  and  the  pipe."— 
Softh:  Ser.noni.vol.  vL.  ser.  a. 

soak'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  o.,  &  «.    [SOAK.) 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

L  Steeping,  macerating. 

2.  Wetting  thoroughly;  drenching:  as,  a 
making  rain. 

3.  Drinking  heavily. 

C.  As   sub  ft.:    A    thorough    wetting:    a 
drenching. 

*  soak'-Ing  ly,  •  sok-lng  ly,  adt.    [Eng. 

soaking;  -ly.]    Gradually,  by  degrees,  as  water 
soaks  into  the  ground. 

*"  **"* 


Sdak'-y,  soc-ky,  o.    [Eng.  «oafc;  -y.]    Moist 
on  the  surface  ;  steeped  in  water;  soggy. 

sdal  (1),  sole.  «.    [A.8.  tolu  =  mire.J   A  dirty 
pool.    (Prou.) 

*soal(2),  t.    [SOLE,..] 

'**&  V,BOape>  '."OP*-  «•    f  A-8-  «**  ••  c°gn. 

with  Dut  zeep  ;  Icel.  sdpa  ;  Dan  losbe  •  8w 
t&pa;  M.  H.  Ger.  saiffd  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  Kiphd  : 
Ger.  stife  ;  Lat  supo  (accus.  saponm,  whence 
FT.  savon;  Ital.  sapont  ;  8p.  arfpon  ;  WeL 
Kbon  ;  GaeL  siopunn,  siabunn  :  Ir.  iteowtn).  j 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit.  :  An  alkaline  unctuous  substance 
used  chiefly  for  washing  and  cleansing  pur- 

"  All  «Kip>  sad  soapy  substances,  and  consequently 
"P«  fruits,  the  Juices  of  pungent  and  arJmaUcsI 
plants;  .11  those  substances  resolve  solids.  and  some. 

""""*  or  *""  "••  -Hsisf»3 


. 

2.  Fig.  :  Flattery.    (Slang.) 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Chm.  it  Comm.  :  In  a  chemical  sense,  a 
soap  includes  all  compounds  of  an  organic 
acid  with  a  metallic  or  organic  base.  Com- 
mercially, it  is  a  detergent  substance,  con- 
sisting of  the  potassium  and  soainm  salte  of 
the  fatty  acids  derived  from  animal  or  vege- 
table oils  and  fata,  and  prepared  by  boiling 
the  neutral  fat,  such  as  tallow,  palm  oil  or 
olive  oil,  with  caustic  soda  or  potash,  until 
saponiflcation  (q.v.)  is  complete.  To  separate 
the  soap  from  the  excess  of  alkali  and  glycerin 
a  weak  solution  of  common  salt  is  added,  and 
the  boiling  continued  for  a  certain  time 
The  soap  being  thereby  rendered  insoluble  in 
the  ley,  rises  to  the  top  in  the  form  of  a 
granular  mass  or  curd,  and  is  ladled  out  or 
run  off  into  frames,  where  it  cools  and 
solidities.  Hard  soaps  are  compounds  of  the 
fatty  acids  and  soda,  the  best  known  being 
curd  and  yellow  soaps,  the  latter  containing 


a  small  percentage  of  rosin.  A  good  hard 
soap  should  contain  not  more  than  28  per 
cent,  water,  7  per  cent  soda,  and  66  per  cent 
of  fatty  acids.  Soft  soap  is  a  combination  ol 


soa 

ma] 


and  pasty  to  the  touch,  and  dissolves  more 
readily  in  water  than  hard  soap.  Hard  soaps 
consUtnts  the  great  bulk  of  the  soaps  used 
ami  may  be  divided  into  the  three  varietirs  of 
curd,  mottled, and  yellow.  Yellow soapscoulain 
rosin  as  an  essential  ingredient  Curd  and 
mottled  soaps  are  made  from  tallow,  in  a  special 
manner,  the  mottling  in  the  latter  being  due 
to  the  presenreintholveof  small  quantities  of 
lime,  magnesia,  4c.  The  basis  of  toilet  soap 
ii-  L-I -ueraUy  good  curd  or  yellow  soap. 

2.  Pharm, :  Medicinal  soap  is  an  antacid  and 
slightly  aperient,  but  is  used  chiefly  as  an  ad- 
junct to  other  drugs,  or  in  the  manufacture  of 
pills.  (CASTILE-SOAP.! 

soap-bark,  ». 

Sot.:  The  genus  Quillaia  (q.T.)i 
soap-boiler,  s. 

1.  One  whose  trade  is  to  manufacture  soap. 

"  A  toap-ootter  condoles  with  me  on  the  duties  on 
castle-soap."—  Additon  :  Spectator. 

2.  A  soap-pan  (q.v.). 

loap  boiling,  s.    The  act  or  business  of 

nutacturing  soap. 

soap-bubble,  i.  A  thin  film  of  soap- 
suds inflated  by  blowing  through  a  pipe,  and 
forming  a  hollow  globe,  with  beautiful  iri- 
descent colours. 

soap-cerate,  s. 

Pharm. :  A  plaster  consisting  of  hard  soap, 
yellow  wax,  olive  oil,  oxide  of  lead,  and  vine- 
gar, applied  to  allay  inflammation. 

soap-engine,  B.  A  machine  upon  which 
the  slabs  of  soap  are  piled  to  be  cross-cnt 
into  bars.  (H'talc.) 

soap-frame,  s.  A  box  to  hold  soap  and 
retain  it  till  it  acquires  a  certain  degree  ol 
solidity. 

soap-house,  s.  A  house  or  building  la 
which  soap  is  made. 

*  soap-look. «.  A  lock  of  hair  made  to 
lie  smooth  by  soaping  it 

soap  nut,  s. 

,„•&*•••  0)  The  legnme  of  Aateia  amedma; 
(2)  the  nut  of  SapindusSaponarui. 

Soap-nut  trt»: 

Bot. :  Sap 


soap-pan,  «.  A  large  pan  or  vessel, 
generally  of  cast-iron,  used  for  boiling  the 
materials  for  the  manufacture  of  soap. 

soap-plant,  s.  A  popular  name  for  any 
plant  that  may  be  used  as  soap, 

soap-pod,  a. 

Bat. :  Various  species  of  Cwsalplnla. 

soap-suds,  a.  pL  Water  impregnated 
with  soap ;  suds. 

soap-test, «.  A  test  for  determining  the 
relative  hardness  of  waters.  It  consists  in 
adding  to  the  different  waters  a  solution  of 
soap  of  known  strength,  until  a  permanent 
lather  is  produced  on  s-hsLklno^ 

soap-tree,  a, 

Hot. :  Sapindus  Saponetrta. 
soap-work,*.    A  soap-home. 
soap, ».«.    [SOAP,  a.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  rub  or  wash  with  soap. 

2.  Fig. :  To  flatter.    (Stanj.) 
soap'-ber-ry, «.    [Eng.  *oap,  and  ixrrj.J 

Bat. :  The  genus  Sapindus  (q.v.). 

*  soap-less,  a.    [Eng.  «oap ;  Jess.}    Withert 
soap,  using  no  soap ;  hence,  dirty,  unwashed. 

"  The  offered  hand  .  .  .  was  of  a  marvellously  dingy 
and  loaplea  aspect."— Lfttm  :  felltam,  ch.  xlix. 

soap' -stone,   a,     [Eng.  toap,    and   stotu.] 
[SAPONITE,  TALC.) 

soap  -wood,  ».    [Eng.  map,  and  wood.} 
Sot. :  Clethra  tinifolia. 

soap  -wort,  «.    [Eng.  »oop,  and  wort.}    [Sir 

POKAR1A.J 


U  s  >  *          '  '         •  '      *>  «"«•!  *»•  P 

work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  lull;  try,  Sfrlan.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


10 


11 


^ 


16 


17 


18 


19 


20 


21 


24 


25 


SOCIETY  EMBLEMS. 

1  MASTER  MASON. 

2  ROYAL  ARCH  MASON. 
S    KNIGHT-TEMPLAR. 

4  THIRTY-SECOND  DEGREE  OF  FREEMASONRY. 

5  MYSTIC  SHRINE. 

6  IMPROVED  ORDER  OF  RED  MEN. 

7  INDEPENDENT  ORDER  OF  ODD  FELLOWS. 

8  KNIGHTS  OF  MALTA. 

9  KNIGHTS  OF  PYTHIAS. 

10  KNIGHTS  OF  THE  GOLDEN  EAGLE. 

11  ROYAL  ARCANl'M. 

12  ORDER  OF  SPARTA. 

13  BENEVOLENT  PROTECTIVE  ORDER  OF  ELKi 

14  ANCIENT  ORDER  OF  UNITED  WORKMEN. 

15  AMERICAN  LEGION  OF  HONOR. 

16  KNIGHTS  OF  MACCABEES. 

17  PATRIOTIC  ORDER  SONS  OF  AMERICA. 

18  JUNIOR   ORDER  UNITED  AMERICAN  MECHANIC! 

19  INDEPENDENT  ORDER  OF  FORESTERS. 
30    HEPTASOPH. 

a    LEAGUE  OF  AMERICAN  WHEELMEN. 
8Z    ANCIEN'i  ORDER  OF  HIBERNIANS. 

23  BROTHERHOOD  OF  RAILROAD  TRAINMEN. 

24  CATHOLIC  TOTAL  ABSTINENCE  UNION  OF  AMERICA. 
»    CHRISTIAN  ENDEAVOR, 


PAST  OFFICERS'  JEWELS. 

1   PAST  MASTER,  of  a  Lodge  of  Master  Masons,  or  Bine  Lodge 

3  PAST  HIGH  PRIEST,  of  a  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  or  a  Chr.*>tel 

of  Royal  Arch  Masons. 

*   PAST  EMINENT  COMMANDER,  of  a  Commandery  of  Knighta 
Templar. 

4  PAST  ILLUSTRIOUS  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF,  of  a  Consistory, 

Thirty-second  Degree  of  Freemasonry. 

f   PAST  POTENTATE,  of  Ancient  Arabic  Order  of  the  Nobles  ol 
the  Mystic  Shrine. 

6  PAST  EXALTED  RULER,  of  a  Lodge  of  the  Benevolent  Pro. 

tective  Order  of  Elks. 

7  PAST  CHANCELLOR,  of  a  Lodge  of  Knights  of  Pythias. 

8  PAST  COMMANDER,  of  a  Council  American  Legion  of  Honor. 
»   PAST    GRAND,  of  a  Lodge  of    Independent  Order  of  Odd 

Fellows. 

10  PAST  SACHEM,  of  a  Tribe  of  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men. 

11  PAST  PRESIDENT,  of  a  Camp,  Patriotic  Order  Sons  of  America. 

12  PAST  REGENT,  of  a  Council  of  Royal  Arcanum. 

13  PAST  COUNCILLOR,  of  a  Council  of  Junior  Order  ol  United 

American  Mechanics. 

14  PAST    WORKMAN,   of    a    Lodge    of    Ancient   Order    United 

Workmen. 

15  PAST  CHIEF  PATRIARCH,  of  an  Odd  Fellows  Encampment 
U    PAST  REGENT,  of  a  Senate,  Order  of  Sparta. 


13 


12 


15 


US  61E"  8  CO  N.  * 


soapy— sociable 


4333 


Botany  : 

1.  The  genus  Saponaria  (q.v.);   spec.,  Sa- 
ponaria  officinalis. 

2.  (PL):  The  order  Sapindaceae  (q.v.). 

fl6ap'-y,  a.    [Eng.  soap;  -y,] 

L  Literally:  , 

1.  Of  the  nature  of  or  resembling  Boap; 
having  the  qualities  of  soap  ;  soft  and  smooth. 

"  The  same  [tar  water]  u  a  soupy  medicine,  dissolves 
the  yrumous  concreUoaa  of  thu  libroiu  part."— 
Berkeley:  Siris,  f  96. 

2.  Smeared  with  soap. 

II.  Fin. :  Flattering,  unctuous,  glozing. 
(Said  of  persons  or  of  language.)  (Slang.) 

soar,  *  scare,  *  sore,  v.i.    [Fr.  essorer  =  to 

expose  to  the  air,  to  mount  or  soar  up,  from 

Low  Lat.  *  exuuro  =  to  expose  to  the  air,  from 

Lat.  ex  ~  out,  and  aura  =  a  breeze,  the  air.J 

L  Literally : 

1.  To  fly  aloft,  as  a  bird  ;  to  mount  upward 
on  wings,  or  as  on  wings  ;  to  tower. 

"  When  Denmark's  Raren  toared  on  high. 
Triumphant  through  Northumbrian  sky." 

&.-ott :  Rokebyt  Iv.  1. 

2.  To  rise  high  ;  to  mount  up. 

*  Flames  rise  and  sink  by  fits  ;  at  last  they  toar 
In  one  bright  blaze,  and  then  descend  no  more.** 

Dryden.    (Todd.) 

IL  Fig. :  To  rise  or  mount  intellectually ; 
to  tower  mentally. 

"He  wiug'd  his  upward  flight,  and  loar'd  to  fame." 
Dryden:  Sigitmvnda  *  Ouitcardo,  M&, 

•oar  (1),  *  scare  (1), «.   [SOAR,  v.]  A  towering 

llight;  ascent. 

"  Within  tonr 
Of  tow'rlDg  eaglea."        Milton,  P.  £.,  V.  370. 

•soar  (2),  scare  (2), *.  [O.  Fr.  sort  Fr.saur= 
sorrel,  reddish.] 

1.  A  hawk  of  the  first  year. 

2.  A  buck  of  the  fourth  year. 

"A  buck  la  the  first  year  a  fawn;  the  second  » 
pricket ;  the  third,  a  sorrel ;  ami  the  fourth  year  * 
*>are."— Return  from  I'arnatiut. 

soar  falcon,  $.    A  sore-falcon  (q.v.). 

soar  -  ant,  a.  [SOAR,  v.]  A  word  used  in  mo- 
dern heraldry  as  a  synonym  of  Volant  (q.v.). 

soar  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SOAR,  v.] 

*  soar  -Jng-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  soaring;  4y.]  In 
ft  soaring  manner. 

"Their  summits  to  heaven 
Shoot  toaringly  forth.'          Byron  :  Manfred,  L  L 

so-a'-ve,  so-a-ve-men'-te,  adv.  [Ital.  = 
sweet,  sweetly.] 

Music :  A  direction  that  the  piece  is  to  be 
played  delicately,  sweetly,  or  gently. 

»ob  (1),  *  sobbe,  r.i.  &  t.  [Of  Imitative  origin ; 
A.S.  siofian,  seojian  =  to  lament ;  cf.  Ger. 
teufzen  =  to  sigh  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sujtdn ;  M.  H. 
Ger.  sivfien,  s^/Zen,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  sujt  = 
a  sigh,  a  sob.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  sigh  with  a  kind  of  con- 
vulsive motion,  or  a  sudden  heaving  of  the 
chest ;  to  weep  with  convulsive  catching  of 
the  breath. 

"  Luke  had  a  manly  heart ;  but  at  these  words 
He  lobb'd  aloud.-  Wordniorth  :  Michael. 

K  Sobbing  is  produced  by  a  series  of  con- 
vulsive inspirations,  like  those  of  hiccough  ; 
but  the  glottis  is  closed  earlier,  so  that  little 
or  no  air  enters  the  chest.  (Foster.) 

B.  Trans. :  To  utter  with  a  sob  or  sobs. 

*«6b(2),  v.L    [Etym.  doubtful.]    To  soak. 

"  The  tree  being  tabbed  and  wet,  swells." — Mortimer; 
Husbandry. 

•ob,  *  sobbe,  s.  [Sos  (1),  v.}  A  convulsive 
sigh. 

"  Those  who  lodged  near  him  could  distinctly  hear 
his  iota  and  hi*  piercing  cries."— Jfacaulay ;  llitt, 
Jfng.,  ch.  v. 

*so-be'-U,  conj.  [Eng.  so  be  it.}  Provided 
that. 

ftd'-ber,  "sobre,  a.  [Fr.  sobre,  from  Lat. 
sobrium,  accus.  of  sobriws=  sober.] 

1.  Temperate  in  the  use  of  liquors,  Ac.  ;  ab- 
itemious,  moderate.    (Covtper:  Hope,  158.) 

2.  Not  overcome  by  or  under  the  influence 
of  intoxicating  liquors ;  not  intoxicated,  not 
drunk. 

"A  law  there  Is  among  the  Grecians,  whereof  Pit- 
tacus  Is  author ;  that  he  which  being  overcome  with 
drink  did  then  strike  any  man,  should  suffer  punish- 
ment double  as  much  as  if  he  bad  done  the  same  being 
•obrr."- Booker. 


3.  Not  mad,  insane,  or  flighty;   not  wild, 
visionary,   or  heated  with    passion ;    having 
the    reason   cool   and   dispassionate ;    cool- 
headed. 

"  There  was  not  a  tober  person  to  be  hail ;  all  wat 

U-miicstuousainl  blustering."— Dryden.    (Todd.) 

4.  Not  proceeding  from,  attended  with,  or 
characterized  by  passion  or  excitement ;  calm, 
cool,  regular. 

"  With  tober  speed."       Mates?,  :  2  Henry  IV. ,  Iv.  3. 

&  Serious,  solemn,  grave,  sedate,  earnest. 

"  Speakwt  tbou  in  tober  meanings  I  " 

tihakesp. :  At  i'ou  Like  It,  v.  2. 

6.  Not  bright,  gay,  or  showy  ;  not  Brilliant 
in  appearance  ;  dull-looking,  quiet. 

"  Petruchlo 

Shall  offer  me.  diaguis'd  in  tuber  robes, 
To  old  Baptists  aa  a  school  mas  ter." 

Shake*?. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  t 1 

*  7.  Modest,  demure,  chaste. 

"A  queen,  fair,  tober.  wige." 

Sftuhffji.  :  Hamlet.  11L  4. 

'sober-blooded,  a.  Free  from  passion 
or  excitement ;  cool,  calm,  cool-blooded. 

"This  same  young  »ober-blooded  boy,  a  man  cannot 
make  him  laugn."— .~<hakesp,  :  2  Henry  IV.,  iv.  3. 

sober-minded,  a.  Having  a  disposition 
of  mind  habitually  sober,  calm,  and  cool. 

sober-mindedness,  s.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  sober-minded ;  freedom  from 
inordinate  passions  ;  calmness,  coolness. 

*  sober-suited,  a.    Clad  in  sober,  dark, 
or  sari-coloured  garments ;  not  gaily  dressed 
or  coloured.    (Thomson  :  tiummert  740.) 

so'-ber,  v.t.  kl.    [SOBER,  a.) 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  sober ;  to  cure  of  Intoxication. 

2.  To  make  temperate,  calm,  or  cool ;  to 

cool  down. 

"  Tidings  of*  TNT  tooerlny  na 
him." — Macaulay:  Hist.  Eng.,  ob.  xtL 

B.  fntmns. :  To  become  cool  or  quiet ;  to 
cool  down. 

"  Mrtny  *  hoTM  who  win  *r*«r  dflwm  If  vtnck 
severely  once  only,  will  get  furious  It  UM  pubhment 
is  repeated."—  field,  Sept.  4, 188ft. 

*so'  bdr  ize,  v.i.  ft  t    (Eng.  sober;  -te.) 

A.  Intrans, :  To  become  sober. 

B.  Trans. :  To  make  sober ;  to  sober. 

-  And  I  was  thankful  (or  the  moral  tight, 
That  toberiaed  the  vast  and  wild  dcUfftV 

Crmbte  :  Tat*  <f  «W  JteO,  H 

so'-bor-ly,  *so-bre-ly.  adit.   (Ing.  «&*>, 
a. ;  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  sober  manner ;  temperately,  mo- 
derately :  aa,  To  live  soberly. 

2.  Calmly,  quietly ;  without  cxoea  of  ea- 
thusiasm ;  tempermtely. 

Th«  fry«r  did  th»s  bJK^* 

3.  Without   Intemperate   pftasiou.   cooUy, 

calmly. 

4.  Gravely,  seriously. 

"  They  must  bate  all  Uiat  U  Mriam  and  ret  toberly 
believe  themselves  to  be  no  better  ibau  the  beaats 
that  perisb."— StOlittgyteet :  SermoiU,  ToL  L,  ser.  a. 

5.  Without  gaudiaess  or  show ;  quietly :  as, 
To  dress  soberly. 

so'  bcr-ness,  *  so-bcr-nesse,  *.    [Eng. 
sober;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being   sober ; 

moderation,  temperance,  abstemiousness. 

"  With  their  fast,  they  destroy  the  fast  which  God 
commaundeth,  that  is  a  perpetuall  lobernetie  to  tame 
thefleshe."— TyndaU:  Work*,  pi  344. 

2.  A  state  of  being  sober  or  not  Intoxicated ; 
sobriety. 

3.  Freedom  from  heat  or  passion ;  coolness, 
calmness. 

4.  Gravity,  seriousness. 

6.  Freedom  from  gaudiness  or  show  ;  quiet- 
ness, dulness. 

SO'-ber-sldes,  *.    [Eng.  snber,  and  side.]    A 
person  of  steady,  sedate  habits. 

"Yon  deemed    yourself    a  melancholy 
enough.'— Mist  Bronte:  VilltMe,  ch.  xxviU. 

so'-bol.   so'-bolc,   sob -6  16s,    s.     [Lat 
soboles,    suboles  =  that    which    grows    from 
below,  an  offshoot) 
Rot. :  A  creeping,  rooting  stem. 

so'b-o'-Uf'-er-ous,  a.     [Lat.  soboles  (q.v.), 
and  fero  =  to  bear.] 

Sot. :  Producing  young  plants  from  the 
root,  as  Aloe  brevii. 


so  -  tori'-  e  -  t$t  s.  [Fr.  sobrtite,  from  Lat 
sobrietatetn,  accus.  of  sobrietas,  from  sobrius  = 
.  sober;  Sp.  sobriedad;  Ital.  sobrieta.  Sir  T. 
Elyot,  writing  in  A.D.  1634,  says  that  the 
word  was  not  then  in  general  use.  (Trenck: 
Study  of  Words,  p.  128.)] 

1.  Habitual  soberness  or  temperance  in  the 
use  o£_  intoxicating  liquors  ;  abstinence,  ab- 
stemiousness. 

"Drunkenness  Is  more  uncharitable  to  the  soul,  and 
In  scripture  is  man  declaimed  against,  than  gluttony; 
and  toon  ft  y  hath  obtained  to  s-ignify  teimM.-raiice  la 
drinking."—  Taylor. 

2.  Freedom  from   the  influence  of  strong 
drink. 

3.  Moderation  of  the  appetities  or  passions, 

"Sobriety  is  sometimes  opposed  in  scripture  to  pride, 
and  other  disorders  of  the  mind.  And  Bometiuies  it 
is  opposed  to  sensuality."  —  (iilpin:  Hinttfor  SermoiU, 

4.  Freedom  from  enthusiasm,  excessive,  or 
inordinate  i>assion,   or  over-heated  imagina- 
tion ;  calmness,  coolness,  sedateness. 

"  If  sometimes  Ovid  appears  too  gay,  there  is  a  secret 
graceful  ness  of  youth  which  accompanies  his  writings, 
though  the  stayednen  and  tobriety  of  age  be  wanting 
—Dryden.  (Todd.) 

5.  Seriousness,  gravity. 
"(With  dull  tnhriftn  they  raised  a  smile 

At  Folly's  cost."  Cowper  ;  Table  Talk,  659. 

so  bri-quet  ',  a6u--bri  -quot'  (quet  as  ke), 
9.  [Fr.  sobriquet  —  &  surname,  IL  nickname; 
a  word  of  doubtful  origin.]  A  nickname,  an 
assumed  name  ;  a  fanciful  appellation. 

"  The  rider  of  a  chestnut,  known  in  the  country  by 
the  tobriquet  of  Captain."—  Field,  April  4.  1886. 

*»5o,  *soke,  s.     [A.S.  sdc  =  the  exercise  of 

judicial  power  ;  86cnt  s6cen=^&Q  inquiry,  from 
s6c,  pa.  t.  of  sacan  =  to  contend,  to  seek  (q.v.)  ; 
Icel.  s6kn  =  an  action  at  law,  an  assembly  of 
the  people,  from  scekja  =  to  seek.] 
Old  Law: 

1.  The  power  or  privilege  of  holding  a  court 
In  a  district,  as  in  a  manor;  jurisdiction  of 
causes  and  the  limits  of  such  jurisdiction. 

2.  Liberty  or  privilege  of  tenants  excused 
from  customary  burdens. 

3»  An  exclusive  privilege  claimed  by  millers 
of  grinding  all  the  corn  used  within  the  manor 
in  which  the  mill  stands,  or  of  being  paid  for 
th«  same  as  If  actually  ground. 

4.  A  shire,  circuit,  or  territory. 

•sSo'-age,  *  s8c'-eage  (age  as  Ig),  «.  [Low 

Lat.  socagium,  from  A.S.  soc.} 

Old  Law:  A  tenure  by  any  certain  and 
determinate  service  ;  being  in  this  sense  put 
in  opposition  to  knight-service,  where  the 
render  was  precarious  and  uncertain,  and  to 
villenage,  where  the  service  was  of  the 
meanest  kind.  These  tenures  are  generally 
considered  to  be  relics  of  Saxon  liberty  ;  re- 
tained by  such  persons  as  had  neither  for* 
felted  their  estates  to  the  crown,  nor  been 
obliged  to  exchange  their  tenure  for  the  more 
honourable,  but,  at  the  same  time,  more  bur- 
densome  tenure  of  knight-service.  As,  there- 
fore, the  distinguishing  mark  of  socage  is  the 
having  its  renders  or  services  ascertained,  it 
Includes  all  other  methods  of  holding  free 
lands  by  certain  and  invariable  rente  and 
duties  ;  and,  in  particular,  petit  serjeanty, 
tenure  in  burgage,  and  gavelkind.  Socage  is 
distinguished  as  free  and  villein  :  free  socage 
(also  called  common  or  simple  socage),  where 
the  service  was  not  only  certain  but  honour- 
able, as  by  fealty  and  the  payment  of  a  small 
sum,  in  name  of  annual  rent  ;  villein  socnge, 
when  the  service,  though  certain,  was  of  a 
baser  nature.  From  this  last  tenure  have 
sprung  our  present  copyhold  tenures. 

"In  cheerful  prattle  about  .  .  .  gardlen  in 
—Daily  Telegraph,  Aug.  4,  1874. 


(ag  as  Ig),  *.     [Eng.  socag(e); 
•er.]    A  tenant  by  socage  ;  a  socman. 

*  soc  -cage,  *  soc'-cag-er  (ag  as  ig),  «. 

[HOC  AGE,    SOCAQER.] 

soc'  -cot-  rine.  a.    [SOCOTRINE.] 
soc  dol'-a-ger,  s.    [SOCKDOLAGER.] 

so-cX-a-blT-I-ty  (o  as  sh),  s.  [Fr.  sociability 
from  sociable  =  sociable  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  socia- 
bilidad.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  so- 
ciable ;  sociableness. 

"  The  todiibiiitir  of  religion  In  the  ancient  world."— 
Warburtvn  ;  Divine  Legation,  bk.  ii.,  |  1. 

so'-cia-ble  (o  as  sh),  a.  &  a.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat  sociabilis,  from  soeio  =  to  accompany  ; 


boil,  boy ;  pout  jowl ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tian  =  sham,   -tlon,  -sion  =  shun;  -fton,  -$ion  =  zhuzu    -clous, -tious, -sious  ~  shus.    -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4334 


sociableness— socialistic 


socius  =  a  companion,  from  the  same  root  as 
tequor  =  to  follow.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Fit  to  be  joined  together;  capable  of 
being  conjoined. 

"  An-ither  law  toucheth  them,  as  they  are  **rf« 
part*  nulled  luto  oue  body."—  Hoolmr :  Ec&et.  fvltt 

2.  Inclined  to  associate ;  ready  or  willing 
to  unite  with  others. 

"God  having  designed  man  for  a  sociable crentum, 
made  him  .  .  .  under  a  MMMltj  to  have  fellowship 
with  those  of  his  own  kind."— Locke:  Human  Under, 
ttanding,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  i. 

3.  Disposed    to   company;    fond   of  com- 
panions ;  companionable,  social,  conversible. 

"  Society  is  110  comfort 
To  one  not  sociable."       Shaketp, ;  Cymbellne,  Iv.  2. 

M.   No   longer   hostile;    friendly,     well- 
disposed. 

5.  Affording  opportunities  for  conversation 
•nd  the  enjnyment  of  the  company  of  others. 

B.  As  substantive? 


1.  An  open,  private,  four-wheeled  carriage, 
With  two  seats  facing. 

"  The  children  went  with  their  mother  In  MocioAta." 
—Mist  Edgeaorth:  Belinda,  ch.  xix. 

2.  A  kind  of  tricycle  for  two  riders,  in  which 
they  ait  side  by  side,  thus  distinguishing  it 
from  a  tandem,  in  which  one  sits  behind  the 
other. 

3.  A  kind  of  couch  with  a  curved  S-shaped 
back,  for  two  persons  who  sit  partially  facing 
each  other. 

4.  A  gathering  of  people  for  social  pur- 
poses; a  social  party;  an  informal  meeting. 
lArner.) 

sociable-vulture,  ». 

Omith. :  Otogyps  auricularis,  called  also  the 
Bared  Vulture.  [OrooYPS.] 

•6  ciu  ble  ness  (O  as  sh),  8.  [Eng.  soci- 
able ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
sociable ;  disposition  to  associate ;  fondness 
for  company ;  sociability. 

"  But  of  this  sociable  neti  William  wai  entirely 
destitute.*1— ilacaulau  :  ffiit.  Eng.,  ch.  xi. 

SO'-cia-bly  (o  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng.  sociable)  ; 
-ly.]  In  a  sociable  manner ;  as  a  companion ; 
conversibly,  familiarly. 

"  Y«t  not  terrible. 

That  I  should  feu: ;  nor  tocutbly  mild. 
As  Raphael"  MiUon:  P.  L..  xL  2Si, 

SO'-cial  (c  :is  sh),  a.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  social  is, 
from  aucius  —  a  companion;  Sp.  aoci'ai;  Ital. 
fociale.]    [SOCIABLE.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Pertaining  to  society ;  relating  to  men 
living  in  society,  or  to  tlie  public  as  an  aggre- 
gate body  ;  as,  socwt/ invests,  social  questions. 

2.  Ready  or  disposed  to  mix  or  associate 
with  others  in  friendly  converse;  sociable, 
convertible,  companionable. 

8.  Consisting  in  union  or  mutual  converse. 

"  Thou  in  thy  secrecy  although  alone. 
Beat  with  thyself  MOMUpwuvU,  neck's  t  not 
Sorial  coiuin  imiwtUoo."    Milton:  P.  L.,  viii.  429. 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :   Growing   in  large    numbers    to- 
gether, to  the  almost  total  exclusion  of  other 
plants.     (Henslow.) 

"The  bog-moM  (Sphaffnum\  la  freely  -leveloped  in 
Maty  swamtH,  and  Incomes  Ilk*  the  heath,  in  the 
laiiitujige  of  hoUiiieta.  a  tociat  plant, "—LutJl ;  1'rinc. 
tf<teol..  ch.  xlL 

2.  Zool :  A  term  confined  in  its  strict  appli- 
cation to  such  animals  as  live  in  communities, 
as  ants  or  bees,  but  often  loosely  employed  as 
a  synonym  of  gregarious  (q.v.). 

J  Brethren  of  Social  Life : 

Church  Hist. :  An  order  of  secular  clerks 
without  vows,  founded  by  Gerard  Gnmte, 
who  died  1384.  Habit  like  that  of  the  Domi- 
nicans, but  with  shorter  sleeves  and  hood. 

social  ascidlans,  s.  pi 

Z-ml. :  The  family  ClaveUinidw  (q.v.).  The 
members  are  compound,  each  individual 
having  its  own  heart,  respiratory  system,  and 


organs  of  nutrition,  but  attached  to  stalks  or 
bases,  common  to  the  group,  through  which 
the  blood  circulates  in  opposite  directions. 

social  -  contract,  or  original  -  con- 
tract, 5.  That  imaginary  bond  of  union 
which  keeps  mankind  together,  and  which 
consists  in  a  sense  of  mutual  weakness  and 
dependence. 

T  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau  (1712-1778)  main- 
tained that  the  natural  and  proper  state  ol 
man  is  the  savage  state,  when  he  possesses 
complete  liberty,  and  that  every  social  organi- 
zation is  an  infraction  of  natural  right.  All 
men  he  believed  are  born  equal,  and  society  is 
founded  on  a  "Contrat  social,"  a  social  con- 
tract. His  views  on  the  subject  prepared  the 
way  for  the  first  French  Revolution.  David 
Hume  (1711-1776)  says : 

"  It  cannot  be  denied  that  all  government  is  at  first 
founded  oil  a  contract,  and  that  the  most  undent  rude 
ooiabiimtioiLB  of  mankind  were  formed  chiefly  by  thut 
principle.  In  vain  are  we  asked  in  what  record  tlii* 
charter  of  our  liberties  ia  registered.  It  was  nut 
written  oil  parchment,  iior  yet  on  leaves  or  barks  ul 
trees.  It  ureceded  the  use  of  writing  and  all  the  other 
arU  of  civilised  life."— Kstays  (ed.  2ud).  pL  ii.,  p.  *7S. 

Social  Democrats,  *.  pi.  The  name 
given  on  the  Continent  to  Socialists  gener- 
ally, and  in  England  to  the  members  of  the 
Social  Democratic  Federation.  [SOCIALISM.] 

"  Tliia  long  period  of  activity  has  enabled  the  Social 
Democrat*  to  found  no  fewer  than  twenty-five  clubs 
In  Loiidon.**— St.  James's  Gazette,  March  7.  1877. 

social-dynamics,  a.    [SOCIOLOGY.] 

social-evil,  *.  A  terra  often  applied  to 
prostitution. 

social-hymenoptera,  s.  pi 

Entom. :  A  term  embracing  those  Common 
Ants,  Bees,  and  Wasps,  which  live  in  com- 
munity. Apis  mellijica,  the  Hive  Bee,  is  the 
best  known  example. 

social-science,  s. 

1.  The  systematic  investigation  of  questions 
relating  to  public  and  domestic  hygiene,  educa- 
tion, labour,  the  punishment  and  reformation 
of  criminals,  the  prevention  of  pauperism,  and 
the  like.  The  Societes  de  Bienfaisance,  estab- 
lished in  France  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
were  founded  for  the  purpose  of  discussing 
similar  matters,  and  the  National  Association 
for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Science  origin- 
ated in  England  in  1857.  The  association  held 
annual  meetings,  and  published  its  proceedings, 
classed  under  the  heads  of  Jurisprudence, 
Education,  Punishment  and  Reformation, 
Public  Health,  Social  Economy,  and  Trade  and 
International  Law,  but  its  action  was  tempor- 
arily suspended  in  1886.  Similar  associations 
have  since  beeu  organized  in  the  United  States 
and  in  other  countries,  and  active  discussion 
of  the  subjects  involved,  and  movements  to 
overcome  social  evils,  are  increasing.  The 
steps  taken  are  those  of  new  sanitary  methods, 
regulation  of  prisun  management,  establish- 
in  <--nt  of  reformatories,  reconstruction  of 
hospital  charities,  the  extension  of  industrial 
education,  and  numerous  plaus  for  the  amelior- 
ation of  the  condition  of  the  poor, 
t  2.  Sociology  (q.v.). 
"  It  Is  now  needful  to  consider  whether  Comte  may 

rightfully  be  claimed  as  having  created  ^'ditl  science. 

— (i.  a.  Lewes:  UM.  I'hilos.  (ed.  If-flo),  ii.  720. 

If  National  Association  Jbr  the  Promotion  of 
Social  Science:  [SOCIAL,  SCIENCE,  l.J. 

social-statics,  s.    [SOCIOLOGY.] 
social- war,  s. 

Roman  Hist,:  A  name  given  to  the  war 
(B.C.  91)  between  the  lit. mans  and  those  of  the 
Italian  tribes  who  were  specially  termed  the 
allies  (S«cii)  of  the  Roman  State,  in  which 
the  latter  fought  for  admission  to  the  rights 
and  privileges  of  Roman  citizenship,  an  object 
which  they  ultimately  obtained. 

so'-cial  Ism  (c  as  sh),  s.  [Eng.  5000?;  -im.] 
Hist.  &  So*nnlogy :  The  word  Socialism  is 
employed  in  several  different  senses.  Loosely, 
it  includes  all  schemes  for  abolishing  social 
inequality,  and  in  this  sense  it  is  generally 
distinguished  as  Utopian  Socialism,  under 
which  designation  communities  like  those  of 
the  Essenes,  the  early  Christians,  and  the 
Shakers  in  America  at  the  present  day,  and 
the  ideal  commonwealths  of  Plato,  More,  and 
Hirington,  are  to  be  classed.  St.  Simon 
(1760-1820),  Owen  (1771-1858),  and  Fourier 
(1768-1830)  were  the  leading  modern  Uto- 
pians. Scientific  Socialism  is  an  economic 
theory  which  affirms  that  the  materials  from 


which  labour  produces  wealth— i.e.,  the  Jan* 
— should  be  the  property  of  the  community, 
not  of  individuals  forming  a  separate  claim 
Socialists  also  demand  that  the  exfstinr 
capital,  having  (as  they  contend)  hecu  un- 
justly appropriated  by  the  landholdiitg  claan 
or  its  assignees,  be  restored,  with  the  land, 
to  the  community.  It  vests  all  authority  it 
the  hands  of  delegates  elected  by  the  rninmu- 
nity,  and  seeks  to  substitute  public  cntipm- 
tion  for  private  enterprise  in  supplying  aft 
social  needs.  Modern  Socialism  \*  of  Conti- 
nental origin  ;  but  Ball  in  the  fourteenth,  and 
Kett  again  in  the  sixteenth  century,  endea- 
voured to  carry  Socialistic  theories  into  prac- 
tice in  England.  In  the  lirst  half  of  th« 
nineteenth  century,  F.  D.  Mauri ne  (1S05-72X 
and  Charles  Kingsley  (1819-75),  two  English 
clergymen,  advocated  a  laige  extension  of  tha 
system  of  cooperation.  The  work  begun  bf 
them  is  carried  on  on  more  extended  linei 
by  Christian  Socialism,  which  "claims  to  b* 
the  result  of  applying  Christ's  teaching  ta 
national,  social,  and  commercial  life,  and  uot 
merely  to  pt-rsuual  conduct."  Political  S'jcialism 
is  largely  the  outcome  of  the  doctrines  of 
Kail  Marx  and  Lusalle,  two  German  writers 
and  active  propagandists  whose  labors  have 
resulted  in  the  growth  of  a  vigorous  political 
party  of  Socialists  in  the  German  Empire, 
sufficiently  strung  to  give  Socialism  a  larga 
representation  in  the  German  Reichstag.  Tbi* 
party  is  steadily  growing  in  stm.^th,  ami  ii 
liki-ly  to  have  a  powerful  voice  in  the  future  of 
German  politics.  In  other  countries  of  Europe 
political  socialism  eeema  steadily  increasing. 
Scientific  Socialism  embraces : 

(1)  Collect ivism :   An  ideal  Socialistic  state 
of  society,  in  which   the  functions   of  the 
government  will  include  the  organization,  of 
all  the  industries  of  the  country.     In  a  Co!- 
lectivist  State  every  person  would  be  a  State 
official,  and  the  State  would  be  coextensive 
with  the  whole  people.    Safeguards  would  b» 
provided  against  the  formation   of  an  olig- 
archy by  the  controlling  officials. 

(2)  Anarchism  (meaning  mistrust  of  govern- 
ment, and  not  abandonment  of  social  order) 
would  secure  individual  liberty  against  en- 
croachment on  the  part  of  the  State  in  the 
Socialistic  commonwealth.    Anarchists  deny 
that  the  legislation  of  yesterday  is  enlightened 
enough  fur  the  allairs  of  to-day,  and  seek  to 
make  laws  and  other  institutions  as  fluid  as 
possible.  Theyadinitnoauthority  except  that 
which  carries  conviction,  and  would  treat  ua 
incorrigible  criminal  as  a  dangerous  lunatic. 
They  are  divided  into  Mutualists,  who  hope 
to  attain  their  ends  by  banks  of  exchange 
and  free  currency,  and  Communists,,  whose 
motto  is  •'Prom  every  man  according  to  hi* 
capacity,    to   every    man   according   to   bis 
needs." 

About  1880  the  first  English  Socialist 
organization— the  Social  Democratic  Federa- 
tion—came into  existence.  The  Socialist 
League  was  formed  in  1884  by  sectnlei'H  fr<n* 
the  Federation,  under  the  auspices  of  William 
Morris,  the  poet.  The  Fabian  Society  xvat 
founded  (Jan.  4,  1SS4)  to  advocate  Socialism 
among  the  educated  and  intellectual  classea. 
The  object  of  all  the  Socialist  bodies  is  the  na- 
tionalization of  relit  and  interest,  but  the  j>oli- 
tically  active  ones  agitate  for  the  shortening  of 
the  working  day,  payment  of  members  of  |>ariia- 
meat,  adult  suffrage,  and  similar  intermediate 
measures.  Socialistic  viywB  nre  held  l>y  many 
persons  in  the  United  States,  and  the  iueai 
involved  are  rapidly  gaining  strength  in  tliii 
country,  though  as  yet  there  aie  uo  strong 
organizations  like  those  of  Eurujje.  Iinmign*- 
tion  has  brought  not  only  Socialism  but 
Anarchism  to  our  shores,  and  the  advocates  of 
the  latter  have  already  produced  eeri  one  trouble. 

so-cial  1st  (o  as  sh),  B.  &  a.  [Eng.  social; 
-ist.} 

A.  As  subst. :  A  supporter  or  advocate  of 
the  doctrine  of  Socialism. 

"  The  SoctafitU  are  only  kept  from  Active  disturb- 
ance by  the  steruest  suppression.  Their  opiuiuL  -  an 
growing  in  extent  ami  intensity,  though  ill  Bileuoe."— 
St.  James's  Uatette.  Feb.  8,  1*07. 

B.  As  adj. :  Socialistic. 

"  The  Metropolitan  Police  authorities  evidently 
attach  great  importance  to  the  torchlight  Svci'tlHt- 
proceMiou."— St.  Janet's  tiatet'e,  Feb.  8.  1887. 

so-cial-ist'-ic  (o  as  sh),  a.  [Eng.  socialist; 
-ic.]  '  Pertaining  to  Socialism,  or  the  doctrine* 
of  the  Socialists. 

"  That  is  a  proposal  of  a  directly  tactetutic  ten- 
dency."— Daffy  TeleyrajA.  Sept  &,  1885. 


l&te.  fat,  lare,  amidst,  what,  l&ll,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  h£r,  the>e;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p« 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  wad,  son ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ee.  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  —  kw. 


sociality— Socotrine 


4335 


•o-ci-al'-l-tjf  (c  a«  sh),  s.  [Fr.  sociahti,  from 
Lat.  sociatitatem  ;  aceus.  of  ncialu  =  social 
(a  v  )  •  8p.  socMidad  ;  ItaL  suciaiitd.]  The 
ouaiity  or  state  of  being  social  ;  socialness, 
sociability. 

"A  scene  ol  perfect  easy  KCialttl.-—  Bomll:  Life 
•/Jaftnsm 
»o  cial-ize(cassh),  v.t.    [Bug.  social;  -tee.] 

1.  To  render  social. 

2.  To  form  or  regulate  according  to  the 
principles  of  Socialism. 

•6  dal'  ly  (o  as  Bh),  tulv.    [Eng.  sociai;  -ly.} 

In  a  social  manner,  sociably. 
so'-dal-ne'sB  (o   as   sh),  s.      I  Eng.  <ocial; 

-«,».']    The  quality  or  state  of  beiug  social; 

sociality. 
'•6  ci  ate  (o  as  sh),  a.  &  «.    [Lat.  «ocia<t«, 

pa.  par.  of  soda  =  to  accompany.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Joined  together,  associated. 

••  Both  we.  the  one  and  the  other,  are  tocUUe  and 
adherent  together.  "—Ddal;  John  X. 

B.  -As  sulist.  :  An  associate. 

•  «6  -e.-ate  (o  as  sh),  v.i.  [SOCIATE,  a.]  To 
associate.  (HhelfonL  :  Learned  Discav.nes,  p.  68.) 

•s«i-ci-&-tar'-I-an,<i.  [Eng.  sodeffo);  -arum.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  society  ;  societary. 


"  The  all-sweeping  besom  ol    locfctarton  reforma. 
MOD,"—  iamb:  £ttay»  of  Eliu  ;  Decay  of  Beggart. 

••6-ci'-£-tar-y.   o.      [Bug.  McWftt);   -aiM 
Of  or  pertaining  to  society. 

BO-ci'-e-ty,  t.    [Fr.  «**!(<!,  from  Lat.  societat- 

n,  accus.  of  societal,  from  jocins  =  a  com- 

panion [SOCIABLE]  ;  Sp.  sociedad  ;  ItaL  sxuta,} 

*  1   Partnership,  participation,  connection. 


J.  The  relationship  of  men  to  one  another 
•when  associated  in  any  way  ;  companionship, 
fellowship,  company. 

••  Thought.  .  .  .  as  well  might  recommend 
Snoh  solitude  brfore 


8.  A  number  of  persons  united  together  by 
common  consent  to  debate,  determine,  and 
met  conjointly  for  some  purpose  or  object ;  an 
association  for  the  attainment  or  promotion 
of  some  object,  religious,  political,  literary, 
benevolent,  convivial,  or  the  like ;  an  associa- 
tion formed  to  promote  mutual  profit,  plea- 
sure, or  usefulness ;  a  club  ;  a.  aocial  union  ; 
*  partnership. 

"For  few  were  then  aware  that  trade  is  In  genera' 
•arrled  on  to  much  more  advantage  by  individuals 
than  by  great  tocietiet."— Macaulaf :  Bi*  Bag.,  ch.  xx. 

4.  The  persons,  collectively  considered,  who 
live  in  any  region  or  at  any  period  ;  any  com- 
nunity  of  individuals  united  together  by  any 
common  bond  of  nearness  or  intercourse 
those  who  recognise  each  other  as  associates 
friends,  and  acquaintances  ;  specifically,  the 
more  cultivated  portion  of  any  community  iu 
its  social  relations  and  influences;  often 
those  who  give  and  receive  formal  entertain 
Bents  mutually.  (Used  without  the  article. 

t  Numerous  societies,  devoted  to  a  grea 
lumber  of  literary,  artistic,  scientific  and 
ether  purposes,  now  exist  in  the  United  State 
and  elsewhere,  and  their  number  and  influenc 
are  steadily  growing.  The  most  importan 
societies  will  be  found  under  the  word  denotiuj 
Iheir  object. 

4.  Fashionable  society. 

"  Society  became  Interested,  and  opened  Its  ranks  t 
welcome  one  who  had  just  received  the  brevet  of  Alan 
tf  Letters.'  "—llayivard  tetters,  i.,  ch.  u. 

society-Journals  (or  newspapers) 

I.  pi.  Journals  whose  chief  object  is  t< 
chronicle  the  sayings  and  doings  of  fashionabl 
cociety 

society-verses,  ».  pi-    (A  translation  o 
the  French  vtrs  de  societi.)    Verses  for  th 
amusement  of  polite  society  ;   poetry  of 
light,  entertaining,  polished  character. 

•s6-9i'-e-ty-less,  a.     [Eng.  society;  -less 
Without  society  or  companions. 

"fnaetylea  and  bookless."— Mad.  ITArKai/ 
tr.  273. 

86  oin'  I  an,  a.  &  i.    [See  def.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  tw 
most  celebrated  Socini,  their  tenets,  or  thos 
if  the  Sociuians  in  general. 

JJ.  As  subst. :  One  who  accepts  the  teacl 
jig  of  the  Socini ;  a  believer  in  the  doctrine 
of  Sociniauism  (q.v.). 


o-cin'-i-an-lsm,  a.  [Eng.  Swinio* ;  -ism.] 
Church  /'fist. :  A  form  of  Unitarianism  which 
is  identified  with  Lselius  and  Faustns  Socmus. 
The  former,  born  in  1625,  early  adopted  anti- 
Trinitarian  views,  and  diligently  propagated 
them  among  his  friends,  but  making  no  public 
avowal  of  them,  he  escaped  persecution,  and 
died  a  natural  death  at  Zurich  in  1662.  His 
papers  came  into  the  hands  of  his  nephew, 
Faustus  (1639-1004),  who  in  the  main  adopted 
his  convictions,  and  zealously  promulgated 
them,  both  in  Transylvania  and  in  Poland. 
He  denied  the  existence  of  Jesus  Christ  pre- 
vious to  his  birth  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  to 
this  extent  was  opposed  to  Arianism  (q.v.)  as 
well  as  to  Trinitariauism  (q.v.).  He,  however, 
accepted  the  doctrine  of  the  Miraculous  Con- 
ception, and  allowed  to  the  teachings  of 
Christ  peculiar  authority,  on  the  ground  that 
during  his  life  he  was  translated  to  heaven, 
where  revelations  were  made  to  him.  He 
also  taught  that  after  Christ's  final  ascension, 
power  was  delegated  to  him  to  assist  men  in 
working  out  their  salvation,  and  that  he  was 
invested  with  attributes  by  which  he  was 
virtually  deified,  so  that  he  may  be  spoken  of 
as  God,  and  is  entitled  to  our  worship  and 
obedience.  Socinianism  is  sometimes  used 
loosely  as  synonymous  with  Unitarianism 
(q  v  )  but  it  differs  in  important  particulars, 
not  only  from  Arianism,  but  from  the  more 
modern  and  rationalistic  phase  of  Unita- 
rianism which  represents  Christ  as  simply  a 
man  in  whose  birth  and  life  there  was  no 
element  of  the  supernatural.  No  sect  calling 
itself  Socinian  seems  at  the  present  time,  to  be 
in  existence. 

Sd-cln'-I-an-iae,  ».«.  [Eng.  Soci»ioi» ;  -fee.] 
To peause  to  conform  to  Socinianism ;  to  regu- 
late by  the  principles  of  Socinianism. 

s6-ci-*-l5g--ic,  Bd-ci-d-lSg-r-eal  (cl  as 

shi),  a.     [Eng.  sociology);  -ic,  -vai.\    Of  or 

pertaining  to  sociology. 

"The  antagonism  felt  toward  the  Indian  seems  to 
result,  not  so  much  from  conflicts  Incident"  to  our 
possessing  the  Una.  as  from  his  tocMagic  status  which 
differs  tf  widely  from  our  own."— Century  Uaiazmt. 
June,  1883,  p.  312. 

•6-ci-Sl-i-gIst  (o  as  sh),  •.  [Eng.  soci- 
ology); -ist.)  9ne  who  studies,  treats  of,  or 
is  versed  in  sociology. 
sd-cl-ol'-o-gy  (c  as  Bh),  «.  [Fr.  sodalogie, 
a  hybrid  word,  coined  by  Auguste  Comte,  from 
Fr.  socitte  =  society,  and  Gr.  Aoyos  (logos)  =  a 
discourse. 

Philos. :  The  science  of  the  evolution  and 
constitution  of  human  society,  and,  therefore, 
one  aspect  of  the  wider  question  of  evolution 
in  general.  It  is  claimed  for  Comte  that  he 
created  the  science  of  Sociology,  but  according 
to  Mill,  he  only  rendered  such  a  science 
possible  Lewes  (Hist.  PhiLos.,  ii.  721)  points 
out  that  Macchiavelli,  Montesquieu,  Adan 
Smith,  and  Beutham  had  had  a  full  conviction 
that  social  phenomena  conform  to  invariable 
laws,  but  that  it  was  reserved  for  Comte  to 
bring  them  under  his  Law  of  the  Three  Stages 
[STAGE,  s.,  H]and  to  show  that  all  societies 
pass  through  a  theological,  a  metaphysical 
and  a  positive  stage.  The  subject  of  Sociology 
embraces  all  social  phenomena  under  their 
statical  and  dynamical  aspects.  Social  statics 
is  the  study  of  the  conditions  of  existence  anc 
permanence  of  the  social  state ;  social  dynamics 
studies  the  laws  which  govern  the  evolution 
of  society.  Herbert  Spencer,  in  the  Flan  o 
his  Principles  of  Sociology  (prefixed  to  his  First 
Principles)  proposes  to  begin  with  the  data  o 
Sociology  (the  several  sets  of  factors  enterin: 
into  social  phenomena),  and  to  give  th 
empirical  generalizations  arrived  at  by  com 
paring  different  societies  and  successiv 
phases  of  the  same  society  ;  next  to  deal  wit 
political,  ecclesiastical,  ceremonial,  and  in 
dustrial  organizations ;  then  to  treat  of  th 
evolution  of  languages,  knowledge,  aesthetics 
and  morals,  and  lastly,  the  necessary  inter 
dependence  of  structures  and  of  functions  i 
each  type  of  society,  and  in  the  suecessiv 
phases  of  social  development. 

so'  ci  iis  (c  as  sh),  s.    [Lat.  =  a  companion 

Law:  Used  in  the  phrase  eocivs  crimi-nL 

that  is  an   accomplice  or  associate    in   th 

commission  of  a  crime. 

sock   (1),  *socke,  t.    [A.S.  «xw,  from  La 
SOCCIM  =  a  light  shoe,  a  slipper,  worn  by  comi 
actors.] 
*  1.  The  light  shoe  worn  by  ancient  com: 


actors  ;  hence  used  fur  comedy,  as  distln- 
gnisticd  from  tragedy,  in  which  the  acton 
wore  the  buskin. 

"  Then  to  the  well-trod  stage  anon, 
If  Jouson's  learned  ««c*  be  on." 

ililton  :  LAUtffro,!**. 

2.  A  knitted  or  woven  covering  for  the  foot, 
shorter  than  the  stocking  ;  a  stocking  reach- 
ing only  a  short  distance  up  the  leg. 

3.  A  warm  inner  side  for  a  shoe. 

4.  An  overgrown  baby. 

5.  The  Eton  name  for  tuck  (q.v.). 

8ck  (2),  s.  [Fr.  »oc  =  a  ploughshare,  from 
Gael,  son;  Com.  sock.]  A  ploughsliare. 

sock-plate,  .<.  A  plate  from  which  a 
ploughshare  is  made. 

sock-dol'-a-ger,  s5ck-dSl'-4-ger.  «.    [A 

corruption  of  doxology  (q.v.).]    (Auur.) 

1.  A  conclusive  argument  ;  the  winding-up 
of  a  debate  ;  a  settler. 

2.  A  knock-down  or  decisive  blow. 

3   A    fish-hook   having   a   supplementary 
spring-hook  to  catch  the  fish  which  touches 
the  bait. 
nock'-et,  sok-et,  ».   [A  dimin.  from  sxk  (1).] 

1.  An  opening,  or  tubular  recess,  in  which 
anything  is  fitted  ;  any  hollow  tiling  or  place 
in  which  anything  is  fitted  ;  any  hollow  thing 
or  place  which  receives  and  holds  something 

14  ffi«  eye-balls  In  their  hollow  tockett  sink." 

Drfden:  Palamon  i  ArcUe.  I  620. 

2  Specifically,  a  little  hollow  tube  or  place 
into  which  a  candle  is  fitted  in  a  candlestick. 

"  From  dawn  till  the  candles  had  burned  down  to 
their  jocfca  tbe  rants  kei>t  unbroken  order.  '—  JAW- 
aitlay:  Hist.  £ng.,  ch.  xv. 

socket-bolt,  «. 

Mach.:  A  bolt  passing  through  a  thimble 
or  sleeve  between  the  parts  bolted  together. 
socket-chisel,  ».      A  stout  chisel  em- 

Eloyed    for    heavy  mortising  and  having  a 
oliow  tang  to  receive  the  handle.    It  is  used 
with  a  mallet. 

socket  -drill,  ».    A  drill  for  chamfering 
or  enlarging  a  hole  to  a  given  depth. 
socket-Joint,    s.       [BALL-AND-SOCKET 

JOIST.) 

socket-pipe,  J.  A  pipe  with  an  enlarged 
end  oi1  branch  to  receive  the  end  of  a  connect- 
ing pipe,  and  hold  the  clay,  lead,  or  other 
packing  which  unites  the  two,  to  make  a 
water  or  gas  tight  joint. 

socket-pole,  >.  An  iron-shod  pole  used 
in  propelling  boats.  (Amer.) 

soc'-ket-ed,  a.  [Eng.  socket  ;  -ed.1  Famished 
with  a  socket,  for  the  reception  of  a  handle  or 
anything  similar. 

"Two  tocketed  spear-heads,  one  palstave,  and  on« 
tocketed  celt  have  been  recovered  from  burial-places 
of  the  Bronze  Age  in  Britain."—  Dawtoni  :  Early  Man 
tn  Britain,  oh.  x. 

sock'-lSss,  a.  [Eng.  sock  (I);  -less.]  Destitute 
of  socks  or  shoes. 

sock  -y,  a.    [SOAKY.J 

so'-<sle,  ».  [Fr.  ,  from  Lat,  soemlus,  dimin.  from 
tocais  =  a  light  shoe.  J  [SooK  (1).  ] 

Arch.  :  A  plain  block  or  plinth,  forming  « 
low  pedestal  to  a  statue  or  column  ;  or  a  plain 
face  or  plinth  at  the  lower  part  of  a  wall. 

"A  Kdt  differs  from  a  pedestal  In  being  without 
base  or  cornice."—  Brande  Jt  Cox, 

'  soo'-man,  *  soke'-maa,  t.  [Eng.  toe,  tokt, 
and  man.}  One  who  holds  land  or  tenements 
by  socage  ;  a  socager. 

"  And  I  presume  that  the  tocmen,  who  so  frequently 
occur  in  that  record,  though  far  more  in  some  oottntleB 
than  in  others,  were  ceorls  more  fortunate  than  the 
rest,  who  by  purchase  had  acquired  freehold!,  or  by 
prescription  and  the  indulgence  of  their  lord"  had 
obtained  such  a  property  in  the  outlauds  allotted  te 
them,  that  they  could  not  be  removed,  and  m  nmny 
Instances  mtKht  dispose  of  them  at  pleasure.  They 
are  the  root  of  a  noble  plant,  the  free  tocaat  tenant* 
or  Englinh  yeomanry,  whose  independence  h«s 
stamped  with  peculiar  features  both  our  constitution 
and  our  national  character."—  Ballam  :  Middl»  Ago, 
pt,  L.  ch.  vllL 


•  s8c'-man-rfc  *  soke'-man-rjf,  ». 

socman,'sokeman;  -ry.]    Tenure  by  socage. 

*  soc'  ome,  s.    [Soc.]     A  custom  of  teuaoti 
to  grind  corn  at  the  lord's  mill. 

So'  co  trine,    So'-co  tran,  o.  &  «.     On 

def.] 


kfiil,  b6y;  ptfut,  JcRrt;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  -"P?0*. 

-ttoii.H.aon  =  shun;-tiom-ston  =  «hun,   -oiou»,  -tious,  -^on»  =  »hUB.   -We, -die. 


.  =  beLdel. 


4336 


Socratic— sodium 


A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Socotra,  an 
island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  off  the  east  coast 
of  Africa. 

B.  As  subst.  :   A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Socotra. 

Socotrine  aloe,  *. 

Bot.  :  Aloe  socotriiia.  It  has  sword-shaped 
•errate  leaves,  one  and'a  half  to  two  feet  long, 
with  their  apex  sharp  ;  flowers  red,  tipped  with 
green,  on  peduncles  rising  from  among  the 
leaves,  which  are  often  aggregated  round  the 
tip  of  the  stem.  It  is  about  three  or  four 
feet  high,  is  a  native  of  Southern  Africa  as 
well  as  of  Socotra,  but  is  now  cultivated  in 
the  West  Indies. 

Socotrine  -aloes,  s.    [ALOES,  II.  (2).] 

So  crat  ic,   So-craf-io-al,  a.     [Lat.  So- 
craticvs.]    Of  or  belonging  to  Socrates. 

Socrattc-method,  s. 

Philos.  :  She  method  of  exact  definition  and 
induction  introduced  by  Socrates  (B.C.  469- 
399)  (Arist.  :  Metaph.,  xiii.  4).  It  was  his 
custom  to  carry  on  his  investigations  from 
propositions  generally  received  as  true,  and 
to  place  the  particular  statement  to  be 
examined  in  &  variety  of  combinations,  thus 
implying  that  each  thought  must,  if  true, 
maintain  its  validity  under  every  possible 
combination.  From  the  fact  that  this  method 
was  employed  by  its  author  in  the  form  of 
dialogue,  the  term  Socratic  method  is  often 
loosely  applied  to  any  inquiry  carried  on  in 
the  form  of  question  and  answer,  without 
reference  to  the  fulfilment  of  the  conditions 
which  Socrates  considered  all-important. 

"  With  revpeot  to  the  Socrat  ic-m*tho&,  in   Ita  em- 

ploy incut  of  Induction,  I  cannot  agree  with  thoee  who 
e»ii*ider  it  an  anticipation  of  Bacon."—  Q.  B.  Lew**: 
MM.  fMk*.  .ed-  1880k  t  Itt. 

Socratic-philosopliy,  t* 


1.  A  term  sometimes  used  to  include  the 
development  of  Greek   philosophy  from  the 
time   of   Socrates  to  the    rifle   of   the  Neo- 
platonists,  1-erause,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Epicureans,  the  chief  philosophical  schools 
up  to  that  period  professed  to  ground  their 
teachings  on  the  authority  of  Socrates, 

2.  The  ethics  of  Socrates,  as  gathered  from 
the  writings  of  Xenophon.  Plato,  and  Aris- 
totle.    It  is  not  known  when  Socrates  com- 
menced his  career  as  a  public  teacher,  but 
be  first  attracted  notice  as  an  opponent  of 
the  Sophists  (q.v.),  and  was  about  forty-six 
years  of  age  when  Aristophanes  introduced 
him  on  the  stage  in   The  Clouds,  strange  to 
say,  in  the  character  of  a  Sophist.    All  pre- 
vious philosophers  had  been  occupied  with 
the  Universe  as  a  whole;  the  chief  business 
of  Socrates  was  with  man  as  a  moral  being. 
His  reforming  tendencies  made  many  enemies. 
In  B.C.  399  Meletus,  a  leather-seller,  seconded 
by  Anytus,  a  poet,  and  Lycon,  a  rhetor,  pre- 
ferred this  indictment  against  him  :  "Socrates 
is  guilty  of  reviling  the  gods  acknowledged  by 
the  State,  and  of  preaching  new  gods  ;  more- 
over he  is  guilty  of  porrupting  the  youth." 
He  was  tried  and  condemned  to  death,  and, 
refusing  the  means  of  escape  provided  by  his 
frit  in  is,    drank    the    fatal    hemlock    in    the 
seventieth  year  of  his  age.    Bishop  Blomfield 
(Ency.  Metrop.t  s.  v.  Socrates)  says  :  *'  Socrates 
taught  that  the  divine  attributes  might  be 
Inferred   from   the    works   of  creation.    He 
maintained  the  omniscience,  ubiquity,  and 
providence    of   the    Deity;   and,    from    the 
existence  of  conscience  in  the  human  breast, 
he  inferred  that  man  is  a  moral  agent,  the 
object  of  reward  and  punishment;  and  that 
the  great  distinction  of  virtue  and  vice  was 
ordained  by  the  Deity." 

•6-craf  -iC-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  socratical;  -ly.] 
In  the  Socratic  manner  ;  by  the  Socratic 
method. 

**  Is  it  such  a  pleasure  to  be  non-plused  In  mood  and 
figure,  that  you  h/ui  rather  be  snamtd  ill  the  mouse- 
trap of  a  syllogism,  than  treated  tocraticaliu  and 
genteely?  "-Goodman.-  Winter  Eveningt,  pt  lit 

S5c'-ra-tism,  s.  [Eng.Socm((es);  -win.]  The 
doctrines  or  philosophy  of  Socrates. 

Soc'-ra-tlst.  *.  [Eng.  Socrates);  -«.]  A 
follower  or  disciple  of  Socrates. 

"  The  tocrbttt/a  wild  It  WM  better  and  more  com- 
modioiiB  that  a)  thing*  nhuld  be  in  commotion."  — 
Martin:  Marriaff*  tf  friate*.  (1554.) 

S$d,  *  sodde,  s.  &  a.  [So  called  from  the 
sodden  condition  of  turf  after  rain,  or  in 
marshy  places;  cf.  Dut.  zode  =  &  sod,  from 


0.  Dut.  zode  =  a  seething  or  boiling  ...  a 
sod  ;  O.  Fris.  satha,  suda  —  a  sod  ;  Low  Qer. 
*xie  =  8od;  Ger.  sode.]  [SEETHE.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  The  stratum  of  earth  on  the 
surface  which  is  filled  with  the  roots  of  grass, 
Ac  ;    any    portion    of  such    surface  ;    turf, 
sward. 

**  Avoid  log  only  as  I  trod, 
My  brothers'  graves  without  a  tod." 

Byron  :  Prisoner  of  Chilian,  xL 

B.  As  adj.  :   Made  or  consisting  .of  sods  ; 
as,  a  sod  seat. 

sod-burning,  s. 

Agric.  :  The  burning  of  the  turf  of  old 
pasture-lands  for  the  sake  of  the  ashes,  as 
manure. 

Sod,  v.t.    [Soo,  *.]    To  cover  with  sod  or  turf  ; 
to  turt 

"sod,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    [SEETHE.] 

SO   da,  «.    [Ital.  soda,  fem.  of  sodo,  contract. 
from"  solido  =  solid  ;  O.  FT.  s&ulde  ;  Fr.  soude, 


L  Chem.  ;  An  oxide  of  sodium  ;  thus,  anhy- 
drous soda,  NaaO,  caustic  soda,  NaHO.  In 
ordinary  language  it  denotes  an  impure 
carbonate  of  soda,  used  in  washing,  for  glass- 
making,  for  the  manufacture  of  hard  soap,  &c. 
[SODIUM-CARBONATE.] 

2.  Pkarm.  :  Caustic  soda  (Sodium  hydrate) 
may  be  used  externally  as  a  caustic  ;  the  bi- 
carbonate as  a  direct  antacid  and  alterative  ; 
sulphate  of  soda  is  an  antiseptic.  [Hypo- 

BULPHATE  OF  SODIUM.]      A   Solution   of  chloii- 

nated  soda  is  an  antiseptic  and  stimulant 
given  in  low  malignant  fever,  as  a  gargle  in 
ulcerated  sore  throat,  and  externally  in  gan- 
grene. [BORAX,  GLAUBEB-SALT,  SODIUM- 
ACETATE,  CHLORIDE,  &c. 

H  Soda-alum  =  Mendozite  ;  Soda-copperas  — 
Jarosite;  Soda-spodumene  =  Oligoclase;  Soda- 
nitre  =  Nitratine;  Soda  table-spar,  Soda* 
wollastonite  =  pectolite. 

soda-ash,*. 

Comm.  :  Crude  carbonate  of  sodium. 

soda-lime,  s. 

Chem.:  An  intimate  mixture  of  caustic 
soda  and  quicklime,  used  chiefly  for  the 
determination  of  nitrogen  in  organic  analysis. 
It  converts  the  organic  nitrogen  of  the  sub- 
stance into  ammonia,  which  is  collected 
apart  and  the  quantity  estimated. 

soda-paper,  s.  A  paper  made  by  satu- 
rating filtering  {taper  with  carbonate  of  soda. 
Used  for  inclosing  powders  which  are  to  be 
ignited  under  the  blow-pipe,  so  that  they  may 
not  be  blown  away,  and  as  a  test  paper. 

soda-plant,  s. 

Bot.  :  Salxola  Soda  ;  applied  also  to  any 
plant  containing  some  salt  of  soda,  as  Salicomia 
Saisola,  Plantago  squarrosa,  &c. 

soda-powder,  s.  The  same  as  SEIDLITZ- 
POWDER  (q.v.). 

soda-salts,  s.  pi.  A  popular  name  for 
the  several  salts  of  sodium  (q.v.). 

soda-water,  s. 

Chem.  :  An  artificial  aerated  water  contain- 
ing a  minute  quantity  of  sodic  bicarbonate. 
Many  of  the  soda-waters  manufactured  in  this 
country  are  simply  aerated  water,  being  en- 
tirely free  from  soda. 

SO'-da-ite,  s.     [Eng.  soda;  suff.  -ite  (Jftn).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  EKEBERGITE  (q.v.). 

SO  -da-lite,  s.  [Eng.  soda,  and  Gr.  Aiflos 
(lithos)=&  stone  ;  Ger.  sodulUh.} 

Min.  :  An  isometric  mineral  occurring  in 
rhombic  dodecahedrons,  also  massive. 
Cleavage,  dodecahedral.  Hardness,  5*5  to  6  ; 
sp.  gr.  2'136  to  2'4  ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  greasy  ; 
colours,  gray,  green,  yellow,  white,  sometimes 
shades  of  blue,  light  red  ;  fracture,  conchoidal, 
uneven.  Compos.  :  silica,  37-1  ;  alumina, 
317  ;  soda,  19'2  ;  sodium,  4-7  ;  chlorine,  7'3  = 
100,  corresponding  with  the  formula  2(3NaO)2 
SSiOa  +  3(2Al203,3biO2)  +  2NaCl.  Occurs  in 
mctamorphic  and  old  igneous  rocks,  also  in 
recent  volcanic  rocks. 

*  sd-daT-*-t&  s.  [Lat.  sodalitas,  from  sodalis 
=  a  companion.]  A  fellowship,  a  fraternity  ; 
an  association  for  mutual  protection,  and  ob- 
jects, such  as  church  services  at  deaths,  &c. 

"Sodalitiet  of  all  sorts  and  conditions  whatsoever. 
either  Mcnlar  or  *ccle»ia>ticaL"—  Partiunia  Sacra 
(IMS),  p.  ISO. 


sod  -am  IdC,  s.     [Eng.  sorf(a),  and  amid*., 

Chem. :  An  olive-green  fusible  compound 
formed  when  sodium,  which  had  been  ^rrtl* 
acted  on  with  water,  is  heated  in  ammoniaea. 
gas.  The  ammonia  is  absorbed  and  the 
hydrogen  set  free.  It  is  also  formed  wher 
oxygen  and  ammonia  are  passed  over  sodium. 

sod-am-mo'-nl-um,  s.     [Eng.  sod(a),  and 
ammonium.] 

Chem. :  H3XXa.  A  compound  formed  by 
bringing  pure  bright  sodium  iu  contact  with 
ammonia  gas  in  a  sealed  tube,  in  presence  of 
silver  chloride.  The  sodium  swells  up  and 
becomes  liquid,  appearing  copper-red  by 
reflected,  and  blue  by  transmitted  light. 
The  compound  soon  decomposes,  pure  sodium 
being  left  behind  in  a  spongy  condition. 

sod'-ded,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [Soo,  v.] 

sod'-den,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SEETHE.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Boiled,  seethed. 

2.  Soaked  and  softened,  as  In  water.    (Ap- 
plied to  bread  not  well  baked.) 

3.  Soaked,  saturated :  as,  sodden  with  drink. 
sod-den,  v.L  <t  (.    [SODDEN,  a.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  be  seethed  or  soaked ;  to 
settle  down  as  if  by  seething  or  boiling. 

B.  Trans. :  To  soak,  to  saturate ;  to  fill  the 
tissues  of  with  water,  as  iu  the  process  of 
seething. 

sod'-dy,  a.    [Ens.  sod,  s.;  -y.}    Consisting  ot 
sod  ;  covered  with  sod ;  turfy. 

*  sod-en,  a.    [SUDDEN.] 
*sd'-der,  *.  &  v.    [SOLDER.] 

*  sod  eyn-liche,  *  sod-eyn-ly,  adv.    [Stnv 

DENLY.] 

SO-di-6-,  pref.    [SODIUM.]    Having  sodium  in 
its  composition. 

sodio  potassic  tartrate,  s. 

Chem. :  C4H4K>iaOa  +  4H2O.  Rochelle  or 
Seignette  salt.  Prepared  by  neutralising  a 
hot  solution  of  cream  of  tartar  with  sodium 
carbonate,  and  evaporating  to  a  thin  syrup 
It  crystallizes  in  large  prismatic  crystal 
which  effloresce  slightly  in  the  air,  and  dis- 
solve in  one  and  a  half  parts  of  cold  water. 
It  is  purgative,  and  has  a  mild  saline  taste. 

so  -di  um,  s.    [SODA.] 

Chem. :  Natrium.  A  monad  metallic  ele- 
ment recognized  as  a  distinct  substance  by 
Duhamel  in  1736,  and  obtained  in  the  metallic 
state  by  Davy  in  1807.  Symb.  Na.  At.  wt.  =  23. 
It  is  very  widely  diffused  and  abundant, 
occurring  as  chloride  in  sea  water  and  salt 
springs,  and  as  nitrate  in  South  America,  and 
is  prepared  by  introducing  an  intimate  mixture 
of  thirty  parts  dry  sodic  carbonate,  thirteen 
parts  coal,  and  three  parts  chalk  into  an  iron 
cylinder,  heated  in  a  reverberatory  furnace, 
the  pure  metal  distilling  over.  It  has  a  high 
lustre  and  silver-white  colour,  sp.  gr.  -972,  is 
hard  at  —  20°,  soft  at  ordinary  temperatures, 
semifluid  at  50°,  and  melts  at  97°.  It  rapidly 
oxidizes  in  the  air,  and  when  dropped  upon 
water  decomposes  it,  liberating  hydrogen, 
which  takes  fire  if  the  water  be  previously 
heated.  Sodium  and  its  salts  impart  a  beauti- 
ful yellow  colour  to  the  flame  of  the  blow-pipe. 
It  forms  a  monoxide  and  a  dioxide,  and  a 
hydrate  corresponding  to  the  former. 

IT  Sodium -alum  =  Mendozite;  Sodium- 
borate  =  Borax;  Sodium -carbonate  =  Natron 
and  Trona;  Sodium -chabasite=:  Gnelinite; 
Sodium-chloride  —  Salt ;  Sodium-mesotype  3 
Natrolite;  Sodium-nitrate  =  Nitratine  ;  So- 
dium -spodumene  =  Oligoclase;  Sodium-sur- 
phate  =  Thenardite  and  Mirabilite. 

sodium -bicarbonate,  5. 

Chem,.:  NaHCOs.  Bicarbonate  of  soda. 
Prepared  by  passing  carbonic  acid  gas  into  a 
cold  solution  of  the  carbonate,  or  by  placing 
the  crystals  in  an  atmosphere  of  the  gas.  It 
is  a  crystalline  white  powder,  soluble  in  ten 
parts  of  water  at  15'5°,  but  which  cannot  be 
dissolved  in  warm  water  without  partial 
decomposition,  feebly  alkaline,  and  mor< 
pleasant  to  the  taste  than  the  carbonate.  It 
is  employed  in  the  preparation  of  effervesce  ^ 
powders  and  draughts,  and  is  an  ingredient  in 
baking-powders. 


tate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  BIT,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son:  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  O)  =  e;  «y  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


Sodom— soft 


4337 


sodium-bromide,  a. 

Chem.:    NaBr.      Obtained    by    saturating 
hydrobromic  acid  with  soda.    It  crystallizes 
In  anhydrous  cubes  or  oblique  rhombic  prisms 
according  to  the  temperature  of  evaporation. 
Sp.  gr.  at  17-5*  =  3-079.    Dissolves  easily  in 
water  and  alcoliol. 
sodium-carbonate,  >. 
Cft*M..-Na2C03-10H20.  Washing-soda.    Pre- 
pared   by  decomposing    common    salt    with 
sulphuric  acid,  heating  the  resulting  sulphate 
of  sodium  with  chalk  and  small  coal  in  a 
reverbcratory   furnace,  lixiviating  the  mass 
with  cold  or  tepid  water,  evaporating    the 
solution  to  dryness,  and  calcining  the  product 
with  sawdust  in  a  suitable  furnace.     By  dis- 
solving the  soda-ash    (q.v.)  formed    in    hot 
water,  filtering,  and  allowing  to  cool  slowly, 
the  carbonate    is   deposited   in  large  trans- 
parent crystals,  which  effloresce  in  dry  air, 
and  crumble  to  a  white  powder.    When  this 
is   redissolved    in    water,  filtered,    and   the 
solution  carefully  crystallized,  it  constitutes 
the  pure  carbonate  of  soda  used  in  pharmacy. 
•odium-chloride,  sA  . 
Chem  •   NaCl.      ComnM  salt.     Sea  salt. 
Formed  by  direct  union  or  its  elements,  and 
obtained  in  a  state  of  considerable  purity  by 
recrystallization    from    brine    springs.    The 
rock-salt  of  Poland  is  nearly  pure  chloride 
of  sodium,  that  of  Cheshire  contains  98'5  per 
cent,  of  the  pure  salt.     It  has  an  agreeable 
taste    crystallizes    in  colourless,   anhydrous 
cubes,  sp.  gr.  21-2-57,  melts  at  a  red  heat, 
dissolves  in  about  three  parts  of  cold  water, 
and  is  only  a  little  more  soluble  in  boiling 
water ;  insoluble  in  absolute  alcohoL 
•odium-hydrate,  ». 
Chm. :   NaHO.     Caustic   soda.      Formed 
when  protoxide  of  sodium  (NajO)  is  brought 
Into  contact  with  water,  and  prepared  by  de- 
composing the  carbonate  of  soda  with  milk 
of  lime,  concentrating  the  clear  filtrate  and 
afterwards  purifying  by  alcohol.     The  final 
product,  when  concentration  is  complete,  is 
poured  into  moulds  or  on  to  plates  to  solidify. 
ft  is  a  white,  opaque,  brittle  substance  hav- 
ing a  fibrous  texture,  melts  below  redness,  is 
highly  soluble  in  water,  less  easily  in  alcohol ; 
sp  gr.  =2-0,  and  is  extensively  used  for  mak- 
ing soap. 

•odium-iodide,  I. 

Chem. :  Nal.  This  salt  is  contained  In  the 
mother  liquor  of  kelp,  and  is  prepared  by 
dissolving  iodine  in  soda  and  slightly  calcining 
the  residue  to  decompose  the  iodate.  It 
crystallizes  from  water  in  anhydrous  cubes, 
which  are  very  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

sodium-oxide,  s. 

Chem.  •  (1)  Monoxide  or  Protoxide,  NajO. 
Produced  together  with  dioxide  when  sodium 
Is  burned  in  the  air,  and  obtained  pure  when 
the  dioxide  is  strongly  heated  or  when 
equivalent  quantities  of  sodic  hydrate  and 
sodium  are  heated.  It  is  a  gray  mass,  sp.  gr. 
S-805  and  melts  at  a  red  heat  (2)  Dioxide, 
or  peroxide  of  sodium,  Naj.02.  Formed  when 
sodium  is  burnt  in  oxygen  gas  until  the 
weight  is  constant.  It  has  a  pure  white 
colour,  but  turns  yellow  when  heated,  and 
white  again  on  cooling.  Added,  in  the  state 
of  powder,  very  cautiously  to  water,  itdissolves 
without  decomposition,  forming  a  solution  of 
the  dioxide. 

uodiuin-salicylate, «.  [SAUOTLATE  or 
SODA.) 

Sod    6m,  «.     (Or.   iooofi«  rsraomo);   Ben. 
DTP  (Sedom)  =  a  burning,  Sodom.] 

Script.  Gemj. :  One  of  the  wicked  cities  of 
the  plain  destroyed  by  fire  from  heaven. 
(Gen.  xix.  24,  25.) 

Sodom-apple,  s.    [A.PLE,  1. 4.] 
SSd'-im-ite,  «.    (Eng.  Sodom. ;  -ifc.J 

1.  An  inhabitant  of  Sodom. 

2.  One  given  to  or  guilty  of  sodomy. 
•od-o-mit'  ic-al,  a.    [Eng.  sodomite);  -fcal.] 

Pertaining  or  relating  to  sodomy. 

•6d-d-mtf,  s.  [Fr.  sodomie,  from  Snd<mle  = 
Sedom,  from  the  crime  being  imputed  to  the 
inhabitants  of  Sodom.)  An  unnatural  crime  ; 
carnal  copulation  against  nature. 

•oe,  *«o,  «.  [A.8.  wo;  Fr.  seau;  Ger.  sou, 
•oio.l  A  tub  with  two  handles,  carried  by 


means  of  a  pole  passing  through  the  handles  ; 
a  large  wooden  vessel  for  water. 

"  FUde  tber  a  muckel  to."  Haeelok,  932. 

soe'-ful,  s.  fEng.  so« ;  -/u!(0-]  As  much  as 
a  soe  will  hold. 

"  Then  for  one  baaonful  you  may  fetch  up  ao  many 
iM>fuli."—B.  More :  Antidote  againtt  Atheum,  pt.  1.. 
bk.  11..  ch.  vi. 

Soem'-mer-ing,  s.  [Dr.  Samuel  Thomas 
Sbemmering,  a  German  anatomist  (1 1 55-lcyu).  j 
(See  etym.  and  compound.) 

Soemmering's  gazelle,  s. 

Zoo!. :  Antilope  soemmeringii,  from  Eastern 
Abyssinia.  It  is  about  thirty  inches  high, 
sandy  fawn  above,  with  massive  lyrate  horns, 
which  are  more  slender  in  the  female.  It  is 
sometimes  called  the  Abyssinian  Mohr  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  Mohr  or  Mhorr  (Anti- 
lope  mohr),  an  allied  species  in  Western  Africa. 

Soemmering's  mirror,  s.  An  instru- 
ment for  drawing  objects  under  the  micro- 
scope. It  is  a  plane  mirror  of  polished  steel, 
less  in  diameter  than  the  pupil  of  the  eye, 
supported  opposite  the  focus  of  the  eyepiece. 
It  Inverts  the  objects.  (Griffith  d  Henfrey.) 

SO-eV-er,  adv.  [Eng.  so,  and  ever.]  A  word 
used  in  composition  with  pronouns  or  adverbs 
to  extend  or  emphasize  the  meaning  :  as, 
whosoeuer,  whatsoever,  wheresoefer.  It  is 
sometimes  separated  from  its  pronoun,  as, 
"What  bloody  work  soever."  (Hhakesp.: 
Othello,  iii.  3.) 

go  fa,  *  so'-pha,  ».  [Arab,  tu/at,  suffak  =  a 
sofaa  couch,  from  saffa.  =  to  draw  up  in  line, 
to  put  a  seat  to  a  saddle  ;  Fr.  &  Sp.  so/a.]  A 
long  stuffed  couch,  with  seat,  back,  and  ends 
upholstered. 

"The  king  leaped  off  from  the  so/a  on  which  he  aat, 
and  cried  out,  "Tiainy  Abdallah."-OtK.rdian.  No.  167. 

sofa-bed,  sota-bedstead.  «.    A  sofa 
adapted  to  be  used  as  a  bed  if  required. 

"  so  fetf,  s.    [A  dimin.  from  tojit  (q.v.).]    A 

small  sulii. 

•81" -f ft,  s.    [Fr.  wffite ;  Ital.  soffitta,  from  Lat. 
suffigo  =  to  fasten  beneath :  tub  =  under,  and 
ftgo  =  to  fix.] 
L  Architecture: 

(1)  The  lower  surface  or  intrados  of  an  arch. 

(2)  The  ceiling  of 
an  apartment  divi- 
ded by  cross-beams 
into  compartments. 


2.  Easily  assuming  or  altered  to  a  change  oC 
form  ;  hence,  easily  wurked,  malleable. 

"  Spirlta  can  either  at- X  naaurne  :  Bo  tnft 
And  uucompouuded  la  their  essence  uure." 

M:U<:lt:  P.  L..  I.  424. 

3.  Easily  yielding  to  pressure,  persuasion^ 
or   motives ;    impressible,  facile,   weak,  im- 
pressionable. 

"  A  few  divinea  of  ao«i/r  aud  aervile  tempera  aa  din. 
poaed  them  to  ao  audden  acting  and  compliance.  "— 
Kiit'J  Chnrtel:  Eikon  Btuilike. 

4.  Delicate,  fine,  not  coarse ;  hence,  feminine.. 

"  Her'or'°  •  •  •  """""'>"  * 


(3)  The  under  part 

Of  an  overhanging    „          -ami-Tain  tupnxm 
cornice  or  project-   ACOR~CI,«I  «TUI'»,  oxrom. 
ing  balcony. 

(4)  The  under 
horizontal  face  of 
an   architrave   be- 
tween columns. 
^S;P«: 

id'-f L  s  [Per  stfl,  tdfl ;  cf.  Gr.  o-oMs  (sophos) 
=  wise.]  One  of  a  religions  order  in  Persia, 
also  called  Dervishes.  [SoFisu.) 


so'-flsm,  su'-flam,  i.    

Mnham. :  The  mystical  and  pantheistic  doc- 
trines of  the  Sofls.  They  consider  that  God 
alone  exists ;  that  he  is  in  all  nature,  and  that 
all  nature  is  in  him,  the  visible  universe  being 
an  emanation  from  his  essence,  God  is  the 
real  author  of  the  deeds  of  men,  and  there  is 
therefore  no  valid  distinction  between  good 
and  evil.  The  passages  in  the  Koran  which 
speak  of  a  paradise  and  a  hell  are  only  alle- 
gorical. Man's  soul  existed  before  his  body, 
and  will  transmigrate  when  he  dies  into  other 
bodies  till  sufficiently  purified  to  be  absorbed 
into  the  Deity. 

•8ft,  *  softe,  a.,  adv.,  ».,  *  inter}.  [A.S.  sffte 
softly ;  O.  Sax.  s&fta;  Ger.  tanfl;  O.  H.  Ger. 
samflo.] 

A.  As  adjective: 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  Easily  yielding   to   pressure;   yielding, 
Impressible,  easily  penetrated ;  not  hard  or 
compact. 

••  Hard  and  toft  are  nameB  we  give  things,  only  in 
relation  to  the  constitutions  of  our  own  bodlea ;  that 
being  called  hard,  which  will  put  OS  to  pain  sooner 
thin  change  flcure.  by  the  pnanire  of  any  part  of  our 
bodies ;  and  that  loft,  which  changes  the  a!t»»ti.,n 
of  Ita  parta  upon  an  ea>y  touch.ll=-ioc»« .-  .Human 
Underltanding.  bk.  11.,  ch.  Iv. 


5.  Tender,  timorous,  fearful,  tiniM. 

"  However  toft  within  theuiaelvea  thev  are. 
To  you  they  will  be  valiant  by  deap  ilr. 

Dryuen.     (Todd.) 

6.  Civil,  complaisant,  courteous  ;  not  rough, 
rude,  or  irritating. 

»'  £  igft  auawer  turneth  away  wrath." — Pro*,  xv.  1. 

7.  Mild,    gentle,    kind  ;    easily  moved   by 
pity  ;  lenient,  not  harsh  or  severe  ;  suscep- 
tible of  kindness,    mercy,  or   other   tender 
affections. 

"  Hia  mind  waa  at  beat  of  too  toft  a  temper  for  auch 
work  aa  he  had  now  to  do.  and  had  been  recently  mnde» 
lofter  by  aevere  affliction."— Ma&iulav :  HM.  Eng., 
ch.  xlv. 

8.  Gentle  in  action  or  motion ;  steady  and 
even ;  not  rough. 

9.  Effeminate;    not    manly    or    spirited; 
viciously  nice  or  delicate. 

••  And  more  than  all.  hla  blood-red  lag  aloft.      , 
He  inarrell'd  how  Ilia  heart  could  aeem  «o  toft. 

Byron :  Corsair,  L  14. 

10.  Gentle,  easy,  undisturbed. 

"  Soft  atlllueaa  and  the  ulghi 
Become  the  touches  of  Bweet  harmony." 

Shakeip.  :  Merchant  of  Veniet.  T. 

11.  Not  harsh  or  plain-spoken  ;  mild. 

"  For  theae  faults  excuses  and    loft   names  wsjrfa 
found."— MacatAiy :  HM.  Rag.,  ch.  xvL 

12.  Affecting  the  senses  in  a  gentle,  mild,  or 
delicate  manner ;  as, 

(1)  Smooth,  flowing ;  not  rough  or  harsh  ; 
gentle  or  melodious  to  the  ear. 

"  Her  voice  was  ever  toft, 
Gentle  and  low."  Shaketp.     IMT.  v.  S, 

(2)  Smooth  to  the  taste  ;  not  sharp  or  acrid. 

(3)  Not  harsh  or  offensive  to  the  sight ;  nob 
strong  or  glaring;  not  exciting  or  ofNisive  by 
intensity  of  colour  or  violent  contrast :  as, 
sofl  colours. 

(4)  Agreeable  to  perceive  or  feel. 

"AsBweetasbaira.  as  loft  as  air." 

Shaken*. :  Antony  t  Cteopitl'a.  V.  1. 

(5)  Smooth   and   agreeable  to  the  touch ; 
not  rough,  rugged,  or  harsh  ;  delicate,  Hue. 

"  What  went  ye  out  for  to  Beef    A  man  clothed  itt 
Kft  raiment?    Behold  they  that  wear  tofl  clothing 
are  In  kluga'  houses."—  Matthew  xl.  8. 
If  Hence,    applied    to    textile    fabrics,  a» 
opposed  to  hardware  ;  as,  soft  goods. 

13.  Foolish,  simple,  silly. 

14.  Free  from  mineral  salts,  and  washing 
well  with  soap  :  as  so/1  water. 

It  Pronun. :  Not  pronounced  with  a  hard, 
explosive  utterance,  but  with  more  or  less  of 
a  sibilant  sound  :  as  the  c  in  cinder,  and  the  f 
in  gin,  as  distinguished  from  the  same  letter* 
in  candle  and  gift. 

B.  As  adv. :  Softly,  gently,  quietly. 

"  Soft  onto  himself  he  said." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  l.TK 

C.  As  suosf.  :   A  soft  person ;  one  who  i» 
Silly,  we;ik,  or  foolish.    (Cnlloq.) 

"  If  you've  got  a  toft  to  drive  you."— O.  Eliot :  Adam 
Sede.  oh.  ix. 

D.  As  interj. :  Be  gentle,  go  gently  or  softly  ; 
hold  1  stop  I 

StMketp.  :  Merchant  of  Ferrice.  iv.  1. 
^1  To  tread  softly  is  an  art  which  is  acquired 
from  the  dancing-master;  to  go  gsMy  is  a 
voluntary  act;  we  may  go  a  gentle  or  a  quick 
pace  at  pleasure.  Words  are  either  soft  or 
gentle;  a  sofl  word  falls  lightly  upon  the  per- 
son to  whom  it  is  addressed;  it  does  not 
excite  any  angry  sentiment.  A  censure,  an 
admonition,  or  a  hint,  is  gentle,  wliici,  bears 
indirectly  on  the  offender,  and  d"es  not  ex- 
pose the  whole  of  his  intirmity  to  view  ;  a 
prudent  friend  will  always  try  U)  c"rr-c.t  our 
errors  by  gentle  remonstrances.  Persons,  or 
their  manners,  are  termed  soft  and  iientle,  but 
BI  ill  with  similar  distinctions  :  a  sofl  address, 
a  sofl  air,  and  th«  like,  are  becoming  »r  not, 
according  to  the  sex  :  in  that  which  isdenonn- 
nated  the  softer  sex,  these  qualities  of  * 
ness  are  characteristic  excellencies  ;  but  evi 
in  this  sex  they  may  degenerate,  by  their 


bfiL  bo? ;  p<at.  J<5*1 ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln.  bench :  go,  gem :  thin,  this ;  sin,  as :  expect, 
-wan, -Uan  =  shan.  -tton,  -rton  =  tdunt  -tion.  ^ion  =  «hua.  -clou.,.  -tiou»,  -.Jtous  =  «l»n«.  - 


433S 


soft— soil 


excess,  into  insipidity;  and  in  the  male  sex 
they  are  compatible  only  in  a  small  degree 
with  manly  firmness  of  carriage.  Gentle 
manners  are  becoming  in  all  persons  who 
take  a  part  in  social  life  ;  gentleness  is,  in  fact, 
that  due  medium  of  softness  which  is  alike 
suitable  to  both  sexes,  and  which  it  is  the 
object  of  polite  education  to  produce.  (Crob&.) 
1  Soft  is  largely  used  in  compounds,  the 
meanings  being  in  most  cases  sufficiently 
obvious  :  as,  soft-breathing. 

soft-amadou,  s. 

Bot.t  &c. :  Polyporus  fomentarius.  [AMADOU.] 
soft-cancer,  s.    [CANCER.] 

*  soft-conscienced,  a.    Having  a  tender 
conscience,    (Shake*}). :  Coriolanuf,  i.  1.) 

soft-corn,  s.    [CORN,  2.] 

soft-eyed,  a.  Having  soft,  tender,  or 
geutlo  eyes. 

"  Give  virtue  scandal,  innocence  &  fear. 
Or  from  the  Kft-eyed  virgin  steal  a  tear. 

Pope  :  Prologue  to  StUiret.  284. 

soft  finned  fishes,  s.  pi. 
Ichthy. :   An    English    book-name   for  the 
Anacanthini  (q.v.). 

soft-grass,  s. 

Bat. :  The  geuus  Holcus,  spec.,  H.  mollis 
and  H.  lanatus. 

son -headed,  a.  Of  weak  or  feeble 
intellect 

soft-hearted,  a.  Tender-hearted,  weak, 
cowardly. 

"  Pie,  coward  woman,  and  toft-h«art«d  wretch.™ 

Sh'tketp. :  2  Benry  F/.,  ilL  2. 

soft-heartedness,  s.  The  quality  or 
statw  of  being  soft-hearted  or  tender-hearted  ; 

gentleness. 

soft-horn,  s.  A  silly  person,  a  simuleton, 
a  greenhorn. 

*  soft-leaf;  «. 

Bo(.  <fr  Hart.  :  A  variety  of  the  Garden  Ane- 
mone (Anemone  coronaria.) 

soft  -  money,  soft  -  cash,  s.  Paper 
money,  as  opposed  to  hard  cash  or  coin. 

soft-palate,  s.    [PALATE,  «.] 

soft-sawder,  *.  Flattery,  blarney,  soft- 
soap. 

soft-shelled  tortoise,  5. 

ZooL :  Trionyz  ferox,  from  the  rivers  flow- 
ing into  the  northern  borders  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  It  attains  a  length  of  a  foot  and 
upwards,  and  is  very  voracious. 

soft-soap,  i. 

1.  Lit. :  A  coarse  kind  of  soap.  [SOAP,  s., 
ILL) 

2:  Fig. :  Flattery,  blarney,  soft-sawder. 

soft-spoken,  a.  Having  a  soft,  mild,  or 
gentle  voice ;  hence,  mild,  affable. 

"  They  cannot  put  up  with  the  glib  assurances  of  the 
vft-ipokeit  members  of  the  partnership."— Standard, 
Nov.  23,  188*. 

soft-tortoises,  s.  pi.    [MUD-TORTOISES.] 

'Soft,  v.t.   [Son,  a.]   To  make  soft ;  to  soften. 

soT-tas,  «.  pi.  [From  Pers.  toukU  —  burnt, 
meaning  consumed  by  the  divine  love  and 
devoted  to  a  life  of  meditation.] 

Mnhammadanism :  The  pupils  who  study 
Mussulman  law  and  theology  in  the  medrissas 
or  secondary  schools  attached  to  the  mosques. 
They  are  boarded  in  the  imarets  or  free  hotels 
kept  np  with  the  revenues  of  the  vakonf  pro- 
perty or  pious  legacies.  Their  clothing  and 
Sedding  are  furnished  by  their  families,  if 
these  are  in  a  position  to  do  so,  if  not  by 
charity.  The  number  of  softas  is  very  great, 
because  they  are  exempt  from  military  service. 
After  long  study  of  the  Arabic  language,  the 
Koran,  and  its  commentaries,  they  pass  an 
examination,  which  is  almost  always  success- 
ful, and  which  authorizes  them  to  assume  the 
title  of  khodjas  (q.v.).  The  name  is  also  ap- 
plied to  all  the  classes  connected  with  the 
mosques  :  Ulemas,  Imams,  Khodjas,  and 
gtudeuts  of  theology  or  of  the  jurisprudence 
of  the  Koran.  Most  of  them  are  distinguish- 
able by  wearing  a  white  tnrhan  around  their 
fez.  The  Sultan  Abdul  Medjid  (1839-1861) 
endeavoured  to  induce  his  subjects  to  wear  a 
European  dress,  and  succeeded  so  far  that 
almost  every  one,  except  the  very  lowest 


in  the  public  service,  adopted  it.  But  the 
softas,  to  a  man,  retain  the  old-fashioned 
baggy,  slouching  dress  which  Abdul  Medjid 
wished  to  get  rid  of.  This  is  an  indica- 
tion of  the  conservatism  of  the  class.  In 
May,  1876,  the  softas  were  the  authors  of  a 
rt-vulution  at  Constantinople,  their  chief  seat ; 
they  dictated  the  dismissal  of  the  grand  vizier, 
and  were  obeyed.  Afterwards  they  made  a 
movement  against  the  sultan  himself. 

*  softe,  a.  &  adv.    [SOFT,  a.] 

soft   en  (t  silent),  v.t.  &  i.    [Eng.  soft,  a. ;  -en.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  soft  or  more  soft ;  to  make  less 
hard. 

2.  To   make  less  harsh,  severe,  rude,   or 
offensive. 

"  The  language  waa  much  toftened." — Jfacaulay  : 
Hat.  Eng.,  ch.  xv. 

3.  To  make  less  fierce,  cruel,  or  Intractable  ; 
to  make  more  susceptible  of  humane  or  tine 
feelings ;  to  mollify. 

"  But  though  wineat  first  seemed  to  to/ten  his  heart, 
the  effect  a  few  hours  later  waa  very  different."— 
Macaidny  :  ffitt.  Eng.,  ch.  iv. 

4.  To  palliate  ;  to  represent  as  less  enor- 
mous ;  to  reduce  in  degree. 

"  Our  friends  see  not  our  faults,  or  conceal  them,  or 
tqflen  them  by  their  representation." — Additon,  (Todd.) 

5.  To  make  easy,  to  compose,  to  alleviate, 
to  mitigate. 

"Time  wants  not  power  to  tqften  all  regrets. " 

Wordsworth  :  Excursion,  bk.  Tii. 

&  To  make  calm  and  placid. 

7.  To  make  less  glaring  or  Intense  ;  to  tone 
down  :  as,  To  soften  the  colouring  in  a  picture. 

8.  To  make  tender,  delicate,  or  effeminate  ; 
to  enervate. 

9.  To  make  less  strong,  loud,  or  harsh  in 
sound ;  to  make  smooth  or  melodious  to  the 
ear. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  become  soft  or  softer ;  to  become  more 
ready  to  yield  to  pressure;  to  become  less 
hard. 

2.  To  become  less  rude,  fierce,  harsh,  or 
cruel :  as,  Savage  natures  soften  by  civiliza- 
tion. 

3.  To  become  less  hard-hearted,  obdurate, 
or  obstinate ;  to  become  more  susceptible  of 
humane  and  fine  feelings ;  to  relent. 

"  He  may  tafttm  at  the  Bight  of  the  child  ; 
The  silence  often  of  pure  innocence 
Persuades,  when  spiking  fails." 

Ffraketp.  :  Winter"*  Tab,  IL  1 

*  4.  To  become  more  mild. 

*  5.  To  pass  by  soft,  imperceptible  degrees ; 
to  melt,  to  blend. 

soft- en -er  (t  silent),  s.  [Eng.  soften;  -er.) 
One  who  or  that  which  softens. 

BOft'-en-ing  (t  silent),  pr.  par.,  a.,  A  «. 
[SOFTEN.] 

A*  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  partieip.  adi.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  tang.  A  Pathol. :  The  act  of  making 
soft  or  softer ;  the  state  of  becoming  soft  or 
softer.    In  Pathology  there  is  softening   of 
the  bones  [MOLLTTIES],  of  the  brain  [IT],  of  the 
spinal  cord,  and  of  the  stomach. 

2.  Paint.  :   The  blending  of  colours  Into 
each  other. 

"H  Softening  of  the  brain: 

Pathol. :  A  disease  of  which  there  are  three 
forms  :  (1)  The  white,  or  atrophic,  softening, 
occurs  in  the  white  substance  of  the  hemi- 
spheres. It  arises  from  imperfect  nutrition, 
and  often  occurs  with  other  diseases  in  weakly 
persons  approaching  old  age,  (2)  Red  soften- 
ing, formerly  attributed  to  prior  inflammation, 
may  arise  from  the  abrupt  obstruction  of  an 
artery ;  and  (3)  Yellow  softening,  an  idiopathic 
disease,  local  around  an  inflamed  spot,  an 
apoplectic  clot,  Ac. ;  it  soon  runs  a  fatal 
course. 

soft'-feh,  a.     [Eng.  soft;  -4th.]     Somewhat 

soft ;  rather  soft. 

*  soft' -ling,  «.  [Eng.  soft,  a. ;  dlmin.  sun*. 
-ling.]  A  soft,  effeminate  person ;  a  sybarite, 
a  voluptuary. 

"  Effeminate  men  and  taftlinyt  cause  the  itonte 
man  to  wwce  tender."  —  Bithop  Wootton:  Chrittian 
ManueO,  I*  ch. 

self  -1$,  *  softe-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  soft,  a, ;  >ly.] 


1.  In  a  soft  manner ;  gently ;  without  forca, 
violence,  or  roughness. 

"  His  falchion  on  a  (lint  he  tnftly  anlteth." 

&Aa*Mp.  •  ««P«  of  Lucret*,  lit. 

2.  Without  noise  ;  not  loudly  ;  gently. 

"  So  they  went  tvflly  till  he  had  done.'—  £un»an 
Pilgrim*  Proffrett,  pt  li. 

3-  Mildly,  tenderly. 

"  The  klnz  must  die  ; 
Though  pity  toftty  plead  withiu  my  tool." 

*  T  To  go  (or  walk)  softly : 
Script.  :  To  express  sorrow,  contrition,  &c., 
by  one's  demeanour. 

"  Ahah  .  jay  in  lackcloth  and  went  ttftty."-, 
1  Kitifff  rxi.  27. 

soft'-ner  (t  silent),  s.    [SOFTENER.] 

soft'  -  ness,  *  soft  -  nes,  *  soft  -  nesse, «. 

[Eng.  soft,  a. ;  -ness.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  soft  or  not 
hard  ;   that  quality  of  bodies  which  renders 
them  ready  to  yield  to  pressure  or  to  easily 
receive  impressions  from  other  bodies.    (Op- 
posed to  hardne$$.) 

2.  Susceptibility   of    feeling    or    passion ; 
liability  to  be  affected  ;  gentleness,  tender- 
heartedness. 

"  There  Is  scarcely  any  who  are  not  in  some  degre* 
possessed  of  thia  pleasing  tqftnets."— Goldsmith:  27* 
See,  No.  3. 

3.  Excessive  susceptibility  of  feeling;  weak- 
ness, simplicity. 

4.  Mildness,  gentleness,  meekness,  civility; 
freedom  from  roughness,  rudeness,  or  coarse- 
ness :  as,  softness  of  manners  or  language. 

5.  Timidity,  timorousness,  pusillanimity. 

"  This  virtue  could  not  proceed  ont  of  fear  or  toft- 
nest ;  for  he  was  valiant."—  Boom  :  Henry  YIL 

6.  Effeminacy,  delicacy  ;  want  of  manliness 
or  spirit. 

"  He  was  not  delighted  with  the  toftmtt  of  the 
court."— Clarendon:  Civil  Wart. 

7.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pleasing, 
grateful,  or  acceptable  to  the  senses,  arising 
from  the  absence  of  harshness,  violent  con- 
trast, roughness,  sharpness,  or  the  like. 

"  One  sung  a  very  agreeable  air,  with  a  degree  of 
toftneu  and  melody  which  we  could  not  hnte  ex- 
pected,'— Cook  ;  TMrd  Voyage,  bfc  iii,  ch.  xiii. 

IL  Art:  The  opposite  of  boldness.  In 
some  instances  the  term  is  used  to  designate 
agreeable  delicacy,  at  other  times  as  indicative 
of  want  of  power.  (Fairholt.) 

soft'-^,  s.  [Eng.  soft,  a. ;  -jj.J  A  soft,  simple 
person.  (Co/tog.) 

"She  were  but  a  tofty  after  alL"— J/rt.  GaAM: 
Sylvia  t  Looert,  cb,  IT. 

*  soget,  a.  &  j.    [SUBJECT,  a.  &  s.] 

SOg'-gjr,  a.  [Icel.  sbggr  ~  damp,  wet ;  saggi 
—  dampness.]  Wet;  soaked  with  water  or 
moisture  ;  thoroughly  wet. 

"  The  warping  condition  of  this  gre'eu  and  toggy 
multitude."  —  Ben  Jonton  :  £tery  Man  out  of  hit 
Humour,  Ut  2. 

SO-ho',  interj.  [See  def.]  A  word  used  in 
calling  from  a  distant  place ;  a  sportman'a 
halloo. 

"  Mr.  Great-heart  called  after  him,  saying,  'Softo. 
friend!  let  us  have  your  company.'" — B  tint/an:  fit- 
grirn't  Progrttit  yL  if. 

so-ho',  v.t.    [Bono,  interj.]    To  halloo  after. 

"  A  third  hare  was  tohoed  near  the  river-aide,  close 
to  Yann  town."— Field,  Feb.  5,  1867. 

SOl  dlsant  (as  swa  de-zan'),  adj.  phr. 
[Fr.]  Calling  himself ;  self-styled  ;  would-be. 

*  soigne,  s.    [O.  Fr.]  Care,  diligence,  anxiety. 

Soil  (1),  *  solle,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  toillier  (Fr. 
souilUr)  =  to  soil ;  se  souiller  =  to  wallow  in 
the  mire  (said  of  swine);  O.  Fr.  soil,  souil  = 
the  slough  or  mire  in  which  a  swine  wallows ; 
Lat.  vuUlus=-  pertaining  to  swine,  from  *H*  = 
a  sow ;  cf.  O.  Ital.  sogliare  =  to  sully,  to  de- 
file ;  sogliardo  (Ital.  sugltardo)  =  slovenly, 
hoggish.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  dirty  on  the  surface;  to  dirty, 
to  foul,  to  sully,  to  tarnish,  to  begrime. 

*  2.  To  cover  or  tinge  with  anything  extra- 
neons  ;  to  stain,  to  pollute. 

"  Who  aayeth,  that  foul  treason's  atain, 
Since  he  bore  arms,  ne'er  toiled  his  coat." 

Moott :  Lay  qf  tAe  Last  Minstrel,  T.  M 

*  3.  To  manure, 

"  They  toil  their  ground :  not  that  they  Ion  th« 
dirt,  hot  that  they  erpect  a  orop."— SouOt. 


Ate.  f&t,  fire,  amidst,  wbat,  l&U,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pfit, 
•r,  wore,  wgli,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  euro,  nnite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    as,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  40  =  kw. 


u.  Intransitive : 

1   To  take  on  dirt;  to  take  a  soil  or  stain, 
to  tarnish  :  as,  A  dress  soon  soils. 

2.  To  take  soil.     [SOIL,  (1),  ».,  4.] 

••  Norman's  Grove,  where  the  deer  toiled."— field, 
Dec.  13.  188:1. 

)  soyl  (1),  »•<•  [°-  Fr.  moler,  saouler 
(IT  soi«(«r)  =  to  glut,  cloy,  till,  satiate,  from 
iaJ  saoul  (Fr.  soli!)  =  full,  cloyed,  satiated, 
from  Lat.  satullus,  dimin.  from  m»ur=lull. 
satiated  ]  To  feed,  as  cattle  or  horses,  in  the 
stalls  or  stal  .les,  with  fresh  grass  daily  mowe.  1, 
instead  of  putting  out  to  pasture-winch 
mode  of  feeding  tends  to  keep  the  bowels  lax  , 
hence,  to  purge  by  feeding  upon  green  food. 
"  The  fitchew,  nor  the  txil'tl  horse  goes  to't  with 

a  more  riotous  appetite."— Shakttp.  :  Lear.  Iv.  c, 

•oil  (3),  soyl  (2),  v.t.     [A  contract,  of  assail 
(q.v.).]    To  assoil,  to  release,  to  explain. 

••  Let  vs  consider  howiubitanciallye  the  man  toilet* 
the  "it  rea».n.  that  he  woulue  »ere  rekeued  so 
lyKlite."— Sir  T.  More:  Worket,  p.  8*1. 

.v,),   S.      [SOIL  (1),  D.) 

1.  A  foul  spot,  a  stain;  any  foul  matter; 
foulness,  dirt. 

••  Wash  them  and  make  them  clean  from  the  toil 
which  they  have  gathered  by  travelling.  -Dtmian: 
Pilyrim't  Pragret*.  pt  ii. 

*  2.  A  stain,  a  tarnish  ;  any  defilement  or 

"  A  Indy's  honour  must  lie  touched. 
Which,  nice  as  ermines,  will  not  bear  a  wl. 

•3   A  wallowing-place  for  swine. 
4.  A  marshy,  wet,  or  miry  place  to  which  a 
hunted  boar  resorts  for  refuge;  hence  wet 
places,    streams,    or  water  sought  by  other 
game,  as  deer. 
*5.  Dung,  compost. 

••  Improve  laud  by  dung  and  other  tort  of  fOiU"— 
Mortimer:  ButbtMtdry. 

1  To  take  soil:  To  run  into  water  or  a 
marshy  place,  as  a  deer  when  pursued ;  hence, 
to  bike  refuge  or  shelter. 

"Oissed  It  and  Mr.  Samuel's  land  to  the  brook. 
Where  he  too*  toil."- field.  April  4,  1S65. 

•oil-pipe,  ».  A  pipe  for  conveying  fonl  or 
waste  «ater,  night-soil,  &c.,  from  a  dwelling- 
house  or  other  building. 

•611  (2).  'SOile  '  soyle,  ».     [O.  Fr.  nd,  nel 

sueil  =  the  threshold  of  a  door,  from  Lat. 
lolea  =  a  covering  for  the  foot,  a  sole,  the  sole 
of  the  foot,  timber  npon  which  wattled  walls 
we  built ;  Low  Lat.  solea  =  soil,  ground  ;  Fr. 
Kl  =  soil.] 

1.  Cliem.  <*  Agrie. :  The  top  stratum  of  the 
earth's  crust,  whence  plants  derive  their  min- 
eral food.  Italso  contains  a  certain  proportion 
of  humous  substances  derived  from  the  de- 
cayed organic  matter  of  plants  which  have 
grown  on  it.  This  acts  the  part  of  a  weak 
acid,  and  possesses  the  property  of  decom- 
posing salts,  as  sulphates  of  ammonia,  potash, 
i'C.,  retaining  the  base,  and  giving  up  its 
lime  or  magnesia  to  tho  mineral  acid.  The 
humous  principles  also  yield,  under  the 
oxidising  action  of  the  air,  ammonia,  carbonic 
acid  gas,  and  nitiates  for  the  nutriment  of  the 
plant  [SUBSOIL.]  Soils  are  classified  accord- 
ing to  their  chief  ingredients,  as  loamy,  clayey, 
sandy,  chalky,  and  peaty.  The  first  is  the 
best  for  most  purposes,  but  the  others  may  be 
Improved  by  the  addition  of  the  constituents 
Of  which  they  are  deficient. 

"The  vine  is  more  affected  bythe  duTerencj  of  Kilt 

than  any  other  fruit-tree."— *»«» .'    Wealth  of  So, 

Kant,  l>k.  I..  Ob.  xi. 

2.  Land,  country. 

"  Flash  his  spirit  on  a  warlike  toV." 

4ha***p.  :  King  John,  T.  1. 

*3.  Dry  land,  earth,  ground. 

M  On  the  face  of  terra,  the  toil,  the  land,  the  earth." 
—Shukeiii.  :  Loml  Lnbmir't  Lat.  Iv.  «. 

4.  A  provincial  term  for  the  principal  rafter 
Of  a  roof. 
•Oil-bound,  a.      Bound  or  attached  to 

the  soil,    (lit/ran :  Lara,  ii.  8.) 
•  BSll'-i-niSss,  s.       [Eng.   solly;  -new.)     The 
quality  or  state  of  being  soiled ;   stain,  foul- 
ness. 

"  Make  proof  of  the  incorporation  of  silver  and  tin, 
and  olieerve  whether  it  yield  no  toilinett  more  than 
silver."— Baoun:  I'hyiioloyical  ItentainM. 

••oll'-l6sB,o.    [Eng.  »oi((2),  a.; -less.]    Desti- 
tute of  soil  or  mould. 

••6ir-ure,   *«oyl-ure,  ».    [Fr. 
Stain,  'pollution.    [SOIL  (1),  ».] 

"  Not  making  any  scruple  of  L*,.  . — 


soil— solan 

_ — — — ^ 

•  •oil'-y,  *  soyl-le,  a.    [Eng.  soil  (1),  s. ;  •».] 
boiled,  dirt; ,  foul. 


goi   mou-ite,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

l/in.  :  A  blue  aggregate  of  barsowite  and 
corundum  (q.v.),  occurring  as  pebbles  m  the 
gold-washings  of  Barsowska,  Urals,  and 
kno.vn  there  under  this  name. 

soiree  (as  swa-re'),  *•  [Fr.  soiree  =  evening 
tide  from  SUIT  =  evening,  from  Lat.  sena  - 
late;  Ital.  sera  =  evening.)  Properly  an 
evening  party  held  forthe  sake  of  conTeMettlon 
only  •  now  applied  to  various  kinds  of  evening 
parties,  at  which  ladies  and  gentlemen  meet. 
whatever  may  be  the  amusements  introduced. 
The  word  is  frequently  employed  to  denote  a 
meeting  or  reunion  of  the  members  of  certain 
societies  or  bodies  and  their  friends,  tor  the 
promotion  of  the  objects  of  their  associations, 
and  for  mutual  improvement  and  discussion, 
when  tea  coffee,  and  other  light  refYcshmen 
are  provided  during  the  intervals  of  music, 
speech-making,  &c. 

•6-ja  (or  j  as  y),  so'-ya,  s.   [Japanese  soaja.] 
l:'.t  •    A    Reims   of    Glycinese,    sometimes 
merged  in  Qlycine.     Soja  Mspida  U  the  same 
as  Ulycine  soja.    [GLVCINE.] 
*  so-jour.  ».    [O.  Fr.]    [SOJ:UBN.]    Sojourn, 
stay,  abode. 

"Ther  held  the!  lone  tojour. 

Kabtrt  de  Brunnf.  p.  !«. 

so  journ,  sd- journ',  •oj'-ourn,  *«o- 
jorn,  *  so  journe,  v.i.  \O.  Fr.  iojorner, 
toioTirner,  sejorner,  KJOUI-WT  (Fr.  tejmrner), 
from  a  Low  Lat.  *  eabdiurno,  from  Lat.  sub 
=  under,  and  diurno  —  to  stay,  to  last  long, 
from  iMuriHi'  =  daily  ;  dies  =  a  day  ;  Ital.  sag- 
gionare.]  To  dwell  or  take  up  ones  abode 
for  a  time  ;  to  dwell  or  live  in  a  place  as  a 
temporary  resident,  or  as  a  stranger,  not  con- 
sidering the  place  as  a  permanent  habitation. 

••  Abrain  went  down  Into  E«ypt  to  lojourn  there."— 
Oenrtit  xii.  10. 

so  journ,  si-journ',  •ij'-ourn,  s.  [So- 
JOUKN,  «.]  A  temporary  residence,  as  in  a 
strange  country  ;  a  stay. 

"  Though  long  detained 
In  tr»t  obscure  «o/o»r*.*     Millar. :  P.  L.,  111.  IS. 

so'-lourn-er,  soj-ourn-er,  ».  [Eng.  *>- 
journ,  v.;  -er.)  One  who  sojourns;  a  tem- 
porary resident ;  one  who  takes  up  his  abode 
in  a  place  temporarily. 

"We  are  strangers  and  tojournert ,  as  were  alt  our 
fathers  :  our  days  oil  earth  are  as  a  shadow.  —1  Citron. 
ixix.  15. 

so  -journ  Ing,  8dj'-ourn-lng,  s.  [SOJOURN, 
t>  f  The  act  or  state  of  dwelling  in  a  place  for 
a  time ;  temporary  residence,  abode,  or  stay  ; 
sojourn.  (Exodus  xii.  40.) 

«  so-Journ-ment,  *  BoT-ourn-inent.  ». 
IF.ng.  sojourn;  -ment.]  The  act  or  state  of 
sojourning  ;  sojourn  ;  temporary  residence. 

•  soke,  D.I.  tt  i.    [SccK,  ».] 

•  soke,  s.    [Soc-l 

*  soke-reeve,  ».  A  rent-gatherer  in  a 
lord's  soke. 

•  Boke  -man,  *  soke'-man-ry.  ••     [Soc- 

MAN,   SOCMANEV.) 

•  sok  en,  «.    [A.S.  socn.]    [Soc.]    A  district 
held  by  tenure  of  socage. 

•  sok  ing  ly,  adV.    [SUCKINOLY.J 

so'-ko,  s.    [Native  name.) 

Zool. :  An  anthropoid  ape,  probably  a 
species  of  Troglodytes,  described  by  Living- 
stone as  living  west  of  Lake  Tanganyika. 
(See  extract.) 

"They  often  go  erect,  but  place  the  hand  on  the 
head  as  if  to  steady  the  body.  .  .  .  When  seen  thin. 


4339 


IL  Technically: 

*  1.  Alchemy  :  Qold. 

2  Her.  :  A  term  implying  or,  or  gold,  in 
blazoning  the  arms  of  emperors,  kings,  and 
princes  by  plauets,  instead  of  metiils  and 
colours. 

sol-lunar,  a. 

Pathol.  :  Emanating  from  the  sun  and  the 
moon.  Applied  to  an  influence  said  to  be 
excited  by  the  sun  and  moon  in  conjunction 
on  the  paroxysms  of  fever. 

861  (2),  s.    [Sou.]   A  small  bronze  French  coin, 
now  called  a  tSou. 

801  (3),  s.    [Ital.] 
Music: 

1.  A  syllable  applied  in  solmization  (q.T.) 
to  the  fifth  tone  of  the  diatonic  scale. 

2.  The  tone  itself. 
BOl  fa,  v.i.  &  (. 

A.  Intrant.:  To   fing   the   notes   of  the 
musical  scale  up  or  down  to  the  syllables  do 
(or  ut),  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  si. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  sing  a  musical  composition 
to  the  syllables  do  (or  «<),  re>  mi>  /"•  "'i  la>  lt- 

id-la.',  inter  j.    [Ofnoetym.]    Herel    Stop  I 

"Sfo7<i/  Did  you  see  master  Lorenzo?  Master  Lor- 
«llio.  Kin,  Kla  l"—Slialcetii.  :  UerchaM  O/  I  mice,  T. 

so  la,  sno  -la,  s.    [Bengalee.] 

Bol.  *  Comm.  :  Jischynomene  aspem,  a 
small,  half-floating  papilionaceous  bush  found 
in  marshes  in  Bengal,  and  growing  most 
during  the  season  of  inundation.  In  Buiinah 
a  flbre  is  made  fiom  the  bark.  The  pith  is 
nsed  in  India  for  making  light  sola  hats,  worn 
constantly  by  Europeans.  They  are  generally 
covered  with  white  cloth  and  sometimes  have 
a  cream-coloured  turban  round.  The  Ben- 
galees use  the  sola  as  floats  for  nets,  and 
the  pith  for  decorations  in  temples. 

sol-ape,  0.1.  &  «.     [O.  Fr.  wtarier,  tolacer.1 
[SOLACE,  «.] 
A.  Transitive  : 

1  To  cheer  in  grief,  trouble,  or  calamity  ; 
to  comfort,  to  console  ;  to  relieve  in  afflic- 
tion. (Applied  to  persons.) 

"  Those  lips  are  thine-thy  own  sweet  smile  I  eee. 
The  same  that  oft  in  childhood  •«'"':"'."t';.aif. 
Covrper  :  On  My  Mofner  I  rltxurt. 

8.  To  allay,  to  assuage,  to  alleviate. 

"  Soloxt  our  anguish."        Blockmark  :  Creation,  T.  ' 

*  3.  To  delight,  to  amuse. 

"  Themselvet  did  «o!ac«  each  one  with  hi»  j1*™-1^ 

*  B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  take  comfort;  to  be  cheered,  com 
forted,  or  consoled. 

•'  Were  they  to  be  ral'd.  and  not  to  rule, 
This  sickly  land,  might  totar'  an  1'tfore. 

Ohukap.  :  Kichurd  111.,  11.  8. 

2.  To  be  happy  ;  to  take  delight. 

"One  poor  Mid  loving  child.     w 
But  one  thing  to  rejoice  and  «oiuc«  In 

Shaketp.  •   Romeo  *  Juliet,  Iv.  S. 

sSl'-age,  •  801  as,  «.  [O.  Fr.  solas,  from  Lat, 
solatium  =  comfort,  from  aolutus,  pa.  par.  of 
solar  =  to  console  (q.v.).] 

1.  Comfort  in  grief,  trouble,  or  calamity; 
consolation  ;  alleviation  of  grief  or  anxiety  ; 
that  which  solaces,  comforts,  or  relieves. 

"  By  the  tolict  of  his  own  pure  tlioughtj 
Upheld.  Wordtu^orth  :  Kxcurnun,  bk.  Til. 

*2.  Happiness,  delight. 

*  soT-afe-mfint,  a.  [Eng.  tolcux  ;  -mmt.1 
The  act  of  solacing  or  comforting  ;  the  state 
of  being  solaced  or  comforted. 

»  so-J  a'  clous,  *  B0-la-cy-ou»e,  o.    [0.  Fr. 

stt/cK-ieux.}      Affording   solace,    comfort,    or 
amusement  ;  solacing. 

"  His  mater  Is  detectable. 
«"""*•"  and  "'       * 


&r&^.^Wifttt.rs^.^Ei« 

flesh  of  the  feet  Is  yellow The  .«o*»  Is  rei.reseiited 

b7">"  e  to  be  eitremeiy  knowing.  .»cce»,ln  ly  st,'k. 
l,l«  juen  and  »omen  while  at  tlieii  work  ;  km.iai^me 
children,  and  running  up  tree,  with  them."-«-iJ«.n»- 
UOM  :  Lax  Jou.-7.nl<*ed.  Waiter),  IL  68.  M. 

sol  (1),  ».    U-at.] 

•  L  Orii.  Lanff.  :  The  sun. 

"Not  yet-not  vet-So!  panses  on  the  Mil— 
The  precious  hour  of  par:  "K  lingers  still. 

Byron:  Mttws^  UL  1. 


•o'-lan,  Bd'-land,  »su-land,  s.   [Icel. 
=  gannet.  (Kkutt.)]  [Boosv.]  (See  com  pound.  J 

solan-goose,  soland-goosc,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  gaunet,  Sula  batsana.  Bill 
prayish  white,  naked  skin  of  the  lace  Blue, 
iris  pale  yellow,  head  and  neck  buff,  the  prim- 
aries black,  all  the  rest  of  the  plumage  white 
in  the  adult,  front  of  the  legs  and  tarsi  green. 
Length  thirty-four  inches.  They  breed  il 
immense  numbers  on  the  Bass  Bock,  in 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  the  coasts  of  the  BaiUc, 


4340 


solanaceae— solar 


Iceland,  North  America,  and  South  Africa 
[BoouY,  GAN.NET.] 

si  la  na  90  re,  «.  pi  [Lat  solarium);  fern 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -ate«.] 

£o(. :  Nightshades ;  the  typical  order  o 
8olanales(q.v.).  Ilerbs  or  shrubs;  alternate 
undivided,  lobed  leaves  ;  calyx  five  or  four 
parten.  persistent,  inferior ;  corolla  mono- 
petal). as;  the  limb  five  or  four-cleft,  geniTalU 
nearly  regular,  deciduous;  stamens  alteniat 
with  the  segments  of  the  corolla  aud  as  uu 
merous ;  ovary  two-celled,  composed  of  on< 
carpel  to  the  right  and  the  other  to  th.  lef 
of  the  axis,  rarely  fou»-,  rive-,  or  many-sc'-ded 
with  axile  placentte ;  fruit  capsular,  with  f 
double  dissepiment  parallel  to  the  valves,  o 
a  berry  with  the  placenta?  adhering  to  the  dis 
sepiment ;  seeds  numerous,  albumen  fleshy 
Chiefly  tropical  plants,  narcotic  and  excitant 
or  bitter  and  tonic,  pungent  or  stimulant 
(Litidley.)  Endlicher  divided  the  order  into  six 
tribes  :  Nicotianea,  Daturefie,  Hyoscyamese, 
Solanese,  Cestrinese,  Vesticse,  and  made  RetJii 
acea-  a  distinct  order.  Mr.  Miers  separates 
the  order  into  two,  Atropacese  and  Solanaceje 
Known  genera  sixty,  species  about  1,000 
They  are  widely  distributed  through  all  the 
continents. 

•5-la  na  ceous(ceassh),a.  [SOLANACUS. 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  plants  be* 
longing  to  the  order  Solanaceee. 

SOla-naLa.  [SOLANALES.]  Of  or  belonging 
to  Solanum  or  the  Solanaceae  :  as,  the  Solatia. 
Alliance. 

•xS  la  na'-les,  «.  pi.  [Masc.  or  fern.  pL  of 
Mod.  Lat  lolanalii,  from  Lat  solanum  (q.v.).; 
Bot. :  The  Solanal  Alliance ;  Perigynou! 
Excgens,  with  dichlamydeous,  monopetalous, 
symmetrical  flowers ;  axile  placenta,  two  tc 
three-celled  fruit,  and  a  large  embryo  lying  in 
•  small  quantity  of  albumen.  Orders  i  Ole- 
aceae,  SoUnaceae,  Asclepiadaceas,  Cordiacese, 
Convolvulacea,  Cuscutaceas,  and  Folemoui- 
aceae. 

•o  land,  t.    [SOLAN.] 

•8-lan  -der,  s.  [Fr.  tttulandra.}  A  disease 
in  horses. 

•8  Ian  -dra,  s.  [Named  after  Daniel  Charles 
Solander,  LL.D.,  F.R.8.,  a  Swede,  who  ac- 
companied Sir  Joseph  Banks  as  botanist  in 
his  voyage  round  the  world.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Solanacesp  akin  to  Datura. 
Chiefly  from  tropical  America.  Cultivated  in 
greenhouses  for  their  fine  flowers. 

•»   la    ne-8B,  «.  pi    [Lat.  *>lan(um);  fern, 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -««.] 
Botany  : 

1.  The  same  as  SOLAHACEA 

2.  The  typical  tribe  of  Solanaceas. 

•*  Inn  I-cine.  $.  [Eng.  tolanHne);  c  con- 
nect., and  sun*,  -int.] 

Chem. :  CaoH;8N2O  (?).  A  base  produced 
by  the  action  of  cold  concentrated  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  solanine.  It  is  very  slightly 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  water,  yields  slender 
needles,  melts  above  250",  is  coloured  red  by 
strong  acids,  and  forms  yellow  amorphous 
salts. 

•6  Ian  I  dine.  ».  [Eng.  tolar^nu) ;  id  con- 
nect and  suff.  -inc.] 

CheM. :  CjgH^NOj  0%  A  base  produced 
together  with  glucose  by  the  action  of  dilute 
boiling  hydrochloric  acid  on  solanine.  It 
dissolves  easily  in  ether  and  alcohol  and 
crystallizes  from  the  latter  in  colourless, 
silky  needles,  which  melt  above  200'.  With 
strong  sulphuric  acid  it  forms  a  dark  red 
solution,  and  with  more  dilute  acid  a  transient 
bluish-ied.  Its  solutions  are  bitter. 

•o'-lan-ine,  «.     [Mod.  Lat  *>ton<um);  •<« 


Chen.:  C^HyiNOu  (!).  An  organic  base 
existing  in  several  species  of  Solanum  To 
obtain  it  the  juice  of  the  ripe  berries  is  pre- 
cipitated by  ammonia,  and  the  precipitate 
purified  by  recrystallization  from  alcohol.  It 
crystallizes  in  slender  silky  needles,  slightly 
soluble  in  cold,  easily  in  hot  alcohol,  nearly 
insoluble  in  water  and  ether,  has  a  slightly 
bitter  and  burning  taste,  and  is  very  poison- 
ous. It  melts  at  236',  and  forms  acid  and 
neutral  salts,  all  of  which  are  soluble  in  water. 


so  la  -no,  s.    [Sp.,  from  Lat.  solanus  (mtus 
=  an  easterly  (wind),  from  sol  =  the  sun.]    A 
hot,  oppressive,  south-e:ist  wind  in  Spain.    ] 
is  a  modification  of  the  simoom  (q.v.). 

so-la  -num.  s.    [Lat.  =  a  kind  of  nightshade 
SoUtnum  nigrum.     (See  def.)] 

Bot. :  Nightshade ;  the  typical  genus  o 
8olanace<e.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  rarely  trees 
Flowers  in  or  above  the  forks  of  the  stem 
solitary,  fascicled,  or  cymose,  white  or  blue 
calyx  with  four  to  ten  segments,  corolla  rotate 
five  to  ten  lobed,  with  five  exserted  stamens 
anthers  opening  by  two  pores  at  the  extremity 
berry  roundish,  two  or  more  celled,  with  man\ 
renifurm  seeds.  Known  species  between  50' 
and  600,  most  of  them  from  the  tropics,  other5 
from  temperate  climes.  Two  well-known 
species  are:  >'-A/^um  lwl<;nii'{ra,  the  "Wood 
Nightshade  or  Bittersweet  \q.v.)  and  S.  nigrum 
the  Common  Nightshade.  The  latter  lias  i 
herbaceous  and  thornless  stem  ;  ovule,  blunt] 
toothed  and  waved  leaves;  lateral  droop- 
ing umbels  of  white  flowers,  and  black 
rarely  green,  berries.  It  is  frequent  in  wast. 
places,  fields,  <fec.,  flowering  from  June  t<- 
November.  It  is  distributed  through  most  parts 
of  the  world.  A  variety,  &'.  miniutitm,  wit] 
scarlet  berries,  is  found  in  Jersey  and  Gueru 
sey.  The  foliage  of  S.  Dulcamara  is  narcotic 
and  its  berries  are  unsafe  to  eat  In  India  il 
is  used  in  decoction  in  chronic  rheumatism 
psoriasis,  &c.  A  grain  or  two  of  the  driet 
leaf  of  5.  nigrum  produce  narcotic  effects  anc 
visceral  disturbance.  The  leaves  when  bruised 
are  applied  in  poultices  or  baths  to  painfu 
wounds.  The  berries  are  considered  by  the 
Hindoos  to  be  tonic  and  diuretic,  and  the 
juice  a  hydragogue,  cathartic,  and  diuretic ; 
they  are  given  in  dropsy,  &c.  A  syrup  pre- 
pared from  the  plant  is  used  as  a  cooling  drink 
in  fevers,  and  as  an  expectorant  and  dia- 
phoretic. S.  tuberosum  is  the  Potato  (q.v.), 
the  leaves  are  powerfully  narcotic  and  used  in 
chronic  rheumatism,  painful  affections  of  the 
stomach,  4c.  The  fruit  of  S.  Melongena,  the 
egg-plant,  and  S.  verbascifoUum  are  used  in 
India  in  curries.  The  berries  of  S.  coagulans, 
S.  xanthocarpum,  wild  in  India,  and  the  fruits 
of  S.  gracilipes,  a  garden  escape  there,  are  eaten. 
The  last  two,  with  S.  feroz,  S.  indicum,  S. 
trilobatum,  are  also  used  medicinally  in  India. 
Fumigation  with  the  burnt  fruit  of  many  of 
them  is  a  domestic  remedy  for  toothache.  S. 
pttudrxpiiTM  produces  the  quina  of  Brazil 
S.  mammosum,  S.  paniculatum,  S.  guineente 
are  diuretic ;  a  decoction  of  the  leaves  of  S. 
cernuuM  is  a  powerful  sudorific.  S.  margina- 
turn  is  used  in  Abyssinia  for  tanning  leather. 
The  berries  of  5.  muricatum,  S.  nxmorcnse,  and 
S.  quitofnx  are  eaten.  S.  laeiniatum  produces 
the  Kangaroo  Apple  of  Tasmania,  which  is 
eaten. 

sd'-lar,  a.    [Lat.  safaris,  from  soZ  =  the  sun  • 
Fr.  solaire;  Sp.  tolar  ;  Ital.  solare.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sun. 

"Our  tolar  system  consist*  of  the  inn,  and  the 
planets  and  comet*  moving  about  it '—Locke  -Natural 
/•Attojopfty.  ch.  iiL 

2.  Produced  by  or  proceeding  from  the  sun. 

"  67  her  instructed,  meets  the  tolar  ray, 
And  grows  familiar  with  the  blaze  of  day !  • 

BoyK :  Tt>  He  Dull  o/  Gordon. 

3.  Measured  by  the  progress  of  the  sun,  or 
by  its  apparent  revolution. 

"  Ve  Adar  was  an  intercalary  month,  added  some 
years,  onto  the  other  twelve,  to  make  the  lolar  and 
Injury  year  afree.--&iM«* :  ata.  World,  bk.  11.. 
cb.  ill. 

*  4.  Born  under  or  in  the  predominant  in- 
fluence of  the  sun. 

"  And  proud  beside,  as  tolar  people  are." 

Dri/dcn :  Cock  i  For,  WL 

solar-apex,  ». 

Astron. :  The  point  of  space  to  which  it  has 
been  supposed  the  solar  system  is  tending. 
[SOLAR-SYSTEM.] 

solar-asphyxia,..  Same  as  SUKSTBOM. 

solar-camera,  .. 

Pholag.  :  A  camera  in  which  the  sun's  rays 
are  transmitted  through  a  transparent  nega- 
tive. 

solar  constant,  «.  The  constant  ex- 
pressing the  amount  of  solar  heat  received  by 
the  earth ;  estimated  at  30  calories  a  minute 
for  each  square  meter  of  the  earth's  surface. 

solar-cycle,  s.    [CVCLE.J 

solar-day,  t.    (DAY.) 

solar-eclipse,  «.    [ECLIPSS,  «.] 


solar  engine,  s.     An  engine  in  which 
lie  heat  of  the  solar  rays  is  concentrated  to 
evaporate  water  or  expand  air  used  as  a  motor 
for  a  steam  or  air  engine. 

solar  eye-piece,  «.  An  arrangement 
by  which  the  light  and  heat  are  reduced  in 
solar  observations  by  obs.-rvnu  only  a  verj 
minute  portion  of  the  solar  su 

solar-flowers,  s.  pi.    Flowers  which  open 
and  shut  daily  at  certain  determinate  hours. 
solar-lamp,  s.    An  Argaud-lamp  (q.v.X 

solar-microscope,  s.  A  microscope 
which  throws  the  niajjnitied  image  of  an  object 
illuminated  by  the  sun's  rays  upon  a  wall  or 
screen. 

solar-month,  t.    [MONTH.] 
solar-myth,  s. 

Campar.  Mythol. :  A  nature  myth  embody- 
ing, or  supposed  to  embody  a  description  of 
the  sun's  course  in  heroic  l.-gend,  and  used 
notably  by  Max  Miiller  and  Cox,  to  explain 
the  mythology  of  Aryan  nations.  (See  ex- 
tract.) 

"  Of  this  vast  mass  of  lolar-mytht.  some  bay* 
merpd  into  Independent  legends,  others  have  fur. 
mshed  the  RTouiidwork  of  whuie  euics. .  .  .  The  legends 
'.I  Kej-halos  and  Prokris.  of  Daphne.  Narkissos.  and 
Bndnmlta,  have  come  down  to  us  in  a  less  artificial 
form  than  that  of  Herakles.  while  the  myth  of  Hera- 
Ides  has  been  arrested  at  a  less  advanced  stage  than 
those  o(  Zeus  and  ApoUon.  But  all  alike  can  be  traua. 
lated  back  Into  mythical  eipreialons.  and  most  at 
these  enr,re»elous  are  found  in  the  Ved«s  witlj  theil 
strict  mythological  meaning."— Cox.-  M)tth.  Aryan 

solar-oil,  s. 

Chem. :  A  name  given  in  commerce  chiefly 
to  the  heavier  portions  of  petroleum  or  shale- 
oil. 

SOlar-phosphori,  «.  fl.  Substances 
which  become  luminous  in  the  dark,  after 
having  been  exposed  to  solar  rays,  the  electric 
or,  in  a  less  degree,  lime  the  light.  Calcined 
oyster  shells  are  a  good  example. 

solar-physics,  «.  The  science  treating 
of  the  various  physical  phenomena  of  tbe  sun. 

solar-plexus,  s. 

Anat. :  A  plexus  at  the  upper  part  of  the 
abdomen  behind  the  stomach  and  in  front  of 
the  aorta  and  the  pillars  of  the  diaphragm. 
It  is  the  largest  of  the  pre-vertebral  centres. 
Called  also  the  Epigastric  Plexus. 

solar  -  prominences,  s.  pi.     [PBOIU- 

NENCE,  II.  1.,  Su.v.] 

solar  spectrum,  s.    [SPEOTRUIL] 
solar-spots,  s.pl.    [SUN-SPOTS.] 
solar -system,  s. 

Astron. :  The  sun  and  the  various  bodies 
which  revolve  around  him,  deriving  from  him 
their  light  and  heat.  The  enumeration  of 
these  bodies,  deemed  by  the  ancients  complete, 
was  :  the  Earth  (in  the  centre),  then  the  Moon, 
Mercury,  Venus,  the  Sun,  Mars,  Jupiter,  and 
Saturn,  seven  in  all.  [WEEK.]  Now  planets, 
primary  and  secondary,  are  regarded  .is  only 
one,  though  certainly  a  very  important,  part 
of  the  solar  system.  Of  the  major  planets, 
called  simply  the  planets,  eight  are  recognized : 
Mercury,  Venus,  the  Earth,  Mars,  Jupiter, 
Saturn,  Uranus,  and  Neptune.  Of  the  secon- 
dary planets,  or  satellites,  including  the  Moon, 
twenty.  The  minor  planets— which  have  been 
popularly  designated  as  asteroids  but  are  now 
more  generally  termed  planetoids — number 
about  350  so  far  as  is  now  known ;  and  very 
few  of  these  exceed  100  miles  in  diameter. 
[See  ASTEEOID.I 

Among  otherbodies  revolving  round  the  sun 
in  more  or  less  eccentric  orbits  are  many 
comets,  and  a  number  of  meteoric  rings,  some 
of  which  have  been  found  to  have  a  close  re- 
lation to  certain  comets. 

The  orderly  movements  of  the  several  bodies 
in  the  solar  system  is  effected  mainly  by 
gravitation.  Loosely  stated,  the  planets  re- 
volve around  the  sun.  What  really  takes 
place  is  that  they  revolve  around  the  centre 
of  gravity  common  to  him  and  them,  but 
his  mass  so  much  outweighs  the  aggregate 
of  their  masses  that  the  point  around  which 
the  revolution  takes  place,  though  not  the 
sun's  centre,  is  still  within  his  mass.  Their 
revolution  also  somewhat  alters  his  position. 
When  several  of  the  large  planets  are  together 
on  the  same  side  they  draw  the  sun  a  certain 
small  distance  from  his  place ;  then,  as  they 
go  round  to  the  other  side,  they  gradually 


«&te.  at,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  rather;  we.  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  ptt. 
«r.  w  «•«.  wo*,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite.  «mr.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    JB,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


solar— soldierlike 


4341 


attract  him  lack  again  :  so  that  the  stability  of 
the  solar  system  is  not  disturbed.  [PERTUR- 
BATION.] That  system  constitutes  part  of  the 
Galaxy  (q.v.)  and  is  moving  to  a  point  in  the 
constellation  Hercules. 

The  Xebulur  Hypothesis  (q.v.),  as  to  the 
ori-in  of  the  solar  system,  after  being  qui- 
escent for  a  time,  revived  with  the  dis- 
•  coveries  made  by  the  spectroscope  (q.v.),  awl 
in  1877  Dr.  T.  H.  Gladstone,  F.R.S.(Bri(.  Assoc. 
Report,  1S77,  ii.  41,  Phil.  Mag.,  1877),  said:— 

••  Supposing  the  solar  system  to  have  been  originally 
a  great  revolving  m-bula  of  this  description  ruri- 
den'.ug  to  a  centaUim,  and  forming  from  its  outer 
portions  (mailer  masses,  »uch  as  the  planets  and  their 
satellites,  or  the  comets  and  meteorites,  we  may  exi>ect 
them  to  consist  principally  of  the  more  volatile  or 
the  lightest  elements,  with  smaller  portions  of  the 
less  volatile  or  heavier  ones.  On  arranging  the  ele- 
ments of  which  the  earth  it  composed  according  to  the 
known  or  presumed  density  of  the  vapours  It  i»  found 
that  sueh  is  actually  the  case." 
Regarding  the  age  of  the  earth  and  of  the 
•olar  system  generally,  physicists,  as  repre- 
sented 'by  Sir  Wm.  Thomson,  Prof.  Tait,  &c., 
and  geologists,  led  by  Prof.  Huxley,  are  at 
variance.  [GEOLOGY,  1.  (3).]  Nor  is  there  any 
agreement  as  to  its  probable  future  duration. 
[Coi'ERNlCAN,  KEPLER,  PTOLEMAIC,  etc.] 

solar-telegraph,  ».  A  telegraph  in 
which  the  rays  of  the  sun  are  projected  Irom 
and  upon  mirrors.  The  duration  of  the  rays 
makes  the  alphabet,  after  the  system  of 
Morse.  [HELIOGRAPH.] 

solar-time,  s.     The  same  as  APPARENT- 
TIME.     [TlME.] 
solar-year,  ».    [YEAR.] 

SO'-lar,  ».     (Lat.  solarium  =  a  gallery  or  bal- 
cony exposed  to  the  sun  ;  so!  =  the  sun.] 
Arch, :  A  loft  or  upper  chamber ;  a  seller. 

•o-lar'-I-dffi,  ».  pi.      [Mod.  Lat.  solatium); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sufi*.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Prosobranchiate  Gastero- 
pods,  with  several  genera.  Type,  Solarium 
(q.v.).  (Tate.) 

BO'-lar  Ism,   ».      [Eng.  tolar ;   -im.]      The 
doctrine  of  solar  myths.    [SOLAR-MYTH.] 

"  Whom  h«  charges  with  a  wrong  use  of  etymology 
In  reeard  to  loiarwm  as  the  exclusive  key  to  solve 
the  problems  of  Aryan  religioru.--ft.«»  Telegraph, 
Uec.  31,  1885. 

to-lar-Ist,  s.    [Eng.  solar(ism) ;  -ist.)    A  sup- 
porter of  the  doctrine  of  solar  myths. 

"  Tb«  u»  made  by  the  KiarMi  of  far-fetched 
etymologies."— Standard,  Oct.  so.  1885. 

sd-lar'-i-um,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  sun-dial.] 

Zool  i  Palaeont. :  Staircase-shell ;  a  genus 
of  Littorinidae  (Woodward),  of  Solaridae  (Tate). 
Shell  orbicular,  depressed,  umbilicus  wide 
and  deep  ;  aperture  rhombic,  peristome  thin  ; 
operculnm  horny,  sub-spiral.  The  edges  of 
the  whorls  seen  in  the  umbilicus  have  been 
fancifully  compared  to  a  winding  staircase. 
Twenty-live  recent  species,  widely  distributed 
over  sub-tropical  and  tropical  seas ;  fossil 
species  numerous,  from  the  Oolite  onward. 

•O-lar-l-za'-tlon,  s.    [Eng.  solarise) ;  -ation.  ] 
Photog.  :  Injury  caused  to  a  photographic 

Sicture  by  exposing  it  for  too  long  a  time  in 
lie  camera  to  the  light  of  the  sun. 

so'-lr.r  ize,  v.i.    [Eng.  solar,  a.  ;  -iz«.] 

Photog. :  To  become  injured,  as  a  photo- 
graphic picture,  by  too  long  exposure  to  the 
rays  of  the  sun. 

•so'-lar-y  (1),  a.  [Lat.  solarius,  from  K>1  = 
the  sun.)  Solar. 

"  Months  are  not  onely  lunary.  and  measured  by 
the  moon  but  also  tolary,  and  determined  by  the 
motion  of  tbe  sun."— Brown* :  Vulgar  Krrourn,  bk.  iv., 
ch-  xii. 

•51  -ar-y  (2),  o.  [Lat.  solum  =  the  ground.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  ground  ;  proceeding 
from  the  ground. 

"From  the  like  spirits  iu  the  earth  the  plants  thereof 
perhaps  acquire  their  verdure.  And  from  such  'oMru 
irradiations  may  those  wondrous  varieties  arise,  which 
are  jbservable  in  animals."  —  Browne :  Vulgar  Er- 
rovft,  bk.  vi.,  ch.  xii. 

*  SOl-08,  S.      [SOLiCE.] 

•6  la'-tt-um  (tl  as  shi),  ••  [La*-  =  »  «>m- 
fort,  a  solace  (q.v.).] 

I  Ord.  Lang. :  Anything  which  consoles  or 
compensates  for  suffering  or  loss;  a  com- 
pensation. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Law :  A  sum  of  money  paid  over  and 


above  actual  damages  to  an  injured  party,  by 
the  person  who  inflicted  the  injury,  as  solace 
for  wounded  feelings. 

2.  Ecdts. :  An  additional  daily  portion  of 
foodallott«d  to  the  inmates,  of  religious  houses 
under  exceptional  circumstances. 

Sold,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.     [SELL,  v.) 

sold  note,  s.    [BoooHT  &  SOLD  NOTE.] 

*  sold,  •  BOUd,  s.     [Fr.  soldt,  soidd,  from  Lat. 
<ofufiu=a  piece  of  money.)    Military  pay; 
salary,  jay. 

"  Smyte  ye  no  man  wrongfully,  nether  mak  ye  fal> 
chaleuge.  and  be  ye  apayeu  with  your*  loudii'-ltv- 
citfe :  Luke  hi. 

*  sol-da'-do,  s.    [Sp.]    A  soldier. 

*  soT  -dan, s.    [SULTAN.  ] 

sol  da  ncl,  sol'-da-nelle,  *.  [Fr. ;  re- 
mote etym.  unknown.  (Littre.)] 

Bot. :  Convolvulus  Soldanella. 
sol  da  nel  -la,  s.    [Latinised  from  Pr.  solda- 
n«lie(q.v.).] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Primulidw.  Corolla  sub- 
campanulate,  of  one  cleft,  fringed  on  the 
margin.  Soldanella  alpina,  from  the  south  of 
Europe,  is  cultivated  in  English  gardens. 

"soT-dan-rjf,  *  sol-dan-iie,  ».  [Eng.  sol- 
dan;  'ry.)  The  role  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
sultan ;  the  country  or  district  governed  by  a 
sultan. 

"  s5l-da-tSso.ue'  (quo  as  k),  a.  [Fr.,  from 
soldat  '=  a  soldier.)  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
soldier ;  soldier-like.  (Thackeray :  Pendennit, 
cb.  xxii.) 

sol  der,  so  dor,  *sonl-der,  'sow-der, 
t  [O  Fr.  soudure,  souldure  =  a  soldering  ;  Fr. 
toudure  =  solder,  from  0.  Fr.  louder,  solder, 
loukler  =  to  solder,  from  Lat.  solido  =  to 
make  firm  ;  solidut  =  firm,  §olld  (q.T.).] 

1  Lit. :  A  metal  or  alloy  used  to  unite 
adjacent  metallic  edges  or  surfaces.  It  must 
be  rather  more  fusible  than  the  metal  or 
metals  to  be  united,  and  with  this  object  the 
components  and  their  relative  amounts  are 
varied  to  sniUthe  character  of  the  work. 
(See  extract.) 

»  Hard  Ktden  are  luch  as  require  a  red  heat  to  fuse 
them ;  they  are  employed  for  Joining  brass,  iron  and 
he  more  refractory  metals.  Soft  loldert  melt  at  a 
comparatively  low  temperature,  and  are  used  with  tin 
1  lead  of  ihlch  metals  they  are  wholly  or  to  part 
Smpotea.  Common  tin  «*Ur.  composed  of  1  tin  and 
3  lead  Is  perhaps  tbe  best-known  example  of  this 
class.  SpelfcranoT silver  lalderi  arethe  most  generally 
Sled  among  the  hard  Hld*-t."-KniaU  :  Met.  link, 
I.T.  Solder. 

"2.  Fig. '  That  which  unites  or  cements  in 
any  way. 

s6r  der,  so  der,  *  soul-der,  *  sow-der, 

v.t.    [SOLDER,  *.] 

1  Lit. :  To  unite  by  a  metallic  cement ;  to 
join  the  edges  of  with  a  metal  or  alloy. 

"A  concave  sphere  of  gold  Oiled  with  water  and 
toldered  up."— Newton:  Optickt. 

*2.  Fig. :  To  unite  or  cement  together  in 
any  way  ;  to  patch  up. 

"  Ai  if  the  world  should  cleave,  and  that  ilaln  men 
Should  tolder  up  the  rUt." 

Shaketp. :  Antony  i  Cleop.,  ill.  4. 

sSl'-der-er,  s.  [Eng.  solder,  v. ;  -er.\  One 
who  or  a  machine  which  solders. 

soT-der-lng,  s.  [SOLDER,  ».]  The  process  of 
uniting  two  pieces  of  the  same  or  of  different 
metals  by  the  interposition  of  a  metal  or 
alloy,  which,  by  fusion,  combines  with  each. 
In  autogenous  soldering,  the  two  pieces  are 
directly  united  by  the  partial  fusion  of  their 
contiguous  surfaces.  In  the  ordinary  process 
of  soldering  small  articles,  the  workman  places 
the  two  metallic  surfaces  together,  and  then, 
with  his  soldering-iron,  which  has  been  pre- 
viously heated  in  a  furnace,  melts  off  sufficient 
solder  from  the  stick  or  cake,  allowing  it  to 
flow  on  and  between  the  parts  to  be  joined  ; 
the  hot  iron  is  then  applied  to  the  joint,  so 
as  to  cause  the  solder  to  become  uniformly 
fluid,  equalize  its  distribution,  and  smooth  its 
exposed  surface.  The  surfaces  to  be  joined 
must  be  perfectly  cleaned  by  filing  or  scrap- 
ing, and  the  flow  of  the  melted  solder  is 
also  assisted  by  the  employment  of  certain 
substances  as  either  deoxidisers  or  fluxes ; 
amongst  these,  resin,  sal-ammoniac,  or  muri- 
atic acid  are  chiefly  used.  Instead  of  a 
soldering-iron,  some  form  of  blow-pipe  is 
often  employed  to  heat  the  solder.  Another 


gas 
flex 


method  sometimes  employed  to  solder  small 
brass  articles  is  to  face  and  clean  the  two 
surfaces,  rub  them  with  sal-Hinmoniac  or 
dilute  acid,  and  then  squeeze  them  into  con- 
tact with  a  piece  of  tinfoil  betw,vu  them. 
When  the  whole  is  heated,  the  two  are  sol- 
dered together  by  the  melted  tinfoil. 

soldering  -blowpipe,  s.  A  portable 
s  blowpipe,  which  can  be  attached  by  a 
exible  tube  to  any  gas  supply.  Another 
flexible  tube  allows  a  blast  from  the  mouth  to 
be  blown  through  the  centre  of  the  gas  flame, 
which  can  be  directed  to  any  part  of  a  wuti-r- 
pipe  or  other  article.  The  usual  form  of  blow 
pipe  is  also  often  used  for  soldering  purposes. 

soldering  -  bolt,    soldering  -  Iron, 

soldering-tool,  s.    A  copper-bit  (q.v.). 

sold  -Icr  (1  as  y),  •  sodlour,  *  soldlar, 

*  sender,       *  soudiour,       '  souldier, 

*  souldyour.  *  soldure,  s.    [O.  Fr.  soldier, 
soldoier,    soudoier,    souldoyer,   from    souldt  = 
pay,     from    Low    Lat.    soldum  =  pay  ;    Lat. 
solulus  =  a  piece  of  money  ;    Low  Lat.  sol- 
darius  =  a  soldier  ;  Fr.  soldat,  from  Low  Lat. 
soldat  us,  pa.  par.  of  soldo  =  to  pay;  Sp.  sol- 
dodo;  Ital.  soldato;  Ger.  soldat.} 

*  1.   One  who  receives  pay  ;   one  who  t* 
hired  for  pay. 

"  He  hadde  goten  many  a  touldyour.'—  Caxton: 
Reynard  the  Fot  (ed-  Arber),  p.  8». 

2.  A    man   engaged  for  military  service  j 
one  who  serves  in  an  army  ;  one  who  follow» 
the  military  profession. 

"  The  worde  touldier  now  seemeth  rather  to  corn*  of 
tmtld  a  paiment,  and  more  to  betoken  a  waged  or 
hLred  man  to  fight,  than  otherwise,  yet  Ca«ar  In  bu 
Commentaries  called  Kjdura  In  the  tongue  gallols. 
men  who  denoted  *  iwore  themseluei  In  a  cerUine 
band  or  othe  one  an  other,  and  to  the  captalne.  — 
Smith  :  Commonwealth,  bk.  1..  ch.  xviii. 

3.  A  common  soldier,  a  private  ;  one  who- 
serves  in  the  army,  but  is  under  the  rank  of 
an  officer. 

"  It  were  meet  that  any  one,  before  he  came  to  be  a. 
captain,  should  haT«  beeu  a  •oWier."—  Spmttr  :  Stair 
of  Ireland. 

4.  A  brave  man,  a  warrior  ;  a  man  of  mili- 
tary skill   and   experience  ;  a  man   of  dis- 
tinguished valour. 

5.  A  white  ant.    [TERMITE.] 

H  (1)  Soldiers  &  tailors:  The  name  given  by 
children  to  Soldier-beetles  (q.v.). 

(2)  To  come  the  old  soldier  over:  To  try  to- 
take  in. 

"He  WM  coming  the  old  Midler  over  n 
St.  Ronarit  Well,  ch,  ivui. 

soldier-beetle,  >. 

Entom.  :    The     genus    Telephorus 
Named  from  its  courage  and  fierceness. 

soldier  crab,  >. 

Zool:  The  same  as  HERMIT-CRAB  (q.T.). 
Named  from  their  combativeness,  or  from 
their  possessing  themselves  of  the  shells  of 
other  animals. 

soldier-flies,  >.  ,•  '. 

Entom.  :  An  American  name  for  the  Strato- 
myidae  (q.v.). 

soldier-moth,  • 

Entom.:  An  East  Indian  geometer  moth,. 
Euschema  mititaris. 

soldier-orchis,  s. 

Bot.  :  Orchis  militant. 

soldier's  yarrow,  «. 

Bot.  :  Stratiotes  aloides. 

sold  ier  (1  as  y),  v.i.  [SOLDIER,  «.]  To  go 
or  act  as  a  soldier. 

"I've  been  taldiering."—Dlck9ni:  Bleak  Haute,  ch.  IT. 

*  sold'-ler-ess  (1  as  y),  «.     [Eng.  soldier  ; 

•  ess.]    A  female  soldier. 

"  Soldlerea 
That  equally  canflt  poize  sternness  with  pity." 

Ttea  Xoble  Kimmen.  i.  L 

sold'-ler-ing  (1  as  y),  s.  [Eng.  soldier;  -ing.) 
The  state,  condition,  or  occupation  of  a 
soldier  ;  the  military  profession. 

"In  these  days  of  scientific  toldterlng,  unity  at 
command  and  equality  of  service  are  absolutely 
necessary."—  Echo,  Bept  7,  1885. 

sold'-ler-like,  BOld'-ler-Wf  (1  as  y),  o. 

&adv.     [Eng.  soldier;  -like,  -ly.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Like  or  becoming  a  soldier; 
martial,  brave,  honourable. 

B.  As  adv.  :  Like  a  soldier. 

"  Hii  warlike  daughter  smites  them  hip  and  thigh. 
nring  her  sword  right  mldierlt"—  St.  Jameit  aautte, 
Oct.  16.  1886. 


boil. 


,  jtfM;  oat.  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect. 

-oiou*  -ttons,  -sious  =  shns.   -We.  -die. 


J*~  * 


4342 


soldiership— solemnity 


sold  ier  ship  (1  as  y),  s.  [Eng.  soldie; 
•ship.}  Military  qualities,  character,  or  state 
martial  skill ;  behaviour  becoming  a  soldie 

"  Nor  indeed  was  bis  laldterihip  Justly  s.  subjec 
derision  "— Hacaulay :  Sitt.  tug.,  cL.  ii. 

sold -ier  wood  (1  as  y),  s.  [Eng.  toldie- 
and  wood.} 

Bot. :  Calliandra  purpurea,  found  In  th 
West  Indies. 

*  sold  Ier  #  (1  as  y),  *  soul-dler-y, ».  4  o. 

[Eng.  soldier  ;  -y.} 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Soldiers  collectively  ;  a  body  of  militar 
men. 

"  Oarrisoo'd  around  about  him  like  a  camp 
Of  faithful  tautdiery." 

Milton  :  Sanaon  Agoniitet.  606. 

2.  Soldiership,  military  service. 

"  He  had  been  brought  up  In  some  toldltry.  whic 
Jfte  knew  how  to  set  out  with  more  than  deserve 
ostentation."— Sidney :  Arcadia,  bk.  iv. 

B.  As  adj. :   Of  or  pertaining  to  soldiers 
martial.    (.Milton.) 

s61'-dd,  5.  [Ital.,  from  Lat.  xolidus=a  piec 
of  money.]  A  small  Italian  coin,  the  twentietl 
part  of  a  lira. 

•die  (1),  •  soal  (1),  s.     [A.8.  sole  (pi.  tolen) 
from  Lat  solea  =  the  sole  of  the  foot,  or  of  a 
shoe;  Dnt.  axil;  Svr.  sola;  Dan.  saale;  Icel 
t6li ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sola  ;  Ger.  sohle :  Sp.  suela 
Ital.  suolo.]    [SOLE  (2),  s.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  The  under  side  of  the  foot 
"  From  the  crown  of  hij  head  to  the  so7«  of  Ms  foot.1 
— Shalcetp. :  tluch  Ado  about  Xothing,  ill.  1 

•  2.  The  foot  itself. 

"  Oeasest  not  thy  weary  lol«t  to  lead." 

Spenser;  f.  O.,  L  X.  9. 

3.  The  under  part  of  a  boot  or  shoe  ;  the 
leather  of  which  the  underpart  is  tamed. 

4.  The  bottom  frame  of  a  waggon. 
1L  Technically  : 

1.  Agriculture: 

(1)  The  lower  part  of  the  plough  which  runs 
In  contact  with  the  bottom  of  the  furrow.    II 
generally  consists  of  the  lower  surfaces  of  the 
share  and  landside. 

(2)  The  bottom  of  the  furrow. 

2.  Ftirr. :   The    horny  substance  under  . 
horse's  foot,  which  protects  the  more  tender 
parts. 

3.  Fort. :  The  bottom  of  an  embrasure. 

4.  Hydr. :  The  lower  edge  of  the  barrel  of 
ft  turbine  or  water-wheel. 

5.  Join. :  The  lower  surface  of  a  plane. 

6.  Machinery  : 

(1)  The  top  or  Boor  of  a  bracket  on  which 
a  plummer-block  rests. 

(2)  The  plate  which  constitutes  the  founda- 
tion of  a  marine  steam-engine,  and  which  is 
tolled  to  the  keelsons. 

1.  Me/all. :  The  floor  or  hearth  of  the  metal- 
Chamber  in  a  «everberatory,  puddling,  or 
boiling  furnace. 

8.  Mining :  The  seat  or  bottom  of  a  passaae 
In  a  mine. 

9.  Shipbuilding: 

(1)  The  bottom  plank  of  the  cradle,  resting 
on  the  bilgeways,  and  sustaining  the  lower 
ends  of  the  poppets,  which  are  mortised  into 
the  sole  and  support  the  vessel. 

(2)  An  additional  piece  on  the  lower  end  of 
a  rudder,  to  make  it  level  with  the  false  keel. 

10.  Vehicles:   A  strip   of  metal  or  wood 
fastened  beneath  the  runner   of  a   sled  or 
aleigh  to  take  the  wear. 

sole  leather,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Thick,  strong  leather  used 
for  the  soles  of  boots. 

2.  Bot. :  A  name  given  to  the  thicker  Lami- 
narise,  as  L.  digitaia,  &c. 

sole-plate,  s. 

1.  Steam :  The  foundation-plate  or  bed-plate 
of  an  engine. 

2.  Hydr.:  The  back  portion  of  a  water- 
wheel  bucket. 

sole-tree,  >. 

Mining :  A  piece  of  wood  belonging  to  a 
small  windlass  to  draw  up  ore  from  the  mine. 

•die  (2),  *  soal  (2),  ».     [Fr.  tale,  from  Lat. 
»ieo  =  the  sole  of  the  foot,  a  sole.]    [SOLK 


Mdhy.  :  Any  indiridual  of  the  genus  Solea 
(q.v.);    specif.,  Solea   vulyaris,   the   Conmio 
Sole,  in  high  estimation  as  a  food-fish,  tli 
flesh  being  white,  firm,  and  well-flavoured 
and    only  inferior   to    that    of  the    turbot 
Soles  abound  on  the  west  coast  of  Europe  an 
throughout  the  Mediterranean.    The  large* 
supply  comes  from  the  North  Sea.     Sever 
other  European  species  are  used  fur  food,  in 
minor  degree.     The  upper  side  of  the  bod 
is  dark  brown,  the  lower  side  white,  and  the 
attain  a  weight  of  six  or  seven  pounds.    The 
spawn  in  the  spring,  and,  except  for  a  fe> 
weeks  in  the  breeding  season,  are  in  conditio: 
all  the  year  round. 

sole,  !).(.     [SOLE  (1),   a.]    To  furnish  with 
sole  :  as,  To  sole  a  pair  of  boots ;  to  cover  a 
with  a  sole. 

"  His  feet  were  loleet  with  a  treble  tuft  of  a  close 
short  Uwuy  down."— tf  rew : 


sole,  o.  &  adv.     [O.  Fr.  sol  (Fr.  se-uT)  =  sole 
froui  Lat,  solus—  alone  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  solo.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  iMig.  :  Single,  unique ;  alone  in  it 
kind ;  only ;  being  or  acting  alone,  withou 
another  or  others. 

"  The  offspring  of  one  tote  unmade  Deity."— Cud- 
<torO> :  InttU.  System,  p.  S70. 

IL  Law:  Single,  unmarried. 

"  Some  others  are  such  aa  a  man  cannot  make  his 
wife,  though  he  himself  be  tola  and  unmarried."— 
Ayjiffe :  t'areroon. 

B.  As  adv. :  Alone  by  itself ;  singly. 
sole-corporation,  s.    [CORPORATION.] 
sole-tenant,  s.    [TENANT,  «.] 

SO'-lS-a,  «.    [Lat  =  the  sole  of  the  foot,  a 
sole.]  • 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  under  surface  of  the 
foot  or  hoof  of  an  animal. 

2.  Ichthy. :    A    genus    of    Plenronectidas, 
with  about  forty  species,  from  the  coasts  ol 
temperate    and    tropical  seas ;   absent  only 
from  the  southern  portion  of  the  southern 
temperate  zone.    Borne  of  the  species  enter 
or  live  in  fresh  water.     Eyes  on  right  side, 
upper   in    advance    of    lower ;    mouth-cleft 
narrow,  twisted  to  the  left  side;  villiform 
teeth,  on  the  blind  side  Only.    Dorsal  com- 
mences  on    snout,    distinct    from    caudal ; 
lateral  line  straight ;  scales  small  and  ctenoid. 
There  are  no  Soles  of  any  economic  value  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States,  but 
several  species  which  are  used  for  food  occur 
in  Europe,  particularly  the  Common  Sole  (S. 
vultjuris.     [SOLE.] 

t  so'-ltS-je-form,  a.    [Lat  solea  =  a  sandal, 
and/ormo  =  form.) 
Bot. :  Slipper-shaped. 

•51'  -  i i  -  9  i  sm,  *  sol  -  e  -  clsme,  §.    [O.  Fr. 

soloecisme,  from  Lat.  solcecismum,  accus.  of 
toloicismus;  Gr.  <ro\ot«io-fxos  (soloiklsmos)  =  a 
solecism,  from  o-oXonc^u  (solmkizo)  —  to  s^eak 
incorrectly,  from  <roAotKoc  (soloikos)  —  speak- 
ing  incorrectly,  like  an  inhabitant  of  £6Aoi 
(Soloi),  in  Cilicia,  a  place  colonised  by  Athenian 
emigrants,  who  soon  corrupted  the  Attic  dia- 
lect, which  they  at  first  spoke  correctly ;  Fr. 
solecisme;  Sp.  &  Ital.  xolerismo.] 

1.  An  impropriety  of  speech ;  an  impro- 
priety of  language  arising  from  Ignorance  ;  a 
gross  deviation  from  the  idiom  of  a  language 
or  from  the  rules  of   syntax.      By  modern 
grammarians  the  term  is  often  applied  to  any 
word  or  expression  which  violates  any  esta- 
blished usage  of  speaking  or  writing.    Hence, 
that  which  is  considered  at  one  time  a  sole- 
cism may  at  anot'uer  be  considered  as  correct 
language,  owing  to  the    change   constantly 
going  on  in  the  use  and  application  of  words 
or  idioms. 

"The  learned  doctor  represent*  it  as  a  great  lolecltm 
Jo  speak  of  an  ell  or  a  mile  of  consciousness."—  Water- 
land  :  Worlu.  i,  20». 

2.  Any  unfitness,  absurdity,  or  impropriety, 
as  in  behaviour ;  a  violation  of  the  rules  of 
society. 

"  My  mind  lately  prompted  me,  thut  I  should  com- 
mit a  treat  loltcitm,  if  among  the  rest  of  my  friends 
in  England.  I  should  leave  you  unsaluted."— Bowell  : 
Lvtlert,  bk.  L,  let.  40. 

s6T-e-9ist,  5.  [Or.  <ro\oiKi(rrijs  (soloikistes).] 
One  who  is  guilty  of  a  solecism  in  language 
or  behaviour, 

"  Shall  a  noble  writer,  and  an  Inspired  noble  writer, 
be  called  a  toletiit,  and  barbarian,  for  giving  a  new 
turn  to  a  word  so  agreeable  to  the  analogy  and  genius 
of  tbe  Greek  tongue  ?  "—Bladneatt .-  Sacrod  Chutics 


*s61-e-9lst'-ic,  *  sol -Crist' -Jc-al,  o. 

[Eng.  sutecist;  -ic,  -ical.]  PerUii.ing  to.  in- 
volving, or  of  the  nature  of  a  solecism  ;  iu. 
congruous,  incorrect. 

"  The  use  ol  these  combination*  wftb  respect  to  the 
pronouns  in  almost  always  sole&tticaL"—  TurwMtt  • 
Olott.  to  Chaucer,  a.  v.  Self. 

*  s6l-e'-9lBt'-Ic-al-l&   adv.     [Eng,  sotecise- 
ical  ;  -ly.]    In  a  soiecistic  manner. 

"  I  hiive  ...  set  down  some  of  them,  briefly  and 
almost  tolecistically."—  H'otttiston  :  llelfjinn  uf  A'Uturt, 
(Iiitrod.) 

*  Sol  -e-cize,  v.i.     [Gr.  o-oXoiKt^w  (soloiki*Q).~\ 
To  commit  or  make  use  of  solecisms,  in  lan- 
guage or  behaviour. 

"  To  lancy  the  holy  writers  to  tolecize  in  their 
language."— Mart :  Myttery  of  Godlinest,  bk.  L,  cb.  is. 

so-le-cur'-tus,   «.     [Lat    solen  (q.v.),  and 
cu  rt  us  =  short.] 

Zool.  <t  Paltzont. :  A  genus  of  Solenidse 
(q.v.).  with  tvventy-fiv«  recent  species,  from 
the  United  Stfites,  Britain,  the  Mediterranean, 
West  Africa,  and  Madeira.  Shell  ovate-oblong, 
uinbo  small,  margins  almost  parallel,  enJs 
rounded,  gaping,  ligaments  external,  hinge- 
teeth  \,  pallial  sinus  very  deep,  rounded. 
Animal  very  large  and  thick,  not  entirely 
retractile  within  the  shell.  They  bury  them- 
selves deeply  in  mud  or  sand,  and  are  difficult 
to  obtain  alive.  Fossil,  thirty  species,  from 
the  Neocomian  of  the  United  States  and 
Europe, 

*  sol  ein,  a.    [SULLEN.]  ^ 

Bole'-ly,  *  sol-y,  culv.     [Eng.  sole,  a. ;  -Zj/.) 
Only,  singly,  alone  ;  without  another  or  others. 

"  This  is  a  matter  tolely  with  God."— Gilvin:  Ser- 
mom,  vol.  Hi.,  »er.  17. 

sol'-emn    (n  silent),    *  sol-emne,    *  sol- 

pmpne,  a.  [O.  Fr.  solempne  (Fr.  solcnnel), 
Trom  Lat.  solemntm,  accus.  of  solemnis  (older 
forms  solennis,  sollennis)  =  yearly,  annual, 
religious,  solemn,  from  sollns=  entire,  com- 
plete, and  annus  =  a  year ;  Sp.  solemne;  ItaL 
solenne.] 

1.  Marked  wi  th  religious  rites  or  ceremonies ; 
connected  with  religion  ;  sacred. 

"  And  hia  fadir  and  modlr  wenten  eche  yere  Into 
Jerusalem  In  the  tolempn*  day  of  paak."—  Wuclifft: 
Luke  ii. 

2.  Fitted  or  calculated  to  inspire,  excite,  or 
express  awe,  reverence,  or  serious  reflections  ; 
awe-inspiring,  awful,  serious,  grave,  impres- 
sive. 

"  How  ceremontouB,  toltmn,  and  miearthly." 

XhaJaup.  r  H  inter  t  Talc.  iii.  1, 

3.  Accompanied  or  marked  by  seriousness 
or  earnestness  ;  earnest,  grave,  serious, 

"  With  a  solemn  earnestness  .  .  . 
He  beggod  of  me  to  steal  it" 

Sftaketp. :  Othello,  T.  1 

4.  Accompanied  with  all  due  forms  or  cere- 
monies ;  made  or  done  in  due  form  ;  formal : 
as,  To  prove  a  will  in  solemn  form, 

5.  Affectedly  grave,  serious,  or  important: 
as,  To  put  on  a  solemn  face. 

*  6.  Sad,  melancholy,  sullen. 

"  All  tote>,in  thing! 
Should  answer  solemn  accideuta." 

Shake*p. :  i.'ymbfHn«,  iv.  1 

II  For  the  difference  between  solemn  and 
grave,  see  GRAVE. 

solemn-league,  *.  [COVENANT,  II.  3.  (4).] 

sol' -em-ness,  s.  [Eng.  solemn;  -itess,]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  solemn ;  solemnity, 
seriousness,  gravity. 

"Some  tli ink  he  wanted  tolemneu."  —  Kellguio 
Wottoniana,  p.  55, 

so  lem-ni-ty,  *  so-lemp-nl-te,  *so- 
lemp-ni-tee,  s.  [O.  Fr.  solempniti  (Fr. 
solennite),  from  Lat.  solemnitatem,  accus.  of 
solemnitas,  from  solemnis  =  solemn  (q.v.);  Sp. 
solemnidad;  Ital.  solennitd.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  solemn ; 
gravity,  seriousness,  impressiveness. 

"  With  such  tolemnity  of  tone 
And  gesture."  Cowfter :  Tatk,  v.  Ml. 

2.  Afiected  or  mock  gravity  or  seriousness; 
a  look  or  show  of  pompous  importance. 

"  Thesofemnity  woru  by  many  of  our  modem  writer* 
IB,  I  fear,  often  the  mack  of  dulnesa."— Voldtmitk; 
Polite  Learning,  ch.  xl. 

*  3.  Stateliness,  dignity ;  awful  grandeur. 

Seldom  but  sumptuous,  showed  like  a  feast, 
A»d  wou  by  rareness  such  tolemnity  " 

ShaJtesp.  :  1  Ben-y  IV.,  lit  X 


feto,  at,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
.re,  w9H  work,  wh6.  son;  mute,  ciib,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fall;  try,  SfrUn.    ».  a  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qn  =  kw. 


Bolemnizate— solenostrobus 


4343 


4.  A  rite  or  ceremony  performed  with  reli- 
gious reverence  ;  religions  or  ritual  ceremony. 

"The  mo-.n.  like  to  A  silver  bow, 
New  bent  In  heave  11,  shall  behold  the  night 


. 

5.  A  proceeding  calculated  to  impress  with 
awe  or  reverence. 

"Though  the  forma  and  totemnttift  of  the  laat  ]udg. 
ment  may  bear  some  resemblance  to  those  we  are 
acquainted  with  here,  yet  the  rule  ol  proceeding  «h»ll 
be  very  dltfurelit."—  Atterbury. 

II.  ;.«>c:  A  solemn  or  formal  observance; 
a  formality  requiaite  to  render  a  thing  done 
valid. 


'•5-lcm'-nt-zate,  v.t.     [Eng. 

•ate.)    To  solemnize. 

"  That  they  nor  any  of  them  from  henceforth,  do 
presume  to  vl-  iii»ivilc  matrimony  iu  their  •harobvs, 
ch»l»ls.  or  ilmrlwn.*— ttmut .•  Keformation,  pt.  11., 
bk.  111..  No.  3«.  (A'icrturdjon.) 

gS-lem-ni-za'-tion,  s.    [Eng.  solemnise); 

•ation.]    Tlie  act  of  solemnizing  ;  celebration. 

"  soon  followed  the  iot*mntiativn  of  the  marriage 

between  Charles  and  Anne  dutches*  of  Bretague. ' — 

Bacon :  Henry  I'll. 

sSl'-em-nize,  *  sol^mp-nyse,  v.t.  [Fr. 
solemnixr,  sotenniser.] 

1.  To  dignify  by  solemn  formalities  or  cere- 
nioiiies;  to  celebrate ;  to  do  solemn  honour  to. 

••  Lords,  ladies,  cantalnfl,  counsellors,  or  priest*  .  .  . 
Met  from  all  part*  to  wlemnite  this  feast. 

Xtitvn:  Samton  Agonutel.  1.656. 

2.  To  perform  with  due  ritual  ceremonies 
or  respect ;  to  celebrate  or  perform  according 
to  legal  forms. 

"  Whether  they,  and  every  of  them,  have  tolmmiffl 
matrimony  between  his  ]*rtshloner«.  or  any  other 
persons.  th«  banes  not  before  asked,  three  several 
Sundays  or  holydays."—  Burrut :  Record!,  pi.  u., 
bk.  U..  No.  IX 

*  3.  To  make  solemn,  grave,  serious,  and 
reverential :  as,  To  solemnize  the  mind. 

sSl'-em-niz-er,  ».  [Eng.  solemnise) ;  -er.] 
One  who  solemnizes ;  one  who  performs  a 
solemn  rite. 

soT-emn-ly  (n  silent),  *  solempnely, 
*  so'lempneliche,  adv.  [Eng.  solemn;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  solemn  manner ;  with  religious  rites 
or  ceremonies ;  reverently. 

•'  By  which  he  l*v  entombed  wlemnly." 

Sptatcr:  F.  «..  IL  X.  «. 

2.  With  impressive  seriousness  or  gravity. 

"To  the  eleven,  whose  loyalty  remained  as  yet  un. 
shaken,  Jesus  in  that  awful  hour  gave  it  totemnly  In 
charge,  to  love  one  another,  as  he  had  loved  them.' '  — 
Bi&op  Hurtle]/  •'  Vermont,  vol.  L,  ser.  1-2. 

3.  With  all  due  form  ;  ceremoniously,  for- 
mally, regularly. 

4.  With  formal  or  affected  gravity,  import- 
ance, or  stateliness. 

"  There  are.  in  points  of  wisdom  and  sufficiency,  that 
do  nothing  or  little  very  K>lemnly."~Baoon  :  Euiyt. 

*  soT-exnn-ness  (mn  as  n),  s.  [SOLEMNESS.; 

*  solempne,  a.    [Sou  MN.] 

« solempnely,  adv.    [SOLEMNLY.] 

SO-lS-my'-a,  «.  [Lat.  solen  (q.v.),  and  mya 
fo.v.).] 

Zool.  it  Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Arcada  (q.v.), 
with  four  recent  species,  from  the  Unite<: 
States,  Africa,  the  Canaries,  Australia,  and 
New  Zealand.  Valves  of  shell  sub-cylindri- 
cal, elongated,  gaping  at  each  end,  hinge 
edentulous ;  epidermis  dark,  homy,  extending 
beyond  margins.  Four  fossil  species,  from 
the  Coal-measures  of  Britain  and  Belgium 
OnwaM. 

•6  len,  s.     [Lat.,  from  Gr.  o-ioXiji'  (s67Sn)  = 

.    fl)  a  channel,  a  pipe  ;  (2)  Solen  siliyua,  the 

Razor-nsh,  or  Phalas  dactylus.] 

1.  Surgery: 

(1)  A  cradle  for  a  broken  limb. 

(2)  A  tent  or  tilt  of  splits  or  wands  to  hold 
the  bedclothes  from  contact  with  a  broken  o 
•ore  limb. 

2.  Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Solenidge   (q.v.),    with    thirty-three    species 
universally  distributed,  except  in  the  Arcti 
seas.  Shell  very  long,  sub-cylindrical,  straight 
or  slightly  recurved,  margins  parallel,  end 
gaping  ;  beaks  terminal  or  sub-central ;  hinge 
teeth  J  ;  ligament  long,  external ;  pallia!  Un 
extending  beyond  adductors  ;  sinus  short  an< 
square.     Animal  with  mantle  closed  excep 
at  front  end  and  a  minute  ventral  opening 
siphons  short,  united,  fringed  ;  palpi  broadly 
triangular  ;  foot  cylindrical,  obtuse. 


3  Palceont. :  Forty  species,  from  the  Coal- 
measures  of  the  United  States  and  Europe 
onward. 

BO-len-a'-cS-a,  s.  pt.     [Neut.  pi.  of  Mod. 
Lat.  soltiMtxus,  from  Lat  solen  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  Lamarck's  name  for  a  family  of  bi- 
valves containing  the  genera  Soleu,  Pauopaa, 
and  Glyciini'ris. 

so-len-a  -ceous  (oe  as  sh),  a.  [SOLENACEA.] 
Belonging  or  relating  to  the  Solemicea. 

so  len  an'-thus,  s.    [Pret  solen(o)-,  and  Gr. 
*tfot  (anthos)  =  a  flower.] 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cynoglossete. 

sd-le-nSl'-la,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,   diaiiik  from 

lolen  (q.v.).]' 

Zool.'i:  Palvont. :  A  genus  of  Arcada  (q.v.), 
with  two  species,  from  Valparaiso  and  New 
Zealand.  Shell  nearly  oval,  valves  pearly 
within,  hinge  ligament  external ;  pallia!  sinus 
large  and  deep.  Siphonal  tubes  united,  long, 
and  slender,  completely  retractile.  One 
fossil  s|«cies,  from  the  Miocene  of  Point 
Desire,  Patagonia. 

sole'-  ness,  >.  [Eng.  tote,  a. ;  -ness.1  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sole,  alone,  or  single ; 
singleness. 

"The  laurel  importing  conquest  and  sovereignty. 
and  so  hy  consequence  ioleneu  In  that  faculty."— 
Fuller:  Worthiet;  England. 

sole  nette',  *.  [Dimin.  from  wte(2),  s.  (q.v.).] 
Ichthy. :  Solea,  mlnuta,  a  British  species 
often  taken  in  the  British  Channel,  but  rarely 
brought  to  market,  owing  to  its  small  size. 
It  is  about  five  inches  long,  of  a  reddish- 
brown  colour,  with  rudimentary  pectoral  fins. 
Called  also  the  Dwarf  Sole. 

So  len-ho'-fen,  ».    [See  def.] 

(Stag. :  A  village  of  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Altmiihl,  about  nine  miles  from  Eichstadt 

Solenhofen  beds,  s.  pi. 

GeoL  :  Beds  consisting  chiefly  of  a  flue  fissile 
slate,  used  for  lithographic  purposes,  found 
at  Solenhofen  and  Eichstadt.  It  is  probably 
of  the  age  of  the  English  Kimmeridge  Clay, 
or  of  the  Coral  Bag.  It  has  beautifully  pre- 
served the  numerous  fossils  which  it  contains. 
They  include  Fishes,  Reptiles,  Arehreopteryx, 
(q.v.),  &c. 

so-len'-I-dae,  s.  pi.  [Lat  solen;  fern.  pi. 
adj.  suit;  -idee.] 

Zool.  *  Palceont. :  A  family  of  Sinu-pallialia 
(q.v.),  with  three  recent  genera,  Solen,  Sole- 
curtus,  and  Cultellus.  Shell  elongated,  gaping 
at  both  ends  ;  ligament  external ;  hinge-teeth 
usually  2,  3.  Siphons  short  and  united  (in 
the  long-shelled  eenera),  or  longer  and  partly 
separate  (in  those  with  shorter  shells).  It 
appears  first  In  the  Carboniferous  rocks. 

SO-len-Ig'-ciis,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Pyramideliida;,  from 
the  Upper  Coal-measures  of  Springfield, 
Illinois.  Shell  fusiform,  smooth,  body  whorls 
contracted  below  into  a  distinct  straight 
canal,  with  an  oblique  plait  on  the  columella. 
(Tote.) 

so-len-i'-tes,  ».  [Lat.  toltn  (q.v.),  and  suff 
•lies  (Pateoni.).] 

Palombot,  :  A  genus  of  fossil  plants  of  doubt 
ful  affinity,  containing  two  species  from  the 
Lower  Jurassic  of  Yorkshire. 

SO-len-OS  pref.  [SOLEN.]  Channelled,  hollow 
of  or  belonging  to  the  solen  (q.v.). 

so  len'  6  don,  s.  [Pref.  »okn(o)-,  and  Gr.  ojov'< 
(orfoiis),  genit,  OOOITOS  (odontos)  =  a  tooth.] 

Zool.  :  The  sole  genus  of  the  Insectivorou. 
family  Solenodoutidse,  with  two  species :  Solen 
odon  paradoxus,  from  Hayti,  and  S.  cubanvs 
from  Cuba.  They  differ  dually  in  the  colou 
and  quality  of  the  fur.  In  both  the  snout  ii 
cylindrical  and  abnormally  long,  tail  long 
and  naked,  and  feet  formed  for  running. 

s6-len-6-don'-tf-da>,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
solenoilon,  genit.  solenodont(is) ;  Lat.  fern,  pi 
adj.  suff.  -idee.]  [SOLENODON.] 

so  len-6  gljph'-i  a,  a.  pi.  [Pref.  soleno- 
and  Gr.  y\v$i  (gluphe)  =  a  carving.] 

Zool. :  Viperine  Snakes ;  a  division  of  th< 
sub-order  Thanatophidia  (q.v.).  Head  trian 


gular,  enlarged  behind  ;  tail  short  in  relation 
to  the  body.  There  is  a  small  upper  maxillary 
bone  on  each  side,  with  one  lar^c,  hollow,  IHT- 
forated,  erectile  fang,  and  often  others  grow- 
ing to  replace  it ;  small  curved  teeth  on  lower 
jaw  and  palate.  They  are  usually  viviparous, 
and  are  divided  into  the  Crotulidie  and  the 
Viperidas. 

SO-len-pg'-na-thus,  s.     [Prof,  soleno-,  and 
Gr.  yvd.So^  (gnathoii)  =;  the  jaw.] 

Ichtny.:  A  genus  of  Synguathldie,  group 
Hippocampina,  with  three  species,  from  the 
Chinese  and  Australian  seas.  Body  com- 
pressed, longer  than  broad  ;  tail  shorter  than 
body;  pectoial  tins  present.  They  arc  the 
largest  of  the  Lophobram-liii,  Solenoynathv* 
hardwickii  attaining  a  length  of  two  feet. 

so-len-og'-y-ne,  >.     [Pref.  soleno-,  and  Gr. 
yvv^t  (gune)  =  a  female.] 

B»t. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  Solenogyneaj 
(q.v.). 

i>-len-d-gyn'-e'-c8.  a.  pi.   [Mod.  Lat.  soleno. 
0j/«(c);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ecu.] 
Bot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Asteroideae. 

so'-len-oid,  s.     [Gr.  <rolA7)i-  (solen),  and  elioc 
(eidos)  =  form.] 

Elect. :  A  coil  of  wire,  tl>D  length  of  which 
is  greater  than  the  diameter,  wound  as  cotton 
Is  on  a  reel.  When  a  galvanic  current  passes 
through  the  solenoid  it  possesses  many  of  the 
properties  of  a  magnet. 

so  len-op'-sls,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  solen,  and  Gr. 
6^/is  (opsis)  —  appearance.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  doubtful  affinities, 
from  the  Carboniferous  rocks.  Usually 
classed  with  the  Solenidse,  and  probably 
allied  to  Solen  (q.v.). 

sd-len-ft-rhyn'-chus,  ».    [Pref.  toleno-,  and 
Gr.  puyxos  (rhungchos)  =  a  snout] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Solenostomidas,  from 
the  Tertiary  of  Monte  Postale. 

so-len-d-stem'-ma,  ».    [Pref.  soleno-,  and 
Gr.  o-T«Vu,a  (stemma)  =  a  wreath,  a  garland.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  True  Asclepiadese,  with 
only  one  species,  Solenostemma  Argel,  which 
grows  in  Egypt  and  Arabia.  It  is  a  hoary 
undershrnb,  with  white  umbellate  flowers.  Ita 
fleshy  leaves  are  used  for  adulterating  senna. 

so-len  Ss'-to  ma,  s.    [Pref.  soleno-,  and  Gr. 
nopa  (stoma)  =  a  mouth.] 
Ichthy. :  The  sole  recent  genus  of  Solenosto- 


SOLENOSTOMA  CTANOPTBBUM. 

midse  (q.v.),  with  two  or  three  small  species 
from  the  Indian  Ocean.  Snout  produced  into 
a  long  tube ;  body  compressed, 
tail  very  short.  All  parts  covered 
with  thin  skin,  below  which  there 
Is  a  dermal  skeleton,  formed  by 
large  star-like  ossifications.  No 
air-bladder  or  pseudobranchiw ; 
branchiostegals  four,  very  thin. 
This  genus  is  remarkable  as  being 
one  of  the  two  genera  of  fishes  in 
which  the  care  of  the  eggs  and 
young  is  undertaken  by  the  fe- 
male, the  other  being  the  Siluroid 
genus  Aspredo.  lu  Solenostoma 
the  inner  side  of  the  ventral  fins 
coalesces  with  the  integuments  of 
the  body,  forming  a  large  pouch 
for  the  reception  of  the  eggs.  In 
the  illustration  the  ventral  fins 
have  been  pushed  aside  so  as  to  • 
show  the  pouch. 

so-ISn-d-stom'-I-dra,  ».  pi.    [Mod.  Lao. 
lolenostom(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Ichthy.:  A  family  of  Lophobranchii  (q.v.). 
Gill-openings  wide;  two  dorsals,  the  rays  »f 
the  anterior  not  articulated,  all  the  other  fins 
well  developed.  [SOLENOBHYNCHUS,  SOLEIJ- 

OSTOMA.j 

SO-len-S-stro'-biis,  s.  [Pref.  soleno-,  and  Gr. 
<rrp6|3os  (slrobos)  =  a  top,  a  whirling  round.) 

Palceobot. :  A  genus  of  plants  from  the 
London  Clay.  Five  species  are  known. 


tSO.  boj;  pout,  J<RM;  cat,  jell,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing. 
-clan, -tian  -  shan.   -tira,  -«ion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -sion  =  zhun.    -oious,  -tlous.  -alona  =  shus.   -ble, -die,  4c.  =  bel,  del. 


4344 


aoler— solid 


••Sl'-er,  •  sol   ere,  ».     [Lat.  solarium,  from 
tol  =  the  sun.)    [SOLLAR.] 

*  sol-er-et',  i.    [SOLLERET.] 

•"sol-ert,    a,      [Lat    toUri,   genit    solertis 
Crafty,  skilful. 

"  It  was  far  more  reasonable  to  think,  that  because 
aian  was  tlie  wisest  {or  moat  fofort  aud  active)  uf 
animals.  therefore  be  bad  hands  given  him."—  C 
.  6B4. 


•so  ler-tious  ness,  s.  [SOLERT.]  Th 
quality  or  state  of  being  solert ;  craft,  expert 
ness,  slyness. 

"  Which  abounded  to  the  praise  of  Mr.  Williams 
Klertioianett.--Baciet :  Life  of  Wittiaaa.  pt.  I,  p.  21 

*  sole'-shlp.  s.  [Bug.  sole,  a. ;  -ship.}  Sing] 
state ;  soleness. 

"This  ambition  of  a  sole  power— this  dangerou 
soEesAfp  is  a  fault  in  our  church  indeed."— i'ir  £ 
tiering :  SpeacJLst,  p.  U4. 

ad-le-us,  ».    [From  Lat.  s»:«j(q.v.).] 

Anal. :  A  biceps  muscle  rising  on  the  out 
side  from  the  upper  part  of  the  tibia,  ant" 
internally  from  the  outside  of  the  fibula ;  i 
joins  the  gastrocuemius  to  form  the  tendc 
Achillts. 

sol  fa  nar'-I-a,  i.    [Ital.]    A  sulphur  mine 

•61  fa  ta  ra,  s.  [Ital.,  the  name  of  a  volcanic 
lake  between  Rome  and  Tivoli.] 

Geol. :  A  volcanii;  vent,  emitting  sulphureous 
muriatic,  and  acid  vapours  or  gases.  Solfa 
taras  are  essentially  hot  springs  in  which  tht 
dissolved  acids  decompose  the  rocks  through 
which  the  water  flows,  sending  mud  to  the 
surface,  and  depositing  nodular  masses  of  sul 
phur  in  the  clay  of  their  bed.  (Seeley.) 

•61  fa  ta"-rite,  «.  [Eng.  solfatar(a);  anff. 
-tte  (Min,).] 

Min. :  The  same  as  ALCSOOEN  and  HENDO- 
ZITE.  (See  these  words.) 


».*.   [itaLJ 
Music  :  To  sol-fa. 

-  gi  6,  *.    [ItaLJ 
Music: 

L  A  system  of  arranging  the  scale  by  the 
names,  do  (ta),  re,  mi,  fa.,  tol,  la,  si. 
2.  An  exercise  in  scale-singing  ;  solmlzation. 

sol-f  S-ri'-no,  ».  A  bright  purplish-red  color 
discovered  in  1859,  the  year  of  the  defeat  of 
the  Austrian:)  by  the  French  at  Solferino  in 
Italy  ;  cf.  UAOENTA. 

«6"-li,  ,.pl    [SOLO.] 


,  "Bo-lyc-yte,  "sol  lic-ite,  v.t. 
4  i.  [Fr.  soliciter,  from  Lat.  sollicUo  =  to 
agitate,  to  incite,  to  solicit,  from  soUicitus  = 
wholly  agitated,  excited,  solicitous,  from  O. 
Lat.  sollus  =  whole,  entire,  and  citus.  pa.  par. 
of  am  =  to  shake,  to  excite,  to  cite  (q.v.)  ;  Sp. 
A  Port,  solicitor;  Ital.  soUicitare.} 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

l..To  ask  with  some  degree  of  earnestness  : 
to  importune  ;  to  make  petition  to. 

"  ^-JS1*"  nl*  ooble  mother  and  hia  wife  : 
Who,  as  I  hear,  meant  to  lolicit  him 
For  merer."  a*ake,p.  :  Coriolamu.  T.  1. 

i.  To  ask  for  with  some  degree  of  earnest- 
ness ;  to  petition  ;  to  seek  by  petition. 

•  3.  To  awake  or  excite  to  action  ;  to  move, 
wo  stir,  to  rouse. 

"  Men  are  lollicUed  and  moved  by  salt  more  than  by 
«oythmg  else."—/1.  BoUand:  Plinie,  bk.  xxxL,  ch.  viL 

M.  To  move,  to  agitate,  to  stir. 

"  With  gentle  force  loHciling  the  dart* 
He  drew  them  forth."        Covtper  :  TMt,  lit  115. 

*  5.  To   disturb,    to  disquiet  ;     to    make 
anxious.    (A  Latinism.) 

"SoHctt  Dot  thy  thought,  with  matters  hld." 

JliUon:  P.  L.,  Till  1«T. 

*6.  To  enforce  or  nrge  the  claims  of-  to 
plead  for. 

"He  will  send  thither,  with  all  speed,  the  Bishop  of 

- 


. 

7.  To  try  to  obtain  or  acquire. 

"To  soKctt  by  labour  what  might  be  ravished  by 

K  GOT°*n  > 


tt  Law: 

1.  To  incite  to  commit  a  felony. 

2.  To   accost  and  importune.     (Used  of 
prostitutes.) 

3.  To  endeavour  to  bias  or  influence   by 
offering  a  bribe  to. 


B.  Intrans. :  To  make  solicitation  for  a 
person  or  thing. 

"And  princes  of  my  country  came  in  person, 
Solicited,  commanded,  threatened,  urgeil." 

Jlilton:  saiiuun  A^'tittet,  852. 

80 -119'- it -tant,  s.  &  a.    [Fr.,  pr.  par.  of  soli- 
citer =  to  solicit.] 

A.  As  subst. :  One  who  solicits. 

"  When  the  last  toiicUant  or  visitor  is  gone."— Olofre, 
Nov.  5.  1885. 

B.  As  adj. :  Soliciting;  making  petition. 

"The  unemployed  labour  that  Is  chronically  toUei. 
lant  of  a  job."— Cody  Telegraph.  Jan.  8,  18M. 

*  sS-Uc'-I-tate,  t-.fc   [Lat.  solicitaliu,  pa.  par. 
of  solicito  =  to  solicit  (q.v.).]    To  solicit. 

"  He  did  urge  and  felicitate  him."— Fox*.  In  Jfatt- 
tand  on  Reformation,  p.  494. 

so  liy  I  ta  -tion,  s.    [Fr.] 

1.  The  act  of  solk-iting  ;  an  earnest  request 
or  petition ;  a  seeking  to  obtain  something 
from  another  with  some  degree  of  earnest- 
ness. 

"  Wisdom  there,  an.l  truth. 
Not  shy,  as  in  the  world,  and  to  be  won 
By  slow  tolicitation."  Cuteper  :  Tatk,  vL  114. 

*  2.  Excitement,  irritation. 

"Children  are  surrounded  with  new  things  which 
by  a  constant  lolicitation  of  their  senses,  draw  the 
mind  constantly  to  them."— Locke :  On  Education. 

*  3.  The  enforcing  or  urging  the  claims  of 
any  person  or  tiling ;  a  pleading  for  any  person 
or  thing. 

••  So  as  ye  may  be  sure  to  have  of  him  effectual  con. 
currenee  and  advise  In  the  furtherance  and  totlicit't. 
tion  of  your  charges,  whether  the  pope's  holiness 
amend,  remain  long  sick,  or  (as  God  forbid)  should 
fortune  to  die.  —  Burnet :  Reformation,  bk.  it.  No.  M. 

4.  Endeavour  to  influence  to  grant  some- 
thing by  bribery. 

5.  The  offence  of  inciting  or  Instigating  to 
commit  a  felony.    (It  is  an  indictable  offence, 
even  though  no  felony  be  committed.) 

6.  The  offence  of  accosting  and  importuning 
by  a  prostitute,  who  may  be  given  into  cus- 
tody, and  is  liable  to  penalty  of  forty  shillings. 

'»S-U9'-It-er,  «.  [Eng.  solicit;  -er.\  One 
who  solicits  ;  one  who  makes  solicitation. 

"  He  became,  of  a  toticiier  to  corrupt  her  a  most 
devout  exborter."— Martin:  Jlarrtafe  of  Priettet 

sS-lty-It-or,  *  so  He  -It-our.  *  sol  -lie  •  It- 
or,  ».  [Fr.  solicitor;  Sp.  &  Port,  solicitador; 
Ital.  sollicitatore.} 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  solicits  ;  one  who  begs  or  asks 
with  earnestness. 

*  2.  One  who  or  that  which  instigates  or 
prompts ;  an  instigator. 

"  The  sofHcttor  to  every  evil  act,  all  that  denies  the 
man.  —Atterbury,  voL  IF.,  ser.  7. 

IL  Law:  An  attorney,  a  law-agent;  one 
who  represents  another  in  court  The  term 
was  formerly  restricted  to  agents  practising 
in  the  courts  of  chancery,  but  by  the  Judica- 
ture Act,  1873,  §  87,  all  persons  practising  in 
the  supreme  courts  in  England  are  called 
solicitors.  [ATTORNEY.]  In  Scotland  the  term 
is  applied  to  writers  to  the  signet,  or  general 
legal  practitioners,  and  is  synonymous  with 
attorney  in  England.  In  the  United  States 
th«  terms  attorney  and  solicitor  are  synonym- 
ous, and  they  also  act  as  counsel. 

solicitor  general,  ». 

Law:  An  English  law  officer  ranking  next 
to  the  attorney-general,  with  whom  he  it 
associated  in  the  transaction  of  legal  busi- 
ness for  the  crown  and  public  offices.  On 
him  generally  devolves  the  maintenance  of 
the  rights  of  the  crown  in  revenue  cases, 
patent  causes,  &c.  In  Scotland,  the  solicitor- 
general  is  a  law  officer  of  the  crown,  ranking 
next  to  the  lord-advocate,  whom  he  assists  in 
conducting  prosecutions  and  protecting  the 
interests  of  the  crown,  4tc.  In  Ireland,  and 
in  many  of  the  colonies,  there  is  a  solicitor- 
general,  with  functions  analogous  to  those  of 
the  English  soMcitor-general.  In  this  country 
the  solicitor-general  IB  attached  to  the  attorney- 
general's  office,  and  ranks  next  to  that  official, 
as  in  England. 

Si-lty-lt-or-shlp,  «.    [Eng.  solicitor;  -ship.] 
The  rank,  position,  or  condition  of  a  solicitor. 


cerned,    apprehensive,    uneasy,    disturbed. 
(Followed  by  about  or  /or,  and  rarely  by  o/.) 

,"w«  were  not  a  little  loticitout  /or  her  return,"— 
Aram:  fotaga.  bk.  ill.,  ch.  i. 


,  o.  [Lat.  sdicitus,  sollicitiu, 
pa.  par.  of  tollicito  =  to  agitate  ;  Sp.  &  Port 
solicito;  Ital.  sollicito,  snllecito.]  Anxious, 
either  to  obtain,  as  something  desirable,  or  to 
avoid,  as  something  evil  or  dangerous ;  con- 


S0-li9'-!t-ous-l£, adv.  (Eng.  solicitous  ;  -ly.} 
In  a  solicitous  or  anxious  manner  ;  anxiously  • 
with  care  or  concern. 

I  'i  Tb?i*FTtl">,d<>tl;  m<»t«o'le*to«sf»  injoln  that  whloh 
Is  In  all  the  churches  most  piously  observed  --ear- 
roic:  Sermon*,  rul.  iii.,  ser.  si 

so  Ii9-lt-ous-nes8,  ..  [Ene.  solicitous; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  solicit- 
ous ;  anxiety,  care,  concern,  solicitude. 

,  "  L"'   »»*  the  greater  difficulty  of  another's  euro 

i^£.  a  •**™"«"  »'  ""  <•»  '»'  UOm.--*SS 

'  sS-Uc'-I-tress,  «.  [Eng.  solicitor;  -en.}  A 
female  who  solicits  or  petitions. 

,  !'  '  }&  th°  """'  •"•"••t  lolicitr,!,,  as  well  as  th. 
fairest."—  Drj/den  ;  Clevmtnei.  (Ep.  Bed.) 

sS-U9'-It-ude,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  solicltv- 
dinem,  accus.  of  solicitudo,  sollicitii'Io,  from 
sollicitus  =  solicitous  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  solicitud  ; 
Ital.  sollicitudine.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  solicitous  ;  anxiety,  care,  concern. 

^'  My  solicitude  is  for  the  public."—  MacaOan  :  Bin. 

*  so-ll«j-l-tn'-dln-otl«,  o.  [Lat.  sollicitudo, 
genit  sollicitudinis  =  solicitude  (q.v.).]  Full 
of  solicitude  ;  solicitous,  anxious,  concerned. 

"Eather  carefully  solicitous  than  aniiouslv  Uia 
tudlnotu.'  -Brovni  :  CnrilUan  ItoraU,  pt.  i..  I  luia 

sol  id,  *  sol-lde,  o.  &  s.  [Fr.  solide,  from 
Lat.  iolidum,  accus.  of  solldus  =  linn,  solid- 
allied  to  Gr.  5\os  (Kolas)  =  whole,  entire  :  Sp.  4 
Ital.  salido.  l 

A.  As  adjective  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  Having  the  constituent  parts  so  firmly 
connected  that  their  relative  positions  cannot 
be  altered  without  the  application  of  sensible 
force  ;  possessing  the  property  of  excluding 
all  other  bodies  from  the  space  occupied  by 
itself;  hard,  firm,  compact,  impenetrable. 

"Tempered  so,  that  neither  keen 
Nor  Klid  might  resist  that  edge  " 

Milton  :  r.L.vLm. 

(2)  Not  hollow  ;  full  of  matter. 

(3)  Having  all  the  geometrical  dimensions  , 
having  length,  breadth,  and  thickness  ;  cubic  • 
as,  a  solid  foot. 

(4)  Firm,  compact,  strong. 

"A  noble  pile,  built  after  this  manner,  wh  ich  makw 
It  look  very  tolid  and  majestic."—  Additon  :  On  Italy. 

2.  Figuratively: 

*  (1)  Sound,  strong  ;  not  weakly. 

"U  persons  devote  themselves  to  science,  thsy 
should  be  well  assured  of  a  lo/i<i  and  strong  coustitu- 
Uon'of  body."—  Warn  :  On  the  Hind. 

(2)  Substantial,  as    opposed    to    frivoloui, 
fallacious,  or  the  like  ;  not  empty  or  vain  ; 
real,  true,  just,  valid,  strong. 

"  How  tolid  a  science  soever  may  be  erected  on  ideal 
qualities  it  rests  in  speculation  oalj.'—  Hearth  :  LtaU 
tf.Vaturt.  (Introd..  p.  iiTiil.l 

(3)  Financially  firm,  safe,  or  sound  ;  well- 
established,  wealthy  ;  having  plenty  of  capital. 

*  (4)  Grave,  serious,  solemn  ;  not  frivolous 
or  light 

"  These,  wanting  wit.  affect  gravity,  and  go  by  the 
name  of  lolid  men  ;  and  a  toKd  man  is,  in  plain  Eng- 
lish, atofidsolemn  fool."—  Oryden.  (Toad.) 

(5)  Given  in  a  body  ;  united  :  as,  a  solid 
vote. 

H.  Bat.  :  Not  hollow.    (Used  of  a  stem,  Ac.) 
B.  As  substantive  : 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  firm,  compact  body  ;  a  body  the  con- 
stituent parts  of  which  are   so   firmly  con- 
nected that  their  relative  positions  cannot  be 
altered  without  the  application  of   sensible 
force.     It  thus  differs  from  a  liquid,  the  parts 
or  particles  of  which  yield  to   the  slightest 
impression,   and    are   easily  made  to  move 
amongst  each  other. 

2.  (PL):  Solid  food  as  distinguished  from 
slops  (q.v.X 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  (PI.):  The  bones,  flesh,  &c.,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  blood,  the  chyle,  and 
other  fluids. 

2.  Geom.  :  A  magnitude  possessing  length, 
breadth,    and    thickness.      [VOLUME.]      The 
boundaries  of  solids  are  surfaces. 

t  For  the  difference  between  solid  and  tent, 
see  HARD. 


L..V.2  ?*  **b^i  **•  wgt>  h6re>  cam*1'  h<5r<  ttSre;  pine'  ""•  8ire-  «•  ""^o:  *»•  ** 

or.  wore,  w.?H  work.  who.  son;  mute,  ottb,  cure,  unite,  our.  rtle,  full;  try.  Syrian.    •.  o>  =  e ;  ey  =  ». ;  qn  =  kw. 


solidaginese— solitaire 


4345 


solid-angle,  «.  An  angle  formed  by 
three  or  more  plane  angles  meeting  in  a  point, 
but  which  are  not  in  the  same  plane,  as  the 
angle  of  a  die,  the  point  of  a  diamond,  &c. 

solid-hoofed,  a.  Solidungulate  ;  with- 
out separate  digits ;  having  the  digits  enclosed 
in  a  solid  hoof. 

Solid-hoofed  Pigs : 

Zool  •  Pigs  having  solid  hoofs,  the  terminal 
phalanges,  forming  one  solid  bone,  supporting 
an  undivided  hoof.  Darwin  considers  that 
this  peculiarity  has  appeared  at  different  times 
and  places.  In  Texas,  however,  according  to 
Coues,  there  is  a  breed  in  which  this  modifi- 
cation is  persistent. 

solid -measure,  s.  A  measure  for 
volumes,  in  which  the  units  are  each  a  cub< 
of  fixed  linear  measurement,  as  a  cubic  foot, 
yard,  or  the  like. 

solid-newel,  s.    [NEWEL.] 

solid-problem,  s.  A  problem  which 
cannot  be  constructed  geometrically,  that  is 
by  the  intersections  of  straight  lines  and 
circles  but  requires  the  introduction  of  some 
curves  of  a  higher  order,  as  the  ellipse,  para- 
bola and  hyperbola,  which,  being  the  sections 
of  solids,  give  rise  to  the  term  solid  problem. 
The  algebraic  solution  of  a  solid  problem 
leads  to  a  cubic  or  a  biquadratic  equation. 

solid-square,  s. 

M  il.  :  A  square  body  of  troops  ;  a  body  in 
which  the  ranks  and  files  are  equal. 

s6l-id-a-gIn'-g-88,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  soliil- 
ajo,  genit  solul<igin(is) ;  Lat.  fern.   pi.  adj. 

SUff.  -OT.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Asteroideie. 

sSl-I-da'-eo,  »•  [Lat.  solido  =  to  unite,  from 
the  vulnerary  qualities  which  have  been  attri- 
buted to  some  species.  (Hooker  &  Arnott,  otc.)J 
Bot. :  Golden-rod,  the  typical  genus  of  Soli- 
dagineie  (q.v.).  Herbs  often  shrubby  at  the 
base ;  leaves  alternate,  entire  or  serrate-;  in- 
volucre closely  imbricated  ;  heads  usually  in 
icorpioid  cymes,  yellow;  florets  of  the 'ray 
few,  in  one  row ;  pappus  pilose,  rough, 
in  a  single  row,  achenes  terete.  More  than 
100  species  of  this  genus  belong  to  North 
America,  largely  to  the  United  States,  where 
their  bright  yellow  flowers  add  greatly  to  the 
beauty  of  the  autumn  scenery.  There  are 
only  a  few  species  elsewhere.  The  leaves  of 
B  odora,  a  fragrant  American  species,  have 
been  used  for  tea.  They  are  mildly  tonic  and 
astringent. 

*  •Sl'-I-dalre,  o.  [fr.]  Haying  community 
of  interests  and  responsibilities;  mutually 
responsible. 

"They  would  never  have  got  their  last  loan  on  such 
favourable  terms  if  it  were  not  supposed  that  In  that 
matter  they  were  lolidaire  with  the  mother  country. 
— Pall  Mall  Oautte,  Sept  »,  1882. 

••Sl'-J-dare,  «.  [Lat.  solidus  —  a  piece  of 
money.]  A  small  piece  of  money. 

"  Here's  three  Klidara  for  thee."— Stainp.  .•  Timon 
of  Athens,  ill.  1. 

•Sl-i-dar'-I-t^,  «.  [Fr.  solidarite ;  a  word 
borrowed  from  the  French  Communists.] 
Community  in  gain  and  in  loss,  in  good  and 
In  evil  repute ;  community  of  interests  and 
responsibilities ;  mutual  responsibility  exist- 
ing between  two  or  more  persons. 

"The  most  familiar  instance  of  this  lotidarUy _of 
Interests  is  the  limitation  of  the  hours  of  labour.  — 
Pall  Mail  QaKtte,  Oct.  29,  1888. 


jf,  a.    [Fr.  solidaire.]    The  same 

aS^OLIDAIBE  (q.V.). 

••dl'-J-date,  v.t.  [Lat.  solidatus,  pa.  par.  of 
>olMo  =  to  make  firm  or  solid  (q.v.).J  To 
make  firm  or  solid ;  to  consolidate. 

"  This  shining  piece  of  ice,  .  .  . 
Thy  verse  does  talidate  and  crystallite 

CowUy  :  The  Mute. 

•6-lId-Ml-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  solidify;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  solidified  or  rendered  solid. 

•JMId-i-f  i-ca'-tlon,  s.    [Fr.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  or  process  of  solidi- 
fying ;  the  state  of  becoming  solidified. 

S  Physics:  The  state  of  passing  from  a 
liquid  to  a  solid  state.  A  body  which  under- 
goes this  change  emits  heat,  and,  as  a  rule, 
becomes  heavier. 

*  •S-lJd'-a-ibrm,  a.  [Eng.  solid;  i  connect., 
and  form.]  Having  the  form  or  nature  of  a 
solid.  (Poe:  Works  (1864),  ii.  396.) 


s5-Hd'-I-fy,  v.t.  A  i.  [Fr.  solidifier,  from 
Lat.  solidus  =  solid,  and/ocio  =  to  m;ike.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  solid  or  compact. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  become  solid  or  compact. 

t  sol-id- Jam,  s.  [Eng.  solid;  -ism;  Fr. 
solidisme;  Ger.  solidismus.] 

Med  •  The  theory  which  refers  all  diseases 
to  alterations  of  the  solid  parts  of  the  human 
body  on  the  ground  that  only  they  are  endued 
with  vital  properties,  subject  to  the  impres- 
sion of  morbific  agents,  and  the  seat  of  patho- 
logical phenomena.  In  all  pathological  in- 
vestigations the  condition  of  both  solids  and 
liquids  is  now  taken  into  account 

sol  -Id-ist,  s.  [Eng.  solid ;  -is*.]  One  who 
believes  in  or  maintains  the  doctrine  of 
solidism. 

sS-Ud'-a-t*,  s.     [Fr.  solidite,  from  Lat.  solidi- 
tatem,  accus.  of  soliditas,  from  solidus  =  solid  ; 
Ital.  solidita.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1   The  quality  or  state  of  being  solid,  firm, 
hard,  and  compact ;  firmness,  hardness  com- 
pactness, solidness.    (Opposed  to  fluidity.) 

-The  Idea  of  Kltdity  we  receive  by  our  touch. "- 
Lodce :  Hum.  Undent.,  bk.  II..  ch.  Iv. 

2.  Fulness  of  matter.    (Opposed  to  holloa- 
ness.) 

•'  His  leaues  and  armes  so  thlcke.  that  to  the  eye 
It  shew  'd  a  columnar  f  ^^. .  Bdl/uv  xzm. 

3.  Strength  or  stability ;  massiveness. 

4.  Strength,  firmness,  stability. 

"  The  very  laws  which  at  first  give  the  government 
tolldity."— Qoldtmilh :  Polite  Learning,  ch.  U. 

5.  Moral  firmness,  strength,  validity,  truth, 
certainty,  weight. 

"  A  disgraceful  and  unpleasant  situation  for  a  man 
who  asserts  with  confidence  and  would  allect  HUdUy 
ol !  arguuient."-flr,.  Horaey  :  Sermon*  vol.  11..  ser.  IB. 

U,  Geom. ;  The  quantity  of  space  occupied 
by  a  solid  body;  solid  or  cubic  content  or 
contents ;  the  number  of  times  that  a  volume 
or  solid  contains  another  volume  or  solid, 
taken  as  a  unit  of  measure ;  or,  the  ratio  of 
the  unit  of  volume  to  the  given  volume. 

sol'-id-l?,  adv.    [Eng.  solid;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  solid  manner ;  flraly,  densely,  com- 
pactly. 

2.  In  a  solid  body. 

"  The  Boman  Catholics  have  all  voted  iolldly  for  the 
Tories."—  Ilatly  Telegraph,  Nov.  26,  1885. 

*  3.  Firmly,  truly ;  on  solid  or  good  grounds ; 
authoritatively. 

••  This  appears  to  be  only  a  groundless  surmise :  as  is 
largely  tSStMOf  proved  by  the  Judicious  Bp.  Bull. 
—  itaterland:  ITorfa.  IL  16». 

sol  id  ness,  s.    [Eng.  solid;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  solid,  dense, 
or  compact ;  solidity. 

"  The  closeness  and  loltdnea  of  the  wood  and  pith 
of  the  oake."— Bacon  :  Sat.  Bill.,  i  635. 

2.  Soundness,  strength,  truth,  validity,  as 
of  arguments,  reasons,  principles,  sc. 

"  But  must  I  needs  want  soHdneM,  because 
By  metaphors  I  speak  t"          Bunyan :  Apology. 

Bol'-id-ltm,  s.    [Lat.,  neut.  sing,  of  solidus  = 
solid.] 

1.  Arch. :  The  die  of  a  pedestal. 

2.  Scots  Law :  A  complete  sum. 

U  To  be  bound  in  solidum :  To  be  bound  for 
the  whole  debt,  though  only  one  of  several 
obligants.  When  several  debtors  are  bound, 
each  for  his  own  share,  they  are  said  to  be 
bound  pro  rota. 


time  of  Alexander  Severus  to  the  old  Roman 
mireus,  a  coin  of  the  value  of  five  dollars, 
according  to  the  present  value  of  gold. 
"  so-ll-f  Id'-I-an,  s.  &  o.    [Lat.  solus  =  alone, 
and  ;ito  =  faith.] 

A,  As  subst. :  One  who  maintains  that  feith 
alone,  without  works,  is  sufficient  for  justifi- 
cation. 

"  Able  to  strangle  the  belief  of  a  s»f(^«ton.--CUe». 
land:  Worlu  led.  1699).  P-  86. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Solifldian- 
ism  (q.v.)  ;  holding  the  doctrines  of  the  Soli- 
fldians. 

••  A  ton/Mian  Christian  Is  a  nulliftdlan  Pagan  and 
confutes  his  tongue  with  his  haud."-^«!!ftan»: 
lietolvet,  Pt.  ii.,  res.  47. 

SO-lI-nd'-r-an-ism,  ».  [Eng.  solifidian; 
•ism.] 

Church  Hist. :  The  doctrine  that  faith  is  the 
whole  of  religion,  such  doctrine  being  pre- 
ceded by  an  erroneous  definition  of  faith. 
It  is  of  two  forms  :  one  resting  the  whole  of 
religion  in  the  reception  of  correct  dogma  by 
the  intellect ;  the  other,  in  an  inner  sense  or 
persuasion  of  the  man  that  God's  promises 
belong  to  him.  Both  lead  to  Antinomiamsm. 
The  term  was  often  applied  by  controversialists 
to  the  Lutheran  doctrine  of  justification  by 
faith.  [JUSTIFICATION,  II.  4.  (!)•] 

"It  Is  easily  seen  that  JWJMI «»!•„>».  J1"  ^""jj *! 
forms  destroys  the  nature  of  (aith.  —  UcClmtodt  » 
Strong:  Cyclop.  Bio.  Lit.,  U.  Ml. 

"  so'-ii-form,  a.  [Lat.  sol,  genit.  soils  =  the 
sun,  and  /oraa  =  form.]  Formed  like  the 
sun  ;  resembling  the  sun. 

"  LiKht  and  sight  and  the  seeing  faculty,  may  both 
oJthemrWhUr™-1"  '"  l»  "Wo""  «''"«"•  or  of  kin 
to  the  sun?'— Cudworth  :  Intel.  Syitcm.  p.  204. 

sS-llT-o'-aulze,  v.l.  [Eng.  solilo<]u(y) ;  -izt.\ 
To  utter  a  soliloquy  ;  to  talk  to  one's  self. 

"  At  a  proper  time  and  place 
Kollglously  tolUoquite."       Cooper. •  Tert-wrt.  U. 

si-in'-S-qu?,  *  so-lll-o-qule,  s.  [Lat. 
snliloquium  (a  word  which  St.  Augustine  of 
Hippo  claimed  to  have  invented  (Soliloq.,  2.  M, 
from  solus  =  alone,  and  loquor  =  to  speak ; 
Fr.  soWoque;  Sp.  ot  Ital.  solilojuio.] 

1  A  talking  to  one's  self;  a  monologue; 
a  talking  or  discourse  of  a  person  alone,  or 
not  addressed  to  others,  even  where  other* 
are  present. 


•s6l-.d-un'-gn-la,  s.  pi.  [Lat ,  solidut= 
whole,  entire,  and  mgula—  a  hoof.] 

Zool.  :  A  lapsed  group,  equivalent  to  the 
modern  Equidae  (q.v.). 

Bol-ad-un-KU-lar.  s»l-Id:un^gn-lous, 
a.  [SoLlDUNOULA.]  Pertaining  to  the  Boli- 
dungula  (q.v.);  having  hoofs  that  are  whole 
or  not  cloven. 

"  It  b  plainly  set  down  by  Aristotle,  an  horse  and 
all  5l.ta.WlW.  or  whole-tooted  animals  have  no 
gall"'-«ro«m« .-  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  111.,  ch.  U. 

tsSl-ad-un'-gu-late,  o.  &».  [SOLIDITNOULA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  the  Solidungula 

B.  As  subst.:   A  quadruped  belonging  to 
the  Solidnngula. 


2.  A 'written  composition  reciting  what  a 
person  is  supposed  to  say  to  himself. 

"  The  whole  poem  Is  a  toWoquy  '  Solomon  is  th» 
person  that  speaks:  he  Is  at  once  the  hero  and  the 
author  ;  but  he  tells  ua  very  often  what  others  say  to 
him."— Prior. 

•Sl'-i-pSd,  soT-K-pede,  s.  [SOLIPEDES.]  An 
animal  belonging  to  the  Solipedes  (q.v.). 

"  Soltuedet,  or  firm-footed  animals,  as  horses,  asses 
and  mules,  are  In  mighty  number."—  Browne :  Vulgar 
Erraurl,  bk.  vL,  ch.  vL 

»  sS-Up'-S-dal,  *  sS-Up'-S-dous,  a.  [Eng. 
taliped;  -al,  '-ous.]  Having  hoofs  which  are 
not  cloven ;  solidnngular. 

•  so-lIp'-.-des,  •  sS-Up'-i-da,  s.  pi.    [Mod. 

Lat.,  from  Lat.  solidipes  =  whole-hoofed.] 

Zool. :  Synonyms  of  Solidungula  (q.v.). 
The  first  form  was  introduced  by  d'Azyr,  the 
second  by  Cuvier. 

*  •d^lf-se'-qnl-ous,  a.    [Lat.  sol  =  the  snn, 

and  sequor  =  to  follow.]    Following  the  course 
of  the  sun  :  as,  a  solisequiaus  plant. 
gol'-i-taire,  ,.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tolitarius  — 
solitary  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

•  1.  One  who  lives  in  solitude;  a  reclasw, 
a  hermit. 

"  Often  have  I  been  going  to  take  possession  ol 
tranquillity,  when  your  conversation  has  spoiled  m> 
for  a  tolitairc." — Pope.  ITodd.) 

2  An  ornament  for  the  neck  or  ears ;  an 
article  of  jewellery  in  which  a  single  precious 
stone  is  set ;  a  stud. 

3  A  game  so  called,  which  can  be  played 
bv  one  person  alone.     It  is  played  on  a  board 
indented  with   thirty-three    or   thirty-seven 
hemispherical  hollows,  in  which  an  equal  num- 
ber of  balls  is  placed.    One  ball  being  re- 
moved, the  object  of  the  player  is  to  remove 
all  the  other  balls  except  one  by  taking  them 
as  in  the  game  of  draughts. 

4.  Various  games  at  cards  which  may  b« 
played  by  one  person. 


4346 


solitarian— Solomon 


U.  Orn  ithology : 

L  Pesofhaps  tolitaria.    [PEZOPHAPS.] 

2.  Ptilogonys  armillalus.  About  eight  inche 
long  ;  upper  parts  blue-gray  ;  cheeks  black 
breast  ash-gray,  paler  on  belly.  It  is  note 
for  the  sweetness  of  its  song. 

"As  far  as  I  know  the  food  of  the  SatUatn  is  ex 
datively  berries.  —  Oone:  Bird*  of  Jamaica,  p.  205. 

•  sol-i  tar'-i-an,  s.  [Lat.  lolUarivs  =  sol 
tary.]  A  hermit,  a  recluse. 

"  All  the  dispersed  monks  and  other  tottlariaru  i 
Italy.  — ZViiden :  Jion<utic  Life. 

'  Soi-I-ta-ri-e-ty,  «.  [Eng.  solitary  ;  -ity 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  solitary ;  sol 
tariness. 

"  The  first  Ood  and  King,  immovable,  and  alwa 
remaining  in  the  totitarietv  of  his  own  unity  " — Ci** 
•tort*:  IMelt.  SyUcm.  p.  sJe. 

•ol-I-tar-I-ly,  adv.    [Em- .,...,    . 

a  solitary  manner ;  in  solitude ;  alone,  singly 
without  company. 

"Christian  was  walking  toHtartlu  by  himself— 
Bunyan  :  filfrim't  Progreu.  pi  1. 

•ol-I-tar  I  ness,  *  sol-i-tar-1- 

(Bng.  solitary;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  solitary 
alone,  or  by  one's  self. 

"  I.yve  in  contemplation  and  srtKarlius."—  Ttmdalt 

Work,*,  p.  lae. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  deserted  o 
solitary ;  solitude,  loneliness.  (Said  of  places. 

•  •Sl-i-tar'-a-ty,  «.  [Eng.  toliiary;  -ty. 
Solitude,  seclusion. 

"  Abandoned  at  once  to  totitarity  and  penury  "— 
-IF.  Tatfor  of  Xormdt :  JftrmoirsTB.  KL 

SSl-a-tar'-I-US,  s.    [Lat  =  solitary.] 

Aaron. :  A  small  constellation,  established 
by  Lemonnier,  above  Centaurus,  and  near  the 
tail  of  Hydra.  The  largest  star  is  of  the 
sixth  magnitude. 

•ir-s-tar-y,  *  sol-1-tar-ie,  a.  k  ,.  [Fr. 
solitaire,  from  Lat.  solitarius,  from  solitas  = 
=  loneliness,  from  solus  =  alone  :  Sp.  &  Port 
Klilario.] 

A*  As  adjective : 

i  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Living  or  being  alone ;  not  baring  com- 
pany ;  being  by  ones  self;  inclined  to  live  or 
be  by  one's  self,    (draper:  Task,  ri.  94g.) 

2.  Not  much  visited  or  frequented  ;  retired, 
secluded  ;  remote  from  society  ;  lonely. 

"  Alone  within  her  tolitary  hut  " 

Wordneorth  :  £xcurtion,  bk.  v. 

3.  Passed  or  spent  alone  or  without  com 
p»ny  ;  lonely  :  as,  a  solitary  life. 

•  4.  Away  from  the  sounds  of  human  life  • 
still,  gloomy,  dismal. 


. 

5.  Single,  individual,  only,  sole,  unique : 
as,  a  solitary  example. 

H  Bot. :  Growing  singly.    A  solitary  flower 
usually  situated  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  less 
frequently  at  the  apex  of  a  stem  or  of  a  scape. 
*  B.  At  most. :  One  who  lives  alone  or  In 
•oUtnde ;  a  hermit,  a  recluse. 

"  i"0?*"* *"*'  ""•  •*>««r»'»  cheek 
Confess  d  the  power  of  nature  " 

WardivarOi:  £j>curifon,  kk.  rt. 

1  Solitary  simply  denotes  the  absence  of 
all  things  of  the  same  kind  :  thus  a  place  is 
solitary  to  a  man  where  there  is  no  human 
being  but  himself  ;  and  it  is  solitary  to  a  lirutc 
when  there  are  no  brutes  with  which  it  can 
bold  society.  Desert  conveys  the  idea  of  a 
place  made  solitary  by  being  shunned,  from  its 
nnfltness  as  a  place  of  residence ;  all  deserts 
are  places  of  such  wildness  as  seem  to  frighten 
away  almost  all  inhabitants.  Desolate  con- 
veys the  idea  of  a  place  made  solitary,  or  hare 
>f  inhabitants,  and  all  traces  of  habitation 
by  violent  means ;  every  country  may  become; 
MHUi  which  is  exposed  to  the  inroads  of  a 
ravaging  army.  (Craio.) 

solitary-ants,  s.  pL 

Entom. :  The  Mutillida  (q.v.X 

solitary-bees,  ».  pi. 

Entom. :  Bees  not  living,  like  Apis  metliflca, 
the  Bombi,  &C.,  in  society.  They  consist  only 
of  true  males  and  true  females.  Some  form 
their  nests  in  old  posts  or  the  trunks  of  trees 
others  in  the  sterna  of  plants  of  which  the 
pith  is  easily  extracted,  or  in  cat  reeds,  and 
many  burrow  in  the  ground  or  in  the  mortar 


of  old  walls.  The  cells  are  made  of  earthy  o 
vegetable  materials,  and  there  are  not  th 
fine  hexagonal  combs  of  the  genus  Apis. 

solitary-confinement,  s. 

Law :  Confinement  apart  from  other  prisoners 
and  with  no  society  uf  any  kind.  In  Englau 
the  present  law  prohibits  the  solitary  confine 
ment  of  a  prisoner  fur  more  than  one  mom 
at  a  time  or  more  than  three  months  in  on 
year. 

solitary-glands,  s.  pi. 

Anal. :  simple  glands.    [GLAND,  $.,  «f  (4).] 

solitary-snipe,  s.    [SNIPE,  II.) 

solitary-wasps,  «.  pi. 

Entom.  :  The  Eumeriidie  ;  wasps  not  livin 
in  society.  They  consist  of  true  males  ani 
true  females,  and  have  deeply-toothed  or  bilii 
tarsal  claws,  and  generally  long,  slender  man 
dibles.  They  are  a  little  smaller  than  soeia 
wasps,  are  often  black,  with  the  thorax  spot 
ted  and  the  abdomen  with  yellow  rings.  The, 
breed  in  holes  in  sandy  banks,  decaying  wood 
or  old  walls,  to  which  they  bring  stores  o 
caterpillars,  &JC.,  for  the  sustenance  of  th 
future  lame. 

SoT-I-tUde,  ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  solitude,  from 
solus  =  alone,  single  ;  Ital.  solitudine.} 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  alone ; 
lonely  life ;  loneliness. 

"  O  t:JUud4  I  where  are  the  charms 
That  sages  have  seen  In  thy  face?" 

Cowpsr:  Alexander  OtOdrJt. 

2.  Remoteness  from  society  ;  seclusion,  lone- 
liness :  as,  the  solitude  of  a  wood,  ic. 

3.  A  lonely  place  ;  a  desert. 

•sS-lIv'-a-gant,   "sS-llV-a-gous,  a. 

[Lat.  solus  =  alone,  and  vagtins,  pr.   par.  0! 
vagor  —  to  wander.)    Wandering  alone. 

"  A  description  of  the  impure  drudge ;  .  .  .  that  U 

to  say.  a  tolifngant  or  solitary  vagrant. "— Granger . 

Xcdetiaitet,  p.  89. 

so-live',  i.    [Fr.l 

Build. :  A  joist,  rafter,  or  piece  of  wood, 
either  slit  or  sawed,  with  which  builders  lay 
their  ceilings. 

sol-lar,  -sol-ere,  "sol  lare,  s.  [Lat. 
solarium  =  a  gallery  or  balcony  exposed  to 
the  sun,  from  got  =  the  sun.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  An  open  gallery  or  bul- 
cony,  at  the  top  of  a  house,  exposed  to  the 
sun  ;  a  loft,  a  garret,  an  apple-room. 

"  The  recarriaee  of  mine  from  the  same  Into  lofts 
ch.  29"*  •"*"•"*'  D°*r<l*-  fngland,  bk.  11.. 

2.  Mining: 

(1)  One  of  the  platforms  at  the  ends  of  the 
successive  bidders  in  a  mine. 

(2)  A  mine  entrance. 

•Sl-lec'-i-to  (o  as  ch),  ado.    [ItaL] 

Music  :  A  direction  demiting  that  the  music 
Is  to  be  performed  with  care. 

•  sol-ler-Sf ,  «.  [Fr.,  dimiu.  of  0.  Fr.  toller 
=  a  slipper.) 

Old  Cost. :  One  of  the  overlapping  plates 
that  formed  the  iron  shoe  of  an  armed  knight; 


SOLLEECT. 


hence,  often  applied  to  the  shoe  Itself,  which 

varied  somewhat  in  shape  at  different  periods. 

"The  toes  of  the  tolltreft  are  m 


8oT-ly-a  s.  [Named  after  Mr.  Richard  Hors- 
man  S..lly,  F.K.b.,  a  vegetable  physiologist 
and  anatomist.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Pittosporaceffi.  Climbing 
shrubs,  with  blue  flowers  in  cymes  opposite 
to  the  leaves,  introduced  into  British  gardens 
from  Australia  and  Tasmania. 

61  mi  zato',    « s61  mi  sate',    „.<.     To 

practice  solmization  (q.v.). 

61  mi  za  tion,  sol-mi-sa-tion,  a,    rFr. 

solmiser  =  to  sol-fa.    (See  def.)J 

Music  :  The  art  of  singing  certain  syllables 

o  the  notes  of  the  musical  scale,  as  opposed 

to  the  use  of  a  vowel  sound,  such  as  a  (ah)  e 


(a),  «  (e),  4c.  The  earliest  known  form  In  nm 
among  the  Greeks  was  ia,  TI,  rn,  TIO,  pro- 
nounced probably  ta,  te,  ti,  to.  The  basis  of 
our  present  system  is  to  be  found  in  tiat  of 
Guido  d'Arezzo,  in  the  eleventh  century,  m*h« 
named  his  six  notes  ut,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  after 
the  initial  notes  of  a  Latin  hymn.  [ScAL«.| 
This  system  was  gradually  superseded  in  tiii» 
country  by  the  repetition  of  fa,  sol,  la  lor  Un 
six  notes  of  the  scale,  from  any  starting-point 
the  syllable  mi  being  reserved  for  the  leading 
note  only  :  thus,  fa,  sol,  la,  fa,  sol,  la,  mi,  £ 
But  where  this  system  was  not  adopted'  the, 
name  ut  was  gradually  rejected  in  favour  of 
do  in  this  country,  and  si  was  the  nama 
given  to  the  seventh  de?ree.  We  now  reack 
the  seven  recurring  syllables,  do,  re,  mi,  fa,  toL 
la,  si  ;  but  about  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  Boisgelou,  a  Frenchman,  suggeate* 
the  following  chromatic  series,  do  (or  ut),  efe. 
re,  mo,  mi,  fa,yi,  sol,  ft,  la,  sa,  si.  ThisidS 
has  been  improved  and  expanded  in  the  Tonie 
sol-fa  system  as  now  used.  The  use  of  sol-ik 
syllables  gives  to  the  singer  merely  a  rotwfc 
notion  of  tones  and  semitones;  it  gives  •• 
clue  to  the  mathematical  ratios,  or  "propor- 
tion," of  notes. 


boa 


•6--16  (pi.  so-los,  Bd'-lt),  «.     [Ital., 
Lat.  svnis  =  alone.] 

Music  :  A  tune,  air,  or  strain  to  be  plavnd 
by  a  single  instrument  or  sung  by  a  singtt 
voice,  with  or  without  accompaniment,  which 
should  always  be  strictly  subordinate. 

"  There  ta  not  a  labourer  or  handicraftsman  the*,  km 
the  cool  of  the  evening,  does  not  relieve  himself  witt 
lofcu  and  sonatas  !  "—  rotter,  No.  jsa. 

solo-organ,  s. 

Music:  A  manual  or  clavier  of  an  organ. 
having  associated  with  it  stops  which,  for  U» 
most  part,  are  intended  for  use  sola  _  in  sutuisS 
notes  as  opposed  to  chords. 

solo-stop,  s. 

JJveic: 

1.  A  stop  or  register  of  a  solo  organ. 

2.  Any  stop  which  can  be  used  In  singis 
notes. 


,  s.     [Lat.  J0!=the  sun,  and 
(jr.  ypaow  (graphs)  =  to  write,  to  draw.] 

Plwtog.  :  A  picture  taken  by  the  taJbotyps 
or  calotype  process. 

so'-ld-tot,  «.  [Eng.  tolo;  -«.]  One  wbo 
sings  or  performs  alone,  with  or  without  tbs 
aid  of  accompaniment. 

"  An  Insuperable  difficulty  seems  to  be  found  fat  tas> 


SoT-o-mon,  «.  [Or.  SoAonuv  (Solomon),  SsAer 
ItMr  (Salomon)  ;  Heb.  ntl'1*?}  (Shelomoh)  -  the) 
peaceful  one,  Solomon  ;  CW  (snofom)  =  |a]M» 
ful,  from  rftq*  (sliaiam)  =  to  be  safe,  to  U  at 
peace.] 

Script.  Biog.  :  The  younger  son  of  DtvM 
and  Bathsheba  (2  Sam.  xii.  24  ;  1  Chrom.  iii. 
6).  He  was  proclaimed  king  in  opposMaim 
to  Adonijah  by  David's  orders  just  before  has 
death(l  Kings  i.  5-53).  Asking  from  God  "a* 
understanding  heart"  to  qualify  him  for  judg- 
ing the  people,  he  was  made  the  wisest  of 
men  (iii.  5-28,  iv.  31,  &c.)  "He  spake  thres 
thousand  proverbs,  and  his  songs  were  a  thou- 
sand and  five"  (iv.  32);  he  "spake  also  of 

?lants  and  animals  "  (33),  and  built  the  first 
emple  (vi.).  He  lived  in  great  maKninoeoc* 
(iv.  22-28,  vii.  1-12,  x.),  and  Israel,  though  too 
heavily  taxed  (xii.  10),  enjoyed  great  »*•> 
sperity  under  his  rule  (iv.  20,  21).  In  trisoM 
age  he  had  an  extensive  harem  of  Gentila 
women,  by  whom  he  was  led  into  idolatry, 
and  the  way  was  prepared  for  the  disruption 
of  the  kingdom,  the  limits  of  which  wen 
wider  than  at  any  previous  or  subsequent 
period  (iv.  21,  xi.).  By  the  received  Hebrew 
chronology,  Solomon  was  born  about  B.C.  1031. 
His  reign  of  forty  years  (it  42)  extended  tarn 
B.O.  1015  to  975. 

If  (1)  The  Song  of  Solomon  : 
Old   Test.  Canon:    Heb.  . 

hassMrim),  Sept.  'Ao>a  i<r^iriav  (Alma  - 
tin),  Vulg.  Cantiaim  Canticorum,  all  =  tk« 
Song  of  Sonps  [CANTICLES],  i.e.,  the  soo* 
more  beautiful  or  more  excellent  than  all 
others.  It  stands  in  the  A.V.  and  Septnagint 
between  Erclesiastes  and  Isaiah,  and  m  tale 
Hebrew  Bible  between  Job  and  Ruth,  tlw 
external  evidence  that  it  formed  part  of  Uw 


solpuga— solutive 


4347 


Jewish  canon  is  unimpeachable,  almost  the 
only  point  connected    with  the  book  about 
which  there  has  been  no  controversy.    The 
thief  dii""ltes  have  turned  on  the  method  •>[ 
interpretation.    Three  views  have  been  enter- 
,,meil    (1)  that  it  should  be  taken  literally 
a.  a  poi-tic  description  of  actual  W.CUITCIK-.-S 
,,r    perhaps,  of  conceptions  like  those  of  a 
modern  novel;  (2)  that  it  is  a  spiritual  all,> 
*,,ry;  and  (3)  (a  combination  of  both  views) 
that  it  hasa  literal  meaning  typifying  spiritual 
trulh.     The  sHCond  hypothesis  arose  in  the 
Jewish  Church  prior  to  A.D.  90,  for  in  that 
year  the   Sanhedrim  decided    in   its  favour. 
The  Talmudists  strongly  held  it,  and  it  has 
ever  since  been  the  prevalent  view  among  the 
Jews       They  believe  that  the  Beloved  (u. 
8  9  16  &.c.)  is  God,  his  loved  one  (ii.  10-13, 
t'c  )  the  Jewish  nation  and  Church,  and  the 
theme  of  the    book   his    dealings  with  his 
people  from  the  time  of  the  Exodus,  or  even 
from  the  call  of  Abraham  to  the  coming  of 
the  Messiah,  and  the  building  of  the  third 
temple.    This  explanation  soon  found  its  way 
into  the  Christian  Church,  and  prevailed  till 
Orilten  substituted  for  it  the  view,  now  gene- 
rally received,  that  the  Beloved  is  Christ  and 
Ills  love  the  Christian  Church.    (See  the  heftd- 
iu"a   in  the  A.  V.  to  the  several  chapters.) 
Theodore  of  Mopsuestia  introduced  the  typi- 
cal explanation  that  the  Bong  primarily  cele- 
brated the  marriage  of  Solomon  with  Pharaoh  s 
daughter  (1  Kings  iii.  1,  ix.  24).     This  view  is 
still  held  by  many. 

The  literal  view  and  the  uncanomclty  or 
the  Song  were  maintained  about  the  time  of 
our  Lord  by  the  School  of  Shammai,  in  oppo- 
sition to  that  of  Hillel,  who  adopted  the  alle- 
rorical  interpretation.     It  arose  again  among 
the   Jews   about   A.D.    1100,    and    still   has 
supporters.      Sel>astian   Gurtellio  (1515-15B3) 
timidly  suggested  it  in  the  Reformed  Church, 
and    wished    the    work    removed    from    the 
Canon.    Jacobi  (1771),  Herder  (1778),   Ewald 
O82ti),  Dr.  Pye  Smith  (1818-21),  Dr.  Davidson 
(1856),  and  many  others  also  took  the  literal 
View.     Some  held   that  if  the  work  had  no 
spiritual  reference  it  should  be  deemed  unca- 
nonical ;  others  maintained  that  the  sanctity 
of  virtuous  courtship   and   marriage,  as  op- 
posed to   polygamy   and   seduction,   was   a 
theme  worthy  of  a  place  in  Scripture.     Dr. 
Ginsburg  who  holds  this  opinion,  considere 
thst  the  book,  which  Ire  divides  into  five 
sections,  celebrates  the  fidelity  to  her  lover 
of  a  humble  village  maid  betrothed  to  a  shep- 
herd   and  her    successful    resistance  to  the 
«rts  with  which  King  Solomon  tried  to  induce 
ner  to  enter  his  harem.    He  does  not  believe 
that  it  was  written  by  Solomon,  but  that  it 
was  composed  just  after  his  age.    It  is  not 
directly  quoted  in  the  New  Testament. 
(2)  The  Wisilom  of  Solomon :  [WISDOM). 
Solomon's  puzzle,  s. 
jioi. :  Sedum  Telephiutn. 
Solomon's  seal,  s. 
Hot. :    Polygonottim    mvltlflorum,  and  the 
genus  Polygonatnm  (q.v).  The  stem  is  terete, 
and   two  to   three 
feet    high  ;    the 
leaves,    which    are 
three  to  four  inches 
long,  are  alternate, 
snb-bifarious,    and 
second;  the  pedun- 
cles with    two   to 
five   Mowers  ;    the 
perianth  is  tubular 
campanulate, 
greenish-white ; 
the  berry  blue- 
black.     It  is  wild 
in  England,  but  in 
Scotland  and   Ire- 
land   is    generally 
an  escape.    The 
young  leaves  have 
sometimes  been 
eaten   as    a  vege- 
table. 


SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

1.  Flower.    2.  Longitudinal 
Section  of  Flower. 


«ol  pu'-ga,  l.      (Lat.  solpuga,  solipuga,  sal- 

yttga=  prob.  Galeodes arenoides.] 
Zool. :  A  genus  of  Galeodidse  (q.v.)  ;  tarsi  o: 

tin;  second  and  third  pairs  of  legs  four-jointed 

of  the  fourth  pair  seven-jointed. 
»6T  pu  gld,  ».  [SoLpuoiDKA.]  Any  indi 

viiluai  of  the  Solpugidea  (q.v.). 


"  The  muscular  system  of  Snlpupldf  appears 
wry  similar  to  that  of  other  Arachnid*  —  E 
tnt.  led.  9th).  ii.  281. 


to  be 
'ncyc 


sol  pu-feid'-e'-a,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat. 
*ilW< (q  v.),  and  Gfe  .Ho,  (eidos)  =  form.] 

Zool. :  A  tropical  or  sub-tropical  order  of 
Arachnida,  with  one  family,  Galeodldei  or 
Galeodidie(q.v.),  containing  live  genera  :  Eliax, 
Kllopus  Galeodes,  Solpuga,  and  Gluvia,  cha- 
racterized by  the  sub-divisions  of  the  tarsal 
joints  of  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  pairs  of 
legs.  They  are  nocturnal  in  habits  and  ex- 
tremely pugnacious,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether 
they  are  venomous. 

t  »61  pn  -gl-des,   t  s81-pu  -grf-dso,  >.  pi 

[SOLPU01DEA.] 

Zool. :  The  same  as  GALEODID*  (q.v.). 

*  sol' -stead,  >.    [Lat.  "I  = the  8un>  and  EnS- 
steaiL]    The  same  as  SOLSTICE  (q.v.). 
"If  it  ba  gathered  about  tlie  summer 
p.  BoUttnd :  rlin*,  bk.  xxvi.,  ch.  v. 

s5l'-stice,  s.  (Fr.,  from  Lat.  solstitlum  =  lit. 
a  point  (in  the  ecliptic)  at  which  the  snu 
seems  to  stand  still :  sol  =  the  sun,  and  stltum 
for  itatum,  pa.  par.  of  sislo,  a  reduplicated 
form  of  sto  =  to  stand ;  Sp.  &  Port.  »o!*Mcto  ; 
Ital.  soktizio.] 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang. :   A  stopping  or  standing 
still  of  the  sun. 

••  The  sni>ernatural  inUtic*  of  the  iun  In  the  days  of 
Joshua,"— Sir  T.  Brown*.    ( Weofter.) 

2,  Astronomy : 

(1)  (PI.):  The  solstitial  points  (q.v.). 

(2)  The  time  at  which  the  sun  stands  for  a 
little  at  one  or  other  of  the  solstitial  points 
before  again  moving  back  obliquely  towards 
the  equator.       The  summer  solstice  of  the 
northern  hemisphere  is  on  June  21,  the  winter 
on    Dec.  22;    the   summer   solstice    in  the 
southern    hemisphere   is   on    Dec.    22,   the 
winter  on  June  21.    [CANCER,  CAPRICORS.] 

sol-  Btr-tlal,  •  sol-stl'-tlall  (t  as  sh),  o. 

[Fr.  solstitial,  solsticial.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  solstices. 

"The  summer  iolttuiall  troplcke."— F.  Holland: 
riiitie,  bk.  it.,  ch.  Ixx. 

2.  Happening  at   a   solstice,  or  at   mid- 
summer. 

"Slrtus  parched  with  heat 
SoUtUial  the  green  herb."         PhUlfl  :  Ciatr,  bk.  L 

solstitial-colure,  ».  [COLURE.] 
solstitial -points,  s.  pi.  Those  two 
points  in  tiie  ecliptic  which  are  farthest  from 
the  equator,  and  at  which  the  sun  arrives  at 
the  time  of  a  solstice.  The  distance  of  each 
from  the  equator  is  equal  to  the  obliquity  of 
the  ecliptic,  about  23°  27'. 

sSl-u-bll'-l-tjf,  a.    [Eng.  soluble ;  -Ity.] 
I  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  soluble; 
that  quality  of  a  substance  which  makes  it 
susceptible  of  solution  ;  susceptibility  of  being 
dissolved  in  a  fluid. 

"  By  its  colour  weight,  and  tolnbility  In  aq.  regia." 
-iocL.'  Bum.  VnJmtand.,  bk.  111..  A.  U. 

*  2.  Capability  of  being  solved,  resolved, 
answered,  cleared   up,  or  disentangled  :  as, 
the  solubility  of  a  problem. 

tt  Bot.  (Of  a  pericarp) :  Separation  at  the 
transverse  contractions  into  several  closed 
portions,  as  in  Ornithopus. 

sol  u-ble,  *  sol-u-bil,  a.  [Fr.  soluble,  from 
Lat."  tolubiHt,  from  tolutw,  pa.  par.  of  solw 
—  to  dissolve  ;  Sp.  soluble;  Ital.  solubile.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  dissolved  in  a  fluid  ;  ad- 
mitting or  capable  of  solution  ;  dissolvable. 

*  2.  Relaxed. 

"Ale  Is  their  eating  and  drinking  snrely,  which 
keeps  their  bodies  clear  and  tt>lubte."~Beatun.  *  flit.: 
,  Iv.  L, 


fxontjui  isnuit,  ...  ». 

•  3.'  Capable  of  being  solved,  resolved, 
answered,  cleared  up,  or  disentangled,  as  a 
problem,  doubt,  question,  &c. 

soluble  glass,  s. 

Chem. :  An  impure  alkaline  silicate,  pre- 
pared by  fusing  for  five  or  six  hours  a  mixture 
of  quartz,  carbonate  of  soda  or  carbonate  of 
potash,  and  powdered  charcoal,  pulverising 
the  fused  mass,  boiling  with  water  for  three 
or  four  hours,  and  concentrating  the  solution 
to  a  sp.  gr.  of  1-24  to  1-26.  It  is  used  to  render 
textile  fabrics  less  combustible,  and  as  a 
varnish  to  preserve  stone.  The  soda  com- 
pound is  largely  used  by  calico-printers  and 
soap  manufacturers. 

s51'-n-ble-ne»e,  «•  [Eng.sofuWe;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  soluble  ;  solubility. 


so  lum,  s.    [Lat.=  ground.] 

Scots  Law  :  Ground  ;  a  piece  of  ground. 

so'-lus  (fern,  so'-la),  «.  [Lat.]  Alone.  (Used 
in  dramatic,  directions  or  the  like  :  as,  Enter 
the  king  solus.) 

so  lute',  a.    [Lat.  toltitus,  pa.  par.  of  solvo  = 
to  louse,  to  mc.lt.] 
*  I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Loose,  free,  discursive. 

"Aa  to  the  interpretation  of  the  Scriptures  J<yut« 
and  lit  tarn*),  tin-re  luive  been  diTers  kiuds."— tfaoMS : 
Advancement  of  L*am t n<J. 

2.  Relaxed  ;  hence,  merry,  joyous. 

"  A  brow  »oiu(«,  and  ever.laughing  eye." 

Touny  :  Xiyhc  Thought*,  it  «». 

3.  Soluble  :  as,  a  solute  salt. 

II.  Bot. :  Completely  separata  from  the 
neighbouring  parts. 

*  s6-lute',  ».(•    [SOLUTE,  o.] 

1.  To  dissolve. 

2.  To  resolve,  to  answer,  to  confute. 

"With  this  special  note  of  remembrance  In  the 
margin,  M.  Juels  allegation  saluted.-— Jeaell :  Siplt, 
p.  16*. 

3.  To  absolve. 

"  Without  the  biynde  busslngs  of  a  papist  may  no 
shine  be  soluted."— Bale :  hnage,  pt.  ii. 

so  Iii  -tion,  *  so-lu-oi-on,  «.  [Fr.  solution, 
from  Lat.  solutionem,  accus.  of  solutio  =  t 
loosing,  from  solutus,  pa.  par.  of  solvo  =  to 
loose,  to  melt ;  Sp.  solution;  Ital.  soluzione.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  The  act  of  separating  the  parts  of  any 
body ;  disruption,  breach. 

*  2.  Dissolution,  disunion. 

"This  tolvtinn  of  the  souls  or  spirits  of  wicked  men 
and  demons  from  their  Tehiclea,—  M'/rt:  Immort.  of 
thtSoul.  btill..  oh.  xvili. 

*  3.  Release,  deliverance,  discharge. 

4.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

5.  The  act  of  solving,  explaining,  answer- 
Ing    or  clearing  up,  as  a  problem,  question, 
doubt ;  the  state  of  being  solved,  explained, 
answered,  or  cleared  up. 

••  Hellen  tooke  on  her 
Th'  osteuts  lolutivn.  and  did  title  prefer." 

Chapman:  Humtr  ;  OdyVHy  XT. 

6.  That   which   serves   to    solve,   explain, 
answer,  or  clear  up ;  a  problem,   question, 
doubt,  or  the  like  ;  explanation,  resolution. 

"Two  sentences.  'It  Is  very  common.1  or  'It  is  Terr 
strange.'  make  at  once  the  svi.n  and  the  tletnll  of  their 
philosophy  and  of  their  belief,  and  are  to  them  asolu. 
lion  of  all  difficulties."— IliAop  Borlltli:  Sermon* 
vol.  i.,  ser.  II. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Chem. :  A  term  applied  to  the  product  of 
the  action,  as  well  as  the  action  itself,  whereby 
a  solid  or  gaseous  body  in  contact  with  a 
liquid,  suffers  liquefaction  ;  or  to  the  union 
of  one  liquid  with    another  when    each  is 
capable  of  taking  up  only  a  limited  quantity 
of  the  other.    The  solution  of  a  solid  in  a 
liquid  is  usually  attended  with  a  fall  of  tem- 
perature, excepting  where  solution  is  preceded 
by  the  formation  of  a  definite  chemical  com- 
pound.    The   solution    of  one   liquid   with 
another  occurs  without  change  of  tempera- 
ture, excepting  in  cases  in  which  chemical 
union  takes  place,  as  in  the  dilution  of  sul- 
phuric acid  with  water.    The  solvent  power 
of  liqnids,  with  few  exceptions,  is  increased 
by  rise  of  temperature. 

2.  Civil  Law:   Payment;  satisfaction  of  a 
creditor. 

3.  Math.  •    The  operation  of  finding   such 
values  for  the  unknown  parts  as  will  satisfy 
the  conditions  of  the  problem.      Problems 
may  be  solved  algebraically  or  geometrically. 
The  term  is  frequently  used  to  denote  th« 
answer  or  result  of  the  operation  itself. 

4.  Paihol. :    The  termination  of  a  disease, 
either  with  or  without  critical  signs.    Applied 
also  to  a  crisis. 

5.  Pharm. :  A  watery  preparation,  either  of 
inorganic  substances    or  of  certain  definite 
active  organic  principles.    (Garrod.) 

"  Antsgus.  to  procure  sleep,  recommends  a  •»"!«"« 
of  opium  In  watir  to  foment  the  forehead."— Aroullf 
not. 

*  sol'-n-tlve,  a.     [Fr.  nlutlf;   Sp.  &  Ital. 
solutivo.} 

1.  Tending  to  dissolve  ;  loosening,  laxative. 

"  Though  It  would  not  be  so  abstersive, opening, .and 
lalutim  as  mead,  yet  It  will  be  more  lenitive  in  shaij 
diseases.1*— Bacon. 

2.  Capable  of  being  dissolved  or  loosened. 


Mb.  1^;  P<ut,  J«n.  cat,  cell,  chorus,  onin,  *enc*i  go,  gem;  tnin,  this;  In.  as;  expect, 
Hrtan,-tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -»ion  =  xhun.    -clous,  -tloiu,  -.Ion.  =  .hus.   -We. 


-.348 


Solva— some 


iSl'-va,  s.     (Seedef.  of  compound.] 

Solva  group,  s. 

Geol. :  A  group  of  Lower  Cambrian  Bocks, 
consisting  of  Purple,  R*?d,  and  Gray  Grit  flags 
and  slates,  with  Crustaceans  (Ostracoda  ami 
Trilol.ites).  Found  at  Solva,  near  St.  Davids, 
Pembrokeshire,  the  Harlech  Mountains,  Bray 
Head,  &c.  (Etheridye.) 

•o'l'-va-baV-i-ty',  a.    [Eng.  solvable ;  -if;/.] 

1.  Capability  of  being  solved  ;  solubility. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  solvent,  or 
able  to  pay  all  just  debts. 

i8l   va  ble,  "s8l'-vl-ble,(i.  [Fr.  =  payable.] 
1.  Capable  of  being  solved,  resolved,  or  ex 
plained. 

"  I  do  not  Inquire  how  or  where,  because  It  Is  not 
tolnble.~— Sale:  Orlff.  of  Mankind,  p.  66. 

*  2.  Capable  of  being  paid. 

"A  set  BUrotne  nlrablj  oat  of  the  exchequer. "— 
Fuller:  CAurcA  SI*.,  vi.  — 

*  3.  Solvent 

*•  Be  sure  their  men  are  tolvabb.*—  WytAtrteif  :  Love 
tn  a  Wood,  ill.  i, 

•  aol  va  Me  ness, ».  [Eng.  solvable ;  -nets.] 
Sulvability. 

fcolve,  t).(.  [Lat.  solvo  =  to  loosen,  to  relax,  to 
solve,  for  seluo,  from  se  =  apart,  and  luo  =  to 
loosen  ;  8p.  &  Port  solver;  Ital.  solvere.] 

1.  To  explain  or  clear  up  the  difficulties  in  ; 
to  free  from  difficulty  or  perplexity ;  to  make 
clear ;  to  give  or  furnish  a  solution  of. 

"  Nor  could  this  difficulty  have  beeu  solved,  if  the 
Scriptures  had  notMtwdttfor  us."— Oilpin:  Sermont, 

*  2.  To  put  an  end  to  ;  to  stop. 

"  He  would  ttJtt  high  dispute 
With  conjugal  caressee.        Milton:  F.  L.,  vllL  it 

&.  To  operate  upon  by  calculation  or 
mathematical  processes,  so  as  to  bring  out  the 
required  result :  as,  To  solve  a  problem. 

•dive,  s.    [SOLVE,  u.)    Solution. 

"  The  totee  is  this,  that  thoa  dost  common  grow.* 
Shtikap. :  Sonnet  69. 

•SV-ven-cy',  i.  [Eng.  sotven(t);  -eg.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  solvent ;  ability  to 
pay  all  just  debts  or  claims. 

"  The  debtor  prescribing  .  .  .  the  medium  of  his 
eotency  to  the  creditor."— Burke:  PremA  Revolution. 

•Sl'-vend,  «.  [Lat  solvtndus,  fut  pass.  par. 
of  solvo  =  to  solve  (q.v.).] 

Chem. :  A  substance  designed  to  be  dis- 
solved, as  distinguished  from  a  solvent  (q.v.). 

•dl'-vent,  a.  &  s.  [Lat  soh-ens,  genit.  tol- 
tentis,  pr.  par.  of  «oii»  =  to  solve  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Having  the  power  or  quality  of  dissolving. 

2.  Able  to  pay  or  meet  all  just  debts  or 
claims. 

"  He  [the  good  man]  thinks  God  abundantly  solvent, 
and  himself  never  the  poorer  for  laying  out  In  his 
behalf.  —Barrow:  Sermont,  voL  L,  ser.  81. 

3.  Sufficient  to  meet  aud  pay  all  just  debts 
Or  claims. 

"The  directors  and  other  shareholders  contended 
that  the  company  was  toltent."— Standard,  Oct.  S,  ISSS. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Chfm. :  Any  liquid  or  menstruum  which 
may  be  employed  to  absorb  or  take  up  into 
solution  a  solid,  a  gas,  or  other  liquid. 

2.  Kg.:  That  which  reduces  and  takes  up; 
as,  money  is  the  universal  lohent  (of  debt). 

aJd'-ver,  s.  [Eng.  solv(e);  -er.]  One  who  01 
that  which  solves  or  explains. 

••6i'-v,-ble,o.    [Sc 

*  fol'-jf,  adv.    [SOLELY.] 

•  som,  a.    [SOME.] 
•5-ma-,  pref.    [SOMATO-.] 

•o'-ma,  «.    [Sansc.  =  (1)  the  moon,  (2)  (see 

Compar.  Religions:  A  plant  growing  in 
Northern  India,  probably  Asdepias  acida, 
from  which  in  Vedic  times  was  manufactured 
an  intoxicating  liquor,  acceptable  not  merely 
to  men,  but  to  the  gods,  whom  it  was  sup- 
posed to  animate  to  great  achievements. 

Bomaj,  «.    [Bengalee,  ftc.  =  a  society.]  (See 
etym.  and  compound.) 
1  Brahma  Somdj,  Brahma  Samdj : 
Compar.  Religions :  A  Hindoo  theistic  sect, 


p 
E 


existing  chiefly  in  Bengal.  It  was  founded 
by  a  Brahman  of  high  descent,  Rammohun 
Roy.  Born  about  1774,  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
he  began  to  attack  the  idolatry  of  modern 
Hindooism,  and  continued  to  do  so  through- 
out his  life,  on  the  ground  that  it  was 
not  countenanced  by  the  Vedas  (q.v.),  and 
translated  the  Yedant  (an  old  summary  of 
the  Vedas)  into  Hindoostanee  and  Bengalee, 
-ublishing  in  1361  an  extract  of  it  into 
Inglish.  He  opposed  the  burning  of  widows. 
[SUTTEE.]  In  1820  he  sent  forth  in  English, 
Sanscrit,  and  Bengalee  a  series  of  extracts 
from  the  New  Testament,  entitled  The  Precepts 
of  Jesus,  the  Guide  to  Peace  and  Happiness.  He 
believed  in  the  divine  mission  of  Christ,  but 
held  at  the  same  time  the  Vedas  to  be  a  reve- 
lation from  God.  In  1828  he  established  the 
Brahma  Somaj,  which  called  into  existence 
as  an  antagonist  to  it  the  Dharma  Sabha,  to 
defend  Hindoo  orthodoxy.  Sent  in  1830 
by  the  Emperor  of  Delhi  to  London  with 
the  title  of  Rajah,  to  prefer  a  complaint  about 
a  financial  matter,  he  arrived  in  April,  1831, 
gained  what  he  had  come  to  seek,  fraternised 
with  the  English  Unitarians,  and  dying  on 
Sept.  27,  1833,  near  Bristol,  was  interred, 
according  to  instructions  which  he  had  left, 
without  Christian  rites,  lest  the  report  that 
he  had  been  converted  and  lost  caste  might, 
by  a  law  then  existing  in  Bengal,  deprive  his 
children  of  their  inheritance.  Rammohun 
predicted  that  after  his  death  Christians, 
Hindoos,  and  Muhammadans  would  all  claim 
him.  They  did ;  but  in  his  final  stage  of  reli- 
gious evolution  he  seems  to  have  held  only 
the  doctrines  of  philosophic  theism  or  natural 
religion.  (Calcutta  Review,  \v.  356-393.)  The 
Brahma  Somaj,  when  deprived  of  its  founder, 
languished  for  a  time,  but  in  1841  it  received 
a  fresh  impulse  from  Babu  Debendra  Nath 
Tagore,  and  again  made  way,  drawing  to  it 
many  of  the  youths  educated  in  the  Hindoo 
College  and  the  Missionary  Institutions.  As 
numbers  increased,  it  became  evident  that 
there  were  in  the  Somaj  a  conservative  and  a 
progressive  party,  and  about  1863  the  latter 
broke  off  from  the  association  on  the  question 
of  the  divine  authority  of  the  Vedas,  and,  under 
the  leadership  of  Babu  Keshub  Chunder  Sen, 
founded  what  they  considered  churches  rather 
than  societies  throughout  Bengal,  the  north- 
western provinces,  the  Punjaub,  Bombay, 
and  Madras.  In  1870  Keshub  visited  England, 
finding  his  nearest  allies  in  the  Unitarians. 
Both  sections  have  singing,  prayer,  and  ad- 
dresses or  sermons  in  their  assemblies.  The 
seceding  brethren  consider  themselves  to  be 
founding  the  Indian  Church  of  the  future, 
adopting  the  essence  of  the  gospel  without 
the  distinctive  doctrines  of  Christianity. 

ad-mat-,  pref.    [SOJCATO-.) 

so-ma  ter'  I  a,  s.  [Pref.  tomat-,  and  Or. 
TTjpe'iu  (tireo)  =  to  guard.  (Agassiz.)] 

Ornith.:  A  genus  of  Anatidas,  with  five 
aperies,  from  Arctic  and  sub-Arctic  regions. 
Bill  swollen  and  elevated  at  base;  nostrils 
lateral,  oval ;  legs  short ;  feet  of  three  anterior 
toes,  broadly  webbed;  wings  of  moderate 
length,  tail  short.  Somateria  mollitsima,  the 
Eider  Duck ;  S.  tpcctabitis,  the  King-Eider  or 
King  Duck ;  and  S.  stelltri,  Steller's  Eider,  yield 
the  eider-down  of  commerce. 

t  so  ma  -«a  (t  as  ah),  «.  pi.    [W.  of  Gr. 

viouartox  (somation)  =  a  small  body.) 

Bot. :  Saccardo's  name  for  certain  small 
moving  bodies  in  the  fovilla  of  pollen  grains. 

*  so  -  mat-  lo,  'so  -  mat  -ic  -  al,  a.  [Gr. 
mpcncfc  (somatikos),  pertaining  to  the  body, 
from  0-oiu.a  (soma),  genit,  o-waaToc  (somatos^  = 
the  body.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  body ;  of  the 
nature  of  a  body ;  corporeal. 

so  mat  ics,   s.     [SOMATIC.]     The  same  as 

SOMATOLOOY  (q.V.). 

so  ma  tlst,  >.  [SOMATIC.]  One  who  admits 
the  existence  of  corporeal  or  material  beings 
only  ;  one  who  denies  the  existence  of  spiri- 
tual substances ;  a  materialist 

so-mat-o-,  so-mSt-,  firtf.  [Gr.  <F>VB  (sSmn), 
genit  O-&VO.TOS  (somatas)  =  the  body.]  Per- 
taining to  or  connected  with  the  body. 

So  mat' -4-cy»t,  *.  [Pref.  tomato-,  and  Eng. 
C]/sf.(q.v.).] 

Comp.  Anat. :  A  peculiar  cavity  Into  which 
the  proximal  find  is  modified  In  the  Caly- 
cophoridee. 


•6  ma  tfil   6-gJ.  s.     [Pref.  tomato-,  and  Gr. 
Ab-yos  (loyot)  =  a  discourse.] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  bodies  or  material  sub- 
stances.   Opposed  to  psychology  (q.v.). 

2.  That  branch  of  physics  which  treats  of 
matter  and  its  properties. 

3.  A  treatise  or  teaching  concerning   the 
human  body. 

*  so'  ma  tome,  «.    [Pref.  soma-,  and  Or.  TOUI) 
(tome)  =  a  cutting.]    One  of  the  sections  into 
which    certain    animal    bodies    are   divided 
structurally;  one  of  the  ideal  sections  into 
which  an  animal  body  may  be  considered  at 
divided. 

86-mat-4-pleur'-al,  o.  lVng.somatopleur(e); 
•al.} 

Embryol. :  Belonging  to  or  connected  witi 
the  somatopleure. 

so  mat-6-pleure,  «.      [Pref.  tomato-,  an* 
Gr.  irAevpa  (pleura)  =  the  side.)     [SPLANCH- 

NOPLEDKE.J 

*  80  ma  txSt-6-my',   «.      [SOMATOME.]     The 
dissection  of  the  human  body ;  anatomy. 

som  -bre  (bre  as  ber),  som  -ber,  o.  4  a, 

[Fr.    sombre,    from.    Lat.   sub  =  under,   and 
umbra  =  a  shade ;    Port    sombrio  =  dark, 
gloomy,  from  sombra  =  shade.] 
A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Dull,  dark,  gloomy,  dusky :  as,  a  sombrt 
hue. 

2.  Dismal,  downcast,  dull,  gloomy,  melan- 
choly. 

"  And  late  In  Hagley  you  were  seen, 
With  blood-shed  eyes,  and  tombre  mien." 

Oraiitffer  :  Solitude. 

'S.  As  subst. :  Gloom,  obscurity,  sombre- 
ness. 

s6m -bre-ly  (bre  as  ber),  rrfi>.  [Eng  stmbn; 
•ly.]  Gloomily,  despondingly,  dismally. 

"  The  outrage  which  they  tomorelf  predict  will  b» 
perpetrated."-*.  Jamei't  gatette,  April  16,  1881. 

8om  -bro  ness  (bre  as  ber),  s.  [Eng.  som- 
bre; -ness.]  Gloom,  darkness,  gloominess. 

Sim-brer' -ite,  «.  [After  the  island  of  Som- 
brero, where  found  ;  suff.  -tte  (Afiji).] 

.Um. :  A  hard  kind  of  guano,  consisting 
principally  of  phosphate  of  lime. 

so'm-bre'-ro,  >.  [Sp.,  from  sombra  =  a  shade.) 
[SOMBRE.]  A  broad-brimmed  hat. 

"  The  face  that  from  under  the  Spanish  tombren 
Gaxed  on  the  peaceful  scene." 

Longfellow:  Svangeline,  ii.  s. 

•sSm'-broug.a.  [SOMBRE.]  Sombre,  gloomy, 
dull. 

"  A  morbid  melancholy,  which,  at  certain  interval*, 
gave  to  all  things  around  him  a  eombrout  hue."— 
Knox :  On  Grammar  StAooU. 

*  som  -brous  ly,  adv.    [Eng.  sombrous ;  -ly.) 
In  a  sombre  manner ;  sombrely,  gloomily. 

*  som   broug-ness,  s.   [Eng.  sombrous ;  -ntss.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sombre  or  som- 
brous ;  sombreness,  gloom. 

some,  *BOm,  "sum  (pi.  'somme,  *summe\ 
a.  &  adv.  [A.S.  *uni=8ome  one,  a  certain  one, 
one  (pi.  sume);  cogn.  with  Icel.  «umr;  Dan. 
tamme  (pi.)  ;  Sw.  somlige  (pi.) ;  Goth,  sums  = 
some  one;  O.  H.  Ger.  sum.  Allied  to  sam 

(q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Expressing  a  certain  quantity  of  a  thing, 
but  indeterminate;  consisting  of  a  quantity 
or  portion  more  or  less. 

"I  will  give  him  tome  relief." 

Shtiketp. :  Tempest,  11. 1 

2.  Expressing  a  nnrr.ber  of  persons  or  tilings, 
greater  or  less,  but  indeterminate. 

"  Bore  us  tome  leagues  to  sea." 

Shakftp.  :  Tempett,  i  J. 

IF  In  these  two  senses  some  is  frequently 
used  absolutely  without  a  noun.  [8.] 

"Bate  me  tome,  and  I  will  pay  youiom*. "— Skakeep.  .' 
*  Btiirit  ly.,  v.  6. 

3.  Indicating  a  person  or  thing,  not  known, 
or  not  specifically  or  definitely  pointed  out 
(Often  used  almost  as  equivalent  to  the  in- 
definite article.) 

"  Let  us  slay  him  and  cast  him  into  tome  pit,  and 
we  will  say  tttme  evil  beast  hath  devoured  him."— 
Oenriit  zxzvti  ao. 

1  In  this  case  frequently  followed  by  or 
other,  or  another. 

i.  Expressing  Indeterminately  that  a  thing 


Sto,  at,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tother;  ve,  wgt.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine.  pit.  sire,  BIT.  marine;  go,  pot, 
•re,  W91T,  work,  whd.  son;  mnte,  otib,  efire,  nnlte,  our.  rule,  roll;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  »;  an 


-some— somnambulistic 


4349 


Is  not  very  great  or  extensive  ;  a  little,  mode- 
rate, a  certain  :  as,  This  is  in  some  degree  true. 

5.  Used  before  a    noun  of  number,    and 
equivalent  to  about  or  near. 

"  Some  thousands  of  these  logs." 

Shakesp. :  Tempett,  1U.  L 

«|  Sometimes  used  before  a  noun  singular. 
••  Some  hour  before  you  took  me  " 

Shaketp. :  Twelfth  Might.  U.  L 

6.  Considerable  in  number  or  quantity  :  as, 
It  is  some  distance  away. 

7.  Expressing  those  of  one  part  or  portion, 
•s  distinguished  from  others  ;  certain. 

••  AuJ  everich  hath  of  God  a  propre  gift. 
Som  this,  torn  that,  aa  that  liiui  Hketh  shift" 
Chaucer:  WifoS  Bathet  Prologue. 

8.  Used  without  a  noun,  and  almost   as 
equivalent  to  a  pronoun  or  noun. 

"  Some  to  the  shores  do  fly, 
Son*  to  the  woods."          Daniel.    (Todd.) 

\  Frequently  followed  by  of. 

"  Some  o/your  function,  mistress." 

Shaketp.:  Othello,  tv.l 

9.  Used  pronomiually,  and  equivalent  to 

"  Go,  tome  of  you,  and  fetch  a  looking-glass." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  11.,  i». 

B.  As  adv. :  Somewhat,  a    little,    rather. 
(Scotch  &  Amer.) 
*  II  All  and  some :  One  and  all. 

-tome,  stiff.  [A.S.  -sim,  as  in  wyn-sum  =  win- 
•ome ;  cf.  Icel.  somr,  as  in  fridh-samr  =  peace- 
ful ;  Ger.  -saw,  as  in  langsctBi  =  slow  ;  Dut. 
-mam.  Identical  in  origin  with  same  (q.v.), 
mod  equivalent  to  like.]  A  suffix  used  with 
certain  adjectives  and  substantives,  as  hand- 
tome,  gladsome,  blithesome,  gamesome,  win- 
jome,  &c.,  to  indicate  a  considerable  degree 
of  the  quality  expressed  by  the  adjective,  as 
mettlesome  =  full  of  mettle  or  spirit,  &C, 

«6me  -bod-y,  s.    [Eng.  some,  and  body.] 

1.  A  person  unknown  or  uncertain  ;  a  per- 
lon  indeterminate. 

"  If  languages  and  copies  all  cry,  No  1 
Somebody  proved  it  centuries  ago." 

Cmfper :  Progrett  of  Error,  ML 

2.  A  person  of  consideration  or  importance. 

"  Before  these  days  rose  up  Theudas,  boasting  him. 
self  to  be  lomebody.  —  Actt  v.  86. 

•ome  deal,  *  some-dele,  *  some-del, 
some-dele,  adv.  &  s.  [A.S.  sunuUtl.) 

A.  As  adv. :  In  some  degree  or  measure ; 
•omewhat. 

"  Now  old  and  tomedele  grey."— Scott :  Antiquary, 
eh.  vl. 

B.  As  svbst, :  Some  part  or  portion  ;  some. 

"Then  Brenue  .  .  .  sayd  in  his  game,  ryche  goddes 
must  gyue  to  men  tomedele  of  theyr  rycueaae. '— Fa- 
by  an :  Chronicle,  ch.  xxri, 

t some-gate,  adv.  [Eng.  some,  and  gate.] 
Somehow,  somewhere.  (Scotch.) 

"  He  could  tomrgate  gar  the  wee  pickle  sense  he  had 
gang  further."— Scott :  Old  Mortality,  ch.  viii. 

l6me'-ll6%,  adv.  [Eng.  some,  and  how.]  In 
some  way  or  other ;  one  way  or  other  ;  in  a 
manner  not  yet  known,  explained,  or  denned. 

"  They  may  be  swelled  somehow,  so  as  to  shorten 
the  leugth."— Cheyne. 

*som-er,  s.  [O.Fr.  somier,  sommier,  sumer.]  A 
tumpter-horse(q.v.);  a  pack-horse. 

"  Our  land  dooth  yield  no  asses,  and  therefore  we 
want  the  generation  of  mules  aud  tomert."—Holin- 
Oud;  Oetcript.  Sna.,  bk.  Hi,  cU.  L 

•om'-er-sault,  som  cr  set  (1),  'sum 
mer-saut,  •  som  cr  saut,  s.  [A  corrupt, 
of  Fr.  soufrresau^(,  from  Ital.  sopra  salto,  from 
•opra  (Lat.  supra)  =  above,  and  salto  (Lat.  salt- 
us)  =  a  leap,  a  bound.  ]  A  leap  in  which  a  man 
turns  heels  over  head,  alighting  on  his  feet. 

"  I  will  only  make  him  break  his  neck  In  doing  a 
Hmertet."—Hetum.  A  Flet.  :  Fair  Maid  of  the  7nn.lv 

•Jm  er  sot  (2),  >.    [See  def.J 

Saddlery :  A  saddle  padded  before  the  knee 
and  behind  the  thigh  ;  originally  made  for 
Lord  Fitzroy  Somerset,  from  whom  it  takes 
Its  name,  who  had  lost  his  leg  below  the  knee 
at  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

•som'-er-set,  ».i.  [SOMERSAULT,*.]  To  turn 
heels  over  head. 

"  In  such  extraordinary  manner  does  dead  Catholl 
elsm  tomertet  and  caper." — Carlyle :  French  Revolution 
pt  11,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  iL 

•om'-er-vHa-ite  (1),  s.  [After  Somerville 
New  Jersey,  where  it  is  found ;  suff.  -itt 
(ifin.).] 

Aftn. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  three  distinc 
raneties  :  (1)  A  thin,  green,  transparent  in 


crustation;  (2)  bluish-green,  earthy,  light, 
becoming  transparent  when  immersed  in 
water  ;  (3)  pale  greenish-blue,  and  sufficiently 
hard  to  take  a  polish.  Compos.  :  variable, 
but  is  essentially  a  hydrated  silicate  of  copper 
mixed  with  free  silica. 

som'-er-vfll-Ite  (2),  s.  [After  Dr.  Somerville ; 
suff.  -ite  (Min.)  ;  Ger.  sommerui((i(.] 
.Win. :  The  same  as  MELILITE  (q.v.). 

*  som'-er-wdrt,  s.    [Mid.  Eng.  somer  =  sum- 
mer, and  wort.]    [SUMMERWORT.] 

Bot. :  The  genus  Aristolochia,     (Britten  6t 
Holland.) 

some  -thing,  s.  &  ado.    [A.S.  sumdhing.] 

A.  AA  subshnit-Lve : 

1.  An  indeterminate  or  unknown  event ;  an 
affair,  a  matter :  as,  Something  has  happened. 

2.  An  indeterminate,  unknown,  or  unspeci- 
fied material,  tiling,  or  substance :  as,  There 
Is  something  in  the  way. 

3.  A  part,  a  portion  more  or  less ;  some ;  an 
Indefinite  quantity  or  degree ;  a  little. 

"  To  the  most  of  praise  add  tomething  more." 

Shaketp. :  Sonnet  85. 

4.  An  indeterminate  or  unspecified  work, 
task,  or  object. 

"  Something  attempted,  tomething  done." 

Long/turn*:  Village  BlackamUk. 

5.  A  person  or  thing  of  consideration  or 
Importance ;  a  person  or  thing  deserving  of 
consideration. 

"If  a  man  think  himself  to  be  tomething,  when  he 
is  nothing,  he  decelveth  himself— Oalattanl  vi.  s. 

B.  As  adverb  : 

1.  In  some  degree  or  measure ;  somewhat, 
rather,  a  little  ;  to  some  extent. 

"  I  prattle  tomething  too  wildly." 

Shaketp.  :  TempeU.  UL  L 

*  2.  At  some  distance. 

"  For  't  must  be  done  to-night. 
And  tomething  from  the  palace." 

Shaketp.  :  Macbeth,  ill.  1. 

sime'-time,  adv.  &  a.    [Eug.  some,  and  time.] 
A*  As  adverb : 

1.  Once,  formerly ;  at  one  time. 

"  Sometime  a  keeper  here  in  Windsor  forest" 

Shaketp. :  Merry  Winet,  iv.  4. 

2.  At  one  time  or  another ;  now  snd  then ; 
sometimes. 

"Somaime  too  hot  the  eye  of  heaven  shines." 

Shaketp. :  Sonnet  75. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Having  been  formerly  ;  being 
or  existing  formerly ;  former,  late,  whilom. 

"  My  tometime  general."    Shaketp. :  Coriolanut,  iv.  L. 

some'- times,   adv.     [Eng.  tome,  and  time, 

with  the  addition  of  the  adverbial  suffix  -s 

(the  sign  of  the  genit.  sing.),  as  in  needs,  twice.} 

1.  At  times,  at  intervals  ;   from  time   to 

time ;  now  and  then  ;  not  always. 

*  2.  Once,  formerly ;  at  an  indefinite  past 
period. 

"  The  dowager,  tometimet  our  brother's  wife." 

Shaketp. :  Henri  rill..  IL  4. 

some  -what,  *  som-hwat,  t.  &  adv.  [A.S. 
sumhwost.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Something,  though  it  be  uncertain  what 

"Somexhat  we  must  do."      Shaketp. :  Jtich.  //..li.2. 

2.  Something ;  more  or  less ;  a  certain  p,uan 
tity  or  degree,  indeterminate  or  not  specified. 

"  This  gentleman  told  tomevthat  of  my  tale." 

Shaketp. :  Meaturefor  Meature,  v.    . 

B.  As  adv. :  In  some  degree  or  measure 
rather,  a  little  ;  to  some  extent 

"  Yet  for  a  dance  they  seem'd 
Somewhat  extravagant"         Milton  :  P.  1.,  TL  «!«. 

*  some'-when,  adv.    [Eng.  some,  and  when. 
At  some  indefinite  time ;  sometime  or  other. 

some -where,  adv.  [A.S.  mmhwctr.]  In  o 
to  some  place  or  other  unknown  or  not  speci 
fled  ;  in  one  place  or  another. 

"  He's  totnetehere  gone  to  dinner." 

Shaketp.  :  Comedy  of  Errort,  11.  L 

*  some'-whlle,  adv.    [Eng.  «om«,  and  while. 
Once ;  for  a  time. 

"  Under  colour  of  the  shepherds  tomewhile 
There  crept  in  wolTes  fall  of  fraud  and  guile." 
Spenter :  Shepheardt  Calender ;  May. 

*  some'-whi-tner,   adv.     [Eng.  some,  ant 
whither,]     To   some    indefinite   or    indeter 
urinate  place. 

so'-mite,  «.    [SOMATO-.] 

Zool.:  A  segment  of  the  body  in  an  annulos 
animal. 


dm  -ma-ite,  s.    [After  Monte  Sonima,  wher* 
found  ;  "suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  LEUCITE  (q.v.). 

6m  ma-ru'-ga-ite,  s.    [After  E.  von  Som- 
maruga  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'} 

Min. :  An  auriferous  variety  of  Gersdorfnte 
(q.v.),  found  at  Rezbauya,  Hungary. 

somme,  a.    [SOME.] 
somme,  s.    [SUM,  s.] 

som'-mell  (or  as  som  ma- j?),  s.    [Fr.= 
sleep,  repose,  from  Lat.  somnus.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Sleep,  slumber. 

2.  Music :  A  grave  air  in  old  serious  opexu, 
so  named  as  inducing  sleepiness. 

som'-mer  (1),  »•    [SUMMER  (1),  s.] 

*  som'-mer  (2),  «.    [SUMMER  (2),  «.] 
som  mer-ing,  s.    [SUMMERING.] 

»  som   mer  set,  s.    [SOMERSAULT.] 

som   mite,  s.    [SOMMAITE.] 

Min. :  A  clear  glassy  variety  of  Nephelin* 
(q.v.)found  associated  with  many  other  species 
in  a  volcanic  agglomerate  on  Monte  Sonima. 

*  sSm-nam'-bu-lar,   a.     [Lat.  somnus  = 
sleep,  and  ambulo  ==  to  walk.]    Of  or  relating 
to  somnambulism  or  sleep. 

"Ecstatic  from  tomnambular  repose." 

E.  B.  Browning  :  Jtapoleon  111.  in  Italy. 

*  som -nam- bu- late,  v.i.  &  t.    [SOMNAM- 

BDLAR.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  walk  in  one's  sleep ;  to 
wander  in  a  dreamy  state,  as  a  somnambulist. 

"  He  tomnambttlited  all  about  his  own  mill  in  th* 
daytime."— Daily  Telegraph,  April  1,  1886. 

B.  Trans. :  To  walk  over  or  along   in  a 
state  of  somnambulism. 

"  His  eminence  again  tomnambulatet  the  Promen- 
ade de  la  Rose."— Carlyle :  Diamond  Jfecklace,  cb.  xlv. 

*  Bom-nam-bu  la-tion,  s.    [SOMNAMBO- 
LATE.]   The  act  of  walking  in  sleep ;  somnam- 
bulism. 

«  sSm-nam'-bu-la-tor,  ».  [SOMNAMBO- 
LATE.]  One  who  walks  in  his  sleep  ;  a  som- 
nambulist. 

*  som-nam'-bule,  s.     [SOMNAMBULAB,.]    A 
somnambulist,  a  sleep-walker. 

S&m-nam'-bu-lic,  a.  ISOMKAMBULAH.]  Per- 
taining to  or  practising  somnambulism ;  walk- 
In  one  s  sleep. 

"  Whether  the  act  may  not  have  been  performed  la 
a  tomnambvlic  state."— Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  4,  188*. 

sSm-nam'-bu-Usm,  s.  [Lat.  somnus  =  sleep ; 
ambulo  —  to  walk,  and  Eng.  suff.  -ism.] 

Pathol. :  Strictly  speaking,  the  act  of  walk- 
ing in  one's  sleep,  but  used  in  a  wider  sens* 
for  all  the  phenomena  which  take  place  when 
a  person,  apparently  insensible  to  external 
objects,  acts  as  if  he  were  in  a  state  of  con- 
sciousness. The  somnambulist  not  merely 
dreams  like  others,  but  he  carries  his  dream 
into  action.  Talking  or  crying  in  sleep  is  a 
mild  form  of  somnambulism.  In  the  typical 
cases  of  somnambulism  a  person  rises  from 
bed,  and  sets  about  the  duties  of  the  day,  or 
leaving  the  house  by  a  window,  climbs  upon 
the  roof  unconscious  of  danger,  or,  quitting 
it  by  the  door,  proceeds  to  walk  forth  along 
the  street  or  road.  Sometimes  one  intellect- 
ually disposed  tries  a  difficult  problem  which 
has  baffled  his  efforts  during  the  day,  or  notes 
down  a  fact  which  he  is  anxious  not  to  forget. 
Somnambulism  arises  from  derangement  o* 
the  nervous  system,  and  may  be  idiopathic  or 
symptomatic,  and  is  said  to  be  produced  by 
animal  magnetism.  It  sometimes  appears  to 
exist  along  with  good  health ;  in  most  cases 
there  is  a  tendency  to  catalepsy,  ecstasy,  an<* 
possibly  insanity. 


som  -  nam'- bu- list,    «. 

One  who  is  subject  to  or  practises  somnam- 
bulism ;  one  who  walks  in  his  sleep. 

"The  tomn.imbitlM  directs  himself  with  unerring 
certainty  through  the  moat  intricate  windings.  — 
Bithop  Porteout :  Sermon.  (1769.) 

"  s8m-nam-bn-llst'-lo,  o.  [Eng.  somnamiu- 
list ;  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  or  relating  to  som- 
nambulism ;  affected  by  or  practising  som- 
nambulism. 

"A  tomnambuliftic  murderess."—  Dally 

Sept.  20,  1885. 


fcoil,  D6>;  pditt,  Jtfirt;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  -  C 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  «>»*" ;  -tlon,  -sion  --  »>»""     -clous,  -tloos,  -sious  =  shus.    -  ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4350 


somner— song 


*  som'-ner,  ».    [SCJUIONEE.]    A  snmmoner, 
an  apparitor. 

•Bom-nlal,  a.  [Lat.  somnium  =  a  dream  ; 
samnut  =  sleep.)  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
dreams  ;  involving  dreams.  (Coleridge.) 

•sSm'-nl'-a-tiVe,  *  som'-nl-a-tor-jf,  a. 

[SoMSiAi,.]    Pertaining  or  relating  to  dreams 
or  dreaming  ;  producing  dreams. 

14  Alter  my  svmnlatory  exerciUtlons.'—  PrgutKirt : 
Kaoelalt.  bk.  ill.,  ch.  xxUL 

*  B&n-nie'-u-loUB,  a.    [Lat.  somniculosus  = 
drowsy,  from  somnus  =  sleep.)     Inclined  to 
Bleep  ;  drowsy. 

*  Bom  nlT-er-oas,  a.     [Lat  somnifer,  from 
somnus  =  sleep.  and/»ro  =  to  bring.)  Causing 
or  producing  sleep  ;  soporiferous,  soporific. 

"  They  ascribe  all  to  this  redundant  melancholy, 
which  domineers  in  them,  to  Kmniferiau  potions."— 
Burton  :  Anatomy  of  .WWancftoJy.  p.  6L 

«  sSm-nlf -lo,  a.  [Lat.  somnus  —  sleep,  and 
facia  =  to  make.)  Causing  or  producing  sleep  ; 
somniferous. 

"  All  alike  tomnVU.'—8outl*t :  Doctor,  ch.  vL.  A.  1. 

*  Bom-nii"-u-goii%  a.  [Lat.  somnus  =  sleep, 
and  fago  =  to  put  to  flight.)    Driving  away 
sleep ;  preventing  sleep. 

•sSm-nfl'-d-quenoe,  ».  [Lat.  taamut  — 
sleep,  and  loquens,  pr.  par.  of  lorpjar  =  to 
speak.)  The  act,  custom,  or  habit  of  talking 
in  one's  sleep  ;  somniloquism. 

*  som-nil-o-quism,  s.     [SOMXILOQUENCE.] 
Soiuuiloquence,  sleep-talking. 

•som  nil'-d-qnist,  >•  [SOUKILOQCENCE.] 
One  who  talks  in  his  sleep. 

*  som  nil'  o-quous,   a.     [SOMNILOO.TJENCE.] 
Apt  to  talk  in  one's  sleep. 

*  som-nfl'-S  quy,  ».    [SOMNILOQDENCT.]  The 
act,  habit,  or  custom   of  talking   in   one's 
Bleep ;  somniloqueuce. 

*  som-  nip'-a-thist,  s.    [Eng.  somnipath(y) ; 
-ist.}    A  person  in  a  state  of  somnipathy. 

som -nip' -a- thy,  s.     (Lat.  tarn-ma  —  sleep, 

and    Gr.   trotac   (jiathns)  =.  suffering.]      Sleep 
1     from  some  external  influence,  as  mesmerism. 

Bom   ni  urn,  *.    [Lat.)    A  dream. 

*  som-niV'-«Vlent,  *.    ILat.  sommus  =:  sleep, 
and  rnfcuj,  geuit.  volentis,  pr.  par.  of  volo  = 
to  wnnt,  to  like  to  have.]    An  opiate.    (Uich- 
ardson :  Clarissa,  v.  345.) 

sSm'-nd-lenoe,  Bom'-no-len-ey,  *  scrap 
no-lenco,  n.      [Fr.    somnolence,  from    Lat. 
tomnvlentia,  from  somnulentus  =  sleepy  ;  som- 
nus  =  sleep.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Sleepiness,  drowsiness ;  in- 
clination to  sleep. 

"  jSomnofence  after  meals  Is  a  similar  sign  of  a  weak 
digestion. ~—J/a»»w  fiend :  S*lttm  of  MaJichM. 

2.  Pnthol. :  A  state  intermediat«  between 
sleeping  and  waking  ;  drowsiness. 

"som  -n6-4ent,a.  [Lat.nmmi2entiu.]  Sleepy, 
drowsy  ;  inclined  to  sleep. 

"  11  e  is  invineibly  tomnobmt,"  —  Lamb  :  Letter  to 
ColirUe* 

*  s>oni'-n6-lent-l#,  adv.     [Eng.  somnolent ; 
•ly.]    Sleepily,  drowsily. 

*  Bom  no  lism,  3.     [Lat.  somnus  =  sleep.] 
Tlie  state  of  being  in  magnetic  sleep ;  the 
doctrine  of  magnetic  sleep. 

*  Bom  nop'-a-thlst,  s.    [SOMSIPATHIST.] 

*  BSm-nop'-a-thJ,  «.    [SOMNIPATHY.) 

*  som  one,  *  sompno,  v.t.    [SUMMON.] 

*  Bomp-nour,  s.  [SVMMONEB.]  An  apparitor. 

"  Snyde  this  yimau,  '  Wiltow  fer  to  day  ?' 
This  tompn<mr  auswerd,  and  sayds,  '  Nay."* 

Cftaucwr:  O.  T.,  6.970. 

s6n,  "  Bone.  *  sortne,  *  sane,  a.  [A.S.  sunu ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  zoon;  Icel.  sunr,  sonr ;  Dan. 
arm  ;  Sw.  son  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sunu ;  Goth,  svnus  ; 
Ger.  sohn ;  Lith.  sunus;  Rtisa.  suiri ;  Or. 
i/i 0?  (huios) ;  Sansc.  sitnu,  from  su,  su,  =  to  be- 
get, to  bear.) 

1.  A  male  child  ;  the  male  issue  of  a  parent 
ftther  or  mother.    (Genesis  xxi.  10.) 

2.  Applied  sometimes  to  the  male  offspring 
of  an  animal. 


3.  A  male   descendant,  however  remote  ; 
hence,  in  the  plural,  dMBBOdBata  generally. 

••  Adam's  ton*  are  my  brethren.'— Sketkmp, :  Much 
Jdoabvtit  Xottuii'S.  ii.  1. 

4.  Specif,   with    the    detinite   article,   the 
.    second  person  of  the  G**dliead,  Jesus  Christ, 

the  Saviour.    [1  2.  (1) ;  3.  (3),  (4).] 

5.  A  main  adopted  into  a  family ;  a  male 
dependant ;    any  person  who    stands,  or  is 
suppose.!  to  stand,  in  the  relation  of  a  son  to 
a  parent.    (Kojdus  ii.  10.) 

6.  The  form  of  address  used  by  an  old  man 
to  a  young  one,  by  a  father  confessor  to  his 
penitent,  by  a  priest  nr  teacher  to  his  dis- 
ciple, or  the  like.    (1  Samuel  iii.  6.) 

7.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  a  country. 

"  Ye  free-boru  toni,  BritauiTiia's  boast." 

jtittdin:  Sea  SOILS*. 

8.  The  produce  of  anything. 

"  Earth's  tall  ton*,  the  cedar,  o*k,  and  pine." 

BltKJcmort :  Creation. 

9.  A  person  whose  character  partakes  so 
strongly  of  some  quality  or  characteristic  as 
to  suggest  the  relationship  of  son  and  parent. 

"  Then  wmider  forth  the  font 
Of  Belial,  :lo«  u  with  insolence  and  wine." 

Hilton :  P.  L.,  t  KM. 

1[  1.  Son  before  the  father : 

B»t. :  0)  Petasites  vulgaris;  (2)  Tussilago 
Far/ora ;  (3)  filago  germanica;  (I)  Colchicum 
autumnale;  (5)  EpUobiwm  kirsutum.  (IX  (2), 
and  (4)  are  so  called  because  the  flowers 
appear  before  the  leaves;  (3)  because  tlie 
older  flowers  are  situated  in  the  forks  of  the 
younger  branches  ;  and  (5)  because  the  seed- 
vessels  project  before  the  flower  opens. 

2.  Son  of  God : 

0)  Christ :  (a)  As  Second  Person  of  the 
Trinity,  and  standing  in  a  certain  mysterious 
relation  to  the  First  (Matt,  xiviii.  19) ;  (o) 
because  of  his  miraculous  birth  of  the  Virgin 
Mary  (Luke  i.  86) ;  (c)  because  of  his  resurrec- 
tion (Rom.  i.  *X 

(2)  Applied  to  the  angels  (Gen.  vi.  2 ;  Job 
L  6,  xxxriii.  7),  and  to  believer*  In  Christ 
(Bom.  viii.  14). 

3.  Son  of  Man:. 

0)  A  descendant  of  Adam.  (Job  xxv.  6 ; 
Ps.  cxliv.  31,  mclvi.  S ;  Isa.  Ii.  12,  IvL  2.) 

(S)  A  title  applied  by  way  of  distinction.  It 
occurs  about  eighty  times  in  Ezekiel. 

(3)  The  Messiah.     (Dan.  vii.  18 ;  cf.  Acts 
vU.  56.) 

(4)  A  title  applied  by  Jesns  to  himself  in 
the  Evangelists,  and  ascribed  to  him  by  St 
John  in  the  Apocalypse  (i.  13,  xiv.  14). 

son  in  law,  t.  A  man  married  to  one's 
daughter. 

son's  brow,  s. 

Bo*. :  The  Great  Hush  or  Bulrush. 

BO'-nance,  so  -nan-jy,  ».    [SOKAHT.] 
*  1.  A  sound,  a  tune. 

"  Let  the  trumpets  sound 
The  tucket  tenance."      Shakctp. :  Benrjf  F.,  III.  1 

2.  The  quality  of  being  sonant ;  sound. 

so  nrtnt,   a.  k  s.      [Lat.  sowuu,  pr.  par.  of 
sono'=  to  sound.) 

A.  As  adjective : 

'  1.  OnJ.  Lang. :  Pertaining  to  sound ; 
sounding. 

2.  Pronunc. :  Applied  to  certain  alphabetic 
sounds,  as  those  of  the  vowels,  semi-vowels, 
nasals,  and  flat  mutes,  as  6,  d,  »,  2,  o,  the 
sound  of  which  is  prolonged,  or  uttered  with 
some  degree  of  resonance  or  intonation,  in 
opposition  to  aspirates,  as  >,  th,  and  hard 
mutes  or  surds,  as/,  p,  t. 

B,  As  substantive: 
Pranunc. :  A  sonant  letter. 

"Since  the  sonant  elements  in  connected  speech  are 
(including  the  vowels)  much  more  numerous  tlian  tlie 
surd  the  general  weiitht  o(  the  asauailatiie  force  Is  ill 
the  direction  of  eouancy,  and  surds  are  converted  into 
lontintt  more  often  than  the  reverse." — Whitney  :  Ufa 
*  Qrtnetk  of  Lanffuag*,  ch.  T. 

sS-na'-ta,  s.    [Ital.,  from  sonare  (Lat.  jono)  = 
to  sound.) 

Music:  A  term  origirmlly  applied  to  any 
kind  of  mnsical  composition  for  instruments, 
aa  distinguished  from  vocal  compositions, 
which  were  called  Cantatas.  It  is  now,  how- 
ever, confined  to  compositions  for  solo  instru- 
ments, generally  the  pianoforte.  The  term 
Sonata  or  Suonata,  as  applied  to  a  mnsical 
composition,  was  first  used  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  seventeenth  century.  Those  of 


lime  so  called  had  but  one  movement; 
they  were  in  fact  simply  airs  arranged  in 
parts  fur  an  instrument  or  instruments.  A 
modern  sonata  is  generally  constructed  upon 
the  following  plan  :  The  ttrst  movement  is  an 
allegro,  sometimes  with  an  introduction,  but 
more  frequently  without  one ;  the  second, 
"the  slow  movement,"  is  set  in  any  time,  be- 
tween adagio  and  andante ;  and  the  final 
movement  is  an  allegro.  [CONCEBTO.] 

soh'-chus,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  <royx°s  (songchoi) 
=  the  sow-thistle.) 

Bat. :  Snwthistle;  a  genus  of  Lactncess.  In- 
volucre imbricated  with  two  or  three  rows  of 
unequal  and  at  length  connivent  scales,  tumid 
at  the  base  ;  few-flowered  ;  receptacle  naked  ; 
pappus  pilose;  auhenes  much  compressed, 
not  hooked.  Known  species  about  forty,  from 
temperate  climates.  Tlw  Comm-Mi  Sa\v-tliistle 
(S.  oleracew)  aljounds  in  most  parts  of  Europe, 
as  a  weed  in  gardens  and  cultivated  fields, 
'i'lie  young  tops  and  leaves  are  much  used  as 
s  and  the  plant  is  eaten  by  sheep  and 
swine.  It  is  a  favorite  food  with  the  rabbit 
and  hare. 

80H'-cr.  «•    [SossT.] 
»  85nd  (1),  ».    (SAND.) 

"  Bond  (2),  *  sonde,  s.     [SEND.]    A  message, 
a  dispensation  ;  a  messenger. 

"  Fy  ve  yeer  uml  more,  as  liked  Crlstes  londe, 
Er  that  liir  athip  ar-proched  unto  loude." 

Ckaucer:  C.  T..  1.8H 

,  3.    [Native  name.) 
. :  Crocidma  myosvra,    [MUSK-RAT,  2.] 

*  sono,  adv.    [Soon.] 

*  sone,  ».    [SON.) 

song,  s.    [A.S.  sang,  tong,  from  sang,  pa.  t.  of 
siiigan=  to  sing  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  sang;  IceL 
soiigr;   8w.  sang;    Dut  &  Ger.  sang;   Goth. 
taggvis.] 
1  Literally: 

1.  That  which   is   sung  or  uttered  with 
musical  modulations  of  the  voice,  whether  of 
a  human  being  or  of  a  bird  ;  a  singing. 

"The  night- warbling  bird  that  now  awake 
Times  sweetest  his  lore-labor 'd  long." 

Hilton :  P.  L.,  V.  «. 

2.  A  short  poem  to  be  sung  or  uttered  with 
musical  modulations.    A  musical  letting  of  a 
short  poem  or  portion  of  prose.    The  word  is 
generally  applied  to  solos,  but  sometimes  also 
to  compositions  for  two  or  more  voices.    The 
second  subject  of  a  sonata  is  sometimes  called 
the  "song." 

"This  curloaa  piece  [a  tong  or  catch  In  -praise  of  the 
cuckowi  which  Is  thought  to  be  'the  moat  ancient 
Kiitflish  tong.  wltli  (or  without)  the  musical  notes, 
anywhere  extant,'  is  preserved  in  a  Dutrmtstpl  of  the 
Harleian  Library.'— Kitten:  Ancient  Songs,  i.  L 

3.  A  lay,  a  strain,  a  poem. 

"  Nothing  but  fnnfft  of  death." 

Shoketp. :  Henry  Till..  1.  8. 

4.  Poetry  in  general ;  poetical  compositions, 
verse.    (SliUon:  P.  L.,  iii.  29.) 

IL  fig. :  A  mere  trifle ;  something  of  little 
or  no  value. 

"  Evergreen,  who  was  bought  for  a  mere  son?."— 
Globe.  Sept,  2,  1885. 

•I  (1)  An  old  song :   A  mere  tritte  ;  an  insig- 
nificant sum. 

"  A  hopeful  youth,  newly  advanced  to  great  honour, 
w»a  forced  by  a  cobler  to  resign  for  an  old  lung."— 
•fJBsML 

(2)  Sortg  of  Solomon :  [SOLOMON'S  SONO]. 

(3)  Song  of  the  Three  Holy  Children  : 
Apocrypha :  One  of  the  three  pieces  formerly 

incorporated  with  the  narrative  of  Daniel.  It 
constitutes  a  single  chapter,  with  sixty-eight 
verses.  According  to  Westcott,  "the  ab- 
ruptness of  the  narrative  in  Daniel,  furnished 
an  occasion  for  the  introduction  of  tlie  prayer 
and  the  hymn"  immediately  after  iii.  23,  but 
the  fragment  is  now  placed  in  most  copies 
of  the  Apocrypha  between  Baruch  and  the 
History  of  Susanna.  It  opens  with  a  prayer 
of  Azarias  from  the  midst  of  the  Ore  (1---), 
describes  the  fierceness  of  the  flame  (23-27), 
and  concludes  with  a  call  from  the  three  con- 
fessors to  the  heavens,  the  angels,  tbe  earth, 
the  winds,  the  animals,  man,  the  servants  of 
God,  and  specially  themselves,  to  worship 
and  bless  the  Lord.  The  prayer  of  Azarias 
seems  to  have  had  a  different  author  from  the 
rest  of  the  book.  It  makes  no  allusion  to  tlie 
fiery  furnace,  and  while  verse  15  tells  that  the 
temple  with  its  worship  had  ceased  to  exist, 
verses  31,  82,  62  imply  tiat  it  bad  not  passed 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p»«, 
«r.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  tall;  try,  Syrian,    a,  ce  =  o;  ey  =  »;  «n  =  lew. 


song— so  of eo 


4351 


•way.  Neither  the  authorship  nnr  the  date 
is  known.  The  Codex  Al&xandriniis  places 
the  book  as  two  psalms  at  the  end  of  the 
Psalter,  calling  them  "  The  prayer  of  Azarias" 
and  the  "Hymn  of  our  Fathers."  Oilier 
Greek  and  Latin  psalters  adopt  the  same  ar- 
rangement, and  verses  35-66,  under  the  name 
of  the  BeneUieite,  have  been  used  litnrgically 
In  tht-  Christian  Church  from  the  fourth  cen- 
tury till  now. 

Bong-bird,  s.  A  singing-bird,  a  bird  that 
sin^s ;  they  are  chiefly  confined  to  certain 

families  of  the  Insessores. 

*  song  craft,  s.     The  art  of  composing 
Bongs  ;  skill  in  versification, 

song-sparrow,  s. 

Ornith. :  Melospiza  melodia,  a  common  North 
American  species,  about  six  inches  long, 
rufous-brown  above,  white  below,  breast  and 
sides  with  dark  rufous  streaks. 

song  thrush,  s.    [THRUSH.] 
song,  pret.  of  v.     [SiHo.] 

•cfirig'-iul,  a.  [Eng.  sang;  •fid(l).']  Disposed 
or  able  to  sing ;  melodious. 

*  song  -Ish,  a.     [Eng.  song,  s. ;    -ish.]    Con- 
sisting of  or  containing  songs. 

"The  recitative  part  of  the  opera  requires  *  more 
masculine  beavty  of  expression  ami  sound  :  tike  other. 
wh>  ;h  (for  want  of  a  proper  English  word)  I  mint  call 
the  tongith  part,  must  abound  in  the  softut*s  and 
variety  of  numbers."— Dryd«n  :  Albion's  England. 
'JPref.) 

*  BOng   less,  a.     [Eng.  song ;  -less.] 

1.  Destitute  of  the  power  of  singing  :  as,  a 
tongless  bird. 

2.  Without  song ;  not  singing. 

"  And  silent  rows  the  long!?**  gondolier." 

Syron:  ChiUte  llaro'd.  IT.  S. 

•ongless-birds,  s.  pi. 
Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  the  Mesomyodi 
(q.v.). 

sdng'-Ster,  s.  [A.S.  sangystret  sangestre^z  a 
female  singer.] 

*  1.  A  female  singer. 

"  Wascel.  like  a  neat  semptter  and  totigrter;  her  rage 
bearing  a  browu  bowl." — Ben  Jonson:  Mtuy*e  of 
Chrittmat. 

t  2.  Oue  who  sings ;  one  who  is  skilled  in 
ringing.  (Seldom  applied  now  to  human 
beings  except  in  contempt.) 

*  3.  A  writer  of  songs. 

"  He  from  Italian  tongttcrt  takes  his  cue ; 
8tt  Paul  to  music,  he  shall  quote  him  too.** 

Covtpar  :  PrograM  of  Error,  Hi 

4.  A  bird  that  sings ;  a  song-bird. 

"  Innumerous  tangtttrt,  in  the  freshening  shade 
Of  new-sprung  leaves.         Thornton  :  Spring,  608. 

*6hg  stress .  s.  [Eng.  songster;  -ess;  the 
word  is  thus  really  a  double  feminine.]  A 
female  singer.  (Thomson:  Summer^  706.) 

IT  A  word  of  recent  introduction,  and  which 
was  not  introduced  till  it  had  been  forgotten 
that  songster  was  originally  feminine.  (Trench: 
English  Past  <&  Present,  p.  112.) 

•dn'-J-fer,  s.  [SONIFEROUS.]  An  acoustic 
Instrument  for  collecting  sound  and  convey- 
ing it  to  the  ear  of  a  partially  deaf  person. 

•6-nIf ' -er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  s^nus  =  sound,  and 
fero  =  to  bear,  to  bring.]  Producing  or  con- 
veying sound.  [SONOROUS,  %] 

"Let  the  subject-matter  of  sounds  be  what  It  will 
either  the  atmosphere  In  gw»s,  or  the  lethereal  part 
thereof,  or  toniferaut  par  tides  of  bodies,  a*  some 
taiicy."— Dtrham:  Phytteo-Tkeology,  bk.  iv.,  ch,  ill. 

son  -less,  a.  [Eng.  son ;  -less.]  Having  no 
son  ;  destitute  of  a  son. 

"  For,  *on/e«  left  long  years  ago. 
His  wrath  made  man;  a  childless  foe." 

Byron :  Siege  of  forfeit  A .  XXV. 

*  sonne  (1),  a.    [SON.] 

*  sonne  (2),  s.    [SUN.] 

*  sin -no-kin,  s.     [Eng.  son;   dimin.   snff. 
•kin.]    A  little  son. 

"This  word  nrnSiois,  toTUuktn."—UdaJ:  Apoph,  qf 
fraimiu,  p.  233. 

•fin  ner  dt  i  a,  s.  [Named  after  M.  Sonnerat, 
a  French  botanical  traveller.] 

Bot. :  A  genns  of  Myrtese.  Known  species 
eight;  trees  from  the  East  Indies.  Sonneratia 
acida,  a  small  evergreen  tree  growing  in  tidal 
creeks  and  littoral  forests  of  India,  Burmah, 
&c.,  produces  a  slightly  acid  and  bitter  fruit 
eaten  in  the  Sunderbunds.  The  Malaya  nse 
it  as  a  condiment,  and  a  species  of  silkworm 
feeds  on  its  leaves. 


son    net,  *  son    et,  *son-ette,  s.      [Fr. 

son.net,  from  Ital.  aonetto,  diuiin.  of  sono  (Lut. 
sojius)  =  a  sound.  ] 

1.  A  short  poem,  especially  of  an  amatory 
kind.    At  first  it  was  not  imperative  that  it 
should  consist  of  exactly  fourteen  lines. 

"  He  [Arion]  bad  a  wonderful  desire  t«  ohnunt  a 
lonn-'t  or  hymn  unto  Apollo  I'yUiiu*."—  /*.  Holland: 
Plutarch'*  Jforalt,  p.  343. 

2.  The  sonnet  proper  is  a  form  ot  verse  of 
Italian  origin,  and  consists  of  fourteen  lim-s, 
each  of  five  accents,  the  whole  being  divided 
into  two  unequal  parts  —  (1)  the  tirst  of  eight 
lines,  (-2)  the  second  of  six.   (1)  In  the  first  y  n't 
there    are    two  four-line   stanzas.     In   each 
stanza  the  two  middle  lines  rhyme  together, 
and  the  two  outside  lines  rhyme  to^ellKT, 
and    the    second    stanza,    repeats    the    same 
rhymes  as  the  tirst.      (2)   The  second  i«rt 
consists  of  two  three-line  stanzas.    The  first, 
second,  and   third   lines  in  the  first  stanza 
rhyme  severally  with  the  first,  second,  and 
third  lines  in  the    second    stanza.      In  the 
second  part  of  the  sonnet  great  variety  pre- 
vails.   The  Bix  lines  all  rhyme  in  some  way 
together;  but  sometimes  there  are  only  two 
rhymes  instead  of  three.    Shakespeare's  son- 
net consists  of  fourteen  lines,  each  of  five 
accents.     The  first  twelve  rhyme  alternately  ; 
the  last  two  rhyme  together. 

sonnet-  writer,  s.    A  sonneteer. 

"George  Whetston.  *  tminrit-  writer  of  some  rank,"  — 
Warttm:  Mite.  English  Poetry,  ill.  483. 

*  ftdn'  -net,  v.i.  &  t.    [SONNET,  s.} 
A«  Intrans.  :  To  compose  sonnets. 
B.  Trans.  :  To  compose  sonnets  in  honour 
of. 

"They  tonneted  her.'—  a.  Jamet't  Qntctti,  Feb.  14, 
1887. 

sdn-net-eeV,  *.  Jltal.  sonettiere  ;  Fr.  son- 
netier.]  A  composer  or  writer  of  sonnets  or 
small  poems  ;  a  small  or  petty  poet. 

"And  shows,  dissolved  in  thine  own  melting  tears, 
The  maudlin  prince  of  mournful  tminete" 


:  SngHfk  Burdt  A  Scotch  fi 

'Btfn-nSt-eeV,  v.i.     [SONNETEER,  ».j    To 

compose  sonnets  ;  to  rhyme. 

*  son  -net-ing,  5.    [Eng.  sonnet;  -ing.}    The 
act  of  composing  sonnets  ;  the  act  of  singing, 

"  Tush,  none  but  miustrehi  like  of  tonnetrng." 

Xhttketp.  :  Liive't  Labour's  Lvtt,  IT.  8. 

*  son'-  net  -1st,  *.    [Eng.   sonnet;   -ist.]    A 
sonneteer. 

I        "  Great  Solomon  sings  In  the  heavenly  quire, 
Aud  la  become  a  new-found  innm-r-at' 


. 
:  ttatirtt,  i.  8. 

*  son'-net  -ize,  v.i.  &  t.    [Eng.  sonnet;  -ize.] 

A*  Intrans.  :  To  compose  or  write  sonnets. 
B.  Trans.  ;  To   celebrate  in   a   sonnet  or 
sonnets. 

"Now    could    T    trmnetize    thy    pltooui    plight."  — 
S"uthty  :  A'ondetcripts,  v. 

*  son  nish,  a.    [Mid.  Eng.  sonne  =  sun  ;  -ish.] 

Like  the  sun  or  its  beams  ;  sunny. 

Bon'-nite,  «.    [SUNNITE.] 

so-no'-ma-ite,  s.     [After  Sonoma  County, 
California",  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (A/in.).] 

Min.  :  A  sulphate  related  to  Pickeringite 
(q.v.).  Crystalline  ;  sp.  gr.  1*004  ;  lustre  silky  ; 
colourless.  An  analysis  yielded  :  sulphuric 
acid,  38*54  ;  alumina,  8*01  ;  protoxide  of  iron, 
178;  magnesia,  7'33;  water  [44'34]  =  100, 
which  yields  the  formula  3MgS04+  [AIS]83O12 
+  SSaq. 

so-nSm'-e-ter,  9.    [Lat.  sonus  =  a  sound, 
and  Gr.  nerpov  (metron)  =  a  measure.] 

1.  Acoustics  : 

(1)  An  instrument  devised  by  Marloye  for 
determining  the  number  of  vibrations  made 
by   a   string   emitting   any    musical  sound. 
It  is  provided  with  a  series  of  weights,  to 
vary  the  tension  of  the  central  string,  the 
others  being  tuned  by  pegs,  and  has  three 
divided    scales,    one    corresponding   to   the 
modified  chromatic,  gamut,   another   to  the 
true    chromatic   gamut,  and    the  third  the 
French  metre  divided  to  thousandths. 

(2)  An  instrument  for  testing  the  hearing 
capacity  of  a  patient.     It  consists  of  a  small 
bell  on  a  table,  caused  to  make  a  definite 
number  of  vibrations  in  a  given  time. 

2.  Elect.:  A  form  of  the  induction-balance, 
which  may  be  used  for  testing  the  sensitive- 
ness of  hearing,  comparing  resistances,  mea- 
suring the  sensitiveness  of  telephones,  &c. 


So-nb'r'-a,  s.    [See  def.] 

Ge^g. ;  The  most  north-westerly  state  of 
Mexico. 

Sonora-gum,  s. 

Ckern. :  A  lac  produced  by  the  puncture  of 
a  coccus  in  Mimosa  <xrifera.  Loug  used  in 
Mexico  as  an  irritant. 

*  06-nor-ir -ic,  a.    [Lat.  sonus  =  sound,  and 
facio  —  to  make.]    Producing  sound. 

"  A  clock  strikes,  and  points  to  tlie  hour  ...  an 
Indicating  form  and  tothsrific* quality."—  Wmttt:  Logic, 
pt.  L,  ch.  vL,  s  3. 

so-noV-I-t^r,  s.    [SONOROUS.]    Sonoroi: 

"There  is  at  this  moment  no  baritone  to  be  com- 
pared  for  mellow  richness  aud  tonurtty  to  his." — Ulvbt, 
Feb.  t,  1885. 

8O-n6r'-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  sonorus  =  loud  Bound- 
ing, from  sonor  (^-'iiit.  sonoris)  =  sound  ; 
O.  Fr.  sonoreux;  Fr.  sonore;  Sp.  &  Ital.  stmoro.) 

1.  Giving  out  sound,  as  when  struck ;  re- 
sonant, soundiug. 

"All  tin-  while 
Sonortna  metal  blowing  nmrti;i!  sounds." 

MUttm  :  f.  i.,  i.  640. 

2.  Loud  sounding ;  giviug  a  clear,  loud,  OP 
full-volumed  sound. 

"And  near  the  story's  cnid  a  deep 
Sonortna  sound  at  times  was  beard." 

Longfellow:  Wayside  Inn.    (Finale.) 

*  3.  Yielding  sound  ;  characterized  by  sound ; 
sonant:  as,  The  vowels  are  sonorous.  (Dryden.) 
4.  High-sounding;  magnificent  of  sound. 

"His  expressions  are  tonoront  and  more  uoble  ;  his 
verse  more  numerous,  and  bis  words  are  suitable  to 
his  thoughts,  sublime  aud  lofty."— &ryd#n  .  Juvenal. 
(Ded.) 

![  Sonorous  is  properly  applied  to  bodies 
which  produce  or  originate  sound;  sonifemus 
to  bodies  which  convey  the  sound,  or  rather 
the  vibrations  of  the  sound,  to  the  ear. 

sonorous-figures.  *.  pi. 

Acoustics :  Figures  formed  by  the  vibra- 
tions produced  by  sound.  If  the  bow  of  a 
violin  be  drawn  across  the  edge  of  a  plate  of 
glass  covered  with  any  fine  powder,  the 
powder  will  form  figures  standing  in  a  certain 
relation  to  the  tone  sounded.  The  figures 
depend  upon  the  nodal  lines  formed  by  the 
vibrations  of  the  plate.  Called  also  Acoustic- 
figures  and  Sound-tig  ores. 

85-nbV-OUft-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  sonorous;  *ly.] 
In  a  sonorous  manner ;  with  sound ;  reso- 
nantly. 

"  Making  a  noise  like  a  hog  that  eat  graiiu,  UUM 
Ing  aud  grunting  very  tonorously." — More:  Antid- 
agatout  Atheitm,  ok.  id.,  ch.  ix. 

so-ndr'-ous-neas,  s.    [Eng.  sonorous;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sonorous  ; 
the  quality  or    property  of  yielding  sound 
when  struck,  or  coming  Into  collision  with 
another  body. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  having  or  giving 
out  a  loud  or  clear  sound. 

"To  attain  their  full  and  beat  Maeoning  for  •onor- 
outnett."— Boyle;  Works.  L  460. 

3.  Magnificence  of  sound. 

son  Ship,  s.  [Eng.  son;  -ship.]  The  state, 
condition,  or  position  of  a  son  ;  the  relation 
of  a  son. 

"Regeneration  on  the  part  of  the  grantor.  God 
Almighty,  means  admission  or  adoption  into  tonthip, 
or  spiritual  citizenship."—  Wat«rlaad:  Works,  iii.  me. 

son'-sjf,  son  -sie,  a.  [Gael.  &  Ir.  sonas 
—  prosperity,  happiness.]  Lucky,  fortunate, 
good-humoured,  good-looking,  fat,  pleasant, 
plump,  thriving,  in  good  condition.  (Scotch.) 

"  My  tuntie.  smurkiug,  dear-bought  Beat." 

*  son'-ties,  s.    [A  corrupt  of  sanctity,  or  of  Fr. 
sante  =  health.]    (See  etym.) 

H  ByOod's  tonttn.  'twill  be  a  bard  -way  to  hit"— 
Shaketp.:  Merchant  of  Venice,  ii  2. 


p  s.    [Native  name.]   A  mixed  striped 
fabric  of  silk  and  cotton  in  India.  (Simmonds.) 
soo  ghorig',  s.    [SOUCHONG.] 

soo-dra,  su'-dra,  *  soo-der,  *.  [Sans.] 
The  fourth  caste"  in  the  old  Hindoo  social 
system.  It  contained  the  labouring  classes. 
It  lias  now  split  into  a  large  number  of  dis- 
tinct castes,  perhaps  a  hundred  existing  m 
any  ordinary  locality.  For  instance,  gold- 
smiths,  blacksmiths,  carpenters,  &c.,  are  not 
merely  distinct  callings  but  distinct  castes. 

[CASTE.] 

soo  fee,  «.    [Son.] 


boil,  b<Sp-;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  geU,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^iat.    -Ing. 
-cian, -tian  =  shan.   -tlon, -eion  ^  ahun ; -fion, -sion  =  zhun.    -clous, -tious, -sious  =  shus.   -ble, -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4352 

•oo-Ja,  *.    [SOY.] 

floo'-Jee,  sou  -lee,  t.  [Hind.,  Ac.]  Indian 
wheat  ground  out  not  pulverized;  a  kind  of 
semolina.  It  often  forms  a  part  of  an  Anglo- 
Indian's  breakfast. 

Book  ies,  sook  Ies,  souks,  «.  [Etym. 
doubtful.] 

So*.  ;  Trifolium  pratenst  and  the  genus  Tri- 
foliuin  (q.v.). 

SOOl*  5.     [So0L  (2).] 

soom,  v.t.    [Swm.J    (Scotch,) 

soon,  *sone,  "soone,  tulr.&a.  [A..S.  s6na 
=  soon  ;  cogn.  with  O.  Fris.  sdn,  s6n  ;  O.  Sax, 
tan  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sdn  ;  Goth,  suns,  suns.] 

A.  As  adverb  : 

L  In  a  short  time  ;  shortly  after  any  speci- 
fied or  supposed  time  ;  shortly,  not  long. 

"{He]  gins  to  chide,  but  toon  she  atoj*  bU  lips." 

Shakeip.  :  fmtu  *  Adonii,  44. 

2.  Early  ;  before  the  usual  time. 

"  How  ii  It  that  je  are  come  to  toon  to-day  t  "  —  Mxod, 
11.18. 

3.  Easily,  quickly,  readily,  shortly. 

"Small  light*  are  toon  blown  out* 

SKatetp,  :  Rape  of  Litcrece,  Ml, 

4.  Readily,  willingly.    (Used  with  would  or 
other  word  expressive  of  will.) 

"  I  would  as  toon  aee  a  river  winding  through  wood* 
And  meadows,  as  wheii  It  is  towed  up  in  so  many 
whimsical  figures  at  Versailles.*1—  Additon  :  Guardian, 

*5.  As  early  as  ;  no  later  than.  (Used  in 
old  phrases  sucii  as  soon  at  night  =  early  this 
evening;  soon  at  Jive  o'clock  =  as  early  as  live 
o'clock.) 

"  I  shall  see  you  toon  at  night" 

Shaketp-  :  Otketlo.  111.  4. 

As  adj.  :  Speedy,  quick. 

"  Hake  yon  tooneit  haste." 

.  ;  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  ill.  1 


5  (1)  As  soon  as,  So  soon  as  :  Immediately 
at  or  after  a  certain  event.  (Exodus  xxxii.  19.) 

(2)  Sooner  or  later:  At  some  future  time, 
more  or  less  near. 

soon  dree,  soon  der,  sun  -der,  sun  - 
dri,  s.  [Beugali.l 

Bot.  :  Heritiera  liUoralis,  a  tree  growing 
abundantly  in  the  alluvial  soil  intersected  by 
many  channels,  fringing  the  shores  of  Bengal, 
and  called  after  it  the  Snuderbunds  or  Soon- 
derbunds. 

•oon  eo,  soon   nee,  s.    [SUNSITK.] 
soon    er,  adv.     More  willingly,  preferably. 

soon'  er,  «.  One  who  acts  prematurely  or 
before  the  appointed  time  ;  used  as  an  epithet 
indicating  push  and  unusual  energy.  (U.S. 
Oolloq.) 

•soon'-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  soon;  -ly.}  Quickly, 
•peedily,  soon. 

'*  A  mason  meets  with  a  stone  that  wants  no  cutting, 
and,  toonly  approving  of  it,  placet  it  in  his  work."— 
MOT*. 

•oop,  i-.f.    [SWEEP,  v.}    (Scotch.) 

Boo-pa  ree,  su  pa  ri,  s.  [Mahratta  tu- 
pan  ;  Hind,  supiyari.]  The  fruit  of  the  Areca 
or  Betel  nut  tree.  Often  with  pan  (=  leaf) 
prefixed. 

•oop  -ing,  s.    [Soop.] 

1.  The  act  of  sweeping. 

2.  (PI.)  :  What  is  swept  up   or  together  ; 

sweepings. 

Boor  acks,  soor-acks,  sour'  acks,  «. 

[Ger.  'sdurach.] 
Bot.  :  Rumex  Acetosa  and  R.  Acetosetta. 

•oor  ma,  sur  ma.  *.  [Hind.  =  antimony.] 
A  preparation  of  antimony  with  which  Indian 
women  anoint  the  eyelids. 

soo  shorig,  ».    [SOUCHONG.] 

BOO  sod,  su'-su,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool.  :  Platanlsta  gangelica,  the  Oangetlc 
Dolphin,  one  of  the  oldest  Cetaceans  known, 
since  Pliny  and  £Uiau  both  allude  to  it 
(PLATAN  i  STA.] 

Boot,  'sot,  "sote,s.  [A.8.  s6t;  cogn.  with 
Icel  sot;  Sw.  sot;  Dan.  *nd;  Lith.  sodis;  Ir. 
tvth;  Gael,  ruith;  Wei.  swta.}  Small  carbon- 
aceous particles  arising  from  fuel  in  a  state 
of  imperfect  combustion,  and  generally  adher- 
ing to  the  sides  of  the  chimney  or  pipe  con- 
veying smoke  upward. 


Litton:  Comut,  823. 


sooja— sop 

soot-wart,  s. 

Pathol. :  A  wart  of  a  cancerous  type  pro- 
duced on  the  scrotum  of  chimney-sweeps  by 
soot.  Called  also  Chimney-sweep's  Cancer. 

*SOOt,    V.t.      [SOOT,    «.] 

1.  To  cover  or  foul  with  soot. 

2.  To  manure  with  soot 

"The  land  waa  tooted  before."  —  Mortimer:  ffut- 
bandry. 

*  soote,  *  sote,  a.    [SWEET,) 

*  SOOt'-er-kin,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  kind 
of  false  birth,  fabled  to  be  produced  by  the 
Dutch  women  from  sitting  over  their  stoves  ; 
hence,  an  abortive  proposal  or  scheme. 

"  Fruits  of  dull  heat,  and  tooterkint  of  wit" 

Pope  :  Dunciad,  L  121 

*  BOOf -flake,  «.     [Eng.  soo(,  s.,  and  flake.]    A 
flalce  or  particle  of  soot,  a  smut,  a  smudge. 

Booth,  *  80th,  *  sothe,  a.  &  s.    [A.S.  sodh 

=  true,  a  true  thing,  truth  ;  cogn,  with  IceL 
$annr;  Sw.  sann;  Dan.  sand.] 

*  A.  As  adjective : 
L  True. 

"  Xe  whiche  U  tals,  ne  which*  is  tooth." 

Goteer  •  C.  A.,  T! 

2.  Pleasing,  delightful,  sweet 
"  The  toothett  shepherd  that  e'er  piped  on  plains.* 

B.  As  substantive : 
1.  Truth,  reality. 

"  He  ligges  »t  Wyiichestre.  the  toth  It  li  to  sela." 
Robert  de  Brunni,  p.  M. 

*  2.  Cajolery,  humouring. 

"  With  words  of  tooth." 

ShaJtetp. :  Kichard  II.,  lit  «. 

**  3.  Prognostication. 

H  In  sooth:  In  truth,  indeed,  assuredly. 

"  In  tooth,  I  kuow  not  why  I  am  so  sad." 

Shakttp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  L 

soothe,  *  soth-I-en,  v.t.  [A.S.  gesodhian  = 
to  prove  to  be  true,  to  confirm,  from  s6dh=. 
true,  sooth  (q.v.) ;  cf.  gesddh  =  a  parasite,  a 
flatterer ;  cogn.  with  IceL  scmna ;  Dan.  sande 
=  to  verify,  to  confirm.] 

*  1.  To  make  true,  to  confirm,  to  verify. 

*  2.  To  assent  to,  as  being  true  ;  to  confirm. 

"  That  thilke  skorne  in  thy  enemies  mowethis  on 
thy  person  be  not  tothed.'— Chaucer ;  Tettament  of 
Loue,\, 

*  3.  To  say  yes  to ;  to  humour  by  assenting. 

"  Good  my  lord,  toothe  him :  let  him  take  the  fellow." 
Shaketp. :  Lear,  lii  i. 

4.  To  humour,  to  flatter. 

"  Ii't  good  to  soothe  him  In  theee  contraries?" 

Shaktip. :  Comedy  of  Errort,  Iv.  4. 

6.  To  gratify,  to  please,  to  delight. 

"  In  this  way  Sir  Edward  was  so  much  toothed  and 
flattered  that  he  ceased  to  insist  on  his  right"—  Mac- 
autay :  ffitt.  Eng.,  ch.  x  v  ii  i. 

6.  To  soften,  to  assuage,  to  mollify,  to 
calm,  to  compose,  to  allay. 

"  Still  there  is  room  for  pity  to  abate 
And  tooth*  the  sorrows  of  BO  sad  a  state." 

Cowper;  Charity,  19ft 

sooth'-er,  s.  [Eng.  sooth(e) ;  -er.]  One  who 
or  that  which  soothes ;  a  flatterer. 

"  I  cannot  flatter :  I  defy 
The  tonguea  of  m<ithm." 

&h^Jtetp.  :  1  Henry  lY.t  IT.  L 

*  SOOth'-fast,  o.    [A.S.  sddhfcest.]   True,  truth- 
ful, upright,  straightforward. 

"  With  good  and  toothfatt  life." 

TuroervUte:  Death  of  B.  ArhundU. 

*  sooth  faat-nesa,  s.   [Eng.  soothfast ;  -ness.] 
Truthfulness,  truth,  reality. 

"  Tberfore  stonde  ye  and  be  ye  gird  abonte  yonre 
leendU  In  toth/attnette."—  Wycliffe :  Effetiet  vi. 

sooth' -ing*  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SOOTHE.] 

sooth' -Ing-ljr,  adv.  [Eng.  soothing;  -ly.]  In 
a  soothing  manner ;  so  as  to  soothe  with  flat- 
tery, soft  or  soothing  words. 

"  The  most  tootMnyly  imd  contentedly  deceived  that 
could  be  found  in  the  world."— Shetton :  Don  Quixote, 
l>t.  IT.,  ch.  vii. 

*Booth-Uch,  'sooth  liche.ody.  [SOOTHLT.] 

*  sooth  ly,   *  sothe-ly,  adv.  &  o.    [Eng. 
sooth;  -ly.] 

A.  As  adv. :  In  truth  ;  in  sooth :  really, 
truly. 

"  Then  view  St.  David's  mined  pile : 
And  home  returning,  toothly  swear. 
Was  never  scene  so  sad  and  fair ! " 

Scott  ;  Lay  of  the  Lint  Minitrtl,  11.  1, 

B.  As  adj. :  True,  real. 

"  This  crooked  ronlon,  for  In  loathly  guise 
She  was  her  genius  and  her  counsellor  " 

JlicXli:  Syr  j/artyn. 


*sooth -ness,  *  ftoth-nes,  s.    [Eng.  sooth} 

•Ties*.]    Truth,  uprightness. 

**  Oregon  wist  this  wel,  and  wilnede  to  my  soule 
Savaciun  for  the  tothneu,  that  he  seih  in  myn  werkes." 
Piert  Plowman,  p.  aot. 

*  sooth   saw,  *  sooth  -say,  *.    [Eng. 
and  saw.] 

1.  A  true  saying,  a  prediction,  a  proverb. 

"  Shewes,  visions,  toothiayet,  and  prophesies." 

Hpenter:  f.  $.,  1L  ix.  H. 

2.  A  portent,  an  omen. 

"  God  turn  the  same  to  good  toothiay." 

Spenter:  f.  «..  III.  TllL  ». 

sooth  -say,  v.i.  [SOOTHSAY,  «.]  To  foretell, 
to  predict. 

"  A  damsel,  possessed  with  a  spirit  of  divination, 
met  us.  which  brought  her  masters  much  gam  by 
9oothtayinff."—Actt  rvL  18. 

*  sooth  -say,  s.    [SOOTHSAW.] 

so6th'-Bay-er,  «.     [Eng.  sooth,  and  sayer.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  predicts  or  fore- 
tells ;  a  foreteller,  a  prognosticate^ 

"  A  tootfuajttr  bids  you  beware  the  ides  of  March,* 
Sfi-ikap. :  Jultui  Catar.  \.  t. 

2.  Entom. :  Any  individual  of  the  family 
Mantilla?,  from  the  old  belief  that  these  in* 
sects  would  indicate  by  gestures  the  road  a 
person  who  had  lost  his  way  should  take. 

"  In  nil  probability  when  the  toothtayer  is  supposed 
to  be  kindly  directing  some  lost  child  in  the  »»y  to 
Its  home,  the  attitude  suggesting  this  kind  action  Is 
really  assumed  for  defensive  parpOMs."— CotMiTi  .Val 
ffitt.,  Vl.  130. 

Booth  -say-Ing,  s.    (Eng.  sooth,  and  saying.} 
*  1.  A  true  saying  ;  truth. 
2.  The  act  of  predicting  or  foretelling;  t 
prediction, 

"Divinations  and  toothtaytngt  and  dreams  an  rain.* 
— Ecflrriattfi  xxzi  v.  5. 

soot  - 1  -  ness,  *.  [Eng.  sooty;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sooty  or  foul  with 
soot. 

*  Boot -Ian,  a.    [Eng.  soot;  -ish.]    Partaking 
of  the  nature  of  soot ;  sooty. 

"Things  become  black  by  a  tootith  and  fuliginous 
matter."— Browne :  Vulgar  Errourt, 

BOOf-&  a.     [Eng.  soot;  -y.] 
I,  Ordinary  language : 

1.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or  resem- 
bling soot ;  fuliginous. 

"  To  defecate  this  oil,  that  U  shall  not  spend  Into  • 
tv-,ty  matter."—  WUkirtt. 

2.  Producing  or  causing  soot. 

"  Fire  of  tooty  coat"          Milton:  P.  L.,  T.  44ft. 

3.  Covered  or  foul  with  soot, 

"  Her  snowy  fingers  combing  his  tooty  beard."—* 
Carrie :  Catvtn  Britannicum. 

4.  Black,  dark,  dusky. 

"  Under  the  tooty  flag  of  Acheron." 

Mttten:  Comut,  901 

IL  Bot. :  Fuliginous  (q.v.). 

sooty-albatross,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Diomedea  fuliginosa,  found  in  all 
temperate  latitudes  south  of  the  Equator. 
Plumage  dark  sooty  gray  ;  head  and  wines 
brown.  These  birds  breed  chiefly  in  the 
island  of  Tristan  d'Acnnha. 

sooty-tern,  *. 

Ornith.  :  Sterna  fuliginosa,  an  intertropical 
specie*.  Itbreedsin  vaetnuml>erson  Ascension 
Island,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Wide-awake.  ' 
It  is  rarely  seen  in  the  temperate  zone.  Tin-re 
is  a  smaller  species  (S.  antatlteta)  known  as  the 
Smaller  Sooty  Tern.  The  plumage  is  sooty 
black  above,  white  below. 

sooty  water-mouse,  s. 

Zool. :  Hydromys  ftiliginosus,  uom  western 
Australia. 

*  soot'-j^,  v.t.    [SOOTY,  a.)    To  make  foul  o? 
dirty  with  soot. 

"  Tanu'd  and  all  tootied  with  noisome  amoke." 

Chapman.    ITodd.) 

sop,  'soppe,  *.  [A.8.  soppa,  soppe  (not  found.  , 
but  seen  in  the  derived  verb  soppigan  =to  , 
sop) ;  cogu.  with  Icel  soppa  =  a  sop,  from  ; 
sopinn,  pa,  par.  of  supa  =  to  sup  ;  topi  —  a 
sup,  a  sip;  O.  Dut.  soppe;  Dut.  top;  Sw.  . 
soppa  =  broth  ;  Low  Ger.  soppe  =  a  sop.  Sop  ! 
and  soup  are  doublets.] 

L  Lit. :    Anything   steeped  or  dipped  and    ; 
softened    in  liquor;    specifically,  something 
thus  steeped  in  broth  or  liquid  food,  and  in- 
tended to  be  eaten. 

"Jeans  annswered.  be  It  Is  to  whom  I  geue  a  toppt, 
when  I  haue  dipt  It."— John  xlil.  (1551.) 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot. 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work.  whd.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cor,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,     ro,  ce  -  c ;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


sop— soporiferous 


4353 


II.  Figuratively: 

1.  Something  given  to  pacify;  in  allusion 
to  the  old  legend  of  sop  given  to  Cerberus, 
the  watch-dog  of  the  infernal  regious,  to 
pacify  him. 

"  Eveu  Cerberus,  when  be  had  received  the  top,  per- 
mitted jEueas  to  pass."—  Dryden:  Postscript  to  the 
<£neit. 

*2.  A  thing  of  little  or  no  value. 
sop  in  wine,  sops  In  wine,  s. 

Hot. :  (1)  Dianthus  Caryophytlus ;  (2)  D. 
plumarius.  (Lyte.)  According  to  Nares  the 
name  was  given  to  any  pink  used  to  flavour 

wine. 

sop,  v.t.     [Sop,  s.]    To  steep  or  dip  in  liquor. 

"  His  cheeks,  as  snowy  apples  sopt  in  wine." 

Fletcher:  Christ's  Triumph, 

^[  To  sop  up :  To  dry  up,  as  by  rubbing  with 
a  dry  cloth,  a  sponge,  &c. 


•  sope, 


[SOAP.] 


•sop-er,  s.    [SUPPER.] 

•oph.0.     [Seedefs.J 

1.  In  the  English  Universities,  an  abbrevia- 
tion of  sophister  (q.v.). 

"Three    Cambridge  sophs,   and   three  pert  Templars 
came."  Pope  :  Dunciad,  it.  S79. 

2.  In  American   Universities,  an  abbrevia- 
tion of  sophomore  (q.v.). 

so  phi,  so  '-phee,  *  so'-phy,  s.    [SOFI.] 

1.  The  same  as  SOFI. 

2.  A  title  of  the  Emperor  or  Shah  of  Persia. 

"By  this  scimitar 
That  slew  the  tophi  and  a  Persian  prince." 

Shakesp. :  Merchant  qf  Venice,  it  L 

•soph'-Ic,    *  soph'-ic-al,   a.      [Gr.    <ro^6s 

(sophos)  —  wise.]    Teaching  wisdom. 

"All  those  books  which  are  called  sophical,  such  as 
the  Wisdom  of  Sirach,  ftc.,  tend  to  teach  the  Jews  the 
true  spiritual  meaning  of  God'a  economy."— Dr. 
ffarris :  On  the  63rd  Chapter  of  Isaiah,  p.  266. 

BOpli'-ie,  s.    [Gr.  enxpi'a  (sophia),  from  <ro<f>d$ 
=  wise.]    Wisdom. 

"  That  in  my  shield 

The  seuen  fold  sophie  of  Minerue  coutein 
A  match  more  mete,  syr  king,  than  any  here. 
Poems  of  Vncertaine  Auctori;  Death  o/Jtoroat. 

'sophime,  s.    [SOPHISM.] 

soph  -ism,  *  soph-isme,  s.  [Fr.  sophisme, 
from  Lat.  sophisma  ;  Gr.  a-o^HO-pa,  (sophisma), 
from  Cronos  (sophos)  =  wise  ;  Sp.  sofisma;  Ital. 
sofisma,  sofismo.]  A  specious  but  fallacious 
argument ;  a  specious  proposition  ;  a  fallacy  ; 
a  subtlety  in  reasoning  ;  an  argument  which 
is  not  supported  by  sound  reasoning,  or  in 
which  the  inference  is  not  justly  deduced 
from  the  premises. 

"  Full  of  subtile  lophismes,  which  doe  play 
With  double  seucea."        Spenser:  F.  Q.,  III.  iv.  28. 

*6ph  ist,  a,  [Fr.  sophiste,  from  Low  Lat. 
sophista ;  Gr.  <ro</>t<mfc  (sophistes)  =  a  cunning 
or  skilful  man,  a  sophist,  a  teacher  of  arts  and 
sciences  for  money,  from  <ro$i$<o  (sophizo)  =* 
to  instruct ;  ao^ds  (sophos)  =  wise  ;  Sp.  & 
Ital.  sofista.] 

1.  Lit.  &  Greek  Hist. :  A  word  used  at  first 
as  an  honourable  title,  but  afterwards  as  a 
term  of  reproach. 

(1)  A  master  of  one's  craft ;  a  person  dis- 
tinguished for  learning  or  ability. 

"A  Sophitt,  in  the  genuine  sense  of  the  word,  was 
a  wise  man,  a  clever  man,  one  who  stood  prominently 
before  the  public  as  distinguished  for  intellect  or 
taleut  of  some  kind.  Thus  Solon  and  Pythagoras  are 
both  called  Sophists. "—  Grote :  Sitt.  Greece,  viii.  480. 

(2)  One  who  demanded  payment  for  philo- 
sophical instruction. 

"  Zeller  (Phil.  d.  Oriech.,  erst.  Theil,  1856,  p.  750)  says 
that  the  specific  name  of  sophist  at  first  merely  desig- 
nated one  who  taught  philosophy  for  pay.  The  philo- 
sophy might  be  good  or  bad  ;  the  characteristic  desig- 
nated by  the  epithet  sophistical  waa  its  demand  of 
moneyfees."— 0.  H.  Lewes :  Hist  Philos.  (ed.  1880).  ii.  109. 

(3)  One  of  a  class  of  men  at  Athens  in  the 
fifth  century  before  Christ,   who  were    the 
chief  public  teachers,  especially  of  the  art  of 
disputation,  which  had  a  special  charm  for 
the  Greeks.    Chief  among  the  Sophists  were 
Protagoras  of  Abdera,  with  his  scholars  Gor- 
gias  and  Prodicus,  and  Hippias  of  Elia.  Blom- 
field  (Encyc.  Metrop.,  s.v.  Socrates)  says  of  them 
"  that  the  principal  merit  to  which  they  laid 
claim  was  that  of  communicating  to  their 
disciples  a  ready,  off-hand  kind  of  knowledge, 
which  might  enable  them  to  talk  speciously 
and  fluently  upon  all  subjects  whatever,  and 
to  impart  to  them  that   pernicious  skill  in 
dialectics  by  which  they  might  baflle  their 
adversary,  whether  right  or  wrong,  and  '  make 


the  worse  appear  the  better  cause.' "  It 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  Sophists 
are  known  only  from  the  writings  of  their 
antagonists  ;  Grote  points  out  that  the  hos- 
tility supposed  to  have  been  entertained  by 
Socrates  to  the  Sophists  is  Platonic  rather 
than  Socratic,  and  Jowett  (Introd.  to  Sophist) 
and  Lewes  take  a  similar  view. 

"  That  the  Athenians  did  not  consider  the  Sophists 
as  corruptors  of  youth  is  unequivocally  shown  in  two 
facts  :  they  did  not  impeach  the  Sophists,  and  they  <lid 


impeach  Socrates.  When  Anaxagoras  the  philosopher 
and  Protagoras  the  tophitt  '  sapped  the  foundations 
of^morality '  by  expressing  opinions  contrary  to  the 


religion  of  Athens,  they  were  banished  ;  but  who 
peached  Gorgiaa,   or    Hippias,  or   Prodicus?"— 8,   H. 
Lewes:  Sitt.  Philot.  (ed.  1880),  ii.  11T. 

2.  A  captious  and  fallacious  reasoner ;  a 
quibbler ;  one  given  to  the  use  of  sophisms. 

SOph'-is-ter,  s.     [Eng.  sophist;  -er.] 

1.  A  professional  teacher  of  philosophy ;  a 
sophist. 

2.  A  quibbling  disputant. 

"  A  subtle  traitor  needs  no  sophister." 

Shakesp. :  2  Henry  VL,  T.  L 

3.  A  University  term  : 

(1)  At  Cambridge  University,  applied  to  a 
student  in  his  second  and  third  years  of  resi- 
dence.   In  the  first  year  he  is  called  a  Fresh- 
man,  or    first-year  man ;    in  the  second,  a 
Junior  sophister  (or  soph),  or  a  second-year 
man  ;  in  the  third  year  a  Senior  sophister  (or 
soph),  or  a  third-year  man  ;  aud  in  the  last 
term  a  Questionist,  in  reference   to  the  ap- 
proaching examination  for  degrees. 

(2)  In  Dublin  University,  a  student  in  his 
third  and  fourth  years.     In  his  first  year  he 
is  called  i>  Junior  freshman  ;  in  his  second,  a 
Senior  freshman  ;    in  his  third,  a  Junior  so- 
phister ;  and  in  his  fourth,  a  Senior  sophister. 

(3)  In    the    older   American    Colleges   the 
junior  and  senior  classes  were  (and  in  some 
cases  still  are)  called  Junior  sophisters  and 
Senior  sophisters  respectively. 

*  soph'-Is-ter,  v.t.  [SOPHISTER,  «.]  To  main- 
tain or  support  by  fallacious  arguments  or 
sophistry. 

"  It  is  well  tophistred  of  you  forsooth.  Preposterous 
are  your  judgment*  evermore."— Fox  ;  Book  of  Martyr*, 
p.  517. 

so  phist'-ic,  so  phist'-ic-al,  a.  [Fr.  so- 
phistique,  from  Lat.  sophisticus  =•  pertaining 
to  a  sophist,  sophistical.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Sophists. 

"We  cannot  wonder  that  he  should  turn  the  rhap- 
sodical element  of  the  Greek  drama  into  a  sophistical 
one." —Donaldson :  Theatre  of  the  Greeks,  p.  137. 

2.  Containing  or  of  the  nature  of  sophistry ; 
fallaciously  subtle  ;  quibbling,  unsound. 

"  A  solution  of  the  difficulty,  which,  I  think,  and 
am  not  afraid  to  call  inconclusive  and  sophistical." — 
Bolingbroke  :  Fragments,  £  21. 

s6-phist'-ic-al-l$r,  adv.  [Eng.  sophistical ; 
-ly.]  In  a  sophistical  manner;  fallaciously; 
with  sophistry. 

"  He  sophistical!?/  argues  that  society  would  certainly 
not  like  him  to  die  of  starvation/— Daily  Telegraph, 
Jan.  19,  1686. 

SO-phiSt'-Ic-al-ness,  s.  [Eng.  sophistical ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sophist- 
ical. 

SO-phlst'-I-cate,  v.t.  [Low  Lat.  sophisti- 
cates, pa.  par.  of  sophistico  =  to  corrupt,  to 
adulterate;  Fr.  sophistiquer ;  Sp.  sofisticar; 
Ital.  sofisticare.} 

*  1.  To  corrupt,  to  pervert,  to  wrest  from 
the  truth. 

"  If  the  passions  of  the  mind  be  strong,  they  easily 
sophisticate  the  understanding. "— Booker:  Eccles, 
Polity. 

2.  To  adulterate  ;  to  make  spurious  by  ad- 
mixture. 

"  It  is  a  crime  of  a  high  nature  to  mingle  or  sophisti- 
cate any  wine  here.  "—Bowell:  Letters,  bk.  1.,  let.  38. 

sS-phist'-I-cat^ed,  *  so  phist'-I  cate,  a. 

[SOPHISTICATE,  v.]    Adulterated;  not  genuine. 
"  The  only  way  to  know  what  is  sophisticate  and 
what  is  not  so,  is  to  bring  all  to  the  examen  of  the 
touchstone. "—GlannU  :  Scepsis  Scientijlca,  ch.  viii. 

so-phlst  i-ca  -tion,  s.    [SOPHISTICATE,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  adulterating  or  making  mot 
genuine  by  admixture ;  adulteration. 

"  fDrugsJ,  whose  preciousness  may  make  their 
sophistication  very  beneficial  to  them  that  practice 
it,"-Boj/le  :  Works,  i.  819. 

2.  Something  adulterated  or  not  genuine ; 
a  spurious  imitation. 

"  The  sophist icatirms  of  or  substitutes  for  butter  sold 
in  the  metropolitan  and  urban  markets."— Daily  Tele- 
graph, March  SO,  1886. 


*  3.  The  act  of  quibbling  or  arguing  sophist- 
ically  ;  sophistry. 

*  4.  A  fallacious  argument  intended  to  de- 
ceive ;  a  quibble. 

s6-pnlst'-i-ca~t6r,  s.  [Eng.  sophisticate); 
-or.]  One  who  sophisticates  ;  one  who 
adulterates  or  destroys  the  genuineness  or 
purity  of  anything  by  foreign  admixture. 

41  I  cordially  commend  that  the  sophisticatort  of 
wine  may  suffer  punishment  nbove  any  ordinary 
thief."—  Whitaker:  Blood  of  the  Qrape  (lU54f,  p.  107. 

*  soph  -ist-ress,  s.      [Eng.'    sophist;    -ress.] 
A  female  sophist. 

"  You  seem  to  be  a  sophistress,  you  answer  po 
smartly."—  ttattey  :  Erasmus,  p.  191. 

s6ph'-Ist-r^(  *  soph  ist-rie,  s.  [Fr.  soph' 
isterie.] 

*  1.  Logical  exercise  ;  argument  for  exercise 
only* 

•'  The  more  youthful  exercises  of  sophistry,  theniM, 
and  declamations.  "—  Fetion. 

2.  Sophistic  influence;  sophists  collectively. 

"  Euripides  was  nursed  ID  the  lap  of  sophistry."  — 
Donaldson  :  Theatre  o.f  the  Greeks,  p.  187. 

3.  Fallacious  reasoning,  unsound  argument, 
quibbling,  fallacy. 

"A  person  whose  conscience  can  be  set  at  rest  by 
immoral  sophistry."—  Macaulay  :  Hist.  £ng,,  ch.  xv. 

*  8Oph'-ist-r&  v.t.    [SOPHISTRY,  s.]  To  reason 

sophistically. 

"  It  la  well  sophistried  of  you."—  Bale:  Select  Works, 
p.  84. 

s6ph'-6-more,  s.  [Gr.  <ro<f>6s  (sophos)  =  wise, 
and  jiwpds  (moros)=a  fool.]  In  American 
colleges,  a  student  belonging  to  the  second  of 
the  four  classes  ;  a  student  next  above  a 
freshman. 

soph  amor  ic,    soph  6  mor  ic  n.1,   a. 

[Eng.  sophomor(e)  ;  -ic,  -ical.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  a  sophomore  ;  characteristic  of  a 
sophomore  ;  inflated  in  style.  (Amer.) 

"  The  American  idea  of  architecture  had  passed  from 
its  untrained  innocence  to  a  sophomoric  affectation  of 
Greek  iuTiu&."—  Century  Magazine,  June,  1883,  p.  222. 

so  phor'  a,  s.  [Arab,  sophera  —  a  papilio- 
naceous tree.] 

Bot.  The  typical  genus  of  Sopliorese  (q.v.). 
Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  inflorescence  in 
racemes  or  panicles  of  yellow,  white,  or  blue 
flowers  ;  stamens  ten,  all  distinct  ;  legumes 
moniliform,  without  joints  or  wings.  Orna- 
mental shrubs  or  trees,  from  the  hotter  parts 
of  Asia  and  America.  Two,  Sophora  japonica 
(called  also  Styphnolobium  japonicum),  and 
8.  chinensis  are  grown  as  garden  plants.  The 
former  yields  a  beautiful  yellow  or  orange 
dye  from  the  pulp  of  the  legumes.  The  roots 
and  seeds  of  the  latter  have  been  regarded  as 
specifics  in  bilious  sicKness. 


S-SB,  a.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  sophor(a)  ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ece.] 

Bot.:  A  tribe  of  Papilionacese.  Filaments 
distinct  ;  legume  continuous  ;  leaves  pin- 
nated, with  one  or  several  leaflets.  (Lindley.) 

S6-phro$f'-y-ne,  *.     [Gr.  =  moderation,  dis- 
cretion.] 
Astron.  :  [ASTEROID,  134]. 

soph'-ta,  ».    [SOFTA.] 

*  s6p'-lte,  v.t.     [Lat.  sopitus,  pa.  par.  of  sopio 
=  to  put  to  sleep.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  lay  asleep  ;  to  put  to 
sleep  or  rest  ;  to  lull. 

"  Our  natural  powers  are  tied  down,  topited,  and 
fettered."—  Cheyne  :  Philosophical  Conjectures. 

2.  Scots  Law  :  To  set  at  rest  ;  to  quash. 

*  so-pi'  -tion,  s.    [SOPITE.]    The  act  of  putting 
to  sleep  or  rest  ;  sleep,  slumber,  dormancy. 

0  Demeutatioa  and  sopition  of  reason."—  Browne. 
(Webster.) 

*  sd'-por,  s.     [Lat.]    A  deep  sleep  from  which 
one  can  with  difficulty  be  awakened. 

"  To  awaken  the  Christian  world  out  of  this  deep 
sopor  or  lethargy."—  Dr.  H.  More  :  Mystery  of  Iniquity 
pt.il.  (Fret) 

*  s6'-p6l*-ate,  v.t.    [Lat.  soporatus,  pa.  par.  of 
soporo  =  to  put  to  sleep;  sopor  =  sleep.]    To 
put  to  sleep. 

"The  soul  seemimr  not  to  be  thoroughly  awak« 
here,  but,  as  it  were,  soporated  with  the  dull  steams 
and  opiatick  vapours  of  thisgrow  body."—  Cudworth: 
Intell.  System,  p.  795. 

t  BO-por-lf'-er-otls,  a.    [Lat.  soporifer,  from 
sopor  =  sleep,  and/cro=to  bring;  Eng.  adj. 


boil,  bo^ ;  poTH,  jo%I ;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    ph  -  L 
-oian,   tian  -shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  ~$ion,  -sion  =  xhnn.   -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  =  ahus.   -We, -dlft  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4354 


soporiferously— sordidity 


•uff.  -ous.]    Causing  or  tending  to  cause  sleep  ; 
joporinc,  somniferous. 

"  It  ia  mure  iopor{f*rotu  than  opium,"—  P.  Holland  : 
Flinie,  bk.  xxi.,  oh.  xxxi. 

*  BO-por  If  '-er-OUS-ly,  adv.      [Eng.  sojwi- 
Jerous  ;  -ly.}    In  a  soporiferous  manner  ;  so  as 
to  produce  sleep. 

*  so-por~If  -er-ous-ness,  s.    [Eng.  sopori- 
jerovs;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
soporiferous. 

•6-por  if'-ie,,  a.  A  t.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  so- 
porificus,  from  sopor  =  sleep,  and  facia  =  to 
make,  to  cause.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Causing  or  tending  to  cause 
sleep;  soporift-rous. 

"  The  clear  hnraugtie.  Mid  cold  as  it  i*  clear, 
Falls  fuporijlc  on  the  listless  ear." 

t'owprr  :  Progrtu  of  Error,  SO, 

B.  As  sitbst.  :  A  medicine,  drug,  prepara- 
tion, or  plant  tliat  has  the  property  or  quality 
of  producing  sleep  ;  a  narcotic. 

*»6'-p6r-ous,  *»6'-por-6«e,  a.  [Lat. 
goporus,  from  sopor  =  sleep.]  Causing  sleep  ; 
aleepy. 

"In  totwrtnu  diwAMS  It  U  commonly  an  uncertain 
ai.d  ineffectual  nauvAs'-Orecnhtil;  Art  of  £mbalm- 

i*e- 

*  so'-pour,  s.    [SoFoa.] 

*  soppe,  s.    [Sop,  *.] 

•op  per,  s,  [Eng.  sop,  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
sups  or  dips  In  liquor  something  to  be  eaten. 

sop  py,  a.  [Eng.  sop;  -#.]  Sopped  or  soaked 
in  liquor  ;  saturated  ;  very  wet  or  sloppy. 

•O-pra,  adv.  [Ital.,  from  Lat.  supra  —  above.] 
Music  :  A  term  used  to  denote  the  upper  or 
higher  part,  as  Di  sopra,  above  ;  Come  aopra, 
as  above  or  before  ;  Nella  parte  di  sopra,  in 
the  upper  or  higher  part  ;  Contrappunto  sopra 
il  soggetto,  counterpoint  over  the  subject. 

*  so-pra  -nlst,  *.    [SOPRANO.] 

Music  :  A  soprano  or  treble  singer. 

•6-pra'  -no  (pi.  so  pra'-ni,  so-pra'-nos), 

f.    [Ital.  =  sovereign,  supreme,  treble,  from 
Low  Lat  superanus  =  sovereign  (q.v.)  ;  Ger. 
topran.] 
Mutie: 

1.  The  highest  kind  of  female  voice.    The 
ordinary  easy  range  Is  from  c  below  the  treble 
stut  to  a  or  A  above  it. 

2.  A  singer  having  a  soprano  voice, 
soprano  clef,  s. 

Music  :  The  c  clef  upon  the  first  line  of  the 
•tare.     [CLEF.] 

•dr'-anoe,  *.    [Eng.  sor(e);    -once.]     Sore, 
soreness. 

"  Nay,  this  removing  and  replanting  of  them  Is  the 
proper  cure  of  many  wmi  new.  '—  /".  Holland:  Plinic, 


•Orb,  «.    [Fr.  sorbe,  from  Lat.  sorbus.] 

Bot.  :  t  (1)  The  Service-tree  ;  (2)  the  Wild 
Service-tree.  [SERVICE-TREE.] 

sorb-apple,  s.  The  fruit  of  the  Sorb  or 
Service-tree. 

Sorb  am'-ide,  *.    [Eng.  sor&(tc),  and  amide.] 

Chem.  :  H2(CaH7O)NT.      An  amide  produced 

by  the  action  of  aqueous  ammonia  on  sorbic 

ether  at  120'.     It  forms  white  fusible  needles, 

soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

•Orb  an  Q  ide,  s.  [Eng.  sorb(ic);  aniline, 
and  stiff,  -ide.] 

Chem.  :  C6HeCC6H5)NO.  Phenyl-sorbamide. 
Produced  by  the  artion  of  aniline  on  sorbic 
chloride,  as  an  oil  which  solidifies  in  the 
crystalline  form.  (Watts.) 

•or  bate,  s.    [Eng.  jor^ic)  ;  -at*.} 
Chem.  :  A  salt  of  sorbic  acid. 

•or-be-fa'-cl-ent  (c  as  sh),  a.  &  s.  [Lat. 
torbeo  =-  to  absorb,  and  faciens,  pr.  par.  of 
facto  =  to  make.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Causing  or  producing  absorp- 
tion. 

B.  As  tubst.  :  A  substance  or  preparation 
which  causes  or  produces  absorption. 

*  •or'-  bent,  ».  [Lat.  sorbens,  pr.  par.  of 
$orbeo  —  to  absorb.]  A  substance  producing 
absorption  ;  an  absorbent  (q.v.). 


*  SOr'-bet,  *.     [SHERBET.] 

Cook. :  A  lemon  ice  flavoured  with  spirit, 
usually  ruin,  served  at  dinuer. 

sorb'- 1C,  o.  [Eng.  sorb(in);  -ic.]  Derived 
froiu  or  contained  in  mountain  ash. 

sorbic  acid,  s. 

Chem.:  C6H7OvHO.  A  monobasic  acid, 
fouud  in  mountain-ash  berries,  and  produced 
from  parasorbic  acid,  by  the  action  of  caustic 
potash,  and  then  boiling  with  hydrochloric 
actd.  It  is  purified  by  recrystallization  from 
water,  and  is  obtained  in  long  colourless 
needles,  very  difficultly  soluble  in  cold,  mure 
readily  in  hot  water  aud  in  alcohol,  melts  at 
134*5°,  and  is  inodorous. 

sorbic  chloride,  s. 

Chem. :  C6H:OC1.  Chloride  of  sorbyl.  Pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  phosphoric  chlorido 
on  sorbic  acid  or  its  potassium  salt.  It  is 
converted  by  water  into  sorbic  and  hydro- 
chloric acids. 

sorbic  ether,  *. 

Chem.  :  C6I1XC2H5)O2.  Ethylic  sorbate. 
Prepared  by  passing  hydrochloric  acid  gas 
into  an  alcoholic  solution  of  the  acid.  It  is 
a  liquid  boiling  at  195-5°,  aud  having  an 
aromatic  odour  like  beuzoic  ether. 

*  sor-bile,  a.  [Lat.  «wt«o= to  absorb.]   That 

may  be  drunk  or  sipped. 

sorb  In, 5.  [Mod.  L&t.  sorbus);  Eng.  suff.-fn.] 
Chem,. :  CgHj-jOg.  A  sugar,  discovered  by 
Pelouae,  isomenc  with  glucose,  and  obtained 
from  the  fermented  juice  of  the  mountain-ash 
berries.  It  does  not  exist  ready  formed  in 
the  berries,  and  its  formation  is  not  yet  clearly 
understood. 

sor-bi-tar-tar'-Ic,  a.  {Eng.  torbic,  and 
tartaric.]  Containing  sorbic  and  tertark 
acids. 

sorbitortaric-acid,  s. 
Chem. :  An  acid  produced  by  htatlngsorblte 
with  tartaric  acid  to  100%    (Watte.) 

•orb'-ite,  i.  [Mod.  Lat.  torb(us);  Bog.  suff. 
•ite.} 

Chem. :  CgH^Og.  An  unfernientable  sugar 
present  in  the  berries  of  the  mountain-ash. 
It  is  isomeric  with  niannite  and  dulcite,  and 
deposits  in  regular  transparent  crystals,  for 
the  most  part  rhombic  octahedrons,  from  the 
expressed  juice  after  standing  for  several 
months.  It  is  nearly  insoluble  in  cold  al- 
cohol, moderately  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol, 
the  hydratcd  sugar  melts  at  102%  is  inactive 
to  polarized  light,  does  not  reduce  copper 
salts,  nor  is  it  carbonised  with  sulphuric  add 
even  with  heat. 

sorb^it'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  wrWf(#);  -fe.]  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  sorbite  (q.v.). 

sorbitlc-acid,  5. 

Chem.  :  An  acid  obtained  by  heating  sorbite 
for  some  time  to  150-180°.  It  is  insoluble  in 
water,  acids,  and  alcohol ;  but  dissolves  in 
aqueous  ammonia  or  potash,  from  which 
hydrochloric  acid  throws  it  down  in  amor- 
phous dark-red  flakes.  Its  composition  is 
doubtful. 

*  SOr-bl  -tion,  *.     [Lat.  sorbttio,  from  aorbeo 
=  to  absorb.]    The  act  of  drinking  or  sipping. 

sor-bdn'-le-al,  a.  [Eng.  Sorbon(ne);  -icol.] 
Pertaining  or"  belonging  to  a  Sorbonist. 

"  The  torbonicol  or  theological  w]n«,  and  the ir  feasta 
or  K*.udy  days,  are  now  come  to  be  proverbially  tested 
itf—Florio :  Montaigne,  p.  KM. 

Sor'  b<5n  1st,  s.    [Fr.  Sorboniste.] 

Eccles.  Hist. :  A  professor  or  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  a  theological  college  founded  within 
the  University  of  Paris  by  Robert  de  Sor- 
bon  in  1252,  for  sixteen  students,  four  from 
each  of  the  French,  Norman,  Picard,  and 
English  "nations"  [NATION,  *,,  II.],  burses 
being  soon  afterwards  added  for  German  and 
Flemish  students.  The  majority  of  the  Paris 
doctors  were  trained  there,  and  the  Sorbonne 
and  the  theological  faculty  became  identified 
as  early  as  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  Cardinal  Richelieu,  in  1629,  opened 
the  present  buildings  in  the  Qnartier  Latin. 
The  old  University  of  Paris  vas  destroyed  at 
the  Revolution,  and,  when  it  was  reorganized 
by  Napoleon  in  1808,  a  facnlty  of  theology, 
with  seven  chairs,  was  established  at  the 
Sorbonne,  where  lectures  are  also  given  and 


degrees  conferred  in  the  faculties  of  science 
and  literature. 

"  He  a  rope  of  sand  could  twist 
Ae  tough  as  learned  S^rbonitt." 

ISuttcr:  Hudibrat,l.\ 

sor'-biis,  s.     [Lat.  =  the  true  service  tree.] 

Bot. :  A  section  or  sub-genus  of  Pyrus(q.v.X 
having  small  fruits,  with  two  to  eight  cells, 
each  one-seeded,  the  endocarp  brittle;  flowers- 
in  compound  corymbose  cymes.  (><>  J. 
JIuoki;r.)  British  species  three,  Pyrus  tor- 
minalis,  P.  Aria,  and  P.  Avcuparia, 

•orb-yl,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  sorb(us);  -yl] 

Chem. :  C«HrO.  The  hypothetical  radical 
of  sorbic  acid. 

sor'-9er-er,  s.  [Fr.  sorcier,  from  Low  Lat 
sortiarius  =  a  teller  of  fortunes  by  the  casting 
of  lots,  from  sortio  =  to  cast  lots,  from  Lat. 
sors,  genit.  sortis  —  a  lot  [Sour,  *.] ;  Ital.  sor* 
tUre  ;  Sp.  sortero.]  A  conjuror,  a  magician. 

"  This  is  my  hnmmer, 
Sliolner  theuiiglity ; 
Giniita  Aiid  torcerrrt 
Ouiiiot  wittiuUini  it." 
Lo»afellov:  The  Hutician'*  Tale,  \. 

^  Before  the  introduction  of  this  word, 
witch  was  indiscriminately  applied  to  both 
sexes  ;  but  when  sorcerer  had  come  into  vogue 
it  was  assigned  to  men,  while  witch  was 
limited  to  women.  (Trench :  Englifh  Past  & 
Present.) 

•or'-cer-ess,  *  sor-cer-esse,  s.  [Fr.  sorrier 
=  a  sorcerer ;  Eng,  fern.  suft".  -ess.]  A  female 
sorcerer  or  magician  ;  a  witch. 

"  How  unlikely  is  It  that  God  should  make  o«e  of 
thla  sorcereu  M  aproph*teat."—  Waterland:  Sermont, 
Vol.  lx.,Bcr.  83. 

*  •Or'-cer-ing,  s.  [Eng.  sorcer(y);  -ing.}  The- 
act  or  practice  of  using  sort-fry. 


*  BOl'-oer  ous,  a.      [Eng.   sorcerfer);    -o-us.J 

Using  sorcery  or  enchantment  ;  pertaining  or 
belonging  to  sorcery. 

"  This  torcerota  worker  to  make  hym  pope."—  Bait; 
Xnyluh  rotariet,  pt  a 

sor'-^er-^,  *sor-cer-ie,  *sor-»er-y,  i. 

[O.Fr.  sorcerie,  fromsorci«r=asorceier(q.v.).J 
Divination  by  the  aid,  or  pretended  aid  of 
evil  spirits,  or  the  power  of  commanding  evil 
spirits  ;  magic,  witchcraft,  enchantment 

"  This  witch  Sycorax, 

For  mischiefs  manifold,  and  torcfriet  terrible, 
Was  banish'  ii."  Skak«sp.  :  Tempett,  1.  1 

^f  Up  to  nearly  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
centnry,  sorcery,  or  witchcraft  (q.v.),  was  pun* 
ishable*  with  death. 

vsord,  *.    [SWARD.]    Sward,  turf, 

*'  r  th'  midat  jui  altar  a»  a  landmark  stood, 
Rustic,  of  gnMy  *>rd."         Milton  :  ,/>.£.,  XL  481> 

•or-da-va  -lite,  s.     [After  Sordavala,  Fiik 
hind,   where  found;   suff.  -ite  (Min.);    Ger. 

sordaioalit.] 

Min.  :  A  massive  mineral  forming  thin 
layers  on  a  basaltic  rock,  also  found  with  pyr- 
rhotite  at  Bodenmais,  Bavaria.  Hardness, 
2-5  ;  sp.  gr.  2-63  to  2'58  ;  lustre,  like  that  of 
bitumen  ;  streak,  liver-brown  ;  colour,  grayish 
or  bluish-black  ;  opaque  ;  fracture,  couclioidaU 
Compos.  :  essentially  a  silicate  of  iron  and 
magnesia. 

*  sor  '-d.es,  s.    [Lat]    Foul  matter,  excretions^. 
dregs  ;  filthy  refuse  of  any  kind. 

"  While  yet.  poor  men,  their  mn  wnh,  *nd  bepg^ir 
•ufficiently  confute  their  rare  •kill.  —Gaiuleii  :  llitra- 


sor-det,  «.    [SORDINE.] 

sor   did,  a.     [Fr.  sordidt,  from  Lat  sordidv* 
s=  vile,  mean,  dirty,  from  sordes  =  dirt,  filth.] 
*1.  Filthy,  dirty,  foul,  gross. 

"The  trout  IB  banished  by  the  *irduf  »tren.in." 

Thornton  ;  Bummer,  864. 

2.  Vile,  mean,  base. 

"  Cleave  to  the  world,  ye  tortiid  worms." 

Cow  per  :  Olnty  Bymxi,  IzL 

3.  Mean,  avaricious,  covetous,  niggardly. 
"Hotiree  of  avarice  had  prevailed  npon  the  torditt 

mind  of  Juda*."—  flp.  Bentey  :  Sermont,  rol.lL.aer.  la. 

i.  Characterized  by  meanness  or  avarice. 

"HU  principle  and  his  fortune  alike  raised  hlak 
above  all  tcmptAtioni  of  a  tordtd  ]tmd."—Macaul(iy  : 
Sitt.  Mng..  ch.  ii. 

*  SOr-dfd'-!-t#,  «.     [Eng.  sordid;  -ity.}  Mean- 
ness, sordidness. 

"Weary  and  whamed  of  their  own  tardidity  and 
manner  of  lite.'—  Burton  :  Anat.  ofJ/ttaneko'y,  yt  i:L. 
ch.  xiv. 


Cite,  t&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  Call,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine ;   go,  pot,. 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  wUo,  son;  mote,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  our,  role,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  oe-e;  ey     a;  an  =  lew. 


sordidly— sorites 


4355 


•Of-did-iy,  atlv.      [Eng.  sordid ;  -  ly.]    In  a 
sordid  manner ;  meanly,  basely,  covetously. 

•or -did-noss,  ».    (Eng.  oordid;  -nets.} 

1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  sordid ; 

I!!  '.liiiu'.ss,  dirtiness,  foulness. 

••  Providence  deUrs  people  from  eluttlshneei i  and 
tortiUnea,  aud  provokes  them  to  cleanliness.  —  *""  • 
On  the  Creation. 

2.  Meanness,  baseness. 

"Tvroor 

such  indigent 

the  tordianen  ..   -^ 

Atkena  Oxon..  voL  il. 

3.  Niggardliness,  base  avarice, 

"To  see  the  venality  In  Ita  full  growth,  and  snrvey 
jordi  IneM  In  its  complete  sUU)  of  abomination  it  will 
be  necessary  to  turn  from  tow  to  blga  life,  — Unox ; 


,  . 

r  thre«  »ol.  were  offered  to  him  rprfham)  by 
igent  perrons  for  sir  pence  a  piece,  nuch  la 
dnea  of  iauoraiice  ami  yovertjr.  —  Wood  ; 


sor  dine,  sor'  dot.  *.    [ItaL] 
Music:  A  mute.    [MuTE,  «.,  II.  8.) 

•or  di'-no  (iu.  sor-di'-nl),  «.    [ItalJ 

Music:  A  small  pocket  fiddle,  «  pochette  or 
kit,  formerly  nsed  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
the  pitch,  ib.,  at  music  partie*. 

*  sor  '-dor,  «     [SOBDES.]    Dregs. 

"  The  tordor  of  civilization,  mixed 
\V  iUi  all  the  aavage  which  mwi  '»  fall  bath  fixeo.' 
Byron  :  The  Iiland,  IL  4. 

•or   dun,  sor  -do'-  no  (pL  sor-do-ni),  «. 
lltal.] 

Music: 

L  An  old  form  of  wood  wind  Instru- 
ment, havingadouble  reed,  with  twelve 
ventages  and  two  keys. 

2.  A  sort  of  mute  for  a  trnmpet. 

3.  An  organ  reed  stop  of  suteen-feet 
pitch. 

•ore,  *  sor,  a.,  adv.,  &  «.  (A.S.  sdr  = 
painful  ;  eare  —  sorely  ;  sdr  =  a  sore  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  leer  =  sore,  sorely  ; 
Icel.  sdrr  =  sore,  «dr  =  a  sore  ;  Sw. 
«i!r  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  ter  =  wounded,  pain- 
ful ;  «eV  =  a  sore,  ttro  =  sorely  ;  Ger. 
tehr  =  sorely,  extremely  ;  versehren  = 
to  wound,  lit  to  make  sore  ;  all  from 
Teut.  base  mira  =  sore.]  [SoEBY.J 

A.  At  adjective  : 

1.  Painful  ;  being  the  seat  of  pain  ;  tender 
and  painful  to  the  touch  ;  inflamed,  as  a  boil, 
ulcer,  or  abscess. 

"  Ilia  wonnds  will  not  be  tore." 

-        -•  Rape  of  Lucrece.  1,568. 


2.  Tender  or  pained  in  the  mind  ;  pained, 
.grieved,  or  vexed  ;  feeling  aggrieved,  galled, 
hurt. 

"  Tbli  unfortunate  aflalr.  though  It  terminated 
without  an  open  quarrel.  left  much  tore  feeling."— 
Maoautay:  Out.  Sng.,  cb.  xxL 

3.  Violent,    sharp,   severe,  painful,  bitter, 
grievous,  heavy. 

"  Punished  with  tore  distraction." 

Shaketp.  :  ffamlet,  r.  9. 

*  4.  Violent,  fierce,  sharp,  severe:  as,  a  tore 
flght. 

*  5.  Criminal,  evil,  wrong. 

"To  lapse  in  fulness 
Is  sorer  than  to  lie  for  need." 

Ulutketp.:  CrmbeUnt.  111.  C 

B.  As  adverb: 

1.  With    painful  violence,  severely,  griev- 
ously, intensely. 

"Soior. 

Tlie  griding  aword.  with  discontinuous  wound 
Parsed  through  him."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  vL  Ms. 

2.  Greatly,    exceedingly,    violently,   griev- 
ously. 

11  In  our  hearts  we  believe,  yet  our  thoughts  at 
times  are  tore  troubled."—  Mantel  :  Bampton  Lecturet, 

Til. 

3.  Sorely,  sadly. 

••  And  tort  against  bis  will." 

Covper  :  John  Gtlpin. 

C.  At  tub*.:   A  place  In  or  on  an  animal 
body  where  the  skin  and  flesh  are  ruptured  or 
bruised,  so  as  to  be  tender  or  painful  ;  a  painful 
•pot  on  the  body,  as  a  boil,  an  ulcer.  Ate. 

'"(jHluit  venomed  tora  the  only  sovereign  plaster  ." 
SaoAetp.  ;  Veiiut  <r  Jdoftii,  91S. 

sore-bead,  «.  One  who  finds  fault  with 
the  organization  or  party  to  which  he  belongs. 
(C7.S.) 

sore-throat,  *. 

I'nihaL:  Any  pain  in  or  affection  of  the 
throat. 

K  Clergyman'!  tore-throat  (Dysphonia  cUrl- 
eorum)  is  frequently  a  nervous  complaint,  con- 
sisting at  first  only  of  irritability  of  the  in- 
vesting membrane  of  the  fauces.  This  is 


succeeded  by  congestion,  inflammation,  or 
relaxation  of  the  mucuus  membrane,  enlarge- 
ment of  the  tonsils,  elongation  of  the  uvula, 
with  irritation,  inflammation,  ulceration  of 
the  mucous  follicles,  and  loss  of  voice,  espe- 
cially towards  tue  evening.  It  affects  clergy- 
men, barristers,  actors,  singers,  and  others, 
who  have  to  use  their  voice  much  in  public. 
In  its  early  stage  tonic  remedies  are  required  ; 
in  a  later  stage,  medicine,  rest,  and  at  times 
change  of  air  and  scene. 

»  sore  QX  e.t    [SoBE,  a.]   To  make  lore,  to 
wouud. 

*'  The  wyoe  wound 
Was  closed  up,  as  It  had  not  been  tared.' 

Spemer:  F.  «.,  ill.  111.  IS. 

*  sore  (2),  r.i.    [SOAR.J 

sore,  *  soare,  ».    [O.  Fr.  tor;  Pr.  «mir= 
son-el,  reddish.    So  named  from  the  colour.) 

[SOBREL,  a.] 

1.  A  hawk  of  the  first  year. 

2.  A  buck  of  the  fourth  year.    [SoHEL.] 

sore -falcon,  *  soare  -  falcon,  «.    A 

falcon  of  the  tirst  year. 


*  sor-ey-l-dse, «.  pi. 
sb'r-e'-dl-a,  s.  pi.    ISOREDIUM.] 

sor  e  dif  -cr  oils,  a.    (Mod.  Lat.  nmt<(a), 
aud  Lat.  fen  =  to  bear,  to  produce.] 
Bot. :  Bearing  soredia. 

sor  e'  di-um  d>l.  sor-e'-di-a),  a.  [Mod. 
Lat.,  dimin.  from  torus  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  (Pi.):  Heaps  of  powdery  bodies  lying 
upon  any  part  of  the  thallus  in  lichens.  The 
bodies  of  which  they  consist  have  been  called 
by  Link  Conidia,  and  by  others  Propagula. 

•  sore'-hSu,  *  sorn,  «.    (Irish.)    A  tax  for- 
merly imposed  upon  tenants  in  Ireland  for 
the  maintenance  of  their  lord  or  his  men. 
Its  exaction  was  entirely  dependent  on  the 
will  of  the  lord.    [SORN,  ».] 

"They  exact  upon  them  all  kinds  of  services:  yea, 
and  the  very  wild  exactions,  colgnie,  livery,  and  tore- 
kon :  by  which  they  poll  and  utterly  undo  to*  poor 
tenants  and  freeholders  under  them."— Spmaer:  State 
ej  Ireland. 

soy-el.  *  soV-ell,  «.  4  a.  [A  dimin.  of  tore, 
s.=  a  buck. ]  [Son K,  <.,  a.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

1.  A  buck  of  the  third  year,  the  series  being 
a  fawn,  a  pricket,  a  sorel,  a  sore. 

2.  The  colour  sorrel  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  SOBREL,  a.  (q.v.). 

•ore'-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  tare,  a. ;  •ly.']  In  a  sore 
manner ;  grievously,  severely,  violently,  pain- 
fully, exceedingly,  intensely. 

"  Each  bowed  him.  weepinff  foil  earety* 

Longfellow :  children  of  Ute  Loral  Supper. 

sore'-ne«8,  «.    [Eng.  sore,  a. ;  -n«w.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sore,  pain- 
ful, or  tender ;  painfuluess,  tenderness. 

"My  foot  began  to  swell,  and  the  pain  asswaged, 
t hough  It  left  such  a  Krronest  that  1  could  hardly  surfer 
tbe  clothes  of  my  bed."—  Temple. 

2.  Tenderness  of  mind  ;   susceptibility  of 
mental  pain ;  a  state  of  feeling  hurt,  pained, 
or  aggrieved. 

••  He  that,  whilst  the  toreneil  of  his  late  pangs  of 
conscience  remains,  finds  himself  a  little  indisposed 
for  sin.  presently  conclude,  repentjince  hath  bad  its 
perfect  work."—  Decay  of  Piety. 

sor  -ex,  ».  [Lat. ;  cf.  Gr.  vpof  Qmrax)  =  a 
a  mouse,  a  shrew-mouse.] 

Zool.  t  Paloemt. :  Shrew ;  a  genus  of  Soricidse 
(q.v.),  with  numerous  species  widely  dis- 
tributed. They  closely  resemble  the  mouse, 
but  in  reality  differ  widely  from  it.  They  are 
very  widely  distributed,  over  North  America 
and  the  Eastern  Hemisphere.  [SHBEW,  t.,  II.] 
Several  fossil  species  are  known  from  the 
Miocene  of  the  south  of  France. 

sor'-gho,  sor'-go,  «.  [SSBOHDM.!  A  popular 
name  for  any  plant  of  the  genus  Sorghum 

(q.v.). 
sorgho-sugar,  ». 

Chem.  :  Sugar  obtained  from  Sort/Jam  too 
charatum.  The  unripe  canes  were  found  to 
contain  a  mixture  of  cane-sugar  and  fruit- 
sugar  ;  but  in  the  ripe  plant  Oossmann  found 
only  cane-sugar,  and  that  to  the  amount  of 
9  to  9'5  per  cent. 

Bor'-ghitm,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Fr.  sorgo; 
Ital.  surgo  ;  Low  Lat.  surgum,  gurcum,  suricum 
=  groat  millet.] 


Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Andropogoueae,  sometimes 
made  a  synonym  of  Tracliypogon.  Inflores- 
cence in  panicles,  flowers  moncecimis,  glumes 
two-  Dowered,  one  neuter,  the  other  herma- 
phrodite, the  pales  of  the  latter  bearded, 
that  of  the  former  beardless.  Sorghum  wlr 
gare  (Helena  Sorghum,  Linnaeus)  is  the  Indian 
or  Great  liillet,  orGuinea  Corn.  [MiLLET.If.] 
It  is  an  annual  cane-like  cereal,  bearing  m 
dense  head  of  spikelete,  with  small  corn-like 
seeds.  In  India  it  forms  with  rice  and  wheat 
the  chief  staple  of  the  country,  but  is  con- 
sidered heating.  Bread,  porridge,  &c.,  are 
made  from  it;  its  seeds  when  crushed  consti- 
tute an  auxiliary  food  for  cattle,  sheep. 
horses,  swine,  and  poultry.  It  contains  2| 
per  cent,  of  flesh-forming  and  11  per  cent,  ot 
heat-producing  matter.  The  dry  stalks  and 
leaves  are  chopped  up  for  fodder.  [CHOLUM. 
JOWAREE.]  It  fs  cultivated  also  in  Egypt 
and  many  other  parts  of  Africa.  [DouaA.] 
S.  bicolor  Is  also  cultivated  in  India  as  a 
cereal  ;  &  saecJutratuin,  the  Broom  Corn  or 
Chinese  Sugar-cane,  has  been  introduced  into 
India  for  its  saccharine  juice;  the  grass  la 
used  for  fodder,  as  are  the  young  leaves  of 
S.  halepense.  B.  saccharatotnt,  is  successfully  cul- 
tivated in  the  United  States  as  a  source  of 
sugar,  but  more  particularly  of  molasses,  or 
syrup. 

sor'-go.  s.    [SORGHO.] 
sor'-i,  s.  pL    [Sonus.] 

s6r-i9'-i-dce,  s.  pi.    (Lat.  sorex,  genit  JonU 
c(ia);  fern.  pi.  adj.  suffi.  -Wee.] 

1.  Zool.  :    Bhrews  ;   a   compact    family   of 
Insectivora,  embracing  more  than  half  the 
species  of  the  order,  from  the  temperate  and 
tropical  parts  of  both  h  em  i  spheres,  except 
South  America   apd  Australia.     They  have 
been  divided  by  A.  Milne-Edwards  Into  two 
sections  :  — 

A.  Terrestrial  :  feet  without  a  border  of  ttlff  haln. 
(a)  Teeth  white:  Anousorex,  Diplon.e«odon,  Crocid  iir*. 
(6)  Teeth  more  or  less  brown  or  red  :  Elarina,  Sorw.. 

B.  Amphibious  ;  feet  with  a  border  of  stiff  Lain. 
(a)  Feet  not  webbed  :  Neomrex.  CroMuptn. 

(6)  Feet  webbed:  Neotogale. 

2.  PalceoTtt.  :  The  family  appears  first  in  th» 

Miocene. 


*.    [Lat  torex,  genlt.  «orfcf(») 
shrew-mouse,  and  dens  =  a  tooth.] 
PaUeont.  :  A  genus  of  Sparidte,  of  Eocene 
age. 

sor'-i  -cine,  a.    [L^t-  *orfefni«,  from  *om 
(q.v.).]    Mouse-like  ;  resembling  a  mouse. 

sorlcine-'bat,  s, 

Zool.  :  Glossophaga  sortcina,  a  small  bat,  In- 
habiting the  warmer  parts  of  South  America, 
feeding  chiefly  on  insects.  It  is  rather  more 
than  two  inches  long,  including  the  tail,  which 
Is  enclosed  within  the  interfemoral  membrane. 
Fur  rusty  grayish  -brown,  paler  below. 

Sbr-ir-er-oiis,  a.     [Mod.   Lat.  sort  (q.v.); 
Lat.  fero  =  to  bear,  and  Eng.  suff.  -oua.] 
Bot,:  Bearing  sod. 

sor-Xn-dei'-a,  *.    [Nftme  n°t  explained.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Anacardiaceee,  from  Tropi- 
cal Africa  and  Madagascar.  Sorindeia  mada- 
gascariensis.  cultivated  in  India  and  the  Mau- 
ritius, has  drupaceous  eatable  fruit  on  the 
stem  as  well  as  on  the  branches. 


sor-i'-te§f,  *.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  <rwp«  TJ 
=.  heaped  up  ;  hence,  a  heap  of  syllogisms, 
from  trtapfa  (soros)  =•  a  heap.] 

Logic:  A  series  of  elliptic  syllogisms,  <.«., 
syllogisms  in  which  the  conclusion  of  all  hut 
the  last  is  omitted  ;  a  series  of  syllogisms 
stated  in  a  series  of  propositions  so  linked 
together  that  the  predicate  of  each  one  that 
precedes  forms  the  subject  of  each  one  that 
follows,  till  a  conclusion  is  formed  by  bringing 
together  the  subject  of  the  first  proposition 
and  the  predicate  of  the  last.  A  sorites  has 
as  many  middle  terms  as  there  are  intermedi- 
ate propositions  between  the  first  and  the 
last  ;  and,  consequently,  it  may  be  drawn  out 
into  as  many  separate  and  independent  syllo- 
gisms. There  are  two  forms,  the  Aristotelian 
and  the  Qoclenian. 

"  In  the  Goelenlftn  Sorltet  extondoo  U  mud*  mon 
pro  m  me  lit,  by  starting  with  the  preuiUs  which  ha* 
the  two  widest  terms;  in  the  common  form  inten- 


sion predominates,  aa  the  narrower  term  . 

The  former  descends  in  extension  from  the  predicate 
of  the  conclusion  ;  the  latter  aacends  in  Intension, 
from  the  subject.  The  Guciei.in.ii  form  anita  deduction 


boil,  bo^;  poUt,  jowl;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenopnon,  exist,    -ing. 
-«ion.   tiau  =  Shan,   -tion, -siou  =  shun; -tion, -jion^zhiin,   -dona,  -tioni,  H.Uou»  =  •bus.  -We,  -die,  «kc.  =  bel,  del. 


4356 


soritical— sortable 


Mot;  the  common,  or  Aristotelian  form.  induction. 
The  Go.,  it-  nUn  oral-ends  from  Uw  to  fact  ;  the  cuuiniuu 
Movudi  fruiu  fact  to  law. 

OOCLXNIAM  SOmiTES. 

Sentient  beings  seek  hairiness, 

AH  Unite  beluga  are  sentient. 

All  men  are  huit*  beluga, 

Caius  is  a  man  ; 

Therefore  he  aeelu  happtneo. 

ARISTOTELIAN   BORITEa. 

Cat  us  is  a  man, 
Alt  men  are  finite  being*. 
All  finite  beings  are  sentient, 
All  sentient  beings  seek  h*j>[>ine«f 
Therefore  Cains  seeks  happmrss." 
Thumton  :  Uutliiitt  of  Lawt  of  Thought,  f  108. 

•or-it'-Ic-al,  a.    (Eng.  sorites);  -icaL}    Fer- 
t&iuing  to  or  resembling  a  sort  tea. 

•Cm,  9.      [SOREHON.] 

torn,  r.i.    [Sow?,  «.]    (See  extract) 

"  Whenever  a  chieftain  had  a  mind  to  revel,  he 
came  down  among  his  teuanU  with  his  followers,  by 
way  of  COD  tomtit  called  In  the  lowlands  'giliwitntU,' 
and  lived  on  free  quarters  ;  so  that  ever  sinew,  when  a 
person  obtrudes  himself  upon  another,  stays  at  Ms 
home,  and  hangs  upon  him  for  bed  and  board,  he  is 
skid  to  sctra.  to  be  a  sorner."—  Macbean. 

•orn'-ar,  sorn'-er,  *.    [Eng.  *om;  -tr.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  sturdy  beggar  ;  an  ob- 
trusive guest  ;  a  vagabond,  a  vagrant. 

2.  Scots  Law  :  One  who  takes  meat  or  drink 
from  others  by  force  or  menaces,  without 
paying  for  it.    The  offence  was  at  one  time 
punishable  with  death. 

*  S<$  -rbr'-al,  a.    [Lat.  joror  =  «  sister.]    Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  sister  or  sisters  ;  sisterly. 

*  •6-r6r'-X-al-l^t  adv.  [Lat  aoror  =  A  sister.] 
In  a  sisterly  manner  ;  like  a  sister. 

-Taking  her  tarorially  by  the  hand."—  A.  Book: 
Sutherland*. 


*.     [Lat.  soror  =  a  sister, 
and  ccedo  (in  comp.  cido)  —  to  kill.) 
L  The  murder  of  a  sister. 
2.  A  murderer  of  a  sister. 

*  •or'-i-xise,  u.t.     [Formed  from  Lat.  form- 
on  analogy  of  fraternise  (q.v.).]    To  associate 
or  consort  together  as  sisters  ;  to  be  in  com- 
munion or  sympathy,  as  sisters. 

"The  beautiful  girls  ...  are  tororixing  with  the 
rustic  maidenhoods  of  their  parishes,*^—  Mortimer 
ColUru  :  Thought*  in  my  Garden,  1L  &, 

s6r-o   sis,  Bor-d'-sus,  a.    [Mod.  Lat,  from 

Gr.  Ttopd?  (soros)  =  a  heap.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  women's  club  or  society. 
(U.  8.  Local)     [SOBORIZF..] 

2.  Bo/.:  A  kind  of  collective  fruit,  consisting 
Of  a  spike  or  raceme  converted  into  a  fleshy 
fruit  by  the  cohesion  in  a  single  mass  of  the 
ovaria  and  the  floral  envelopes.    Examples  : 
Anauassa,  Moms,  Artocarpus. 

•6V-  rage  (age  as  ig),  *.  [Etym.  doubtful, 
perhaps  from  Fr.  *iir  =  above.]  The  blades 
of  green  wheat  or  barley. 

*  ftoV-ra^e,  s.    [SOBANCE.]    Any  disease  tr 
sore  fn  horses. 

•oV-rel.  *  sor'-«ll,  «  soV-rell,  a.  &  *.    [A 

dimin.  from  O.  FT.  SOT  (Fr.  saur)  =  of  a  sorrel 
colour  ;  $aure  ~  a  sorrel  horse  or  colonr,  from 
Low.  Ger.  soar  =•  sear,  dried,  withered  ;  Dut. 
«t»r  =  sear,  withered.  Cf.  ItaL  sauro,  toro  = 
a  sorrel  horse.]  [SOREL,  *.] 

A.  A*  adj.  :  Of  a  reddish  or  yellowish- 
brown  colour. 

**An  hundred  fiftle  mare*, 
AD  torreU."  Chapman;  Homer;  Mad  iL 

B,  As  substantive  ; 

L  A  reddish  or  yellowish-brown  colour. 

"  His  bone  was  of  fiery  torreL  with  black  feet  "— 
mdneV:  Arcadia,  bk.  lit 

2.  A  buck  of  the  third  year. 
•&V  rel,  '  sor  ell,  *.  [O.Fr.*o«Z(Fr.BureK«), 
from  FT.  *ur;  M.  H.  Ger.  j«r  =  sour.] 

1.  Rumex  Acttosa,  a  dioecious  plant,  having 
the  lower  leaves  sagittate,  the  upper  ones 
sessile,    the    outer    fruiting   sepals    reflexed, 
the  Inner  enlarged,  orbicular,  quite   entire, 
•carious,  tubercled  at  the  base.    It  contains  a 
Urge  quantity  of  binoxalate  of  potash.     The 
leaves  are  used  as  a  salad  and  a  potherb,  and  in 
decoctiou  as  a  febrifuge.     Sheep's  Sorrel  (Ji. 
acetotella)  is  a  plant  of  much  smaller  size,  and 
different  shaped  leaves.  Both  have  a  pleasantly 
acid  taste. 

2.  Oxalis  Aeet  oseZZo.    [WooD-aOBREL.] 

sorrel-tree,  *.    [EUBOTRYS.] 


pan 
ful, 


sorrel  wood.  s. 

Bat,  :  The  English  name  for  Qxali*  magd- 
lanica.  (New  Zealand.) 

8dV-rl*-l#,  adv.  [Eug.  sorry  ;  -1y,}  In  a  sorry, 
miserable,  or  wretched  manner;  wretchedly, 
miserably. 

**  This  fort  was  but  torrily  governed  when  I  was. 
there."—  Dampier:  \'oyayet  (an.  1600). 

sor  -rf  ness,  *  sor-i-nesse,  s.  [Eng.  sorry; 
-ness.] 

•1.  Sorrow. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sorry; 
wretchedness,  meanness,  poorness. 

•oV-row,  *  sorghe,  *  sor-ow,  *  sor-o  wo, 

*  sorwe,  s.    [A.S.  sort/,  sorh  (genit.,  dat,  & 
accus.  sorge);    cogn.  with  Put,  «w</  =  care, 
anxiety  ;  Icel.  sorg  =  care  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  sorg  ; 
Goth,  saurga  ;  Ger.  sorge.]    The  feeling  of  un- 
easiness or  pain  of  mind  arising  from  a  loss  of 
any  good,  real  or  supposed,  or  by  disappoint- 
ment in  the  expectation  of  good  :  grief  at 
having  suffered  or  experienced  evil  ;  regret, 
sadness,  mourning. 

"  Sorrotct  are  well  allow'd,  and  sweeten  nature." 
Jlatsinger  :  A  Vert  Woman  1U.  4, 

BoV-row,  *sor-ow,  v.i.  [Goth.  taurgan  = 
to  grieve.]  [SORROW,  «.]  To  be  affected  with 
sorrow,  grief,  or  sadness  ;  to  feel  sorry  ;  to  be 
sorry  ;  to  feel  mental  pain  from  evil  ex- 
perienced, done,  or  feared  ;  to  grieve  ;  to  be 
sad  ;  to  mourn  ;  to  lament. 

"  Soroteing  moste  of  all  for  the  wordec  whiche  he 
•pake,  that  they  shoulde  ae  his  face  no  more."—  Jen 

XX.     (1551.) 

*  sor'-rowed,  a.  [Eng.  sorrow;  -ed.]  Accom- 

nied with  sorrow  ;  full  of  sorrow  ;  sorrow- 
l, sad. 

44  And  sends  forth  as  to  make  their  torrowed  render." 
Shaketp.  :  Timon  of  Athent,  v.  L 

BoV-row-foL,  *  sor  gh  f  u  1,  •  sor-o  w  f  ul, 

*  •orweful,  a.     [A.S.  sorgful.] 

1.  Full  of  sorrow  ;   feeling  or   exhibiting 
sorrow  ;  sad,  dejected,  depressed. 

"  While  «0rr»w/uJ,  but  undisnmy'd, 
The  Douglas  thus  his  counsel  skid." 

Scott  :  Lady  of  ttu  Lake.  U.  39. 

*  2.  Producing    or   causing   sorrow  ;   sad, 
mournful,  pitiable  :  as,  a  sorrowful  accident. 

*  3.  Expressive  of  grief;  accompanied  with 
grief. 

"The  things  that  my  aonl  refused  to  touch  are  as 
my  torrovtful  meat."  —  Job  vi,  7. 

SoV-row-fiil-l&  *  sor  wefully,  *  sor-ou  - 
ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  sorrowful  ;  -ly.}  In  a  sor- 
rowful manner,  so  as  to  produce  grief;  with 
sorrow. 

"  Meekly  and  •orrovfully  oon/essing  them.**—  Sharp: 
Strmoni,  vol.  v.,  Uis.  6. 

sor'-  row  -  ful  -  nesa,  s.  [Eng.  sorrowful; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sorrow- 
ful ;  grief,  sadness,  sorrow,  dejection. 

*  sor'-row-less,  a.    [Eng.  sorrow,  s.  ;  Jess.] 
Without  sorrow  ;  free  from  sorrow. 

soV-r&  *  soar  ye  ,  *  sor  i  ,  *  so  r  y  ,  *  sar  y  , 

*8Oor-y,  a.     [Properly  sory  with  one  r,  from 
A.8.  sdrig  =  sad,  sorry,  from  sdr=  sore  (q.v.).J 

*  1.  Melancholy,  dismal,  mournful,  sad. 

*•  The  place  of  death  and  tarry  •xecntiou.'* 

Shaketp.  ;  Comedy  of  Error*,  v. 

2.  Feeling  grief  for  the  loss  of  some  good  ; 
grieving  or  pained  for  some  evil  experienced, 
done,  or  feared  ;  feeling  sorrow  or  regret.    (It 
Is  not  '*sually  so  strong  a  term  as  sorrowful.) 

"  An-  the!  ful  tory  bigtmnen  ech  bl  him  self  to  seye, 
Lordwherlamr'—  Wycliffe:  JfoKAew  xxvi. 

3.  Poor,  mean,  pitiful,  worthless,  despic- 
able. 

*  A  tarry  breakfast  for  my  lord  protector.* 

Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  I'/.,  L  4. 

•sSr'-ry,  *«6r'-y,  r.i.  [SORRY,  c.J  To 
grieve. 

"  If  he  complayn*  they  tory  with  hym."—  JLtcbam  : 
ToxophUtu,  p.  u. 

sort,  *  sorte,  *.  (Fr.  eorte  =  sort,  manner, 
fashion,  quality,  calling;  sort  =.  a  lot,  fate, 
luck,  <kc.,  from  Lat.  sorttm,  accus.  of  SOTS  = 
lot,  chance,  condition,  state  ;  ItaL  torta  •=. 
sort,  kind  ;  sorte  =  fate,  destiny.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  Lot,  chance,  fate,  destiny. 

*  Were  It  by  aventure,  or  tort,  or  eas." 

CAouosr;  C.  T-  8«. 

2.  A  kind  or  species. 

"The  average  quantity  of  all  tcrrti  of  grain  Im- 
ported."— Smith  :  H'  faith  of  .fationt,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  T. 

3.  A   number  or  collection  of  individual 


persons  or  things  characterized  by  the  i 
or  like  qualities  ;  a  class  or  order. 

"The  one  being  a  thing  that  belungeth  generally 
unto  all :  the  other,  such  as  none  but  the  wi&er  and 
more  judicious  sort  can  pcrfurui."— linker:  Hcclet 
Polity. 

4.  A  number  or  collection  of  things  which 
are  of  the  same  kind  or  suited  to  each  other, 
or  which  are  used  together ;  a  set,  a  suit. 

5.  Manner  ;  form  of  l«ing  or  acting. 

"  Flowers,  ID  such  tort  worn,  can  neither  be  smelt 
nor  Been  well."— Hooker :  £cdt».  1'ulity. 

6.  Degree  of  any  quality. 

"  I  have  written  the  mure  boldly  nnto  you,  in  sou* 
tort,  aa  putting  you  In  mind."— Roman*  XT.  is. 

*  7.  Condition  above  the  vulgar ;  rank. 

"  I  know  none  of  that  name,  IH<I>-  ;  there  was  none 
such  in  the  army  of  any  i<?r(."— Shaketp.;  Much  Adt, 
about  Nothing,  i.  u 

*  8.  A  company  or  knot  of  people  ;  a  lot,  a 
gang. 

"I  was  requested  to  stipper  last  night  by  a  tort  of 
gallants."— Ben  J union :  tivery  J/aa  in  hit  Bumour.  \.  4. 

IL  Print. :  Any  letter,  figure,  point,  space, 
or  quadrat  belonging  to  the  compositor's  case, 

f  1.  Out  of  sorts: 

(1)  Ord.  Lang. :  Out  of  order;  not  in  one's) 
usual  health  ;  not. very  well. 

(2)  Print. :  Out  of  type  of  a  particular  letter. 
2.  To  run  upon  sorts : 

Print. :  Work  which  requires  an  unusual 
number  of  certain  kinds;  as  an  index,  which 
requires  a  disproportionate  number  of  capitals. 

sort  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    [SORT,  «.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  distribute  by  lot ;  to  allot  to. 

M  What  cruel  fate  has  torted  us  this  chaiice  ?" 
Sackville  i  Jforton  :  Ferrtx  *  Porrex,  W.  S, 

2.  To  separate,  as  things  having  like  quali- 
ties, from  other  things,  and  arrange  them 
into  distinct  and  proper  classes  or  divisions ; 
to  assort,  to  arrange. 

**To  tort  our  nobles  from  our  common  men." 

Xhakrtp. .-  Henry  Y.,  ir.  1. 

*3.  To  dispose,  to  arrange;  to  reduce  to 
order. 

**Ood  tort  all  I"       Skaketp.  i  Merchant  of  rente*.  T. 

*4.  To  choose  with  respect  to  fitness;  to 
select  from  a  number. 

"Tojort  some  gentlemen  well  skilled  In  music.** 
Shaketp. :  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  ill.  2. 

*  5.  To  pick  out ;  to  fix  on. 

**  I'll  tort  some  other  time  to  visit  you." 

SJuiketp. :  1  Henry  17.,  il  L 

*  &  To  find  oat ;  to  contrive. 

"  m  tort  occasion 

To  part  the  queen's  proud  kindred  from  tlie  king." 
Shakap. ;  Richard  ///.,  iTl. 

*7.  To  conjoin;  to  put  together  in  dis- 
tribution. 

"  For.  when  she  tort*  things  present  with  things  past* 
And  thereby  tilings  to  come  doth  oft  foresee. 

Itariet.    (Toad.} 

*  8.  To  adapt,  to  fit ;  to  make  conformable ; 
to  accommodate. 

"  Sorti  a  sad  look  to  her  lady's  sorrow.** 

Shaketp. :  Rape  o/  Lucrrce,  1.2C1 

*  9.  To  assign,  to  appropriate. 

10.  To  correct  by  stripes;  to  punish,  to 
chastise.  (Scotch.) 

*  B.  Intransitive .' 

1.  To  be  joined  with  others  of  the  same  sort. 

'*  Nor  do  metals  only  tort  and  herd  with  metals  in 
the  earth,  and  minerals  with  minerals;  but  both  1» 
common  together." — Woodward. 

2.  To  consort,  to  associate. 

**  What  friendi  we  tort  with  or  what  books  we  read." 
Cowper :  tirocinium,  114 

3.  To  suit,  to  fit,  to  agree,  to  accord. 

"  It  tortt  wall  with  your  fierceness.' 

Ahaketp.  :  Henry  r.,  IT.  L 

4.  To  be  fit  or  suitable. 

"  When  then  it  tortt,  brave  warriors,  let's  away." 
Shakttp.  :  2  ffenry  I*/.,  U.  1. 

5.  To  agree ;  to  come  to  an  agreement. 

*  Sort  (2),  v.i.    [Fr.  sortir  =  to  issue.] 

1.  To  terminate,  to  issue,  to  result. 

"  Which  many  times  torteth  to  iucoovenleiMsX"— 
Bacon  :  Euayt ;  t'rieiidikip. 

2.  To  fall  out,  to  happen. 

"  If  It  t-urt  not  well,  you  may  concenl  her." 

Shaketp.  :  Much  Ado  About  Suthing,  IT.  L 

3.  To  have  success,  to  succeed ;  to  termi- 
nate  in  the  effect  desired. 

"The  slip*  of  their  vines  have  been  brought  int* 
Spain,  but  they  have  not  torted  to  the  same  purpoat 
Mtu  their  native  country."— Abbot:  Deter,  of  World. 

*  sort'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  sort  (1),  y. ;  -able,] 

1.  Capable  of  being  sorted. 


ftte,  f&t,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine?  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  aon ;  mute,  <mfc  cure,  unite,  cur,  r&le,  fall ;  tryt  Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  c ;  ey  =  a ;  q.u  -  kw. 


sortably— sough 


4357 


2.  Suitable,  befitting. 

"  Nut  tortable  either  to  his  disposition  or  breeding." 
—BtjwtU  :  Letter!,  ii.  6. 

•SOrf-a-bly,  adv.  [Bug.  tortoMl*);  -ly.} 
Suitably,  fittingly. 

•  sort'-al,  a.    [Eng.  tort,  s. ;  -aJ.)    Pertaining 
to  or  designating  a  particular  sort. 

"  That  idea  which  the  tonal,  if  I  may  so  call  it  from 
ton.  as  I  do  general  from  genus,  name  stands  for." — 
Locke:  Human  Undcrttundiny,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  iii. 

•  sort  -an5e,  *.    [SORT  (1),  t>.]    Suitableness, 
agreement. 

"  AB  might  hold  tortanre  with  his  quality." 

Sluiketp. :  2  Henrf  IY.,  iv.  1. 

•  sor  ta  tion,  s.    [Eng.  sort  (1),  v. ;  -a<iore.) 
The  act  or  process  of  sorting. 

"  The  final  tortation  to  which  the  letters  lire  sub- 
jected.''-^, llliut.  ttagasine,  Feb..  1884.  p.  2M. 

aort'-er,  s.  [Eng.  sort  (1),  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
sorts  or  arranges  things  :  as,  a  letter-sorter. 

•or'-tes,  s.  pi.  [Lat.,  pi.  of  sore  =  a  lot.] 
[SORT,  8.]  A  kind  of  divination  by  the  chance 
selection  of  a  passage  in  an  author's  writing, 
frequently  practised  in  ancient  times  and  the 
mediieval  ages.  One  method  followed  was  to 
take  up  a  book,  open  it  at  random,  and  the 
passage  touched  with  the  finger  was  supposed 
to  indicate  the  fortune  of  the  experimenter. 
Another  method  was  to  write  several  passages 
from  a  favourite  author  on  separate  slips  of 
paper,  place  these  in  an  urn,  and  draw  out 
one,  and  from  its  contents  infer  good  or  evil 
fortune.  Such  methods  of  divination  were 
known  as  Sorta  Virgiliaruz  or  Sorta  Homer- 
tcte,  according  to  the  author  chosen.  Among 
the  Christians  of  the  middle  ages  the  Bible 
was  used  for  a  similar  purpose,  and  the  pro- 
cess was  known  as  Sortes  Biblicce. 

•or'- tie,  ».  [Fr.,  fern,  of  sortt,  pa.  par.  of 
sortir  =  to,  Issue,  to  sally  out ;  Sp,  surtida, 
from  surtir  ;  ItaL  mrtita,  from  sort  ire.] 

Mil. :  A  sally  of  troops  ;  the  issuing  of  a 
body  of  troops  from  a  besieged  place  to  attack 
the  besiegers ;  an  outrush  of  a  beleaguered 
garrison. 

•  sor'-tl-lege,  ».    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tortilegium, 
from  sors,  genit.  sor£is  =  a  lot,  and  lego  =  to 
choose,  to  select.]     The  act  or  practice  of 
drawing  lots  ;  divination  by  drawing  lots. 

"  I  have  good  hope  that  as  the  gods  ill  favour  have 
directed  this  tortucae,  to  they  will  be  present  and 
propitious  unto  me.  —  P.  Holland  :  Livy,  p,  1,183. 

•  sor-tl-le'-glous,  a.    [SORTILEGE.]    Of  or 
pertaining  to  sortilege. 

"  Horace  makes  the  blood  of  frogs  an  ingredient  In 
tortilegiout  charms."— Daubrex. 

•sor-tfl'-eg-jf,  s.  [Lat.  sortilegium.]  Sorti- 
lege ;  divination  by  drawing  lots. 

"  lu  tortileoiet,  and  matters  of  greatest  uncertainty, 
there  is  a  settled  and  ^reordered  course  of  effect." — 
Oranne:  IMigio  Medici,  I  18. 

•  sor-ti'-tlon,  s.    [Lat.  sortitio,  from  *or(i(ws, 
pa.  par.  of  sortior  =  to  obtain  by  lot ;  sors, 
genit.  sortis  =  a  lot.]     Selection  or  appoint- 
ment by  lot. 

"  The  soldier*  have  parted  thy  garment*,  and  cast 
lots  upon  thy  seamless  coat:  those  poor  spoils  cannot 
so  much  enrich  them  aa  glorify  thee,  whose  Scriptures 
are  fulfilled  by  their  barbarous  tortitiont."— Bp.  Hall : 
Contemplationt,  bk.  Iv. 

•  sort'-ment,  «.    [Eng.  sort  (1),  v. ;  -merit.] 

1.  The   act   of  sorting;   distribution  into 
classes  or  kinds  ;  assortment. 

2.  A  parcel  sorted ;  an  assortment. 

•  sorf-jf,  o.    [Eng.  tort,  s. ;  -y.]    Of  one  sort ; 
alike. 

"  Not  quite  tarty  as  ta  hair."— Field,  Dec,  IS,  1881. 

sor  -us  (pi.  sdr'-l),  ».    [Or.  irapof  (sSro»)  =  » 

heap.] 
Botany  (PI.): 

1.  The   patches   of  fructification   on   the 
fronds  of  ferns.    They  constitute  small  heaps 
of  minute  capsules  in  most  ferns  on  the  backs 
of  the  fronds. 

2.  The  groups  of  spores  in  the  Florideous 
Algae. 

•  sorwe, «.    [SORROW,  ».] 

•  sorweful,  a.    [SORROWFUL.] 

•  soV-y,  s.    [Lat,  from  Gr.  <7upi>  (sortt).]    The 
ancient  name  for  sulphate  of  iron. 

•  *or-y,  a.    [SOHBY.] 


•os-pi  -ro,  B.    [Ital.] 

Music:  A  crotchet  rest;  in  old  music,  a 
minim  rest. 

soss  (1),  v.i.  &  t.  [Prob.  of  imitative  origin.] 
(Prov.) 

A.  Intrans. :  To  fall  at  once  into  a  chair  or 
seat ;  to  sit  lazily. 

"  From  wholesome  exercise  and  air 
To  lotting  lu  au  easy  chair." 

Surifl :  Stella  at  WoodparTc. 

B.  Trans. :  To  throw  carelessly  ;  to  toss. 

SOBS  (2),  v.i.  [Gael.  sos  =  a  coarse  mess  or 
mixture.]  To  make  up  or  prepare  messes  or 
mixed  dishes  of  food.  (Prov.) 

BOSS  (!),«.    [Soss  (1),  v.}    (Prov.) 

1.  A  lazy  fellow. 

2.  A  heavy  fall. 

*  soss  belly,  *  sos-belly,  a.  Heavy,  fat 

"Thou  tot-bely  awil-bol."—  Bolt :  Diet,  of  Uonncr't 
Articlel  (29.) 

BOSS  (2),  *.  [Soss  (2),  ».]  A  heterogeneous 
mixture,  a  mess  ;  a  dirty  puddle.  (Prov.) 

sos-te-nu'-td,  ado.    [Ital.] 

Music:  A  direction  that  the  note  or  notes 
of  the  movement  or  passage  over  which  it  is 
placed  are  to  be  held  out  their  full  length  in 
an  equal  and  steady  manner. 

s8t,  "  sote,  *  sotte,  o.  &  s.    (Fr.  so<,  fern. 
sotte ;   cf.  O.  But.  zof  =  a  fool,  a  sot ;  Sp.  & 
Port  zote  =  a  blockhead.] 
*A.  As  adj. :  Foolish. 

"He  nnderstont  that  heo  IB  lot."—Ancren  fiiwle, 
p.  66. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

"1.  A  fool,  without  its  being  Implied  that 
his  want  of  sense  arose  from  over-indulgence 
in  liquor;  a  stupid  person,  a  blockhead,  a  dolt 

"  In  Egypt  oft  has  teen  the  tot  bow  down 
And  reverence  some  deified  baboon." 

Oldham :  Eighth  Satire  of  Boileau. 

2.  A  person  stupefied  by  excessive  drinking ; 
an  habitual  drunkard,  a  tippler. 

41  Like  drunken  tott  about  the  streets  we  roam." 

Dryden  :  Palamon  &  Arcitf,  i.  432. 

*  S5t,  V.I.  &  i.     [SOT,  a.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  stupefy,  to   besot,  to  in- 
fatuate. 

"  Bailllus  shall  know  how  thou  halt  «o««<i  hU  mind 
with  falsehood."— Sidney :  Arcadia,  bk.  UU 

B.  Inlraiis. :  To  tipple  to  stupidity. 

*  so-ta-de'-an,  a.     [See  def.]    Pertaining  to 

or  resembling  the  lascivious  verses  of  Sotades, 
a  Greek  poet  of  the  third  century  B.O. 

*  so  tad  -Ic,  a.  &  ».    [SOTADEAN.] 

A.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  SOTADEAN  (q.v.). 

B.  As  subst. :  A  Sotadean  poem  or  verse. 

*  sote,  o.    [SWEET.] 
"sote,  «.    [Sor, «.] 

*  soted,  n.    [SOTTED.] 

*  sot  el,  o.    [SUBTLE.] 

*  so-ter-I-oT-o-gy,  «.    [Or.  <rwn,fia.  (sotiria) 

=  safety,  health,  from  o-omjp  (sotir)  =  a  sa- 
viour, and  Aoyos  (logos)  =  a  discourse.] 

1.  A  discourse  on  health,  or  the  science  of 
promoting  and  preserving  health. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  salvation  by  Jesus  Christ. 

"  Righteousness  and  sin,  toteriology  and  hamartiology 
are  the  fundamental  thought*  in  Si  Paul's  theological 
system."— Farrar:  St.  I'tiul  (pop.  ed.),  ch.  ixvii.,  f  s. 

*  Both,  *  soth  fast,  *  soth-ly,  &c.    [SOOTH, 

SOOTHFAST,  &c.) 

•soth-ern,  a.    [SOUTHERN.] 

soth  i-ac,  sdth'-Ic,  o.  [See  def.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Sothis,  the  Dog-star,  at  whose 
heliacal  rising  the  year  was  supposed  to  com- 
mence. 

sothic  period,  .-. 

CTiron. :  A  period  of  1,460  Julian  yean. 

sothic  year,  s. 

Chron. :  The  Egyptian  year  of  865  days. 

»  SOth  SaW,  ».      [SOOTHSAW.] 

*SOt-ie,  ».  [SoT,  o.]  Foolishness,  folly,  in- 
fatuation. 

"  To  aeen  a  man  from  his  estate 
Through  his  totie  effeminate. 
And  leue  that  a  man  shall  dooe." 

Gower:  C.  A.,  vli. 


Bot'-nl-a,  s.  [Buss.]  A  company  or  squadron 
in  a  Cossack  regiment 

•sof-ter-y,  s.    [Eng.  so( ;  -«ry.]    Folly. 

"  ty-itteriei  and  Inaoleucies  of  some  bishop*,"* 
Gauden:  Tiartqfthe  CAurc/i,  p.  12. 

SOt'-tlsh,  a.    (Eng.  sol,  a.  ;  -ish.} 

*  1.  Foolish,  infatuated,  besotted,  senseless . 
•tapid.  (MMon:  P.  L.,  i.  472.) 

2.  Characterized  by  foolishness  or  stupidity; 
stupid,  senseless. 

"Scandalous frauds  and  totttth superstitious. *—Wa* 
burton  :  Sermont,  vol.  jc.,  aer.  27. 

3.  Dull   and    stupid    with   intemperance ; 
given  to  excessive  tippling ;  drunken ;  per- 
taining to  or  arising  from  drunkenness. 

sot'-tish-ljr,  adv.  [Eng.  sottish;  -ly.]  In  a 
sottish  manner ;  like  a  sot ;  foolishly,  stupidly, 
senselessly. 

"  111  their  mournful  solemnities,  they  lottitltly  at- 
tributed to  the  guds  the  passiuiis  baloaglug  to  the 
fruita  of  the  earth."—  Cudworth  :  Intell.  Syttem,  p.  60S. 

*  sot -tish-ment,  ».     [Eng.  sottish,;  -mmt.\ 
Bottishness,  infatuation. 

"This  is  imbecillity  and  tottitfiment.'f~ 8.  Lennard  : 
Of  Witdome,  bk.  L,  ch.  xzxvL  (1670.) 

sot -tish-ngss,  s.    [Eng.  sottish;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sottish ; 
folly,  stupidity,  dulness,  infatuation. 

"  Sotlitltnett  and  dotage  Is  the  extinguishing  of 
reason  in  phlegm  or  cold.  —11.  Afore :  Mytlery  of  Ood- 
Unett,  bk.  Till,  oh.  xiv. 

2.  Stupidity  from  intemperance  or  drunken- 
ness ;  drunken  stupidity  or  habits  generally. 

"  No  sober  temperate  person  can  look  with  any  com* 
plitcency  upon  the  drunkenness  and  tottithnett  of  hU 
neighbour. ,  — SouiA. 

sot  to,  o.  [Ital.,  from  Lat.  subter  =  under, 
below,  beneath.] 

Music  :  A  term  signifying  below  or  inferior  : 
as,  so«o  il  soggetto  =  below  the  subject ;  sott» 
voce  =  in  an  undertone. 

sou,  ».  [Fr.,  from  O.  Fr.  tol,  sou,  from  Lat 
soi'iiius  =  (a.)  solid,  (s.)  a  coin,  still  preserved 
in  the  symbols  I.  s.  d.=  librae,  solidi,  denarii.] 
[SOLID.]  An  old  French  copper  coin,  twenty- 
four  of  which  made  a  livre  or  shilling.  Th« 
name  is  still  popularly  given  to  the  five- 
centime  piece,  twenty  of  which  make  a  franc, 
but  all  regular  money  accounts  in  France  are 
made  out  in  francs  and  centimes. 

sou  a'  ri,  s.    [SAOUAHI.] 

sou'-balL,  >.    [Sr/BAH.] 

sou  -bah  dar,  s.    [SCBADAR.] 

soubise'.s.    [See  def.] 

Cook. :  A  superior  onion  sauce,  said  to  b* 
named  by  the  inventor  after  the  Prince  of 
Soubise. 

sou-brette',  ».  tFr.]  A  waiting-maid  ;  specif . 
in  theatricals,  a  female  in  a  comedy,  especially 
a  servant-maid,  who  acts  the  part  of  an  in- 
trigante ;  a  meddlesome,  mischievous  young 
woman. 

*  soUce,  ».  &  v.    [SOUSE.] 

sou  -chet  (t  silent),  >.    [Fr.] 

1.  Bot. :  The  roots  of  Oyperus  tscuhntui. 

2.  Cook. :  A  dish  of  Dutch  origin  in  which 
fish  is  served  in  the  water  or  stock  in  which 
it  is  boiled. 

sou-chSng',  s.  [Chinese  =  little  sprouts.]  A 
kind  of  black  tea. 

*  Bond,  o.  &  s.    [SOUTH.] 
»  son-dan,  i.    [SULTAN.] 

*  aoud  an  ess,  *  soud  an-esse,  «.    [Eng. 
soudan;  -ess.]    [SuLTANEss.] 

*  Bonded,  a.    [O.  Fr.  souder = to  solder  (q.v.  V] 
Consolidated,  united,  confirmed.    (Chaucer.) 

souf'-fle,  s.  [Fr.,  from  souffier  =  to  puff; 
souffle  =  a  puff,  a  breath.) 

Cook. :  A  light  kind  of  pudding  made  of 
cheese  or  any  kind  of  farinaceous  substance, 
and  flavoured  with  fruits,  liqueurs,  or  essencea. 
A  variety  of  the  souffle  is  the  cheese  fondu. 

sough  (gh  as  f )  (1),  s.  [Wei.  soch  =  a  sink  or 
drain.]  A  drain,  a  sewer ;  an  adit  of  a  mine. 
(Prov.) 

"  To  make  any  addlts  or  tought  to  drain  them."— 
Ray  :  On  the  Creation,  pt.  11. 


boH,  bo?;  ptfut,  ]«W;  cat.  cell,  chorus.  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  JCenophon,  eylst.   ph-  t 
•«tan.  -tlan  =  sha*.   -tlon,  -sion  =  »hun;  -tlon.  -slon  =  «hun,   -oloiM,  -tloua,  -slona  =  shua.   -hie.  -die,  4c.  =  Del.  del. 


4358 


sough— sound 


•ough  (as  suf  or  sugh,  the  gh  guttural)  (2) 
*  swough,  *  SWOgh,  a.  (Icel.  sugr  =  a 
rushing  sound  ;  cf.  A.S.  sivdgan  =  to  sound 
to  resound  ;  twtg  =  a  sound.] 

1.  A  imirinuriiig,  sighing  sound  ;  B  rushing 
or  whistling  sound,  as  of  the  wind  ;  a  deep  sigh. 

"  Fn  'in  tli«  loch  would  come  tbe  towjh  of  a  porpoiae, 
Ot  the  wild  cry  of  a  Iwm." — Weld,  Dec.  12,  1884. 

2.  A  gentle  breeze ;  a  waft,  a  breath. 

3.  A  current  rumour ;  a  report. 

"  There'a  s  tough  In  the  country  alnjut  that  six  him 
dred  puUlida."—  Scott  :  A  ntiyttary,  eh.  XXL 

4.  A  canting  or  whining  way  of  speaking, 
especially  in  preaching  or  prayihg;  the  chant 
or  recitative  peculiar  to  the  old  Presbyterians 
in  Scotland.     (Scotch.) 

^  To  keep  a  culm  tough :  To  keep  silence  ;  to 
be  silent,  ($cotch.) 

•ough  (as  suf  or  sugh,  the  gh  guttural), 
«.i.  &  t.  [Souoa  (2).  s.} 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  emit  a  rushing,  whistling,  or  sighing 
•ound,  as  the  wind. 

"Its  last  despairing  wails,  •hrieking  sod  toughing 
through  tbe  lofty  flr  top*."— field,  Sept.  25.  188G. 

2.  To  breath,  as  in  sleep.    (Scotch.) 

B.  Trati*. :  To  utter  In  a  whining  or  mo- 
notonous tone. 

•ought  (ough  as  a),  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v. 

[SEEK.] 

•du'-Jee,  s.    [SOOJEE.) 

•o'u'  kar,  t  sou'  car,  *.     [Hind.  saJiul-ar.] 

A  native  Indian  banker  or  money-lender. 
Sometimes  called  a  Marwadi  or  Marwari,  as 
many  native  bankers  come  from  the  province 
of  Marwar,  Rajpootana. 

•souke,  r.f.  or  t.    [SucK,  v.] 
•ouk'-ies,  souks,  s.    [SOOKIES.] 

•dul(l),  *saul,  'saulo,  'soule,  "sowl, 
*  SOWle,  s.  [A.S.  sdicel,  sd<col,  sdmil,  sairl, 
Mtt/'fe;  cogn.  with  Dut.  ziel ;  Icel.  sola,  sal; 
Dan.  ticel;  Sw.  sjal ;  Goth,  saiwala;  Ger.  aeelt,] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

1*  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  The  immaterial  part  of  a  beast,  when 
considered    as   governed    by  and  subject  to 
hnrnft"  aflections  ;  the  seat  of  life  in  an  animal. 

"  fr'ttit  of  anltntxlt  Inftne  UKnwelTM 
Into  tbe  trunks  of  men." 

.SAoie-T*. .-  JVcrdkattf  of  Veniet,  IT.  L 

&  The  moral  and  emotional  part  of  man's 
nature ;  the  seat  of  the  sentiments  arid  feel- 
ings, as  distinct  from  intellect. 

"  Whom  my  very  tout  abhor*.* 

Shnk<t]>. :  Tvx>  Gentlamtm,  IT.  S. 

4.  The  intellectual  principle;  the  under- 
standing. 

"  For  elcquence  the  tout,  song  charms  the  MUN." 
Milton:  /'./,..  ii.  6M, 

5.  The  vital  principle ;  tlie  animating  or 
•agential  part;  the  essence  or  quintessence; 
the  chief  part.,    [II.  1.] 

**  He's  the  very  Mil  of  bounty.* 

Shake*?.  :  Ttmon,  L  S. 

6.  Hence,  the   inspirer  or  leader  of  any 
Action  or  the  like ;  the  leader,  the  heart. 

"  Unnamed  by  Hoi  Unshed  or  H«1K 
He  wit*  UK  living  «wJ  of  all.' 

Seott:  Marmion,  rL  ». 

7.  Spirit,  courage,  grandenr,  or  any  noble 
manifestation  of  the  heart  or  moral  nature. 

"One  decree 

Bpake  lairs  to  them,  and  said  thtit  by  the  *ml 
Ouljr  UM  uationa  shall  be  great  and  faM." 

tf  vrdtwartb :  SomMt,  Sept.,  1801. 

*8.  Internal,  Innate  or  inherent  power  or 
principle. 

"  There  la  icijie  tout  of  goodneas  In  things  evil. " 

*3*ole*j>.  ;  Henry  !"..  IT.  L 

9.  A.  spiritual  being ;  a  disembodied  spirit. 

10.  A  human  being,  a  person :  as,  Not  a 
tovl  knew  of  his  coming. 

11.  A  familiar  compellatfon  of  a  person, 
tuually  expressing  some  quality  of  the  mind. 

"  Now  mlstrees  Ollplii,  careful  tout  / 
Bad  two  atone  bottles  fuuuJ. ' 


tt  Ta&nicaOy: 

I.  Philat. :  The  Scholastics,  following  Aris- 
totle, by  soul  meant  the  primary  principle 
of  life,  and  held  that  a  plant  was  endowed 
with  a  vegetable  soul,  that  brutes  and 
man  had  in  addition  a  sensitive  soul,  while 
man  alone  had  a  rational  and  immaterial  soul. 
They  based  their  proof  of  the  immateriality 
of  the  distinctively  human  soul  on  the  power 
of  the  mind  to  form  abstract  ideas. 


2.  Script.  *  Theol.  :  The  word  soul  is  nsec 
chiefly  for  "  that  spiritual,  reasonable,  anc 
immortal  substance  in  man  which  is  the  origin 
of  our  thoughts,  of  our  desires,  of  our  reas.  ai- 
wiiich  distinguishes  us  from  the  brute 
creation,  and  which  bears  some  resemblance 
to  its  Divine  Master."  (Cruden.)  All  Chris- 
tians admit  the  responsibility  of  the  soul  to 
God  for  the  deeds  done  in  the  body  ;  and  the 
orthodi-x  view  —  tliat  of  the  Anglican,  Roman, 
and  Greek  Churches,  and  of  the  great  dissent- 
ing bodies  —  is  that  at  the  final  judgment  the 
lot  of  every  soul  will  be  irrevocably  tixed,  and 
that  it  will  either  eternally  enjoy  the  Beatilic 
Vision  in  heaven  or  share  the  endless  torments 
prepared  for  the  devil  and  his  angels.  Two 
other  views—  both  of  which  have  found  sup> 
porters  in  the  Church  from  early  ages-  art 
coming  increasingly  to  the  front  :  (1)  That  of 
tbe  Restorationists,  of  whom  there  are  two 
schools  :  (a)  the  Dogmatic,  who  assert,  and  (6) 
those,  represented  by  Archdeacon  Farrar,  who 
express  a  hope,  that  all  men  will  be  finally 
saved  [RESTORATIONIST,  UNIVERSALIST]  ;  and 
(2)  the  Annihilationists  or  Destroctionists, 
who  hold  that  while  the  righteous  will  be  for 
ever  in  a  state  of  bliss,  the  wicked,  after 
receiving  the  punishment  of  their  sins,  will 
be  blotted  out  of  existence.  Origen,  with 
Plato,  held  the  doctrine  of  the  pre-existence 
of  souls,  which  was  condemned  by  a  synod 
at  Constantinople  in  543.  [TRANSMIGRATION.] 
Two  distinct  views  have  at  different  times 
found  supporters  in  the  Christian  Church  :  (1) 
Tliat  the  soul  is  produced  by  natural  genera- 
tion [TBADUCIANISH]  ;  (2)  that  each  soul  is 
separately  created  by  God.  [CREATIOSISM.] 

*J  Soul  is  largely  used  in  composition, 
forming  compounds,  the  meanings  of  which 
are  in  general  self-explanatory  :  as,  *Mt/-be- 
traying,  soul-calming,  soui-cheering,  «wj-dead- 
ening,  soui-destroying,  *ou£-entrancing,  toui- 
refreshlng,  soul-stirring,  Krui-vexed,  &c, 

U  Cure  of  soult  : 

Church  of  Eng.  :  An  ecclesiastical  benefice 
in  which  parochial  duties  and  the  administra- 
tion of  the  sacraments  are  included,  primarily 
vested  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  the  clergy 
of  each  parish  acting  as  his  deputies. 

*  soul-bell,  s.    The  passing-bell  (q.v.). 

"We  call  them  <out-oe»<.  for  that  they  signify  the 
departure  of  the  loul,  not  for  that  they  help  the 
paasage  of  the  soul."—  Bp.  UaU. 

*  •oul-curer,  «.    A  physician  of  souls  ; 
a  paraon.    (Shakesp.  :  Merry  Wives,  Hi.  ].) 

*  soul  fearing,  a.    Terrifying  the  soul  : 
appalling.    (Shakesp.  :  King  John,  II.) 

•soul-foot,  ».    The  same  as  SOUL-BOOT 


•  soul-soot,  *  soul-shot,  t. 

Old  Secies.  Law:  A  kind  of  heriot  or  funeral 
duty  paid  to  the  church  ;  a  mortuary  (q.v.). 

"In  Saxon  tlmea  there  waa  a  funeral  duty  to  be 
paid,  called  pcctinia  tnmlctirat  i*  ft  tf'nbolummutna, 
and  in  Saxon  *>ul-thot.'—Avltff«  .•  Pareryon. 

*  soul-Sick,  a.    Diseased  in  mind  or  soul  ; 
morally  diseased. 

soul  (2).  sool.  '  sowle,  •  soole,  *  sowcl, 
A.  [A.S.  sufol,  sitfel,  siifl  =  broth,  pottage,  any- 
thing eaten  as  a  relish  with  bread  ;  Icel.  rufl  ; 
Dan.  suul  ;  Sw.  sofvel.]  Anything  eaten  as  a 
relish  with  bread,  as  butter,  cheese,  milk,  Ac. 
"  I  ne  have  neyther  bred  ne  towel."  B<ivH.,k,  i,  HI. 

"  soul  (IX  r.t    [Som.  (IX  «J   To  imbue  or 
endow  with  a  soul  or  mind. 

"  The  go*t,  that  from  the  fader  gan  precede, 

Hath  touted  hem  withouten  any  drede." 

Oumcer:  V.  T.,  15,  t». 

*  soul,  soul  (2X  v.i.    [Etym.  doubtful  ;  per- 
haps from  soul  (2),  a.,  or  from  Fr.  *mter  =  to 
satiate.]    To  afford  suitable  sustenance  ;  t3 
give  a  relish. 

•'  Bread  and  weldings  miling  well." 

U'anirr.    {  >r«tet>r.J 

Sou-la'-mc-a,  ».    fFrom  toulamiftn,  tlie  name 
of  the  tree  in  the  Moluccas.] 

Bat.  :  A  genus  of  Polygalaceee  (Lindtey)  of 
the  Simarubaceffi  (Treas,  of  Bat.).  Sepals 
tliree,  stamens  six  ;  fruit  heart-shaped,  two- 
celled,  two  -seeded.  Only  known  species, 
Soulamea  amara,  a  tree  with  obovate  leaves 
and  small  axillary  spikes  of  small  green 
flowers,  growing  in  the  Moluccas  and  the 
Feejee  Islands.  All  parts  of  the  tree,  espe- 
cially the  roots  and  fruit,  are  intensely  bitter, 
and  are  nied  in  fever,  cholera,  and  pleurisy. 

•  soul-der,  «.    [SOLDER.] 


'  soul-dler,  «.    [SOLDIEB.J 

souled,  a.  [Eng.  toul  (1),  s. ;  -ed.]  Furnished 
or  endowed  with  a  soul,  mind,  or  spirit ;  in- 
stinct with  soul  or  feeling.  (Chiefly  in  com- 
position, as  high-sou^d,  noble-souinJ,  &C.) 

"Would'st  tliou  the  Grecian  chiefs,  though  laniel* 

amjesl, 

Should  give  the  prizea  they  had  gained  before?" 
Dryden.    (Todd.} 

soul-less,  o.    [Eng.  soul (1),  s. ;  -/MS.) 

1.  Destitute  of  a  soul  ;  without  life  ;  dead. 
"A  conqueror  of  lifeless  and  toulleu  thiuKi."— Cud- 

north:  J'ttell.  Xyiton,  p.  828. 

2.  Without  greatness  or  nobleness  of  mini!  • 
senseless,  unfeeling. 

"A  toulleu  toy  for  tyrant's  lust."     Byron  :  giaour. 

3.  Dull,  spiritless. 

"Students  find  Its  literature,  and  above  all  it* 
poetry.  touUeu  and  uniuapired."— it.  Jamei't  0u*cW«. 
reb.  10,  1887. 

*  soun,  «.    [Son™,  «.] 

sound,  *  sond,  *  sonnde,  a.  &  adv.  [A.S. 
eund,  cogn.  with  Dut.  gaond;  Sw.  4  Dan. 
fund  ;  Ger.  gesitntl.  Perhaps  connected  with. 
Lat.  tanus  =  whole,  sound,  sane  (o,.v.).J 

A.  ^ls  adjective : 

1.  Wliole,  unimpaired,  unhurt,  unuiutilated; 
not  lacerated,  hurt,  or  damaged, 

"Thou  .  .  .  bleed'st  not ;  speak'st ;  art  toundl' 

Shakeiij.  :  Lear,  IT.  «. 

2.  Free  from  imperfection,  defect,  or  decay; 
not  defective  ;  whole,  undecayed. 

"  Look  that  my  staves  be  Kttnd* 

Hhakcip. :  Richard  III..  T.  8. 

8.  Healthy  j  not  diseased  ;  having  all  the 
Organs  and  faculties  in  a  perfect  state ;  heart  y, 
robust,  strong. 

-  To  take  the  Indisposed  and  sickly  fit 
For  the  louwd  man."          Shaketp. :  Lfar,  )L  1. 

4.  Founded  on  truth  ;  strong,  valid,  flrnv 
solid. 

"  Thy  counsel's  found" 

shaJcetp. :  Taming  ofthf  Shrev.  1 1 

5.  Founded  on  right  or  law ;  valid,  legal ; 
not  defective  j  Indisputable ;  that  cannot  bfr 
overthrown  or  disputed  :  as,  a  sound  title, 

6.  Right,  correct,  orthodox ;  free  from  error. 

"Hold  fast  the  form  of  tound  words,  which  thou 
beat  hemrd  of  me."— 2  Timothy  1.  18. 

*  7.  Honest,  honourable,  upright,  virtuous,, 
blameless. 

"Dare  mate  a  Maunder  man  than  Surrey  can  be." 
3*afca*0..'  Henry  Ylll.,  ui.  1 

8.  Solvent :  as,  The  firm  is  sound. 

9.  Fast,  deep,  profound,  unbroken,  undis- 
turbed, heavy. 

••  Tbli  sleep  l>  lount,  indeed." 

Statttp  :  2  Htnrt  If.,  IT.  L 

10.  Heavy,  lusty ;  laid  on  with  force;  severet 
as,  a  sound  thrashing. 

•  11.  Clear,  shrill. 

*  Thy  small  pipe  is  aa  the  maiden's  orpsn,- 
Bhrill  ami  nm nij. "       Nutkttp. :  r««(«A  IHgM,  1 1. 

B.  As  adv. :  Soundly,  heartily,  last. 

"  Let  the  fairies  pinch  him  found." 

HluAttp.  :  Herrt  Wtou  of  HlndHr,  tr.  «. 

•ound  -  beaded,  a.  Having  a  sound,, 
clear  head  or  mind. 

•ound  -  hearted,  o.  Straightforward, 
trustworthy,  upright. 

sound  (I),  *  son,  *  soun,  '  sounc,  •  sown, 
•  sownd,  *  sowne,  «.  [Properly  soun,  the 
d  being  excrescent,  as  in  round  for  roun  (to 
whisper),  Ac. ;  Fr.  ton  =  a  sound,  from  Ijtt 
sonum,  accus.  of  tonne  =  a  sound ;  tints c. 
tvana.} 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  TI. 

"The  nature  of  sound*  hath,  tn  aome  sort,  been  JBV 
quired."— Aicwn;  .Vat.  Hia..  |  114. 

2.  A  partictiUr  manner  of  striking  the  ear, 
so  as  to  produce  a  certain  effect. 

"  And  these  hi*  accent*  had  a  found  of  mirth. " 
Byron  :  Cortnir.  U.  IS. 

8.  Noise  without  sense  or  signification ; 
empty  noise ;  noise  and  nothing  else. 

M  To  be  words,  unprofitable  souitda" 

MoAviji. :  Rap*  qf  Lucrtce,  1.017. 

IL  Phytks&Physiol. :  Sound  is  properly  con- 
sidered under  a  twofold  aspect— {!)  the 'etlect 
produced  when  the  brain  takes  cognizance  of 
sensations  excited  in  the  auditory  nerve,  mid 
(2)  a  phenomenon  actually  produced  in  nature 
by  a  sounding  body  when  the  particles  of  that 
body  are  in  such  a  state  of  vibration  as  to 
make  an  impression  on  normal  auditory 
nerves.  This  would  exist,  even  if  no  living 
being  were  possessed  of  a  sense  of  hearing. 


Ate,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  w«t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  whd,  sou;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rnle,  fill;  try.  Syrian.    *B.  ca  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lew. 


sound— sounding 


4359 


and  some  of  tlie  effects  of  sound-waves  would 
still  l«  observable  ;  for  instance,  the  sliatter- 
iiig  of  windows  by  tlie  impact  of  sound-waves. 
When  a  sonorous  body  is  struck,  or  an  ex- 
plosion takes  place,  or  a  person  speaks,  a 
sonnd-wave  is  propagated  by  molecular  mo- 
tior,,  the,  particles  of  the  air  moving  forward, 
each  impinging  on  that  immediately  before  it, 
and  then  rebounding,  till  those  which  till  the 
cavity  of  the  ear  are  finally  driven  against  the 
tympanic  membrane,  the  vibration  of  which 
Is  transmitted  to  the  auditory  nerve,  and 
thence  to  the  brain,  which  takes  cognizance 
of  the  sensation.  I!y  this  alternate  movement 
of  advance  and  rebound  the  air  is  alternately 
condensed  and  rarefied,  and  the  length  of  a 
sound-wave  is  measured  from  condensation  to 
condensation,  just  as  in  water  the  length  of  a 
wave  is  measured  from  crest  to  crest.  Solids, 
•when  they  possess  elasticity,  are  better  con- 
ductors  of  sounds  th»n  gases  or  liquids.  1ms 
feet  is  known  experimentally  to  savages,  who 
place  their  ears  to  the  ground  to  detect  the 
approach  of  an  enemy,  and  ha»  been  utilized 
in  medicine  in  the  construction  of  the  stetho- 
scope (q.v.).  [For  the  rate  of  Bound,  see 
ACOUSTICS.]  Sound  radiates  from  a  sounding 
body  in  all  directions  in  straight  lines,  and 
diminishes  in  intensity  in  inverse  proportion 
to  the  square  of  the  distance.  Sound-waves 
may  be  reflected,  refracted,  and  inflected.  By 
reflection  they  produce  echoes  [ECHO],  by  re- 
frai-tion  they  may  be  converged  on  any  given 
spot  and  by  inflection  they  bend  round  solid 
obstacles.  Tyudall  (On  Sound,  p.  23)  notes  a 
striking  instance  of  their  Inflection  when  the 
powder  magazine  at  Erith  exploded  in  1804. 
The  village  was  some  miles  distant  from  the 
magazine,  yet  every  window  in  the  church, 
back  and  front,  was  bent  inwards,  tlie  build- 
ing being,  so  to  speak,  clasped  by  a  girdle  of 
intensely-compressed  air.  bounds  are  classi- 
fied as  musical  sounds  and  noises,  a  musical 
s.  nind  depending  upon  a  succession  of  impulses 
at  a  regular  rate,  the  pitch  of  the  note  rising 
with  the  rapidity ;  it  will  also  be  readily  un- 
derstood how  greater  rapidity  must  shorten 
the  sound-wave,  the  air  when  rebounding  from 
one  compression  being  more  quickly  again 
compressed  by  the  succeeding  impulse.  The 
human  ear  is  limited  in  it*  range  of  hearing 
musical  sounds.  If  the  vibrations  are  less 
than  sixteen  per  second  the  separate  shocks 
arc  perceived,  if  they  exceed  3,800  per  second 
consciousness  of  sound  ceases.  [ACOUSTICS.] 

sound-board, ». 

1.  A  wooden  screen  placed  behind  a  pulpit, 
for  the  purpose  of  reflecting  the  preacher's 
voice ;  or  over  it,  to  prevent  the  sound  from 
ascending. 

2.  Carp. :   Deadening ;   a  partition  or  an 
additional  division  between  two  apartments 
to  prevent  the  propagation  of  sound  from  one 
to  the  other. 

3.  Music: 

(1)  A  piece  of  resonant  wood  placed  behind 
the  strings  of  a  pianoforte  for  the  purpose  of 
increasing  the  power  of  the  sounds. 

(2)  The  upper  surface-hoard  of  a  wind-chest 
In  an  organ,  that  chamber  of  air  into  which 
the  feet  of  tlie  pipes  are  placed. 

"  As  In  an  organ  from  one  blast  of  wind. 
To  many  a  row  of  pipe*  the  tound.bno.rd  breathes. 
Milton. P.  L.,  L7W. 

sound-boarding,  s. 

Build.  :  Short  hoards,  disposed  transversely 
between  the  joists,  to  hold  the  pugging  which 
prevents  the  transmission  of  sound. 

Sound-bow,  s.  That  part  of  a  bell  on 
which  the  clapper  strikes.  The  sound-bow  is 
the  point  of  the  greatest  thickness,  and  is 
considered  as  unity  in  stating  the  proportions 
of  the  bell. 

sound  -  figures,  >.  pi.    [SONOBOUS- 

riQURBS.  ] 

sound-post,  «.    A  sounding-post  (q.v.). 
sound-wave,  s.    [SOUND,  II.] 

Sound  (2),  *  sonnde,  *  sund,  s.  [A.S.  fund 
(1)  a  swimming,  (2)  power  to  swim,  (3)  a  strait 
of  the  sea;  cogn.  with  Icel.,  Dan.,  Sw.,  & 
Ger.  sund.  Cf.  Icel.  sund-mn gi  (lit  sound-maw) 
=  the  swimming-bladder  of  a  fish.] 

1.  A  narrow  passage  of  water,  as  a  strait 
between  a  mainland  and  an  island,  or  a  strait 
connecting  two  seas,  or  connecting  a  sea  or 
lake  with  the  ocean. 

"  To  go  farther  up  the  found,  and  come  back  along  the 
vest  snore." — Cook :  Second  Voyage,  bk.  IT.,  ch.  vfli. 


2.  The  swimming-  or  air-bladder  of  a  fish. 

[COD-SOL'NDS.) 

3.  A  oame  for  the  Cuttle-fish  (q.v.). 
Sound-dues,  «.  pi.    The  sea-toll  or  dues 

formerly  collected  at  Elsinore  on  all  v. 
passing   the   Sound  between    Denmark  and 
.Sweden. 

sound  (3),  s.    IFr.  sonde  =  a  sounding-line,  a 
probe.]    (SOUND  (3),  v.] 

Surg. :  An  instrument  for  exploring  the 
cavities  of  the  body.  [LITHOTOMY-SOUND, 
PROBE.,  s.,  I,] 

sound  (1),  'sounde,  *  soune  (1),  v.i. 
[SOUND,  a.]  To  become  sound  ;  to  be  cured 
or  healed ;  to  heal. 

"  Though  gyrte  with  many  a  wound 
That  lik'/ly  are  never  (or  to  mmd. 

LyfytUe  :  Vam/tlaint  gf  Slack  Knight. 

sound  (2),  *  soune  (2),  *  soun-en,  sowne, 
v.i.  &  t.    [Fr.  sm\nert  from  L-at.  sono,  from 
sonus  —  a    sound   (q.v.);    Sp.    sonar;    Ital. 
evonare.] 
A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  make  a  sound  or  noise ;  to  utter  or 
emit  a  voice ;  to  cause  an  impulse  of  the  air 
that  shall  strike  the  organs  of  hearing  with  a 
particular  effect.    (I  Corinth,,  xv.  52.) 

2.  To  play  on  an  instrument;  to  cause  an 
instrument  to  give  out  a  noise. 

"  O  baggeulpe  w«l  coude  li«  blowe  and  toune." 

C*ai««r:  C.  r.,M7.    (Prol.) 

*  3.  To  be  conveyed  by  or  in  sound ;  to  be 
spread  or  published. 

"  Frota  you  tounded  out  the  word  of  the  Lord."— 

I    llfM'll.   I   8. 

A.  To  seem  or  appear  when  uttered ;  to  ap- 
pear or  convey  an  impression  on  narration. 

"  Th«  praises  which  he  knew  that  he  had  not  de- 
served tound»d  to  him  like  reproach-,*."— Jtacautay  : 
Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  zxlL 

*  5.  To  tend. 

"  Don*  aule  thing  founding  to  the  breach  of  the 
ttHn*."—ff«!inshcd:  Bitt.  Scotland ;  Ferithari*. 

*  6.  To  be  consonant  or  in  accord  ;  to  har- 
monize.   (Followed  by  to,  unto,  or  into.) 

"  As  fer  M  tm-mmth  into  hoi.pst.se." 

Chauc-r:  C.  T.,  13,f>W. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  make  or  emit  a  noise ;  to 
play  on. 

"  Sound  all  the  lofty  inntrmnents  of  war." 

£/ta*e*p.  :  1  Henry  jr.,  T.  S. 

2.  To  utter  audibly ;    to  express  or   pro- 
nounce :  as,  To  sound  a  note  with  the  voice. 

3.  To  order  or  direct  by  a  sound  ;  to  give  a 
signal  for  by  sound  or  noise. 

"Our  author  seems  to  found  a  chttgeV—  Dryden : 
Virgil.  JTntrid.  (Dedlc.) 

4.  To  spread  or  celebrate  in  sound  or  report ; 
to  spread  abroad,  to  publish,  to  proclaim. 

*  5.  To  declare,  to  tell,  to  describe. 

"  No  words  can  that  woe  found." 

.. :  Konuo  *  Juliet,  11L  1 


"  6.  To  signify,  to  mean,  to  import. 
"  ID  Hebrew  it  trmndt  '  nakedness  of  aught,  or  any 
real  nakeduesa"*— Hilton:  Of  Divorce. 

«J  To  sound  in  damages :  To  have  the  essen- 
tial quality  of  damages.  (Said  of  an  action 
brought,  not  for  the  recovery  of  any  specific 
thing,  as  replevin,  debt,  &c.,  but  for  damages 
only,  as  trespass.) 

sound  (3),  *  sownde,  v.t.  ft  i.  fProb.  from 
Fr.  so?ider=to  sound,  try,  prove,  search  the 
depth  of,  from  a  supposed  Lat.  subundo  =  to 
submerge,  from  sub  =  under,  and  n-nda  =  a 
wave.  But  Skeat  also  points  out  that  the 
Sp.  sonda  means  not  only  a  sounding-line,  but 
also  a  sound  or  channel  [SOUND  (2),  s.],  and 
that  the  Fr.  sender  was  probably  taken  from 
the  Scandinavian  sund  =  a  sound ;  cf.  A.8. 
sund-gyrd,  sund-line  —  a  sounding-rod  or  line.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

2.  Fig. :  To  try,  to  examine ;  to  discover  or 
endeavour  to  discover,  assomethingconcealed 
in  the  depth  of  another's  breast ;  to  search 
out  the  intention,  opinion,  will,  or  desires  of; 
to  probe. 

"  His  Holiness,  however,  on  being  founded  on  the 
subject  by  the  Si»uish  Ambassador  la  Borne,  de- 
clined."— Keening  Standard,  Oct.  8, 1886. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Kaut.:  To  measure  the  depth  of;  to 
fathom  ;  to  try  or  test  the  depth  of  water  in, 
and  the  quality  of  the  bottom  of,  as  of  the 
sea,  by  sinking  a  plummet  or  piece  of  lead 
attached  to  a  line  on  which  are  marked  the 


number  of  fathoms.  The  It-ad  i*  el'.n- 
has  an  eye  at  one  end  to  receive  the  line,  and 
a  cavity,  which  is  partially  filled  with  an 
aiming  (tallow),  at  the  otlier,  t"  which  the 
p-uiititl,  especially  if  it  be  sand,  shells,  or  tine 
gravel,  adlieivs  when  the  lead  strikes  the 
ground.  Numerous  contrivances  an-  employed 
for  ascertaining  the  nature  of  tin;  bottom. 
Tlie  form  generally  us,-«l  in  the  British  service 
consists  of  a  strong  tube  with  upwardly  open- 
ing v.ilvcs,  which  admit  the  mutl  or  sund 
composing  the  bottom  when  the  sinker  strikes, 
but  are  closed  by  gravity  during  the  upward 
movement. 

2.  Surg, :  To  examine  any  cavity  in  the 
body  by  means  of  a  sound.  Also  used  of 
external  examination  by  means  of  a  stetho- 
scope or  by  percussion. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  use  the  line  and  lead  In 
order  to  ascertain  the  depth  of  the  water. 

"  They  funded  again.,  and  fuuud  It  fifteen  fathom*." 
—Act*  zxvlt  28. 

*  sound,  v.i.    [SWOON.) 

*  sound' -a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  «ownd(2).  v. ;  -able.} 
Capable  o*f  being  sounded. 

sound  age  (age  as  Ig),  s.    [Eng.  tound  (SX 
v.  ;  -age.]    Dues  for  sounding. 

*  sonnde,  v.t.    [SOUND  (l),  v.} 

sound  -er  (1),  «.     [En«.  sound  (2),  v. ;  -«r.) 

One  who  or  that  which  sounds;  specif,  in 
telegraphj*,  a  device  used  instead  of  a 
register,  the  communications  being  read  by 
sound  alone.  It  consists  of  an  electro-magnet 
with  an  armature  having  a  lever  attached; 
the  movement  of  the  armature,  as  it  is  at- 
tracted by  the  electro-magnet  or  withdrawn 
by  a  spring,  is  limited  by  two  gtops,  between 
which  tlie  end  of  the  lever  plays,  and  by  the 
striking  of  which  the  sound  is  produced. 

s6und'-er  (2),  s.    [SWINE.] 
1.  A  herd  of  wild  swine. 

"  We  bad  Just  about  nulalied  eating,  when  a  large 
tmmdtr  of  pig— not  lew  th;m  twenty  of  all  size*, 
headed  by  a  big  boar— broke  out  of  the  Jungle  about 
eighty  paces  from  \.^"- field,  April  4,  1686. 

*  2.  (See  extract). 

"  A  sonn<lrr  (i.e..  In  the  language  of  the  period,  » 
boar  of  only  two  years  oldf  bad  trowed  the  track  of 
the  proper  object  of  th«  chaw."— Scott :  Quentin 
iOurward,  ch.  Ik. 

Sound'-Ing  (1),  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.  [SouND<2), ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Lit. :   Causing  sound  ;  making  a  noise ; 
sonorous,  resonant. 

"I  am  become  as  towlinff  brass,  or  *  tinkling 
cymbal."— l  Cortnthiant  xlli.  L 

2.  Having  a  magnificent  or  lofty  sound; 
high-sounding,  bombastic. 

"  Keep  to  your  subject  close  In  all  yon  say ; 
Nor  for  tt  founding  wnteuce  ever  stray. 

Dryden  :  Art  tif  J'oetry,  t 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  emitting  or  causing 
a  sound  or  noise, 

sounding-board,  *.    [SOUND-BOARD.] 
sounding-post, «. 

Music :  A  post  set  beneath  the  bridge  of  a 
violin,  violoncello,  Ac.,  for  propagating  the 
sound  to  the  body  of  the  instrument. 


r.,  «.,&«.  (SocND(3),«i.) 
A.  *  B.  As  pr.  par.  d  particip.  adj. :  (Set 
the  verb). 
C.  Assutstantln: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  sounds ;  the  »ct  of 
ascertaining  the  depth  of  water  with  a  lead 
and  line. 

2.  Naut.  (PL):   The   depths   of  water  In 
rivers,  harbours,  along  shores,  and  even  in 
the  deep  seas,  which  are  ascertained  by  the 
operation  of  sounding.    Also  a  place  or  part 
of  the  ocean  where  the  bottom  can  be  reached 
with    the   deep-sea  line;   also  the   kinl  of 
ground   or  bottom  which  the  line  reaches. 

[OCEAN,  A.  l.J 

••  The  toundingt  which  he  get*  from  his  deep-sea 
lead  .  .  .  enable  him  to  declare  the  position  of  bis 
craft,  even  In  th«  thickest  weather."—  Daily  Telt- 
ffrapb,  March  2,  1867. 

H  (1)  In  soundings:  So  near  the  land  that 
the  deep-sea  line  will  reach  tlie  bottom. 

"  We  continued  this  course  till  the  following  night, 
and  then  frequently  brought  to,  to  try  If  we  were  in 
tountiingt,'— Anton  :  Togayet,  hk.  Hi.,  ch.  vi. 
(2)  To  strike  soundings:  To  flnd  bottom  Witt 
the  deep-sea  line. 


bS&,b6?;  psjiit,  Jowl;  oat,  .jell,  chorus,  9nln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sta,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist. 
-tian  =  shan.    -tlon,    sion  =  shun  ;  -tiou,  -siou  =  «i»*«-    -clous,  -tloua,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  4c-  =  bfl> 


Ing. 


i860 


Boundless— sourdine 


sounding-bottle,  s.  A  vessel  employed 
for  drawing  up  water  from  considerable  depths 
in  the  sea,  for  examination  and  analysis.  It 
frequently  contains  a  thermometer  for  ascer- 
taining temperatures  below  the  surface. 

sounding-lead,  s. 

Kaut.  :  The  weight  used  at  the  end  of  a  line 
In  sounding.  [LEAD  (1),  s.,  II.  6.] 

Bounding  line,  s. 
Naut.  :  The  line  which  holds  the  sounding- 
lead. 

sounding  rod,  5. 

Kaut.  :  A  graduated  iron  rod.  used  for 
ascertaining  the  depth  of  water  iu  the  well  on 
board  ship. 

•  sound  -less  (11,  a.    [Eng.  sound  (1),  s.  ;  -less.  ] 
Having  no  Bound  ;  noiseless,  silent. 

"  With  •  tfundleu  step  the  foot  of  Evantretine  fol- 
lowed." LonpJeUfno:  £tanyeline,  L  3. 

•  Bound  -less  (2),  *  sound  lease,  a.    [Eng. 
sound   (3),    v.  ;   -less.]      Incapable   of  being 
iounded  or  fathomed  ;  unfathomable. 

"  While  he  upon  your  toundleu  deep  doth  ride. 
Shaketp.: 


sound  -ly,  adv.    [Eng.  sound,  a.  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  sound  manner  ;  healthily,  heartily. 

2.  Without  flaw,  defect,  or  imperfection. 

3.  Truly,  correctly  ;  with  sound  judgment  ; 
without  fallacy  or  error  ;  rightly. 

4.  Firmly  :  as,  a  doctrine  soundly  established. 
*  5.  Thoroughly,  satisfactorily,  completely, 

perfectly. 

"  Effect  this  badness  toundly." 

SAatelp.  I  Xichard  111..  111.  1. 

6.  Fast,  deeply  :  as,  To  sleep  soundly. 

7.  Severely,  lustily;  with,   heavy  blows; 
smartly. 

"  Villain,  I  say,  knock  me  here  toundty* 

Shaketp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew.  i.  2. 

sound  -ness,  t.    [Eng.  sound,  a  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sound  or 
unimpaired  ;  healthiness  ;  sound  condition  or 
•tate. 

"  A  man  would  wish  In  the  first  place  to  enjoy 
vigour  of  limbs  and  toundnett  of  constitution.  — 
Search  :  Light  of  Nature,  vol.  L,  pL  1L,  ch.  xixiv. 

2.  Freedom  from  flaw,  defect,  imperfection, 
or  decay  :  as,  the  soundness  of  timlier. 

3.  Truth,  rectitude  ;  freedom  from  error  or 
fallacy  ;  correctness. 

"  I  will  not  answer  for  the  acuteness,  much  less  for 
thejouTutaesiofhisdistiuction."—  Waterlantt:  ffor/a, 
Till.  238. 

4.  Firmness,  validity,    strength,    solidity, 
truth. 

"  This  presupposed,  it  may  stand  then  very  well 
with  strength  and  fjundneu  of  reason,  even  thus  to 
answer."—  Booker  :  £cclet.  Polity. 

5.  Severity,  smartness  :  as,  the  soundness 
Of  a  thrashing. 

•  soune  (1),  v.i.    [SOUND  (IX  «.] 

*  soune  (2),  ».{.*«.    [SOUND  (2),  ».) 

•onp,  s.  [Fr.  taupe  =  a  sop,  pottage,  or  broth  ; 
cogn.  with  O.  But.  top,  zop  =  broth;  soppe, 
zoppe  =  a  sop  ;  Sw.  soppa  =  a  sop  ;  Ger.  surme; 
Dan.  suppe.  Allied  to  sup  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  kind  of  broth  or  food  made  generally 
by  boiling  flesh  of  some  kind  in  water  with 
various   other    ingredient*.     Soups  are    of 
numerous  varieties  :  as,  gravy-soup  hare-soup, 
turtle-soup,  4c.  , 

"  Let  the  cook  danb  the  hack  of  the  footman's  new 
Mt-ery  ;  or.  when  he  is  going  up  with  a  dish  of  to«n 
let  her  follow  him  softly  with  a  ladle-fall."—  Svifc  • 
Direction*  to  Servantt. 

2.  A  sup  ;  a  sip  or  small  qnantitv  ;  also,  a 
considerable    quantity  of    any    thiu    food. 
(Scotch.) 

IT  Portable  soup  :  A  sort  of  cake  formed  of 
concentrated  soup,  freed  from  fat,  and,  by 
long-continued  boiling,  from  all  the  putres- 
cible  parts. 

soup-house,  i.    A  soup-kitchen. 

soup-kitchen,  «.  A  public  establish- 
ment, supported  by  voluntary  subscriptions, 
for  preparing  and  supplying  soup  to  the  poor 
either  gratis  or  at  a  nominal  charge. 

sonp-malgre,  s.  [Fr.]  Thin  soup,  made 
chiefly  from  vegetables,  a  little  butter,  and 
some  spices. 

soup-ticket,  t.  A  ticket  given  to  poor 
persons,  entitling  them  to  receive  soup  at  a 
soup-kitchen  (q.v.). 


*  soup  (1),  u.fc    [Etym.  doubtful.]    To  breathe 
out,  as  words.    (Cainden.) 

•soup  (2),  v.t.    [Scp,  ».] 

"soup i  (3),  r.i.  [SWEEP,  v.]  To  sweepor  pass 
by  with  poimp. 

"  He  vaunts  his  voice  upon  an  hired  stage. 
With  high-set  step  aud  princely  carriage, 
Now  loupinff  in  side  robes  of  royalty." 

toiihop  BtiU  :  6atiret,  L  1 

*  soupe,  r.i,    [Sop,  r.] 
•souper  (i),  s.    [SUPPER.] 

t  soup'-er  (2),  s.  [Eng.  soup ;  -er.]  A  name 
formerly  applied  in  contempt,  in  Ireland,  to 
a  Protestant  missionary,  or  Scripture-reader, 
or  to  a  convert  from  Popery,  from  the  fact 
that  the  missionaries,  especially  in  Connauglit, 
were  said  to  assist  their  work  by  the  distribu- 
tion of  soup  to  the  poor.  [SWADDLER.] 

sou  pie  (1),  a.  [Fr.]  Supple,  active,  athletic, 
flexible.  [SUPPLE.] 

"  Od,  ance  I  gat  a  wee    tvuple  yestreen.  I  was  as 
yauidasan  eeL"— Scott:  Antiquary,  ch.  xii. 

Sou  -pie  (2),  s.    [SwipLE.] 

1.  The  part  of  a  flail  that  strikes  the  grain  ; 
•  swiple. 

2.  A  piece  of  wood  used  as  a  cudgel.  (Scotch.) 

sdup'-jr,  o.  [Bag.  soup;  -y.]  Like  soup ; 
having  the  appearance  or  consistence  of  soup. 

sour,  *  sonre,   *  sower,   *  sowre,  a.  &  s. 

[A. 3.  sur  ;  cogn.  with  Dan.  zuur  ;  Icel.  surr  ; 
Dan.  suur ;  Sw.  snr ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sur;  Ger. 
saner;  Wei.  sur;  Lith.  surus  =  salt ;  Russ. 
surwMii  =  raw,  coarse,  harsh,  rough.]  [SoB- 
Ml,s.l 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Having  an  acid  or  sharp  taste  ;  sharp  to 
the  taste ;  acid,  tart. 

"  For  wailed  wine  and  meates  thon  had  tho 
Take  mouled  bread,  pirate,  and  elder  taure." 

Chaucer:  Complaynte  of  Crettidf. 

2.  Crabbed,  morose,  sullen ;  harsh  of  tem- 
per; austere,  sullen. 

"  H*  hath  been  heavy,  tour,  sad." 

Shaketp.:  Comedy  of  Xrron,r. 

•3.  Gloomy,  dismal,  sad. 

"  Speak  sweetly,  though  thy  looks  be  four." 

Shakcip.  :  Richard  II.,  ill.  4. 

4.  Expressive  of  discontent,  displeasure, 
dissatisfaction  or  peevishness  ;  peevish,  cross, 
sharp. 

"  The  lord  treasurer  often  looked  on  me  with  a  tour 
Countenance. r— Swift.  (Toad.] 

*  &.  Bitter  to  the  feelings,  afflictive,  hard  to 
bear,  distasteful. 

44  Let  me  embrace  thee.  sou  r  adversity.** 

Shake*?.  :  »  Henry  VI..  lil.  1. 

&  Spoilt  by  keeping,  as  milk;  rancid,  musty. 
7.  Cold  and  unkindly,  as  sour  land. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  sour  or  acid  substance. 

"  The  sweets  we  wish  for  turn  to  loathed  fours.* 

Khakerp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece.  M7. 

T  Sour  grapes:  A  terra  applied  to  things 
despised,  or  rather  which  one  affects  to 
despise,  because  they  are  out  of  reach.  The 
allusion  is  to  ^Esop's  fable  of  "  The  Fox  and 
the  Grapes." 

sour-clover,  «. 

Lot. :  Oxalis  Acetosella. 

sour  crout,  sour  krout,  s. 

EBAUT.] 

Sour  dock,  s.    Sorrel  (Eumex  Acetosa). 

•sour-dough,.-.  Leaven.  (Wyclifft: 
Katthtw  xiii.  33.) 

*  sour-eyed,  n.    Having  a  cross,  sour,  or 
•alien  look. 

sour-gourd,  «. 

Bat. :  (1)  Adansonia  Gregoril,  a  species  from 
the  north  of  Australia  (Treat,  of  Bot.):  (2)  A. 
digitata  (London). 

SOur-gum,  s.    [ELACK-CUH.I 

sour-liettle, «.  A  vessel  nsed  in  souring 
bleached  cloth. 

eour-Urout,  s.    [SAUERKRAUT.] 

Eour-milli,  s.  A  local  name  for  butter- 
milk  (q.v.). 

sour-sauce,  ».    [SORREL  (1).] 
sour-sop,  «. 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  cross,  wrar,  crabbed 
person. 


2.  Bot. :  The  fruit  of  Anona.  muricata  and 
the  tree  itself.  The  latter  grows  in  the 
West,  Indies,  and  is  of  small  size,  resembling 
the  bay,  with  yellow  flowers  having  an  un- 
pleasant smelL  The  fruit  has  a  thin,  yellowish- 
green  skin,  covered  with  weak  prickles.  The 
pulp  is  as  white  as  milk,  partly  of  a  swe«t 
partly  of  a  pleasantly  acid  taste. 

sour-tree,   sour-wood,  ».     ISOHBJH, 

TREE.] 

S6~ur,  v.t.  &  i.    [SOUR,  o.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  make  sour,  acid,  or  tart ;  to  cause  to 
have  a  sour  taste. 

"The  tartness  of  his  face  tourt  ripe  grapes."  — 
Shaketp. :  Coriolaiiut,  v.  4. 

2.  To  make  harsh,  cold,  or  unkindly. 

3.  To  make  sour,  harsh,  or  peevish  in  tem- 
per; to  make  cross,  discontented,  or  crabbed. 

"  They  ...  lay  a  heavier  burthen  on  themselves 
than  they  will  be  able  to  bear,  at  least  without  «,uriny 
their  temper."— Seeker:  Sermont,  voL  ii.,  ser.  23. 

*  4.  To  make  uneasy  or  disagreeable  ;  to 
embitter. 

"  To  tour  yonr  happiness  I  must  report 
The  queen  is  dead." 

Hhaketp.  :  Cymbeline,  V.  L 

*  5.  To  cause  to  look  gloomily ;  to  cloud. 

"  Adonia  .  .  . 

Souring  his  cheeks,  cries  Fie !  no  more  of  love !" 
Shatcesp. ;   Venttt  *  Adtmil.  185. 

6.  To  macerate  as  lime,  and  render  fit  for 
plaster  or  mortar. 

IT.  Bleaching :  To  subject  to  the  operation 
of  souring  (q.v.). 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  become  sour  or  acid;  to  acquire  a 
sour,  tart,  or  pungent  taste. 

"  Used  in  milk  it  has  the  effect  of  preventing  the 
faintest  approach  of  touring,  tor  at  least  a  week,  in 
the  hottest  of  weather.*— Sheldon:  Dairy  Farming 
p.  311 

•2.  To  become  sour,  sullen,  crabbed,  or 
peevish. 

"  She  toured 
To  what  she  Is  I  a  nature  never  kind.* 

Tennyson  t  Walking  to  the  Mail,  S3. 

source  (1),  •  sours,  *  Bourse,  s.    [O.  FT. 

torse,  surse,  sorce,  sum  (Fr.  source),  fern,  of 
son,  pa.  par.  of  sordre  (Fr.  sourdre)  =  to  rise, 
from  Lat.  surgo.]  [SURGE.] 

1.  The  spring  or  fountain-head  from  which 
a  stream  of  water  proceeds ;  any  collection  of 
water  within  or  upon  the  surface  of  the  earth 
in  which  a  stream  originates. 

"  AD  rivers  have  their  source  either  in  mountains 
or  elevated  lakes :  and  it  is  in  their  descent  from  these 
that  they  acquire  that  velocity  which  maintains  theur 
future camut."—Qoldtmith:  Animated  A'attire,  vol.  L, 
ch.xlv. 

2.  The  spring  from  which  anything  flows. 
"The  flouds  doe  gaspe,  for  dryed  is  their  lourte.' 

Spenier:  Shepheardt  Calender  ;  Nov. 

3.  The  first  cause,  origin,  or  original ;  one 
who  or  that  which  gives  rise  to  or  originates 
anything. 

"If  there  is  any  one  English  word,  which  is  now 
become  virtually  literal,  in  its  metaphorical  applica- 
tion, it  Is  the  word  source,  who  is  it  that  ever  thought 
of  a  spring  or  fountain  of  water,  in  speaking  of  God 
as  the  timrce  of  existence  ;  of  the  sun  as  the  source  of 
light  and  heat,  of  laud  as  one  of  the  tourcet  of  national 
wealth  ;  or  of  sensation  and  reflection,  as  the  only 
sources  (according  to  Locke)  of  human  knowledge ; 
propositions  which  It  would  not  be  easy  to  enunciate 
with  equal  clearness  and  conciseness  in  any  other 
manner?" — Stewart:  Philotophy,  p.  203. 

source  (2),  s.    [SOUSE  (2).] 

•  source,  •  Bourse,  v.i.  [SOURCE  (1),  «.]  To 
spring. 

"  Immnnttlea  tourciny  from  him."— A'atfte :  Lenten 
Stwffe. 

•sdurde,  "sonrd-en,  v.t.  fFr.  sourare,  from 
Lat.  surgo.]  [SOURCE.]  To  rise,  to  spring,  to 
issue ;  to  have  its  source  or  origin. 

"  But  to  all  this  was  the  tonne  of  Gaunt  repugnnunt 
In  so  moche  y*mortall  warre  beganne  to»our</eatneu« 
y  sayd  aud  the  town  of  Brugys  aud  other."— fabyan  : 
Cttrcmi/de:  Car.  I',  (an.  s). 

sour   det,  ».    [Fr.,  from  sourd  =  deaf;  Lat. 
eurdus.] 
Music :  The  same  as  SORDINE  (q.v.)L 

sour  dine',  t.    [Fr.] 

Music: 

L  A  mute ;  a  sordine  (q.v.). 

2.  A  stop  on  the  harmonium,  which  by 
limiting  the  supply  of  wind  to  the  lower  hall 
of  the  instrument,  enables  the  performer  to 
play  full  chords  piano. 


Cite,  fit,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fill,  father;  T7e,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  si 
or.  wore,  W9U,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oiir.  rule,  foil;  try.  Syrian.    o>,  oe  =  i; 


sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


souring— southeast 


4361 


»6"ur  -ing,  s.    [Soon,  ».] 

1.  Bleaching :  A  part  of  the  process  in  which 
the  goods,  having  been  previously  placed  in  a 
solution  of  chloride  of  lime,  are  exposed  to  a 
dilute  solution  of  sulphuric  acid,  which  sets 
free  the  chlorine  and  whitens  the  cloth, 
also  neutralizes  the  alkalis  which  have  been 
used  in  previous  treatment  of  the  cloth. 

2.  Sort. :  A  crab-apple.    (Prior.) 

«6~ur-ish,  *so%r'-Ish,  a.    [Eng.  sour,  a.; 
•is*.)    Somewhat  sour ;  rather  sour  or  tart 

"The  colour  of  that  In  the  comb  in  the  hive,  but 
not  so  dry.  and  having  a  tourith  smelL"— Burroughs  : 
Pepacton,  p.  173. 

sour  -ly,  *  sower-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  sour,  a. ; 

1.  In  a  sour  manner ;  with  acidity  or  tart- 
ness. 

2.  With  peevishness  or  acrimony ;  tartly, 
peevishly. 

3.  In  a  sullen,  morose  manner;  bitterly, 
•nllenly. 

"  To  this  replied  the  stern  Athenian  prince. 
And  tourty  smiled." 

Dryden:  Palamon  t  Aretie,  1L  808. 

sour  ness,  *  soure-nes,  *  soure-nesse, 
«.    [Eng.  sour;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sour;  tart- 
ness, ai'i'lity. 

"  And  as  thoa  couldest  not  see  leanen  though  thoa 
brakest  vp  a  loafe,  except  tbou  etuelledst  or  lastedst 
the  tourenet."—TyndtiU :  Worket,  p.  225. 

2.  Asperity ;  harshness  of  temper ;  crabbed- 
ness,  sullenness,  moroseness. 

"  It  takes  off  the  toumett  and  morosenea  of  our 
spirits,  and  makes  us  affable  and  courteous."—  Sharp : 
Sermont,  voL  L,  ser.  2. 

Bour'-ock,  s.    [Soon,  o.)    Sorrel  (1).   (Scotch.) 
'  sours,  *  Bourse,  s.    [SOURCE.] 

•  sdus  (»  silent),  ».    [Prop,  the  pi.  of  «ou  (q.v.), 
but  frequently  used  as  a  singular.)    A  sou. 

"Not  a  louJ  to  save  me  from  gaoL"— Arbuthnot: 
Hitt.  John  Bull,  xvL  1. 

•ouse  (1),  *souce,   *  sowee,    *  sowse, 
•sowsse,  s.  &  atlv.    [A  doublet  of  sauce 


S0~usc  (2),  s6ur90  (2),  s.    [Fr.  sous  =  under.) 
Arch. :  A  support  or  underprop.    (Ourilt.) 

sou-shum'-ber,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bat. :  Solanum  mammosum,  the  Nipple  Night- 
shade, a  West  Indian  species. 

sous  -Ilk,  t.    [SUSLIK.] 
sou  so'-ell,  ».    [Etym.  donbtful.) 
Sot. :  Rhodymenia-palmata.    (Scotch.) 

sous'-ten-A    sdu'-ten-u,  o.     [Fr.  =  sus- 
tained.] 

Her.  :  A  term  applied  when  a  chief  is,  as  it 
were,  supported  by  a  small  part  of  the  es- 
cutcheon beneath  it,  of  a  different  colour  or 
metal  from  the  chief,  and  reaching,  as.  the 
chief  does,  from  side  to  side,  being,  so  to  speak, 
a  small  part  of  the  chief  of  another  colour, 
and  supporting  the  real  chief. 

*  Bdut'-age  (age  as  ig),  s.   [Etym.  doubtful.) 
Coarse  bagging  or  sacking  for  hops. 

"Take  toutaae,  or  hair,  that  covers  the  kell." 

Tutter:  ffutbandry;  AUffutt. 

sou  tane',  s.     [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  giMo.no., 
from  Lat.  subtus  =  beneath ;  Ital.  sottana.] 

Roman  Church:  The  ordinary  outer  gar- 
ment worn  by  ecclesiastics  in  ordinary  life, 
and  always  under  the  vestments  in  public 
ministrations.  It  is  generally  of  coarse  cloth 
or  serge ;  for  priests  the  colour  is  black,  for 
bishops  and  monsignori  purple,  for  cardinals 
red,  and  for  the  pope  while. 

sou'  ter,  •  sowter,  ».    [Lat  tutor,  from  tuo 
=  to  sew.]    A  shoemaker. 

"  He  knew  the  measure  of  a  guest's  foot  as  well  aa 
e'era.oJ«rou  this  side  Solway. "-Scott .-  Antiquary, 
cb-u. 

sSu'-ter-l*,  o.     [Eng.  tauter;  -!».]     Like  a 
cobbler ;  low,  vulgar. 

"As  two  the  special  bassawes  of  that  croud  touterly 
Sowdan.  may  wewell  consyder  the  worlde  and  th« 
fleshes-Sir  T.  More :  Warla,  p.  1.290. 

•sdu'-ter-raln,  «.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tiMerra- 
neus.}    A  grotto  or  cavern  underground. 

"  Defences  against  extremities  of  heat,  as  shade, 


A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Pickle  made  with  salt ;  sance. 

2.  Anything  steeped  or  preserved  in  pickle ; 
•spec.,  the  ears,  feet,  &c.,  of  swine  pickled. 

"Bending  the  king  woord  that  he  had  prouided  at 
bis  brothers  manor,  against  his  coming,  good  plentie 
«  tmae  *  i»wdred  meat."-a oliiubed :  Hiu.  Xnf., 
bk.  viii..  ch.  vll. 

•  3.  The  ear,  in  contempt 

4.  A  plunging  into  water ;  a  drenching  with 
water. 

5.  A  violent  attack  or  falling  upon,  as  of  a 
bird  on  its  prey  ;  a  violent  blow. 

"  The  hawk  gives  it  a  toute  that  makes  it  to  rebound." 
Drayton:  Poly-Olbion,  a  20. 

•  B.  As  adv. :  With  sudden  violence ;  slap. 

"And,  looking  full  on  every  man  they  meet, 
Hun  sou**  against  his  chaps." 

You ni :  Kpittlel  to  Mr.  Popt,  L 

•luse,  *  souce,  *  sowce,  *  sowso,  ».(.  4  i. 

[SOHSE,  ».] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  To  steep  in  pickle  ;  to  pickle. 

"  Kill  swine,  and  toute  'em. 
And  eat  'em  when  we  have  bread. 

a,.,,,m.  1  Flet. :  Prophetetl,  L  1 

2.  To  plunge  into  water. 

"  They  touted  me  over  head  and  ears  hi  water  when 
a  boy  so  that  I  am  now  one  of  the  most  case-hardened 
Of  the  Ironsides."— Addit»n  :  Guardian. 

3.  To  drench  with  water. 

"Others  touted  him  with  the  contents  of  bucket 
alter  bucket  of  oold  soapsuds  and  water."— Daily  Tele- 
graph, Oct.  80,  1886. 

*  4.  To  pounce  upon  ;  to  strike  with  sudden 
tiolence,  as  a  bird  strikes  its  prey. 

"  The  gallant  monarch  Is  in  arms ; 
And  like  an  eagle  o'er  his  airy  towers. 
TOSOKM  annoyance  that  comes  near  iiis  nest. 

Skakap. :  Xing  John,  V.  1, 
•B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  fall  suddenly  ;  to  make  a  sudden 
attack. 

"Jove's  bird  will  toute  upon  the  timorous  hare." 
Dryden  :  Juoenal,  sat  xiT. 

2.  To  strike ;  to  deliver  blows. 

••  With  hideous  horror  both  together  smlght. 
And  sowce  so  sore,  that  they  the  heavens  alfray. 
Spenter :  F.  Q.,  Lv.9. 

8.  To  beat ;  to  fall  as  a  blow. 

"  With  huge  great  hammers,  that  did  never  rest 
From  heaping  stroakes  which  thereon  touted  eon. 
Spenter:  f.  y.,  IV.  v.  36. 


•y  preservatives  of 

south,  *  sonthe,  s.,a.,&  adv.  [A.8.  tudh  = 
south  ;  sudha  =  tlie  south,  the  southern  region ; 
fiuihan  =  from  the  south ;  cogn.  with  Dut 
mid  =  south  ;  raider  =  southern  ;  tuiden  = 
the  south  ;  Icel.  sudhr ;  Dan.  syd  =  south  j 
louden  —  southern  ;  Sw.  syd  =  south  ;  soder  = 
the  south ;  O.  H.  Ger.  tund  =  south  ;  sundan 
=  from  the  south  ;  Ger.  tiid  =  south;  stiden 
=  from  the  south.] 
A*  As  substantive: 

1.  One  of  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the 
compass,  directly  opposite  to  the  north.     The 
meridian  of  any  place  is  a  great  circle  passing 
through  the  north  and  south  points  and  the 
place  itself. 

2.  The  region,  tract,  country,  or  locality 
lying  opposite  to  the  north,  or  situated  nearer 
to  the  south  point  than  some  other  point  of 
reckoning.    Specif.  (U.  S.),  that  portion  of  the 
United  States  which  lies  south  of  Mason  and 
Dixon's  line;   often  restricted  to  the  States 
which  seceded  in  1861. 

*  3.  The  wind  that  blows  from  the  south. 

B.  Am  adj.:  Situated  In  the  south,  or  In  a 
southern  direction  from  the  point  of  observa- 
tion ;  lying  towards  the  south ;  pertaining  to 
or  proceeding  from  the  south ;  southern. 

C.  At  adv. :  Towards  the  south  ;  from  the 
South. 

"They  take  their  courses  east,  west,  north,  touth." 
Sltaketp. :  2  Henry  IV.,  iv.  1 

H  Shakespeare  used  the  word  as  a  preposi- 
tion =  on  the  south  of, 

•"Tis  tnttn  the  city  mills."          Coriolanut.  L  10. 

South  African  chantlng-goshawk, 

S.      IMEI.IEBAX.] 

South  African  griffin,  «. 

Ornith. :  Otogyps  auricularis,  called  also  the 
Eared  or  Sociable  Vulture. 
South  American  mud  fish,  s.    [La- 

P1DOS1REN.] 

South  American  ostrich,  s.   [RHEA.] 

*  SOUth-fOg,  s.     A  fog  coming  from  the 
south. 

"The  KuOt-fv  rot  him  1  '•—SMketp.  :    CymteUne, 
IU.8. 


South  Pacific  whale,  t. 

Zool.  :  BaUena  antipadarum. 

South-sea,  s.  A  name  formerly  given 
to  the  Pacific;  Ocean,  and  especially  to  the 
southern  portion  of  it 

South-sea  Hubble:  A  stock-jobbing  scheme 
devised  by  Sir  Johu  Blunt,  an  English  lawyer, 
in  1710.  The  object  of  the  company  was  to 
obtain  the  sole  privilege  of  trading  in  the 
South  seas,  for  which  they  offered  the  Govern- 
ment easier  terms  for  the  advance  and  nego 
tiation  of  loans  than  could  be  obtained  from 
the  general  public.  In  1720  the  proposal  to 
take  over  the  National  Debt,  in  consideration 
of  5  per  cent  was  agreed  to  by  the  House  of 
Commons,  but  the  whole  bubble  soon  burst 
and  ruined  thousands.  The  term  is  some- 
times applied  to  any  hollow  scheme  which 
has  a  splendid  promise,  but  whose  collapse 
will  be  sudden  and  ruinous. 

South-sea  tea: 

Hot. :  Ilex  vomitorw.    [!LEX.] 

south  southerly,  s. 

Ornith. :  A  local  American  name  for  Harelda 
glocialis.  (Yarrett:  Brit.  Birds,  ed.  4th,  iv.  449.) 

south-wester,  ».    [SOOTHWESTER.J 

so"uth,  v.i.    [SOUTH,  s.] 

1.  To  move,  turn,  or  veer  towards  the  south. 

"  Wben  next  the  toutMny  sun  inflames  the  day." 
Dryden:  Virgil;  Qeoryiciv.  677. 

2.  To  arrive  at  or  pass  the  meridian  of  S 
place  :  as,  The  moon  souths  at  nine. 

South-cot' -ti-an?,  s.  pi.    [See  del] 

Church  Hist.  (PI.) :  The  followers  of  Joanna 
Southcott  (1750-1814),  who   claimed   to   be 
descended  from  an  old  Hertfordshire  family, 
but  whose  own  circumstances  were  so  poor 
that  she  had  to  become  a  domestic  servant 
She  had  strong  religious  feelings,  and,  till 
about  the  age  of  forty,  was  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  body.    In  1792  she  professed  to  re- 
ceive revelations,  which   she    published    in 
1801-3.  These  were  partly  in  prose,  but  chiefly 
in  doggrel.     From  that  time  to  her  death  the 
number  of  believers  in  her  pretensions  largely 
Increased.    These  were  by  no  means  confined 
to  the  uneducated  classes,  and  they  made 
such  provision  for  her  as  enabled  her  to  live 
In  considerable  style.     In  return  for  their 
offerings   her  followers    received    "seals'  — 
papers  which  purported  to  number  them  with 
the  mystical  "hundred  and  forty  and  four 
thousand  "  of  the  Apocalypse  (vii.  4).   In  181$ 
Joanna  announced  that  she  was  about  to  be- 
come a  mother,  that  the   child   would   be 
miraculously  conceived,  and   would  be  the 
Shiloh  (Gen.  xlix.  10)  in  whom  the  Millennium 
was  to  be  established.     She  died  Dec.  27, 
1814,  and  on  her  tombstone,  in'  Marylebone 
Churchyard,  is  an  inscription  foretelling  her 
reappearance.    Shortly  before  her  death,  the 
Eev.  J  T.  Foley,  Hector  of  Old  Swinford,  on 
her  behalf,  announced  to  her  followers  that 
she  had  received  a  heavenly  command  that 
they  were  not  to  assemble  for  worship  till 
after  the  birth  of  Shiloh,  but  to  attend  Pro- 
testant churches.     In  1825,  Charles  William 
Twort  pretended  to  be  the  Shiloh,  and  another 
impostor,  George   Turner  (whose   followers 
were  called  Turnerites),  arose  about  the  same 
time.    The  last  leader  of  the  Southcottians 
was  John  Wroe,  of  Bowling,  near  Bradford. 
He  claimed  prophetic  gifts,  and  taught  that 
the  Second  Advent  was  at  hand.    His  adher- 
ents, who  are  called  Christian  Israelites,  are 
stronger  in  Australia  (where  Wroe  died  In 
1863)  than  in  England,  where  only  three  or 
four  congregations  exist. 
S6"uth'-d<Swn,  a.   4i  «.      [Eng.   south,  and 
down,  s.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  South- 
downs  of  England  in  Sussex,  &c.  t  as,  a  South- 
down sheep,  Southdown  mutton. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  of  a  noted  herd  of  English 
sheep ;  mutton  from  such  a  sheep. 

south-east,  s.,  a.,  &  adv.    [Eng.  south,  and 
east.} 

A.  At  subst. :   The  point  of  the  compass 
equally  distant  from  the  south  and  the  east 
points. 

B.  As  adj. :  In  the  direction  of,  pertaining 
to,  or  coming  from  the  southeast 

"The  planting  of  trees  warm  upon  a  wall  against 
the  south  or  toutkeatt  sun,  doth  hasten  that,  ripen- 
ing."— Bacon. 

C.  As  adv.  Towards  the  southeast 


DSJl,  ho?;  pout,  J.Jwl;  cat.  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  e?lsU   ph-  t 
-«iai.,-tlan=shaB.   -tion,  -8lon  =  ahun;  -tlon,  -slon  =  «liun.   -oiona.  -tlous,  -«lou»  =  sliu».  -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  ael. 


4362 


southeasterly— sovran 


soUth-east-er-ly,    smith  cast  ern,   a. 

[Eng.  south,  aud  KnUrly,  or  eastern.]    .-  j:itli- 
ettt,' 

soU'-ther  (IX    sow'-der,  *.      [SOLDER.' 
(ScofcA.) 

south'  -or  (2),  «.    [Eng.  touft;  •«-.]    A  wind 
from  the  southeast. 

south'-er  -li-ness.  s.   [Eng.  «o«tt€rty  ;  -nets. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  southerly. 

•outh'-er  ly,  a,  &  adv.  [Eng.  jou(fer(*);  -iy.] 

A.  As  ri'Jjectire  : 

1.  Lying  in  the  south  or  in  a  direction 
towards  the  south  or  nearly  south. 

2.  Coming  from  the  south  or»  point  nearly 
south,    (SWcetp.  :  Banlit,  ii.  2.) 

B.  At  adv.  :  Towards  the  south. 

"  Whan  she  is  gone  teutherlg."—  P.  H,>rtan4:  Prtny, 
bk,  li..  ch.  xcvii. 

south'  -orn,   'soth-erne,  a.  i  «.    [A.S. 


1.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  south  ;  situated 
in  or  towards  the  suuth  ;  lyiug  oo  the  south 
side  of  the  equator. 

"  Frowning  Auster  seeks  the  totttlum  sphere.* 

Dry  den:  Ovid;  Jletamoryftoeet  I. 

2.  Coming  from  the  south. 

"  "«"'*  bodlse  are  heavier  when   souOien  winds 
Mow  til  m  when  northern.  —Bacon:  JVat  tfiit. 

*  B.  *•!$  sufct.  :  A  southerner,  a  southron. 

southern-caracara,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Tbyctcr  australis,  a  predatory  bird 
Inhabiting  the  South  American  continent  and 
the  Falkland  Islands.  It  runs  fast,  approaches 
houses  to  pick  npnffal,  attacks  small  wounded 
or  sleeping  animals,  and  congregates  in  num- 
bers, like  vultures,  on  the  carcase  of  any 
larger  animal. 

sonthern-cavy,  a. 

Zool.  :  Cavia  austnilis,  a  small  species  from 
Patagonia. 

Southern-cross,  *. 

Astnn.  :  Crux  australu.    [CRtnc,  T.] 

•*  Under  the  Southern  Crott,  amidst  the  sugar  cane* 
•ad  nutmeg  trees."—  Maeaulay  :  Hat.  Bug.,  ch.  U. 

southern  field-vole,  «. 

Zool.  :  Arvicola  armtit.  It  replace*  the 
Field  Vole  in  southern  Europe  and  extends 
into  western  Asia. 

southern  fish,  «. 

Astron.  :  Piscis  australis  (q.T.). 
southern-  wainscot,  s. 
Entom.  :  A  rare  British  night-moth,  I-cncania 
straminea. 

south'-crn,  «(.  [SOOTHKRH,  a.]  To  veer 
towards  the  south. 

South'  ern-er,  i.  [Eng.  southern  ;  er.]  An 
inimboant  or  native  of  the  south,  especially 
of  the  Southern  States  of  America. 


sonth'-ern 

era  ere. 


«.    A  peculiarity  of  sotrth- 


sonth'-em-i«e, 

A.  Trans.:  To  make  southern  In  charac- 
teristics. 

B.  htrm*.:  To  grow  southern  in  charac- 
teristics. 

south   ern-li-ness,   «.      [Eng.    southemly; 
-IBM.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  southerly. 

south' -ern-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  touOum;  -if,] 
Towards  the  south. 

"The  tun  goeth  not  so  tar  saulAemI*  from  us,"— 
BaleviU:  Jpoletie.  bk.  U.,  ch.  IT.,  14, 


south  crn  most,  a.  [En*,  southern;  -no*.] 
Situated  nearest  to  the  south. 

south -ern -wood,  *  soth  -  ern  -  wood, 
*  soth-ren-wod,  a.  [AA  luUiemwudu, 
suthernwyrt.] 

Bet. :  Artemisia  Abrotanvm,  a  hoary  plant, 
more  or  less  shrubby,  with  freely-divided 
leaves  and  nodding  yellow  flowers.  The  whole 
plant  ia  aromatic  and  agreeable,  though  appar- 
ently the  opposite  to  bees.  It  is  a  native  of 
anuthern  Europe  and  tlie  temperate  parts  of 
Asia.  Sometimes  called  by  country  people 
the  Old  Man,  and  in  the  West  of  England 
Boys'  Love.  It  is  used  on  the  Continent  of 
Europe  for  making  a  kim^  of  beer. 


south -Ing,  s.    [Ejig.  south;  -ing.} 

L  Ord.  I^ng. :  Tendency  or  motion  to  or 
towards  the  south. 
Ii.  Technically: 

1.  Astnn.  :  The  time  at  which  the  moon  or 
other  heaveuly  body  passes  the  meridian  of  a 
place. 

•  far  from  bence.  if  I  observed  aright 
Tlie  touthlnr  of  the  Btara  and  polar  light, 

.  lice.'  Drfdan  :   riiyUl  Jtoeti  V.  ». 

2.  Xavtg. :  The  difference  of  latitude  made 
by  a  ship  in  sailing  to  the  southward. 

3.  Survey. :  When  the  second  extremity  of 
a  course  is  further  south  than  tlie  first"  ex- 
tremity, the  course  is  said  to  make  southing. 

*  soiath'-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  south; -ly.]    Towards 
or  in  the  south  ;  from  tlie  soutlu 

••  When  the  winde  bloweth  muhl,.'— tlataaU:  On 

A;f:,,J.  ],.  I 

*  solith'-most,  o.     [Eng.  south,  a. ;  -most.] 
Furthest  toward  the  south  ;  southernmost. 

"  Prom  Amu-  to  N>bo,  and  the  wild 
Of  fnnhmat  Abarim.*         JKKon  :  F.  L.,  i  408. 

Soilth  -nesa,  s.  [Eng.  tnuth,  a. ;  -ness.]  The 
tendency  of  a  magnetic  needle  to  point  towards 
the  south. 

south  -rin,  «.  4 a.    [Bng.  south;  -roit.1 

A*  As  subst. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  a 

southern  country  or  of  the  southern  part  of 

a  country;  specif.,  a  term  formerly  applied 

in  Scotland  to  an  Englishman. 
B.  As  adj. :  Living  in  or  coming  from  the 

south ;  southern. 

••  While  back-recoiling  stem'd  to  reel 

Their  toutkron  fves."         H-trnt :  Ttu 


*  south-say,  *  south  say-er,  «.  [SOOTH- 
SAY, SOOTHSAYER.] 

South'- ward,  adv.,  a.,&  s.  [Eng.  south,  a. ; 
•ward.] 

A,  As  adv. :  Towards  the  south, 

"  Life  .  .  .  from  the  dreary  month! 
File* conscious  joMMworxl"  JVumiwn.-  If tnttr,  9VX 

B,  As  adj. :  Lying  towards  the  south ;  di- 
rected towards  the  south. 

41  Haste  to  our  toutfinard  battle." 

Mactinlay :  Buttle  ef  Laku  RegfKtu,  zxlL 

C,  As  mbst. :  Southern  regions  or  countries ; 
the  south. 

M  Coontrle*  are  more  fruitful  to  the  sotifh«Finf  than 
In  the  northern  parta,"— SaMgh:  Sitt.  World. 

south-west,  s.  &  a,  [Eng.  south,  a.,  and 
west.] 

A.  As  subst. :  The  point  of  the  compass 
equally  distant  from  the  south  and  west. 

"  The  thaw.wind,  with  the  breath  of  Jane, 
Breathed  gently  from  the  warm  •ourfttwsf." 

ironttmrU  ;  Ou*  *  Ua  Bream. 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Lying  in  the  direction  of  the  southwest 

2.  Coming  from  the  southwest :  as,  a  sonth- 
vxst  wind. 

south-west  -er,  sou'-west'-er,  «.     [Eng. 

southwest;  -er.] 

L  A  strong  southwest  wind 

2.  A  waterproof  hat  with  a  flap  hanging 
over  the  neck,  worn  in  bad  weather. 

"  Oilskins  and  lou'-weiten  we™  donned,  and  very 
warm  they  were  to  walk  iu.p— Field.  Dec.  6. 1884, 

south-west-er-ly,  o.  [Eng.  nvili,  and 
wutarly.] 

L,  In  the  direction  of  the  southwest,  or 
nearly  so. 

2.  Coming  from,  the  southwest,  or  a  point 
nearly  southwest. 

South-wesfHJrn.  a.  [Eng.  south,  and  west- 
-ern.]  In  the  direction  of  southwest  or  nearly 
so  ;  lying  or  situated  in  or  towards  the  south- 
west. 

south-west'-ward,  ado.  [Bng.  toathaat ; 
ward.}  Towards  the  southwest. 

•soa-ve-nan9e,*»d'-ve-nance,».  [O.Pr.] 

Remembrance,  memory. 

"  Gave  wond'rons  great  coimtenanoe  to  the  knight, 
That  of  his  way  he  bad  no  loutenance." 

JSpenur:  /•.  «..  IL  vi.  8. 

•dn'-ve-ntr,  ».  [Fr.]  Something  to  remind 
one  of  another;  that  which  revive*  the 
memory  of  another;  a  keepsake. 

"  sov-er-alne,  a.    (SOVUREIOH.) 

*sov-e-rain-ly,  adv.  [Mid.  Eng.  soreratn; 
-iy.]  Above  all.  (Chaucer :  C.  T.,  15,363.) 


"  SoV-er-aln  tess,  s.  [Mid.  Ens.  sowmin  x 
sovereign  ;  -ten.)  The  now  obsc.lete  feiiiiuine 
form  of  soverain,  i.e.  sovereign. 

"  Beaa'  »w<i;>im,.  sleep  briuger,  pilgrim's  guide. 

Peace  loving 
Sylvester:  Du  Birtat;  fourth  day,  first  week.  TIB, 

sdV-er-elgn    (g    silent),     «  sov-er-aign, 

•  sov  er-algne,  *  sov-er  aygne,  BOV- 
er-aln,   *  sov-er-ayne,    •  sov-er-eyn, 

•  sov-er-yn,  *  sSv'-ran,  o.  &  s.    [The  g  is 
intrusive,  as  if  fr..m  the  idea  that  the  word  had 

•liing  to  do  with  reigning.  O.  Fr.  sort- 
rain  (Fr.  somxrain),  from  Low  Lat.  svper- 
anwm),  accus.  of  svperamu  =  chief,  principal, 
from  Lat.  super  =  above  ;  Ital.  tovrano 
soprano  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  sobercino.l 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Snpmne  in  power;  possessing  supreme 
P"wer;  independent  of  and  unlimited  by  any 
other. 

"  Thou  Shalt  have  charge  and  toetrtiw  trnst  herein.- 
Skaktip.  :  1  Henry  I  r..  ill.  «. 

2.  Princely,  royaL 

"  Aud  y  -n.my  1-,-relgn  lady,  with  the  rest 
Causeless  have  laid  disgraces  on  my  head^ 

^ah--tp.  :  2  fffnrjt  ir..  HI.  t 

3.  Supreme  in  excellence  ;  most  noble,  most 
gracious. 

••  O  fatlier.  gracious  was  that  word  which  closed 
Thy  strain  sentence,  that  man  «hould  flnd  grace.- 
-  •  /'.  /.  ,  iii.  uk 

4.  Efficacious  in  the  highest  degree  ;  effec- 
tual.    (Applied   especially  to  medicines   or 
remedies.) 

"  Against  strange  maladies  a  lovrHffn  core." 

Sftuieijx  :  Sena*  lit. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  One  who  exercises  supreme  power;  a 
supreme  ruler  ;  the  person  having  the  hidiest 
authority  in  a  SUte,  as  a  king,  emperor, 
queen,  &c.  ;  a  monarch. 


2.  The  name  given  to  certain  gold  coins  : 
•  (1)  A  gold  coin  current  at  22s.  6d.  from 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  to  that  of  James  I. 

(2)  A   gold    coin,  123-274    grains    Troy  in 
Weight,  of  the  value  of  20s.,  and  tlie  standard 
of  English  coinage  at  the  present  day.     By 
the  Coinage  Act  of  1816,  the  gold  coinage  of 
England  consists  of  gold  22  carats,  is  H  or  -919 
fine,  whioh  is   called  Standard    gold.     The 
value  of  the  sovereign  is  deduced  from  the 
fact  that  401bs.  Troy  of  standard  gold  ii  coined 
into  1,809  sovereigns. 

(3)  A  name  applied  to  a  coin  formerly  used 
in  Austria,  worth  about  £1  8s.  sterling." 

sovereign  state,  ».  A  State  having  the 
administration  of  its  own  government,  and 
not  dependent  on  or  subject  to  another 
power. 

*  sov'-er-elgn-ess  (g  silent),  ».    [Eng.  »ot> 
ereiffn;  -ess.]    A  female  sovereign,  a  queen. 

"  HU  mother,  the  fopfrfipncu  of  every  loyal  lover  " 
—  BratOtioaite:  fenUeiu  fttyrim. 

*  sov'  er  eign  Ize  (g  silent),  u.t  [Eng.  sover- 
eign; -ix.\    To  exercise  supreme  authority. 

"  Her  royalties  were  spacious,  as  «»*rrtyniii,iy  over 
many  towus  and  provinces.  "—Sir  T.  Herbert  :  7Y«»e/*, 
p.  BL 


=„.  -B.  -oign-ly,    *  sov  er-aign-lle, 

(g  silent),  aav.  [Eng.  sovereign ;  -l</.]  S«- 
premely ;  in  the  highest  degree ;  above  all 
others. 

"  But  vmerafffnlle  the  sonne  of  Joue 
Bestird  him  in  tlie  presee.' 

Hunter :  Alliuiis  England.  U. 

*  soV-er-elgn-ness  (g  silent).  *sov-er- 
ain  ncsse,  s.  [Eu%.  sovereign;  -ness.]  Sove- 
reign power  or  authority ;  sovereignty. 

"  But  soseroMnesse  ayeu  ward  shulde  thinke  In  this 
wise."—  Caauoer:  Testament  ttf  Lvue,  11. 

sftV-er-eign-ty  (g  silent),  •  sov-er-alne- 

tee,  s.     [O.  Fr.  sovemintt  (Fr.  soumraintt).] 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  sovereign ; 
supreme  power  in  a  State ;  the  possession  of 
supreme  or  uncontrollable  power. 

"  The  sovereiffntM  will  fall  upon  Macbeth.* 

Sltatnp.  :  Had**,  1L  1 

2.  Predominant  power  or  character;  su- 
premacy. 

"  For  Jove's  own  tree, 
That  holds  the  woods  in  awful  •eiermgtifjf." 

Dryden  :  1'irgU :  Oeorffie  1L  St4. 

*  3.  Supreme  excellence. 

"  Of  all  complexions  the  culled  tovereiynty." 

&Mto*p. :  losw's  L,tb-ur°i  Loet,  Iv,  S. 

4.  Supreme  medicinal  efficacy.     (Shaken.  I 
All's  Weil,  i.  3.) 

so v  ran,  a.  &  s.    [SOVEREIOS. J 


t&ttt,  ISt,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there; 
or.  wove,  woli,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  care,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    w,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


BOW— space 


4363 


•ow  (1),  *  sowe,  *  suwe,  s.  [A.S.  sugu,  sit : 
cogn.  with  Out.  mi:  led.  f/r;  Dan.  so;  S\v. 
sugga,  so  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sli  ;  Ger.  sail ;  Ir.  suig ; 
Wei.  hwch  (hog) ;  Lat.  sue ;  Gr.  5«,  <rvs  (/IMS, 

MM).] 

I.  Ordinary  language : 

1.  The  female  of  the  hog  kind  or  of  swine  ; 
a  female  pig. 

2.  Au  insect ;  a  milliped  ;  the  sow-bug(q.v.). 
H.  Technii' 

1.  Pounding: 

(1)  The  main  trough  leading  from  the  tap- 
hole    of  a    cupnla  or  smelting-furnace,    and 
frnni  which  ramify  the    passages  leading  to 
the   separate  moulds  in  casting,  or  to  the 
shallow  ditches  in  the  floor  which  receive  the 
pigs  of  cast  metal. 

(2)  The  piece  of  metal  cast  in  this  trough ; 
an  oblong  mass  of  metal.    [Pic.  ] 

*2.  I'M.:  A  military  structure  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  movable  covered  shed,  formerly  used 
In  sieges  to  cover  and  protect  meu  who  were 
employed  in  sapping  and  mining  operations. 

U  To  have,  get,  or  take  the  right  (or  wrong) 
1010  by  the  ear:  To  pitch  upon  the  right  (or 
wrong)  person ;  to  form  a  right  (or  wrong) 
eonomslon. 

sow  bug,  9. 

Zool. :  Oniecus  aeettut. 

*  SOW-drunk,  a.    Beastly  drunk. 

sow-fennel,  s,    [FENNEL,  s.,  U  (4),  Hoo's 

FENNEL.] 

•ow  (2),  ».    [Soy.] 

Sdw(l),  "sowe  (pa.  t.  *«w,  sawed;  pa.  par. 

*sowen,  sown,  *  s^Jwan)]  **•'•  &•  *-     [A.S.  aawan 

(pa.  t.  si-mo,  pa.  par.  fawen);  cogn.  with  Dut. 

tuaigen ;  Icel.  sd ;  Dan.  mat ;  Sw.  sft ;  O.  H.  Ger. 

mwen,  sahen  ;  Goth,  taian ;  Ger.  iaen, ;  "Wei. 

hau ;  Lat.  «ro.] 

A.  Transitive: 

\.  To  scatter,  as  seed  upon  the  ground,  for 
the  purpose  of  growth  ;  to  plant  by  strewing. 

"He  that  sowetb  y«de  out  to  jowe  hissede."—  (Fy- 
cJttff :  JiaU.  XJil. 

2.  To  scatter  seed  over  for  growth  ;  to  strew 
with  seed  ;  to  supply  or  stock  with  seed. 

"Sow  the  fields  and  plant  vineyards."— /'ratot  cvii.  ST. 

3.  To  scatter  over,  to  besprinkle. 

"  He  joio'd  with  atari  the  heav'n.  thick  as  a  field." 
JltUon  :  P.  L..  vii.  858. 

4.  To    spread    abroad,  to  disseminate,  to 
propagate ;  to  cause  to  extend. 

"  He  cievlseth  mischief  continually,  he  toweth  dis- 
oord."—  Proverb*  vi.  14. 

B.  Intraiu. :  To  scatter  seed  for  growth  or 
the  production  of  a  crop. 

"  When  he  lowed,  some  seeds  fell  by  the  wayside."— 
Halt.  xlii.  t. 

•SOW  (2),  V.t.  &  i.     [SEW.] 

sow'-a,  so^-a,  s.  [Hind,  mm;  Beng.  iulpha.] 
Bot. :  Anethum  Sowa,  an  umbellifer  culti- 
vated in  India  for  its  aromatic  seeds,  which 
are  much  used  by  the  natives  in  cookery,  and 
tor  the  foliage,  which  serves  as  a  vegetable. 

sow  -ana,  s.  pi.    [SowENS.] 

So*w  -ar,  s.  [Hind.]  A  trooper ;  a  mounted 
soldier  belonging  to  the  irregular  cavalry. 

•OW'-b&ck.  s.     [Eng.  sow  (1),  s.,  and  back.] 

Geol.  (PI.):  A  popular  name  for  the  long 
parallel  ridges  or  banks  of  boulder-clay  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland. 

"  Sowtmclu  being  the  glacial  counterparts  of  those 
broad  banks  of  silt  aud  sand  that  form  here  and  there 
upon  the  beds  of  riven. " — Oeikie:  (iretit  lee  Agt,  p.  76. 

•xJw-bane,  s.  [Eng.  sow(l),  s.,  and  bane.  So 
named  because  the  species  is  said  to  be  fatal 
to  hogs.) 

Bot.  :  (1)  Chenopodium  hybridum  (Britten  it 
Holland)  ;  (2)  C.  rubrum  (Prior). 

•ow'-bread,  s.  [Eng.  «ow(l),  s.,mAJmad.  So 
called  because  the  species  is  a  favourite  food 
with  the  wild  boars  of  Sicily.] 

Bot. :  Cyclamen,  enropcewn  and  the  genus 
Cyclamen. 

*  sowce,  s.  &  v.    [Soosi:.] 

*  sow-dan,  s.    (SDLTAN.) 

siSwd'-wort,  ».  [A  corrupt  of  Eng.  soda,  and 
wort.] 

Bot. :  (I)  AquUegia  mtlgaris  (Britten  &  Hol- 
land); (2)  Salsola  KM  (Prior). 


*  so  we,  v.t.    [Sow  (i),  v,l 

sow  ens,  s6w/-fais,s6w'-ans,s.pr.  [Erym. 

doubtful.]  An  article  of  food  m;ule  from  the 
farina  renmining  among  the  scnU  (husks)  of 
oats,  and  much  used  in  Scotland.  The  husks 
are  steeped  in  \vuter  till  tlie  farinaceous  muli.T 
is  dissolved,  and  until  the  liquid  lias  become 
sour.  The  whole  is  then  put  into  a  BK-V, 
which  allows  the  milky  liquid  t<>  pass  through 
into  a  barrel  or  other  vessel,  but  retains  thr 
husks.  The  starchy  matter  gnidu.dly  sub- 
sides to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel.  The  sour 
liquid  is  then  decanted  off,  and  about  an  equal 
quantity  of  fresh  water  .-id-led.  This  mixture, 
when  boiled,  forms  sowe  us.  In  Kn^laud  it  is 
more  commonly  known  us  flummery. 

»6w'-er  (1),  s.    [Eng.  sow  (1),  s. ;  •«.•.] 

1.  One  whosows  or  scatters  seed  for  growth. 

"  A  tower  went  forth  to  aow."—  Matt.  jaii.  8. 

2.  An  instrument  or  contrivance  for  sowing 
seeds  ;  a  sowing-machine. 

3.  One     who    scatters,    dissemi nates,     or 
spreads;  a  disseminator,  a  breeder,  a   pro- 
moter, a  propagator. 

"They  are  totoert  of  suits,  which  make  the  court 
swell  and  the  country  pine."—  Bacon. 

*  SOW'-er  (2),  *.     [Fr.  saure,  sor  =  sorrel,  red- 
dish.]   A  buck  in  its  fourth  year  ;  a  sore. 

SOW-er  (3),  s.    [SORREL.] 

Itffr'-er-by,   s.     [George  Brettingh  Sowerby 
(173&-1854),  a  distinguished  naturalist.]    (See 
compound.) 
Sowerby's  whale,  s.    [MESOPLODON.] 

sow'  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    (Sow  (1),  v.] 

sowing  maoh.no.  s.  An  instrument  or 
contrivance  for  scattering  seed  either  broad- 
cast or  in  rows.  There  are  numerous  varieties 
to  suit  different  soils,  seeds,  &c. 

SOW    iM,  8.  pi.      [SOWEMR.] 

sowl,  *  sowle,  v.t.  [Cf.  Prov.  Ger.  zaueln 
=  to  tug,  to  drag.]  To  pull  by  the  ears ;  to 
drag  about ;  to  tug. 

"  Hell  go  and  **ri  the  porter  of  ROOM  gate  by  the 


*  SOWle,  J.     [SOUL.] 

*  sowl  er,  s.    (Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot.  :  Awna  fatua. 

sd*wm,  s.  &  v.    [SowMiNu.] 

sowm'  Ing,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Scots  Law  :  A  word  used  in  the  phrase 
Sowming  aud  rowming,  applied  to  an  action 
whereby  the  number  of  cattle  to  be  brought 
npon  a  common  by  the  persons  respectively 
having  a  servitude  of  pasturage  may  be  ascer- 
tained. The  criterion  is  the  number  of  cattle 
which  each  of  the  dominant  proprietors  is 
able  to  fodder  during  winter.  A  sowm  of 
land  is  as  much  as  will  pasture  one  cow  or 
ten  sheep  ;  and,  strictly  speaking,  to  sowm 
the  common  is  to  ascertain  the  several  sowms 
it  may  hold,  and  to  rowm  it  is  to  portion  it 
out  among  the  dominant  proprietors. 

*  sd*wn,  ti.i.  or  t.    [SOUND,  t).] 
•own,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [Sow  (1),  «.] 
sowp,  s.    [Sop,  s.]    (Scotch.) 

*  sow-ter,  s.    [SODTEB.] 

sow'-this-tle  (tie  as  el),  s.    [Eng.  sow,  and 
thistle.] 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Sonchns  (q.v.).  (MuL- 
OEDIUH.] 

so"y,  s.    [See  extract.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  sauce  prepared  In  China  and 
Japan  from  the  seeds  of  Dolichos  So/a,  a  kind 
of  bean.     It  is  eaten  with  fish,  cold  meat,  &c. 

"  It  may  be  worth  while  to  put  ou  record  the  deriva- 
tion of  the  nsh  sauce  culled  toy.  It  is  well  known  that 
the  original  toy  was  made  from  the  soy  bean.  This 
vegetable  figures  largely  in  the  menus  of  the  Japanese 
cooks  uow  in  London  under  the  name  of  Sbo-yu  ;  in 
Dutch  it  is  called  Hhoya  ;  and  there  is  no  doubt  that, 
like  'Long  Elizas'  and  many  other  Oriental  novelties, 
toy  sauce  came  to  London  rttt  Amsterdam."—  Pall 
Mill  (fazetfe,  Nov.  6,  188.1. 

2.  Bot.  :  Soja  hispula.    [GLVCINI,  SOJA.) 


[SOWA.] 
*  soyle,  v.t.    [SOIL  (3),  ».]    To  solve. 

"  Likewise  mayst  thou  toyle  all  other  tex 


[SoiL,  s.] 

1.  Soil,  ground  ;  specif.,  the  mire  in  whir.h 
a  IP.  ust  ut'  the  chase  wallows. 

2.  The  prey  of  a  carnivorous  animal. 

"  Neither  leta  tlie  «>thf  r  t'.iich  the  «•/'-**" 

Wwr:  f.V.,  1V.IILM. 

soy-mi'-da,  *.     [Goud.  mimi ;  Telunu  sumi; 
Tamil  skemwond  =  the  red  wood.    (See  def.)] 
Bot, :  A  genus  of  8  sepals  live  ; 

petals  five,  shortly  clawed  ;  stamen  Itiln.'  *.'Up- 
sh:ip<-d,  ten-lobed  ;  anth-'is  too;  -.ti-ma  pel- 
tate,  live-cornered  ;  ovary  tlvc-ct'lk-d,  iiiaiiy- 
scvled ;  fruit  a  woody,  five-valved  capsule, 
with  v-  -.  Only  known  - 

Soymifla  (formerly  Swietcnid)  febrifiign,  th-1 
Indian  Redwood.  It  is  a  tree,  about  ciirlit 
feet  high,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leave*,  and 
tLe  flowers  in  large  terminal  punii-k^.  gmwii.i; 
in  jungles  in  Central  India  and  the  Deccan 
Tte  bark  is  deep  red,  and  half  an  inch  thick  ; 
it  contains  a  gum,  is  very  astringent,  aud 
given  by  the  Hindoos  in  fever,  diairhci-u, 
dysrutery,  and  gangrene.  It  is  used  in  small 
doses  in  British  medicine  in  fever  and  typhus. 
The  bark  is  employed  in  India  in  tanning, 
and  the  timber  for  ploughshares,  &c. 

*  so^ned,  a.    [Fr.  snigner  =  to  cure  for ;  «ot» 
=  care.]    Filled  with  care  ;  alarmed. 

soz  -zle.  v.t.    [A  freq.  from  «ws  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  mingle  confusedly. 

2.  To  spill  or  wet  through  carelesflnew ;  to 
move  about  confusedly  or  carelessly.    (Amer.). 

spa.  *  spaw,  ».  [From  8i>«,  a  town  in  Bel- 
gium, south-west  of  Liege,  where  there  is  a. 
mineral  spring,  famous  even  in  the  seventeenth 
century.]  A  general  name  for  a  mineral  spring, 
or  for  the  locality  in  which  such  springs  exist. 
"The  Spaw  In  Germany."— fuller :  Wortht**;  Kent. 

*  spaad,  s.    [Dut  apaath ;  Ger.  spatk  =  apar.J 
A  kind  of  mineral ;  spar. 

"  English  talc,  of  which  the  ooaner  aort  la  called 
plalster  ;  the  finer,  tpaad,  earth-lUx,  or  •alaiiundet'* 
hair." —  Woodward. 

spafe.  s.  [Fr.  espace>  from  Lat.  gpatium,,  lit. 
=  that  whicli  is  drawn  out,  from  the  root  «po- 
=1  to  draw  out ;  cf.  Gr.  cnraui  (spao)  =  to  Uraw, 
to  draw  out;  Sp.  espacio;  Port,  espafo;  ItaL 
spazio.] 
L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  Extension,  considered  Independently  of 
anything  which  it  niay  contain  ;  extension 
considered  in  ita  own  nature  without  regard 
to  anything  external ;  room. 

2.  Any  quantity  or  portion  of  extension; 
the  interval  between  any  two  or  more  objects. 

,  "Apart,  acme  little  ipaee.  WM  made 
The  grave  where  Franc. H  munt  be  l*ld." 

WordtvMTth :  White  Do*,it. 

3.  Quantity  of  time  ;  duration ;  the  interval 
between  two  points  of  time. 

"  After  some  small  space  tie  sent  me  hither." 

Shukttj'. :  At  You  Like  It,  Iv.  8. 

*4.  A  short  time ;  a  while.    (Spenser.) 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Geom. :  The  room  in  which  an  object, 
actual  or  imaginary,   exists.      All    material 
objects  possess  length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness ;  in  other  words,  they  exist  in  space  of 
three  dimensions.    Plane  surtaces  have  only 
two   dimensions — length   and    breadth,   and 
straight    lines   but   one    dimension — length.. 
Hence  we  have  notions  of  apace  of  one  dimen- 
sion and  of  two  dimensions,  as  distinguished 
from  the  three-dimensional  space  in  which  we 
live.    The  question  lias  arisen,  and  has  been 
warmly  discussed,  as  to  whether  space  of 
four,  and  perhaps  of  higher  dimensions  exists. 
Zbllner  (Transcendental  Physics)  believes  that 
it  does,  and  that  some  persona  have  aome 
of  the  powers  of  beings  living  in  space  of 
four  dimensions,  and  thus  accounts  for  many 
of  the  phenomena  of  Spiritualism.     For  ex- 
ample, while  a  being  living  in  spaae  of  two  di- 
mensions could  only  get  in  or  out  of  a  square 
by  passing  through  one  of  its  sides,  a  human 
being  could  enter  the  square   from  above ; 
so,  he  argues,  a  person  having  the  properties 
of  a  four-dimensional  being  could  enter  or 
leave  a  closed  box  or  room  on  ita  fourth- 
dimensional  side.     (See  Abbott :  Flat  Lund, 
and  Hintoti :  UHiat  is  tJie  Fourth  Dimension  f) 

2.  Metaphysics :   A  conjugate  of  material 
existence.     Empirical  philosophers  maintain 
that  notions  of  space  are  derived  from  our 
knowledge  of  existence ;    transcendentalism 
that  these  notions  are  innate.    [TIME.] 


boil,  bo^;  pout,  J6wl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9nin,  bench;  go.  gem;  tnln,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xonophon,  exist,    -tog. 
-clan,    tlan  =  shan.    -ttou, -fUon  =  «hun; -tlon, -sion  =  ihun.   -elons,  -tlous,  -«lou»  =  shus.    -We, -die,  ic.  -  l>eL  d«l. 


4364 


space— spagirist 


3.  .Vime :  One  of  the  four  intervals  betwee 
the  nve  lines  of  a  staff.  They  take  the 
names  from  the  notes  which  occupy  them 
thus,  the  spaces  of  the  treble  staff,  countin 
upwards,  are  F,  A,  c,  and  E,  and  of  the  has 
A,  c,  E,  and  o. 

1.  Physics:  The  room  in  which  the  Cosmo 
or  universe  exists. 

"  At  to  the  infinity  of  physical  tpaee.  or  the  infinit 
of  actual  material  existence,  all  that  we  can  gay  la. 
that  however  far  we  advance  (and  we  have  advance? 
a  great  deal)  in  the  power  of  discerning  distant  ob 
iei-ta,  we  have  uniformly  found  new  objects  to  di 
cern.  and  we  have,  therefore,  good  analogical  reaso 
for  supposing  that  no  limit  can  he  assigned  to  the: 
•till  further  existence.     This  view  of  what  is  com 
mouly  called  the  infinity  of  ifxtcc  is  further  supported 
by  the  fact  that  metaphysical  tpace  as  a  conjugate  o 
material  existence  in  no  way  precludes  the  posslbilit 
of  its  iniiuite  extension."— Brandt  4  Cox. 
5.  Printing: 
(I)  The  interval  between  words  in  printed 
matter. 

(•2)  A  thin  piece  of  type-metal,  shorter  than 
a  type,  and  used  to  separate  the  letters  in  i 
word  or  words  in  a  line,  so  as  to  justify  th 
line. 

space-being,  s.  A  being  living  in  actual 
•pace  ;  a  human  Ming. 

"  A  tftaft  bfinf  can  pot  an  object  Inside  the  so, 

without  going  through  any  of   the  sides."— Satttf 
Ci/ctopadla  I  KM),  p.  isi. 

space-line,  s. 

Print. :  A  thin  strip  of  metal,  not  so  high 
as  the  type,  used  to  separate  and  display  the 
lines.  [LiAD  (1),  ».,  II.  8.] 

space-rule, «. 

Print. :  Fine  rules  of  the  height  of  the  type 
of  any  length,  and  used  for  setting  up  tabula! 
matter,  ic. 

•pace,  >•.'.  <t  ;.    [SPACE,  «.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  arrange  at  proper  intervals ; 

to  arrange  the  spaces  in  ;  specif.,  in  printing, 

*    to  •  arrange  the  spaces  or  intervals  between 

letters  or  words,  -so  as  to  justify  the  line  :  as, 

To  space  a  paragraph. 

*  B.  Intram.  (Lat.  tpatior) :  To  rore  or 
roam  about ;  to  pace. 

"  But  she,  as  fayes  an  wont.  In  pri vie  place 
•      Did  spend  her  dayes,  and  loved  in  forest  wyld  to 
ipaee."  Spenser  :  F.  «.,  I V.  IL  ti. 

U  To  space  out : 

Print. :  To  widen  the  spaces  or  intervals 
between  words  or  lines  in  a  page  for  printing. 

*  •pace'-fiil,  *  space  -full,  a.    [Eng.  space, 
•> ;  -full.]    Wide,  spacious,  extensive. 

"  The  ship.  In  those  profound 
And  ipaetfvll  seas,  stuck  as  on  drie  ground." 

Sandyt  /  Ovid  ;  Jteramorphotet  ill. 


•  space  less,    a.     [Eng. 
Destitute  of  space 


space, 


-la,.} 


•pa  ci  al,  spa-ti-al  fci,  ti  as  shl),  a. 
[Eng.  space ;  -aL]  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
space. 

•  spa  -cl  al  ly.  "  spa  tl  al  ly  (oi,  M,  a< 
•hi),  adv.     [Eng.  spatial;  -ly.]     As  regards 
space ;  with  reference  to  space. 

•pac  -Ing,  s.    [SPACE,  t>.] 

Print.:  The  adjustment  of  the  distance  be- 
tween the  words  or  letters  in  a  line. 

spa  -clous,  *  spa  tlous,  a.  [Pr.  spacieux, 
from  Lat.  spatiosus,  from  spatium  =  space 
(q.v.) ;  Sp.  apacioso ;  Port,  espacoso ;  ItaL 
fporiogo.] 

1.  Inclosing  an  extended  space ;  wide,  ex- 
tensive, roomy,  widely  extended. 

"  Now  possess. 
AM  lords,  a  spacious  world."        Milton :  P.  L..  x.  467. 

2.  Having  ample  room ;   wide ;   not  con- 
tracted or  narrow  ;  capacious,  roomy. 

"  The  former  buildings,  which  were  but  mean,  con. 
tented  them  not:  tpaciotu  and  ample  churches  they 
erected  throughout  every  city."—  Hooker:  £ccltt. 
Polity. 

•  spa -clous  ly,  adv.    [Eng.  spacious;   -ly.] 
In  a  spacious  manner  ;  widely,  extensively. 

"  Host  spaciously  we  dwell." 

Davenant :  Gondibert,  L  C. 

spa -clous -ness,  i.  [Eng.  spacious  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  spacious ;  roomi- 
ness, extensiveness  ;  largeness  of  extent. 

"  I.  North  Riding,  am  for  rpacioustwu  renown'd." 
Drayton  :  r«ly-vibion,  s.  a. 

•pa  -da  ite,  t.  [After  Signor  Medici  Spada ; 
»uff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Affn. :  An  amorphous  mineral  enclosing 
Wollastonite  (q.v.)  occurring  in  nodules  in 


the  leucitic  lava  of  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome 
Hardness,  2'5  ;  lustre,  greasy ;  translucent 
colour,  approaching  flesh-red.  An  analysi 
yielded  :  silica,  56-0 ;  alumina,  0-66  ;  prot 
oxide  of  iron,  0'66 ;  magnesia,  30'67 ;  water 
1T34  =  99'83,  corresponding  to  the  formul 
(.MgO  +  .HOJSiOa-rJHO. 

*  spa-das' -sin,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Ital.  spado  =  a 
sword,  from  Lat.  spatha  =  a  broad,  flat  instru 
ment,  a  pointless  sword.]  A  swordsman,  a 
bravo,  a  bully. 

spad    die,  s.     [A  dimin.,  from  spade  (q.v.). 
A  small  spade  ;  a  spud. 

"  Others  destroy  moles  with  a  trmddle.  waiting  in 
the  mornings  and  evenings  for  them."—  Mortimer 
utuoandry. 

spade  (1),  s.  [A.S.  spn-rfu,  spada;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  spadi;  Icel.  eptuiAi;  Dan.  *  8w.  spade 
Ger.  spate,  spaten  ; 
Gr.  trtraSri  (spathi) 
=  a  broad  plate  of 
wood  or  metal,  a 
spatula,  the  blade 
of  an  oar  or  of  a 
sword,  &c. ;  Lat. 
spatha,  whence  O. 
Fr.  espee  ;  Fr.  epee 
•=.  a  sword ;  Sp.  At 
Port,  espoda;  Ital. 
spada.] 

1.  An  instru- 
ment for  digging 
or  cutting  the 

f round,  having  a 
road  blade  of 

iron'  wnith  v,^  vtaMSB...  y^ 

ting   edge,    fitted      pauese. 

into  a  long  handle, 

and  adapted  to  be  worked  with  both  hands 

and  one  foot. 

"  Of  labouring  pioneers 
A  multitude,  with  tpada  and  axea  arm'd." 

Jlittan:  p.  «..  lit.  so. 

2.  One  of  the  four  suits  of  cards,  from  the 
spade-like  figures  on  each  card  of  the  suit. 

"  Ensauguln'd  hearts,  clubs  typical  of  strife, 
And  spades,  the  emblem  of  untimely  graves." 

Cowper.-  TfUk,  iv.  Sl». 

3.  Seal-engraving :  A  soft  iron  tool  used  to 
dress   off  irregularities    from   the   rounded 
surface  of  a  cameo  figure. 

4.  Naut. :  A  blubber-spade  (q.v.). 

IT  To  call  a  spade  a  spade :  To  call  things  by 
their  proper  names,  even  though  their  names 
may  be  rather  coarse  or  plain ;  not  to  speak 
mincingly. 

spade-bayonet,*. 

Mil. :  A  broad-bladed  bayonet,  which  may 
be  used  in  digging  shelter-holes  or  rifle-pits. 

*  spade-bone,  s.  The  shoulder-bone,  the 
scapula. 

"  By  th'  shoulder  of  a  ram  from  off  the  right  aide  par'd. 
which  usually  they  boll,  the  itxule-bone  being  bar'd? 
Drayton :  Poly-Otbion,  s.  5. 

spade-guinea,  s.  A  guinea  having  a 
spade-shaped  shield  bearing  the  amis  on  the 
reverse.  They  were  coined  from  1787  to  1799 
inclusive,  and  the  last  coinage  of  guineas, 
which  was  from  new  dies,  took  place  in  1813. 
(Kenyan  :  Gold  Coins  of  England.) 

spade-handle,  s. 

Mach. :  A  pin  held  at  both  ends  by  the 
forked  ends  of  a  connecting  rod. 

spade  husbandry,  s.  A  mode  of  culti- 
vating the  soil  and  improving  it  by  means  of 
deep  digging  with  the  spade,  instead  of  the 
subsoil  plough. 

spade-iron,  s. 

Her. :  The  term  used  to  denote  the  Iron 
part  or  shoeing  of  a  spade. 

spade  (2),  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.)    A  hart  three 
years  old. 

spade  (3). ».    [L»t.  «podo  =  a  eunuch.) 
*  1.  A  eunuch. 
2.  A  gelded  beast. 


To  dig  with  a 
•ard  of  land  with 


pr.de,  v.t.  [SPADE  (1),  «.] 
«pade;  to  pare  off  the  sw; 
a  spade. 

spade '-fill,  s.  [Eng.  spade  (1),  s. ; 
much  as  a  spade  will  hold. 

pa-dic'-eous  (c  as  sh),  a.  [Lat.  spadiceus, 
from  spadix,  genit.  spaduAs=».  light,  red 
colour.) 


KACDUTtm. 


*  1.   Ord.  Lang. :    Of  a  light,  red  colour, 
usually  termed  bay. 

"  Of  those  five  Sealiger  beheld,  though  one  was 
tpadiceoiu.  or  of  a  light  red.  yet  was  there  not  any  of 
tills  complexion  among  them. "— Broiei* :  Vulattr 
Srrourt,  bit.  it,  ch.  Jtxiii. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  Bright   brown  j    pure   and   very   cleai 
brown. 

(2)  Of  or  belonging  to  a  spadix  (q.v.). 

spa  -di  cose,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  spadicosus,  from 
Lat.  spaiiifa.v.).]" 
Hot. :  Having  or  resembling  a  spadix  (q.r.X 

spa  dille ,   spa  dn  -id   (i  as  y),  j.     [Fr. 

spadille  ;  Sp.  espadilla,  dimin.  from  espada  = 
a  spade  (q.v.).] 

Cards :  The  are  of  spades  in  the  games  o( 
ombre  and  quadrille. 

spad'-ing,  «.  [SPADE,  ».]  The  act  or  opera, 
tion  of  digging  with  a  spade ;  the  operation 
of  paring  off  the  surface  or  sward  of  grasa 
land  with  a  paring-spade,  preparatory  to 
turning  it,  and  thus  improving  the  land. 

spa'-dlx,  s.     [Lat.,  from  Gr.  <nraoif  (spadix) 
=  a  palm-leaf  torn  off  with  the  infloreso 
of  the  tree.] 

1.  Bot. :  A  kind  of  inflor- 
escence in  which  unisexual 
flowers  are  closely  arranged 
around  a  fleshy  rachis,  or 
imbedded  in  its  substance. 
The    rachis    often    termi- 
nates above  in  a  soft,  club-  , 
shaped,  cellular  mass,  ex- 
tending   far    beyond    the 
flower.  The  spadix  is  found  ' 
only  in  Aracese  and  Palms  ; 
in  the  former  it  is  fleshy, 
in  the  latter  woody.    It  is  ' 
uniformly  surrounded  by  a 
large  bract,  called  a  snathe. 
(q.v.X  ""« ' 

2.  Zool. :  An  organ  con-  *•*>»**•  "-Sp-the. 
sisting  of  four  tentacles  which  have  coalesce-) 
in  the  males  of  the  Tetrabraiichiate  Cephalo 
pods.  The  normal  number  being  twelve,  eighi 
remain  free. 

spa   do,  s.    (Lat.) 

*  I.  A  castrated  animal ;  a  gelding. 

2.  Civil  Law :  One  who,  from  any  cause, 
has  not  the  power  of  procreation ;  an  impotent 
person. 

spa  droon,  s  [Fr.  k  Sp.  espadon ;  Ital. 
spadone.]  A  cut-and-thrust  sword,  lighter 
than  a  broadsword. 

spae,  spay,  v.i.  or  I.  [Icel.  spa;  Dan.  spatu 
=  to  foretelL]  To  foretell,  to  divine,  to  fore- 
bode. 

spae  man,  spay-man,  s.  A  fortune- 
teller, a  prophet,  a  soothsayer.  (Scotch.) 

spae-wark,  «.  Fortune-telling,  predict- 
ing, prophesying. 

"  To  be  sure  he  did  gie  an  awsome  glance  up  at  the 
auld  castle— and  there  was  some  itiae-war*  iraed  on— 
I  aye  heard  that"— Scoff :  Quy  Mannering,  ch.  xt 

spae -wife,  spay -wife,  i.  A  female 
fortune-teller. 

spa'-er,  «.  [Eng.  spalf);  -er.]  A  fortune- 
teller. 

spa-gfa'-Ic,  'spa-glr-Ick,  *  spa-gyr'- 

Ic,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  spagirigue,  from  Gr.  o-iraw 
(spao)  =  to  draw,  and  dytipu  (ageiro)  =  to 
collect.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Chemical,  alchemical. 

"  The  divine  mercy,  that  discovered  to  man  the 
eecreta  of  tpngyric  medicines."— Sp.  Taylor  :  Sermons, 
vul  11..  ser.  26. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  chemist,  an  alchemist 

"  Like  to  some  cunning  »pa-7irtc*.  that  can  intend 
or  remit  the  heat  of  bis  furnaoe,  according  to  occa- 
sion."—^. Hall :  Of  Contfntation,  i  4, 

spa-gir'-ic-al,  a.    [SPAOYRIC,  a.) 

spag   ir   1st,   *spagr-yr-Ist,  ».     [SPA- 

OIRIC.) 

1.  A  term  employed  by  the  alchemists  to 
denote  an  operator  on  metals  ;  or,  more  gene* 
rally,  a  chemist  in  search  of  the  philosopher's 
stone.    (Ozf.  Eneyc.) 

2.  Old.  Med. :  A  name  applbd,  chiefly  in 
France,  to  those  practitioners  who  in  the  six- 
teenth century  made  extensive  use  of  mineral 
medicines.     Mathurin  Morin  was  appointed 


ftte,  l&t,  fare,  amidst;  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  wh6.  s6n;  mute.  cub.  oiire.  nnlt«,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    w,  ce  -  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


epahee— spangle 


4365 


"rne/ief.in  spagiriste"  to  King  Henry  II.,  and 
the  offi™  was  continued  till  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV.  (Diet.  Encyc.  de*  Sciences  Mid.) 

spa  hee  ,  spa-hi  ,  s.  [Turk,  sipatii;  Pers. 
yipahff  } 

1.  One  of  the  Turkish  irregular  cavalry. 
They  were  disbanded  in  1826.    [JANISSARY.] 

2.  A  native  Algerian  cavalry-soldier  in  the 
French  army. 

spate,  •'•    [Si'  iv.] 

spall,  v.t.  &  i.    [SPA  LI.]     „ 

spairge,  v.t.  [Pr.  asperger,  from  Lat.  fpargo 
=  to  scatter.]  To  dash  ;  to  soil,  as  with 
mire  ;  to  bespatter.  (Scotch.) 

"  Spairget  about  the  brunstane  cootie. 
To  ac.'iuil  poor  wretches  ! 

Burnt  :  A  ddreu  to  the  DeU. 

spait,  s.    [SPATE.] 
spake,  pret.  of  v.     [SPEAK.] 
Spake,  s.   [Etym.  doubtful.]  (See  compound.) 
spake-net,  s.    A  net  for  catching  crabs. 

•pa-la9  -I  dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  spate,  genit. 
spatoX'*)-'  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.] 

Zool.  :  Mole-rats,  Rodent-moles  ;  a  family  of 
Myomorpha,  stragglingly  distributed  over  the 
eastern  hemisphere.  General  form  cylin- 
riri.-al  ;  eyes  and  ear-conchs  very  small  or 
rudimentary  ;  tail  short  and  rudimentary. 
There  are  two  sub-families  :  Bathyerginse  and 
Spalacinse  (q.v.J. 

gpil  a-91-nro,   a.  ft.     [Mod.    Lat.   spalox, 
genit.  spalac(is);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -iiu&] 
Zool.  •  The  typical  sub-family  of  Spalacidee, 
with  two  genera,  Spalax  and  Bhizomys. 

•pa  -lac'  -6  -pus,  ».  [Or.  <nmA<if  (spate), 
genit.  oiraAaicos  (spalakas)  =  a  mole,  and  Trout 
y»ws)  =  a  foot.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Octodontinse,  with  two 
species,  from  Chili.  Ear-conchs  rudimentary. 
They  make  extensive  burrows  in  the  ground, 
and  leau  an  almost  subterranean  existence. 

•pal-a-co-theV-I-um.  «.     [Or.  <nra\nf 

(spahix),  genit.  o-iraAcuco?  (spa/afcos)  =  a  mole, 
and  flnpioi/  (therion)  —  a  wild  beast.] 

Palaont.  :  A  genus  of  small  Mammals,  pro- 
bably marsupiate,  from  the  Purbeck  beds. 
They  appear  to  have  been  insectivorous,  and 
allied  to  the  Australian  Phalangers  and  the 
American  Opossums. 

ipal-ax,  ».    [Gr.  o-mWa£  (spate)  =  a  mole.] 

Zool.  :  Mole-rat  (q.v.)  ;  the  typical  genus  of 
ipalacinae.  There  is  but  one  species. 

•pale,  s.    [flut.  spill  =  a  chip.] 

1.  A  chip  or  splinter  of  wood.    (Scotch.} 

2.  Shipbulld.  :  A  strengthening  cross-timber. 

3.  A  lath,  a  pale. 

•pale,  v.t.    [SPAI.E,  s.] 
Mining  :  To  spall  (q.v.)k 

•pall  (I).  s.    [SPALE,  ».] 

Mason.  :  A  chip  of  stone  removed  t>y  the 
hammer. 

%pall  (2),  «.  [O.  FT.  espaule;  ItaT.  spalla  = 
the  shoulder,  from  Lat.  spathula,  spatula, 
iimin.  of  spatha.]  [SPADE  (1),  «.J  The  shoul- 
ier.  (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  29.) 


,  v.t.   [SPALL  0),  «.] 

L  Mining  :  To  break,  as  ore,  with  a  hammer, 
previous  to  cobbing  (q.v.). 

2.  Mason.  :  To  reduce  irregular  blocks  of 
stone  to  an  approximately  level  surface. 

•pall-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SPALL,  ».) 
spalling-hammer,  s. 

Mason.  :  An  axe-formed,  heavy  hammer, 
Ised  in  rough-dressing  stones. 


,  S.     [SPELTER.] 

Spalt,  v.l.  or  £.     [SPALT,  a.]    To  split  off,  as 
chips  from  timber.    (Prov.) 

epalt,  a.    [Prob.  allied  to  spall,  split,  &C.J 
*  1.  Brittle  ;  liable  to  break  or  split. 

"  The  park  oke  la  ...  far  more  tpatt  and  brickie 
than  the  hedge  oke."—  nolinshed:  Detcript.  Eng.,  bk. 
ii..  ch.  xxii. 

2.  Frail,  clumsy,  heedless,  pert.    (Prov.) 


span,  s.    [A.S.  span,  spanu ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
span;  Icel.  sponu;  Dan.  spand;  Sw.  spann; 
Ger.  spanne.}    [SPAN,  v.] 
L  Ordinary  Language; 

1.  The  space  from  the  end  of  the  thumb  to 
the  end  of  the  little  finger  when  extended ; 
nine  inches  ;  the  eighth  of  a  fathom. 

**  The  mind  having  got  the  Idea  of  the  length  of  any 
part  of  expansion,  let  it  be  a  span,  or  a  space,  or  what 
length  you  will,  can,  as  baa  been  said,  repeat  that 
Idea."— Locke :  Human  Understanding,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xv. 

2.  A  brief  space  of  time. 

**  We  should  accustom  ourselves  to  measure  our  lives 
by  the  shortest  tpan."— Uilpin ;  Sermon  tt  vol.  i.,  ser.  22. 

3.  A  pair  of  horses  ;  a  yoke  of  animals ;  a 
team.     In  America  applied  to  a  pair  of  horses 
nearly  alike  in  colour,  &e.,  and  usually  har- 
nessed side  by  side.     In  South  Africa  applied 
also  to  other  animals.     [!NSPAN,  OUTSPAN.J 

**  The  waggon,  with  its  revolving  wheels  and  long 
tpan  of  oxen.11— Field,  Sept.  25, 1886. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  The  chord  or  reach  of  am  arch.  The 
distance  between  imposts  at  the  springinga  of 
the  arch. 

"  Cambridge,  who  were  originally  heading  straight 
for  the  Middlesex  arch  of  the  railway  bridge,  were 
suddenly  fetched  out  and  taken  through  the  centre 
tpan."— Field,  April*,  1886. 

2.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  rope  secured  at  both  ends  to  an  object, 
the  purchase  being  hooked  into  the  bight, 

(2)  A  leader  for  running  rigging,  which  Is 
conducted  through  a  thimble  at  each  end  of 
the  span,  which  is  secured  to  the  stay. 

span-beam,  s. 

Mining:  The  horizontal  beam  into  which  the 
upper  pivot  of  the  axis  of  the  whiii  is  journalled. 

span-block,  s. 

Naut. :  A  block  attached  to  each  end  of  a 
span  or  length  of  rope  which  lies  across  a  cap 
and  hangs  down  at  each  side. 

*  span-counter,  *.    'A  game  played  by 
two  persona  with  counters.    The  first  threw 
his  counter  on  the  ground,  and  the  second 
endeavoured  to  hit  it  with  his  counter,  or  at 
least  to  get  near  enough  to  be  able  to  span 
the  distance  between  the  two  counters,  in 
which  case  he  won.     If  not,  his  counter  re- 
mained lying  as  a  mark  for  his  opponent,  and 
so  alternately,  till  the  game  was  wou.    Called 
also  Span-farthing,  Span-feather. 

"  Faith,  you  may  Intreat  him  to  take  notice  of  me 
for  any  thing ;  for  being  an  excellent  farrier,  for  play- 
Ing  well  at  span-counter,  or  sticking  knives  in  wails." 
— 5ea«m.  A  Flet. :  Woman  Hater,  i.  8. 

span-dogs,  s.  pi  A  pair  of  dogs  linked 
together  and  used  to  grapple  timber,  the 
Iangs  of  the  extended  ends  being  driven  into 
the  log.  [Doo,  s.,  II.  3.] 

*  span-farthing,  *  span-feather,  *. 

[SPAN-COUNTER.] 

*  span-long,  a.    Of  the  length  of  a  span. 

*VAnd  tpan-lon'j  elves  that  dance  about  a  pool." 

Sen  Jomon :  Sad  Shepherd,  IL  *. 

•pan-piece,  s. 

Carp. :  The  collar-beam  of  a  roof. 
span-roof,  s. 

Build. :  A  roof  with  two  inclined  sides. 
span-saw,  s.    A  frame-saw. 
span-shackle,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  A  large  bolt  driven  through 
the  forecastle  and  spar-deck  beams  and  fore- 
locked  before  each  beam  with  a  large  square 
or  triangular  shackle  at  the  head  for  receiving 
the  end  of  the  davit. 

t  span-worm,  s.  An  American  name  for 
a  caterpillar  of  a  geometer  moth.  Named 
from  its  method  of  spanning  the  ground  as  it 
moves  forward.  [LOUPER.) 

Span,  v.t.  &  i.    [SPAN,  &] 
A.  Transitive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  measure  with  the  hand  having  the 
fingers  extended,  or  with  the  fingers  encom- 
passing the  object. 

2.  To  measure  or  reach  from  one  side  of  to 
the  other :  as,  A  bridge  spans  a  river. 

*3.  To  measure  in  any  way. 
"  Oft  on  the  well-known  spot  I  fix  my  eye§, 
And  tpan  the  distance  that  between  us  lies. 

TickeU:  An  Epittl*. 

*4.    TO  COCk.      [SPANNER,  I.  2.] 
"  Every  man,  officer  and  soldier,  having  a  pistol 
ready  tpann'dinone  hand."— Clarendon  :  Civil  Wart, 
111.348. 


5.  To  shackle  the  legs  of,  as  a  horse;  to 
hobble. 

II.  Naut.  ;  To  confine  with  ropes :  as,  to 
span  the  booms. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  well-matched  for  running 
in  harness  :  as,  A  team  spans  welL  (Amer.) 

H  (1)  To-  span  the  booms :  To  confine  them 
by  lashings. 

(2)  The  span  of  the  shrouds:  The  length  of 
the  shrouds  from  the  dead-eyes  on  one  side 
over  the  mast-head  to  th&  dead-eyes  on  tie 
other  side  of  the  ship. 

span,  pret.  ofv.    [SPIN,  v.] 

spa  rue'  mi  a,    a.        [Or.    trwavte  (spanosX 
•Wnof  (spanios)  =  rare,  lacking,  and  ol/w 
(haima)  =  blood.] 
Pathol. :  The  same  as  ANEMIA  (q.v.X 

spa-nee'-mlc,  a.  &  *.    [SPAN^MIA.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  relating  to    spantemia ; 
having  the  quality  of  impoverishing  the  blood. 

B.  Assubst. :  A  medicine  having,  or  supposed 
to  have  the  quality  of  impoverishing  the  blood. 

span'-cel,  v.t.  [SPANCEL,  s.]  To  tie  or  hobble 
the  legs"  of,  as  of  a  cow  or  horse,  with  a  rope. 

span'-cel,  *.  [A.S.  spannan  =  to  bind ;  seel 
=  a  rope.]  A  rope  to  tie  a  cow's  or  a  horse's 
hind-legs.  (Prov.) 

Bpan'-^elled,  a.    [SPANCEL,  v.] 

Her. :  Applied  to  a  horse  that  has  the  fore 
and  hind  feet  fettered  by  means  of  fetterlocks 
fastened  to  the  ends  of  a  stick. 

span'-drol,  span'-dril,    *  spann-dere, 

*  splaun-drel,  s.     [From  O.Fr.  explanader 
=  to  level,  plane,  lay  even,] 

Architecture: 

1.  The  space  over  the  haunch  of  an  arch 
and  between  it  and  the  outscribing  rectangle ; 
between  the  estrados  of  an  arch  and  the 
square  head  or  drip-stone  over  it. 

(2)  The  space  between  the  outer  mouldings 
of  two  arches 
and  the  string- 
course   above 
them. 

IT  When  tim- 
ber arches  sup- 

£?,&«£     ^       -MBKB-™^ 

drels     contain 

upright  posts  with  diagonal  stays.    The  posh 

transmit  the  load  to  the  arch. 

spandrel-wall,  >. 

Mason. :  A  wall  built  on  the  extrados  of  an 
arch. 

spanc,  spoan,  spene,  v.t.  [A.S.  spawn, 
spana  =a  teat.]  To  wean.  (Prov.) 

"•  Sparing,'  or  •  spooning,1  ta  a  Yorkshire  term  to 
weaniug."— FiOd,  March  20.  1888. 

spa  nc  my,  i.    [SPAN«EMIA.] 

*  spang  (1),  v.t.  [A.S.  spange  =  a  metal  clasp 
or  fastening ;  Icel.  spang  ;  Ger.  spange.]  To 
set  with  spangles,  to  spangle. 

"Jnno's  bird. 

Whose  train  IB  tpanged  with  Argus'  hundred  eyea." 
Three  Lards  of  London. 

•spang  (2),  v.t.  &  i.  [Perhaps  connected 
with  span  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  spring. 

2.  To  span  with  the  hand  or  finger*. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  leap,  to  spring. 

spang  (1),  s.    [SPAKO  (2),  i!.]    A  spring. 


.  ,    . 

Set  roasted  beef  and  pudding  on  the  opposite  tldl 
o'  the  pit  o'  Tophet  and  an  Englishman  will  meek  a 
ipana  at  it."— Scott :  Kao  Roy,  en.  ixviii. 

•pang  (2),  s:    [SPANO  (1),  r.]    A  spangle. 

"  Our  plumes,  our  spangt,  and  al  our  queint  aray. 
Are  pricking  suurres,  prouokiug  filthy  pride. 

Oaicoigne :  Steele  aha. 

•pah'-gle,  «.    [A  dimin.  from  spaitp  (2),  s.] 

1.  A  small  plate  or  boss  of  shining  metal ; 
a  small  circular  ornament  of  metal  stitched 
on  an  article  of  dress. 

"All  cut  in  stars  .  .  .  made  of  cloth  of  silver  and 
•diver  tpanglei."— Sidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  lii. 

2.  Any  little  thing  shining  or  sparkling  like 
pieces  of  metal ;  a  small  sparkling  object. 

"  On  the  rude  cliffs  with  frosty  mangles  gray. 
Weak  as  the  twilight  gleams  the  solar  ray. 

Mickle :  Lunad,  ill 


boll,  bo^-  pout,  JdTrt;  cat,  jell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph- 1 
-Cian, -tian  =  shau.   -tion, -sion  =  shun ; -tion, -gion  =  zliun.   -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  ahus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  deL 


4366 


spangle— spanner 


3.  A  spongy  excrescence  on  the  leaves  and 
tender  branches  of  the  oak  ;  an  oak-apple. 

sp&n'-gle,  v.t.  A  i.    [SPANGLE,  *.] 

A*  Trans.  :  To  set  or  sprinkle  with  spangles  ; 
to  adorn  with  spangles  or  small  brilliant 
bodies. 

"Spanphd  with  a  thousand  eye*."  '  ftty  .*  Ptacock, 

*  B.  IntraiiA.  :  To  glitter,  to  glisten. 

*  sp&n'-gler,  s.     [Eng.  fpangl(e);  -er.]     One 
who  or  tli.it  which  spangles. 

Span'-gly,    a.     [Eng.  spangle);   -y.]    Of  or 

p-rtainiiig  to  n  sj>:ni£le  or  spangle.--  ; 

bling  or  consisting  of  spangles  ;  glittering, 

glistening.    (Keats  :  Endymion,  i.  50'.'.) 

Span'-iard  (1  as  y),  s.    (See  del]    A  native 
or  inhabitant  of  Spain. 

span  -icl  (1  n>  y),  *  spaynel,  *  spaneyole, 
s.  &  a.     [6.  Fr.  eg}-m>jn€ul  (Fr.  epagneid),  from 
Sp  espailol  =  Spanish,  from  Espu.ua,  —  Spain  ; 
Lat.  Hispunui.} 
A*  As  substantive: 

1.  Lit.  <t  Zool.  :  A  popular  name  for  a  class 
Of  dogs,  distinguished  chiefly  by  large  clnnip- 
Jng  ears,  long  silky  coat,  and  a  gentle,  timid, 
and   affectionate  disposition.     Si*niels  may 
be  grouped  in  three  natural  divisions  : 

(1)  /.and  Spaniels  :  The  Cocker  Is  one  of  the 
smallest  of  its  kind,  and  is  chiefly  used  for 
flushing  woodcocks.  The  coat  should  be  wavy 
and  thick,  and  the  colour  black  and  white, 
pure  black,  liver  and  white,  or  red  and  white. 
The  Springer  is  heavier,  slower,  and  more 
easily  kept  within  range  than  the  Cocker. 
The    Clamber,    the    Sussex,    and    the    Nor- 
folk Spaniel  are  breeds  of  Springer*.     The 
Clumber  is  a  low,  strong-limbed  dog,  never 
giving  tongue,  highly  valued  for  battue-shoot- 
ing.,   Colour  lemon  and  white,  or  yellow  and 
white;  coat  thick,  legs  well  feathered,  feet 
round  ;  head  square  and  heavy,  muzzle  broad, 
ears  long.     The  Husttex  Spaniel  is  lighter  in 
shape  and  richer  In  colour  than  the  Clumber, 
and  gives  tongue  freely.   The  Norfolk  Spaniel 
varies  greatly,  and  is  perhaps  the  commonest 
treed  in  England.    Colour  black,  or  liver  and 
white. 

(2)  Water  Spnntels:   The  body  should  be 
round  and  compact,  covered  with  short,  crisp 
curls;  ears  long  and  deeply  fringed;  legs  very 
strong,  with  broad  spreading  feet  ;  tail  curled 
to  the  end  ;  head  long,  face  smooth,  forehead 
high  ;  the  colour  should  be  a  brown-liver,  but 
liver  and  white  is  common.    They  are  excel- 
lent water-dogs,  and  extremely  faithful  and 
affectionate.    They  run  into  several  strains. 

(&)  Toy  Spaniels  :  Of  these  there  are  several 
varieties,  the  chief  being  the  King  Charles 
and  the  Blenheim.  The  former  is  the  larger 
of  the  two,  and  should  be  rich  black  and  tan. 
They  were  the  special  pets  of  Charles  II.  The 
Blenheim  is  white,  with  patches  of  red  or  yel- 
low. Both  should  have  a  short  muzzle,  round 
head,  full  prominent  eyes,  ears  close  to  the 
head  and  fringed  with  long  silky  hair,  and 
hairs  growing  from  the  toes  and  reaching  be- 
yond the  claws. 

"  He  might  be  M0n,  before  the  dew  was  off  the  gran, 
In  St.  JauiM'0  Park,  striding  miioiig  the  trees,  playing 
with  his  tfjanitl*,  *uid  niufiog  com  to  Lu  duck*."— 
Jfocaulo*  ;  But.  Kny.,  ch,  iv. 

2.  F'g.  :  An  emblem  of  fawning  submissive- 
ness  ;  a  mean,  cringing,  or  fawning  person. 

"  I  am  your  tpanirl  ;  and,  Demetrius, 
The  more  you  beat  me,  I  will  (awn  on  von.'* 
Skaketp.  :  Jfidtummer  Jfighft  Drtam.  1L  S. 

*  B.  As  adj.:  Like  a  spaniel;  fewningly 
submissive  ;  cringing. 

**  Low-crooked-cnrt*i«*.  and  bue  ipanM  fawning." 
Stmteip.  ;  Juliui  Coetar,  inl  L 

Spaniel-like,  a.  Like  a  spaniel 
Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  iv.  2.) 

•  flpan'-iel  (1  as  yX  t'.i.  &  t.    [SPANIEL,  «.] 

A*  Intrans.  :  To  fawn,  to  cringe. 
B.  Trans.  :  To  follow  like  a  spaniel. 
"The  hearts 

That  tptinM'd  me  at  heels,  to  wiiou  I  gar* 
Their  wlshe*,  do  dUcaudy. 

Shmkap,  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  IT.  10. 

•pa-m'-o'-do'n,  *.     [Gr.  OVOMO«  (spanios)  = 
fe'w,  scarce  ;  suit',  -odon.] 

Palaont.  :  A  genus  of  Clnpttidse,  from  the 
Upper  Chalk  of  Lebanon. 


pan'-l-ft-lite,  *.  [Gr.  irirrivtos  (spank*)  = 
rare,  and  At'0o«  (lithos)  =  a  stone  ;  Ger.  spanio- 
litk.} 


Min.  :  A  variety  of  tetrahedrite  (q.v.)  con- 
taining mercury,  with  sp.  gr.  of  5'2  to  5'28. 

span-I-o^-lit'-mln,  *.    [Gr.  triraVux  (spanios) 
=  rare  ;  Eug.  litm(us),  and  suff.  -in.] 

Ch«m.  :  A  non-azotized  colouring  matter, 
occurring  in  small  quantity  in  litmus.  {Kane.) 

Span'-ish,  o.  &  *.    [Eug.  Spain  ;  -ts&.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Spain,  its 
language,  or  inhabitants. 

B.  As  subst.  ;  The  language  of  the  people  of 
Spain, 

Spanish  arbour-vine,  5. 

Sot.  :  Ipomoea  tttberosa,  a  West  Indian  plant. 
It  furnishesadrastic  substance  like  scauiuiouy. 

Spanish-bayonet,  5. 

Sot.  ;  Yucca  aloifolia.    (West  Indian.') 

Spanish-black,  s.  A  soft  black,  pre- 
pared by  burning  cork.  (Used  in  painting.) 

Spanish-broom,  s. 

Bot.  :  Spartium  junceum. 

Spanish-brown,  *.  A  species  of  earth 
used  in  painting,  having  n  dark,  nAdtsfrteown 
colour,  which,  depends  on  the  sesquioride  of 
iron. 

Spanish  burton,  *. 

Naut.  :  A  single  Spanish  -burton  has  three 
single  blocks  or  two  single  blocks  and  a  hook 
in  the  bight  of  one  of  the  running  parts.  A 
double  Spanish  -burton  has  one  double  and 
two  single  blocks.  [BURTON.] 

Spanish-  chalk,  s.    [FRKNCH-CHALK.] 
Spanish-chestnut,  s. 

Bot.  :  Castanea  vesca  (or  vulgaris). 

Spanish-cress,  «.    [CHESS,  5.,  f  (24).] 

Spanish-elm,  s.    [CORDIA,  ELM,  H  (7).] 

*  Spanish-era,  s. 

Chron,  :  An  era  founded  on  the  Julian  cal- 
endar, beginning  January  1,  B.C.  38.  It  was 
current  in  Spain,  Portugal,  the  south  of 
France,  and  the  north  of  Africa. 

Spanish  -ferreto,  s.    [FERRETO.] 
Spanish-fly,  s.    [CAKTUAJUS.] 
Spanish-fowls,  ».  pi. 

Poultry  :  A  breed  of  domestic  poultry  of 
Mediterranean  origin  ;  tall,  with  stately  car- 
riage ;  tarsi  long;  comb  single,  of  great  size, 
deeply  serrated  ;  wattles  largely  developed  ; 
ear-lobes  and  side  of  face  white  ;  plumage 
black,  glossed  with  green.  They  are  tender 
in  constitution,  the  comb  being  often  injured 
by  frost. 

Spanish-grass,  *. 

Bot.  :  Macrochloa  tenacissima,    [ESPARTO.] 

Spanish-juice,  s.  The  extract  of  the 
root  of  the  liquorice. 

Spanish-liquorice,  s. 
Bot.  :    The    common  liquorice,  Glycyrrhiza 
glabra, 

Spanish-*11  n.nicAi*Ait  t, 

Ichthy.  :  Scomber  ccliat,  resembling  S. 
pneumatophorus  in  possessing  an  air-bladder, 
but  differing  in  coloration.  It  is  a  favorite 
food  fish  in  our  Eastern  cities. 


Geog.  :  The  name  formerly  given  to  the 
southern  portion  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  to- 
gether with  the  contiguous  coast,  embracing 
the  route  traversed  by  Spanish  treasure-ships 
from  the  New  to  the  Old  World. 

"My  father  dear  hM«  net  here;  be  welu  the  Spatiitft- 
main."  Barham  :  ing.  Legend*  ;  XM  Coot. 

*  Spanish-marigold,  s. 

Bot.  ;  Anemone  conmario.  (Britten  A  Hol- 
land.) 

Spanish-marjoram,  s. 

Bot.  :  Urtica  pilulifera,  var.  DodartH.  (Brit- 
ten A  Holland.) 

Spanish-moss,  t. 

Bot.  :  Lycopodiion  dentioulatuu^ 
Spanish-nut,  *. 

Bot.  :  Morcea  Sisyrinchium. 
Spanish-oak,  s. 

Bot.  :  Quercus  falcate,  a  North  American 
tree  about  sixty  feet  high,  introduced  into 
Britain  In  1763. 


Spanish-onion,  s. 

Bot. ;  A  variety  of  Allium  cepa,  frown  in 
Spain  and  the  south  of  Europe.  U  is  much 
larger  and  milder  than  the  English  onion,  and 
is  imported  in  large  quantities. 

Spanish-potato,  s. 

Bot.:  The  sweet  potato.    [BATATAS.] 

Spanish-red,  s.  An  ochre  resembling 
Venetian  -  red,  but  slightly  yellower  and 
warmer. 

Spanish-root,  *. 

Bot. :  Ononis  arvensis.  Named  from  its  re- 
semblance to  £panUh  liuuorice  (q.vA  (Brit- 
ten &  Holland.) 

Spanish  sea -bream,  *. 

Idithy.:  Pagtilus  omnii,  from  the  British 
coasts  and  the  Hedfterraneun.  Called  also 
the  Axillary  Bream.  It  is  about  afoot  long, 
and  pale  silvery-red  in  crtl'mr. 

Spanish-soap,  5.    [C  A  STILE-SOAP.  J 
Spanish-soda,  ». 

But. :  Salsola  Soda. 

Spanish -tufts,  s. 

Bot.:  ThalictTum.  aquttegifoliuin, 

Spanish  -  white,  s.  Finely  powdered 
and  levigated  clunk,  used  as  a  pigment. 

Spanish- windlass,  s. 

Naut.:  A  windlass  turnc-il  by  a  rope  with  a 
rolling  hitch  aud  a  handspike  iu  the  bi^lit. 

Spank,  v.t.   ft    f.      [Ct   Low  Ger.  gpattker*, 
spenkern  =  to  run  and  spring  about  quickly.) 

A.  Tram.:  To  strike  with  the  open  hand; 
toblap, 

"Suggested  tpanking  all  roiuiJ  u  a  cure  for  tb« 
*TiL"— Vu««n,  Sept.  28,  1886. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  move  with  a  quick,  lively 
step,  between  a  tn>t  aud  a  gallop ;  to  mov» 
quickly  and  with  elasticity. 

**  We  tpanktd  along,  rapidly  accelerating  our  pact,* 
—Cauell*  Saturday  Journal.  Sept.  19,  1SS5.  p.  t<13. 

spank,  s.    [SPANK,  r.]    A  sounding  blow  with 
the  open  hand. 

*8pank'-er   (1),  «.     [Prob.  connected  with 
spang  =  a  spangle.] 

*  L  A  small  copper  coin. 
2.  A  gold  coin.    (Prov.) 

spank'-er  (2),  s.    [Eng.  spank  ;  -er.J 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  One  who    spanks ;   applied    also    to  ft 
sounding  blow  with  the  open  hand. 

2.  One  who  takes  long  strides  in  walking; 
a  last-going  horse.    (Colloq.) 

3.  A  tall  person  ;  one  taller  than  the  cum* 
xnon. 

IX  Naut. :  [DRIVER,  «.,  II.  5.J. 

spftnk'-lng,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [SPANK.] 

A,  As  pr.  par. ;  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Moving  with  a  quick,  lively  pace ;  dash- 
ing, free-going. 

"II  you  are  not  mine  by  entreaty,  there  an  four 
flunking  greyi  ready  harnewed  in  Cropland  Park, 
here,  that  Mini!  whisk  us  to  town  In  a  minute."— 0. 
Cofnuin  the  Tounger  :  Poor  Gentleman,  Iv.  2. 

2.  Stout,  large,  considerable,  solid.  (Cotfog.) 
spanking-breeze,  s.    A  strong  breeie. 

span -ner,  «.    [Eng.  span ;  ^r.J 
L  Ordinary  language: 
L  One  who  or  that  which  spans. 

*  2.  The  lock  of  a  fusee  or  carbine. 

"  My  prince's  court  Is  now  full  of  nothing  bat  bafl 
coaU,  tpanncrt,  aud  mueket-resta."— BotceU  :  Lttttrt. 

*  3.  A  fusee  or  carbine, 

"  Tliia  day,  as  his  majoty  tat  at  dinner,  there  cant* 
a  tall  man  with  hi*  tanner  mid  scarf;  whereby  every 
man  In  the  presence  supposed  him  some  uttlcer  In  lh« 
army."— Bawring :  Trial  of  King  Charles  I.,  p.  1S«. 

4.  A  screw-key  ;    an  iron  instrument  for 
tightening   up   or  loosening  the  nuts  upon 
screws. 

**A  large  iron  wrench  or  tpanner  WM  aft«rward» 
found  oil  the  spot."— Daily  Teh-graph,  Sept.  14.  IBtt. 

&  A  fireman's  wrench  by  which  he  fastens 
or  unfastens  the  couplings  of  the  hose. 

II.  Marine  Steam-eng. :  A  bar  nsed  in  the 
parallel  motion  of  the  side-leverniarine  engine, 
also  in  some  of  the  earlier  engines,  the  hand* 
bar  or  lever  by  which  the  valves  were  moved 
to  admit  or  shut  off  the  steam. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pftt, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  euro,  nuite,  our,  role,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    m,c»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qa  =  kw. 


spanne-w— sparing 


4367 


span'  new  (ew    as    u),   *span-newe, 

*  spoil  neowe,  n.    [ict-1.  •jnnajfr,  sixingr, 

from  $f>aiin=&  chip,  a  shaving,  and  n^r  = 
new;  M.  H.  Ger.  spanniuwe;  GUT.  sptinneu, 
from  M.  H.  Ger.  span,  Ger.  span  =  &  chip,  a 
splinter,  and  niuwe,  neu  —  new ;  cf.  Sw. 
spillerny  =  spill -new;  Dan.  $]>Unterny  = 
splinter-new.  All  these  terms  thus  mean 
originally  fresh  from  the  hands  of  the  work- 
men; fresh-cut.]  Quite  new,  brand-new. 

"Am  I  not  totally  a«pa»n*w  gallant  f* 

Beaum.  *  Flet.  ;  falte  One. 

'span  nlsh  Irif;,  s.  [O.  Fr.  espanouissement ; 
Fr.  epanouissemetU ;  s'epaitauir=  to  open  out ; 
from  Lat,  exfxindo  =  to  spread  out ;  ex  =  out, 
and  pando  =  to  spread.]  The  blow  of  a  flower. 
(A'o/naunt  of  the  Rose.) 

Spar  (1),  'Sparre,  *.  [A.S.  $parrian  =  to 
fasten  with  a  bolt ;  Out  spar  =  a  spar  ;  It-el. 
sjxirri,  sperra;  Dan.  A  Sw.  spat-re;  0.  H.  Ger. 
sjiarro;  II.  H.  Ger.  sparre  ;  Ger.  sparren ; 
Gaol.  &  Ir.  sparr.  Prob.  allied  to  spear.]  A 
Inn:,'  piece  of  timber,  of  no  great  thickness ; 
a  piece  of  sawed  timber,  a  pole.  Now  seldom 
used  except  in  technical  or  special  meanings  : 
as — 

1.  Naut. :    A  long,  wooden  beam,  generally- 
rounded,  and  used  for  supporting  the  sails  of 
YI ^s>  Is.      It  assumes  various  functions   and 
names,  as,  a  must,  yard,  boom,  gatf,  sprit,  &c. 

2.  In  hoisting  machinery,  spars  form   the 
masts  and  jibs  of  derricks,  and  the  elevated 
inclined  timbers  which  form  sheers  for  mast- 
ing and  dismasting  vessels. 

3.  In  building,  spars  are  used  as  rafters,  as 
Maflbld- poles,  or  as  ledgers  to  rest  on  the  put- 
logs.   A  common  rafter  is  sometimes  called  a 
•par. 

4.  The  bar  of  a  gate. 
•par-deck,  s. 

Kaut.  :  Originally  one  of  a  temporary  cha- 
racter, consisting  of  sparti  supported  on  beams. 
Now,  the  upper  deck,  with  an  open  waist,  or 
flush-deck.  The  term  is  somewhat  loosely 
applied. 

spar-piece,  s.    [SPAN-PIECE]. 

spar-torpedo,  ».  A  torpedo  carried  on 
tliti  end  of  a  spar  rigged  overbi>ard  from  the 
bows  of  a  vessel,  and  fired  either  by  contact 
or  electricity.  [TORPEDO.] 

spar  (2),  *  sparr,  s.    [A.S.  spcer,  spcer-stdn,} 

A/in.:  A  name  applied  to  various  minerals 

•which   occur   in    crystals    or   which    cleave 

readily  into  fragments  of  definite  form  with 

bright  surface,  such  as  rule-spur,  fluor-spar,  &c. 

spar-hung,  a.  Hung  with  spar,  as  a  cave. 

Spar  (3),  «.    [SPAR  (2),  v.} 

1.  Literally  &  Boxing : 

(1)  A  preliminary  motion  or  flourish  of  the 
partially -bent  arms  in  front  of  the  body ;  a 
movement  in  which  the  boxer  is  prepared  to 
act  offensively  or  defensively. 

(2)  A  boxing-match  ;  a  contest  with  boxing- 
gloves. 

2.  Fig. ;  A  slight  contest ;  a  skirmish. 

spar  (1),  *  sparre  (1),  sper,  spere,  sperr, 

».(.  [A.S.  fparian.]  [SPAK  (1),  *.]  To  lasten 
with  a  bar  or  bolt ;  to  bar,  to  bolt. 

"  Calk  your  wimluws,  spar  np  all  your  doors." 

Ben  Joiuon  :  Staple  of  Jfevv,  It  L 

Spar  (2),  *  aparre  (2),  tJ.i.  &  t.  [O.  Fr.  esparer  ; 
Fr.  Sparer  —  to  fling  or  kick  out  with  the 
heels,  from  Low  Ger.  sparre  =  &  struggling.] 

A*  Intransitive : 

*  1.  To  rise  and  strike  with  the  feet  or 
•purs.  (iSaid  of  cocks.) 

2.  To  move  or  flourish  the  arms  about  in 
front  of  the  body,  as  in  boxing,  or  in  a  manner 
suitable  for  offence  or  defence. 

"'Come  mi,1  wiid  the  cnbitriver,  sparring  away  like 
clockwork."—  IHckeitt:  Pickwick,  ch.  11. 

3.  To  quarrel  in  words  ;  to  wrangle.  (Colloq.) 
B.  Trans. :  To  engage  in  a  boxing-match 

with. 

spar  a  ble,  B.  [See  def.]  A  cast-iron  nail 
driven  into  soles  of  boots  and  shoes,  and  so 
called  from  its  resemblance  in  shape  to  a 
sparrow's  bill. 

sparable-tin,  s. 

Min. :  A  name  given  Tjy  Cornfah  miners  to 
crystals  of  Ca-ssiterita  (q.v.),  which  occur  in 
ditetragonal  pyramids  resembling  sparable 
nails. 


spar'-a  -drap,  spar'-a-drato,  ».    [Fr.] 

Pkarm.:  An  adhesive  plaster  spread  upon 
linen  or  paper ;  a  cerecloth. 

"  With  application  of  the  common  $paradrab  tot 
lesuts,  this  ulcer  was  by  a  foutauel  kept  open." — 
Wiieman:  Surgery. 

spar  a  drap   i  cr,  *.    [Fr.] 

Pkarm,.:  A  machine  for  spreading  plasters. 
It  is  a  table  with  two  raised  pieces,  movable, 
and  furnished  with  points  by  which  the  cloth 
may  be  stretched,  and  a  spatula  for  spreading 
the  composition, 

*  spar  -age  (age  as  I&),  *  spar'-a-gus,  *. 

[ASPARAGUS.] 

spar-as'-sus,  *.  IGr.  <nrop<icr<r«  (sparasso)  = 
to  rend  in  pieces.] 

ZooL  :  A.  genus  of  Thomisidse.  Sparassus 
smaragdulus,  is  a  British  spider;  the  male 
green,  with  yellowish  abdominal  bauds,  the 
female  green. 

spa  rat-to  spcr  -ma,  «.  [Attic  Gr.  <rira- 
parrw  (sparatto)  =:  to  rend  in  pieces,  and 
ffTreppa.  (sperma)  =  seed.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Bignoniaceee.  The  leaves 
of  Sjwrattosperma  lithontriptica  are  given  in 
Brazil  in  cases  of  stone  in  the  bladder. 

*  spar'-ble,  v.t.    [O.  Fr.  esparpiller.]  To  scat- 
ter, to  displace, 

"  The  more  purte  of  theyr  company,  where  thorough 
tbatayniple  feleabyp  wblche  uained  tlieym  self  ah«p- 
herdes,  was  dissent- red  and  tparbelytt."  —  fitbyun  : 
Chronycle  ;  Lout*  IX.  (HIL  l-JMJ. 

spare,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  sparian,  from  spasr  = 
spare,  sparing ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  &  Ger.  sparen; 
IceL  &  Sw.  spara;  Dan.  spare;  Lat.  parco.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  use  frugally ;  not  to  be  wasteful  of; 
not  to  waste  ;  to  dispense  frugally. 

"  The  rather  will  I  tpare  my  praises  towards  him." 
Shakeip. :  All'l  Well  that  End*  Writ,  ii.  L 

2.  To  have  unemployed  ;  to  save  from  »ny 
particular  use  :  as,  I  have  time  to  spare. 

3.  To  part  with  without  inconvenience ;  to 
dispense  with  ;  to  do  without. 

"  I  could  have  better  spared  a  better  man." 

Shakeep. :  1  Benry  1 1'.,  T.  4. 

i.  To  forbear,  to  omit,  to  refrain  from ;  to 
withhold. 

"  Spare  your  arithmetic.1* 

Xhukrtp.  •'  CymbeMne,  1L  4. 

H  In  this  use  often  followed  by  an  infinitive 
or  clause  as  an  object. 

"  Being  moved,  he  will  not  tpart  to  gird  the  gods." 
SJtaketp, :  Voriolanut,  L  1. 

5.  To  forbear  to  inflict  or  impose  upon. 

"  Spara  uay  sight  the  pain."  2>ryd-n.    (Todd.) 

6.  To  use  tenderly ;  to  treat  with  mercy, 
pity,  or  forbearance ;   to  forbear  to  atllict, 
punish,  or  destroy. 

"  Spare  ua,  good  Lord."— Boot  of  Common  Prayer, 
(Litany.) 

7.  To  hold  in  reserve  for  the  use  of  another; 
to  give,  to  afford,  to  grant,  to  allow. 

"  I  am  poor  of  thank*,  and  scarce  can  spare  them." 
Sitaknp. ;  Cymlxline,  It  8. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  live  sparingly  or  frugally ;  to  be  par- 
simonious, economical,  or  frugal ;  not  to  be 
liberal  or  profuse. 

"  Spare  not  for  cost.** 

SAaXesp. :  Romeo  4  Juliet,  Iv.  4. 

2.  To  use  mercy  or  forbearance ;  to  be  mer- 
ciful or  forgiving  ;  to  forgive. 

"  Jealousy  Is  the  rage  of  a  man :  therefore  he  will 
not  tpare  in  the  day  of  vengeance.  "—Pruuerbt  vL  34. 

Spare,  *  spar,  a,  &  s.  [A.S.  «7>rer;  cogn. 
with  IceL  sparr;  Dan.  spar  (in  sparsom,  = 
thrifty^) ;  Sw.  spar  (iu  sparsam)  \  Ger.  spar 
(in  spdrlich);  Gr.  o-jrapvos  (sparnos)  =  rare, 
lacking;  Lat.  parcua  =  sparing.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Parsimonious,  frugal,  thrifty ;  not  liberal 
or  profuse ;  chary. 

M  Are  they  tpare  hi  dletJ" 

Shafcetp. :  Henry  V.t  li  1. 

2.  Scanty ;  not  plentiful  or  abundant :  as,  a 
spare  diet. 

3.  Lean,  thin,  meagre,  wanting  flesh, 

*"  Her  cheek  was  pale ;  her  form  was  ipare." 

Scott ;  M'irinion,  ii.  4. 

4.  Over  and  above  what  is  necessary ;  super- 
fluous, superabundant ;  that  may  be  dis)>eused 
with. 

"  Learning-  seema  more  adapted  to  the  female  world 
than  to  the  male,  because  they  have  mi.r*  tft.ire  time 
upon  their  hands,  and  lead  a  more  sedentary  life."— 
Additon :  Spectator. 


5.  Held  or  kept  in  reserve  or  for  an  emer- 
gency ;  additional ;  not  required  for  present 
use  ;  as,  a  spare  bed,  a  spare  anchor,  &c. 

6.  Slow.    (Prov.) 
*B.  As  substantive: 

1,  Parsimony  ;  frugal  use ;  economy. 

"  I  make  110  tpare."        Shaketp.  :  Btnry  Vtll^  T.  4 

2,  Moderation,  restraint. 

"  Killing  for  sacrifice  without  any  ipart.'—BoUand 
(Todd.) 

3,  An  opening  in  a  gown  or  petticoat ;  a 
placket. 

*  spare' -fdl»  a.  [Bug.  spare ;  -ful(l^]  Sparing, 
frugal,  chary. 

*  Spare'-ful-ness,  s.     [Eng.  tparejul;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  spareful ;  spuriug- 
ness,  frugality. 

"  Largest  hia  handi  could  never  skill  of  tparrful ntu." 
Sidney:  Arcadia,  bk.  li. 

spare'-l^t  adv.  [Eng.  s;>are,  a. ;  -ly.]  In  a 
sparing  manner ;  sparingly,  sparsely. 

"  Alight,  and  iparely  stip,  and  wait 
Fur  rest  iu  this  outbuilding  near." 

Matt/tew  Arnold  ;  tiranda  Vhartrtuu. 

spare  -ness,  s.  [Eng.  spare,  a.  ;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  spare,  lean,  or  thin  ; 
leanness. 

"  A  tparenat  and  slonclernew  ol  stature.''— Sam- 
monti :  Herman*,  vol.  iv.,  ser.  'i. 

spar'-er,  s.  [Eng.  sparse),  y. ;  ^r.J  One  who 
spares  ;  one  who  is  economical  or  frugal 

"  Very  thrlftie  and  overgrea/- t^arert." — f.  UMund: 
Pliny,  bk,  xt,  en.  ilx. 

Spare'-rib,  5.  [Eng.  spare,  a.,  and  rib.]  The 
piece  of  a  hog  taken  from  the  side,  consisting 
of  the  ribs  with  little  flesh  on  them. 

*  spare-wort,  s.    [SpBAawoar.] 

spar -ga'-nl-um,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  <rrrop- 
yo.vt.Qv  (sparganion)  =  the  bur-weed  ;  <rv6.pyo.voy 
(sparganon)  =  a  band,  from  the  form  of  the 
leaf,  which  is  long  and  narrow.] 

Bot. :  Bur- weed  (q.v.);  a  genus  of  Typhacese. 
Spadix  spherical ;  perianth  of  three  to  six 
spathulate,  mem brauoua  scales;  stamens  two 
to  three  ;  ovary  one-  or  two-celled ;  fruit  a 
small  drupe.  Known  species  about  ten. 

spar'-ga-no-sis,  s.  [Gr.  <nrapydvu<ns  (spar- 
gau<lsis)  =  tke.  wrapping  a  child  iu  swaddling 
clothes.] 

Pathology  : 

*  L  Bpargosis  (q.v.). 

2.  Elephantiasis  Arabum  (E.  Wilson).  [EL* 

FH  A  Nil  AS  1 3.] 

*  Sparge,  v.t.    [Lat   spargo  =  to  scatter,  to 
sprinkle.]    To  dash  or  sprinkle ;    to  throw 
water  upon  in  a  shower  of  small  drops. 

*  spar-ge-f&o'-tion,  *.    [SPAROK.]    The  act 

of  sprinkling. 

"  The  operation  was  performed  \>y  spargefnetion,  ln» 
proper  time  ol  the  moon."— Swift :  Tale  of  a.  Tub,  f  IT. 

Sparg'-er,  «.  [SPAROE.]  A  sprinkler ;  usually 
a  cup  with  a  perforated  lid,  or  a  pipe  witli  a 
perforated  nozzle.  Used  for  damping  paper 
clothes,  &c, 

spar  -go  sis,  *  spar  ga  no  sis,  s.     [Gr. 

ciropydw  (spargao)  =  to  be  full ;  Fr.  spargose.] 
Pathol. :    Distension    of  the    breasts   with 
milk,  which  is  secreted   in  abundance,  but 
with  difficulty  or  entire  absence  of  flow. 

spar  hawk,  *  spar-hank,  s.    [SPARROW- 

HAWK.] 

spar'-l-dce,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  spar^iisy  =  Chr* 
sophrys  aurata,  the  gilthead  (q.v.);  Lat.  fem. 
pi.  adj.  suff,  -idee.] 

1.  Ichthy. :  Sea-breams ;  a  family  of  Acan- 
thopterygian    Fishes,    division    P«-rciformea, 
Body  compressed,  oblong,  covered  with  scales; 
cutting  teeth  in  front  of  jaws,  or  molars  at 
sides,  palate  generally  toothless.     One  dorsal, 
formed  by  a  spinoitsaiid  soft  portion  of  nearly 
equal  development ;  anal  with  three  spines, 
ventrals  thoracic.    The  family  is  divided  into 
five  groups  based  upon  differences  of  denti- 
tion :  Cantharina,   Haplodactylina,  Sflrgina, 
Pagrina,  and  Pimelepterina.    (Gunther.) 

2.  Palceont. :  They  appear  first  in  the  Chalk 
of  Lebanon. 

spar'-ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [SPARK,  v.} 

A*  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 


boil,  boy;  pout,  J6%1;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin»  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tioa,  -sioa  =  shun;  -tion,  -slon  =  «**ft"1    -dons,  -tious,  -sious  =  shiis.   -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4368 


sparingly— sparse 


B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Saving,  parsimonious,  chary,  frugal. 

"  Christ  .  .  .  npODjost  occuiloiii  WM  not  iimriny  In 
the  use  of  it,"—Bf>.  Hartley  :  Hermviu,  vul  lit.  ser.  81. 

•  2.  Scanty,  little. 

"  Of  this  there  la  with  you  tparing  memory,  or  none  ; 
bat  we  have  lame  knowledge  thereof—  /foown.  1  Todd.) 

8.  Spare  ;  not  abundant  ;  abstemious. 

"  Be  mindful  of  thkt  waring  board." 

TkuTniuH  ;  Autumn.  SW. 

•  4.  Merciful,  kind  ;   willing   to   pity  and 
•pare. 

*piir'-Ing-l&  adv.     [Eng.  sparing;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  sparing,  frugal,  or  economical  man- 
ner ;  frugally,  parsimoniously. 

*'  And  taught  at  schools  much  my  thologlc  stuff, 
But  sound  religion  iparinyli/  MWEh. 

Covper:  Tirocinium,  196. 

2.  Scantily;  not  abundantly  ;  sparsely. 

"  The  torders  whereon  you  plant  fruit  tree*  should 
be  larxe,  and  set  with  fine  flown  ;  but  thin  atid 
tparingly,  lest  they  deceive  the  tree*."—  Bacvn  : 
Mtt'tyt  ;  Of  Garden*. 

•  3.  With  abstinence  or  moderation  ;  absti- 
nently, moderately. 

"  Christians  are  obliged  to  taste  eren  the  Innocent 
pleasure*  of  life  but  tixiringly.'—Atttrbury. 

•  4.  Seldom  ;  not  frequently. 

"The  morality  of  a  grave  sentence,  affected  by 
Lucan,  Is  tuore  tptiringly  used  by  Virgil."—  itryden, 

•5.  Cautiously,  tenderly,  with  forbearance. 

"  Speech  of  touch  towards  others  should  be  iptirtngly 
ttsed;  for  discourse  ought  to  be  as  a  nelit.  without 
earning  home  to  any  man."—  Bacon  :  JUtayt;  O/ 


spar'  Ing-ness,  s.    [Eng.  sparing  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sparing; 
frugality,  parsimony. 

2.  Caution,  care,  forbearance. 


"This  opinion,  I  say.  Mr.  Hobbes  mentions  aa 
DOMlble:  but  he  does  it  with  such  heeitiuicy,  diffi- 
dence, and  i pu  Hn?n«M,  aa  shows  plainly  that  he  meant 


It  only  as  a  but  subterfuge  to  recur  to."— Clark*  .'  On 
CJU  Att,ibutt»,  prop.  lu. 

spark  (1),  *  sparke, «.  [A.8.  spearca ;  cogn. 
with  O.  Dut.  sparcke;  Low  Ger.  sparke;  IceL 
tpraka;  Pan.  sprage  =  to  crackle.) 

1.  A  small  particle  of  fire  or  of  ignited  sab- 
stance  emitted  from  a  burning  body. 

"  Man  Is  born  onto  trouble,  aa  the  iparJu  fly  up- 
ward."—Job  T.  7. 

2.  A  small  shining  body  or  transient  light ; 
S  sparkle. 

3.  A  small   portion  of  anything  vivid  or 
mi-five,  or  that,  like  a  spark,  may  be  kindled 
into  activity  or  flame. 

"  The  small  intellectual  tpark  which  he  poei«tsed 
was  put  out  by  the  fuel"— Macaulay :  Hut.  Eng., 
•h.  m, 

•park-arrester,  s.  A  wire-cage  or  other 
contrivance  placed  upon  the  chimney  of  a 
locomotive  or  a  portable  engine,  to  prevent 
the  passage  of  sparks  from  the  chimney. 

•park-condenser,  s. 

L  Elect. :  [CONDENSER,  «.,  II.  10.  (S)]. 

2.  Rail. :  A  means  of  carrying  away  sparks 
from  the  locomotive  chimney  to  m  chamber 
where  they  are  extinguished. 

Spark  (2),  *.    [Icel.  aparkr,  tprakr  =  lively, 
sprightly  ;  Norw.  tproek  =  cheerful,  lively.] 
L  A  gay  young  fellow ;  a  brisk,  showy  man. 

"  The  florid  (ustian  of  a  rhyming  tpnrk." 

I"  ,,i,f,fi  •,  atrephorit  Lam. 

2.  A  lover,  a  beau,  a  gallant 

••park  (1)  v.i.  [SPARK  (i)>  *.]  To  emit 
particles  of  flre  ;  to  sparkle. 

**  Delight  upon  her  face,  and  sweetness  shlii'd : 
Her  eyes  do  tpark  as  atarres. " 

/'.  Fletcher:  ThamaJt*.  egL  vi..  s,  19. 

*  spark  (2),  v.i.    [SPARK  (2),  «.]    To  play  the 
•park  or  gallant. 

spark'-er,  *.  [Eng.  tpark  (1),  •• ;  -w.]  A 
spark-arrester  (q.v.). 

*  spark'-ful,  * sparkc  full,  o.   [Eng. tpark; 
•full.]    Lively,  brisk,  gay. 

"  Hitherto  will  our  »nark/ul  youth  laugh  at  their 
|res,t  grandfathers'  English,  who  had  more  care  to  do 
well  than  to  speak  minion  like."— Camdm :  /iemaint, 

*  Spark  Uh.  a.    [Eng.  spark  (1);  -ish.] 

1.  Airy,  gay,  lively,  brisk. 

"  Is  anything  more  tparkith  and  better  humoured 
than  Venus's  accosting  her  sou  in  the  deserts  of 
Libyaf—  Walth. 

2.  Showily  dressed,  fine,  showy. 

'  A  daw,  to  be  tparkiih,  trick'd  himself  up  with  all 
the    gay  feathers    he    could    muter.'' — , 
fabt^. 


*  spark   ishly",  adv.    {Eng.   sparkish;  >ly.\ 
bu  as  to  sparkle  ;  showily,  gaily. 

*  Kach  t.iitUiuhole  and  skirt,  ami  hem  Is  seen 
SparkUMy  edged  with  lace  of  yellow  K"l'!." 

Tennant:  AnMtrr  fair,  11.  4T. 

•spar'-kle,  *spar-cle,  *.    [Adiiuin.  from 
•part  (IX*.  (q-v.).j 

1.  A  small  spark,  a  luminous  particle. 

'*  The  tparkla  ee«iu'd  up  to  the  skies  to  file." 

Fairfax  :  (Ivd/rey  of  ttvulvyn*,  L  ft. 

2.  Luminosity,  lustre. 

"  The  tparkle  and  flash  of  the  ftunnMne." 

'-w:  Milt*  titandith,  v. 


3.  A  spark,  a  small  portion. 

"  I  caniiot  deny  certain  tparklet  of  honest  ambition." 
—Wotton  ;  tetter  to  tht  King  (an.  1637). 

spar'-kle  (1),  v.i.  &  t.    [SPARKLE,  *.] 
A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  emit  sparks  ;  to  send  off  small  ignited 
or  shining  particles. 

2.  To  shine,  as  if  giving  out    sparks  ;  to 
glisten,  to  glitter,  to  flash,  to  twinkle. 

"  I  see  bright  honour  tparkle  through  your  eyes.' 
Milton:  Ar  cadet.  87. 

•3.  To  be  brilliant  or  showy  ;  to  show  off, 

"  Politulus  is  a  fine  young  gentleman,  who  tparUei 
In  all  the  shining  things  of  dies*  and  equijuge,'  — 
Watt*. 

4.  To  emit  little  bubbles  which  glitter  in 
the  light.    (Byron:  Childe  Harold,  iii.  8.) 

*  B.  Trans.  :  To  emit  with  coruscations  ;  to 
shine  or  sparkle  with. 

*  spar'-kle  (2),  v.t.     [A  corrupt,  of  sparpil 
(q.v.).]    To  scatter. 

"The  laudgntve  hath  tparkl«d  his  army  without 
any  further  enterprise.  "—  Start  Paper*,  x.  718. 

*  spar'-kler,   *.     [Eng.  sparkl(e);  -er.]     One 
who  or  that  which  sparkles  ;  one  whose  eyes 
sparkle. 

"See  the  iparkler  shaking  her  elbow  for  R  whole 
night  together,  and  thumbing  the  table  with  a  dice- 
box."—  Guardian,  No.  130. 

"spark'-let,  *.  [Eng.  spartyU),  s.  ;  dim.  suff. 
-let.]  A  little  spark.  (Cotton;  Ode  to  Night.) 

*  spark  -II  ness,  «.    [Eng.  sparkling)  ;  -new.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sparkling  ;  vi- 
vacity. 

"  Sir  John  [Buckling]  threw  his  repartees  about  the 
table  with  much  tptirklimtu.  and  geuUleuesa  of  witu" 
—Aubrey  ;  Anecdotet.  1L  65L 

spark'  -ling,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [SPARKLE  (1),  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verbX 

B.  As  adj.  :  Emitting  sparks,  glittering  ; 
hence,  brilliant,  lively,  bright. 

"  And  he  continued  ,  when  wone  days  were  oome, 
To  deal  about  his  tftnrkling  eloquence." 

H'ordtvforth  :  Axcurtlon,  hk.  1L 

•spark'-lin^-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  sparkling  ;  -ly.] 
lu  a  sparkling  manner;  with  vividness  or 
brilliancy. 

"  Diamonds  sometimes  would  look  more  tparklingty 
than  they  were  wont."—  Boyl*  :  Works,  L  i&2. 

*  spark'-  Ung-ngss,    *.      [Eng.   sparkling; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sparkling  ; 
brilliancy,  sparkle. 

"  I  have  observed  a  manifestly  greater  clearness  and 
tparklingnet*  at  eotue  times  th&u  at  others."—  boyle  : 
Workt,  i.  i&3. 

spar'  -ling,  «.  [Ger.  spierling.}  A  smelt  Also 
apelt  spirting,  or  spurting. 

"  The  tpnrling  should  be  protected,  a*  It  was  a  fish 
they  all  fiked.'—  /S«W,  Jan.  23,  188«. 

*  spar'  lyre  (30-  as  ir),  *.    [A.S.  tpocr-lira.} 
The  calf  of  the  leg. 

spar'-no  dus,  *.  [Gr.  ^nropi-oc  (spamos)  = 
rare,  few,  and  6£ou$  (odoits)  =  a  tooth.] 

Pafaont.  :  A  genus  of  Sparidse,  of  Eocene 
age. 

spaTy-oid,  a.  &  t.  [Lat  sparvt  —  the  gilthcad  ! 
Eng.  suff.  -otd.] 

*  A.  v4«  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Sparidce. 
B.  As  subst.  :  Any  individual  of  theSparidae. 

"  In  our  days  tparouii  are  held  to  be  of  little  value." 
—  rarrell  :  iSrit.  FiAei  (ed.  3rd),  1L  IS*. 

spar  old  -scales,  8.  pi. 

Ichthy.  :  The  name  given  by  Agasslz  to  the 
peculiar  scales  of  the  Sparidte. 

"  Sparoid-tcalei  are  ...  thin,  broader  than  long. 
with  the  centre  of  growth  near  their  poaterlor  border. 
and  the  lines  of  structure  lying  parallel  to  the  poste- 
rior or  free  border,  but  becoming  atrniuht  laterally."— 
Yarrell  ;  firittoh  Fisha  (ed.  Srd),  1L  136. 

*spar'-pU,   *  spar'  pic,   *spar'-poil, 

•X     [0.  Fr.  eeparpiUer.}     To  scatter,  to  spread 
abroad,  to  diaperse. 


spar'  rer,  ».    One  wlio  §pars ;  a  pugilii:. 
spar '-ring,  •.    The  act  of  boxing;  pugiliaiu 
spaV-row,    *  spar  -ewe,    •sparwe,   a 

[Mid.  Eng.  sparwe,  sparewe;  A.S.  spearwa; 
Icel.spor;  Dan.s^mru;  Sw.  sparf;  O.  H-  Ger. 
sparo  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  spar,  whence  Ger.  sperling; 
all  from  Tent,  type  sjmrwa  (lit.  =  a  flatterer), 
from  root  spur-  =  to  quiver,  hence  to  flutter.] 

[SPAR  (2),  V.] 

Ornith. :  Passer  domesticits  (Pyrgita  domes- 
tica,  Cuvier),  the  House  Sparrow,  a  well- 
known  bird,  the  constant  follower  of  civilian) 
man.  It  ranges  over  the  British  Islands  and 
the  Continent,  into  the  North  of  Africa  and 
Asia,  and  has  been  introduced  into  America 
and  Australia.  Sparrows  are  found  even  in 
crowded  cities  and  in  manufacturing  tuwus, 
these  differing  only  from  the  country  birds  in 
being  dirtier,  and,  if  possible,  more  d 
Mantle  of  male  brown  striped  with  black  ; 
head  bluish-gray ;  two  narrow  bands,  one 
white  and  the  other  rusty-yellow,  on  wings; 
cheeks  grayish-white,  front  of  neck  Mack, 
under-parts  light-gray.  From  a  high  anti- 
quity, their  great  fecundity,  their  attachment 
to  their  young,  their  extreme  pugnacity,  and 
the  large  tolls  they  levy  on  the  farmer  and 
market-gardener  have  been  commented  on 
by  writers  on  ornithology,  but  opinions  have 
long  been  divided  on  the  subject  of  their 
alleged  service  to  man  in  destroying  insect 
pests.  English  farmers,  however,  settled  the 
question  to  their  own  satisfaction,  and  in 
many  villages  sparrow-clubs  exist,  from  the 
funds  of  which  a  small  sum  (about  twopence 
a  dozen)  is  paid  for  the  destruction  of  these 
birds.  Dr.  Coues  (The  English  Sparrow  in 
America,  1885)  says  that  these  birds  intro- 
duced to  keep  down  insect  life,  "have  proved 
a  failure,  and  are  now  generally  regarded  as  a 
distinct  curse."  This  opiuion  is  now  generally 
entertained  in  the  United  States,  ami  th>- 
sparrows  are  also  disliked  for  their  combative 
disposition,  and  their  tendency  to  drive  off 
other  birds.  They  frequent  the  cities  and  a<M 
an  agreeable  element  of  bird  life  to  the  streets. 
The  name  sparrow  is  also  applied  in  this  country 
to  several  of  the  FrinKillidie.  [HEDGE-SP.VRHOW, 
BEED-SPARROW,  TREB-SPARBOW.] 

flparrow-bill,  *.    [SPARABLE.] 
sparrow-hawk,  s. 

Ornith. :  Accipiter  nisus,  common  In  Great 
Britain,  extending  across  Europe,  through 
Asia  to  Japan.  The  adult  male  is  abouttwelvt 
inches  long,  dark-brown  on  the  upper  surface, 
softening  into  gray  as  the  bird  grows  old  ;  the 
entire  under-surface  is  rusty-brown,  with 
bands  of  a  darker  shade.  The  female  is  about 
fifteen  inches  long,  the  upper  surface  nearly 
resembling  that  of  male  bird  in  ground-colour, 
but  having  many  of  the  feathers  white  at  the 
base  ;  under  surface  grayish- white,  with  dark 
transverse  bars.  The  Sparrow-hawk  is  very 
destructive  to  small  quadrupeds  and  young 
birds,  and  is  practically  the  only  bird  of  prey 
the  English  game-preserver  need  fear.  The  lien 
lays  four  or  five  eggs  irregularly  blotched  with 
brownish-crimson  on  a  bluish- white  ground. 

sparrow-tongue,  s. 

Hut. :  Polygonum  aviculart* 
sparrow's  dung,  s. . 

Bot. :  tialsola  Kali. 

spar-  row  -grass,    spaV-r£- grass,  *. 
[See  def.J    A  corruption  of  asparagus  (q.v.). 

spaV- row -wort,  •.     [Eng.   sparrow,  and 
wort.] 
Bot. :  The  genus  Passerina  (q.v.). 

,  a.  fEng.  spar  (2),  B.  ;  -y.]  Besem. 
bling  spar ;  consisting  of  or  abounding  with 
spar,  spathose. 

"  And  with  the  flowers  are  Intermingled  stones 
Uparry  aud  bright,  the  scatterings  of  the  Mil*. 
Wordsworth :  Excurtiim,  bit.  rt 

sparry-anhydrite, «.    [CUBE-SPAB.) 
sparry  Iron-  ore,  *.    [SIDERITE.J 

spar   ry  grass,  «.    [SPARROW-GRASS.] 

sparse,  o.    [Lat.  sjKtrsus,  pa.  par.  of  tpargo 
=  to  scatter,  to  sprinkle,] 

1.  Ord,   Lang. :    Thinly    scattered ;    set, 
placed,  or  planted  here  and  there;  not  close 
together ;  not  dense. 

"  The  congregation  was  very  tpane. "—Rtad*  ;  BarA 
Cafh.  eh.  T. 

2.  Bot. :  Scattered  (q.v.> 


Gte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    re,  09  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qa  -  kw. 


sparse— spathiform 


4369 


••parse.  *  sperse,  r.t.  [SPARSE,  a.]  To 
scatter,  to  disperse,  to  put  abroad. 

"  And  like  ft  raging  flood  they  tpnried  are, 
Aild  uuerfluw  each  countrey.  field  and  plaine." 
rairrfax:  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  vi-  1. 

•  sparged,  *  spersed,  pa.  par.  or  a.  [SPA  RSE, 

f.J 

•  spar'-sed-ly,  adv.   [Eng.  sparsed;  -ly.]   In 
a   scattered   manner ;    thinly,  sparsely,  not 
densely. 

"  There  are  doubtless  many  such  soils  tpartedly 
thruuy hunt  this  nation."—  Evelyn :  Pomona.  (Pref.) 

sparse'-ly,  adv.  (Eng.  sparse,  a. ;  -ly.]  In  a 
sparse  manner  ;  thinly,  not  densely  or  thirkly. 

"  An  utterly  barren  country  three  hundred  leagues 
long  by  from  sixty  to  eighty  h™.l,  t/xiriely  inhabited 
oy  a  young,  hardy,  warlike  r;ice." — Standard,  Jan.  15, 
1886. 

•parse  ness,  s.  [En?,  sparse;  -ness.']  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sparse ;  thinness  ; 
scattered  state :  as,  The  sparseness  of  the 
population. 

•spar'-sim,  adv.  [Lat.]  Scatteredly,  here 
and  there. 

(part,  s.  [ESPARTO.] 
apart  grass,  s. 
Bat. :  Spartina  stricta. 

ipar-ta-ite,  ».    [After  Sparta,  New  Jersey, 
where  found  ;  suff.  -ite(Min.);  Ger.  spartait.] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  variety  of  Calcite  (q.v.),  containing 
•ome  carbonate  of  manganese,  occurring  with 
line  ores. 

2.  The  same  as  ZINCITB  (q.v.). 

Spar  -tan,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  Spartanus.'] 

A.  As  aflj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  ancient 
Sparta  or  the  Spartans  ;    hence,  hardy,  un- 
daunted, indomitable  :  as,  Spartan  courage. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Bparta. 

Spartan-dog,  s.  A  bloodhound ;  hence, 

•  cruel  or  bloodthirsty  person. 

"  O  Spartan  dog, 
More  fell  than  anguish,  hunger,  or  the  sea." 

Shateif. :  Othello,  v.  1 

gpar'-teine,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  spart(ium);  -tint 
(Chan.).} 

Chem. :  C^HajNj.  An  alkaloid  discovered 
by  Dr.  Stenhouse  in  1851,  in  Spartium  sco- 
fariutn.  It  is  a  thick,  colourless,  transparent 
oil,  heavier  than  water,  and  possesses  a  pecu- 
liar, unpleasant  odour,  and  a  very  bitter 
taste.  It  boils  at  288°,  is  strongly  alkaline, 
iparingly  soluble  in  water,  very  poisonous, 
»ll(l  resembles  nicotine  in  its  compounds. 
lake  the  latter  it  is  a  nitrite  base. 

•par'-ter-Ie,  ».  [Sp.  esparteria  =  a  place  for 
making  articles  of  esparto  (q.  v.).]  A  collec- 
tive name  for  the  various  kinds  of  articles 
manufactured  from  esparto -grass,  aa  mats, 
nets,  cordage,  ropes,  &C, 

•  sparthe,  >.    [Lat.  spartha.]    An  axe  or  hal- 

bert. 

spar-ti-na,  i.  [Or.  viraprliv  (spartine)  = 
a  rope  or  cord.  Named  from  the  use  to  which 
the  leaves  are  put.] 

Sot. :  Cord-grass ;  a  genus  of  Grasses,  tril* 
Chloreae.  Spikes  two  or  more,  unilateral, 
empty  glumes  two.  Known  species  eight, 
chi-fly  from  warm  countries.  One,  Spartina 
Itricta,  the  Twin-spiked  Cord-grass,  is  British, 
being  found  in  mnrtdy  salt  marshes  in  the 
east  and  south-east  of  England.  There  are 
two  sub-species,  S.  itricta  proper  and  S.  alter- 
nifoliu. 

ipar'-ti-um  (t  as  sh),  ».  [Or.  <rirafrloy(spar. 
tion)  ~  a  small  cord,  a  kind  of  broom ; 
Spartium  junceum.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cytiseae.  Shrubs  thickly 
•et  with  brush-like  verdant  branches,  very 
ornamental,  and  in  summer  covered  with 
white  or  yellow  papilionaceous  flowers, 
fipartium  junceum  is  the  Spanish-broom.  In 
France  and  Spain  a  thread  made  from  its  fibres 
to  twisted  into  cordage,  or  sometimes  even 
woven  into  cloth.  It  is  used  also  as  a  green 
food.  It  was  introduced  into  English  gardens 
In  1548,  and  has  since  been  a  favourite 
shrub.  Its  flowers  are  very  attractive  to 
bees.  S.  monospermum,  which  has  snow-white 
flowers,  grows  on  sand  dunes  in  Spain,  Bar- 
bary,  Arabia,  &c.,  binding  them  together. 
Its  twigs  are  used  for  tying  bundles,  and  as 
a  food  for  goats. 


•spar'-y,  *  spar  ie,  a.    [Eng.  spar(e);  .«/.] 

Sparing,  parsimonious. 

"  Homer  being  otherwise  Iparie  enough  in  speaking 
of  pi«:tures  and  colours."—/*.  Holland :  Plina,  bk. 
ITxiii..  ch.  vii. 

spasm,  *  apasme,  s.  [Fr.  spasme  =  the 
cramp,  from  Lat.  spasmum,  accus.  of  spasmus, 
Gr.  o-7rao-u,6s  (spasmos)  —  a  spasm,  a  convul- 
sion, from  ffjrdta  (spaa)  ~  to  draw,  to  pluck ; 
Sp.  espasmo,  pasmo  ;  Ital.  spasmo,  spasimo.] 

1.  Pathol. :  A  violent  and  involuntary  con- 
traction of  the  muscles.     When   partial,  of 
considerable  duration,  and  attended  by  hard- 
ness  of  the    muscles,    but   not    by   uncon- 
sciousness, they  are  called  Tonic  spasms  or 
Spastic  contractions  ;  when  there  are  rapidly 
alternating  contractions  and  relaxations  they 
are   Clonic  spasms.      They    may   affect   the 
bronchi!,  the  glottis,  the  bladder,  &c.    Nearly 
the  same  as  Convulsion. 

"  It  cureth  those  who  have  their  necks  drawne 
backward  to  their  shoulders  with  the  titatme."— I' 
Jfolltind:  Pliny,  bk.  «.,  ch.  V. 

2.  A  sudden,  violent,  and  generally  fruitless 
effort :  as,  a  spasm  of  repentance. 

*spas  mat  Ic,  spas  mat  inke,  'spas- 
mat  leal,  o.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  spasmati- 
cus.J 

1.  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  spasm, 
spasmodic. 

"  The  ligament*  and  sinews  of  my  love  to  you  have 
been  so  strong,  that  they  were  never  yet  subject 
to  such  ipaiimttical  shrinking  and  convulsions." — 
BomU:  LtUeri,  bk.  ii.,  let  ffll. 

2.  Suffering  from  or  liable  to  spasms. 

"  A  soveraigne  remedie  for  them  that  bee  bursten 
or  ipatinaticke ,  that  is  to  say,  veieil  with  the  crarnpe. " 
— P.  Holland  ;  Pliul,  bk.  It,  ch.  vL 

spas  mod  -fc,  a.  &  s.    [Fr.  tpasmndiipie,  from 
Gr.  o-irao-Mcion?  (spasmodes),  from  on-au^os  =  a 
spasm  (q.v.)  ;  Ital.  spasmodico.] 
A*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  spasm ;  con- 
sisting in  spasm  ;  convulsive :  as,  spasmodic 
asthma. 

2.  Marked  by  strong  effort,  but  of  brief 
duration  ;  violent,  but  short-lived ;  evanes- 
cent ;  not  permanent. 

"  A  benevolent  movement  which  otherwise  might 
be  dissipated  in  ipaiinodK  and  evanescent  effort*?*— 
Standard,  Jan.  16,  ISM. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  medicine  or  preparation 
good  for  removing  spasm ;  an  antispasmodic. 

•ff  Spasmodic  School  of  Poets :  A  term  fre- 
quently applied  to  certain  authors,  of  whom 
Alexander  Smith  and  Philip  James  Bailey 
may  be  taken  as  representatives.  Their 
writings  are  distinguished  by  a  certain  un- 
reality and  straining  after  effect,  and  were 
ridiculed  by  Aytoun  (under  the  pseudonym 
of  T.  Percy  Jones),  in  Firmttian :  a  Spasmodic 
Tragedy.  (Davenport  Adams.) 

spas  mod  ic-al.  a.  [Bug.  spasmodic;  -al.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  spasm  ;  spasmodic. 

spas  -  mod'- Ic-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  spas- 
modical ;  -ly.]  In  a  spasmodic  manner. 

*  spaa'-mo-dist,  t.  [Eng.  spasmodic)  ;  -ist.] 
One  of  the  spasmodic  school.  (Poe.) 

8pas-m6r-o-gy,  s.  [Gr.  o-rrao-uos  (spasmos) 
=  a  spasm,  and  ACT-OS  (logos)  =  a  word,  a  dis- 
course.] The  doctrine  of  spasms. 

spas  -tie,  a.  [Gr.  <rirao-Tucoc  (sjaMikoi)."]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  spasm ;  spasmodic. 

spastic-contractions,  «.  pi    [SPASM.] 

spas-tl9'-I-ty,  >.    [Eng.  ipattie;  -Uy.] 

1.  A  state  of  spasm. 

2.  A  tendency  to  or  capability  of  suffering 
spasm. 

spat,  pret.  ofv.    [SPIT,  ».] 

spat  (1),  ».  [From  spat,  pret.  of  tpit  (q.v.).] 
The  spawn  of  shell-fish  ;  specif.,  the  develop- 
ing spawn  of  the  oyster. 

"  It  is  of  the  ipat  in  its  microscopic  stage  that  the 
dredger,  really  concerned  in  knowing  his  business. 
knew  little,  and  needed  to  know  much."— Daily  Tele, 
graph,  August  SI,  1385. 

spat  (2),  S.     [Etym.  doubtful) 

1.  A  blow.     (Prov.) 

2.  A  petty  combat ;  a  little  quarrel  or  dl»- 
sension.    (Amer.) 

"  A  tpat  between  the  feminine  heads  of  two  faml- 
Ue*)."— An  American  Corretpondent  \ultoteit  Qtieriet, 
March  12. 1887,  p.  200. 


spat  (3),  spatt,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful;  bnt 
prubably  a  shortened  form  of  spatternr  upatter- 
duih.}  A  sliort  spatterdash,  reaching  to  a 
little  above  the  ankle.  (Scotch.) 

spat  (1),  v.i.  &  t.    [SPAT  (i),  «.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  deposit  spat  or  spawn. 

"  Inasmuch  as  oysters  continue  fpattliig  a*  late  •* 
October.  "-DnilyTeleorai>h.  August  31.  1885. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  spawn. 

"  Unless  they  be  so  newly  spar."— Defoe :  Tour  Ihnt 
Great  Britain,  L  ». 

*  spat  (2),  v.i.    [SPAT  (2),  ».]    To  dispute,  to 
quarrel. 

•  spat  (3),  v.t.    [An  abbrev.  of  spatter  (q.v.).] 
To  spatter,  to  defile. 

spa  tan'-gi  dffi,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  spatang(tu); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idol.] 

Zool.  £  PaUeont. :  A  family  of  Echinoidea, 
with  several  genera.  Test  oval,  oblong,  or 
heart-shaped ;  ambulacra  petalokl,  the  an- 
terior one  unpaired  ;  anus  posterior ;  mouth 
inferior.  Bands  of  microscopic  tubercles 
known  as  fascioles,  are  generally  present, 
differently  placed  in  different  genera.  They 
commence  in  the  Chalk. 

spa-tan  -gus,  ».  [Gr.  mraTayyo;  (spatanggot) 
=  a  kind  of  sea-urchin.] 

Zool.  it  Po-Ueont. :  The  type  genus  of  Spa- 
tangidie(q.v.).  Spatangui purpureus  is  British. 
The  genus  commences  in  the  Tertiary. 

spatfh'-ooek,  »     [Prob.  for  despalcK-cock.] 

1.  A  fowl  killed  and  immediately  broiled,  OB 
some  sudden  occasion. 

2.  A  boy's  game. 

spate  (1),  spalt,  s.  [Gael.,  Irish  speid.]  A 
sudden  heavy  flood,  especially  in  mountain 
districts,  caused  by  heavy  rainfalls ;  a  torrent 
of  rain. 

"Roaring  tpat-i  of  turbid  and  toll-laden  wat«r."— 
field,  Oct.  8,  1885. 

*  spate  (2), ».    [SPATHK.] 

•pate-bone,  s.    The  shoulder-bone. 

"  Gnawing  the  Ipate-bone  of  a  shoulder  of  mutton.* 
—fuller:  Church  Hift.,  V.  i  33. 

spa  tha,  s.    [SPATHE.] 

•  spa  tha  -ce-re,  t.  pi.     [Fern.  pi.  of  Mod. 

Lat.  spathaceus,  from  Lat.  spatha  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  The  eighth  order  in  Linnseus's  Natural 
System  of  classification.  Genera,  Leucoium, 
Amaryllis,  &c. 

spa  tha  ceofis  (ce  as  sh),  o.  [Eng.  spath(e); 
-aceous.) 
Bot. :  Having,  or  resembling  a  spathe. 

spath  -al,  o.    [Eng.  spath(t) ;  -al.] 

Bot. :  Furnished  with  or  having  a  spathe. 

spathe,  ».  [Lat  spatKa;  Gr.  o-jra6>n  (spathe) 
=  any  broad  blade  of  wood  or  metal,  a  spathe 
of  some  plants.  (See  def.)] 

Bot. :  A  large  coloured  bract  in  the  Palms 
and  the  Aracere,  enveloping  the  spadix  during 
aestivation  and  sheltering  the  organs  of  repro- 
duction from  injury,  as  the  perianth  does  in 
an  ordinary  plant  [See  cut  under  Spadix.] 

spathed,  a.    [Eng.  spaih(e);  -ed.} 
Bot. :  Having  a  spathe ;  spathaL 

spa  thcl-la,  s.     [SPATHEI.I.E.] 

spa  thelle ,  spa  thcl  la,  spa  thll'-la,!, 

[Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from  spatha  (q. v.).3 
Botany  (PI.): 

1.  (Of  the  first  two  forms):  Desvaujc's  name, 
adopted  by  De  Candolle,  for  the  valves  or 
valvula  of  which  the  bracts  in  grasses  are 
composed. 

2.  (Of  all  forms):  Little   spathes   arnnnd 
each  division  of  the  inflorescence  enclosed 
within  a  common  spathe  in  Palms.  a 

spath'  -le,  a.  [Fr.  spatKiyue,  from  Ger.  spat\ 
=  spar.] 

Min. :  Constituting  or  resembling  a  spar ; 
spathose ;  sparry ;  lamellar  in  structure.  (See 
compound.) 

spathic  iron-ore,  spathose  iron- 
ore,  S.  [BlDERITE.J 

spath' -I-form,  o.  [Ger.  ^J•«^^  =  8par,  and 
Eng.  form.]  Resembling  spar  in  form. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  Jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejplst.   ph  =  t, 
-dan, -tlan  =  ab.an.   -tion,  -sion  =sliun;  -tion,  -oion  =  zl\aa.   -clous,  -ttoaa,  -sious  =  sliaa.  -ble,  -die,  ike.  =  bel,  del. 


4370 


spathiopyrite— sp  ay 


•path-i-£-pyr'-Ite,  s.      [Gr.  tnrddn 

and  Eng.  pyriU.]    [SPATHE.] 

Min,  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  rounded 
crystals  with  angles  near  those  of  leucopyrite. 
Crystallization,  orthorhoiubic.  Hardness,  4'J  ; 
sp.  gr.  67;  colour,  tin-white  when  broken, 
but  rapidly  tarnishing  to  to  a  dark  steel-gray. 
An  analysis  yielded  :  arsenic,  61  '46  ;  sulphur, 
2-37  ;  cobalt,  14-97  ;  calcium,  4'22;  iron,  lti'47. 
Found  at  Bieber,  Hesse. 

spath  6  bat-Is,  ».  [Or.  enrafcj  (spathe),  and 
Lat.  batis  =  a  ray.]  [SHATHE.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Rhinobatidff,  from  the 
CMite.  It  is  closely  aUied  to,  if  not  identical 
with,  Rhinobatus. 

spath-ft-dao'-tyl-us,  *.  [Gr.  <nra0ij  (spathe), 
and  SBICTVAO*  (daktulos)  ~  a  finger.]    [SPATHE.] 
Paheont.  :  A  genus  of  Clupeidie,  from  Ter- 
tiary Swiss  formations. 

spa  tho  do  O,  *.  [Gr.  <nrd^j  (spathe),  and 
eTdos  =  form.  From  the  form  of  the  calyx.] 

[SPATHE.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Bignoniacefe.  Tall  trees 
from  the  tropics  of  Asia  and  Africa,  having 
the  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  the  inflorescence 
in  panicles,  the  calyx  apathaceous,  and  bright 
orange  or  purple  flowers. 

•pa  thol  -6  bfts,  8.  [Gr.  <nr<£0i)  (spaOie),  and 
Ao/Jo«  (lobes)  =  a  lobe.]  [SPATHE.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Dalbergiese,  SpatJiolobus 
Roxburghii,  called  also  Butea  parvijlora,  a  sub- 
Himalayan  tree,  exudes  a  red  gum  resembling 
kino. 

spath  -ose  (1),  t  sp&th'-ous  (1),  o.  [Kng. 
8path(e)  ;  -ose,  -ous.] 

Bot.  :  Of,  belonging  to,  possessing,  or  re- 
sembling a  apathe, 

spath  ose  (2),   t  spath  ous  (2),  o.   [Ger. 
spath  —  spar  ;  Eng.  stiff.  -ose,  -ous.] 
M  in.  :  The  same  as  SPATHIC  (q.v.). 

sp&th  -u  late,  a.    [SPATULATK.] 

Spath-ur'-a,  *.  [Gr.  tnrafo)  (spathe),  and  ovpa 
(aura)  =  a  tail  The  name  refers  to  the  spat- 
ules  at  the 

end  of  the  ex-  A 

terior  tail- 
feathers.] 

Ornith.  :  A 
genus  of  Tro- 
.  cliilidfe(q.v.). 
Bill  straight, 
slender  ;  tail 
very  deeply 
forked,  exte- 
rior feathers 
very  long, 
bare  almost 
to  end,  where 
they  have  a 
racket  shaped 
web;  tarsi 
covered  with 
large  muff  of 
soft  down. 
Several  species,  from  Peru,  Santa  Fe,  and 
Bolivia. 

*  spa   tl-al  (t  as  sh),  a.     [SPACI  AL.) 

*  spa'-tl-al-  ly  (t  as  ah),  adv.    [SPACIALLY.] 

*  spa'  -ti  ate  (tl  as  Shi),  v.i.  [Lat.  sp&tiatns, 
pa.  par.  of  spatior.}    [SPACE,  $.}    To  rove,  to 
ramble. 

"Confined  to  a  narrow  chamber,  be  could  tpttttate 
at  large  through  the  whole  universe."— 


8PATHT7RA    UNDERWOODII. 
A.  Male.        a.  Female. 


Spat-ling,  «.    TA.S.  gpattian  =  to  froth,  spoil 
=  spittle  (q.v.).]     (See  compound.) 

spatling-poppy,  s, 
Bot.  :  Silene  inftata.     So  named  from  the 
spittle-like  froth  often  seen  upon  it.    (Prior.) 

[CUCKOO-SPIT.J 

•pat'-ter,  v.t.  &  i.    [A  frequent,  from  spott  v. 
(q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Literally: 

L  To  scatter  a  liquid  substance  on  or  over  ; 
to  sprinkle  with  something,  liquid  or  semi- 
liquid,  that  befouls  ;  to  bespatter. 

**  Be  cornea,  the  herald  of  a  noity  world. 
With    tj.attmr-4    boota,  itrapp'd   wai«t.  and    frozen 
bdBT  Cowper:  TtuJt,  IT.  6. 


2.  To  scatter  about,  as  a  liquid. 

*'  Where  fcinmh'd  dogs,  Ut*  giianlinna  of  my  door. 
Shall  lick  their  many  led  master*  »fnttter  d  gore." 
fofM.-  Hum*r;  Iliad  xxii.  W. 

II.  Figuratively : 
1.  To  asperse,  to  defame, 
•  2.  To  throw  out  anything  foul  or  offensive. 
B.  Intrans:  To  eject  anything,  as  out  of 
the  mouth,  in  a  scattered  manner  ;  to  sputter. 

"  Tiie  Gruve  tpatter\\  and  shook  Ills  bead,  saying, 
tw.ia  the  grr.ttrst  error  he  had  committed  since  be 
knew  what  belougM  to  a  soldier."— Boieell :  Uttert, 
bk.  L,  let.  15. 

spat  -ter-dash,  >.  [Eng.  spatter,  and  dash,] 
A  leather  legging  for  equestrians  ;  a  covering 
of  cloth  or  leather  for  the  leg,  fitting  upon 
the  shoe  ;  a  gaiter. 

"  Herv'i  a  fellow  made  for  amoldier ;  there's  a  leg  for 
a  tjMttenia*^."  — Sheridan :  Camp,  t  3. 

*  spat -ter-dashe<I,  a.     [Eng.  spatterdash  ; 
-&L]    Wearing  spatterdashes. 

spat  -tie,  v.t.     [SPATTLE  (2),  s.] 

Pottery:  To  sprinkle,  as  earthenware,  with 
glaze  or  coloured  slip;  to  make  party-coloured 
ware. 

*  spat'-tle  (1),  «.    [SPITTLE.] 

spat-tie  (2),  $,    [Lat.  spatula.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  spatula  (q.v.), 

2.  Pottery:  A  tool  for  mottling  a  moulded 
article  with  colouring  matter. 

spat  -tling,  pr.  par.  or. a.    [SPATTLE,  p.] 
spattllng  machine,  s. 

Pottery  :  A  machine  for  sprinkling  earthen- 
ware with  glaze  or  coloured  slip,  to  make 
party-coloured,  ware. 

Spat  -u-la,  a,  [Lat.  rtimin.  from  spatha.] 
[SPADE,  *"j 

1.  Ord.  fang. :  A  knife,  with  a  broad,  thin, 
flexible    blade,    used    by    druggists,    colour - 
compounders,  painters,    &c.,    for   spreading 
plasters  and  working  pigments. 

2.  Surg, :    A   flat   instrument,  angular  or 
straight,  for  depressing  the  tongue. 

3.  Ornith. ;  A  genus  of  Anatidse,  with  five 
species  :  one  (Spatula  clypeata),  the  Shoveller, 
peculiar  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  four 
peculiar  respectively  to  Australia,  New  Zea- 
land, South  Africa,  and  South  America.    Bill 
much  longer  than  head,  compressed  at  base, 
widening  at  end,  lamellae  projecting  conspicu- 
ously from  base  to  near  broadest  part ;  tail 
short,  graduated,  of  fourteen  pointed  feathers ; 
legs  very  short,  hind  toe  small,  free,  ualobed. 

tspat-u-lar'-a-a,  «.     [Mod.  Lat,  dimin. 
from  spatula  (q.v.).J 
Ichthy. :  A  synonym  of  Polyodon  (q.v.). 

sp&f -n-late,  spath'-n-late,  a.  [SPATULA.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  Shaped  like  a  spatula;  re- 
sembling a  spatula  in  form  or  shape. 

2.  Bot. :  Oblong,  with  the  lower  end  very 
much  attenuated,  so  that  the  whole  resembles 
a  chemist's   spatula,  as    the  leaf  of  iteUi* 
perennis. 

spat  -ule,  x.    [SPATULA.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  spatula. 

"Stirring  It  thrice  a  day  with  a  fpofula."—  F.  Hol- 
land: Pliny,  bk.  rxiit,  ch.  xvii. 

2.  Ornith. :  A  broadening  of  the  vanes  at 
the  end  of  the  rectrices  in  some  birds,  usu- 
ally separated  from   the  rest  of  the   vanes 
by  a  bare  portion  of  the  stem.     In  many  of 
the  Motmots  spatnles  are  furraed  by  the  de- 
nudation of  the  stem  of  the  tail  feathers  by 
the  bird.    [See  illustration  under  SPATHURA.] 

"  For  a  lung  time  its  tall  had  perfect  tpattiUt,  bat 
towards  the  end  of  ita  life  I  noticed  that  the  im-<M,-m 
feather*  were  no  lunger  trimmed  with  such  preci- 
liun," — /'roc.  Zooi,  Soc.,  1BTS.  p.  429. 

spauld,  spawld,  «.  [O.  Fr.  espnule  (Pr. 
epaule)=  the  shoulder,  from  Lat.  spatula  =a 
spatula  (q.v.).]  The  shoulder.  (Scotch.) 

SpaV-Iet,  a.    [SPAVIN.]   Having  the  spavin  ; 

spavined.    (Scotch..) 

"  My  tixioiet  Pegasus  will  limp." 

Burnt :  Epittlt  to  DaiU. 

spav'-in,  *  spav-eyne,  s.  [O.  Fr.  esparvain; 
Fr.  eparvin  ;  Sp.  wixiraran ;  Port,  esparavao  ; 
O.  Ital.  spavano;  Ital.  spavmio.]  A  disease 
in  horses,  affecting  the  hock-joint,  or  joint  of 
the  hind-leg,  between  the  knee  and  the  ft- 1- 
lock.  There  are  two  forms  of  the  disease : 


(1)  Bog-spavin,  or  blood-spavin,  in  which  thft 
joint   is   distended    by  synovia,  or  joint-oil  ; 

(2)  Bone-spavin,  or  spavin  proper,  in  which 
there  is  a  morbid  deposition  of  bony  substance, 
such  as  to  unite  separate  1 

"  Laitljr,  the  connection  between  the  blood  tparin 
ami  the  IhonHighpU)  la  proved  by  preMing  on  the 
•welling  in  fi-unt.  and  therehy  cauiiug  t)ie  enlarge. 
meuta  above  to  iucnuue  in  size.  "—  Field,  April  *,  UNt 

spav-ined,  a.    [Eng.  spavin;  -ed.}    Affected 

with  Si'uviu. 


"  Though  she  be  ipwdi'd,  old.  and  blind, 

With  louuder'd  feet,  ami  br-kt-i 

A  iomem/ 

*  spaw,  a.    [SPA.] 

•pa.w'-der,  s.  [Ktym.  doubtful.]  An  injury 
arising  from  the  legs  of  animals  being  forced 
too  far  asunder  011  ice  or  slhiiirry  roadi. 
(Prov.) 

*  spawl,   r.i.    &   <.      [A.S.    sp&tl  =  spittle.) 

[Sl'IT  (2),   V.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  eject  saliva  from  the  mouth 
In  a  scattered  manner  ;   to  disperse  spittle 
about  in  a  careless,  dirty  manner. 

"  He  spits  and  tfxtwlt,  aud  turns  like  &ick  men  trom 
one  elb.jw  to  another."  —  Sir  T,  Overburv  :  CAaractwt 
O.  4.  b.  (1627). 

B.  Trans.  :  To  eject  as  spittle  or  saliva. 

"  That  'twlxt  a  wiffe,  a  Hue  or  two  rehearse. 
And  with  their  rheume  together,  *p>f<*/<*  a  vene." 
/'.  Beftunwu  :  Elegy  ufton  Mr.  f'rtitiat  ileaumonL 

spawl  (1),  s.    [SPALL.] 

*  Spawl  (2),  s.    (SPAWL,  v.i    Spittle  or  saliva 

ejected  carelessly. 

"  First  of  spittle  she  lustration  makes  ; 
Then  in  tbe  tfiw!  her  middle  fiuger  dlpm, 
Anointa  the  temples."        Itryden:  Pertiut,  sat  11. 

*  spawl  -ins,  *  spaul'-ing,  s.    [SPAWL,  f.j 
Spittle,  saliva. 

"Whose    marble   floors,  with   drunken    ipcwUnfi 
fthiue."  Congreve:  Juvenal,  aat.  xl. 

spawn,    *  spawne,   «.     [Etym.    doubtful 
Perhaps  from  O.  Fr.  espandre  =  to  shed.  spilL 
pour  out,  or  scatter  ;  Lat.  expando  =  to  spicaa 
out.]    [EXPAND.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit.  :  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  When  the  ipawnttm  stones  do  lye." 

tieaum  A  flet.  :  fait^ul  Xhepherdt*.  lit 

2.  Fig.:  Any  product  or  oOapring.    (Useda* 
a  term  of  conteni|jt.) 

"  A  ipown  of  all  vices  and  vlHnnles.  a  deluge  of  tU 
mischief  and  outride*,"—  H'wtrtamt  :  Hortu,  vi.  2St, 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Bot.  :  [MYCELIUM). 

2.  Hort.  :  The  buds  or  branches  produced 
from  underground  stems. 

3.  ZooL  :  A  term  applied  to  the  ova  of  ovi- 
parous animals  which  are  extruded  in  a  mast; 
as  thuse  of  fish,  frogs,  and  mollusc. 

"  The  tpawn  of  the  nea-snaila  consists  of  large  num- 
bers of  egg*  adhering  together  in  mnseea,  or  <i<read 
uut  in  the  shaire  of  a  strap  or  ribbon  in  which  theegn 
are  arrayed  In  rowa,"—  It  uoduarU  ;  Jtolltuca  (ed.  lo76). 
p.«. 

spawn-eater,  s. 

Ichthy.:  I^euciscHshitdsonicju,^  small  specwa  , 
about  three  inches  long,  frum  Liike  Superior.  1 
Called  also  the  Smelt. 

spawn,  *  span  yn,  *  spawn-yn,  v.t.  &.  i.   , 

[SPAWN,  s.J 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit.  :  To  produce  and  deposit,  aa  fish 
their  eggs. 

2,  Fig.  :   To  bring   forth,  to   produce,  to 
generate.    (Used  in  contempt.) 

"  And  'twas  the  plague  of  countries  and  of  cities, 
W  iien  that  great   bellied   hoiue  did  t^ivm  can. 

mitt*e«.        tirom*:  3fM»th  to  Ot**rmt  JfM*. 
H.  Intransitive: 
1.  Lit.  :  To  deposit  eggs,  as  fish  or  frogs. 

"I  think  about  that  time  he  tpamu."-»'atta*t 
Angler,  pt.  L,  eh.  adv. 

2,  Fig.  :  To  issue,  to  proceed,  as  offspring. 

in  contempt.) 

"  It  ii  MI  lit  a  qua!  tty,  and  the  mother  of  no  many  111 
one*  that  i^aum  from  It.  that  a  child  sh.-u  d  be 
brought  up  In  the  greateet  abhorreiioe  of  it"—  Lorto. 

spawn'  -er,  5.  [Kng.  spawn,  T.  ;  -er.]  A  fish 
that  spawns  ;  a  female  tish. 

"  The  bmruel.  for  the  preservation  of  their  seed,  both 
ttie«p<i«mer  «ud  the  tnelter  cover  their  9\mwn  with 
•aud.  "—  Walton  ;  Angler,  pt.  i.,  ch.  xir. 

spay,  v.t.  [Manx  spoiy  ;  Gael,  spnth  =  to 
citrate;  cf.  Lat.  sp-ulo=i&  eunm-li.]  To 
castrate  (female  animals)  ;  to  extirpate  the 
ovaries  of;  a  process  applied  to  feaialf 


f&te.  ftt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fill,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wtflZ  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cttb,  cur*,  unite,  cur,  rule,  lull;  try,  Syrian.    «,  »  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


spay— spear 


4371 


animnls  to  prevent  conception  and  promote 
fattening. 

••  The  dogs  run  tnto  corner*,  the  tpayed  bitch 
Bay*  at  bil  back  and  liuwls." 

Or,d«n  :  »u*«  o/  Oaitt,  V.  «. 

•|  Shakespeare  applies  the  word  to  males. 

"  Does  your  worship  mean  to  geld  Mid  ap'i.v  all  the 
TOUtlu  111  the  city  r'-Sfcitw..'  ilmturifor  Unaurt, 
ILL 

•pay,  *  spate,  J.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  hart 
three  years  old  ;  a  spade  or  spaid. 

••  In'eiMiiimng  the  cniulittun  uf  our  red  deere.  T  find 
that  the  youns  uiale  i»  called  In  Hie  Brat  yeere  a  calfe. 
to  the  s.-c,.nd  a  l.n.ket.  the.  third  a  «}««>.  "—floli>i«<'«J  : 
0s*.  Enylan-l,  bit.  ill.,  ch.  IT. 

gpa  yade ,  s.    [Sr.\v.  >.] 

/fer.  :  A  stag  in  his  third  year. 

•peak,  "speake,  *speke  (pa.  t.  *  ipak, 
*sp<ike,  spoke,  pa.  par.  'spoke,  spoken),  v.  t.  «  t. 
[For  s/>?-rafc,  from  A.S.  sprecaii,  specan  (pa.  t. 
iprcec,  sriax,  pa.  l«r.  syrecen);  cogn.  with  Dut. 
•jirttai;  Sw.  jj.rSta;  O.  H.  Oer.  tpretihan ; 
Ger  sprecften  (pa.  t.  sprac/i).  From  the  same 
root  as  Icel.  sj.rato ;  Dan.  sprage  -  to  crackle  ; 
Dan.  spr<zkke  =  to  crack,  to  burst.) 

A.  //iiransttH'« : 

1.  To  utter  words  or  articulate  sounds  ;  to 
express  thoughts  by  words. 

"  Speat,  Lord,  for  thy  servant  heareth."— 1  Sumwsl 
111.  ». 

2.  To  utter  a  speech,  discourse,  or  harangue  ; 
to  utter  thoughts  in  a  public  assembly ;  to 
harangue,  to  discourse. 

a  To  talk  for  or  against;  to  express 
opinions;  to  dispute. 

"  He  wan  your  enemy :  still  ipake  against 
Your  liberties."  xhak«*p. :  Coriolnnui,  11.  8. 

4.  To  discourse,  to  make  mention,  to  tell  in 
writing. 

"The  scripture  iptukt  only  oj  tho»  to  whom  It 
•peak*."— Jfammond. 

6.  To  give  out  sound  ;  to  sound. 
"Make  all  your  trumpet*   tixak,   give    th«m  «U 
breath.  MoAejip.  :  JfoccefA,  T.  B. 

6.  To  bark  or  yelp.    (Said  of  hounds  follow- 
ing scent.) 

"The  hounds  could  not  ipea*  to  A  line  In  the 
covert."— ««(<».  Dec.  K,  1885. 

7.  To  communicate  ideas  in  anymanner;  to 
•xpress  thought  generally  ;  to  be  expressive. 

"  '  A  sail !-«  sail ! '-a  promised  prize  to  Hop;  I 
Her  nation— flag— how  Mptukl  the  telescope! 

Byron:  Cortair,  1. 1 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  utter  with  the  mouth  ;  to  utter  articu 
lately ;  to  pronounce. 

"8p«ak  fair  words  or  else  be  mute.* 

Shakrtp. :  rmia  t  Adonil,  20s. 

5.  To  tell,  to  say,  to  announce,  to  declare 
orally. 

"  111  ipeat  It  before  the  best  lord."— S»o*etp.  .•  lltrrt 
Wlwa,  ill.  S. 

3.  To  tell,  to  report,  to  declare,  to  express, 
to  communicate. 

"  To  tveak  my  irriefs  unspeakable." 

Shakeip. :  Conudy  o/  Smm,  L  1. 

4.  To  proclaim,  to  declare. 

"  That  want,  uucured  ... 
Speaki  him  a  criminal." 

Cooper  :  Bitll  of  Xfrtalitt,  in*. 

•  5.  To  exhibit,  to  make  known,  to  declare  ; 
to  express  in  any  way. 

"Whose  fury  not  dissembled  tfnOtt  his  griefs." 

••UvUcesi:  :  Titttt  Amironicui.  1. 

8.  To  talk  or  converse  in  ;  to  understand 
so  as  to  be  able  to  express  one's  self  intelli 
gently  In. 

"  !!••  could  not  «;>r.i*  English  In  the  native  tongue.1 
—Shufcefji.  :  Henry  V.,  V.  1. 

•7.  To  address,  to  accost 

"  He  will  deceive  the*-,  smile  upon  thee,  put  tliee  in 
hope,  ipeak  thee  fair,  and  say.  what  wantest  thout" 
— i'ccluj.  xiii.  «. 

If  Speak  is  an  Indefinite  term,  specifying  no 
circumstance  of  Mie  action :  we  speak  from 
Tarious  motives  -.  the  discourse  derives  its 
value  from  the  nature  of  the  subject,  as  wel 
as  the  character  of  the  speaker  :  we  speak  on 
any  subject  and  in  any  manner:  we  discours 
formally:  parents  and  teachers  discourse  with 
young  persons  on  moral  duties. 

5  (1)  To  speak  against  (or  for) :  To  argue 
against  (or  in  favour  of) ;  to  plead  agains 
(or  for) ;  to  oppose  (or  defend)  the  cause  of. 

(2)  To  speak  a  ship:  To  hail  and  speak  t( 
her  captain  or  master. 

(S)  To  speak  out :  To  speak  londly  or  moi 
loudly  ;  hence,  to  speak  boldly  and  unreserv 
edly;  to  disclose  openly  what  one  know 
about  a  subject. 

(4)  To  speak  in  a  loud  or  louder  tone  ;  hence 


to  express  one's  thoughts  freely,  boldly,  or 
unreservedly. 

(5)  To  speak  well  for:  To  be  a  commendatory 
or  favourable  indication  or  sign. 

(6)  To  speak  with  :  To  converse  with. 

speak  easy,  i.  A  place  where  intoxi- 
cants are  Mil  unlawfully  or  without  license. 
(i.*.  Xlang.) 

"speak  house,  •  spcke  -  house,  «. 

The  room  in  a  convent  in  which  the  imuates 
are  allowed  to  speak  with  their  friends. 

"  speak,  *  speake,  s.    [SPKAK,  ».]    Speech, 
utterance,  words. 
speak'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  speak  ;  •able.'] 

1.  Possible  or  fit  to  be  spoken. 

"  Heapiiige  othes  upon  othee  one  in  anothers  necke, 
most  horrible,  and  not  ipeakable."—AKh<im:  Toxo- 
I'htlut  l>k.  i. 

2.  Able   to   speak  ;   having  the  power  of 
speech.    (Milton  :  P.  L.,  ix.  563.) 

apeak  cr,  s.    [Eng.  speak,  v.  ;  -4t.\ 
L  Ordinary  Language-  : 

1.  One  who  speaks. 

"  Find  out  the  true  sense  .  .  .  which  the  •psoter  or 
writer  affixes  to  his  words."—  WaUt  :  Logick. 

2.  One  who  utters  or  delivers  a  speech  or 
discourse  ;  especially  one  who  speaks  in  public, 
or  one  who  practises  public  speaking. 

"Amostr»re«|>««*«r.'-    Muftsip.  .  »«nr»  fill..  It. 

•3.  One  who  or  that  which  proclaims  or 
celebrates. 

"After  my  death  I  wish  no  other  herald, 


er  my    ea  , 

No  other  ipaaker  of  my  living  actions, 
o  keep  mine  honour  from  corruption  " 


To 


c 
.      Henry  rill.,  IV.  i. 

t.  One  who  is  the  spokesman  or  mouthpiece 
of  another  or  others. 

6.  A  book  of  declamations.     (  U.  S.) 

n.  Politics:  One  who  presides  over  a  deli- 
berative assembly,  preserving  order  and  regu- 
lating the  debates:  as,  the  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  ;  the  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Lords  and  Commons. 

H  In  England  the  Lord  Chancellor  is,  ex 
officio,  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Lords;  he 
has  the  privilege  of  speaking  and  voting  on 
any  question.  In  the  United  States'  Senate 
the  Vice-President  occupies  this  position,  but 
under  the  title  of  President  of  the  Seuate, 
which  office  be  fills  ex  ojjicio.  In  the  House  ol 
Bepresentatives  and  the  House  of  Commons 
the  Speaker  U  elected  by  the  members  of  the 
House  from  among  themselves.  He  acts  as 
cliairman,  except  when  the  House  is  in 
Committee,  when  the  chair  is  taken  by  the 
Chairman  of  Committees.  He  regulates  and 
controls  the  debates,  keeps  order,  puts  questions 
to  the  vote,  Ac.  He  cannot  himself  vote 
except  in  case  of  an  equality  of  votes,  when  he 
can  give  a  caatiug-vote,  or  when  the  House  is 
in  Committee.  It  is  his  duty  to  interrupt  or  cal 
to  order  any  speaker  who  wanders  from  the 
question  in  debate,  or  who  uses  indecorous  or 
unparliamentary  language.  The  Speaker  o 
the  House  of  Representatives  receives  88000 
per  year,  the  Speake'  of  the  House  of  Commons 

speak   er-ship,   ».     [Eng.   speaker;   -thip. 
The  office  of  a  speaker. 

speak'-Ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    (SPEAK,  «.] 
A*  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 
B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Used  for  the  purpose  of  conveying  speech 
or  the  sound  of  the  voice  :  as,  a  speaking-tube. 

2.  Animated,  vivid,  forcibly  expressive  :  as 
a  spf>,king  likeness. 

1  To  be  on  speaking  term:  To  be  slightly 
acquainted,  as  from  occasional  meetings,  in 
terchange  of  terms  of  civility,  &C.  ;  to  have 
a  speaking  acquaintance. 

•peaking  -  acquaintance,  ».     An  ac- 

quaintance of  a  slight  or  not  very  intimat 
character,  the  parties  generally  limiting  them 
selves  to  the  interchange  of  mere  phrases  o 
courtesy  or  the  like. 

speaking  -trumpet,   s.      A  conical, 
flaring-mouthed  tube  employed  for  intensifyin 
the  sound  of  the  human  voice,  as  in  giving  com 
mands  or  hailing  ships  at  sea,  by  firemen,  &C. 

speaking-tube,  s.  A  pipe  for  conveyin 
the  voice  from  one  apartment  to  another. 

speal,  s.    [SPALL  (2),  ».]    The  shoulder. 


speal-bone,  *.    The  shoulder-bone. 

TI  Reading   tlie    speal-bone :    ScapuHnuuiejr 
(q.v.). 

"  To  find  this  quaint  art  lasting  on  Into  modem 
times  in  Europe,  we  ca.ii  hardly  gu  to  ft  letter  place- 
than  our  own  country;  a  pi  oner  English  t*rm  for  it 
IB  re-iding  tht  tpeul-lfotu. — Tglor :  Prim,  Cull.  (ed. 
1873),  i.  1-25. 

pear,  *speare,  *spere,  s.  tA.S.  spere; 
cogu.  witli  Dut.  speer  ;  IceL  spjor;  Dan.  sposrt 
O.  H.  Ger.sptr; 
Gur.  speer;  Lat. 
sjiants.  Allii.'d 
to  spar  (1),  s.] 

1.  A  very  an- 
c.L'iit  instru- 
ment of  war 
and  hunting, 
consisting  of  a  ! 
blade  on  the 
end  of  a  long 
shaft.  It  still 
survives  among 
savage  nations, 
and,  under  the 
name  of  lance, 
is  used  by  ca- 
valry among 
those  compara- 
tively civilized. 

"One of  theiol- 
dler«  wiUi;i  n»-tir 
pierced  his  aid-e." 
WoAnxi] 


BPEARS. 

a.  and  b.  Ancient  Greek  ipean; 
c.  Roman  plliim ;  d.  Ancient 
Brituh  ii>«.»r;  «.  Speturn  (t*mp. 
Edward  IV.J:/.  Purtiwiii  |temp. 
Henry  Til.);  g.  Pftrtisw.  (temp. 
Henry  VIII.);  ft.  Partisan  (temp. 
Jiuiiet  L) ;  i.  Pike  (temp.  Croiu- 
weli). 


.      . 

2.  A  man  armed 
with  a  spear;  a 
spearman. 

i  ••  The  men  of  Nlth  and  Annan's  Val«, 

And  the  bold  Spear,  of  Tevlotitale." 

Scott :  Lord,  of  the  Intel.  vL  11 

8.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument  with  barbs, 
used  for  stabbing  lish  and  other  animals. 

4.  A  shoot,  as  of  grass.    [SPIRE  (1),  ».,  1. 1.) 

5.  The  feather  of  a  horse ;  called  also  the 
Streak  of  the  spear.    It  Is  a  mark  on  the  neck 
or  near  the  shoulder  of  some  barbs,  and  is 
reckoned  a  sure  sign  of  a  good  horse. 

6.  One  of  the  long  pieces  fixed  transversely 
to  the  beam  or  body  of  a  chtval  defrise. 

*  7.  Mining:  A  pump-rod. 

IT  Under  the  spear:  A  translation  of  the 
tat.  sub  tiasta.  A  spear  (hasta),  originally  as 
a  sign  of  booty  gained  in  fight,  was  stuck  in. 
the  ground  at  public  auctions.  [See  extract 
under  OUTCRY,  t.,  4.) 

•pear-flail,  >. 

Ichthy. :  The  genus  Carploden. 
•pear-foot,  «.    The  off  foot  behind  of  o 
horse. 

•pear-graM,  s. 
Botany : 

1.  A  name  applied  to  various  kinds  of  grass 
having  long,  sharp  leaves ;  specific.,  the  genus 
Poa  (q.v.). 

2.  A  vena.  Jatua,  the  Wild  Oat,  named  from 
the  awn. 

•pear-hand,  *. 

Manege:  The  right  hand  of  a  horseman, 
being  the  hand  in  which  the  spear  is  held. 

spear-head,  s.  The  metal  point  of  a 
spear. 

•pear-nail,  s.  A  nail  with  a  spear-shaped 
point. 

•pear-pyrites,  >. 

Min. :  A  form  of  Marcasite  (q.v.)  formed  by 
twin  crystals  which  resemble  the  head  of  a 
spear. 

•pear-side,  spear-half.  A  term  oc- 
casionally used  for  the  male  line  of  a  family, 
In  contradistinction  to  spindle  side  or  spindle 
half,  the  female  line. 

•pear-staff,  s.    The  handle  of  a  spear. 

spear-thistle,  :. 

Hot  :  Carduns  (formerly  Cuicus)  lanceolatta, 
a  very  common  thistle  two  to  five  feet  high, 
with  large  purple  flowers. 

spear  wiRCon,  s. 

Ornith. :  Mergusitrrator.  (See  extract  under 
SBELD-DCCK,  2.) 

•pear,  v.t.  &  i.    [SPEAR,  i.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  pierce  with,  or  as  with  a 
spear  ;  to  kill  with,  or  as  with  a  spear. 

"  Our  diversion  was  therefore  changed  to  tptaring  of 
salmon."— Coo* :  Third  foliage,  bk.  V.,  ch.  V. 


Mil,  b6V;  p6ut,  J6%1;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  •In,  a»;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejUrt.   -Ing. 
-dan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion.  -sion  =  zhtin.   -clous,  -tlons,  -uiotis  =  BhiU.   -We,  -die  Ac.  - 


4372 


spearer— specialize 


B.  Tntrans. :  To  shoot  into  a  long  stem  ;  to 
•pire(q.v-). 

"  Let  them  not  lie  lest  they  should  tptar,  and  the  air 
dry  aud  spoil  the  shoot."— Mortimer  :  Hutbundry. 

spear -er,  s.    [Eng.  spear;  -er.J 
1.  One  who  speara. 
*2.  A  spearman. 

spear  man,  *  spere  man,  ».    [Eng.  spear, 
and  man.)     One  who  is  armed  with  a  spear. 

"  Horsemen  aeiienti  aud  tpertmen  twel  fauiiilride." 
—  Wjfd\fe:  Dtdit  xxiii. 

spear  -  mint,  t  spire' -mint.  *.  [Eng. 
spire  (?);  mint:  so  named  because  its  inttur- 
escesce  is  spiral  in  place  of  capitate.  (Prior. )] 
Bot. :  A  mint,  Mentha  viridis,  with  oblong, 
lanceolate,  sub-acute,  serrate  leaves,  and  slen- 
der spikes  of  flowers.  Found  in  watery  places. 
It  is  distributed  through  almost  all  the  temper- 
ate purl-  of  the  globe,  being  very  common  in 
many  places.  It  has  a  very  agreeable  odor. 
It  is  used  in  cookery  as  a  sauce,  and  yields 
an  aromatic  and  carminative  oil,  Oil  of  Spear- 
mint. 

«pear'  wood,  *.    [Eng.  spear t  a.,  and  wood.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Acacia  doratoxylon;  (2)  Eucalyp- 
tus doratoxylon. 

•pear  wort,  *.    [Eng.  spear,  s.,  and  wort.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Ranunculus  Lingua ;  (2)  R.  Flam- 
mula.  Called  also  the  Lesser  Spearwort 

•peat,  s.    [SPATE,] 

•pec,  5.    [See  def.J    An  abbreviation  of  specu- 
lation (q.v.). 

"They  said  what  a  wery  gen'rous  thing  It  WM  o' 
them  to  hare  taken  up  the  case  on  ipec,  and  to  charge 
nothing  at  all  for  coat*,  miles*  they  got  'em  out  of  Mr. 
Pickwick."— Dickem:  Picltwici,  ch,  x«dy. 

*  speces,  s.    [SPECIES.] 

spccht  (oh  as  k),    sp  eight  (gK  silent),  *. 

[Ger.  specht  =  the  woodpecker;  Icel.   spcetr; 
Dan.  spette.]    A  woodpecker.    (Pror.) 

•peV-ial  <o  aa  sh),  *spec-iale,  o.  &  *. 

[Fr.  special,  from  Lat  specialis=  belonging  to 
a  species,  particular,   from  species  —  species 
(q.v.);    Sp.   &   Port,  especial;   Ital.  speciale, 
speziaU.    Special  and  especial  are  doublets.] 
A*  As  adjective: 

1,  Pertaining  to,  constituting,  or  noting  a 
species  or  sort. 

"  A  tpeei.il  Idea  U  called  by  the  schools  a  specie*,"— 
Wattt:  Logic. 

t.  Particular,  peculiar  ;  different  from 
others;  out  of  the  common;  extraordinary, 
uncommon. 

"  I  n«ver  yet  beheld  that  ipectal  fac*. 
Which  I  could  fancy  more  than  any  other." 

ShaXesp. :  Taming  qf  the  Shrtw,  U,  1. 

3.  Designed  for  a  particular  purpose  or  oc- 
casion ;  affecting  a  particular  person. 

"O'Neal  .  .  .  was  made  denizen  by  a  tpectal  met  of 

parliament.  —  Daviet:  State  of  Ireland. 

4.  Confined   to  some   particular    class   or 
branch  of  subjects ;  devoted  to  a  particular 
field  or  range  :  as,  a  special  dictionary. 

*5.  Chief  in  excellence. 

"The  king  hath  drawn 
The  tpecial  head  of  all  the  land  together.* 

Shake*. .-  1  Xtnry  IV.,  IT.  i, 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  A  particular  item ;  a  special  or  parti- 
cular person  or  thing. 

"  Premises  of  long  life  annexed  to  some  tptcialt  of 
hia  service. "—Hammond:  Sermon*,  vol.  tv..  »er.  8. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  designed  or  appointed 
for  a  special  purpose  or  occasion,  as  a  train,  a 
constable,  a  correspondent,  an  edition  of  a 
newspaper  containing  the  latest  news,  &c. 

"  To  number  among  Ita  enterprising  band  of  corre- 
spondent* Che  famous  tpecial  of  the  Daily  Jfewt."— 
V.  Pebody :  Englith  Journalism,  pt  147. 

*  H  In  special,  in  speciaU :  Especially,  par- 
ticularly. 

"  For  there  be  §ome  in  tptciaU. 
In  whom  that  all  vertae  dwelleth.* 

Cower:  C.  A,    (Pro!.) 

•pedal-administration,  «.  Adminis- 
tration of  the  estate  of  a  deceased  person 
gianted  for  a  special  purpose. 

special  administrator,  «. 
Law:  A  person   appointed   to  carry  out 
•pecial  administration  (q.v.). 

special-agent,  s.  An  agent  authorized 
to  transact  only  a  particular  business  for  his 
principal,  as  distinguished  from  a  general 
agent 


special-ball,  s.    [BAIL,  «.] 
special  bailiff,  s.    [BAILIFF.] 

special-bastard,  ».  A  child  born  of 
parents  before  marriage,  the  parties  after- 
wards intermarrying. 

special-case,  «. 

Law :  A  statement  of  farts  agreed  to  on 
behalf  of  two  or  more  litigants  for  the  opinion 
of  a  court  of  justice  as  to  the  law  bearing  on 
the  facts  so  stated.  In  Scots  law,  in  civil 
jury  cases,  a  special  case  differs  from  a  special 
verdict  only  in  this  that  the  special  verdict  is 
returned  by  the  jury,  whereas  the  special  case 
is  adjusted  by  the  parties  themselves,  or  by 
their  counsel,  and  sets  forth  the  special  facts 
on  which  they  are  agreed  without  the  evidence. 

special-coinage,  s.  A  term  applied  to 
a  word,  coined  for  the  occasion  by  an  author, 
but  which  has  never  been  incorporated  into 
the  language. 

special-commission,  >. 

Law :  An  extraordinary  commission  of  oyer 
and  terminer  and  gaol  delivery  issued  by  the 
Crown  to  the  judges  when  it  is  necessary  that 
offences  should  be  immediately  tried  and  pun- 
ished. 

special-constable,  J.     [CONSTABLE.] 
special  -  contract,   s.      [CONTRACT  OF 

SPECIALITY.] 

special -correspondent.  «.     [CORKK 

8PONDENT,  «.] 

special-damage,  «. 

Law:  A  particular  loss  flowing  from  an  act 
complained  of,  in  addition  to  the  wrongful 
nature  of  the  act  itself. 

special-demurrer,  >.    [DEMURRER.] 
special-edition,  s.    [SPECIAL,  B.  2.] 

special-endorsement,  «.  [ENDORSE- 
MENT, s.,  II.  2.) 

special  imparlancc.  -. 

Law :  One  in  which  there  is  a  saving  of  all 
exceptions  to  the  writ  or  count,  or  of  all  ex- 
ceptions whatever. 

special-Injunctions,  >.  pi. 

Law :  Those  prohibitory  writs  or  Interdicts 
against  acts  of  parties,  such  as  waste,  nuisance, 
piracy,  &c. 

special  -  intention,  ».  The  same  as 
INTENTION,  «.,H.  2.  (Used  also,  as  in  the  ex- 
ample, by  High  Anglicans.) 

"In  the  Communion  Service  a  'tptHrf  intention' 
was  made  known  by  the  introduction  of  word*  imvly- 
ing  that  the  •  sacrifice  was  received  in  memory  '  of  the 
dead,  with  the  added  prayer  for  everlasting  rest  aud 
perpetual  light.  And  nobody  nowadays  seriously  pro- 
testa  against  what  would  have  been  denounced  at  one 
time  as  reviving  purgatory."— £cho,  Nov.  SO,  ISM. 

special-Jury,  «.    [JURY.] 

special -licence,  «.     [MARRIAOZ- 

LICENCE,   l.J 

special-occupancy,  >.    [OCCCPAMCT.] 
special-paper,  s. 

Law :  A  list  kept  in  court  for  putting  down 
demurrers,  to.,  to  be  argued. 

special-plea,  s. 

Law:  A  plea  in  bar  In  a  criminal  matter, 
not  being  a  plea  of  the  general  issue.  Such 
pleas  are  of  four  kinds  :  a  former  acquittal,  a 
former  conviction,  a  former  attainder,  or  a 
pardon. 

special-pleader, s. 

Law :  A  member  of  one  of  the  Inns  of  Court, 
whose  occupation  it  is  to  give  verbal  or  written 
opinions  on  matters  submitted  to  him,  and  to 
draw  pleadings,  civil  and  criminal,  and  such 
practical  proceedings  as  may  be  out  of  the 
usual  course. 

special-pleading,  >. 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  popular  term  for  the  spe- 
cious but  unsound  or  unfair  argumentation  of 
one  whose  aim  is  victory  rather  than  truth. 

II.  Lawr 

1.  The  allegation  of  special  or  new  matter 
as  distinguished  from  a  direct  denial  of  matter 
previously  alleged  on  the  other  side. 

2.  The  science  of  pleading,  which,  until  the 
passing  of  an   Act  in   1852,  was  a  distinct 
branch  of  the  practice  of  English  law,  having 
the  merit  of  developing  the  points  in  contro- 
versy with  great  preciseness.     Its  strictness 


and  subtlety  were  frequently  a  subject  of 
complaint,  and  one  of  the  objects  of  the  Act 
was  to  relax  and  simplify  its  rules. 

special-property,  .•••. 

Law:  A  qualified  or  limited  property,  at 
the  property  which  a  man  acquires  in  wild 
animals  by  reclaiming  them. 

special-tail,  s. 

Law:  Where  a  gift  is  restrained  to  certain 
heirs  of  the  donee's  body,  and  does  not  de- 
scend to  the  heirs  in  general. 

special-trust,  s. 

Law :  A  trust  which  names  some  object 
which  the  trustee  is  actively  to  carry  out. 

special-trustee,  s. 
Law:   A  trustee   charged  with  a   special 
trust  (q.v.). 

special  verdict,  s. 

Law :  A  verdict  by  which  the  jury  find  the 
facts  and  state  them  as  proved,  but  leave  the 
law  to  be  determined  by  the  court. 

"  Sometime*,  if  there  arise*  in  the  case  my  difficult 
matter  of  law,  the  jury,  for  the  sake  of  letter  infor- 
mation, and  to  avoid  the  danger  of  having  their  ver- 
dict disregarded,  will  find  a  ipeciat  vtrdn-t.  sUtinf 
the  naked  facts,  as  they  find  them  to  be  proved,  ana 
praying  the  advice  of  the  court  thereon.  .  .  .  Anottin 
method  of  nutting  a  specie*  of  tpi-cial  wrdirt  ia  when 
the  jury  find  a  verdict  generally  fur  the  plaintiff  but 
subject  nevertheless  to  the  opinion  of  the  Judge  or 
the  court  above,  on  a  special  case  stated  by  the  counsel 
on  both  sides  with  regard  to  a  matter  of  law."— jS/oa*. 
tt'jne  :  Comment.,  bk.  11L,  ch.  IS, 

*  special  vert,  *. 

Old  Law:  (See  extract). 

"  Special- vert,  which  may  »»  ov«r  or  net\tr-vtrt,  if 
both  if  it  bears  fruit,  for  nothing  is  accounted  </«ci«f. 
f_rt  but  such  which  hearetti  fruit  to  feed  the  deer."— 
Xelton :  Lawt  Cone,  (/awic,  p.  aui. 

spcc'-ial-Ism  (C  as  sh),  s.  [Eng.  special; 
-ism.]  Devotion  to  a  special  or  particular 
branch  of  a  profession.  (Used  at  first,  and 
still  principally,  of  particular  brandies  of 
medicine.) 

"  Specialism*,  doubtless,  like  other  good  thing*,  an 
liable  to  abuse.  '—Cobboid:  Human  Paraiitet,  p.  84, 

spcc'-ial-ist  (c  as  sh),  «.  [Eng.  special; 
-ist.]  One  who  devotes  himself  to  a  special 
or  particular  branch  of  a  profession,  art,  or 
science  ;  one  who  has  stud^il  and  acquired  a 
special  knowledge  of  or  skill  In  some  parti* 
cular  subject. 

"  It  U  most  desirable  that  tpeeialittt  should,  from 
time  to  time,  overstep  the  uarruw  limits  of  their  own 
•abject,  and  judge  and  criticize  the  work  of  iftcialim 
in  cognate  branches."— Atheitaum.  Oct.  14.  1881 

spec-I-al'-I-ty  (e  as  sh),  «.    [Fr.  spedaliU,] 

1.  A  particular  matter  or  point ;  a  specialty. 
"  What  we  term  natural  selection  is  the  epitome  o* 

the  improvement*  acquired  by  speciatti'ttion  in  the 
process  of  adaptation. '— Otcar  Schmidt ;  Doctriiu  <* 
Detcent,  p.  li»- 

2.  That  property  by   which  a   person  or 
thing  is  specially  characterized  ;  that  branch 
of  a  profession,  art,  or  science  to  which  one 
has  specially  devoted  himst-lf,  arid  iu  which 
he  has  acquired  a  special  knowledge. 

3.  A   quality  or  attribute   peculiar  to  a 
species. 

spec  ial  i-za  tion  (o  as  sh),  s.  [Enf. 
specialise);  -ation.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.;  The  act  of  specializing;  the 
act  of  devoting  to  a  particular  use  or  func- 
tion ;  tlieactof  devoting  one's  self  to  a  special 
or  particular  branch  of  study. 

"Extreme  enthusiasm  for  tptcitiUtatlon  in  itudy 
ha*  never  pervaded  this  cnuutry.  auy  more  than  it 
has  England,  though  fur  different  reasons."— Scribnir't 
JJaffaane.  Dec.,  1878,  p.  290. 

n.  Biol. :  The  adaptation  of  a  particular 
organ  for  the  performance  of  a  particular 
function.  Animals  of  low  organization  are 
less  specialized  than  those  higher  in  the  scale 
of  being,  and  are  older  in  geological  date.  As 
they  rise,  organs  which  were  originally  used 
to  perform  several  functions  become  more  and 
more  limited  in  their  action,  and  consequently 
carry  it  out  more  effectively.  Many  causes 
have  contributed  to  this  end,  one  of  the  most 
potent  being  natural  selection. 

spec'- ial -ize  (o  as  sh),  i\t.  &  f.     [Eng. 

special ;  -ize.] 
A.  Transitive: 
*  1.  To  mention  specially  ;  to  specify. 

"Our  Saviour  tprrializing  and  nominating  tht 
places."— Sheldon:  Mirror  of  Antichrist,  p.  S6U 

2.  To  assign  a  specific  use  or  purpose  to; 
to  devote  or  apply  to  a  specific  use  or  funo- 
tion. 


fite,  iat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  th$re;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p»t, 
or.  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    9,  03  =  «;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


specially— specimen 


4373 


B.  Tntrans.  :  To  fit-vote  one's  self  to  s 
special  or  particular  branch  of  study. 

•pec-ial-ly  (c  as  sh),  ado.  [Eng.  special ; 
•ly-}  ' 

1.  In   an  especial   manner;    particularly, 
especially. 

"Persona  who  were  not  tpecially  Interested  In  a 
public  bill  very  seldom  petitioned  Parliament.  '— 
Jlacautay:  ffitt.  Eng..  ch.  xli. 

2.  For  a  special  or  particular  purpose :  as, 
a  meeting  specially  summoned. 

•pec   ial  ty  (c  as  sh),  s.    [The  same  word 
is  speciality  (q.V.).] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  A  particular  point,  matter,  or  thing ; 
»  particular. 

"The  tperialtiet  wherof  do  so  ferforth  in  the  first 
chapiter  of  this  bake  appere."— Kir  T.  More:  Worket, 
p.  10-s. 

*  2.  A  special  term  or  article  in  a  contract. 

3.  That   property  by  which  a   person    or 
tiling  is  specially  characterized  ;  that  to  which 
•  person  devotes  himself,  and  hi  which  he  is 
•pecially  versed  ;  speciality. 

n.  Law:  A  special  contract ;  an  obligation 
or  bond  ;  the  evidence  of  a  debt  by  deed  or 
instrument ;  such  a  debt  is  called  a  debt  by 
specialty  in  distinction  from  simple  contract. 

specialty-debts,  s.  pL 

Law :  Bonds,  mortgages,  debts  secured  by 
writing  under  seal. 

Spe'-cie  (c  as  sh),  s.  [A  pseudo  sing,  from 
tpecits  =  money  paid  by  tale,  by  confusion 
with  Lab.  specie,  abl.  sing,  of  species,  as,  paid 
in  specie  =  iu  visible  coin.]  Gold,  silver,  Ac., 
coined  and  circulated  as  a  medium  of  com- 
merce and  exchange ;  hard  money,  coin ;  in 
contradistinction  to  paper-monoy,  as  bank- 
note, bills,  &c. 

specie  payments,  $.  pi     The  act  or 

practice  of  discharging  monetary  obligations 
in  coin  only,  if  creditors  BO  demand. 

«pe  -cies  (c  as  sh),  s.    [Lat.  =  a  look,  appear- 
ance, kind,  sort,  from  specio=  to  look,  to  see; 
8p.  &  Port,  especie ;  Ital.  spezie,  specie.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  Visible  or  sensible  representation  ;  ap- 
pearance to  the  senses  or  mind ;  sensible  or 
intellectual  representation ;  an  image. 

"  TtiOM  pretty  mirrors  .  .  .  transmit  the  tpfciei  of  a 
vast  excellency." — Bp.  Taylor:  Sermont,  vol.  ii.,ser.  5. 

*  2.  A  public  representation,  spectacle,  or 
exhibition  ;  a  show.    (Bacon.) 

3.  A  kind,  a  sort,  a  variety,  a  description : 
KB,  a  species  of  wit,  a  species  of  cunning,  &c. 

*  4.  Metal  coined  into  a  circulating  medium  ; 
coin,  si«ecie.     [In    Low    Lat.    species,    from 
having  the  meaning  of  wares  in  general,  came 
to  mean  valuables,  precious  goods,  and  the 
like.] 

"  Rome  possessed  a  much  greater  proportion  of  the 
circulating  ipefiet  at  its  time  than  any  European  city." 
—Arbuthnvt :  On  Coiru, 

H  Technically: 

1.  Biology :  A  somewhat  ambiguous  term 
used  to  denote  a  limited  group  of  organisms, 
resembling  each  other,  and  capable  of  repro- 
ducing similar  organisms,  animal  or  vegetable, 
as  the  case  may  be.  A  species  is  denned  by 
Haeckel  (Gen.  Morphologie,  ii.  359) as  "the sum 
of  all  cycles  of  reproduction  which,  under 
similar  conditions  of  existence,  exhibit  similar 
forms."  Linnaeus  held  that  all  species  were 
the  direct  descendants  from  and  had  the  cha- 
racters of  primevally  created  forms  (Totidem 
numeramus  species  qiiot  in  principio  formce  sunt 
create),  and  in  this  he  was  followed  by  those 
who  accepted  the  first  chapter  of  Genesis  in  a 
•trictly  literal  sense.  Buffon  and  Cuvier, 
leaving  the  question  of  origin  on  one  side, 
held  the  distinguishing  marks  of  a  species  to 
be  similarity  and  capability  of  reproduction. 
But  besides  varieties  and  races  in  various 
species  of  animals  and  plants,  dimorphism, 
and  in  others  trimorphism,  exists,  so  that  close 
similarity  cannot  be  taken  as  a  criterion,  and 
the  value  attached  to  external  resemblances 
varies  in  the  case  of  different  observers.  At  a 
later  date  was  added  the  physiological  detini. 
tion  that  all  the  individuals  of  every  species 
were  capable  of  producing  fertile  offspring, 
by  intercrossing,  whereas  sexual  intercourse 
between  different  species  produced  only  sterile 
offspring  or  was  actually  infertile;  and,  al- 
though subject  to  exceptions,  this  definition 
to  generally  true.  The  descent  of  any  given 


sriii  s  of  individuals  from  a  single  pair,  or 
fn.ni  pairs  ex;ielly  similar  to  each  other,  is 
in  no  case  cajwUe  of  proof.  Darwin,  in 
his  Ori'tni  nf  S;*dt.$,  says  :  "I  look  at 
the  term  spt-cit-s  as  one  arbitrarily  given 
for  the  sake  of  convenience  to  a  set  of  indi- 
viduals closely  resembling  each  other,  and 
that  it  does  not  essentially  differ  from  the 
term  variety,  which  is  given  to  less  distinct 
and  more  fluctuating  forms"  (ch.  ii.).  [DAR- 
WINI.^M,]  That  book  popularized  in  England 
the  idea  of  the  mutability  of  species,  the  chief 
factor  in  which  Darwin  believed  to  be  Natural 
Selection,  though  he  afterwards  modified  his 
views  to  some  extent  as  to  its  importance.  Tlie 
latest  theory  of  the  origin  of  species  is  that  of 
Physiological  Selection,  propounded  by  Mr. 
W.  G.  J.  Romanes,  F.R.S.,  who  holds  that 
many  species  have  arisen  on  account  of  varia- 
tions in  the  reproductive  system,  leading  to 
some  infertility  with  parent  forms— mutual 
sterility  being  thus  regarded  as  one  of  the 
conditions,  and  not  as  one  of  the  consequences 
of  specific  differentiation.  ((Journal  Linn. 
Soc.tZool.,  July,  1886 ;  see  also  Oscar  Schmidt: 
Doctrine  of  Descent,  ch.  v.) 

2.  Civil  Law :  The  form  or  shape  given  to 
materials  ;  form,  figure. 

3.  Logic :  A  predicable  that  expresses  the 
whole  essence  of  its  subject  in  so  far  as  any 
common  term  can  express  it.     The    names 
species  and   genus    are   merely  relative,  and 
the  same  common  term  may,  in  one  case,  be 
the  species  which  is  predicated  of  an  indi- 
vidual, and  in  another  case  the  individual  of 
which  a  species  is  predicated.    Thus,  the  in- 
dividual, George,  belongs  to  the  logical  species 
man,  while  man  is  an  individual  of  the  logical 
species  animal.    [SPECIFIC-DIFFERENCE.] 

"The  name  of  ft  tptcie*  la  ft  more  extensive  ft.«., 
comprehensive]  but  leu  full  and  complete  term  than 
that  uf  an  individual .  .  .  since  tbe  ipeciet  may  be 
predicated  of  each  of  thesa."^- Wltately :  Logic,  bk.  It. 
ch.  v..  |  8. 

4.  Medicine: 

(1)  A  component  part  of  a  compound  medi- 
cine ;  a  simple. 

(2)  A  compound  powder  of  any  kind. 

spe  9lf  -Ic,  *  specif  -icls,  a.  &  ..  [Fr. 
specifitjue,  from  Lat.  sj>ecijicus,  from  species  = 
species,  and  facio  =  to  make  ;  Sp.  especifico ; 
Ital.  specifico.} 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Pertaining  to,  characterizing,  or  con- 
stituting a  species;  possessing  tkie  peculiar 
property  or  properties  of  a  thing  which  con- 
stitute  its  species,  and  distinguish  it  from 
other  things  :  as,  the  specific  qualities  of  a 
plant,  the  specific  difference  between  virtue 
and  vice,  Ac. 

2.  Tending  or  intended  to  specify  or  par- 
ticularize,;   definite,    precise :    as,    a   specific 
statement. 

3.  Specified  or  particularized  ;  definite  :  as, 
a  specific  sum. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Law:  Having  a  certain  form  or  designa- 
tion ;  observing  a  certain  form  ;  precise. 

2.  Med. :    Acting    upon    some    particular 
organ  more  than  upon  others  ;  possessed  of  a 
peculiar  efficacy  in  tbe  cure  of  a  particular 
disease.    [B.  2.1 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Something  certain  to  effect 
the  purpose  for  which  it  is  used  ;  an  unfailing 
agent  or  remedy. 

2.  Med. :    A    remedy    which    possesses   a 
peculiar  efficacy  in  the  prevention  or  curs  of 
a  particular  disease  ;  an  unfailing  remedy. 

"Tbe  *)>ecijlckt  usually  prescribed  In  inch  CftMi 
Witeman  :  Surgery,  bk.  L,  ch.  T. 

specific-area,  s. 

Biol. :  The  space  over  which  any  individual 
is  distributed. 

t  specific-centres,  s,  pi. 

Biol. :  The  points  at  which  particular 
species  are  supposed  to  have  been  created, 
according  to  those  who  believe  that  each  has 
originated  from  a  common  stock.  (Woodward.) 

specific-character,  i.   [CHARACTER,*., 
B.  2.J 
specific  differ cnce,  *. 

Logic :  (See  extract). 

"  Specijtck-differmce  is  that  primary  attrlbnt«  which 
distinguishes  e*ch  tprcitt  from  oue  another,  while 
they  stand  ranked  under  the  same  general  nature  or 


genus.  Though  wine  differ*  from  the  other  liquids,  to 
that  it  la  the  jukv  uf  a  .vrt.-un  truit,  yet  this  if>  but  a 
general  or  geueriek  ditterence  :  fur  it  diwa  not  dia- 
tiiiguish  wine  from  cyder  or  perry ;  tbe  tptcifiek 
dtfwwiM  of  wine  therefore  Is  ita  pressure  from  tb* 
grape."—  Wattt.:  Logic. 

specific-gravity,  *.    [GRAVITY.) 
specific-heat,  s.    [HEAT,  «.] 
specific-legacy,  s. 

Law :  A  beqne.st  of  a  particular  thing,  as  of 
a  particular  piece  of  furniture,  specified  and 
distinguished  from  all  others. 

specific-name,  s. 

Nat.  Science:  The  scientific  name  by  which 
one  species  is  distinguished  from  another. 
Linnaeus  introduced  the  binomial  system  of 
nomenclature,  in  which  the  first  word  is 
the  generic,  and  the  second  the  specific  name. 
Thus  the  lion  and  the  wild  cat  both  belong  to 
the  genus  Felis,  but  the  specific  name  of  the 
first  is  leo,  and  of  the  second  catus ;  the  potato 
and  the  egg-plant  both  belong  to  the  genus 
Solatium,  but  the  specific  name  of  the  first  ia 
tuberosu-m,  and  of  the  second  esculentum.  In 
the  trinomial  system,  sometimes  adopted 
owing  to  the  difficulty  of  distinguishing 
between  varieties  and  species,  the  second 
name  is  specific  and  the  third  varietal :  as, 
Sciurus  (indicating  the  genus)  caniceps  (the 
species)  pygerythrus  (the  variety). 

spe-clf ' -Ic-al,  *  specif  -Ic-all,  a.  [Eng. 
specific :  -al]  The  same  as  SPECIFIC,  A.  (q.v.). 

Specif '-Xc-al-1^,  adv.  [Eng.  specifical ;  -ly.} 
In  a  speciflc'manner ;  according  to  the  nature 
or  character  of  the  species;  definitely,  par- 
ticularly. 

"  Here  the  intended  punishment  is  explained  tpe- 
ctflcally."—Warburton:  bieint  Legation,  bk.  iv.,  }  6. 

specif  -ic-al-ness.  *.  [Eng.  specifical; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  specifical. 

*  spe-9lf'-I-cate,  v.t.  [Lat.  ipteifioatiu,  pa. 
par.  of  specifico,  from  species  =•  species,  and 
facio  =  to  make.]  To  mark,  note,  show,  or 
designate  the  species  or  the  distinguishing 
particulars  of  a  thing  ;  to  specify. 

"  Any  particular,  specificating,  concurrent,  new  im- 
perate  act  of  the  divine  special  providence."— Bui*; 
Grip,  qf  Mankind,  p.  40. 

8pe9  i  f  i-cd  tion,  «.    [Fr.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

•  1.  The  act  of  specifying  or  determining 
by  a  mark  or  limit ;  notation  of  limits. 

"Thii  specification  or  limitation  of  the  question, 
hinders  the  dutputers  from  wandering  away  from  the 
precise  point  of  enquiry." — \Vatti. 

2.  The  declaration  or  designation  of  par- 
ticulars ;  particular  mention. 

"  A  ipeeification  of  a  few  improvements  wffl  add 
but  little  to  the  sum  of  my  transgressions."— Knox: 
I'ltipcrrity  o/  Oxford. 

3.  A  particularand  detailed  account ;  specif., 
a  statement  of  particulars  describing  the  di- 
mensions, peculiarities,  materials,  &c.,  of  a 
work  to  be  executed,  as  in  architecture,  civil 
engineering,  building,  drainage,  or  the  like.   A 
person  wishing  to  take  out  a  patent  for  any 
invention  is  required  to  furnish  a  specification 
of  his  invention,  in  which  its  nature  must  be 
particularly  described. 

4.  An  article,  item,  or  particular  specified. 

*  5.  Specific  character. 

"  The  scion  gives  goodness  to  tbe  plant,  and  ft  *p«ci- 
fixation  to  the  fruit/'— Bp.  Sail :  Chritt  Mpttical. 

II.  Scots  Law :  The  formation  of  a  new  pro- 
perty from  materials  belonging  to  another. 

spe-cfT-ic-ness,  s.  [Eng.  specijic;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  specific. 

spe'c'-l-fjf,  *  spec-1-fie,  v.t.  [Fr.  tpecijier, 
from  Lat.  specijico,  only  found  in  the  pa.  par. 
specificatits,  from  specijtcus  =  specific  (q.v.) ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  especificar ;  Ital.  specificare.]  To 
mention  or  name  specifically  or  distinctively ; 
to  designate  in  words,  so  as  to  distinguish 
from  anything  else. 

"  The  particulars  are  specified  at  the  conclusion." — 
Pop*:  Bamer;  Odfttey.  (Postac.) 

spe5  -f  men,  t.  [Lat.,  from  specio  =  to  see, 
to  look  at.] 

1.  A  part  or  small  portion  of  anything 
intended  to  exhibit  or  illustrate  the  kind  or 
nature  of  the  whole  or  of  something  not  ex- 
hibited ;  a  sample. 

"  From  the  fragments  picks 
H'atpeclmen.  it  haply  iutervelu'd 
With  sparkling  mineral." 

Wordtwth  :  Excursion,  bk.  111. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    ph  =  t, 
-claa,  -tian  =  Shan,    -tion,  -don  ~  sbon ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun*   -cious,  -tious,  -Bioua  -  shus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  feel,  d«L 


4374 


speciology— spectacular 


2L  An  illustration,  an  example,  a  sample 
an  instance. 

'•They    were    perhaps  the   two   most   remarkable 
il*?i'ti'ni    that    tlie   world    could   abow  of    uerr 
absurdity.  "—  J/«ruu/<iy  ;  tfiat  &v.,  ch,  xvi. 

If  It  is  sometimes  u»ed  adjectively  :  as,  a 
specimen  copy,  &c. 


as  sh),  s.    [Eng.  speci(es), 
suff.  -oioyy.J    The  doctrine  of  species. 


*  ;pe-cj-6s 


(c  as  gh),  s.  [Eng.  »p«ioa»  , 


1.  A  beautiful  scene,  spectacle,  or  show ; 
beauty. 

2  The  quality  or  state  of  being  specious  ; 
spedousneas  ;  a  specious  show. 

"  So  great  *  glory  as  an  the  tptHotitfrt  of  the  world 
could  not  uqnaliae."— B.  More.  On  toodline**,  bk.  ill.. 
oh.  vi.,  $  i. 

ape  cious,  a.  [Fr.  spieieux,  from  Lat  *pe- 
cioaus  =  beautiful,  from  tpecio  =  to  see.] 

*  1.  Beautiful ;  pleasing  to  the  eye ;  CUr, 
showy. 

"  Ai  *«r«K  to  the  Dn«n  u  tptctaut  to  UM  .right"— 
fuller:  Pagah  .light,  bk.  Ut.  ch.  ii.,  }  5. 

2.  Apparently  right;  superficially  fair,  just, 
or  correct ;  plausible  ;  appearing  well  at  first 
sight 

"  It  wai  *  .dii  for  wMcli  spaciaui  &am**  and  pre- 
tests might  be  found."— Jtacuutay :  B\»t.  JSxg.,  ch. 
xiv. 

*  3.  Making  a  fair  outward  show. 

"  I  propoM  next  to  deacrib*.  the  tpectovt  or  decent 
man.  By  the  decent  man,  I  mean  Dim  »bo  governs 
all  Ills  Action*  by  appearancea."  — GiVi/m.-  Atrmoni, 
TO!.  1.,  MT.  & 

«pe  cious-lf,  adv.  [Eng.  tpedma;  ly.]  In 
a  specious  njanner ;  with  a  fair  show  or 
appearance ;  plausibly  ;  with  show  of  right 
or  justice. 

"  What  may  be  Mid  tpcrtouttt  enough  to  p*r»uade." 
—Solirtebroto  :  On  Butvry,  let.  8. 

spe  cions  ness,  *.  [Eng.  sr^ctmi*;  -*««.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  specious  ;  {air  or 
plausible  appearance ;  plaosibleness. 

•peck  (1),  'specke,  *8pekke.  s.  tA.S. 
gpecca  =  a  spot,  mark.  Prom  the  sain*  root  as 
spew  (q.v.);  ct  Low  Ger.  spaken  =  to  spot 
with  wet ;  spakig  =  vpotted  with  wet] 

1.  A  spot,  a  stain,  a  blemish  ;  a  small  place 
or  anything  which  is  discoloured  with  some 
foreign  matter  or  substance,  or  is  of  a  colour 
different  to  that  of  the  maiii  body. 

"  The  bottom  consisting  of  grey  avid,  with  black 
tpeekt"- Anton  ;  Voyage,  bk.  lT.  ch.  vii. 

2.  A  minute  particle  or  patch. 

"  Pint  •  *p«e*,  and  then  a  vul  tare. 
Till  the  air  la  dark  with  pinions?" 

LiwjfeWijW  : 

•peck  (2),  «.    [Dut  tpek  =  fat) 

1.  Blubber ;  the  bt  of  whale*  and  other 
mammalia. 

•2.  Bacon. 

speck-block. «. 

Kaut. :  A  block  used  In  stripping  the  blab- 
ber of  a  whale.  Throngh  it  the  speck-fall,  a 
purchase,  is  rove,  the  blocks  being  made  fast 
to  the  blubber-guy. 

speck  falls,  .-.  pi 

Kaut. :  The  ropes  of  the  speck-block  (q.v.> 

•peck,  ».«.  [SPECK,  «.]  To  gpot ;  to  mark  or 
stain,  as  with  spots  or  drops. 

•  Of  white,  or  blue,  or  tpeclfd  with  gold" 

&ar .-  To  a  Lady,  Ep.  11 

•pec  -kle,  ».  [A  dlmln.  of  speck  (1),  s.  (q.v.).] 
A  little  speck  or  spot  in  any  thing  of  a  different 
substance  or  colour  to  that  of  the  thing  itself. 

"  An  hnge  great  serpent  allwith  tperUtiplde" 
ffptnter :  Virytft  Gnat. 

spec -kle,  v.t.  [SPBCKLI!,  «.]  To  mark  with 
speckles  or  small  spots  of  a  different  colour 
to  that  of  the  ground  or  surface. 

•pec  -kled  (le  as  $1),  pa,  par.  ft  a.    [Srao 

KLE,  t>.) 

A.  Ai  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verh). 

B.  As  adjective : 

i  Ord.  Lang. :  Marked  with  specks  or  spec- 
kles;  variegated  with  spots  of  a  different 
colour  to  that  of  the  ground  or  surface. 

"  Turning  fierce  her  ijmAled  tail*  ad  vallnst.'' 
«»>«^••r.• /•.  «.,  Li.  17. 

It  Ber. :  Spotted  over  with  another  tinc- 
ture. 

speckled  beauty,  s. 
Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth.  Clean 
viduaria. 


speckled  emys,  ». 

Zool. :  Emys  btcdii,  about  five  inches  long 
a  native  of  China. 

speckled-footman,  s. 

tm.irn. :  A  British  ursine  moUi.  Eultpia 
criorwn. 

speckled-yellow,  «. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Venilia 
maculata, 

speckled-yellow  butterfly,  s. 

F.-'  torn. :  Lasiommata  cegeria,  a  British  but- 
terHy.  The  larva  feeds  on  Triticum  repens  am 
other  grasses. 

spec -kled-ness  (le  as  el),  s.  \Engsptd:Iul, 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  speckled. 

speck'-ly',  o.  [Eng.  spectre);  -».]  'Siwcked, 
speckled. 

"Amoni  these  the  limM  ot  Plymouth  Bocks,  a 
tpeckiv,  olil-fashiooea  lookiu^fwwL"—  Uailu  Telc-jn  ' 
NOT.  17,  1885. 

speck -sion-eeV,  spec  -  tion  -  eer ,  s. 

[SPECK  (2),  s.)  In  wliale-flshiug,  tlie  chief 
harpooner,  who  has  also  the  direction  of  the 
cutting  operations  in  clearing  the  whale  of  its 
blubber  and  bones. 

"  The  dignitary  who  has  charge  ot  the  stowage  Is 
known  as  the  fpeetvmeer,  which  a  very  slight  philo- 
logical knowledge  enables  anyone  to  see  hasn>'tliit^ 
to  do  with  inspection,  but  is  a  drnvatlre  of  the  word 
'  spek.'  Jat,  or  blBbber."-Slafulan!,  Nof.  10,  I486. 

*  cpeckt,  s.    [SPKCHT.] 

specs,  specks,  >.  pi.  [See  def.J  A  familiar 
abbreviation  for  spectacles  (q.v.). 

"  He  wore  green  specs  with  atonolM-ibell  rim.- 
iMsawaj .-  Ing.  Lefftndt :  Knigkt  t  L'Hty. 

1  spec -t»  ble,  a.  [Lat.  tpectabilis,  from 
tpecto  =  to  see.]  [SPECTACLB.]  Visible,  re- 
markable. 

"  Such  comers  where  dlvem  streets  met,  and  so  more 
ipectable  to  many  passengers."— Adamu :  H'onb,  L  im. 

•pec  -to.  cle,  *  spek-ta-kel,  s.     [Fr.  spec- 
tacle, from  Lat.  spectaeulum  =  a  show,  from 
specto  ~  tc  see,  from  spectum,  sup.  of  specw  := 
to  see ;  Sp.  espectaculo;  Ital.  spettuculo.} 
L  Literally: 

1.  A  show ;  a  gazing-stock  ;  something  ex- 
hibited to  the  view  as  eminently  remarkable 
or    unusual   and  worthy  of  special  notice; 
specif.,  a  pageant,  a  gorgeous  or   splendid 
»ho»,  an  exhibition  attractive  to  the  eye. 

"  We  are  made  a  tpraacle  onto  the  world,  aid  to 
au«els  and  to  men.*— 1  Corinth,  iv.  ft. 

2.  Anything  seen  ;  a  sight,  a  prospect. 

"  Neerwlnden  was  a  spsctteb  at  which  the  oldest 
soldier*  stood  aghast."— J/oeuuZa*- .-  ffiil.  Sag.,  Co.  XX. 

*  3.  A  glass  through  which  to  view  objects. 

"  ?!vertie  *  «•««*•*•«  i>.  as  tbinketh  me, 
•ihurgh  which  be  may  his  very  Ireudes  see." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  6.7W. 

4.  (PI.) :  A  familiar  and  invaluable  optical 
Instrument  used  to  assist  or  correct  defects  of 
vision.  They  are  frequently  also  called  eye- 
glassa,  though  properly  this  term  is  applied 
to  spectacles  which  are  merely  fixed  on  the 
nose.  Spectacles  consist  of  two  oval  or  circu- 
lar lenses  mounted  in  a  light  metal  frame, 
composed  of  the  bows,  bridge,  and  sides  or 
temples.  The  frame  is  so  constructed  as  to 
rest  on  and  adhere  to  the  nose  and  temples, 
and  keep  the  lenses  in  their  proper  position. 
Short  tight  is  the  habitual  accommodation  of 
the  eyes  for  a  distance  less  tlian  that  of  ordi- 
nary vision,  so  that  persons  affected  In  this 
way  only  see  very  near  objects  distinctly. 
Its  usual  cause  is  a  too  great  convexity  of  the 
cornea  or  of  the  crystalline  lens  ;  the  eye  being 
too  convergent,  the  focus,  in  place  of  form- 
ing on  the  retina,  is  formed  in  front,  so  that 
tlie  image  is  indistinct.  It  may  be  remedied 
by  means  of  diverging  glasses,  which,  in  mak- 
ing the  rays  deviate  from  their  common  axis, 
throw  the  focus  further  back,  and  cause  the 
image  to  be  formed  on  the  retina.  Long  tight 
is  the  contrary  of  short  sight :  the  eye  can 
see  distant  objects  very  well,  but  cannot  dis- 
tinguish those  which  are  very  near.  The  eye 
is  not  sufficiently  convergent,  and  hence  the 
image  of  objects  is  formed  beyond  the  retina  : 
but  if  the  objects  are  removed  further  off,  the 
image  approaches  the  retina,  and  when  they 
are  at  a  suitable  distance  is  exactly  formed 
upon  it,  so  that  the  objects  are  clearly  seen. 
Long  sight  in  corrected  by  means  of  converg- 
ing lenses.  These  glasses  bring  the  rays 
together  before  their  entrance  Into  the  eye, 
and  therefore,  if  the  converging  power  is  pro- 
perly chosen,  the  image  will  be  formed  exactly 


TF^T-LINKS   FOR 
ASTIGMATISM. 


on  the  retina.  Generally  speaking,  numbers 
are  engraved  on  these  glasses,  which  i-xpress 
their  focal  length  in  inches.  The  sj>ectacles 
must  be  so  choseu  that  they  are  close  to  the 
eye,  and  that  they  make  the  distance  of  dis- 
tinct vision  ten  or  twelve  inches.  (Ganot.) 

Astigmatic  vision  is  a  defect  of  the  eyes  in 
which  the  focus  of  the  crystalline  lens  "is  dif- 
ferent in  dilfereut  azimuths.  Thus,  if  vision 
is  directed  to  a  figure,  as  in  the  margin,  is 
strong  black  lines  and  on  a  larger  scale,  some 
of  the  lines  may  be  seen 
sharply  defined,  while 
others  are  blurred.  These 
•ts  can  be  remedied 
!>y  spectacles  in  which 
tho  focus  di  Tiers  in  dif- 
ferent azimuths,  and  ex- 
treme cases  have  been 
known  in  which  cylin- 
drical lenses  (i.e.,  le'nses 
with  no  focus  at  all  in  one 
direction,  but  a  strong 
focus  in  some  other— 
a  segment  of  a  cylinder  instead  of  a  sphere) 
have  been  required.  Astigmatism  more  than 
any  other  defect  requires  thorough  study  by 
an  oculist,  as  the  focus  of  the  eyes  Is  apt  to 
be  normal  in  some  directions,  auj  this  ihasko 
it,  while  yet  the  vain  effort  to  define  the 
object  in  all  parts  causes  constant  distress  and 
1'ain.  There  are  also  tinted,  gray,  or  smoke- 
gray  spectacles  to  protect  sensitive  eyes  from 
too  much  light.  Mere  weakness  of  tlie  eyes 
is  not  benefited  by  spectacles,  unless  by  the 
protective  kind.  Wire-gauze  spectacles  are 
used  to  exclude  dust  and  ashes.  Divided 
spectacles  have  each  lens  composed  of  two 
semicircles  of  different  foci  neatly  united; 
one  half  for  looking  at  distant  objects,  the 
other  for  examining  things  near  the  eye. 
[GOGGLES,  PEHISCOPIC-SPECTACJ.ES.] 

II.  Figuratively : 

'  1.  The  eye  ;  the  organ  of  vision. 

"  Bid  mine  eyes  be  packing  with  my  heart, 

And  called  Uiem  blind  and  diiskv  ii,t.-  ,>rln 
For  losing  ken  of  Albion's  wished  cuMf  " 

ShaXeip.;  3  Henry  IV..  ill.  1 

2.  (Pi.):  Anything  which  assists  or  aids  tin 
intellectual  vision. 

"  Shakspeare  was  naturally  learned  :  he  needed  not 
the (pecfocf'S of  books  to  read  nature;  he  looked  in- 
wards and  found  her  there."— /)>-yden  :  On  li, 
Poesy. 

spectacle-maker,  s.    One  who  makes 
spectacles;  specific.,  a  member  of  the 
tacle-makers1  Company,  incorporated  in  1630. 

spectacle-snake,  «.    [SPECTACLED. 

COBRA.] 

spec  ta  cled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Eng.  tpeclacl(e); 
•eif.]  Wearing,  or  assisted  by,  spectacles; 
having  spectacles  on  the  nose. 

"  All  tongues  apeak  of  him,  and  tlie  bleared  sights 
Are  tptctacled  to  see  him." 

Slalaar.:  COT-iWaino.  U.  L 

spectacled  bear,  t. 

Zool. :  Ursvs  arnatns,  about  forty  inches 
long,  from  the  mountaiuous  regions  of  Chili. 
The  general  colour  is  black,  but  the  animal 
has  a  light-coloured  ring  round  each  eve,  not 
unlike  a  large  pair  of  old-fashioned  spec'udes. 

spectacled  cobra,  s. 

Zool, :  Any  variety  of  Nttja  tripttdians,  In 
which  the  spectacle-like  markings  on  the 
hood  are  well  developed.  The  natives  of 
India  say  that  these  markings  are  more  dis- 
tinct in  the  snakes  that  are  met  with  in  and 
near  towns  than  in  those  which  frequent  the 
open  and  hill  country. 

spectacled  -  shrimp,   «.      [SKEXXTOST- 

BCBKW.J 

spectacled  stenoderm,  -. 

Zool. :  Stenodfrma  fierfpicillatum.  from  the 
West  Indies,  Guiana,  and  Brazil.  It  in  about 
four  inches  in  length,  and  from  sixteen  to 
twenty  in  wing  expanse ;  fur  light-brow* 
with  a  whitish  arch  over  each  eye.  Called 
also  Spectacled  Vampire. 

spectacled  vampire,  s.    [SPECTACUO- 

8TENODERM.] 

spec-tac -u-lar,  a,  [Lat.  tptctaaiHtm)  =  * 
spectacle  (q.v.);  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -or.) 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  a  spec- 
tacle or  show. 

"  This  tpoetrtcuZor  episode  h  well  worth  seeing  as  a 
stage  curi^lty.'—W.  Jtmet'i  QatetU,  Feb.  B.  1B8T. 

*  2.  Pertaining  to  spectacles  or  glastes  ta 
assist  vision. 


I,  test,  fare,  amidst;  what,  taO.  lather;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pflt. 
:.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  nnite,  cup,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    SB,  OB  =  e ;  ey  =  »;  qn  =  kw. 


epect  ant— spectrum 


4375 


' 


•pec  tan t,  a.  [Lat.  specUins,  pr.  par.  of 
tptcto  =  to  look.] 

Her. :  A  term  applied  to  an  animal  "at 
gaze."  or  looking  forward  ;  sometimes  termed 
"in  full  aspect,"  Also  applied  to  any  animal 
looking  upward  with  the  nose  bendwise. 

spec-ta'-tion.     A      [Lat.    spectatio,    from 
to  =  to  look.]    Regard, 

respect,  look,  appearance. 

"  This  •iniiile  tpactativn  at  the  lungs  is  differenced 
from  that  which  coucuiaitates  a  yleurlay."— Barvey  : 
On  Contumptitm. 

•pcc-ta'-tor,  *  spec -ta- tour,  s.  [Lat. 
spectator,  from  sperttt.tus,  pa.  par.  of  specto—  to 
look  ;  Fr.  spurt  uteur ;  Sp.  espectador ;  Ital. 
spettatore.]  One  who  sees  or  beholds;  one 
who  looks  on  ;  especially  one  who  is  present 
at  a  show  or  spectacle. 

"  Plays  are  feasts, 

Ports  tlie  cooks,  and  tlie  tfjfctntort  guests : 
Tbe  autun,  waiters."        Curtw ;  McDttoenanti  Play. 

*SpeC-ta-t6r'-I-al,  a.  [Eng.  spectator  ;  -ial.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  spectator  or  spectators. 

"  I  mint  apiieal  to  your  tpactntori'tl  wisdom." — 
Jttwfe:  Spectator,  So.  493. 

a'- tor -Ship,   s.     [Eng.    spectator; 

1.  The   office,    quality,    or   position   of  a 
ipectator. 

2.  The  act  of  beholding. 

"Thou  stand'st  1*  th' state  of  hanging,  or  of  some 
death    m»iv   Jong  in  tpecttitonhip,  and   crueller   in 
i. :  Coriolatuu,  v.  2, 


t  spec  ta'-tress,  '  spec  ta  true,  s.  [Eng. 
spectator  ;  -ess;  Lat.  spectntrix.]  A  female 
ipectator  or  beholder. 

SfMctatret*  both  and  gpectacle,  a  sad 

And  *ilent  cipher."  Cooper:  To**,  1  47ft. 

*  spec'-ter,  s.    [SPECTRE.] 
Spec  -tra,  s.  pi.    [SPECTRUM.] 

speV-tral,  a.  [Eng.  spectre),  spectr(vm);  adj. 
Buff.  ~aL] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  spectre  ;  ghostlike, 
ghostly. 

"  Above,  the  tpectral  glaciers  shone." 

Longfellow:  Excelsior. 

2.  Pertaining   to    the    solar    or    prismatic 
Spectrum  ;   pertaining  to  spectra  ;  produced 
by  the  aid  of  the  spectrum  ;  exhibiting  the 
hues  of  the  prismatic  spectrum. 

*spec-tral'-J-t&  *.  [Eng.  spectral;  -ity.] 
Anything  of  a  spectral  nature. 

"GhAatly  ipectmliti?*  prowling  round  him."—  Cur- 
lylt  :  Life  of  Sterling,  ptA.  ch.  L 

•pe'c'-tral-lj^  adv.  [Eng.  spectral;  -ly.]  In 
a  spectral  or  ghostly  manner. 

•pec'-tre  (tre  as  tcr),  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
spectrum  =  a  vision,  from  specto  =  to  see  ;  Sp. 
upectro;  Ital.  spettro.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  An  apparition,  a  ghost,  a 
•pirit  ;  the  appearance  of  one  who  is  dead. 

"  Roused  from  their  slumbers, 
ID  grim  array  the  grisly  tpectret  rise." 

Blair  :  The  Gratto. 

2.  Entom.  :  One  of  the  many  popular  names 
of  the  Phasmidae  (»i-v.). 

spectre-bat,  s. 

Zool.  :  Vampyrus  spectrum.    [VAMPIRE.] 
Spectre-Shrimp,  5.    [SKELETON-SCREW.] 
spectre  tar  si  er,  s.    [TARSIVS.] 

*  spec  -tred  (tred  as  terd),  a.  [Eng.  spectre; 

-co.]    Haunted  with  spectres. 

"The  tpectred  solitude  of  Bleep." 

Wolcott  :  P.  Pindar,  p.  44. 

*p€c  tro  log  ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  spectrolog(y)  ; 
-ical.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  spectrology  ;  per- 
formed or  determined  by  spectrology. 


[Eng.  spectrum,  and  Gr. 
Aoyos  (logos)  =  a  word,  a  discourse.]  That 
branch  of  science  which  determines  the  con- 
stituent elements  and  other  conditions  of 
bodies  by  examination  of  their  spectra. 

*pec-tr6m'-e-ter,  *.     [Eng.  spectrum,  and 
meter.] 

Optics:  This  word  is  used  in  somewhat 
different  though  allied  senses.  It  has  been 
applied  to  a  micrometer  or  other  apparatus 
applied  to  the  eye-piece  of  a  spectroscope  for 
measuring  the  position  of  the  lines.  But  it 
Is  now  very  generally  used  as  a  substitute  for 
spectroscope,  the  word  being  applied  to  that 
better  class  of  instruments  which  are  fitted 


up  for  measuring  and  determining  with  great 
exactness  the  position  of  the  lines  in  the 
spectra  examined,  and  the  qualities  of  prisms 
as  regards  refractive  and  dispersive  power. 

spec'-tro-soope,  s.    [Lat.  spectrum,  and  Gr. 

o-jton-eui  (skopeo)  =  to  see.  ] 

Optics:  An  instrument  for  observing  spec- 
tra, or  fur  .spectrum  analysis.  With  a  single 
glass  prism,  the  few  most  prominent  lines  in 
a  solar  spectrum  may  be  seen,  by  usin^  a 
narrow  slit  to  admit  the  light,  which  was  tlie 
first  great  improvement  made  upon  Newt.on's 
experiment,  sinre  a  hole  or  wide  slit  gives 
confusion  of  effect.  The  second  great  im- 
provement was  to  place  a  collimating  lens 
behind  the  slit  at  its  focal  distance,  whereby 
all  the  rays  from  the  slit  become  a  parallel 
bundle  before  passing  through  tlie  prism. 
Finally,  a  small  telescope  wns  mounted  he- 
hind  the  prism,  to  magnify  and  define  the 
image  thus  obtained.  The  whole  arranged  on 
a  table,  with  means  of  adjusting  tbe  collimat- 
ing and  eye-tubes  at  the  proper  angles  with 
the  prism,  forms  the  ordinary  single-prism 
Spectroscope.  Further  prisms  may  be  added 
to  increase  the  dispersion,  and  as  many  as 
eleven  have  been  used,  but  it  is  more  usual  to 


SIMPLE   FORM   Or  BPBCTftOSCOPC. 

employ  half  the  total  number,  and  haying 
sent  the  rays  once  through  their  lower  portion, 
to  reflect  them  back  again  through  the  upper 
ends,  thus  using  each  prism  twice.  Arrange- 
ments are  often  added  for  throwing  the  image 
of  a  micrometer  scale  upon  the  spectrum 
(SPECTROMETER),  or  a  reflecting  prism  may  be 
placed  over  half  of  the  slit  to  reflect  the  aplar 
spectrum  into  the  instrument  for  comparison 
with  the  one  under  observation.  It  is  in  this 
way  that  spectra  are  compared  with  the  solar 
lines,  which  are  carefully  mapped,  and  form 
the  standard  of  reference.  By  combining 
prisms  of  different  refractive  and  dispersive 
powers,  a  strong  spectrum  may  be  obtained 
without  deflection.  Such  prisms  may  be 
contained  in  quite  a  small  tube  with  slit  and 
lens,  and  are  called  Direct-vision  Spectro- 
scopes, which  are  much  used  for  microscopic 
observation.  Instruments  specially  fitted  for 
the  purpose  are  called  Star  Siwctroscopes, 
and  there  are  also  special  Sun  Spectroscopes, 
such  being  necessarily  different  in  practical 
details  from  ordinary  or  Chemical  Spectro- 
scopes. Of  late  years,  it  has  become  very 
usual  to  employ  the  spectra  from  diffraction- 
gratings  instead  of  prisms.  The  higher-order 
spectra  thus  produced  are  very  pure,  and  have 
the  advantage  of  giving  the  lines  in  the  true 
position  due  to  their  relative  wave-lengths 
alone,  whilst  prisms  compress  some  gruups 
of  lines,  and  extend  others,  according  to  the 
peculiar  dispersion  of  the  glass.  Spectro- 
scopes thus  constructed  are  called  Grating 
Spectroscopes. 

spec -tro  scop'  ic,  spec  trd  scop'-fc-al, 

a.  [Eng.  spectroscope)  ;  -ic,  -ical.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  spectroscope  or  spectroscopy. 

"  Hugglns  ha*  applied  ipectrotc^pic  observation  to 
the  determining  of  the  proper  motion  of  the  heavenly 
bodies."— Knight  :  Diet.  Mechanic*.  s.v.  Spectroscope. 

Spec-tr&-se6p'-Ic-al-l$f,  adv.  [Eng.  spectro- 
scopieal ;  -ly.]  In  a  spectroscopic  manner ;  by 
means  of  the  spectroscope. 

"  Various  portions  of  the  plants  were  reduced  to 
asln-s.  and  tested  tpectroicopictilly  for  lithium." — 
Leiture  Hour,  Jan.,  1886,  p.  68. 

spec  tros  co  pist,  5.  [Eng.  spectroscope); 
•ist.]  One  who  uses  the  spectroscope ;  one 
who  is  skilled  in  spectroscopy. 

speo-trfis'-ci-p J1,  *.  [Eng.  spectroscope') ; 
•y.]  That  branch  of  science  which  is  con- 
cerned with  the  use  of  the  spectroscope  and 
with  spectral  analysis. 

spcc'-trum  (pi.  *  spec  -triims,  speV- 
tra),  s.  [Lat  =  an  appearance,  image,  ap- 
parition, spectre  (q.v.).j 


*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  spectre. 

"  Lav.iter  puts  sollUrine&B  a  main  cause  of  inch 
tfMsctruitw  <,r  apparitiuus."— Rarton  :  Altai,  tf  .Velars 
Arty,  pt,  iiL.  |  4.  p.  2, 

2.  "//fR\s :  The  coloured  image  or  hiiajrr-s 
pri-.lueed  when  the  niys  from  any  source  of 
light  are  decomposed  or  disparted  by  retrac- 
tion through  a  prism.  It  has  bean.  )>r»\ril 
that  whiteness  is  simply  a  totality  of  effect 
produced  by  the  simultaneous  effects  of  many 
colours  falling  at  once  upon  tlie  retina.  It 
has  been  shown  [REFRACTION]  how  ;i  b'Mm  of 
light  is  deflected  on  meeting  at  any  inclina- 
tion the  surface  of  a  denser  medium,  and  it 
is  obvious  that  by  using  a  prism  with  two 
inclined  surfaces,  the  ln-am  m;iy  be  perma- 
nently deflected.  It  is  found  that  each  differ- 
ent colour,  representing  a  different  U-n^Ui  of 
wave,  is  differently  refracted  by  the  prism, 
or  has  its  own  special  index  of  refraction  ; 
hence,  the  prism  separates  or  spreails  out,  in 
order,  according  to  their  refraugibility,  all  the 
different  colours  of  which  the  beam  is  com- 
posed. This  appearance  is  the  Spectrum  of 
that  particular  light.  Solids  or  liquids  heated 
to  incandescence — as  the  particles  of  soot  in  a 
candle-flame — always  yield  an  unbroken  baud 
of  colours  shading  into  one  another ;  this  is 
called  a  continuous  spectrum.  Incandescent 
gases  generally  yield  lines  or  bands  only,  and 
this  is  a  line  or  banded  spectrum.  Wln-n 
portions  of  what  would  have  been  a  continuous 
spectrum  are  intercepted  or  cut  out  by  an  in- 
tervening medium,  this  is  called  an  absorption 
spectrum.  Besides  the  waves  of  such  a  length 
as  cause  visual  effects,  there  are  many  more 
b«yond  the  red  at  one  end  of  the  spectrum  and 
the  violet  at  the  other,  which  produce  powerful 
chemical  and  heating  effects.  This  portion 
Is  sometimes  called  the  Invisible  Spectrum, 
sometimes  described  as  the  Ultra-red  or  Ultra- 
violet 8i«etrum.  Its  length  greatly  exm>d» 
that  of  the  visible  spectrum,  and  it  is  found 
to  comprise  lines  and  bands  precisely  analo- 
gous to  those  occurring  in  the  luiuiuuu» 
portion.  [SPECTRUM -ANALYSIS.] 

spectrum-analysis,  s. 

Physics  &  CheTti.  :  Tlie  determination  of  the 
chemical  composition,  the  physical  condition, 
or  both,  of  any  body  by  the  Spectrum  (q.v.^ 
of  the  light  which  it  emits  or  suiters  to  pass 
through  it,  under  certain  conditions.  For 
such  determinations  an  instrument  is  used 
called  the  Spectroscope  (q.v.),  which  em- 
ploys the  light  passing  through  a  very 
narrow  slit,  and,  by  using  more  prisms  than 
one,  disperses  or  separates  the  colours  a  great 
deal  more  than  one  prism  alone  can  do.  The 
human  eye  is  totally  unable  to  judge  of  th& 
real  component  colours  of  any  light  presented 
to  it ;  not  only  does  a  mixture  of  all  colours 
appear  white,  but  so  do  many  simple  pairs 
of  colours  ;  and,  similarly,  two  ftpparently 
similar  shades  of  colour  may  be  quite  differ- 
ently constituted,  the  one  being  perhaps  a  pure 
colour,  while  the  other  is  really  a  compound. 
The  prism  never  errs,  but  rigidly  sorts  out 
any  light  presented  to  it  into  all  the  separate 
wave-lengths  of  which  it  is  composed,  each 
one  having  its  own  invariable  place  in  the 
spectrum  of  a  beam  of  ideal  white  light. 

A  vast  mass  of  commercial  spectrum  analysf  a 
consists  of  tbe  study  of  simple  Absorption 
spectra.  Most  of  the  colour  we  see  around 
us  is  really  of  the  nature  of  a  shadow ;  the 
coloured  body  absorbs  amongst  its  molecules 
many  of  the  constituent  rays  of  the  white 
light  which  falls  upon  it,  and  the  colour  we 
see  consists  of  the  remainder.  It  is  the  same 
with  coloured  transparent  bodies  ;  a  red  glasa 
does  not  turn  all  the  light  into  red,  but  simply 
stops  or  absorbs  all  tlie  rays  except  those- 
which  make  up  the  red.  This  is  shown  by 
spectrum  analysis  of  the  light  which  lias 
passed  through  any  such  body,  or  been  re- 
flected from  it ;  various  dark  bands  are  cut 
out  of  the  white-light  spectrum.  If  glass 
cells  are  filled  with  various  coloured  fluids, 
and  interposed  between  the  slit  of  the  spec- 
troscope and  some  source  of  light  which  gives 
a  complete  continuous  spectrum,  the  various 
bands  cut  out  are  observed.  These  bands 
are  invariable  for  the  same  substance,  in  the 
same  state — i.e.,  of  dilution  or  otherwise—- 
and hence  we  have  an  analysis  which  is  very 
powerful  as  regards  adulteration.  Thus,  an 
alcoholic  solution  with  a  decoction  of  log- 
wood, &c.,  can  be  made  up  so  as  to  precisely 
imitate  to  the  eye  the  colour  of  port  wine. 
But  the  spectroscope  cannot  be  so  cheated  ; 
the  spectrum  of  port  wine  cannot  be  imitated 
by  anything  else ;  though  the  visual  total 


boil,  boy ;  poUt,  jowl ;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect.  Xenophon,  oylst.    -ing. 
-clan,    tian  =  snan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -slon  =  zhim.    -clous,    tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die*  &c.  =  hel,  deL 


4376 


specular— speculatist 


may  appear  the  same,  the  prism  will  sort  out 
the  imitation  with  different  constituents. 
It  has  been  found  that  up  to  a  certain  age 
even  the  year  of  the  vintage  can  be  thus 
determined.  So,  again,  healthy  blood  gives 
a  quite  different  absorption  spectrum  from 
blood  poisoned  by  carbonic  oxide.  The  prism 
is  thus  used  duily  to  test  the  validity  of  many 
commercial  products.  It  should  be  observed 
that  numerous  apparently  clear  and  colourless 
substances  show  very  strong  absorption 
bands,  e.g.,  solutions  of  didyuiuni. 

Anal}  sis  of  the  rays  emitted  by  luminous 
bodies  throws  light  upon  both  their  chemical 
constitution  and  physical  condition.  A  solid 
or  liquid  substance  heated  to  a  high  tempera- 
ture gives  a  continuous  spectrum.  (SPEC- 
TRUM.) It  first  becomes  red,  representing  the 
slowest  vibrations  as  taken  up  by  its  mole- 
cules. Gradually  the  yellow,  green,  and, 
finally,  blue  rays  are  added  as  quicker  and 
more  energetic  vibrations  are  imparted,  till  it 
becomes  a  white  or  even  bluish  colour,  but 
the  spectrum  is  always  continuous  so  far  as 
it  goes.  Therefore  a  continuous  spectrum  is 
presumptive  proof  of  the  body  being  in  a  solid 
or  liquid  state.  On  the  other  hand,  every 
substance  heated  sufficiently  to  become  lu- 
minous as  gas  or  vapour,  when  at  a  low 
pressure,  gives  a  spectrum  of  bright  lines  or 
bands  only.  It  is  this  localization  which 
causes  the  colour  of  the  flame ;  and  the  spec- 
trum of  each  of  the  known  elements  is  so  well 
recognized,  that  new  lines  are  proofs  of  the 
presence  of  some  unknown  chemical  element, 
several  of  which  have  been  discovered  in  this 
manner.  Thus  the  spectrum  of  the  vapour  of 
a  substance,  when  ignited  iu  the  electric  arc 
or  in  a  vacuum  tube,  is  another  searching 
method  of  chemical  analysis.  It  is  found, 
however,  that  as  the  density  is  increased,  the 
lines  in  the  spectrum  of  a  luminous  gas  are 
widened  or  thickened.  Gradually  these 
•widened  bands  approach  each  other,  until,  at 
•  great  pressure,  the  spectrum  becomes  con- 
tinuous. This  is  intelligible  on  the  hypothesis 
that  in  rarefied  gases  the  molecules  are  free 
to  give  their  own  peculiar  periods  of  vibra- 
tion, but  that  as  they  are  crowded  together 
they  are  hampered,  and  the  vibrations  and 
encounters  modified  into  other  periods,  until 
at  last  the  complex  vibrations  of  a  solid  are 
produced,  and  give  the  complete  or  continuous 
spectrum.  Thus  the  nature  of  the  spectrum 
— suy  of  a  gaseous  nebula— gives  us  informa- 
tion not  only  of  the  composition,  but  of  the 
physical  condition  of  the  gas. 

Another  wide  department  of  research  was 
opened  by  the  study  of  the  spectrum  of  the 
sun.  To  Newton  this  appeared  continuous ; 
but  when  it  was  made  pure  by  more  dispersion 
and  the  use  of  a  slit,  it  was  found  to  be 
crossed  by  countless  dark  lines,  thousands  of 
which  have  been  mapped.  On  the  face  of  it, 
these  appeared  to  show  absorption  of  some 
kind;  while  the  foundation  or  continuous 
spectrum  must  be  due  to  either  incandescent 
solid,  liquid,  or  at  least  very  dense  gaseous 
matter.  Jt  was  soon  discovered  that  two  of 
the  most  distinct  dark  lines  (called  D  lines) 
across  the  yellow  portion  were  exactly  coinci- 
dent with  the  two  bright  yellow  lines  given 
by  incandescent  sodium  vapour;  and  Prof. 
Stokes,  in  1852,  pointed  out  the  probable 
cause  of  this,  in  the  molecules  taking  up  or 
absorbing  all  vibrations  of  their  own  peculiar 
period  which  reach  them,  just  as  a  tuning- 
fork  will  respond  to  its  own  note  sung  to  it. 
Kirchhoff  verified  this,  proving  experiment- 
ally that  sodium  flame  interposed  before  the 
slit  of  a  bright  solar  spectrum,  darkened  the 
D  lines.  Most  of  the  other  dark  lines  of  the 
solar  spectrum  were  afterwards  identified 
with  the  bright  lines  of  the  vapours  of  various 
elements ;  and  thus  was  proved  the  fact  that 
the  incandescent  photosphere  of  the  sun  is 
surrounded  by  a  highly- heated,  but  still  by 
comparison  cooler,  atmosphere  containing 
hydrogen,  sodium,  iron,  and  many  other  sub- 
stances. Subsequently,  by  suitable  arrange- 
ments, the  bright  linex  of  this  external  at- 
mosphere were  obtained  at  the  edge  of  the 
sun's  disc.  The  chemistry  and  condition  of 
the  stars  were  rapidly  studied  in  the  same 
way,  with  the  result  of  discovering  very  in- 
teresting resemblances,  and  in  many  cases 
still  more  interesting  and  marked  differences 
between  their  condition  and  that  of  the  sun. 
In  this  way,  for  instance,  when  a  great  in- 
crease in  the  brilliancy  of  the  variable  star 
T  Coronas  was  observed  in  May,  1886,  the 
spectroscope  showed  its  usual  absorption 


spectrum  to  be  crossed  by  a  few  bright  lines, 
as  in  the  figure ;  and  thus  the  phenomenon 
was  clearly  traced  to  some  almost  inconceiv- 
able outburst  of  glowing  hydrogen,  as  was 


SPECTRUM   OF  T   CORONA*:. 

also  the  "  new  star"  which  appeared  in  Cyg- 
nus  in  1S76.  In  another  star  there  is  an  abun- 
dant quantity  of  the  metal  tellurium,  which 
cannot  be  traced  in  our  sun,  and  is  only 
present  in  exceedingly  small  quantities  in  our 
earth. 

Still  further  :  the  apparent  colour  or  wave- 
len^th  of  any  given  ray  apparently  depends 
simply  upon  the  rate  at  which  the  ethereal 
waves  beat  upon  the  retina.  If  the  source  of 
light  be  approaching  rapidly  enough,  this 
rate  will  obviously  >>e  increased,  the  effect  of 
which  will  be  to  make  that  ray  of  apparently 
higher  refrangibility,  or  nearer  a  blue  colour. 
In  sound  we  get  exactly  the  same  effect,  if  a 
whistle  sounds  while  two  trains  are  approach- 
ing ;  the  pitch  rises  till  the  whistle  is  opposite 
a  hearer  in  the  other  train,  and  then  as  rapidly 
falls  as  it  recedes.  Now  it  is  found  that  well- 
known  groups  of  lines  are  thus  shifted  in  the 
case  of  certain  stars ;  and  thus  it  is  absolutely 
determined  that  they  are  approaching  or  re- 
ceding from  the  solar  system  at  the  rate  of  so 
many  miles  per  second.  In  exactly  the  same 
way  the  speed  of  tip-rushes  and  down-rushes 
of  the  glowing  hydrogen  during  solar  storms 
has  been  determined. 

Spectrum  analysis  has  finally  led  to  a 
theory,  or  speculation  of  capital  importance, 
concerning  the  so-called  "elements."  The 
spectra  of  compounds  are  as  characteristic 
a*  those  of  what  are  called  elements;  but 
as  the  temperature  of  the  luminous  vapour  is 
increased,  this  spectrum  breaks  up,  as  it 
were,  into  the  lines  of  the  elements  them- 
selves. Where  the  vapour  is  known  to  be 
"dissociated,"  as  it  is  termed,  at  a  certain 
temperature,  there  is  simultaneously  amarked 
and  sudden  change  in  its  spectrum.  Now  it 
is  found  that  even  at  temperatures  produced 
in  our  laboratories  the  spectra  of  the  so-called 
elements  themselves  go  through  analogous 
changes  as  the  temperature  is  raised,  giving 
apparently  similar  reason  to  believe  that  they 
then  break  up  into  still  simpler  elements.  In 
the  far  greater  heat  of  the  sun's  chromo- 
sphere there  is  much  more  evidence  of  this 
process  going  ou,  and  there  is  one  strong  line 
In  particular  wnich  has  never  been  identified 
with  any  element  known  on  earth.  It  fur- 
ther appears,  that  unless  we  are  to  suppose 
an  amount  of  impurity  hardly  possible,  dif- 
ferent elements  are  capable  at  certain  high 
temperatures  of  giving  rise  to  certain  coinci- 
dent lines  ;  and  from  these  and  other  collated 
facts,  such  as  an  ascertained  relation  between 
the  atomic  weight  of  an  element  and  the  posi- 
tion of  its  lines  in  the  spectrum,  it  is  now 
held  to  be  probable  that  the  so-called  elements 
are  themselves  compounds,  which  at  a  certain 
temperature  are  broken  up  into  much  fewer 
elements,  or  possibly  into  one.  This  conclu- 
sion is  one  of  the  latest  results  of  spectrum 
analysis. 

Sp5c'-U-Iar.  a.  [Fr.  gpeculaire,  from  Lat. 
specularis  =  pertaining  to  a  mirror,  from 
speculum  =  a  mirror,  from  specio  =  to  look  at.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  mirror  or  look- 
ing-glass ;  having  a  smooth  reflecting  surface. 

"  The  object  In  our  cue  served  for  *  specular  body, 
to  reflect  that  colour  to  the  eye.  "—Boyle :  Workt,  i.  693. 

*  2.  Assisting  the  sight  by  means  of  optical 
properties. 

"  Thy  tpecuJar  orb 
Apply  to  well -dissected  kernel!  :  lo  1 
In  each  observe  the  slender  thrwwU 
Of  flrat-begiuniug  trees."         Philip*;  Cider,  L 

*3.  Affording  a  wide  view  or  prospect. 
"  Look  once  more  ere  we  leave  this  tpcculir  mount* 
Milton:  P.  R.,  tv.  236. 

IL  Min. :  Presenting  a  smooth  and  brilliant 
surface,  which  reflects  light  like  a  mirror. 

specular  iron,  specular  iron  ore,  <. 

Min. :  A  bright  shining  crystallized  variety 
of  Haematite  (q.v.). 


spec-u-lar'-I-a,  s.  [Lat.  specuinris  —  per- 
taining  to  a  mirror  ;  speculum  =  a  mirror. 
Named  on  account  of  the  brightness  of  tb« 
flowers  when  in  sunshine.l 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Campauulea,  reduced  b\ 
Sir  J.  Hooker  to  a  sub-genus  of  Campanula" 
Corolla  rotate  ;  capsule  fusiform,  angled 
opening  by  slits  beneath  the  calyx  limb. 
Specularia  (Campanula)  Jiybrida.  has  the 
corolla  inside  blue,  outside  lilac.  It  is  wild 
in  England,  but  in  Scotland  only  a  colonist. 
S.  (C.)  Speculum  and  Specularia  pentagon** 
have  been  used  in  salads. 

Spec  u-late,  v.i.  &  t.  fLat.  sptculatw,  pa. 
par.  of  gjwulnr  =  to  behold,  from  specula  =  » 
watch-to  wer.J 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  consider  a  subject  by 
turning  it  over  in  the  mind,  and  looking  at  fo 
from  various  points  of  view  ;  to  meditate  ;  U 
revolve  in  the  mind  ;  to  theorize. 

"  By  merely  ipccttlatina  upo 
't-  :  Sermont.  vwU 


2.  Comm. :   To  purchase  goods,  stocks,  at 
any  other  commodity,  in  the  expectation  of 
a  rise  in  price,  and  of  selling  the  good- 
advantage  by  reason   of  such  advance ;   to 
engage  in  Speculation.     (Frequently  used  of 
engaging  in  unsound  or  hazardous  business 
transactions.) 

*  B.  Trans.:  To  consider  attentively ;  to 
examine. 

"  Man  was  not  meant  to  gape,  or  look  upward,  but 
to  have  his  thought*  sublime :  and  n«t  only  lx  hold, 
but  tpcculat*  their  nature  with  the  eye  of  the  under, 
standing."— Brown* .-  Vulgar  Errourt.  bk.  lv.,  ch.  i. 

spec- u-la'- tion,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  specula* 
tionem,  accus.  of  speculatio,  from  speculatut, 
pa.    par.    of  specular  =.  to  view,   to    contem- 
plate ;  Sp.  speculation;  Ital.  especularione.) 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  I.  The  act  of  viewing  or  looking  on;  view; 
examination  by  the  eye. 

"  We  upon  this  mountain's  basis  by 
Took  stand  for  idle  ttM-culut,,,n," 

Shuketp. :  Henry  r,  IT.  & 

*  2.  Power  of  sight ;  vision, 

"  Thou  haat  no  speculation  in  thoe*  eyes 
Which  thou  dost  «l»re  with." 

Maketp.:  Mt,ftt!h,  III  4. 

3.  Mental  view  of  anything  in  its  v;mom 
aspects  and  relations  ;   intellectual  examiua- 
tion ;  contemplation,  meditation. 

"  Whatever  preference  therefore.  In  »pt<-ulai\ont  h* 
might  give  to  the  republican  form,  he  c<>ui<l  not,  with 
these  principles,  be  practically  an  enemy  tutlie  govern 
meet  of  kings."— Hortity :  Sermont,  vol.  iii.,  MT.  44 
(App.) 

4.  A  train  of  thoughts  formed  by  medita- 
tion ;    the  conclusions  at    which  the    mind 
arrives  by  meditation  orspeculation  ;  a  theury. 

"To  his  tpeculationt  on  these  subjects  be  gave  tb* 
lofty  name  of  the  Oracle*  of  Reason."— Vacauta* : 
Hi,'!  Eng..  ch.  xlx. 

5.  That  part  of  philosophy  which  is  neither 
practical  nor  experimental. 

6.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Cards :    A  game  at  cards,   the  leading 
principle  of  which  is  the  purchase  of  an  un- 
known card,  on  the  calculation  of  its  probable 
value  when  known  ;  or  of  a  known  one,  on 
the    chance  of  no  better   appearing  in  the 
course  of  the  game,  a  portion  of  the  pack 
not  being  dealt. 

2.  Commercial: 

(1)  The  act  or  practice  of  buying  goods, 
stock,  &c.,  or  of  incurring  extensive   risks, 
with  a  view  to  an  increased  profit  or  success 
in  trade  ;  the  buying  of  goods,  shares,  stocks, 
or  any  other  purchasable  commodity,  in  ex- 
pectation of  a  rise  in  the  market*  and  thai 
securing  a  gain  to  the  buyer,  or  of  selling 
commodities  in  the  expectation  that  price* 
will  fall,  and  that  thus  the  seller  will  be  able 
i  <>  buy  similar  commodities  back  again  at  a 
lower  price.    The  term  is  generally  used  with 
some  degree  of  disapprobation. 

"  Stimulation,  we  fear.  Is  Inherent  in  the  human 
constitution,  and  all  that  we  can  say  on  the  mbject  u 
not  likely  to  p>it  a  atop  to  it." —Chamberi  Journal, 
Feb.  so.  iftH,  p.  523. 

(2)  A  single  act  of  speculation;  a  commer- 
cial or  other  business  transaction  entered  into 
in  the  hope  of  large  profits. 

f  Spec  u  lat  1st,  s.  [Eng.  speculate);  •«.] 
One  who  speculates  or  forms  theories ;  • 
theorist ;  a  speculator. 

"  Fresh  confidence  the  tpecitlatUt  takes 
From  ev'ry  hair-brain  <1  proselyte  he  matcei. 

Coteptr :  Progrett  of  Error,  WL 


fite,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  fatner;  we,  wet,  here,  camel.  Her,  there;  pine,  pit,  wire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  son;  mate,  ctin,  cure,  quite,  car,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    w,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  »;  «n  =  kw. 


speculative— speed 


4377 


spec  u-la-tive,  a.  [Fr.  speculatif,  from  Lat. 
speculations;  8p.  &  Port,  especulattvo  ;  Ital. 
speculative,  specolativo.] 

1.  Given  to  speculation  or  theorizing ;  con- 
templative. 

"  There  w;«  110  region  of  the  globe,  lio  walk  of  tfecn- 
latiae  or  of  active  life.  In  which  Jesuits  were  not  to  be 
found."— Macaulay ;  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  involving,   or  formed  by 
speculation  ;   theoretical,  ideal ;  not  verified 
by  fact,  experiment,  or  practice. 

"  That  there  are  all  In  all.  three  tpeculat ive  sciences, 
distinguished  by  their  several  objects,  physiology,  the 
pure  mathematics,  and  theology  or  metaphysics." — 
Cudworth  :  Jnttll.  System,  p.  416. 

*  3.  Pertaining    to,  or  affording   sight  or 
prospect. 

"  Fond  of  the  speculative  height. 
Thither  he  wings  bis  aivy  flight" 

Cowper:  The  JacXdtuo. 

*4.  Watching,  prying. 

"  My  ifjeculat ioe  and  officed  instruments." 

Ulittketp. :  Othello,  I.  8. 

5.  Pertaining  to  or  given  to  speculation  In 
trade  ;  engaged  in  speculation ;  speculating. 

"The  speculative  merchant  exercises  no  one  regular, 
established,  or  well-known  branch  of  business."— 
Smith  :  Wealth  of  A'ationt,  bk.  i.,  cb.  x. 

6.  Of  the  nature  of  a  speculation  in  trade ; 
hazardous,  risky  :  as,  a  speculative  business  or 
transaction. 

•peo'-u-la-tlve-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  speculative ; 
-*»•] 

1.  In  a  speculative  manner;  with  specula- 
tinn,  theory,  cou  tern  plat  ion,  or  meditation  ; 
contemplatively. 

"  I  have  discoursed  more  ipeculatively  than  'tis  fit 
in  •,  book  that  la  designed  for  common  use  and  edifica- 
tion.''—^^ Christian  Life.  (Pref.( 

2.  Ideally,  theoretically;    in  theory  only, 
not  in  practice ;  not  practically. 

"  For  conscience  .  '.  .  signifies,  speculative! it,  the 
Judgment  we  pass  of  things  upon  whatever  principles 
we  chance  to  have." — tVarourton :  Comment,  on  Pope's 
Essay  on  Man. 

3.  In  the  way  of  speculation  in  trade. 

spec'-u-la-tlve-ness,  s.  [Eng.  speculative; 
-ness.}  *The  quality  or  state  of  being  specula- 
tive; the  state  of  consisting  in  speculation 
only. 

spec  u  la  tor,  s.    [Lat.] 

*  1.  Oue  who  watches  ;  a  watcher,  a  look- 
out. 

"All  the  bouts  had  one  speculator,  to  give  notice 
nheii  the  flah  approached."—  firoome:  On  the  Odyssey. 

2.  One    who   speculates    or  theorizes  ;    a 
•peculatist,  a  theorist. 

"  The  famous  men  of  war  have  fought, 
The  famous  speculators  thought." 

Matthew  Arnold:  Bacchanalia,  11. 

3.  One  who  speculates  in  trade ;  one  who 
buys  or  sells  with  a  view  to  a  large  profit. 

"An  old  man.  who  had  been  ft  large  speculator  In 
his  early  days.  —  Chamber*'  Journal,  Feb.  20,  1886, 
p.  523. 

•spec-u-la-tor-&  o.  [Eng.  speculate); 
-ory.] 

1.  Exercising  oversight ;  overseeing. 

"My  privileges  are  an  ublqultary  or  clrcumambu- 
latory,  speculator  y,  interrogatory,  redar^'utary  imniu- 
nity  over  all  the  privy  lodgings."— Car*- to.-  Cesium 
Britannicum- 

2.  Intended  or  adapted  for  viewing  or  watch- 
ing. 

"  Speculatary  outposts  to  the  Akemaii  Street." — 
f,  Warton:  Hilt.  Kiddington,  p.  58. 

3.  Speculative. 

*Spec'-u-list,s.  [Eng.  speculate);  ~ist.]  An 
observer,  a  speculator. 

•peV-n-lum,  s.     [Lat.  =  a  mirror.] 

*  L  Qrd.  Lang. :  A  mirror,  a  looking-glass. 

"A  rough  and  coloured  object  may  serve  for  a 
Ipeculttm,  to  reflect  the  artificial  rainbow." — Boyle: 
On  Colour*. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Astron.  &  Optics :   A  concave  mirror  of 
nutal,  especially  one  used  as  a  reflector  in  a 
reflecting  telescope. 

2.  Bot. :  Prismatocarpits  Speculum. 

3.  Ornith. :    A   spot   or  patch,    usually  of 
brilliant  colours,  and  metallic  or  iridescent, 
is  on  the  wings  of  many  of  the  Anatklse,  the 
eyes  in  the  peacock's  tail,  &c. 

4.  Surg. :  An  instrument  fordilating  certain 
passages  of  the  body,  in  order  to  admit  of  ex- 
aminations or  access  of  instruments  for  opera- 
tion.     Speculums  are  known  by  their  con- 
struction, as  bivalve,  four-bladed  valve,  &c., 
or  by  the  part  of  the  body  to  which  they  are 
applicable,  as,  anal,  nasal,  vaginal,  &c. 


speculum  forceps,  s. 

Surg.  :  Long,  slender  forceps,  used  for 
dressing  wounds  or  operating  on  parts  not 
accessible  except  through  speculums. 

speculum-metal,  s. 

Chem.  :  An  alloy  of  tin  and  copper,  with  a 
small  proportion  of  metallic  arsenic.  Other 
alloys  are  of  copper,  tin,  and  zinc,  or  of  anti- 
mony and  tin. 

sped,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    [SPEBP,  V.) 
•  spede,  v.i.  &  t.    [SPEED,  v.] 
"spede-ful,  a.    [SPEEDFUL.] 
*speece,  s.    [SPECIES,]    Kind,  sort,  species. 

speech,  *  speach,  *speche,  s.  [Forspreche, 
from  A.S.  sp<fc,  later  form  of  spr&c,  from 
iprecnn=to  sprak  (q.v.);  cogn.  with  Dut. 
tpraak;  Ger.  sprache.] 

1.  The  faculty  of  speaking,  or  of  uttering 
articulate  sounds  or  words  ;  the  faculty  or 
power  of  expressing  thoughts  by  words  or 
articulate  sounds  ;  the  power  of  speaking. 

"There  is  none  comparable  to  the  variety  ot  In- 
structive expressions  by  speech,  wherewith  man  alone 
Is  endowed,  for  the  communication  of  his  thoughts." 
—I/older  :  On  Speech. 

2.  The    act    of    speaking;    utterance    of 

thought. 


"  I,  with  liberty  of  speech  implored 
And  humble  deprecation,  thu 


,      us  replied.** 
Milton:  P.  I.,  viiL«n. 

*  3.  The  act  of  speaking  with  another;  con- 
versation, talk. 

"  He  desires  some  private  ipetch  with  yon.* 

tfhakesp.  :  Measure  for  Measure.  111. 

4.  That  which  is  spoken  ;  words,  as  ex- 
pressing ideas  ;  language. 

"  O  goode  God  '  how  gentll  and  how  kind 
Te  Kiued  by  your  speche  and  your  visage." 

Chaucer:  cTf^  8,»9. 

*6.  Anything  said  or  spoken  ;  an  observa- 
tion expressed  in  words  ;  a  remark,  talk, 
common  saying. 

"  Here  is  speech  that  Scultetus  Is  to  make  the  next 
Latin  sermon."—  ffalet:  Remain*;  To  Sir  D.  CarUon 
(Nov.,  1618). 

*  6.  A  particular  language,  an  distinct  from 
others  :  a  dialect,  a  tongue. 

"  The  best  of  them  that  speak  this  speech,* 

Shakesp.  :  Tempest,  i.  9. 

7.  A  formal  discourse  delivered  in  public  ; 
an  oration,  an  harangue. 

*  speech  crier,   *.     One   who   hawked 
about  printed  accounts  of  the  executions  and 
confessions  (when  any  was  made)of  criminals, 
particulars  of  murders,  &c. 

speech-day,  s.  The  periodical  (generally 
annual)  day  for  delivering  prizes  in  schools, 
when  exercises  are  recited  by  the  pupils. 

speech  -  maker,  s.  One  who  makes 
speeches  ;  one  who  speaks  much  in  public 
assemblies. 

*  spee9h,  v.i.  &  t.    [SPEECH,  ».] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  make  a  speech  ;  to  speak, 
to  harangue. 

"And  were  you  supposed  to  hare  the  tongues  of 
angels  and  archangels  tu  speech  it  in  your  behalf,  their 
words  would  have  no  weight  I  "—Pyle  :  Sermon*,  ii.  435. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  make  speeches  to. 

"  Your  lordship  having  sketched  to  death 
Some  hundreds  of  your  fellow-men." 

Moore:  Fudge  Family,  lett  ii. 

*  spee9h'-iul,  a.     [Eng.  speech,  s.  ;  -fuUT).'] 
Speaking  ;  full  of  talk  ;  loquacious  ;  hence, 
expressive. 

"  Dost  thou  see  the  ipeechful  eyne 
Of  tbe  fond  and  faithful  creuturet" 

Blackie:  Lays  of  Highlands,  Ac.,  p.  18. 

spee9h-i-fi-ca'-tion,  s.  {Eng.  speechify; 
-cation.\  The  act  or  habit  of  speechifying  or 
making  many  speeches. 

spee^h'-i'-fi-er,  s.  [Eng.  speechify;  -«r.] 
One  who  speechifies;  one  who  is  fond  of 
making  speeches. 

"A  county  member  ...  is  liked  the  better  for 
not  being  a  tptech\fler."—G.  £liot  :  Daniel  Deronda, 
cb.  xliv. 

spce9h  I  fy,  v.i.  [Eng.  speech;  i  connect, 
and  suff.  -fy.]  To  make  a  speech  or  many 
speeches  ;  to  harangue  ;  to  be  fond  of  speak- 
ing. 

"  When  she  tells  Mr.  Brooke  that  he  la  sure  to  make 
a  fool  of  himself  if  he  goes  speechifying  for  the  radi- 
cals."— British  Quarterly  Review,  IviL  427.  (1878.) 

*  speech'-lng,  s.     [Eng.  speech;  -ing.]     The 
act  of  making  a  speech. 


spec9h-less,  *  spechc  les,  * speche- 
lesse,  a.  [Eng.  speech;  -less.] 

L  Destitute  of 'the  faculty  of  speech;  un- 
able to  speak  ;  dumb,  mute. 

"  He  that  never  hears  a  word  spoken,  It  is  no  wonder 
he  remains  speechless;  as  any  one  must  do,  who  from 
an  infant  should  be  bred  up  ajuoug  tuutea."— Holder : 
On  Speech. 

2.  Unable  to  speak  for  a  time  ;  temporarily 
dumb. 

"Speechleu  he  stood.-  Milton:  P.L..  U.8M. 

"3.  Silent;  undisturbed  by  a  voice  or  sound. 

"  In  the  great,  mysterious  darkness 
Of  the  speechless  days  that  shall  be  1" 

Long/eUou ;  Hiawatha,  xlr. 

*  4.  Silent,  taciturn. 

"Those  whom  tpeechleu  or  sententious  gravity 
might  not  only  displease, '—Seeker  ;  Sermons,  vol.  L, 
ser.  10. 

spee9h'-less-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  speechless;  -ly.] 
So  as  to  be  unable  to  speak  :  as,  speechlessly 
drunk. 

spce9h'-less-ness,  *  speeche  les-nosse, 

s.  [Eng.  speechless;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  speechless ;  muteness. 

"  Palenesseof  the  face,  tbe  memory  confused,  speech* 
letneue,  cold  sweats."— Bacon :  Hist,  Life  &  Death, 

*  speech  -man,  *  speach  man,  s.    [Eng. 

speech,  s.,  and  man.]     A  spokesman. 

"The  Muscouits  doo  write  vnto  8.  Nicholaa  to  be  • 
tpeachm,m  for  him  that  is  \>uiiwL"—Holinthed :  Deter. 
of  liritaine,  ch.  is. 

speed,  *  spede,  *  sped-en,  v.i.  &  t    [A.s. 

spedan  (pa.  t.  spedde);  cogn.  with  Dut.  spaeilen; 

Low  Ger.  spoden,  spuden,  spnden;  Ger.  sputen 

=  to  hasten,  to  advance  quickly.]    [SPEED,  «.] 

A*  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  succeed,  to  prosper ;  to  advance  tn 
one's  purpose  or  enterprise  ;  to  have  success. 

"  Spar  hit  nat  and  thou  sbalt  spede  tbe  betere." 
Pieri  Plowman,  p.  59. 

2.  To  fare  ;  to  have  any  fortune,  good  or  ill ; 
to  succeed,  well  or  ill. 

"Yon  shall  know  bow  I  tpetd."- Shaketp. :  Jferry 
Wivet,  ii.  X 

3.  To  make  haste ;  to  advance  or  move  with 
celerity. 

"  Well  have  we  tpeedett,  and  o'er  hill  and  dale  .  . 
Cut  shorter  many  a  league."    Milton  :  P.  R.,  liL  2W. 

4.  To  pass  quickly. 

"  Years  bad  rollexl  on,  and  fart  they  tped  away." 
Byron :  Lara.  i.  4. 

*  5.  To  be  expedient.    (Used  impersonally.) 
"  If  It  behoueth  to  have  glorie  It  tpedith  not."— 

Wycliffe  :  3  Corynt h.  ill.  1. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  favour ;  to  make  prosperous ;  to 
prosper. 

"  Heaven  so  speed  me  in  my  time  to  come." 

ShaJcesp. :  Merry  Wives,  111.  1 

*  2.  To  advance,  to  promote. 

"Thel  accomplishen  and  speden  the  deedea  of  lils 
thought."— Chaucer:  Boeciut,  bk.  v. 

*  3.  To  despatch ;  to  send  away  quickly  or  in 
haste  ;  to  hasten,  to  hurry. 

"  Where  is  Mountjoy,  the  herald  ?    Speed  him  hence." 
Shaketp. :  Henry  V.,  iii.  8. 

*  4.  To  hasten,  to  hurry ;  to  put  into  quick 
motion  ;  to  accelerate,  to  expedite. 

"  She  .  .  .  will  speed  her  foot  again." 
ShaJtesp.  :  All'*  Well  that  Kndt  Well,  ill.  4. 

*  5.  To  hasten  to  a  conclusion  ;  to  carry 
through ;  to  execute. 

"Judicial  acts  are  all  those  writings  and  matter* 
which  relate  to  judicial  proceedings,  and  are  s/»-d  in 
open  court  at  the  instance  of  one  or  both  of  the  par- 
ties."— Ayliffe:  Parergon. 

*  6.  To  help  forward  ;  to  hasten,  to  assist. 

'*  Propitious  Neptune  steered  their  course  by  night 
With  rising  gales,  that  tped  their  happy  flight." 
Dryden.    (Todd.) 

7.  To  dismiss  with  good  wishes  or  kindly 
services. 

"Welcome  the  coming,  tpetd  the  parting  gnest.* 
Pope:  Homer;  Odyssey  zv.  88. 

*  8.  To  bring  to  destruction  ;  to  destroy,  to 
ruin,  to  kill,  to  undo. 

*'  Be  you  gone :  yon  are  tped." 

Shakesp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  IL  0, 

*  9.  To  make  to  be  versed ;  to  acquaint. 

"  In  Chaucer  I  am  sped,"  Skelton. 

speed,  *  spede,  s.  [A.s.  sped  (for  spddi)  = 
haste,  success,  from  spdwan  •=.  to  succeed  ; 
O.  S.  spdd  =  success ;  Dut.  spoed  —  speed ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  spuot,  sp6t  =  success  ;  spuon  =  to 
succeed.] 

*  1.  Fortune ;  success  or  prosperity  In  an 
undertaking. 

"  Happy  be  thy  tpeed." 

Shakeip. :  Turning  of  the  Shrew,  IL 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    pli  =  t 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -fion,  -§ion  =  «**""     -clous,    tious,  -sioua  =  ahua.   -ble,  -die.  ic.  =  bel,  doL, 


437S 


speeder— spellable 


*  2.  A  protecting  and  assisting  power. 

"  St  N'icbolM  be  thy  ipeett."—  Shakes^.  :  Two  Gentle- 
men  t-f  Veronti,  lit.  1. 

3.  Swiftness,  quickness,  celerity  ;  rapidity 
erf  motion  ;  rapid  pace  or  rate. 

"  do  please  you,  Kir.  their  tpted 
Hath  been  Ix-yuml  account." 

Shak«»p.  :   H'inter't  Tote,  11.  8. 

*4.  Impetuosity;  headlong  violence  ;  fury. 

"I  pray  you  have  a  continent  forbearance  till  the 
•jMerf  of  In*  rage  goea  slower."—  &u>***p.  :  Lta.r.  1.  i 

speed-cones,  .*.  ;••'. 

3focA.  :  The  double  rone-pulleys,  used  for 
varying  and  adjusting  the  velocity  ratio  com- 
municated between  a  pair  of  parallel  shafts 
by  means  of  a  belt. 

speed  indicator,  9. 

1.  Mach.  ;  A  contrivance  for  indicating  the 
number  of  revolutions  made  by  a  shaft  in  a 
given  time. 

2.  Naut.  :  A  log  consisting  of  a  spiral  vane 
turned  by  the  passing  water,  and  registering 
its  revolutions, 

speed  multiplier,  «. 

Gearing  :  An  arrangement  by  which  pinions 
•re  driven  from  larger  wheels,  the  pinion- 
ahafts  carryiug  large  wheels,  aud  so  on, 

speed-pulley,  s.    [CONE-PULLEY,  2.] 

speed  -6r,  s.     (Eng.aporf;  -er.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  speeds,  hastens 
forwards,  or  assists. 

2.  Cotton  :  A  machine  invented  by  Mason 
as  a  substitute  for  the  bobbin  and  fly-frame, 
by  which  slivers  of  cotton  from  the  carding- 
macliine  are  slightly  twisted,  and  thereby 
converted  into  rovings. 

*  speed'  ful,  *  spede  ful,  *  spcd-ful,  a. 

[Bug.  speed;  ->^0-] 
L  Fortunate,  successful,  prosperous. 
2.  Aiding,  assisting,  advantageous. 
"The  more  nedefull  aud  neewsftry  for  vs  1»  the 
tye  God."—  filter:  /"wiifen- 


l  helpe  of  almygbtye 
tial  Ptalnt,  cxliil. 

3.  Full  of  speed  ;  hasty. 

*  speed'-  fill  -1&   *  spede  -  ful  -  ly,    adv. 
[Eng.  speedful  ;  -ly.\    In  a  speedful  manner  ; 
•jpeedily,  fortunately,  advantageously. 

"This  holy*  sacrafyce  may  tpfd.efu.lly  moue  the 
goodnes  of  almighty  God  to  mercy."—  Fitfrer  :  De  Pro- 
fundit. 

•pced'-I-l&  adv.  [Eng.  speedy;  ~ly.}  In  a 
speedy  manner  ;  with  speed,  with  haste  ; 
quickly,  hastily  ;  in  a  very  short  time. 

"  The  king  himself  in  person  IB  set  forth, 
Or  hitberwards  Int-mled  tpff/lih/." 

fihakttp.  :  1  Untry  IV.,  IT.  1. 

speed  -I  ness,  *.  [Eng.  speedy  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  speedy  ;  speed,  quick* 
ness,  celerity,  haste,  rapidity. 

•  speed'-  less.  *  speed  -lesse,  a.     [Eng. 
tpeed;  -less.] 

1.  Having   no   fortune  ;  unfortunate,    un- 
lucky. 

"And  in  their  ship  return*  the  tpee<l!<4te  wowerm.** 
Chapman  :  llomtr  ;  Odyttry  v, 

2,  Having  no  speed. 

speed'  -way,  *.  A  roadway  specially  pre- 
pared in  or  near  a  city  or  town  upon  which 
fast  riding  or  driving  is  permitted. 

•peed'-well,  s.     [Eng. 
speed,  and  well.] 

Hot.  :  The  genus  Veron- 
ica, and  specially  Veronica, 
Chamcedrys,  the  Germander 
Speedwell  The  name  is 
given  because  the  blossoms 
fall  off  and  fly  away  as  soon 
as  the  plant  is  gathered. 
Speedwell  is  equivalent  to 
Farewell  or  Goodbye,  said 
to  them  as  they  depart. 
(Prior.)  The  stem  is  hi- 
lariously hairy;  the  leaves, 
which  are  nearly  sessile, 
cordate  -ovate,  inciso-ser- 
rate  ;  the  racemes  many- 
flowered  ;  the  corolla  very  SPDCDWELL. 
bright  blue,  appearing  in 
Hay  <snd  June.  V,  virginica,  a  United  States 
species  known  as  Culver's  Physic,  is  used  in 
medicine  as  an  active  diuretic  and  cathartic. 
V.  qfficittatis,  the  Common  Speedwell,  was  form- 
erly much  used  as  a  substitute  for  tt-a,  ami  as  a 
tonic  and  diuretic.  [VCRONICA.] 


speed'-?,  *  sped-i,  a.    [A.S.  spedig.} 
*  1.  Prosperous,  fortuiKit<.-. 

"  If  in  (my  umner  sum  tyme  I  h&ue  a  tpedi  wele  In 
the  wille  of  God  to  come  to  you." — Wycltfe :  Komant 
Liu. 

2.  Quick,  swift,  rapid,  nimble;  moving  at 
a  rapid  rate. 

"  lie  making  ipeedy  way  through  Bpened  ayre." 
Sptnter;  f.  Q..  I.  i.  89. 

3.  Quick  in  performance  ;  not  dilatory,  not 
slow :  as,  a  speedy  despatch  of  business. 

4.  Soon  to  be  expected ;  near  ;  quickly  ap- 
proaching. 

"  God  send  you  a  tpeedy  Infirmity." 

8hake*p. :  Twelfth  ffight,  I  I. 

specl,  spelt,  v.t.  or  L  [Etyin.  doubtful]  To 
climb. 

"  Nae  mortal  could  tpeel  them  without  a  rope." — 
Scvtt:  Antiquary,  eh,  vn. 

speel-ken,  s.    [SFELLKES.) 
speer,  v.t.    [SPEIR,] 

*  speer'  hawk,  s.    [First  element  doubtful, 
aud  Bug.  hawk.} 

Bat.:  Hawkweed  (q.v.).  (Britten  &  Holland.) 

speer  -ing,  5.    [SPEIBINO.] 

Speet,  v.t.    [SPIT  (1),  v.]    To  stab.    (Prov.) 

"  If  he  came,  [he]  bad  me  not  sticke  to  tpett  hym." 
Gammer  Gurtun't  A'cedle 

Spee  -ton,  s.    [See  det] 

Gtog. :  A  chapelry  of  the  East  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  five  miles  north-west  of  Bridliugton. 

Spceton  clay,  s. 

Genl. :  An  argillaceous  formation  cropping 
out  from  beneath  the  white  chulk  of  Fhuu- 
borough  Head.  Prof.  Judd  (Quart.  Journ. 
GeoL  Soc.,  xxiv.  218-260)  considers  that  it  con- 
tains at  least  seven  divisions  well  marked 
lithologically,  and  still  better  palseontologi- 
cally.  The  highest  three  are  Neocomian,  aud 
the  others  Jurassic.  The  Upper,  Middle,  and 
Lower  beds  of  the  former  series  correspond 
to  the  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Neocomian, 
the  fourth  to  the  Portlandian,  the  fifth,  sixth, 
and  seventh  to  the  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower 
Kimmerfdge.  All  have  distinctive  fossils ; 
many  of  them  Ammonites  occurring  in  par- 
ticular zones.  In  the  highest  bed  have  been 
found  remains  of  Plesiusaurusand  Teleosaurus. 

Speight,   S.       [Sl'KCHT.] 

spell,  r.j.  or  i.    [SPEEL.] 

spcir,  *  spere,  *  speyre.  t.  [SPETR,  v.]  An 
inquiry  ;  an  object  sought. 

11  Edward  told  William  of  Alfred  alle  the  ca*e 
A  praied  him  of  help,  for  he  dred  harder  ease, 
£  if  he  inyght  conquers  Inglond.  that »  as  nittpegre," 
Robert  de  Bruniu.  p.  48. 

apeir,  *  spere,  v.t.  or  t.  [A.S.  ipyrion ;  leel. 
spyrja  =  to  trace  out ;  cf.  Dut.  spoor  ;  Ger. 
spur  =  a  track.]  To  ask,  to  inquire.  (Scotch.) 

"  I'll  gle  you  a  bit  caiiny  advice,  and  ye  mauna  tpeir 
what  for  neither."— -Scott;  Guy  Mannerinff,  oh.  ixJ*, 

speir'-an-th^,  *.    [SPIRANTHY.] 

spcir  -ing,  s.  [SPEIR.]  An  asking  a  ques- 
tion ;  an  answer  to  questions  asked ;  infor- 
mation. (Scotch.) 

It  it  please  my  Creator.  I  will  forthwith  obtain 
Irinstt  thereof."—  Scott :  H'averley,  cb.  x«. 

Speiss,  *.  [Ger.  speise  =  mixed  metals.]  A 
brittle,  reddish  alloy,  composed  chiefly  of 
nickel  and  arsenic. 

*  speke,  s.    [SPEAK.] 
t  speke,  *.    [SPIKE,] 

t  spek  nel,  *.    [SPICNEL.) 

*  spek-ta-kel,  s.    [SPECTACLE.] 

*  spe-lflB'-on,  a.     (Lat.  spelwm ;  Gr.  <rmj. 
\tuov  (spelaion)  =  a  cave.]    Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  cave  or  caves  ;  living  in  a  cave  or  caves. 

"More  satisfactorily  determining  their  contempo- 
raneity with  the  extinct  quadrupeds  tlione  cave-rcen 
killed  aud  devoured  than  in  any  other  tpelaan  retreat 
which  I  have  explored."— /Vo/.  Owen,  in  Longman't 
Magazine,  Nov.,  1882,  p.  87. 

*  spcld,  *.    [SPILL  (1).  «.]    A  splinter.    (Wil- 
liam of  faUme,  8,392.) 

spcld,  v.t.  [Cf.  Ger.  spaUen  =  to  divide.) 
[SPILL  (1),  *.]  To  spread  out;  to  expand. 
(Scotcfc.) 

*  speT  der,  »  spU-dur,  *.    [A  dimin.  from 
<P«W(q.v.X]    A  little  splinter. 


spel-ding,    spel    dron,    s.     [SPELD.]    A 

small  tisli,  split  and  dik-.ii  in  the  sun. 

*  Spel'-ful,  a.  [Eng.  gpett,  a. ;  -ful(l).}  Having 
spells  or  charms. 

"Kach  tjKtful  mystery  explained  he  views  ' 

Huole     Orlando  Furioto,  xv. 

spclk,  s.  [A.S.  spelc.}  A  small  rod,  used  as 
a  splint ;  a  spike  iu  thatching  ;  a  rod  in  a 
loom,  &c. 

Spell  (1),  *  spelle,  s.  [A.S.  tpel,  spell -A 
saving,  a  story  ;  led.  small ;  O.  H.  Gt-r.  spel  • 
Goth,  spill.]  [SPELL (1),  v.] 

*  1.  A  Utle,  a  story. 

2.  A  charm  consisting  of  some  words  of 
occult  power;  any  form  of  words,  written  or 
spoken,  supposed  to  possess  magical  virtues; 
an  incantation  ;  a  chnrm  of  any  sort. 

spell-binder,  «.  An  epithet  humor- 
oii!-ly  applied  to  effusive  political  orators  and 
et limit-speakers,  having  reference  to  their  aup- 
il  powt-r  to  hold  an  audience  spell-bouud. 


spell  "bound,  a.  Under  the  influenc* 
of  a  auell;  entranced,  as  by  eloquence. 

*  spell-stopped,  a.    Spell- bound. 

"  There  stAud, 
For  you  are  tpell-ttopp'd."    bhaketp  :  Tempest.  T.  L 

*  spell-word,  s.    A  magic  word,  a  charm, 
a  apt-ll. 

"  His  only  *j*rf/-«wd  Liberty  I " 

*  Spell-work,  s.    That  which  is  worked 
or  wrought  by  spells  ;  the  power  or  effect  of 
magic ;  enchantment 

"  Those  Peri  Isles  of  light, 
That  hang  by  tpeH-wrk  in  the  air." 

Spell  (2),  *.  [A.8.  spelian=:  to  supply  the 
place  of  another ;  cogn.  with  Dan.  spelen;  Ii-el. 
spila ;  Dan.  spille  ;  Sw.  spela ;  Ger.  spielen  =  to 
play,  act  a  part;  Sw.  &  Dut.spei;  Icel.  &  Dan. 
spil;  Ger.  spiel;  O.  H.  Ger.  sjril  =  a  game.] 

1.  A  piece  of  work  done  by  one  person  in 
relief  of  another ;  a  turn  of  work  ;  a  shift. 

"  Their  toll  Is  so  extreme  as  they  cannot  endure  it 
above  four  hoars  in  a  day,  hut  are  succeeded  by  tpellt: 
the  residue  of  the  time  they  wear  out  at  coy  tea  ami 
reylea."— Carew:  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

2.  A  short  period ;  an  interval ;  a  while  or 
season. 

"A  tpeU  of  real  dry  and  growing  weather  would 
soon  enable  us  to  get  fairly  alongside  of  our  work."— 
field.  March  0,  1888. 

3.  Gratuitous  helping  forward  of  another"* 
work  ;  as,  a  wood-spell.    (Amer.) 

spell  (3),  s.    [SPILL  (l),i.] 

spell  (1),  *speale,  *  spell-en  *  spell  yn, 

r.f.  i  f.  [A. 8.  apellian  =to  declare,  to  relate, 
to  tell,  to  speak,  to  discourse,  from  sjwl,  spelt 
=  a  discourse,  a  story  [SPELL  (1),  «.] ;  Dut. 
spellen  —  to  spell  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  spellen  =  to  re- 
late ;  Goth.*pi«on;  O.  Fr.  espeler;  Fr.  eptler.} 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  form  words  with  the  proper  letters, 
either  in  reading  or  writing. 

"Another  cause  which  hath  maimed  our  language, 
la  a  foolish  opinion  that  we  ought  to  tpeli  exactly  a» 
we  speak." — t>w(ft. 

*2.  To  read. 

"  Where  I  may  sit  and  rightly  ipfU 
Of  every  star  that  heav  n  doth  show." 

Milton;  H  J'eiueroto,  ITO. 

B.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  tell,  to  narrate,  to  teach. 

2.  To  write,  repeat,  or  point  out  the  proper 
letters  of  a  word  in  their  regular  order ;  to 
form  by  letters. 

"  Leaving  an  obscure,  rude  name. 
Iu  characters  uncouth,  and  a/W  amins." 

Cotei-cr :  Task.  L  588. 

3.  To  read  ;  to  read  with  labour  or  diffi- 
culty ;  hence,  to  discover  by  marks  or  charac 
ters.    (Often  with  out.) 

"To  tptU  out  a  God  In  the  works  of  creation."— 
South:  Sermon*. 

4.  To  make  up,  to   constitute,  as  letters 
make  up  a  word. 

"  The  Saxon  heptarchy,  when  seven  kings  put  to 
gether  did  tpett  but  one  ui  effect,  "—fuller. 

*5.  To  act  as  a  spell  upon  ;  to  fascinate,, 
to  charm. 

"  Such  tales  as  needs  must  with  amazement  tpttt  you.** 
KenU  :  To  my  Brother 

spell  (2),  v.t.  [SPELL  (2),  v.]  To  take  or  aap- 
ply  the  place  of  another ;  to  take  the  turn  of 
at  work  ;  to  relieve. 

spell' -a-ble,  o.  [Eng.  tpell;  -ablt.}  Gap- 
able  of  being  spelt. 


&to,  «&t,  fiire,  amidst,  whit,  &U,  father;  w«5,  wSt,  here,  camcL,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  «ot  p*t. 
or.  wore,  w?lt  work,  whd.  sou;  mute,  cab,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fta;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


speller— spergularia 


4379 


•pell  er  (1),  *  spell-are,  ».   IKng.  spell  (i), 
f  ;  -er.} 
1.  One  who  spells. 

*  2.  A  book  containing  exercises  in  spelling; 
a  spelling-book. 

«pelT  er  (2),  s.  [Prob.  the  same  as  spelder 
(q.v.).] 

Her. :  A  branch  shooting  out  from  the  first 
part  of  a  buck's  horn  at  the  top. 

spell   ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.    [SPELL  (1),  v.] 

A.  ^  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  spells. 

2.  The  manner  in  which  words  are  formed 
with  letters ;  orthography. 

spelling-bee,  s.  A  competitive  examina- 
tion in  spelling.  [BEE  (1),  s.,  II.  2.] 

Spelling- book,  s.  A  book  for  teaching 
children  to  spell. 

•  speU'-ken,  s.  [Dnt.  sped ;  Ger.  spiet=  play, 
and  Eng.  ten  =  a  house.]  A  play-house,  a 
theatre.  (Slang.) 

"  Who  in  a  row.  1  ike  Tom,  could  lead  the  van, 
Booze  iu  the  keu,  or  at  th»ijMt£fc>n  hustle? 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  jti.  19. 

•pelt,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv,    [SPELL  (1),  v.] 

Spelt   (1),  S.      [SPELTER.] 

spelt  (2),  s.  [A.S.  spelt;  Dut.  &  Low.  Ger. 
.-•wit ;  Ger.  spelz.] 

Bot.:  An  inferior  kind  of  wheat,  Triticum 
Spelta;  called  also  German  Wheat.  It  has  a 
stout,  almost  solid  straw,  with  strong  spikes 
of  ^rain.  It  is  more  hardy  than  common 
wheat,  and  grows  in  Bavaria  and  other  parts 
of  Germany,  in  the  south  of  France,  and  in 
elevated  situations  in  Switzerland  where  com- 
mon wheat  would  not  ripen. 

"  TheY  that  use  zea  or  tfrrft.  have  not  the  ft ne  red 
wheat  far."-/1.  Holland :  Plinie,  bk.  xviii,  ch.  viU. 

spelt-corn,  spelt-wheat,  s.    [SPELT, 
(2)- 1 
Spelt,  v.t.    [Ger.  spalten.}    To  split,  to  break. 

"  Peed  geese  with  oata,  s/>eltt<l  beans,  barley  meal, 
or  ground  malt  mixed  with  beer."— Morttm*r ;  ffu*- 
baitdry. 

•pel  tor,  spelt  (1),  spalt,  «.  [Ger.  spiauter 
=  zinc,  pewter.] 
Metallurgy: 

1.  A  commercial  name  for  zinc. 

2.  A  technical  abbreviation  of  spelter-solder, 
an  impure  zinc  of  a  yellowish  colour  used  in 
soldering  brass  joints.     It  is  known  in  Ger- 
many as  gelbliches  englischer  zinte,  and  possi- 
bly owes  its  colour  to  the  presence  of  a  small 
amount  of  copper. 

spelter-solder,  *.    [SPELTEB,  2.] 

*spe-luno',  s.  [Lat.  «pe?ttnca.]  A  cave,  s 
cavern. 

spence,  *  spense,  ».  [O.  Fr.  despense,  from 
despendre  (LAt.  dispendeo)  =to  spend  (q.v.).] 

*1.  A  buttery,  a  larder,  a  place  where  pro- 
Tisinus  were  kept. 

"  Al  vinolent  as  botel  Iu  the  tpence.' 

Chaucer :  C.  T..  7,512. 

2.  A  parlour ;  the  room  where  meals  are 
eaten. 

"  I  am  gaun  to  eat  my  dinner  quietly  In  the  ipenoe." 
—Scott :  Old  Mortality,  ch.  IT. 

*  3.  Expense,  expenditure. 

"  For  better  IB  coste  upon  somewhat  worth,  than 
rp»nc«  upon  nothings  wortlu"— Atcham :  ToxtifAilus, 
bk.  11. 

Open  -cer  (1),  a.    [Called  after  Earl  Spencer, 

who  first  wore  the  garment,  or  at  least  first 
brought  it  into  fashion.]  An  outer  coat  or 
jacket  without  skirts. 

"He  wore  a  tpencer  of  a  light  brown  drueget,  a 
world  too  loose,  above  a  leathern  Jerkin."— Lord 
Lytton;  t:\ijvnf,  Aram,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  IT. 

*spen'-cer  (2),  *spen-cere,  *  spen  sere, 
*.  [O.  Fr.  dfspensier.}  [SPENCE.]  The  person 
who  had  the  care  of  the  spence  or  buttery. 

spen'-cer  (3),  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Nctut. :  A  four-cornered  four-and-aft  sail, 
whose  head  is  extended  by  a  gaff  and  its  foot 
usually  by  a  sheet.  Its  position  is  abaft  the 
fore  or  the  main  mast,  and  it  is  frequently 
bent  to  a  spencer-mast  (q.v.).  It  is  a  trysail 
to  the  fore  or  main  mast,  and  differs  from  a 


spanker  or   driver   In  position.     The  latter 
belong  tc  the  mizzen.    [ONOW  (2),  s,] 

spencer  mast,  s. 

Nnut. :  A  small  mast  abaft  a  lower  mast  for 

hoisting  a  trysail. 

Spen  ceV  I  an,  a.  &  t. 

A.  At  adj.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  Herbert 
Spencer  or  Spencerism. 

B«  At  subtt. :  A  follower  of  Herbert  Spencer. 

Spen'  9er  ism,  *.    [See  def.] 

Hist.  &  Philos, :  The  system  advocated  by 
Herbert  Spencer  (Ixirn  1820)  in  his  works— 
tlie  application  of  the  principles  of  evolution 
to  the  phenomena  of  mind  and  of  society. 

"  Social  or  moral  theories,  such  as  Cotntlsm  and 
Spencaritm.  winch,  in  the  absence  of  grounded  philo- 
sophic truth,  offer  to  assume  ita  place  and  duties."— 
T.  DttvidKm  ;  Phil.  .s»*t  qf  A.  Koimlni,  p.  cvi. 

spend,  *spende,  v.t.  A  {.  [A.S.  epmdan 
(in  the  compounds  d-spendan and  for-spendari), 
from  Low  Lat.  dispendeo  =  to  spend,  waste, 
consume  ;  Ital.  spenders  —  to  spend  ;  spendw 
=  expense  ;  O.  Fr.  despendre,} 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  lay  out,  to  expend ;  to  part  with. 

"  Wherefore  do  ye  tpcrnl  money  for  that  which  Is 
not  bread  ?  "—Isaiah  Ir.  2. 

2.  To  consume,  to  waste,  to  exhaust,  to 
squander. 

"There  la  oil  In  the  dwelling  of  the  wise,  but  a 
foolish  man  tpendetii  It  up."— Provurbt  xxl.  20. 

3.  To  exhaust  or  drain  of  force  or  strength  ; 
to  waste  ;  to  wear  away. 

"The  Trojan*,  worn  with  tolls,  and  uptnt  with  woee." 
Dryden:  Virgil;  .Eneidi.  243. 

*4.  To  utter,  to  speak  ;  to  give  out,  to 
declare. 

"  I  will  but  tptml  one  word  hare  to  the  home." 

Shdketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  % 

5.  To  pass,  as  time  ;  to  suffer  to  pass  away. 

"  They  i/JSHiZ  their  days  lu  wealth."— Job  xxL  IS. 

B.  Intransitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  To  expend  money;  to  make  disposition  of 
money  ;  to  incur  expense. 

."  2.  To  be  lost,  wasted,  dissipated,  or  con- 
sumed ;  to  vanish,  to  dissipate,  to  spread. 

"The  sound  tpendeth,  aud  is  dissipated  in  the  open 
air;  but  in  such  concave*  It  is  conserved  and  con- 
tracted."— Bacon. 

IL  Min. :  To  break  ground ;  to  make  away. 

If  To  spend  is  to  deprive  in  a  less  degree 
than  to  exhaustt  and  that  in  a  less  degree  than 
to  drain ;  everyone  who  exerts  himself  in 
any  degree  spends  his  strength ;  If  the  exer- 
tions are  violent  he  exhausts  himself ;  a  country 
which  is  drained  of  men  is  supposed  to  bave 
no  more  left.  To  spend  may  be  applied  to 
that  which  is  external  or  inherent  in  a  body  ; 
exhaust  to  that  which  is  inherent ;  drain  to 
that  which  is  external  to  the  body  in  which  it 
is  contained :  we  may  speak  of  spending  our 
wealth,  onr  resources,  our  time,  and  the  like  ; 
but  of  exhausting  our  strength,  our  vigour, 
our  voice,  and  the  like  ;  of  draining,  in  the 
proper  application,  a  vessel  of  its  liquid,  or, 
in  the  Improper  application,  draining  a  trea- 
sury of  its  contents  :  hence  arises  this  farther 
distinction,  that  to  spend  and  to  exhaust  may 
tend,  more  or  less,  to  the  injury  of  a  body  ; 
but  to  drain  may  be  to  its  advantage.  To 
spend  implies  simply  to  turn  to  some  purpose 
or  to  make  use  of;  to  expend  carries  with  it 
likewise  the  idea  of  exhausting;  to  dissipate 
signifies  to  expend  in  waste,  to  squander. 
(Crabb.y 

IT  To  spend  a  mast : 

Naut. :  To  break  or  carry  away  a  mast  In 
foul  weather. 

*  spend-all,  *.    A  spendthrift 

*spend'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  spend;  -able."] 
Capable  of  being  spent ;  available  for  expen- 
diture. 

"  The  enormoas  loss  of  »p#nda,bl«  Income  thereby 
occasioned  to  the  landlord*.  —Time*,  March  23,  188*. 

spend  -er,  *  spend  our,  «.  [Eng.  epend  ; 
-er.} 

1.  One  who  spends. 

2.  One  who  spends  lavishly  ;  a  spendthrift. 

"If  they  were  tpendert,  they  must  needs  have, 
because  it  was  seen  In  their  port,  and  manner  of 
living." — Bacon:  Henry  VII. 

spen'  drell,  *.    [SPANDRIL.] 
Arch.  :  A  spandriL 


spend'-thrift,  a.  &  ».      [Eng.    spend,   and 

thrift.}  . 

A.  As  adj. :  Prodigal,  wasteful,  improvident. 

"  Straight  from  the  filth  of  this  low  ftrub,  behold 
Come*  fluttering  forth  a  taudy  iptwtrhrift  heir  * 
Thointon.'  Cattle  of  Indolence,  it  51 

B.  ^4*  subst.  :   One  who  spends  his  means 
lavishly  or  wastefully;  an  improvident  per- 
son ;  a  prodigal. 

"  What  wonld  he  have  crwt  our  prodigal  tptndt'iriflt. 
if  he  had  Iwen  taken  upon  our  const*  near  liome  t  "— 
P.  Holland;  Flint*.  l>k.  ix.,  ch.  xviii. 

*  spend'-thrlft-y,  a.    [Eng.  spendthrift;  -».] 
Spendthrift,  prodigal. 

"  Spendthrift u,  unclean,  and  nifflau-like  course*. "- 
Jtogert  :  A'uanutn  the  Syrian,  p.  eil. 

Spen-seV-I-an,  a.    [See  def.]    Of  or  relating 

to  the  poet  Spenser  (1552-1599).  Specifically 
applied  to  the  style  of  versification  adopted 
by  him  in  his  Faerie  Qiteene,  and  followed  by 
Byron  in  his  Childe  Harold.  It  consists  of  a 
strophe  of  eight  decasyllabic  Hues,  and  an 
Alexandrine,  and  has  a  threefold  rhyme  ;  the 
first  and  third  lines  forming  one,  the  second, 
fourth,  fifth,  and  seventh  another,  and  the 
sixth,  eighth,  and  ninth  the  third. 

"  In  short,  it  is  to  be  feared  that  Lord  Carnarvon's 
Odysaey  oau  never  supersede  Woreley's.  in  Spenserian 
staiiEaa,  nor  Avia's,  though  it  is  a  very  close  and 
studious  performance."— £<ttf?  A'ewt,  Nov.  U,  18B& 

spent,  pret.,  pa.  par.,  &  a.    [SrEND.] 

A.  &  B*  A»  pret.  tC  pa.  par. :  (Sea  the 
verb). 

C.  As  adjective: 

1.  Worn  out,  weary,  exhausted. 

"Her  recent  efforts  had  been  too  rnnch  for  her 
strength,  and  had  left  her  tpent  aud  unnerved."— 
Macaulay:  Uitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xx. 

2.  Having  deposited  the  spawn.    (Said  of 
herrings,  salmon,  &c.) 

3.  Deprived  of  the  charge  ;  from  which  the 
charge  has  been  fired. 

"A  spent  cartridge  WM  picked  up."—  Daily  T«l9- 
graph.  Dec.  21,  is«l. 

Spent-ball,  s.      A  cannon  or  rifle  ball 

which  reaches  an  object,  but  without  suffi- 
cient force  to  penetrate  it  or  to  wound  other 
than  by  a  contusion. 

spor,  sperr,  v.t.    [SPAB  (1),  «.] 

*  sper  -a-ble,  *  sper'-ra  Die,  s.  [SPARABLE.! 

*  sper'-a-ble(  a.     [Lat.  speraMlis,  from  spero 
=  to  hope.]      Capable  of  being  hoped  for; 
within  the  bounds  of  hope. 

"  We  may  cast  it  away,  if  It  be  found  but  a  bladder, 
and  discharge  U  of  so  much  U  Is  vain  and  not  «p*r- 
able."— Bacon. 

*spcr'-ago  (ageasifg),  «.    [ASPARAGUS.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Asparagus  officinalis ;  (2)  Omi~ 
thogalum  pyrenaicum;  (3)  Phaseoius  vulgari$. 
(Britten  &  Hvlland.) 

*SpeV-ate,  a.  [Lat.  speratus,  pa.  par.  of 
«pero  =  to  hope.]  Hoped  for. 

"We  have  spent  much  time  in  distinguishing  b&- 
tween  the  tpcrate  and  desperate  debts  of  the  clergy." 
—Reprctentation  to  Queen  Anne,  In  Ectotti  Statf  of 
Qiuten  Annnt  Bounty,  p.  108.  (1721.) 

apere,  s.  &  v.t.    [SPEIB,  *.  &  v.] 

*  spere  (1),  s.    [SPEAR,  «.] 

*  spere  (2),  a.     [SPHERE.] 

*  spere  (3),  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Arch. :  An  old  term  for  the  screen  aeros» 
the  lower  end  of  a  dining-room  to  shelter  the 
entrance. 

Sper'-gU-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  Lat 
spargo(in  compos.  -spergo)=-  to  scatter.  Named 
from  scattering  its  seeds.] 

Bot. :  Spurrey ;  a  genus  of  Illecebraceae 
(Lindley),  of  Alsinese  (Sir  J.  Hooker).  Sepal* 
five,  petals  five,  as  large  as  the  calyx,  ovate, 
entire  ;  stamens  five  or  ten  ;  styles  five,  alter- 
nate with  the  sepals  ;  capsule  with  five  entirt 
valves,  many-seeded.  Species  two  or  three, 
from  temperate  countries.  One,  Spergulo.  ar~ 
vafutit,  the  Corn  Spurrey,  is  European.  It  h«« 
stems  six  to  twelve  inches  high,  swollen  at 
the  joints ;  p«talg  white.  It  is  abundant  in 
cornfields,  and  is  sometimes  cultivated  aa 
food  for  sheep. 

sper-gu-lar'-I'-a,  *.    [Mod.  Lat 
Lat.  fern.  sing.  adj.  sun*,  -aria.] 

Bot. :  Sandwort  Spurrey ;  a  genus  of  niece- 
braceee  or  Alsiueee,  akin  to  Spergula.  Th« 
sepals  are  flat,  the  petals  ovate,  entire,  aa 


WO,  bd^;  po*ftt,  ftftrl;  cat,  fall,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  thi»;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.    -ing. 

•clan. -tian  =  shan.    -tion, -sion  ^shun; -tion, -jion  =  zhun.    -cious, -tious, -sious  ^  shus.    -We, -oUo,  &c.  =  bel,  dei. 


4380 


sperm — sperr 


large  as  the  calyx  ;  styles  usually  three. 
Known  species  three  or  four.  Two  are 
European;  tjpergularia  rubra,  .Field,  and  S. 
marina.  Seaside  Sandwort  Spurrey.  Both  have 
red  flowers.  The  first  has  flat  leaves,  lanceolate 
cleft  stipules,  and  the  capsule  as  long  as  the 
aepals  ;  the  second  has  linear  seiuiterete  leaves  ; 
deltoid  ovate  stipules,  and  the  capsule  longer 
than  the  sepals.  The  latter  is  fleshy,  it  may 
be  only  a  sub-species  of  S.  rubra. 

•perm,  "  sperme,  s.  [Fr.  sperme  =  sperm, 
seed,  from  Lat.  sperma  ;  Gr.  trirtpua  (sperma) 
=  seed,  from  <nret'pu>  (speiro)  =  to  sow  ;  Sp. 
tsperma  ;  Ital.  sperma.] 

1.  The  seminal  fluid  of  animals  ;  semen. 

"  Not  beceten  of  mannes  Iptrme  unclean." 

Chauctr:  C.  T.,  14.015. 

2.  The  spawn  of  fishes  or  frogs. 

3.  A  common  and  colloquial  abbreviation 
for  spermaceti  (q.v.). 

•perm-cell,  «. 

Biology  : 

1.  The  male  element  in  reproduction. 

2.  A  spermatoblast  (q.v.). 

•perm-oil,  ». 

CA«m.  :  An  oil  found,  together  with  sperma- 
ceti, in  the  head  of  the  sperm  whale.  It  is 
central,  liquid  at  18°,  and  is  saponified  with 
difficulty  by  potash. 

•perm-whale,  s.    [CACHALOT.] 

•per  ma  ce  -tl,  *  par  ma-ce  ti,  s.  &  a. 

[Lat.  sperma  ceti  =  sperm  of  the  whale  ;  eetus 
=  a  whale  ;  Or.  IOJTOS  (fcetos).] 

A.  As  tubslantivt  : 

1.  Chem.  :  A  neutral,  inodorous,  and  nearly 
tasteless,  fatty  substance,  extracted  from  the 
oily  matter  of  the  head  of  the  sperm  whale  by 
nitration  and  treatment  with  potash-ley.     It 
is  white,  brittle,  soft  to  the  touch,  sp.  gr. 
0-943  at  15",  melts  from  88°  to  47°,  and  is 
chiefly  used  in  ointments  and  cerates. 

2.  Pharm.  :  Spermaceti  was  formerly  given 
as  a  medicine  ;  "now  it  is  chiefly  employed 
externally  as  an  emollient,  and  in  the  pre- 
paration of  a  blistering  paper. 

B.  .-Is  adj.  :  Relating  to  or  composed  of 
spermaceti. 

spermaceti-oil,  ».  The  same  as  SPERM  - 
OIL  (q.v.). 

spermaceti-ointment,  «. 

Pharm.  :  An  ointment  composed  of  sperma- 
ceti, white  wax,  and  almond  oil. 

spermaceti  whale,  s.    [CACHALOT.  ] 
•per-ma-,  pref.    [SPERMAT-.] 

co  -96,  «.  [Pref.  sperm(a-),  and  Or. 
aknki)  =  &  point.  Named  from  the 
acute  calyx  teeth  surmounting  the  seed- 
Teasel.) 

lint.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Spermacocidse 
(q.v.).  Tropical  weeds,  with  white  or  blue 
flowers.  Spermacoce  ferrvginea  and  S.  Poaya 
are  used  in  Brazil,  and  S.  verticillata  in  the 
West  Indies,  as  substitutes  for  ipecacuanha, 
and  S.  hispida  in  India  as  a  sudorific. 

sper  ma  co   91-dae.  ».  pi.    [Hod.  Lat  sper- 
macoc(e);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  SUIT,  -idee.} 
Hot.  :  A  family  of  Coffeje  (q.v.). 

sper  -ma  gone,  spcr  ma-go'-ni-um,  s. 

[SPERMOOONE,   SPERMOOONinH.] 

sper-man  gl  urn,  ».  [Pref.  «perm(o>,  and 
Gr.  oyyeioi*  (anggeion)  =  a  vessel,  a  pail.) 

Cot.  :  The  case  containing  the  spores  of 
Algals. 

sper  ma  phore.  sper-maph'-or-um,  s. 
[Pref.  sperma-,  and  Or.  Aopos  (phoros)  —  bear- 
ing.] 
Bat.  :  The  placenta. 

lperm  -a-ry,  sper-mar'-I-nm,  >.    (Mod. 

Lat  spermarium,  from  Gr.  cnre'pua  (sperma)  = 
seed.) 

Anat.  :  The  spermatic  gland  or  glands  of 
tne  male.  (Dana.) 

•p&v-mat-,  sper-ma-to-,  •per-ma-, 
•per  -mo-,  pref.  [Gr.  mrt'p^a  (sperma), 
genit.  <nre'pparoc  (spermatos)  =  seed,  sperm.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  sperm  or  semen. 

sper-ma-the  -ca,  s.    [Pref.  sperma-,  and  Or. 


•per 


Entom. :  A  cavity  in  female  insects  for  the 
reception  of  sperm  from  the  male.  (Car- 
penter.) 

sper-ma  -tl-a  (t  as  sh),  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat, 
from  sperma  =  seed,  sperm  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  The  spores  of  the  Ascomyeetes,  Uredi- 
neif,  and  some  other  Fungals.  They  are  con- 
tained in  spermogonia  (q.v.). 

gj^ir-mat'-io,  sper-mat'-Ic-al,  *  sper- 

mat'-ick,  a.  [Fr.  spermatique,  from  Lat. 
spermaticus ;  Gr.  <rjr«p/iaTiitoe  (spermtitikos), 
from  o-ire'p/ia  (sperma),  genit.  <7ire'p/i<iTo«  (sper- 
matos) =  seed,  sperm.] 

1.  Consisting  of  seed  ;  seminal. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  semen ;  conveying  the 
semen. 

"  Two  different  sexes  must  concur  to  their  genera- 
tion :  there  Is  in  both  ft  grreat  apparatus  of  riierinaticlc 
vessels,  wherein  the  more  spirituous  part  of  the  blood 
Is  by  many  digestions  and  circulations  exalted  into 
sperm."— flay  :  On  the  Creation. 

sper'-ma-tin,  s.    [SPERMAT-.] 

Physiol. :  An  organic  substance  resembling 
mncin  and  albumin,  found  in  the  vesicuUe 
seminales.  (Power.) 

sper'-ma-tism,  s.    [Pref.  spermat- ;  suff.  -ism.] 

1.  The  emission  of  semen  or  seed. 

2.  The  theory  that  the  germ  in  animals  is 
produced  by  spermatic  animalcules. 

*  sper  -ma-tize,  v.i.  [Gr.  <rir«p/i<m'fu  (sper- 
jiKtfizo).]  To  yield  seed;  to  emit  seed  or 
semen. 

"  Women  do  not  tp«rmatia."— ATOWTM  .'  Vulgar  Br. 
rourt,  bk.  iii..  ch.  xvlt. 

sper-ma-to-,  pref.  [SPERMAT-.]  (See  the 
compound.) 

spermato-cystidlum  (pi.  spermato- 
cystidia),  s. 

Bot. :  Hedwig's  name  for  the  supposed  male 
organs  in  the  Muscales.  [ANTHERIDIUM.] 

•per-mat  -6-blast,  t.  [Pref.  sprrmato-,  and 
Gr.  £Aao-T<is  (blastos).'] 

Biology:  A  daughter-cell  in  the  seminal 
duct  giving  origin  to  a  spermatozoon  (q.v.). 

sper-mat' -4-9610,  «.  [Pref.  spermato;  and 
Gr.  mjA*|  (kele)  =  a  tumour.] 

Pathol.  :  A  morbid  distension  of  the  epidi- 
dymis  and  vas  deferens. 

sper-ma-to-gen'-e'-sis,  ».  [Pref.  sprrmoto-, 
and  Eng.  genesis.] 

Physiol. :  The  origin  of  spermatozoids  in 
the  seminiferous  canals. 

"  He  (Prof.  Grunnagen)  had  attained  the  Mine  results 
on  tptrmittoymtrit  as  had  Dr.  Biondi,  to  whom,  of  the 
two  independent  discoverers,  was  due  the  title  of  pri- 
orlty."— Katun,  Oct  1.  183*.  p.  544. 

sper-ma  to-ge  net  -1C,  a.  [Pref.  spermato-, 
and  Eng.  genetic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  sper- 
matogenesis  (q.vA  (Bncyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th), 
xx.  412.) 

sper-ma-to'g'-e'n-ous,  a.  (Pref.  spermato-, 
and  Lat.  gigno,  pa.  t.  genui  —  to  produce.] 
Producing  sperm. 

sper-ma  told, a.  [SPERMAT-.]  Sperm-like; 
resembling  seed  or  sperm. 

•per-ma-tol'-S-jry,  s.  [Pref.  spermato-,  and 
Gr.  Aoyo?  (logos)  —  a  discourse.]  Scientific 
facts  or  theories  concerning  sperm. 

spcr  ma  to  on  (pi.  sper  ma  to -a),  s. 
[Pref.  spermat-,  and  Gr.  yoV  (don)  =  an  egg.] 

Biol. :  A  cell  which  stands  in  the  relation 
of  a  nucleus  to  a  sperm-cell,  and  of  a  develop- 
mental cell  to  the  spermatozoa.  (Brands  & 
Cox.) 

•per-mat'-i-phbre,  s.  [Pref.  tpermato-, 
and  Gr.  >pop6f  (phoros)  =  bearing.] 

BioL  (PI..) :  Capsules  or  sheaths  containing 
fertilizing  elements.  Used  chiefly  of  the  cylin- 
drical capsules  secreted  by  the  prostatic  gland 
of  male  Cephalopods.  When  moistened,  the 
spermatophores  expand  and  burst,  expelling 
the  contents  with  considerable  force. 

•per-ma-toph'-or-ous,  a.  [SPERMATO- 
PHORE.  ]  Bearing  or  producing  sperm  or  seed ; 
seminiferous. 

sper-ma  tSrrhos'-a,  «.     [Pref.  spermato-, 
and  Gr.  pew  (rhed)  —  to  now.] 
Pathol. :  A  real  or  apparent  discharge  of 


seminal  fluid,  without  voluntary  sexual  ex* 
citement.  It  is  of  two  kinds  :  (1)  True,  in 
which  discharges  of  spermatozoa  occurs ; 
(2)  False,  or  prostatorrhcea,  in  which  a  fluid 
clearer  and  more  tenacious  than  the  seminal 
fluid,  and  destitute  of  spermatozoa,  is  dis- 
charged. 

sper-ma-to^zo'-lo,  o.  [Eng.  spermatozoa) ; 
-ic.]  Belonging  to  or  resembling  spermatozoa 
(q.v.).  (Draper  :  Human  PliysioL,  p.  518.) 

t  sper-ma-to-zo'-Id,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  sptr- 
matozo(on\  and  Gr.  «I4os  (eidos)  =  form,  re- 
semblance. (See  def.)] 

Biol. :   Von  Siebold's  name  for  a  sperma- 
tozoon  (q.v,).     Dunglisou  (ed.    1874) 
"  More  properly,  spermatozoid,  for  tiieir  ani- 
malcular  nature  is  not  demonstrated."    Thf 
name  is  also  applied  to  antherozooids.    [AH- 

THEROZOOID.] 

sper  ma  to  zo  on  (pi.  sper  ma-to- 
zo'-a),  a.  [Pref.  spermato-,  and  Gr.  (uov 
(zoon)  =  an  animal.] 

Biology  (PI.) :  The  name  given  by  Leeuwen- 
hoek  to  the  moving,  active  constituents  of 
the  seminal  fluid,  which  were  brought  to  hit 
notice  by  his  pupil  Hamm,  in  1077. 
ulatozoa  consist  of  a  head,  a  rod-shaped 
middle  piece,  and  a  long  hair-like  tail,  by  the 
vibratile  motion  of  which  they  move  in  a 
spiral  manner.  Cold  arrests  their  movement*, 
and  they  may  be  deprived  of  vitality(the  power 
of  fecundation)  in  various  ways.  They  were 
at  first  regarded  as  parasites,  and  classified 
as  Helminthes  or  Infusoria,  and  Von  Baer 
maintained  this  view  as  late  as  1835.  Von 
Siebold  discovered  them  in  many  vertebrates, 
but  Kolliker  was  the  flrst  to  recognize  th-rn 
as  definite  histological  elements  arising  with- 
in the  testes.  [SPERMATOZOID.] 

*  sperme,  s.    [SPEEM.] 

•pef-mio,  a.  [Eng.  sperm ;  -fc.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  sperm  or  seed. 

t  sper-mld  -I-urn,  s.    [Mod.  Lat,  from  Ut. 
(nre'piua  (sperma)  =  seed.] 
Bot. :  An  achene  (q.v.). 

sper-mo-,  pref.    [SPERMAT-.] 

sper  -mo -derm,  s.  [Pref.  sperma-,  and  Gr. 
fie'pua  (derma)  =  the  skin.] 

Brt. :  The  skin  or  testa  of  a  seed.  (Di 
Candolle.) 

sper-mo  go  -ni-a,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  sperma-,  and 
Gr.  yovtiiu  (goneuo)  =  to  beget] 

Bot. :  The  cysts  containing  spermatia  in 
lichens.  (TuUtsnt.)} 

sper  mol- 6 -gist,  s.  [Eng.  spermologtii) ; 
-ist.]  One  who  treats  of  sperm  or  seeds  ;  one 
who  studies  sperraatology  (q.v.). 

sper-mol'-o-gy,  s.  [Eng.  sperm  ;  suff.  -ohgy.] 
That  branch  of  science  which  deals  with 
sperm  or  seeds ;  a  treatise  on  sperm  or  seeds. 

sper -mo-phile,  s.    (SPERMOPHILOS.) 

Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Spermc- 
philus  (q.v.).  They  are  squirrel-like  in  form, 
with  rather  short  tails. 

"  The  labour  of  the  moles  Is  supplemented  by  that 
of  the  gophera,  ipermophilet,  and  badgers."— Field, 

sper- moph'-Il-us,  s.  [Pref.  spermo-,  and 
Gr.  e/>iA<i  (philo)  —  to  love.] 

Zool.  A  Pakeont. :  Pouched  Marmots,  a 
genus  of  Sciuridie,  sub-family  Arctoiuyine, 
with  twenty-six  species,  confined  to  the 
Nearctic  and  Palaearctic  regions.  Cheek 
pouches  large  ;  pollex  rudimentary  or  absent 
They  appear  first  in  the  European  Miocene, 
and  connect  the  Squirrels  with  the  Marmots. 
[SISEL,  SPEKMOPHILE.] 

sper  mo  phore,  sper  moph  or  um,  s. 
[Gr.     o*irep^ooS6pu9    (spermophoros)  =  bearing 
seeds  :    inrt'p/xa   (sptrma)  =  seed,    and   ^opoc 
(phoros)  =  bearing.] 
Botany : 

1.  A  cord  bearing  the  seeds  in  some  plants. 

2.  The  placenta. 

sper  mo  the  ca,   s.     [Pref.  spermo-;   Lat 
theca,  and  Gr.  »ij«n  (thiki)  =  a,  case,  a  box.] 
Bot. :  A  seed-vessel. 

*  sperr,  v.t.    [SPAB  (IX  ».] 


fete,  Clt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  Here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air.  marine;  go.  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  fcw 


*  (perse,  P.  f.  [Lat.  sparsus,  pa.  par.  of  spar  go 
=  to  scatter.]  To  disperse,  to  scatter. 

"  Broke  bis  sword  ID  twafne,  and  nil  his  armour 
tpertC  Spcnw;  F.  cj.,  V.  lit  S. 

•perte, *.    [Etyro.  doubtful.] 

Bot. :  A  variety  of  Saltx  viminalis,  (Britten 
A  Holland.) 

*8pertUe,  s.    [SPARTHE.]    A  battle-axe. 

"  At  his  saddle-Kerthe  was  a  good  steel  iperthe, 
4  Full  ten  pouud  weight  ami  more." 

Scott:  Eoe  of  fit.  John. 

•per'- ver,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

*  1.  Arch. :  Au  old  name  for  the  wooden 
frame  at  the  top  of  a  bed  or  canopy.  (Some- 
times  the  term  included  the  tester  or  head- 
piece.) 

2.  Her. :  A  tent. 

•pess'-art  ine,  spess'-art-ite,  «.  [After 
Spessart.  Bavaria,  where  "first  found:  suff. 
•ine,  -iU  (Min.);  Ger.  spessartit.] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Garnet  (q.v.)  containing 
a  large  percentage  of  protoxide  of  manganese. 
Dana  makes  this  a  special  subdivision  of  the 
Garnet  group.  Colour,  dark  hyacinth-red  with 
shades  of  violet.  Found  (among  a  few  other 
localities)  in  large  crystals  at  Haddain,  Con- 
necticut. 

•  BpSt,  *.    [SPET,  v.]    Spittle. 

spetch'-es,  «.  pi.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The 
trimmings  or  offal  of  skins  or  hides,  used  for 
making  glue. 

••pet-tie,  «.    [8prrrLE.l   (Bare*.) 

•  Spe  -turn,  *.    [Low  Lat] 

Old  Arm. :  A  kind  of  spear  used  in  the 
fifteenth  century.  It  differed  from  the  parti- 
san only  in  being  lighter  and  of  narrower 
form.  (See  illustration  under  Spear.) 

•pew  (ew  as  u),  spue,  *  spewe,  v.t.  &  i. 

[A.S.  spiwan  (pa.  t.  spdw),  pa.  par.  spiwen); 
cogn.  with  Dut.  spuuwen;  Icel.  xptfja;  Dan. 
Bpye;  Sw.  spy;  O.  H.  Ger.  spiwan;  Ger. 
sptien;  Goth,  spiwan;  Lat.  spuo ;  Gr.  im/ot 
(jtfuo),  From  the  same  root  come  spit  and 
fmfce.J 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  vomit,  to  poke,  to  eject  from  the 
•tomach. 

"  Therewith  the  i/#wd  out  of  her  fllthle  ra»w 
A  floud  of  poyson  horrible  and  blaclte." 

Spentmr:  F.  Q..  L  L  ». 
8.  To  eject,  to  cast  forth. 

"  When  earth  with  slime  and  mud  U  eoverM  o'er, 
Or  hollow  place*  tpew  their  wat'ry  store." 

Drydtn  :  t'tryil ;  Qtorgic,  1,  17«. 

8.  To  eject  or  cast  out  with  loathing  or 
abhorrence. 

"  Keep  my  statutes,  and  commit  not  any  of  thew 
nbouiiufttmns,  that  the  land  tpew  uot  you  out." — 
Leoiticut  iviiL  38. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  vomit ;    to  discharge  the 

contents  of  the  stomach. 

"  If  thou  hast  founden  bony,  eta  of  It  that  suffice th  ; 
for  if  thou  ete  of  it  out  of  mwure,  thou  uhalt  ipeu*, 
And  be  nedy  aod  poure."— Chattier:  Tal* qf  Ueltbettt. 

•pew  (ew  as  u),  spue.,  s.  [SPEW,  v.]  Vomit ; 
that  which  is  ejected  from  the  stomach. 

•pew'-er,  spu'-er  (ew  as  u),  5.  [Eng.^jww; 
•er.]  One  who  spews  or  vomits. 

*8pew'-!-neS8  (ew  as  u),  s.  (Eng.  spewy; 
-ne*s.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  spewy  ; 
wetness,  damp. 

"The  coldness  and  tpewinets  of  tbo  §oll."— GawUn, 

•pew'-^  (ew  as  u),  a.  [Eng.  spew;  -y.}  Wet, 
damp,  boggy. 

"The  lower  rallies  In  wet  winters  are  BO  tpewy,  that 
they  know  not  how  to  feed  ilium."— Mortimer;  Hut- 
bandry. 


, ».    [SpHACELOs.]    Gangrene. 

•phac-e'-lar'-I-a,  ».  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat 
tpluifdus  (q.v.).  Named  from  the  gangrene- 
looking  fructification.) 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Sptiacelaridee. 
Jointed.rigid,  distichously-branched,  feathery, 
filamentous  fronds,  of  olive  colour,  with  an 
expanded  terminal  cell,  containing  a  granular 
mass. 

•pha9  ^-lar  -r  das,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  tpluir 
ceiar(ia);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idoe.) 

Hot. :  A  family  of  Fucaceie,  tribe  Halyserese. 
(BFUACELAKIA.) 


sperse— spheerogastra 

*  spha9  -el-ate,  v.i.  &  i.    [SPHACEL.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  become  gangrenous,  u  flesh ;  to  mor- 
tify. 

"  The  tkln,  by  the  great  distention,  having  been 
rendered  very  thin,  will,  if  not  taken  away,  tpharclata, 
and  tbe  rest  degenerate  Into  a  cauceroiu  ulcer. ' — Sharp  : 
Surgery. 

2.  To  decay  or  become  carious,  as  a  bone. 

B.  Trans. :  To  affect  with  gangrene. 

"  The  long  retention  of  matter  iphacelattt  the 
brain."— Sharp  :  Surgery. 

sphac'  -  Si  -  ate,  spha?  -  el  -  at  -  6d,  a. 

[SPHACELATE,  v.} 
Bot. :  Decayed,  withered,  dead. 

Bphaf-el-a'-tlon, ».  [SPHACELATE,  v.]  The 
process  of  becoming  or  making  gangrenous  ; 
mortiti  cation. 

spha9  -  el  -  I?m,   spha9-Sl-ia'-mus.   s. 

[SPHACELUS.)     A  gangrene;  an  inflammation 
of  the  brain. 

Sph^'-e'-ltts,  «.    [Gr.  ir^a<«Ao«  (sphakelos), 
from  <r$d£to  (sphato)  =  to  kill ;  Fr.  sphacele.] 
Medical  •*  Surgical  : 

1.  Gangrene;  mortification  of  the  flesh  of  a 
living  animal. 

2.  Death  or  caries  of  a  bone. 

•phror-,  sphwr-o-  (wr  as  er),  pref.  [Gr. 
o-^atpa  (sphaira)  ~  a  ball,  a  sphere.)  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling  a  ball  or  sphere. 

sphrer  al  90  -a  (ser  as  er),  5.  [Pref.  sphasr-, 
and  Gr.  oAxc'a  (alkea)  =  &  kind  of  wild  mallow.] 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Malvete.  Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  toothed  or  three-  to  flve-lobed  leaves,  a 
three-leaved  deciduous  involucre,  a  five-cleft 
calyx,  five  petals.  Chiefly  from  South 
America.  A  decoction  of  Sphceralcea  cisplatina 
is  given  in  Brazil  In  inflammation  of  the 
bowels. 

sphoor  £n'  the  »  (ser  as  er),  a.  pi.    [Mod. 
Lat.  sph&mnthus ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  ~ece.] 
Bot. :  A  sub- tribe  of  Asteroideae. 

sphser-an  -thus  (aar  as  er),  s.  [Pret 
sptiier-,  and  Gr.  actfoc  (aiithos)^  a  flower.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Sphserantheas. 
Sphceranthus  indicus  (or  mollis),  a  composite 
plant  with  globular  heads  of  purple  flowers, 
common  in  India  in  rice  fields,  is  considered 
an  thulium  tic,  alterative,  depuratory,  cooling 
and  tonic,  and  diuretic.  The  powder  of  the 
root  is  said  to  be  stomachic,  and  the  bark 
ground  and  mixed  with  whey  a  remedy  for 
piles.  (Calc.  Exhib.  Rep.) 

sphaer  en  chy-ma  (ser  as  er),  9.     [Pret 
sphcer-,  and  Gr.  «yxvfta  (engchuma)  =  a.n  in- 
fusion. ] 
Bot. :  Merenchyma  (q.v.). 

8ph£er'-X~a  (ser  as  er),  «.  [Gr.  v^teuplov 
(sphairion),  dimin.  from  a^xupa  (sphaira)—& 
sphere.  Named  from  the  globular  form  of 
the  species.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Sphseriacei  (q.v.). 
Perithecia  carbonaceous,  completely  exposed, 
partially  sunk  into  the  matrix,  or  covered  by 
the  cuticle  and  accompanied  by  a  growth  of 
threads,  constituting  the  mycelium.  Known 
species  about  600,  of  which  about  200  are 
British.  They  are  found  at  all  seasons  on  the 
trunks  of  trees,  on  leaves,  on  iir  cones,  &c. 

sphrer-I-a'-9e  i  (ser  as  er),  s.  pi  [Mod. 
Lat.  sphceri(a);  Lat  masc.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acei.] 
Bot. :  A  sub-order  of  Ascomycetes.  They 
have  carbonaceous  or  membranaceous  cyats, 
or  perithecia  composed  of  cells  or  very  rarely 
of  interwoven  threads,  with  a  pore  or  narrow 
slit  at  the  top,  which  often  ends  in  a  nipple  or 
crest.  Lining  the  cysts  is  a  gelatinous  mass  of 
asci  and  paraphyses  (barren  threads).  Found 
on  decayed  wood,  stems,  algte,  dung,  soil,  &c. 
(Berkeley.) 

sphaer-id'-i-a,  s.  pi.    [SPH^RIDIUM.] 

Zool. :  Stalked  appendages  with  button-like 
heads  covered  with  cilia,  found  in  most  recent 
sea-urchins.  They  are  supposed  to  be  organs 
of  sense,  probably  of  taste.  (Loven.) 

ph-rer  id-i  i  -nao  (ser  as  er),  5.  pi.  [Mod. 
Lat.  sphcsridi(um) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff. 
-incE.) 

Entom.:  A  sub-family  of  Hydrophilldffi, 
living  on  the  dung  of  land  animals. 


4381 

sphaar-Id'-I-fim  (re  as  er),  >.  [Or.  <r*<upi'. 
6iov  (spluiiridion),  dimin.  from  <rq>alpa(sphaira) 
=  a  sphere.  So  named  from  the  spherical 
shape  of  the  insects.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  SpharidiinsB 
(q.v.).  Three  are  British,  the  type  being 
Spliasridiu 


sphasr-is  ter'-!-um  (ear  as  er),  «.    [Lat, 

from  Gr.  <Tfya.tfntrrqpt.ov  (spfmiristerion)r  from 
tr<t>atpi<TTrjs(spluiiristes)  —  &  ball-player;  <r$cupa 
(sp/laira)  =  a  ball,  a  globe.] 

Anc.  Arch.  :  A  court  for  the  exercise  of 
ball-playing  ;  a  tennis-court. 

sphrer'-ite  (ear  as  er),  s.  [Lat.  sphcera  =  a 
sphere  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  globular  con- 
cretions without  fibrous  or  concentric  struc- 
ture. Hardness,  4  ;  sp.  gr.  2'536  ;  lustre, 
greasy-vitreous;  colour,  light-gray;  translu- 
cent. Compos.  :  phosphoric  acid,  26'1  ;  alu- 
mina, 47'4  ;  water,  26'5  =  100,  corresponding 
with  the  formula  5A12O3,2P05  +  16HO.  Oc- 
curs in  fissures  in  limnnite  at  Zajecov,  Bo- 
hemia, in  Lower  Silurian  schists. 

sphrer  o-blas'-tus  (aer  as  er),  >.    [Pref. 

splwzro-,  and  Gr.  /SAaoros  (blastos)  =  a  sprout, 
a  shoot.] 

Bot.  :  A  cotyledon  which  rises  above  ground, 
bearing  at  its  end  a  spheroid  tumour. 

sphrer  6  car'-^-a   (ear  as   er),  ».    [Pret 

sphairo-,  and  Gr.  icopva  (fcarua)  ~  a  walnut 
tree.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Santalacese.  SpTuxnmrya 
tdulis  is  eaten  in  Nepaul. 

sphter  6  co  bait  -ite  (nr  as  er),  «.    [Pref. 

aphosro-,  and  Bug.  colxiltUt.} 

Min.  :  A  mineral  found  In  small  spherical 
masses,  having  crystalline  structure,  with 
roselite,  at  Schneeberg,  Saxony.  Colour,  ex- 
ternally velvet  •  black,  internally  rose-red. 
Hardness,  4  ;  sp.  gr.  4'02  to  4*13.  An  analy- 
sis yielded  :  carbonic  acid,  34  '65  ;  protoxide  of 
cobalt,  58'86;  sesquioxide  of  iron,  3'41  ;  lime, 
1-80;  water,  1-22  =  99-94,  which  corresponds 
to  the  formula  CoCOj,  which  requires,  CO«, 
36-94,  CoO,  63-06. 

sphoer-o  coc  9i'-tes  (ear  as  er),  «.    [Mod. 

Lat.  splxerococc(us)  ;  suff.  -ices.] 

Palmbot.  :  A  genus  of  Algals.  British 
species  two  —  one  from  the  Lias  and  one  from 
the  Lower  Jurassic. 

sphear-o  cSc-c6id'-S  a,  sphasr  6-cSc'- 
96  a  (aar  as  er),  s.  pi.  '  [Mod.  Lat.  iphasro- 
coccus),  and  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece,] 

Bot.:  A  sub-order  of  Ceramiacete  (q.v.) 
(Lirulley),  placed  under  the  Rhodospermete 
(Berkeley).  Frond  cellular,  enclosing  closely 
packed,  oblong  granules  arising  from  the  base, 
within  a  spherical  cellular  envelope,  which 
finally  bursts.  Tetraspores  in  indefinite 
heaps  scattered  over  the  frond.  (Limdley.) 

sphcer  6  coc'  cfis  (ser  as  er),  i.  [Pref. 
spluxro-,  and  Lat  coccus  =  a  berry,  a  kernel.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Sphserococcoidea 
(q.v.).  Now  nearly  restricted  to  two  European 
species. 

spheer'-o  don  (ear  as  er),  >.  [Pref.  tphatr-. 
and  Gr.  ooouc  (pdous),  gcnit.  oSoVros  (odontos) 
=  a  tooth.] 

IchtKy.  :  A  genus  of  Pagrina  (q.v.),  with  one 
species  from  the  Indian  Ocean. 

sphrer-o-don-ti-das  (ear  as  er),  ».  pi. 

[3PH£RODON.] 

Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Ganoid  Fishes.  Body 
oblong,  with  rhombic  scales  ;  dorsal  and  anal 
fins  short  (q.v.);  vertebrae  ossified,  but  not 
completely  closed  ;  tail  homocercal  ;  fins  with 
fulcra  ;  teeth  on  palate  globular.  Type-genus 
Lepidotus  (q.v.),  made  by  Owen  the  type  of  f 
his  LepidotidGe. 

sphror'  6  dus  (aer  as  er),  «.    [Pref.  tpTuer-, 

and  o£ov?  (odoutt)  =  a  tooth.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Pycnodontidse.  One 
British  species,  Sphferodus  gigas,  from  the 
Kimmeridge  Clay  of  Shotover  and  from  the 
Jura  Mountains. 

sphssr-o  gas'  tra  (air  as  er),  >.  pi.    [Pret 

spiuv.ro-,  and  Gr.  'yatnijp  (duster),  geuit.  your- 
TO«  (gastrot)  =  the  belly.) 
Zool.  :  The  same  as  AHANEIDA. 


Kil.  1)6^ ;  pout,  ]6wl ;  eat,  jell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  fc 
-clan,  -tlan  =  ab^n,   -tiou, -siou- shuu; -Vioxi, -giou-zliuri,   -clous, -tlou», -ulous  -  shus.   -bio. -dlo,  ic.  =  bcL  del. 

13 


4382 


Bphser  -6-ma  (jar  as  er),  «.    [Or. 
(l-otair&na)  =  anything  round.) 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  SpharromidK  (q.v.X 
with  several  species,  which  are  vegetable- 
feeders,  and,  like  many  of  their  allies,  have 
the  power  of  rolling  themselves  into  a  ball. 

sphser-om'-I-dse  (aer  as  er),  t.  pJ.  [Mod. 
Lar.  j;>*<znm<a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suit  -ute.) 
Zoo/.  .*  A  family  of  Natatorial  Isopoda.  with 
several  genera,  in  some  of  which  the  branchial 
endopodites  are  transversely  folded,  so  as  to 
approach  those  of  the  Xiphosora  (q.v.). 

•  spha)r-&-ne'-me-i  (aer  as  er),  i.  ft.  [Mod. 
Cat.,  from  pref.  spharo-,  and  Gr.  vqiui.  (xina) 
=  j-arn.J 

Sot. :  An  old  order  of  Gasteromycetes.  The 
species  placed  under  it  are  now  believed  to  be 
immature  states  of  other  Fangals. 

Bphaer-6-ni  -tea  (ear  as  e'rX  a,  (Or.  <r*a«- 
p»v  (ipfeuron),  genit  fffcupiw  («j*air6no») 
=  a  round  fishing-net.) 

Palaont. :  A  genns  of  Cystidese,  with  flvs 
British  species  characterizing  the  middle  di- 
vision of  the  Bala  or  Caradoc  rocks. 

•ptiser  6-phor  I  dae,  gphaer-6  pho-ra  - 
ce-aa  (aar  as  er),  «.  p(.  [Mod.  Lat  tfkar- 
oph(orm);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*.  -acta:.\ 

Sot. :  A  tamily  of  Gasterothalamea  (q.v.). 
Apothecia  formed  in  the  swollen  points  of 
the  tliallus,  bursting  irregularly. 

•phser-oph'-or-Sn  (ear  as  er),  5.  [Pref. 
ipiuzro-,  and  Gr.  fyopi*  (phono)  =  to  bear.) 

Bat. :  The  typical  genus  of  Sphterophoridse 
(q.v.).  Spharophnron  coraltoida  is  not  un- 
common on  sand-rocks  among  mosses.  S. 
compaction  is  less  common. 

•pliasr-i-sl-der'-iteter  as  er),  spher-o- 
8i  der-ite,  «.  [Fret  tphcero-,  and  Eiig. 
lUleriti.) 

III*. :  A  variety  of  Siderite  (q.v.)  occurring 
in  globular  form  with  radiating  fibrous  struc- 
ture in  cavities  in  basaltic  rocks.  The  name 
is  sometimes  misapplied  to  ordinary  massive 
clay-ironstone*. 

ephaer'-o'  spore  (aar  as  er),  «.   [Fret  ipluc- 
ro-,  and  Eng.  gpcrrt.] 
Bat. :  The  quadruple  spore  of  some  A 1  gals, 

sphasr  6  stil  -bite  (aar  as  er),  f.  [Pref. 
tphtero-,  and  Eng.  sJiJMk.) 

if  in. ;  A  variety  of  stilblte  sometimes 
mixed  with  mesolite,  occurring  in  spheres, 
mostly  minute,  having  a  fibrous  radiating 
structure,  with  other  zeolites  in  the  Isle  of 
Skye. 

•phaar-i-ijy'-fa  (ear  as  er),  «.   [Pref.  tpha- 
n-  (q.v.),  and  or.  Qrjov  (zugort)  =  a  yoke.) 
Bot. :  A  synonym  of  Anabaina  (q.v.). 

•phasr-u-lar'-i-a  (ear  as  er),  «.  [From 
Lat.  sph&m'a  =  a  little  sphere.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Nematode  worms,  family 
Qordiide,  founded  by  Dufour,  1836.  on  a  spe- 
cimen (Sphaerularia  bombi)  discovered  by  him 
in  the  abdominal  cavities  of  Bombus  terratris 
and  B.  hortorwn.  Lubbock  has  since  found 
it  in  other  species  of  that  genus,  and  also  in 
Apatlna  vatalii  (tint.  Hist.  Rev.,  Jan.,  1861). 
He  estimated  the  female  to  be  28,000  times 
larger  than  the  male,  which  is  frequently 
found  united  to  his  larger  companion. 

ephser  -n-lite  (aar  as  er),  i.   [SPHEBCLITE.] 

ephag'-ne-i,  sph&g-na'Tcg-se, ».  pi.  [Lat. 

tphagn(v.m) ;  mase.  pL  adj.  suit  ~ei,  or  fern. 

4BMBL] 

Bat. :  Bog-mosses ;  an  order,  tribe,  or  family 
of  opercnjate  mosses.  Proper  roots  wanting  ; 
branches  fasciculate  ;  leaves  with  two  kinds 
of  cells — one  narrow,  elongated,  and  filled  with 
chlorophyll;  the  other  hyaline.  Capsule 
sessile,  globose,  in  the  elongated  sheath  ;  at 
first  spores  apparently  of  two  kinds,  the 
first  in  sets  of  four,  the  last  in  sets  of  six- 
teen. [SFHAOXUM.] 

sphag'-nofts,  a.  [SpHAomrji.)  Pertaining  to, 
or  of  the  nature  of  bog-moss ;  mossy. 

SphAg  num.  i.  [Lat.  tphaarua ;  Or.  otfa-yvOT 
lipkagno,),  <r£o*<x  (jpkoto.)  =  (1)  sage,  (2)  a 
lichen.) 

Bat. :  The  only  genus  of  Sphafrnei  (q.v.)  It 
occurs  in  all  temperate  climates.  At  first 


Bphseroma— sphenographer 

only  one  species,  Sphoynvm  palitetrt,  was  ad- 
mitted, then  it  was  multiplied  into  fourteen, 
then  the  number  fell  to  four,  then  rose  aeain 
to  nine,  though  some  were  doubtful.  They 
form  a  great  part  of  every  bog 
in  moory  districts.  [PEAT.) 
They  make  excellent  bedding 
material ;  and  when  they  be- 
come lumpy  they  can  be  re- 
stored to  tlieir  original  soft- 
ness by  being  taken  out, 
placed  in  water,  and  then 
dried.  In  the  northern  re- 
gions they  are  used  for  lining 
cl'.thes,  especially  boots,  and 
as  wicks  for  lamps.  They 
afford  excellent  material  for 
enveloping  and  preserving 
the  roots  of  plants  which  have 
to  be  sent  a  long  distance. 

sphag-ol-6-bfis,  «.    [Gr. 
the  throat,  and  Ao/54*  (lobos)  =  a  lobe.) 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Bucerotidae,  with  one 
species  (Spiiaaolobtu  atrafus,  the  Black  Horn- 
bill),  from  the  west  coast  of  Africa.  It  is 
often  classed  with  Buceros,  but  has  been 
separated  by  some  authors  on  account  of  it* 
peculiar  casque. 

sphal  -er-ite,  «.  [Or.  <r<f>aA«<>os  (iphalent)  = 
treacherous  ;  suff.  -ite  (ifin.).] 

Min. :  The  same  as  BLSXDE  (q.v.).  This 
name  was  originally  proposed  by  Haidinger, 
because  Blende  had  been  applied  to  other 
species,  but  it  was  lost  sight  of  till  Dana 
resuscitated  it.  It  is  as  yet,  however,  used  by 
few  mineralogists. 

sphal -er-o-car'-pi-um,  sphal-er-6- 
car'-pum,  >.  [Or.  <r*aA<pos-  (sphaltns)  = 
slippery,  and  xap-roc  (karpos)  =  fruit.) 

Bot, :  A  fruit  with  a  one-seeded,  indehiscent 
pericarp,  enclosed  within  a  fleshy  perianth. 
Lindley  places  it  under  his  collective  fruits. 

Bphar'-gl-daa,  s  pL  [Mod.  Lat  ipharg(U)  ; 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.]  [SPHABOIS.) 

spbar'-gis,  «.  [Or.  o^opayifu  (spharagiio)  = 
to  roar  loudly.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Chelonlates,  with  a  single 
species,  Spharyis  coriacea,  often  made  the 
type  of  a  family  Sphargidae.  The  skin  re- 
sembles thick  leather,  and  contains  bony  de- 
posits, arranged  like  mosaic,  bnt  this  denrril 
shield  is  not  united  to  the  vertebrae  and  ribs. 
The  bones  of  the  paddles  are  extremely  simple, 
and  claws  are  absent  The  genus  is  an  ex- 
tremely ancient  type,  little  progress  having 
been  made  in  the  development  of  a  bony  cara- 
pace ;  and  Cope  discovered  in  the  Chalk  of 
Kansas  a  form,  which  he  named  Protostega, 
allied  to  Sphargis. 

aphe'-cl-a,  s.  [Gr.  <r<fat(rp\lx),  genit  <r$i)«K 

(sphekos)  =-.  a  wasp.) 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  .Sgeriidse.  Abdomen 
moderately  stout,  no  anal  tuft.  British 
species  two,  Sphecia  apiformis,  the  Hornet 
Moth,  and  5.  bembecifarmu,  the  Lunar  Hornet 

Moth.      [ilOBXET-MIJTH.] 

t  sphe -ci-daa,  t  sphe'-gf-daa,  «.  pi.  [Mod. 
Lat  fphex,  genit  sphccidfis),  8phegid(ii)  ;  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sufT.  -idee.]  [SPHEX.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Fossorial  Hymen- 
optera,  often  merged  in  Crabronidae  (q.v.). 
Antennae  generally  slender,  with  long  joints, 
prothorax  forming  a  distinct  neck ;  base  of 
the  abdomen  constricted  into  a  long  petiole. 
Genera,  Sphex,  Fepsis,  Fompilus,  Ammo- 
phila,  &c. 

sphen-,  pnf.    [SpHESO-.l 

Bpben-a-oan'-thna, ».  [Pref.  iphtn-,  and  Or. 
<LfavUn  (akantha)  =  a  spine.) 

Palfeont. :  A  genus  of  Plagiostomes,  founded 
on  spines  from  the  Coal-measures. 

gphene,  s.    [Or.  (njnjp  (sphen)  =  a  wedge.] 
Afin. :  The  same  as  TITAKITE  (q.v.). 

sphen  is  -9!  die,  t.  pL  [Mod.  Lat  ephenit- 
c(us) ;  Lat  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -ia'rc.J 

Ornith.:  A  family  of  Natatorial  Birds,  equiw 
lent  to  Huxley's  Spheniscomorphae  (q.v.).  By 
some  authors  the  genera  are  subdivided. 

sphe-nls-c6-mor  -phaa,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat, 
from  tpAenucujt,  and  Gr.  pop^V  (morphi)  = 
form.) 


Onlth. :  A  family  of  Schizognathse  (q.v.X 
It  contains  three  genera  :  KuJyptes,  Spheni*- 
cns,  and  Aptenodytea.  (Proe.  Zool.  Soc.,  186T, 
p.45a) 

sphen-ls'-cua,  «.  [Gr.  tr&nviafos  (ij'fcntoto*), 
dimin.  from  V&TIV  (5pWn)  =  a  wedge.  From 
the  shape  of  the  bill.) 

Ornith.:  A  genns  of  Spheniscidse.  Bin 
shortish,  compressed ;  maxilla  ending  in  a 
conspicuous  hook.  Four  species,  one  ranging 
as  far  north  as  the  Galapagos. 

sphen-6-,  sphen-,  pnf.  [Or.  <nj>iic  (i7>«»X 
^•eiiit.  erijiivik  (sphlnos)  =  a  wedge.)  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling  a  wedge  in  shape. 

gpheno  maxillary,  c. 

Anat.:  Of  or  belonging  to  the  jaws  and  tht 
sphenoid  bone :  as  the  spheno-niafUlary  fij- 
sure  and  fossa. 

spheno  orbital,  a. 
Anal. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  orbital  bone* 
and  to  the  sphenoid. 

spheno  palatine,  spheno-palatin- 
ate,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  palate  bond 
and  to  the  sphenoid :  as  the  iphno-palatuu 
artery,  foramen,  and  ganglion* 

spheno  parietal,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  parietal  and 
the  sphenoid.  Between  these  is  the  tpAoio- 
parietal  suture. 

spheno  temporal,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  temporal  and 
the  sphenoid  bones. 

Sphen-S-ceph'-a-loa, «.  [Pref.  spheno-,  and 
Or.  xc4»iA>j  (ktpl>a!i)=  the  head.) 

1.  Anat. :  A  malformation  of  the  head  la 
which  the  upper  part  of  the  cranium  assume* 
a  wedge-like  aspect 

2.  Palaoat. :  A  genus  of  Berycidae,  from  tin 
Chalk. 

sphen  -A  claae,  ».  [Pref.  tphcno-,  and  Gr. 
»Ad(nt  (Uasit)  =  a  fracture.  J 

ifin. :   A   massive   mineral   which,   when 
struck,  breaks  into  wedge-shaped  fragments. 
Hardness,  5'5  to  6 ;  sp.  gr..3-2  ;  lustre,  feeble ; 
colour,  pale  grayish -yellow  ;  sub-translucent 
An  analysis  yielded  •  silica,  46-08 ;  alumina,    i 
13*04  ;   proVoiide  of  iron,  4'77  ;  protoxide  of  : 
manganese,  3 -S3;  magnesia,  625;  lime,  2690 
=  99'87.     Found  at  Gjelleback,  Norway,  in 
layers  in  a  granular  limestone. 

sphen  -o-don,  ».  [Qr.  <r*ir  («})M«)  =  a 
wedge ;  sun".  -odo».] 

1.  Palaont. :  A  genns  of  Bradypodidae,  fro* 
the  bone-caves  of  Brazil. 

2.  Zool. :  The  sole  recent  genus  of  Rhy*- 
chocephalia  (q.v.),  with  one  species,  Sphtnf- 
don  punctatut  (Hatieria  punctata\  from  New 
Zealand,  when  it  is  called  Tuatera  by  the 
Maoris.     Ex- 
ternally, 

there  is  little 
to  distin- 
guish thia 
genus  from 
ordinary  liz- 
ards, bnt  im- 
portant dif- 
ferences oc- 
cur in  the 
structure  of 
the  skeleton, 
viz.,  toe  pre- 
sence of  a 
double  horizontal  bar  across  the  temporal 
region,  the  firm  connection  of  the  quadratei 
bone  with  the  skull  and  the  pterygoid  bones, 
biconcave  vertebrae  as  in  the  Geckos  and 
many  fossil  Crocodilians,  the  presence  of  an 
abdominal  sternum,  and  uncinate  processes 
to  the  ribs  (as  in  Birds). 

sphen-o-dus,  s.  [Pref.  tphen-,  and  Qr. 
6&>vc  (odoiu)  =  a  tooth.) 

PaUeont.  :  A 
teeth  from  the  Jurassic, 

gphen-o  gram.  ».  (Pref.  ipJteno-,  and  Or, 
ypoM^a  (gramma)  =  a  writing,  a  letter.)  ^ 
cuneiform  or  arrow-headed  character.  [-GRAM. 


sphen-5e/-ra>-pher. ».  [Eng.«p«<mo!m-j*(!r)i 
-tr.]  One  who  is  skilled  in  sphenograpby,  o 
the  deciphering  of  cuneiform  inscriptions. 


Ate,  rat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine;  go,  pit! 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  vrho.  goo;  mute,  ebb,  cure,  quite,  cor,  rule.  f"U:  try,  Syrian.    «•,<•  =  «;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


sphenographio — spherical 


43S3 


spA«n-o  graph -ic,o.  [ — O.,t *•-* 

•ic.]    of  or  pertaining  to  sphenograpby. 

Sphen-Sg-ra-phlst,    a,       [Kng.   if 
•    -);  -in.]    A  sphenogranher  (q.v.). 


sphen  dg'-ra-phy,  a,  [Pref.  iphno-,  and  Gr. 
V0**  (yrapfco)  =  to  write.)  The  act  or  art  of 
writing  in  cuneiform  or  arrow-shaped  letters 
or  characters  ;  the  art  of  deciphering  cunei- 
form writings  or  characters ;  that  branch  of 

gieal    science   which   concerns  itself 

.Deiform  writings. 

•phe-ndg'-yn-e,  «.    [Pref.  ipKno-,  and  Gr. 

jvrj  laxnf)  =  a  female.) 

tot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Bphenogynesj 
(q.vX  Gsrden  plants ;  their  flowers  orange 
colour,  barred  with  black.  They  were  brought 
originally  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

sphcn  d  gyn -e-sa,  s.  j>L   [Mod.  Lit  sating 

fjnHf ) ;  Lat-  fern.  pL  adj.  soff.  -«*.] 
Be*. :  A  sab-tribe  of  Senecionideje. 

sphen   old,  a.  &  a.      [Gr.  <r«^r  («j*<»)  =  a 
,  and  «!&K  (efa'os)  =  form,  appearance.) 

A.  At  adj. :  Besembling  a  wedge ;  wedge- 
shaped. 

B.  Anftftmtin : 

L  AmaL :  The  sphenoid-bone (q.T.). 
t,  CrpstoO. .-   A  wedge-shaped  crystal  con- 
tained under  four  equal  isosceles  triangles. 

sphenoid  bone,  a. 

ATUIL  :  A  wedge-shaped  bone  placed  across 
Ike  base  of  the  skull  near  the  middle,  and 
helping  to  form  the  cavity  of  the  cranium, 
the  orbits,  and  the  posterior  nares.  It  has  a 
central  part  or  body,  two  pairs  of  lateral  ex- 
pansions called  the  great  and  small  wings, 
and  another  pair  pointing  downwards  called 
the  pterygoid  processes.  (Quain.) 

sphenoid-al,a.  rEng.«f*CToid;-al]  Sphen- 
oid tq-T-):  as, the ipkenmdal flssure, the tp*ta- 
«id*i  sinus,  Ac. 

•pbem-6-lep  -Is,  «.  [Pref.  soirno-,  and  Gr. 
Acne  (fcj>i«)  =  a  scale.) 

Pataoni. :  A  genus  of  Esocid»,  with  long 
wedge-ahaped  scale*,  from  the  freshwater 
limestone  of  Aix  and  the  gypsum  of  Paris. 

•phen-on-chus  (PL  sphen-dn'-chiX  t. 
[Pref.  tpkex-,  and  Gr.  oyco;  (pnglxa)  =  a  hook, 
a  barb.] 

FalaouL  :  One  of  the  hooked  cephalic 
dermal  spines  of  Hybodus  and  Acrodus,  spe- 
cimens of  which  genera  are  in  the  British 
Museum,  Sooth  Kensington,  showing  tlie 
spines  (not  more  than  four  in  any  individual) 
i*  nra,  but  it  is  not  known  whether  four  was 
tte  normal  nnmber,  or  if  they  occurred  in  all 
theipecie*.  On  these  spines  Agawii  founded 
B  grans  Sphenonchns,  which  be  placed  with 
the  ByboJonUoB.  This  baa,  of  course,  lapsed, 
and  the  word  Sphenonchns  has  now  no  gen- 
eric signification. 

sphen  oph'-yl-lnm,  t.  [Pref.  tplno-,  and 
Gr.  ovAAo*  (fJttilltm)  =  a  leaf.] 

PntooM. :  A  genus  of  Equisencee  P),  allied 
to  (or,  according  to  Mr.  Carruthers,  identical 
with)  Calamites.  They  have  verticillate  fcaves, 
h'ke  ie»eiaed  wedges.  Four  sj«cies  from  the 
CBrboniferous  rocks  of  Somerset  and  Kew- 
;  others  from  North  America. 


•-1m,  a,    rPref.  tpkno-,  and  Gr. 
mpic  (nteru)  =  a  kind  of  fern.] 

PalaoboL  :  A  genus  of  Ferns,  having  the 
leaves  twice-  or  thrice-pinnate  ;  the  leaflets 


zervnres  dividing  pin 
Prom  the  Devonian  to  the  WeaUen.  In  the 
OarbonifenNn  rocks  there  are  thirty-four  spe- 
cies, and  in  the  Jurassic  seventeen. 

•pben-o  spon'-dyl-us,  «.     [Pref.  rpkno-, 
and  Gr.  <mrivAix  (ipovdvlos)  =  a  vertebra.] 

Palamtt.  :  A  genos  of  Deino&anria  or  Croco- 
dilia,  from  the  Pur  beck  beds  and  the  Wealden. 


i-za-mi'-tes,'  s.    [Pref.  rpkno-,  and 
Mod.  Lit  tamUa  (q.v.X] 

Paloobot.:  A  genus  of  Cycads,  from  the 
hropeu  Jurassic  rocks. 

'•pbcf-Bl,  «.    [Kng.  «?»•<«);  -«L] 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  spheres  or  hea- 
venly bodies  ;  inhabiting  the  spheres.  (.Lgtton: 
Caamt,  bk.  uv.,  eh.  L) 


2.  Bounded  like  a  sphere  ;  sphere-shaped  ; 
hence,  symmetrical,  perfect. 

sphere,  *spere,j.  [O.  FT.  open  ;  FT.  tpken, 
from  lit.  iphcfra.  ;  Gr.  <n>olpa  (.<paaira)  =  (1)  a 
ball  for  playing  with,  (2)  a  sphere,  a  globe.] 
L  Onj.jiary  Lazguaft: 
1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

(2)  An  orb,  a  globe,  as  the  SUB,  the  earth,  the 
stars,  or  planets  ;  one  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 


A  mix  htr  «*«nh  W 


. 
JMMI.-  At.rn.su. 

repre 
t  heavens; 


(S)  An  orbicular  body  representing  the 
earth  or  the  apparent  heavens;  a  celestial 
or  terrestrial  globe. 


(1)  Circuit  or  range  of  action,  knowledge,  or 
influence  ;  compass,  province,  employment. 

"The   narrow   iflten  of    oar    TMmnliM "— Pitt; 

run  rafoft,  bk.  IT.,  ck.  u. 

(2)  Rank  ;  order  or  class  of  society. 
*(3)  An  orbit,  a  socket. 

i»r.t«  ej«.  1ft.  .tar..  rtart_  tarn  tMr 


L  Attnm.  :  A  term  formerly  applied  to  any 
one  of  the  concentric  and  eccentric  revolving 
transparent  shells  in  which  the  heavenly  bodies 
were  supposed  to  be  fixed,  and  by  which  they 
were  carried  m  as  to  produce  their  apparent 
motions.  The  word  now  signifies  the  vault  of 
heaven,  which  to  the  eye  seems  the  concave 
side  of  a  hollow  sphere,  and  on  which  the 
imaginary  circles  marking  the  positions  of 
the  equator,  the  ecliptic,  4c.,  are  supposed  to 
be  drawn.  It  is  that  portion  of  limitless 
space  which  the  eye  is  powerful  enough  to 
penetrate,  and  tppeara  a  hollow  sphere  because 
the  capacity  of  the  eye  lot  distant  vision  is 
equal  in  every  direction. 

-  Wl>at  rtjttelj  tadttlnj  tant  •>  Uch  ertend 
Her  lultj  uxn»  onto  <fct  ttury  —>"•"- 

«_r.  Xe.Lz.HL 

2.  Gam.  :  A  solid  or  volume  bounded  by  a 
surface,  every  point  of  which  is  equally  dis- 
tant from  a  point  within,  called  the  centre.  Or 
it  is  a  volume  that  may  be  generated  by  revolv- 
ing a  semi-circle  about  its  diameter  as  an  axis. 
The  distance  from  any  point  of  the  surface  to 
the  centre  is  called  a  radius  of  the  sphere. 
Every  section  of  a  sphere  made  by  a  plane  is 
•  circle,  and  an   sections  made  by  planes 
equally  distant  from  the  centre,  are  equal. 
A  circle  of  the  sphere  whose  plane  pssors 
through  the  centre,  is  a  great  circle  ;  all  other 
circles  are  small  circles.    All  great  circles  are 
eqnal,  and  their  radii  are  equal  to  the  radii  of 
the  sphere.    The  surface  of  a  sphere  is  equal 
to  the  product  of  the  diameter  by  the  circum- 
ference of  a  great  circle  ;  or  it  is  equivalent 
to  the  area  of  four  great  circles.  Denoting  the 
radios  of  the  sphere  by  r,  and  its  diameter  by 
d,  we  have  the  following  formula  for  the  sur- 
lace  :  <  =  4wr<  =  id1  =  3-14169  .  .  .  d».    The 
volume  of  a  sphere  is  eqnal  to  the  product  of 
its  surface  by  one-third  of  its  radius.    It  is 
also  equivalent  to  two-thirds  of  the  volume  of 
its  circumscribing  cylinder.     The  following 
formula  gives  the  value  of  the  volume  of  any 
sphere,  whose  radios  is  r,  and  diameter  is  d  : 
v  =  *  »r>.    Spheres  are  to  one  another  as  the 
cubes  of  their  diameters. 

3.  Zo»i«:  The  extension  of  a  general  con- 
ception; the   individuals  and  species  com- 
prised in  any  general  conception. 

5  (1)  ArmiUarj  tpktrt  :  (ABXILLABT). 

(?)  Dorfn'm*  of  the  tpken  :  The  application 
of  geometrical  principles  to  geography  and 
Bslwuomy. 

(3)  fanumy(orsnuie)o/(A«jpi«re»: 
MO»T,  1  (4).] 


Spherical  projection  :  The  case  in  which  the 
projection  is  made  upon  the  plane  of  the 
horizon  of  any  place  not  on  the  equator,  or  at 
the  poles. 

(5)  Parana  tpken:  [PtTuiT.n,  a.}. 

(6)  Projection  of  Ha  ipliert  :  [  PROJECTION). 
CO  Right  tpken:  [BIOBT,  a.]. 

*  sphere  -born,  a.  Bom  among  the 
spheres  ;  celestial.  (IftZfam  :  Soinui  Music,  2.) 


sphere  -  melody,  sphere -music,  a. 
The  harmony  of  the  spheres.    [HARMOSY.] 

*  sphere,  •  sphear,  r.t.    [SPHERE,  a.) 
L  LiltraUy  : 

0)  To  place  or  get  among  the  sphere*  oa 
heavenly  bodies. 


(2)  To  form  into  roundness ;  to  make  round 
or  roundish. 

-  Blotr.  robin,  tin  tbr 

Ouuwtll  the  p«ff-d  A<. 

sJUttlf. :  Trnbu  *  Cr.rtiVi.  ir.  V 

2.  Fig.  :  To  give  perfect  or  complete  fora 
to ;  to  concentrate. 

-  Set  ruitb  to  be  bttt.  nor  pe«T  Imlx. 
To  be  duudled.  no.  kM  Bring  wLX  ud 
Whole  la  oeuMlrtond  c  ^ 


spher-e-6-type,  a.  [Gr.  <r*<upa  (fpfcatra) 
=  a  sphere,  axid  Kng.  type.] 

PMog.  :  A  positive  collodion  picture  taken 
upon  glass  by  placing  a  mat  before  the  plate, 
so  a*  to  give  a  distinct  margin  to  the  picture. 

•phei'-ic-aJ.-splieV-Ie.a.  \l*<..tphtrinu; 
Gr.  a$*L<xjan  (sjAainfa»)  =  like  B  sphere 
Oj.v.);  Fr.  tpteriyiu;  bp.  ajtrim  ;  ItaL 


1.  Having  the  form  of  a  sphere  ;  orbicular, 
globular. 

-So™  oeruOn  detemliuU  B»ure  aitber  itnmd  or 
tmemtot,  *j*r**l.  Mktad..7<>  tie  like--—  (.»*- 
•>urU  .•  ImuU.  IfXm.  f  «". 

2.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  a  sphere. 

*  3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  orbs  of  ths 
planets  ;  planetary.  (Shtu^sp.  :  Lear,  i.  S.) 

spherical-  aberration,  «.     [ABERSA- 

TIOX.] 

spherical-angle,  <.    [Ascut,  «.] 

spherical-bracketing,  a. 

^rca,  .-  The  forming  of  brackets  to  support 
lath-and-plaster  work,  so  that  the  surface  of 
the  plaster  shall  form  the  surface  of  a  sphere. 

spherical  case-shot,  a.    [SHRAPNEL.] 
spherical-excess,  a.    [ExcBss.] 

spherical-geometry,  a.  That  branch 
of  geometry  which  treats  of  spherical  magni- 
tudes, as  spherical  triangles,  areas,  and  angles. 

spherical-lane,  •.  A  portion  of  the 
surface  of  a  sphere  included  between  two 
great  semi-circles,  having  a  common  diameter. 
The  angle  of  the  lune  is  the  same  as  the  angle 
of  the  planes  of  the  circles.  [Lcxc.] 

spherical-polygon,  «.  A  portion  of  the 
surface  of  a  sphere  bounded  by  the  arcs  of 
three  or  more  great  circles.  Like  plane  poly- 
gon* they  are  named  from  the  number  of  side* 
or  angles.  [POLYGON.] 

spherical-projection,  s.  A  represen- 
tation of  the  surface  of  the  sphere  upon  B 
plane,  according  to  some  geometrical  law,  so 
that  the  different  points  in  the  representation 
can  be  accurately  referred  to  their  positions 
on  the  surface  of  the  sphere.  [PamiTiv*- 

CTBCLE,  PRIUmVE-PLANK.] 

spherical-pyramid,  i.  A  portion  of  B 
sphere  bounded  by  a  spherical  polygon,  and 
by  three  or  more  sectors  of  great  circles  meet- 
ing at  the  centre  of  the  sphere. 

spherical-sector,  «.  A  portion  of  B 
sphere  which  may  be  generated  by  revolving 
a  sector  of  a  circle  about  a  straight  line 
through  ita  vertex  as  an  axis. 

spherical-segment,  «.  A  portion  of  B 
sphere  included  between  a  zone  of  the  surface 
and  a  secant  plane,  or  between  two  parallel 
secant  planes. 

spherical  -triangle,  *.  A  spherical 
polygon  of  three  sides.  It  is  a  portion  of  the 
,  surface  of  a  sphere  bounded  by  the  arcs  of 
three  great  circles.  The  points  where  the 
arcs  meet  are  called  vertices  of  the  triangle, 
and  the  arcs  are  called  sides. 

spherical-trigonometry,   a.     [TRIO- 

OyOMETRY.J 

spherical  ungnla,  a,  A  portion  of  the 
sphere  bounded  by  a  lune  and  two  semi- 
circles meeting  in  a  'diameter  of  the  sphere. 

spherical-zone,  «.  A  portion  of  the 
surface  of  a  sphere  included  between  two 
parallel  planes. 


kin,  bo>;  pool.  J6>1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  Jhta;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^enophon,  esJst,    -Be. 
-dan,  -tUa  =  •ban.    -tton, -*ion  =  shun ; -tioa, -fion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -ttons,  -sious  =  sans,   -ble,  -die,  tc.  =  bel,  del. 


4384 


spherically— sphragistics 


io-al-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  spherical;  -ly.] 
form  of'a  sphere. 

"Either  spherically  or  angularly  .figurat*. "—01*4- 
vortA ;  InteU.  System,  p.  84S. 

spher'-ic  al-ness,  5.  [Eng.  spherical ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  spherical ; 
sphericity. 

"Such  bodies  r«cetT«  their  figure  and  limits  from 
sucti  lets  as  hinder  them  from  attaining  to  that  tjAeri- 
calnesi  they  aim  at"— Digit*  :  On  Bodies, 

Spher  -  19'- 1 -ty",  s.  [Fr.  sphericite.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  spherical ;  spherical- 
ness,  globularity,  roundness. 

"  He  espouwd  the  correct  view  ol  the  earth's  tpheri- 
city  and  rotation."— O.  H.  Lcvet :  Hitt.  Phil-*.,  il.  106. 

•  spher'- 1  -de,  s.     [A  dimin.  from  sphere 
(q.v.).]    A  little  sphere, 

spher -Ics,  s.    [SPHERIC.] 

Geom. :  The  doctrine  of  the  properties  of 
the  sphere,  considered  as  a  geometrical  body, 
and  in  particular  of  the  different  circles  de- 
scribed on  its  surface,  with  the  method  of 
projecting  the  same  on  a  plane ;  spherical 
geometry  and  trigonometry. 

•  spher  i-f I-ca-tlon,  *.     [Eng.  tpherify ; 
c  connect.,  and  suff.  -at ion.]  The  act  of  spheri- 
fying,  the  state  of  being  sphcritied. 

"  Th«  rupture  and  general  spherijtcntion  of  as  many 
distinct  uuuniforui  rings,"— Poe :  Eurtka  (  Works  1864), 
U.166. 

*  spher'- 1- form,   *spher'-y-form,   o. 

[Eng.  sphere,  and  form.]    Having  the  form  of 
a  sphere ;  spheroidal. 

"Aristotle  dealt  not  ingeniously  with  Xenopha- 
nes,  when  from  that  expression  of  his,  that  God 
was  *phfryf<u-m,  he  would  infer  that  Xenophiuies 
made  God  to  be  a  body." — Cvdworth, ;  InteU.  ttytfem, 

p.  a:  s. 

*  BpheV-f-fy,   v.t.     [Eng.  sphere;  -fy.}    To 
make  or  form  into  a  sphere. 

"Seven  uniform  band*  which  were  spficrijled  iire- 
•pectively  into  as  many  moons.'— Poe :  Eureka  (  Work* 
1864),  11.  l«. 

Spher -6 -graph,  s.  [Gr.  tr^&l(ta.(sphaira)~ 
a  ball,  a  sphere,  and  yptty**  (grapho)  =  to 
write,  to  draw.] 

Navig.:  An  instrument  invented  for  the 
mechanical  application  of  spherics  to  navi- 
gation. By  its  aid  any  possible  spherical 
triangle  can  be  constructed  without  dividers 
or  scale.  It  consists  of  a  stereographic  pro- 
jection of  the  sphere  upon  a  disc  of  paste- 
board, in  which  the  meridians  and  parallels 
of  latitude  are  laid  down  to  single  degrees. 
By  its  aid,  with  a  ruler  and  index,  the  angular 
position  of  a  ship  at  any  place,  and  the  dis- 
tance sailed,  may  be  readily  and  accurately 
determined  on  the  principle  of  great  circle 
sailing. 

•pheV-old,  s.  [Gr.  tr^aipotcto'ifc  (sphairoieides) 
=  sphere-like,  from  <r«j>alpa(sp/iaira)=  a  sphere, 
and  cZ6oc  (eidos)  =  form,  appearance ;  Fr.  spher- 


Geom. :  A  solid,  resembling  a  sphere  in  form, 
and  generated  by  the  revolution  of  an  ellipse 
about  one  of  its  axes.  If  an  ellipse  be  revolved 
about  its  transverse  axis,  the  spheroid  gener- 
ated is  called  a  Prolate  spheroid ;  if  it  be  re- 
volved about  its  conjugate  axis,  the  spheroid 
generated  is  called  an  Oblate  spheroid.  The 
earth  is  an  oblate  spheroid— that  is,  flattened 
at  the  poles  so  that  its  polar  is  less  than  its 
equatorial  diameter. 

Spjhcr  old   al,     spher  oid   ic,     sphcr 
oid'-Ic-al,  a.    [Eng.  spherovl ;  -al;  -ic ;  -ical.] 
L  Ord.    Lang. :    Having    the   form    of  a 
spheroid. 

"If  these  corpuscles  be  spheroidical,  or  oral,  their 
aborteat  diameters  mart  not  be  much  greater  thin 
those  of  light." — thes/nr. 

TL  Cryttallog. :  Bounded  by  several  convex 
faces. 

spheroidal-bracketing,  s. 

Arch. :  Bracketing  prepared  for  a  plaster 
ceiling  whose  surface  is  to  form  that  of  a 
spheroid. 

spheroidal-excess,  *.    [EXCESS,  «.  l.J 

spheroidal  triangle,  *.  A  triangle  on 
the  surface  of  a  spheroid,  analogous  to  aspher- 
ical  triangle. 

•pher  6id-I  ty,  spher  6id-!?  f-t^,  s. 
[Eng.  spheroid,  spheruidic;  -ity.\  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  spheroidal. 

8pher-6m'-e-ter,  *.    [Or.  T 


a  sphere,  and  Eng.  meter.]  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  curvature  of  surfaces.  It 
consists  of  a  three-armed  frame,  standing  on 
three  steel  pins,  which  form  with  each  other 
an  equilateral  triangle  ;  in  the  centre  of  the 
instrument  is  a  vertical  screw  with  a  fine 
thread,  and  having  a  large  graduated  head. 

spher  o  si  der  -ite,  «.    [SPH-EROSIDERITJE.] 

spher'-n-la,  *.  [Lat.,  dtmin.  from  sphwa  = 
a  sphere  (q'v.).] 

Bot.  :  A  globose  peridium  with  a  central 
opening,  through  which  are  emitted  sporidia 
mixed  with  a  gelatinous  pulp.  It  occurs  in 
fungals. 

spher  -u  late,  a.  [Eng.  spherule);  -ate.} 
Covered"  or  studded  wijh  spherules  ;  having 
one  or  more  rows  of  minute  tubercles. 

spher'  -ule,  «.  [SPHERULA.]  A  little  sphere 
or  spherical  body. 

&  "Their  parta,  or  little  tpteruJct,  become  more 
neighbourly,  or  coutijfuuUB.  —  Brooke:  Universal 
Beauty,  bk,  ii.  (Note.) 

spher'-u  lite,  *.  [Lat.  sphceruta  =  a  little 
sphere  "or  globe,  and  Gr.  Ai'0os  (lithos)  =  a 
stone;  Ger.  sphandU,  spharolithe.] 

Petrol.  :  A  name  originally  applied  to  a 
variety  of  pearl-stone  or  pitchstone  (q.v.), 
which  consists  of  an  aggregate  of  spheroidal 
concretions,  but  it  is  now  applied  to  the  parts 
of  any  ruck  which  may  have  a  similar  structure. 

spher  u-Uf-ic,  a.    [Eng.  8pherulit(e)  ;  -ic.] 
Petrol.  :   Partaking  of  the  structure  of  a 
Spherulite  (q.v.). 

•spher'-y,  a.     [Eng.  sphere);  -y.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  spheres. 

"  She  can  teach  ye  bow  to  climb 
Higher  than  the  tj'htry  chime. 

Milton  :  Comui,  1,  Wl. 

2.  Resembling  a  sphere  or  star  in  round- 
ness, brightness,  or  the  like. 

-     •*  JUke  me  compare  with  HermU's  iphery  erne." 
.  :  Midsummer  Sight'  t  Dream,  ii.  8, 


•  SphSt'-er-ixe,  v.t.  [Gr.  a+tTtpifa  (spheter- 
izo)t  from  tr^c'rcpor  (spheteros)  =  their  own  ; 
c^eis  (spheis)  =  they.J  To  appropriate;  to 
make  one's  own.  {burke.) 

sphex,  ».  [Or.  <7$»jf  (sphex),  genit.  tr^ijiros 
(sphikos)  =  a  wasp.] 

Entom,  :  The  typical  genus  of  Sphecidae  or 
Sphegidie.  They  are  large,  solitary,  wasp-like 
insects,  some  of  them  two  inches  long.  They 
store  their  nests  with  caterpillars,  which 
they  paralyze  by  two  stings.  The  genus  is 
cosmopolitan.  One  of  the  best  known  species, 
Sphex  jlavipennis,  is  common  in  the  south  of 
Europe. 

sphlg  mom'-e-ter,  ».    [SPHYOMOUETER.] 

sphinc  tor,  *.  [Gr.  (r^nyx-rnp  (sphingkter)  = 
that  which  binds  tight  ;  tr^iyyw  (sphinggd)  = 
to  bind  tight.] 

Anal.  :  A  more  or  less  circular  mnscle  which 
contracts  or  shuts  any  natural  orifice,  as  the 
bladder,  the  anus,  &c. 

"Nature  has  furnished  the  body  of  this  little  crea- 
ture with  a  glutinoua  liquid,  which  It  ipln»  into 
thread,  courser  or  finer,  aa  it  chooaea  to  contract  or 
dilate  iU  tphincter."—  Goldsmith  :  The  Bee  ;  No.  4. 

sphin  -gcs,  5.  pi.     [SPHINX,  3.  (3).] 

sphin  gl-dae.  *.  jrf.  [Lat.  sphinx,  genit. 
sphing(is);  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  family  of  Sphingina 
(q.v,).  Antennae  slightly  thickened  in  the 
middle,  generally  terminating  in  a  hooked 
bristle  ;  wings  large,  clothed  with  scales  ; 
the  anterior  part  long  and  pointed,  or  with  the 
hind  margin  indented.  Larva  generally  naked, 
with  a  horn  on  the  back  of  the  twelfth  segment. 
Pupa  subterranean.  Many  species,  widely 
extended.  Some  of  those  of  South  America 
strikingly  resemble  the  humming  birds. 

sphin  Kt-na,  s.  [Lat.  sphinx,  genit.  sphin- 
g(is)  ;  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 

Entom.  :  Sphinges  or  Hawk-moths  ;  a  group 
of  Heterncera,  having  the  antennae  fusiform. 
[CREPUSCULAR.  A,  HAWK-MOTH.] 

t  sphin-giir-i'-nse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tphin- 
gur(ux)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf  -ince.] 

Zool.  :  A  synonym  of  Synetherina  (q.v.) 
with  three  genera:  Erithizon,  Chsetomys,  and 
Sphingurus  (=  Synetheres).  [T&ce-  PORCU- 
PINES.] 


t  sphin-gur'-&s,  s.  [Gr.  V^CYVH  v-j — «w/ 
=  to  bind  tight,  to  squeeze,  and  oupi  (ouro) 
=  a  tail.]  [SPHINQURINA,  STNETHERINJL] 

sphinx  (pi.  sphinx -es),  *.  [Lat,  from  Gr. 
vjiyt  (sphingx).} 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

2-  Fig. :  One  who  proposes  riddles,  puts 
puzzles  or  obscure  questions,  or  talks  enig- 
matically. 

n.  Technically : 

1.  Antiq. :  A  fabled  monster,  half  woman 
and  half  lion,  said  by  the  Grecian  poets  to 
have  infested  the  city  of  Thebes,  devouring 
its  inhabitants  till  such  time  as  a  riddle  it 
had  proposed  to  them  should  be  solved.  The 
riddle  was  as  follows  :  "  What  animal  is  that 
which  goes  on  four  feet  in  the  morning,  on 


SPHINX. 

{from  the  BritHh  Museum.} 

two  at  noon,  and  on  three  in  the  evening?** 
Numerous  victims  fell  before  the  monster, 
till  at  length  (Eilipus,  who  was  then  at  Thebes, 
came  forward,  and  answered  the  sphinx  that 
it  waa  Man,  who,  when  an  infant,  creeps  on 
all  fours  ;  when  lie  has  attained  to  manhood 
goes  on  two  feet ;  and,  when  old,  uses  a  staff— 
a  third  foot.  The  sphinx  thereupon  Hung 
herself  down  to  the  earth  and  perished ;  and 
Gviipu-s  was,  by  the  gratitude  of  the  Thebana, 
chosen  their  king. 

2.  Egypt.  Antiq. :  A  figure  having  the  body 
of  a  lion,  winged,  and  a  human  (male  or  fe- 
male) head.     Those  with  human  heads  were 
called  Androsphinxes.     Sphinxes  are  also  re- 
presented with  the  heads  of  rams  and  hawka 
(Criosphinx,  Hieracosphinx).    The  Egyptian 
sphinx  had  no  wings ;  these  were  added  by 
the  Greek  artists.    The  Grecian  Sphinx  WM 
probably  borrowed  from  the  Egyptian. 

3.  Entomology: 

*(1)  A  comprehensive  genus  under  which 
Linnaeus  placed  all  Hawk-moths. 

(2)  The  typical  genus  of  Sphingidse.     Hind 
wings  rounded  at  the  anal  ang.'v,  or  with  a 
hardly  perceptible  projection.     The  species 
fly  with  great  velocity  in  the  dusk,  remaining 
for  a  time  poised  above  flowers,  sucking  th« 
honey  from  them  without  alighting.    The  name 
is  derived  from  the  Sphinx-like  atti tilde  assmii'-'l 
by  the  caterpillar  of  Sphinx  ligustri,  the  I'rivet 
Hawk-moth. 

(3)  Any  individual  of  the  modern   genus 
Sphinx  [(2)].     In  this  sense  the  plural  if 
Sphinges. 

4.  ZooL :  [SPHINX-BABOON]. 

sphinx-baboon,  s. 

Zool.  :  Cynocephalus  sphinx,  a  large  species 
from  the  West  of  Africa.  They  are  good- 
tempered  and  playful  when  young,  but  become 
morose  and  fierce  as  they  grow  older.  They 
bear  confinement  well,  and  are  common  in 
menageries. 

sphragf-Id,sphrag'-Id-itet*.  [Gr.o^mtfr 
(sphragis),  penit.  ftyoytfto*  (sphragidos)  =  ft 
seal,  a  signet ;  suff.  -ite  (3/in.).J 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  a  clay  in  ancient 
times  used  as  a  medicine,  and  stamped  with  a 
seal,  hence  the  name.  It  was  also  called 
Terra  gigillata,  and  is  the  Terra  Lemnia  of 
Pliny.  Compos.  :  like  all  other  clays,  essen- 
tially a  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina,  but  con- 
tains some  soda,  hence  its  medicinal  use. 

sphra  £is  -tics.  *.  [Gr.  <r$pav«m««  (fphra- 
gistikos)  —  pertaining  to  seals  or  sealing.] 
[SPHRAOID.]  The  science  of  seals,  their  his- 
tory, peculiarities,  and  distinctions.  Its  chief 
use  is  to  determine  the  age  and  genuinenew 
of  documents  to  which  seals  are  affixed. 


fate,  at,  lare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pd 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  sou ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  nnite,  our,  rnle,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ca  =  e:  «y  =  &;  qn  =  kw. 


sphrigosis— spiculigenous 


4385 


aphrig  6-sis,  $.    [Gr.  o^pcyow  (sphrigao)  = 
to  be  full  to  bursting.] 

Veg.  PathoL  :  Morbid  luxuriance  in  plants. 
It  may  exist  in  fruit  trees,  in  cereals,  in  pota- 
toes, &C.  There  is  often  a  peculiar  greenness, 
sometimes  produced  by  fungi,  which  fore- 
sliadowa  decay. 

SphSte'-mlc,  a.     [Gr.  <r«f>vy^o9  (sphugtnos)  = 
the  pulse.)    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  pulse. 


h,  «.  [Gr.  trfyvynfc  (iphug- 
mas)  =  the  pulse,  and  ypd^ia  (grapho)  =  to 
write,  to  draw.] 

Med.  :  An  instrument  used  for  recording 
tin-  character  of  the  movements  of  the  pulse. 
An  instrument  for  this  purpose  was  con- 
structed by  Ludwig  in  1847,  and  several  forms 
of  sphymograph  are  now  in  use.  That  most 

generally  employed   was  first    described  by 
arey  in  1863.    It  consists  of  an  ivory  pad, 
which  rests  on  the  pulse,  iiml  is  connected  with 
one  end  of  a  delicate  spring,  the  other  end 
of  the  spring  being  fastened  to  a  framework. 


MAREY'S  SPHYQMOGRAPH. 


The  movements  of  the  pulse,  acting  on  the 
pa«l,  are  communicated  to  a  system  of  two 
light  levers,  one  of  which  carries  a  small 
point,  or  pen  (a),  which  produces  a  trace  on  a 
piece  of  smoked  glass  or  paper  (b)  attached  to 
a  brass  plate,  which  is  moved  along  by  clock- 
work. The  character  of  the  trace  thus  pro- 
duced depends  on  the  character  of  the  move- 
ments of  the  pulse,  which  are  magnified  about 
fifty  times  by  means  of  the  levers.  The  in- 
formation gained  by  the  examination  of  these 
•phvmographic  traces  is  of  the  greatest  value 
'  in  the  diagnosis  of  affections  of  the  heart,  <fec. 

sphyg-mo-graph  -Ic,  a.  [Eng.  sphygmo- 
gruph;  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  spliyg- 
mograph  ;  traced  or  marked  by  a  sphygmo- 
graph. 

tphjfe  mom'  e-ter,  s.  [Gr.  <r£i/Yj*o?  (spkug- 
mos)  =  the  pulse,  and  Eng.  meter.] 

Med.  :  A  comprehensive  name  for  any  in- 
strument for  measuring  and  recording  the 
movements  of  the  pulse. 

•phyg'-mo-phone,  *.  [Gr.  <r<£uy/*o?  (sphug- 
mos)  =  the  pulse,  and  4><*»"7  (phone)  =  sound.] 

Med :  An  instrument  devised  to  enable  a 
person  to  determine  the  rhythms,  &c.,  of  the 
pulse  at  a  distance  by  means  of  the  electric- 
wire.  (Dunglison.)  The  gas  sphygmoscope 
is  sometimes  modified,  so  as  to  render  the 
variation  of  the  pulse  audible. 

•phyg'-mi-scdpe,  s.  [Gr.  a^vy^  (aphug- 
mos)  =  the  pulse,  and  cKon-ew  (skoped)  =  to 
observe.] 

Med. :  An  instrument  for  rendering  the 
movements  of  the  pulse  visible.  Marey's 
•  sphygmoscope  consists  of  a  small  glass  cylin- 
der containing  a  small  indiarubber  bag,  con- 
nected with  a  receiving  and  a  registering 
tambour.  The  expansion  of  the  indiarubber 
bag.  consequent  on  the  pressure  on  the  receiv- 
ing tambour,  compresses  the  air  in  the  cylin- 
der and  so  affects  the  recorder.  The  gas 
Bphygmoscope  consists  of  a  metal  chamber 
with  a  bottom  of  delicate  membrane,  with  a 
service  pipe  at  the  side  and  a  fine  burner  at 
the  top.  when  the  membrane  is  placed  over 
an  artery  and  the  gas  lit,  the  movement?  of 
the  pulse  are  shown  by  up-and-down  move- 
ments of  the  flame.  [SPHYOMO PHONE.  ] 

•phy-rzen'-a,  s.     [Lat.,  from  Gr.  a<f>vpaiva. 

(sphnraina)  =  a  kind  of  sea-fish.] 

Ichthy.  :  Barracuda,  the  sole  genus  of  the 
family  Sphyrasnidae  (q.v.).  Large,  voracious 
fishes  from  the  coasts  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical seas.  Some  of  them  attain  a  length 
of  eight  feet,  and  attack  bathers.  They  are 
used  as  food,  but  occasionally  their  flesh  con- 
tract* deleterious  properties,  from  their  hav- 
ing fed  on  poisonous  fishes. 

•pny-raen'-I-dw,  *.  pi.  [Lat  sphyr<xn(a); 
fern.  pL  adj.  suir. -wte.) 

1.  Khthy.  :  A  family  of  Mugiliformes  (q.v.). 
Body  elongate,  sub-cylindrical,  covered  with 


small  cycloid  scales ;  mouth  wide,  armed  with 
strong  teeth. 
2.  Palamnt. :  They  commence  in  the  Chalk. 

[HVPSODON,  SPHYXL£NODU8.] 

sphy-raen'-d-dus,  «.  [Lat.  sphyrcen(a)t  and 
Gr.  &ov«  (odous)  =  a  tooth.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Sphynenidse.  from 
the  London  Clay  of  Sheppey  and  the  Eocene 
of  Monte  Bolca. 

sphy-rap'-l-ciis,  *.  [Gr.  <r<f>vpa  (sphura)  = 
a  hammer,  and  Lat.  pints  =  a  woodpecker.] 

Ornith, :  A  genus  of  Pioidie,  with  seven 
species  from  the  Nearctic  region,  Mexico,  and 
Bolivia.  Sphyrapicus  variui  is  the  Yellow- 
billed  Woodpecker. 

*  spi'-al,  *  spy  al,  *.    [SPY,  v.] 

1.  Close  watch.    (Udul:  John  vil.) 

2.  A  spy,  a  scout 

"  Caesar  fas  our  tpiult  say. 

And  aa  we  know)  remains  with  Tamburlalne." 
Marlowe:  1  Tamburluine,  11  i. 

spl-au'-ter-ite  (au  as  far),  «.    [Sw.,  Dan., 
Ger.  spiauter  =  spelter;  suff.  -ite (M in.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  WURTZITK  (q.v.). 

Spi'-ca,  s.     [Lat  =  an  ear  of  com.] 

Surg. ;  A  form  of  bandage  resembling  a  spike 
of  barley.  The  turns  of  the  bandage  cross 
like  the  letter  V,  each  leaving  a  portion  un- 
covered. 

Splca  Azlmeth,  «.    [SPICA  VIRQINIS.] 
spioa  descendens,  s. 

Surg. :  The  uniting  bandage  used  in  recti- 
linear wounds.  It  consists  of  a  double-headed 
roller,  with  a  longitudinal  slit  in  the  middle, 
three  or  four  inches  long. 

Splca  Virginia,  Sploa  Azlmeth,  s. 

Astron. :  A  star  of  the  first  magnitude,  a 
Virginia,  in  the  constellation  Virgo.  If  a  line 
be  drawn  through  two  opposite  angles  of  the 
rectangular  figure  in  the  Great  Bear,  and 
prolonged  with  a  slight  curve,  it  will  pass 
through  Spica  Virginia. 

spi'-cate,  spi'-cat-ed.  a.  [Lat.  apicatus, 
pa.  par.  of  spico  =  to  furnish  with  spikes ; 
spica  =  an  ear  of  corn.] 

Hot. :  Having  a  spike  or  ear ;  eared  like 
corn. 

spic  ca'  to,  adv.    [Ital.  =  divided.] 

Music :  A  direction  that  every  note  is  to  be 
played  with  a  distinct  and  separate  sound.  It 
is  marked  by  dots  over  the  notes.  In  the  case 
of  instruments  played  with  a  bow,  it  denotes 
that  every  note  ia  to  have  a  distinct  bow. 

spi^e,  *.      IO.  FT.  espice,   from  Lat.  speciem, 
accus.  of  species  =  a  kind,  a  species  (q.v.) ; 
8p.  &  Port,  especia;   Ital.  spezie;   FT.  epice. 
Spice  and  species  are  thus  doublets.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  L  Lit. :  A  kind,  a  species. 

"  The  tpicet  of  penance  ben  three— that  one  of  them 
Is  solempue,  another  U  commune,  and  the  tliridde 
privie." — Chaucer:  1'anon't  Tab. 

2.  Fig. :  A  small  quantity  which  gives 
flavour  or  zest  to  a  greater ;  a  small  admixture ; 
a  flavouring,  a  smack. 

"  If  by  hard  work.  It  muit  be  some  kind  that  hai  a 
tpic*  of  adventure  in  It."— Century  Magaxine,  April, 

IL  Comm. :  A  general  name  for  vegetable 
substances  possessing  aromatic  and  pungent 
properties,  such  as  cinnamon,  cloves,  ginger, 
peeper,  &c. 

spice-bosh,  *. 

Bot.  :  (1)  Oreodaphne  cattfornica ;  (2)  Spice- 
wood  (q.v.). 

spice  mill,  s.  A  mill  similar  to  a  coffee 
or  drug-mill,  for  grinding  spices. 

spice-nut,  *.    A  gingerbread  nut. 

*  spice-plate,  *.    A  plate  on  which  spice 
was  laid,  when  it  was  the  custom  to  take 
spice  with  wine.    (Halliwell.) 

"  There  was  a  void  of  ipice-platft  and  wine."— Coron. 
Anne  Boleyn  (Kng.  Garner,  u.  W). 

spice  wood,  s. 

Bot. :  A  North  American  name  for  Benzoin 
odoriferum.  Called  alao  Spice-bush. 

spice,  v.t.     [SPICE,  s.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  season  with  spice ;  to  mix  with  spice ; 
to  mix  aromatic  substances  with  ;  to  season. 


"2.  To  impregnate  with  a  spicy  odoor. 

"  In  the  tpiced  Indian  air  by  night, 

Full  often  she  hath  gouip'd  by  my  side.** 

Shaketp. :  itidntmmtr  Xight't  ltr«,im,  U.  L 

JL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  season;  to  mix  up  with  something 
which  gives  flavour  or  zest. 

"They  will  patronise  a  highly-»pfc«d  sensational 
melodrama."— Daily  Telegraph.  Sept,  M,  1888. 

*2.  To  render  nice  or  scrupxilous. 

"  Take  It,  'tis  youra, 
B«  not  so  spiced,  it  ia  good  gold." 

Beaum.  t  J-'lel, :  J/ad  Lover.  UL 

*spi9'-er,  *spyc-er,  s.    [Eng.  spic(e);  -*r.] 

1.  One  who  seasons  with  spice. 

2.  One  who  deals  in  spices. 

"  A  fpycer  or  grocer  named  Petyr  Gylle."— Fabyan  : 
Chronicle;  King  John  (an.  8). 

*Spi9'-er-^,  «.    [O.Fr.  espicerie:  Fr.  epicerte.} 

1.  Spices  generally  or  collectively ;  aromatic 
substances  used  in  seasoning. 

"  With  balme  and  wine,  aud  costly  tpicery." 

Spenter  ;  P.  Q.,  II.  xl.  4ft 

2.  A  repository  of  spices. 

"  The  tpictry,  the  cellar  and  Its  furniture,  are  in% 
well  known  to  be  here  insisted  npon."—A<tdi»on:  On 
Italy. 

*  spi-cif-er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  spicifer  =:  bearing 
spikes  or  ears ;  spica  =  an  ear,  and  fsro  =  to 
bear.]  Bearing  ears,  as  corn ;  producing 
spikes ;  spicated. 

t  spi'-cl-fonn,  a.    [Lat.  spica  =  a  spike,  and 
forma  =  form.  ] 
Bot. :  Spike-like. 

spi  9*  ness,  «.  [Eng.  spicy;  -nest.]  Th» 
quality  or  state  of  being  spicy. 

spick,  5.    [SPIKE.] 

spick-and-span,  a.  &  adv. 

A.  As  adj. :  Quite  new  or  fresh,  brand  new. 

"  The  ipick-and-rpan  appearance  pmoented  by  Mar- 
low  and  Hastings  after  their  Journey."— AV"«T«,  Feb. 
37,  1887. 

B.  As  adv. :  Quite. 

spick-and-span  new,  a.  [Lit  =  spikt 
and  chip  new,  that  is,  new  as  from  the  work- 
man's hands ;  cf.  Dut.  spikspeldernieuw  =  spick 
and  quite  new ;  Sw.  spik-sp&ngende  ny.]  En- 
tirely new;  brand-new.  [SPANNEW.] 

"  In  the  snine  dolng>.  to  make  a  tpick-and-tpon  n#w 
world."— Scott ;  Jtedgauntltt,  letter  xl 

spick'  nel,  *.    [SPIONEL.] 

spi  cose,  spi'-cous,  a.  [Lat.  spica  =  an 
ear  or  spike.]  Having  spikes  or  ears  ;  eared 
like  corn ;  spicate. 

8pi-c5s'-i-t&  s.  [Eng.  gplcos(e);  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  spicose,  or  of  having, 
or  being  full  of  ears,  like  corn. 

8pl'-cous,  a.     [SPICOSE.] 

spic  -u-la  (pi.  spic  u  Ice),  «.    [Mod.  Lat.t 

from  spica  (q.v.).] 

1.  Bot. :  (I)  A  small  spike,  a  apikelet ;  (2) 
a  pointed,  fleshy,  superficial  appendage ;  (3) 
one  of  the  points  of  the  basidia  of  fungals  or 
their  aciculae. 

2.  Zool. :  A  fine  pointed  body  like  a  needle. 
Spiculae  are  found  in  the  body-mass  of  many 
of  the  Protozoa. 

Spic'-u-lar,  o.  [Lat  spiculum  =  a  dart) 
Resembling  a  dart;  having  sharp  points. 

spic'-u-late,  a.  [Lat.  spiculatus,  pa.  par.  of 
spiculo  =  to  sharpen  to  a  point ;  spiculum  =  a 
point.] 

*  1.  Ord,  Lang. :  Covered  with  or  divided 
into  fine  points. 

2.  Bot. :  Covered  with  fine,  fleshy,  erect 
points. 


*  spic'- u- late,  v.t. 

sliarpen  to  a  point. 


[SPICCLATE,    a.]      To 


"  Extend  a  rail  of  elm,  securely  armed 
With  ipiculated  paling." 

Maton :  Englith  Garden,  11. 

splc'-ule,  s.  [SPICULA.]  A  needle-shaped  bod/. 

"  It  is  destitute  of  hard  parta,  ipicul«t  or  shett."— 
cribner't  Magazine,  June,  1877,  p.  166. 

spIc'-u-lX-form,  a.    [Eng.  spicule, 
Having  the  form  of  a  spicule. 

splc-n-li&'-en-oiis,  a.    [Lat.  spicula  =  * 
spicule,  and  gigno,  pa.  t.  genui  =  t 
Containing  or  producing  spicules. 


^;  po~ut,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e?ist.   ph  =  t, 
-tian  =  shan.    -tiou,  -«ion  =  shun;  -tlon,  -fion  =  zhun,   -dons,  -tious,  -sious  =  shos.   -We,  -die,  ic.  =  bel.  del. 


4386 


spiculum— spike 


spic'-n-lum  (pi.  splc'-u-ljat),  s.  [Lat.  =  a 
little  "sharp  point  or  sting,  dirain.  from  spica 
=  a  thorn.) 

Zool. :  Any  hard-pointed  animal  structure. 
•pic'-y,  a*    [Eng.  spic(e);  -y.J 

L  Literally: 

L  Producing  spice  or  spices ;  abounding 
with  spices.  (Cowper:  Charity,  442.) 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  spice;  flavoured 
with  spice  ;  fragrant,  aromatic. 

"Cut  round  a  fragrant  miat  of  tpicy  fumes." 

Additon:  Virgil;  Gworyie IT. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Having  a  sharp  flavour  or  smack  ;  pun- 
gent, pointed,  keen  :  as,  a  spicy  story. 

2.  Showy,  handsome,  smart:  as,   a   spicy 
dress.    (Colloq.) 

spi-der,  *  spi-ther,  *spi-thre,  *spy- 
der,  3.  [For spintkfr,  from  «pin  (q.v.);  cf. Dut, 
api/t  =  a  spider;  Dan.  spinder,  Irom  spinde  = 
to  spin ;  Sw.  spinnel,  from  spinna ;  Ger. 
tpinne.} ' 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  6. 

H.  Technically: 

L  Billiards :  A  rest  having  long  legs,  so  as 
to  stand  over  a  ball. 

2.  Domestic: 

(1)  A  kitchen  utensil,  with  feet,  adapted  to 
be  used  on  the  hearth  for  baking  or  boiling. 

(2)  A  griddle. 

(3)  A  trivet. 

3.  Machinery: 

(1)  A  skeleton  of  radiating  spokes ;  as  a 
•p rocket- wheel  (q.v.). 

(2)  The  internal  frame  or  skeleton  of  a  gear- 
wheel, for  instance,  on  which  a  cogged  rim 
may  be  bolted,  shrunk,  or  cast. 

(3)  The  solid  interior  portion  of  a  piston  to 
which  the  packing  is  attached  and  to  whose 
axis  the  piston-rod  is  secured. 

4.  Nautical: 

(1)  An  outrigger  to  keep  a  block  from  the 
•tip's  side. 

(2)  An  iron  hoop  around  the  mast  for  the 
attachment  of  the  futtock-shrouds. 

(3)  A  hoop  around  a  mast  provided  with 
belay  ing- pins. 

6.  Zoology: 

(I)  The  popular  name  of  any  individual  of 
Huxley's  Aranein*  (q.v.).  The  species  are 
very  numerous  and  universally  distributed, 
the  largest  being  found  in  the  tropics.  The 
abdomen  is  without  distinct  divisions,  and  is 
generally  soft  and  tumid;  the  legs  are  eight 
in  number,  seven-jointed,  the  last  joint  armed 
with  two  hooks  usually  toothed  like  a  comb. 
The  distal  joint  of  the  falces  is  folded  down 
on  the  next,  like  the  blade  of  a  pocket-knife 
upon  the  handle,  and  the  duct  of  a  poison- 
gland  in  the  cephalothorax  opens  at  the 
summit  of  the  terminal  joint.  There  are  two 
or  four  pulmonary  sacs  and  a  tracheal  sys- 
tem ;  eyes  generally  eight  in  number ;  no 
auditory  organs  have  been  discovered.  Their 
most  characteristic  organ  is  the  arachnidium, 
the  apparatus  by  which  fine  silky  threads 
—in  the  majority  of  the  species  utilized  for 
spinning  a  web — are  produced.  In  Epeira 
aiadema,  the  Common  Garden  Spider,  more 
than  a  thousand  glands,  with  separate  excret- 
ory ducts,  secrete  the  viscid  material  of  the 
web.  These  ducts  ultimately  enter  the  six 
prominent  arachnidial  mammillae,  projecting 
from  the  hinder  end  of  the  abdomen,  and 
having  their  terminal  faces  beset  with  minute 
arachnidial  papillae,  by  which  the  secretion  of 
the  gland  is  poured  out.  By  means  of  these 
silky  threads,  spiders  form  their  dwellings 
and  construct  ingenious  nets  for  the  capture 
of  their  prey ;  these  threads  serve  also  as  a 
safeguard  against  falling,  and  as  a  means  of 
transport  from  one  elevated  object  to  another, 
being  thrown  out  as  a  sort  of  flying  bridge. 
The  webs  are  in  high  repute  for  stanching 
blood ;  the  threads  are  employed  for  the  cross 
lines  in  astronomical  telescopes,  and  have 
been  made  into  textile  fabrics  as  articles  of 
curiosity.  Spiders  are  essentially  predaceous, 
and  adopt  various  devices  as  nets,  traps,  and 
ambushes,  for  the  capture  of  their  prey ;  but 
the  fate  of  the  victim  is  always  the  same — the 
claw-joints  of  the  falces  are  buried  in  the 
body,  inflicting  a  poisonous  wound,  and  the 
juices  are  then  sucked  out  by  the  muscular 
apparatus  appended  to  the  oesophagus  of  the 
spider.  The  bite  of  none  of  the  species  is 


dangerous  to  man.  [TARANTULA.]  They  are 
extremely  pugnacious,  and  in  their  combats 
often  sustain  the  loss  of  a  limb,  which,  like  the 
Crustaceans,  they  have  the  power  of  reproduc- 
ing. The  males  are  smaller  than  the  females, 
which  they  approach  with  great  caution,  as 
they  run  great  risk  of  being  devoured,  even  at 
the  time  of  impregnation.  The  eggs  are  numer- 
ous, and  usually  enveloped  in  a  cocoon  or 
egg-case  ;  the  young  undergo  no  metamorpho- 
sis. The  chief  species  are  described  in  this 
Dictionary  under  their  popular  names. 

"  Scallger  relates  that  In  Gascony.  Ms  country,  there 
are  tpiiirrt  of  that  vimlency.  that  if  a  nmn  treads 
npou  them,  to  crush  them,  their  puVBon  will  pasa 
t  lirnutfli  the  very  soles  of  his  ihooe*.  —  Imrham  :  Phyt, 
Theol..  bk.  iv.,  eh.  ilii.  (Note.) 

(2)  A  spider-crab  (q.v.). 

"  Like  nil  the  other  triangular  Crustacea,  tne  fisher. 
men  ln\et*rately  terra  it  '  tptder;'  and  they  appear  to 
bare  very  little  idea  of  any  affinity  between  tlieso 
forms  and  the  crabs  properly  M>  called.."  —  BtU:  Brit. 
&talk-*ycd  Cruttacea.  p.  12. 

spider  ant,  s. 

Entom.  :  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the 
European  species  Mutilla  (q.v.),  from  the 
fact  that  the  females  have  a  somewhat  spider- 
like  appearance. 

spider-catcher,  *. 

Ornithology  : 

1.  Arachnothera,  a  genus  of  In4fo"  birds, 
family  Meliphagidse. 

2.  The  Wall-creeper  (q.v.). 
spider  crab,  s. 

Zool.  :  Any  crab  of  the  family  Maiidse  (q.v.). 
One  of  the  commonest  is  Maia  sguinado,  the 
Spinous  Spider-crab  (q.v.). 

spider  eater,  s. 

Orntth.  :  The  same  as  SPIDER-CATCHEB,  1. 

spider-fly,  s. 

Eniom.  :  A  popular  name  for  various  insects 
of  the  genera  fiippobosca  and  Nycteribia. 

spider-line,  & 

Optics  :  A  filament  of  spider's  web  nsed  in 
micrometers  for  delicate  astronomical  obser- 
vations. 

spider-mite,  *. 

Zool.  (PL)  :  The  OamaaoL 

spider  monkey,  *. 

Zool,  :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Ateles  (q.v.),  so  called  because, 
in  the  opinions  of  the  Europeans  who  first 
saw  them  in  their  native  forests,  their  long 
limbs  gave  them  some  distant  resemblance  to 
immense  spiders. 

spider-orchis,  ». 

Bot.:  Ophrys  aranifera.  Sepals  yellow. 
green  inside,  petals  oblong,  lip  broad  and 
convex  without  an  appendage,  anther  beaked. 
Found  in  copses  and  downs  in  the  east  of 
England. 

spider-shell,  «.    [SCORPION-SHELL.] 

•spi'-dered,  a.      [Eng.  spider;   *ed.]     In- 
fested with  spiders  ;  cobwebbed. 

"  Content  can  visit  the  poor  tpidered  room." 

WolcoU  :  Peter  Pindar,  p.  t». 

spi'-der-like,  a.  [Eng.  spidert  and  like,  ]  Like 
or  resembling  a  spider. 

" 


Oat  of  his  Belf-drawluR  web  he  give*  us  note," 

Shakeip.  :  lienry  VIII.,  L  L 

spi'-der-wort,  *.    [Eng.  spider,  and  wort.] 

Botany  : 

L  Sing.:  (l)The  genus  Tradescantia;  spec., 
Tradescantia  virginioa;  (2)  Anthericum  sero- 
tinum. 

2.  PI.  :  The  order  Commelynaccfie  (q.v.). 

spie  gel-ei'-sen,  i.    [Ger.    (See  def.)] 

Metatt.  :  A  name  applied  by  the  Germans  to 
a  variety  of  cast-iron,  which  is  coarsely  crys- 
talline, the  large  crystal  planes  having  bright 
reflections.  Numerous  analyses  show  that  it 
contains  about  five  per  cent,  of  combined 
carbon,  but  although  most,  if  not  all,  analyses 
show  a  fair  proportion  of  manganese  to  be 
present  it  is  still  regarded  as  uncertain 
whether  this  element  or  the  combined  carbon 
determines  the  crystallization. 

spier,  «.    [SPIBE,  3.] 
spier,  r.f.  or  i.    [SPEIR.] 

SpiF-ly,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    Spruce,  fine, 
showy.    (Slang.) 


splf-ll-cate,  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  ^ 
crush  ;  to  smash  up.  (Slang.) 

"The  way  In  which  the  learned,  racy  old  Hector 
•mashes  and  »p(fttc<ttci  wientiflc  idiot*  .  .  .  ia  deli- 
clou*."—  lirttiih  Quarterly  itemtw  (1873),  Ivii.  27G. 

Splf-li-ca'-tion,  s.  [Eng.  spijlica.(te) ;  -tion.) 
The  act  of  spiflicating  ;  the  condition  of  being 
spiflicated. 

"  Whow  blood  he  rowed  to  drink— t  lie  Oriental  rona 
of  threatening  tptyuMtum."— Burton  :  El  M<-Jt»ik.  L 
•M. 

SpJg-el'-S-W,  8.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  spigel(ia)i 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -fee.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Lognniaceae  (q.v.). 

spi-ge'-li-a,  s  [Named  after  Adrian  Spige- 
lius  (died  1625),  Prof,  of  Anat-  any  and  Surgery 
at  Padua,  and  a  botanical  author.] 

Bot. ;  The  typical  genus  of  Loganiacea. 
Calyx  live-parted  ;  corolla  funnel  -  sli;i,  fl  ; 
limb  ftve-cleft ;  anthers  converging  ;  capsule 
two-celled,  four-valved,  many-seeded.  Known 
species  about  thirty,  from  the  warmer  part* 
of  America.  Various  species,  as  i>(";/f/ia 
glabra,  are  poisonous ;  S.  marilandica,  the 
Carolina  Pink-root,  and  S.  Anthelmia,  are  au* 
thelmintic  and  narcotic. 

spi-ge-U-a'-oe'-w,  s.pl    [Mod.  Lat  apt- 
geli(a)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acew.] 
Bot. :  The  same  as  LOGANIACE.*  (q.v.). 

Spi-ge'-li-an,  a.    [SPIGELIA.] 

Anat.;  Of  or  pertaining  to  Spigelius  ;  ap- 
plied to  the  lobulvA  spigelii,  a  lobe  of  the 
liver  lying  behind  the  fissure  for  the  portal 
vein. 

*  spight  (gh  silent),  s.  &  v.    [SPITE,  s.  &  v.] 
splght  (0A  silent),  *.    [SPECHT.] 

nel,  i.  [A  corrupt,  of  spikenail  (q.v.).] 
The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Athamanta. 

splg'-net,  *.     [A  corrupt,  of  spikenard  (q.v.).J 
Bot. :  Aralia  mcemosa, 

spig  -ot,  *  spIfiT-got,  *  spig-otte, fc  apeg- 
et,  *  spyk  ctte,  s.  [Irish  &  Gael.  tpiocanL 
dimin.  of  spice  =  &  spike  (q.v.);  Wei.  yslngod 
=  a  spigot ;  ysbig  =  a  spike.  All  from  Lat. 
sptca  =  a  spike.J  A  pin  or  peg  used  to  stop  j 
vent  or  to  command  the  opening  through  a 
faucet ;  a  spile. 

"  Then  take  out  the  tpiff&ot  with  your  left  hand, 
and  clap  tbe  i>omt  of  it  Iiitu  your  inoutL."— tiunfl: 
Direction*  to  the  liuller. 

spigot-joint,  s.    [FADCET-JOINT.] 

*  Bpi  gur  -nel,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Law:  A  name  formerly  given  to  the  sealer 
of  the  writs  in  Chancery. 

spike  (1),  *  spycke,  *  spyke,  s.  [Lat.  spies 
=  an-ear  of  corn,  a  point,  a  spike.  Cf.  Irisk 
pice ;  Gael,  pic;  Wei.  pig;  Icel.  spik;  Sw. 
spik;  Dan.  spiger;  Ger.  spieker;  Dut.  spijker 
=  a  nail.  All  due  to  Lat.  spica  =  &u.  ear  ol 
corn,  a  point,  a  pike.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  ear  of  corn  or  grain. 

"  The  gleanen  tpread  around,  and  here  and  there, 
Spike  after  ipUe,  their  scAiity  harveut  pick." 

Thornton:  Autumn,  1M. 

2.  A  large  nail  or  Din,  usually  of  iron,  but 
Bometimea  of  wood.    &ptcif.:  In  base-ball,  one 
of  a  set  of  sharp  nails  projecting  trorn  the 
sole  of  a  player's  shoe,  to  prevent  him  from 
slipping  when  running  the  bases. 

3.  A  piece  of  pointed  Iron,  like  a  lon£  nail, 
inserted  with  the  point  outwards,  as  on  the 
tops  of  walls,  gates,  &c.,  to  preveut  person* 
fjoia  passiug  over  them. 

"  Ha  had  climbed  acrora  the  tptket." 

Tennyxm:  Princeu.     (Tral  UM 

4.  A  nail  or  piece  of  iron  with  which  th« 
vents  of  cannon  are  plugged  up  to  destroy 
their  efficiency. 

*5.  Something    resembling    an    iron    ol  ' 
wooden  spike. 

*•  He  wean  on  hU  head  the  corona  radiata,  anothel 
type  of  hti  divinity ;  tbe  ipikct  that  ihoot  out  repre> 
•en  t  tin;  raya  of  the  tun.'— Add-on. 

tt  Botany: 

1.  A  kind  of  inflorescence,  having  flowen 
sessile  along  a  common  axis,  as  in  Plantago. 

[COMPOOND-SPIKE.] 

"These  latter  In  their  torn  developed  tiMtt  rf 
bloom  nearly  equal  to  the  earlier  oues."— field.  OcL  S 
IMS. 

2.  The  same  as  SPIKE- LAVENDER  (q.v.X 


f6te,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot 
or,  wore,  wglf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  nnite,  our,  role,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  ce  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw* 


spike— spilth. 


4387 


•pike-lavender,  s. 
Bot. :  Lavandula,  tipica. 
•pike-nail,  s.    A  nail  of  three  Inches  or 
upwards  in  length. 

"  Which  they  received  with  a  great  deal  of  indiffer- 
ence except  hatchets  and  ij>UC4-itaUt."—CotJt:  Second 
Poyaye,  bk.  L.  ch.  IT. 

spike-oil,  ». 

Chem. :  A  volatile  oil  obtained  by  distilling 
the  leaves  and  stalks  of  the  lavender.  It  is 
less  agreeable  than  lavender  oil,  specifically 
h.'ivier,  and  deposits  a  larger  quantity  of 
camphor. 

•pike-plank, ». 

Naut. :  In  arctic  navigation,  a  platform  pro- 
jecting across  the  vessel  before  the  mizzen- 
uiast,  to  enable  the  ice- master  to  cross  over 
ami  see  ahead,  so  as  to  pilot  her  clear  of  the 
ice.  It  corresponds  with  the  bridge  in 
steamers. 

spike-rush,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Eleocharls. 

spike -team,  >.  A  waggon  drawn  by 
three  horses,  or  by  two  oxen  and  a  horse. 
(.Ainer.) 

spike-wheel  propeller, s.  A  mode  of 
propulsion  of  canal-boatji,  in  which  a  spiked 
wheel,  driven  by  the  engine,  is  made  to  track 
upon  the  bottom  of  the  canal,  and  thus  draw 
the  boat  The  spikewheel  operates  outside 
the  boat,  or  In  a  compartment  inside  open  at 
bottom. 

•pike  (2),  J.    [Icel.  splk  =  blubber ;  Ger.  speck 
=  tat,  bacon.]    Blubber. 

spike-tackle,  a. 

Naut. :  The  tackle  by  which  the  carcase  of 
a  whale  is  held  alongside  while  flensing. 

spike-tub,  «.    A  vessel  in  which  the  fat 
of  bears,  seals,  and  minor  quarry  is  set  aside* 
till  an  opportunity  occurs  for  adding  it  to  the 
blubber  in  the  hold.    (Smyth.) 

•pike,  v.t.    [SPIKE  (1),  «-l 

1.  To  fasten  with  spikes  or  long  nails. 

"  Lay  long  planks  upon  them,  tpiktng  or  pinning 
them  down  fast."— Mortimer:  nutbandry. 

2.  To   set   with   spikes ;  to  furnish  with 
spikes. 

3.  To  fix  upon  a  spike;   to  impale  on  a 
spike ;  to  pierce  with  a  spike. 

*  4.  To  make  sharp  at  the  end,  like  a  spike. 
6.  To  stop  the  vent  of,  as  of  a  cannon,  with 
a  spike. 

"  A  battery  of  four  guns,  which  he  iptked."—  Field. 
Sept  t,  1836. 

1[  To  spike  a  cannon  or  gun :  To  fill  up  the 
touchhole  or  vent  by  driving  a  spike  into  it, 
so  as  to  render  it  unserviceable. 

•piked,  o.    [Eng.  spike  (1),  s. ;  -«J.] 

1.  Having  spikes  or  ears ;  eared. 

"  In  tpiked  come,  the  leafe  resembleth  that  which 
groweth  to  reedea.  — P.  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  xvitL, 
oh.  IN. 

2.  Set  with  spikes. 

•pike   lot,  «.    [Eng.  spike  (1);  dimln.  sun*. 
•let.} 
Bot. :  A  partial  spike  in  grasses. 

jpike -nard,  s.   (Eng.  spike,  and  nard;  Mod. 
Lat.  spica  nardi.] 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  Nardostachys  Jatamansi,  called  In  Hin- 
dustan Jatamansi  and  Balckhar.    The  root, 
which  is  from  three  to  twelve  inches  long, 
Bends  up  many  steins,  with  little  spikes  of 
purple  flowers,  which  have  four  stamens.    It 
grows  in  the  Himalayas  at  an  elevation  of 
from  11,000  to  15,000,  or  in  Sikkim  to  17,000 
feet.    [2.]    [PLOUGHMAN'S  SPIKENARD.) 

(2)  VaUriana.  celtica,  and  in  various  coun- 
tri'-s  other  plants. 

2.  Perfumes :  An  aromatic  substance  derived 
from  the  root  of  Nardostachys  Jatamansi  [(!).] 
(Bong  i.  12,  iv.  13,  14.)    It  was  highly  prized 
by  the  ancients,  and  used  by  them  both  in 
baths  and  at  feasts  as  an  unguent  (cf.  Hor. 
Carm.,  II.  xi.  16,  17 ;  IV.  xii.  16,  17),  and  the 
women  of  Nepaul  still  employ  oil  in  which 
the  root  has  been  steeped  for  perfuming  their 
hair.     The  "ointment  of   spikenard,     with 
which  our  Lord  was  anointed  as  he  sat  at 
meat  In  the  house  of  Simon  of  Bethany  (Mark 
Tiv.  3 ;  John  xii.   3)  was  prepared  from  it. 
Its  costliness  may  be  inferred  from  the  indig- 


nant surprise  of  Judas  (John  xii.  5  ;  cf.  Hor., 
ubi  sitp.).  Sometimes  applied  to  the  ointment 
itself,  as  in  the  example. 

«•  Shd  bows,  the  batbee  her  Saviour'*  feet 
With,  costly  ipikenard  and  with  tears." 

Tennyion:  In  Jtemoriam,  xxxil.  U. 

splk1-?,  spik'-ej, ,  a.   (Eng.  spik(e)  0),  >• !  *1 

1.  In  the  shape  of  a  spike  ;  having  a  sharp 
point  or  points. 

2.  Set  with  spikes. 

"  The  tpOtu  wheel!  through  heaps  of  carnage  tore." 
Pope:  Homer:  Iliad  xx.  685. 

S.  Resemblingthe  spike  of  a  grass.  (Nature, 
xxxiii.  (1886),  p.  500.) 

spi-lan'-thes,  spi- Ian' -thus,  ».  [Gr. 
oTriAos  (spilos)  =  a  mark,  and  ayDoj  (anthos)  = 
flower.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Yerbesinese.  Composites 
with  yellow  heads.  Known  species  about 
forty.  Spilanthes  oleracea,  or  S.  AcmeUa,  var. 
oleracea,  is  the  Para  cress,  cultivated  in  the 
tropics  as  a  salad  and  potherb.  The  whole 
plant  is  acrid  ;  the  flower-heads  are  sometimes 
chewed  to  relieve  toothache. 

spile,  i.  [Dut.  spill ;  Low.  Ger.  spile  =  a  bar, 
a  stake  ;  Ger.  speil  =  a  skewer.) 

1.  A  small  plug  of  wood  for  stopping  the 
spile-hole  of  a  barrel  or  cask.    The  spile-hole 
is  a  small  aperture  made  in  the  cask  when 
placed  on  tap,  usually  near  the  bung-hole,  to 
afford  access  to  the  air,  in  order  to  permit  the 
contained  liquid  to  flow  freely. 

2.  A  spout  for  sugar-water  (the  sap  of  the 
sugar-maple  tree).    [MAPLE-SUGAR,] 

3.  A  stake  driven  into  the  ground  to  protect 
a  bank,  form  wharves,  abutments,  &c. ;  a  pile. 

spile-borer,  *.    An  auger-bit  to  bore  out 
stuff  for  spiles. 
spile-hole,  «.    [SPILE,  s.,  1.] 

spile,  v.t.  [SPILE,  «.]  To  supply  with  a  faucet 
or  spigot,  as  a  cask  of  liquor. 

•*  I  had  them  tpUed  underneath."— ifarryat :  Pacha 
of  Many  Talel ;  The  Greek  Slave. 

SpiT-I-kln,  ».     [Eng.  tpitt,  s. ;  dimin.  Buff. 

•kin.} 

1.  A  small  peg,  of  bone,  wood,  Ivory,  &c., 
used  for  taking  the  score  at  cribbage  and 
other  games. 

2.  (PI.):  A  game  played  with  such  pegs ; 
push-pin. 

spil'-ing,  s.    [SPILE.] 

Shipbuilding : 

1.  The  edge  curve  of  a  plank  or  stroke. 

2.  (PL):  Dimensions  taken  from  a  straight- 
edge or  rule  to  different  points  on  a  curve. 

spill  (1),  *  spU,  *  spille,  s.  [Prop,  speld, 
from  A.S.  speld  =  a  torch,  a  spill  to  light  a 
candle  with  ;  Dut.  speld  =  a  pin  ;  spul  =  the 
pin  of  a  bobbin,  spindle,  axis  ;  Icel.  speld, 
speldi  =  a  thin  slice  of  board ;  spildd  =  a 
flake,  a  slice  ;  Goth.  spUda  =  &  writing-tablet ; 
M.  H.  Ger.  tpeUe  —  a  splinter ;  Ger.  tpalten  = 
to  cleave.) 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  A  spile.    [SPILE,  ».,  1.] 

"  Have  near  the  bunghole  a  little  ventbole,  itopped 
with  a  ti'iU."— Mortimer. 

*  2.  A  piece  broken  off ;  a  splinter. 

"The  same  meate  draweth  forth  epillt  of  broken  and 
shivered  bones."—  P.  Holland:  I'linie,  bk.  nil., 
oh.  xxv. 

*  3.  A  small  bar  or  pin  of  iron. 

*  4.  A  little  sum  of  money. 

"The  bishops  ...  were  wont  to  have  a  tpitt  or  spor. 
tule  from  the  credulous  laity."— Aylife:  Parergon. 

5.  A  slip  of  paper  rolled  up,  or  a  thin  slip 
of  wood  used  to  light  a  candle,  lamp,  &<.-.. 

II.  Shipwright. :  A  small  peg  used  to  stop 
the  hole  left  by  a  spike  when  drawn  out. 

spill  (2),  «.  [SPILL,  ».]  A  throw,  a  tumble,  a 
fall.  (Colloq.) 

"  A  aulok  drive  along  the  frosty  road,  ending  in  a 
harmless  tpiU.'— Field.  Jan.  2,  1886. 

spill,  *  spille,  v.t.  &  i.  [For  spild,  from  A.S. 
spildan,  tpiUan  =  to  destroy,  from  spild  =  de- 
struction, orig.=  a  cleaving,  from  the  same 
root  as  spill  (1),  s.) 

A.  Transit  ivt : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  To  ruin,  to  destroy. 

If  thou  wilt  go,  quod  she,  and  itnll  thyself, 
Take  vs."  Surrey :  yliyite;  JSneit  it 


*  2.  To  piece,  set,  or  diversify  with  spills  01 
small  pieces  ;  to  inlay.     [SPILL  (1),  $.] 

"  Though  all  the  pillours  ot  the  one  were  guilt, 
And  alt  the  otueru  pavement  were  with  y  vury  gpiit* 
Spetiter:  F.  Q.,  IV.  x.  5. 

3.  To  throw,  as  from  a  horse  or  carriage. 
(Colloq.) 

4.  To  suffer  to  fall  or  run  out  of  a  vMsel ; 
to  lose  or  suffer  to  be  scattered.    (Applied 
only  to  fluids  and  substances  whose  particles 
are  small  and  loose  :  as,  To  spill  water  out  of 
a  jug  ;  to  spill  quicksilver;  to  spill  powders. 
It  diners  from  pour  in  denoting  an  accidental 
or  undesigned  loss  or  waste.) 

"  Like  the  fair  pearl-necklace  of  the  Queen, 
Tliat  bunt  in  dancing,  and  tlie  pearls  were  fpilt." 
Tetinyton .'  Vivien.  302. 

5.  To  suffer  or  cause  to  flow  out  j  to  shed. 
(Applied    especially  with    regard    to    blood. 
Formerly  applied  also  to  tears.) 

'*  Enough  of  blood  rests  on  my  head. 
Too  rashly  tpi'lrd." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Ma.  ill.  II. 

II.  Naut. :  To  discharge  the  wind  from,  a* 
from  the  belly  of  a  sail. 
B.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  To  be  ruined  or  destroyed ;  to  come  to 
ruin. 

"  That  thou  wolt  soffreu  innocence  to  tpiU, 
Aiid  wicked  folke  regne  in  prosi*ritee." 

Chaucer:  0.  T..  6,48*. 

*  2.  To  waste  ;  to  be  prodigal. 

"  Thy  father  bid*  thee  spare,  and  chide*  for  tpilllna." 

Kidney. 

3.  To  fall.    (Amer.) 

"  Its  body  slumps  off,  and  rolls  (ind  tpttle  down  the 
bin."— Burrouffht :  Pepacton,  p.  317. 

•4.  To  be  shed;  to  be  suffered  to  fall;  to 
be  lost  or  shed. 

"  He  was  so  topful  of  himself,  that  he  let  It  tpill  on 
all  the  company  :  be  spoke  well  indeed,  but  he  epok* 
too  long."—  Watte. 

*  spille,  v.t.  &  i.    [SPILL,  v.] 

spill' -er,  ».    [Eng.  spill,  v. ;  -er.} 

1.  One  who  spills  or  sheds ;  a  shedder. 

2.  A  kind  of  fishing-line. 

"  In  harbour  they  are  taken  by  tpillert  made  of  a 
cord,  to  which  divers  shorter  are  tied  at  a  little  dis- 
tance, and  to  each  of  these  a  hook  is  fastened  with  a 
bait :  this  Iplllcr  they  sink  in  the  sea  where  thOM 
Asbes  have  their  accustomed  haunt."— Carev:  Survef 
qf  Cornvall. 

spilV-et,  splll'-lard  (1  as  y),  ».  [Appar- 
ently a  dimin.  from  spill  (1),  s.J  (See  com- 
pound.) 

spillet  fishing,  spilliard- fishing,  t. 

A  method  of  fishing  practised  in  the  west  of 
Ireland,  in  which  a  number  of  hooks  are  set 
on  snoods,  and  all  on  one  line.  Called  also 
Bultow  or  Bultow-flsuing. 

spil-li  ken,  s.    [WPILIKIN.] 
splll'-mg,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SPILL,  ».] 

spilling  line,  s. 

Naut.:  Aline  tospill  the  wind  out  of  asail,  by 
keeping  it  from  bellying  out  when  clewed  up. 

*spl-10-ga»'-a,  ».  [Gr.  o-iri'Aot  (spite)  =  a  spot, 
and  yaia  (gaia)  =  the  earth.) 

Bot. :  A  spurious  genus  of  Coniomycetous 
Fungals,  the  immature  state  of  various  species 
of  Cladosporium. 

spi-lo-ga'-Ie,  ».  [Gr.  airiKot  (spllos)  =  a  spot, 
and  yoAVj  (gale)=  a  weasel.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  MelidK,  frequently  merged 
in  Mephitis  (q.v.). 

spil-of-nls,  «.  [Gr.  irm'\oc  (spilos)  =  a  spot, 
and  opvi.s  (ornis)  —  a  bird.] 

OrntfA. :  A  genus  of  Aquilinse,  with  six 
species  from  the  Oriental  region  and  Celebes. 
Formerly  made  a  sub-genus  of  Circaetus  (q.v.). 

spi'-lo-site,.i.  [Gr.  o-mAot  (spilat)  -  a  spot ; 
suff.  -tie  (Petrol.).] 

Petrol. :  A  gray  slate  occurring  in  the  Harts 
Mountains,  which  encloses  numerous  dark- 
brown  grains,  giving  it  a  spotted  aspect- 
spilt,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  o/v.    [SPILI,  «.] 

spil'-ter,  ».  [SPILL  (1),  «.]  One  of  the  small 
branches  on  a  stag's  head.  [SPELDER.] 

"Such  tpUtert  and  trochlngB  on  their  heads."— 
Howell :  Parly  of  BeaOt.  p.  62. 

*  spilth,  s.    [Eng.  spil(l),  v. ;  -(*.]    The  act  of 
spilling ;  that  which  is  spilt  or  poured  out 
lavishly. 

"  Our  vaults  have  wept  with  drunken  tjiilth  of  wine." 
Shakelp.  :  Timon  oj  Athene,  it  * 


boil,  boy;  ptSut,  jowl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-dan, -tian  =  shan.   -tlon,  -«ion  =  shun ;  -flon.  -fioa  =  zhiin.   -oious, -Uous, -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -tile,  &o.  =  bel,  d«L 


4388 


spilus— spindle 


•pi'-lus,  *.     [Gr.  <rirt\et  (spttos)  =  a  spot.] 

1.  Bot.  :  A  brownish  spot,  constituting  the 
hilum  in  grasses. 

2.  PathoL  :  The  same  as  N^vus  (q.v.). 

spi-lyte,  *.    [SPILOSITE.] 

Petrol.  :  A  compact,  grayish,  felsitic  rock, 
containing  globules  of  carbonate  of  lime,  the 
base  containing,  according  to  Didot,  70  per 
cent,  of  albite  (q.v.). 

•pin,  *  spinne,  *  spynne  (pa.  t.  *  span, 
spun,  pa.  par.  *  sponnen,  spun),  v.t.  &  i.  [A.8. 
spinnan  (pa.  t.  spann,  pa.  par.  spunnen)  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut,  spinnen  ;  IceL  &  Sw.  spinna  ; 
Dan.  spinde;  Goth,  spinnan;  Ger.  spinnen. 
Allied  to  span  (q.v.).] 

A*  Transitive: 

L  To  draw  out  and  twist  into  threads,  either 
by  the  hand  or  with  machinery. 

"The  women  tpun  goats'  h&lr."—£xodut  xzxr.  26. 

2.  To  work  on  as  if  spinning  ;  to  draw  out 
tediously  ;  to  extend  to  a  great  length.   (Gene- 
rally with  out.) 

"  Mr.  Cowen  never  tpins  out  an  argument  ;  he  re- 
duce! it  to  the  compactest  form  and  the  fewest  word*." 
—Daily  Teieyraph,  Dec.  26,  1885. 

3.  To  protract  ;  to  spend  by  delays.    (Fol- 
lowed by  out.) 

"By  one  delay  after  another,  they  tpin  out  their 
whole  live*,  till  there's  no  more  future  left  before  'em." 
—L'Kttrunge. 

4.  To  cause  to  whirl  or  turn  with  great 
•peed  ;  to  whirl. 

"The  groups  of  children  who  tpin  their  tope  on  the 

Evement  look  rosy  aud  warm.  —  Pali  Mali  Gazette, 
urch  31,  1886. 

5.  To  form  as  a  filament  or  thread  by  the 
extension  of  a  viscid  fluid,  which  hardens 
upon  coming  into  contact  with  the  air.    (Said 
of  spiders,  silkworms,  and  the  like.) 

"  Spinning  fine  net*  for  the  catching  of  file*."— 
Sharp  :  Sermon*,  vol.  t..  fter.  i. 

6.  To  fish  with  spinning  or  spoon-bait. 

**  He  was  to  be  occasionally  Been  tpinning  the  weir 
two!  uid  icoqn  below  Marsh  Lock.6—  ftoid,  Jan.  SO, 

•  7.  To  supply  continuously. 

"  Stockes  of  Battle  spinning  forth  milk*  abundant- 
ly."— HawtU  :  Camden,  y.  279. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

L  To  perform  the  operation  of  spinning  or 
of  making  threads  ;  to  work  it  drawing  out 
aud  twisting  threads. 

"  Blholde  ya  '-he  lilies  if  k.he  feeld  bou  thel  wexen  : 
thei  tranelen  not,  neithsr  ipynnen-^—Wydiffe:  LvJc* 
xlL 

2.  To  revolve  or  whirl  round  with  great 
•peed  ,  to  move  round  rapidly. 

"  Quick  and  more  ^ulck  he  iptnt  in  giddy  gyres." 
Drvden:  'jvid;  Jtttamorphotei  viii. 

*  3.  To  stream  or  issue  in  a  thread  or  small 

current. 

"  The  blood  out  of  thalr  .lelrnet*  wan, 
80  sharp  were  their  ;ncauntera. 


. 

4.  To  run  or  drive  with  ^reat  rapidity  ;  to 
move  quickly  :  as,  To  spin  along  a  road. 

•  1"  (1)  To  spin  a  fair  thread  :  To  busy  one's 
•elf  about  trifles. 

(2)  To  spin  a  yarn  :  To  tell  a  long  story. 
(Orig.  a  seaman's  phrase.) 

"  The  warn  it  tpun  by  Ben  Campion,  the  old  wit  who 
wu  ita  hero."—  Observer,  Dec.  JO.  1885. 

(3)  To  spin  hay  : 

Mil,  :  To  twist  it  into  ropes  for  convenient 
carriage  ou  an  expedition. 

•pin,  *.  [SPIN,  v.]  The  act  of  spinning  ;  a 
rapid  uninterrupted  action  ;  a  single  effort, 
as  in  a  race. 

"  After  »  »bort  undecided  tpin,  AthM  took  a  good 
Iwd."—  ffetd,  Dec.  6,  1881. 

•pi'-na  (pi.  spi'-nse),  s.    {Lai.}   A  thorn,  a 
prickle  ;  the  backbone  or  spine. 
splna-blflda,  s. 

PathoL:  Cleft  spine;  a  congenital  malfor- 
mation of  frequent  occurrence,  arising  from 
arrest  of  development.  It  may  be  regarded 
as  a  hernia  of  the  membranes  of  the  spinal 
cord  through  a  fissure  in  the  wall  of  the  bony 
canal.  The  person  affected  may  occasionally 
survive  till  middle  life,  but  the  disease  usually 
terminates  fatally. 

•pl-na'-ceous  (ce  as  sh),  a.  [SPINACH.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  spinach,  or  to  the 
class  of  plants  to  which  it  belongs. 

•pm'-ach,  spin  -age  (act,  age  is  Ig),  s. 
[ItaL  spinace;  8p.  espinaca;  Port,  tspinafre; 


Low  Lat.  spinada,  spinacium.  spinathia,  spi- 
narium,  from  Lat.  spiita  =  a  thorn.  So  named 
from  ita  pointed  leaves,  or  from  the  processes 
of  the  seed.] 

L  Hort. :  The  genus  Spinacia  (q.v.),  and 
specially  Spinaceaoleracea,  Common  or  Garden 
Spinach.  It  is  a  hardy  annual  with  large, 
succulent,  triangular  leaves  on  long  petioles. 
Its  home  is  unknown,  but  it  is  extensively 
cultivated  in  various  countries.  Some  varie- 
ties have  prickly,  others  smooth,  seeds.  The 
leaves  are  used  as  a  vegetable  ;  they  are  gene- 
rally boiled  and  served  with  meat  as  a  puree, 
or  with  cream  and  gravy,  or  pressed  into  a 
mould  and  served  with  poached  eggs.  In 
India  the  seeds  are  given  for  difficult  breath- 
ing, inflammation  of  the  liver,  aud  jaundice. 
[HEATH-SPINACH,  WILD-SPINACH.] 

2.  Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Ci- 
daria  dotata. 

spl-na'-fl-a,  *.    [SPINACH.] 

Bot. :  Spinach  ;  a  genus  of  Chenopodiacese. 
Flowers  dioscious,  the  males  with  five  stamens, 
the  females  with  four  styles  and  simple  stigmas. 
Known  species,  two.  [SPINACH.] 

spi  na9  - 1  dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  spinax, 
genit.  spinac(is);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

1.  Ichthy.  :    A  family  of  Selachoidei  (q.v.), 
with  ten  recent  genera,  of  which  the  most 
important  are  Ceutrina,  Acanthias,    Centro- 
phorus,    Spinax,    Scymnus,    Lemargus,    and 
Echinorhinus.       No    nictitating   membrane; 
two  dorsals,   no  anal  fin  ;  spiracles  present ; 
gill-openings  narrow. 

2.  Palceont. :  Two  genera,  Paleeospinax  and 
Prognathodus,  from  the  Lias,  and  two,  Dre- 
panaphorus  and  Spinax,  from  the  Chalk. 

Spin'-aL,  a.  [Lat.  spinalis,  from  spina  =  the 
spine.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  spine  or 
backbone  of  an  animal. 

spinal  brace,  s. 

Surg.:  A  brace  for  remedying  posterior 
curvature  of  the  spine. 

spinal  column,  s.    [SPINE.] 
spinal-cord,  spinal-marrow,  *. 

Anat. ;  That  part  of  the  cerebro-spinal  axis 
which  is  situated  within  the  vertebral  canal. 
It  extends  from  the  margin  of  the  foramen 
magnum  of  the  occipital  bone  to  about  the  lower 
part  of  the  body  of  the  first  lumbar  vertebra. 
It  is  continued  above  into  the  medulla  oblon- 
gata,  and  ends  below  in  n  slender  filament, 
the  jttum  terminate,  or  central  ligament  of  the 
spinal  cord.  It  is  invested  by  a  membrane 
called  the  pia  mater,  surrounded  by  a  sheath 
formed  by  the  dura  mater.  Between  this  and 
the  pia  mater  is  the  arachnoid  membrane  and 
the  cerebro-spinal  fluid.  It  is  subject  to 
various  diseases,  as  spinal  congestion,  haemo- 
rrhage, irritation,  meningitis,  myelitis,  paraly- 
sis, &c. 

Spi'-nax,  s.    [Lat.  spina  =  a  spine.] 

Ichthy.  &  PalcBont. :  A  genus  of  Spinacidse 
(q.v.),  with  three  small  species  from  the 
Atlantic  and  southern  extremity  of  America. 
Each  dorsal  with  a  spine ;  spiracles  wide, 
superior,  behind  the  eye.  [SPINACID.S,  2.] 

spln'-dle,  *  spin-el,  spin-nel  (Prov.), 
*  spin-dele,  *  spin-dell,  «.  [A.S.  spinl, 
from  .spinnan  =  to  spin  ;  O.  Dut.  spille  ;  Dut. 
8pU  (for  spinle);  O.  H.  Ger.  spinala;  Ger. 
gpiUe,  spindel.  The  d  is  excrescent  as  iu 
sound,  thunder,  &c.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

L  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  6. 

"  The  enormous  wheel    that  turns    ten   thousand 
tptodUt,"  Wordsworth:  Excurtion,  vii. 

*  2.  A  long  slender  stalk. 

"  The  spindle*  must  be  tied  up,  and.  aa  they  grow  in 
height,  rods  aet  by  them,  lest  by  their  bending  they 
Should  break."— Mortimer:  Hutbandrji. 

3.  Any  slender  pointed  rod    which  turns 
round,  or  on  which  anything  turns :  as 

(1)  A  shaft,  as  of  a  fusee ;  the  axis  of  a 
caps  tau. 

(2)  The  rod  which  forms  the  axis  of  a  vane. 

(3)  A  round  connecting  piece  in  a  chair,  as 
the  vertical  pieces  uniting  the  seat  and  shit 
top. 

(4)  The  stem  of  a  door-knob,  which  actuates 
the  latch. 

*  4.  Something  very  thin  and  slender. 

"  I  am  lall'n  away  to  nothing,  to  a  tpindlt." 

Beaum.  *  ffet.  :  Woman  Pleat'ct,  iv.  «. 


IL  Technically: 

L  Build, :  The  same  as  NEWEL  (q.v.X 

2.  Founding:  The  pin  on  which  the  pattern 
of  a  mould  is  formed. 

S.  Geom. :  A  solid  generated  by  revolving  a 
portion  of  a  curve  about  a  chord  perpendi- 
cular to  an  axis  of  the  curve.  The  spindle 
takes  its  name  from  the  curve  which  is  re- 
volved, as  the  hyperbolic,  the  parabolic,  the 
elliptic,  &c.,  spindles. 

4.  Lathe:  The  arbor  or  mandrel.     [HEAT> 
STOCK,  TAIL-STOCK.] 

5.  Mill :  A  vertical  shaft  supporting  the 
upper  stone  or  runner  of  the  pair  in  a  tlour- 
milL 

6.  Spinning : 

(1)  A  skewer  or  an  axis  upon  which  a  bobbin 
is  placed  to  wind  the  yarn  as  it  is  spun.    As 
in  a  lathe,  the  spindles  are  said  to  be  live  or 
dead,  according  as  they  do,  or  dp  not,  rotate. 
A  ring-spindle  has  a  travelling  ring  upon  it. 

(2)  A  pendent  piece  of  wood  for  twisting 
and  winding  the  fibres  drawn  from  the  distaff. 

(3)  The    pin    used  In  spinning-wheels    for 
twisting  the  thread,  and  on  which  the  thread, 
when  twisted,  is  wound. 

(4)  A  measure    of  length  ;   a   spindle    of 
eighteen  hanks  of  cotton  yarn  is  15,120  yards; 
a  spindle  of  twenty-four  heers  of  linen  yarn 
is  14,400  yards. 

7.  Shipwright.:  The  upper  main  piece  of  a 
made  mast. 

8.  Vehicles  :  The  tapering  end  or  arm  on  the 
end  of  the  axle-tree.     The  hub  of  the  wheel  is 
slipped  on  the  spindle,  and  is  secured  there 
by  a  linen-pin  in  some  cases,  and  by  a  nut  in 
others. 

9.  Weaving:  The  skewer  in  a  shuttle  on 
which  a  bobbin  or  cop  of  yarn  or  thread  is 
impaled. 

10.  Zool.:  [SPINDLE-SHELL). 
spindle-lathe,  s.    [LATHE.] 

Spindle-legged,  a.  Having  long,  thin 
legs. 

spindle-legs,  spindle-shanks,  s.pL 

Long,  thin  legs ;  hence  applied  to  a  long, 
slender  person,  humorously  or  contemptu- 
ously. 

"  The  marriage  of  one  of  our  hetrenes  with  an  emi- 
nent courtier  gave  <u  tpindle-ihankt   and  cramps," 
Tatter. 

spindle-mould,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Fusarium. 

spindle-shanked,  a.  Spindle  legged 
(q.v.). 

"This  ipindh- thanked  fellow." — Additon:  Drum- 
mer, i.  1 . 

spindle-shanks,  s.  fl  [SPINDLE-LEGS.] 
spindle-shaped,  o. 

1.  Ord.    Lang.:    Having  the  shape  of  » 
spindle ;  fusiform. 

2.  Bot. :  Thick,  tapering  to  each  end,  as  the 
root  of  the  iong  radish. 

spindle  shell,  t. 

Zool. :  Fusus  antiquuf.  Called  also  Buckle, 
Bearing  Buckie,  and  Red  Whelk. 

spindle-side,  >.  The  female  side  in  de- 
scent. [SPEAR-SIDE.] 

"  I  am  not  sure  that  he  does  not  think  it  a  couspii^cT 
of  all  those  to  settle  tbe  representation  of  the  nmrtiu 
De  Cantons  on  the  iuindtr.-ridt."—lJyU(,n :  Caxlonl, 
pt  ITiiL.  oh.  rfii 

spindle-Step,  ».  The  lower  bearing  of 
an  upright  spindle.  Used  in  mill  and  spinning 
spindles. 

spindle  stromb,  s. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Rostellaria  (q.v.). 
gpindle-tree,  s. 

Botany  : 

1.  The   genus   Euonymns   (q.v.) ;   specif. 
Euonymva  Kuroposus,  so  named  because  il  fur- 
nishes a  hard-grained  wood  which  is  used  for 
spindles,  pins,  or  skewers. 

2.  (PI.):  The  order  Celastracese  (q.v.). 
Spindle-tree  oil : 

Chem.:  A  fatty  oil  extracted  by  pressure 
from  the  seeds  of  the  spindle-tree.  It  is 
elear,  reddish-brown,  has  a  repulsive  odour, 
and  bitter  taste,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
sp.  gr.  O'SSS,  and  solidities  between  12°  and  16°. 

sp'ndle-valve,  «.  A  valve  having  at 
axiat.  guide-stem. 


late,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall    father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  wolt,  work,  who,  sin;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar.  rale,  tall;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  o»  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  <ju  =  kw. 


spindle— spinosa 


4389 


spindle  whorl,  spindle-whirl,  >. 

A  rchaol. :  A  small  perforated  *«k  forming 
t  rude  fly-wheel, 
formerly  fixed  on 
tlie3j>indle  to  main- 
tain its  rotatory 
motion  before  the 
Introduction  of  the 
spinning-wheel. 

f SSAKE-  STONE.] 

They  are  open  met 

wilh  in  sepulchral 

climbers,  and  the 

ol.lest  are  probably 

of  Neolithic  age.          SPINDLE-WHORL. 

The    specimen     in 

the  illustration  was  found  at  Holyhead. 

spindle-worm,  ». 

Zool. :  The  caterpillar  of  an  American  moth, 
Gortynu  Z*B.  which  burrows  into  the  stem  of 
maize  and  some  other  cereals. 

•spln'-dle,  v.i.  (SPINDLE,  i.1  To  shoot, 
grow,  or  extend  into  a  long  slender  stalk  or 
body.  (Camper :  Task,  v.  11.) 

spind  -ling,  5.  [Eng.  spiiidl(e) ;  -Ing.}  Tlie 
Spindle-tree  (q.v.).  (Tennyson:  Amphion,  92.) 

•pin  drift,  s.    [Avariantofspoon(Irifl(q.v.).] 
.Van!.  :  The    blinding  haze    of  salt  water 
blown  from  the  surface  of  the  sea  in  a  hur- 
ricane. 

"  Driving  the  tpindrlfl  like  clouds  of  smoke  before 
it."— Field,  Dec.  19.  1886. 

•pine,  i.    [O.  Fr.  espine  (Fr.  ejtine),  from  Lat, 
spina  =  a  thorn,  a  prickle,  the  spine ;  allied 
tospifce(q.v.);  Sp.  espina;  Port.  espinha.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  any  of  the  senses  of  II. 

2.  A  ridge  of  mountains,  especially  a  central 
ridge. 

3.  A  longitudinal  slat  of  a  riddle. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Bat. :  An  indurated  branch   or  process 
formed  of  woody  fibre  and  not  falling  off  like  • 
a  prickle  from  the  part  that  bears  it.    Some- 
times spines  are  transformed  tendrils.    Spines 
on  the  leaves  are  formed  by  the  lengthening 
of  the  woody  tissue  of  the  veins,  in  which 
case  they  project  beyond  the  margin  of  the 
leaf,  as  in  the  holly,  or  they  arise  from  a 
contraction  of  the  parenchyma  of  the  leaves, 
as  in  the  barberry. 

"  Roses,  their  sharp  tpinet  being  gone." 

Taa  Xoble  Ktntmen,  \.  1. 

2.  Comparative  Anatomy : 

(1)  The  vertebral  column.    [VERTEBRA.] 

"  The  ipl'ie.  or  back-bone,  is  a  chain  of  Joints  of 
Tery  wonderful  construction,"— Paleii :  Sat.  Thedoyy, 
eh.  vlii. 

(2)  A  slender,  sharp  or  pointed  process,  as 
the  nasal  spine,  the  neural-spine,  &c.     Called 
also  a  Spinons  process. 

(8)  A  stout,  rigid,  and  pointed  process  of 
the  integument,  formed  externalfy  by  the 
epidermis,  and  internally  of  a  portion  of  the 
cutis.  Sometimes  used  of  stout,  rigid,  and 
pointed  processes  of  the  epidermis  only. 

3.  Much. :  A  longitudinal  ridge ;  a  fin. 
spine-bearers,  >.  pL    [SPINIOKRI.] 
spine-tails,  s.  pi. 

Ornitk.:  The  family  Dendrocolaptidse.  They 
owe  their  popular  name  to  their  more  or  less 
rigi.i  tail-feathers.  Messrs.  Sclater  and  Salvin 
divided  the  family  into  five  sub-families  :  Fur- 
nariinse,  Sclerurinffi,  Synallaxinie  (to  which 
the  name  Spine-tails  is  sometimes  confined), 
Fhilydorinse,  and  Dendrocolaptinse. 

•pined,  i    [Eng.  tfintf);  -ed.]  Having  spines ; 

spiny  :  as,  a  spined  caterpillar,  sinned  cicadas. 
(Swaimon  tShuckard:  Insects,  p.  406.) 

spin  -el  (1),  s.     [Gr.  o-invo*  (spinot),  o-mi-ftjp 
bpiiUMr)  =  a  spark  (King);   Lat.  spinella; 
Fr.  spincUe;  Qer.  spinel;  Ital.  tpinella.] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  The  type  species  of  a  group  of  minerals 
called  the  Spinel  Group,  crystallizing  in  the 
isometric  system,  and  being  compounds  of 

Ctoxides  and  sesquioxides  with  the  typical 
nula  ROR2O3. 

2.  A  mineral  occurring  in  crystals  of  octa- 
hedral habit,  and  very  rarely  massive.    Hard- 
ness, 8'0 ;  sp.  gr.  3-5  to  4'1 ;  lustre,  vitreous 
to  splendent,  sometimes  dull ;  colour,  many 
(hades  of  red,  also  blue,  green,  yellow,  brown, 


and  black  ;  sometimes  nearly  white,  or  colour- 
less ;  transparent  to  opaque  ;  fracture,  con- 
choidal.  Compos.:  when  pure,  alumina,  72'0; 
magnesia,  28-0=100,  corresponding  with  the 
formula,  MgOAl2O3;  but  the  maanesia  is 
often  partly  replaced  by  other  protoxides,  and 
the  alumina  by  sesquioxides,  giving  rise  to 
many  varieties.  Dana  thus  distinguishes  them : 

(1)  Ruby  or  magnesia-spinel ;  with  sn.  gr.  8 '52  to  3'58 ; 
(a)  spinel-ruby,  deep  red  ;  lot  balas-ruby,  rose-red  ;  ic) 
rubicelle,  yellow  or  orange-red  ;  jd)  aliuandlne,  violet. 

(2)  Ceyiouite,  or  Iron-magnesia  spinel  =  pleomiste, 
containing  much  iron  ;  colour,  dark  green  to  black. 

(3)  Magnesia-lime-spinel ;  colour,  green. 

(4)  Uhlorospinel ;  colour  grass-green,  with  the  Iron 
constituent  as  sesquiox iile. 

151  Plcotite.  coutatuiug  over  seven  per  cent  of  oxide 
of  chromium.  ' 

Found  embedded  in  crystalline  limestone,  and 
associated  with  calcite  in  various  rocks,  also 
in  the  doloraitic  agglomerate  of  Monte  Somma. 

spinel-ruby,  t.    [BALAS-RUBY.] 

spin'-el  (2),  t.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Bleached 
yarn  for  the  manufacture  of  inkle  (q.v.). 

*  spine' -less,  o.    [Eng.  spine ;  -less.]   Desti- 
tute of  a  spine ;  hence,  limp.  [INVERTEBRATE.] 

"  A  remarkably  stout  father,  and  three  tptneleu 
tons."— Dickem:  Uncommercial  Traveller,  it. 

spin '-ell  ane,   t.    [Eng.  spinel;   suff.    -one 
(Min.).-] 
Kin. :  The  same  as  NOSITE  (q.v.). 

spin'-ell-ine,   9.     [Eng.    spinel ;   suff.    -ine 
(A/in.).] 
Mln. :  The  same  as  SEMELINK  (q.v.). 

spin-es'-9ent,  o.     [Lat.  spinescms,  pr.  par. 
of  spinesco  =:  to  grow  thorny ;  spina  =  a  thorn.] 
But. :  Tending  to  be   spinous;   somewhat 
spinous. 

spm-et(l),  spln'-nSt.s.  [O.  Fr.  espinettefFr. 
epinette) ;  from  Ital.  tpinetta,  dimiu.  of  spina 
=  a  thorn.  Named  from  a  fancied  resem- 
blance of  its  quill  plectra  to  spines  or  thorns.] 

Music:  An 
ancient  keyed 
Instrument 
similar  in  con- 
struction to, 
but  smaller 
in  size  than, 
the  harpsi- 
chord. The  strings,  which  were  placed  at 
an  angle  with  the  keys,  were  sounded  by  means 
of  leather  or  quill  plectra. 

"  Educated  only  to  work  embroidery,  to  play  on  the 

tpinel."—Macaulaif :  Hist.  Eng.,  oh.  vii. 

Dumb-spinet:  [MANICHORD]. 

•spin'-St  (2),  >.  [Lat.  spinetum,  from  spina 
=  a  thorn.]  A  small  wood  or  place  overgrown 
with  thorns  and  briars  ;  a  spinney. 

"  A  Satyr,  lodged  In  a  little  .pine*."— Sm  Jtmtam 
Thf  Satyr. 

•  spIn'-eVSa,  a.    [Eng.  spin«  (I);-**.]    Cleft, 
open,  split.    (Ascham) 

Spln-If  '-er-otts,  a.  [Lat.  gptna  =  a  thorn, 
a  spine,  and/ero  =  tobear.]  Bearing  or  pro- 
ducing thorns  or  spines  ;  thorny. 

Spin'-I-form,  o.  [Lat.  spina  =»  thorn,  a 
spine,  and  forma  =  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  spine  or  thorn. 

t  spl-nlg'-«r-it  >.  pi.  [Lat  spina  =  a  spine, 
and  gero  =  to  bear  or  carry.] 

Sntom. :  Spine-bearers ;  a  division  of  Cater- 
pillars in  which  they  are  armed  with  more  or 
less  branched  spines,  shed  with  every  moult, 
but  again  renewed  till  the  final  one,  when 
they  disappear.  Example,  the  caterpillars  of 
Antiopa,  lo,  and  Atalauta.  (Newman.) 

Spin-Ig'-er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  spina  —  a  thorn, 
a  spine,  and  jero  =  to  carry.]  Bearing  a  spine 
or  spines. 

spin  i  ness,  •  spin  - 1  -  nesse,  s.  [Eng. 
spiny;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
spiny. 

"Their  cold  and  bloudlesse  iptnineue."— Chapman : 
mad.  111.  (Comment. I. 

spink  (1),  *  spynke,  s.  [Sw.  dial,  spink ;  Gr. 
o-iriyyos  (spinggof)  =  a  finch.]  A  finch,  a  chaf- 
finch. 

"  The  tpink  chaunts  sweetest  in  a  hedge  of  thorns." 
Harris. 

spink  (2),  s.    (Dot-  pinkster  bloem,  from  pink- 
ster  =  Pentecost,  at  which  the  plant  blooms.] 
Hot. :  Cardamine  pratensis. 


spin  na-ker,  s.    [SPIN,  v.] 

Naut. :  A  jib-headed  racing  sail  carried  by 

Scats,  set  when  running  before  the  wind  OB 
e  opposite  side  to  the  mainsail. 

"Both  hauled  up  Iplniiakeri  as  they  croaaed  tha 
line."— Field,  Oct.  8,  1885. 

spin'  ner,  ».    [Eng.  spin,  v. ;  •«•.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  spins ;  one  skilled 
in  spinning. 

"  The  tpinner  Is  almost  always  a  distinct  peraom 
from  the  weaver."— Smith  :  Wealth  o/  Jfalitme,  Dk.  L, 
cb.  i. 

2.  A  spinning-machine. 

3.  A  garden-spider. 

"  Weaving  spiders,  come  not  here : 
Hence,  you  long-legged  spilMMrV,  hence  1" 

£A".Jt«lp.  :  jjidauminer  tiiffMl  Dream,  11.  ft 

4.  A  spinneret,  (q.v.). 

spln-ner-et',  «.    [Eng.  spinner;  dimin.  suft 
•et.] 
Comparative  Anatomy : 

1.  Any  one  of  the  mammillae  projecting 
from  the  arachnidium  in  Spiders.  These  mam- 
millae are  little  conical  or  cylindrical  organs, 
four  or   six  in  number,  through  which   the 
secretion  of  the  glands  of  the  arachnidium  is 
passed,  and  moulded  into  a  proper  thread- 
like shape  for  the  formation  of  a  web  or  line. 

2.  A  tubular  organ  in  the  labium  of  cater- 
pillars,   communicating    with    two   internal 
glands  which  furnish  the  silk  from  which  the 
animal  spins  its  cocoon. 

spin' -  ner  -  ule,  *.  [Eng.  spinner;  dimin. 
suff.  -ule.] 

Compur.  Anal. :  One  of  the  minute  homy 
tubes  which  compose  the  spinneret  in  the 
Araneina. 

spin' ner-y,  s.  [Eng.  tpinner  ; -y.]  A  spin- 
ning-mill. 

spin'-ney,  spln'-ny,  s.  [O.  Fr.  espinoyt 
(Fr.  tpinaie)  =  a  thorny  place,  from  Lat. 
spinetum.]  [SPINET  (2).]  A  small  wood  with 
undergrowth  ;  a  clump  of  trees ;  a  small  grove 
or  shrubbery. 

••  The  strip  of  grass  land  which  lies  between  the  q*a. 
neyi  and  the  farm.'— Field,  April  I,  1886. 

spin'-ning,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SPIN,  v.] 

spinning -head,  8.  A  form  of  spinner 
in  which  the  drawing  and  twisting  mechanism 
are  united  in  one  head.  This  was  the  first 
form  of  spinning-machine,  if  we  except  the 
spinning-wheel.  It  was  invented  by  Lewis 
Paul,  and  patented  by  him  in  1738. 

*  spinning-house,  >.  An  English  home 
of  correction,  so-called  because  women  of  loose 
character  had  to  spin  or  to  beat  hemp  there  as 
a  punishment.  The  House  of  Correction  for 
offenders  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Cambridge 
is,  or  was  till  recently,  so-called. 

spinning-jenny,  *.  The  name  given  by 
James  Hargreaves  to  the  spinning-machine 
invented  by  him  in  1767.  The  name  jenny  is 
a  corruption  of  engine,  the  term  gin  being  a 
common  local  expression  for  a  machine.  It 
consisted  of  a  number  of  spindles  turned  by 
a  common  wheel  or  cylinder  worked  by  hand. 

spinning  mill,  s.  A  mill  or  factory 
where  spinning  is  earned  on. 

spinning-roller,  «.  A  wheel  in  the 
drawing  portion  of  a  spinning-machine. 

spinning-wheel,  s.  A  machine  for 
spinning  wool,  cotton,  or  flax  into  threads. 
It  consists  of  a  large  wheel,  band,  and  spindle, 
driven  by  foot  or  by  hand.  The  wool  is  carded 
into  rolls,  which  are  twisted,  drawn,  and 
wound  a  length  at  a  time,  the  wheel  being 
turned  periodically  to  twist  the  yarn.  It  was 
the  first  great  improvement  upon  spinning  by 
a  distaff  and  spindle. 

1[  At  first  spinning  was  performed  by  the 
spindle  and  the  distaff.  Representations  ol 
the  process  are  on  the  Egyptian  tombs.  The 
spinning-wheel  was  invented  in  Nuremberg 
about  1530,  and  was  introduced  into  England 
a  few  years  after.  In  1767  James  Hargreaves 
invented  the  spinning  jenny,  and  Arkwright 
the  spinning  frame  in  1769;  then  followed 
the  mule  jenny,  invented  by  Crompton,  in 
1774-9. 

"spin-ny  (1),  o.    [SPINT,  a.) 
spln'-ny  (2),  *.    [SPINNEY.] 
spin   ose,  a.    [SPINOUS.] 


bSH,  D6y;  p«Sut,  Jrfwl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   ph  =  t 
-clan, -tian  =  stujn.   -Uon.  -eion  =  shun;  -flon,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous, -tlous, -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die.  ic.  =  Del,  del. 


4390 


spinosity— spiral 


•pin-os'-K-ty,  i.    [Eng.  sptnos(e) ;  -ity.] 

1.  Lit. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  spinoua 

or  thorny. 
*  2.   Fig. :    Something   thorny,    harsh,   or 

crabbed. 

"He  [Jeremy  Tavlorl  could  bear  with  th«  harshness 
and  r<  Highness  of  the  schools,  and  was  not  unseen  in 
their  subtilties  aud  ipinoiUiet."—  Wood  :  Athente 
toon.,  vol.  11. 

•pl-no-so-,  prtf.    [Lat.  tpinoma.]    Spinous. 

apinoso-dentate,  a. 

Bat. :  Having  teeth  tipped  with  spines. 

•pin   ous,  a.    [Lat.  tflnosus,  from  spino  =  a 
thorn,  a  spine.] 

1.  Lit.  at  Bot. :  Full  of  spines  ;  armed  with 
tpines  or  thorns ;  thorny. 

2.  Fig. :  Thorny,  crabbed,  sharp. 

"  Nor  needeth  tt  any  tpinout  criticisms  for  It*  0z> 
plication."— J/«J«.'  (Forks,  disc.  *. 

spiuous  leaf,  i. 

Bot. :  A  leaf  having  its  margin  beset  with 
•pines,  as  in  thistles. 

spinous  loach,  ». 

Ichthy. :  Cobitis  tceiiia,  an  European  species  of 
the  Loach  genus.  It  is  about  three  Indies 
long,  and  less  valued  for  food  than  the  Common 
Loach.  [LOACH.] 

spinous  process,  s. 

Anat. :  A  sharp  projection,  as  of  a  vertebra 
or  of  the  sphenoid  bone.  To  the  former  Owen 
gave  the  name  Neural-spine. 

spinous-shark,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Ecliinorhin.ua  spinosus. 
"The  Spinotmhark  li  readily  recogntwd  by  the 
ihort,  bulky  form  of  1U  body,  short  tail,  and  large 
•pluous  tubercles.  It  is  evidently  a  around  shark, 
which  probably  lives  at  some  depth,  and  but  accident- 
ally conies  to  the  surface.  More  frequently  met  with 
In  the  Mediterranean,  it  has  been  found  several  times 
on  the  south  coast  of  England  aud  near  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope."— Oiinlher:  Study  offilha,  p.  83*. 

spinous  spider-orals  t. 

Zool. :  Mala  squinado,  common  on  the  south 
and  west  coasts  of  England.  The  carapace  is 
convex,  spinous,  and  tuberculated,  and  grows 
somewhat  triangular  by  the  increase  in  length 
of  the  rostral  portion. 

Spi  no  zl^m,  >.    [See  def.] 

Hist,  d  Philos.:  The  monistic  system  of 
Barucli  Despinosa  (or  Benedictus  de  Spinoza), 
a  descendant  of  Portuguese  Jews  who  had 
sought  refuge  in  Holland  from  the  cruelties 
of  the  Inquisition.  He  was  born  at  Amster- 
dam (Nov.  24, 1632),  and  his  father,  an  honour- 
able but  not  very  wealthy  merchant,  intended 
\im  for  a  theological  career.  His  education 
was  superintended  by  the  Talmudist  Saul 
Iievi  Morteira,  but  unsatisfied  doubts  kept 
him- from  the  profession  of  a  Jewish  teacher, 
and  his  determined  and  continued  refusal  to 
attend  the  Synagogue  gave  such  offence  that 
in  1656  he  was  solemnly  excommunicated, 
fihe  terrible  formula  is  printed  at  length  in 
Lewes:  Hint.  Phil.  (ed.  1880),  ii.  167-71.)  For 
a  short  time  Spinoza  became  an  assistant  in  a 
school  kept  by  a  physician  named  Vanden 
Ernie,  but  he  soon  resigned  this  post  and 
afterwards  maintained  himself  by  the  art  of 
polishing  lenses,  which,  in  accordance  with 
the  Jewish  custom  of  teaching  every  boy  some 
trade  or  handicraft,  he  had  learnt  in  his  youth, 
though  this  source  of  income  was  afterwards 
increased  by  a  small  annuity  settled  on  him 
by  his  friend  de  Vries.  After  a  life  of  study, 
abstemiousness,  and  bodily  and  mental  suffer- 
ing, Spinoza  died  at  the  Hague  (Feb.  21, 
1677),  at  the  age  of  forty-four.  The  system  of 
Spinoza  has  been  described  as  Atheism,  as 
Pantheism,  and  as  the  most  rigid  Monotheism, 
according  as  his  cardinal  teaching — that  there 
is  only  One  Substance,  God — has  been  inter- 
preted. By  Substance,  however,  Spinoza 
meant  the  underlying  reality  and  ever-living 
existence,  and  he  chose  for  the  epigraph  of 
his  Ethics  the  words  of  St.  Paul:  "In  Him 
we  live,  and  move,  and  have  our  being  "  (Acts 
xvii.  28).  God  is  for  him  the  one  principle, 
having  Thought  and  Extension  as  two  eternal 
and  infinite  attributes  constituting  its  essence, 
of  which  attributes  Mind  and  Matter  are  the 
necessary  manifestations ;  and  thus  he  solves 
the  problem  of  the  relation  of  the  Finite  to  the 
Infinite.  Everything  is  a  form  of  the  ever- 
living  existence,  the  Substance,  God,  which 
is,  and  is  not,  Nature,  with  which  He  is  no 
more  to  be  co-founded  than  the  fountain  with 
the  rivulet  or  eternity  with  time.  God  is 


natura  naturans,  Nature  is  natura  naturata ; 
the  one  is  the  energy,  the  other  is  the  act. 
In  the  same  way  he  explains  the  union  of  the 
soul  with  the  body.  Man  is  but  a  mode  of 
the  Divine  Existence  ;  his  mind  a  spark  of  the 
Divine  Flame,  his  body  a  mode  of  the  Infinite 
existence. 

"  Neither  In  Holland  nor  in  Germany  has  there  been 
a  Spinozist,  as  there  have  been  Cartesians,  Kantists, 
and  Hegelians,  although  Gemiau  philosophy  is  in 
some  sense  saturated  with  Spinoritin." — Lewtt:  EM. 
Phil**  (ed.  1980),  ii.  211. 

Spi'-no-zlst,  s.     [SPINOZISM.]     A  supporter 
of  or  believer  in  the  doctrines  of  Spinoza. 

spln'-ster,  »  spy nn  store,  s.     [A.S.  •pin- 
nan  =  to  spin  ;  fern.  suit',  -estre,  -ster.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  woman  who  spins  or  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  spin  ;  a  spinner. 

"The  ipingter't  distaff  stood  unemployed."— Idler, 
No.!. 

If  It  was  formerly  applied  also  to  a  male 
spinner,  as  in  Shakesp. :  Henry  VIII.,  i.  2. 

*  2.  A  woman  of  evil  life  or  character ;  so 
called  in  England  from  their  being  obliged  to 
spin  in  the  House  of  Correction  aa  a  punish- 
rneut.     [SPINNING-HOUSE.] 

"  Many  would  never  be  wretched  ipirutirt  were  they 
spinsters  in  deed,  nor  come  to  so  public  and  shameful 
punishments  if  painfully  employed  in  that  vocation." 
—fuller i  Worthiuaf  England:  Kent. 

3.  Any  unmarried  woman  of  marriageable 
age. 

II.  EnglM  Law:  The  common  term  for  an 
tinmarried  woman,  from  a  viscount's  daughter 
downward. 

«!  It  1s  also  nsed  adjecUrely :  as,  a  spinster 
aunt — i.e.,  unmarried. 

*  spin'  stress,  s.    [A  double  fern,  from  spin.] 
A  spinster. 

•spin'-stry,  ».     [Eng.  spinster;   -».]     The 
business  or  occupation  of  spinning. 

••Vfhat  new  decency  can  then  be  added  by  your 
rjrinitry >"—  Stiltons  Reatont  of  Church  Government, 
bk.  11.,  ch.  ii. 

*  spin -text,  ».    [Eng.  spin,  and  text.}    One 
who  spins  out  sermons  ;  a  prosy  preacher. 

"The  race  of  formal  spintexts  and  solemn  saygraces 
Is  nearly  extinct."— Knox  :  Winter  Bveningt,  Even.  ». 

spin  there,   t.     [Or.  o-irii-Oijp  (spinthtr)  =  a 
spark.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  SEMELINE  (q.v.). 

spin'-nle,  ».   [Lat  spinula,  dimin.  from  tpina 
=  a  spine,  a  thorn.)    A  minute  spine. 

"The  serrulations  being  composed  of  4pinulH.°— 
Tram.  Amer.  PhUoi.  Society  (1873),  p.  387. 

spin  u  les   cent,  o.     [Mod.  Lat.  spinults- 
cens,  from  Lat.  spinula  =  a  little  thorn.) 

Bot. :  Having  a  tendency  to  produce  small 
spines. 

spin   u  lose,  1  spin'-u  lous,  «.  [Mod.  Lat. 
spinulosus,  from  spinula  =  a  little  thorn.] 
Bot. :  Covered  with  small  spines. 

Spin-u-lo-BO-,  pref.     [SpiuoLosE.]    Covered 
with  small  spines. 
spinuloso-ciliate,  a. 

Bot. :  Spinulose  with  fine  spines. 

spin'-y,  *  spin-le,  *  spin-ny,  o.    ping. 
spinfe);  -y.] 
L  Literally: 
1.  Full  of  or  furnished  with  spines;  thorny. 

*  2.  Like  a  spine ;  hence,  slender. 

"Cold  tpinie  grasshopper." 

Chapman  :  ffomert  Iliad  111. 

•  H.  Fig. :  Thorny,    perplexing,    difficult, 
troublesome. 

"So  difficult  and  spfaf  an  affair."— ZWuoy .-  On  BoMa. 

spiny-flnned  fishes,  >.  pi. 

Ichthy. :  The  Acanthopterygii  (q.v.). 

spiny-lobster,  ». 

Zool. :  Palinurus  mlgaris.   [ROCK-LOBSTEB.] 

spiny-rat,  >. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Echinomys,  small  rodents 
from  the  country  east  of  the  Andes  and  some 
of  the  West  Indian  islands.  The  fur  is  mixed 
with  small  spines,  whence  their  scientific  and 
popular  name. 


*  spin-y,  s. 

spi'-o,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  sea  nymph  In  the  train  of 
Cyrene.] 


Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  Spionldee  (q.v.> 
Body  long,  slender,  tapering,  witli  sixty  joints, 
terminating  in  two  short  styles ;  head  with 
long  cirri  and  two  very  long  tentacles ;  eyes 
four ;  colour  pale,  with  pink  cirri.  It  occu- 
pies a  very  slender  tube  composed  of  adventi- 
tious matter,  slightly  agglutinated,  and  placed 
on  sertularian  zoophytes. 

*  spi'-6n,  ».    [O.  Fr.  espion.]    A  spy,  a  scont. 

"Captain  of  the  lfnon*."—Heyvtood. 

Spi-Sn'-I-dSB,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  spit,  genit 
sptcmi(s)  ;  Lat.  fern,  pi.  adj.  suff.  -id(s,] 
Zool. :  A  family  of  Tubicolte  (q.v.). 

SplV-a,  s.     [Lat.] 

Arch. :  The  base  of  a  column.  This  mem- 
ber did  not  exist  in  the  Doric  order,  but  is 
always  present  in  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian. 
[See  illustration  under  BASE  (1),  «.] 

*  Bp'ir'-a-ble,  a.    [Lat.  spirabilis,  from  spiro 
=  to  breathe.]     Capable  of  being  breathed; 
respirable. 

"  The  tpir.-ible  odor .  .  .  ascending  from  It."— ffatht: 
Lenten  Stujfe. 

spiV-a-ole,  *  spyr-a-kle,  s.  [Fr.  spiracle, 
from  Lat.  spiraculum  =  an  air-hole,  from  spin 
=  to  breathe.]  Any  small  hole,  aperture, 
orifice,  or  vent  in  animal  or  vegetable  bodies, 
by  which  air  or  other  fluid  is  inhaled  or 
exhaled.  Applied  to  the  breathing  tubes  ol 
insects,  the  blowholes  of  cetaceans,  &c. 

spl-rw'-a,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  trm.po.io.  (spiraia) 
=  the  meadow-sweet.  (See  def.).] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Spirseidffi  (q.v.). 
Calyx  inferior,  equally  five-cleft,  persistent; 
petals  five,  roundish  ;  follicles  three  to  twelve, 
usually  distinct,  one-celled,  two-valved,  with 
few  seeds.  Known  species  fifty,  from  th« 
temperate  and  cold  parts  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  Spirete  tomentosa,  or  Hardback,  an 
United  States  species,  is  used  as  a  tonir  and 
astringent.  The  Meadow-sweet  of  Europe  (S. 
tt/maria),  has  strongly  fragrant  flowers,  from 
which  a  distilled  water  is  prepared. 

splriea  oil,  >.    [SALICVLOL.] 

spi-rea'-a-daa,  ».  pi.  [Lat.  «pira(<i);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Bot. :  A  family  of  Rosacere.  Calyx  tube 
herbaceous,  fruit  a  ring  of  follicles,  seeds  not 
winged. 

spi-raB'-In,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  spira:(a);  -to 
(Chem.):] 

Chem. :  CsoHsoOy  (?).  A  colouring  mass  ex- 
tracted from  the  flowers  of  Sjnnm  Ulmarit 
by  ether.  It  is  a  yellow  crystalline  i>ou<ier, 
insoluble  in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol  and 
ether,  the  solutions  being  of  a  deep  greer 
colour  when  concentrated,  yellow  when 
dilute.  Its  alcoholic  solution  forms  a  yellon 
precipitate  with  baryta-water,  crimson  wit! 
lead  acetate,  dark  green  with  ferrous  salts, 
and  black  with  ferric  salts. 

spi'r'-al  (1),  o.    [SPIKE  (IX  «.]    Pointed  01 

shaped  like  a  spire. 

spir'-al  (2),  a.  &  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  spiraia, 
from  spira  =  a  coil,  a  twist,  a  wreath ;  Sp.  «pi- 
ral;  Ital.  spirale.]  [SPIRE  (2),  s.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Winding  about  a  fixed  point  or  centre, 
and  continually  receding  from  it,  like  a  watch- 
spring. 

"  Some  watches  have  strings  aud  physics,  and  othen 
none ;  some  have  tile  balance  loose,  and  others  regu 
lated  by  a  tpiral  spring,  aud  others  by  hogs'  bristles.' 
— Locke:  Human  Underttand.,  bk.  iii  ,  ch.  vi. 

2.  Winding  about  a  cylinder  or  other  round 
body,  and  at  the  same  time  rising  or  advanc 
ing  forward. 

"  From  this  a  tube,  or  round  body,  wiu  formed,  bj 
which  the  water,  or  air,  or  both,  was  carried  in  n  tl-ira 
stream  up  to  the  clouds.  "—Coot  .'Second  Voyage,  bk.  i. 
ch.  vL 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Geom.  :  A  curve  which  may  be  generated 
by  a  point  moving  along  a  straight  line,  ii 
the  same  direction,  according  to  any  law 
whilst  the  straight  line  revolves  unifornil; 
about  a  fixed  point,  always  continuing  in  th< 
game  plane.  The  portion  generated  duriut 
one  revolution  is  called  a  Spire.  The  movini 
point  is  the  generatrix  of  the  curve,  the  fixec 
point  is  the  pole  of  the  spiral,  and  the  dis 
lance  from  the  pole  to  any  position  of  th< 
generatrix  is  the  radius  vector  of  that  point 
The  law  according  to  which  the  generatrix 


Ate,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  woU  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  cur,  riile,  full;  try,  Syrian,    to,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «iu  =  lew. 


spirality— spirit 


4391 


moves  along  the  revolvii,:;  line  is  the  law  of 
the  spiral,  and  determines  the  nature  of  the 
-curve.  Any  position  of  the  revolving  line, 
assumed  at  pleasure,  is  called  the  Initial  line. 
U  are  known  by  the  names  of  their  in- 
ventors, or  by  terms  derived  from  the  pro- 
perties by  which  they  are  characterized  :  as, 
the  spiral  of  Archimedes,  hyperbolic  spirals, 
logarithmic  spiral*  ,  parabolic  spirals,  &c. 

2.  A  helix  or  curve  which  winds  round  a 
cylinder  like  a  screw. 

spiral-bit,  s.  A  wood-boring  tool,  made 
of  a  twisted  bar  of  metal,  with  a  hollow  axis. 

spiral-gearing,  a.    [SPIRAL-WHEELS.] 
spiral  pipe-oven,  s. 

MetttiU  :  An  arrangement  for  heating  air 
for  the  blast  furnace,  consisting  of  a  long 
spiral  of  cast-iron  pipes,  connected  with  each 
oilier  by  cemented  socket  joints,  through 
which  the  air  to  be  heated  circulates. 

spiral-pump,  s.  A  form  of  the  Ar- 
chitiiflfan  screw  water-elevator,  consisting 
of  a  pipe  coiled  spirally  round  an  inclined 
axis. 

spiral-screw,  s.    A  screw  formed  upon 

a  conical  or  colloidal  core. 

spiral-spring,  *.  A  coil  whose  rounds 
have  the  .same  diameter,  and  which  is  gene- 
rally utilized  by  compression  or  extension  in 
the  line  of  its  axis. 

Spiral-spring  coupling  :  A  coupling  for  a 
pair  of  shafts  meeting  at  an  angle.  The  ends 
of  the  spiral  connect  to  the  respective  shafts 
-And  make  a  bent  coupling. 

spiral  vessels,  s.  pi. 

Bot.  :  Membranous  tubes  with  conical  ex- 
tmnities,  their  interior  occupied  by  a  fibre 
twisted  spirally,  and  capable  of  unrolling  with 
elasticity.  Called  alno  Tracheae.  They  are 
designed  for  the  transmission  of  air.  When 
formed  by  the  convolutions  of  a  single  spire 
they  are  called  Simple,  when  by  those  of  many 
turning  in  the  same  direction  they  are  called 
Compound. 

spiral-wheels,  s.  pi 

Mach.  ;  A  species  of  gearing  which  servei 
the  same  purpose  as  bevel-wheels,  and  is 
better  adapted  for  light  machinery.  The  teeth 
are  formed  upon  the  circumferences  of  cylin- 
ders of  the  required  diameter,  at  an  angle 
with  their  respective  axes,  when  the  direction 
of  the  motion  is  to  be  changed.  By  this  con- 
struction the  teeth  become  in  fact  small  por- 
tions of  screws  or  spirals  winding  round  the 
cylinders.  Wheels  of  this  kind  are  used  when 
the  two  shafts  require  to  pass  each  other  ; 
when  the  shafts  are  in  the  same  plane  bevel- 
wheels  are  employed. 

*spi-ral'-l-t&*.   [Eng.  spiral  (2);  -ity.]  The 

quality  or  state  of  being  spiral. 

Spir  -al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  spiral  (2)  ;  -ly.  In  a 
spiral  form  or  direction  ;  in  the  manner  of  a 
screw. 

"The  >lde«  are  composed  of  two  orden  of  fibre*. 
Fanning  circularly  or  tpirally  from  bate  to  tip."—  Bay  : 
On  the  Creation* 

•pir'-ant,  5.  [Lat.  spirans,  pr.  par.  of  spiro 
=  to  breathe.]  A  consonant  in  the  articulation 
of  which  the  breath  is  not  wholly  stopped, 
the  articulating  organs  being  so  modified  as 
to  allow  the  sound  to  be  prolonged,  a  con- 
tinuous consonant,  such  as  h,  th,j,  v,  &c. 


spi-r&n  -thes,  s.      [Or.  trirtl 
apire,  and  S.vQos  (anthos)  =  a  flower.     Named 
from  the  twisted  inflorescence.] 

Bot.  :  Lady's  Tresses  ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Spiranthidtt.  Spike  of  small  flowers  in  one 
to  three  spirally-  twisted  rows  ;  sepals  and 
petals  similar,  the  former  gibbous  at  base, 
upper  part  adnate  to  the  petals,  forming  a 
tul>e  round  the  lip;  pollen  masses  four,  pow- 
dery; stigma  discoid.  Known  species  forty- 
six,  from  tropical  and  temperate  countries. 
S.  gracilin,  the  Lady's  Tresses,  is  a  very  delicate 
plant,  fuuud  in  old  woods  in  New  £uglaud. 

ttpi-ran'  tin-cue,   s.  pL     [Mod.  Lat.  spir- 
anth(es),  and  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 
Bot.  :  A  family  of  Arethusese. 

spi  ran  thy,    spci  ran'  thy,   «.      [SPIR- 

ANT HES.) 
Bot.  :   The  occasional  twisted  growth  of  the 

parts  of  a  flower. 


*  spi-ra'-tlon,  *.  [Lat.  spiratio,  from  s?>mi/ «.;, 
KL  par.  of  jwiro=tu  breathe.]  The  act  of 
>reathing. 

"To  other  subetancei,  void  o*  corporeal  bulk  and 
concretion,  the  name  of  spirit  ia  assigned  to  imply  the 
ui;tiiiif r  of  their  jriirin,  because  God  did.  by  a  kind  of 
tpimtion.  produce  them."— flurrow ;  Sermont,  voLli.. 
ser.  xxxiv. 

Spire  (1),  *Spir,  s.     [A.S.  spir;  cogn.  with 
IceL  4pfra  =  a  spar,  a  stilt;  Dan.  spire  =  a 
gi-rm,   a  sprout  ;   Sw.  spiro  =  a  sceptre,    a 
pistil ;  Ger.  spiers  —  a  spar.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  stalk  or  blade  of  grass  or  other  plant. 

"  Bot  yf  that  Bed  that  sowen  is,  in  the  slob  uterve 
Shrill  uevtre  tvir  suriugeu  up,  ua  ipik  oil  atrnwa 
curue."  fieri  Plowman,  c.  xiii.  i>v>. 

2.  A  body  which  shoots  up  to  a  point ;  a 
tapering,  conical,  or  pyramidical  body.  [II.  1.] 

"On  the  shrine  he  heaped  a  »>ire 
Of  .burning  tweet*."        Keatt:  AtdfMMI,  L  2*8. 

*  3.  The  top  or  uppermost  part  of  anything  ; 
the  summit. 

"To  the  «p*r*  and  top  of  praises  vonch'd." 

Sha.kt*i>.  :  Coriolanuf,  L  flt 

EL  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  The  tapering  portion  of  a  steeple 
rising  above  the  tower  ;  a  steeple  ;  a  structure 
of  pyraraidicfll  or  conical  form  surmounting 
a  churi-h  or  cathedral.  The  earliest  spires, 
specimens  of  which  Btill  exist  in  Norman 
architecture,  were  merely  pyramidical  or  coni- 
cal roofs.  The  spires  in  mediaeval  buildings 


SPIRES. 

a.  Tower  and  Spire.  Than  Church,  near  Caen  U.D.  I080). 
ft.  Turret  and  Spire.  St.  Peter's,  Oxford  (A.D.  lieol 

c.  Turret  and  Spire,  Rochester  Cathedral  (A.D.  1160). 

d.  Tower  and  Broach  Spire,  Ahmmdsbury  Church, 
Gloucestershire  (A.D.  1250).     e.    Tower  and   Spire, 
Chicheater  Cathedral  U.D.  1887).  /.  Tower  and  Spire, 
St.  DunsUn's  Church,  near  the  Custom  House  (one 
of  Sir  Christopher  Wren's  churches,  built  about 
A.D.  1680). 

are  generally  square,  octagonal,  or  circular  in 
plan,  are  sometimes  hollow  and  sometimes 
solid,  and  are  variously  ornamented  with 
bands  or  panels.  The  angles  are  sometimes 
crocketted,  and  the  spire  almost  invariably 
terminates  in  a  flnial.  When  a  spire  rises 
from  the  exterior  of  the  wall  of  the  tower 
without  the  intervention  of  a  parapet,  it  is 
called  a  Broach  (q.v.). 

"  All  the  tptres  and  towers  from  Greenwich  to 
Choi  sea  made  answer."— Jfacautay :  llitt.  of  Eng.,  ch. 
xzii. 

2.  Bot. :  (1)  Phragmites  communis,  called  also 
Spire -reed;   (2)  Phalaris    arundinacea  ;    (3) 
Psamma  arenaria. 

3.  Mining  :  The  tube  carrying  the  train  to 
the  charge  in  the  blast-hole.    So  called  from 
spires  of  grass  or  rushes  used  for  the  purpose. 

spire-light,  *. 

Arch. :  The  window  of  a  apire. 
spiro  reed,  s. 
Bot. :  Phragmites  communis, 
*  spire-steeple,  s. 

Arch. :  The  portion  of  a  steeple  formed  by 
the  spire. 

spire  (2),  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  spira  =  &  coil, 
a  twist,  a  wreath,  from  Gr.  crrrupa  (speird)  =  a 
coil,  a  wreath.] 

1.  That  portion  of  a  spiral  which  is  gene- 
rated during  one  revolution  of  the  straight 
line  revolving  about  the  pole.    Every  spiral 
consists  of  an  infinite  number  of  spires.    A 
winding  line  like  the  threads  of  a  screw  ;  any- 
thing wreathed  or  twisted  ;  a  curl,  a  twist,  a 
wreath. 

"  His  circling  tpiret,  that  on  the  grass 
Floated  redundant.^  Milt™  :  P.  L..  U.  WZ 

2.  A  term  applied  collectively  to  the  convo- 


Intions of  a  spiral  shell,  which  are  placed 
above  the  lowest  or  body  whorl,  whatever 
shape  it  may  assume. 

spire-bearer,  s. 

Zool.:  Any  individual  of  the  family  Spirt- 
feridie  (%.v.). 

*  spire  (1),    *  spyer,    *  spyre,   v.f.   &  t 
[SPIRE  (1),  s.] 

A.  Intransitive  .* 

1.  To  shoot ;  to  shoot  up  in  manner  of  a 
pyramid. 

"  Suddenly  a  flame 
Spired  from  the  fragrant  smoke." 

Landor :  (icbir.  ok.  U. 

2.  To  sprout,  as  grain  In  malting. 
*B.  Trans.  :  To  shoot  out. 

"  Would[havel»^ired  forth  fruit  of  more  perfection." 
—Spewar:  Kuinet  of  Time.  (Dedic.) 

*  Spire  (2),  v.i.    [Lat.  spiro.}    To  breathe. 

spired,  a.    [Eng.  spire  (1),  s. ;  -ed.}   Having  a 
spire  or  steeple. 

"  Whose  steeple's  Gothic  pride 
Or  pinnacled  or  tpir'd  would  boldly  rise." 

Masvn  :  English  Garden,  bk.  IU. 

»._  .  fer,  «.  [SPIRIFERA]  Any  individual 
of  the  genus  Spirifera. 

spi-rlf-er-a,  ».     [Lat.  spira  =  &  coil,  and 
Jero  =  to  bear-1 

Paloeont, :  A  genus  of  Spiriferidse,  with  nu- 
merous species,  beginning  in  the  Lower  Silu- 
rian and  ending  in  the  Permian,  or,  according 
to  Woodward,  ranging  into  the  Triassic.  Shell 
Impunctate,  valves  articulated  by  tei-Ui  and 


SPIRIFERA    HYSTF.IUCA. 


A.  Ventral  valve.     B.  Dorsal  valve,  showing  calcareow 
spires  for  the  support  of  the  arms. 

sockets;  hinge-line  long  and  straight,  hinge- 
area  divided  across  in  each  valve  by  a  tri- 
angular fissure  (in  the  ventral  valve  closed, 
partially  or  completely,  by  a  pseudo-del- 
tidiuin,  in  the  dorsal  occupied  by  the  cardinal 
process.)  Woodward  reckons  three  sab- 
genera  :  Cyrtia,  Suessia,  and  Spiriferina. 

Spir-I-feV-I-dfiB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  spirifer(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Brachiopoda,  ranging 
from  the  Lower  Silurian  to  the  Lias.  Animal 
free  when  adult,  or  rarely  attached  by  a  mus- 
cular peduncle  ;  the  shell  punctated  or  non- 
punctated  ;  arms  greatly  developed,  and  en- 
tirely supported  upon  a  thin,  shelly,  spiral- 
ly-rolled lamella.  [SPIRIFERA.]  Woodward 
enumerates  four  genera,  to  which  Tate  adds 
eight  others. 

spir-If-er-i'-na,  *.      [Mod.  Lat.  «pfrVer(a) 
(q.v.);  Lat.  fein".  sing.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 

Pakeont.  :  A  sub-genus  of  Spirifera.  Known 
species  twenty-nine,  from  the  Carboniferous 
to  the  Lower  Oolite.  Found  in  Britain, 
France,  <tc. 

spir-il-lT-mi,  a.     [Mod.  Lat,  d!:..m.'from 

spira  =  a  spire.] 

1.  Zool.  :  The  typical  g^us  of  Spirillinidea, 
Test  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral. 

2.  Palceont.  :  Two  species  from  the  Permian 
and  one  from  the  Upper  Chalk. 

•pir-il-Un-ia'-S-^  «.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
spirUlina  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Perforate  Foratninifera, 
having  a  glassy,  finely-porous,  calcareous 
test 

spir  -it,  *»pir-ite,  *apir-yt,  *spyr-yt, 

s.  [0.  Fr  esprit  (Fr.espril),  fromLut  spirit- 
urn,  accus.  of  s))iritus  =  breath,  spirit,  from 
«mro=to  breathe;  Sp.  csjriritu  ;  Port,  espi- 
rito;  Ital.  spirito.  Spirit  and  sprite  are 
doublets.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  Breath  ;  the  breath  of  life  ;  hence,  life 
itself,  vital  power,  vitality. 

"  Now  my  tmrU  Is  going  :  I  can  no  more." 

p.;  Antony  A  C'ttupatra,  Iv.U. 


*  2.  A  breath  of  air  ;  air,  wind, 

"  AH  purges  have  in  them  a  raw  tpirit  or  wind. 
wh  ich  is  iLe  principal  cau»e  of  tension  In  the  stomach, 
—Bacon. 


*>!!,  b^;  poat.  J<$*1;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  ghir,  bcngh;  go,  fcem;  tmn,  pus;  sin,  a9;  expect,  Xenoplion,  e¥«t.    -ing. 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tlon,  -«lon  =  anon ;  -ti  on,  -jion  =  zbun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sloua  =  aba*,   -ble,  -die,  *o.  =  be],  del. 


4392 


spirit— spiritlessly 


&  Immaterial  intelligence ;  intelligence  con 
oeived  of  apart  from  any  physical  organization 
or  material  embodiment. 

"  If  we  seclude  space,  there  will  remain  in  the  world 
but  matter  and  mind,  or  body  and  tinrit." —w atlt 
Logic. 

4.  The  intelligent,  immaterial,  and  immorta 
part  of  man ;  the  soul,  as  distinguished  frou 
the  body. 

."  As  the  body  without  the  tpirU  It  dead,  so  laith 
without  works  is  dead  also."— Jama  li.  96. 

5.  A  disembodied  soul :  the  soul  after  it  has 
left  the  body. 

"Then  shall  the  dust  return  to  the  earth  as  it  was 
^  ipirit  shall  return  uuto  God  who  gave  it."— 


6.  A  spectre,  an  apparition,  a  ghost. 

"  They  were  terrified  and  supposed  that  they  hac 
•en  a  ipirit."— Lute  xxiv.  37. 

7.  A  supernatural  being ;  a  sprite,  demon, 
angel,  fairy,  elf,  or  the  like, 

"  Sent  by  some  tpirit  to  mortals  good, 
Or  th'  unseen  genius  of  the  wood." 

Milton  :  11  Penteroto.  161. 

8.  A  person  considered  with  regard  to  his 
peculiar   characteristics  of  mind  or  temper, 
especially  a  man  of  life,  fire,  or  enterprise. 

"  The  choice  and  master  tpiritt  of  their  age." 

Shabap. :  Jaliut  Caaar,  ill.  t, 

9.  Genius,  vigour  of  mind  or  intellect. 

"  The  noblest  tjiirit  or  genius  cannot  deserve  enough 
«  mankind,  to  pretend  to  the  esteem  of  heroic  virtue." 
— Temple, 

10.  Vivacity,  animation,  fire,  courage   ar- 
dour, enthusiasm,  vigour,  or  the  like.    (Often 
to  the  plural.) 

"  More  alert  my  tpiritt  rise. 
And  my  heart  Is  free  and  light." 

Covper  :  Watching  unto  God. 

11.  Temper  or  disposition  of  mind,  mood, 
humour,  mental  condition,  character,  or  na- 
ture.   (Often  in  plural,  as,  to  be  in  good  or 
low  spirit.) 

"The  whole  tpirtt  of  the  assembly  had  undergone  a 
change."—  Macaulay  :  ffitt.  Sng.,  ch.  xix. 

12.  Real  meaning  or  intent,  as  opposed  to 
the  letter  or  literal  statement. 

"  But  they  began  to  perceive  that  It  was  at  direct 
variance  with  the  Ipirit  of  the  constitution. "—Mao. 
•ulay  •  Bitt.  Kit}.,  oh.  U. 

13.  That  which  pervades  and  tempers  the 
Whole  nature  of  a  thing  ;  the  active,  vital,  or 
essential  part  of  anything ;  essence,   quint- 
essence, actuating  principle. 

"  Do  not  kill 
The  tpirit  of  love  with  a  perpetual  dulness." 

ffhatetp.  :  Sonnet  54. 

li.  Tenuous,  volatile,  airy,  or  vapoury  sub- 
itanccs  of  active  qualities. 

"AH  bodies  have  tpiritt  and  pneumatical  T>art« 
within  them.  —  Bacon. 

15.  A  liquid  obtained  by  distillation,  espe- 
cially alcohol,  the  spirit  or  spirits  of  wine, 
from  which  it  was  originally  distilled. 

"  In  general,  they  give  the  name  of  tpirit  to  any  dis- 
tilled volatile  liquor.  —Boyle. 

16.  (Pi.) :  Distilled  liquors,  such  as  brandy, 
rum,    gin,    whisky,    &c.,   containing    much 
alcohol,  as  distinguished  from  malt  liquours 
or  wine  :  as,  To  take  a  glass  of  spirits. 

17.  A  solution  of  tin  in  an  acid.    (Used  in 
dyeing.) 

*  18.  An  aspirate,  a  breathing,  as  the  letter  h. 

"  Be  it  letter  or  ipirit,  we  have  a  great  use  for  it  in 
cor  tongue."—  Ben  Jonton:  Snglith  Grammar. 
il  Pharm.  (PL):  Solutions  in  spirit  of  the 
Yolatile  principles  of  plants,  prepared  by  ma- 
cerating for  a  few  days  the  bruised  seeds, 
flowers,  leaves,  4c.,  in  rectified  or  In  proof 
spirit,  and  distilling  at  a  gentle  heat     Many 
of  the  spirits  of  pharmacy  are  prepared  by 
Blmply  dissolving  the   essential    oil    of   the 
plant  in  spirit  of  the  prescribed  strength. 
They  are  employed  medicinally  as  aromatics 
and  stimulants. 
IT  (1)  Animal  spirits,:  [ANIMAL-SPIJMTS). 

(2)  Medicinal  spirits :  [SPIRIT,  ».,  II.]. ' 

(3)  Rectified  spirit :  [RECTIFIED-SPIRIT], 

(4)  The  Spirit,  Oil  Holy  Spirit:  The  Holy 
Ghost  (q.v.). 

spirit  circle,  «.    A  spirit-seance  (q.v.). 

"The  souls  of  Strauss  and  Carl  Vozt.  as  well  as  of 
Augustine  and  Jerome,  are  summoned  by  mediums  to 
distant  ipirU-drclet."-Tylor:  Prim.  Cutt.  (ed.  1873). 

spirit  color,  t.  A  style  of  calico- 
printing  produced  by  a  mixture  of  dye-ex- 
tracts.and  solution  of  tin,  commonly  called 
spirit  by  dyers.  The  colors  are  brilliant  but 
fugitive. 

spirit  duck,  >. 

Ornith. :     Clangula    albeola,    from    North 


America,  Head  and  neck  golden  green,  a 
patch  on  the  head,  one  behind  the  eyes,  the 
lower  part  of  the  neck,  the  breast,  and  belly 
white,  the  rest  dusky  white. 

splrit^hand,  *.  A  form  of  spirit-mani 
festation  iu  which  phosphorescent  hands,  saic 
to  be  those  of  spirits,  are  visible. 

"  We  bad  .  .   .    tptrit-handt  touching   us."—  The 
Medium,  Feb.  3,  1871 

spirit-lamp,  s.  A  lampburning  alcohol. 
Used  for  many  purposes  in  the  arts  where 
heat  rather  than  light  is  required. 

spirit-leaf,  spirit-weed,  s. 

Bot. :  Cryphiticanthus  barbadensis;  called 
also  liuellia  tuberosa. 

Spirit-level,  9.  An  instrument  used  for 
determining  a  line  or  plane  parallel  to  the 
horizon,  and  also  the  relative  heights  of  two 
or  more  stations.  It  consists  of  a  glass  tube 
nearly  filled  with  alcohol,  preferably  coloured. 
The  remaining  space  in  the  tube  is  a  bubble 
of  air,  and  this  occupies  a  position  exactly  in 
the  middle  of  the  tube  when  the  latter  is  per- 
fectly  horizontal.  The  tube  is  mounted  on  a 
wooden  bar,  which  is  laid  on  a  l>eam  or  other 
object  to  be  tested ;  or  it  is  mounted  on  a 
telescope  or  theodolite,  and  forms  the  means 
of  bringing  these  instruments  to  a  level,  the 
slightest  deviation  from  the  horizontal  posi- 
tion being  indicated  by  the  bubble  rising 
toward  the  higher  end  of  the  tube. 

Spirit-level  quadrant:  An  instrument  fur- 
nished with  a  spirit-level  and  used  for  taking 
altitudes. 

spirit  manifestations,  s.  r>L  A  generic 
term  for  all  the  mysterious  phenomena  said  to 
take  place  through  the  intervention  of  spirits 
in  the  presence  of  mediums. 

"I  am  well  aware  that  the  problem  of  the  so-called 
tpirit.manifeitationt  Is  one  to  be  discussed  on  its 
merits,  dn  order  to  arrive  at  a  distinct  opinion  how 
far  it  may  be  concerned  with  facts  insufficiently  ap. 
predated  and  explained  by  science,  and  how  far  with 
superstition,  delusion,  and  sheer  knavery."— Ttilot 
Prim.  Cult,  (ed.  1878),  t  141 

spirit-merchant,  ».  One  who  deals  in 
or  is  licensed  to  sell  spirituous  liquors,  as 
brandy,  rum,  whisky,  Ac. 

spirit  -  meter,  s.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the-  volume,  and  registering  the 
strength,  of  spirits  passing  through  a  pipe 
leading  from  a  still. 

spirit  of  turpentine,  ».    [CAMPHENE.] 
spirit  of  wine,  s. 

Chem. :  Alcohol  of  a  strength  56  o.p.,  sp.  er. 
0-838.  Used  in  pharmacy. 

spirit-rapper,  ».  One  who  believes,  or 
prolesses  to  believe,  that  he  can  evoke  the 
spirits  of  deceased  persons,  and  hold  com- 
munication with  them  by  raps  made  on  a 
table  in  reply  to  questions,  or  by  their  causing 
a  table,  Ate.,  to  tilt  up. 

Spirit-rapping,  «.  A  general  name  given 
to  certain  so-called  spiritualistic  manifesta- 
tions, such  as  rapping  on  a  table,  table- 
turning,  and  the  like. 

"  The  instructive,  though  deplorable  hypothesis  of 
tpirit-rappln?."— O.  B.  Lewet:  Silt.  Philtn.  (ed.  1880), 

spirit-room,  ».  A  part  of  the  hold  of 
a  ship,  in  which  spirits  and  wines  are  kept. 

spirit-seance,  ».  A  seance  held  for  the 
purpose  of  evoking  spiritual  manifestations. 

"  Suppose  a  wild  North-American  Indian  looking  on 
at  a  tpirit-tianoe  in  London."— Tylor :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed. 

spirit-stirring,  spirit -rousing,  a. 

Bousing,  exciting,  or  animating  the  spirit. 
"  The  brazen  trump,  the  ipirit-ttirring  drum." 
Byron  :  The  f!urte  of  Minerva. 

spirit-world,  ».  The  world  of  disem- 
bodied spirits. 

"Two  of  the  most  popular  means  of  communicating 
with  t&9  tpirU'World,  by  rapping  and  writing  "— 
Tylor:  Pr-'.m.  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  i.  144. 

spirit-writing,  >. 

1.  The  act  of  producing  writing,  profess- 
edly by  the  intervention  of  a  spirit  or  spirits, 
by  mechanical  means,  as  with  a  planchette 
(q.v.);  through  a  locked  book-slate  or  on  a 
slate  held  firmly  against  <he  under  surface  of 
a  table,  or  on  pieces  of  blank,  paper  without  a 
material  instrument. 

"It  is  not  everybody  who  has  the  .'acuity  of  tpirit. 
writing,  but  a  powerful. medium  wi.M  write  alone. 
Such  mediums  sometimes  consider  themselves  acted 
on  by  a  power  separate  from  themselves.  .In  fact,  pos- 
sessed."— Tylor:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  1  H'.9. 


2.  Writing  said  to  be  produced  by  spirite. 

"  The  Baron  .  .  .  publishes  a  mass  of  fac-similes  of 
iell.Sli'lS.*1''1'  °*"*™*-'-T*'°'---  fri^  CuU. 

splr'-it,  v.t.    [SPIRIT,  ».] 

*  1.  To  animate  or  actuate ;  to  excite,  tc 
encourage,  to  rouse,  to  inspirit. 

"Civil  disseusious  never  fail  of  introducing  and 
tpiriting  the  ambition  of  private  men."— Sutifi. 

2.  To  convey  away  secretly  and  rapidly,  as 
though  by  the  medium  of  a  spirit ;  to  kidnap. 

"  The  ministry  had  him  tfirite.d  away,  and  carried 
abroad,  as  a  dangerous  person  "— Arbutttnot  A  Pope. 

*  3.  To  breathe,  to  inspire. 

"God  hath  .  .  .  tpirited  our  souls  of  one  breath."- 
Adumt :  H'orkt,  i.  88. 

*  splr'-lt-al-ly,  adv.     [Eng.    spirit;   -alfy.) 
By  means  of  the  breath ;  as  a  spirant,  non- 
vocal  sound. 

"  Conceive  one  of  each  pronounced  titlritalltl  the 
other  vocally.  "-Bolder :  E/emenlt  of  Speech. 

spir'-lt-ed,  a.    [Eng.  tpirit,  s.  ;  -ed.] 

1.  Animated,  lively,  vivacious ;  fall  of  spirit, 
fire,  or  life. 

"  It  may  be  read  to  great  advantage  In  a  version 
equally  tpmted  and  literal."— Scott:  Jtoteby,  iv.  t, 

2.  Having  a  spirit  of  a  certain  character. 
(Now  usually  in  composition.) 

"  Whither  the  party  be  ijoore  tpirtted  or  proud,  wyl 
Smwhf.'  "PPear»  »!•  I'ys  delyte  in  hys  own  prayie.<. 
Sir  T.  More:  Worket,  p.  1.180. 

*  3.  Possessed  by  a  spirit. 

"  So  talked  the  rpirited  sly  snake." 

Milton     P.  L.,  Ix.  sit 

spir'-It-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  spirited;  -ly.  ]  In 
a  spirited  manner;  with  spirit,  animation, 
courage,  or  ardour. 

spir-it  ed-ness,  «.    [Eng.  spirited;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  spirited ; 
animation,  spirit,  life,  fire,  ardour. 

2.  Disposition,  temper,  or  character  of  mind. 
(Defined  by  the  adjective  with  which   it  is 
compounded  :    as,    mean  -  spiritedness,    high- 
spiritfdness,  <tc.) 

*  spir'-It-er,  ».     [Eng.  jpiri(,  v. ;  -«•.]     An 
abductor. 

"  Writh'd  back  to  view  his  tpirlter." 

Cotton:  Burlesque  upon  Surletoue,  p.  867. 

*  spir'-it-ful,  o.    [Eng.  spirit;  -Jultl).']    Full 
of  spirits ;  lively. 

"  The  man,  so  late  so  tptritfull, 
Fell  now  quite  spiritlesse  to  earth." 

Chapman  :  Somer ;  Iliad  xti. 

*  splr'-It-iUl-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  spiritful ;  -ly.] 
In  a  spiritful  or  lively  manner ;  spiritedly. 

*  splr'-iVful-ne'ss,  ».  [Eng.  spiritfitl ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  spiritful ;  liveli- 
ness, spirit,  animation,  sprightliness. 

"  A  cock's  crowing  is  a  tone  that  corresponds  to 
singing,  attesting  his  mirth  and  tpiritfulneu."— 
ffartev. 

splr'-lt-lng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  AS  >.    [SPIRIT,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <*  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  STtbst. :  The  working,  service,  or 
actions  of  a  spirit ;  hence,  work  done  quickly 
and  quietly,  as  though  by  a  spirit. 

"  I  will  ...  do  my  tpiritinff  gently." 

Shaketp.  :  Tempett,  L  S. 

splr'-it-iism,  «.  [Eng.  spirit;  -ism.]  The 
same  as  SPIRITUALISM,  2. 

spir'-at-sSt,  s.  [Eng.  spirit ;  -iit.]  The  same 
as  SPIRITUALIST,  A.  2.  (q.v.). 

spir -it-less,  *  splr-lt-lesse,  a.  [Eng. 
spirit;  -less.] 

1.  Destitute   of    spirit,    courage,    life,    or 
vigour. 

"  I  eanuot  think  tbee  yet  so  dull  of  heart 
And  Ipiritleet,  as  never  to  regret 
Sweets  tasted  here,"  Coaper  ,•  Talk,  i.  6S1. 

2.  Destitute  of  spirits ;  having  lost  one's 
spirits ;  dull,  depressed,  dejected. 

"  A  man  so  faint,  so  tptritlett, 
So  dull,  so  dead  in  ltj»k.  so  woe  begone." 

Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  jr..  L  L 

*  3.  Having  no  spirit  or  breath  :  dead,  ex- 
tinct. 

"  The  tpirMett  body."— OremhUl :  Art  of  Embalm, 

spir  It  less  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  spiritless;  -ly.] 
In  a  spiritless  manner ;  without  spirit,  life, 
animation,  or  vigour. 

"  But  Bob  was  neither  rudely  bold, 
Nor  tpiritleuiit  tame." 

Coteper  :  Xpitaph  an  a  KeMreatt. 


»te,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her    there 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  whd.  son;  mute.  ottb.  eiire.  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p«t, 
Syrian.    a>,  ce  =  6;  ey  =  a;  «u  =  kw. 


\ 


Bpiritlessness— spiritus 


4393 


sjplr'-lt  less-ness.  5.   [Eng.  spiritless ; -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  spiritless  ;  want 
of  spirit,  life,  animation,  or  vigour  ;  dulness. 
••  This  1*  not  a  loving  agreement,  arising  from  one- 
ness of  spirit,  but  a  dead  stupidity.  ainuing  a  total 
,piritl,antit:--Lei,hUn :  Comment,  on  1  Peter,  ch.  111. 

pa.  -"-1J,  «•    [Eng.  spiril ;  -ly.)    Spirited. 
"  Mounted  on  a  tpiritly  Jennet."— Adami  i  Worts,  ii. 
430. 

•pir  i  to'-so,  adv.    [Ital.] 

Music :  A  direction  that  the  movement  to 
which  it  is  prefixed  is  to  be  performed  in  a 
spirited  manner. 

•  spir'-l-tous,  a.    [Eng.  spirit ;  -ous.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  spirit;   refined, 
pure. 

"  More  refin'd.  more  ipiritota  and  pur* 
As  nearer  to  him  plac'd  or  nearer  tending. 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  v.  47&. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  spirit ;  containing  or 
Consisting  of  spirit. 

3.  Ardent,  active. 

"  The  spirit™*  and  benign  matter  most  apt  for 
l»ner».tioii."-.s,ni<A .  Portrait  of  Old  Aft.  p.  111. 

spir-lt  ous  ness,  «.  IBng.  spiritma; 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  spintous  ; 
refined  state ;  fineness  and  activity  of  parts. 

"  They  notwithstanding  the  great  thinness  and 
Otrit^mea  of  the  liquor,  did  lift  up  the  upper 
surface,  and  for  a  moment  form  a  thin  film  like  a 
•mall  hemisphere."—  Boyle. 

splr'-Us,  s.  pi.    [SPIRIT,  •.,  1. 16.] 

splr'-lt-u-al,  *  splr-lt-n-all,  *splr-lt- 
U-el,  a."&».  [Fr.  spirUuel,  from  Lat.  spin- 
tualis,  from  spiritus  =  spirit  (q.v.);  Sp.  * 
Port,  espirituat;  Ital.  spirituals.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  spirit ;  not 
material ;  immaterial,  incorporeal. 

"  Hillious  of  tpiritual  creatures  walk  the  earth 
Unseen,  both  when  we  wake  and  when  we  sleep. 

8.  Pertaining  to  the  soul  or  its  affections, 
as  influenced  by  the  Holy  Spirit ;  proceeding 
from,  or  controlled  or  inspired  by  the  Holy 
Spirit ;  pure,  holy,  sacred,  divine. 

"  I  long  to  see  yon  that  I  may  Impart  unto  yon  some 
spiritual  gift,  to  the  end  y*  may  be  established.  — 
ftomani  1.  J. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  intellect  or  higher  en- 
dowments of  the  mind  ;  mental,  intellectual. 

4.  Affecting  the  spirit ;  pertaining  or  relat- 
ing to  the  moral  feelings  or  states  of  the  soul. 

5.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  sacred  things 
not  lay  ;  not  temporal;  pertaining  or  relating 
to  the  church  ;  ecclesiastical :  as,  the  lords 
spiritual  and  temporal,  the  spiritual  functions 
of  the  clergy,  tic. 

*B.  Assubst.  :  A  person  ofaspiritual  nature 
one  having  a  spiritual  office  or  character. 

"  We  bee  the  gpirituallet,  we  searche  the  bottom*  o 
Qoddes  commandement"— Sir  T.  More,  p.  399. 

spiritual-corporations,  s.  pL    Cor 

porations  where  the  members  are  entirel} 
spiritual  persons,  and  incorporated  as  such 
for  the  furtherance  of  religion  and  perpetua 
tlon  of  the  rights  of  the  church.  They  are  o 
two  kinds :  Sole,  as  bishops,  certain  deans 
parsons,  and  vicars  ;  and  Aggregate,  as  dean: 
and  chapters,  prior  and  convent,  abbot  anc 
monk. 

spiritual-courts,  i.  pi. 

Law  :  Courts  having  jurisdiction  in  matter 
appertaining  or  annexed  to  ecclesiastica 
affairs. 

spiritual-lords,  s.  pi  The  archbishop 
and  bishops  in  the  House  of  Lords. 

spiritual  minded,  a.  Having  the  mint 
set  on  spiritual  things,  not  on  temporal  things 

spiritual-mindedncss,  s.  The  qualit; 
or  state  of  being  spiritual-minded. 

splr'-lt-u-al-lsm,  s.    [Eng.  spiritual;  -ism. 

*  1.  The  state  of  being  spiritual ;  spiritua 

character;  religiosity. 

"  Prudential  secularism  had  superseded  the  fanat 
eal  itAritualitm  of  th*  preceding  age."  —  Prater 
Berkeley,  p.  117. 

2.  Hist. :  A  system  of  professed  communica 
Uon  with  the  unseen  world,  chiefly  throug 
persons  called  mediums.  It  is  asserted  in- 
spirits manifest  their  presence  by  raps,  b 
unfastening  knots,  by  transporting  furnitur 
and  human  beings  through  the  air,  by  the  turn 
ing  and  tilting  of  tables,  by  writing  on  slates 
playing  on  musical  instruments,  irapar 
Ing  phosphorescence  to  certain  objects,  anc 


in  some  cases,  by  becoming  partly  or  entirely 
materialized  in  human  form.  The  first  mppingl 
are  said  to  have  been  heard  in  April,  1848,  in 
a  house  in  Acadia,  New  York,  inhabited  by 
a  Mr.  Fox,  whose  daughters  afterwards  be- 
came mediums,  and  gave  public  seances  in 
various  towns  in  the  United  States.  About 
1852  American  mediums  came  to  London,  and 
their  claims  were  more  strictly  investigated 
than  had  been  the  case  in  their  native  country. 
In  1855  Mr.  D.  D.  Home  visited  England,  and 
afterwards  the  continent  of  Europe,  where  he 
is  said  to  have  shown  his  powers  before  many 
sovereigns,  and  to  have  strongly  impressed 
Napoleon  III.  with  their  supernatural  cha- 
racter. Since  that  time  spiritualism  has  de- 
veloped into  a  cult,  and  many  persons  have 
professed  to  believe  in  it,  and  to  derive  con- 
solation from  its  teachings.  IU  opponents 
urge  that  two  extremely  suspicious  circum- 
stances attend  so-called  spirit-manifestations : 
that  they  always  take  place  in  the  dark,  and 
that  the  presence  of  a  determined  unbeliever 
is  sufficient  to  prevent  them.  Moreover,  it  is 
indisputable  that  in  some  cases  actual  frauds 
have  been  practised  by  mediums,  and  many 
of  the  manifestations  have  been  imitated  by 
professional  conjurers.  Tylor  (Primitive  Cul- 
ture, ch.  iv.)  looks  upon  spiritualism  as  a  sur- 
vival, and  says : 

••  Onr  own  time  has  revived  a  group  ol  beliefs  and 
practices  which  have  their  roots  deep  in  the  very 
stratum  of  early  philosophy  where  witchcraft  makes 
its  first  appearance.  This  group  ol  beliefs  and  prac- 
tices constitutes  what  is  now  commonly  known  as 
gpiritualiim." 

The  system,  however,  is  not  without  de- 
fenders ;  several  newspapers  and  monthly 
magazines  in  England  and  America  are  de- 
voted to  its  interests,  and  it  has  a  voluminous 
and  increasing  literature.  The  Spiritual 
Magazine  (the  oldest  Spiritualist  journal  in 
England)  has  as  its  motto : 

"  Splritualitm  it  baaed  on  the  cardinal  fact  of  spirit 
eommuuiou  and  influx  ;  it  is  the  effort  to  discover  all 
truth  relating  to  man's  spiritual  nature,  capacities, 
relations,  duties,  welfare,  and  destiny  ;  and  its  appli- 
cation to  a  regenerate  lif*.  -It  recognizes  a  continuous 
divine  inspiration  in  man ;  it  aims,  through  a  careful 
reverent  study  of  facts,  at  a  knowledge  of  the  laws 
and  principles  which  govern  the  occult  forces  of  the 
universe  i  of  the  relations  of  spirit  to  matter  and  of 
man  to  God  and  the  spiritual  world.  It  is  thus 
catholic  and  progressive,  leading  to  true  religion  as  at 
on*  with  the  highest  philosophy." 

3.  Philos. :  A  wide  term  embracing  all  sys- 
tems which  are  not  Materialist ;  that  is,  which 
hold  that  Mind  is  not  a  function  of,  but  some 
thing  distinct  from  Matter  [MATERIALISM],  or 
which  deny  the  existence  of  Matter.  Thus 
the  term  covers  all  systems  recognizing  the 
existence  of  Mind  and  Matter,  as  well  as  those 
which,  like  the  Idealism  of  Berkeley  and  the 
Egoism  of  Fichte,  regard  the  external  world 
as  a  succession  of  notions  impressed  on  the 
mind  by  the  Deity,  or  as  the  educt  of  the 
mind  itself. 

splr'-lt-ti-al-lst, «.  &  o.  [Eng.  spiritual ;  -ist. 

A*  As  substantive : 

*  1.  One  who  professes  a  regard  for  spiritua 
things    only ;    one    whose    employment    is 
spiritual. 

2.  One  who  believes  In  spiritualism ;  one 
who  believes  that  intercourse  may  be  held 
with  the  spirits  of  the  departed  through  thi 
agency  of  a  medium ;  one  who  holds  or  pre 
tends  to  hold  such  intercourse ;  a  spiritist. 

3.  A  believer  in  philosophic  spiritualism 
an  idealist. 

*  4.  One  who  looks  rather  to  the  spirit  than 
to  the  letter  of  Scripture ;  a  spiritualizer. 

"  And  yet  our  high-flown  enthusiasts  generally 
(however  calling  themselves  Christians)  ars  such  grea 
tvirituulittt,  and  so  much  for  the  inward  resurrection, 
as  that  they  quite  allegorize  away,  together  with  othe 
parts  of  Christianity,  the  outward  resurrection  of  th 
body."— Oudworth  :  JntelL  System,  p.  79ft. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  any  form  o 
spiritualism. 

"The  following  passage  from  a  ipirUualitt  JonmaL 
— Tylor :  Prim.  Cuttled.  18»l,  1L  W. 

splr'-it-  n-al-Ist-io,  a.  [Eng.  spiritualist 
•ic.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  spiritualism 
produced  or  pretended  to  be  produced  by  th 
agency  of  spirits  :  as,  spiritualistic  manifesta 
tuns, 

splr-.t-n-ar-lt-t?,  •  splr-lt-n-al-te 

*  splr-it-U-al-ty,  s.   [Eng.  spiritual  ;  -ity. 
1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  spiritual 
spiritual    character ;    immateriality ;    incor 
poreity. 

"  II  this  light  be  not  spiritual,  yet  It  approachet 
nearest  unto  tpiritualUy ;  and  if  it  have  any  corpora 
Ity.  then  of  all  other  the  most  subtle  and  pure.  — 

•>•»*!£ 


2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  spiritual- 
minded,  or  of  having  the  thoughts  turned  to 
spiritual  things ;  spiritual-mindedness. 

"  We  are  commanded  to  fast,  that  we  may  pray  with 
mort  ipirituality,  and  with  repentance."— Bp.  Taylor  : 
vol.  L,  ser.  4. 

3.  That  which  belongs  to  the  church,  or  to 
a  pei-son  as  an  ecclesiastic,  or  to  religion, 
as  distinguished  from  a  temporality. 

"  Of  common  right,  the  dean  and  chapter  are 
guardians  of  the  ipiritH'iJititt,  during  the  vacancy  at 
a  bishoprlck."— Ayliffe :  Parerytm. 

*  4.  An  ecclesiastical  body. 

"  The  prelates  .  .  .  and  the  rest  ol  the  tplritualtit.' 
—fox  :  Martyri  (ed.  IM1).  i.  511. 

f  Spiritualities  of  benefices :  The  tithes  ol 
land,  &c. 

pir-it-u-al-i-za'-tlon,  s.     [Eng.  spirit*- 
aliz(e);  -ation.] 
I.  Ord.  Ijing. :  The  act  of  spiritualizing. 

*  2.  Old  Chem. :  The  act  or  operation  of  ex- 
tracting spirit  from  natural  bodies. 

spir'-iit  u-al-ize,  v.t.    [Eng.  spiritual;  -in.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  make  spiritual  or  more  spiritual ;  to 
refine  intellectually  or  morally;   to   purify 
from  the  corrupting  influences  of  the  flesh, 
the  world,  or  the  grosser  senses. 

"  Whatever  may  be  the  Immediate  state  of  our 
souls  our  bodies  in  some  ipiritualiied  form  which  we 
understand  not,  shall  be  again  united  to  them."— 
Oilpin  :  Sermoni,  vol.  1..  ser.  22. 

2.  To  endow  with  spirituality  or  life  ;  to 
infuse  spirit  or  life  into. 

«  3.  To  convert  to  a  spiritual  meaning ;  to 
deduce  a  spiritual  meaning  from :  as,  To 
spiritualize  a  text  of  Scripture. 

*  II.  Chemistry  : 

1.  To  extract  spirit  from,  as  certain  natural 
bodies. 

2.  To  convert  Into  spirit;  to  impart  th« 
properties  of  spirit  to. 

spir'-ft-u-al-lz-er, «.  [Eng.  spiritualise); 

•er.  ]    One  wno  spiritualizes. 

"The  Soclnlan*  .  .  .  deviated  more  from  these  law* 
than  the  moet  licentious  of  the  allegoriaU,  or  the 
wildest  of  the  ipiritualisen."—  Warburton:  Mvine 
Legation,  bk.  ix..  i  2. 

r-u-al-1^,  adv.    [Eng.  spiritual;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  spiritual  manner ;  without  corporeal 
grossuess  ;  with  purity  of  spirit  or  heart. 

"  For  in  the  same  degree  that  virgins  live  mor* 
ipiritually  than  other  persons,  in  the  same  degree  • 
their  virginity  a  more  excellent  state,"— Bp.  Taylor: 
Holy  Lieinj,  p.  71. 

2.  Like  a  spirit  or  spirits. 

"  Bespangled  with  those  isles  of  light. 
So  wildly,  ipiritaallil  bright." 

Byron :  Siege  of  Corinth,  xL 

"  splr'-it-u-al-n6ss,  *.  [Eng.  spiritual; 
-ness.]  Th'e  quality  or  state  of  being  spiritual ; 
spirituality. 

*  spir'-It-u-al- ty,  s.    [SPIRITUALITY.]    An 
ecclesiastical"  body. 

"  We  of  the  ipiritualty 
Will  raise  your  highness  such  a  mighty  sum, 
A*  never  did  the  clergy  at  one  time." 

Shakctp.  :  Henry  V.,  L  ft. 

*  npir-it-Tj-os'-i-tft  ».     [Eng.    s,,irituous; 
•ity.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  spirituous ; 
spirituousness,  ethereality. 

"  We  derive  .  .  .  their  heat  and  activity  from  the 
«re.  and  their  ipirituoiUy  from  the  air."— CvavorVt  ; 
Intellectual  .System,  p.  all. 

•pl-rit'-tJ-olU,  a.    [Fr.  spiritueux.] 

1.  Having  the  nature    or   character   of  A 

spirit ;    ethereal,     immaterial,     incorporeal, 

spiritual. 
*  2.  Lively,  active,  gay. 

"The  mind  of  man  is  of  that  spirituous  nature.*— 
South :  Sermons. 

"  3.  Cheerful,  enlivening,  cheering. 

"  That  It  may  appear  aiery  and  iptrittuna,  and  «t 
lor  the  welcome  of  chearlul  guests."— Kaiquia  Wot- 
toniana,  p.  43. 

4.  Containing  spirit ;  consisting  of  refined 
spirit ;  alcoholic,  ardent. 

"  Spirituoiti  liquors  distilled,  not  for  sale,  but  for 
private  use."— Smith ;  Wealth  of  Nation*,  bk.  v.,  ch.  11. 

*  spI-rif-U-OUS-nSss,  ».    [Eng.  spirituous; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  spirituous. 

"  Th*  operation  was  not  always,  especially  at ;  nrst, 
so  early  manifest,  as  the  ipirituoiunrfi  of  the  liquor 
made  some  expect."— Boyle  :  Worts,  ill.  879. 

•plT'-It-lis,  ».    [Lat.  =  breath,  spirit.] 

Gram. :  A  breathing,  an  aspirate.  Applied 
to  two  marks  in  Greek  grammar.  Spiritus  asper 
(lit.  =a  rough  breathing)  O  pi*"*1  before) 


b6?;  ptfut.  Jtfel;  oat,  9011,  chorns,  chin,  bench;  Bo.  fcem;  thin,  this;  wto.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e*ist.   pi 
-Uoii.^on  =  .,htin;-|l4>ii,^<)ii  =  «hiin.  -clou*,  -ttous,  -sioua  =  shus.   -Me.  -tile.  fco.  =  Bel, 


4394 


spirket— spite 


certain  words  beginning  with  a  vowel  to  indi 
cate  that  they  are  to  be  pronounced  likt 
words  beginning  in  English  with  an  aspirated 
fc.  Also  placet!  over  th~  letter  p,  the  equiva- 
lent of  the  English  r  ;  and  Spirilla  lenii  (lit 
=  a  smooth  breathing)  ('),  denoting  the  ab- 
sence of  any  aspirate. 

spir  -ket,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1,  Ord.  Lang. :  A  large  wooden  peg. 

"  High  on  the  tpirktt  there  it  hung." 

Hlo-jtnjield :  TM  Borkftf. 

3.  Shipbuild. :  A  space  fore  and  aft  between 
floor-timbers  or  futtocks  of  a  ship's  frame 
distance  between  rungs. 

spir'-ket-ing,  spir1 -kef-ting,  ».    [Spm 

KET.J 

Shipbuilding  : 

1.  The  strake  of  inside  planking  between 
the  water-ways,  which  rest  upon  the  deck- 
beams  and  the  port-sills. 

2.  The  strake  between  the  upper  deck  and 
the  plank-shear ;  the  quick-work. 

spir'-ling,*.    [SPAELINO.] 

spir-6  bran'-chus,  s.  [Pref.  tpiro-,  and 
Lat  branchia  =  a  gill.] 

IMhy. :  A  genus  of  Labyrinthlcl,  allied  to 
Anal  -ax  (q.v.),  from  the  rivers  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope. 

spir'-oX  s.    [Mod.  Lat  spirfosa);  -«Z.J    [Pi 

NYLIC-ALCOHOL], 

spir  6-lo-be-BB,  i.  pi.  [Or.  oTr.t/>a  (speira) 
=  a  spire,  and  Ao/36t  (lobos)  =  a  lobe.) 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Brassicaceae,  having  the 
cotyledons  incumbent  and  spirally  twisted. 

•pir-Sm'-e'-ter,  «.  [Lat.  spiro  =  to  breathe, 
and  Eng.  meter.]  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  capacity  of  the  chest.  It  consists  of  an 
inverted  chamber  submerged  in  a  water-bath. 
The  breath  is  conducted  by  a  flexible  pipe 
and  internal  tube,  so  as  to  collect  in  the 
chamber,  which  rises  in  the  water.  An  index 
is  attached  to  the  chamber,  and  is  graduated 
on  its  face,  so  as  to  indicate  against  the  edge 
of  the  index-case  the  cubic  inches  of  air 
expired. 

*  spir-op'-ter-is,  «.  [Gr.  cropa  (speiro)=  a 
coil,  and  m-epov  (pteron)  =  a  wing.] 

Zool. :  A  supposed  genus  of  parasitic  worms, 
now  known  to  be  Filaria  piscium. 

sp'irTor'-bis,  s.  [Lat  spira  =  a  spire,  and 
orbis  =  an  orb,  a  circle.) 

1.  Zool. :  A  genus  of  Tubicolee.    Shelly  tube 
single,  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral,  one  side  of 
which  is  fixed  to  some  solid  object ;  eggs  car- 
ried in  a  pouch  ;  larvae  free,  ciliated.  They  are 
Yery  common  on  the  fronds  of  seaweed,  &c. 

2.  Paloxnt. :  From  the  Silurian  onward. 


,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  spiraea);  -oyt] 
Chen. :  C7H5O2.    Lowig's  name  for  the  sup- 
posed radical  of  salicyloL 

Spir-oyr-Ic,  a.    [Eng.  tpiroyl;  -fc.J    Derived 
from  oil  of  spiraea. 

spiroylic  acid, ».    [SALICYLIC-ACID.) 

spir  oyl'-ous,  a.    [Eng.  spiroyl;  -on*.]    De- 
rived from  oil  of  spirrea, 

spiroylous-acid,  s.    [SALICYLOL.) 
spirt,  r.t.  &  i.    [SPURT,  r.] 

A.  Tram. :  To  throw,  force  out,  or  eject 
in  a  jet  or  stream. 

"Toads  are  sometimes  observed  to  exclude  or  tnirt 
oat  a  dark  and  liquid  matter  behind."— Browne  • 
Vulgar  Brrourt,  bk.  liL,  ch.  xlii. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  gush,  or  issue  out  in  a  stream,  as 
liquor  from  a  cask  ;  to  rush  out,  to  spurt  out. 

"  Bottling  of  beer  while  new  and  (oil  of  spirits,  so 
that  it  rpirtah  when  the  stopple  is  taken  forth, 
niiiktt  h  the  drink  more  quick  and  windy."— Bacon  : 

*  2.  To  spront,  to  shoot. 

"If  a  man  have  a  desire  that  both  garlicke  and 
onions  may  he  kept  long  for  his  provision,  their  heads 
must  be  dipped  and  well  plunged  In  salt  water, 
warme :  by  this  ineanes  indeed  last  they  will  longer 
without  ipirtint.' —  P.  Holland:  Piini,  bk.  Ilk., 
ch.  vl. 

•a  To  make  a  short,  rapid,  and  vigorous 
effort ;  to  spurt. 

spirt,  s.    [SPIRT,  r.] 

1.  A  sudden  rushing  out  or  ejection  of  a 


liquid  substance,  as  from  a  tube,  orifice,  or 
other  confined  place  ;  a  spurt. 

*  2.  A  short,  rapid,  and  vigorous  effort ; 
spurt. 

spirt'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [SFIBT,  ».] 

spirting -cucumber,  s.     [CCCI-MBEU 

*  spir'-tle,  v.t.     [Eug.  spirt ;  frequent  suff 
-le.]    To  spirt  in  a  scattered  manner. 


ous  globe  particularly  .   .  .   woul 
1  force  of  that  m  jtiou,  be  soon  d 


"  The  terraqueous 

by  the  centrifugal  fo . 

pated  and  tpirtled  into  the  circumambient  spaco."— 
Dtrhum  :  fhytico-TneolOffi/,  bk.  i^  ch.  v. 

spir'-u-la,  ».    [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from  spira, 
=  aspire(q.v.)r] 

Zool.  :  The  sole  genus  of  the  family  Spiru- 
lidK  (q.v.),  with  three  species  from  all  the 
warmer  seas.  Shell  vertical  in  the  posterior 
part  of  the  body,  with  the  involute  spire  to- 
wards the  ventral  side.  The  last  chamber 
contains  the  ink-bag,  and  is  not  larger  in  pro- 
portion than  the  rest ;  its  margin  is  organi- 
cally connected.  Body  oblong,  with  minute 
terminal  (Inn  ;  mantle  supported  by  a  cervical 
and  two  ventral  ridges  and  grooves,  arms  wiih 
six  rows  of  minute  cups,  tentacles  elongated, 
funnel  valved.  The  shells  are  common,  and 
a  few  specimens  are  cast  on  the  shores  of 
Devon  and  Cornwall  every  year  by  the  Gulf 
Stream,  but  tlie  animal  is  exceedingly  rare. 

Spir-u'-la-dSB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tpirul(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  •idte.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Cephalopoda ;  shell  na- 
creous, discoidal,  whorls  separate,  chambered, 
with  a  ventral  siphuncle. 

spir-u-li-ros  -tra,  *.  [Mod.  Lat  spinla, 
and  Lat  rostrum  =  a  beak.] 

Paltamt.:  A  genus  of  Sepiadae,  with  one 
species,  from  the  Miocene  of  Turin.  Only  tli  e 
mucro  Is  known  ;  chambered  internally, 
chambers  connected  by  a  ventral  siphuncle, 
external  spathose  layer  produced  beyond  the 
phragmocone  into  a  long  pointed  beak.  Spiru- 
lirostra  forms  a  connecting  link  between 
Spirula  and  the  fossil  Belemnites. 

*  spir'-y  (1),  *  splr-le,  a.  [Eng.  spirfe)  (1) ;  -y.) 

1.  Long,  slender,  and  pointed,  like  a  stalk 
of  grass  or  corn. 

"  Every  herb  and  every  tpiry  blade." 

Ctnoper  :  TatJc,  V.  9. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  spire  or  pyramid ; 
tapering  like  a  spire. 

3.  Abounding  in  spires  or  steeples. 

"  To  the  wild  herd  the  pasture  of  the  tame. 
The  cheerful  hamlet,  tpiry  town,  was  given.*1 
Thornton  :  Liberty,  iv.  761. 

*  spil--j?  (2),  a.  [Eng.  ipir(e)  (2) ;  -».]  Wreathed, 

curled,  wavy,  meandering,  serpentine. 
•*  Around  our  pole  the  tpiry  Dragon  glides." 

Draden  :  Flryil  i  ffeorgic  i.  134. 

spir'-yl, «.    [Mod.  Lat  tpiiiaxt);  -ji]    [SALI- 

CYL.J 

spi-ryT-lc,  a.    [Eng.  tpiryl;  -fc.)     Derived 

from  the  oil  of  spinta. 

spirylic-acid,  s.    [SALICYLIC-ACID.] 
•spiss,  a.    [Lat.  spissus.]   Thick,  close,  dense. 

"This  tpiti  and  dense  yet  polished,  this  copious  yet 
wncise,  treatise  of  the  variety  of  languages.  —Brtre- 
eood, 

'  splss'-at-ed,  a.  [Lat  spissattis,  pa.  par.  of 
spisso  =  to  thicken ;  spissus  =  thick,  dense.] 
Thickened,  dense,  inspissated. 

"The  Images,  which  th e  ipiuated  j alee  of  tb e  po ppy 
presents  to  the  fancy,  was  one  reason  why  this  drug 
had  a  place  in  the  ceremonial  of  the  ahowB."—  War. 
burton  :  Divine  Legation,  bk.  11,  f  i. 

*  spiss'-i-tude,    «.      [Lat  tpissUiido,   from 
spissus  =  thick.]    Thickness,  denseness,  espe- 
cially of  soft  substances,  thickness  belonging 
to  substances  neither  perfectly  liquid   nor 
perfectly  solid. 

"StHuttvde,  attended  with  heat,  grows  Inflanima- 
tory.  —  Arbutknot :  nature  of  AUmenit,  ch.  vi. 

spit  (1),  *  spite, »  spitte,  *  spyte,  s.   [A.B. 

apitu,  spitu,  spite  ;  cogn.  with  Dut  spit  ;  Dan. 
ipid  ;  Sw.  spttt ;  M.  H.  Ger.  tpiz  ;  IceL  «pj((a=a 
spit ;  spjdt  =  a  spear,  a  lance  ;  Dan.  spyd  =  a 
spar ;  Sw.  spjut ;  Ger.  spiess;  O.  H.  Ger.qrioz.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  A  long,  pointed  spike  or  iron  rod  on 
which  meat  is  impaled  for  roasting. 

Le«t  that  thy  wives  with  <pttt,  and  boys  with  stones, 

In  puny  battle  slay  me." 

. ;  Coriolamu,  Iv.  4. 


2.  A  narrow  point  of  land  jutting  out  into 
the  sea  ;  a  long,  narrow  shoal  extending  from 
the  shore  into  the  sea, 

" 

run 
made 
Coo* 

3.  A   spade  ;    hence,    the  depth  of  earth 
pierced  by  a  spade  at  once  ;  a  spadeful. 

"  Where  the  earth  is  washed  from  the  quick,  face  It 
with  the  first  tp  it  of  earth  dug  out  of  the  ditch."— 
Mortimer:  aiubandry. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Print.  :   An   obelisk  or  dagger  :    the 
mark  (t). 

2.  Weaving  :  A  horizontal  pin  in  the  cham- 
ber of  a  weaver's  shuttle,  for  receiving  the 
spool  or  pirn, 

sptt-fnU,    spiteful,    ».      A  spadeful. 
(Proc.) 

spit  sticker,  s. 

Engr.  :  A  graver  or  sculper  with  convex 
faces. 

spit  (2),  «.    [SPIT  (2),  r.] 

1.  That  which  is  spat  or  ejected  from  the 
mouth  ;  saliva,  spittle. 

2.  The  spawn  or  eggs  of  certain  insects  :  as, 
cuckoo-spi£. 

spit  (1),  »  speet,  •  spyte,  v.t.  &  i.  [Icel. 
spita;  Dut  speten=  to  spit  ;  spitten  =  to  die  1 

[SPIT(1),».] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  thrust  a  spit  through  ;  to  put  upon  a 
spit 

"  Weigh  sunbeams,  carve  a  fly.  or  rptt  a  flea," 

Coutper:  Charity,  tM. 

2.  To  thrust  through  ;  to  pierce. 

"  Infants  tpitted  upon  pikes.- 

Stiaketp.  :  llfitry  Y^  11L1, 

3.  To  spade,  to  dig.    (Pror.) 

*  i.  To  plant,  to  set 

"  Saffron  tpitted  ...  or  set  againe  under  mould."— 
P.  Holland:  Camden,  p.  4&a, 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  roast  anything  upon  a 
spit  ;  to  attend  to  or  use  a  spit 

spit  (2),  *  spet,  'spettc,  *  spit-ten  (pa.  t 
spat,  *  spelte,  pa.  par.  spat,  *  spitte),  r.t.  A  {. 
[A.S.  spittan,  spdtan  (pa.  t  spOttte);  cogn. 
with  Icel.  spgta;  Dan.  tpytte;  Sw.  tpotta; 
Ger.  spiitzen,  spuchen,] 

A.  Transitive: 

1,  To  eject  from  the  month  ;  to  thrust  out, 
as  saliva  or  other  matter,  from  the  mouth. 

"  He  «till  touting  blood." 

Chapman  :  Homer;  Iliad  XT. 

2.  To  eject  or  throw  out  with  violence  ;  to 
belch  :  as,  A  cannon  spits  out  Ore. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  eject  or  throw  out  saliva  from  the 
mouth. 

"When  he  had  thus  spoken,  l.e  ,pat  upon  the 
ground.  —VoAn  Ix.  6. 

2.  To  mizzle,  to  drizzle  ;  to  rain  slightly. 

"  It  had  been  ipllting  with  rain  for  the  hut  half- 
hoar."—  /Metenj  :  Sketeha  ;  sttamboat  Excurtion. 

1  To  spit  on,  or  upon:  To  treat  with  the 
greatest  contempt 

*  spif  aL  *  gplf  -tie,  *  spit-el,  «.    [0.  Fr. 

ospital  =  an  hospital.]    A  hospital,  a  lazar- 
Louse. 

"  News  have  I  that  my  Nell  is  dead  f  the  «p!MJ." 
•MoAesp.  :  Senry  r.f  1  1 

*  spltal-houso,  s.    A  hospital. 

*  spital-sermon,  s.    A  sermon  preached 
on  behalf  of  a  spittle  or  hospital. 

spit-box,  ».  [Eng.  spit  (2),  s.,  and  box.]  A 
spittoon  (q.v.X 

spit  ch'-  cock,  r.t  [Etym.  doubtful;  cf. 
spatchcock.]  To  split  as  an  eeL  lengthwise, 
and  broil  it 

"  No  man  lards  aalt  pork  with  orange  peel, 
Or  garnishes  his  lamb  with  tpitchcockt  eel. 
Kin?  :  Art  of  Coo 

spitch'-cock,  ».  [SprroHcocK,  «.]  An  eel 
split  and  broiled. 

spite,  *  spyt.  *  splght,  «.  [A  contract,  of 
despite  (q.v.).J 

1.  A  disposition  to  thwart  the  wishes  of 
another  ;  a  desire  to  annoy,  vex,  or  disappoint 
another  ;  ill-will,  malice,  malevolence,  malig- 
nity. 

"  Now  was  the  time  to  wreak  the  accumulated  tpitt 
<Aymn."—Macavlajr:  Sitt.  Kny.,  ch.  xr. 


, 
t  eel." 


fite,  f&t,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;    we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  oiir*,  unite,  cnr,  rule,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    «e,  ce  =  i;  ey  =  a;  qa  =  kw. 


spite— splay 


4395 


•  2.  Hurt,  harm,  injury. 
"  But  tpyt  more."    Oauai/n  i  the  Orene  Knight.  1.444. 

3.  That  which  is  done  to  thwart,  annoy, 
vex  or  disappoint  another;  any  manifesta- 
tion of  ill-will,  malice,  or  malevolence  ;  a 
spiteful  action. 

"  HI  flnd  Demetrius,  md  revenge  this  ipite.' 
l-kilcap.  :  Midtummer  XigMi  Dream,  Ui. I. 

«4.  Chagrin,  disappointment,  mortification, 
ve»tion. 

"  The  tlm«  is  out  of  JoInt-0  cursed  ipUel 
That  ever  1  was  born  to  set  it  right ! 

xtiakcsp.  •'  Bamlft,  1.  5. 

If  In  spite  of,  Spite  if:  In  defiance  of ;  in 
opposition  to  all  efforts  of;  hence,  notwith- 
standing. 

••Flourishes  his  bl»d«  in  iplfe  o/me." 

ahaketp.  :  Romeo  *  Juliet,  1. 1. 

•pite,  ».(.    [SPITE,  «.] 

1.  To  thwart  maliciously  or  spitefully ;  to 
disappoint,  vex,  or  annoy  with  malice  or  ill- 
will. 

"  ni  sacrifice  the  l»mb  that  I  do  love,    _ 
To  .pit.  .  raven's «* 


•  spit  tly,  a.  [Eng.  tpiUl(e)  (2),  •.  ;  -».]  Like 
spittle,  resembling  spittle,  full  of  spittle, 
slimy. 

spit-toon',  ».  [Sprr  (2),  n.l  A  box  or  earthen- 
ware vessel  to  receive  discharges  of  saliva, 


"A  large  gentleman  with  his  hat  on.  who  amused 
e  sU          ' 
on  the 


a  an  w  . 

himself  by  spitting  alternately  into  the  spUMO 
therighi  "Lid  oi  ?he  stove  and  the 
"— 


8.  To  fill  with  spite  or  vexation ;  to  annoy, 
to  uffend,  to  mortify. 

"  Darius  tpited  at  the  magi,  endeavoured  to  abolish 
not  only  the&  learning,  but  thel    language."—  Temple. 
*  3.  To  be  angry,  annoyw  ,  or  vexed  at. 
"The  Danes  .  .  .  ipUed  places  ol  religion."— fuller. 

spite  -ful,  *  spight-ful  (gh  silent),  a.  [Eng. 
spite  ;  -/«/(O.J  Filled  with  spite  ;  disposed 
to  spite,  thwart,  vex,  or  annoy  others ;  having 
a  malicious  or  malignant  disposition  ;  bearing 
ill-will  or  malice ;  malicious,  malignant. 

"But  the  tpiteful  agitator  found  no  support"— 
Mtuxmlau  :  Hia.  fng.,  cb.  xiir. 

•pite'-ful-ly,  •  spight  -ful-Wf  (0*  silent), 
adv.  [Eng.  spiteful ;  -ly.]  In  a  spiteful  man- 
ner ;  with  spite  or  malice ;  maliciously,  malig- 
nantly. 

••  The  farmers  ipUefulll  combined. 
Force  him  to  take  his  tithes  in  kind.' 

-S wi/£ :  Horace,  bk.  L 

•pite'-ftU-ness,  ».  [Eng.  spiteful;  -ness.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  spiteful ;  a  dis- 
position to  spite,  vex,  or  annoy  others ;  malice, 
ill-will. 

"  It  looks  more  like  tpitefutneu  and  ill-nature  than 
a  diligent  search  after  truth.-— SeU  again*  Burnet. 

•pit-fire,  s.  [Eng.  spit  (2),  v.,  aiAflre.)  One 
who  is  very  violent  or  passionate ;  a  nery  or 
not-terajiered  person. 

•  spit-ous,  a.   [A  contract,  of  despUovs  (q.v.).] 

Spiteful,  angry,  malicious,  malignant. 

"  That  arrow  was  with  fellonie 
Kuveniined,  and  with  tpitou*  blame. 

Somaunt  of  the  Sole,  979. 

•  iplt-ons-ly,  adv.     [A  contract,  of  despit- 
risly  (q.v.).]    Angrily,  spitefully. 

"  Shook  him  bard  and  cried  ipitouilll.' 

Chattffr :  C.  T.,  MT1. 

•pit-ted,  a.    [Eng.  spit  (1),  8. ;  -«d.] 
1.  Put  upon  a  spit ;  pierced. 

*  2.  Shot  out  Into  length. 

"Whether  the  h«s»l  of  a  deer,  that  by  age  is  more 
tpittfd  may  be  brought  again  to  be  more  branched.  — 
Bocon  .  JVnl.  BM..  i  7S7. 

spit -ten,  pa.  par.    [SPIT  (2),  v.) 
•pit-ter  (1),  «.    [Eng.  spit  (1),  v. ;  -er.) 
1.  One  who  put*  meat,  4c.,  on  a  spit. 

*  2.  A  young  deer,  whose  horns  begin  to 
shout  or  become  sharp ;  a  brocket  or  pricket. 

•pit-ter  (2),  ».  [Eng.  spU  (2),  v. ;  -e/r.)  One 
who  spits ;  one  who  ejects  saliva,  &c.,  from 
his  mouth. 

•pit-ting,  pr.  par.    [SPIT  (1),  V.) 
^Spitting  of  Wood:  (HEMOPTYSIS). 

•pit-tie  (1),  ».    [Eng.  spit  (I),  8.;  dimi 
-le.)    A  little  spit  or  spade. 

•pit-tie  (2),  *  spot  tie,  *  spat-tie,  *  spat- 
yll  *  spot-li,  s.  [A.S.  apatl ;  Low  Ger. 
tpittel,  spedel.)  [SPIT  (2),  v.]  Saliva ;  the 
thick,  moist  matter  secreted  by  the  salivary 
glands ;  saliva  ejected  from  the  mouth. 

"  In  lustrall  ipUlle  her  long  nnger  dips." 

Beaumont  :  fertiia.  sat  11. 

<l  Spittle  of  the  stars: 
Hot. :  Nosloc  commune. 

•  spit-tie  (3),  'spit-tell,  «.     ISPITAL.] 
spittle-man,  s.    A  gaol-bird. 

•pit-tie,  v.t.  [SPITTLE  (1),  s.)  To  dig  or  stir 
up  with  a  spittle  or  little  spade.  (Pros.) 


Cue   FlgAl  Imuu  ui  bile  nutvc  ntn*  u«w  "j™" 
left"— Dickeni :  Martin  Chtazleutit,  ch.  xvi. 

«spit'-ven-6m,  «.  [Eng.  «j>a  (2),  v.,  and 
trcrwm.]  Poison  ejected  from  the  mouth. 

"  The  ipttvenom  of  their  poisoned  hearts  breaketh 
out  to  the  annoyance  of  others."— Bootor. 

spitz,  s.  [Ger.,  for  spitzig  =  pointed,  sharp, 
with  reference  to  the  pointed  muzzle  of  the 
animal.] 

Zool. :  A  variety  of  Canis  familiaris ;  called 
also  the  Spitz-dog  and  the  Pomeranian-dog 
(q.v.). 

spitz-dog,  s.    [SPITZ.] 

spiz  a  e  tiis,  s.  [Gr.  cnrifa(spiM)  =a  small 
piping  bird,  and  if  rot  (ottos)  =  an  eagle.] 

OrnUh. :  A  genus  of  Aquilinae,  with  ten 
species,  from  Central  and  South  America, 
Africa,  India,  and  Ceylon  to  Celebes  and 
New  Guinea,  Formosa,  and  Japan.  Beak  con- 
vex above,  nostrils  elliptical ;  tarsi  elevated, 
ratlier  slender ;  acrotarsia  scutellated  ;  toes 
rather  short,  claws  acute.  It  corresponds 
with  the  Morphnus  of  Cuvier. 

splach'-nS-I,    splach-na'-9e-«e,  ».  pi. 

[Mod.  Lat,  splachn(vm);  Lat.  uiasc.  pi.  adj. 
suff.  -rf,  or  fern,  -aceae.) 

Bat. :  A  tribe  of  acrocarpous  operculated 
mosses  growing  in  tufts,  especially  upon  dung. 
Stem  loosely  leaved  ;  peristome,  if  present,  of 
lanceolate  rufescent,  rather  fleshy  teeth; 
capsule  straight,  on  an  apophysis;  spores 
radiating  in  lines  from  the  columella. 

langchnon) 


splacb'-nuin,s.  [Gr. 
=  the  inward  parts.] 

Bat. :  Gland-moss;  the  typical  genus  of 
Splachnei  (q.v.).  Fruit -stalk  terminal; 
calyptra  conical,  entire  or  slit;  peristome  or 
sixteen  teeth,  columella  generally  emerging, 
capitate;  apophysis  large,  often  umbrella- 
shaped.  Splnchnum  ampullaceum  is  common 
on  rotten  cow-dung. 

*  splaie,  r.(.    [A  contr.  of  display  (q.v.).]    To 
display,  to  unfold,  to  expand,  to  extend. 


in.  stiff. 


splahch  nic,«.  [Gr.  <Tir\ayy»>' 

=  a  bowel.]    Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the 
bowels  :  as,  the  splanchnic  nerves. 

spl&ncn-no-,  pref.    [SPLANCHNIC.] 

Anat.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  entrails. 

spianch-no'g'-r^-phjf,  *.  [Pref.  splanchno-, 
and  Gr.  yp«i*r|  (graphe)  =  &  writing.]  An 
anatomical  description  of  the  viscera. 

»pl&nch-n6T-£-gjf,  ••  [Pref.  tplanchno-, 
and  Gr.  A<xyos  (logos)  =  »  word,  a  discourse.] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  the  viscera  ;  a  treatise 
or  description  of  the  viscera. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  diseases  of  the  internal 
parts  of  the  body. 

spl&ncn-n6-pleu'-ral,  a.  [Eng.  splanchw- 
pleurie);  -o!.]  Of  or  belonging  to  the  splanch- 
nopleure  (q.v.). 

spl&non'-n6-pleure,  ».  [Pref.  splanchno-, 
and  Gr.  irAevpa  (pleura)  =  a  rib.] 

Embryology,  <tc.  :  A  term  applied  to  the 
lower  lamina  of  the  mesoblast,  forming  the 
walls  of  the  intestines  ;  the  outer,  or  upper 
lamina,  which  is  called  the  somatopleure, 
forms  the  walls  of  the  body.  These  words 
are  used  in  analogous  senses  in  Comparative 
Anatomy. 


lauuuij. 

"In  the  Botifera  a  spacious  perlTisceral  cavity 
separates  the  mesoderm  into  two  layers,  tho  ipliinch- 
SoptoEn!,  which  forms  the  eaderon  of  the  alimentary 
canal  and  the  somatopleure,  which  constitutes  the 
enderon  of  the  integument."— Buztey :  Anat.  Invert. 
Ardm.,  p.  67. 

splanch-n6-skSl'-e-t6n,  ».    [Pref. 

splanclino-,  and  Eng.  skeleton.) 

Compar.  Anal. :  The  bones  connected  with 
the  sense  organs  and  viscera  i  e.g.  the  bone  of 
the  heart  in  the  bullock. 

splanoh-not-6-my,  s.     [Pref.  splanchno-, 
=  a  bowel,  and  Gr.  TO^TJ  (tome)  =  a  cutting.] 
Anat.  :  The  dissection  of  the  viscera. 


splash  (1),  v.t.  to  i.     [The  same  word  as  plash 
(q.v.)  ;  Sw.  plaxka  =  to  splash  ;  Dan.  pladskt.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To    spatter    with  water,  or   water  and 
mud ;  to  dash  a  liquid,  especially  muddy  or 
dirty  water,  over. 

"  Now  we  eo  on  foot,  and  are  tplathed  by  his  coach 
and  six."—  Afafaulay  I  ffitt.  Sng.,  ch.  zvill. 

2.  To  dash  or  spatter;  tothrowaboutindrops. 
"  Dash'd  and  tulath'd  the  nitliy  grains  about" 

Lloyd :  EpMle  to  Lord  ChurchiO. 

B.  Intrara. :  To  strike  and  dash  water  or 
other  liquid  about ;  to  be  dashed  about  in 
drops. 

••  He  stumbled  twice,  the  foam  iplaiKd  high." 

Scott :  La.dy  of  the  Lake,  ill.  19. 

splash  (2),  v.t.     [PLASH  (2),  t>.]    To  plaali  or 
pleach. 

"  A  high  tplaehed  fence  on  a  bank,  reminding  on* 
more  of Tjorsetshlre  than  Wilt«."-««W,  Jan.  M.  18M. 

splash,  s.    [SPLASH  (l),  t>.] 

1.  Water,  or  water  and  mud,  splashed  about, 
thrown  on  anything  or  thrown  froir;  a  puddle 
or  the  like. 

2.  A  noise,  as  from  water  or  mud,  splashed 
or  thrown  about. 

3.  A  spot  of  dirt  or  other  discolouring  or 
disfiguring  matter  ;  a  blot,  a  daub. 

4.  An  attempt,  a  try,  a  dash,  a  struggle,  as 
of  one  struggling  in  water.    (Slang.) 

5  A  complexion  powder  used  by  ladies  to 
whiten  their  necks  and  faces,  generally  the 
finest  rice  flour. 

1  To  make  a  splash :  To  make  a  show  or 
display.  [CoT,  v.,  C.  11.) 

splash-board,  splash-wing,  s.  The 
leather  or  wooden  board  in  front  of  the  driver 
of  a  carriage  to  prevent  him,  or  those  who  sit 
with  him,  from  being  splashed  with  mud. 

splash-wing,  s.    [SPLASH-BOARD.] 

splash  -or,  i.    [Eng.  splash  (1),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   One  who   or   that  which 
splashes. 

2.  Locomotive    (PI.):    Guard-plates   placed 
over  the  wheels  of  locomotives  to  prevent  any 
person  coming  in  contact  with  them,  and  also 
to  protect  the  machinery  from  wet  and  dirt 
projected  by  the  wheels  when  running. 

3.  Vehicles: 

(1)  A  guard  over  a  wheel,  to  keep  dirt  from 
reaching  the  occupants  of  the  carriage. 

(2)  A  guard  near  the  door,  to  keep  the  dresa 
from  rubbing  against  the  wheel  in  entering  or 
alighting. 

4.  Vpholi. :  A  screen  hung  behind  a  wash- 
Btand  to  protect  the  walla  from  water. 

splash'-ft  a.    [Eng.  splash,  s. ;  -y.]    Full  of 
dirty  water ;  wet  and  muddy  ;  slushy. 

"  A  »atery.  ipKuhy  place.'-ZHI'" .'  Tour  OuV  Great 
Britain,  ii.  34. 

splat'  ter,  v.l.  4.  (.    [Pron.  for  spatter  (q.v.); 
cf.  sputter  and  splutter.) 

A.  Intrans. :  To  make  a  noise  as  in  splash, 
ing  in  water. 

B.  Trans. :  To  splash  or  scatter  about. 

"  Dull  prose-folk  Latin  tplatter* 

Silrni :  To  WOUam  Simpson.    (Poet). 

splatter-dash,  a. 

1.  An  uproar,  a  bustle. 

2.  (PL):  Spatterdashes. 
splatter-faced,  o.    Broad  or  flat-faced. 

splay  (1),  *splaye,  v.t.     [A  contract,  of 
display  (q.v.).J 
*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To   display,  to   expand,  to   unfold,  to 

••  To  gplay  out  hir  leves  In  brede. " 

iydaate :  Complaint  of  Blact  Knight. 

2.  To  carve  ;  to  cut  up. 

••  Splat*  that  brerne."  Babea  Bate,  p.  «M. 

3.  To  dislocate  or  break  a  horse's  shoulder- 
bone. 


II   Arch. :  To  slope ;  to  form  with  an  obliqu* 
angle,  as  the  joints  or  sides  of  a  window. 

[SPLAY,  «.] 

•  splay  (2),  *  splaie,  v.t.     [Prob.  for  spay 
(q.v.).]    To  spay,  to  castrate. 

"Bowes  also  are  tplated  as  well  as  camels,  but  two 
dales  before,  they  be  kept  from  meat"— f.  Bolltmd . 
Plinie,  bk.  vlii.,  ch.  U. 

•play  (3),  v.t.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    Alter  two 


4396 


splay— splenius 


pieces  of  cloth  hare  been  run  up  in  a  seam,  tc 
sew  down  the  edges  somewhat  in  the  form  o 
•  hem.  (Scotch.) 

•play,  5.  i  a.    [SPLAT  (IX  »•] 


Arch.  :  The  inward  or  outward  eipansio 
Of  an  opening  ;  the  difference  between  it 
greatest  and  least  cross-sections. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Spreading  out  ;  turned  oul 
Wards  ;  wide  :  as,  a  splay  foot,  Ac, 

splay-foot,  splay-footed,  a.    Havii, 
the  feet  turned  outwards  ;  having  ttat  feet. 
"  The  doubters  of  a  hare,  or  in  a  morning 
Salute*  from  a  tpfay./ooled  witch." 

Ford  :  Broktn  Start,  T.  1. 

Splay-mouth,  s.  A  wide  mouth  ;  a  mout; 
stretched  wide  on  purpose  ;  a  grimace. 

M  Badst  thoa  but,  Janus  like,  a  face  behind. 
To  see  the  people  when  tptajt-moitttu  they  make." 
Cfrjfden  :  Pertiut,  s»L  L 

•play-mouthed,  a.  Having  a  wide  o 
•play  mouth. 

•play  er,  ».    [Eng.  splay;  -tr.] 

Tile-making:  A  segment  of  a  cylinder  on 
which  a  moulded  tile  is  pressed  to  give  it  a 
curved  shape,  for  a  pantile,  ridge  or  hip  tile 
gutter  or  drain  tile. 

spleen,  •  splen,  ».  [Lat  ipkn,  from  Gr 
<r»A>jv  (splen.)  =  the  spleen  ;  Sansc.  plihan 
plihan.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit.  :  In  the  same  sense  as  IE. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  Anger  ;  latent  spite  or  ill-will  ;  malice 
Ill-humour. 

"  I  have  no  tplfen  sgatnst  you." 

.  ;  fmrf  Til 


. 
.     fmrf  Till,  U.  i. 

•  (2)  A  fit  of  passion  or  anger. 

"  Hatr-brain'd  Uotapor,  governed  by  a  tplren." 

Shaknp.  :  1  ffenry  jr.,  T.  1. 

•  (3)  Heat,  fire,  impetuosity,  ardour,  eager- 

Bass. 

"  A  brook,  where  Adon  used  to  cool  his  ipletn." 
Stiakcip.  :  Palrltmate  Pilyrim.  n. 

•  (4)  A  caprice,  a  whim  ;  a  disposition  act- 
ing by  fits  and  starts. 

•'  A  thousand  iplffm  bear  her  a  thousand  ways.* 
Skokttp.  :  Ytnui  t  Adonit,  907. 

•  (5)  A  sudden  motion  or  impulse. 

"  Brlet  as  the  lightning  In  the  coined  night. 
That  in  a  spleen  unfolds  both  beav'ii  and  earth  ' 
Shakap.  :  Midtumaur  Ki3M'i  Dream,  L  L 

•  (6)  A  fit  of  laughter  ;  immoderate  merri- 
ment. 

"  Abate  their  over.merry  tplem." 

.SAuteijj.  :  Taming  o/  (As  Skrat  (Ind.  i.) 

(7)  Melancholy,  hypochondria,  low  spirit*. 

"  We  hare  long  been  characterized  as  a  nation  of 
«pfe?n,  and  our  rivals  on  the  Continent  as  -  '-ifnl  of 
levity."—  Ooidmit*:  Politt  Learning,  ch.  vil. 

IT.  Anat.  :  A  soft,  highly  vascular,  and 
easily  distensible  organ,  situated  in  the  left 
hypochondrium,  between  the  cardiac  end  of 
the  stomach  and  the  diaphragm.  Its  length 
is  about  five  inches,  its  breadth  about  three, 
Its  weight  about  six  ounces.  After  a  meal  it 
increases  in  size  for  a  time,  reaching  its 
maximum  about  flve  hours  after  food  has 
been  taken.  In  fever  and  ague  it  is  enlarged, 
and  in  prolonged  ague  it  is  permanently  hyper- 
trophied.  Its  use  is  unknown.  It  occurs 
only  in  the  Vertebrates,  and  can  be  removed 
without  any  obvious  changes  taking  place  in 
the  animal  economy.  There  are  also  acces- 
sory or  supplementary  spleens.  They  are 
small,  detached,  rounded  nodules. 

spleen-gangrene,  ». 


•  spleen,  v.t.    [SPLEEN,  «.] 
1.  To  deprive  of  the  spleen. 

"  Animals  spiemed  grow  salacious.--  ArbatuM. 
S.  To  dislike. 


3.  To  annoy. 
'•Th«  author  .  .  „ 

exarnen,  p.  126. 

•Pl|»n'-»-ttve,«pleen'-a-tfve,a. 


,  a.    [SPLENETIC.] 

spleen'  -fuL  '  spleene  -  ful,  a.  rEnt* 
tplem;  -ful(l).]  Full  of  or  displaying  spleen  : 
angry,  peevish,  hot,  eager,  impetuous. 

•  And  M  my  tptetnful  ions  this  trojl  deflower  " 
Maieip.  :  Tihu  Andrmicut,  IL  S. 

•  spleen'-ful-ly',  adv.    [Eng.  ipleenfid;  -ly.] 
In  a  spleenful  manner. 


"  spleen' -Ish,  o.  [Eng.  spleen :  -ish.]  Affected 
with  spleen  ;  spleenful,  spleeny. 

"  When  tplccnitti  morsel*  cram  the  raping  maw 
Withouten  diet*  care  or  trencher  law  " 

Bp.  Hall .  aatirtt,  IT.  4. 

"  spleen '-Ish-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  svleeniih ;  -ly.] 
In  a  spleenish  manner ;  spleeufully. 

•  spleen' -  Ish -ness,    «.      [Eng.    tpleenish; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  siileeuish  ; 
spleen. 

•  spleen'-less.  *  splcene-lesse,  a.    [Eng. 
spleen  ;  -less.]  Having  no  spleen  ;  hence,  kind, 
favourable,  gentle,  mild. 

14  A  ipletnelftn  wind,  so  stretcht 
Her  wings  to  waft  vs.  and  so  vrg'd  onr  keele." 

Chapman  :  Homer  ;  Odyssey  Tji, 

spleen'-wort,  >.  [Eng.  spleen,  and  icort. 
The  species  to  which  the  name  was  first  ap- 
plied was  supposed  to  be  good  for  the  spleen 
because  its  lobular  leaves  resembled  that 
organ  in  shape.] 

Bat. :   Asplenium  Cettrach  and   the  genus 
Asplenium. 

•  spleen'  y,  a.    [Eng.  tplem ;  -y.J 

1.  Full  of  or  characterized  by  spleen :  anirrv 
peevish,  fretful,  ill-tempered. 

2.  Eager,  headstrong,  impetuous. 

•'  1  know  her  for 

A  ipU«n]f  Lutheran,  and  not  wholesome  to 
Our  cause."  Shakeip.  :  Stnry  VIII.,  iii.  1 

3.  Melancholy ;  affected  with  nervous  com- 
plaints. 


spleg'-et,  ».  LProb.  for  pledget  (q.vAT  A 
wet  cloth  for  washing  a  sore. 

sple  nal  gi-a,  sple-nal-gy,  ».  [Gr. 
<nrAijF  (spli  a.)  =  the  spleen,  and  iXyo?  (algos) 
=  pain.]  Pain  in  the  spleen  or  its  region. 


Splendour. 

"Jn  sun-bright 

JiaiMn  :  Dun*  Knight.  !. 

splon'-dont,    *  splen  -  dant,    a.     [L«t 
tplendcnt,  pr.  par.  Of  splendeo  =  to  shine.] 
*  I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Shining,  resplendent,  brilliant,  beaming 
with  light  ;  glittering. 

"  And  In  his  left  hand  had  a  ipUndara  shield.* 
fatrtfax:  Oadfi-ff  e/fosfcyne,  Tiii.  H. 

2.  Very  conspicuous  ;  illustrious. 

"  Divers  great  and  ipUndtnt  fortune*  of  Us  Um*."— 
K'lititia  WMoman*.  p.  M. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Bot.  :  Glittering  (q.v.X 

2.  Min.  :  Applied  to  minerals  to  Indicate 
their  degree  of  lustre. 

splen  -did,  a.  [L«t.  tplendidvi,  from  iplendeo 
=  to  shine;  Fr.  tplendidt;  IUL  iplendido; 
Sp.  aplendido.] 

1.  Magnificent,  gorgeous,  showy,  dazzling, 

sumptuous. 

"  Had  shone  In  the  iptfndtd  circle  of  Versailles."— 
Maeaulay  :  Sitt.  f:>,p..  ch.  liv. 

2.  ITlnstrious,  grand,  heroic,  brilliant,  glori- 
ous :  as,  a  splendid  victory. 

splen    did    I    oils,    a.     (Eng.    splendid- 
•iota.}    Splendid,  magnificent. 

"  When  he  returned  from  that  sovereign  place. 
His  brows  encircled  with  ipltndidiou*  rays." 

Draftm:  Hoses,  la 

•Plen'-dld-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  splendid  ;  -ly.]  In 
a  splendid  manner  ;  magnificently,  sumptu- 
ously, gorgeously,  grandly,  brilliantly. 

"  entertained  br  the 


•n','*m1'  w"  n**™*""?  entertained  br  the 
Duke  of  Orleans  at  St.  Cloud,  and  by  the  Dauphta  at 
Meudou-'-Jk-acouJa,  .-  HiU.  Sn,.,  ch.  iilii. 

splen  -did  ness,  ».  [Eng.  splendid;  -nen.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  splendid  ;  splen- 
dour, magnificence,  gorgeousness,  brilliancy. 

"  Their  liveries,  whose  gaudlnes*  evinces  not  the 
footman's  deserts,  but  his  lord's  ,plcn4idn,a,  and  in 
mens  esteem  entitles  the  laoquev  to  nothine  but  a 
good  master."-*,,)..-  irorfaTvi.  is. 

splen'  -did-ous,  o.    [Eng.  tplmdid;  -out.] 
Splendid. 

Jtefj.  t'elr  scteuUoVxu  llberaliUea.--Ben  Jauon: 

splen  dif'-er-oiis,  o.  [Ut.  tpLcndidut  = 
splendid,  and  fero  =  to  bring.]  Splendid 
splendour-bearing. 

"O  .  .  .  daye  most  iplmdiferaa." 

BaU  :  Interlude  o/  Johan  Baptist  (16WX 

splen  -dor,  splen  -dour  a,  fFr.  splendeur, 
from  Lat-  splendorem,  accns.  of  splendor,  from 
rplendeo  =  to  shine  ;  8p.  &  Port,  esplendore  ; 
Ital.  splendore.] 


L  Ordinary  Language  : 

•1.  Great  brightness  or  brilliancy;  brilliant 
lustre. 

"  We  may  admire 

The  blaz*  and  splendour,  but  not  handle  fir*  * 
B*n  /orison .-  Lady  Ann*  favitt. 

2,  Magnificence;   great 
show  of  richness  and  ele- 
gance ;  pomp,  parade. 

"But  though  there  was  little 
tplcndaur  there  was  much  dis. 
eoluteuesa"—  Hacaulav  ffiu 
Kng..  ch.  zv. 

3.  Brilliance,  glory, 
grandeur,  renown:  as,  the 
splendor    of  a  victory. 

i^i  .ffT;;   A   **?"    *P"     •«»  w  a*x»nora. 

plied  to  the  sun  when  re- 
presented with  a  human  race,  and  environed 
with  rays. 

••plen'-drotts,    *  •plen'-dor-ous,    o. 

[fcng.  splendor;  -OMJ.J  Slarkedor  characterized 
by   splendor;   splendid. 

"  Before  him  in  sptontf rout  arms  he  rode  " 

Drayton:  Battl*  of  Ajincaurt. 

sple  net'-Ic,  *  splen   et  ic,  *  sple-uef - 
lek,  *  splee-net'-Io,  o.  &  ». 
A.  As  adjective  : 


1.  Affected  with  or  characterized  by  spleen  • 
peevish,  ill-tempered,  fretful,  morose. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  spleen;  as,  tple- 
nelic  fever,  tplenetic  remedies,  &C. 

B.  At  tubs/tint  ivt : 
*  1.  A  person  affected  with  spleen. 
2.  Ned. :  A  medicine  specially  useful  in  dis- 
ease of  the  spleen. 

U  For  the  difference  between  tplenetic  and 
gloomy,  see  GLOOMY. 


Sple-net'-Je-al  1^,  adv.  [Eng.  splenetixal ; 
•ly.]  In  a  splenetic,  peevish,  fretful  at 
morose  manner ;  peevishly,  fretfully. 

•  splen '-e-tive,  o.    [SPLENITIT«.) 

splen  ic,  •  splen  -iok,  •  splen  ic  al.  a. 
[Fr .  tplenique,  from  IM.  splenicua,  fronr.jrfei, 
=  the  spleeu  (q.v.).]  Belonging  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  spleen.  ' 

"  The  tplenick  vein  ha*  divers  cell 


splenic  apoplexy,  a, 

Animal  Pathol. :  A  form  of  braxy  (q.w.> 

splenic  fever.  «. 

Animal  Pathology: 

1.  A  contagious  and  malignant  disease  of 
the  blood,  most  common  in  cattle,  but  com- 
municable to  aU  domestic  animals  and  even 
to  man  [PUSTULE,  2].      Known  also  as  An- 
thrax, Black-quarter,  Black-leg,  Black-tongue, 
Bloody  Murrain,  and  Quarter-ill. 

2.  A  disease  affecting  herds  of  cattle  in 
the  low  swampy  lands  of  Southern  Texas.     It 
closely  resembles  the  Rinderpest  (q.v.)  and  is 
sometimes  called  the  Spanish-fever. 

"  The  spleen  is  uniformly  enlarged,  the  weigh  t  vary. 
Ing  from  two  to  ten  pound*.  It  i*  of  a  purplish 

,?u,^i-'u"!  °"  ™tting  it  th*  pulp  ooze*  out.  it  being 
•oft  like  current  JelTy.  Proni  tnls  condition  of  the 
spleen,  which  was  found  in  nearly  5,000  cases.  Prof. 
Oamgee  calls  the  disease  the  tpknle-fem-.-—  Teller: 
MMS*JS/aJH  stack,  p.  183. 

3.  A  form  of  hog-cholera ;  known  also  as 
Anthrax,  Charbon  in  swine,  Malignant  An- 
thrax, and  White  Bristle. 

splen   ish,  o.    [SPLKKNISFI.] 

sple  :  ni' -  tl»,  a.  [Fr.  spUnitit;  Gr.  onr^, 
(splen)  =  the  spleen  ;  sulf.  -itis,  denoting  in- 
flammation. Cf.  Gr.  <nrXn»:Tic  (splinitis)  =  at 
the  spleen.] 

Pathol. :  Inflammation  of  the  spleen. 

*  •plen'-I-tlvo,  *  splen  I-tlve,  o.  [Eng. 
spleen  ;  -itive.]  Splenetic,  passionate,  irritable, 
hot,  impetuous. 

"  I  am  not  tpittiitlpe  and  rash." 

ahaXap.  :  Bamlet,  V.  1. 

splen'-I-us,  s.  [Gr.  <n*.nno,  (splinion)  =  a 
bandage.  So  named  because,  like  a  bandage, 
it  binds  down  the  parts  lying  under  it.) 

Anat. :  A  muscle  dividing  above  into  two. 
the  splenius  colli,  attached  to  the  cervical 
vertebne,  and  splenius  capitis,  attached  to  th« 
skull  It  bends  the  neck  backwards. 


splenization— split 


4397 


__ji-i-za'-tion,  *.  [Gr.  nrkrivi&niu.  (splin- 
izomai)  =  to  be  splenetic  ;  Eng.  suff.  -ation.] 

Pathol. :  A  state  of  the  lung,  produced  by 
inflammation,  in  which  its  tissue  resembles 
that  of  the  spleen.  (Dunglison.) 

splen'-6-cele,  *.  [Gr.  O^AT/*  (*p»n)=the 
spleen,  and  KijAij  (kele)  =  a  tumour.]  A  hernia 
of  the  spleen. 

sple-nog'-ra-ph^,  ».  [Gr.  inrAifi/  (splen)  = 
the  spleen,  and  ypd<j>ij  (graphe)  =  a  description.] 
An  anatomical  description  of  the  spleen. 

SplCM'-oid,  a.  [Or.  air\i)v  (splen)  =  the  spleen, 
and  etoos  (eidos)  =  form.]  Spleen-like;  having 
the  appearance  of  a  spleen. 

SplS-n6T-6-gt,  s.  [Gr.  <nr\jv(spUn)=the 
spleen,  and  A6yo*(Z0ffOs)  =  a  word,  a  discourse.] 
A  treatise  on  the  spleen. 

Sple-n6t'-6-m^,  s.     [Gr.  <nrX;_ 

spleen,  and  TOJU>J  (tome)  =  a  cutting.] 

Surg. :  The  act  or  art  of  dissecting  the 
spleeu.  (Dunglison.) 

splent,  a.    [SPLINT.] 

1.  A  splint. 

"  Silent  la  a  callous  hard  substance,  or  an  Insensible 
•welting,  which  breeds  on  or  adheres  to  tbe  shank- 
bone  of  a  hone,  ami,  when  it  growa  big,  spoils  the 
shape  of  the  leg.  When  there  is  but  one.  It  Is  called  a 
•Ingle  tplent :  out  when  there  ia  another  opposite  to 
It  on  the  outside  of  the  shank-bone,  It  Is  called  a 
pegged  or  pinned  tplent." — Farrier't  Dictionary. 

2.  The  same  as  SPLENT-COAL  (q.v.). 
splent  coal,  s.    [SPLINT-COAL.] 

Splen  -Ule,  s.  [A  dimin.  from  spleen  (q.v.).] 
A  small  or  rudimentary  spleen. 

spleu'-chan,  spleu'-ghan  (ch,  gh  guttural), 
9.  ,  [Gael,  spliuchan.]  A  pouch.  (Scotch.) 

"  There's  some  siller  in  the  tpteuchan  that's  like  the 
Captain's  ain."— Scott  :  Guy  Mannering,  ch.  L 

Spli96,  v.t.  [O.  Dut.  spleisen  =  to  weave  or 
lace  two  ends  together,  as  of  a  rope,  from 
gplitsen=to  splice,  from  splijten  =  to  split 
(q.v.) ;  Dan.  splidse,  spledse=to  splice,  from 
tplitte  =  to  split] 

1.  Lit. :  To  unite  or  join  together,  as  two 
ropes,  or  two  parts  of  a  rope,  so  as  to  make  a 
continuous     length,     by    interweaving    the 
strands  of  the  ends ;  also,  to  unite  or  join 
together,  by  overlapping,  as  two  pieces  of 
timber,  metal,  or  the  like. 

2.  Fig. :  To  marry.    (Said  of  the  person  by 
whqm  the  ceremony  is  performed.)    (Slang.) 

Tf  (1)  To  get  spliced :  To  get  married. 

(2)  To  splice  the  main  brace :  To  serve  out  an 
extra  glass  of  grog  to  sailors  in  case  of  extra 
exertion,  severe  weather,  &c. ;  hence,  to  take 
a  dram. 

spli9e,  s.    [SPLICE,  v.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  Mach.,  etc. :  The  uniting  of  two  pieces  of 
timber,  metal,  or  the  like. 

2.  Naut. :  The  joint  by  which  two  ropes  are 
united  so  as  to  make  one  continuous  length, 
or  the  two  ends  of  a  single  rope  are  united,  to 
form  a  grommet  or  eye. 

"  In  the  short  splice  (a,  ft),  used  for  ropes  which  are  not 
to  be  rove  through  blocks,  the  strands  are  unlaid  for  a 
convenient  length,  and  each  passed  over  one  and  under 
another  of  its  corresponding  strands  on  the  opposite 
rope  for  a  sufficient  distance.  Tbe  ends  are  then 
drawn  taut,  usually  trimmed  on* close,  and  frequently 
the  tplice  is  covered  by  serving.  The 
long  tplice,  for  ropes  which  are  to  pass 
through  blocks,  is  formed  by  unlaying 
the  strands  for  a  longer  distance,  ana 
laying  two  belonging  to  each  rope  In  the 
scores  formed  by  unlaying  the  opposite 
strands  of  tbe  other.  This  distribute* 


Hie  Joining  over  a  considerable  length,  rendering  the 
enlargement  scarcely  perceptible.  The  long-rolling 
*fli<'e  Is  used  for  lead-lines,  nshing-ltnes,  Ac.  The  cut 
*r  cant  tplict  (e)  ia  made  by  cutting  a  piece  from  a 
rope,  aud  laying  open  tbe  ends  of  the  strands,  which 
*re  passed  In  between  the  atrands  of  the  piece  to  which 
It  la  to  be  attached.  The  rlng-tptfa*  (cf  and  the  eye- 
Jgttw  (d)  art  made  In  a  similar  way."— Knight.  ;  Met, 
ttf  Mechanic*,  s.v.  Splice. 

*  IL  Fig. :  Marriage.    (Slang.) 


splice  piece, «. 

Rail.-eng. :  A  fish-plate  at  the  junction  of 
two  rails. 

Spiked,  jta.  par.  or  a,     [SPLICE,  v.] 
spliced  eye,  s. 

Naut. :  A  rope  bent  around  a  thimble,  and 
the  end  spliced  into  the  standing  part. 

Spli9  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SPLICE,  ».] 
splicing  fid,  s.     I  Fin,  s.,  II.  2.] 

splicing- hammer,  s.  A  hammer  having 
a  face  at  one  end  and  a  point  at  the  other, 
used  in  splicing. 

splicing-shackle,  s. 

Naut.:  A  device  for  enabling  a  hempen 
cable  to  be  bent  to  a  chain-cable.  The  shackle 
of  the  latter  has  a  thimble  like  a  dead-eye, 
around  which  the  hempen  cable  is  passed, 
and  the  end  spliced  to  the  standing  part. 

Spline,  s.    [Etyiu.  doubtful ;  cf.  splint.] 

Mack. :  A  rectangular  key  fitting  into  a  seat 
on  a  shaft,  and  occupying  a  groove  in  the  hub 
of  a  wheel,  which  slips  thereon  longitudinally, 
but  rotates  therewith. 

splin   ing,  a.    [SPLINE.] 

splining  machine,  s.  A  machine  for 
cutting  key-seats  and  grooves. 

Splint,  *  splent,  s.  [Sw.  splinta  =  to  splint, 
to  splinter,  to  split,  a  nasalized  form  from 
8w.  dial,  splitta  =  to  split;  Dan.  splint— & 
splinter,  from  splitter  to  split;  Ger.  splint  = 
a  thin  piece  of  iron  or  steel ;  Low  Ger.  splint* 
—  a  forelock ;  cf.  Dan.  tplintre  =  to  splinter ; 
Dan.  splinteren.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  fragment  or  piece  of  wood  split  off,  a 
splinter. 

"  They  all  agreed,  that  BO  icon  as  ever  they  polled 
out  the  head  and  tplent  of  the  dart  out  of  his  body,  be 
must  needs  die."— North  :  Plutarch,  p.  Ml. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Farriery: 

(1)  The  splint-bone  (q.v.). 

(2)  A  disease  affecting  the  splint-bone,  as  a 
callosity  or  excrescence, 

"  Ringlet  has  thrown  a  iptint,  which  will  destroy 
her  chance."—  Daily  Telegraph,  March  It,  I8flfl. 

*  2.  Old  Arm, :    One    of   the    overlapping 
plates  used  in  the  manufacture   of  splint- 
armour  (q.v.),  particularly  at  the  bend  of  the 
arm  to  allow  freedom  of  motion. 

3.  Ordn. :  A  tapering  strip  of  wood,  used  to 
adjust  a  shell  centrally  in  a  mortar. 

4.  Surg. :   A  flexible  and  resisting  lamina 
of  wood,  metal,  bark,  leather,  or  pasteboard, 
to  keep  the  parts  of  frac- 
tures in  apposition   and 

prevent  displacement. 
They  are  usually  padded, 
and  fixed  by  rollers  or 
tapes. 

*  splint  armor,     s. 

A  name  given  to  that  kind 
of  armor  which  was  made 
of  several  overlapping 
plates.  It  never  came 
into  very  general  use,  be- 
cause the  convexity  of 
the  breastplate  would  not 
allow  the  body  to  bend, 
unless  the  plates  were 
made  to  overlap  upwards, 
and  this  rendered  them 
liable  to  be  struck  into  and  drawn  off  by  the 
weapon  of  an  antagonist. 

splint-bone,  *.  One  of  the  two  small 
bones  extending  from  the  knee  to  the  fetlock 
of  a  horse,  behind  the  canon  or  shank-bone. 

splint  coal,  s. 

Mining :  A  name  given  to  a  splintery  coal 
which  is  non-caking,  owing  to  the  high  per- 
centage of  carbon  and  the  low  amount  of 
bituminous  substance  it  contains. 

splint,  v.t.    [SPLINT,  *.] 

*  1.  To  break  into  fragments ;  to  splinter,  to 
shiver. 

2,  To  secure,  join  together,  or  support  with, 
or  as  with,  splints. 

"  The  broken  rancour  of  your  high  swoln  heart*, 
Bat  lately  tplinUd,  knit,  and  jpin'd  together, 
Must  gently  be  preserved,  cherish'd  and  kept," 
ShaJUtp. :  Richard  111.,  il.  1 


aruirr  AKMOK 
BACK  AND  B 
(A.D.  1670). 


spUn'-ter,  *.    [SPLINT,  «,] 

1.  A  fragment  of  anything  broken,  split,  or 
shivered  off,  more  or  less  in  the  direction  of 
its  length ;  a  shive,  a  splint,  a  fragment. 

"And  with  the  fearful  shock, 

Their  spears   In    tplinten  flew,  their  beavers  both 
unlock."  Drayton:  Poly-Olbion,  *>  li 

2.  A  thin  piece  of  wood, 
splinter-bar,  s. 

1.  A  cross-bar  in  front  of  a  vehicle,  to  which 
tbe  traces  of  the  horses  are  attached;  as,  in 
coaches    and   artillery    carriages,    in    which 
double  and  single  trees  are  not  used. 

2.  A  cross-bar  which  supports  the  spring. 

splinter-netting,  ».  A  netting  of 
rope  designed  to  protect  the  crew  of  a  warship 
from  flying  splinters,  &c.,  during  actioii. 

Splinter-proof,  a.  Proof  or  safe  against 
the  splinters  of  bursting  shells. 

splln'-ter,  v.t.  &  i.     [SPLINTER,  s.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  split  or  rend  into  long,  thin  pieces ;  to 
shiver. 

"  Pendragon's  daughter  will  not  fear 
For  clashing  sword  or  iptinterttt  spear." 

Scott.-  Bridal  of  Triermai n,  li-  U. 

2.  To  support  with  a  splint,  as  a  broken 
limb ;  to  splint ;  hence,  to  unite  or  join  in 
any  way. 

"  Those  men  have  broken  credits. 
Loose  and  ditmemb'red  faiths  |my  dear  Antonio) 
That  ipiinfer  'em  with  TOWS:  am  I  not  too  bold  T" 
Beaum.  *  FUt.  :  Maid  in  the  Mill,  1.  S. 

*B.  Intrans. :  To  be  split,  rent,  or  shivered 
into  long,  thin  pieces. 

splin'-ter-^,  a.    [Eng.  splinter,  s. ;  -y.] 

1.  Qrtl.  Lang, :   Consisting  of  or  resembling 
splinters. 

2.  Min. :  Applied  to  a  variety  of  fracture 
where  the  surface  appears  as  if  covered  with 
small,  wedge-shaped  splinters. 

Split,  "splette,  v.t.  &,  i.  [Dan.  splitte;  Sw. 
dial,  splitta;  Dut.  splijten ;  Ger.  spleissen; 
Dan.  split  — &  slit;  Dut.  spleet ;  Sw.  tplit; 
Ger.  tpleisse ;  allied  to  splint,  splice,  and  spelt.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  divide  longitudinally  or  otherwise ; 
to  cleave  ;   to  separate  or  part  in  two  from 
end  to  end  by  force  ;  to  rend. 

14  With  sounding  axes  to  the  grove  they  go, 
Fell,  tptit,  and  lay  the  fuel  on  a  row. 

tfrydrn  :  Palamon  Jt  Ardte,  111  007. 

2.  To  tear  asunder  by  violence ;  to  rend,  to 
burst. 

"When  cold  winter tjitit  the  rocks  lu  twain." 

Dryden  :  Virgil ;  Georgic  it.  201 

3.  To  divide  or  break  up  into  parts,  diTl- 
sions,  or  parties. 

"  Shem  being  yet  alive,  and  his  family  not  tpttt  Into 
Its  branches."— op.  Hartley :  Serrooni,  voL  il.,  ser.  IT. 

*4.  To  cause  to  ache  or  throb. 

"  To  ti>lit  tbe  ears  of  the  groundling*."— AAoJfcMfX  ; 
HamUi,  lit  2. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  burst  or  part  asunder ;  to  suffer  dis- 
ruption. 

2.  To  divide,  to  part ;  to  be  divided. 

"  The  road  that  to  the  lungs  this  store  transmit*, 
Into  unnumber'd  narrow  channels  tplitt." 

Illnckinore :  Creation, 

3.  To  be  broken  or  dashed  to  pieces. 

"  The  ship  tplitt  on  the  rock." 

Shafutp. :  3  Henry  VI.,  T.  4. 

4.  To  differ  in  opinion ;  to  separate  ;  to  dis- 
agree. 

"If     Liberal!     were     Inclined    to    tplit.n  —  IXiGM 
Chronicle,  Sept  30, 1886. 

5.  To  burst  with  laughter. 

"Bach  had  a  gravity  would  make  you  tplit." 

Pope:  Satire*,  vi.  181. 

6.  To  throb  painfully,  as  though  likely  to 
burst. 

"  I  have  such  a  iplitting  headache.''— Globe,  Sept  I. 
1885. 

7.  To  Inform,  as  upon  one's  accomplices ; 

to  betray  confidence.    (Colloq.) 

"Don't  let  Emmy  know  that  we  have  tpUt," — T. 
Book :  The  Sutherland* 

8.  To  run  with  long  strides;  to  run  with 
speed.    (Colloq.) 

IT  (1)  To  split  a  cause  of  action : 

Law :  To  sue  for  only  part  of  a  claim  or 
demand,  postponing  the  other  portion  of  it  to 
form  a  basis  of  a  fresh  action.  It  is  not  per- 
missible. 

(2)  To  split  hairs :  To  make  too  nice  dis- 
tinctions. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo^l ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  shin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  09 ;  expect,  Xenophon,  caf ist.    ph  =  t 
-oian,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -(ion,  -sion  =  xnun.   -oious,    tious, -sious  ^  shus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  toei,  del. 


439S 


split— spoke 


(3)  To  split  on  a  rock :  To  fell ;  to  come  to 
grief. 

(4)  To  split  one**    sides :    To   burst   with 
laughter. 

(5)  To  split  one's  vote :  To  divide  or  share 
one's  vote  among  the  candidates  to  be  elected 
The  opposite  to  plump  (q.v.). 

(6)  To  split  the  difference:  To  divide  the  aum 
or  matter  in  dispute  equally. 

split,  s.  &  a.    [SPLIT,  v.] 
A*  As  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  crack,  rent,  or  longitudinal  fissure. 
*(2)  A  splinter,  a  fragment. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  division  or  separation,  as  amongst  the 
members  of  a  party  ;  a  breach. 

"  To  diacourage  party  tptiti  and  duplicate  Candida- 
tuit* '-Daily  Tttefrap*.  Nov.  6.  1885. 

(2)  A  small  bottle  of  aerated  water.    (Used 
also  adjectively  :  as,  a  split  soda.) 

EL  Technically: 

1.  Basket-making,  <te. : 

(1)  One  of  the  pieces  of  an  osier  after  it  is 
divided  into  four  by  two  knives  placed  at 
right  angles  to  each  other. 

(2)  A  ribbon  of  wood  rived  from  a  tongh 
piece  of  green  timber.     Applied  to  many  of 
the  purposes  for  which  osiers  are  commonly 
used  in  places  where  they  are  plentiful. 

S.  Leather:  A  thin  kind  of  leather  made  by 
splitting  a  hide  into  two  thicknesses. 

3.  Weaving :  One  of  the  flat  strips  which 
are  arranged  in  parallel  vertical  order  and 
form  the  reed  of  a  loom. 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Divided,  separated,  parted, 
rent,  fractured. 

2.  Bot. :  Deeply  divided  into  a  determinate 
number  of  segments. 

split-cloth,  *. 

Surg. :  A  bandage  consisting  of  a  central 
portion  and  six  or  eight  tails.  It  is  chiefly 
used  for  the  head. 

split-draft,  t. 

Furnace:  In  steam -boilers,  when  the  cur- 
rent of  smoke  and  hot  air  is  divided  into 
two  or  more  flues. 

split  ful,  8. 

Weaving:  The  number  of  yarns,  usually 
two,  passed  between  each  split  or  opening  in 
the  reed  of  the  batten  or  lathe. 

split-leather,  s.    [SPLIT,  A,,  IL  2.] 
Split-mosses,  .«.  jtf. 

Bot. :  The  Andraaceae  (q.v.). 

*  split-new,  a.    Brand-new.    [SpAiWEwJ 

"A  tpHt-it&f  democrat  leal  system.*— Bp.  Sage,  in 
Barring  ton' t  Notet  on  Church  of  Scotland,  p.  26. 

split-pease,  s.  Husked  pease,  split  for 
making  pease- pudding. 

split-pin,  *.  A  pin  or  cotter  with  a  head 
at  one  end  and  a  split  at  the  other.  The  ends 
diverging  after  jassing  through  an  object 
prevent  the  accidental  retraction  of  the  pin. 

split-ring,  ».  A  ring  which  practically 
consists  of  two  turns  of  a  spiral,  thus  admit- 
ting of  other  rings  being  threaded  upon  it.  The 
common  split  key-ring  is  a  familiar  example. 

split-tongued  lizards,  s.pl. 
Zool. :  The  sub-order  Fissilinguia  (q.v.). 

Split' -ter,  *.    (Eng.  split,  v. ;  -er.]    One  who 
or  that  which  splits. 

"  How  ahonld  we  rejoice  If.  like  Jndaa  the  flrrt, 
Thoae  tptitten  of  panaua  In  sunder  should  burst." 
Swift.    (Todd.) 

Split  ting,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [Spur,  v.] 
splitting-board,  *. 

Mining:  A  dividing-board  used  In  mine 
ventilation  to  divide  the  incoming  air  and 
direct  it  to  separate  districts  of  the  mine. 

splitting  -  chisel,  s.  A  blacksmith's 
chisel  with  a  sharp  cutting  edge,  intended  for 
dividing  metal  longitudinally. 

splitting-knife.  *.    A  knife  used  in  a 

machine  for  splitting  leather. 

splitting-saw,  *.  A  saw  for  re-sawing 
or  npping  up. 


splore,  s.    [Eiym.  doubtful.]    A  frolic,  a  riot. 
(Scott;  Guy  Mannering,  ch,  L) 


spldtoh,  «.  [Prob.  from  spot  (q.v.).]  A  spot, 
a  stain,  a  daub,  a  smear. 

"  The  leaves  .  .  .  were  smeared  over  with  stain*  and 
tplotchet."  —  Mitt  Braddon  :  Eleanor'*  Victory,  ch.  T. 

splot9h'-y,  o.  [Eng.  splotch;  -y.]  Marked 
with  splotches  or  daubs,  daubed. 

"  There  were  Iptotchy  engravings  scattered  here  and 
there."—  Mitt  Braddon.  •  Eleanor'  t  Victory,  ch.  T. 

splurge,  s.  [A  word  of  imitative  origin.]  A 
splash,  a  bustle,  a  noise. 

"  The  great  tplurye  made  by  oar  American  cousins 
when  .  .  .  they  completed  another  connection  with 
the  Pacific"—  Daily  Tfltyraph,  Dec  38,  1865. 

Splnt'-ter,v.{.  rFrom«putt«r(q.v.).J  To  speak 
hastily  and  confusedly  ;  to  sputter. 

"  A  Dutchman  came  Into  the  secretary's  office  iplut- 
ttrinj  and  making  a  noise."  —  Carleton  :  Memoir*,  p,  83, 

Spliit-ter,  ».  [SPLUTTER,  ».]  A  confused 
noise,  a  bustle,  a  stir. 

"A  wild  tplutt«r  of  slop  when  the  carcass  .  .  .  !• 
thrown  to  the  yelping,  frothy  dogs."—  Scriimtr't  Jfaaa- 
»*e,  Aug.,  1877,  p.  606. 

splut-ter-er,  *.  [Eng.  splutter;  •«•.]  One 
who  splutters. 

spo-di-o-site,  *.  [Or.  <nro«io«  («podio»)  = 
ash-gray  ;  suff.  -iU  (.Min,).] 

Min.  :  A  rare  mineral  occurring  in  prismatic 
crystals  of  the  oithorhombic  system  in  Werm- 
laud,  Sweden.  Hardness,  6'0;  sp.  gr.  2-m  ; 
lustre  dull,  vitreous  ;  fracture,  uneven.  Eli- 
minating impurities,  it  is  essentially  a  calcium 
phosphate  and  fluoride.  Dana  suggests  that 
ft  may  be  pseudomorphons. 

Spo'-dlte,  5.     [Gr.  trwodoc  (spodot)  =  ashes  ; 
suff.  -tie  (Jftn.).] 
Petrol.  :  Fine  volcanic  ashes. 

*  8pdd'-d-man-$y,  «.    [Gr.  <riro&&  (spodos}  = 
ashes,  and  nayrtia.  (manteia)  =  prophecy,  di- 
vination.]   Divination  by  ashes. 

"  spdd  -o-m&n-tic,  a.  [SPODOMANCT.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  Bpodomancy  or  divination 
by  ashes.  (Kingsley  :  Two  Years  Ago,  ch.  vii.) 

Spod'-U-mene,  s.  [Gr.  (nrooW/xepo?  (spoudou- 
menos)  —  burnt  to  ashes  ;  tnrofou  (spodoo)  = 
to  burn  to  ashes.] 

Min.  :  A  monoclinic  mineral  occurring  in 
granites,  sometimes,  as  in  the  United  States, 
in  large,  but  well-defined  crystals.  Prismatic 
cleavage  very  perfect  and  easily  obtained. 
Hardness,  6'5  to  7  ;  sp.  gr.  3-13  to  3-19  ;  lustre, 
pearly,  in  some  parts  vitreous  ;  colour,  shades 
of  green  to  emerald  green,  grayish-white  ; 
transparent  to  sub-  translucent  ;  fracture,  un- 
even. Compos.:  silica,  64*2;  alumina,  29*4; 
lithia,  6'4  —  100,  corresponding  with  the 
formula,  3RO,3SiO2+4Al2O33SiO2.  A  crystal 
found  at  Norwich,  Massachusetts,  was  164 
inches  long,  and  10  inches  in  girth.  (Dana.) 

*  spoff  ish,  *  sp6fir-&  a.  [Etyrn.  doubtful.) 

Smart,  bustling,  officious.    (Colloq.) 

"A  little  tpofltk  man  with  green  spectacles."— 
Dickcm  ;  Zkttchtt  by  Bo*;  Horatio  Sparkiru. 

spoil,  *spoile,  'spoyle,  "spoyl  yn,  r.t. 
&  i.  [Fr.  spolier,  from  T^at.  spolio  =  to  strip  of 
spoil,  to  despoil,  from  spolium  =  spoil,  booty  ; 
Port.  espoKar;  Ital.  spogliare.  Spoil  has  been 
to  some  extent  confused  with  despoil  (q.v.), 
and  has  also  taken  the  original  meaning  of 
spill,  i.e.,  to  destroy.)  f 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  rob,  to  plunder,  to  strip  by  violence, 
to  pillage. 

"  He  entred  the  terytory  of  seynt  Edmunde,  and 
wasted  and  tpoyled  the  countree.  —  faoyan:  Chroiiy- 
clt,  ch.  cc. 

•i  1  1  is  followed  by  of  before  that  which  ia 
taken. 

*  2.  To  seize  by  violence,  force,  or  robbery. 

"  Not  hia  that  ipofii  her  yoang  before  her  face." 
Shaketp.  ;  9  Henry  VI.,  tt.  S. 

3.  To  pet,  to  indulge  ;  hence,  to  corrupt,  to 
damage,  to  mar,  to  vitiate.    [SPOILED-CHILD.] 

"  The  tpafad  darling  of  the  court  and  of  tbe  popu- 
lace." —  Macaitlay:  BM.  Eng.,  ch.  T. 

4.  To  render  useless  by  injury  ;  to  damage, 
to  ruin,  to  destroy. 

"  Spoil  hi*  coat  with  scanting  a  little  clot  h.  • 

Skakap.  :  Henry  F4  IL  4. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  plunder,  to  rob,  to  pillage  ;  to  prac- 
tise plunder  or  robbery.    (Psalm  xliv.  14.) 


2.  To  decay,  to  become  useless ;  to  lose  ill 
yaluable  qualities  or  properties. 

*'  Ha  that  gathered  a  hundred  bushels  of  acorns  or 

apple*  had  thereby  A  jiroperty  in  th«iu  :  he  wu  only 
to  look  that  be  used  them  before  they  tpoiitd,  elae  h* 
robbed  others. "—Loclce. 

spoil,  *  spoyl,  *  spoyle,  «.    [SPOIL,  v.} 

1.  That  which  is  taken  from  other.s  l»y  vio- 
lence,  force,  or    without   licence ;    plunder, 
especially  in  war;  pillage,  booty.    (Usud  with 
the  same  meaning  in  sing,  and  pi.) 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  plundering ;  rob- 
bery, waste. 

-  His  soldiers  fell  to  tpoO* 

.s/i,i*,-*p.  .-  Juiiui  Ceftar.  T.  1 

*3.  That  which  is  gained  by  strength  or 
effort. 
*4.  Corruption  ;  cause  of  corruption  ;  ruin. 

"Villainous  company  hath  been  the  tpoil  of  me."— 
Shatetp-  •  1  Henry  IV.,  iit  &. 

*  5.  The  slough  or  cast  skin  of  a  serpent  or 
other  reptile. 

"  Snakes,  the  rather  for  the  casting  of  their  tpott, 
lire  till  they  be  old."— Bacon. 

6.  Earth  dumped  by  the  side  of  an  excava- 
tion, to  get  rid  of  it  when  it  is  in  excess  of  the 
quantity  required  for  embankments. 

T.  (ft)  The  honors  and  emolnmente  of 
public  office  distributed  by  the  party  iu  power 
among  its  adherents,  to  the  detriment  of  (pos- 
aibly  deserving)  opponents.  (17.  JS.  Polit.) 

spoil-five,  s.  A  round  game  of  cards- 
played  with  the  whole  pack,  and  by  any 
number  of  persona  up  to  ten,  each  player 
receiving  five  cards.  Three  tricks  make  the 
game,  and  when  no  one  can  take  so  many  tbe 
game  is  said  to  be  spoiled. 

*  spoil-paper,  *.    A  scribbler. 

Spoil-sport,  s.  One  who  spoils  or  mars 
sport  or  enjoyment. 

"Hike  Lam  bourne  WM  never  a  make-Kite,  or  a 
tpoil-tport,  or  the  like. "—Scott ;  Ktnilteorth,  ch.  xxviii. 

"  spoil'- a -We,  a.  [Eng.  spoil,  v. ;  -a  We.) 
Capable  of  being  spoilt. 

spoil  -b^nk,  s.  [Eng.  spoil,  and  bank.]  The 
same  as  SPOIL,  *.  6. 

Spoiled,  spoilt,  pa.  par.  or  o.  [SPOIL,  v.} 
Deprived  of  its  valuable  qualities  or  proper- 
ties ;  corrupted,  damaged,  marred,  ii.jured, 
destroyed,  ruined. 

spoiled  -  child,  spoilt -child,  s.    A 

child  ruined  by  being  petted  or  over-indulged ; 
hence,  one  who  has  had  too  much  of  his  own 
way. 

spoil'-erf  *,    [Eng.  tpoU,  v. ;  -er.J 

1.  One  who  spoils,  robs,  or  plunders;  a 

plunderer. 

"  The  prophet'e  peaceful  mansions  evermore 
From  these  rapacious  tpoilert  should  be  free.* 

tt'ett :  Story  qf  I'hineul 

2.  One  who  corrupts,  destroys,  or  injures ) 
a  corrupter. 

"  The  tpoiler  came,  and  all  thy  promise  fair 
Has  sought  the  grave,  to  sleep  for  ever  there  * 
Byron :  Knfflith  Bardl  A  Scotch  ftevitwtn. 

•  spoil'-ful,  •  spoil'-  full,  *  spoyle  fuU,  a. 

[Eug.  spoil;  -full.]    Wasteful,  rapacious. 

"  Those  tpoilful  Pict«  wad  i»  urmiug  K«st*ri  mgB." 
Hperutr  :  f.Q.,11.  «.  a. 

•poke,  pni.  ofv.    tSPEAK.] 

spoke,  s.  [A.S.  tpdca;  cogn.  with  Dot  qnat 
=  a  lever,  a  roller ;  speek  =  a  spoke  ;  Ger. 
speiche ;  O.  H.  Ger.  nxicha.  From  tbe  Bun* 
root  as  SPIKE  (q.v.).J 

1.  One  of  the  radial  arms  which  connect 
the  hub  with  the  rim  of  a  wheel.    The  p»rt» 
are  :  the  foot,  which  is  inserted  into  the  nub; 
the  shoulder  of  the  foot ;  the  tongue  or  tenon, 
which  is  inserted  into  the  felly  ;  the  body,  or 
part  between  the  hub  and  felly ;  the  throat, 
a  contracted  part  of  the  body  near  the  1mb. 

"  On  iilver  ipokfs  tbe  golden  fellies  rold." 

,v(  rid*,  ;  Ovid ;  MetamarphoKM  ti. 

2.  A  fastening  for  a  wheel  to  lock  it  in  de- 
scending a  hilL 

3.  Kant. :  One  of  the  handles  projecting 
beyond  the  rim  of  the  steering-wheel. 

4.  A  round  or  rung  of  a  ladder. 

^1  To  put  a  tpoke  in  one's  wheel  (or  cart) :  To 
thwart  him,  or  to  do  him  a  disservice. 

spoke-anger,  s.  A  hollow  anger  em- 
ployed to  make  the  round  tenons  on  th« 
outer  ends  of  spokes. 


feto,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son :  mate,  cub,  cure,  anlte,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    «,  OB  =  o ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


spoke— sponge 


4399 


spoke-gauge,  s.  An  instrument  for 
testing  the  set  of  spokes  in  the  hub. 

spoke-lathe,  «.  A  lathe  for  turning  ir- 
regular forma. 

spoke  shave,  «.  A  form  of  plane  with 
a  handle  at  each  end.  Its  name  is  derived 
from  the  article  on  which  it  was,  perhaps, 
primarily  used. 

spoke-wood,  s. 

Rot. :  Euonymtts  europceus, 
spoke,  i'.t    [SPOKE,  ».]    To  fit  or  famish 
with  spokes. 

spok'-en,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SPEAK.] 

A.  'AS  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

1  Used  as  an  exclamation  in  parliament, 
when  a  member  rises  to  speak  a  second  time 
in  deb.ite. 

B.  As  adj. :  Oral,  as  opposed  to  written. 

"The  original  of  these  signs  for  communication  IB 
found  in  viva  voce.  In  t^oten  language."—  Holder:  On 


t  It  is  also  used  as  equivalent  to  speaking, 
as  a  pleasant-spot™  man, 

spokesman,  s.  [Eng.  spoke,  v.,  and  man.] 
One  who  speaks  for  or  on  behalf  of  another  or 
others. 

"  Locblel,  the  ablest  among  them,  was  their  spokes- 
man. Hud  argued  the  point  with  much  ingenuity  and 
natural  eloquence."— Xaoaulav :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xili. 

•pole,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.)    (See  compound.) 
spole  frame,  s. 

Rope-making:  One  of  the  parts  of  a  rope- 
making  machine.  Each  spole-frame  has  ap- 
paratus for  determining  the  torsion  and  ten- 
sion of  each  strand,  and  a  cluster  of  three 
spole-frames  combines  the  three  strands  into 
a  rope. 

spo'  II  a  B-pI'-ma,  s.  pi.  tLat.]  Originally 
the  spoils  taken  by 'a  general  from  the  general 
of  the  opposite  side,  when  he  had  slain  him 
in  single  combat ;  the  most  valuable  spoil 
taken  from  an  enemy ;  any  valuable  booty  or 
spoil. 

•  spd'-li-a-ry,  >.   [Lat.  tpoJlarium,] 

Hainan  Antiq. :  The  place  in  a  Roman  am- 
phitheatre,  where  the  slaughtered  gladiators 
were  dragged,  and  where  their  clothes  were 
stripped  from  their  bodies. 

•  spo'-li-ate,  v.t.  &  i.    [Lat.  spoliatut,  pa.  par. 
or  spolio  =  to  spoil  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trant. :  To  plunder,  to  pillage,  to  rob, 
to  despoil. 

"Spoliate  their  church  and  betray  their  king."— 
B.  Dta-aeU  :  Sibil,  bk.  L.  oh.  ill. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  practise  plundering ;  to 
pillage. 

»po  ll-a'-tion,  ».    [Lat.  spoliatio,  from  spoli- 
atul,  pa,  par.  of  spolio  =  to  spoil  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  plundering ;  robbery,  plunder. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  plundering  in  time 
of  war,  especially  of  plundering  neutrals  at 
sea  under  authority. 

tt  Eccles.  Law :  (See  extract). 

••Spoliation  is  an  Injury  done  by  one  clerk  or  In. 
cumbeut  to  another,  ill  taking  the  fruit*  of  hia  beue- 
flce  withcutany  right  theitamto.  bat  undera  pretended 
title."— Blackstone .  Comment.,  bk.  liL,  oh.  1. 

t  Writ  of  spoliation: 

Law  :  A  writ  obtained  by  a  party  to  a  suit 
in  the  ecclesiastical  courts,  suggesting  that 
his  adversary  has  wasted  the  fruits  of  a  bene- 
fice, or  has  received  them  to  the  prejudice  of 
the  rightful  owner. 

•  spo'-ll-a-tlve,  a.    [SPOLIATE.]    Tending  to 
take  away  or  diminish  :  formerly  used  in  medi- 
cine of  anything  that  served  to  lessen  ilia 
mass  of  the  blood. 

spo  li  a-tor,  s.  [Lat]  One  who  commits 
spoliation. 

ipo'-ll-a-tor-y,  a.  [Eng.  spoliate):  -ory.] 
Consisting  in  spoliation  ;  causing  spoliation ; 
destructive. 

spon-da  10,  *  spon  da'-  Ic  al,  *  spon- 
da'  ick,  a.  [Lat.  spontlaicus,  from  spoiuteui 
=  a  spondee ;  Fr.  spondav/ue.] 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  spondee ;  denoting 
two  long  feet  in  metre.  (HamUer,  No.  94.) 

2.  Composed  of  spondees  in  excess :  as,  a 
spondaic  hexameter.  [HEXAMETER.) 


spon'  dal,  s.    [A  corrupt,  of  apondyl  (q.v.).] 
A  joint  or  joining  of  two  pieces. 

spon'-dee,  >.  [Lat.  spondeus,  spondma,  from 
Gr.  awovtcitn  (spondeios)  =  a  spondee,  from 
(Tiroi^ai  (spondai)  =  libations,  a  solemn  treaty 
or  truce,  so  called  because  slow,  solemn 
melodies,  chiefly  in  spondaic  metre,  were  used 
at  such  ceremonies  ;  Fr.  spondee.} 
Pros.  :  A  poetic  foot  of  two  long  syllables. 

••  The  nimble  dactyl  striving  to  out-po 
The  drawling  tpondees  pacing  it  below. 

Up.  J/,M  :  Sutiret,  I  «. 

spon-dl-a'-9e-«e,  s.  pi. 


Bpon'-dl-as,    s.      [Gr.    cnrov$ta<; 
o-noo'iac  (simdias)  =  a  bullaee  tree.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Anacardiacea? 
(q.v.)!  Leaves  alternate,  without  dots  ;  carpels 
surrounded  by  a  cup-shaped  disk,  and  five  in 
number,each  one-celled  with  a  pendulous  seed. 
The  fruit  of  various  West  Indian  and  South 
American  species,  as  Spondias  pvrpurea,  and 
£  Mombin  [Hoo-PLUM],  are  eaten,  so  is  that  of 
S.  dulcis  or  cytherea  (the  Otaheite  apple)  in  the 
Society  Islands.  The  great  fleshy  kernel  of 
S.  Birrea  is  eaten  in  Abyssinia.  An  intoxicat- 
ing drink  is  manufactured  from  it  by  the 
negroes  of  Senegal.  The  bark  of  S.  venulosa 
is  an  aromatic  astringent  given  in  diarrhoea,  &C. 
The  juice  of  the  fruit  of  S.  tuberosa  is  drunk 
in  Brazil  in  fevers.  A  species,  S.  mangifera, 
called  by  Anglo-Indians  Hog  Plum,  grows  in 
India.  The  pulp  is  given  in  bilious  dyspepsia, 
the  bark  as  a  refrigerant.  It  is  also  used  in 
dysentery,  and  the  juice  of  the  leaves  in 
earache.  The  gum  is  somewhat  like  that  of 
gum  arabic,  but  darker. 

spon  di-e'-fe,    *  spSn-dI-a'-ce-s9,  «.  pi. 

[Mod.  Lat.  spondi(as) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff. 
-to;,  -OCR?.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Anacardiaeeee ;  ovary  two  to 
five-celled,  instead  of  being  reduced  by  abor- 
tion to  a  single  cell.  Some  botanists  elevate 
it  into  a  distinct  order. 

spon'-dn-lic,  spon'  doo  lie,  spon'-du- 

lao,  «.  '  [Etym.  doubtful.]    (See  extract.) 

••  I  first  became  acquainted  with  the  word  In  the 
United  States  just  twenty  years  ago.  Spondultcs  was 
then  a  slang  term  for  paper-mouey-au  enlarged  Tul. 
garisation  of  greenbacks.  It  may  also  have  been  ap- 
plied to  the  nickel  cent*  used  in  small  change."—*?.  A. 
8ala,  in  Iltiu.  Lond.  Jfetot,  Dec.  ft.  1888,  p.  647. 

spon'-dyl,   spon'-dylc,   'spon-dil,   s. 
[Lat.  tpondylus ;  Gr.  o-iroVo'VAOf  (spondulos)  ; 
Fr.  spondile.] 
Aunt.  :  A  joint  of  the  backbone ;  a  vertebra. 

"  His  whole  frame  slacken! ;  and  a  kind  of  rack 
Buns  down  along  the  spondilt  of  his  back.* 

lien  Jonson :  Sad  Shepherd,  li.  1 

t  spSn-dyT-I-dse,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  tpon- 
dyl(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idol.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Asiphonida,  generally 
merged  in  Ostreidje. 


spdn'-dy-liis,  s.     [Lat.,  from  Gr. 
(spondutos)  =  a  vertebra.] 

Zool.  it  Palaiont.  :  Thorny  Oyster  ;  a  genus 
of  Ostreidue  (  Woodward),  of  Pectinidie  (rote), 
formerly  made  the  type  of  the  family  Spon- 
dylicue,  with  sixty-eight  recent  species,  widely 
distributed  in  coral  reefs.  Shell  irregular, 
with  divergent  ribs,  terminating  in  foliaceous 
spines,  attached  to  foreign  bodies  by  right- 
valve  ;  umbones  wide  apart  and  eared  ;  lower 
valve  with  triangular  hinge-area  ;  two  hinge- 
teeth  in  each  valve.  Animal  like  that  of 
Pecten  (q.v.).  Water-cavities  are  common  in 
the  inner  layer,  the  border  of  the  mantle 
having  deposited  shell  more  rapidly  than  the 
umbonal  portion.  Eighty  fossil  species,  from 
the  Carboniferous  onward.  (Woodvxtrd.)  Other 
authorities  make  it  commence  in  the  Jurassic. 

*  spone,  s.    [SPOON.] 

spong,  «.     [Etym.  doubtful.]     An  Irregular, 
narrow,  and  projecting  part  of  a  field.  (Prov.] 

"The  tribe  of  Judah  with  a  narrow  spong  confined 
on  the  kingdom  of  Edom."—  fuller  :  Pityah  sight,  pt. 
IU  bk.  iv..  cb.  U." 

spdnge,  *  spounge,  *  spunge,  s.  [O.  Fr. 

esponge  (Fr.  eponge),  front  Lat.  spongia;  Gr. 
o-n-oyyia  (sponggiti),  ffn-oyyos  (sponggos)  =  a 
sponge  ;  Lat.  fungus  e=  a  fungus  (q.v.)  ;  tip. 
&  Port,  esponja  ;  Ital.  spufna,  ipog 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  The  fibrous  framework  of  any  species  of 
Spongia  (q.v.).  It  is  soft,  light,  and  porous, 


easily  compressible,  rendily  absorbing  flnidt. 
and  giving  them  out  ;i^-ain  on  compressioa 
rtpon^v-s  are  used  for  many  domestic  purposes  • 
the  liner  qualities  for  the'  bath  and  toilet,  and 
the  coarser  for  washing  paint-  work,  carriages, 
&c.  Mattresses  are  sometimes  stuffed  with 


sponge,  which  is  also  employed  as  a  filter  and 
as  a  polishing  material  for  fine  surfaces. 
Sponges  are  obtained  either  by  diving,  or  by 


tearing  them  from  the  rocks  with  a  long  pole. 
The  former  method  is  adopted  for  the  better 
class  of  sponges.  They  are  prepared  for  mar- 
ket by  soaking  them  in  dilute  hydrochloric 
acid  to  cleanse  them  and  remove  adherent 
particles  of  carbonate  of  lime. 

"  Then  witli  a  iftonge  he  drest 
His  face  all  over."     Om/inim:  Homer:  fiiaii  xvIlL 

(2)  Any  sponge-like  substance,  as,  In  baking- 
doujih  before  it  is  kneaded  and  formed,  when 
it  is  full  of  globules  of  carbonic  acid  generated 
by  the  yeast  or  leaven. 

2.  Fig.  :  One  who  pertinaciously  lives  upon 
others  ;  a  parasite,  a  spouger. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Mantga:  The  extremity  or  point  of  • 
hoi  -sc  shoe,  answering  to  the  heeU 

2.  Metallurgy: 

(1)  Iron  in  soft  or  pasty  condition,  as  de- 
livered in  a  ball  from  the  puddling-furnace. 

(2)  Iron  ore  reduced,  but  not  melted,  pre- 
serving its  former    shape,  but    porous  and 
lighter  by  the  removal  of  foreign  matters. 

(3)  Platinum  sponge  (q.v.). 

(4)  The  gold  remaining  from  the   parting 
process,  after  the  silver  has  been  dissolved  by 
nitric  acid  from  the  alloy  of  gold  and  silver. 

(5)  Silver  in  a   partly  reduced   condition, 
ready  for  refining. 

3.  Ordn.  :  A  kind  of  mop  for  cleaning  the 
bore  of  a  cannon  after  a  discharge. 

4.  Pharm.  :   Formerly  burnt   sponge  was 
much  given  in  goitre  and  strumous  glandular 
swellings  ;  but  the  iodine  and  bromine,  from 
which  it  derived  its  value,  are  now  admiuis- 
tered  in  other  forms. 

5.  Zool.  :  Any  species  of  the  genus  Spongia. 
and  popularly  the  three  most  commonly  used 
—  viz.,  Euspongia  officinalis,  the  fine  Turkey 
or   Levant   Sponge  ;   E.  zimncca,  the  Hard 
Zimocca  Sponge,  and  Hippospongia  equina, 
the  Horse  bpongc  or  common  Bath  Sponge. 
In  the  first,  found  in  the  Mediterranean  and 
in   the  West  Indies,  the  chief  fibres  are  of 
different  thicknesses,  irregularly  swollen  at 
intervals,  and  cored  by  sand  grains,  while 
the  uniting  fibres  are  soft,  thin,  and  elastic, 
In  the  second  the  chief  fibres  are  thinner, 
more    regular,    and  almost  free  from  sand, 
while  the  uniting  fibres  aredenserand  thicker. 
The  third  has  very  generally  a  thick,  cake- 
like    form.      The  Yellow   and    Hard-headed 
Sponges  of  the  American  shores  resemble  S. 
zimoxa,  :  some  at  least  of  the  Wool  Sponges 
belong  to   Hippospongia  gossypina,  and  the 
Velvet  Sponge,  to  H.  mtandriformis. 

U  To  throw  up  the  sponge  :  A  phrase  taken 
from  prize-fighting,  where  the  loser's  seconds 
throw  the  sponge  into  the  air  in  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  defeat  of  their  man  ;  hence,  to 
give  in  as  beaten,  to  acknowledge  one's  self 
beaten.  (Colloq.  or  Slang.) 

sponge-cake,  a.  A  kind  of  sweet  cake, 
so  called  from  its  light,  spongy  character. 

sponge-crab,  s.   [DBOMIA.] 

sponge-fisher,  ».  A  person  engaged  to 
the  sponge-fishery  ;  one  who  dives  for  sponges. 

sponge-fishery,  ».  The  act  or  occupa- 
tion of  diving  for  sponges. 

"  The  number  of  men  employed  In  the  Ottoman 
tr>rmge-fifht^H  i»  between  4,000  and  4,000."—  Clmt*b*r't 
J.>«::/<  ..  ix.  67. 

sponge-leather,  s. 

Sot.  :  Polytrichum  commune, 
sponge-particles,  s.  pL 

Zool.  :  The  ultimate  components  of  tn» 
living  substance  of  a  sponge.  Each  is  similar 
to  an  amcrba,  and  contains  a  nucleus.  Called 
also  Sarcoid. 

sponge-tent,  ». 

Surg.  :  A  tent  for  dilating  wounds.  It  ta 
formed  by  dipping  sponge  into  hot  wax 
plaster,  and  pressing  it  till  cold  l«tween  two 
iron  plates.  It  is  then  out  into  pieces. 

sponge-tree,  s. 

Bot.  :  Acacia  Farneslana. 


i b6&,  b£y;  pant,  J6%1;  cat,  $ell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem:  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -lag. 
-clan, -tian  =  shan.   -tton,  -aion  =  shun ;  -Jion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -atons  =  shus.   -Me,  -die,  &c.  =  toel,  del. 


sponge— sponson 


£0dnge,  *  spunge,  v.t.  &  i.    [SPONGE,  s.] 

A.  Transitive; 

L  Literally  : 

L  To  cleanse  or  wipe  with  a  sponge. 

"  To  load  and  tponge  out  BO  huge  a  place  of  cannon." 
—Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  22,  13S6. 

2.  To  wipe  out  with  a  sponge,  as  letters  or 
writing  ;  to  obliterate  ;  to  destroy  all  traces  of, 

"  So  that,  except  betweene  the  words  of  translation 
a»d  the  ininde  of  scripture  it  wife,  there  bee  contra- 
diction,  euery  little  difference  should  not  eeeme  an  in. 
tolerable  blemish  necessarily  to  be  tpv-ngett  out."— 
Hooker:  fr-clf/i.  Polity,  bk.  r.,  |  W. 


*IL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  drain  ;  to  harass  by  extortion  ;  to 
squeeze,  to  plunder. 

**  How  came  such  a  multitude  of  our  own  nation 
...  to  be  $pnnffed  at  their  plate  and  money  f—  South: 
Bennorw.  voL  L,  aer.  12, 

2.  To  gain  by  sponging  or  sycophantic  arts. 

**  Here  wont  the  dean,  when  he's  to  seek, 
To  tpunae  a  bi  enlcfast  once  a  week." 

SvifU    (Todd.) 

B.  Intransitive  ; 

1.  Lit.  ;  To  suck  In,  as  a  sponge. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  live  upon  others  ;  to  live  by  or 
practise  mean  arts. 

"  He  .  .  .  bad  no  business  to  come  tponging  on  Mr. 
Sing."—  Chambert'  Journal,  July.  1879.  p.  408. 

4ponge'-let,  s.  [Eng.  sponge;  dimin,  suff. 
-let.} 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  little  sponge. 

2.  Bot.  :  A  spongiole  (q.v.). 

*  ipons'-  eous,  a.  [Eng.  sponge  ;  -otw.] 
Itesembling  a  sponge  ;  like  a  sponge;  of  the 
nature  of  a  sponge  ;  full  of  small  pores. 

"  For  which  purpose,  t  pong  font  It  [the  lights]  is  and 
fall  of  hollow  pipes  within."—  P.  Holland:  Plinie, 
bk.  xi..  ch.  XZT. 

•pong'-er,  *  spung'-er,  «.  [Eng.  spong(e)  ; 
-er.} 

1.  Lit.  :  One  who  or  that  which  sponges,  in 
any  sense. 

2.  Fig.  :  One  who  sponges  on  others  ;   a 
parasite. 

"  A  generous  rich  man,  that  kept  a  splendid  and 
open  table,  would  try  which  were  friends,  and  which 
only  trencher-  flies,  and  tpungert."—L'J£ttrange, 

*I>6n'-gi-a,  8.  [I.  at.,  from  Or.  tnroyyta 
(spo«0a)="a  sponge.] 

L  Zool.:  TheLinnaean  name  for  the  modern 
class  Spongida,  now  its  typical  genus  (q.v.). 
Skeleton  irregular  in  form,  soft,  elastic,  very 
porous,  the  internal  canals  with  external  ori- 
fices. No  earthy  spicules.  [SPONGE.] 

2.  Palceont.  :  From  the  Great  Oolite  onward. 

*pon'-gi-da,   spon  -gi-dse,   spon'-gi-se, 

s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  formed  fromgpongia  (q.v.).] 
1.  Zool.  :  A  class  of  Protozoa.  Though  not 
the  lowest  animals  in  organization,  they  were 
once  relegated  by  some  zoologists  to  the  vege- 
table kingdom,  but  the  botanists  repudiated 
them,  and  with  justice.  They  are  essentially 
multi  cellular  animals,  in  which  the  endodermal 
layers  consist  partly  or  wholly  of  flagellated 
collared  cells.  Most  of  them  have  a  horny 
skeleton,  composed  of  fibres,  strengthened 
by  siliceous  or  calcareous  spiculse  (q.v.).  The 
animal  is  of  a  gelatinous  substance,  invest- 
ing the  fibres  of  the  skeleton  during  life,  and 
traversed  by  canals  connected  directly  or  in- 
directly with  the  surface  of  the  skeleton  by 
many  minute  and  a  few  larger  apertures.  The 
gelatinous  part  consists  of  an  outer  superficial 
layer  of  sponge  particles.  The  inferior  layer 
is  of  similar  composition.  The  two  are  sej-a- 
rated  by  a  wide  cavity  communicating  with 
the  exterior  by  minute  holes  in  the  superficial 
layer  ;  it  is  filled  with  water.  In  the  floor  of 
the  cavity  are  many  apertures,  leading  into 
canals,  which  ramify  in  the  deep  layer,  and 
end  in  the  floors  of  lofty  funnels  or  craters. 
At  the  top  of  these  are  large  exhalent  aper- 
tures called  oscules,  whence  currents  proceed, 
while  other  currents  set  into  the  sponge  by 
many  minute  holes,  called  pores  or  inhalent 
apertures.  The  pores  bring  in  nutriment, 
while  the  oscules  carry  oft*  excrementitious 
matter.  They  may  also  constitute  an  inci- 
pient breathing  apparatus.  Two  reproductive 
processes  exist  —  one  asexual,  the  other  sexual. 
Nearly  all  sponges  are  marine.  They  occur 
more  or  less  in  every  sea,  and  vary  In  size 
from  a  pin's  head  to  four  or  even  six  feet 
high,  and  the  same  broad,  but  are  largest 
and  most  numerous  in  the  tropics.  "They 
are  massive,  in  crusting,  sessile,  or  stalked, 
globular,  branched,  tree*  like,  with  the 


branches  free  or  united  laterally  into  a  net- 
work ;  lamellar,  irregularly  or  fan-shaped ; 
tubular,  vasiform,  or  labyrinth ic,  many  of  the 
forms  presenting  a  close  parallelism  to  corals." 
(Sollas.)  Orders:  Myxospongifp,,Calcispongiee, 
Silicispongue,  and  Cerospongise.  [SPONGE, 
SPONGIA.] 

2.  Palceont. :  From  the  Cambrian  (?),  or  the 
Silurian  (?),  onward.  Vitreous  spongea  occur 
abundantly  in  the  Chalk. 

spong'-J-form,  a.  [Eng.  sponge,  and  form.] 
Resembling  a  sponge ;  sponge-like  ;  soft  and 
porous,  like  a  sponge. 

spongiform  -  quartz,    «.      [SPONOY- 

QUARTZ.] 

spon-gil'-la,  «.    (Lat.,  dimin.  from  sponnia.] 

1.  Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  Spongillina, 
and  the  only  one  of  which  the  species  inhabit 
freeh  water.   They  are  green  or  grey.    Several 
species  occur  in  the  streams  of  the  United 
States.    They  are  found  attached  to  stones,  old 
woodwork,  ic. 

2.  Pateont. ;  From  the  Upper  Oolite. 

spon  gil-li'-na,  *.  K  [Mod.  Lat.sponffiZZ(a); 
Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.j 

Zool. ;  A  sub-family  of  Renierinte  or  Reni- 
eridfie.  Reproduction  by  ova  and  by  winter- 
eggs  or  statoblasts. 

Spong'-In,  s.    [Eng.  sponge  ;  -in  (Chem.).] 

Chem. ;  An  insoluble  substance  obtained 
from  sponge  by  treating  it  with  ether, 
alcohol,  water,  hydrochloric  acid,  and  dilute 
soda-ley.  It  closely  resembles  fibroin,  but  is 
insoluble  In  an  ammoniacal  solution  of  copper, 
and,  when  boiled  with  sulphuric  acid,  yields 
lencine,  but  n«t  tyrosine. 

spong'-I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  spongy  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  spongy. 

"  Consider  the  tponginett  and  laxnesa  of  the  brain." 
—More  :  Jmmort.  Soul,  pt.  iii.,  bk.  11.,  cb.  Ix. 

spong'-Ihg,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SPONGE,  v.] 

sponging  house,  spunging  house, 
*.  A  house  or  tavern  where  persons  arrested 
for  debt  were  lodged  for  twenty-four  hours, 
before  being  put  into  prison,  to  allow  tlieir 
friends  an  opportunity  of  settling  the  debt. 
They  were  usually  the  private  dwellings  of 
the  bailiffs.  (English.) 

"  From  all  the  brothels,  gambling-houses,  and 
tnunying-Jioutes  of  London,  false  witnesses  poured 
forth  to  swear  away  the  lives  of  .Roman  Catholics."— 
— Macaulay  ;  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch,  U. 

spon-gi  o-car'-pi  dae,  sp5n-g*-6-car'- 

pe  pe,  8.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  spongiocarp(us) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee,  -ece.] 

Bot. ;  A  family  of  Cryptonemese  (Lindley); 
an  order  of  Rose-spored  Algae  (Berkeley). 

spon -gi-6- car- piis,  *  [Gr.  o-u-oyyia 
(spongia)  =  a  sponge,  and  tcopiros  (karpos)  — 
fruit.] 

Bot. :  The  single  genus  of  Spongiocarpidse 
(q.v.).  Called  also  Polyides. 

spong'-i-ole,  8.  [Lat.  spongiolus-^a.  kind  of 
fungus,  dimin.  from  spongia  (q.v.}.] 

Bot. :  The  young  tender  extremity  of  a  root 
by  which  fluid  food  is  absorbed  from  the 
earth.  It  was  once  believed  to  be  the  grow- 
ing and  absorbing  point  of  the  root.  This  is 
now  known  to  be  just  behind  the  apex.  Called 
also  a  Spongelet. 

"  The  effect  of  this  pruning  Is  to  Increase  the  numher 
of  fibres  and  tpQngiote$."—Scribner'i  itagtainf.  April 
1880,  p.  826. 

t  Spon'-gl-o-llte,  «.  [Or.  <nroyyia  (spongia) 
=  a  sponge,  and  At'0oc  (lithos)  =  a  stone.] 

Palceont.:  The  fossil  spicule  of  a  sponge. 
(Dana.) 

8pon-gI-5-pi'-line,  fc  [Or.  tnroyytd  (spong- 
gia)  —  a  sponge,  and  wtAo«  (pilos)  =  felt.] 

Surg. :  A  substitute  for  a  poultice,  made  of 
an  absorbent  stratum  of  sponge  and  fibre  on 
an  india-rubber  backing. 

spon'-gl-ous,  spon'-gi-ose,  a.  [Eng. 
spong(e);  -ious,  -iose.]  Sponge-like,  like  a 
sponge ;  spongy. 

*  spong'-ite,  «.    [Gr;  (nroyyini*  (spongitSs)  = 
of,  in,  or  like  a  sponge.] 
Pakeont. :  A  fossil  sponge. 


.  a.    [Eng.  spong(e);  -euff.  -otd.] 
esembling  a  sponge ;  sponge-like,  spongy. 


spong-y,  *8pung'-yf  a.    [Eng.spong(e);  -y.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Resembling  a  sponge  ;  sponge-like  ;  soft 
and  full  of  cavities  ;  of  au  open,  loose,  and 
easily  compressible  texture  ;  spongeous. 

"A  light  tixmgy  wood,  and  easily  wrought."  —  Coo*: 
firtt  Voyage,  bk.  L,  ch.  xviii. 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  imbibing  like  a 
sponge  ;  hence,  drenched,  soaked.  (Lit.  &  Fig.) 

**  There  is  no  lady  of  more  softer  bowels, 
Wore  tpongy  to  Buck  In  the  sense  of  fear." 

Shaketp.  :  Troilut  A  Creutita,  1L  i 

*  3.  Wet,  rainy. 

•*  The  tpongy  south.**     Shaketp.  :  Cymbeline,  iv.  t. 

IL  Bot.  :  Having  the  texture  of  a  sponge; 
very  cellular;  with  the  cellules  filled  with 
air,  as  the  coats  of  many  seeds. 

spongy-bones,  ».  pi. 

Anat.  :  Various  bones  of  spongy  texture. 
The  superior  spongy  bone  is  the  superior 
turbinated  process  of  the  nose,  the  middle 
spongy  bone  its  middle  tneatus,  and  the  in- 
ferior one  the  inferior  turbinated  or  maxillo- 
turbinate  bone.  There  are  also  ethmoidal  and 
sphenoidal  spongy  bones. 

spongy  -  platinum,   s.     [PLATINUM  - 

SPONGE.] 

spongy-quartz,  s. 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  quartz  with  a  cellular, 
sponge-like  structure  which  will  float  on 
water.  Similar  to  floatstone  (q.v.). 

spongy-stem,  ». 

Bot.:  A  stem  internally  of  spongy  texture; 
a  stem  composed  internally  of  elastic  cellular 
tissue 


g*  s.    [Named  after  Jacob  Spon  (1647- 
1685),  a  French  physician.] 

Bot.  ;  A  genus  of  Celteae.  The  bark  of 
Sponia  orientalis,  formerly  called  Celtis  ori- 
entalis,  a  small  Indian  tree,  yields  a  gum. 
The  Coorg  planters  call  it  Charcoal-  tree,  the 
burnt  wood  yielding  good  charcoal  for  gun- 
powder. S.  politoria,  also  Indian,  Is  used  to 
tie  the  rafters  of  native  houses. 

sponk,  s.    [SPUNK.] 

*  sponne,  pret.  ofv.    [SPIN,  *.] 

*  Spon  -sal,  a.     [Lat.  sponsalis.]    Pertaining 
or  relating  to  marriage. 

8pon'-sl-ble,  a.    [A  contract,  of  responsible 
(q.v.).] 

1.  Capable  of  discharging  an  obligation  ; 
responsible.    (Scotch.) 

2.  Respectable,  creditable  ;  becoming  one's 
station.    (Scotch.) 

spon'-sing,  spon  -9ing,  s.    [SPONSON.] 

spon'  -  sion,    s.     [Lat.    sponsio  =  a    solemn 

promise  or  engagement,  from  sponsus,  pa.  par. 

of  spondeo  =to  promise  solemnly.]    [SPOUSE.] 

*  1.    Ord.    I&ng.  ;    The    act    of  becoming 

surety  for  another. 

"  A  mockery,  rather  than  a  solemn  rporuion.  In  too 
many."—  Burnet:  Uitt.  Own  Time.    (Concl.) 

2.  Intemat.  Law  ;  An  act  or  engagement 
made  on  behalf  of  a  state  by  an  agent  not 
specially  authorized.  Such  conventions  must 
be  confirmed  by  express  or  tacit  satisfaction. 

*  spSn'-sion-al,   a.     [Eng.    sponsion;    -al.] 
Responsible  ;  implying  a  pledge. 

"  It  Is  evident  that  he  is  righteous,  even  In  that 
representative  and  spoiitioncU  person  he  put  on."— 
Leighton-.Ser. 
mont,  sex.  ••, 

spon'-son, 
*.  [Etym. 
doubtfuL] 

SMpbuild.: 
The  angulax 
space  before 
and  abaft 
the  paddle  - 
box  against 
the  ship's 
side. 

"The  people 

Intheutwuner 

wanting  tu  see 

what  was  hap-  SPONSON. 

rui'  all  ran 
otie  side,  of  course,  and  Hated  her  down  till  sb« 
vtaiponton  under."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  23,  1886. 

sponson  beam,  s. 

Shipbuild.  :  One  of  the  two  projecting  beams 
uniting  the  paddle-box  beam  with  the  ship's 
side. 


fiit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  sou;  mate,  cub,  care,  unite,  car.  rale,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    «B,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  aa  =  kw. 


sponson— sporadial 


4401 


sponson  -rim,  s. 

ShiptiuUd. :  The  wale  connecting  the  paddle- 
beam  with  the  ship's  side. 

•pon'  son  (2),  ». 

JVauy :  A  bulging  projection  from  the  side  of 
of  a  warship,  designed  to  give  range  fore  and 
aft  to  the  gun  mounted  therein. 
gjxm  sor,  s.    [Lat.,  from  spoiwiw,  pa.  par.  of 
sfondeo  =  to  promise.) 

1  A  surety ;  one  who  binds  himself  to 
answer  for  another,  and  to  be  responsible  for 
his  default. 

2.  Specif. :  One  who  1*  surety  for  »n  infant 
at  baptism ;  a  godfather  or  godmother. 

spon  sor  i-al,  a.  [Eng.  sponsor;  -ial.}  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  sponsor. 

•pdn'-»6r-»nip,  «.  [Eng.  sponsor;  -ship.] 
The  state  of  being  a  sponsor ;  the  office  or 
position  of  a  sponsor. 

•pon  ta  no   J  ty,  «.    [Fr.  spontantite.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
spontaneous,  or  of  acting  from  natural  feel- 
lug,   inclination,  or    impulse,    without   con- 
gtraiut  or  external  force. 

"  Realty  ft  large  and  charming  iketcb,  It  hu  all  the 
artist's  spirit,  wontannty,  and  wealth  ot  tones."— 
AHifmrum.  Deo.  20,  1884. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Biol. :  The  tendency  to  variation,  unre- 
strained by  environment.    [VARIATION.] 

2.  Mental  Philos. :  The  doctrine  that  muscu- 
lar activity  may,  and  does,  arise  from  inter- 
nal causes,  apart  from,  and  independent  of, 
the  stimulus  of  sensations.     It  supposes  that 
the  nerve-centres,  after  repose  and  nourish- 
ment, acquire  a  fulness  of  vital  energy  which 
discharges  itself  in   the  play  of  movement, 
without  any  other  occasion  or  motive.    The 
addition  of  a  feeling  br  end  enhances  and 
directs    the    activity,   but   does  not  wholly 
create  it.     Freshness  in  horses,  the  gambols 
of  puppies  and  kittens,  and  the  boisterous 
play  of  children,  are  examples  of  spontaneity. 
(Bain  :  Senses  it  Intellect.) 

•jpon  ta  -ne-ous,  a.  [Let.  spontaneus,  from 
tponte  =  of  one's  free  will.] 

L  Proceeding  from  natural  disposition,  in- 
clination, or  impulse,  without  constraint  or 
external  force ;  impulsive. 

2.  Acting  by  its  own  impulse,  energy,  or 
natural  law,  without  external  force. 

"  And  rusted  bolt  and  bar 
SporiwneoUJ  t«ok  their  place  once  more." 

Scott :  Bridal  at  TrUrmain,  111.  17. 

3.  Produced    or    growing    without  being 
planted,  or  without  human  labour. 

"  Thorns  spring  tpontaneotu  at  her  feet." 

Covrper :  Union  :  Joy  of  the  Crow. 

spontaneous  combustion,  «.  [COM- 
BUSTION. ] 

spontaneous  fission,  s.    [FISSION,  2.] 
spontaneous-generation,  s.    (GEXE- 

BAT1ON.] 

spontaneous-rotation,  s.  [ROTATION.] 

•pon  ta  no  ous  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  spontaneous; 
-!».] 

1.  In  a  spontaneous  manner  ;  of  one's  own 
impulse,   inclination,  or  disposition ;   impul- 
sively, without  external  influence. 

"  He  never  gave  tpontaneoutly ;  but  It  was  painful 
to  him  to  refuse."— tlocaulay :  Bilt.  ffny..  ch.  ii. 

2.  By  inherent  or  natural  force  or  energy ; 
without  external  influence,  impulse,  or  force. 

"  The  soil  of  the  Maud  Is  truly  luxuriant,  producing 
fruits  of  mauy  klnda  ipontaneoutly.— Anton  : 
Voyaget,  bk.  L,  ch.  v. 

•pon  ta  ne  oils -ness,  «.  [Eng.  tjxmta- 
neous ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
spontaneous  ;  spontaneity. 

"  The  sagacities  and  Instincts  of  brutes,  the  tptm- 
taneoulnett  of  many  of  their  animal  motions." — Halt: 
Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  49. 

*  spon-toon',  *.  [Fr.  esponton,  sponton ;  Ital. 
ipmtone,  spuntone,  from  punto  ;  Lat  punctum 
=  a  point.] 

Old  Arna:  A  military  weapon;  a  kind  of 
half-pike  or  halberd,  borne  by  infantry  officers 
in  the  British  service  up  to  1787.  It  was  used 
for  signalling  orders  to  the  regiment. 

"Says  Johnson,  in  a  ton*  of  admiration.  How  the 
little  fellow  brandished  hts  tpontoon / "— llarptty : 
Ufeo/Jo\n*m. 

•pook,  s.  [Dut.  spook ;  Ger.  spuk.]  A  ghost, 
a  hobgoblin.  (Amer.) 


spool,  *  spole,  s.  [O.  Dut.  spode  ;  Dut.  spoel ; 
Low  Ger.  spole ;  Sw.  «po(«  ;  Dan.  spole ;  O.  H. 
Ger.  spuolo,  spuold;  Ger.  spule.]  A  hollow 
cylinder  upon  which  thread  may  be  wound. 
It  assumes  various  forms  :  the  ordinary  spool 
or  reel  for  sewing-cotton  ;  the  spool  for  wind- 
ing-machines, otherwise  called  a  bobbin  ;  the 
spool  to  hold  the  thread  in  a  shuttlt,  and  re- 
volving on  a  spindle  in  the  latter. 

•pool-bolder.  >. 

1.  A  spool-stand  (q.v.). 

2.  A  creel  on  which  spool*1  or  bobbins  are 
placed  on  skewers  for  warping. 

3.  A  skewer  on  a  sewing-machine  to  hold  a 
spool  of  cotton  or  thread. 

spool-stand,  s.  A  frame  for  holding 
various-sized  spools  for  work-table  purposes 
or  for  exhibition  in  stores. 

spool,  «.«.    (SPOOL,  «.)    To  wind  on  a  spool. 

spool'  er,  ».     [Eng.  spool;  -er.]     One  who 

uses  a  spool. 

spool  -Ing,  5.  [SPOOL,  «.)  The  winding  of 
yarn  or  thread  upon  bobbins. 

spodm,  v.i.    [Prob.  from  spurn*  =  foam.) 

Naut. :  To  move  swiftly,  as  a  vessel  through 
the  water.  (Also  written  Spoon.) 

"  When  Tlrtue  tnoetnf  before  a  prosperous  gale, 
My  heaving  wishes  help  to  Blithe  sail." 

Driden :  Hind  t  Panther,  111.  M. 

spoon,  *  spon.  *  spone,  •  spoone,  s.  [A. 8. 

spon  =  a  chip,  a  splinter  of  wood  ;  cogn.  with 
,  Dut.  spaan  =  a  chip,  a  splint ;    led.  spdnn, 
sponn  =  t  chip,  a  spoon;  Dan.  spoon;  Sw. 
ip&n;  O.  H.  Ger.  span;  Ger.  span.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  A  domestic  utensil,   having  a   shallow 
bowl  at  the  end  of  a  handle,  and  used  for 
taking  up  and  conveying  to  the  mouth  liquids 
or  liquid  food.     Spoons  are  made  of  various 
sizes  and  materials,  according  to  the  particu- 
lar  purpose   for   which   they  are   intended. 
Spoons  for  the  administration  of  medicine  are 
made  with  a  cover  or  shield,  which  converts 
the  pointed  end  into  a  funnel. 

"  He  in  net  have  a  long  tpoon  that  must  eat  with  the 
devil."— .SA«*«*;>.  :  Comedy  of  Errort,  IT.  a 

2.  A  spoon-bait  (q.v.). 

••  In  the  sea  they  will  often  take  •  ipoo*."-flitltt. 
Sept.  «,  1886. 

3.  A  kind  of  club  used  in  the  game  of  golf. 

"  He  played  a  capital  shot  with  Lls  tpoon,  clearing  a 
wide  ditch.'— fieli  Sept.  4.  1816. 

4.  Cotton :  A  weighted  and  gravitating  arm 
in  the  stop-motion   of  a  drawing-machine, 
which  is  kept  in  position  by  the  tension  of 
the  sliver,  and  falls  when  the  sliver  breaks  or 
the  can  is  emptied,  and  thereby  arrests  the 
motion  of  the  machine. 

n.  Fig. :  A  foolish  fellow,  a  simpleton,  a 
spooney.  (Slang.) 

"  But  you'll  and  very  soon.  If  you  aim  at  the  moon 
In  a  carriage  like  that,  you're  a  bit  of  a  tpoon." 
Barham  :  Ing.  Legenat ;  The  Witchet'  frolic. 

U  (1)  Apostle  spoons :  [APOSTI.E]. 

(2)  To  be  born  with  a  silcer  spoon  in  one's 
mouth :  [SILVER,  o.]. 

(S)  To  bs  spoons  on:  To  be  in  love  with. 
(Slang.) 

"  A  girl  would  rather  make  her  way  out  by  herself 
than  with  a  fellow  tfiet  spoons  m."—Ravlrv  Smart  : 
Struck  Down,  eh.  xl. 

(4)  Wooden  spoon :  A  term  applied  in  Cam- 
bridge University  to  the  student  last  on  the 
list  of  mathematical  honours. 

spoon-bait,  ».  A  sort  of  bait  for  fish, 
especially  pike,  consisting  of  a  spoon-shaped 
piece  of  metal  with  hooks  attached. 

spoon-bill,  s.    [SPOONBILL.] 

spoon-bit,  s.  A  bit  with  a  rounding  end, 
which  assumes  a  conoidal  form. 

spoon  chisel,  s.  A  bent  chisel,  with 
the  basil  on  both  sides,  used  by  sculptors. 

spoon-gonge,  s. 

Join. :  A  gouge  with  a  crooked  end,  used  in 
hollowing  out  deep  parts  of  wood. 

t  spoon-meat,  s.  Food  eaten  with  a 
spoon  ;  liquid  food.  (Ford :  Ti»  Pity  She's  a 
Whore,  L) 

spoon-worms,  s.  pi.    [GEPHTREA.] 

spoon  (1).  *•*•  [SPOOM.]  To  move  rapidly 
through  the  water. 

"  Without  any  Inch  of  sayle,  we  spooned  before  the 
se»."— BacUuyt :  Yoyagtt,  vol.  111.,  p.  3(9. 


spoon-drift,  s.    The  same  as  SPINDRUT 
(q.v.). 

spoon  (2),  v.t.  It  i.    [Sr-oos,  5.) 

*  A.  Trans. :  To  take  up  or  eat  with  a  spoon 
or  ladle. 

"  It  then  may  be  tpooned  up  as  it  Is  wanted."— 
Anderton  :  On  the  Dttlry. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  act  the  lover. 

"spoon -age  (age  as  ig),  s.    [Eng.  spnm; 

•age.]    Spoon-meat. 

••  And  suck  she  might  a  teat  for  teeth. 
And  tpoviiajje  too  aid  f.iile.1' 

n  ttnier :  Albioia  Lnjland,  bk.  11..  ch.  X. 

spoon'-bfll,  s.    [Eng.  spoon,  s.,  and  bid.) 

1,  Ichthy. :  The  genus  Polyodon(q.v.). 

2.  Ornith. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Phv 
talea  (q.v.)  ;  specif.,  Platalea  leucorodia,  the 
White  Spoonbill,  found  over  the  greater  part 
of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  the  north  of  Africa. 
The  adult  male  is  about  thirty-two  inches 
long ;  plumage  white  with  pale  pink  tinge ; 
at  the  junction  of  the  neck  with  the  breast 
there  is  a  band  of  buffy  yellow  ;  the  naked 
skin  on  the  throat  is  yellow ;  legs  and  feet 
black ;   bill  about  eight   inches    long,  very 
much  flattened  and  grooved  at  the  base,  the 
expanded    portion    yellow,    the    rest   black. 
There  is  a  white  occipital  crest  in  both  sexes. 
The  Spoonbill  possesses  no  power  of  modu- 
lating its  voice.    The  windpipe  is  bent  on  it- 
self, like  the  figure  8,  the  coils  applied  to  each 
other,  and  held  in  place  by  a  thin  membrane. 
This  peculiarity  doea  not  exist  in  young  birds. 
The  Roseate  Spoonbill  (P.  ajaja),  an  American 
•I>ecie8,  has  ruse-colored  plumage.     It  is  the 
only  species  which  occurs  in  the  United  States, 
and  is  very  abuudant  in  the  tropics.     It  is 
nearly  equal  in  size  to  the  White  Spoonbill, 
which  it  resembles  in  habits.     This  bird  is  a 
beautiful  one,  its  plumage  being  of  a  tine  rose 
color,  the  tint  deepest  on  the  wings.     The  tail 
coverts  are  crimson. 

spoon -ey,  s.  &  a.    [Eng.  «poom;  •«]/.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  stupid  or  silly  fellow;  • 
noodle,  a  spoon.    (Slang.) 

"  Yee,  Captain  Waldron  averred,  he  wae  a  spooney  : 
that  wae  the  right  name  for  a  man  who  let  himself  1-e 
played  with  ae  she  had  pUyed  with  him."  —  Mac- 
millan't  MagaHne,  HOT.,  IMt,  p.  86. 

B.  As  adj. :  Spoony. 

spoon  -ful  (pi.  spoon  -riils),  spoon'-full, 
*  spone  -  ful,  •  spoone  -  full,  s.  [Eng. 
spoon,  s.  ;  -full.] 

1.  As  much  as  a  spoon  will  contain. 

"  Devour  the  whole  dish  without  offering  a  tpoonJVt 
to  Her  KoyalHighuees."-JftKauJa»'.-  Bill.  Ing.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  Any  small  quantity. 

"  At  least  of  as  much  Importance  as  what  we  ta.W 
seldom,  and  only  by  grains  and  tpoon/uIlt."—Arbuth- 
not. 

8po6n'-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  spoony;  -ly.]  In  « 
weak  or  spoony  manner ;  like  a  spoon. 

spoon'-wort,  «.    [Eng.  spoon,  and  wort.]    So 
named  because  its  leaf  is  shaped  like  an  old- 
fashioned  spoon.    (Prior.)] 
Bot. :  CoMearia,  otffinalis. 

spoon'-j,  a.  &  s.    [Eng.  spoon,  a. ;  -i/-l 

A.  As  adj.  :   Soft,    silly,    weak  -  mind*d ) 
specif.,  foolishly  fond,  showing  calf-love. 

"Lovell.  a  tall,  thin,  ipoofly  midshipman,  usually 
called  '  Lady  Margaret. ' "  —  Bannay  :  singleton  Fan- 
tenon. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  spooney,  a  spoon. 

spoor,  ».  [Dut.)  The  track  or  trail  of  a  wild 
animal,  especially  of  such  as  are  pursued  as 
game. 

/'  Following  the  tpoor  slowly  and  laboriously  right 
Up  to  the  top  of  the  hilL"— Field,  Sept  4,  186& 

•spoor,  ti.t.  [SPOOB,  «.]  To  follow  a  spoor 
or  trail. 

"  After  searching  and  ipoorinv  about  for  another 
hour,  we  were  obliged  to  abandou  pursuit."— field, 
Feb.  17,  1!«J. 

•por-,  spor-4-,  pref.  [SroRtl  Of,  belonging 
to,  or  possessing  spores  or  seed. 

SpSr'-a  des, «.  pi.    (Gr.)    [SPOKADIC.] 

1.  Geog. :   A  group  of  scattered   islands ; 
especially  applied  to  a  group  of  islands  in  the 
Archipelago. 

2.  Astrm. :  Stars  not  included  In  any  con- 
stellation ;  unformed  stars. 

•  sp«-ra'-dl-al,  o.  [SPORADIC.)  Scattered, 
sporadic. 


boH,  bo> ;  po%t,  J6TH ;  cat,  961!,  chorus,  9hin,  bencn ;  go,  gem ;  tnln,  fbis ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   pb  -  C 
-clan, -tian  -  slum,   -tton,  -*don  =  snon;  -flon,  -floa  =  Sniuk   -cioua, -tiou», -sioua  -  sHua.   -We,  -dto,  *c.  =  bel,  «tL 


4402 


sporadic— sport 


upo-rad'-ic.  spo-rad  -ic-al,  a.  [Low  Lat 
sjwradicus,  from  Gr.  <nropa£tKos  (si'oradikos 
scattered,  from  tnropdc  (sporas),  genit.  tnrbpa 
(sporadus)  =  scattered,  from  <rireipw  (speiro)  = 
to  scatter  ;  Fr.  sporadique.} 

1.  Ord.  /xin^.  :  Separate,  single,  scattered  ; 
occurring  singly  or   apart  from  other  thin] 
of  the  same  kind. 

"  Under  these  circumstances,  tbe  cholera  which  has 
broken  out  at  Muutrenil  would  apjiear  to  be  local  and 
tporadic.'—  flatly  Tetoyraph,  Sept  19.  188*. 

2.  Biol.  :  Applied  to   animals   and   plants 
spread  over  wide  areas. 

sporadic-disease,  *. 

Patkol.:  A  disease  which,  being  normally 
an  epidemic  one,  attacks  in  a  particular  year 
only  a  person  here  and  there  without  spread- 
ing extensively. 

Spo-rad  -10-al-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  sporadical; 
•/i/.j  In  a  sporadic  or  scattered  manner  ; 
separately,  singly. 

"  Hie;  are  due  to  cause*  acting  universally,  ami  not 
tftoradicully  in  one  or  more  centre*."  —  Lawkint  :  Karly 
Man  in  Britain,  ch,  L 

spor-an-gi  a»-ter,  *.  [Mod.  Lat  sporan- 
gium), and  Gr.  aem-jp  (utter)  —  a  star.] 

Bot.  (PL);  Certain  bodies,  often  clavate, 
intermixed  with  the  spore-cases  in  some  ferns. 
Probably  abortive  sporangia.  (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

apbr-an-gid'-i-um  (pi.  spor-an- 
gid  -I  a),  s.  [Mod.  Lat  sporangium,  and 
Gr.  «ioos  (eidos)  =  form.] 

Bot.  :  The  inner  series  of  organs  to  which 
the  peristome  belongs  in  the  capsule  of  a  moss. 

spor  an'-gi-61e,  spdr-an-gi-d'-luni  (pi. 
spor  an  gi  6   la),  s.    [Hod.  Lat.,  diinin. 
from  sporangium  (q.v.).] 
Bot.  :  A  case  containing  sporidia  in  Pungals. 

Spor-an  -gl-^-phbre,  spbr-an-gi-dph  - 
or-um  (pi.  8p6r-au-gi-6ph'-dr-a),  5. 

[M<>d.  Lat  sporangium,  and  Or.</>0po$  (pharos) 
=;  bearing.] 

Bot.  :  The  axis  or  columella  on  which  the 
spore-i-ases  are  borne  in  some  ferns  ;  the  fila- 
ments hearing  the  sporangia  in  some  fungals. 

spor-an'-gi-um  (pi.  spor-on'-gi-a),  *. 
{Pref.  spor-,  and  Gr.  ayytlov  (anggeion)  =  a 
vessel,  a  pail,  a  capsule.] 

Bot.  :  The  case  in  which  the  spores  are  con- 
tained in  flowerless  plants.  It  varies  in  the 
different  orders. 

•pore  (1),  *.  [Gr.  tnropos  (sporos),  cnropa  (rpora) 
=  a  sowing,  seed.] 

I*  Bot.  :  The  reproductive  body  in  a  crypto- 
gam, which  diners  from  a  seed  in  being  com- 
posed simply  of  cells  and  not  containing  an 
embryo.  Called  also  Spnrules.  Applied  also 
to  the  reproductive  bodies  produced  either 
singly  or  at  the  tips  of  tbe  fruit-bearing 
threads  in  Fungi. 

"  Prom  tb*  offensive  •m«H  communicated  to  sound 
corn  by  the  bursting  of  the  envelope  and  distribution 
erf  the  fetid  tporet."—  Field,  Oct.  6,  1886. 

2.  Palceobot.  :  A  large  part  of  the  Better-bed 
coal  of   Lowmoor,  near  Leeds,  is  formed  by 
spores  and  sporangia  ;  so  is  the  white  coal  of 
Australia.     [FLEMINOJTES.] 

3.  Zool.  (PI.)  :  The  reproductive  gemmules 
Of  certain  sponges. 

spore-case,  «. 

Bot.  :  The  immediate  covering  of  the  spores 
in  cryptogams. 

•  spore  (2),  «.    [SPUR,  «.] 

spor  en  d6-ne  -ma,  *.  [Pref.  spor-  ;  Gr. 
iv&uv(endon)  =  in,  within,  and  PWUL  (nema)  = 
yarn.] 

Bot.  :  Either  a  genuine  genus  of  Hyphomy- 
cetous  Funiji,  cr  a  spurious  one,  founded  on 
some  ha1*  developed  fungals.  Sporcndonema 
miiscce  grows  on  flies  in  autumn,  and  kills 
them.  The  fly  attacked  adheres  to  the  walls 
or  window-panes  by  its  proboscis,  with  ite 
less  spread  out.  About  twenty-four  hours 
alter  death  a  white  substance  projects  from 
between  each  ring  of  the  abdomen,  and  in  a 
day  or  two  after  tijere  is  a  circle  around  the 
body.  Called  also  Empusa  or  Empusina. 

t  ftpbr'-ad,  J.      [SPORIDIUM.] 

Bot.  :  A  spore  (q.v.). 


spor-I-dea  mi  urn,  s.     [Pref.  sporo-, 
Gr.  Jeir/ios  (damuM)  =  a  band.) 


and 


Bot. :  An  obscure  genus  of  Naked-Bpored 
Fungals.  with  many  species.  They  form  soot- 
like  patches  on  wooden  rails,  &c. 

spbr-i-dif-er-l,  s.  pi.  [Mod  Lat  sporidia, 
and  Lat  J'eru  =  to  bear.] 

Bot. :  The  second  of  two  cohorts  of  Fungals. 
It  consists  uf  those  bearing  sporidia.  Orders, 
Ascomycetes  and  Plivsouiycetes. 

spor  i  dif  -er-oos,  a.  [SPORIDIFIBL]  Bear- 
ing sporidia, 

spb'r-ld-J-o'-la,  s.  pi  [PI.  of  dimin.  from 
Mod.  Lat  sporidium  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  :  The  spores  or  sporules  of  Thallogens 
and  Acrogens. 

spor  id  -i-um  (pi.  spbr-Id'-i-a)(  «.    [Pref. 

spor-,  and  Gr.  elSos  (euLos)  =  form,.] 

Botany  (PI.):  (1)  The  spores  of  fungals  and 
lichens  when  contained  in  asci.    (2)  (i; 
resembling    sporules,    occurring    in    Algals. 
(Fries.)    (3)  The  immediate  cover  of  sporules 
in  Fungals. 

spb'r-lT-er-i,  a.  pi  [Mod.  Lat  *ponw  =  a 
spore,  and  Lat  /ero  =  to  bear.] 

Bot. :  The  first  of  two  cohorts  of  Fungals. 
It  consists  of  those  bearing  spores.     <  • 
Hymenoniycetes,  Gasterouiycetes,    Comouiy- 
cetes,  and  Hyphomycetes. 

spbr-if-er-ous,  a.    [SPOEIFEEI.] 
Bot,  :  Bearing  spores. 

*  spornc,  v.t.    [Spueiv.] 
spbr-oS  pref.    [SPOR-.] 

spor-6b-6  liis,  s.  [Pref.  sportht  and  Gr. 
06*o<  (botos)  =  a  throwing.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Agrostese.  Sporobolu* 
tcnocissimus,  growing  on  dry,  barren  ground 
iu  India,  is  a  good  fodder  grass. 

spor  -6 -carp,  spdr-6-car-pi -um  (pi. 
spbr-6-car -pi-a),  s.  [Pref.  sporo-,  and  Gr. 
Kopiro?  (karpos)  =  fruit] 

Bot.  :  Any  spore-case.  Applied  specially  to 
(1)  a  two-valved,  coriaceous  involucre  in  Mar- 
sileaceae ;  (2)  the  sporangium  in  Jungerman- 
niacese ;  (3)  one  of  the  spore-cases  in  Lyco- 
podiaceae ;  (4)  one  of  the  thecte  in  Equlsetacete. 

spor  -  6ch  -  nl  -  do,  spbr-och  -na'-  9&-EB, 

s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  sporochn(us) ;  Lat  fern.  pi. 
adj.  sun*,  -idee,  -acece.] 

Bot. :  A  family  or  tribe  of  Halyserese.  Olive- 
coloured,  unjointed  sea-weeds,  the  oo'spor- 
augesan<ltrichosporanges  of  which  are  attached 
to  external,  jointed  filaments,  either  free  or 
compacted  together. 

por  5ch'-nus,  «.  [Pref.  aporo-,  and  Gr. 
Xvovy  (chnous)  =  foam,  wool,  &c.] 

Bot. ;  The  typical  genusof  Sporochnid8e(q.v.)u 
Receptacles  lateral,  on  short  peduncles. 

spor  6  cla  -di-um  (pi.  spor-6-cla  dl  a), 

«.  [Pref.  sporo-,  and  Gr.  xAo^oc  (klados)  =  a 
shoot,  a  branch.] 

Bot. :  A  branch  on  which  the  reproductive 
bodies  of  some  Algals  grow. 

spor'-o-cyst,  s.    [Pref.  sporo-,  and  Eng.  cyst.} 
Bot. :  The  spore-case  of  Algals. 

spor  o-derm, ,.    [pref.  sporo-,  and  Gr. 
dei  ma)  =  skin.] 

Bot. :  The  skin  of  a  spore. 

t  SpOT'-o-gen,  «.   [Pref.  sporo-,  and  Gr. 
(gennao)  =  to  engender.] 

Bot. :  A  plant  bearing  spores  instead  of 
seeds. 

t  spbr  6  go  -ni-um  (pL  spbr-o-go  -ni  a}, 
*.  [Pi-ef.  aporo-,  and  Gr.  yowj  (gone)  =  off- 
spring.] 

Bot. :  A  fruit-like  structure,  in  which  the 
spores  are  formed  in  the  Muscales. 

spb'r  6-phore,  *.    [Pref.  sporo-,  and  Gr.  <^opo« 
(phoros)  =.  bearing. 5 
Botany  : 

1.  One  of  the  fertile  cells  In  the  Naked- 
spored  Fungi.     [BASIDIA.] 

2.  A  filamentous  process  supporting  a  spore. 

spor  oph'-yMum  (P1-  spbr-Sph'-yi-la), 
s.  [Pref.  sporo-,  and  Gr.  ^vAAop  (phullon)  =.  a 
leaf.] 


Bot. :  A  small  leaflet  bearing  tetraspores, 
as  in  Plocainium. 

spor  -o-sac,  s.    [Pref.  aporo-,  and  Eng.  aoc.] 

Zool.  (PL):  The  simple  generative  buds  of 
certain  Hydrozoa,   in    which    the 
structure  is  not  developed 

spor  -  6  -  zo' -  id,  s.     [Pref. 

sporo- ;  Gr.  £po*-  (20011)  =  an 
animal,  and  etios  (?i'las)  = 
foiin.] 
Biol. :  A  zoosjKji-e  (q.v.). 

spor -ran,  spor-an,  s. 
(Gael,  sporan  =  a  purse  ; 
Iiisli  sparan.]  The  poueh  or 
large  purse  worn  by  High- 
landers in  full  dix'ss,  and 
by  men  of  the  killed  regi- 
ments. It  is  usually  made 
of  Hie  skin  of  some  animal 
with  the  hair  on,  and  often 
ornamented  with  sil 

stones.     It  is  worn  in  front        _ 

of  the  kilt.  The  illustration 

represents  a  soldier  of  the  42na  Regiment  (the 

Black  Watch),  wearing  the  sporran. 

" '  Ay,'  replied  tbe  Highlander ;  '  but  I  keep  neither 
maw  nor  dollars  in  my  tp-jrran." — Scott .  K-,b  fiov, 
ch,  xxiii. 

sport,  *  aporte,  *.    [A  contract  of  disport  or 
desport ;  cf.  spend  for  dispend,  splay  for  dis- 
play, &c.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  game,  pastime,  or  amusement  in  which 
a  person  engages ;  a  play,  a  di  version,  a  merry- 
making, a  trolic.    (Cowper;  Task,  ii.  638.) 

2.  Out-of-door  recreations  such  as  grov  n-up 
men  engage  in,  and  more  especially  hunting, 
shooting,  racing,  fishing,  and  the  like.    (Often 
used  for  such  amusements  collectively.) 

"The  king,  who  waa  excessively  affected  to  bunting, 
and  the  tf-rtt  of  the  fluid,  had  a  great  desire  Ui  nmke 
a  Krent  park,  for  red  as  well  a»  l&llow  deer,  betweoa 
Richtiioiid  atid  UampU'ii  Court.** — Clarendon. 

3.  A  comprehensive   terra    embracing  all 
forms  of  athletics  ajid  games  of  skill  in  which 
prizes  are  competed  for  or  money  staked. 

4.  Amusement    or    entertainment   derived 
from  some  person  or  thing ;  diversion  ;  enjoy- 
ment received. 

"By  disturbing  tbe  fores  spoil  tbe  tport  of  to* 
hunters."— field,  Feb.  12,  1867. 

6.  Jest,  as  opposed  to  earnest ;  a  joke. 

"  In  merry  sport  ...  let  the  forfeit 
Be  nominated  for  an  equal  pound 
Of  your  fair  flesh." 

Shaketp. :  Jferfcinf  of  Venice,  L  & 

6.  Mockery,  mock,  ridicule,  derision ;  deri- 
sive mirth.    (1  Esdras  i.  61.) 
*  7*  A  play ;  a  theatrical  performance. 
"  Hark  the  moral  of  this  tfiort," 

.SAotw//. :  Kichard  //..  IT. 

8.  That  with  which  one  plays,  or  which  is 
driven  about ;  a  toy,  a  plaything. 

**  Men  are  tport  of  circu instances,  when 
Tbe  circunutaucea  seem  the  tport  of  men." 

Byrvn:  Don  JIM*,  T.  IT. 

•9.  Play;  idle  jingling. 

*'  An  author  who  should  introduce  sucb  a  tport  of 
words  upon  our  stage  would  meet  with  small  applause," 


*  10.  Amorous  dallying ;  sensual  enjoyment 
of  love. 
11.  One  fond  of  spurts  ;  a  sporting  uiau. 

H.  Biol. :  Any  organism    which   deviate* 
from  the  normal  or  uatuial  condition. 

"  W«  may  conclude  that  sudden  variation*  or  iportt. 
But;h  aa  the  apjiearauce  of  a  crest  of  f&ttliers  on  the 
head  .  .  .  would  occur  at  rare  intervals  during  the 
many  ceiituriea  which  have  elapsed  sluo?  the  pigeoB 
was  first  domesticated.'*— />«nnn ;  ^mmufi  *  J'i-inU, 
L313. 


1  (1)  Book  of  SpvrU : 

Eng.  Hist. :  A  proclamation  Issued  by 
James  I.,  on  May  24,  1QL6,  entitled  "  The 
King's  Majesty's  Declaration  to  his  subjects 
concerning  lawful  sports  to  be  used."  Jt  is 
often  represented  as  enjoining  sports  on  the 
Lord's  Day.  It  only  enacted  that  people 
"should  not  after  the  end  of  Divine  service 
be  disturbed,  letted,  or  discouraged  from  any 
lawful  recreations."  Its  first  publication  led 
to  a  Sabbatarian  controversy.  The  Declara- 
tion was  embodied  in  a  similar  document 
issued  by  Charles  I.  in  1633,  and  the  severity 
with  which  the  public  reading  of  it  by  the 
clergy  was  enforced  roused  the  Puritans  to  a 
degree  of  indignation  whi<-h  contributed  not 
a  little  to  th"?  overthrow  of  the  Monarchy  and 
the  Establishment  In  1044,  the  Parliament 


fate,  f&t,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  w$lf,  work,  who,  sou;  mate.  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


sport— spotiessness 


4103 


ordered  all  copies  of  it  to  be  called  in  and 
publicly  burnt. 
(2)  In  sjtort :  In  joke  or  jest ;  not  in  earnest. 

•port,  *  sporte,  v.t.  &  i.    [SPORT,  *.] 

A,  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  divert,  to  amuse,  to  make  merry. 
(Used  refleiively.) 

"  Against  whom  do  ye sport  yourselves,"—  flatah  Irii.  4. 

*  2.  To  exhibit  by  any  kind  of  play. 

"Sow  tporting  on  thy  lyre  th«  lore  of  yonth.' 
Dryden.    (Todd.) 

3.  To  exhibit ;  to  bring  out  in  public ;  to 
wear.    (Slang.) 

"Duly  qualified  by  age  to  wort  silk  and  latin  on 
the  public  racecourse."— Dail*  Chronicle,  Dec.  28,  1365. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  To  play,  to  frolic ;  to  make  merry ;  to 
•muse  one's  self.    (Milton :  Lycidas,  68.) 

*  2.  To  trifle. 

"If  any  man  turn  relUion  Into  raillery,  by  bold 
lests.  lie  renders  himself  ridiculous,  because  he  tporti 
Vith  his  own  Hie."—  TUIotlon. 

*  3.  To  follow  the  diversions  of  the  Held. 
H.  Riol. :  To  assume  a  character  different 

from  the  specific  or  varietal  type. 

"The  iportina  character  of  ruses  was  as  much  Ob- 
•erred  at  that  time  as  now."— field.  March  6,  1886. 

U  •(!)  To  sport  off:  To  utter  sportively ;  to 
throw  off  with  ease. 
(2)  To  sport  me't  oat:  [OAK,  t  (2)J. 

•port-a-bn'-I-tjf,  ».    [Eng.  iport :  -ability.] 
Froliesomeness. 

"  In  this  i)>"rfr,t>itity  of  chltahat"— Storm :  Stnt. 
Journey ;  The  Pauport. 

•  Bport'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  sport}  -atle.1    Pre- 
sentable,* natural. 

"  III  had  lost  the  iportaltU  key  of  his  Tolot,"— 
Sterne:  Trtetram  Shandy,  vL  114. 

•  sport '-tU,  a.    [Bng.  sport ;  -a!.)    Of  or  per- 
taining to  sports ;  used  in  sports.    (Dryden.) 

•  apcrf-ance,  s.   [Eng.  sport;  -ana.]  Sport, 
gaiety. 

"  Bound  In  a  circle  our  tportance  must  be." 

Peele :  Arraign™***  o/  Paris,  L  L 

•  sport  -er.  t.     [Eng.  tyort ;  -er.]    One  who 
sports ;  a  sportsman. 

•port'  rtl,  a.    [Eng.  sport;  -JW(0.] 

1  Full  of  sport ;  frolicsome,  merry,  wanton, 
mirthful.  (MiUon :  P.  L.,  iv.  396.) 

*  2.  Done  in  jest  or  sport ;  sportive. 

"Though  it  be  a  jport/Ml  combat" 

Shukrep. :  Trail**  t  Creuida,  L  I. 

•&  Amorous,  wanton. 

"  Let  Kate  be  chaste,  and  Dlan  tportful." 

Shaketp. :  Taming  of  the  8hme,  1L 

•Bport'-ful-#,  adv.  [Eng.  sportful ;  -ly.]  In 
a  sportful  manner ;  in  sport  ;  sportively, 
playfully. 

"To  see  or  hear  a  serious  thing  tportfttlty  repre- 
sented."— Scott :  Chrittian  Lift,  pt  ii.,  ch.  iii. 

•  sport' -ful-nSss,  s.    [Eng.  sportful ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sportful ;  play- 
fulness, sportiveness. 

"  The  ladies  lost  the  farther  marking  his  sportful- 
net*.'  -Sidney :  Arcadia,  bk.  U. 

•port  Ing,  pr.  par,,  a.,  &  s.    [SPORT,  «.] 

A.  As  pr.  par, :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.   Lang. :   Pertaining  or  relating  to 
•port  or  sports  ;  practising  or  given  to  sport 
er  sports. 

"A  perusal  of  ancient  tporting  records."— field, 
Feb.  12,  1887. 

2.  Bio". :  Assuming  the  character  of  a  sport. 
(SPORT,  ».,  II.,  SPORTINO-PLANT.] 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  or  habit  of  engaging 
in  sport  or  sports. 

*  sporting -house,  ».     A  public-house 
frequented  by  sportsmen,  betting-men,  &c. 

(SPORT,  «.,  I.  3.] 

sporting  man,  8.  A  sportsman ;  one 
who  follows  sport,  as  a  pugilist,  a  pedestrian, 
a  racing-man,  &c.  [SPORT,  s.,  I.  3.] 

sporting  paper,  s.  A  paper  or  journal 
devoted  to  the  interests  of  sport.  [SPORTINO- 

•Mk] 

"  A  London  dally  that  chiefly  11  ves  on  sport,  though 
H  Is  not  a  regulation  tport  ing -paper."— Kef  tret,  April 
10,1887. 

•sporting-piece,  ».    A  plaything. 

"  A  poor  tporting^fttot  for  the  great"—  Richardtm . 
Pamela.  IL  Si. 


sporting-plant,  i. 

Sot.  it  Hart.:  The  name" given  by  gardeners 
to  plants  which  have  suddenly  produced  a 
single  bud  with  a  new  and  sometimes  widely 
different  character  from  that  of  the  other  buds. 
Darwin  calls  them  bud-variations,  and  says 
that  they  can  be  propagated  by  grafts,  &c., 
and  sometimes  by  seed.  They  rarely  occur  in 
plants  in  a  state  of  nature,  but  are  common 
under  culture.  (Origin  of  Species,  ch.  i.) 

sporting-press,  ».  That  portion  of  the 
public  press  devoted  exclusively  or  mainly  to 
the  interests  of  sport. 

•  sport-tng-1?,   adv.     fEng.  sporting;  -ly.] 
In  a  sportive  manner ;  sportively,  in  sport. 

"  You  do  It  I  suppose,  but  tportingly.'— Hammond  : 
Workt,  L  198. 

sport  -I've,  a.    [Eng.  «port ;  -ivt.] 

L  Tending  to  or  engaged  in  sport ;  sportful, 
merry,  gay,  frolicsome,  playful. 

••  How  often  have  I  led  thy  tpartlfe  choir,       _    .     ._ 
With  tuneless  pipe,  beaidt 


*  2.  Amorous,  wanton. 

"  L  that  am  not  shaped  for  rportfw  tricks. " 

Shaketp.:  Stchard  III.,  i  L 

--iy,  adv.  [Eng.  sportive ;  -ly.]   Ins 
sportive  manner ;  playfully,  in  sport. 

"I  mew  the  soft  air  tportinlu  to  take  it. 
And  Into  strange  and  sundry  forms  to  make  It. 
Draiiton :  Bute  of  SafoUc  to  the  French  (Hum. 

sporf-Jve-ness,  s.  [Eng.  sportive;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sportive  ;  dispo- 
sition to  mirth;  playfulness,  mirth,  gaiety, 
frolicsomenesa. 

"The  finale— the  Saitarelto— embodying  as  It  does 
the  tportitenett  and  tumult  of  an  Italian  carnival, 
never  lacked  the  Telocity  and  vigour  tlie  themes  de- 
mand."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  10,  1885. 

*  sport-less,  o.   [Bng.  sport  ;  -less.]  Without 
sport  or  mirth  ;  joyless. 

"Casting  what  tportlta  nights  she  ever  led." 

f.  Ptacher  :  Pltcatorn  Sglogiut,  Til. 

*  sport'-ling.  «.     [Bng.  sport;   dimin.  suff. 
-ling.]    A  little  person  or  creature  that  sports 
or  plays  about 

"  Pretty  tportUngt  full  of  May." 

Pluliia:  To  Mia  Carter*. 

sports'-man,  s.    [Bng.  sports,  and  Titan.] 

1.  One  who  engages  in  or  Is  given  to  the 
sports  of  the  field ;  one  skilled  in  spoils,  as 
hunting,  shooting,  fishing,  &e. 

"  Gray  dawn  appears ;  the  iportiman  and  his  train 
Speckle  the  bosom  of  the  distant  plain. 

Coiffper  :  Proareu  of  Error,  83. 

2.  A  sporting-man  (q.v.). 
spb'rts'-man  like,  *  sports'  man  ly,  a. 

[Eng.  sportsman ;  -like,  -ly.]    Befitting  or  be- 
coming a  sportsman. 

"  Fiv-nshtng  is  practically  brought  to  a  standstill  by 
the  leas  tportimaiilii  method."—  nod.  Oct  17,  H85. 

sports' -man -ship,  «.  [Bng.  sportsman: 
•ship.]  The  practice  of  sportsmen ;  skill  in 
field  sports. 

*  sports'- wpm-an,  s.    [Bng.  sports,  and  wo- 
man.]    A  Woman  who  engages  in  field  sports. 

"The  twenty-three  sportsmen  and  tporttvomtn  who 
took  part  In  It"— Daily  Telegraph,  Deo.  6, 1886. 

•pdY-tu-la,  s.    [SPORTULE.] 

*  spor'-tn-lar-^,  o.    [Eng.  tportvl(e);  -ary.] 
Subsisting  on  alms,  doles,  or  charitable  con- 
tributions. 

••These  iportulary  preachers."—  Up.  Salt:  Oaeet  v 
Commence,  ills.  Ui.  oh.  Til. 

*  spor'-tule,  «.     [Lat.  eportnla,  dimin.  from 
sporta  =  a  wicker-basket ;  Fr.  sportule.]    An 
alms,  a  dole ;  a  charitable  gift  or  contribu- 
tion ;  a  largess. 

"The  bishops,  who  consecrated  the  frround,  had  a 
spill  orijoortuls  from  the  credulous  laity."—  Ayliffe: 
Parergon. 

sp5r'-ule,  s.    [Dimin.  from  Eng.  tpon  (q.v.).] 

Botany : 

1.  A  spore. 

2.  A  granule  within  a  spore;  a  sporldlolnm. 

•por-n-Uf'-er-ous,  a.     [Eng.  spontle,  and 
Lat.  fero  =  to  bear,  to  produce.] 
Hot. :  Bearing  sporules. 

sp5t,  "spotte,  ».  [From  the  same  root  as 
A.S.  spall  =  spittle  (q.v.) ;  cf.  Out.  spat  =  a 
speck,  a  spot ;  spntten  —  to  spatter,  to  bedash ; 
Sw.  spoit  =  spittle ;  spotta  =  to  spit;  Dan. 
tpcette  =  a  spot,  a  speckle.) 


I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  mark  on  a  substance  or  body  made  by 
foreign  matter ;  a  place  discoloured  ;  a  speck, 
a  blot. 

2.  A  small  part  of  a  different  colour  from 
that  of  the  ground  on  which  it  Is. 

••  An  Hem  made  up  of  barely  the  simple  ones  of  a 
beast  with  tpott,  has  hut  a  confused  ide*  of  a  leopard, 
— Lor-Ja:  Human  Undent.,  bit.  11.,  ch.  xxir. 

3.  A  dark  place  on  the  disc  or  face  of  the 
sun  or  a  planet.    [SDH-SPOT.] 

4.  A  stain  on  character  or  reputation ;  a 
disgrace,  a  reproach. 

•*  Marching  In  lovely  wise,  that  could  deserve 
No  tpot  of  blame.1'  Spemer  :  F.  «..  IV.  L  4. 

5.  A  small  extent  of  space ;   a  place,  a 
locality. 

•*  That  tpot  to  which  I  point  Is  Paradise, 
AdauKabode.-  Milton .  P.  L..  III.  7M. 

8.  A  variety  of  the  common  pigeon,  having 
a  spot  on  its  head,  just  above  its  beak. 

*  7.  A  stroke,  a  piece. 

••  Ton  have  made  a  flue  tpot  of  work  on  t "— Ctbber  : 
ffon-Juror,  i. 

IL  Billiards: 

1.  A  mark  near  the  top  of  the  table,  on 
which  the  red  ball  is  placed. 

2.  A  spot-stroke  (q.v.). 

•J  On  (or  upon)  the  spot:  Immediately; 
without  moving ;  at  once ;  hence,  fig.,  on  the 
alert,  all  alive  to,  well  up  in. 

•pot-lens, «. 

Microscopy:  A  hemispherical  lens  with  a 
large  opaque  spot  in  the  centre  of  its  plana 
face,  adjustable  with  this  plane  side  upwards 
under  the  stage  of  the  microscope,  so  that  the 
object  is  in  the  focus  of  the  rays  which  it 
converges  from  the  mirror.  The  effect  of  this 
arrangement  is  that  no  direct  light  from  the 
mirror  can  enter  the  objective,  the  spot  caus- 
ing a  central  shadow,  but  the  light  received 
by  the  object  from  the  marginal  rays,  and 
reflected  again  by  its  particles,  does  enter. 
Hence  the  object  appears  as  if  brightly  self- 
illuminated  upon  a  dark  back-ground. 

spot-stroke,  s. 

Billiards:  A  stroke  which  consists  in  holing 
the  red  ball  time  after  tiuia  in  one  of  the  top 
pockets. 

SpSt,  v.t.    [SPOT,  ».] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  make  or  put  a  spot  or  mark  on ;  to 
discolour,  to  stain  :  as,  To  spot  a  dress. 

2.  To  mark  with  a  colour  different  from  the 
ground- 

"  Have  yon  not  seen  a  handkerchief, 
Spotted  with  strawberries,  in  your  wife's  hand  7 

•SAaArritt,  i  Othello,  It.  8, 

3.  To  cover  with  small  spots  or  sprigs :  as, 
to  spot  muslin. 

*  4.  To  put  a  patch  or  patches  on  by  way  of 
ornament. 

"  Neit  morning  the  whole  puppeUhow  was  filled 
with  faces  tpotted  after  the  whiKfftsh  manner."— 
Additon:  Spectator,  No.  8L 

5.  To  mark  as  with  a  ipot ;  to  mark  or  note, 
so  as  to  ensure  recognition ;  hence,  to  catch 
with  the  eye ;  to  detect,  to  recognize.  (Collar,:. 

"The  hounds  tpotted  him,  and  he  became  food  and 
trophy  two  minutes  later."— Field,  April  4.  1885* 

*  &  To  stain,  to  taint,  to  blemish. 

••  Upon  their  tpotted  souls." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  It.,  111.  t, 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Billiards :  To  place  (the  red  ball)  on  the 
spot 

"  The  marker  tpotting  the  ball."— Field,  Dec.  9, 1888. 

2.  Horse-racing,  Sc. :  To  pick  out ;  to  pitch 
upon ;  to  choose.    (Slang.) 

"  Having  met  with  tolerable  success  In  tpotting 
the  winners. "—Morning  Chronicle,  June  22,  1867. 

II  To  spot  timber:  To  cut  or  chip  it  in  pre- 
paration for  hewing. 

Spftt'-lSss,  a,    [Eng.  spot ; -less.] 

1.  Free  from  spots,  foul  matter,  or  dlscoloi  • 
ation ;  unspotted.    (Thomson :  Winter,  810.) 

2.  Free  from  stein  or  blemish ;  pure,  im- 
maculate, untainted. 

M  Marquis  and  count  of  tpotlfsl  fame." 

Lonafilloa:  Coplat  de  Ifanrtgiie. 

,„.  -JSS-ljf,  adv.    [Bng.  spotless;  -if.]  In  a 
spotless  manner. 

SpSf-lesS-nSss,  s.  [Eng.  spotless:  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  spotless  ;  free- 
dom from  spot,  stain,  or  blemish  ;  purity. 

"  Lord.  If  thon  look  for  a  tpMettneu,  whom  wi» 
thou  look  upon  ! "— Donne  :  Devotlont. 


WO.  bo^;  poUt,  Jo^rl;  cat.  pll.  chorus.  9lilix,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin.  V**;  «ln,  as;  expect.  ?en«*ho"- 
-clan,  -tlan  =  Shan.  -tlon.  -slon  =  shun  ;  -flon,  -sion  =  zhfta.   -oious.  -tlous,  -slons  =  anus.  -We,  -die.  *c 


. 


4404 


spotted— spraiekle 


Spot -ted,  a.    [Eng.  spot;  -ed.] 

I.  Marked  with  spots  or  places  of  a  different 
colour  from  the  ground  ;  discoloured. 

"Two  water  snakes  swam  by  the  ship :  they  were 
beautifully  .portei  "-Coot.-  «r«t  royag^WL.  ill.,  ch  1? 

•  2.  Stained,  tainted,  disgraced,  polluted, 
guilty. 

"  Thii  ipotted  and  inconstant  man  " 

Skakeip. :  Midtummer  Xighft  Dream.  L  L 

spotted-axis,  s.    [Axis  (2).] 

spotted-blenny,  s. 

Ichthy.  :  Blennius  vulgarls,  a  flsh  from  five 
to  seven  inches  long,  common  on  the  British 
shores.  "  Its  thinness  has  also  acquired  for 
it  the  epithet  of  Gunnel  or  Gunwale,  such 
being  the  name  of  the  thin  deal  forming  the 
upper  streak  of  a  boat,  which  the  flsh  is  sup- 
posed to  be  like."  (Yarrell:  Brit.  Fishet 
(ed.  3rd),  ii.  377).  Called  also  Spotted-gunnel 
»nd  Butter-fish. 

spotted  comfrey,  t. 

Sot. :  Pulmonaria  officinalit. 
spotted-dogfish,  s.    [DOGFISH.] 

spotted  ellipsoglossus,  s. 

Zool. :  BUipsoglossa  mevia,  one  of  the  two 
•pecies  of  the  Japanese  genus  Ellipsoglossa, 
which  forms  a  connecting  link  between  the 
laud  and  the  water  salamanders. 

spotted  -emu,  $. 

Ornitk. :  Dromceus  irroratus,  confined  to 
Western  Australia. 


spotted -fever, 

FEVER.] 


[NEUBOPUBPUBIC- 
[FLYCATCHBB, 


spotted  flycatcher,  j. 

spotted-goby,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Gobius  minutus ;  called  also  the 
Freckled-  or  Speckled-goby.  [Goaius.] 

spotted-gunnel,  «.    [SporrzD-BLmraY.] 
spotted -hyaena,  s.    [HY^NA.] 
spotted-lamprey,  «.    [LAMPREY.] 
spotted  manakin,  s. 
Ornith.:     The    genus    Pardalotus    (q.vA 
(Sioairuwn.) 

spotted  menobranchus, t. 

Zool.  :    Mmobranchus  punctatut.      [MlNO- 

BRANCHUS.J 

spotted  muslin,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Muslin  covered  with  small 
sprigs  or  spots. 

2.  Entom. :  Diaphora  mendica,  a  British  moth, 
family  Chelonida.    Male  black,  female  white. 

spotted-ray, s.    [HOMELVK-RAY.J 
spotted  -  salamander,  «.     [SALAKAN- 

CtK,   II.   2. J 

spotted-snake, «. 

Zool. :  Tnpidonotus  natrix.    [SNAKE,  «.  II.) 
spotted  sulphur,  t. 
Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Agrophila 
fulphuralit. 

spotted-tree,  ». 

Bot. :  Flindersia  maculota,  a  native  of  Queens- 
land. So  named  because  the  trunk  is  covered 
with  spots,  owing  to  the  outer  bark  falling  off 
in  patches. 

spotted  wild-oat,  t. 

Zool. :  Felit  torquata,  an  Indian  species, 
about  eighteen  inches  long,  the  tail  being 
about  a  foot  more.  It  is  gray,  spotted  with 
black,  and  the  ears  are  tufted,  Indicating  a 
relationship  with  the  Lynxes. 

spotted-wrasse, «. 

I^thy.  :  Labrus  mixtus.     [RED-WRASSE.] 

spot -ted  ness,  >.  [Eng.  spotted;  -nest.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  spotted. 

»pot'-ter,  i.  [Eng.  *pot,  v.-  -er.}  A  secret 
agent,  a  spy,  an  informer.  Specif.:  One  who 
is  employed  by  a  railway  company  to  keep 
secret  tally  of  the  number  of  passengers  carried 
and  fares  received  by  the  conductors. 

spot -tl-ness,  ».  [Eng.  spotty;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  spotty  or  marked 
with  spots. 

'spSt'-ty,  a.  [Eng.  »pot;  -».]  Full  of  or 
marked  with  spots  ;  spotted  ;  patchy. 


*  spans'  -age  (age  as  Igr),  s.    [Eng.  tpous(e)  ; 
-age.]    The  act  of  espousing  ;  espuusaL 

"  The    glorious    tpoutagt   of   the    Lambe."—  Bate  • 
Ducourte  on  the  BrvclMion,  P.  Ui.,  Oc.  t 

*  spous-alle,  ».    [SPOUSAL.] 

«  spouf'-al,  *  spous-all,  *spous-ayl, 
spous-aile,  a.  &  s.  [A  contract  of  espousal 

(q-  <-.).] 

A.  At  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  mar- 
riage ;  nuptial,  matrimonial,  connubial,  bridal. 

"  From  them  Asteria  sprung,  a  nymph  renowned 
And  with  the  tpout'i!  lore  of  Perses  crowned  " 
Cooke  .-  lit  tied.  tss. 

B.  As  subst.  :  Espousal,  marriage,  nuptials. 
(Generally  used  in  the  plural.) 

"  So  be  there  'twill  your  kingdoms  such  a  tpoutaL" 
Shakctp.  ;  Henry  V.t  v.  2. 

spouse,  spowse,  j.  [O.  Fr.  espous,  espma, 
espouse;  Fr.  epoux,  epouse,  from  Lat.  sponsus, 
fern,  sponsa  =  one  betrothed,  a  bridegroom,  a 
bride,  from  sponsus,  pa.  par.  of  sporufeo  =  to 
promise  solemnly,  to  betroth.]  [SPONSOB.] 

*  1.  A  bridegroom. 

"The  architriclyn  clopith  the  tpoute.  and  «eith  to 
him.  ech  man  settlth  Qrstgood  wyn.—  Wycliffe  :  Jon  ii. 

2.  One  engaged  or  joined  in  wedlock  ;  a 
bride,  a  wife.    (Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  15,612.) 

•spouse  bed,  s.    Marriage. 

"  Spouic-bed  spotless  laws  of  God  allow  - 

Syltaur:  Sden,  IX}. 

*  spouse  -breach,  •  spouse    breke, 
*  spous  breeke,  s.    Adultery. 

"  A  fol  woman  in  ipoulbreche  he  huld  vnder  ys  wyl." 
Robert  of  Qlououter,  p.  J7». 

"  spouse-hood,  '  spous-hed,  ».    The 
marriage  state. 

"  He  the  Eraperoures  dogter  in  tpoutehed  nome" 
Softer*  of  Gloucitter.  p.  58. 

•  spouse,  v.t.    [SPOUSE,  s.] 

1.  To  marry,  to  wed,  to  espouse. 

"  The  spouse  and  the  ipviued  have   the   fbrmost 
B'n  Jonton  :  Kpithalamion. 

2.  To  give  in  marriage. 

"  Kyng  William  of  Scotland  did  his  doubter  tptnue 
To  the  erle  of  Bouloyn." 

Robert  qf  Glvuceiter,  p.  210. 

spous  e'-less,  a.  [Eng.  spoute  ;  -lea.}  Desti- 
tute of  a  spouse  ;  having  no  wife  or  husband  ; 
unmarried,  single. 

"  The  ipouieleti  Adriatic  mourns  her  lord." 

Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  iv.  11. 

*  spous   ess,    *  spous  -  esse,    *  spows  - 

esse,  s.    [Eng.  spous(e)  ;   -«s.]    A  bride,  a 
wife,  a  married  woman. 

"Come  thonaod  I  achal  schewe  tothee  the 
thewyf  of  the  Lambe.--IF»<-W..- 


spoilt,  *  spoute,  *  spowte,  ».    [Spour,  ».] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  discharging  chiite,  ajutage,  or  tubular 
ventage  of  a  vessel  or  machine  whence  issues 
the  liquid  or  comminuted  material  ;  as,  the 
spout  of  a  pitcher,  the  issuing  nozzle  for  the 
ground  meal  from  the  mill-stones,  Sec. 

2.  A  pipe,  a  conduit  ;  a  pipe  for  conducting 
water,  as  from  a  roof. 

"  As  in  ipoult  the  swallows  build." 

Longfellow  :  Ifurtmbery. 

3.  A  shoot  or  lift  ;  specif.,  the  shoot  or  lift 
In  a  pawnbroker's  shop  ;  hence,  a  pawnbroker's 
shop.    [f.J 

*  4.  A  water-spout 

Which  shipmeu  do  the  hurrican 


. 

IL  Mining: 

1.  A  channel  of  the  same  size  as  the  air- 
head, driven  from  the  air-head  into  the  gate- 
road  at  intervals  of  about  fifteen  yards,  to  keep 
the  communication  as  forward  as  possible. 

2.  The  chute  which  carries  the  coal  or  ore 
from  the  waggon,  and  dumps  it  into  a  car  or 
ship. 

f  Up  the  spout  :  At  the  pawnbroker's,  in 
pawn  ;  pawned.  (Slang.) 

spout  fish.  s. 

Zool.  :  A  flsh  or  mollusc  which  spouts  or 
squirts  out  water;  spec.,  several  bivalves, 
as  Solen,  which  do  so  on  retiring  to  their  holes. 

spout  hole,  «.  An  orifice  for  the  dis- 
charge of  water. 

spout-plane,  >. 

Carp.  :  A  round-soled  plane  used  in  hollow- 
ing out  stuff  for  spouting  and  troughs. 
spout  shell,  >. 
Zool.  :  The  genus  Aporrhals  (q.v.>. 


spout,  v.t.  &  i.  [According  to  Skeat,  for 
spnmt,  from  Sw.  tputa,  «pruto  =  to  squirt  to 
spout ;  spruta  =  asquii-t,  a  pipe  ;  Dan.  sprude 
sprutte  =  to  spout,  to  spurt ;  tproite  =  to 
squirt ;  Dut.  spuUen  =  to  spout,  to  squirt  • 
svu.it  =  a  spout,  a  squirt ;  Ger.  spritzen,  spriit*. 
en,  sprudeln  —  to  spout,  to  squirt ;  Low  Ger 
tprutten,  sputtem;  Ir.  4  Gael  sput  =  to  spout, 
to  squirt.] 

A.  Transitive: 

I.  Lit. :  To  pour  out  In  a  jet,  a«d  with 
some  force ;  to  throw  out  through  a  spout 
pipe,  or  jet, 

"The  abundance  of  water  that  this   monstrous 
flsh  ipouted.-— p.  Holland :  Pltnie,  bk.  it,  ch.  vL 
H.  Figuratively: 

1.  To  utter  with  pomposity;   to  mouth: 
to  utter  or  deliver  for  effect  In  the  manner 
of  a  mouthing  orator. 

"  While  tpoutinf  the  most  intolerant  rubbish  that 
can  be  endured. "—Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  II.  18S8 

2.  To  pawn.    (Slang.) 

"The  dons  are  going  to  tpnit  the  college  plate."—  T. 
Hughei :  Tom  Broun  at  Oxford,  ch.  I*iv. 

B.  Intransitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  eject  water  from  or  as  from  a  spout  or 
pipe  :  as,  A  whale  spouts. 

2.  To  issue  with  some  force,  as  water  or 
other  liquid  from  a  spout  or  narrow  orifice : 
to  spurt. 

"  If  they  are  deeply  wounded  in  a  dozen  places, 
there  will  instantly  gusli  out  u  many  fountains  of 
blood,  muting  to  a  considerable  distance. '—Amen  : 
voyaget,  ok.  1 1.,  ch.  1. 

IL  Fig, ;  To  make  a  speech,  especially  in  s 
pompous  manner. 

"Introduce  him  to  tpoutinff  clubs  or  disputing 
societies. "-Knox:  Literal  Education,  1 10. 

spout  er,  s.  [Eng.  spout,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
spoute ;  one  who  makes  speeches  in  a  pompous 
manner ;  a  speechifier  ;  a  poor  actor. 

"The  women's  rights  agitator,  the  platform  tpoulfr 
In  petticoats. "— Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  12,  1886. 

spout  Ing,  s.  [SPOUT,  ».]  Pompous  talk- 
speechifying. 

"  Listening  to  the  more  forcible  than  polite  tpout. 
ingi  ol  rabid  'fair  traders'  and  Socialist.."- /««, 
Telegraph,  Feb.  ?,  1886. 

spout -less,  a.  [Eng.  spout;  -less.]  Having 
no  spout ;  destitute  of  a  spout. 

"  There  the  pitcher  stands 
A  fragment,  and  the  tpoutlrtl  tea-pot  there." 

Cotoptr  :  Talk,  iv.  77«. 

sprach-le  (le  as   el),   sprac-kle,   v.i. 

[Icel.    sprolda.]      To   clamber,    to   struggle. 
(Scotch.) 

"  8ae  far  I  tprachled  up  the  brae." 

Burnt :  On  Meeting  with  Lord  Doer. 

sprack,  a.  [Icel.  spra!hr,spaikr=  brisk,  lively; 
Gael.  SL  Irish  spnnc=  strength,  vigour.]  [Spay  ] 
Spruce,  sprightly,  lively,  animated. 

"He  hath  sae  suddenly  acquired  all  tills  fine  tpraOt 
festivity  and  Jocularity /-iS)«  .•  Wawley.  ch.  SlIL 

sprac-kle,  v.i.    [SPBACHLE.] 

eprag,  v.t.  [SPBAO  (2),  ».]  To  support  with 
sprags. 

"A  portion  of  it  was  tpraoged.  but  the  first  end. 
which  was  four  yards  in  length,  was  without  one."— 
Colliery  Guardian,  Nov.  6,  1880. 

--=.  *  [A  corrupt,  of  sprack  (q.v.).l  Quick, 
ively,  active. 

"A  good  epraa  memory.*— S»a»«^. .-  Merry  Wilts 
of  Windsor,  iv.  1. 

sprag  (1),  >.  [Cf.  Icel.  tpraka  =  a  small 
flounder.) 

1.  A  young  salmon.    (Prov.) 

2.  A  half-grown  cod.    (Prov.) 

sprag  (2),  ».  PProb.  allied  to  sprig  (q.v.).]  A 
billet  of  wood;  specif.,  in  mines,  a  diagonal 
prop  or  stay  for  preventing  the  roof  of  a  mint 
from  sinking  in. 

"  Spragt  and  other  articles  were  thrown  under  the 
wheels  without  effect." -Haiti  Telegraph,  Sept.  It, 

Sprag'-ging,  ».  [Eng.  sprag  (2),  s.  ;  -ing.] 
bprags  collectively  ;  the  fixing  of  sprags. 

"  He  did  not  say  anything  to  the  man  about  tpraf. 
ging."— Homing  Chronicle,  Sept  39.  18i». 

spraloh  (ch  guttural),  s.    [Gael] 
L  A  cry,  a  shriek. 

2.  A  collection,  a  multitude :  as,  a  sjiraick 
of  children.    (Scotch.) 

spralch  (ch  guttural),  v.i.  [SPBAICH,  «.]  To 
cry,  to  shriek. 

spralo'-kle,  v.i.    [SPBACKLE.] 


or. 


-  >  "•  cam         r-  t"e'  P"e- 

work.  who.  son  ;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  r*le.  full.  try.  Syrian. 


«.  o,  =  e;  ey  =  »:  qu 


sprain— spreader 


4405 


•praln,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  espreindre  =  to  press,  to 
wring,  to  strain  (Fr.  ipreindre),  from  Lat,  ex- 
primo,  from  ex  =  out,  and  j>r«mo=to  press.] 
To  overstrain,  as  the  muscles  or  ligaments  of 
a  joint,  so  as  to  injure  them,  but  without 
luxation  or  dislocation. 

"  The  sudden  turn  may  stretch  the  swelling  vein, 
The  cracking  Joint  unhinge,  or  ankle  sprain. 

Gay  :  Trivia,  i.  38. 

•praln,  s.  [0.  Fr.  espreinte.]  [SPRAIN,  ».]  A 
violent  straining  or  twisting  of  the  soft  parts 
surrounding  a  joint,  without  dislocation.  It 
is  generally  attended  with  swelling  and  in- 
flammation in  the  injured  part. 

"  I  confessed  I  was  In  pain,  and  thought  it  was  with 
some  sprain  at  tennis."— Temple  :  Gout, 

•praints,  ».  [O.  Fr.  espraintes  (Fr.  epreintes), 
lit.=outpressings,  from  espreindre=-to  squeeze 
out.)  [SPRAIN,  v.}  The  dung  of  an  otter. 

"  Scrambling  over  the  rocks  in  search  of  ipraints." 
~Kingsley  :  Two  fears  Ago,  ch.  xvili. 

sprang,  pret.  of  v.    [SPRINO,  v.] 

spran  gle,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To  wander, 
to  spread  irregularly,  to  sprawJ. 

"  Over  Its  fence  strangles  a  squash  vine  in  ungainly 
Joy."— CornhiU  Hagatine,  May,  1882. 

•prat  (1),  •  sprot,  *  sprott,  *  sprotte,  s. 

[Dut.  sprot ;  Low  Ger.  sprott ;  H.  Ger.  sprotte.'] 
1.  Ichthy.  :  Clupea  sprattus ;  a  well-known 
British  fish,  common  on  all  the  Atlantic 
coasts  of  Europe,  extending  to  the  Baltic  and 
the  western  half  of  the  Mediterranean.  The 
length  of  those  usually  brought  to  market  is 
about  three  inches ;  but  it  is  said  to  attain 
about  double  that  length.  Scales  smooth  and 
easily  shed ;  lower  jaw  prominent,  oval  patch 
of  small  teeth  on  tongue ;  abdomen  serrated 
behind  as  well  as  in  front  of  ventral  flu.  The 
sprat  is  taken  in  large  quantities,  and,  in  some 
localities,  the  supply  so  far  exceeds  the  de- 
mand ttiat  they  are  spread  on  the  ground  for 
manure.  In  Scotland  it  is  known  as  the 
Garvie  or  Garvie-herring.  [CLUPEA.] 

*2.  A  small  piece  of  bad  silver  money. 
(.Slang.) 

-  Several  Lascars  were  charged  with  passing  tpratt, 
the  slang  term  applied  to  spurious  fourpeuny  pieces, 
•ixpences,  and  shillings."— iiorning  Chronicle,  Dec.  2, 
1857. 

sprat-day,  t.  A  term  popularly  applied 
to  Nov.  9,  the  first  day  oT  sprat-selling  in  the 
streets  of  London  and  other  British  cities.  Tho 
season  lasts  about  ten  weeks.  (Brewer.) 

•prat  (2),    "sprcat,   *  sprett,   "sprit, 

*  sprot,  s.     [A.8.  spreot,  sprit  =  a  sprout.) 

Bot. :  A  name  given  to  various  rushes,  as 
Juncus  lamprocarpus,  J.  acutiflorus,  and  J. 
obtusiflorus  ;  specif.,  Juncus  articultitus,  which 
grows  on  marshy  ground.  It  is  used  for  fodder 
and  for  thatch.  (Scotch.) 

sprat-barley,  .•. 

Sot. :  Hordeum  vulgare,  which  has  very  long 
awns. 

•prat,  v.i.    [SPRAT  (1),  s.1    To  fish  for  sprats. 

"They  will  he  afloat  here  and  there  In  the  wild 
weather,  spratting,  hovelling,  taking  out  anchors  to 
distressed  vessels. "—Daily  Telegraph,  Aug.  27, 188«. 

sprat'  tie,  v.i.  [SPRAWL,  *.]  To  scramble. 
(Scotch.) 

sprat '-tie,  s.  [SPRATTLE,  v.]  A  scramble,  a 
struggle,  a  sprawl.  (Scotch.) 

sprawl.  *  spraule,  *  sprall,  v.i.  [For 
sprattle,  from  Sw.  sprattla  =  to  sprawl ;  Sw. 
dial  spralla,  sprala;  Dan.  spralte  =  to  sprawl, 
to  flounder ;  Dut.  spartelen  =  to  flutter,  to 
leap,  to  wrestle  ;  Icel.  spradhka  =  to  sprawl.) 

1.  To  spread  or  stretch  the  body  carelessly 
In  a  horizontal  position  ;  to  lie  with  the  limbs 
stretched  out  or  straggling. 

"  His  voice  frightened  tbe  women,  and  yet  they 
were  glad  to  see  him  lie  sprawling  upon  the  ground." 
— Bunyan  :  Pilgrim's  Progress,  pt.  ii. 

2.  To  struggle  in  the  agonies  of  death. 

"  Grim  in  convulsive  agonies  he  sprawls* 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Odyssey  xjcii.  S3. 

3.  To  move  with  an  awkward  motion  of  the 
limbs  when  lying  down  ;  to  scramble. 

"  Whereupon  he  began  to  sprall  to  the  other  side." 
—Holinlhed:  Descript.  Ireland,  ch.  U. 

4.  To  spread  irregularly,  as  a  plant,  a  vine 
or  the  like ;  to  spread  ungracefully,  as  hand 
writing. 

"  Cull  from  the  bine  the  sprawling  sprigs." 

Smart :  The  Sop-ffarden. 

6.  To  widen  or  open  irregularly,  as  a  body 
of  cavalry. 


sprawl,  s.    [SPRAWL,  t>.) 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  sprawling. 

2.  A  small  twig  or  branch  of  a  tru ;  a  spray. 
(Prou.) 

sprawl' -er,  ».  [Eng.  sprawl,  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  sprawls ;  specif.,  a  popular  name  for  a 
British  cuspidate  moth,  Petasia  cassinea. 

spray  (1),  *  spry,  «•  [Prob.  allied  to  A.S. 
spreyan  =  to  pour  ;  Icel.  sprtma  =  a  jet  or 
spring  of  water ;  sprcena  —  to  jet,  to  spurt  out ; 
Norw.  spreen  =  a  jet  of  water.] 

1.  Water  flying  or   driven  in   small,  fine 
drops  or  particles,  as  by  the  force  of  wind, 
the  dashing  of  waves,  from  a  waterfall,  or  the 
like. 

"  The  spray  of  the  sea  being  lifted  up  to  »  greater 
height."— Coot:  Second  Voyage,  bk.  11.,  ch.  iv. 

2.  The  vapour  from  au  atomizer. 
spray-Instrument,  s. 

Surg.  :  An  atomizer  (q.v.). 

spray  (2),  s.    [Dan.  yprag  =  a  sprig,  a  spray ; 
Sw.  dial,  spragge,  spragg  =  a  spray.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  A  small  shoot  or  branch ;  a  twig ;  the 
extremity  of  a  branch. 

"We  talk'd  of  change,  of  winter  gone, 
Of  green  leaves  on  the  hawthorn  spray." 

Wordsvrorth :  Mothers  Return. 

i  The  small  branches  of  a  tree  collectively. 

3.  A  small  branch  of  flowers,  leaves,  &c., 
worn  by  ladies  in  the  hair  or  on  the  dress. 

IL  Founding :  A  set  of  castings  attached 
by  their  individual  sprues  to  the  main  stem, 
occupying  the  runner  and  its  branches  by 
which  the  metal  entered  the  mould  and  wag 
led  to  the  various  places  to  be  filled. 

spray-drain,  s. 

Agric. :  A  drain  formed  by  burying  the 
sprays  of  trees  in  the  earth,  which  keep  open 
a  channel.  Much  used  in  grass  lands. 

spray-work,  s.  A  method  of  decoration 
in  which  sprays  and  ferns  are  fastened  on  the 
material  to  be  treated,  over  which  marking- 
ink,  liquid  Indian  ink  or  sepia,  is  sprinkled 
by  means  of  a  line-bristled  tooth-brush  dipped 
into  the  colouring  matter,  and  then  rubbed 
lightly  to  and  fro  across  the  large  teeth  of  a 
dressing-comb. 

spray,  v.t.  [SPRAY  (1),  «.]  To  let  fall  in  the 
form  of  spray.  (Annandale.) 

•spray'-ey,  o.  [Eng.  spray  (2),  s. ;  -ey.}  Full 
of  sprays  or  twigs  ;  laden  with  sprays  or 
twigs. 

sprSach'-er-jr  (ch  guttural), «.   [SPRECHEHY.] 

spread,  •  sprede,  • sprad  (pa.  t.  * sprad, 
'spradde,  spread,  *  spreil,  *  spredde,  pa.  par. 
'sprad,  spread,  *  spred),  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  spriMan 
=  to  extend,  to  spread  out ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
sprciden  =  to  spread,  to  scatter ;  Low  Ger. 
spreden,  spreen,  sprein ;  Ger.  spreiten;  Dan. 
sprede;  Sw.  sprida;  Sw.  dial,  sprita.) 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  extend  in  length  and  breadth,  or  in 
breadth  only  ;  to  stretch  or  expand  out  to  a 
broader  surface.    (2  Samuel  xxi.  10.) 

2.  To  open,  to  unfurl ;  to  stretch  or  extend 
out.    (Shakesp. :  Much  Ado,  ii.  3.) 

•3.  To  scatter,  to  disperse;  to  cause  to 
disperse. 

"  Was  neuer  in  alle  his  lyue  ther  fadere  ore  so  glad, 
Als  whan  be  sauh  his  sons  tuo,  the  patens  force  to 
sprad."  Robert  tie  ffrunne,  p.  19. 

4.  To  scatter  over  a  larger  surface  ;  to  strew, 
"The  spreading  of  mucke,  and  mingling  with  it  the 

mould  of  a  laud."— ft  Solland:  pllnie,  bk.  ivit.. 
ch.il. 

5.  To  cover  by  extending  something  over  ; 
to  overspread.    (Isaiah  xl.  19.) 

6.  To  extend  over,  to  cover ;  to  overspread. 

"  Of  plate  of  golde  a  berde  he  had, 
The  whiche  his  breat  all  ouer  spradft. 
Oower: 

7.  To  extend  ;  to  shoot  to  a  greater  length 
in  every  direction ;  to  reach  out,  to  put  forth, 
to  stretch  out.    (1  Kings  viii.  64.) 

8.  To  divulge,  to  publish ;  to  cause  to  be 
more  widely  or  extensively  known,  as  news 
or  fame  ;  to  disseminate.    (Matthew  ix.  81.) 

••  They,  when  departed.  spread  abroad  hU  fame  In 
all  that  country."— Matthew  ix.  SL 

9.  To  propagate ;  to  cause  to  affect  greater 
numbers. 

••  The  risk  of  tprendina  the  disease  by  the  agency  of 
the  blood,  --nita,  Feb.  12, 1887. 


10.  To  emit,  to  diffuse,  to  give  out,  as  ema- 
nations or  effluvia. 

11.  To  set  and  furnish  with  provisions  :  as, 
To  spread  a  table. 

T[  Usually  followed  in  most  of  its  senses  by 
abroad,  up,  over,  or  some  other  preposition. 
B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  extended  in  length  and  breadth  in 
all  directions  ;   to  be  expanded  to  a  broader 
surface  or  extent  ;  to  be  extended  or  stretched 
out. 

"  Her  barbarous  sons  .  .  .  tpread 
Beneath  Gibraltar  to  the  Lybiau  sands." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  i.  354. 

2.  To  be  propagated,  published,  circulated, 
or  made  known  more  extensively  :  as,  A  re- 
port spreads. 

3.  To  be  propagated  from  one  to  another. 

"Lest  his  infection  spread  further.' 

Shaketp.  :  CoriohinuM,  lit.  L 

II  Things  may  spread  in  one  direction,  or  at 
least  without  separation  ;  but  they  disperse  in 
many  directions,  so  as  to  destroy  the  con- 
tinuity of  bodies.  Between  scatter  and  dis- 
perse there  is  no  other  difference  than  that 
one  is  unmethodical  and  involuntary,  the 
other  systematic  and  intentional.  To  spread 
is  the  general,  to  expand  and  diffuse  are  parti- 
cular terms.  To  spread  may  be  said  of  any. 
thing  which  occupies  more  space  than  it  has 
done,  whether  by  a  direct  separation  of  its 
parts,  or  by  an  accession  to  the  substance; 
but  to  expand  is  to  spread  by  means  of  sepa- 
rating or  unfolding  the  parts.  Evils  spread, 
and  reports  spread  ;  the  mind  ejpntuls,  and 
prospects  expand;  knowledge  diffuses  itself, 
or  cheerfulness  is  diffused  throughout  the 
company.  To  spread  is  to  extend  to  an  inde- 
finite width  ;  to  circulate  is  to  spread  within  a 
circle  ;  thus  news  spreads  through  a  country  ; 
but  a  story  circulates  in  a  village,  or  from 
house  to  house,  or  a  report  is  circulated  in  the 
neighbourhood.  Spread  and  circulate  are  the 
acts  of  persons  or  things  ;  propagate  and  dis- 
seminate are  the  acts  of  persons  only.  (Crabb.) 

spread,  s.  [SPREAD,  v.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  The  act  of  spreading  ;  the  state  of  being  i 


spre 
nati 


ad  ;  extent,  compass,  diffusion,  dissemi- 
ion :  as,  the  spread  of  knowledge. 

2.  Expansion  of  parts. 

"No  flower  hath  that  kind  of  spread  that  the  wood. 
bint  hath."—  Bacon:  Xat.  Hist.,  fat. 

3.  A  cloth   used   as  a   cover:   as,  a  bed- 
tpread.    (Amer.) 

4.  A  table  as  spread  and  furnished  with 
provisions  ;  hence,  a  feast.    (Colloq.) 

"  To  judge  fruin  the  spread 

On  the  buard.  you'd  have  said 
That  the  'partiequarree'  had  like  aldermen  fed." 
Barham  :  Ingnldsby  Legends  ;  Lord  oj  Toulouse. 

II.  Stock  Exch.  :  The  privilege  of  demand- 
Ing  shares  of  stock  at  a  certain  price,  or  of 
delivering  shares  of  stock  at  another  price 
within  a  certain  time  agreed  on. 

spread-eagle,  v.t.  To  scatter  and  leave 
far  behind. 

"  Caltha  tpread^agled  her  field  a  long  way  from 
home."—  DiMy  Chronicle,  Oct.  27.  1885. 

spread-eagle,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Cookery  :  A  fowl  split  open,  broiled,  and 
served  with  mushrooms. 

2.  Her.  :  An  eagle  displayed,  or  an  eagle 
having  the  wings  and  legs  extended  on  each 
side  of  the  body.    [DISPLAYED.] 

3.  Skating:  A  figure  somewhat  resembling 
an  Eagle  Displayed  (2.J. 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Pretentious,  boastful,  pom- 
pous, bombastic  :  as,  a  spread-eagle  speech. 

spread-eagleism,  «. 

1.  The  state  of  being  boastful  or  bombastic. 

2.  Sentiments  or  expressions  characterized 
by  boastfuluess  or  extravagant  language. 

spread'-er,  s.    [Eng.  spread,  v.  ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  spreads,  extends, 
expands,  or  propagates. 

"If  their  child  be  not  such  a  speedy  spreader  and 
braucher,  like  the  vine."—  Reliquia  Wottoniana.  p.  77. 

2.  One  who  divulges,  circulates,  or  disse- 
minates ;  a  disseminator. 

"  These  he  designs  for  the  spreaders  of  his  religion.' 
—  Sharp  :  Sermons,  vol.  1U,  ser.  8. 

n.  Technically  : 

1.  Flax-manuf.  :  A  machine  in  which  th« 


boll.  Do?;  p«Sut,  J<Jwl;  eat,  cell,  chorns,  chin,  Ixmon;  go,  fcem;  thin,  this:  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejdst.   ph -  I 
-clan, -Uan  =  ahan.   -tlon, -slon  =  sHun; -^lon, -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -Uoua,  -sious  =  anils,   -ble,  -die,  ic.  -  bel.  aei. 


4406 


spreading— spring 


stricks  of  line,  fresh  from  the  heckle,  and 
drivvn  out  and  combined  so  as  to  make  a 
sliver,  and  eventually  a  rover,  to  be  operated 
upon  by  the  spinning-machine. 

2.  A  device  for  flattening  aud  spreading  the 
jet  from  a  hose-pipe. 

3.  Vehicles  :  A  stick  which  stretches  apart 
fne  ends  of  a  chain  to  which  the  single-trees 
are  attached. 

spread  -Ing,  pr.  par.  at  a.    [SPREAD,  r.J 

spreading-frame,  s.  [DBAWIXO-FBAME.] 

spreading  furnace,  ». 

Glass.  :  A  heated  chamber  in  which  cracked 

cylinders  of  sheet-glass  are  laid  in  order  to 

spread  out  into  sheets. 

spreading  machine,  s. 

Cotton-man.  :  A  machine  in  which  cotton  is 
formed  into  &  continuous  baud  ready  for  card- 
Ing. 

spreadlng-oven,  *.    [FWTTEMNG-FUB- 

JTACE.] 

sprcadiug-plate,  s.    [FLATTING 

HEARTH.] 


ng-lSf,  adv.  [Eng.  spreading;  -ly.] 

In  a  spreading  wanner,  increasingly. 

"  The  beat  time*  wen  ipreadingly  infected.  "—.Vti- 
ton  :  Reform.  in  England,  bk.  L 

sprcagh  (gh  guttural),  spreath,  >.  [Irish 
&  Gael  spreidh  =  cattle.]  Cattle  ;  hence, 
prey,  booty.  (Scotch.) 

"  Ye  had  better  (tick  to  your  anld  trade  o'  theft- 
boot.  black-m.iil.  tpreaghe.  '  —  Scott  :  Hob  Roy,  ch.  xxiii. 


spreagh'-er-Ie,  spreach'-er-y,  sprech  - 
cr  ie,  sprech'-er  y  (gh,  ch  guttural),  <. 
[SPREAGH.]  Cattle-lifting,  prey-driving ;  small 
•poll ;  paltry  booty  of  small  articles.  (Scotch.) 

"  It  Is  unspeakable  the  quantity  of  useless  ipreach- 
fry  which  they  have  collected  on  their  march."— 
Scull:  Wamiey.  ch.  ilL 

epreat,  ».    [SPRAT  (J).  ] 

spreck  -led  aed  as  eld),  a.     [SPECKLED.] 

Speckled,  spotted.    (Scotch.) 

•pree,  >.  [Irish  «p«  =  a  spark,  flash  of  fire, 
animation,  spirit;  Gael,  spraie  =  vigour,  ex- 
ertion.] A  merry  frolic,  especially  a  drunken 
frolic  or  bout ;  a  carousal.  (Colloq.) 

•pree,  v.l.    [SPBEE,  s.]    To  indulge  In  sprees. 

((JoUoq.) 

"  He  WM  always  of  the  devil-may-care  sort,  fond  of 
tpreeing  about  and  lively  company."—  Daily  Tele- 
graph.  Nor.  16.  IMS. 

*  spreint,  pa.  far.  or  a.    [SPRENOE.] 

*  sprenge,   v.t.     [A.8.  sprengan,   sprencdn; 
cogn.   with    Dut   sprenkelen  =  to  sprinkle ; 
Ger.  sprenkeln.}    [SPRINKLE,  v.]   To  sprinkle, 
to  scatter,  to  disperse. 

"All  the  ground  with  purple  blond  was  iprmt." 
Speruer:  f.  O,.  IV.  li.  a. 

Spreng'-el,  t.  [C.  K.  Sprengel  (1766-1833), 
physician  and  professor  of  botany  at  Halle.] 
(See  compound.) 

Sprengel's  air-pump,  *.    [AIB-PUHF.] 

*  sprent,  pa,  par.  or  a.    [SpRENOt] 

*  sprett,  «.    [SPRAT  (2).] 

*  spreu-sid'-a-ny,  «.   [A  corrupt  of  Peace- 
danum  (q.v.).J 

*  spre w  (ew  as  6),  s.    [SPROO.] 
sprey,  a.    [SPRY.]    Spruce,  spry.    (Pror.) 

•prig,  *  sprigge,  ».  &  a.  [A.8.  spree  =  a  spray, 
a  twig  (Somner);  cogn.  with  Icel.  «pn*  =  a 
stick  ;  Low  Ger.  tprikk  =  a  sprig  a  twig  ; 
Dan.  spray  =  a  spray.]  [SPEAY  (2).J 

A*  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  A  rod  for  punishing  children,  a  stick. 
(P.  Plowman,  vi.  139.) 

2.  A  small  shoot,  branch,  or  twig  of  a  tree ; 
•  spray.    (Thomson:  Spring,  661.) 

3.  A  representation  of  a  sprig  or  spray ;  a 
•mall,  isolated  ornament  of  the  nature  of  a 
branch,  woven  or  printed  on  textile  fabrics. 

4.  An  offshoot,  a  scion,  a  slip,  a  youth ; 
generally  used  in  disparagement :  as,  a  iprig 
of  nobility. 

5.  A  small  brad. 

6.  A  brad  or  triangular  piece  of  tin  plate  to 


confine  a  pane  of  glass  in  a  sash  until  the 

putty  dries. 

IL  A'au/. .-  An  eyebolt  with  a  barbed  shank. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Smart,  well-trimmed. 

"  He  wean  his  beard  so  tpriy." 
Cotton:  BurlKt'jue  upon  Uurletqut,  p.  234. 

sprig-bolt,  ».    [RAO-BOLT.] 

*  sprig-crystal,  s.    (See  extract) 

"  In  perpendicular  fissured,  crystal  is  found  in  form 
of  an  hexangular  column,  adhering  at  one  end  to  the 
•tone,  and  near  the  other  lessening  gradually,  till  it 
terminates  in  a  point :  tins  is  called  by  lapidaries 
tpria  or  rock  cryttal."—  Wooduard. 

sprig,  v.t.    [SPRIG,  s.) 

1.  To  mark,  ornament,  or  work  with  sprigs. 

"  He  became  the  possessor  of  a  certain  bottle-green 
coat  witli  bright  buttons.  «ud  a  ipriagat  a«tin  waist- 
coat —Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  25,  18S6. 

2.  To  drive  sprigs  into. 

*  sprig" -gjf,  o.    (Eng.  sprig,  s. ;  -y.]    Full  of 
or  abounding  with  sprigs  or  small  branches. 

spright  (gh  silent),  s.    [A  corrupt  spelling  of 
sprite  (q.v.).J 

*  1.  A  spirit,  a  shade,  a  soul ;  an  incor- 
poreal agent. 

"  And  forth  he  cald  out  of  derpe  darknes  dredd. 
Legions  of  tprightt."          Spetaer  :  F.  O...  L  L.38. 

t  2.  An  elf,  goblin,  or  fairy  ;  a  sprite. 
"  In  likeness  of  a  page  appeared  a  tprtght.* 

Hook :  Manila  Furbu,  bk.  li. 
•S.    Power  which   gives    cheerfulness   or 
courage ;  spirit. 

"  See.  he  gathers  up  his  tprtght 

And  begins  to  bunt  for  life." 

Beaum.  A  Flet. :  The  FaltWut  Shcpherde*.  Iv.  L 

*  1.  Mood,  disposition  or  condition  of  mind, 
temper. 

"  Intending  weariness  with  heavy  tprtglu.* 

Shaketp.:  Rape  of  Lucrece,  11U 

*  5.  An  arrow. 

"  We  hare  in  use  for  sea-fights  short  arrows  called 
tnrighu,  without  any  other  heads  save  wood  sharp- 
ened :  which  were  discharged  out  of  muskets,  and 
would  pierce  through  the  aides  of  ships  where  a  bullet 
would  not."— Bacon  :  Jfatural  Bietory. 

*  spright  (gh  silent),  v.t.    [SPRIGHT,  *.]    To 
haunt,  as  with  a  spright. 

"  I  am  ipri.jkte,!  with  a  fool." 

Shafietp. :  CymbeUne,  IL  & 

*  Sprighf-ftU  (gh  silent),  o.     [Eng.  xpright; 
-JuHl).']    Sprightly,  lively,  brisk,  gay,  nimbi.-, 
vigorous. 

™  Venus,  redress  a  wrong  that's  done 
By  that  young  ipriffhtful  boy,  thy  son.* 

Cartwright :  To  FVnus. 

*  sprighf-rtl-l*  (gh   silent),    adv.     [Eng. 
sprigMful;  -ly.]    In  a  sprightful  or  sprightly 
manner ;  briskly,  vigorously,  with  spirit. 


Stays  bat  the  summons 


"  Norfolk,  ipriahtfutlu  and  bold. 

-  -  of  the  appelUnt  s  trumpet." 
Shaketp.  .-  Kichard  //.,  I.  a. 


•spright'- fill -non  (gh  silent),  «.  [Eng. 
tprigMJul;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  sprightfnl  ;  sprightliness,  liveliness. 

'  spright  less  (gh  silent),  a.  (Eng.  spright ; 
•less.}  Destitute  of  spirit  or  vivacity ;  dull, 
dispirited. 

"  Aw  you  grown 
Benumbed  with  fear,  or  virtue's  tprighlleu  ooldr" 

torts*. 

•pright'-li-nSss  (gh  silent), ».  [Eng.  sprightly; 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sprightly ; 
liveliness,  vivacity,  gaiety,  briskness. 

•  Youth  has  a  iprtyhtltneu  and  fire  to  boast, 
That  In  the  valley  of  decline  are  lost" 

Vovrper;  Convenor  foil,  «36. 

sprighf-iy  (gh  silent),  o.    [Eng.  spright;  -ly.] 
*  1.  Having  the  qualities  or  appearance  of 
a  spright  or  spirit. 

"With  other  tprleWy  shows  of  mine  own  kindred." 
Shakesp.  :  Cymoelint,  r.  ft. 

2.  Lively,    spirited,   gay,    brisk,    nimble, 
animated,  vivacious. 

"  The  Iy»  rejoins  the  ipriyhtly  lay." 

J'ope  :  Hooter  ;  Odyuey  L  690. 

U  Used  by  Shakespeare  adverbially  : 
"  Address  yourself  to  entertain  them  tpriahtly* 
Shulcetp. :  Winter'i  Tote,  iv.  4. 

spring,  "  sprynge  (pa.  f,  sprang,  *  sprang, 
*  sprtmge,  sprit ng,  pa.  par.  *  spronge.  *  sprongen, 
sprung,  *  tprungen),  v.t.  *  t.  [A.S.  tprlngim, 
sprincan  (pa,  t.  sprang,  epranc,  pa.  par. 
tpnngen),  cogn.  with  L)ut.  springen  (pa.  t. 
tprong,  pa.  par.  gesprmgcn) ;  IceL  springa  = 
to  burst,  to  split ;  Sw.  springa  ;  Dan.  springe  ; 
Ger.  spring** ;  Sw.  spriinya  =  to  cause  to 
burst] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  rise  or  come  forth    as  out  of  tbe 
ground  ;  to  shoot  up,  out,  or  forth  ;  to  begin 


to  appear ;  to  come  to  light  or  existence  ;  ta 
issue  into  sight  or  knowledge.  (Usually  ap- 
plied to  any  manner  of  growing,  rising,  or 
appearing,  as  of  a  stream  from  ite  source,  a 
plant  frum  seed.) 

"  But  othire  seedia  feldeu  In  to  stony  plaels  .  .  .  and 
auoou  Urei  tprvwn  uu."—  W]/cliffe  :  Jfutrtow  xiii- 

2.  To  issue,  to  proceed  ;  to  take  or  have 
origin    or    beginning,  as  from    parents,  an- 
cestors, country,  or  the  like. 

"  What  stock  he  tpringi  of." 

lihakmp. :  Coriolvmu,  1L  I. 

3.  To  result,    as   from   a   cause,    motive 
reason,  principle,  or  the  like  ;  to  originate. 

"  Whence  tpringt  this  deep  despair?" 

Kfiakrtp. ;  s  Henry  17.,  Hi  a, 

4.  To  leap,  to  bound,  to  jump. 

"  Away  he  Ipringi.'    SkaJteMp. :  Fenui  *  Adontt,  2M. 

5.  To  start  up  or  rise  suddenly,  as  from  a 
covert,  &L'. 

"A  covey  of  partridges  iprinyiia  la  our  front,  pnt 
our  infantry  in  disorder."— AddUoH. 

6.  To  fly  back,  to  start,  as  a  bow  when  bent 
springs  back  by  its  elasticity. 

7.  To  shoot;  to  Issue  suddenly  and  with 
violence. 

"  Then  shook  the  sacred  shrine,  and  sudden  light 
Spruny  thro'  the  vaulted  roof,  and  made  the  tempi* 
bliylit."        Drydeni  PalamoH  A  Arcitt,  ill.  26ft. 

*  8.  To  thrive,  to  grow. 

"  What  make*  all  this  but  Jupiter  the  king. 
At  whooe  command  we  peilsli  and  we  s/imip'" 
ltryil<;i :  t'alu'ntni  A  .trcite.  Hi.  1.082. 

9.  To  warp;  to  become  warped  or  bent 
from  a  straight  or  plane  surface,  as  timber  in 
seasoning. 

B.  Transitive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  cause  to  start  or  rise  sudden!*;  to 
start  or  rouse,  as  game. 

"  The  too  much  praise  .  .  . 
Could  not  but  tprimt  up  blushes  in  my  cheeks.* 
Mattinffttr :  rart.  qf  Love,  v.  L 

2.  To  cause  to  explode  or  'burst ;  to  dis 
charge. 

"Our  miners  discovered  several  of  tbe  enemies' 
mines,  who  have  tprunff  divers  others  which  did  littl* 
execution.  —Taller. 

3.  To  cause  to  open  :  as,  To  spring  a  leak. 

4.  To  crack  ;  to  bend  or  stmin,  so  as  to 
crack  or  split. 

"  The  Oenesta  hiu  broken  her  bowsprit  off  short  .  .  . 
If  she  has  not  also  sprung  her  topmuaU "—Daily  Tele- 
graph, Sept.  10,  188^ 

0.  To  cause  to  close  suddenly,  or  come  to- 
gether violently,  as  the  parts  of  an  Instrument 
which  are  acted  upon  by  a  spring :  as,  To 
spring  a  trap. 

6.  To  bend  by  force,  as  something  stiff  or 
strong ;  to  insert,  as  a  beam  in  a  place  too 
short  for  it,  by  bending  It  so  as  to  bring  the 
ends  nearer  together,  and  allowing  it  to 
straighten  when  in  place.  (Usually  with  in  : 
as>  To  spring  in  a  suit  or  bar.)  (Goodrich.) 

*  1.  To  leap  over ;   to  jump ;  to  pass  by 
leaping. 

"  To  spring  thefenoe,tore!ntheprcnclng  steed." 
Thornton. 

IL  Arch. :  To  commence  from  an  abutment 
or  pier  :  as,  To  spring  an  arch. 

t  (1)  To  spring  a  butt  : 

Naut. :  To  loosen  the  end  of  a  plank  in  a 
ship's  bottom. 

(2)  To  spring  at :  To  leap  towards ;  to  at- 
tempt to  seize  with  a  spring. 

(3)  To  spring  forth :  To  leap  ont ;  to  rash  ont 

(4)  To  spring  in:  To  rush  in ;  to  enter  with 
a  leap  or  in  haste. 

(5)  To  spring  on  (or  upon): 

(a)  Lit. :  To  leap  on  or  upon ;  to  rush  on 
hastily  and  violently. 

(6)  Fig. :   To   produce   quickly  or   unex- 
pectedly. 

"Such  a  man  IB  not  likely  to  tprina  upon  his  asso- 
ciates and  allleaa  schemeof  EtiL'luh  surrender  U  Irish 
demands.'—  Daily  Telegraph,  >ov.  21.  IB&fi. 

(6)  To  spring  the  luf: 

Naut. :  To  yield  to  the  helm,  and  sail  nearer 
to  the  wind  than  before.  (Said  of  a  ship.) 

spring,  •  spryng, "  sprynge,  s.  [SPRING,*.) 
J.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  leap,  a  bound ;   a  sudden  effort  or 
struggle. 

"  A  very  hunter  did  I  rnsh 
Upon  the  prey  :  with  leaps  and  ijirirlsg* 

If  ordMoorth :  To  a  Butterfly. 

2.  A  flying  back  ;  the  resistance  of  a  body 
recovering   its  former  state   by  1U  elaftio 
power  :  as,  the  spring  of  a  bow. 


.Bite,  fat.  fire,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mote,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  role,  falls  try,  Syrian,    w.  ee  =  e;  ey  =  a;  au  =  kw. 


spring 


4407 


8.  Elastic  power  or  force ;  elasticity. 

"  In  adult  persons,  when  the  fibres  cannot  any  more 
yield,  they  inuat  break,  or  lose  their  tpring'— A  r- 
buthnot, 

4.  An  elastic  substance  of  any  kind,  having 
the  power  of  recovering,  by  its  elasticity,  its 
natural  state,  after  being  bent  or  otherwise 
forced,  interposed  between  two  objects,   in 
order   to    impart   or  check  motion    or  per- 
mit them  to  yield  relatively  to  each  other. 
Springs   are  mada    of  various  materials,  as 
inilia-rubber,  strips  or  wire  of   steel  coiled 
spirally,  steel  rods  or  plates,   &c.,  and  are 
used  for  many  purposes:  as,  for  diminishing 
concussion    in  carriages,  for  motive  power, 
acting  through  the  tendency  of  a  metallic 
coil  to  unwind  itself,  as  in  clocks  and  watches ; 
to  measure  weight  and  other  forces  as  In  the 
spring-balance,  &c.     Springs  of  coiled  wire 
are  much  used  for  balances,  for  chair  and  sofa 
cushions  and  backs,  mattresses,  and  in  vari- 
ous  other   domestic  applications  where    no 
great  amount  ol"  strength  is  required. 

"  The  spring  must  be  made  of  good  steel,  well  tem- 
pered ;  and  the  wider  the  two  ends  of  the  tpring 
•Und  asunder. the  milder  It  throws  tliechayeof  the 
Tice  open."— Moxon:  Mechanical  Exercisct. 

5.  Any  active  power  ;  that  by  which  action 
Or  motion  is  produced  or  propagated. 

"  Nature  U  the  same,  and  man  Is  the  mine,  ha*  the 
same  affections  and  passions,  and  the  same  $prinffM 
that  give  them  motion."—  Kym«r. 

6.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

Tf  Often  used  adjectively,  as  spring-water. 

7.  Any  source  of  supply;  source,  origin; 
tfcat  from  which  anything  springs  or  is  de- 
rived ;  a  source  of  supply. 

"  Philosophy  and  science,  and  the  tprinp* 
Of  wonder,  and  the  wisdom  of  the  world," 

Byron  :   Jtunfrrd,  L  L 

8.  One  of  the  four  seasons  of  the  year;  that 
•eason  in  which  plants  begin  to  spring  and 
vegetate ;  the  vernal  season.     In  the  northern 
hemisphere  the  spring  season  begins  about 
March  21,  when  the  sun  enters  the  sign  of 
Aries,  and  ends  about  June  22,  at  the  time  of 
the  summer  solstice.      Popularly,  however, 
•pring  is  considered  to  begin  with  March  and 
and  with  May. 

"  Spring  is  here  with  leaf  and  grass." 

rmnywn .-  TtuWindom,  138. 

9.  Hence,  the  beginning  or  freshest  part  of 
any  state  or  time  ;  the  early  part. 

**  Our  lore  was  new,  and  then  but  In  ihetpriny." 
Shakeip. :  Sonnet  1W. 

10.  A  young  shoot,  a  bud. 

"  Where  the  new  tpring  flint  shooteth  forth."—  P. 
Holland:  Flint*,  bk.  xviL,  ch,  nd. 

11.  A  plant,  a  young  tree  ;  also  a  grove  of 
trees  ;  a  small  shrubbery. 

"  In  yonder  tpring  of  roses."      MUton :  P.  L.,  Ix.  US. 

12.  Specifically  applied  to  a  white  thorn. 
(Prow.) 

"  They  are  commonly  erected  upon  the  top  of  new 
banks,  until  the  tprinff  has  grown  strong  enough  to 
protect  it."— Field,  Jan.  28.  1884. 

M3.  A  youth,  a  apringal. 

**  The  oue  his  bow  and  shafts,  the  other  tpring 
A  burning  tead  about  his  head  did  move." 

Sjunur;  Muiopotmot. 

*14.  A  race,  a  family. 
15.  A  flock  (of  teal). 

"  Presently  surprising  a  tpring  of  teal  with  good 
•fleets  on  our  bag.  —  Daily  Tefagraph.  Dec.  26,  188i 

*  16.  That  which  causes  one  to  spring  ;  spe- 
cifically, a  lively,  quick,  and  cheerful  tune. 

**  He  play'd  a  taring  and  danc'rl  It  round 
Below  the  gallows-tree." 

liuriit:  Me Fhenon's  Farewell. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Nautical: 

*  (1)  A  leak  ;  the  starting  of  a  plank ;  an 
Opening  in  a  seam. 

**  Where  her  tpringt  are.  her  leaks  and  how  to  atop 
'fin."  Ben  Jonton :  Catiline,  Hi.  L, 

(2)  A  crack  In  a  mast  or   yard,  rnnning 
Obliquely  or  transversely. 

(3)  A  rope  or  hawser  passed  from  the  stern 
Of  a  ship  and  made  fast  to  the  cable  on  the 
anchor  from  the  bow,  by  which  she  fs  riding. 
The  object  is  to  bring  the  broadside  to  bear  in 
any  direction. 

(4)  A  check  on  a  cable  while  unshackling  it. 

(5)  A   rope  extending  diagonally  from  the 
stern  of  one  ship  to  the  head  of  another,  to 
make  one  .ship  sheet  oil"  to  a  greater  distance. 

2.  Phys.  Geog.  £  Geol. :  An  overflow  of  water 
ur  other  liquid.    When  rain  falls  on  a  porous 
•oil  it  is  rapidly  absorbed,  the  surface  of  the 
soil  being  soon  again  dry.     Meanwhile,  the 
water  has  percolated  downwards  till  it  has, 
at  a  greater  or  less  depth,  been  Intercepted 
by  an  impervious  stratum,  where  it  gradually 


forms  a  reservoir.  It  then  presses  with  great 
force  laterally,  and  a  system,  of  subterranean 
drainage  is  established.  If  the  impervious 
stratum  be  some  distance  up  a  hillside,  the 
water  finds  its  way  out,  not,  however,  all 
along  the  stratum,  for  the  existence  of  rents, 
fissures,  and  inequalities  confines  it  to  a  few 
spots.  If  the  reservoir  be.  beneath  a  plain, 
and  a  boring  to  it  be  made,  it  will  come  to 
or  above  the  surface  as  an  Artesian  well 
(q.v.)  which  is  akin  to  a  spring.  Springs  are 
of  two  kinds,  land  and  perennial  springs,  the 
former  existing  where  there  is  a  porous  soil 
with  an  impervious  subsoil,  the  latter  deriving 
their  waters  from  deeper  sources.  Perennial 
springs  include  thermal  springs  and  geysers. 
[INTERMITTENT-SPRING.]  Sometimes  springs 
contain  much  earthy  material ;  thus  there  are 
calcareous,  sulphureous  and  gypseous,  sili- 
ceous, ferruginous,  saline,  carbonated,  and 
petroleum  springs.  They  are  then  called 
mineral  springs, 

H  (I)  Spring  of  pork :  The  lower  part  of  the 
forequarter,  which  is  divided  from  the  neck 
and  has  the  leg  and  foot  without  the  shoulder. 
(Beaum,  £  Flet.  :  Prophetess.) 

*(2)  Spring  of  the  day:  The  dawn,  dawning. 

"  About  the  tyring  of  the  day,  Samuel  called  Saul  to 
the  top  of  the  house." — l  Samutt  Ix.  26. 

spring-back,  s. 

Bookbinding :  A  mode  of  binding  in  which 
a  spring  in  the  back  throws  up  the  folded 
edge  so  as  to  make  the  leaves  lie  Hat . 

spring-balance,  ».  A  balance  in  which 
the  weight  of  an  object  is  determined  from 
the  tension  or  compression  of  a  spring  pro- 
vided with  ail  index  and  scale.  In  the  ordinary 
form  (A)  the  spring  is  spiral  and  inclosed  in  a 
cylindrical  box,  at 
whose  upper  end  is  a 
suspending  ring.  The 
hook  from  which  the 
object  to  be  weighed 
is  suspended  is  con- 
nected by  a  rod  to  a 
piston  above  the 
spring,  so  that  the 
weight  has  the  effect  of 
condensing  the  spring, 
a  finger  on  the  rod 
projecting  through  a  SPRING-BALANCES. 
long  slot  in  the  case 

and  indicating  the  weight  upon  a  graduated 
and  numbered  scale.  Another  (B)  is  in  the 
form  of  the  letter  C,  the  upper  end  being  sus- 
pended by  a  ring,  and  the  lower  end  affording 
attachment  for  the  hook  whereby  the  object  is 
suspended.  As  the  bow  opens  a  finger  traverses 
a  graduated  arc  and  registers  the  weight. 

Spring-balance  valve: 

Steam:  A  spiral  spring  weighing-balance, 
with  an  index  and  pointer  attached  to  the 
end  of  the  lever,  by  which  the  pressure  upon 
the  safety-valve  is  adjusted. 

spring-beam,  s. 

1.  Shipbuilding:    The    fore-and-aft   timber 
nniting  the    outer   ends    of   the  paddle-box 
beams.    [SPONSON.] 

2.  Mach. :  An  elastic  bar  at  the  top  of  a  tilt- 
hammer,    mortising- machine,  or  jig-saw,  to 
accelerate  the  fall  or  give  the  return  motion, 
as  the  case  may  be. 

3.  Carp. :  A  beam  stretching  across  a  barn 
without  a  central  support,  so  as  to  leave  the 
two  bents  of  the  barn-floor  free  for  various  uses. 

spring-beauty,  .-. 

Bot. :  An  American  name  for  the  genus  Clay- 
tonia, 

spring-beetle,  a.    [CLICK-BEETI.K.] 

spring-bell,  s. 

Bot. :  Sisyrinchium  grandiflorum. 

spring-block,  s. 

Naut. :  A  common  block  or  dead-eye  con- 
nected to  a  ring-bolt  by  a  spiral  spring.  It 
is  attached  to  the  sheets,  so  as  to  give  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  elasticity  and  assist  the  vessel 
in  sailing. 

spring-board,  a.  An  elastic  board  used 
In  vaulting. 

spring-bok,  spring-boo,"*.  [SPRING- 
BOK.] 

Spring-box,  ».  The  barrel  containing 
the  spring  in  any  piece  of  mechanism. 

spring-carriage,  *.  A  wheeled  carriage 
mounted  on  springs. 


spring  cart,  «.  A  light  cartmounted  oa 
springs. 

spring-coupling,  s.  A  connecting  de- 
vice between  cars,  for  attaching  the  draft* 
team  to  street-cars,  &c. 

spring-crocus,  s. 

Bot. :  Crocus  vern,ust  which  flowers  in  spring. 
[CROCUS.] 

spring-faucet,  *.  A  faucet,  which  in 
closed  by  a  spring  when  the  opening  force  is 
withdrawn. 

spring-feed,  ».  Herbtige  produced  in 
the  spring. 

Spring-forelock,  «.  A  cotter-key  whoso 
entering  end  springs  apart  to  keep  it  from 
accidentally  withdrawing. 

*  spring-garden,  s.  A  garden  where 
concealed  springs  are  made  to  spout  jets  of 
water  upou  the  visitors. 

spring-grass,  *. 

Bot.  :  Anthoxanthum  odoratum,  and  the 
genus  Anthoxanthum.  [VERNAL-GRASS.] 

spring-gun,  s.  A  gun  which  is  fired  by 
the  stumbling  of  a  trespasser  upon  it  or 
against  a  wire  connected  with  the  trigger. 
They  were  formerly  set  in  plantations  and 
preserves. 


"  At  that  time  no  statute  had  been  passed  making 
the  use  of  turiny-pun*  a  legal  offence." — tfottt  m 
Queries,  March  19,  1887,  p.  22L 


spring-haas,  s. 

ZooL :  The  Dutch  name  for  the  Jumping 
Hare  (q.v).  Used  also  by  settlers  at  the  Cape. 

Spring-halt,  s.  The  same  as  STRING- 
HALT  (q.v.). 

"Spring-halt  reigued  amongst  them." 

Miak<*/>.  :  Henry  VIII.,  L  & 

spring-head, «. 

1.  The  head  or  source  of  a  spring  ;  hence,  a 
fountain,  source,  or  origin,    (Lit.  £  Fig.) 

"  The tpring-Jtead  of  charity."— Attcrbury  :  Sermon*, 
vol.  L,  ser.  2. 

2.  A  box,  clutch,  or  connection  at  the  point 
of  contact  of  the  outer  [ends  of  an  elliptic 
spring. 

*  Spring-headed,  a.  Having  heads  that 
spout  or  spring  afresh. 

'*  Sprina-K&ided  hydros  ;  and  sea-shoaldring  whales." 
Spenser:  f.  <£..  II.  xli.  28. 

spring-hinge,  5.  A  hinge  provided  with 
a  spring  to  shut  it  after  the  door  to  which  it 
is  attached  is  opened. 

spring-hook,  s. 

Steam-eng. :  One  of  the  hooks  fixing  the 
driving-wheel  spring  to  the  frame  of  a  loco- 
motive engine. 

spring-latch,  9.  A  latch  that  snaps  into 
the  keeper  after  yielding  to  the  pressure 
against  it. 

spring-line,  *.  In  a  pontoon -bridge,  a 
line  passing  diagonally  from  one  pontoon  to 
another. 

spring-lock,  s. 

Locksmith.:  A  loi-k  in  which  the  Imlt  slips 
back  when  the  catch  or  hasp  is  applied,  and 
returns  by  a  spring  to  engage  the  hasp,  catch, 
or  staple. 

spring-mattress,  *.  A  mattress  having 
metallic  springs  beneath  the  hair  or  mos» 
filling. 

spring-pin,  *. 

Locomotive :  A  rod  between  the  springs  and 
axle-boxes,  to  regulate  the  pressure  on  the 
axles. 

spring-punch,  s.  A  punch  having  a 
soring  to  retract  the  plunger  after  the  blow  or 
the  pressure. 

spring-rye,  *.  Rye  that  is  sown  in  the 
spring. 

spring  -  searcher,  s.      [SEARCHER,  *., 
II.  1.] 
spring-stay, «. 

Naut. :  A  preventer  stay,  used  to  assist  • 
principal  stay. 

spring-tails,  s.  pi. 

Entom. :  The  Collembola  (q.T.X 
spring  take-up, «. 

Knitting:  An  elastic  finger,  fixed  to  the 
needle-carrier,  to  take  up  the  slack  yarn  at 
the  end  of  each  stroke. 


boll,  bd^;  p6*ut,  J6>1;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  *his;  sin,  a* ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e*i«.    -In*, 
-clan,  -tian  =  f^fr",    -tion,  -sion  =  sUun ;  -tion,  -fion  =  «*«*"-    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  thus,   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  —  beJ,  del* 


4408 


springal— sprit 


spring  tide,  j. 

1.  The  time  or  season  of  spring;  gpring- 
time. 

2.  (PI.):  The  tides  at  the  time  of  the  new 
and  full  moon.    At  these  times  the  sun  and 
moon  are  in  a  straight  line  with  the  earth, 
and  their  joint  effect  in  raising  the  water  oi 
the  ocean  is  at  a  maximum,  and  the  tides  are 
consequently  the  highest.    (Brandt  &  Cox.) 

"  As  the  tpring-tidta.  with  heavy  splash, 
From  the  cliffs  invading  dash." 

Byron  :  Siege  of  Corinth*  v.  24. 

spring-time,  t.  The  time  or  season  of 
•pring ;  spring. 

*  la  ipritiy-time,  when  the  Bun  with  Taurus  rides." 
Milton:  P.  L.,  L  769. 

spring-tool,  s. 

Glass  :  The  light  tongs  of  the  glass-blower, 
Whereby  handles  and  light  objects  are  grasped. 

spring-trap,  s. 

1.  A  trap  whose  falling   bar   or   door   is 
operated  by  a  spring  as  soon  as  the  detent  is 
released  by  any  animal  tampering  with  the 
bait. 

2.  A  form  of  steam-trap. 
spring  usher,  .«. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Hybemia 
ttucophearia.  The  female  is  apterous. 

spring  valve,  ».  A  valve  which  is  held 
to  its  seat  by  a  spring,  except  as  temporarily 
depressed  by  the  hand  to  allow  the  flow  of 
water. 

spring-water,  s.  Water  Issuing  from  a 
spring,  as  distinguished  from  rain-water,  river- 
water,  &e. 

spring- wheat,  s.  A  species  of  wheat  to 
be  sown  in  the  spring. 

•  sprin  -gal  (1),  *  sprin  -gall  (1),  *  sprin- 
gald  (1),  s.    [Prob.  from  spring,  and  old  = 
old.)    A  youth  ;  an  active  young  man. 

••  Then  came  two  tprtngalt  of  fall  tender  yeares." 
8penler  ;  F.  Q.,  V.  x.  t. 

•  sprfn'-gal  (2),  "  sprin  gall  (2),  *  sprin- 
gal  (2),  s.     [O.  Fr.  espringaUT 

Old  War:  An  ancient  form  of  military 
weapon  for  hurling  stones,  arrows,  pieces  of 
Iron,  die. 

"  And  this  caste]  1  was  set  betwene  the  tonne  and  the 
•e.  and  was  well  fortyfled  with  Ipringallet,  borabardes. 
bones,  and  other  artillery."  —  Bernen:  froiuart; 
Cronycle,  vol.  L,  ch.  cxllv. 

spring  -bok,  s.  [Eng.  spring,  and  Dnt  too 
=  a  buck,  a  goat  (See  extract.)] 

Zool. :  Antilope  euchore,  an  antelope  exceed- 
ingly common  in  South  Africa.  It  is  about 
thirty  inches  high,  the  horns  lyrate,  very 
small  in  the  female ;  colour  yellowish  dun, 
white  beneath.  Two  curious  folds  of  skin 
ascend  from  the  root  of  the  tail,  and  terminate 
near  the  middle  of  the  back  ;  they  are  usually 
closed,  but  open  out  when  the  animal  is  in 
rapid  motion,  and  disclose  a  Urge  triangular 
white  space,  which  is  otherwise  concealed. 

"The  Springbok  derives  Its  name  from  the  prodigious 
leaps  whCh  it  take,  either  when  alarmed  or  in  play, 
often  to  the  height  of  seven  feet,  and  sometimes  of 
twelve  or  thirteen  feet."— Chambert'  Cyclop.,  U.  84. 

springe,  v.t.  [Cf.  Dut.  spring-net  =  a  bird- 
net  ;  Ger.  iprinkd  =  a  springe.]  [SPEINO,  v.] 
To  eateh  in  a  springe  ;  to  ensnare. 

"  Whose  weight  falls  on  our  heads  and  buries  us. 
We  tprinye  our  selves,  we  sink  in  our  own  bogs." 
Beaum.  A  flrt. :  Prophetett,  iv.  S. 

springe,  *  sprindge,  s.    [SPRINGE,  ».]    A 
noose,  a  gin  ;  a  snare  for  catching  birds, 
••  As  ft  woodcock  to  my  own  tpringr.  Osrjc  : 
I  am  justly  kill'd  with  mine  own  treachery  * 

Shakttp.  :  Hamlet,  r.  1 

•pring' -er,  >.    [Eng.  spring;  -er.] 

*  I,  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  springs ;  one  who 
springs  or  rouses  game. 

*  2.  A  young  plant. 

"  The  young  men  and  maiden*  .  .  .  cut  down  and 
•poll  young  tpringeri  to  dress  up  their  May.booths  "— 
£velyn :  Sylen,  bk.  v.,  §  4. 

3.  A  name  given  to  various  animals  :  u, 

(1)  [SPANIEL,  A.  1.  (1)]. 

(2)  The  springbok  (q.v.). 

(3)  The  grampus. 

(4)  A  young  salmon. 

^A  nice  iprtnaer  weighing  ll|lh,  •_ nod,  Jan.  a, 

H.  Technically: 
1.  Architecture : 
0)  The  impost  or  place  where  the  vertical 


support  to  an  arch  terminates  and  the  curve 
of  the  arch  begins. 

(2)  A  lower  vonssoir  of  an  arch.  [VocssoiB.; 

(S)  The  rib  of  a  groined  root 

(4)  The  bottom  stone  of  the  coping  of  a 
gable. 

2.  Bot. :  A  variety  of  Agaricm  arvensis 
suitable  for  pickling. 

*  spring  -gold,  s.    [SPHINOAL  (1).] 
spring^-i-ness,  s.    [Eng.  springy;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  bein"  SDrinev  • 
elasticity. 

"A  sprin ginest,  a  vitality,  an  elasticity,  and  an  exhi. 
laratlve  property  in  the  air  which  i«  only  equalled  by 
that  of  Athens."— Daily  Telegraph.  Sept.  16,  1882. 

2.  The  state  of   abounding  with  springs; 
wetness,  sponginesa,  as  of  land. 

spring'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SPRING,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

i  Ord.  Lang. :  Rising  or  shooting  up ;  leap- 
ing, proceeding,  rousing. 

"  The  tpringing  trout  lies  still." 
Scott :  Lady  of  At 
Lake.  vi.  IS. 

H.  Her. :  A  term  applied 
to  beasts  of  chase  in  the 
same  sense  as  salient  to 
beasts  of  prey.  Also  ap- 
plied to  fish  when  placed 
in  bend. 

C.  As  substantive :  SPRINGING. 

1.  The  act,  state,  or  process  of  issuing, 
leaping,  arising,  or  proceeding. 

"  The  sundry  germinations  and  tprtnytng  up  of  the 
works  of  righteousness  in  him."— More  •  Moral  Cab- 
bala, pt  iv.,  ch.  ii. 

*  2.  Growth,  increase. 

"  Thou  makest  it  aoft  with  showers ;  thon  blessest 
the  tpringing  thereof.  — Ptafm  btv.  10. 

springing  course,  s. 
Arch. :  The  horizontal  course  of  stones  from 
which  an  arch  springs  or  rises. 

springlng-llne,  t. 

Arch. :  The  line  from  which  an  arch  rises. 

springing-use,  s. 

Law :  A  contingent  use. 

•sprin'-gle,    ».      [A   dimln.   from    Cringe 
(q.v.XJ    A  springe,  a  noose,  a  snare. 

••  Almost  euerie  hedge  serueth  for  a  roade  and  euerle 
plashoote  for  tpringlet  to  take  them."— Cams  •  Survey 
of  Cornwall,  fol.  25. 

t  spring  less,  a.    [Eng.  spring;  -less.]   Des- 
titute of  springs  or  wells. 

"In  that  all  but  iprinylea country."— Burrotaht : 
fepacton,  p.  58. 

t  sprfng'-let,  ».     [Eng.  spring ;  dtmin.  soft 
-let.}    A  little  spring,  a  small  stream. 

••  But  yet  from  out  the  little  hill 
Oozes  the  slender  tprinalet  still." 

Scott :  Jfarmion,  vt «7. 

spring'-y,  o.    [Eng.  spring;  -y.] 

1.  Having  elasticity  like  a  spring ;  elastic. 

JVa'jA/>Si§ht'   thin   fluid,  or   Ipringy   body."—  Loot*  : 

2.  Accompanied  or  characterized  by  sprinei- 
ness;  light. 

"  One  of  the  candidates  walked  with  a  fine  tpringy 
action,  and  he  was  then  elected."— .Sf.  Jamet't  Gazette 
Jan.  14,  less. 

3.  Full  of,  or  abounding  with  springs ;  wet, 
spongy. 

"  Where  the  sandy  or  gravelly  lands  are  tprinay  or 
wet,  rather  inarl  them  for  grass  than  com."— Jtforti- 
ner :  ffutbandry. 

•  sprihk,  •  sprinck,  s.    [SPRINKLE,  ».]    A 
sprinkle,  a  stain. 

"  By  tprinck  of  spot  distaynde." 

ffomU :  Arbor  ofAmitie. 

sprin'-kle,  •  spren-kle,  *spren-kel- 

yn,  *  spren-kyll,  *  sprlno-kle,  v.t.  &  i. 
[A  frequent,  from  Mid.  Eng.  sprenge  (q.v.); 
Dut.  sprenkelen  =  to  sprinkle ;  Ger.  sprenkeln 
=  to  speckle,  to  spot] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  scatter  in  small  drops  or  particles ;  to 
scatter  or  strew  in  fine  separate  particles. 

"  They  present  a  green  branch,  and  tprinkle  water 
with  the  hand  over  the  head. '-Coo*/  Second  foyage. 
DHL.  ill.,  ch.  iii. 

2.  To  besprinkle,  to  bestrew. 

"  Sprinkling,  as  be  pass'd,  the  sands  with  gore." 
Pope:  Homer:  mad  j3li.  Ml 

*  3.  To  wash,  to  cleanse. 

"  Having  our  hearts  tprinUed  from  in  «vH  eon- 
science.  "—Htbrewt  x.  22. 


H.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  perform  the  act  of  scattering  a  liquid 
or  any  fine  substance  in  small  particles. 

2.  To  rain  in  fine  drops,  or  with  drops  fall, 
ing  infrequently  :   as,  It  began  to  sprinkle. 
(Gowoj.) 

*  3.  To  fly  in  small  drops  or  particles. 
sprih-kle,  *  sprinc-kle,  s.    [SPRINKLE,  «.) 

1.  A  utensil  to  sprinkle  with,  a  sprinkler; 
as  a  loose  brush  for  sprinkling  holy  water:  a 
holy  water  sprinkler. 

"  She  [Hope]  always  smyld,  and  In  her  hand  did  hold 
An  holy  water  tprinckle,  dipt  in  deow." 

Spenter-  f.  ^.,  III.  xiL  11 

2.  A  small  quantity  scattered,  a  sprinkling. 

*  3.  A  tinkling  sound,  a  tinkle. 

sprihk'-ler,  s.    [Eng.  «prinW(«);  -er.]    Oa» 
who  or  that  which  sprinkles. 

sprink'-ling,  pr.par.,a.,tt,s.  [SPRINKLE,*.] 
A,  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  scattering  in  small  drops  or 
particles. 

"  Your  uncleanly  unctions,  your  crossings  creep- 
togs,  -enslngs,  jprinttmo.,  *c.r'— Bp.  Ball:  Decad.  1. 

2.  A  small   quantity   falling   in   separate 
drops  or  particles,  or  coining  infrequently  : 
as,  a  sprinkling  of  rain. 

3.  A  small  or  a  moderate  number  distri- 
buted or  scattered,  as  though  sprinkled  about 

"  Within  these  limit*  there  are  tprlnkflngi  of  vari- 
ous nationalities."— Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  20,  1885. 

*  sprint,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [SPHEINT.] 

sprint,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  short  race 
run  at  full  speed. 

"A  strong  wind  prevailed  each  day,  which,  blowing 
down  the  straight,  greatly  interfered  with  the  ruuiier! 
to  the  iprintt.  — field,  Feb.  19,  1887. 

sprint-race,  s.  The  same  as  SpRiNT(q.v.). 

sprint-runner,  s.  One  who  runs  sprint- 
races  ;  a  sprinter. 

"A  tprint-runner  and  football-player  is  ruined  for 
life  by  accident,  over-training,  and  over-exertion. "- 
Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  21,  1887. 

sprint'-er,  s.    [Eng.  sprint;  .er.]    The  same 
as  SPRINT-RUNNER  (q.v.). 

"  The  master,  who  was  well-known  in  the  service  ft* 


sprit,  v.t.  &  i.    [A  variant  of  spirt  or  spurt, 
v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  Tram.:  To  throw  out  with  force  from 
a  narrow  orifice  ;  to  spurt  out. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  sprout,  to  bud,  to  germi- 
nate, as  barley  steeped  for  malt. 

sprit  (1),  «.    [SPRIT,  s.]    A  shoot,  a  sprout 

"  The  barley,  after  it  has  been  couched  four  days, 
will  sweat  a  little,  and  show  the  chit  or  tprit  at  the 
root-end  of  the  corn.'—  Mortimer:  ffulbandry. 

sprit  (2),    *  spret,    *  spreot,    s.     [A.8. 
spreot  =  a  pole,  orig.  a  sprout,  from  spredtan 
=  to  sprout  (q.v.)  ;    Dut.   spriet  =  a    sprit  ; 
Dan.  sprbd.    Sprit  and  sprout  are  doublets.] 
Nautical: 

1.  A  diagonal  spar  which  raises  the  peak  of 
a  boat's  sail,  the  lower  end  resting  in  a  becket 
called  the  Snotter.   It  serves  instead  of  a  gafi 

2.  A  bowsprit  (q.v.). 
sprit-sail,  8. 
Nautical  : 

1.  A  four-cornered  sail  bent  to  the  mast  at 
its  weather-leech,  and  having  its  peak  ex- 
tended by  a  sprit.    It  is  a  common  form  at 
sail  for  boats. 

2.  A  sail  set  on  the  bowsprit 
Sprit-sail  targe  : 

Naut.  :  (See  extract). 


"  For  instance,  there  Is  the  well-known  f- 
barge,  avessel  with  a  malnsnil  that  sets  on  a  sprit.  .  .  . 
The  mainsail  of  a  i/trif-i'iit  barge  is  brailed  up  when 
taken  in.  and  one  must  be  careful  that  she  has  brail* 
to  talking  to  sailors  about  her."—  Daily  Telegraph. 
Oct.  27,  1885. 

Sprit-sail  yard  : 

Naut.  :  A  spar,  occasionally  used,  crossing 
below  the  bowsprit  a  little  abaft  of  the 
dolphin-striker,  and  used  for  securing  the 
rigging  of  the  jib-boom  and  flying  jib-boom. 
A  pair  of  spars  pointing  obliquely  downward 
at  opposite  sides  of  the  bowsprit  are  some- 
times used  instead  of  the  sprit-sail  yard. 
These  are  known  as  sprit-sail  gaBs. 


ftte,  fat,  fere,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there; 
me.  wore,  woli,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  ri&le,  lull!  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
Syrian,    as,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Itw. 


sprite — spumid 


4409 


•prite,  *  sprit  (3),  *  spryte,  s.    [Pr.  esprit 
=  spirit,    from     Lat.     spiritum,    accus.     of 
•piTitua.}    [SPIRIT.] 
«  L  Spirit,  life. 

"  Yftld  up  the  tprite  with  wounds  w  cruelly." 

Surrey:  VirffUt ;  Jineitft. 

i  A  spirit,  an  elf,  a  fairy. 

*Bprite'-ful,  *  sprite' -ful-l&&c.  [SPRIGHT- 
FUL,  SPRIOHTFULLY,  &c.] 

*  sprit-ing,  *  spryt-ing,  «.    [SPIRITING.] 

sprock'-et,  s.  A  motor  wheel  having  cog- 
like  projections  from  its  periphery,  designed  to 
act  upon  the  links  of  a  driving  chain.  Also, 
one  of  such  projections. 

sprocket-wheel,  s.  A  wheel  having 
sprockets.  [HAG-WHEEL.] 

•prod,  s.  [Gael,  sprodh;  Irish  sproth  —  A 
sprat.]  A  salmon  in  its  second  year.  (Prov.) 

*  sprong,  pret.  ofv.    [SPRING,  v.] 

•prod,  sprew  (ew  as  6),  sprue,  «.    [Dut. 

sprouw,  spruw.] 
Pothol :  Thrush.    (Scotch.) 

sprot,  s.  [The  same  word  as  sprout,]  [SPRAT 
(2),  s.]  A  kind  of  rush.  (Scotch.) 

•proUt,  *  sprut,  *  sprute,  v.i.  [O.  Pr. 
spntta ;  Low  Ger.  spruten,  sprotten ;  Dut. 
spruiten ;  Ger.  spriessen ;  I  eel.  s-pretta  =  to 
spurt  or  spout  out  water,  to  sprout  (pa.  t. 
spratt,  pi.  spruttu,  pa.  par.  sprotinn) ;  A.S. 
tpreotan  (pa.  t.  spreat,  pa.  par.  sproten)  •=  to 
sprout.  Allied  to  sprit,  sprat,  spurt,  sputter, 
spluttzrt  and  a  doublet  of  spout  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  shoot,  as  the  seed  of  a  plant ;  to 
germinate ;  to  begin  to  grow ;  to  put  out 
shoots. 

"  They  are  no  other  than  buda  tprouting  foorth." — 
P.  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  xvii.,  ch.  xxi. 

*  2.  To  shoot  into  ramifications. 

"  Vitriol  IB  apt  to  tprout  with  moisture."— Bacon. 

3.  To  grow,  like  the  shoots  of  plants :  as,  A 
deer's  horns  sprout. 
*4.  To  proceed,  to  shoot. 

"  The  heartiest  gratitude  .  .  .  iprout*  originally  from 
the  enrtliy  principle  of  self-interest."— Search:  Light 
of  Mature,  vol.  i.,  pt  ii,  ch.  xxiii. 

Sprout,  s.  [Dut.  spruit;  Icel.  sproti;  Ger. 
apross.]  [SPROUT,  v.] 

1.  The  shoot  or  bud  of  a  plant ;  a  shoot 
from  the  seed,  or  from  the  stump,  or  from  the 
root  of  a  plant  or  tree,  or  from  the  end  of  a 
branch. 

"  To  thia  kid,  taken  oat  of  tbe  womb,  were  brought 
In  the  tender  tproutt  of  shrubs ;  and.  after  it  had 
tasted,  it  began  to  eat  of  ouch  aa  are  the  usual  food  of 
goats."— Ray :  On  the  Creation. 

2.  (Pt):  Brussels  sprouts  (q.v.). 

3.  (Pi.).'  A  hunch  of  twigs.    (Amer.) 

Sprite,  a.  &  «.  [For  Spruce  (leather)  = 
Prussian  (leather).  To  dress  sprucely  was  to 
dress  after  the  Prussian  manner.  (Skeat.)] 

A.  As  adjective: 

*  1.  Brisk,  dashing,  sprightly. 

"Now  my  spruce  companions,*— Shakesp. :  Taming 
If  the  Shrew,  iv.  L, 

*  2.  Trim,  neat.    (Milton.) 

3.  Dandified ;  neat  without  elegance  or 
dignity. 

"  In  so  neat  and  tpruce  array.* 

Beaumont :  Remedie  of  Love. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  same  as  SPRUCE-LEATHER  (q.v.). 

2.  The  same  as  SPRUCE-BEER  (q.v.). 

II.  Bot. :  The  same  as  SPRUCE-FIR  (q.v.). 

spruce -beer,  s.  A  fermented  liquor 
made  from  the  leaves  and  small  branches  of 
the  spruce-fir,  or  from  the  essence  of  spruce, 
boiled  with  sugar  or  molasses,  and  fermented 
with  yeast.  It  is  useful  as  an  anti-scorbutic. 

spruce-fir,  s. 

Bot. :  A  popular  name  for  many  species  of 
the  genus  Abies  (q.v.),  specif.  Abies  excelsa,  a 
fine  evergreen  which  sometimes  reaches  a 
height  of  150  feet,  with  a  straight,  though 
not  very  thick  trunk,  and  a  regular  pyramidal 
form.  Leaves  scattered  equally  round  the 
twigs  ;  four-cornered,  mucionate,  dull  green  ; 
cones  cylindrical,  pendulous,  with  blunt,  sinu- 
ate, slightly  toothed  scales.  It  is  a  native 
of  the  north  of  Germany  and  Norway,  whence 
it  is  often  called  the  Norway  spruce.  It  is 


8PRUCE  FIR. 


commonly  planted  in  Britain,  and  affords  an 
excellent  shelter  for  game.  Its  timber  consti- 
tutes white  deal.  It  is  not  so  durable  as  the 
Scotch  pine,  but  is  prized  for  masts,  spars, 
scaffolding  poles,  &c.  In  Norway  it  takes 
seventy  or  eighty  years  to  arrive  at  maturity. 
By  incision  it  yields 
a  resin  whence  tur- 
pentine and  Bur- 
gundy pitch  are 
manufactured.  The 
WhiteSprucenr(vl. 
alba)  has  the  leaves 
somewhat  glaucous, 
rather  pungent;  the 
cones  narrow,  oval, 
tapering,  with  even, 
undivided  scales. 
It  is  found  in  North 
America,  where  it 
reaches  the  height 
of  forty  to  fifty  feet. 
The  Black  Spruce 
is  A.  nigra,  from 
the  very  cold  parts 
of  North  America. 
It  grows  to  seventy 
or  eighty  feet  high.  The  timber  is  very  valuable. 
Another  United  States  species  is  A.  rw&ra,  the 
Red  Spruce.  A.  canadenm,  the  Hemlock  Spruce, 
is  abundant  in  the  forests  of  the  north.  There 
are  several  very  large  species  in  the  west,  espe- 
cially A.  Douglaxii,  which  attains  a  height  of 
250  feet,  and  forms  immense  forests  in  the 
mountain  districts.  [HEMLOCK-SPRUCE.] 

spruce-leather,  *.     Prussian  leather; 
pruce. 

spruce-ochre,  s.  Brown  or  yellow  ochre* 

spru£O,  v.t.  &  i.    [SPRUCE,  a.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  trim  or  dress  in  A  spruce 
manner ;  to  dress  up  ;  to  prink. 

"  Then  'gan  Don  Psittaco 
To  tpruce  his  plumes."  More:  Sony  of  the  Soul,  I.  ii.  S9. 

B.  Intrans.  :    To    dress    one's    self  with 
affected  neatness. 

^[  To  spruce  up:  Todress  sprucely  ortrimly. 

"  Salnmcis  would  not  be  seen  of  Herinaphroditus, 
till  ahe  had  spruced  up  her  aelf  first." — liurton  :  Anat. 
qf  Melancholy,  p.  885. 

SprU9e'-I&  adv.  [Eng.  spruce;  -ly.}  In  a 
spruce  manner ;  with  extreme  or  affected 
neatness. 

"  Beware  of  men  who  are  too  sprucely  dressed." 
Congreve :  Ovid  Imitated. 

Spruge'-ness,  «.  [Eng.  spruce;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  spruce ;  neatness 
without  elegance. 

"  Now  in  the  time  of  ipruceneu,  our  plays  follow  the 
niceness  of  our  garments. "—Middleton  :  Roaring  Girl. 
(To  the  ReaderJ 

*  spruc/-I-fy,  *spru9'-X-fie,  v.t.  [Eng. 
spruce;  suff.  -fy.]  To  make  spruce  or  fine. 
(Cotgrave :  s.v.  pimper.) 

sprue  (1),  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Founding : 

1.  The  ingate  of  a  mould,  through  which 
the  metal  is  poured. 

2.  The  piece  of  metal  attached  to  a  casting, 
occupying  the  gafce  through  which  the  metal 
was  poured. 

3.  A  piece  of  metal  or  wood  used  by  a  moulder 
in  making  the  ingate  through  the  sand. 

sprue  (2),  *.    [SPROO.] 

sprug,  v.t.  [Cf.  sprack  and  spruce.]  To  make 
smart.  (Prov.) 

1"  To  sprug  up :  To  dress  neatly ;  to  spruce 
up. 

sprug,  s.   [Perhaps  from  sprug,  v.]  A  sparrow. 

Sprung,  pret.,  pa.  par.,  &  a.    [SPRING,  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pret.  £  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

C.  As  adjective : 

1.  Strained,  cracked :  as,  a  sprung  bat. 

2.  Intoxicated.    (Slang.) 

"  They  were  a  little  bit  sprung. " — Mr»,  Stowe  :  Dred, 
L  87. 

spriint,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  but  perhaps 
connected  with  sprout  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  spring  up  ;  to  germinate,  to  sprout. 

2.  To  spring  forward  or  outward, 

"  Dear  image  of  thyself ;  see !  how  it  tpruntt 
With  Joy  at  thy  approacli." 

Somerville:  Rural  Garnet,  lii. 


3.  To  bristle  up  ;  to  show  sudden  resent 
ment.    (Amer.) 

•prunt,  a.  &  s.    [SPRUNT,  v.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Active,  vigorous,  lively,  brisk. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  leap,  a  spring. 

2.  A  steep  ascent  in  a  road.    (Prow.) 

3.  Anything  short  and  not  easily  bent. 

spriint-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  sprunt;  -ly.] 

1.  Vigorously,   youthfully  ;   like   a  young 
man. 

2.  Neatly,  trimly,  sprucely. 

"  How  do  I  look  to-day  ?  am  I  not  drest 

"         Ben  Jontun  :  Devil  it  an  An,  lv.  L 


sprush,  a,    [SPRUCE,  a.]    (Scotch.) 

spry,  a.  [Sw.  dial,  sprygg  =  very  lively,  skit- 
tish ;  spragt  sprdk,  spraker  =  spirited,  mettle- 
some. Allied  to  spracfc  (q.v.).]  Active,  nimble, 
lively,  sharp,  wary.  (Chiefly  Amer.) 

spud,  s.  [Prob.  a  corrupt,  of  spade  ;  but  ct 
Dan.  spyd  ;  Icel.  spjot  =  &  spear;  Eng.  spU 
(1),  *•] 

*  1.  A  short  knife. 

"  My  ifntft  these  nettles  from  the  stones  can  part, 
No  knife  so  keen  to  weed  thee  from  my  heart." 
Swift  ;  Pattoral  Dialogue  (1728). 

2.  Anything  short  and  thick  ;  specifically  — 

(1)  A  piece  of  dough  boiled  in  fat.    (Amer.) 

(2)  A  potato.    (Irish.) 

"  But  it  was  eminently  a  'speed  tbe  plough,'  R  speed 
the  '  tpudt  '  aud  the  seeds  day."—  Field,  March  13,  1887. 

3.  A  sharp,  straight,  narrow  spade,  with  a 
long  handle.   It  is  used  for  digging  post-holes, 
and  digging  out  heavy-rooted  weeds,  such  aa 
burdock,  thistles,  &c. 

"  He  conies  upon  him  grubbing  thistles  with  • 
tpud."—  Saturday  Review,  Dec.  2,  1882,  p.  737. 

4.  A  kind    of  small    spade  with  s   short 
handle,  for  use  with  one  hand. 

5.  A  spade-shaped  implement,  used  in  fish- 
ing for  broken  tools  in  a  well. 

Spue,  v.  &  s.    [SPEW.] 

spuil  zie,  spul'-zie  (z  as  y),  «.  [  Fr.  spotter, 
from  Lat.  spolio  —  to  rob,  to  spoil  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Spoil,  booty. 

2.  Scots  Law:  The  taking  away  of  movable 

goods  in  the  possession  of  another,  against 
the  declared  will  of  the  person,  or  without 
the  order  of  law. 

spuke,  s.    [SPOOK.]    A  spirit,  a  spectre, 

spule,  s.     (O.  Fr.  espaule;    Fr.   epauU=tti» 
shoulder.  ]    [SPAULD.  ] 
spulc  bone,  s.    The  blade-bone. 

"There's  nojnuckle  left  on  the  tpule-bane,"  —  Scott: 
Bride  of  Lammermoor,  ch.  xvili. 

Spul'-ler,  s.  [For  spooler.]  [SPOOL.]  On* 
employed  to  inspect  yarn,  to  see  that  it  is 
well  spun  and  fit  for  the  loom.  [Prov.] 

spul'-zie  (Z  as  y),  s.    [SPTJILZIE.]  • 

spu-mar'-i-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  spuma 
=  foam.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Gasteromycetous  Fungals. 
Spumaria  alba  looks  like  white  froth,  and 
grows  on  grasses,  &c. 

spume,  *.  [Lat.  spuma  —  foam.]  Froth, 
scum,  foam  ;  frothy  matter  rising  on  liquor 
or  fluid  substances  in  boiling,  effervescence, 
or  agitation. 

"  Thence  nitre,  sulphur,  and  the  fiery  spume 
Of  fat  bitumen."  Thornton  :  Summer,  1,100, 

spume,  v.i.    [SPUME,  s.] 

1.  To  froth,  to  foam. 

2.  To  spoom. 

*  8pum'-e-ous,  a.    [Lat.  spumeus.]'  Foamy, 

frothy,  spumous. 

"  In  the  tpumeous  and  watry  or  terrene  moisture  of 
the  seed  is  contained  a  body  of  a  more  spirituous  or 
aereal  consistency."—  More  :  Immortality  of  the  Soul. 
bk.  ii..  ch.  xiv. 

*  spu-mes'-9en$e,   s.      [Eng.   spumescen(t)  ; 
-ce.\    The  quality  or  state  of  being  spumes- 
cent  ;  the  state  of  foaming  or  being  foamy. 

*  spu-mes'-$ent,  a.      [Lat.  spumescens,  pr. 

par.  of  spumesco  =  to  grow  foamy,  from  spuma 
=  foam.]  Resembling  froth  or  foam  ;  foaming. 

"spum'-id,  a.  [SPUME.]  Spumous,  frothy, 
foaming. 


boll,  \>6$  •  pout,  J6%1 ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  £ 
-clan,  -tian  =  «*^r.    -tiou,  -sion  =  shun;  -fton,  -sion  —  ***fi™     -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  —  slims,    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4410 


spumiferous— spurgall 


"  spu-mif'-er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  spuma  =  foam, 
ani/ero  =  to  bear.]  Producing  foam  or  spume, 

•pum -i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  spumy;  -nets.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  spumy. 

Spum'-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  sjntmosus,  from  spuma 
=  foam.]  Consisting  of  froth  or  foam  ;  frothy, 
foamy . 

"  The  tpumout  and  florid  state,  which  the  blood  ac- 
quires in  pawing  through  the  lungs."— Arbut/.iiot: 
On  Alimentt,  chTl 

••purn'-y,  a.    [Eng.  spum(e);  -y.] 

1.  The  same  as  SPCMOUS  (q.v.> 

"  From  both  the  wounds  gtuh'd  forth  the  tpumv  gore." 
O ay :  The  Death  <tf  Jfettut. 

2.  Covered  with  foam. 


•pun,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.  &  a.    [SPIN,  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pret.  &  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb), 
C.  As  adj. ;  Worked  by  spinning. 

Spun  gold,  s.  A  flattened  silver-gilt 
Wire,  wound  on  a  thread  of  yellow-silk. 

Spun-silk,  s.  A  cheap  article  produced 
from  short-fibred  and  waste  silk,  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  long  fibres  wound  from  the 
cocoon  and  thrown.  It  is  frequently  mixed 

with  cotton. 

spun-silver,  «.  Thread  of  coarse  silk  or 
singles,  wound  with  flattened  silver  wire. 

spun-yarn,  s. 

Xaut. :  A  line  formed  of  a  number  of  yarns 
twisted  together,  but  not  laid  up.  Used  for 
seizings,  serving,  &c. 

spune,  5,    [SPOOK.]    (Scotch.) 
Bpunge,  A  &  v.    [SPONGE,  s.  &  v.] 
spun  -ger,  *.    (SPONGER.] 

•punk,  '  sponk,  'spunck,  s.    [Tr.  AGael. 
sponc  =  sponge,  tinder,  touchwood,  from  Lat. 
tpongia  =  a  sponge  (q.v.).] 
X  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Touchwood ;  tinder  made  from  a  species 
of  fungus ;  amadou. 

"  To  nmke  white  powder  ;  it  IB  rarely  many  wave* 
feasible  :  the  best  I  Know  IB  by  the  powder  of  rotten 
willows,  spunk,  or  touch-wood  prepared  might  per  hap* 
make  it  roaaet.M— Browne:  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  ii., 
eh.  v. 

2.  A  match,  a  small  piace  of  wood  dipped 
In  sulphur ;  a  spark. 

"  A  tpunk  o'  fire  in  the  red-room."— Scott :  &uy  Man- 
luring,  ch.  xL 

3.  A  qnick,  ardent  temper ;  mettle,  spirit 
IL  Bot.  :  Polyporus  igniarius. 

•punk  -y,  spunk  -le,  a.  &  a.    [Eng.  spunk; 
-JI-] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Spirited,  mettlesome,  fiery,  irritable. 

"  Ermkine  ft  ipunkit  Norland  blllle." 

Burnt :  Cry  t  Prayer. 

2.  Applied    to   a    place   supposed   to   be 
haunted,  from  the  frequent  appearance  of  the 
ignis  fatuvs. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  ignis  fatuus,  or  Will-o'-the-wisp. 

2.  A  person  of  a  fiery  or  irritable  temper. 

Spur,  *  spore,  *  sporrc,  -  spure,  *spurre, 

s.     [A.S.  spura,    spora  =  &  spur;  cogu.  with 

Dut.  spoor=a 

spur,  a  track ; 

Icel.  spori; 

Dan.  spore ; 

8w.  sporre; 

O.  H.  Ger. 

gporo ;  M.  H. 

Ger.    spor ; 

Ger.  sporn, 

all  =  a  spur ; 

Eng.  spoor; 


track,  a  spoor 

(q.v.).] 

I  Ordinary  gprm 

0.  Franklih  (loth  cent.) ;  6.  Korm»n  ; 

1.  Literally:       c.  Henry  IV.;  d.  Henry  VI. ;  «.  Ed- 

n  \    i  „   i «          w«"i  «• :  /  Edward  IV. :  o.  Henry 

0)    An    in-         VII.;  ».  Henry  VIII.; (.fcflzahetl,; 

BtruniCIlt    at-       J.  A  Jincling  Spur  (Elij«l«th) :  1. 

tanhpil  to  thp       Cromwell  ;    I.   A  CfftmbKlo   8pur 

IJ.me,  II.) :  ™.  A  Ounbudo  Spur 

heel,  and  hav-      jwiiiiiun  in. ;  «.  o«orje  I. 
ing  a  rowel  or 

wheel  of  points  to  prick  a  horse's  side.    The 
riin  is  the  part  inclosing  the  heel  of  the  boot ; 


the  neck,  the  part  between  the  rowel  and  rim. 
[BOWEL.]  Spurs  were  the  special  badge  oi 
knighthood ;  hence.  To  win  one's  spurs  =  to 
become  a  knight,  and,  generally,  to  achieve 
the  utmost  one  can  in  any  line  or  profession  ; 
to  attain  the  highest  eminence. 

"  Wild  as  the  wild  deer,  and  untaught, 
With  ipur  and  bridle  uiniclilcd." 

Byron  :  Maxeppa,  Ix. 

*(2)  The  largest  and  principal  root  of  atree. 

"  By  the  tptirt  plucked  up  the  piue  and  cedar." 

SAaketp. :  Tempett,  Y. 

(3)  Something  which  projects  ;  a  snag. 

(4)  The  hard-pointed  projection  011  a  cock's 
leg,  which  serves  for  defence  and  attack. 

"The  cock,  for  instance,  hath  his  tpiirt,  and  he 
strikes  his  feet  iuwan.1  with  siuscular  strength  »ud 
order."— Hale:  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  w. 

(5)  A  mountain,  or  mountain  mass,  shooting 
ont  from  a  range  of  mountains,  or  from  ano- 
ther mountain,  and  extending  for  some  dis- 
tance in  a  lateral  or  rectangular  direction. 

"Finally  gaining  the  height  of  the  first  tpur  that 
barred  their  w*y."— Field,  Feb.  19,  1887. 

(6)  A  sea  swallow.    (Prov.) 

2.  Fig. :  Anything  that  seems  to  goad,  spur, 
or  impel  to  action  ;  a  goad,  an  incitement,  an 
incentive,  a  stimulus. 

"  His  ferocious  temper  needed  no  tpur ;  yet  »  ipur 
was  applied.  "—Afacaulay:  Bitt.  Eny.,  ch.  v. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Anat. :  The  angle  at  which  the  arteries 
leave  a  cavity  or  trunk.    (Dunqlison.) 

2.  Arch. :  A  buttress. 

3.  Botany: 

(1)  [CAIX?AB(2).] 

(2)  (PL) :  Little  stunted  branches  on  a  tree, 
flower  buds,  the  growth  of  which  has  been 
retarded  because  they  are  about  to  put  forth 
flower  buds  instead  of  leaves.     (Linaley.) 

(3)  A  grain  of  rye  affected  with  ergot 

4.  Carp. :  A  strut  or  brace  strengthening  a 
rafter  or  stiffening  a  post 

5.  Fortification: 

(1)  A  tower  or  blockhouse  in  the  ontworka 
before  the  port 

(2)  A  wall  that  crosses  part  of  a  rampart 
and  connects  it  to  the  interior  work. 

6.  Hydr.-eng. :    A  projection    carried    out 
from  the  bank  of  a  river  to  deflect  the  current 
and  protect  the  hank.    It  is  made  of  masonry, 
of  piles,  or  of  earth  revetted  by  gabions  or 
fascines. 

7.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  sole  with  spikes,  to  enable  a  seaman  to 
stand  on  a  whale  while  flensing  it 

(2)  A  prong  on  the  arm  of  some  forms  of 
anchor,  to  assist  in  turning  the  lower  arm 
from  the  shank. 

8.  Shipbuilding: 

(1)  A  shore  extending  from  the  bilgeway, 
and  fayed  and  bolted  to  the  bottom  of  the 
ship  on  the  stocks. 

(2)  A  curved  piece  of  timber,  serving  as  a 
half-beam  to  support  a  deck  where  a  hatch- 
way occurs. 

(3)  A  compass  timber  or  knee,  having  one 
arm  bolted  to  the  dock-beams  and  a  vertical 
arm  bolted  to  the  bitts,  which  are  addition- 
ally secured  thereby. 

T(l)  Battle  of  Spurs : 

Hist. :  The  name  given  to  two  battles  in 
which  the  French  were  defeated  at  Guine- 
gate,  near  Courtrai :  (1)  by  the  Flemings  in 
1302;  (2)  by  the  English  and  Austrians  in 
1513.  These  battles  are  said  to  have  been  so 
named,  because  the  losers  "  used  their  spurs 
more  than  their  swords."  In  the  first  case,  a 
more  probable  reason  is  to  be  found  in  the 
fact  that  "  the  Flemings  took  at  Courtrai 
four  thousand  pairs  of  gilt  spurs,  which  were 
only  worn  by  knights.  These  Telly,  happily 
enough,  compares  to  Hannibal's  three  bushel's 
of  gold  rings  at  Cannse."  (HaUam:  Middle 
Ages,  ch.  i.,  pt.  1.,  note.) 

(2)  On  the  spur  of  the  moment :  On  the  im- 
pulse felt  at  the  moment ;  without  considera- 
tion. 

"He  moat  likely  regret*  now  having  acted  on  the 
tpur  of  the  moment."— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  25,  1884. 

spur  gear,  spur-gearing,  *. 
Mach. :  Gearing  in  which  spur-wheels  are 
used. 

spur-maker,  *.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  spurs. 

spur-pruning,   i.    A  mode  of  pruning 


trees,  by  which  one  or  two  eyes  of  the  preced- 
ing year's  wood  are  left,  and  the  rest  cut  off, 
BO  as  to  leave  short  rods. 

spur-rowel,  s.    The  rowel  of  a  spur. 

"  Put  leather.,  balleta,  mid  ipurrowfj  in  a  box."— 
— Merc:  Immortality  of  th*  Saul,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  ii 

spur-royal, 'spur-rial,  *spur-ryal, 

«.  A  gold  com  iirst  made  iu  tlie  reign  of 
Edward  IV.  In  the  reign  of  James  I.,  its 


SPUR-ROVAL. 


value  was  15s.  So  called  from  having  on  th« 
reverse  a  sun  with  four  cardinal  rays  issuing 
from  it,  so  as  to  support  a  resemblance  to  the 
rowel  of  a  spur.  The  illustration  is  about 
half  the  size  of  the  coin. 

"  I  have  a  paper  with  a  irar-ryal  in." 

Sen  Jonton  :  Alchemttt,  lii.  1 

spur-shell,  .-•. 

ZooL  :  The  genus  Imperator  (q.v.),  in  alln- 
sion  to  its  old  name  Calcar,  and  to  the  fact 
that,  seen  from  above,  the  shell  somewhat 
resembles  the  rowel  of  a  spur. 

spur-tree,  & 

Sot. :  Petitia  domingensi$. 
spur- valerian,  s. 

Bot. ;  The  genus  Centranthua. 

*  Spur-way,  *.    A  narrow  way  for  horses  t 

a  bridle-path. 

spur-wheels,  &  ;</. 

Mack. :  The  ordinary  form  of  cog-wheels. 
The  cogs  are  radial  and  peripheral,  and  are 
adapted  to  engage  counterpart  cogs  on  another 
wheel.  The  pitch-lines  of  the  driving  and  the 
driven  wheel  are  in  one  plane 

spur-wing,  & 

Ornith, :  A  popular  name  for  any  bird 
having  a  horny  spur  or  spurs  on  the  shoulders 
of  the  wings.  [PALAMEDEID.S.] 

spur- winged  goose,  *. 

Ornith. ;  Plectroptfrusgambensts,  from  north- 
ern and  western  Africa.  It  is  alxmt  the  size 
of  the  common  goose  ;  upper  parts  of  body 
glossy  black,  with  metallic  reflections ;  under 
parts  white ;  bend  of  wing  with  a  large  blunt 
spar,  which  is  sometimes  double. 

spur-wood, «. 

Bot.  :  Ranunculus  Flammula.  (Bntten  <r 
Holland). 

Spur,  *  spurre,  v.t.  &  i.    [SPOR,  «.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  Literally: 

1.  To  prick  with  spurs  ;  to  urge  to  a  faster 
pace  with  spurs. 

"  Resuh  'd  to  learn,  he  tpurr'd  his  fiery  steed." 

Oryden;  Palamon  *  Arcite,  U.  Ji». 

2.  To  fit  or  furnish  with  spurs;    to    put 
spurs  on  ;  to  attach  spurs  to :  as,  A  traveller 
booted  and  spurred, 

EL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  urge,  encourage,  or  incite  to  action  ; 
to  instigate,  to  impel,  to  goad. 

"  With  their  power  to  unalieath  the  taate  and  tpur 
the  flagging  appetite." — Scribner't  Magazine,  August, 
1K7,  p.  477. 

*  2,  To  hasten.  (ShaJcesp. :  Coriolanut,  1. 10.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Lit. :  To  spur  one's  horse  to  make  it  go 
ast  or  faster  ;  to  ride  fast 

"  But  all  ipurd  after,  fast  as  they  mote  fly, 
To  reekew  her  from  shameful  1  villauy. 

Speruer:  f.  Q.,  III.  t  U. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  press  forward. 

"Some  bold  men.  though  they  begin  with  InflniU 
Ignorance  and  errour,  yet, ^>y  tpurring  on,  retine  thent- 
selvea."— Grew. 

2.  To  urge,  to  impel,  to  incite,  to  instigate. 

"  Self-Interest,  at  we  there  show,  ipurring  to  action 
by  hope*  and  feaim."—  Warburton:  JHnne  Legation, 
bk.  i.,  (  4. 

*  Spur'-gall,  v.t.     [Eng.  spur,  and  gall}    To 
wound  or  gall  with,  or  as  with  a  spur. 

"  I  am  ridden,  Tnuilo, 
And  tpitr-fjfitl'd  to  the  life  of  patience." 

Mtaum.  *  Ftet.  :  Womant  Prix*.  IL  4 


Ate,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there:   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p3t 
or,  wore,  woll,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  euro,  unite,  our,  role,  full;  try,  Syrian,    n.  oo  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


spurgall— spy 


•ll-l 


••pnr'-gaU.  s.  [SPUROALL,  v,]  A  place  galled 
or  excoriated  by  much  using  of  the  spur. 

•purge,  s.     [O.  Fr.  spurger,  espurger  =  to 
purge  ;  Lat.  expurgo:  ex  =  out,  and  purgo  = 
to  purge.] 
Bot. :  The  genus  Euphorbia  (q.v.). 

spurge-flax,  a. 

Bot. :  Daphne  Gnidium. 
spurge  hawk-moth,  s. 

Entom. :  Deilephila  euphorbia!.  Fore  wings 
jtrav  with  blotches  and  bands  of  olive-brown, 
hind  wings  pink,  with  black  blotches  and 
bands,  and  at  the  anal  angle  a  snowy-white 
mark  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  olive-brown,  with 
black  and  white  lines  and  spots.  The  larva 
feeds  on  spurges. 

spurge-laurel, «. 

Bot. :  Daphne  Laureola. 

spurge-olive,  s. 

Bot. :  Daphne  Mezereum. 
•purge'-wort,  s.    [Eng.  spurge,  and  wort.] 

Botany : 

1.  Iris  fostidissima. 

2.  (PI.) :  The  order  Euphorbiacese. 

•  spurg  Ing,  s.    [SPUROE.]    Purging. 

"  The  tpuryiny  of  a  dead  man's  eye,*-" 

•piir'-l-OUB,  o.    [Lat.  spuriua  =  bastard.] 

1.  Not  legitimate  ;  bastard. 

"  Your  Sdplos.  Uesars.  Pouipeys.  and  your  Catos, 

These  ttods  on  eai-th,  are  all  the  tpuriottl  brood 
Of  violated  maids."  Addlton :  Coto,  Ii.  I . 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  the  true  source,  or 
from  the  source  pretended ;  not  being  what 
It  pretends  or  appears  to  be ;  not  genuine  ; 
counterfeit,  false. 

••  To  mistake  your  gennlne  poetry  for  their  tpurloia 
productions."—  Drydm :  Juvenal.  (Dedio.) 

spurious-disease,  s. 

Pathol.:  A  disease  which  is  mistaken  for 
another,  as  spurious  croup,  hydrocephalus, 
Aw. 

spurious-wing, «.    [BASTABD-WISO.] 

•piir'-s-ous-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  spurious;  -ly.] 
In  a  spurious  manner  ;  falsely,  counterfeitly. 

"The  child  had  been  tfuriautly  passed  upon  Vlr- 
ginius  for  his  own."—  Webtter:  Tragedy  of  Appiut  * 
Virginia. 

•pur'-I-ous-ness,  s.    [Eng.  spurious ;  -ness.] 

1.  Illegitimacy,  bastardy ;  the  state  of  being 
of  illegitimate  birth. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  spurious, 
false,  counterfeit,  or  not  genuine. 

"  Books  superadded  by  Patrlcius  .  .  .  and  no  sign  of 
tpurtovtneu  or  bastardy  discovered  in  them.  — Cud. 
worth :  Intell.  System,  p,  821. 

•pur'-le'ss,  *spure-les,  a.  (Eng.  spur; 
-less.]  Without  spurs  ;  having  no  spurs. 

spurless  violet,  s. 

Bot. :  The  old  genus  Erpetion,  now  merged 
in  Viola  (q.v.). 

•pur' -ling,  s.    [SPARLING.] 
spurling  line,  «. 
Nautical: 

1.  A  line  from  the  steering-wheel  to  the 
tell-tale  in  the  cabin,  by  which  the  position 
of  the  tiller  may  be  observed  without  going 
on  deck. 

2.  A  line  with  fair-leaders,  for  running  ropes. 

spurn.  *  sporne,  •  spurne,  *  spurn-en, 

v.t.  Si  i.  [A.S.  speornan,  gespeornan,  gespornan 
—  to  kick  against  (pa.  t.  spearn,  pi.  spurnon, 
pa.  par.  spornen) ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  sperna  (pa.  t. 
spam)  =  to  spurn,  to  kick  with  the  feet ;  Lat 
sperno  =  to  despise.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  kick  back  or  away,  as  with  the  foot ; 
to  kick. 

"  He  with  his  feet  wol  tpurnen  doun  his  cap." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  10,929. 

2.  To  reject  with  the  greatest  disdain ;  to 
•corn,  to  despise ;  to  treat  with  contempt. 

"  Han  tpurni  the  worm,  but  pauses  ere  he  wake 
IB  slumbering  venom  of  the  folded  snake." 


e  oe    snae. 
Byron  :  Coriair,  1.  U. 


The! 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  kick  or  toss  up  the  heels. 

H  The  drunken  chairman  in  the  kennel  tpurni, 
The  glasses  shatters,  and  his  charge  o'erturns, 

Gay :  Trivia,  ii.  519. 


*  2.  To  dash  the  foot  against  anything ;  to 
kick  with  the  feet. 

••  A  leper  lady  rose,  and  to  her  wend. 
And  sajd.  <Vhy  snurnes  thou  again  the .wall  t 

Cnauger :  Complaint  of  Creteidf. 

3.  To  manifest  the  greatest  disdain  or  con- 
tempt in  rejectinganytuing  ;  to  show  contempt 
or  disdain  in  resistance. 

"This  pomp  of  pretension,  which  tpurni  at  the  idea 
of  reform."— Knox  :  Liberal  Education.  (App.) 

spurn,  *  spurne,  s.    [SPURN,  «.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  blow  with  the  foot ;  a  kick. 

"  And  what  defence  can  properly  be  used  in  inch  a 
despicable  encounter  as  this,  but  either  the  slap  or 
the  tpurni"— Milton:  Cotatterion. 

2.  Disdainful   or  contemptuous   rejection; 
an  insult 

••  The  insolence  of  offlce,  and  the  tpumt 
That  patient  merit  of  tu'  unworthy  takes. 

Shtiketp.  :  Hamlet,  lit  1. 

H.  Mining  (PI.) :  Small  ties  or  connections 
left  between  the  coals  hanging  and  the  ribs 
and  pillars,  to  ensure  safety  to  the  miner 
during  cutting. 

*  spurn-point,  *  spurne-poynte,  s. 
An  old  game,   the   nature  of  whicn  is  not 
exactly  known. 

spurn- water,  s. 

Naut. :  A  channel  at  the  end  of  a  deck,  to 
restrain  the  water. 

*  spurne,  v.t.    [SPUR,  v.] 

spurn' -er, ».    [Eng.  spurn,  v. ;  -er.]    One  who 
spurns. 

spurn'-ey,  s.    [See  def.]    Probably  a  corrupt, 
of  Spurrey  (q.r.). 

spurre,  s.    [SPUR,  s.] 

*  1.  A  spur. 

2.  The  Sea-swallow. 

•purred,  a.    [Eng.  spur,  ». ;  -td.] 

1.  Wearing  or.having  spurs. 

2.  Having   prolongations    or    ihoota  like 
spurs. 

spurred  chameleon,  s. 

Zool. :  Chameleon  calctfer,  from  the  country 
round  Aden. 

spurred  corolla,  s. 

Bot. :  A  corolla  having  a  spur  near  its  base, 
as  in  Tropseolum.  [SPUR,  ».,  II.  3.] 

spurred-rye,  s.  Eye  affected  with  er- 
got. [EROOT,  KYB.] 

spurred  tree-frog,  s. 

Zool. :  PolypKlates  eques,  from  Ceylon.  The 
fingers  are  not  webbed,  and  there  is  a  spur- 
like  appendage  on  the  heel  ;  grayish-olive 
above,  with  a  black  mark  like  an  hour-glass 
on  the  back. 

spur'-rer,  s.    [Eng.  spur,  v. ;  -tr.) 

L  Lit. :  One  who  spurs  ;  one  who  uses  spurs. 

2.  Fig. :   One   who  or  that  which  spurs, 

incites,  or  urges  on ;  a  stimulus,  an  instigator. 

•pur'-rej?,  ».     [O.  Fr.  tpurrie;   Ger.  spark, 
spergel,  sporgel;  Mod.  Lat.  spergula.] 
Bot. :  The  genus  Spergula  (q.v.). 

•pur'-ri-er,».  [Eng.  spur;  -ier.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  make  spurs. 

"  That  saddlers  and  tpurriert  would  be  rained  by 
hundreds."—  Macautay:  Bitt.  Xng..  oh.  11L 

spur'-ry, «.    [SPUHREY.] 

*  spur'-rtf,  a.  [Eng.  spur ;  •«/.]  Forked  like 
the  rowels  of  a  spur. 

"  Like  a  star  it  cast  a  tpurry  ray." 

Chapman  :  Bomer ;  Iliad  xlx.  367. 

spurt  (1),  *  spirt,  v.t.  &  i.  [The  same  word 
as  sprout;  Mid.  Eng.  sprutten,  from  A.8. 
sprythan,  spritten  =  to  sprout.] 

A.  Trans. :   To  throw  out  or  eject   in  a 
stream  or  jet,  as  water;  to  spout  out;   to 
drive  or  force  out  with  violence,  as  from  a 
narrow  orifice  ;  to  squirt 

B.  Intrans. :  To  gush  out  in  a  small  stream 
suddenly  and  forcibly,  or  at  intervals,  as  blood 
from  an  artery,  &c.  (Usually  followed  by  out.) 

"  At  last  I  perceived  two  white  specks  In  the  middle 
of  the  boll,  and  squeezing  It,  two  small  white  worms 
tpurted  out"— DampUr :  Yoyaget.  voL  U.,  pt.  lit. 

spurt  (2),  tf.i.  [Icel.  sprettr  =  a  spurt,  spring, 
bound,  from  spretta,  pa.  t  spratt  —  to  start,  to 


spring,  to  sprout;  cf.  Sw.  spritta  =  to  start 
Closely  allied  to  spurt  (1),  v.]  To  make  • 
sudden,  sharp,  and  vigorous  temporary  effort 
in  an  emergency,  as  in  running,  rowing,  So. 

"  Pitman  tpurted  in  a  most  determined  manner."— 
Field,  April  4,  1885. 

spurt  (1), ».    [SPURT  (l),  ».] 

1.  A  forcible  gush  of  liquid  from  a  confined 
place  or  narrow  orifice ;  a  jet 

"  See  the  breeze  curling  OB  the  water  Otn  both  sides 
of  us,  and  sometimes  get  a  ipurt  of  it."—  Dampiir 
Voiiaget,  vol.  11..  pt.  ill.,  ch.  iv. 

2.  A  short,  sudden  outbreak. 

"  A  sudden  spurt  of  woman's  jealousy." 

Tennyson ;  yioitn,  174. 

*  3.  A  shoot,  a  bud. 
spurt-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  Scirpus  maritlmut. 

•purt  (2),  «.  [SPURT  (2),  v.]  A  sudden,  sharp, 
and  vigorous  temporary  effort  in  an  emer- 
gency. 

"  Oxford  drew  away  again  as  the  spurt  in  the  losing 
boat  died  away."— Field,  April  4,  1885. 

*  spur  -tie,  v.t.    [A  frequent  from  spurt  (1), 
v.  (q.v.).]    To  spurt  or  shoot  in  a  scattering 
manner. 

•pur'-wort,  «.    [Eng.  spur,  and  wort.] 
Bot. :  Sherardia  arvensis. 

•pu'-ta,  s.  pi.    [SPUTUM.] 

*  spu-ta'-tlon,  s.    [Lat.  sputatus,  pa.  pir.  of 
»/ra"to  =  tospit.]    The  act  of  spitting. 

"  A  moist  consumption  receives  its  nomenclature 
from  a  tuolst  initiation,  or  expectoration :  a  dry  one  Is 
known  by  its  dry  congu."— Barvey  •'  0»  Coiitumpttonl. 

*  spu'-ta  -tfve,  a.     [SPUTATION.]     Spitting 
much  ;  inclined  to  spit. 

"To  allay  that  iputattw  symptom." — JPottoit: 
Remainl,  p.  370. 

sputch  eon.s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  inner 
part  of  the  mouthpiece  of  a  sword  scabbard, 
which  retains  the  lining  in  place. 

*  spute,  v.t.    [A  contract  of  dispute  (q.v.>] 

sput  -ter,  v.l.  &  (.  [A  frequent,  from  spout,  V. 
(q.v.);  Low  Ger.  spruttern,  tputtern  —  \a 
sprinkle.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  eject  or  throw  out  moisture  In  small 
detached  particles. 

"  They  keep  the  wheels  of  his  temper  oiled,  and  the 
flre  within  from  tputtering  into  the  ashes  of  clis. 
content."— mid,  April  4.  1885. 

2.  To  eject  saliva  from  the  mouth  in  small 
or  scattered  portions,  as  in  rapid  speaking; 
to  spit,  to  splutter. 

••  While  N and  M tputtfr  there 

Thou'lt  ne'er  prevent  with  all  thy  care. 

The  melting  of  th«  «uet."  llanat :  Ode. 

3.  To   fly  off  in    small   particles    with   a 
crackling  noise. 

••  When  sparkling  lamps  their  tputfring  light  advance. 
And  in  the  sockets  oily  bubbles  dance." 

Dryden :  rirgil :  Oeorgic  L  M7. 

4.  To  make  a  spluttering  noise  in  water. 

•'  The  multitudinous  tputtering  and  shuffling  of 
their  bills  in  the  water."— Burrought :  Pepacton,  p.  8M. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  eject  or  emit  with  a  spluttering  noise. 

"Lick'd  their  hissing  Jaws  that  iputter'd  name." 
Drydm:  Virgil:  .entid  11.  J7». 

2.  To  utter  rapidly   and  indistinctly;  to 
Jabber ;  to  splutter  out 

sput'-ter,  «.    [SPUTTER,  ».] 

1.  Moist  matter  ejected  in  small  detached 
particles, 

2.  A  noise,  a  bustle,  an  uproar. 

•put'-ter-er,  s.     [Eng.  sputter;  -tr.\    .One 
who  sputters  or  splutters. 

spu'-tum,  «.    [Lat,  from  spuo  =  to  spit  out.] 
*  1.  On*.  Lang. :  Spittle  ;  salival  discharges 
from  the  mouth. 

2.  Pathol. :  The  substance  expectorated  in 
bronchitis,  pneumonia,  and  other  chest 
an'ections.  Often  in  the  plural,  sputa. 

•py,*»pie,*spye,«.   [O.  Fr.wpfa.]  [Spy,*] 
1.  One  who  keeps  a  constant  watch  on  the 
actions,  movements,  &c.,  of  others  ;  one  who 
secretly  watches  all  that  passes. 

"  As  each  Is  known  to  be  a  tpy  upon  the  rest,  they 
all  live  in  contluual  restraint. '—Idler,  No.  78. 

2  Specif.,  one  who  is  sent  secretly  into 
the  camp,  or  territory  of  an  enemy,  to  exa- 
mine their  works,  ascertain  their  strength  and 


bSO,  ivoy;  P6ut,  ]6>1;  eat,  cell,  ehoms,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expeet. 

-tian  =  shan.  -tton,  -«ion  =  shun:  -tlon,  -}loi.  =  zhun.   -oioM.  -tlons,  nrion*  =  «hu«.   -We,  -*!«,  *< 


4412 


spy— squaUer 


Intended  movements,  and  report  thereon 
the  proper  authorities.    A  spy  if  caught  i 
liable  to  capital  punishment. 
"Ssnda  bs  some  ipy.  amidst  these  silent  hoar*. 
To  try  yon  camp,  and  watcfa  the  Trojan  powers  f  • 
Pope  :  Boner;  fliad  X.  U. 

•  3.  The  pUot  of  a  vessel. 
•4.  A  glance,  a  look. 

•  boh  other'!  equal!  pulssaunce  envies. 

And  through  their  Iron  >ld<»  with  cruell  ip>« 
Doe«  seeke  to  pena.*         4p«un-.  f.  «..  L  1L  IT. 

•  Spy-boat,  «.     A  boat  sent  out  to  gain 
•telligence. 

-Giving  the  colour  of  the  sea  to  their  i»»  Isms,  to 
keep  tbeiu  from  beini  discovered,   came   from    th 


spy  glass,  «.    A  telescope  ;  a  small  tele- 
M0|«. 

•spy-money,  «.    Money  paid  to  a  spy 
•  reward  for  secret  intelligence. 

•  Spy-  Wednesday,  «.     A  name  given 
to  tlie    Wednesday  immediately    proceeding 
Easter,  in  allusion  to  the  betrayal  of  our  Lon 
by  Judas  Iscariot. 

spy,  "sple,  r.fc  &  t     (For  «py,  from  O.  FT 

apier;  from  O.  H.  Ger.  spehon  ;  M.  H.  Ger 

•pehn  ;  Ger.  tpahen  =  to  watch  closely  ;  Lat. 

ipeeio  =  to  look  ;  Gr.  <r««irro^u  (ikeptomai)  = 

to  look.) 

A.  rraiuitin: 

1.  To  gain  sight  of  ;  to  discover,  to  espy,  to 

perceive,  to  detect. 

"  And.  when  I  ip,  advantage,  claim  the  crown." 
SHatetf.  :  i  Henri  TI..  L  1. 

*  i.  To  explore,  to  view,  examine,  or  inspect 
closely  and  secretly.    (Generally  with  out.) 


3.  To  ascertain  or  gain  a  knowledge  of 
secretly  and  by  artifice  ;  to  discover  by  close 
March  or  examination. 

B.  latrnns.  :  To  search  narrowly  ;  to  scruti- 
Dl»,  to  pry. 

"  It  U  my  nature  s  plague 
Too*  Into  abuses."         SbUcctp.  :  OOtMo,  HL  I. 

•  spy'-aL  «.   [SPIAL,] 

•spy'-cratt.  t,  [Eng.  m,  and  cni/l  (IX  «•) 
The  acts  or  practice  of  a  spy  ;  the  act  or 
practice  of  spying. 

•spy-d6m,i.  [Eng.  «p»;  -Am.)  The  act 
or  practice  of  spying  ;  the  system  of  employ- 
Ing  spies  ;  spyism. 

"A  sensible  international  custom  has  obtained 
throughout  Europe  which  deprives*p«<i<>»t  of  its  only 
imaginable  excuse  whlUt  nations  ars  at  Mace  with 
one  another."-0ofi,  TA-frmpH,  Psb,  Is,  lit* 

*  Spy-Ism.  «.    [Eng.  tpt;  -itm.]    The  same  as 

SPYDOM  (q.v.). 


,  r.i.    [SPIES.  «.] 
sq.,  abbm.    [See  def.)    Square. 

«quab,  •squob,  o.,  adv.,  it  «.     [Sw.  dial 
sjtwpp  =  a  splash  ;    Ger.   t&wapp  =  a  slap ; 
•w.  dial,  sqvabb  =  loose  or  fat  flesh  ;  sqrabba 
=  a  Eat  woman ;  ajroioi;  =  flabby.) 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Fat,  short,  thick  and  stout ;  bulky. 

"  The  nappy  ale  goes  round  ; 
Nor  the  «r»aS  daughter  nor  the  wife  were  nice. 
Kach  health  the  youths  began.  Sim  pledg'd  Ittwice." 
eMMaM, 

2.  Unfledged,  unfeathered,  newly-hatched. 

"Its  yoAt  is  pre  eminently  good  in  a  pie,  and  with 
stud*  lie,,  very  young)  chicken.'— FMd.  a,  ISM. 

•  3.  Shy,  coy,  quiet 

"  Tour  deinure  ladies  that  are  so  STUOO  in  company 
ars^devito  in  a  comer."- XA  Lot  ;  rrina*  o/ciii 

•  4.  Short,  curt,  abrupt, 

"  We  have  returned  a  tyuao  answer. "—  WalpoU  :  To 
Jfoitn,  iii.  125. 

•  B.  As  adv. :  With  a  heavy  fall ;  plump, 
Bop. 

"The  eagle  took  the  tortoise  up  into  the  sir,  and 
«HM  him  down,  sexta,  upon  a  rock."— L'tttnna* : 

C.  As  substantive  : 
L  A  short,  fat  person. 

•  Gorgonlus  sits,  abdominous  and  wan, 
Like  a  fat  »/ut&  upon  a  Chinese  fan/ 

Cotrper  :  Frogvat  of  frror.  HI 

S.  A  young  pigeon  or  dove, 

S.  A  kind  of  sofa  or  conch ;  a  stuffed  cushion. 

•On  her  'arge  arsut*  you  find  hsr  spread.' 
Pop, 


squab-chick,  «.     A  chicken  not  fully 
feathered.    (PrmJ 


squab  pie.   s. 

apples,  ana  onions. 


A    pie    made  of  mea 


"  Cornwall  tottae-pit,  and  Devon  whitepot  brings." 
Sing  :  Art  of  foolery. 

•squab,  r.i.  [SQDAB,  a.]  To  fall  plump  o 
flop, 

squa-bash',  r.i.  [Prob.  a  corrupt,  of  tquau 
(q.v.),]  To  crush,  to  squash,  to  ruin.  (Colloq 
or  slang.) 

"  Compared  with  the  sarcastic  Irony  which  aruo. 
bulo  poor  Mr.  Nicholas  Carlisle/— /nteOttsvieer 
April  11.  isaoi 

*  squa-bash'.  t.  (SQCABASH,  ».]  A  crush 
ing,  a  squashing. 

"A  aruoeaia.  of  the  growing  Incnmbranee  o 
chivalrous  novela."— Morning  Adwertiur.  July  1.  1833. 

•squab  bish,i.  [Eng.»ouai,a,;-wA.]  Squab 
thick,  heavy ;  short  and  thick. 

"  Diet  makes  them  of  a  enuiAMsa  or  hardy  habit  o 
body."—  ffarrty  :  Of  Conntmption. 

squab  ble,  v.i.  *  I.     [Sw.  dial  ttraiW  =  a 
squabble,  from  s.'.-ropp  =  a  splash  ;  cf.  ifaaJUb 
=  to  chide,  to  scold  ;  Icel.  itmkka  =  to  giv 
a  sound  as  of  water  shaken  in  a  bottle.] 
A.  Intransitin: 

1.  To  engage  in  a  low,  noisy  quarrel  or  dis- 
pute ;  to  wrangle,  to  brawl,  to  scuttle. 

"  For  which  they  tyuoMU  and  for  which  they  pine. 
SAM*.  .-  Fotuntefr  Lauroat.  No.  a 

2.  To   debate   peevishly ;    to   dispute,    to 
argue. 

"The  sense  of  these  propositions  Is  v«ry  plain,  though 
logicians  might  tauabole  a  whole  day,  whether  the: 
should  rank  them  under  negative  or  affirmative.'  — 
Watti:  Logic. 

Print. :  To  put  awry ;  to  disarrange  or 
knock  off  the  straight  line,  as  type  that  has 
been  set  up.  A  page  is  said  to  be  squabblec 
when  the  letters  stand  ranch  awry,  and  re- 
quire painstaking  adjustment. 

squab -ble,  s.  [SQUABBLE,  ».]  A  petty  quarrel 
a  wrangle  ;  a  noisy  dispute  ;  a  scutnV. 

"  He  takes  the  side  of  the  Irish  House  of  Commons 
in  all  its  KfutittaJrt  with  the  mother  country."— fir*. 
Quart,  J&.MST.  ML  BIO  (1673). 

Squab' -bier,  >.  [Eng.  squal>bl(t);  -er.]  One 
who  squabbles  ;  a  noisy,  quarrelsome  fellow  ; 
a  brawler,  a  wrangler. 

squab  -by,  a.  [Eng.  squab,  a. ;  -».)  Short 
and  thick ;  dumpy. 

"So  far  as  the  spuiM*  stone  structure  which  com- 
prises the  offices  of  the  Oommsnder.in-Chief  Is  con- 
cerned."— Dail,  rvlefr.ua.  Sept  10.  usi. 

sqnao  -00,  a.    [Native  name.) 

ZooL  :  A  species  of  heron,  Ardea  eamata. 

squad,  «.  [O.  FT.  etyuadre,  escadre,  from  ItaL 
squadra  =  a  squadron  (q.v.).] 

1.  JfiZ. :  A  small  number  of  men  assembled 
for  drill  or  inspection. 

the  winning  tfuad."— Dattf 


2.  A  small  number  or  party  of  people  •  a 
crew,  a  set 

"A  mixUe-maitie  motley  apuid. 

S»n«i  :  rtrmi  It  J.  . 

T  Avkward  squad  :  A  body  of  recruits  who 
nave  not  yet  mastered  their  drill  sufficiently 
to  take  their  places  in  the  regimental  line; 
hence,  any  awkward  set  of  persons. 


squad,   v.t. 
squad. 


[SquAB,  «.]    To  draw  np  In  a 


iy  his  bald  pate  and  his  cowl  hang, 
t  he  was  a  fat,  sowaisk  •nktknl 
in  some  cloyster,"— &rg**» :  Ifetn 


"  Sovtuf  your  men.  and  -form  up  on  the  road."— 
Lmr:  Ckarla  O'XtUe,.  ch.  UuvL 

squad  dy,  a.  [Prob.  for  iqvabby  (q.v.l  or 
for  s-fually  (q.v.).J  Pat,  thick,  dumpv.  (Still 
in  use  in  America.) 

"We  know  him  by  his  bald 
Ing  at  his  back,  that  be 
bad  keen  well  fed  In  s.. 
from  00CA  Beafen  t  BeU. 

squad    ron,   *  squad  -  rone,  a     [O.  Pr. 

aquadron  (Fr.  escadron),  from  ItaL  sqvadrone 
=  a  squadron,  from  Lat.  squadm^ a  squadron 
a  square  (q.v.).] 

L  Ord.  lang. :  Originally  a  square  or  square 
form ;  hence,  a  body  drawn  up  in  a  square  •  a 
square  body  of  men. 

"  Those  halx-roundlnff  guards 
Just  met.  and  closing  stood  in  aTuedrex  joined." 
MOton  :  P.  L..  iv  161 


1.  UU. :  A  force  of  cavalry  commanded  by 
a  captain,  and  usually  about  100  strong.  Each 
squadron  is  composed  of  two  troops,  each,  in 
ordinary  service,  commanded  by  a  captain 


for  purposes  of  administration,  but  united 
under  the  senior  for  service  in  the  field.  Four 
squadrons  form  a  regiment.  The  squadron  is 
frequently  considered  the  tactical  unit  of 
cavalry. 

••  Bank  npon  rank,  loiKKfroa  upon  a^uoxtmo  pour." 

Scott :  Don  Roderick,  ix. 

S.  Kami:  A  division  of  a  fleet;  a  detach- 
ment of  ships  of  war  employed  upon  a  parti- 
cular sen-ice  or  station,  and  under  the  com- 
mand of  a  commodore  or  junior  flag-officer. 

"  Boon  came  the  Xorth  Holland  arwadrot*.  the  Maes 
madron,  the  Zealand  JVuaJrtm."-.VjrauJO, ;  But. 
Mng..  ch.  zviiL 

f  Sqmadrmt  of  &o(«fi<m:  A  naval  squadron 
engaged  in  manoeuvering,  practicing  with 
signals,  and  acquiring  efficiency  in  fleet-drill. 

Flying  Squadron :  A  squadron  of  vessels  fitted 
out  and  intended  for  rapid  cruising. 

*  squad -roned,  o.     [Eug.  tqvadm;  -«i.) 
Formed    into    a    squadron,    squadrons,    or 
squares. 

"  They  gladly  thither  baste,  and  by  a  quire 
Of  aruadj-oMsd  augels  bear  Uu  carol  sung." 

Jttlioi,:  P.i..&.m. 

squall,   v.i.     [Etym.    doubtful.)     To   throw 
sticks  at  cocks. 

squall -cr.j.   [Eng.  tquait;  -or.]  (Seeextract) 

"  Mow  that  the  trees  an  bare  and  the  leaves  nan 

fallen,  the  idler*  of  the  county  towns  may  perhaM 
sally  forth  armed  witti  */ua>!rn.  an  ingenioiu  in,:™- 
ment  composed  of  a  short  stick  of  pliant  cane  »ud  a 
haded  knob,  to  drive  the  harmless  liltle  iquirrtl  from 
tree  to  tree,  and  lay  It  a  victim  at  the  feet  of  a  sucosas- 
ful  shot.'—  UaHf  TOffntfh.  Nov.  K,  ISSL 

•  sqoalm'-ons,  a.    [SQCAMODS.] 

squal   id,  •  Bqual  lid,  a,     [Lat  KptaliOm 
=  stiff,    rough,   dirty,   from    fqnaleo  =  to   bt 
stiff,  rough,  or  dirty  ;  Ital.  squaUido.] 
1.  Foul,  filthy  ;  extremely  dirty. 

"  They  saw  a  squire  in  suuoUid  weed." 

Speiusr: /•.  «..  T.  1  la, 

•  2.  Rough,  shaggy. 

••Abrlitledboareorelseas^^iJheara." 

f.  AletcJker ;  PiKMvr,  fclofiM..  T. 

•Squal  1  d»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  squaU.iu); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff.  -ute.J 

Ic\t\y. :  A  family  of  Plagiostomous  fishes, 
founded  by  Cuvier.  Muller,  in  his  system, 
elevated  it  to  a  sub-order,  but  the  genera  it 
comprised  are  now  generally  classed  under 
Selachoidei  (q.v.). 

squd  lid  -  i  -ty.  squal  Id  ness,  ».  [Eng. 
tqualid  ;  -ity,  -ntss.  ]  The  quality  or  state  of  be- 
ing squalid ;  foulness,  dirt,  filtuiuess,  squalor. 

squal  Id-1?,  adv.  [Eng.  tqualid;  -iy.]  Ins 
squalid  manner  ;  dirtily,  filthily. 

Squall,  r.i.  [Icel.  tkralti  =  to  squeal,  to  bawl 
out  ;  sfcroi  =  a  squalling  ;  Sw.  tqaila  =  to 
stream,  to  gush  out  violently  ;  sqral  =  an  im- 
petuous running  of  water ;  tqmi-regn  =  a 
violent  shower  of  rain;  Dan.  sqvaldre—tQ 
clamour,  to  bluster  ;  Gael,  sgal  =  a  loud  cry 
the  sound  of  high  wind  ;  tgal  =  to  howL  SquaU 
and  ffueal  are  doublets.]  To  cry  out ;  to  cry 
or  scream  violently,  as  a  woman  frightened1, 
or  a  child  in  pain  or  anger. 

"Frequently  Interrupted  by  the  a/iuIUa; .baby.*— 
Dailf  TttcpraM,  Sept.  10.  188s, 

squall,  t.    [SQUALL,  r.) 

L  A  loud  cry  or  scream  ;  a  harsh  cry. 
"Betsy  distorts  her  lace  with  hideous  tauaO.- 

Aiiv:  LittK  MaOl*. 

2.  A  sudden  gust  of  wind,  or  a  sudden  and 
vehement  succession  of  gusts,  generally  ac- 
companied with  rain,  snow,  or  sleet ;  a  flaw. 

"  But  then  the  »rua!U  blew  close  and  bird." 

ScoM:  Lontortlul,ta.ii\.vt. 

1  (1)  A  Hade  squall :  One  attended  with  a 
dark  cloud,  diminishing  the  usual  quantity  of 
light 

(2)  A  thick  Hfuall :  One  accompanied  with 
hail,  sleet,  4c. 

(S)  A  wkile  squall :  A  violent  squall,  occur- 
ring in  or  near  the  tropics.  Its  approach  is 
not  indicated  by  thick  clouds,  as  is  the  case 
with  the  Black  Squall,  and  the  surface  of  the 
sea  is  lashed  into  white,  broken  foam  by  the 
violence  of  the  wind. 

(4)  To  look  mi  for  squalls :  To  be  on  one's 
guard ;  to  look  out  for  trouble  or  disturbance. 
(Colloq.) 

squall  er. «.  [Eng.  tqpall,  s. ;  -«•.]  One  who 
squalls;  especially,  a  child  who  cries  or 
screams  loudly. 


«te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
or.  wore,  woU  work.  who.  sou;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  foil;  try.  Syrian.    <e.  oe  =,  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


squally— square 


4413 


•qua!  -1$,  a.    [Eng.  squall,  B.  ;  -y.J 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Abounding  with  squalls  ;  frequently  dis- 
turbed with  storms  or  gusts  ;  gusty. 

"  The  night  haj  been  I'fually,  and  raio,  though  Lot 
heavy.  U  tiMng.'-fUU,  Dec.  t,  18M. 

2.  Having  unproductive  spots  interspersed 
throughout.  (Said  of  a  field  of  turnips  or  corn.) 
(frov) 

IL  Weaving  ;  Faulty  or  uneven,  as  cloth. 
•qudl   6  don,  j.     [Mud.  Lat.  >qual(us);  guff. 

-odon.]     [SO.OALODONTID.*.] 

•quil-4  don'-tl-dsB,  i.  pJ.  (Hod.  Lat  iyu<i(- 
odon,  senit.  squaladoiit(is)  ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj. 
guff,  -idee,] 

PaUeont.  :  A  family  of  Odontoceti,  consist- 
ing of  a  single  genus,  Squalodon,  founded  for 
the  reception  of  numerous  extinct  forms 
—  chiefly  teeth  and  fragments  of  crania  — 
widely  distributed  throughout  the  Marine 
Miocene  and  early  Pliocene  of  Europe,  North 
America,  and  South  Australia.  The  teeth  are 
in  groups,  as  in  Zeuglodon  (q.v.),  the  posterior 
molars  with  two  roots  ;  the  cranium  is  essen- 
tially odontocete. 

•qil41  -Old,  a.  [Lat.  squaliu  =  a  shark  ;  Eng. 
suff.  -oid.]  Like  a  shark  ;  resembling  a  shark. 

•qual  or,  s.  [Lat.]  [SQUALID.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  squalid  ;  dirt,  filth,  foulness. 

If  Squalor  carceris  : 

Scots  Law:  The  strictness  of  Imprisonment 
which  a  creditor  is  entitled  to  enforce,  in 
order  to  compel  the  debtor  to  pay  the  debt 
or  disclose  any  concealed  funds. 


a'-J9  0  **  y).  '•  (Mod- 
and  raja.] 

Palamt.  :  A  genus  of  Selacholdei,  from  the 
Lias  of  Lyme  Regis.  (For  detailed  descrip- 
tion, see  Proc.  Zoo!.  Soc.,  1886,  pp.  627-38.) 

••qual  us,  s.    [Lat] 

Idilhy.  :  A  Linnaean  genus  of  Amphibia, 
with  five  lateral  spiracles.  It  was  approxi- 
mately equivalent  to  the  modern  Selachoidei 
(q.v.),  and,  in  a  more  or  less  modified  form, 
found  a  place  (»  several  classifications,  but 
has  now  lapsed. 

•qua   ma  (pi.  squa-msa),  ».    [Lat  =  a 
scale.] 
L  Bot.  :  A  scale.    [SCALE  (1),  ».,  II.  1.  (1).] 

2.  Campar.  Anat.  :  A  horny  scale.    [SCALE 
0),  ».,  II.  2.  3.] 

3.  Fathol.  (PL):  An  order  of  skin-diseases 
In  which  a  morbid  secretion  of  the  epidermis 
produces  scales  or  scurf,  readily  detached, 
out  reproduced  again  and  again  by  desqua- 
mation:  the  scales  are  degenerated,  thick- 
ened, dry  epidermis  covering  minute  papular 
elevations  of  the  skin.  Local  heat  and  itching 
are  present,  but  there  is  no  constitutional  dis- 
turbance.   The  order  comprehends  psoriasis, 
including   lepra,    pityriasis,    and    ichthyosis 
(q.v.).    None  is  contagions. 

4.  Zool.  :  [ELYTRON,  2.]. 

•qua  ma  ceoua  (co  as  sh),  a.  [SQUAMA.] 
The  same  as  SQUAHOSE  (q.v.). 

t  tquama-ta,  s.pl.  [Nent.  pi.  of  Lat. 
squamatns  =  scaly.] 

Zool  :  A  section  of  Reptilia,  In  which  the 
•kin  is  covered  with  scales.  It  contains  the 
Lizards  and  Snakes. 

•qua  mate,  squa  -mat  cd,  a.  [SQUAMA.] 
Covered  with  small  scale-like  bodies  ;  scaly. 

•qna-ma'-tion,  >.  [Eng.,  &c.,  tquamfa); 
-n(ion.)  The  formation  of  squama,  or  scale- 
like  processes,  e.g.,  the  rosettes  of  scale- 
shaped  leaves  in  the  rose-willow. 

••quame,  s.    [Lat.  squama.]    A  scale. 

"  Ai  orplment,  brent  bones,  yren  •junmtt.' 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  18,824. 

5  Still  occasionally  used  in  Natural  Science, 
as  in  Huxley  :  Crayfish,  p.  172. 

•qua  mol-la,  t.  [Dimin.  from  Lat.  tquama 
W.v-X] 

1.  Bot.  :  A  scale-like,  membranous  bract, 
as  on  the  receptacle  in  Composites.    (In  this 
§ense  there  is  a  plural  squa-mtl'-la.) 

2.  Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Rotifera,  family  Eu- 
chlanidotae.   It  has  four  eyes,  and  the  trochal 
discs  or  rotatory  organs  are  divided. 


squa  mel  late,  squam  u  lose,  a.  [Mod. 
Lat.  squamellatus,  squamulosits,  from  squamtUa 
(q.v.).J  Having,  or  covered  with  squamellEe. 

squam'  I-form,  a.  [Lat  squama  =  a  scale, 
and  forma  =  form.  ]  Having  the  form  or  shape 
of  scales. 

squa-mig'-er-oug, 

and  gero  =  to  bear.  ]   Scaly ;  bearing  or  having 
scales. 

"  squa  -mi-pen,  ».  [SO.UAMIPEKNES.)  One  of 
the  Squamipennes. 

squa  mi-pen -nes,  s.pl.    [SQUAMIPINNES.] 

aqua  mi  pin  nes,  *  squa  mi  pen  nes, 

s.  pi.    [Lat.  squama  =  a  scale,  and  pinna,  pen- 
no  =h  tin.] 

Ichthy. :  Coral-Ashes ;  a  family  equivalent 
to  the  Chsetodontidse  (q.v.).    (See  extract.) 

"  The  typical  forma  of  thU  family  are  readily  recog- 
nized by  the  form  of  their  body,  and  by  a  pecu- 
liarity from  which  they  derive  their  name.  Sqitumi. 
pinnet ;  the  soft,  and  frequently  also  the  spinous, 
part  of  their  dorsal  and  anal  fins  are  so  thickly 
covered  with  scales  that  the  boundary  between  tins 
and  body  Is  entirely  obliterated."— Ounthtr:  Study  of 
fi.  p,  897. 


squa  mo-,  pref.  [Lat.  squama.]  Squamose 
(q.v.). 

squaruo  zygomatic,  a. 

Anat. :  A  term  applied  to  the  squamous 
portion  of  the  temporal  bone,  and  to  the 
squamosals  or  squamous  bones  collectively. 

squam'-oid,  a.  [Lat.  squam(a)  =  t.  scale; 
Eng.  suff.  -oid.  ]  Resembling  a  scale  or  scales ; 
covered  with  scales  or  scale-like  integuments ; 
scaly. 

squa  mo  -sol,  a.  &  «.  [Eng.  squamos(e);  -al.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Squamous  (q.v.). 

B.  As  substantive : 

Anat. :  The  squamous  part  of  the  temporal 
bone;  applied  collectively  in  the  plural  to 
this  bone,  the  zygoma,  and  the  articular  sur- 
face of  the  lower  jaw. 

squam'-o«e,  a.    [SQOAMOUS.] 

Bot.  (Of  a  surface):  Covered  with  the  rudi- 
ments of  leaves ;  covered  with  minute  scales 
fixed  by  one  end,  as  the  young  shoots  of  the 
pine-tribe. 

squam'-ous,  a.  [Lat.  squamosus,  from  squama 
=  a  scale.]  Covered  with  scales ;  consisting 
of  scales,  resembling  scales,  scaly. 

"  In  the  gema  of  oak,  which  mar  be  called 
tauamout  oak -cones."— Derham :  Phylieo-Theoloyy,  bk. 
71u.,ch.vL  (Note.) 

•qnamona-bonea,  s.pl.  [SQDAMOSAL.B.] 
squamous  bulb,  s. 
Bot. :  A  scaly  bulb.    [BULB,  II.  1.] 
squamous -suture,   s.      (TEMPORO-PA- 

RIETAL  SUTURE.] 

squa  -mu  la  (pi.  squa'-mu  la>),  «.  [Lat., 
dimin.  from  squama  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  A  paleola,  a  lodicule  (q.v.).  Called 
also  a  Squamule. 

squam  -ule,  s.    [SQDAUULA.] 
squam  u  lose,  a.     [SQCAMELLATE.J 

squan  -dor,  v.t.  &  i.  [A  nasalized  form  of 
Lowland  Scotch  squatter  =ia  splash  water 
about,  to  scatter,  to  dissipate,  to  squander ; 
Prov.  Eng.  swattler,  swattle,  freq.  from  Dan. 
sqvatte  =  to  splash,  to  squirt,  to  squander ; 
Sw.  sqvdttra  =  to  squander,  freq.  of  sqviitta  =: 
to  squirt.  (Wedgwood.)] 

A.  Transitive: 

•1.  To  scatter,  to  dissipate,  to  disperse. 

"  And  the  recollections  of  the  great  Armada  squan- 
dered upon  the  sea." — Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  39,  1886. 

2.  To  spend  lavishly,  wastefully,  or  pro- 
fusely; to  spend  prodigally,  to  waste,  to  dis- 
sipate, to  lavish. 

"  The  cruel  wretch  .  .  .  baa  touander'd  rile, 
Upon  bis  scoundrel  train,  what  might  have  cheerM 
A  drooping  family."        Thornton  :  Summer,  1,688. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  waste  one's  substance ;  to 
spend  prodigally  or  profusely. 

"  A  vast  excess  of  wealth  for  touandering  helra." 
King:  Art  of  Cookery,  let  IT. 

*  squan  der,  s.  [SQUANDER,  v,]  The  act  or 
habit  of  squandering ;  waste,  prodigality. 

squan'-der-er,  s.  [Eng.  squander,  v. ;  -tr.] 
One  who  squanders  ;  one  who  spends  his  sub- 


stance  prodigally  or  lavishly  ;  a  spendthrift, 
*  prodigal,  a  lavisher. 
"Plenty  lu  their 


own  keeping  teaches  them  from 
- 


•quan  -der  ing.  pr.  par.  oro.   [SQUANDER,  *.) 

•quan-der  ing  1^,  adv.  [Eng.  squander- 
ing; 'ly.]  In  a  squandering,  wasteful,  or 
prodigal  manner  ;  prodigally,  wastefully,  la- 
vishly. 

square,  a.,  adv.,  &  s.  [O.  Fr.  esquarrt  = 
squared,  square  ;  esquarre  =  a  square,  square* 
ness  ;  Ital.  squtidra,  from  Lat  ex  =  out,  fully, 
and  quadro=  to  square,  to  make  four-cornered, 
from  quadras  (for  quaterus)  =  four-cornered, 
from  guatuor  =  four;  Fr.  iquerre;  Sp.  a- 
cuadra.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  Having  four  equal  sides  and  four  right 
angles  :  as,  a  square  room,  a  square  table,  £c, 

(2)  Forming  a  right  angle. 

"This  Instrument  la  for  striking  lines  iqttare  to 
other  lines  or  straight  sides,  and  try  the  squareness  of 
their  work."—  Moxon. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(I)  Having  a  shape  broad  for  the  height 
with  rectilineal  and  angular  rather  than  curved 
outlines  ;  stout,  well-set  :  as,  a  man  of  • 
tquare  frame. 

*(2)  Exactly  suitable  or  correspondent; 
true,  just 

M  She's  a  moat  triumphant  lady.  11  report  be  tyuart 
to  her.  —SJuiktip.  :  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  ttti 

(3)  Rendering  equal    justice  ;   just,    fair, 
honest  :  as,  square  dealing. 

*  (4)  Fair,  right,  just 

"  All  have  not  offended  ; 
For  thoae  that  were,  it  is  not  tquare  to  Uke, 
On  thoae  that  are.  revenges." 

Slialteip.  :  Timon  of  A  them,  T.  1 

(5)  Even  ;  leaving  no  balance  ;  exacttj 
balanced. 

•  '  James  again  brought  matter*  tquare  on  the  fifth." 

(8)  Leaving  nothing  ;  hearty,  vigorous. 
(7)  Complete,  hearty,  full,  satisfying. 

"  By  heaven  1  tqunre  eaten  1 
Hore  meat,  I  say." 

Beaum.  *  F/et.  :  Bonduca,  IL  & 

II.  Naut.  :  At  right  angles  with  the  mast  or 
the  keel,  and  parallel  to  the  horizon. 

B.  As  adverb: 

1.  Lit.  :  At  right  angles  :  as,  To  hit  a  ban 
square  to  the  wickets  in  cricket. 

2.  Fig.  :  Squarely,  fcirly,  honestly  :  u.  To 
act  square.    (Colloq.) 

C.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  language  ! 
1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  5. 

"  Pores  round  his  cell  for  undiscovered  atari. 
And  deck*  the  wall  with  triangles  and  jyunres." 
favket  :  A  Voyage  to  the  Planet*. 

(2)  A  figure,  body,  or  substance  nearly  ap- 
proaching such  a  figure  ;  a  square  piece  or 
surface. 

(3)  An  are*  of  four  sides  with  houses  on 
each  side  ;  sometimes  a  square  block  of  houses, 
and  sometimes  applied  to  an  area  formed  by 
the  meeting  or  intersection  of  two  or  more 
streets.    In  the  cities  of  the  United  States  many, 
usually  rectangular,  spaces  called  by  this  name, 
and  planted  with  grass  and  trees,  are  laid  off  as 
small  parks,  furnishing  breathing  places  in  the 
closely  built-up  portions  of  the  city.    William 
Feun,  in  laying  out  the  plan  of  his  new  city 
of  Philadelphia,  was  careful  to  provide  for  a 
number  of  squares,  conveniently  situated,  and 
to  these  many  others  have  since  been  added. 
while  several  of  the  other  cities  of  the  country 
have   followed   the   same   salutary   example 
Similar  open  spaces  exist  in  European  cities. 
They   yielded  the  original  suggestion  of  th« 
modern  p  ark. 

(4)  A  square  body  of  troop*  ;  a  squadron, 

I"   '•'  ..H.a,on, 

Dealt  on  licut*n«itry,  *nd  no  practice  had 
In  the  brave  tnjuarei  of  war." 

Sfiakap.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  III.  IL 

(5)  A  pane  of  glass. 

(6)  A  square  block  of  houses  on  the  streeU 
of  a  town  ;  the  area  occupied  or  intended  to  b* 
occupied  by  such  a  block  ;  the  distance  along 
a  street  from  one  Intersection  to  another;  as, 
two  squares  above  our  house.    (  V.  &) 


Mil,  boy;  pout,  jo^fl ;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyiat.   ph  =  1 
-tion,  -aton  =  shun;  -(ion,  -slon  =  zhiin,    -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  sans.   -tola.  -41e,  Ac.  =  bel,  d«L 

14 


4414 


square— squarely 


m  An  implement  used  by  artificers  for 
laying  off  lines  to  which  work  is  to  be  sawed 
or  cut.  It  consists  essentially  of  two  pieces 
at  right  angles  to  each  other,  one  of  winch  is 
sometimes  pivoted,  so  that  other  angles  than 
*  ri-ht  angle  may  be  scribed  or  measured.  A 
T  square  is  one  i'n  which  one  ruler  meets  the 
other  in  the  middle,  so  as  to  form  the  figure 
of  a  letter  T.  (Written  also  Squier,  Squire, 
Swere,  Swire.) 


OQ  not  know  my  lady's  foot  by  th'  tqulrr, 

""*"'  ^l^&.'^.W* 


"  Do  yi 
Ami 


•  2,  Figuratively  : 

(1)  A  measure,  standard,  pattern,  or  model. 

"Those  that  affect  antiquity  will  follow  the  tyuare 
thereof.--.Ylmm. 

(S)  Rnle,  regularity  ;  exact  proportion  ;  just- 
ness of  workmanship  and  conduct. 

••  I  have  not  kept  my  aware,  bnt  that  to  come  shall 
all  be  dou,  by  &'  ruleT"-3»«i«u>.  :  *<*»*  *  «»• 
patro.il.>. 

(3)  Level,  equality. 

"  We  live  not  on  the  rjuare  with  such  m  theM, 
Buch  are  omr  brtt.ni  who  can  <*~- 


(4)  A  quarrel. 

(5)  The  front  part  of  the  female  dress  near 
the  bosom,  generally  worked  or  embroidered. 

"  Between  her  breasts  the  cruel  weapon  ri»es 
Her  curious  square,  embossed  with  swelling  gold. 
Fatrjnx. 

TL  Technically: 

1.  Arith.  *  Alg. :   The  result  obtained  by 
taking  a  quantity  twice  as  a  factor.     Thns 
16  (4  x  4)  is  the  square  of  4. 

2.  Astral. :  Quartile ;  the  position  of  planets 
(0  degrees  distant  from  each  other. 

"  Their  planetary  motions  and  aspects, 
In  eeitile,  sowire,  and  trine,  and  opposite, 
Of  noxious  efficacy."  Milton  :  P.L.,*.  eat. 

3.  Bookbind.  :  The  projection  of  a  board 
beyond  the  book-edge. 

4.  Carp. :  100  feet,  that  is,  10  x  10;  a  unit 
of  measurement  used  in  boarding  and  roofing. 

&.  Geom. :  An  equilateral  and  quadrilateral, 
having  all  its  angles  right  angles.  The  dia- 
gonals of  a  square  are  equal,  and  mutually 
bisect  each  other  at  right  angles.  The  ratio 
of  either  side_of  a  square  to  its  diagonal  is 
that  of  1  to  v/2.  The  square  is  employed  as 
a  unit  of  measure  in  determining  the  area  of 
surfaces,  whence  the  term  square  measure,  in 
that  connection.  The  area  of  any  square  is 
equal  to  the  product  of  two  adjacent  sides. 

6.  Hor. :  That  portion  of  the  arbor  on  which 
the  winding-key  is  placed,  or  a  similar  part  on 
the  arbor  of  the  hands  of  a  watch,  whereby 
they  are  set. 

7.  Mil. :  A  formation  adopted  by  infantry, 
formerly,  to  resist  a  charge  of  cavalry.     It 
was  two  or  four  men  deep,  the  front  ranks 
kneeling  with  fixed  bayonets,   and  the  rear 
rank  standing.      Occasionally  squares   have 
been  formed  to    enclose  baggage,  wounded, 
&c.,  when  in  presence  of  overwhelming  num- 
bers, as  in  savage  warfare. 

8.  Naut. :   That  part  of  the  shank  of  an 
anchor  to  which  the  stock  and  shackle 
attached. 

9.  Print. :  A  certain  number  of  lines  in  a 
column,  of  nearly  equal  height  and  width. 

H  1.  All  square :  All  right,  all  arranged. 
•2.  M  tquan:  In  or  into  opposition  or 
enmity.    [SQUARE,  «.,  L  2.  (4).] 

••  Failing  at  fauare  with  hir  husband."— 
Bin.  £»?.,  bk.  iv..  ch.  viii. 

3.  Geometrical  square  :  [GEOMETRICAL]. 

4.  Magic  square :  (MAGIC). 

6.  Kttttod  of  least  squares :  The  method  o 
finding  the  probable  error  in  assuming  the 
mean  of  a  number  of  discordant  observations 
of  a  phenomenon  ;  the  method  of  determininj 
the  values  of  certain  elements  by  means  o 
several  equations  which  only  approximate!; 
express  the  relations  existing  between  th 
elements.  These  approximate  equations  o 
condition  are  usually  derived  from  a  series  o 
observations,  or  of  experiments,  which  ar 
necessarily  liable  to  certain  errors.  It  i 
shown  in  the  theory  of  probabilities,  that  th 
probable  error  will  be  least  when  the  sum  o 
the  squares  of  the  errors  is  a  minimum. 

&  On  (or  upon)  the  square : 

(1)  Lit. :  At  right  angles :  as,  To  cnt  cloth 


(2)  Fig.  :  Fairly,  honestly  :  as,  To  act  on  the 
•quart.  (Calloq.) 

•7.  Ovtef  square:  Out  of  the  proper  order 
rale,  or  proportion. 


"Tlie  whole  ordinance  of  that  government  waa  at 

first  evil  plotted,  and  through  other  oversights  came 

inure  out  of  eauare.  to  that  disorder  which  it  is  now 

coine  unto."— apenier :  State  of  Ireland. 

8.  Three  square,  Jive  square,  dc. :    Having 

three,  five,  &c.,  equal  sides ;   having  three, 

five,  4c.,  angles.    (An  improper  use  of  square.) 

"  One  end  of  which  being  thicker,  and  almost  three 

eyvnre,  is  inserted  into  the  first  bone  of  the  sternon." 

—  n'isrman  :  Suryery. 

*  9.  To  break  no  squares :  To  make  no  differ- 
ence ;  to  give  no  offence. 

••  I  ttiU  area*  no  lyuaret  whether  it  be  so  or  not."— 
L'Ettraug"  •  Fnblet. 

*  10.  To  break  squares:  To  depart  from  the 
accustomed  order. 

*  11.  To  see  how  squares  go :    To  see  how 
matters  are  going ;  to  see  how  the  game  pro- 
ceeds.   (An  expression  borrowed  from  chess, 
the  chess-board  being  divided  into  squares.) 

"One  frog  looked  about  him  to  fee  hit*  iquttra  vent 
with  their  new  king."— L'Eetrangt :  Fabla 

square-built,  a.  Of  a  square  build  or 
frame  ;  having  a  shape  broad  for  the  height, 
and  bounded  by  rectilineal  rather  than  curved 
lines  :  as,  a  square-built  man. 

square-coupling,  s. 

MiU-vorlc.  :  A  kind  of  permanent  coupling, 
of  which  the  coupling-box  is  made  in  halves 
and  square,  corresponding  to  the  form  of  the 
two  connected  ends  of  the  shafts.  The  halves 
of  the  box  are  bolted  together  on  the  opposite 
sides. 

square-file,  s.    An  entering-flle  (q.T.). 

square-frame,  >. 

Shipbuild. :  A  frame  square  with  the  line  of 
the  keel,  having  no  bevelling. 

square  framed,  a. 

Join,  :  Applied  to  a  work  when  the  framing 
has  all  the  angles  of  its  styles,  rails,  ana- 
mountings  square,  without  being  moulded. 

square-Joint,  >. 

Join. :  A  mode  of  joining  wooden  stuff,  In 
which  the  edges  are  brought  squarely  together, 
without  rabbeting,  tongue,  or  feather. 

square-leg,  s. 

Cricket:  A  fielder  who  stands  square  with 
the  wicket  and  behind  the  batsman. 

*  square-leg,  r.t. 
Cricket :  To  hit  to  square-leg. 

"Mr.  Read  continued  a  fine  display  of  WL__ 
hitting  by  touare-ltgoing  both  bowlers  for  a  couple 
each Ptune."— Dalit  Telegraph,  Sept  8,  1882. 

square-measures,  s.  pi-  The  squares 
of  lineal  measures  :  as,  a  square  inch,  a  square 
yard,  etc. 

square-number,  s. 

Arith. :  A  number  which  may  be  resolved 
into  two  equal  factors ;  the  product  of  a  num 
her  multiplied  into  itself.  Thns,  4,  9,  16,  25 
are  square  numbers,  being  the  squares  of  2,  3 
4,  5  respectively. 

square-parsley,  s. 

Bat. :  iieum  Banius. 

square-rig,  s. 

Naut.  :  That  rig  in  which  the  lower  sails 
are  suspended  from  horizontal  yards,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  fore-and-aft  rig. 

square-rigged,  a.    [SDIP-KIOCED.] 

square-roof;  • . 
Carp. :  A  roof  in  which  the  .principal  rafters 
meet  at  a  right  angle. 
square-root,  s. 

Arith.  it  Alg. :  A  quantity  which,  being 
taken  twice  as  a  factor,  will  produce  the  given 
quantity.  Thus,  the  square  root  of  25  is  5 
because  5  x  5  =  25  ;  so  also  |  is  the  squar 
root  of  J,  since  j  x  f  ±=J ;  &  is  the  squar 
root  of  **,  since  z2  x  z>  =  z* ;  a  +  x  is  th 
square  root  of  a'  -r  2oi  +  &,  and  so  on.  Whe 
the  square  root  of  a  number  can  be  expresse 
in  exact  parts  of  1,  that  number  is  a  perfec 
square,  and  the  indicated  square  root  is  sai 
to  be  commensurable.  All  other  indicate 
square  roots  are  incommensurable. 

square-sail,  s. 

Nautical: 

L  A  four-sided  sail,  whose  middle  positio 
is  athwartship.  It  is  supported  by  a  yan 
slung  at  its  mid-length  by  a  truss  or  parral.  ] 
is  distinguished  from  sails  which  are  extend* 
by  stays,  booms,  gaffs,  lateens,  sprits,  &c. 


2.  A  sail  set  on  the  foremasts  of  schooner*, 
and  on  the  masts  of  sloops  and  cutters,  when 
Bailing  before  the  wind  in  light  weather. 

square-stern,  s. 

Naut. :  A  transom  stem. 
square-toed,  a. 

1.  Lit. :  Having  the  toes  or  end  square. 

"  It  [common-place  wit]  is  as  obsolete  as  fardiugalea, 
ruffs,  and  ejuare-teed  ahoea."—  A'tloxv  Winter  Even. 
iuyt,  even.  9. 

2.  Fig. :    Formal,    precise,    prim,    finical, 
punctilious. 

square-toes,  s.  A  formal,  precise,  or 
finical,  old-fashioned  person.  A  term  derived 
from  the  wearing  by  gentlemen  of  the  old  school 
the  square-toed  boots  of  their  younger  days. 

square-tucks,  s.  pi. 

Shipbuild. :  The  flat  surfaces  left  at  the 
stern  of  a  vessel  when  the  planks  of  the 
bottom  are  not  worked  round  to  the  wing- 
transom,  but  end  in  the  fashion-piece. 

square,  r.t.  &  t.    [SQUARE,  a.] 
A.  Transitive: 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  To  form  with  four  equal  sides  and  four 
right  angles. 

"Bquarinff  it  in  compasae  well  beeeene." 

Sweater:  YirgU;  Ona. 

(2)  To  reduce  or  bring  accurately  to  right 
angles  and  straight  lines  :  as,  To  square  mason's 
work. 

*  (3)  To  draw  up  in  squares  or  squadrons. 
"  Squared  in  foil  legion."       Jfttton  :  P.  L..  Till.  ML 

2.  Figuratively: 

*  (1)  To  reduce  or  bring  to  any  given  mea- 
sure or  standard  ;  to  compare  with  a  given 
standard. 

"  To  fftiare  the  general  sex 
By  Creaald  s  rule.* 

SAO*e<A  •'  Trotlui  t  Creulda,  T.  1 

"(2)  To  adjust,  to  accommodate,  to  regulate, 
to  shape. 

"0,  thatvrerl 

Had  tquared  me  to  thy  counsel. 

Shake*]*. :  Wtnter't  Tale.  T.  I. 

*  (S)  To  hold  a  qnartile  position  respecting ; 
to  be  at  right  angles  to. 

"  The  icy  Goat  and  Crab  that  tgvare  the  Scales." 
Creech:  Lucretiut. 

(4)  To  make  even,  so  as  to  leave  no  differ- 
ence or  balance  ;  to  equalize. 

"Mr.  Laidlay  won  with  six,  and  ajut.xd  matters.' 
—field.  Sept.  95.  1666. 

*  (5)  To  balance,  to  counterbalance. 

"  I  hope.  I  say.  both  being  put  together,  may  tyitart 
out  the  most  eminent  of  the  ancient  gentry,  in  sume 
tolerable  proportion." — fufler :  tt'orttttet,  vol.  L,  ch.  xv. 

(6)  To  arrange  matters  with ;  to  bring  to 
one's  side  by  a  bribe  or  the  like  ;  to  gain  over, 
as  to  silence.  (Slang.) 

"They  have  squandered  enormous  sums  tit  money  in 
tgv'irins  a  huge  army  of  committee  men.  collectors, 
and  other  hangers-on.  —  Slobe.  March  10,  ISM. 
IX  Technically: 

1.  Math. :  To  multiply  by  Itself:   as,  To 
square  a  number  or  quantity. 

2.  Naut. :  To  place  at  right  angles  with  the 
mast  or  keel :  as,  To  square  the  yards. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1   To  suit,  to  accord,  to  agree,  to  fit.    (Fol- 
lowed by  with.)    (Camper:  Charity,  559.) 
*2.  To  quarrel. 

"  Are  yon  such  foota, 
Towuare/orthisr 
sSikew  :  lltdiummer  XWi  Dream,  li.  L 

3  To  take  the  attitude  of  a  boxer ;  to  spai 
(followed  by  up  or  of:  as,  He  tquared  <ip  (or 
o/)tome.  (Go/log.) 

*  4.  To  strut. 

"  ToftTuare  it  op  and  down  the  streets. "— fllMW: 
Quip  for  an  Upttart  Courtier. 

H  (1)  To  square  away : 

Naut. :  To  square  the  yards  by  the  braces 
and  run  before  the  wind. 

(2)  To  square  the  circle :  To  determine  th« 
exact  area  of  a  circle  in  square  measure; 
hence,  to  attempt  impossibilities.  (See  extract 
nnder  QUADRATURE,  II.  2.) 

(8)  To  tquan  the  shoulders :  To  raise  the  shoul- 
ders, so  as  to  give  them  a  square  or  angular 
appearance ;  a  movement  of  scorn  or  disgust. 

square  -1J,  adv.    [Eng.  tquare,  a  ;  -f»  ] 

1.  Lit. :  In  a  square  manner ;  at  or  with 
right  angles. 

••  With  shoulders  tpartll  Ki.--MUf  Telefrta*. 
fUpt.  7,  IMS. 


ftte,  ftt.  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  rather;  we,  w»t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine:  **•  P* 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cnb.  cure,  nnlte,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ».•»  =  e;  ey  =  »;«»  = 


squareman— squeal 


4415 


2.  Fig.  :  Fairly,  honestly  ;  with  fairness  or 
frankness. 

"  The  question  will  now  come  tquartly  before  th» 
Houae."—  £dU*  Telegraph.  Feb.  17.  1886,  p.  ft. 

*  squire'-man,  $.  [Eng.  square,  and  man.] 
One  who  cuts  and  squares  stone.  (Cariyle: 
French  RevoL,  II.  v.  1.) 

»quaro  ness,  *  square  nesae,  5.  [Eng. 
square,  a.  ;  -ness.] 

1.  Ltf.  :  Thequalityorstateof  being  square. 

"  Then  begiiineth  he  to  spread  and  burnish  In  square- 
MU«:--r.Bolland  :  Fllnie,  bk.  xl,.  ch.  xxxvlL 

2.  Fig.  :  Fairness,  honesty,  frankness. 

squar-er,  s.    [Eng.  square);  -er.] 

L  Lit.  :  One  who  squares  :  as,  a  squarer  of 
the  circle. 
*  II.  Figuratively  : 

1.  One  who  quarrels  ;  a  hot-headed,  qnarrel- 
•oiue  person. 

14  Is  there  no  70002  tqnar«r  now,  that  will  make  a 
Toyage  with  him  to  the  devil  1"—SAatesp.  ;  Much  Ado 
About  Hotting,  L  L 

2.  One  who  spars  ;  a  sparrer. 

iquar-Ish,  a.  [Eng.  sqtmr(t\  a.;  •€»&.] 
Somewhat  square  ;  nearly  square. 

"  Ha  found  A  tguaHA  bold  cut."  —  Defoe:  Tour 
ttro'  Great  Britain,  L  319. 

squar'-rose,  t  squar  rous,  a.  [Lat,  squar- 
rosus  :=  rough,  scurfy,  scabby.] 

Bot.  :  Spreading  rigidly  out  from  a  common 
axis,  at  right  angles  or  nearly  so,  as  the  leaves 
of  some  mosses,  the  involucres  of  some  com- 
posites, &c. 

"  The  involucral  Males  are  i'fttarrotf,*—0ardentri' 
Chronicle,  1881.  p.  «oa 

squar  rose  slashed,  a. 

Bot.  :  Slashed  with  minor  divisions  at  right 
angles  with  the  others.  Called  also  Squarroso- 
laciniate. 

squar-ro-sd-.p'*/  [SQUARROSK.]  (Seeetym. 
and  compounds.) 

squarroso-dentatc,  a. 
Bot.:  Having  teeth  which  do  not  lie  In  the 
plane  of  the  leaf,  but  form  an  angle  with  it. 

squarroso-laciniate,  a.    [SQUAHROSE- 

SLASHED.] 

squarr  oso  pinnatipartite,  a. 

Bot.  ;  Deeply  pinnatifid  witli  squarrose 
divisions,  as  the  leaf  of  Achilka  MUiijolium. 

aquarroso  pinnatisect,  a. 

Bot.  :  Pinnatifid,  with  the  segments  so 
straggling  as  to  appear  on  different  planes. 

squar'  rous,  a.    [SQUARROSE.] 

squar'-ru-lose,  a,    [Mod.  Lat.  squarrulosus, 
dimin.  from  Lat.  squarrosus.]    [SQUARROSE.] 
Bot.  :  Somewhat  squarrose, 

f  squar  son,  *.  IComponnded  of  Eng.  grfuire), 
and  (p)or«o».]  A  dignitary  of  the  Church 
who  is  also  the  squire  of  the  parish.  The  for- 
mation of  this  word  has  been  attributed  to 
Sydney  Smith,  Theodore  Hook,  and  Dr.  Wil- 
berforce,  Bishop  of  Oxford,  and  afterwards  of 
Winchester,  who  is  also  credited  with  the 
formation  of  "squishop."  (See  Notes  &  Queries. 
7th  ser.,  it  273,  338,  iiL  58.) 

•quash,  *  sqnach-en,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  esquacker, 
acacher  (Fr.  ecacher)  —  to  crush,  to  squash, 
from  Lat.  ex  —  out,  fully,  and  coacto  =  to 
restrain,  to  force,  from  coactut,  pa.  par.  of 
togo  =  to  compel.]  To  crash  ;  to  beat  or  press 
Into  a  pulp  or  flat  mass. 


"  There  Is  an  unbnppie  bird  called  Mvilon,  and  bat 
little  withall  :  yet  will  she  tquath  and  breake  tlie 
raven's  egges."—  P.  Holland;  flinty  bk.  x.,  ch,  Irxiv. 


•quash  (1),  s.    [SQUASH,  v.] 

1.  Something  soft  and    easily  crushed  or 
pressed  into  a  pulp;  something  unripe  and 
•oft  ;  espec.,  an  unripe  pea-pod. 

"  Not  yet  old  enough  for  a  man,  nor  young  enough 
fcr  a  boy  ;  as  a  tquath  i»  before  it  IB  a  peasood,  or  a 
•odUng  when  it  i»  almost  an  apple.*—  Shakctp.  : 
IVetfM  Might,  L  5. 

2.  A  sudden  fall  of  a  heavy,  soft  body  ;  a 

•buck  of  soft  bodies. 

•"My  fall  was  stopped  by  a  terrible  tqueuh  that 
•onnded  louder  to  my  ears  than  the  cataract  of 
Niagara,  after  which  I  WM  nnite  in  the  darkV'-fteift  : 
Gulliver  ;  Brobdiynag,  ch.  viii. 

"I  Lemon  -squash:  A  cooling  drink  made 
by  squeezing  the  juice  of  a  lemon  Into  a 
tumbler,  and  adding  pounded  loaf  sugar  and 
•oda,  water. 


Squash  (2),  5.  [Massachusetts  Indian  asquash 
=  raw,  green,  immature,  to  be  eaten  un- 
cooked ;  askuta  squash  =  vine-apple.] 

Bot.  &  /fort.:  A  popular  American  name 
forany  species  of  the  genus  Cucurbita  ;  specif. 
Cucurbita  Melopepo.  Leaves  cordate,  obtuse, 
somewhat  flve-lobed;  tendrils  denticulated, 
or  converted  into  small  leaves  ;  calyx  with 
the  throat  much  dilated ;  fruit  flattened  at 
both  ends,  witli  white,  dry,  spongy  fruit, 
which  keeps  fresh  for  many  months.  It  is 
boiled  and  eaten  with  meat. 

"  A  selected  new!,  be  bad  received  from  me.  for  that 
purpose,  of  fjiMth,  which  is  an  Indian  kind  of  pom- 
piou  that  grows  apace."— Boyle :  WvrlU,  vol.  i.,  p.  494. 

squash-bug,  s. 

Bntom. ;  The  name  given  in  New  England 
to  Coreus  tristis,  a  hemipteroua  insect,  de- 
structive to  the  Squash. 

squash  -  gourd,  squash  -  melon, 
squash-vine,  s.  [SQUASH,  2.} 

squash  (3),  «.  [An  abbrev.  of  Musquash  (q.v.).] 

squash   er,  s.    [Eng.  squash,  v. ;  -er.]    One 

who  or  that  which  squashes. 

squash'- 1  ness,  s.  [Eng.  squashy;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  squashy,  soft,  or 
miry. 

squash'- ^,    o.     (Eng.    squash  (1),    «. ;  -y.3 

tioft  and  wet ;  miry,  pulpy,  muddy. 

"  Squathjf  roly-poly  pudding,  with  all  the  Jam  boiled 
out,  and  th«  water  boiled  in.*—  &  J.  WurkAti:  Simu. 


squat,  v.i.  &t.  [O.  Fr.  esquatir  =  to  flatten, 
to  crush,  from  Lat.  ex=  out,  fully,  and  quatio 
=  to  press  down.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  sit  down  upon  the  hams  or  heels,  as  a 
human  being  ;  to  sit  close  to  the  ground  ;  to 
cower,  as  an  auimaL 

*'  We  could  see  him  plainly  tguat  on  his  hind  legs 
and  smooth  his  ruffled:  fur."—  Burroughs;  Phaeton, 
JtSNL 

2.  To  settle  on  land,  especially  public  or 
uncultivated  land  ;   frequently,  to  settle  on 
land  without  any  title. 

B.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  bruise  or  make  flat  by  a  falL 

*  2.  To  squash,  to  annul. 

"  Although  lawes  were  tyuatt  ed  In  warre,  yet  not- 
withstanding they  ought  to  be  reuiued  in  peace."  — 
Holinthed  :  Date,  Ireland,  ch.  IiL 

3.  To  seat  on  the  haras  or  heels  ;  to  cause 
to  cower  or  lie  close  to  the  ground.    (Used 
reflexively.) 

"  Squatted  herself  down,  on  her  heels,  on  the  top  of 
•IV—CooX:  Second  Voyage,  bk.  ill,  ch.  xL 

Squat,  a.  &  s.    [SQUAT,  v.] 

A,  As  adjective: 

L  Sitting  on  the  hams  or  heels  ;  cowering 
close  to  the  ground. 

"  Him  there  they  found. 
Squat  like  a  toad  close  at  the  ear  of  Eve." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  ir.  800. 

2.  Short,  thick,  dumpy,  like  the  figure  of 
one  squatting. 

B.  Ay  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  The  posture  or  position  of  one  squatting, 
or  cowering  close  to  the  ground. 

"  She  ftita  at  tyuat,  and  tci-ubs  her  leathern  face." 
Dryden  :  Juvenal,  gat.  x. 

*  2.  A  sudden  fall. 

"  Bruises,  tqitatt.  and  falls,  which  often  kill  other*, 
can  bring  little  hurt  to  those  that  are  temperate."  — 


IL  Mining: 

1.  Tin  ore,  mixed  with  spar. 

2.  A  small  separate  vein  of  ore. 

squat  a  ro-la,f.  [A.  word  of  no  signification.] 
Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Charadrime.  Bill 
about  as  long  as  the  head,  rather  strong; 
wings  long,  pointed  ;  legs  of  moderate  length, 
slender;  toes  four,  three  directed  forward, 
and  slightly  webbed  at  base  ;  fourth  behind 
rudtmeutal, 

1  squa'-tX-na,  5.   [Lat.  =  the  angel-fish  (q.v.).] 
Ickthy.  :  A  synonym  of  Rhina  (q.v.). 

squat'  tcr,  5.    [Eng.  squat,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  squats  or  sits  on  his  hams  or 
heels. 

2.  One  who  settles  on  new  or  uncultivated 
land.    In  Australia,  formerly  used  as  in  the 
extract  (q.v.)  ;    now,  one   who  occupies  an 


unsettled  tract  of  land  as  a  sheep  farm,  under 
lease  from  government  at  a  nominal  rent. 

"A  tqwitter  is  a  freed  or  tlcket-of-leave  man.  who 
buildsa  but  with  bark  on  unoccupied  ground,  burs  or 
»te»lt  a  few  auiuinls,  sells  ipirtU  without  a  licence 
receives  stolen  goods,  and  so  at  last  becunwa  rich  and 
turns  farmer;  he  IB  the  horror  of  all  hia  honest 
"—  '  ' 


neighbours."—  Dar 

squat'-  tor,    v.i. 

( 


;  I'otiayt  A'uund  World,  ch.  x 


quat'-  tor,   v.i.      [A    freq.   from    squat,  v. 
(q.v.).]    To  flutter  in  water,  as  a  wild  duck. 

"  Aw*,  yu  tquattertd  like  a  drake.  ' 

Burnt  :  Addrnt  to  tht  DetL 

squat'-ting,  a.    [SQUAT,  v.]    Used  by  or  de- 
voted to  squatters. 


"Wodgate  was  a  sort  of  iqttatting  district  of  th« 

nt  mining  reglun  to  which  It  was  contiguous."— 
tvrtuii  :  »tt>U,  bk.  iL,  ch.  ii. 


quat'-tle,  v.i.     [Eng.  squat;  dimin.  sutf.  -le.\ 
To  sprawl     (Scotch.) 

"  Swith,  In  some  beggar's  haffet  iquattle  : 
There  ye  may  creep,  and  sprawl,  and  sprattle.1* 
Buna  :  To  a  Lout*. 


t'-tt,  a.     [Eng.  squat,  a.  ;  -y.]    Short  and 
thick  ;  dumpy. 

"A  few  yards  away  stood  another  short,  louatty 
hemlock,  ana  I  said  my  been  ougtit  to  be  there."  _ 
Burruuffhi  :  Ftpueton,  p.  100. 

squaw,  s.  [N.  Amer.  Ind.]  Among  the 
North  American  Indians,  a  woman,  a  wife. 

squaw-man,  5.    (See  extract.) 

"  Vet  there  is  one  still  lower  depth,  the  tquato-man 
—the  miserablw  wret-chof  Kuroj>eaii  blood  wfiomarrie* 
A  Crow  or  a  Blackfoot  in  order  to  take  up  laud  in  the 
Indian  Reservation.  The  poor  soal  looks  perpetually 
ashamed  of  bis  weakness  ;  bis  own  friends  avoid  him  ; 
his  wife  s  do  not  ;  on  the  contrary,  they  come  and  live 
upou  him  with  great  contentment.  The  squaw  can 
eaaily  divorce  herself  by  Indian  law,  and  when  she 
does,  the  property,  with  all  bin  improvements,  re- 
mains hers.  He  hasn't  even  "ompeusation  for  dis- 
turbance."— /»««  Hail  Gautte,  Aug.  26.  1884. 

squaw-root,  .-. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Conopholis,  closely  allied 
to  Oi'obanche. 

squaw-weed,  s. 

Bot.  :  Senecio  aureus. 

Squawk,  5.    [SQUAWK,  v.]    A  squeak. 

"  Gerard  gave  a  little  tguawk."—Seade  :  Ctofatsr  A 
Bearth,  ch.  ixvi. 

squawk,  v.i.  [An  imitative  word.]  To  cry 
with  a  loud,  harsh  voice. 

squawl*  v.i.    [SQUALL,  v.} 

squeak,  v.i.  [Sw.  sqv&ka  =  to  croak  ;  ct 
Norw.  skvaka  =  io  cackle  ;  Icel.  skvakka  =  to 
give  a  sound  as  of  water  shaken  in  a  buttle.] 

1.  To  utter  a  sharp,  shrill  cry,  usually  of 
short  duration  ;  to  cry  in  a  shrill,  fretful  tone, 
as  a  child,  a  mouse,  a  pig,  &c.  ;  to  make  a 
shrill  noise,  as  a  door,  a  wheel,  a  pipe,  &c, 

"  The  mimic  took  his  usual  station, 
And  tyueaked  with  general  admiration." 

Smart:  Tke  Pig. 

*2.  To  break  silence  or  secrecy  ;  to  confess 

"If  he  be  obstinate,  put  a  clTtl  question  to  him  upon 
the  rack,  and  he  tqueakt,  I  warraut  him."—  Dryden  : 
Don  Sebattian,  iv.  i. 

squeak,  «.  [SQUEAK,  v.]  A  sharp,  shrill  cry. 
usually  of  short  duration  ;  a  shrill,  fretful 
cry,  as  of  a  child,  a  mouse,  a  pig,  &c.  ;  a  shrill 
noise,  as  of  a  door,  a  wheel,  a  pipe,  &c. 

"  Our  gravity  prefers  the  mutterrhg  tone. 
A  proper  mixture  of  the  tqueak  and  groan." 

Byron;  College  Examination. 

squealt'-er,  s.    [Eng.  sqnenk  ;  -er.} 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  squeaks,  or  utters 
a  shrill  cry  or  noise. 

2.  A  term  applied  tw  young  birds,  of  various 
species,  as  a  young  pigeon,  a  young  partridge, 
&c. 

"Going  on  to  where  the  lunch  was  to  meet  us,  I 
killed  an  old  bird  and  a  j«*«o*«r.**—  St.  Jamet'i  (icuett*, 
Sept  1,  1886. 

squeak  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SQUEAK,  v.] 

squeak  '-ihgrly,  adv.  [Eng.  squeaking  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  squeaking  manner;  with  a  squeaking 
noise. 

*  squeak'-let,  s.  [Eng.  squeak  ;  dimin.  snff. 
-let.}  A  little  squeak. 

squeal,  *  squeale.  *sqnelen,  r.i.    [Sw. 

iqrlila  «•  to  squeal  ;  Norw.  tki-ella,] 

1.  To  utter  a  more  or  less  prolonged  cry  with 
a  shrill,  sharp  voice,  as  certain  animals  do 
when  in  want,  pain,  or  displeasure. 

2.  To  acknowledge  guilt,  or  to  betray  an 
accomplice  in  wrong-doing,  especially  to  gain 
immunity  for  one's  self.     (Police  Slang-) 


bo? ;  pout,  jowl ;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  beneh ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect*  Xcnophon.  exist.    -Inc. 
-tian  —  ^h^-n,    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -(ion,  -§iou  =  ytrftn.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  A.C.  —  bel,  dttL 


4416 


squeal— squills 


squeal.  *.  [SQUEAL,  ».]  A  sharp,  shrill  crjr, 
more  or  less  prolonged. 

•aueam'-  lab,  *  squam  -  l»h,  *  squom  - 
ous,  *  squalm-ous,  "  squeym-ons,  a. 
(Mid.  Eng.  sweem,  swaim  =  swimming  in  the 
head,  vertigo,  from  Icel.  n>eimr  =  *  bustle, 
a  stir ;  Norw.  sveim  =  a  hovering  about,  a 
slight  intoxication ;  A.S.  twima,  =  a  swoon  ; 
Icel.  sunmi  =  a  swimming  in  the  head ;  Sw. 
twinning  =  a  swoon  ;  Out.  twijm  =  a  swoon  ; 
Icel.  tvirna  =  to  be  giddy  ;  O.  Sw.  twima  =  to 
be  dizzy  ;  Sw.  swimma  =•-  to  faint.]  Having  a 
stomach  that  is  easily  turned  or  nauseated  ; 
hence,  easily  disgusted  ;  nice  to  excess ;  easily 
offended  at  trifles  ;  fastidious,  scrupulous. 

"He  was  glad  that  the  consciences  of  other  men 
were  IBM  tqueamiA.*— Jracaulay :  Ifitl.  Snff..  oh.  x. 

H  For  the  difference  between  squeamish  and 
Jastidious,  see  FASTIDIOUS. 

•queam'-ish-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  tqueamiih  ;  -ly. } 
In  a  squeamish  or  fastidious  manner;  fas- 
tidiously. (Congrtvt :  Ovid  imitated.) 

squeam  -  Ish  -  ness,   s.      [Eng.  squeamish; 
•ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  squeam- 
ish, fastidious,  or  scrupulous  ;  fastidiousness. 
••  I  hare  been  so  far  from  that  effeminate  aziuamUA- 
«ew."— «o»lev  Vorti,  11.14. 

•  gqueam'-ous,  a>    [SQUEAMISH.] 

•  squeas'-i-ness,  t.     [Eng.  tqueasy;  -nut.} 
Nausea,  squeasiness. 

"  A  fiut'iMineu  and  riling  up  of  the  heart  against 
an;  mean,  vulgar,  or  mechanical  condition  of  men." — 
Hammond  :  Worm.  Ir.  614. 

•  squeas'-y,  a.     "[An  intensive  from  queasy 
(q.v.).]*  Queasy,  nice,  squeamish,  fastidious, 
scrupulous. 

"  In  KufaiV  stomachs  boner  turns  to  g»ll.~ 

Dridtn.    (Latham.) 

•qnee-gee',  «.  [From  squeege,  a  vulgar  cor- 
rupt, of  squeeze  (q.v.).]  A  scrubber,  consist- 
ing of  a  plate  of  gutta-percha  at  the  end  of  a 
handle,  used  for  cleaning  the  decks  of  ships, 
foot-pavements,  &c. ;  also  written  tquillagee, 
•quilgee. 

•quail,  v.  it  I.    [SQUEAL,  ».*«.] 

sqneex  a-biT-I-ty,  «.  [Eng.  tqueezablt;  -«».] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  squeezable. 

•queez'-a-ble,  o.    [Eng.  squeeze),  v. ;  -able.} 

1.  Lit. :  Capable  of  being  squeezed  or  com- 
pressed. 

2.  Fig. :    Capable   of    being  constrained ; 
ready  to  submit  to  pressure. 

"  Yon  an  too  veraat tie  and  iquenabU."— Sawag*  :  Jt. 
MtalicM,  bk.  L.  ch.  U. 

squeeze,  -squisc,  'squeis  en,  "squire, 
».(,  &  i.  [A.S.  turltan,  cu-ysan  =  to  squeeze, 
to  crush ;  with  O.  Fr.  pref.  a-  =  Lat  ex-  = 
out,  fully ;  Sw.  qvdta  =  to  squeeze,  to  bruise 
Qer.  quetschen  =  to  squash,  to  bruise.] 

A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  press  between  two  bodies ;  to  press 
closely  ;  to  compress,  to  crush. 

"Applied  to  the  sfueettiy  or  praadnf  «<  things 
downward*."—  Willtint:  Arcfiimtdtt,  ch.  IX. 

i  To  press  so  as  to  expel  juice  or  moisture 

"They  purposed  to  tguue  out  the  grapea,"— P.  ff 
land  :  PUnit,  bk.  xvtll.,  ch.  xxxi. 

3.  To  force  to  pass  or  issue  by  pressure ; 
cause  to  pass.    (Corbet :  On  John  Dawson.) 

4.  To  clasp ;  to  press  lovingly :  as,  To  tqveea 
one's  hand. 

TT.  Figuratively  : 

1.  To  oppress,  so  as  to  cause  to  give  money 
to  harass  by  extortion. 

"  In  a  civil  war  people  mnit  expect  to  be  erashei 
and  toueeted  toward  the  burden."— L'XHrany*. 

2.  To  exact  by  pressure  or  extortion. 

"A  mandarin,  noted  tor  spuelfev  »»•  people."— S 
Jama't  Otattte,  Oct.  U,  ISM. 

B.  Intranritive : 

1.  To  press  ;  to  press  or  push  among 
number  of  people ;   to  force  one's  way  b 
pressing  or  pushing. 

"  Many  a  public  minister  comee  empty  In ;  but  whe 
he  has  crammed  bU  guts,  he  is  fain  to  sgueece  ban 
before  he  can  get  off."— LEttrange. 

*  2.  To  pass  through  a  body  on  pressure 
being  applied. 

-  Let  the  water  tptrat  through  it,  and  stand  al 
over  its  outside  In  multitudes  of  small  drops,  lik 
dew."— Xcwton:  Opt  in, 

•J  To  Kfutat  through :  To  make  one's  wa 
through  by  pressing  or  pushing ;  to  pus 
through. 


squeeze,  i.    [SQUEEZE,  r.] 

1.  The  act  of  squeezing,  pressing,  or  com- 
pressing between  two  bodies  ;  pressure. 

2.  A  clasp,  an  embrace,  a  grasp. 

3.  The  same  as  SQUEEZING,  C.  3. 

4.  A  tightness  or  unusual  pressure;   as,  a 
tqueeu  In  the  money  market. 

squoel-cr,  «.    [Eng.  tqueez(e),  v.  ;  -tr.\ 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  One  who   or   that    which 
squeezes. 

2.  Metal-working:  A  machine  which  takes 
the  ball  of  puddled  iron  and  reduces  it  to  a 
compact  mass,  ready  for  the  rolls. 

squeez   ing,  pr.  far.,  o.,  &  ».    [SQUEEZE,  «.] 
A.  &  B.  Ai  pr.  far.  t  particip.  adj.:  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  Ai  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  pressing  between  two  bodies  ; 
pressure,  compression. 

2.  That  which  is  forced  out  by  pressure. 

3.  A  copy  or  facsimile  made  by  pressing 
some  soft  material  on  to  the  thing  of  which  a 
copy  is  to  be  made  :  as,  a  squeezing  of  a  medal 
or  brass. 

squeezing  box,  *. 

Pottery  :  A  metallic  cylinder  having  a  hole 
in  the  bottom,  through  which  clay  is  pressed 
for  shaping  the  handles,  &c.,  of  earthenware. 

squelch,  v.t.  &  i.     [Perhaps  allied  to  quell  ; 
but  cf.  Prov.  Eng.  qutlch  =  a  blow.) 
A.  Tram.  :  To  crush,  to  destroy,  to  squash. 

"  In  ten  or  a  dosen  yean,  the  farmers  of  that  section 
will  be  fighting  the  fire  that,  so  easy  to  ajurfcA  at  its 
beginning  is  so  baffling  when  once  it  geta  under  lull 
blast,  '—.v-rioner'l  Magaxnt,  March.  1880.  p.  MS. 

*  B.  Intrant.  :  To  be  crushed  or  destroyed. 

squelch,  «.    [SQUELCH,  ».]    A  heavy  blow  ;  a 
flat,  heavy  fall. 

"He  tore  the  earth  which  he  had  saved 
From  sju«Ic»  of  knight,  and  storro'd  and  raved. 

Hulltr:  Budibrai.  it  Its. 

tsquench,   v.t.     [Eng.  quench,  with  pref.  i 
intensive.]    To  quench. 

They'll  .  .  .  make  church  buckets  ous   akin  to 
rebellion/—  fleam".  t  fla.  ;  /'Aiiosrsr,  V.  L 


sque  teague',  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Ichlhy.  .  Otolithia  regalit,  found  along  the 
Atlantic  coast  to  the  Gulf  of  8t  Lawrence. 
It  is  from  one  to  two  feet  long,  brownish-blue 
above,  with  irregular  brownish  spots,  sides 
silvery,  belly  white.  The  flesh  is  wholesome 
and  well-flavoured,  but  so  quickly  gets  soft 
that  it  does  not  rank  high  in  the  market.  The 
air-bladder  makes  excellent  isinglass.  (Rlpley 
d  Dana.)  It  is  a  voracious  tish  and  bites 
readily,  but  its  mouth  Is  easily  torn,  whence 
it  is  often  called  Weak-Bsh. 

squib,  *  squibbe,  ».  [For  tquip,  or  nmp,  from 
Mid.  Eug.  squippen,swippen  =  to  move  swiftly 
to  fly,  to  sweep,  to  dash  ;  from  Icel.  tvipa  = 
to  flash,  to  dart  ;  nipr  —  a  swift  movement 
Norw.  tvim  =  to  run  swiftly.  Allied  to  mxep, 
nxop,sw(ft.  (Skeat.)] 

1.  A  hollow  pipe  or  cylinder  of  paper  filled 
with  gunpowder  or  other  combustible  mate 
rial,  like  a  rocket,  so  that  when  the  powder  is 
Ignited  the  squib  throws  out  a  train  of  fiery 
sparks,  and  bursts  with  a  crack. 

"  I  bare  been  burnt  at  both  ends  like  a  *?ufo.' 
Btaum.  A  flA  :  /stand  Prlnceu,  ii.  L 

•1  A  paltry  fellow. 

"  Aaked  f  or  their  me  by  ererie  smile." 

Sfxnier  :  Mother  Hubbartft  Tale.  STL 

•3.  One  who  writes  squibs  or  politica 
lampoons  ;  a  petty  satirist. 

"The  »7u*ai  are  those  who  in  the  common  uhrase  o 
the  world  an  called  libellers,  lampooners,  and  pain 
phleteera."—  Tarter,  No.  88. 

4.  A  petty  lampoon  ;  a  sarcastic  speech  o 
little  censorious  publication. 

"  On  account  of  a  political  iqutb  in  Terse  which  b 
bad  Just  written."—  Daily  TWeprtstA,  Feb.  23,  1887. 

5.  A  head  of  asparagus. 

"It  [asparagus]  is  sold  in  bundle*  containing  from 
el  x  to  ten  duien  tquibt."—  J/ajrA*»  :  London  Labou 
t  Londan  Poor,  L  ML  ' 

•  squib,  r.i.  &  (.    [SQUIB,  «.] 

A.  Intrana.  :  To  use  or  write  squibs,  petty 
lampoons,  or  sarcastic  and  censorious  reflec- 
tions. 

B*  Transitive: 

1.  To  write  or  publish  squibs  on  ;  to 
lampoon. 

"  The  Bloomer  costume,  tjuibbed  by  John  Leech  1 
18J1."—  Itaily  TetfyrajA.  March  H,  1887. 


•  2.  To  inject,  to  squirt 

squib  bisll,  o.    [Eng.  fjuii, •-*»».]    Slight, 
flashy. 

"  Light.  s?vi»oiiJs  things." — AmUssy  .•  LKrctor.th.  rav. 

squid,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  perhaps  a  variant 
of  stjuib,  from  their  squirting  out  black  matter.] 
Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the  Ten 
thi'liv  (q.v.).  The  Common  Squid  (Lnliyo  oil- 
garis),  about  eighteen  inches  long,  is  found  in 
shoals  around  the  Cornish  coast,  and  is  taken 
by  the  fishermen  in  large  numbers  for  bait 
It  is  bluish  with  darkerspots,  yellowish-white 
beneath.  The  Little  Squid  (Loligo  m«iia),  is 
ah, Ait  one-fourth  the  size,  spotted  with  dot* 
of  red  or  purple. 

squier  (1),  s.    [SQUARE,  >.] 
sqnler(2),  ».    [SQUIRE.] 

squlerle,  «.    [SQUIER  (2),  «.]    A  company  or 
number  of  squires. 

squig'-gle,  v.i.    [Cf.  swlggle.] 

1.  To  shake  a  fluid  about  in  the  mouth  with 
the  lips  closed.    (Prop.) 

2.  To  move  about  like  an  eel ;  to  squirm. 
squil   gee,  t.     [SQUEEGEE.] 

squill  *  squlUe,  *  squylle,  >.   [Fr. 
scille,  from  Lat  squiUa,  scilla  (q.v.).] 

1.  Bot. :  Anyplantofthe  genus  8cilla(q.v.), 
spec.  Scilla   maritima,   called    also    Urginec 
scilla,  indigenous  in  the  south  of  Europe  and 
the  Levant  S. 

verna  is  a  fa- 
vourite in  gar- 
dens  owing  to 
its  beautiful 
blue  blossom. 

2.  Pharm.  : 
The     bulb, 
sliced    and 
dried,  of  Scilla 
maritima.  The 
bulb,  which  ls 
scaly,  is  pear- 
shaped,  and 
weighs  from 

half  a  pound      SQUILL.   (Scilla  narlUma.) 

to  four  pounds.  ^  Bulb.  ^  8<3lp,0(  flowers:  c.  Leaves 
Its  prepara-  which  appear  after  the  flowers, 
tions  are  vine- 
gar, oxymel,  syrup,  and  tincture  of  squill, 
compound  squill  pill,  and  pill  of  ipecacuanha 
with  squill.  It  is  a  stimulant,  expectorant, 
and  diuretic,  and  in  larger  doses  produces 
vomiting  and  purging.  It  increases  the  se- 
cretions of  the  bronchial  mucous  membrane, 
and  facilitates  the  expectoration  of  mucus. 
When  used  as  a  diuretic  it  is  generally  com- 
bined with  a  mercurial.  (Garrod.) 

3.  Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  Squilla  mantit. 

"  The  curious  iqiiill,  so  common  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean."— Wright  :  A nimal  Life.  p.  SM. 

*  squill  fish,  >.  An  unidentified  aquttia 
animal.  [SQUILL-INSECT.] 

squill  Insect,  s.  An  unidentified  aqua- 
tic animal,  Moufet  (Theater  o]  Insects,  lib.  ii., 
ch.  xxxvii.)  says,  "The  Squilla,  an  insect, 
differs  but  little  from  the  flsh  Squilla,"  a  word 
which  he  uses  as  synonymous  with  shrimp. 
But  by  early  writers  names  were  loosely  ap- 
plied, and  from  Grew  (Mus.  Reg.  Soc.,  p.  119) 
we  learn  that  Sqnilla  was  applied  also  to  what 
he  calls  the  Rough-homed  Lobster  (probably 
Palinurus  vulgaris). 

"  The  jouflMneert  described  by  Moufet  So  called 
from  some  similitude  to  the  sjuiH.jts*.  chiefly  In 
having  a  long  body  covered  with  a  crust  composed  el 
several  rings  or  plates.  The  head  Is  broad  anu  souat 
Be  hath  a  pair  of  notable  sharp  fangs  before,  both 
hooked  inwards  like  a  bull's  horns."— e>™  -  ttu^attm. 
p.  174. 

squll'-la,  «.  [Lat.  =  (1)  A 
small  crustacean,  possibly  the 
pea-crab  [PISMOTHERIS]  ;  (2)  a 
sea-onion,  a  sea-leek,  usually 
written  Killa  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Stomapoda 
(q.v.X  with  several  species,  of 
which  the  best  known  is  Squilla 
mantis,  with  a  number  of  popu- 
lar names.  Segments  much  less 
coalescent  than  in  the  lobster ; 
those  bearing  the  eyes  and  an-  ^ 

tennules  are  readily  separable    •«     ^ 
from  the  front  of  the  head,  and 
are  not  covered  by  the  carapace,  which  on 
conceals  eight  segments.    The  gills  are  bonw 


fete,  CU,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  thfire;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go^p*. 
or,  wore,  wott  work,  who,  sou;  mute,  onb.  oiire,  unite,  our,  rule.  1*11:  try,  Syrian. 


i  =  •;  ey  =  a;  Q.n  =  kw. 


squillagee— squirrel 


4417 


by  the  abdominal  swimming  feet,  free  and  un- 
covered. The  first  pair  of  thoracic  limbs  are 
developed  into  a  pair  of  formidable  claws,  the 
terminal  joint  of  which  bears  a  row  of  long, 
•harp,  curved  teeth,  doubling  back  on  the 
edge  of  the  penultimate  joint,  which  has  a 
groove  to  receive  them.  They  lay  their  eggs 
at  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  and  the  larvae  pass 
Into  forms  which  have  been  described  as  In- 
dependent genera. 

2.  Palceont. :  Several  specimens  of  true 
Squilla  (Sculda  pennata,  Miinst),  have  been 
found  fossil  in  the  Solenhofen  Limestone. 
(Ency.  Brit.,  vi.  658).  It  occurs  also  in  the 
Eocene. 

squil -la-gee,  squil -gee,  5.    [SQUEEGEE.] 

t  squil -U-dw,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  LaL  squill(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Stomapoda  with  one 
genus  Squilla  (q.v.). 

«*qua-llf-io,  '  squil  lit'  Ick,  'squil- 
lit-icke,  a.  [SQUILL.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
obtained  from  squills. 

"  A  decoction  of  this  kind  of  worms  sodden  in  tquit. 
HrteA*  viuegre."— P.  ffoUand  :  Plinie.  bk.  x«..  ch.  ilL 

*squln'-an9e,  *squln'-an-9$r,  s.  [QUINSY.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  same  as  QUINSY  (q.v.). 

2.  Bot. :  [QUINSVWORT,  WOODRUFF]. 

*  squinancy  berry,  s.    [QUINSY-BERRY.] 

*  squln'-an-9$r-wdrt,  ».  [Eng.  squinancy, 
and  wort.]  [QUINSYWORT,  WOODRUFF.] 

squinch,  5.    [SCONCE.] 

Arch. :  A  small  pendentive  arch  formed 
across  the 
angle  of  a 
square  tower 
to  support 
the  side  of  a 
superim- 
posed octa- 
gon. Also 
••ailed  a 
Sconce. 

squin'-  sy,  *. 

[QUINSY.] 

squint,  a.  & 

a.  [Sw.fftnn- 


SQU1NCH. 
(Canon't  AtMy.  Northampton.) 


to  =  to  shrink,  to  flinch.    (Skeat.)~] 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Looking  obliquely  or  askance ;   not 
looking  directly;  oblique. 

**  I  Incline  to  hope  rather  than  fear, 
And  gladly  banish  iquint  suspicion." 

Milton  :  Comut,  418. 

2.  Not  having  the  optic  axes  coincident. 
{Said  of  the  eyes.) 
B*  As  substantive: 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  looking  oblique  or  askant ;  an 
Oblique  look,  a  sidelong  look. 

2.  A  look  generally. 

"  After  taking  a  prolonged  tquint,  he  called  to  ma 
that  the  object  was  a  ships  boat"— Daily  Telegraph, 
Dec.  34. 1885. 

3.  An  affection  of  the  eyes  in  which  the 
optic  axes  do  not  coincide.    [STRABISMUS.] 

'*  There  aro  two  kinds  of  tout nt— th«  Inward  and  the 
outward,  which  depend,  with  rare  exceptions,  on  two 
opposite  optical  defect*.  The  Inward  tqitint  is  associ- 
ated, In  by  far  the  greater  majority  of  cases,  with  far- 
sightedness, the  outward  with  short-sigh  tedneM.1*— 
'»  Magatine,  Sept..  1877,  p.  702. 

•  4.  A  distortion. 

*'  Wit  Is  a  tquint  of  the 
understanding.*—  Klixabeth 
Carter:  Letteri,  IT.  Ill 

II.  Arch. :  An  opening 
through  the  wall  of  a 
Roman  Catholic  church, 
in  an  oblique  direction, 
for  the  purpose  of  en- 
abling persons  in  the 
transept  or  aisle  to  see 
the  elevation  of  the 
Host  at  the  high 
altar.  They  are 
generally  found 
on  one  or  both 
sides  of  the 
chancel  arch, 
and  are  about 
•  yard  high  and  two  feet  wide.  Also  called 
a  Hagioscope. 

•quint-eye,  s.     An  eye  that  squints. 

"  I  fear  me  thou  have  a  touint-eyc." 

Spenter:  Shepheardt  Calender;  AuyuX. 


squint-eyed,  a. 

1.  Having  eyes  that  squint. 

"  He  was  so  tyuint-eytd,  that  he  seemed  spitefully 
to  look  upon  them  whom  he  behold."- K  nolle»  :  Xittory 
oft**  Turki, 

*  2.  Oblique,  indirect,  malignant. 

**  This  is  such  *  false  ami  tquint-eyed  praise. 
Which  seeming  to  look  up  wards  on  his  glonw. 
Looks  dowu  upon  my  fears."        Denham :  Sophy. 

*  3.  Looking  obliquely  or  by  side  glances. 
squint  quoin,  s. 

Arch. ;  An  external  oblique  angle. 

squint,  v.i.  &  /.    [SQUINT,  a.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  look  with  a  squint,  or  with  the  eyes 
differently  directed. 

"  Borne  can  tquint  when  they  will  ;  and  children  set 
upon  a  table,  with  a  candle  behind  them  both  eyes 
will  move  outwards,  to  seek  the  light,  and  so  Induce 
squin  ting.  —  Bacon. 

2.  To  have  the  axes  of  the  eyes  not  coinci- 
dent ;  to  be  affected  with  strabismus. 

We    have    many   instances   of   tquinting   tn  the 
"    bit,  corn- 
nimctitd 


•'  We  have  many  instances  of  tquintiny  In 
father,  which  he  received  from  fright  or  habit,  c 
muuicated  to  the  offspring." — Golctrmith:  Anim< 
Mature,  pt,  11.,  cb.  xL 


*  3.  To  run  or  be  directed  obliquely ;  to 
have  an  indirect  reference  or  bearing. 

"  In  prudence,  too.  you  think  my  rhyme* 
Should  never  tquint  at  courtiers'  crimes." 

Gay:  Ant  inOffice. 

*  4.  To  refer  indirectly  or  obliquely. 

"  Not  meaning  ... 
His  pleasure  or  his  good  alone,' 
But  tquinting  partly  at  my  own." 

Covper  :  To  Rev.  FT.  BvO. 

•B.  Transitive: 

L  To  turn  (the  eye)  In  an  oblique  direction. 

"  Perkln  began  already  to  tyttint  one  eye  upon  the 
erown,  and  another  upon  the  sanctuary.**— fltwron  .* 
Henry  VII. 

2.  To  cause  to  look  with  a  squint,  or  with 
non-coincident  optic  axes. 

"  He  gives  the  web  and  the  pin,  tquintt  the  eye,  and 
makes  the  hare-lip."-  Shaketp.  •  Lear,  ill.  4. 

*  3.  To  cast  or  direct  obliquely. 

"  On  others*  ways  they  never  tqitint  a  frown." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  i.  la, 

*  squlnt'-er,  8.    [Eng.  squint,  v. ;  -er.}    One 
who  squints. 

"  The  triumphs  of  the  patriot  tquinter." 

Warton  :  Oxford  Xevwnarit  I'ertet. 

*  squmt-I-fe  -go,  a.    [SQUINT.]    Squinting. 

"  The  timbrel  and  the  tqulntifego  maid 
Of  Isla  awe  thee."  Dryden  :  Pertiut,  sat  T. 

squlnt'-lng,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SQUINT,  v,} 

squint'-Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  squinting;  -ly.] 
In  a  squinting  manner,  with  a  squint;  by 
side  glances,  obliquely. 

squin' -y,  squin' -ny,  v.i.    [SQUINT,  a.]    To 
squint ;  to  look  askance  or  asquint.    (1'rov.) 
"  I  remember  thine  eye*  well  enoug h : 
Dost  thou  tyuiny  at  me  f  "      ShaJixtp.  .*  L«nr,  IT.  S. 

*  squ£n'-zey.  *.    [SQUINBY.] 

squir,  sqnirr,  r.t.  [Prob.  Imitative  of  the 
sound  of  a  body  passing  rapidly  through  the 
air;  cf.  whirr.]  To  throw  with  a  jerk;  to 
cause  to  cut  along  ;  to  move  as  anything  cut- 
ting through  the  air. 

"  I  saw  him  W"rr  away  his  watch  a  considerable 
distance  into  the  Thames."—  Budgell :  Spectator,  No.  77. 

*  squir'  al  ty,  *  squir-al  i  ty,  *.    [Eng. 
squir(e);    -alty.]    The  same  as  SQUIREARCHY 

(q.v.). 
squir'-arch-y,  *.    [SQUIREARCHY.] 

squire  (1),  *  squiere,  ».  [A  contract,  of 
esquire  (q.v.).] 

1.  An  attendant  on  a  knight;   a  knight's 

shield  or  armour-bearer. 

"  The  f?Kire,  who  saw  expiring  on  the  ground 
Ills  prostrate  master,  relu'd  the  steeds  around." 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  XX.  665. 

2.  An  attendant  on  a  person  of  noble  or 
royal  rank  :  hence,  colloquially,  an  attendant 
on  a  lady ;  a  beau,  a  gallant ;  a  male  com- 
panion, a  close  attendant  or  follower. 

"  Has  your  young  sanctity  done  railing.  Madam, 
Against  your  Innocent  vjuirr  t" 

Beaum.  A  Pitt. :  Wife  for  a  Month,  L  1. 

3.  The  title  of  a  gentleman  next  in  rank  to 
a  knight 

"  I  think  he  may  be  called  a  tqnirc.  for  he  heareth 
euer  after  those  armes."— Smith  ;  Commonwealth,  bk. 
1.,  oh.  xx. 

4.  A  title  popularly  given   to  a   country 
gentleman. 

5.  A  title  given  to  magistrates  and  lawyers 
in  the  United  States.    In  New  England  it  la 


giren  especially  to  justices  of  the  peace  and 
judges;  ID  Pennsylvania  to  the  justice*  of  th» 
peace  only. 

5  Squire  of  Dames :  A  personage  Intro- 
duced  by  Spenser  iu  the  Faery  Queen  (III. 
vtl.  61).  Often  used  to  express  a  person  de- 
voted to  the  fair  sex. 

*  squire  (2),  ».    [O.  Fr.  esquierie.]    A  rule,  • 

foot-rule,  a  square  (q.v.). 

*  squire,  v.t.    [SQUIRE  (1), «.] 

1.  To  attend  as  a  squire. 

2.  To  attend  as  a  beau  or  gallant ;  to  escort. 
"She  offered,  if  I  would  tquire  her  there,  to  send 

home  the  footman."— Qoldimith  :  Bee,  No.  i. 

*  squire'-age  (age  as  Ig),  «.    [Eng.  tyuirt; 
•age.}    Landed  gentry ;  squires. 

*  squire'-aroh,  *.    [SQUIREARCHY.]    A  mem- 
ber of  the  squirearchy. 

"I  had  long  been  disgusted  with  the  Interference  oi 
those  selfish  »/uire<trcfii."—L]/tton.-  Caxtont,  bk.  iL 
ch.  xl. 

*  squire  arch  al,  •  squire  arch'-ical, 

a.  [Eng.  squirearchy);  -at,  -ical.\  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  squirearchy ;  fit  for  a  squire. 

"Living  In  houses  often  almost  wufrearchoL"— 
/tatty  Ifwt,  Sept  20.  MSI. 

squire-aren-y.  *.  [Eng.  squire,  and  Or. 
*PX1  (arche)  =  rule,  5pXw  (archo)  =  to  role.1 
The  squires  or  gentlemen  of  a  country  taken 
collectively  ;  the  domination  or  political  in- 
fluence exercised  by  the  squires  considered  u 
a  body.  (Bnglbk.) 

"  The  lew«r  Irish  squirearchy  of  three  or  four  gen* 
rations  ago."— Brit.  Quarterly  Review,  Irii.  110.  <187*4 

squir  een',  *.  [Eng.  squire  (1),  s. ;  dimin. 
sutl.  -een.}  A  small  or  petty  squire. 

*  squire'-hood,  s.  [Eng.  squire  (1),  a. ;  -hood.} 
The  rank  or  state  of  a  squire. 

11  squire'- ling,  *  squire -lot,  «.  [Eng. 
squire  (1),  s, ;  dimin.  surT.  -ling,  -&.]  Asuiail 
or  petty  squire  ;  a  squireen. 

"  A  grand  political  dinner 
.    To  half  the  tquirelingi  near." 

Tennywn  :  Maud,  L  xx.  L 

*  squ'ire'-ly,  a.  &  adv.     [Eng.  squire  (IX  «. ; 

-ly-] 

A.  As  adj. :  Becoming  or  befitting  a  squire, 

"Thi*  fjitirtly  functiou.>'-£h«Itott.*   Don  tjuixot*. 

B*  As  adv. :  Like  a  squire. 

"  Syuterly  forth  gan  he  gon." 

Jiomaunt  of  the  Roee. 

squire  -ship,  «.    [Eng.  squire  (1),  s. ;  -ship.} 
The  state  or  position  of  a  squire ;  squirehood. 
"  What  profit  hast  thou  reaped  by  this  thy  tyuirt- 
iMp ; "—Shelton  :  Don  Quixote,  1.4. 

*squir'-ess,  *.     [Eng.  squir(e);  -«».]     The 

wife  of  a  squire. 

squirm,  v.t.  or  <.  [Perhaps  a  form  of  worm 
(q.v.).] 

1.  To  move  like  a  worm  or  eel ;  to  writhe 
about.    (Prop.  &  Amer.) 

"  Next  he  tquirmt  rapidly  through  the  loosened 
girths  until  be  can  bring  his  heels  to  bear."— Scribntr't 
Magazine,  April,  1880,  p.  936. 

2.  To  climb  by  embracing  and  clinging  with 
the  hands  and  feet. 

squirm,  s.    [SQUIRM,  v.} 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  wriggling  motion,  ai  of 
an  eel. 

2.  Naut. :  A  twist  in  a  rope, 

squirr,  v.t.    [SQUIB.] 

squir '-rel,  *  squir  -el,  *  sour-el,  *  sour- 
elle,  f.  [O.  Fr.  escurel ;  Fr.  eeureuil ;  Low 
Lat.  sciuriotus,  dfmin.  from  Lat.  sciurus,  from 
Gr.  o-ieioypoy  (skiouros) :  <rjeta  (skia)  =  a  shadow, 
and  ovfia  (oura)  =  a  tail,  hence  the  name  = 
the  animal  that  shades  or  covers  itself  with 
its  tail,  from  its  habit  of  sitting  with  the  tail 
curved  over  its  back ;  Prov.  escurol ;  Sp.  & 
Port,  esquilo;  Ital.  scojattolo.] 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
Sciuridsa  (q.v  );  more  particularly  for  the  gentu 
Sciurus,  though  there  are  seven  genera  and 
many  species  in  the  family  all  popularly  known 
as  squirrels  They  are  characterized  by  their 
slender  bodies,  round,  hairy  tails,  large,  promi- 
nent eyes,  and  usually  arboreal  habits,  though 
some  few  excavate  subterranean  retreats.  In 
Sciurus  the  tail  is  long  and  bushy  and  the  ean 
pointed.  Tamias  is  an  United  States  genus,  with 
four  species,  each  having  cheek  pouches,  and 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo\vl ;  eat,  9611,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-cian, -tun      shaa.    -Uon,  -sion  =  shun;  -tlon,  -fton  =  zhu&,   -clous,  -tlous.  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  d«L 


4418 


squirt— stable 


the  back  itriped  light  and  dark.  The  Chip- 
munk ur  Ground  Squirrel  i»  a  common  ex- 
ample. Squirrels  haunt  woods  and  forest*, 
Besting  In  trees,  and  displaying  marvell'ms 
•gflity  among  the  branches.  They  feed  on 
nuts,  acorns,  beech-mast,  which  they  store 
up,  birds'  eggs, 
and  the  young 
bark,  shoots,  and 
buds  of  trees, 
doing  no  small 
amount  of  dam- 
age. They  pass 
the  winter  in  a 
atate  of  partial 
hibernation, 
waking  up  in 
fine,  warm  wea- 
ther, when  the 
provision  laid  up 
m  the  summer  is 
made  use  of  for 

monogamous,  and  the  female  of  S.  niifarfc,  the 
common  European  squirrel,  produces  three  or 
four  young.  They  are  ofteu  kept  as  pets;  in 
Laplaud  and  Siberia  this  species  is  killed  iu 
great  numbers  for  the  sake  of  its  winter  coat. 
This  though  valuablecis  inferior  to  the  fnrof  the 
Morth  American  Gray  Squirrel  (S.  carolinauu). 

squirrel  corn,  .<. 
Bo*. :  Dicentra  canadensis. 
-  Dloentra.  commonly  e»ll«d  ^alrnt-mr*.  has  nearly 
the,  s»me  perfume."—  S«rr«u»IU  •  Pfpactt*.  V-  »» 

squirrel  cup,  s. 

Bat. :  Hepatica  or  Liver-leaf. 

"  The  ttutrrel-cupl.  a  graceful  company. 
Hide  In  thoir  bells,  a  soft  serial  blue." 

Bryant,  in  Burroughs :  Pepacton.  p.  180. 

gquirrel-nsh,  s.    A  sort  of  i«rch. 

squirrel  flying-phalanger,  i. 

Zool.  .*  Petaurits  sciureus ;  from  South  Aus- 
tralia about  eight  or  nine  inches  long,  with  a 
tail  as  long  as  the  body.  Colour,  ash-gray 
with  a  black  stripe  from  the  nose  to  the  root 
of  the  tail,  cheeks  white  with  a  black  patch, 
under  surface  white.  [PCTAURES.] 

squirrel-like  rodents, «.  pi.   ISciuso- 

MORPHA.) 

squirrel  monkey,  >. 

Zool.:  CaUiOirix  icivreus,  from  South 
America,  It  is  about  ten  inches  long,  with  a 
tail  half  as  much  again ;  fur  olive-gray  on  the 
body,  limbs  red,  muzzle  dark.  They  are  af- 
fectionate and  playful  in  disposition. 

squirrel  tail,  sq.uirrel-taU  gran, ». 

Bot. :  Hordeum  maritvnmn.  Named  from  the 
shape  of  the  flower-spikes.  The  awns  are  in- 
jurious by  their  mechanical  action  to  the 
gums  of  horses. 

Muirt,  "squyrte,  v.t.  &  i.  [Sw.  dial.  skvittZr 
=  to  sprinkle  all  round;  Icel.  stairtto  =  to 
squirt  out,  to  throw  out ;  skvettr  =  a  gush  of 
water  poured  out ;  Dan.  siroatte  =  to  splash.) 

A.  Trans. :   To  eject  or  throw  In  a  stream 
out  of  a  narrow  orifice  or  pipe. 

"To  iqittrt  water  into  that  part"—/1.  Holland : 
Plinit.  ok.  vHi..  ch.  XX«1U 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  be  thrown  out  or  ejected  In  a 
stream  from  a  narrow  orifice  or  pipe. 
•  %  jt{g. ;  TO  throw  out  words  ;  to  prate. 

"Ton  are  so  given  to  tquirting  up  and  down,  and 

chattering,  that  the  world  would  say.  1^  bad  chosen  a 
lack-puddiug   for    ft    prime-minister.  —  L  Ettrange : 


•quirt  Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    (SQUIRT,  ».] 

squirting  -  encumber,  t  spirting  - 
cucumber,  >. 

Bot. :  Ecbalium  agriste  (formerly  Momordioa 
Elaterium),  a  prostrate  plant  from  the  south 
of  Europe.  Corolla  yellow,  veined  with  green ; 
the  fruit  is  a  small,  elliptical,  green  gourd 
covered  with  prickles.  When  ripe,  it  ejects 
its  seeds  and  juice  with  some  force.  [ECBA- 
LICM,  ELATERIUM.] 

squlsh'-*p,  ».    [Eng.  tq»Hre),  •»*  (M)«App.] 

[SQUARSON.] 

•quitch,  ».    [QcrrcH.] 

gquyer,  s.    [SQUIRE  (1),  ..] 

sradh,  shraddh,  s.  [Mahratta,  ftc.  shraddh.] 
Brahmanism :  Funeral  rit«s  performed  on 
the  death  of  an  individual,  without  which  his 
soul  would  have  to  continue  in  a  wandering 
state.  Similar  rites  are  performed  monthly 
and  yearly  to  the  manes  of  deceased  ancestors. 

stab,  *  stabbe,  v.t.  &  i.  [Etym.  doubtful ; 
prob  from  Ir.  stobaim  =  to  stab ;  Gael  stab 
=  to  thrust  or  fix  a  stake  In  the  ground,  to 
stab,  to  thrust,  from  stob  =  a  stake,  a  pointed 
iron  or  stick  ;  cogn.  with  Eng.  s(a/(q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Literally: 

1.  To  pierce  or  wound  with  a  pointed 
weapon ;  to  kill  with  a  pointed  weapon 


[SQOIRT,  t).] 

L  An  Instrument  with  which  water  orother 
liquid  Is  ejected  in  a  stream  with  force ;  a 
•yringe. 

"  But  when  they  hare  hespatterM  all  they  may. 
The  statesman  throws  his  filthy  lyuiru  away  I  • 
young  :  To  Mr.  Pope,  3D.  I. 

*  2.  A  small  jet. 

"Toe  watrlng  of  those  lumps  of  dung,  with  nulrtl 
tt  an  infusion  of  tbe  medicine  in  dunged  water.  — 
Bacon .-  .fat.  Silt.,  i  500. 

*  3.  Looseness  of  the  bowels ;  diarrhoea. 

4.  A  foppish  young  fellow  ;  a  whipper- 
snapper.  (Ooltoj.) 

•auirf-er,  *«<iuyrt-er,  «.  [Eng.  •?«»<.. 
<r.)  One  who  or  tliat  which  squirU;  one 
who  uses  a  squirt. 

"  WTio  made  equlrfcjuns  of  the  hollow  metal  pen 
handles  which  were  In  rogue  In  those  days,  and  wh> 


"  Clarence  is  come,  false.  fleetuig.perlur  d  Clarence, 
'  by  Tewkesbory. 

i.  :  Richard  111..  I  «. 


That  ttabb'd  me  in  tbe  field  by  1 


2.  To  drive,  thrust,  force,  or  plunge,  as  a 
pointed  weapon. 

"  Stab  poniards  In  our  flesh.* 

-1- p..-»tf««r»  F/..U.1. 


01 

fall 
pain  on. 

"  Then,  to  complete  her  woes,  wilt  I  espouse 
Herinioue  :  'twill  (too  her  to  tbe  heart." 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Literally: 

1   To  give  or  inflict  a  wound  with  a  pointed 

Weap0n- 


2.  To  aim  a  blow  at  a  person  with  a  pointed 
weapon. 

*  Thou  hl<r.rt  »  thooiand  d*ffg«ti  In  thy  thought*  . 
To  ^  at  my  frail  UI 


IL  Fig. :  To  Inflict  pain  secretly  or  mall 
cioualy ;  to  mortify,  to  pain. 

*  Critics  of  old.  a  manly  liberal  race. 
ApproVd  or  censur'd  with  au  open  face  .  .  . 
Kor  UaWd,  conceal'd  beneath  a  rnffijui  i  mask." 
JJoi/d:  Spiele  to  C.  Churchill. 

stab  (1),  "  stabbe, ».    [STAB,  «.) 
L  Literally: 

1.  The  thrust  of  a  dagger  or  other  pointed 
weapon. 

"  And  the  possibility  of  getting  rid  of  him  by  a  lucky 
shot  or  ititb  was  again  seriously  discussed.'  —Macaulay . 
Sift.  Eng.,  ch.  xxi. 

2.  A  wound  with  a  sharp-pointed  weapon. 

"  His  gash'd  ttnta  look'd  like  a  breach  In  nature, 
For  nun's  wasteful  entrance  ' 


n.  Fig. :  A  wound  or  Injury  inflicted  in  the 
dark ;  a  secret  injury  maliciously  indicted. 

"This  sudden  ttab  of  rancour  I  misdoubt," 

Shakeip. :  Richard  III.,  lit  L 

'Stab  (2),  s.  [See  def.l  An  abbreviation  em 
ployed  by  workmen  for  establislted  wages,  as 
opposed  to  piece-work. 

Sta'-bat  sMa'-ter.  Sta  -bat  Ma'-ter,  » 
[Lat.  =The  Mother  stood,  the  first  words  o 
the  hymn.  (See  def.).J 

Musia:  A  well-known  Latin  hymn  on  the 
Crucifixion,  snng  during  Passion  week  In  the 
Roman  Church.    Jacopone,  a  Franciscan  wh" 
lived  in  the  thirteenth  century,  is  supposes 
to  have  been  the  author  of  the  words.    In 
addition  to  the  ancient  setting,  probably  con 
temporary  with  the  words,  many  composer 
have  written  music  to  the  Stabat  Mater,  bu 
the  compositions  which  are  best  known  ar 
those  by  Palestrina,  Pergolesi  (the  last  effort 
of  his  life),  and  Rossini. 

•tab'-ber, ».    [Eng.  stab,  v. ;  •«•.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :   One  who  stabs ;  a  privy 
murderer.    (Broimlnj:  Sordella,  I.) 


U.  Technically: 

1.  Domestic :  A  lady's  awl  for  open'.ng  holw 
for  eyelets. 

2.  Leather:  A  pegging-awl ;  a  pricker. 

3.  A'aiii. :  A  marlinspike. 
stab'-blng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  ft  ».    (STAB,  t).] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  tt  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C,  As  substantive: 

J.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  wounding  or 
piercing  with  a  pointed  weapon. 

"Special  orders  were  given  by  Barclay  that  the) 
•words  should  be  made  rather  for  ftabbittf  than  faff 
slashing.'— Xacaulay  :  But.  Eny.,  ch.  xxL 

IL  Technically: 
1.  Bookbinding: 

(1)  The  puncturing  of  the  boards  for  the 
slips. 

(2)  The  perforation  of  a  pile  of  folded  sheets 
for  a  stitching  twine  ;  a  cheap  substitute  for 
sewing. 

2  Mason. :  The  picking  or  roughening  of  a 
brick  wall,  in  order  to  make  plaster  adhere 
thereto. 

stabbing  -  machine,  stabbing- 
pre»a,«. 

Bookbiiul. :  A  machine  or  press  for  per- 
forating a  pile  of  folded  and  gathered  signa- 
tures to  prepare  them  for  the  operation  of 
stitching. 

*  Stab'-blng-iy,  «df-    tEng.  stabbing ;  -ly.] 
In  a  stabbing  manner;  with  intent  to  stab  or 
injure  secretly  and  maliciously. 

"  This  Intimation  against  the  council  Is  as  HaUltyll 
suggested."— lip.  rtirktr  :  Keply  to  Itekearlal  Tranf 
proud,  p.  287  (16781. 

*  sta-bir-i-fy,  v.t.    [Eng.  stable,  a. ;  raff.  -A.) 
To'  make  stable,  fixed,  or  firm  ;  to  establish. 
(Brwming.) 

•  •ta-bil'-l'-ment,    «.      [Lat.  stabUimentum. 

from  eiabilio  =  to  make  stable  (q.v.).]   The  act 

of  making  firm  or  establishing  ;  firm  support, 

-  Its  firmament  by  the  principles  of  Christianity, 

hath  been  blessed  by  the  Issues  of  that  ttatnltmmt. 

—Bp.  Taylor  t  Sernoiu.  vol.  ill.  aer.  a. 

•  sta-blT-I-tate,  r.(.     [Lat.  stabilis  =  stable) 
-q.V.).]    To  make  or  render  stable;  to  es- 

"  What  she  most  doth  love 


sta  bil'  J-ty.  •  «t»-bll-y-tye,  »-  (L«t. 
stabilitai,  from  slabilis  =  stable  (q.v.);  Fr. 
itabilite.) 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  stable  or 
firm  ;  stableuess,  firmness  ;  strength  to  stand 
and  to  resist  being  moved  or  overthrown. 

"  Which  number  [eight!  being  the  first  cube.  Is  aftt 
hlerottlyphlck  of  the  rtoMffty  of  that  go%-erumeuu  — 
Mart:  fhilot.  Cabbala.  (App.1 

2.  Firmness  or    steadiness    of    character, 
resolution,  or  purpose;  freedom  from  lickle- 
nessorchangeableness;  constancy,  resolution. 

"  But  for  it*  absolute  self;  a  life  of  peace, 
SlabUUi  without  regret  or  fear." 

Wordtteerth  :  Excurrion.  bk.  id. 

•  3.  Fixedness,  as  opposed  to  fluidity. 

"  Fluidness  and  liability  are  contrary  qualities. "— 
efcejE 

*  sta'-bsl-ize,  v.t.  [Bng.  stable,  a. ;  -izt.}  To 
make  stable  or  firmly  established ;  to  establish 
firmly. 

••The  language  la  sfooUfaxf—  WHtnn:  Uf'  • 
Orutpt*  o/  Lanfuafft,  ch.  Ix. 

Sta  ble,  a.  [O.  Fr.  ettable  (Fr.  itabU),  from 
Lat.  slabUis  =  stable,  standing  firmly,  froia 
sto  =  to  stand  ;  Sp.  estable ;  Ital.  stabile.] 

t.  Ordinary  language: 

\.  Fixed;  firmly  established;  not  to  b» 
easily  moved,  shaken,  or  overthrown ;  nnnly 
fixed,  settled,  or  established. 

2  Steady  and  constant  in  resolution  or  pur- 
pose ;  firm  in  resolution ;  not  fickle  or  change- 
able ;  constant. 

"God  rsalth  he]  is  the  prince  and  ruler  over  au, 
alwayes  mTHoU*.  immovable,  like  to  hlmself- 
Cudmrtli:  InteU.  »fltem,  p.  MS. 

3.  Abiding,  durable,  lasting;  not  subject  to 
change  or  destruction. 

•  He  perfect.  Habits  bnt  imperfect  •".- 
Subject  to  change,  and  dlnerent  Indegree. 

£rvd«t.-  falfHon  *  Arettt.  lii.  l."MS. 

U.  Physics:  Not  easily  moved  from  a  »Uts> 
of  equilibrium.  [EQUILIBRIUM,  II.  2.1 

T  Stablt  £  unstable  eynilibrium :  [EQUILI- 
BRIUM]. 


Ate  tat.  Hire.  amid«t,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  oamel.  her.  thSre;  pine,  pit.  .ire,  .ir.  marine-go^ 
n.  wore.  W9lt;  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub.  ouro,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    «.o3  =  e;«y  =  ..;«n- 


stabie— stacking 


4419 


•ta  ble,  s.  tO.  Fr.  estable  (Pr.  etablt),  from 
l.at.  stabulum  =a  standing-place,  an  abode,  a 
siull,  a  stable,  from  eto  =  to  stand;  8p. 
estitblo.] 

1.  A  house  or  building  constructed  to  lodge 
and   feed  horses,  and  furnished  with  stalls, 
racks,  mangers,  and  all  other  necessary  equip- 
ments. 

"  Pull  many  a  delute  ban  hadde  he  In  ttaKt." 

CAowwr.-  C.  T.,  168.    (ProU 

H  The  word  is  occasionally  used  in  a  wider 
•eitse.  as  equivalent  to  a  house,  shed,  or 
building  for  beasts  generally,  as  a  cowshed,  &c. 

2.  A  racing-stable  ;  an  establishment  where 
race-horses  are  trained. 

"  They  can  insure  a  straight  rim  for  their  money  In 
Connection  with  this  ttabls.'—Heferee,  April.  H,  1867. 

3.  (PL)  Mil. ;  Attendance  on  horses  in  the 
•tables. 

"  They  seem  always  at  Mtakles,  on  parade,  or  out 
doing  fleld-llring."— Morning  Pott,  Feb.  6,  1885. 

stabls-boy,  s.  A  boy  who  attends  in  a 
•table. 

"  Served  as  a  itahte-bo  y,  errand-boy,  porter,  and  groom." 
Wordtworth  :  farmer  of  TiUoury  rule. 

Stable-man,  s.  A  man  who  attends  in  a 
•table  ;  a  groom,  an  ostler. 

"  If  a  itablt-mn*  cannot  keep  a  bloom  on  hone*' 
coats  when  standing  on  it.  1  am  cure  ttmt  It  U  tbe 
fault  of  the  ttable-man."— field,  Jan.  33,  1886. 

stable-room,   s.     Room  in  a  stable; 

room  tor  stables. 

*  stable  stand,  *. 

Old  Law :  (See  extract). 

"  Stable- ttand  IB  one  of  the  four  evidence*  or  pre- 
fiimptions,  whereby  a  man  la  convinced  to  Intend  the 
etcAliug  of  a  king's  deer  La  the  forest." — L'vttell;  Law 
Dtet. 

*8ta-ble  (1),  v.t.  [STABLE,  a.]  To  make 
stable,  fixed,  or  firm  ;  to  fix,  to  establish. 

"Articles  devised  hy  the  king's  highnem  to  stable 
Christian  quietness  and  unity  among  tue  vwople." — 
Stryfte:  Life  of  Archbithop  Cranmer  (under  1536). 

•ta'-ble(2),  v.t.&i.    [STABLE,*.] 

A.  Transitive:  » 

1.  Lit. :  To  put,  plaee,  or  keep  in  a  stable. 

"  He  meetly  ttabled  his  steed  In  stall. " 

Scott  :  Lay  of  the  Latt  Minttrd,  i.  SL 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  fix,  to  stick. 

"  When  they  the  peril  that  do  not  forecast, 
lu  the  stiff  mud  are  quickly  ttabli-d  fast." 

rt  In  this  sense  perhaps  belonging  rather  to 
STABLE  (1),  v. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  dwell  or  lodge  In,  or  as 
In,  a  stable  ;  to  kennel;  to  dwell,  as  beasts. 

"  In  their  palaces  .  .  .  se*  monsters  whelp'd 
And  tt.tbl.,1."  Miiton:  P.  L.,  U.  752. 

•ta  ble  ness,  *  sta-ble-nesse,  .*.  [Eng. 
stable,  a.  ;  -nets.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  stable,  fixed, 
or  firmly  established  ;  fixedness  and  firmness 
of  position ;   stability ;  strength  to  stand  or 
remain  unchanged. 

2.  Steadiness  or  firmness  of  character,  reso- 
lution, or  purpose ;  firmness,  strength,  reso- 
lution, constancy. 

"  Ther  Constance,  that  1*  ttablcnette  of  corage." — 
— Chaucer:  Pertomit  Tale. 

*  Sta -bier,  5.    [Eng.  stabl(e\  s. ;  -er.]    One 
who  keeps  stables  ;  one  who  stables  horses. 

*  Sta -bier-ess,  s.     [Eng.  stabler;  -ess.]     A 
female  who  keeps  rtables. 

'*  A  scandal  Is  raised  on  her  name,  that  she  was 
StahnlarU,  "a  ttablereu,"  whereof  one  rendreth  this 
witty  reason,  because  her  father  was  Come*  Stabuli." 
—fuller:  Worthiet ;  Et$ex. 

*  stab-li,  *  stab-licne,  adv.    [STABLY.] 

Sta  bllng,  *.    [Eng.  stabl(e),  s. ;  -ing.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  keeping  in  a  stable 
or  stables. 

2.  A  stable  ;  a  house  or  shed  for  lodging 
beasts. 

"Now  tmok'd  In  diut,  a  XaWing  now  for  wolves." 
Thornton  :  Liberty. 

*  stab  Hsh,  *  stab-  Us  en,  v.t.  [An  abt»rev. 
of  establish  (q.v.).]    To  settle  permanently  in 
a  state ;  to  make  firm ;  to  fix.  to  settle,  to 
Mtablish. 

"  Wi*t*  thon  not  well  that  all  the  litwe  of  klnde  is 
B7  In  we,  and  by  Ood  ordeiaed  and  staU  i»h*t  to  dure 
by  kinde  rea»un."— CAawccr :  Tettttmeiit  tf  Leue. 

"  Btab'-Ush-ment,  *.  [Bng.  stablitk;  -ment.] 
Establishment ;  firm  settlement. 

"  BuflScieut  for  their  toules  health,  and  the  ttabtitk- 
ment  of  hli  monarchivine."—  BoHmh*<t;  Oetcript. 
Brit.,  ch.  ix. 


•sta-bly,    »  stab  11,    *  »tab-llche,  adv. 

[£ng.  stab(le);  -ly,}  In  a  stable  or  linn  man- 
ner ;  firmly,  steadily,  constantly. 

"And  hud  hem  for  the  lone  of  God,  that  heo  hem 

vnderstode. 
And  ttabliche  hold  togedere.  to  wui«  that  lond  " 

Robert  of  Gloucetter,  p.  123. 

*  stab  u  la  -tlon,  «.    [Lat.  stabulatio,  from 
stabulalus,  pa,  par.  of  stabvlnr  =  to  stand  in  a 
stable  ;  stabulum  =  a  stable  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  stabling  or  housing  beaats. 

2.  A  place  or  room  for  housing  beasts ;  a 
stable. 

Stab  -wbrt,  *.    [Eng.  stab  (1),  «.,  and  wort.] 

Sot. :  Oxalte  Acetosdla.     Park  in  his  Theatre 
.    says  that  it  is  "  singular  good  in  wounds, 

puncture*,    thrusts,    and    stabbes    into   the 

body."    (Britten  A  Holland.) 

Stac-ca'-to,  adv.  [Ital.,  pa.  par.  of  etaccare, 
for  distaccare  =  to  separate,  to  detach.] 

Mutic:  Detached,  taken  off,  separated.  In 
music  the  word  signifies  a  detached,  abrupt 
method  of  singing  or  playing  certain  notes, 
by  making  them  of  less  duration  than  they 
otherwise  would  be.  A  small  dash  over  a 
note  signifies  that  it  is  to  be  played  staccato. 

stach'-er,  r.t.  [A  softened  form  of  stagger 
(q.v.).]  To  stagger.  (Scotch,.) 

"  1  ttacher'd  whiles,  hut  yet  took  tent  aye 

To  free  the  ill  tube*. ' 
Bunt* :  Death  *  Or.  Hornbook, 

sta-chyd  -e-»,  sta'-che-fe,  s.  pi.  [Lat 
stachys,  genit.  8tachyd(is);  fern.  pL  adj.  suff. 
-«B.] 

Bot.  ;  A  tribe  of  Lamiacese.  Stamens  four, 
parallel,  two  upper  aliorter,  ascending  under 
the  concave  upper  lip,  or  included  in  the 
tube ;  nutlets  free,  smooth,  or  tubercled. 

sta  chys,  «.  [Lat,  from  Gr,  OTOXW  (stachus) 
=  an  ear  of  corn ;  woundwort  (See  def.)] 

Bot. :  Woundwort ;  calyx  as  long  as  the  tube 
of  the  corolla,  sub-cam panulate,  ten-ribbed; 
teeth  five,  nearly  equal,  acuminate;  upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  arched,  entire ;  lower  one 
three  lobed ;  the  two  lateral  ones  refiexed ; 
the  two  anterior  stamens  the  longest,  with 
the  anther  cells  diverging.  Chiefly  from  the 
warmer  parts  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere. 
Known  species  about  160,  mostly  European. 
Stachya  eylvatica,  the  Hedge;  B.  paluftrix,  the 
Marsh  ;  S.  germanioa^  the  Downy ;  S,  arverutt, 
the  Corn  Woundwort,  and  B.  Betonica,  called 
also  Betonica  officinalie,  are  common  species. 
The  bruised  stems  of  S.  parvijlora,  a  native  of 
Afghanistan  and  Northern  India,  are  applied 
to  parts  of  the  body  affected  by  the  guinea- 
worm. 

stach  y  tar  -pha,  st&ch-y^tar-phe'-ta, 
«.  [Gr.  ar«xu«  (stadMts)  =  au  ear  of  corn,  and 
Tap-ftetos  (larpheios)  =  thick.  Named  from  the 
inflorescence.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Verbenese  ;  aromatic  herbs 
or  shrubs  with  fleshy  spikes,  stamens  four, 
the  upper  two  without  anthers  ;  nutlets  two. 
The  Brazilians  attribute  powerful  medicinal 
properties  to  Stachytarpheta  jamairensit.  Its 
leaves  are  sometimes  used  to  adulterate  tea. 

*  stack,  pret.  ofv.    [STICK,  u,J 

stack,  "stac,  "  stak,  'stakko,  s.     [Icel. 

stabler—  a  stack  of  hay;  stdkka=  a  stump  ; 
stack=&  columnar,  isolated  rock ;  Sw.  stack 
=  a  rick,  a  heap,  a  stack ;  Dan.  etak.  Allied 
to  stake  and  stick.] 

1.  Corn  In  the  sheaf,  hay,  pease,  straw,  &c.» 
piled  up  in  a  circular  or  rectangular  heap, 
coming  to  a  point  or  ridge  at  the  top,  and 
thatched  to  protect  it  from  the  weather. 

"The  straw  ttack  or  the  plowmen  at  work  with 
their  teams." — Century  Magazine.  Aug.,  1882.  p.  606. 

![  The  term  stack  is  applied  in  the  United 
States  to  those  which  are  round,  rick  to  those 
which  are  elongated. 

2.  A  pile  of  wood  containing  108  cubic  feet ; 
also,  a  pile  of  poles  or  wood  of  indefinite 
quantity. 

"  The  Indians  .  .  .  lay  themselves  quietly  upon  a 
ttarkc  of  wood,  and  BO  sacrifice  themselves  by  lire."— 
Bacon :  Ettayt ;  Of  Ciutom. 

3.  A  number  or   cluster  of  chimneys  or 

funnels  standing  together. 

"  On  the  opposite  shore  are  several  large  buildings 
with  tall  iinoke  *T'icti,  the  only  un -oriental  objects 
within  •tKlit."— Scri&fi*r't  Magazine,  Sept.,  U7T,  p.  oM. 

4.  A  chimney  of  masonry  or  brickwork,  usu- 
ally belonging  to  an  engine  or  other  furnace  ; 
the  chimney  of  a  locomotive  or  steam-vessel. 


5.  A  columnar,  isolated  rock  ;  a  high  rock 
detached  ;  a  precipitous  rock  rising  out  of  the 
sea. 

"  Fenced  by  many  a  ttack  and  skerry, 
Pull  of  rtfts.  and  full  of  jags." 
Blackte:  Layt  tf  IHahla-ntU  t  Iil..tn*U,  p.  1L 

U  Stack  of  arms : 

Mil. :  A  number  of  small  fire-arms  set  up 
together  so  that  their  bayonets  cross. 

stack-borer,  *.  An  instrument  for 
piercing  stacks  of  hay  to  admit  air,  when  the 
hay  has  become  dangerously  heated. 

stack-cover,  s.  A  cloth  or  canvas  cover 
suspended  over  stacks  while  being  built,  to 
protect  them  from  the  rain,  &c. 

stack-funnel,  s.  A  pyramidal  open 
frame  of  wood  in  the  centre  of  a  stack,  to 
allow  the  air  to  circulate  through  the  stack 
and  prevent  the  heating  of  the  grain,  &c. 

stack-guard,  s.  A  temporary  roof 
ca[)able  of  elevation,  and  designed  to  protect 
a  stack  or  rick  of  hay  or  grain  in  process  of 

formation. 

Stack-Stand,  s.  A  device  for  supporting 
a  stack  of  hay  or  grain  ata  sufficient  distance 


STACK-STAND. 


above  the  gronud  to  preserve  It  dry  beneath 
and  prevent  the  ravages  of  vermin;  a  rick- 
stand. 

stack-yard,  &  A  yard  or  inclosure  for 
stacks  of  hay  or  grain. 

Stack, v.t.  [Sw.  stacka;Tton.stackke.]  [STACK, 
$.]  To  pile  or  build  up  into  the  form  of  a 
stack ;  to  make  into  a  pile  or  stack. 

"  Stack  peaae  upon  hovell  abroad  In  tbe  yard." 

Tutttr  :  tlutbandry  ;  Auffutt, 

^  To  stack  arms : 

Mil. :  To  set  up  arms,  as  muskets,  rifles,  of 
carbines,  with  the  bayonets  crossing  each 
other  or  united  by  means  of  ramrods  or  hooks 
attached  to  tbe  upper  part  of  the  weapon,  so 
as  to  form  a  sort  of  conical  pile. 

*  stack'-age  (age  as  ig),  5.     [Eng.  stack,  s. ; 

•age.} 

1.  Hay,  grain,   or  the  like,  put  up  into 
stacks. 

2.  A  tax  on  things  stacked. 

"  Portage,  bjuikage,  ttackage,  &c."—ffolituhetl :  Dt~ 
tcHpt.  Eng.,  bk.  H.' 

stack'- er,  r.t'.   [STAGGER.]   To  stagger.  (Prov.) 

*  stack'-et,  s.    [STOCKADE.] 

stack  hous'  I  a,  s.  [Named  after  John 
Stackhouse,  F.L.S.  (died  1819),  a  botanical 
author.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Stackhousiacese 
(q.v.).  Plants  with  white  or  yellow  flowers 
from  Australia  and  the  Philippine  Islands. 

stack  hous-ia'-ce  ro,  «.  pt.  [Mod.  Lat 
stackhousHa) ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot. :  Stackhousiads ;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Rhamnales.  Herbs  or 
shrubs,  with  simple,  entire,  alternate,  some- 
times minute  leaves ;  sti  pules  lateral,  minute ; 
spikes  terminal,  each  flower  with  three  bracts ; 
calyx  monoBepalous,  five-cleft,  tube  inflated ; 
petals  five,  equal ;  stamens  five,  distinct,  un- 
equal, arising  from  the  throat  of  the  calyx ; 
styles  three  to  five,  stigmas  simple  ;  ovary  in- 
ferior, three  or  five-celled,  each  with  a  single 
erect  ovule ;  fruit  of  three  to  five  indehiscent 
wings,  or  wingless  pieces.  Australian  plants. 
Genera  two,  species  ten.  (Liiidley.) 

stack-hoiis  -I-ad,   «.      [Mod.  Lat.  stack, 
housija) ;  Eng.  suff.  -ad.] 
Bot.  (PL):  The  Stack  hoi  is  iacete  (q.v.). 

Stack' -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [STACK,  it] 

stacking  band,  stacking  belt,  &  A 

rope  used  in  binding  thatch  upon  a  stack. 


boil,  boy;  poiit,  JotW;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  oench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  aa;  expect,  Xcnophon,  eyist.    -tt* 
, -tian  -  shan,   -tlon,  -sion  =  shila ;  -(ion,  -flon  =  zhua.    -cioua, -Uous, -sious     anus,   -ble,  -dU.  Ac.  *  kcl,  doi. 


4420 


stacte— stag 


Blacking  derrick,  s.  A  form  of  der- 
rick fur  use  in  the  Held  or  stack-yard  for 
lifting  hay  on  to  the  stack. 

•tacking-stage,  s.  A  scaffold  used  In 
building  stacks. 

•tie-to,  «.  [Lat.,  from  Or.  <rrajmj  (stafctf).] 
The  Septiagint  rendering  of  the  Heb.  rp^J 
(nataph),  the  name  of  one  of  the  spices  used 
ill  the  preparation  of  incense.  Not  certainly 
identified.  Perhaps  it  was  the  gum  of  the 
Btorax-tree  (Sty  rax  officinale). 

'*  T.tke  sweet  spices,  stacte,  and  galbanum."— 
ZZX.  84 


•lad  die,  *  sta  die,  «.    [A.S.  «tad  A«I,  *tod7u>I 
=  a  foundation,  a  basis,  from  the  same  root 
&S  steady,  stand.} 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
*  1,  A  prop  or  support  ;  a  staff,  a  crutch. 

"  He  cometh  oil.  hU  weak  step*  governing 
And  aged  limbs  on  cypress  ttadle  atout. 

/•.«..  i.  vi.  u. 


2.  A  young  or  small  tree  left  standing  when 
tin-  others  are  cut  down. 

"  Coppice-woods,  if  YOU  leave  In  them  ttadlct  too 
thick,  will  run  to  bushes  and  briars,  and  have  little 
elean  underwood."—  Bacon:  Bmry  VII,,  p.  74. 

H.  Agriculture: 

1.  A  stack-stand  (q.v.  X 

"  HU  barns  are  stor'd 

And  groaning  ftaddlt*  bend  beneath  their  load." 
SommfU  :  The  Chace.  it 

Z.  One  of  the  separate  plots  into  which  a 
eock  of  hay  is  shaken  out  for  the  purpose  of 
drying. 

staddle  roof,  s.   A  protection  for  a  stack. 

Btaddle-Stand,  s.    A  stack-stand. 

Stad  -die,  »  sta  die,  r.t.    [STADDLK,  •.] 

1.  To  form  into  staddles,  as  hay. 

2.  To  leave  the  staddles  in,  as  in  a  wood 
when  it  is  cut. 

"  Pint  Me  It  well  fenced,  ere  hewers  begin  . 
Then  tee  it  well  Kaddled,  without  and  within.* 
Tutter  :  Hutbandry  ;  April. 

••tade  (!),«.  [Tr.,  from  Lat  stadium.]  Afur- 
long,  a  stadium  (q.v.). 

"  The  greatneas  of  the  town,  by  that  we  could  Judge, 
•tretcheth  in  circuit  tome  forty  ttadu."—  Donne: 
Bitt.  Stptuasrint,  p.  71. 

stade  (2)  ,  s.    [STAiTii.i 

•ta  -dl  iim,  s.    [Lat.,  from  Gr.  <rra3tOf  (sta- 
dion).] 
1.  Grtek  Antiquities  ; 

(1)  A  measure  of  125  geometrical  paces  or 
625  Roman  feet,  or  606  feet  9  inches  of  English 
measure,  and   thus  somewhat  less  than  an 
English  furlong.    It  was  the  principal  Greek 
measure  of  length. 

(2)  The  course  for  foot-races  at  OJympia  in 
Greece,   and    elsewhere.      It   was    exactly  a 
•tad  him  in  length. 

1  2.  Pathol.  :  A  stage  or  period  of  a  disease. 

'  sta-dle,  s.  &,  v.    [STADDLE,  s.  &  v.] 

stadt'-hold-er  (dt  as  t),  s.  [Dut  stadhouder, 
from  <(od  =  a  city,  and  houder  =  *  holder.] 
Formerly  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  United 
Provinces  of  Holland  ;  or  the  governor  or 
lieutenant-governor  of  a  province. 

"  William,  first  of  the  name.  Prince  of  Orange 
Nassau,  and  Stadthrtder  of  Holland,  had  headed  the 
memorable  insurrection  against  Spain."—  Macautay  : 
Silt.  &y.,  ch.  IL 

•tadt   hold-  er  ate,     stadt-  hold  er- 

Ship  (dt  as  t),  s.     [Eng.  stadtholder  ;  -ate, 

-ikip,]    The  position  or  office  of  a  stadtholder. 

"  He  tamed  bookmaker,  and  wrote  a  book  about 

the  Midtholderate.-'-J.  Morley  :  Diderot,  ch.  XT. 

•taff,  *  staf,  *  staffe  (pi.  starts,,  staffs,  in 
senses  A.  I.  7  and  B.  3  always  the  bitter),  «. 
[A.8.  stcef  (pi.  stafas  =  staves,  letters  of  the 
alphabet)  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  staf;  Icel.  stafr 
=  a  staff,  a  written  letter  ;  Dan.  stab,  stav  ; 
Bw.  staf;  O.  H.  Ger.  stop;  Ger.  stab  ;  Gael. 
itob  ;  Lat  stipe*  =  a  stock,  a  post.  Allied  to 
ftaJ>  and  stud.] 

A.  Ordinary  Language  : 

I  Literally: 

1.  A  stick  carried  in  the  hand  for  support  ; 
t  walking-stick. 

"  Balaam's  anger  wu  kindled,  and  be  smote  the  ass 
with  a  itaff."—  Jfumoert  zxii  27. 

2.  A  stick  used  as  a  weapon  ;   a  club,  a 
cudgel. 

"Are  ye  come  oat  as  against  a  thief  with  swords 
and  ttaict  for  to  take  me»  —  Matthew  xxvi.  66. 


3.  A  long  piece  of  wood,  used  for  various 
purposes  :  as 

(1)  The  handle  of  a  tool  or  weapon,  as  of  a 
spear. 

"  The  ttaffoi  his  ipear  was  like  a  wearer's  beam."— 
1  Samuel  xviL  7. 

*  (2)  Hence,  a  spear  or  lance  ;  a  pike,    ffl.) 

"  In  clawlck  authors  we  hare  relations  of  a  ttuff  or 
pike  made  of  a  durable  wood,  that  many  years  after 
the  tree  had  been  cut  down,  being  casually  struck  into 
the  ground  took  root  there.  '—Boyle:  Work*,  iii.  134. 

(3)  A  pole  on  which  a  flag  Is  hoisted ;  a 
flag-staff.     [B.  5.] 

(4)  A  pole,  a  stake. 

"  The  rampant  bear  chained  to  the  ragged  ttaff' 
Stoketp. :  3  Henry  VI.,  v.  1. 

(5)  A  straight-edge  for  testing  or  truing  a 
surface  :  as,  the  proof-staff,  red  staff  (q.v.). 

(6)  One  of  the  bars  of  an  open  waggon-bed, 
made  like  a  crate. 

4.  The  round  of  a  ladder. 

"  Descending  and  ascending  by  ladders,  I  ascended 
at  one  of  six  hundred  and  thirty  nine  ttavft,  or  eighty- 
nine  fathoms."— Brown:  Travel*. 

5.  An  ensign  of  authority  ;  a  badge  of  office. 

"  Jfethought  this  itaff,  mine  office-badge  in  court, 
Wu  broke  in  twain  :  by  whom  I  have  forgot." 

SAoJtMp. ;  1  Benry  VI.,  L  1 

6.  A  name  given  in  composition  to  several 
instruments    formerly  used   for   taking    the 
sun's  altitude  at  sea  :  as,  a  back-staff,  a  cross- 
staff,  &c. 

7.  A  body  or  number  of  executive  officer* 
attached  to  any  establishment  for  the  carry- 
ing out  of  its  designs  ;  a  number  of  persons, 
considered  as  one  body,  entrusted  with  the 
carrying  on  of  any  undertaking  :  as,  a  hospital 
staff,  the  staff  of  the  ordnance  survey,   &c. 
[B.  3.J 

DL  Figuratively: 

1.  A  support ;  that  which  supports,  props, 
or  upholds. 

"  Thou  trustest  In  the  ttaffot  this  broken  reed."— 
/«z*oA  xxxvi.  ft. 

2.  A  stanza,  a  stare. 

"Oowley  found  out  that  no  kind  of  itaff  is  proper 
for  an  herolck  poem,  as  being  all  too  lyrical.  —Dryden  : 
IttK.  Efnc  Poetry. 

B.  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  The  same  as  RUDENTURE  (q.v.), 

2.  Afetall. :  A  bar  of  iron  about  four  feet 
long,  welded  at  one  end  to  a  flat  piece  or 
blade  of  iron,  resembling  in  shape  a  baker's 
peel.    On  this  the  stamps  are  placed  for  re- 
heating. 

3.  Mil. :  A  body  of  officers  selected  and  ap- 
pointed to  carry  out  the  higher  administration 
and  moving  of  an  army.    Each  unit,  sucli  as 
brigade,  division,  and  corps,  contains  a  certain 
number  of  staff-officers.     The  staff  is  divided 
into  two  sub-departments — that  of  the  Adju- 
tant-General, which  deals  with  equipment  and 
discipline  of  the  troops ;   and  that  of  the 
Quartermaster  General,  which  has  to  do  with 
the  marching  and  manoeuvring  of  troops.    In 
addition  to  this,  each  General  has  his  per- 
sonal staff. 

4.  Music :  The  five  parallel  lines  and  four 
spaces  on  which  notes  of  tunes  are  written  ; 
a  stave. 

5.  Naut. :  A  pole  for  a  flag. 

6.  Plastering :  An  angle-staff  (q.  v.). 

7.  Shipbuild. :    A    name    given  to  various 
kinds  of  measuring  and  spacing  rules. 

8.  Surg.  :   A  curved  and  grooved  steel  in- 
strument introduced  through  the  urethra  into 
the  bladder  in  the  operation  of  lithotomy,  and 
serving  as  a  director  for  the  gorget  or  knife. 

9.  Surveying: 

(1)  A  graduated  stick,  used  in  levelling. 

(2)  A  Jacob's  staff  (q.v.). 

*  If  To  have  the  better  (or  worse)  end  of  Vie 
staff:  To  be  getting  the  best  (or  worst)  of  a 
matter. 

staff-angle,  5. 

Plastering :  A  slat  at  a  salient  angle  of  an 
interior  wall,  to  protect  the  plastering. 

Staff-bead,  s.    [ANGLE-BEAD.] 
staff-herding,  s. 

Law:  The  following  of  cattle  within  a  forest. 

staff-hole,  *. 

Me'taU. :  A  small  hole  in  the  puddling- 
furnace,  through  which  the  pnddler  heats  his 

staff. 

Staff-man,  *.  A  workman  employed  In 
silk- thro  wing. 


staff  officer,    . 

Mil.  :  An  officer  detailed  for  staff  duties 
on  the  General  staff  of  the  army,  or  on  th« 
Regimental  staff  of  his  battalion  as  Adjutant 
Quartermaster,  &c, 

staff-sergeant,  s. 

Mil.  :  One  of  a  superior  class  of  non-com- 
missioned officers  belonging  to  the  staff  of  a 
regiment,  as  a  quartern  taster-sergeant,  ar- 
mourer-sergeant, Ac. 

staff-sling,  '  staff e-slynge,  *  staf- 
slinge,  *  staf  sloung,  s. 

1.  Anthrop. ;  A  stick-sling  (q.v.). 

2.  Archceol. :  An  ancient  weapon  of  war,  con- 
sisting of  a  sling  attached  to  the  end  of  a  staff. 
It  was  held  with  both  hands,  and  was  used  to 
throw  stones,  and,  at  a  later  period,  grenades. 

"  This  geauut  at  him  stones  cast« 
Out  of  a  fel  itaf-tlingt." 

Chaucer:  Rime  of  Sir  Topat,  l.Olfc, 

*  staff-striker,  ».  A  sturdy  beggar,  A 
tramp. 

staff-tree,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Celastrus. 

staff  -el-ito,  s.    [After  Staffel,  Nassau,  when 
found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  botryoidal  or  renifonn  mineral  in- 
crusting  phosphorite  (q.v.).  Hardness,  4'0  ; 
sp.  gr.  3'12  ;  colour,  leek  to  dark-green.  An 
analysis  yielded  :  phosphoric  acid,  39*05  ;  car- 
bonic acid,  3'19  ;  alumina,  0*026  ;  sesquioxide 
of  iron,  O'OST  ;  lime,  54'67 ;  fluorine,  3-05 ; 
water,  1-40=101-423.  An  altered  phosphorite. 

stdfT-el  it  old,  s.   [Eng.  staffelite;  suff.  -oid.] 
Min. :  A  variety  of  phosphorite  resembling 
staffelite  (q.v.). 

*  Stir -fl-er,  s.  [Eng.  staff;  -ier.]  An  attend- 
ant bearing  a  staff. 

*  stdf- fish,  *  Staf-fishe,  a.      [Eng.   staff; 
•ish.]    Stiff,  harsh. 

'•A  wit  in  youth  not  over  dull,  heavy,  knotty,  and 
lumpish,  but  hard,  tough,  though  somewhat  tta&th, 
both  for  learning  and  whole  course  of  living  proveth 
alway»  bert."— Atcham:  Scholemcuttr,  bk.  1. 

*  Staff -16SS,  o.    [Eng.  itaff;  -less.}    Without 
a  sta  ft 

Stag,    *  Btagge,  s.      [Icel.  stegyr,   steggi=.l 
he-bird,  a  drake,  a  tom-cat.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

"To  the  place  a  poor  aequeater'd  itaff, 
That  from  the  hunter's  aim  bad  ta'eu  a  hurt, 
Did  come  to  languish." 

SAo/Mp. ;  At  You  Like  It,ii.\. 

(2)  A  hart  in  his  fiftli  year.    (See  extract 
s.  v.  STAOON.) 

(3)  The  male  of  the  ox  kind,  castrated  at 
such  an  age  that  he  never  attains  the  full  size 
of  a  bull ;  a  bull-stag.    Also  called  locally  a 
bull-segg. 

(4)  Applied  to  male  animals  of  various  spe- 
cies, as  a  stallion,  a  gander,  a  young  horse,  ft 
turkey-cock,  Ac. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  man,  as  opposed  to,  or  separated  from, 
woman ;    hence,  0fa0-dance,  «fo0-dinner,  stag- 
concert,  rtajj-eutertain merit  or  -party,  Ac.,  per- 
formances at  which  men  alone  are  admitted. 

(2)  A  romping  girl.     (Prov.  Eng.) 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Commercial  Slang  : 

(1)  An  outside,  irregular  dealer  in  stock**, 
not  a  member  of  the  Stock  Exchange. 

(2)  A  person  who  applies  for  the  allotment 
of  shares  in  a  joint-stock  company,  not  be- 
cause he  wishes  to  hold  the  shares,  but  because 
he  hopes  to  sell  the  allotment  at  a  premium. 
If  he  fails  in  this,  he  forbears  to  pay  the 
amount  due  on  allotment,  and  the  deposit  is 
forfeited. 

2.  Zool. :  The  male  of  the  red-deer  (q.v.X 

stag-beetle,  s. 

Entom. :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Lu- 
canidae  (q.v.);  specif.,  Lucanut  cervus,  one  of 


resemble  stag's  horns ;  with  these  they  can 
inflict  a  pretty  severe  wound.   The  Stag-beetle 
is  common  in  forests,  and  flies  about  in  th 
evening  in  summer.     The  larva  feeds  on  the 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  ffo,  pd 
v.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub.  cure,  unite,  ear,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  --  e ;  ey  =  m;  qn  -    kw. 


stag— stagger 


4421 


wood  of  the  oak  and  the  willow,  Into  the 
trunks  of  which  it  eats  its  way,  and  lives  for 
a  considerable  time  before  undergoing  a  meta- 
morphosis. S<>me  of  the  tropical  Stag-beetles 
are  very  brilliantly  coloured. 

stag  dance,  s.  A  dance  performed  by 
males  only  ;  a  bull-dance.  (Amer.) 

stag- evil,  & 

Farriery :  A  kind  of  palsy  affecting  the  jmw 
«f  a  horse. 

stag-horned  longicorn,  s. 

Entom. :  Acanthophorus  serraticomis,  from 
southern  India. 

stag  hound,  $. 

Zoology  &  Sporting : 

1.  The  Scotch  deer-hound,  called  also  the 
Wolf-dog,  a  breed  that  is  rapidly  dying  out. 
Tliese  dogs  hunt  chiefly  by  sight,  aud  are  used 
for  stalking 

deer,    for 
which  pur- 

re  a  cross 
tween 
the  rough 
Scotch 
greyhound 
and  the 
colley  or 
the  fox- 
hound is 
also  often 
employed. 

True   stag-  SCOTCH  STAQ-HGUND. 

bounds  are 

wiry-coated,  shaggy,  generally  yellowish -gray, 
but  the  most  valuable  are  dark  iron-gray, 
with  white  breast.  They  are  of  undaunted 
courage  and  great  speed,  and  should  stand  not 
less  than  twenty-eight  inches  high. 

2.  A  breed  of  dogs  hunting  by  scent.    (See 
«x  tract.) 

"The  modern  Stay -hound  Is  a  tail  Fox-hound  of 
•bout  25  incliee  in  height  The  ancient  breed  is  quite 
extinct;  it  was,  I  believe,  last  used  in  the  Devon  and 
Somerset  pack,  to  hunt  the  wild  red  deer.  The  old 
houmb  hare  often  been  described  to  me  as  large  white 
and  yellow  dogs  of  the  old  Tall  Hit-breed.  They  were 
heavy  and  slow,  but  able,  from  their  exquisite  scent- 
ing powers,  to  give  the  itag  a  grace  of  an  hour  or 
more,  and  kill  him  afterwards.  The  music  of  their 
tongues  is  spoken  of  as  magnlflceut.  In  hunting 
water  they  were  perfect"— Metric*:  Haute  Dogt  A 
Sporting  Dogi,  pp.  21,  22. 

stag's  horn,  stag-bom,  9. 

Bot. :  (1)  Rhus  typhina;  (2)  Cenomyce  cervi- 
eornis;  (3)  Lycopodium  cfavatum  (See  ex.). 
"That  plant  which  In  our  dale 
We  call  ttaff-horn,  or  fox's  tall.' 

Wordtworth :  Idle  Shephtrd-bofi. 

Stag's  Jiorn  moss ; 

Bot. :  (1)  Lycopodium  clavatum;  (2)  Hypnum 
furum. 

•tag,   V.i.  &  (.      [STAG,  ».] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  hunt  stags  ;  to  go  sjag- 
hunting. 

2.  Comm.  Slang:  To  act  the  stag  on  the  Stock 
Exchange.  [STAG,  *.,  II.  l.J 

B.  Trans. :  To  watch  or  dog.    (Slang.) 

"  You've  been  Mugging  this  gentleman,  and  me."— 
ff.  Kintftlejf :  Qeoffry  ffamlyn,  CD.  v. 

•tage,  s.    [p.  Fr.  estage  (Fr.  etage),  as  If  from 
a  Lat.  staticum,  from  Lat.  statum,  sup.  of  sto 
=  to  stand ;  Ital.  staggio  =  a  prop.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  A  floor  or  story  of  a  house. 

"Al  slepyiiKfl  he  fel  doun  fro  the  thridde  ttage."— 
Wycliffe :  Dedit  xx. 

*  2.  A  platform  of  any  kind. 

*  There  shewed  hy  in  how  the  great  toure  stode  but 


3.  A  floor  or  platform  elevated  above  the 
level  of  the  ground  or  surrounding  surface,  as 
for  the  exhibition  of  any  performance  or  object 
to  public  view. 

"  Me  thought  I  seighe  vpou  a  ttage, 
Where  stoode  a  wonder  strange  image." 

Oowr:C.A.    (PTOL) 

*  4.  A  scaffold. 

"That  these  bodies 
High  on  a  ttage  be  placed  to  the  view." 

Shahetp. :  Samlet,  v.  2. 

5.  An  elevated  platform  or  floor  for   the 
Convenience  of  performing  mechanical  work, 
or  the  like ;  a  platform  on  which  workmen 
stand  in  painting,  pointing,  caulking,  scraping, 
*c.,  a  wall  or  a  ship. 

6.  The  raised  platform  on  which  theatrical 
performances  are  exhibited ;  the  flooring  in  s 


theatre  on  which  the  actors  perform.  Hence, 
the  stage  =  the  theatre,  the  profession  of  an 
actor,  the  drama  as  acted  or  exhibited. 

"  Lo,  where  the  ttage,  thf  poor,  degraded  ttage, 
Holds  its  warped  mirror  to  a  gaping  age." 

Sprague :  Curiotit]/. 

7.  A  place  where  anything  is  publicly  ex- 
hibited ;  a  field  of  action ;  the  scene  of  any 
noted  action  or  career ;  the  spot  where  any 
remarkable  affair  occurs. 

"  When  we  are  born,  we  cry  that  we  axe  come 
In  this  great  stage  of  fools." 

Shaketp. :  Lear,  IT.  4, 

8.  A  landing  at  a  quay  or  pier.     It  some- 
times rises  and  subsides  with  the  tide,  or  ia 
lowered  or  raised  to  suit  the  varying  height  of 
water. 

"A  ship  may  He  afloat  at  low  water,  so  near  the 
shore  as  to  roach  it  with  i.ttage."— Cook :  Pint  Voyage, 
bk.  iii..  ch.  v. 

9.  A  place  of  rest  on  a  journey,  or  where  a 
relay  of  horses  is  obtained,  or  where  a  stage- 
coach changes  horses  ;  a  station. 

10.  The  distance  between  two  such  stations 
or  places  of  rest  on  a  road. 

"  Brother,  you  err,  'tis  fifteen  miles  a  day. 
Uia  ttage  is  ten,  his  beatings  are  fifteen." 

Beaum.  A  met.  :  King  A  No  King,  IT. 

11.  A  single  step  of  a  gradual  process ;  a  de- 
gree of  progression  or  retrogression,  increase 
or  decrease,  rise  or  fall ;  a  change  of  state. 

"  The  first  tt-vje  of  healing,  or  the  discharge  of  mat- 
ter, is  by  surgeons  called  digestion." — Sharp :  Surgery. 

12.  A  coach  or  other  carriage  running  regu- 
larly from  one  place  to  another  for  the  convey- 
ance of  passengers,  parcels,  &c. 

"  To  pay  my  duty  to  sweet  Mrs.  Page, 
A  place  was  taken  In  the  Stamford  ttage.' 

fatoket :  The  Stage  Coach, 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  The  part  between  one  splayed 
projection  and  another  in  a  Gothic  buttress  ; 
also   the  horizontal   division  of  a   window 
separated  by  transoms. 

2.  Microscopy :  The  support  upon  which  the 
object  is  placed  for  examination.     It  is  often 
quite  plain,  with  single  springs  to  keep  the 
slide  steady.     It  is  often  made  circular,  with 
graduated  divisions  and  other  fittings,  which 
is  a  Concentric  Stage.     In  high-class  instru- 
ments,  there   are   generally  screw    motions 
giving  two  rectangular  adjustment*  in  the 
manner  of  the  slide-rest  of  a  lathe,  to  which 
the  concentric  fitting    may  or  may  not  be 
added.    This  is  called  a  Mechanical  Stage,  of 
which  there  are  numerous  modifications.   The 
simplest  Stage  generally  has  some  fitting  on 
its  under-side  for  receiving  a  spot-lens,  nUol- 
prism,  or  other  adjuncts.    [SUBSTAOE.] 

If  Three  stages :  [THREE-STAGES]. 

stage-box,  *.  A  box  in  a  theatre  close 
to  the  stage. 

*  stage-carriage,  s.    A  stage-coach. 

stage-coach,  s.  A  coach  that  runs  by 
stages  ;  a  coach  that  runs  regularly  every  day 
or  on  certain  days  between  two  places  for 
the  conveyance  of  passengers,  parcels,  Ate. 
[COACH,  s.]  (Gowper  :  Retirement,  492.) 

stage  coachman,  s.  The  driver  of  a 
stage-coach. 

stage  direction,  5.  A  written  or  printed 
instruction  as  to  action  or  the  ;like,  which 
accompanies  the  text  of  a  play. 

stage-door,  «.  The  door  giving  admis- 
sion to  the  stage  and  the  parts  behind  it  in  a 
theatre ;  the  door  of  entrance  for  actors, 
workmen,  &c. 

stage-driver,  s.  The  driver  of  a  stage- 
coach ;  a  stage-coachman. 

Stage  effect,  s.  Theatrical  effect ;  effect 
produced  artificially. 

stage-forceps,  *.  A  device  for  holding 
an  object  upon  tne  stage  of  a  compound  micro- 
scope. 

stage-manage,  v.i.  &  t. 
A*  Intrans. :  To  act  as  stage-manager. 
"  He  possessed  two  of  the  essential  elements  that 
make  success— he  could  write  and  ttage-manage ;  but 


B.  Trans. :  To  superintend  the  production 
of  upon  the  stage. 

"He  can  build,  he  can  write,  he  can  ttage-manage 
his  own  work."—  Pall  Matt  Gazette,  June  9.  1884. 

stage-manager,  s.  One  who  super- 
intends the  production  and  performance  of 
a  play,  and  regulates  all  matters  behind  the 
scenes. 


stage  micrometer,  ».  One  adapted  to 
the  stage  of  a  microscope,  to  measure  au  ob- 
ject within  the  field  of  view. 

stage-plate,  *. 

Optics :  A  glass  plate  4x1$  Inches,  on  the 
stage  of  a  microscope,  having  a  narrow  ledge 
of  glass  cemented  along  one  edge  to  hold  an 
object  when  the  instrument  is  inclined.  It 
may  form  the  bottom-plate  of  a  growing-slide. 

*  Stage-play,  *.    A  theatrical  representa- 
tion ;  a  play  adapted  for  representation  ou 
the  stage. 

"This  rough-cast  unhewn  poetry  was  Instead  of 
itage-playt  for  one  hundred  aud  twenty  years." — 
Dryden;  Juvenal.  (Dedic.) 

*  stage-player,  s.  An  actor  on  the  stage. 

"  Among  slaves  who  exercised  polite  arts,  none  sold 
so  dear  as  ttaye-playert  or  actors." — Arbtithnot:  On 
Coin*. 

stage-struck,  a.    Smitten  with  a  love 
for  the  stage  ;  possessed  by  a  passion  for  the 
drama,  or  to  become  an  actor. 
**  Or  itage-ttrufk  JuHet 

To  choose  this  bower 

Scott  :  Bridal  of  Trtermain,  It  1. 

stage-wagon,  stage-waggon,  *. 

1.  A  wagon  for  conveying  gooda  and  pas- 
sengers by  stages  at  regularly -appointed  times. 

*  2.  A  staga-coach. 

stage-whisper,  s.  An  aside  spoken  by 
an  actor  to  the  audience,  generally  out  loud, 
and  so  used  sometimes  to  mean  the  opposite 
of  a  whisper. 

*  stage  -wright,  ».    A  dramatic  author ; 

*  play-wright. 

"  The  stagers  and  your  itage-terightt  too." 

lien  Jonton :  Indignation  of  thf  Author. 

Stage,  v.t.    {STAGE,  s.] 

1.  To  place  or  set  on  a  stage  or  platform. 

"Messrs.  S also  tt-igrd  exam1 

melons."— Daily  Chronicle,  Sept.  8,  1 

2.  To  put  upon  a  stage  ;  to  mount  and  ex- 
hibit as  a  play. 

"It  was  capitally  ttagcd  hy  Hewn.  Chute.  "-Catt* 

Chronicle.  Sept  H,  1885. 

•3.  To  exhibit  publicly. 

"But  do  iiot  like  iottngt  me  to  their  eyes." 

ShaJctip. :  Meaiure  for  Measure,  I  1 

*  Stage -Craft,  ».   [Eng.  stage,  a.nd  craft.]  The 
art  of  dramatic  composition. 

"The  resource  only  of  inexperienced  beginners  In 

the  art  of  ttayccraft.  -Globe,  Sept  11,  ISM,  p.  S. 

*Stage'-ljf,  a.  [Eng.  stage;  -ly.}  Pertaining 
to  a  stage  ;  becoming  a  stage  ;  theatrical. 

"Nor  may  this  be  called  an  hlstrlonlck  parada,  or 
ttayely  visard  and  hypocryiy."— Bp.  Taylor:  Artijt- 
rial  Bandtomeneu,  p.  168. 

*  stage  -man,  s.    [Eng.  stage,  and  man.]    An 
actor. 

Stag'-er,  *.    [Eng.  stag(e);  -er.} 

*  1.   A   player,    an   actor.     {Ben   Jonson: 
Poetaster,  i.  1.) 

*  2.  A  horse  used  to  draw  a  stage-coach. 

3.  One  who  has  long  acted  on  the  stage  of 
life ;  a  person  of  experience  or  of  skill  gained 
from  experience.    (Usually  with  old.) 

"  While  Sabrlna  and  Ripple,  old  ttngen  at  the  g»m«, 
•lid  along  the  shore."— «eW,  Dec.  6,  1884. 

*  Stag'-er-jf,  s.    [Eng.  stage;  -ry.]    Exhibi- 
tion on  a  stage  ;  acting. 

"  Likening  those  grave  controversies  to  a  piece  of 
itagery  or  scene* work. "—Milton  :  Apology  for  3mec- 
tymnuut, 

Sta&'-ey.  *  Staff-?,  a.  [Eng.  stage;  -y.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  stage ;  resembling  the 
manner  of  actors ;  theatrical.  (Used  in  a 
depreciatory  sense.) 

"She  was  less  excitable,  less  demonstrative,  less 
ttagy  .  .  .  than  his  cousin."—/1.  W.  Robimon  ;  /}ridg* 
ofQlatt,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  ii. 

stag'  gard,  s.     [Eng.  stag;   -ard.]     A  stag 

four  years  old. 

stag  ger,  *  stag-gar,  *  stak-ker,  v.i.  &  t. 
[A  weakened  form  of  stacker,  stoker,  from  Icel. 
stakra  =  to  push,  to  stagger,  freq.  of  staka  = 
to  grunt,  to  push;  cogn.  with  Eng.  stake; 
O.  Dut.  staggeren  =  to  stagger,  to  reel ;  freq. 
of  staken,  staecken  =  to  stop  or  dam  up  (with 
stakes),  to  set  stakes.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  reel,  to  move  from  one  side  to  the 
other  in  standing  or  walking ;  not  to  stand 
or  walk  steadily. 

"  My  ttagring  steppes  eke  tell  the  trueth  that  nature 
fadethfast"          Gatcotgne :  Divorce  of  a  Lover. 


bo^ ;  po"ut,  J6%1 ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  C 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.    - 1  ion,    sion   -  shun ;    tion,  -sion  -  zhun.     cioua,  -tious,  -slous  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  beL  del. 


4422 


stagger— stained 


*  2.  To  feint  ;    to  begin  to  give  way  ;  to 
cease  to  stand  firm. 

"The  enemy  ttaygtrt  ;  If  you  follow  your  blow,  he 
falla  at  your  leet."—Addtion.  . 

*3.  To  hesitate;  to  fall  into  doubt;  to 
waver;  to  become  less  confident  or  deter- 

mined. 

"  He  ttfigyertd  not  at  the  promise  of  Qod  through 
unbelief."—  Rvmon*  IT.  20; 

B.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language; 

1.  To  cause  to  reel. 

"  That  hand  shall  burn  In  never-quenching  fire, 
That  ttaygert  Una  my  peraun." 

faSta*      Kichard  II..  v.  s. 

2.  To  cause  to  doubt,  hesitate,  or  waver  ; 
to  make  less  confident  or  steady  ;  to  shock. 

"At  this  they  were  BO  much  itnppfred  that  they 
plainly  diacovered  their  ignorance  of  tlie  effect  of  nre- 
•rata.  —  Cook  :  Third  Voyage,  bk.  IT.,  ch.  iii. 

U.  Vehicle*  :  To  set  spokes  in  ft  hub  so  that 
they  are  alternately  on  the  respective  sides  of 
a  median  line.  [DODGING,  B.  2.] 

Stag  -gCr,   9.       [STAGGER,  «.] 

1.  A  sudden  swing  or  reel  of  the  body,  as  if 
the  person  were  about  to  fall. 

*  2.  (PI):  A  sensation  which  causes  reeling 
or  staggering.    (Skakesp.  :  Cymbeline,  v,  5.) 

*  3.  (PL)  :  Perplexity,  bewilderment,  con- 
fusion. 

"  The  ttayyert,  and  the  careless  lapse 
Of  youth  and  tgnor&uoe."    Shaketp.  :  Atl't  Welt,  ii.  &, 

4.  (PI-):  A  disease  of  horses  and  cattle, 
attended  with  reeling  or  giddiness.  In  the 
horse  it  appears  in  two  forms  :  mad  or  sleepy 
staggers  and  grass  or  stomach  staggers  ;  the 
former  arising  from  inflammation  of  the  brain, 
the  latter  due  to  acute  indigestion.  [OoomuLJ 

stagger  bush,  s, 
Bot,  :  Lyonia  mariana. 

•tag^-gered,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [STAGGER,  v,j 

staggered-wheel,  *.  A  wheel  whose 
Bpokes  are  set  in  and  oat  alternately  where 
they  enter  the  hub. 

stag'-ger  er,  «. 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  staggers. 

2.  Something  that  staggers  one.     [See  STAG- 
GER, r./.,  B.  I.  1.]      (Colloq.) 

stag'-ger-lng,  pr.  par.  or  a,    [STAGOKR,  v.] 

Sta^-ger-ing-lir,  adv.  [Eng.  staggering; 
-ly.\  In  &  staggering  or  reeling  manner  ;  with 
doubt  or  hesitation. 

"Then  they  looked  well  to  their  steps,  and  made  a 
•hlft  to  go  itaggeringlji  over."—  Bunyan:  Pilgrim  t 
Proffrett,  pUU. 

stag  -gers,  ».  pi.    [STAGGER,  «.,  4.1 
.ttag'-ger-wdrt,  *.     [Eng.  dagger,  and  wort] 

Bot.  ;  Setucio  Jacobcea. 

•tag'-gie,  9.  [Eng.  stay;  dimin,  suit  -<*.]  A 
little  stag  ;  a  young  deer. 

"  Ive  seen  the  day, 

n  like  onie  Maggie* 
armer  to  Uit  Auld  Mart. 

•ta&'-I-ne'SB,  s.  lEng.  stagy;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  stagey;  theatrical 
manner,  action,  or  display. 


g,  *.    [Eng.  gtag(e)  ;  -in?.] 

1.  A  temporary  structure,  as  a  stage  or  plat- 
form, of  posts  and  boards,  used  by  builders, 
painters,  and  the  like. 

2.  The  business  of  running  or  managing 
stage-  coaches  ;  the  act  of  travelling  in  a  stage- 
coach. 

Sta  gi'-rite,  Stag'-jf-rite,  s.  [See  def.] 
An  appellation  given  to  Aristotle,  from  the 
oarne  of  the  place  of  his  birth,  Btagira,  in  Ma- 
cedonia. The  name  of  the  town  is  Stq-Qir'-q, 
and  the  appellation  should  be  Sta-gl'-rite,  but 
Brewer  notes  that  Stay-f-nte-  is'  usually  em- 
ployed fn  English  Terse,  and  gives  additional 
examples  from  Pope  and  Wordsworth. 

"  In  one  rich  soul 
Plato,  U»  *wfc«,  and  Tnlly  joined." 

Thonuon  :  Summer,  1,681 

*Bt&g'-maf  *.  [Gr.  a-TOLffLOi  (stagma)  =  a  drop- 
ping fluid,  from  <rraf««i  (stazf>)~to  drop,  to 
mil  drop  by  drop.)  Any  distilled  liquor. 

•tag-mar  -I  a,  *.    [STAOMA.] 

Bot.;  A  genus  of  Auacanliacere.  Leaves 
simple,  without  stipules.  Calyx  tubular,  the 
limb  irregularly  ruptured,  deciduous.  Petals 


orn  conld  hae  gaen  like 
Burnt  :  Avid  fa 


five,  stamens  five,  styles  one  to  three,  ovary 
three  lobed.  Berry  kidney  shaped,  one  seeded. 
Stagmaria  vernicijlua,  a  native  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago,  yields  the  hard  black  varnish 
called  Japan  lacquer. 

Btag'-ma-tlte,  s.  [Gr.  o-ray^a  (stagma),  genit, 
ora-y/AaTOs  (stug-matos)  =  a  drop  ;  sun.  -tie 
(Jfin.).] 

A/in.  :  Protochloride  of  iron  found  in  certain 
meteoric  irons. 

Stag'-nan-^y,  s.     [Eng.  stagnant);  -cy,] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  stagnant  or 
without  motion,  flow,  or  circulation  ;  stagna- 
tion. 
*  2.  Anything  stagnant  ;  a  stagnant  pool. 

"Thowh  the  country  people  are  so  wise 
To  call  theae  rivers,  they're  but  itagmtturie* 
Lett  by  the  flood." 

C  utton  :  IPondori  of  the  Poake,  p.  55. 

Stag'-nant,  a.  [Lat.  staffnaw,  pr.  par.  of 
stagno  =  to  stagnate  (q.v.);  Fr.  stagnant;  Ital. 
stagnant*.} 

1.  Not  flowing  ;  not  running  in  a  stream  or 
current;  motionless;   hence,  impure  or  foul 
from  want  of  motion. 

"  They  seem  to  be  a  ttaanant  fen, 
Gruwn  rank  with  rushes  and  with  reeds." 

Longfellow:   Waytide  Jna.    (Interlude.) 

2.  Without  life,  spirit,  or  activity  ;  dull, 
inert,  inactive,  torpid,  not  brisk. 

"  Inmmr'd  and  buried  in  perpetual  sloth, 
That  gloomy  slumber  of  the  ttngnunt  soul." 

Johttton  :  Irmi. 

ant-iy,    adv.      [E»g.  stagnant;   -ly.] 

In  a  stagnant,  motionless,  inactive,  or  dull 
manner. 

stag'-nate,  v.i.  [Lat.  stagnatus,  pa.  par,  of 
gtagno  =  to  be  still,  to  cease  to  flow,  to  form  a 
still  pool;  stngnum=&  pool,  a  stank  (q.v.); 
O.  Fr.  stagner;  Ital.  stagnare.} 

1,  To  cease  to  flow  or  run  ;  to  be  motion- 
less or  without  current  or  motion  ;  to  have 
no  current  ;  hence,  to  become  impure  or  foul 
through  want  of  motion. 

"  Like  standing  water,  ttagnaU  and  gather  mire."— 
Scort  :  Christian  Li/*,  \>L  L  ch.  ill 

2.  To  cease  to  be  brisk  or  active  ;  to  become 
dull,  quiet,  or  torpid  :  as,  Trade  stagnates. 

*  Stag'-nate,  a.    [STAGNATE,  v.]    Stagnant 

"  A»t'vjnate  man  of  vapour." 


•tag-na  -tion,  s.    [STAGNATE,  v.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  stagnant  ; 
cessation  of  motion,  flow,  or  circulation  of  a 
fluid  ;  the  state  of  being  without  flow  or  cir- 
culation ;  the  state  of  being  motionless. 

"  If  the  water  runneth,  it  holdeth  clear,  sweet,  and 
fresh  ;  hut  stagnation  turneth  it  Into  a  noisome 
puddle.**—  Barrow  .-  Sermon*,  rol.  ill.,  ser.  18, 

2.  Cessation  of  briskness   or  activity;   a 
state  of  dulness  or  inactivity  ;  torpidity. 

"  But  there's  a  blank  repose  In  this. 
A  calm  ttiiijnation  th*t  were  bllaa," 

Moore  :  Fire-  t\'orthif>t>er$. 

*  stag  -on,  *    [STAG.]     A  stag  in  its  fourth 

year. 

"I  find  that  the  yoona  male  is  called  in  the  fourth 
[year]  a  ttagon  or  stag.  '—Bolinthed  :  DeK,  England, 
bk.  i£L,  ch.  IT. 

Stag-6n-6  lep  :Is,  s.  [Gr.  vrayAv  (stagBn), 
genit.  (rrayovo?  (stagonos)  =  a  drop,  and  A«rf$ 
(lepis)  =  a  scale.] 

Palaont.  :  A  genus  of  Crocodilia,  from  the 
Trias.  It  resembled  the  Caimans  in  general 
form,  but  possessed  an  elongated  skull  like 
the  Gavials.  The  body  was  protected  by  bony 
pitted  scutes,  of  which  there  were  only  two 
rows  on  the  dorsal  surface  ;  teeth  with  ob- 
tusely-pointed crowns,  sometimes  showing 
signs  of  attrition. 

Stig^-y-rite,  s.    [STAOIRITB.] 

*  Stahr-I  -an-Ism,  *.    [Eng.  StaJdian  ;  -ten.] 

Med.  :  The  doctrine  that  refers  all  the  phe- 
nomena of  the  animal  economy  x>  the  soul. 

*  StaM-X-anf,  «.  pi.    [See  def.] 

Hist,  ot  Med.  :  The  followers  of  Georg  Ernst 
Stahl,  a  German  physician  (1C60-1734),  who 
held  that  the  anima,  or  soul,  is  the  immediate 
and  intelligent  agent  of  every  movement  and 
of  every  change  in  the  body,  and  that  disease 
was  an  effort  of  the  soul  to  expel  whatever 
was  deranging  the  habitual  order  of  health. 
They  were  also  called  Animists,  and  their 
school  the  Dynamic  School. 

Btald,  prrt.  &  pa.  par.  tfv.    [STAY,  u.] 


•tald,  "  stayd,    a.      [Prop,   the  pa.  par.  of 

stay,  v.  (q.v.).]  Sober,  grave,  steady  ;  not  wild, 
not  volatile,  nighty,  or  fanciful ;  sedate,  com- 
posed. (Af ilton :  On  Education,) 

Staid -1^,  adv.  [Eng.  staid,  a.;  -ly.]  In  a  staid, 
sober,  grave,  or  sedate  manner  ;  sedately. 

staid' -ness,  *  stayed-ness,  *  stayed- 
nesse,  s.  [Eng.  staid,  a. ;  -n*ss.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  staid,  sober,  grave,  or  sedate  ; 
soberness,  sedateness,  gravity. 

"The  love  of  things  doth  ftrgue  ttaytdneat ;  but 
levitie  and  want  of  experience  maltetti  apt  unto  iniiu- 
Vttttons."—  ffooktr :  Kcctet.  Politic,  bk.  v..  f  T. 

Stalg,  s.  [STAG,  «.]  A  young  horse  not  yet 
broken  in  ;  a  stallion.  (ScofcA.) 

Stall,   5.      [STALE  (2),*.] 

stain,  *stayne,  'steine,  r.t.  &  i  [An 
abbrev.  of  distain,  as  spend  for  disptnd,  sport 
for  disport,  &c. ;  O.  Fr.  dfsteindre,  from  Lat. 
dis-  —  away,  and  tingo  =  to  dye.] 

A.  Transitive: 

I.  Literally: 

1.  To  discolour  by  the  application  of  foreign 
matter ;  to  spot,  to  make  foul,  to  maculate. 

" The  lo»t  blood  which  ttain*  your  northern  field." 
Root:  Lucan;  ph<t,rtuli&,  i.  5W. 

2.  To  colour,  as  wood,  glass,  or  the  like,  by 
means  of  a  chemical  or  other  process. 

3.  To  dye  ;  to  tinge  with  a  different  colour : 
as,  To  stain  cloth. 

4.  To  impress  with  figures  or  patterns  in- 
colours  different  from  that  of  the  ground  ;  as, 
To  stain,  paper  for  hangings, 

IL  Figuratively : 

1.  To  soil  or  sully  with  guilt  or  infamy  ;  to 
disgrace,  to  tarnish ;  to  bring  disgrace  on. 

"  William  conld  not,  without  ttaininy  his  own 
honour,  refuse  to  protect  one  whom  he  had  not 
scrupled  to  employ."—  JTocou lay  :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xx. 

*  2.  To  disfigure,  to  deface,  to  impair,  to 
injure.    (Shakesp. :  Richard  //.,  iii.  3.) 

*  3.  To  darken,  to  dim. 

"  Cloud*  and  eclipoe*  stain  both  sun  and  moon." 
Shakesp.  :  Sonnet  35. 

*4.  To  pervert,  to  corrupt,  to  deprave. 

"  We  must  not  so  ifnin  our  Judgment." 

Shaketp. :  Alt'*  Well  that  Ends  Well,  It  L. 

*  5.  To  excel. 

"  0  voice  that  doth  the  thrush  in  shrillness  ttaln." 
Sidney  :  Arcadia,  p.  3£S. 

B*  Intransitive : 

1.  To  cause  a  stain  or  discoloration. 

"At  the  berry  breaks  before  it  itaineth." 

Xhakeip. :  Venus  A  Adonis.  480. 

2.  To  take  stains;  to  become  staiued  or 
soiled ;  to  grow  dim  or  obscure. 

"  II  virtue's  gloss  will  Xain  with  any  soi!." 

tshaketp. ;  Lovt't  Labour'l  Lott,  11 

stain,  «.    [STAIN,  v.} 
L  Literally : 

1.  A    spot ;    a    discoloration    caused    by 
foreign  matter. 

"  Full  of  un pleasing  biota  and  sightleu  ttaint," 
Shaketp. :  Xing  John,  ill.  L 

2.  A  natural  spot  of  a  color  different  to 
that  of  the  ground. 

3.  A  sort  of  thin  paint. 
IL  Figuratively: 

L  A  taint  of  guilt  or  evil ;  disgrace,  i*» 
proach,  fault. 

"  I  come— thy  tfai»i  to  wash  away." 

Wordtworth  :  Elegiac  Verttt  (Feb..  «W). 

2.  Cause  of  reproach,  shame,  disgrace. 
"  Hereby  I  will  lead  her  that  is  the  praise,  and  yt* 
the  ttain  of  all  womankind. "—Sidney. 

*  3.  A  tincture,  a  tinge ;  a  slight  taste  OP 
quality. 

"  Too  have  some  ttain  of  soldier  In  you." 

Shaketp.  :  All't  Well  that  Enat  Well,  L  L 

stain' -and,  a.    [STAIN,  v.] 

Her. :  A  term  applied  to  the  colours  san- 
guine and  tenn6  when  used  in  the  figures 
called  abatements  or  marks  of  disgrace. 

Stained,  *  stayned,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [STAIN,  v.} 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

L  Having  a  stain  or  stains;  discoloured, 
spotted,  dyed,  tarnished. 

2.  Produced  by  staining ;  caused  by  a  stain 
or  disgrace.  (Shakesp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  iii.  3.) 

Stained-glass,  ».  Glass  painted  on  the 
surface  with  mineral  pigments,  which  are 
afterwards  fused  and  fixed  by  the  applicatijn 
of  heat.  [GLASS- PAINTING.] 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    as,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


etainer— stalagmitically 


4423 


stain -er,1  stayn-er,  s.   [Eng.  stain, v.;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  stains,  discolours,  or  tarnishes. 

2.  A  workman  employed  in  staining.  (Gene- 
rally used  as  the  second  element  of  a  com- 
pound, as  a  paper-stainer.) 

Stain  less,  a.    [Eng.  stain;  -less.] 

1.  Lit. :  Free  from  spots  or  stains ;  spotless. 

"  The  phcenix  wings  are  not  so  rare 
For  faultless  length  and  amMesi  h«u. 

Sidney  :  Arcadia,  1L 

2.  fig. :   Free  from  the  stain  of  guilt  or 
crime;  unsullied,  immaculate,  pure. 

"A  man  of  parts  and  learning,  of  quick  sensibility 
and  a.ilaleu  virtue."— Macaulay  :  fltt.  fan.,  ch.  iv. 

Btain'-less  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  stainless ;  -ly.]  In 
a  >tuinless  manner;  with  freedom  from  stain. 

Btalr,  '  staire,  *  stayre,  *  stelr,  *  stelre, 
"steyer,  s.  (A.S.  singer  =  a,  stair,  a  step, 
from  stall,  pa.  t  of  slimin  =  tn  climb;  cogn. 
with  Dut  steiger  =  a  stair;  stegel  =  a  stirrup ; 
stijgen  =  to  mount ;  Icel.  stigi,  stegi  =  a  step, 
a  ladder;  stijr  =  a  path;  stiga  =  ta  mount; 
8w.  steg  —  a  round  of  a  ladder  ;  siege  =  a  lad- 
der ;  Dan.  ftige  =  a  ladder  ;  fti  =  a  path  ;  >t>4e 
=  to  mount ;  Ger.  tteg  =  a  path ;  steiaen  =  to 
mount.] 

1.  Literally: 

*  1.  Any  succession  of  steps  to  ascend  by  ; 
as  a  ladder. 

"  Draw  me  into  WUse,  ne  tteyere  to  steye  on  Is  none, 
so  that  without  recouer  eudlesse.  here  to  endure  I 
wote  well  I  purueide."— Chaucer:  Tettament  of  Love,  i 

2.  One  of  a  series  of  steps  for  ascending  or 
descending  from  one  story  of  a  house  to  the 
next ;  in  the  plural,  a  succession  of  steps  rising 
one  above  the  other,  and  arranged  as  a  means 
of  ascent  between  two  parts  of  a  building  at 
different  heights. 

S.  Steps  lending  down  to  the  waterside  for 
wnvenience  in  entering  or  leaving  a  boat 

"  The  Thames,  by  water  when  I  took  the  air, 
Thitt  deuced  my  barge,  in  Ullehing  from  the  ttalr* 
Drayton  :  Elenor  Cobham  to  Duke  Humphry. 

*  II.  Fig. :  A  step,  a  degree. 

"High  honors etaire."        Bpemer:  I1.  Q..I.  ILt& 
f  (1)  Below  stairs :  In  the  basement ;  in  the 
lover  parts  of  a  house ;  hence,  amongst  the 
servants. 

(2)  Down  stairs :  [Dowu-STAias]. 

(3)  Flight  of  stain:  [FLIGHT,  «.,  II.  1.1. 

*  (4)  Pair  of  stairs :  A  staircase ;  a  set  or 
flight  of  stairs.    [PAIR,  s.] 

(5)  Up  stairs :  In  or  to  the  upper  part  of  a 
bouse. 

"  TIs  gone— and  in  a  merry  fit 
They  ran  up  ttatrt  in  gamesome  race. 
Wordtteorth:  Mother' i  R 


stair-carpet,  «.  A  narrow  carpet  used 
to  cover  stairs. 

"  stair-foot, «.    The  bottom  of  the  stairs 

stair-rod,  ».  A  rod  confining  a  stair- 
carpet  at  the  receding  angle  where  the  riser 
am!  tread  meet. 

*  Stair-wire,  «.    A  stair-rod  (q.v.). 

stair  case,  s.  [Eng.  stair,  and  case.]  A  set 
of  steps  in  a  house  to  HOend  from  one  story 
to  another.  [GEOMETRIC-STAIR.) 

staircase-shell,  ••>. 

ZooL :  The  genus  Solarium  (q.v-X 

stair1 -head,  s.    [Eng.  stair,  and  head.]    The 
top   of   the 
staircase.  •*•  • 

•stair-way, 

s.  [Eng. 
itair,  and 
way.]  A 
staircase. 


The  Build- 
ers.) 

•talth, 

*  stal  the, 
"atatho, 
I.  [A.S. 
tttedh,  =  a 
bank,  a 
shore  ;  Icel.  stodh  =  a  harbour,  a  roadstead. 

1.  A  landing-place. 

"On  arriving  at  the  ttaitht  they  ascertained  tha 

one  of  the  men  answering  to  the  description  1 

board  the  ship."— Daily  Telefrafh,  Dec.  IB,  188! 

2.  >3  elevated  railroad-staging,  from  whic 
coal-cars  discharge  their  loads  into  cars  o 
vessels  beneath.    (See  illustration.) 


talth' -man,  s.  [Eng.  staith,  and  man..]  A 
man  employed  in  weighing  and  shipping  coals 
at  a  staith. 

take,  s.  [A.S.  ttaka  =  a  stake,  from  the  same 
root  as  stick,  v.  (q.v.);  cogn.  witU  O.  Dut 
stake,  staeck  =  a  stake  ;  Dut.  slaak,  steken  = 
to  stab,  to  prick ;  Icel.  stjaki  =  a  stake,  a 
punt-pole  ;  Dan.  stage  =  a  stake ;  Sw.  stake  = 
a  stake  ;  Ger.  stake  =  a  stake,  a  Dole.  Allied 
to  stack  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  long  piece  of  wood  or  timber,  espeo.  a 
piece  pointed  at  one  end  and  stuck  or  set  in  the 
ground,  or  prepared  for  setting,  as  a  support 
to  anything,  a  part  of  a  fence,  Ac. ;  an  upright 
bar  to  support  a  vine  or  tree.    One  of  the 
uprights  of  a  wattled  fence  or  screen.    One  of 
the  pieces  of  timber  leaning  against  the  cortier 
of  a  worm-fence,  and  serving  with  its  fellow 
on  the  other  side  to  hold  the  rider  rail. 

2.  The  post  to  which  persons  condemned  to 
be  burnt  to  death  were  fastened  :  as,  To  suffer 
at  the  stake,  i.e.,  to  suffer  death  by  burning. 

3.  The  post  to  which  a  bear  or  bull  was  tied 
to  be  baited. 

"  Call  hither  to  the  stake  my  two  brave  bears." 

Skakap. :  I  Henrf  '"'•.  »•  t 

•4.  A  pyre. 

"  Place  barrels  of  pitch  upon  the  fatal  ttetke." 

Ska  keep.  :  I  Henry  IV,  T.  e, 

*  5.  Judgment ;  execution  generally. 

"  Bringing  the  murderous  coward  to  the  ttake).' 

Shakeef.  :  Lear.  IL  L 

6.  That    which    Is    staked,    pledged,    or 
wagered  :  that  which  is  laid  down  or  hazarded 
to  abide  the  issue  of  an  event,  and  to  be  gained 
or  lost  by  victory  or  defeat 

"  For  their  Uaket  the  throwing  nations  fear." 

ffryaen:  Aaaui  Nirabili*.  cxxlv. 

7.  The  state  of  being  pledged  or  staked  as  a 
wager  ;  the  state  of  being  at  hazard.    (Pre 
ceded  by  at.) 

"At  every  sentence  seta  his  life  at  flake." 

fluke:  Juttenat.  sat  Iv. 

*  &  The  prize  in  a  contest. 

"  From  the  king's  hand  must  Douglas  take 
A  silver  dart,  the  archers'  stake. 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  V.  22. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Currying:  A  post  on  which  s  skin  is 
stretched  while  currying  or  graining. 

2.  Metal-working :   A  small  anvil  used  by 
blacksmiths  and    sheet-metal    workers.      It 
usually  has  a  tang,  by  which  it  is  stuck  in  a 
square  socket  of  a  bench,  block,  or  anvil.    It 
has  various  forms  in  different  trades. 

3.  Shipwright. :  A  strake  (q.v.). 

4.  VeMdu:  An  upright  or  standard,  to  keep 
a  log  or  a  load  from  shifting  sideways. 

*  stake-fellow,  >.    One  tied  or  burnt  at 
the  stake  with  another. 

stake-head,  >. 

Rope-making:  A  horizontal  bar  snpported 
by  a  post  and  stationed  at  intervals  in  the 
length  of  a  ropewalk,  to  support  the  yarns 
while  spinning.  The  upper  edge  of  the  bar 
has  pegs  to  sejiarate  the  yarns  which  are  spun 
by  the  respective  whirls  in  the  spinner. 

stake-holder,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  holds  the  stakes, 
or  with  whom  bets  are  deposited,  when  a 
wager  is  made. 

t.  Law :  One  with  whom  a  deposit  Is  mad 
by  two  or  more  who  lay  claim  to  it 

stake-iron,  s. 

Vehicles:  The  same  as  STAKE,  «.,  II.  4. 

stake,  v.t.    [STAKE,  s.] 

1.  To  set  or  plant  like  a  stake ;  to  fasten 
support,  or  defend  with  stakes. 

"  Stake  and  bind  up  yonr  weakest  plants  and  flowers 
against  the  winds."— Evelyn :  Kalenaar. 

2.  To  set  stakes  in  ;  to  nil  with  stakes. 

"  Then  caus'd  hlB  ships  the  river  np  to  ttake, 
That  none  with  victual  should  the  town  relieve. 

Drayton  :  Battle  of  Aginfourt. 

8.  To  mark  the  limits  of  by  stakes.  (Now 
followed  by  out.) 

"  First  the  nemnid  alle  the.  the  pnrale  sold  make. 
That  thorgh  the  reame  suld  go,  the  bounties  forto 
Uate.'  X.Brunne,f.Kt. 

*4.  To  keep  out  by  means  of  stakes.  (Fa 
lowed  by  out.) 

"  On  the  bank  of  loose  stone*  above  the  mud  an 
stakes  that  naked  the  tide  ma."— Mckenl :  Oreat  El 

fectattoni.  ch.  iil. 

6.  To  pierce  or  wound  with  a  stake. 

"  A  horse  so  badly  tt'lkeil  that  its  life  was  not  wort 
an  old  song."— Field,  Dec.  28,  1885. 


6.  To  wager,  to  pledge ;  to  hazard  on  tin 
issue  of  some  event 

"  Kvery  man  who  heads  a  rebellion  against  an  eav 
tabllshed  government  itaket  bis  life  on  tile  eveut."— 
Macaulay  :  Mat.  Eng.,  ch.  v. 

take'  net,  s.  [Eng.  shtke,  and  net.]  A  form 
of  net  for  catching  salmon,  consisting  of  a 
sheet  of  network  stretched  upon  stakes  fixed 
into  the  ground,  generally  in  rivers  or  friths, 
where  the  sea  ebbs  and  flows,  with  contriv- 
ances for  entangling  and  catching  the  fish. 

stak-er,  "stak-ker,  v.i.  [Icel.  ifa*r»,l 
To  stagger  (q.v.). 

"  She  rlste  her  vp,  and  ttakkereth  here  mid  there." 
Chaucer:  Leaenae of  UypermeUrf. 

stak'-er,  ».  [Eng.  stake,  v. ;  •«•.]  One  wh» 
stakes,  wagers,  or  hazards. 

stak  tom'-e  ter,  s.  [Or.  O-TOXTOS  (stalctos)  = 
falling  by  drops,  and  utrpov  (metron)  =  a  mea- 
sure.] A  pipette  (q.v.). 

sta  lac -tic,  sta  lac'- tic  -al,  a.  [Eng. 
rtn&ufftfe);  -ic,  -iml.\  Of  or  pertaining  to 
stalactite ;  resembling  stalactite. 

"  Incrustrated  with  this  sparry,  ftalactlco.1  rob. 
stance. "— Derham :  Phytico-ThoolosJv,  bit.  iii.,  ch.  L 

Sta  lac'-ti-form,  a.  [Epg.stafacfi(te);  -form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  stalactite  ;  like  stalac- 
tite ;  stalactical. 

stal  ac  tite,    •  stal  acti  tes,    >.     [Or. 

o-raAoKToc  (stalactos)  =  a  dripping  or  dropping.] 

Min.  :  A 
name  origin- 
ally given  to 
the  cones  of 
carbonate  of 
lime  found 
dependent  I 
from  the  j 
roofs  of  cav- 
erns, formed  } 
by  the  water 
percolating  I 
through  the 
rocks  above 
becoming 
charged  with 
carbonate  of 
lime  and 
slowly  de- 
positing it 
on  evapora- 
tion. The 
name  Is  now  applied  to  other  mineral  sub- 
stances of  similar  form,  and  having  a  similar 
origin. 

t  stal-ac-tit-ed,  o.  [Eng.  ttalaclit(e) ;  -ed.] 
Hung  with  stalactites. 

"  The  cave  is  extremely  picturesque,  its  roof  ital- 
actited  with  pendent  ferns.  — ftmnw:  Citiel  *  Ceme- 
teries of  Etruria,  i.  79. 

•  stal-ac  ti  -tes,  ».    [STALACTITE.] 

stal-ao-tlt-lo,stal-ao-«t'-lc-al,a.  [Enf. 

stalactWe) ;  -ic,  -icaL.] 

Min.  *  Geol. :  Partaking  of  the  structure  of 
a  stalactite  (q.v.). 

"  A  brilliant  gallery  of  ttfttactlHe  ornaments  extends 
beyond  the  great  Pillar."— ScrUmeri  Magazine,  April. 
1880,  p.  878. 

Stal  ac  tit -i-form,  a.  [Eng.  ttalactiu,  and 
form.]  Stalactiform. 

stal  ag  mite,  *  stal-ag  ml  tes,  «.  [Gr. 
oraAayMa  (stalagma)  =  that  which  drops ;  sun. 
-ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  The  calcareous  or  other  mineral  sub- 
stance forming  the  floor  of  a  cave,  and  formed 
in  the  same  manner  as  a  stalactite  (q.v.). 
Structure,  laminar,    the  laminae    frequently 
showing  a  fibrous  structure  at  right  angles 
to  the  plane  of  deposition.    [CAVE-DEPOSITS.] 
"  The  process  often  goes  on  nntll  stalactite  meets 
ttafaymite  iu  a  column."— Scribrter't  Magazine,  April, 
1880,  p.  878. 

*  stal  ag  mi'-tes,  t.  pi.    [STALAOHITB.] 

stal  ag-mit'-io,  o.    [Eng.  stalagmite) ;  4e.} 

Min.  A  Geol. :  Applied  to  mineral  substance* 

which  present  a  similar  structure    to,   and 

which  have  been  formed  in  tlie  same  way  as 

a  stalagmite  (q.v.). 

"  Tracing  the  right  edge  of  the  cut,  we  found  It  run- 
ning underneath  a  ttatapmttie  wrapping,  eight  feel 
wide  and  ten  inches  thick  at  iu  thickest  part  — 
Scrilmer't  Maaaliae,  April.  1880,  p.  fit. 

stal  ag  mlt -Ic  al  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  ttalag- 
mitical:  -ly.]  In  the  form  or  manner  of  • 


•TlUfTITES  AWD  STil.AOMITSM. 
(OKOTTO  or  AJTHPABOa.) 


stalagmite. 


bo>;  pt5ut.  Jowl;  cat,  gall,  chorus,  9hln.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  fUs;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst. 
xn&n,  -ttan  =  shan.  -tion, -«loa  =  iliun; -tlon, -fion  =  ihun,  -oton*, -tloas, -«lou» -»*•••.  -•»•,-*»«.«>•.  =  b 


4424 


stalagmometer— stall 


Vt*l   &g   m5m    c-ter,  s.    [Gr. 

(stalagmos)  =  a  dropping,  and  p.c'rpoy  (matron)  = 
a  measure.]    The  same  as  STAKTOMETEB  (q.v.). 

•tal-der,  s.  [Eng.  rta»  =  to  set  or  place.} 
A  trestle  or  stand  for  casks. 

4  •tald-ing,  s.  (Etym.  doubtful.]  A  coun- 
terfeit coin  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  worth 
about  td.,  manufactured  abroad,  and  sur- 
reptitiously introduced  into  England. 

•tale,  a.  &  *.    [Sw.  ttotfa  =  to  put  into  a  stall, 
to  stall-feed  ...  to  stall,  as    cattle;    Dan. 
ttalde  =  to  stall,  to  stall-feed  ;  stalle  =  to  stall, 
as  a  horse ;  staid  —  a  stable.] 
A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Vapid  or  tasteless  from  age  or  being  kept 
too  long ;   having   lost  its   life,  spirit,  and 
flavour  from  keeping.    (Prior:  Alma,  ii.  203.) 

2.  Not  new  ;  not  newly  or  lately  made ; 
rather  old. 

"The  line  had  got  too  ttale  for  them  to  do  much 
with  if— Arid.  Feb.  13.  l&M. 

*  3.  Having  lost  the  life  or  graces  of  youth ; 
long  past  prime  ;  decayed. 

"  A  tfdJe  virgin  wto  tip  a  shop  In  ft  place  where  the  !• 
not  known."— Spectator.  (Todd.} 

4.  Past  the  prime  through  overwork.  (Slang.) 
"  Some  h»TB  been  disabled  and  othen  are  Mate."— 

Field,  April  4.  1845. 

5.  Out  of  regard  from  use  or  long  familiarity; 
having  lost  its  novelty  and  power  of  pleasing ; 
trite,  common,  musty. 

"  A  doll  Author,  stiff  and  ttale* 

Dry  den :  Art  of  Poetry. 

B.  At  substantive : 

1.  Urine.   (Shakesp. :  Ant.  A  Cleopatra,  i.  4.) 

*  2.  That  which  is  worn  out  by  use,  or  lias 
become  vapid  and  tasteless,  as  old,  fiat  beer. 

•3.  A  prostitute.  (Shakesp. :  Much  Ado 
About  Nothing,  iv.  1.) 

•tale -cheque,  «.    An  antedated  cheque. 

[CHECK,  II.  2.] 

•tale-demand,  s. 

Law :  A  claim  for  a  long  time  dormant  and 
ondemanded. 

'  artale  (1),  «.  [A.S.  stalu  =  then,  from  stelan 
=  to  steal  (q.v.).] 

1.  Something  set  up  to  allure  or  draw  others 
to  any  place  or  purpose ;  a  bait,  a  decoy,  a 
•nare.    (Dryden :  Don  Sebastian,  i.  1.) 

2.  A  stalking-horse. 

3.  A  laughing-stock ;  a  dupe  ;  an  object  of 
ridicule. 

"  To  make  me  ft  stale  amongst  these  mates." 

StMketp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrnr,  i.  1. 

4.  The  same  as  STALE-HATE  (q.v.). 

"Like  ft  it  alt  at  cheat*,  where  It  is  no  nut*,  but  yet 
the  game  cannot  ittr."— Bacon  :  Euayt ;  Of  Huldntu. 

•tale-mate,  *. 

Chess :  The  position  of  the  king,  when  he  is 
to  placed  that,  though  not  at  the  moment 
actually  in  check,  he  is  unable  to  move  with- 
out placing  himself  in  check,  and  there  is  no 
other  piece  that  can  be  moved.  In  such  a 
case  the  game  is  considered  as  drawn. 

•tale-mate,  v.t.  To  subject  to  a  stale- 
mate ;  hence,  to  push  or  drive  into  a  corner, 
to  bring  to  a  stand. 

•tale  (2),  stail,  steal,  steale.  stele, 
Steel,  5.  [A.S.  ttatl,  del;  Dut  steel;  Qer. 
$tiel  =  a  stalk  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  long  handle. 

"  It  hftth  ft  long  ttalt  or  handle,  with  ft  button  at 
the  end  (or  one's  hand."—  Mortimer  :  Hutbandry. 

2.  A  round  or  rung  of  a  ladder. 

•tale,  v.t.  &i.    [STALE,  a.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  stale,  vapid,  tasteless, 
useless,  or  worthless ;   to  destroy    the  life, 
beauty,  or  use  of. 

"  Age  cannot  wither  her.  nor  custom  ttal* 
Her  Infinite  variety.' 

Shaketp. :  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  11.  S. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  make  water.  (Said  of  horses 
tin  l  cattle.) 

"  I  found  my  hone*  unfortunately  ttaltd  in  the 
night."— /V«M.  Jan.  30,  1886. 

*  Stale   1J%  adv.    [Eng.  stale,  a.  ;  -Zy.] 
L  In  a  stale  manner. 

2.  Of  old  ;  for  a  long  time.  (Ben  Jonson : 
Catiline,  ii.  1.) 

•tale'-ngtt,  «.    [Eng.  stale,  a. ;  -ness.] 

I.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  stale,  vapid, 


tasteless,  musty,  old,  or  flat ;  the  state  of 
having  lost  life  or  flavour ;  oldness,  inusti- 
uess. 

"  Provided  our  landlord1!  principle*  were  sound,  we 
did  not  t*ke  any  uotioe  of  the  italtnttt  of  his  pro- 
iuiuiu.'-*Addi*on,  ITodd.) 

2.  The  state  of  being  out  of  regard  ;  trite- 
ness, commonness :  as,  the  stalencs*  of  a 
remark. 

•talk  (I  silent),  (1),  *  stalke,  s.    [A  dimin. 

from  stale  (2),  s.  (q.v.) ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  stilkr 
=  a  stalk  ;  Dan.  stilk ;  Sw.  stjelk.} 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  One  of  the  side-pieces  of  a  ladder 

" To  climben  by  the  rouge*  and  the  tt'itkn." 

Cftrtiieer  .  C.  T.,  3.M4. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

"  From  a  itaUt  into  an  ear  forth-growea." 

Spenser:  Ruinet  <tf  Ram*, 

3.  The  stem  of  a  quill ;  anything  resem- 
bling the  stalk  or  stem  of  a  plant. 

"  They  appear  made  up  of  little  bladders,  like  tlioee 
In  the  plume  or  ttalk  of  a  quill."— Grew. 

4.  A  tall  chimney,  usually  of  a  furnace  -.  a 
stack. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch. ;   An  ornament   in   a   Corinthian 
capital,  which  resembles  the  stalk  of  a  plant, 
and  which  is  sometimes  fluted.    From  it  the 
volutes  and  helices  spring. 

2.  Bio/. ;  The  stem  or  support  of  an  organ, 
as  the  pejiole  of  a  leaf,  the  peduncle  of  a 
flower,  or  that  of  a  brachiopod,  a  barnacle,  &c. 

3.  Founding:  An  iron  rod  armed  with  spikes, 
forming  the  nucleus  of  a  core. 

•talk- eyed,  a. 

Zool. :  Having  the  eyes  fixed  on  movable 
footstalks,  as  in  the  Crabs,  Lobsters,  and 
Shrimps.  A  term  applied  to  the  Podoph- 
thalmia,  and  opposed  to  sessile-eyed  (q.v.). 

•talk  (I  silent),  (2),  s.     [STALK,  v.} 

1.  A  high,  proud,  stately  walk  or  step. 

"  With  martial  ttalk."          Shaken*. :  ffamtot,  L  L 

2.  The  act  of  stalking  wild  animals. 

"  Cartridge  with  heavy  shot  wen  cboeen,  md  we 
commenced  our  Jtait,"— field,  Feb.  19,  1887. 

•talk  (I  silent),  stalke,  r.f.  &  t.  [A.S. 
st(flcan  =  to  go  warily ;  stcelcung  —  a  stalking ; 
Dan.  stalke —  to  walk.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  walk  slowly,  softly,  and  warily ;  to 
walk  in  a  sly,  stealthy  manner. 

"  Into  the  chamber  wickedly  he  ttaltu." 

ShaJcetp. :  Rapt  of  Lucrece,  M5. 

2.  To  walk    behind   a    stalking-horse ;   to 
pursue  game  by  approaching  stealthily  behind 
cover. 

"  One  underneath  hit  hone  to  get  a  shoot  doth  ttalk. ' 
Drvyton  :  Pol  y-Olbion,  s.  86. 

3.  To  walk  with  high,  proud,  or  pompous 
steps  ;  to  walk  in  a  pompous  or  dignified 
manner ;   to  pace  slowly.     It  generally  con- 
veys the  idea  of  affected  dignity  or  import- 
ance.   (Byron:  Childe  Harold,  ii.  19.) 

B.  Trans.  :  To  pursue  stealthily,  as  behind 
a  stalking  horse  ;    to  pursue,   as  game,   by 
creeping  and  moving  behind  cover. 

"  One  of  font  we  marked  dowti  on  ft  email  pool,  and 
then  italked."- Field,  Dec.  l»,  1888. 

•talked  (/  silent),  a.  [Eng.  stalk  (1),  *.;-«/.] 
Having  a  stalk  or  stem. 

stalked  crinoids,  >.  pL 
Zool.:  The  Crinoidea  (q.v.). 

stalk  -  er  (Z  silent),  s.    [Eng.  staUc,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  stalks. 

*  Deerstalking  bu  been  often  described,  but  the 
adreuturee  of  every  ttaUcer  differ  iii  detail*. "— field, 
Jan.  ».  1888. 

2.  A  kind  of  fishing-net 

«talk'-Jng(isilent),pr.jwr.Io.,&».  [STALK,*.] 
A.  k  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C*  As  subst. :  The  act  or  practice  of  pursuing 
orhuntinggame  by  creeping  and  moving  behind 
cover,  until  near  enough  to  be  able  to  shoot. 

•talking-horse,  s. 

*  1.  Lit. :  A  horse,  or  figure  like  a  horse, 
behind  which  a  fowler  concealed  himself  from 
the  sight  of  the  game  he  was  following. 

"  When  the  game  was  not  to  be  ran  down  with  hone 
and  hound,  various  atratagema  were  o*ed  to  get  within 
•hooting  reach  of  It  by  the  pedestrian  hnnUmen,  the 
chief  of  which  wa»  called  the  ttalkinffJtorte.  Thi. 
was  a  canTM  figure,  reMmbling  a  hone  In  the  act  of 
grazing ;  and  BO  light  that  it  could  be  carried  in  one 


hand.  8or-<tlmea  the  figure  represented  a  cow,  atae^ 
or  other  common  animal  ;  and  under  cover  of  this  the- 
sportsmen  stole  BO  nigh  the  game,  that  be  could  easily 
bring  it  down  wit  h  shaft  or  bullet,"—  Kniafu  .-  Pictorial 
Bi**Kng.,  ii.  1ST. 

2.  Fig.  ;  Anything  thrust  or  put  forward  to- 
conceal  some  more  important  object  ;  a  mask. 

"  Let  the  counaeller  give  counsel  not  for  faction  but 
for  conscience,  forbearing  to  make  the  good  of  the 
state  the  ttalking-horte  of  hia  private  ends."—  //at*- 
wiU  :  On  Providence,  bit.  iv.,  ch.  xiv. 

Btalk  -less,  a.  [Eng.  «fa/fc(l),  s.;-fes».]  Having 
no  stalk  ;  destitute  of  a  stalk.    [SESSILE.] 

stalk  -let  (Ik  as  k),  s.    [Eng.  sta'k  (1),  B.  ; 
dim.  suff.  -let.] 

Bot.  :  The  stalk  of  a  leaflet,  a  tecondary 
petiole,  a  petiolule. 


U  silent),  a.  [Eng.  ttalk  (1),  s.  ;  -y.l 
Resembling  a  stalk  ;  of  the  nature  of  a  stalk  ; 
hard  as  a  stalk.  [SESSILE.] 

"  It  growa  upon  a  round  italk,  and  at  the  top  bean 
ft  great  ttalky  head."—  Mortimtr  :  Husbandry. 

•tall,  *stal.  stalle,  5.  [A.S.  stal,  «feai=t> 
place,  a  station,  a  stall  ;  cogu.  with  Dut.  stal  ; 
Icel.  stallr  =  a.  stall;  *fa/fi  =  an  altar;  Dan. 
staid  =  a  stable  ;  Sw.  stall,  Ger.  stall;  O.  a. 
Ger.  stal;  Sansc.  sthala,  sthdia  =  firm  ground  p 
Gr.  OT^XJI  (stele)  =  a  column.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  bench,  form,  or  kind  of  table  In  the 
open  air,  or  within  a  large  building,  on  which 
goods  are  exposed  for  sale. 

"  I  aaw  a  great  deal  of  meat  on  the  Hall*,  that  wen- 
placed  at  a  ains.ll  diitaiice  (rum  the  tower."—  Dumpier: 
Yvyaget  (an.  1388). 

2.  A  small  house  or  shed  in  the  open  air,  or 
within  a  large   building,  in  which  goods  are- 
exposed  for  sale,  or  in  which  an  occupation 
is  carried  on.     (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  49.) 

3.  A  stable  ;  a  place  for  lodging  and  feeding: 
horses  or  cattle. 

4.  A  division  or  compartment  of  a  stable,. 
in  which  an  ox  or  horse  stands  or  is  kept. 

"  The  fat  oze,  that  wont  ligge  in  the  itall." 

Spenter  :  .*h<?i-he'ir<ft  Calender  ;  Sept. 

*  5.  The  chief  seat  on  the  dais  in  a  domestic- 
hall. 

6.  A  fixed  seat,  wholly  or  partially  enclosed 
at  the  back,  having  elbows  at  the  sides,  and 
usually  a  ledge  for  books,  and  a  kneeling- 
board  in  front.    Stalls  are  generally  of  wood,. 
occasionally  of  atone,  enriched  with  sculp- 
tured foliage  and 

figures,  some- 

times of  a  gro- 

tesque charac- 

ter; and  in  many 

cases  each  stall 

is  covered  with 

a  rich  canopy  of 

tabernacle  work; 

when  there  are 

two   rows   of 

stalls  on  each 

side,  those  in 

the  hinder  row 

only  have    can* 

opi  es.     Moat 

of  the  stalls  in 

the    choir   or 

chancel  of  Eng- 

lish   cathedrals 

and  churches, 

and  in  chapter- 

houses, date  from  pre-Reformation  times,  and; 

were  intended  for  the  use  of  the  clergy,  the 

chapter,  or  religious.     In  cathedrals  and  col- 

legiate churches,  the  stalls  are  used  by  the 

canons  and  prebends.    Sometimes  there  is  a 

row  of  stalls  for  the  choir,  who  occupy  them 

because  in  some  sort  they  fulfil  part  of  the 

duties  of  the  monks  —  the  chanting  of  the 

divine  office. 

"  The  pope  creates  a  canon  beyond  the  number 
limited,  aud  command!  the  chapter  to  assign  unto- 
auch  canon  a  itall  In  the  choir  and  place  in  the 
chapter."—  Aittiffe:  Pareryon. 

7.  A  canonry  or  prebend. 

8.  A  high-class  seat  in  a  theatre,  between- 
the  pit  (where  it  exists)  and  the  orchestra. 

9.  A  name  given  by  garotters  and  pick- 
pockets to    those  who  walk    before   (front- 
stall)  and  behind  (back-stall)  the  person  who- 
is  to  operate  and  his  victim,  in  order  to  cover 
the  operation,  and  assist  in  the  escape  of  the 
actual  operator. 

^  To  hold  a  staU  :  To  be  a  canon  or  pre- 
bend of  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  church. 

IL  Mining:  A  room.  [ROOM,  «.,  II.,  POST 
OX*,  II.  5.J 


STALLS. 
(Oxford  Cathedral.} 


.          .   .  .     ui,  ntuwr;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pftt, 

or.  wore,  wplt  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub.  euro,  unite,  oar,  rale,  faU;  try,  Syrian*    »,  oe  ^  e;  ey  =  a;  «u  =  kw. 


«fct«,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father; 


stall— stammerer 


4425 


stall-feed,  ».  (.  To  feed  or  fatten  in  a 
stall  or  stable  on  dry  fodder. 

••  We  do  not  MU-fMd  beyond [  .cattering  a little  iuvr 
tor  them  to  seven"  weather."-««W.  Sept.  «,  MM. 

*  stall-reader,  s.  Oue  who  reads  books 
while  standing  at  the  stalls  at  which  they  are 
MM. 

"  Cries  the  Hall-reader,  Blew  u. !  what  a  word  on 
Atltle  page  U  tnii  I  *"">"  •'  *"""  "• 


A  series  of  floors  on  |  stal'-wart,  *star-warth.  stal -worth, 

isively  in 

"^'-fed,  a     Fed  orfattened  in  a  stall  or  1&^&^«&& 

•table  on  dry  fodder.  ^_  ^  ^  J^  (q  v  ^  or  gta]..wortl,y,  i.«.,  worthy  of  a 

place  or  stall  (q.v.).] 

1.  Strong,  stout ;  big  and  strong  in  frame. 

2.  Brave,  bold,  redoubted,  daring. 

3.  Sturdy  In  partisanship,  especially  in  regard 
to  the  Bepublican  party.    ( U.  8.  PolU.) 


•tall,  r.f.  &  i.    [STALL,  «.] 

1.  To  put  into  a  stall  or  stable  ;  to  keep  in 

'  "  Now  fast  Hailed  In  hep  crumenall." 

Spenter:  Shepheardl  Calender ;  Sept. 

*  2.  To  place  or  set  in  a  stall ;  to  install ;  to 
place'  in  an  office  with  the  customary  formali- 
ties. 

"  The  munkys .  .  .  cha.  him  to  th«  aichebyssho^ys 
Me.  *  had  ye  palle,  *  was  ttallya  soone  alter.  — 
fatiyan  •  Cronycle  (an.  1597). 

*  3.  To  place  as  in  a  stall ;  to  fix  or  fasten, 
go  as  to  prevent  escape. 

"  StaM'd  the  deer  that  thon  .hould'st  strike.- 

Shaketp. :  Complaint,  WO. 

*4.  To  shut  up  or  in  ;  to  surround. 

"  Here  you  a  muckworm  of  the  town  might  see, 
At  hii  dull  desk,  amid  his  legers  ttall'a. ' 

Thornton:  Cattle  of  Indolence,  L  50. 

"5.  To  place  and  keep  securely.      . 

"  Pray  you  leave  me,  ttall  this  In  youp  bosom."— 
Shake  tp. :  Alti  Well,  i.  a. 

*6.  To  plunge  into  mire,  no  as  not  to  be 
•We  to  move  ;  to  bog. 

"A  Confederate  neld-plec*  which  -if*  stalled  or 
bogged  In  a  bit  of  swampy  ground.  —  Field,  foepu  *, 
1889. 

*  7.  To  forestall.    (Massinger.) 
8.  To  satiate,  to  fatten.    (Prov.) 

*  9.  To  allow  to  be  paid  by  instalments ;  to 
forbear  to  claim  for  a  time. 

"  Els  Majesty  would  ttall  his  fine,  and  take  It  up, 
as  his  estate  would  bear  it."— Bacltet :  Lift  of  W  Miami, 
li.  128. 

B.  Intransitive : 

X,  To  live  as  in  a  stall ;  to  dwell. 

"  We  could  not  ttaU  together 
In  the  whole  wopld." 

Shaketp.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  V.  L 

J.  To  kennel,  as  dogs. 

8.  To  be  set  fast,  as  in  mire  ;  to  be  bogged. 

4.  To  be  tired  of  eating,  as  cattle. 

«|  To  stall  o/:  To  avoid,  to  frustrate. 

"  Lovely  drew  out,  and.  stalling  off  the  challenge  of 
the  ungenerous  Duke  of  Richmond,  won  by  two 
length.."— Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  12,  1885. 

•tall  age  (age  as  ig),  «.    [O.  Fr.  estallage, 
from  esta(=astall.) 

1.  The  right  of  erecting  a  stall  or  stalls  in 
fairs ;  also  the  rent  paid  for  a  stall. 

"The  company  Is  authorised  to  charge  a  weekly 
rental  of  sixpence  a  square  foot  fop  ttallage.  —Daily 
Telegraph,  Nov.  14, 1885. 

•2.  Laystall,  dung,  compost 

•  »tall-a'-tlon,  >•     [An  abbrev.  of  installation 

(q.v.).]    The  act  of  installing  ;  installation. 

11  And  now  his  itallatlon  grew  near."— State  Trial* 
fan.  1529). 

•  Stall'  -«r,  s.     [Eng.  staU  ;  -«r.]    A  standard- 

bearer.    (Fuller.) 

•tall  Ing,  t.    [Eng.  stall ;  -ing.)    Stabling. 

*  stalling  ken,  s.  A  house  for  receiving 
itolen  goods.  (Slang.) 

•tall'-In-ger,  ».    [STALL,  «.]    One  who  keeps 
a  stall.    (Prov.) 

stal  lion  (1  as  y),  *stal-aunt,   'stall- 
and,   "stall  ant,  "stal-on,  ».      [O.  Fr. 

estalon  (Fr.  etalon),  from  estal  =  a  stall  (q.v.)  ; 
cf.  Ital.  Stallone  =  a.  stallion,  an  ostler.)  A 
horse  not  castrated,  an  entire  horse  ;  a  horse 
kent  for  breeding  purposes. 

•  The  colt  that  fop  a  ttalllon  Is  deslgn'd. 
By  lure  presages  shows  hi*  peneruus  kind, 

Dryden:  Virgil;  Qeorgic  iii.  118. 

•tall  man,  s.     [Eng.  ttaU,  and  man.}     One 
who  keeps  a  stall. 

•  Stall-on,  s.    (STALL,  «.]    A  slip,  a  cutting. 

"  I  know  who  might  haue  had  a  slip  op  etallon 
thereof."— Bolinthed :  Dete.  England,  bk.  i!.,  ch.  xix. 


•stal'-wart-hood,  »stal-ward-hed,  s. 

(Bug.  stalwart;  -hood.)    Stalwartness. 
"The  kyng  adde  by  hys  vorste  wyf  one  stalwapde  sone, 
That,  vor  hys  ttalwardhed,  longe  worth  In  mone. 
Robert  of  eioucelter,  p.  293. 

stal'-wart-ly,* stal- war d-lyehe,  "stal'- 
worth-ly.  "  stal-worthe-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
stalwart;  -ly.]  In  a  stalwart  manner ;  stoutly, 
bravely. 

••  Whan  thel  were  alle  dlght.  stalunrthel*  *  fast. 
Bothe  day  *  nyght  vnto  the  toure  he  hast. 

Roaert  de  SruniM,  p.  165. 

stal'-wart-ness,  «  stal -worth-ness,  s. 

[Eng.  sialworth ;  -ness.]     The  quality  or  state 
of  being  stalwart. 

Bta  men  (1),  (pi.  sta'-mens  in  sense  II., 
stam  in  a  in  the  other  senses),  s.  [Lat. 
stamen  (pi.  stamina)  =  the  warp  in  an  upright 
loom,  a  thread  ;  lit.  =  that  which  stands  up, 
from  sfo  =  to  stand  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

•1.  A  thread,  especially  a  thread  of  the 
warp'  •  the  warp  in  the  ancient  upright  loom 
at  which  the  weaver  stood  upright,  instead  of 
sitting. 

2.  (PI.)  :  The  fixed,  firm  part  of  a  body, 
which  supports  it  or  gives  it  strength  and 
solidity. 

3.  Hence  (PI.)  that  which  constitutes  the 
principal  strength  or  support  of  anything ; 
power  of  endurance;  staying  power,  vigour, 
backbone. 

*  I.  A  first  principle ;  an  essential  part. 

•'  Some  few  of  the  main  stamina,  or  chief  lines,  were 
taken  care  of  from  the  first,  and  made  up  the  first 
creeds. "-Waterland  :  Wortt.  iv.  309. 

II.  Bot. :  The  male  organ  of  a  flower,  called 
by  the  old  botanists  an  apex  and  a  chive. 
Morphologically,  it  is  a  transformed  leaf.    It 
consists  of  a  filament,  an  anther,  and  pollen. 
The  last  two  are  essential,  the  first  13  not. 
When  anther   and  pollen  are  wanting,   the 
stamen  is  called  sterile  or  abortive.     If  the 
stamens  are  equal  in  number  to  the  petals, 
then  normally   they   alternate   with   them. 
When  opposite,  as  in  the  primrose,  it  is  sup- 
posed that  the  stamens  are 
the  second  of  .two  rows,  of 
which  the  first  has  not  been 
developed.  When  the  stamens 
are  twice  as  numerous  as  the 
petals,  and  are  arranged  in  a 
circle,  as  in  Silene,  it  is  be- 
lieved that  they  really  con- 
stitute two  rows  of  five  each, 
though  they  look  like  a  single 
row.    They  always  originate 
from  the  space  between  the 
base  of  the  petals  and  the       STAMENS. 
base  of  the  ovary,  but  they 
may  cohere  with  other  organs,  whence  the 
terms  Epigynous,  Hypogynous,  and  Perigyn- 
ous  (q.v.).    Cohesion  among  themselves  may 
make  them  Monadelphous,  Diadelphous,  or 
Polyadelphous  (q.v.).    They  may  be  on  differ- 
ent flowers,  or  even  different  plants,  from  the 
pistils,  whence  the  terms  Monoscious  or  Dioe- 
cious (q  v.X     Other  terms  used  of  stamens 
are  exserted,  included,  declinate,  didynamous, 
and  tetradynamous  (q.v.).     In  the  Linnayin 
or  Artificial  System  of  arrangement,  most  of 
the  classes  are  framed  on  the  number  of  the 
stamens.    [LINN^AN-SVSTEM.]    The  stamens 
taken  collectively  form  the  Andrceceum  or 
male  apparatus  of  the  flower. 

*  sta'-men  (2),  ».    [STAMIN.) 

sta  -mened,  a..    [Eng.  stamen  (I) ;  -ed.] 

Bot. :  Furnished  with  stamens.    (Often  in 
compos.) 

"  The  lone  and  short  ttamened  flowers  of  the  prim- 
rose.-- A.  Broun :  Manual  of  Botany  (1870,  p.  32 1. 

stam-for'-tls,  s.    [STAKHTM.] 

sta  -mln,  *  sta-mine,  s.  [O.  Fr.  estamine, 
from  Lat.  stamitieus  =  consisting  of  threads, 
from  stamen,  genit.  staminis  =  a  thread.] 


[STAMEN  (1),  ».]  A  light  woollen  cloth  ;  linsey- 
woolsey.  Also  written  Tamine,  Taminy, 
Tamis,  Tainny. 

stam'-in-a,  s.  pi.    [STAMEN  (1),  ».] 

t  stam  -in -al,  a.  [Lat.  stamen,  genit  staminit 
=  a  thread,  a  stamen.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  stamens. 

"  The  tt<im<nat  whorl  may  be  regular  or  Irregular." 
— R.  Brown.'  Manual  of  Botany  (187*),  p.  821. 

2.  Pertaining  to  stamina  ;  strength-giving : 
as,  staminal  food. 

stam-in-ate,  a.    [Eng.  stamen  (1);  -a<e.] 

Bot. :  Furnished  with  stamens,  but  destitute 
of  a  pistil. 

"  The  whole  of  the  flowers  of  one  Individual  plant 
of  a  species  may  have  only  atainluate  flowers.  —  S. 
Broan  :  llanual  of  Botany  (18741,  p.  280. 

*  stam'-In-ato,  v.t.  [Eng.  ttamin(a);  -afc.) 
To  endue  with  stamtBa. 

"  Formed  and  ttaminated  by  the  Immediate  hand  ol 
God,"— BWiotheca  lliblica.  i.  258. 

sta  mln'-e-al,  sta  mln'  6-ous,  a.    [Lat. 

stamineus,  from  stamen,  genit.   staminis  —  S 
thread,  a  stamen.] 
Botany : 

1.  Consisting  of  stamens. 

2.  Possessing  stamens. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  stamen  or  attached  to  it. 

sta-nun-id'-I-tim  (pi.  sta  mln  Id  -I-a),  s. 

[Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  stamen  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  (PI.):  The  antheridia  of  cryptogamio 
plants. 

sta mln-If  er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  stamen,  genit. 
staminit  =  a  stamen,  and  fero  =  to  bear.J 
Bearing  or  having  stamens. 

Sta-mln-l'&'-er-OUS,  a.    [Lat.  stamen,  genit. 
staminis),  and  gero  =  to  bear  or  carry.] 
Bot. :  Bearing  stamens. 

stam -In  ode,  stam-in  6'  di  urn  (pi. 
stam-In-o'-di-a),  ».  [Lat.  stamen,  genit 
staminis,  and  Gr.  «i6o?  (eidos)  =  form.] 

Bot.  (PL) :  Bodies  resembling  stamens,  ana 
probably  those  organs  in  an  abortive  state 
found  in  certain  plants.  Sometimes  they  re- 
semble scales.  [CORONA,  NECTARY.] 

•  stam  -mel,  *  8tam'-«X  s.  *  o.     [0.  Fr. 

estamet  =  a  coarse  woollen  cloth  ;  estame  =  a 
woollen  stuff,  from  Lat.  stamen  =a  warp.) 
A*  As  substantive : 

1.  A  kind  of  woollen  cloth,  usually  of  a  red 
colour. 

"  His  table  with  ttammel,  or  some  other  carpet 
neatly  covered."— Commentary  on  Chawer,  p.  la 

2.  A  kind  of  coarse  red  colour,  inferior  tc 
fine  scarlet. 

••  Bedhood,  the  flrst  that  doth  appear 
In  ttammel :  scarlet  Is  too  dear. 

Ben  Jonton  :  Lope  i  Welcome. 

B.  As  adj. :  Made  of  stammel ;  pertaining 
to  stammel ;  of  a  red  colour  like  stammel. 

"  111  not  quarrel  with  this  gentleman 
Fop  wearing  ttammel  breeches. 

Beaum.  <t  Flet. :  Little  French  Lawyer. 

stam'-mer,  *stam-er,  v.t.  &  (.  [A. 8. 
stamer,  stamur  =  stammering;  cogn.  with  Out 
stameren,  stamelen  =  to  stammer  ;  Icel.  stamr 
stammering ;  stamma,  stama  =  to  stammer  ; 
Dan.  stamme  —  to  stammer;  Sw.  stamma;  Ger. 
stammern,  stammeln,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  stam  = 
stammering ;  Goth,  stamms  =  stammering.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  involuntary  breaks  or  pauses 
in  speaking ;  to  speak  in  a  hesitating  or  fal- 
tering manner  ;  to  hesitate  or  falter  in  speak- 
ing ;  to  speak  with  stops  or  difficulty  ;  to 
stutter. 

"And  the  Black.robe  chief  made  answer. 
Stammered  In  hi.  .peech  a  little.' 

Longfellow :  Hiawatha,  xxiL 

2.  To  speak  imperfectly  or  like  a  child. 

"  And  stammering  babes  are  taught  to  lisp  thy  name." 
Dryden  :  Abtalom  i  Afhllophrl.  i.  248. 

B,  Trans. :  To  utter  or  pronounce  with  hesi- 
tation or  imperfectly.    (Frequently  with  out.) 

"  When  children  first  begin  to  spell. 
And  stammer  out  a  syllable." 

Cowper:  The  Parrot. 

Stam'-mer,  *.  [STAMMER,  v.]  Defective  or 
imperfect  utterance  or  speech  ;  a  stuttering. 

stam  mer-er,  >.  [Eng.  stammer,  v. ;  -«r.] 
One  who  stammers  in  his  speech  ;  a  stutterer. 

"  Michael  the  Stammerer  sent  from  the  East." 
Longfellow :  golden  Legend,  vL 


4426 


stammering— stanchel 


•tam'-mer-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.     [STAM 

MEN,  f.J 

A.  At  pr.  par. :  (See  the  vert)). 

B.  As  adj. :  Characterized  by  spasmodic 
hesitating,  or  defective  speech  ;  apt  to  stain 
mer  or  stutter ;  hesitating  in  speech. 

••  The  Psythlau  grape  we  dry  :  Lageaii  Jnice 
will  tt'tnttntritiff  tongues  and  staggering  feet  pro- 
duce." tori/dm:  Virgil;  Georficii.  13i 

C.  As  substantive : 

Pathol. :  A  defect  of  utterance  which  rendei  _ 
one  unable,  especially  when  excited,  to  pro- 
Dounce  certain  syllables.  It  is  much  more 
common  in  men  than  in  women.  It  does 
not  generally  appear  till  about  the  fifth 
and  often  culminates  about  the  tenth  year 
Tliuugh  there  may  be  organic  defect,  the  fac 
that  it  varies  in  intensity  at  different  time:. 
ahows  that  it  is  chiefly  functional.  Practice 
in  slow,  deliberate,  and  careful  enunciatioi 
tends  to  diminish  it,  and  the  more  one  can  gain 
•elf-possession  in  speaking  the  more  likely 
is  the  defect  to  disappear  altogether. 

8tam'-mer-ing-iy^  adv.  [Eng.  stammering, 
-l>:.\  In  a  stammering  manner  ;  with  a  stain 
mer  or  hesitation  in  speech, 

stamp,  stamps,  r.t.  &  i.  [A.8.  ttempen, 
cogn.  with  Dan.  stampen ;  Icel.  ttappa  ;  Sw. 
stampa;  Dan.  etampe;  Ger.  itamp/en ;  O.  Fr. 
•stamper;  Fr.  Hamper;  Gr.  crrtVjSu  (itembo), 
Sansu.  stambh  —  to  make  firm  or  hard ;  O.H.Ger. 
ttampk  =  a  pestle  for  pounding;  ItaL.  Ham- 
pare  —  to  stamp ;  Sp.  eetanpar.] 
A.  Transitive: 
\.  To  strike,  beat,  or  press  forcibly  with  the 
twttom  of  the  foot,  or  by  pressing  the  foot 
downwards. 

-  Coder  my  feet  I  Oamp  thy  cardinal'!  hat." 

Slialatp. :  1  Henry  ri.,  L  «. 

2.  To  thrust  or  press  down  with  force  :  as, 
To  stamp  the  foot  on  the  ground. 

3.  To  impress  with  some  mark  or  figure ;  to 
mark  with  an  impression. 

*  It  muet  be  written  on  ttamprd  paper,  for  instance. " 
— «i7pm :  Surinam,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  fa. 

4.  To  impress,  to  imprint. 

"  Wherein  1»  tumped  the  semblance  of  •  devIL" 
5*o*«l/*  :  fiat*  of  Lucrece.  1,244. 

&  To  mark,  impress,  or  imprint  deeply. 

"  Branch  and  leaf 
Are  ttamped  with  an  eternal  griet" 

Buran:  Bride  of  Jbfdot,  1L  18. 

6.  To  affix  a  stamp  to,  as  for  postage  or 
receipt :  as,  To  stamp  a  letter. 

*  7.  To  make  valid  and  correct,  as  coins  by 
•tamping. 

"An  eye  can  ttamp  and  counterfeit  advantages. " 
Ohakesp. :  OthfUo,  it  L 

8.  To  cut  into  various  shapes,  forms,  or 
figures  with  a  stamp. 

9.  To   crush  by  the  downward  action   or 
pressure  of  a  pestle,  as  in  a  stamping-mill 
(q.v.). 

"  I  took  the  calf  yon  had  made,  burned  It  with  fire. 
and  stumiM-rf  and  ground  it  very  small"—  Daut.  ix.  21. 
B.  Intransitii-t : 

1.  To   strike  the   foot  with  force  on  the 
ground. 

"  Here's  no  war-steed's  neigh  and  champing. 
Snuutiiig  clans  or  sqiiadrueiB  itumvt>"l." 

Scott:  Aarff  0/OeZ.ite.  Lai. 

2.  To  press  or  thrust  down  anything  with 
the  foot :  as,  He  Damped  on  the  paper. 

1  To  stamp  out:  To  extinguish,  as  fire,  by 
•tamping  on  ;  hence,  to  extirpate,  as  a  disease 
which  has  broken  out  in  a  herd, as  cattle,  <fcc., 
by  destroying  the  animal  or  animals  affected  ; 
and  generally,  to  exterminate,  to  eradicate,  to 
extirpate. 

"  The  ittimpiny-ont  policy  was  adopted  to  save  the 
nnmfected.  but  endangered  cattle.  —Britte*  uuar- 
ttrl,  flerieo,  Ivil.  gls  (1S78). 

•tamp,  s.    [STAMP,  t>.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  stamping. 

"  At  our  ttamp  here  o'er  and  o'er  one  fall*.* 
Shatrtp  :  1/Utummer  Xighfi  Dream.  iU.  1. 

2.  An  instrument  for  making  impressions 
or  marks  on  other  bodies  ;  an  engraved  block 
by  which  a  mark  may  be  delivered  by  pressure. 

3.  A  mark  or  figure  impressed  or  imprinted  ; 
an  impression. 

4.  Hence,  adistinguishing  mark  of  any  kind. 

"His  other  gifts 

All  bear  the  royal  Jtonv,  that  speaks  them  his." 
Cowptr :  Tost,  v.  Ml. 

8.  A  character  or  reputation,  good  or  bad, 
attached  to  anything. 

"  A  peculiar  stamp  of  i  impiety."— SouiA  ;  Sermons. 


6.  Make,  cast,  form,  character. 
"  Not  a  soldier  of  this  season's  ttamp, 

Should  go  so  general  current  through  the  world." 
Zhakelp. .-  1  Beitry  /('.,  ir.  1. 

7.  That  which  is  stamped  or  marked. 
"  The  mere  despair  of  surgery  he  cures; 

Hanging  a  golden  tt<imp  about  their  necks* 
Put  on  with  liuly  prayers." 

M.itesn  :  Uaebtth,  IT.  S. 

•8.  A  picture  cut  in  wood  or  metal,  or  mad 
by  inlpressiou ;  an  engraving,  a  plate  (Fr 
estampe). 

"  At  Venice  they  put  out  very  curious  stamps  of  th 
several   edifice.*,  which  are    moot  famous   for  their 
" 


beauty  and  nutKnincence."— . 

9.  An  official  mark  set  upon  things  charge 
able  with  some  duty  or  tax,  to  show  that  sucl 
duty  or  tax  has  been  paid  ;  the  impression  o 
a  public  mark  or  seal  made  by  the  governrnen 
or    its  officers    upon    paper   or    parchment 
whereon  private  deeds  or  other  legal  instru 
ments  are  written  for  the  purposes  of  revenue 

H  Hence,  the  pluial,  stamps,  is  equivalent  to 
Stamp-duties  (q.v.). 

10.  A  small  piece  of  paper,  having  a  certain 
figure  impressed  by  government  and  sold  to 
the  public  to  be  affixed  to  papers  liable  to 
duty,  in  order  to  show  that  such  duty  has 
been  paid  :  as,  a  postage-stamp. 

11.  An  instrument  for  cutting  out  materials 
(as  paper,  leather,  &c)  into  various  forms  by 
downward  pressure ;  an  instrument  forcutting 
out  objects,  such  as  wads,  planchets,  blanks 
for  making  various  objects. 

"12.  Authority,  currency;  value  derived 
from  any  suffrage  or  attestation. 

13.  (PJ.)  Honey ;  probably  suggested  by  mint 
stamp,  pr  by -the  so-called  "postal"  currency. 
(IT.  S.Slaiuj.) 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Bookbind. :  A  brass  tool  for  embossing 
or  gilding.      Some  are  hand-stamps,  others 
are  arranged  on  a  foundation  plate  and  used 
in  a  press. 

2.  Leather :  A  machine  for  softening  hides, 
&c.,  by  pounding  them  in  a  vat. 

3.  MetaU. :  A  tool  or  machine  by  which 
sheet-metal  is  moulded  into  form  by  a  blow 
or  simple  pressure, 

4.  Mining: 

(1)  One  of  the  pestles  or  vertically  moving 
bars  in  an  ore-stamping  mill. 

(2)  A  mark  cut  in  the  roof  or  side  of  the 
mine,  as  a  point  of  reference  to  show  the 
amount  of  work  done. 

6.  Print:  A  letter.  (Used  chiefly  of  small 
type.) 

Stamp  Act,  «.  An  act  for  regulating  the 
stamp-duties  to  be  imposed  on  various  docu- 
ments :  specif.,  an  act  pasae/1  by  the  British 
Parliament,  in  1765,  imposing  a  stamp-duty 
on  all  paper,  parchment,  and  vellum,  used  in 
the  American  colonies,  and  declaring  all 
writings  on  unstamped  paper,  Ac.,  to  be  null 
and  void.  The  indignation  roused  by  this  act 
was  one  of  the  causes  of  the  Revolution. 

stamp-battery,  «. 

Metall. :  A  series  of  stamps  in  a  machine  for 
comminuting  ores.  [STAMP,  «.,  IL  4.] 

stamp-collector,  «. 

1.  One  who  collects  specimens  of  the  stamps 
of  various  nations  as  articles  of  curiosity. 

2.  A  collector  or  receiver  of  stamp-duties. 

stamp-distributor.  ».  An  official  who 
issues  or  sells  government  stamps. 

stamp-duty,  s.  A  tax  or  duty  imposed 
on  pieces  of  parchment  or  paper,  on  which 
many  kinds  of  legal  instruments  are  written. 
Documents  which  are  liable  to  stamp-duty 
are  not  admissible  in  evidence  unless  they 
bear  the  stamp  required  by  law.  (English.) 

stamp  -  hammer,  «.  A  direct-acting 
hammer  where  the  hammer-block  is  lifted 
vertically,  either  by  cams  or  friction-rollers, 
or  by  steam  or  water-pressure  acting  on  a 
piston  in  a  closed  cylinder.  (Percy.) 

stamp-head,  s.  The  iron  block  at  the 
end  of  a  vertical  stamping-bar. 

stamp-mill,  stamping-mill,  s. 

Metall. :  A  mill  in  which  the  rock  is  crushed 
by  descending  pestles  which  are  lifted  by 
water  or  steam-power. 

stamp-note,  .-. 

Gram. :  A  memorandum  delivered  by  a 
shipper  of  goods  to  the  searcher,  which,  when 


stamped  by  him,  allows  the  goods  to  be  sent 
off  by  lighter  to  the  ship,  and  is  the  captain's 
authority  for  receiving  them  on  board. 

Stamp-office,  ».  An  office  where  govern- 
ment stamps  are  issued,  and  where  stamp- 
duties  and  taxes  are  received. 

stam-pede',  ».  [Sp.  &  Port,  estampido  =  a 
crash,  tiie  sound  of  anything  bursting  or  fall- 
ing.) A  sudden  fright,  seizing  upon  large 
bodies  of  horses  or  cattle,  In  droves  or  en- 
campments on  the  prairies,  and  causing  them 
to  run  for  long  distances  ;  a  sudden  dispersal 
of  a  herd  of  cattle  or  horses  ;  hence,  a  sudden 
flight,  as  of  an  army,  in  consequence  of  a 
panic  ;  a  hurried  rush. 

"A  stampede  was  made  to  the  nearest  place  at 
egrees.'WieM,  Feb.  12,  1887. 

stam-pede',  v.t.  &  i.    [STAMPEDB,  «.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  break  off  in  a  stam- 
pede ;  to  cause  to  take  to  panic  or  flight. 

".There  Is  little  fear  that  ther  will  wanderaoayfrom 
the  horse  unless  ttampeded,  and  that  rarely  occurs."— 
Svnlmert  Ua'jiaiite,  April,  18BO.  p.  9X2, 

B.  Intrans. :  To  take  to  sudden  flight,  a* 
in  a  panic. 

*  stim  pe'  do,  *.    [STAMPEDE,  «.] 

stamp'-er,  ».    [Eng.  stamp,  v. ;  •«•.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  stamps :  as,  a  Hamper  in  a  post- 
office. 

2.  An  instrument  for  stamping ;  a  stamp. 
*  3.  The  foot.    (.Broom*:  Jovial  Crew,  i.) 
IL  Porcelain:  A  mill  with  heavy  iron-shod 

stamps,  which  comminute  calcined  flints  for 

porcelain. 

stamper-press,  3.  A  press  for  stamp, 
ing  sheet-metal. 

Stamp'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [STAMP,  «.] 

stamping  -  machine,  at  ampin?  ~ 
press,  «. 

MetaU. :  A  machine  for  swaging  sheet-metal 
between  dies  to  the  requisite  form. 

stamping  mill,  s.    [STAMP-MILL.] 
stamping  -  press,  «.      [STAMPINO-IU. 

CHINE.] 

8tan9e,  ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  ttans,  pr.  par.  otstt 
=  to  stand.]  [STANZA.] 

1.  A  site,  a  position,  a  situation ;  an  area 
for  building. 

Unfix  Beuledl  (Vou'i 

tttt' 
•  2.  A  stanza 

"  The  first  ttanrv  of  the  second  song." 
Chapman  :  Jiatgue  o/  Middle 

stanch,  staunch  (u  silent),  *  staunche, 
v.t.  4  i.  [O.  Fr.  estancher  (Fr.  itancher),  from 
Low  Lat.  stance*  =  to  stop  the  flow  of  blood  . 
stance,  =  a  dam  to  keep  in  water.]  [STANK.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  stop  or  prevent  the  flow  of,  as  blood. 

**  And  with  a  charm  she  ttanaked  the  blood." 

Scott .-  Lag  of  Ike  Latt  MiiMrel.  iii.  IS. 

2.  To  stop  the  flow  of  blood  from :  a=,  Ti 
stanch  a  wound. 

3.  To  quench,  as  thirst  or  fire  ;  to  allay, « 
extinguish. 

•'  To  «,iuneA  the  thru.t  of  my  blisfnll  bitternee."— 
Chaucer  :  T filament  o/  Lo*e>,  bk.  i. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  stop  flowing  or  running. 

"A  woronn  touched  the  hem  of  hie  garment,  and 
Immediately  her  issue  ttanched."—Luke  viii.  41 

Stanch,  staunch  (v  silent),  a.  &  a,    [O.  Fr. 

eiUutche,  pa.  par.  of  estancher  r=  to  stanch 
(q.v.);  cf.  Sp.  stance  =  water-tight,  not  leaky 
(said  of  a  ship).] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Strong  and  tight;   not  leaky;  sound, 
firm,  watertight. 

"  Build  me  straight,  O  worthy  Master. 
Staunch  ami  strong,  a  goodly  vessel. 

Longfellvw:  Buitdlng  of  the  Ship, 

2.  Firm  in  principle ;  sound  in  heart ;  steady, 
constant,  hearty,  loyal,  trustworthy. 

"  Some  of  the  ttauncliett  friends  of  the  people."— 
£11  x  :  SptrU  of  Detpotitm. 

•  3.  Close,  secret,  private. 

B.  As  tvbet. :  A  flood-gate  for  accumulating 
a  head  of  water  in  a  river  to  float  boats  over 
shallows,  when  it  is  allowed  to  escape. 

tanch  -el,  >.    [See  det] 
Arch. :  A  stanchion  (q.v.). 


late,  ffit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  sin ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fell ;  try,  Syrian,    aj,  o»  = 


sir,  marine;  ro,  pS 
e;  ey  =  m;  qu      kw. 


Btancher— stand 


4427 


•tanch  -er,  staunch' -er  (K  silent),  «.   [Eng. 

stanch  ,'  •«•.)  One  who  or  that  which  stanches 

or  stops  the  flow  of  blood. 
Stta  -chion,  ».  [O.  Fr.  estanym,  estanson 

(Fr.  etuiifOJi),  dimin.  from  estance  =  a  situation, 

a   condition,    a    stanchion,  from   Low   Lat. 

stantia—SL  house,  a  chamber,  from  Lat.  ttans, 

pr.  par.  of  sto  =  to  stand.) 
I.  Ordinary  iMnguagt: 

1.  A  prop,  a  support,  a  post,  a  pillar,  a 
beam,   or  the  like,  used  as  a  support,  as  a 
piece  of  timber  supporting  one  of  the  main 
parts  of  a  roof. 

2.  One  of  the  vertical  bars  of  a  stall  for 
cattle. 

II.  Technically: 

L  Mack.  :  A  principal  post  of  a  frame  ;  es- 
pecially one  giving  lateral  support. 

2.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  post,  to  which  man-ropes  are  attached 
at  a  gangway  or  stairs. 

(2)  Posts  which  support  the  quarter-railing, 
netting,  awning,  &c. 

3.  Shipwright.:  A  post  for  supporting  the 
deck-beams. 

stanchion-gun,  a.  A  pivot-gun  ;  a  duck- 
gun. 

•touch  less,  staunch'-leM  («  silent),  o. 
[Eng.  stanch;  -Urn.]  Incapable  of  being 
stanched  or  stopped  ;  unquenchable  ;  Insati- 
able. 

"  With  thil  there  growl. 
In  my  most  ill-composed  affection,  such 
A  ttanchltu  avarice."         StuOofp. :  JfoeMk.  IT.  s. 

stanch  ness,  staunch'  ness  (it  silent),  >. 

[Eng.  stanch;  ••MAS.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  stanch ; 
sound,  firm,  or  not  leaky. 

••  To  try  the  itanchneu  of  the  phiaL"— «o»I« .-  Iforta, 
UL1H 

2.  Firmness  in  principle ;  closeness  of  ad- 
herence ;  constancy. 

"fjtanck,  *  stank,  a.  [O.  FT.  estane;  Ital. 
ttaiico  =  tired,  weary.]  Tired,  exhausted,  faint. 

"  DicKon,  I  am  so  stiffe  and  so  ttanck." 

Spenser:  Sltepheardt  Calender ;  Sept. 

Stand,  *  stood,  *  stonde  (pa.  t.  *  ttod, 
'atfiiU,  stood,  pa.  par.  *  atanden,  'stonden, 
itood),  v.l.  &  t.  [A.S.  standan,  stonden  (pa.  t 
Mod,  pa.  par.  standen) ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  standa ; 
Goth,  standan;  But.  staan,  pa.  t.  stand; 
Dan.  staae,  pa.  t.  itod;  Sw.  stf,  pa.  t.  stod; 
Ger.  stehen,  pa.  t  stand ;  Lat.  ito  =  to  stand  ; 
gansc.  stha  =  to  stand.] 
A*  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  stationary  in  an  erect  or  upright 
position ;  to  be  set  in  an  upright  position,  as— 

(1)  Of  men  or  beasts :  To  be  upon  the  feet ; 
opposed  to  lying,  sitting,  or  kneeling. 

"Thus  ttandt  she  in  a  trembling  ecstaoy." 

Sltaketp. :  r«nu4  *  Admit.  896. 

(2)  Of  things: 

(o)  To  be  on  end  ;  to  be  set  upright. 

"Look  how  you  see  a  field  of  «««<««<;  com. 
When  Home  strong  wind  in  summer  haps  to  blow. 
Drayton  :  Battle  ofAgintxnurt. 

(6)  To  become  erect. 

•  Mute,  and  amarfd.  my  hair  with  horror  ttood ; 
Fear  shrunk  my  sinews,  and  cuugeald  Iny  blood. 
Dryden  :  rtrfftl ;  <SiuAd  Hi.  40. 

2.  To  cease  from  progress  or  motion ;  not 
to  proceed  ;  to  cease  moving ;  to  come  to  a 
stand  or  a  state  of  rest ;  to  pause,  to  stop,  to 
halt 

"Stan*  ho  I    Speak  the   word  along.-— Stotoctp.  : 
Juttta  Cottar.  IT.  2. 

3.  To  be,  as  regards  situation  or  position  ; 
to  be  situated  or  located  ;  to  have  a  site  or 
position. 

"Mr  bouse  doth  ttand  by  the  church."— Sha&tp.  : 
Tml/Ot  SUM,  111.  L 

4.  To  continue  or  remain  without  ruin  or 
Injury ;   to  continue  to  withstand  or  resist 
decay  or  injury ;  to  last,  to  endure,  to  abide. 
(Of  material  things.) 

"  Troy  In  our  weakness  ttandt.  not  In  her  strength." 
Shatap.:  JVoiltu *  Crettld*,  L  «. 

5.  To  continue,  to  endure,  to  abide.    (Of 
Immaterial  things.) 

"  Now  doth  my  honour  ttand  as  firm  as  faith." 

>Ptm.  IT.  4. 


6.  To  maintain  one's  ground  or  position. 
(1)  Not  to  yield  or  give  way ;  to  resist  suc- 
cessfully, 

"  Put  on  the  whole  armour  of  God,  that  ye  may  be 
able  to  ttand  against  the  wiles  of  the  devil."— Kpke- 
sioni  vi.  11 


(2)  Not  to  fall  or  fail ;  to  be  acquitted  or 
approved. 

"  Readers  by  whose  Judgment  I  would  stand  or  fall, 
would  not  be  such  as  are  acquaiuted  only  with  the 
French  and  Italian  critics."—  Aaditou:  Spectator. 

(3)  To  remain  constant ;  to  be  fixed  or  con- 
stant 

••  Watch  ye,  ttand  fast  In  the  faith,  quit  JOT  like 
men,  be  strong." — 1  Corinthiit'tt  xvi.  13. 

"  (4)  To  delay,  to  pause,  to  stop. 

"They  will  suspect  they  shall  make  but  small  pro- 
gress. If,  in  the  books  they  read,  they  must  ttand  to 
examine  ami  unravel  every  argument." — Locke. 

7.  To  stagnate  ;  to  be  stagnant ;  not  to  flow 
or  run. 

"  Cream  snd  mantle  like  a  ttandintfyona." 

Shakeip.  :  Uercktmt  of  Venice,  i.  1. 

8.  To  maintain  a  fixed,  firm,  or  steady  atti- 
tude ;  to  take  up  a  fixed  or  tinn  position,  as 
of  opposition,  resistance,  or  defence. 

11  Fro'-  enemies  heav'n  keep  your  majesty; 
Ami  «lieu  they  ttand  against  you,  may  they  fall. 
Xhukctp.  :  2  Henry  IV.,  iv.  i. 

9.  To  remain  or  continue  in  the  present 
state. 

"  If  meat  make  my  brother  to  offend,  I  will  eat  no 
flesh  while  the  world  Oandet*."—!  Corinthian*  viii.  13. 

*  10.  To  persevere,  to  persist. 

"  Never  ttand  In  a  lye  when  thou  art  accused, .but 
ask  pardon  and  make  amends."—  Taylor :  Holy  Living. 

11.  To  be  pertinacious,  unyielding,  particu- 
lar, or  obstinate. 

"To  rt'i»d  upon  eTery  point,  and  be  curloua  In  par- 
ticulars.  belongeth  to  the  tint  author  of  the  story.  — 
t  JIaocabeet  11.  30. 

*  12.  To  remain  satisfied  ;  to  depend. 

"Though  Page  be  a  secure  fool,  and  ttand  so  firmly 
on  his  wife's  frailty,  yet  I  cannot  put  off  my  opinion 
so  easily.  "—Shatetf.  :  Merry  irises,  ll.  1. 

13.  To  be  in  a  particular  state  or  condition ; 
to  be ;  to  fare. 

"It  ttandt  well  with  him."-J»<it««p. .-  Tm  (lentle- 
nun.il.  >. 

*  14.  To  be  or  lie  exposed  or  subject. 

••  Hare  I  lived  to  Hand  in  the  taunt  of  one  that 
makes  fritters  of  English  f— Motesp. .  Herri  Wines 
o/  Windier,  v.  6, 

15.  To  be  consistent ;  to  agree,  to  accord. 

"  I  pray  thee,  if  It  ttandt  with  honesty, 
Buy  thou  the  cottage,  pasture,  and  the  flock. 

fihdkelp. :  At  Foil  Lite  It,  il.  4. 

18.  To  be  In  tne  place  of  anything ;  to  repre- 
sent a  thing  ;  to  be  equivalent 

"  Their  language,  being  scanty,  bad  no  words  In  it 
to  ttand  for  a  thousaud."—  Locke. 

17.  To  be  valid ;  to  continue  in  force ;  to 
hare  efficacy. 

"  No  conditions  of  our  peace  can  ttand" 

Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  IV.,  IT.  I 

IB.  To  be  or  be  placed  with  regard  to 
relative  position,  rank,  or  order. 

••  Mr. got  down  with  a  flue  put.  and  ttood  again 

one  up."— field.  Sept,  25,  188«. 

19.  To    measure,  as  from  the  top  to  the 
bottom,  or  from  the  head  to  the  feet :  as,  He 
stood  six  feet  high. 

20  To  become  a  candidate  for  an  office  or 
the  like. 

21.  To  hold  a  certain  course,  as  a  ship ;  to 
be  directed  towards  any  particular  spot. 

"  On  the  afternoon  of  the  second  of  May  he  ttood 
out  to  sea  before  a  favourable  breeze."— Jfacautay 
ffttt.  Bny.,  ch.  T. 
Bl  Transitive  : 

1.  To  place  or  set  in  an  erect  position  ;  to 
setup. 

2.  To  endure,  to  sustain,  to  bear,  to  put  up 
with ;  to  be  able  to  endure  or  meet :  as,  To 
ttand  cold,  to  stand  expense. 

*  S.  To  await ;  to  abide  by ;  to  suffer  ;  to 
stand  by. 

••  Bid  him  disband  the  legions, 
ltd  tile  Judgment  of  a  Roman  s 

Additon  : 

«  4.  To  resist  without  yielding ;  to  with 
stand. 

"  None  durst  ttand  him  ; 
Here,  there,  and  every  where,  enrng'd  he  flew. 

ShatHtp. :  I  Henri  F  /.,  L  1. 

5.  To  be  at  the  expense  of ;  to  pay  for 
(Colloq.) 

"  fHel  asked  us  to  ttand  him  a  drop  of  rum.  —  Dailt 
Telegraph,  Jaaei,  less. 

K  Stand  with  many  ad  verbs  assumes  an  idea 
of  motion  as  previous  to  coming  to  rest  o 
stop,  or  of  a  state  caused  by  previous  motion 
and  is  almost  equivalent  to  go,  step,  move 
come:  as,  to  stand  aloof,  to  stand  aside,  tc 
stand  back. 
•J  L  To  stand  against :  To  oppose,  to  resist 

"  Stand  again*  us  like  an  enemy." 

-    -     ,..•  1  Henry  ir.,  IT.  «. 


2.  To  stand,  ty : 

(1)  With  by  as  an  adverb. 


(a)  To  be  present,  without  taking  an  activ* 
part ;  to  be  a  spectator ;  to  be  near. 

"  Margaret's  curse  is  fair n  upon  our  heads, 
For  ttandina  by  when  Kicuaru  kill'd  her  son. 

sao*«w. :  KidkirJ  ///.,  ili.  8. 

(b)  To  be  placed,  left,  or  set  aside ;  to  be 
neglected  or  disregarded. 

"  We  make  all  our  addresses  to  the  promises,  hug 
and  caress  them,  and  in  the  interim  let  the  commands 
ttand  by  neglected." — Decay  o/  I'iely. 

(2)  With  by  as  a  preposition. 

(a)  To  support,  to  assist ;  not  to  desert. 

"  Now,  brother  Richard,  will  you  Hand  by  us?" 
Shaketp. :  3  Benry  VI.,  IT.  L 

(6)  To  rest  in,  to  repose. 

"  The  world  Is  inclined  to  ttand  by  the  Aruudellan 
marbles."— Pop*  -•  Ettay  on  Homer. 

(c)  Haul. :  To  attend  to,  and  be  prepared 
for  action  with  :  as,  To  stand  6j/  the  anchor. 

3.  To  stand  fire :  To  remain  firm  without 
giving  way,  while  under  tire  from  an  enemy. 

4.  To  stand  far: 

(1)  To  espouse  the  canse  of;  to  support,  to 
maintain. 

"I  Hand  wholly  far  you."— Sbaketp. :  JfsTrjr  WifU 

Of  Windsor,  it:.  2. 

(2)  To  represent ;  to  be  in  the  place  of. 

"  I  Hand  here/br  him."    Snatetp.:  Benry  T.,  0.  4. 

(3)  To  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate. 

"  Were  he  to  Hand  for  consul." 

Sttaiutp. :  Coriolaiittl.  ii.  L 

(4)  Naut. :  To  direct  the  course  towards. 

5.  To  stand  from: 

Ncmt. :  To  direct  the  course  away  from. 

6.  To  stand  in: 

(1)  To  join  in. 

(2)  To  cost :  as,  It  stood  me  in  ten  shillings. 

(3)  Naut.  :  To  direct  the  course  towards  the 
land  or  a  harbour.     (With  Jar    before   the 
object  of  the  course.) 

7.  To  stand  in  for:  [H  6.  (3)]. 

*  8.  To  stand  in  hand :  To  be  conducive  to 
one's  interest ;  to  be  advantageous  or  service- 
able. 

9.  To  stand  off : 

(1)  To  keep  at  a  distance. 

(2)  To  refuse  ;  not  to  comply. 

"  Stand  no  more  o^."      Bhateetp.  :  Atft  VeU,  IT.  9. 

(8)  To  keep  at  a  distance  in  friendship  or 
social  intercourse  ;  to  forbear  intimacy. 

"  Such  behaviour  frights  away  friendship,  and 
makes  it  ttand  off  in  dislike  and  aversion."— Collier  : 
On  friendihip. 

*  (4)  To  appear  prominent ;  to  have  relief. 

"  Picture  i*  best  when  It  ttandeth  off  as  If  it  wow 
carved."—  Wotton :  Architecture. 

10.  To  stand  off  and  on : 

Naut.:  To  sail  toward  the  land  and  then 
from  it 

11.  To  stand  on :  [t  22). 

12.  To  stand  one's  ground :  [GROUND,  *.,  H  9]. 

13.  To  stand  out : 

(1)  To  project,  to  be  prominent 

"Their  eyes  ttand  out  with  fatness."— ftelmlulll  * 

(2)  To  have  relief. 

"  AH  objects  on  the  horizon  .  .  .  ttand  out  sharply 
against  the  sky."— Century  Magazine.  Aug.,  1882,  p.  60{L 

(3)  To  persist  in  opposition  or  resistance ; 
not  to  yield,  comply,  or  give  way. 

"  Scarce  can  a  good-natured  man  refuse  a  compliance 
with  the  solicitations  of  his  company,  and  Itand  out 
against  the  raillery  of  his  familiars."— Rogert. 

14.  To  stand  to: 

*  (1)  To  apply  or  set  one's  self  to ;  to  ply. 

"Bland  to  yonr  tackles,  mates,  and  stretch  your 
oars."  Dryden  :  Virgil ;  <£neid  V.  21. 

(2)  To  remain  fixed  in  a  purpose  or  opinion ; 
to  maintain. 

"I  will  Hand  to  It.  that  thi.  Is  his  sen»e,  a.  will 
appear  from  the  design  of  his  words. "—SttUingJteet. 
(Toad.} 

*  (3)  To  abide  by,  to  adhere  to,  as  to  a  con- 
tract, promise,  &c. 

"  As  I  have  no  reason  to  stand  to  the  award  of  my 
enemies,  so  neither  dare  I  trust  the  partiality  of  my 
friends."— Dryden.  (Todd.} 

(4)  To  be  consistent,  to  accord,  to  tally  :  as. 
That  does  not  shind  to  reason. 

*  (5)  Not  to  yield,  not  to  fly  ;  to  maintain 
one's  ground. 

"  Who  before  him  ttond  so  to  it  t  for  the  Lord 
brought  hi«  enemies  unto  him."— Scrfm.  zlTi.  a. 

*  15.  To  stand  together :  To  be  consistent,  to 
agree. 

16.  To  stand  to  sea: 

Naut. :  To  direct  the  course  from  the  land  j 
to  put  to  sea. 


bffll,  b^;  iwSut,  J<J*l;  oat,  eelL  chorus,  ,hln.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a,;  expect,  *-•«*"•••*'•*; 
-oion.   tlan  =  shan.   -tlon.  -lion  =  rtiun ;  -flon,  -flon  =  .Win.    -clou.,,  -tlous,  nrion.  =  shu..   -Me,  -die.  4c.  =  bel, 


4428 


stand— standard 


17.  To  stand  trial :  To  sustain  the  trial  or 
examination  of  a  cause;  not  to  g:/e  up 
without  a  trial. 

*  18.  To  stand  under  : 

(1)  To  undergo,  to  sustain. 

"  If  you  unit*  lu  your  complaint* 
And  force  them  with  *  constancy,  the  cardinal 
Cannot  ttand  under  them." 

fftaXap.  '.  Henry  VIII..  Hi-  1 

(2)  To  be  subject. 

"  None  ttandi  under  more  calumnious  tongues." 

Shaketp.  ;  Bmry  Ylll.,  T,  1. 

19.  To  stand  up : 

(1)  To  rise  from  sitting ;  to  rise  to  one's 
feet ;  to  assume  an  erect  or  standing  position. 

**  He  ttood  up  and  spoke." 

Shaketp. :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  T.  L 

(2)  To  rise  in  order  to  gain  notice. 

"  When  the  accuM»  ttond  up,  they  brought  none 
accusation  of  such  things  as  I  supposed. "—Act*  xxr.  18. 

(3)  To  rise  in  opposition  or  resistance ;  to  rise 
to  make  a  claim  or  declaration ;  to  rise  in  arms. 

"  We  all  ttand  up  against  the  spirit  of  Caesar." 
Shakftp.  ;  Juliu*  Cottar,  ii.  1. 

(4)  To  rise  and  stand  on  end :  as,  His  hair 
Hood  vp  with  fear. 

20.  To  stand  up  against:  To  rise  or  place 
one'a  self  in  opposition  to ;  to  resist,  to  oppose. 

21.  To  stand  up  for:  To  rise  in  defence  of; 
to  support,  to  justify. 

22.  To  stand  upon: 

*  (1)  To  concern,  to  interest. 

"  Consider  how  ft  ttandt  upon  my  credit.** 

Shtiketp. :  Comedy  of  Errori,  in  L 

•(2)  .To  insist  on. 

"  Do  not  ttami  upon  it" 

Shaketp.  ;  Coriolanut,  11. 1 

(3)  To  make  much  of;  to  attach  a  high 
value  to. 

"  Tou  it  a  ml  upon  your  honour." 
Shakrtp.  :  ilrrry  Wivet  of  Winter,  &  S. 

*  (4)  To  depend  on. 

"  Your  future  ttood  upon  the  casket  there." 

Skftkttp.  :  Merchant  of  fenicf.  Hi.  1 

*(fi)  To  be  becoming  to  ;  to  be  the  duty  of. 

"  It  ttandt  your  grace  upon  to  do  him  right." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  II.,  11. & 

*  23.  To  stand  with :  To  be  consistent :  to 
accord. 

Stand,  *.    [STAND,  v.] 
L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  Ttie  act  or  state  of  standing ;  a  cessation 
of  progress  or  motion  ;  a  stop,  a  halt. 

"A  stride  and  a  ttand.' 
8hakn»p. :  Troilnt  A  Crettida,  lit  8. 

2.  A  halt  or  stop  made  for  the  purpose  of 
resisting  an  attack  ;  the  act  of  opposing  or 
resisting ;  resistance. 

"  We  are  come  off 

Like  Romans ;  neither  foolish  In  our  ttandt, 
Nor  cowardly  in  retire."    sh'tketp.  :  Coriolanut,  L  •, 

3.  A  point  or  condition  beyond  which  no  far- 
ther progress  is  or  can  be  made  ;  a  standstill 

"  Finding  the  paint«r*i  science  at  a  Hand, 
The  goddess  snatched  the  pencil  from  his  hand." 
Prior:  A  Flower  painted  by  Vartlit. 

•4.  A  state  of  hesitation,  perplexity,  or  em- 
barrassment. 

"  Make  the  ean  a  little  longer,  then  you  'begin  to 
boggle :  make  the  face  yet  narrower,  and  then  you  are 
at  a  ttand."— Locks. 

5.  A  place  or  post  where  one  stands ;  a 
place  convenient  for  persons  to  remain  for 
Any  purpose ;  a  station. 

"  Some  ttand  from  off  the  earth  beyond  oar  sight." 
Kptnttr  ;  MutOphilUt. 

*  6.  Rank,  post,  station,  standing. 

"  Fathw,  since  your  fortune  did  attain 
Bo  high  a  ttand,  I  mean  not  to  descend." 

Daniel.    (Todd.) 

7.  A  small  table,  frame,  or  piece  of  furni 
tore  on  which  an  object  is  placed  for  support. 

"  After  supper  a  ttand  was  brought  In,  with  a  brass 
veuel  full  of  wine,  of  which  he  that  pleased  might 
drink  ;  but  DO  liquor  was  forced."— Dry  den:  L1f«  of 
Gleomcnct. 

8.  A  young  tree,  usually  reserved  when  the 
other  trees  are  cut ;  a  staddle ;  also,  a  tree 
growing  or  standing  upon   its  own  root,  as 
distinguished  from  one  produced  from  a  scion 
set  in  a  stock  either  of  the  same  or  another 
kind  of  tree. 

9.  A  place  or  station  in  a  town,  where  car- 
riages, cabs,  and  the  like,  stand  for  hire ;  a 
standing. 

10.  A  temporary  or  permanent  erection  or 
raised    platform  for  spectators   at    open-air 
gatherings,  as  at  races,  cricket-matches,  and 
the  like. 

11.  The  place  where  a  witness  stands  to 
give  evidence  in  court.    (Amer.) 

*  12.  A  beer-barrel  standing  on  end. 


II.  Technically: 

1.  Comm. ;  A  weight  of  from  2^  to  3  cwt.  of 
pitch. 

2.  Microscopy ;    The   table   on   which   the 
object  is  placed  to  be  viewed, 

t  Stand  of  arm*; 

Mil. :  A  musket  or  rifle  with  its  usual  ap- 
pendages, as  bayonet,  cartridge-box,  &c.  (Used 
also  as  a  plural.) 

"  Causing  the  destruction  of  ...  irmny  thousand 
ttand  of  armt.'— Chamber!'  AVicyc.  (ed.  1867),  U.  600. 

stand  crop,  .<. 

Bot. :  Crassuta  minor. 

stand-pipe,  «. 

1.  Steam-engine  : 

(1)  A  boiler  supply-pipe  of  sufficient  eleva- 
tion to  enable  the  water  to  flow  into  the 
boiler,  notwithstanding  the  pressure  of  the 
steam. 

(2)  Stand-pipes  are  also  used  on  the  educ- 
tion-pipes or  steam-pumps  to  absorb  the  con- 
cussions arising  from  pulsations  and  irregu- 
larities, caused  by  the  unavoidable  employ- 
ment of  bends  and  change  in  the  direction  of 
pipes.      Stand-pipes    for    this    purpose   are 
erected  on  the  eduction-pipe,  as    near   the 
pump  as  possible. 

2.  Hydr.-eng. :  A  curved  vertical  pipe,  ar- 
ranged as  a  part  of  the  main  in  water-works 
to  give  the  necessary  head  to  supply  elevated 
points  in  the  district,  or  to  equalize  the  force 
against  which  the  engine  has  to  act. 

3.  Gas ;  The  vertical  pipe  leading  from  the 
retort  to  the  hydraulic  main. 

Stand-point,  s.  A  fixed  point  or  station ; 
a  basis  or  fundamental  principle  ;  a  position 
from  which  things  are  viewed,  and  in  rela- 
tion to  which  they  are  judged  and  compared. 

stand-rest,  s.  A  kind  of  stool  which 
supports  a  person  behind  whilst  standing  in 
an  almost  upright  position  at  a  desk,  an  easel, 
Ac. 

stand-still,  s.  A  stand,  a  stop ;  a  state 
of  rest. 

"The  engine  rested  athwart  the  line,  and  was 
brought  to  a  ttand-ttiU  by  coming  into  collision  wltb 
the  buttress  of  the  rail  of  a  bridge."—  Weekly  Echo, 
Sept.  5,  1885. 

8tand-Up,  a.  A  term  applied  in  pugilism 
to  a  fair  boxing-match,  in  which  the  com- 
batants stand  np  manfully  to  each  other  :  as, 
a  fair  stand-up  fight. 

stand' -age   (age  as  Jg),  i.     [Eng.  stand; 
•age.] 

Mining :  Space  for  water  to  accumulate  in. 

stand  ard,  •  stand  or d.  '  stand  ert, 
*.  &  a,  [O.  Fr.  estandart,  from  O.  H.  Ger. 
standan  =  to 
stand  (q.v.); 
O.  Dut.  stan- 
daert  =a  stan* 
dard;  M.  H. 
Ger.  stand- 
hart;  Ger. 
standarte  ; 
Sp.estandarte; 
Fr.  etendard; 
Ital.  sten- 
dardo.] 

A.   As  sub- 
stantive : 

L  Ordinary 
Language : 

1.  A  flag  or  ROMAN  STANDARD 

pn<*i(Tn    TrninH   *•  Tbe  mort  *»»clent  form:  a  handful 

ensign  round     o(  bay  or  (em  fixed  to  the  top  o(  ft 

WniCn  men  spear ;  hence,  the  company  was 
rally, orunder  called  Manlpulus.  2.  Later  ensign 
w  h  i  P  h  r  h  A  v  °*  *  Maninle,  called  ffumina  leglo. 
WHICH  _tney  num.  3.  Annigu  of  Maniple  of  still 
later  date ;  the  eagle,  wolf,  mtuo- 
taur  horse,  and  bear  were  used  as 
blems.  4.  In  the  second  cousul- 


unite  for  a 
common  pur- 
pose ;  a  flag  or      iWp 'rf^^m-a 'iMI^^t* 
carved      sym-       the  eagle  only.    6.  The  ball,  emble- 
matic of  dominion.    6.  The  bronze 
figure  of  Victory-    7.  A  square  cloth 
attached  to  a  pole,  bearing  the  let- 
ters 8.  P.  Q.R  (Senatui  Popuhttqiu 
Romanut  =  the  Senate  and  people 
of  Rome,  i.e.,  the  State,  the  Repub- 
lic) ;  6,  B,  or  7  was  sometimes  su  iwti- 
tutod  for  the  eagle  under  the  later 
emperor*.    8.  Standard  of  a  cohort ; 
each  cohort  had  its  own  device  em- 
blazoned on  a  square  piece  of  cloth 
attached  to  a  crossbar,  and  elevated 
on  a  gilt  staff.     9.    Vexillum  or 
"  J    if  the  Cavaliy. 


bolical  figure, 

on  a  long  pole 
or  staff,  serv- 
ing as  a  rally- 
ing -  point  or 
the  like.  The 
ancient  mili- 
tary standard 
consisted  of  a 


ried  on  a  pole  like  the  Roman  eagle,  which 
may  be  considered  as  their  national  standard. 
Each  cohort  had  its  own  standard,  by  which 


it  was  known,  and  which  was  surmounted 
with  a  figure  of  Victory,  an  open  hand,  &c., 
the  pole  being  decorated  with  circular  medal- 
lions, crescents,  &c.  The  Labarum  was  the 
peculiar  standard  adopted  by  Constantme. 
[LABARUM.]  In  mediaeval  times  the  standard 
was  not  square,  like  the  banner,  but  elon- 
gated, like  the  guidon  and  pennon,  but  much 
larger,  becoming  narrow  and  rounded  at  the 
end,  which  was  slit,  unless  the  standard  be- 
longed to  a  prince  of  the  blood-roval.  The 
size  of  the  standard  was  regulated  by  the 
rank  of  the  person  whose  anus  it  bore  :  that 
of  an  emperor  was  11  yards  long;  of  a  king 
9  yards;  of  a  prince,  7  yards;  a  marquis,  6J 
yards  ;  an  earl,  6  yards  ;  a  viscount  or  baron, 
5  yards  ;  a  knight-banneret,  4$  yards;  and  a 
baronet,  4  yards.  It  was  generally  divided 
into  three  portions  —  one  containing  the  arm; 
of  the  knight,  then  came  his  cognizance  or 
badge,  and  then  his  crest  ;  these  being  divided 
by  bands,  on  which  was  inscril>ed  his  war-cry 
or  motto,  the  whole  being  fringed  with  his 
livery  or  family  colours.  The  so-called  Eng- 
ish royal  standard,  as  at  present  disp 
s  properly  a  banner,  being  square,  and 


lish  royal  standard,  as  at  present  displayed, 
is  properly  a  banner,  being  square,  and  having 
its  whole  field  covered  solely  by  the  national- 


arms.  Cavalry  standards  are  also  properly 
banners,  of  a  small  size,  and  corresponding 
in  colour  with  the  facings  of  the  regiment  to 
which  they  belong.  They  are  charged  with 
the  cipher,  number,  insignia,  and  honours  of 
the  regiment  The  corresponding  flags  used 
by  infantry  regiments  are  called  colours. 

"  Knights  bannerets  are  made  in  the  nelde,  with  the 
cereiiioule  of  cutting  of  the  point  of  bis  Uandert,  A 
making  it  as  it  were  a  banner."—  Smith:  Common- 
wealth,  bk.  i.,  eh.  zviii. 

2.  That  which  is  capable  of  satisfying  cer- 
tain defined  conditions  fixed  by  the  proper 
authorities  ;   especially    that  which  is  esta- 
blished by  the  competent  authority  as  a  rule 
or  measure  of  quantity;  the  original  weight 
or  measure  sanctioned  by  government,  and 
deposited  in  some  public  place,  to  be  used  in 
regulating,  adjusting,  and  trying  weights  and 
measures  used  in  traffic.    [MEASURE,WEIQHT.] 

"  It  is  therefore  necessary  to  have  recourse  to  some 
visible,  palpable,  material  ttandard  ;  by  forming  a 
comparison  with  which,  all  weights  and  measures 
may  be  reduced  to  one  uniform  size:  and  the  pre- 
rogative of  fixing  this  ttnndard  our  autient  law  vested 
in  the  crown.  "—Blackttone  :  Comment.,  bk.  L,  ch.  7. 

3.  That  which  is  established  as  a  rule  or 
model,  by  the  authority  of  public  opinion,  or 
by  respectable  opinions,  or    by  custom   or 
general  consent  ;  that  which  serves  as  a  test, 
gauge,  or  measure. 

"  Labour  nlone.  therefore,  never  varying  in  it*  own 
value,  is  alone  the  ultimate  and  real  standard  by 
which  the  value  of  all  commodities  can  at  all  times 
and  places  be  estimated  and  compared.'—  Smith: 
Wealth  <tf  Nation*,  bk.  i.  ,  ch.  v. 

4.  A  certain  degree  of  advancement,  pro- 
gress, proficiency,  &c.,  to  which  one  must 
attain  to  meet  certain  requirements  :  as,  The 
standard  of  height  in  foot  regiments  ;   and  the 
degree    of   proficiency    which   a  child   must 
reach  in  order  to  satisfy  the  requirements  of 
the  public  schools,  in  passing  from  section  to 
section,  or  graduating. 

*  5.  A  candlestick  of  large  size,  standing  on 
the  ground,  and  having  branches  for  several 
lights. 

6.  A  measuring  device  for  men  or  horses  ; 
the  first  expressed  in  feet  and  inches,  the 
latter  in  hands  and  inches. 

7.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  4. 

*  8.  One  who  remains  or  stays  long  in  the 
same  place  or  position. 

"The  ficklenesse  and  fngitlvenesse  of  such  servants 
Justly  addeth  a  valuation  to  their  constancy  who  ar* 
ttandardt  in  a  family,  and  know  when  they  hau* 
met  with  a  good  master."—  Fuller  :  Ventral  Worthim, 
eh.  xi. 

*  9.  A  suit. 

"The  lady  commanded  a  ttundurd  of  her  own  best 
apparel  to  be  brought  down,  and  Prudence  U  so  fitted." 
—  Ben  Jonton  ;  JVtif  Inn.  (ArgumJ 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Sot.  :  The  erect  and  expanded  fifth  or 
upper  petal  in  a  papilionaceous  corolla.    Called 
also  Vexillum  (q.v.). 

2.  Carp.  :  A  strut. 

3.  Coinage:  The   proportion  of  weight  of 
fine  metal  and  alloy  established  by  authority. 
Standard  gold  is  a  mixture  of  metal  contain- 
ing 11  parts  of  pure  gold,  with  one  part  of  alloy 
—  i.e.,  22  carats  fine,  with  two  carats  nf  alloy. 
Standard  silver  is  a  mixed  metal,  containing 
87  parts  of  pure  silver,  with  three  parts  of 
alloy. 

4.  Hart.  :  A  tree  or  shrub  standing  by  it- 
self, without  being  attached  to  any  wall  or 


f&te,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  f&U,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot; 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who1,  son;  mute,  cfib.  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    •,  09  -  u ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


standard— stank 


4429 


•upport  ;  also,  a  shrub,  as  a  rose,  grafted  ou 
an  upright  stem. 

5.  Husbandry :  The  sheth  of  a  plough. 

6.  Mach. :  A  vertical  principal  post  of  a 
machine-frame. 

"  7.  Old  Arm. :  A  collar  of  mail,  worn  In  the 
fifteenth  century,  for  the  protection  of  the 
neck  of  an  armed  soldier. 

8.  Shipbuild. :  A  knee-timber  above  deck, 
having  one  erect  and  one  prone  arm,  bolted 
to  the  bitt,  or  other  object,  and  to  the  deck 
and  its  beams. 

9.  Vehicles:  An   npright  rising   from   the 
end  of  the  bolster  to  hold  the  waggon-body 
latemlly. 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  a  permanent  quality  ; 
capable  of  satisfying  certain  conditions  fixed 
by  a  competent  authority  ;  fixed,  settled  :  as, 
ttandard  weight,  standard  measure,  6tc. 

2.  Hort. :  Not  trained  on  a  wall ;  standing 
by  itself :  as,  a  standard  pear-tree,  a  ttandard 
rose,  Ac, 

U  Battle  of  the  Standard :  A  battle  fought  be- 
tween the  English  and  the  Scotch,  near  North- 
mllerton,  Yorkshire,  in  1138.  Here  David  I., 
lighting  on  behalf  of  Matilda,  was  defeated  by 
King  Stephen's  general,  Robert  de  Mowbray. 
The  battle  received  its  name  from  a  ship's 
mast,  erected  on  a  waggon,  and  placed  in 
the  centre  of  the  English  army.  The  mast 
displayed  the  standards  of  St.  Peter  of  York, 
St.  John  of  Bevei  ley,  and  St.  Wilfrid  of  Rippn, 
and  on  the  top  was  a  little  casket  containing 
•  consecrated  host. 

standard-bearer,  s.    An  officer  of  an 
army,  company,  or  troop  that  bears  a  standard. 
"  AM  ttandard-bearer  he  defended 
Olaf's  flag  in  the  fight." 

Longfellow :  Multi-lint  Tale,  xir. 

standard-gauge,  s.  A  gauge  for  verify- 
ing the  dimensions,  or  any  particular  dimen- 
•ion,  of  articles,  or  their  component  parts, 

•  which  are  made  in  large  numbers,  and  re- 
qnired  to  be  of  uniform  size. 

standard-plies,  s.  pi. 
Hydr.^ng.:  Piles  placed  at  regular  Inter- 
vals apart  and  connected  by  runners. 

standard-time,  >.   [UNIVERSAL-TIME.] 
Standard-wing,  t.    [SEMIOPTERA,] 
Stand  ord,  t  f.  [STANDARD,!.]  (See extract.) 

"  To  standard  gold  or  silver  li  to  convert  the  gross 
weight  of  either  metal,  whose  fineness  differs  from 
the  standard,  into  its  equivalent  weight  of  standard 
metal"— Btihetl:  Counting-Noun  Diet. 

•  stand'-ard-ize,  v.t.    [Eng.  standard;  -ize.] 
To  bring 'up  to,  or  recognize  as,  a  standard. 

•  stand -el,  *  stand  -ell,  ».    [STAND.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  tree  of  long  standing. 

"  Care  was  taken  .  .  .  for  the  preserving  of  the 
fandelltol  beech.'—  roller:  Worthtel;  Budu. 

2.  Law :  A  young  store  oak-tree,  twelve  of 
which  were  to  be  left  in  every  acre  of  wood  at 
the  felling  thereof. 

t  stand    el  -  wort,   *  stand  -  el  -  worte, 
stand'    er  -  wort,  s.     [Eng.  ttandel,  and 
wort  ;  cf.  Ger.  stendelvrurz  =  spotted  orchis.] 
Bot. :  Various  Orchids,  spec.  Orchis  mascula. 

Stand  er,  s.    [Eng.  stand;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  One  who  stands. 

*  2.  A  tree  that  has  long  stood. 

"  The  fairest  ttanderl  of  all  were  rooted  up  and  cast 
Into  the  fire."— -dicfcam:  Schoolmaiter,  bk.  iu 

3.  A  supporter. 

"The  old  aandm  and  professors  of  the  sect."— 
ttrkrlty:  Alciphron,  it  §  87. 

*  1L  Church  Hist.  (PL) :  A  class  of  penitents 
In  the  early  Church,  when  public  penance  was 
practised.    When  the  other  penitents,  ener- 
gumens,  and  catechumens  had  been  dismissed, 
the  standers  were  allowed  to  remain  and  join 
in  the  prayers  and  witness  the  oblation,  but 
could  not  partake  of  the  Eucharist.    Called 
also  Bystanders,  Costanders,  and,  in  ecclesias 
tical  Latin,  Consistentes. 

stander-oy,  ».  One  who  stands  by ;  a 
bystander,  a  spectator. 

"Were  her  antics  play'd  In  the  eye 
Of  a  thousand  ttnnderi-by." 
Wordivarth  :  Kitten  *  the  Fatting  Leana. 

*  Btander-up,  s.    One  who  takes  a  side. 
Stand  er  grass,  s.  [Eng.  slander,  and  grass.] 


Standelwort  (q.v.).     (Beaum.  Jt:  FUt. :  Faitk- 
fid  Shepherdess,  ii.  2.) 

stand'-er-wort,s.  [STANDELWOHT.]   (Prior.) 

stand  -trig,  *  stand  and,  *  stand  yng, 
"  stond  yng,  *  stond  ynge,  pr.  par.,  a., 
&  «.  [STAND,  i>.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Erect ;  in  an  upright  position ;  not  sit- 
ting, kneeling,  or  lying.       * 

2.  Remaining  erect;   not   cut  down:   as, 
standing  corn. 

3.  Fixed  ;  not  movable. 

"  His  standing  bed  and  truckle  bed."— Shatetp. : 
Merry  Wives,  IV.  s. 

1.  Established  either  by  law  or  custom ; 
continuously  existing  ;  not  temporary. 

"The  name  of  itanding  army  was  long  held  In 
abhorrence."— Macaulay :  Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  11. 

5.  Lasting,  permanent ;  not  transitory ;  not 
fugitive  :  as,  a  standing  colour. 
(J.  Stagnant;  not  flowing :  as,  standing  water. 

7.  A  term  applied  to  a  relatively  stationary 
portion  of  an  object  which  has  several  parts, 
one  or  more  of  them  moving  :  as,  the  standing 
leaf  of  a  hinge,  that  attached  to  the  post; 
the  standing  part  of  a  rope,  the  main  portion 
around  which  the  end  is  hitched  ;  the  standing 
pulley  of  a  compound  system,  that  attached 
to  a  permanent  object. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  being  erect  or  up- 
right ;  a  being  or  becoming  erect  or  upright. 

"Standing  upright  of  the  hair  Is  caused,  for  that  by 
the  shutting  of  the  pores  of  the  skin,  the  hair  that  lieth 
aslope  must  needs  rise."— Aaron  -•  Jfat.  Bitt.,  I  718. 

2.  Position,  place,  stand. 

"Your  cavalcade  the  fair  spectators  view. 
From  their  high  itandingi,  yet  look  np  to  you. 

Drydtn  :  To  Hi  Sacred  Majatf. 

3.  Continuance,  duration,  existence. 

"  This  tract  of  land  is  as  old,  and  of  as  long  a  Hand- 
ing, as  any  upon  the  continent  of  Africa,"—  Wood  MM  rd. 

4.  Possession  of  an  office,  position,  charac- 
ter, or  place. 

5.  Power  to  stand.    (Psalm  xlii.  3.) 

8,  Condition  or  position  in  society ;  rank, 
reputation  :  as,  a  man  of  high  standing. 

standing-army,  s.    [ARMY  H  (/).] 

standing-block,  t. 

Naut. :  That  block  of  a  tackle  or  purchase 
which  is  attached  to  a  stationary  object,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  block  which  moves  as 
the  fall  is  hauled  in  or  paid  out.  [RUNNINO- 
BLOCK.] 

standing  huddle,  «. 

Mining :  A  trough  filled  with  water,  in 
which  pieces  of  lead  ore  are  placed  and  stirred 
with  a  shovel. 

standing-orders,  s.  pi.  [ORDER,  ».,  f .] 
standing-part,  s. 

1.  (Of  a  hook) :  The  part  attached  to  a  block 
or  chain,  by  which  power  is  brought  to  bear 
upon  it. 

2.  (Of  a,  rope  or  tackle) :  The  part  made  fast 
to  the  object,  in  contradistinction  to  the  fall 
or  part  pulled  upon. 

standing-press,  s.  A  heavy  press  for 
bookbinders  or  other  trades. 

standing-rigging,  s. 

Naut. :  The  fixed  ropes  and  chains  whereby 
the  masts  and  bowsprit  are  stayed  securely. 

[RUNNINO-HIOOINQ.] 

standing-stones,  ».  pi. 

Anhceol. :  A  generic  name  for  menhirs, 
cromlechs,  Ac.,  without  reference  to  the  pur- 
pose for  which  they  were  erected. 

"  The  remarkable  groups  of  ttanding^tonei  in  India 
are  in  many  cases  at  least  set  up  for  each  stone  to  re- 
present or  embody  a  deity."— Tylor :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed. 
1-.7SI.  ii.  183. 

"stand   ish,  s.     [Eng.  staml,  and  dish.]    A 
stand  or  case  for  pen  and  ink. 

"  A  ttandifh,  steel  and  golden  pen." 

Pope:  On  Receiving  a  Stand  ith  A  Pent, 

stane,  staine,  >.    [STONE,  «.]    (Scotch.) 
stane  raw,  stancy  rag,  s. 
Bot. :   Parmelia    saxatUis,  var.  omphalodes. 
[CROTTLE,  SKKOTTA.] 

Stan  ek  ite,  ».     [Named  by  Dana  after  J. 
Stanek,  who  analysed  it ;  suff.  -ite  (A/iit.).] 


Mm. :  A  resin-rike  substance  separated  by 
boiling  alcohol  from  pyroretin(q.v.).  Compos. : 
carbon,  76W  ;  hydrogen,  7'24 ;  oxygen,  15'7» 
=  100. 

stang  (1),  *  stange,  •  stangue,  s.  [Ice!. 
stong,  genit.  stangar  =  a  pole,  a  stake  ;  A.8. 
steng ;  Dan.  stang  ;  Sw.  stang ;  Dut.  stang ; 
Ger.  stange;  from  the  pa.t.  of  stfrcj7(ri.v.);  ct 
I  eel.  stanga  =  to  goad.] 
•  1.  A  long  pole,  a  shaft,  a  stake. 

"  He  has  braw  braid  shouthers,  and  I  just  took  UH 
measure  o'  them  wi'  the  itang."— Scott :  AiUigunrn 
ch.  xxvii. 

2.  A  pole,  rod,  or  perch  ;  a  measure  of  land 

"These  fields  were  Intermingled  with  woods  of  half 
a  itana,  and  the  tallest  tree  appeared  to  be  seven  fe»t 
high.  —  Swift:  Gulliver;  Lttlii*uttch.  ii. 

*  3.  A  tooth,  a  tusk. 

"  They  Ilk  the  twjrnkllland  statists  In  thar hed" 
0.  Douglat:  Virgil;  .Kneidtt. 

H  To  ride  the  stang  :  To  be  carried  on  a  pole 
on  men's  shoulders,  In  derision ;  a  punish- 
ment inflicted  on  wife  or  husband  beaters.  01 
the  like. 

"A  custom  [is]  still  prevalent  among  the  country 
people  of  Scotland  :  who  oblige  any  man.  who  is  to 
unmanly  as  to  beat  his  wife,  to  ride  astride  on  a  long 
pole,  borne  by  two  men,  through  the  village,  as  a 
mark  of  the  highest  infamy.  This  they  call  rtdino 
the  ttang ;  and  the  person  who  has  been  thus  treated 
seldom  recovers  his  honour  In  the  opinion  of  his 
neighbours.  When  they  cannot  lay  hold  of  the  culprit 
himself,  they  put  some  young  fellow  ou  the  stang  01 
pole,  who  proclaims  that  it  is  not  ou  his  own  account 
that  he  is  thus  treated,  but  on  that  of  another  person, 
whom  he  names."— Callatider:  Two  Ancient  Scottiit- 
Poemt,  p.  164. 

stang  ball,  >. 

Project. :  Two  half-balls  united  by  a  bar;  • 
bar-shot. 

stang  (2),  «.    [STAHO,  ».]    A  sting.    (Scotch.) 
stang  fish,  s.    (See  extract.) 

"  Whilst,  from  disagreeable  sensations  produced  b) 
handling  most  of  them,  they  [the  Jelly-fishes]  hav» 
been  caned  Sea-nettles,  Stingers,  or  Stang-fitha."— 
T.  Rymer  Jonei :  Animal  Kingdom,  p.  74> 

Stang,  v.t.  &  i.  [From  stang,  old  pa.  t.  of  sting 
(q.v.).] 

A.  Trans. :  To  sting.    (Scotch.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  shoot  with  pain.    (Prov.) 

Btan'-hope  (1),  «.  [From  the  name  of  the  de- 
viser.) A  light,  two-wheeled  carriage  without 
a  top ;  a  sporting  phaeton. 

"Brougham*  and  wagonettes,  itantopei  and  ba- 
rouches, filled  with  strangely  assorted  company.  — 
Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  2s.  isss. 

Stan  -hope  (2),  s.    [See  def.] 

Printing :  An  iron  press  invented  by  Lord 
Stanhope,  and  completed  in  1800.  It  was  a 
great  improvement  on  the  old  wooden  presses, 
and  the  modern  presses  now  in  use  are  only  im- 
provementa  on  it.  Called  also  Stanhope-press. 

stanhope-lens,  *. 

Optics :  A  magnifying  lens  consisting  of  two 
convex  surfaces  of  dissimilar  curves,  separated 
by  a  considerable  thickness  of  glass  so  ad- 
justed that  when  the  more  convex  surface  is 
next  the  eye,  small  objects  on  the  other  sur- 
face are  in  focus. 

stanhope-press,  s.    [STANHOPE  (2).] 

stan'  hfi-scope,  >.  A  magnifying  lens  differ- 
ing from  the  Stanhope  lens  (q.v.)  in  being 
plane  on  the  side  opposite  the  eye. 

*stan'  iel  (i  as  y),  *st&n  yel, ..  [STAN. 
NEL.]  The  kestrel. 

*sta»'-iel-r^  (i  as  y), «.  [Eng.  •<<«!«,•  -«y.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  hawking  with  staniels; 
ignoble  falconry. 

«  sta'-ni-um,  s.  [Low  Lat.)  A  kind  of  strong 
cloth  of  a  superior  quality  worn  during  the 
Anglo-Norman  period ;  called  also  Stamfortia, 

•stank,  o.    [STANCH.] 

Stank,  v.i.    [Sw.  stanka.]    To  sigh.    (Prov.) 

t  stank,  pret.  ofv.    [STINK.] 

stank,  *  stane,  s.    [O.  Fr.  estang,  from  Lat 
stagnum  =  a  pool    of  stagnant    water  ;    Sp. 
estangue ;  Port,  tangue  ;   Ital.  stagno.    Stank 
and  tank  are  doublets.]    A  pool,  a  tank, 
"  They  lighted  and  ablden  bleide  a  water  etank* 
Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  flS. 

stank,  stanck,  v.t.    [STANK,  >.] 

1.  To  dam  up. 

"  8tanck  up  the  salt  conduits  of  mine  eves.* 

fletdun 

2.  To  make  a  well  water-tight. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-clan, -tlan  =  shan,   -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -tlon,  -slon  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tiona,  -atous  =  shus.   -ble, -die,  ic.  =  bel,  dcL 


4430 


Stanley— staphisagria 


Stan -ley,  s,    [See  def.  of  compound.] 
Stanley-crane,  s. 

Ornith. :  Anthropoides  stanleyanus,  from  th  > 
East  Indies.  It  is  about  forty  inches  Ion.;, 
general  plumage  bluisli.  Named  by  Vigors  in 
honour  of  Lord  Stanley,  afterwards  thirteenth 
Earl  of  Derby  (1775-1851). 

Stan  ley-an,  a.  [Eng.  Stanley  (q.v.);  -an.} 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  thirteenth  Earl  of 
Derby,  in  whose  menagerie  at  Knowsley,  near 
Livrepool,  the  species  was  tirst  recognized. 

Stanleyan  deer  let,  s. 

ZooL  :  Tragulus  staideyanus.     [TRAGULUS.] 

*tan'-mareh,  s.    [A.S.  ttdn  —  stone,  and  Mid. 
Eng.  march*  —  parsley.) 
Bot.  :  Smyrnium  Olusatrum, 

Btann-am'-yl,  ».  [Eng.  $tann(*m),  and  amyl] 
Chem,  (PL):  Compounds  produced  by  the 
action  of  amylic  iodide  on  an  alloy  of  sodium 
and  tin.  The  product  contains  the  three 
compounds,  Sn^C^n^  Sn'^CBHufc,  and 
Bn^fCgHnJi,  homologous  with  the  stanne- 
th>  Is.  They  are  all  unctuous  masses,  and  do 
not  fume  in  the  air,  insoluble  in  water,  soluble 
in  ether  ;  and  more  soluble  in  alcohol  in  pro- 
portion as  they  contain  less  tin.  The  atan- 
namyls  reduce  silver  solutions,  and  are  oxi- 
dized by  nitric  acid, 

*tan'-nar-&  *  stan'-ner-y",  o.  &  «.    [Low 

Lat.  stannaria  =.  a  tin-mine,  from  Lat.  stan- 
num  =  tin,  an  alloy  of  silver  and  lead ;  cf. 
Corn,  sttan  ;  Wei.  ystaen;  Bret,  ttean;  Ir. 
stan;  Gael,  staoin;  Manx  &tainney  =  tin.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  tin- 
mines. 

"  The  ttatmary  court*  In  Devonshire  and  Cornwall, 
for  the  administration  of  jiutic*  among  tli*  tinners 
therein,  are  also  coarta  of  record,  but  erf  tbe  aiuiie 
private  *od  exclusive  u*tare." — Bladatout  :  Com- 
mentaries bk.  iii,  on. «. 

B.  As  tubst. :  A  tin-mine,  tin-works.    The 
term   is   generally   used   to  include  in  one 
general  designation  all  the  tin-mines  within  a 
certain  district,  the  miners  employed  in  work- 
ing them,  and  the   customs   and  privileges 
attached  to  the  mines  and  those  employed  in 
them. 

"  if  by  pnbllck  law  the  mint  ware  ordained  to  be 
onely  supplied  by  our  ttannariet,  how  carreutlj  woo  Id 
UM;  p*u  fur  more  preciou*  than  silver  miuM?  "—Bp. 

Stan-nate,  *.     [Eng.  stannic);  -aU.] 

Chem. :  A  salt  of  stannic  acid. 

Bt  annat  e  of  potassium,  s. 

Ckeni. :  K^SnOj.  Prepared  by  dissolving 
stannic  acid  in  potash-ley,  and  evaporating 
over  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  gummy,  uncrystal- 
lizable,  and  strongly  alkaline,  very  soluble  in 
water,  but  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

stannate  of  sodium,  & 

Chem. :  Na-uSnO,.  Prepared  by  dissolving 
stannic  acid  in  soda-ley,  and  evaporating  over 
sulphuric  acid.  It  is  a  crystallo-granular 
body,  and  is  less  soluble  in  warm  than  in  cold 
water,  insoluble  in  alcohol.  Used  in  calico- 
printing  as  a  mordant,  chiefly  for  mixtures  of 
wool  and  cotton. 

••tan'- Bel,  *stan'-yel,  *  stan'  nell,  s. 
[Prpb.  a  corrupt,  of  stand-gale,  from  the  habit 
which  the  bird  has  of  sustaining  itself  in  one 
position,  with  its  head  to  the  wind,  by  a  rapid 
motion  of  the  wings  ;  cf.  its  other  name, 
Wind-hover.  J  The  Kestrel  (q.v.).  Called  also 
Staniel,  Stanyel,  Stannyel,  Stone-gale. 

"To  prevent  this  daunger,  therefore,  the  dove*  need 
to  have  with  them  the  bird  which  is  called  Tiunuu- 
enlna.  t«.,  a  kestrill,  or  ttanneU.-— p.  Botland: 
J'linix,  bk.  z.,  ch.  xxxviL 

stann-e  -thyl,  5.  [Eng.  stann(iim),  and  ethyl.} 
Chem.  (PL):  Ethyl  compounds  of  tin.  Three 
of  these  are  at  present  known  :  viz.,  stannous 
ethide,  Bn^C^S^  stannoso-stannic  ethide 
Sn"i2(C2H5)6,  and  stannic  ethide  Snu(C2H6)4, 
the  first  and  second  acting  as  organic  radicles 
capable  of  uniting  with  chlorine,  bromine, 
oxygen,  4c.,  and  the  third  being  a  saturated 
compound. 

Stan  nfc,  a.  [Eng.  stann(um);  -ic.}  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  tin. 

stannic  -acid,  s. 

Chem. :  H^nOj.  Obtained  by  adding 
barium  or  calcium  carbonate,  not  in  excess, 
to  a  solution  of  stannic  chloride.  When 
recently  precipitated,  it  is  gelatinous ;  but 


after  drying  in  the  air,  it  forms  hard  trans- 
lucent lumps  like  gum-arabic.  It  dissolves  in 
the  stronger  acids  forming  stannic  salts,  and 
forms  easily  -soluble  salts  with  the  alkali 
metals, 

stannic  chloride,  *.     [TIN-TETRACHLO- 

RIDE.J 

stannic  -ethide,  5. 

Chem.  :  SniT(C2H5)4.  Stannotetrethyl.  A 
transparent  colourless  liquid  obtained  by  the 
distillation  of  stannous  ethide.  It  has  a  faint 
ethereal  odour  and  metallic  taste,  sp.  gr.  1-19, 
boils  at  181°,  and  is  very  inflammable,  burn- 
ing with  a  dark  blue-edged  flame.  It  dis- 
solves iodine  with  a  brown  colour,  which 
gradually  disappears. 

stannic-oxide,  *.    [Tix-  DIOXIDE.] 

stan-nif  -er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  stanmnn  =  tin, 
and  /ero  =  to  bear,  to  produce.]  Producing  ur 
containing  tin. 

"  The  further  addition  of  the  oxide  of  tin  produces 
an  enamel  of  an  opaque  white  of  great  purity,  which 
la  the  characteristic  gluing  of  ttanniftrout  or  tiu- 
glazed  ware*."—  Pvrtnum:  Jtajoiica,  y.  4. 

stan'-nine,  stan'-nite,  s.  [Lat.  stannfym) 
—  tin;  suff.  -ine,  -ite  (Jftn.);  Fr.  etain  rui- 
fure;  Ger.  zinnkies.] 

Mineralogy  : 

L  An  ore  of  tin,  now  of  rare  occurrence,  but 
formerly  found  in  a  few  mines  in  Cornwall  in 
fair  quantity.  Crystallization  undetermined, 
but  probably  tetragonal  ;  found  mostly  mas- 
sive, Hardness,  4*0  ;  sp.  gr.  4'3  to  4'5  ;  lustre, 
metallic  ;  streak,  blackish  ;  colour,  steel-gray, 
sometimes  with  a  bluish  tarnish;  opaque; 
brittle.  Compos.:  sulphur,  29'6;  tin,  27  '2; 
copper,  29'3  ;  iron,  6'5  ;  zinc,  7*5  =  lOO'l. 

2.  Under  the  name  Staunite,  Breithaupt  has 
described  an  amorphous  pale-yellow  mineral, 
which,  with  much  tin  oxide,  contains  also 
much  silica.  Now  shown  to  be  quartz,  in 
which  finely  divided  cassiterite  (q.v.)  is  me- 
chanically suspended. 

stann-me'-thyl,  s.  [Eng.  stcmn(un)t  and 
methyl.} 

Chem,  (PI.):  Methyl  compounds  of  tin. 
Compounds  analogous  in  constitution  to  the 
staimethyls,  and  resembling  them  gent-rally 
in  their  properties  and  modes  of  formation. 
Three  of  these  are  known,  viz.,  stannous 
methide.  8nll(CH3)2,  stannoso-stannic  methide, 
and  stannic  methide 


•tan-no;-,  pref.  [Lat.  atannum  =  tin.]  Of, 
pertaining  to.  or  consisting  more  or  less  of 
tin. 

stan-no-di-e'-thyl,  s,  [Pref.  stanno-,  and 
Eng.  dietkyl.]  [STA'NNOUS-ETHIDB.] 

Btan-no-SO-,  pref.  [Mod.  Lat.  atanmosus  = 
full  of  tin.]  Pertaining  to  tin,  largely  con- 
sisting of  tin. 

stannoso  stannic  chloride,  s.    [Tis- 

fiESQUICHLOKIDE.  ] 

stannoso  stannic  ethide,  s. 

Chem.:  Sn^C^jH^  StaunotriethyL  A 
slightly  yellow  refractive  oil  obtained  by 
digesting  an  alloy  of  sodium  and  tin  with 
ethyl  iodide,  exhausting  the  mass  with  ether, 
evaporating  the  ethereal  solution,  and  washing 
the  residue  with  alcohol.  It  has  a  peculiar 
odour,  resembling  that  of  rotten  fruit,  is 
insoluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  soluble  in 
ether,  and  boils  at  180°. 

Stan  no  te-treth'-yl,  «.  [Pref.  atenno-,  and 
Eng.  tetrethyl.}  [STAHINIC-STUIDE.] 

Stan-no  trie'-thyl.  *.  [Pref.  stanno-,  and 
Eng.  trietkyl.]  [STANNOSO-STAWNIC  ETHIDE.] 

Stan  no  type,  s.  [Lat.  ttannun  =  tin,  and 
Eng.  type.} 

Photog.  :  A  picture  taken  upon  a  tinned  iron 
plate. 

•tan-noils,  a.  [Lat  »fa»a«»  =  tin,]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  containing  tin. 

stannous  -  chloride,   «.     [TIN-DICHLO- 

RIDE. 

stannous  ethide.  «. 

Chem,:  Sn^CaHsV  Stannodiethyl.  A  thick 
yellowish  oil,  obtained  by  heating  ethyl  iodide 
and  tinfoil  in  a  sealed  glass  tube  to  160%  and 
decomposing  the  resulting  iodide  with  sodium 
or  zinc.  It  has  a  pungent  odour,  is  insoluble 


in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  sp.  gr. 
1*558,  does  not  ^solidify  at  —  12°,  and  caunot 
be  distilled  without  decomposition. 

fltannous  oxide,  a.    [TIN-MONOXIDK.] 
Stan  num,  s.    [Lat  =  tin.] 


*  stant,  tr.i.    [For  ytandeth,  3rd  pers.  sing.  pr. 
iiidic.  of  stand.] 

Stan-tien  -ite,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful,  but  pro- 
bably after  a  Mr.  Stantien  ;  suff.  -ite  (Aftn.).] 
Min.  :  A  black  resin  found  in  glauconitic 
sands  in  East  Prussia.  Sp.gr.  1*175.  Compos  : 
carbon,  71-02;  hydrogen,  8'15  ;  oxygen,  20'83 
=  100.  Insoluble  in  benzine,  alcohol,  &c. 

*  Stan  tient  (ti  as  sh)f  s.    [STAXCHION.! 
stan-tlon,  s.    [STESCSON.] 

*  stan'-yel,  3.    [STANIEL.] 

ston'-za,  *  stance,  *stanze,  *stan'-zo, 

s.  [Ital.  stanza;  O.  Ital.  stantix  —  a  lodging, 
a  dwelling,  a  stanza,  from  Low  Lat.  stantia  = 
an  abode,  from  Lat.  stans,  pr.  par.  of  sto  =  to 
stand  ;  Fr.  stance;  Sp.  &  Port,  estancia.} 

1.  Poetry:  A  number  of  lines  or  verses 
regularly  adjusted  to  each  other,  and  properly 
ending  in  a  full  point  or  pause  ;  a  part,  of  a 
poera  ordinarily  containing  every  variety  of 
measure  in  that  poem  ;  a  combination  of  ar- 
rangement of  lines  usually  recurring,  whether 
like  or  unlike  ia  measure.  A  stanza  is  va- 
riously termed  Terzina,  Quartetto,  Sestina, 
Ottava,  &c.,  according  aa  it  consists  of  three, 
four,  six,  eight,  &c.,  lines. 

"  Therefore  (but  not  withont  near-faihioning  the 
whole  frame)  1  chose  Ariosto'a  nt-tnia,  of  all  other  the 
iiiont  compleat  ami  beet-propurttoued,  consist  ing  of 
eight  ;  six  interwoven  or  alternate,  and  a  couplet  in 
base."—  Drayton  :  Baronf  tTtirt.  (Pr*t) 

*2.  Arch.  :  An  apartment  or  division  in  a 
building  ;  a  room  or  chamber. 

St&n  za  Ic,  o.  [Eng.  stanza;  -ic]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  a  stanza  or  stanzas  ;  consisting 
of  or  arranged  as  stanzas. 

"  That  revolt  against  all  ttamnir.  btw  for  vhich  h« 
was  afterwards  to  become  §o  fimoua."—  Atftentxum. 
Feb.  26.  1S82. 

stanz'-a  ite  (z  as  tz),  s.      [After  Stanzen, 
Bavaria,  where  found  ;  suff.  -tie  (Mim.).] 
Jtfin.  :  The  same  as  AKDAI.USITE  (q..v.)t 
*stanze,  *stan-zo,  *.    [STANZA.] 

sta  pe-di-al,  a.  [Low  Lat.  «taj)M  =  a  »tir- 
rup.  ]  Stirrup-shaped. 

sta  pe  di-us,  s.  [Mod.  Lftt,  from  Low  Lat. 
stapes  (q.v.).] 

Anat.  :  A  muscle  of  the  ear,  lying  in  a  small 
cavity  of  the  o*  petrosun,  and  inserted  into  the 
head  of  the  stapes.  It  is  governed  by  fibres 
from  the  facial  nerve,  tightens  the  tympanic 
membrane,  and  is  supposed  to  regulate  the 
movements  of  the  stapes. 

sta  pe-H-a,  *.  [Named  by  Linn*us  after 
John  Bodaeus  Stapel,  who  died  in  1636.  He 
waa  a  physician  at  Amsterdam,  and  wrote* 
commentary  on  Theophrastus.] 

BoL  :  The  typical  genus  of  Stapelieae  (q.v.). 
Corolla  rotate,  five-cleft,  fleshy,  containing 
inside  it  a  double  stamina!  corona  of  leaves 
or  lobes  ;  odour  of  the  flowers  like  that  of 
carrion  ;  stems  succulent  The  branches  are 
generally  four-sided  and  toothed,  without 
leaves.  More  than  a  hundred  species  are 
known,  from  the  Gape  of  Good  Hope.  Some 
are  cultivated  in  greenhouses  on  account  of 
the  beauty  of  their  flowers. 

sta  pe-li-e  ~w,  *.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat  ttapeli(a), 
Lat.  fern.  j»l.  adj.  suff.  -ece.] 
Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Asclepiadaces*. 

Sta  -pea,  «.    [Low  Lat.  —  a  stirrup.J 

L  Anat.  :  The  third  and  innermost  bone  of 
the  ear,  named  from  its  form.  It  is  composed 
of  a  head,  a  base,  and  two  crura.  It  is  the 
auditory  ossicle,  which  is  joined  to  the  fenestra 
ovalis,  and  corresponds  with  the  columeJta  in 
Sauropsida. 

2.  Sura.  :  A  bandage  for  the  foot,  making 
a  ngure-of-8  round  the  ankle. 

staph  is  a   gri  a,  *.      [Lat.    utaphis  ;    Gr. 

<rra^tV  (staphis)  •=  (I)  a  raisin,  (S)  stavesacre 

(see  def.),  and  ayptos  (agrios)  =  living  in  the 

fields,  wild.] 

Pharm,  :   The  seed  of  Delphinium  Stapkit- 


Ate,  fit,  Hire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p* 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  ctib,  core,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  -  e ;  ey  ^  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


Btaphisagric— star 


4431 


offrfa,  the  Stavesacre,  or  Licebane  (q.v.).  It 
appears  to  act  as  an  emetic,  purgative,  and 
luthelmintic.  A  powder  or  ointment  of  it 
applied  externally  destroys  vermin. 

staph-Xs-a'-gric,  a.  [Eng.«tapAisa£rr{fa);-fc.] 
Contained  in  or  derived  from  staphisagria 
(q.v.). 

Btaphisagric  acid,  s. 

C/t''»t.  :  A  peculiar  acid,  said  to  exist  in  the 
seeds  of  Delphinium  Staphisagria..  It  is  white, 
rrygtulline,  and  sublimable,  and  possesses 
emetic  properties. 

Staph-is-a'-grine,  «.  [Eng.  staphisagr(ia) ; 
•inr..) 

Chem. :  Staphisaine.  An  alkaloid  extracted 
from  the  seeds  of  DelpMn  ium  fitaphisagria,  by 
alcohol.  It  has  a  slightly  yellowish  colour 
and  a  sharp  taste,  is  insoluble  in  water  and 
ether,  very  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  dissolves 
in  acids,  but  without  neutralising  them. 

-staph'-is-alne,  s.    [STAPHISAGRINE.] 
staph' -j?-le,  "•    [Gr.  =  a  bunch  of  grapes.] 

Anat. :  The  uvula. 

»tapn-jf-«e'-a,  s.  [Abridged  from  Gr.  o-TmJiv- 
AotoSpoi'  (st'apliulotleiidron)  =  the  bladder- 
nut) 

Bot. :  Bladder-nut  (q.v.)j  the  typical  genus 
of  Staphyleacese  (q.v.).  The  branches  of 
Staphylea  Emodi  are  made  into  the  "serpent- 
sticks  "which  are  sold  by  the  Afghans  and 
the  Indian  hill  tribes,  It  being  supposed  that 
they  possess  the  property  of  keeping  off 
snakes. 

«taph-jrl-e-a -90-88,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
ttaph yle(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  Buff,  •acece,] 

Bot. :  Bladder-nut* ;  an  order  of  Hypo- 
gynous  Exogens,  alliance  Sapindales,  some- 
times reduced  to  a  section  of  Celastracea;. 
Leaves  pinnate,  with  common  and  partial  de- 
ciduous stipules  ;  flowers  in  terminal,  stalked 
racemes ;  sepals  five,  coloured,  imbricate  ; 
petals  five,  Inserted  in  or  aronnd  a  crenate, 
saucer-shaped  disk ;  stamens  five,  styles  two 
or  three,  cohering  at  the  base;  ovary  two  or 
three-celled,  with  the  carpels  more  or  less 
distinct ;  ovules  several ;  fruit  membranous 
or  fleshy  ;  seeds  ascending,  roundish.  Known 
genera,  three ;  species,  fourteen,  widely  dis- 
tributed. 

Staph'-^-line,  a.    [Gr.  oT«f>vAr}  (staphufy  =• 
bunch  of  grapes.) 
Min. :  Botryoidal  (q.v.). 


Staph-jr-lln'-i-dw,  «.pi    [Mod.  Lat. 
lin(us);  Lat.  fein.  pi.  adj.  sutT.  -ute.) 

Entam.  :  Rove  -beetles  :  Devil's  Coach- 
horse*;  the  typical  family  of  the  section 
Brai'helytra(q.v.).  Some  recent  entomologists 
make  it  the  only  family  of  the  section,  and 
divide  it  into  eleven  sub-families,  with  about 
5,000  species.  These  are  spread  over  the 
world,  occurring  in  the  dung  of  animals,  in 
decaying  animal  and  vegetable  matter,  under 
the  bark  of  trees,  in  fungi,  in  ants'  nests,  Ac. 
They  fly  abroad  in  large  numbers  in  warm 
evenings  after  sunset.  Their  larvse  more 
nearly  resemble  the  adults  than  in  other  Cole- 
optera,  showing  their  rank  in  the  order  to  be 
low.  (Bates,  iu  Cassell's  Nat.  Hist.) 

•••ti\ph-y-li'-nus,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Qr.  crro^v- 
Aiyoc  (staphuliiws)  =  (1)  a  kind  of  carrot  or 
parsnip  ;  (2)  a  beetle.) 

Entam.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Staphylinidse 
(q.v.)  Labrum  fissile;  tarsi  always  peuta- 
merous.  They  are  the  largest  of  the  family, 
and  ore  predaceous.  Bix  or  more  species  are 
British. 

gtaph-jMo  -ma,  ».  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  or<uf>v- 
Aio^a  (staphuWma)  ;  o-raAuAij  (staphule)  =  a 
bunch  of  grapes,  to  which  the  diseased  por- 
tion uf  the  eye  sometimes  bears  a  remote  re- 
semblance.) 

Patlwl.  :  The  protrusion  of  part  of  the  eye- 
ball beyond  its  natural  position.  When  the 
affection  has  its  seat  in  the  cornea  it  is  called 
staphyloma  corneas  ;  when  in  the  sclerotica, 
*.  fcteroticce.  It  may  arise  from  the  ulceration 
of  the  cornea,  or  from  the  effusion  of  fluid 
behind  the  lens  of  the  eyeball.  Called  also 
Staphylosis. 


•taph'-jMo-plas-tlc,    »• 

plast(y);  -ic.]    Of  or  relating  to  staphyloplasty 


•taph'-j?  lo-pl&s  t£,  s.  [Gr.  o-Ta*vAij  (sta- 
j)Aui<!)  =  the  uvula,  and  irAa<r<ru  (pUuao)  =  to 
mould,  to  form.  ] 

Surg. :  The  operation  for  replacing  the  soft 
palate  when  it  has  been  lost. 

staph-SMSr'-a-phlc,  a.  [Eng.  itaphylo- 
raph(y);  -ic.)  Of  or  relating  to  Btaphylo- 
raphy  (q.v.). 

staph-jMdf-a-phft  «•  IG'-  <rra*»Aij  (sta- 
phull)  =  the  uvula,  and  pou/iij  (rhaphe)  —  a 
suture  ;  pair™  (rhapto)  =  to  sew.) 

Surg. :   The  operation   of  uniting  a  cleft 
palate. 

Staph-jMo'-SlS,  ».      [STAPHYLOKA.] 

staph'  y-lo-tdme,  e.  [Gr.  ,rrae>i/A,j  (stapfcuie) 
=  the  uvula,  and  TOIIIJ  (lone)  =  a  cutting.  ] 

Sitrg. :  A  knife  for  operating  upon  the  uvula 
or  palate. 

staph-jMSf-o-mj?,  s.    [STAPHYLOTOME.) 

Surg. :  Amputation  of  the  uvula. 

sta  pie,  »sta-pel,  *sta-pll,  *stap-ylle, 

».  &  a.  [O.  Fr.  estaple,  estujx  (Fr.  etape)  =  a 
staple  or  mart,  from  Low  CJcr.  stapel  =  a  heap, 
a  storehouse  of  wares  ;  Dut.  stapel  —  a  staple, 
a  pile ;  Dan.  stabel  =  a  hinge,  »  pile  ;  8w.  stupel 
=  a  pile,  a  heap;  Ger.  staffel  =  &  slip,  a 
staple  ;  itapel  =  a  pile,  a  heap.  The  meaning 
A.  I.  7  is  directly  from  A.S.  stapul  =  a  prop.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  A  prop,  a  foundation,  a  support. 

*  2.  A  heap  of  goods  or  wares  ;   hence   a 
settled   or  established   mart  or  market  ;  an 
emporium  ;  a  town  where  certain  wares  were 
chiefly  taken  for  sale.     In  England,  formerly, 
the  king's  staple  was  established  in  certain 
ports  or  towns,  and  certain  goods  could  not  be 
exported  without  being  first  brought  to  these 
ports  to  be  rated  and  charged  with  the  duty 
payable  to  the  king  or  public.    The  principal 
commodities  on  which  customs  were  levied 
were  wool,  skins,  and  leather,  and  these  were 
originally  the  staple  commodities. 

"  Bruges  .  .  .  was  the  great  staple  for  Ixjth  Mediter- 
ranean and  Northern  merchandise,"—  Saliam:  Middlt 
Aget,  ch.  IX.,  pt.  ii. 

*  3.  A  mart,  a  market,  a  place  of  production. 

"  This  city  of  Amsterdam,  though  she  be  a  great 
Staple  of  news,  yet  1  can  Impart  none  unto  you  at  this 
time."— BovxU :  Letteri,  bk.  i..  let.  5. 

4.  The  commodities  sold  at  a  mart ;  hence 
the  principal  commodity  grown,  manufactured, 
or  produced  in  any  country,  district,  or  town, 
cither  for  exportation  or  home  consumption. 

5.  The  material  or  substance  of  anything  ; 
raw  or  unmanufactured  material. 

6.  The  thread  or  pile  of  wool,  cotton,  or  flax. 

"  Her  wool  whose  ttaple  doth  excel. 
And  seems  to  overmatch  the  golden  Phrygian  fell. 
Jirayton :  Pol  tt-Olblon. 

7.  The  principal  element  or  ingredient  in 
anything  ;  the  chief  constituent ;    the  main 
part,  the  chief  item. 

8.  A  bow  or  loop  of  metal  bent  and  formed 
with  two  points  for  driving  into  wood,  to  hold 
a  hook,  pin,  bolt,  Ac. 

"  He  gan  the  strong  gates  hew  and  break : 
From  whens  he  bet  the  slitptet  out  of  brass. 

Surnty  :  Yiryilt ;  jSneiM  11. 

*  9.  A  district,  especially  one  granted  to  an 
•bbey. 

"  He  also  grannted  llbertle  of  eoyning  to  certaine 
cities  and  abbeien.  allowing  them  one  ititple,  and  two 
puncheons  at  a  rate,  with  certaiue  restrictions.  — 
Camdm:  Kemainet;  Monet/. 

U.  Technically: 

1.  Foundry .'  One  of  the  pieces  of  nail-iron, 
a  few  inches  long,  on  one  end  of  which  flat 
discs  of  thin  sheet-iron  are  rivetted. 

2.  Mining: 

(1)  A  shaft  uniting  workings  at  different 
levels. 

(2)  A  small  pit. 

B.  As  adjective ; 

"  1.  Pertaining  to  or  being  a  staple  or  mart 
for  commodities  :  as,  &  staple  town. 

*  2.  Established  in  commerce  ;  settled. 
"  To  ruin  with  worse  ware  our  ttaplf  trade." 

fhydffn:  Anmu  Mirabtlit,  ecvlL 

*  3.  According  to  the  laws  of  commerce ; 
marketable ;  fit  U  be  sold,  &c. 

"  Wnat  needy  writers  would  not  solicit  to  work  under 
such  masters,  who  will  take  off  their  ware  at  their  own 
rat«s.  and  trouble  not  themselves  to  examine  whether 
It  be  ttuplf  or  no  7  " — Xwi/t. 


4.  Chief,  principal,  main ;  regularly  pro- 
duced or  manufactured. 

"  The  said  three  commodities  [wool,  skins,  and 
leather) .  .  .  were  styled  the  ttapie  commodities  of 
the  ktugdoui.  because  they  weru  obliged  to  If  brought 
to  these  ports  where  the  king's  rt'itile  was  established. 
In  order  to  be  there  tint  rated,  slid  the»  exported."— 
ti/unkttane :  Comment.,  bk.  L,  ch.  vlil. 

Staple-knee,  s.    [STANDARD-KNEE.] 

Staple-punch,  s.  A  punch  with  two 
points,  usea  to  prick  blind-rods  and  slats  to 
receive  the  staples  which  connect  them. 

sta' -pie,  v.t.    [STAPLE,*.]    To  sort  and  adjust 
the  different  staples  of :  as,  To  stable  wool. 

sta  pier,  •  sta-pel-er,  ».     [Eng.  staple); 
-erj 

1.  A  dealer  in  staple  commodities. 

"  Maplert  and  merchant-adventures,  the  one  re- 
siding constantly  ill  one  place,  where  they  kept  their 
iiiugazine  of  wool,  the  other  stirring,  and  adventuring 
todl vera  places  abroad."— ffowell :  Letter*,  bk.  i.,  let.  8. 

2.  One  employed  in  assorting  wool  accon* 
ing  to  its  staple.    t 

star  (1),  *  star  re,  "  sterre, «.  [A  .8.  stem; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  ster  (in  comp.  sterre);  O.  H. 
Ger.  sterro ;  Icel.  stjarna ;  S\v.  stjerna  ;  Dan. 
stjanie ;  Goth,  stalrno ;  Ger.  stern;  Lat. 
Stella  (for  sterula)  ;  Gr.  io~njp  (astir)  ;  Corn.  & 
Shet.  steren;  Wei.  seren ;  Sansc.  tara  (for 
stard),  atri.  From  the  same  root  as  strew 
(q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  i. 

"{He]  sow'd  with  ifan  the  heav'u  thick  as  a  field." 
MU(m:  P.  L..  vii.  SM. 

(2)  Something  resembling  a  star ;  specif., 

(a)  An  ornamental  figure,  having  rays  like 
a  star,  and  worn  upon  the  breast  to  indicate 
rank  or  honour.    (Tennyson. :  Wellington,  196.) 

(b)  The  series   of  radial   spokes,    forming 
handles,  on  the  roller  of  a  copperplate  or 
lithographic  printing-press. 

(c)  A  reference  mark  (*)  used  in  printing  or 
writing  as  a  reference  to  a  note  in  the  margin 
or  at  the  foot,  or  to  fill  a  blank  where  words 
or  letters  are  omitted  ;  an  asterisk. 

"  Remarks  worthy  of  riper  observation,  note  with  a 
marginal  ttar."—  Watt*. 

(d)  A  radiating  crack  or  flaw,  as  in  Ice  or 
glass.    (Tennyson, :  Epic,  12.) 

2.  Fig. :  A  person  of  brilliant  or  preeminent 
qualities,  especially  in  a  public  capacity,  as  a 
distinguished  actor  or  singer. 

H.  Technically: 

*  1.  Astral. :  A  heavenly  body  supposed  to 
have  influence  over  a  person's  life ;  a  con- 
figuration of  the  planets  supposed  to  influence 
fortune. 

1  Hence  the  expressions,  To  thank  one's 
stars,  To  be  born  under  a  lucky  star,  Ac. 

2.  Astron, :  The  word  star  is  popularly  ap- 
plied to  any  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  with  the 
exception  of  the  sun,  the  moon,  and  comets. 
Strictly  speaking,  the  name  is  limited  to  the 
self-luminous  bodies,  constituted  like  the 
sun,  and  apparently  maintaining  a  fixed  posi- 
tion towards  each  other.  [FIXED-STARS,  STAR- 
DRIFT.)  Till  recently  the  hypothesis  that  the 
fixed  stars,  which  are  undoubtedly  suns,  are 
all  surrounded  by  planets,  was  formed  solely 
on  the  analogy  of  the  solar  system  ;  now  ihe 
discovery  of  an  apparent  planet  revolving 
round  Sirius  (q.v.)  places  it  on  a  firmer  basis. 
The  fixed  stars  have  long  been  grouped  into 
constellations.  [CONSTELLATION.]  The  appa- 
rent revolution  of  the  celestial  vault  with  all 
the  constellations  around  a  fixed  point  near 
Polaris,  or  the  Pole  Star  (q.v.),  is  produced 
by  the  real  rotation  of  the  earth. 

S.  Billiards:  In  the  game  of  pool,  an 
additional  life  bought  by  a  player  who  has 
already  lost  his  three  lives.  In  a  game  of 
less  than  eight  players  there  is  only  one  star. 
So  called  from  the  player's  colour  on  the  sco> 
ing-board  being  marked  with  a  small  star. 
"  The  tf'ir  cannot  be  token  before  the  balls  have 

done  rolling.  "-Field,  Jan  13,  1888. 

4.  Fort. :  A  small  fort,  having  five  or  moie 
points,   or   salient    and    re-entering  angles 
flunking  one  another.    Called  also  a  Star-fort. 

5.  Her. :   An  estoile ;  a  charge  frequently 
borne    on    the    shield,    differing    from    the 
mullet  in  having  its  rays  or  points  waved 
instead  of  straight,  and  in  having  usually  six 
of  these  points,  while  the  mullet  has  only 
five.    When  the  number  is  greater,  the  points 
are  waved  and  straight  alternately. 


*6il,  b6>;  pout,  JOT*!;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  fcem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   -Ing. 
-dan, -ttan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -elon  =  shun ;  -{ton,  -sion  =  zhon.   -dons,  -ttons,  -sions  =  shisO.   -bl«, -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4432 


star 


6,  Pyrotechny :  A  small  piece  of  inflammable 
composition,  which  burns  with  a  coloured 
flame. 

*11.  Order  of  the  Star :  An  order  of  knight- 
hood formerly  existing  in  France,  founded  in 
1350,  in  imitation  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter 
in  England,  then  recently  instituted. 

2.  Order  of  the  Star  of  India :  An  order  of 
knighthood  instituted  in  February,  1861,  to 
commemorate  the  direct  assumption  of  the 
government  of  India  by  Queen  Victoria,  and 
subsequently  enlarged  in  1866, 1875,  and  1876. 
It  is  conferred  for  services  rendered  to  the 
Indian  Empire. 

The  collar  of  gold  consists  of  the  lotus  of 
India,  palm  branches  tied  together,  and  altern- 
ate red  and  white  roses,  the  whole  enamelled 
In  their  proper  colours.  The  badge  is  an  oval 
onyx  cameo  of  her  Majesty,  surrounded  by 
the  motto  and  surmounted  by  a  star  of 


STAR. 

(OrdtroftloStaroflndU.) 

diamonds.  The  star  is  a  five-pointed  one 
composed  of  diamonds,  resting  upon  a  light 
blue  enamelled  circle  bearing  the  motto,  the 
whole  surrounded  by  rays  of  gold.  The 
ribbon  is  sky-blue,  with  narrow  white  stripe 
towards  each  edge.  The  motto  on  the  badge 
is  "  Heaven's  Light  our  Guide." 

3.  Star  of  Bethlehem : 

Bot. :  0)  The  genus  Ornithogalum  (q.v.),  and 
tpec.  0.  umbeilatum;  (2)  Hypoxis  decumbens; 
(3)  Stellaria  Holostea;  j  (4)  Hypericum  caly- 
ti  nn  ni  ;  (6)  Applied  to  some  species  of 
Allium.  Ornitnogalum  is  a  genus  with 
Bomewhat  numerous  species,  almost  exclusively 
confined  to  the  Eastern  Hemisphere,  many 
belonging  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  some  to 
the  south  of  Europe.  0.  umbeilatum  bears  6  to 
9  large  flowers,  white  and  somewhat  fragrant. 
It  is  a  native  of  France,  Switzerland,  Germany, 
Ac.,  but  is  naturalized  and  a  common  wild 
flower  in  the  United  States. 

4.  Star  of  Jerusalem : 

Bot. :  Tragopodon  pomjblius  and  T.  praten- 
ti».  Jerusalem  is  a  corruption  of  Ital.  Gira- 
sole,  from  its  turning  to  the  sun. 

6.  Star  of  night : 

Bot.  :  Clusea  rosea. 

6.  Star  of  the  earth: 

Bot. :  Plantago  Coronoput.  Named  because 
the  leaves  spread  on  the  earth  in  star-fashion. 
(Prior.) 

^  Star  is  largely  used  In  compounds,  the 
meaning  being  in  most  oases  sufficiently 
obvious,  as  star-aspiring,  star-bespangled,  star- 
erownt'l,  star-encircled,  star-paved,  star-roofed, 
ttar-sprinkled,  &c, 

•tar-anise,  *. 

Bot. :  Illicium  anisatum,  a  small  tree  of  the 
order  Mapnoliacea?,  indigenous  to  China  and 
Japan.  The  seeds  resemble  anise,  whence 
the  name.  In  India  they  are  used  medicinally, 
in  Europe  they  are  employed  chiefly  to  flavour 
•pints. 

Star-anise  oil : 

Chem. :  A  volatile  ofl  extracted  from  the 
•eeds  and  seed-capsules  of  Illicium  anisatum. 
It  has  a  pale  yellow  colour,  and  resembles 
anise  oil  "in  taste,  odour,  and  nearly  all  of  its 
reactions,  but  is  more  mobile,  and  remains 
liquid  at  +  2e. 

•tar-apple,  *. 

Bot. :  The  fruit  of  Chrysophyllum  Cainito. 
It  is  about  the  size  of  a  large  apple,  with  ten 
cells,  and  ten  seeds  disposed  round  the  centre, 

[CH  R  Y80PHYLLU14.  ] 


•tar-bearers,  s.  pi.    [BETHLEHEMITK,  3.] 

*  star-blasting,  s.    The  supposed  per- 
nicious influence  of  (he  stars. 

"Bleu  thee  from  whirlwinds,  ttar-Wmting.  and 
taking. "~Sfta*e<p.  :  Lear,  iii.  4. 

Star  Chamber,  «. 

Eng.  Hist. :  A  court  of  civil  and  criminal 
jurisdiction  at  Westminster.  As  originally 
constituted,  it  consisted  of  a  committee  of 
the  Privy  Council.  When  remodelled  by 
Henry  VIIL,  it  consisted  of  four  high  officers 
of  state,  with  power  to  add  to  their  number 
a  bishop  and  temporal  lord  of  the  council, 
and  two  justices  of  the  courts  at  West- 
minster. It  had  jurisdiction  in  cases  of 
forgery,  perjury,  riots,  maintenance,  fraud, 
libel,  and  conspiracy,  and  generally  of  every 
misdemeanour,  especially  those  of  public  im- 
portance. It  was  exempt  from  the  inter- 
vention of  a  jury,  and  had  the  power  of  in- 
flicting any  punishment  short  of  death.  Under 
Charles  I.  its  jurisdiction  was  extended  to 
cases  properly  belonging  to  the  courts  of  com- 
mon law,  and  its  process  was  summary,  and 
frequently  iniquitous,  the  punishments  in- 
flicted being  cruel  and  arbitrary,  and  mainly, 
if  not  solely,  for  the  purpose  of  levying  fines. 
It  was  abolished  by  the  Statute  10  Charles  I. 

"  That  court  of  Justice,  so  tremendous  in  the  Tudor 
and  part  of  the  Stuart  reign,  the  ttar-fhambvr,  still 
keeps  ita  name ;  which  was  not  taken  from  the  stars 
with  which  its  roof  is  said  to  have  been  painted  (which 
were  obliterated  even  before  the  reimi  of  queeii  Eliza- 
beth), but  from  the  starra  (Hebrew  thetar)  or  Jewish 
covenant*,  which  were  deposited  there  by  order  of 
Richard  I.  In  oheeU  under  three  locks.  No  atarr  was 
allowed  to  be  valid  except  found  in  these  repositories : 
here  they  remained  till  the  banishment  of  the  Jew* 
by  Edward  l."—P«»nant :  London,  p.  1XL 

If  Now  used  derisively  in  referring  to  any 
inquiry  or  investigation  (especially  of  a  politi- 
cal character)  conducted  with  entire  or  partial 
aecresy. 

star  cluster,  *. 

Astron, :  A  spot  or  region  of  the  sky  thickly 
studded  with  stars.  [CLUSTER,  *.,  If ;  NEBULA.] 

*  star  Conner,  *  star  cooner,  s.    One 
who  cons  or  studies  the  stars ;   a  stargazer, 
an  astrologer. 

*  star-crossed,  a.    Not  favoured  by  the 
stars ;  unfortunate. 

•tar-diamond,  s. 

Min.  :  A  diamond,  which,  when  viewed  by 
transmitted  light  through  one  of  the  octahe- 
dral planes,  displays  a  six-rayed  star. 

•tar-drift,  «. 

Astron. ;  (See  extract). 

"  It  may,  indeed,  sometimes  happen,  as  Mr.  Proctor 
baa  pointed  out,  that  stars  iu  a  certain  region  are 
animated  with  a  common  movement.  In  this  phen- 
omenon, which  haa  been  called  ttar -drift  by  its  dis- 
coverer, we  have  traces  of  a  real  movement  shared  in 
by  a  number  of  stars  in  a  certain  group.  "—Batt;  Story 
of  tfte  Beavmt,  p.  488. 

Star-falling,  *.     [STAR-JELLY.] 
star-finch,  *. 

Ornith. :  The  Redstart  (q.v.). 
•tar-fish,  «. 

1.  Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  family  Asteriad»  or  Asteridse  (q.v.); 
applied  specifically  to  the  Common  Star-fish, 
Asterias  (Uraster)  rubens,  a  familiar  object  on 
the  British  coasts.    The  body  is  more  or  less 
star-shaped,  and  consists  of  A  central  portion, 
or  disc,  surrounded  ty  five  or  more  lobes,  or 
arms,  radiating  from  the  body  and  containing 
prolongations  of  the  viscera ;    but  in  some 
forms  the  central  disc  extends  so  as  to  include 
the  rays,  rendering  the  animal  pentagonal  in 
shape.   [See  illustration  under  Asterias.]  The 
integument  is  of  a  leathery  texture,  and  is 
often   strengthened  by  calcareous  plates  or 
spines.    The  mouth  Is  situated  in  the  centre 
of  the  lower  surface  of  the  body;  and  the 
anus  is  either  absent  or  on  the  upper  surface. 
Locomotion  is  effected  by  means  of  peculiar 
tube-like  processes  [AMBULACRUM],  which  are 
protruded  from  the  under-surface  of  the  arms. 
The  nervous  system  consists  of  a  ganpliated 
cord  surrounding   the    mouth,  and   sending 
filaments  to  each  of  the  arms.    The  young 
generally  pass  through  a  free  larval  stage, 
[ECHINOP-EDIUM],  and  parthenogenesis  seems 
to  occur  in  Asterias.     Star-fish  are  extremely 
voracious,  and  are  very  destructive  to  fisher- 
men by  devouring  their  bait.    They  possess  in 
a  high  degree  the  power  of  reproducing  lost 
members,  and  abound  in  all  seas.    [BRITTLE- 
STAR.] 

2.  Bot. :  Stapelia  Asterias. 


star-flower,  *. 

Bot. :  (1)  Borrago  offlcinalit ;  (2)  various 
.species  of  Stellaria  ;  (3)  Ornithogalum  wn- 
bellatum, from  the  stellate  white  ttoweis ;  (4) 
TrUntalit  americana- 

•tar-fort,  s. 

Fort. :  The  same  as  STAR  (1),  II.  4. 
•tar-fruit,  *. 

Bot. :  Actiiiocarpus  Damasonium,  called  Mso 
Damasonium  stellatum.  It  is  named"  from  th« 
radiated  star-like  fruit.  [ACTINOCARPUS,  DAM 

A8OMIUM.J 

star-grass,  *. 

Bot.  :  (1)  The  genus  Callitriche,  named  from 
the  grassy  appearance  and  stellate  leaves  ;  (!•; 
Asperula  odorata ;  (3)  the  genus  Hypoxis, 
spec.  H.  erecta,  a  small  plant,  with  gr:is;-j 
lea\es  and  star-shaped  yellow  flowers ;  (4)  thv 
genus  Aletris. 

*  star-hawk,  *.     Prob.  a  mistake  for 
Sparhawk  =  a  Sparrow-hawk. 

star-head,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Asterocephalut, 

star  hyacinth,  9. 

Bo(.:  (1)  Scilla  autnmnalb;  (2)  S.  Wfolia, 
named  from  the  stellate  look  of  the  open 
flowers. 

•tar- jelly,  s. 

Bot. :  Nostoc  commune,  a  trembling,  gelati- 
nous plant  which  springs  up  after  rain. 
Called  also  Star-shoot,  Star-shot,  and  Star- 
slough,  from  the  old  folk-superstition  that  it 
was  part  of  the  remains  of  a  fallen  star. 
(See  extract  for  an  obsolete  hypothesis  as  to 
this  plant.) 

"The  gelatinous  sttbitance  known  by  the  name  of 
ttar-fhot,  or  ttar-jelly,  owes  its  origin  to  this  bird,  or 
•ome  of  the  kind  ;  beltig  nothing  but  the  half-digested 
remains  of  earthworms,  on  which  these  birds  feed, 
and  often  discharge  from  tln-ir  stomachs. "— Pennant  : 
Britifh  Zoology,  vol.  it,  p.  W8. 

•tar-light,  s.  &  a.     [STARLIGHT.] 
star  lizard,  s.    [STELLION.] 
star-map,  s. 

Astron. :  A  map  of  the  stars  or  constella- 
tions visible  in  a  portion  of  the  sky.  The 
observer  is  supposed  to  be  looking  either  due 
north  or  due  south  along  the  meridian  of  the 
place. 

*  star  -  monger,   *.      An  astrologer,  « 
quack. 

"  A  oobler,  itar-monger,  and  quack." 

8ic(ft :  Elegy  on  Partridyg. 

star-nose,  s. 

Zool.  :  Condylura  cristata,  the  sole  species 
of  tlie  genus.  It  is  about  five  inches  long, 
brownish -black  in  colour,  a  little  paler  be- 
neath. At  the  extremity  of  the  elongated 
nose  is  a  sort  of  fringe  of  about  twenty  long, 
fleshy  processes,  forming  a  regular  star,  with 
the  nostrils  in  the  centre.  Called  also  Star- 
nosed  Mole. 

•tar-nosed  mole,  «.    [STAR-NOSE.] 

•tar-reed,  s. 

Bot. :  Aristolochia  fragrantissima.  Its  root 
is  used  in  Peru  against  dysentery,  malignant 
inflammatory  fever,  cold,  rheumatism,  &c. 

star-ruby,  -•. 

Jtf in. :  A  variety  of  red  corundum  (q.v.),  ex- 
hibiting a  six-rayed  star  when  cut  en  cabochon* 

•tar-sapphire,  s. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  sapphire  (q.v.),  which, 
owing  to  an  internal  lamellar  structure,  shows, 
when  cut  en  cabochon,  a  six-rayed  star. 

Star-Shake,  3.  A  defect  in  timber,  con- 
sisting in  clefts  radiating  from  the  pith  to  the 
circumference. 

star-shaped,  a. 

Bot.:  Stellate  (q.v.). 

•tar-shoot, star- shot,*.  [STAR-JELLY.] 

*  star-shooter, «.    An  old  term  of  con- 
tempt for  an  astronomer.    (From  their  using 
optical  instruments  to  observe  the  stars.) 

"  When  navigators  begAn  to  make  observations  with 
InrtrnmenU  un  .leek,  the  sflf-ouffleient  called  them 
•Ctir-rioofm,  and.  when  a  star'a  altitude  was  taken, 
would  ask  them  if  they  had  hit  It."— from  Matter  to 
Spirit,  by  C.  A,  Pref.  by  A.  S. 

star-slough,  s.    [STAR-JELLY.] 
•tar-spangled,  a.    Spangled  with  stars  •. 

as,  The  star-spangled  banner  is  the  national 

flag  of  the  United  States, 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  «&".  tether;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there:  pine,  pft*  •ire,  air,  marine;  go,  pSt» 
«*.  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  •&»;  ante,  cub,  cure,  nAite.  our.  rule,  fall:  try,  Syrian.    «,  CD  =  e;  ey  =  »;  *u  =  fcw. 


star— starter 


4433 


•tar-spotted,  a.  Spotted  or  studded 
with,  or  is  with  stars. 

M  While  evening's  solemn  bird  melodious  weeps.  _ 
Heard  by  ttar-tpotted  buys,  beneath  the  steeps. 
Wordtuorth:  Dacriptl™  Sketches 

•tar-stone, ».    [STAR-SAPPHIRE.] 

•tar-tall,'. 

Ornith. :  Any  Individual  of  the  genus 
Pli«othon  (q.v.> 

"On  account  of  1U  shrill  cry.  the  sailors  call  It  th« 
BoaUwain-bird.    Tbey  also  call  it  by  the  name  of  rtar- 
J5  on  account  of  thi  long  ]iro]ecting  tall  feathera,"- 
Wood :  lllui.  Sat.  Bitt..  iL  75*. 

•tar-thistle, «. 

Botany: 

1.  Centaurca  Calcitrapa,  *  British  biennial 
plant,  from  one  to  two  feet  high,  with  inter- 
ruptedly pinnatifld  leaves,  long  spines,  and 
rose-purple   flowers.     It  i»   rare.     [JERSEY 

STAR-THISTLE.] 

2.  Centaurea  solstUiaUt. 
•tar-wheel,  s. 

Horol. :  A  wheel  having  radial  projections, 
which  engage  with  a  pin  on  the  nour-wlieel, 
employed  in  repeating-clocks.  Also  used  in 
metres  and  registers. 

stars  and  bars,  s.  A  field  of  three 
bars  with  a  number  of  stars  representing  the 
number  of  States ;  used  as  a  distinctive  flag  by 
the  Southern  Confederacy.  (  V.  S.) 

stars  and  stripes,  s.  The  flag  of 
the  United  States:  a  field  of  thirteen  stripes, 
representing  the  thirteen  original  States,  and 
a  blue  union  with  as  many  white  stars  as  there 
were  States  in  the  Union  on  the  Fourth  of 
July  last  preceding.  (  U.  S.) 

•tar  (2),  shtarr,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  starrum,  from 
Heb.  110$  (shetar)  =  a  deed,  a  contract,  "!T?9 
(s*alar)=  to  write.]  An  ancient  name  for  all 
deeds,  leases,  or  obligations  of  the  Jews,  and 
also  for  a  schedule  or  inventory. 

•tar,  v.t.  Ai.    [STAR  (!),«.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  set  or  adorn  with  stars  or  bright 
radiating  bodies  ;  to  bespangle. 

"  Lite  a  sable  curtain  ttarr'd  with  gold.' 

rouny:  Sight  Thought!,  ix.  668. 

2.  To  make  a  radiating  crack  or  flaw  in :  as, 
To  star  a  mirror.    (Colloq.) 

B.  Intransitive : 

I  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  shine  as  a  star;  to  be  brilliant  or 
prominent. 

"  Bach  his  fell  glances  as  the  fatal  light 
Of  starring  comets  that  look  kingdoms  dead. 

Cratha*. 

2.  To  shine  above  others,  as  a  theatrical  or 
musical  performer  ;  to  appear  as  an  actor,  Ac., 
in  the  provinces  amongst   inferior   players. 
(Theat.  slang.) 

H.  Billiards :  To  buy  an  additional  life  at 
pool.  [STAR  (1),  ».,  II.  3.] 

•tar -blind,  a.  (A.8.  stare-blind;  Dut.  ster- 
blind;  Dan.  starbliiul;  Ger.  staarblind ;  Dan. 
steer,  Qer.  «taar  =  cataract,  glaucoma.]  Pur- 
blind; seeing  obscurely,  as  from  cataract 
blinking. 

•tar'- board,  •star-boord,  *»tere- 
bourde,  *  stero  burde,  s.  A  a.  [A.S 
tteorbord  =  the  steer-bord,  from  steor  =  a 
rudder,  and  bord  =  a  board,  the  steersman 
standing  on  the  right  side  to  steer;  Dut 
ituurboord,  from  stuur  =  helm,  and  board  = 
board,  border ;  Icel.  stjornbordhi  =  starboard 
from  stjdrn  =  steerage,  and  bordh  =  board 
iide  of  a  ship;  Dan.  styrbord,  from  styr  = 
iteerage,  and  bord  =  board  ;  Sw.  styrbord.} 

A*  As  substantive : 

Naut. :  The  right-hand  side  of  a  vessel 
looking  from  aft  forward  ;  in  contradistinction 
to  port,  which  was  formerly  called  larboard. 

"The  Kapunda  heeled  over  to  starboard,"— Echo, 
Feb.  26.  1887. 

B,  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to,  or  on  the  right 
hand  side  of  a  vessel,  looking  from  aft  forward 
as,  the  starboard  quarter,  the  starboard  tack 
Ac. 

•tar1 -board,  r.l.  A  i.    [STARBOARD,  s.] 

A.  Transitive : 

Naut. :  To  turn  or  put  to  the  right  or  stai 
board  side  of  a  vessel :  as,  To  starboard  th 
helm. 


B.  Intransitive : 

Naut. :  To  turn  or  put  the  helm  to  the  right 
or  starboard  side  of  a  vessel. 

••  Whether  the  steamer  ttarboarded.-— Dalll  TOe- 
graph,  Dec.  «,  1884. 

tarch,  *  starohe,  s.  &  a.  [A  weakened  form 
of  stark  (q.v.),  as  bench  from  A.S.  benc,  arch 
from  Fr.  arc,  Ac.  ;  Ger.  st&rke  =  (1)  strength, 
(2)  starch,  from  itark  =  strong.] 

A*  As  substantive : 

1.  Lit.  *  Technically : 

(1)  CTwm. :  (C12HgoOio)".  Amylnm.  Pecula. 
One  of  the  most  important  and  widely  dif- 
fused substances  in  the  vegetable  kingdom, 
being  found,  in  greater  or  less  quantity,  in 
almost  every  plant.  To  prepare  it.  the  root 
or  seed  is  finely  ground,  so  as  to  break  the 
cell-membranes,  stirred  up  with  water,  and 
the  milky  liquid,  after  passing  through  a  fine 
sieve,  allowed  to  stand  for  some  time,  when 
the  starch  settles  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel. 
It  is  a  glittering  white  powder,  soft  t<>  the 
touch,  tasteless,  and  insoluble  in  cold  water. 
Sp.  gr.  1-505  at  19*.  Under  the  microscope 
it  is  found  to  consist  of  granules  varying  in 
size,  according  to  the  plant  from  which  it  is 
obtained,  from  '002  to  '185  millimetre  in  dia- 
meter. The  granule  consists  of  a  thin  envelope 
or  series  of  envelopes,  having  the  composition 
of  cellulose,  and  enclosing  the  true  starch 
matter  or  granulose.  In  water  heated  to  more 
than  40",  the  granules  swell,  burst  the  integu- 
ment, and  the  granulose  diffusing  through 
the  liquid  makes  the  mass  appear  like  a  solu- 
tion. On  cooling,  if  too  much  water  has  not 
been  used,  it  becomes  a  transparent  or  semi- 
transparent  jelly,  and  dries  to  a  hard  mass. 
Sulphuric  acid  and  diastase  change  it  into 
dextrose,  maltose,  or  dextrine,  according  to 
the  temperature  and  the  agent  employed. 
Heated  to  160°,  starch  is  converted  into  dex- 
trin, sometimes  called  British  gum.  The  most 
characteristic  reaction  for  starch  is  the  deep 
blue  colour  which  it  gives  with  iodine. 

(2)  Hot.  i  Phytiol. :  Starch  is  deposited  in 
vegetable  cells.  Starch  grains  are  stored  up 
as  reserve  food  material  in  bulbs,  rhizomes, 
tubers,  the  cellular  parts  of  endogenous  stems, 
seeds,  Ac.  It  is  starch  which  makes  the 
grains  of  cereals  and  the  seeds  of  leguminous 
plants  so  nutritive. 

2.  Fig. :  A  stiff,  formal  manner;  formality, 
starchedness,  primness :  as,  To  take  all  the 
starch  out  of  a  person. 

•B.  As  adj. :  Stiff,  precise,  starched,  prim 
formal. 

"  Philips  came  forth  as  ttarch  as  a  Quaker. " 

Buckinghatnthire :  Election  a/  Laureat. 

atarch  corn,  «. 

Bot. :  Triticum  SpeUa. 
starch  hyacinth,  >. 
Bot. :  Muscari  raceinosum. 
starch-sugar,  s.    [GLUCOSE.] 
starch,  v.l.    [STARCH,  ».] 

1.  To  stiffen  with  starch. 

2.  To  make  stiff  and  heavy  with  starch. 

"  These  Manchester  goods  ...  are  ol  fibre  heavily 
ttarched.~-field,  Oct.  8.  1895. 

•tarohed,  a.    [Eng.  starch;  -ed.] 
L  Literally : 
*  L  Stiffened,  stiff,  stork. 

"  Wide  he  star'd  and  tttirchtd  hair  did  stand.1* 

P.  Fletcher:  Purple  liiand.  Til. 

2.  Stiffened  with  starch. 

"Who?    ThiiintheaarcftxibeMdl"— BtnJotuon 
an  out  of  hi*  ffumour.  IT.  4. 


IL  Fig. :  Formal,  stiff,  precise,  starchy. 

"  Does  the  Gospel  any  where  prescribe  a  ttarehei 
squeezed  countenance,  a  stiff  formal  gait,  or  a  sin 
gularity  of  manners?" — Swift. 

•staroh'-Sd-nSss, «.  [Eng.  starched ;  -ness. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  starched  ;  stiff 
ness  in  manners ;  formality,  preciseness. 

"  Chancing  to  smile  at  the  moor's  deportment,  * 
not  answering  to  the  ttarchedneu  of  bis  own  nation. 
—L.  Additon:  Wett  Barbajy,  p.  106. 

•tarch'-er,  ».     [Eng  starch;  -er.]     One  wh 
starches ;  one  whose  occupation  is  to  starch 
linen,  Ac. 

"The  taylors.  itarcheri,  semsters." 

Marston :  Com.  of  What  You  Will. 

•  Btarch'-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  starch,  a. ;  -ly.]   In 
starch,  stiff,  or  formal  manner ;  stiffly,  primly 
precisely. 

"I  might,  with  good  patience  enough,  talk  ttarchly 
—Saift :  Utter  in  Sheridan'i  Life  11704). 


Star9h'-ness,  «.     (Eng.  starch,  a,;  -ness.] 
Stiffness,  starchedness,  preeiseness. 

tar9h'-wort,  s.    [Eng.  starch,  s.,  nnd  wort.] 

Bot. :  Arum  maculatum.     Named   because 

its  tubers  yielded  the  finest  starch  for  the 

ruffs  worn  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.    [ARUM.J 

starch  y,  a.    [Eng.  starch,  a. ;  •?.} 

1.  Consisting  of  starch,  resembling  starch. 

2.  Stiff,  precise,  formal  in  manner,  prim. 

"  Nothing  like  their  (tare-Ay  docton  for  vanity." — 
9.  Kliot  :  Xiddlemarch,  cb.  xxil. 

Btar'-oraft,  s.  [Eng.  star,  s.,  and  craft.) 
Astrology. 

"  Under  the  selfsame  aspect  of  the  stars 
(O  falsehood  of  ail  itarcraft ;)  we  were  born." 

Tennyton  :  The  Lover  •  Tale,  1. 

•tare  (1),  «.  [A.S.  star,  stceru,  steam ;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  ftarri,  stari ;  Dan.  star  ;  Sw.  stare  ; 
Ger.  staar;  Lat.  sturnui.]  [STARLING.]  A 
starling. 

••  A  popinjay,  a  pye,  or  a  ttare."— jayot  .•  (toeernour, 
bk.  i..  ch.  xfll. 

•tare  (2),  ».  [STARE,  t>.]  The  act  of  one  who 
stores ;  a  fixed  look  with  eyes  wide  open. 

"  With  a  dull  and  stupid  ttare." 

Churchill :  The  (ihoit,  IT. 

•tare  (3),  *  Starr,  s.    [Ger.  starr  =  rigid.] 

Bot. :  Various  coarse  sea-side  grasses  and 
sedges;  spec.,  Psamma  arenaria,  Carer  aren- 
ariu,  and  C.  vulgaris. 

•tare,  *«tar-yit,  v.i.  A  t.  [A.S.  starian  = 
to  store;  cogn.  with  Icel.  stara,  stira;  Sw. 
ttirra  ;  Dan.  stirre  ;  Ger.  stieren.] 

A*  Intransitive : 

i  Ordinary  language : 

1.  To  look  with  eyes  fixed  and  wide  open ; 
to  gaze  earnestly,  as  in  admiration,  wonder, 
surprise,  stupidity,  horror,  fright,  impudence, 
or  the  like ;  to  fix  au  earnest  gaze  upon  some 
object. 

"  Wild  aared  the  Minstrel's  eyes  ol  flame.* 

Scott:  Olenjinlaf. 

2.  To  stand  out  stiffly ;  to  stoud  on  end ; 
to  be  stiff,  to  bristle. 

"  [Thou]  makest  my  hair  to  «tare." 

Shatti/'. :  Juliul  Cottar,  IT.  I. 

II.  Art :  To  stand  out  with  undue  promi- 
nence. Used  of  any  feature  or  bit  of  colour 
in  a  picture  that  claims  attention  when  it 
should  subserve  the  general  effect. 

B.  Trans. :  To  look  earnestly  or  fixedly  at ; 
to  gaze  at  with  a  bold  or  vacant  expression ; 
to  affect  or  influence  by  storing,  as  to  drive 
away  or  abash.  (Followed  by  out  of.) 

"A  bear  .  .  .  a§  I  approached  with  my  present, 
threw  his  eyes  In  my  way.  and  ttared  me  out  qf  inT 
resolution."— Additon:  Guardian. 

*}  For  the  difference  between  to  stare  and 
to  gape,  see  GAPE. 

If  To  stare  in  the  face :  To  be  evident  before 
the  eyes ;  to  be  clear  and  obvious.  (Lit.  <tfig.) 

"This  terrible  object  ttaree  our  speculative  Inquirer 
In  the  face"— Botinybroice :  The  Occasional  Writer. 

•Btar-ee',  «.  [Eng.  starve);  -ee.]  A  person 
stored  at. 

"  I  as  starer.  and  she  as  ttaree."— Mia  Edoeteorth : 
Belinda,  ch.  111. 

•tar  -er,  s.  [Eng.  ttare,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
stores. 

"  A  ttarer  la  not  nenally  a  person  to  be  convinced 
by  the  reason  of  the  thing.'—  Sleele:  Spectator,  No.  20. 

•starfe,  fret,  of  v.    [STARVE.] 

»  •tar'-fnl,  *  •tar'-foll,  a.  [EnR.  star  ;  -full) 
Starry.  (Sylvester :  Vocation,  889.) 

star  gaz  er,  «tarre-gas-er,  s.  [Eng.  star 
(1),  s.,  and  gazer.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  gazes  at  the  stars  ; 
a  contemptuous  name  for  an  astrologer,  and 
sometimes  for  an  astronomer, 

"  Let  now  the  aatrologers,  the  itarregaeert,  and 
prognosticatoura  stand  vp."— Ita.  xlTiL  IS.  (1683.) 

2.  Ichthy.  (Pi.);  The   group   Uranoscopina 
(q.v). 

star'-gaz- Jng,  «.  A  a.  [Eng.  star  (1),  *.,  and 
gazing.] 

A.  As  subst. :  The  act  or  practice  of  ob- 
serving or  studying  the  stars  ;  astrology. 

B.  Aa  adj.  :  Looking  at,  observing,  or  ad- 
miring the  store.    (Swift:  Elegy  on  Partridge.) 

•  ctar-i-er,  ».  [Eng.  star  (1),  s.,  -far.)  An 
astronomer. 

"  Without  any  maner  of  nldto  of  ttarieree  Imagina- 
eloa."— Chaucer:  Testament  of  Lou*,  bk.  iiL 


fcoH. 


J6%1;  eat.  eell,  ehortu.,  9hin. 


;  go.  *e»  ;  thin,  this  ;  -In,  a.  ;  expeet,  ?"«>^«".  ** 
-tlou..,  -.noiu  =  tOOM.   -We,  -die.  4c- 


* 


4434 


staring— start 


Star' -Ing,  pr.  pnr.,  a.,  it  ailr.     [8TABE,  t>.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adjective : 

L  Gazing  fixedly  »nd  earnestly  with  widely 
opened  eyes, 

t.  Standing  stiffly  np;  standing  on  end; 
bristling. 

3.  Very  bright,  glaring,  dazzling :  as  staring 
colours. 

C.  As  adv. :  Staringly. 

"  Stark.  ttaHn?  mad."       firyden :  Ptrttut,  sat.  v. 

Star  ing-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  staring;  ~ly.]    In* 
staring  manner  ;  with  fixed  or  wild  look. 

*  Stark,  f.fc    [STAKK,  a.]    To  stiffen. 

"  U  honor  bare  not  itark'd  yonr  liniba* 

Taylor :  St.  Clemtrit't  Eft.  T.  &, 

•tark,    'starke,  a.  &  adv.     [A.S.    iteara; 
o«!i.  with  Dut.  sterk;    Icel.  tterler;    Dan. 
therk  ;  Sw.  &  Ger.  ttark.] 
A.  X»  ncijediw  : 

1.  Stiff,  rigid,  as  in  death. 

••  Many  a  aoblnnao  li«"  *ar*  and  itlff." 

Sknketp. ;  1  fftftir*  /r.,  T.  a. 

2.  Stout,  strong,  powerful. 


*3.  Entire,  full,  perfect,  absolute. 

"  Consider  the  ttark  security 
The  commonwealth  fa  ID  now." 

Ben  Jonttm  :  CatUtnt,  L  L 

4.  Mere,  gross,  downright,  pure. 

"  He  U  a  ttark*  henUke."-£(r  T.  Mart:    Worket, 

nasi. 

•5.  Naked. 

"  I  stripped  and  dressed  my*eU.  for  ...  there  waa 
no  harm  hi  my  being  ttark."—  Walpole  :  Lettn-t,  iv.  to. 

B.  At  adv.  :  Wholly,  absolutely,  entirely, 
Completely,  purely. 

"  Th«  oonrtlen  who  attended  him,  ton  or  twelve  In 
numl..T,  wore  «far*  naked."—  -UucouJay:  Uitt.  Eng., 
eh.  xxlv. 

*  Stark  -en,  v.t,    [Eng.  stark;  -en.]   To  make 
stiff;  to  stiffen.  (Taylor:  Edwin  the  Fair,  iv.  4.) 

*  Stark'-Iy",  adv.    [Eng.  stark;  -ly.]    Stiffly, 
strongly. 

"  When  It  lie*  sfcirtly  In  the  traveller's  bones." 

.  :  Measure  for  Meature,  iv.  L 


*  stark'  -ness,  *  starke-nesse,  s.     [Eng. 

tturk;  -ness.]    Stiffness,  rigidity. 

"  The  stiffnessa  and  ttark«>te*t*  ot  the  times."—  P. 
S-llaiui;  Plinie,  ok.  auuti.,  ch.  X. 

Star'-ky-ites,  *.  pi.  [Named  from  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Starky,  rector  of  Charlinrh,  to  whom 
Prince  waa  curate  in  1840.] 


atar'-lcss,  *  ster-lesse,  *sterre-les,  a. 

[Eng.  star  (1),  s.  ;  -tew.]    Destitnte  of  stars; 
having  no  stars  visible  ;  not  starlight. 

"  Dark,  waste,  and  wild,  under  the  frown  of  night 
Sturlaa  expos'd."  Milton  ;  P.  jU,  lii.  OL 

*  star'  -let,  s.    [Eng.  star  (1),  s.  ;  dimtn.  suff. 
-let.}    A  little  star. 

jstar  -light  (gh  silent),  *  Starr-light,  t.  &  a. 
[Eng.  star  (1),  s.,  and  light  t  s.] 

A.  At  subst.  :  The  light  emitted  by,  or  pro- 
.oeeding  from,  the  stars. 

"  Dark  In  comparison,  when  this  was  done, 
As  moon  or  itarliyM  to  meridian  sun." 

Byrom  :  A  Memorial  A  bttract. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Lighted  by  the  stars,  or  by 
the  stars  only  ;  starlit 

"  Owls,  that  mark  the  setting  ran.  deelan 
A  tint-light  evening  and  a  morning  fair.* 

brydat  :  Virgil  ;  Georgia  L  MS. 

Star'-like,  a.    [Eng.  star  (1),  s.,  and  like.] 

L  Resembling  a  star  ;  radiated  like  a  star  ; 
stellated. 

"  The  nightshade  tree  rises  with  a  wooden  stem, 
prerTi  -leaved,  and   lia»   ttarllk*  fl«wera"—  Mortimer: 

2.  Bright,  lustrous,  illustrious,  luminous. 

*  With  ntnrtOte  virtue  In  It*  place  may  shtne; 
Shfddiiir  benignant  influence." 

H'ordtwortk.-  Aftrfun. 

«tar'-Ung(l),  *8ter-lyng,s.  [Adlmin.from 
j(are(l),  s,(q.v.).] 

Ornith.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  S  turn  us  (q.v.),  sometimes  ex- 
tended to  the  whole  family  [STURNID^],  but 
specifically  applied  to  Sturnut  vulgaris,  the 
Common  Starling,  abundant  in  most  parts  of 
Britain  and  the  continent  of  Europe,  frequently 
visiting  northern  Africa  in  its  winter  migra- 
tions. The  male  is  about  eight  inches  long, 
genpral  colour  of  the  plumage  black,  glnssed 
with  Mae  and  pnrple,  the  feathers,  except 
those  of  the  head  and  fore-neck,  having  a 


triangular  white  spot  on  the  tip.  The  female 
is  very  similar,  but  lias  the  fealhers  tipped 
with  broader  spots,  those,  on  the  upper  parts 
being  light  brown.  The  eggs  are  from  four  to 
six  in  number,  light  blue  tn  colour,  and  are 
deposited  in  some  hole  or  crevice  on  a  scanty 
lining.  Starlings  feed  on  snails,  worms,  and 
insects  ;  they  are  gregarious,  uniting  in  large 
flocks,  and  may  be  readily  distinguished  from 
all  other  birds  by  their  whirling  method  ol 
flight.  They  become  exceedingly  familiar  in 
confinement,  and  display  great  imitative 
powers,  learning  to  whistle  tunes  and  to 
articulate  words  and  phrases  with  great  dis- 
tinctness. 

starling  like  birds.  *.  pi 

Ornith.  :  The  sub-order  Sturniformes  (q.v.). 

star-ling^),  ster  -ling,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Hydr.-tng.;  An  enclosure  consisting  of  piles 
driven  closely  together  into  the  bed  of  a  river, 
and  secured  by  horizontal  pieces  at  the  top. 
The  space  between  the  rows  of  piling,  being 
filled  with  gravel  or  atone,  forms  an  effectual 
protection  for  the  foundation  of  a  pier. 

star  -Hng,  a.  &  s.    [STERLING,  a.] 

star  -lit,  a.  [Eng.  star  (l),s.,  andHf.]  Lighted 
by  the  stars  ;  starlight. 

star'-ost,  s.  [Polish.]  A  Polish  nobleman 
possessed  of  a  castle  or  domain  called  a 
Starosty  (q.v.). 

Star  -os-ty",  s.  [Polish.]  A  name  given  In 
Poland  to  a  castle  or  domain  conferred  on  a 
nobleman  for  life. 

starred,  st  erred,  o.    [Eng.  star  (i),  s.  ;  -at] 

1.  Studded  or  decorated   with  stars  ;   be- 
spangled. 

2.  Set  in  a  constellation. 

"  Or  that  ttarrta  Ethlop  queen  that  strove 
To  Bet  her  beauty's  praise  above 
The  eea-nymphs,  aud  their  powers  offended.  " 

Milton  :  It  f'enteroio,  1ft, 

3.  Influenced  by  the  stars.     (Usually  in 
composition,  as  ill-starred.) 

"  Marred  most  unluckily." 

ttofew  .  I  Henry  IV..  L  S. 

4.  Having  a  radiating  crack  or  flaw  ;  as,  A 
mirror  is  starred. 


i  connect.  ;  sun*.  ~fy.]    To  mark  with  a  star. 

*'  His  forehead  starryfld." 

Sylvetter:  Ilandie-Craftt,  413. 

Star'-rl-ness,  s.  [Eng.  starry  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  starry. 

star'-ry;*star-rle,  a.   [Eng.  star  (!),*.;-».) 

1.  Abounding    with    stars  ;     studded    or 
adorned  with  stars. 

"  At  once  the  four  spread  out  their  ttarry  wing*" 
Mitt  an:  P.  L  ,  vi.  H27. 

2.  Consisting  of  or  proceeding  from  stars  ; 
stellar,  stellary. 

3.  Shining  like  stars  ;  bright,  brilliant. 

"  The  peacock  sends  his  heavenly  dyes, 

Ills  rainbows  aud  his  ttarry  eyes. 
Oovrper  :  Mr$.  Montague'  t  Feather  Hanyinyt. 

*  4.  Connected  with  the  stare.    (Byron.) 
5.  Having  rays  radiating  like  those  of  a 
star;  shaped  like  a  star;  stellate,  stelliform. 

starry  puff  ball,  *. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Qeaster  or  Geastrum  (q.v.). 

*  star  shine,  s.  [Eng.  star,  s.,  and  shine.] 
The  light  of  the  stars. 

"  Neither  noontide  nor  itarihine  .  .  . 
Might  pierce  the  regnl  tenement." 

Browning:  Paractlna,  IT. 

Start,  *  sterte  (pa.  t.  *  stint,  *  storte,  •  sturte, 
started),  v.i.  &  t.  [Cf.  Dut.  storten  =  to  pre- 
cipitate, to  plunge,  to  rush  ;  Dan.  styrte  =  to 
Dill,  to  hurl  ;  8w.  aorta  =  to  cast  down,  to 
rain  ;  Ger.  sturze*  =  to  hurl,  to  precipitate, 
to  ruin  ;  Low  Ger.  stcerten  ~  to  flee.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  a  sudden  and  spasmodic  move- 
ment ;  to  move  suddenly  and  spasmodically, 
as  with  a  twitch  ;  to  make  a  sudden  aud  in- 
voluntary movement  with  the  body,  as  in 
surprise,  fear,  pain,  or  other  feeling  or  emo- 
tion. 

"Starting  Is  both  an  apprehension  of  the  thing 
feared  (and.  In  that  kind,  it  la  a  motion  of  shrinking;  ; 
and  likewise  an  Inquisition,  In  the  beginning,  what 
the  itiKtUr  should  be  (and  In  that  kind  It  U  a  motion 
of  erection);  and  therefore,  when  a  man  would  Usteii 
suddenly  to  anything,  he  ttarteth  •  fur  the  starting  is 
an  erection  of  the  spirits  to  attend."—  Bacon  :  Jfat. 
Mitt..  I  713. 


*  2.  To  shrink,  to  wince. 

"  With  trial  ii  TV  tmich  m«  fata  finger  end  ; 
If  he  be  climte,  Uie  flame  will  back  descend, 
And  turn  him  to  no  p\in  ;  but,  If  he  itart. 
It  ia  the  flesh  of  a  corrupted  heart." 

Shakctp.  •  Mrrry  Wieet,  V.  L 

3.  To  move  suddenly  ;  to  rise  and  move 

abruptly  ;  to  make  a  sodden  or  unexpected 
change  of  place  ;  to  spring  from  a  place  or 
position. 

"From  her  betumbled  couch  she  ttartrt\." 

Hhatetp  ;  Rap*  of  /,MCTM»,  1,087. 

4.  To  set  out  ;  to  commence  a  course,  as  a 
race,  a  journey,  or  the  like  ;  to  begin  or  enter 
upon  any  career,  enterprise,  or  pursuit:  as, 
To  start  in  a  race,  to  start  in  business,  Ac. 

5.  To  be  moved  from  a  fixed  position  ;  to 
lose  hold  ;  to  be  dislocated. 

"You  must  look  to  see  another  plank  In  the  State- 
vessel  Itart  ere  long."—  Svuthey  :  Lettert,  IT.  66. 

6.  To  change  condition  at  once  ;  to  make  a 
sudden  or  instantaneous  change. 

B.  Transitive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  cause  to  start;  to  disturb  suddenly; 
to  startle. 

"  Plreneas  familiar  to  my  sKught'rous  thoughts, 
Cannot  once  Hurt  me."       Shaketp.  :  Macbeth,  T.  I. 

2.  To  cause  to  start  or  move  suddenly  from 
concealment  ;  to  cause  to  rise  atid  flee  or  fly. 

"  The  blood  more  stirs 
To  rouse  a  lion  than  to  ttart  a  liars." 

Mai«tj>.  :  1  Henry  It'..  1.  ft. 

*  3.  To  produce  to  view  suddenly  ;  to  raise 
or  conjure  up. 

"Brutus  will  itart  a  spirit  as  soon  as  Cesar." 

Shaketp.  :  Juliut  Cmtar,  1.  1 

4.  To  move  suddenly  from  its  place  ;  to 
cause  to  lose  its  hold  ;  to  dislocate. 

"One,  by  a  fall  in  wrestling,  ttartrd  the  end  of  tht 
clavicle  from  the  sternon."—  n'iteman  :  Surgery. 

5.  To  give  the  signal  to  for  beginning  a 
race  ;  to  act  as  a  starter  to  :  as,  To  start  com- 
petitors. 

6.  To  bring  forward  ;  to  raise,  to  allege. 

sibly  be  itart  fd 


7.  To  invent  or  discover  ;  to  originate. 

"The  sensual  men  acree  in  pursuit  of  every  plea. 
sure  they  can  itart'—  Temple. 

8.  To  set  in  motion  ;  to  set  agoing  :  as,  To 
start  an  engine. 

9.  To  begin,  to  commence  ;  to  put  In  opera. 
tion. 

"  Starting  a  loan-office,  ftnd  calling  himself  Bly  the." 
—  Victoria  Maga*in«.  Nor.,  18&6,  \>.  83. 

IL  Naut.  :  To  empty,  as  liquor  from  a  cask; 
to  pour  out. 

If  (1)  To  start  after:  To  set  out  in  pursuit 
of;  to  follow. 

(2)  To  start  against  :  To  set  up  as  a  candi- 
date in  opposition  to  ;  to  oppose. 

(3)  To  start  an  anchor  : 

Naut.  :  To  make  it  lose  its  hold  of  the 
ground. 

(4)  To  start  a  tack  (or  a  sheet)  : 
Naut.  To  slack  it  off  a  little. 

(5)  To  start  for  :  To  set  out  for  ;  to  become 
a  candidate  or  competitor  for. 

(6)  To  start  up  :  To  rise  suddenly,  as  from 
a    seat  or  couch  ;    to    come   suddenly  into 
notice  or  importance. 

•tart  (1),  *  stert  (1),  *.    [START,  v.J 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  A  sudden,  involuntary  motion,  twitch, 
or  spring,  caused  by  surprise,  fear,  pain,  or 
the  like. 

"  The  fright  awakened  Arctte  with  a  Hart." 

Itrydtn  :  falarnon  *  Arcite,  L  555. 

2.  A  sudden  voluntary  movement,  or  change 
of  place  or  position. 

3.  A  quick  movement,  as  the  recoil  of  an 
elastic  body  ;  a  shoot  or  spring. 

"In   strings,  the   more   they    are    wound    up   and 
strained,  and  thereby  give  a  more  quick  itart  back. 
the  more  treble  la  the  sound."—  Btcott  :  Jfat.  Sift, 
*4.  A  bursting  forth  ;  a  sally. 

"  Several  ttartt  of  fancy,  off-hand,  look  well  enough  ; 
hat  bring  them  to  the  test,  and  there  Is  nothing  tn 
'em."—  L'Ettrangt  :  t'ubtet. 

5.  A  sudden  fit  ;   a   spasmodic   effort  ;  a 
sudden  action  followed  by  intermission. 

"  She  did  speak  in  itarfi  distractedly.' 

fth.iknj,.  :  Twelfth  A'ight,  U.  1 

6.  A  sudden  beginning  of  action  or  motion  ; 
a  sudden  rousing  to  action  ;  the  setting  of 
something  agoing. 

"  How  much  had  I  to  do  to  calm  his  rage  1 
Now  fear  I  this  will  give  ft  ttart  ag»In." 

Shaketv.  :  JfanUtt,  1».  T. 


ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pft, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    •»,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a:  an  =  lew* 


start— state 


4435 


7   First  motion  from  s  place  ;  flrst  motion 
to  a  race  or  the  like  ;  the  act  of  setting  out  ; 


8.  A  starting-post. 

••O\uital  'vantage  ground  for  spectators,  especially 
tt  tberfSi  and  flnU  and  the  club  raft.  be  placed  at 
the  west  end."-«eM,  Feb.  w.  "«'• 
IL  Hydrrtul.  :  One  of  the  partitions  which 
determine  the  form  of  the  bucket  in  an  over- 
shot wheel. 

1T  To  get  (or  hare)  the  start  :  To  be  before- 
hand ;  to  gain  the  advantage  in  a  similar 
mndertaking  ;  to  get  ahead.  (Followed  by  of.) 

"She  might  have  forsaken  him  if  he  had  not  lot  the 
«Mrt»/her.--/)r»<I<™.-  Virgil  ;  JtoeU.  (Dedlc.) 

-tart  (2),  *  Stert  (2),  «.  [A.8.  Heart  =  »  tail  ; 
iS.  \urti;  O.  Out.  steert;  But.  sfcrt;  Low 
Oer.  sfeerci;  Ger.  sterz;  Dan.  stlert;  Sw.  stjert.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

•  1.  A  tail  ;  the  tail  of  an  animal. 

i  Something  resembling  a  tail,  as  the 
handle  of  a  plough.  (ProvJ 

II.  Mining  :  The  lever  of  a  crab  or  gin,  to 
which  the  horse  is  attached. 

•tart'-er,  •.    [Kng.  start,  T.  ;  -w.1 

1.  One  who  sets  out  or  starts  on  a  race,  a 
journey,  or  the  like. 

••  If  I  hud  be«n  asked  to  mike  ont  a  Hit  of  probable 
starrer..  I~  should  certainly  have  Included  all  those 
mentioned."—  Referee,  April  IT.  1887. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  sets  persons  or 
things  in  motion  ;  specif.,  a  person  who  gives 
the  signal  for  the  beginning  of  a  race  ;  an  ap- 
paratus  for  giving   an  initial    motion  to  a 
machine,  especially  such  as  may  be  at  rest  on 
a  dead  centre. 

"  Only  a  couple  of  the  twenty-one  coloured  on  the 
«d  faded  the  uorUr.  "-«elA  Oct.  »,  18U. 
•  3.  A  dog  that  rouses  game. 

"  There  were  two  varieties  of  thii  kind,  the  first 
HKd  in  hacking,  to  spring  the  game.  which  are  the 
•auie  witi  our  ttarUn.'-P  enMM  :  SrUah  Zooton  : 


•  start' -ish,  a.    [Eng.  start,  v. ;  -i«M    Apt  to 
start  ;  skittish,  shy.    (Said  of  horses.) 

star  tie,  ster-tle,  stir-tie,  ».i.  &  t    [A 
frequent,  from  start,  v.  (q.v.).] 
A.  Intransitive: 
*  1.  To  move  spasmodically  or  abruptly ;  to 

"  The  aartUae  horeea  plunged  and  nun?." 

Soott :  Lord  of  the  /lies,  V.  31. 

2.  To  run,  as  cattle  stung  by  the  gad-fly. 

••  Or  by  Madrid  he  tokes  the  rout .  .  . 

<>'*>•"•  "•"•»  ""*  * 


«  4.  One  who  shrinks  from  his  purpose ; 
one  who  suddenly  moves  or  suggests  a  ques- 
tion or  an  objection. 

B.  A  beginning;  a  first  effort;  as,  this  will 
do  for  a  starter.  (  CoUoq. ) 

•  Start -ful.a.  [Eng.  start  (I),  s. ;  -fullf).}  Apt 
to  start ;  skittish. 

"  Where  dost  tbon  delight  to  dwelt  I 

With  mauls  of  honour,  ttartful  virgin?" 

Wtfcott :  Peter  fhtdar,  p.  174. 

•start-ful-nSss,  s.  [Eng.  .loft/W;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  startful ;  skit- 
tishness  ;  aptness  to  start 

Btart'-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [START,  «.] 

starting-bar,  «. 

Steam-eng. :  A  hand-lever  for  starting  the 
valve-gear  of  a  steam  engine. 

starting-bolt,  s.    A  drift-bolt  (q.v.). 

•starting -bole.  s.  A  loophole,  an 
evasion,  a  subterfuge. 

"  Wbat  KarHna-hole  canst  thon  now  find  outf— 
Bhaketp.:  1  Henrtt  /K.,  U.  4. 

starting  place,  s.  A  place  at  which  a 
•tart  or  beginning  is  made ;  a  starting  point 
(Denham.) 

starting-point,  ».  The  point  from 
which  anything  starts;  a  point  of  departure. 

starting-post,  s.  A  post,  stake,  barrier, 
Ac.,  from  which  competitors  start  in  a  race. 

starting-price,  ». 

Sating:  The  odds  on  or  against  a  horse  at 
the  time  of  starting. 

"  A  little  lade  of  a  mare,  whose  Martina-price  had 
been  16  to  I,  took  the  lead,  and  held  it.'  — Saturday 
Xeviev,  Nov.  Si,  1881  p.  7(0. 

\  Used  also  adjectively. 

"  Making  stay-at-home  ttarti«e-fHM  bookmakers 
Bnart."-A'e/«r«e,  April  17,  1887. 

starting  valve,  i. 

Steam-eng. :  A  small  valve  nsed  in  starting 
the  main  valves  of  large  steam  engines  when 
•etting  the  engine  to  work. 

starting-wheel,  a. 

Steam-eng. :  A  wheel  operating  the  valves 
In  starting  the  engine. 

•  startf-Ing-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  starting;  -ly.] 
By  sudden  fits  ;  by  fits  and  starts ;  spasmodi- 
cally, abruptly. 


B.  Transitive: 
1   To  cause  to  start;  to  excite  by  sudden 
alarm,  surprise,   or  the  like;   to  alarm,  to 
shock,  to  fright. 

"  The  supposition  at  least,  that  angels  do  sometimes 
assume  bodies,  needs  not  aartte  us.  -Locke:  u*man 
Undent.,  bk.  It,  ch.  xxiii. 

•  2.  To  deter,  to  move ;  to  cause  to  deviate. 

"  His  known  affections  to  the  king's  service,  from 
which  it  was  not  possible  to  remote  or  startle  him. 
— Clarendon:  Civil  War. 

«  star'-tle,  s.  [STARTLB,  v.]  A  start,  a  fright ; 
a  sudden  motion  or  shock  caus.-d  by  an  un- 
expected alarm,  surprise,  or  the  like. 

start  ling,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [STARTLE,  ».J 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  tlxe  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Impressing  suddenly  with  fear 
or  surprise ;  strongly  exciting  or  surprising. 

"  It  may  now  perhaps  be  a  UartHna  thought  that 
they  are Tjust  upon  the  edge  of  eterulty."-B«>»"  : 
Sermon*,  vol.  iiL,  ser.  as.  • 

Start-Ung-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  startling;  -Iy.) 
In  a  startling  manner  ;  so  as  to  startle. 

"  Whirling  with  ttartlinffly  sharp  twists  down  a 
steep  zigiag'—Sn?.  lUattr.  Sat..  Aug.. 188*.  P-  «»'• 

« Start'-Usn,  o.  [Eng.  startle);  -is*.]  Apt 
to  start ;  startish,  shy,  skittish. 

*  start'-np,  *  stert-up, «.  &  ov   [Eng.  start, 

v.,  and  up.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  suddenly  comet  into  notice  or 
importance ;  an  upstart. 

••  That  young  startup  hath  all  the  glory  of  my  over- 
throw."— lAaJtap.  :  Much  Ado  Alma  NoOanf,  L  a. 

2  A  kind  of  rustic  shoe  with  a  high  top  or 
half  gaiter. 

••  Fie  upon  t.  whata  thread 's  here  1  a  poor  cobler'e  wife 
Would  make  a  finer  to  sew  a  clown  s  rent  ttartup. 

B.  As  adj.:  Suddenly  coming  into  notice 
or  importance ;  upstart. 

••  Father  Palconara'l  startup  ion."—  Ifolpoie :  CatOt 
of  Otranto,  eh.  Iv. 

star-va'-tlon,  ».  [Eng.  ttan(e);  -ation.] 
According  to  Horace  Wai  pole  (Letters,  ii.  396) 
it  was  first  used  by  Mr.  Dundas,  afterwards 
Viscount  Melville,  in  a  debate  on  American 
affairs  in  177S,  and  in  consequence  he  obtained 
the  nickname  of  Starvation  Dundas.]  The 
state  of  starving  or  of  being  starved ;  ex- 
treme suffering  from  cold  or  the  want  of  food. 

starve.  *sterve  (pa.  t,  *«tar/,  starved),  v.i. 
&  (.  [A.8.  steorfan  (pa.  t.  stearf,  pa.  par. 
storfm)  -  to  die ;  sterfan  =  to  kill ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  sterven  (pa.  t.  stierf,  storf,  pa.  par.  ge- 
ttonen.);  Ger.  uterbm  (pa.  t.  staa-b,  pa.  par. 


A.  Intrrmtitive : 
*  L  To  die,  to  perish. 

••  Be  that  star/  for  om-  redemption." 

CAaucer;  C.  T.,  4,988. 

2.  To  perish  with,  or  suffer  extremely  from 
hunger ;  to  suffer  extreme  want ;  to  be  very 
indigent 

"  But,  said  the  Pharisee.  If  you  tell  your  poor  father 
yon  intended  to  dedicate  your  money  to  holy  uaea, 
you  may  let  him  «tor»e. "— eilfin:  Sermons,  vol.  Ill, 
ser.  6. 

3.  To  perish  or  die  with  cold ;  to  suffer  ex- 
treme cold.    (Prov.) 

"  Have  I  seen  the  naked  fume  for  cold. 
While  avarice  my  charity  controlled  ? 

Sandys:  Paraphrase. 

*4.  To  be  hard  put  to  it,  through  want  of 
anything. 
B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  kill  or  distreM  with  hunger ;  to  dis- 
tress or  subdue  with  famine. 

"  I  am  rtarvfd  tor  meat" 
Sftitketp. :  Taming  of  the  Snreu,  IV.  •. 

2.  To  kill,  afflict,  or  destroy  with  cold. 

"  The  air  hath  Oamed  the  roses  In  her  cheeks." 
Khakctp. :  Itoo  gentlemen,  iv.  4, 

3.  To  destroy  by  want  or  deprivation  of 
anything. 


4.  To  deprive  of  force  or  vigour ;  to  pa- 
ralyze. 

"The  powers  of  their  minds  are  itarttd  by  disuse. 
and  have  lost  that  reach  and  strength  which  nature 
fitted  them  to  receive."— Locke, 

starve-acre,  s. 

But. :  Banvnmlia  anmsb.    So  called  from 
its  impoverishing  the  soil,  or  indicating  that 
the  land  is  poor.    (Britten  &  Holland.) 
Starved,  pa.  par.  ft  a.    [STARVE,  v.) 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B*  As  adjective : 

Bot  •  Less  perfectly  developed  than  is 
usual  with  plants  of  the  same  family,  as  the 
lower  scales  of  a  cyperaceoua  plant,  which 
produce  no  flowers. 

starve  -ling,  a.  ft 

sulf.  -ling.} 

A.  At  adj. :   Hungry,  lean ;   pining  with 

^ Az,d  ^r.,»n,  famine  wme.  ofjarge 

B,  As  svttst. :   An  animal  or   plant  thin, 
lean,  and  weak  through  want  of  nutriment. 

"But  there  are,  apart  from  this  predatory  clasa. 
plenty  of  deserving  ttarreUwt  who  might  honestly  i» 
relieved,  '—uburver,  Nov.  1ft,  1886. 

•star'-ward,  a.     [Eng.  star  (1),  s. ;  -ward.] 

Pointing  or  reaching  towards  the  stars  or  sky. 

"  I  olomb  thy  Harvard  peak  not  long  ago." 

Blackte  :  Lat*  of  BlgUandt.  tc..  p.  M 

staf-wort,  s.    [Eng.  star  (1),  s.,  and  wort.] 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  Sing. :  A  popular  name  for  (a)  The  genus 
Stellaria,  (i>)   Aster  Tripolium,    (c)   Belanua 
dioica.    (Britten  &  Holland.) 

(2)  PI. :  The  Callitrichacea!  (q.v.). 

2.  Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Cucullta 
asteris. 

stas  -is,  ».    [Or.  trraau  (stasis)  —  a  placing,  a 
setting,  a  standing.]    [STATIC.) 

Pathol.  :  Stagnation  of  the  blood  or  other 
fluid  in  a  vessel  of  the  body,  from  th»  cessa- 
tion or  slowness  of  its  movement. 

stass'-furt-ite, «.    [After  Btassfurt,  Prussia, 
where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Jbfi».).] 

Min. :  Named  in  the  belief  that  it  was  • 
hydrous  boracite  (q.v.),  but  since  shown  to 
contain  chloride  of  magnesia,  which  ia  very 
deliquescent.  Is  a  massive  boracite. 

*  stat'-al,  a.     [Eng.  stat(e) ;   -oi.)    Of  or  re- 

lating to  a  state,  as  distinguished  from  the 
general  government. 
stat'-ant,  a.    [Lat  tto  =  \a  stand.]    [Pos«.] 

*  sta-tar'-I-an,  a.    [Lat.  statariia  =  station- 
ary ;  sto  =  to 'stand.)  Steady,  well-disciplined. 

"  A  detachment  of  your  tt/ttarian  soldiers  to  escort 
him  Into  the  regions  of  physiology  and  pathology."— 
Search :  Light  of  Nature,  vol  Ii.,  pt  It.  ch.  xxiii. 

*sta  tar'-I-an-ly,   adv.      [Eng.  statarian  : 
-ly.]    In  a  statarian  manner. 

"  Your  skirmishing  parties  .  . .  shall  never  drive  my 

OatariaMy  disciplined  battalion  from  its  ground.  - 
Search:  Light*/  Jfature.  voL  1L.  pt  II..  ch.  xill. 

sta'-tar-J,  o.      [Lat.  statarius.]     Fixed, 
settled. 

"  The  set  and  rtotary  times  of  paring  of  nails,  and 

cutting  of  hair,  is  thought  by  many  a  point  of  con. 

sideration."—  Browne  :  Vulgar  Brrouri,  bk.  v..  c 


State,  •  Stat, «.  &  o.  [O.  Fr.  tstat  (Fr.  itaf)  = 
estate,  case,  nature,  from  Lat.  staium,  accus. 
of  statia  =  condition,  from  statum,  sup.  of 
tto  =  to  stand  ;  Sp.  *  Port,  ettado  ;  ItaL  itato. 
State  and  estate  are  doublet!.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1  Condition  as  determined  by  circumstances 
of  any  kind  ;  the  condition  or  circumstances 
of  any  being  or  thing  at  any  given  time ;  posi- 
tion. 

"I  all  alone  beweep  my  outaut  Mate. 

ahaxetp. :  .sonnet  w. 

J.  Bank,  condition,  standing,  quality. 

"  Had  he  matched  according  to  his  •*>'•." 

ahtJaili. :  t  Bmn  l'/..  U.  t 

•3.  A  seat  or  chair  of  dignity ;  a  throne. 

.  "Thle  chair  shall   be  my  Hate,  this  dagger  mj- 
•cettre."-^«at««p. .'  1  Henry  If.,  ii.  a. 

*  4.  A  canopy  ;  a  covering  of  state. 

"  His  high  throne,  which  under  ttaU 
Of  richest  texture  spread,  at  th  upper  end 
Was  iilac'd  In  regal  lostte."     UUton:  f.  I~,  «•  •». 

5.  Royal  or  gorgeons  pomp;  splendours 
appearance  of  greatness. 

"High  on  a  throo..! rojal  -.*£  ^  (L  L 


4436 


state— statice 


•a  Dignity  of  deportment 

••  rt'ith  what  great  trate  he  heard  their  embassy." 
ShaJUljt.  :  Btnry  V..  ii.  4. 

"  7._  A  person  of  high  rank.    (Af  ilton :  P.  L., 

*  8.  Estate,  possession. 

"  Strong  was  their  plot. 
Their  Ujtetba  off.  aild  they  of  wary  wit" 

DaaM.    (TooU.) 

9.  One  of  the  separate  commonwealths  which 
•re  combined  to  form  the  United  States  of 
America,  each    of   which    stands  in  certain 
relations  of  subordination  to  the  central  or 
national  government,  but  possesses  an  inde- 
pendent power  as  concerns  its  internal  affair) : 
as,  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.     The  original 
thirteen  of  these  were  separate  colonies,  which 
combined  in  revolt  against  Great  Britain,  and 
afterwards  associated  into  a  federal  republic,  to 
which  new  states  have  been  added  till  they 
now  number  45.  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  may 
soon  be  uiude  states,  leaving  only  2  territories. 

10.  Any  body  of  men  constituting  a  commu- 
nity of  a   particular  character  in  virtue   of 
certain  political  privileges,  who  partake  either 
directly  or  by  representation  in  the  govern- 
ment of  their  country ;  an  estate :  as,  The 
Lords  spiritual  and  temporal  and  the  Com- 
mons are  tlie  stales  (or  alula)  of  the  realm 
in  Great  Britain. 

11.  (PI.):  The  legislative  body  in  the  island 
of  Jersey.     It  consists  of  fifty-five  persons, 
including  the  Bailiff  of  the  island,  who  is  ex 
oflicio  president. 

"  Th.ftoJM  of  Jeney  on  Monday  paaMd  a  mearara 
«o  enable  landlord!  to  evict  refractory  tenauu."— 
Setnoldi  Xmpapvr,  Feb.  IS.  1887. 

If  "States-General :  The  bodies  that  consti- 
tute the  legislature  of  a  country,  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  assemblies  of  provinces- 
•peciHcaUy,  the  name  given  to  the  legislative 
assemblies  of  France  before  the  revolution 
of  1789,  and  to  those  of  the  Netherlands. 

12.  A  whole    people   united    into   a  body 
politic ;  a  civil  and  self-governing  community. 
(Often  with  the). 


13.  The  power  wielded  by  the  government 
of  a  country  ;  the  civil  power,  often  as  con- 
trasted with  ecclesiastical. 

.  '  *""  J*°"  2iK.UlJ1  °*T  *•  •l»°l™l  by  the  church, 
and  condemned  by  the  state;  absolved  or  pardoned  by 
the  Oalt.  yet  ceniured  by  the  church.'— 


.  .—  . 

*  14.  A  republic,  as  opposed  to  a  monarchy. 

*  15  Stationary  point  or  condition  ;  crisis 
height  ;   point,  as  that  of  maturity  between 
growth  and  decline,  or  ag  that  of  crisis  be- 
tween the   increase   and   the  abating  of  a 
disease. 

"  Tumour,  have  their  several  degrees  and  time.  •  ai 
beginning,  augment,  itutt,  and  declination/1—  Witt- 
tnan  :  Surgery. 

'  16.  That  which  is  stated  or  expressed  in 
words  or  figures  ;  a  statement  ;  a  document 
containing  a  statement. 

"  He  put  on  his  spectacles  and  sate  down  to  examina- 
Mr.  Owen  t  aata.--acott  .•  Sat  K,,,  ch.  ixiv. 

B.  As  adjective  : 

L  Pertaining  to,  or  belonging  to  the  com- 
munity or  body  politic  ;  public. 

2.  Used  on,  or  intended  for  occasions  of 
ttate  or  ceremony  :  as,  a  state  carriage. 

•3.  Stately.     (Spenser:  Shep.  Col.;  Sept.) 

IT  For  the  difference  between  state  and 
lituation,  see  SITUATION. 

state-ball,  «.  A  ball  given  by  a  sove- 
reign or  viceroy. 

state  barge.  «.  A  royal  barge  ;  a  barge 
used  on  occasions  of  state. 

state-bed,  s.  An  elaborately-carved  or 
decorated  bed. 

state-carriage,  ».  The  carriage  used  by 
•  sovereign,  prince,  or  any  public  official  on 
occasions  of  state. 

state  craft,  «.  The  art  of  conducting 
•tate  affairs;  state-management,  statesman- 
ship. 

"  ?•  I""1  l«lned  two  kingdom!  by  Unlr-tmtt.  and 
a  third  by  cono.uest."-J«-aca«Ja»  .  BM.  J&lJTJh.  i«~ 

State  criminal,  ».  One  who  commits 
»n  offence  against  the  state  ;  a  political  of- 
fender. 

state  house.  ».  The  building  in  which 
the  legislature  of  a  state  holds  its  sittings  • 
the  capitol  of  a  state. 

state  monger,  •.  One  who  dabbles  or 
u  versed  in  state  affairs. 


State-paper,  s.  A  paper  or  document 
relating  to  the  interests  or  government  of  a 
state. 

State  -prison,   s.      A   prison  or  jail  in 

which  state-criminals  are  conflned.  In  Amer- 

ica, the  name  given  to  a  public  prison  or 
penitentiary. 

state-prisoner,  «.  A  state-criminal  :  a 
political  offender. 

State  Rights,  ,.  Those  rights  and 
privileges  not  specially  delegated  by  the  Con- 
stitution to  the  United  States  Government  nor 

116  indiTiiiual 


•  sta-ter  (2),  ».    [Gr.] 

Kumis. :  The  name  of  certain  coins  current 
in  ancient  Greece  and  Macedonia.    The  gold 


state-room,  >. 

1.  A  magnificent  room  in  a  palace  or  great 
house. 

2.  A  small  cabin,  usually  for  two  persons, 
and  elegantly  fitted  up,  on  a  steamer. 

"  Leading  to  the  ladies'  saloon  and  ttou-roortu  and 
the  ttiitt-room  of   the   owuer."—  Cttaury    Jlayaein*. 

3.  An  apartment  in  a  railway  sleeping-car. 

?*£*?  Sovepeiei»ty,  ,.  The  theory 
upheld  by  the  secessionists,  that  sovereignty 
ultimately  resides,  not  in  the  people  of  the 
United  States  as  a  whole,  but  in  the  people  of 
each  separate  State. 

state-sword,  ».  A  sword  used  on  state 
occasions,  being  borne  before  the  sovereign 
by  a  person  of  high  rank.  Called  also  •  Sword 
of  State. 

state-trial,  «.  A  trial  for  a  political 
offence,  as  treason. 

State's  evidence,  «.  Testimony  In. 
traduced  by  the  State  prosecutor  ;  also,  evidence 
tendered  by  an  accomplice  in  a  crime., 

States-General,  «.  pi.  [STATI,  ».,  10.  1.] 
state,  t>.i.  [STATE,  s.] 

*L  To  set,  to  settle,  to  fix,  to  establish. 
[STATED.]  (Pope  :  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  107.) 

2.  To  express  or  declare  the  particulars  of  ; 
to  set  down  in  detail  or  in  gross  ;  to  make 
known  specifically  ;  to  represent  all  the  cir- 
cumstances of  ;  to  declare  fully  in  words  ;  to 
narrate,  to  recite. 

••Many  other  Inconveniences  there  an  consequent 
to  this  ttatinu  of  this  question.  "—  Hammond  :  Workt, 

Stat'-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [STATS,  ».] 

A.  At  pa,  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adjective  : 

1.  Settled  j  regular  ;   occurring  at  regular 
intervals  ;  not  occasional. 

"  *«"  ihould  assemble  at  ttalrd  Interval!  for  the 
jawlc  wenhlp  of  Qod."-Bp.  Honlei  :  Sermon,.  vol. 

2.  Fixed,  established,  settled  :  as   a  staled 
salary. 

"Stat-iSd-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  stated;  -ly.]  At 
stated  or  settled  times  ;  at  certain  intervals  • 
regularly. 

state  II  ness,  state  11  nesse.  'state- 
ly-ness,:. (Eng.  stately;  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  stately  ;  loftiness  of  mien  or 
manner  ;  dignity,  majestic  appearance. 

"  In  beantie  and  Mtntelintu*  of  building  .  .     there 

" 


State'-ly,  a.  &  adv.    [Eng.  state;  -if/.] 
A.  At  adjective: 

1.  August,  grand,  noble  ;  having  a  noble  or 
dignified  appearance. 

"  Now  is  the  tlatetu  cotbmn  broke." 

Scat:  llarmion,  L     (Introd.) 

2.  Elevated  or  dignified  in  sentiment  ;  ma- 
gisterial. 

"  H«  maintains  majesty  In  the 
and  UsMM,  without  amiition.-- 


.. 

*  B.  As  adv.  :  In  a  stately  manner;  statelily, 
loftily.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  v.  201.) 

State'  ment,  s.    [Eng.  state,  v.  ;  -ment.] 

1.  The  act  of  stating,  declaring,  reciting,  or 
presenting  verbally  or  on  paper. 

2.  That  which  is  stated,  declared,  or  re- 
cited ;  the  embodiment  in  language  of  facts 
or  opinions  ;  a  narrative,  a  declaration  a  re- 
cital. 

Btat  -er  (1),  «.     [Eng.  stat(e),  v.  :   -er.l     One 

who  states. 


MACEDONIAN  STATES. 


stater  of  Athens  was  worth  about  $4.00  •  the 
m Iver  stater  about  88  cents, and  the  Macedonian 
gold  stater  about  $5.25. 

states-man,!.    [Eng.  states,  and  man.) 

1.  One  who  is  versed  in  the  arts  of  govern- 
ment ;   one  eminent  for  political  ability  •  t 
I»litician,  in  the  Lest  sense. 

"  The  word  ttatfimm.  Is  of  grest  latitude,  sometime! 
signifying  such  who  are  able  to  inmate  offices  of  staU 
though  IKVW  actually  called  thereuuto.--/Wi«?'- 
tr  art/not,  en.  rt. 

2.  One  employed  in  the  administration  oi 
the  affairs  of  government. 

"  It  is  a  weakness  which  attends  high  and  low  •  the 
ttatamin  who  holds  the  helm,  as  weU  a!  the  peasant 
who  guides  tbe  plough."— South. 

3.  A  small  landholder,  as  in  Cumberland. 
(Prov.) 

states  -man  like.  o.    [Eng.  statesman ;  -like.] 

1.  Worthy  of  or  becoming  a  statesman. 

"This great  land  question  should  be  dealt  with  In  a 
statesmanlike  manner."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  23. 18M. 

2.  Having  the  manner  or  experience  of  a 
statesman. 

States'-man-l?,  adv.  [Eng.  statesman  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  statesmanlike  manner ;  in  a  manner  be- 
fitting a  statesman ;  like  a  statesman. 

states -man-ship, s.  [Eng.statetmm; -slip.] 
The  qualifications  or  occupation  of  a  states- 
man ;  political  skill  or  experience. 

"  A  perfect  connoisseur  in  tralumantUp.' 

Churrhill  :  Ca~J 


"  States  wo-man,  ».  [Eng.  state,  andicoman,] 
A  woman  who  meddles  in  public  affairs. 

"  [She  mayl  be  rtateiwoman,  know  all  tbe  Dews. "~Otm 
Joruon :  Sttttu  Woman,  U.  L 

Staf-Io,  '  Stat  Ick,  a.  &  ,.  [Gr.  0-Tar.nic 
(sti(tikos)  =  at  a  standstill,  from  o-raros  (stalos) 
=  placed,  standing,  from  o-ro-  too-),  root  of 
lo-rnM'  (histemi)  =  to  stand.] 

A.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  STATICAL  (q.v.). 

B.  As  subtt. :  [STATICS]. 

stat'-ic-al,  a.    [Eng.  static;  -al.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  bodies  at  rest  or  in  equili- 
brium. 

2.  Acting  by  mere  weight,  without   pro- 
ducing motion  :  as,  statical  pressure. 

statical-electricity,  s.     [FKICTIONAI, 

ELECTRICITY.] 

statical  figure,  s. 

Physics :  The  figure  which  results  from  th« 
equilibrium  of  forms :  as,  the  statical  HKUM 
of  the  earth.  (LyeU.) 

•tat'-Ie-al-ly;  adv.  [Eng.  statical;  -i|r.]  In 
a  statical  manner  ;  according  to  statics. 

8tat'-I-ce,  s.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  o-raTiicrj  (statikl) 
=  an  astringent  herb,  probably  Armeria 
maritima.] 

Bat. :  Sea-lavender ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Staticess  (q.v. ).  Perennial  herbs,  with  radical 
leaves,  and  unilateral  spikes  on  a  iianicled 
scape  ;  calyx  funnel-shaped,  plaited,  dry,  and 
membranous ;  petals  united  at  the  base, 
bearing  the  stamens ;  styles  distinct,  glabrous ; 
stigmas  filiform,  glandular.  Known  species 
fifty  or  sixty,  from  the  sea-shores  in  Western 
Asia  and  other  parts  of  the  north  temperate 
zone.  S.  caroliniana,  the  Marsh  Rosemary  of 
North  America,  has  narrow,  obovate  leaves  on 
long  petioles,  and  bluish-purple  flowers.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  powerful  astringents  derived 
from  the  vegetable  kingdom.  It  has  been  given 
with  success  in  Cynanche  maligna,  aphtha;  of 
the  jaws,  4c.  Of  the  other  species  may  be 
named-.  Statice  Limonium,  the  Creeping  Spiked ; 
S.  auriculafolia,  the  Upright  Spiked  Sea  Laven- 
der, and  S.  caspia,  the  Matted  Thrift.  The  first 
and  third  have  one-ribbed,  and  the  second 
three-nerved  leaves.  [APHTHA.] 


&re'  *ml?s*-  ^  f"-  tot»":   WS.  w«t.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine;  go.  pot. 
or.  wore,  wol*  work.  whfi.  sin;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule.  fiiU;  try.  Syrian.    »,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  q.n  =  kw 


staticese— statistical 


4437 


•tat-I-ce  -a),  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  statute);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -«te.] 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Plumbsginacefe  having  the 
styles  free. 

•tat-ICS,  S.      [STATIC.} 

Physics  :  That  branch  of  dynamics  which 
investigates  the  relations  which  exist  between 
forces  in  equilibrium.  A  body  is  said  to  be 
In  equilibrium  when,  if  two  or  more  forces 
«ct  upon  it  at  the  same  time,  their  united 
effect  is  such  that  no  motion  ensues.  The 
Science  of  dynamics  is  divided  into  kinetics 
»nd  statics,  the  former  treating  of  forces 
considered  as  producing  motion,  the  latter  of 
forces  considered  as  producing  rest  By 
some  authorities  statics  is  used  in  opposi- 
tion to  dynamics,  the  former  being  the  science 
of  equilibrium  or  rest,  the  latter  of  motion, 
and  the  two  together  constituting  mechanics. 
The  two  great  propositions  in  statics  are  that 
of  the  lever  and  that  of  the  composition  of 
forces. 

"John  Wallls  placed  the  whole  system  ol  Hatfcs 
on  anew  foundation."—  Mocaulay:  Hut.  Eng.,  eh.  iii. 

If  Serial  italics  :  [SOCIOLOGY]. 

tstat  I-grapn,  t  st&f  -I-gram,  s.  [Eng. 
statistics);  sun",  -prop*,  -gram.]  Terms  pro- 
posed to  denote  representations  of  statistics 
by  means  of  lines,  areas,  Ac.  (Nature,  Oct.  22, 
18S4,  p.  597.) 

sta  -tion,  •  sta-cl-on,  s.    [Fr.  station,  from 
Lat.  stationem,  accus.  of  statin  =  a  standing 
still,  from  status,  pa.  par.  of  sto  =  to  stand  ; 
Sp.  estacion  ;  Ital.  station*.} 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
*  1.  The  act  or  manner  of  standing  ;  atti- 
tude, posture,  pose. 

"In  Italian  like  the  herald  Mercury." 

Shakclu.  :  BamM,  ill.  4. 

"2.  A  state  or  condition  of  standing  or 
rest  ;  a  standing. 

«  Hi»  motion  and  her  nation  are  as  one." 

.  :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  ill.  S. 


3.  The  spot  or  place  where  a  person  or  thing 
stands,  especially  the  spot  or  place  where  a 
person  habitually  stands  or  is  posted  to  re- 
main for  a  time  ;  a  post  assigned. 

"  Take  np  some  other  station.* 

Skojutp.  :  Coriolama,  IT.  ft. 

*  4.  Situation,  position. 

"  The  fig  and  date,  why  love  they  to  remain 
In  middle  ttation,  and  an  even  plain  f  " 

Prior:  Solomon,  \.  6B. 

5.  Condition  of  life  ;  social  position  ;  rank, 
State,  status. 

"  And  yet  my  love  without  ambition  grew, 
1  knew  thy  state,  my  ttation." 

Byron  :  Lament  of  Tana,  v. 

&  Employment,  occupation,  business  ; 
•phere  or  department  of  duty. 

"  We  acquire  new  strength  and  resolution  to  per- 
form God's  will  In  our  several  stations  the  week  fol- 
Jowlng."-.V«I«on.  (Todi.) 

tt  Technically: 

\.  Ecclesiology  <t  Church  History  : 

(1)  A  name  given  to  the  fast  on  Wednesdays 
and  Fridays.     In  the  Roman  Church  these 
were  fasts  of  devotion,  not  of  precept,  and  the 
Wednesday  fast  died  out,  while  that  on  Friday 
became  obligatory,  about  the  end  of  the  ninth 
century. 

(2)  A  church  in  which  a  procession  of  the 
clergy  halts  on  stated  days  to  say  any  stated 
prayers. 

(S)  A  stopping-place  in  a  monastic  pro- 
cession. These  are  usually  three  :  Before, 
(a)  the  dormitory  ;  (6)  the  refectory,  and  (e] 
the  west  door  of  the  church. 

(4)  Any  one  of  the  series  of  stopping-places 
in  the  devotion  of  the  Stations  of  the  Cross. 

(5)  (In  Ireland)  :  (See  extract). 

"A  aition  In  this  sense  differ*  from  a  station  made 
to  any  peculiar  spot  remarkable  for  local  sanctity  .  . 
here,  it  simply  means  the  comlug  of  the  parish  priest 
and  his  curate  to  some  house  In  the  townlauu,  on  a 
day  publicly  announced  from  the  altar  for  that  pur 
pose,  ou  the  preceding  Sabbath.  This  Is  done  to  give 
those  who  live  within  the  district  In  which  the  nation 
1*  held  an  opportunity  of  coming  to  their  duty,  as 
frequenting  the  ordinance  of  confession  is  emphatically 
called."—  Carleton  :  Talet  of  IriA  Peamncrv  ;  The 
Motion. 

2.  Police:  A  place  or  building  where  th 
police  force  of  any  district  has  its   head 
quarters  ;  a  district  or  branch  police-office. 

3.  Railroad  :  A  building  or  buildings  erected 
for  the  reception  and  accommodation  of  pas 
tengers  and  goods  intended  to  be  convcyec 
by  railway  ;  a  place  at  which  railway  trains 
regularly  stop  for  the  setting  down  or  taking 
up  of  passengers  or  freight.    [DEPOT.] 


4.  Shipbuild. :  Aroom-and-space  staff(q.v.). 

5.  Survey. :  The  position  of  an  instrument 
at  the  time  of  an  observation. 

6.  Zoology  it  Botany : 

(1)  The  peculiar  nature  of  the  locality  where 
any  plant  grows  or  any  animal  lives.    In  the 
case  of  plants,  it  has  reference  to  climate, 
soil,  humidity,  light,  and  elevation  above  the 
sea ;  in    that  of  animals,   it   has    reference 
chiefly  to  food,  climate,  and  elevation.    Thus 
some  animals  feed  only  on  certain  plants,  and 
cannot  exist  where  they  are  absent.      The 
station  differs  from  the  habitation  or  habitat 
of  the  plant  or  animal,  which  simply  means 
the  country  of  which  it  is  a  native.    (Lyell : 
Princ.  of  Geol.,  ch.  xxxviii.,  xlii.) 

(2)  A  building,  generally  on  the  sea-coast, 
fitted  with  all  appliances  for  the  examination 
of  the  animals  of  the  adjacent  bay,  gulf,  &c. :  as, 
the  Granton  station,  the  Neapolitan  station,  &c. 

•J  (1)  Military  station :  A  place  where  troops 
are  regularly  kept  in  garrison. 

(2)  Naval  station:  A  safe  and  commodious 
shelter  or  harbour  for  the  navy_  or  mercantile 
marine  of  a  nation,  provided  with  a  dock  and 
all  other  requisites  for  the  repair  of  ships. 

(8)  Stations  of  the  Cross: 

Eccles.  &  Church  Hist, :  A  popular  devotion 
in  the  Roman  Church,  consisting  of  visits, 
either  alone  or  in  procession,  to  a  series  of 
pictures  or  images,  each  corresponding  to 
some  particular  stage  in  the  Passion  of  Christ, 
and  meditating  devoutly  thereon.  The  stations 
are  to  be  found  in  nearly  every  church,  and  on 
the  continent  of  Kurope  they  are  frequently 
erected  in  the  open  air.  The  devotion  began 
in  the  Franciscan  order,  the  official  guardians 
of  the  Holy  Places  of  the  Latins  in  Jerusalem, 
and  is  intended  to  be  a  pilgrimage  in  spirit  to 
the  scene  of  the  Saviour's  sufferings  and  death. 
Many  indulgences  are  annexed  to  the  Stations 
of  the  Cross.  When  the  stations  are  made  in 
procession,  a  verse  of  the  Stabat  Mater  (q.v.) 
is  sung  as  the  people  pass  from  one  station  to 
another.  Called  also  Way  of  the  Cross.  There 
are  fourteen  stations : 

1,  Christ  condemned  by  Pilate:  2.  Christ  receives 
his  cross ;  a.  His  first  fall ;  4.  His  meeting  with  his 
mother:  5.  The  bearing  of  the  cross  by  Simon  of 
Gyrene;  6.  Veronica  wipes  the  face  of  Jesus  with  a 
handkerchief ;  7.  His  second  fall ;  8.  His  words  to  the 
women  of  Jerusalem :  "  Weep  not  for  me,"  Ac.  ;  9.  His 
third  fall ;  10.  He  Is  stripped  of  his  garment*:  11.  The 
crucifixion ;  12.  The  death  of  Jesus ;  18.  The  taking- 
down  from  the  cross  ;  14.  The  burial. 

station  bill,  ». 

Kaut. :  A  list  containing  the  appointed  poets 
of  the  ship's  company  when  navigating  the 
ship. 

station  calendar,  >. 

1.  A  dial-board  at  a  railway-station,  to  in- 
dicate the  hours  of  starting    of  trains  for 
given  destinations,  or  the  time  of  starting  of 
the  next  train  for  a  given  place. 

2.  A  contrivance  by  which  the  name  of  the 
station  they  are  approaching  is  exposed  to  the 
view   of  the   passengers  iu   a  railway   car. 
(&*) 

station-clerk,  s,  A  clerk  employed  at 
a  railway-station. 

station-house,  «.    A  police-station. 

Station-master,  s.  The  official  in  charge 
of  a  station  :  specif.,  the  official  in  charge  of 
a  railway-station. 

station-pointer,  >.  A  circular  plotting 
instrument,  having  a  standard  radius  and  tw< 
movable  ones.  By  laying  off  two  observed 
angles  right  and  left  from  a  central  object 
and  laying  it  over  the  objects  on  a  chart,  the 
position  of  the  observer  is  indicated. 

station  staff,  s. 

Survey. :  An  instrument  for  taking  angles. 

Sta  tion,  v.t.  [STATION,  ».]  To  place,  set,  or 
post  in  or  at  a  certain  station ;  to  assign  a 
station,  post,  or  position  to ;  to  appoint  tc 
the  occupation  of  a  post,  place,  or  office. 

"This  youth  had  ttation'd  many  a  warlike  band 
Of  horse  and  foot." 

ffoole :  Orlando  Furiolo,  xxiii. 

*  sta'-tion-al,  a.    [Eng.  station,  s. ;  -a!.]    0 
or  pertaining  to  a  station. 

*  sta'-tion-ar-l-ness,  s.    [Eng.  stationary 
•ness.]    The'quality  or  state  of  being  station 
ary  ;  fixity. 

"The  ttationarinru  of  Eastern  thought  may  be 
more  thoroughly  appreciated.'— G.  B.  Level:  BM 
FIMot.,  1.  2. 


ta  tion  ar-jF,   a.  4k   s.     [Fr.  stalionnain, 
from  Lat.  sUitionarius,  from  statio  =  a  station 
(q.v.);  Sp.  estacionario ;  Ital.  stazionario.] 
A*  As  adjective : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Remaining  or  continuing  in  the    same 
station  or  place  ;  not  moving,  or  not  appear- 
ing to  move ;  fixed,  stable. 

"  No  stationary  steeds 
Cough  their  own  knell."  Cirwper :  Tat*,  iv.  147. 

2.  Remaining  in  the  same  condition  or  state ; 
neither  progressing  nor  receding  ;  neither  im- 
proving nor  getting  worse  ;  standing  still. 

"Though  the  wealth  of  a  country  should  be  very 
great,  yet  if  it  has  been  long  stationary,  we  inust  not 
expect  to  find  the  wsges  of  labour  very  high  in  it  "— 
Smith :  Wealth  of  .\aciont.  bk.  L,  ch.  viii. 
IL  Astron.  (Of  a,  planet) :  Not  changing  its 
relative  place  in  the  heavens  for  some  days. 
This  stage  occurs  at  the  beginning  and  end- 
ing of  the  planet's  retrogradation. 

•  B.  As  subst. :  A  person  or  thing  which 
remains  or  continues  in  the  same  place. 

"Then  they  are  ttationariet  in  their  houses,  which 
be  111  the  middle  points  of  the  latitudes,  which  they 
call  Jblipticka."—  P.  Bolland:  Plinie,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xvL 

stationary  diseases,  >.  pi. 

Pathol. :  Certain  diseases  which  depend  upon 
a  particular  state  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
which,  after  prevailing  for  a  certain  number 
of  years,  give  way  to  others.  (Dunglison.) 

stationary-engine,  s.  An  engine  per- 
manently fixed,  as  distinguished  from  a  loco- 
motive or  portable  engine  ;  a  fixed  engine  for 
drawing  carriages  on  a  railway  or  tramway, 
by  means  of  a  rope  extending  from  the  station 
of  the  engine  along  the  line. 

Sta -tion  er,  «.     [Eng.  station;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  took  his  station  to  sell  an  article. 
If  applied,  as  it  generally  was,  to  those  con- 
nected with  book-selling,  it  included  the  pub- 
lisher as  well  as  the  bookseller. 

"  The  right  of  the  printed  copiesfwhtch  the  stationer 
takes  as  Ins  own  freehold),  was  dispersed  in  five  or  six 
several  hands  " — Oley  :  Pref.  to  Dr.  Jacluon  I  Wort*. 

2.  One  who  sells  paper,  pens,  pencil,  ink, 
and  other  articles  connected  with  writing. 

H  The  Stationers,  or  Text  Writers,  consti- 
tute one  of  the  London  companies.  They 
were  formed  into  a  guild  in  1403,  and  received 
their  first  charter  in  1557, 

Stationers'  Hall,  s.  The  hall  of  the 
Stationers'  Company  in  Ave  Maria  Lane, 
London.  [STATIONEK.] 

•J  To  enter  at  Stationers'  Hall :  To  register 
(a  published  work)  in  the  books  of  the  Sta- 
tioners' Company.  This  formality  is  neces- 
sary before  commencing  proceedings  for  in- 
fringement of  copyright. 

sta-tlon-er-y,  ».  4  a.    [Eng.  stationer;  -».] 

A.  As  subst. :  The  articles  retailed  by  sta- 
tioners, such  as  paper,  pens,  pencils,  ink,  ac- 
count-books, writing-cases,  portfolios,  &c. 

B.  As  adj. :  Belonging  to  or  sold  by  *  sta- 
tioner :  as,  stationery  goods. 

stationery-office,  s.  A  government 
office  in  London  through  the  medium  of  which 
stationery  is  supplied  to  all  other  government 
offices  at  home  and  abroad.  It  also  contracts 
for  the  printing  of  reports,  ic. 

'  Stat-Ism,  «.    [Eng.  staUf);  -ism.]     The  art 
of  government ;  policy. 

••  Henoe  It  1>  that  the  enemies  of  Ood  take  occasion 
to  blaspheme,  and  call  our  religion  stotism.  —  Smvn: 
Bermont,  vol.  1.,  ser.  4. 

*stat  1st  (1),  «.     [Eng.  statistics);  -M.]    A 
statistician. 

*  stat  -1st  (2),  s.    [Eng.  stat(e);  -ist.]    A  states- 

mau,  a  politician  ;  one  skilled  in  government. 

"  Adorned  with  that  even  mixture  of  fluency  and 

grace  as  are  requested  both  In  a  statist  and  a  courtier. 

—Xarmion:  Antiquary,  i.  1. 

Bta  tis-tlc,  o.  &  s.    [Eng.  stat(e):  -istic.] 
'  A.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  STATISTICAL  (q.v.). 
B.  As  substantive : 

1.   [STATISTICS]. 

*  2.  A  statistician. 

"  You  were  the  best  statistic  In  Europe."— Soutttty, 
in  Memoin  of  Taylor  of  Aonricft,  L  508. 

Sta  tls'-tlc-al,  a.    [Eng.  statistic ;  -a!.]    Of, 
relating  to,  or  treating  of  statistics. 

"The  narrow  views  of  cold-hearted'  statistical 
writers.11— Knoz :  Sermon  28. 

Statistical  Society,  s.  [STATISTICS,  1.) 


WH,  bo?;  psSut,  JolW;  oat,  eall.  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   ph  -fc 
-olan,  -tian  -  sham   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,    sion  =  zhun.   -clous,   tious,  -sloos  =  shus.   -We.  -«lle.  *c.  -  bel,  del. 


4438 


statistically— statute 


•ta  tis  tic  al  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  statistical; 
•(».]  In  a  statistical  manner ;  by  means  of 
statistics. 

Btat-is  tic  -Ian  (o  as  sh),  «.  fEng.  statis- 
tic; -lan.]  One  who  is  versed  in  statistics; 
one  who  collects,  classifies,  and  arranges  facts, 
especially  numerical  fects,  relating  to  the 
condition  of  a  country,  state,  or  community, 
with  respect  to  extent  of  population,  wealth 
social  condition,  <kc. 

Sta  tis  -tics,  «.    fFr.  statistupu.] 

1.  A  collection  of  facts,  arranged  and  classi- 
fied, respecting  the  condition  of  a  people  in  a 
•Ma)  or  community,  or  of  a  class  of  people, 
their   health,  longevity,  domestic  economy, 
their  social,  moral,  intellectual,  physical,  and 
economical   condition,  resources,  <tc.,  espe- 
cially those   facts  which    can   be  stated  in 
numbers,  or  tables  of  numbers,  or  in  any 
tabular  and  classified  arrangment. 

2.  That   department    of    political   science 
which  classifies,  arranges,  and  discusses  sta- 
tistical facts. 

IT  The  Italians  were  the  first  to  recognize 
the  importance  of  statistics.  The  earliest 
English  work  on  the  subject  was  Graunfs 
Observations  oil  the  Bills  of  Mortality,  published 
In  1661.  Tlie  Statistical  Account  of  Scotland, 
edited  by  Sir  John  Sinclair,  which  appeared 
In  1791,  was  the  first  complete  work  on  the 
•object.  The  perfecting  of  statistical  methods 
is  largely  due  to  Quetelet,  the  great  Belgian 
statistician,  v,  ho  founded  the  Belgian  statistical 
bureau  in  1831.  The  flirt  International  Statis- 
tical Congress,  held  at  Brussels  in  1853,  was  due 
to  his  exertions.  Similar  congresses  have  been 
held  since,  and  in  every  civilized  country  since 
then  much  time  and  pains  have  been  given  to 
the  collection  and  tabulation  of  statistics.  This 
has  been  particularly  the  case  in  the  United 
States,  France,  Italy,  and  Germany. 

8tat-is  tol  -o-gy,  s.  (Eng.  statistics);  • 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  statistics. 

*  stat   ive,   o.      [Lat  statimis  =  stationary  • 
statim  (castra)  =  a   stationary  (campX    from 
status,  pa.  par.  of  sto  =  to  stand.]    Pertaining 
to  a  fixed  camp  or  military  posts  or  quarters. 

*  Stat'-ize,  ».«.    [Eng.  stxte;  -ize.)   To  meddle 
m  sta'.e  affairs.    (Adams :  Works,  ii.  168.) 

Stat  -6  blast,  «.  [Gr.  o-raro?  (statos)  =  stand- 
ing, and  jSAatrToc  (blastos)  =  a  sprout,  a  shoot  1 
[STATIC.] 

Blol. :  One  of  a  number  of  peculiar  internal 
buds  developed  in  some  of  tlie  Polyzoa,  and 
liberated  after  the  death  of  the  parent  or- 
ganism. After  a  time,  the  statoblast  is 
ruptured  and  there  emerges  a  young  Polyzoon 
with  essentially  the  same  structure  as  the 
adult.  It  is,  however,  simple,  and  has  to 
undergo  a  process  of  continuous  gemmation 
before  assuming  the  compound  form. 

•staf-u-a,  ».    [Lat.]    A  statue  (q.v.). 

"Some  faire  worke  of  ttotttat  in  the  micldest  of 
thia  court'-Sacon :  £..,,„;  o»  -     •  -• 


-y,  «.  4  a.  [Fr.  Jtarimire  =  a  statu- 
ary, a  stone-cutter,  from  Lat.  statuarius 
from  statua  =  a  sUtne  (q.v.)j  Ital.  statuaria,] 

A*  As  substantive: 

1.  The  art  of  carving  orscnlptnring  statues  : 
the  art  of  modelling  or  carving  figures  repre- 
senting persons,  animals,  ic. 

'0*!"°c0r*rt°<T"* 


2.  Statues  collectively. 

3.  One  who  practises  or  professes  the  art  of 
Carving  or  making  statues. 

'•V01  •  •ta»'«  EnglUh  painter  or  Oaluary 
lum'tamt»na-"-*'"*'»<<>»:  XM- 


B.  -<»   mjj.:    Pertaining    or    relating    to 
•tatuary. 


\      etSt 


statuary  bronze,  ... 

M.etall.  :  An  alloy  of  copper,  tin,  zinc,  and 

statuary  marble,  i. 
ifin.  :  A  fine-crystalline  white   limestone 
•uitable  for  statuary. 

•t&t  ne,  a.  to.  Pr.  *a(tw  (Fr.  itatw«),  from 
Lat  «lo(Ma  =  a  standing  image,  from  statum, 
•up.  of  >to  =  to  stand  ;  Bp.  £  Port.  ntaiua; 
Ital.  ttotua.] 


1.  A  lifelike  representation  of  a  living  being, 
carved  or  modelled  in  some  solid  substance, 
as  marble,  bronze,  iron,  clay,  or  in  some  ap- 
parently solid  substance ;  a  sculptured  cast  or 
moulded  figure,  of  some  size,  anu  in  the  round. 

"  A  stupid  moment  motionless  .he  etood  : 
bo  .tauds  the  itattte  that  enchant*  the  world." 
Thermion :  Summer,  1,847. 

*  2.  A  picture.    (Matsinger.) 
K  Eifuestrian  statue:  A  statue  in  which  the 
figure  is  represented  as  mounted  on  a  horse. 

statue-like,  o.  Like  a  statue;  still, 
motionless. 

"Silent  and  Ifariie-riV  stood  Priscllla  " 

Longfetlo*  :  Jliiti  SfcsnduA,  vl  ii. 

*  staf-ue,  v.  I.    [STATTJE,  ».]    To  form  a  statue 
of ;  to  place  aa  a  statue. 

"  The  whole  man  become,  a.  If  itatutd  Into  .tone 
and  earth."— FfUkam:  Kmlva.  pt  1.,  res.  1C. 

*  stat  ucd,  o.      [Eng.  statute) ;   *d.)     Tux- 
nished  or  ornamented  with  statues. 

*  Stat   ue  less,  o.    [Eng.  statue;  -less.)    De- 
stitute of  a  statue  or  statues. 

•^-he  «<«ue(«u  column."—  TOocta-oy  .•  Aotmdaiouf 


Stat  u  esque'  (quo  as  K),  a.  [Kng.  statute); 
-esoue.]  Having  or  partaking  of  the  character- 
istics of  a  statue  ;  calm,  immobile. 

*  stat  u-esque  -ly  (que  as  k),  adv.    [Eng. 
statuesque;  -ly.}  In  a  statuesque  manner;  like 
a  statue. 

*  StJtt-U-ette',  «.     [Fr.,  from  Ital.  statuetta.) 
A  little  statue  ;  a  statue  smaller  tlian  nature. 

*  8taf-u-Ize,   v.t.    [Eng.  statue);  -i*.]    To 
commemorate  by  or  in  a  statue. 

"James. II.  did  also  Oatuiit  blmaell  In  copper."— 
Miaon  :  Tnwtlt  in  injiand,  p.  sot. 

*  sta-tu-mi-na'-ta>,  «.  pi.    [Fern.  pi.  of 
Lat.  statuminatus.]    [STATDMINATE.] 

Bat. :  The  sixty-first  order  in  the  Natural 
System  of  Linnaeus.  Genera,  Ulmus,  Celtis, 

•MS, 

"  sta-tu'-mi-nate,  ».«.  [Lat.  statumijiatut, 
pa.  par.  of  statumino,  from  staluiatn,  genit. 
statuminis  =  a  prop,  a  support]  To  prop  up  ; 
to  support  (Ben  Jonson :  New  Inn,  ii.  2.) 

staf  -ure,  ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  statura  =  an  up- 
right posture,  stature,  from  ttatum,  sup.  of 
»(o  =  to  stand;  Sp.  &  Port,  estatura;  Ital. 
statum.) 

1.  The  natural  height  of  an  animal ;  bodily 
height  or  tallness.  (Generally  used  of  human 
bodies.) 

"  A  man  In  ttaturt,  .till  a  boy  In  heart" 

•  2.  A  statue.  "•"  *°™1  «*-«^  ~ 


Mirrour/l  _ 

f  In  comparative  stature  various  Polynesian 
tribe*  stand  first,  being  69-33  inches;  the 
Patagonians,  whose  stature  has  been  much 
exaggerated,  68  Inches  ;  the  American  whites 
in  the  United  States,  67-67 ;  the  Zulus,  67-19 ; 
the  American  negroes,  66-62;  the  English 
Jews,  86-57 ;  the  French  up)«r  classes,  66-14 ; 
the  Germans,  66-10;  the  Arabs,  66-08;  the 
Russians,  66-04;  the  French  working  classes, 
65-24;  the  Hindoos,  64-76;  the  Chinese,  64-17  • 
the  Bushmen  of  South  Africa,  the  lowest  In 
stature  of  any  known  people,  62-78  Inches. 
The  people  of  the  United  States  differ  widely  in 
staturein  different  sections  of  the  country,  those 
>f  the  State  of  Maine,  according  to  army  meas- 
urements, being  the  greatest  in  average  height. 
The  average  height  of  the  natives  of  the  British 
Isles  nearly  equals  that  of  those  of  the  United 
States,  the  latter  being  67'67,  the  former  67-66. 

1  Stat  ured,  a.    [Eng.  statute);  *d.) 
1.  Arrived  at  full  stature. 

"  How  doth  the  Riant  honour  seeme 
Well  natural  In  my  fond  esteeuie  I  • 

J.MaU. :  .Poem,, p. n. 
z.  Conditioned,  circumstanced. 

«J™rkvI'lu!«  to  their  poettcall  part..  IWm 


•ta'-ttts,  «.    [Lat] 

1.  Standing  or  position  In  society,  or  as  re- 
gards rank  or  condition. 

2.  Position  of  affairs. 

H  Status  quo:  The  condition  in  which  a 
thing  or  things  were  at  first :  as,  a  treaty  be- 
tween two  States,  which  leaves  each  in  statu 


yuo  antea,  i.e.,  in  the  same  position  as  the* 
were,  before  the  war  began. 

stat  -ut-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  statute);  -obit.] 

1.  Made  or  introduced  by  statute  ;  proceed- 
ing from  an  act  of  the  legislature. 

"They  upend  no  more  time  In  the  nnlre 


2.  Made  or  being  in  conformity  with  statute- 
standard. 

St4r-11t-a-by?.  adv.  [Bug.  statutab(lc);  -Jy.l 
In  a  manner  agreeable  to  statute  ;  in  accord- 
ance or  conformity  with  statute. 

-The  .errant  whom  he  originally  «aWaWy  em- 
powered to  convey  him  and  hu."—  t'uibi.  l*eu.  iv,  laM. 

stat  ute,  o.  &  «.  [Lat.  stahitiu,  pa  par  of 
statuo  —  to  set,  to  establish  ;  statutum  =  a 
statute  ;  Fr.  statut  ;  8p.  atatuto  ;  Ital.  statute.) 
'  A.  ,  As  adj.  :  Determined,  decreed,  ordained. 
l 


settled. 

"It  i.  «<"("<«  and  ordalnt.  that  s 


B.  As  substantive  : 
1.  A  law  proceeding  from  the  government 
of  a  state  ;  an  enactment  of  the  legislature  of 
a  state;  a  written  law:  specif,  in  the  Unit*? 
Statesan  Act  of  Congress  or  state  legi.lature, 
made  by  Ihetwo  Houses  amlthe  President  or  Gov- 
r.    In  Britain  a  similar  Act  of  Parliament 
••The  written  law.  of  the  kingdom  are  UataU*. 
act.,  or  edicts,  made  by  the  aov,,,.i..,,  brand  "m  [hi 
adrlce  and  consent  of  the  lord.  Spiritual  and  tem- 
poral   and  commune,  in  parliament  ajaeniblid     ' 
olde.t  of  theae  now  extant,  and  printed  in  o.  1™ itatuS 
books.  1.  the  famous  Slagua  C'harta,  as  confirmed  5 
parliament  9  Henry  III.  ...  And  theae  «Mu£ aS 
ettlter  general  or  .peclal,  public  or  private.    A  ceueral 
or  pubfic  act  is  a  uiilveraal  rule,  that  refs.nl,  tlieVhoS 
t^'tslk*1"       ''•         ai  'll'8  tlle  courtl  0(  h»w  are  bound 
private  act.  are  ratl.er  ejccpti"u°tlmn'  nil'ca^'biinj 
those  which  only  operate  upon  |»rticn!ar  nereons  and 
gl«»te  concerns :  and  of  tbeae  the  judges  are  not 

and  pleaded,  statute;  also  are  sild  to"'^  either"™ 
caratory  or  remedial.  Declaratory,  where  ti.e  old 
eaxuan  of  the  kingdom  1m  fallen  Into  dlsua*.  or  ti*rr,>n« 
dUputaM,  ;  In  which  caw  parlla,™»,t  haV.omeUm2 
thought  proper  to  declare  what  the  common  liwii 

itlr"  ^ff?  •  • ,- *«j?.«?w  -?""«  "« ti^J 


2.  The  act  of  a  corporation,  or  of  it* 
founder,  intended  as  a  permanent  rule  or  law 
as,  the  statute  of  a  university. 

a  (In  foreign  &  civil  law):  Any  particular 
municipal  law  or  usage,  though  nut  resting 
for  its  authority  on  judicial  decisions  or  the 
practice  of  nations.  (Burrill.) 

4.  A  statute  fair  (q.v.).    (Proa.) 

If  (1)  Statute  of  frauds:  [FRAUD,  ^  (S)]. 

(2)  Statutes  of  Limitation :  [LIMITATION,  II.]. 

statute-book,  s.  A  register  of  the 
statutes,  laws,  or  legislative  acts  of  a  state. 

"statute-cap,  s.  A  woollen  cap,  en- 
Joined  to  be  worn  on  holidays  by  a  statute 
passed  in  1571. 

"Better  wit.  hare  worn  plain  •ttfufe-eaM." 

HJtaJctlp.  :  Lovc't  LtttKHtr'i  Loft,  V.  1 

Statute  fair,  «.  A  fair  held  by  regular 
legal  appointment,  as  distinguished  from  one 
authorized  only  by  use  and  custom. 

Statute-labor,  ».  The  amount  of  work 
appointed  by  law  to  be  furnished  annually 
for  the  repairs  of  highways  not  turnpike. 

statute-law,  *.  A  law  or  rule  of  action 
prescribed  or  enacted  by  the  legislative  autho- 
rity, and  promulgated  aud  recorded  iu  writing; 
also,  collectively,  the  enactments  of  a  legisla- 
tive assembly,  in  contradistinction  to  com- 
mon-law. 

•statute  merchant,  s. 

Eng.:  A  bond  of  record,acknowledged  before 
the  clilef  magistrate  of  some  trading  town, 
pursuant  to  statute  18  Edward  I.,  on  which  if 
not  |wid  at  the  day.  an  execution  might  be 
awarded  against  the  body,  lands,  and  goods  of 
the  obligor. 

"  JUlule-nurthliitri.)  a  bond  acknowledged  before 
one  of  the  clerk,  of  the  Itatutu-mvrckant,  and  mayor 
of  the  etanle.  .  olilef  warden  of  the  cttle  of  London,  or 
two  merchant,  of  tlie  aaid  city,  for  that  purpose  aa. 
signed  ;  or  before  the  mayor,  chief  warden,  or  master, 
of  other  cttle.  or  good  towns,  or  other  sufficient  men 
tor  that  purpose  appointed :  sealed  with  the  awl  of 
the  debtor  aud  the  king,  which  I.  of  two  pieoe.  ;  the 

greater  is  kept  by  the  aa[d  I ^— *   '-    -        "     

by  the  Mud  c 


WUICH  i.  in  two  piece*  ;  toe 
merchant,  tx.,  and  the  lea* 


•  statute-roll,  «.   A  statute,  from  its  be- 
tng  at  first  in  the  form  of  a  roll.    (Hallam.) 


wore. 


work,  wh 


mute. 


. 
cure, 


pine,  pit,  **  ,lr.  marf^;  go.  pot, 
our.  rule,  full;  try.  SyrUn.    ».  «  =  e;  ey  =  »;  «.n  =  kw. 


4439 


•  •tatute-rtaple,  _ 

Una  •  A  bond  of  record  acknowledged,  pur 
_2f  tortSS  *  Edward  III.,  c.  9,  before 
thTn»jor  of  the  staple,  by  virtue  of  which 
toe  creditor  might  forthwith  have  execution 
Sain™  the  bo3y,  lands,  and  good3  of  the 
debtor  on  non-payment. 

»  Hnw  much  money  had  proprietors  borrowed  on 
M0£ayo?rt.?ute  merchant,  on  K«,*u  «**•!  - 
Macaulm:  Bill.  t»l>;  cb.  *"• 

a-n-o-y.  o.  [Bug.  *>iuH?)  ;  -ory.} 
Enacted  by  statute;  deriving  its  authority 
from  statute. 

"All  these  different  XtUMory  regulation!  am  to 
bavV    be^    n,od«    with    frreal  im.pn.ty.  -*»il*. 
aOont.  bk.  L.  ch.  u. 


.       .     . 

statutory-«xposltlon,  >. 

law  An  exposition,  direct  or  indirect,  of 
»n  ambiguous  statute  by  oue  subsequently 
passed. 

statutory-law,  s.  The  same  as  STATTJTE- 

LAW. 

statutory  release,  «. 

low  A  conveyance  established  by  4  6  5 
Viet    c.  21,  which  superseded  the  old  com- 
pound assurance  by  lease  and  release. 
gtaum  rel,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    Stupid. 

••  The  UHumrd  corky-headed  graceless  gentry, 
Tn.  '»erryn,«nt  aud  ruin  »<  tl^ountr*  ^  ^ 

Staunch  (u  silent),  a.  &  v.    [STANCH,  a,  &  ».] 
*  staunch  (n  silent),  «.    [STANCH,  t>.] 
Bot.  :  Anthyllis  Vulneraria.    (Pratt.) 

n-td'-ni-a,  s.  [Named  after  Sir  Qeorge 
sonton,  Bart  (1737-1801),  wlio  introduced 
many  plants  into  Britain  from  China.] 

Bot  •  A  genus  of  Lardizabalacete.  Flowers 
monoecious  ;  males  with  six  sepals,  petals  six 
or  wanting,  the  stamens  six,  opposite  the 
petals;  females  with  no  petals,  six  sterile 
stamens  and  three  distinct  ovaries.  The  fruits 
of  stavntmia  Itemphytti  have  a  sweetish 
watery  taste,  and  are  eaten  by  the  country 
people  of  Japan  ;  the  juice  also  is  a  remedy 
for  ophthalmia. 

•tau'  -rl-a,  s.  [Gr.  o-raupos  (stoimw)  =  a  cross  ; 
so  named  because  four  of  the  principal  septa 
form  a  cross  in  the  calice.) 

Falaont.  :  The  typical  genns  of  StaurMse. 
The  lamella  or  septa  in  each  cnp  are  divided 
by  four  prominent  ridges  into  four  groups. 
From  the  Silurian, 

«tau'-rf  das,  ».  pt  IMoo-  Lat.  sta«rt»; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

PaUeont.  :  A  family  of  Rugosa.  Septa  well 
developed,  extending  from  the  bottom  to  the 
top  of  the  visceral  chamber,  and  showing  a 
conspicuous  quaternary  arrangement. 
aeimnents  are  present,  and  there  is  a  central 
taUato  area.  From  the  Silurian  to  the 
Tertiary. 

Btao-ro-,  pref.  [Or.  o-ravpd?  (stauros)  =  a 
™«s.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  cross  ; 
having  processes  iu  the  form  of  a  cross. 

•tau-ri-cepli'-a-lus,  ».  [Pref-  stanm-,  and 
Gr.  «<|»Aii  (kephali)  =  the  head-] 


alumina  51  '7  ;  protoxide  of  iron,  15'8  ;  mag- 
nesia 2  5  ;  wate?,l-7  =  100,  the  discrepancies 
in  tie  analyses  being  due  to  impurities.  The 
varieties  are:  (1)  Ordinary;  $  Zmc-sta.  ro- 
lite  ;  (3)  Manganese-staurolite  =  NordmaiKiu,. 
Occurs  in  schists  and  gneiss,  occasionally  m 
crystals  of  a  tesselated  structure,  when  seen 
in  transverse  section,  resembling  chiastolit*. 

2.  The  same  as  HABMOTOME  (q.v.).  Named 
by  Kirwan  because  of  its  cruciform  twins. 

staurolite  schist,  «. 

Petrol.  :  A  fine  micaceous  schist  containing 
crystals  of  staurolite  in  various  stages  of  de- 
velopment. 

stau'-ro-ptis,  «.    [Pref.  ttomro-,  and  Gr.  irov? 
(jww)  =  a  foot.] 

Bntom-.-AgenusofNotodontidae.  [LOBSTER- 

MOTH.] 
gtau'-ro-soope,  s.      [Pref.  staun-,  and  Or. 

oicomu  (skopea)  -  to  see.] 

Optta  :  A  kind  of  polariscope  Invented  by 

VonKobell,  of  Bavaria,  about  1855   and  par 

ticularly  designed  for  investigating  the  effects 

of  polarized  light  upon  crystals. 
stau-ro-sc8p'-aO,  stan-ro-»oop'-.o-al,  a. 

[Eng.  dauroxopfe);  -«,  -«<al.]    Of,  pertaining 

to,  or  determined  by  means  of  the  stauroscope. 

"A  complete  aauroitople  «i«mtaaUoa.-—  SutfW.' 
StvdH  of  Hoc**  fed.  2nd),  p.  85. 

'  »tatm»cope. 


2.  To  push,  as  with  a  staff;  hence,  to  put 
off,  to  delay,  to  postpone.    (With  of.) 

"  Pitman  did  hu  utrnoet  to  Ka.«  of  |»hat 
like  Impending  defeat."-««W,  April  4.  1«8B. 

3.  To  furnish  with  staves  or  rundles. 

"  Cllmblug  too  la»t  up  the  evil  itaned  ladder  ol 
ambitiyn.-—  KnoUtt:  Sift.  Turk*!. 

*  4.  To  suffer  to  be  lost  or  poured  out  by 
staving  a  cask. 

"  The   feared  disorders  that  might  ensue  thereof 
ha».  &en  ^occasion  that  dlvmtime,  all  the  w— 
in  the  city  hath  been  «ara<i."-Sa>i<i»i  i  Travel*. 
5   To  make  firm  by  compression;  to  shorten 
or  compact,  as  a  heated  rod  or  bar  by  end^ 
wise  blows,  or  as  lead  in  the  socket-joints  of 
pipes. 

*  B.  Intrant.  :  To  fight  with  staves. 

*  If  To  stave  and  tail  :  A  phrase  taken  from 
bear-baiting  ;  to  stave  was  to  check  the  bear 
with  a  staff,  and  to  tail  was  to  hold  back  the 
dog  by  the  tail  ;  hence,  to  cause  a  cessation  or 
stoppage. 

"  Pint  Trulla  ilareA  and  Cerdon  toff* 
Until  their  n^trni  1  co-ed  *-g»£  UL  m 

*  staved,  o.    [Perhaps  a  misprint  for  ilaved  or 
staled.]    Accustomed,  used. 

••  My  touch  knew  bow  to  perform  her  office,  bnt  by 
touching  nmle.ui  thing.,  or  V  uelng  clean  things  un- 
that  «ou.e  became  itaned  to  all  aeiuuality.  — 

;  n,  rtnttna  PUfrtm.  p.  u». 


led.  2nd),  p.  84. 

•tau'-r6-tide,  ».    [STADROLITE.] 

BtaU-rot'-y-poSs,  a.    [Pref.  ifcraro-,  and  Or. 
Tiiiro?  (tupos)  =  a  type.) 

Min. :  Having  the  marks  or  spots  in  the 
form  of  a  cross. 

stave   ».    [From  stave,  dat.,  and  stava,  pL  of 
8TXf  (q  v.);  Cf.  Icel.  .«,/»•  =  a  staff,  a  stave; 
Dan.  s«a»  =  a  staff;  stave  =a  stave  ;  Icel.  «(e/ 
a  stave  in  a  song.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 
•  1.  A  pole  or  piece  of  wood  of  some  length ; 

*          "  "  But  I  mu»t  taiten  downward. 


r.  «<»i  - 

Palaant  •    A  genns  of  Cheiruridffl  (q.v.), 
from  the  Upper  and  Lower   Silurian,  with 

t*f.         *  __  ~t  ffco  +vTW»-cf*nnH.  but 


9  Specif.,  one  of  the  strips  (dressed  or  un- 
dressed) which  compose  the  sides  of  a  cask, 
tub,  or  bucket. 

3  One  of  the  boards  joined  laterally  to  form 
a  hollow  cylinder,"  curb  for  a  well  or  shaft, 
the  curved  tod  for  the  intrados  of  anarch,  &e. 

4  One  of  the  spars  or  rounds  of  a  rack  to 
contain  hay  in  stables  for  feeding  horses  ;  of 
a  ladder,  of  a  lantern-wheel,  &C. 

5.  A  stanza,  a  verse,  a  metrical  portion. 

••  And  tot  n.  chant  a  ,  pawing  Owy 
In  honour 


rom       e      p  ">>"- 

the  general  character  of  the  type-genus,  but 
having  the  frontal  portion  of  the  glabella 
enormously  swollen. 

Btau-rS-der'-ma,  «.  [Pref.  ttauro-,  and  Gr. 
Mptia  (derma)  =  the  skin.) 

Palaxmt. :  The  typical  genus  of  Stanroder- 
midffi  (q.T.).    From  the  Upper  Jurassic. 
Mtau-rft-der'-ml-aaj,  ».  pi     [Mod.  Lat 
»<aurocJerm(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idce.\ 
PaUemU. :  A  family  of  HexactinellidSponges. 

•tau'-ro-lite,  «.  [Pref.  stouro-,  and  Or.  XM<* 
(lithca)  =  a  stone ;  Ger.  stauralUh.} 

Mineralogy : 

1  An  orthorhorabic  mineral  occurring  only 
In  crystals,  mostly  in  cruciform  twins  of  two 
kinds,  one  in  which  the  crystals  tarn  ap- 
proximately right  angles  with  each  other  and 
fee  other  in  which  they  are  inclined  at  an 
-  angle  of  about  60%  Hardness,  7  to  7'5  ;  sp.gr. 
8-4  to  3-8,  after  purifying,  3-70  to  3'76 ;  lustre, 
«ub-vitreous ;  colour,  dark  brown  to  black, 
sometimes  grayish;  translucent  to  opaque; 
fracture.  conchoidaL  Compos. :  silica,  28  3 , 


H  Mv*te:  A  term  applied  to  the  five  horl- 
lonUl  and  parallel  lines  iu  music,  upon  which 
the  notes  or  rests  are  written  ;  a  staff. 

If  Great  Stun: 

Jfioic:  A  stave  consisting  of  eleven  lines, 
formed  by  the  ordinary  treble  and  bass  staves 
connected  by  a  dotted  line,  on  which  Midi 


Treble.         Soprano. 


•tav'-er-wort,  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  staver = stagger, 
and  Eng.  wort  ;  from  its  being  supposed  to 
cure  the  staggers  in  horses.    (iYior.)J 
Bot. :  Senecio  Jacobaia. 

stavej, «.  pi.    [STAFT.] 

t  staves'-a-cre  (ere  as  ker),  "staves- 
a  ker  «.  [Corrupted  from  Lat.  staphisagna 
(q.v.).] 

1.  Bot. :  Delphinium  StapMsagria. 

2.  PAarm. :   The  seeds  of  Delphinium  Sta- 
pKisagria.    Formerly  used  as  a  purgative  foi 
dogs/ and  to  destroy  vermin  in  the  head. 
Now  sold  as  a  medicine  to  kill  vermin  m 
cattle. 

••  Kiaat'cer I  thafi  good  to  kill  vermin.  —  liar 
love :  Dr.  Fauttut. 

gtave'-wood,  ».    [Eng.  stave,  s.,  and  wood.] 

Bot. :  Si.ma.ruba  amara. 
stav'-Ing,  »•    [Eng.  sfav(e);  -ing.] 

1    A  casing  of  staves  or  planks  which  form* 

a  curb  around  a  turbine  or  similar  water-  wheel. 

2.  Forging:   Shortening  or  compacting  a 

heated  rod  or  bar  by  endwise  blows ;  upsetting. 

•taw,  t>.«.  &  t.  [Dan.  stoat ;  Sw.  ,taa  =  to 
stand  (q.v.).] 

A  lidrans. :  To  be  fixed  or  set ;  to  b» 
stalled ;  to  stand  still,  as  a  cart.  (Proti.) 

B.  Trans. :  To  put  to  a  stand ;  to  surfeit, 
to  glut,  to  clog,  to  disgust.  (Scotch.) 

tav  m  •  Stey-yn,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  estayer 
=  to  prop  to  Sore,  to  stay,  to  underset 
(Fr.  touerX  from  estaye  =  a  prop,  a  shore,  a 
stay  (Fr.  «ai),  from  O.  But.  stade,  stoeyc  =  * 
prop,  a  stay.] 

A.  TransMve: 

L  To  prop  up,  to  support,  to  underset. 

"  Aaron  and  Hur  itojed  up  hU  hands."— Bx 

>  obstruct,  to  delay,  to  hinder,  to  keep 


Bass. 


Baritone. 


o  Is  written.  On  the  (Treat  stave  the  cleft 
never  change  their  places;  but  any  consecu- 
tive set  of  five  lines  can  be  selected  from  it, 
the  clef  really  retaining,  though  apparently 
changing,  its  place. 

stave,  K.t  A  i.    [STAV«,«.] 
A,  rroiwitiw: 

1    To  break  in  a  stave  or  staves  of;  to 
break  a  hole  in  ;  to  burst.    (Often  with  in..) 


8.  To  detain  ;  to  cause  to  remain. 


;  longer  than  I  *••>••»». 
iuufiaap. .   t «~  Bmtlemen  of  Ytrann.  U.  t. 

4  To  make  to  stand;  to  stop;  to  hold 
back  ;  to  retard,  to  withhold ;  to  put  off;  to 
put  an  end  to. 

-  Old  men.  noon  the  mn  of  life. 
Bi-mnd  him  who  ftayed  the  civil  atrife. 

Scott :  Lady  of  tht  Lake,  V.  OT. 

6.  To  abide  ;  to  undergo,  to  meet,  to  stand. 


6  To  remain  for  the  purpose  of;  to  wait 
for '•  to  await  the  time  of;  to  wait  to  partake 
of  o'r  to  be  benefited  by. 


.. 

7.  To  last  during  the  accomplishment  01 
completion  of. 

••  Doubt,  are  also  entertained  concerning  her  atnhtl 
to  ttay  the  conree."-0u«V  TtUgrapIt,  Nor.  u.  1885. 

*  8.  To  stop  for,  to  care  for,  to  heed. 
"  HOP  Iwdge.  nor  ditch. 


4440 


stay— stead 


1.  To  remain  or  continue  in  a  place;  to 
•bide  or  remain  for  any  indefinite  time. 

"  5tay  thou  by  thy  lord." 

Shaketp.  .•  Julint  Cottar,  v.  1 

2.  To  delay,  to  tarry,  to  be  long. 

"  Where  is  Kate  I  1  stay  too  long  from  her." 

ShaXetp:  Taming  if  the  Shrew,  UL  i. 

S.  To  make  a  stand  ;  not  to  flee  ;  to  stand. 

"  Give  them  leave  to  fly  that  will  not  stay." 

SbaXttp. :  S  Henry  VI.,  il.  &, 

•  4.  To  take  up  one's  position ;  to  stand 
to  Insist 

"  I  Jtay  here  on  my  bond.™ 

Shatetp.  :  Merchant  of  Venire,  Ir.  L 

•  S.  To  stop  ;  to  stand  still. 

"  The  glorious  sou  stays  in  his  course." 

Shatap.  :  King  John,  UL  1. 

•  6.  To  have  an  end  ;  to  come  to  an  end  ;  tc 
•MM, 

"  Here  my  commission  stays." 

Shatetp.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  11.  4. 

7.  To  continue  in  a  state  ;  to  remain. 

"  The  stain  upon  his  silver  down  will  stay." 

Shaketp.  :  Rape  ttf  iMcrtc*.   1,011 

•  8.  To  wait  to  attend  ;  to  forbear  to  act 

"Would  ye  stay  for  them  from  having  husbands  T 

•  9.  To  dwell  in  thought  or  speech ;  to  linger 

••  I  must  Jtviy  a  little  on  one  action,  which  preferret 
the  relief  of  others  to  the  consideration  of  yourself— 
Dryden,  (Todd-\ 

•  10.  To  wait,  to  attend;  to  give  attendance. 
<with  on  or  upon.) 

"  Worthy  Macbeth,  we  Kay  upon  your  leisure." 

Shaketp.  :  Macbeth,  L  H 

•  U.  To  rest,  to  depend. 

"  Ye  trust  In  oppression,  and  stay  thereon.*— i 
nx.  i?. 

12.  To  last  in  a  race  or  contest. 
"  He  won  at  Lincoln .  .  .  and  would  stay  better  than 
PUArro.--Oo4l,  Telegraph,  Sept.  14,  1884. 

•tay  (2),  v.t.  &  i.    [STAY  (2),  ».J 

Nautical : 

A,  Tram. :  To  tack  ;  to  arrange  the  sails 
and  move  the  rudder,  so  as  to  bring  the  ship's 
head  to  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

B.  Intrnns. :   To   change  tack ;  to  be  in 
•toys,  as  a  ship. 

Y  To  stay  a  mast : 
Naut. :  To  incline  it  forward  or  aft,  or  to 
one  side,  by  the  stays  and  back-stays. 

•tay  (1),  *  staye,  t,    [STAY  (IX  v.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  support,  a  prop ;  anything  which  sup- 
port*. 

"  Toe  Lord  was  my  ttay'—ptalm  xviii.  18. 

*2.  A  stop,  a  check,  an  obstacle,  an  ob- 
•truction. 

3.  Stand,  stop ;  cessation  of  motion  or  pro- 
gression. 


"A  bate  spirit  hue  this  vantage  of  a  brave  one,  It 
eeps  alwayes  at  a  stay.  nothing  brings  it  down,  not 
bo.tlui--4.aum.  tlHet.:  Kins  t  So  King.  ill. 

4.  Continuance  in  a  place  ;  abode  for  any 
indefinite  time. 

"  Your  stay  with  him  may  not  be  lour  "—  Shaken.  • 
Jfeosurs/or  Jfsosui-e,  lit  1. 

*6.  A  lingering  or  tarrying  ;  delay. 

"No  more  stay  :    to-morrow    thou    must    to."— 
ata.  :  Two  OmUenen.  1.  S. 


*  6.  Continuance  in  t  state  or  condition. 

"  The  conceit  of  this  inconstant  May." 

•7.  State.  «-**  .•*-»«  ii 

"I*  ww  -rood  we  invented  some  politicks  wale 
Our  matters  to  addresse  In  good  orderly  stale." 
tiev  Cuttome,  \.  L 

•8.  A  fixed  state  ;  fixedness,  stability,  per- 
nanence. 

"  Alas  I  what  stay  la  there  in  human  state. 
And  who  can  shun  Inevitable  fate!  " 


.  . 

*9.  Restraint  of  passion  ;  prudence,  mod- 
eration, caution,  steadiness,  sobriety. 

"  With  prudent  stay  he  long  deferr'd 
The  rough  contention."  Philip*,    (Todd.) 

*  10.  A  hook  or  clasp. 

*  11.  A  station  or  fixed  anchorage  for  vessels. 

"  2™  "M11*  "*'  anchor'd  close  :  nor  needed  we 
r  care  harine  on  any  Kaiei.' 

Chapman:  Homer;  Odyssey  x. 

12.  (PI.):  A  corset  (q.v.). 

"Yet,  if  you  saw  her  nnconnn'd  by  stays/" 

Oay  .-  The  Toilet. 

1  In  composition  the  singular  it  always 
used,  as  «taylace,  sfctymaker,  Ac. 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Build.  :  A  piece  performing  the  office  of 

Brace,  to  prevent  the  swerving  or  lateral 
deviation  of  the  piece  to  which  it  Is  applied. 


2.  .tf'i'i.,  etc.  :  A  lean-to,  support,  brace- 
tie  BO.,  a  the  case  may  be. 

3.  Mining  :  A  piece  of  wood  used  to  secure 
the  pump  in  an  engine-shaft. 

L  Steam: 

(1)  A  rod,  bar,  bolt,  or  gusset  in  a  boiler,  to 
hold  two  parts  together  against  the  pressure 
of  steam,  as  the  tube-stays,  water-space  stays, 

(2)  One  of  the  sling-rods  connecting  the 
locomotive  boiler  to  its  frame. 

(3)  One  of  the  rods  beneath  the  boiler  nip- 
porting  the  inside  bearings  of  the  crank-axle 
of  an  English  locomotive. 

stay-at-home,  a.  &  «. 

A.  As  adj.  :  Not  given  to  roam  or  travel. 

'  A!  Indolent.  stay-ot-Jiome  man/—  Mitt  Auttta: 
ark,  ch.  v. 


B.  As  subst.  :  A  person  not  fond  of  roam- 
Ing  or  travelling. 

"  The  quantity  of  admiration  might  make  a  modest 
•tay-a^Aome  diziy  to  contemplate."—  Pali  Mall  Ga- 
sefte,  Nov.  2.  1883. 

stay  bar,  «. 

1.  Arch.  :   The  horizontal  iron  bar  which 
extends  in  one  piece  along  the  top  of  the  mul- 
lions  of  a  traceried  window. 

2.  Steam  ':  A  stay-rod  (q.v.X 
stay-bolt,  ». 

MacK.  :  A  bolt  connecting  two  plates,  so  as 
to  make  them  mutually  sustaining  against 
internal  pressure. 

stay-bask,  «.    [BOSK  (2),  «.,  A.J 
stay  chain,  s. 

Vehiclet  :  One  of  the  chains  which  connect 
the  ends  of  the  double-tree  with  the  fore-axle, 
so  as  to  limit  the  sway  of  the  former.  In 
carriages  straps  effect  the  same  purpose. 

stay-pile,  «. 

Hydraul.*ng.  ;  A  pile  driven  into  a  bank 
and  affording  an  anchor  for  the  main  piles 
which  form  the  face  of  the  quay,  to  which  it 
is  connected  by  land-ties. 

stay  plough,  .«. 

Bot.  :  The  same  as  REST-HARROW  (q.v.X 

stay  rod,  s. 

1.  Steam-fngine  : 

(1)  One  of  the  rods  supporting  the  boiler- 
plate which  forms  the  top  of  the  fire-box,  to 
keep  the  top  from  being  bulged  down  by  the 
pressure  of  steam. 

(2)  Any  rod  in  *  steam-boiler  which  con- 
nect* parts  exposed  to  rupture  in  contrary 
directions. 

(3)  A  tension-rod  In  the  frame  of  the  marine 
steam-engine.  . 

2.  Build.  :  Any  tie-rod  which  prevents  the 
spreading  asunder  of  the  parts  connected. 

stay-wedge,  ». 

Locomotive  :  One  of  the  wedges  fitted  to  the 
inside  bearings  of  the  driving-axles,  to  keep 
them  in  their  proper  position  in  the  stays. 

•tay  (2),  «.  [A.S.  «tej  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  itaa; 
Icel.,  Dan.,  Qer.,  &  8w.  ttag;  prob.  from  its 
being  used  to  climb  by;  cf.  A.8.  s(<*oer=  a 
stair  ;  Sw.  slrgr,  =  a  ladder.] 

Naut.:  A  strong  rope  which  stiffens  and 
rapports  a  mast  in  ita  erect  position,  by  con- 
necting its  head  to  some  part  of  the  hull,  or 
to  a  part  stayed  from  the  hull.  The  fore-and- 
aft  stays  lead  forward  in  the  vessel's  line 
amidships;  the  back  stays  pass  somewhat 
abaft  the  shrouds,  and  are  attached  to  the 
side  of  the  vessel,  at  the  channels  ;  the  breast 
and  standing  stays  lead  from  the  mast-heads 
down  to  the  gunwale  on  each  side.  Spring 
stays  are  preventer  stays  to  assist  the  prin- 
cipal ones.  The  fore-and-aft  stays  support 
the  staysails  by  means  of  hanks.  The  stays 
are  named  from  the  masts  they  support  •  as, 
the  forestay,  foretopmast-stay,  maintopmast> 
stay,  jib  and  Hying-jib  stay,  bob-stay,  Ac.  A 
jumper-stay  is  a  movable  stay  leading  from 
the  head  of  a  mainmast  to  a  pair  of  eye-bolts 
in  the  deck  close  to  the  after  part  of  the  fore- 
n8gi"K-  The  triatic  stay  is  connected  at  ita 
ends  to  the  heads  of  the  fore  and  main  masts 
and  has  a  thimble  spliced  to  ite  bight  for  the 
suspension  of  the  stay-tackle  (q.v.). 

"When  the  Manila  slip  first  puts  to  aea.  she  take! 
on  board  a  much  greater  quantity  of  water  than  cs 
be  stowed  between  decks,  and  the  j»rs  which  ooutiii 
It  are  hung  ail  about  the  shrouds  and  stays,  so  as  to 

1SS3ESZK  '"*  ""  3-—"S*«»-S 


IT  1.  In  stays,  lime  in  stay*  : 
Naut. :  The  situation  of  a  vessel  when  ah* 
is  staying  or 

going   abOUt         KCAD  MAIMANOMIZCM.*...., 

WIND  «wtl<£  Vo  OFMVutiv 

f       >  «S1*TA»1C«  TO   W1NO 


situation  of  a  ship  when  she  works  slowly  in 
stays. 

stay-hole,  s. 

Naut. :  The  gromniet  or  hole  in  a  stay-sail 
through  which  tlie  hanks  pass  ;  by  the  latter 
the  sail  runs  on  the  stay. 

stay-sail,  t. 

Naut. :  A  fore-and-aft  sail  supported  by  a 
stay  of  a  vessel. 

"  If  caught  suddenly  In  a  squall,  the  stay-lot/  can  be 
quickly  lowered.  --FM4,  JsZ  30.  i»8«, 

stay-tackle,  t. 

Naut. :  Tackle  suspended  from  the  triatic 
stay,  and  used  for  hoisting  in  heavy  butt*-  of 
water,  freight,  boats,  blubber,  &c. 

•  stayd,  *  stayed,  a.     [STAY  (1),  v.]    Staid 
(q.v.). 

"  Whatsoever  Is  above  these  proceedeth  of  short nass 
of  memory,  or  of  want  of  a  Itayed  and  equal  atteu 
tion.  -Bacon. 

•  stayed  ly,  adv.    (Eng.  ttayed ;  -lv.\    In  a 
staid  manner ;  staidly. 

•  stayed'  -  ness,  *  stayd'  -  ness,  «.    [Eng. 
stayed;  -ness.] 

1.  Solidity,  weight 

"  Woen  substantlalneie  comblneth  with  delightful- 
ness,  and  currentneas  with  rtayeiinett  bow  can  th« 
language  sound  other  thau  most  lull  of  sweetness  T'— 
Camden  :  Remaint. 

2.  Composure,  gravity,  staidness. 

"  Their  sappoeed  courage.  Jtayedneti  and  sobriety  Is 
real  y  nothing  else  but  the  dull  and  sottish  stupidity 
of  their  minds.-— Cudvnrth  :  Intett.  Si/Otm,  p.  «8. 

stay'-er,  a.    [Eng.  stay  (i),  v. ;  •«•.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  stays  ;  one  who 
or  that  which  supports,  stops,  or  restrains. 

"  Q™  th*  guardian  of  the  capitol, 
He,  the  great  stayer  of  our  troops  In  rout  * 

A.  Philips 

2.  A  man  or  animal  capable  of  holding  on 
for  a  long  time. 

"  Monolith  has  never  been  thought  such  a  genuine 
stayer  as  to  prefer  two  miles  to  one.'— Field,  Oct.  t, 

Stay  1490,  «.  [Eng.  itay  (1),  ».,  I.  12,  and 
lace.]  A  lace  for  fastening  up  the  stays,  or 
the  bodice  of  ladies'  dress. 

"Astftyfooe  from  England  should  become  a  topick 
for  censure  at  visit*.'1— .Swi/f. 


*  stajr-lSss,  •  stal  lease.  *  stay-lesse,  a. 

[Eng.  stay  (1),  a. ;  -lets.}  Without  stop  or  delay. 

"They  fled  the  Held.  . 
With  status  steps.  e«ch  one  his  life  to  shield." 

Jttrrourfor  Magistrates,  p.  117. 

stay-mak-er,  t.  [Eng.  stay  (i),  s.,  I.  11, 
and  maker.]  One  whose  occupation  ia  to 
make  stays. 

stays,  s.  pL    [STAY  (IX  «-,  1. 12.] 

stead,  •  stede,  •  steed,  *  stnde,  i.    (A.8. 

stede  =  a,  place;  stcedh,  stedh  =  a  bank,  a  shore 
[STAITHE]  ;  cogn.  with  Dut  ttad  =  a  town ; 
O.  Dut  stede  =  a  farm  ;  IceL  stadhr  =  a  stead, 
a  place;  stodAa  =  a  place;  Dan.  &  8w.  ttad 
=  a  town;  Dan.  «f>d  =  a  place;  Ger.  siadt, 
statt  =  a  town,  a  place ;  O.  H.  Ger.  slat ;  Goth. 
stalks  =  a  stead,  a  place.) 

*  I.  A  place,  a  spot 

"  File,  Hie  this  fearefull  Head  »noon  ' 

Spenser,  f.  «..  IL  hr.  41 

8.  Place  or  room  which  another  had,  or 
might  have  had.    (Preceded  by  in.) 

"  Hang  the  guiltless  fn  their  stead 
Of  whom  the  churches  have  ]r«a  need." 

Butler  :  b'udrtrat,  it  1 

*  3.  A  frame,  as  of  a  bed. 

"To  loll  on  conches,  rich  with  clwmn  tledt-' 

Dryden  :  Virgil;  Oeorgic  iL  TSa. 


0       WO 

or.  wore. 


work, 


•  • 

mute.  onto.  oure.  unite,  our,  rite,  lull;  try.  Syrian.    «,  «  =  e;  ey 


stead— steam 


4441 


4.  A  steading  (q.v.X 

*  6.  Plight,  state,  condition. 

"  In  «>  bad  a  Ken*"  Spenler  :f.q..  IV.  IT.  «. 

•  6,  A  moment ;  time. 

"Rest  a  little  Uead."        Spenter  .-/•.«..  VI.  vu.  40. 

*  Stead  is  common  as  the  second  element 
In  names  of  places  :  as,  Hampsieod.    Cf.  also 
homestead,  road»tead,  &C. 

•  U  (1)  To  do  stead :  To  do  service  to ;  to 
avail.    (Usually  with  an  adjective.) 

••  Here  thy  iword  can  do  ^'f^^'."^^,  <n. 

(2)  To  stand  in  stead:  To  be  of  use  or  advan- 
tage.   (Usually  with  an  adjective.) 

"The  help  of  one  ttnndimein  little  tiead." 

Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  1 1.,  IV.  a. 

*  stead,  *  steed,  v.t.  &  i.    [STEAD,  s.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1   To  stand  in  stead  to ;  to  benefit,  to  ad- 
vantage.  (Shakesp. :  Tim  Gentlemen,  iu  1.) 
2.  To  supply  the  place  of ;  to  replace. 

"We  shall  advise  this  wronged  maid  to  Head  op 
jour  appointment,  and  go  In  your  placo.  —Shatelp. . 
Meawrefor  Xvintrt,  111.  1. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  stop,  to  stay. 

M  I  ihalt.  not  ited 
Tllle  I  have  theym  thlder  led. 

Townley  Mytteriet,  p.  1 

•  stead'-a-ble,  o.    [Eng.  stead;  -able.]    Ser- 
viceable." 

"Wherein  I  oould  not  b«  tteadaHe.-- Urqu*art : 
Kabetall,  bk.  t,  ch.  ix  viii. 

stead -fast.  *  stSd'-fast,  »sted-faste, 
sttde  -  fast,  •  stude -vaste,  a.  [A.S. 
itedefatste  =  firm  in  one's  place,  steadfast  ; 
Heie  =  a  place,  and  foist  =  fast ;  cogn.  with 
O  Dut.  stKlevast ;  Icel.  stadhfastr,  from  stadh 
='a  place,  and  fastr  =  fast ;  Dan.  stadfast.} 

1.  Firmly  fixed  or  established  ;  flrm. 

«  Ho»  rev'rend  i»  the  lace  of  thU  tall  pile  ... 
By TtTowi  weight  made  Iteadfatt  and  immoveable.- 
Centre*.  Mmrning  Bride,  U. 

2.  Constant,  firm,  resolute;  not  fickle  or 
wavering. 

••  Whom  reiiit.  Otadfatt  In  the  faith.'-!  Peter  1.  9. 
8.  Steady,  unwavering,  firm. 
•'We  aay  with  wi 


•tead  ine,  s.  (Eng.  stead,  s. ;  -ing.}  The 
collection  of  buildings,  the  house,  stables, 
barns,  and  other  out-houses  of  a  farm. 

stead  &  «sted-dy,  *sted-l,  *«t«*-y. 
•sted^ye.  "stld-igh,o.  [A.S.  staMlw  = 
steady,  from  stcedh  =  *  place;  cogn.  with 
O.  Dut  stedigh  =  flrm,  from  ttede  =  a  place ; 
Icel.  stodhugr=  steady,  from  stadhr ;  Dan. 
stadig;  Sw.  stadig;  Ger.  statig=  continual,] 

1.  Firmly  fixed ;  flrm  in  standing  or  posi- 
tion ;  fast ;  not  shaking  or  tottering. 

2  Firm  in  mind  or  purpose;  constant, 
resolute  ;  not  fickle,  changeable,  or  wavering  ; 
not  easily,  moved  or  persuaded  to  change  a 
purpose. 

"  O'er  moea  and  moor,  and  holt  and  hill,   w 
Hli  track  the  tteady  bloodhounds  trace. 


Stead -flMrt-tf.  stSd'-tiast-ly,  ode.    [Eng. 
steadfast;  -ijM 

1.  In  a  steadfast  manner;  firmly,  resolutely; 
without  wavering. 

••  But  to  the  politic,  ol  hli  family  he 


J.  With  steady  or  fixed  gaze. 

"Admiring  with  a  look  OedfaMtl  art, 
Hli  real  beauty  in  ^S^JIj^  .  salmaett. 

stead  -fast  ness,  *  sted  -fast-nesse,  «. 

[Bng.  steoilfast;  -nest.} 

1  The  quality  or  state  of  being  steadfast ; 
firmness  of  standing ;  fixedness  in  place. 

2.  Firmness  of  mind  or  purpose ;  fixedness 
In  principle  ;  resolution,  constancy. 

"  In  public  itorms  of  manly  tteattfannen.* 

Dryden  :  Ablalom  A  Achitephel,  L  889. 

Stead' -i-er,  t.  [Eng.  steady,  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  steadies  ;  in  racing  slang, 
t  heavy  weight  to  be  carried  by  a  horse. 

"  Carrying  tbe  tteadier  ol  1 J  it.  » Ib.  on  her  back."- 
rteld,  Dec.  U,  18SX 

Stead -I-l#,  *  sted-dl-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  steady ; 
•ly.} 

1  In  a  steady  manner ;  with  steadiness  or 
firmness  of  standing  or  position;   without 
shaking  or  tottering. 

2  Without  wavering  or  Irregularity ;  con- 
stantly ;  without  variation. 

••  Meanwhile  a  flre  of  muiketry  waa  kept  up  on  both 
•Idet  But  more  skilfully  and  more  aeadjy  by  the 
"g"«r  soldiers  than  by  the  mountaineer*.  -  Ma- 
eautay:  Xitt.  Enff.,  ch.  ziiL 

stead -i  ness,  "  sted-dl-ness,  «.  [Eng. 
steady;  -ness.} 

1  The  quality  or  state  of  being  steady ; 
firmness  or  fixedness  of  standing  or  position ; 
freedom  from  tottering  or  shaking. 

3^^:isi!lfs.zH&8Ssr 

2.  Firmness  of  mind  or  purpose  ;  steadfast- 
Bess,  constancy,  resolution. 
8.  Consistent,  uniform,  or  steady  conduct. 

"  A  friend  Is  useful  to  form  an  undertaking  and 
secure  Oeadineu  ol  conduct."-<WH«r .-  Of  friendlier. 

4.  Uniformity ;  absence  of  variation  or  ir- 
regularity. 

"ThU  .itraordlnary  aeadlneu  o.  price."- Smith : 
Wealth  of  Satianl,  bk.  L,  ch.  XL 


.  IllT. 

8.  Regular,  constant,  nndeviating,  uniform ; 
free  from  variation  or  irregularity. 

••  He  would  have  seen,  wherever  he  turned,  that  dls- 
like  of  Ueadi  industry."  -  Macaulay :  BM.  Una.. 
ch.  liiL 

4.  Not  loose  or  irregular  in  conduct ;  per- 
sevecing. 

steady-going,  a-  Quiet,  respectable  ; 
that  may  be  depended  on. 

"  He  has  been  lor  many  yean  »  prominent  member 
of  the  House,  where  his  aeadyi/oin,  1«»ll"«i  *?<! 
oommon-seiise  have  given  him  weight  and  Influence. 
—St.  Jametl  Oalette,  Feb.  J2,  18U7. 

steady-pin,  s. 

Founding : 

1.  One  of  the  pins  which  connect  the  parts 
of  a  flask. 

2.  A  dowel-pin  in  a  sectional  structure. 

steady-rest,  s. 

Lathe:  A  guide  attached  to  the  slide-rest  of 
a  lathe,  and  placed  in  contact  with  the  work, 
to  steady  it  In  turning.    Called  also  a  Back- 
rest.    [REST,  II.  5.] 
Stead'-?,  V.t.  A  i.      [STEADY,  O.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  steady,  firm,  or  fast ; 
to  hold  or  keep  from  shaking  or  tottering  :  as, 
To  steady  one's  hand. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  become  steady  ;  to  regain 
or  maintain  an  upright  position;  to  move 
steadily. 

"The  rapidity  with  which  they  '"I"  down  and 
resume  \hilr  itralghtlorward  motion/-«.i*  Sept. 
1.18W. 

»  stead'-y,  «.    [STITHY.] 

steak,  'stelke.  'steyke,  •.  (Icel.*«ttc  = 
Iteak,  so  called  from  its  being  roasted, 
which  was  formerly  done  by  sticking  it  on  a 
wooden  peg  before  the  flre;  from steikja  =  to 
roast ;  «<5«  =  a  stick  ;  Sw.  stek  =  roasl  meat ; 
steka  =  to  roast,  sticka  =  to  stick,  to  stab ; 
Dan  steg  =  a  steak ;  stege  =  to  roast ;  st'.k  = 
a  stab ;  stikke  =  a  stick.)  A  slice  of  beef,  pork, 
venison,  or  the  like  broiled  or  cut  for  broiling. 

"  II  there  want  but  a  collop  or  fteak." 

Sraum.  t  Flet.  :  MaOi  in  the  MiO,  IT.  1 

steal.  *steale,  *  stele  (pa.  t.  *ttal,  'stale, 
•stol,  stole;  pa.  par.  'stole,  stolen),  v.t.  &  i. 
[A.S.  stelan  (pa.  t.  steel,  pi.  stditon,  pa.  par. 
stolen);  cogn.  with  Dut.  stelen ;  Icel  stela; 
D'an.  Vfuete;  Sw.  stjala;  Ger.  stehUn ;  O.  H. 
Ger.  stelan  ;  Goth.  stUan.} 


pasting  of  the  ball  between  pitcher  and  catcher 
to  run  from  on«  base  to  the  nezt  without  wait- 
ing for  the  opportunity  afforded  by  »  bale-bit 
or  an  error  in  fielding. 
B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  thieve ;  to  practiw  or  be  guilty  o< 
thieving. 

2.  To  withdraw  or  pass  privily ;  to  go  or 
come  furtively  ;  to  slip  away  or  in  secretly. 

••  He  itealtth  into  her  chamber."— StaiMp. :  Rapt  «/ 
Lucrece.  Arg.  15. 

t  To  steal  a  march:  To  march  secretly > 
hence  figuratively,  to  gain  an  advantage  by 
being  beforehand.  (Usually  followed  by  on.) 

steal,  ..  [STiil,  i'.]  Any  act  of  stealing,  or 
one  involving  a  theft ;  unjust  and  unlawful 
appropriation. 

steal  er  (1),  ».  [Eng.  tttal,  v. ;  -«•.]  On« 
who  steals;  a  thief.  „., 

Their  deer  t.  be  th.rt.jrfo.  <f»~*£  „. .. 
steal'-er  (2),  ».    [STEELKB.] 
steal' -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,&i.    [STEAL,  «.] 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  <*  particip.  adj. :  (8» 
the  verb). 
C.  As  svtstantivt : 
1.  The  act  of  one  who  steals  ;  theft.    [LA» 

CENY.j 

•2.  That  which  is  stolen ;  stolen  property. 
(Generally  in  the  plural.) 

'  steal' -Ing-l*.  adv.    [Eng.  stealing ; -ly.]  By 
stealing;    sliiy,  stealthily,  furtively,  imper- 


ceptibly. 

••  They  did  ao  tteaUnilu  allp  Into  i 
-  Arcadia,  bk.  It 


t  another."— 


stealtn,  «  stelth,  *  steltbe,  ».    [Bng.  steal  ; 
^7  Icel.  staWr;  Dan.  styld;  Sw.  stold.\ 

*  1.  The  act  of  stealing. 

"  The  owner  proveth  the  aealth  to  hare  been  com 
mltted  u°"n  blm  by  .uch  an  outlaw,  and  to  have  beeo 
™uud  in  tbe  po»e..ion  ol  the  priaoner.--Sp.mMr: 
State  of  Ir'lana. 

*  2.  That  which  is  stolen  ;  stolen  property. 

"  On  his  back  a  heavy  load  he  bare 
OfnUhtl,«««M  •J^gS'VE'SStt,  U. 

•3.  A  going  secretly  ;  clandestine  or  furtive 


.Tour-^.^o.woo. 
Skatetp.  :  Miaommer  Xiilu'i  Onam.  UL  «. 

4  Secret,  furtive,  or  clandestine  mode  of 
procedure;  a  proceeding  by  secrecy;  furtive 
actions  or  procedui-e.  (Used  both  m  a  good 
and  bad  sense.) 

f  By  stealth:  Secretly,  in  secret,  privately. 

"  Let  humble  Allen,  with  an  awkward  "name,  , 
Uojiood  oy  tttalth.  and  hliuh  to  Sud  It  fame. 

Pope  :  tfOagut  to  Satirtl,  I.  IMk 

•stealth-like,  o.    Stealthy,  furtive,  sly. 

••  And  then  advanced  with  «eo«Vli*«  pace. 
Dr..  «,,t,y  ne-  ber-and-nor.  »-  ^  ^ 

•  stealth'  -luL    *  stealth'-full,    o.      [Bug. 
stealth;  -Juttf   Given  to  stealth  ;  stealthy. 

' 


Hath  any  man 

With  all  th^oien. 


'  If  thy  graue  rale 
making  ueaU\fuU  wal« 


•St6alth'-ful-l?,  adv.    [Eng.  stealthfut  ; 
Stealthily. 


1  To  take  and  carry  away  feloniously  ;  to 
take  clandestinely  and  without  right  or  leave, 
as  the  goods  of  another ;  to  purloin. 

2.  To  take,  to  extract,  without  any  Idea  of 
felonious  intent. 

"  And,  like  the  bee.  Heat  all  the  sweet,  away.  ^ 

*  3.  To  gain  or  win  secretly  or  gradually. 

"  How  many  a  tear     §> 
Hath  dear  religion'!  love  I 

•4.  To  assume  hypocritically. 

"Whocaiui  • *• — ""•  ~ 


*stSalth'-ful-n8s«, 

-ness.]    Stealthiness. 


[Eng.   stealth/til; 


stealth'-a-l$,  adv.  [Eng.  stealthy  ;  •!*.]  In 
a  stealthy  manner  ;  by  stealth  ;  furtively, 
slily. 


*  5  To  withdraw  clandestinely,  to  insinuate, 
to  creep,  to  slink  furtively.   (Used  reftexrvely.) 


•6.  To  do,  perform,  or  effect  secretly;  to 
try  to  accomplish  clandestinely. 


•7.  To  abduct.  -Th.^ti.m.n 

That  V+fSgfSgaZ,  „  ymlce.  IV.  I. 
«  To  steal  a  bate:  Tn  base-ball,  the  act  of  a 
base-runner  who  takes  advantage  of  the  sli 


stealth'-I-ness,  ».    [Eng.  stealOy  ,  r  -IMH.] 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  stealthy. 
stealth'-*,  a.     [Eng.  stealth;  -».]    Like  one 

wtose  object  is  to  steal  ;   done  by  stealU.  ; 

done  or  accomplished  clandestinely  J  furtive, 

sly,  clandestine,  privy. 

"  Now  withered  murder  with  hii  OealOtf  pace. 
MoTeTlike  agho.t.-          Biakelf.  :  jiactMh,  11.  1. 

.  "  steem,  "  stem,  *  steeme,  ».  [A.S. 
T=  a  vapour,  smell,  smoke  ;  Dut  >taa» 
=  steam.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

2  Popularly  applied  to  the  visible  moist 
vapour  which  rises  from  water,  and  from  all 
moist  and  liquid  bodies,  when  subjected  to 
the  action  of  heat:  as,  the  sttam  of  boiling 
water. 

3.  Haze  caused  by  the  sun's  heat. 


4442 


i.  Any  exhalation. 

"  *  J»»Ulent  and  mot  corroil ve  «?•<,— 
Like  a  grow  fog  BteoUau.  rising  fast. 
rr    -,    .  Confer:  Tulle,  HUM. 

H.  Technically: 

L  P%»tcs :  Water  in  its  gaseous  form.    It 
U  a  colourlesj,  invisible  gas,  quite  distinct 
from  the  visible  cloud  which  issues  from  a 
kettle,  Ac.,  which  is  composed   of  minute 
drops  of  water  produced  by  the  condensation 
of  the  steam  as  it  issues  into  the  colder  air. 
Under  ordinary  atmospheric  pressure    water 
boils  in  an  open  vessel  at  a  temperature  of 
112  ,  and  the  steam  always  has  this  tempera- 
ture, no  matter  how  fast  tlie  water  is  made  to 
boil.     The  heat  which  is   supplied    simply 
suffices  to  do  the  work  of  converting  the 
liquid  water  at  212'  into  gaseous  steam  at  212", 
without  raising  the  temperature  of  the  steam 
at  alL    If  the  temperature  of  steam  at  212°  is 
lowered  by  only  a  very  small  amount,  part  of 
the  steam  is  condensed  ;  hence  steam  at  this 
temperature  is  termed    moist  or  saturated 
•team.    At  high  temperatures  and  pressures, 
steam  belmves  like  a  perfect  gas ;   but,  at 
lower  pressures  and  at  temperatures  near  the 
boiling-point  of  water,  its  behaviour  differs 
markedly  from  that  of  perfect  gases ;  and  this 
change  of  properties  has  to  be  taken  into 
account  in  all  calculations  connected  with  tli£ 
expansion  of  steam  in  steam-engines.    [LAW, 
Tl  (2)J  The  terms  high  pressure  (q.v.)  and  Liw 
pressure  (q.v.)  are  applied  to  steam  without 
any  sharply-defined  limit  between  them.     If 
the  steam  is  superheated  bypassing  it  through 


roug 

hot  pipes,  it  is  converted  into  dry  steam 
hich,  within  certain  limits,  behaves  like  a 


whic 


Liiuiu),   uenaves  line  a 

perfect  gas.  If,  instead  of  allowing  the  steam 
to  escape  freely,  the  water  is  boiled  in  a  closed 
vessel,  the  steam  accumulates,  and  both 
pressure  and  temperature  rapidly  increase, 
nntil  the  former  becomes  several  times  greater 
than  that  of  the  atmosphere.  If  now  the 
•team  is  allowed  to  escape,  it  rapidly  expands 
and,  if  it  escapes  into  the  cylinder  of  a  steam- 
•ngme  (q.v.),  the  expansion  can  be  utilised 
and  converted  into  work.  As  the  steam  ex- 
pands, its  pressure  of  course  becomes  less 
and  less,  until  it  is  not  greater  than  that  of 
the  atmosphere;  and  at  the  same  time  its 
temperature  is  reduced,  the  reduction  depend- 
ing on  the  rapidity  with  which  expansion 
takes  place.  The  economic  uses  of  steam  are 
extremely  numerous.  The  most  important  is 
that  of  an  agent  for  the  production  of  me- 
chanical force  on  railways,  in  steam-boats,  and 
In  manufactories.  It  is  also  largely  employed 
in  warming  buildings,  in  heating  baths,  in 
brewing,  in  distilling,  and  for  cooking  pur- 
poses. [STXAX-EXIilNK.] 

2.  Geol. :  The  explosive  force  of  steam 
reeking  vent  is  believed  to  he  a  potent  factor 
in  producing  earthquakes  and  volcanic  phe- 
nomena. 

steam-blower,  ».  A  blower  driven  by 
•  steam-engine,  or  one  in  which  tlie  steam  is 
mingled  with  the  air-blast.  [BLOWER,  «.,  II.  i.j 

•team-boat,  s.  A  boat  or  vessel  pro- 
pelled by  steam  acting  either  on  paddles  or  on 
a  screw.  The  term  especially  belongs  to  steam 
river-craft;  ocean-going  craft  being  called 
steamers,  steamships,  &c. 

Steam-boat  rollert:  Rollers  armed  with  steel 
teeth,  and  revolving  on  parallel  axes  towards 
each  other,  by  whu-h  coal  is  broken  at  the 
mines.  The  coal  falls  on  to  an  inclined  screen 
known  as  the  steam-boat  screen  (q.v.X 

Stmm-bveU  tureen :  An  Inclined  barrel-screen 
which  receives  the  coal  from  the  steam-boat 
rollers,  and  sorts  it, 

steam  boiler,  ».    [STEAM- ENGINE.] 
•team-box,  s.    A  •team-cheat 
•team-brake,  ». 

Ra.il.-cng. :  A  device  for  bringing  the  power 
of  steam  under  pressure  to  act  upon  the  car- 
riage wheels  and  stop  their  motion. 

steam-buzzer,  «.  A  form  of  steam- 
whistle  (q.v.)  used  in  the  manufacturing  dis- 
tricts as  a  signal  for  commencing  and  leaving 
off  work. 

i.',*lot,hl°f  „**  *"   «PPr°acbin»   U»    «v«am.&u«r,»r. 
._JlJU.t!'I,.to  be_found  in  tome  manufacturing 


Soi 

motire 


WM  known  to  our  happy  fc 
•  1«  a  peculiarly-Ingenious  comblna- 
•  -  threshing-machine,  and  a  loco- 
point  of  bnnUuf.    Wh«n  tills 


M ,  „  1  •  -^,        T ,     I — ;  "Mug.        "  ll«u    WMB 

thTobl,??^.  six  oclock  In  the  morning,  with 

>  oojeci  oi  turn mon ing  workpeople  to  their  daily 
S£r*ff  "J2SP5S1*  recognized  in  iU  vicinity  th»t 


steam 

Steam-car,  J.    A  steam-carriage  ;  a  car  or 
carriage  drawn  by  steam  power.    (Amer.) 

steam-carriage,  «.     A   carriage   pro 

pelled  by  steam  ;  specially  used  of  a  locomo 
live  engine  adapted  to  work  on  an  ordiuar 
road.  [STEAM-ENGINE,  TRAMWAY.] 

steam-easing,  s. 

Sttam-tnci. :  A  steam-jacket  aronnd  a  eyltn 
der  or  other  object  to  keep  in  the  warmth 
Invented  by  Watt,  to  prevent  the  radiatio 
ol  heat  from  the  cylinder. 

steam  chamber,  ». 

1.  The  •team-room  in  »  boiler :  tlie  space 
for  the  collection  of  steam,  above  the  witer 
line ;  a  steam-dome. 

2.  A  steam-tank  (q.v.}, 
steam  chest,  i. 

1.  Steam-engine :   A  box  or  chamber  above 
the  boiler  to  form  a  reservoir  for  the  steam 
and  whence  it  passe*  to  the  engine. 

2.  Calico-printing:    One  form  of  steam  ap 
paratus  in  which  steam  is  applied  to  cloths 
in  order  to    fix  the  colours,   called    steam- 
colours  from  this  mode  of  treatment. 

3.  A  chamber  heated  by  steam,  and  used 
for  softening  timber  which  is  to  be  bent  to  a 
curved  form,  as  ships'  planking. 

steam  chimney,  s. 

Steam-eng.:  An  annular  chamber  around 
the  chimney  of  a  boiler-furnace  for  super- 
heating steam. 

steam-cock,  «.  A  valve  or  faucet  in  a 
steam-pipe. 

Steam-coll,  s.  A  steam-pipe  bent  into  a 
shape  to  occupy  the  bottom  or  sides  of  a 
boiler,  so  as  to  have  a  large  surface  in  com- 
pact space.  Used  iu  bird-tanks,  malt-vats, 
vacuum-pans,  Ac. 

steam-colors,  t.fl.  A  style  of  calico- 
printing  in  which  a  mixture  of  dye  extracts 
and  mordants  is  topically  applied  to  cloth, 
while  the  chemical  reaction  which  fixes  the 
colors  to  the  fibre  is  produced  by  steam. 

•team-crane,  «.  A  crane  worked  by  a 
steam-engine ;  it  frequently  cairies  the  engine 
upon  the  same  frame. 

steam-cylinder,  ». 

Stmm-cng. :  The  chamber  within  which  the 
piston  reciprocates.  [PISTON.] 

steam-dome,  ».    [STEAM-CHAMBER,'  i.j 
steam-dredger, s.  [DEEDoiNo-MACHiNt] 
steam-engine,  «. 

Steam  <t  Mech. :  An  apparatus  for  converting 
heat  into  work.  The  first  steam-engine  clr 
which  we  have  any  account  is  the  eolipile 
(4.T.).  The  Marquis  of  Worcester  (about 


described  by  Papin  a  few  years  previously 
[DIGESTER,   II.],  and   was  applied  by  New. 
comen     who.   In    conjnuctlon    with    Cawie,' 
invented  the  first  self-acting  engine  In  1712 
and    used  it    for   working    pumps,    &c       l{ 
consisted  of  a  cylinder  in  which  there  wa» 
a  circular  disc  or  piston  fitting  tightly,  but 
capable  of  being  moved  np  and  down.     At- 
tached  to  the  centre  of  the  piston  was  a  ver- 
tical shaft  or  piston-rod ;  and  a  stout  team 
turning  about  a  centre,  was  attached  at  one 
end  by  a  chain  to  the  piston  rod,  and  at  the 
other  end  by  a  chain  to  a  pump-rod.    Steam 
was  admitted  to  the  cylinder  at  the  l.,)tt..;n 
and  the  piston  rose,  the  pump-rod  being  pulled 
down  by  a  counterpoise  attached  to  that  end 
of  the  beam.     When  the  cylinder  was  full  of 
steam,  the  supply  was  cut  off,  and  cold  water 
was  injected  into  the  cylinder.     The  steam 
was  thus  condensed,  and  the  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere  acting  on  the  top  of  the  pist,,u 
drove  it  down,  raising  the  opposite  end  of  the 
beam,  and  with  it  the  pumii-rod.     In  176* 
James  Watt  invented  the  method  of  condensing 
the  steam  in  a  separate  vessel  away  from  the 
cylinder  [CONDENSER,  II.,  1.] ;  he  also  was  the 
first  to  use  the  pressure  of  the  steam  itself 
instead  of  that  of  the  atmosphere,  thus  mak- 
ing the  mechanism  in  reality  a  steam-engine. 
Watts  first  patent  was  taken  out  in  1769 
Newcomen's  engine  and  Watt's  first  en-ine 
were  single-acting  (q.v.).     In  1781  Watt  took 
out   a   patent   for    a    double-acting    engine- 
(q.v.).      Some    time    previously    Watt    had 
introduced    the    method    of    allowing    the 
steam    to    work    expansively.      [EXPANSION, 
II.  5],  and  showed  that  tlie  condenser  might 
be    dispensed  with,  the  waste  steam    being 
discharged  into  the  air  by  opening  suitable* 
valves.    The  non-condensation  of  the  steam 
and  the  method  of  working  steam  expansively 
can  only  be  satisfactorily  employed  withh  ah- 
pressure  engines,  in  which  the  pressure  of  the 
steam  Is  several  times  greater  tlian  that  of  the 
atmosphere  ;  the  early  engines  of  Xewcnmen 
and  Watt  were  low-pressure  engines,  in  whii-h 
tlie  pressure  of  the  steam  was  not  very  much 
greater  than  that  of  the  atmosphere.    The  es- 
sential parts  of  a  modern  steam-engine  are  • 
the  steam-boiler,  usually  called  the  boiler  in 
which  the  steam  is  generated.     It  is  mad.  ..( 
wrougfit-iron  plates,  sufficiently  thick  to  resist 
considerably  more  than  the  highest  pressure 
which  they  will  be  called  upon  to  bear   and 
the  form  of  the  boiler  is  designed  to  se<  i;ie 
the  greatest  possible  economy  of  heat.     The 
boilers  of  locomotives,  and  of  those  of  many 
stationary  engines,  are  traversed  by  a  large 
number  of  tubes,  along  which  the  gases  fmTu 
the  fire  pass;  and  in  steam  fire-engines  the- 
boiler  consists  of  a  series  of  comparatively 
narrow  tubes  filled  with  water,  this  being  thi 
form  which  enables  steam  to  be  got  up  with 
the  greatest  rapidity.    The  height  of  the  water 
and  the  pressure  of  steam  in  the  boiler  are  in- 


TTP*  OP  MODERN  HIOH  SPEED  SINGLE  VALVI  IHOIXE  WITH  AUTOMATIC 


1601-1867)  described  a  steam-engine  In  his 
Century  of  Invention!,  but  no  practical  result 
followed.  In  1698  Captain  Savery  described 
his  engine  for  raising  water,  and  this  was  the 
first  actually  used.  The  principle  had  been 


dicated  by  gauges,  of  which  there  are  several 
forms.  In  order  to  prevent  the  pressure  rising 
too  high,  each  boiler  is  fitted  with  one  or 
more  forms  of  safety-valve  (q.v.).  The  cylinder 
is  made  of  cast-iron,  carefully  bored  on  the 


W.  wore, 


• 
who,  .on;  mute.  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  lull;  try.  Syrian.    «.  o» 


e;  ey  =  a;  qa  =  kw 


steam 


Inside  :  and  tbe  piston  (q.v.)  is  a  circular  plate 
of  iron  packed  closely  into  the  cylinder  by 
newu  ofmeullic  rings.    The  piston-rod  is 
fa  Iv  steel  and  passes  out  of  the  cylinder 
ttroigh  a  stuffing-box,  in  which  it  is  packed 
m  tight,  cither  by  greased  tow  or  by  me- 
c  rings     The  cylinder  is  provided  with  a 


The  distribution  of  steam, 
»l,.,ve  and  below  the  piston,  is  controlled  by 
J  slide  valve  (q.v.),  working  in  a  small  cylin- 
der or  valve-casing  attached  to  the  cylinder. 
According  to  the  arrangement  of  these  prin- 
cipal parts,  distinctive  names  are  applied  to 
SeamSgSes.  [BEAM-ENOINE,  HOBIZONTAL 
STEAM-ENOINE,  OSCILLATINO-ESOINE  \  ERTI- 
CAL-ESOINE.]  They  are  also  classified  accord- 
Ing  to  their  uses,  as  Portable,  Stationary,  Lo- 
comotive, Marine.  Pumping,  &c.  In  order  to 
overcome  the  difficulty  of  the  dead-points 
<n  v  )  the  fly-wheel  was  adopted  by  Watt  in 
his  engine!,  and  has  been  used  ever  since. 
fFi  Y-WHEFL.]  In  engines  which  have  no  fly- 
Vheel  the  same  end  is  attained  by  having  two 
cvlinders,  working  on  the  same  shaft,  but 
With  their  cranks  at  right  angles.  Ihe  speed 
»t  which  an  engine  works  depends  on  the  re- 
sistance which  it  has  to  overcome  ;  and  where 
this  resistance  is  continually  varying,  as  it 
generally  is,  the  speed  of  the  engine  will  also 
wry  It  is  necessary,  however,  to  keep  the 
•peed  »  nniform  as  possible,  and  this  is  done 
partly  by  the  fly-wheel,  and  partly  by  the 
governor:  [GOVERNOR,  II.,  2.]  In  locomotive 
ind  other  engines  where  fly-wheels  or  governors 
are  not  used,  the  speed  is  regulated  by  means 


gas, 


[SUPERHEATED   STEAM 


are  no  , 

of  an  arrangement  for  varying  the  time  at 
which  the  steam  is  cut  off  by  the  slide-valve. 
COMPOUND  STEAM  -ENGINE.)  About  1,84, 
utt  patented,  but  did  not  actually  construct, 
•  locomotive,  and  Murdoch  made  a  small  higli- 


pressure  engine,  the  fly-wheels  of  which,  nine 
and  a  half  inches  in  diameter,  were  used  as 
driving-wheels.  Trevithick  constructed  a 
Mgh-pressure  locomotive  in  1802  and  Blen- 
kiusop  and  Chapman  also  made  locomotives 
•  fi-w  years  later.  The  oldest  locomotive  i 
existence,  Puffing  Billy,  now  in  the  Patent 
Museum,  South  Kensington,  was  constructed 
In  1813,  and  was  continually  used  until  June 
«  1862.  In  1814,  atephenson  constructed  the 
Killingworth  Engine,  which  he  continually 
Improved,  and,  in  13i9,  won  the  prize  ottered 
by  the  directors  of  the  Liverpool  and  Man- 
chester Railway,  with  his  engine,  Rocket.  In 
this  he  used  two  cylinders  placed  one  on  each 
side  of  the  engine,  and  acting  on  cranks  at- 
tached to  large  driving-wheels.  The  boiler 
was  traversed  by  a  number  of  narrow  tubes, 
as  proposed  by  Seguin  and  Booth.  In  modern 
locomotives,  the  boilers  are  of  the  tubular 
form,  and  the  engine  is  driven  by  two,  or 
occasionally  four,  cylinders,  placed  in  front 
•nderthe  boiler,  and  inside  the  iron  frame  on 
-which  the  boiler  is  supported.  The  waste 
•team  from  the  cylinders  is  discharged  through 
•  pipe  in  the  chimney  of  the  engine,  and 
creates  the  draught  tor  the  boiler.  The  two 
cylinders  act  on  cranks  on  the  axle  of  the 
driving  wheels,  which  are  sometimes  eight  or 
nine  feet  in  diameter.  The  number  of  wheels 


Is  six,  eight,  and  in  some  cases  twelve,  there 
being  two,  four,  or  six  di  iving-wheels  coupled 
together.  Since  the  date  of  the  experiments 
described  the  power  and  efficiency  of  engines 
have  been  enormously  increased,  largely 
through  the  skill  and  talent  of  the  inventors 
and  machinists  of  the  United  States,  who  have 
more  than  kept  pace  with  those  of  England  in 
the  conception  of  useful  and  economical  de- 
vices. The  application  of  the  steam  engine  to 
the  movement  of  Iwats  was  first  made  a  success 
by  Fitch  and  Pulton,  and  the  power  and  size  of 
locomotive  engines  have  been  increased,  until 
now  monsters  of  eighty  tons  weight  are  in  use, 
and  a  speed  of  seventy  miles  an  hour  is  occa- 
sionally attained,  while  forty  and  more  miles 
has  become  a  common  speed.  The  nominal  or 
low-pressure  horse-power  of  English  marine 
engines  is  not  33,000  foot  pounds,  as  on  land,  but 
more  than  44  000  foot  pounds,  and  in  America 
its  value  is  still  greater.  [INDJCATOB,  II.,  3.J 

•team  exhaust   port,  i.     [EXHAUST- 
POJIT.] 
•team  fire-engine,  s.  (FIRE-ENOIKX,  1.) 

•team- fountain,  s.  A  Jet  or  body  of 
water  raised  by  the  pressure  of  steam  upon 
the  surface  of  the  water  in  a  reservoir. 


steam 

(q.v.).] 

Steam  gauge,  s.  An  instrument  attached 
to  a  boiler  to  indicate  the  pressure  of  steam. 
There  are  many  varieties.  The  oldest  and 
simplest  consists  of  a  tient  tube  partially  filled 
with  mercury,  one  end  of  which  springs  from 
the  boiler,  so  that  the  steam  rising  in  the 
tube  forces  up  the  mercury  in  proportion  to 
the  amount  of  pressure.  Bourdon  s  consists 
of  an  elliptical  copper  tube  bent  into  an  arc 
of  540°.  One  of  the  extremities  communiciites 
with  the  boiler  or  reservoir  of  condensed  gas 
whose  pressure  is  to  be  measured,  and  the 
other  carries  an  index  which  moves  backward 
or  forward  on  a  graduated  arc  as  the  curvature 
of  the  tube  is  varied  by  changes  of  pressure. 
steam-governor,  a.  [GOVERNOR.] 
steam-gun,  ».  A  gun  whose  projectile 
force  is  derived  from  the  expansion  of  steam 
issuing  through  a  shotted  tube. 

steam-hammer,  s. 

Mech. :    A  hammer  worked    by  means   of 
steam.    The  idea  of  a  (team-hammer  seems 
to  have  occurred  nrst  to  James  Watt,  who 
patented  it  in  1784.     William   Deverell  also 
took  out  a  patent  for  a   steam-hammer  in 
1806 ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  In  either 
case  the  idea  was  carried  into  operation.    In 
the  year  1839  James  Nasmyth  invented  the 
stewn-hammer  called  after  him,  and  patented 
it  In  1842.      In  the  older  forms  of  steam- 
hammer    the  hammer-head,  attached  to  one 
end  of  a  lever,  was  raised  by  the  action  of  a 
cog-wheel  or  cam  acting  on  the  other  end  of 
the  lever,  and  was  then  allowed  to  fall  by  its 
own  weight.  Hammers  of  this  description  are 
Dften  called  Steam-tilts.    In  Nasmyth's  ham- 
mer, the  head  is  attached  to  the  piston  rod  of  an 
inverted  cylinder  supported  vertically,  and  tlie 
piston  is  raised  by  the  action  of  the  steam 
admitted  into  the  cylinder  below  the  piston. 
The  hammer  is  allowed  to  fall  by  its  own 
weight,  or  Is 
driven  down- 
wards with 
still  greater 
velocity  by 
the  action  of 
steam  admit- 
ted into   the 
cylinder 
above    the 
piston.     The 
admission   of 
steam  into 
the    cylinder 
is    regulated 
by  a  slide- 
valve  worked 
by  a  lever, 
and  the  force 
of  the  stroke 
can   be   con- 
trolled     to  STEAH-HAMHEB. 
such   an    ex- 
tent, by  regulating  the  admission  of  •team, 
that   the    largest   hammer  can  be  made  to 
crack  a  nut,  or  to  come  down  upon  a  mass 
of  iron  with  a  momentum   of   many   hun- 
dred foot-tons.    The  cylinder,  which  is  sup- 
ported on  a  strong  iron  framework,  iB  very 
strong,   and   the   steam-pipes   are    of   extra 
strength,  because  of  the  high   pressure  at 
which  the  steam  is  employed.    The  piston- 
rod  is  of  stout  wrought-iron  or  steel,  and  the 
hammer  itself  is  also  of  steel    The  weight  of 
the  hammer  ranges  from  about  two  hundred- 
weight to  twenty-five  tons  ;  and  the  object  to 
be  struck  is  placed  upon  an  anvil,  consisting 
of  a  slab  of  iron  resting  on  a  huge  mass  of 
piles  and  concrete,  which  frequently  descends 
a  great  depth  into  the  ground.    There  are 
some  other  forms  of   less  importance.      In 
Condie's  steam-hammer  the  hammer-head  is 
attached  to  the  lower  end  of  the  cylinder, 
and  Rarasbottom's  two  cylinders  move  hori- 
zontally in  the  same  line,  but  in  different 
directions,  and  the  metal  to  be  forged  is  placed 
between  them.    Borne  of  these  are  in  use  at 
the  Railway  Works,  Crewe.     Steam-hammers 
are  rated  or  classified  according  to  the  effective 
weight  of  the  piston  and  hammer-head  or 
drop,  and  range  from  100  pounds  up  to  80 
tons.  The  largest  steam-hammer  in  the  world 
is  one  in  Pennsylvania,  of  125  toin.    Powerful 
hydraulic  presses  are   being   substituted   for 
hammers  in  heavy  forging  work. 

steam-hoist,  s.  An  elevator  or  lift  worked 
by  a  steam-engine,  frequently  portable. 


4443 
•team-horn,  s.    A  steam-buzzer  (q.v.). 

•'Tlu,  ttfair^hona  ol  Urg«  manufactories."— HotM  * 
Queries,  April  2.  18*7,  p.  379. 

•team-indicator, «.  A  device  to  record 
the  pressure  of  steam.  It  was  invented  by 
James  Watt. 

•team-Jacket,  >.    [JACKET,  «.,  II.  1.] 
•team-Jet,  ».    A  blast  of  steam  emitted 
from  a  nozzle. 

Stenm-jet  pump :  A  form  of  injector  or  ejector 
in  which  the  body  of  water  is  put  in  motion 
by  a  steam-jet. 

•team  -  kitchen,  a.  An  apparatus  foi 
cooking  by  steam. 

steam  launch,  a.  A  large  kind  of  boat 
with  a  propeller-engine. 

Steam-navigation,  s.    The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  applying  st«aui  to  the  propelling  ol 
boats  and  vessels  ;  the  art  or  pi-actice  of  navi- 
gating steam- vessels.    A  doubtful  claim  has 
been  made  that  on  June  17,  1543,  a  Spaniard, 
Blasco  de  Garay,    exhibited    a    steam-ship 
which  made  an  experimental  trip  in  the  port 
of  Barcelona,  in  presence  of  commissioners 
appointed   by  Charles  V.     The  Marquis  ol 
Worcester  described  a  steam-ship   in  1655. 
though  he  did  not  publish  his  description  till 
1863     On  Dec.  21, 1736,  a  patent  was  granted 
to  Jonathan  Hulls  for  a  kind  of  steam  tug, 
which  he  does  not  seem  actually  to  have  con- 
structed.   In  1783,  Fitch,  an  American,  moved 
a  boat  on  the  Delaware  by  paddles  worked  by 
a  steam-engine  ;  and  in  the  same  year  Claude, 
Comte  de   Jouffroy,  constructed  an  engine 
•which  propelled  a  boat  on  the  Saflne.    Paddle 
wheels  had  been  patented  by  Miller  in  1781, 
and  for  some  time  all  steam- boats  were  pro- 
pelled    by     paddles.     [SCREW  -  rnopiLLBB.1 
Symington  used  a  steam-boat  on  the  Forth 
and  Clyde  in  1790,  and  in  1802  he  had  one 
on  the  Clyde  which  was  able  to  tow  vessels. 
Fulton  used  a  steam-boat  on  the  Seine  In 
1803;   and  in  1807  his  boat,  the  Clermant, 
with  engines  built  by  Boulton  and  Watt,  ran 
from  New  York  to  Albany,  and  soon  after- 
wards there  was  a  regular  service  between 
these  towns.    Th»  first  successful  steam-boat 
tu  Europe  was  Hell's  Comet,  which  in  1812,  ran 
on  the  Clyde  between  Glasgow  and  Greenock, 
three  times  a  week,  with  a  maximum  speed  of 
five  miles  an  hour.     The  first  voyage  of  • 
steam-ship  from  New  York  to  Liverpool  waf 
made  by  the  Savannah  in  twenty-six  days, 
In  1819.    Regular  steam  communication  with 
Europe  was  begun  in  1S38.     In  1845  the  Ureat 
Britain  crossed  the  Atlantic  in  fourteen  days ; 
on  October  21-26, 1894,  the  Lacania  made  the 
trip  from  Queeustowu  to  New  York  (about 
-  2,800  miles)   in  five  days,  seven  hours   and 
twenty-three  minutes,  which  is  the  record  to 
date.    Other  steam-ships,  as  the  Teutonic,  Farie, 
New  York,St.  Louis, and  St.  Paul,  have  developed 
approximately  equal    speed.      The   two    last 
named  were  built  on  the  Delaware  in  1893-6, 
and   are    unsurpassed    for   comfort  and  sea- 
worthiness.   The  staunch  construction  of  the 
St.  Paid  (see  illustration)  was  amply  demon- 
strated when,  on  the  morning  of  January  25, 
1896,  this  noble  vessel  was  driven  hard  and 
fast  upon  the  beach  at  Long  Branch,  N.  J., 
during  a  heavy  fog.    When  finally  hauled  off, 
after  straining  and  thumping  in  the  enrf  for 
ten  days,  the  vessel  was  fonnd  to  be  entirely 
uninjured.     [STEAM-ENGINE.] 

steam  navvy,  t.  A  steam-engine  em- 
ployed in  excavating  earth  for  docks,  canals, 
Ac.  (EHgluh.) 

•team-packet,  J.  A  steam-vessel  carry- 
ing mails  and  running  periodically  between 
certain  ports. 

•team-pipe, ».  Any  pipe  conveying  steam 
from  a  boiler  to  an  engine,  or  a  supply-pipe  In 
a  system  of  steam  heating  or  drying. 

steam  plough,  «.  A  plough  or  gang  of 
ploughs  drawn  by  portable  steam-engines.  By 
the  same  means,  cultivators,  harrows,  and 
other  agricultural  implements  are  drawn 
Steam  ploughs  are  largely  used  on  the  great 
wheat  farms  of  the  West,  which  are  much  too 
large  for  hand  ploughing. 

steam  port,  >. 

Steam-mg. :  An  opening  through  the  valve 
seat  to  the  inside  of  the  cylinder.    Known  at. 
the  induction  (inlet)  port,  or  the  eduction  ft 
let)  port,  respectively,  according  to  the  course 
of  the  steam. 


;  cat,  cell,  chorus  Shln,  l»nch;  go.  gem;  thin,  thl.;  .1* j,  •?;  «P«ct, 
-rtao,  -tl«  =  shan.   -Won.  ^lon  =  .hun ;  -flon.  -fio»  =  «hun,    -oion..  -ttou%  -.Ion.  =  •**.. 


40.: 


t.    -In*. 
bel,d»L 


4444 


steam — stearolauretin 


steam  power,  s.  The  power  of  steam 
applied  to  move  machinery  or  produce  anv 
results. 

•team-press,  a.  A  press  worked  by 
steam-power ;  specif.,  a  platten-machine  driven 
by  steam  power. 

steam-propeller,  s.  The  same  as  SCREW- 

PRO»ILLER  (q.V.). 

steam-ram,  s.    [BAM,  «.,  II.  2.  (2).] 

steam-roller,  i.  A  locomotive  with  wide 
wheels  used  for  crushing  road-metal  and  level- 
ling roads. 

•team-room,  s.  The  capacity  for  steam 
over  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  boiler. 

steam-ship,  s.  A  ship  propelled  by 
•team ;  a  steamer. 

•team-sled, «.  A  locomotive  constructed 
to  run  on  ice.  The  front  part  rests  on  a 
sledge,  and  the  driving  wheels  are  studded 
with  spikes. 

•team-stoker,  «.    A  gas-retort  charger 

•team-table,  s.  A  hollow  table,  heated 
by  steam,  to  keep  joints  and  other  viands 
warm  in  the  dining  or  carving  rooms  of  hotels. 

steam-tank,  a.  A  chamber  heated  by 
steam,  used  for  various  purposes  in  the  arts, 
•uch  as  steaming  wood,  paper-stock,  render- 
ing fats,  &c. 

steam-tight,  o.  Tight  enough  to  resist 
the  ingress  or  egress  of  steam. 

steam-tilt,  a.    A  steam-hammer  (q.v.X 
steam  toe,  >. 

Steam-eng. :  An  arm  fastened  to  a  lifting-rod 
to  raise  it  by  the  contact  of  the  cam  or  tappet. 
The  toes  on  the  lifting-rods  of  the  inlet  and  ex- 
haust  are  steam  and  exhaust  toes  respectively. 

steam-trap,  a.  A  self-acting  device  for 
the  discharge  of  condensed  water  from  steam- 
engines  or  steam-pipes. 


steam  -tug,  >.  A  small  bat  powerful  steam- 
Tor  towing  ships  in  or  out  of  harbour. 


vessel  for 


•  "•vuuu*    £* LAuijj,  a,       n.  pump  lur 

raising  water  by  the  condensation  of  steam 
in  a  vessel  situated  at  such  elevation  above 
the  water  supply  that  the  atmospheric  pressure 
will  raise  the  water  to  the  chamber  and  operate 
the  valves. 

•team-valve,  s.    A  device  for  opening  or 
closing  a  steam  pipe  or  port. 

•team-vessel,  i    A  steam-ship. 

Steam-way,  s.    A  passage  leading  from 
the  steam-port  of  a  vaive  to  the  cylinder. 
steam-wheel,  s.     The  same  as  ROTARY 

STEAM-ENGINE  (q.V.). 

steam-whistle,  «.     A  sounding  device 
connected  with  the  boiler  of  a  steam-engine 
either  stationary,  locomotive,  or  marine   for 
the  purpose  of  announcing  the  hours  of  work, 
aignalling,  Sc.    In  the  ordinary 
locomotive  steam-whistle  the 
toot  is  bolted  on  to  the  fire, 
box,  has  an  opening  (a)  for  the 
admission  of  steam,  and  is  pro- 
vided with  a  cock  («),  by  turn- 
Ing  which  steam  Is  permitted 
to  rush  into  the  hollow 
piece  (6),  which  is  pro- 
vided with  holes  around 
its  lower  and  narrower 
portion,  through  which 
the  steam  rushes  into 
tjie  cavity  of  the  cup 
(c),    and,    passing    out 
through  the  narrow  an- 
nular  opening,  impinges 
against  the  rim  of  the  bell  (<f),  causing  a 
shrill,  piercing  sound.    Holes  in  the  top  of 
the  bell  permit  the  escape  of  the  steam  up- 
wardly and  increase  the  volume  of  sound. 
The  quality  of  the  tone  depends  on  the  width 
of  the  annular  opening,  the  depth  of  the  bell 
and  the  distance  between  it  and  the  cup.    The 
calliope  (q.v.)  is  a  series  of  such  whistles 
toned  to  a  scale  and  operated  by  keys. 

•team-winch,  «.  A  form  of  hoisting- 
apparatus  in  which  rotary  motion  is  imparted 
to  the  winding-axle  from  the  piston-rod  of  a 
•team  engine,  directly  or  intermediately, 
through  bevel-gearing.  The  former  is  more 
rapid  ;  the  latter  affords  greater  power.  Spe- 
cially used  for  loading  and  unloading  ships. 


steam-yacht,  a.    A  yacht  fitted  with  a 
screw  propeller. 

•team,  •  steme,  'steeme,  i.i.  &(.  [STEAM,*.] 
A,  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  emit  steam  or  vapour;  to  give  out 
any  vapour  or  exhalation. 

"  Ye  mist*  and  exhalations  that  now  rlM 
From  hill  or  iteaming  lake." 

Milton:  F.  L..  y.  185. 

2.  To  rise  in  a  vaporous  form  ;  to  pass  off  in 
visible  vapour. 


3.  To  move  or  travel  by  the  agency  of  steam. 

"  He ,  Ueamal  Into  the  nation  at  the  usual  ineed."- 
Dtlily  Chronicle,  0«t,  19,  1886. 

B.  Transitive: 

*1.  Toemitorgivenp  in  vapour;  to  exhale 
to  evaporate. 

"  In  ilouthlul  ileepe  hl«  molten  heart  to  amt  " 
Sptnier  :  f.  V-  II.  Yi.  27. 

2.  To  expose  to  the  action  of  steam,  for  the 
purpose  of  softening  (as  wood),  cooking,  or 
disinfecting. 

•team  -er,  ».    [Eng.  steam,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  A  vessel  propelled  by  steam ;  a  steam-ship. 

2.  A  steam  fire-engine. 

3.  A  locomotive  for  roads. 

4.  A   culinary    vessel    with    a    perforated 
bottom,  placed  upon  a  cooking  pot,  and  having 
a  lid  to  keep  in  the  steam. 

5.  An   apparatus  for  steaming  grain  pre- 
paratory to  grinding. 

6.  A  steam-tank  (q.v.). 

steamer  duck,  a.    [RACEHORSE,  s.] 

,  •teamer-lane,  «.  The  usual  track 
followed  by  ocean  steamers  plying  between 
any  two  ports,  e.g.,  Liverpool  and  New  York. 

™.¥°VS.8  *"'  ,°n  *  nortn-eaaterty  track,  a  little 
•onto  of  Utamcr -(<,*«.--».  Jama;  Oazati.  April  6° 

'steam -I  ness,  ,.  [Eng.  steamy;  -nets.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  steamy  or 
vaporous;  mistiness. 

steam'-y,  a.  [Eng.  ateam, «. ;  -y.]  Consisting 
of  or  abounding  m  steam ;  resembling  steam- 
misty,  vaporous. 

"  Meantime,  on  that  aide  Iteamy  vapour*  rile." 

stean,*.    [STEEN.] 

ste  ar-a-mide,s.  [Eng.  ttear(ic),  and  amide.] 

Chem. :  (CigHsgO^aN.  Obtained  by  heating 

ethylic  stearate  with  alcoholic  ammonia  for 

8?vf™davT8 '"  a  8ealed  tube  at  s  temperature 
9V  12°  •  It  is  punned  by  recrystallization 
with  ether.  After 


[Eng.  *«,r0c);  «»«({«), 


.~: — -  •  »"i»"35yA'-«a5,/aN.  Phenyl-steara- 
mide.  Formed  when  excess  of  aniline  is  dis- 
tilled over  stearic  acid  heated  to  230'  in  an  oil 
bath.  The  product  is  purified  by  repeated 
crystallization  from  alcohol,  when  it  is  ob- 
tained as  white  shining  needles,  melting  at 
T'staU  8oUd"y>n8  to  »  mass  of  radiated 

•te'-ar-ate,  l.    [Eng.  ttear(ic)  ;  -ofe.) 

Chem.  (PI.) :  Compounds  of  stearic  acid  with 
the  alkalis  and  metals.  They  have  the  con- 
sistence of  hard  soaps  and  plasters,  and  are 
mostly  insoluble  in  water.  Stearate  of  potas- 
sium, CisHsuKOj,  separates  on  cooling  from  a 
solution  of  one  part  stearic  acid  and  one  part 
potassic  hydrate  in  ten  parts  of  water  It 
forms  shining  delicate  needles,  having  a  faint 
alkaline  taste,  and  dissolves  in  67  parts  boil- 
8tearaC°h01  "'^  K  ?****  Ailing  water.  Acid 
obtained  by  decomposing  the  Neutral  salt  wit!l 
1,000  parts  of  water.  When  dried  and  dis- 
solved in  alcohol,  it  separates  in  silvery  scales 
inodorous  and  soft  to  the  touch.  It  dissolves 
in  four  parts  of  boiling  absolute  alcohol. 

ste'  ar-ene,  ».    [STEARONE.) 

[Formed  from  Eng.  gtea~ 


stearic  acid,  3. 

Chem. :  CigH^O-OH.  An  acid  discovered 
by  Chevreul,  and  found  as  a  frequent  con- 
stituent of  fats  derived  from  the  animal  and 
vegetable  kingdoms,  and  especially  abundant 
as  a  tristearin  in  beef  and  mutton  suet  It 
may  be  obtained  by  saponifying  the  fat  with 
soda  ley,  decomposing  with  sulphuric  acid 
dissolving  the  fatty  acids  in  alcohol,  and  re- 
peatedly crystallizing,  the  first  portions  of 
the  fatty  acid  only  being  taken.  When  pure 
It  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in  nacreous  lamina; 
or  needles,  is  tasteless  and  inodorous  and 
has  a  distinct  acid  reaction.  Its  specific 

TO*™*?-  i5.n(eari^  that  of  water'  I'  mel'8  at. 
rt ,  distils  in  a  vacuum  without  altera- 
tion, and  is  sparingly  soluble  in  alcohol,  more 
so  in  ether  and  benzene. 

stearic  anhydride, ». 

°hem- :  cJjH^O  }  °-  Formed  by  the  actio. 
of  stearic  chloride  on  potassic  stearate.  It  if 
difficult  to  obtain  pure. 

steaiio-ether,  a. 

CACTI.  (P(.):  Compounds  of  stearic  acid 
with  the  alcohol  radicals.  Methylic  stearate, 
^isHs^CHsJOj,  is  formed  by  heating  steario 
acid  with  methylic  alcohol  in  a  sealed  tube. 
It  is  a  neutral  crystalline  mass,  insoluble  in 
water,  and  melting  at  38%  Ethylic  stearate 
stearic  ether,  CigH^CaHsXJj.  Obtained  by 
passing  hydrochloric  acid  gas  into  an  alco- 
holic solution  of  stearic  acid.  It  is  a  crystal- 
line mass,  resembling  white  wax,  melts  at 
337,  and  is  tasteless  and  inodorous. 

ste:a-rid'-Io,  a.  [Eng.  stearin) ;  Or.  tKot 
(eidos)  =  form,  and  Eng.  suff.  -fc.1  Derived 
from  or  containing  stearic  acid. 

stearidic  acid,  >. 

Chem. :  CjgH^Oa.  Obtained  by  heating 
bromostearate  of  silver  with  water.  It  Is  an 
amorphous  mass  with  a  peculiar  faint  odour 
is  soluble  in  alcohol,  melts  at  35°,  and  distils 
unchanged.  With  the  alkalis  it  forms  soaps. 

Ste'-ar-In,  «.    [Or.  <rr«ap  (s(eor)=fat,  tallow 
suet.] 

CACTI.  (PI):  Glyceric  stearates.  These  com- 
pounds can  be  formed  artificially,  but  the  last 
is  also  a  constituent  of  most  of  the  more  solid 
animal  and  vegetable  fata.  (1)  Monostearin 
(q.v.).  (2)  Distearin,  CsHs^isHgO^.  Qb_ 

tained  by  heating  monostearin  with  stearic 
acid  to  2«0°  for  three  hours.  It  forms  micro- 
scopic laminae,  which  melt  at  58°.  (3)  Tri- 
stearin (q.  v.) 


•--.i—  —  —  *,  ••  [Eng.  atearin(e);  -eryJ 
ine  process  of  making  stearine  from  animal 
or  vegetable  fats  ;  the  manufacture  of  stearin 
or  stearine  products. 

ste-ar  6  chlor-hy^drln,  ».  [Eng.  stear. 
o(ne);  chlorhydr(ic),  and  sutf.  -in.] 

(-C1 

Chem.:  CSHB  ^  C^HpOo.  Produced  by  pass- 
ing hydrochloric  acid  gas  into  a  mixture  of 
stearic-acid  and  glycerin  heated  to  100°.  Pun. 
fled  from  ether  it  forms  a  solid  mass,  melting 

Ste  ar-8o-6n-6te,  s.  [Pref.  atearo-, and  Or. 
(tout  (konis)  =  powder.] 

Chem. :  Conerbe's  name  for  a  yellow-brown 
pulverulent  fat  which  he  extracted  from  the 
brain.  It  is  insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
except  in  the  presence  of  fixed  oils,  in  which 
case  it  dissolves  in  ether. 

«t«-ar-4-Klu'-cdse,  «.  [Pref.  itearo-,  and 
Eng.  glucose.] 

Chem.:  C6HS( (Cl?£3<sOi!>2-  Glucic stearate. 


Min. :  A  soapy-looking  clay  of  varying  co- 
lour, and  like  all  other  clays  a  hydrated  alumi- 
nous silicate.  Found  near  Poictiers,  France. 

Ste-ar'-Io,  o.     [Eng.  ttmr(in);  -ic.]    Derived 
from  or  containing  stearin. 


Formed  when  stearin  and  anhydrous  glucose 
are  heated  to  120°  for  fifty  or  sixty  hours.  It 
is  obtained  in  microscopic  granules,  or  as  a 
white  fusible  mass,  is  neutral,  and  assumes 
with  oil  of  vitriol  a  reddish  colour,  changing 
to  violet  and  black. 

•te-ar-S-lan-ret'-an, «.  [Pref.  steam- ;  E.g. 
ta«r(m),  and  retin.] 

Chem.  :  Grosonrdi's  name  for  the  solid  fat 
which  separates  on  standing  at  +  10°  from 
the  oil  obtained  by  warm  pressure  from  the 
pericarp  of  hay-berries.  It  crystallizes  MI 
warty  masses,  but  has  not  been  further  ex- 
amined. 


stearolaurin— steel 


4445 


Bte-ar-o-lau'-rln,  s.   [Pref.  steam-,  and  Eng. 
lowta.) 

Chem.  •  Grosourfli's  name  for  a  fat,  de- 
posited on  standing  at  +  6'  from  the  oil  ob- 
tained by  warm  pressure  from  the  shelled 
needs  of  the  bay-berry.  It  forms  a  yellowish 
white  mass. 

»te-ar-ol'-ic,    a.      [Pref.    stear-,   and   Eng. 
oKf)ic.]     Derived  from  oleic  and  elaidic  acid. 
stearolic  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  CigHaoOo  =  C^Hia'CO'OH.  Ob- 
tained by  heating  the  dibroiuide  of  oleic  and 
elaidic  aci'ls  with  an  alcoholic  solution  of 
potash.  It  forms  long,  colourless  prisms,  in- 
soluble in  water,  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol, 
melts  at  48',  and  volatilizes  without  decom- 
position. Its  salts  are  mostly  crystalline, 
those  of  the  alkalis  having  the  properties  of 
soaps. 

«te  ar-6ne,  ste'-ar-ene, «.  [Eng.  stear(ic) ; 
•one,  -ene.] 

Chem.:  CisHssO'C^His.  The  ketone  of 
stearic  acid,  produced  by  the  dry  distillation 
of  calcic  or  plumbic  stearate,  the  resulting 
product  being  finely  pulverised,  and  then 
several  times  washed  with  ether.  It  forms 
delicate  pearly  laminee,  slightly  soluble  in 
toiling  alcohol,  nearly  insoluble  in  cold  ether, 
and  melts  at  87 '8°. 

»te-ar-6  phan'-ic,  a.    [Eng.  steanphan(in); 
•ic.]    Derived  from  stearophanin  (q.v.). 
stearophanlc-acid,  «. 
Chem.:  A  kind  of  stearic-acid  obtained  from 
Coccuhu  iiulicus  berries.     It  crystallizes   in 
small  needles,  melting  at  68°. 

•te-ar-opn'-an-In,  s.  [Pref.  steam-,  and 
Gr.'oWVoj  (phainS)  =  to  appear.] 

Chem. :  The  fat  of  Cocculus  indicus  berries. 
It  agrees  with  tristearin  in  nearly  all  its  pro- 
perties, but  melts  at  35-36°. 

ste -ar-8p'- tone,  s.  [Pref.  ttearc-,  and 
Gr.  JTTT|I«>C  (ptinos)  =  feathered;  hence,  fleet- 
ing, volatile.) 

Chem  :  Any  of  the  more  solid  constituents 
of  essential  oils,  which  crystallize  out  in  the 
cold. 

•te-ai  -ox-yl'-io,  o.     [Pref.  stear-;  Eng. 
tu(<it)yi,  and  sun",  -ic.]    Derived  from  or  con- 
taining stearic  acid  and  oxatyl. 
stearoxylic-acid,  s. 
Chem.:  C18Hs2O4=C17H3jO.1-CO-OH.     Ob- 
tained by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  stearolic 
mcid.    It  crystallizes  in  brilliant  plates,  in- 
loluble  in  water,  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol, 
and  melts  at  86°. 
Ste'-ar-oyl,  «.    [Eng.  stearo(ne);  -yl.) 

Chem.:  CjsHs,,  The  hypothetical  radical 
of  stearone. 

irte'-ar  -yi,  ». 

Chem,: 
acid. 

(te-at-,  pref.    [STEATO-.] 

»te-at-ar'-giU  ite,  i. 

Min. :  A  doubtful  mineral  species  occurring 
in  some  porphyritio  rocks  near  Ilmenau, 
Thuringia. 

sta'-a-tite, ».  [Gr.  O-T«'«P  (stear),  genit.  <rre mot 
(tteatos)  =  tallow,  hard  fat.  The  tteatitis  of 
Pliny.) 

Mineralogy : 

L  A  term  including  all  the  massive  and 
crystalline-massive  varieties  of  talc  (q.v.). 

2.  The  same  as  SAPONITE  (q.v.). 

•to-a-tltf-Io,  o.  [Eng.  steatite);  -ic.)  Per- 
taining  to  steatite  or  soapstone ;  of  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  soapstone. 

Ste-a-to-,  ste-at-,  pref.  [Gr.  ore-op  (stear), 
gen'it.  o-rtoTo!  (steatos)  =  tallow,  hard  fat.) 
Fatty ;  composed  of  or  resembling  fat. 

ste-at'-o-cele,  «.  [Pref.  steato-,  and  Gr.  iniXij 
(lcell)= a  tumour.] 

Pathol. :  A  tumour  of  the  scrotum  contain- 
ing fat ;  sen  it  al  hernia. 

ite-a-to'-ma,  «.     [Gr.  min**  (steatima).'] 
Sttrg. :  A  wen,  the  contents  of  which  re- 
ternble  suet.    It  may  arise  on  any  part  of  the 
body,  and  often  grows  to  a  large  size. 


ste-a-tom'-a-tous,  a. 

nature  of  a  stcatoma. 


[STEATOMA.]    Of  the 


[Eng.  stearfic);  -yl.\ 

The  radical  of  stearic- 


ste  at  -6-mys,  s.  [Pret  steato-,  and  Gr.  fi« 
(«us)  =  a  mouse.) 

Zoal.  :  A  genus  of  Muridie,  sub-family  Den- 
dromyinfe,  with  two  species  from  North  and 
South  Africa. 

ste-a-top'-y-ga,  «.  [Pref.  steato-,  and  Gr. 
mrfti  (pugi)  =  the  rump,  the  buttocks.]  A 
great  accumulation  of  fat  in  the  buttocks  of 
some  Africans,  especially  of  Hottentot  women. 

ste-a-top'-jf-gotis,  o.  [STEATOPYOA.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  steatopyga  ;  character- 
ized by  steatopyga. 

ste-at-or'-nis,  ».  IPref.  steal-,  and  Gr.  Spns 
(oriiis)  =  a  bird.  Named  because  the  birds 
are  extremely  fat.  GUACKARO-OIL.) 

O 
sin! 


many  respects  it  resembles  the  Goat-suckers, 
but  differs  from  them  in  being  a  vegetable- 
feeder.  Since  Humboldt's  time,  it  has  been 
found  In  Bogota  [GDAOHABO]  and  in  Trinidad. 

ste-at-or-nitn'-i-diB,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat. 
steatornis,  genit.  steatornith(is)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi. 
adj.  suff.  -M<B.)  [STEATOBNIS.] 

ste-a-t4-zo'-on,   ».     [Pref.  steato-,  and  Or. 
fijloV  (zoon)  =  a  living  being,  an  animal.] 
Zoo!. :  A  synonym  of  Demodex  (q.v.), 
steck-a'-do,  s.    [STICKADOBS.] 
*  sted,  «.    [STEAD.) 
sted'-fast,  a.    [STEADFAST.) 

Sted  -liig-ers,  ».  pi.    [See  det] 

Church  Hist. :  A  politico-religions  sect  which 
arose  early  in  the  thirteenth  century  in  the 
district  of  Steding,  now  called  Oldenburg. 
They  appear  to  have  been  a  section  of  the 
Albigenses,  and  a  crusade  was  organized 
against  them  by  Gerhard,  Archbishop  of 
Bremen. 

stee,  s.  [A.S.  itigan  =  to  mount.]  A  ladder. 
(Prov.) 

Steed,  *  stede,  «.  [A.S.  tttda  =  a  stud-horse, 
a  stallion  (cf.  st6dmyre  =  *  stud-mare),  from 
st6d  =  a  stud  (q.v.) ;  Irish  stead  =  a  steed  ; 
Ger.  stute  =  a  mare  ;  Icel.  stedda  =  a  mare  ; 
stodhhestr  =  a  stallion ;  stodhmerr  =  a  stud- 
mare,  a  brood-mare.)  A  horse,  especially  a 
spirited  horse,  or  one  for  war  or  state.  (Used 
chiefly  in  poetry  or  poetical  prose.) 

"  To  see  this  wondrous 
Winged  Iteed  with  mane  of  gold." 

Longftlto*  :  Peiastu  In  Fount. 

steek,  Steik,  r.t  [A.S.  ttician  =  to  pierce, 
to  stick  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  pierce  with  a  sharp-pointed  instru- 
ment ;  to  stitch  or  sew  with  a  needle.  (Scotch.) 

2.  To  shut,  to  close,  to  fasten. 

"But  now,  ninny,  that  ye  ha«  brought  us  the  brandy, 
and  the  mun  with  the  het  water  ...  ye  may  ttftk  the 
door."— Scott .'  Guy  Jfannering,  oh.  xlvt 

steek,  Steik,  5.     [STEER,  «.]     The  act  of 

stitching  with  a  needle  i  a  stitch. 

steel,  «.  &  a.  [A.S.  ttil,  stile,  style ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  stool;  Icel.  ital;  Dan.  ttaal;  Bw.  stal; 
O.  H.  Ger.  stahal ;  Ger.  stahl.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally : 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  n. 

(2)  A  piece  of  such  metal  used  for  striking 
sparks  from  flint  to  ignite  tinder  or  match. 

"The  Ota  mn»t  be  struck  In  a  proper  manner,  and 
with  proper  materials,  before  the  latent  spark  can  be 
elicited.  —Knox:  Suayi.  ess.  70. 

(3)  A  round  rod  of  steel,  having  longitudinal 
striations,  used  for  sharpening  knives. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  weapon,  especially  an  offensive  weapon, 
as  a  sword,  a  spear,  or  the  like. 

«  Brave  Macbeth  with  his  brandish'd  «*Ml ... 
Carv'd  out  his  passage."      ShoAetp. :  MacbetA,  I  1. 

(2)  Anything  of  extreme  hardness ;  hard- 
ness, sternness,  rigour :  as,  a  heart  of  steel, 

(S)  A  narrow  slip  of  steel  used  for  stiffen- 
ing or  expanding  ladies'  dresses. 

"  No  A»U  are  worn  behind  the  knees."— Dotty  Knot, 
Dee.  17,  IMS. 

•  (4)  A  mirror.   (Cartwright :  Lady  Errant.) 


IL  Technically : 

1.  Chem.,  Ac. :  A  very  remarkable  and  useful 
kind  of  metallic  iron,  intermediate  between 
cast-iron  and  malleable  iron,  prei*red  t  y  im- 
bedding bars  of  malleable  iron  in  powdered 
charcoal  contained  in  a  large  rectangular  cru- 
cible, and  exposing  for  many  hours  to  a  full  red 
heat.  The  iron  takes  up  from  one  to  two  per 
cent,  of  carbon,  becoming  harder,  and.  at  the 
same  time,  fusible,  but  with  a  certain  diminu- 
tion of  its  malleability.  The  product  of  this 
operation  has  a  blistered  appearance — hence 
called  blistered  steel,  but  this  is  obviated  by 
welding  a  number  of  bars  together,  Bessemer 
steel  is  produced  by  forcing  atmospheric  air 
Into  melted  cast  iron.  The  colour  of  steel  is 
grayish-white  ;  sp.  gr.  7'60-7'93.  Its  most 
remarkable  property  is  that  of  becoming  very 
hard  when  heated  to  redness  and  suddenly 
plunged  into  cold  water.  If  re-heated  to  red- 
ness, and  left  to  cool  gradually,  it  becomes  aft 
soft  as  ordinary  iron.  Between  these  two 
conditions  any  required  degree  of  hardness 
may  be  attained.  Hence,  in  the  manufacture 
of  steel  articles,  they  are  first  forged  into 
shape,  then  hardened,  and,  lastly,  tempered 
by  exposure  to  a  proper  degree  of  annealing 
heat,  which  is  often  judged  of  by  the  colour 
of  the  thin  film  of  oxide  which  appears  on  the 
surface.  A  temperature  of  221°,  indicated  by 
a  faint  straw  colour,  is  the  most  suitable 
temper  for  lancets  and  razors,  260°,  Indicated 
by  a  brownish  tint,  for  scissors  and  penknives. 
For  swords,  watch-springs,  and  all  articles 
requiring  softness  and  elasticity,  the  steel 
must  be  heated  to  289°-293°,  or  until  the  sur- 
face becomes  deep  blue. 

"  steele  is  eldest  brother  of  iron,  extracted  from  th» 
same  oare,  ditferine;  from  it  not  in  kind,  but  degree  of 
purity,  as  being  the  first  running  thereof.  It  la  inot» 
har'l  and  brittle  (whileat  iron  is  sufter  and  tougher), 
useful  for  the  making  of  English  knives,  sillies, 
slieara.  Ac.,  but  flue  edges  cannot  be  made  thereof,  aa 
lauceta  for  letting  of  Wood,  incision  knives,  razors, 
Ac."— futtm- :  Worthia;  GloucettertMre. 
2.  Hist.,  <*c. :  In  the  A.V.  of  the  Bible,  the 
word  "  steel "  occurs  in  2  Sam.  xxii.  35  ;  Psalm 
xviii.  34 ;  Job.  xx.  24  ;  and  Jer.  xv.  12,  but  in 
all  these  places  the  R.  V.  substitutes  the  word. 
44  brass."  The  Greeks  are  said  to  have  de* 
rived  it,  as  early  as  the  Homeric  age,  from 
the  Chalybes,  and  the  name  XoAv*  (ChaUps', 
was  applied  both  to  the  people  and  to  the 
metal.  The  Celtiberians  were  celebrated  for 
their  manufacture  of  steel  in  the  first  century, 
B.&  The  process  of  hardening  it  by  immer- 
sion in  water  was  known  in  Western  Europe 
in  the  eleventh  or  twelfth  century.  Then  oil 
was  substituted  for  water.  Cast  steel  was 
first  made  at  Attercliffe,  near  Sheflield,  in 
1740.  The  Bessemer  process  for  converting 
pig-iron  into  malleable  iron,  and  it  again  into 
steel  with  small  consumption  of  fuel,  waa 
first  communicated  to  the  British  Association 
at  Cheltenham  in  1856.  Siemens,  in  1876, 
produced  steel  direct  from  iron  ore.  The 
greater  durability  of  steel  now  increasingly 
leads  to  its  being  preferred  to  iron,  for  the 
construction  both  of  ships  and  of  rails. 
B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Lit. :  Made  of  steel. 

2.  Fif.:    Resembling  steel    In  iardne»» 
hence,  unfeeling,  stern,  rigorous. 

"Thy  ilfti  bosom."  SkoJiap. :  Sonnet  138. 

steel-bow,  «. 

Scots  Law :  Steel-bow  goods  consist  of  com, 
cattle,  straw,  implements  of  husbandry,  de- 
livered by  the  landlord  to  his  tenant,  by 
means  of  which  the  tenant  is  enabled  to  stock 
and  work  the  farm,  and  in  consideration  of 
which  he  becomes  bound  to  return  articles 
equal  in  value  and  quality  at  the  expiration  of 
the  lease.  The  origin  of  the  term  is  uncertain. 
(Bell.) 

Steel-bronze,  «.  A  very  hard  and  tena- 
cious alloy,  used  as  a  substitute  for  steel  in 
the  manufacture  of  cannon.  Its  composition 
varies  but  little  from  that  of  the  usual  gun- 
metal— 90  copper,  10  tin. 

steel -cap,  «.  A  cap  or  head-piece  of 
steel ;  armour  for  the  head. 

"Hi  has  placed  th«  UeA*ap  o'er  his  long  flowing. 
hail/  *»"  •'  *"*•*».  »•  "°- 

steel-clad,  a.    Clad  in  steel  or  armour 

'••  No  longer  tttrHiad  warriori  ride 
Along  thy  wild  and  willowed  shore. 

Scat :  Lafo/  thl  LaM  Ninitnl,  IT.  t 

•  steel-clenched,  o.  Fastened  or  pro- 
tected with  steel. 

"  By  »  *«rf-<:!«nc»«f  postern  door." 

Smtt  :  Lay  of  a*  I**  JWW*  1-  •• 


4448 
*  steel  dight,  o.    Steel-clad. 

"And  KeeMijM  nobles  wiped  their  «'«.• 

Scott :  Tkontu  Ou  £*yn»er.  pt  U. 

steel-engraving,  s. 

1.  The  art  of  engraving  upon  steel  plates 
for  the  purpose  of  producing  prints  or  im- 
pressions in  ink  upon  paper  and  other  sub- 
stances. 

2.  The  design  engraved  upon  a  steel-plate. 

3.  The  impression  or  print  taken  from  an 
engraved  steel-plate. 

steel-furnace,  >.  A  metallurgie  furnace 
in  which  ore  or  iron  is  treated  for  the  pro- 
duction or  refining  of  steel. 

steel-beaded,  'steel-head,  'steel- 
lied,  a.  Having  ahead,  tip,  or  top  of  steel. 

"Theatoel-Jbedspeam  they  strongly  eoucht,  and  met." 
Hyaurr:  f.  «,  III.,  U.  11 

Sttel-kmdtd-rail : 

Railway:  A  rail  having  an  upper  surface  or 
tread  of  steel  welded  on  to  a  body  of  iron. 

steel-hearted,  o.  Hard-heartM,  stern, 
rigorous. 

steel-master,  «.  A  proprietor  of  steel- 
works. 

••Iron-marten,  titel-mniteri.  Iron  consumers,  and 
«aiport  merchants,  from  alt  parts  of  the  kingdom,  wilt 
be  prettut  iu  great  lurce." — Dailg  Ttlegrupk,  8epU 

m,Sf. 

steel-mill,  a, 

1.  Ord.  Lung. :  A  mffl  with  metallic  print- 
ing-surfaces, usually  of  steel,  but  sometimes 
of  cast-iron,  as  being  cheaper  and  sufficient 
for  the  purpose. 

•2.  Mining:  A  steel-wheel  revolving  in 
contact  with  a  flint,  to  make  a  light  in  a  mine ; 
osed  before  the  invention  of  the  safety-lamp. 

steel-ore,  ». 

A/in. :  A  name  given  to  the  slderite  (q.v.)  of 
Nttpsao,  because  of  the  iron  it  yielded  being 
peculiarly  adapted  for  conversion  into  steel. 

steel-pen,  s.    A  pen  made  of  steel.    [Pra 
(2),  *.,  I- 1-  (3).] 
steel-plate,  «. 

1.  A  piece  of  steel  flattened  or  extended  to 
an  even   surface,  and  of  uniform  thickness. 

'     They  are  used  as  armour  for  the  sides  of  war- 
1    ships,  and  other  purposes. 

2.  A  plate  of  polished  steel,  on  which  a  de- 
sign is  engraved  for  the  purpose  of  transferring 
it  to  paper,  &c.,  by  impressing  or  printing. 

3.  An  impression  or  plate  taken  from  an 
engraved  steel-plate ;  a  steel  engraving. 

steel-toys, ».  pi.  A  manufacturing  terra 
spplied  to  small  articles  such  as  corkscrews, 
buckles,  and  similar  objects,  when  made  of 
polished  steel.  Birmingham  and  Sheffield  are 
tiie  chief  seats  of  their  manufacture,  which 
employs  a  large  amount  of  capital  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  operatives.  (Chambers.) 

steel-trap,  >.  A  trap  with  steel  jaws 
and  a  spring  to  catch  wild  animals. 

steel- wine,  s.  Vine  in  which  steel  filings 
have  been  placed  for  some  time ;  it  la  used 
medicinally. 

steel-yard,  ».    [STEELYARD.] 

Steel,  ».«.     (A.S.    itylait;   IceL   ttdla;  Ger. 
rtahlen.) 
i  Lit. :  To  point,  overlay,  or  edge  with  steel. 

"  He  had  iu  his  h  vide  a  great  gUne,  sharp*  and  well 
ltrfff(i."—8imtrt:  Fntotait ;  Cronydia,  ToL  L.  eta  lie. 
tt  Figuratively: 

1.  To  fortify  as  with  steel ;  to  make  hard, 
stubborn,  obdnrate,  or  unfeeling ;  to  harden, 
to  strengthen. 

"Tempered their  headlong  rage.  tlielrtounigeMettod.- 
Bcttft :  Don  Roderick,  xir.  (Couel.l 

2.  To  canse  to  resemble  steel,  as  in  smooth- 
ness, polish,  or  other  qualities. 

eteele'-ite,    «.     [After  Mr.  J.  Steele ;  fluff. 
•iu  (Miu.).'] 

Min. :  An  altered  variety  of  mordenite  (q.v.), 
occurring  in  spheres  varying  in  size  from  one 
to  two  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter  at  Cape 
Split,  Nova  Scotia. 

BteeT-er,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Shipwright. :  The  foremost  or  aftermost 
plank  in  a  strake,  which  is  dropped  short  of 
the  stern  or  stern-post  of  a  vesset 

•teel'-I-ness,  J.      [Bug.  steely ;  -new.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  steely;  extreme 


steel— steeple 

steel' -Ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [STEEL,  r.J 

A.  As  pr.  par.  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  process  of  welding  a  piece  of  steel 
on  that  part  of  a  cutting  instrument  which  is 
to  receive  the  edge. 

2.  The  process  of  covering  a  metal  plate 
with  steel  by  voltaic  electricity  for  the  pur- 
pose of  rendering  it  more  durable.    It.  is  ap- 
plied to  stereotype  and  engraved  cupper-plates. 

steellng-strake,  a. 

ShipurriglU. :  A  ateeler  (q.v.X 

•steeT-f,  »stel-y,  a.    [Eng.  tied;  -f.J 

1.  Literally' 

(1)  Made  of  steel;  consisting  of  steel, 

**  Steel  through  opposing  pbttea  the  magnet  draw*, 
And  ttetly  atoms  calls  m>tn  dust  and  straws." 

Crttbb*  :  Parish  tityitter. 

(2)  Resembling  the  surface  of  polished  steel. 

2.  Fig. :    Resembling   steel   in   hardness  ; 
bard,  tinn,  stern,  inflexible. 

**  O  tough  and  itfly  berths,  o  ltert«  more  herd  thfvn 
&yuteQrvllua:stoua,"—Fufu!r:8euenI'sat-nit-t,  !'•.  143, 
pb.  U. 

steel'-yard,  «stll-l-ard,  « styl-1-arde, 

&>     [Eng.  steel,  and  yard.] 

Mech. :  A  balance  or  weighing-machine  con- 
sisting of  a  lever  with  unequal  anus.  It  is  of 
two  kinds.  The  Roman  balance  is  formed  by 
suspending  the  article  to  be  weighed  from  the 
end  of  the  shorter  arm,  or  placing  it  in  a  scale 
depending  therefrom,  and  sliding  a  determi- 
nate weight  along  the  longer  one  till  an  equili- 
brium is  obtained.  The  longer  arm  is  so 
graduated  that  the  figure  opposite  to  which 
the  weight  rests  indicates  tin-  weight  of  the 
article  at  the  extremity  of  the  shorter  arm. 
The  second  form  is  the  Danish  balance  (q.v.). 

"  It  Is  oinal  with  butchrrs  and  other  tradesmen  to 
weigh  la  the  statera,  commonly  called  tbe  ttiii'trJt, 
teii  or  twenty  pound*  weight."— Boyl*  :  H'orJu,  lit  «L 

Steelyard  Company ;  Stillyard  Company: 
Hist. :  A  company  of  German  and  Flemish 
merchants  to  whom  Henry  III,  granted  many 
valuable  privileges  in  1259.  These  were  con- 
firmed by  Edward  L,  and  the  company 
flourished  till  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  when 
the  Merchant  Adventurers  complained  of 
them,  and  they  were  held  to  have  forfeited 
their  liberties,  and  were  expelled  from  England 
by  Elizabeth  in  1597.  Their  hall  was  called 
the  Steelyard,  according  to  some  authorities, 
from  the  steel  which  they  imported,  but  more 
probably  from  the  king's  steelyard  erected  on 
that  spot  (near  what  is  now  Iron  Wharf)  to 
weigh  the  tonnage  of  all  goods  brought  into 
London.  (Thornbury:  Old  £  New  London, 
ii.  32-34.) 

stoen,  stean,  *  steane,  ».    [A.S.  ttasnau}   A 

vessel  of  clay  or  stone. 

**  Upon  a  huge  great  earth-not  tttanr  he  stood. 
From  wbow  wid«  mouth  therw  flowed  forth  the 
Boiuane  flood,"        Upetuer  ;  f.  y.,  VII.  vii.  42. 

Steen,  Btean,  v.t.  [STONE,  a.)  To  line  with 
stone  or  brick,  as  a  well,  a  cesspool,  or  the 
like;  to  mend  with  stone,  as  «  road.  (Pror.) 

Steen'-bok,  8.    [STEISBOK.J 

steen' -Ing,  stean'-Ing,  *.    [STEOT,  p.] 

Arch, :  The  brick  or  stone  wall  or  lining  of 
a  well  or  cesspool,  the  use  of  which  is  to  pre- 
vent the  irruption  of  the  surrounding  soil. 

Steen'-kirk,  5.    [STEINKIRK.] 

steen'-stru-pine,  s.  [After  Steenstrnp,  who 
first  found  it ;  suff.  -ine  (J/in.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  crystals  and 
massive  at  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland, 
associated  with  lepidolite  and  wgyrite.  Hard- 
ness, 4-0 ;  sp.  gr.  3-38 ;  colour,  brown. 
Compos. :  essentially  a  hydrous  silicate  of 
cerium,  lanthanum,  didymium,  thoria,  soda, 
alumina,  and  sesquioxide  of  iron. 

steep,  *  steepe,  *  step.  *  stepe,  a.  A  s. 
[A.8.  stedp  =  steep,  high,  lofty  ;  O.  Fris.  stap 
=  high ;  Icel.  staypdhr  —  steep,  rising  high ; 
A.S.  sUpan  =  to  erect,  to  exalt.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Making  a  large  angle  with  the  plane  of 
the  horizon;  ascending  or  descending  with 
great  inclination ;  precipitous. 

*  2.  Not  easily  accessible ;  lofty,  elevated, 
high. 

3.  High-priced,  dear.    (Slang.) 

H,  At  suhst. :  A  precipitous  place ;  a  rock 


or  hill  sloping  with  a  large  angle  to  the  plane 
of  the  horizon  ;  a  precipice. 

"  Bo  eagerly  the  fiend 

O'er  bog,  or  */«*•?>.  through  •trait,  rough,  den**,  or  rai% 
With  hivul.  L.viid*.  wlugk,  or  feet,  pursues  hU  WRT." 
Jftlton  :  P.  L.t  IL  Ml 

•steep-down,  a.    Precipitous, 

**  Wash  me  lu  tteep-dovm  gulfs  of  liquid  flre,* 

,SA  itA-fj/>.  ;  Othello,  T.  t, 

I  steep  grass,  steep-weed,  steep- 
wort,  s. 

BoL  :  Pinyuicula  vulgaris. 

steep,   *  stepe,   "stepjrn,  *  steepe.  r.t 

[IceL  sUypa  —  tQ  make  to  stoop,  to  pour  out 
liquids,  to  cast  metals  ;  sttipa  —  to  stoop 
(q.v.);  8w.  $topa=  to  cast  (metals),  to  steep, 
to  sink  ;  Dan.  stobe  =  to  cast  (metals)  ;  stob  =± 
the  steeping  of  grain,  steeped  corn.] 

1.  To  soak  In  a  liquid  ;  to  macerate  ;  to  dip 
and  soak  in  a  liquid,  to  imbue  ;  to  extract  tha 
essence  by  soaking. 

**  A  flop  lii  houey  fteep'd  to  charm  th«  guard." 

Dryiicn:  t'irgrU;  ^Eiiffid  vL  HT. 

2.  To  wet,  to  make  wet. 

"  That  nought  she  did  but  wayle,  and  often  tt^pt 
Her  (Uitity  Cuuch  with  teares,  which  closely  siiedld 
weepe."  Spetiter:  f.  Q.,  IIL  ii.  St& 

3.  To  imbue  thoroughly. 

"  With  tongue  La  venom  ttaeped.* 

.  :  Hamltt,  IL  & 


steep,  *  steepe,  «.    [STEEP,  r.] 

1.  Sometliing  stepped  or  nsed  in  steeping; 
a  fertilizing  liquid  in  w  Inch  seeds  are  steeped 
to  quicken  germination. 

*  2.  The  state  of  being  steeped,  soaked,  or 
imbued. 

-  Strait,  to  the  IIOUM  sh«  hasted  ;  and  sweet  sloop* 
Pour'd  oil  each  wooer  ;  which  BO  laid  iu  ttctpe 

1  heir  drowaie  U'Hij'ics,  that  each  brow  did  nod." 
Chapman:  Homer;  Odytsey  IL 

3.  A  rennet-bag. 

*  stecp'-en,  v.i.  [Eng.  steep,  a.  ;  -en.]  To  ba* 
come  steep,  or  steeper. 

steep'-er,  «.  [Eng.  steep,  v.  ;  -*r.)  A  vat  in 
which  the  indigo-plant  is  soaked  for  macera- 
tion, previous  to  soaking  in  the  beating-vat. 

Steep'-i'-ne'ss,  «.  [Eng.  sleepy;  -ness.]  The 
q  naif  by  or  state  of  being  steepy  or  steep; 

steepness. 

"The  enunrinew  and  ttteptnett  of  placet  np  and 
down  is  a  (jivjit  julvniitage  to  the  dwellera."  —  UuiMllt 
Insofar  Travett*ri,  p.  133. 

*steep'-lng  (1),  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A 
counterfeit  coin  current  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward I.  They  were  manufactured  abroad, 
and  were  of  the  value  of  one  halfpenny. 

steep'-  JnfjC  (2),  *.  [STEEP,  v.]  The  watering 
or  wetting  of  flax  haulm,  to  facilitate  the 
separation  of  the  woody  matter  from  the  fibre. 

stee'-ple,  *  ste  pel,  «.  [A.8.  $t$pel  =  a  lofty 
tower,  from  stedp  =  lofty,  high  ;  Icel.  ttopull; 
Low  Ger.  ttiveL]  [STEEP,  a.]  A  tower  or 
turret  of  a  church  or  other  public  edifice, 
ending  hi  a  point,  and  generally  intended  to 
contain  bells  ;  the  superstructure  above  the 
tower  of  a  church  ;  a  spire,  a  lantern. 

"  The  whole  country  was  one  great  lake,  from  which 
the  cttle*,  with  (Mr  immfiarte  aud  «C*eptej,  IOM  Ukt 
islands."—  Macauiaf  ;  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  it 

steeple  -bush,  s. 

Sot.  :  Spircea  tomentosa.    [HARD-HACK.] 

steeple  chose,  s.    A  kind  of  horse-race 

across  country,  in  which  ditches,  hedges, 
fences,  Ac.,  have  to  lie  jumped.  The  name 
Is  derived  from  the  fact  that  these  races  were 
originally  run  in  a  straight  line  across  country 
from  some  point  to  a  conspicuous  object 
generally  a  church  steeple,  which  served 
the  purpose  of  the  modern  winning-post. 
Tbe  course  Is  now  marked  out  by  flags  and 
stakes  between  which  all  the  riders  must 
pass. 

steeple-chaser,  «.  One  who  rides  in 
steeple-chases  ;  a  horse  engaged  in  or  trained 
for  steeple-chases. 

steeple-crown,  *.  A  tall  hat  formerly 
worn  by  women.  (Hudibras  Redivivw.) 

steeple-engine,  s. 

Steam.  -en0.  ;  A  form  of  marine  engine,  com- 
mon on  American  river-boats.  It  derives  Ha 
names  from  the  high  erection  on  deck  required 
for  the  guides  to  the  connecting-rod,  which 
works  above  the  crank  -shaft. 

*  steeple-house,  *.  A  contemptuous 
name  for  a  church. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot; 
or,  wore,  wol(  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  quite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qa  =  kw. 


steepled— stegosauridre 


4447 


Steeple-jack,    s.      A  man  who  clim 
fteeples  and  tall  chimneys  to  effect  small  re- 
paint, or  to  erect  scaffolding. 

"A  tteeplf-JacJc  of  Sheffield  .  .  .  met  with  a  •hock- 
Ing  accident.  —  St.  Jamet't  Qatette,  May  11,  1887. 

•tco  pled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Eng.  steepl(c);  -ed.] 
Furnished  or  adorned  with,  or  as  with  steeples 
or  towers  ;  towering  up,  high. 

"  A  tteeplad  turbaut  on  her  bend  she  wore." 

Fairfax  :  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  ix.  8. 

•teep-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  steep,  a.  ;  -ly.}  In  a 
•teep  manner  ;  with  steepness,  precipitously  ; 
as,  A  hill  rises  steeply  up. 

•teep'-ness,  *  steepe-nesse,  «.  [Eng. 
steep,  a.  ;  -ness,]  The  quality  or  state  of  beiug 
steep  ;  predpitousness. 

"  Forct  by  the  tteep«n*tt«  of  the  dike." 

Chapman  :  Sotner  ;  Hiad  svL 

*  Steep  '-f,  a.     [Eng.   steep,  a.;    -y.]     Steep, 
precipitous.    (Scott  :  Marmion,  vi.  2.) 

•teer  (IX  *  stere  (1),  *.  [A.8.  st6or;  cogn. 
with  Uut.  &  Ger.  slier  =  a  buU  ;  Icel.  ttj&rr  ; 
Goth,  stiur  ;  Lat.  taunts;  Gr.  ravpos  (tauros); 
Rns*.  tur  ;  Ir.  &  Gael,  farbh  ;  Wei.  tana.]  A 
young  male  of  the  common  ox,  or  ox  kind  ;  a 
bullock. 

"  The  distant  steer  forsook  the  yoke." 

Byron:  Siege  of  Corinth,  xxxiii. 

*  steer  (2),    steire.   *  stere  (2),   s.    [But. 
stuur  ;    Icel.   sttjri  ;    Dan.  *tyr  ;    O.   H.  Ger. 
stiura;  Ger.stener.]   [STEEH(!),  v.]    A  rudder, 
a  helm.    (Gower  :  C.  A.,  ii.) 

•teer  (1),  *  stere,  v.t.   &  i.    [A.S.   steoran, 
sttfran;  cogn.  with  Dut.  sturen;   loel.  styra; 
0.  H.  Ger.  stiurjan,  stiuran;   Ger.  steuern  ; 
Goth,  stiurjan.} 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  direct  and  govern  the  course  of,  by 
the  movement  of  a  helm. 

"Two  .  .  .  steer  the  vessel  alternately.1*  —  Anton: 
Toy  ages.  bk.  iiL,  oh.  v. 

2.  To  control,  direct,  or  govern  the  course 
of  ;  to  direct,  to  guide. 

"  With  cane  extended  far  I  sought 
To  ttter  it  close  to  land." 


. 
h  ;  Dog  *  Wattr  LVy. 

B.  Intransitive  : 
I,  Literally  ; 

1.  To  direct  and  govern  the  course  of  a  ship 
or  other  vessel  in  its  course,  by  the  movement 
of  the  helm. 

"  We  tteered  by  the  Bound  of  the  brmaken."—  Coot.- 
ftrit  Voyage,  bk.  I.,  ch.  vli. 

2.  To  direct  one's  course  at  sea  ;  to  sail,  to 
take  a  course. 

"  Four  days  I  tteered  to  eastward." 

Longfellow  :  Discoverer  of  Worth  Cape. 

3.  To  have  a  certain  character  as  regards 
answering  the  helm  ;  to  answer  the  helm  :  as, 
A  ship  steers  well. 

II.  Fig.  :  To  conduct  one's  self;  to  take  or 
pursue  a  certain  course. 

•teer  (2),  v.t.     [STIR,  v.]    To  stir,  to  molest, 
to  meddle  with.   (Scott  :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxxiv.) 

Steer  (3),  v.t.     [STEER   (1),    *.J     To  castrate. 
(Said  of  a  bull.) 

"  The  male  calves  are  itf>ered  and  converted  to  beef." 
—  Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  18,  1S86. 

steer  age  (age  as  ig),  *  steeV-idge,  *. 

[Eiig.  steer  (1),  v.  ;  -age,  -idge,} 

i  Ordinary  Language  ; 

L  Literally: 

0)  The  act  or  practice  of  steering,  or  of 
directing  and  governing  the  course  of  a  vessel 
by  the  movements  of  the  helm. 

(2)  A  part  of  a  ship  forward  of  the  chief 
Cabin,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  bulk- 
bead  or  partition.  In  passenger  ships  it  is 
allotted  to  the  inferior  class  of  passengers, 
thence  called  steerage  passengers  ;  and  in 
merchant  ships  it  it  occupied  by  the  petty 
officers  and  crew. 

*  (S)  The  part  of  a  ship  where  the  steersman 
stands;  the  stern. 

"  I  WM  much  surprized,  and  ran  into  the  tteertdge 
to  look  on  the  comp*«&.  "  —  Dampier  :  Voyaget  (an,  laas). 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  The  act  or  power  of  directing,  guiding, 
or  governing  anything  in  its  course  ;  direction, 

guidance,  regulation. 

"  He  that  hath  the  tteeraye  of  my  course." 

Shahesp.  ,•  Romeo  A  Juliet,  L  4. 

(2)  That  by  which  a  course  is  directed. 

"  Here  he  huugon  high, 
The  Oe«ra.g«  of  hia  wings,  and  cut  the  sky.™ 

Dryden,    (Todd.) 


II.  Naut:  Tneeffectofahelmonaship;  the 
peculiar  manner  in  which  au  individual  ship 
is  affected  by  the  helm, 

steerage- way,  s. 

Naut. ;  Motion  of  a  vessel  sufficient  to 
enable  her  to  feel  the  effect  of  the  rudder. 

"  W«  van  not  going  more  than  a  knot  through  the 
water  .  .  .  barely  enough  to  give  ua  tteeraye-way." — 
CaaeWt  Saturday  Journal,  Sept.  19,  1885,  p.  8UL 

steer   er,  *.    [Eng.  steer  (1),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  steers  ;  a  steersman,  a  guide. 

.  "  There's  not  a  better  stet/rmr  tii  the  realm." 

$u>ift :  Kptttle  to  Lord  J.  Cart«r*t. 

1  2.  The  rod  and  wheel  (the  latter  usually 
small)  which  guide  or  turn  a  tricycle.  When 
placed  before  the  body  of  the  machine  it  is 
kuown  as  a  front-steerer,  when  behind  as  a 
rear-steerer. 

steer'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [STEER  (1),  »•] 

steering-apparatus,  s. 

Navt*  :  Any  contrivance  in  aid  of  the  steers- 
man, being  interposed  between  the  tiller  or 
tiller-wheel  and  the  rudder-head. 

steering-sail,  s.  A  sail  set  to  assist  in 
steering  a  ship. 

steering-wheel,  s. 

Naut, :  Awheel  by  whioh  a  rudder  is  turned 
through  the  medium  of  a  tiller-rope  winding 
on  the  axis  of  the  wheel. 

*  steer -less,    *  store  les,   *  ster  les,  a. 

[Eng.  steer  (2),  s.  ;  -lest.}    Without  a  rudder  or 
helm.    (Chaucer:  C.  T.,  4,850.) 

*  SteeV-ling,  s.   [Eng.  steer  (1),  s. ;  diniin.  suff. 

•ling.]    A  youiig  steer  or  bullock. 

"  While  I  with  grateful  care  one  »t*erting  feed." 
franci*  •  fforace;  Odet  iv.  2. 

steers' -man,  *  ster  ys  man,  *  Stir  ea- 
rn an,  s.  [Eng.  steer  (1),  v.,  and  man.]  One 
who  steers  ;  the  helmsman  of  a  ship  or  boat. 

"  The  Cambridge  ttwimnn  cotumenced  to  bore  his 
opponent  outwards.  "~FMd,  April  4,  1885. 

Stecrs'-man-Ship,  5.  [Eng.  steersman; -ship  ] 
Skill  as  a  steersman. 

"They  prai«ed  my  itcertmunthip." — Burroughs: 
Pepacton,  p.  23. 

*  steers'  -mate,   s.    [Eng.  steer  (l),  v.,  and 
mate.}    A  steersman. 

Steer'-&*.  [Eng.  steer  (2),  v. ;  -y.]  Bustle,  stir, 
quandary.  (Scotch.)  (Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  ix.) 

steeve,  a.  &  e.    [Prob.  alUed  to  *fi/(q.v.) ;  cf. 

Dut.  attvig  —  tii  ni.J 

A.  As  adj. :  Stiff,  strong,  durable.    (Scotch.) 

"  Bat;  then  there's  part*  Unit  look  the  tteever  and 
•tnntger." — Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxviii. 

B.  As  substantive : 
Nautical : 

1.  The  upward  slope  of  an  outboard  spar, 
as  the  bow-sprit,  cathead,  &c. 

2.  A  long,  heavy  spar,  with  a  place  to  fix  a 
block  at  one  end,  used  in  stowing  certain  kinds 
of  cargo,  which  need  to  be  driven  in  close. 

steeve,  v.t.  &i.    [STEEVE,  a.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  give  a  certain  angle  of  elevation  to, 
aa  to  a  bowsprit. 

2.  To  stow,  as  bales  in  a  hold,  by  means  of 
a  jack-screw. 

B.  Intrans, :  To  project  from  the  bows  at 
an  angle,  instead  of  horizontally ;  said  of  a 
bowsprit.    (So  called  when  the  lower  end  is 
fixed  firmly,  or  stiffly  and  immovably  in  the 
vessel,  a  horizontal  bowsprit  being  movable.) 

Steeve'-ljr,  adv.  [Eng.  steeve,  &,  i-ly.]  Firmly, 
stoutly.  (Scotch.) 

steev'-mg,  &    [STEKVU,  v.] 
Nautical : 

(1)  The  angle  of  a  bowsprit  with  the  horizon ; 
formerly  70°  to  80°,  now  much  less. 

(2)  Stowing  bales  in  a  hold  by  means  of  a 
jack-screw. 

steg,  *  steyg,  *  stegg,  5.  [Icel.  $ter?gr  =  the 
male  of  various  animals.  ]  [STAG,  s.]  A  gander. 
(Prov.) 

"  Item,  v].  gees  with  one  ttegg."— Invent,  of  Thomat 
Robinton,  cf  Appleby  (1542). 

steg-an-dg/-ra-phist,  «.  [Eng.  stegano- 
graph(y) ;  -ist.]  One  who  practises  or  is 
skilled  in  steganography. 


*  Bteg-an-og'-ra-phif,  3-  [Gr 

anua)  =  covered,  "secret,  and  ypo^**  (yrapW)  = 
to  write;  Fr.  steganographie.  ]  The  art  of 
secret  writing;  the  ait  or  writing  in  cipher, 
or  in  characters  intelligible  only  to  those  who 
have  the  key  ;  cryptography. 

"Such  occult  notes,  iteaanoaravtiy,  ixilytraphy  or 
magnetical  telling  ol  their  minds.*—  Burton  :  Anat.  at 
JUelan,,  p.  503. 

t  ste'g-an-Spu-tnal'-ma-ta,  s.pl.  [Mod. 
Lat.,  from  Gr.  trTfyavos  (uteganos)  :=  covered, 
and  <j<£0oA/*o$  (opltt  halmos)  =  the  eye.] 

Zool  :  A  group  of  organisms  which,  with  the 
GymnophtlialmaU  (q.v.X  made  up  the  old 
sub-class  Acalephee  (q.v.).  [STKIAKOPUTHAL- 

MATE-MEDUS-E.] 

t  stcg-an-oph  thai'-  mate,  t  steg  an- 
dph-thal'-  moiis,  a.  [STEOANOPHTHAL- 
MATA.]  Having  the  eyes  covered  or  protected. 

*  steganophthalmate-medusaa,  s.pL 

ZooL  :  The  Steganophthaucata,  now  merged 
in  Lucernarida.  They  consist  of  the  genus 
Pelagia,  the  free  generative  zooids  of  most  of 
the  Pelagidse,  and  those  of  the  Rhizostoiuidca. 


8.      [STEnANOPODBS.] 

Ornitk,  :  Any  individual  of  the  Steganopodeft 
(q.v.). 

steg-an-op'-d-des,  s.  pi.     [Gr.  <rr*varom>««« 

(steganopodes)  =  web-footed  animals,  a  term 
employed  by  Aristotle.] 

Ornith.  :  An  order  of  birds,  easily  recognis- 
able by  the  feet,  all  the  toes  being  united  by 
a  web,  which  joins  the  hind  toe,  as  well  aa  the 
three  front  ones.  It  includes  three  families  — 
Fregatidx,  Phae'thontidw,  and  Peleeanidse. 

steg-no'-sis,  s.    [Gr.]    Constipation, 

St6g  not  -1C,  a.  &  s.      [Gr.  oTryramKos  (steg- 
iwtikos)  ;  Fr.  stegnotique.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Tending  to  constipate  or  render 
costive,  or  to  diminish  excretions    and  dis- 
charges generally 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  medicine  which  tends  to- 
increase  constipation  or  costiveness,  or  which, 
diminishes  excretions  and  discharges  generally. 

Steg-o-»  pref.     [Gr.  <rr«'yij  (stege)  =  a  roof,  a 
covering.]    Covered,  defended,  protected. 

t  steg~6"-car'-pi,  s.  pi.    [Pref.  etego-,  and  Gr. 
jcapiro?  (karpos)=  fruit.] 

Bot.  :  Mosses  having  the  theca  covered  by  a 
calyptra,  and  opening  by  throwing  off  an 
opercnlum.  The  same  as  BETACEJE  (q.v.). 


s.     [Gr.  fTTeyif  (ftege)  =•  a  roof,  a 
covering ;  suff.  -odon.] 

Palteont.:  A  sub-genus  of  Cephas  (q.v.). 
with  three  or  perhaps  four  species  of  extinct 
forms  from  the  Indian  Tertiaries.  These  were 
collectively  named  by  Clift  Mastodon  elephant* 
oides,  and  constitute  the  intermediate  group 
of  the  Proboscidea,  from  which  the  other 
species  diverge,  through  their  dental  charac- 
ters, on  the  one  side  into  the  Mastodons,  and 
on  the  other  into  the  typical  Elephants.  Steg- 
odon  insignia  abounded  in  the  Sivalik  Hills. 
(Falconer:  Palceont.  Mem.,  ii.  9.) 

steg  6ph'ril  us,  s.       [Pref.  steqo-,  and  Gr. 


Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Siluridae  (q.v.).  Body 
narrow,  cylindrical,  and  elongate,  a  small  bar- 
bel at  each  maxillary ;  short,  stiff  spines  in 
operculum  and  interoperculum.  Stegophilus 
and  the  closely-allied  genus  Vandellia  consti- 
tute the  group  Branchicola.  They  are  from 
South  America,  and  live  parasitically  in  the 
gill-cavities  of  larger  fishes. 

Steg  o-sau-rl-a,  s.  pi.     [Mod.   Lat.,  from 

stegosaurus  (q.v.)'J 

PaUeont. :  An  order  of  Cope's  sub-class 
Dinosauria,  with  two  families,  Scelidosauridaa 
and  Stegosauridse.  Feet  plantigrade,  with 
five  digits,  ungulate ;  fore-limbs  very  small, 
locomotion  mainly  on  hind  limbs ;  vertebne 
and  limb-bones  solid  ;  a  bony  dermal  armour; 
herbivorous. 

stcg  «  sau'-ri  dee.  s.  pi     [Mod.  Lat.  stego. 
saur(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idte.} 

PalcBont. :  A  family  of  Stegosauria  (q.v.); 
vertebrae  biconcave ;  ischia  directed  back- 
wards, with  the  sides  meeting  in  the  median 
line;  astragalus  coalesced  with  tibia,  meta- 
tarsals  short  Genera :  Stegosaurus,  some 
thirty  feet  long,  well  armed  with  enormous 


boll,  boy;  pout,  J6%1;  eat,  ^eU,  chorus,  92011,  bench;  go,  gem;  tain,  this;  Bin,  a?;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,   -ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  ahan.    -tion,  -«ion  =  shun ;    tion,  -fion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tioua,  -•ions  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  Ac,  =  bel,  del. 


444S 


stegosauras— stellionate 


bucklers,  some  of  which  were  spinous,  from 
the  Jurassic  beds  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ; 
Dincodon,  and  Amosaurus. 

Steg-6-sau-rns,   s.     [Pref.  atgo-,  and  Gr. 
craL'pot  (sGuros)  —  a  lizard.]    [STEGOSAURID.E.] 

•teg-os  -to-ma,   «.      [Pret  ttego-,   and  Gr. 
oroua  (stoma)  =  the  mouth.] 

Icktky.  :  A  genns  of  Selachoidei,  with  one 
species.  Stegostoaa  tifrinjm,  the  Tiger  Shark 
{q.v.),  from  the  Indian  Ocean.  Tail,  with 
caudal  fin,  measuring  one-half  the  total  length  : 
eyes  very  small  ;  teeth  small,  trilobed,  in 
many  series,  occupying  a  transverse  fiat  patch 
in  both  jaws. 

t  Stein,  -.-.?.    [SIZES-.  «.] 

»rtein  -bok,  steen  -bok,  «.    [Dut  stein,  »feei. 
=  a  stone,  and  bok,  hoc  =•  a  goat.] 
Zoofoyy: 

1.  AntUope  tragvlta,  from  the  stony  plains 
and  mountains  of  South  Africa  ;  rather  more 
than  three  feet  long,  and  about  twenty  inches 
high  at  the  shoulder  ;  red  brown  above,  white 
below  ;  tan  rudimentary,  ears  large  ;  horns 
straight,  about  four  inches  long  in  the  male, 
absent  in  female  ;  no  false  hoofs. 

2.  The  ibex  (q.v.> 

Stein  -heil-ite,  «.    [After  Mr.  Steinhefl  ;  soft 
- 


Mi*.  :  The  same  as  loura  (q.v.). 
mtein'-ing,  «.    [STEESISG.] 

Stein  -kirk.  Steen  -kirk,  ..  (See  det]  A 
name  brought  into  fashion,  after  the  battle  of 
Steinkirk  (1692).  for  several  articles,  especially 
of  dress,  as  wigs, 
buckles,  powder, 
Ac.,  and  especially 
large,  elaborately 
ornamented  neck- 
ties of  lace, 


8TKISKIEK. 


K  had  been  usual  to 
arrange  them  with 
great  care.  But  at 
the  terrible  moment 
when  the  brigade  of 
Bonrbonnaia  was  fir- 
ing before  the  onset 
of  the  allies,  there 

lawlliiMJs.!  "5  ""the 
•court  came  spurring  to  the  front  of  the  line  of 
haul*  with  their  rich  cravats  in  disorder.  It  there- 
fore became  a  fashion  among  the  beauties  of  Paris  to 
wear  round  their  necks  kerchiefs  of  the  nneet  lace 
studiously  disarranged;  and  these  kerchiefs  were 
called  auimtlrtt.-— afnntnlef  .•  BitL  I**,  eh.  lit, 

Stein  man  nite,  «.  [After  the  German 
chemist,  Steinmann ;  sun*,  -ite  (Jfin.).] 

Jf  in. :  An  impure  galena  containing  arsenic 
and  zinc. 

•te  -la,  ste'-le.  s.  [Gr.  <mJAj|  (stele)  =  a  post, 
a  pillar.] 

L  Arch. :  A  small  column  without  base  or 
capital,  serving  as  a  monument,  milestone,  or 
.the  like. 

8.  ArdueoL  :  A  sepulchral  slab  or  column, 
which  in  ancient  times  answered  the  purpose 
of  a  gravestone. 

•tele,  s.    [STAL*  (2),  ..)    A  handle.    (Pro*.) 

Bte -le-chlte,  s.  [Gr.  erreAexo*  (ttelechos)  = 
the  crown  of  the  root  from  which  the  stem 
springs.  ]  A  fine  kind  of  storax. 

•ste'-lene,  o.  [STELA.)  Resembling  or  used 
as  a  stela  ;  columnar. 

stel  gid-op'-ter-yx. «.  [Gr.  artlyit  (stelyis), 
genit.  or«A-yiS«  (sttlgidos)  =  a  scraper,  and 
«-r«'pv{  (plena)  =  a  wing.] 

OrnitA. :  A  genns  of  Psalidoprocninas,  with 
five  species,  ranging  from  La  Plata  to  the 
United  States. 

Stel  -is,  «.  Oat,  from  Gr.  irreA.,  'stelis)  =  a 
kind  of  mistletoe.) 

Bot. :  A  genns  of  Plenrothallids^  Known 
species,  about  130.  Orchids,  most  of  than 
small,  with  solitary  leaves,  and  spikes  or 
racemes  of  minute  green,  yellow,  or  purple 
flowers.  From  South  and  Central  America. 

«t£U  (1),  i.  [Allied  to  «to«(q.T.).1  [STELL,  r.] 
A  sort  of  fenced-in  inclosure  for  cattle  or 
sheep.  (Pror.) 

-  The  neighbour!!*  tUK»  sad  walls  failed  te  show 
a  siads  hewn  stone.  —Met*  Oct.  17.  IMS. 


8teU(2X«.     [STILL,*.]     A  Still.     (Scotch.) 
"  Thae  cunt  horas-leecbeB  o*  th'  Excise, 
Wha  mak  the  Whisky  Sum  their  priie." 

Burnt  :  Score*  Drin*. 

SteU,r.t.  (DutiGer.  *frfkn  =  to  set,  to  place.) 
To  tir,  to  set  ;  to  place  in  a  permanent  manner  ; 
to  place  against  a  fixed  support. 


"  To  find  a  place  where  all  distress  1  . 

Saofesp.  !  Kape  <f  lucrect.  L444. 

Stel  -la,  ».    [Lat  =  a  star.) 

5uri;.  :  A  star-shaped  bandage  crossed  like 
the  letter  X,  applied  to  the  shoulder  in  cases 
of  fracture  of  the  clavicle  or  scapula,  or  dis- 
location of  the  humerus. 

•tel'-lar,  a.   [Lat  ttellarii,  from  stclla  =  a  star.] 
L  Of  or  pertaining  to  stars  ;  astral 

**  There  wai  no  sign  whatever  of  a  Mettor  nncleua."  — 
Daa,  Tttotrai*.  Sept.  «,  OK. 

*  2.  Starry  ;  fall  of  or  set  with  stars  :  as, 
the  stellar  regions. 

stellar-Indicator,  s.  An  instrument  for 
enabling  an  observer  to  recognize  the  different 
stars  and  point  out  their  positions  in  the 
heavens. 

stel  -lar  -I-a,  ».  [Hod.  Lat,  from  Lat.  «tei- 
laris  =  pertaining  to  a  star.  So  named  be- 
cause the  corolla  is  stellate.] 

Bot.  :  Stitchwort;  a  genus  of  Alsinete.  Herbs, 
often  glabrous,  with  the  flowers  in  dichoto- 
mous  cymes  ;  sepals  five  ;  petals  five,  deeply 
cloven  ;  stamens  ten  ;  styles  three  ;  capsules 
opening  with  six  valves,  many  seeded.  Known 
species,  70,  from  temperate  or  cold  climates. 
The  Stellaria  are  frequently  known  under  the 
popular  name  of  Stitchwort.  They  are  small 
herle,  in  moist,  shady  places.  Stillaria  media 
is  the  Common  Chickweed,  found  as  a  weed  in 
every  situation  north  of  Mexico.  The  seeds  are 
eaten  by  poultry  and  birds.  There  are  in  all 
eight  species  in  the  United  States.  &  lonfifolia, 
a  northern  species  extending  to  the  Arctic 
circle,  has  an  open  cyme  of  attractive  white 
flowers.  &  Holottea,  an  European  species,  bears 
large  white  flowers,  and  is  cultivated. 

«  steT-lar-jf,  o.  [Bug.  tteUar;  •«.]  Stellar, 
astral. 

•  An  Infinite  Inftnltjof  saehgronpaof  ffeHarjrorbl." 
—  Shicefff  :  PaJooff-  Sacra,  p.  41, 

stel-la'-to,  ».  pi.  [Fern.  pL  of  Lat.  stcUoitu  = 
set  with  stars,  starry.) 

Bot.  :  The  forty-fourth  order  in  Linnaeus's 
Natural  Sratem.  Genera  Galium,  Hedyotis, 
Spigelia,  Cornus  (?X  Coffea,  &c.  Retained, 
in  a  restricted  sense,  by  Ray,  Decandolle, 
Hooker,  &c.,  as  a  synonym  of  Galiacese  (q.v.> 

stel'-late.  stel  -lat-ed,  o  ft  ».  (Lat  OA- 
latus,  pa.  par.  of  OeUo  =  tosft  with  stars; 
sttOa  =  a  star.) 

A.  Ai  adjective  (Of  totk  farms): 

L  Ord.Lang.:  Resembling  a  star  ;  radiated. 

"  A  more  eonspicnoiu  atar  than  1  have  Been  in  nv- 
eral  JMUote  rftgoluaea."—  Boy?«  :  Work*,  L  Sis. 

2.  Bot.  :  Divided  into  segments,  radiating 
from  a  common  centre. 

B.  Atnbstantive(oftlufom  stellate): 
Bot.  :  (PL).-  The  Galiacese  (q.v> 
stellate-bristle  or  hair,  t. 

Bot.  (Pf).  :  Bristles  or  hairs  growing  in  tufts 
from  the  surface,  and  diverging  a  little  from 
their  centre,  as  in  the  mallows. 

stellate  flower,  • 
Bot.  :  A  radiate  flower. 
stellate-leaves,  ».  pi. 
Bot.  :  Leaves  in  a  whorl,  verticillate  leaves. 
stellate-ligament,  >. 
Anat.  :  The  anterior  costo-central  ligament 
of  the  ribs.    Called  also  the  Radiated  ligament. 

stellated-bandage,  «.    [STELLA.] 

*  stel  la  tlon,  >.  [STELLATE.]  Radiation  of 
light,  as  from  a  star. 

Stel-la-to'-,  prtf.  [STELLATE.]  Radiating, 
stellate. 

stellato  pilose,  a. 

Bot.  :  Having  hairs  arranged  In  a  stellate 
manner. 

'  stelled,  a.  [Lat  *UOa  =  >.  star.)  Starry, 
stellated. 

"  The  JbRoi  Una.'  Outtap.  :  Lt«r.  U-  1. 

1  By  some  explained  as  fixed,  from  ttell  = 
to  fix. 


Stel-ler,  s.  [Georg  Wilhelm  Steller  (1708- 
1745),  a  German  physician,  naturalist,  and 
traveller,  for  many  years  in  the  Russian  ser- 
vice.) (See  compounds.) 

Steller's  blue  jay,  s. 
OrniA.  :  Cyanocitta  steOeri. 
Steller's  rhytina,  s.    [RHTTTKA.] 
Steller's  sea-lion,  s.    [SEA-LIOH.) 

stel  -ler-id,  stel-ler  -i-dan,  s.  [STELLIR- 
IDEA.  j  Any  individual  of  the  Stellerida,  Stel- 
lerides,  or  Stelleridea  (q.v.). 

stel-ler'-I-da.stel-ley-I-des,  ».}>!.  tSrn, 

LERIDEA.] 

stel-ler  -1-dan,  s.    [STELLERID.] 

stel-ler-id  -e-a,  s.  pL  [Formed  from  Lat 
ttella  =  a  star.] 

ZooL  :  A  term  introduced  by  Lamarck  for  a 
section  of  Echinodermata,  equivalent  to  the 
Limutan  genus  Asterias.  It  was  afterwards 
used  by  Blainville,  Pictet,  and  others,  in 
almost  the  same  sense.  The  names  Stellerida 
and  Stellerides  occur  in  a  similar  sense. 

*  stel  -ler-ine,  «.    [STELLEBUS.] 

ZooL  :  An  old  name  for  any  individual  of 
the  genus  Rhytina  (q.v.). 

*  stel  -ler-us,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Stair 

(q.v.).] 

Zaol.  :  Cuvier's  name  for  the  genus  Rhytinr 
(q.v.). 

Stel-lif  -er-ous,  a.  [Lat  »MIa  =  a  star 
fero  —  to  bear,  to  produce,  and  Eng.  adj.  suff 
-ous.]  Having  or  abounding  with  stars,  or 
anything  resembling  stars. 

Stel  -U-f  orm,  a.  [Lat.  sttUa  =  &  star,  an< 
forma  —  form.]  Formed  like  a  star;  stellate 
radiated. 


*  Stel'-ll-fy,  t.t.    tLat-  tteOa  =  a  star  ;  Eng 
suff.  -fy.]    To  make  or  turn  into  a  star  ;  hence 
to  make  glorious  ;  to  glorify. 

"  Chloria,  in  a  general  council  of  the  Gods,  waa  pro 
claimed  goddess  of  the  nowen  ;  and  wai  to  be  CfliijU. 
on  earth,  —flot  /anjon  .-  Ckloridia. 

*  Stell  -ing,  s.    [STALLING.]    Sheds  for  cattle 

Stel'-lI-6,  >.     [Lat  =  Lacerta  gecko  (Linn  ) 
from  its  star-like  spots  ;  Stella  =  a  star.] 

Zoo/.  :  A  genus  of  Agamidee,  having  the  tail 
ringed  with  spinous  scales.  There  are  five 
species,  ranging  from  Greece  and  the  Caucasus 


8TELLIO  CORDYL1KA. 

to  Arabia,  the  Himalayas,  and  Central  India. 
The  illustration  is  from  a  specimen  in  the 
British  Museum  of  Natural  History,  South 
Kensington. 

t  steT-li-on,  t.    [STELUO.] 

ZooL  :  Star-lizard,  a  popular  name  for  any 
species  of  the  genus  Stellio  (q.v.). 

•  steT-li-on-ate,  s.  [Lat  stellioruUvn,  from 
siellio  =  (1)  a  lizard,  (2)  a  crafty  or  deceitfu: 
person ;  Fr.  steUvmat.) 

Scots  of  Roman  low :  A  kind  of  crime  which 
is  committed  in  law  by  a  deceitful  selling  of  > 
thing  otherwise  than  it  really  is ;  a  term  use-i 
to  denote  all  such  crimes,  in  which  fraud  is  ai> 
element,  as  have  no  special  names  to  dis- 
tinguish them,  and  are  not  defined  by  any 
written  law,  as  when  one  sells  the  same  thing 
to  two  purchasers,  when  a  debtor  pledges  t« 
his  creditors  that  which  does  not  belong  to 
him,  &C. 

"  The  court  of  star-chamber  Is  compounded  of  good 
elements,  for  It  eonalsteth  of  fonre  kinds  of  persons 
counsellors,  peerea,  prelates,  and  cbitfe-Judgee.  li 
diseemetSl alioprinefpally  of  foure  kinds  of  causes ,  s- 
forcea,  frauds,  crimes  Tsrious  of  aaiimau.  and  the 
inchoations  or  middle  acts  towa-ds  crimes  capital  or 
hainoos,  not  actually  committed  or  perpetrated.  — 
Baco* :  Bt*rt  r//..  p.  M. 


Ate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
at.  wore,  woli  work,  whd.  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  anite,  car.  rale,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    «e,  os  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qa  =  kw. 


stellite— stenchful 


stell-ite,  i.    [Lat  tUW.a)  =  »  star;  suff. 
- 


Min. :  The  same  as  PECTOLITE  (q.T.). 
gtel  -In-lar,  a.     [Lat  steilula,  dimin.  from 

Sttlld  ~  ft  St&T,  ] 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  the  appearance  of 
little  stars. 

2.  Sat.  Science:  Small  and  radiated,  like 
stan,  as  some  corals,  or  the  markings  on  the 
corals  themselves. 

steT -In-late,  a.   [Lat  stellvla  =  a  little  star.] 
li&seuibling  little  stars. 

•  ste  -  log*  -  ra  -  phj^,   «.     [Gr.  o-rnAoypoifrt'a 

(stelographia),~trom  O-TTJA.I  (stilt)  =  a  pillar,  and 

yfwi.1  (grapho)  =  to  write,  j  The  art  or  practice 

of  writing  or  inscribing  characters  on  pillars. 

-This  pillar  thus  engraved  gave  probably  the  origin 

to  the  invention  of  tMoyra^tg."— KaeUouM :  Bitt. 

Bible. 

rrtSm.  *  stam,  •  stemme,  «.     [A.  8.  ttafn, 

stt/n,  stemn  =  (1)  a  stem  of  a  tree,  (2)  the  stem 
or  prow  of  a  vessel,  (3)  a  stem  or  race  o 
people ;  sttfna,  ttaefna  =  the  stem  or  prow  of  a 
Teasel,  from  «Ve/=  «  staff  (q.v.);  eogn.  with 
Dut.  stam  =  a  trunk,  stem,  stock  ;  iteven  =  a 
prow  ;  Icel.  stajn,  stamn,  ttefni,  stemni  =  the 
stem  of  a  vessel ;  itofn,  stomn  =  the  stem  of  a 
tree  ;  Dan.  stamme  =  the  trunk  of  a  tree ; 
stem  =  the  stem  of  a  vessel ;  8w.  atom  = 
trunk  ;  ttdf  =  prow ;  framstam  =  the  fore- 
stem,  the  prow;  Ger.  ttamm  —  a  trunk  ;  Oeven 
(or  rorder  sterm)  =  the  stem.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  Literally : 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

-  Shri  vell'd  herbs  on  withering  Miw  deeay.- 

Dryden  :  riryU  ;  Gforyic  L  147. 

(S)  The  peduncle  of  the  fructification  or  the 
pedicel  of  a  flower ;  the  petiole  or  leaf-stem  ; 
that  which  supports  the  flower  or  the  fruit  of 
•  plant 

"Two  lovely  berriee  moulded  on  one  item.* 

gaalef-K  :  JVidntmxur  Xigltfl  Dmm,  111.  t 

(S)  Anything  resembling  s  stem  or  stalk : 
as,  the  stem  or  tube  of  a  tobacco-pipe,  a  ther- 
mometer, or  the  like. 

(4)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  8. 

"  Armed  the  lUmnt  and  beake-head  o«  the  .hip 
with  .harpe  tine,  and  pike,  of  bra.a"-J>.  BMaM: 
«i»i*  bk.ra.ch.  IrL 


(1)  The  stock  of  a  fkmily  ;  a  race  or  genera- 
Ton  of  progenitors. 

"  WTioeoerer  will  undertake  the  imperial  diadem, 
mutt  nave  of  hi.  own  wherewith  to  support  it ;  which 
1.  one  of  the  reaeon.  that  it  hath  continued  theae  two 
age.  and  more  in  that  Km,  now  eo  much  .pokeu  ol. 

wl  •    raml  rortfL 


(2)  A  branch  ;  a  branch  of  a  family. 

MThi.i.a  Mm 
Of  th«t  victorious  - 


.,lLi 

ft)  An  advanced  or  leading  position  ;  a  look- 

n.  Technical!*  : 

1.  Bat.  :  The  ascending  aiis  of  a  plant.  It 
seeks  the  light,  strives  to  expose  itself  to  the 
air,  and  expands  itself  to  the  utmost  exteut 
of  its  nature  to  the  solar  rays.  With  regard 
to  direction,  it  may  be  erect,  pendulous,  nod- 
ding, decumbent,  flexuose,  creeping,  or  climb- 
ing. It  is  generally  cylindrical  ;  but  may  be 
triangular,  as  in  Carex  ;  square,  as  in  the  Labi- 
atse  ;  two-edged,  as  in  some  Cacti  ;  filiform,  as 
In  flax  ;  or  leaf-like,  as  in  Ruscus.  It  consists 
of  bundles  of  vascular  and  woody  tissue  em- 
bedded in  various  ways  in  cellular  substance, 
the  whole  being  enclosed  with  an  epidermis. 
Stems  may  be  aerial  or  under  ground.  The 
most  highly  developed  form  of  the  former  is 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  the  next  is  that  of  a  shrub. 
There  are  also  herbaceous  stems.  Sometimes 

•  plant  appears  stemless  ;  only,  however,  be 
cause  the  stem  is  short  enongh  to  be  over- 
looked.   In  duration,  a  stem  may  be  annual 
biennial,  or  perennial.    In  structure  it  may  be 
exogenous,  endogenous,  or  acrogenous  (q.v.). 
Aerial  stems  generally  branch,  and  bear  leaves 
flowers,  and  fruit    An  underground  stem  is 
often  mistaken  for  a  root,  but  differs  in  its 
capacity  of  bearing  leaves.    [RHIZOME.] 

J.  Heck.  :  The  projecting-rod  which  guides 

a,  valve  in  its  reciprocations. 

i  J/tninj  :  A  day's  work. 

4.  Music  :  The  line  attached  to  the  head  o 

•  note.     All  notes  used   in  modern  musit 
but  the  semibreve,  or  whole-note,  have  stems 
quavers  and  their  subdivisions  have  stems 


and  hooks.  In  writing  a  "  single  part"  for  a 
voice  or  instrument,  it  is  usual  to  turn  the 
stems  of  notes  lying  below  the  middle  line 
of  the  stave  upwards,  of  notes  lying  above 
the  middle  line  downwards.  Notes  on  the 
middle  line  have  their  stems  up  or  down  as 
seems  best  In  »  "  short  score,  as  for  four 
parts,  the  stems  of  the  higher  part  in  each  stave 
are  turned  up,  those  of  the  lower  part  down. 

5.  Orniln. :  The  main  stalk  of  the  feather, 
bearing  all   the   other   external   parts,  and 
usually  resembling  a  greatly  elongated  cone. 
At  the  lower  part,  which  is  inserted  in  the 
skin,  it  is  cylindrical,  hollow,  and  transparent ; 
higher  up,  it  is  filled  with  a  cellular  pith.  The 
parenchymatnus  portion  of  the  stem  is  called 
the  shaft,  and  it  is  from  the  flattened  aides  of 
this  that  the  barbs  issue.    (XUzKh :  Pterylo- 
graphy,  sect  i.,  ch.  i.) 

6.  Shipbuild. :  The  upright  piece  of  timber 
or  bar  of  iron  at  the  fore  end  of  a  vessel,  to 
which  the  forward  ends  of  the  stakes  are 
united.    With  wooden  stems,  the  lower  end 
is  scarfed  into  the  keeL    The  upper  end  sup- 
ports the  bowsprit,  and  in  the  obtuse  angle  is 
the  figure-head.     The  advanced  edge  of  the 
stem  is  the  cut-water.    It  is  usually  marked 
with  a  scale  of  feet,  showing  the  perpendicular 
height  above  the  keel,  so  as  to  mark  the 
draught  of  water  at  the  fore-part.  Called  also 
stem-post 

7.  Vehicle* :  The  bar  to  which  the  bow  of  a 
falling  hood  is  hinged. 

stem-clasping,  a. 

Bot. :  Embracing  the  stem  with  its  base ; 
amplexicaul,  as  a  leaf  or  petiole. 

stem-head,  *.  The  top  of  the  stem-post 
(q.v.). 

••  A  gaff  trysail  and  a  .tayeall  tacked  to  the  ttfm- 
fceorf  glre.  me  sufficient  .ail-area  for  cruising."— rMd. 
Jan.  •>,  1886. 

stem-knee,  <. 

Shiphuild. :  A  knee  uniting  the  stem  with 
the  keel. 
stem-leaf;  >. 
Bot. :  A  leaf  growing  from  the  stem. 

stem-muscle,  •. 

Biol. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  con- 
tractile fibre  in  the  pedicle  of  Vorticell»(q.v.). 

stem-piece,  ». 

Shipbuild. :  An  independent  piece  (q.T.). 

stem-post,  s.    [STEM,  II.  6.) 

stem-winder,  «.  A  watch  having  a 
stem  or  pendant  which  may  be  thrown  into 
engagement  with  a  winding  wheel,  so  as  to 
wind  up  the  spring  without  the  intervention 
of  a  key  ;  a  keyless  watch. 

stem,  *  stemme,  «.f.  A  i.  [Eng.  item  =  a 
trunk  of  a  tree,  as  a  trunk  thrown  into  a  river 
stems  or  checks  its  current ;  IceL  strmma  =  to 
dam  up  ;  Dan.  stemme  =  to  stem  ;  Ger.  ttemmen 
=  to  fell  trees,  to  dam  up  water.) 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  darn  up ;  to  check  or  stop,  as  a  stream 
or  moving  force. 

••  Not  being  able  to  stem  the  torrent  which  he  ha. 
allowed  to  bunt  forth.'— Slat*.  Sept.  J.  isav 

2.  To  make  way  or  progress  against,  as  a 
tide  or  current ;  to  make  way  or  press  forward 
through.    (Mallet :  Am^ntor  t  Theodora,  L) 

3.  To  dash  against  with  the  stem  ;  to  strike 
or  cut  with  the  stem  :  as,  The  vessels  itemmed 
each  other. 

*  4.  To  steer. 

"  He  is  the  master  of  true  courage  that  all  the  time 
•edatelv  armi  the  ship. '— Comriiu  AV*o«  in  JhSlM 
|17»l.  IDedlc.) 

•B.  Intrans. :  To  make  way  in  opposition 
to  some  obstacle  or  obstruction,  as  a  tide,  a 
current,  the  wind,  or  the  like. 

"They  on  the  trading  flood. 
Ply,  jtnuniiw  nightly  toward  the 

•  steme,  r.    [STEAM,  *.  &  r.] 

Stem  -less,  a.  [Eng.  item ;  -lea.]  Having 
no  stem  ;  having  the  stem  so  little  develope* 
as  to  appear  to  be  wanting  ;  acquiescent 

*  Stem' -let,  i.      [Eng.  stem,  s. ;  dimin.  snff 
-let.]    A  little  or  yonng  stem. 

stem  -ma- ta,  s.  oJ.  [PL  of  Gr.  vrtVfu 
(stemma)  =  a  garland.  So  called  because  the; 
are  often  arranged  in  a  circular  form  on  th 
top  of  the  head.) 


Compar.  Anat. :  The  same  as  OCELLI,  t 
[COMPOUND-EVES.] 

tem-ma-top-ter.-is,  i.  [Gr.  o-rVn^aei 
(stemma),  genit.  <rrtnwros  (stemmatos)  =  a  gar- 
land, and  irreptc  (pteris)  =  a  kind  of  fern,  so 
named  from  the  form  of  the  markings  on  its 
surface.] 

Palaabot. :  Probably  the  external  aspect  of 
the  tree-ferns  of  which  the  internal  one  is 
Psaronius  (q.v.).  It  is  of  considerable  size, 
and  occurs  in  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous 
rocks.  It  is  not  accepted  as  a  genuine  genus. 

stem-mat  -c»-pus,  s.  [Gr.  <rriniLa(xtemma\ 
genit  orre'miaTO!  (stemnatae)  =  a  wreath,  a 
garland,  and  ty  (opt)  =  the  countenance.] 

Zoo!. :  Cuvier'n  name  for  the  Hooded  Seal, 
to  which  he  gave  generic  distinction  as  Stem- 
matopia  erittatut  (=  Pkoca  cristata  =  tytts- 
phora  crufotu). 

•  stemme,  r.  ft  «.    (STEM,  t>.  4  a.] 
stem  mer,  >.    [Eng.  item,  v. ;  -er.] 

Mining  :  A  piece  of  iron  with  which  clay  Is 

rammed  into  the  blasting  holes  to  make  them 

water-tight 

stemming,  ».    [STEM,  r.] 

Mining:  The  stuff  beaten  down  upon  a 
charge  of  powder. 

ste  m6  ni-tis,  «.  [Or.  (mjfu.>>  (stemon)=. 
warp,  spun  thread.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Myxogastrous  Fuugals. 
Small,  stamen-shaped  plants,  separate  or  fasci- 
culate, growing  on  rotten  wood.  Stemonita 
Jusca  is  abundant  in  hothouses. 

Stem  pie,  «.  [Perhaps  a  nasalized  dimin. 
from  step,  s.] 

Mining:  One  of  the  cross-bars  of  wood 
placed  in  the  shaft  of  a  mine  and  serving  the 
purpose  of  steps. 

"  The  traturene  piece,  of  wood  for  thl.  |l«IVS.l 
they  call  lUmptm. "— fies..-  CydopeniM. 

stem'-son,  s.    [STEM,  ».] 

Shipbuild. :  A  knee-piece  whose  horizontal 
arm  is  scarfed  to  the  keelson  and  vertical  arm 
fayed  into  the  throats  of  the  transoms. 

-aenwMsand  keelson  and  •ternaon-knee." 

LontfMo*:  SiuUinf  o/ Ux> Step. 

sten-,  prtf.    [STEio-.] 

Sten,  r.i.  [An  abbrey.  of  ttend  (q.T.).]  To 
leap,  to  spring ;  to  rear  as  a  horse.  (Scotch.) 

sten,  ».  [STEW,  «.)  A  long  step,  a  leap 
(Scotch.) 

"  Or  foaming  rtrang.  wi'  hasty  tttni." 

Bttnu  :  Klin  <m  CapC  M.  Sfmttli  •*• 

•rten-an'-thi-am,   s.     [Pref.  «<«-,  and  Gr. 

o*«os  (anthos)  =  a  flower.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Veratrere,  closely  akin  tx. 
Veratrum.  Segments  of  the  perianth  united 
at  the  base,  and  adhering  to  the  ovary.  Strn- 
anthium  friyidum,  called  in  Mexico  Savoeja, 
has  a  rod-like  stem,  grassy  leaves,  and  a  long 
terminal  panicle  of  flowers.  It  is  poisonous, 
stupefying  animals  which  eat  it 

sten-as  -ter,  «.     [Pref.  tten-,  and  Gr.  iemjp 
(aster)  =  a  star  (q.v. ).] 
Zool. :  A  synonym  ol  Urasterella  (q.v.X 

stench,  'stenche,  -stinch.  -stinche,  i 
[ A.S.  stene,  from  stanc,  pa.  t  of  sliuoax.  =  to 
stink  (q.v.)  ;  Ger.  slani.] 
*  t  A  smell ;  a  scent  of  any  kind. 

"  Black  buU.  and  bearded  goat,  on  altar.  Ue, 
And  clouds  of  earoury  itmrh  involve  Uie  aky. 


2.  A  foul  or  offensive  smell ;  a  stink. 

"The  Koica  remalna,  the  Inrtre  die.  away." 

Cowper .-  Conrmatio*.  tn. 

stench-trap,  5.  A  depression  in  a  drain 
made  to  collect  water,  so  as  to  prevent  the) 
reflex  current  of  air. 

•Stench  (1),  «.t    [STESCH,  ».]     To  cause  to 
stink. 

••  A  boMt  how  rain  !    What  wreck*  abound  ! 
Dead  bard,  ittnc*  every  coaat.' 


•stench  (2),  ».'.    [STASCH,  r.]    To  stanch  or 
staunch  ;  to  stop  the  flow  of. 

"  BeetriugenU  to  straca.  and  incmeatlre.  to  thick* 
Ox  blood.-— »«r»er  -•  O*  CaotumpOmt. 

•  Stench -fllLa.    [Eng.  stench ;  -AW-]    Full 
of  bad  smells ;  foul. 

"  Smoke  and  jtncVhl  mbrte."— Affmt :  Wirt*.  0.  •«. 


boH,  bo^;  po^t,  J6%1;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  *em;  thin,  this;  sin,  •>;  expect,  Xeno~phon,  e^ist.   ph 
-•Un, -tian  =  shan.    -tion, -slon  =  shun ; -tlon, -sion  =  zhan.   -dons,  -tious,  -slons  =  shftm.   -hie, -die,  *c.  -  Be*,  c 


t 
deL 


4450 


stenchy— stentoridse 


"Stench  -y,  a.  [Rng.  stench,  s. ;  -y.}  Having 
an  offensive  smell,  stinking. 

"  Where  itenchy  vapoura  often  blot  the  sun." 

Dyvr:  Fl*K*t  L 

SteV^il,  3.  [Etym.  doubtful.  Skeat  sug- 
gests tliat  it  is  for  stinsel,  the  original  form  of 
tinsel  (q.v.),  fromO.  Fr.  estinciUer  =  to  sparkle, 
to  set  with  sparkles.)  A  thin  plate  of  metal, 
cardboard,  leather,  or  otlier  material  (brass 
generally),  out  of  which  patterns,  numbers,  or 
letters  have  been  cut.  The  plate  is  laid  on 
the  surface  to  be  painted  or  marked,  and  a 
brush,  dipped  in  ink  or  colour,  is  tlu-n  rubbed 
over  it,  the  surface  receiving  tlie  colour  only 
through  the  pnrts  cut  out  of  the  plate. 

stencil-plato,  a.  The  same  as  STENCIL, 
*  (q.v.). 

•ten'  91!,  v,t.  [STENCIL,  s.]  To  mark  or  form 
by  means  of  a  stencil  or  stencil-plate;  to 
paint,  colour,  or  mark  with  a  stencil. 

Sten'-5il-ler,  s.  [Eng.  stencil,  v.  ;  •«•.]  One 
who  works  or  marks  surfaces  with  a  stencil  or 
Stan  cii- plate. 

•tend,  v.i.  [O.  Fr.  «/«ndre  =  to  extend  (q.v.).] 
To  leap,  to  spring ;  to  walk  with  a  long  step 
or  stride.  (Scotch.) 

•tend,  s.  [STEND,  v.]  A  leap,  a  spring;  a 
long  step  or  stride.  (Scotch.) 

sten-e-ly'-tra,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  aim-,  and  Eng. 
elytra,  pi.  of  elytron  (q.v.).] 

Entom. :  The  third  sub-tribe  or  family  of 
Heteromera  in  Latreille's  arrangement.  Ob- 
long, convex  beetles,  with  long  legs  and  an- 
tennae, the  latter  thickened  at  their  extremi- 
ties. They  live  under  the  bark  of  trees,  or  on 
leaves  and  flowers.  Genera  :  Helops,  Cistela, 
(Edemera,  &c. 

•ten-  e  o-fi'-bcr,  *.  [Or.  <r«Vos  (stenos), 
genit.  areVeOf  (steneos)  =  a  narrow,  confined 
space,  and  Lat.  fiber  =  a  beaver.] 

Palreont. :  A  genus  of  Castoridte,  from  the 
Miocene  of  France. 

Sten  e-o-sau-rus,  «.  [Gr.  orfvof  (stenos), 
genit.  <TT«V«OS  (steneos)  —  a  narrow,  confined 
space,  and  <raOpoc  (saitros)  =  a  lizard.] 

Pakeont. :  A  genns  of  Amphlcoelian  Croco- 
diles, with  six  species  from  the  Jurassic. 
Witli  the  exception  of  their  biconcave  ver- 
tebrae, they  present  many  points  of  resem- 
blance to  the  living  Gavials.  They  attained 
a  considerable  size ;  for  the  skull  of  one 
•peoies,  SUneotaurus  herberti,  Is  about  forty 
inches  long. 

Stcu  -1-a,  5.     [STENUS,] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Steniadae. 

ste  m'-a-dae,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  stenia;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -(i)dce.] 

E'.tom. :  A  family  of  Pyralidina.  Antennae 
of  the  male  pubescent,  or  slightly  ciliated ; 
abdomen  very  long  and  slender ;  anterior 
wings  narrow,  lanceolate.  Four  British 
species. 

•ten -l  dee,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tten(us);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee,} 

Entom. :  An  old  family  of  Brachelytra,  now 
gem-rally  merged  in  Staphylinidse.  Very 
active  little  beetles  with  cylindrical  bodies 
and  prominent  eyes ;  found  in  moist  places. 

•ten  6-,  sten-,  prej.  [Gr.  trrevos  (stenos)  = 
narrow  ;  cf.  <c  o-recoJ  (en  steno)  =  in  a  narrow 
compass.]  Small,  narrow,  confined ;  in  a 
small  compass, 

stcn  6  bra,n-chi-se,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  steno-, 
and  Mod.  Lat.  branchice  =  gills.] 

Ichthy. :  A  section  of  SiluiMae  (q.v.X  with 
one  group,  Doradina,  comprising  several 
genera  from  South  America,  and  one  (the 
most  important)  from  tropical  Africa.  [SvNo- 
DONTIS.]  The  rayed  dorsal,  if  present,  is 
short ;  gill-membranes  confluent  with  the 
skin  of  the  isthmus. 

Sten-och'-ro-my,  5.    [Pref.  steno-,  and  Gr. 

XP^fia-  (chroma)  =.  colour.] 

Printing:  The  production  of  many  colours 
at  one  impression.  Mr.  E.  Meyerstein  de- 
scribed his  method  of  doing  this  at  the  Society 
Of  Arts  (Dec.  13,  1876). 

Stcn-o-co  ro'  nine,  a.  [Pref.  steno-;  Lat. 
corona  =  a  crown,  and  Bug.  auff.  -int.] 


Zool. :  Having  narrow-crowned  molar  teeth. 

"It  has  been  suggested  to  ice  that  the  contracted 
terra*  of  Diuotlieriau  and  Hippopotawiue  tyi»>s  m/w 
ml  •lead,  through  heiug  npposw  to  imply  a  greater 
amount  txith  of  affinity  and  of  difference  than  is  in- 
tended. I  propose,  therefore,  to  substitute  (or  the 
former  Eurycorouiue  or  broad -cruwued  type,  and  for 
the  letter  Menacoronine  or  nnrrow-cruwued  type."— 
falconer;  PaUaoat.  Memoirs,  ii.  63.  (Note.) 

stSn'-fi-derm,  s.  [STENODERMA.]  Any  indi- 
vidual of  the  genus  Stenoderma  (q.v.). 

sten-o-der'-ma,  s.     [Pref.   steno-,  and  Gr. 

&epnn  (derinti)  —  skin.] 

Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Stenodermata 
(q.v.).  Crown  of  head  slightly  elevated ; 
muzzle  very  short  and  broad  ;  nose-leaf  well 
developed  in  front  of  nasal  aperture  ;  inter- 
femoral  membrane  short.  Three  species,  Steno- 
derma, achradophilum,  S.  rufum,  and  S.  fal- 
catum.  The  genus  is  divided  into  several  sub- 
genera. 

sten  6  der  -ma-ta,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  pi. 
of  sUnodertna  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  A  group  of  Bats,  family  Phyllo- 
stomulffi  (q.v.),  from  the  Neotropical  region. 
Muzzle  very  short,  and  generally  broad  in 
front ;  nose-leaf  generally  short,  horseshoe- 
shaped  in  front  and  lanceolate  behind  ;  inter- 
femoral  membrane  always  concave  behind  ; 
no  tail ;  inner  margin  of  lips  fringed  with 
conical  papillae. 

Ston'-  o  -graph,  s.  [Pref.  steno-,  and  Gr.  ypa^w 
(grapho)  =  to  write.]  A  production  of  steno- 
graphy ;  any  writing  in  shorthand. 

"The  reporters'  room,  in  which  they  redact  tlieir 
hasty  tte>iugrnpht."—Ein«rtoR  :  Enjlitii  TraiU,  ch.  xv. 

stcn-6-graph,  v.t.  [STENOGRAPH,  *,]  To 
write  or  report  in  stenography  or  shorthand. 

Sten-Sg'-ra-pher,  s.  [Eng.  stenograph^); 
-er.]  One  who  practises  or  is  skilled  in  the 
art  of  stenography ;  a  shorthand-writer. 

"  The  speech  as  a  whole  la  evolved  to  a  ttenographer 
befit  re  it  is  addressed  to  an  audience."— Daily  Tele- 
graph. Dec.  26,  1885. 

sten-6  graph  ic,   sten  6  graph -ical, 

a.  [Eng.  8tenograph(y) ;  -ic,  -ical.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  stenography  or  the  art  of  writing 
in  shorthand  ;  written  or  expressed  In  short- 
hand. 

Sten-o'g'-ra-phlst,  «.  [Eng.  gtenograph(y) ; 
-ist.]  A  stenographer ;  a  shorthand-writer. 

Sten-Sg'-ra-phy,  s.  [STENOGRAPH.]  A 
generic  term  applied  to  any  system  of  short- 
hand (q.v.),  whether  based  upon  phonetic, 
alphabetic,  or  hieroglyphic  principles. 

"The  alphabet  «houM  furnish  a  good  bam  for  a 
system  of  ttemtgraphy,  vet  stenographic  hooka,  crooks, 
Mid  coiitnuitiona  should  form  no  essential  part  of  the 
regular  writing."— Sorfdn«r'«  Magtuine,  Oct.,  1378,  p. 
781. 

Ste-no'-m-an,  a.  [From  Mod.  Lat,  Stenoni- 
anus,  from  Stenoniits,  the  Latinised  form  of 
(Nicholas)  Steno  or  Stenon,  an  eminent  Dan- 
ish anatomist  (1631  (or  8)-16SG),  physician  to 
Ferdinand  IT.,  Grand  Dnke  of  Tuscany,  and 
titular  bishop  of  Titiopolis.] 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Steno.  (See  etym.) 

Stenonian  duct,  «. 

Anat. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
parotid  duct ;  from  Steno,  its  discoverer. 

sten-d-pot'-a-lous,    a.      [Pref.  steno-,  and 
Gr.  vc'TaAoir  (petalori).]     [PETAL.] 
Bot. :  Narrow  petaled.    (Paxton.) 

sten  oph   yl  loiis,  a.    [Pref.  steno-,  and  Gr. 
^>uAAoi/  (phullon)  —  a  leaf.] 
Bot  :  Narrow-leaved. 

•ten' -ops,  s.     [Pref.  steno-,  and  Gr.  ty  (ops) 
=  the  countenance.] 
Zool. :  A  synonym  of  Loris  (q.T.). 

sten-op'-ter-*x,  *.     [Pref.  attno-,  and  Gr. 

irre'pvf  (ptenix)  =  a  wing.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Hippoboscidse  (q.v.), 
infesting  birds.  Stenopteryx  hirundinis  occurs 
numerously  in  the  plumage  of  young  swallows. 

stcn-6  rhyh-chi  -me,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
8tenorhynch(us) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  auff.  -ince.] 
Zool. :  A  sub-family  of  Phocidae  (q.v.),  with 
five  genera,  Monachus,  Stenorhynchus  (= 
Ogmorhinus,  Pet.),  Lobodon,  Leptonyx,  and 
Ommatophoca.  (flower:  Ency.  Brit.,  xv.  443.) 
Molars  two-rooted,  except  the  first.  On  the 
hind  feet  the  fourth  and  fifth  toes  greatly  ex- 


ceed the  others  in  length  ;  nails  rudimentary 
or  absent.  Monachusfrom  the  Mediterranean, 
the  other  genera  from  the  snores  of  tha 
southern  hemisphere. 

sten-o'-rhyn'-chus,  ».   [Pref.  steno-,  and  Gr. 
puyX°s  (rhungchos)  =  the  snout.] 
Zoology : 

1.  A  genus  of  Stenorhynchinffi  (q.v.)    Skull 
elongated ;  molars  with  three  pointed  cusps. 
Flower  recognizes  one  species,  S.  leptonyx,  the 
Sea  Leopard,  widely  distributed  in  the  Ant- 
arctic and    south    temperate    seas. 

2.  A  genus  of  Maiida  (q.v.). 

stcn  oV-to-ma,  s.  [Pref.  steno-,  and  Gr. 
(TTOMO.  (stoma)  =  the  mouth.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Berycidee,  with 
granular  scales,  from  the  Upper  Clmlk. 

sten-o-stom'-a-ta,  s.  pi.    [STENOSTOMA.] 

Zool. :  A  snb-order  of  Ctenophora,  having 
the  mouth  small  and  narrow.  Families : 
Saccatae,  Lobataj,  and  Tteniat*.  (Nicholson.) 

sten'-6"-type,  $.  A  letter  of  the  alphabet  or 
a  combination  of  letters  standing  for  the  chief 
Bound-character  or -characters  of  a  word  or  a 
group  of  words. 

*  Stent  (1),  v.t.  A  i.     [A.S.  styntan,  gestentan.) 

A.  Trans. :   To  keep  within  limits  ;  to  re- 
strain, to  stint. 
B*  Intrans. :  To  cease,  to  stint,  to  stop. 

Stent  (2),  v.t.    [STENT  (2),  s.] 

Scots  Law :  To  assess ;  to  tax  at  a  certain 
rate. 

*  Stent  (1),  s.    [STENT  (1),  v.]    A  stopping,  a 
ceasing ;  stint. 

Stent  (2),  s.  [Low  Lat.  extenta  =  valuation, 
from  extendo  (O.  Fr.  estendre)  =  to  estimate.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  An  allotted  portion  ;  a  quan- 
tity, a  task  ;  work  to  be  performed  in  a  L-crtain 
manner ;  stint.    (Scotch.) 

2.  Scots  Law :  A  valuation  of  property  la 
order  to  taxation ;  a  tax,  a  tribute. 

"  Our  Laird  gets  in  his  racked  rents, 
Ilia  coals,  hia  ktitii,  and  a*  hb  tte>iti." 

Burnt :  Twa  Dogt. 

Stent  (3),  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Mining :  The  rubbish  constituting  the 
waste-heaps  at  mines. 

stcnt  ing,  stent'-on,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 
Mining :  An  opening  in  a  wall  in  a  coal* 
mine.    (Prov.) 

stenton-waU,  «. 

Mining:  The  pillar  of  coal  between  two 
winning  headways. 

Sten  tor,  «.    [See  det] 

1.  Onl.  Lang. :  The  name  of  a  Greek  herald 
in  the  Trojan  war,  famous  for  the  loudm-ss  of 
his  voice,  which  was  said  to  equal  that  of 
fifty  other  men  together:    hence,  a  person 
having  a  very  loud,  strong  voice. 

2.  Zool.:  Trumpet  -  animalcule ;  the  type- 
genus  of  Stentoridse(q.v.),  cosmopolitan,  with 
numerous  species,  from  salt  and  fresh  water, 
mostly  social.  Animalcules  sedentary  or  mobile 
at  will ;  body  conical  or  trumpet-shaped,  often 
brilliantly  coloured,  covered  with  cilia,  ante- 
rior portion  widened  and  fringed  with  a  mar- 
ginal row  of  longer  cilia,  with  a  spiral  row 
extending  from  the  mouth.    They  are  among 
the  largest  and  most  beautiful  of  the  class,  of 
which  they  are  the  earliest  known  mem  tiers, 
the  first  record  of  them  being  by  Trembley, 
who    described   them   under    the    name    of 
Funnel-like  Polypes,  in  Phil   Trans.  (1744). 
They  increase  by  oblique  fission,  and  by  germs 
separating  from  the  bind-like  eadoplaat.    One 
species,  Stentor  niger,  is  common  in  ponds  in 
Epping  Forest. 

stSn-tor'-X-an,  a.  [Lat.  stentoreus;  Gr. 
trreyropfLos  (stentoreios)."] 

1.  Extremely  loud,  like  the  voice  of  Stentor. 

"They  echo  forth  in  ttentorinn  clamoun."— Sir  T. 
Herbert :  Trawl*,  p.  320. 

2.  Able  to  utter  a  very  loud  sound:  as, 
stentorian  lungs. 

stcn   tor    i- due,  «.  pi    [Mod.  Lat 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool :  A  family  of  Heterotrichous  Infu- 
soria, with  three  genera.  Animalcules  free- 
swimming  or  temporarily  adherent,  highly 
elastic  and  contractile,  more  or  less  elongate 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pdt» 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cuh,  cure,  unite,  cor,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    so,  oe  =  o ;  ey  -  a;  pji  -  lew. 


stentorlous— stepparent 


4451 


and  cylindrical ;  often  inhabiting,  either  singly 
or  *0'ially,  a  mucilaginous  or  hardened  sheath 
or  Iw-ica.  (Kent.) 

*  sten-tor'-i'-OUS,  a-  [Lat.  stentoreus.]  Sten- 
torian. 

"The  loudnew  of  hU  tttntorioUt  voic*,"— Fuller: 
ChurcA  Bitt.,  X.  iv.  H. 

*sten-tor-6n'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  stentor;  -onic.] 
Stentorian ;  very  loud. 

"Ha  measures  out  hia  own  tttmtorontc  voice."— Bp. 
IParfturfon .-  /Jorfrt««  o/  Grace,  bk.  ii.,  ch,  v. 

•ston-tor-i-phon'-Ic,  a.  [Gr.  SreVrwp 
(.wxZor)  =  Stentor,  and  ^tnj  (phone)  =  a 

.  voice.]  Speaking  or  sounding  very  loud; 
Stentorian. 

"  I  heard  a  formidable  noise, 
Loud  ae  the  itcnt'roptumicfc  voice, 
That  roar'd  far  off!* 

Butter  :  Budibra*.  IIL  L  SSI. 

Sten'-US,  s.     [Or.  crreros  (stenos)  =  narrow,] 

J£ntom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Stenidte  (q.  v.). 
About  64  species  are  British.  (Sharp.) 

•itep,  *  stappe,  *  steppe,  v.i.  &.  t.  [A.S. 
stapan  (pa.  t.  stop,  pa.  par.  stapen)  =  to  go,  to 
advance  ;  steppan  =  to  step  ;  Dut.  &  Low  Ger. 
ttappen;  O.  Fris.  tieppa,  stapa.}  [STEP,  s.] 

A.  /nfransiiive ; 
L  Literally : 

1.  To  move  by  a  single  change  of  the  place 
of  the  foot;  to  move  the  foot  and  leg  in  walk- 
ing ;  to  advance  or  recede  by  a  movement  of 
the  foot,   or   feet,   forwards,  backwards,   or 
•ideways. 

"They  were  afraid  of  the  lion*;  §o  they  ttepped 
back,  and  went  behind*"— Bungan :  Pilgrim' 9  Pro- 
greu,  i>t  il. 

2.  To  go,  to  walk,  to  march.    (Used  espe- 
cially and  colloquially  of  a  little  distance  and 
*  limited  purpose.) 

••  S'ep  luto  the  chamber"— StioJctip,  :  Merry  Wivei 
•/  Windtor,  iv.  S. 

3.  To  walk  or  move   gravely,   slowly,  or 
lesolutely. 

"  Home,  from  bis  morning  task,  the  swain  retreat*, 
Hia  floclt  before  him  ttepping  to  tbe  fold," 

Thornton :  tiummtr,  SSI. 

II.  Figuratively: 

1.  To  advance  or  come,  as  it  were,  suddenly 
or  by  chance.    (Usually  followed  by  into.) 

"  Ventidlni  lately 

Buried  his  father,  by  whose  death  he's  ttepp'd 
Into  a  great  estate."  Shaketp.  :  Timan,  lit  2. 

8.  To  advance. 

"I  am  in  blood 

Stept  in  co  far,  that  should  I  wade  no  more. 
Returning  were  as  tedious  aa  go  o'er." 

Shake?. :  Macbeth,  lit.  4. 

8.  To  go  in  imagination  ;  to  move  mentally. 

"  They  are  ttepping  almost  three  thousand  years 
back  luto  the  remotest  antiquity."— I'oue :  Iliad. 
(Fref.) 

B.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  language : 

*  1.  To  set,  as  the  foot. 

2.  To  measure  by  stepping  or  walking  over 
and  counting  the  steps  :  as,  To  step  a  piece  of 
ground. 

IL  Naut* :  To  fix  the  foot  of,  as  a  mast ;  to 
erect  in  readiness  for  setting  sail. 

U  1.  To  step  aside : 

(1)  To  move  or  walk  a  little  distance ;  to 
Withdraw  a  short  distance. 

*  (2)  To  deviate  from  the  right  path  ;  to  err. 

2.  To  step  out  : 

(1)  To  go  out  of  doors,  generally  for  a  short 
time  or  distance. 

"When  your  master  wants  a  servant  who  happens 
to  l>e  abniad,  answer,  that  he  had  but  that  minute 
tttvtont."— Swift:  Inttntctioru  to  Berwtntt. 

(2)  To  increase  the  length    bat   not   the 
tapidity  of  the  step. 

3.  To  step  short: 

AW.. :  To  diminish  the  length  or  rapidity  of 
the  step,  according  to  the  established  rules. 

Itep,  steppe,  s.     [A.S.  ttfepe,  from  stapan  = 
to  go,  to  advance,  to  step  ;  Dut.  stap  =  a  foot- 
print, a  footstep  ;  Ger.  staffv.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  pace ;  an  advance  or  movement  made 
by  one  removal  of  the  foot,  as  in  walking. 

"  Over  Aeld*  and  waters,  aa  In  air 
Smooth  sliding  without  Urf." 

Milton:  P.  L,,  viii.  W2. 

(2)  One  remove  in  climbing,  or  in  ascending 
or  descending  a  stair ;  a  stair. 

"  Upon  the  second  »tep  of  that  tmall  pile  . . . 
He  tat,  and  ate  his  fowl  In  solitude. 

Wordnaonh ;  Old  Cumberland  Beggar. 


(3)  A  round  or  rung  of  a  ladder. 

(4)  The  space  passed  over  or  measured  by  a 
single  movement  of  the  foot ;  the  distance 
between  the  feet  in  walking  or  running  ;  apace. 

"  The  grtidui,  a  Romau  measure,  may  be  translated 
a  if«v,  or  the  half  of  a  pauut  or  pace."— Arbuthnut ; 
On  Coint. 

(5)  A  footprint,  a  footstep ;  the  print  or 
impression  of  the  foot ;  a  track. 

(ti)  (PL)  A  self-supporting  ladder,  with  flat 
steps,  much  used  in  reaching  to  a  moderate 
height ;  a  pair  of  steps  ;  a  step-ladder. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  Gait;  manner  of  walking;  also  the  sound 
of  the  step  or  setting  down  the  foot ;  footfall : 
as,  A  person  is  recognized  by  his  step. 

(2)  A  degree  or  grade  in  progress  or  rank, 
especially  a  degree  of  advance  or  promotion  ; 
a  higher  grade  of  rank ;  promotion  ;  a  decisive 
gain  or  advantage. 

"  He  gets  his  *(<•/>,  and  at  once  assumes  an  air  of 
greater  and  becoming  importance." — Daily  Telegraph, 
Dec.  39,  1684. 

(3)  A  gradation,  a  degree. 

"  The  «ame  tin  for  substance  bath  sundry  tttpt  and 
degrees,  in  respect  whereof  one  man  becouieth  a  more 
heinous  offender  than  another."—  Perkin$. 

(4)  A  small  space  or  distance. 

"  There  is  but  ft  ttep  between  me  and  death."—! 
Samuel  xx.  I. 

(5)  (-P L)  The  course  winch  one  follows. 

(6)  A  proceeding ;   the  first  of  a  series  of 
proceedings;  measure,  action  ;  course  adopted. 

"  Such  &  tti'p  would  be  attended  by  considerable 
danger  to  the  Spanish  throua"—  Daily  Chronicle, 
Sept.  7,  1885. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Carpentry: 

(1)  The  foot-piece  of  any  timber. 

(2)  The  tread  of  a  stair. 

2.  Machinery ; 

(1)  The  lower   brass  of  a  journal-box   or 
pillow-block. 

(2)  The  socket  for  the  lower  pivot  of  a 
spindle  or  vertical  shaft ;  an  ink.    Sometimes 
called  a  breast. 

3.  Music:  A  term  often  applied  to  one  of 
the  larger  diatonic  degrees  or  intervals  of  the 
scale,  as  between  one  and  two. 

4.  Shipwright. :  The  block  in  which  the  foot 
of  a  mast  is  placed. 

5.  Vehicle*:  A  foot-piece  to  assist  one  in 
entering  or  descending  from  a  carriage. 

1  1.  Pair  of  steps:  A  step-ladder  (q.v.X 

2.  Step  by  step  : 

(1)  By  a  gradual  and  regular  process. 

"  Fat  it  into  words,  ftud  «t«;i  by  step  »how  It  another." 
— Loctu:  On  Hum.  Undent.,  bk.  il.,  ch.  Ix. 

(2)  Moving  as  fast ;  keeping  together. 

3.  To  take  a  step  (or  steps):  To  make  a  move- 
ment in  a  certain  direction  (Lit.  Jb  fig.),  to 
move  in  a  matter  ;  to  take  action. 

step-bit,  s. 

Locksmith.  :  A  notched  key-bit. 

step-box,  s. 

Much. ;  A  cane  for  a  bearing  surface  at  the 
lower  end  of  a  vertical  spindle  or  shaft. 

Step-grate,  s.  A  furnace-grate  in  several 
successive  heights,  like  stairs. 

Step -ladder,  *.  A  portable  ladder, 
usually  having  flat  steps,  and  its  own  means 
of  support  by  struts  or  posts. 

*  Step-Stone,  a.    A  stepping-stone  (q.v.). 

step  wheels,  s.  pi.  Wheels  having  seve- 
ral sets  of  teeth  on  the  circumference  forming 
a  series  of  steps.  (Rossiter.) 

Step-,  pref.  [A.S.  steop  =  orphaned,  deprived 
or  its  parent ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  stief-,  as  in 
stiefzoon,  stiefdochter,  &c. ;  Icel.  stjup-,  as  stjup- 
son,  ttjupddttir,  &c.  :  Dan.  stfd-,  as  in  stedbarn  ; 
Sw.  sty/-,  as  in  sty/barn;  Ger.  stief-,  as  in 
etiefsohn,  stieftochter,  &c. ;  O.  H.  Ger.  stiuf. 
Cf.  O.  H.  Ger.  stiufan=.  to  deprive  of  parents.] 
A  prefix  used  before  child,  brother,  sister, 
father,  mother,  daughter,  and  the  like,  to 
signify  that  the  person  spoken  of  is  a  relative 
only  by  the  marriage  of  a  parent.  It  was 
originally  used  in  the  compounds  stepchild, 
stepbairn,  stepson,  and  stepdaughter,  as  re- 
furring  to  orphaned  persons  (see  etym.),  and 
was  afterwards  extended  to  stepfather,  step- 
mother, &c. 

steV-balrn,  s.  [A.S.  stedpbearn.]  A  stepchild 
(q.v.). 


st6p'-brith-er,  s.  [Pref.  step-,  and  Eng. 
brother.]  A  stepfather  or  stepmother's  son 
by  a  former  wife  or  husband. 

Stepchild,  s.  [A.S.  stedpcild.}  The  child  of 
a  husband  or  wife  by  a  former  wife  or  husband. 

*  step   dame,  s.    [Pi-ef.  step-,  and  Eng.  dame,] 
A  stepmother. 

"  His  cruell  ttepdame,  seeing  what  was  done." 

Siienter:  f.  y.,  I.  v.  89. 

Stgp'-daugh-ter  (gh  silent),  s.  [A.S.  stedp- 
dohtor.]  The  daughter  of  a  husband  or  wife 
by  a  former  wife  or  husband. 

*  stepe,  a.    [STEEP,  a.] 

Step'-  fa  - ther,  «.  [A.S.  stofipfteder.}  A 
mother's  second  or  subsequent  husband. 

Stcph-an'-l-a,  s.  [Named  after  8.  Stephan, 
professor  of  botany  at  Moscow,  who  died  in 
1817.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cissampelidese.  The  root 
otStephania  hernandifolia,  an  Indian  plant,  is 
an  astringent  useful  in  fevers,  urinary  dis- 
eases, dyspepsia,  &c. 

steph'-an-ite,  s.  [After  the  Archduke 
Stephan1  of  Austria  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afto.).] 

Min. :  An  ore  of  silver  occurring  both  in 
crystals  and  massive.  Crystallization,  ortho- 
rhombic.  Hardness,  2  to  2 '5  ;  sp.  gr.  6'269  ; 
lustre,  metallic ;  colour  and  streak,  iron-black. 
Compos.  :  sulphur,  16*2 ;  antimony,  15'3 ; 
silver,  68*5  =  100,  corresponding  with  the 
formula  5AgS  +  80283.  Occurs  with  other 
silver  ores  in  lodes  in  various  localities. 

Bteph-a-no-,  pref.  Gr.  <rT€^aw»s  (stephanos) 
=  &  crown,  a  garland.] 

Phys. :  Resembling  a  crown  or  garland ; 
bearing  circular  processes. 

Stoph-a-n$9'-er-as,  s.  [Pref.  sUpliano-,  and 
Or.  icepas  (keras)  —  &  horn.]  [AMMONITE.  B. 
II.  2,] 

stcph-a  nd9'-er-6s,  s.  [STEPHANOCERAS.) 
Zool. :  A  genus  of  Floscularidce.  Eyes 
single;  rotatory  organ  divided  into  five  ten- 
tacular lobes,  furnished  with  vibratile  cilia, 
with  which  the  animal  takes  its  prey;  body 
attached  by  the  base  to  a  cylindrical  hyaline 
tube.  One  species,  Stephanoceros  eichhornii, 
5^  inch  long,  from  fresh  water. 

stcph--a  no  mo-nad'  i-dce,  s.  pi  [Mod. 
Lat.  st'ephanomonas,  genit.  stephanomonad(i8) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Zool.:  A  family  of  Cilio-Flagellata ;  ant- 
mnlcules  free-swimming,  bearing  a  single  ter- 
minal flagellum,  the  base  of  which  is  embraced 
by  a  brush-like  fascicle,  or  uninterrupted 
circular  wreath  of  cilia.  One  genus,  Stephano- 
monaft,  with  one,  or  possibly  two,  species. 
(Kent.) 

ste'ph-a-no'-mSn'-as,  s.  [Pref.  stephano-, 
and  Mod.  Lat.  monas  (q.v.).]  [STEPHANO- 

MONADID^E.] 

st£ph-a-no-S9y'-phus,  *.  [Pref.  stephano-, 
and  Gr.  a/eu^os  (skuphos)  =  a  cup.] 

Zool. :  The  only  known  genus  of  Thecome- 
dusfe.  Animal  consisting  of  a  series  of  chitin- 
ous  tubes  embedded  in  a  sponge,  and  opening 
by  oscula.  From  these  the  animal,  which  has 
a  crown  of  tentacles,  at  intervals  protrudes 
itself. 

steph-a-niir'-iis,  s.  [Pref.  8tephan(o}-,  anq 
Gr.  oiipa  (owra)  =  the  tail.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Strongylidae  (q.v.),  allied 
to  Strongylus  (q.v.).  Stephanurus  dentatui 
probably  produces,  in  whole  or  in  part,  the 
hog-cholera  of  the  United  States. 

step' -moth  or,  *  step-mod- er,  ».  L[A.S. 
ste6pm6der.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  father's  second  or  subse- 
quent wife, 

"  You  shftll  not  find  me,  daughter. 
After  the  slander  of  uioet  ittpmatheri, 
Ill-eyed  unto  you."  Shake*?. :  Cymbellnt.  L  L 

2.  Bot. :  Viola  tricolor. 

Stgp'~mith-er-lf ,  a.  [Eng.  stepmother ;  -ly.} 
Of,  belonging  to,  or  befitting  a  stepmother; 
hence,  neglectful,  harsh. 

"A  long  period  of  ttcpmothtrly  treatment-"— Aiilj 
ffewt.  Nor.  8,  1886. 

step -par-ent,  s.  [Pref.  step,  and  Eng.  parent.] 
A  stepfather  or  stepmother. 


D&H,  bo^;  polit,  J6>1;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  ^hin,  bench;  go,  ^rem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.    -3£ng. 
•Gian,  -  tian  =  ffh?^.     tion,  -  siou  =  shun ;   tion,  -glon  -  zhiin.   -clous,  -tioua,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die*  Ac.  -  bel.  del. 


4452 


steppe — stereo- 


ftteppe,  s.  [Russ.  stti*  =  a  waste,  a  heath,  a 
steppe.]  A  term  applied  to  one  or  tlmse  ex- 
tensive plains  which,  with  the  occasional  in- 
terpolation of  low  ranges  of  hills,  stretch 
from  the  Dnieper  across  the  south-east  of 
European  Russia,  round  the  shores  of  the 
Caspian  and  Aral  seas,  between  the  Altai  and 
Ural  chains,  and  occupy  the  low  lands  of 
Siberia.  In  spring  they  are  covered  with 
verdure,  but  for  the  greater  part  of  the  year 
they  are  dry  and  barren. 

U  There  art  three  different  kinds  of  steppe, 
r1z.,  grass,  salt,  and  sand  steppes,  each  main- 
taining peculiar  forms  of  vegetation. 


steppe  -  murrain, 

(q.v.). 


s.     The  rinderpest 


stepped,  a.    [Eng.  step;  -ed.]    Having" steps 
or  grades. 

stepped  gauge,  s.  A  form  of  gauge 
having  a  series  of  notches  which  may  tit 
varying  sizes  of  holes. 

stepped-gearing,  9. 

Mack.  :  An  invention  of  Dr.  Hooke  for 
obtaining  a  continuous  bearing  between  the 
meshing  surfaces  of  gear-wheels. 

stepped  key,  s. 
Locksmith. :  The  same  as  BIT- 
KEY  (q.v.> 

stepped -rack,  s.  A  rack 
having  teeth  arranged  in  several 
rows,  which  alternate  with  each 
other  so  as  to  produce  the  uni- 
formity of  motion  due  to  smaller 
teeth,  without  sacrifice  of 
strength.  The  teeth  of  the  pinion 
with  which  it  gears  are,  of  course,  correspond- 
ingly arranged. 


•TEPPKD-RACK. 


er,  s.  [Eng.  step,  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
steps ;  one  that  has  a  gait,  good  or  bad ; 
specif,  applied  to  a  horse,  in  reference  to  his 
high  action  in  trotting.  [HIGH-STEPPER.] 

"The  man  who  want*  *  pair  of  ttfppert.~—Fttld, 

Jan.  16,  1886. 

rtep  -ping,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [STEP,  v.} 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 

the  verb). 
C.  As  subst. :  A  step  ;  motion  ;  progress  or 

advance. 

"Bat  still  the  flood  crept  by  little  tteppi»g*.~-Bp. 
Taylor:  Str-mam,  vol.  L,  wr.  8. 

stepping  stone,  «. 

1.  Lit.  :   A  raised    stone   in   a  stream  or 
•wampy  places,  by  stepping  on  which  a  per- 
son may  cross  without  wetting  or  dirtying 
the  feet. 

2.  Fig. :  An  aid  or  means  for  the  accom- 
plishment of  an  end  or  the  gaining  of  an  ob- 
ject ;  a  help,  an  advantage. 

"  ThoBe  obstacles  hUgrni  us  had  turned  into  iteppina- 
tton**.'—  Jiacaulay  :  Hitt.  Eng..  cb,  ri.. 

Step  Sis  ter,  s.  [Pref.  step-,  and  Eng.  sister.} 
A  stepfather  or  stepmother's  daughter  by  a 
former  wife  or  husband. 

step  -son,  *  step  sone, ».  [A.S.  sttopsunu.} 
The  son  of  a  husband  or  wife  by  a  former  wife 
or  husband. 

-ftter,  svff.  [A.S.  -tstre  (the  same  as  in  the 
Lat  oleaster,  Low  Lat.  poetaster).  Cf.  Dut. 
spinster  =  a  spinster ;  ziiugster  =  a  female 
singer.  In  A.S.  we  also  find  hearpes(re=a 
female  harper,  webbestre  =  a  female  weaver, 
fithelestre  =  a  female  fiddler,  faecesfre,  &c.)  A 
suffix  denoting  occupation  :  as,  maltster,  game- 
ster, songster,  huckster,  &c.  Up  to  the  end  of 
the  thirteenth  century  the  suffix  -ster  was  a 
characteristic  sign  of  the  feminine  gender, 
and  by  its  means  new  feminines  could  be 
always  formed  from  the  masculine.  In  the 
fourteenth  century  the  guff,  -ster  began  to 
give  place  to  the  Norman-French  -ess,  and 
there  is  consequently  a  want  of  uniformity  in 
the  employment  of  this  suffix.  Thus  Robert 
de  Brunne  uses  sangster  (songster)  as  a  mas- 
culine. A  good  number  of  words  with  this 
suffix  are  to  be  found  as  feminines  even  late 
In  the  fifteenth  century  :  as,  kempster,  web- 
ster,  sewster,  baxter,  &c.  In  modern  English 
there  is  only  one  feminine  with  this  suffix, 
viz.,  spinster,  though  huckster  was  used  very 
late  as  a  feminine,  and  sewster  is  still  used 
in  Scotland  and  provincial  dialects.  When 
the  original  feminine  force  of  the  suffix  -ster 
was  forgotten  or  lost,  some  new  feminines 
were  formed  from  English  feminines  by  the 


addition  of  the  French  suffix  -ess :  as,  seam- 
sier,  seamstress,  songster,  songstress,  which  are 
thus  really  double  feminines. 

"The  suffix  -tter  now  often  marks  the  agent  with 
more  or  less  a  sense  of  contempt  and  depreciation,  as 
puiurer,  tiiclurtr."— Morrit;  Xnglith  Accident:*,  y.  »u, 

Btcr-,  prt/.    [STEREO-.] 

*  ster  cor-a  -ceous  (ce  as  sh),  a.     [Lat. 
stercus,  genit.  stercons  =  dung.]     Pertaining 
to  or  composed  of  dung ;  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  dung. 

"  The  stable  yields  a  ttercoractoitt  heap." 

C"w/*r:  Tatk,  Hi  «S. 

atcrcoraceous-vomiting,  s. 

I'utluil.  :  Vomiting  of  fiecal  matter,  some- 
times occurring  in  enteritis  and  obstruction 
of  the  bowels. 

*  Ster'-cdr-an-Ism,  «.    [STERCORANIST.] 

Church  Hist.  :  The  belief  that  the  Eucharistic 
elements  suffered  physical  change  in  the  body 
of  the  recipient.  During  the  controversy  on 
Tran substantiation,  in  the  eleventh  century, 
the  charge  of  stercoranism  was  brought  against 
the  believers  in  and  the  objectors  to  that  dog- 
ma by  their  respective  opponents. 

"  It  Is  not  easy  to  determine  the  precise  form  of  this 
indecent  charge  as  advanced  by  either  party.  The  be- 
lievers in  transubstKUtiation  num-osed  the  sacramental 
elements  not  to  pass  through  the  human  body  like 
ordinary  aliments,  but  to  become  wholly  incorporated 
with  the  bodies  of  the  communicant*;  so  that  on  their 
principles  they  could  not  be  justly  charged  with  t'--r- 
eoranitm.  Ou  the  contrary,  the  opposers  of  tramub- 
stantiatlon  supposed  the  subatance  of  the  sacramental 
elements  to  undergo  the  ordinary  changes  in  the 
stomach  and  bowels  of  the  communicant;  so  that  by 
assuming  that  these  elements  had  become  the  real 
body  and  blood  of  Christ,  they  might  be  charged  with 
ttercoranlfm ;  but  it  was  only  by  assuming  what  they 
expressly  denied,  namely,  the  truth  of  the  doctrine  of 
Iran  substantiation.  Thus  neither  party  could  be  Justly 
taxed  with  this  odious  consequence;  and  yet  a  dex- 
terous disputant,  by  resorting  to  a  little  perversion  of 
his  antagonist's  viewi,  might  easily  cast  upon  him  this 
vulgar  and  unseemly  reproach."  —  Jlotheim;  Ecclet. 
ffitt.  (ed.  Reid),  p.  SIS.  (Notes.) 

*  SteV-cor-an-ist,  ».   [Fr.  stercoraniste,  from 
Eccles.  Lat."  stercorunista,  from  Lat.  stercus, 
genit.  itercoris  =  dung.J 

Eccles. :  One  charged  with  holding  that  the 
Eucharist k1  elements  suffered  physical  change 
in  the  body  of  the  recipient.  The  word  appears 
to  have  been  first  applied  by  Card.  Humbert, 
about  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century,  to 
the  Greek  monk  Nicetas. 

"  He  [Radbert]  does  not,  however,  apply  the  term 
ttcrcor/inia*  to  his  opponents." — McCHntock  A  Strong : 
Cyclop.  Bib.  Lit.,  Ix.  i,un. 

*  Ster -co-raxM-an,  *.    [Lat.  gtercorariug  = 
pertaining  to  dung.]    The  same  as  &TERCO- 

BANIST  (q.V.). 

6ter-c$-rar-I-i'-nw,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  ster- 
corari(us);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 
[STER  COR  A  RI  us.  J 

ster  co  riir  -I  -us,  s.  [Lat.  =  pertaining  to 
dung.] 

Ornith. :  Skua  (q.v.),  a  genus  of  Laridtie,  (n 
some  classifications  made  a  sub-family  Ster- 
corariinee.  These  birds  were  at  first  classed 
with  the  Gulls  [LAKUSJ,  but  were  separated 
on  account  of  differences  in  external  charac- 
ters and  habits,  and  placed  in  a  separate 
genus,  Lestris  (q.v.).  The  Linnwan  name 
Stercprarius  was  adopted  by  Brisson,  with  a 
generic  description  (Omithol.,  vi.  150),  in  1760, 
and  is  now  revived  by  those  authors  who  are 
endeavouring  to  purify  nomenclature  and  to 
restore  to  use  names  originally  given. 

*  Ster-cor-ar-&  s.    [Low  Lat.  stercoraHum, 
from  Lat.  stercus,  genit  stercoris  =  dung.]    A 
plane,  properly  secured  from  the  weather,  for 
containing  dung. 

*  ster  cor  ate,  v.t.   [Lat.  stercoratus,  pa.  par. 
of  stercoro  =  to  manure,  from  stercus,  genit. 
stercoris  =  dung.]    To  manure,  to  dung. 


*  ater-cor-a'-tlon,  s,   [Lat  stercoratio.]  The 
act  of  dunging ;  the  act  of  manuring  with 
dung. 

"  The  ttercoration  ot  the  soil,  and  promotion  of  the 
growth,  though  not  the  first  germination  of  the 
seminal  plant/"— Ray :  On  the  Creation,  i. 

*  ster-cbr  -I-an-ism,  s.    {STERCORANISM.] 

ster-cor~ic'-o"-lous,  a.  [Lat.  stercus,  genit 
*tercoris=  dung,  and  coto  =  to  inhabit]  Living 
in  dung. 

"  This  appears  to  be  probably  the  caw  In  parasitic 
and  Ucrcoricoloui  lorms. "— Kncyc.  Brit.  (ed.  *tfa),  xix. 


*  ster'-cdr-fst,  s.      [Lat.  stercus,  genit.  atar* 
coris  =  dung.]    A  stercoram.st. 

"  Writers  like  Sanchez  and  the  Sttrcoruti  who  hs/1 
opened  frivolous  tuid  uiibecoiul itg  question*"  —  J. 
Atorlejf:  Voltaire,  ch.  v. 

Ster'-c6r-ite.  s.  [Lat  stercus,  genit.  stercor(ia) 
=  dung  ;  suff.  -ite  (A/in.).] 

Min,  :  A  mineral  found  in  crystalline  masses 
and  nodules  in  the  guano  of  Ichaboe.  Com- 
pos. :  phosphoric  acid,  34 '05 ;  ammonia,  12'4Q ; 
soda,  14-92  ;  water,  38-63  =  100,  corresponding 
with  the  formula  NaO,NH4O,POa-r-9HO.  This 
is  a  native  microcosmic  salt  (q.v.). 

*  steV-eor-y,  t.    [STERCORIST.]    Excrement, 
duug. 

Ster-CU'-le-»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  stercul(ia); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ete.} 

Bot. ;  A  tribe  of  Sterctiliacese.  Leaves 
simple  or  palmate;  flowers  by  abortion  uni- 
sexual. 

ster-cu-U  a,  s.  [From  a  Latin  god,  Ster- 
culius,  who  presided  over  manuring ;  stercui 
=  dung.  So  named  because  tlie  leaves  of 
some  species  are  fetid.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Sterculiacea 
(q.v.).  Trees  with  soft  timber  ;  leaves  simple 
or  compound ;  inflorescence  in  racemes  or 
panicles;  flowers  polygamous  or  monfficious; 
calyx  somewhat  coriaceous,  five-lobed;  petals 
none  ;  carpels  follicular,  five  or  fewer,  each 
with  one  cell  and  one  or  many  seeds.  Sterculia 
ureiis  is  a  large  Indian  tree,  with  white  bark, 
cordate  leaves,  and  very  small  flowers  in  ter- 
minal panicles,  coming  out  in  February  or 
March.  The  tree  yields  an  inferior  sort  of 
tragacanth,  used  in  the  hospitals  at  Boml>ay 
and  in  making  sweetmeats,  and  native  guitars 
are  made  of  the  wood.  Its  seeds  are  cathartic, 
S.  villosa,  another  Indian  tree,  yields  a  similar 
gum  of  little  value.  The  bark  of  these,  and 
of  S.  colorata  and  S.  guttata,  also  Indian  trees, 
yield  fibres  adapted  fur  cordage.  An  oil  may 
be  extracted  from  the  seeds  of  5.  fcetitla,  • 
large  East  Indian  evergreen,  by  boiling  tliem 
in  water.  The  seeds  of  S.  tomentosa  and  S. 
acuminata,  African  species,  when  chewed  and 
sucked,  render  half-putrid  water  agreeable. 
8.  Tragacantha,  of  Sierra  Leone,  yields  tinga- 
canth  (q.v.).  The  nuts  of  S.  balanghas,  S. 
fcetida,  and  S.  urens,  are  eaten  in  India,  and 
are  sometimes  roasted  like  coffee,  as  are  those 
of  S.  nobilis  in  the  East  Indies,  and  those  of 
S.  Chicha  and  S.  lasiantha  in  Brazil. 

ster  cu  II  a  -96-09,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  ster- 
culi(d);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot. :  Sterculiads  ;  an  order  of  Hypogynou* 
Exogens,  alliance  Malvales.  Large  trees  or 
shrubs,  having  the  hairs,  if  present,  stellate. 
Leaves  with  free  deciduous  stipules;  calyx 
naked  or  surrounded  by  an  involucre ;  sepals 
five,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  frstivatkm 
generally  valvate ;  petals  five  or  none,  aestiva- 
tion convolute ;  stamens  indefinite,  monadel- 
phous  ;  anthers  two-celled,  turned  outwards ; 
styles  five  or  three;  fruit  capsular,  three- 
or  five-celled,  or  drupaceous,  berried,  or  con- 
sisting of  distinct  follicles  ;  seeds  sometimes 
winged  or  woolly.  Natives  of  warm  countries. 
Tribes,  Bombacese,  Helictereffi,  and  Sterculece. 
Genera,  84;  species,  125.  (Lindley.) 

ster   cu'- II   ad,  s.     [Mod.  Lat  sterculi(a) 
Eng.  suff.  -ad.] 
Bot.  (PI) :  The  Sterculiaceae  (q.v.). 

*  sterc,  s.  &  v.    [STEER,  s.  &  t>.) 

Btere,  «.  [Fr.t  from  Gr.  o-Tcpeo?  (stereos')  = 
solid.]  The  French  unit  for  solid  measure, 
equal  to  a  cubic  metre,  or  35*3156  cubic  feet 

*  store,  v.t  &  i.    [STIR,  v.) 

*  stere  les,  *  ster e  less,  a    [STEERLESS.] 

t  ster  el-mln  -tha,  s.  pi  [Pref.  ster.,  and 
Gr.  t\mw  (helmins),  genit.  ityitvQos  (hdmin~ 
thos)  =  a  tape-worm,  j 

Zool. :  Owen's  name  for  one  of  the  two 
classes  into  which  he  divided  the  Entozoa, 
the  other  being  Coelelmintha.  It  is  equiva- 
lent to  the  Trematoda  (q.v.).  [See  extract 
under  Coelelmintha. J 

ster-e  6-,  ster-e-6-,  pref.  [Gr.  <rr«pfot 
(stereos)  =  solid.]  Soh'd;  having  an  appear- 
ance of  solidity. 

5T  Authorities  differ  as  to  the  pronunciation 
of  the  first  e  in  this  prefix.  In  printing,  how- 
ever, ster-e-S-  is  always  used. 


Ate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father:   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  p* 
or.  wore,  won  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  ottb.  ciire,  tjnite,  our.  rtle,  fall;  try,  Syriam.    m,  »  =  •;  ey  =  a;  «m  =  kw. 


stereo— stereotype 


4453 


gteV-e-d,  s.    [Abbrev.  from  stereotype  (q.v.).] 
The  same  as  STEREOTYPE,  1. 
^  Used  also  adjectively  :  as,  a  stereo  plate. 

•ter'-e-o-bate,  5.  [Pref.  stereo-,  and  Or. 
0do-i*  (basis)  —  a  base  (q.v.).] 

Arch.  :  A  base  ;  the  lower  part  or  basement 
of  a  building  or  column  ;  a  kind  of  continu- 
ous pedestal  under  a  plain  wall. 

SteY-e'-6'-chr6me,  s.  [Pref.  stereo-,  and 
Eug.  chrome.}  A  stereochromic  picture. 

ster  -  S  -  6  -  chrom'-  !c,  a.  [Eng.  stereo- 
chrom(y);  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  stereo- 
chromy  ;  produced  by  stereochromy. 

St5r-e-6ch'-r6-m^.  s.  [  STB  BEOCH  ROME.]  A 
method  of  wall  painting  in  which  the  colours 
are  covered  with  a  varnish  of  soluble  glass. 

Ster-e'-O-deT-pWs,  *.  [Pref.  stereo-,  and 
Gr.  6«A<>i*  (delpiiis)  =  a  dolphin.  J 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Delphinidse  (q.v.), 
from  Miocene  strata. 

»ter-e"-o-e-lec'-trlc,  a.  [Pref.  stereo-,  and 
Eng.  electric.] 

Elect.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  generation 
of  electricity  by  solids  alone  :  thus,  a  stereo- 
electric  current  is  one  produced  without  the 
intervention  of  a  liquid.  (Dana.) 

Ster-e-6g'-na-thiis,  a.  [Pref.  stereo-,  and 
Or.  yfaflos  (gnatkos)  =  a  jaw.] 

Palceont.  :  A  mammalian  genus  of  unknown 
affinities,  founded  on  a  fragment  of  a  small 
jaw,  with  three  molars  in  position,  from  the 
Lower  Oolite  at  Stonesfleld,  Oxfordshire. 

«tcr   e-6-grarn,    stSr'-S-i-graph,    s. 

[Gr.  trrcpeo?  (stereos)  =  solid  ;  suff.  -gram, 
•graph.]  The  representation  of  a  solid  on  a 
plane  ;  specif.,  a  stereoscopic  slide. 

•teV-e-d-graph,  a.    [STEREOGRAM.] 


al,  a.  [Eug.  stereography);  -ic,  -ical.]  Made 
or  done  according  to  the  rules  of  stereo- 
graphy ;  delineated  on  a  plane. 

stereographies-projection,  *.  That 
projection  of  the  sphere  which  is  represented 
upon  the  plane  of  one  of  its  great  circles,  the 
eye  being  situated  at  the  pole  of  that  great 
circle.  All  circles  are  projected  either  into 
straight  lines  or  circles,  and  the  angle  made 
by  two  circles  meeting  on  the  globe  is  the 
game  as  that  made  by  the  projections  of  those 
circles.  Jt  is  the  projection  generally  em- 
ployed in  ordinary  atlases.  The  distortion  in 
the  form  of  countries  on  the  plane  surface  is 
very  slight. 

•te'r-e-o-graph'-Xc-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
stereagraphical  ;  -ly.}  In  a  stereographic 
manner  ;  according  to  the  rules  of  stereo- 
graphy ;  by  delineation  on  a  plane. 

•ter-e-o'(?'-ra-phy,  s.  [STRREOOBAM.]  The 
art  of  delineating  the  forms  of  solid  bodies  on 
a  plane  ;  a  branch  of  solid  geometry  which 
demonstrates  the  properties  and  shows  the 
construction  of  all  solids  which  are  regularly 
denned. 

•ter-e-om'-e'-ter,  «.  [Pref.  stereo-,  and  Eng. 
meter.  } 

1.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  solid 
or  liquid  contents  or  the  capacity  of  a  vessel. 

2.  An  instrument  for  determining  the  spe- 
cific gravity  of  porous  bodies,  powders,  &c. 

ster  e  6-mct  ric,  ster-6  6-  met  -rie-  al, 

a.  [Eng.  stereometry)  ;  -ic,  -ical]  Pertaining 
to  or  performed  by  stereometry. 

•ter-S-o'm'-e'-try,  s.    [Eng.  stereometer;  -y.] 

1.  The  art  of  measuring  solid  bodies  and 
determining  their  solid  contents. 

2.  The  art  or  process  of  determining  the 
specific  gravity  of  liquids,  porous  bodies,  &c. 

Ster  e  6-mon  6  scope,  *.  [Pref.  stereo-, 
Gr.  fxofo;  (monos)  —  alone,  and  oxojre'w  (skopeo} 
=  to  see.]  ATI  instrument  with  two  lenses  by 
which  a  stereoscopic  effect  can  be  obtained 
from  a  single  picture.  (Proc.  Hoy.  Soc.,  June, 
1857,  and  April,  1858.) 

•ter-e'-o'p'-ti-co'n,  s.  [Pref.  stereo-,  and  Gr. 
6»m«6s  (optikos)  =  of  or  for  seeing  or  sight. 
An  American  name  for  a  magic  lantern  in 
which  photographic  slides  are  employed. 


SteV-e-6-scope,  ».      [Pref.   stereo-,  and  Gr. 

o-Kon-e'tu  (skopeo)  =  to  see.  ] 

Opiics:  An  instrument  invented  by  Wheat- 
stone  and  improved  by  Brewster,  for  giving  a 
flat  picture  the  appearance  of  a  solid  object. 
Perception  of  perspective  and  what  is  termed 
the  solidity  of  an  object  depends  on  the  fact 
that  in  consequence  of  the  distance  between 
the  eyes  the  right  eye  sees  part  of  the  object 
which  is  invisible  to  the  left  eye,  and  vice 
versa,  the  two  separate  images  being  combined 
by  the  brain  into  one  impression.  If  a  land- 
scape, &c.,  is  viewed  with  one  eye  alone,  the 
effect  of  perspective  to  a  great  extent  vanishes. 
The  stereoscopic  effect  is  also  lessened  by  dis- 
tance. In  order  to  obtain  a  due  effect  from 
a  stereoscopic  slide,  two  pictures  are  neces- 
sary, one  representing  the  object  as  seen  by 
the  right  eye  alone,  the  other  representing  it 
as  seen  by  the  left  eye  alone,  and  these  pic- 
tures must  be  so  arranged  that  each  eye  sees 
only  the  corresponding  picture.  Brewster's 
stereoscope  consists  of  a  box  divided  by  an 
opaque  partition  down  the  middle,  the  slide 
being  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  box,  and 
then  viewed  through  a  pair  of  half-lenses  or 
prisms,  which  act  upon  the  light  rays  pro- 
ceeding from  the  pictures  in  such  a  way  that 
the  virtual  images  of  the  two  pictures  are  co- 
incident in  position  ;  the  two  images  are  com- 
bined by  the  brain  into  one  impression;  and 
the  appearance  of  solidity  of  the  scene  or  ob- 
ject is  accurately  reproduced.  InWheatstone's 
original  instrument  mirrors  were  employed 
instead  of  half-lenses  or  prisms.  In  the 
binocular  microscope  a  certain  amount  of 
stereoscopic  effect  is  obtained. 

ster  c  6  scop  Ic,   ster-e-6  scop -Ic  «al, 

a.  [Eng.  stereoscop(e) ;  -ic,  -ical.\  Pertaining 
or  adapted  to  the  stereoscope ;  produced  by 
the  stereoscope. 

"  These  observation!  will  be  found  useful  In  ob- 
taining ttereotcofiic  viewa  of  the  structures  in  carpen- 
try ana  shipbuilding."—  Brewster :  Stereotcope,  p.  188. 

stereoscopic-slide,  s. 

Optics:  A  slip  of  cardboard  on  which  are 
mounted  side  by  side  two  photographs  of  the 
same  scene  or  object.  Theoretically,  these 
photographs  should  be  taken  by  similar  lenses 
from  points  of  view  separated  by  a  space  equal 
to  the  distance  between  the  human  eyes,  but 
in  practice— especially  in  dealing  with  archi- 
tectural groups — the  space  is  increased  in 
order  to  procure  a  greater  effect. 

ster-e-o-scop'-ic-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  stereo- 
scopical;  -ly.]  In  a  stereoscopic  manner;  by 
means  of  a  stereoscope. 

*  ster-e-OS'-CO'-pist,  s.  [Eng.  s}ereoscop(e)  ; 
-ist.]  One  who  is  skilled  in  the  use  or  manu- 
facture of  stereoscopes. 

* Bter-e-os'-co-py, *.  [Eng.  stereoscope);  -y.] 
The  art  of  using  or  manufacturing  stereoscopes 
or  stereoscopic  pictures. 

stSr-e'-o'-sper'-muin,  «.  [Pref.  stereo-,  and 
Gr.  o-Wpjua  (sperma)  =  seed.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Bignoniaceie.  Trees  from 
tropical  Asia  and  Africa,  with  unequally 
pinnate  leaves  and  terminal  panicles  of  fra- 
grant flowers,  generally  white.  The  bark  of 
Stereospermum  suaveolens,  an  Indian  plant, 
yields  a  gum  of  the  hog  or  tragacanth  series, 
and  the  root  and  bark  are  used  in  Hindoo 
medicine,  as  are  the  roots,  leaves,  and  flowers 
of  S.  chelonioides.  Both  are  large  trees  with 
deciduous  leaves. 

Ster-e-o'-Stat'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  stereo-,  and  Eng. 
static.]  Applied  to  a  linear  arch  sustaining 
the  pressure  of  a  material  in  which  at  any 
given  point  there  are  a  pair  of  conjugate 
pressures,  one  vertical  and  the  other  in  a  fixed 
direction,  horizontal  or  inclined.  The  con- 
ditions involve  the  symmetrical  distribution 
of  the  vertical  load  on  either  side  of  a  vertical 
axis,  traversing  the  crown  of  the  arch. 

ster-e-i-to'in'-Ic,     ster- 6-6" -t$m'-*c-alt 

a.    [Eng.  stereotom(y)  ;  -ic,  -ical.]    Pertaining  to 
or  performed  by  stereotomy. 

Ster-e-o't'-o'-my,  s.  [Pref.  stereo-,  and  Gr. 
TOM*J  (tome)=&  cutting.]  The  science  or  art 
of  cutting  solids  into  certain  figures  or 
sections. 

8teV-e'-6'-tr6pe,  s.  [Pref.  stereo-,  and  Gr. 
TpoTnj  (trope)  =  a  turning ;  rpemo  (trepo)  =  to 
turn.]  An  instrument  by  which  an  object  is 
perceived  as  if  in  motion,  and  with  an  ap- 


pearance of  soliiity  or  relief  as  in  nature.  It 
consists  of  a  series  of  stereoscopic  pictures, 
generally  eight,  of  an  object  in  the  successive 
positions  it  assumes  in  completing  any  motion, 
affixed  to  an  octagonal  drum,  revolving  under 
an  ordinary  lenticular  stereoscope,  and  viewed 
through  a  solid  cylinder  pierced  in  the  entire 
length  by  two  apertures,  which  makes  four 
revolutions  for  one  of  the  picture-drum.  The 
observer  thus  sees  the  object  constantly  in 
one  place,  but  its  parts  apparently  in  motion,, 
and  in  solid  and  natural  relief. 

ster   co  type,    ster   e  6  type,   s.   &  a. 

[Gr.  <rrep«o«  (stereos)  =  solid,  aud  Eng.  typ* 
(q.v.).] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Fixed  type ;   hence  a  plate  cast  from  a 

Elaster  or  papier-mache  mould,  on  which  is  a 
icsimile  of  the  page  of  type  as  set  up  by  tht 
compositor,  and  which,  when  fitted  to  a  block, 
may  be  used  under  the  press,  exactly  aa 
movable  type.  The  alloy  for  stereotype- 
plates  is  composed  of  the  same  materials  as 
ordinary  type-metal.  An  alloy  composed  of 
600  lead,  300  tin,  and  225  cadmium,  has,  on 
account  of  its  hardness,  been  pronounced  the 
best  for  stereotype-plates.  The  original,  or 
plaster  process  of  stereotyping  was  invented 
by  William  Ged,  a  goldsmith  of  Edinburgh, 
who  was  employed  by  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford, in  1731,  to  manufacture  plates  for  Bibles 
and  Prayer-books.  In  this  process  the  type 
is  set  up  in  the  usual  way,  except  that  shoul- 
der-high spaces  and  quadrats  are  employed. 
The  face  of  the  forme  is  thinly  and  evenly  oiled 
with  a  brush,  and  it  is  surrounded  by  a  rect- 
angular frame  termed  a  flask.  Plaster  of  Paris 
mixed  with  water  is  then  poured  upon  it, 
forming  a  mould  corresponding  to  the  face  of 
the  forme.  When  this  has  sufficiently  hard- 
ened, it  is  dried  in  an  oven  until  all  the  moist- 
ure is  driven  off,  and  it  is  then  used  as  a  mould 
to  obtain  a  facsimile  in  stereotype  metal  of 
the  forme  of  type.  This  system,  however,  has 
been  to  a  great  extent  superseded  by  the 
papier-mache  process,  invented  by  Wilson,  in 
Scotland,  in  1823.  This  is  a  very  expeditious 
process,  and  is  generally  used  on  the  daily 
papers  of  large  circulation.  A  paper  matrix 
is  formed  by  spreading  paste  over  a  sheet  of 
moderately  thick  unsized  paper,  aud  covering 
it  with  successive  sheets  of  tissue-paper,  each 
carefully  patted  down  smooth,  and  the  pack 
then  saturated.  The  face  of  the  type  is  oiled, 
the  face  of  the  paper  treated  with  powdered 
French  chalk  and  laid  upon  the  type.  A  linen 
rag  is  wetted,  wrung  out,  laid  over  the  paper, 
and  then  the  matrix  dabbed  by  a  beating- 
brush  from  the  back,  so  as  to  drive  the  soft 
paper  into  all  the  interstices  between  the 
letters  of  the  form.  The  cloth  being  removed, 
a  reinforce  sheet  of  damp  matrix  paper  is  laid 
upon  the  back  of  the  matrix,  and  the  matrix 
beaten  again  without  the  cloth,  to  perfect  the 
impression  and  establish  a  junction.  The  hol- 
lows in  the  back  are  filled  up  with  a  smooth 
coat  of  stucco,  and  the  matrix,  after  being 
covered  with  a  double  thickness  of  blanket,  is 
placed  in  a  press  and  subjected  to  strong 
pressure  over  a  steam-chest,  the  heat  of  which 
dries  the  matrix.  The  press  is  unscrewed,  the 
matrix  removed,  its  edges  pared,  and  it  is 
warmed  on  the  moulding-press.  The  matrix 
is  then  placed  in  the  previously-heated  iron 
casting-mould;  a  casting-gauge  to  determine 
the  thickness  of  the  stereotype  is  placed  round 
three  sides  of  the  matrix,  the  other  side  being 
left  open  for  a  gate,  at  which  the  molten 
metal  is  poured  in.  The  cover  is  screwed 
tight,  the  mould  tipped  to  bring  the  mouth  up, 
aud  the  metal  poured  in.  When  the  metal  is 
set,  the  mould  is  opened  and  the  matrix 
removed.  The  plate  is  then  trimmed  and 
otherwise  prepared  in  the  usual  manner.  For 
rotary  printing-machines  both  matrix  and 
plate  form  the  segment  of  a  circle  to  enable 
the  plate  to  fit  on  the  impression  cylinder. 

[ELECT  EOT  YPE.] 

2.  The  art  of  making  solid  plates  forming 
an  exact  facsimile  of  the  page  of  type  as  set 
up  by  the  compositor,  and  from  which  im- 
pressions are  taken  in  the  usual  manner;  the 
process  of  producing  printed  work  in  such  a 
manner. 

B,  As  adjective: 

1.  Pertaining  orrelating  to  the  art  of  stereo- 
typing; pertaining  to  fixed  types. 

2.  Done  or  executed  by  means  of  fixed  me- 
tallic types,  or  plates  of  fixed  types :  as  stereo- 
type printing,  a  stereotype  Bible. 


boil,  b6y;  poUt,  J6>1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  £em;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  -  t 
-clan,  -tian  =  shau*   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -(ion,  -gion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  dcL 


4454 


stereotype— stern 


stereotype -block.  «. 

Print. :  A  block  un  which  a  stereotype  is 
mounted  to  make  it  type  high.  Blocks  are 
made  with  clasps,  and  are  adapted  to  hold 
plates  within  a  given  range  of  sizes. 

stereotype  -  plate,  «.     The  same   as 

&TEKHUTYPE,   5.,  1. 

stereotype     shooting  -  board,     «. 

[SvOOTlNO-BOABD.] 

Stereotype-work,  s.  Printed  work  exe- 
cuted from  fixed  type  or  plates  of  fixed  type. 

•ter'-e-S-type,  v.t.    [STEBEOTYPE,  ».) 

I  Literally: 

1.  To  cast,  as  a  stereotype  plate. 

2.  To  prepare  for  printing   by    means   of 
•tereotype  plates  :  as,  To  stereotype  a  book. 

IL  Fig- :  To  fix  or  establish  flrmly  and  un- 
changeably. (In  this  sense  often  pron.  ster1- 
t-i-tupe.) 

"To  tterentvp*  tht  Liberal  cr«d,"— Standard,  Oct. 
M,  lUi. 

•teV-e-i-typed,  a.    [STmEoryps.] 

1.  Lit. :  Made,  executed,  or  printed  from 
;t3reotype  plates. 

2.  Fig. :  Fixed,  formed,  or   settled  flnnly 
and  unchangeably ;  unalterable,  unaltered :  as, 
stereotyped  opinions,  a  stereotyped  answer. 

•ter'-<5-o'-typ-er.  '•  [Eng.  stereotype),  v. ; 
-er.J  One  who  stereotypes ;  one  who  makes 
stereotypes. 

•ter'-S-t-typ-er-y,  s.    [Eng.  stereotype ;  -rj/.] 

1.  The  art,  work,  or  process  of  making  stereo- 
type plates. 

2.  The  place  where  stereotype   plates  are 
made ;  a  stereotype-foundry. 

BteV-S-A-typ-IO,  o.  [Eng.  stereotw(l)  ;  -ic.] 
Of  or  relating  to  stereotype  or  stereotype 
plates. 

BteV-e-i^-typ-ltng,  ».  OTEBBOTTPB,  «.]  The 
art  or  process  of  making  stereotype  plates, 
and  of  producing  printed  work  from  such 
plates. 

•ter"  -e -6-typ-Ist, ».  [Eng.  stereotype) ;  -lit. ] 
Ona  who  makes  stereotype-plates ;  a  stereo- 
type. 

ster-e-o-ty-pog'-ra  pher, ».  [Pref.  stereo-, 
and  Eng.  typographer  (q.v.).]  A  stereotype 
printer. 

ster-8-6-ty-p8g'-ra-pliy,  I.  [Tref.  stereo-, 
and  Eng.  tyfiography  (q  v.).]  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  printing  from  stereotype  plates. 

Ster'-S-4-typ-y,  ».  [Eng.  attreotyp(e) ;  -y.] 
The  art,  process,  or  business  of  making  stereo- 
type plates. 

•steres-man,  ».    [STEERSMAN.] 

ster-hy  drau'-Uc,  a.  [Gr.  rrtptot  (stereos) 
=  solid,  and  Eng.  hydraulic.}  A  term  applied 
to  a  press  in  which  a  powerful  hydrostatic 
pressure  is  obtained  by  introducing,  by  a 
steady,  uninterrupted  movement,  a  solid  sub- 
stance into  the  cylinder  of  a  hydraulic  press 
already  filled  with  liquid. 

•tc-rig^ma    (pi.    ste-rig'-mn.  ta),   s.   pi. 
[Gr.  tmipiYMa  (steriyma)  =  *  support,  a  foun- 
dation, a  prop.) 
Botany  (PI): 

1.  Filiform    or   pointed    protuberances  on 
special   cells  which  develop  into  spores  in 
fungals,  the  filaments  forming  the   pedicels 
of  the  spermatia  in  fungals.    (Talasnt.) 

2.  The  name  given  by  Link  and  Klotzsch  to 
the    elevated   lines  on  the  stem  of  various 
thistles,  4c.,  produced  by  decurrent  leaves. 

«te  rig-mum,  s.    [STERIGMA.] 

Bot. :  Desvaux's  name  for  a  Carcerule  (q.T.). 

'•teV-n,  *  BteV-Ul,  a.    [STERILE.] 
steril-coal,  s. 

Mining :  Black  clay  or  shale  at  tke  head  of 
m  coal-seam. 

••ter'-n.s.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    (See  extract) 

"To  lade  8O  many  thousand  tterili  or  measures  of 
eoruoutof  Sardinia  and  Sicily  custom-free."— BovMll  : 
Letttri.  p.  us. 

•teV-ne.  •star'- a,  *8tgr--ai.  a.  [Fr. 
sterile,  from  Lat.  sterttem,  accus.  of  tterilis  = 


barren,  unfruitful;  Hal.  sterile;  Sp.  esterile. 
From  the  same  root  as  Gr.  crrcpcdf  (sttertos)  — 
hard,  solid  ;  Ger.  starr  =  rigid.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  Barren,  unfruitful ;  producing  little  or 
no  crop  ;  not  fertile. 

"  The  ittrUl  coasts  of  barren  Rinoeeer* 
They  post,  and  seas  where  CHS i us  hilt  doth  stand." 
Fitire/ax :  Uodfrey  of  Boulogne,  XT.  IS. 

(2)  Barren  ;  producing   no  young  ;  of  seeds 
or  plants,   not   germinating,  not    producing 
other  I'laots. 

(3)  Not  accompanied  with  good  crops ;  un- 
productive. 

"  In  it-.-rile  years,  come  sowne  will  grow  to  an  other 
kinds."— Bacon  :  fiat.  Uitt..  f  525. 

2.  Fig. :  Barren  of  ideas  ;  destitute  of  senti- 
ment :  as,  a  sterile  author  or  work. 

IL  Biol. :  Barren.     [STERILITY.] 

"  Rearing  cnrioua  exotics  tterile  of  all  flowers  or 
frult."-tf.  B.  Lcv>««:  Bitt.  Philoi.  (ed.  1830),  ii.  8. 

sterile-wood,  8. 

Bot.:  Coprosma  fatidissima,  acinchonaceous 
plant  from  New  Zealand. 

ster-tt'-I-ty,  *ster-il-i-tie,  s.     [Fr. 
steriliti,  from  Lat.  sterilitatem,  accus.  of  ster- 
ilitas,  from  sterilis  —  sterile  (q.v.);  Sp.  exter- 
itidad  ;  Ital.  sterelita.} 
L  Literally: 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sterile  ; 
barrenness,  unproductiveness,  unfruitful  ness. 

"Sttrtiity  has  been  said  to  be  the  bane  of  herd- 
«ulture."— jDarwiH:  Origin  tf  Sp>.-ciM  (ed.  ISM),  p.  9. 

^  Sterility  in  animals  and  plants  may  be 
constitutional  or  accidental,  and  often  arises 
from  changed,  conditions  of  life.  Thus  most 
raptorial  birds  from  the  tropics  do  not  lay 
fertile  eggs  in  captivity  intemperate  climates, 
and  many  exotic  plants  under  cultivation 
have  worthless  pollen.  Sometimes  a  little 
more  or  less  water  will  decide  whether  or  not 
a  plant  will  seed.  There  are  various  degrees 
of  sterility  in  first  crosses  and  hybrids  ;  occa- 
sionally there  is  an  absence  of  some  element 
necessary  to  reproduction,  thus  in  the  more 
sterile  kinds  of  hybrid  rhododendrons  pollen 
Is  wanting.  (Darwin.) 

2.  Barrenness,  unfruitfulnesa  ;  want  or  ab- 
sence of  power  of  producing  young,  as  of 
animals. 

IL  Fig. :  Barrenness  of  ideas  or  sentiments  ; 
want  of  fertility  or  the  power  of  producing 
sentiment 

"  One  cannot  ascribe  thU  to  any  tttriWy  of  expres- 
sion, bat  to  the  genius  of  hU  time*" — Pop* :  JCuay  on 
Earner, 

ste>-il  i-z&'-tion,  *  ster-il-S-sa'-tion, 

«.  [Englteh  tteriliz(e) ;  -ation.]  The  act  of 
making  sterile,  barren,  or  unproductive. 

•teV~ll-  ize,  ater-il  ise,   v.t.     Ing.  tter- 
it(e);  -«*.] 

1.  To  make  sterile,  barren,  or  unproductive  ; 
to  impoverish,  as  land;  to  exhaust  of  fertility. 

2.  To  deprive  of  fecundity,  or  the  power  of 
producing  young. 

3.  To  destroy  microbes  in  (milk,  *c.). 

ster'  U  i  zer,  «.     One  who,  or  a  substance 
or  au  apparatus  ^hich,  sterilizes. 

Ster  -let,  s.     [Ger.,  from  Russ.  sterliad.] 

Ichthy. :  Acipenser  ruthenus,  from  the  Danube 
and  Russian  rivers  flowing  into  the  Black  Sea. 
It  is  a  small  species,  rarely  exceeding  three  feet 
in  length,  but 
is  highly 
prized  as  a 
food-fish.  It 

haa  a  narrow,  STERLET. 

elongated, 

pointed  snout,  barbels  slightly  fringed,  skin 
of  upper  surface  dark  gray,  dorsal  shields  and 
belly  whitish.  The  sterlet  is  a  regular  article 
of  food  at  Vienna,  and  sometimes  ascends  the 
Danube  as  far  as  Ulm. 

ster -ling  aX  *  star-ling,    "ster-lyng, 

s.  &  a.  [Prob.  for  esterling  or  esternling,  from 
A.S.  edstan  =  from  the  east,  or  eastern  = 
eastern,  and  suff.  -ling;  so  called  after  the 
Esterlings  or  North  Germans  (Hanse  mer- 
chants), who  were  the  first  moneyers  in  Eng- 
land. In  a  statute  of  Edward  I.  we  find 
"Denarius  Anglue,  qui  vocatur  Sterlinyus ;" 
and  in  a  charter  of  Henry  III.  the  sterling 
is  set  down  as  a  penny.  Cotgrave  gives 
"  Esterlin,  a  penny  sterling,  our  penny."] 


A*  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  A  penny. 

*  2.  Sterling  coin  ;  coin  of  good  weight 

"  Vor  he  get  hem  at  ten  ende 

Four  thousand  pound  of  sterlyng,-t,  horn  ngeu  to 
weode."  Robert  of  Wouc«(«r,  ^  »< 

3.  English  money  ;  English  coin. 

"Accept  this  offering  to  thy  bounty  da«, 
And  Romau  wealth  in  English  tterfing  view." 

Arbuthnot,     (Todd.) 

*  4.  Standard,  rate. 
B.  As  adjective: 

L  Lit, :  A  term  applied  to  English  money 
of  account,  signifying  that  it  is  of  the  fixed 
or  standard  national  value. 

"An  annual  revenue  amounting  to  close  upon  one 
hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  pouuda  tterling.  —  Datix 
Telegraph,  March  12,  1887. 

IL  Figuratively: 

*  1.  According  to  a  fixed  standard  ;  having. 
a  fixed  and  permanent  value. 

"If  my  word  be  tterling  yet  In  England." 

SAakeip. ;  Kichard  IL,  IT. 

2.  Genuine,  pure,  unadulterated ;  of  excel- 
lent quality. 

"  True  faith  like  gold  Into  the  furnace  cut. 
Maintains  its  tterling  fineness  to  the  last?* 

JSitrte  ;  Thomat 

ster'-ling  (2),  «.    [STARLING.] 

ster   lihg-ite  (IX  *-     fAfter  Sterling,  New- 
Jersey,  where  found;  suff.  -i(e(Min.).j 
Min, :  The  same  as  ZIXCITE  (q.v.). 

Ster  ling  ite  (2),  s.  [After  Sterling,  Massa- 
chusetts, where  found ;  suff.  -ite  (Jtfm.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Damourite  (q.v.)  occur- 
ring with  spodumene. 

stem,  *  sterne,  *  sturne,  *.  [A.S.  stymt 
=  stem ;  styrnan  =  to  be  stem  or  severe.  From 
the  same  root  as  loel.  stdrr  =  large ;  Ger.  atarr 
—  stiff,  rigid  ;  Icel.  stura  =  gloom,  despair.] 

1.  Severe  of  countenance ;  austere,  rigid, 
gloomy,  grim,  frowning,  hard;  fixed  with  an 
aspect  of  severity  and  authority. 

"  Why  look  yon  still  so  item  and  tragical? " 

S/w*«»p.  /  1  Henry  VI.,  ill.  1. 

3.  Severe  of  manners ;   harsh,  hard,  hard- 
hearted, pitiless.    (Of  persons.) 

"  He,  like  you.  would  not  have  been  so  tt«m" 

ShaJcttp.  :  Measure  for  iltature,  it  1 

3.  Harsh,  bard,  cruel,  afflictive.  (Of  things.): 

"  Uncourteous  ap«*ch  it  were,  and  tttrn, 
To  say— Return  to  LindUfaru." 

Scott :  J/ormfon.  T.  15. 

1.  Fierce  and  rude  ;  rough. 

"  The  tternt  wynde  so  loude  gan  to  route." 

Chauctr  ;   Trotitti  A  Creuida,  111. 

*5.  Cruel,  ferocious. 

"Teaching  item  murder  how  to  butcher  the«." 
Shaktti-. :  Richard  II.,  1.  ft, 

*  &  Wild,  savage. 

"These  barren  rocks,  your  item  inheritance." 

tt'ordimortk  :  Excitrriort,  bk,  Ix. 

7.  Rigidly  steadfast ;  immovable  :  as,  stern . 
honesty. 

stern,    *  sterne,    *  steorne,    s.     [T'-el. 

stj6n  =  a  steering,  steerage;  hence  applied 
to  the  hinder  part  of  a  vessel  where  the  • 
steersman  stood.]  [STEER  (1),  v.J 

L  Literally: 

•LA  rudder,  a  helm,  a  tiller. 

*'  And  how  he  lost  his  eteresman. 
Which  that  the  tteme.  or  he  tooka  keepa 
Binote  ouer  the  bord  aa  he  sleepe." 

Chaucer :  Boiu  of  Fame.  IL 

2.  Shipwright, :  The  after  part  of  a  vessel  or 
boat.    In  ships  the  stern  ends  below  at  the 
junction  of   the    stern-post  with    the    keeL 
Sterns  are  round  or  square.    [ASTERN.] 

^  A  ship  is  said  to  be  down  by  the  stern 
when  drawing  more  water  aft  than  forward. 

3.  The  tail  of  an  animal. 

"Gan  hia  sturdy  tterne  about  to  weld.** 

Sptnter:  f.  «..  I.  it.  98. 

*  IL  Fig. :    The    post   of   management   or 
direction  ;  the  helm. 

"Bare  sometime  possessed  the  ttemtot  Scotland." 
—Botinttutd :  Stot,  Scotland  (an.  1553). 

stern-board,  s. 

Naut. :  The  backward  motion  of  a  vessel ; 
hence,  a  loss  of  way  in  making  a  tack. 

1T  To  make  a  stem-board :  To  fall  back  from 
the  point  gained  in  the  last  tack ;  also,  to  set 
the  sails  BO  as  the  vessel  may  be  impelled 
stern  foremost. 

Stern-Chase,  s.  A  chase  in  which  two 
vessels  sail  on  one  and  the  same  course,  one 
following  in  the  wake  of  the  other:  as,  A 
stern-chase  is  a  long  chase. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot» 
or.  wore,  wffli;  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


stern — sternum 


4455 


stern-chaser,  s.  A  gnn  pointing  through 
ft  stern-port. 

"  Constantly  firing  her  single  item-chattr."— Cat- 
Mil:!  Xaturday  Journal,  Sept  19,  1885,  p.  60S. 

stern  fast,  s. 

Naut. :  A  warp  or  chain  mooring  the  after 
part  of  a  vessel  to  a  wharf  or  quay. 

stern-frame,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  The  pieces  which  make  up  the 
stern  of  a  ship— the  stern-post,  transom,  and 
fashion-pieces. 

stern-knee,  s.    [STEHNSON.J 

stern-port,  «. 

Naut. :  Any  opening  in  the  stern  of  a  ship 
to  admit  cargo,  light,  or  air,  or  to  allow  of 
the  service  of  a  gun,  as  the  case  may  be. 

stern-post,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  A  slightly  raking  straight  piece, 
rising  from  the  after  end  of  the  keel,  to  which 
It  is  secured  by  tenons  aud  dovetail-plates. 

stern-sheets,  s.  ft. 

Naut. :  That  part  of  a  boat  which  is  In- 
Glutted  between  the  stern  and  the  aftermost 
thwart.  It  is  the  place  of  honour  in  the  boats 
of  a  Government  or  other  veasel,  and  for 
passengers  in  ferry-boats  and  wherries. 

Stern-way,  s.  The  movement  of  a  ship 
backward,  or  with  her  stern  foremost. 

t  To  fetch  stern-way:  To  acquire  motion 
astern. 

Stern-,  pref.    [STERNO-.] 

•stern,  "Sterne,  v.t.    [STERN,  ».]    To  steer, 
to  guide,  to  direct. 

"  Directing  them  which  wale  to  rternt  their  ships." 
—BMniheds  Datcrip.  o/ Ireland,  ch.  111. 

•ter  -na,  ».    [Mod.  Lat,  from  ttm  (q.T.).] 

Ornith. :  Tern ;  a  cosmopolitan  genus  of 
Larldte,  sub-family  Sternin03.  Bill  longer  than 
h-'uil,  nearly  straight,  compressed ;  nostrils 
near  middle  of  the  beak,  pierced  longitudin- 
ally, pervious  ;  legs  slender,  toes  four,  the 
three  in  front  webbed ;  wings  long,  pointed; 
tail  distinctly  pointed.  In  plumage  the  terns 
resemble  the 
gulls,  but  are 
usually  small- 
er. From  their 
minor  si  zeaud 
their  forked 
tails  they  are 
•  often  called 
Sea-swallows. 
They  are  con- 
stantly on  the 
wing,  catch- 
ing small  fish- 
es, insects  aud 

other     small         BEmBIi  „„„,,.   ,.  Bimsi 
animals,    and  nnrunui. 

frequenting 

fresh  as  weil  as  salt  water.  Those  of  the  north 
migrate  to  the  south  in  winter.  The  species 
are  found  everywhere,  and  some  of  them  have 
a  wide  range  of  habitation.  Thus,  the  Common 
Tern  (S.  Jluviatalis)  is  found  on  the  coasts  of 
Eurupe,  western  Asia  and  Africa,  and  eastern 
North  America.  Terns  lay  their  spotted  eggs 
on  sand  or  shingle,  from  which  it  is  not  easy  to 
distinguish  them, 

•stern'-age  (age  as  Ig),  ».     [Eng.  stern,  ». ; 
•age.]    Steerage,  stern. 

"Grapple  yoar  minds  to  itmtaffe  of  this  navy." 
—   "—  ;  Henry  V.,  Hi.    (Chorus.) 


Stern  al,  a.  [Lat  slern(wi)  =  the  breast- 
bone ;  Eng.  adj.  sun",  -al.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sternum  or  breast- 
bone r  as,  the  sternal  ribs. 

2.  On  the  same  side  as  the  breast-bone ; 
interior. 

sternal-ribs,  ».  pi.    [Km,  II.  1.] 

•tern  al-gi-a,  s.  [Pref.  stern-,  and  Gr.  oAy« 
(tUgos)  =  pain.) 

Pathol. :  Pain  In  the  breast.  Applied  speci- 
fically by  Bauines  in  1806  to  angina  pectoris. 

Stern  ar-chiis,  s.  [Pref.  stern-,  and  Gr. 
ap\o«  (arclios)  =  the  fundament  (Agatsiz) , 
of  \ia  (archo)  =  to  rule  (McNicott).] 

Ichthy. :  A  genns  of  Gymnotinae,  with  eight 
•ppr-ies,  from  tropical  America.  Tail  termi- 
nating In  a  small,  distinct  caudal  fin,  dorsal 
rudimentary,  teeth  small,  branohinsteguls 


four.  Some  of  the  species  have  the  snout 
compressed  and  of  moderate  length,  in  others 
it  is  produced  into  a  long  tube. 

stern  as -pi-da),  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  stern- 
asp(is);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Tubicola;.  Annelids 
having  very  short  bodies,  the  fore  part  thick, 
and  with  three  rows  of  setse  and  a  corneous 
shield  on  the  under  surface,  near  the  ex- 
tremity. The  set*  are  locomotive  organs. 

stem-as  -pis,  ».  [Pref.  stern-,  and  Lat.  aspit; 
Gr.  no-iris  (aspis)  =  a  round  shield,  an  asp.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  Steruaspida? 
(q.T.). 

stern-berg'-l-a,  «.  [Named  after  Count 
Caspar  Sternberg,  a  botanist  and  patron  of 
botany.) 

1.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Amarylleae.    Sternbergia 
lutea,  which  resembles  an  autumnal  crocus,  is 
cultivated  in  gardens. 

2.  Palaobot. :    A    pseudo  -  genus  of  fossil 
plants.    It  is  a  cylindrical  stem  with  trans- 
verse markings,  ftow  known  to  be  the  oast  of 
the  pith  cylinder  of  some  tree.     One  so-called 
species  from  the  Carboniferous  rocks. 

•tern'-berg-ite,  «.  [After  Count  Caspar 
Sternberg  of  Prague  ;  surf.  -He  (M in.).} 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  of  rare 
occurrence.  Hardness,  1  to  1  '5  ;  sp.  gr.  4'215 ; 
colour,  pinchbeck-brown,  blackening  on  ex- 
posure ;  streak,  black ;  opaque  ;  very  flexible. 
Compos.:  sulphur,  30'4;  silver,  84-2;  iron, 
35-4  =  100,  which  yields  the  formula  AgS-r 
3FeS+FeS2. 

«  Sterne,  a.    [STERN,  o.J 

*  Sterne,  j.    [STERH,  i.) 

Sterned,  o.  [Eng.  stern,  a. ;  -ed.]  Having  a 
stern  ;  used  iu  composition,  as  gquare-ster/wd, 

*  stern  -er,  «.   [Eng.  stem,  v. ;  -tr.)  A  director, 
a  guide. 

"  He  that  Is  '  regeus  sldera,'  the  turner  of  the  stars." 
— Dr.  Clark*  :  Sermon*,  p.  IS.  (1687.) 

*  stern'-fal,  a.  [Eng.  stern,  a. ;  -yW(00  Stern. 

*  stern' -ful-ly,   adv.     [Eng.   tttrnful ;  -ly.] 
Sternly.    (Stanyhurst.) 

ster-m'-nw,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  stern(a);  Lat 
fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.} 

Ornith. :  A  sub-family  of  Laridas.  It  in- 
cludes three  genera :  Hydrochelidon,  Sterna, 
aud  Anoiis. 

*  storn  less,  *  stern'-16s»e,  a.  [Eng.  stern, 
s.  ;  -less.]    Having  no  rudder  or  helm. 

"He  ...  tternelett  ship  ysteares." 

Gotten:  UtAoote  of  Abut*,  p.  W. 

stern' -1*.  *  sterne-ly,  *  sturne-lyehe, 

adv.  [Kng.  stern,  a. ;  -ly.]  In  a  stern  man- 
ner ;  with  sternness,  severity,  or  austerity ; 
severely,  harshly. 

"The  itrauger  gnests  he  sternly  eyed." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Itlfl.  it.  9. 

Stern'-most,  a.  [Eng.  stern,  s.,  and  most.] 
Nearest  tiie  stem  or  rear ;  farthest  in  the 
rear;  farthest  astern. 

stern'-ne'ss,  *  stern-essc,  s.  [Eng.  stern, 
a.  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The   quality  or   state  of  being  stern  ; 
severity  of  look  ;  a  look  of  austerity,  rigour, 
or  severity. 

"  Should  I,  in  these  my  borrow'd  flaunts,  behold 
The  Itemnett  of  his  presence  !" 

Skftap. :   trtnur'l  Talt,  Ir.  4. 

2.  Severity  or  harshness  of  manner ;  rigour. 

"  I  hare  tternnett  ID  my  soul  enough 
To  hear  of  soldiers'  w«rk."       ftrydtn :  Cttomme*. 

ster-no-,  stern-,  pref.  'Mod.  Lat.  sternum 
—  the  breast-bone.]  Of,  belonging  to,  or 
situated  on  or  near  the  sternum  (q.v.). 

sterno  clavicular,  a. 

Anat.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  sternum  and 
the  clavicle. 

stcrno- cleidomastoid,  sterno- 
mastnid,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  sternum,  the 
clavicle  and  the  mastoid  process.  There  is  a 
sterno-deidomastoid  or  a  sterno-mastoid  muscle. 

stcrno  hyoirt,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sternum  and 
thehyoid  bone.  There  is  a  «terTK>-/tt/o<d  muscle 


sterno-mastoid,  a. 

A  tiat. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sternum  and 
the  mastoid  process.  There  are  sterno-mastoid 
arteries,  and  a  steriw-mastoid  muscle. 

steruo  thyroid,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sternum  and 
to  the  thyroid  cartilage.  There  is  a  sterno- 
thyroid  muscle. 

ster-non,  «.  [Gr.)  The  breast-bone;  the 
sternum. 

"A  soldier  was  shot  in  the  breast  through  the; 
tttrnon. "—  Witeman. 

stern-op-tyoh'-I-daa,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
sternoptyx,  genit.  sternoptyctyis)  ;  Lat.  fem. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida;.] 

Ichthy. :  A  family  of  Physostomi ;  pelagio 
and  deep-sea  fishes  of  small  size.  Body 
nuked,  or  covered  with  thin,  deciduous 
scales ;  gill-opening  very  wide ;  air-bladder 
simple,  if  present ;  adipose  fln  generally  rudi- 
mentary ;  series  of  phosphorescent  bodies 
along  the  lower  parts.  The  eggs  are  enclosed 
in  the  sacs  of  the  ovarium,  and  excluded  by 
oviducts.  Gunther  enumerates  nine  genera. 

Stern-op  -tyx,  s.  [Pref.  sterno-,  aud  Or. 
irnif  (plux)  =  a  fold.) 

Ichthy. :  The  type-genus  of  Sternoptychidas 
(q.v.).  Body  compressed  and  elevated,  tail 
short;  covered  with  a  silvery  pigment,  regu- 
lar scales  absent;  phosphorescent  spots  on 
lower  surface.  Specimens  are  occasionally 
iiicked  up  in  the  Mediterranean  and  Atlantic. 
They  most  probably  live  at  a  small  depth 
during  the  day,  and  come  to  the  surface  at 
night. 

stcr  nop'  -y-gus,  s.  [Pref.  sterno-,  and  Gr. 
Trvyij  (pugi)  =  the  rump.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Gymnotidffi,  with  four 
species,  from  tropical  America.  Caudal  and 
dorsal  absent ;  small  villiform  teeth  in  both 
jaws  aud  on  each  side  of  the  palate ;  body 
scaly. 

stbr  no  thbr-us,  ster-no -thSBr'-us  (a» 
as  er),  ster-nd-theV-es, «.  iPref.  sterno-, 
and  Gr.  Sainos  (tliairos)  =  s.  hinge.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Chelydidse,  with  six 
species,  from  tropical  and  southern  Africa 
and  Madagascar.  Head  depressed,  with  great 
plates,  jaws  without  dentilations,  no  nuchal 
plate;  sternum  wide,  with  narrow  lateral  pro- 
longations ;  free  anterior  portion  of  plastron 
rouhded  and  moveable. 

t  stern-ox'-i,  tstern-ox'-I-a,  s.  pi.   [Pret 

stern-,  and  Gr.  ofvs  (oxits)  =  sharp.) 

Entom. :  Asub-tribeof  Pentamerous  Beetles. 
Presternum  produced  in  front  into  a  lolie. 
and  behind  into  a  spine  received  into  a  small 
cavity  of  the  mesosternum.  Families,  Ela- 
teridffi  and  Buprestidffi. 

stern   son,  s.    [STERN,  s.] 

Shipbuild. :  A  binding-piece  above  the  dead- 
wood  in  the  stern,  and  practically  forming  an 
extension  of  the  keelson,  on  which  the  stern- 
post  Is  stepped. 

tstern-u  la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  diinin.  from 
sterna  (q'.v.).  j 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Larida?,  founded  by 
Boie  for  Sternula  minula  (=  Sterna  minvta), 
the  Little  or  Lesser  Tern.  [8TERN*.) 

ster'-num,  s.  [Gr.  <rr»>«ir  (sternon)  —  tin 
breast,  the  chest.) 

Compar.  Anat.  :  The  breast  bone.  In  man 
the  flat  bone  occupying  the  front  of  the  chest, 
and  formed  by  the  nieeling  of  the  visceral 
arches.  It  Is  flattened  from  before  backwards, 
and  presents  a  slight  vertical  curve  with  the 
convexity  in  front.  It  is  divided  into  the 
niiinubrium  or  prestermim,  the  mesosternutn, 
and  the  ensifotm  or  xlphinid  process  or  meta- 
sternum.  All  mammals  and  birds  possess  a 
sternum,  and  the  presence  or  absence  of  a 
keel  on  that  bone  111  birds  is  used  as  a  means 
of  classification.  Fishes,  Amphibians,  and 
Ophidians  have  no  sternum,  and  in  Sauriana 
the  broad  portion  is  generally  expanded. 
Some  suppose  that  the  plastron  of  the  Chelonia 
is  a  highly-developed  sternum ;  others  hold 
that  it  is  a  mere  integumentary  ossilication. 
The  name  sternum  is  also  given  to  the  plate 
on  each  segment  of  the  breast  of  a  crustacean 
and  an  arachnldan,  but  these  are  Integu- 
mentary, and  have  no  relation  to  a  true 
sternnm. 


bSll,  btfy;  ptfut,  J<RH;  oat,  5ell,  ohorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  rtn,  as;  expect,  yenophon,  exist.    -Ing, 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tton,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sioa  =  *nun.   -clous,  -tious,  -aiousi  =  «iti«.    -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  »eL  d#L 


4456 


sternutation— steward 


*  Bter-nu-ta'-tion,  s.    [Lat  sternutatio,  from 
tterniUo',    frequent,    of  sternuo  =  to   sneeze.] 
The  act  of  sneezing. 

"A  disease  wherein  sternutation  proved  mortal, 
and  such  v>  sneezed  died."— Browne  :  Vulgar  Srroun, 
bk.  iv.,  ch.  ix. 

*  Ster  -  nu' -  ta  -  tive,   o.      [Fr.  stemutatif.] 
Having  the  quality  of  provoking  to  sneeze. 

tfter-nu'-ta-tor-y,  a,  &  s.  [Fr.  sUrnutataire, 
from  Lat.  sternuto  —  to  sneeze.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Having  the  quality  of  exciting 
to  sneeze  ;  sternutative ;  as  snuff,  subsulphate 
of  mercury,  &c.    [ERRHINE.] 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  substance  which  provokes 
sneezing.     The  most  familiar  sternutatories 
are  snuffs  of  various  kinds. 

"Physicians,  in  persona  near  death,  use  ttermtta- 
toriet,  or  such  medicines  aa  provoke  unto  sneezing."— 
Browne  ;  Vulgar  F.rrourt,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  ii. 

*  ster'  -  nu  -  tor  -  y,  *.     [Lat.  sternuto  =  to 
sneeze.]  The  same  as  STERNUTATORY,  B.  (q.v.). 

Ster'-d-pef,  *.  [G.  ZTepoin^  (Steropes)  =  the 
Lightner,  one  of  the  three  Cyclopes.] 

Entom.:  A  genus  of  Hesperidae.  Steropes 
paniscus,  the  Chequered  Skipper,  rare  and 
local  in  England,  has  rich  dark-brown  wings 
chequered  with  orange-tawny  spots. 

*  ster-qnfl'-in-ous,  a.     [Lat.  xterquilinium 
-=3.  dunghill,  from  stereos,  genit.  s(ercnrt*  = 
dung.]      Pertaining   to   a   dunghill ;    hence, 
dirty,  mean,  paltry. 

"Any  gterquttiniui  rascal.  Is  licena'd  to  throw  dirt 
la  the  face  of  sovereign  princes  in  open  printed  lan- 
guage,"— B oweU :  Uttert,  bk,  li.,  let  48. 

*  Sterre,  «.    (STAB,  «.] 

*  «tert,  «.    [START,  «.] 

*  sterte,  v.i.  or  t.    [START,  ».] 

Ster  -tdr-ous,  *  ster-tor  -I-ous,  a.     [Lat 

tterto  =  to  snore.]  Characterized  by  deep 
snoring,  such  as  frequently  accompanies  cer- 
tain diseases,  as  apoplexy ;  hoarsely  breathing ; 
snoring  with  a  loud  and  laborious  breathing. 

"The  rtertorwt.  unquiet  slumber  of  aick  life," — 
Carlyier  Sartor  Retartut,  bk.  L.  ch.  ill. 

»ter-tor-ous-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  stertorous;  -ly.} 
In  a  stertorous  manner ;  with  hoarse  breathing 
or  snoring. 

"The  deceased  was  then  on  the  conch,  breathing 
**rtoT<nulv."-Datiu  Telegraph,  March  16,  1887. 

*  sterve,  r.i.  or  t.     [.STARVE.] 

*t£t,  phr.     [Lat.  =  let  it  stand.] 

Print. :  A  word  written  in  the  margin  of  a 
proof,  directing  attention  to  a  portion  of  the 
matter,  and  countermanding  an  order  to  ex- 
punge it.  A  series  of  dots  made  below  the 
matter  has  the  same  effect.  Often  used  as  a 
verb  :  as,  To  stet  a  passage. 

stet  processus,  phr.  [Lat.  =  let  the 
process  stop.] 

Law :  An  order  from  a  court  to  stay  pro- 
ceedings. 

«t£t'-e-feldt-ite,  *.  [After  Stetefeldt,  who 
analysed  it ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.)0 

Win. ;  An  argentiferous  copper  ore,  found 
in  Nevada.  Analyses  of  a  similar  ore  from 
other  localities  are  discordant.  It  is  probably 
a  mixture  of  antimony  oxide  with  copper  and 
other  metallic  oxides. 

•tcth   aL>.  [Eng.**(«afic),andetfiaZ.]lS'nrrHY- 

LIC- ALCOHOL.] 

•tcth  6m'-e  ter,  «.  [Gr.  O-TT^O?  (tt&hos)  = 
the  chest,  and  /leYpOf  (metrori)  =  a  measure.] 

Svrg.  :  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
external  movement  in  the  walls  of  the  chest 
during  respiration,  as  a  means  of  diagnosis  in 
thoracic  disease.  In  one  form  a  cord  is  ex- 
tended round  the  chest,  and  its  extension,  as 
the  thorax  is  expanded,  works  an  index-flnger 
wi  a  dial-plate.  It  thus  becomes  a  measure  of 
the  expansive  power  and  capacity  of  the  lungs. 

•teth  -6  scope,  s.  [Gr.  <rrijflo$  (stethos)  =  the 
chest,  and  cnroire'w  (skopeo)  —  to  see,  to  observe.] 
Med. :  An  instrument  employed  in  auscul- 
tation (q.v.).  It  was  invented  by  Laennec, 
who  at  first  used  a  roll  of  blotting-paper  for 
the  purpose  of  concentrating  and  conveying 
Bound  to  the  ear  ;  but,  according  to  Tyndall 
(Sound,  pp.  42,  43),  the  philosophy  of  the 
stethoscope  was  enunciated  by  Dr.  Robert 
Hooke  (1635-1702).  The  simplest  form  of 


stethoscope,  and  that  most  commonly  em- 
ployed, consists  of  a  cyliudrical  stem  of 
porous  wood,  as  cedar  or  deal,  some  seven  or 
eight  inches  long,  expanding  at  one  end  into  a 
circular,  funnel-shaped  aperture  from  two  and 
a  half  to  three  inches  in  diameter,  which  is 
applied  to  the  chest,  whilst  the  other  end 
terminates  in  a  smaller  aperture,  which  is 
placed  in  the  ear  of  the  physician.  Flexible 
stethoscopes  of  rubber  are  also  employed  ; 
these  are  sometimes  furnished  with  two  ear- 
tubes,  so  that  the  sounds  may  be  perceived 
by  both  ears.  The  chief  use  of  the  stetho- 
scope is  to  enable  the  medical  man  to  sound 
small  portions  of  lung  at  a  time,  and  so 
detect  more  correctly  than  by  the  unaided 
ear  the  exact  seat  of  disease. 

*  steth  -6~scope,  v.t.    [STETHOSCOPE,  *.]    To 
examine  with  a  stethoscope. 

"Ton  wish  me  to  submit  to  be  ttethotcoped." — 
Savage:  R.  Medlicott,  bk.  i.,  ch.  rxi. 

steth  6  scop  ic,  steth  6-scop-Ic-al,  a. 

[Eng.  stethoscope) ;  -ic,  -ioal.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  stethoscope ;  obtained  or  made  by 
means  of  a  stethoscope :  as,  a  stethoscoplc  ex- 
amination. 

steth-6-scop -Jc-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng  stetho- 
scopuxU;  -ly.]  By  means  of  a  stethoscope. 

Steth-os  -co-plSt,  s.  [Eng.  stethoscope);  -ist.] 
One  who  is  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  stetho- 
scope. 

Steth-6s'-c6-py,  *.  [Eng.  stethoscope);  -y.] 
The  art  of  stethoscopic  examination. 

Steth-yT-ic,  o.  [Eng.  st(earic),  and  ethylic.] 
Derived  from  or  containing  cetyl  alcohoL 

stethyl ic  alcohol,  s. 

Chem. :  Ci&H&Q  =  C^H^'HO.  Stethal. 
The  alcohol  of  the  series,  CnHan+K),  corre- 
sponding to  stearic  acid.  It  occurs  in  sper- 
maceti, together  with  ethal  and  methal,  but 
has  not  yet  been  obtained  in  the  separate 
state, 

Steve,  v.t.  [From  stevedore  (q.v.).]  To  stow, 
as  cotton  or  wool,  in  a  ship's  hold.  (LocoZ.) 

stev  -e  dore,  s.  [Sp.  estivador  =  a  packer  of 
wool  at  shearing,  from  estivar  =  to  stow,  to 
lay  up  cargo  in  a  ship's  hold,  to  compress 
wool,  from  Lat.  stipo  =  to  crowd  or  press  to- 
gether. Cf.  Sp.  estiva;  Fr.  estive  =  the  stow- 
age of  goods  in  a  ship's  hold  ;  Fort,  estivar  = 
to  trim  a  ship  ;  Ital.  stivare—  to  press  close.] 
One  whose  occupation  is  to  stow  goods,  pack- 
ages, &c.,  in  a  ship's  hold ;  one  who  loads  or 
unloads  vessels. 

*  steV-en,  «.      [A,&  stejn  ;  IceL  tttfna  =  the 
voice,  a  cry.] 

1.  A  voice. 

"  80  loude  crleden  they  with  mery  ttcrtn." 

Chaucer:  t'.  r.,  1,644. 

2.  A  cry,  an  outcry,  a  clamour,  noise. 

"  And  had  not  Rotfy  renne  to  the  ttcvcn. 
Lowder  had  been  slain  thilke  same  even." 

Spenter:  Shepheard*  Calender ;  Sept. 

3.  An  appointment ;  an  appointed  place  or 
time. 

"  Al  day  meteth  men  at  onset  ttewn." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  1.BM, 

SteV-l-a,  s.  [Named  after  Peter  James  Esteve, 
M.D.,  Prof,  of  Botany  at  Valencia.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Vernoniacea  akin  to 
Age  rut  urn.  Pretty  autumnal  flowering  plants, 
natives  of  this  country,  with  purple,  red,  pink, 
white,  or  violet  flowers.  Many  species  have 
been  brought  under  cultivation  in  gardens, 
where  they  are  sometimes  used  as  border 
plants,  but  require  the  protectiou  of  a  frame 
in  severe  weather. 

stew  (ew  as  u),  *  stuw-en,  *  stuw-yn, 

*  Stuyn,  v.t.  &  i.     [O.  Fr.  estuver  (Fr.  etuuer) 
=  to  bathe,  to  stew,  from  estuve  (Fr.  etuve)  = 
a  stove,  a  hothouse,  in  pi.  stews ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
etupa  =  a  hot  room  for  a  bath ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
estufa  =  a  stove,  a  hothouse  ;  Ital.  stiifa.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  boil  slowly  or  with  a  simmer- 
ing heat ;  to  cook  or  prepare,  as  meat  or  fruit, 
by  putting  it  into  cold  water,  and  gradually 
bringing  it  to  a  low  boiling  point. 

"  SUv'd  shrimps  and  Afric  cockles  shall  eicita 
A  Jaded  drinker's  languid  appetite." 

Francit :  Sorace :  Satiret  Iv.  1 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  boiled  or  cooked  in  a 
slow,  gentle  manner,  or  in  heat  and  moisture. 

Btew    (ew  as  u),  (1),    'stewe,    *stue, 

*  stuwe,  *  stuyve,  *  sty  we,  s.    [STEW,  v.} 


"  1.  A  hot  or  warmed  room  ;  a  house  or 
plaoe  furnished  with  warm  water  or  vapour 
baths  ;  a  bagnio.  (Gower  :  C.  A.,  viii.) 

*  2.  A  brothel  ;    a  house  of  prostitution. 
(Generally  in  the  plural  form,  but  frequently 
treated  as  a  singular.) 

"  And  here  aa  in  a  tavern  ur  a  stevt, 
He  and  his  wild  asaocititea  spend  tli(-ir  boors." 
.    Bffti  Jonton  :  Eoery  Man  in  hu  Humour,  ii,  ^ 

*  3.  An  early  form  of  lock-hospital  (q.v.). 

"  Thus,  in  the  borough  of  Southwark.  prior  to  th» 
time  Hometiines  fixed  upon  for  the  origin  uf  sj-pl.ilig 
there  were  places  citlleJ  stewt.  where  prostitutes  «ere 
onfiued,  aiid  received  the  benefits  of  Burgical  assist- 
t  luU'  thes 


, 

Mice.    They  were  taken  up  and 
Ushmeuts,  whether  agreeable  to 


- 
or  not,  by  viitue 


,  , 

of  certain  decrees,  made  expresaly  to  prutect  the  rest 
of  the  community  from  tne  risk  of  catching  tiieir 
comijlaiiita."—  S.  Cooper;  Practice  qf  Surgery  (e'J  .  6th), 
p.  332. 

*  4.  A  prostitute.    (In  this  sense  also  the 
plural  form  is  frequently  used  as  a  singular.) 

"  Instead  of  that  beauty  he  had  a  notorious  ttew 
Bent  to  him."—  Sir  A.  Weldon:  Court  of  King  Jamet. 

p.   H6. 

5.  A  dish  that  has  been  cooked  by  stewing; 
meat  stewed. 

6.  A  stew-pan  (q.v.). 

7.  A  breeding-place  for  tame  pheasants. 

1[  Tn  a  stew:  In  a  state  of  agitation,  con- 
fusion, trouble,  or  excitement. 

"  He,  though  naturally  bold  and  stout, 
In  short  was  in  a  tremendous  stew." 

Barham  :  Ing.  Legend*  ;  The  GhoA. 

Stew-pan,  s.  A  cooking  utensil  for  ex- 
posing meats  to  a  prolonged  gentle  Lent  ; 
usually  in  well  -appointed  kitchens  a  charcoal 
furnace  or  steam-bath. 

Stew-pot,  *.     A  put  or  vessel  for  stewing. 

Btew  (ew  as  u)  (2),  *  stewe,  s.  [Cf.  Prov. 
Ger.  stow  =  a  dam,  a  pond.]  A  small  pond 
where  fish  are  kept  for  the  table  ;  a  store-pond. 

"  This  gentleman  constructed  carp  iteu-t."—  field, 
Oct.  8.  1886. 

stew  -ard  (ew  as  u),  *  stiv  ard,  *  stiw- 
ard,  *BtU-arde,  s.  [A.S.  stiu-emd,  stiward 
for  stigweard  =a  sty-ward,  from  stigo  =  a  sty, 
and  weard  =  a  guardian,  a  warden,  a  keeper  ; 
IceL  stivardhr.  The  original  sense  was  one 
who  looked  after  the  domestic  animals,  and 
gave  them  their  fi>od  ;  hente,  one  who  pro- 
vides for  his  master's  table,  and,  generally, 
one  who  superintends  household  affairs  for 
another.  (Skeat.)] 

*  L  One  who  manages  affairs  for  another. 

"  The  first  of  them,  that  eldest  was  and  best, 
Of  all  the  house  had  charge  and  government, 
As  guardian  and  ttemtrd  of  the  rest" 

Speruer;  F.  Q.,  I.  r/8T. 

2.  A  person  employed  on  a  large  estate  or 
establishment,  or  in  a  family  of  consequence 
and  wealth,  to  manage  the  dome-stic  allairs, 
superintend  the  other  servants,  collect  rents, 
keep  the  accounts,  &c. 

"  The  consequence  was  that  the  itewnrd  was  taken 
into  custody  aiid  heavily  fined."-  -Macaulay  ;  hat. 
Sng.,  ch.  xvii. 

3.  An  officer  in  a  college  who  provides  food 
for  the  students,  and  superintends  the  allairs 
Of  the  kitchen. 

4.  An  official  on  a  vessel,  whose  duty  is  to 
distribute  provisions  to  the  officers  and  men. 
In  passenger  ships,  a  man  who  superintends 
the  distribution  of  provisions   and  liquors, 
waits  at  table,  &c. 

5.  A  fiscal  agent  of  certain  bodies  :  as,  the 
steward  of  a  congregation  of  Methodists. 

6.  An  officer  of  state,  as  the  Lord  Hijh 
Steward,  the  Steward  of  the  Household,  &c. 
The    Lord  High  Steward    was    the   greatest 
officer  of  state  in  England.    The  office  was 
anciently  the    inheritance   of  the    Earls   of 
Leicester,  till  it  was  forfeited  by  Simon  de 
Mpntfort  to  Henry  III.,  at  the  end  of  whose 
reign  it  was  abolished  as  a  permanent  office. 
A  Lord  High  Steward  is  now  only  appointed 
for  particular  occasions,  as  a  coronation  or 
the  trial  of  a  peer.     In  the  former  case  he  lias 
to  arrange  questions  of  precedencs  ;  in  the 
latter  to  preside  over  the  House  of  Lonls. 
His  office  ceases  with  the  business  for  wlnVh 
it  was  required.     The  Steward  of  the  HOUSO 
hold  is  an  officer  of  the  royal  household,  who 

g  resides  over  the  court  known  as  the  Boanl  of 
reen  Cloth,  which  has  the  supervision  of  the 
household  expenses  and  accounts,  the  pur- 
veyance of  provisions,  payment  for  them,  &«. 
He  appoints  the  royal  tradesmen,  and  select* 
and  has  authority  over  all  servants  of  the 
household,  except  those  of  the  chamber, 
chapel,  and  stables. 


fite,  f&t,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wol£  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


steward— stick 


4457 


1  In  Scotland,  an  officer  appointed  by  the 
sovereign  over  certain  lauds  belonging  to  nun- 
self  laving  the  same  proper  jurisdiction  as  a 
reality;  afso,  the  deputy  of  a  lord  of  regality. 
«  Steward  (or  High  Steward)  of  Scotland: 
An  ancient  chief  officer  of  the  crown,  of  the 
highest  dignity  and  trust.  He  had  not  only 
&5  administration  of  the  crown  revenues, 
but  the  chief  oversight  of  all  the  affairs  of  the 
household,  and  the  privilege  of  the  first  place 
in  the  army,  next  to  the  king,  in  battle. 
•stew  ard  (ew  as  u),  t-.fc  [STEWARD,  ..] 
To  manage  as  a  steward.  (Fuller.) 

steW-ard-ess  (ew  as  u),  s.    [Eng.  steward, 

•  -eat  I      A  female  steward  ;   specifically,  a 
woman  who  waits  upon  ladies  in  passenger 
ships,  &C. 

•tew  -ard-I 9  (ew  as  u),  adv.  [Eng.  steward, 
a.;  -It/'.]  Like  a  steward ;  with  the  care  of  a 
steward. 

"To  be  anmrJlu  dispensed,  not  wastelully  spent 
—Canon  Tootir.    { WtlMtr.l 

•  BteW-ord-r*  (ew  as  u),  a.    [Eng.  steward, 

•  .n  }    The  work,  office,  post,  or  position 
oif  a  steward;  stewardship,  superintendence. 

stew'-ard-ship  (ew  as  u),  s.  [Eng.  steward, 
s.  ;  -ship.]  The  office,  post,  or  position  of  a 
steward.  (Shakesp. :  Richard  II.,  u.  2.) 

StSw'-art-ry  (ew  as  u),  s.    [Eng.  steward, 

•  1.  The  office  or  post  of  a  steward ;  steward- 

"AhnmaniMirorTr-j,  or  trust. 
<M  which  account  is  to  be  Itlv'n.  and  just. 

Byrom:  Pottteal  I'errfon  of  a  LttWr. 
t.  Jurisdiction  over  a  certain  extent  of 
territory,  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  a  re- 
gality-also,  the  territory  over  which  this 
jurisdiction  extends.  Most  stewartries  con- 
sisted of  small  parcels  of  land,  which  were 
only  parts  of  a  county  ;  but  the  stewartnes  of 
Kirkcudbright,  and  of  Orkney  and  Shetland, 
make  counties  by  themselves. 

•  stewe,  t>.  &  «.    [STEW,  ».  4  «.] 

*  steW-Ish  (ew  as  u),  a.  [Eng.  stew,  s. ; 
Befitting  a  brothel ;  low,  coarse,  obscene. 

n  mle.  of 


stlb'-I-aL  o.  [Lat.  ttttiHum)  =  antimony ; 
Kng.  adj.  suff.  -o!.]  Like  or  having  the  quali- 
ties of  antimony ;  antimouial. 

"The  former  dei>eud  upon  a  corrupt  Incinerated 
melancholy,  and  the  latter  upon  MI  adust  ttibial  or 
erutftuoua  sulphur."— Bareeu. 

stJb'-I-al-ism,  s.  [Eng.  stibial;  -ism.}  Anti- 
monial'intoxication  or  poisoning.  (Dunglison.) 

stib'-l-an-ite,  s.  [Lat.  stibi(um)  =  antimony, 
uii  connect.,  and  suff.  -tie  (U  in.).] 

Mtn. :  A  doubtful  species,  resulting  from 
the  alteration  of  stibnite  (q.v.). 


Stey,  o.    [STEYE,  ».]    Steep. 

"The  eesttt  brae  thou  wad  hae  tac't  It 

Burnt :  Auta  Farmer  to  hit  Mart. 

'  Steve   *  stye,  v.i.    [A.S.  stigan  =  to  ascend, 
to  mount.]    To  ascend,  to  mount,  to  soar. 

•steyer,  *  steyere,  s.    [STAIR.] 
stham'-ba,  s.    [PALI.]    A  pillar.    [Lat.] 
Sthen  -1C,  a.  [Gr.  o-fle'vov  (sthenos)  =  strength.] 
Pathol. :   Arising  from  accumulated  excit- 
ability;  used  by  the  founder  of  the  Brun- 
onian  system  for  the  increased,  tone,  vigour, 
or  vitality  which  certain  constitutions  possess 
temporarily  or  permanently,  and  which  creates 
in  them  a  liability  to  a  class  of  diseases  not 
likely  to  affect  an  asthenic  or  feeble  constitu- 
tion.    Thus,  what  looks  like  rude  health, 
sometimes    precedes  and    prepares  the  way 
for  an  attack  of  rheumatism.     [BRONONIAN- 
THEORY.]    Cullen  called  it  inflammatory  dia- 
thesis. 

•then-iir'-us,   ».     [Gr.  <r»«Vo!  (sthenos)  = 
strength,  and  oiipi  (euro)  =  the  tail.) 

Palmont.  •  A  genus  of  Diprotodorrt  Marsu- 
pials, allied  to  Dendrolagus,  from  the  post- 
Tertiary  deposits  of  Australia. 
Bti-a-03i-a'-to  (CO  as  9h),  s.  [Ital.  =  crushed, 
Sat ;  from  sfiocciare  =  to  crush ;  sttacctala  =  a 
cake.] 

Art :  A  very  low  relief,  adopted  by  sculptors 
for  works  which  could  be  allowed  little  projec- 
tion from  the  surface  or  base  line.  (Fairholt.) 

•sti'  an, "  sty  an,  *sty-an-ye,  s.  [SiY(2), 
«.]    A  humour  in  the  eyelid  ;  a  sty. 

stib  ble,  >.    [STUBBLE.]    (Scotch.) 

Btibblc  rig,  s.  The  reaper  in  harvest 
who  takes  the  lead.  (Scotch.) 

"  Our  nibble-rig  was  Rab  H'Oraen." 

Burnt :  Halloween. 

Stib  bier,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.]   A  ludicrous 
designation  for  a  clerical  probationer.  (Scotch.) 

•stib  borne,  a,    [S 


operation  of  antimony.]    A  violent  man. 

"Tl.l.  tOblartan  nresseth  andaciously  upon .the 
royal  throne,  and.  alter  some  aacr  flcatioii.  *«  «1"1''' 
a  litter  pill  ol  sacrilege  and  cruety  ;  but  when  t 
same  was  rejected  because  it  was  violent,  then  h.  pre- 
KnU  his  anti  rnonlau  potion.-—  1V»««.    I  ToM.  I 

StJb'-I-at-ed,  a.  [Lat.  stibium  =  antimony.] 
Impregnated  with  antimony. 

Btlb'-Io,  Stib  -J-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  stibium  =  an- 
timonV;  Eng.  adj.  suff.-ic,  -out.]  Antimomc, 
autimouious. 

Stib  -I-con-ite,  s.  [Lat.  sKMtm = antimony ; 
Or.  KOH'CI  (konia)  =  dust,  and  suff.  -Ke  (M m.).J 
Min  •  A  massive  compact  mineral,  occur- 
ring also  in  a  pulverulent  form.  Hardness, 
4  to  5-5  ;  sp.  gr.  6-28  ;  lustre,  earthy ;  colour, 
pale  yellow  to  yellowish-white.  An  analysis 
yielded:  oxygen,  19-54;  antimony,  75-83 
water,  4-63  =100,  which  gives  the  formula 
SbO4-r  HO.  A  species  not  as  yet  well  defined. 

stib  me  ,  s.    [Eng.  stib(ium) ;  -int.] 

1  Chen. :  An  antimony  base,  formed  OH  the 
type  of  ammonia,  NII4.  Thus  SbH3  is  sMme, 
blXCjHsfo  is  etnyls!iM7«,  oio.  (Watts.) 

2.  Min. :  [STIBNUTE]. 

stlb-I-o-feV-rite,  s.    [Pref.  slibio-,  and  Eng. 
ferrite.] 

Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral  found  coating 
stibnite  in  Santa  Clara  County,  California. 
Hardness,  4-0;  sp.gr.  3 '598;  lustre,  somewhat 
resinous ;  colour,  yellow.   An  analysis  yielded  : 
autimonic  acid,  47-69;  sesquioxide  of  iron, 
35-36  ;  water,  16-94  =  99-»». 
BtIb-i-6-ga-le-nIte,  ,.    [Pref.  ttMo-,  and 
Eng.  galenitt.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  BINDHEIMITB  (q.v.). 

sttb-i-d-hSx-ar-gSn'-tite,  s.  [Pref.  stiMo-; 
Gr.  i'4  (hex)  =  six,  and  Eng.  argentitt.] 

Min  :  One  of  two  native  compounds  of 
antimony  and  silver,  the  other  being  stibio- 
triargeutite  (q.v.).  Compos. :  antimony  and 
silver,  with  formula  AgsSba,  Petersen  con- 
siders that  all  analyses  of  dyscrasite  (q.v.) 
indicate  mixtures  of  these  two  compounds. 

stIb-»-«-tri-ar-ggn'-tite, «.    [Prefs.  tibia-, 
tri-,  and  Eng.  argentite.] 

Min. :  A  mineral  consisting  of  antimony 
and  silver,  with  formula  AgsSbj.  [STIBIO- 

HEXAROENT1TE.] 

stlb'-I-otis,  a-    [Susie.] 
stlb'-I-tim, «.   -tLat.]    [AsriMoirr.] 


Stib -lite,  >.     [Lat.  stibium)   and  Gr. 
(lilhos)=  a  stone  ;  Ger.  stMith.} 
Min. :  The  same  as  STIBICONITE  (q.v.). 

stny-mte,  stlb-Jne',  «.  [Lat.  stibium  = 
antimony  ;  Fr.  antimoine  sulfurt ;  Ger.  grau- 
spiessglanzerz.] 

M:n  •  The  principal  ore  of  antimony. 
Crystallization,  orthorhombic  ;  crystals  being 
deeply  striated  longitudinally.  Cleavage, 
prismatic,  very  distinct.  Hardness,  2-0;  sp. 
gr.  4-516;  lustre,  metallic ;  colour  and  streak, 
fead  to  steel-gray.  Compos.  :  sulphur,  28 
antimony,  71'8  =  100,  which  corresponds  to 
the  formula  80383.  Occurs  abundantly  in 
many  places,  sometimes  in  beds  but  more 
frequently  in  veins. 

Stl-bd'-nl-iim,  *.     [Eng.    stibium),   and 
(anm)onium.] 
Chem. :  An  antimony-radicle  formed  on  the 


of  wood  of  graduated  lengths,  flat  at  th» 
bottom  and  rounded  at  the  top,  resting  ou  the 
edges  of  an  open  box,  and  tuned  to  a  diatomo 
scale  The  tone  is  produced  by  striking  the- 
pieces  of  wood  with  small  hard  balls  at  the 
end  of  a  flexible  stick. 

•  Btloh,  s.    [Gr.  <m'x«  (stichos)  =  a  row,  a  line, 
a  verse.] 
L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  A  verse,  of  whatever  measure  or  nnrnbei 
of  feet. 

2.  A  row  or  line  of  trees. 

II  Hebrew  Liter*ture  :  One  of  the  rhythmic 
lines  which  go  to  constitute  the  parallelism  in 
the  poetic  books  of  Scripture.  The  liooks  o! 
Job  Psalms,  Proverbs,  Ecclesiastes,  and  the 
Song  of  Soloman  are  thus  written  in  the 
eldest  known  Hebrew  manuscripts,  and  poeti- 
cal passages  (like  Exod.  xv.  1-21)  in  the  his- 
toricbooks  are  still  so  printed  in  the  Hebrew 
Bible,  whence  they  have  been  transferred  to 
the  English  Revised  Version.  The  arrange- 
ment is  of  great  antiquity,  and  may  have  been 
introduced  by  the  sacred  writers  themselves. 
Sometimes  prose  works  are  divided  into  stichs, 
consisting  either  of  a  certain  number  of  words 
or  clauses  separated  by  their  sense.  It  is  be- 
lieved that  a  stichometrical  arrangement  per- 
vades  the  whole  Vulgate,  the  prose  as  well  as 
the  poetic  books;  and  Josephus  considered 
that  Ms  works  were  composed  of  60,000  stichs. 

sti  chze'-us,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.]    [STICH.] 

Ichlhy  •  A  genus  of  Blenniidte,  with  ten 
species,  peculiar  to  the  coasts  near  the  Arctic 
circle,  ranging  southwards  to  Japan,  Norway, 
and  Sweden.  They  are  small  fishes,  a»d  have 
the  body  elongate  and  covered  with  small 
scales,  sometimes  several  lateral  lines  ;  dorsal 
nn  of  spines  only. 

'sHoh'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  slicA;  -ic.|  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  lines  or  verses ;  consisting  of 
lines  or  verses. 

stlcli-id'-a-tim(pi.  .tfoli-W-I-a). ..  [Mod. 

Lat.,  from  Gr.  omxioio^  ,$tidudion),  dimin. 
from  trri'xoi  (sticftos)  =  a  row,  a  line.] 

Bot.  (PI.) :  The  pod-like  processes  contain 
ing  tetrasporcs  in  some  rose-spored  algse. 

stich-6-,  prtf.  [SncH.]  Having  rod-like  pro- 
cesses. 

stioh-4-cliW-ta,  s.  [Pref.  sticho.,  and  Or. 
X<UT>)  (chaite)  =  long,  flowing  hair.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Oxytrichidse,  with  one 
species,  Stichotricha  fedixuliformis ;  akin  U 
Stichotricha  (q.v.),  but  separated  therefrom 
on  account  of  its  well-developed  anal  styles. 
Free  swimming  animals,  from  salt-water. 

*  stIoh'-6'-man-cj?,  ».  [Gr.  <m'xoc  (s(icAos)  = 
a  line,  a  verse,  and  parma  (manteia)  =  pro- 
phecy   divination.]     Divination  by  lines  or 
passages  in  books  taken  at  hazard ;  biblio- 
inancy. 

'  stloU-i-mSt-rlc-al,  o.  [Eng.  sticho- 
metrhf) ;  -ical.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  sticho- 
metry  ;  characterized  by  stichs  or  lines. 

•  B«oh-8m-6-try,  s.    [Gr.  <,***  (f«*°'l= 
a  row,  a  line,  a  verse,  and  ,«TPOK  (metrm)  —  \ 
measure.] 

1  Measurement  or  length  of  books  as  ascer- 
tained by  the  number  of  verses  contained  in 
each  book.    [STICH,  II.] 

2  A  division  of  the  text  of  books  into  lines 
accommodated  to  the  sense ;  a  practice  fol- 
lowed before  punctuation  was  adopted.   [t>N 

MOMETRY.J 

muthia).  ] 
Gk.  Plays :  A  conversation  in  alternate  line* 

Stich-of-rlch-a,  s.  [Pref.  sticho-  and  Or. 
«pif  (tlirix),  genit.  TPLXOS  (trichos)  =  hair.] 

Zool  :  A  genus  of  Oxytriehidse,  with  five 
species  from  salt  and  fresh-water.  Animal- 
cules elongate,  elastic,  and  changeable  ID 
form,  often  excreting  and  inhabiting  a  mucil- 
aginous or  granular  sheath,  the  antenor  hall 
of  the  body  when  protruded  from  this  sheath 
usually  twisted  like  a  screw. 


Chem. :     n  anmony- 

type  of  ammonium,  NHj.     Tims  Sb(C2ri6)i 
is  tetrethyl-sMixmtum.    (H'alts.) 
g«c-ca'-dd,  stlc-ca'-to,  s.    [Ital.] 

Music :  An  instrument  composed  of  pieces 


stick,  *  steke,  *  sticko,  "  sttke,  ". 

(pa  t.  "stak.'sticked,  stuck,  pa.  I"*-* 
•Mken,  "stoke,  * stoken,  stuck),  v.t.  &  t  I** 
stecan,  a  strong  verb  (pa  t  stec,  pa. .par. 
stecen,  stocen);  cogn.  with  Low  Ger.  sfeUn. 


stick — sticking 


to  jnfrce,  stick  (pa.  t.  ttnk,  pa.  par. 
OCT.  stedttn  =  to  sting,  to  pierce,  stick,  sta 
(pa.  t.  stach,  pa.  par.  gcstachen).    Also  A.b 
•tic-tan,  i  weak  verb  (pa.  t.  sticoae)  ;  cogn. 
with  Out.  stekm  =  to  stick  ;  IceL  stika  =  t 
drive  piles  ;  Uan.  s(itt«  =  to  stab  ;  Sw.  aotio 
=  to  stab,  to  sting,  to  prick  ;    Ger.  sterke 
=  to  stick,  to  set,  to  plant.    Sting  is  a 
Ized,  and  stitch  a  softened  form  ol  stick.] 

A.  Transitive: 

i  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  pierce  with  a  sharp  Instrument  ;  to 
•tab  with  a  weapon. 

"  You  wer»  best  ***  hw.  • 

SkttoV.  :  r«o  etntbmeis,  i.  1. 

2.  To  cause  to  pierce  ;  to  thrust  iu  so  as  tx 
pierce  or  wound. 

"  Them  (Me***  a  dagger  In  roe." 

akabup.  :  Jferdsniu  of  renlee,  Hi.  V. 

3.  To  fasten  or  cause  to  remain  by  piercinjr 
to  thrust  in. 

"  A  codpiece  to  «lr*  pin.  on." 

tluUcmf.  :  rtso  Oaiatnum,  11.  7. 
4  To  fasten  or  attach  by  causing  to  adhere 
to  the  surface  :  as,  To  slick  a  stamp  on  a  letter 
&  To  fasten  or  attach  in  any  manner. 

"  Sttclt  yonr  rosemary  on  th  f  §  fair  corse." 

SHaketf.  •  Borneo  t  Juliet,  IV.  6. 

ft  To  fasten,  to  fli,  to  place,  to  settle,  to  set 

"  I  tfmclt  my  choice  upon  her  " 
Jfcatapk  :  AU'i  wot  Mot  Stuli  Win.  T.  t. 
T.  To  »;t  ;  to  flx  in  ;  hence,  to  set  with 
something  stuck  in  or  tainted  ;  to  furnish  by 
Inserting  in  the  surface  :  as,  To  stick*  cushion 
full  of  pins. 

8.  To  fix  on  a  pointed  instrument  :  as,  To 
ttick  an  apple  on  a  fork. 
II  Technically: 

1.  Print  :    To  compose  or  arrange   ID  a 
composing-stick  :  as,  To  sficttype. 

2.  Wood-work.  :  To  plane  a*  the  mouldings 
on  sash-bars  and  rails. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  cleave  or  adhere  to  the  surface,  as  by 
tenacity  or  attraction  ;  to  adhere. 

"  I  wi  n  came  the  fish  of  thy  riven  to  tttdc  unto  thy 
•cales."—  £w*M  xxix.  4. 

2.  To  be  fastened  or  fixed  by  insertion,  or 
by  piercing,  or  by  beinR  thrust  in. 

"  Lnoretias  glove  wherein  her  needle  ttidtt," 

SAatwp.  .-  Rttpt  e/  LtMcretx.  81T. 

&  To  remain  or  continue  attached  naturally. 

"  Like  trait  unripe  tti,Xt  on  the  tree." 

tfAajfceaj).  :  Samlet,  iii.  9. 

4.  To  continue  where  attached  or  fastened. 

"  There  iturk  no  plum*  In  any  English  crest." 
Saotefp.  :  Klna  Jolia.  U. 

6.  To  hold  fast  to  or  continue  in  any  posi- 
tion ;  to  adhere  closely  ;  to  abide. 

"  In  their  quarrels  they  proceed  to  calling  names, 
till  tkej  light  upon  ons  thai  is  sure  toslu*.'  —  imifl. 

6.  To   adliere   cluseiy   in   friendship    and 
•flection. 

••There  U  a  friend  that  sUebtft  closer  thin  a 
fcrotlnsr."—  Proverb*  xviii.  24. 

7.  To  remain,  abide,  or  continue  in  a  place. 

"And  there  they  mast  ban  Kuct,  tflt  famine  awl 
desertion  hail  ended  the  quarrel.-—  Warbmrton  :  MMM 
J-egatio*.  ba.  L,  1  1. 

8.  To   be    hindered   from    proceeding    or 
making    progress;    to    be    restrained    from 
moving  forward,  or  from  action  of  any  kind  ; 
to  be  arrested   in  u  course,  career,  motion. 
passage,  or  the  like. 

Slack  in  my  throat"       Snutcip.  :  afacbeOt,  ii.  *. 

9.  To  be  brought  to  a  standstill;   to  be 
embarrassed  or  pnzzled. 


*  10.  To  scruple,  to  hesitate. 

••  Ariitotle  srtciW  n«*  to  afflrm  that  the  world 
neither  began,  nor  yet  shall  end."—  S*m:  Sptculum 
Jtunitl,  en.  1.,  J  1. 

"  11.  To  cause  difficulty,  trouble,  or  em- 

bari-assment. 

"This  U  the  difficulty  that  tticja  with  the  most 

rf'T?6.,0'  tl>0~  ""t  *"""  conscience,  refuse  to 
Join  with  the  revolution.  •—  avifl. 

11  (1)  To  itick  expresses  more  than  to  deace  • 
things  are  made  to  stick  either  by  incision 
into  the  substance,  or  through  the  interven- 
tion of  some  glutinous  matter  ;  they  are  made 
to  clam  by  the  intervention  of  some  foreign 
Ixkly  :  what  sticks,  therefore,  becomes  so  fast 
joined  as  to  render  the  bodies  inseparable  ; 
what  deaon  is  less  tightly  bound,  and  more 
easily  separable.  Two  pieces  of  clay  will 
stick  together  by  the  incorporation  of  the 
substance  in  the  two  parts  ;  paper  is  made  to 
stick  to  paper  by  means  of  glue  :  the  tongue 


in  a  certain  state  will  dealt  to  the  roof.  Stick 
is  seldom  employed  in  the  moral  sense,  ex- 
cept in  familiar  and  inelegant  style  ;  deart  is 
peculiarly  proper  in  the  moral  acceptation. 

(2)  For  the  difference  between  to  itick  and 
iojix,  see  Fir. 

IT  1.  To  stick  by: 

(1)  To  adhere  closely  to  ;  to  be  constant  to  ; 
to  support  steadily. 

"  u'e  are  yoor  only  friends  ;  ttici  b*  us,  and  we  will 
«Uc*  bt  saa.--Oamn.tnt. 

*  (2)  To  be  troublesome  !iy  adhering. 

"  I  am  Mti.-flet!  to  trifle  away  my  time,  rather  than 
let  it  Kick  by  me."—  Popt:  Lettert, 

2.  To  stick  out: 

(1)  To  project  ;  to  be  prominent. 

rislii*aL°™*  ""^  ""*  *"*  """"  ***  M-"~J°b 

(2)  To  hold  ont  ;  to  refuse  to  treat,  sur- 
render, or  come  to  terms  :  as,  They  stuck  out 
for  a  rise  of  wages. 

3.  To  stick  to: 

(1)  To  adhere  closely  ;  to  be  constant  to  ; 
to  stick  by. 

(2)  To  be  persevering  in  holding  to,  if  in 
continuing  at;  to  abide  or  continue  firmly 
and  steadily  at 


. 

4.  To  aide  of  : 

(1)  To  stand  on  end  ;  to  assume  an  erect 
position  ;  to  stand  up  :  as,  His  hair  sticks  up. 

(2)  To  run  into  debt  for  ;  to  run  credit  fcr  ; 
as,  To  stick  up  t,  suit  of  clothes.    (Slang.) 

(3)  To  put  a  stop  to  ;  to  cause  to  fail  :  as, 
To  stick  up  a  game. 

(4)  To   attack   and   plunder.     (Australian 
slang.) 

"  Having  attacked,  or  in  Australia*  phrase.  Kurt 
up  the  station,  and  made  prisoners  of  all  the  in. 
mates."—  £eburv  tfour.  March,  1885,  p.  191 

5.  To  stick  up  for  :  To  maintain  the  cause 
of  ;  to  fight  or  contend  for  :  as,  To  stick  up  for 
one's  rights. 

*  6.  To  stick  upon  : 

(1)  To  adhere  to  ;  to  stick  to. 

"Proverbial  sentences  are  formed  tnto  a  Tent, 
whereby  they  nick  upon  the  memory.  •-  Ifatu. 

(2)  To  dwell  upon  ;   not   to  Kivtt  up  :   to 
stick  to. 

"The  mind  must  stop  and  buckle  to  it.  and  itick 
upon  It  with  Uoour  " 


7.  To  stick  up  to  : 

(1)  To  court,    (folloq.) 

(2)  To  stand  up  to,  to  fight 

Stick,  •  stickc,  s.    [A.S.  sK«M  =  a  stick,  a 
staff,  a  stake  ;  IceL  stika  =  a  stick,  a  yard 
measure.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  piece  of  wood  of  indefinite  «ije  and 
shape,  but  generally  long  and  rather  slender  ; 
a  branch  of  a  tree  or  shrub  broken  or  cut  off; 
a  piece  of  wood  chopped  for  burning,  or  cut 
for  any  purpose.  (Gowcr:  C.  A.,  v.) 

(!)  A  rod,  a  wand,  a  staff,  a  walking-stick. 

(3)  Anything  shaped  like  a  stick:  as,  a 
stick  of  sealing-wax. 

(4)  A  thrust  with   a  pointed  instrument, 
which  penetrates  the  body  ;  a  stab. 

(5)  The  number  of  twenty-five  eels  ;   ten 
sticks  make  one  bind.    Called  also  a  Strike. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  One  who  perseveres  ;  one  who  sticks  to 
anything. 

(2)  A  term  of  contempt  for  an  awkward, 
incompetent,  or  stupid  person. 

"Agreat  actor  may  notezhlbit  htmMlf  ata  *«f4ec' 
fcr  half  an  belli  together,  and  daw  to  redeem  .1. 
fame  by  a  lew  saadiincent  '  momaatt,'  "—  Oailm  T«*e. 
July  13,  !«„. 


IX  TeckniefUu: 

1.  GUK.  :  A  rammer  used  in  filling  car- 

tridges. 

2.  Printing: 

0)  A  composing-stick  (q.v.).  A  stickful  is 
as  much  as  the  stick  will  hold,  and  the  matter 
is  tln-n  lifted  and  placed  in  Uie  galley. 

(2)  Furniture  for  locking  np  a  forme  in  a 
chase  or  galley.  Known  according  to  posi- 
tion as  head-stick,  foot-stick,  aide-stick,  or 
gutter-stick,  the  latter  being  between  the 
pages. 

3.  Pyrotechnics  :  The  slat  which  trails  be- 
hind a  rocket,  and  directs  its  flight 


t  (1)  Gold-stick,  Silver-stick:  (See  under 
GOLD  and  SILVEB). 

(2)  To  oeat  all   to  sticks:    To  completely 

(3)  To  go  to  sticks  and  staves:  To  go  to 
pieces,  to  be  ruined. 

*  (4)  To  stick  a  point  :  To  settle  the  matter. 

stick-and  groove,  s. 

Anthrop.  :  One  of  the  simplest  means  of 
producing  fire,  ont  of  which  OK  fire-drill 
(H.v.)  was  developed.  Till  recently  it  was  in 
common  use  in  the  South  Pacific. 

roducing  fin 


. 

"One  of  the  simplest  machines  for 
la  that  which  mav  he  called  the  MiL 

SShSW  s5S  !•  ""•,  faa*  •  «•»•"•«  °<  "•  »•» 

inaliing  in  a  piece  of  w.iod  lying  on  the  L-romid 
Mr    Uarwu  .,,,,  that  the  very  light   wood  of  the 
T  tffi1"  ?"•??"•  *"».  i'1™"  ">«<1  «"  the  purpose  ^ln 
Tahiti.    A  native  would  produce  fire  with  ft  in  a  few 
seconds."-  jytor;    Marl,   BiU.   Jf.niinJ   (ed.    Mil 

Stick-Chimney,  «.  A  chimney  made 
with  sticks  laid  crosswise  and  plastered  with 
cliay  inside  and  out.  Common  iu  the  Western 
States  of  America  in  log-cabins. 

stick  insects,  s.  pi. 

Entom.  :  The  Phasmidte  (q.v-X  Called  also 
Walking-sticks.  Most  of  them  rewmble 
•ticks,  either  green  growing  twigs  or  lir.>wn 
and  withered  branches,  hence  their  popular 
names.  [PHVT.LIUII,  LEAP-ISBBCW.J 

stick  lac,  &    [LAO.] 
stick-seed,  s. 

Sot.  :  The  genus  Echinospermura  (q.v.X 

stick-sling,  t. 

Anthrop.  :  The  simplest  and  earliest  form 
of  sling,  consisting  of  a  stick  split  for  a  .short 
dutance  down  one  end,  so  as  to  furm  a  notch, 
in  which  the  stone  is  placed  ;  the  elasticity  of 
the  two  halves  of  the  stick,  which  are  kept 
asunder  by  the  stone,  retaining  it  there  until 
the  proper  moment  lor  iu  discharge. 

stick-a  do're,  stick'-a-dove.  steck-a 
do,  &     [A  corruption  of  Lat.  (Jlos)  Suzchadot, 
=  the  flower  from  the  Stachades  or  Hyera 
Islands,  near  Marseilles.    (Prior.)} 
Hut.  :  la.va.ndv.la  SUechcu. 

stick'  er,  •.    [Eng.  stick,  T.  ;  tr.) 
J.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  One  who  or  that  which  stabs  or  sticks  ) 
one  who  kills  :  as,  a  pig-sticker. 

(2)  One  who  or  that  which  causes  to  stick 
or  adhere  :  as.  a  bitt-sticker. 

(3)  Voting:    A  piece  of  paper  bearing  file- 
name of  a  favored  candidate,  prepared   with 
a  view  to  affixing  it  on  a  regular  ticket  ir, 
place  of  another  nominee,  who  is  thug  rejected 
by  the  voter.    Also  called  pasta-.    (U.S.) 

2.  Fifurativdy: 

(1)  An  article  or  commodity  which  does  not 
meet  with  a  ready  sale.  (Amer.) 

*  (2)  A  sharp  remark,  very  pointedly  made, 
and  calculated  to  silence  a  person  or  put  .him 
completely  down. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Mach.  (PI.)  :  The  arms  of  a  crank  axi. 
employed  to  change  the  plane  and  direction 
of  a  reciprocating  motion.    Foi  distinction 
the  arms  are  thus  named  when  they  act  by 
compression,  and  trackers  when  they  act  by 
tension.    The  axis  is  termed  a  roller. 

2.  Music:  A  rod  connecting  the  far  end  of 
the  key  of  an  organ-manual  with  the  lever  by 
which  the  valve  is  opened,  to  allow  the  wind 
to  pass  from,  the  chut  to  the  appropriate  pipe 
of  the  organ. 

Stick  -ful,  s.     [Eng.  stick;  -Jul(l).J 
Print.  :  [STICK,  «.,  11.  2.]. 

stick  -I-BCSS,  «.    (Eng.   sticky;  -new.)    Th. 

quality  or  state  of  being  sticky  ;  visconsneai, 
glutinonsness,  tenacity,  adhesive  quality  or 
nature. 

Stick   ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  a,    [STICK,  ».] 

A.xS.Atpr.  par.  <C  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  (PL)  :  The  same  as  STICKINO-PIKCE  (q.v.^ 

2.  Carp.  :  The  act  of  running  or  striking  • 
moulding  with  a  moulding-plane. 

3.  Mining  :  A  narrow  vein  of  ore. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fin,  father:  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine; 
•r.  wore,  wolf,  w-rk,  whcX  SOB;  mute,  cub,  cure,  nntte,  «nr.  rule,  All;  try,  Syrian,    m,  w  =  e;  ey  =  »:  «n 


go. 


stickit— stiffening 


4459 


stlcklng-plece,  «.  A  joint  of  beef  cut 
from  the  neck  of  the  ox ;  it  is  considered 
coarse  meat,  fit  only  for  gravy-beef  or  pies. 

•  stlcklng-plaoe,  «.  The  point  of  deter- 
mination. (Shaktsp. :  Macbeth,  i.  7.) 

•ticking  -  plaster,    ».     An    adhesive 
plaster  for  closing  wounds. 
•tick-it,  a.    [STICK,  v.1   (Scotch.) 

Sttcklt-minister, ».  A  clerical  student 
or  probationer  disqualified  for  the  ministerial 
office  from  imbecility  or  immoral  conduct; 
spec  one  who  breaks  down  on  emleavounn.,' 
to  deliver  his  first  sermon,  and  never  hoc  the 
courage  to  attempt  a  second.  (Scofe*.) 


*w,  eh.  U. 

•Bt!o'-kle, 

A.  Intransitive: 

I  Orig  •  To  Interfere,  as  seconds  were 
accustomed  to  do,  in  a  duel,  when  the  prin- 
cipals were  Imagined  to  have  satisfied  the 
laws  of  honour.  It  in  supposed  they  bore 
sticks,  wands,  or  sceptres,  as  symbols  of  their 
authority.  Sometimes  also,  quarrelling  with 
each  other,  they  fought  with  their  sticks. 

"The  same  augel  [In  Taseol  when  holt  at  the  Chris, 
tisns  are  already  MUM.  and  all  the  rest  are  in  a  fair 
Sly  a  being  routed.  stfeUa  betwixt  the  remainders 
pfW.  hosts  and  the  race  of  fiends .wills  th«  devils 
tackwarai  by  the  tall*.  and  drivr.  them  troin  tlieir 
quarry."— Drfam :  Juvenal.  (Dedtc.) 

2.  To  take  part  with  one  side  or  the  other. 

3.  To   contend,  contest,  or  altercate  per- 
tinaciously  or    obstinately    on    insufBVient 
grounds ;  to  stick  up  pertinaciously  or  ob- 
stinately for  some  trifle. 

"  The  presbyter  and  independent, 
That  KioW«  which  shalf  make  an  end  on  t 

Butter  :  Hvdiorat,  ill.  2. 

4.  To  play  fast  and  loose ;  to  pass  from  oue 
•ide  tn  the  other. 

B.  Tram. :  To  intervene  in ;  to  part  the 
combatants  in  ;  to  arbitrate  in  or  between. 

stic'-kle  (1),  ».     [A.8.  tticel  =  »>  prickle, 
sting.]    A  prickle. 
*  stlckle-halred,  o.    Rough-haired. 

"  Their  dogs  .  .  .  that  serve  for  that  purpose  are 
tticklf-haired,  and  not  nnlike  to  the  Irish  gray 
houude."— Sandyl :  Travel,  p.  n. 

stic'-kle  (2),  ».     (Etym.  doubtful.]    A  rapid 
shallow  in  »  stream.    (Prw.) 

"The  easy  uicktti,  which  in»y  occasionally  produce 
•  big  trout  ''-field,  March  6.  1888. 

•Ho-kle  back,  •  stlk  kle-bag,  »«tyk- 
yl-bak,  t.    [Eng.  stickle  (1),  a.,  and  back.] 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
species  of  Qasterosteus  (q.v.).  The  Fifteen 
•pined  Stickleback,  lives  in  salt  or  braokish 
water,  the  others  nre  freshwater  flsh  ;  and  all 
though  small  in  size,  are  active,  greedy,  am 
extremely  destructive  to  the  fry  of  other 
fishes.  Guntlier  (Study  of  Fishes,  p.  505 
records  that  fact  that  a  young  Three-spinei 
Stickleback  (0.  aculeatus)  the  common  Euro 
pean  species,  "  kept  in  an  aquarium,  devoured 
in  live  hours'  time  seventy-four  young  dace 
which  were  about  a  quarter  of  an  Inch  long 
and  of  the  thickness  of  a  horse-hair.  Two 
days  after  it  swallowed  sixty-two,  and  woul< 
proliably  have  eaten  as  many  every  day  could 
they  have  been  procured."  In  the  breedin] 
season  the  male  Stickleback  constructs  a  nest 
about  three  inches  wide  and  six  inches  deep 
of  stalks  of  grass  and  other  matters,  cemeutei 
together  with  mucus  which  exudes  from  hi 
skin.  The  neat  Is  barrel-shaped  and  has 
apertures  at  each  end,  thus  permitting  bot 
ease  of  ingress  and  the  current  of  wate 
need«d  In  the  development  of  the  ova.  Th 
nebt,  when  filled  with  eggs,  is  jealously  guardt 
by  the  male,  who  keeps  off  parasites  anil  othe 
fish,  even  those  of  much  larger  size.  After  th 
eggs  are  batched  the  male  takes  similar  activ 
care  of  the  young;  keeping  them  wlthi 
the  shelter  of  the  nest  till  large  enough  to  ctu 
for  themselves. 

•tic  -fcler,  ».    [Eng.  stMcVf),  v. ;  -tr.} 

*  1.  One  who  as  a  second  helped  to  separate 
combatants  when  they  had  fought  long  enoug 
to  satisfy  what  were  deemed  to  be  the  claim 


of  honour ;  a  second  to  a  duellist ;  an  umpire 
or  arbitrator  of  a  duel. 

"  But  Baslllus  rUlug  himself  came  to  part  them,  the 
tOckltrt  authority  scarcely  able  to  persuade  chulerick 
hearers:  and  |j»rt  tlieui  be  did."— 9Uney:  Arcadia. 
bk.  1. 

2  An  obstinate  and  pertinacious  contender 
about  anything,  especially  a  thing  of  little  or 
no  consequence. 

"The  Englishman— In  his  own  country  greatest  of 
all  illeUtnlia  the  correct  thiug  In  raiment,  -field, 
April  t.  1885. 

*  stickler-like,  adv.  Like  an  arbitrator 
or  umpire  in  a  duel. 

"The  dragon,  wing  of  night  o'erspreads  the  earth, 
And.  ttickler-lilM,  the  arinlee  separates. 

Shaken). :  Troilta  i  Crtaida,  t.  i. 

Stick -ling, ».    [STICKLE  (1),  ».]    A  flsh,  pro- 
bably the  stickleback  (q.v.).    (Prompt.  Pare.) 

stick--?,  *  stlok-le,  o.  [Eng.  stick,  v.  ;  -y.] 
Having  the  quality  of  adhering  to  a  surface; 
adhesive,  viscous,  glutinous,  viscid,  tenacious. 

"  Herbs  of  strong  smell,  and  with  a  itteMe  stalke."— 
Bacon  :  If  at.  Bin.,  I  688. 

Stic  ta,  s.  [Or.  «ri«Tot  (stiktos)  =  pricked, 
punctured.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Parmeliadfe.  Lichens, 
some  of  them  very  large,  with  circular  whito 
or  yellow  pits  on  the  underside,  whence  their 
generic  name.  They  grow  on  trees,  and  some 
have  a  fishy  smell.  Sticla  pulmonaria,  or  pul- 
monacea,  is  used  for  dyeing,  &c. 

Stic'-tic,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  stict(a) ;  Eng.  suff.  -tc.] 
Derived  from  Stida  pulmonacca. 

stlctio-acid,  s. 

Chem. :  An  acid  discovered  by  Knot)  and 
Schiieedermann  in  Stlcta  pulmonaaa.  It  has 
a  peculiar  bitter  taste,  is  slightly  soluble  in 
water  and  in  ether,  very  toluule  in  boiling 
alcohol,  and  is  precipitated  by  acida,  acetate 
of  lead,  and  silver  salts. 

stld  dy,  «.    [STITHY.]    An  anvil,  a  stithy. 

St»e,n.l    [A.S.  stigan  =  to  mount,]    To  soar, 
to  mount. 

"  Here  and  there,  and  round  about  doth  ttte." 

Hpenter:  f.  ft.,  IV.  Ix.  tt. 
Btleve,  0.      [STEEVE.] 

stleve'-ljf,  adv.    [STEEVELY.] 

stiff,   *«ttf,     •  stifle,    ••tyt    -styfle, 

*  sieve,  *  styve,  a.  *  s.    (A.s.  sty;  cogn. 

with  Dut.  st(jf=  stiff,  hard,  rigid  ;  Dan.  ttiv; 

Sw.  sty/;  Ger.  stetf.    Allied  to  eta/.] 

A.  As  adjeetive : 

1  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Not  easily  flexible,  bent,  or  pliant;  not 
limber ;  rigid. 

••  Wtiere  stiff  the  hand,  and  still  the  tongue. 
Of  those  »ho  fought,  and  spoke,  and  sung. 

Scott :  JCiii-mion.  I.   (Introd.l 

2  Not  liquid  or  fluid  ;  not  easily  yieldim 
to  the  touch ;  thick  and  tenacious ;  not  soft 
nor  hard. 

"  Mingling  with  that  oily  Hiinor.  they  were  wholly 
incorporate,  and  so  grew  more  illff  and  flnu  makiu« 
but  oue  substance."— Bumat :  Theury  of  the  Earth. 

S.  Drawn  very  tight ;  tense. 

"  This  said,  another  arrow  forth  from  his  tttfe  string 
he  sent"          Chapman:  Homer;  lluulvnl. 

4.  Not  easily  moved ;  not  to  be  moved  with 
out  great  friction  or  exertion  ;  not  working  or 
moving  smoothly  or  easily  :  as,  a  stiff  joint. 

5.  Hard  to  work,  tough,  strong,  heavy  ;  as 
a  stiff  soil. 

6.  Not  natural,  smooth,  or  easy  ;  not  flow 
ing  or  graceful ;  cramped,  constrained ;  no 
easy  in  action  or  movement. 

"  Your  composition  needs  not  he  at  all  the  ttlfTer 
hut  may  be  the  freer,  for  the  pains  thus  einyluyed 
upon  it  — Seeker :  A  Charge  to  the  Clergy  of  Center 
bury. 

7.  Rigidly   ceremonious,    formal,    precise 
constrained,  affected,  starched. 

•'  The  French  are  open,  familiar,  and  talkative ;  th 
Italians  Kif,  ceremonious,  and  reserved."— Additon 
On  Italy. 

*  8.  Not  easily  subdued  ;  firm  or  resolute  i 
resistance  or  perseverance;  obstinate,  stub 
bom,  pertinacious. 

••  A  war  ensues,  the  Cretans  own  their  cause. 
Stiff  to  defend  their  boapltMbU)  laws. 

Dryden  :  Cymon  t  /phlffenta,  634. 

t.  Impetuous  in  motion,  strong,  violent. 

"  The  ttiffer  gales 
Else  on  the  poop  and  fully  stretch  the  saila 

Pope:  Bomcr  ;  Odyaey  il.  «BS. 

10.  Strong  :  as,  a  ttiff  tumbler  of  punch. 
11    Heavy,  costly  :  as,  He  paid  a  stiff  pric 
tor  it.    (Slang.) 


12.  Dear,  high-priced.    (Comm.  Slang.) 
"  Yarn*  were  very  aif."—  Daily  Chronicle,  Hard 

n,  M(7. 

*  13.  Harsh,  grating,  disagreeable. 
"  This  is  j/y  news." 
Shatteip.  :  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  i.  «. 

14.  Severe,  hard,  strict  :  as,  a  stif  examina- 
tion. (Cation.) 

IL  tfa-ut.  :  Bearing  a  press  of  canvas  without 
careening:  as,  a  stiff  vessel.  (Opposed  to 
crank.) 

B.  Asmbtt.:  A  cadaver.     (Mcd.  Slmig.) 

stiff  bit,  .1. 

Harness  :  A  hit  without  a  joint,  like  a  snaffle  ; 
or  branches,  like  a  curb-bit. 

•stiff-borne,  o.  Carried  on  with  un- 
pliaut  constancy. 

"  Could  restrain 

The  Itlf-borne  action."    Shateip.  ;  1  Bettrj  IT.,  L  1. 

*  stiff-grit,  a.    Obstinate. 
•stiff-hearted,  o.    Obstinate,  stubborn, 
contumacious. 

They  are  impudent  children,  and  uif-***rU<L."— 


stlff-aeck,  e. 

Pathol.  :  A  kind  of  rheumatism,  generally 
produced  by  sitting  in  a  drought.  The 
muscles  of  the  neck  become  very  painful,  and 
to  relax  them  the  patient  bends  the  head  to 
the  affected  side.  The  muscles  in  consequence 
become  rigid,  whence  the  name  Stiff-  or  Wry- 
neck. 

stiff  necked,  o.  Stubborn,  obstinate, 
contumacious. 

"This  people  to  a  iHf^K*»d  people.'—  Xxod.ixxO.  ». 

stiff  ncckcdncss,  s.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  stiff-necked  ;  obstinacy,  stub- 
bornness. 

stiff-tailed  ducks,  s.  pi. 

Ornith,  :  The  genus  Evismatara,  with  six 
species  from  America,  the  south-east  of 
Europe,  and  Africa.  The  tail-feathers  are 
narrow,  pointed,  and  extremely  rigid,  and  not 
covered  at  the  base  by  the  upper  tail-coverts. 

'Stlfl>.{.    [STIFF,  a.]  To  be  stiff;  to  persevere. 

"  Dido  affrighted  uift  also  In  her  obetlnat  oveV 

Stanyhurtt  :  FiraU;  Aneld  I».  6«. 

stlff'-en,  *stlfne,  u.f,  *  i.    (Sw.  stifaa;  Dart 
stivne  ;  Dut.  stijven;  Ger.  tteifen.]    [STIFLE.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  stiff  or  more  stiff  ;  to  make  les» 
pliant  or  flexible. 

"  The  blast  that  whistles  o'er  the  fells, 
Stiffen!  his  locks  to  icicles." 

Scott  :  Uarmian,  iv.    (IntiwH 

2.  To  inspissate;  to  make  more  thick  or 
viscous  :  as,  To  stiffen  paste. 

*  3.  To  make   torpid  ;   to   deprive  of  tb» 
power  of  motion  ;  to  paralyze. 

"  atifned  with  the  like  dliiuay  was  Senelaus  to." 
Ch*J»nan  :  Homer  ;  flMd  Iv. 

*  4.  To  make  stubborn,  obstinate,  or  con- 
tumacious. 

"The  man  .  .  .  who  Is  settled  and  tXfffrai.  in  vice.* 
—Barrow:  fcrmont,  vol.  Hi.,  aer.  16. 
5.  To  make  stiff,  constrained,  or  formal  in 
manners. 

"  And  binds  a  wreath  about  their  baby  browa, 
Whom 


B.  Intransitive: 
I.  To  become  stiff  or  stiffer  ;  to  become 
more  rigid  or  less  flexible. 

"Though   faint  with  wasting  toll  and  «<?•"<*» 
wound,"  Uyron:  Corsair,  IL  8. 

*  2.  To  become  more  thick  or  less  soft  ;  to- 
become  inspissated  ;  to  approach  to  hardness. 

*  3.  To  become  more  obstinate  or  stubborn  ; 
to  grow  less  susceptive  of  impression  ;  to  be- 
come less  tender  or  yielding. 

"  Some  souls  we  see 
Grow  hard  and  stiffen  with  adversity. 

Ih-yden.    I  Toad}. 

4.  To  become  violent,  strong,  or  impetuous; 
to  increase  in  strength  or  violence  ;   a*,  A 
breeze  stiffens. 

5.  To  become  higher,  to  rise  :   as,   Prices 
sti/en. 

stifr-en-er,  «.  [Eng.  stiffen;  -«•.]  One  who 
or  that  which  stiffens  ;  specif.,  a  piece  of  SUIT 
material  inside  a  neckcloth. 

stiff'-en-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [STIFFEN.] 

A.  *  B.  As  pr.  far.  6  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 


fc6H,  bo?;  poTtt,  J6%1;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9lilix,  benob;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^nophoi.,  e¥ist.   -£ig. 
dan. -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tion,  -*ion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tlous.  -Blous  =  shus.   -Me,  -die,  *c.  =  bel,  Oel. 


4460 


stifflsh— stigma  tization 


C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  making  stiff;  the  state  of  be- 
coming stiff  or  stitier. 

2.  Something  used  to  make  a  substance  stiff 
or  more  stiff. 

Stiffening- girder,  s.  A  truss  girder 
•which  distributes  the  weight  of  the  platform 
and  load  upon  the  suspension-chain  and  pre- 
vents undulations. 

stiffening-order,  s.  A  custom-house 
warrant  by  which  ballast  or  heavy  goods  may 
be  taken  on  board  before  the  whole  inward 
cargo  is  discharged  to  prevent  the  vessel  be- 
coming too  light. 

Stiff  -ish,  a.     [Eng.  stiff;  -faA.)      Somewhat 
stiff,  rather  stiff. 

"There  wiu  a  rather  ttigUh  south -easterly  wind 
blowing,  which  somewhat  militated  agaiuit  good 
play."— Field,  April  4,  I88&. 

•tlfr-iy,  *  stiffe-ly,  "stif-ly,  *sttfe-ly, 

*  styf-liche.  *  styf-lyche,  adv.  [Eug. 
*/;  -i*.} 

1.  In   a   stiff  manner;   rigidly,  inflexibly, 
strongly,  firmly. 

2.  Obstinately,    stubbornly,    unyieldingly, 
contumaciously. 

"  How  darcke  IB  the  doctrine  of  them  that  uy  ttifly 
that  the  worke  of  the  sacramentes  In  it  aelfe  (not  re- 
feirtng  It  to  styne  vp  the  faith  of  the  promises  an- 
nexed to  them)  doth  Justine."— Tyndatt :  Work*.  \\  23S. 

3.  In  a  formal,  cramped,  constrained,  or 
affected  manner  :  as,  To  act  stijjly. 

4.  Heavily,  expensively,  with  heavy  cost : 
as,  To  pay  stiffly  for  an  article. 

stiff -ness,  *  stlflf-nesse,  $.     [Eng.  stiff; 
-ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  stiff;  want 
of  pliableness  ;  rigidity,  firmness  ;  that  quality 
or  state  of  a  substance  which  renders  it  diffi- 
cult to  bend. 

"  The  willow  bows  and  recover*,  the  oak  is  stubborn 
and  inflexible ;  and  the  punishment  of  that  ttiffnesi  ii 
one  branch  of  the  allegory."—  L'Ettrange. 

2.  A  state  between  hardness  and  softness  ; 
spissitnde,  viscidness. 

3.  Tension  :  as,  the  stiffness  of  a  rope. 

4.  The  state  of  being  difficult  to  move,  or  of 
mot  moving  easily  or  smoothly. 

"It  mollifleth  the  ttiffenette  and  hardness*  of  the 
iinewis."— P.  Bottand :  Pliny,  bk.  «.,  ch.  xx. 

*  5.  Obstinacy,  stubbornness,  contuma- 
cious ness,  firmness. 

"  Firmness  or  ttiffnest  of  the  mind  Is  not  from  ad- 
herence to  truth,  but  submission  to  prejudice."— 
Locke. 

6.  Formality    of  manner  ;   s  constrained, 
cramped,  or  affected  manner :  as,  stiffness  of 
manners. 

7.  Affected  or  constrained  manner  or  style 
of  expression  or  writing  ;  absence  or  want  of 
.natural  ease,  simplicity,  and  grace. 

"Yet  yon  would  think  me  very  ridiculous.  If  I 
should  accuse  the  stublx>mne»  of  blank  verse  for  this, 
•lid  not  rather  the  stiff  net*  of  the  poet." — Dryden: 
JKuay  on  Dramatic  Poetie. 

8.  Highness  of  price,  high  rate. 

"The  rtiffneu  of  country  rates  alao  tends  to  glv« 
firmness  to  the  attitude  of  staplers." — Daily  Xewt, 
Sept.  28.  188*. 

•ti'-fle,  -sti-fil.  '  stie  fle,  v.t.  &  i.     [IceL 

stifla  =  to  dam  up,  to  block  up,  to  choke  ; 
Norw.  stivla  =  to  stop,  to  check  ;  stivia,  =  to 
stiffen  ;  stiva  (Dan.  stive)  =  to  stiffen  ;  Sw. 
styfva;  Dut.  stijven;  Ger.  steifen  =  to  stiffen.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Literally: 

1.  To  block  the  passage  of;  to  arrest  the 
free  action  or  passage  of ;  to  stop. 

"  Sighs  were  ttijted  in  the  cries  of  blood." 

Dryden :  Ovid  ;  Metamorphitet  viil. 

2.  To  kill  by  impeding  respiration,  as  by 
•covering  the  mouth  or  nose,  by  introducing 
an  irrespirable  substance  into  the  lungs,  or 
by  other  means;   to  suffocate  or  greatly  op- 
press by  foul  air  or  otherwise  ;  to  smother. 

"Within  a  while  smored  and  $tijl*d,  theyr  breath 
failing,  the!  gau«  vp  to  Ood  their  innocent  soules  into 
the  ieyes  of  heauen."— Sir  T.  More  :  Worke*.  p.  68. 
IL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  stop  the  passage  or  progress  of;  to 
deaden,  to  quench,  to  smother :  as,  To  stifle 
sound. 

2.  To  suppress  ;  to  keep  from  any  active 
manifestation ;    to   keep    back    from    public 
notice  or  knowledge;  to  conceal,  to  repress, 
to  put  down. 

"  It  would  be  a  bad  day  for  England  If  debate  were 
to  be  Killed  and   minorities  silenced."— .St.  Jamet't 
,  Sept  23,  18a5. 


B,  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  be  suffocated ;  to  perish  by  suffoca- 
tion or  strangulation. 

"  You  shall  itijie  in  your  own  report." 

Sbaketp. :  Measure  for  J/easure.  IL  4. 

2.  To  be  so  hot  and  close  as  almost  to  stifle. 
"  In  the  ttijtiny  boeom  of  the  town." 

Covper  :  Tcuk,  iv.  TM. 

Sti-fle,  s.    [Prob.  connected  with  sttjf  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  joint  of  a  horse  or  other  animal  next 
to  the  buttock,  and  corresponding  to  the  knee 
in  man  ;  also  called  the  Stifle-joint. 

"  He  baa  rare  legs  and  feet,  grand  shoul- 
ders, but  he  is  too  straight  In  ttijlet  to 
please  a*."— Field,  Sept.  4,  1886. 

2.  A  disease  in  the  knee-pan  of  a 
horse  or  other  animaL  , 

Stifle-bone,  s.  A  bone  in  the 
leg  of  a  horse,  corresponding  to  the 
knee-pan  in  man.  In  the  illustra- 
tion, a  is  the  femur  or  thigh-bone  ; 
6,  the  stifle-bone ;  c,  the  tibia ;  d, 
the  tarsus  ;  and  et  the  metatarsus. 

stifle-joint*  ».    The  same  as 

STIFLE,  *.  1. 

stifle-shoe,  *. 

Farr. :  A  horseshoe  which  has  a  ^"{f^ 
curved  bar  beneath  it,  exposing  a  OF  aoast 
rounded  surface  to  the  ground,  so 
as  to  give  it  an  insecure  foundation.  It  is 
placed  on  the  foot  of  the  sound  leg,  in  order 
to  induce  the  animal  to  throw  the  weight  of 
the  hind-quarters  upon  the  foot  of  that  leg 
which  is  stifled,  that  is,  has  a  luxated  or  weak 
stifle-joint. 

Sti  -fled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Eng.  stifl(e\  s. ;  -ed.} 
Suffering  from  or  affected  with  stifle. 

Sti'-fler,  «.  [Eng.  stifl(e),  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
or  that  which  stifles  ;  specifically,  in  military 
engineering,  a  small  mine  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  interrupting  the  operation  of  the 
enemy's  miners  ;  a  cam  nutlet 

stig -ma  (pi.  stig -mas;  stig  ma- ta,  in 
senses  II.  1.  2.  4.),  s.     [Lat.,  from  Gr.  trriy^a 
(stigma)  =  a  mark.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  mark  made  with  ft  redhot  iron ;   a 
brand  impressed  on  slaves  and  others. 

(2)  A  small  red  speck  on  the  human  skin, 
causing  no  elevation  of  the  cuticle ;  a  natural 
mark  or  spot  on  the  skin. 

2.  Fig. :  Any  mark  of  infamy,  disgrace,  or 
reproach    which    attaches    to  a    person   on 
account  of  bad  conduct ;  a  slur. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Anat. :  The  projecting  part  of  a  Graafian 
follicle  at  which  rupture  occurs. 

2.  Bid.  (PL):  The  external  openings  of  the 
tracheal     apparatus     in     the    Insecta    and 
Arachnida.    Applied  also  to  the  pores  of  the 
segmental    organs   of  Leeches,  and    to   the 
openings  by  which  the  pneumatocyst  com- 
municates with  the  exterior  in  some  of  the 
Physophoridse.    [SPIRACLE.] 

3.  Sot. :  The  part  of  the  pistil  to  which  the 
pollen  is  applied.     It  is  generally  situated  at 
the  upper  extremity  of  the  style.     It  is  a 
glandular  body,  destitute  of  epidermis,  and 
secretes  a  viscous  material,  which  is  most 
abundant  at  the  period  of  fecundation.     It  is 
sometimes  smooth,  at  others  it  may  be  covered 
with  papillae  or  with  plumose  hairs,  or  it  may 
have  around  it  an  indusium.  Morphologically 
viewed,  the  stigma  is  the  apex  of  the  carpellary 
leaf.    When  there  is  more  than  one  style,  each 
has  a  stigma ;  when  there  are  several,  they 
may  coalesce  so  as  to  have  various  lobes  or 
divisions.   In  most  cases  the  stigma  is  thicker 
than  the  style.     It  varies  greatly  in  form,  and 
may   be   capitate,    penicillate,   plumose,    or 
feathery,  petaloid,  peltate,  filiform,  or  papil- 
lose.    In  some  cases  the  stigma  extends  down 
the  inner  face  of  the  style ;  it  is  then  called 
unilateral. 

4.  Eccles.  (PI.) :  A  term  borrowed  from  Gal. 
vi.  17,  "  I  bear  in  my  body  the  marks  (Gr. 
<TTfYfta.ro,  Vulg.  stigmata)  of  the  Lord  Jesus," 
and  applied  by  ecclesiastical  writers  to  the 
marks  of  stigma  tization  (q.v.).   St.  Paul  prob- 
ably took  his  metaphor  from  the  fact  that 
pagan  soldiers  sometimes  branded.the  name 
of  their  general  on  some  part  of  tneirbody. 
(Lightfoot,  in  loc.).     No  writer  of  authority 
has  ever  maintained  that  the  stigmata  of  St. 
Paul  were  anything  more  than   the   actual 


marks  of  sufferings  inflicted  by  his 
cutors  (Cor.  ii.  xi.  23-27). 

"In  a  work  on  the  subject  Dr.  Imbert-Goarbeyrt 
e  numerates  1*3  persons,  twenty  men,  the  rest  women, 
who  are  stated  to  have  received  the  *tiymata,"—AUdu 
*  Arnold:  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  777. 

Stig  mar  i-a,  s.     [Gr.  orcy/ia  (stigma) 
mark.] 

Palceobot. :  A  pseudo-genus  of  coal  plants, 
now  proved  by  actual  union  to  be  the  roots 
chiefly  of  Sigillaria,  but  in  some  cases  of 
Lepidodendron.  Cylindrical,  trunk-like  bodies, 
often  more  or  less  compressed,  the  external 
surface  of  which  is  covered  with  shallow  pits, 
sometimes  with  a  rootlet  projecting,  V?ry 
abundant  in  the  fireclay  of  the  carboniferous 
rocks,  the  old  soil  in  which  the  Sigiltaria 
grew.  The  common  species  is  Stigmaria  jt- 
coides. 

stfe'-ma-ta, «.  pZ.    [STIGMA.] 

stig-maf-ic,  *  stigT -mastic,  »  stlg-maf- 

ick,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  stiginatique,  from  Lat.  stig- 
ma, gemt.stigmatis;  Gr.  vriy pa. (stigma^ genii. 
<TTi>MaT°s  (stigmatos)  =  a  mark.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Marked  with  a  stigma ;  deformed. 

2.  Having  the  character  of  a  stigma. 

"  The  mu»e  hath  made  him  ttiffmatic  and  lame." 
T.  Ileywood :  Troia  Britanniotk 

*  3.  Disgraced,  infamous. 

II.  Bot. :  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  stigma, 

*  B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  notorious  profligate  or  criminal  who 
has  been  branded ;  cue  who  bears  about  Lim 
the  marks  of  infamy  or  shame. 

**  Convaied  him  to  a  justice,  where  one  swore 
He  had  beeu  branded  ttigmntic  before." 

Philomythie.    (1618.) 

2.  One  on  whom  nature  has  set  a  mark  of 
deformity. 

"  Like  a  foul  misshapen  ttiffmatic, 
Mark'd  by  the  destinies  to  be  avoided." 

tsfmketp.  :  S  Hotry  VI.,  11. & 

*  stlg-mat'-ic-al,  *  stig-mat  -ic-all,  a. 

[Eng.  stiamatic;  -al.]    Stigmatic. 
*'  Stifmaticat  In  making,  worse  In  mind." 

Shakftp.  :  Comedy  of  Errort,  iv.  1 

*  Stig-m&t'-Ic-al-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  stigmatiotd; 
-ly.]    With  a  stigma,  or  mark  of  shame  of 
deformity. 

"  If  you  spy  any  man  that  hath  a  look, 
btigmatically  drawn,  like  to  a  fury." 

WoiuUrtf*  Kingdom.    (1689.) 

Btig-mat'-lclE,  a.  &  s.     [STIGMATIC.] 

stig  -ma-tfet,  s-  [STIGMA.)  One  on  whom 
stigmata,  or  the  marks  of  Christ's  wounds, 
are  said  to  be  supernaturally  impressed. 

stxg-ma-ti-za'-tion,  stig  rria-ti-sa'- 
tion,  s.  [Eng.  stigmatiz(e) ;  -ation.} 

Eccles.  A  Church  Hist.  :  The  appearance  or 
impression  of  counterparts  of  all  or  some  of 
the  wounds  received  by  Jesus  in  his  Passion, 
in  their  appropriate  positions  on  the  human 
body.  The  first  case  on  record,  and  tlie  most 
important,  is  that  of  St.  Francis  of  Assisf, 
the  founder  of  tlie  Franciscans.  It  is  said 
that,  while  the  saint  was  engaged  in  a  fast  of 
forty  days  on  Mount  Alvemus,  in  the  year 


consciousness,  found  himself  marked  with  the 
wounds  of  crucifixion  in  his  hands,  his  feet, 
and  right  side.  Thomas  a  Celana  and  St. 
Buonaventura  attested  the  case,  and  Pope 
Alexander  IV.  (1254-1261)  claimed  to  have 
seen  the  stigmata  during  the  lifetime  of  St. 
Francis  and  after  his  death.  A  feast  of  the 
Stigmata  of  St.  Francis  is  celebrated  in  the 
Roman  Church  on  Sept.  17.  The  Dominicans 
claimed  a  similar  distinction  for  a  saint  of 
their  Order  (St.  Catherine  of  Siena,  Io47-S0). 
aud  the  fact  of  her  stigmatization  is  recorded 
in  the  fifth  lection  of  the  office  of  her  feast 
(April  30)  in  the  Roman  Breviary.  She  ia 
honoured  with  a  special  feast  in  her  own 
Order,  though  she  is  never  represented  ia 
painting  or  sculpture  with  the  stigmata. 
Since  then  many  persons  have  claimed  to  have 
received  these  marks  of  divine  favour.  [Se« 
extract  under  STIGMATA,  II.  4.]  There  is  an 
excellent  account  of  one  of  the  latest  cases— 
that  of  a  Belgian  peasant  woman,  Louise 
Lateau — in  MacmUlan's  Magazine,  April,  1871. 
Carpenter  (Mental  PhysioL.ed.  4th,  §  541)  sees 
nothing  either  incredible  or  miraculous  in 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p5t, 
«r.  wore,  wol£  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  cur,  role,  full;  try,  Syrian,    re,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


stigmatize— stiletto 


4461 


these  cases.  "  The  subjects  have  been  persons 
of  strongly  emotional  temperament,  who  fell 
Into  a  state  of  profound  reverie,  in  which  their 
minds  were  wholly  engrossed  by  the  con- 
templation of  tlieir  Saviour's  sufferings,  with 
»n  intense  direction  of  their  sympathetic 


their  own  bodies  gives  a  definite  physiological 
rationale  for  what  some  persons  accept  as 
genuine  miracles  and  others  repudiate  as  the 
tricks  of  imposture." 

"  stfgmattiation  seems  only  to  have  occurred  where 
the  •uhlect  had  earnestly  and  decisively  turned  away 
from  tlie  world  and  it»  pleasures,  and  had  embraced 
the  Saviour  in  the  fervour  of  a  glowing  love:  but  it 
was  nevertheless  not  an  eiidowmentcouIeiTed  by  God. 

.I,  ;l  ,,i,t. ,,,.11011.  penuitted  rather  than  caused  by 

him.  it  must  be  regarded  rather  as  a  negative  than  a 
positive  effect  of  his  divine  working."—  jlcCUMoct  t 
Strong :  Cyclop.  Bib.  Lit..  U.  1,026. 

stlg'-ma-tize,  stig'-ma-tise,  v.t.  [Fr. 
stigmatiser  =  to  brand  with  a  hot  iron,  to 
defame  publicly,  from  Gr.  o-riyf""'?"  (stigma- 
(tro)  =  to  mark  or  brand,  from  ori-y/i«  (stiyaui), 
genit,  ariyuarat  (stigmatos)  =  a  mark,  a  prick, 
a  brand,  from  orifio  (stizo)  =  to  prick.) 

1.  Lit. :  To  brand  ;  to  mark  with  a  brand  or 
stigma. 

"  [They  had  more  need  some  of  them]  have  their 
cheeks  aiymatuctl  with  a  hot  iron.  1  say.  some  of  our 
Jesabells.  Instead  of  painting,  if  they  were  well 
•erved."— Burton:  Anat.  Metuncttoly.  p.  470. 

2.  Fig- :  To  set  a  mark  of  disgrace  on  ;  to 
attach  disgrace  or  infamy  to ;  to  brand,  to 
reproach ;  to  hold  up  to  disgrace,  reproach, 
and  contempt 

"  Stlamttlzfd  by  the  popular  branch  of  the  legisla- 
ture as  a  teacher  of  doctrines  so  servile  that  tney  dis- 
gusted even  Tories."— Jlacaulay :  BM.  Eiig,.  cb.  xix. 

Stig   ma  tized,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [STIGMATIZE.] 

A.  As  pet.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  ailjective : 

1.  Marked  with  a  stigma;   branded  with 
disgrace. 

2.  Resembling  stigmata:  as,  the  stigmatized 
dote  on  the  skin  in  measles. 

Stlg-ma-toph'-or-a,  s.  (Gr.  trrtyna.  (stigma), 
genit.  omynoTos  (stigmatos),  and  cfmpos  (pAoros) 
=  bearing.]  [STIOMA.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Syngnathina  (q.v.), 
from  the  Australian  seas. 

•tKg-ma-toph'-or-us,  s.   [STIOMATOPHORA.] 

Bot. :  The  part  of  the  style  of  composites 

which  bears  the  stigmata. 

•ti'g'-ma-tdse,  a.   [Gr.  <myfia  (stigma),  genit 
ori'yuaTO!  (stigmatos);  Eng.  suff.  -ose.\ 
Botany: 

1.  Of  or  relating  to  the  stigma ;  stigmatic. 

2.  Having  the  stigma  long  and  lateral  or 
on  one  side  of  the  style.    (Paxton.) 

stig-ma-t6-ste'-m6n,  s.  [Gr.  vri;^- 
(sligma),  genit.  o-riynovros  (sujnwtos)  =  a 
mark,  and  o-njuuv  (sfemoii).]  [STAMEN.] 

Bot. :  A  body  formed  by  the  union  of 
anthers  with  the  stigma. 

•tig1 -mite,  s.  [Gr.  O-TI'YM«  (stigm(a)  =  a  spot 
suff.  -ite  (Petrol.).'] 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  by  Brongniart  to  the 
porphyritic  varities  of  pitchstone  (q.v.). 

Stlg-mo-nd'-ta,  s.     [Or.  <m'yn«  (stigma)  =  a 
puncture,  and  wires  ( notes)  =  the  back.] 
Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Stigmonotidse 

jtlg-mo  no'-tl-dw,  '•  !*•  tM°d-  Lat  stig 
monnt(a);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idol.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Tortricina.  Anterio 
wings  varying  in  length,  costa  regularlj 
arched.  Larva  ^feeding  in  rolled  leaves  o 
between  united  leaves  or  under  bark,  or  on 
the  young  shoots  of  trees.  Species  widel) 
distributed. 


genit.   o-riyui/o!  (stigonos)  —  one  who  marks 
from  o-Ti'fci)  (sttzo)  =  to  prick,  to  mark,  anj 
ua»T<ia    (manteia)  =  prophecy,     divination 
Divination  by  writing  on  the  bark  of  a  tree. 

••tike,  v.t.    [STICK,  t>.) 

stilt  pile,  stlk-pyle,  «.    [A.S.  •ttefa»  =  1 
pierce,  and  pile  ~  a  pillow  (?).] 

Bot. :    Erodium    cimtarium.      (Britten 
Holland.) 


tn-ag-In-a'-9e-», i.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  stilago, 
genit.  stilagin(is);  Lat  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -atxai.} 
Bot. :  Antidesmads ;  an  order  of  Diclinous 
Exogens,  alliance  Urticales.  Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  simple  coriaceous  alternate  leaves,  and 
twin  deciduous  stipules.  Flowers  minute, 
in  axillary  scaly  spikes.  Flowers  unisexual, 
with  a  two-,  three-,  or  five-parted  calyx,  and 
no  corolla.  Males,  stamens  two  or  more, 
arising  from  a  tumid  receptacle ;  females  with 
a  three-  or  four-toothed  sessile  stigma,  and  a 
one-  or  two-celled  ovary,  with  the  ovules  sus- 
pended in  pairs.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Found 
in  the  East  Indies  and  Madagascar.  Known 
genera  three,  species  about  twenty.  (Linaley.) 

til-a'-gd,  ».      [Lat    stilus,    stylus   [STYLE], 
perhaps  with  reference  to  its  length.) 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Stilaginaceee 
(q  v )  not  sufficiently  distinct  from  Anti- 
dcsma  (q.v.).  The  shining,  subacid  fruit  of 
Stilago  Bunius  is  eaten.  The  leaves  are  acid 
and  diaphoretic ;  the  young  ones  are  boiled 
with  potherbs,  and  given  in  India  in  syphilis. 

stil'-ar,  a.    [Eng.  stil(e)(l),  s. ;  -or.]    Pertain- 
ing or  belonging  to  the  stile  of  a  dial. 

"  Laying  a  ruler  to  the  centre  of  the  plane  and  to 
this  mark,  draw  a  line  for  the  ailar  liue."— Moxon. 

stfl-ba'-cS-ie,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  stilb(e);  Lat. 
fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -aceai.] 

Bot. :  Stilbids ;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Gentianales.  Shrubs,  with 
rigid,  leathery,  narrow  leaves  in  whorls, 
articulated  at  the  base,  without  stipules. 
Flovrers  in  dense  spikes  at  the  point  of  the 
branches,  sessile,  each  with  three  bracts  at 
the  base.  Calyx  tubular,  campanulate,  limb 
five-cleft,  the  segments  equal,  corolla  mono- 
petalous,  the  limb  four-,  rarely  five-parted, 
somewhat  two-lipped ;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  divisions  of  the  corolla,  if  five,  then  one 
abortive  ;  ovary  superior,  with  two  cells,  each 
with  an  erect  ovule ;  fruit  dry,  indehiscent. 
All  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Genera 
three,  species  seven. 

*  8til-ba'-9e-i,  >.  pl~  [Mod.  Lat  stilb(um); 
Lat,  masc.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -o«i.) 

Bot. :  An  obsolete  sub-order  of  Hypho- 
mycetous  Fungals,  having  a  wart-shaped 
receptacle  composed  of  conjoined  filamentous 
or  hexagonal  cells  and  spores,  borne  singly  on 
the  apices  of  free  filaments.  Nine  British 
genera  are  placed  under  it,  but  some  may  be 
immature  states  of  other  fungals.  They  grow 
on  decaying  animal  or  vegetable  matter,  or 
on  bark  or  leathery  leaves. 

stir  be, «.  [Gr.  »TI'X>SI  (stilbe)  =  a  lamp,  from 
O-TI'A/SU  (stilbo)  =  to  glitter,  to  shine  ] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Stilbacese  (q.v.) 
Flowers  in  straight  flowering  spikes  ;  corollt 
lobes  narrow.  Known  species  four,  from  the 
Cape. 

stil'  bene,  stfl'-bln,  «.  [Eng.  <rMfa  (stilbe 
=  lustre,  and  Eng.  ben(zen)e.] 

Chem. :  CUH12  =  C«H.'CH  CH-C6H,.  Pi 
cramyl.  Toluylene.  Prepared  by  passing  the 
vapour  of  toluene  over  heated  plumbic  oxide 
or  by  the  action  of  sodium  on  benzole  aide 
hyde.  Itcrystallizes  in  thin,  colourless  plates 
having  a  mother-of-pearl  lustre,  is  insoluble 
in  water,  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol,  melts  a 
115',  and  boils  at  308°.  Heated  with  hydriodi 
add,  it  is  converted  into  dibenzyl. 

stilbene-oxlde,  s. 
Chem. :  C7H6O.    Laurent's  name  for  oil  o 
bitter  almonds. 
stilbcne  peroxide,  s.    [STILBODS-ACID. 

Stil  be'-sle,  o.  [Gr.  o-iiA/Srj  (stilbe)  =  lustre 
s  connect,  and  suff.  -ic.)  Derived  from  o 
containing  stilbene. 

stilbesic  acid.  ». 

Chem. :  C^HioOy  (?).  Obtained  by  passin 
chlorine  gas  into  crude  bitter-almond  01 
pressing  the  product  between  paper,  an 
washing  with  a  mixture  of  ether  and  alcohol 
It  crystallizes  in  monoclinic  prisms,  is  ver 
slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  but  soju 
ble  in  alcoholic  ammonia,  and  melts  at  105°. 

•t&'-bl-a,  S.      [STILBUM.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Stilbidse  (q.v. 

Stil' -bio,  a.    [Eng.  stilb(ene);  -fe.1 

Chem. :  A  term  sometimes  used  as  a  syn 
onym  of  Beniilic  (q.v.). 


tfl'-Wd,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.  stilbe,  and  Gr.  t'So, 
(eidos)  —  form.) 

Bot.  (PI.):  Lindley's  name  for  the  Stilbacefc 
(q.v.). 

tll'-bi-dte.  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  stilb(ia);  Lat 
fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Entmn.:  A  family  of  Noctuina.  Thorax 
smooth  ;  abdomen  long,  smooth  ;  anterior 
wings  narrow,  in  repose  forming  a  very  in- 
clined roof.  Larva  smooth,  with  sixteen  legs, 
feeding  on  grasses.  Only  British  species, 
Stilbia  anomala. 

tn-bil'-Ie,  o.    [Eng.sti!t>!/;;-ic.]  [STILBOUS.] 
til'  bin,  ».    [STILBENE.] 

stil  bite,  ».    [Gr.  <mA/3ii  (stilbe)  =  lustre  J 
suff.  -ite  (Afitv.).] 
Mineralogy  : 

1.  An  orthorhombic  or  monoclinic  mineral 
belonging  to  the  group  of  zeolites.     Occurs 
commonly  in  sheaf-like  bundles  of  crystals, 
divergent,  also  globular.    Hardness,  8-5  to  4  ; 
sp.  gr.  2'094  to  2-205  ;  lustre  of  cleavage  face, 
pearly,   of  others   vitreous;    colour,   white, 
yellow    brown,  red  ;  transparent    to    trans- 
lucent.   Compos.  :  silica,  57'4  ;  alumina,  16-5  ; 
lime,  8-9;    water,  17'2  =  100,  which    corre- 
sponds to  the  formula  6SiO2,Al2Os,CaO,6HO. 
Mostly    found   in    cavities  in   amygdaloidal 
basaltic  rocks,  but  sometimes  in  metalliferous 
veins,  also  in  fissures  in  granites  and  gneiss. 

2.  The  same  as  HEULANDITB  (q.v.) 

stil  bous,  a.  [Eng.  static)  ;  -oiw.]  Derived 
from  or  containing  stilbiu  acid. 

stilbous  acid.  i. 

CTiCTi.  :  C1ISH1203(?).  Stilbilicacid.  Acorn- 
pound  formed  by  treating  bitter  almond  oil 
with  fuming  sulphuric  acid.  It  crystallizes 
from  ether  in  monoclinic  prisms,  from  alcohol 
in  trimetric  prisms,  is  insoluble  in  ammonia, 
and  melts  at  860°.  When  boiled  in  caustic 
potash,  it  is  resolved  into  benzole  acid  and 
benzoic  hydride. 

stil'-bum,  t.  [Gr.  cmxpo!  (stilbos)  =  glittering.) 
1  Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Stilbacei.  Re- 
ceptacle stalked  at  the  base,  capitate  or 
clavate  at  the  summit  Various  mildew-like 
fungals,  often  brightly  coloured,  on  decaying 
wood,  herbs,  otc. 

2.  Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Chrysididse  (q.v.) 
Stilbum  spkndidum  is  more  than  half  ac. 
inch  long,  blue  or  emerald,  often  with  the 
abdomen  golden  red.  It  occurs  in  the  souti 
of  Europe  and  in  Asia  and  Africa. 


StU'-byl,  ».     [E 

Chem.  :  CiiHu.     The  hypothetical  radical 
of  stilbene. 

Btae  (1),  ».    [STYLE  (1),  ».]    A  pin  set  on  th» 

face  of  a  sun-dial  to  form  a  shadow. 

"  Erect  the  ttu  K  perpendicularly  over  the  lub-stluw 
line."—  Moxon  :  Mechanical 


Stile  (2),  *  Style,  ».    [A.8.  stigel,  from  . 

to  climb,  to  mount;  cogn.  with  O.  H.  Ger. 
ttigtia  =  a  stile  ;  stigan  =  to  climb.] 

1  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  step  or  series  of  steps,  or  a 
frame  of  bars  and  steps  which  may  be  ascended 
or  descended  by  a  pedestrian  for  getting  over 
a  fence  or  wall,  but  stopping  the  passage  o( 
horses,  cattle,  &C. 

"  Did  you  not  see  a  Httle  below  these  mountains  a 
itite  that  led  into  a  meadow  on  the  left  hand  of  th« 
w«yf—  Bunyan:  Pilgrim'!  Froyrat.  pt.  i. 

2.  Corp.:  One  of  the  vertical  bars  in  a 
wooden  fence,  as  of  a  door  or  sash.  In  the 
former  they  receive  the  rails  and  panels,  in 
the  hitter  the  rails  and  bars. 

1  To  help  over  a  stile.  To  help  a  lame  dog  over 
a  stile  :  To  help  one  over  a  difficulty  ;  to  render 
assistance. 

stf-let'-to,  stf-lStte',  »ste-let-to,  '.stll- 

let  o,  s.  [Ital.  stiletto  =  a  little  dagger; 
dimin.  from  stilo  (O.  Ital.  stillo)  =  a  dagger,  a 
gnomon,  from  Lat.  stylum,  accus.  of  stylus  = 
a  style  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit.  (Of  the  forms  stiletto,  steletto,  and 
stilleto)  : 

(1)  A  small  dagger  with  a  round,  pointed 
blade,  about  six  inches  long. 

"  Your  pocketdagger.  your  «ilrt».  out  with  itl" 
Biaum.  *  I'M.  :  Cuaom  of  Ou  Country,  i.  1. 

(2)  A  pointed  instrument  for  making  eyelet 
holes. 


boil,  boy;  po^t,  jo^l;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect, 
M>tan.-tiaii  =  slia.,.   -tion.  -*ion  =  «hun;  -tion,  -sion  =  ahfin.   -cioua,  -ttoua.  -flioua  =  shus.  -We. -die. 


4462 


stiletto— stillness 


*  2.  Fig. :  A  beard  trimmed  into  a  sharp 
pointed  form. 
H  Surgiml  (Ofthejormatilntte): 

1.  A  small,    sharp-pointed  instrument  in 
closed  in  a  canula,  or  sheath,  and  used  fo 
making  openings  for  the  introduction  of  the 
aaid  canula  into  dropsical  tissues  or  cavities 
into  tumours,  &c. 

2.  A  wire  placed   in  a  flexible  catheter  to 
give  it  the  required  form  and  rigidity. 

"sti-lef-to,  "stO-let'-o,  v.t.  [STILETTO,  ». 
To  stab  or  kill  with  a  stiletto. 

"  This  king  likewise  was  ttllettoed  by  a  rascal 
votary,  which  had  been  enchanted  for  the  purpose."— 
Bacon  :  Charge!  againtt  W.  Talbot. 

•ti'-li-fer,  s.  [Lat.  stilus  =  &  stake,  a  pale, 
a  style,  and/ero  =  to  bear.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  Stiliferida;  (q.v.' 
(Tofe),  a  genus  of  Pyramidellidse  (S.  P.  Wood 
ward).  Shell  hyaline,  globular,  or  subulate, 
with  a  tapering  apex  ;  the  animal  with  slendei 
cylindrical  tentacles,  having  at  their  outer 
bases  small  sessile  eyes  ;  foot  large.  Parasites, 
attached  to  the  spines  of  Sea-urchins  or  im- 
mersed in  living  Star-Ashes  and  Corals. 
Known  species  sixteen,  from  the  West  Indies, 
Britain,  the  Philippines,  &c. 

•tl-ll-feV-l'-dje,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  ttilifer; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Holostomata,  separated 
by  Tate  from  the  Pyramidellidaj. 

Still  (1)  stUle,  "Stylle,  r.t.  [A.S.  stillan, 
from  stille  =  still  (a.) ;  cogn.  with  T>ut.stilUn= 
to  be  still ;  stetlm  =  to  place,  from  stal  =  a 
stall ;  Dan.  stille  =  to  still,  to  set,  to  place,  from 
sM.d,  stall  =  a  stall ;  8w.  stiUa=  to  quiet, 
from  stall  =  a  place  ;  Ger.  stillen  =  to  still ; 
itellen  =  to  place,  from  stall  =  a  place.] 

1.  To  make  quiet,  to  stop,  as  motion  or 
agitation ;  to  check,  to  restrain,  to  quiet,  to 
make  motionless. 

"  Thou  rulest  the  ragtag  of  the  sea  :  when  the  waves 
thereof  arise  thou  itiUett  them."- Psulm  Ixxxlx.  8. 

*  2.  To  appease,  to  calm,  to  quiet,  to  lull, 
to  allay. 

"niwmlk. 
To  ftill  my  beating  mind." 

SJtafcetjk. :  Tempett,  IT.  1. 

8.  To  make  silent,  to  silence,  to  bring  to 
silence. 

"  T4*  m«"y.  tl»  merry.  In  good  green  wood. 
Though  the  birds  have  uilM  their  singing." 

.*',n:  Lady  of  fjae  Lake,  IT.  14. 

•  Still  (2X  v.t.  to  i.  [A  contr.  of  distil  (q.v.) ; 
in  sense  B.  directly  from  Let.  stilto  =  to  fall 
in  drops.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  fall  in  drop*. 

2.  To  expel  spirit  from  liquor  by  heat,  and 
condense  it  in  a  refrigerator  ;  to  distal. 

"  The  knowledge  of  Hilling  is  one  pretty  feat." 
Tutser  :  Busbandry;  Mag. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  fall  In  drops,  to  drop. 
"  From  her  fair  eyes  wiping  the  dewy  wet 

Which  softly  OUd."    *  speaer,-  f.  «.,  I V.  rU,  ». 


'stllle,  *  stylle,  a.,  adv.,  A  «.  [A.8. 
stiUe,  from  steal,  stall  =  a  place,  station,  stall  ; 
hence,  remaining  in  a  place,  fixed,  at  rest, 
still  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  tttt  =  still;  Dan.  stille: 
8w.  stilla  ;  Ger.  still.]  [STILL  (1),  «.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  At  rest,  motionless. 

"  By  the  greatness  of  thine  arm  they  shall  be  M 
ttiu  as  a  stone."—  Kxodu*  xv.  19. 

2.  Quiet,  calm  ;  undisturbed    by  noise  or 
agitation. 

"  At  IOU  midnight." 

Shateip.  :  Mfrr,  Win*.  IT.  4. 

5.  Uttering  no  sound  ;  silent,  noiseless. 

"  And  the  peple  blainyde  hem  that  the!  achuldeu  be 
ttillt.  —U'ltcltfe  :  Matthew  rx. 

4.  Not  loud,  gentle,  low,  soft. 

"  After  the  fire  a  ttiu  small  voice."—!  Kinyi  xlj.  11 

5.  Not  sparkling  or  effervescent:  as,  still 
hock. 

*  6.  Continual,  constant. 

"  Still  use  of  grief  makes  wild  grief  turns. 


B.  As  adverb  : 


. 
:  mdiant  111.,  IT. 


L  Continually,  abidingly,  ever,  constantly. 

"  Like  ttill  pining  Tantalus  he  sits." 

Kh'ikflp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrecr,  gss. 

8.  Ever;   In  future  no  less  than  now   or 
formerly. 

"  Hourly  Joya  be  ttiP  opon  yon  1  " 

Oaietp.  .-  Tempta,  IT. 

3.  In  an  increasing  or  increased  degree  ;  even 
yet;    with   repeated  or  ».]ded  efforts  ;  even 


more.      (Often  with    comparatives,    as    sttt 
more,  still  further,  &c.) 

"  The  guilt  being  great,  the  fear  doth  trill  exceed  " 
SftatCTp.  :  Rape  of  Lufrcce.  2-29. 

4.  To  this  time  ;  till  now  ;  yet  ;  now  n< 
less  than  formerly. 

"  She  holds  tliem  prisoners  gtffr.' 

aAakeep.  :  r*fo  Gentlemen.  11.  4. 

5.  Nevertheless  ;  notwithstanding  what  lia 
happened  or  been  done  ;  yet  ;  in  spite  of  all 
that  has  occurred  ;  all  the  same. 

"  They  fright  him,  but  he  gttll  pursues  his  fear  " 
Sh'ikeip.  :  Rape  of  Lncrece,  SOS. 

6.  After  that  ;  after  what  has  been  stated 
in  continuance. 

*  IT  Still  and  anon  :  Ever  and  anon  ;  eon 
tinually. 

"  Still  and  anon  cheered  np  the  heavy  time." 

ShalKtp.  :  King  John,  IT.  1. 

*  C.  As  subst.  :  Calm,  quiet,  stillness  ;  ab- 
sence of  noise,  agitation,  or  disturbance. 

£  All  things  passed  In  a  ttiu.-  -Bacon  :  Six.  Hairy 

*  still-birth,  >.    The  state  of  being  still- 
born ;  birth  of  a  lifeless  thing  ;  an  abortion. 

still-born,  a. 

L  Lit.  :  Born  lifeless  ;  dead  at  the  birth. 

"Many  casualties  were  but  matter  of  sense;  as, 
whether  a  child  were  abortive  or  ttiu-born."—  Oravnt: 
Bult  of  Mortality. 

2.  Fig.  :  Abortive,  unsuccessful. 

••tin-closing,  a.  Always  uniting  or 
coalescing  again. 

"  The  steiobria;  waters.* 

ShatSf.:  Tsmxtt,  111  a. 

"Still  gailng,  ».    Continually  or  silently 


still  hunt,  «. 

1.  Noiseless  hunting  ;  stalking. 

2.  A  canvass,  especially  a  political  one,  car- 
ried  on  in  secret  or  unfairly.    (  U.  B.) 

•till  hunt,  D.I.   To  carry  on  a  still-hunt. 

still-hunter,  ,.    One  who  still-honta 

still  life,  i. 

Art  :  A  term  applied  to  that  class  of  pictures 
representing  fruit,  flowers,  groups  of  furni- 
ture, dead  game,  or  other  articles,  which 
generally  form  adjuncts  to  a  picture  only, 
and  none  of  which  have  animate  existence. 

*  Still-peering,  a.   Motionless  In  appear- 
ance (?)    (Shakesp.  :  AWs  Well,  lit.  a.)    Many 
emendations  have  been  proposed. 

*  still  stand,  s.    A  halt,  a  stop,  a  stand. 

44  As  with  the  tide,  swell'd  up  unto  its  height, 
That  makes  a  ttill-ttand.  running  neither  way." 
Sha/cetp.  .•  1  Benry  IT.,  lit. 

*  still-vexed,  a.    In  a  state  of  continual 
agitation  or  disturbance. 

"  The  Hill-vex  d  Bermoothes." 

• 


Still,  «.    [STILL  (2),  «>.] 

1.  A  vessel  or  apparatus  employed  for  the 
distillation  of  liquids.  It  is  made  In  various 
forms  and  of  various  materials,  some  being 
very  simple,  whilst  other*  are  elaborate  and 


SIMPLE  FORK  O»  STILL. 

complicated.  They  all  consist  essentially  of 
a  b«ly  or  boiler  (a),  a  worm  (ft)  enclosed  in  a 
refrigerator,  and  a  receiver  (c).  The  body  is 
generally  made  In  two  parts:  the  pan  or 
copper  to  which  the  heat  is  applied,  and  the 
head  or  neck,  which  is  removable.  [ALEMBIC 
DISTILLATION,  RETORT.] 

"  On  the  21«t  I  ordered  the  Mil  to  be  fitted  to  the 
largest  copper,  which  held  about  sixty-four  gallona." 
-Coo*:  Second  l'o»w«.  bk.  IT.,  ch.  x. 

2.  The  house  or  works  in  which  liquors  are 
distilled ;  a  distillery. 


Still-barn,  ».(.    To  burn  in  ths  process 
of  distillation  :  as,  To  still-burn  brandy. 

Still-house,  s.     A  distillery,  or  rather 
the  part  containing  the  still. 

still-room,  s. 

1.  An  apartment  for  distilling  ;  a  domestic 
laboratory. 

2.  An  apartment  where  liquors,  preserves, 
and  the  like  are  kept. 

Still  age  (ago  as  lg),  s.  [Etym.  doubtfnl.J 
A  low  stool  to  keep  cloths  off  the  floor  of  a 
bleachery. 

*  sttl-la'-tlm,   adv.     [L»t.,    from   «tf«a  =  a 
drop.]    Drop  by  drop. 

*  stil  la-tl  -tlous,  a.    [Lat.  sUltatUins,  from 
stillatum,  sup.  of  s«Uo=to  drop;  stiUn=t\ 
drop.]    Falling  in  drops  ;  drawn  by  a  still. 

*  stUl'-a-tor-y,  s.    [STILL  (2),  r.] 

1.  An  alembic,  a  still,  a  vessel  for  distillation. 

"  Put  water  into  the  bottome  of  a  ttiltatory,  with 
the  neb  stopped.  —Bacon  :  Sat.  ffttt..  S  K. 

2.  A  place  or  room  In  which  distillation  Is 
performed  ;  a  laboratory,  a  still  room. 

"These  are  nature's  ililratoHa,  In   whose  hollow- 
caverns  the  ascending  vapours  are  congealed  to  that 

"1"~ 


*  Stllle,  a.    [STILL,  a.] 

•tlU'-er,  «.    [Eng.  still  (1),  v.  ;  -er.]    One  who, 

stills  or  quiet*. 

StilT-I-cide,  ».  [Lat.  stillicidium,  from  ttillo, 
—  a  drop,  and  cado  =  to  fall  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
estillicidio.] 

*  1.  Ord.  lang.  :  A  succession  of  drops  ;  a 
continual  falling  in  drops. 

"We  see  In  liquors,  the  threading  of  them  In  itaii. 
fMet,  as  hath  been  said."—  Bacon  :  fat.  But.,  i  293. 

2.  Law:  The  right  to  have  the  rain  from 
one  s  roof  to  drop  on  the  land  or  roof  of 
another. 

"StiH-I-cId'-it-OUS.!*.  [STILLICIDE.]  Falling 
in  drops. 

,"  Crystal  Is  found  sometimes  In  rocks,  and  In  some 
places  ni.t  unlike  the  stirious  or  ttillicidioul  uepen. 
deuce*  of  ice."—  Brownt:  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  it,  ch.  t_ 

*8tDl-I-«Id'-i-«m,  «.    [Lat] 
Law:  [STILLICIDE,  J], 

stll'-li-form,  a.  [Lot.  stilla  =  *  drop,  and 
forma  =  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  drop. 
(Owen.) 

still  -ing  (1),  i.  [STILL  (2),  ».]  The  act,  pro- 
cess, or  operation  of  distilling  ;  distillation. 

still  mg  (2),  ».  [Low  Ger.  stelling,  from  Ger. 
stellen.  =  to  place,  to  set.]  A  stand  for  casks  : 
a  st,illiuu. 

stil-lln'-gl-a,  «.  [Named  after  Dr.  Benjamin 
Stillingfleet  (1702-1771),  an  English  botanist, 
grandson  of  Bishop  Stillingfleet.] 

Sot.  :  A  genus  of  Hippomanese.  Milky  tree* 
or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  on  petioles 
which  have  two  glands  at  the  apex  ;  flowers 
monoecious,  the  males  usually  in  crowded 
terminal  spikes,  with  a  bi-glandular  bract  at 
the  base  ;  calyx  cup-shaped  ;  stamens  two, 
with  their  filaments  united  at  the  base  •  female 
solitary  ;  calyx  tridentate  or  trifid  ;  utigmai 
three,  simple  ;  ovary  three-ceiled,  three-seeded  ; 
fruit  capsular,  globose,  with  three  cells,  each 
one-seeded.  From  the  tropics  of  Asia  and 
America.  Stlllingia  sebifera  is  tlie  Chinese 
Tallow-tree  (q.v.).  The  root  of  S.  sylvatica  i* 
considered  in  Carolina  and  Florida  to  be  a 
remedy  for  syphilis. 

Still-ion  (1  as  y),  s.  [STILL  (2),  ».]  The  same 
as  STILLING  (2j 

Stn-U-stS-ar-ito,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  stini(ngia). 
and  Eng.  stearic.]  (See  def.  of  compound.) 

stillistcaric  acid,  --. 

Chem.  :  CijHaoOo.  Borck's  name  for  the 
fatty  acid  obtained  by  the  saponification  of 
Chinese  tallow. 

•tUl'-a-tor-ft  S.      [STILLATORY.] 

stOr-ness,  *stll-nesse,  *  styl-nesse,  «. 

[Eng.  still,  a.  ;  -ness.) 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  still  ;  free- 
dom from  agitation,  disturbance,  or  noise: 
calm,  quiet,  silence. 

"  Passing  and  renaming.  In  great  ttillneu  between 
the  ships.*-Coot.-  tliird  rofage,  bk.  v..  ch.  IT. 


' 


. 

.  wore, 


.,  >    -          '   • 

work,  who.  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  mute,  our,  rule,  tfUlj  try,  Syrian.    »,  «e 


e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


stillolite—  sting 


4463 


2.  Fivedom  from  agitation  or  excitement  ; 
tdi,  tin.1  -t  iiln&&  of  the  passions. 
•3.  Uabitual  silence  or  quiet;  taciturnity. 

"  In  peace,  there  'i  nothing  so  becomes  a  man, 
As  modeat  stillness  ami  humanity." 

&ut]a,ip.  :  Henry  V.,  lit  1. 

**tlir-d-lite,  s.     [Lat.  «(tUa  =  a  drop,  and 
Gr.  Aitow  (litlios)  =  a  stone.] 

Mt».  :  A  variety  of  siliceous  sinter  (geyser- 
He). 

Still  -y,  o.  &  adv.    (Ens.  «#H.  a-  1  -I/O 
»A.  As  adj.  :  Still,  quiet. 
"  Oft  In  the  jrrtf/.v  night,"       Jloort.-  /rit*  Mtlodiu. 

B.  ^s  adverb  ; 

1.  Silently,  quietly  ;  without  noise  or  dis- 

turbance. 

"  Fi-'ini  camp  to  camp,  through  the  foul  womb  of 
The  hum  oi  either  srmy  stilty  sound*."  [night, 

Sha/ettfj.  :  Henry  >'.,  Iv.    (Chonu.) 

2.  Quietly,  calmly,  gently,  softly. 

"  Thus  mindless  of  what  idle  men  will  SAT. 
He  take*  hl8  own,  and  gtUiu  got*  liis  way." 

More:  Philosophical  Poems.    (1647.) 

•tilp-n8m'-^-lane,  «.    {Gr.  onAm^  (stilp- 
nos)  =  shining,  and  /i«'Aas  (melas)  =  black.) 

Af  in.  :  A  mineral  of  curving  as  foliated  plates, 
also  fibrous.  Hardness,  3'4  ;  sp.  gr.  276  ; 
lustre,  in  parts  pearly,  sometimes  sub-metal- 
lic ;  colour,  shades  of  black,  yellowish  and 
greenish  bronze.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated  sili- 
cate of  alumina,  proto-  and  sesquioxides  of 
iron,  with  some  magnesia.  Found  in  several 
places  associated  with  iron  ore*. 

Stilp  -  nd  -  si  -  der*  -  ite,  s.     [Gr.  <rn\irv6t 

(stilpnos)  —  shining,  and  Eng.  tiderite.] 
Kin.  :  The  same  as  LIMONITE  (q.v.). 

•tilt,  *  stilte,  '  stylte,  s.  [Sw.  stylta  ;  Dan. 
stylte  \  Norw.  styltra  =  &  stilt;  Dan.  stylte  = 
to  walk  on  stilts,  to  stalk  ;  Dut.  stelt  =  a  stilt  ; 
Ger.  stelze.  Allied  to  Eng.  stall:  and  stale,  s.  ; 
Gr.  (T-njAT)  (st''h')—&  colunm,  from  the  same 
root  as  stand  (q.v.).] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  staff  or  pole  having  a  rest  for  the  foot, 
used   in  pairs,  to    raise  a  person  above  the 
ground  in  walking. 

(2)  The  handle  of  a  plough. 

•  (3)  Applied  to  the  leg  of  a  heron  or  other 
long-legged  bird. 

"  The  heron,  and  such  like  fowl  that  live  on  fishes, 
walk  on  long  ttilt*  like  the  people  in  the  mamhes.11— 
Jt-r-:  A-jai»st  Atlieism. 

*(4)  A  root  which  rises  above  the  surface 
af  the  ground,  supporting  a  tree  above  it,  as 
in  the  mangrove. 

"  Neither  the  black  nor  white  mangrove  grow  towir- 
Ing  up  tram  ttittt  or  rising  roots.  as  the  red  doth  ;  Imt 
the  \Hjdy  i  in  in  e  Jin  ttly  under  the  ground,  like  other 
trees."—  Dumpier:  Voyayrs  (an.  1682). 

2.  Fig.  :  Conceit,  self-esteem,  bombast 

"Solemn  faice,  where  Ignorance  in  ttVt*  .  .  . 
With  pariot  tungue  perioriu'd  the  scholar's  part  ' 
Cowper:  Teak.  11.  736. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch.  A  Engin.  :  One  of  a  set  of  piles 
forming  the  back  for  the  sheet-piling  of  a 
Starling. 


. 

bet 


2.  Pottery  :  A  small  piece  of  pottery  placed 
two    pieces  of   biscuit    ware  in   the 


r  to  prevent  the  adherence  of  the  pieces. 
3,  Ornith.  :  The  Stilt-plover  (q.v.). 
stilt  plover.  *  stilt  bird.  s. 

Ornith. :  Himantopu*  candulus  (or  mtlan- 
opterus),  which  owes  its  popular  name  to  the 
great  length  of  its  legs,  which  are  about  twenty 
inclii-'s  long. 
The  prevail- 
ing '  Midi  3  Of 

plumage 
among  the 
stilts  are 
black  and 
w  h  i  t  e  , 
though  New 
Zealand  lias 
a  pure  black 
species.  The 
Common 
Btilt  breeds  In 
the  marshes 
of  the  Rhone, 
and  is  com- 
mon in  the 
Spanish  Peninsula,  on  the  Lower  Danube  and 
the  shores  of  the  Black  Sea,  extending  into 
Africa  and  Asia.  The  male  is  about  thirteen 
inches  long,  greater  part  of  the  plumage  white, 


STILT-FLUVER. 


STILTED    ARCHES. 
(from  tfvrwich  Cattle.) 


bac'  and  wing  deep  black  glossed  with  green  ; 
in  the  female  the  back  aud  wings  are  brownish- 
black.  Collectively,  the  name  is  applied  to 
two  genera  :  Hiiuautopua  aud  Recur  virus  tra. 

•Stilt,  v.t.    [STILT,  ».] 

1.  Lit.  :  To  set  or  raise  on  stilts. 

"  This  antic  prelude  of  grotesque  events, 
Where  dwarfs  are  often  itiltfd.' 

Yijung  :  A'&ht  Thought*.  v\.  885. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  raise,  to  excite,  to  stir  up. 

"  It  takes  the  whirlpool  of  a  general  electl-  >u  to  ttilt 
the  blood  of  an  English  or  Scotch  voter."—  Daily  Tele- 
graph, Jan.  10.  1886. 

Stilt   ed,  o.    [Eng.  stilt  ;  -ad.] 

1.  Lit,  :  Raised  or  set  on  stilts. 

2.  Fig.  :  Bombastic,  pompous  ;  stiff  and  in- 
flated.   (Said  of  language.) 

"  It  la  a  fault,  no  longer  to  common  a*  It  formerly 
wa*,  with  story  -writers,  to  b*  stilted,"—  D-tily  Tele- 
graph, Aug.  39.  1SS5. 

stilted-arch, 

s, 

ArcJi.  :  A  term 
applied  to  a  form 
of  the  arch  which 
does  not  spring 
immediately  from 
the  imposts,  but 
from  a  vertical 
piece  of  masonry 
resting  on  them, 
so  as  to  give  the 
arch  an  appear- 
ance of  being  on 
stills.  Arches  of 
this  kind  occur  frequently  in  all  the  medi- 
sfv;*l  styles,  especially  as  a  means  of  main- 
taining a  uniform  height  when  arches  of 
different  widths  are  used  in  the  same  range. 

*  stilt'  -i-fy,  tt.fc  [Eng.  ttilt;  i  connect,  and 
sutf.  -fy.}  To  raise,  as  on  stilts. 

"Cushioned  and  stiWftea  into  gnat  fat  giants."— 
Keade  :  Cloister  A  Hearth,  ch.  Ixy. 

Stil'-t6n,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A*  As  adj.  :  Applied  to  a  highly-esteemed, 
solid,  rich,  white  cheese,  originally  made  at 
Stilton,  in  Huntingdonshire,  but  now  chiefly 
made  in  Leicestershire. 

B.  As  subst.  :  Stilton  cheese.    [A.] 

*stflt'-fc  o.  [Eng.  stilt;  -y.}  Stilted,  In- 
flated, pompons,  bombastic. 

Stirno,  s.  [Cf.  A.S.  stima=&  gleam,  bright- 
ness.) A  glimpse,  a  glimmer;  the  slightest 
or  faintest  form  of  anything;  the  slightest 
degree  imaginable  or  possible. 

sti'-mie,  s.    [STTMT,  «.] 

stim  part,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  eighth 
part  of  a  Winchester  bushel.  (Scotch.) 

"A.  lieaplt  xtimvart.  I'll  reserve  ane 

Laid  by  for  you." 
Burns:  Auld  Farmer  to  hit  Auld  Hare. 

fltlm'-u-lant,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  rfimuJans,  pr. 
j«ar.  of  stimulo  =  to  stimulate  (q.v.);  Fr. 
stimulant.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Serving  to  stimulate  ;  inciting, 
provocative  ;  specif.,  in  medicine,  producing 
a  quickly  diffused  and  transient  increase  of 
vital  energy  and  strength  of  action  in  the 
heart  and  arteries. 

"The  solution  of  copper  In  the  nitrons  add  is  the 
most  acrid  and  itimutunt  of  any  with  whicb  we  are 
acq  mil  u  ted."—  Falco  ner. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Anything  which  stimulates, 
Incites,  or  provokea  ;  a  stimulus,  a  spur. 

"Thefrfvoloun  and  dissolute  who  reiaaJned  reqnired 
every  ycur  »tr<»ihKr  »od  •broiiger  tttmuluatt.'  —  Ma- 


.          ... 

2.  Pharm.  (Pi.):  Agents  which  Increase 
vital  action,  first  in  the  organ  to  which  they 
are  applied,  and  next  in  the  system  generally. 
Stimulants  are  of  three  kinds,  stomachic, 
vascular,  and  spinal.  The  name  is  popularly 
restricted  to  the  first  of  these,  which  act  upon 
the  stninarh,  expelling  flatulence,  besides 
allaying  pain  and  sj>asm  of  the  intestines. 
They  are  also  called  carminntives.  Examples  : 
ginger,  capsicum  and  chillies,  cardamoms, 
mustard,  pepper,  nutmeg,  <tc.  Some  vascular 
stimulants  act  on  the  heart  and  the  larger 
vessels,  others  on  the  smaller  ones.  Of  the 
first  are  free  ammonia,  alcohol  in  the  form  of 
brnndy  or  wine,  camphor,  aromatic,  Ar.  Of 
the  latter  are  acetate  of  ammonia,  guiacum, 
sassafras,  &c.  Spinal  stimulants  increase  the 
function  of  the  spinal  cord.  Examples  :  mix 


vomica,  strychnia,  cantharides,  phosphorus, 
&e.    (Garrod.) 

stim'-u-late,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat  stimulatus,  pa, 
par.  of  stimulo  =  to  prick  forward,  to  stimu- 
late, from  stimulus  (for  stig»iulus)  =  &  goad, 
from  the  same  root  as  stick,  sting  ;  Fr.  stimu- 
ler;  Sp.  estimular;  Ital.  stlmolart.} 

A.  Transit  Ice: 

1.  To  prick,  to  goad  ;  hence,  to  rouse,  ani- 
mate, or  excite  to  action  or  greater  exertion 
by  persuasion  or  some  powerful  motive  ;   to 
spur  on,  to  incite,  to  urge  on. 

"That  crisis  would  have  paralysed  the  faculties  of  an 
ordinary  captain  :  it  only  ETMM  »ud  ttimulu'eU  those 
of  Luxemburg."—  Alacaulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xix. 

2,  To  excite  or  arouse  greater  vitality  or 
keenness  in  ;  specif.,  in  medicine,  to  produce 
a  quickly-diffused  and  transient  increase  of 
vital  energy  and  strength  of  action  in  ;  to  ex- 
cite the  organic  action  of,  as  any  part  of  the 
animal  economy. 

B.  Intrtuis.  :  To  act  as  a  stimulus  ;  to  goad 
or  urge  on  ;  to  instigate. 

"  tlrg'd  by  the  stimulating  goad, 
I  drag  the  cumbrous  waggom'a  lotul." 

Qay  :  To  a  Poor  Man. 

stim  u-la  tion,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  stimu- 
lationem,  accus.  of  stimulatio,  from  stimulatut, 
pa.  par.  of  stimulo  =to  stimulate  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  stimulating  or 
exciting;  the  state  of  being  stimulated  ;  that 
which  stimulates  ;  a  stimulus. 

"  The  secret  stimulation  of  vanity,  pride,  or  envy.* 
—  Watts:  OnthfAHnd.fi.  l.c\>.  v. 

2.  Phystol.  :  A  quickly  diffused  and  transient 
increase  of  vital  energy. 

*  stim'-u-la-tive,  a.  &  s.  [Eng.  stimulate); 
•ive.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Having  the  power  or  quality  of 
stimulating. 

B.  As  subst.  :    That  which    stimulates   or 
rouses  into  more  vigorous  action  ;  a  stimulant, 
a  stimulus. 

"  So  many  ttlmulatleet  to  such  a  spirit  a*  mine."— 
Ru-hardson  :  Ciariaa,  i.  225. 

stim'-u-la-tor,  s.  [Lat.]  One  who  stima- 
liites. 


. 
•ress.}    A*  female  who  stimulates  or  incites. 

stlm'-u-li,  5.  pi.    [SriMULOs.] 

stun'-u-lose,  a.    [Lat  gtimulosus.] 
But.  :  Covered  with  stings  or  slimuIL 

stim'  -  ij  -  liis  (pi.  stim'-^-li),  *.    [Lat.  =  ft 

prick,  a  goad.]    [STIMULATE.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  goad  ;  hence,  that  which 
stimulates,  excites,  or  animates  to  action  or 
greater  exertion  ;  anything  that  rouses  or  ex- 
cites the  spirits  or  mind  ;  an  incitement,  a 
spur. 

"  It*  Issue,  In  the  absence  of  mercenary  or  monetary 
Stimulus,  was  stripped  of  all  Ita  attract  ioua."—  iWiif 
Telegraph,  March  13,  1887. 

n.  Technically: 

L  Bot.  (PL):  Stinging-hairs  (q.v.). 

2.  Pliarm.  :  A  stimulant. 

stl'-m^t  v.t.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Golf:  To  place  one's  ball  close  to  the  hole. 
ami  exactly  in  a  line  between  the  hole  and 
the  adversary's  ball,  so  that  the  latter,  wliose 
turn  it  is  to  play,  is  unable  to  make  the  hole 
without  touching  the  first  ball.  [STivv.J 

"Kirk  once  more  stimifd  MacOregor."—  Field,  Sept. 
4,  138«. 

sti  my,  sti'-mfe,  «.    [STIMY,  v.} 

Go</";  The  position  of  a  ball  as  described 
under  the  verb. 

"  Doleman  .  .  .  laid  his  opponent  a  dead  **n4**— 
Field,  Sept  4,  1886. 

*stingh,  v.t.    [STANCH.] 


,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  ftintjan  (pa,  t.  stang,  pa. 
par.  stungen);  cogn.  with  Dan.  stiitge;  tiw. 
ttinga;  Icel.  stinga.] 

A.  Transitive: 

I.  Literally: 

1.  To  pierce  or  wound  with  a  sting,  or  the 
sharp-pointed  organ  with  which  certain  ani- 
mals and  plants  are  furnished  ;  to  poison  or 
goad  with  a  sting. 

2.  Applied  improperly  to  the  biting  of  A 
serpent  or  the  like  ;  to  bite. 

"  Anon<>  tb«  oeders  gonna  her  for  to  tthtm. 
And  ah*  her  death  recelueth  with^-nxf  chpre.* 
Chaucir  :  Legend  of  ffot^t  Wumen  ;  Cl*")**ir*. 


b6y;  poftt,  JiSirt;  «»t,  9en,  chorus,  $hin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophou,  ojcist. 
-  1  ian  -  TKf"     -tlon.  -sion  =  fh<i"  ;  -^ion,  -§ion  =  zhun.    -clous.  -  tious,  -cious  =  siiua.    -ble,  -die,  &c, 


ing. 


«64 


sting— stink 


XL  Figuratively: 

L  To  goad,  to  prick,  to  stimulate. 

2,  To  pain  acutely,  as  with  a  sting. 

**  Not  soou  provoked,  however  ttu-n'j  and  teased." 
Cowptr :  Charity.  428. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  use  as  a  sting ;  to  wound  with  a 
sting  ;  to  bite  as  a  serpent. 

"  Ha !  It  buzzes  and  ttingt  like  a  hornet '." 

L-  nyftll'iHi :  Golden  Legend,  vt, 

2.  Fig. :  To  hurt,  to  pain,  to  bite. 

fttlng.  s.    [A.S.,  Dan.,  &  Sw.  sting;  Icel.  stingr.] 
L  Ordinary  Language; 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  It.  2. 

(2)  The  thrust  of  a  sting  into  the  flesh. 

"  Killed  by  death's  sharp  tting." 

Shakes?. :  Complaint,  134. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  That  which  goads,  excites,  or  incites ; 
ft  goad,  a  spur,  a  stimulus. 

"They  never  worked  till  they  felt  the  ttiny  of 
hunger.  —  Jiacaulay:  Bitt.  ling.,  ch.  vi 

(2)  Anything  which  gives  acute  pain. 

"  Slander,  whose  ttiny  la  sharper  than  the  sword's." 
SHaJcetp. .-  Winter  t  Tale,  it  8. 

*(3)  That  which  constitutes  the  principal 
terror  and  pain.  (1  Corinthians  xv.  56.) 

(4)  The  biting,  sarcastic,  or  nutting  effect 
Of  words  ;  the  point,  as  of  an  epigram. 

"  It  is  not  the  jerk,  or  tting  of  an  epigram,  nor  the 
Mem  ing  contradiction  of  a  poor  antithesis."— Dryden. 
(Toad.) 

*  (5)  An  impulse,  a  goad,  a  stimulus,  a  spur. 
"  The  wanton  ttings  and  motion  of  the  sense." 

Shaketp.  :  feature  for  Xeaturt,  L  4. 

P.  Technically : 

L  Bot. :  A  stinging  hair  (q.v.). 

2.  Entom. :  A  weapon  of  defence,  concealed 
within  the  abdomen  in  bees,  wasps,  &c.  [Acu- 
LEATA],  and  capable  of  exsertion,  or  forming 
part  of  the  last  joint  of  the  tail  in  scorpions. 
[SCORPION.]  The  sting  of  the  bee  appears 
to  the  naked  eye  a  simple  needle-shaped 
organ ;  but  the  microscope  shows  that  it  is 
formed  of  three  pieces :  a  short,  stout,  cylin- 
drico-conical  sheath  containing  two  setae,  or 
lancets,  one  edge  thickened  and  furnished 
with  teeth  directed  backwards,  the  other  sharp 
and  cutting.  The  poison  apparatus  consists 
of  two  glandular  elongated  sacs,  and  terminates 
by  one  or  two  excretory  ducts.  Morphologi- 
cally viewed,  a  sting  is  an  altered  oviduct. 

IF  The  term  sting  is  sometimes  inaccurately 
used  of  the  bite  of  a  venomous  serpent,  and 
Of  the  forked  tongue  of  snakes. 

"  Beware  the  secret  snake  that  shoots  a  tting" 
Dry  den  :  Virgil ;  Eel.  lit  146. 

sting  and  ling,  pkr. 

1.  By  force  of  arms,  vi  et  amis.    (Scotch.) 

"  Unless  he  had  been  brought  there  fling  and  lino.' 
— Sc-j«  :  Antiquary,  cb,  xllv. 

2.  Entirely,  completely. 
sting-bull,  s. 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  tor  TracMnus 
draco,  from  the  painful  effects  of  a  prick  from 
the  spines  of  the  dorsal  fin  and  of  the  oper- 
culum,  which  are  supposed  to  be  sharp  enough 
to  pierce  a  bull's  bide.  {Wood.) 

Sting-fish,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Trachinus  vipera,  common  on  the 
British  coasts.  Called  also  Otter-pike  and 
Lesser  Weever. 

•ting  moth,  s. 

Entom. :  Doratifera  vulnerans,  from  New 
South  Wales.  The  larva  is  furnished  with 
protuberances  on  the  head  and  on  the  tail, 
from  which  it  projects  slight  filaments,  capable 
of  piercing  the  skin  and  causing  painful 
wounds,  (Wood.) 

sting  nettle,  s.    [NETTLE,  «.] 

•ting-ray,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Try- 
eonklae  (q.v.)  ;  specif.,  Trygon  pastinaca,  from 
tropical  seas.  The  tail  is  armed  in  its  middle 
portion  with  a  sharp,  flattened  bony  spine, 
serrated  on  both  sides,  projecting  upwards 
and  backwards,  and  capable  of  inflicting  a 
Tery  severe  and  dangerous  wound. 

sting-winkle,  s. 

ZooL :  Murex  erinaceus.     [MUREX,  1.] 

*tln  ga  ree',  s.    [STING-RAT.] 

•tlng'-er,  s.    [Eng.  sting,  T.  ;  -«r.]    One  who 
or  that  which  stings,  rexes,  or  gives  pain ;  a 


heavy  blow.  Applied  to  the  sting  of  an  in- 
sect [STINQ,  *.,  II,],  and,  erroneously,  to  the 
forked  tongue  of  snakes. 

Stlng'-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  stingy;  -ly.]  In  a 
stingy  manner ;  with  mean  covetousuess ; 
meanly,  covetously  ;  in  a  niggardly  manner. 

Sting' -1-ness,  «.  [Eng.  stingy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  stingy;  meanness, 
covetousness,  niggardliness. 

"  To  make  amends  for  his  ttlrtyincti  in  the  matter." 
— Johtmin  ;  Jioctet  A'ottinghamica,  p.  19. 

Sting -ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [STING,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Piercing  with  or  as  with  a 
ating;  causing  acute  pain  ;  sharp,  keen,  biting. 

"  He  wrapped  her  warm  in  his  seaman's  coat, 
Against  the  ttinying  blast" 

Longfellow :   Wreck  of  the  Htsperut. 

2.  Bot. :  Covered  with  hairs  which  sting  the 
band  that  touches  them.     Used  of  a  leaf,  a 
plant,  &e,    [STINGING-HAIR.] 

stinging  -"bush,  s. 

Bot. :  Jatropha  stimulans.    (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

stinging-hair,  s. 

Bot.  (PI):  Sharp,  stiff  hairs,  containing  an 
acrid  fluid  which  is  injected  into  the  wound 
which  they  produce;  stimuli  (q.v.).  Example, 
the  nettle,  in  which  the  apex  is  expanded  into 
a  little  bulb,  which  is  broken  off  when  the 
sting  is  slightly  touched. 

s  t  i  ngins  hy  menop  ter  a,  s.  pi. 
Entom. :  The  Aculeata  (q.v.). 

Sting-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  stinging;  -ly.]  In 
a  stinging  manner ;  sharply,  keenly,  bitingly ; 
with  biting  sarcasm. 

"But  who  is  the  critic f  Disraeli  says,  ttinffinyfy, 
"The  man  who  baa  failed,'  and  who  tries  to  avenge 
himself  upon  those  who  succeed. "—Jfarper't  if-iga- 
**nc,  July.  1886,  p.  SU. 

sting1 -less,  *  sting  lease,  a.  [Eng.  sting  t 
s.  ;  -less.]  Having  no  sting;  destitute  of  a 
sting ;  innocuous. 

*'  What  harm  can  there  be  In  a  itingleue  snake!"— 
Bishop  Hull :  Balm  of  Oilead. 

stin  -go,  *  styn-go,  *.  [From  sting,  v.,  in 
allusion  to  its  sharp,  biting  taste.]  Strong 
ale,  old  ale. 

"*  Thys  Pranklyn,  ayrs,  he  brewed  goode  ayle. 
And  he  called  it  rare  goode  ttyngo." 

Barham  ;  Ingaldtby  Leg. ;  St.  toinxton. 

Sting'- f  (I),  a.  [Eng.  sting,  v.  ;  -y.]  Having 
power  to  sting  or  produce  pain  ;  stinging. 

Sting1-^  (2),  o.  [Eng.  sting;  -y;  cf.  suring  and 
swinge;  but  cf.  also  skinch  =  to  stint.] 

1.  Extremely  close-fisted  and  covetous ; 
meanly  avaricious,  niggardly,  miserly. 

"  No  little  art  Is  made  use  of  to  persuade  them  (my 
servants)  that  I  am  itinyy,  and  that  my  place  is  the 
worst  iu  the  town." — Knox:  Euay  166. 

*  2.  Scanty;  not  full  or  abundant:  as,  a 
stingy  harvest. 

Stink,  *  Stlnck,  *  stinke  (pa,  t  stank,*  stonk, 
stunk,  pa.  par.*  stonken,  stunk),  v.i.  &  t.  [A. 8. 
stincan  (pa.  t.  stanc,  stone,  pa,  par.  stuncen); 
cogn.  with  Dut.  stinken;  Icel.  stokkva;  Dan. 
stinke;  Sw.  stinka;  Goth,  stiggkioan;  Ger. 
stinken.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  Lit. :  To  emit  an  offensive  or  noisome 
smell ;  to  send  out  a  disgusting  odour. 

"  Exhale  out  filthy  sraoak  and  pinking  steams." 
Bithop  Hall :  Satire*,  i.  3. 

2.  Fig. :   To   be  offensive ;   to  be  in   bad 
odour  or  reputation. 

"  Put  soth  it  is  that  swlche  profered  service 
Stinketh."  Cfctucer :  C.  T.t  I6.4M. 

B.  Trans. :   To  annoy  with  an   offensive 
smell. 

stink,  *  stinke,  *  stynke,  *.    [STINK,  v.] 

1.  A  strong,  offensive  smell ;  a  disgusting 
odour ;  a  stench. 

"  They  are  the  most  contemptible  people,  and  have 
a  kind  of  fulsom  scent,  no  better  than  a  ttink,  that 
distingriisheth  them  from  others." — Howell;  Lettert, 
bk.  i.,  let.  14. 

2.  A  disagreeable  exposure.    (Slang.) 

Stink-ball,  s.  A  combustible  prepara- 
tion, composed  of  pitch,  rosin,  nitre,  gun- 
powder, colophony,  assafoetida,  sulphur,  &c. 
It  emits  a  suffocating  smoke  and  smell,  and  is 
thrown  among  working  parties,  or  on  an 
enemy's  deck  at  close  quarters.  Still  used  by 
the  Chinese  and  Malay  pirates. 


stink-stone,  s. 

Min. :  A  bituminous  limestone  which  givM 
off  a  fetid  odour  when  struck. 

stink-tree,  s. 

Bot.  :  Viburnum  Opulus.  So  called  because 
the  wood,  when  green,  and  the  fruit,  when 
kept  too  long,  emit  an  unpleasant  odour. 

stink-wood,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Oreodaphne,  and  spec.  (1) 
Oreodaphne  bullata ;  (2)  Fcetidia  mauritiana; 
(3)  Zieriamacrophylla. 

Stink' -ard,  s.    [Eng.  stink;  -ard.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  mean,  paltry  fellow. 

"No  matter,  ttinkurdt,  row."    Ben  Jonton:  Yoyai 

2.  Zool. :  [MYDAUS,  TELEDU]. 

Stink -er,  s.     [Eng.  stink;  -er.]    One  who  < 
that  which  stinks;   something  intended 
offend  by  the  foul  smell ;  a  stinkpot. 

"The  air  may  be  purified  by  burning  of  stinkpot!  Q- 
ttinktn  In  contagious  lanes."—  Harvey. 

Stink' -horn,  s.  [Eng.  stink,  and  horn.  Named 
from  its  shape  and  from  its  offensive  odour. 
(Prim-.)] 
Bot. :  Phallus  impudicus. 

Stink' -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [STINK,  v.} 
stinking-badger,  s.    [MYDAUS.] 
stinking-cedar,  s. 

Bot.  :  Torreya  taxifolia,  &  tree  from  Florida. 
So  called  because  it  lias  a  strong  and  peculiar 
odour  when  burnt  or  bruised.  The  wood  U 
not  attacked  by  insects. 

stinking  -gladdon,  s  t  Inking- glad- 
wyn,*. 

Bot. :  Iris  f&tidissima. 
stinking-horehound,  *. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Ballota,  and  spec.  Ballota 
nigra. 

stinking-mayweed,  s. 

Bot.  :  Anthemis  Cotula,  a  corymbosely 
branched  composite  plant,  with  glandular- 
dotted  leaves ;  occurring  in  cultivated  fields 
in  Britain,  where  it  is  a  troublesome  weed. 
Watson  considers  it  a  colonist.  It  is  acrid 
and  emetic,  and  the  leaves  blister  the  band. 

stinking-polecat,  s. 

Bot. :  Phallus  impudicus.    (Treas.  of  Bot.) 
stinking-vervain,  * 
Bot.  :  Petiveria  aUiacea. 
stinking-weed,  s. 
Bot. :  Cassia  occidentalis, 
stinking- wood,  *. 

Bot. :  (1)  Anagyris  fcetida  ;  (2)  Cassia  ooci- 
dentalis. 

stinking-yew,  «. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Torreya.  [STINKING -CEDAR.] 

Stink  -Irig-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  stinking ;  -ly.]  In 
a  stinking  or  disgusting  manner;  disgustingly. 

"Canst  thoQ  believe  thy  living  is  a  life. 
So  stinkingly  depend  ing?" 

Snaketp.  :  Jfeeuurefor  Meantrt,  iii  1. 

Stihk'-pot,  s.     [Eng.  stink,  and  pot.] 

1.  A  vessel  used  by  the  Chinese  and  Malay 
pirates  to  throw  on  board  a  ship  to  suffocate 
the  crew. 

*  2.  A  vessel,  pot,  or  jar  full  of  stinking 
materials. 

*  3.  A  disinfectant. 

"The  air  may  be  purified  by  fires  of  pitch  barrels, 
especially  In  close  places,  by  burning  of  ttinkpoft."— 
ffareey. 

stink  -trap,  s.  [Eng.  stink,  and  trap.]  A 
contrivance  to  prevent  the  escape  of  effluvia 
from  the  openings  of  drains ;  a  stench-trap. 

stint,  (l)  *stinte,  *stynt,  v.t.  &  i.    [A.  8. 
styntan  =  lit.,  to  make  dull,  hence  to  stop, 
from  stunt  —  dull,  obtuse  ;    Icel.  stytta  =  to 
shorten,   from  stuttr  =  short,   stunted ;    Sw.  - 
dial.  stynta  =  to  shorten,  from  stunt  =  small, 
short ;  Norw.  stytta,  stutta  =  to  shorten,  from 
stutt  =  short] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  stop ;  to  cause  to  stop ;  to  pot  an 
end  to. 

"  The  Reve  answered  and  salde.  Stint  thy  clappe." 
Chaucer:  C.  T..  3,144. 

*  2.  To  spare,  to  omit. 

"  Mount  thee  on  the  wightest  steed  ; 
Spare  not  to  spur,  nor  ttint  to  ride. 

Soott :  Lay  of  the  LaXt  Minttrtt,  L  * 


!5,te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  Her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pSt 
«r.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian*    w,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  »;  «u  =  kw. 


stint— stipulation 


4465 


«.  To  restrain  within  certain  limits ;  to 
bound,  to  confine,  to  limit;  to  restrict  to  a 
•canty  allowance. 

"The  river.  Hinted  in  it»  supplies,  ran  at  a  very  low 
level."-CAumo<rJ-  Journal,  July,  187»,  p.  Mi. 

4   To  serve.    (Said  of  mares.) 
•'•The  mares  would  have  foaled  and  been  stinted 
again. "—«<*(.  March  IS.  1588. 

•  B.  Intrans. :  To  stop,  to  cease,  to  leave 

°ff'"But  I  will  never  ainl.  nor  rest  until  I  have  got 
the  fill  and  «act  kii..wl«dje  hereof."-Sir  T.  More. 
Utopia ;  tiitei  to  Builidt, 

•tint  (2),  ft*.  [STENT(2),  s.]  To  assign  a  cer- 
tain task  or  labour  to,  on  the  completion  of 
which  the  person  employed  is  excused  for  the 
day  or  for  a  certain  time. 

•tint  (1), "  stynt,  s.    [STINT  (1),  ft] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Limit,  bound,  restriction. 

••Without  being  ever  able  to  come  to  any  stop  or 
«i«l."-ioct«:  Jlinnan  Understand. ,  bk.  lu,  ch.  mi. 

2.  Ornith. :    A  popular  name  for   several 
ipecics  of  the  genus  Tringa  (q.v.).    The  Stint, 
•  Common  Stiut  (T.  alpina),  is  known  also 
U  the  Dunlin  (q.v.),  Purre,  Churr,  Ol-bird, 
and  Sea-snipe.     Many  species  are  known  as 
Sandpipers.    Of  United  States  species  may  be 
mimed  the  American  Stiut  (T.  m.ni«Mla),  and 
the  Solitary  Sandpiper  (T.  solitanus). 

-  In  the  Household  Book!  of  th«  L-Estiange  family. 
and  0°  the  Duke  of  Northumberland   St,nta  ^  seen, ,  to 
nave  varied  from  a  dozen  to  sir  for  a  penny,  but 
Jfveral "i  the  smaller  spade,  were  eomprta.d  under 
this  MUM."— J&rrrfl:  Brit.  Blrdl  (ed.  4th).  UL  W8. 
H  Common  without  stint : 
Law   An    unmeasured   right  of  common 
lasting  all  the  year,  and  permitting  a  com- 
moner to  put  an  unlimited  number  of  cattle 
upon  the  common.    It  is  possible  in  law,  but 
«ry  rarely  exists,  being  ultimately  cut  short 
by  admeasurement  (q.v.). 

•tint  (2)    «.     [STINT  (2),  ft]    A  quantity  as- 
Signed;  proportion  ;  allotted  task  or  perform- 
ance. 

"  Whilst    In   Birmingham   and  other  workhouses 
able-bodied  men  were  required  to  pick  sib.  of  beate 
or  4  Ib.  of  unbeaten  oakum,  the  tttnt  In  the  waltal 
workhouse  wa»  only  41b.  of  beat«n."-«*o.  Jan.  27. 
1884. 

•«tint-an9e,  «.     [Eng.  s«n<;   -ante.]    Re- 

•traint,  stoppage,  stint. 

"I  shall   weep   without   any  stintance." -London 
Prodigal.  I.  L    (M05.) 

Stint  -ed,  pa  par.  or  a.    [STINT  (1),  ft] 
•tint-ed-nSss,!.    [Eng.  stt«<«i ;  -ness.]  The 

quality  or  state  of  being  stinted. 
*  gtint'-er,  s.    [Eng.  stint  (1),  v. ;  -«r.]    One 

who  or  that  which  stints. 

"The  erent  hlnderer  and  stinttr  ol  If— SouOi: 
Strmont,  vol.  ii..  aer.  3. 

•tint-ing, «.   [Eng.  stint  (1),  s. ;  -ing.]  Stint, 
restriction. 

••tint-less,  a.  [Eng.  stint(l),  s. ;  -less.]  With- 
out stint ;  unstinted. 

"  Th«  sHnOal  loan  ol  old  Heraclitm" 

Martton.    ( Webster.] 

»ti  -pa,  s.  [Gr.  <rrom\  (stupe)  =  tow.) 

Bot  •  Feather-grass  ;  the  typical  genns  of 
Stipese  (q.v.).  Inflorescence  an  erect,  some- 
what contracted  panicle;  spikelets  one- 
Dowered  ;  glumes  two,  membranaceous,  larger 
than  the  floret,  outer  one  involute,  with  a  very 
long,  twisted  awn,  which  finally  separates  at 

•  joint  near  it*  base.    Steudel  describes  104 
•pecies.    They  are  widely  distributed,  but  are 
most  abundant  in  warm    countries.      Shpa 
pennata  is  the  Common  Feather-grass.    It  has 
rigid,  setaceous,  grooved  leaves,  and  exceed- 
ingly long  awns,  feathery  at  the  point.    It  is 
very  ornamental  in  gardens  in  summer,  and 
if  gathered  before  the  seeds  are  ripe  it  retains 
its  long  feathery  awns,  and  is  sometimes  dyed 
of  various  colours  and  used  for  decorative 
purposes. 

Stipe,  sti-pes,  «.      [Lat.   «ttpw  =  a  log,  a 
stock,  the  trunk  of  a  tree.] 
Botany : 
L  The  petiole  of  a  fern. 

2.  The  stalk  supporting   the  pileus  of  a 
fungal. 

3.  The  caudex  of  an  endogen,  especially  of 
a  palm. 

•ti'-pe-ee,  ».  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  Mp(a) ;  Lat.  fern, 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -eoz.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Grasses. 


sti'-pel,s.    [STIPULE.] 

Bot  (PI):  Stipules  at  the  base  of  each 
leaflet  of  a  pinnated  leaf  in  addition  to  the 
two  at  the  base  of  the  common  petiole. 

sti  -pond,  s.  [Lat.  stipendium  (for  sftppen- 
dium  or  lOaipaMttm,  from  slips,  gcmt. 
stipis  =  small  coin,  and  pendo  =  to  weigh  out) ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  estipendio;  Ital.  stipendio.]  A 
periodical  payment  for  services  rendered ;  an 
annual  salary  or  allowance,  especially  the 
income  of  an  ecclesiastical  benefice,  and  in  the 
Roman  Church  the  sum  which  a  priest  may 
demand  for  saying  mass  for  aspeeial  intention. 
In  Scotland,  a  term  applied  specilically  to  the 
provision  made  for  the  support  of  the  parochial 
minister  of  the  Established  Church.  It  con- 
sists of  payments  made  in  money  or  grain,  or 
both  varying  in  amount  according  to  the 
extent  of  the  parish,  and  the  state  of  the  free 
teinds,  or  of  any  other  fund  specially  set  apart 
for  the  purpose. 

"  It  Is  evident,  therefore,  that  an  official  man  would 
have  been  well  paid  if  he  had  received  a  fourth  or  fifth 
part  of  what  would  now  be  an  adequate  stipend.  — 
Macaulay  :  ///If.  £ng.,  ch.  UL 

*Bti'-pSnd,ftt.    [STIPEND,  «.]    To  pay  by  a 

settled  stipend,  salary,  or  allowance. 

"I,  air.  am  a  physician ;  and  am  stlpended to  this 
Island  to  be  so  to  the  goveruoura  of  It.  — Xfieiton. 
Don  Quixote,  ch.  xl vii. 

»stl-pen-dar'-i-an,  a.  [Eng.  stipend; 
-arian.]  Mercenary,  hired;  acting  from 
mercenary  motives ;  stipendiary. 

•Btl-pSn-dl-ar'-i-an,  a.  [Eng.  stipendiary ; 

-an.]    Acting  from  mercenary  motives;  lured 

stipendiary. 
•ti-pSn'-dl-a-rjf,  o.  &  «.    [Lat.  stipendiaries, 

from    stipendium  =  a    stipend    (q.v.);    Fr. 

stipendiaire.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Receiving  pay,  wages,  or  salary ; 
performing   services  for  a  fixed  stipend  or 
salary. 

"Tto*  usual  pay  of  a  curate  or  of  a  stipendiary 
parUhprleaf-SmilA :  WealUte/Jfations, bk. L, oh. X. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  One  who  performs  services  for  a  settled 
stipend,  payment,  or  allowance. 

"  If  tbou  art  become 
A  tyrant's 


sti-plt'-i-form,  o.    [STIPIFOHM.] 
Bat. :  Resembling  a  stalk  or  stem. 

stip  pie,  v.f.  [Dut.  stippekn  =  to  speckle,  to 
cover  with  dots,  from  s!ip)wl=a  speckle, 
dimin.  from  stip  =  a  poiut ;  Dut.  &  Ger.  slip- 
pea  =  to  make  dots  or  points ;  Dut.  stip;  Low 
Ger.  stippe=  a  dot,  a  point.] 

1.  Engrav. :  To  engrave  by  means  of  dots, 
as  distinguished  from  engraving  in  lines. 

2.  Paint. :    To  paint  by  means  of   small 
touches   rather   than    by  broad  touches  01 
washes. 

"  Those  who  colour  and  ttipple  tbeir  pictures  to  the 
semblance    of    highly-finished    miniatures.  —Daih 
,  18M. 


2.  A  stipendiary  magistrate  (q.v.). 

»  n.  Law :  A  feudatory  who  owed  service 
to  his  lord. 

stipendiary  estate,  s. 

Law :  A  feud  or  estate  granted  In  return  for 
services,  generally  of  a  military  kind. 

stipendiary-magistrate,  «.  A  paid 
magistrate  acting  in  large  towns,  and  ap- 
pointed by  the  Home  Secretary  on  behalf  of 
the  Crown. 


*Bti-p6n-dI-ate,».t.  [STIPEND.]  Oloendow 
with  a  stipend  or  salary. 

"Piofemorm  KipeniiaUd  by  the  groat  cardinal."— 
ftclyn.-  mart.  Sept  u,  16M. 

•  sti'-p6nd-l«8B,  o.  [Eng.  stipend;  -less.] 
Having  no  stipend,  allowance,  or  compensa- 
tion. 

stl'-per-stone,  «.  [A.8.  stipe*  =  a  pillar  (?), 
and  Eng.  stone.] 

Geoo.  (PI.):  The  local  name  of  natural 
quartzose  eminences  forming  the  summits 
of  the  hills  flanking  the  mining  district  of 
Shelve,  at  heights  varying  from  1,500  to  1,600 
feet.  (Murchison.) 

Btiperstone  group,  s. 

deal. :  The  lowest  beds  of  the  Lower  Silu- 
rian. Called  also  the  Arenig  group. 

sti'-peo,  «.    [STIPE.] 

stip  i-form,  a.  [Lat.  stipes,  genit.  sttpitls  =  a 

trunk,  and  forma,  =  form.] 
Bat  :    Having  an  unbranched  trunk  like 

that  of  an  endogenous  tree,  as  the  Papaw. 

Stip'-l-tate,   a.     [Lat.  stipes,  genit.  stipitis 
=  the  trunk  of  a  tree.] 

Bat  •  Elevated  on  a  stalk  which  is  neither  a 
petiole  nor  a  peduncle  ;  furnished  with  a  stipe. 

Stip-ito.  s.  [Lat.  stip(es)  =  a  trunk  ;  snff. 
-ite  (Mirt.).] 

•  ifin. :  A  variety  of  lignite  named  from 
the  fact  that  the  woody  texture  of  trunks  of 
trees  is  apparent. 


stip  pie,  stip'-pllng,  s.  [STIPPLE,  ft]  A 
mode  of  engraving  in  imitation  of  chalk  draw- 
ings, In  which  the  effect  is  produced  by  dots 
instead  of  lines.  Eacli  dot,  when  magnified, 
is,  however,  a  group  of  smaller  ones.  Used 
also  of  painting  [STIPPLE,  ft  2.). 

Stip  pier,  s.  [STIPPLE,  r.)  An  artist's  brush, 
used  for  stippling.  [STIPPLE,  ».  2.] 

"  A  Kippltr  made  of  bog's  hair."— CasselCl  Tedmiaal 
Educator,  pt.  xi.,  p.  804. 

Stip'-pling,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [STIPPLE,  ft] 
stippling  machine,  s. 

Metal-work. :  A  machine  or  tool  for  giving  a 
roughened,  or,  as  it  is  termed,  matted  surface 
to  metal  in  order  that  the  dead  portions  may 
form  a  foil  to  the  more  lustrous  onea. 

•  stip'-tio,  a.  &  s.    [STYPTIC.] 
Stip'-n-la  (pi.  stip'-u-l8B),  ».    [STIPTJLB.] 
stip-u-la'-ceous  (ce  as  ah),  a.    [Eng. 

etipuUf);  -acorns.) 
Bot. :  Occupying  the  place  of  stipules,  u 

the  prickles  at  the  base  of  the  petiole  in 

Paliurus  australis. 

stip'-n-lar,  n.    [Eng.  stipul(e);  -or.] 

Bot. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  standing  in  the 
place  of  stipules. 
stipular  buds,  s.  pi. 
Bat. :  A  bud  enveloped  by  the  stipules,  ai 
are  those  of  the  Tulip-tree. 
Stip'-u-lar-jf,  a.    [Eng.  stipul(e);  -ory.J 
Bot. :  Relating  to  stipules ;  stipular. 

•tip'-n-late,  ftt.  &  t.  [Lat  stipulate  pa- 
par,  of  ««putor=to  settle  an  agreement,  to 
bargain ;  lit.  =  to  make  fast,  from  O.  Lat 
stipulus  =  fast,  firm  ;  allied  to  slipes  =  a  post; 
Frf  stipuler;  Sp.  &  Port,  estipular ;  ItaL 
stipulare.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  make  a  bargain,  agreement, 
or  covenant  with  any  person  or  persons  to  do 
or  to  forbear  to  do  any  thing  ;  to  bargain,  to 
contract,  to  make  terms.     (Often    followed 
by  for :  as,  To  stipulate  for  a  longer  time.) 

"The  parties  stipulating  must  both  possess  thj 
liberty  0?  assent  and  relusaL"-/>oi«» :  Moral  Pltito- 
tophy,  bk.  lv..  ch.  lii. 

B.  Trans. :   To    settle    by   agreement   or 
covenant :  to  arrange. 

"Those  article,  which  were  a\Pulal'd  In  Unix 
favour."— Bovell :  Letters,  bk.  i..  let.  20. 

Stlp'-n-late,  o.    [Eng.  stipuKe);  -art.] 

Bot. :  Having  stipules  on  it. 
stiiy-u-lat-ed,  a.    [STIPULATE,  ».]     Agreed 
on,  contracted,  covenanted,  bargained  ;  deter- 
mined by  stipulation  :   as,  He  finished  the 
work  in  the  stipulated  time. 
stipulated  damage,  s. 
Law :  Liquidated  damage  (q.v.). 
Stlp-u-la'-tion,  s.     [Fr.,from  Lat.  stipnla- 
t£nem,  accus.  of  stipulatio,  from  ttipulatut, 
pa  par.  of  stipulor  =  to  stipulate  (q.v.)  ;  bp. 
estipulacion  ;  Ital.  stipulations.] 
i  Ordinary  Language : 
1    The  act  of  stipulating,  bargaining,  agree- 
ing! or  covenanting ;  a  bargaining,  contract- 
ing, or  agreeing. 

"Without  the  express  stipulation  of  any  other  con- 
dition."— Bp.  Hartley:  Sermons,  vol.  ilL.  aer.  42. 


on.— p.     ar  .       .      .,       .      . 

2  That  which  is  stipulated  or  agreed  on  ;  • 
contract  or  bargain;  a  particular  article, 
item,  or  condition  in  a  contract  or  covenant. 

••  Being  obliged  under  the  same  laws  and  aipula- 
H«," -Scott :  CT.rf.rtan  Lift,  pt  11..  oh.  »11L 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  The  situation  and  structure  of  the 
gtipules. 


4466 


stipulator— stitch 


2.  Laic :  An  undertaking,  in  the  nature  o 
bail,  taken  in  the  Admiralty  Courts. 

fttip'-n-la-tor,  s.   [Lat.]  One  who  stipulates 
contracts,  bargains,  or  covenants 

•tip -ale,   stip-u-la  (pi.  stip-n-lje), 

[Lat.  stipula  —  a  stalk,  stem,  or  blade  of  corn 
dim  in.  from  stipes  (q.v.).] 

Botany  (PL): 

\.  Two  small  appendages,  generally  taper 
ing  at  the  end,  situated  at  the  base  of 
petiole  on  each  side,  and  generally  of  a  les 
firm  texture  than  the  petiole  itself.  The 
either  adhere  to  the  base  of  the  petiole  or  ar 
separate ;  they  may  last  as  long  as  the  leaf 
or  fall  off  before  it.  In  texture  they  may  be 
membranous,  leathery,  or  spiny  ;  in  margi 
entire  or  laciniated.  Stipules  are  absent  i 
exogens  with  opposite  leaves,  in  some  witt 
alternate  leaves,  and  in  the  great  majority  o 
endogens.  They  are  probably  transforms 
leaves.  (OcBBE*,  BETICULUM.) 

t  2.  Appendages  at  the  base  of  the  leaves 
In  Jungermanuiacece  and  Hepatic*. 

•tlp'-uled,  a.    [Eng.  stipul(e);  -ed.) 

Bat. :  Furnished  with  stipules,  or  leafy  ap- 
pendages. 

Stir,  f.f.&t    [ A.S.  styrian  =  to  stir,  to  more , 
allied  to  Icel.  styrr  =  stir,  disturbance ;   Dut 
storen  =  to  disturb,  to  interrupt ;  Sw.  ttdm 
Ger.  storen  =  to  disturb ;   O.  H.  Ger.  stoeren 
ttoren  =  to  scatter,  to  destroy,  to  disturb.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  move ;  to  cause  to  move ;  to  cause  to 
change  place  in  any  way. 

••  He  could  not  Mr  bis  pettitoes." 

Ktiaktsp.  :  Winttr't  Tote,  Ir.  4. 

2.  To  agitate  ;  to  cause  the  particles  of,  as 
of  a  liquid,  to  change  places,  by  passing  some' 
thing  through  It ;  to  disturb. 

"My  mind  U  troubled,  like  a  fountain  stirrtd.' 

Stuiktw.  •'  Troilus  A  Cressida,  iii.  8. 

3.  To  agitate;   to   bring  into  debate;   to 
bring  forward,  to  moot,  to  start. 

"  Praerve  the  right  of  thy  place,  but  Mr  not  qu< 
Uons  of  J  url»dictl<m."— Aacon. 

4.  To  agitate,  to  disturb. 

"  I  will  Kir  him  strongly." 

Shatap.  :  Henry  Till.,  ill.  3. 

*5.  To  incite  to  action  ;   to  instigate,  to 
prompt,  to  stimulate. 

"  Stirred  by  a  painted  beauty  to  his  verse." 

StMkesp. :  Sonnet  21. 

•6.  To  excite,  to  raise ;  to  put  in  motion. 

"  To  Mr  a  mutiny  !n  the  mildest  thoughts." 

Skaketp.  :  Titus  Andronicus,  IT.  L 

*  7.  To  arouse,  to  awaken. 

"  Tis  time  to  ttir  him  from  his  tranoa" 

Shahap.  :  Taming  of  the  shrtw,  t  1. 
B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  move  one's  self;  to  change  posture, 
position,  or  place ;   to  go  or  pass  from  one 
place  to  another  in  any  way. 

"  He  listened  to  the  song. 
Ami  hardly  breathed  or  stirred." 

Longfellow  :  Golden  Ltgmd,  U. 

2.  To  make  a  disturbing  or  agitating  mo- 
tion,   as    in    liquid,    by    passing   something 
through  it 

3.  To  be  in  motion  ;  not  to  be  still ;  to 
Bustle  aljout    (Shakesp. :  Romeo  £  Jul.,  ill.  i.) 

M.  To  be  roused  ;  to  be  agitated. 

"  That  ...  for  which  the  people  stir." 

Shatetp  :  CorloltMut,  ill  L 

5.  To  be  on   foot;  to  exist,  to  occur,  to 
happen. 

"No  111  luck  tUrrioa 
But  what  lights  on  my  shoulders." 

KtuJutp. :  Htrdttua  of  P'enfce.  11L  1. 

6.  To  become  the  object  of  notice  or  con- 
versation ;  to  be  on  foot 

7.  To  be  already  out  of  bed  in  the  morning. 

"  You  an  early  Birring." 
_  _,  Btatmp.:  Kklurdlll^  lit  ». 

IT  To  stir  itp : 

1.  To  excite  ;  to  put  or  bring  into  action  ; 
to  start. 

"  I  will  *ttr  up  m  England  some  black  storm." 

Saaktsp. .  a  Henry  t'/.,  ill,  1. 

2.  To  incite,  to  animate ;  to  instigate  by  in- 
flaming passions. 

"  The  words  of  Judas  were  very  good,  and  able  to 
Mr  them  up  to  valour."— J  Xacc*t£ees  nv.  «. 

3.  To  quicken,  to  enliven;  to  make  more 
lively  or  vigorous. 

"  The  use  of  the  passions  Is  to  ttir  tsp  the  mind  and 
pnt  it  upon  action,  —^d  tison. 

4.  To  disturb :  as,  To  ttir  up  the  sediments 
of  a  liquid. 


*  stir,  s.    [IceL  styrr  =  a  disturbance,  a  stir 

[STIR,  ».] 

1.  The  state  of  being  in  motion  or  in  action 
agitation,  tumult,  bustle,  noise. 

"There  is  no  stir  or  walking  in  the  streets." 

Shakes?.  :  Julius  Ctssar,  L  S. 

2.  Public  disturbance  or  commotion ;  tumu 
tuous  or  seditious-uproar. 

".What  halloing  and  what  stir  is  this  to-day  f  " 

SJulkesp. :  Two  Oeatlrmen,  V.  4. 

3.  Agitation  of   thought ;   disturbance  o 
mind ;  excitement. 

"This  kind  of  writing  makes  an  angry  stir  In  th 
blood  it  men."— Brit.  Ijaart.  Ketitw.  BE  510.    (ms. 

Stir,  «.     [See  def.j    Sir.    (Scotch.) 


stir'-a-bdTlt,  s.  [Eng.  stir,  v.,  and  about.}  t 
dish  composed  of  oatmeal  and  water  boiled  tx 
a  certain  consistency,  or  of  oatmeal  and  drip 
ping  mixed  together  and  stirred  about  in  i 
frying-pan. 

*  Btir'-I-at-e'd,  a.     [Lat.  ttiria  =  an  icicle. 
Ornamented  with  pendants  like  icicles. 

*  stir--I-ous,  *  stir  -ri-ous,  a.    [Lat.  ttiriu 
=  an  icicle.]    Resembling  an  icicle  or  icicles 

"Thestlrtous  or  stillicfdious  dependences  of  lee."— 
Brotma:  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  U.,  &  I. 

stirk,  s.  [AS.  styrc,  styric,  a  dimin.  of  steor 
=  a  steer.)  [STEER  (1),  ».]  A  young  steer  or 
heifer  between  one  and  two  years  old. 

'JT°.  P"*"™  institution  in  instfrssm  of  every  firt 
and  stot  that  the  chief,  his  foref.itliem  and  his  clai 
had  stolen. -—StoK;  IFanrfey,  ch.  xv. 

*  Stir' -less,  a.    [Eng.  stir;  -less.]   Still;  with 
out  motion  ;  motionless. 

"But  silence,  and  a  ttirlett  breath 
Which  neither  was  of  life  nor  death." 

Byron  :  Prisoner  of  CMllvn,  U. 

Stir'-Hng-ite,  «.  [After  Stirling,  New  Jersey, 
U.S.A.] 

Min. :  (1)  The  same  as  R<EPPERIT«  (q.v.) ; 
(2)  the  same  as  STERLINOITE  (q.v.). 

1  stirp,  *  stlrpe,  i.  [Lat.  stirp,  =  a  stock.] 
Race,  family,  generation,  stock. 

"She  Is  sprong  of  noble  ftirtte  and  high." 

Chaucer  :  Court  of  Lot*. 

stirp'-i-cul-ture,  t.  [Lat.  ttirps,  genit. 
stirpis  =  a  stock,  and  Eng.  culture.]  The 
breeding  of  special  stocks  or  races. 

stirps,  i.    [Lat  =  a  stock.) 

1.  Bat. :  A  rare  or  permanent  variety,  as  the 
Bed-cabbage.    (Treas.  of  Bat.) 

2.  law :  The  person  from  whom  a  family  IB 
descended  ;  family,  kindred. 

stir--rage  (age  as  Ig), *.  [Eng.  Mr ;  -aye.] 
The  act  of  stirring  ;  stir. 

"Every  small  stirragt  waketh  them."—  eranatr: 

u»  Aw/ft.,  p.  820. 

Stir  -rer,  s.    [Eng.  stir,  v. ;  -«r.) 

1.  One  who  stirs  or  is  in  motion. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  stirs  or  puts  in 
motion;  specif.,  an  instrument  to  keepa  solu- 
tion or  the  like  from  settling,  or  to  mix  more 
completely  the  ingredients  of  a  mixture. 

3.  An  exciter,  inciter,  or  instigator. 

"These  uglie  Oirreri  of  rebellion."— sir  J.  Chcte  • 
Bun  of  Sedition. 

4.  One  who  rises  in  the  morning. 

"  An  early  stlrrer."—Slutli-tp.  :  2  aearf  IT.,  11. 1 

Stirrer-up,  s.    An  inciter,  an  instigator. 

"An  Industrious  stirrtr.up  of  duubta."— AUerttsn  • 
Sermons,  vol.  Iii..  ser.  8. 

Stir' -ring,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [SriB,  ».J 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verbX 

B.  As  adjective: 

L  Being  constantly  In  motion ;  bustling 
about ;  characterized  by  stir  or  bustle ;  active, 
energetic  ;  accustomed  to  a  busy  life. 

2.  Animating, rousing, exciting, stimulating. 

"  But  now.  the  itlrring  verse  we  hear 
Like  trump  in  dying  soldier's  ear  r 

Scott :  Aotefrv,  V.  at 

C.  A  s  substantive: 

1.  The  act  of  moving  or  setting  in  motion  ; 
the  state  of  being  in  motion. 

2.  Impulse,  stimulus,  prompting. 

"It  feels  not  now  the  tttrrlngt  of  desire." 

CmoV .  Tola  of  the  Baa,  vllt 

ttr'-rfip,  *  stir-op,  *  stir  rop,  *  frtlr- 
r«pe,  *  sty -rop,  •  sty-rope,  s.  [For  sty- 
rupe,  from  AS.  stirap,  stigrdp,  from  stigan  = 


to  climb,  to  mount,  and  rdp  =  a  rope  the 
original  stirrup  Iwiug  merely  a  ro|*  for  mount- 
ing into  the  saddle  ;  O.  Dut.  stegel-reep,  sttegh. 
reep,  from  slijgeii  =  to  mount,  and  reep  =  a 
rope ;  Icel.  slig-reip.  from  stlga,  and  rein  • 
Ger.  stegreif,  from  ttelgtn,  aud  reif.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  leather  strap,  or  similar 
device,  suspended  from  a  saddle,  and  havin» 
at  its  lower  end  a  loop,  ring,  or  other  suitable 
appliance  for  receiving  the  foot  of  tt.e  rider, 
and  used  to  assist  him  in  mounting  a  horse  as 
well  as  to  enable  him  to  sit  steadily  in  the 
Siidi lie  while  riding,  and  also  to  relieve  him  by 
supporting  a  part  of  the  weight  of  the  body. 

"  Dundee  turned  round,  stood  un  In  his  ilirritut. 
and.  waving  i,is  hat,  iuviied  them  to  come  ou.--.uiS 

II  Stirrups  were  not  known  to  the  ancients, 
and  in  the  second  century,  B.C.,  the  highivavs 
in  and  around  ancient  Rome  were  fitted  with 
stones  to  enable  horsemen  to  mount  Stirrups 
were  introduced  about  the  fifth  century  but 
were  not  general  till  about  the  twelfth. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Carpentry ; 

(1)  A  device  for  holding  a  rafter-post  01 
strut  to  a  tie.     In  wooden  construction  it 
consists  of  a  wrouglit-iron  loop,  secured  by  a 
through  bolt  to  one  piece  and  embracing  the 
foot  of  the  other.    In  iron  framing  the  stirrup 
is  usually  wrought  on  the  tie. 

(2)  An  iron  strap  to  support  a  beam. 

2.  Machinery : 

(1)  A  band  or  strap  which  is  bent  around 
one  object  and  is  secured  to  another  by  its 
tangs  or  branches. 

(2)  The  iron  loop  or  clevis  by  which  the 
mill-saw  is  suspended  from  the  muley-head  or 
in  the  sash. 

3.  Naut. :  A  rope  with  an  eye  at  the  end 
for  supporting  a  foot-ro|«  below  its  yard. 

4.  ShipbuM. :  A  plate  which  laps  on  each 
side  of  a  vessel's  dead-wood  at  the  stem  or 
stern,  and  bolts  through  alL 

stirrup  bar,  s. 

Saddlery :  The  part  of  a  saddle  to  which  the 
stirrup-strap  is  attached. 

stirrup  cup,    stirrup-glass,    s.     A 

parting  glass  of  liquor  given  to  a  traveller 
when  he  has  mounted  his  horse  and  is  about 
to  leave. 

"  Lord  Marmions  bugles  blew  to  horse: 
Theu  came  the  stirrup-cup  In  couree." 

Scott:  Xurntion.  i.  «L 

stirrup-iron, «. 

Saddl. :  The  ring  suspended  from  a  saddle, 
and  in  which  the  loot  is  placed. 

stirrup  ladder,  ».     A  thatcher's  short 
ladder  which  is  attached  to  the  roof  by  spikes. 

stirrup  leather,  stirrup-strap,  t. 

Saddl. :  The  strap  l»y  which  the  stirrup  If 
attached  to  the  saddle. 

*  stirrup  -  oil,   s.     A  sound   thrashing 
(orig.  with  a  stirrup-leather). 


Stirrup-piece,  s.  A  name  given  to  a 
piece  of  wood  or  iron  in  framing,  by  which  any 
part  is  suspended  ;  a  vertical  or  inclined  tie. 

stirrup-strap,  s.    [STIRRCP-LEATHER.] 

stirrup-verse,  «.  A  verse  at  parting. 
(Haltimlt.) 

Stir  rup-less,  o.  [Eng.  stimp ; -less.]  With- 
out stirrups  ;  not  having  stirrup.v 

"The  equestrian  statue  of  George  IV.  sitting  Mr. 
"*;•/*•**  on  a  spiritless  steed."—  Daily  Ttitfrupk,  A<«, 

tit  ch,  v.t.  &  <.    [SirrcH,  *.) 

A,  Transitive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  Literally: 

(1)  To  form  stitches  on  ;  to  sew  In  such  ft 
manner  as  to  show  on  the  surface  a  continu- 
ous line  of  stitches. 

(2)  To  unite  together  by  sewing. 

"  Full  many  a  feather 
With  twine  of  thread  he  stitcKa.  together." 

Xing:  Art  of  Lett. 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  join,  to  unite,  to  rejair,  to 
men-l. 

"  It  is  lu  vour  hand  as  well  to  stitch  up  his  life  again, 
as  it  was  before  to  rent  it."— Sidney :  Arcadia. 

IL  Agric. :  To  form  Into  ridges. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  practise  stitching  or  needle- 
work ;  to  sew. 


ftte,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p»t, 
*T.  wore,  wolt;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  ciil>.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  lull ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  te  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  an  =*  *w. 


stitch— stock 


4467 


•tltch,  *  stlohe,  *  styche.  i.  [A.S.  stive  = 
a  pricking  sensation,  from  stietan  =  to  prick, 
to'pierce,  to  stick  (q.v.);  Ger.  s«c*  =  a  prick, 
a  stitch,  from  sleeken  —  to  prick  ;  sticken  =  to 
•titch  ;  Dut.  stiklan;  Sw.  sticka.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  sharp,  spasmodic  pain  In  the  side  ;  a 
•harp  local  pain. 

"It  taketb  away  the  tfKcVJ  In  the  side."— P.  Hol- 
land riiny,  lik.  xxi.,  cb.  \ix. 

•(2)  A  contortion  or  twist  ol  the  face. 
(8)  A  single  pass  of  a  needle  in  sewing. 

"There  are  four  sorts  of  ttircJuu  mentioned  by  the 
ancienU"—  Witeman  .•  Surgery,  bk.  V..  eh.  i. 

(4)  A  single  turn  of  the  wool  or  thread 
round  a  needle  in  knitting  ;  a  link  of  thread  : 
as,  To  take  up  or  drop  a  stttctt;  to  cut  the 
$ti(c!ies  of  a  dress,  &C. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  Used  to  express  the  smallest  part  of 
dress  or  cluthlng,  or  the  like.  (Coitog.) 

••  With  every  HU.lt  of  clothlug  wet.  and  no  facilities 
lor  drying  them."—  Field,  April  *.  18«i. 

"(2)  Space  passed  over  at  one  time  ;  dis- 
tance, way. 

IX  Agric. :  A  space  between  two  double 
furrows  in  ploughed  ground  ;  a  furrow  or 
ridge. 

"  Many  nun  at  plow  .  .  .  drove  earth  here  and  there. 
And  torud  up  aitchct  orderly." 

Chapman  :  Bomtr  i  Mild  xviiL 

StltCh- Wheel,  S.      [PBICKEB,  «.,  II.  4.] 

St}t9h-el,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  kind  of 
hairy  wool.  (Prov.) 

»tltch'-er, «.  lEng.  stUch,  v. ;-«r.]  One  who 
stitches. 

•stltch'-er-y,  *.  [Eng.  ttUc\; ;-t»y.]  Needle- 
work, sewing.  (Used  contemptuously.) 

"  Come,  lay  aside  your  atlchery ;  play  the  Idle  home- 
wife  with  me  this  afternoon."— Shake*?. :  Coriulanut, 

Lft 

*  stit9h  fall  on,  *  stitch  lain,  a.  [Eng. 
stitch,  and  fallen.}  Fallen,  as  a  stitch  In  knit- 
ting. (Dryden :  Juvenal,  x.  309.) 

Itltch'-Ing.  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    [STITCH,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  Aspr.  par.  etparticip.  adj. :  (See  the 
verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  The  art  of  sewing  or  of  making  stitehes. 

8.  Work  done  by  sewing ;  stitched  work. 

U,  Technically: 

1.  Agric. :  The  formation  of  land  into  ridges 
or  divisions. 

8.  Bookbind.  :  Fastening  the  sheets  of  a 
pamphlet  or  book  together  by  threads  passed 
through  holes  simply  stabbed  through  the 
pile.  A  cheap  substitute  for  sewing. 

stitching -horse,  ».  A  sewing-horse 
(q.v.). 

Stltjh'-wort,  s.    [Eng.  stitch,  s.,  and  wort.] 
Botany : 

1.  The  genus  Stellarla,  and  spec.  8.  Holostea. 
Bo  named  because  used  in  some  parts  as  a 
remedy  for  stitch  in  the  side. 

2.  Plantago  holosteum. 

*  stlth,  *  stithe,  *  stythe,  ».    [Icel.  ttedhi ; 
Sw.  stdd.]    An  anvil. 

"  Determined  to  strike  on  the  >Ht\  while  the  iron 
was  hot."— Greene  :  Card  of  fancy. 

*  stith,  *  Stithe,  o.     [A.S.  tUdlt;  O.  Fris. 
«fi!A.)    Strong,  stiff,  rigid. 

••BOOt  and  strong."    Story  of  OenttU  t  Bioaut,  un. 

*  artith'-y, '  stith-le,  *  steth-y, «.  [STITH,  s. 

ll  A  smith's  workshop ;  a  forge,  a  smithy. 

"  My  imaginations  are  aa  foul 
AB  Vulcan  a  tilthy."     Bhaketp. :  Samlet,  ill.  2. 
2.  An  anvil. 

"There  la  of  it  [steele]  which  servetn  better  for 
OitKie  or  anvlll  heads.'— P.  Holland:  Flint,  lik 
XXiv..  ch.  XtV. 

»stlth-y,  "styth-y,  v.t.    [STITHY,  «.]    To 
forge,  as  a  smith  on  an  anvil. 

"  The  forge  that  ttithied  Man  his  helm." 

Khaki'tp. :  Trottut  A  Crvtttda,  iv.  5. 

Stivo  (1),  v.t.  &,i.  [O.  Fr.  estiver;  Lat.  stipt 
to  compress,  to  pack  tight ;  Dut.  sttjven 
Sw.  atyfva ;  Ger.  stei/en  =  to  stiffen.  Allied  tc 
«<i/(q.v.).j  [STIFLE,  v.} 


A.  Transitive: 
*  1.  To  stiffen. 

"  The  hot*  tunne  hade  so  hard  the  hidea  tfiued." 
William  of  Palerne,  3.038. 

2.  To  stuff ;  to  pack  close ;  to  cram,  to 
crowd  ;  hence,  to  make  hot,  sultry,  or  close  ; 
to  render  stifling. 

"  Ilia  chamber  was  commonly  ttloed  with  friends  or 
suitors  of  one  kind  or  other."—  Wotton:  Remain*,  p. 
171 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  stifled  ;  to  stew,  aa  in  a 
close  atmosphere. 

stive  (2),  v.t.     [A  variant  of  stew  (q.v.).]    To 
stew,  as  meat. 

Stive  (1),  ».  [Cf.  Ger.  staub ;  Dan.  stav  = 
dust,  or  perhaps  from  stive  (1),  v.]  The  float- 
ins  dust  in  flour-mills  during  the  operation  of 
grinding. 

Stive  (2),  i    [STIVE  (2),  ».]    A  brothel,  a  stews. 
stived.a.    [STIVE  (!),».)  Close,  stuflfy,  stifling. 

'•  Mounting  to  the  fifth  storey  of  the  rickety,  ttioed 
building."— Ocribtur't  Matftaine,  Nov.,  1878,  p.  78. 

Sti'-ver  (1),  ?.  [Dut.  ttuiver;  allied  to  Ger. 
afuoer  =  a  stiver.] 

•  1.  Lit. :  An  old  Dutch  coin  and  money  of 
account,  worth  about  Id.  sterling. 

"  They  will  not  budge  under  a  at/oar."— Dampier : 
Voyagei,  au.  16*8. 

2.  Fig. :  Anything  of  little  or  no  value ;  a 
straw,  a  rig. 

*  arti'-ver  (2),  s.  [Eng.  Oive  (2),  ».  ;  -er.]  An 
inhabitant  of  the  stives  or  stews  ;  a  harlot 

stives,  s.    [STEWS.] 

sti'-vy;  v.t.    [Prob.  connected  with  »ti»e(l),  v.] 
Golf:  To  stimy  (q.v.). 

"  With  a  good  put  ttiirled  hl»  opponent"— Field, 
Oct.  a,  1685. 

sto'-a,  s.    [Gr.  =  a  porch.] 

Gr.  Arch. :  A  porch,  a  portico  ;  specially  of 
the  Stoa  Poikile  referred  to  in  the  extract 

[STOIC.] 

"  Tbe  schools  of  ancient  sages ;  his,  who  bred 
Great  Alexander  to  subdue  the  wurlil, 

Lyceuu.  """•  ""'  ^^J^on^  *,  tr.  W. 

Btoak,  v.t.  [Cf.  Ger.  slacken  =  to  stop.]  To 
stop  up ;  to  choke.  (Prov.) 

sto-os'-to  ma,  s.  [Gr.  crrod  (stoa)  =  a  roofed 
colonnade,  and  o-rdVa  (s£o7na)  =  a  mouth.] 

ZooL :  A  genus  of  Cyclostomidae  (PTootZwani), 
of  HeliclnidBB  (Tale),  with  nineteen  species, 
from  Jamaica.  Shell  minute,  globose-conic 
or  depressed,  spirally  striated;  operculum 
shelly,  lamellar. 

stoat,  *  stott, «.   [Mid.  Bug.  stot  =  (1)  a  stoat, 
(2)  a  horse,  a  stallion,  (3)  a  bullock  ;  Icel.  stitir 
=  a  bull ;  Sw.  stut;  Dan.  stud;  Norw.  tint.] 
ZooL  :  Mustela  erminea,  the  Ermine  (q.v.). 

"  It  Is  exceedingly  sanguinary  in  disposition  and 
agile  in  its  movements :  it  feeds  principally  on  the  rat, 
the  water-vole,  and  the  ralihit.  which  it  pursues  with 
unusual  pertinacity  and  boldness,  heuce  the  name 
limit,  signifying  bold,  by  which  it  ia  commonly 
known.--«n<;»c.  Brit.  led.  9th).  Till.  526. 

StO  We,  8.      [STUBBL*.] 

"  stSb'-wort,  *  stub'-WQrt,  «.    [Eng.  Hub, 
and  wort.} 
Sot. :  Oxalia  Acetosella. 

*  sto'-eah,  s.    [Ir.  &  Gael.  ttocacK  =  a  kitchen 
lounger'.]    An  attendant,  a  horseboy,  a  hanger- 
on. 

••  He  boldeth  himself  a  gentleman,  and  scometh  to 
work,  which  be  aaith  is  the  life  of  a  peasant ;  but 
thenceforth  becometh  a  horseboy  or  a  itocah  to  some 
kern."— Spenter :  State  of  Ireland. 

atoc  cade'  (1),    *  st8o-ea'-dd,   *  st8-ca'- 

da,  s.  [Fr.  estoccade;  Sp.  estocada;  Ital.  stoc 
ca'ta  =  a  thrust  with  a  weapon,  from  Fr.  estoc 
Sp.  estotpu ;  Hal.  stocco  =  a  truncheon,  a  short 
sword ;  Ger.  stock  =  a  stick,  a  staff,  a  slock 
(q.v.).]  A  thrust  in  fencing  ;  a  stab ;  a  thrusf 
with  a  rapier. 

"Tut,  sir :  I  could  have  told  you  more :  In  tbes 
times  you  stand  on  distance  ;  your  passes,  rtoccttrfo* 
and  I  know  not  what."— Shaketp  :  Merry  Wioet,  ii.  1 

*  stoc  cade'  (2),  «.    [STOCKADE,  *,] 

*  stoc  cade',  v.t.    [STOCKADE,  ».] 

*  stS-chas'-tic,  •  stS-chas'-tfck,  o.    [Gr 

o-Toxao-Tiiebc  (stochastikos)  =  conjectural,  from 
(rroxa^OjLtai  (stochazomai)  ^  to  asm  at  a  mark 


to   conjecture  ;    o-rdxoc  (stochos)  =  a   mark.) 
Conjectural  ;  able  to  conjecture. 

"  Though  he  were  no  prophet,  nor  sou  of  a  prophet, 

fet  in  that  faculty    whirl,   comes  nearest  It  he  ex. 

telleth.   i.e.,  the  xtocbaatick,  wherein  be  was  seldom 

imsUkeu  HS  to  future  e*  enu,  aa  well  public  as  private." 

-  IKAifc/oot  :  Lire  a 


itook  (1).  *  stocke,  "  stole,  *  stokko,  s.  &  a. 

[A.S.  s£occ  =  a  post,  a  trunk,  from  the  same 
root  as  stick,  v.  (q.v.)  ;  cogn.  with  Dnt.  stok^= 
a  stick,  a  handle,  stocks  ;  O.  Dut.  stock.  ;  Icel. 
s(o**r=a  trunk,  log.  stocks;  Dan.  stok  =  & 
stick  ;  Sw.  stock  =  a  beam,  a  log  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
stoch;  Ger.  strich,  from  (WtMJswla,  pa.  par.  of 
stechen  =  to  stick.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  stem  or  main  body  of  a  tree  or  plant  ; 
the  trunk. 

"  The  bud  of  peach  or  rose, 
Adorns,  though  ditrring  in  it*  kind. 
The  stofk  whereon  it  gKOWSV 

Cawper  :  To  fteo.  IT.  C.  Vnwtn. 

2.  The  stem  in  which  a  graft  is  inserted, 
and  by  which  it  is  supported  ;  also,  the  stem 
or  tree  which  furnishes  slips  or  cuttings. 

"  Tbe  scion  over-ruleth  the  ttock  quite  ;  and  the 
Hock  is  passive  only,  and  giveth  aliment,  but  no 
motion  to  the  graft  "  —  Bacon. 

3.  Something  fixed,  and  solid;  a  post,  a 
block,  a  pillar. 

4.  Heuce,  something  lifeless  and  senseless. 

"  Saying  to  a  ttock.  ttiou  art  ray  father,  and  to  a 
atone,  thou  hast  brought  me  forth."—  Jeremiah  li.  27. 

5.  A  person  who  is  as  lifeless  and  senseless 
as  a  post  or  stock. 

••  While  we  admire 
This  virtue  and  this  moral  discipline, 
Let's  be  no  stoics,  nor  no  itocfu." 

SHalMp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  L  L 

6.  The  principal  supporting  or  holding  part 
of  anything  ;  that  part  in  which  others  are 
inserted,  or  to  which  they  are  attached  for 
firm  support  or  hold  ;  specifically  : 

(1)  Hviband-ry-  :  The  part  of  a  plough  or 
other  implement  to  which  the  irons,  draft, 
and  handles  are  attached. 

(2)  That  part  of  a  firearm  to  whiiji  the 
barrel  and  lock  are  attached. 

(3)  Joinery  : 

(a)  That  arm  of  a  bevel  which  Is  applied  to 
the  base  or  moulding  side. 
(6)  The  brace  which  holds  a  bit  for  boring. 
(c)  The  block  which  holds  the  plane-bit 

(4)  Sfach.  :  The  handle  which  contains  the 
screw-cutting  die. 

(5)  Naut.  :  The  cross-bar  at  the  upper  end 
of  the  shank  of  an  anchor,  which  cunts  the 
anchor  and  turns  a  fluke  down. 

(6)  The  support  or  pillar  of  the  block  on 
which  an  anvil  is  fitted,  or  of  the  anvil  itself. 

(7)  The  wooden  frame  which  supports  the 
wheel  and  post  of  a  spinning-wheel. 

(8)  (PL):  [STOCKS,  1.]. 

7.  The  original  race  or  line  of  a  family  ;  the 
progenitors  of  a  family  and  their  direct  de- 
scendants. 

"  SaJ  what  afaefc  he  springs  of." 

8*ake»p.  .   Coriolnnuf,  U.  S. 

IT  Used  also  in  an  analogous  sense  of  the 
domesticated  animals,  &c. 

"  In  the  caat  of  strongly-marked  races  of  some  other 
domesticated  species,  there  is  presumptive  or  even 
strong  evidence  that  all  are  descended  from  a  single. 
wild  Woe*."—  nanein:  Oriyin  of  specui  (ed.  6thl,  p.  18. 

8.  The  property  which  a  merchant,  a  trader, 
or  a  company  has  invested  in  any  business, 
including  merchandise,  money,  and  credits; 
more  especially  the  goods  kept  on  hand  by  a 
commercial  house  for  the  supply  of  its  cus- 
tomers. 

9.  Capital  invested  :  as— 

(1)  A  fund  employed  in  the  carrying  on  of 
some  business  or  enterprise,  and  divided  into 
shares  held  by  individuals  who  collectively 
form  a  corporation  ;  shares. 

"rn  modem  nuance  the  terra  [»«*]  U  applied  to 
an  imaginary  sum  of  money,  almost  Invariably  £l'H), 
on  which  interest  ia  paid  at  a  given  rate  In  perpetuity. 
Hence,  a  person  who  buys  Stock,  simply  buys  a  I  ight 
to  receive  the  said  interest:  and  tliis  right  he  may 


am   he   purchaswd  and  held   that   does    —  •  --- 

fractious  of  &  pennr.  In  Railway  fftocJa  the  limit 
more  commonly  aUuda  at  one  shilling  or  one  pound. 
In  thisresvect  Stock  differs  from  bonds,  dobeiituren, 
shares,  and  obliiratlonB,  which  are  in»»rinhly  for 
rouud  sniua.  aa  £10.  **),  £5n,  £100.  and  *>  on ;  never- 
theless, the  tenn  Stocfa  ii  currently  used  In  a  loose 
way  tofttantfy  bonds,  .thareB.  »»d  flnancUl  secunUe.. 
of  nny  kind  whataoeveK"— BitWl;  Cwntinff-Bautf 
Dictionary. 


Mil,  bo"y;  p6itt,  J6~<.vl;  cat,  90!!.  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   -ing, 
-clan, -tian  =,  shan.    -tlon,  -glon  =  shun ;  -Jlon,  -jion  =  zWin.    -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  Del,  dot 


4468 


stock 


(2)  A  fund  consisting  of  a  capital  debt  due 
by  Government  to  individual  holders,  who 
receive  a  fixed  i-ate  of  interest  on  their  shares; 
money  funded  in  Government  securities  •  as 
the  Three  per  Cent.  Stocks. 

"It  was  customary  when  money  was  borrowed  for 
State  purposes  to  record  the  transaction  by  means  of 
notches  on  a  stick  i  commonly  hazel ),  and  then  to  split 
the  stick  through  the  notches.  The  lender  took  one 
half  AS  A  proof  of  his  cUim  against  the  Exchequer 
and  it  was  called  his  Mock.  The  Exchequer  kepi  the 
other  half,  which  was  called  the  couutenttock. 
(CocKTKRpum  I.I  In  this  way  Stock  came  to  be  un- 
derstood as  money  lent  to  the  Government,  and 
eventually  to  any  public  body  whatever,  and  the  dif. 
ferent  funds  subscribed  from  time  to  time  came  to  lie 
called  The  J*oc*«."-Sfl*«U  .•  Counting  Home  Diction- 
ary. 

10.  A  supply  provided ;    provision,  store, 
fund,  accumulation. 

"  Till  all  my  itoek  of  Infant  sorrows  spent. 
I  learn 'd  at  last  submission  to  my  lot" 

Coteptr  :  My  Mother's  Picture. 

11.  That  portion  of  a  pack  of  cards  which 
is  not  dealt  out  in  certain  games,  but  is  allowed 
to  remain  on  the  table,  and  may  be  drawn 
from  as  occasion  requires. 

*  12.  A  covering  for  the  leg ;  a  stocking. 

"  Our  knit  silk.  Koctel  and  Spanish  let  her  shoes." 
BOKvigne:  Sttl*  Glai.  375. 

13.  A  kind  of  stiff  wide  band  or  cravat  worn 
round  the  neck. 

14.  Rags  and  material  for  making  paper. 
Said  also  of  other  material  used  in  business. 

15.  Liquor  in  which  meat,  bones,  vegetables, 
&c.,  have  been  boiled,  used  as  a  foundation 
tor  soups  and  gravies. 

*  16.  A  counterstock  [9.  (2)]. 
U.  Technically: 

1.  Agriculture  : 

(1)  The  collective  animals  used  or  reared  on 

•  farm  ;  called  also  Live  stock. 

"The  facilities  he  has  for  making  ready  disposal  of 
surplus  ttack."—Futd,  Jan.  33.  1886. 

(2)  The  implements  of  husbandry  and  pro- 
duce stored  for  use ;  called  also  Dead  stork. 

2.  Bot.  it  Hort. :  An  abbreviation  of  Stock 
Gillyflower,  Matthiola    incana,   extended   in 
botanical   works    to    the    genus   Matthiola 
under   which    article   a    number   of   species 
•re  described.    Various  species  have  furnished 
the   garden    stocks,    which   have   run   into 
varieties  and   sub-varieties,    some   of  them 
probably  hybrids.    All  the  garden  varieties 
of  the  Brompton   or  Simple-stemmed  Stock 
and  of  Queen's  Stock  have  been  derived  from 
M.  incana;  those  of  Ten-weeks'  Stock,  from 
Af.    annua,  and   the  Smooth-leaved   annual 
stocks   from    M.    groxa.     The    Wallflower- 
leaved  Stock.  M.  tristis,  a  small  plant,  with 
narrow  hoary  leaves  and  dingy  brown  flowers, 
growing  in  the  south  of  Europe,  is  the  Night- 
scented  Stock,  which  is  cultivated  in  green- 
houses for  its  fragrance  by  night,  as  are  M. 
livida  and  Af.  otlora/issima,  &c.    Af.  Jenestra- 
lii,    is    the    Window-stock.      [GILLIFLOWEB, 
MATTHIOLA,  VIRGINIA-STOCK.] 

S.  Build. :  Bed  and  gray  bricks  nsed  in 
particoloured  brickwork. 

4.  Fulling :  The  beater  of  a  fulling-mill. 

5.  Shipbvild. :  The  frame  which  supports  a 
Tessel  and  its  cradle  while  building. 

6.  Timber:  Lumber  of  regular  market  size. 
(STOCK-GANG.] 

B.  As  atlj. :  Kept  in  stock  ;  kept  on  hand 
ready  for  service  ;  habitually  used,  standing, 
permanent. 

"Anything  was  thought  good  enough  for  the  staging 
«f  a  Hock  piece."—  Globe,  Jan.  c,  18S6. 

1  (1)  Stock  and  die:  The  8crew-cutting  die 
in  its  holder. 

(2)  Stock^nd-stone  vxrrskip: 

Comp.  Relig. :  A  term  embracing  all  forms 
of  worship  offered  directly  or  indirectly  to 
stocks  and  stones;  i.e.,  whether  they  are 
considered  as  fetishes,  or  as  mere  ideal  repre- 
sentatives of  deities. 

"  The  frequent  stoeJt-aftoljtone  worAtp  at  modem 
India  belongs  especially  to  races  non-Hindu  or  part. 
Hinuu  In  race  and  culture.  Among  such  way  serve  as 
examples  the  bamboo  which  stands  for  the  Bodo  g,<l. 
dess  Halnow.  and  for  her  receives  the  annual  hog.  and 
the  monthly  eggs  oriered  by  the  women ;  the  stone 
under  the  great  cotton-tree  of  every  Khond  village, 
akriue  of  NAdru  Pemm,  tbe  village  deity."  tx.-Trbr  : 
/**».  Cult  led.  1873).  iL  !««. 

(S)  Stock  in  trade :  The  goods  kept  for  sale 
bjr  a  shopkeeper ;  the  tools  and  appliances  of 

•  workman;  hence,  fig.,  a  person's  resources 
or  capabilities. 

(4)  To  take  stock :  To  make  an  inventory  of 
goods  on  hand ;  hence,  tig.,  to  make  an  esti- 
mate, to  set  a  value. 


(5)  To  late  itocl-  in  :  To  believe  in,  to  be  in- 
fluenced by;  generally  in  the  negative.  ( Colloq.) 

stock  account,  ,«. 

Comm. :  The  account  in  a  ledger,  showing 
on  one  side  the  amount  of  the  original 
stock  with  accumulations,  and  on  the  other 
tlie  amount  withdrawn. 

Stock-bill,  s.     [A  corrupt,  of  stork's  bill] 
Bot. :  Geranium  Robertianum.     (Britten  £ 
Holland.) 

*  stock  blind,  a.     Blind   as   a   stock ; 
stone-blind. 

"  True  lovers  are  blind.  stoct-Wind."—  Wvcherle* : 
Country  Lift,  U.  1. 

stock-board,  s. 

1.  Music :  The  board  above  the  arrangement 
of  register  slides  by  which  is   regulated  the 
access   of  air  to  the  respective  systems  of 
pipes  or  reeds  which  form  the  stops  of  an 
organ.    The  stock-board  is  pierced  with  holes, 
in    which  set  the  lower  ends  or  feet  of  the 
pipes. 

2.  Brick-making :  The  board  over  which  the 
brick-mould  slips,  and  which  forms  the  rtbttoin 
of  the  latter  while  the  brick  is  moulding. 

3.  Cbwim. :  A  body  of  brokers  engaged  in 
the  purchase  and  sale  of  stocks. 

stock-breeder, ».  One  who  devotes  his 
attention  to  the  breeding  of  live  stock,  or 
domestic  animals,  as  horses  or  cattle. 

Stock-broker.  «.  A  broker  who  deals 
in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  stocks  as  the  agent 
of  others. 

stock-brush,  s.  A  brush  for  whitening 
and  distempering.  The  tufts  are  on  each  side 
of  a  long  head. 

stock  -certificate,  s. 

Law  &  Comm. :  A  certificate  of  title  to 
certain  stock  or  any  part  of  it,  with  coupons 
annexed,  entitling  their  bearer  to  the  divi- 
dends on  Use  stock. 

stock-dove,  a. 

Ontith :  Columba  aeuat,  an  European  species 
more  locally  distributed,  smaller  in  size,  and 
darker  in  colour  than  C.  livia,  the  Wood- 
pigeon  (q.v.),  and  with  no  whit*  on  the  neck 
or  wings.  It  is  the  Hohltaube  or  Bole-dove 
of  the  Germans. 

"  By  Montagu,  Bewick.  Fleming,  and  some  of  the 
earlier  authors  the  stock-dos*  was  confounded  with 
the  Rock-dove  [C.  litria\  from  which,  however,  It  is 
now  well  known  to  be  perfectly  distinct  Whilst  this 
confusion  luted,  the  name  was  supposed  to  be  owing 
to  its  being  considered  to  be  tbe  origin  of  our  domestic 
stock :  but  the  appellation  Is  now  generally  attributed 
to  its  habit  of  nesting  in  the  stocks  of  trees,  particu- 
larly such  as  have  been  headed  down,  and  have 
become  rugged  and  bushy  at  tbe  top."—  TarrtU:  Brit. 
finis  led.  uu).  Hi.  9. 

stock  exchange,  .«. 

1.  The  building,  place,  or  mart  where  stocks 
or  shares  are  bought  and  sold. 

2.  An  association  of  brokers  and  dealers  or 
jobbers  in  stocks,  bonds,  and  other  securities 
created  under  state  or  municipal  authority,  or 
by   corporations  concerned  in  the  business 
connected  with  the  carrying  on  of  railways, 
mines,  banks,  manufactures,  or  other  com- 
mercial or  industrial  pursuits. 

stock-farmer,  s.  A  farmer  who  devotes 
himself  to  the  breeding  and  rearing  of  different 
kinds  of  live  stock,  as  horses  and  cattle. 

*  stock  father,  ».    A  progenitor. 
stock-feeder,  >. 

1.  A  stock-farmer. 

2.  A  contrivance  for  automatically  supply- 
Ing  feed  to  stock  in  limited  quantities  at  cer- 
tain times. 

stock-fish,  s.  [Dut,  stoknsch.]  Fish,  as 
cod,  ling,  torsk,  split  open  and  dried  in  the 
sun  without  salting. 

stock -fowler,  a,  A  blunderbuss;  a 
short  gun  with  a  large  bore. 

stock-gang,  s.  An  arrangement  of  saws 
in  a  gate,  by  which  a  log  or  baulk  is  reduced 
to  boards  at  one  passage  along  the  ways.  The 
stock-gang  makes  stock-lumber,  or  regular 
market-lumber,  as  distinguished  from  dimen- 
sion-lumber, which  is  sawn  to  a  specific  size. 

stock  gillyflower,  ».    [STOCK,  A.  II.  2.] 
1  Stock  here  means  the  trunk  of  a  tree  or 
the  woody  stem  of  a  shrub,  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  Clove  Gillyflower.    (Prior.) 


*  Stock-gold,  s.    Gold  hoarded  or  accu 
mulaled,  so  as  to  make  a  store. 

stock-hole,  s. 

J'aiiMing :  The  opening  through  which  th« 
crude  metal,  or  stock,  is  inserted.  It  is  closed 
by  a  door  which  is  counterweighted  or  raised 
by  a  lever. 

stock-Jobber,  s.  One  who  deals  in 
storks  and  shares;  one  who  speculates  la 
stocks,  &c.,  for  profit. 

"A  succession  of  rumoui^  which  sprang  .  .  .  from 
the  avidity  of  ttock.jobbert.  —  Hacaulau:  Bitt.  £  3., 
en.  xxl. 

stock-jobbing,   'stock-jobbery,    a. 

The  act  or  business  of  dealing  in  stocks  and 
shares  ;  the  business  or  profession  of  a  stock- 
jobber. 

Stock-list,  >.  A  list  published  daily  or 
periodically  in  connection  with  a  stock-ex- 
change, enumerating  the  leading  stocks  dealt 
in,  the  actual  transactions,  and  the  prices 
current. 

Stock-lock,    s.     A  lock  adapted  to   be    ' 
placed  on  an  outer  door.     It  is  inclosed  in  an 
outer  wooden  case,  and  is  opened  and  locked 
from  the  out-side  by  the  key,  and  bolted  only 
inside. 

"  There  are  locks  for  severaj  purposes ;  AS  street-doe* 
locks,  called  ttoc*  locks ;  cbamber-door  locks,  called 
spring-locks;  and  cupboard-locks."— Moxon:  Mt. 
cnanicaj  Exercitet. 

Stock-man,  s.  One  having  the  charge  of 
stock  ;  a  herdsman,  (Austr.) 

stock-market,  s. 

1.  A  mart  where  stocks  and  shares  are  soldi 
a  stock-exchange. 

2.  A  cattle-market. 
stock-morel,  s. 

Sot. :  Helvella  esculents. 

stock-nut,  s. 

Bot. :  Corylus  Afella.no. 

stock-pot,  s. 

Cook. :  A  pot  in  which  stock  for  soupi  Of 
gravies  is  boiled.  [STOCK,  s.,  A.  I.  15.) 

stock-pump,  s.  An  arrangement  in 
which  the  weight  of  the  animals  coming  to 
drink  is  made  to  work  the  pump. 

*  stock-punished,  a.  Punished  by  being 
set  in  the  stocks. 

"  Whipped  from  tithing  to  tithing,  and  sfos> 
punislitd.  — Shaketp.  :  tear,  iii-  i. 

stock-purse,  s. 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  common  purse. 

2.  MIL  :  Savings  made  in  the  outlay  of  t 
corps,  and  applied  to  regimental  purposes, 

stock-range,  ».  A  range  or  pasture  for 
cattle,  sheep,  &c, 

"The  hill  country  U  all  open  AS  I  Uock-raVH.'- 
Ctntury  Magazine,  Aug.,  183-i,  p  611. 

stock-shave,  s.  A  form  of  shave  used 
by  block-makers. 

stock -shears,  s.  pi.  Shears  used  Is 
shearing  cloth. 

*  stock-Sleeve,  «.    A  truncated  or  half 
sleeve. 

stock-station,  «.  A  station  or  district 
where  stock  is  raised.  (Austr.) 

Stock-still,  o.  Still  at  e  fixed  post ;  per- 
fectly still ;  motionless 

"  Our  preachers  stand  ttock^tin  In  the  pulpit,  sad 
will  not  so  much  as  move  6  finger  tc  set  off  the  best 
sermon."— Additon. 

stock  stone,  t.  A  rubbing-tool  used  by 
curriers  on  the  grain  side  of  leather  to  stretch 
and  straighten  it  before  currying. 

stock-tackle,  9. 

Naut. :  A  tackle  applied  to  the  stock  of  IB 
anchor,  when  fished,  to  rouse  it  perpendicular. 

stock-taking,  s.  A  periodical  examina- 
tion, inventory,  and  valuation  of  the  stock  in 
a  shop,  warehouse,  or  other  business  pre- 
mises. 

Stock-trail,  .1.  A  term  applied  to  pin- 
carriages  which  have  a  stock  between  the 
cheeks  supporting  the  gun.  The  trail  at 
the  end  of  the  stock  rests  upon  the  ground 
when  the  gun  is  in  position  for  firing.  When 
limbered  up,  a  loop  on  the  extremity  of  the 
trail  is  passed  over  the  pintle-hook  of  the 
limber. 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rile,  full;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
Syrian,    so,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


stock— stoic 


4469 


stock-work,  s. 

Mining:  A  mrthod  of  working  ore  where, 
Instead  of  lying  in  veins  or  strata,  it  is  found 
in  solid  masses,  so  that  it  is  worked  in  cham- 
bers and  stories. 

stock-yard,  s.    An  iuclosure  tor  cattle 
on  the  way  to  or  at  market. 
•srtock(2),  »•    [STOCCADE.] 

1.  A  thrust  with  a  rapier. 

"To  see  thee  puss  tliy  piim-t.i.  tliylftx*.  thy  rerowe." 
_Mafa!v>. :  Merry  Wife*  at  n'inaior,  u.  i.. 

2.  A  long  rapier. 

Itock,  t'.t.  &  i.    [STOCK  (1),  «.) 

A.  Transitire : 

1.  To  lay  up  in  store ;  to  accumulate  or  put 
by  fur  future  use. 

2.  To  supply,  provide,  or  furnish  with  stock ; 
to  fill,  to  supply. 

"Did  oe  make  a  bad  world,  and  Hack  it  with  bad 
inhabitants?"— Oilpin:  Berinont,  vol.  ill.,  ser.  13. 
*  3.  To  put  into  the  stocks. 
••Who  ftock'd  my  servant?"— Shaketp.  :  Lear.  11.  4. 

4  To  attach  to  or  supply  with  a  stock, 
handle,  or  the  like  :  as,  To  stock  an  anchor. 

6,  To  put  into  a  pack :  as,  To  stock  cards. 

6.  To  suffer,  as  cows,  to  retain  their  milk 
for'twenty-four  hours  or  more  previous  to 
being  sold. 

B.  Tntrans. :  To  take  in,  provide,  or  pro- 
cure supplies. 

"They  track  heavily  and  expensively  for  the  festive 
•easoti  ami  the  weather  being  close  and  wet.  the  meat 
keeps  badly."— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  14, 189S. 

•J  *  To  stock  up :  To  root  or  dig  up ;  to  ex- 
tirpate. 

"The  wild  boar  not  only  spoils  her  branches,  but 
Itockt  ftp  her  root*."— Decay  of  Piety. 

stock  ade',  *  stSc-oade',  s.     [From  Eng. 
rtock(l),  s.,  in  imitation  of  stoccade  (q.v.).] 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  An  inclosure  or  pen  made 
with  posts  and  stakes. 
n.  Technically: 

1.  Civil  Engin. :  A  row  of  piles,  or  a  series 
of  rows  with   brushwood  in  the  intervals, 
driven  into  a  sea  or  river  shore,  to  prevent 
the  erosion  of  the  banks. 

2.  Fort. :    Stout   timbers   planted   in   the 
ground  so  as  to  touch  each  other,  and  loop- 
holed  for  musketry.     In  its  most  effective 
form  it  is  eight  or  nine  feet  high,  has  a  ditch 
In  front,  and  a  banquette  in  the  rear.     As 
appears  from  the  extract  (and  from  the  still 
surviving  customs  of  savage  races),  the  driving 
of  timber  into  the  ground  was  an  early  form 
of  fortification.     The   illustration   shows  a 
native  stockade  at  Donoobow,  in  Burmah, 
•men  was  stormed  by  the  British  troops  in 


STOCKADE. 

1828.  It  was  composed  of  solid  teak  beams 
ic),  from  fifteen  to  seventeen  feet  high.  Be- 
hind this  wooden  wall,  the  old  brick  ramparts 
(A)  of  the  place  rose  to  a  considerable  height, 
connected  with  the  front  defences  by  means 
of  cross  beams  (B),  which  afforded  a  firm  and 
elevated  footing  to  the  defenders.  A  ditch 
(D)  of  considerable  magnitude  surrounded  the 
defences,  the  passage  of  which  was  rendered 
more  difficult  by  spikes,  nails,  bolts,  and 
other  contrivances.  Outside  the  ditch  were 
several  rows  of  strong  railing  (E),  and  in  front 
of  all  an  abattis  (F\  thirty  yards  broad, 
reaching  down  to  the  river  Irrawaddy  (o). 
"  The  earthworks  and  ttoekadei  which  wen  said  to 

have  been  constructed  by  Sevenu.'— Stton  :  Origin*  of 

Mngtith  Uitt.,  p.  S25. 

Stock  ado',  v.t.  [STOCKADB,  ».]   To  surround, 
fortify,  or  protect  with  a  stockade. 

',     "The  dacoits  are  reported  to  be  stronely  ttockaded 
at  Montshobo."— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  12,  1885. 


St5ck'-er,  ».    [Eng.  stock,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  stocks. 

2.  One  engaged  in  making  stock-locks. 

stocker'8  saw,  s.  A  small  saw,  specifi- 
cally constructed  for  the  use  of  the  armourer 
or  gun-stocker. 

stock  -hold  or. ».  [Eng.  stock,  a.,  and  hoWer.] 
One  who  is  the  holder  or  proprietor  of  stock 
in  the  public  funds,  or  in  the  funds  of  a  bank 
or  other  public  company. 

Stock-I-net',  s.    [STOCKINO.] 

Fabric :  An  elastic  material  used  for  dresses, 
jackets,  <L-c. 

"  The  tall  gentleman  In  the  Uodtinrt  pantaloons."— 
Th.  Uook  :  Thti  Sutherland*. 

Stock'-lng,  s.  [From  stock  (1),  s.,  In  the  sense 
of  stump  or  trunk.  The  clothing  of  the  legs 
and  lower  part  of  the  body  formerly  consisted 
of  a  single  garment,  called  hose,  in  French 
chaitsses.  It  was  afterwards  cut  in  two  at  the 
knees,  leaving  two  pieces  of  dress-  viz.,  knee- 
breeches,  or,  as  they  were  then  called,  upper- 
stocks,  or  in  French  haut  de  chausses,  and  the 
nether-stocks,  or  stockings,  in  French  bas  de 
chmases,  and  then  simply  bos.  In  these 
terms  the  element  stock  is  to  be  understood 
in  the  sense  of  stump  or  trunk,  the  part  of 
the  body  left  when  the  limbs  are  cut  off. 
In  the  same  way  Ger.  »(rump/=a  stocking, 
properly  signifies  a  stump.  (Wedgwood.)] 

1.  A  close-fitting  knit  or  woven  covering 
for  the  foot  and  leg.    They  are  made  of  wool, 
cotton,  or  silk. 

"  The  first  person  that  wore  aockingi  in  England  Is 
laid  to  have  bf  en  Queen  Elizabeth,  she  recel redthem 
as  a  present  from  the  Spanish  ambassador.  ~Bmitli  : 
Wealth  of  Nation*,  bk.  t,  cb.  ii. 

2.  An  elastic  bandage  used  as  a  support,  and 
to  remedy  varicose  veins,  injuries  to  the  ten- 
dons, &c.,  occurring  in  the  human  leg.    A 
coarser  and  stronger  kind  is  used  in  veterinary 
surgery. 

•J  1.  In  one's  stocking  feet:  Without  shoes 
on.  (Colloq.) 

2.  To  have  a  long  stocking :  To  be  well  off; 
to  have  saved  a  good  amount  of  money. 

stocking -frame,  s.  A  machine  for 
weaving  or  knitting  stockings  or  other  hosiery 
goods.  It  was  invented  by  William  Lee,  of 
Cambridge,  in  1589. 

Stocking-loom,  *.    The  same  as  STOCK- 

INO-FRAME  (q.V.). 

stocking-weaver,  «.  One  engaged  In 
weaving  stockings. 

stock -Ing, 

with,  or  ai 

stockings. 

"  The  yard  dotted  with  shaven  polls,  and  the  foot- 
ropes  embellished  with  several  varieties  of  itockinged 
leg*."— Daily  Telegraph,  March  5.  1887. 

Stock' -ing  er,  ».  [Eng.  stocking;  -er.]  One 
who  knits  or  weaves  stockings;  a  stocking- 
weaver. 

stock'-Ing-less.  a.  [Eng.  stocking;  -Uss.] 
Without  stockings. 

"All  sllinhoed,  mxklngleu  some."— Sidtartim : 
Otaritia,  vill.  156. 

*  stock'-ish,  a.  [Eng.  stock  (1),  s. ;  -iih.]  Like 
•  stock  or  block;  stupid,  blockish. 

"  Since  nought  so  itocktth,  hard,  and  full  of  rage, 
But  music  for  the  time  doth  change  his  nature. 

Shakttp.  :  Merchttnt  of  Venice,  T.  1. 

•stock'-less,  a.  [Eng.  ttack  (I),  s. ;  -lets.] 
Having  no  stock ;  without  a  stock. 

"  He  fired  off  his  aocklat  gun  and  brandished  his 
sword  dreadfully."— S(.  Jamett  Gaiettf,  Jan.  14, 1689. 

StOCkS,  S.  pi     [STOCK  (1),  8.1 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  An  apparatus  formerly  used 
for  the  punishment  of  petty  offenders,  such  as 
vagrants,  trespassers,  and  the  like.  It  con- 
sisted of  a  frame  of  timber,  with  holes,  in 
which  the  ankles,  and  sometimes  the  ankles 
and  wrists,  of  the  offenders  were  confined. 

"Fetch  forth  the  ttockx  : 

Aa  I  have  Hie  and  honour,  there  shall  he  sit  till  noon. 
Bhakesp, :  Lear,  11.  3. 

H  Technically: 

L  Farriery,  etc. :  A  frame  in  which  refrac- 
tory animals  are  held  for  shoeing  or  veterinary 
purposes. 

2.  Finance:  [STOCK  (1),  «.,  A.  I.  9.  (2)]. 

S.  Shipwright. :  A  frame  of  blocks  and  shores 
on  which  a  vessel  is  built  It  declines  down 
toward  the  water,  and  is  usually  a  timber 


v.t.      [STOCKINO,   ».]    To  dress 
with  stockings;  to  enclose  in 


frame,  which,  as  the  building  proceeds,  as- 
Rumes  the  form  of  a  cradle.  The  rr.'ulle  rests 
on  ways,  on  which  it  eventually  slides  when 
the  vessel  is  launched.  The  vessel  is  laterally 
supported  by  shores;  the  cradle  is  held  by 
struts  and  chocks.  In  launching,  the  shores 
are  removed,  so  that  the  vessel  rests  altogether 
in  the  cradle ;  the  ways  are  greased  or  soaped ; 
the  struts  are  knocked  away;  the  chocks 
knocked  out,  and  the  ship  slides  dmvn  the 
ways  into  the  water,  where  the  cradle  becomes 
detached  and  floats  away. 

U  On  (or  upon)  the  stocks :  In  preparation ; 
In  course  of  preparation  or  manufacture. 

"  Mr.  Dryden  has  something  of  this  nature  upon 
the  ttocJa."—T.  Browne :  Work*,  iv.  12. 

>jf,  o.    [Eng.  itoclc  (1),  s. ;  -y.] 

1.  Stout  of  person ;  rather  thick  than  tall  or 
corpulent. 

2.  Thick,  stout,  stumpy. 

"  The  canes  are  very  ancky  and  slronj.'— i'c:  I'jtafl 
Magatine,  fll.uuu,  183d,  p.  762. 

3.  Headstrong.    (Prcra.) 

stce-ciii-6r-6-i$,  *>  [STOICHIOI.OOT.) 
stco-chl-d-inot'-rl-cal,  o.     [SToicmoitnv 

BICAL.) 

stce  clu-oni'-e-try;  «.    [STOICBIOMETBY.] 

Sto'-Ic,  *  StO'-.ok,  s.  &  a.  [Lat.  Stoicns,  from 
Gr.  Snoiicoc  («oita)  =  (l)belongingtoacolon- 
nade,  (2)  stoic,  because  Zeno  taught  under  a 
colonnade  at  Athens,  named  the  Stoa  Poikite ; 
aroa  (stoa)  =  a  colonnade,  a  portico.]  (.STOA.) 
A*  As  substantive : 

I.  Lit.  &  Philos.  (PI.) :  The  adherents  of  s 
system  of  philosophy  derived  from  that  of 
the  Cynics  by  Zeno  (born  at  Citiuin  in  Cyprus 
about  the  middle  of  the  fourth  century  B.C.). 
Zeuo  was  the  son  of  a  merchant,  and  being 
reduced  to  poverty  by  the  loss  of  a  cargo 
of  Phoenician  purple  which  he  was  taking 
to  Athens,  he  embraced  the  doctrine  of 
the  Cynics,  and  became  for  a  while  the 
disciple  of  Crates.  But  he  disliked  the  gross 
manner  of  the  Cynics,  and  chose  Stilpo  of 
Megara  [MEOARic]  for  his  next  instructor; 
then,  still  unsatisfied,  he  turned  his  attention 
to  the  Platonic  philosophy.  After  twenty 
years  of  laborious  study  he  became  a  teacher 
himself,  and  opened  his  school  in  the  Stoa  at 
Athens,  whence  his  followers  derived  their 
name.  Though  it  had  its  origin  in  Greece, 
the  Stoical  philosophy  was  Roman  in  spirit ; 
and,  after  giving  way  to  other  systems  in  its 
native  land,  it  exercised  great  influence  in 
Italy,  and  among  the  Roman  Stoics  are  to  be 
mentioned  Cato  the  Younger  (t  48  A.D.  ;  ct 
twain:  Phar.,  ii.  380-91),  Seneca  (B.C.  ft- 
65  A.D.),  Epictetus  (60-140  A.D.),  and  the 
Emperor  Marcus  Aurelius  (120-180).  Stoical 
philosophy  recognised  one  Supreme  Moral 
Governor  of  the  Universe  (who,  according  to 
Epictetus,  is  the  Father  of  all  men),  and  a 
number  of  inferior  deities.  They  taught  that 
man  alone  had  a  rational  soul,  and  that 
though  he  has  a  body  like  the  lower  animals, 
he  has  reason  and  intelligence  like  the  gods, 
and  that  all  his  other  faculties  should  be 
brought  into  subjection  to  reason.  Hence, 
all  that  interfered  with  a  purely  intellectual 
existence  was  to  be  eliminated  as  dangerous. 
The  pleasures  and  pains  of  the  body  were  to 
be  despised,  for  the  pleasures  and  pains  of  the 
intellect  were  alone  worthy  to  occupy  man, 
allied  to  the  gods  by  the  possession  of  reason. 
It  therefore  became  the  duty  of  man  to  sub- 
due his  passions  and  senses,  so  that  he  might 
be  free  and  virtuous. 

"  The  Stoic*.  In  their  dread  of  becoming  effeminate, 
became  marble.  They  despised  iiain :  they  despised 
death  To  be  above  pain  was  thought  manly.  They 
did  not  see  that,  in  this  respect,  instead  of  being  above 
humanity,  they  sank  below  it.  .  .  You  receive  a, 
blow,  and  you  do  not  wince?  So  much  of  heroism  U 
displayed  by  a  stone.  You  are  face  to  face  with  Death, 
and  you  have  no  regrets  T  Then  you  are  unworthy  of 
life.  Real  heroism  feels  the  pain  it  conquers,  and 
loves  the  life  it  surrenders  in  a  noble  cause."—'.'.  H. 
Level :  Ilia.  I'Mlot.  led.  1880),  L  894. 

2.  Fig.:  A  person  not  easily  excited,  moved, 
or  disturbed  ;  one  who  is,  or  pretends  to  be, 
indifferent  to  pleasure  or  pain. 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Stoics  or  theli 
teaching. 

"The  State  sect  was  founded  by  Zeno,"— Carter: 
Epictaut.  (Introd.) 

2.  Apathetic,  stoical. 

"  Full  many  a  ttoie  eye  and  aspect  stern 
Mask  hearts  where  grief  hath  little  left  to  learn.- 
Byron  :  Cortair,  ill.  U, 


HSU,  bo?;  pint,  ]<»«;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sta,  as;  expect,  ?enophon,  ejist.   pit i-l t 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon.  -*ion  =  0hun;  -tlon,  -sion  =  zl.un.  -clous,  -tlou*  Hrtou8  =  8hi1fc  -We. -die.  *c- =  Del,  ai 


4470 


stoical— stomach 


Sto   fc-al,  a.    [Eng.  state;  -al] 

1.  Lit.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Stoics  o 
their  teaching. 

2.  F  if.  :.Not  affected  by  passion  ;  able  com 
pletely  to   repress   feeling;   manifesting   n 
characterized  by  real  or  pretended  iadifl'erenc 
to  pain  or  pleasure. 

"The  condemned    men    faced  death    with   tfofai 
courage."—  rinwi.  •)•««»  iji/ion,  March  11,  1887,  p.  • 

•to-ie-al-ly,  ad*.    [Eng.  stoical;  -ty.)    In 
.cal  manner;    like  a  stoic;  with  real  o 
assumed  indifference  to  pleasure  or  pain. 

"  Be  Dot  sftrical/jr  mistaken  In  the  quality  of  lias. 
—Bntmrn:  Chrialan  Moratt,  bk.  Ui..  ch,  xii. 

sto'-Ic-al-ness.  >.   [Eng.  ttoieal;  -ness.]   Th 
quality  or  state  of  being  stoical  ;  stoicism. 

•tol-chl-oT-o-gy,  s.    [Or.  <rro«xo!  (.Xoichos 
=  a  row  ;  suit',  -ology.] 

Science  :  The  doctrine  of  elements,  whethe 
material  or  mental. 

11  Such  also   was    the  arirtfotogy  connected  with 
tliu  nxiuction  {of  the  idea*  to  numbers^  or  the  doc- 
"Tine  of  the  singular  or  limiting  element,  of  the  un 
determined  element  determmable  by  the  former.  and 
t  resulting  from  th«  mixture  o 
tituting  the  elements  o 


of  the  third  ele 
the  first  two  —  the  three  cons 
- 


the  first  two — the  three  constituting  the  element 
all  that  exists.-- Vebirtoog  :  eat.  na<*.  (Eng.  , 

stoi  chi  6-met-ric-aI,  o.  [Eng.  ttoichio- 
metriy);  -ical.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  stoichio- 
metfy. 

•toi-clU-aiTi'-e-trj?,  s.  [Or.  oroixo?  (stoichos) 
A  a  row,  and  peVpop  (metron)  —  a  measure.] 

Chem.  :  The  law  of  chemical  combination  in 
definite  proportions,  and  its  application  to 
chemical  calculations.  (Watts.) 

•to'-I-flsm,  «.    [Eng.  stole; 

1.  The  opinions,  teachings,  or  maxims  ol 
the  Stoics. 

"  As  a  reaction  against  effeminacy,  ttofeitm  may  be 
applauded  ;  as  a  doctrine,  it  is  one  aided.  It  ends  ju 

iSo'iT  S£c  *"""•"-<'•  *  *«•"••  *«• ***»•  i«>- 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  stoical; 
real  or  assumed  indifference  to  pleasure  or 
pain. 

"  William  so  far  forgot  hh  wonted  Kofcism  as  to 
otter  a  passionate  exclamation  at  the  way  In  which 
the  English  reeiiaeuu  had  been  sacrificed."— J/oo- 
oulay :  J/nt.  Eng..  ch.  xix. 

*  Sto-iy-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  stoic;  -ity.]  Stoical 
ness,  stoicism. 

"  Leave  this  Moicity  alone,  tin  thou  makeat  ser- 
mons."— Ben  Joauon :  xilera  Woman,  i.  L 

•tolt,  stolt'-er,  v.i.  [Etym,  doubtful ;  cf.  8w. 
stoeta  =  to  dash  one  thing  against  another.] 
To  walk  in  a  staggering  manner;  to  totter; 
to  stumble  on  an  object  (Scotch.) 

"I  wish  ye  had  seen  him  ttvtting  about  off  ae  lee  on 
to  the  otuer.-_Sc<* .-  J/eort  o/  Hlalalita*,  ch. 


•toke,  stock,  jmf.  *  n/.  [See  def.)  Used 
in  place-names  as  a  prefix  and  suffix,  with  the 
meanings  of  (1)  place,  from  A.S.  ttoo  =  a 
place:  as,  Woodstoct;  A.S.  wide  stac  =  a 
woody  place  :  Bishops«oi-«  =  the  bishop's 
place  or  seat  ;  (2)  a  stock,  a  stick,  a  trunk 
from  A.S.  itoc,  ttoax  =  a  stock  (q.v.),  as  in 
Stociwood,  Stastton,  Ac.,  being  thus  equiva- 
lent to  a  place  stodtaded. 


*  To°staba>'  *  8toU£0-  *•*• 


*•  """pur.} 


"  2H?*1  for  k*  *  **"*•  *ni*  »lle  In  enelle  wille 
Scho  Hotted  kyng  Steuen.  *  th»r  did  scho  i!le  - 

SobfTt  de  Brunne,  p.  131. 

Stoke  (2),  T.t.  ft  {.  [Formed  from  stoker  (q.v.).] 

•£•  ,rr?ns-  •'  To  P°ke.  stir  up,  supply  a  flre 

with  fuel,  and  attend  to  It  generally.  (Spoken 

generally  of  large  furnaces,  steam-engines  or 

the  like.) 

B,  Intrant. :  To  act  as  a  stoker 
stoke-hole,  >. 

1.  furnace: 

(1)  The  place  beneath  the  level  of  a  boiler 
or  oven  where  the  furnace  flre  is  fed  or  tended. 

(2)  The  hole  in  a  furnace  at  which  the  poker, 
nirrer,  rabble,  paddle,  or  other  tool  is  intro- 
duced to  stir  the  charge,  as  in  puddling  cal. 
clning,  or  refining. 

2.  Naut. :  A  scuttle  in  a  steamer's  deck  for 
the  admission  of  fuel. 

tok'-er,  •  stdak'-er,  •.  [Dut  stoker  =  a 
kindler  or  setter  on  fire,  from  stolen  =  to 
make  or  kindle  a  flre ;  stock  =  a  stick,  a  stock 


1.  One  who  feed*  and  attends  to  a  furnace 


or  large  flre,  especially  one  employed  to  fee< 
and  tend  the  furnace  of  a  locomotive  or  inarm 
engine. 
*  2.  A  poker. 

stok-in,  stok'-en,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful 
perhaps  from  Stoke,  in  Herefordshire.]  i 
kind  of  apple. 

Sto' -la,  s.  [Lat,  from  Gr. 
o-ToAij  (stall)  =  equipment,  a 
robe,  a  stole ;  <rreAAu  (stello) 
=  to  equip.] 

Roman  Antiq. :  A  loose  gar- 
ment worn  by  Roman  matrons 
over  the  tunic.    To  the  bottom 
of  it  a  border  or  flounce  was 
sewed,    the    whole    reaching 
down  so  low  as  to  conceal  the 
ankles  and  part  of  the  feet  It 
was  the  characteristic  dress  of 
the  Roman  matron,  as  the  toga 
was   of    the   men ;    divorced 
women  or  courtesans  were  not 
allowed  to  wear  it.  It  was  usu- 
ally gathered  and  confined 
at  the  waist  by  a  girdle, 
and  frequently  ornamented 
at   the   throat   by  a   co- 
loured   border.      It    had 
either  short  or  long  sleeves,  and  was  fastened 
over  the  shoulder  by  a  tibula. 

Stole,  pret.  of  v.    [STEAL.] 

Stole  (IX  9.    [A.S.,  from  Lat  stola  =  >.  stola 

*  1.  A  garment  resembling  the  Roman  stola ; 
a  loose  robe  or  garment  worn  by  ladies,  and 
reaching  to  the  ankles  or  heels. 

"  The  solemn  feast  of  Ceres  now  waa  near, 
when  long  white  linen  Hole*  the  matrons  wear.' 
Drydfn :  Ctnyrat  *  afyrrfco,  23 

*  2.  A  dress  or  robe  worn  by  men. 

"  And    the  fadir  aeide  to  his   seruauntla,  swUIie 
brynge  ye  forth  the  first  stole  ;  and  clothe  ye  hym."— 

3.  A  narrow  band  of 
silk  or  stuff,  some- 
times enriched  with 
embroidery  and 
jewels,  worn  on  the 
left  shoulder  of  dea- 
cons, and  across  both 
shoulders  of  bishops 
and  priests,  pendant 
on  each  side  nearly  to 
the  ground.  It  was 
used  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  sacra- 
ments and  all  other  STOLE. 
sacred  functions.  In 

England,  since  the  fourteenth  century  to  the 
Reformation,  it  was  worn  crossed  on  the 
breast  by  the  priest  at  the  altar,  as  it  still  is 
by  Roman  priests  when  saying  Mass. 

t  4.  A  surplice,  a  cotta. 

"  Six  little  slnglng-boys— dear  little  sonli  I 
In  uio»  clean  faces,  and  nioe  white  Uota." 

Barnam :  Ing.  Log. ;  Jackdaw  of  Rktimt. 

5.  A  band  of  trimming  for  ladies'  dresses 
and  mantles. 

^J"!'?  °  .^Srz^jssyy**!*. "».  *«»  "• 


*  6.  A  dress,  a  covering. 

"  When  mild  mom  in  saffron  stab 
Pint  Issues  from  her  eastern  goal." 

Worton.-  Oat  on  Approadt  o/  Summer. 

1  Groom  of  the  Stole:  The  first  lord  of  the 
bed-chamber  in  the  household  of  English 
sovereigns.  His  title  is  derived  from  the  long 
robe  (stola)  worn  by  the  sovereign  on  state 
occasions.  (Brandt.) 

"Groom  of  the  ttole  ...  Is  a  great  officer  of  the 
JOng-a  household,  whose  precinct  Is  jiroperly  the  king's 
bedchamber,  where  the  lord  chamberlain  hath  nothm| 
to  do.  —Jacob  :  Luto  Diet. 

stole-fees,  s.  pi    [SUBM.IOSVFKES,] 
stole  (2),  9.    [STOLOS.J 
stole  (3), ».    [Sroou] 

stoled.  o.     [Eng.  stol(e).  a.  •  -«J.]     Wearing  a 
stole  or  long  robe ;  robed. 

..    "Prophets  brightly  Uolot 
In  shining  lawn."       Q.  Fletcher:  Chriit't  rietory. 

stol  -en,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [STEAL.] 

stolen -goods, s.  pi. 

Lav:  Goodi  or  any  kinds  of  property 
which  have  been  stolen.  The  civil  law  requires 
that  any  one  who  has  purchased  such  goods 
unless  in  open  market,  such  as  a  shop  or  More, 


is  bound  to  restore  them  to  the  true  owner. 
This  law  does  not  apply  to  valuable  secaritica! 
which  have  been  purchased  bona  /Me,  if  the 
securities  are  negotiable  instruments.  It  is  a 
punishable  offence  to  offer  or  accept  rewards 
for  the  recovery  of  stolen  property. 

stol  -id,  a.  [Lat  9<oKdK9  =  nrm,  stock-llke; 
from  same  root  as  stand.]  Dull,  foolish 
stupid,  impassive. 

Sto-Hd -l-ty,  9.  [Fr.  stalidite,  from  Lat 
stoliditatem,  accus.  of  stoliilitas,  from  stoliJm 
=  stolid  (q.v.).]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
stolid  ;  d illness  of  intellect ;  stupidity  un- 
passiveness. 

fool!"1  wit*"  th*  '°'''*  '" th*  U*1'  'Ild')d'e  "ntrartahta 

Stol'-id-ly, adv.  [Eng. stolid;  -ly.]  InastolH 
manner. 

stol  Id-ness,  s.   [Eng.  stolid ;  -nets.]   Stolid. 

Sto  -Ion,  stole  (2),  t.  [L«t.  9(0(0,  geult 
stolonis  =  a  branch,] 

1.  Bat. :  A  shoot  which   proceeds  from  a 
sten  above  the  ground,  and  then  descends 
into  it  and  takes  root  as  in  Aster  JUHKUS.    It 
is  akin  to  a  sucker,  which,  however,  leavM 
the  stem  beneath  and  not  above  the  ground. 

2.  Zool. :  Tlie  name  given  to  (1)  any  con- 
necting process  of  protoplasm  in  the  roultl- 
locular  Foraminifera  ;  (2)  to  the  prolongation 
of  the   common   tunic,   forming  a  vascular 
canal,  in  the  Social  Ascidiaus  ;  and  (S)  to  any 
of  the  processes  sent  out  by  the  coenosarc  in 
some  of  the  Actinozoa. 

Sto  lon-lf-er-ous,  a.  [Lat  9(0(0,  genlt 
stolonis  =  a  branch,  and  fero  =  to  bear.) 

Bat. :  Producing  or  putting  forth  stolon*, 
Sometimes  used  more  loosely  for  producing  op 
putting  forth  suckers.  (STOLON.) 

StoT-pen-ite.  9.      [After  Stolpen,  Saxony, 
where  it  occurs  ;  sutf.  -itt  (Min.).] 
Min. :  A  clay  found  in  the  basalt  of  Stolpen. 

stolz  ite  (z  as  ti),  s.  [After  Dr.  Stolz,  of 
Teplitz;  suff.  -ite  (>lin.);  Ger.  stheelbleisnatlt, 
KhftlbMerz,  wol/ramblriert,  ttolzit.] 

ilin. :  A  tetragonal  mineral  occurring  mostly 
In  octahedral  forms.  Hardness,  2-7  to  3  •  si 
gr.  7-87  to  8-13;  lustre,  suh-adamantine; 
colour,  gray,  brown,  red.  Compos. :  tnngstit 
acid,  61-0  ;  oxide  of  lead,  49-0  =  100,  which  is 
equivalent  to  the  formula,  PbO,WO3.  Found 
with  molybdate  of  lead,  at  Bleiber,;,  Carinthia, 
and  a  few  other  places. 

Jrto'-ma  (pi.  sto-ma-ta),  sto'-mate, 
*  Btd-ma'-ti-um  (pi.  sto-ma'-tl-a)  (tt 
as  shi),  9.  [Gr.  <rrou.a  (sUma\  geniu  O-T«V 
U.O.TOS  (stomalvs)  =  a  mouth.] 

1.  Anat.  (PI.,  generally  of  the  form  stomata): 
Openings  in  the  lymphatic  vessels  in  man; 
lymphatic  orifices.     Similar  orifices  have  been 
found  in  the  omentum  of  the  lower  mammals. 
Used  also  of  the  spiracles  or  breathing  holes 
along  the  sides  of  iusecta. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  The  opening  through  which  dehiscence 
takes  place  in  the  spore-cases  of  ferns. 

(2)  The  ostiolum  of  certain  fungals. 

(3)  (PL):  Passages  through  the  cuticle  of  t 
plant   for   the    maintenance   of  respiration. 
They  appear  like  an  oval  space,  in  the  centre 
of  which  is  a  slit  tliat  opens  or  closes  accord- 
ing to  circumstances,  and  lies  above  a  cavity 
in  the  subjacent  tissue.     In    some    plants, 
Including  those  with  floating  leaves,  stomata 
are)  on  the  under,  in  others  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  leaves ;  in  leaves  standing  at 
right  angles  to  the  earth  both  sides  have 
stomata.      In  succulent  plants  the  Ktomata 
are  few. 

8td-mac'-a-ce,  9.    [Lat,  from  Or.  crro^ojcojej 
(stomakake)=  scurvy  of  the  gums.] 

Pathol. :  (1)  An  erosion  of  the  gums,  with 
spontaneous  hlemnrrhage,  fetid  breath,  4c., 
symptomatic  of  scurvy  ;  (2)  scurvy  (q.T.). 

torn  -ach,  *  Btom  ack,  •  stom-acke, 
*  stom  ak,  •  stom-ake,  9.  [Fr.  utomox 
(O.  Fr.  estomach),  from  Lat.  stamachun,  accus. 
of  9to7)uK*M  =  the  gullet,  the  stomach,  from 
Gr.  (rrofujM  (stomackos)  =  a  mouth,  an  open- 
Ing,  the  gullet,  the  stomach,  from  «rro>a 
(stoma)  =  a  mouth  ;  8p.  A  Port 


wolt  work, 


.. 
;  mate,  oiib.  cure, 


ctir.  rtale.  rtllj  try,  Syrian.    »,  ee  =  e;  ey  =  a; 


go,  pot, 


stomach— stomatia 


4471 


1,  ordinary  Language : 

I.  Literally: 

(1)  lu  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

•  (2)  The  throat,  the  gorge,  the  gullet. 

*2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  The  desire  for  food  caused  by  hunger; 
appetite. 

"  What  ia't  that  take*  from  tbve  tliy  ttomncht* 
AhaXttf).  :  1  Henry  l\\t  ii.  3. 

(2)  Inclination,  liking. 

(3)  Courage. 

"  He  who  liath  no  ttomach  to  tills  fight 
I4t  him  depart,"  Mo*«*/>. :  Henry  V.,  IT.  S. 

(4)  Violence  of  temper;  anger,  resentment. 

'The  winds  grow  high  ;  *>  do  your  ttomacht,  lonl»." 
ShaXetp. ;  2  He^ry  >7.,  li  l, 

(5)  Sullenneas,    resentment,    stubbornness, 
wilful  obstinacy.    (Shakesp. :  Tempest,  i.  '2.) 

(6)  Pride,  haughtiness,  arrogance. 

"  Ha  was  a  man 

Of  an  unbounded  ttaonactt,  ever  ranking 
Uiuiseil  with  princes." 

Shaketp. :  Btnry  nil..  IT.  1 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Compar.  Anat.  :  A  membranous  sac, 
formed  by  a  dilatation  of  the  alimentary 
canal,  in  which  food  is  received  and  sub- 
jected to  the  processes  of  digestion  among  the 
Vertel'iata.  The  human  stomach  is  an  elon- 
gated, curved  pouch,  from  ten  to  twelve  inches 
long,  and  four  or  five  inches  in  diameter  at 
its  widest  part,  lying  almost  immediately 
below  the  diaphragm,  nearly  transversely 
across  the  tipper  and  left  portion  of  the  abdo- 
minal cavity,  and  having  the  form  of  a  bag- 
pipe. It  is  very  dilatable  and  contractile, 
and  its  average  capacity  is  about  five  pints. 
The  left  and  larger  extremity  is  called  the 
cardiac,  great,  or  splenic  extremity ;  the  right 
and  smaller,  is  known  as  the  pyloric,  from 
Its  proximity  to  the  pylorus  (q.v.).  The  food 
enters  the  stomach  through  the  oesophagus 
by  the  cardia  or  cardiac  orifice,  and,  after 
having  been  acted  on  by  the  gastric  juice,  is 
passed  on  in  a  semi-fluid  or  pulpy  state 
through  the  pylorus  into  the  small  intestines. 
The  stomach  has  four  coats,  named  from 
without  inwards :  (1)  the  serous,  (2)  the  mus- 
cular, (3)  the  areola  or  sub-mucous,  and  (4) 
the  mucous  c»tat.  The  last  is  a  smooth,  soft, 
rather  thick  and  pulpy  membrane,  generally 
reddish  in  colour  from  the  blood  in  its  capil- 
lary vessels ;  often  ash-gray  in  old  age.  After 
death  it  becomes  a  dirty  brown,  and  in  acute 
Inflammation,  or  from  the  action  of  strong 
acrid  poisons,  it  becomes  of  a  bright  red, 
either  continuously  or  in  patches.  Corrosive 
poisons  also  affect  its  coloration.  The  sur- 
face of  the  mucous  membrane  U  beset  with 
secreting  glands.  The  stomach  is  supplied 
with  blood  from  the  cceliac  artery,  which 
gives  off  arterial  branches  that  ramify  freely, 
and  the  veins  return  the  residual  blood  into 
the  splenic  and  superior  mesenterie  veins, 
and  directly  into  the  portal  vein.  The  lym- 
phatics of  the  stomach  are  very  numerous, 
and  arise  in  the  mucous  membrane.  The 
nerves  are  large,  and  consist  of  the  terminal 
branches  of  the  two  pneumogastric  nerves 
belonging  to  the  eerebro-spinal  system,  and 
of  offsets  from  the  sympathetic  system  rie- 
rived  from  the  solar  plexus.  Their  ending 
ha*  not  been  traced.  In  the  lower  mammals 
three  forms  of  stomach 
have  been  distin- 
guished :  (1)  Simple, 
consisting  of  a  single 
cavity,  as  in  man ;  (2) 
Complex,  in  which 
there  are  two  or  more 
compartments  commu- 
nicating with  each 
other,  as  in  the  kan- 
garoo, the  porcupine, 
and  the  squirrel ;  and 
(3)Compound,  in  which  c 
the  stomach  is  sepa- 
rated into  a  reservoir 
and  a  digestive  portion, 
[RUMINATION.]  In 
birds  there  are  three 
small  but  distinct  ilila-  TYPICAL  MAMMALIAN 
tations  of  the  aliment-  STOMACH. 

ary  canal  [CROP,  Giz-   0  c&opbagiu:  *  stom- 

ZARD,       FROVENTBICU-        acn;  »  Small  intestine  ; 

LOS),  and  in  most  rep-  £  *^*a.  *&*}M :  c 
tiles  the  simplicity  of  C<*flum ;  r  *eotttm- 
the  oesophagus  extends  to  the  stomach.  In 
fishes,  two  forms  are  found,  the  slphonal  stom- 
ach (q.v.)  and  the  ccecal,  in  which  the  upper 
portion  gives  off  a  long  blind  sac.  In  the 


higher  Invertebrata,  there  is  a  digestive  tract 
with  functions  analogous  to  those  of  the 
stomach  of  Vertebrates ;  in  the  lower  there 
may  (Hydra)  or  may  not  (Amoeba)  be  a  gastric 
cavity  in  which  food  is  ingested  and  absorbed. 
In  the  latter  case  the  living  protoplasm  closes 
over  its  prey,  and,  after  a  time  by  a  reversing 

Process,  the  indigestible  remains  are  ejected, 
o  these  tracts  or  cavities,  the  name  stomach 
is  often  applied.    [DIGESTION,  II.  4.] 

2.  Pathol. :  The  human  stomach  is  subject 
to  ulceration,  cancer,  cadaveric  softening,  per- 
foration, catarrh,  Ac. ;  besides  which,  chiefly 
through  errors  in  food,  and  want  of  exercise  on 
the  part  of  the  individual,  it  may  fail  in  its 
proper  function  of  digestion.  [INDIGESTION.] 

*  stomach-animals,  s.  pi 

ZooL  :  Uken's  name  for  the  Infusoria. 
stomach  piece,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  A  compass-timber  fayed  to  the 
stem  and  keel ;  an  apron. 

stomach-pump,  s. 

Surg, :  A  suction  and  force  pump  for  with- 
drawing the  contents  of  the  stomach  in  cases 
of  poisoning,  &c.,  and  also  used  as  an  injector. 
It  resembles  the  ordinary  syringe,  except  that 
it  has  two  apertures  near  the  end,  in  which 
the  valve  opens  different  ways,  so  as  to  con- 
stitute a  sucking  and  a  forcing  passage. 

*  stomach  qualmed,  a.    Sick  at  heart. 

**  Or  ttomacb-att'ilrned  at  land,  a  drain  of  thii 
Will  drive  away  distemper.' 

fAaketp. :  Cjftnbetint.  Ill,  4. 

Stomach  -  Staggers,  s.     A  disease  in 

horses,  depending  on  a  paralytic  affection  of 
the  stomach.  In  this  disease  the  animal  dozes 
in  the  stable,  and  rests  his  head  in  the  manger  ; 
he  then  wakes  up  and  falls  to  eating,  which  he 
continues  to  do  till  the  stomach  swells  to  an 
enormous  extent,  and  the  animal  at  last  dies 
of  apoplexy  or  his  stomach  bursts. 

*  stomach-timber,  *.    Food. 

stom -ach,  *st6m-ack,  v.t.  &  i.     [Lat. 
st omac'hor  =  to    be    or    become    indignant.] 
[STOMACH,  *.) 
A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  resent ;  to  remember  with  anger  and 
resentment. 

"  Believe  not  all ;  or,  M  you  must  beHere, 
Stomach  not  all." 

Shtk€tp. :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  lit  4. 

2.  To  bear  without  resenting  or  opposing  ; 
to  put  up  with  ;  to  brook. 

"  Bngltih  theatrical  audience*,  who  will  nat  itetnach 
the  11  IK-*  mi  promising  realism  witb  »hichc»-t*mi>o**ry 
French  dramatists  set  forth  the  workings  of  the 
deadlier  *in*.~—Ditily  Tctcyraph,  Dec.  26,  1886. 

*  3.  To  encourage, 

*'  When  He  bad  ttnmachcd  them  by  the  Holy  Ghost." 
—Bale :  Select  Work*,  p.  813. 

*  B.  Tntrans. :  To  be  angry ;  to  show  re- 
sentment. 

*•  'Tis  not  a  time  for  private  ttomachlnff.m 

Shaketp :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  1L  3. 

*  Stom'-ach-al,  a.  [Fr.  stomacaL]  Stomachic, 

cordial* 

*  Bt6m'- ached,  a,  [Eng.  stomach;  -td.}  Filled 

with  resentment.    (Chiefly  in  composition.) 

Stom'-ach-er,  s.    [Eng.  stomach;  -nr.] 
11 1.  One  who  stomachs. 
2.  An  ornamental  covering  for  the  brenst, 
forming  part  of  a  lady's  dress.    (In  this  sense, 
pron.  jwm'-a-f/Ufr.) 

"  These  bodice*  are  of  peculiar  cut.  with  a  sort  of 
foil  *t"marfmr.  always  of  a  different  cottou  to  the 
bodice."—  Field.  Oct,  8,  1885. 

*  stom'-  aoh  -  ful,    '  st 6m    ach  -  fall,  a. 

[Eng.  stomach;  -full,]  Sullen,  stubborn,  per- 
verse, wilfully  obstinate. 

"  A  xt<niini'\fnll  E*aw  know*  that  his  good  father 
canuot  but  be  displeased  with  liii  Pagan  matches."— 
lip.  Salt :  Semaimt,  p.  138. 

*  8tom'-ach-ful-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  stomachful ; 
-ly.}    In  a  stomachful,  obstinate,  or  perverse 
manner ;  perversely,  angrily. 

*  Stom'-ach- fal-ness,  s.   [Eng.  stomachful ; 
-ness,]    Stubbornness,  perversity,  obstinacy, 
sullenness. 

"  Pride,  gtomacJtfulneM,  headfneM-avall  but  little." 
— Granger:  On  Ecclet.,  p.  248. 

8t<$  maeh'-ic,  a.  &  s.    [Eng.  stomach;  -ie.] 
A*  As  adjective : 
1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  stomach. 

"  Various  shades  of  ttomachic  and  cerebral  discom- 
fort"— Blacki*:  Mf-culture,  p.  41. 


2.  Strengthening  and  comforting  to  th» 
stomach ;  exciting  the  action  of  the  stomach  ; 
cordial. 

B.  Assubst. :  A  medicine  which  strengthens* 
the  stomach,  and  excites  its  action. 

H  There  are  stomachic  tonics  or  stomachic* 
proper,  i.e.,  medicines  which  act  directly  upon 
the  stomach,  improve  appetite,  and  aid  the 
digestive  function,  as  calumba,  gentian, 
quassia,  hops,  strychnia,  cinchona  bark, 
sulphate  of  quinine,  salts  of  iron,  &c. ;  sto- 
machic stimulants  or  carminatives,  as  ginger, 
capsicum  and  chillies,  mustard,  nutmeg,  dill, 
fennel,  &c. ;  and  stomachic  sedatives,  as 
dilute  hydrocyanic  acid,  nitrate  ot  silver, 
bicarbonate  of  soda,  bicarbonate  of  potash, 
belladonna,  opium,  &c.  (Garrod.) 

*  sto  mach  ic  al,  *  sto-  mach'- ic  all,  a. 
[Eng.  stomachic;  -al.]    Stomachic, 

"The  dropsle  and  the  defluxiou  •tomacAtcoH."-* 
P.  Belaud :  /''my.  bit.  «..  ch.  x vii. 

*  stom'-  ach  -  Ing,    *  stdm  -  ack  -  Ing,   *. 

[Eng.  stomach;  -ing.]    Resentment,  anger. 

"  There  WHB  great  itomachlng  betwixt  the  clergie  ot 
the  two  province*."— Golituhtii ;  Ckron.  o/  SnaiauJ; 
M**ry  I.  jail.  1UWJ. 

*  stom  ach  less,    *  stom  ack-lcssc,  a, 

LKng.  stomach;  -legs.] 

1.  Lit. :  Destitute  of  a  stomach  ;  having  no 
stomach. 

2.  Fig. :  Having  no  appetite;  without  any 
appetite. 

"  Why  else  Is  thy  countenance  so  dejected,  thy- 
obe«k*  pale,  ami  watered  »o  oft  with  thy  tearai,  thy 
sleeps  broken,  thy  me*U  itomaelclettet"— B&  UaU: 
Balmof&Uead. 

"  stom -ach  ous,  a.  [Eng.  stomach;  -W9.1 
Sullen,  obstinate,  stubborn. 

"  But  with  etern  looks,  and  itomactwitt  disdain, 
Gave  slgua  of  grudge  and  diacoiiteutinent  vain." 
Spenttr:  F.  Q..  11.  Till.  23. 

*  stom'-ach-^,  a.     [Eng.  itomack;  ^.J    Ob* 
stiuate,  sullen,  stubborn. 

Stom  -a  pod,  s.    [STOUAPODA.) 

ZooL :  Any  member  of  the  order  Stomapoda. 
(q.v.). 

t  sto  map'-d-da,  5.  pi.  [Or.  <rrd^o  (stoma)  =5 
the  mouth,  and  trou?  (pons),  genit.  m>Sos  (po- 
dos)  =  a  foot.) 

1.  ZooL  :  An  order  of  Crastaceans,  legion 
Podophthalmia.     The  gills  are  composed  of 
plates  or  simple  filaments  attached  to  the 
feet ;    carapace  shorter,  and  body  narrower 
and   less  compact   than  in   the    Decapoda. 
Under  it  are  ranged  Sqnilla  (the  type),  some- 
times made  a  family  (8quillid%),  Mysis  (with 
some  forms  of  firichthys),  to  which  similar 
distinction  is  sometimes  given  (Mysidte),  and 
an  anomalous  group,   Diastylidae,  consisting. 
of  three  genera :  Cuma,  Alauua,  and  Bodotria. 

2.  Palceont. :  Pygocephalus  huxleyi,  from  the. 
Coal-measures,    probably    belongs    to     this 
division.    True  Squillae  and  Mysis-like  forms- 
occur  in  the  Jurassic. 

Sto-map'-O-dous,  a.  [Eng.  ttomapod ;  -ou».\ 
Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  Stomapoda, 

Sto   ma-ta,  s.  pi.    [STOM A.] 

Sto  -mate,  a.  k  s.    [STOJIA.J 

A.  As  adjective: 

J'.'it. :  Having  stomata. 

B.  As  subst. :  (STOM A]. 

Stom  a-tel-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  dimln.  from 
Gr.  (TTOjita  (stoma)  =  a  mouth,  an  aperture.] 

Zool.  &  Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Turbinidse, 
with  thirty-three  recent  species,  found  on 
reefs  and  under  stones  at  low  water  in  tropical 
and  sub-tropical  regions.  Shell  ear-shaped, 
regular,  spire  small,  aperture  oblong,  very 
large  and  oblique;  interior  pearly,  lip  thin 
and  even,  operculum  circular,  horny,  and 
multispiral.  They  commence  in  the  Second* 
ary.  (Nicholson.)  . 

sto  ma  -ti  a  (tl  as  shl),  *.  [Mod.  Lat.,. 
from  sUrma.  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  &  Palceont, :  A  genus  of  Haliotidse, 
akin  to  Haliotis,  but  with  a  prominent  spire, 
and  a  furrow  instead  of  perforations  on  the. 
shell.  Recent  species  twelve,  found  under 
stones  at  low  water,  from  Java,  the  Philip- 
pines, Torres  Straits,  and  the  Pacific ;  fossil 
eighteen,  from  the  Lower  Silurian  to  the  Chalk, 
of  North  America  and  Europe. 


boll,  boy;  pout,  Joifrl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go.  Kern;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   -Inff* 
-dan,  -tiau  -  shan.   -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -(ion*  -siou  -  «H"TI_    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble»  -die*  &o.  =  bel*  del. 


4472 


stomatic— stone 


•to  mat'-ic,  *.  &  a,  [Gr.  o-ro^aTiKos  (stoma 
tikos)  ==  pertaining  to  the  mouth  ;  o-TojiaTiKij 
(stomaiiki)  =  a  medicine  for  diseases  of  the 
mouth.] 

A.  As  rnbst. :  A  medicine  for  diseases  of 
the  mouth. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  stoma  or 
stomata. 

•torn  -a  tif'-cr  oiia,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  ttomata, 
and  Lat.  fcro  —  to  bear.] 
But. :  Bearing  stomata. 

stom-a-ti'-tis,  s.  [Gr.  arona.  (sto»wz),  genit. 
OTofiaVos  (stomatos) ;  suff.  -itis.] 

Pathol. :  Inflammation  of  the  mouth,  a  dis- 
ease commonly  occurring  in  young  children. 
There  are  three  forms  of  it :  follicular  stoma- 
titis, affecting  the  mucous  follicles  of  the 
mouth ;  ulcerative  stomatitis,  attacking  the 
guma ;  and  gangrenous  stomatitis,  cancrum- 
arts,  or  sloughing  phagedffiua  of  the  mouth, 
affecting  the  tissues  of  the  cheek. 

ato-ma'-ti-um  (tl  as  ahi),  s.    [STOMA.] 

Btom-a-tdH  pref.  [Gr.  ord/io  (stoma),  genit. 
oTojiaTos  (stomatos)  =  a  mouth.]  Pertaining 
to  or  connected  with  the  mouth. 

•atom -a-  to'  da,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  stomat(o)-,  and 
Gr.  eijoc  (eidos)  =  form.] 

Zool. :  An  old  order  of  Infusoria,  charac- 
terized by  the  possession  of  a  mouth. 

atdni'-a-tode,  a.  &  a.    [STOMATODA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Possessing  a  mouth ;  belonging 
to  the  Storaatoda  (q.v.). 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Stoma- 
toda. 

stomatode  protozoa,  s.  pL 
Zool. :  The  Infusoria. 

•tom-a  to-den  dron,  (pi.  stom  a  to- 
den'  dra),  s.  [Pref.  stomato-,  and  Gr.  SevSpov 
(dendron)  ==  a  tree.  ] 

Zool.  (PI.):  The  dendritic  branches  of  the 
Rhizostomid%.  They  end  in  minute  poly- 
pites,  which  cover  them. 

•tom-a-td-g&s'-tric,  a.  [Pref.  stomata-, 
and  Eng.  gastric  (q.v.).]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  mouth  and  stomach.  Used  chiefly  of  the 
system  of  nerves  distributed  upon  the  sto- 
mach and  the  intestinal  canal.  (Owen.) 

atom  a-to  mor'-phous,  a.    [Pref.  stomata-, 
and  Or.  ^op<fjyj  (morphe)  =  form.] 
Sot. :  Mouth-shaped.    (Treas.  of  Hot.) 

atom  a-to  plas'  tic,  a.  [Pref.  stomato-,  and 
Eng.  plastic  (q.v).] 

Surg. :  Applied  to  the  operation  of  forming 
a  mouth,  where  the  aperture  has  been  con- 
tracted from  any  cause.  (Dungliion.) 

atom  a  to  rrha'-gl-a,  s.  [Pref.  stomato-, 
and  Gr.  pij-yw/u  (rhlgnumi)  =  to  break.] 

Pathol. :  Discharges  of  blood  from  the  mouth 
and  throat.  As  a  rule,  it  is  not  a  formidable 
disease. 

8to- mat'- 6 -scope,  s.  [Pref.  stomato-,  and 
Gr.  trKtrrriui  (skopeo)  =  to  observe.]  An  instru- 
ment for  keeping  the  mouth  open  for  pur- 
poses of  inspection. 

stom'-a  tous,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  stomata ;  Eng. 
adj.  suff.  -oils.]  Furnished  with  stomata. 

stom  e  chi'-nus,  s.  [Gr.  <rr6>a  (stoma)  = 
a  mouth,  and  Mod.  Lat.  echinus  (q.v.).] 

Pakeont. :  A  group  of  Star-fishes,  family 
Echinidje,  occurring  in  the  Jurassic. 

sto  mi-as,  s.  [Gr.  orofua?  (stomias)  =  hard- 
mouthed.] 

Ichthy.:  The  type-genus  of  Stomiatid8e(q.v.), 
with  three  species.  Body  elongate,  compressed, 
covered  with  delicate  deciduous  scales  ;  head 
compressed,  snout  very  short,  mouth-cleft 
Tery  wide ;  series  of  phosphorescent  dots 
along  the  lower  side  of  head,  body,  and  tail. 
Specimens  have  been  dredged  at  depths  vary- 
ing from  450  to  1,800  fathoms. 

•to  mi-it  J-dse.  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  stomias, 
genit.  ffawuoKM);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-idee.] 

Ichthy. :  A  family  of  Physostomi  (q.v.) ; 
deep-sea  fishes  from  the  Atlantic,  charac- 
terized chiefly  by  their  formidable  array  of 


teeth.  Skin  naked,  or  covered  with  very 
delicate  scales  ;  eggs  enclosed  in  the  sacs  of 
the  ovarium,  and  excluded  by  oviducts.  Dr. 
Gunther  enumerates  the  following  genera : 
Astronesthes,  with  two  dorsals,  the  posterior 
adipose  ;  Stomias,  Echiostoma,  Malacosteus, 
and  Bathyophis,  in  which  the  rayed  dorsal  is 
opposite  to  the  anal  fin. 

sto  mi-um  (pi.  ato'-mi-a),  s.     [Gr.  O-TO- 
/uof  (stomion)  =  a  small  mouth,  dimin.  from 
crrb/Aa  (stoma)  =  a  mouth.] 
Bot. :  The  same  as  STOMA,  2.  (1),  (2). 

stom- ox -ys,  s.  [Gr.  O-TO>OI  (stoma)  =  a 
mouth,  and  ofiis  (amis)  =  sharp.) 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Muscidae.  Stomoxys 
calcitrans  resembles  the  house-fly,  but  has  a 
long,  sharp  proboscis,  by  means  of  which  it 
sucks  the  blood  of  man  and  the  inferior 
animals. 

Stomp,  a.  &  v.    [STAMP.] 

*  stond,  s.    [STAND.] 

1.  A  stop,    a   stand ;  an   impediment    or 
hindrance. 

"The  ranovlug  of  the  ttondt  and  impediments  of 
the  miud,  doth  often  clear  the  paatage,  aud  current 
to  A  man's  fortune." — Bacon :  Letter  to  Sir  Henry 
Satltlt. 

2.  A  stand,  a  post,  a  station. 

*  3.  An  attack. 

"  On  th'  other  side,  th'  assieeed  castle's  ward 
Their  Btedfast  itotids  did  mightily  maintain." 
Spenter  :  F.  Q.,  IL  xi,  16. 

*  stonde,  *  stond  en,  «.    [STAND,  v.] 

atone,  *  ston,  *  stoon,  s.  &  a.  [A.S.  stdn  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut,  steen;  leel.  steinn ;  Dau.  & 
Sw.  sten ;  Ger.  stein ;  Goth,  stains ;  Russ. 
stiena  =  a  wall ;  Gr.  crria.  (siia)  =  a  stone,  a 
pebble.] 

A*  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally : 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

(2)  The  material  obtained  from   rocks  or 
stones  ;  the  kind  of  substance  they  produce. 

"  There  beside  of  marble  ttone  was  built 
An  altare."  Spenser:  F.  o..,  L  Tlii  SB. 

(3)  A  gem ;  a  precious  stone. 

"  I  thought  I  saw 

Wedges  of  gold,  great  anchors,  heaps  of  pearl. 
Inestimable  tlonet,  unvalued  jewels." 

S/tatetp. :  Xichard  111.,  i.  4. 

(4)  Something  made  of  stone  :  as — 

(a)  A  monument  erected  to  preserve  the 
memory  of  the  dead  ;  a  gravestone. 

"  Underneath  this  ttone  doth  110 
As  much  beauty  as  could  .die." 
Ben  Jorurm:  Kpitapn  on  queen  XHzabtth, 

*(&)  A  gun-flint. 

(5)  Something  which  resembles  a  stone :  as — 

(a)  A  calcareous  concretion  in  the  kidneys 
or  bladder;  hence,  the  disease  arising  from 
a  calculus.    [CALCULUS,  2.] 

"  Past  earthquakes— ay,  and  gout  and  Hone." 

Tennyton :  Lucretius,  158. 

(b)  The  nut  of  a  drupe  or  stone  fruit ;  the 
hard  covering  enclosing  the  kernel,  and  itself 
enclosed  by  the  pericarp ;  the  hard  and  bony 
endocarp  of  a  drupaceous  fruit. 

"Cracking  the  nonet  of  the  prunes." 

Xhakeip.:  feature  for  feature,  ii.  L 

(c)  A  testicle. 

IT  In  composition  used  by  the  old  herbal- 
ists for  an  orchis,  as  dog-stones  =  dog-orchis 
(Orchis  mascula). 

(d)  The  glass  of  a  mirror ;  a  mirror. 

"  Lend  me  a  looking-glass  : 
If  tliat  her  breath  will  mist  or  stAiu  the  ttone, 
Why  then  she  lives."  Sltakctp.  :  Lear,  v.  3, 

*  (6)  A  hailstone. 

*  (7)  A  thunderbolt 

"  The  gods  throw  tlonet  of  sulphur  on  me." 

Hhukctp.  :  Cymbeline,  v.  & 

(8)  A  measure  of  weight  in  use  throughout 
the  north-west  and  central  countries  of 
Europe,  but  varying  much  in  different  places. 
The  English  imperial  standard  stone  is  a 
weight  of  14  Ibs.  avoirdupois,  but  there  are 
stones  of  other  weights  for  particular  com- 
modities ;  thus  the  stone  of  butcher's  meat  or 
fish  is  8  Ibs.,  of  cheese  16  Ibs.,  of  hemp  32  Ibs., 
of  glass  5  Ibs.,  44c. 

2.  Fig. :  Used  as  the  symbol  of  hardness, 
torpidity,  or  insensibility  :  as,  He  has  a  heart 
of  stone. 

IL  Technically: 

i.  Petrol.,  Geol.,  Arch.,  etc.:   Stone  is  not 


I 


used  as  a  technical  term  in  either  Petrology 
or  Geology,  though  it  enters  into  the  coiupo 
sition  of  words  in  those  sciences,  as  Portland 
atone.  By  masons,  builders,  4c.,  it  is  con 
tinually  used,  and  is  specially  contrasted  with 
brick  as  material  for  the  construction  o( 
edifices.  "That  portion  of  it,"  says  Weale. 
"which  is  used  for  building  purposes  is  a 
dense,  coherent,  brittle  substance,  sometimes 
of  a  granulated,  at  others  of  a  laminated 
structure,  these  qualities  varying  according 
to  its  chemical  constitution  and  the  mod** 
in  which  it  has  beeu  deposited."  The  qual- 
ities which  render  a  building  stone  valu 
able  are  strength  to  resist  superincumbent 
pressure,  durability,  and,  a  capability  of 
being  easily  wrought.  The  chief  building 
atones  at  present  In  use  are  granites  of  various 
colors,  syenites,  porphyries,  sand-stones,  mill- 
stone grit,  dolomite,  marbles,  the  mountait 
limestone,  and  others.  The  art  of  working  i[ 
stone  ia  of  great  antiquity,  the  Egyptians  bein^ 
especially  celebrated  for'  their  granite  edifices 
obelisks,  sculptures,  Ac.  Among  the  Greek/ 
marble  was  usually  employed  for  the  grea: 
temples  and  other  edifices. 

2.  Print. :  The  same  as  IMPOSING  -  STONI 
(q.v.). 

B.  As  adj. :  Made  of  stone. 

"stone  walls  do  not  a  prison  make, 
Nor  iron  ban  a  cage. 

Lovelace  :  To  Alth€o,,from  Priion. 

IT  (I)  Artificial  stone:  A  concreted  material 
used  for  many  purposes,  as  making  building 
blocks,  flagstones,  tiles,  vases,  statuary,  sewer 
pipes,  &c.  Many  substances  have  been  used 
for  its  production.  That  which  has  been  used 
on  the  largest  scale,  and,  until  a  compara- 
tively recent  period,  exclusively,  was  cemented 
Roman,  or,  still  better,  Portland  cement, 
which  hardens  after  being  mixed  with  water 
Ordinary  concrete  and  beton  are  of  this  class 
Terra-cotta,  employed  for  architectural  orna- 
ments, statuary,  &c.,  is  in  the  nature  of  • 
fine  brick. 

(2)  Meteoric  stone :  [AEROLITE]. 

(3)  Philosopher's    stone :     [PHILOSOPHER'S 
STONE). 

(4)  To  leave  no  stone  unturned :  To  use  a . 
available  or  practicable  means  to  effect  at 
object ;  to  omit  or  spare  no  exertions. 

stone  age,  s.    [AOE,  s.,  B.  3.] 

atone-axe,  s.  An  axe  with  two  some 
what  obtuse  edges,  used  in  spawling  an*1 
hewing  stone. 

stone  basil,  s. 

Bot. :  Melissa  Clinopodium. 

stone  bass,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Polyprion  cernium,  about  eighteen 
inches  long,  and  valued  for  the  table.  It 
occurs  round  the  European  coasts,  and  it 
often  met  with  accompanying  floating  wood, 
being  attracted  by  the  small  marine  species 
generally  surrounding  such  objects  and  afford- 
ing a  supply  of  food. 

stone-blind,  a.  Blind  as  a  stone ;  per- 
fectly blind. 

stone-blue,  s.  A  compound  of  indigo 
and  starch  or  whiting. 

stone  boat.  s. 

1.  A  barge  used  for  carrying  stones. 

2.  A  flat-bottomed  sled  for  hauling  heavy 
stones  for  short  distances. 

stone  boilers,  s.  ;•'. 

Anthrop. :  Any  race  of  people  practising 
stone-boiling  (q.v.).  [HIDE- BOILING,  POT 
BOILER,  A.  2.] 

"  The  Australians,  at  least  in  modern  times,  must 
be  counted  as  ttone-boUert.-— Tylnr  :  Earlt  Silt.  Mat. 
kind  (ed.  1878),  p.  265. 

stone  boiling,  s. 

Anthrop. :  (See  extract). 
"  It  is  even  likely  that  the  art  of  boiling,  as  com 
monly  known  to  us,  may  have  beeu  developed  through 
this  intermediate  process,  which  I  propose  to  cali 
ttone-boilina.  There  is  a  North  American  tribe,  who 
received  from  their  neighbours  the  Ojibwas,  the  nams 
of  Assluaboins,  or  'stone-boilers,'  from  their  mode  »f 
boiling  their  meat.  . . .  They  dig  a  hole  In  tl.,  ground 
take  a  piece  of  the  animal's  raw  hide,  and  press  11 
down  with  their  hands  close  to  the  sides  of  the  hola 
which  thus  becomes  a  sort  of  pot  or  basin.  This  they 
nil  with  water,  and  they  make  a  number  of  stones 
red-hot  in  a  fire  close  by.  The  meat  is  put  Into  tht 
water  and  the  stones  dropped  in  till  the  meat  is 
boiled."— Tylor:  Early  ffitt.  Mankind  (ed.  1878),  p.  26*. 

stone  borer,  s. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the  Lithe- 
phagi  (q.v.). 


fiite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  loll,  lather ;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  aire,  air,  marine;  go,  p»t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  emr,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    a>,  03  =  e ;  oy  =  a ;  <ju   =  kw. 


stone 


4473 


•  Stone-bow,  s.  A  cross-bow  for  shoot- 
Ing  stones. 

"O  for  a  Oone^ow  to  hit  him  In  the  eye." 

Sltatetp. :  Ivetftt  XwH,  U.  i. 

•tone-bramble,  s. 

Botany : 

I  Rutw  samtilis,  a  bramble  having  the 
barren  stems  procumbent,  unarmed,  or  with 
scattered  bristles,  trifoliate  leaves,  and  very 
small  petals.  Found  on  the  stony  banks 
of  subalpine  and  alpine  rivulets  in  Britain, 
Europe,  and  Asia  to  the  Himalayas. 

t  2.  Rubus  Chamcemons.    (Ogilvte.) 

•tone-brash,  s. 

Agric.:  A  subsoil  composed  of  shattered 
rock  or  stone. 

stone-break,  .«. 

Bot. :  Any  saxifrage  (q.v.).  Gerarde  calls 
Saxifriige  granulata  the  White  Stone-break, 
and  Chrysosplenum  oppositlfolium  the  Golden 
Stone-break.  (Britten  <t  Holland.) 

stone-buck,  s.    The  steinbok  (q.v.). 

stone-butter,  s.    A  sort  of  alum. 

stone-canal,  s.    [SAND-CANAL.] 

*  stone-cast,  s.  A  stone's  cast ;  as  far  as 
one  could  throw  a  stone. 

"  About  a  ttora-eatt  from  the  wall." 

Tmnyion:  Mariana.  87. 

stone-cement,  ».  A  hard  composition 
of  the  nature  of  mortar,  which  will  harden 
and  form  a  water-tight  joint. 

stone-circles,  «.  Circles  of  standing 
stones,  occuring  in  the  British  Isles,  where  they 
are  popularly  known  as  Druidical  circles;  in 
Scandinavia,  where  they  are  called  Dom-rings, 
or  Thing-steads ;  in  France,  where  they  receive 
the  popular  name  of  Cromlech,  and  in  other 
countries.  All  these  titles  are  given  under  erro- 
neous ideas,  since  the  origin  of  these  circles 
precedes  historical  times,  and  there  is  little 
evidence  as  to  their  purpose.  In  some  localities 
they  are  very  numerous,  and  some  are  of  such 
size  and  weight  that  it  is  remarkable  how  they 
were  erected.  In  certain  places  they  seem  con- 
nected with  burial  customs. 

stone-coal,  - 

Afin. :  A  name  applied  in  America  and  Eng- 
land to  anthracite  (q.v.),  but  in  Germany  it  is 
used  to  distinguish  the  coal  of  the  carboniferous 
formation  from  the  more  recent  Lignites  or 
Brown  Coals  (Ger.  braunkohle)  of  the  Tertiary 
period. 

stone-cold,  o.  Cold  as  a  stone ;  very 
•old. 

••  At  last  as  marble  rocke  he  sUndeth  still. 
Stone-cold  without ;  within,  burutwlth  loue.  flame. 
Fairfax  :  aodfrtl  of  Bodognt,  xxvtt. 

•tone-color,  s.  *  a. 

A.  Assubst. :  The  color  of  a  stone;  a  gray- 
ish color. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  the  color  of  a  stone  ;  of  a 
grayish  color. 

stone-coral,  >.  Massive,  as  distinguished 
from  branched,  coral. 

•tone-cray,  ».    A  distemper  in  hawks. 

stone-crush,  «.  A  sore  on  the  foot  oc- 
casioned by  a  bruise,  or  as  if  by  a  bruise. 
(frov.) 

stone-curlew,  stone-plover,  «. 

Ornith. :  (Edicnemus  scolopax  (t  crepitans)  ; 
called  also  the  Thick-knee,  Thicknee,  or  Nor- 
folk Plover.  An  European  bird,  whosecommon 
name  comes  from  swellings  at  the  joints  in  the 
young. 

stone-cutter,  i.  One  whose  occupation 
to  to  cut  stones  for  building,  ornamental,  or 
other  purposes ;  a  machine  for  working  a 
face  on  a  stone  or  ashlar. 

•'  "  A  •t'nie-cuttrr'M  man  had  the  reslcnl*  of  hU  lunge 

so  stuffed  with  dust,  that.  In  cutting,  the  knife  went 

[         as  i  1  through  a  heap  of  sand."— Derham :  Phyi.  Theot. 

stone-cutting,  s.  The  business  or  occu- 
pation of  cutting  or  hewing  stones  for  walls, 
monuments,  &c. 

stone-dead,  a.  Dead,  or  lifeless  as  a 
•tone ;  quite  dead. 

"  Then  home  h.  went,  and  left  the  Hart,  ifofw-ffcao*.* 
Wordneorth  :  Bart.Lcap  Welt. 

•tone-deaf,  o.  Deaf  as  a  stone,  perfectly 
deaf. 

stone -dresser,  ».  One  who  dresses, 
Shapes,  or  tools  stone  for  building  purposes. 

•tone-eater,  5.    [STONE-BORER.] 


•tone-falcon,  stone  hawk,  «. 

Ornith. :  The  merlin  (q.v.). 

"  From  this  habit  of  perching  on  pieces  of  stone,  it 
has  derived  the  name  of  «o,.../atam.  a  ti.le  which 
h"  been  applied  to  this  bird  In  Germany  .nd  FraiiM 
as  well  a.  in T  England."—  Wood:  llltu.  Sat.  Bat.,  U.  77. 

stone-fern,  ». 

Botany: 

1.  Ceterach  officinarum.    So  named  because 
ft  grows  on  stone  walls. 

2.  Allosorun  crispus.    (Britten  £  Holland.) 
Stone-fly,  s.    [PERLA.] 
stone-fougasse,  s. 

Mil.-eng. :  A  mine  covered  with  stones. 
stone-fruit,  s.     Fruit  whose  seeds  are 
covered  with  a  hard  shell  enveloped  in  the 
pulp,  as  peaches,  plums,  cherries,  <fcc- ;  a  drupe. 
"  We  gathered  ripe  apricocka  and  ripe  plum,  upon 
one  tree,  from  which  we  expect  some  other  *orU  of 
Uone-fruit."— Boytf. 

stone-gall,  «. 

1.  The  name  given  by  quarrymen  to  nodules 
or  round  masses  of  clay  often  occurring  in 
variegated  sandstone,  and  rendering  it  less 
valuable  as  a  building  stone. 

2.  The  same  as  STANNEL  (q.v.). 

stone-grig,  s. 

Ichthy. :  The  young  of  the  Mud-lamprey, 
Petromyzon  oranchialis. 

stone-hag,  ».  The  name  given  to  the 
pit-houses,  divided  into  apartments  by 
partition-walls,  and  all  strongly  lined  with 
stone,  so  as  to  be  the  favourite  quarry  of  the 
road-menders,  probably  2,000  or  3,000  years 
old,  found  in  such  numerous  clusters  at 
Goathland  and  elsewhere  in  the  easterly 
moorlands  of  north  Yorkshire.  (Gentleman  t 
Magazine,  May,  1861,  p.  503.) 

stone-hammer,  s.    A  chipping  hammer 
used  by  stone-masons  in  rough-dressing  stone. 
*  stone-hard,  o.    Hard  as  stone,  unfeel- 
ing.   (Shakesp.) 

stone  harmonicon,  ».     A  musical  in- 
strument consisting  of  a  number  of  bars  or 
slabs  of  stone  supported  on  wood  or  straw, 
and  played  like  the  dulcimer. 
stone-hatch,  s. 
Ornith. :  (See  extract). 

"The  ne.t  b  only  a  slight  hollow  In  the  i»n4to 
which  its  four  eggs  are  deposited  ;  but  Kmetuue.  this 
cavity  U  lined  or  covered  with  a  number  of  small 
stones  about  the  size  of  peas,  upon  which  the  em  are 
laid,  and  this  habit  ha.  gained  for  the  Ringed  Flover 
l^gialitit  Mnticula]  in  some  counties  the  provincial 
name  of  «cm«-/ialc»."—  YarrM:  BrU.  Birdl  led.  4th). 
111.158, 

•tone-hawk,  ».    [STONE-FALCON.] 

stone-head,  *. 

Mining:  The  rock  immediately  below  the 
alluvial  deposit. 

stone-hearted,  a.  Hard-hearted,  piti- 
less, unfeeling,  stony-hearted. 


,  , 

stone-hore,  stone-hot,  >. 


Bot. :  (1)  Sedum  acre  (Britten  A  Holland) ; 
S.  reflexwn  (Prior). 

*  stone-horse,  s.  A  horse  not  castrated, 
an  entire  horse. 

"  The  Scythian,  chnw  rather  to  use  their  mare,  in 
warre-service  than  tlieir  «cm«-»orie«."—  P.  Holland  : 
PUni.  bk.  viil.,  oh.  rlii. 

stone-house,  s.    A  house  built  of  stone. 

stone  jug,  s.    A  prison.    (Slang.) 

stone-lichen, «. 

Bot. :  Parmtliafahlunensis.    (Rossiter.) 

•tone-lily,  s.    [ENCRINITE,  ENCRINOT.] 

•tone-lugger,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Campostoma,  an  American  genus 
of  Carps. 

stone-marten,  s. 

Zool. :  Itustelafoina,  a  species  allied  to  the 
Pine-marten  (q.v.),  from  which  it  differs  in 
cranial  and  dental  characters,  and  in  having 
the  throat  white  instead  of  yellow.  It  is 
also  known  as  the  Common  or  Beech  Marten. 
It,  with  the  Pine  Marten,  is  a  native  of 
Europe. 

stone-mason, ».  One  who  dresses  stones 
for  building  or  other  purposes;  one  who 
builds  with  stone. 

•tone-merchant,  s.  One  who  deals  in 
building,  paving,  or  other  stone. 


*  stone-mortar,  «.  A  large  mortar  for 
merly  used  in  sieges  for  throwing  a  mass  or 
small  stones  or  hand-grenades  upon  an  ad- 
vancing enemy. 

stone-oak,  ». 

Bot.  :  Lithocarpus  javensis,  a  mastwort; 
named  from  the  hardness  of  its  fruit. 

stone  ochre,  s.  An  earthy  oxide  of  iron 
winch  forms  a  yellow  pigment  of  considerable 
pci  maneuce  in  oil  or  water-colours. 

stone-oil,  s.    Rock-oil,  petroleum. 

stone-orpine,  s. 

Bot.:  Sedum  reflexnm.  Corrupted  Into 
Stone-hore  or  Stonor. 

stone-parsley,  ». 

Bot. :  Sison  Amomum. 

stone-pillar,  s.  A  standing-stone ;  • 
monolith  worshipped  as  the  representative 
or  embodiment  of  a  deity.  [PILLAR-DEITY, 
PILLAR-SYMBOL,  STONE-WORSHIP.] 

11  A  curious  inquiry,  whether  this  point  of  Ireland, 
on  the  utmost  western  verge  of  Europe,  be  not  the 
last  spot  in  Christendom  in  which  a  trace  can  now  be 
found  of  itons-piUar  worrtilp."— Jfota  t  fuerie*  Feb. 
7.  18K,  p.  1SL 

stone-pine,  i. 

Bot. :  Pinus  Pinto, ;  a  tree  about  sixty  feet 
high,  with  cones  five  inches  in  length,  the 
kernels  of  which  are  eaten  in  Italy,  Franca, 
and  China.  H  is  the  rriTvt  (pitta)  of  Dios- 
corides. 

stone-pit,  «.  A  pit  or  quarry  wher 
stone  is  dug. 

stone-pitch,  «.    Hard,  inspissated  pitch. 

stone-plant,  s.    [LITHOPHYTE.J 

stone-plover,  ».    [STONE-CUBLIW.] 

•tone-pock,  s.  An  acrid  and  hard 
pimple  which  suppurates. 

"•tone-priest,  «.    A  lecherous  priest. 

•tone-quarry,  >.    A  stone-pit  (q.  v.). 

•tone-rag,  stone-raw,  s.  [STANE-RAW.J 

stone-rollers,  >.  pi.    [BED-HORSES.] 

•tone-root,  s. 

Bot. :  Collinsonia  canadensis,  a  labiate  plant, 
having  light-yellow  flowers  with  a  lemon-like 
odour.  [HORSE-BALM.] 

stone-seed,  s. 

Bot. :  Lithospermum  officinal*,  the  Common 
Gromwell. 
*  stone-shot,  s. 

1.  An  early  form  of  projectile  for  a  cannon, 
consisting  of  a  lump  or  ball  of  stone. 

2.  The  distance  to  which  a  stone  can  be- 
shot   or  cast ;   a  stone's  cast      (Tennysm  : 
Princess,  v.  51.) 

stone-snipe,  «.    [STONE-CURLEW.] 
stone -squarer, «.  One  who  forms  stone* 

Into  square  shapes ;  a  stone-cutter.    (1  King* 

v.  18.) 
stone-still,  a.  or  adv.    Still  as  a  stone ; 

perfectly  still. 

"I  will  stand  aonMtiUS 

ithakrtp.  :  Klnf  John,  IT.  L 

stone-toter,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Exoglossum,  an  American  genus 
of  Carps.  Called  also  Cut-lips. 

stone-wall,  ».    A  wall  built  of  stones. 

•tone-ware,  «.  A  species  of  potter's  or 
ceramic  ware  largely  in  use  for  domestic  ana 
other  purposes. 

"The  amtmart  of  London  is  made  of  pipe-clay 
rom  Dorseuhire  and  Devonshire,  calcined  and  .ground 
Hut  from  Statf»rd,hlre.  and  sand  from  Woo  wfch  and 


purpose  The  rounu  articles  are  amnan  ou  »  >.u™». 
SrfidTSid  shaved  ill  a  lathe.  Article,  of  other  shape. 
are  moulded.  The  articles  are  then  stacked  In  the 
kiln  with  pieces  of  well-sanded  clay  placed  between 
them  to  prevent  their  adhering.  A  slow  «re  dissi- 
pates the  moisture,  and  the  heat  >  then  raised  until 
{heflame  and  ware  have  the  same  colour.  The  glate 
U  then  added  by  pouring  twenty  or  thirty  ladlefuls  of 
common  salt  Into  the  top  of  the  kiln.  This  i.  vola- 
tilized by  heat,  becomes  attached  to  the  snrf«ce  of  the 
e  and  is  decomposed,  the  d  flin  o« 

caving  the  noda  l>ehind  i 
e  on  the  ware,  which  resi 
lght:  Dia.  Mtcbania,  s.  V. 

•tone  -work,    «.      Work  consisting  of 
stone  ;  mason's  work  of  stone. 

"  They  make  two  walls  with  flat  stones,  and  nil  the 
ipace  with  earth,  and  so  they  continue  the  «o«- 


tilized  by  heat,  becomes  attached  to  the  snr«ce  o  e 
ware  and  is  decomposed,  the  muriatic  acid  flying  o« 
and  caving  the  noda  l>ehind  it  to  form  a  flue  thin 
ilaie  on  the  ware,  which  resist,  ordinary  acids.'  — 


4474 


stonechat— stoop 


•tone  -worship,  «. 

Compar.  Religions  :  Divine  honours  paid  t«. 
•tones,  either  as  the  embodiments  or  the  re 
presentatives  of  deities.  It  is  a  part  of  stock 
and-stone  worship,  dating  from  remote  an 
tiquity,  and  was  once  widely  spread.  Grot 
(Hist.  Greece,  it.  132)  notts  that  it  existei 
among  the  ancient  Greeks;  Tacitus  (Hist.,  ii 
8)  describes  a  conical  pillar  which  stood  in 
stead  of  an  image  to  represent  the  Paphian 
Venus,  and  adds,  "ratio  in  otacuro,"  and 
Isaiah  Ivii.  6  shows  that  it  was  not  unknown 
among  the  Jews.  It  lingered  on  in  Franci 
and  Europe  till  the  Early  Middle  Ages  (tut 
tock:  Orig.  Civil,  (ed.  1882),  p.  907),  in  Norway 
till  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  centnry  (Nilsson 
Primitive  Inhabitants  of  Scandinavia,  p.  241) 
and,  according  to  Lord  Roden  (Progress  oj 
Reformation  in  Ireland,  pp.  51-54),  the  is 
landers  of  luniskea,  olf  the  coast  of  Mayo 
worshipped  a  stone,  and  whenever  a  storn 
arose  besoaght  it  to  send  a  wreck  on  the 
coast.  Tytor,  coupling  the  (act  that  stone 
worship  survived  to  the  Earl;  Middle  Ages  in 
England  and  France  with  the  circumstance 
that  groups  of  standing  stones  are  set  up  in 
India  to  represent  deities,  suggest*  "  that  men- 
hirs, cromlechs,  &c.,  may  be  idols,  and  circles 
and  lines  of  idols,  worshipped  by  remotely 
ancient  dwellers  in  the  land  as  representatives 
or  embodiments  of  their  gods."  [S 

"This  *'»i«-ieoriUp  among  the  Hindus  Menu  a 
survival  of  a  rite  belonging  originally  to  a  low  civili- 
sation. probably  a  rite  of  the  rude  imlUeus*  of  the 
land."—  Tutor:  Prim.  Cvlt.  (ed.  1873).  ii.  164. 

stone's  oast,  stone's  throw,  «.    The 

distance  to  which  a  stone  can  be  thrown  by 
the  hand. 

"  The  new  building  will  be  within  a  stone's  throw  of 
the  Ringstras»e.*^7)aUy  fefafrap*,  March  14.  1887. 

•tone'  -Chat,  «.  [Eng.  stone,  s.,  and  chat  (1),  8.] 
Ornith.  :  Saxicota  rubicola.  The  colour 
varies  according  to  the  season  :  in  an  adult 
male  in  summer  the  head,  throat,  and  small 
coverts  of  the  wings  are  black,  the  borders  of 
each  feather  ruddy  brown,  white  spots  on  the 
sides  of  the  neck,  on  the  wings  above,  and  on 
the  rump,  under  parts  ruddy,  wings  brown, 
tail-feathers  white  at  the  base,  on  the  other 
parts  dark  brown.  The  colours  of  the  female 
are  less  bright,  and  the  white  spots  on  the 
sides  of  the  neck  are  smaller.  The  Stonechat 
occurs  all  the  year  in  Britain,  though  many 
migrate  southwards  for  the  winter.  It  is  rather 
smaller  than  the  robin,  frequents  furze-clad 
commons  or  heaths,  where  it  perches  upon 
Btones,  darting  forth  in  pursuit  of  some  insect, 
and  then  returning  to  the  same  spot.  The 
nest  is  built  in  April  of  moss  and  grass,  hair 
and  feathers;  eggs  pale  grayish  blue,  with 
some  reddish-brown  spots  at  the  larger  end. 
It  occurs  in  India,  Asia  Minor,  Ac.,  as  well 
as  throughout  Europe.  Called  also  Stone- 
smith,  Stone-smich,  Stone-chatter,  Stoneclink, 
and  Moor-titling. 

Stone'  crop,  ».  [Eng.  stone,  B.,  and  crop  =  a 
top,  a  bunch  of  flowers  ;  so  called  because  the 
typical  species,  Sedum  acre,  grows  on  stone 
walls,  and  has  dense  tufts  of  flowers.  (Prior.)'] 

Sot.  :  Any  species  of  the  genus  Sednm(q.v.), 
and  specially  the  Common  or  Uiting  Stone- 
crop,  Sedum  acre. 

II  The  Great  Stonecrop  is  (1)  Cotyledon  Vm- 
Wicus,  and  (2)  Sedum  album;  the  Shrub 
Stonecrop  is  Stu&la  fruticosa. 

•tone,  -steno,  v.t.    [STOKE,  «.] 

L  Literally: 

L  To  pelt,  beat,  or  kill  with  stones. 

"  And  the  husbandmen  took  his  servants,  and  beat 
cue  and  killed  another,  and  stoned  another  '—Jfutthew 
I'  S.i. 

2.  To  lace  or  wall  with  stones  :  as,  To  stone 
•  well. 

3.  To  cover,  spread,  or  repair  with  stones. 

"  Many  of  the  orchards  are  more  than  a  mile  from 

»eb  "Jriw"0  <to>**  ro*a*  lmMa*  ">  them.-—  two, 

L  To  free  from  stones  :  as,  To  stone  raisins. 

*  IX  Fig.  :  To  harden  ;  to  make  like  stone. 

41  0  perjur'd  woman  I  thoa  dost  ttone  my  heart." 
Sltakap.  :  OlhtUo.  T.  I 

*  atone  less,  a.  [Eng.  stone,  s.  ;  -less.]  Free 
from  or  destitute  of  stones. 

"  Netting,  for  «hleh  the  river  b  far  too  well  adapted 
*t*    *"''  ' 


••ton  -en,  a.    [Eng.  sto*(e);  -en.]    Of  stone; 
atone. 

"He  fonothe  arerlde  a  famn  signe,"—  IffcHft  : 
Qtnnii  xiv.  14. 


8tdn   er, ».  [Eng.  ston(e);  -er.]  One  who  stones 

"  It  was  the  character  of  Jerusalem  to  be  the  kille 
of  the  prophet*,  and  the  Waiter  of  tbem  who  were  sen 
unto  her.  — /farrow :  On  t\e  Creed. 

Stones'  field,  s.    [Eng.  stout,  e.,  ami  field.] 

Geog. :  A  parish  in  Oxfordshire,  three  and  a 
half  miles  W.N.  W.  from  Woodstock. 

Stonesfield  slate,  s. 

Geol. :  A  slightly  oolitic,  shelly  limestom 
occurring  at  Stonesfleld.  It  forms  large 
lenticular  masses,  embedded  in  sand  only  six 
feet  thick,  but  is  very  rich  in  organic  remains 
It  contains  pebbles  of  a  rock  very  similar  to 
if  not  identical  with  itself.  Of  plants  it  con 
tains  about  twelve  fern  genera ;  specially 
Pecopteris,  Sphenopteris,  aud  Tasniopteris  ;  i 
cycad,  conifene,  Thuyites,  and  Araucaria,  an 
endogeu  like  Pandaniu.  Of  animal  remains 
the  elytra  of  beetles,  some  resembling  Bu 
prestis;  peptiles,  specially  Ichthyosaurus 
Plesiosaurus,  Cetiosaurus,  Teleosaurus,  Mega 
losaurus,  and  Rhamphorhynchus  ;  ten  species 
of  marsupials  of  the  genera  Ainphilestes 
PhascolotliiTium,  and  Stereognathus.  Th< 
Stonealield-slate  lies  at  the  base  of  the  Great 
Oolite,  and  is  developed  in  Oxfordshire,  Nortl 
Northamptonshire,  and  Lincolnshire.  (Lyell. 

stones -mic-kle,  stone  snut5h,s.  [Etym 
of  second  element  doubtful.]  The  Stonechai 
(q.v.). 

Stone'-wort,  «.  [Kng.  stone,  and  wort ;  from 
the  calcareous  deposits  on  ita  stalk.] 

Bat. :  (1)  The  genus  Chara  (Prior);  (2)  The 
genus  Nitella. 

*  ston'-I-fy,  v.t.  [Eng.  stone,  i  connect. ;  sutt 
-fa-]  To  petrify. 

"  A  shell-ash  tKmifed.'-BMand  :  Camdtn,  p.  363. 

Ston'-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  stony;  -ly.]  In  a 
stony  manner;  with  stony  coldness  or  unim- 
pressiveuess  ;  coldly,  harshly,  inflexibly. 

ston'-I-ness,  *  Bton-y-ness,  «.  [Eng. 
stony;  -ness.] 

L  Lit. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  stony 
or  abounding  with  stones. 

"  The  name  [Hex  ton]  really  owee  its  original  to  the 
natural  ttonineu  of  the  place."—  Beam,  7«bejen  to 
R.  Gloucester,  p.  4S7. 

2.  Fig. :  Hardness  of  heart  or  mind. 
Stdn-jr,  a.    [Eng.  stance);  -y.] 

L  Lit. :  Pertaining  to,  made  or  consisting 
of,  abounding  in,  or  resembling  stone. 

"Salt  water  which  had  filtered  through  •  scon* 
beaoh."— Coot :  Second  Voyage,  bk.  1L,  ch.  rliL 

IL  Figuratively: 

*  L  Petrifying ;  converting  to  stone. 

"  And  ttony  honour  all  her  scenees  Old.' 

Spoufr  :  F.  I&.  I.  ri.  n. 

2.  Hard,  cruel,   pitiless,  inflexible,    unre- 
lenting. 

It  shall  be  ttont.-          Slxikitp.  .•  t  JTsary  Ky™  vl\ 

3.  Cold,  hard,  unimpressive. 

"  He  responded  only  with  a  atony  stare."— Daily 
TO^/rap*.  Sept.  12.  1885. 

4.  Obdurate,  perverse,  stubborn ;  morally 
hard  or  hardened. 

stony-coral,  «. 

Zool.  (PI.):  Any  coral  of  stony  structure. 
[STONE-CORAL.]  Spec,  any  one  of  the  Coral- 
line, a  sub-family  of  Gorgonidse. 

stony-bard,  & 

Sot :  Litlwspermnm  officinal*. 

stony-hearted,  o.  Hard-hearted;  In- 
sensible to  feeling ;  unfeeling,  obdurate. 

"  Eight  yards  of  uneven  ground  is  threescore  and 
ten  miles a-foot  with  me, and  theslon»Jiea«ei<villains 
know  it.  —  SAatesp. .-  1  Henry  IF.,  11 \ 

Stood,  pret.  &  pa.  far.  ofv.    [STAND,  r.] 

Stock,  t.  [Low  Ger.  stuke;  Ger.  stanch  =  a 
heap.)  A  shock  of  corn,  consisting,  when  of 
full  size,  of  twelve  sheaves. 

"  As  soon  as  the  corn  there  (mostly  oats)  begins  to 
ripen,  the  grouse  in  large  numbers  come  dowTf  from 
the  neighbouring  moors  to  it,  aud.  when  cut  and  in 
•toot,  they  may  He  seen  at  feeding  time  busy  enough 
on  the  shocks  and  stnbblee."_«e;3.  March  is.  last 

Stook,  v.t.  [STOCK,  ».]  To  set  or  make  up,  as 
sheaves  of  corn,  in  stocks  or  shocks.  (Scotch.) 

"  Still  shearing  and  clearing 
The  tither  scooted  raw  "^ 
Bunt :  To  tke  Ouidvife  «'  Wauelopt  Hutu. 

Stook'-er,  ».  [Eng.  stook,  v.  •  -er.]  One  who 
sets  up  sheaves  in  stooks  or  shocks  In  the 
harvest- Held. 


stodi,  'stole,  -stoole,  'stoale,  '810010, 

s.  [A.o.  stoi  =  a  seat,  a  throne  ;  cogn  wita 
Dut  stoel=t,  chair,  seat,  stool:  Icel.  Ml; 
Dan.  *  Sw.  stol  =  a  chair ;  Goth,  slots  =  a  seat : 

0.  H.  Ger.  stuol,  stual ;  Ger.  stuhl;  Ruas.  stol 
=  a  table  ;  Lith.  stdlas  =  a  table.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  kind  of  seat  without  a  back,  usually  a 
square  or  circular  block  supported  on  thret  or 
four  legs.     Stools  are  named  from  their  n  in- 
struction, as   a  folding-stooi;    or  from  their 
purpose,  a  camp-etooi,  a  foot-s(ooJ,  a  music- 
stool,  &c. 

11  Fetch  me  a  jfooi  hither." 

Motor. .  1  Ucnrf  F/,  11.  L 

2.  The  seat  used  in  evacuating  the  bowels ; 
hence,  an  evacuation,  a  discharge  from  the 
bowels. 

3.  The  root  or  stump  of  a  timber-tree,  which 
throws  up  shoots  ;  also  the  set  or  cluster  of 
shoots  thus  produced. 

"  W'nen  a  grene  tree  Is  cut  In  sunder  In  the  middle. 
and  the  part  cutoff^  carried  three  ncres  bredth  1mm 
the  Btocke,  aud  returning  again  to  the  itoate.  BhsU 
loiue  therewith.  A  begin  to  bud  and  bear  fruit  after 
the  former  inauer,  by  reason  of  the  sap  renewing  lh» 
accustomed  nourishment :  then  (I  e»y|  may  tl.ere  be 
ho])e  that  such  euils  shall  cease  and  diuiiULub  "— 
ffolinshed  :  fist.  £tig.,  bk.  TiL.  ch.  vll. 

4.  The    mother-plant   from    which  young 
plants  are  propagated  by  layering. 

5.  A  decoy-bird.    [In  this  sense  probably  a 
corruption  of  «tai«  (q.v.).J    (Amer.) 

IX  Technically: 

1.  Agric. :  A  frame  of  four  growing  corn- 
stalks, tied  together  to  form  a  support  for  a 
corn-shock. 

2.  Brick-making :  A  stand  for  a  brickmaker. 

"  The  present  output  Is  at  the  rate  of  800.000  brick* 
a  week  ;  but  It  is  proposed  to  lay  down  twelve  more. 
rtoo'4  by  which  the  company's  make  can  be  increased 
to  10,000,000  per  auuuiit.  or  more  than  double  the- 
present  yleld^-Bai/y  Teltgraph,  Nor.  as,  !»»«. 

a  Shipbuilding: 

(1)  PI. :  Chocks  beneath  the  transoms  for 
the  attachment  of  the  fashion-pieces. 

(2)  A  piece  of  plank  fastened  to  a  ship's 
side  to  receive  the  bolting  of  the  gallery. 

(3)  A  small  channel  on  a  ship's  side  for  con- 
taining the  dead-eyes  of  the  back-stays. 

1[  (1)  Stool  of  a  window,  Window  stool : 
Arch. :  The  flat  piece  upon  which  the  win- 
dow shuts  down,  corresponding  to  the  sill  of 
a  door. 

*(2)  Stool  of  repentance:  An  old  appliance 
for  punishment  in  the  discipline  of  the  Kirk 
of  Scotland,  somewhat  analogous  to  the  pil- 
lory. It  was  elevated  above  the  congregation. 
In  some  places  there  was  a  seat  in  it,  but  it 
was  generally  without,  and  the  person  who  had 
been  guilty  of  fornication  stood  or  sat  therein 
for  three  Sundays,  in  the  forenoon  ;  and  after 
sermon  was  called  npon  by  name  and  sur- 
name, the  beadle  or  kirk  officer  bringing  the 
offender,  if  refractory,  forwards  to  his  post  i 
and  then  the  preacher  proceeded  to  admoni- 
tion. Here  too  were  set  to  public  view  adul- 
terers; only  these  were  habited  in  a  coarse 
canvas.  Gradually  the  harsher  features  of 
the  punishment  were  modified,  and  it  had 
itself  nearly  everywhere  disappeared  by  the 
end  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

*  Stool-ball,  «.  A  game  at  ball,  formerly 
played  by  young  women. 

"The  game  of  Itool-bnll,  the  rudimentary  form  of 
cricket  ...  Is  not  extinct-"— Saturday  Review,  Feb. 

stool  bent,  >. 

Lot. :  Juncus  s>jiiarrosut. 
stool-end,   . 

Mining:  A  portion  of  the  rock  left  unworked 
for  the  purpose  of  supporting  the  rest. 

stool-pigeon,  5.  A  pigeon  used  as  a 
decoy  to  attract  others ;  hence,  a  person  used 
as  a  decoy  for  others ;  a  decoy.  [STOOL,  t,  1. 5.] 

Stool,  v.i.    [STOOL,  s.] 

Agric. :  To  tiller,  as  grain ;  to  shoot  out 
stems  from  the  root. 

"Cutting  the  saplings  where  they  ftooted  too  close) 
together.  •—Blaclemori .  Loma  .Items,  ch.  xxxriii. 

Sioom,  v.l.    [STUM.] 

Stofip,    '  stoupe,  v.i.   *  t.     [A.S.  stvpian, 
cogn,  with  O.  Dnt  stuypen  =  to  bow;  IceL 
stvpa  ;  Sw.  stupa  —  to  fall,  to  tilt.    From  the 
same  root  as  deep.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  bend  the  body  downward  and  Its- 


rt 
.  wore,  wolt,  work,  who. 


.  n«r.  there;  pine,  pit,  «rc.  air.  marine;  go,  pot, 

;  mate,  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  lull;  try,  Syrian.    «.  t»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


stoop— stop 


4475 


ward ;    to  bend  down  the  head  and  upper 
part  of  the  body. 

*  looping  lowly  down,  with  looMii'd  ZOOM. 
Throw  each  behind  your  backs  your  mighty  mothers 
bouea."  Drydcn;  Ovid;  Metanwrphotei  i. 

2.  To  bend  or  lean  forward  with  the  head 
and  shoulders ;  to  walk  or  stand  with  the 
back  bowed  or  bent ;  to  become  bent  or  bowed 
in  the  buck :  as,  Men  stoop  from  age  or  in- 
firmity. 

3.  To  come  down,  as  on  a  prey,  as  a  hawk ; 
to  pounce,  to  swoop,  to  drop. 

"  Here  stitnds  my  dove  ;  ttoop  at  her,  If  yon  dare." 
Sen  JoHton;  Alchemist,  v.  3. 

*  4,  To  sink  when  on  the  wing  ;  to  alight. 

"  Satan  ready  now 

To  ttoop  with  wearied  wings  am!  willing  feet. 
On  the  bare  outside  of  thU  world." 

Milton:  P.  £.,111.7*. 

6.  To  descend  from  rank  or  dignity ;  to 
Condescend  ;  to  lower  one's  self. 

"  Danby,  <>n  the  other  hand,  rather  than  relinquish 
Vs  Kreat  place,  sometimes  ttofipmt  to  cumpliuuces 
whiJli  caused  him  bitter  pain  and  ahaiue."— J/ ncauluy; 
Hilf.  Eng.,  Ch.  11. 

*  6.  To  yield,  to  submit,  to  bend,  to  give 
Way. 

"I  was  reported  unto  \ilm  that  I  stooped  not  and 
was  stubborn."— State  Trialt;  Gardiner. 

*  7.  To  give  way  under  pressure ;  to  bend. 

"The  gniM  itoopt  nut,  she  treads  on  it  BO  light." 
••Wkiketp. :  remu  A  Ailonit,  1,028. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  bend  or  bow  downward  and  forward  ; 
to  bow  down. 

*'  Stooping  hli  pinions*  shadowy  sway 
Upon  tn«  nigh  ted  pilgrim's  way." 

Scott :  Lady  o/  the  Lake.  It  88. 

*  2.  To  bend  or  bow  down ;  to  abase,  to 
bumble,  to  debase. 

"  Before  his  sister  should  bar  body  ttoop 
To  such  pollution." 

Shaketp.  :  Meaturtfor  Meaturo,  11.  4. 

3.  To  r.ause  to  incline  downward  ;  to  bend 
forward,  to  slant :  as,  To  stoop  a  cask  of  ale, 

4.  To  cause  to  submit  or  give  way ;  to  over- 
come, to  submit. 

StOOp  (1),    *  BtOllp,  *.      [STOOP,  V.) 

1.  The  act  of  stooping  or  bending  the  head 
and  upper  part  of  the  body  forward  and  down- 
ward ;  an  )iabitu.al  bend  or  bow  of  the  back 
or  shoulders :  as,  He  walks  with  a  stoop. 

*  2.  Descent  from  dignity  or  superiority ; 
vt  of  condescension. 

*  3.  The  fall  or  swoop  of  a  bird  on  its  prey. 

"Now  I  will  wander  through  the  air. 
Mount,  make  a  ttoop  at  every  fair." 

Waller  :  To  the  Mutable  fair. 

*^T  To  give  the  stoop:  To  yield,  to  knock 
nnder. 

Stoop  (2),  *  stope,  *  stoup,  «.  [A.S.  stedp 
—  a  cup;  cogn.  with  Dut.  stoop  =  a  gallon; 
Icel.  staiAj)=H  stoup,  a  beaker,  a  cup;  Sw. 
$top  =  a  measure,  about  tliree  pints ;  O.  H. 
Ger.  staup,  etouph;  Ger.  stavf.]  A  vessel  of 
liquor,  a  flagon. 

"  Set  me  the  ttoopt  of  wine  upon  that  table," 

Shakeip.  :  ffamltt,  V.  2. 

Stoop  (3),  *.    [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  ttvb.] 

1.  A  post  fastened  in  the  earth  ;  a  stump. 

"  It  might  be  known  hard  by  an  ancient  ttoop, 
Where  grew  au  oak  in  elder  day*. " 

Tancred  4  Gismunda, 

2.  A  pillar. 

Tf  (1)  Stoop  and  room : 

Mining :  The  same  as  Post  and  stall  [Posx 
(1),  ».,  If  5.1 

(2)  Stoop  and  roop,  stoup  and  roup:  Com- 
pletely, altogether.  (Scotch.) 

•toop  (4),  «.  [Dut.  stoep.]  The  steps  at  the 
entrance  of  a  house ;  door-steps  ;  a  porch 
with  a  balustrade  and  seats  on  the  aides. 
(Amer.) 

"He  came  on  to  the  ttoop  and  whispered  to  the 
neve."~K,<ytith  llltut,  Magazin*.  August.  1884.  p.  699. 

stoop'-er,  s.  [Eng.  stoop,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
stoops  or  bends  the  body  forward. 

Sto6p'-ihg,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [STOOP,  v.] 

•toop -ing  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  stooping;  -ly.} 
In  a  stooping  manner  or  position ;  with  a 
•toop. 

"To  tread  softly,  to  walk  *o<q4ngly.''—R4tq*to 
Wottoniana,  p.  200. 

Stoor,  a.  &$.    [STorn.] 

Stoor,  v.i.  [Cf.  stir  and  Wei.  ysfwr  =  a  stir,  a 
bustle.]  To  rise  in  clouds,  as  dust  or  smoke. 
(Pnw.) 


Btodt'-er,  8.  [Dut.  &  H.  Ger.  stoszer.}  A 
small  silver  coin  in  Holland,  valued  at  two 
and  a  half  stivers,  or  about  five  ceuta, 

8tooth'-Ing,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Arch. :  A  provincial  term  for  battening. 

stop.  *  stoppe,  v.t.&i.  [A.S.  stoppian;  cogn. 
with  Dut  stoppen  =  to  fill,  to  stuff,  to  stop ; 
Sw.  stoppa;  Dan.  stoppe;  Ger.  stopfen;  ItaL 
stoppare,  from  Low  Lat.  sttij>o-=to  stop  up 
with  tow,  to  stop,  from  Lat.  stupa,  stuppa 
=  tow  ;  Gr.  <rrvmj,  orvmnj  (stupe,  atuppe) ; 
O.  Sp.  estopar;  Fr.  etouper.} 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  close  up  by  filling,  stuffing,  or  other- 
wise obstructing  ;  to  fill  up  a  cavity  or  cavities 
In. 

"  She  cut  off  her  sho  sole, 
And  ttoppt'd  therewith  the  bole," 

Skelton:  Elinour  ftummtng, 

2.  To  stanch  or  cause  to  cease  bleeding. 

"  Have  by  some  surgeon  .  .  . 
To  ttop  bis  wounds,  lest  he  do  Meed  to  death.* 

Shaketp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ir.  t 

•  a  To  nil  entirely. 

"Stopping  iny  greedy  ear  with  their  bold  deed*." 
Shaketp. :  2  Henry  IV..  t  L 

4.  To  obstruct ;  to  render  Impassable. 

"  Sad  Creuw  stopp'd  uiy  way." 

Drydtn  :  Virgil ;  JBnetd  11.  91S. 

5.  To  impede  ;  to  stand  or  set  one's  self  in 
the  way  of ;  to  arrest  the  progress  of, ;  to  pre- 
vent from  progress  or  passage. 

"Hettopped  the  fliers." 

Shahetft,  :  Cortolamu.  U.  Z. 

6.  To  cause  to  cease  working  or  acting :  as, 
To  stop  an  engine. 

7.  To  restrain,  to  hinder;  to  suspend  the 
action  of;  as,  To  stop  the  execution   of  a 
decree. 

8.  To  leave   off,  to  desist  from:  as.  You 
must  stop  that  habit. 

9.  To  repress,  to  suppress  ;  to  put  down,  to 
finish. 

"  Send  succonn  and  ttop  the  nge  betlme.** 

Khdketp. :  tSenry  YL,  Ul  L 

10.  To  check  or  hinder  in  utterance ;   to 
silence. 

**  We  shall  ttnp  her  exclamation." 

SliakMp.  :  King  John.  11. 

11.  To   hinder  In   performing   its   proper 
function. 

"  I'll  t  top  my  ears  against  the  mermaid's  song." 

Shaketp. :  Comedy  of  Error*,  111.  2. 

12.  To  hinder  from  action  or  practice. 

"No  man  ih&ll  ttop  me  of  this  boasting."— 
S  C»rin(htti,u  xi.  10. 

13.  To  keep  back  and  refuse  to  pay ;  to 
deduct. 

"Do  you  mean  to  ttop  any  of  William's  wages  !"— 
Shaketp. :  2  Henry  IV.,  v.  1. 

14.  To  regulate  the  sound  of  by  pressnre 
with  the  finger  or  otherwise :  as,  To  atop  a 
string. 

t  15.  To  point,  to  set  with  stops,  to  punc- 
tuate :  as,  To  stop  a  sentence. 
II.  Naut. :  To  make  fist ;  to  stopper. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  cease  to  go  forward ;  to  stand  still ; 
to  come  to  a  stop. 

"  He  bites  his  Mm,  and  start*  ; 
Sf'ipi  on  a  sudden,  looks  upon  the  ground. 
Then  lays  his  fiiiger  on  his  temple  ;  straight 
Springs  out  Luto  last  gait,  then  stnps  again. " 

Blwketp. :  Henry  VIII,,  HI.  S. 

2.  To  cease  from  any  motion,  habit,  practice, 
or  course  of  action. 

"Encroachments  are  made  by  degrees  from  one  step 
to  another  ;  and  the  best  time  to  ttnp  is  at  the  begin. 
liing."— Lesley. 

3.  To  remain ;  to  stay  or  reside  temporarily ; 
to  put  up,  to  have  lodgings. 

IT  For  the  difference  between  to  stop  and  to 
check,  see  CHECK. 

•top-out,  v.t.  &  i. 

Steel  Engraving :  (See  extract). 

"  If  variation  of  tone  and  a  difference  of  force  In  the 
lines  Is  required,  as  Is  usually  the  case,  the  more  deli. 
cate  portions  of  the  sketch  are  itopped-ovt.  that  Is. 
covered  by  varnish  so  that  they  shall  not  be  affected 
by  any  subsequent  exposure  lu  the  bath.  The  plate  is 
agnin  Immersed,  and  the  process  of  stopping-out  re- 
p«at*d."— Scribnert  Magatin*,  Aug.,  isoo,  p.  us. 

stfip,  *  stoppe,  s.    [STOP,  v.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  stopping;  the  state  of  being 
stopped ;  cessation  of  progressive  motion. 

2.  Hindrance  of  prop-ess,  action,  or  opera- 
tion ;  pause,  Interruption. 

"  These  aopt  of  thine  fright  me.* 

Hhuketp. :  OOtMo,  11L  1 


3.  The  act  of  stopping,  filling  up,  or  closing ; 

stoppage. 

"  A  breach  that  crave*  a  qnlck  expedient  Hop." 

Shake*?.  •  2  Henry  VI..  iiL  L 

4.  That  which  stops,  hinders,  or  obstructs; 
an  obstacle,  an  obstruction,  a  hindrance,  an 
impediment, 

*5.  A  state  of  embarrassment  or  perplexity. 

*  Martins  was  a  llttleata  ttop."— Bacon :  Holy  War. 

6.  A  point  or  mark  in  writing  intended  to 
distinguish  the  sentences,  parts  of  a  sentence, 
or  clauses,  and  to  show  tlie  proper  pauses  in 
reading;  a  punctuation  mark.  [PuscTUATioM.) 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Joinery:  One  of  the  pieces  of  wood  nailed 
on  the  frame  of  a  door  to  form  the  recess  oi 
rebate  into  which  the  door  shuU. 

2.  Jl/tufe: 

(1)  The  pressure  by  the  fingers  of  the  strings 
upon  the  tinyerboard  of  a  stringed  instrument. 

(2)  A  fret  upon  a  guitar  or  similar  instru- 
ment ;  a  vent-hole  in  a  wind  instrument. 

"  Teaching  every  stop  and  key 
To  those  upon  the  pipv  that  play." 

Drayton  :  Mutes  Elytium  ;  Nymph.  Ir. 

(3)  The  handle  and  leverage  which  act  upon 
the  rows  of  pipes  in  au  organ  ;  a  register. 

(4)  The  series  of  pipes  thus  acted  on.  Organ- 
stops  are  of  two  Kinds,  flue  and  reed  :   the 
tone  of  flue-pipes  is  produced  by  directing  a 
current  of  air  against  a  sharp  edge  called  the 
lip;  the  tone  of  reed-pipes  is  produced  by 
setting  a  metal  tongue  in  motion  at  the  open- 
ing of  a  tube.    Flue-stops  are  opened  or  closed 
at  the  top  ;  as,  open  diapason,  stopped  diapa- 
son, &c.    The  tone  of  a  stopped  pipe  is  an 
octave  lower  than  that  produced  by  an  open 
pipe  of  the  same  length.    An  open  pipe  of  8  ft. 
In  length  gives  the  note  uc,  the  lowest  note 
on  the  manuals  of  a  modern  organ ;  it  is  cus- 
tomary, therefore,  to  write  on  stop-handles 
the  length  of  the  longest  pipe  of  the  series, 
thus  informing  the  player  of  the  pitch  of  the 
stop,  e.g.,  double  diapason,  16ft.;  open  dia- 
pason, 8ft. ;  stopped  diapason,  8ft.  tone  (4ft. 
stopped);   octave  or  principal,  4ft.;    flute, 
4ft.  tone,  &c.    The  8ft.  flue-stops  constitute 
the  foundation  stops.    Stops  containing  more 
than   one   rank  of  pipes,  such  as  mixture, 
sesquialtera.  &c.,  are  called  compound  stops. 
Stops  sounding  the  interval  of  a  twelfth,  or 
tierce  (and  sometimes  also  the  octave  and  the 
fifteenth),  are  called  Mutation  stops. 

3.  Naut. :  A  projection  at  the  upper  part  of 
a  mast,  outside  of  the  cheeks. 

4.  Optic$:  A  perforated  diaphragm  between 
two  lenses,  to  intercept  the  extreme  rays  that 
might  disturb  the  perfection  of  the  image. 

Stop-cock,  s.  A  faucet  in  a  pipe,  to  open 
or  close  the  passage. 

Stop-finger,  &     The  same  as  FALLER- 

WEBE,  2.] 

stop  gap,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  substantive: 

1.  Lit. :  That  which  closes  or  stops  a  gap  or 
other  opening. 

2.  Fig, :  A  temporary  expedient, 

B.  As  adj. :  Acting  as  or  serving  the  pur- 
pose of  a  stop-gap ;  temporary. 

"As  *  mere  stop-gap  Government  he  admits  they 
may  be  allowed  to  b*M  office  a  little  longer."— Daily 
Chronicle,  Nov.  18,  1886. 

Stop -motion,  s.  An  arrangement  in  a 
machine  by  which  the  breakage  or  the  failure 
of  supply  of  the  material  under  treatment, 
causes  an  arrest  of  the  motion. 

stop-order,  *. 

Law:  An  order  for  the  stoppage  of  the 
transfer  of  any  stock  till  notice  has  been  sent 
to  the  person  by  whom  the  stop-order  has 
been  obtained. 

stop-plank, «. 

Hydraul.-eng. :  One  of  the  planRs  employed 
to  form  a  sort  of  dam  in  some  hydraulic  works. 
They  generally  occupy  vertical  grooves  in  the 
wing  walls  of  a  lock  or  weir,  to  hold  back 
water  in  case  of  temporary  disorder  of  the 
lock-gates. 

*  stop-Ship,  s.     The  Eemora  (l-v.). 

stop-valve,  *. 

1.  Hydr. ;  A  valve  wnKa  closes  a  pfp« 
against  the  passage  of  fluid.  The  large  valve 
used  in  water-mains  is  knc  *n  by  this  name. 
It  is  usually  a  disk  which  occupies  a  chamber 
above  the  pipe  when  the  passage-way  through 


boil,  t>O;  pout,  J6>1;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^enophoK,  exist,    -ing 
-Clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -Uon, -aion  -  shun ; -tion, -siou  =  zhua,    HHOUS, -tious, -eious  =  shus.   -bio, -41e,  Ac.  =  bel,  d*L 


1476 


stope— store 


the  latter  is  open,  and  is  driven  down  by  a 
screw  to  stop  tlie  aperture,  its  face  being 
pressed  against  the  seat  by  the  contact  of  the 
rear  with  wedging  abutments. 

2.  Steam-eng.  :  Valves  fitted  in  the  steam- 
pipes  where  they  leave  tin  several  boilers, 
and  in  the  conuecting-pipes  between  the 
boilers,  in  such  a  manner  that  any  boiler  or 
boilers  may  be  shut  off  from  the  others,  and 
from  the  engines. 

stop-watch,  ».  A  watch  in  which  the 
works  (or  a  part  of  them)  may  be  stopped  by 
pressing  in  an  exterior  pin.  Used  in  timing 
races,  &c. 

stop-work,  s.  A  device  attached  to  the 
barrel  of  a  watch,  musical-box,  or  spring- 
clock,  to  regulate  the  winding  of  the  spring, 
and  prevent  overwinding. 

•tope,  s.    [From  step  (q.v.).] 

Mining:  A  horizontal  bed  or  layer  of  ore 
forming  OM  of  a  series  of  steps  into  which  it 
has  been  excavated. 

"  We  were  obliged  to  Hfipf  the  sides  of  the  shaft  in 
blue  stone,  bat  we  have  cut  through  the  lode  in  the 
ttope  about  five  feet  wide  of  very  good  appearance."— 
Money  Marl*  Kaiat,  NOT.  1,  list. 

jtope,  v.t.  or  t    [STOPE,  «.] 

Mining  : 

J.  To  cot  away  the  ore  so  that  the  upper  or 
under  surface  presents  the  form  of  a  series  of 
steps. 

"  We  are  still  sinking  and  Xopin?  at  the  No.  2  shaft* 


2.  To  fill  in  with  rubbish,  as  a  space  from 
which  the  lode  has  been  excavated. 

'  Stopen,  fa.  par.  or  «.    [STEP,  r.] 

^top  -Ing,  ».    [STOPE,  r.] 

Mining  :  The  act  of  cutting  mineral  ground 
with  a  pick,  working  downwards  ;  the  act  of 
forming  into  slopes. 

•  stop  -less,  a.    [Eng.  stop;  -lea.]    Not  to  be 
•topped. 

"  Stopteu  as  a  running  multitude." 

Da^nant  :  Serum  of  C\arta  U. 

itSp'-page  (age  as  Ig),  «.    [Eng.  stop,  v.  ; 
-age.} 

1.  The  act  of  stopping  or  arresting  motion 
or  progress  ;  the  state  of  being  stopped. 

"  This  ttoppag*  of  a  favourite  article,  without 
assigning  soinereasoD,  might  have  occasioned  a  general 
murmur."—  Coat:  nird  Forage.  bk.  Hi..  ch.  L 

2.  A  deduction  made  from  pay  or  allow- 
ances, to  repay  advances,  &c. 

t  Stoppage  in  transit  it  : 

Law  :  The  right  which  an  unpaid  vendor  of 
goods  has,  on  hearing  that  the  vendee  is  in- 
solvent, to  stop  and  reclaim  the  goods  while 
in  transit  and  not  yet  delivered  to  the  vendee. 

atopped,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [STOP,  v.} 

stopped  pipe,  s. 

Music:  An  organ-pipe,  the  upper  end  of 
which  is  closed  by  a  wooden  plug  or  cap  of 
metal.  [STOPPER,  II.  3.] 

•top  -per,  t.    [Eng.  stop,  v.  ;  •«•.) 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit.  :  One  who  or  that  which  stops  or 
hinders  ;  that  which  stops  or  obstructs  ;  that 
which  closes  or  nils  a  vent  or  hole  in  a  vessel  ; 
•  plug  or  cork  for  a  bottle  ;  a  stopple. 

2.  Fig.  :  A  finisher,  a  settler. 

"  Here  we  come  immediately  upon  a  ttopper,  unless 
It  can  be  happily  HHSf—fUS,  Feb.  IS.  1887. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Naut.  :  A  short  piece  of  rope  having  a 
knot  at  one  end,  with  a  laniard  under  the 
knot,  applied  to  shrouds,  cables,  &e.,  for 
various  purposes,  as  for  checking  and  holding 
fast  a  cable,  rope,  &c. 

*  2.  Bail.-eng.  :  A  trailing-brake  formerly 
used  on  inclined  planes.  It  was  in  the  rear  of 
the  last  waggon  in  ascending,  and  was  thrown 
Into  action  oy  the  pressure  of  the  cars  if  the 
rope  broke.  It  penetrated  the  ground  and 
(topped  the  descent.  Also  called  a  Trailer  or 
Cow. 

8.  Music  :  The  plug  inserted  in  the  top  of 
an  organ-pipe,  in  order  to  close  it,  thereby 
producing  a  note  an  octave  lower  than  the 
pitch  of  the  pipe  if  open. 

•topper-bolt,  >. 

Naut.  :  A  large  ring-bolt  driven  in  the  deck 
of  a  ship  before  the  main-hatch,  for  securing 
the  stoppers  to. 


•topper-hole,  s. 

Puddling  :  A  hole  in  the  door  of  the  furnace 
through   which   the  iron  is  stirred  and  the 
MID  observed.     It  is  sometimes  stopped 
with  clay,  hence  the  name. 

stop'  per,  v.t.     [STOPPER,  «.]    To  close   or 
secure  with  a  stopper. 
H  To  stopper  a  cable : 

Naut. :  To  put  stoppers  on  it  to  prevent  it 
from  running  out  of  the  ship  when  riding  at 
anchor. 

stop'-pered,  a.  [Eng.  stopper,  s. ;  -ed.]  Pro- 
viaea  with  a  stopper  :  as,  a  stoppered  bottle, 

Stop' -per -less,  a.  [Eng.  stopper;  -less.] 
Without  a  stopper  or  stoppers. 

"The  *topper/eM  cruets."— Dicteni :  Uncommercial 
Traveller,  rxii. 

Stop  -ping,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    [STOP,  v.] 

A.  &  B.   As  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  stops ;  the  state  of 
being  stopped. 

2.  That  which  serves  to  stop,  fill,  or  close 
up  :  as,  stopping  for  a  decayed  tooth. 

U,  Technically : 

1.  Build.:  Patching  incomplete  work  with 
cement,  such  as  gaps  made  by  the  spoiling  of 
mcrble  or  stone,  of  veneer,  &c. 

2.  Engrav. :  [ETCHING,  STOP-GOT]. 

3.  Farriery :  A  pad  or  ball  occupying  the 
space    within    the   inner  edge  of  the  shoe, 
around  the  frog  and  against  the  sole.    Its 
object  is  to  keep  the  parts  in  a  moist  con- 
dition, similar  to  that  which  they  possess  in 
a  state  of  nature,  where  the  sole  and  frog 
come  in  contact  with  the  damp  earth  and 
verdure. 

4.  Mining:  A  door  in  a  drift  or  gallery 
which  stops  the  passage  of  air  at  a  certain 
point,  being  a  part  of  the  artificial  ventilation 
system  of  a  mine. 

5.  tfusic:  The  act  of  pressing  the  fingers 
on  the  strings  of  the  violin,  viola,  tc.,  in 
order  to  produce  the  notes.    [DOUBLE-STOP- 
PING.] 

stopping  brush,  s. 

1.  Hat-making :  A  brash  used  to  sprinkle 
hot  water  upon  the  napping  and  the  hat  body 
to  assist  in  uniting  them. 

2.  Steel  Engraving:  A  camel's-hair  brash, 
used  by  engravers  in  stopping  out  portions  of 
etched  plates. 

stopping-knife,  ».  A  glazier's  putty- 
knife. 

stopping  off,  >. 

Founding :  A  term  applied  to  the  fllling  np 
with  sand  of  a  portion  of  a  mould,  when  the 
casting  is  desired  to  be  smaller  than  the 
pattern  from  which  the  mould  is  formed. 

stopping  out,  s. 

Steel  Engrav. :  [STOP-OUT,  ETCHING]. 

stopping  up  pieces, s.  pi. 

Shipbuild. :  Timbers  placed  on  the  middle 
part  of  the  bilge-ways,  to  meet  and  support 
the  bottom  of  the  ship.  They  form  a  part  of 
the  cradle. 

Stop' -pie,  *  Stop-pel,  J.  [Eng.  stop;  dimin. 
sun*,  -le;  cf.  Low  Ger.  stoppel;  Ger.  stopfel, 
ttopsel.] 

1,  Ord.  Lang. :  That  which  stops  or  closes 
the  mouth  of  a  vessel ;  a  stopper. 

-  Here's  the  best  ale  i'  th'  land,  11  you'll  go  to  the 

Better.  I  sure  am.  never  blew  out  a  ttoppte. " 

Cotton  :  Voyage  to  Ireland  in  Burlesque. 

2.  Music :  A  plug  inserted  in  some  of  the 
ventages  of  the  flute  in  order  to  accommodate 
its  scale  to  some  particular  mode. 

stop  pie,  v.t.    [STOPPLE,  f.]    To  close  or  stop 

with  a  stopple. 
Stbr  ago  (age  as  ig),  ».    [Eng.  ttorfe),  T.  ; 

•age.} 

1.  The  act  of  storing  ;  the  act  of  depositing 
In  a  store,  warehouse,  or  the  like  for  safe 
keeping. 

2.  The  price  charged  or  paid  for  the  storing 
of  goods. 

storage-lattery,    >.      [ELICTRIC- 

BATTKKV,  3.] 


Stor'-ax,  s.    [Lat.  storax,  styrax.]    [STYRAX.] 

Ctiem. :  A  fragrant,  balsamic  resm  im- 
ported into  Europe  from  Trieste.  True  storax 
was  a  solid  resin,  obtained  from  the  stem  *>f 
Styrax  ojficinale.  It  was  held  in  great  esteem 
from  the  time  of  Pliny  down  to  the  end  of  the 
last  century.  At  the  present  time  it  has 
almost  disappeared,  genuine  specimens  being 
rarely  found  even  in  museums.  (Li^uiD- 

AUBER,  LlQUm-STORAX.] 

"  I  yielded  a  pleasant  odour  like  the  beat  myrrh,  u 
galbauum,  and  sweet  Itorax."— £cclei.  xxiv.  15. 

StbV-ax-wdrt,  s.     [Eng.  storax,  and  irorL] 
Sot.  (PI.) :  The  order  Styraeaoese  (q.v.). 

store,  *  stor,  •  stoor,  s.  &  a.  [0.  Fr.  cstor, 
esbrire,  from  Low  Lat.  staurum  =  store,  from 
Lat.  instauro  =  to  construct,  to  build,  to  re- 
store, from  in  =  in,  and  stuiiro  =  to  set  up.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

I.  That  which  is  collected,  accumulated, 
hoarded,  or  massed  together ;  stock  accumu- 
lated ;  a  supply,  a  hoard :  specif.,  in  the 
plural,  articles,  especially  of  food,  provided 
for  some  special  purpose  ;  supplies,  as  of  pro- 
visions, arms,  ammunition,  clothing,  etc.,  for 
an  army,  a  ship,  or  the  like. 

"  Increase  thy  wealth  and  double  all  thy  ttore* 

Itrtden  :  rerntu.  sat  TL 

*  2.  Hence,  a  great  quantity,  plenty,  abund* 
aiu-e,  a  large  number. 

"  Too  small  a  pasture  for  such  store  of  mutton." 
Shakeip.  :  T*o  Gentlemen,  L  L 

3.  A  place  where  supplies,  as  provisions, 
anus,  ammunition,  clothing,  &c.,  are  stored 
for  future  use ;  a  storehouse,  a  warehouse,  a 
magazine. 

"Sulphurous  and  nitrous  foam. 
Concocted  and  adusttfil.  they  reduc'd 
To  blackest  grain,  and  into  ttore  cunvey'd." 

MUton;  F.  L.,  VI.  51» 

4.  A  place  where  goods  are  kept  for  sale, 
either  by  wholesale  or  retail ;  a  shop. 

"The  owner  of  this  small  store  gravely  asserts  that 
he  has  naught  to  sell  of  a  fluid  kind  stronger  tuaa 
water."— Harper'e  Magazine,  Sept,  1883,  p.  4W. 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Hoarded  np,  laid  up,  amassed,  accumu- 
lated. 

2.  Kept  in  stock  ;  stock. 

"  To  buy  in  store  sheep  to  feed  off  their  turnip  crops 
In  winter.-— Daily  Telegraph.  Sept.  28, 188&. 

*  3.  Containing  stores ;   set   apart  for  re- 
ceiving stores  or  supplies  for  future  use. 

"  Ail  the  store  cities  that  Solomon  had."—  4  CAron. 

Till.  4. 

4.  Obtained  at  a  store  or  shop ;  purchased 
or  purchasable  at  a  store :  as,  store-clothes. 
(Amcr.) 

f  (1)  In  store :  Accumulated ;  ready  for  use ; 
on  hand. 

(2)  To  set  stare  by :  To  value  highly  ;  to  set  a 
great  value  on. 

store-farmer,  s.  A  farmer  who  devotes 
himself  chiefly  to  the  breeding  of  sheep  and 
cattle. 

store-house,  s.    [STOREHOUSE.] 

store-keeper,  s.  One  who  has  the  charge 
of  a  store  ;  one  who  superintends  the  purchase 
and  issue  of  stores. 

store-man,  *•  A  man  engaged  in  a  stoj» 
or  in  storing  goods. 

"  The  question  of  wages  of  shifters  and  ttore-men 
has  been  referred  to  arbitration."—  Weekly  Echo,  Sept 
6.  1885. 

Store-master,  >.  The  tenant  of  a  sheep- 
farm.  (Scotch.) 

Store-pay,  «.  Payment  for  goods  or  work 
in  articles  from  a  store  or  shop  instead  of 
cash.  (Amer.) 

store-room,  s.  A  room  set  apart  for  th» 
reception  of  stores  or  supplies. 

Store-ship,  ».  A  vessel  employed  to  carry 
stores  for  the  use  of  a  fleet,  garrison,  Ac, 

store,  v.t.    [STORK,  «.] 

1.  To  collect,  amass,  or  accumulate  in,  M 
for  future  use  ;  to  stock,  to  furnish,  to  supply. 

"  Having  by  sensation  and  reflection  ttored  our 
minds  with  simple  ideaa."— Locke:  Human  Under. 
Banting,  bk.  It.,  ch.  ixii. 

2.  To  stock  or  supply  with  stores,  provision*, 

fee. 

"  Corn  .  .  .  whereof,  they  say. 
The  city  U  well  stored." 

Oalittp. :  Cortolanta,  i  L 

3.  To  deposit,  as  in  a  sU>re,  warehouse,  &6* 
for  preservation  or  future  use. 

•  Ammunition  wustorsd  In  the  vaults.'— Mocaulat : 
BiA  Kny.,  ch.  iii- 


ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  ^e,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot; 
•r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  eaM  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    SB.  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


storehouse— storm 


4477 


•tore  -house,  s.    [Eng.  store,  and  house.] 

1.  A  house  in  which  things  are  stored  ;  a 
building  for  storing  grain,   supplies,  goods, 
Ac.  ;  a  warehouse,  a  repository. 

"Bo  that  the  common  ttorehouitt  and  barns  be 
sufficiently  stored."—  J/ur«  :  Utopia,  bk.  ii.,  eh.  ii. 

2.  A  repository,  a  magazine,  a  store. 

"An  Illustration  of  this  may  again  be  taken  from 
that  rich  ttorehoute  of  facU  furnished  us  by  Hudson." 

—tfarper't  Jl'iyazine,  July,  188G.  p.  -J5. 

*  3.  A  store,  a  great  quantity.    (Spenser.) 

stjr'-er,  s.    [Eng.  stor(e\  v.  ;  -er.]    One  who 

lays  up  or  forms  a  store. 

stor'-efc  *.    [STORY  (2),  «.] 

etOT'-ge,  a.  [Or.,  from  <TTe'pyw  (stergS)  =  to 
iove.J  That  strong  instinctive  affection  which 
animals  have  for  their  young  ;  parental  affec- 
tion ;  tender  love. 

'  stoY-I-al,  *  stbV-l'-all,  a.  [Eng.  story  (1), 
g.  ;  -al.]  Historical,  true. 

"  This  !•  ttoriaU  sooth.  It  is  no  fable." 
Chaucer:  Legend  of  (jood  Women;  Cltopatra. 

•  Stor  -led  (1),  o.     [Eng.  story  (1),  s.  ;  -«*.] 

1.    Painted  or  adorned  in  any  way  with 
•oeues  from  stories  or  history. 

"As  the  ancient  art  could  stain 
Achievement*  ou  the  ttoried  pane." 

Scott  .-  MarmAon,  v.    (Introd.) 
J.  Related,  referred    to,  or  celebrated   in 
ttory  or  history  ;  having  a  story  or  history 
attached. 

"  Ye  Naiads  !  blue-ey'd  sisters  of  the  wood  I 
Who  by  old  oak,  or  ttoried  stream, 
Nightly  tread  your  mystic  maze." 

Logan  :  Ode  to  a  fountain. 

•tor'  -led  (2),  a.  [Eng.  story  (2),  s.;  -ed.] 
Having  a  story,  stories,  or  stages. 

"When  we  speak  of  the  intercohimniatlon  or  dis- 
tance which  Is  due  to  each  order,  we  mean  ID  ft 
dorique,  lonleal,  corinthlan  porch,  or  cloister,  or  the 
like  of  one  coutigiiation.  and  not  in  ttoried  buildings." 
—  Wotton:  Rimatnt.  p.  86. 

••toY-l-fir,  «.  [Eng.  story  (1),  ».  ;  -«r.J  A 
relater  of  stories  or  history  ;  an  historian. 

"The  storle  made  of  three  most  famose  and  credible 
ttoriert  In  Greek  Loud."—  Bp.  Ptcock,  in  Ltf*.  p.  117. 


--ffr.  v.t.    [Eng.  story  (1),  a.  ;  -fy.}    To 
form  or  tell  stories  of. 


,  «.  (Eng.  ltariolog(y)  ;  -W.J 
A  collector  or  student  of  popular  tales  and 
legends. 

"English    comparative    ttvrioW'    undoubtedly 
ought  to  be  grateful  to  bim."— Academy,  Jan.  »,  UM, 

•stor-I-oT-4-g^,  «•  [EnK-  *»•»  0).  »• ;  auff. 
-oloyy.]  The  stud;  of  popular  tales  and 
legends. 

rtork,  '  storke,  s.  (A.S.  ttorc;  Dan.,  8w., 
Dnt.,  &  Oer.  sforJfc.] 

Ornith. :  Any  Individual  of  the  genus 
Ciconia,  or  of  the  sub-family  Ciconiinae.  In 
form  the  storks  resemble  the  herons,  but  are 
more  robust,  and  have  larger  bills,  shorter 
toes,  with  a  non-serrated  claw  on  the  middle 
toe.  They  inhabit  the  vicinity  of  marshes 
and  rivers,  where  they  find  an  abundant 
•upply  of  food,  consisting  of  frogs,  lizards, 
fishes,  and  even  young  birds.  Storks  are 
migratory,  arriving  from  the  south  at  their 
breeding  haunts  in  the  early  spring,  and  de- 
parting again  in  the  autumn.  The  White 
or  House  Stork  (Ciconia  alba),  which  fs  com- 
mon in  many  countries  of  Central  Europe, 
construct!  a  large  nest,  most  frequently  on 
the  chimney  of  a  cottage ;  also  on  the  tops  of 
tall  trees,  spires,  walls  of  ruined  buildings,  &c. 
The  plumage  is  dirty  white,  the  quills  and 
longest  feathers  on  the  wing-covers  black ; 
beak  and  feet  red.  The  male  Is  about  forty- 
two  inches  long,  the  female  somewhat  less. 
The  Black  Stork  (C.  nigra.),  from  the  centre 
and  east  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  has  the 
upper  surface  black,  the  lower  parts  white. 
It  resembles  the  White  Stork  in  habits.  Storks 
are  protected  by  laws  in  some  countries  for 
their  services  in  destroying  small  mammals 
and  reptiles,  and  in  consuming  offal.  They 
have  also  been  celebrated  from  ancient  times 
for  their  affection  for  their  young ;  their  re- 
putation for  regard  for  the  old  birds  is  much 
overrated,  though  heralds  have  adopted  the 
rtork  as  an  emblem  of  piety  and  gratitude. 

stork-billed  kingfishers,  ».  it. 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Pelargopsis  (q.v.% 

stork's  bill,  ». 

Bot. :  (1)  The  genus  Erodinm,  and  spec. 


Erodium  moschatitm ;  (2)  Geranium  Rober- 
tianum  (Britten  &  Holland);  (3)  The  genus 
Pelargonium  (Treas.  of  Bat.).  All  are  so  named 
from  their  long,  tapering  seed-vessels. 

Storm,  s.   [A.8.  storm;  cogn.  with  Icel.  stormr; 
Dut.,  Sw.,  &  Dan.  storm;  Ger.  sturm;  Hal. 
stormo.     From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  steriio; 
Eng.  strew.] 
L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  Lit. :  A  violent  commotion  or  disturb- 
ance of  the  atmosphere,  producing  orattended 
by  wind,  rain,  snow,  hail,  or  thunder  and 
lightning ;  a  tempest.    (Often  applied  to  a 
heavy  fall  of  rain,  snow,  &c.,  without  a  high 
wind.) 

"  Bide  the  pelting  of  this  pitiless  ttorm." 

Shaketp. :  Lear,  lit  4. 

U  The  severest  storms  which  occur  on  the 
globe  have  their  origin  in  the  tropics.  They 
were  long  known  as  hurricanes,  but  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  law  of  storms  proved  them 
to  be  rotatory,  and  they  are  now  called 
cyclones.  [CYCLONE.]  Modern  investigation 
has  divided  storms  into  two  classes,  the  Cyclone, 
or  great  rotatory  storm,  and  the  Tornado,  or 
small  rotatory  storm,  believed  to  be  a  secondary 
result  of  the  Cyclone.  Thunder  storms  and 
hail  storms  often  appear  to  originate  in  causes 
similar  to  those  which  produce  the  Tornado. 
In  the  United  States,  Cyclones  have  two 
centres  of  origin,  one  in  the  region  of  the 
West  Indies,  whence  they  migrate  np  the 
Atlantic  coast  region,  and  the  other  in  the 
district  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  whence 
they  make  their  way  eastward  by  the  line  of 
the  Great  Lakes.  The  width  of  their  circle 
of  rotation  may  be  1000  or  2000  miles.  Torna- 
does, on  the  contrary,  are  very  contracted 
storms,  a  half  mile  and  usually  much  less  in 
width,  bat  of  extreme  violence  of  rotation. 
The  destruction  of  life  and  property  caused  by 
these  storms  is  sometimes  enormous. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  violent  disturbance  or  agitation  of 
human  society  ;  a  tumult,  a  clamour,  a  com- 
motion. 

"The  ttorm  subsided  u  quickly  as  It  arose,  and  all's 
well  that  ends  well,  we  are  told,*— /-Wd,  Sept  4,  18M. 

(2)  A  violent  or  vehement  outbreak. 

"  Bills,  the  first  appearance  of  which  has  aroused  a 
ttorm  of  protest  and  denunciation  from  the  traders." 
—Morning  Pott,  Feb.  5,  1885. 

(S)  A  violent  or  destructive  calamity ;  a 
sad  or  distressful  state  of  affairs;  extreme 
distress,  misfortune,  or  adversity. 

"A  brave  man  struggling  In  the  ttormt  of  fat*.* 
Pope  :  Prot,  to  Additorit  Cato, 

(4)  A  heavy  shower  or  fall. 

"  Rattling  ttormt  of  arrows  barbed  with  fire." 

Milton:  P.  L.,  TL  Ma, 

H.  Mil :  A  violent  assault  on  a  fortified 
place  or  strong  position  ;  a  furious  attempt 
by  troops  to  capture  a  fortified  place  by 
scaling  the  walls,  forcing  the  gates,  or  the 
like. 

"  Far  more  terrible  to  me  than  all  the  dangers  of  the 
ttorm  Itself."—  Ltecr;  Charla  O'MaUey,  cb.  ciU. 

If  (1)  Magnetic  storm: 

Magnetism :  A  magnetic  disturbance  simul- 
taneously affecting  a  large  portion  of  the 
globe.  Sabine  records  a  storm  of  this  kind 
felt  at  the  same  time  at  Prague,  the  Cape, 
Tasmania,  and  Toronto. 

(2)  Storm  in  a  tea-cup:  A  great  quarrel  or 
Commotion  about  a  trifling  matter. 

H  Storm  is  largely  used  in  compounds,  the 
meanings  being  in  most  cases  self-explana- 
tory :  as,  storm -menacing,  storm-presaging, 
storm-tossed,  <tc. 

Storm  and  stress,  phr.  [A  translation 
Of  the  German  sturm  und  drang.]  Impulse, 
excitement,  unquiet,  unrest. 

"  There  is  a  good  deal  of  ttorm  and  ttrett  In  Btgnor 
0 '•  pianoforte  playing."— Refer**,  July  18, 1886,  p.  S. 

T  Used  also  adject!  vely,  as  a  storm  and  stress 
period — {.«.,  a  period  in  which  one's  actions 
spring  from  impulse  rather  than  judgment. 

storm-beat,  storm-beaten,  a.  Beaten 
Or  injured  by  storms ;  weather-beaten. 

"  To  dry  the  rain  on  my  ttorm-btmten  face." 

Shakap. :  Sonnet  84. 

Storm-bird,  *.  The  Stormy-petrel  (q.v.). 
Storm-blast,  s.  The  blast  of  a  tempest. 

Storm-bound,  a.  Prevented  from  pro- 
ceeding by  storms  or  inclement  weather; 
storm-stayed. 

**  For  four  weary  days  we  had  been  ttorm-bound  on 
aimall  island."— Field,  Sept  26, 1866, 


Storm-cook,  s.   The  Missel-thrush  (q.v.) 

"  Our  resident  thrushes  are  the  throstle,  the  orange- 
billed  black-bird,  missel  -thrush  or  ttorm-codt.  and  the 
dipper."— St.  Jamet't  Qatcttt.  Jan.  17,  1887. 

Storm-cone,  s.     A  cone  consisting   of 

tarred  canvas  extended  on  a  frame  three  feet 
high  and  three  feet  wide  at  base  ;  used  singly 
or  in  conjunction  with  a  cylinder  or  drum  as 
a  storm-signal  (q.v.).  [STORM-DBUM.] 

Storm-door,  5.  An  outer  or  additional 
door  for  protection  against  storms  or  incle- 
ment weather.  (Amer.) 

Storm-drum,  s.  A  drum  or  cylinder  of 
tarred  canvas  three  feet  high  and  three  feeb 
wide,  used  as  a  storm-signal  (q.v.). 

storm-finch,  5.  The  Stormy-petrel  (q.v.). 

Storm-glass,  s.  A  tube  containing  a 
liquid  holding  a  solution  which  is  sensible  to 
atmospheric  changes.  In  clear  weather  the 
substance  is  seen  to  settle  near  the  bottom  of 
the  tube,  the  liquid  remaining  comparatively 
clear ;  previous  to  a  storm  the  substance  rises, 
causing  the  liquid  to  present  a  turbid  and 
flocculent  appearance. 

Storm-kite,  s.  A  contrivance  for  send- 
ing a  rope  from  a  stranded  vessel  to  the  shore. 
An  anchor-ball  is  frequently  used  from  the 
shore  to  the  vessel. 

Storm-pane,  ».  A  supplementary  framed 
•beet  of  glass,  to  substitute,  in  an  emergency, 
for  a  broken  pane  in  a  lighthouse. 

storm-pavement,  *. 

Hydr.-engin. :  The  sloping  stone  paving 
which  lines  the  sea-face  of  piers  and  break- 
waters. The  breakwater  glacis. 

storm-petrel,  *.    [STORM  Y-PETBKL.] 

*  storm-proof,  o.  Proof  against  storm* 
or  bad  weather. 

storm-sail,  s. 

Naut. :  A  sail  of  reduced  dimensions  and 
extra  stout  canvas,  for  heavy  weather ;  as  a 
storm-jib,  storm-trysail,  &c, 

Storm-signal,  s.  A  signal  for  indicating 
to  mariners,  fishermen,  &c.,  the  probable  ap- 
proach of  a  storm.  It  consists  of  a  hollow 
cylinder  and  cone,  either  of  which,  or  both 
simultaneously,  may  be  suspended  from  a 
mast  or 
staff;  their 
positions 
denoting 
the  prob- 
able direc- 
tion of  the 
wind  in  an 
approach- 
ing storm. 
Thus ; Cone 
point  up- 
ward (a),  to 
the  right 
of  the  staff, 
northerly 
gale.  Gone 
point  down- 
ward (6),  to 
the  left  of 
the  staff, 

southerly  gale.  Cylinder  (c),  dangerous  winds 
from  both  quarters  successively.  Upright  cone 
above  cylinder  (cl),  dangerous  wind  from  north. 
Reversed  cone  below  cylinder  (e),  dangerous 
wind  from  south. 

storm-stayed,  storm-stead,  a.  Pre- 
vented from  proceeding  on,  or  interrupted  in 
the  course  of  a  journey  by  bad  weather. 

storm-window, «.  An  outer  window  to 
protect  the  inner  from  the  effects  of  storms 
or  the  inclemency  of  the  weather;  also,  in 
some  localities,  a  window  raised  from  the 
roof,  and  slated  above  and  on  each  side 
(Amer.) 

storm,  *  storme,  v.t.  &  i.    [STORM,  s.} 

A.  Trans. :  To  attack  and  attempt  to  take 
by  scaling  the  walls,  forcing  the  gates  or 
breaches,  or  the  like ;  to  assault ;  to  take  by 
storm. 

"  Of  castles  ttfrmed,  of  cities  freed  .  .  . 
As  heroes  think,  so  thought  the  Brace." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Itlei,  111.  IT. 

B.  Intransitive : 

9  1.  To  raise  a  tempest.    (Spenser.) 

"From  Shetland  straddling  wide,  his  foot  on  Tlmly 

sets: 

Whence  ttorming.  all  the  vast  Deucalldon  he  threat*. * 
Drayton  :  Poty-Olbion,  a.  10. 


STORM-SIGNALS. 


^;  po*ut,  jowl;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  ghln,  bench;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,   pn  =  £ 
*tiaa  =  Bbaju   -tion, -«ion  ^  shun ; -tion, -sioa -^  zhun.   -clous,  -Uou*,  -sious  =  suits,   -ble, -die,  &u. --=  bei,  deL 

16 


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to>;  tod-<M;  UA.MMB.] 


A.         - 


hUtog  cote  to  mm  the  (at ;  < 


ptot,  J^vl;  eftt,  < 


44S« 


straddle— Btraightness 


tence  apart,  and  used  for  running  on  each  side 
of  a  row  of  dropped  corn,  to  cover  the  seed. 

•trad  -die,  s.    [STRADDLE,  ».] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  standing  or  sitting  with  the 
legs  far  apart. 

2.  The  distance  between  the  legs  or  feet  of 
one  who  straddles. 

"  Then  holding  the  spectacles  up  to  the  court — 
Your  lordship   observes  they  are  made  with  a 
ttraddte."  Cowper :  Adjudged  Cote, 

*  3.  Anything  more  or  less  resembling  the 
ipace  inclosed  by  the  legs  in  straddling. 

H.  Stock  Exch. :  A  contract  which  gives 
the  holder  the  privilege  of  calling  for  tne 
stock  at  a  fized  price,  or  of  delivering  it  at  the 
same  price  to  the  party  who  signs  the  contract 

Btrad  dllng,  a.  [STRADDLE.!  Applied  to 
spokes  when  they  are  arranged  alternately 
in  two  circles  in  the  hub.  When  the  spokes 
are  thus  arranged,  the  wheel  is  said  to  be 
staggered. 

•strad-6-met-rfc-al,  •  strad-a-met - 
rio-al,  a.  [Ital.  strada  —  a  street,  a  road  ; 
Eng.  metrical  (q.v.).]  Of,  or  relating  to,  the 
measuring  of  streets  or  roads.  (In  the  ex- 
ample =  pedestrian,  walking  through  the 
streets.) 

"  We  commenced  our  ttrada metrical  survey  of 
Rotterdam."— Bwtehold  Word*,  vii.  Itt.  U&sa.) 

Strae,  s.    [STRAW.] 

strae  death,  >.  Death  upon  the  bed- 
straw  ;  a  natural  death.  (Scotch.') 

"  Yon  are  come  to  no  bouse  of  a  fair  Itrantoatn."— 
Scott :  Guy  Mannering,  ch.  zxvii. 

*  Strage,  s.  [Lat.]  Destruction,  massacre, 
carnage.  (Heywood :  Earth  &  Age.) 

strag-gle,  "strag-le,  v.i.  [For  itrackle, 
frequent,  from  "Mid.  Eng.  strake  =  to  go,  to 
roam,  from  A.S.  strdc,  pa.  t,  of  strican  =  to  go, 
to  strike.] 

1.  To  wander  from  the  direct  course  or  road ; 
to  rove. 

"  Straggled  soldiers  summon'd  to  their  arms." 

Drfdtn :  Aalalom  t  AchitopM,  11. 

2.  To  be  dispersed  or  scattered ;  to  stand 
alone  ;  to  be  isolated  ;  to  be  apart  from  any 
main  body. 

3.  To  escape  and  stretch  beyond  the  proper 
limits  ;  to  spread  widely ;  to  shoot  too  far. 

4.  To  wander  at  large :  to  roam  idly  about. 

strag'-gler,  *  straggler, ».  [Eng.  stmggUe) ; 
•er.] 

1.  One  who  straggles ;  one  who  has  deserted 
or  has  been  left  behind  by  his  fellows ;  one  who 
lias  wandered  from  the  direct  or  proper  road. 

"  Cromwell  had  sent  him  to  follow  In  the  track  of 
the  king's  march  to  gather  up  the  Mraglcn."— 
Clarendon :  Civil  Wart,  lit.  408. 

*  2.  A   vagabond ;  a   wandering,  shiftless 
fellow.    (Shakesp. :  Richard  III.,  v.  3.) 

3.  Something  standing  alone  or  apart  from 
others. 

4.  Something  which  shoots  or  spreads  out 
too  far  or  beyond  the  rest;  an  exuberant 
growth. 

"  His  pruning  hook  corrects  the  Tines, 
And  the  loose  ttragglert  to  their  ranks  confines." 
Pop*.    (Toad,} 

atrag'-gling,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.    [STRAOOLK.) 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Wandering  or  having  wandered  from  the 
main  body;  roving,  ranging  loose;  spreading 
or  stretching  out  irregularly. 

"  Each  itraggltng  felon  down  was  hewed." 

Scott:  Itotfby,  T.  U. 

2.  Scattered,  dispersed  ;  standing  alone  or 
singly. 

"  Some  other  ttraggllng  rocks  He  west  of  the  Cape.* 
—Coot:  Second  rofage,  bt  lv.,  ch.  111. 

U.  Bot. :  Turning  off  irregularly,  but  almost 
at  a  right  angle,  as  do  many  branches. 

C.  As  substantive : 

Stone-work. :  The  process  of  working  down 
the  face  of  a  grindstone  to  a  regular  shape. 

straggling-money,  ». 

1.  Money  given  for  the  apprehension   of 
deserters  and  others  who  straggled  or  over- 
stayed their  leave  of  absence. 

2.  Money  deducted  from  the  wages  of  a 
man  absent  from  dnty  without  leave. 


Strag'-gling-ly,  adv.    [Eug.  straggling ;  -ly.] 
In  a  straggling  manner. 

strahT-ite,  stral'-ite,  s.    [Oer.  strahlerz.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  ACTINOLITE  (q.v.). 

straight     (gh    silent)     (1),     *  strayght, 

•straught,  -straight,  "strcit, 
*  streyghte,  a.,  adv.,  &  s.  [The  same  word 
as  Mid.  Eng.  streit/ht,  pa.  par.  of  strecclun  =  to 
stretch  ;  A.S.  streht,  pa.  par.  of  streccan  =  to 
stretch.) 

A.  4s  adjective: 

I.  Ordinary  La nguage: 

1.  Passing  in  a  direct  line  from  one  point 
to  another ;  right,  in  a  mathematical  sense  ; 
not  bent,  curved,  or  crooked  ;  direct. 

"  The  streets  are  itraigtil.  and  ol  a  convenient 
breadth."— Coo*:  ftrtt  I'ojoye.bk.  i..  ch.  II. 

2.  Upright ;   according    with    justice    and 
rectitude  ;  not  deviating  from  truth  or  fairness. 

"  But  going  to  first  principles,  nothing  can  be 
ttraighter  or  more  likely  to  work  to  an  employer's 
interest  thai]  for  bis  jockey  to  back  his  own  mount." — 
Rtftree,  April  17.  1887. 

3.  Chaste ;  of  irreproachable  morals.  (Slang.) 

"The  husband  of  Lady  Usk,  a  virtuous  lady,  who, 
as  we  are  frequently  told,  is  perfectly  itraiqht  and  all 
that  sort  of  thing.  — St.  Jamil  Gazette,  Nov.  11.  1886. 

4.  Direct,  plain,  open  :  as,  a  straight  hint. 
(Slang.) 

U.  Technically: 

1.  Bot.   (Of  a  stem,   ate.):   Not  wavy   or 
curved,  or  deviating  in  any  way  from  a  straight 
direction. 

2.  Cards:  Applied  to  a  series  of  regularly 
graduated  value,  as  ace,  king,  queen,  knave, 
ten,  &c.  at  poker.    (Amer.) 

B.  As  adverb : 

1.  Directly  ;  In  a  straight  line  :  as,  To  walk 
straight. 

2.  Immediately,  at  once,  directly,  without 
delay  or  deviation. 

"  To  her  goes  he  ttraigju." 

Shakap. :  Femu  i  Admit,  SM. 

3.  Plainly,  openly,  directly.    (Slang.) 

C.  A>  substantive : 

L  Orel.   Lang. :    Straight    part ;    straight 

direction  :  as,  theslraijM  of  a  piece  of  timber. 

2.  Cards :  A  series  of  regularly  graduated 

value,  as  ace,  king,  queen,  knave,  &c.    at 

poker.    (Amer.) 

"  We  always  decide  that  a  ttraight  beats  triplets. 
A  ttrfiiyh'  is  much  more  uncommon  than  triplets, 
and  the  general  principle  of  the  game  Is  that  the  rare 
hands  beat  the  more  frequent  ones.'— NOd,  March  13, 

H  Straight  is  applied  in  its  proper  sense  to 
corporeal  objects  :  a  path  is  straight  because 
it  is  kept  within  a  shorter  space  than  if  it  were 
curved.  Direct  is  said  of  that  which  is  made 
by  the  force  of  the  understanding,  or  by  an 
actual  effort, 
what  one  wishes 
it  to  be;  hence 
we  speak  of  a 
direct  route  or  of 
a  direct  answer. 


straight- 
arch,  >. 

Build, :  A  kind 
of  arch  used  for 
the  heads  of  door- 
ways and  win- 

dows.      It     is  STRAIGHT -ARCH. 

formed  of  vous- 

soirs,  but  has  a  level  intrados. 

straight-billed  parrots,  >.  pi. 

Ornith. :  Psittaci  orthognathi,  a  name  given, 
in  some  classifications,  to  the  sub-family 
Trichoglossinse  (q.v.). 

straight-edge,  >.  A  strip  of  metal  or 
wood  of  proved  rectitude,  used  to  test  the 
flatness  of  a  surface  or  the  straightness  of  an 
edge. 

straight-joint, ». 

1.  A  joint  which  does  not  cnrve  or  depart 
from  a  straight  line. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  junction  line  of 
flooring  boards  when  the  joints  at  the  butting 
ends  of  the  boards  form  a  continuous  line. 

straight-line,  s. 

Geom. :  A  line  which  lies  evenly  between 
its  extreme  points ;  a  line  in  which,  if  any 
two  points  be  taken,  the  part  intercepted 
between  them  is  the  shortest  that  can  be 
drawn.  In  geometry,  a  straight  line  is  re- 


garded as  of  indefinite  length,  unles*  It  ii 
expressly  limited. 

Straight-line  chuck :  A  peculiar  chuck  fitted 
to  a  rose-engine  when  the  patterns  are  re- 

2 nired  to  follow  a  straight  instead  of  a  curved 
irection. 

straight  of  breadth, t, 

ShipbuiU. :  That  part  of  a  vessel  where  her 
cross-sections  are  vertical  at  the  sides. 

straight  out.  a. 

Polit. :  Adhering  strictly  to  party  line*  and 
theories,  with  no  deviation  toward  projected 
changes  or  reforms ;  as,  a  straight-out  Democrat, 
a  straight-out  Republican,  Ac. 

* straight-pight,  o.  Straightly  fixed; 
erect. 

"  The  shrine  of  Venus  or  ttraiyht-pifjht  Minerva." 
Sttakap:  Cymbeline.  T.  a> 

straight-ribbed,  a. 

Botany  : 

1.  Having  the  lateral  ribs  straight,  as  in 
Alnus  glutinosa.    (Mirbel.) 

2.  Having   the    ribs    straight   and  almost 
parallel,  as  in  grasses,  palms,  and  orchids. 
(De  Candolle.) 

straight  sinus,  s. 

Anat.  :  A  sinus  of  the  dura  mater,  running 
backward  in  the  base  of  the  .fate  cerebri. 

straight-stall,  s. 

Mining :  An  excavation  made  into  the  thick 
coal,  having  the  solid  coal  left  on  three  aides 
of  it 

straight-veined,  a. 

Bot. :  The  same  as  STRAIOHT-RIBBED,  S. 

*  straight  (gh  silent)  (2),  n.    [STRAIT,  a.] 

*  straight  (gh  silent),  v.t.    [STRAIGHT  (1),  a.] 
To  make  straight ;  to  straighten. 

straight  -en  (1)  (gh  silent),  v.t.  &  i.  [Eng. 
straight  (I),  a. ;  -en.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  straight ;  to  reduce 
from  a  crooked,  curved,  or  bent  to  a  straight 
form. 

"A  crooked  stick  Is  not  ttraiahtenfd  unless  it  bt 
bent  as  farre  on  the  cleane  contrary  sids."— Boater: 
fecM.  PolUt.  bk.  iv..  |  8. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  become  straight ;  to  as- 
sume a  straight  form. 

straight  -en  (2)  (gh  silent),  v.t.    [STRAITM.) 

straight'  -  en  -  er  (gh  silent),  «.  [Eng. 
straighten  (1),  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who  or  that 
which  straightens. 

*  straight- forth  (gh  silent),  adv.     [Eng. 
straight  (1),  a.,  and/orfA.)    Directly,  straight- 
way. 

Straight  -for -ward  (-jh  silent),  a.  &  adv. 
[Eng.  straight,  and  .forward.] 
A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Proceeding  in  a  straight  or  direct  line ; 
not  deviating. 

2.  Upright,    honest,    open,    frank :    as,   a 
straight/*, ncard  man. 

3.  Characterized  by  uprightness,  honesty, 
or  frankness  :  as,  a  straightforward  answer. 

B.  As  adv. :  Directly  forward  ;  straight  on. 

straight- for- ward -ly  (gh  silent),  od». 
[Eng.  straightforward;  -ly.]  In  a  straight- 
forward manner. 

straight'-  for-  ward  -ness  (gh  silent),  «. 
[Eng.  straightforward;  -ness.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  straightforward ;  straightnesg, 
uprightness,  honesty,  openness. 

straight-lined  (gh  silent),  a.  [Eng.  straight 
(1),  a.,  and  litif.]  Having  or  consisting  of 
straight  lines. 

*  straight  -ly  (1)  (ah  silent),  •  streight-ly. 
adv.    [Eng.  straight  (1),  a. ;  -ly.]   In  a  straight 
line ;  straight  on  or  forward. 

"To  walk  itrelgtely  and  surely."— Barrow/  «sp. 
mom,  vol.  L,  ser.  s. 

straight'-iy  (2)  (gh  silent),  adv.    [STRAITLT.] 

straight'- ness  (1)  (gh  silent),  s.  [Eng. 
straight  (1),  a. ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  straight. 

straight-ness  (2)  (gh  silent),  «.  [STRAIT- 
NESS.] 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  SOB;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    te,  ce  =  e ;  oy  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


straightway— strait 


4481 


straight- way    (gh    silent),    *  straight  - 
i        way,  tw*t>.    lEug.  straight  (1),  a.,  and  way.} 
Forthwith,  at  once;  without  loss  of  time; 
on  the  spot. 

"  StreigMway  on  that  last  long  voiage  fare." 

Spenser -f.  Q.,  I.  x.  08. 

fltralk  (1),  a.    [STROKE.]    A  stroke.    (Scotch.) 
straik  (2),  *.    [STRA*K.] 

strain,   *straine,    *  strayne,   *  streln, 
*  streyn,   *  streyne,  v.t.  &  i.     [O.  FP, 
>:mlre,  from  Lat.  stringo  =  to  draw  tight ; 
•reindre.     From  the  same  root  come  co?i- 
rti  H,I(    restraint  restriction,    strict,    straight, 
ttringent,  &c.] 
A«  Transitive : 

I  To  stretch  ;  to  draw  out  with  force  ;  to 
extend  with  great  effort :  as.  To  strain  a  rope. 

*  2.  To  make  tighter ;  to  bind  closer. 

"  Thou,  the  more  he  varies  forma,  beware 
To  ttrain  his  fetters  with  a  stricter  care." 

Dryden  :  Virgil;  Oeorgic  iv.  696. 

3.  To  exert  to  the  utmost. 

"He  ttrained  his  feeble  voice  to  thank  Auverquer- 
qi-e  f»r  the  affectionate  and  loyal  services  of  thirty 
years."— Jtacaulait :  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  xxv. 

4.  To  injure  or  weaken  by  stretching  or 
OVLT  exertion  ;  to  subject  to  too  great  exer- 
timi  or  etfort ;  to  injure  by  a  twist  or  wrench  ; 
to  sprain  :  as,  To  strain  the  neck  or  arm. 

^  Used  also  figuratively,  in  an  analogous 

•086. 

"The  latter  Is  naturally  In  a  condition  which  Justi- 
fies the  statement  that  bU  relations  with  the  Admiral 
are  itrained."—St.  Jamet't  Qaxette,  Dec.  W,  1336. 

5.  To  push  beyond  the  proper  extent;  to 
•trctch  or  carry  too  far. 

"With  that  catalogue  of  decisions  before  him,  he 
pretends  that  the  law  was  hardly  ever  ttrained  or 
f carried  out  with  triumphant  recklessness."'— Brit. 
fyturt.  Review,  Ivil.  510.  (1873). 

*  6.  To  urge,  to  ply,  to  press. 

"  Note  If  your  lady  ttratn  his  entertainment 
With  any  strung  or  vehement  Importunity. 

Shaketp-  •  Othello.  Hi.  8. 

*  7.  To  force,  to  constrain. 

"The  quality  of  mercy  Is  not  itrained.' 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  IT.  1. 

8.  To  press,  to  squeeze. 

"  Yf  thou  desyrest  or  wylt  vsen  grapes,  ne  seke  thou 
nat  n  gluutons  honde  to  ttrainn  and  press*  the  stalkes 
of  the  vyne  In  the  first*  somiaer  ceasou."— CAauc*r .' 
Botthius,  bk.  i. 

9.  To  press  or  squeeze  in  an  embrace. 
"Our  king  has  all  the  Indies  In  his  arms. 

And  mure  and  richer,  when  he  ttraint  that  lady.* 
Sh-iXew.  :  Henry  VI II.,  IT.  4. 

*  10,  To  confine. 

"Streynyde  the  feet  of  hem  In  a  tree.™—  Wycliffe : 
Dedii  xvl.  24. 

11.  To  press  or  cause  to  pass  through  some 
porous  substance,  originally  by  squeezing ;  to 
filter ;  to  pnrify  and  separate  from  extraneous 
nijitttT  by  filtering :  as,  To  strain  milk. 

12.  To  remove   by  straining   or  filtering. 
(Followed  by  out.)    [GNAT,  s.,  *|J.] 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  exert   one's   self;   to  make  violent 
efforts ;  to  struggle. 

"The  frantic  crowd  amain 
Strained  at  subjection's  bursting  rein," 

Scott:  ifarmion,  1.    I  In  trod) 
1  Used  specif,  of  evacuating  the  bowels. 
(See  extract  under  STRAIN,  s.,  I.  1.) 

2.  To  be  filtered ;  to  percolate :  as,  Water 
ttraintng  through  sand  becomes  pure. 

*3.  To  distrain. 

H  1.  To  strain  a  point : 

(1)  To  make  a  special,  and  generally  incon- 
Tenient  effort  to  oblige  another. 

(2)  To  exceed  one's  duty  ;  to  overstep  one's 
commission. 

*2.  To  strain  courtesy : 

(1)  To  use  ceremony ;  to  insist  that  another 
or  others  shall  take  precedence. 

"  Finding  their  enemy  to  be  so  cunt. 
They  all  it  rain  courtety  who  shall  cope  him  first." 
Shaketp.;  Vvmu  it  Admit,  888. 

(2)  To  remain  behind. 

"  My  business  was  great ;  and  In  such  a  case  as  mine 
a  innii  may  ttruin  courtesy." — Shaketp, :  Romeo  * 

J  To  strain  is  properly  a  species  of  forcing; 
we  may/orce  in  a  variety  of  ways,  that  is,  by 
the  exercise  offeree  upon  different  bodies,  and 
in  different  directions;  but  to  strain  is  to 
exercise  force  by  stretching  or  prolonging 
bodies ;  thus  to  strain  a  cord  is  to  pull  it  to 
its  full  extent ;  but  we  may  speak  of  forcing 
tny  hard  substance  in,  or  forcing  it  out,  or 
facing  it  through,  or  forcing  it  from  a  body  : 
a  door  or  a  lock  may  be  forced  by  violently 


breaking  them  ;  but  a  door  or  a  lock  may  be 
strained  by  putting  the  hinges  or  the  spring 
out  of  place.  So,  likewise,  a  person  may 
be  said  to  force  himself  to  speak,  when  by  a 
violent  exertion  he  gives  utterance  to  his 
words  ;  but  he  strains  his  throat  or  his  voice 
when  he  exercises  force  on  the  throat  or  lungs 
so  as  to  extend  them. 

strain  (1),  *stralne,  •  atrayne,  *  streln, 

S.      [STRAIN,  V.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  violent  effort;  an  excessive  exertion 
or  straining  of  the  limbs,  muscles,  or  mind. 

"Troublesome  offers  and  ifreitu  to  the  seege  without 
doing  anything."— P.  Holland :  Pliny,  bk.  xxii.,  cb, 
xxi. 

2.  An  injury  caused  by  excessive  or  inju- 
rious exertion,   drawing,   or  stretching ;   an 
injurious  straining  of  the  muscles  or  tendons. 

*  3.  Internal  action  ;  motion  of  the  mind  ; 
impulse,  feeling. 

"  Swell  my  thoughts  to  any  ttrain  of  pride.' 

Shakttp. :  3  Henry  1 1'.,  IT.  ft. 

4.  Manner  of  speech  or  action  ;  line,  course, 
bearing. 

"Such  take  too  high  a  ttrain  at  the  first,  and  are 
magnanimous  more  than  tract  of  years  can  uphold  :  as 
was  Scipio  Africaiuia,  of  whom  Ltvy  saith,  'Ultima 
prlmls  cedebant."— Bacott, 

5.  A  song,  a  poem,  a  lay. 

"  Few  will  hear,  and  fewer  heed  the  •train." 

Cowper :  JSxpottuIation,  726, 

6.  The  subject  or  theme  of  a  poem,  dis- 
course, conversation,  &c. ;  manner  of  speak- 
ing or  writing^  style. 

"  In  this  ttniin  the  venerable  sage 
Poured  forth  his  aspirations." 

Wordtwurth  :  £xcurtion.  bk.  IT. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Mech. :  The  force  which  acts  on  any  ma- 
terial, and  which  tends  to  disarrange  its  com- 
ponent parts  or  destroy  their  cohesion  ;  also, 
any  definite  alteration  in  the  form  or  dimen- 
sions of  a  given  portion  of  matter.     In  solid 
bodies  strain  is  always  accompanied  with  in- 
ternal stress,  and  this  property  of  exerting 
stress  when  strained  is  called  elasticity. 

2.  Music: 

(1)  Generally,  a  tune ;  a  melody  or  part  of 
a  melody. 

(2)  More  strictly,  a  musical  subject  forming 
part  of,  and  having  relations  to,  a   general 
whole. 

strain  (2),  *stralne,  *  streen,  *  strcn, 
*  strene,  *  streon,  s.  [A.S.  strynd,  from 
steututn,  strynan  =  to  beget.] 

1.  Race,  stock,  generation,  descent,  lineage ; 
quality  or  line  as  regards  breeding. 

"  If  thou  wert  the  noblest  of  thy  ttrain." 

Sthaketp. :  Juliut  Catar.  v.  1. 

*  2.  Hereditary   or    national    disposition ; 
turn,  tendency. 

"  Yon  have  shown  to-day  your  valiant  ttrain." 

Shakftp. :  Lear,  v.  8. 

*  3.  Rank,  character,  kind,  sort. 

"  But  thou  who,  lately  of  the  common  itrain, 
Wert  one  of  us."  Dryden.    (Toad.) 

*  strain   a-ble,  *  strein'  a  ble,  *  streyn 
a-ble.  a.    [Eng.  strain,  v.  ;  -able.} 

1.  Capable  of  being  strained  or  pushed  be- 
yond the  proper  extent. 

"A  thlog  captious  and  ttrainable" — Bacon :  Of 
Church  Controvertiet. 

2.  Violet  strong.    . 

"A  Portingale  ship  was  driven  and  drowned  by 
force  of  a,  ttreinablc  tempest  neere  unto  the  shore  of 
the  Scotish  Isles."-  Bolinihed :  HM.  Scotland  ;  Jotina. 

*  strain'  -  a  -  bly ,  *  streln  -  a  -  bile,   adv. 
[Eng.  strainab(le) ;  -ly.]    Violently,  fiercely. 

"The  wind  .  .  .  drove  the  flame  so  ttrthiablie 
ainougest  the  tents  and  cabins  of  the  Saxous," — 
UoUnthcd  :  Mitt.  Scotland;  DovgaU. 

Strain'-er,  a.    [Eng.  strain;  •er.} 

1.  One  who  strains. 

2.  That  through  which  any  liquid  passes 
for  filtration  and  purification  ;  an  apparatus 
for  filtering. 

"The  same  pitch-rosin,  If  It  be  boiled  more  lightly 
with  water,  &  be  let  to  run  through  a  ttmi»fi-.  com- 
iiifth  to  a  reddish  colour,  and  ii  glewie."— P .  Holland  : 
Pliny,  bk.  xvl.,  ch.  xL 

strain'  Ing,  strayn-lng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s. 
[STRAIN,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <&  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1,  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  one  who  strains  ; 
a  stretching,  forcing,  or  filtering,  as  through  a 
strainer. 


2.  Saddlery :  A  piece  of  canvas  or  leather, 
which,  being  drawn  tightly  over  the  tree, 
forms  the  foundation  for  the  seat  of  a  saddle. 
It  receives  its  name  from  the  fact  that  the 
stretch  is  taken  out  of  it  by  repeated  wettiugi 
and  strainings. 

straining-beam,  straining  piece, «. 

Carp. :  The  piece  situated  between  the 
upper  end  of  the  queens  of  a  frame  to  resist 
the  thrust  of  the  rafters, 

straining-fork,  s. 

Saddlery  :  A  tool  used  in  straining  the  web* 
bing  over  saddle-trees. 

straining-leather,  s. 

Saddlery:  A  kind  of  web  forming  the  seat 
of  a  hussar-saddle. 

straining  piece,  s,     [STRAINING-BEAM.] 
straining  post,  s.     A  post  firmly  fixed 

in  the  ground,  from  which  wire  fences  art 

strained  or  stretched  tight 

straining-reel,  s. 

Saddlery :  A  tool  for  taking  the  stretch  out 
of  webbing  before  putting  it  on  the  tree,  as  • 
foundation  for  the  saddle-seat. 

straining-sill,  s. 

Carp. :  A  piece  of  timber  on  the  tie-beam, 
between  the  feet  of  the  queen-posts,  to  hold 
them  against  the  thrust  of  the  struts. 

*8traint,  s.     [STRAIN  (1),  «.]     A  strain,  u 
effort,  a  pressure. 

"That  with  the  ttraint  bis  wesand  nigh  he  hrast," 
Spetuer:  F.  «.,  V.  Ii.lt 

*  strait  (1),  a.    [STRAIGHT,  a.] 

strait  (2),  *  straight  (<//<  silent),  *  strayt, 

*  stray te,  *  streight,  *  streit,  *  sireite, 

*  streyt,  a.,  ad  p.,  &  s.     [O.  Fr.  estreit,  estroiat 
(Fr.  #roiO»  fr»m  Lat.  strict  us  =  strait,  strict 
(q.v.) ;   8p.  estrecho ;  Ital.  stretto.    Strait  and 
strict  are  doublets.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Narrow,  close,  not  wide. 

"  Enter  ye  In  at  the  ttrait  gate."— Matthtw  rli  U. 

2.  Confined,  smalL 

"The  place  where  we  dwell  U  too  ttrait  for  ua,"— • 
t  Kingi  vt  1. 

"3.  Tight,  close,  not  loose. 

"  In  your  ft  rait  stroasers."— SAotwp. :  fffnry  r.,itLT. 
*l.  Close,  niggardly,  stingy,  mean,  avaricious. 

"  You  are  so  ttrait  and  so  ingratefuL" 

tihaketp. ;  King  John,  v.  T. 

*  5.  Strict,  rigorous. 

"  Such  a  ttrait  edict. "        ShaJutp. :  2  Henry  I V. ,  lit  9. 

*  6.  Close,  familiar,  near,  intimate. 

"  He  forgetting  all  former  injuries,  had  received 
that  naughty  Flexirtus  into  a  ttraight  degree  of 
favour."— Sidney. 

7.  Difficult,  distressful. 

"  But  to  make  your  ttrait  circumstances  jd 
ttrait er."— Sicker :  Strmont,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  1L 

*  B.  As  adverb : 

1.  Tightly. 

"  Hire  hosen  weren  of  fine  scarlet  rede, 
Ful  ttrrite  yteyed,  and  sliooii  ful  moist  and  new*.* 
CHaucir :  C.  T.,  ProL  45fc 

2.  Strictly,  severely,  harshly. 

"Proceed  DO  ttraitcr  'gainst  our  uncle  Gloucester.™ 
Shafcetp.  :  S  henry  I'/.,  lil  ft 

C.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  A  narrow  pass  or  pnssage. 

"  He  brought  him,  through  a  darksom  narrow  ltrat& 
To  a  broad  gate  all  built  of  beaten  gold." 

tip*n*r:  S.  «.,  II.  Til.  40. 

*  2.  A  strip  of  land  between  two  seas ;  on 
isthmus. 

3.  A  narrow  passage  of  water  between  two 
seas  or  oceans.    (Often  used  in  the  plural :  as, 
the  Straits  of  Dover.) 

"Through  Belle's  stormy  <m*«*.  and  oyster- breed Inf 
•ea.  Dryd«n ;  Virgil ;  Oeorgic  L  2S7. 

i.  Distress,  difficulty. 

"The  '/rlkes  continue,  and  the  people  are  In  great 
ttraitt.'  -tt'eeMy  Echo,  Sept.  6,  188S. 

*  strait  -braced,  a.     Braced  or  laced 
tightly. 

•*  The  dreadful  bellowine  of  whose  ttrait. brnerd  drum*, 
To  the  French  soumled  like  the  dreadful  doom." 
Drayton:  Buttle  of  Agincourt. 

*  strait  handed,  a.    Close-fisted,  pard- 
monious,  niggardly. 

"If  you xnttrait-handed."— Gentleman  /nttrttcttH 
p.  B28. 

*  strait  handedness,  s.    Xiggardlinefl* 
parsimony,  closeness. 

"The  Eorolsh  doctrine  makes  their  itraU-hande* 
not  so  much  more  injurious."—  Bp.  Ball:  Catet  tf 
Contctence,  dec.  iv.,  cane  3. 


^;  pdit,  Jftrl;  cat,  90!!,  cliorus,  9hln,  bcnph ;  go,  gem;  thin,  {Ms;  sin,  05;  expect,  Xonophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-tten  =  sb«a.   -tion, -sion  =  sliuu; -tion, -jion-zhun.   -cion*.  -tloM,  -*lou«  =  sbils.  -W«,  -die,  *e.  =  bfl,  4sL 


4482 


strait— strange 


strait -jacket,  «.     A  strait -waistcoat 
ft*.} 

strait-laced,  a. 

I.  Literally : 

1.  Having  the  stays  or  bodice  tlgMly  laced ; 
laced  or  braced  tightly. 

2.  Stiff,  constrained. 

II.  Fig. :   Rijrid  in  opinion ;  over-strict  in 
morals  or  manners. 

"I  know  not  what  philosopher  hee  was.  that  would 
have  women  come  but  tl.rice  abroad  all  their  time,  to 
bn  baptised,  maried,  and  buried,  but  he 
laced."— Burton :  Anat.  Melancholy,  ~ 


strait  waistcoat,  s.  A  garment  made 
of  some  strong  material  with  long  sleeves, 
which  are  tied  behind  the  body,  so  that  the 
arms  cannot  be  drawn  out ;  used  to  restrain  a 
lunatic  or  a  person  labouring  under  violent 
delirium.  Called  also  a  Strait-jacket. 

••trait,  *  straight  (gh  silent),  v.t.   [STRAIT 
(2),  a.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  narrow ;  to  make  narrower  or 
closer ;  to  contract. 

"  [Crawus]  set  bis  ranks  wide,  casting  bis  souldlers 
Into  a  square  battell:  yet  afterward  he  changed  his 
mind  again,  and  ttraitcd  the  battell  ol  his  footmen, 
fashioning  it  like  a  brick,  more  long  then  broad, 
making  a  front  and  shewing  their  faces  every  way."— 
Jfarth :  Plutarch,  p.  479. 

2.  Fig- :  To  embarrass. 

"  Ton  were  ttraitrd 
For  a  reply."      &haketp. :  Winter'*  Tata,  IT.  S. 

•trait'-en,  *  straight -en,  *  streight'-en 

(gh  silent),  v.t.  &  (,    [Eng.  strait  (2),  a, ;  -en.] 
A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  make  narrow  or  strait ;  to  narrow,  to 
Confine,  to  contract. 

"The  breadth  of  the  waters  i»  tfroi*«t«d.'Wo& 
xsxvii.  10. 

2.  To  make  tense  or  tight ;  to  draw  tight. 

"Stretch  them  at  their  length, 

And  pull  the  ttreightened  cords  with  all  your  strength." 
Dry  den.    (Todd.) 

3.  To  diminish,  to  reduce,  to  lessen. 

**  [She]  does  a  mischief  while  she  lends  a  grace, 
Straitening  ita  growth  by  inch  a  strict  embrace." 
Cowper:  Retirement,  tM. 

TL  Fig. :  To  place  in  a  state  of  distress  or 
difficulty  ;  to  embarrass,  to  press ;  to  put  in 
pecuniary  difficulties. 

"  That  we  may  not  pretend  to  want  objects  of  com- 
passion  and  charity,  or  to  grow  ttra itened aud  narrow 
111  our  affections,  all  mankind  have  an  interest  and 
concern  ID  them."—  Waterland :  Workt,  viii.  874. 

*  B.  Intrans. : '  To  become  narrow  or  nar- 
rower ;  to  contract. 

"  Nor  ttraitening  vale,  nor  wood,  nor  stream  divides 
Their  perfect  ranks."  Milton:  P.  L.,  vi  70. 

••trait'-for-ward,  a.  (STRAIGHTFORWARD.] 

«trait'-l&  *  streight-Xy,  adv.    [Eng.  strait 
<2),  a. ;  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  strait  manner ;  narrowly,  closely. 

2.  Strictly,  rigorously. 

"  He  ttniiily  charged  him,  and  forthwith  sent  Mm 
•.way."—  JfarJfc  L  43. 

*  3.  Closely,  intimately. 

•trait-ness,  a.    [Eng.  strait  (2),  a. ;  -ness.] 
1,  Narrowness. 

"  The  town  was  bard  to  besiege,  and  uneasy  to  come 
ttnto  by  reason  of  the  Uraitnttt  of  all  the  places." — 
S  Maccabert  xli.  21. 

*  2.  Strictness,  rigour. 

"  If  bis  own  life  answer  the  Mrattness  of  his  pro- 
eeeding,  it  shall  become  him  w«U."— SJuOcetp. ;  Mea- 
turefor  Measure,  iii.  2. 

*  3.  Distress,  difficulty. 

"Since  the  late  cold  weather,  there  Is  complicated 
•with  It  a  more  Asthmatic*!  strnitaex*  of  respiration 
tli.'ui  heretofore. "—WuttonianaReliquia,  p.  467. 

*  4.  Want,  scarcity. 

"  In  the  siege  and  in  the  straitnea  wherewith  tlilne 
•neiaiea  shall  distress  thee. "— Deuteronomy  xxvili.  53. 

*Btrake,  pret.  ofv.    [STRIKE,  r.J 

•trake  (1),  s.     [STREAK,  s.J 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  L  A  streak,  a  baud. 

"Jacob  took  him  rods  of  green  poplar,  and  of  the 
hazel  and  che.-tuut-tie«-,  and  pilled  white  ttraket  in 
them."— Oenestt  xxi.  37. 

*  2.  A  narrow  board. 

8,  A  band  on  the  felly  of  a  wheel,  In  sec- 
tions, and  not  continuous  like  a  tire. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Mining :  An  inclined  trough  for  sepa- 
rating ground  ore  according  to  gravity,  by 
means  of  a  flow  of  water ;  a  laundei. 


2.  Shipbuild.:  A  continuous  line  of  plank- 
ing or  plates  on  a  vessel's  side ;  reaching  from 
stem  to  stern. 

*  stroke  (2),  t    [STRIKE,  «.]    A  bnsheL 

Stroke,  r.i.    [A.S.  strdc,  pa.  t.  of  strican^ 
to  go,  to  strike.]     [STRAGGLE.]    To  go,  to 
pass,  to  roam. 
"  They  oner  lond  ttraketk."  Piert  Ptowman'i  Orede,  84. 

strak-o-nitz'-ite,  *.  [After  Strakonitz, 
Bohemia,  where  it  occurs  ;  suiT.  -ite  (Min.).~] 

Min. :  A  steatitie  mineral  substance  occur- 
ring in  greenish-yellow  crystals,  pseudomor- 
phous  after  augite  (q.v.). 

•strale,  *.  [Ger.  strahl  —  &  ray.)  The  pupil 
of  the  eye.  (ll'itiial.) 

strain,  v.i.  &,  t.  [Cf.  Low  Ger.  strammen ; 
Dan.  stramme  =  to  strain,  to  stretch  ;  strain 
=  stretched.  ] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  spring  or  recoil  violently.   (Prov.) 

2.  To  spread  out  the  limbs ;  to  walk  un- 
gracefully ;  to  straddle.    (Amer.) 

B.  Trans.:   To  dash    down  violently;   to 
beat    (Prov.) 

Stra-mash',  s.  [Fr.  eslramaqon  =  a  blow,  a 
cu'ff,  from  ItaL  stramazzare  =  to  knock  down, 
from  maji2a  —  &  club,  a  mace  (q.v.).]  A  tumult, 
a  fray,  a  fight,  a  struggle.  (Prov.  £  Scotch.) 

"  What  a  fearful  ttramash  they're  all  In." 
Barham  :  Jngotatby  Legendi ;  Bottte-W  arming. 

stra-miish',  v.t.  [STRAMASH,  ».]  To  strike, 
beat,  or  bang ;  to  break,  to  destroy. 

*  stram  -a-zoun,    *.      [Fr.    estramagon.] 
[StRAMASH*   s.]     A  descending  blow  or  cut 
with    a    sword,    as    distinguished    from    a 
stoccade  or  thrust. 

"  I  .  .  .  made  a  kind  of  itramatoun,  ran  him  up  to 
the  hllta  through  the  doublet." — Ben  Jonton  :  Every 
Man  out  qf  hit  Humour,  iv.  S. 

stra  mln'  e-ous,  a.    [Lat.  stramineus,  from 
stramen,  genit.  straminis  =  straw.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  Lit. :  Strawy  ;  consisting  of  straw. 

"  The  itramineout  t»<l  ies  will  at  first  a  little  neede." 
—Robinson  :  Eudoxa.  p.  123. 

*  2.  Fig. :  Chaffy ;  like  straw ;  light. 
14  In  all  other  discourse,  dry,  barren,  ttramineoui, 
dull,  and  heavie."—  Burton:  Anat.  Melancholy,  p.  U9. 

II.  Bot. :  Straw-coloured  (q.v.). 

strain'  -mel,  «.  [STHAHINKOUS.]  Straw. 
(Scotch.) 

"  Sleep  on  the  ttrammel  In  his  barn."— Scoff ;  Guy 
Mannertng,  ch.  xxvUl. 

stra  mo  ~m  iim,  stram   on J,  s.    [Mod. 

La't.  abbrev.  of  Gr.    trrpv\vos  (struchnos)  = 
nightshade,  and  navtKo<;  (manikos)  =  mad.] 

Bot.,  Ac, :  The  thorn-apple,  Datura  Stra- 
monium, a  herbaceous  plant  about  three  feet 
high,  with  a  green  stem  ;  ovate,  angulate,  sin- 
uate, glabrous  leaves ;  generally  white  flowers ; 
capsular  and  ovate,  erect  fruit,  clothed  ex- 
ternally with  numerous  nearly-equal  spines, 
and  internally  four-celled  at  the  base  and 
two-celled  at  the  apex.  A  native  of  the  East 
Indies,  but  introduced  into  the  United  States, 
Ac.  A  variety  occasionally  occurs  with  purple 
stems  and  flowers.  The  Stramonium  is  a 
dangerous  narcotic.  (DATURA,  DATURIN.] 

stramonium  cigar,  s.  A  cigar  made 
from  the  leaves  of  Daiura  Stramonium,  or  D. 
tatula.  Such  cigars  are  highly  recommended 
for  asthma. 

strand  (1),  strond,  ».  [A.8.  strand ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  strand;  Icel.  strond;  Dan.,  Sw.,  <fc 
Ger.  strand.} 

1.  The  shore  or  beach  of  the  sea  or  ocean, 
or  of  a  large  lake,  rarely  of  a  navigable  river. 

"  On  the  dreary  rtrand  of  the  estuary  of  the  Laggan." 
—Maeaulay  :  Bist.  Eng.,  ch.  xvL 

2.  A  shore,  a  country,  a  land. 

"  As  home  bis  footsteps  he  hath  turned. 
From  wandering  on  a  foreign  strand.' 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Last  Minitrel.  vL  1 

8.  A  small  brook  or  rivulet;  a  passage  for 
water ;  a  gutter.  (Scotch.) 

strand  mole-rat, «. 

Zool. :  Bathyergus  marttimiu,  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  It  is  about  ten  inches  long, 
tail  two  inchec  ;  fur  grayish  white,  yellowish 
on  under-snrface.  It  frequents  sandy  localities 
near  the  sea-shore. 


strand- wolf;  •. 

Zool. :  Hjffena  striata,  the  Striped  or  Crested 
Hysena.  [HYAENA.] 

Strand  (2),  s.  [Dut.  streen ;  Ger.  strdhne  =  a 
skein,  a  hank.]  One  of  the  twists  or  parts  of 
which  a  rope  is  composed  ;  an  assemblage  ol 
several  twisted  yarns  wound  together.  H-.  n;p 
is  twisted  into  a  yarn ;  and  several  of  the 
latter  are  twisted  together,  or,  as  it  is  called, 
laid  up,  into  a  rope. 

strand  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    [STRAND  (1),  «.] 

A*  Transitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  drive,  run,  or  force  agronnd  on  | 
the  sea-shore. 

"  A  whale,  with  a  tongue  seventeen  feet  long  and 
•even  feet  broad,  had  been  strundtd  near  Abm 
Maeaulay:  Hist.  £nj.,  ch.  iviii. 

2.  Fig. :  To  bring  to  a  standstill ;  to  wreck, 
to  embarrass. 

"Then  cam*  shallow  water  where  both  canoes  and 
hoptt  were  well-niyh  ttranded.'— ticribner't  Atagaiint, 
Aliquot,  1887,  p.  600. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  drift  or  be  driven  or  forced 
aground  on  the  sea-shore  ;  to  run  aground. 

"  Stranding  on  an  isle  at  morn." 

TennySun  :  Enoch  Arden.  S5S. 

^f  To  constitute  stranding  in  law  it  is  neces- 
sary that  the  ship  which  runs  aground  shall 
remain  stationary  for  some  time. 

*  2.    Fig. :  To  have  progress  interrupted  5 
to  come  to  a  standstill. 

Strand  (2),  v.t.  [STRAND  (2),  s.]  To  break 
one  of  the  strands  of,  as  of  a  rope. 

strong,  a.    [STRONG.]    (Scotch.) 

strange,  *  straunge,  a.  &  adv.  [0.  FT. 
estrange  (Fr.  etrange),  from  Lat.  extraneus^s 
foreign,  from  extra—  without,  outside;  Sp. 
extrano  ;  ItaL  estranio,  estraneo.]  [EXTRA.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Foreign  ;  belonging  to  another  country. 

"  Cue  of  the  xtrange  queen's  lords." 

Shaketp. :  Love's  Labour  t  Lott,  If.  fc 

2.  Foreign. 

**  Where  wast  thou  born,  SOB! crates,  and  when, 
In  what  ttrangt  country  can  thy  parents  live!' 
Cowper:  On  Female  J  ncottttancy. 

3.  Not  one's  own  ;  not  pertaining  to  one'» 
self  or  one's  belongings ;  belonging  to  another 
or  others. 

**  Borne  such  ttrange  boll  leaped  your  father's  cow." 
Skakesp. :  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  v.  1 

4.  New  ;  unused  before ;  not  before  seen, 
heard,  or  known  ;  unknown. 

"  The  signet  i«  not  ttranye  to  you.' 

ShaJMtp,  :  Measure  fur  Meature.  iv.  1       ' 

5.  Wonderful;  causing  wonder  or  surprise;  ; 
excitingcuriosity ;  extraordinary,  remarkable,  \ 
unusual,  singular. 

"Tis  strange  but  true:  for  truth  is  alwaysrtr-anj/*— 
Stranger  than  action." 

Byron  :  Don  Juan,  xir.  10L 

6.  Odd,  unusual,  singular;   not  according 
to  the  ordinary  way. 

"  Full  of  ttrange  oaths,  and  bearded  like  the  i«rd," 
Shalutp. :  At  }'ou  Like  It,  U.  f. 

7.  Distrustful,  reserved,  estranged. 

.•  "Why  do  you  look  toitrange  upon  your  wife  t" 

Shaftctp.:  Alt'!  Welt  th-it  £ndt  Weil,  T.  & 

8.  Unacquainted ;  not  knowing. 

"  Joseph  .  .  .  made  himself  ttrange  unto  them.*" 
Oenetit  xlli.  7. 

*  9.  Backward,  slow. 

B.  As  adv. :  Strangely. 

"She  will  speak  moat  bitterly  Mid  ttrange? 

Shaketp. :  Meature  for  Measure,  T. 

U  Strange  is  often  used  as  an  interjection* 
elliptically,  for  /( is  strange. 

"  Strange,  all  this  difference  should  be 
Twi«  tweedle-dum  and  twee«l!e-dee. 

Byrom :  AtticeHintH 

*  ^  To  make  it  strange:  To  act  as  if  some- 
thing extraordinary  had  happened  ;  to  appeal 
to  be  shocked. 

"She  makes  it  ttrange,  bat  she  would  he  best  pleu'd 
To  be  so  anger'd  with  another  letter." 

Shakeip. :  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  i  1 

*  strange-achieved,  a.     Acquired  not 
for  one's  self,  but  for  the  benefit  of  others. 

"Oanker'd  heaps  of  ttrangr-ackieved  gv\d." 

Shaketp. :  2  ffenry  1 1'.,  IT.  ft. 

*  strange-disposed,  a.    Of  a  remark- 
able  disposition  or  nature. 

"  Indeed,  It  Is  a  gtran<jr-ditpeaed  time." 

Shakesp,  :  Juliut  Catar,  L  S. 

strange-sail,  s. 

Naut. :  A  vessel  heaving  in  sight,  of  which 
the  particulars  are  unknown.  (Smyth.) 


J&te,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p8t,  ! 
or,  wore,  W9H  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  oub,  cure,  unite,  CUT,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,ce  =  e;ey  =  a;<iu  =  Uw. 


strange— strap 


4483 


•   'strange,  v.i.  &t    [STKANGE,  a.] 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  alienate,  to  estrange. 

2.  To  change,    (flower :  C.  A.,  11.) 
B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  wonder;  to  be  astonished. 

"  I  in  pieties,  which  we  Deed  not  ttranfft  at" — Qta>i~ 
rill,  t&pti*  Scientijii-a.  xix. 

2.  To  be  alienated  or  estranged. 

3.  To  be  or  become  strange.  (Gfiwer:C.A.tii.) 

•  strange'  ful.  *  atrango'-f  ull,  a.  [Enjr. 
stratige ;  -full.}  Strange,  wonderful,  (£$• 
mter.) 

jtrange'-ly,  '  straunge-lie,  a<it>.  [Eng. 
strange,  a. ;  -ly.} 

"  1.  As  belonging  to  some  one  else;  In  a 
foreign  place  ;  at  or  to  a  distance. 

"As  by  strange  fortune 
It  came  to  us.  I  do  in  Justice  charge  tliea 
Tliat  tiiou  oommend  it  tfrangflv  to  acme  place. 
When  chalice  may  luirae  or  eml  it." 

S&aletp. :  WiMer'i  Tatf,  U.  9. 

2.  In  a  distant  or  reserved  manner,  as  one 
who  does  not  know  another. 

"They  pass  by  ttranffely," 

Shttkttp.  :  rroilut  A.  Crtttlda,  111  8. 

3.  In  a  strange,  odd,  remarkable,  or  singular 
manner;  in  a  manner  to  excite  surprise  or 
wonder;  wonderfully,  unusually,  remarkably. 

"  Men  who  had  never  before  had  a  scruple  had  on  a 
sudden  become  strangely  scrupulous."  —  J/acaulay  : 
Ifisr.  Eng.,  cb.  vi. 

•trange'-ness,  '  strange-nesse, «.  [Eng. 
ttrnnge,  a. ;  -ness.] 

\.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  strange  or 
foreign ;  foreignness  ;  the  state  or  condition 
•of  belonging  to  another  country. 

"  If  I  will  obey  the  gospel,  no  distance  of  place,  no 
ttranytneu  of  country,  cau  make  any  man  a  stranger 
to  me."— ,S/ir<[f. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  strange, 
odd,  remarkable,  or  singular;  wonderfulness, 
aorprisingness ;  the  power  or  quality  of  ex- 
citing surprise  or  wonder  by  novelty. 

"  This  IB  above  all  Krangvneu.* 

iShokesp. :  Lear,  Ir.  8. 

3.  Distance  in  behaviour  ;  reserve,  coldness, 

forbidding  manner. 

"  Ungird  thy  stranaenen.  and  tell  me  what  I  shall 
vent  to  my  lady."— tiJtukup. :  Ttoelfth  Night.  IT.  L 

4.  Alienation  of  mind  ;  estrangement ;  mu- 
tual dislike. 

"To  create  a  distance  and  mutual  ttranyenem  be- 
tween them."— &»« :  Christian  Lift.  ok.  it,  ch.  vil. 

*  5.  Remoteness  from  common  manners  or 
notions ;  uncouihness. 

"  [Men|  worthier  than  himself 
Here  tend  the  savage  ttrattgenftt  he  put*  on." 

Shatetf. :  Troilm  t  Crenida.  U.  «. 

Itrang'-er,  «  straung-or,  s.  &  a.    [O.  Fr. 

eatrangier.] 
A*  A*  substantive : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  foreigner ;  one  who  belongs  to  a  foreign 
country.    (Shakesp. :  Henry  fill.,  U.  2.) 

2.  One  of  another  place  in  the  same  country ; 
one  whose  home  is  at  a  distance  from  where 
he  is. 

"  To  see  the  famislied  ttrangttr  fed." 

Crabbf  :  Woman. 

3.  One  unknown  or  not  familiar :  as,  He  Is 
ft  stranger  to  me. 

4.  A  guest,  a  visitor ;  one  not  belonging  to 

the  house. 

"A  neat  room  designed  for  the  reception  of 
ttranffertS—Dampfer:  Voyage*  (an.  1688). 

5.  A  non-member,  a  visitor. 

1  In  college  halls  at  Oxford,  guests  are 
often  entertained  at  a  special  table  known  as 
the  Strangers'  Table,  and  in  the  principal 
clubs  there  is  a  Strangers'  Room. 

*  6.  One  not  admitted  to  any  communica- 
tion or  fellowship  ;  one  having  no  community. 

7.  One  not  knowing ;  one  ignorant  or  un- 
acquainted. 

''  But  truly  there  are  many  that  go  upon  the  road, 
who  rather  declare  them  selves  strangers  to  pilKriuuute 
BHL  *™"IW«  and  pilgrims  on  earth."— Auyiun  .- 
Hllrlm's  Progress,  pt  U. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Entom.:    A   rare   British  night- moth, 
Badena  peregrina. 

2.  Law :  One  not  privy  or  party  to  an  act. 

3.  Parliament  (PI):  All  persons  other  than 
members  or  officials  present  when  the  House 

sitting.  When  the  House  is  cleared  for  a 
liniion  the  reporters  are  not  required  to 
•undraw.  Formerly,  If  any  member  called 


the  attention  of  the  Speaker  to  the  fact  that 
strangers  were  present,  he  had  no  alternative 
but  to  order  them  to  withdraw,  and  then  the 
reporter's  gallery  was  ulao  cleared ;  this  rule  is 
now  modified. 

4.  Congress  (PL) :  All  persons  other  than 
members  or  persons  officially  connected  with 
the  House  or  Senate  are  considered  strangers, 
and  subject  to  an  order  to  withdraw  when  pit 
rate  business  is  to  be  transacted,  as  when  the 
Senate  goes  into  executive  session.  In  case  of 
undue  applause  or  confusion  the  sergeant-al- 
arms may  be  directed  to  clear  the  galleries. 

B«  As  adj. :  Strange. 

•*  The  itranger  guest 
Followed  and  entered  with  the  rest." 

Lonttfclloto :  UiaicLtris  Tale,  vi. 

*  strang-er,  v.t.  [STKANUER,  «.]  To  estrange, 
to  alienate. 

"Dower'd  with  our  curse,  and  ttranger'd  with  our 
oath,'  ahateip.  :  Liar,  L  L 

str&n'-gle,  v.t.  &  i.  (0.  Fr.  estrangler  (Fr. 
etrangler),  from  Lat.  strangulo,  from  Gr. 
o-TpayyoAao*  (stranggalao),  from  trrpayya\ri 
(stranggale)  =  a  halter;  oTpayyo?  (stranggos) 
=  twisted  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  estrangitlar.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit.  :  To  destroy  the  life  of  by  compress- 
ing the  windpipe  ;  to  choke. 

"  Yon  three  ahall  be  strangled  on  the  gallows." 
ShaXetp. :  3  Henry  rl..U.t. 

n.  Figuratively  : 

L  To  suffocate  by  drowning. 

2.  To  suppress  ;  to  keep  back  from  birth  or 
appearance ;  to  stifle. 

"Strangle  such  thoughts." 

ahutctp. .-   II ' inters  Ttilr,  IT.  4. 

*  B.  Tnlrans, :  To  be  choked  or  suffocated. 

"I  praye  God  U  U  war  so  I  strangle  of  this  brede." 
Robert  de  Brunne,  ]>.  66. 

*  stran'-gle,  *  stran'-gel,  s.  [STBANOLE,  t>.] 
Strangulation. 

**  Min  Is  the  prison  in  ihe  derke  cote, 
Min  is  the  stranyet  and  hanging  by  the  throte,-" 
Chaucer  :  C.  T..  2.490. 

strangle-tare,  s. 
Botany : 

1.  VvAa  lathynides  and  Y.  Mrsuta,  tares 
which  strangle  other  plants. 

2.  Ciacuta  europaa,  and  the  Orobanches, 
because  they  strangle  tares.    (Prior.) 

strangle  weed,  >. 

Bat.  •  ft)  The  genus  Cuscuta ;  (2)  The  genus 
Orobanche. 

"  strah'-  gle  a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  stranglt;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  strangled. 

stran'-gler,  s.     [Eng.  strangVf),   v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  strangles  or  de- 
stroys. 

••  The  band  that  seems  to  tie  their  friendship  to- 
gether, will  be  the  very  ttranglrr  of  their  amity."— 
— Shakeip.  :  Antony  Jt  Cleopatra,  U.  0, 

2.  [THUO]. 

stran'-gles,  s.  pi.    [STRANGLE,  ».] 

Farriery :  A  disease  attacking  horses,  gener- 
ally between  the  ages  of  three  and  five  years. 
It  consists  of  an  abscess,  which  occurs  between 
the  branches  of  the  lower  jaw.  It  is  con- 
sidered contagious.  Also  applied  to  a  similar 
infectious  disease  in  swine. 

"  Blderitis  hath  a  peculiar  vertue  for  to  cure  swine  of 
their  squiusles  or  ttruttfflti." — P.  BManet:  Pliny,  ok. 
XXT!.,  ch.  xr. 

stran'-gU'late,  a.     [Lat.  strangulates,  pa, 
par.  of  strangulo  =  to  strangle  (q.v.).J 
Sot. :  The  same  as  STRANGULATED  (q.v.). 

•strah'-gu-late.tU.   [STBASOULATE,  o.]  To 

strangle. 

"  Buck  their  food  like  the  Ivy.  from  what  they 
gtranffulate  and  kiU.  —^outtuy.-  lector,  Interchapter 

stran'-gu-lat-ed,  o.    [STRAHODLATK.] 

1.  Bot. :   Irregularly    contracted    and    ex- 
panded. 

2.  Smg. :  Having  the  circulation  stopped 
In  any  part  by  compression  :  as,  a  strangulated 
hernia ;  that  is,  one  so  compressed  as  to  ob- 
struct the  circulation  in  the  part  and  to  cause 
dangerous  symptoms. 

stran-gn-la'-tiou, ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  stran- 
gu/ationem,  accus.  of  strangulutia,  from  stran- 
gulaius,  pa.  par.  of  strangulo  =  to  strangle 
(q.v.) ;  Sp.  estrangnlacion;  Ital.  strangulazione.] 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  strangling ;  the 
state  of  being  strangled  ;  a  sudden  and  forcible 


compression  of  the  windpipe,  so  as  to  prevent 
the    passage   of  air,    and    thereby    suspend 
respiration  and  life. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  The  state  of  being  irregularly  con- 
tracted and  expanded. 

2.  Pathol. :  The  state  of  a  part  too  closely 
constricted,  as  the  throat  in  hysterics,  or  the 
intestines  in  hernia. 

•str&n-giir'-I-an,  ».  [STRAHOUHY.]  Stran- 
gury. 

"The  gout,  colic,  atone,  or  itraitgurtan."—  Wari. 
Sermons,  p.  60, 

str&n-giir'-l-otts,  o.  [Lat.  slrangurloaut, 
from  stranguria=  strangury  (q.v.).J  Sutfer- 
ing  from  strangury ;  of  the  nature  of  strangury ; 
denoting  the  pain  of  strangury. 

"  I  was  often  fretted  with  tfrangurtout  symptoms.' 
—Che rue  :  Bnglith  Malady,  p.  32L 

stran'-gu-rjf,  «.  [Lat.  strangurta,  from  Or. 
o-Tpayyoupia  (stranggouria)  =  retention  of  the 
urine,  when  it  falls  by  drops,  from  o-Tpa-y^ 
(ttrangx),  genit.  o-Tpayyos  (stranggos)-=:  a  drop, 
and  oupoy  (miron)  =  urine ;  Sp.  estranguria ; 
Ital.  stranguria.} 

1.  Bot. :  A  swelling  or  other  disease  pro- 
duced in  a  plant  by  the  pressure  of  too  tight 
a  ligature. 

2.  Pathol.  :  A  disease  in  which  there  Is  pain 
In  passing  the  urine,  which  is  excreted  in 
drops. 

"I  hope  they  got  better  of  their  colds,  toothaches, 
levers, atrangunei,  sciaticas,  swellings,  and  sore  eyes," 
— Sterne  :  Trfitram  bhamly,  vol.  via.,  ch.  lii. 

strap,  strop,  *  strope,  ».  [A.  S.  siropp, 
from  Lat.  struppus  =  a  strap  ;  Dut,  strop  =  a 
halter ;  Fr.  etrope ;  Dan.  stroppe ;  Sw.  stropp ; 
Ger.  atrippe,  striippe,  struppe  strupp,  stropp ; 
allied  to  Gr.  errpoaSo?  (stmpi.os)  =  a  twisted 
band  or  cord,  o-rpc'o>ia  (streplvo)  =  to  twist.] 
[STROP,  STROPHE.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  narrow  band  or  strip  of  cloth,  leather, 
or  other  material  used  to  form  a  fastening ; 
they  are  generally  provided  with  a  buckle, 
and  arc  made  in  various  forms :  as,  the  strap 
of  a  shoe  or  boot,  i.e.  a  short  strap  connect- 
ing the  two  sides  of  each  leg  of  a  pair  of  trow- 
sers,  by  passing  under  the  shoe  or  boot,  the 
object  being  to  keep  the  trowsers  well  over 
the  ankles. 

"  These  clothes  are  good  enough  to  drink  in,  and  so 
be  these  boots  too ;  an'  they  be  not,  let  them  hang 
themselves  in  their  own  Wraps."— SAoiem  ;  Tveifth 
Sight,  i.  S. 

2.  A  piece  of  leather  prepared  with  fine 
emery  or  polishing-powder,  to  sharpen  a  razor 
or  knife ;  a  strop. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  The  flat  part  of  the  corolla  in  a  Hgulate 
floret,  specially  in  the  florets  of  the  ray  in  a 
composite  plant. 

(2)  The  leaf  without  the  sheath  In  some 
grasses. 

2.  Corp.  .*  An  iron  plate  placed  across  the 
junction    of   two   or    more    timbers,    either 
branched  out  or  straight,  as  may  be  found 
requisite,  and  each  branch  bolted  or  keyed 
with  one  or  more  bolts  or  keys,  through  each 
of  the  timbers,  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
them  together. 

3.  Harness :   A  leathern  thong,  provided 
with  a  buckle,  by  which  separate  parts  of  a 
set  of  harness  are  connected  together. 

4.  Mach. :  A  band  over  the  end  of  a  rod  to 
hold  a  connecting  pin  or  wrist. 

5.  Mil. :  A  strip  of  worsted,  silk,  silver,  ot 
gold,  worn  on  the  shoulder  that  has  no  epau- 
let.   [SHOULDER-STRAP.] 

6.  Nautical: 

(1)  One  of  the  rudder  bands,  which  alto 
holds  a  pintle,  which  hooks  into  an  eye  on 
a  brace  bolted  to  the  stern-post. 

(2)  A  band  of  rope  or  metal  around  the  shell 
of  a  tackle-block,  by  which  its  hook,  eye,  or 
tail  is  attached  thereto. 

7.  Vehicles: 

(1)  A  platu  on  the  upper  side  of  the  tongue, 
and  resting  upon  the  double  tree,  to  assist  in 
holding  the  waggon-hammer. 

(2)  A  clip,  such  as  that  which  holds  the 
spring  to  the  spring-bar  or  to  the  axle. 

(3)  The  stirrup-shaped  piece  of  a  clevis. 
K  Black-strap:  [BLACK-STRAP], 


-fllan,  -tlan  =  sban. 


;  cat,  5011,  chorus,  jhin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist.   -*&?. 
-tlon,   sion  =  shun  ;  -flon,  -yion  =  zhun.   -clous.  -  tious,  -sious  =  shu*.  -We.  -die,  *c.  =  bel,  del. 


strap— stratiotes 


strap-block,  s. 

Kaut.  :  A  block  with  a  strap  around  It,  anc 
an  eye  worked  at  the  lower  end  for  attach- 
ment to  a  hook  upon  deck  for  a  purchase. 

•trap-head,  -•. 
Uach.  :  A  journal-box  secured  by  a  strap  to 
ft  connecting  rod. 

•trap-hinge,  >.  A  binge  with  long  flaps, 
by  which  it  is  secured  to  the  door  and  post. 

•trap-joint,  s. 

Mach.  :  A  connection  by  strap,  key,  and 
gib,  as  on  the  end  of  a  pitman. 

•trap-oil,  &  A  thrashing.  (Cf-  STIRRUP- 
OIL.) 

•trap-shaped,  a.    [LIGCLATE.] 

•trap-work,  .-. 

Arch.  :  A  style  of  architectural  ornamenta- 
tion, representing  a  baud  or  bauds  crossed, 
folded,  and 
interlacing. 
There  exist 
specimens 
of  it,  which 
must  have 
been  exe- 
cuted as 


century,  but 

ft  was  far  more  general  in  the  fifteenth  and 

sixteenth  centuries. 

•trap,  r.t.    [STRIP,  ».] 

1.  To  fasten  or  bind  with  a  strap. 

•With  spatter'd  boots.  ttrapp'd  waist,  and    frozen 
lock*.'  Covpcr:  Tatt,  Ir.  6. 

i.  To  beat  or  chastise  with  a  strap. 

3.  To  sharpen  with  or  on  a  strap  or  strop. 

4.  To  hang.    (Scotch.) 

*  strap-pa'-do,  i.  [Ital.  strappata  =  t.  pull- 
ing, wringing,  from  strapparc  =  to  poll,  to 
wring;  O.  Fr.  strapade;  Sp.  utrapada.]  A 
kind  of  military  punishment,  formerly  prac- 
tised in  drawing  tip  an  offender  to  the  top  of 
a  beam,  and  letting  him  (all;  In  consequence 
of  which  dislocation  of  a  limb  usually  hap- 
pened. 

"  Were  I  at  the  rtrappado,  or  all  the  racks  hi  the 
world.  I  would  not  tell  you  on  compulsion."—  Shaketp.  t 


•strap-pa'-do,  ».«.  [STRAPPADO,*.]  To  tor- 
ture or  punish  with  the  strappado. 

"  Strappado'*  with  an  oath  '  ex  offlclo  *  by  your  bow- 
men of  the  arch**."—  Milton  :  Animad.  Semont.  Df- 
taxx. 

•trip  per,  s,    [Eng.  strap;  -tr.] 

1.  One  who  uses  a  strap. 

2.  Something  bulky  or  large  ;  a  tall,  strap- 
ping person. 

"She's  a  strapper,  ft  real  •trapper."  —  O,  BrontS  : 
Jane  Eyre,  ch.  xx. 

strip-ping,  a.  [STRAP,  t>.]  Tall,  luaty, 
strong,  well-made.  (From  the  Idea  of  large 
size  being  connected  with  violent  action.  Cf. 
bouncing,  thumping,  thundering,  whacking,  &c.  ) 

"  The  police,  fi  ue  ttrnppiny  fellows,  nroallj  Irish, 
wear  white  duck*  In  fine  weather.*—  DaUg  Telegraph, 

•trapping-plate,  >. 

Itining:  One  of  the  straps  or  bands  which 
bind  the  connecting  rods  to  each  other  at  the 
points  where  they  are  scarfed  together. 

•strap'-ple,  ».(.  ("A  frequent,  from  strap 
(q.v.).]  To  bind  or  tie  with  a  strap  ;  to  strap. 

"  Strappled  strait 
One  of  his  hngest  oxen. 

Chapman  .-  Homer  ;  Hymn  to  BermeL 

StrSp'-  wort,  s.  [Eng.  strap,  and  wort. 
Named  from  its  trailing  habit.) 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Corrigiola,  and  specially 
Corrigiola  littoralis. 

•trass  (1),  >.  [Named  after  the  Inventor,  a 
German  chemist.] 

llin.  :  A  name  applied  to  an  artificial  com- 
pound used  to  imitate  precious  stones.  Com- 
pos. :  silica,  potash,  and  lead,  with  various 
metallic  oxides  according  to  the  colours  re- 
quired. 

•trass  (2),  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Silk  :  The  refuse  of  silk  in  the  process  of 
working  into  skeins. 

•tra'-ta,  ».  pi.    [STRATUM.] 


st  rat  '-a-  gem,  *  strat-a  geme,  ».  [Fr. 
atratageine,  from  Lat.  strategema;  Gr.  O-TPO.TJJ- 
ynna.  (strategema)  =  the  device  or  act  of  a 
general,  o-rparrjydc  (strategos)  =  a  general  : 
o-rpaToc  (stratos)  =  an  anny,  and  ayw  (ago)  = 
to  lead  ;  Sp.  estratagema;  Ital.  stratagemma.] 

1.  An  artifice  in  war  ;  a  trick  by  which  the 
enemy  is  deceived. 

*  Their  wonted  wllea  and  ttratayrmt  provide. 
To  aid  their  great  acknowledg  d  victor's  aide." 

Kotfe:  Lucan;  P)wrtuli>i,  IT. 

2.  Any  artifice  or  trick  by  which  an  advsn 
tage  is  gained. 

"An  innocent  ttrarnyem  to  draw  their  attention  to 
bla  book."—  Knox  :  Winter  Etcntnyt,  even.  10. 

*  3.  A  cabal  ;  a  combination  for  the  com 
mission  of  some  unlawful  act. 

"  The  man  that  bath  no  music  In  himself. 
is  nt  lor  treasons,  itratagems.  and  spoils." 

Shakeip.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  V. 

•  Btrat-a-gem  -Ic,  •  s  trat-a-gem  -Ic-  al, 

o.    [Eng.  stratagem  ;  -ic,  -ical.]    Of  the  nature 
of,  or  containing  a  stratagem. 

"  His  wife,  to  gain  entirely  his  affections,  sent  him 
this  tfrttujemical  epistle."—  Siftft  :  Tripot.  auigntd 
to  him  by  Dr.  Barret. 

•  strat-a-rith'-met-rjf,  s.     [Gr.  orpaTo? 
(ttratos)  =  &n  army  ;  opioVoc  (ari(Amos)  =  num- 
ber, and  peVpox  (metron)  =  measure.] 

Mil.  :  The  art  of  drawing  up  an  array  or 
body  of  men  In  a  geometrical  figure,  or  of 
estimating  or  expressing  the  number  of  men 
In  such  a  figure. 

•  strat-e  get  -ic,  •  strata-get  -lo-ai,  o. 

[Eng.  stralaj(y)  ;  -ctic,  -elicai.]    Strategic. 

•  strat-S-get  -Io  al-ly\  adv.    [Eng.  ttrate- 
geticat,  -fy.J    Strategically. 

stra  teg-  Ic,  stra  teg  ic  al,  a.  [Gr.  <rrp«- 
Tr/yi*c«  (strategikos),  from  orpaTwyta  (strategia) 
=  strategy  (q.v.);  F'.  strategique  ;  Ital.  ttra- 
tegica.}  Pertaining  to  strategy;  effected  by 
strategy  ;  of  the  nature  of  strategy. 

strategic-line,  «. 

Mil.  :  An  imaginary  line  joining  strategic 
points. 

strategic  point,  t. 

Mil.  :  A  point  or  object  In  the  theatre  of 
military  operations  which  affords  to  its  pos- 
sessor an  advantage  over  his  opponent. 

"  A  Jtroteffte-pofnc  on  the  railway  west  of  Phillppo- 
polls,"—  «.  Jamet'i  Oatette,  Sept.  IS,  1884. 

stra  teg--ics,-strat-e  get  -Ics,s.  [STRA- 
TEGIC.] 
Mil.  :  The  same  as  STRATEGY  (q.v.). 

Straf-e:gJst,  s.  [Bng.  strategy)  ;  -«.]  One 
skilled  in  strategy. 

stra-te'-gus,  t.  [Or.  oraiTtryo;  (ttmtigos).] 
[STRATAGEM.]  An  Athenian  general  officer. 


,  8.  [Gr.  crrpaTijyicL  (strategia)  = 
generalship,  from  o-rparrrfx  (stratigot)  =  a 
general  ;  Fr.  strategic  ;  Sp.  cslralegia  ;  Ital.  Se 
Lat.  strategia.] 

1.  Mil.  :  The  science,  as  distinguished  from 
the  art  of  war  ;  the  direction  of  a  campaign  ; 
the  combination  and  employment  of  his  avail- 
able forces,  by  a  commander-in-chief,  to  bring 
a  campaign  to  an  end,  as  distinct  from  til- 
minor  operations  by  which  it  is  sought  to 
effect  that  result,  and  which  are  subsidiary  to 
the  general  plan.    [TACTICS.] 

2.  The  use  of  artifice,  stratagem,  or  finesse 
In  carrying  out  any  project. 

Strath,  ».  [Gael,  troth  ;  Wei.  ystrad  =  a  val- 
ley.] A  valley  through  which  a  river  runs. 
(Scotch.) 

**  Arrived  at  the  bottom  of  the  sfrarA  on  the  sea- 
CoaeL"—  Slaekie:  Highland!  Jt  ftlandl.  p.  40. 

2.  A  hillock  ;  a  little  mound  or  hill. 

"  Here  and  there  are  pockets,  knolls,  or  ttratht  of 
gravel."—  Time*,  Xov.  4,  U81. 

•traths'-pey,  s.    [See  def] 

1.  A  kind  of  dance  in  duple  time,  so  called 
from  having  been  first  practised  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Strathspey.    It  resembles  the  reel, 
but  is  slower  in  movement.     It  was  invented 
about  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

"The  best  dancer  of  a    ttrathipey  In   the  whole 
ltrath."-,Sco«.-  Wanrle,.  ch.  jviiL 

2.  A  kind  of  dauce  music  adapted  to  this 
dance. 

8trat:I-f  i-ca'-tion,  «.  [Eng.  stratify  ;  e  con- 
nective ;  -ation.} 


L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  process  by  which  substances  in  t 
earth  have  been  formed  into  strata  or  layer.-, 

2.  The  state  of  being  strati  lied;  an  arrant 
ment  of  strata  or  layers  one  upon  another. 

"  A  mass  in  which  there  Is  no  aratifca!hn.--B 
ton  :  Theory  a/  the  Earth.  M.  907. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Elect. :  A  term  used  of  the  electric  lie 
when  it  does  not  appear  as  an  nnint- 
brush,  but  is  arranged  in  zones  of  d 
width  and  intensity.    The  cause  of  this  [.i 
nomeuon  is  not  satisfactorily  ascertained,    i 

2.  Physiol. :  The  disposition  of  tissues 
layers  in  certain  organs. 

Strat'-I-f  led,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [STRATIFY.) 
stratified -lichens,  s.  pi.   [HETEROX 

ROUS- LICHENS.] 

Strat'-i-form,  a.  [Eng.  stratum,  and  for» 
In  the  form  of  strata  ;  applied  to  rock  mass, 
whether  aqueous  or  igneous,  having  more 
less  a  stratified  appearance. 

Strat'-l-l*,  tt.t  [Eng.  stratum ;  suff.  -fy; } 
stratifier.}  To  form  into  strata  or  layen ; 
range  in  strata. 

"  Steel  is  msde  from  the  purest  and  softest  iron, 
keeping  it  red  hut,  ttratijiea  with  coal -dust  and  ».> 
ashes.  &c."~tiill :  J/ateria  Medico. 

strat  i  graph  Ic,  strat  I  graph  -Ic  t 

o.    [Eng.  stratigraphdt) ;  -ic,  -ical.]    Pertai 
ing  or  relating  to  strata  or  their  disj. 
relating  to  the  manner  in  which  substam 
are  arranged  in  strata  in  nature. 

*•  The  fifth  book  Is  patoontGloRical ;  the  si  xtb  err 
graphical.'— A  thenomm,  October  as,  1682. 

strat  I  graph  Ical  Ijr,  adv.  [Eng.  stra 
graphical;  -ly.]  In  a  stratigraphical  marine 
as  regards  stratigraphy  or  the  disposition 
strata. 


[Eng.  =  a  stratum,  a 
Gr.  yfajfm  (grapho)  =  to  write,  to  describe  ] 
GtoL  :  That  department  of  geology  wl.i 
deals  with  the  disposition  or  arrangement 
strata,  or  the  order  in  which  they  sncct 
each  other. 

Btrat-I-d-my'-I  dse,  >.  ;-?.  [Lat  stratum*: 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idte.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Notacantha.  Antem 
three  jointed,  and  having  in  most  cases 
terminal  stylet  with  five  or  six  rings.  Wli 
this  is  absent,  the  third  articulation  is  lo 
and  fusiform.  Wings  in  many  species  conch 
one  upon  the  other.  There  are  two  sub-lau  ! 
lies  —  Stratiomyime  and  Xylophaginae. 

strat  I  6  mjr  I'-n89,  t.     [Mod.  Lat.  itral 
my(s);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  surT.  -true.] 

Entom.  :  A  sub-family  of  Stratiomyid 
Abdomen  with  five  free  segments. 

straf  I  4  mys,  s.    [Gr.  <rrpaTtoc  (stratw) 
warlike,  and  nvta  (muia)  =  a  fly.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  ot'Stratiomyiil 
The  best-known  species  is  Stratiomys  ckam 
leon,  a  large,  handsome  fly,  a  little  more  t)>. 
half  an  inch  long,  the  colour  brassy  bla 
with  tawny  hairs  ;  the  scutelltim  yellow,  wi 
two  long  spines  ;  the  abdomen  black  wi 
yellow  spots  and  bands.  The  female  depns: 
hereggs  on  the  lower  side  of  tlie  water-plantai 
Alisma  Plantago;  the  pupa  floats  like  a  boa 

Strat-i  6'  te  oe,  s.pl.    [Lat  stratiot(es);U 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -e<e.  ] 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Hydrocharidacese,  havi 
the  ovary  six,  eight,  or  nine-celled. 


8trat-l-6'-tes,  s.  [Lat.  from  Gr. 
(stratiotls)  =  (1)  a  soldier  ;  (2)  a  water-pin 
(see  def.),  so  named  from  the  sword-li 
foliage.] 

Bot.  :  Water-soldier;  the  typical  genus 
Stratioteee  (q.v.).    Only  known  s; 
tiotes  aloides,  a  stoloniferous  submerged  di< 
cious   herb,  with  the  leaves,  which  are  i 
radical,     triangular,    aculeate,    serrate  ;  I 
scape  four  to  six  inches  long,  compi< 
edged  ;  the  perianth  six-parted,  white  ;  i 
stamens  twelve  or  thirteen,  with  twenty-tlir 
or  twenty-four  staminodes  ;  six  stigmas,  ai 
a  six-celled,  many-seeded,  baccate  fruit 
Is  a  very  ornamental  plant,  and  occurs 
Britain,  especially  in  the  fens  of  Norfolk  ai 
Lincolnshire.    It  remains  under  water  dor. 
the  greater  part  of  the  year  ;  but  appears  • 
the  surface  at  the  time  when  the  seeds  requ: 
to  be  fertilized. 


tate,  t&t,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  lather ;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pi 
or,  wore,  w?H  work,  whd,  son;  mote,  onto,  ciire,  unite,  our,  riile,  full ;  try(  Syrian.    »,  cs  =  e :  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. ' 


stratocracy— strawberry 


4485 


!  •  stra-tdo'-ra-9y, s.    [Or.  oTpaTik  (stratus)  = 
>    an  army,  and  «paT<ui  (ki-aUS)  =  to  rule.)    Mili- 
tary government ;   government   by  military 
chiefs  and  an  army. 

"Morbidly  anxious  for  the  support  of  a  composite 
Uratocracj/  and  a  decaying  despotism."— /Jatff  Xtw, 
NOT.  10.  1886. 

i  •  stra  tog'-ra-phjf,  s.    [Gr.  orpaTot  (stratos) 

=  an  army,  and  ypoi*^  (jrapW)  =  to  write,  to 

il«.)    A  description  of  armies  or  of  what 

1    belongs  to  an  army. 

i  Btra-tom'-e-ter,  «.  [Eng.  strata,  and  mettr.} 
An  instrument  for  determining  in  what 
manner  geological  strata  press  upon  each 
other.  (Mayne.) 

•  stra-tSn'-Ie.  a.    [Gr.  orpaTdt  (Jtroto»)  =  an 
army.)    Pertaining  or  relating  to  an  army. 

•tra-td-pe'-ite.  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

An  amorphous  mineral  resulting 
from  the  alteration  of  rhodonite,  the  manga- 
ni'ie  passing  from  protoxide  to  sesquioxide. 
Diiua  makes  it  a  variety  of  neotoeite,  but  it  is 
a  doubtful  compound.  Found  with  rhodonite 
at  Filipstaii,  Sweden. 

•  Stra-tot'-io,  o.    [Gr.  O-TOO.TOS  (strata)  =  an 
army.)    Warlike,  military. 

itra-tum  (pi.   stra-ta),  s.     [Lat.  =  that 
which  is  laid  flat  or  spread  out,  neut.  sing, 
of  itruttu,  pa.  par.  of  sterna  =  to  strew  (q.v.).  ] 
I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  bed  or  layer  artificially 
,    made  of  any  material. 
H.  Technically : 

1.  Bot.:  A  layer  of  tissue. 

2.  Ceo!. :  Abed  or  mass  of  matter  spread  out 
over  a  certain  surface,  in  most  cases  by  the 
a<  tion  of  water,  but  sometimes  also  by  that 
of  wind.    The  method  in  which  stratification 
ly  the  agency  of  water  has  been  effected  in 
bygone  times  may  be  understood  by  a  study 
of  the  manner  in  which  successive  layers  of 
fravel,  sand,  mud,  &C,,  are  deposited  in  a 
river  or  running  brook.     The  same  process 
has  been  at  work  through  untold  periods  of 
time.     The  greater  part  of  the  earth's  crust, 
in  nearly  every  land,   is  found  to  be  thus 
stratitied.    Strata  may  be  conformable  (q.v.), 
or  miconformable(q.v.).     In  the  former  case 
there  generally  is  a  considerable  approach  to 
parallelism  among  them.    It  is,  however,  in- 
ferior in  exact 

ness  to  tlia'  of 
cleavage  planes.   - 
Stratalaiddown 
by  water,  as  a  - 
rile,  retain  fos-    o 
sil  remains  of 
the  animals  and 
plants    imbed-    f, 
ded  in  them 
when  they  were 
soft  and  plastic. 
Metamorphism 
generally  de- 
stroys those  or- 
|    ganic   remains,    « 
but  leaves  the 
stratification 


SEDIMENTARY  STRATA. 
Mud  ;  b.  Sftud ;  e.  Pebble*.  They 
all  rest  uuconformably  on  older 
beds  dippiug  at  a  high  angle. 


undisturbed ;  thus  there  are  two  kinds  of 
strata — sedimentary  and  metamorphic — nearly 
n  muiymous  with  fossiliferous  and  non-fossil- 
ile.ous  stratified  rocks.  Most  strata  have  a 
dip  (14. v.)  and  a  strike  (q.v.).  The  fossils  will 
in  most  cases  show  whether  strata  are  lacus- 
trine, fluviatile,  or  marine.  They  prove  that 
<ie])08it  was  very  slow.  One  stratum  may 
overlap  another,  or  a  stratum  may  thin  out, 
f-r  .in  outcrop  of  it  may  exist.  A«  a  rule,  the 
1  iMvst  are  the  oldest,  but  some  great  con- 
vulsion may  have  tilted  over  strata  in  limited 
areas,  so  that  the  oldest  have  been  thrown 
ni>i"Tmost.  A  study  of  the  same  beds  over  a 
wide  expanse  of  country  prevents  error  in 
estimating  the  relative  age  of  strata  thus 
reversed.  The  thickness  of  the  stratified 
rocks  is  believed  to  be  about  twenty  miles, 
or  100,000  feet.  They  are  not  all  present  at 
one  place,  or  even  in  one  country.  Though 
a  large  number  are  to  be  found  in  the  United 
States,  yet  many  foreign  beds  require  to 
be  inserted  in  the  series,  and  even  then  great 
paps  remain,  each  representing  a  lapse  of 
time.  For  the  order  of  superposition,  see 
i  Fossiliferons.  [GEOUXJV.] 

rtra  ttts,  ».    [Lat.  =  a  strewing,  a  covering.' 

(STRATUM.] 

il'teor. :  A  very  large  and  continuous  hori- 
zontal sheet  of  cloud,  looking,  in  many  cases 


as  if  it  rested  on  the  ground.  It  occurs  chiefly 
at  sunset  and  disappears  at  sunrise.  It  i 
common  in  autumn,  but  rare  in  spring. 

straucht,  straught  (ch,  gh  guttural),  v.t. 
l.vrHAUOHT,  pa.  t.]  To  stretch  out;  to  make 
straight.  (Scotch.) 

"  Hand  of  woinau,  or  of  man  either,  will  never 
Knutght  him."— Scott :  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  ch. 

*  Straught  (gh  guttural),  pa.  t.  &  pa.  par. 

[STItETCH,  V.] 

stra-va'-di-iim,  s.  [Malabar  name  Latinised.] 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Barringtouiacefie;  calyx 
four-parted,  ovary  two-celled,  fruit  four-sided, 
ribbed.  The  root  of  Stravadium  racemosum  is 
somewhat  bitter,  but  not  unpleasant  to  the 
taste.  Hindoo  doctors  consider  it  aperient, 
deobstruent,  and  cooling.  The  bark  is  sup- 
posed to  possess  qualities  like  those  of 
Cinchona. 

stra-vaig',  stra-vagne',  v.l.  [O.  Fr.  estra- 
vdguer,  from  Lat.  extravago,  from  extra  —  be- 
vond,  and  vago  =  to  wander  ;  Ital.  stravagare.] 
To  wander ;  to  tramp  about  idly.  (Scotch.) 

Stra-valg'-er,  s.  [Eng.  stravaig  ;  -er.]  One 
who  wanders  about  idly ;  a  tramp,  a  stroller, 
a  vagabond.  (Scotch.) 

straw,  *  strawe,  *  stre,  *  stree,  s.  *  o. 

[A.S.  stream,  streow,  stred;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
slroo;  Icel.  strd;  Dan.  straa;  Sw.  stra ;  O. 
H.  Ger.  strou;  Ger.  stroA;  Lat.  stram«n  = 
straw ;  struo  =  to  heap  up.]  [STREW.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

I  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  The  stalk  or  stem  of  certain  species  of 
grain,  pulse,  <tc.,  especially  of  wheat,  rye, 
oats,  barley,  and  pease  ;  it  is  principally  used 
for   plaiting,  thatching,  paper-making,   and 
litter. 

(2)  A  piece  of  such  a  stalk  or  stem. 

"  When  shepherds  pipe  on  oaten  ttravn." 

Shaketp. :  Love't  Labour'!  Lott,  V.  i. 

(S)  A  bundle  or  mass  of  the  stalks  of  certain 
species  of  grain  when  cut  and  after  being 
thrashed  ;  as  a  load  of  straw.  (In  this  sense 
the  word  does  not  admit  of  a  plural.) 

2.  Fig. :   Used    proverbially  for  anything 
worthless  or  of  no  account ;  a  fig,  a  jot. 

"And  whan  that  they  ben  accompllced.  yet  ben 
they  not  worth  ft  «tr«."— Chaucer  :  Tote  of  JfeHoewt. 

U.  Technically : 

1.  Bot. :  Linnseus's  name  for  the  culm  or 
stem  of  grasses. 

2.  Mining :  A  fine  straw  filled  with  powder, 
and  used  as  a  fuse. 

B.  As  adj. :  Made,  plaited,  or  composed  of 
straw  :  as,  a  straw  bed,  a  straw  bonnet,  a 
straw  hat,  &c. 

1  (1)  A  man  of  straw :  The  figure  of  a  man 
formed  of  a  suit  of  old  clothes  stuffed  with 
straw  ;  hence,  the  mere  resemblance  of  a  man'; 
one  of  no  substance  or  means  ;  an  imaginary 
person. 

(2)  In  the  straw :  Lying-in,  as  a  mother ;  in 
childbed. 

H  Fuller  (Worthies;  Lincoln)  says  that  "this 
English  plain  proverb  .  . .  shows  feather-beds 
to  be  of  no  ancient  use  among  the  common 
sort  of  our  nation."  Burgoyne  (Heiress,  i.  1) 
suggests  that  it  arose  from  the  practice  of 
laying  down  straw  before  the  houses  of 
persons  who  were  ill. 

"  (3)  To  break  a  straw :  To  quarrel. 

*  (t)  To  lay  a  straw :  To  pause. 

^f  Straw  is  commonly  used  in  compounds, 
most  of  which  are  self-explanatory  :  as,  sfratc- 
roofed,  straw-stuffed,  &c. 

straw-bail,  «.  Bail  given  by  a  person 
without  property  on  which  the  court  can  levy 
in  case  the  person  bailed  absconds. 

straw-belle,  s. 

Entom.  :  A  British  geometer  moth,  AsjA- 
lates  gilvaria.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  the 
yarrow. 

straw-board,  s.  Thick  paper-board 
made  altogether  or  principally  from  straw  ; 
usually  that  of  wheat  or  rye. 

straw-braid,  s.    The  same  as  STRAW 

PLAIT  (q.V.). 

straw-built,  a.  Built  or  constructed  of 
straw.  (Macaulay:  Capys,  xvii.) 


straw-carrier,  s. 

1.  An  endless  apron  in  a  thrashing-machine 
to  lift  the  straw  as  it  comes  from  the  cylinder, 
and  discharge  it  at  the  tail  of  the  machine. 
The  carrier  being  of  open  work,  the  grain  and 
chaff  are  sifted  out  on  the  way. 

2.  A    straw  elevator   at   the    end    of  the 
thrasher  to  lift  the  straw  on  to  the  rack. 

straw-color,  t.  &  a. 
A.  As  siibst. :  The  color  of  dry  straw  ;  a  pale 
yellow. 

B*  At  adj. :  Straw-colored. 

straw-colored,  a.  Or  the  color  of  drj 
straw ;  of  a  pale  yellow  color. 

Straw-colored  bat : 

Zool. :  Natalus  albiventer,  from  South  and 
Central  America. 

straw-cutter,  ».  An  instrument  or 
machine  for  cutting  straw  for  fodder  or  other 
purposes. 

straw  drain,  ».  A  drain  filled  with 
straw. 

straw-fiddle,  9.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  claque-bois  (q.v.),  when  the  rods 
rest  on  cylinders  of  twisted  straw  instead  of 
on  cords.  (Tyndall :  On  Sound,  lect.  iv.) 

straw  house,  s.  A  house  or  shed  for 
holding  straw  after  the  grain  has  been 
thrashed  out. 

straw-paper,  s.  Paper  made  wholly  or 
principally  from  straw. 

straw-plait,  straw-plat,  «.  A  plait 
or  braid  formed  of  straw,  chiefly  of  rye,  plaited 
together,  and  generally  from  half  to  an  inch 
wide.  These  plaits  when  sewn  together  are 
used  to  form  different  descriptions  of  ladies' 
bonnets,  hats  for  both  sexes,  &c.  For  hats 
the  whole  straw  is  used ;  for  bonnets  it  is 
split,  and  the  part  under  the  husk  removed. 
The  braids  are  plaited  with  from  eleven  to 
thirteen  straws  each.  Their  length  is  from 
800  to  820  feet,  their  width  and  the  quantity 
of  straw  entering  into  them  varying  accora- 
ing  to  quality. 

straw-ride,  .«.  A  country  ride  taken  for 
pleasure  in  a  wagon  or  a  sleigh  full  of  straw 
on  which  the  members  of  the  party  sit 

straw-rope,  s.  A  rope  made  of  straw 
twisted,  and  used  to  secure  the  thatch  of  corn 
ricks  and  stacks  and  of  cottages. 

straw  underwing,  s. 

Entom.  :  A  British  night-moth,  Cerigo  Of- 
therea,  the  hinder  wings  of  which  are  straw- 
coloured,  with  a  broad,  smoke-coloured 
marginal  band.  The  larva  feeds  on  the 
grasses  which  grow  on  dry  and  stony  hills ; 
the  chrysalis  is  subterranean. 

straw-worm, ».  A  worm  bred  in  straw ; 
the  caddis-worm. 

*  straw,  v.t.  [STRAW,  ».]  To  spread,  strew, 
or  scatter.  [STREW.] 

"  The  ashes  of  his  body  were  after  his  death  it rawtd 
abroad  through  the  isle  of  Balaniinft."— Jforth:  flu- 
tore*,  p.  II. 

straw'-ber-rjf,  «.  [Eng.  straw,  and  berry; 
A.S.  streaberige,  its  runners  being  like  straws 
(Skeat),  or  from  the  ancient  practice  of  laying 
straw  between  the  rows,  to  keep  the  ground 
moist  and  the  fruit  clean  (Loudon).'] 

Bot.  d  Hort. :  In  botany,  the  genus  Fragaria 
(q.v.);  in  horticulture,  its  cultivated  species, 
spec.,  Fragaria  vesca,  of  which  there  are  wood 
and  alpine  varieties  ;  F.  eJatior,  the  Hautbois, 
F.  virginiana,  the  Virginian  or  Scarlet,  f. 
grandijlora,  the  Pine,  and  F.  chilensis,  the 
Chilian  Strawberry.  The  magnificent  fruit 
now  produced  by  cultivation  is  the  outcome  of 
American  species :  the  Virginian,  a  native  of  the 
State  of  Virginia  and  neighboring  states;  the 
Pine,  probably  from  Carolina,  a  species  unsur- 
passed in  flavor  or  texture ;  and  the  Chilian, 
from  Chili,  South  America,  which  has  yielded 
some  of  the  finest  varieties.  The  Virginian  or 
Scarlet  Strawberry  has  the  leaves  nearly  smooth, 
dark  green,  of  thin  texture,  with  sharp  gerra- 
tures,  the  fruit  mostly  email.  The  Pine  Straw- 
berry has  the  leaves  almost  smooth,  dark  green, 
of  firm  texture,  with  obtuse  serratures,  the 
flower  and  fruit  large;  the  latter  white  to 
nearly  purple.  The  Chilian  Strawberry  has 
very  villous  or  hoary  leaves,  with  small  thick 
leaflets,  having  obtuse  serratures,  the  fruit 
lar'e  but  insipid.  All  have  run  into  varieties 
and  sub-varieties,  besides  producing  various 


boil,  bo};  p6ut,  Jowl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejlst.   ph  _  t 
-clan,  -tlan  =  «».«>•,   -tlon,  -don  =  shun:  -tlon,  -slon  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -eious  =  shus.   -ble.  -die,  fcc.  =  bel,  del, 


4*86 


strawen— stream 


hybrids.  Strawberries  are  cultivated  with  ease 
in  gardens,  and  a  few  plants  soon  spread  \>y 
suckers  over  a  considerable  part  of  a  garden, 
but  the  plants  require  to  be  renewed,  from 
time  to  time.  The  strawberry  is  an  exceed- 
ingly wholesome  article  of  food.  Eaten  alone 
or  with  sugar  and  cream  it  is  easily  digested, 
and  does  not  become  acid  in  the  stomach, 
It  promotes  perspi ration,  and  is  refrigerating, 
has  some  effect  on  the  gout  and  the  stone, 
and  is  not  without  influence  in  pulmonary 
consumption. 

T[  Barren  strawberry  is  a  book  name  for 
Potentilla  Fragartastrum. 

strawberry-blite,  s. 

Sot. :  The  genus  Blitum  (q.v.> 
strawberry-bush,  ». 

Bot. :  Euonymus  americanus* 

strawberry -clover,  «, 

Bot. :  Trifolium  fragiferwn.  Named  from 
its  round,  pink,  strawberry-like  heads  of  seed, 
formed  by  the  inflated  calyx. 

strawberry-leaves,  a.  pi.  A  symbol- 
ical term  for  a  dukedom,  the  coronet  of  a  duke 
being  ornamented  with  eight  strawberry- 
leaves.  (See  illustration  under  CORONET.) 

strawberry-pear,  «. 

Bot.  :  Cereiu  ti-wngularis,  a  kind  of  cactus 

g-o\vtng  in  the  West  Indies,  and  bearing  a 
mt  which  is  sweetish,  slightly  acid,  pleasant, 
and  cooling. 

strawberry-tomato,  & 

Bot. :  Physali$  Alkekengi,  the  Winter-cherry 
<q.v.). 

strawberry- tongue,  *. 

Pathul. :  A  term  applied  to  the  tongue  when 
tt  is  clean  and  preternaturally  red  in  one  stage 
of  scarlatina. 

strawberry-tree,  *. 

Bot. :  Arbutus  Unedo.  Named  from  the 
thape  and  colour  of  its  fruit.  [ARBUTUS.] 

t  strawberry-ware,  «. 

Bot. :  Fucus  vesiculosus,  when  the  recep- 
tacles are  large  and  swollen,  (Scotch.)  (Brit- 
ten &  Holland.) 

*  Straw  -en,  *  strawne,  a.  [Eng.  straw,  s. ; 
•en.  ]  Made  of  straw ;  straw. 

**  Llk'st  a  stravme  scare-crow  lit  the  uew-sowne  field, 

Rear'd  on  aome  aticke,  the  tender  conielp  shield." 

Bp.  Mali  :  Satirtt,  Hi.  7. 

straw' -^,  *  straW-ie,  a.  [Eng.  straw,  a. ;  -y,} 
Pertaining  to,  made  of,  or  resembling  straw  ; 
Consisting  of  straw. 

"  Unlike,  0  much  unlike,  the  ttratey  thed. 
Where  Mary,  queeu  of  Heaven,  tn  humbless  lay.'' 
Thompion :  The  Nativity. 

stray,  *  Strale,  v.i.  &  t.  [O.  Fr.  estraier  — 
to  stray ;  Prov.  estradier  =  one  who  strays, 
one  who  roves  about  the  streets  or  ways,  from 
tstratla  =  a  street ;  O.  Fr.  estree  =  a  street ; 
O.  Ital.  stradiotto  =  a  wanderer,  a  gadder 
about,  from  strada  —  a  street  (q.  v.).  J 

A.  Intransitive: 

L  Literally : 

1.  To  wander,  as  from  the  direct  course  ;  to 
deviate  ;  to  go  out  of  one's  way  or  from  the 
proper  line  ;  to  go  astray. 

2.  To  move  about  at  large;  to  roam,  to 
rove,  to  wander. 

"  Bat  when  the  swarms  are  eager  of  their  pl»y, 
And  loath  their  empty  hives,  and  idlyttray. 

Dryden  :    Virgil  ;  Oevryic  iv.  158. 

*3L  To  ran  in  a  serpentine  course;  to 
meander,  to  wind. 

"  My  eye.  descending  from  the  hill,  imrveys 
where  Thames  aiiioui*  the  wanton  valley  ttrayt," 
Dfnham :  Cooper*  Hilt,  160. 

It.  Figuratively : 

1.  To  wander  from  the  path  of  duty  or 
tectitude ;  to  do  wrong. 

"  And  let  ma  never,  never  ttray  from  Thee  1 " 

Thornton ;  Autumn,  1,371. 

1  To  go  astray,  to  err,  to  mistake. 

H  Meaner  things,  whom  instinct  leads 
Are  rarely  known  to  ttrag.' 

Coif  per :  The  Dovtt, 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  stray ;  to  mis- 
lead ;  to  lead  astray. 

"  Hath  not  else  his  *ye 
atray'tt  his  affection  in  unlawful  lore?" 

ShOLketp. :  Corruxty  of  JKrron,  v.  L 

y,  *.  &  a.    [STRAY,  ».] 
A.  As  substantive : 
L  Any  domestic  animal  which  has  left  an 


inclosure,  or  its  proper  place  and  company, 
and  wanders  at  large  or  is  lost ;  an  estray. 

"The  owner  of  a  large  flock  la  solicitous  fur  the  re- 
covery of  a  single  Ifray."— Bp.  Hartley ;  Sermoru,  vol. 
ill-,  set.  40. 

*  2.  The  act  of  wandering  or  going  astray  ; 
aberration. 

"  I  would  not  from  your  love  make  such  a  ttray." 

Shuketp. :  Loir.  L  L 

*3.  Collectively:  Stragglers,  fugitives. 
"  Strike  up  oar  drums,  pursue  the  scattered  stray." 
Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  /F.,  iv.  2. 

B.  As  adj. :  Having  gone  astray ;  strayed, 
wandering,  strangling :  as,  a  stray  sheep. 

stray-line,  s. 

Naut. :  A  portion  of  the  log-line,  say  ten 
fathoms,  between  the  log-chip  and  the  first 
knot,  and  left  unmarked  in  order  to  allow  the 
latter  to  get  out  of  the  eddy  in  the  ship's  wake 
before  turning  the  glass.  When  the  stray- 
mark  is  reached,  the  glass  k  turned,  and 
counting  commences. 

stray-mark,  5.    [STRAY-LINE.] 

stray'-er,  *  strai-er,  s.  [Eng.  stray,  v. ;  -er.] 
One  who  strays  ;  a  wanderer. 

"  A  great  strnier  abroad  la  all  quarters  of  the  real  me 
to  deface  aud  impeach  the  springing  of  God's  holy 
gospel. "—/toc .'  Actet  A  Monument!,  p.  1,581. 

*  Stray' -ling,  «.     [Eng.  stray,  s. ;  -ling.]    A 
wanderer. 

"Together  away,  ye  ttrayUnfft  of  our  Lady  of  Din- 
dyuia'i  drove."  Grant  Allan  ;  Atyl. 

*  strayt,  a.    [STRAIT,  a.] 

*  stre,  *  stree,  *.    [STRAW,  «.] 

streak,  *  strake,  *  stroke,  *  strike,  s. 
[Sw.  strek=&  dash,  a  stroke,  a  line;  Dan. 
streg  =  a  line,  a  streak,  a  stripe ;  Dut.  streek 
=  a  line,  a  stroke,  a  course ;  Sw.  stryka  =  to 
stroke,  to  rub;  Dan.  stryge;  A.S.  strica  =  a 
line,  from  strican  =  to  go,  to  strike.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  A  line  or  long  narrow  M*fc  of  a  different 
colour  from  the  ground ;  a  stnpe. 

14  The  masthead  vane  was  stlrless  as  a  *tr«o*  of  red 
paint,"— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  26,  1886. 

*  2.  The  rung  of  a  ladder. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Entomology: 

(1)  In  the  Lepidoptera,  an  elongated  mark- 
ing, not  necessarily  of  uniform  width.    Called 
also  a  stripe.    (Stainton.) 

(2)  A  rare  British  geometer-moth,  Chesias 
spartiata. 

2.  Min.  :Oneof  thedistingnishing characters 
of  minerals.     It  may  be  shining  or  dull,  and 
the  colour  is  determined  by  rubbing  on  a 
white  unglazed  porcelain  plate. 

3.  ShipbuUd.:  The  same  as  STEAKS,  *.  (q.v.). 
"  Three  ttrtnkx  of  the  sheathing,  about  eight  feet 

long,   were  wanting." — Cook:   Pint   Voyage,   ok.   lii.. 


Streak,  (1),  streek,  v.t.  &i.    [A.S.  itrtccan. 
=  to  stretch  (q.v.).J    (Scotch.) 

A.  Trunsitive: 

*  1.  To  stretch,  to  extend, 

"  I  wad  e'en  ttrctk  mysell  oat  here."— Stott  :  Anti- 
ywtry.  ch.  xxi. 

2.  To  lay  out,  as  a  dead  body. 

"  He's  a  bonny  corpse  .  .  .  and  weel  worth  the 
streakinff."— Scott :  Guy  Mannerinp.  ch.  xxviL 

*  B.  Intrant. :  To  stretch. 

streak  (2),  *  stroke,  v.t.  &  i.    [STREAK,  t.J 

A*  Trans. :  To  form  streaks  or  stripes  on 
or  in  ;  to  stripe  ;  to  variegate  with  streaks  or 
lines  of  a  different  colour  or  colours. 

"  Now  Horn  with  rosy  light  hnd  itreakii  the  sky." 
Dryden:  Pala.nvmi  Arcite,  iii.  189. 

B.  Intrans.  :   To    run    or   move    swiftly. 
(Pror.) 

**  Mayflower,  first  to  take  the  breeze,  went  itraakinff 
away  from  Galatea."— fitld,  Sept.  25,  18«. 

Streaked,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [STREAK  (2),  v.} 
streaked-dart,  .-•. 

En'om.  :  A  British  night-moth,  Agrotis 
aqmlina, 

streaked-gurnard,  s. 
Ichthy.  :    Trigla  lineata;    red,   with  large 
pectoral  fins,  more  or  less  spotted  with  blue. 

streaked  tanrcc,  <. 

Zool. :  Ctntctes  semispinonts,  from  Mada- 
gascar. It  is  about  the  size  of  a  mole,  striped 
with  black  and  yellow.  Mivart  makes  it  a 
separate  genus,  Hemicentetes.  [TANREC.] 


-y,  a.  [Bug.  streak,  s. ;  -y.]  Marked 
with  streaks  or  stripes  ;  streaked,  striped, 
variegated. 

"  Methinks  I  see  thee  in  the  ttnaky  west1* 

Cowper :  Taik,  iv.  »«. 

stream,  *  str eame,  *  str eem,  *  at r erne,  * 

[A. id.  stream;  cogn.  with  Dut.  stroom ;  IceL 
straumr ;  Sw.  &  Dan.  strain;  O.  H.  Qer. 
straum,  strnum ;  Ger.  s(rom.  From  the  root 
of  Sansc.  eru  =  to  flow ;  cf.  Ir.  sroth  =  a  stream ;  i 
Lithuan,  sromc.] 
L  Literally  : 

1.  A  river,   brook,   rivulet,   or   course   of 
running  water. 

"  He  brought  itrenmt  also  out  of   the  rock,   and 
caused    wattsr    to   run    down    little   riven.  '- 

Irxviii.  in. 

2.  A  flow  of  any  fluid  or  melted  substanw. 
as  of  blood,  melted  metal,  &c. 

3.  A  steady  flow,  as  of  air,  gas,  or  the  like. 

4.  A  steady  current  in  the  sea,  or  in  a  river, 
especially  the  middle  or  most  rapid  part  of  s 
tide  or  current. 

"  Floating  straight,  obedient  to  the  stria**." 

SfctXttp :  Comedy  of  errors,  L  L 
n.  Figuratively: 

1.  An  issuing  in  beams  or  rays;  a  steady 
flow,  as  of  light. 

"  Thy  [the    moon's]    gracious,    golden,    glittering : 
ttrtanu." 

3/Mfuip.  ;  Xtdtummer  .Vighf't  Organ,  T.  L 

2.  Anything  issuing  from  a  head  or  source, 
and    moving    forward  with  a  continuity  of 
parts  :  as,  a  stream  of  words. 

3.  A  continued  current  or  course,  as  the 
current  or  course  of  events. 

"  We  see  which  way  the  stream  of  time  doth  mn." 
.-  Z  Henry  I \'..  it.  L 


4.  A  number  of  individuals  moving  forward 
uniformly  without  interval. 

"  The  rich  ttrvam  of  lords  ami  ladies." 

Shakap. :  Henry  \'Ul.,  Iv.  t 

stream-anchor,  &> 

Naut. :  An  anchor,  intermediate  in  size,  be- 
tween the  bower,  or  large  anchor,  and  the 
kedge.  Used  in  warping ;  or  mooring  in  * 
place  but  slightly  exposed. 

stream-cable,  s. 

Naut.:  A  cable  smaller  than  the  cable  nl1 
the  bowers,  and  used  in  mooring  or  riilm. 
by  the  stream -anch or, 

stream-ice,  s.  A  collection  of  pieces  01 
drift  or  bay  ice  joining  each  other  in  a  ridge 
following  in  the  line  of  course. 

stream- measurer,  s.  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  velocity  of  a  stream  o:i 
water  at  different  depths. 

stream-tin,  stream  tin-ore,  *. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Cassiterite  (q.v.)  occur 
ring  as  waterworn  grains  or  pebbles  in  bed* 
of  streams,  obtained  from  granitic  rocks  bj 
their  disintegration. 

stream- wheel,  s.  An  undershot  or  cor 
rent  wheel. 

stream-works,  s.  pi 

Mm. :  Works  on  alluvial  metalliferous  de 
posits ;  an  establishment  where  tin  ore  i: 
worked  in  the  open  air  by  means  of  a  strean  | 
of  water. 

stream,  *  streame,  *streme,  v.i.  &  * 
[A.8.  stredmian ;  Dut  strumen;  Svr.stromma 
Qer.  stromcn.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

I,  Lit. :  To  flow  in  a  stream  ;  to  move,  flow 
or  run  in  a  continuous  current 

"  With  his  itnaming  gore 
Dlstalnes  the  pillours  ami  the  h»ly  ground." 

Spenier  :  f.  «.,  I1L  IT,  IT. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  pour  out  or  emit  an  abundant  stream 
to  overflow,  as  with  tears. 

"  Faat  a rmm'd  her  eyes,  wide  flow'd  her  hair" 

Scott .-  Lord  oft)*  /•/«*.  H-  U. 

2.  To  issue  continuously;   not  in  fits  an 
starts. 

"  To  imperial  Love,  that  God  mort  high, 
Do  my  sighs  ttrtam.'        Shalcttp. :  AlCl  Well,  11.  3. 

3.  To  issue  or  shoot  in  streaks,  beams,  c 
rays  :  as,  Light  streams. 

i.  To  move  in  a  body  uniformly  forwar 
without  interval. 

"Across  which  the  hounds  were  already  itreamitt 
—Fi'l'i.  Feb.  2.  1B87. 

5.  To  stretch  or  hang  in  a  long  line  or  i 
full  length. 

"  With  itreaminff  locks  w 
iraced  her  in  s  humid  v«il. 


That  half  embraced  h< 


Thointon  :  Summer,  1 


fikte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  Call,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  p6t 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cab,  care,  unite,  oar,  rale,  full ;  txs,  Syrian,    w,  o»  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qa  =  kw. 


streame— strength 


4487 


•B.  Tranitttm: 

I.  To  send  out  or  forth  tn  a  current  or 
Itreain  ;  to  cause  to  flow. 

"  As  fast  as  they  [wounds]  itream  forth  thy  blood.* 
Shakeip.  :  Juliut  Ctuar.  Ill  L 

2  To  cause  to  hang  or  fly  at  full  length. 


3.  To  mark  with  colours  or  embroidery  in 
long  tracts.  (Bacon.) 

•  To  stream  a  biwy:  To  let  it  drop  Into 
the  water  previously  to  casting  anchor. 

•streame,  s.  &  v.    [STREAM,  «.  &  ».] 
stream -er,  s.    [Eng.  stream;  -tr.) 
I  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  long  narrow  flag ;  a  pennon  streaming 
or  flowing  in  the  air. 

"There  were  banners  and  ttreameri.  and  shamrock 
dsviees.  *nd  brass  bauds  on  every  side.1*— Daily  Tele- 
graph. Sept.  10,  1885. 

2.  A  stream  or  column  of  light  shooting 
from  the  horizon,  as  in  some  forms  of  the 
aurora  borealis. 

"The  moon  wss  indeed  at  the  full,  and  the  northern 
streamers  were  shining  brilliantly.1— Jfaca«Jo»  :  HM. 

/.'•;  I  .  ch.  V. 

II.  Technically: 

\,  Enivm. :  A  handsome  British  geometer 
moth,  Anticlea  derimta.  Wings  with  a  deli- 
cate gloss,  the  fore-pair  purple  brown,  with 
markings,  the  hinder  pair  gray,  with  few 
markings ;  expansion  about  an  inch.  The 
caterpillar  feeds  on  the  buds  and  stems  of  the 
Dog-rose  in  June  and  July,  the  perfect  Insect 
appearing  in  the  following  April  and  May. 

2.  Mining:  A  person  who  works  in  search 
of  stream-tin. 

•rtream'-fdl.  o,    [Eng.  stream;  -A*©-]   Full 
*of  streams  or  of  currents. 

"  Bhov'd  by  the  winds  against  the  itreamful  tide." 
nrayton  ••  Piers  Guvetton. 

•Stream'-l-n6ss,  s.     [Eng.  streamy;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  streamy. 

n'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  ft  a,    [STREAM,  ».] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  it  parltetp.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive: 

Mining:  The  management  of  a  stream- 
work,  or  of  stream-tin  during  the  process  of 
refinement. 

stream  let,  s.    [Eng.  stream,  s. ;  dimin.  sufT. 
•la.}    A  little  strea'm,  a  brook,  a  rivulet. 

"  Hence  the  itreamlett  seek  the  terrace  shads." 
Savage:  The  Wanderer,  L 

••stream'-lmg,  s.    [Eng.  stream,  s. ;  dlmin. 
suff.  -ling.]    A  little  stream  ;  a  streamlet 

"A  thousand  ttreamltnoi  that  n'er  saw  the  sun." 
Syleelter:  The  Captainet,  111. 

Stream'- wort,  s.    [Eng.  stream,  and  wort.] 
Bot.(PL):  TheHippiirids.  [HALORAGACBJI.] 

stream'-y,  a.    [Eng.  stream;  -y.] 

1.  Abounding   with    streams    or  running 
water. 

"  Arcadia, 
However  itrfamy  now.  adust  and  dry." 

Prior:  Firit  Bytfin  of  Call imaehtu. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  stream  or  beam  of 
light. 

••  His  nodding  helm  emits  a  itrfamy  ray." 

Pope:  Homer;  IttaJ,  liv.  1,011. 

8.  Full  of  streams  or  beams. 

"  The  streamy  twilight  spread 
Like  distant  morning  in  the  skies." 

-*":  TheScOaty. 


•strecche,  v.t.  art.    [STRETCH.} 
•trcek,  streik,  v.t.   [STREAK  (IX  «J 

Street,  v.L  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  cf.  Gaul.  tMatt 
=  a  stripe,  a  shred.]  To  trail,  to  drag,  to 
stream. 

Street,  «  strete,  s.  [A.S.  strait,  from  Lat. 
strata,  for  strata  (via)  =  a  paved  (way)  ;  from 
stratus,  pa.  par.  of  sterna  =  to  strew,  to  pave, 
•nd  rio  =  a  way  ;  Out  straat  ;  Icel.  strati  , 
Dan.  strtKle;  Sw.  strat;  0.  H.  Qer.  straza  ;  8n. 
&  Port,  estrada  ;  Ger.  strass  ;  O.  Fr.  estree  ;  Jr. 
&  Gael.  »raid  ;  Wei.  ystryd,  ystrad.  Street  is 
one  of  the  six  words  derived  directly  from  the 
Roman  invaders,  the  other  five  being,  waster 
(Chester),  coin  (Lincoln),  foss,  porf,  and  wall.} 
*  1.  A  highway,  a  road. 
2.  A  way  or  road  in  a  city,  having  houses 
on  one  or  both  sides  ;  especially  a  main  or 
chief  way,  as  distinguished  from  a  lane  or 


alley ;  applied  to  the  houses  as  well  as  the 
open  way. 

K  Tin  Street:  A  commercial  term  signifying 
the  market,  especially  the  stock  market;  also, 
the  traders  therein  collectively. 

street  arab,  «.  A  neglected,  outcast  boy 
or  girl  of  the  streets. 

street-oar,  «.  A  car  for  local  or  city 
travel,  running  on  rails  on  the  surface  of  the 
public  streets. 

street-door,  s.  That  door  of  a  house 
which  opens  into  the  street  or  road. 

street-orderly,  s.  &  o. 

A.  As  sutist. :  A  man  employed  to  sweep  and 
scavenge  the  streets  of  a  town  ;  a  scavenger. 

"  The  first  appearance  of  tlie  street-orderliet  in  the 
metropolis  was  in  184S."— H uyhmp :  London  Labour, 
11.  S9S. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  scavenging ; 
carried  out  by  scavengers. 

"  The  itreet-orderly  system  is  the  only  rational  and 
efficacious  mode  of  street-cleansing."— Mayhap:  Lon- 
don Labour.  1L  290. 

Street-orderly  bin :  An  iron  receptacle  in 
the  streets  in  which  horse  manure  is  deposited 
during  the  day  by  brigades  of  boys  organized 
for  that  purpose.  (English.) 

•street-orderlyism,  ».  The  system  of 
cleansing  the  streets  of  a  city  by  means  of 
street-orderlies. 

street-railroad,  street  railway, 
t.  A  railroad  constructed  on  the  surface  of  the 
streets;  (in  England)  a  tramway. 

street-sweeper,  «.  One  who  or  that 
which  sweeps  the  streets  ;  specif.,  a  machine 
provided  with  scrapers  and  brushes  for  gather- 
ing up  street-dust  and  mad. 

street-walker, .«. 

1.  A  common  prostitute,  who  walka  the 
streets. 
«  2.  An  idler. 

street-walking,  >.  The  practice  of  a 
street-walker ;  prostitution. 

*  street-ward,  >.  An  officer  who  had 
the  charge  of  the  streets. 

*  street-ward,  a.   [Eng.  street;  -ward.]  Ad- 
joining the  street ;  looking  into  the  street. 

street'-way,  «.  [Eng.  street,  and  way.]  The 
open  space  in  a  street ;  the  roadway. 

*  Street -y,  a,    [Eng.  street;  •».)    Belonging 
to  the  streets ;  hence,  town-bred. 

"I  am  of  the  streets,  and  *reety—ei»  ten  poHn  Is 
my  haven."— O.  A.  Sola  :  A  Journey  due  North  (1859), 
P.*. 

*  Straight  (git,  silent),  a.,  adv.,  &  *.    [STRAIT.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Narrow,  strait. 

B.  As  adv. :  Strictly,  straitly. 

C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  narrow,  a  strait. 

2.  Difficulty,  distress,  straits. 

3.  An  old  name  for  a  narrow  alley  In  London 
frequented  by  loose  persons. 

*  strelght'-en  (gh  silent),  v.t. 

*  streine,  v.t.    [STRAIN,  ».l 

*  strSI-ltz,  «.    (Buss.  strtclUtz  =  an  »rcher, 
a  shooter ;  stridd  =  an  arrow.]    A  soldier  of 
the  ancient  Muscovite  guards,  abolished  by 
Peter  the  Great. 

strS  Httf-i-a,  «.  [Named  by  Acton  after  the 
queen  of  George  III.,  who  was  of  the  house  of 
Mecklenburgh-Strelitz.  ] 

Bat.:  AgennsofUraneas(q.v.).  Flneherba- 
ceons  plants,  akin  to  the  banana  and  the 
plantain,  with  large  leaves  and  handsome 
flowers;  the  outer  segments  of  the  perianth 
(sepals)  generally  bright  orange,  two  of  the 
three  inner  large  and  bright  purple,  the  third 
one  small  and  hooded.  From  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  Several  species  are  cultivated 
in  mir  greenhouses,  and  of  these  Strelitzia 
regirue  is  the  finest;  its  seeds  are  eaten  by 
the  Caflres. 

*  Btreme,  ».  *  «.    [STREAM,  «.  ft  *.] 

strem'-ma,  ».  [Gr.=  a  twist,  a  strain,  from 
<rrp<4>u  (strephS)  =  to  turn,  to  twist.] 

Futhol. :  A  strain  or  sprain  of  the  parts 
about  a  joint. 


•  strono,  «.    [STRAIN  (2),  a,) 

1.  Race,  offspring. 

2.  Descent,  lineage. 

"  strong,  o,    [STRONG.] 

strehg-ite,  ».     [After  Prof.  A.  Streng,  of 
Giessen ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occurring 
In  smalt  spherical  groups  of  radiating  flbres, 
rarely  in  crystals.  Hardness,  3  to  4  ;  sp.gr. 
2'87  ;  lustre,  vitreous  ;  colour,  shades  or  red. 
Compos. :  phosphoric  acid,  37'97 ;  sesqui- 
oxide  of  iron,  42'78  ;  water,  19'26  =  100,  which 
gives  the  formula  [Fe2]  P2O8  +  4aq. 

strength,  *  strengthe,  s.    [A.S.  strengdhu, 
from  strung  =  strong  (q.v.X] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  That  property,  attribute,  or  quality  of  an 
animal  body,  by  which  it  is  enabled  to  move 
itself  or  other  things.   The  strength  of  animals 
is  the  muscular  force  or  energy  which  they 
are  capable  of  exerting.    For  the  purpose  of 
comparing  the  strength  or  the  effects  produced 
by  the  energy  exerted  by  different  animals, 
or  by  the  same  animal  under  different  circum- 
stances, it  is  usual  to  assume  as  a  dynamic 
unit  the  force  required  to  raise  one  pound  of 
weight    through   one  foot  of  space  in  one 
minute  of  time.    [HORSE-POWER.  ] 

"  But  their  lot  had  fallen  on  a  time  when  men  had 
discovered  that  the  ttrfnyth  of  the  muscles  is  far 
inferior  to  the  strength  of  the  miud."—  Macautay: 
Silt.  Kng.,  ch.  xx. 

2.  The  quality  or  property  of  bodies  by 
which  they  sustain  the  application  of  fore* 
without   breaking  or  giving  way  ;    solidity, 
toughness,  tenacity.    The  strength  of  a  body 
is  tested  by  forces  acting  in  dill'erent  ways : 
thus  a  body  may  be  torn  asunder  by  a  tensile 
or  stretching  force,  or  by  a  direct  pull  in  the 
direction  of  its  flbres,  as  in  the  case  of  a  rope, 
4c. ;  or  it  may  be  broken  across  by  a  trans- 
verse strain,  crashed  by  a  pressure  exerted  in 
the  direction  of  its  length,  twisted,  shorn 
across,  &c. 

3.  Force  proceeding  from  motion,  and  pro- 
portioned to  it. 

4.  Power  of  resisting  attacks. 

"  Our  castle's  Urength 
Will  laugh  a  siege  to  scorn."    .Shakesp.  :  Macbeth,  T.  5. 

5.  Power  or  vigour  of  any  kind  ;  ability  to 
do  or  bear ;  capacity  of  exertion,  intellectual, 
moral,  or  physical. 

"Though  she  was  a  woman  of  great  itrenyth  of 
mind."—  Macaulajt:  Sift.  Sng.,  ch.  v. 

6.  Force  as  measured  or  stated  in  figures; 
amount  or  numbers  of  any  body,  as  of  an 
army,  a  fleet,  or  the  like. 

"  To  descry  the  ttrenffth  of  the  enemy." 

Shakftp.  :  Lear.  Iv.  I. 

*  7.  Hence,  an   armed   force ;   a   body  of 
troops ;  an  army. 

"  Discover  yonr  united  itrengthM? 

Shaketp.  :  King  John,  U.  1. 

8.  One  who  or  that  which  constitutes  or  li 
regarded  as  embodying  force,  strength,  01 
firmness ;  a  person  or  thing  on  which  relianc* 
or  confidence  is  placed  ;  support,  security. 

M  God  is  our  refuge  and  ttrength.~—P»alm  xlvi.  L, 

*  9.  A  fortification,  a  stronghold,  a  fortress. 

"  This  inaccessible  high  artnyth  .  .  . 
He  trusted  to  have  seized," 

Milton:  P.L.,  Til.  Ut, 

10.  That  quality  which  produces  or  tends  to 
produce  results;  the  effective  power  in  an 
institution,  established  custom,  or  the  like ; 
legal  or  moral  force ;  binding,  constraining,  or 
influencing  force  or  power ;  force,  efficiency, 
weight,  influence. 

"  With  all  religions  ttrenaOt  of  sacred  vowa." 

Shakelp.  :  King  John,  lit  t 

11.  Intensity  or  degree  of  potency  of  the 
distinguishing  or  essential  element  or  con- 
stituent ;  the  quality  or  property  of  producing 
sensible  effects  on  other   bodies.     (Said  of 
liquors  and  the  like.) 

12.  Force  or  power  in  the  expression   of 
meaning  in  words  ;  vigour  of  style ;  nervous 
diction  or  style ;  the  quality  or  power  of  fully 
and  forcibly  expressing  idea. 

••  And  praise  the  easy  vigour  of  a  line. 
Where  Deuham's  ttrength  and  Waller's  sweetness 
Join."  Pajfe  :  Eany  on  CrtticUm.  JJ61. 

13.  Vividness,  Intensity,  brilliance,  bright- 
ness. 

"  His  countenance  was  as  the  sun  shineth.  la  his 
strength.'— Revelation,  L  W. 

*  14.  High  degree,  vehemence,  force. 

"  You  would  abate  the  urenath  of  your  displeasure." 
Shakeip."  Merchant  of  femee.  V. 


fcoll,  b6>;  ptiut.  JtRrl;  cat,  901!,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   -)»«. 
-Clan,  -tlan  =  Btxan,  -tloo,  -sian  =  ahiia;  -tioa,  -glon  =  zhaa.   -clous,  -Uous,  -eious  =  shut,  -ble,  -die,  4o.  =  kel.  del. 


4488 


strength— stress 


IL  Art:  Boldness  of  conception  or  treat- 
ment. 

"  Cancel's  ttrength,  Coregglo's  softer  line.* 

Pope:  Xputlts,  UL  37. 

T  On  (or  upon)  the  strength  of:  In  reliance 
On ;  on  the  faith  of ;  in  dependence  on. 

"The  allies,  after  a  successful  summer,  are  too  apt. 
upon  He  ttrength  of  it.  to  neglect  their  preparations 
for  the  ensuing  campaign."— Additon. 

"Strength,  P.I.  [STRENGTH,*.]  To  strengthen. 

**  Hath  he  not  made  me  In  the  Pope's  defence 
To  spend  the  treasure  that  should  ttrength  my  land  ? " 
Mario**  :  Maaacrt  at  Paris,  UL  2. 

'  Btrengthed,  a.    [Eng.  strength;  -ed.]    En- 
dowed with  strength. 

"And  his  annes  and  legpea  well  lengthed  and 
strfnfft\td."—Fabi/an  :  Chronydt,  ch.  clvL 

•trength'-en,  v.t,  &  t    [Eng.  strength;  -en.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  make  strong  or  stronger;  to  give 
greater  strength  to  physically,  legally,  or 
morally ;  to  confirm,  to  establish. 

"Entreating  them  to  come  np  without  delay  to 
London,  and  to  strengthen  the  hands  of  their  metro, 
politanat  thla conjuncture."— Jtacaulatt  Mist,  Mng.. 

*  2.  To  animate,  to  encourage. 

"Charge  Joshua,  and  encourage  him,  and  ttrtngthoi 
Mm,"— Deut.  ill.  28. 

3.  To  make  stronger  or  greater ;  to  add  in- 
tensity to ;  to  intensify. 

"  To  strengthen  that  Impatience." 

Xhnkrtp. :  JuUut  Catar,  IL  1. 

*  4.  To  cause  to  increase  in  power,  author- 
ity, or  security. 

"  Let  noble  Warwick.  Cobham.  and  the  n»t .  . 

With  powerful  policy  urengthen  themselves." 

Skalutp.  :  S  Benrt  VI.,  L  1 

B.  Intrans. :  To  grow  or  become  strong  or 
stronger ;  to  increase  in  strength. 

"  The  young  disease  that  mnst  subdne  at  length 
Grows  wfth  his  growth,  and  strenfOeni  with  hb 
strength."  Pop,  s  Eua,  an  Man,  U.  185. 

^  Whatever  adds  to  the  strength,  be  it  in 
•ver  so  small  a  degree,  strengthens;  exercise 
ttrengthent  either  body  or  mind:  whatever 
gives  strength  for  a  particular  emergence  for- 
tifa;  religion  fortifies  the  mind  against  ad- 
versity :  whatever  adds  to  the  strength,  so  as 
to  give  a  positive  degree  of  strength,  invigor- 
ates; morning  exercise  in  fine  weather  in- 
vigorates. 

•*rcngth'-ener,  •  strength'-ner, ».  [Eng. 
strengthen;  -er.]  One  who  or  that  which 
strengthens ;  one  who  or  that  which  adds  or 
Increases  strength,  moral  or  physical ;  specif., 
In  medicine,  something  which,  when  taken 
Into  the  system,  increases  vital  energy  and 
confirms  the  stamina. 


•  •tre'ngth'-fal,  o.  [Eng.  strength,  s. ;  -ful(l).~\ 
Abounding  in  strength ;  strong. 

•  •trSngth'-ful-nes.j,  s.    [Eng.  strengthful; 
•ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  full  of 
strength  ;  fulness  of  strength. 

•  Btrength'-ing, ».    [Eng.  strength  ;  -inj.J  A 
fortress,  a  fortification,  a  stronghold. 

••trength'-lesa,  •  strength  -  lease,  o. 

[Eng.  strength,  s. ;  -less.]  Wanting  in  strength  ; 
destitute  of  strength,  force,  power,  potency, 
efficacy,  or  the  like ;  weak. 

"  S""  Hatl™"-  *•**&!•*.  »'<*  'or  lack  of  food, 
He  crept  beneath  the  coverture." 

Colerido,  :  Dating  ef  jTotfeiu. 

'  strength'-ner,  ».    [STRENOTHENER.] 

•  Strength'- jr,  a.  [Eng.  strength;  -y.]  Strong: 
having  strength. 

•  «tr  en  -  u'  - 1  -  tft  «.    [Lat  strenuUat,  from 
strenuus  =  strenuous  (q.v.Xl     The  same  as 
STHENCOUSNESS  (q.v.). 

"Bred  like  ttraiultf  In  both." 

Chapman  :  Homer ;  Iliad  XT.  Mf. 

t  Stren-n-Ss'-l'-tjr,  ».  [Eng.  strenuous ; .%.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  strenuous  ; 
•  straining  after  effect, 

"  »  enuottty  In  style  la  not  quite  the  asme  thhtz  M 
eirength/'-^eadeniiT,  Jan.  90.  IMS,  p.  TS. 

•tren'-n-ous,  o.  (Lat.  strenuvs  =  vigorous, 
active,  strong ;  allied  to  dr.  orpines  (ftrlnes) 
t» strong ;  Sp.  &  Port,  estrmuo ;  ItaU  ttrtnuo.] 

1.  Zealous,   ardent;    eagerly   pressing  or 
argent;  earnest,  enthusiastic,  active,  vigorous, 
energetic :  as,  a  strenuous  supporter  of  a  cause. 

2.  Strong,  bold,  vigorous. 

«_..?.'  P"  hl<  Pri"«  sullen  looks,  ihort  answer*,  and 
falthfut  and  ilnnuaui  aer«icee.fi—  Maeaula* :  Bi*. 
fug.,  en.  xxiiL 


3.  Necessitating  vigour  or  energy  ;  accom 
pained  by  labour  or  exertion. 

"  Nations  grown  corrupt, 
Lore  bondage  more  than  liberty  ; 
Bondage  with  ease  than  tiremiottt  liberty." 

Milton :  Samson  Ayonittel,  JT1. 

StrSn'-U-otts-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  strenuous ;  -ly.', 
In  a  strenuous  manner ;  with  eager  or  press- 
ing zeal ;  ardently,  earnestly,  vigorously. 

"This  Improvement  was.  as  usual,  ttrenuoutl*  re- 
efated."- Jfaca«/,i»  ;  BIO.  ling.,  ch.  iiL 

strcn'-u-ous-ness,  «.  [Eng.  strenuous; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  strenu- 
ous ;  eagerness,  zeal,  earnestness,  enthusiasm, 
ardour,  vigour. 

*  strepe,  vX    [STRIP.] 

*  strep'- ent,  o.     [Lat.  strepens,  pr.  par.  of 
slrepo  —  to  make  a  noise.]    Noisy,  loud. 

"  Peace  to  the  tin-pent  horn." 

Shenttont:  Rural  Sleganee. 

*  strep   or  ous,  o.    [Lat.  strepo  =  to  make  a 
noise.]    Noisy,  load,  boisterous. 

"In  a  ttreperoui  eruption.  It  rlseth  against  fire,"— 
Browne:  Vulgar  Xrrourt,  bk.  II.,  ch.  ?L 

*  Streph'-6n,  «.    [See  def.]    The  name  of  a 
shepherd  in  Sir  P.  Sidney's  Arcadia,  in  love 
with  the  shepherdess  Ghloe ;  hence,  applied 
as  a  generic  term  to  any  sentimental  or  Ian 
gnishing  lover. 

stre-pK  to'-so,  adv.    [ItaL] 

Music:  A  direction  that  the  passage  to 
which  it  is  attached  is  to  be  played  in  a  noisy, 
Impetuous  manner. 

*  Strep'-It-ous,  o.    [Lat.  strepUus  =  a  noise  ; 
strjpo  =  to  make  anoise.)    Noisy. 

"The  ttrepUaus  ministrations  of  the  electric 
•wakener.'"-BoC.  Telegraph,  Deo.  l,  1881. 

Strep-si-,  pref.  [Or.  trtpi^a  (strephS),  fut 
arpi^ia  (strepso)  =  \a  twist,  to  turn.]  Twisted 
or  turned  ;  having  any  process  twisted  or 
turned;  turning. 

"strep  819' -er  as,  «.  ft.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
ttrepsiceros  (q.v.).] 

Zool.:  An  old  group  of  Antelopes,  with 
spirally-twisted  horns.  Genera :  Strepsiceros. 
Oreas,  Tragelaphus,  and  Portax. 

•trSp'-sI-oere,  ».    [STREFSICKROS.] 

Zool. :  Any  antelope  belonging  to  the  Strep- 
sicerae  (q.v.). 

strep  819  er  5s,  s.  [Lat,  from  Or.  arfffii- 
itepiof  (strevsikerffs)  =  prob.  the  addax  (q.v.): 
o-rpeoSu  (strephS),  fut.  o-rpe^u  (strepsS)  =  to 
twist,  and  xepac  (keru<)  =  a  horn.] 

Zool. :  Koodoo  (q.v.) ;  the  type-genus  of 
Strepsicerw  (q.v.),  with  spiral-keeled  horns. 
There  is  a  single  species,  Strepsiceros  kudu, 
often  included  in  the  genus  Tragelaphus. 
Sir  Victor  Brooke,  in  his  arrangement  of  the 
revised  family  Bovidae,  has  a  sub-family  (Tra- 
gelaphlnai)  of  the  same  extent  as  the  old 
Strepsicerae. 

•rtrSp'-al-las,  «.  [Pref.  strepsi-,  and  Gr.  Aa« 
(las)  —  a  stone.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Charadriidae,  by  some 
authorities  made  the  type  of  a  sub-family, 
Strepsilutinee  (q.v.).  Beak  strong,  forming  an 
elongated  cone  as  long  as  the  head ;  nostrils 
basal,  lateral,  lineal,  pervious,  partly  covered 
by  a  membrane  ;  wings  long,  pointed ;  feet 
four-toed,  three  in  front  (united  by  a  mem- 
brane at  base)  and  one  behind.  There  are 
two  species,  almost  cosmopolitan  :  Strepsilas 
interpres,  the  Turnstone  (q.v.),  is  a  native  of 
Europe. 

strep  sl-la-ti'-nw.  ».  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  strep- 
Silas,  geuit.  strepsilal(is)  ;  Lat.  fern.  adj.  sun". 
•ina.J 

Ornith. :  A  sub-family  of  Charadriidse,  with 
three  genera:  Pluvianellus,  Aphirza,  and 
Strepsilas  (q.v.). 

t  Strep-slp'-ter,  s.    [STREPSIFTERA.] 

Bntom. :  Any  Insect  of  the  group  Strepsip- 
tera  (q.  v.). 

t  strep-sip'  ter  a,  «.  pi.  [Pref.  ttrepri-,  and 
Gr.  irrepov  (pteron)  =  a  wing.] 

Bntom. :  A  group  of  Insects  parasitic  on  the 
Hymenoptera.  By  some  writers  they  are 
made  a  distinct  order,  whilst  others  regard 
them  as  a  degraded  group  of  Coleoptora,  and 
place  them  In  a  family  Stylopidee  (q.v.). 


strgp-slp'-ter-an,  s.  (STREPSIPTEB.)  Tb« 
same  as  STREPSIPTEE  (q.v.). 

strep-8lp'-ter-ous,a.[Eng.sfrewi<«r;-ou«.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Strepsiptera  (q.v.). 

t  strSp-ri-rhi-na,  ».  pi.    [Pref.  strepsi.,  and 

Gr.  pit  (rhis),  genit.  pirns  (rfttnos)=  the  nose.) 

Zool.  :  Owen's  name  for  the  Lemuroiden, 

from  their  having  twisted  or  curved  nostrils 

at  the  end  of  the  snout. 

t  strSp'-sI-rhine,  a.  (STREPSIRHINA.)  Of. 
belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of  the  Streps! 
rhina  (q.v.). 

strep  so  don-to-sau'  rus,  «.  [Gr.  O-TD.. 
fya  (strenho),  fut.  o-Tpcifiu  (strepso)  =  to  turn  ; 
uioiit  (odous),  geuit.  oMi^-o<  (odontos)  =  a  tooth, 
and  o-aupos  (SHuros)  —  a  lizard.] 

Pakeont.  :  A  doubtful  genus  of  Amphibia 
found  in  the  Newcastle  and  the  Belgian  Lower 
Coal  measures. 

strep'-so-dus,  «.  [Or.  <rrpi$u  (stre/thf),  fut 
orpe'i^w  (strepso)  =  to  turn,  and  ooovc  (odous) 
=  a  tooth.] 

Palasont.  :  A  genus  of  Holoptychiidaj,  from 
Devonian  and  Carboniferous  strata. 

strep  -to  pus,  s.  (Or.  o-rpenrds  (streptos)*. 
twisted,  and  iroiis  (poits)  =  a  foot.  Named 
from  the  bent  flower-stalks.] 

Sot.  :  A  genus  of  Uvularese.  Perennial, 
herbaceous  plants,  with  creeping  rootstocki, 
a  six-parted,  campanulate  corolla,  a  tlirer- 
celled  ovary,  and  succulent  fruit  The  roots 
of  Streptopus  amplexifolius,  a  native  of  Hun- 
gary, have  been  used  in  gargles. 

Strep  -  1*  -  spo"  n'  dy  -  Itts,  ».  [Gr.  O-TP»,TT« 
(streptos)  =  turned,  and  o-ioi/ouAos  (sj»)i(ii<ios) 
=  a  vertebra.) 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Crocodilia,  founded 
on  vertebrae  from  Oolitic  and  Wealden  forma- 
tions. It  was  placed  by  Owen  in  his  provi- 
sional group  Opisthocoelia,  but  is  now  referred 
to  the  Amphicoelia. 

stress,  *  strcsso,  ».     [An  abbreviation  at 
distress  (q.v.).']     [STRESS,  ti.J 
I,  Ordinary  Language  : 

•  L  Distress,  trouble,  affliction. 

"  With  this  lad  hersall  of  his  h-ayy  rtrote." 

Hornier  :  f.  «.,  IlL  xl.  11 

81  A  distress  ;  goods  taken  under  a  distress. 
(1L2.J 

"Are*j«  or  wed  take  by  strengthe  and  rrolenoa. 
Vadimonium."  —  Prompt  Parti. 

*  3.  A  stretching  or  straining  ;  strain. 

"  The  simile  twyned  cordes  may  no  such  ttreut  Injure. 
As  cables  brayded  thre-fould  may,  together  wreil.ed 
sure.'  Surrey  •  Eccleriattu,  iv. 

•4.  Effort  or  exertion  made  ;  strain. 

"  Though  the  facnltle*  of  the  mind  are  improved  by 
exercise,  yet  they  mnst  not  be  pat  to  a  area  beyond 
their  strength."—  iocto. 

6.  Constraining,  urging,  or  Impelling  force, 
power,  or  influence  ;  pressure,  force,  violence  : 
as,  To  be  driven  out  of  the  course  by  stress  of 
weather. 

6.  Weight,    importance,   or   influence  im- 
puted or  ascribed;   important  part  or  in- 
fluence ;  emphasis. 

"So  mncb  itr't*  should  never  be  laid  on  faith,  or 
any  other  motive  of  action,  as  to  exclude  other 
motive*."—  OUpin  :  BinU/or  Sermoru,  voL  L,  I  Si 

7.  Accent,  emphasis. 

"Those  syllables,  which  T  call  long,  receive  a  eets* 
naritreaof  volotxrom  their  acute  accent" 


On  Atxent,  p.  4S. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Mech.  :  Force  exerted  In  any  direction  or 
manner  between  contiguous  bodies  or  parts 
of  bodies,  and  taking  specific  names  accord- 
ing to  its  direction  or  mode  of  action  :  as  — 

(1)  Compressive  stress  :  Tending  to  crush  a 
body. 

(2)  Shearing    stress  :    Tending    to  cut    It 
through. 

(3)  Tensile  stress  :  Tending  to  draw  or  pnll 
the  parts  of  a  body  asunder. 

(4)  Tonional   stress:   Tending  to  twist  it 
asunder,  the  force  acting  with  leverage. 

(5)  Transverse  or  lateral  stress  :  Tending  to 
bend  it  or  break  it  across,  the  force  being 
applied  laterally,  and  acting  with  leverage. 

2.  Scots  Law  : 

(1)  The  act  of  distraining  ;  distress. 
*  (2)  An  ancient  mode  of  taking  up  indict-  , 
merits  for  circuit  courts. 
t  Stress  is  general  in  sense  and  application  ; 


l*te,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wSt.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  «ire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pit. 
or.  wore,  woli,  work,  wUd,  ton ;  mute,  cub,  oiire.  nnlt«.  our.  rule,  ItW;  try,  Syrian.   «,  »  =  »;  ey  =  »;  qu  =  kw. 


stress— stria 


4489 


ttefhasis  I-  •  «ode  of  the  strew.  The  stress  Is 
a  strong  *nd  special  exertion  of  the  voice  on 
one  word,  or  one  part  of  a  word,  so  as  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  another.  The  stress  may  con- 
sist in  an  elevation  of  voice,  or  a  prolonged 
utterance ;  the  emphasis  is  that  species  of 
stress  which  is  employed  to  distinguish  one 
word  or  syllable  from  another  ;  the  stress  may 
be  accidental ;  but  the  emphasis  is  an  inten- 
tional stress.  We  lay  a  stress  or  emphasis  on  a 
particular  point  of  our  reasoning,  In  the  first 
case,  by  enlarging  upon  it  longer  than  on 
other  points ;  or,  in  the  second  case,  by  the 
use  of  stronger  expressions  orepithets.  (Orabb.) 

•Strew,   "stresse,  v.t.    [O.   Pr.    estresir, 
eitroissir,  estroysser  =  to  straiten,  to  pinea,  to 
narrow,  to  compress,  from  Lat.  strlctut  = 
strict  (q.v.X] 
L  To  narrow,  to  compress. 

2.  To  press,  to  urge,  to  distress  ;  to  put  to 
(traits  or  difficulty. 

•  H  the  magistrate  be  to  ttrtucd  that  be  cannot 

t  those  that  are  pious  aud  peaceable,  the  Lord 
~lfaterhouia:  Apology  for  Learning,  p.  154. 

3.  To  subject  to  stress  or  force. 

stretch  (1)   "streoohe  (pa.  t.   •  etnmght, 

*  straughte,  •  streighle,  stretched,  pa,  par. 
•draught,  *  streight,  * streyght,  stretched), 
».t.  &  i.  [A.S.  streccart  (pa.  t.  strehte,  pa.  par. 
itreU)  from  ttrcec,  itrec,  stearc  =  strong, 
violent,  stark  (q.v.) ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  strekken ; 
Dan.  strcekke  =  to  stretch  ;  Uraek  =  a  stretch  ; 
Sw.  strdcfca;  Ger.  strecken,  from  strode  = 
straight ;  Urt.  ttringo  =  to  draw  tight ;  Or. 
orpaYyot  (stranggos)  =  twisted  tight.  From 
the  same  root  come  strain,  strict,  strangle, 
strait,  string,  and  strong.} 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Literally: 

1.  To  draw  out ;  to  extend  in  length ;  to 
draw  tight;  to  make  tense. 

2  To  extend  in  any  direction ;  to  spread 
out ;  to  expand.  (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II.  L  49.) 

8.  To  reach  out ;  to  put  forth ;  to  hold  out. 

•  Strdclt  thine  hand  unto  the  poor."—  Ectlet.  TiL  W. 

*  i.  To  open,  to  distend. 

"ar«tc»  the  nostril  wide." 

Shakeejk .'  Benry  V.,  1IL  L 

6,  To  strain ;  to  put  to  the  utmost  strength 
or  efficacy  ;  to  apply  stress  or  force  to, 
"  stretch  thy  chest" 
Skaketp.  •'  TraUul  i  Cratida,  IV.  I. 

tt  Figuratively: 

.L  To  extend ;  to  cause  to  extend  or  spread. 

•  Then  will  they  ttretch  their  power  athwart  the* 

land."          Drydcn:  Virgttt  JBneid  vlll.  195. 

8.  To  extend  too  far;  to  exaggerate :  as,  To 
ttretch  an  account. 
B.  Intransitive: 
i  Ordinary  Language  i 

1.  literally: 

(1)  To  extend,  to  reach  ;  to  be  drawn  out  in 
length  or  breadth,  or  both  ;  to  be  continuous 
over  a  distance ;  to  spread. 

••  Deep  Lake  Is  narrow,  and  Urttdtet  for  fifteen 
Miles.  "-/-iVM,  Sept.  4,  1886. 

(2)  To  be  extended,  or  to  bear  extension 
without  breaking,  as  an  elastic  substance ;  to 
attain  greater  length. 

"  The  Inner  membrane  .  .  .  became  It  would  ttrrtek 
and  yield,  remained  unbroken."— Boyle, 

2.  Figuratively: 

•  (1)  To  reach,  to  last,  to  satisfy. 

•As  for  at  my  coin  would  Orach.'— Shatter. 
lBenrtir.,1.1 

(2)  To  sally  beyond  the  truth ;  to  exaggerate 

*•  What  an  allay  do  we  Bud  to  the  credit  of  the  moa 

ptobuble  eveut  that  It  reported  by  one  ' 

ttretch  I" — Government  qfthe  Tongue. 

tt  Naut. :  To  sail  under  a  great  spread  o 
canvas.  It  differs  from  stand  in  that  the 
latter  implies  no  press  of  sail. 

U  (1)  Stre.tch  out:  An  order  to  a  boat's  crew 
to  pull  strong. 

(2)  To  stretch  out:  to  give  a  long  pull  In 
lowing. 

Stretch  (2),  «.(.    [A  softened  form  of  streke  or 
ttreak  (2),  v. ;  Ger.  streic»«n  =  to  ran.)     T 
make  violent  efforts  in  running.    (Froo.) 

Stretfh,  s.    (STRETCH  (1),  ».] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  The  act  of  stretching ;  the  state  of  being 
stretched  ;  reach,  effort,  struggle,  strain. 
"  Now  one  and  all  they  tug  amain ;  they  row 
At  the  full  ttr'tch,  anil  shake  the  brazen  prow." 
Drtdtn .-  Virgil  i  jtneti  ».  U9. 


2.  The  extent  to  which  anything  may  be 
stretched^ 

"  At  all  her  ttretch  her  little  wings  the  spread." 

Drydan:  Cevx  t  Alcyone,  483. 

*  3.  Hence,  the  utmost  extent  or  reach  of 
meaning,  power,  or  the  like. 

"  QuuUtious,  In  their  utmost  ttretch,  can  tlgnlfy  no 
more  than  that  Luther  lay  under  severe  agonies  of 
mind."— Atterbury. 

i.  The  act  of  straining  or  stretching  beyond 
what  is  right  or  fair  :  as,  That  is  a  ttrttch  of 
authority,  a  stretcA  of  imagination. 

5.  A  con  tinned  surface ;  an  extended  surface 
or  portion. 

"  Stretchet  of  road  down  In  the  gorge  here  were  laid 
ou  tree-trunks  that  brldnd  the  spaces  from  projection 
to  projection."— Englith  lUuttrated  Maganne,  Aug.. 
1884,  p.  697. 

6.  Course,  direction :  as,  thestrefcAof  seams 
of  coal. 

7.  The  punishment  of  seven  years'  penal 
servitude.    (Slang.) 

U.  Naut.  :  The  reach  or  extent  of  progress 
on  one  tack  ;  a  tack. 

H  At  (or  on)  a  stretch :  At  one  or  a  single 
effort;  at  one  time;  continuously. 

"  Driven  and  others  frequently  make  twenty  hourt 
at  a  ttretch."— St.  Jamet't  Gazette,  Sept.  23,  1886. 

*  stretch-mouthed,  o.  Open-mouthed ; 
hence,  chattering. 

"Some  uretch-motuhed  rascal  would,  at  It  were, 
mean  mischief, '— Sttaketp,  :  Winttr't  Tale,  IT.  4. 

•f;retch'-er, «.   (Eng.  ttretch.  (IX  v. ;  -«•.] 
L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  One  who  or  that  which  stretches,  ex- 
tends, or  expands.    Specially : 

(o)  An  Instrument  for  stretching  gloves. 
(6)  An  expanding  last  for  distending  shoes. 

(0)  A  frame  for  expanding  a  canvas   for 
painting. 

(d)  A  corner-piece  for  distending  •  canvas 
frame. 

(e)  One  of  the  extension-rods  of  an  nm- 
brella,  attached  at  one  end   to  the   sleeve 
which  slides  on  the  handle,  and  at  the  other 
end  to  a  rib  of  the  frame. 

(/)  A  round  rail  joining  the  legs  of  *  chair ; 
around. 

(g)  A  Jointed  rod  by  whose  extension  the 
carriage  bows  are  separated  and  expanded,  so 
as  to  spread  the  canopy  or  hood, 

(*)  A  Jointed  and  folding  strip  of  cloth- 
covered  pasteboard  upon  which  samplot,  as  of 
book-bindings,  are  displayed. 

(2)  A   Bat    board    on  which   corpses  are 
stretched  or  laid  out  previously  to  coffining. 

(3)  A  litter,  frame,  or  hand-barrow  for  carry- 
Ing  a  wounded,  sick,  or  dead  person ;  also,  a 
frame  on  which  disorderly  or  violent  persons 
are  strapped  in  order  to  move  them  from  one 
place  to  another. 

was  Insensible  for  a  short  time,  and  had  to  be 

brought  back  ou  a  itretcher  to  the  enclosure."— Field. 
Sept.  «,  1886. 

2.  Fig. :  A  statement  which  outstretches 
the  truth ;  a  lie,  an  exaggeration. 

It  Technically: 

\.  Carp. :  A  tie-timber  In  a  frame. 

2.  Build. :  A  brick  or  stone  whose  length  Is 
laid  in  the  direction  of  the  length  of  the  wall. 
[HEADER,  II.  1,  BOND,  s.,  II.  1.  2.) 

3.  Nautical:        s 

(1)  The  foot-rest  of  a  rower  at  the  bottom 
of  a  boat. 

"The  work  It  not  kept  on  long  enough  from  the 
stretcher.'— Field,  March  «,  ItSH. 

(2)  A  cross-piece  to  keep  the  sides  of  a  boal 
distended  when  slung  to  get  on  board  or  over- 
board. 

stretcher-bearer,  s. 

Mil.  (PI.) :  Men  detailed  for  conveying  the 
wounded  from  the  field  to  the  nearest  Ambu 
lance  or  dressing  station. 

stretcher  mule,  s. 

Cotton:  A  mule  adapted  to  stretch  ani 
twist  fine  rovings  of  cotton,  bringing  them 
forward  another  stage  in  respect  of  attenua- 
tion and  twisting. 

Str8t9h'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [STRETCH  (i), ». 

stretching  course,  >. 

llason. :  A  course  of  stones  or  bricks  la! 
with  their  longest  dimensions  In  the  dlrectio 
of  the  length  of  the  wall.  [BOND.] 


stretching-frame,  i. 

Cotton: 

L  A  machine  in  which  rovings  are  stretched 
In  the  process  of  converting  them  into  yarn. 

2.  A  long  frame  on  which  starched  muslins 
are  stretched  and  exposed  in  a  warm  room  to 
dry.  It  is  the  substitute  for  the  cylinder 
drying-machine,  which  is  used  upon  heavier 
classes  of  goods. 

stretching-iron,  s. 

Leather:  A  currier's  tool,  consisting  of  I 
flat  piece  of  metal  or  stone  fixed  in  a  handle 
and  used  to  scrape  the  surface  of  curried 
leather,  to  stretch  it,  reduce  inequalities,  and 
raise  the  bloom. 

stretching  machine,  ».  A  machine 
for  stretching  textile  fabrics  so  as  to  lay  their 
warp  aud  woof  yarns  in  truly  parallel  posi- 
tions. 

stretching-piece,  a, 

Carp.:  A  strut  (q.v.). 

*  strete,  s.    [STREET.] 

Stret'-ta,  s.    [Hal.] 

Music:  A  coda  or  final  passage  taken  In 
quicker  time  than  the  preceding  movements. 

•tret -to,  s.&a.   [Ital.] 

A*  As  substantive : 

Music :  The  special  passage  In  a  fugue  In 
which  the  whole  of  the  parts,  or  as  many  as 
possible,  take  up  the  subject,  at  as  short  an 
Interval  of  time  as  possible.  [Fuous.] 

B.  As  adjective : 

Music:  A  term  signifying  that  the  move- 
ment to  which  it  is  prefixed  is  to  be  performed 
In  a  quick,  concise  manner ;  opposed  to  largo. 

strew  (ew  as  6),    •straw,   *strewe. 

*  Strow,  v.t.  [A.S.  streowian,  from  sfreaai  = 
straw  (q.v.);  cogn.  with  Dut.  stroo#en  =  to 
scatter,  from  sfroo  =  straw;  Icel.  strd ;  Sw. 
«tro;  Dan.  «troe;  Ger.  streuen  =  to  strew; 
Lat.  struo  =  to  heap  up.) 

1.  To  scatter,  to  spread  by  scattering.  (Sai 
of  Uiings  separable  into  parts  or  particles.) 

"And  ru.het  shall  to  etremtd  ou  tbt  stair." 

Scott:  Bee  Of  at.  John. 

2.  To  scatter,  cast,  or  throw  loosely  about. 

"  Many  corset  .  .  . 
Of  murdred  men,  wbich  therein  ttroaed  lay. 

Spenter:  F.  V..  I-  V.  ML 

8.  To  cover  by  scattering  or  spreading. 

"  It  wat  reckoned  a  piece  of  magnlncenot  In  Thomas 
Becket.  that  he  ttretotd  the  floor  of  his  hall  with 
clean  hay."— SmiOt :  Wealtlt  of  Xationl.  bk.  111.,  ch.  Iv. 

4.  To  cover  by  being  spread  or  scattered 
over. 

-  But  walk'd  him  forth  along  the  sand. 
Where  thousand  sleepers  strew  li  the  strand. 

Byron  :  Siege  of  Corinth,  xltL       , 

•  6.  To  spread  abroad ;  to  disseminate ;  to 
give  currency  to. 

"  I  hare  ttrevfd  tt  in  the  common  ear." 

Bhaketp.  :  .Venture  for  Meature.  L  S. 

StroW-ing  (ew  as    6),  pr.  par.,  a.,  *  a. 

[STREW,  V.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <*  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

•  1.  The  act  of  scattering  or  spreading  about 
or  over. 

•2.  That  which  is  strewed  or  Is  fit  to  be 
strewed. 

"  The  herbt  that,  bare  on  them  cold  dew  o'  th'  night 
Are  ttrewingt  tit  st  for  graves." 

Khiiap.  :  CymbrUnt.  Iv.  4.. 

"  streW-mSnt  (ew  as  d),  «.  [Eng.  strew  ; 
-Tiieut.)  Anything  strewed  or  scattered  in  de- 
coration. 

-Bnt  here  she  It  allow'd  her  virgin  crantt. 
Bar  maiden  It  rewmentl.        Bhalcvep. :  Samlet,  T.  1. 

stri'-a  (pi.  stri'-w),  >.   [Lat.] 

1.  Arch. :  A  fillet  between  the  channels  of 
flutes  of  columns,  pilasters,  and  the  like. 

2.  Med. :  A  large  purple  spot,  like  the  mark 
produced  by  the  stroke  of  a  whip,  appearing 
under  the  skin  In  certain  malignant  fevers, 

3.  Nat.  Hist. :  A  slight  superficial  furrow, 
or  a  fine,  thread-like  line  or  streak,  seen  on 
the  surface  of  a  shell,  mineral,  plant,  or  other 
object,  longitudinal,  transverse,  or  oblique. 

4.  M In.  (PI.) :  The  lines  seen  to  traverse  the 
planes  of  a  crystal.    They  bear  a  definite  re- 
lation to  certain  crystal  forms  of  the  mineral 
on  which  they  occur. 


boH.  bo>;  pint,  J<Swl;  oat,  cell,  ehorns.  ohln.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejlst.  ph-ft 
tton,  -*ion  =  shon;-tion,  H.ion  =  inuB.  Hrtoua,  -ttotts,  -aton«=«hus.  -We,  -ilie.  Ac.  =  bfJ,  Off. 


4490 


striate— stridulous 


•tri   ate,  stri -at-ed,  a.    [Lat  striatus,  pa. 
par.  of  stria  =  to  streak ;  stria  =  a  streak.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Harked  with  striae ;    marked  or  scored 
with  superficial  or  very  slender  lines ;  marked 
with  fine  parallel  lines. 

2.  Having  a  thread-like  form. 

"  Theae  effluviums  Ay  by  ttrtated  Atoms  and  » inil- 
Ing  particles,  u  Des  Cartes  conceUeth."— Brvtane  : 
Vulgar  Errouri,  bk-  11..  ch.  iL 

II.  Art  :  Disposed  in  ornamental  lilies, 
either  parallel  or  wavy. 

striated-fibre,  «. 

Anat. :  The  primitive  fibres  composing  or- 
dinary muscle.  They  have  two  sets  of  mark- 
ings ;  one  longitudinal,  the  other  transverse. 
In  general,  when  a  fibre  is  resolved  into 
flbrillae,  the  cleavage  is  in  the  direction  of  the 
longitudinal,  though  sometimes  it  is  in  that 
of  the  transverse  fibres.  Striated  fibre  con- 
stitutes the  voluntary  muscles,  comprehend- 
ing those  of  locomotion,  respiration,  expres- 
sion, i-c. 

striated  rocks,  striated  boulders, 
•.pi. 

Geol. :  Rocks  or 
boulders  with 
striie  along  their 
surface,  the  result 
of  the  passage 
over  them  of 
masses  of  ice  with 
projecting  stones 
imbedded  in  the 
lower  part.  Such 
striated  rocks 
exist  along  the 
sides  and  at  the 
foot  of  mountain 
ranges  wherever 

glaciers  have  de-  STRIATED-BOCK. 

scended.  They  are 

found  also  in  the  arctic  and  temperate  zones 
wherever  ice  has  passed  from  the  North  dur- 
ing the  glacial  period.  [DRIFT.] 

•tri  ate,  v.t. 
strife. 


[STRIATE,  a.)    To  mark  with 


•tri-a'-tlon,  «.  [STRIATE.]  The  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  striated  or  marked  with  striae. 
Specifically— 

1.  Anat.  it  Physiol. :  The  production  of  deli- 
cate spiral,  longitudinal,  and  transverse  striee 
on  the  cell  wall,  formed  by  the  deposition 
within  it  of  several  layers,  varying  from  each 
other  in  refractive  power,  or,  in  the  case  of1 
plants,  by  the  unequal  absorption  of  water. 

2.  Geol. :  The  production  of  stria;  on  rocks, 
boulders,  &c.,  by  the  passage  over  them  of 
blocks  of  ice  with  stones  fixed  in  their  lower 
part.    [STRIATED-ROCKS.] 

•tri  -a-tnre,  *.  [Lat.  stratum.}  Disposition 
of  striee  ;*  striation. 

"  Parts  of  tuberous  bnmatitav  show  several  varieties 
In  the  crust.  <Mature,  and  teitui*  of  the  body."— 


•strich.  ».  [Lat.  sfriz=  a  screech-owl.]  A 
bird  of  bad  omen. 

"  The  ]e*ther-wius;ed  bat.  dny's  enemy, 
The  rueful  *frtcA.  still  waiting  on  the  bier." 

Sptnier:  F.  Q..  IL  xli.  SB, 

•trick,  >.  [STRIKE,  ».]  A  handful  or  bunch 
of  hackled  and  sorted  flax,  ready  for  corner* 
sion  into  slivers  by  the  drawing-machine.  A 
cwt.  of  flax  makes  from  300  to  400  stricks. 

•trick'-en,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [STRIKE.] 
*  A.  At  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 
B.  As  adjective: 
•L  tit  Struck,  smitten. 

" That  shall  I  shew,  as  sure  a.  honnd 
The  ttrirtrn  deer  doth  challenge  by  the  Mtcding 
wound.'  Spetutr:  F.  o..,  IL  L  9. 

U.  Figuratively: 

t 1.  Advanced,  far  gone,  worn. 

"  Abraham  and  Sarah  were  well  Oriektn  In  years."— 
Small  xviiL  IL 

•2.  Whole,  entire.  (Said  of  an  hour  as  marked 
by  the  striking  of  a  clock.) 

•trlo'-kle,  «.    [A  dlmln.  from  strike  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ayric.  :   An   instrument    for  whetting 
scythes ;  a  rifle. 

2.  Carp,  t  Mason. :  A  pattern  or  templet. 

3.  Cloth-ihearing :  A  straight-edge  fed  with 
emery  and  employed  to  grind  the  edges  of  a 
series  of  knives  arranged  spirally  on  acylinder. 

4.  Flax :  A  strike  or  sword  used  in  dressing 
flax. 


5.  Founding: 

(1)  A  semi-circular  piece  of  wgod  used  In 
smoothing  moulds  of  loam  to  form  cores  for 
curved  and  crooked  pipes  ;  also  for  spreading 
upon  the  cores  a  thickness  of  loam  answering 
to  the  required  thickness  of  the  pipe. 

(2)  A  straight-edge  of  wood  with  which  to 
remove  superfluous  sand  from  a  flask  after 
ramming  up. 

6.  A  straight-edge  to  strike  grain  to  a  level 
with  the  upper  edge  of  the  measure  ;  a  strike. 

stric'-kler,  strick'-less,  «.  [STRICKLE.] 
A  strickle  or  strike.  (1'rov.) 

strict,  a.  [Lat.  strictus,  pa,  par.  of  strinyo  = 
to  draw  tight,  to  compress.  From  the  same 
root  come  strain,  strait,  area,  ice.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

•1.  Drawn  tight,  strained,  tight,  close. 

"  She  wildly  breaketh  from  their  itrict  embrace." 
Shalutp. :  Vtma  A  Adotiii,  874. 

•2.  Tense  ;  not  lax  or  relaxed. 

"  The  fatal  nooae  performed  it*  office,  and  with  most 
ttrict  ligature  squeezed  the  blood  Into  bis  face."— 
Arbuthnot. 

3.  Exact,  accurate,  rigorous,  careful,  severe, 
stringent. 

"  This  itrict  and  most  observant  watch." 

Shakttp. :  Bamttt,  i.  L 

4.  Regulated  or  acting  by  exact  rules ;  exact, 
rigorous,  severe. 

"  Which  if  thou  follow,  this  itrict  court  of  Venice 
Must    needs  give    sentence  *gaiust  the  merchant 
there."       Shaketp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  IT.  I. 

5.  Positive  or  definite  as  to  terms  ;  precise, 
stringent. 

"  Such  Itrict  and  severe  covenants." 

OtalMf. ;  1  Bmrt  Tt,  w.  4. 

6.  Rigidly  or  exactly  interpreted  ;  limited ; 
not  lax  or  loose  ;  free  from  latitude :  as,  a 
ttrict  definition,  a  strict  interpretation. 

t  H.  Sot.:  Upright,  straight 

Strict  Observance,  t. 

Church  Hist. :  The  name  given  to  ft  snb- 
division  of  the  Observantine  branch  of  the 
Franciscan  Order.  The  first  house  of  Strict 
Observance  appears  to  have  been  founded  by 
a  Spanish  Franciscan,  John  de  Puebla,  on  the 
Sierra  Morena  in  1489.  The  friars  soon  be- 
came a  separate  congregation,  and  spread  to 
Italy,  where  they  were  known  as  the  Re- 
formed, early  in  the  sixteenth  century.  They 
established  themselves  at  Nevers  in  France  in 
1597,  and  were  there  called  Recollects.  The 
Latin  holy  places  at  Jerusalem  are  under  the 
charge  of  the  Franciscans  of  the  Strict  Ob- 
servance. 

"  Certain  orders  of  friars  practise  this  austerity, 
which  was  first  introduced  among  the  Friars  Minor 
of  the  Strict  Observance  by  the  Blessed  John  of  Gaa/U- 
lonpe,  about  the  feu  1500."— Adda  t  Arnold:  Calk. 
Met.,  p.  266. 

strict-settlement,  t. 

Law :  A  settlement  by  which  land  is  settled 
to  the  parent  for  life,  and  after  his  death  to 
his  first  and  other  sons  in  tail,  trustees  being 
interposed  to  preserve  the  contingent  re- 
mainders. 

"strict  land,  t.  [Kng.  strict,  and  land.}  A 
narrow  piece  of  land  or  passage  ;  a  strait. 

-  Beyond  the  which  I  find  a  narrow  going  or  Krict- 
tand  from  the  point  to  Hirstcastell  which  standeth 
into  the  tea.'— OoHiulud ;  Querist.  Brit.,  oh.  ziL 

•triof-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  ttrict ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  strict  manner;  exactly;  with  nice 
or  rigorous  exactness  or  accuracy  :  as,  Strictly 
speaking,  he  is  wrong. 

2.  Positively,  definitively,  in  strict  terms. 

"  The  king  hath  *Hcrty  cnarg'd  the  contrary." 

Motel?.:  Kichard  lll.,\r.  L, 

3.  Rigorously,  severely,  closely. 

"  Examine  thyself  ttrictlg  whether  thou  didst  not 
best  at  Brat,"— Bacon. 

4.  With  strict  observance   of  laws,  rules, 
rites,  or  the  like. 

"Many  of  them  live  so  itrlctti  a.  If  they  did  not 
believe  to  foolishly."— Bp.  Taylor:  Sermon*,  vol.  IL, 

•trlct'-ness,  s.    [Eng.  ttrht;  -nen.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  strict ;  ex- 
actness, rigorous  accuracy ;  strict  or  precise 
observance  or  interpretation. 

"  Fifty  thousand  pounds  a  year,  to  which.  In  ttrtct. 
neu  of  law  he  had  no  right,  awaited  his  acceptance,"— 
Macaular :  Bio.  Eng..  ch.  Hilt 

2.  Rigour,  severity,  stringency. 

"  Such  of  them  as  cannot  be  concealed  you  will 
please  to  connive  at.  though,  In  the  ttrictntu  of  your 
Judgment,  yon  cannot  pardon."  —  Aryden:  firoil; 
Jlneu.  (Deo.) 


Strict'-ure,  *.  [Lat.  strfatura,  prop.  fern.  sing, 
of  stricturus,  fnt.  part,  of  stringa  —  to  draw 
tight ;  Fr.  stricture ;  ItaL  ttrettu.ro.} 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*L  Strictness. 

"A  uiau  of  itricturt  and  firm  abstinence." 

Vvtkcip.  :  Xtanirefi,r  itfiiur*.  I  4. 

•2.  A  stroke,  a  glance  ;  a  slight  touch. 

"Passive  stricture,  or  signatures  of  that  wisdom 
which  hath  made  and  ordered  all  things."  —  If'tle ; 
Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  40. 

3.  A  touch  of  sharp  criticism;  censure, 
critical  remark. 

"But  to  what  purpose  are  these  ttrtctum  t  To  i 
great  aud  good  one.'—  Knox :  Liberal  Education. 

IX  Pathnl. :  A  contraction  and  induration 
of  any  duct,  so  an  to  prevent  free  passage 
through  it  There  may  be  stricture  of  th« 
urethra,  of  the  oesophagus,  of  the  rectum,  &C. 

Btrio'-tnred,  a.  [Eng.  stricture);  -«f.]  Af- 
fected with  a  stricture. 

strid'-dle,  e.i.    [STRADDLE,  «.]    (Scotch.) 

stride,  stryde, .«.    [STRIDE,  r.] 

1.  A  step,  especially  a  long,  measured,  or 
pompous  step  ;  a  wide  stretch  of  the  legs. 
"  The  monster,  moving  onward,  came  as  fast. 
With  horrid  ttrtdti;  hell  trembled  as  he  strode." 
Hilton :  r.  L.,  li.  671 

?.  The  space  measured  between  the  legs 
wide  apart ;  the  space  covered  by  a  long  step ; 
hence,  a  short  distance. 

"Betwixt  them  both  was  but  a  little  Itride  * 

Spenttr:  F.  li.,  II.  vU.  It 

3.  A  rapid  or  far-reaching  movement  or 
advance. 

"  God  never  meant  that  man  should  scale  the  bexv'ne 
By  itridfi  of  human  wisdom." 

Covper:  Talk,  ill.  MS. 

Stride,  *  stryde  (p».  t  *  strode,  '  strided, 
strode,  pa.  par.  *  striddt,  ttridden),  v.i.  &  t. 
[A.8.  s«ridan=to  strive,  to  stride;  cf.  Low 
Ger.  striden  =  to  strive,  to  stride  ;  atreven  =  to 
strive,  to  stride  ;  etreve  =  a  striving,  a  stride ; 
Dut.  strijden ;  (Jer.  streiten  ;  Dan.  stride ;  IceL 
itredha  ;  8w.  ttrida  =  to  strive.]  [STRIVE.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  walk  with  long  steps. 

"  When  our  vessels  out  of  reach  he  found, 
He  itrided  onward." 

In-ydm :  riryil ;  .tnfid  ill.  WO. 

2.  To  stand  with  the  feet  wide  apart ;  to 
straddle. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  pass  over  at  a  step  ;  to  step  over. 

*'  A  debtor  that  dares  not  to  stride  a  limit" 

Shaketp.  :  CymlHline.  ill.  &. 

* 2.  To  bestride ;  to  mount  as  a  rider;  to 
ride  on. 

"  I  mean  to  itride  your  steed." 

SJiakttp.  ;  C'jriotanut,  L  ft. 

stri'-dent,   a.     [Lat.  ttrldens,    pr.    par.    of 

struleo  =  to  creak,]    Creaking,  harsh,  grating. 

"A  place  that  still  echoes  with  the  itridmt  chords 

of  theluUiannwujfi-i."— £nity  Telegraph,  Feb. 90, 1881 

stri'-dor,  *8trl-donr,  s.  [Lat.  ttridor, 
from  stridta  =  to  creak.]  A  harsh,  creaking 
noise  or  crack. 

"  Her  screaming  cry 
And  ttridour  of  her  winga," 

l>ryden  :  Vtrgit ;  <£rtcid  xii.  1.2U. 

*  strid  u  Idn'-ti-a  (tl  as  •hi),  s.  pi.   [Mod. 
Lat.,  from  Lat.  stridulus  =  creaking.] 

Entom. :  The  Cicadidee  (q.v.). 

*  strid  -n-lato,  r.i.    [STRIDUI.OUS.]   To  make 
a  harsh,  creaking  noise,  as  some  insects. 

strid  u  la  tion,  «.  [STHIUULATE.]  The  act 
of  making  a  harsh,  creaking  noise ;  specif., 
the  power  possessed  by  some  male  insects  of 
making  a  shrill,  grating  noise  between  a 
serrated  part  of  the  body  and  a  hard  part,  for 
the  purpose  of  attracting  the  females  ;  the 
noise  so  produced.  It  takes  place  in  various 
Orthoptera,  Homoptera,  and  Coleoptera.  and 
la  some  spiders  of  the  genus  Theridioa. 
(Darwin  :  Descent  of  Man,  ch.  ix.,  x.) 

•trid'-n-la-tor,  s.  [Eng.  strididaUf);  -or.] 
That  which  stridulates  or  makes  a  harsh, 
grating  noise. 

Btrid'-^-la-tSr-y',  a.  [Eng.  stridulatfe); 
•ory.]  Harsh  and  creaking  ;  stridnlous. 

Btrld  -n  -lous,  a.  [Lat.  stridulus,  from  strida 
=  to  creak.)  Harsh,  creaking,  strident ;  hav- 
ing a  thin  squeaky  voice. 

"  The  tf  rttu/oia  strain  already  described."— ffarptrt 
Jtagasitu,  July,  1886.  p.  284. 


tate,  t&t,  faro,  amidst,  what,  ff.ll,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  Bire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
«r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  otlh,  cure,  unite,  onr,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    ».  «a  =  e;  ey  =  a;  Q.U  =  kw.     i 


striegisane— strike 


4491 


•trie  gls-ane,  s.  [After  Lan^en-Striegis, 
Saxony,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ane  (Jt/in.).] 

Ml». :  A  variety  of  Wavellito  (q.v.),  of  a 
straw-yellow  and  green  colour. 

strife.  *  stryf.  *  stryfe,  «.  to.  Fr. .  atr(f, 
from  Icel.  stridh=  strife,  contention;  O.  Sax. 
t  O  Fries,  strid;  Dut.  strijd ;  Dan.  &  Sw. 
strid;  O.  H.  Ger.  strit  ;  Ger.  streit.] 

*  L  The  act  of  striving  or  endeavouring ; 
the  act  of  doing  one's  best. 

"  With  «trtA>  to  please  yon." 

*  2.  Endeavour  to  excel  another ;   emula- 
tion, exertion,  or  contention  for  superiority, 
mental  or  physical. 

"  Son  and  father  weep  with  equal  ttrife 
Who  should  weep  most." 

Shaketp. :  Rapt  of  Lucrece,  1,791. 

S.  Contention  in  anger  or  discord ;  discord, 
contest,  enmity,  quarrel. 

"  Stay  yonr  deadly  ttmfe  a  space." 

Spenter:  F.  «.,  II.  vi.  IS. 

*4.  Opposition,  contrariety,  contradiction, 
Yariance. 

"As  if  between  them  twain  there  were  no  wtrife* 
Snaketp.  :  AapetoS  Lucrece,  405. 

*  5.  That  which  is  contended  against ;  occa- 
sion of  contest. 

H  For  the  difference  between  strife  and  dis- 
card, see  DISCORD. 

•strife'- fal,  *Btry-fnl,  "•try-full,  a. 

[Bng.  strife;   -fuUf).]      Full  of  or  given  to 
strife ;  contentious. 

"Stryfull  mind  and  diverse  qualitee," 

Spenter :  f.  «..  II.  11. 18. 

•trig,  i.  [STRIGA.]  The  footstalk  of  a  flower, 
leaf,  or  bud. 

"  The  cones  were  seriously  blackened  by  lioa  at  the 
ttrig."— field,  Oct.  8.  1886. 

atri  ga  (pi.  stri  -gas),  «.    [Lat,] 
L  Arch. :  The  fluting  of  a  column. 
2.  Bot.  (PL) :  Little,  npright,  unequal,  stiff 
hairs,  swelled  at  their  bases. 

•trig'-es,  ».  pi.  [PL  of  Mod.  Let.  ttrla  (q.v.).] 
Ornith.  :  Owls  ;  a  sub-order  of  Accipitres, 
universally  distributed ;  equivalent  to  the 
Btrigida?  of  early  authors,  by  some  of  whom 
they  were  called  Accipitres  itacturni.  Outer 
toe  reversible  ;  tibia  twice  as  long  as  tarsus ; 
body  feathers  without  an  after-shaft  or  acces- 
sory plume ;  plumage  soft  and  Huffy ;  a  facial 
disk.  Now  generally  divided  into  two  fami- 
lie»,  Strigida;  and  Bubonidte. 

Itrfg'-I  dte,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  strix,  genit. 
«tnj(ts) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -Mas.) 

Ornithology : 

1 1.  A  family  of  Accipitres,  equivalent  to 
the  sub-order  Striges  (q.v.).  Wallace  (Geoff. 
IHst.  Anim.,  II.  350),  puts  the  genera  at  23 
and  the  species  at  180. 

2.  A  family  of  Striges  (q.v.),  distinguished 
by  having  Uie  inner  surface  of  the  middle 
claw  indented  with  minute  serrations,  and 
the  breastbone  without  clefts  in  its  hinder 
edge.  The  type  Is  Strix  Jlammea.  [STKIX,  *.,  2.) 

•trig  II,  s.    [Lat,] 

1.  Classii!  Antiq. :  An  Instrument  used  in 
baths  for  scrap- 

ingoffthesweat,  > 
but  more  speci- 
fically useful  in 
exciting  the  ac- 
tion of  the  skin 
and  tissues  be- 
neath. The  three 
eramples  to  the 
left  in  the  illus- 
tration are  Ro- 
man ;  the  other 
Is  from  a  statue 
of  an  athlete 
using  the  stri- 
gil,  by  Lysip- 
pns.  a  cast  of 
which  is  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum. 

2.  A  flesh-brush. 

•trig'-ll-ose,  a.    [Dimin.  of  itrigose.] 

Bot. :  Set  with  small,  slender  strigse. 


SREEK 


STRIOILS. 


StrisT -ine,  o.    [Lat.  strix,  genit. 
owl;  Eng.  suff.  4ne.] 

Ornith. :  Owl-like  ;  specif.,  applied  to  owls 
resembling  Strix  stridula,  as  distinguished 
from  those  of  which  Aluco  flavnmeus  is  the 
type,  which  are  called  the  Alucine  section. 


*  strig'ment,  s.  [L;it.  striginentum,  from 
stricfus,  pa.  par.  of  stringo  =  to  draw  tight,  to 
scrape.)  Scraping;  that  which  is  scraped 
off;  excrement. 

"  Many  besides  the  ttrtgmentt  and  sudorous  adhe- 
sions from  men's  hands."— Browne :  Vulgar  Errourt, 
bk.  a.  ch.  v. 

strlg-o-$eph'-a-lus,  s.  [STBIHOOCEPHALUS.] 

Strlg'-OpS,  S.      iSTRIXGOPS.) 

stri'-gose,  Btri'-gous,  a.    [Lat.  strigosue  = 
lean,  lank,  thin,  meagre.] 
Bot.  (Of  a  surface) :  Covered  with  strigse. 

•trt'-gft-vite,  s.  [After  Lat.  Strigovia  = 
Striegau,  Silesia,  where  found ;  suff.  -ite 

Min.  :  A  dark-green  coating  of  minute 
crystals  on  various  minerals  in  the  granite  of 
Striegan,  Silesia.  Hardness,  1-0;  sp.  gr. 
S'144.  Compos. :  a  hydrous  silicate  of  alu- 
mina, proto-  and  sesquioxides  of  iron. 

strike  (pa.  t.  'strak,  'strek,  'stroak,  'strok, 

*  stroke,  *  strook,  *  strooke,    struck,    pa.    par. 

•  stricken,  *  striken,  '  strook,  '  strooke,  struck), 
v.i.  &  (.     [A.8.  strlcan  =  to  go,  to  proceed 
(pa.  t.  strdc,  pa.  par.  tfrlotn) ;  cngn.  with  Dut. 
striken  =  to  smooth,  rub,  spread,  strike  ;  Oer. 
streichen  (pa.  t.  strich,  pa.  par.  gestrichen)  =  to 
stroke,    rub,  smooth,    spread,  strike ;    Icel. 
strjuka  (pa.  t.  strauk,  pa.  par.  strokinn)  =  to 
rub,  to  wipe,  to  strike  ;  8w.  stryka  =  to  stroke, 
wipe,  strike,  rove  ;  Dan.  stryge  =  the  same.] 

A*  Intransitive : 

*  1.  To  go,  to  move,  to  run,  to  advance. 

"A  moru  .  .  . 
Stroke  forth  sternly."     fieri  Plauman,  FroL  183. 

*  2.  To  fall. 

"Strrt  into  a  study."       weuam  of  Pflente,  4,088. 

8.  To  pass  (jnickly  ;  to  dart,  to  penetrate. 

"Till  adart  rtrtta through  his  iirer."— ProterbtvU.  88. 

4.  To  hit,  to  touch,  to  glance,  to  graze. 

"Consider  the  red  and  white  colours  in  porphyre: 
hinder  light  f  rota  arikinf  on  it.  and  ita  colours  vanish." 
— Loeke. 

5.  To  make  a  quick  blow  or  thrust ;  to  hit. 

"Willing  to  wound,  and  yet  afraid  to  gfrtke." 

Papa  :  Sotiret,  FroL  108. 

6.  To  use  one's  weapons ;  to  fight ;  to  be 
active  in  fighting  or  on  any  occasion  of  em- 
ploying force. 

"gtrae,  fellows,  ttrike." 

Skaketp. :  Troilut  t  Creitida,  T.  8. 

7.  To  hit,  to  collide,  to  dash,  to  clash  :  as, 
The  hammer  strikes  against  the  bell  of  a  clock. 

8.  To  run,  dash,  or  be  driven  upon  the 
shore,  a  rock,  or  a  bank  ;  to  be  stranded. 

"After  the  vessel  ttruck  he  saw  water  rushing  into 
the  engine-room."— Daily  Telegraph,  May  t,  1887. 

9.  To  sound  by  percussion,  with  or  as  with 
blows  :  as,  A  clock  strikes. 

10.  To  cause  something  to  give  out  a  sound 
by  percussion. 

"  She  ttrffiet  upon  the  belL" 

Skaketp. :  MacteOt.  11. 1. 

*  11.  To  give  out  a  sound,  as  of  music ;  to 
begin  to  play  ;  to  strike  up. 

"  Let  our  drums  ttrike* 

Shaketp. :  Timon'.Qf  Athent,  v.  4. 

12.  To  lower  a  sail,  flag,  or  colours,  In  token 
of  respect,  or  of  surrender  to  an  enemy ; 
hence,  to  surrender,  to  yield. 

13.  To  quit  work  in  order  to  compel  an  in- 
crease or  to  prevent  a  reduction  of  wages,  or 
to  secure  shorter  hours  of  working,  or  other 
like  cause. 

"  About  1,000  hands  ttr\ick  at  two  of  the  principal 
works."—  Weekly  Echo,  Sept.  s.  1885. 

14.  To  take  root ;  to  grow,  as  a  flip  of  a 
plant    [B.  22.] 

"  The  young  tops  ttrike  freely  If  they  are  taken  off 
about  three  inches  long,  and  inserted  singly  in  some 
sandy  soil  in  small  pots."— Field,  March  13,  1887. 

15.  To  take  a  course  or  line ;  to  turn  or 
break  off. 

"  Hounds  KrUfrw  to  the  righf-KeM,  March  U, 
1887. 

*  16.  To  blast  or  destroy  life. 

"  Then  no  planets  ttrike."     ffhakftp. :  Samlet,  i.  L 

*  17.  To  steal  money.    (Slang.) 

"  The  cutting  a  pocket  or  picking  a  pone  Is  called 
Striking."— Greene :  Art  o/ ConeycaCchtng. 

18.  To  row,  from  the  oar  striking  the  water. 

"  This  rate  of  ifriktna  was  kept  up  for  UK  Orst 
mil*."— Field,  March  6, 1887. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  touch  or  hit  with  some  force,  either 
with  the  hand  or  with  some  instrument ;  to 
smite ;  to  give  a  blow  to,  with  the  hand  or 


with  an  instrument  either  held  in  the  hand  or 
propelled  in  some  way. 

"  I  have  ever  known  thee  a  coward,  and  therefor* 

durst  never  tti-Vce  thee."— Btaum.  &  Fl*t. :  A'*,y  *  Ifo 

Jiing.  L  L 

2.  To  give,  inflict,  or  deal. 
"Who  would  be  free,  themselves  must  tfrike  tha 
blow."  /tyron  :  Childe  Unroll.  11.  76. 

S.  To  dash,  to  hit,  to  knock.  (With  th8 
instrument  as  object.) 

"  He  ttruck  his  hHiid  upon  his  breast." 

Shakeip.  :  Rape  nf  jMcreot,  1,842. 

4.  To  produce  by  a  blow  or  blows. 

"  From  the  Dauphin's  crest  thy  sword  ttruck  fire." 
tfhakeap. :  I  Henry  VI.,  v.  6. 

5.  To  cause  to  ignite  by  friction :  as,  To 
strike  a  match. 

6.  To  stamp  with  a  stroke;  to  Impress; 
hence,  to  mint,  to  coin. 

"  Some  very  rare  coins,  ttruck  of  a  pound  weieht,  ot 
gold  and  silver,  Constautius  sent  to  Chilperick."— 
Arbuthnot:  OnCoint. 

7.  To  impress,  to  stamp. 

"There  seems  to  be  a  constant  decay  of  all  our  idea*, 
even  of  those  which  are  ttruck  deepest"— Lock* 

8.  To  throw,  to  dash.    (Exodus  xii.  7.) 

9.  To  thrust  in  ;  to  cause  to  enter  or  pene- 
trate :  as,  A  tree  strikes  it*  root  into  the  ground. 

10.  To  cause  to  sound  by  beating ;  to  begin 
to  beat,  as  a  drum.    [U  16.  (1)  6.) 

11.  To  notify  by  sound. 

"  It  ttrufk  nine  as  we  were  coming  up  the  street.™ 
— K.  J.  Worc-oit* :  Sufi*,  ch.  xx. 

*  12.  To  sound  ;  to  begin  to  sing  or  play. 

"  Strike  a  free  march  to  Troy." 

S/Kikmp. :  Troilta  t  Oreuida,  T.  la 

13.  To  light  upon  ;  to  hit  or  pitch  upon  ;  to 
fall  in  with. 

"  We  ttrike  *  trail,  two  or  three  days  old,  of  some 
former  hunters."— Burroughs:  Pepaeton.  p.  S91. 

*  14.  To  touch  lightly  ;  to  stroke  ;  to  pass 
lightly. 

"  strike  his  hand  over  the  place."— 2  Kirtfft  v.  11. 

15.  To  prostrate,  to  blast,  to  confound,  a* 
by  some  superhuman  power,  or  by  the  in- 
fluence of  the  planets. 

"  Struck  Corioli  like  a  planet" 

Skakftp.  :  Coric-lama,  ii.  ft, 

*  16.  To  afflict,  to  punish,  to  chastise,  to 
emite. 

"  To  pnnlsh  the  Just  is  not  good,  nor  to  ttrtke  princes 
for  equity."— Proverb*  xvli.  26. 

17.  To  affect  in  a  particular  manner  by  a 
sudden  impression  or  impulse. 

"  This  parting  ttHket  poor  lovert  dumb," 

skaketp. :  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  ii.  S. 

18.  To  impress  strongly ;  to  affect  sensibly 
with  strong  emotion. 

"  I  am  ttruck  with  sorrow." 

Shaketp. :  Corlolanui.  V.  ft. 

19.  To  produce  by  a  sudden  action  ;  to  effect 
or  cause  at  once. 

"  Should  Mrike  such  terror  to  hii  enemies." 

Snakesp. :  1  Benry  v/..  ii.  s. 

20.  To  occur  to  ;  to  appear  in  a  certain  light  t 
as,  That  did  not  strike  me. 

21.  To  make  and  ratify.    [Lat.  fuedus  ftrin.} 

"  I  come  to  offer  peace :  to  reconcile 
Fast  enmities  ;  to  ttrike  perpetual  leagues 
WithVanoc."  A,  PMllpt:  Briton, 

22.  To  propagate  by  slips  or  cuttings ;  to 
insert  cuttings  in  the  soil.    [A.  14.] 

"  The  way  to  ttrike  them  is  to  take  off  the  points  of 
any  of  the  young  shoots,  and  after  trimming  them  in 
the  ordinary  way,  they  should  be  inserted  in  sandy 
•oil."— Field,  Oct  8,  1885. 

23.  To  level,  as  a  measure  of  grain,  salt,  or 
the  like,  by  scraping  off  with  a  straight  in- 
strument all  that  is  above  the  level  of  the  top 
of  the  vessel  in  which  the  grain,  &c.,  is  con- 
tained.   [STRUCK-MEASURE.] 

24.  To  lower,  as  the  yards  of  a  vessel ;  to 
let  down,  as  a  sail  or  flag,  in  token  of  sub- 
mission or  surrender. 

25.  To  take  down  ;  to  lower  and  pack  up  : 
as,  To  strike  tents. 

*  26.  To    take    forcibly   or    fraudulently. 
(Goodrich.) 

27.  To  lade  Into  a  cooler,  as  the  cane-juic* 
in  sugar-making. 

*  28.  To  tap,  as  a  cask,  &c. 

"  Strike  the  vessels,  ho. 
Here's  to  Cseaar." 

Sftofcegp.  .•  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  ii.  T. 

f  For  the  difference  between  to  »( rite  and 
to  beat,  see  Bi  AT. 

IT  1.  To  strike  a  balance  : 

Book-keep. :  To  bring  put  the  amount  due  on 
one  or  other  of  the  sides  of  a  debtor  and 
creditor  account ;  hence,  in  general,  to  ascer- 
tain on  which  side  the  preponderance  lies. 


bffifj,  btS^;  p«at,  J6"rM;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9Hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  tUln,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  e^cUrt.   -Iftg. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  sh^n.   -tion,    slort  =  shun ;  -tion,  -(Ion  =  »»»iin.    -clous,  -tioiu,  -eious  -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


44JI 


strike-striking 


,  a  cntn  (or  entries): 
Jrt*. .-  To  remors  the  oautre  at  centring 
from  in  arch. 

&   To  Krilu  a  jort : 

Lmw:  To  constitute  »  special  jury  ordered 
by  a  court,  by  each  party  striking  out a  certain 
number  of  name*  from  a  prepared  Iist  of 
jurors^  so  at  to  reduce  it  to  the  number  re- 
quired by  law. 

4.  r«»cribar«(s.-Toa»ia«saDdseaIarato 
formal!;. 


5.  ri»  •!**»«<  .-To  make  or  aim  a  blow  at; 
to  make  an  attack  oa;  to  attack. 


T.  I>*r«»  »<>•»•  :  To  gire  an  effective  blow. 

&  Tottrikti*: 

•  0)  To  go  in  suddenly  ;  to  disappear  from 
the  surface,  with  internal  consequences,  as  an 
eruption  on  the  skin. 

(S)  To  interrupt,  to  interpoaa. 

•9i  ro  jrrifa  imo  : 

(1)  To  break  forth  or  out  into;  to  be  put 
tato  any  state  by  some  sudden  act  or  Motion. 

** 


«  i  To  torn  into  quickly  and  abruptly  ;  to 
betake  one's  self  quickly  into. 

10.  7»  arils,  i.  v«a.-  To  conform  to-  to 
•uiUtselfto;  to  agree  with  at  on«! 

"IIES  tTtai 
*  b.  lalnna 


expression  formerly  used  by  the  lower  orders 
wben  striking  a  bargain,  and  aUuJinc 
custorn  of  striking  hands  on  ratification  of 
the  bargain,  when  the  buyer  left  in  the  hand 
of  the  seller  an  earnest  penny.  (Sow  only 
used  as  a  slang  oath  or  ejaculation.) 

strike,  «.    [STRIKE,  «.] 
L  Ordinary  Laxgtaft: 
I.  An  instrument,  waafattag  of  a  atrip  of 
wood  or  metal,  with  a  straight  edge,  useS  in 
levelling  a  measure  of  grain,  salt,  or  the  like, 
by  scraping  off  what  is  above  the  level  of  the 
-----  .,.--. 

distinguished  from  heaped  measure. 
•2.  Abushel;  (bar pecks. 


S.  Aa  iron  pat*  or  standard  in  a  gate  at 


11.  Toarittof: 

(1)  To  knock  off  or  separate  by  a  blow  or 
any  sudden  action. 
(S)  To  erase,  to  strike  out 
— — —  cv,a. 


•"•"•"•™w  •— *  •    •»»  nutiM*.  MOT.  «.  issa. 

)  To  erase  or  deduct  from  an  account :  as, 
Ie  arm*  of  ten  shillings. 


&  The  act  of  wei  kj.su,  U  any  tra 
branch  of  industry,  when  theyWm  their 
work  with  the  object  'of  compelling  thVLater? 
to  conosde  certain  deaaadi  ^udeby  thZ. 
an  advance  of  wafts,  the  withdrawal  of 


^h^w^'w^wtS^ 
MDdona  rale  or  regulation,  or  the  like. 
T  Strikes  hare  t»imu»  of  inert  ~ 
qnency  and  extent  daring  recent 
workmen  have  become  more  thoroqg^.  _„_. 
iaed,  and  are  often  attended  with  a  violence 
that  readen  military  interpo»itjoa  neremrr 
Of  strikes  of  this  character  the  lint  of  gnat 
importance  was  the  railroad  strike  of  1>77. 


yean,  as 

ly  ornn- 


. 

during  which  iammise  •*  --  ft  was  done  iu 
of  Pittatmrgh  and  ebewbere.     The 


the 


. 

of  Bwalasss  in  1W4  was  igljllll 
by  two  strikes  of  great  dimensions,  one  by  the 
,  and 


. 

t:  To  erase  the  name  of  from  a  list 
1  iJ*H*«  °*  *  »0|>«>»<W  or  an  attorner, 
to   strike  his  name  off  the  list  of  person* 
quallM  1  topmtfae.    This  may  be  G*  at 


, 

cual-minen  for  an  advance  of  wages, 


—  - 
iwcainent 


. 

(1)  To  pnxlnce  by  striking  or  ooUiskio  •  as, 
fk  sMki  wt  Ore  with  s  steel 

(S)  To  blot  oat,  to  erase,  to  e&ee. 

«)  To  plan  or  excogitate  by  a  quick  effort  ; 
*••*•!•£  *»  »™>t,  to  derise.  to  oontrire  : 
as.  To  stribi  out  a  new  line. 

shS3Ser°  "*"*"  * 


in  Janaary,  1         ___  .  ____ 
of  a  Toluteer  coouaittM  aude  up  of 
eas.  dM   not   reaalt  ia   any 
I*  taw  striken. 


pieee  of  wood 
day  from  the 


0)  A  hook  in  a  teoadry  to  hoist  the  metal. 
(t)  A  peddle  or  straight-edg*. 


(«)  To  wander;  to  make  a  soddea  e        Hi  i. 


*K^Zi£ZSXS&W££ 

or  stnker. 
4V  •V'ta'-wBrL  ;  A  poddler's  stirrer ;  a  rabble. 

(1)  The  prolongation  or  exteasiom  of  a 
^tom  in  a  direction  at  right  angles tothe 
dip.^  The  strike  is  also  called  tSeline  of 

strikers  east  ^n^wSt  *"'  *°  **  ""^  ** 
£<»'>•»••«»••».*. 


•trlke  block,  5. 
CBT«-  •'  A  plane,  shorter  than  a  jointer  used 
fcr  shooting  a  short  joint 

•trlke  hand.  «.     A  band,  u.,  .  work- 
man,  on  strike. 


•trlke-psiy.  s.   Pay  grante«l  to  a  workman 
on  strike  by  the  trade-union  of  which  he  u 
member. 

«trik-«r.  <.    [tog.  <r«(fX  T  ;  ^r.j 
L  Ordinary  Laufvafs  : 
1.  0»e  who  strikes;   one  who  uses  (bra* 


•  S.  One  given  to  quarrelling  or  blowi :  a 
quarrelsome  person.    (1  K»ott»,  iiL  S.) 
3.  A  harpoon,  also  a  harpooner. 


-. 

i.  Aw4cher. 
A  workman  who  Is  on  strike. 


\  -  /  •—•  VBTWWV  «•  MauaY-tieuBMijf,  •trIVtng  fa  « 

manner  similar  to  the  trip-hannner.l          «r 
ated  directly  from  the  en^in*.  the  'eaS,  w'KS 
being  disieiiaed  with.    It«ay  be  adlMtedt 
strike  either  vertically  or  horiaontal 
any  angle. 
(S)  A  hardened 


irst  delivers  the  ball  is  called  ttw 
server  or  striker-in,  the  otlMr  the  stribr-asjX 

-ta.  «.    [SnuaMa,  a.,  u.  i] 
prum,  *,  n.  IJ 

-.  jw^  •.,  *  a    Ontm.*.) 

A.  Atpr.  far. :  (Sea  th*  rerbX 

B.  A,  tdj. :  Affecting  with  «troi««iM«los» 
nrpriaing,  forcible,  ezpreaaiT*,  •nrj  •otfet- 


L  The  act  of  os»  who  strikes. 


The 


slips. 


of  piuta  by  catt:rgi  o* 


To  rtrO, 

•«t-  •'   To  ascertain  the  depth  of  watar 
—  •••—  Vfiisni.  j_ 

M.  r*strO*Wf: 

0)  TVwwiNm: 

(•)  To  drire  up  with  a  blow. 

O)  To  begin  to  play  or  sing. 

" 


(i)  The  place  where  the  Tein  crop*  oat 
T.  ^vv.-  The  qiutity  of  s 


fnfcani. .-  To  bega  to  ptey  or  sine 
imp.:  rialtrr.  raSTiT.  4.) 
IT.  r.Krttr 

—   —     —  •—  i— ,    —  r  , 

i  or  to 


•1&  T*«trU.  km*  . 
•01  3Mb  ~ 


I  3*  tW  strits .-  By  mtasan  not 
""""L  "*•»_»  •">»»  «»>  Imml 

Break  or  daw»  of  day. 

~.  A  piece  in  a  clock  which  sate  the 
•tnkmg  parte  in  or  oat  of  action. 
(4)  r»  M*.  a  rtria.-    To  make  aa  efcrt. 


L^rek..-  The  mtoral  of 
which  aa  arc 
striking  the  i 

& 


*..-  Tha  removal  of  a  centre  «mm, 
larehhMbeaabailt  It  i*  doMky 
the  wedges  on  which  the  rihs  rest 


with   • 


•trUdng-pUte,  i. 

.-  The  derice  by 


•trtklBg-np 

*-    i    ^ 


in  of  alnob. 


totiwpuahu.; 


flkte.  OU.  fiire,  amidct.  whit.  tall. 

work,  who,  ate;  mwA 


r*.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there:  piae.  pit,  are.  tar. 
on**.  •*"«.  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  smaa.    »,c»  =  e:«y 


:  go. 


strikingly— stringwood 


4493 


•tnk  -Ihg-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  striking;  -ly.}  In 
a  striking  manner  or  degree  ;  so  aa  to  affect  or 
surprise  ;  surprisingly,  forcibly,  strongly,  iiu- 


"The  inferiority  of  the  present  age  ...  is 
conspicuous."  —  Knox  :  Winter  Eveningt.  ev.  70. 

strik  ihg-ncss,  s.  [Eng.  striking;  -nets.] 
The  quality  01  state  of  being  striking;  1111- 
pressiveuess. 

strili-le,  >.    [STRICKLE.] 

string,  *  streng,  *  stringe,  *  strong,  s. 

[A.>.  itn  .,(ii  (from  its  being  strongly  or  tightly 
twi^tr<!).  liom  ,'Ymw/  =:  strong  (q.v.);  cogn. 
with  Dut.  streng,  from  streng  =  strong  ;  Icel. 
strengr;  Dan.  str&ng;  Sw.  strung  ;  Ger.  strang; 
Gr.  irrpaffd\n  (stranggale)  =  a  halter,  from 
ffrpayyds  (stranggas)  =  hard  twisted.] 

I.  Ont  inary  Language  : 

1.  A  small  rope,  line,  twine,  or  cord  ;  a  strip 
of  leather,  or  other  like  substance,  for  tieing 
or  fastening  things. 

"  111  knit  it  up  in  lilken  artn}*' 

xtiukfip.  :  Ttoo  Gentlemen  .if  Verona,  It.  7. 

8.  A  piece  of  thread,  or  the  like,  upon 
which  anything  is  strung  or  filed  ;  hence,  a 
get  of  things  strung  or  tiled  on  a  line. 

"I  have  caught  two  of  these  dark  undermining  ver- 
min, and  intend  to  make  a  itriny  of  them,  ill  order  to 
lung  them."—  Additon  :  Spectator. 

3.  A  succession  of  things  following  in  a  line. 

"  Stringt  of  camels  were  perpetually  traversing  the 
•andy  track,"—  Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  16,  1866. 

4.  Hence,  a  series  of  things  connected  or 
following  in  succession  ;  any  concatenation  of 
things  :  as,  a  string  of  arguments. 

5.  A  strip  of  leather  or  the  like  by  which 
the  covers  of  a  book  are  held  together. 

6.  The  chord  of  a  musical  instrument,  as  of 
a  harp,  a  violin,  a  pianoforte.    [II.  4.] 

"  Among  thescrfcv*  his  fingers  range." 

Scott  :  Ro&bi,  V.  It. 

7.  Hence,  in  the  plural,  the  stringed  instru- 
ments of  an  orchestra,  as  distinguished  from 
the  brass  and  wind  instruments. 

"With  the  orchestra  little  fault  could  be  found 
beyond  ttie  weaknees  of  the  ttringt,"  —  Daily  Tetegravh. 
March  14,  1887. 

8.  The  line  or  cord  of  a  bow. 

**  When  twanged  an  arrow  from  Levels  mystic  itrtnff." 

Coleridge:  In  the  manner  o/Spewfr. 
•9.  A  riband. 

**  Bound  Onnond's  knee  thon  tte'at  the  mystic  tiring, 
That  makes  the  knight  compauiou  to  the  king." 
Prior:  Carmen  Secular*,  xlx. 

10.  A  fibre,  as  of  a  plant. 
"  In  palling  broom  up,  the  least  ttringt  left  behind 
will  grow."—  llorttmer:  Uuibandr*. 

*  11.  A  nerve  or  tendon  of  an  animal. 

"The  ttring  of  his  tongue  was  loosed  and  he  spake 
plain."-  Hart  vii.  86. 

12.  A  resource,  a  resort.  (Only  used  In  the 
phrase,  a  second  string  =  a  second  horse 
entered  for  a  race.)  [IT  2.] 

"  In  three  instances  the  second  itriny.  according  to 
the  market,  was  successful."—  Daily  ttlegraph,  Deo. 

IX  Technically: 

1.  A  rch.  :  A  string-course  (q.  v.^ 

2.  mlliarils: 

*(1)  The  number  of  points  made  ina  game. 
(2)  The  act  of  stringing  for  lead.    [STHINO, 
0.,  B.] 

3.  Mining  :  A  small  vein  of  ore,  diverging 
from  the  main  vein  and  passing  off  into  the 
rock.    Still  smaller  veins  are  called  threads. 
A  string  is  often  worth  following  to  great  dis- 
tances from  the  vein  from  which  it  diverges. 
Miners  view  strings  as  feeders  of  such  a  vein, 
and  believe  that,  as  a  rule,  its  productiveness 
U  proportioned  to  their  number. 

4.  Music  :  Prepared  wire  or  catgut,  plain  or 
covered,  used  for  musical  instruments.  Strings 
of  steel  or  brass  wire  are  used  for  all  instru- 
ments which  are   struck  with  hammers  or 
plectra,    as  dulcimers,  zithers,  mandolines, 
and  pianofortes,  and  strings  of  catgut  for  in- 
struments played  with  the  unprotected  fin- 
gers, or  with  a  bow,  as  guitars,  harps,  violins, 
violas,  violoncellos,  and  double-basses.  Violin 
strings  are  made  of  catgut,  each  string  being 
of  a  different  thickness,  according  to  the  tone 
and  tension  required,  the  fourth  string  being 
covered  with  a  flue  wire,  either  of  silver  or 
white  metal;   hence  it  is  called  the   silver 
string.    The  covered  strings  on  the  guitar  are 
upon  a  basis  of  silk  instead  of  catgut,  and  the 
double  bass  strings  are  of  thick  gut  uncovered  ; 
the  two  lowest  strings  on  the  violoncello  are 
•ilver  strings. 


5.  Shipwright. :  The  uppermost  row  of 
planks  in  a  ship's  ceiling,  or  that  between  the 
upper  edge  of  the  upper  deck-ports  and  the 
gunwale. 

1  (1)  Toharpupon  onestring:  To  talk  inces- 
santly upon  one  subject  or  thing.  (Colloq.) 

(2)  To  have  two  strings  to  one's  bow :  To  have 
two  expedients  or  resources  for  attaining  some 
object ;  to  liave  two  objects  in  view. 

string-band,  s.  A  band  of  musicians 
playing  only  or  mainly  on  stringed  instru- 
ments; that  portion  of  the  orchestra  which 
consists  of  stringed  instruments,  as  opposed 
to  tie  wood  and  brass  bands  respectively- 

string-beans,  s.  pi,  French  beans,  from 
the  string-like  fibre,  stripped  from  them  in 
preparing  them  for  the  table. 

•string-block,  t. 

Music:  A  block  in  the  wooden-frame  piano- 
forte into  which  were  driven  the  studs  upon 
which  the  strings  were  looped. 

string-board,  3. 

Carp. :  One  of  the  slanting  plecea  of  stairs 
into  which  the  steps  are  notched. 

string-course,  s. 

Arch. :  A  course  of  brick  or  stone  projecting 
slightly  from  the  face  of  the  wall  and  forming 
a  horizontal  line.  It  may  be  flat,  moulded, 
or  enriched. 

string-gauge,  s. 

Music :  A  small  instrument  for  measuring 
the  thickness  of  strings  for  violins,  guitars, 
&c.,  consisting  of  a  disc  or  an  oblong  piece  of 
metal,  with  a  graduated  slit  and  engraved 
table. 

string-organ,  ». 

Music :  A  musical  instrument,  the  sounds 
of  which  are  produced  by  the  association  of  a 
free  reed  and  wire  string. 

string-piece,  ». 

Carpentry : 

(1)  A  horizontal  connecting-strip  or  plank 
of  a  frame. 

(2)  The  timber  beneath  a  staircase  which 
forms  the  soffit  or  ceiling. 

(3)  A  timber  in  a  floor  framing. 

string-plate,  s. 

Music:  An  iron  bar  in  a  pianoforte  frame 
into  which  are  inserted  the  studs  to  which 
the  strings  are  secured. 

String,  v.t.  &  i.    [STRIKO,  ».] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  furnish  with  a  string  or  strings ;  to 
furnish  with  nerves. 

"  Orpheus'  lute  was  ttrung  with  poets'  sinews," 
x/uitap.  :  Tvx>  Otntltmen.  Ill  1, 

*  2.  To  tune  the  strings  of,  as  of  a  stringed 
Instrument. 

"  Here  the  muse  no  oft  her  harp  has  ttrung. 
That  not  a  mountain  rears  its  head  unsung." 
Additon. 

3.  To  put  on  a  string. 

"  As  these  Stan  wen  bnt  so  many  beads 
Strung  on  one  string." 

Donne  :  Progreu  of  the  Soul. 

*4.  To  make  tense  ;  to  impart  vigour  to  ;  to 
tone. 

"  By  chase  our  long-ltv'd  brothers  earn'd  their  food ; 
Toil  ttrung  the  nerves  and  purinetl  the  blood." 

Dryden:  Epittle  to  John  Dryden,  88. 

5.  To  deprive  of  strings  or  fibres :  as.  To 
string  beans, 
a  To  tie  up  or  hang  by  a  string. 

"  Give  the  dogs  their  portion  of  liver  and  lights, 
and  ttring  up  the  carcases."— field.  Sept.  35,  1886. 

t  7.  To  bind  with  string. 

8.  To  excite  or  deceive  by  false  or  exaggerated 
statements.  (Slang.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

Billiards :  To  determine  who  shall  lead  off, 
each  player  striking  his  ball  so  that  it  shall 
hit  the  top  cushion  and  come  back  towards 
balk  ;  he  whose  ball  stops  nearest  the  balk- 
line  being  entitled  to  choice  of  playing  first. 

stringed,  a.    [Eng.  string;  -ed.] 
I.  Having  strings. 

"We  wil  sing  my  songs  to  the  ttrtnged  instruments." 
— Itaiah  ivlll.  80  (1551). 

*  2.  Produced  by  or  on  strings. 

"  Divinely  warbled  voice 
Answering  the  tfrinaed  noise. 
As  all  their  souls  in  blissful  rapture  took." 

Jtilton  :  Tht  .Vat fefty. 


Stlin   gen-oy,  ».     [Eng.  stringent)  •  -cy.] 

1.  Ont.  Lang. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
stringent ;  strictness. 

2.  Comm, :  Hardness,  dearness,  scarcity. 

"  Within  the  last  few  days  Hasten!  rates  are  much 
stronger,  owing  to  a  ttringencv  in  the  value  o/  niouer 
in  Inola."-0a.7»  Telegraph.  Feb.  8,  1887. 

strln-gen'-do,  ode.    [Ital.] 

Music:  A  direction  to  accelerate  the  time. 

string'-ent,  a.  [Lat.  stringens,  pr.  par.  of 
struujo  =  to  draw  tight. ]  [STRICT.] 

•  1.  Binding  tightly,  drawing  tight 

2.  Making  strict  claims  or  requirements ; 
strict,  binding,  rigid,  severe. 

"  What  Is  more  uuexceptionally  ttrinjent  and  forc- 
ing."— Ifore:  Antidote  againK  Atheitm.  bk.  11.,  ch.  TU. 

String'-ent-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  stringent;  -ly.] 
In  a  stringent  manner ;  strictly,  rigidly. 

"  Proving  more  ttrlngentlf  that .  .  .  to.'— Mare  : 
Immort.  of  the  Soul,  bk,  it,  oh.  1L 

String  ont  ness,  s.  [Eng.  stringent ;  -net..] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  stringent ;  string- 
ency. 

string'-er,  ».    [Eng.  string,  v.  ;  -er.} 
L  Ont  Lang. :  One  who  strings,  as — 

1.  One  who  makes  or  furnishes  strings  for 
a  bow. 

"  The  offices  of  the  bowmaker.  the  fletcher,  and  the) 
Wringer,  were  all  kept  separate."—  Knight :  ricloriat 
Bin.  Bng..,  ii.  87L 

2.  One  who  files  or  arranges  on  a  string :  as, 
a  stringer  of  beads  or  pearls. 

*  3.  A  fornicator,  a  wencher. 

"  Hath  been  an  old  aringer  in  his  days.* 
Beaum.  i  fM.  :  Knight  of  Burning  PetO*.  L 

JL  Technically : 

1.  Carp. :  A  horizontal  timber  connecting 
posts  in  a  frame ;  as— 

(1)  A  tie-timber  of  a  truss-bridge. 

(2)  A  horizontal  tie  in  a  floor  framing. 

2.  BaU.-eng. :  A  longitudinal  balk  or  timber 
on  which  a  railway  rail  is  fastened,  and  which 
rests  on  transverse  sleepers. 

3.  Shipwright. :  An  inside  strake  of  plank 
or  of  plates,  secured  to  the  ribs  and  support- 
ing the  ends  of  the  beams  ;  a  shelf-piece. 

String-halt,  s.    [Eng.  string,  and  halt.] 
Farr. :  (See  extract). 

"  fttringhaft  is  a  sudden  twitching  and  snatching  up 
of  the  hinder  lee  of  a  horse  much  higher  titan  the 
other,  or  an  involuntary  or  convulsive  motion  of  the 
muscles  that  extend  or  bend  the  hough."— Farrier't 
DtcOonarf. 

Strlng'-I  ness,  s.  [Eng.  stringy ; -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  stringy  ;  fibrousness. 

string  loss,  a.  [Eng.  string;  -lets,}  Having 
no  strings, 

"  His  tongue  Is  now  a  ttringlett  Instrument." 

Shaketp. ;  Richard  II..  it  L 

strln  go  9oph'  a  liis,     strife -6- ceph'- 

a  lus,  ».  [Gr.  orpif  (strix\  genit.  orpiyot 
(strigos)  [8TB1X],  and  «eo>oA>j  (krphali)  =  ttw 
head.] 

Palixmt. :  A  genus  of  Terebratulidse.  Shell 
punctate,  suborbicuiar,  with  a  prominent 
beak.  Stringocephalus  burtoni  is  found  in  the 
Middle  Devonian.  There  is  a  Stringocephalus 
schist  and  a  Stringocephalus  limestone  in  the 
Devonian  of  Germany.  The  latter  occurs  also 
in  the  same  formation  in  Devonshire. 

strm-gop'-I-d<B,  J.tif.  [Mod.  Lat.  stringop(t); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suit",  -idee.} 

Ornith. :  A  family  of  Reichenow's  Psittact, 
of  the  same  extent  aa  Stringopinae  (q.v.). 

strin   go-pi   nto,  strig-6   pi'  nse,  s.  pL 

[Mod.  Lat.  stringop(s),  stngop(s) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL 
adj.  suff.  -ina.} 

Ornith. :  A  sub-family  of  Psittacidee  (q.v.X 
with  a  single  genus,  Stringops  (q.v.). 

string'-ops,  striR  ops,  s.  [Gr.  orptf  (strix\ 
genit.  orpi'yos  (strigos)  =an  owl,  and  o^  (ops) 
=  the  face.] 

Ornith. :  The  sole  genus  of  the  family  Strin- 
gopidie  or  the  sub-family  Stringopinae  (q.v.), 
with  one  species,  Strigops  habroptilus,  the 
Kakapo  or  Kakapoa  (q.v.).  Buller  {Birds  of 
New  Zealand,  p.  28),  considers  5.  greyi,  pro- 
visionally recognised  by  Gray  (lint,  1862, 
p.  230),  to  be  only  a  variety. 

String'- wood,  s.    [Eng.  string,  s.,  an 
Bot. :  Aculypha  rubra. 


boil,  boy:  po~ut,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  5hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    pb  =  C 
-dan,    tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -lion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious, -tious, -sious  -  shiis.   -ble,  -die,  *c.  =  bel,  del. 


4494 


•tringy— strive 


r-J,  o.    [Eng.  string;  -».] 

1.  Consisting  of  strings  or  small  threads  ; 
fibrous,  filamentous. 

"The  toigh  and  urinay  coat  of  the  areca  nut"— 
Coot.  «r*t  rerun.  bk.10.,  eh.  Ix 

2.  Ropy,  viscid  ;  that  may  be  drawn  into  a 
thread. 

*  3.  Sinewy,  wiry  :  as,  A  stringy  man. 

stringy  bark  tree,  s. 

Bot.  :  A  popular  Australian  name  for  many 
ef  the  Eucalypti,  from  the  fibrous  character 
of  their  bark  ;  specif.,  Eucalyptus  giganiea,  a 
huge  tree,  400  feet  high,  and  about  100  feet  in 
girth  a  yard  from  the  ground.  Next  to  the 
mammoth  Sequoia  of  California  these  are  the 
largest  trees  upon  the  earth's  surface,  and  they 
are  taller  than  the  Sequoia.  One  fallen  speci- 
men observed  by  \\  allace  must  have  been 
nearly  600  feet  high.  Their  frequently  ragged 
bark,  peculiar  aromatic  odor,  and  the  vertical 
direction  of  their  leaves  combine  to  give  them 
a  unique  character.  The  title  Stringy-Bark 
Tree,  however,  is  particularly  applied  to  E.  ro- 
busla,  a  species  which  yields  a  beautiful  red 
gum.  The  culture  of  Eucalyptus  has  been 
introduced  with  good  results  into  California, 
and  other  countries,  it  having  a  high  reputa- 
tion as  a  destroyer  of  malarious  conditions. 

itrln  -kle,  v.t.  or  t  [A  variant  of  sprinkle 
(q.v.).]  To  sprinkle.  (Scotch.) 

frtrln  -kllng,  s.    [STRISKLE.) 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  sprinkle*. 

2.  That  which  is  sprinkled  ;  a  sprinkling. 

Btrin  sl-a,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

IMky.  :  A  genus  of  Gadidae,  limited  to  the 
Mediterranean.  The  species  live  at  a  greater 
depth  than  those  of  Oadus,  but  «re  not  in- 
cluded in  the  deep-sea  fauna. 

•trip,  -strepe,  •  strype,  *  stryppe 
(pa.  t.  *  strepte,  stripped,  *stripte,  pa.  par. 
•strept,  *i.slruped,  stripped),  v.t.  &  C  [A.S. 
strypan;  cogn.  with  Dut.  stroopen  =to  plunder, 
to  strip  ;  strepen  =  to  stripe  ;  strippen  =  to 
whip,  to  strip  off  leaves  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  stroufen  ; 
Ger.  streifen  =  to  graze.]  [STRIPE.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  pluck,  pull,  or  tear  off,  as  a  covering. 
(Frequently  with  off.) 

"  She  stripped  it  from  her  term-' 

StaHap.  :  Cfmtxlini,  IL  4 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  covering  ;  to  akin,  to 
MeL     (Generally  with  of  before  the  thing 
taken  away  :  as,  To  s(n>  a  tree  if  its  bark  ; 
To  strip  a  man  of  his  clothes.) 

"  And  stripped  his  limbs  to  mcfa  array, 
AM  best  might  suit  the  watery  way.  ^ 

Scott:  Lady  of  tkt  iaJn.  U.  14. 

8.  To  despoil,  to  plunder,  to  pillage  ;  to  de- 
prive of  arms,  accoutrement*,  &C. 

"A  corpse  which  marauder*  have  Jut  ttrtnt  and 
mangled.  *—  Jfocnuity.-  Oia.  Ent.,  eh.  xiii. 

4.  To  bereave,  to  deprive,  to  divest,  to  de- 
spoil, to  make  destitute.    (With  of  before  the 
thing  taken  away  :  aa,  To  strip  a  man  of  his 

•fMtmions.) 

5.  To  take  away. 

*  All  the  temporal  land*  would  Uiey  if  rip  from  us.' 
8*atctp.  :  Em*  r,  I.  L. 

*  6.  To  uncover,  to  unsheathe. 

"Strip  your  sword  stark  naked." 

Skttop.  :  TvafOt  SlfU,  liL  i. 

T.  To  nnrig  :  «s,  To  strip  a  ship. 

*  8.  To  separate  ;  to  put  away. 

"  HU  unkindness 
That  Urtpt  h«r  from  hij  benediction." 

Skalutp.  :  Lear,  Iv.  s. 

•9.  To  pass  rapidly  ;  to  run  or  sail  past; 
to  ontrnn,  to  outstrip. 

-  Before  be  reached  it  he  wai  oat  of  breath, 
And  then  the  other  tripped  him." 


10.  To  press  the  last  milk  out  of,  at  a  milk- 
ing ;  to  milk  dry  :  as,  To  strip  a  cow. 
U.  Technically: 

1.  Agric.  :  To  pare  off  the  surface  In  strips, 
and  turn  over  the  strips  npon  the  adjoining 
surface. 

2.  itach.  :  To  tear  off  the  thread  of.    (Said 
Of  a  screw  or  bolt  :  as,  The  screw  was  stripped.) 

B.  Intrantilire  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  take  off  the  covering  or 
clothes  ;  to  uncover,  to  undress,  partially  or 
entirely. 


"After  patting  Sandiord  lock  the  crew  stripped. "— 
Held,  March  5.  1887. 

2.  Jlach, :  To  lose  the  thread,  or  have  the 
thread  stripped  off.  (Said  of  a  screw  or  bolt.) 

^  To  strip  one's  self: 

1.  To  deprive  one's  self.    (Followed  by  of: 
as,  To  jfrip  one's  self  of  all  one's  possessions.) 

2.  Specif. :  To  undress ;  to  take  otf  one's 
clothes. 

"  The  moment  they  saw  the  king  en  tar,  they  ttripprd 
AfHUelfa  in  groat  haste,  beintf  covered  before."— 
Coo*/  Second  royaff^  ok.  i..  ch.  xL 

•trip-leaf,  ».  Tobacco  from  which  th« 
stalks  have  been  removed  before  packing, 
(Svnmonds.) 

•trip  (1),  s.    [STRIP,  ».,  STRIP-,  *.) 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  narrow  piece,  comparatively  long. 

2.  A  stripling. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  A  narrow  piece  of  board  nailed 
over  a  crack  or  joint  between  planks. 

"  When  a  plumed  faune  may  shade  thy  chalked  face, 
And  lawny  scrips  thy  naked  boaou)  grace." 

eUtap  loll :  Satires,  IT.  4. 

2.  Mining:  An  inclined   trough  in  wliirh 
ores  are  separated  by  being  disturbed  while 
covered  by  a  stream  of  water  descending  the 
strip. 

•trip  (2),  >.  [Norm.  FT.  estrippt  =  waste.) 
Waste ;  destruction  of  fences,  buildings, 
timber,  Sic.  (Amer.  lav.) 

•tripe,  *  strype,  5.     [O.  But.  strijpe;  Dut. 
streep=&  stripe,  a  streak  ;  Low  Ger.  stripe  = 
a  stripe;  <tripen  =  to  stripe;  Ger.  streij'—t 
stripe,  a  streak,  a  strip  ;  Ban.  stribe.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  line  or  long  narrow  division  or  strip  of 
anything,  of  a  different  colour  front  the  ground. 

"There  is  a  very  beautiful  sort  of  wUd  ass  In  this 
country,  whose  body  is  curiously  striped  with  equal 
lists  of  white  and  black  ;  the  strip**  coming  from  the 
ridge  of  his  back,  and  ending  under  the  belly,  which 
!•  white."— Dampitr:  Fojroges  (an.  levii. 

2.  A  linear  variation  of  color. 

3.  A  wale  or  discoloration  caused  by  a  lash 
or  blow. 

4.  A  stroke  made  with  a  Lash,  whip,  scourge, 
rod,  or  the  like. 

"  With  his  Kripa  we  an  healed,'— tola*  lili.  «. 

Jx  Color  as  the  badge  of  a  party  or  faction ; 
hence,  distinguishing  characteristic,  character, 
feature:  as,  persons  of  the  same  political 
stripe. 

*  6.  A  blow,  a  stroke. 

*  But,  when  he  could  not  quite  It,  with  one  scrips 
Her  lion*  clawed  he  from  her  feete  away  did  wipe." 
Sptnur-.F.  «.,  V.  xi.tr. 

"  7.  A  wound. 

"  The  shaftes  of  Inde  ware  very  louge,  a  yard  and  a 
fcalfe.  u  Arriauus  doth  saye.  or.  at  the  least,  a  j-arde, 
aa  Q.  Curtius  dotht  aaye,  and  therefore  they  gar*  the 
greater  svrjrp*."— Atcfrnm  :  TompkOttt,  bk.  fl. 

*8.  Pattern,  manner. 

"  I  shall  go  on  ;  and  first  In  differing  iMpt 
The  flood-gods  speech  thus  tune  on  oaten  pipe." 
Brotent :  Britannia*  Pastorals. 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Entom. :  [Bra-Ax,  IL  1.  (!)•] 

2.  AfiZ.  (PI.):  Narrow  strips  of  cloth,  or  gold 
or  silver  lace,  worn  by   non-commissioned 
officers,  to  denote  their  rank,  and  as  a  mark 
of  good   conduct.     Rank    is   denoted   in  a 
similar  manner  in  the  police  force. 

3.  Weaving :  A  pattern  produced  by  arrang- 
ing the  warp-threads  in  sets  of  alternating 
colours. 

^  To  get  (or  late)  one's  stripes : 
•Mil. :  To  be  promoted  to  (or  reduced  from) 
the  rank  of  a  non-commissioned  officer. 

stripe  tall,  «. 

Ornith. :  Any  individual  of  the  Humming- 
bird genus,  Enpherusa.  There  are  ttiree 
species,  from  Central  America. 

•tripe,  *.(.    [STRIPE,  s.] 

1.  To  form  stripes  upon ;  to  variegate  with 
stripes;  to  form  or  variegate  ilth  lines  of 
different  colours. 

"2.  To  strike,  to  lash  ;  to  beat  with  stripes. 

striped,  a.  [STRIPE,  >.]  Harked  with  or 
having  longitudinal  stripes  of  a  colour  differing 
from  that  of  the  general  hue. 

striped  bellied  tunny,  ». 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  for  the  Bonito 


(q.v.),  from  the  fact  that  it  has  four  browmsv 
longitudinal  stripes  on  the  under  surface. 

striped  hymna,  ,.    [HTXKA,  1.] 

striped  monse,  s. 

Zool.  :  Mus  barbarus,  an  elegant  little  mouse 
from  the  north  of  Africa.  It  is  of  a  bright 
yellowish  brown,  with  longitudinal  dark- 
brown  streaks. 

striped  sack-winged  bat,  >. 

Zool.  :  Saccoptcryx  bilineata,  a  small  specie* 
from  Surinam.  [SACCOPTEHYJL] 

Btriped-spermophile,  *. 

Zool.  :  Spermop/iilus  tridecemlineattts,  a  small 
American  rodent,  from  six  to  eight  inches 
long  ;  colour,  cliestuut-brown,  with  seven 
yellowish-white  lines  running  along  the  back, 
and  between  these  six  rows  of  small  white 
spots.  It  ranges  from  Canada  as  far  south  at 
Texas. 

•triped  surmullet,  «. 

Ichihy.  :  liullus  surmuletiu.    [MrjLLCs.] 
striped-wrasse,  s.    [RED-WRASSB.] 

strip  ling,  •  atryp-ling,  *.  4  o.   [Adimin. 
fruui  strip  (1),  s.] 

A.  As  subst.  :    A  youth    In  the  state  of 
adolescence,  or  just  passing  from  boyhood 
into  manhood  ;  a  lad. 

"Angel  1  forgive  this  Itriptiny't  fond  despair." 

Byron  :  ffcaffn  t  Sarth.  1.  L 

B.  As  adj.  :  Youthful  ;   like  a  stripling  or 
youth.    (Pope:  Homer;  Odyssey  i.  194.) 

Strip'-per,  ».    [Eng.  strip,  v.  ;  -er.] 

i  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  or  that  which. 
strips. 

IL  Technically: 

L  F  He-making  :  A  file-stripper  (q.v.). 

2.  Carding:  A  device  for  lifting  the  top 
flats  from  the  carding-cylinder. 
*  strip'-pSt,  ».    [A  dimin.  from  strip  (1),  a,] 
A  very  narrow  stream  ;  a  rivulet. 

"  Prom  whence  runneth  a  little  hrook  or  Jtripoef," 
:  OtKrip.  Scotland.  eh.  x. 


strlp'-plng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    tSnup,  t>.] 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  (See) 
the  verb). 
Ct  As  substantive: 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  or  process  of  de- 
priving of  the  covering  or  coat. 
H,  Technically: 

1.  Carding  :  The  operation  of  cleaning  or 
removing  the  short  fibres  from  between  ths 
teeth  of  the  various  cylinders  and  top  flats. 

2.  file-making  :   The  process  of  cross-filing 
and  then  draw-filing  file  blanks  to  prepare 
them  for  grinding  or  cutting. 

3.  Tobacco:   Removing"  the  wings   of  th« 
tobacco  leaf  from  the  stems. 

•tripping-knife,  «.   A  tool  for  removing 
the  blades  of  sorghum  from  the  stalks,  pre- 
vious to  grinding. 
Btrltch'-el,  i.    [STRICKLE.] 

strive,  "  Stryve  (pa.  t  'strlred,  'stnf, 
strove,  pa.  par.  striven),  v.l.  [O.  Fr.  estrivtr, 
from  estrif—  strife  (q.v.);  Dirt  streren;  Low 
Qer.  strewen  ;  Ger.  streben  ;  Dan.  strobe  ;  8w. 
strajva.] 

1.  To  make  efforts  ;  to  use  exertions  ;  to  en- 
deavour with  earnestness  ;  to  work  hard  ;  to 
labour  earnestly;  to  try  hard  ;   to  do  one's 
best. 

"AYri**,  man.  and  speak." 

SJbaicsp.  :  Cyrxbdint,  T.  i. 

2.  To  contend  ;  to  struggle  in  opposition  , 
to  fight,  to  contest.    (Followed  by  against  or 
with  before  the  person  or  thing  opposed,  and 
for  before  the  object  sought.) 

"  The  state;  that  (Mm/or  liberty,  though  foll'd,  .  .  . 
Deaerves  at  least  applause  for  her  attempt." 

Coisjxr  .•  Tatt,  r.  «T. 

3.  To  quarrel  or  contend  with  each  other  ; 
to  be  at  variance,  or  come  to  be  so  ;  to  be  in 
contention,  dispute,  or  altercation. 

"  The  fatal  colours  of  our  striving  hsuses." 

ShaJcetp.  :  8  Henry  VI.,  U.  I. 

*  i.  To  oppose  by  contrariety  of  qualities. 

"  Now  private  pity  siroM  with  public  hate, 
Reason  with  rtge,  and  eloquence  with  f«t*." 

DtnJutm. 

6.  To  vie  ;  to  be  comparable  ;  to  emulate  ;  to 
contend  in  excellence.  {Chaucer:  C.  T.,  1,038.) 

t  For  the  difference  between  to  strive  and 
to  contend,  see  CONTEND,  U  (2). 


&te,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  whit,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wolC  work,  whd,  son;  mate,  crib,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    e,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


strive— strolling 


4495 


*  Strive,  *  stryve,  s.    [STRIVE,  v.] 

1.  A  striving,  an  effort,  an  exertion. 

2.  Strife,  contention. 

"And  whanne  ye  sehuleu  bera  batetlis  and  ttryuet 
withiime  [aeditioueaj  ;  uyle  ye  be  aferd."—  Wycliff«  : 
Lute  xxi 

•triv  -er,  5.    [Eng.  striv(e),  v.  ;  -er.]    One  who 

strives  or  contends  ;  one  who  makes  efforts  of 
body. 

"  An  Imperfect  ttriver  may  overcome  tin  ID  some 
iustaaceB."-(«ani>i«:  Ditcourtti.  aer.  L 

«tiiV  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [STRIVE,  r.) 

*  Striv'-Ing-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  striving  ;  -ly.]    In 
a  striving  manner;  with  great  exertions  or 
efforts. 

Strix,  *.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  <rrpi'£  (strix)  =  errpiyf 
(stringx)  =  an  owl,  lit.,  the  screecher,  from 
cTpt^w,  rpi'£u>  (strizS,  trizo)  =  to  screech,  to 
•cream.] 

Ornithology: 

*  1.  A  genus  founded  by  Linnreus,  contain- 
Ingall  the  owls  known  to  him.  Tins  genus  was 
divided  by  Briason,  who  made  Strix  stridula 
(Linn.),  the  Tawny  Owl  (the  Syrnium  aluco 
of  some  authors),  the  type  of  his  genus  Strix 
[81,  and  the  S.  otus  (Linn.),  the  type  of  a  new 
genus,  Asio.  (Ibis,  1876,  p.  94-104.) 

t2.  A  genus  founded  by  Savigny,  with  S. 
Jlammea  (Linn.),  the  Screech  Owl,  as  its  type. 
Fleming  gave  to  this  bird  the  generic  name 
Aluco  (Latinised  from  Ital.  alluceo,  probably 
by  Gaza,  the  translator  of  Aristotle,  1603), 
ami  defined  it  thus  :  Beak  straight  at  base, 
Recurved  towards  point  ;  nostrils  oval,  oblique  ; 
facial  disc  large  and  complete,  narrowing 
rapidly  below  the  eyes  towards  the  beak  ; 
auditory  opening-  square,  large,  furnished  with 
•  large,  nearly  rectangular  opercuium;  wings 
long  and  ample  ;  tall  shortish  ;  legs  long  and 
slender,  clothed  with  downy  feathers  to  the 
origin  of  the  toes  ;  hind  toe  reversible  ;  head 
•mooth,  not  furnished  with  tufts.  Very  many 
authors,  however,  still  retain  the  name  Strix. 
This  genus  is  the  type  of  the  Alucine  section, 
in  which  the  hinder  margin  of  the  sternum  is 
entire  or  slightly  sin  na  ted,  the  keel  united 
with  the  furcula,  and  the  manubrial  process 
Absent  ;  the  beak  in  all  is  straight  at  the 
base,  and  the  claw  of  the  middle  toe  serrated 
on  the  inner  edge. 

3.  According  to  Brisson,  and  the  modern 
taxonomists,  a  genus  of  Strigidae,  with  several 
species,   widely  distributed.     Bill  decurved 
from  the  base  ;    nostrils  large  ;    facial  disk 
large  and  complete  ;  ears  large  and  furnished 
In  front  with  a  large,  crescentic  operculum, 
broad  below,  tapering  above  ;  wings  short  and 
rounded  ;  tail  long,   concave  beneath  ;    legs 
and  toes  feathered  ;  head  large,  round,  and 
without  tufts.    The  genus  is  the  type  of  the 
fltrigine  section,  in  which  the  hinder  margin 
of  the  sternum  is  characterized  by  two  or 
four  more  or  leas  deep  clefts.    This  section 
may  be  further  sub-divided  into  owls  which 
do,  and  owls  which  do  not  possess  an  oper- 
culum. 

fit  roam,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  perhaps  allied 
to  stream.] 

1.  To   wander  about   idly;   to   roam,  to 
•troll. 

"He  ...  ttroamtd  up  and  down  the  room."—  Mad. 
D'Arblay:  CamWa,  bk.  iii..  ch.  xx. 

2.  To  walk  with  long  strides.    (Prwj.) 

fit  roan,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To  spout  ;  to 
make  water.  (Scotch.) 

"  But  he  wad  atan't  aa  glad  to  see  him, 

Ami  ttroan't  OH  stanes  an'  hillocks  wi'  htm." 

Bvnu  :  Th»  Taa  Dofft. 

•fcrS-bi'-la,    *.      [Or.    <rrpd£iAo«   (strobilos)  — 
,  anything  twisted  up,  a  fir-apple,  a  pine-cone  ; 
ffrptyi*  (strepho)  —  to  twist,  to  turn.] 
Zoology  : 

1.  A  mature  tapeworm,  with  its  generative 
segments.     [PROOLOTTIS.] 

2.  The  name  given  by  Sara  to  a  stage  in  the 
life-history    of   the    Lucernarida,   when    the 
hydra-tuba  developed  a  mass  of  reproductive 
zooids  arranged  somewhat  in  the    form    of 
a  pine-cone. 

Btrob-i-la'-ceoiis  (ce  as  ah),  o.  [Eng. 
strobil(a);  -aceous.]  The  same  as  STROBILI- 
roRM  (q.v.). 

(sfro- 

(anthos) 


strob-i-lan'-thes,  *.     [Gr. 
bilos)  =  anything  twisted,  and  a 
—  a  flower.] 


Bot. :  A  large  genus  of  Ruelliete.  Strobtt- 
antkes  faccidifoli**,  growing  in  Assam  and 
Burmah,  yields  a  valuable  blue  dye. 

stro  bile,  stro-bi  -lus,  *.    [STROBILA.] 

Botany : 

1.  An  ament   converted  into  a  pericarp. 
(Linnams)    [CONE,  II.  6.] 

2.  Any  similar  fruit. 

3.  An  imbricated  scaly  inflorescence. 

4.  Hard  scales  arising  from  spirally-arranged 
imbricated  flowers. 

strS-bU'-J-form,  a.     [Eng.  ttroWfe,   and 

form.]    Shaped  like  a  strobile. 

Btro'-bi'-line,  a.    [Eng.  strobil(e);  adj.  Buff. 
-ine.\    Pertaining  to  a  strobile  ;  cone-shaped. 

strob'-i-li-tea,  s.     [Mod.  Lat  9trobil(us) 
-ites.} 

Palceobot. :  A  provisional  genus  of  fossil 
fruits.  Three  British  species  are  enumerated 
by  Morris  :  one  from  the  Upper  Greensand  of 
Wiltshire,  one  from  the  Lias  of  Lyme  Regis, 
and  one  from  the  Pleistocene  of  Norfolk. 

stro  bi  -lus,  a.    [STBOBILB.) 

stroV-6-acdpe,  *.    An  Instrument  for  study- 
ing the  periodic  motion  of  the  body. 

stro  cat,  stro'  kal,  stro'-kle,  s.    [Etym. 

doubtful.] 

Glass:  A  shovel  for  frit,  sand,  &c.  It  has 
turned-np  edges  to  increase  its  holding 

capacity. 

*  Strode,  s.     [STRUDE.] 
Strode,  pret.  ofv.    [STRIDE,  v.] 

stroem'-lte,   s.       [After    Heir   Stroera,   of 
Sweden;  suff.  -ite  (Af  in.) ;  Ger.  stromit.] 
Min, :  The  same  as  RHODOCHROSITE  (q.v.). 

strog  -an  6  vite, ».  [After Count  Stroganov ; 
suif.  -ite  (Min.) ;  Ger.  stroganount.] 

Min. :  An  altered  form  of  Scapolite  (q.v,), 
containing  carbonate  of  lime.  Found  at  Bludi- 
anka,  Trausbaikal. 

*  stroie,  v.t.    [STHOY.J 

*  stroi-er,  t.    [STROVE*.] 
stro   kal,  s.    [STUOCAI,.] 

*  stroke,  *  strook,  prtt.  ofv.    [STRIKB,  v.] 

stroke,  *  stroak,    *  strok,  *  strook,  9. 

[ A.S.  straff,  pa.  t  of  strican  =  to  strike ;  Ger. 
streich.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  blow,  a  knock ;  the  striking  of  one 
body  against  another  ;  the  action  of  one  body 
upon  another  when  brought  into  sudden  con- 
tact with  it ;  the  sudden  effect  of  forcible 
contact ;  specif.,  a  blow  struck  by  means  of 
the  human  arm ;  a  blow  with  a  weapon ;  a 
hostile  blow. 

"  And,  with  bU  ax,  repeated  ttroke*  bestows 
On  the  strong  dOon. 

Drydm  :  VirgU  ;  .fntid  U.  «W. 

(2)  The  moment  of  striking  (applied  to  a 
clock) ;  the  sound  of  a  clock  striking  the 
hours.    (Shakesp. :  Richard  III.,  iii.  2.) 

(3)  A  dash  in  writing  or  printing  ;  the  touch 
of  a  pen  or  pencil. 

**  But  imitative  s/rokei  can  do  no  more 
Than  please  the  eye."  Covper :  Tatk,  L  08. 

*(4)  A  throb,  a  pulsation,  a  beat. 

"  Twenty  ttroke*  of  the  blood.* 

Tennyion  :  Elain*.  Tl«. 

(5)  A  caress,  a  stroking;  a  gentle  rubbing 
with  the  hand,  expressive  of  kinuness. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  The  agency  of  any  hostile  and  pernicious 
power ;  fatal  assault  or  attack. 

'*  Dated  an  I,  much  like  vnto  the  gi»er 
Of  oue  striken  with  dint  of  lightening. 
Blind  with  the  ttroke,  and  crying  h-re  and  there." 
IVyat :  Loiter  dttcribing  hit  being  ttriktn. 

(2)  A  sudden  attack  of  disease  or  affliction  ; 
calamity,  distress,  mishap.    [*[[.) 

"  Some  diatresBful  ttroke  that  my  youth  Buffered.1* 
MoJtcjp. ;  Othello,  L  a. 

•  (3)  A  sudden  burst  or  flash. 

"  A  ttroke  of  cruel  snnahin«  on  the  cliff." 

Tcnnywn  :  Prince**,  IT.  Bit. 

(4)  A  touch ;  an  effort ;  an  attempt.    (Usu- 
ally in  a  good  sense :  as,  a  bold  stroke,  a 
master  stroke.) 


(5)  A  series  of  operations  :  as,  To  do  a  good 
stroke  of  business. 

*  (6)  Power,  efficacy,  influence. 

"  H«  has  a  great  ttroke  with  the  reader,  wh«n  ho 

condemns  any  of  my  iioems.  to  make  the  world  have  A 
better  opiniun  of  them."—  Dryden.    (Todd.) 

*  (7)  Appetite. 

"  Too  have  a  good  ttr&ak  with  you."—  .S*>i/f  :  PoUU 
Con  variation,  it 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Games:  The  act  of  striking  the  ball  with 
the  cue,  racket,  club,  &c.    (Used  in  billiards, 
rackets,  tennis,  golf,  &c.) 

2.  Rowing: 

(1)  The  sweep  of  an  oar. 

"  Fiiiiibing  the  ttroke  with  a  Jerk."—  fMtt,  Sept  ^ 
1886. 

(2)  The  stroke-oar  or  strokesman  of  a  boat. 

"Stroke  still  requires  more  life,  his  feather  also  U 
Dot  always  as  clear  as  it  might  be."—  FielA,  March  ft, 
1887. 

3.  Steam-eng.  :  The  length  of  rectilinear  mo- 
tion of  a  piston,  pump-rod,  plunger,  &e.    The 
stroke  of  a  valve  is  called  its  travel  or  throw. 

7  Stroke  of  paralysis  or  apoplexy  : 
PathoL:  A  sudden  attack  of  paralysis  or 
apoplexy. 

stroke-oar,  s. 

Rowing  :  The  aftermost  oar  in  a  boat,  or  the 
rower  who  pulls  it  ;  the  strokesman. 

stroke,   *  stroak,  *  stroako,   v.t.     [A.8. 

strdcian,  from   strdc,   pa.  t.  of  strican  =  to 
strike  ;    Ger.    streicheln  —  to    stroke,    from 
streichen  =  to  rub  ;  Dut.  ttrooken  ;  Dan.  stryge  ; 
Sw.  stryka.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  rub  gently  with  the  hand  to  express 
kindness  or  affection  ;  to  rub  gently  in  one 
direction  ;  to  soothe. 

"  They  ttroke  her  neck  ;  the  gentle  heifer  atanda, 
And  her  neck  offers  to  their  stroking  bauds." 

Dryden  :  Ovid  ;  Metamorphottt  t 

2.  To  smooth  ;  to  rub  down. 

"  And  then  another  pause  :  and  then, 
Stroking  hia  beard,  he  said  again." 

Longfellow:   Wayside  Inn.     (Interlude.) 

3.  To  act  as  a  strokesman  to  or  in. 

"Blcknell,  who  hat  hitherto  ttroked  the  boat"  — 
Fifld,  FeU  27,  1386. 

IL  Masonry:  To  work  the  fece  of  a  stone 
BO  as  to  produce  a  sort  of  fluted  surface. 

TF  To  stroke  the  wrong  way  of  the  hair:  To 
ruffle,  to  annoy. 

strok'-er,  *  stroak  cr,  s.  [Eng.  stroke,  v.i 
-er.} 

1.  One  who  strokes  ;  specif.,  one  who  pre- 
tended to  cure  by  stroking  the  part  affected. 

"  They  will  remind  as  of  the  cures  worked  by  Great- 
rlz  th«  jtrooJfcer,  in  the  memory  of  our  fathers  ;  and  of 
those  performed  at  the  tomb  of  Abbe  I'arU,  In  oof 
own,"—  Warburtm:  Workt,  vol.  x.,Mr.  Xt. 

*  2.  A  flatterer. 

strokes  man,  *.    [Eng.  stroke,  s.,  and  man,] 
Rowing  :  The  man  who  pulls  the  aftermost 
oar,  and  thus  sets  the  time  of  the  stroke  to 
the  rest  of  the  crew  ;  the  stroke-oar. 

strok'-Ing?,  *  strdak'-Ing?,  s.  ?>?.  (STROKE, 
v.}  The  last  milk  drawn  from  a  cow.  (Prov.) 

"The  cook  entertained  ine  with  choice  bit*,  the 
dairy  -maid  with  ttroakitiff$."—SmoU*tt  ;  liodcrick  Ran- 
dom, ch.  zl. 

stro  -kle,  ».    [STROCAL.] 

stroll*  *  stroyle,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful. 
According  to  tikeat,  it  is  a  doublet  of  straggle, 
being  a  frequent,  from  Dan.  stryge  =  to  stroll  ; 
fcjw.  stryka.]  To  rove  ;  to  wander  on  foot  ;  to 
ramble  leisurely  or  idly. 

"  'Til  she  who  nightly  ttrullt  with  sauntering  pace." 
Gay  :  Trivia.  UL  267. 

Stroll,  *.  [STROLL,  v.]  A  wandering  on  foot  ; 
a  leisurely,  idle  ramble. 


,  . 

Making  trespass  of  this  nature  a  specific  offence,  to 
be  more  severely  dealt  with  than  an  ordinary  ttroll 
upon  alien  territory."—  field.  Sept  4,  1886. 

strolT-er,  *  stroul-er,  s.  [Eng.  stroll  ;  -er.] 
One  who  strolls  about  ;  a  wanderer,  a  vagrant, 
a  vagabond  ;  specif.,  an  itinerant  or  strolling 
player. 

"  Your  fathers  (men  of  tense  and  honest  bowlen) 
Dlsdain'd  the  mummery  of  foreign  tlrollert." 

Fenian  ;  Prvt.  to  Spartan  Dam*. 

stroll'-ing,  a.  [STROLL,  v.]  Wandering  about, 
itinerant;  not  staying  for  any  time  in  one 
place.  (Especially  used  with  actor  or  player.) 

"  '  He  is  a  ttroftlnff  actor.'  said  the  lieutenant,  eon. 
temptaously."—  Dickent;  Ptetoridt,  ch.  lit. 


*^;  po^t,  J6>1;  cat,  yell,  choma,  cWn,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  thU;  «ln,  a?;  expect,  ^enophon,  eylst.    -Jig. 
•oiao, -tlan  =  sn^n.   -Uoa, -sion-sUun; -tioa, -§ion^xliun.    -cious, -tious, -sious  ^- anus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4496 


stroma— stronghand 


•tro'-ma  (pi.  stro  -ma-ta),  t.    [Or. 
(stroma),  genit.  o-rowfiarot  (stromatos)  =  a  bed. 

1.  Anat. :  A  layer,  bed,  or  stratum. 

2.  Bat. :  A  thallus  (q.v.),  specially  the  sub 
stance  in  which  certain  perithecia  or  fructify 
ing  cells  are  immersed. 

etro  ma  te'-l-dte,  s.  pi.  [Hod.  Lat.  tiro 
mati^us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ichtky.  :  A  family  of  Acanthopterygii  Cotto 
•comtiriformes.  with  two  genera,  Stromateu 
and  Centrolophns.  Body  oblong  and  com 
pressed,  covered  with  very  small  scales  ;  eye 
lateral ;  dentition  feeble  ;  oesophagus  armed 
with  numerous  horny,  barbed  processes ;  dor 
sal  single,  long,  without  distinct  spinous  di 
vision. 

•tro-ma'-t^-iU,  t.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Or 
rrfnt^a.  (stroma)  =  a  bed.] 

Ichthy. :  The  type-genus  of  Stromateid 
with  ten  species,  from  tropical  and  sub-tropica 
•eas.    There  are  no  ventral  fins  In  the  adult. 

•  stro-mat-lc,  a.  [Or.  <-raufi«--vf  (stroma 
(eiu)-  a  coverlet  (pi.  patchwork),  from  o-rpu/ui 
(aroma)  =  a  bed.)  Miscellaneous  ;  composed 
of  different  kinds. 

•tro-ma-tSl'-o-gy,  ».    [Gr.  mfaiLa  (stroma), 
genit.  ffrptotLans   (stromatos)  —  a  bed ;   autf. 
•ology.] 
Geol :  Stratigraphy  (q.T.), 

•trdmb,  t.    [STROMBCS.] 

Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Strom 
bid*  (q.v.),  though  some  authors  confine  the 
name  to  the  genus  Strombus  (q.v.).  The 
Strombs  are  very  active,  and  feed  on  carrion. 
Strombut  gigat,  the  Fountain-shell  of  the  West 
Indies,  is  one  of  the  largest  living  shells, 
sometimes  weighing  four  or  flve  pounds.  They 
are  imported  in  large  numbers  from  the 
Bahamas  for  the  manufacture  of  porcelain 
and  to  be  cut  into  cameos.  (See  illustration 
under  Strombus.) 

.trom'-bl  da>,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  ttromb(vs) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.] 

Zool.  <t  Palaont. :  Wing-shells  ;  a  family  of 
SIphonostonia  (q.v.).  Shell  with  expanded 
lip,  deeply  notched  near  canal ;  operculum 
claw-shaped,  serrated  on  outer  edge.  Animal 
with  large  eyes  on  thick  pedicels,  from  the 
middle  of  which  the  slender  tentacles  arise ; 
foot  narrow,  ill-adapted  for  creeping  ;  lingual 
teeth  single ;  uncini  three  on  each  side. 
Genera,  Strombus,  Pteroceras,  Rostellaria, 
and  Seraphs.  They  commence  in  the  Lias. 

Strom-bid'-Mim,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  strom- 
but  (q.v.),  and  Gr.  eMos  (eidoi)  =  appearance.] 
Zool. :  A  genus  of  Peritrichous  Infusoria, 
family  Halteriidse,  from  salt  and  fresh  water. 
Animalcules  free-swimming,  globose,  or  tur- 
binate.  Their  movements  are  extremely  rapid 
and  irregular. 

t  strom  bull  form,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  strom. 
bulus,  from  Lat  Strombus  (q.v.),  and  forma  = 
form,  shape.] 

1.  Sat. :  Twisted  in  a  long  spire,  so  as  to 
resemble  the  convolution  of  a  Stromb,  as  the 
legume  of  Acacia  strombulifera. 

2.  Geol. :  Shaped  like  a  top. 

Strom'    bus,   ».     [Lat,  from  Or. 
(strombos)  =  a  spiral  shell,  a  top.] 

1.  Zool. :  Stromb ;  the  type-genus  of  Strom- 
bids?  (q.v.).  Shell  mib-ventricose,  tubercular 
or  spiny ;  spire  short ;  aperture  long,  with  a 
•hort  canal  above,  truncated  below  ;  outer  lip 
expanded,  lohed  above,  and  sinuated  near  the 


STROMBUS  OIQAS. 

notch  of  the  anterior  canal.  Woodward  pnta 
the  species  at  sixty-live,  from  the  West  Indies, 
Mediterranean,  Red  Sea,  India,  Mauritius, 
China,  New  Zealand,  Pacific,  and  Western 
America.  Found  on  reefs  at  low  water, 
ranging  to  ten  fathoms. 


2.  Palcfont. :  Five  species  from  the  Chal] 
and  three  from  the  Miocene  of  the  south  o 
Europe. 

stro-mcy -cr-ino,   stro  mey-er-ite,    > 

[After  Stromeyer,  the  discoverer  of  Cadmium 
stiff,  -in*,  -Ut  (Min.).] 

Jtfttt. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  but  occur 
ring  mostly  massive.  Hardness,  2'5  to  3  ;  sp 
gr.  6-2  to  6'3;  lustre,  metallic;  colour,  dark 
steel-gray,  tarnishing  on  exposure ;  streal 
shining;  fracture,  sub-conchoidal.  Compos, 
sulphur,  15'8;  silver,  63'1;  copper,  31 '1  = 
100,  corresponding  to  the  formula  AgS  +  CuS 
Occurs  with  copper  pyrites  at  a  few  localities 

Strom' -nite,  a.  [After  Stromness,  Orkneys 
where  found  ;  sun.  -itt  (Afin.).] 

llin. :  A  mineral  supposed  by  Thomson 
who  described  it,  to  be  a  carbonate  of  stron 
tium,  barium,  and  calcium.  Now  regarded  as 
a  mixture. 

*  strond,  *  stronde,  ».    [STRAND,  i.] 

•  strond -war d,  adv.    [Mid.  Eng.  strond  = 
strand  ;  -ward.]    Towards  the  strand  ;  in  the 
direction  of  the  strand. 

"So  walking  to  the  Itronduxird  we  bargeynyd  hy  the 
«y."  Cnaucer :  Tale  of  Btrfn. 

strong,  *  streng,  *  stronge,  o.  ft  adv. 
[A.8.  strong,  strung;  cogn.  with  Dut  streng , 
IceL  ttrangr ;  Dan.  streng  ;  8w.  strung ;  Ger. 
streng  =  strict  From  the  same  root  as  strain, 
itrait,  straight,  stretch,  strict,  stringent,  strangle, 
&C.J 

A.  As  adjective  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Having  physical  power  to  act;  having 
the  power  of  exerting  great  bodily  force ;  en- 
dowed with  strength  or  bodily  force ;  vigor- 
ous, robust 

"The  ttronffMt  body  thill  It  make  most  weak." 

ZAaXeip.  :   Venul  t  Adonit,  1.1*5. 

2.  Having  ability  or  power  *o  bear  or  en 
dure;    having   physical   or   mental    passive 
power. 

3.  Firm,  solid,  compact ;  not  easily  broken. 

"  Though  the  ship  were  110  itronger  than  a  nutshell." 
Shaketp. :  Tempeit,  L  L 

4.  Acting  by  physical  force. 

"If  by  ttronrj  hand  you  offer  to  break  In.' 

Shaketp. :  Comedy  of  Krrort.  111.  1. 

5.  Naturally  sound  or  healthy  ;  hale,  hearty ; 
not  readily  affected  by  disease. 

"  Better  it  the  poor,  being  sound  and  ttrong  In  con- 
stitution, than  a  rich  man  afflicted  in  his  body."— 

Ecclel.  Xxr.  14. 

6.  Able  to  sustain  attacks  ;  well  fortified. 

"  From  hia  itrong  hold  of  heaven.* 

StiU.n:  P.  L.,1I.Kt. 

7.  Having  great  military  or  naval  forces ; 
powerful,  mighty. 

"  Poropey  is  ttrong  at  sea." 

Sttukft/'  :  A  iitouj/  A  Cleopatra,  L  1 

8.  Having  great  wealth,  means,  or  resources: 
as,  a  strong  firm. 

9.  Powerful  to  the  extent  of.    (In  a  relative 
sense  when  preceded  by  numerals.) 

"  Seveu  thousand  ttrony." 

Shak'tp.  :  I  Henri  7F..  1-.  1 

10.  Hayingforce  from  rapid  motion;  violent, 
forcible,  impetuous,  fierce. 

"How  long  shall  the  words  of  thy  mouth  be  like  a 
strong  wind!"— Job  -lit  1. 

11.  Having  great  force,  vigour,  or  power,  as 
of  the  mind,  intellect,  or  other  faculty. 

14  Divert  tfrtmg  mi  Nils  to  the  course  of  altering  things.' 
Shakerp. :  Sonnet  115. 

12.  Having  great  power  to  act ;  furnished 
with  abilities  or  resources ;  having  great  re- 
sources ;  powerful,  mighty. 

"  The  fiend  Is  itrong  within  him.* 

Shoteip. :  Comedy  of  Error!.  Iv.  4. 

13.  Powerful,  forcible,  cogent ;  having  power 
to  make  a  deep  or  effectual  impression  on  the 
mind  or  imagination  ;  effectual,  impressive. 

"Strong  reasons  make  strong  actions." 

ShttJfetp. :  King  John,  iii.  4. 

14.  Ardent,    eager,    zealous,    enthusiastic, 
strenuous :   as,  a   strong  partisan,  a   strong 
liberal. 

15.  Having  virtues  of  great  efficacy ;  having 
a  particular  quality  in  a  high  degree. 

"This  poison  is  so  itrong  and  violent" 

Ckaueer:  C.  T.,  11.7W. 

18.  Full  of  spirit ;  intoxicating,  heady  :  as, 

strong  liquor. 

17.  Affecting  the  senses  forcibly :  as, 
(1)  Affecting   the   sight ;    disagreeably   or 

forcibly  bright ;  glaring  :  as,  a  ttrong  light 


(2)  Affecting  the  taste  forcibly  :  as,  a  ttrnne 
flavour  of  onions. 

(3)  Affecting  the  smell  powerfully  :   as,  a 
itrong  odour. 

18.  Of  a  high  degree  ;  gre«t,  violent,  earnest. 

"  So  ttrong  a  liking."    Shakeip.  :  Ai  Ton  Like  It,  L  s. 

19.  Substantial,  solid  ;  not  of  easy  digestion. 

"  Strong  meat  Ijelongeth  to  them  that  are  of  All] 
age."—  Bebretpt  v.  1'.'. 

20.  Loud,  powerful. 

"  He  cried  with  a  Itrong  voice.  *—*;<*.  -.Till.  1 

"21.  Well-established,  valid,  confirmed; 
not  easily  overthrown  or  altered. 

"  An  ungodly  custom  grown  itrong  was  kept  as  a 
law.  —  Wiidom  xiv.  16. 

*22.  Having    great    force;     forcibly    ex- 

pressed ;  comprising  much  in  few  words. 
"  Like  her  sweet  voice  Is  thy  harmonious  song 
As  high,  ss  sweet,  as  easy,  and  as  arong." 

Smith.    ITodi.} 

23.  Numerous,  large  :  as,  a  strong  muster. 
tt  Technically: 

1.  Comm.  :    Tending    upwards    in    price  ; 
rising  :  as,  a  strong  market 

2.  Gram.  :  Applied  to  inflected  words  when 
the  inflection  is  effected  by  internal  vowel- 
change,  and  not  by  addition  of  a  syllable  •  thus 
swim,  swam,  swum,  is  a  strong  verb.     [WEAK.] 

B.  As  adv.  :  Strongly. 

*3  To  go  (or  come)  U  strong  :  To  do  anything 
with  energy  or  force.  (Slang.) 

•J  Strong  is  largely  used  in  composition,  th« 
meanings  of  the  comjtounds  being  in  most 
cases  self-explanatory,  as  strong-backed,  strong- 
smelling,  strong-voiced,  Ac. 

*  strong-barred,  a.    Shut  with  strong 
bolts.    (Shakesp.  :  King  John,  ii.) 

*  strong-based,  a.     Standing  upon  a 
firm  foundation.    (S/iakesp.  :  Tempest,  v.) 

*  strong-besieged,  o.     Besieged  by  a 
strong  force.  (Shakesp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  1,429.) 

*  strong-bonded,  o.    Imposing  a  strong 
obligation. 

strong-fixed,  a.    Firmly  established. 

"  Strong.Jtxed  it  the  bouse  of  Lancaster  " 

Swteip.  .-  1  Benrt  VI.,  II.  «. 

strong-framed,  a.  Possessed  of  a  strong 
frame  of  body. 

"  Tut,  I  am  urong.framed.  be  cannot  prevail  with 
me."-i»a*Mp.  .  Richard  til..  I.  i. 

strong-hold,  s.    [STRONGHOLD.] 

*  strong-Jointed,   a.     Having    strong 
limbs. 

"  0  well-knit  Samson  !  ttronojoinfed  Samson  1  * 

•SAaAe-p.  .•  Love't  Labour'i  Ltut,  t  1 


*  Strong-knit,  a.    Firmly-joined  or  com- 
pacted. 

"  Large  proportion  of  his  ttronv-knir  limbs.* 

SluHcetp.  :  1  Henry  I  /.,  U.  *, 

strong-man's  weed,  «. 

Sot  :  Petiveria  alliacea. 
strong  minded,  a. 

1.  Having  a  strong  or  vigorous  mind. 

"  Catharine,  clever,  itrong-mlnded.  intrepid,  and 
conscious  of  her  power,  refused  to  stir."  —  llacaulay  ' 
Silt  Kng..  cb.  vl 

2.  Not  womanly  or  feminine  ;  not  according 
to  female  character  or  manners.     (Applied  to 
women  claiming  equality  with  men.) 

strong-room,    *.      A    fire-proof    and 

burglar-proof  room  in  which  valuables  arc 
deposited  for  safety. 

strong-sand,  s. 

Founding  :  Sand  containing  a  large  quantity 
of  clay,  and  therefore  tenacious. 

Strong-set,  a.    Firmly  set  or  compacted. 

*  Strong-siding,  a.   Strongly-siding  with 
or  supporting. 

"  Attended 

By  a  ttrong-liditig  champion." 

Milton  :  Comut,  212. 

*  strong-tempered,  o.    Very  hard  :  u, 
strong-tempered  steel. 

strong-  waters,  s.pL  Distilled  or  ardent 
•pints  ;  formerly  applied  to  acids. 

"  Yet  in  melting  of  metals,  when  they  ha-e  been 
calcined  formerly  by  flre  or  itronff*tatrrt,  there  is 
good  use  of  additameuts,  aaof  borax,  tartar,  armoniac, 
and  saltpetre."—  Bacon  :  J'fiytiol.  Kern.,  p.  4l£. 

Strong,  pa.  par.    [STRING,  p.] 

strdng'-hand,   >.     [Eng.   strong,   a.,  and 
hand.]    Violence  ;  superior  force. 

"  Another  would  thrust  him  out  by 
Spenter  :  State  of  Ireland, 


StA  fit,  fare,  amidst,  wHit,  fall,  lather;  we,  wit,  here,  cameL  her.  there;  pine,  pJt,  sire,  or.  marine;  go,  pit. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  oftb,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fall;  try.  Sjrrten.    »,  on  =  e;  ey  =  a;  40  =  kw. 


stronghold— structural 


4497 


•trong'  hold,  s.  [Eng.  strong,  a.,  and  hold.) 
A  fortress,  a  fastness,  a  fortified  place,  a  place 
of  security. 

Btrdng'-ish,  a.  [Eng.  strong,  «. ;  -is*.] 
Rather  strong  ;  somewhat  strong. 

"The««  included  a  Urvnftilt  contingent  from 
Chatham,  "-field,  Feb.  26.  1887. 

Strong  ly,  a<lv.    [Eng.  strong,  a. ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  strong  manner  ;  with  force,  strength, 
or  power. 

"  abooke  BO  ttrtmgtv"          Spenwr:  F.  C-.  I.  *li. 

2.  With  parts  strong  and  well  put  together : 
as,  a  house  strongly  built. 

3.  Firmly  ;  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  be 

easily  shaken  or  moved. 

••  You  are  so  itrongly  in  my  purpoee  bred." 

Sluilcap.  :  Sanaa  111 

4.  80  as  to  be  able  to  resist  attack. 

"  DuuBiuane  be  ttrongly  fortifies." 

Slutlcap. :  M'icbttlh  T.  9. 

5.  ft>   a  high    degree;    greatly,     much, 
tiolently. 

'"Twill  stir  Dim  ttrongly." 

3h«tel/J. :  fffnn/  rill.,  111.  J. 

6.  Vehemently,    forcibly,    eagerly;     with 
energy  or  earnestness. 

7.  In  large  numbers. 

itrSn'-gyle,  ».  [STRONOYLUS.]  Any  Indi- 
Yidual  of  the  family  Strongylidse  (q.v.) 

•tron  -gyl'-I-dw,  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.  ttrm- 
gyl(vjs) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Nematoidea  (q.v.).  Body 
round,  sometimes  much  elongated  and  fili- 
form ;  mouth  round,  oval,  or  triangular, 
frequently  very  large,  naked  or  armed  with  a 
horny  pharyngeal  armature ;  tail  of  male 
furnished  with  a  bursa,  usually  emitting  two 
•picules;  in  some  the  bursa  is  replaced  by 
two  divergent  membranous  lobes.  Cobbold 
(Entozoa,  p.  83)  enumerates  the  following 
genera:  Strongylus,  Eustrongylus,  Sclero- 
•toma  (=  Syngamus),  Dochmius,  Prostheco- 
caster,  Stenurus,  Diaphanocephalus,  Stepha- 
nurus,  Deletrocephalus,  and  Dicentrocephalus. 

[3CLEROSTOHA.] 

•tron'-gy-liis,  >.  [Gr.  orpoyyvAot  (itrongulos) 
=  round,  rounded.] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Strongylida  (q.v.), 
with  the  chief  characters  of  the  family.  The 
number  of  species  has  been  variously  esti- 
mated by  different  authorities.  Strongylus 
bronckiaiis  (the  female  an  inch  long,  the  male 
half  that  size)  infests  the  bronchial  glands  in 
man.  S.  (Eustrongylns)  gigas,  is  the  largest 
known  euto-parasite,  the  male  measuring 
from  ten  inches  to  a  foot  in  length,  the  female 
attaining  a  length  of  over  three  feet ;  itattacks 
man  and  the  lower  animals.  S.  micrurus 
infests  the  calf,  S.  contortus  the  sheep,  and 
S.  armatus  the  horse.  S.  quadridentatas  = 
Sclerostoma  duodenale.  [SCLEROSTOMA.] 

•tr8n  ti-a  (tl  as  shl),  s.    [STRONTIAS. J 

Clam. :  [STRONTIUM-OXIDE]. 

•tron' -tl- an  (tt  as  shl).  s.  &  a.  [After 
Btrontian,  AVgyleshire,  where  first  found.] 

A.  As  mbst. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
Strontia. 

B.  As  adj.:   Pertaining  to  strontiaj  con- 
fisting  of  strontia. 

strontian-yellow,  ».  A  solution  <>f 
atrontia,  added  to  chromate  of  potash.  It  is 
pale  canary,  and  is  a  permanent  colour. 

strSn'-ti-an-lte  (ti  as  shl),  s.  Eng.  itron- 
tian;  suff.  -itt  (Mm.)  ;  Fr.  strontiane  carbon- 
atee ;  Ger.  stro/itianit,  strontian.] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  belonging 
to  the  group  of  anhydrous  carbonates.  Hard- 
ness, 3-5  to  4;  sp.  gr.  3-605  to  3'713 ;  lustre, 
vitreous ;  colour,  white,  gray,  yellowish, 
shade  o?  green  occasionally ;  transparent  to 
translucent ;  brittle.  Compos.  :  carbonic 
acid,  29'8 ;  strontia,  70-2  =  100,  which 
corresponds  with  the  formula  SrOCOo. 

gtron  ti  dn-6-cal'  9ite   (ti  as   shl),  i. 

[Eng.  slrontian;  o  connect.,  and  calcitt.] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  calcite  in  which  a  part 
of  the  calcium  is  replaced  by  strontium. 

••trSn'-ti-teS,  t.    [Eng.  stront(ian);  -Urn.} 

Chem. :  The  name  given  by  Hope  to  the 
metallic  element  afterwards  named  Strontia 
(q.v.),  by  Klaproth. 


strdn  tit'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  stront(ita);  -Hie.] 
Pertaining  to  strontia,  or  strontium. 

StrSn'-ta-um  (or  tl  as  shl),  «.  [Latinized 
from  strontian  (q.v.).] 

CACTI.:  Adiad  metallic  element,  symb.  Sr. 
at.  wt.,  87'6,  sp.  gr.  2-5418 ;  discovered  by 
Crawfurd  in  1787,  in  the  native  carbonate  of 
strontium,  and  obtained  in  the  metallic  state 
by  Davy  in  1808.  It  is  now  easily  obtained 
by  the  electrolysis  of  the  fused  chloride,  or 
by  fusing  the  chloride  witli  an  alloy  of  sodium 
and  lead.  It  has  a  yellow  colour  like  that  of 
calcium,  and  acts  similarly  to  it  when  heated 
in  chlorine,  oxygen  &c.,  or  when  thrown  on 
water.  The  salts  of  strontium  colour  the 
blowpipe  flame  a  carmine  red. 

U  Strontium-carbonate  =  strmtianite;  stron- 
tium-sulphate =  celestitf. 

strontium-bromide,  ». 

Chem. :  SrBrj.  Prepared  by  heating  a  solu- 
tion of  the  carbonate  in  hydrobromic  acid. 
It  separates  from  its  aqueous  solution  in  long 
needles  containing  three  molecules  of  water, 
Is  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol,  easily  in  water. 

strontium-chloride,  >. 

Chum. :  SrClj,  Produced  by  heating  anhy- 
drous stroutia  in  a  stream  of  chlorine.  It 
crystallizes  from  water  in  deliquescent 
needles  or  prisms,  which  dissolve  easily  in 
water  and  but  slightly  in  alcohol. 

strontium-hydrate,  s. 

Chem. :  SrH2O2  =  Sr"O,H2O.  A  crystalline 
compound  produced  by  the  direct  union  of 
water  with  strontium  oxide.  It  has  a  great 
attraction  for  carbonic  acid. 

strontium-nitrate,  s. 

Chem. :  Si^NOa^.  Prepared  by  dissolving 
the  native  carbonate  in  nitric  acid,  filtering 
the  solution  and  evaporating  until  a  pellicle 
begins  to  form  on  the  surface.  It  crystallizes 
in  anhydrous  octahedrons ;  slightly  soluble 
in  cold,  very  soluble  in  boiling  water.  Chiefly 
used  in  the  preparation  of  red  fire  (q.v.). 

strontium-oxide,  s. 

Chem. :  SrO.  Strontia.  Prepared  by  heat- 
ing strontium  nitrate  to  redness.  It  is  a 
grayish-white,  porous  mass,  having  an  alka- 
line taste  and  reaction;  sp.gr.,  3-4,  infusible 
and  not  volatile.  When  moistened  with 
water  it  behaves  like  lime,  becoming  hot  and 
crumbling  to  a  powder. 

*  strook,  *  strooke,  pret.  of  v.    [STRIKE,  t>.] 

'  stroot,  v.i.  [STRUT,  «.]  To  swell  out,  to 
strut.  (Chapman. ) 

Strop  (1),  «.  [The  older  form  of  strap  (q.v.).] 
A  strap  ;  specif.,  a  razor-strop. 

strop  (2),  s.  [0.  Fr.  strope  =  the  loop  whereby 
the  oar  of  a  skiff  hangs  to  the  thowle  (Cot- 
gram)  ;  Fr.  etrope,  estrope  =  a  strop,  from  Lat. 
stroppus,  ttruppus=a,  band.) 

L  Nant.:  A  rope  spliced  into  a  circular 
form  to  seize  around  a  block  for  hanging  it. 

2.  Rope-making :  A  rope  with  an  eye  at  each 
end,  used  in  twisting  strands. 

strop,  v.t.  [STROP  (1),  s.]  To  sharpen  with 
or  on  a  strop. 

"  Stropping  a  razor  appears  a  T«ry  simple  affair."— 
FMd,  March  1».  1887. 

Stro'-phe,  ».    [Gr.  =  a  turning.] 

1.  Gr.  Drama, :  The  turning  of  the  chorns 
from  the  right  to  the  left  of  the  orchestra,  the 
return  being  the  antistrophe ;  the  part  of  a 
choral  ode  sung  during  the  act  of  so  turning  ; 
hence,  in  ancient  lyric  poetry,  a  term  for  the 
former  of  two    corresponding    stanzas,    the 
latter  being  the   antistrttphe.      The  term  is 
sometimes  used  in  relation  to  modern  poetry. 

2.  Hot, :  The  spirals  formed  in  the  develop- 
ment of  leaves. 

stro-phic,  o.  [Eng.  strop(e);  -it.]  Relating 
to  or  consisting  of  strophes. 

stro  phi-o'  la,  s.    [STROPHIOLE.] 

Btr6'-phl-$-late,  stro'-phl-o'-lat-ed,  o. 

[Eng.  strophiol(e) ;  sutf.  -atf,  -ated.] 
Bot. :  Surrounded  by  protuberances. 

Stro' -phi-die,  *str6-phI-6'-la,  ».  [Lat. 
strophiolum  =  a  small  wreath  or  chaplet, 
dimin.  from  strophiujji;  Gr.  trrp6<t>iov(strophion) 
=  a  band,  stay,  or  stomacher.] 


Bot. :  A  tubercle  surrounding  the  hilum  ot 
some  seeds.  It  proceeds  from  the  testa,  in- 
dependent of  the  micropyle,  or  funicU.  Ex- 
ample, Viola.  Called  also  a  Caruncle. 

Stroph  6  dug,  s.  [Gr.  o-Tpo#o«  (strophos)=  » 
twisted  band,  and  uSous  (cdous)  =  a  tooth.] 

[chthy. :  A  genus  of  Cestraciontidae,  ranging 
from  the  Lower  Lias  to  the  Chalk. 

stro-phom'-e-na,  ».  Gr.  arpa^os  (stropho.i). 
—  a  twisted  baud  or  cord,  and  /UJITI  (mene)  = 
the  moon.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Orthidae;  shell  semi- 
circular, widest  at  the  hinge  line ;  concavc- 
couvex  radiately  streaked  ;  ventral  valve  with 
an  angular  notch.  Known  species,  129 ;  from, 
the  Lower  Silurian  to  the  Carboniferous. 

t  stroph-6-m5n'-l-dS9,  «.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat. 
atrophomendi)  ;  fern.  pi.  adj.  sufif.  -tda.] 
Palceont. :  A  synonym  of  Orthidie  (q.Y.). 

Stroph'-U-lus,  t.  [Dimln.  from  Lat.  strophnuf 
Gr.  crrptxjw  (strophes)  =  a  twisted  band.] 

Pathol. :  Redgum,  Tooth-rash ;  an  eruption 
of  minute  hard,  slightly-red  pimples,  clus- 
tered and  scattered,  affecting  infants  or 
young  children.  The  largest  number  of  pim- 
ples are  on  the  face  and  the  neck.  It  arises 
from  irritation  of  the  stomach,  and  has  beeu 
supposed  by  some  to  be  lichen  modified  by 
the  delicate  skin  of  the  infant  affected.  The 
irritation  is  slight,  and  the  disease  not  dan- 
gerous. Unimportant  variations  have  led  to 
the  establishment  of  the  species  Straphulvt 
inttrtinctus,  S.  confertus,  S.  Candidas,  and  S. 
volalicu*. 

"  stross  -ers,  ».  pi.  [A  corrupt,  of  trmuert 
(q.v.).]  Tight  drawers  or  breeches. 

1  The  Italian  close  tlroiitr.  nor  the  French  ttandiCf; 
collar.'— Decktr :  Oulft  Uomboat. 

stroud,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  perhaps  from 
Stroud.  in  Gloucestershire,  where  flannel  and 
cloth  are  manufactured  in  large  quantities.) 
A  kind  of  coarse  blanket  or  garment  of  stroud- 
ing  worn  by  the  Indians  of  North  America. 

•troud'-Ing,  ».    [STRODD.] 

Fabric :  A  coarse  kind  of  cloth  employed 
in  the  trade  with  the  North  American  Indians  j 
materials  for  strouds. 

*  strotlt,  *  stronte,  *  strowt-yn,  v.i.  ft  t 

[STRUT,  ».] 

A,  Intransitive: 

1.  To  swell,  to  puff. 

"  HU  here  ft  routed  u  a  fanne  large  and  hrode." 
Ckauctr:  C.  T.,  Mil 

2.  To  strut. 

3.  To  make  a  disturbance ;  to  brag.    (Have- 
lok.  1,779.) 

B.  Tram. :  To  swell ;  to  puff  out ;  to  ex- 
aggerate. 

"An  historical  truth,  no  ways  Itmttted,  nor  mad* 
greater  by  language."— Aucon  :  War  with  Spain. 

•trove,  pret.  ofv.    [STRIVE,  «.] 

*  strow,  a.    [STHOW,  r.]    Loose,  scattered. 

•trow,  v.t.     [STREW.]    To  strew,  to  scatter. 
"  With  olivet  ever  green  the  ground  la  itrowd." 
Drydtn :  Ovid ;  JferamorphrHtl  viii. 

*  strowl,  v.i.    [STROLL,  r.] 

*  stroy.  *  strole,  v.t.     [A  contract  of  destroy 
(q.v.).J    To  destroy. 

"  Her  itore  waa  ttroyed  with  the  noode." 

tV yot :  Meant  *  Sura  XMat*. 

*  Strtfy'-al,  ».     [Eng.  stroy ;  -aU.]     A  waste- 
all,  a  spendthrift.    (Tusser.) 

*  Stro^-er,  *  8trol'-er,  ».     [Eng.  stray;  -er.) 
A  destroyer. 

"  The  drake,  rtroiVr  of  his  owne  Jdnde." 

Chauctr :  Ainsinbly  rif  Foul*. 

Struck,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    [STRIKE,  v.] 

struck-measure,  ».  A  measure,  as  of 
dry  goods,  in  which  the  top  is  levelled  with  a 
strike.  [STRIKE,  s.,  II.  1.] 

struck' -en,  pa.  par.  ofv.    [STRIKE,  v.] 

Struc'-tU-ral,  a.  [Eng.  ttructur(e);  -a'..J 
Pertaining  to  structure. 

structural-planes,  >.  pi. 

Geol. :  Planes  produced  in  the  structure  •  f 
rocks,  either  on  a  large  scale  by  faulting,  or 
on  a  small  one  by  fissure  or  lamination. 


bffia,  b6y ;  ptfut,  J<Swl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9nin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   ph  -  t 
-«ian,  -tian  =  ff?i.   -Uon,  -sion  =  shun;  -fton,  -flon  =  zhun.   -clous,   tious,  -dons  =  •hu*.   -ble,  -die,  *c.  =  beL  del. 


4-J9S 


structure— struthioninae 


•trac-ture,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  structure*  =.  a 
building  ;  prop.  fern.  sing,  of  structurus,  fut. 
part,  of  s(mo  =  to  build;  cogn.  with  Goth. 
strati  Jan;  Ger.  strewn  =  to  strew,  to  lay.] 

(STREW.) 

•  1.  The  act  of  building  ;  construction  or 
erection  of  buildings. 

"  His  son  builds  on.  and  never  is  content, 
Till  the  last  farthing  is  in  itructitre  spent." 

Dryden.    (Toda.) 

2.  A  building  of  any  kind  ;  more  especially, 
C  building  of  some  considerable  siza  or  pre- 
tensions ;  an  edifice. 

"  One  of  thoee  petty  ttrurturet." 

WordnKtrth  :  Excursion,  bk.  11. 

3.  Manner   of    building  or   construction  ; 
form,  make,  construction. 

14  Seneca  describes  his  baths  to  have  been  so  mean  a 

-  'tira."~.Ctnriey  :  Kuayt  ;  Solitude- 


*i.  Figure,  outline,  form. 

"An  idol  that  Iphthima  did  present 
lu  structure  of  her  every  lineament.'' 

Chapman:  Homer;  Orfytffly  Iv. 

5.  The  arrangement  of  the  parts  in  a  whole, 
as  of  the  elements  of  a  sentence  or  paragraph  ; 
the  arrangement  of  the  constituent  particles 
of  any  substance  or  body. 

•'  Insight  Into  the  ttructurr  and  constitution  of  the 
terraqueous  globe."—  Woodward. 

6.  Manner  of  organization  ;  the  manner  in 
which  the  different  organs  or  parts,  as  of 
animals  or  vegetables,  are  arranged. 

T  Structure  a/  rocks: 

Min.  it  Petrol.:  The  arrangement  of  the 
granules  in  a  mineral  or  rock. 

etruc'-tured,  o.  [Eng.  structure);  -cd.] 
Having  a  regular  organic  structure. 

•triio  -ture-less,  o.  [Eng.  ttructure;  -lea.} 
Devoid  of  structure. 

"  Myriads  of  darting  dot*  of  sfruecuretai  Icily  seem 
to  be  glancing  about."—  Scrioner'i  Magtuttus,  June, 
1677.  p.  1W. 

*  StrSo'-tn-rist,  s.     [Eng.  structure)  ;  -1st.} 
One  who  makes  structures  ;  a  builder,  a  con- 
structor. 

•  strude,  •  strode,    t.     fEtym.  doubtful.) 
A  stock  of  breeding  mares  ;  a  stud.    (Bailey.) 

Strug  -  glc,  "strog-el.  •  strog-  ell,  "strog- 
goll,  strogle,  -strug-gel,  'struglo, 
v.i.  [Etyra.  doubtful.  According  to  Skeat 
Mid.  Eng.  strogelen  is  a  softened  form  for 
ftrokelen,  a  frequent,  from  strike  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  make  efforts  with  a  twisting  or  with 
movements  of  the  body. 

"Struggling  ID  blood  the  savage  lie*." 

•Scott  :  Corfyow  Cattle. 

2.  To  make  great  efforts  ;  to  labour  hard  ; 
to  strive  witli  effort. 

"  She  ttruffglfth  and  striveth  to  get  np  and  to  breake 
lowse  in  v&iu."—Tyndall  :  Worket.  p.  1M. 

3.  To  labour  in  pain,  anguish,  difficulty,  or 
distress  ;  to  be  in  pain  or  agony. 

1,  To  contend,  to  Tie. 

"  The  snn  beams  sought  the  Court  of  Guard, 
And,  struggling  with  the  smoky  air. 
Deadened  the  torchea  yellow  glare." 

Scott  :  Lady  o/  the  La**,  vi.  ft. 

Strug'  gle,  «.    [STBCOBLB,  v.] 

1.  A  violent  effort  or  series  of  efforts  with 
contortions  of  the   body  ;  agonized  effort  ; 
agony. 

"The  uneasy  ttrugglet  of  a  man  fast  bound  and 
fettered."—  Walerland:  ITorts.  lv.  M. 

2.  A  forcible  and  strong  effort  to  obtain  an 
•object  or  to  avert  an  evil  ;  an  effort. 

"Theacame  a  desperate  struggle  tot  a  tremendous 
•take."—  J/ocauJay  .•  ttitf.  Sng.,  ch.  vi. 

3.  Contest,  contention,  strife  :  as,  a  struggle 
tetween  troops. 

IF  Struggle  for  existence  : 

Biol.  :  A  term  introduced  by  Darwin  to 
•rlunify  the  result  of  the  increase  of  animal 
life  in  a  greater  ratio  than  the  means  of  sub- 
sistence. 

"  All  organic  beings,  without  exception,  tend  to  In. 
crease  at  so  high  a  ratio,  that  no  district,  no  station, 
Dot  even  the  whole  surface  of  the  land  or  the  whole 
ocean,  would  hold  the  progeny  of  a  single  pair  after  a 
certain  number  of  generations.  The  inevitable  result 
Is  an  ever-recurring  itriig<tle  fnr  txittence."  —  Z><jrwin  : 
Variation  of  Aninalt  *  Plant*,  i.  & 

•trfig'-gler,  «.  [Eng.  struggle),  v.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  struggles,  strives,  or  contends. 

"  Often  she  cast  a  kind  admiring  glance 
On  the  bold  aruggler  for  delight" 

fiuckinghdnuMre  :  Ode  on  Brvtut. 

•trull,  s.  fEtym.  doubtful.]  A  bar  so  placed 
as  to  resist  weight 


strum,  v.t.  &  t.    [A  word  of  imitative  origin.' 

A,  Transitive: 

1.  To  play,  as  on  a  stringed  Instrument, 
noisily  and  unskilfully. 

"  The  ability  to  if  rum  a  few  airs  on  the  piano  " — 
Daily  Telegraph,  April  1.  UM. 

2.  To  affect,  by  playing  noisily  and  unskil- 
fully on  a  stringed  instrument. 

"  To  ttrum  my  father  to  sleep  after  a  fox-chase."— 
Skertaan:  ScAooi  far  Scandal,  fi.  1. 

B.  Iiitrans.  :  To  play  noisily  and  unskil 
fully  on  a  stringed  instrument ;  to  thrum. 

stru  -ma  (pi.  stru'-mte), ».  [Lat.  =  a  scrof- 
ulous tumour.] 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  A  swelling  or  protuberance  where  the 
petiole  meets  the  lamina   of  a   leaf,  as   in 
Mimosa  sensitiva. 

(2)  A  dilatation  or  swelling  on  one  side  at 
the  base  of  the  sporangia  of  some  mosses. 

2.  Pathol. :  External  scrofula,  attended  by 
glandular  swellings,  extensive  ulceratious,  and 
indolent  abscesses.    Called  also  King's  evil 
and  tabes  glatiduiarit. 

stru-m&t'-ic,  a.     [STUOMA.)    The  same  as 

8  r u u MUSE  (q.  v.). 

Stru'  mi-form,  o.  [Lat.  struma,  and  forma 
=  form.]  Having  the  form  or  appearance  of 
a  struma. 

strum   ming,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [STRUM.] 

A.  &  B.  Aspr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
G.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  strums. 

2.  The  noise  made  by  one  who  strums. 

"  Guitars  and  every  other  sort  of  drumming," 

Byron  :  Reppo,  11 

stru  -mose,  stru  -moiis,  a.    [STBUMA.J 

1,  Bot. :  Covered  with  protuberances. 

2.  PathoL  :  Scrofulous.    There  are  strumous 
abscesses,  a  strumous  diathesis,  Ac. 

stru'-mous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  strumous ;  •ness.'] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  strumous. 

strum  pet,  'Strom-pet,  -strom  pett, 
*  strum  pete,  s.  &  a.  [A  nasalized  form 
from  O.  Fr.  strupe,  sttipre ;  Lat.  stuprum  = 
dishonour,  violation  ;  cf.  Ital.  strupare,  stu- 
prare ;  Sw.  eetrupar,  estuprar  =  to  ravish.] 
A.  As  most. :  A  prostitute,  a  harlot 

"  I  am  no  ttrumpet ;  but  of  life  M  holiest, 
As  you  that  thus  abuse  me." 

Shakttp. :  OttteUo,  T.  1. 

•  B.  As  adj. :  Like  a  strumpet ;  false,  incon- 
stant 

"  The  itrumptt  wind." 
Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  11.  «. 

*  strum'-pSt,  v.t.    [STRUMPET,  ».] 

1.  To  debauch.    (Shakesp. :  Comedy  of  Errors, 
It  2.) 

2.  To  call  or  give  the  reputation  of  a  strum- 
pet to ;  hence,  to  belie,  to  slander. 

"  Peuthea,  poor  Penthea's  name  Is  rtrvmpeted." 

ford  :  Broken  Heart,  IT.  3. 

*  Strum -strum,    ».      [A   redup.    of  strum 
(q.v.).]    A  rude  musical  instrument,  a  tom- 
tom. 

k  "  The  ttrttnufrrtm  Is  made  somewhat  like  a  cittern  ; 
moat  of  those  that  the  Indians  use  are  made  of  a  large 
gourd  cut  In  the  midst,  and  a  thin  board  laid  over 
the  hollow,  and  which  Is  fastened  to  the  sides;  this 
serves  for  the  belly,  over  which  the  strings  are  placed." 
—Dampier  :  Voyagtt  (an.  168*). 

Stru   mu  lose,  a.       [A  dlmin.  of  strumous 

q.v.).]* 

Hot. :  Furnished  with  a  small  struma. 
strung,  pret.  *  pa.  par.    [STRING,  ».] 

strunt,  v.i.  [A  nasalized  form  of  strut  (q.v.).] 
To  walk  sturdily  or  pompously  :  to  strut 
(Scotch.) 

strunt,  5.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  Spirituous  liquor  of  any  kind.    (ScotcK.) 

"  Syne,  wl'  a  social  glas  op  ttrunt, 
They  parted  affcareerin1." 

Burnt:  BaUotMen. 

2.  A  huff,  a  ^let ;  sullenness. 

striin   tain,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Fabric. :  A  coarse,  narrow,  worsted  braid. 

stru'-se,  >.    [Russ.] 

Kent. :  A  river-craft  of  Russia  for  carrying 
produce  and  goods. 


strut,  'strout,  "strowt-yn,  ».«.    [D«n. 

strutte,  strude  =  to  strut ;  Sw.  dial,  strutta  = 
to  walk  with  a  jolting  step  ;  IceL  strutr  =  .1 
surt  of  hood  sticking  out  like  a  horn;  Ger 
strutt  =rigid,  stiff;  strauss  =  atuft,  a  bunch 
stroteen  =  to  be  pnned  up,  to  strut] 
*1.  To  swell  out,  to  pmtuberate. 

"  Of  prass  the  only  silk 

That  makes  each  udder  ttmt  aUmcUntly  with  milk." 
Druyton :  roly&lbion,  s.  IS. 

2.  To  walk  with  a  proud,  pompous  gait  and 
erect  head  ;  to  walk  with  affected  dignity. 

"  A  fellow  ttrutting  before  her  with  nothing  but  a 
club  or  spear."— Coo* :  Second  yoyagt,  bk.  lit,  uh.  vt 

strut,  s.  &  o.    [STRUT,  ».] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  proud,  pompous  step  with 
the  head  erect ;  an  affectation  of  dignity  in 
walking. 

"  That  heroic  ttrttt  assnm'd  before." 

Cowper  :  Convert  ition.  4SO. 

2.  Carp. :  A  bar  in  a  frame  having  equal  and 
opposite  forces  applied  to  its  ends, 
acting  inward  and  producing  upon 

ita  state  of  compression.  Spe- 
cifically— 

(1)  A   diagonal   timber 
which  acts  as  a  post  or 
brace  to  support  a 
princijial  rafter  or  ' 
purlin.     Its  lower 

end  is  stepped  in- 
to a  tie-beam,  or 
on  a  shoulder  of  a 
king  or  queen  post. 

(2)  A  brace  between  joists. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Swelling  out,  swollen,  protu- 
berant 

"  Be  beglnneth  now  to  return  with  his  belly  afruc 
and  taUS—P.  Holland:  Ammianut  Marcellinta. 
p.  213. 

"strut-beam,  «.    [STEUTTINO-BEAM.] 

Stru'-thI-6,  ».  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  crrpovSat 
(strouthos)  =  a  sparrow,  an  ostrich.] 

Ornith. :  Ostrich ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Struthionlme,  having  only  two  toes,  the  third 
and  fourth  on  each  foot  Most  authorities 
reckon  but  one  species,  Struthio  camelus ;  but 
as  the  birds  from  the  north  of  Africa  have  the 
skin  of  the  parts  not  covered  with  feathers 
flesh-coloured,  while  this  skin  is  bluish  in 
birds  from  the  south,  the  latter  are  sometimes 
placed  in  a  separate  species  (S.  aiistralis). 
Birds  from  the  Somali  country  have  also  been 
described  as  forming  a  distinct  species  (S. 
molyMophanes\  because  the  skin  not  covered 
with  feathers  is  oi  a  leaden  hue. 

stru-thi-o'-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  strtithio 
(q.v.).  Named  from  the  resemblance  of  ths 
seeds  to  a  bird's  beak.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Thymelacese,  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Pretty  plants,  with 
white,  yellow,  or  red  flowers,  having  four 
stamens. 

stru-thl-i-lar'-I-a,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
Lat.  struthio  (q.v.).'  The  aperture  of  the  shell 
bears  some  resemblance  to  the  foot  of  an 
ostrich.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Cerithiadse,  with  five 
species,  from  Australia  and  New  Zealand, 
where  sub-fossil  specimens  have  been  found. 
Shell  turreted,  whorls  angular,  aperture  trun- 
cated in  front,  columella  oblique  ;  outer  lip 
prominent  in  the  middle,  inner  lip  callous,  ey.- 
'panded;  operculum  claw-shaped.  Animal 
with  cylindrical  tentacles,  eye-pedicels  short, 
foot  broad  and  short 

strii  thl  o'-nos,  s.  pi.    [PI.  of  Mod.  Lat,  ic. 
sfruf'iio(q.v.).] 
Ornith. :  A  synonym  of  Ratitse  (q.v.). 

Btrii  thl  on'  I  das,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat.  «*!•»• 
t/iio,  genit  struthion(is) ;  Lat  fem.  pi.  adj. 
suff.  -idee.] 

Ornith. :  A  family  of  Ratitte  (q.v.).  Bill 
short,  robust,  powerful,  flattened,  and  having 
a  nail-like  process  at  the  tip;  nostrils  longitu- 
dinal, basal ;  no  hind  toe  present.  There  are 
two  sub-families:  Struthioninse  (with  two 
genera,  Struthio  and  Rhea)  confined  to  Africa 
and  temperate  South  America,  and  Casuarinx 
(sometimes  made  a  family  Ctisuaridfe)  inhabit- 
ing Australia  and  the  Islands  from  Ceram  to 
New  Britain. 

stru-thl-o'-ni'-nae, ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  struthio, 
genlt  8tnittiion(is);  Lat  fem.  pi.  adj.  stiff. 
-inte.]  [STRUTHIONIDJE.] 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    »,  co  -  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


struthioiis— stubborn 


4499 


•tru -thl-ofis,  a.  [Lat.  struthio  =  an  ostrich.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  ostrich  ;  be- 
longing to  the  Ratitse  (q.v.). 

"Gallinaceous  and  ttruthioui  birds  reUIn  the  same 
ttotien  in  their  gizzards  for  a  long  time."— Darwin  - 
Fonii'itim  of  yoffetabl*  Mould,  ch.  V. 

Strut'-ter,  s.  [Eng.  strut,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
struts  ;  a  pompous  fellow. 

"  What  a  mere  nothing  It  is,  that  this  ttnattr  has 
pronounced  with  such  sonorous  rheturiek.  —Annot. 


Strut-ting,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SiRCT,  r.] 

A.  &  B,  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

Carp. :  Diagonal  braces  between  joists  to 
prevent  side  deflection.  When  the  pieces  are 
crossed  alternately  it  Is  called  herring-bone 
strutting. 

•  strutting  beam.  •  strut-beam, «. 

Carp. :  An  old  name  for  a  collar-beam  (q.v.). 

strutting-piece,  s. 

Carp. :  A  straining-piece  (q.v.). 

Strut'-tlng-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  strutting;  -ly.] 
In  a  strutting  manner ;  with  proud  or  pompous 
walk ;  pompously,  boastfully. 

•truv'-ite,  s.  [After  the  Russian  statesman, 
V.  Struve ;  suff  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occurring 
only  in  Isolated  crystals.  Hardness,  2-0 ; 
sp.  gr.  1-65  to  1-7 ;  colour,  yellowish  to 
brown,  becoming  white  on  exposure,  by  loss 
of  water  of  crystallization  ;  lustre,  vitreous ; 
translucent.  Compos.  :  phosphoric  acid, 
29'0;  magnesia,  16-3;  ammonia,  10-6;  water, 
441  =  100,  corresponding  to  the  formula 
NH4O,2MgO,PO8  +  12HO.  Found  originally 
in  a  bed  of  peat,  above  which  a  large  amount 
of  cattle  dung  existed  ;  since  found  in  guano 
at  various  localities. 

_„ '-ne-89,  stryoh-na'-98-»,  s.  pi. 

[Mod.  Lat.  strychn(os)  ;  Lat,  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-ttE,  -acefc.  ] 

Hot. :  A  tribe  of  Loganiacefe,  having  the 
aestivation  of  the  corolla  valvate. 

Strych'-nl-a,  a,    [STRYCHNINE.] 

Btrych  -nib,  a.    [Eng.  strychnine) ;  -fe]    Of, 
pertaining  to,  containing,  or  derived   from 
strychnine. 
Btrychnlo-acid,  «.    [IOASOTUO  ACID.] 

Strych-ni'-na,  s.    [STRYCHNINE.] 

•tr^ch'-nine,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  strydtn(os) ;  -Ine 
(Clem.).] 
Chem. :  CjnllosNaOo..    Strychnia.    A  highl 


letier  and  Caventou  in  St.  Ignatius'  beans, 

and  «hortly  afterwards  In  Nux  vomica  seeds 

It  is  obtained,  together  with  brucine,  by  boiL 

Ing  Nux  mmica  seeds  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid 

until  they  become  soft,  crushing  the  seeds 

and  adding  to  the  expressed  liquid  an  excess 

of  calcium  hydrate,  which  throws  down  the 

two  alkaloids.   On  washing  with  cold  alcohol 

brucine  is  dissolved,  leaving  strychnine  in  ai 

Impure  state.    When  pure,  it  crystallizes  it 

colourless,  tetragonal  prisms,  having  a  ver; 

bitter  and  somewhat  metallic  taste,  is  almos 

insoluble  in  water,  absolute  alcohol,  and  ether 

but  soluble  in  spirit  of  wine  and  chloroform 

Strychnine  was  scarcely  heard  of  as  a  mean 

of  poisoning  before  the  year  1855,  the  date  o 

the  Rugeley  murders,  for  which  Palmer  wa 

tried  at  the  Old  Bailey  In  1856,  and  executed 

The  symptoms  are  very  marked,  and  com 

prise  violent  tetanic  convulsions,  laboriou 

respiration,  from  the  tightening  of  the  ches 

muscles,  spasmodic  contraction  of  the  hearl 

and  rigidity  of  the  spinal  column.    These  arr 

succeeded  by  a  short  calm,  after  which  the 

are  again  repeated  until  death  or  progres 

towards   recovery   ensues,   the  time    twin 

about  two  hours  after   taking  the   poison 

From  14  to  2  grains  and  upwards  generall 

proves  fetal,  and  the  presence  of  the  poiso 

can  be  best  recognised  by  the  colour-test 

When  strychnine  is  brought  under  the  influ 

ence  of  nascent  oxygen,  the  former  instant! 

acquires  a  rich  blue  colour,  successively  pass 

Ing  into  purple,  violet,  crimson,  orange,  an 

yellow.    (Woodman  at  Tidy.) 

strycn-nos,   s.     [Lat.,  from   Gr.  OTJJUXVO 

(struchnos)=  nightshade.) 

Bot. :    The  typical   genus   of  Strychnese 


Calyx  five-parted ;   corolla  tubular,  f'lnnel- 
shaped,   limb   spreading ;    stamens    five,  in- 
serted into  the  thrnat  of  the  corolla ;  ovary 
two-celled  ;  style  one  ;  stigma  capitate  ;  fruit, 
a  berry  with  a  hard  rind  and  a  pulpy  sarco- 
carp ;  seeds  many,  peltate.     Natives  of  Asia. 
America,  and  Australia.     Strychnos  Nux  Vo- 
mica, the  Snake-wood,  Strychnin-tree,  or  Nux 
Vomica  tree,  is  a  moderate-sized  evergreen, 
with  dark  gray  bark  and  no  spines ;  the  leaves 
entire,  strongly   thive-  to   five-nerved ;    the 
flowers  small,  in  corymbs,  greenish  white ; 
the  fruit  round,  like  an  orange  in  colour,  but 
smaller,  with  a  brittle  rind,  a  white,  gelatinous 
pulp,  and  many  seeds.     It  is  found  on  hills 
and  in  forests  in   India  and  Burmah.    The 
seeds,  which  are  about  the  size  and  shape  of  a 
halfpenny,  constitute  Nux  vomica  and  contain 
strychnine  (q.v.),  and,  it  is  said,  a  brown  dye. 
The  wood  is  very  bitter,  especially  the  root, 
which  has  been  given  in  intermittent  fevers 
and  as  an  antidote  to  the  bites  of  venomous 
serpents.  S.  potatorum,  a  tree  about  forty  feet 
high,  with  only  one  seed,  is  the  Clearing-nut 
tree  of  India ;  so  called  because  the  seeds  ren- 
der muddy  water  clear.    They  are  used  also  in 
diseases  of  the  eye.    The  fruit,  which  is  like 
a  black  cherry,  is  eaten  by  the  natives ;  the 
wood  is  used  for  carts,  agricultural  imple- 
ments, and  building.    S.  toxi/era,  the  Guiana 
Poison-plant,  is  a  climber,  having  its  stem 
covereil  with  long,  spreading,  red  hairs,  and 
five-nerved,  acuminate  leaves.    It  furnishes 
the  chief   ingredient   of  the   poison    called 
Woorali,  or  Oorali.    S.  Tieute,  from  Java,  has 
elliptical,  acuminate,  three-nerved,  glabrous 
leaves,  with  simple  tendrils  opposite  to  them. 
It  yields  another  deadly  poison.     S.  ligiut 
trlna  is  said  by  Blume  to  furnish  the  genuine 
Lignum  colubrinum.     It  is  given  in  Java  in 
paralysis  of  the  lower  extremities  and  as  an 
anthelmintic.      S.  pseudoquina,   a   Brazilian 
tree  about  twelve  feet  high,  has  a  corky  bark 
(said  to  be  equal  to  Cinchona  as  a  febrifuge), 
aud   short-stalked,    ovate,    quintuple-nerved 
leaves ;  all  parts  of  it  are  intensely  bitter 
except  the  fruit,  which  is  eaten  by  children. 
The  fruit   of  S.  colubrina,    a   large    Indian 
climbing  shrub,  is  esteemed  by  the  Telegus 
as  an  antidote  to  the  bite  of  the  cobra.    The 
fruit  of  S.  innoaia.  is  eaten  in  Egypt 

*  stry-full,  *  stry-ful,  <*•    ISTRiricruL.] 

str<Fph-no  dcn'-drSn,  s.  (Or.  arpwt>v6s 
(strufihnos)  =  rough,  astringent,  and  otvopov 
(dcndrtm)  =  a  tree.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Enmimosete.  Stamens  ten  ; 
legume  indehiscent,  leathery,  pulpy  within, 
nlti  mately  becoming  baccate.  Stryphnodendro  n 
Barbatemas  and  i'.  Jurema  are  used  in  Brazil 
as  astringents. 

stub.  *  atnbbe.  •  stob, ».  [A.S.  styb,  sfe6  =  a 
stump;  cogn.  with  Out.  etobbe ;  Icel.  stubbi, 
ttubbr;  Dan.  stub;  Sw.  stubbe;  Gael,  stab;  Lith. 
stebas  =  an  upright  pillar ;  Lat.  stipes ;  Sansc. 
ttamba=  a  post ;  stambh  =  to  make  fast ;  Gr. 
fTvim  (stupos)  =  a  stub,  a  stump.)  [STUMP,  s.1 
1.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  stump  of  a  tree ;  that  part  of  a  tree 
which  is  left  in  the  ground  when  the  tree  u 
cut  down;  hence,  the  inuer  end  of  a  blank  in 
check-book  or  the  like,  which  is  left  in  th. 
binding   after   the   check    (receipt,  Ac.)   has 
been  torn  off,  and  upon  which  a  memorandum 
of  said  check  is  preserved. 

2.  An  old  horseshne-nail ;  iron  formed  there- 
from.   [STOB-IRON.J 

*  3.  A  blockhead,  a  dolt,  a  log,  a  dullard. 
"Our  dullest  and  laziest  youth,  our  stocks  uu 
stubs."— MUton:  Education. 

IL  Locksmith. :  A  stationary  stud  In  a  lock 
which  acts  as  a  detent  for  the  tumblers  when 
their  slots  are  in  engagement  therewith. 

Stub-axle,  >.  A  short  axle  attached  on 
the  end  of  a  principal  axle-tree.  It  is  variously 
made  and  secured.  Sometimes  it  Is  a  sort  o 
Jury  axle,  made  as  a  temporary  expedien 
when  the  arm  of  an  axle  has  broken  off.  I 
occurs  frequently  on  horse  hay-rakes  and  aom 
other  kinds  of  agricultural  implements. 

stub-book,  >.  A  book  containing  only 
•tubs.  [See  STUB, f, L  1.]  (V.  S.) 

stub-end,  >. 

Mach. :  The  enlarged  end  of  a  connecting 
rod.  In  which  the  boxes  are  confined  by  th 
•trap- 


Stub-Iron,  s.  Iron  formed  from  stub- 
nails.  It  is  used  especially  for  gun-barrels  of 
superior  quality. 

stub-mortise,  >. 

Carp. :  A  mortise  which  does  not  pasa 
through  the  object  in  which  it  is  made. 

stub-nail,  s.    A  short,  thick  naiL 
stub-short,  stub- shot,  s. 

1.  The  unsawed  portion  of  a  plank  where1 
it  is  split  from  the  bolt  or  log. 

2.  Turning :  The  portion  by  which  nn  ob- 
ject to  be  turned  Is  grasped  or  chucked. 

stub-tenon,  >. 

Carp. :  A  short  tenon  at  the  foot  of  an  up- 
right. 

stub-twist,  s.  A  gun-barrel  made  of  a 
ribbon  of  combined  Iran  and  steel,  the  iron 
being  derived  from  stubs. 

tub,  v.t.    [STUB,  «.] 

1.  To  grub  up  by  the  roots ;  to  extirpate. 
(Usually  followed  by  up.) 

"  In  every  green.  If  the  fence  be  not  thine, 
Mow  stub  up  the  bushes,  the  grass  to  be  floe. 

Taster:  Husbandry;  January, 

2.  To  clear  of  roots  :  as,  To  stub  laud. 

*  3.  To  strike,  as  the  toes  or  foot,  against  a 
stump,  stone,  or  other  fixed  object.  (Amer.) 

stub'-bed,o.    [Eng.  stub ;  -«Z.] 

1.  Cut  down  to  a  stub  or  stump. 

"Against  a  stubbed  tree  he  reels." 

Draitton :  fiymphidiu  ;  Court  of  Fntrf. 

2.  Short  and  thick,  like  something  trun- 
cated ;  stubby. 

"  While  each  with  stubbed  knife  remoT'd  the  roota," 
Swift :  A  Pastoral  Dinloffus. 

3.  Hardy  ;  not  over  nice  or  delicate  ;  obtuse. 

"The  hardness  of  stubbed  vulgar  constitutions, 
renders  them  insensible  of  a  thousand  things.'  — 
Bertelill :  Birls,  |  105. 

•  stub'-be'd-nSss,  «.  fEng.  stubbed;  -was.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  stubbed  ;  obtuse- 
ness. 

Stub'-bi-nSss,  a,    [Eng.  stubby;  -ness.] 

1,  The  quality  or  state  of  being  stubby. 

2.  Stnbbedness. 

stiib'-ble,  *stob-il,  "stob-le,  «.    [O.  Fr. 

estouple,  estnble  (Pr.  etrinle),  frqm  O.  H.  Oer. 
stupflld  ;  But.  4k  Qer.  ttappei  =  stubble,  from 
laL  stipula,  dimln.  of  s!ijjes=astock,astalk.J. 
The  stumps  of  wheat,  barley,  oats,  buck- 
wheat, &c.,  left  in  the  ground  when  the  corn, 
is  cut ;  the  part  of  the  stalk  left  in  the  ground 
by  the  sickle  or  reaping-machine. 

"But  I  sup] 

Know  by  ...— .. . 

Chapman :  Homer ;  Odyssey  xlf . 

Stubble-fed,  a.  Fed  on  the  natural  grass 
growing  amongst  stubble. 

Stubble-goose,  «.  A  goose  fed  amongst 
stubble,  as  opposed  to  green  goose,  which  la 
killed  before  the,  corn  is  cut. 

Stubble-land,  a.  Land  covered  with, 
stubble. 

"  SheWd  Uke  a  uubUt-land  at  harvest-home." 

Sh,,k,tp.  :  I  Ucnrv  1 Y.,  \.  1 

stubble-plough,  e. 

Husb.:  A  plough  for  turning  np  stubble, 
land. 

stubble  quail,  >. 

Ornilh.:  Coturnix  pectoralii,  from  Australia 
and  Tasmania. 

stubble-rake,  s. 

Husb. :  A  rake  for  gleaning  lately-reapsd 
fields  of  small  grain. 


e,  that  you  by  thus  much  seeue, 

hat  the  come  hath  bene." 


y.  a.    [Eng.  itubbHe);  -».] 

1.  Covered  with  stubble. 

2.  Resembling  stubble  ;  abort  and  stiff;  aa, 
a  ttubbly  beard. 

stub'-  born,  "stlb-orn,  *stlb-  borne, 
«  stob-urn,  *  stob-urne,  *  stub-bern, 
*  stub  -  born,  *  stub  -  burn,  *  stub  - 
burne,  •  styb-urne,  a.  [From  stub,  s. 
(q.v.),  hence  =  stockist),  blockish,  like  a  stub 
or  stump.  From  A.S.  ityb  we  should  have  aii 
adj.  stybor  =  stub-like,  stubborn,  and  a  subst 
stybornes  =  stubbornness  ;  and  the  form  stiborn 
doubtless  arose  from  the  misdividing  styborna 
as  ttybnrn4n)a.  (Skeat.)] 
L  Unreasonably  obstinate  or  fixed  in  opHiioD 


boQ.  bo?  ;  prfut,  J61M:  eat.  9ell,  ohorus,  9hln,  bench;  go.  *em;  thin,  tnte;  "to,  as;  «pect,  *»«*'«">' 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon.  -slon  =  shun  ;  -tion.  -  sloa  =  zhun.   -oioua.  -ttous,  -sious  =  snus.   -We,  -die,  *c. 


bel, 


4500 


stubbornly— studied 


or  purpose  ;  not  to  be  moved  or  persuaded  03 
reasons  ;  inflexible,  refractory. 

"  Tum'd  bar  obedience  to  Uuboorn  harshness." 
Skakitp.  ;  Midiummer  ffigkft  Dnam.  i.  L 

8.  Persevering,  persistent,  steady,  constant 

••  An*l  stiMii;;  with  pales,  by  many  a  weary  stroke 
Of  ituoborn  labour  hewn  from  heart  of  oak." 

Pop*  :  Uomer  :  odyugy  xlr.  16. 

&  Carried  on  with  stubbornness  or  obsti 
Bacy  ;  lasting  long  ;  persistent 

"Stout  wen  their  heart*,  and  ttubbim  was  their 
•trite."  aaott  :  T\»  Poacker. 

*  4.  Stiff,  not  flexible. 

"Bow,  Kuiiorn  knees."    Otatttf.  .•  Baattft,  111  8. 

*  5    Hardy,  firm  :  enduring  without  com- 

plaint. 

*  6.  Rough,  nigged,  hanh. 

"  Toor  stutoorn  usage  of  the  Pope.1 

aKtme.  :  King  J<jm.  w.  I 
T.  Not  easily  melted  or  worked  ;  refractory 
«s.  a  stubborn  metal  or  ore. 

8.  Ruthless,  Insensible,  hard-hearted. 

*•  Thou  art  Mid  to  have  a  tttibborn  soul." 

S».rte»A     .Venture/or  lltaatirt,  T. 

9.  Difficult  to  deal  with. 

"That  the  main  difficulty  U  answered:  but  there 
is  another  near  as  *tuUor*.--trarburlon:  Din, 
Lfffation,  bk.  1?.    (Noteuuun.) 

«tub'-born-ly;  *  stub  -  berne  -  ly,  adv. 
[Eng.  stubborn;  -ly.]  In  a  stubborn  manner; 
obstinately,  inflexibly,  contumaciously;  per- 
sistently. (Macaulay:  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xix.) 

•tub-  born  -  ness,  *  stub  -  bern  -  c  sse, 
•  stub-born  nesse,  *  stub-burn-ess,  s. 

'Eng.  stubborn;  -ness.} 

1.  The  qnality  or  state  of  being  stubborn  ; 
perverse  obstinacy  ;  contumacy,  inflexibility. 

"  and  an  obstinate  disobedience, 

wa.--iocto.-  of 

2.  Stiffness  ;  want  of  pliancy. 

*  3.  Roughness,  harshness,  raggednes*. 

"  Translate  the  ttubbornntu  of  fortune 
lu  to  so  quiet  and  so  sweat  a  stile." 

SJ.te.pL:  At  r<m  Utt  U.  U.  L 

4.  Refractoriness:  as,  the  stobbonuum  of 
metals  or  ores. 

*tub  -by,  a.    [Eng.  stub;  -».) 

1.  Abounding  with  stubs. 

2.  Short,   thick,   and  coarse;  short  and 

strong. 

"  The  bsae  Is  rarrotuided  with  a  garland  of  black 
and  KM,  bristlee.--«rm>  :  MMMeK 

•tub  -wort,  a,    (STOBWOBT.) 

•tuc  co,  a,  [ItaL,  from  O.  H.  Oer.  stuaM  m 
a  crust.  1 

L  Fine  plaster  used  tor  coating  walls.  It 
is  usually  made  of  pure  lime  slaked  and 
settled,  mixed  with  clean  sand.  Stucco  varies 
in  qnality  and  composition  with  the  purpose 
for  which  it  is  intended.  For  internal 
decoration  gypsum  and  pounded  marble  enter 
into  its  composition,  as  well  as  gelatine  or 
flue  in  solution.  Being  mixed  with  water 
sill  it  Is  of  the  proper  consistency,  it  is  applied 
to  the  cornices,  mouldings,  &c.,  of  rooms,  and 
soon  begins  to  set  or  harden,  in  which  state 
It  is  moulded,  and  is  finished  off  with  metal 
tools.  For  external  work  the  stucco  employed 
is  of  a  coarser  kind,  and  is  variously  prepared 
the  different  sorts  being  generally  distin- 
guished by  the  name  of  cements.  Some  of 
these  take  a  surface  and  polish  almost  equal 
to  that  of  the  finest  marble.  In  Bastard  stncco 
a  small  portion  of  hair  is  employed.  Rough 
stucco  is  merely  floated  and  brushed  with 
-water,  but  the  best  kind  is  trowelled. 

"  Grotesco  roofs,  and  rtuoeo  floors." 

Popt:  Imitation  0/Baraet.mtt. 

2.  The  third  coat  of  plastering  when  pre- 
pared for  painting. 

3.  Work  made  of  stucco. 

4.  A  popular  name  for  plaster  of  Parts  or 
gypsum. 

stucco-work,  s.  Ornamental  work  com- 
P1  "ed  of  stucco,  such  as  cornices,  mouldings, 
and  other  ornaments  in  the  ceilings  of  rooms. 

•tuc'  -co,  r.<.  [STUCCO,  a,]  To  plaster;  to 
overlay  or  decorate  with  stucco. 

"The    roof    Is    beautifully    itmcotd.'- 

.  p.  41s. 


•tuc'-co-er,  «.  [Eng.  stucco,  v.  ;  .#r.]  One 
who  stuccoes;  one  who  applies  stncco  to 
w.dls,  &c.  ;  one  who  deals  or  works  in  stncco. 

•stuck  (1),  «.  [9TOOCADO.J  A  stoccado  a 
tluust,  (Shakap  :  Twlflli  Night,  iii.  4.) 


"  stuck  (2),  s.    [STUCCO.) 

Stuck,  f>rrf.  oft.,  pa.  par.,  ft  o.    [STICK,*.) 

A.  *  B.  .4  j  pne(.  &  pa.  par.  of  v. :  (See  the 
verb). 

C.  As  adj. :  Thrust  through ;  fastened. 
•tuck-moulding,  s. 
Carp. :  A  moulding  worked  on  to  the  edge 
of  a  frame. 

stuck  on,  a. 

Carp. :  A  term  indicating  a  moulding  workec 
on  the  edge  of  a  frame ;  in  contradistinction 
to  one  worked  out  of  a  detached  strip. 

•tuck-up,  a.  Giving  one's  self  airs  o: 
importance  ;  puffed-up,  vain,  conceited ; 
affectedly  self-important  or  vain;  assuming 
the  dignity,  bearing,  or  importance  of  one's 
superiors.  (Colloq.) 

"  He's  a  nasty  ttuck-up  monkey."— Mcimt ,  sidtaas 
A'tckleby,  oo.  Ix. 

•tuo'-kle,  s.  [A  dlmln.  from  stook  (q.v.).]  A 
number  of  sheaves  laid  together  in  the  field  ; 
a  stook.  (Prov.) 

.  "Some  paid  their  tythes  In  sheafs  scattered  about 
the  Seld  ;  some  in  itucklt*  and  cocks." — Dr.  Colbiitck: 
Cote  of  Proxiet.  p.  10L 

stiick'-lihg,  i.  [Etym,  doubtful.]  An  apple 
pasty,  thin,  somewhat  circular  in  shape,  and 
not  made  in  a  dish.  (Pror.) 

stud  (IX  *  stod,  •  stood, ».  tA.8.  stid,  stood; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  stod  ;  Dan.  stod  ;  Oer.  gestiit ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  stii"',  stunt  =  a  stud  ;  Russ.  stado 
—  a  herd  or  drove;  Lith.  &todas  =  A  drove  of 
horses.]  [STEED.] 

1.  A  collection  of  breeding  horses  and  mares, 
or  the  place  where  they  are  kept. 

2.  A  number  of  horses  kept  for  riding, 
racing,  Szc. 

'  1  did  not  feel  lustlned.  with  a  small  irttd.  In  riding 
twelre  miles  to  meet  oue  pack."— Fidd.  Feb.  »«,  is«7. 

stud-book,  «.  A  book  containing  a 
genealogy  or  register  of  horses  or  cattle  of 
particular  breeds,  especially  of  thorough-bred 
animals. 

stud-farm,  «.  A  breeding  establishment 
for  horses. 


horses  in  a  stud- 

stud-horse,  ».    A  breeding-horse  ;  a  stal- 
lion. 

Stud  (2),  «.     [A.  8.  studu  =  a  post  ;  cogn.  with 
Dan.  s(6'c/  =  a  stub,  a  stump;  Sw.  fttid  =  * 
prop,  a  post  ;  Icel.  stodh  =  a  post.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  nail  with  a  large  head,  inserted  In 
work  chiefly  for  ornament;   a  large-headed 
ornamental  nail. 

"  Kailee,  ttiidt,  and  tackes  emploied  about  leer-bar. 
nela.--P.  Holland:  Pttni,,  bk.  xiiT.rch.llr. 

2.  An  ornamental  movable  button  or  catch 
for  a  shirt-front,  inserted  in  holes  made  for 

the  purpose. 

3.  A  supporting  beam  ;  an  upright  post  or 
scantling. 

•  In  manle  plaeee  there  are  not  abone  foure,  sir.  or 

'1  "d  **•-»««•»»-.• 


4.  A  contrivance  for  fastening  loose  papers 
together.    It  may  consist  of  a  head  with  two 
strips  of  flexible  metal,  which  are   passed 
through  a  hole  in  the  papers,  and  bent  in  con- 
trary directions  ;  or  may  be  a  small  threaded 
piece  of  metal  with  a  fixed  head  and  movable 
nut.    Called  also  Paper-fastener. 

5.  An  eyelet  with  an  ear  attached  so  that, 
for  expedition,  the  lace  may  be  passed  under 
the  ear  instead  of  through  the  eyelet  hole. 

*6.  A  stem,  a  trunk. 

•*  Seest  not  thilke  same  hawthorne  sfsu&Zo, 
How  bragly  it  begin,  to  bndde." 

Spentfrt  shfpheanb  Calender;  Jlarck. 

H.  Technically: 
L  Machinery  : 

(1)  A  boss  or  protuberance  designed  to  hold 
an  attached  object  in  place. 

(2)  A  short  rod  fixed  In  and  projecting  from 
something,  sometimes  forming  a  journal. 

2.  Ifaut.  :  A  cast-iron  brace  across  the 
minor  diameter  of  a  cable-link,  to  prevent 
collapse. 

stud  bolt,  ,-. 

Hack.  :  A  bolt  with  a  thread  at  either  end 
to  be  screwed  into  a  flxed  part  at  one  end, 
and  have  a  nut  screwed  on  it  at  the  other. 


stud,  v.t.    [STUD  (2),  «.] 

1.  To  adorn  or  set  with  studs  or  ornament*! 
knobs.    (Shakesp. :  Venus  £  Adonis,  37.) 

2.  To  set  with  detached  ornaments  or  pr*v 
minent  objects  ;  to  set  thickly. 

"  Orion's  itudded  belt  is  dim  " 

Scott:  Lai/oflhe  Lou  Xlnttrtt,  L  IT. 

•tfid'-den,  pa.  par.    [STATO.]    (Scofcfc.) 

*  stud'-  der  -  f,  *  stud  -  der  -  ie,  s.  [Bng. 
stud  (1),  s. ;  -ery.l  A  breeding  establishment 
for  horses ;  a  stml-farm. 

"Forwhoae  breed  and  maintenance  king  Hetirfe  ths 
eljtht  erected  a  noble  auddtric."— Ht.i.n.Vj  ;  Dtar. 
Eny.,  bk.  iil,  oh.  i. 

•tud'-dle,  «.    [STITHY.]    An  anvil.    (Scotch.) 

"  And  like  stockfish  come  o'er  his  Huddlt." 

Burnt :  Elegy  on  Capt.  Htndenon. 

stud'-dihg,  o.  [Either  from  stud  (2),  s.  =  « 
support,  or  a  corrupt,  of  steadying.]  (See 
compound.) 

studding  sail,  s. 

ffaut. :  An  additional  sail  spread  by  the  aid 
of  light  booms  beyond  the  leech  of  a  square 
sail,  in  order  to  extend  the  area  horizontally 
in  light  winds.  They  may  be  added  on  both 
leeches  of  a  square  sail.  The  prolongation  of 


IAIN    TOP-CJUiAHf 


the  yard  by  which  a  studding-sail  is  extended 
is  a  studding-sail  boom,  which  is  supported 
by  hoops  on  the  yard  called  quarter-irons  and 
yard-arm  irons.  It  is  rigged  out  by  a  two- 
fold purchase  called  a  boom-jigger.  Topmast 
and  topgallant  studding-sails  are  set  on  the 
outside  of  the  topsails  and  topgallant  sails. 

"At  two,  «e  set  ifiuliiiniMaili.  and  steered  west."— 
Cloo*.'  Hard  rotafe.  bk.  v.,  ch.  riii. 

Studding-sail  boom  : 

Naut.  :  A  long  pole  sliding  through  boom- 
Irons  at  the  extremities  of  the  yards  and  from 
the  vessel's  sides  to  spread  the  studding-sails. 

stu   dent,  *  stu'  dl  cnt,  *  stu  •  dy-ent,  «. 

[Lat  student,  pr.  par.  of  s(ud«o  =  to  studj 
W-v.).] 

1.  A  person  engaged  In  study  ;  a  scholar  ; 
one  who  studies  ;  one  who  is  devoted  to  or 
engaged  in  learning. 

"'•A  rtudtnt  shall  do  more  In  one  hour,  when  at] 
things  concur  to  invite  him  to  any  special  study,  than 
In  four  at  a  dull  season.-—  »'uttt  :  Logic. 

2.  A  man  devoted  to   books  ;  a   bookish 
person. 

"  Keep  a  gamester  from  dice,  and  a  food  (fiuiefsf 
from  hUbook.-—  SAafcup..-  Xtrry  WiiM.UL  L 


3.  One  who  studies  or  examines;  an  in- 
quirer :  as,  a  student  of  nature. 

*  stu  -dent-ry',  *,  [Eng.  student;  -rjf.)  A 
body  of  students.  (Kingtley  :  Uypatia,  ch.  xvi.) 

stu'  -dent  -ship,  *.  [Eng.  student;  -ship.] 
The  state  of  being  a  student  ;  the  position  or 
character  of  a  student. 

stn'-der-ite,  s.  [After  Prof.  Studer;  suff. 
•ite  (if  in.).] 

Afiiu  :  A  variety  of  tetrahedrite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining over  5  per  cent,  of  zinc.  Found  d 
Ausserberg,  Wallis,  Switzerland. 

Stud'  -led,  pa.  par.  &,  a.    [STUDY,  «.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Made  the  subject  of   study;  examined 
into  ;  read  with  diligence  and  attention  ;  well 
considered. 

2.  Well  versed  In  any  branch  of  learning  ; 
well  read  ;  qualified  by  study  ;  learned. 

"Borne  man.  reasonably  studied  in  the  law."—  tccofi 

3.  Premeditated,  deliberate  ;  studiously  con- 


tat*,  tat,  toe   wnld*  what,  All,  father;  we.  wSt.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  woU  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cirr.  rule,  lull;  try.  Syrian.    «,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


studiedly— stuffed 


4501 


trived  or  planned ;  designed :  as,  a  studied 
Insult. 

M.  Having  a  particular  Inclination;  in- 
clined, intent. 

"  I  am  well  tfuclied  for  a  liberal  thank*. 
Which  I  do  owe  you." 

ShaKefp-  •'  •Antony  A  Cleopatra,  li  4. 

3&-1&  adv.      [Eng.  studied;  -ly.]     In 

a  studied  manner  ;  with  premeditation  ;  de- 
signedly, deliberately. 

stud  l-er,  s.  [Eng.  study,  v. ;  -en]  One  who 
studies ;  a  student. 

"  There  i»  a  law  of  nature,  as  intelligible  to  a  rational 
creatur«>  and  sttidier  of  that  lav,  as  the  positive  laws 
of  commonwealths."— Locke. 

Stu'-dl-o,  s.  [Ital.]  The  working  room  of 
a  sculptor  or  painter. 

Stu'-dl-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  studievx,  from  Lat.  stu- 
diosus ;  from  studium  =  eagerness,  zeal,  study ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  estudioso;  Ital.  studioso.} 

1.  Given  to  study ;  devoted  to  study  or  the 
acquisition  of  learning. 

2.  Given  or  devoted  to  thought  or  study; 
devoted  to  the  examination  of  things  by  con- 
templation ;  contemplative. 

"  There  itudiout  let  me  lit. 
And  hold  high  converse  with  the  mighty  dead." 

Thornton:   Winter,  481. 

3.  Devoted  to  or  spent  in  study ;  favourable 
or  suited  to  study  or  contemplation. 

"  Innocent  and  ttudiout  npoueS—Macaulay  :  Hitt. 
Eng.,  ch.  xir. 

4.  Earnest  or  eager  in  the  pursuit  of  some 
object ;  anxious,  diligent :  as,  To  be  studious 
to  please. 

*6.  Attentive  to,  careful,  observant.  (Fol- 
lowed by  of.) 

*  &  Planned  with  study  or  care ;  deliberate, 
studied. 

jtu'-di-oiis-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  studious ;  ~ly.] 

1.  In  a  studious  manner ;  with  close  appli- 
cation to  study. 

2.  With  diligence,  zeal,  or  earnestness  ;  dili- 
gently, carefully,  attentively. 

"  Her  resentment  was  ttudloutly  kept  alive  by  mis- 
chief  makers."— Jfacaulay  :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  XT. 

stu'-dl  ous  ness,  s.  [Eng.  studious  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  studious ;  the 
habit  or  practice  of  study ;  close  application 

to  study ;  though tf ulness,  carefulness,  atten- 
tion, care. 

"  My  ttudioutnett  In  executing  yonr  lordship's  In- 
junctions.'— ffowell :  Lettert.  bk  11.,  let.  K. 

Stud'- work,  *.    [Eng.  stud(Z),  s.,  and  work.] 
Build. :  Brickwork  between  studs.    An  old 
form  of  building  once  common. 

Stud-y  (1),  stud-die,  «.    [STITHT.]  An  anvil. 


'-£  (2),  *  stud  ie, «.  [O.  FT.  estudie,  ettude 
(Fr.  Nude);  from  Lat.  ttvdium  =  eagerness, 
study;  Sp.«sti«Jw>;  Port,  estudo ;  Ital.  studio.} 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  studying ;  a  setting  of  the 
mind  or   thoughts  upon    a  subject;  hence, 
application  of  mind  to  books,  arts,  or  science, 
or  to  any  subject  for  the  purpose  of  acquiring 
aknowledge  of  something  not  known  before. 

2.  Earnest  mental  endeavour ;  absorbed  or 
thoughtful  attention  ;  earnestness,  eagerness, 
diligence. 

3.  The   object   of    study;   any  particular 
branch  of  learning  that  is  studied. 

**  The  proper  ttudy  of  mankind  is  man." 

Pope:  Euay  on  Stan.  11.  S. 

4.  An  apartment    or  building  devoted  to 
•tudy  or  to  literary  work ;  the  room  or  apart- 
ment in  which  a  person  studies. 

**  Get  me  a  taper  in  my  ttudy,  Lucius." 

Shaketp. :  Juliut  Cmar,  11.  1. 

*5.  Deep  thought  or  meditation  ;  a  reverie; 
ft  fit  of  thought.  [BROWN-STUDY.] 

"Th«  king  of  Castil*.  a  little  confused,  and  In  a 
ttudy,  said,  Thin  can  I  not  do  with  my  honour."— 
Bacon  :  Bitt.  ffenry  VII. 

6.  One  who  studies,  especially  one  who 
studies  or  learns  a  part  in  a  play.  (Always 
With  a  qualifying  adjective.) 

**  Pin  a  confounded  quick  ttudy,  that's  one  comfort.'* 
—Dickint :  Jficholat  NtckUby,  ch.  xxiiL 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Art:  The  work  of  a  student :  a  finished 
•ketch  from  nature,  generally  intended  to  aid 
In  the  composition  of  a  larger  and  more  im- 
portant work,  or  as  a  memorial  of  some  par- 
ticular object  for  future  use,  or  to  facilitate 


drawing  or  composition.  Thus  a  single  head 
or  figure,  afterwards  introduced  into  a  large 
work,  would  be  termed  a  study  for  that  work  ; 
a  tree,  a  group  of  plants,  &c.,  would  be  a  study 
for  a  landscape,  &c. 

2.  Music:  A  piece  of  instrumental  music, 
composed  for  the  purpose  of  familiarising  the 
player  with  the  difficulties  of  his  instrument. 

Stud'-&  *  Stud-le,   v.i.   &  t.    [Lat.  studeo; 
O.  Fr.  estudier;  Fr.  etudier.}    [STUDY,  «.] 
A*  Intransitive : 

1.  To  apply  the  mind  to  books  or  learning  ; 
to  devote  one's  self  to  study. 

"*  To  live  and  study  here  three  years." 

Skaketp.  :  Looe't  Labour'!  Lott,  L  1. 

2.  To  fix  the  mind  seriously  ;  to  ponder,  to 
meditate  ;  to  think  seriously  or  earnest  y. 

"  He ttudied  how  to  feed  that  mighty  host" 

Fairfax :  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  V.  81 

*  3.  To    endeavour    diligently ;    to    strive 
earnestly ;  to  be  zealous.    (1  Thess.  iv.  11.) 
B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  apply  the  mind  to  for  the  purpose  of 
learning ;    to  read  and  examine  into  for  the 
purpose  of  learning  and  understanding. 

"  That  very  philosophy  .  .  .  was  now  ttudied  only 
to  Instruct  us  In  the  history  of  the  human  mind."— 
Warburton:  Julian.  (Introd.) 

2.  To  consider  attentively ;    to   examine 
closely  into. 

"  Happy  the  man,  who,  ttudying  Nature's  lawi. 
Through  known  effects  cau  trace  the  secret  cause. 
brvden  :  Virgil ;  Qeoryic  11.  «M. 

3.  To  meditate,  to  devise ;  to  think  intently 
on. 

"Study  help  for  that  which  thou  lamented." 

Shukftp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  111.  L 

*4.  To  learn  by  heart;  to  commit  to  me- 
mory. 

"  Where  didst  thou  ttudti  all  this  goodly  sp««cb  ?"— 
Shaketp.  ;  Taming  of  tfte  SJirtw,  1L 

5.  To  be  zealous  for ;  to  have  careful  regard 
or  thought  for ;  to  be  anxious  for :  u,  To 
study  a  person's  interests. 

•srttiT-jM.il.  «.  [STUDY,  tt.]  A  state  of 
pondering  or  musing ;  perplexity. 

"The  duk«  was  put  to  such  a  ttudyall  ft  fere."— 
Fabyan :  Chronicle,  ch.  ccxli. 

Btne'-bSl-ite,  *.  [After  Dr.  A.  Stiibel ;  suff. 
-ite(Min.);  Ger.  stubelit.] 

Min. :  A  massive  mineral  of  reniform  or 
botryoidal  structure.  Hardness,  4  to  5 ; 
sp.  gr.  2'223  to  2'2tf3 ;  lustre,  vitreous  ;  colour, 
velvet-black ;  streak,  brown ;  fracture,  con- 
choidal.  An  analysis  yielded :  silica,  26*99 ; 
alumina,  5*37;  sesquioxide  of  iron,  10*18; 
sesquioxide  of  manganese,  21*89;  protoxide 
of  copper,  15*25;  magnesia,  1*08;  water, 
16-85  ;  chlorine,  077  =  98-83.  Found  in  the 
island  of  Ltpari. 

stuetz'-ite,  *.  [After  Herr  Stittz;  antf.  -ite 
(Min.);  Ger.  tellursilberblende.] 

Min, :  A  monoclinic  mineral  found  In 
crystals  with  gold  and  hessite,  at  Nagyag, 
Transylvania,  Lustre,  metallic ;  colour, 
lead-gray.  Compos. :  a  telluride  of  silver, 
the  proposed  formula  being  Ag^l'e. 

Stu  fa,  s.  [Ital.]  A  jet  of  steam  issuing  from 
a  fissure  of  the  earth  in  volcanic  regions. 

IT  Stufas  have  been  disengaged  unceasingly 
for  ages  in  the  vicinity  of  Naples,  in  the 
Lipari  islands,  &c.  The  steam  is  often  mixed 
with  other  gases,  and  if  condensed  by  coming 
in  contact  with  strata  full  of  cold  water  before 
reaching  the  surface,  it  may  give  rise  to 
thermal  and  mineral  springs.  (Lyell :  Princip. 
ofGeol.,  ch.  ivii.) 

Stuff,  *  Stuffe,  s.  [O.  Fr.  esto/e  (Fr.  itoffe), 
from  Lat.  stupat  stuppa  —  the  coarse  part  of 
flax,  hards,  oakum,  tow,  used  for  stuffing  or 
stopping  things;  Sp.  estofa  =  quilted  stuff; 
Ital.  stoffa;  Ger.  rfo/=  stuff;  stop/en  =  to  fill, 
to  stuff.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Substance  or  matto.r  indefinitely ;  the 
material  or  matter  of  which  anything  is 
formed  ;  material  to  be  worked  up  in  any 
process  of  manufacture. 

"  We  are  such  ttuff 

As  dreams  are  made  on."       Shaketp.  -,  Tempett,  IT. 

*2.  Essence  ;  elementary  part. 

"  Yet  do  I  hold  it  very  ttuff  o'  the  conscience 
To  do  no  contrived  murder." 

Shakeap. :  Othello,  L  9. 

3,  Furniture,  goods,  utensils. 
"  Rich  garment*,  linens,  ttufft,  and  neceiaaries." 
SHoketp. :  Tempett,  i.  2. 


4.  Medicine,  mixture,  potion. 

"  I  did  compound  for  !ier 

A  certain  stuff,  which.  being  ta'eu,  would  s«tjB 
The  present  power  of  life." 

Shaketp.  :  Cymbtlin*.  T.  B, 

5.  Refuse   or  worthless  matter ;    anything, 
worthless  or  useless ;   hence,  foolish  or  non- 
sensical language ;  nonsense,  trash. 

6.  Money ;  cash.    (Slang.) 

"  Has  she  got  the  ttuff,  Mr.  Pag  I  Is  she  rich,  hey  I* 
—yieridan  :  Riwiti.  L  1. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Comm.  :    A  general  name  for  all  kinds  of 
fabrics,  of  silk,  wool,  hair,  cotton,  or  thread 
manufactured  on  the  loom :  as,  cotton  stv/s  ; 
more  particularly  woollen  cloth  of  slight  tex- 
ture, for  linings  and  women's  apparel,  and 
the  like. 

2.  Leather:  A  composition  of  fish-oil  and 
tallow  for  filling  the  pores  of  leather. 

3.  Mining :  Attle  or  rubbish. 

4.  NauL  :   A   melted    mass  of  turpentine, 
tallow,  &c.,  with  which  the  masts,  sides  and 
bottoms  of  ships  are  smeared. 

5.  Paper:  Paper-stock,  ground  ready   for 
use.    When  half  ground  it  U  known  as  half- 
stuff. 

stuff"  chest,  s.  The  vat  where  the  pulps- 
from  the  engines  are  mixed  and  combined  pre- 
paratory to  moulding  by  hand  or  machinery. 

stuff-engine,  «.    [PULP-GRINDER.] 

Staff-gown,  s.  A  gown  made  of  stuff; 
hence  applied  to  the  wearer  of  a  stuff-gown, 
as  a  junior  barrister,  or  one  under  the  rank  or 
a  Queen's  Counsel,  and  therefore  not  entitled 
to  wear  a  silk  gown. 

Stuff-gownsman,  s.  A  junior  banister ; 
a  stuff-gown. 

staff,  *  stuffet  v.t.  &  {.  [O.  Fr.  etto/er-to 
stuff;  estou/er  (Fr.  itou/er)  =  to  stifle,  to 
choke;  Sp.  &  Port,  estofer;  Ger.  stop/en.} 

[STUFF,   «.] 

A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  cram  full ;  to  fill  by  packing  or  crowd- 
Ing  material  into ;  to  load  or  fill  to  excess ;  to- 
crowd. 

"  I  will  ttuff  your  purses  full  of  crowns. " — fQtaketp. : 
I  Henry  IV.,  L  1 

2.  To  form  or  pack  with  material  necessary 
to  complete  :  as,  To  stuff*  cushion. 

3.  To  fill  with  stuffing  or  seasoning. 

"Parsley  to  ttuff  a  rabbit"— Mo**tp. .•  Timing  & 
the  Shrtw.  i  v.  4. 

4.  To  cause  to  swell  out. 

"  Lest  the  god*,  for  sin. 
Should,  with  a  swelling  dropsy,  ttuff  thy  skin." 

Dryden  :  Pertiut,  v.  S7& 

fi.  To  form  or  fashion  by  stuffing. 

"  An  eastern  king  put  a  Judge  to  death  for  an  liilqnt. 
tons  sentence,  and  ordered  hia  bide  to  be  ttufftd  into 
»  cushion,  and  placed  upon  the  tribunal."— Swift. 

6.  To  fill  the  skin  of  a  dead  animal,  for  pre- 
serving and  presenting  the  natural  form :  as. 
To  stuff  a  bird. 

7.  To  fill  with  food ;  to  cram. 

"That  there  might  be  abundance  at  Paris,  the 
people  of  Normandy  and  Anjou  were  ttujjlng  them- 
selves with  nettles.  —J/ucaufay:  Uitt.  Eng.,  ch.  XX. 

8.  To  thrust,  crowd,  or  press  in ;  to  pack 
closely  and  firmly. 

"  Pot  roses  Into  »  glass  with  a  narrow  mouth,  stuffing 
them  close  together,  but  without  bruising,  and  the; 
retain  smell  and  colour  fresh  a  year. "— Bacon  :  .V«t. 
Hitt. 

9.  To  fill  by  being  pressed  or  packed  in. 

"  With  inward  arms  the  dire  machine  they  load. 
And  iron  bowels  rtw/Tthe  dark  abode." 

Dryden :  1'iryti ;  Jtneld  11  26. 

10.  To  crowd  with  facts  ;  to  cram  the  mind 
of;  to  crowd,  cram,  or  fill  with  idle  or  false' 
tales,  fancies,  or  ideas. 

••  For  thee  we  dim  the  eyes,  and  **n/fthe  head 
With  all  such  reading  an  was  never  read." 

Pope :  Dunciad  IT.  24fc 

11.  To  make  big  or  important ;  to  swell  out. 

If  To  ttuff  a  ballot-box:  To  put  Into  it  fraudu- 
lent votes.  ( U.  8.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  feed  gluttonously ;  to  cram 
one's  self  with  food. 

Stuffed,  *sttift,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [STUFF,  t>.] 
A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 
B*  As  adjective : 

1.  Crammed  full ;  packed  tightly.    (Lit.  & 
Jig.)    (Shakesp. :  Macbeth,  v.  3.) 

2.  Having  the  nose  obstructed,  as  from  s 
cold. 


boil,  b^;  ptfat,  J6%1;  cat,  fell,  ohorns,  fhin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.   ph  =  t, 
-cian,  -tian  =  shau,     tion, -sion  -  sliua; -tion, -§ion^iiiun.   -cioua. -tious, -aious  ~  shus.   -We,  -die.  Ac.  =  bel,  del* 


4502 


staffer— stump 


•tuff'-er.  «.    [Eng.  stuff,  v.  ;  -«r.] 

1,  One  who  stuffs;  specif.,  one  who  stuffs 
the  skins  of  birds,  animals,  &c.,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preservation  :  as,  a  bird-sfujfer. 

2.  A  machine  for  packing  and  filling  :  as, 

(1)  A  machine  for  stuffing  horse-collars. 

(2)  A  sausage-stuffer. 

(3)  A  machine  for  saturating  leather  with 
dubbing  in   one   part  of  the  operation   of 
leather-dressing. 

stuff  i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  stuffy;  -ntts.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  stuffy,  close,  or 
musty  ;  closeness,  mustiness. 

"The    natural  and  yet  mysterious  ttufftnett  of  a 
railway  carriage."—  Qu^en,  Sept  36.  1384, 


ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [STUFF,  v.J 
A*  A  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :   (See 
the  verb). 
C.  -4s  tubstantive: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  stuffs. 

2.  That  which  is  used  for  filling  anything  : 
as,  the  stuffing  of  a  cushion  ;  filling  for  cushions 
-and  mattresses,  consisting  of  cotton,  flocking, 
hair,  wool,  cork,   sponge,   hay,  straw,  tow, 
flax,  moss,  curled  shreds  of  wood,  &c. 

a,  Seasoning  for  meat,  &c.  ;  that  which  is 
pat  into  meat  to  give  it  a  higher  relish. 

IL  Leather:  A  mixture  of  fish-oil  and  tallow, 
which  is  rubbed  into  leather  after  being  shaved, 
previous  to  boarding  or  graining. 

stuffing-box,  s. 

Machinery  ; 

1.  A  box  with  an  annular  recess  around  a 
piston-rod,  and  provided  with  a  follower  and 
twits  whereby  the  packing  may  be  screwed 
down. 

2.  A  sleeve  adapted  to  press  a  collar  of 
hemp  around  a  piston-rod  ;   a  gland.     The 
•tuning-boxes  in  a  locomotive  engine  are  re- 
cess* s  for  admitting  some  soft  material,  such 
as  white  spun-yarn,  to  render  steam-tight  any 
rod  working  through  this  stuffing  or  packing. 
The  piston-rods,  slide-valve  rods,  regulator* 
rods,  and  pump-plunger,  all  work  through 
stuffing-boxes  of  this  description. 


~y,  a.    {Eng.  stuff;  -*} 
1.  Difficult  to  breathe  in  ;  close,  musty. 

"  Annoying  In  their  degree  are  the  Individual*  who 
Inslat  upon  keening  the  railway  c*rri*ge  window  shut 
on  a  ttuffy  daj.  —  Vail*  Telegraph.  Sept  7,  leSfc 

S.  Stout,  mettlesome,  resolute.    (Scotch.) 
3.  Angry,  sulky,  obstinate.    (Amcr.) 
1  Stoke,  s.    [Sxucco.1 

fttull,  s.  [Of.  Ger.  stollen  =  a  stand,  a  support  ; 
Qvt.stoU  =  a  gallery.) 

Mining:  Timber  placed  in  the  back  of  a 
level,  and  covered  with  boards  or  small  poles, 
to  support  rubbish. 

"  We  bad  to  •top  the  drill  until  lenees  could  get  In 
their  ttttt't  and  lagging."—  Money  Jlarlut  Rctittc. 
Feb.  SO,  1354.  p.  807. 

*  stulm,  s.  [Cf.  Sw.  ttoll  =  a  gallery.]  A  shaft 
to  draw  water  out  of  a  mine. 

Stulp,  *  stulpe,  s.  [Icel.  stolpi  =  a  post,  a 
pillar  ;  Dan.,  few.,  &  O.  Dut,  stolpe.]  A  short 
post  driven  into  the  ground.  (Prov.) 

"  Bridge  warde-  within,  so  called  of  London  bridge, 
which  bridge  is  a  principal!  part*  of  that  warde.  and 
btciuueUi  at  the  ttulpet  on  the  aouth  end  of  South. 
waxk."—  5fotM  ;  London,  p.  U7. 

•tul-tl-f  i-ca  tion,  i.  [STOI/TIFY.]  The  act 
of  stultifying  ;  tiie  state  of  being  stultified. 

Stul'-tl-f  i-er,  *.  [Eng.  stultify  ;  -er.]  One 
who  stultifies. 


l-Cr,  v.t.     [Lat.  stultus  =  foolish,  and 
Jkcio  (pass.  Jlo)  =  to  make.] 
•  I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  make  foolish  ;  to  make  a  fool  of. 

2.  To  look  upon  as  a  fool  or  foolish. 

3.  To  render  nugatory  or  worthless  ;  to  de- 
stroy the  value  of. 

"The  main  recutt  she  attained  by  the  last  campaign 
to  the  Balkaua  ha*  been  >t*JOjU<t.  '*—  DoU*  Tet^nph. 
Pec.  26,  1W6. 

II.  1.0.11;  :  To  allege  or  prove  to  be  insane  for 
avoiding  some  act, 

5  To  stultify  one's  self:  To  unsay,  directly 
or  by  implication,  what  one  has  already  said  ; 
to  lay  one's  self  open  to  an  accusation  of 
•elf-contradiction, 

"In  England  no  man  !•  allowed  to  ttultlfv  kimtetf." 
WoAittm,  in  BoeweU'i  Tour,  p.  428. 


,  *.  (Lat.  stultilofjuentia.] 
Foulish  talk ;  babbling. 

*  stul-til'-o-quent,  a.    [Lat  stultu*  =.  fool- 
ish, and  l&iuens,  pr.  par.  of  loquor  =  to  speak.] 
Given  to  foolish  talk  or  babbling. 

*  Btul-tn'-i-quent-ljf,   odv.     [Eng.  stulti- 
loquent;    -ly.}      In  a  stultiloquent  manner ; 
with  foolish  talk. 

*  Stul-tfl'-o-qu^,  s.   [Let.  stultiloqn  turn,  from 
stultus  =  foolish,    and    loquor  =  to   speak.] 
Foolish  or  silly  talk  ;  babbling,  stultiloquence. 

"What  they  call  facetiouiness  and  pleaaaut  wit.  Is 
Indeed  to  wise  persons  a  tueer  ttultilogtty,  or  talking 
like  a  fooL"— Jeremy  Taylor:  Sermon*,  p.  3vi. 

*  Stum,  *.  [Dut.  stom  —  unfermented  wine,  wine 

that  has  not  worked,  from  stom,  Ger.  sttimm  ; 
Dan.  &  Sw.  stum  =  dumb,  mute.] 

1.  Unfermented  grape-juice  ;  must  or  new 
wine,  often  mixed  with  dead  or  vapid  wine  to 
raise  a  uew  fermentation. 

"  An  anetnous  clammy  rancor,  that  arises  from  the 
•turn  of  grapes,  when  th«y  lie  mashed  ID  the  fata," — 
Additvn:  Travel*  in  Italy. 

2,  Wine  revived  by  being  made  by  muat  to 
ferment  anew. 

stum,  v.t.    [STOM,  s.} 

L  To  renew  by  mixing  with  must  and  fer- 
menting anew. 

"There  is  a  hard  green  wine  that  grows  about 
Roche  1,  and  the  Islands  thereabouts,  which  the  cun- 
ning Hollander  sometimes  uses  to  fetch ;  and  he  bath 
a  trick  to  put  a  bag  of  herbt.  or  some  other  inf  uiiom 
into  it,  (as  he  doth  brimstone  in  Rhenish)  to  gfre  it  a 
whiter  tincture,  and  more  sweetness ;  then  they  re- 
imbark.  it  for  England,  where  it  iiasaeth  for  good 
Bachrng,  and  this  is  called  ttummi.tg  of  wines." — 
B'Jtoell:  Letter*,  hk.  11,  let.  M. 

2.  To  fume,  as  a  cask,  with  brimstone. 
(Prov.) 

stum'-ble,  *stom-el-en,  "stom-blo, 
*  stom  el- yn,  *  stum-mel-yn,  *  Stoni- 
er-en, v.t.  «  t*    [IceL  stumra  =  to  stumble  ; 
Nonr.  stumra;  Sw.  dial,  stavtbla,  starniUa, 
stomla,  gtammra.] 
A.  Intransitive: 
L  Literally  : 

1.  To  trip  in  walking  or  fn  moving  in  any 
way  with  the  legs  ;  to  falter  or  stagger  after  a 
false  step. 

"  Tho  went  the  pensive  damme  oat  of  dore 
And  chaunst  to  itumble  at  the  threshold  flore." 
ftpemer;  Shepheantt  Calender;  Mag. 

2.  To  walk  in  a  bungling,  clumsy,  or  un- 
steady manner. 

"  They  [the  Chinese]  do  tn  a  manner  IOM  the  use  of 
their  feet,  and  iustead  of  going  they  only  ttumble 
about  their  house*." — Dampitr  :  I'oyagit  (au  1687). 

IL  Figuratively: 

*  1.  To  fell  into  error  or  crime ;  to  go  astray ; 
to  err. 

2.  To  strike  or  pitch  upon  by  chance  or 
accident ;  to  chance  upon.  (Followed  by  on 
or  upon.) 

"  Forth  as  she  waddled  in  the  brake, 
A  grey  goose  ^tumbled  on  a  snake. 

fttnart ;  Fable  1 

*B.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  cause  to  stnrable,  stagger,  or 
falter  ;  to  trip  up. 

"The  one  gtumbta  beholden  accidentally,  the  other 
lead*  them  Into  the  snare."— Bunyan  :  PUgrim'i  Pro- 
grctt,  pU  ii. 

2.  Fig. :  To  confound,  to  puzzle,  to  perplex, 
to  embarrass. 

"To  the  court?  this  itumMet  me:  art  sure  for  me, 
This  preparation  U ! "  [wmoh, 

Btuum.  A  Fl*. :  Bvmourotu  Lieutenant.  11 L  2. 

stum'-ble,  *  atom-trie,  *.    (STUMBLE,  v.] 

1.  Lit. :  The  act  of  stumbling ;  a  trip  or 
blunder  in  walking  or  running. 

"  I  was  told  of  a  Spaniard,  who  having  got  a  fall  by 
a  ttumblf.  and  broke  hit  nose,  rose  up,  and  in  a  dis- 
dainful manner  said,  this  is  to  walk  upon  earth."— 
Bow*l:  Letter*  bk.  L,  let.  33. 

2.  Fig. :  A  blunder,  a  failure,  a  slip. 

stum'Tbler,  *  stom-ol-are,  *  stum  lero, 
*.  (Eng.  stumbl(f)  ;  •er.]  One  who  stumbles  ; 
one  who  makes  a  mistake,  slip,  failure,  or 
blunder. 

"  Where  blockes  are  strldde  by  itumNert  at  a  straw*,". 
(Jtacoiym:  Pruttct  of  Warn. 

fitiim   bling,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [STUMBLE,  t?,J 

stumbling  -  block,  *  stumbling  - 
Stone,  s.  A  cause  of  stumbling ;  something 
in  one's  way,  which  causes  one  to  stumble, 
(Stumbling- block  is  generally,  if  not  exclu- 
sively, used  figuratively.) 

'*  To  show  a  ttumbliny-tton*  by  night. " 
Cowper:  tilt 


J-1&  adv.     [Eug.  stumbling;  -ly.J 
In  a  stumbling  manner. 

"  I  know  not  whether  to  marvel  more,  either  that 
he  [Chaucer]  In  ttiat  misty  time  could  af*  so  clearly, 
or  that  we  In  this  clear  age  po  so  $tvmUingly  alur 
him.™— Sidney  :  Defence  of  Poety. 

Stummed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [STUM,  u.J 

stump,  *  stompe,  *  stumpe,  s.  &  a.    [IceL 

st'impr ;  Sw.  &  Dan.  stump;  O.  Dut.  stompe; 
Dut.  stomp ;  Ger.  stump/.} 

A.  As  substantive : 

"L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  short,  flxed,  or  rooted  part  remain 
Ing  after  another  part  has  b«en  broken  off, 
as  the  stub  of  a  tree,  the  part  that  is  left  in 
the  earth  after  the  tree  has  been  cut  down ; 
the  part  of  a  plant  left  in  the  earth  after  the 
plant  has  been  cut  down. 

**  Down  to  the  tfump  of  yon  old  yew 
We'll  for  oar  whittles  run  a  race." 

Wordsworth  •  Idle  Shepherd  Boyt. 

2.  The  part  of  a  limb  or  the  like  remain- 
ing after  a  part  has  been  amputated  or  d*- 
stroyed. 

"One  of  the  horses  »napt  off  the  end  of  his  finger 
with  the  glova.  I  d  rawed  the  Hump  with  the  common 
digestive.  —Wittman;  Surgery,  bk.  v,,  ch.  Hi. 

3.  (PI.) .'  The  legs :  as,  To  stir  one's  stumps. 

(Colloq.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Art:  A  short,  thick  roll  of  leather  ot 
paper  cut  to  a  point,  and  used  to  rub  down 
the  harsh  or  strong  lines  of  a  crayon  or  pencil 
drawing,  or  for  shading  it, 'or  for  rubbing  solid 
tints  on  paper  from  colours  in  powder. 

2.  Cricket :  One  of  the  three  posts  or  stickt 
which  constitute    the  wicket.    Their   lower 
ends  are  pointed  so  as  to  be  easily  thrust 
into  the  ground.     They  stand  twenty-seven 
Inches  out  of  the  ground,  and  are  fixed  suffi- 
ciently close  to  each  other  to  prevent  the  ball 
from   passing    through.      The  top  ends   are 
groovea  to  receive  the  ends  of  the  bails. 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Like  a  stump ;  stumpy. 

"A  Dearie  ttompe  leg  of  wood  to  go  withalL"— 
Au-ham.;  Scholemattfr,  Lit.  IL 

H  On  the  stump:  Touring  or  itinerating 
through  a  district  or  countiy,  and  making 
speeches  on  political  or  other  questions. 

stump-mast,  s. 

Naut. :  A  lower  mast  without  tops.  Common 
In  steam -vessels  which  never  depend  wholly 
upon  sails. 

stump-orator,  s.    One  who  harangues  a 

crowd  or  meeting  from  a  stump  of  a  tree  or 
other  elevation ;  a  fruthy  or  bombastic 
speaker. 

stump-oratory*  *•  Oratory  such  aa  10 
used  by  stump-orators. 

stump-speaker,  a,  A  popular  political 
speaker.  (Amsr.) 

Stump-speech,  s.  A  speech  made  from 
the  stump  of  a  tree  or  other  improvised  plat- 
form ;  a  frothy,  bragging,  or  bombastic 
harangue  ;  an  electioneering  speech  in  favour 
of  one's  self  or  of  another  candidate. 

stump-tailed  lizard,  *. 

Zool. :  Trachydosaurus  rugosus ;  the  body  is 
long  and  stout,  and  head  and  tail  are  remark- 
ably alike,  so  that,  w^en  the  eyes  are  closed 
and  the  animal  is  motionless,  it  is  a  matter  of 
difficulty  to  distinguish  one  from  the  other. 
The  scales  on  the  upper  surface  are  large, 
rough,  and  broad,  smaller  beneath. 

Stump,  v.t.  &  i.    [STUMP,  s.} 
A.  Transitive: 
L  Ordinary  language : 
\.  To  cut  off  a  part  of;  to  reduce  to  ft 
stump. 

"  Around  the  ttumptd  top  soft  moss  did  grow." 
Mire:  &>»g  tf  the  Soul.  L  ii.  5». 

*  2.  To  strike,  as  something  flxed  and  hard, 
with  the  toe. 

3.  To  challenge,  to  defy,  to  puzzle,  to  con- 
found ;  to  clear  out  of  inonoy.    (Collog.) 

"'  Don't  you  knowonr  history  T — haven't  you  heard, 
my  dear  fellow,  we  are  itumpedl'  '  Stumped,'  said  I, 
almost  unconsciously  repeating  the  quaint,  but  wo- 
f tilt y  expressive  word.  *  Positively  Humped.'  said 
Duly.  *  Don't  speak  loud.  I  thought,  of  course,  you 
had  heard  of  it.  Blinkinsop  has  bolted."— Tkeodort 
Book:  Gilbert  Qurnty.  vol.  ill.  ch.  IL 

4.  To  make  a  tour  through  or  travel  over, 
making  speeches  for  electioneering  or  other 
purposes  :  as,  To  stump  the  country. 

U.  Cricket: 

*  L  To  knock  down,  as  a  stump  or  stump* 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  -what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  role,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e»  ce  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qu  =  kw. 


stumpage— stupify 


4503 


J  To  put  a  batsman  out  of  play  by  knock- 
Ing  off  the  bails,  or  knocking  the  stumps  of 
his  wicket  down  while  he  is  out  of  his  ground. 
(Formerly  often  used  with  out.) 

••The  Captain    Humped   the  next  man  off  a  leg- 
•hooter  "—Buahet  :  Turn  Brown  I  Schooldayl,  pt.  II., 
" 


B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  walk  stiffly,  clumsily,  or  awkwardly. 

"Cyinon  a  clown,  who  never  dreamt  of  love, 
By  chance  was  Humping  to  the  neighbouring  grove. 
Song  of  Cymon  *  Iphigenla. 

2  To  make  electioneering  or  other  speeches 
from  tlie  stump  of  a  tree  or  other  improvised 
platform.  (Amer.) 

H  1.  T»  stump  it  : 

(1)  To  run  off  ;  to  get  away  ;  to  take  to 
tight.    (Slang.) 

(2)  To  travel  about  making  stump-speeches. 
2   To  stump  up  :  To  pay  or  hand  over  money. 

{Slang.) 

"  why  don't  you  auk  your  old  governor  to  ttump 
vpl'—  Dickent:  stffcAel  by  Bm:  Watkiiu  Tolth. 

•tump'-age  (age  as  Kg),  s.  [Eng.  stump; 
•agf.)  A  tax  ou  the  amount  of  timber  cut, 
and  regulated  by  the  price  of  lumber.  (Amur.) 

etump  er,  s.    [Eng.  stump;  -er.} 

1.  One  who  stumps. 

2.  A  boaster. 

3.  Something,  as  a  story,  that  puzzles  or 

creates  incredulity.    (Amer.) 

•tump'-le,  s.  [Eng.  stump;  dlmin.  auff.  -fe.] 
A  little  stump.  (Scotch.) 

••  Sue  I  sat  paper  In  a  blink. 
An'  down  c.ied  itumuie  in  the  Ink." 
Bums  :  Eptttle  to  J.  Lapratk,  A  p.  21.  1785. 

•tump  I  ness,  «.  [Eng.  stumpy;  '-ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  stumpy. 

*  •tump'-ling,  s.  [Eng.  stump,  s.  ;  dimin. 
•uff.  -ling.}  A  little  stump. 

'•  Boot  our  stumps  and  rtumpHnjTf." 

Wolcott  :  P.  Pindar,  p.  14ft. 

•tump'-J,  a.  &  s.    [Eng.  stump;  -y.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Full  of  stumps. 

2.  Short  and  thick  ;  stubby. 

B.  As  subst.  :  Money     (Slang.) 

"Down    with   the  ttumpi/."—  C.   Xinftlty:   Alton 

Locke,  cb.  IL 

•tun,  *  ston-1-on,  *stown-l-en,  v.t.  [A.S. 
stunian  =  to  make  a  din,  to  resound  ;  stun  = 
a  din;  cogn.  with  Icel  slynja  =  to  groan; 
Itynr  =  a  groan  ;  Ger.  stohnen  =  to  groan.] 

1.  To  confound  or  make  dizzy  with  noise  ; 
to  overpower  the  sense  of  hearing  of;    to 
blunt  or  stupefy  the  organs  of  bearing  of. 

"  If  Nature  thnnder'd  In  his  opening  ears, 
And  ttuiirid  him  with  the  music  of  the  spheres. 
Pope  :  Eaaa  on  *«.«,  L  201 

2.  To  render  insensible  or  dizzy  by  force  or 
•  blow  ;  to  render  senseless  with  a  blow. 

"  One  hnng  a  pole-ax  at  his  saddle-bow. 
And  one  a  heavy  nmi-e  to  ttuii  the  foe. 

Dryden  :  Palamon  &  Arctic,  111.  32. 

8.  To  surprise  completely  ;  to  overpower  ; 
to  stupefy. 

"  At  the  sight  therefore  of  this  river,  the  pilgrims 
were  much  ttunned."—  Banyan  •'  Pilyrim't  Progreu,  i. 

frturig,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.     [STiNO,  «.] 
Btunk,  !>«!(.  ofv.    [STINK,  ».] 

•tfin'-ner,  ».    [Eng.  stun;  -tr.) 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  stuns. 

2.  Something  which  astonishes  by  wonder- 
ful appearance,  excellence,  or  other  quality  ; 
•ometliing  exceedingly  fine  ;  something  first- 
rate.    (Slang.) 

"  For  the  performance  ol  '  Oettln*  up  Stairs,'  I  have 
no  other  iiftine  but  that  it  was  Kttunner."  —  Thackeray  • 
Book  of  Snoot,  ch.  XXV. 

Itun'-ning,  pr.  far.  k  a.    [Bros.] 

A.  Aspr.par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Of  unusual  or  extraordinary 
qualities  ;  first-rate  ;  astonishingly  fine,  large, 
or  the  like.    (Slang.) 

•tiint,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  stunt  =  dnil,  obtuse, 
stupid,  from  stintan  =  to  stop,  to  be  weary  ; 
Icel.  stttttr  =  short,  stunted;  O.  8w.  stunt  = 
cut  short.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  hinder  from   growth  ;   to 
check  or  shorten  in  growth  or  progress. 

"  To  ttunt  the  natural  growth  of  a  new  colony."— 
Smith  :  Wealth  of  A'ationt,  bk.  iv..  ch.  vll. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  become  stunted. 


stunt,  s.  &  adv.    [STUNT,  v.] 
A   As  substantive : 

1.  A  check  in  growth 

2.  That  which  has  been  checked  in  growth  ; 
a  stunted  animal  or  thing. 

3.  A  young  wlialc,  two  years  old,  which, 
having  been  weaned,  is  lean  and  yields  little 
blubber. 

*  B.  As  adv. :  Abruptly,  sharply,  short :  as, 
To  turn  stunt. 

stunt'-ed,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [STUNT,  v.] 

stunt'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  Minted;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  stunted. 

stunt'  I  ness,  ».  [EnR.  stunt;  i  connect., 
and  suit',  -ness.]  Stuntedness. 

stunt'  ness,  s.  [Eng.  stunt;  -ness.]  Stunted- 
ness,  shortness,  abruptness. 

stu'-pa  (1), ».   [STUPE.] 
stu'-pa  (2),  «.    [TOPE.] 

Stupe  (1),  Btu'-pa,  ».  [Lat.  stupa,  stuppa; 
Gr.  oTiirin)  (staple)  =  the  cuarse  part  of  flax.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Tow,  flax,  flannel,  &c.,  used 
as  a  pledget,  compress,  or  as  a  wad  in  fomen- 
tations. 

"Binding  a  ttupt  over  If—  n'iseman:  Surgery. 
bk.  v..  ch.1. 

2.  Bot. :  Filamentose  matter;  a  tuft  of  long 
hair ;  tow. 

stupe,  v.t.  [STUPE  (1),  «.]  To  apply  a  stupe 
or  stupa  to  ;  to  foment. 

"  I  took  off  the  dressings,  and  lonnd  the  h«at  some- 
what allay'd,  and  the  ulcer  well  disposed  to  digestion. 
I  Uuped  the  ulcer."-  Wiiemani  Surgery,  bk.  II .  ch.  ill. 

Stupe  (2), ».  [An  abbreviation  of  stupid  (q.v.).] 
A  stupid  person. 

stu-p6-Ja'-ci-ent  (o  as  «h),  a,.  &  i.  [Lat. 
stupefaciens,  pr.  pal.  of  stupefacio  =  to  stupefy 
(q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :  Stupefactive ;  having  a  stupe- 
fying power. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  medicine  which  produces 
stupor  or  insensibility  ;  a  narcotic. 

stu-pS-fac'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  stupe- 
factionem,  accus.  of  stupefactio,  from  stupefactus, 
pa.  par.  of  stitpefacio  =  to  stupefy  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  stupefying ;  the  state  of  being 
stupefied. 

"  It  produced  that  kind  of  ttitpefactiort  which  Is  the 
consequence  of  using  opium."— Coot :  Third  Voyage, 
bk.u.,ch.  vliL 

2.  A  stolid   or   senseless   state;   dulness, 
torpor,  stupidity. 

••  Nor  was  this  submission  the  effect  of  content,  but 
of  mere  ttupefaction  and  brokeunesB  of  heart.  '— 
Jlacaulay  :  Hut  Eng..  ch.  cm 

Btu'-pS-fac-tive.  a.  &  a.  [Lat.  stupefaetus, 
pa,  par.  of  stupe/ado  =  to  stupefy  (q.v.) ;  Fr. 


A.  As  adj. :   Causing  stupefaction  or  In- 
sensibility; stupefying,  narcotic;  deadening 
or  blunting  the  sense  of  feeling  or  under- 
standing. 

14  Opium  hath  a  itupefacttn  part,  and  a  heating 
part;  the  one  moving  sleep,  the  otheraheat."— flocon 
Sat.  Hist.,  S  98. 

B.  As  subst. :  That  which  stupefies ;  specif., 
a  medicine  which  produces  stupor  ;  a  stupe- 
facient. 

"  Opium  and  other  strong  ttune/itctifft,  doe  coag. 
nlate  the  spirit*.  "—Bacon ;  Jtut.  Life  A  Death,  p.  M. 

Stu'-pe-fi-ed,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [STUPEFY.] 

Btu'-pe-f  ied-n6ss,  s.  [Eng.  stupefied  ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  stupefied 
stupefaction,  stupor,  insensibility. 

"  From  the  ttupeftednett  of  the  past,"—  Boyle 
Work*,  vi.  6. 

«tu'-p8-fi-er,  «.  [Eng.  stupefy;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  stupefies. 

"  Whether  the  natural  phlegm  of  this  island  needs 
any  additional  ttupejbr."—  Berkeley :  The  Queritt,  i  348. 

•tu'-pS-f/,  *  Btu'-pl-fy,  v.t.  [Fr.  stnpefier 
from  stupefait  =  stupefied,  from  Lat  stupe 
foetus,  pa.  par.  of  stupefacio,  from  stupeo  —  to 
be  amazed,  and/ocio  —  to  make.] 

1.  To  blunt  the  faculty  of  perception  or 
understanding  in ;  to  deprive  of  .sensibility 
to  make  dull  or  dead  to  external  influences 
to  make  torpid. 

"  Stupefied  by  toll,  and  drugged  with  gin." 

acott :  The  Poacher. 


*  2.  To  deprive  of  material  mobility. 

"  It  Is  not   malleable  :    but  yet  Is  not  fluent,  bo* 
ttuptfled."—  Bacon. 

*  Stu  pond',  a.  [Lat.  slupendus  =  amazing, 
to  be  wondered  at,  fut.  pass.  par.  of  stupeo  = 
to  be  amazed.]  Stupendous,  wniuierful. 


"  They  tdaMnuns)  c 
conclusions."—  Burt 


can  workeseupewt  and  admirable 
Anat.  of  Melancholy,  p.  220. 

•tu-pen'-dl-ous, a.  [STUPEXD.]  Stupend- 
ous, marvellous. 

"  It  Is  a  ttupendiout  monastery,  built  on  the  top0* 
a  huge  land-rock."—  ffovell:  Letter!,  bk.  1.,  let.  2»- 

"  stu-pgn'-dl-ous-iy,  nrli:  [Eng.  stupen- 
dio'm  ;  -ly.]  Stupendously,  marvellously. 

"The  complexion  may  prove  itupentllously  en- 
ravlshlng."— More :  Ditcoune  on  Snthusiatm,  p.  14. 

stn-pen'-doiis,  a.  [STUPEND.]  To  be  won- 
dered at ;  striking  dumb  hy  magnitude  ;  mar- 
vellous, amazing  ;  of  astonishing  magnitude 
or  elevation. 

"  And  this  was  then  thought  a  ttupendotu  sum.'— 
Macaulay :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  Hi. 

•tu-pen'-dons-ljr,  adv.  [Eng.  stupendous; 
-ly.]  In  a  stupendous  manner  or  degree ; 
marvellously. 

"Bo  stupendously  high  were  the  almost  perpendicu- 
lar walls.*— field,  Feb.  17,  1S8J. 

stu  pen'-doiis  ness,  s.  [Eng.  stupendous; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  stu- 
pendous. 

"  Works,  which  from  their  ituptmdoutneu.  should, 
have  taught  tliem  the  greatness  of  the  former."— suit: 
Knowledge  of  Divine  Thing!,  p.  270. 

»Stii'-p$nt,  a.  [Lat.  stupens,  pr.  par.  of  stupeo 
=  to  be  amazed.)  Confounded,  astounded, 
stunned  into  silence. 

"The  human  mind  stands  itupent,"—CarlyU: 
Diamond  Necklace,  ch.  ii.  (Note.) 

stu'-pe-oiis,  a.  [Lat.  stupeus  stiipus,  =  made 
or  consisting  of  tow.)  Resembling  tow;, 
having  long  loose  scales,  or  matted  filament* 
like  tow ;  stupose. 

stu'-pld,  o.  &  s.  [Fr.  stupide,  from  Lat.  rtu- 
pidus  =  stupid,  from  stupeo  =  to  be  amazed  ; 
Sp.  4  Port,  estupido;  Ital.  stupido.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Deprived  temporarily  or  permanently  of 
the  perceptive,  thinking,  or  reasoning  facul- 
ties ;  in  a  state  of  stupor ;  stupefied ;  bereft  of 
feeling. 

"  Is  he  not  aupid 

With  age  and  alt'rlng  rheums  ?  can  be  speak  T  hear  t 
Know  man  from  man  ?" 

Sluitap.  :  Winter1!  Tale,  IT.  a. 

2.  Devoid  of  understanding ;  silly ;  dull  of 
apprehension. 

"  Anne,  when  In  good  humour,  was  meekly  ttuptd, 
and.  when  in  bad  humour,  was  sulkily  Hupid.  — 
J/acaulay :  Hitt.  £ng.,  ch.  xv. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  resulting  from  stu- 
pidity ;  senseless,  nonsensical :  as,  a  stupid 
mistake. 

B.  As  mbst. :   A   stupid,  silly  person ;  ». 
blockhead. 

Btu-pW-I'-tjF,  >.  [Fr.  itupidM,  from  stupide 
=  stupid  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  Insensibility  to  external  influence*  ; 
numbness  of  feeling ;  stupor,  torpor. 

"  The  dreadful  bellowing  of  whose  stralt-brac'd  drum* 
To  the  French  sounded  like  the  (I  readf  ul  doom  ; 
And  them  with  such  ttiitnditff  benumbs, 
AB  though  tile  earth  had  groaned  from  her  womb. 
Drat/ton:  The  Battti  of  Agincourt. 

2.  Extreme  dulness  of  apprehension  ;  dull 
foolishness,  senselessness,  folly. 

"  Whose  book  of  vulgar  errors  so  finely  exposes  the 
monkish  !t>tpidity  of  the  times."— Guldtmuh :  Polity 
Learning,  ch.  vL 

Stu'-pld-l^,  adv.    [Eng.s-wpW;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  stupid  manner ;  with  suspension  or 

inactivity  of  understanding. 

"That  apac*  the  evil  one  «b«trRct«d  stood 
From  his  own  evil,  and  for  the  time  remain  a 
Stupidly  good."  J/i«<"i .'  P.  L.>  lx.  46S. 

2.  Without  the  exercise  of  reason  or  judg- 
ment ;  foolishly,  senselessly, 

"How  ttupidlu  soever  all  his  Interpreters  wou'd 
have  Hector  (being  Btrooke  into  a  treiiiljling,  aim  - 


g  srooe 

most  dead)  turne  about  like  a  whlrlwiudeT 
man  :  Homer  ;  Iliad,  bk.  xiv. 


. 
Aap- 


stu'-pid  ness,  s.    [Eng.  stupid  ;  -ness.]     The 
quality  or  state  of  being  stupid  ;  stupidity. 

"  Not  limiting  his  rest  by  the  Insatiable  lust  of  a 
sluggish  and  drowzle  aupiditeu.-—  Bp.  Hall  .•  Tht> 
Christian. 

*  BtU'-pI-f  l-5r,  «.      [STUPEFIEE.] 

*  StU'-pI-f^,  V.t.      [STUPEFY.] 


V6U,  bo};  piut,  Jc^l;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  5Hin,  tooncli;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.   -I*K. 
-«lan,  -tian  =  snan.    -tlon,  nrion  =  •nun ;  -Jion,  -»ion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  shfis.   -ble,  -die,  IK 


4504 


stupor— sty 


«tu'-por,«.  (Lat.,  from  stupeo  =  to  be  amazed., 

1.  Great  diminution  or  cessation  of  sensi- 
bility ;  a  state  in  which  the  faculties  are  dead- 
ened or  dazed  ;  loss  or  suppression  of  sense. 

"James  sank  intoasfupor,  which  indicated  the  near 
approach  of  death."— Macau! ay :  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xxv. 

2.  Intellectual  insensibility ;  moral  dead- 
ness  ;  heedlessness  of  or  inattention  to  one's 
Interests. 

•tn'-pose,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  stupasus,  from  Lat 


BoL  :  Bearded.  Used  spec,  of  the  filaments 
In  the  genus  Anthericum,  &c.  [STUPEOUS.] 

*Stu'-prate,  v.t.  [Lat.  stuimtus,  pa,  par.  of 
««upro  =  to  defile;  «r«}>rum  =  defilement]  To 
ravish,  to  violate,  to  debauch. 

•tu-pra'-tton,  «.  [Lat.  ttupratio.]  [Sru- 
PRATE.]  The  act  of  ravishing  or  debauching  ; 
rape,  violation. 

"  Stupration  maat  not  be  drawn  Into  practice.*— 
Brown.  (RichardtoK.) 

«tu'-prum,  >.    [Lat.] 

•1.  Ont  Lang.  :  Forcible  violation  of  the 
person  ;  rape. 

2.  Civil  Law  :  Every  union  of  the  sexes  for- 
bidden by  morality. 

»tu   pn-lose,  a.     [Dimin.  from  Eng.  itupose.] 
Bat.  :   Having  shorter  and   more   slender 
threads  than  a  stupose  surface  possesses. 

•tor-died,  a.  [Eng.  sturdy;  -td.]  Affected 
with  the  disease  called  sturdy. 


l-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  sturdy  ;  -ly.}    In  a 
sturdy  manner  ;  lustily,  vigorously,  stoutly. 

"It  was  a  stag.  A  stag  of  ten. 
Bearing  his  hnuiches  tturdily." 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  IT.  IS. 

«tur  dl-nfiss,  s.  [Eng.  sturdy,  :  -nets.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sturdy;  lustiness, 
vigour,  stoutness,  obstinacy. 

"  To  beggar  them  out  ol  their  stiuiUluss.-—  BoUna- 
broke:  On  Partiet.  let  19. 

stur-dy,     at  or  die,  *rtonr-dy,  *stur- 

di,  a.  [O.  Fr.  eatourdi  =  dulled,  amazed, 
reckless,  pa.  par.  of  ettourdir  (Fr.  itourdir)  = 
to  amaze  ;  prob.  from  Lat,  torpidus  =  torpid 
(q.v.)  ;  Sp.  sturdir  =  to  stun,  to  amaze  ;  ItaL 
ftordire.} 

•  1.  Rash,  reckless,  inconsiderate,  foolishly 
obstinate,  stubborn. 

"  A  tturdy,  hanleued  sinner  shall  advance  to  the 
utmost  pitch  of  impiety  with  less  reluctance  than  ha 
took  the  first  steps.  '—Atterbury,  \Todd.) 

2.  Robust  in  body,  lusty,  vigorous  ;  strong 
•Vld  stout.    (Dryden  :  Virgil  ;  Georgic  i.  69.) 

3.  Stiff,  stout,  strong.  (MUton  :  P.  R.  ,  iv.  417.) 

4.  Characterized  by  or  exhibiting  endurance, 
strength,  or  force  ;  forcible,  strong,  vigorous. 

••  Tbe  rturdv  qualities  displayed  by  the  leader  of  the 
Bsparationlsts/'-Oiify  Telegraph,  June  a,  list. 

sturdy-beggar,  s.  A  term  occurring  in 
the  Act  14  Eliz.,  c.  5,  and  used  to  distinguish 
*'  beggars  able  to  work"  from  "beggars  im- 
potent to  serve  ;"  hence  =  a  vagrant  or  tramp. 
By  a  statute  of  the  Commonwealth,  1656,  "all 
and  every  idle  and  dissolute  persons,  vagrant 
and  wandering  from  their  usual  place  of  living 
or  abode  without  sufficient  cause  or  business, 
and  fiddlers  and  minstrels,"  were  adjudged 
rogues,  vagabonds,  and  sturdy  beggars  within 
themeaningof  the  Act  of  Elizabeth.  (English.) 

•ttir  dy,  $.  [Gael,  ttuird,  ituad,  stuirdean  = 
vertigo,  drunkenness,  sturdy  ;  sturdau  = 
darnel,] 

1.  Animal   Pathol.  :  A  disease  in  sheep, 
marked  by  a  disposition  to  stagger,  sit  on 
the  rump,  turn  toward  one  side,  stupor,  &c. 
It  is  caused  by  the  presence  within  the  brain 
«f  the   immature   embryo   of  a  species   of 
tapeworm  [CojuuRus],  varying  in  size  from 
that  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  pigeon's  egg.    It 
generally  attacks  young   sheep   under   two 
years  old,  and  is  seldom  cured. 

2.  Bot.  :  Lc-lium  temitlentum,  Darnel  grass, 
which    was    formerly   believed    to    produce 
staggers  in  the  sheep  feeding  upon  it 

atur'-gedn,  s.  JQ.  Fr.  esturgeon,  estourgeon, 
from  ttvrionem,  accus.  of  Low  Lat.  sturio  =  a 
sturgeon,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  stun,  tturjo  (M.  H. 
Oer  tttr  ;  Ger.  ttiir)  =  a  sturgeon  =  lit.  a 
•tirrer,  from  its  habits;  O.  H.  Ger.  storen, 
ttoertn  =  to  spread  ;  Ger.  storm  =  to  trouble, 
to  disturb,  to  poke  about.]  [STIR,  ».] 

Ichthy.  :  The  popular  name  of  any  species 
«f  the  genus  Acipeuser  (q.v.).  The  body  is 


elongated,  almost  cylindrical,  tapering  coni- 
cally  to  a  heterocercal  tall.  The  skeleton  is 
cartilaginous  ;  the  skin  is  covered  with  bony 
scutes  in  longitudinal  rows,  between  which 
are  patches  naked  or  furnished  only  with  small 
bnny  scales.  The  snout  is  produced  far  in 
front  of  the  mouth,  which  is  situated  on  the 
under  side,  and  furnished  with  barbels.  Stur- 
geons are  distributed  over  the  whole  of  the 
northern  hemisphere  ;  they  are  mostly  anadro- 
mous,  but  some  species  are  confined  to  fresh 
water.  On  the  approach  of  winter  they  sink 
deep  holes  in  the  bottom,  where  they  crowd 
together  and  remain  in  a  hibernating  condition 
till  the  approach  of  spring.  They  are  among 
the  largest  of  freshwater  fishes;  and  the 
larger  species  reach  a  length  of  about  eighteen 
feet;  they  are  extremely  voracious,  and  live 
chiefly  on  worms,  spawn,  and  flsh  that  feed 
on  the  bottom.  They  are  important  as  food- 
fishes  ;  the  flesh  is  white,  well-flavoured,  and 
delicate,  resembling  veal;  caviare  is  pre- 
pared from  their  roe,  and  isinglass  from  their 
swimming-bladderg.  The  best-known  species, 
is  tne  Common  Sturgeon,  Acipenser  sturio.  The 
back  is  usually  a  dull  reddish,  but  varies  to  a 
blue  or  yellowish-gray,  belly  white,  inclining 
to  silvery,  scutes  gray.  When  adult  it  is  fn.m 
6  to  10  feet  long.  It  occurs  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, western  and  northern  Europe,  and  on  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States.  The  largest 
species  is  A.  huso.  It  belongs  to  the  Black  and 
Caspian  Seas,  and  reaches  a  length  of  26  feet. 
Several  species  occur  in  the  United  States. 
They  are  taken  in  considerable  numbers,  the 
flesh  being  eaten  and  caviare  made.  The  most 
important  sturgeon  fishery  is  that  of  the  Volga 
and  the  Caspian  Sea  in  Eussia.  [BELUGA,  1 
FISH-ROYAL,  STERLW.J 

"  In  Bngland  the  Sturgeon  is  a  royal  flsh,  belonging. 
by  Act  of  Parliament  of  the  reign  of  Edward  II  to 
the  sovereign,  except  where  it  has  been  (minted  by 
charter  to  certain  Corporations,  as  at  Boston,  in 
Lincolnshire."— Seeley  :  freth-water  fithet,  p.  418. 

*  sttir  -J-6,  «.    {Lat  =  a  sturgeon  (q.v.). 

Ichthy.:  A  lapsed  synonym  of  Acipenser 
(q.v.);  From  this  word  many  authorities  have 
formed  names  for  groups  in  their  respective 
classifications,  corresponding  more  or  less 
closely  to  the  modern  Acipenseridse  and  Poly- 
odontidas.  Thus  Cuvier  employed  the  French 
Sturioniens;  and  in  Modern  Latin  there  are 
Sturiones  (Bonaparte),  Sturionia  (Raflnesque), 
Sturionidte  (Swainspn),  Sturionideae  (Richard- 
son), and  Sturionini  (Gravenhorst). 

t  stiir-I-o'-nes,  «.  pL    [STDRIO.] 

t  Btur-i-o'-nl-an,  ».  [Low  Lat.  sturio  =  a 
sturgeon.]  Any  individual  of  the  family 
Sturiones  or  Hturionidee. 

t  Bttir-I-on'-I-dw,  «.  pL    [STOBIO,] 
Bturk,  >.    [STIRK.] 

Btur-nel'-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
tturnus  (q.v.).] 

Ornitk. :  A  genus  of  Icteridss,  sub-family 
Agelaina;,  with  five  species  ranging  from  Pata- 
gonia and  the  Falkland  Islands  to  the  middle 
of  the  United  States.  Body  thick,  stout; 
legs  large,  reaching  beyond  the  tail,  which  is 
short  and  even,  with  acuminate  feathers ;  bill 
slender,  elongate  ;  nostrils  linear,  covered  by 
membranous  scale. 

stur'-nl-dea,  ».  pL  [Mod.  Lat  «turn(iu); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*,  -ida.] 

Ornith. :  Starlings ;  an  Old-world  family  of 
Sturniformes  (q.v.).  Wings  long  or  moderate, 
first  primary  always  short ;  nostrils  oblong, 
more  or  less  feathered  ;  forehead  depressed 
and  broad ;  no  rictal  bristles.  Their  habits 
are  generally  gregarious,  most  of  them  fre- 
quenting the  ground,  where  they  assemble  in 
large  flocks.  There  are  two  sub-families: 
Buphaginae  (confined  to  the  African  continent) 
and  Sturninae  (q.v.). 

stur-nl-for  -mes,  s.  pi.  [Mod,  Lat  sturnut 
(q.v.),  and  Lat.  forma  =  form.) 

Ornith,:  A  sub-order  of  Passeriformes  (q.v.), 
with  four  families :  Ploceidas,  Artaraidse, 
Alaudidte,  and  Sturnidee  (q.v.). 

stur-ni  na>,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  iturntus);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -inal.} 

Ornitk. :  A  sub-family  of  Sturnidse  (q.v.),  a 
highly-characteristic  Old-World  group,  ex- 
tending to  every  part  of  the  eastern  hemi- 
sphere and  its  islands,  and  over  the  Pacific  to 
the  Samoa  Islands  and  New  Zealand,  but 
wholly  absent  from  the  mainland  of  Australia. 


They  have  the  characters  of  the  family,  and 
contain  about  twenty-eight  genera  and  12« 
species. 

stur-nir'-a,  «.  [A  euphonic  word,  of  no  sig- 
nification, formed  by  Gray.  (Agassiz.)] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Stenodermata  (q.v.X  Chin 
with  three  warts  in  front,  margined  below 
by  smaller  warts.  One  species,  S.  lilium,  from 
the  Neotropical  region. 

Stur'-nus,  s.    [Lat  =  a  starling.] 

Ornith.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Stumlna 
(q.v.),  with  six  species,  ranging  over  the  Palav 
arctic  region  to  India  and  South  China  in  th« 
winter.  Bill  as  long  as  head,  almost  straight, 
blunt  at  tip  ;  nostrils  basal,  supernal,  partly 
overlaid  by  an  operculum  ;  gape  angular,  free 
from  bristles  ;  feathers  of  head  and  anterior 
part  of  body  pointed  and  elongated  ;  wings 
long,  pointed  ;  tail  short,  rectriees  diverging 
at  tip  ;  tarsus  scntellate  in  front,  covered  at 
side  by  an  undivided  plate,  forming  a  sharp 
ridge  behind  ;  claws  short  and  moderately 
curved.  Sturnus  vulgaris  is  the  Starling  (q.v.). 

Sturt,  v.t.  &  i.  [Sw.  storta  =  to  vex  to  dis- 
turb ;  Ger.  sforen.)  (Scotch.) 

A.  Tran>.  :  To  vex,  to  trouble,  to  molest. 

B.  Intrant.  •  To  startle,  to  be  afraid. 

"He  was  something  Hurting."      Burnt:  Ballowetn. 

Sturt  (1),  ».  [STURT,  r.)  Trouble,  disturbance, 
vexation  ;  heat  of  temper.  (Scotch.) 

•tort  (2),  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Mining:  An  extraordinary  profit  made  by 
a  tributer  by  taking  the  excavation  or  cutting 
of  a  course  of  ore  at  a  high  price. 

Stur'-tlon,  *.  [A  corruption  of  nasturtium 
(q.v.).]. 

*  stut,  *  stutte,  v.l.  [I  eel.  siauta  =  to  beat, 
to  read  stutteringly.]  To  stutter  (q.v.). 

"  He  hath  Albano's  Imperfection  too. 
And  tlult  when  he  is  vehemently  moved." 

Xarvon  :  What  You  WtO. 

stftt'-tor,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  frequent,  from  stut 
(q.v.);  Dut  stoUerm;  Low  Ger.  stotern;  Ger. 
slattern.} 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  stammer  ;  to  hesitate  in 
the  articulation  of  words. 

"He  had  stood  trembling.  Buttering,  calling  for  his 
confessor."—  Macauluy  :  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  jexi. 

B.  Tram.  :  To  utter  in  a  stuttering  manner; 
to  stammer  out 

"  The  nonsense  ttuttered  by  the  tipsy  nobles  of  Uu 
•mpire."—  Macaulay  :  BM.  Eng.,  ch.  xviiL 

Stut  -ter,  s.    [Eng.  stut;  -tr.\ 

*  1.  One  who  stutters  ;  a  stutterer. 

"Many  stutter*  are  very  cholerlck,  choler  inducing  a 
dryness  In  the  tongue."—  Bacon  :  fiat.  Ilitt..  |  3&& 

2.  A  stammerer  in  speaking. 

•tut'-ter-er,  «.  [Eng.  stutter,  v.  ;  -er.]  Oat 
who  stutters  :  a  stammerer. 

"  Stutterer!  use  to  stammer  more  when  the  wind  !• 
In  that  hole.'—  B  mil  :  Latert,  bk.  ixrlL.  let  L 

stut  -ter-Ing,  jrr.  far.,  a.,  &  s.    [STUTTER,  ».) 
A.  &  B.  Atpr.  par.  <0  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  iubst.  :  A  hesitation  in  speaking,  in 
which  there  is  a  spasmodic  and  uncontrollable 
repetition  of  the  same  syllable  ;  stammering 
(q.v.). 


ut-er-ng-,  adv.     [Ens.  stuttering;  -ty.J 
In  a  stuttering  manner  ;  with  a  stutter. 

sty  0),  *  stie,  •  stl,  '  stye,  «.  [A.s.  stigo  = 
a  stye  ;  cogn.  with  IceL  stia,  sti  —  ft  sty  ; 
suinsti  =  a  swine-sty  ;  Dan.  iti  ;  Sw.  stia  ;  O. 
Sw.  stia,  stiga  ;  Sw.  dial,  sli,  steg;  Dnt.  «-y»- 
stijge  ;  Ger.  steige  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  stiga.] 

1.  A  pen  or  inclosure  for  swine. 

"  Each  friend  yon  seek  in  yon  enclosure  lies, 
All  lost  their  form,  and  habitants  of  ttiet." 

Pope  :  ffomer;  Odyttey  X.  ML 

2.  A  dirty,  mean,  or  filthy  place  ;  a  hovel 

"There  could  not  be  equality  between  men  who 
lived  in  houses  and  men  who  lived  in  fffes."—  JfooMl- 
lay  .•  Bitt.  £ny.,  ch.  vi. 

3.  A  place  of  debauchery. 

"The  houses  of  Cameron's  stately  and  hlzh-eptriU4 
CaBtilUn  gentlemen  became  ttiet  of  vice."—  itacaulein: 

BM.  Em.,  cb.  in, 


Sty  (2),  Stye,  s.  [A  contract,  of  siigena^ 
swelling,  rising,  properly  pres.  part  of  stigatt 
=  to  rise,  to  climb.  The  full  form  was  stigenA 
edge  =  swelling  eye,  which  was  corrupted  into 
styany,  which  was  afterwards  mistaken  for 


Gte,  at,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wore,  W9lt  work.  wh6,  son ;  mute,  cub,  eiire,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


sty— styliform 


4506 


sty  on  eyi  :  Low  Ger.  strip,  stigt  ;  Norw.  «<iff, 
tfi,  ttigje  from  slifla  =  to  rise.)  A  small  in- 
narmnatx  ry  tumour  of  the  nature  of  a  boil  on 
th«  edge  of  the  eyelid,  most  frequently  near 
the  inner  angle  of  the  eye. 

•ty  (1),  ».«.  [STY  (1),  «.]  To  shut  up  in  or  as 
in  a  sty. 

••  Here  you  sly  me 

la  this  h»rd  rock,  while  you  do  keep  (rum  mfl 
The  rest  ot  the  island."       SHakesp.  :  Tempest,  i.  1 

»ty  (2),  *  stle,  •  stye,  f.t.  I  A.S.  jtijan  ;  Ger. 
steigen;  Dnt  stijen;  IceL  sM0a;  Sw.  sfiga; 
Dan.  stifle.]  [STAIR.]  To  mount. 

'•  Thought  with  hU  wings  to  stye  above  the  ground." 
Spenser;  f.  «.,  LxL2i. 

*8ty--an,  s.    [STY  (2),*.] 

•  sty'-ca,  s.  [A.S.  sKc,  rfi/c.]  An  Anglo-Saxon 
coin,  value  half  a  farthing.  It  was  princi- 
pally, if  not  wholly,  coined  in  the  kingdom 
of  Northumberland. 

•ty^er-Ine,  s.  [Kng.  tty(ryl),  and  (gly)- 
urine.] 

Chem.:  C9H]2O3  =  C6HB-CH(OH)-CH(OB)- 
Cn^OH).  Phenyl  glycerine.  A  trivalent 
alcohol,  obtained  by  heating  a  mixture  of 
styryl  tribromide  and  water  for  eight  or  ten 
hours.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol, 
and  on  evaporation  is  left  as  a  gummy  mass. 

itye,  s.    [STY  (2),  s.J 
«tye,  v.i.    [STY  (2),  ».] 

BtylT-I-an,  a.    [Lat.  Stygivs,  from  Styx;  Or. 

Snif  (SI  tor),  genit.  2-rvyos  (Stugos)  =  the  Styx, 
from  o-rvytio  (stugeo)  =  to  hate.]  Pertaining 
to  Styx,  a  river  of  hell,  over  which  the  shades 
of  the  dead  were  ferried  by  Charon  ;  hence, 
hellish,  infernal. 

"  Whose  Slyylan  throats  breathe  darknen  all  day  lon«.- 
Camper  !  Talk,  1U.  738. 

Bty-gSgr-en-es,  ».    [Gr.  Srvf  (Stiu),  genit 

• 


tugos)  =  the  Styx  (q.v.),  and 
(0ennad)  =  to  produce.     Named   from  their 
supposed  volcanic  abode.] 

IchtKy.:  A  genus  of  Hypostomatina  [SiLU- 
RID*],  the  pretiadillas  of  the  natives.  They 
are  small  Siluroids,  abundant  in  the  lakes 
and  torrents  of  the  Andes,  and  have  attracted 
considerable  attention  from  the  fact  that 
Humboldt  adopted  the  popular  belief  that 
they  live  in  subterranean  waters  within  the 
bowels  of  the  active  volcanoes  in  the  Andes, 
and  are  ejected  with  streams  of  mud  and 
water  during  eruptions,  though  he  considered 
It  singular  that  they  were  not  cooked  when 
vomited  forth  from  craters  or  other  openings. 
The  explanation  of  their  appearance  during 
volcanic  eruptions  is  that  they  are  killed  by 
the  sulphuretted  gases  escaping  during  ail 
eruption,  and  swept  down  by  the  torrents  of 
water  issuing  from  the  volcano. 

rtyl  a  gal-ma  Jc,  a.   [Or.  orCXw  (itulos)  = 
a  pillar,  and  ayoA^a  (agalma)  =  an  image.] 


Arch.  :  Performing  the  office  of  a  column  : 
as,  a  stylagalmaic  figure.  Used  also  substan- 
tively  of  a  figure  performing  the  office  of  a 
column. 

•tyl'-ar,  a.    [Eng.  styUf);  -an]    Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  style  ;  stilar. 

«tyl  as  ter,  ».  [Or.  erSAoc  (stuloi)  =  a  pillar, 
and  io-TTJp  (astir)  =  a  star.) 

Zoo!.:  The  type-gen  us  of  Stylasterlda;(q.v.), 
formerly  classed  with  the  Corah},  and  made 
a  genus  of  Ocnlinidee. 

styl-as'-ter-Id,  «.    [STYLASTERID*.]    Any 
individual  of  the  family  Stylasteridte  (q.v.). 

styl-as-teV-i(-das,  ».  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  styl- 
aster;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -idee.} 

ZooL  it  Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Hydrocoral- 
linse,  with  several  genera,  living  principally 
at  considerable  depths  in  the  warmer  seas. 
The  skeleton  is  a  branched  calcareous  struc- 
ture, with  cup-like  depressions,  each  with  a 
central  chamber,  surrounded  by  secondary 
chambers,  separated  from  each  other  by  short 
partitions.  The  colony  consists  of  two  sets 
of  zooids,  the  perfect  ones  inhabiting  the 
central  chambers,  whilst  the  smaller  ones  are 
occupied  by  imperfect  zooids,  resembling 
tentacles  in  appearance.  The  cavities  of  the 
zoo'ids  communicate  by  canals  in  the  skeleton, 
and  the  reproductive  organs  are  in  the  form 
of  fixed  sporosacs,  developed  within  sac-like 
cavities  in  the  skeleton.  One  fossil  genus, 
Distichopora,  from  the  Tertiary  of  France. 


Styl'-ate,  a.    [Eng.  style  (2) ;  -ate.] 
Sot. ;  Having  a  persistent  style. 

style  (1),  *  stile  (1), ».  [Fr.  stile,  style,  from  Lat 
stilus  =  an  iron-pointed  pen  used  for  writing 
on  wax-tablets,  a -manner  of  writing.  From 
the  same  root  as  sting,  stimulus,  stigma,  &c. ; 
8p.  &  Port,  estilo;  Ital.  stile.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  piece  of  iron  or  other  material  pointed 
at  one  end,  used  by  the  ancients  for  writing 
by  scratching  on  wax  tablets.  The  other  end 
was  made  blunt  and  smooth,  and  was  used  to 
make  erasures.  Hence, 

2.  A  hard  point  for  tracing,  in  manifold 
writing. 

3.  A  pointed  tool  used  in  graving. 

4.  Manner  of  writing  with  regard  to  lan- 
guage ;  the  peculiar  manner  in  winch  a  person 
expresses  his  ideas  or  conceptions  ;  the  parti- 
cular mode  or  form  of  expressing  ideas  in 
language  which  distinguishes  one  writer  or 
speaker  from  another ;  the  distinctive  inanuer 
of  writing  characteristic  of  each  author,  or  of 
each  body  of  authors,  allied  as  belonging  to 
the  same  school,  country,  or  epoch. 

"  Though  an  author's  plan  should  be  faultless,  and 
his  stury  ever  so  well  conducted,  yet  If  he  be  feeble,  or 
flat  in  style,  destitute  of  atiectiug  scenes,  and  deficient 
In  poetical  colouring,  he  can  nave  no  success." — Blair: 
Jthetoric,  lect.  10. 

5.  Mode  of  presentation,  especially  in  music 
or  any  of  the  tine  arts ;  characteristic  or  pecu- 
liar mode  of  developing  an  idea  or  accomplish- 
ing a  result ;  the  peculiar  manner  in  which  an 
artist  expresses  his  ideas ;  it  is  exhibited  in 
his  choice  of  fonnsand  mode  of  treating  them, 
and  is  determined  in  different  ways,  according 
to  the  changes  of  thought  at  different  times 
and  stages  of  its  development.    Besides  the 
individual  style,  there  is  also  a  national  style : 
as,  The  Egyptian,  the  Grecian  styles  of  archi- 
tecture.   Each  of  the  various  branches  of  art 
has  its  peculiar  style  :  as,  the  epic,  lyric,  and 
dramatic  styles  of  poetry ;  the  historical  and 
the  landscape  styles  of  painting,  &C. 

-  In  quiet  poems  of  simple  narrative,  where  there 
are  no  speakers  or  scenery  to  set  off  the  words,  the 
forcible  style  of  the  drama  might  interfere  with  the 
unity  of  the  poem,  by  attracting  to  the  words  the  In- 
terest that  should  be  concentrated  on  the  narrative ; 
and  here  a  simple  style  may  be  desirable.  Thus  poetic 
style  may  be  roughly  divided  into  (i)  the  elevated,  (a) 
the  graceful,  (81  the  forcible.  (4)  the  simi)le.--x6S«K  * 
Seetey  :  English  Lessons  for  £nylilA  Ptoplt,  848. 

6.  The  peculiar  manner  or  mode  of  action 
characteristic  of  a  performer  of  an  art :  as, 
the  style  of  rowing  of  an  oarsman,  a  batsman's 
style  in  cricket,  a  bad  style  of  walking,  &c. 

7.  External  manner  or  fashion.     Manner 
deemed  elegant  and  appropriate  in  social  de- 
meanour ;  fashion :  as,  An  entertainment  is 
given  in  style. 

8.  Phrase  of  address  or  appellation ;  formal 
or  official  designation  ;  title. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  ArcK. ;  A  particular  character  as  to  the 
general  artistic  idea  prevailing  a  building :  as, 
the  Gothic  or  Norman  styles.  [ ARCHITECTURE,  j 

2.  Citron. :  The  method  of  reckoning  time 
with  reference  to  the  Julian  and  Gregorian 
calendars,  Old  Style  being  founded  on  the 
former  and  New  Style  on  the  latter.    The 
Julian  Calendar  (q.v.)  prevailed  in  Europe  to 
A.D.  1582.    Pope  Gregory  XIII.  published  the 
Gregorian  Calendar  [CALENDAR,  II.  3]  enacting 
that  ten  days  should  be  deducted  from  the 
year  1582  by  calling  the  day  which  by  the 
Julian  Calendar  would  have  been  Oct  5,  Oct. 
15, 1582.    The  alteration  took  place  that  game 
day  in  Spain,  Portugal,  and  part  of  Italy.    In 
France  and  Lorraine  the  change  was  made  on 
Dec.  10  [20] ;  in  Holland,  Brabant,  Flanders, 
Artois,  and  Hainault  on  Dec.  15  [25],  of  the 
same  year.   In  Switzerland  the  Roman  Catho- 
lics adopted  the  new  style  in  1583  or  1584,  as 
did  those  of  Germany  in  1584.   The  Danes  did 
so  in  1582,  the  Poles  in  1586,  the  Hungarians 
In  1587,  the  German  Protestant  city  of  Mar- 
burg in  Feb.  1682,  the  States  of  Utrecht  on 
Dec.  1  [12],  1700,  the  other  German  Protest- 
ants about  the  same  date.    Till  1751  both 
the  Julian,  or  Old  Style,  and  the  practice 
of  commencing  the  legal  year  on  March  25 
subsisted  in  England.     But  by  24  Geo.  II., 
c.  23,  it  was  enacted : 

1.  That  throughout  all  His  Majesty's  dominions  In 
Europe,  Asia.  Africa,  and  America  the  suuputation 
according  to  which  the  year  of  our  Lord  began  on 
March  25  shall  not  be  used  after  the  last  day  of  Decem- 
ber, 17M,  and  that  the  first  day  of  January  next 
following  shall  be  reckoned  as  the  first  day  of  the 
year  1753,  and  so  on  in  all  future  yean. 

2.  That ....  the  natural  day  next  Immediately 


following  September  2,  1752,  shall  be  called  and 
reckoned  as  the  fourteenth  day  of  September,  omitting 
the  eleven  intermediate  nominal  days. 

&.  That  the  several  years  of  our  Lord  1800,  1900. 
2100,  2200,  2300  ....  shall  not  be  deemed  bissextile  or 
leap  years  ....  and  that  the  years  of  our  Lord  Woo, 
2400,  2809  ....  shall  for  the  future  be  esteemed 
bissextile  or  leap  years." 

The  difference  between  the  Old  and  New 
Styles  was  progressive.  Up  to  1699  it  was 
only  ten  days,  after  1700  it  was  eleven,  and 
after  1800  twelve  days.  The  year  1751  had  no 
January,  February,  March  1-24,  and  Septem 
ber  had  only  nineteen  days.  (Nicolas :  Chron 
of  Hist.). 

3.  Surg. :  A  pointed  surgical  instrument ;  I 
probe. 

1  For  the  difference  between  style  and  dia 
tian,  see  DICTION. 

1  (1)  Juridical  styles: 

Scots  Law :  The  particular  forms  of  ex 
pression  and  arrangement  necessary  to  be  ob 
served  in  formal  deeds  and  instruments. 

(2)  Style  (if  a  court : 

Law:  The  practice  observed  by  any  court 
in  its  way  of  proceeding. 

style  (2).  «  stUe  (1),  t.  [Lat.  stylus,  fromGr. 
o-rvAos  (stulos)  =  a  pillar,  a  post.) 

1.  Sot. :  The  part  of  a  pistil  intermediate  in 
position  between  the  germen  or  ovary  below 
and  the  stigma  above.    It  is  considered  to  be 
an  elongation  of  the  ovary,  and  morphologically 
the  upper  narrow  part  of  a  carpellary  leaf  sup- 
porting the  stigma.    It  is  not  more  essential 
to  a  pistil  than  a  petiole  is  to  a  leaf,  and  it 
fact  is  often  absent    It  may  be  taper  or  thick, 
is  generally  terete,  but  may  be  angular,  or 
thin,  flat,  and  coloured.    Sometimes  it  is  con- 
tinuous with,  and  at  others  articulated  with 
the  ovary ;  as  a  rule  it  arises  from  the  apex,  but 
occasionally  from  the  sides  of  the  bitter.    Its 
surface  is  generally  smooth,  but  in  Composite. 
mostCampanulace&e,  &c.,  it  is  densely  covered 
with  hairs  called  collectors,  which  in  Lobeless 
become  an  indusium  (q.v.).    Sometimes  styles 
so  completely  cohere  that  they  look  like  one 
style  with  a  plurality  of  stigmas.    In  full/ 
describing  the  styles  of  a  plant  mention  should 
be  made  of  their  number,  length,  figure,  sur- 
face, direction,  and  proportion. 

2.  Dialling :  The  gnomon  of  a  sun-dial. 

*  style  (3),  ».    [STILE.] 

style  v.t.  [STYLE  (1),  s.]  To  entitle,  to  name, 
to  designate,  to  denominate. 

"  In  this  tract  of  Gloucestershire  (where  to  this  day 
many  places  are  styled  vineyards).  — Drat/ton  :  Potf 
Vlbion,  s.  14.  (Koto.) 

styl'-et,  s.  [A  dimin.  of  style  (1),  s.,  or  • 
contract,  of  stiletto  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  style,  or  stiletto. 
"Graven  aa  with  Iron  ttytet  on  his  brow."— Mttf 

Bronte:  I'illetle.  cb.  zx. 

2.  Surg.  :  A  probe. 

style'-wort, «.    [Eng.  style  (2),  and  wort.] 
Botany : 

1.  The  genus  Stylidinm  (q.v.). 

2.  (Pi.)  The  Stylidiacese  (Lindley.). 

•ty-lid-i'-a'-cS-n,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  «y 
lidi(um);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acect.] 

Hot. :  Styleworts ;  an  order  of  Bpigynonj 
Exogens,  alliance  Cam  panales.  Herbs  or  under- 
shrubs ;  the  hairs,  if  present,  sometimes  glan- 
dular; leaves  scattered,  sometimes  whorled, 
exstipnlate,  entire,  their  margins  naked  or 
ciliated.  Pedicels  of  the  flowers  generally 
with  three  bracts ;  calyx  superior,  with  two  to 
six  divisions,  two-lipped  or  regular,  persistent ; 
corolla  monopetalotis,  its  limb  generally  ir- 
regular, with  five  to  six  divisions.  Stamens 
two,  filaments  connate  with  the  style  into  a 
longitudinal  column  ;  ovary  with  two,  rarely 
with  one  cell,  many-seeded.  Fruit  capsular. 
Swamp  plants,  chiefly  from  Australia.  Known 
genera  five,  species  121.  (Lindley.) 

sty-Hd'-I-Sin,  «.  [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from 
Or.  o-rvAo?  (stulos)  =  a  pillar.  So  named  be- 
cause the  stamens  and  style  are  united.] 

Bot. :  Stylewort ;  the  typical  genus  of  St]» 
lidiaceca.  Beautiful  little  plants  with  red, 
pink,  violet,  white,  or  yellow  flowers,  occur- 
ring in  Australia  and  India.  Many  are  culti- 
vated in  greenhouses. 

styl'-K-form,  a.  [Eng.  style  (1),  s.,  and/om.1 
Having  the  shape  of  or  resembling  a  style, 
pin,  or  pen  ;  styloid. 


fcoil,  bfiy;  ptfit,  Jo%I;  cat,  jell,  chorus,  fhln,  bench;  go,  gem;  t.liln.  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   ph  =  t 
-clan,    tian  -  shau.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -fion  =  zhan.    -clous,  -tious,  -sioaa  =  Blaua.   -ble, -die,  ic.  =  bel,  del. 


4506 


stylina— styphelia 


sty  li  na,  s.    [Mud.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  stylus.] 

[STYLE  (1),  «.] 

PaUrott  :  The  typical  genus  of  Stylinaceae 
(q.v.).  From  the  Oolite. 

•ty  -  lln  -  a'-  90  -  SB,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  etylin(a) ; 
Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acea.] 

Zool.  £  PaUxont. :  A  sub-family  of  Astrseidae. 
Most  of  the  species  have  a  styliform  colu- 
mella.  Mesozoic  and  Tertiary,  with  one  recent 
genus. 

Styl  -Ine,  «.    lEng.  si  ale  (2),  s. ;  -{««.] 
Bot. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  style. 

•tyl'-ln'-o-don,  «.  [Gr.  crrv\<x  (stitto<0  =  a 
pillar;  t«  (is)  genit.  i^os  (inos)  =  a  fibre,  am! 
suff.  -odon.  (Scudder.)]  [STYLINODOSIID^.] 

Styl  in  o-don'-ti-diB.  s.  pi  [Hod.  Lat. 
gtylinodon,  genit.  8tylinodont(is)  ;  Lat.  fern, 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Palmnt.  :  A  family  of  Marsh's  Tillodontia 
(q.v.),  with  two  genera,  Stylinodon  and  Drypt- 
odon,  from  the  Middle  Eocene  of  North 
America.  Dental  formula,  i.  §,  c.  },  P.M.  j, 
li.  4  (x  2)  =  40.  The  four  central  Incisors  in 
each  jaw  are  small ;  but  the  outer  ones  are 
huge  and  compressed,  faced  with  enamel,  and 
growing  from  persistent  pulps;  the  molais 
and  pre-molars  are  rootless  and  cylindrical, 
and  the  canines  are  small. 

Bty  li  o'-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  Lat 
stylus  =  a  stake,  a  pale.] 

Zool.  <t  PdUeont. :  A  sub-genus  of  Cleodora 
(q.v.),  with  representatives  in  the  Tertiary. 

»ty-liS'-Ctis,  5.     [Gr.  <rruAio-«o?  (stuHskos)  (1) 
=  a  pillar,  (2)  part  of  a  surgical  instrument.] 
Bat.:  The  channel  which  passes  from  the 
stigma  through  the  style  into  the  ovary. 

•tyl'-ish,  a.  [Eng.  style  (1),  s. ;  -ish.]  Fashion- 
able in  style  or  form  ;  in  or  according  to  the 
fashion ;  showy.  (Colloq.) 

"  The  cock  should  be  Hylith  as  possible  of  whatever 
bread."— aniiOUan  :  Cttfui  Book  for  t'urmert,  p.  M. 

•tyl  ish  ly",  adv.  [Eng.  ttyUsk;  4».]  In  a 
stylish  manner;  fashionably,  showily.  (Colloq.) 

"The  defendant,  a  «'y/iiUjr-dreseed  young  mail." — 
Daily  TetegrH/'h,  Aug.  15,  1685. 

•tyl'-Ish-ness, .«.  [Eng.  tlyJtsh ;  -wsj.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  stylish,  fashionable, 
or  showy.  (Colloq.) 

•tyl'-Ist,  s.  [Eng.  style  (1),  "• ',  -tst-l  A  writer 
or  speaker  who  is  careful  in  his  style ;  a 
master  or  critic  of  style. 

"The  effect  of  reading  Bach  writers  Is  like  what  haa 
been  ascribed  to  the  work  of  the  avliart,  who  smooth 
everything  so  much  that  nothing  remains  in  the 
memory."— Xvminy  Standard,  l>eo.  81.  1886. 

*  Styl-Isf-Ic,  o.  &  8.  [Eng.  style(l),  s. ;  -tetlc.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Of  or  relating  to  style. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  art  of  forming  a  good  style   in 
writing. 

2.  A  treatise  on  style. 

•tyl'-ite,  s.  [Gr.  <m-A.Y7)c(sf «!{<&),  from<miA« 
(stulos)  —  a  pillar,  a  post] 

Eccles.  Hist.  (PI.) :  A  class  of  anchorites  in 
the  early  Church  who  took  op  their  abode  on 
lofty  pillars,  where  the  limited  space  obliged 
them  to  stand  continually,  protected  only  at 
the  sides  by  lattice-work  or  railing,  and  ex- 
posed to  the  open  sky.  Their  position  was  an 
attempt  to  realize  the  two  fundamental  ideas 
of  Christian  asceticism  :  separation  from  the 
things  of  earth,  and  aspiration  after  those  of 
heaven.  The  first  Stylite  was  Simeon,  the 
Syrian  (A.D.  890-459),  who  commenced  this 
mode  of  life  near  Antioch,  about  A.D.  420,  on  a 
pillar  six  or  seven  cubits,  the  height  of  which 
was  repeatedly  increased,  till  at  last  it  was 
thirty-six  feet  high.  His  life  was  one  of  great 
austerity.  After  his  death  the  Stylites  became 
numerous,  and  peculiar  privileges  were  ac- 
corded to  them.  This  method  of  penance 
was  confined  to  the  East ;  Gregory  of  Tours 
mentions  one  Stylite  in  the  district  of  Treves, 
but  adds  that  the  Gallic  bishop  caused  bis 
pillar  to  be  destroyed.  [STONE-WOBSHIP.] 

«tyl-d-,  pref.  [Gr.  orSAot  (stulos)  —  a  pillar,  a 
post]  Pillar-like ;  having  processes  or  pro- 
jections resembling  small  pillars ;  specif.,  in 
anatomy,  of,  belonging  to,  or  attached  to  the 
styloid  process  of  the  temporal  bone,  as  the 
•tytohyoid  muscle  and  ligament 


styT-4-bat,  t  styT-o-bite,  s.  [STYLOBATE.] 
JVfin. :  The  same  as  GEHLENITE  (q.v.). 

Styr-6-bate,  ».  [Lat.  stylobates,  stylobctta, 
from  Gr.  irTyAojSanjs  (stulobatts),  from  o-ruAoc 
(stulns)  =  a  pillar,  and  pirns  (bates)  =  one  who 
treads,  from  jdat'pw  (baitw)  =  to  go  ;  Fr.  stylo- 
bate.] 

Arch. :  The  substructure  of  a  Greek  temple 
below  the  columns,  sometimes  formed  of  tlin't:1 
steps,  which  were  continued  round  the  peri- 
style, and  sometimes  of  walls  raised  to  a  con- 
siderable height,  in  which  case  it  was  ap- 
proached by  a  flight  of  steps  at  one  end. 

styl-d-ba'-tl-Sn,  s.    [STYLOBATE.] 
Arch. :  The  pedestal  of  a  column, 

t  Styl'-^-bite,  s.    [STYLOBAT.] 

sty  Io9'-er  as,  s.  [Pref.  stylo-,  and  Gr..«?pas 
(keras)  =  a  horn  ;  so  called  because  the  styles, 
which  are  persistent,  resemble  horns.] 

Bot. :  An  American  genus  of  Hippomaneae. 
Leaves  like  those  of  the  cherry  laurel ;  fruit 
globose,  said  to  be  eatable. 

sty-lSeh'-l-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  pref. 
stylo-,  and  Gr.  o^oc  (ocAos)  =  anything  which 
holds  or  bears.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Dendrocoela  (q.v.).  They 
are  swimming  animals,  having  two  small  ten- 
tacles with  eyes  ou  them,  as  well  as  others 
on  the  head.  They  exist  on  the  gulf-weed, 
and  swim  in  a  rapid  and  sinuous  manner  to 
attack  their  prey. 

styT-o-don,  s.    [STYLODONTID«.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  small  Polyprodont 
Marsupials,  found  in  the  Middle  Pur  beck  beds. 

styl-o^don'-ti-dae,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
pref.  stylo-,  and  Gr.  oiouc  (odotts),  genit  OOOPTOC 
(odontos)  —  a  tooth.] 

Pataont. :  A  family  of  Ganoid  Fishes,  with 
a  single  genus,  Tetragonolepsis,  from  the 
Lias.  Body  rhombic  or  ovate  ;  vertebra  not 
completely  ossified  ;  termination  of  vertebral 
column  homocercal ;  fins  with  fulcra ;  maxillary 
in  a  single  piece ;  jaws  with  several  rows  of 
teeth,  the  outer  ones  equal,  styliform  ;  dorsal 
fins  very  long,  extending  to  caudal ;  branchio- 
stegals  many.  (Gun/her.)  In  some  classifi- 
cations this  genus  is  placed  with  the  Dapedidse, 
and  in  others  with  the  Pyenodontidae, 

styl-d-graph'-Ic,  sty  1  6  graph'-ic  al,  o. 

[Eng.  stylograpHy)  ;  -ic,  -ical.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  stylograpby  ;  used  in  stylography : 
as,  a  stylographic  pen  or  pencil. 

stylographic  pen,  s.  A  pen  of  modem 
invention,  in  which  the  ink  is  contained  in  a 
reservoir  forming  the  body  of  the  pen,  and 
flows  through  a  minute  aperture  In  a  point 
resembling  that  of  a  style,  through  which 
playsa  fine  wire.  Replaced  by  the  fountain  pen. 

styl-4-graph'-Ic-al-lj?,  adv.  [Eng.  stylo- 
graphical ;  -ly.]  la  a  stylographic  manner; 
by  means  of  stylography. 

Bty-16g/-ra  pby,  s.  [Lat.  stylus  =  a  style, 
and  Gr.  ypo^u  (graphi)  =  to  write.)  The  art 
of  tracing  with  a  style  ;  a  method  of  drawing, 
engraving,  or  writing  with  a  style  on  cards  or 
tablets. 

Styl-A'-hy'-old,  a.  [Pref.  stylo-,  and  Eng. 
Aj/oid(q.v.).] 

Auat. :  Pertaining  to  the  styloid  and  liyoid 
processes. 

StyT-SJd,  o.  [Gr.  <rrvAos  («Ja!os)  =  a  pillar, 
and  clioc  (eidos)  =  form,  resemblance.] 

1.  Anat. :   Pillar-like.     There  is  a  styloid 
process  of  the  radius,  one  of  the  temporal 
bone,  aud  one  of  the  ulna. 

2.  Arch. :  A  descriptive  term  applied  to 
small,  columnar  projections. 

styl  6  lite,  s.  [Pref.  stylo-,  and  Gr.  Artoc 
(li(Aos)=astone.j 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  to  certain  columnar 
formations  in  limestones,  dolomite*,  and 
marls,  standing  at  right  angles  to  the  strati- 
fication, like  "cone -in -cone"  structure. 
They  are  probably  due  to  crystallizing  action. 

Btyl-4-mas'-toid,  a.  [Fref.  ttylo-,  and  Eng. 
mastowl  (q.v.).] 

Anat. :  Pertaining  to  the  styloid  and  mastoid 
processes.  There  is  a  stylmnastoid  artery  and 
foramen. 


styl  6-max-Il'  lar-jf,  o.  [Pref.  tlylo-,  and 
Eug.  maxillary  (q.v).  j 

AiuU. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  styloid  pro- 
cesses and  the  jaw.  There  is  a  stylomoMUarr 
ligament 

sty-lSm'-e'-ter,  s.  [Gr.  O-T;AOC  (stvlos)  =  a 
pillar,  and  Eng.  meter.]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  columns. 

•ty-lo-ny'ch'-I-a,  s.  [Pref.  stylo-,  and  Or. 
omit  (oiiuz),  genit  orvx<K  (onnchos)  =  a  claw.) 
Zool. :  A  genus  of  OxytriohidK,  with  four 
species,  living  in  salt,  fresh,  and  stagnant 
water.  Animalcules  free-swimming,  persixlent 
in  shape,  encuirassed,  ovate  or  elliptie.'!],  with 
hooks  and  sete  at  the  margin  of  the  styles. 

sty-loph'-or-us,  s.  [Pref.  stylo-,  and  Or. 
$opos  (phoros)  =  bearing.) 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Trachypteridie  (q.v.), 
with  a  single  species,  Stylophonu  duirdatia, 
of  which  only  one  example  is  known.  Length 
about  eleven  inches;  ventrals  absent;  tail 
terminating  in  a  very  long,  cord-like  append- 
age. It  was  obtained  between  Cuba  and 
Martinique,  and  has  been  transferred  from  the 
museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sury  us, 
London,  to  the  British  Museum  (Nat  Hist) 
South  Kensington. 

•ty-lSp'-i-dee,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  stylop(s); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  An  aberrant  family  of  Coleopters, 
parasitic  on  hynienoptenms  insects.  Tlie 
females  are  viviparous,  apterous,  and  larvi- 
form,  living  permanently  in  the  bodies  of  their 
hosts;  the  males  are  winged  and  active,  and 
live  but  a  few  hours,  solely  to  propagate  their 
kind.  The  mouth-organs  of  the  latter  are  rudi- 
mentary ;  head  short  and  broad,  with  curiously- 
forked  antennee;  wings  membranous  and  much, 
expanded ;  the  elytra  do  not  serve  as  wing- 
covers,  but  are  reduced  to  slender  appendages 
which,  in  dried  specimens  become  twisted, 
whiaice  the  name  of  the  order  in  which  they 
are  sometimes  placed.  [STREPSIPTEBA.]  The 
females  are  very  prolific,  each  hatching  within 
her  body  many  thousands  of  eggs,  and  the 
larvae  escape  from  a  hole  in  a  part  of  the 
parent  projecting  from  the  abdomen  of  the 
host.  The  family  is  widely  distributed,  and 
contains  three  genera :  Stylops,  Xeuos,  aud 
Helechthrus. 

t  «tyl'-i-p6d,  styl  6  po'  di  urn,  «.  [Pref. 
stylo-,  and  Gr.  irovs  (pous),  genit  irofios  (podvs) 
=  a  foot] 

Bot. :  Hoffman's  name  for  the  disk  ia 
Umbelliferae,  which  is  dilated,  and  covers  the- 
whole  summit  of  the  ovary. 

styl'-  ops,  s.  [Gr.  o-rCAos  (stulos)  =  a  pillar,  and 
oi//ts  (opsis)  =  appearance.) 

Entom. :  The  type-genus  of  Stylopide  (q.  T.). 
Eight  species  are  British. 

*  Styl  4  Bpbre,  s.  [Pref.  stylo-,  and  Or. 
cm-dpoc  (sporos)  —  a  seed.) 

Bot.  (PL):  Tulasne's  name  for  the  naked 
spores  in  certain  fungals. 

styl  o  stc  -mon,   >.     [Pref.  stylo-,  and  Or. 
o-7>yM«Ji'  (stemon)  =  a  warp  or  wool'.]    [STAMEN.) 
Bot. :  An  epigynous  stamen. 

styl  o  tc  el  um,  styl  6  ste  gl  urn,  i. 
[Pref.  stylo-,  and  Gr.  T«yos  (legos),  o-rij-yos  (st(~ 
gos)  =  a  roof.) 

Bot. :  The  whole  mass  of  a  corona  (q.v.K 
as  in  Stapelia.  Called  also  Orbiculus  and 
Saccus. 

styl'-i-typ,  styl-4-typ'-ite,  «.  [Pref. 
stylo-,  and  Gr.  TVTTOC  (tupof)  =  fonu  ;  Sp.  caflu- 
tillo  =  a  small  tube  or  pipe.) 

3/iTl. :  An  orthorhpmbic  mineral  occurring 
in  columnar  crystals  in  Copiapo,  Chili.  Hard- 
ness, 8-0;  sp.  gr.  4-79;  lustre,  metallic; 
colour  and  streak,  black.  Compos.:  sulphur, 
24-9;  antimony,  81-6;  copper,  28'2;  silver, 
8-0  ;  iron,  7'3  =  100,  which  yields  the  formula. 


•tyl'-ns,  s.    [Lat]    [&TYLE  (I),  «.] 

aty-pher-l-a,  s.  [Gr.  <nu0«Ao5  (stuphtlot) 
=  close,  solid,  hard,  rough.  Named  from  th» 
habit  of  the  plant] 

Sot.  :   The    typical    genus   of  Styphelieaa. 

Beautiful  Australian  and  Tasmanian  shrubs, 

with  scattered,  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves, 

.  aud  drooping  red  or  green  flowers.    Some  ar» 


t&te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  th6re;  pine,  pft,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  wh6,  sou ;  mate,  cnD,  cure,  unite,  our,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    a),  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


cultivated  in  British  greenhouses.  Styphelia 
adecendens,  a  small,  prostrate  shrub,  has  a 
cranberry-like  fruit  which  is  sometimes  eaten. 

•-phSl-i-e'-W,  J.  pi.   [Mod.  Lat  styphelUa); 

fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ax.} 
Bat. :  A  tribe  of  Epacridaceae,  having  a  one- 
sided ovary  and  fruit. 

•lyph'-nlo,  a,  [Eng.  stytptic);  pK(e)n(ol); 
and  suff.  -ic.)  Derived  from  phenol,  and 
possessing  astringent  properties. 

styphnic  acid,  a.    [OXYPICRIC-ACID.] 

styph-nS-lo'-bl-um,  s.  (fir.  omioMc  (stuphos) 
=  astringent,  sour,  and  Ao/3ot  (lobos)  =  a  lobe.] 
Hot. :  A.  synonym  of  Sophora  (q.v.). 

«typ'-ter-ite,«.    [Or.  o-Tvirrtpta  (ship/trio)  = 
an  alum,  an  astringent  salt ;  sun",  -tie  (Mill.).] 
.Win.  :  The  same  as  ALUNOQEN  (q.v.). 

«t*p'-tlc,  *  St^p'-tlck,  a.  &  t.  [Fr.  styptimie, 
from  Lat,  stypticus ;  Gr.  crrvTrrt*d«  (st-uptikos) 
=  astringent,  from  vrfyta  (s(«pAo)  =  to  con- 
tract, to  draw  together.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Astringent ;  producing  contraction. 

"  Fruits  of  trees  and  shrubs contain  phlegm, oil.  and 
an  essential  Bait,  by  which  they  Are  sharp,  sweet, 
•our,  or  ttyptick."—Arbuth,iot:  On  Aliment*. 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  stopping  hsemo- 
trhage  ;  stopping  the  bleeding  of  a  wound. 

"  The  wound  may  he  dressed  with  some  ttyptie  and 
antiseptic  agent."— Field.  March  6,  18&6. 

*  3.  Restrictive. 

"  That  tiyptic  surgery  which  the  law  wea,"—  Mtttan : 
Keaton  of  church  Government. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  An  astringent. 

2.  A  medicine  or  preparation  employed  for 
the  purpose  of  stopping  the  flow  of  blood 
from  a  wound,  ftc. 

J  Styptics  are  of  three  kinds :  chemical,  as 
a  saturated  solution  of  alum  or  sulphate  of 
zinc;  vital  (increasing  the  vital  powers),  as 
acetic  acid,  which  also  acts  chemically ;  and 
mechanical,  as  the  employment  of  a  sponge 
tent. 

•* »typ'-tfc-aJ,  a.  [Eng.  styptic;  -oL]  The 
same  as  STY'PTIC,  A.  (q.v.). 

«typ -tl-cite,  ».  [Eng.  ityptte;  snff.  -ite 
(Mm.).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  mamillary 
aggregations  of  delicate  fibres,  in  Copiapo, 
Chili,  and  also  in  the  department  of  Ganl, 
France.  Hardness,  1*5  to  2;  sp.  gr.  1-84; 
lustre,  silky ;  colour,  straw-yellow.  Compos. : 
sulphuric  acid,  29*30;  sesquioxide  of  iron, 
85-15 ;  water,  85-55  =  100,  which  yields  the 
formula  3Fe2O35SOs  +  27HO.  Known  also 
under  the  name  Fibroferrite. 

*  rtjrp-tlY-I-ty;  s.  [Eng.  styptic;  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  styptic. 

"  Cathartics  of  mercurials  precipitate  the  viscidities 
hy  their  ttypticiry.  and  mix  with  all  animal  acids." — 
Floyer;  On  Conlumption. 

*tyr-a-ca'-$e-88,  sty-ra'-tjS-t-a,  «.  pi. 

[Mod.  Lftt.  styrax,  genit.  styrac(is);  Lat.  fern. 
pL  adj.  sun*,  -acfce,  -e<8.) 

Bot. :  Storaxworts ;  an  order  of  Perigynons 
Exogens,  tribe  Rhamnales.  Trees  or  shrubs 
with  alternate,  generally  toothed,  exstipular 
leaves  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or  clustered, 
with  scale-like  bracts ;  hairs  often  stellate ; 
calyx  with  four  or  five  divisions,  imbricated, 
persistent ;  corolla  monopetalous,  its  divisions 
-often  different  from  those  of  the  calyx,  imbri- 
cated in  aestivation ;  stamens  definite  or  in- 
definite ;  pollen  broadly  elliptical ;  style 
simple ;  stigma  capitate ;  ovary  generally 
inferior,  with  two  to  five  cells,  each  with  two 
or  an  indefinite  number  of  seeds.  Found  in 
various  parts  of  the  tropics.  Known  genera 
six,  species  115.  (Lindley.) 

•tyr'-a-fin,  «,    [Lat  styrax.  geuit  ttyra^is) ; 

-in.]     [ClNNYL-ClNNAMATE.) 

styr'-a-col,  styr'-a-oone,  n.  [Eng.  styrac- 
(i»);  -oZ,  one.]  [CINNYLIC-ALCOHOU] 

•tyr'-ax,  *.    [STORAX.] 

Bot. :  Storax ;  the  typical  genus  of  Styra- 
cace«e(q.v.).  Calyx  campannlate,  five-toothed, 
persistent  ;  corolla  monopetalous,  deeply 
three  to  seven  cleft ;  stamens  ten,  united  at 
the  base  ;  anthers  linear,  two-celled ;  style 
simple  ;  stigma  three-lobed ;  ovary  superior ; 


stypheliesB— suavity 

ovules  indefinite  ;  fruit  a  drupe.  Elegant 
trees  and  shrubs,  mostly  with  stellate  hairs, 
entire  leaves,  and  racemes  of  white  or  cream- 
coloured  flowers.  Found  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  America  and  Asia ;  one  is  European  and 
one  African.  Styna  ojficinale,  a  tree  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  has  ovate  leaves, 
shining  above,  downy  beneath,  longer  than 
the  racemes,  which  are  simple,  and  consist  of 
five  or  six  flowers.  It  is  a  native  of  Syria, 
Greece,  and  Italy.  It  furnishes  storax  (q.v.), 
which  exudes  and  hardens  in  the  air  when  the 
bark  is  wounded.  S.  Benzoin  is  the  Benja- 
min Storax,  or  Gum-Benjamin  tree.  It  has 
ovate,  oblong,  pointed  leaves,  glabrous  above, 
downy  beneath,  only  a  trifle  longer  than  the 
racemes,  which  are  compound.  It  is  found 
in  Sumatra,  Java,  and  the  Malay  Archipelago 
generally,  and  produces  benzoin  (q.v.).  5.  re- 
ticulata,  S.  ferruginea,  and  S.  aural  yield  a 
gum  used  as  incense.  Among  other  American 
species  are  5.  grandi/lorus,  S.  l&vigatns,  and 
S.  pulverulentus.  5.  sermHllum,  and  S.  yir- 
gatum,  small  trees,  natives  of  Bengal,  yield 
gum,  but  of  inferior  quality. 

Styr'-l'-an,  a.  &  ».    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Styria,  a 
province  of  Austria. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  native  of  Styria. 

styf-Sl,   styr'-S-lene,   ».     [E.g.  ityr(az), 
and  (akoh)ol ;  suff.  -cite.]    [CINNAMENE.] 

styr'-one,   s.     [Eng.  ttyr(ax);   -one.]     [Cm- 

NYLIC-ALCOHOL.] 

Styr'-Sn-yl,  «.    [Eng.  stymie);  -yl.] 

/.hem. :  A  compound  radical  consisting  of 
phenyl,  C9Hfc  and  ethyl,  C2H5. 

styronyl-alcohoL  s. 

dim.;  C8H,0O  =  C8Hj(CoH.OOH.  Pri- 
mary phenethyl  alcohol.  Obtained  by  the 
action  of  potassic  hydrate  on  styronyl  chlor- 
ide. It  boils  at  225°. 

styronyl-chlorlde,  s. 

Chm. :  C8H9C1.  A  liqnM  produced  by  the 
action  of  chlorine  on  boiling  ethyl-benzene. 
It  cannot  be  distilled  without  decomposition. 

Btyr'-yl,  s.    [Eng.  styr(ax);  -yl.]    [CIHNYLIC- 

ALCOHOL.] 

Styr-yl'-a-mine, «.  [Eng.  styryl,  and  canine.] 
Chm.:  C9HuN=C9g»j-N.  Cinnylamine. 

A  base  produced  by  heating  to  100°,  In  a  sealed 
tube,  a  mixture  of  styrylie  chloride,  ammonia, 
and  absolute  alcohol.  It  forms  small,  colour- 
less crystals,  which  readily  melt  to  a  yellowish 
oil,  is  slightly  soluble  in  water,  very  soluble 
in  ether. 

•Jtyr-W-aO,  a.     [Eng.  styryl ;  -ic.]    Contained 
in  or  derived  from  styryl. 

styry Ho  -alcohol,  s.     [CINSYLIC-ALCO- 

HOL.] 

styryllc-chlorlde, «. 

Chem. :  C9H9C1.  A  light  yellow  oil,  obtained 
by  passing  dry  hydrochloric  acid  gas  into 
crystallized  styrylie  alcohol,  heating  the  pro- 
duct to  100°,  and  washing  with  dilute  soda- 
ley.  It  smells  of  anise  oil,  remains  liquid  at 
— 19°,  and  cannot  be  distilled,  even  in  vacuum, 
without  decomposition. 

styryllc-oxlde,  s. 

Chem.:  (CpH9>.O.  A  light  yellow  viscid 
oil,  produced  by  the  action  of  boric  anhydride 
on  styrylie  alcohol.  It  has  the  odour  of  cin- 
namon, is  heavier  than  water,  and  is  partly 
decomposed  by  distillation. 

styr'-yl-ine,  a.    [Eng.  styryl ;  -Int.} 

Chem. :  C9H9N.  Chiozza's  name  fora  base 
which  he  obtained  by  treating  metastyrol 
with  ammonium  sulphide. 

Stythe,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.     Perhaps  con- 
nected with  stifle  (q.v.).] 
Mining :  Choke-damp,  or  carbonic-acid  gas. 

styth-y, ».*«.«.    [STITHY.] 

Styx,  s.    [Gr.]    [STYOIAN.] 

Class.  Mythol. :  The  principal  river  of  the 
lower  regions,  which  it  encompassed  seven 
times.  It  had  to  be  crossed  by  the  shades  of 
the  departed  in  passing  to  the  region  of  spirits. 

•u-a-bD'-I-ty,  ».    [Eng.  suable;  -%.]     The 
quality  or  state  of  being  suable  ;  liability  to 


,be  sued ;  the  state  of  being  subject  by  law  to 
civil  process. 

SU  -a-ble,  »•  [Eng.  m(e)  ;  -able.]  Capable  of 
being  sued  ;  liable  to  be  sued ;  subject  by 
law  to  civil  process. 

"  Legacies  out  of  lands  are  probably  tuobtt  la 
chancery."— AyUffe :  farergtm. 

*  suade  (u  as  w),  v.t.     [Lat.  svadeo.}     To 
persuade. 

"  Flee  thee  111  Heading  pleasure's  bait*  untrue." 

Orlmoalit,  ill  Tottei*  SungM. 

rin'-n-da,  s.  [Arabic  suaid  =  a  kind  of  sea 
blite  (see  def)-J 

Bot. :  Sea-blite ;  a  genns  of  ChenopodiaceiB. 
Saline  herbs  or  shrubs  with  semi-cylindrical 
leaves ;  flowers  generally  perfect,  with  two 
bracts  at  the  base  ;  calyx  flve-partite,  without 
appendages  or  a  wing  at  the  back,  often 
fleshy.  Stamens  five  ;  style  none ;  stigmas 
usually  three  ;  utricle  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 
Seed  lenticular,  crustaceous.  Known  species 
about  thirty-three ;  from  salt-marshes  and 
sea-shores.  Two  of  them  are  Siueda  ntan/ima, 
the  Annual,  and  S.  fruticosa,  the  Shrubby  Sea- 
blito ;  the  first  has  two  and  the  second  has 
three  styles.  The  first  is  an  annual  with  the 
flowers  generally  solitary  ;  it  is  smaller  than 
the  other  species,  and  more  common  on  the 
European  sea-shores.  £.  fruticosa,  B.  inched, 
and  S.  nudifora.  are  found  on  the  shores  of 
India ;  their  ashes  furnish  alkali. 

*  suage  (u  as  w),  "  swage,  r.t.     [An  abbre v. 
of  assuage  (q.v.). 3    To  assuage. 

"  But  wicked  wrath  had  some  so  farre  enraged, 
As  by  uo  ineanes  theyr  malice  could  be  Heaped." 
Oatcoiffite  :  Fruitei  of  Warr«. 

su'-ant,  su'-eint,  a.  [O.  Fr.  suant,  suiant, 
pr.  par.  of  suire  =  to  follow.]  [SUE.]  Even, 
uniform ;  spread  equally  over  the  surface. 
(Amer.) 

suant-lf.aih:  [Eng.  want ;  -ly.]  Evenly, 
equally,  smoothly,  regularly.  (Amer.) 

sft-ar'-row,  s.    [SAOUARI.] 

*  sua'-» I  We  (n  as  w),  a.    [Lat,  irnasia,  pa. 
par.  or  suadeo  =  to  persuade.)     Capable  »( 
being  persuaded  ;  easily  persuaded. 

sua'-sion  (n  as  w),  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tua 
sionem,  accus.  of  suasio,  from  suasus,  pa.  par. 
of  suadeo  =  to  persuade  ;  Hal.  suasione.]  The 
act  of  persuading ;  persuasion. 

"Thel  had  by  the  subtllt  tufuion  of  the  d«uill, 
broken  the  thirde  comuiaundiutiit." — Sir  T.  tiort: 
Worket.  p.  157. 

*  sua  sivo  (u  as  w),  a,   [Lat.  suasus,  pa.  par. 
of  suadm  •=  to  persuade.]     Having  power  to 
persuade;  persuasive. 

"Its  command  over  them  was  but  tuatire  and 
political."— Sout h :  Sermon*.  voL  L.  ser.  3. 

*  sua  -five  ly  (U  as  w),  adv.    [Eng.  suaaive  ; 
•ly.]    In  a  manner  tending  to  persuade ;  per- 
suasively. 

*  sua'-Bior-y  (n  as  w),  o.    [Lat.  svasoriut, 
from  suasus,  pa,  par.  of  suadeo  =  to  persuade.] 
Tending  to  persuade;   having  the  power  of 
persuading ;  persuasive. 

"  There  Is  a  tmm.ry  or  enticing  temptation,  that  in- 
clines the  will  and  affections  to  close  with  what  U 
presented  to  them." — Jfotikint:  On  the  Lord't  /'rayer, 
p.  128. 

suave  (uasw),  a.  [Fr.,  from  l&t.suavis  = 
sweet.]  Agreeable  in  manners  ;  bland,  pleas- 
ant ;  blandly  polite. 

suave' -ly  (U  as  w),  adv.  [Eng.  suave;  -ly.] 
In  a  suave  manner ;  with  suavity  ;  blandly. 

*  suav'-I-fy   (u  as  w),  v.t.    [Lat.  suavit  = 
sweet,  and  facto  (pass.  Jio)  =  to  make.]    To 
make  affable  or  suave. 

*  sua-vfl'-i-quent  (u  as  -w),  a.  [Lat.  suavit 
=  s'weet,  and  iaquens,  pr.  par.  of  foquor  3=  to 
speak.)  Speaking  suavely,  blandly,  or  affably  ; 
using  soft  and  agreeable  speech. 

*  sua-vJl'-o-quy  (n  as  w),  s.    [SOAVILO- 
QtiENT.]    Sweetness  or  blandness  of  speech. 

suav"-i-ty  (u  as  w),  s.  [Fr.  suaviti,  from  Lat 
suavitatem,  accus.  of  svavitas  =  sweetness ; 
siuavis  =  sweet ;  Sp.  suavidad;  Ital.  suavita, 
soavita.] 

*  1.  Sweetness  to  the  taste. 
2.  Something  pleasant  or  agreeable. 

"Some  ntavities,  and  pleasant  fancies  within  oui 
•elTes."— 0tattffH:  Sermon  L  . 


bo^;  pout.  J6%1;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  «i»aii     -tlon,  -slon  =  shun;  -tioD,  -gion  =  *ti*"-     cioua,  -tlotu,  -slona  =  ahuo.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bol,  del. 


450S 


mib- 


8.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  suave 
graciousness  and  pleasantness  of  manners 
affability,  agreeablencss,  blandness. 

"The  .  .  .  refined  diplomatic.  whose  dexterity  ant1 
twrtrt'/y  aad  been  renowned  at  the  uu*t  polite  court 
of  Europe."—  H.imula,  :  Bin.  En}.,  ch.  xli. 

*&!>-,  lire/.     (Lat.] 

1.  Orrf.  7xiB0.  :  A  Latin  preposition,  mean 
Ing  literally,  under,  below.     It  is  largely  used 
as  a  prefix  to  English  words,  to  denote  an  In 
ferior  position  or  intention,  subordinate  de 
gree,  some  degree,  and  sometimes  the  leas 
sensible  degree  of  that  expressed  by  the  wort 
to  which  it  is  prefixed.     The  b  is  frequently 
changed  into  the  letter  with  which  the  nex 
syllable  begins,  as  iatwxinct,  suggest,  suppress 
00, 

2.  Chem.  :  A  preflx  used  in  compounds  to  <le 
note  that  tlie  metal  is  in  excess  of  one  atom  o 
thenegativeelementoracid  radicle.  e.g,,  Hg._>O 
•nboxide  of  mercury;  2Pb"(C2H3Oj>2-Pb"O 
nibacetate  of  lead. 

sub-acromlal,  a. 

Anat..  -Situated  under  the  acromion.  There 
18  a  sitb-acromial  bursa. 

sub  agency,  J.    A  subordinate  agency. 

sub  agent,  s. 

Law  :  The  agent  of  an  agent 

sub  alate,  a. 

Hot.  :  Having  a  narrow  wing  or  margin. 

*  rob  -almoner,  >.     A  subordinate  or 
deputy  almoner. 

"Sobdean  of   his  MaJestT't   chappel  .  .  .  and 
•dimmer  to  him."—  llW  :  fauti  Oitm..  11 

sub-angular,  a.    Slightly  angular. 

sub  Antichrist,  i.  An  inferior  Anti- 
christ. (MUton.) 

sub  apical,  a.  Under  the  apex;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  part  under  the  apex. 

*  sub  aquaneous,  a.    Being  or  living 

underwater;  subaqueous. 

sub  arachnoid,  «. 
Anat.  :  Situated  under  the  arachnoid. 
IT  Used  of  the  space  between  the  arachnoid 
and  the  pia  mater. 

sub  arborescent,  a.  Having  a  some- 
what tree-like  aspect. 

sub-arctic,  o.  Applied  to  the  region  or 
climate  next  to  the  arctic  ;  approximately 
arctic. 

sub-base,  sub-baas,  s. 
Music  :  A  pedal  register  in  the  organ,  of  82- 
feet  tone. 

*  sub-beadle,  «.     An  inferior  or  subor- 
dinate beadle. 


"They  ought  Dot  to  ex 
messengers,  a 


imple 
' 


*  sub-blush,  v.i.    To  blush  slightly. 

•Vradt'vl'm*  "*  >h"  d'd   lt"-s"r"'-'   Tr 

sab-bourdon,  «.    The  same  as  SUB-BASE 

»q.v.). 

•sub-  breed,   •.    A  distinctly  marked 
subdivision  of  a  breed.    (Darwin.) 

sub  cartilaginous,  a. 

1.  Situated  under  or  beneath  cartilage. 

2.  Partly  cartilaginous  or  gristly. 

sub  caudal,  o.    Being  or  situated  under 
the  tail. 

•  sub-celestial,  *  sub  cselcstlall,  o. 
Placed   or   being   beneath    the   heavens    or 
heavenly  things. 

"E»en  he  [Solomon]  paswth  the  Dune  sentence  of 
Tmnity.  vexation.  and  unprofitableness.  npon  this,  aa 


sub  central,  a. 

1.  Being  or  lying  under  the  centre. 

2.  Nearly,  but  not  quite  central. 

•sub-chanter,  «.  A  deputy  or  under- 
chanter  ;  the  deputy  of  the  precentor  of  a 
cathedral  ;  a  succentor  (q.v.)i 

sub  class,  ».  A  subdivision  of  a  class, 
(onsistmg  of  orders  allied  to  a  certain  extent 

sub  columnar,  •  • 

Af  in.  <t  Petrol.  :  Nearly  columnar.  Used  of 
baualt,  &c. 

sub-committee,  «.  An  nnder-committee  ; 


a  part  or   subdivision  of  a  committee  ap 
pointed  for  special  business. 

"Their  eequeatrators  and  litb-fommltttet  abroad 
men  for  the  moat  jwrt  of  Insatiable  hand*,  and  note 
disloyalty.-— J/dron  ;  Bat.  Kny.,  bk.  iii. 

sub  compressed,  a.  Partially  or  im 
perfectly  compressed  ;  not  fully  compressed. 

sub-concave,  a.    Slightly  concave. 

sub  -  conformable,  o.  Partially  con 
formable. 

sab -conical,  a.  Slightly  or  partially 
conical. 

*  sub -conscious,  a. 

1.  Partially  or  imperfectly  conscious. 

2.  Occurring  without  attendant  conscious 
ness.    (Said  of  states  of  the  mind.) 

*  sub -constellation,  s.    A  subordinate 
or  secondary  constellation. 

"  The  Pleiades,  or  ruo-eorureUaffon  upon  the  back 
Taurus."— Broteru :  Fulyar  Xrrourt,  bk.  v..  ch.  xU. 

sub  contract,  «.  A  contract  under  a 
previous  contractor. 

*sub  contracted,  a.     Contracted  after 
a  former  contract;  betrothed  for  the  secon 
time. 

I  bar  It  In  the  Interest  of  my  wife ; 
Tis  she  is  fjtfcessifFMCfsl  to  this  lord." 

Shakap. :  Uar,  v.  a 

sub-contractor,  >.  One  who  takes  a 
portion  of  a  contract  from  the  principal  con- 
tractor. 

sub-contrary,  a.  &  a, 
A.  At  adj. :  Contrary  in  an 
inferior  degree.    Specifically— 

1.  Geom.  :   Applied    to   two 
similar  triangles  when  they  are 
so  placed  as  to  have  a  common 
angle   at  the  vertex   and    yet 
their  bases    not  parallel.     In 
such  triangles  the  angles  at  the 
bases  are   equal,    but  on   the  D 
contrary  sides.    Thus,  the  tri- 
angles ABC,  A  D  E,  are  sub-con- 
trary,   and   the    angles   A  c  B, 

A  E  D  are  equal  to  the   angle    * 
A  D  E,  A  B  o  respectively.  " 

2.  logic: 

(1)  A  term  applied  to  each  of  two  particu 
lar  propositions  when  one  is  affirmative  and 
the  other  negative.     Thus,   "Some  man  is 
learned,"  "Some  man  is  not  learned,"  are  sub- 
contrary  propositions  with  respect  to  each 
other.    Sub-contrary  propositions  cannot  be 
both  false,  for   then    their   contradictories, 
which  are  contrary  propositions  with  regard 
to  each  other  (in  this  case,    "  No  man  is 
learned,"  "  All  men  are  learned  ")  would  both 
be  true.     But,   as  in   the  examples  given 
above,  two  sub-contraries  may  both  be  true. 

(2)  Applied  to  the  relation  between  two 
attributes  which  co-exist  in  the  same  sub- 
stance, but  in  such  a  way  that  as  one  in- 
creases the  other  decreases. 

B.  As  substantive : 

logic:  A  sub-contrary  proposition. 

Sub-contrary  section  : 

Geom. :  In  any  surface  of  the  second  order, 
If  two  planes  be  passed  perpendicular  to  the 
same  principal  plane,  but  not  parallel  to  each 
other,  and  so  that  the  sections  are  similar, 
both  the  planes  and  the  sections  are  sub-con- 
trary with  respect  to  each  other. 

sub-cordate,  a.  Somewhat  cordate; 
somewhat  resembling  a  heart  in  shape. 

Sub-costal,  a.  Situated  or  lying  under 
the  ribs. 

Sub-costal  muscle*  : 

Anat. :  Small  muscles  lying  on  the  Inner 
aspect  of  the  thoracic  wall  close  to  the  surface 
of  the  intercostals  near  tlie  angles  of  the  ribs. 

sub  crystalline,  a.  Imperfectly  crys- 
tallized. 

sub-cylindrical,  a.  Imperfectly  or 
somewhat  cylindrical. 

sub-dilated,  a.  Partially  or  imperfectly 
dilated. 

sub  dural,  a. 

Anat. :  Situated  under  the  dura  mater. 
Applied  to  the  space  between  the  dura  mater 
and  the  arachnoid. 

sub-editor,  s.  The  assistant  editor  of  a 
newspaper,  periodical,  or  other  publication. 


sub  elaphine,  a. 

Zoo!. :  Resembling  the  Bed  Deer  (Cerrw 
elaphus),  especially  in  tlie  formation  of  the 
antlers.  The  elaphine  type  of  antler  has  the 
brow-tyne  reduplicated,  while  the  royal  is  de- 
veloped at  the  expense  of  tlie  tres,  and  much 
divided  up  in  well-grown  animals.  In  sub- 
elaphine  Deer  (the  genera  Pseudaxis  and 
Dama)  the  relative  proportion  of  the  tynes  is 
much  the  same,  but  the  brow-tvne  is  quite 
simple. 

sub  epidermal,  a.  Situated  or  lying 
immediately  under  the  epidermis  or  scarf 
skin,  or  outer  bark. 

sub-family,  s. 

Nat.  Science:  A  grade  between  a  family  and 
a  genus. 

sub  feudation,   s.     The  same  as  SUB- 

INFEUDATION  (q.V.). 

sub-feudatory,  t.  An  inferior  tenant 
who  held  a  feud  from  a  feudatory  of  the 
crown  or  other  superior. 

sub  fibrous,  a.  Somewhat  or  slightly 
fibrous. 

sub  generic,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  a 
sub-genus  (q.v.). 

sub  genus,  s. 

Nat.  Science :  A  division  of  a  genus  con- 
sisting of  species  having  common  character- 
istics differing  more  or  less  from  those  of  the 
type,  but  not  of  sufficient  importance  to  en- 
title them  to  generic  distinction. 

sub  -globose,  o.  Partially  or  imperfectly 
glo  bose. 

*  sub  governor,  s.  An  under  or  sub- 
ordinate governor. 

"  The  fuft-povernor  general  .  .  .  might  arrive  in  the 
•leop  that  was  daily  expected  from  OkoUk."— Ctoo*  : 
THri  rotate,  bk.  vt,  ch.  T. 

sub  group,  s. 

Kat.  Science :  A  sub-division  of  a  group. 

sab  Judice,  phr.  (Lat.  =  before  the 
judge.]  Not  yet  decided ;  undecided. 

sub  kingdom,  s. 

Nat.  Science :  A  grade  between  a  kingdom 
and  a  class. 

sub-lessee,  «.  The  receiver  or  holder  of 
a  sub-lease. 

sub-librarian,  >.  An  assistant  or  under- 
librarian. 

sub  lieutenant,  s.  A  subordinate  or 
second  lieutenant 

sub-marshal, ».  A  subordinate  or  under 
marshal. 

"  sub-niveal,  a.  Situated  or  being  under 
the  snow. 

"  A  favourite  resort  for  these  tub-ni»*it  operation* 
ii  a  steep  bank  where  the  heather  is  old  and  long."— 
FMA,  Dec.  12,  1885. 

sub  officer,  «.  An  under  or  subordinate 
officer. 

sub-orbital,  •  sub-orbitar,  «.  Seated 
beneath  the  orbital  cavity. 


por- 

dis- 


sub  porphyritic,  a.  Allied  to 
phyry,  uut  containing  smaller  and  less 
tinctly  marked  points  or  crystals. 

sub  reader,  t.  An  under  reader  in  th* 
Inns  of  Courts. 

sub  rector,  >.  The  deputy  or  substitute) 
of  a  rector. 

sub-region,  s. 

Geography :  A  division  of  a  zoogeographical 
region  founded  on  the  distribution  of  families 
and  genera.  [REGION,  II.  2.] 

•sub-religion,  t.  A  faith,  doctrine,  or 
belief  approaching  the  sacredness  of  religion ; 
an  inferior  religion. 

t  sub  resin,  s.  That  portion  of  a  resin 
soluble  only  in  boiling  alcohol,  and  precipi- 
tated again  as  i;he  alcohol  cools,  forming  a 
kind  of  seeming  crystallization. 

sub-sizar,  sub-slzer,  s.  An  under- 
sizar  ;  a  student  of  lower  rank  than  a  sizar. 
(Cambridge  Univ.) 

"  A  tub-liar  of  Peter-house  In  Cambridge.-— ITaoeti 
Jtheiitt  Ozon. 

sub  species,  a. 

Nat.  Science :  A  grade  Immediately  below  a 
species.  In  the  case  of  plants  sub-species  an 


fAte.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore.  wolf.  work.  wh6,  son;  mute,  cub,  oiire.  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    ».  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


Bub—  subcutaneous 


4509 


often  produced  by  cultivation,  and  when  the 
characters  are  hereditarily  transmitted  with 
constancy  through  the  seed,  races  arise. 

sub  specific,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  a 
sub-species  (q.v.). 

sub-spherical,  o.  Partially  or  imperfectly 
•pherical ;  of  a  form  approaching  a  sphere. 

sub-spiral,  a. 

Zool. :  Partially  spiral.  Used  spec,  of  the 
operculurn  of  Melania,  &c. 

sub  -  treasury,  ».  One  of  the  nine 
branches  of  the  United  States  Treasury,  located, 
for  the  convenient  receipt  and  disbursement  of 
public  moneys,  at  Baltimore,  Boston,  Chicago, 
Cincinnati,  New  Orleans,  New  York,  Phila- 
delphia, San  Francisco,  and  St.  Louis,  respec- 
tively. 

sub-tribe, «. 

Nat.  Science :  A  grade  immediately  below  a 
tribe. 

sub-varietal,  o.  Of,  belonging  to,  or 
having  the  characters  of  a  sub-variety. 

sub-variety,  s. 

Nat.  Science :  A  grade  next  below  a  variety. 

Sub,  s.  [See  def.]  A  colloquial  contraction 
for  a  subordinate  or  for  substitute ;  an  inferior 
officer,  Ac. ;  a  subaltern,  or  a  substitute. 

sub,  v.i.  To  act  as  a  substitute ;  to  take  one's 
place  temporarily.  (Printers'  slang.) 

•iib-ag'-Jd,  a.  &  «.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
acid  (q.v.).] 

A,  As  adj. :  Slightly  acid,  acrid,  or  sour. 

"  The  Juice  of  the  stem  Is  like  the  ehyle  lu  an  animal 
body,  not  sufficiently  concocted  by  circulation,  and  Is 
commonly  nibacid  In  all  plant*."—  Arbutnnot :  Of 
Aliments,  ch.  111. 

B.  As  subst.:  A  substance  moderately  or 
slightly  acid. 

sub  ac'-rfd,  n.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng.  acrid 
(q.v.).]  Somewhat  or  moderately  acrid,  sharp, 
or  pungent 

"The  green  eholer  of  a  cow  tasted  sweet,  bitter,  tub- 
acrid,  or  a  little  pongeuU"— Floyer:  On  Consumption. 

*  Sub-act',  v.t.  [Lat  subactiis,  pa.  par.  of 
subigo=  to  subdue  :  sub-  =  under,  and  ago  = 
to  bring.]  To  subdue ;  to  reduce  to  any  state. 

"So  thoroughly  subaded,  that  he  takes  his  load 
from  Qod,  as  the  camel  from  his  master,  upon  his 
knees."— Bishop  Hall :  Of  Content,  I  19. 

•sub-ic-tlon,  ».  [Lat  tubactio.]  [SUBACT.] 
The  act  or  process  of  reducing  to  any  state, 
as  of  mixing  two  bodies  completely,  or  beating 
anything  to  a  powder.  (Bacon:  Nat.  hist., 
§  838.) 

sub-a-cute',  o.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  acute 
(q.v.).]  Moderately  acute ;  acute  in  a  modi- 
fied degree.  (Lit.  <tjlg.) 

•u  -ba  dar. «.    [SUBAHDAB.) 

snb-a-eY-i-al,  o.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
aerial  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Being  or  lying  under  the  air 
or  sky. 

2.  Geol. :  Taking  place  or  produced  by  the 
action  of  the  atmosphere. 

subaerial  denudation,  .«. 

Geol. :  Denudation  produced  by  the  action 
of  the  air  on  rocks  exposed  toits  influence,  as 
opposed  to  sub-marine  denudation  (q.v.). 
when  the  sun  heats  rocks,  the  component 
minerals  expand  to  a  different  extent,  and 
afterwards,  as  they  cool,  contract  differently. 
The  alternations  of  heat  and  cold  make  rocks 
brittle ;  ice  tends  to  split  them ;  the  carbon- 
dioxide  of  the  air  helps  to  decompose  and 
weather  them ;  the  sand  blast  of  the  desert 
or  of  sand  dunes  scrubs  them.  The  aggregate 
effect  of  these  causes,  continued  through 
many  ages,  is  very  great 

•»ub  ag-I-ta-tioo,  s.  [Lat  subagUatio, 
from  subagito  =  to  get  under  one,  to  lie  with 
illicitly.]  Carnal  knowlege;  sexual  inter- 
course. 

•u'-bah,  soo  bah,  s.  [Hind,  tuba.]  A  pro- 
vince. (Anglo-Ii'ulian.) 

•u  bah  dar,  soo  ba  dar,  s.  [Hind,  tuba- 
ddr.j  The  holder  of  a 'province  ;  a  provincial 
governor.  (Anglo-Indian.) 

•n-bah-dar-y,sod'-bah-dar-y.>.  [Hind. 
subadari.]  The  office,  dij 


of  a  subahdar  (q.v.). 


,  dignity,  or  jurisdiction 


*  sub  aid,  v.t.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  aid 
(q.v.).]  To  give  secret  or  private  aid  to;  to 
aid  secretly  or  in  an  underhand  manner. 

"  To  hold  that  kingdom  from  subaidiny  such. 
Who  else  could  not  iubsi.it.'1 

Daniel:  CMl  War,  vlll. 

sub  al  -pine,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  alpine.] 
Not  quite  alpine,  though  approaching  it.  Used 
in  botany,  &c.,  for  the  zone  on  a  mountain 
side  just  below  the  alpine  zone. 

sub  al-tern,  sub  al  tern,  «sub-al- 
tcrne,  a.  ot  s.  [Fr.  subalterne,  from  Lat. 
subalternua  =  subordinate,  from  tub  =  under, 
and  alter  =  another.] 

A.  As    adj. :    Holding   a  subordinate  or 
inferior    position ;     subordinate,     inferior ; 
specif.,  in  the  army,  being  below  the  rank  of 
captain. 

••  The  subaltern  officers  must  be  selected  among  the 
Dulnhe  Wassels.  pn>ud  of  the  eagle's  leather."— 
Mnaiulay :  Mil?  Eitg..  cb.  xiii. 

B.  As  substantive: 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  holds  a  subordinate 
or  inferior  position ;  specif,  a  commissioned 
officer  below  the  rank  of  captain. 
"  How  could  subaltern  like  myself  expect 
Leisure  or  leave  to  occupy  the  field  f" 

X.  Brooming:  Luria,  111. 

8.  Logic :  A  subaltern  proposition. 

"  Two  propositions  are  said  to  be  opposed  to  each 
other,  when,  having  the  same  subject  and  predicate, 
they  differ  in  quantity  or  quality,  or  both. . .  In 
ordinary  language,  however,  and  in  some  logical 
treatises,  propositions  which  do  not  differ  In  quxlity 
(viz.  subalterns),  are  not  reckoned  as  opposed.  .  . 
In  subalterns,  the  truth  of  the  particular  (which  Is 
called  the  tubaUemate)  follows  from  the  truth  of  the 
universal  Isubaltemantl  and  the  falsity  of  the  uni. 
venal  from  the  falsity  of  the  particular : .  .  subalterns 
differ  In  quantity  incite ;  contraries,  and  also  Ms0> 
contraries,  in  quality  alone."—  n'hatclg :  Logic,  bk.  11., 
eh.  II..  i  S. 

subaltern-opposition,  >. 

Logic :  Jhe  opposition  which  exists  between 
•  universal  and  a  particular  proposition  of 
the  same  quality. 

subaltern-propositions,  s.  ft. 

Logic:  Universal  and  particular  proposi- 
tions agreeing  in  quality,  but  not  in  quantity. 
Thus,  Every  vine  is  a  tree,  Some  vine  is  a 
tree ;  and,  No  vine  is  a  tree,  Some  vine  is  not 
a  tree,  are  subaltern  propositions. 

subaltern-species  (or  genus),  s. 

Logic :  That  which  is  both  a  species  of  some 
higher  genus,  and  a  genus  in  respect  of  the 
species  into  which  it  is  divided. 

sub-al-tern'-ant,  «.   [Eng.  subaltern;  -ant.] 
Logic:  A  universal  as  opposed  to  a  par- 
ticular.   (See  extract  under  Subaltern,  B.  2.) 

sub  al-ter-nate,  o.  &  «.  [Eng.  fubaUtrn; 
•ate.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Successive  ;  succeeding  by  turns. 

2.  Subordinate,  subaltern,  inferior. 

"  The  service,  maple,  lime-tree,  bom-beam,  quick, 
beam,  birch,  hasel,  Ac.,  together  with  all  their  sub- 
alternate  and  several  kinds."— Xielyn :  Sylva,  i  8. 
(Introd.) 

B.  As  substantive : 

Logic:  A  particular,  u  opposed  to  a' 
universal. 

sub  altern'-a  ting,  o.  [SUBALTERXATE.] 
Succeeding  by  turns  ;  subalternate. 

•  »nb  al-ter-nn -tion,  s.    [SUBALTERNATE. ) 

A  state  of  subordination,  inferiority,  or  sub- 
jection. 

"  So  that  woman  being  created  for  man's  sake  to  bee 
his  helper,  lu  regard  of  the  end  before  mentioned. 
namely,  the  bailing  and  bringing  up  of  children, 
whereunto  it  was  not  possible  they  could  concurre, 
vnlesse  there  were  subalternation  between  them, 
which  subalternation  is  naturally  grounded  vpon 
Inequalltie.*— Hooker:  Scales.  Politle,  bk.  v.,  I  73. 

sub'-an-gled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  tub-,  and 
Eng.  angled.}  Somewhat  angled. 

subangled  wave,  ». 
Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Acidalia 
prataria. 

sub-ap'-en-mne,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
Apennine.]  Situated  or  being  under  or  at  the 
foot  of  the  Apennine  mountains. 

aubapcnnine  beds,  or  series,  s.  pi. 

deal. :  Older  Pliocene  beds  constituting  a 
range  of  low  hills  flanking  both  sides  of  the 
Apennine  chain.  They  are  about  8,000  feet 
thick,  becoming  more  massive  towards  the 
south.  They  exhibit  a  finer  development  of 


the  Pliocene  than  any  other  in  Europe,  and 
constitute  its  typical  series.  There  are  innu- 
merable alternations  of  light  brown  or  gray 
calcareous  and  argillaceous  marls.  They  are 
chiefly  marine,  but  fluviatile  or  lacustrine 
strata  also  occur.  There  are  many  plants  of 
the  genera  Pinus,  Taxodium,  Sequoia,  Ilex, 
Quercus,  Platanus,  Pmnus,  Alnua,  Ulmus, 
Ficus,  Laurus,  Cassia,  Juglans,  Acer,  Betula, 
Rhamnus,  Smilax,  &c.  The  upper  portion 
contains  the  mammalian  remains  of  Mastodon 
arvernensis,  Elephas  meridionalis,  Hippopota- 
mus major,  with  species  of  the  genera  Ursus, 
Hyaena,  Felis,  &c. 

sub-a-qiiat-ic,  smb  a-que  ous,  a.    [Lat. 

sub  =  under,  and  aqua  =  water.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Being,  lying,  or  living  under 
or  beneath  the  surface  of  water. 

"  The  northern  naturalists  will  perhaps  say,  that 
this  assembly  met  for  the  purpose  of  plunging  Into 
their  tuba'iutous  winter  quarters.'— Pennant ;  OritiA 

Zoology ;  hteallovss. 

2.  Geol.  (Of  strata):  Formed  under  water. 

sub  ar'-cu-at-ed,  a.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
arcuate  (q.v.).]  Having  a  form  resembling 
that  of  a  bow  ;  somewhat  arcuate  or  incurved. 

*  sub-ar-ra'-tion,   «.     [Lat.   tub-  =  under, 
and  arrha  =  earnest  money.]    An  old  manner 
of  betrothing ;  betrothal 

"  By  theee  tokens  of  spousage  are  to  be  understood 
rings,  or  money,  or  some  other  things  to  be  given  to 
the  woman  by  the  man  ;  which  said  giving  Is  called 
tubarration.  (Le.,  wedding  or  covenanting),  especially 
when  It  Is  done  by  the  giving  of  a  ring.  —  Wheatlg  : 
Common  Prayer,  en.  X.,  f  i. 

*  sub-as  tral,  a.     [Lat    sub  =  under,  and 
O£frum  =  astar.]  Beneath  the  stars  or  heavens ; 
terrestrial. 

"  By  the  aid  of  Improved  astronomy  he  compares 
this  tubastral  economy  with  the  system  of  the  fixed 
stars."—  W arburton :  Sermons,  vol.  ix.,  ser.  It 

sub-a-strin'-gent,  o.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
astringent  (q.v.).]  Somewhat  astringent; 
moderately  astringent 

t  sub  aud ,  v.t.  [Lat.  svbaudio.]  To  under- 
stand or  supply  when  an  ellipsis  occurs. 

*  sub-au-di'-tion.  ».    [Lat.  sittmuditio,  from 
subatiditus,  pa.  par.  of  «itoaudio  =  to  under- 
stand or  supply  a  word  omitted :  sub  =  under, 
and  audio  =  to  hear.]    The  act  of  understand- 
ing or  supplying  something  not  expressed ; 
that  which   is  understood  or  implied  from 
what  is  expressed. 

"This  [egregious]  has  always  now  an  Ironical  tub- 
audition,  which  It  was  very  far  from  having  of  old."— 
Trench  :  Select  Glossary,  p.  68. 

sub  ax  il'-lar-j?,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
axillary  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Situated  or  placed  beneath 
the  armpit  or  the  cavity  of  the  wing. 

2.  Bot. :  Situated  under  the  axil  formed  by 
a  petiole  and  a  stem  or  branch,  or  by  a  branch 
with  a  stem. 

*  sub  brach'-I-al,  a.  [SUBBRACHIALES.]  The 
same  as  Bubbracfuan,  A.  (q.y.). 

"sub-braeli-i-af-les,*sul>-braoli-r-a'-ti, 

».  pi.  [Pref.  «u6-,  and  Lat.  brachialns  =  with 
bows  or  branches  like  arms ;  brachivm  =  an 
arm.] 

Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Anacanthinl,  having 
ventral  tins.  Families,  Gadidie  and  Pleuro- 
nectidre. 

*  sub-brach'-l-an,  a.  its.  [SUBBRACHIALES.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the 
group  Subbrachiales  (q.v.). 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  group 

Subbrachiales. 

sub~cal-car-e-ous,  a.  [Pref.  tub-,  and 
Eng.  calcareous  (q.v.>]  Somewhat  or  mode- 
rately calcareous. 

*  sub-ciy-on-lar,  o.    [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng; 
drcniar(q.v.).]  "Somewhat  or  nearly  circular 

sub-cla'-Vs-an,  a.  [Lat  sub  —  under,  and 
clavis  =  a  key,  used  in  sense  of  Gr.  «At?t 
(kleis) =a  key,  a  collar-bone.]  Situated  under 
the  clavis  or  collar-bone,  as  the  subclavian 
artery  and  vein. 

sub-cra'-nl-aL,  o.  [Lat.  tub  =  under,  and 
cranium  =  the  skull.)  Under  the  cranium  or 
skull,  as  the  subcranial  or  pharyngeal  arches. 

sub-cn-ta'-ne-ous,  a.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
cutaneous.] 


boil,  bdy;  pout,  joVl;  cat,  961!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  -  t 
-oian.  -tian  =  sham.   -tion.    sion  =  shun;  -(ion,  -§ion  =  ghftn.    -clous,  -tlous,  -Bious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  ic\  =  Del,  deL 


4510 


Buboutaneously— suberamio 


1.  Ord.   Lang.  :   Situated  under  the  skin  ; 
placed  or  performed  under  the  akin. 

"  The    tub--itlane<,ui    injection    of    drugs."  —  DaUv 
-  ct.  20,  1B8S. 


2.  Anat.  :  Just  below  the  cutis  or  skin. 
Applied  to  the  platysma  myoides  muscle,  &c. 

subcutaneous  -  injection,  «.    [Hvpo- 

DERM  1C  INJECTION.] 

subcutaneous-saw,  s. 

Surg.  :  A  saw  by  which  bony  sections  may 
be  nude  without  large  incision  in  the  flesh. 
It  may  be  compared  to  a  probe,  a  portion  ol 
whose  length,  at  and  toward  the  end,  is  flat- 
tened and  serrated,  so  that  being  driven  in  to 
the  seat  of  its  operations,  it  is  reciprocated, 
no  as  to  cut  the  bone  without  mangling  the 
flesh  to  any  serious  extent. 

subcutanceus  syringe,  ». 

Med,  :  An  instrument  for  injecting  medicinal 
solutions  beneath  the  skin.  It  consists  essen- 
tially of  a  tube  with  a  piston  for  containing 
the  preparation,  and  a  perforated  needle  for 
piercing  the  skin  and  injecting  the  fluid.  Also 
called  a  Deruiopathic  syringe. 

»ub-cu-ta'-n6-ou»-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  subcuta- 
neous'; -ly.]  Under  the  skin. 

"  One  centigramme  of  pllocarpine  was  Injected  «wo- 
cutanfouil]f."—pall  Mall  aautte,  March  81,  183A. 

•fib-cn-tio  -n-lar,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
cuticle  (q.v.).]  Being  under  the  cuticle  (q.v.). 

sub  -dea-cdn,  s.   [Pref.  sub-,  and  Bug.  deacon 

(q.».)0 

Eccles.  <e  CK.  Hist.  :  The  lowest  step  in  holy 
orders  in  the  Roman  Church,  the  highest  of 
the  minor  orders  among  the  Greeks.  In  the 
Roman  Church  subdeacons  prepare  the  sacred 
vessels  and  the  bread  and  wine  for  mass, 
pour  the  water  into  the  chalice  at  the  offer- 
tory, and  sing  the  Epistle  ;  in  the  Greek 
Church  they  prepare  the  sacred  vessels,  and 
guard  the  gates  of  the  sanctuary.  There  are 
no  subdeacons  in  the  Anglican  Communion. 

siib  -dea-con-ry,  •  sub-dea-con-rie, 
Bubdea-  con  -ship,  s,  [Eng.  subdeacon; 
-ry,  -ship.]  The  order  and  office  of  snbdeacon 
in  the  Roman  Church. 

"  To  be  promoted  here  to  the  hoi  ye  order  of  fufr- 
deoconrfe.  —  Martin  :  Marriage  of  Priettt  (1UO)  O  a. 

glib  dean,  s.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  dean 
(q.v.)  ;  Lat.  subdecanus.]  The  deputy  or  sub- 
stitute of  a  dean  ;  an  under-dean. 

"  Being  •woaTeun  ...  be  undertook  the  entire  man- 
agement of  all  affair*,"—  fgU  :  Ufa  of  Hammond. 

Bub'-dean-er-y,  s.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
deanery  (q.v.).]  The  office  and  rank  of  a 
anbdean. 

"The  cufcbemery  of  York,  founded  anno  1*29."— 
Bacon  :  Lib.  Refit,  p.  1,102. 

•fib  de-ca'-nal,  a.  [Pref.  snb-,  and  Eng. 
deca.nal  (q.v.).J  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a 
subdean  or  subdeanery. 

*  sfib-deo'-n-ple,  a.    [Pref  sub-,  and  Eng. 
decuple  (q.v.).  J    Containing  one  part  of  ton. 

•nb-del'-e-gate,  «.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
delegate,  8.  (q'v.X]  A  subordinate  or  under 
delegate. 

*  sub  deT-6  gate,  v.t.    [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
delegate,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  appoint  to  act  as  sub- 
delegate,  or  under  another  delegate. 

•ub  de  Icss'-ite.  s.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
dMoMM] 

Afin.  :  A  name  proposed  for  those  varieties 
of  delessite(q.v.)  in  which  protoxide  of  iron 
predominates  over  the  sesquioxide. 

•iib-denf-ed,  a.  [Pref.  mb-,  and  Eng. 
dented.}  Indented  beneath. 

•ub  do  pos-lt,  s.  [Pref.  snb-,  and  Eng. 
deposit  (q.v.).]  That  wliich  is  deposited 
beneath  something  else. 

*  sub  deV-I-sor'-I-ous,  a.    [Pref.  tub-,  and 
Lat,  derisorius  =  serving  for  laughter,  ridicul- 
ous.]   [DERISION.]    Ridiculing  with  modera- 
tion or  delicacy. 

"The  mbderltorioiit  mirth  It  far  from  giving  any 
offence  to  us  :  it  is  rather  a  pleasant  condiment  of  our 
CDDrenatton."—  Jfore. 

•iib-de-riv'-a-ti've,  s.  [Pref.  m.b-,  and  Eng. 
derivative  (q.v.).]  A  word  following  another 
immediately  in  grammatical  derivation  ;  a 
word  derived  from  a  derivative,  not  from  the 


root  Thus,  manliness  is  a  su  Wcrivative,  being 
derived  from  manly,  a  derivative  from  mo*. 

sub^di-ac "on-ate,  s.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng, 
diaconate.}  The'otfice  or  rank  of  a  subdeacon 
(q.v.). 

*  sub-di'-al,  o.    [Lat  tubdialis  =  In  the  open 
air.]    Of  or  perUinilig  to  the  open  air  ;  being 
under  the  open  sky. 

sub-di-a-lect,   «.     [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng 

diulect  (q.v.).]    A  subordinate  or  inferior  dia 
lect ;  a  less  important  dialect. 

"  sub-di  chot'-6-my',  ».  [Pref.  sub-,  and 
Eng.  dichotomy  (q.v.).]  A  subordinate  or 
inferior  dichotomy  or  division  into  pairs ;  a 
subdivision. 

sub  dis-tlnc'-tion,  s.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
distinction  (q.v.).]  A  subordinate  distinction 

*  suDv-di-ti'-tlous,  a.    [Lat  subdititius,  from 
subdituj,   pa.  par.  of  sttbdo  =  to  substitute  : 
sub  =  under,  and  do  =:  to  give.]    Put  secretly 
in  the  place  of  something  else  ;  foisted  in. 

*  sub  dl-ver-sl-fy,  v.t.      [Pref.  tub-,  and 
Eng.   diversify   (q.v.).]     To  diversify   again 
what  is  already  diversified. 

"  Variously  iMtoerti/Itd  according  to  the  fancy  of 
the  artificer."— -Halt :  Orig.  Mankind,  p.  167. 

sub  di-vide ,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
divide  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans. :  To  divide  tbe  parts  of  into 
more  or  smaller  parts  ;  to  part  into  subdivi- 
sions ;  to  divide  again,  as  that  which  has 
been  already  divided. 

"Robert  Stephens,  a  French-man,  that  curious 
critick  and  painful  printer,  some  eix  score  ye.irs  since, 
ttrst  HtbdiitidedlctMvteTnl  Into  venes."— Fuller:  Wor- 
OUei:  Xmt. 

'  B.  Intrans. :  To  be  subdivided ;  to  divide, 
separate,  or  part  into  subdivisions. 

"  A  sect  is  sufficiently  thought  to  be  reproved,  If  It 
Ktdlfidsi  and  breaks  Into  little  fractions,  or  changes 
Its  own  opinions."—  Bishop  Taylor:  Serinont.  vol.  li., 
aer.  22. 


--j  o.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  di- 
vine, a.  (q.v.).]  Divine  in  a  partial  or  Tower 
degree. 

"  Given  as  some  little  glimpse  of  your  lubilipi 
.~-Bi>.  Halt :  InmiMt  World,  bk.  I.,  ser.  ii. 


*»fib-dl-vt«»'-l-ble,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
divisible  (q.v.).]  Capable  or  admitting  of  sub- 
division. 

sub-di-vf-ylon,  «.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
division  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  subdividing  or  separating  a 
part  into  smaller  parts. 

2.  The  part  of  anything  made  by  subdivi- 
sion ;  the  part  of  a  larger  part 

"  Separates  itself  Into  two  correspondent  tubdirl- 
libn*."— A'noz:  Zuav  80. 

*Eiib'-dd  lous,  a.  [Lat  subdolus,  from  sub 
=  under,  an<l  dolus  =  treachery,  trick,  fraud.] 
Deceitful,  tricky,  cunning,  sly,  crafty. 

"  They  are.  the  subtilest,  I  will  not  say  the  meet  tub- 
doloui  dealers."— ffotpell:  tetttrt,  bk.  L,  let.  41. 

sub-dom'-in-ant,  ».  [Pref.  sub;  and  Eng. 
dominant  (q.vj.] 

Music :  The  fifth  below  or  the  fourth  above 
any  key-note  ;  the  fourth  note  of  the  diatonic 
scale  lying  a  tone  under  the  dominant  or  fifth 
of  the  scale.  Thus,  in  the  scale  of  c,  r  is  the 
subdaminant,  and  o  the  dominant;  in  the 
scale  of  o,  c  is  the  subdominant,  and  D  the 
dominant;  4c. 

•sub  du'-a-ble,  a-  [Eng.  tubdufe);  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  subdued ;  possible  to  be 
subdued. 

"  I  have  a  natural  touch  of  enthusiasm  In  my  com- 
plexion, but  such  at,  I  thank  God,  'was  ever  govern- 
able enough,  and  I  have  found  at  length  perfectly 
fubduable.—More:fhaotoj>hictU  HViNffpsfPref.  Gen.). 

*  SUb-du'-al,  s.  [Eng.«nod*(«);  -al.]  The  act 
of  subduing. 

•'He  mistakes  the  conseqnenoea  of  these  powen, 
which  are  the  punishment  of  overt  acts,  and  ntbdual 
of  tbe  passions ;  he  mistakes  them.  1  tay.  for  powers 
tbemaelves.-_H'or»i.rton..  Alliance. 

••nb-duce',  *  sub-duct',  v.t.     [L»t.  tub- 
duco,  pa.  par.  subductus,  from  tub  =  under, 
and  duco  =  to  lead,  to  draw.] 
1.  To  withdraw,  to  take  away. 

"  tfor  never  wae  the  earth  so  peevish  as  to  fortld  the 
tun  when  It  would  shine  on  it,  or  to  slink  away.  ,,r 
luMuc*  Itaelf  from  Its  rayet."—  Hammond :  Sermon*. 
vol.  iv  ,  ser.  14. 


2.  To  subtract  by  arithmetical  operation  : 
to  deduct. 

"  If  eut  of  that  supposed  lunnltemultftudeof  ante- 
cedent  generation,  we  should  by  the  operation  of  the 
understanding  tH{ntncc  ten.  whether  we  ii/Wuct  that 
nuiuoer  of  ten  out  of  tbe  l:ut  generation  of  men  . 
the  residue  ttiust  needs  be  less  by  ten  than  it  was 
before  that  subductiou  made."—  fat*:  Ortff.  o/  Man- 

*  SUb-dUCt,  V.t.     [Sl'BDUCt] 

"  sub-due  -tion,  i.  [Lat.  subductio,  from 
subductus,  pa.  par.  of  subduco  =  to  subdues 
(q.v.).J 

1,  The  act  of  taking  away  ;  removal. 

2.  Arithmetical  subtraction  ;  deduction. 

sub  due  ,  -sub  dewe,  'soduo,  »sodnw, 

"sudew,  v.t.    [o.  Fr.  so«duire  =  to  seduce, 
from  Lat  subduco  =  to  draw  away,  to  remove.) 

[SUBDUCE.] 

1.  To  conquer  and  reduce  to  a  state  of  per- 
manent subjection.  (It  is  a  stronger  term  than 
conquer.) 

"  He  had  found  It  Impossible  to  tuftduc  the  colon  isU. 
even  wben  they  were  luft  almost  unaided.1"—  ^aean/aiT- 
Biit.  Stiff.,  cb.  xiv. 

2.  To  conquer  by  superior  force  ;  to  obtain 
the  victory  over  ;  to  vanquish. 

"  He  could  never  tutttue  the  Israelites,  uuleis  thej 
should  I*  disobedient  to  their  God."—  uilpin  :  Ser. 
motit,  vol.  i.,  ser.  7. 

3.  To  overcome  by  discipline  ;  to  conquer; 
to  bring  under  command  :  as,  To  subdue  the 
passions. 

*  4.  To  prevail  over,  as  by  argument  or  en. 
treaty  ;  to  overcome,  as  by  kindness,  entreaty, 
persuasion,  orother  mild  means;  to  gain  over. 
"  This  virtuous  maid  fii/nln-t  me  quite." 

ShaJceip.  :  Mtature/ur  J/eosure,  ii.  S. 

*5.  To  reduce,  to  bring  down,  to  lower. 

"  Nothing  could  have  tiibtturd  nature 

To  such  alowness.  but  bis  unkind  daughters." 

nhalcttp.  :  Lear,  ill.  4. 

6.  To  tone  down,  to  soften  ;  to  make  lesi 
glaring  in  tone  or  colour.  (Generally  in  tlie 
pa.  par.,  as,  To  speak  in  subdued  tones  ,  a  sub- 
dued light,  Ac.) 

*7.  To  bring  into  cultivation;  to  make 
mellow  ;  to  break  up. 

"  Nor  is't  unwholesome  to  lubduc  the  land 
By  often  exercise."        May  :  t'irytl  ;  Vearffim. 

H  For  the  difference  between  to  subdue  and 
to  conquer,  see  CONQUER. 

*  sub  due',  s.    [SUBDUE,  ».]    Conquest,  sub. 
jugation. 

"  The  worlds  lubdne." 

Greene:  Lwf.inj-Glati.it.llt. 

'  sub-due  '-ment,  >.  [Eng.  subdue  ;  -me»tj 
The  act  of  subduing  ;  conquest,  subdual. 

"  Bravely  despising  forfeits  and  fu&duemon." 
sfiakesp.  :  Trvilut  *  Creuida,  iv.  L 

sub-du'-er,  s.  [Eng.  subdu(e);  -er.}  Oa» 
who  or  that  which  subdues  ;  one  who  con- 
quers and  brings  into  subjection  ;  a  conqueror, 
a  vanquisher. 

"  Victor  of  gods,  ntbduer  of  mankind." 

Sfv*itr  :  In  Honour  of  Lore,  hymn  L 

*  sub-diU'-jId,   a.      [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
dulcid  (q.v.).]    Somewhat  sweet  ;  moderately 
sweet 

sub  du'-ple,  o.    [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
(q.v.).]    Containing  one  part  of  two. 

"As  one  of  these  under  pulleys  doth  abate  half  ol 
that  heaviness  which  the  weight  bath  In  itself,  and 
cause  tbe  power  to  be  lu  a  tutidu/^  proportion  unto 
it,  so  two  of  tnem  doabate  half  of  that  winch  remains, 
and  cause  a  subquudrui-lp  proportion,  and  three  a  sub. 
•extuple.'—  Wil&tu:  Mathematical  Magick. 

subdnple-ratlo,  s.  The  ratio  of  1  to  1. 
8  to  6,  &c. 

*  •ub-du'-pli-oate.  o.    [Pref.  itid-,  and  Eng. 
duplicate  (q.v.).] 

Main.  :  Expressed  by  the  square  root. 
"The  times  are  In  tubdupHcatf.  proportion  to  tbt 
length  of  the  pendulums."—  Botlt:  h'orlu,  iii.  4U. 

subduplicate  ratio,  s. 

Alg.:  The  ratio  of  the  square  roots  of  ft 
ratio.  The  snbduplicate  ratio  of  u  to  b,  it 
the  ratio  of  _ 

•vTto  VTT;  or^^. 

sub-e-lon'-gate,  a.  [Pn-f.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
elongate  (q.v.).]  Somewhat  elongated;  not 
fully  elongated. 


sub    e'-qual. 

equal  (q.v.).]    Nearly  equal. 


[Pref.   sub-,  and   Eng. 


•u-ber-am'-lc,  a.  [Eng.  suberic),  and  nattc.) 
Derived  from  or  containing  suberic  add  and 
ammonia. 


fete,  at,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  w«t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  wire,  «ir.  marine;  go.  pit. 
•r,  wore,  w«?H  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub,  air*,  unite,  cur,  rfije,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    ».  ce  ^  e ;  ey  ^  a ;  qn  =  tow. 


suberamide— subject 


4511 


guberamlc-acid,  .«. 

Chm.  :  C8H18Oa(HO)H2N.  Produced  by 
the  dry  distillation  of  ammonium  suberate. 
It  is  fusible,  soluble  in  boiling  water,  and 
deposited  therefrom  on  cooling.  (Watts.) 

in  bcr'-»-mide,s.  [Eng.tuiw(ic),andaint<ie.] 
Chsm.  :  N^CgHioOiX'Ili.    A  white  crystal- 
line substance,   produced   by  the   action  of 
aqueous  ammonia  on  methylic  subente. 

SU  ber-a  nll'-lC,  a.  [Eng.  suberic);  ani- 
Hine),  and  sutf.  -ic.]  Derived  from  or  con- 
taining suberic  acid  and  aniline. 

snberanllic-acld,  s. 

Chem.  :  CsIIuO^HOJCeHsHN.  Produced 
by  melting  suberic  acid  with  an  equal  volume 
of  aniline,  and  recovered  from  the  alcoholic 
filtrate  obtained,  after  the  separation  of  suber- 
anilide.  It  crystallizes  in  microscopic  laminse, 
melts  at  128°,  is  slightly  soluble  In  boiling 
alcohol.  It  dissolves  easily  in  ether,  and  when 
fused  with  potash  yields  aniline, 

•ft  ber-S.n'-H-lde,  s.  [Eng.  nOitr(ic)  ;  ani- 
line), and  sun*,  -ide.] 

Chem.  :  CgH^O^CpHs^HsNj.  Is  produced 
along  with  suberanihc  acid  when  suberic  acid 
is  melted  with  an  equal  volume  of  dry  aniline. 
The  product  is  dissolved  in  alcohol,  from 
which  the  suberanilide  crystallizes  out  in 
pearly  laminae  It  melts  at  183°,  and  dissolves 
readily  in  boiling  alcohol  and  in  ether. 

•u  ber-ate,  «.    [Eng.  submit)  ;  -ate.] 
Chem.  :  A  salt  of  suberic  acid  (q.v.). 

SU-ber'-e-ous,  a.  [Lat.  suber  =  cork.]  Of 
the  nature  of  cork  ;  suberose. 

SU-beV-Io,  a.  [Eng.  suber;  -tc.]  Pertaining 
to  cork  ;  contained  in  or  derived  from  cork. 

suberic  acid,  s. 

Ghent.:  C8H12O.XHO)2.  An  acid  of  the 
oxalic  series,  formed  by  the  action  of  nitric 
acid  on  cork  and  various  fatty  bodies,  as 
stearin  and  oleic  acids.  Oxalic  acid  is  first 
removed  from  the  product  by  cold  water,  and 
then  lepsrgylic  acid  by  treaiment  with  cold 
ether.  When  further  punned,  it  crystallizes 
in  needles  an  inch  long,  or  in  hexagonal  tables, 
melts  at  140*,  dissolves  sparingly  in  cold  water 
and  ether,  easily  in  alcohol  and  boiling  water. 

suberic-  ether, 

Chem.  :  CsIhoO^CaHsOJa.  Ethylic  snberate. 
Obtained  by  passing  hydrochloric  add  gas  into 
an  alcoholic  solution  of  suberic  acid.  It  is  a 
limpid  liquid,  having  a  faint  odour  and  nau- 
seous taste,  boils  at  230°,  and  mixes  in  all  pro- 
portions with  alcohol  and  ether.  Sp.  gr.  1-003. 

•u'-ber-ln,'  ».    [Lat.  rafter  =  cork  ;  •<».] 
Chem.  :  Cellulose  from  cork. 

SU'-ber-ite,  a.  &  s,    [SUBERITEB.] 

A.  As  adj.  :   Belonging  to  or  resembling 
the  genus  Suberites,  or  the  family  Suberitidaj 
(q.v.). 

B.  As  subst.  :  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Suberites,  or  the  family  Suberitida  (q.v.). 

•U-ber-i'-tes,  ».    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat  tuber 
=  a  cork.] 
Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Suberitidee  (q.v.). 

SU-ber-it  -I-daa,  a.  pi.  (Mod.  Lat  sul*erit(es)  ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -idol.] 

Zaol.  &  PaUeoni.  :  A  family  of  Monaxonida 
(approximately  =  the  Monaxonida;  (q.v.)  of 
Schmidt).  The  gpicules  are  pin-shaped, 
densely  aggregated  in  tlbres  or  matted.  There 
is  no  network  of  flesh  spicnles.  R.  v.  Len- 


.       .    . 

denfeld  (Proc.  Zool.  Sac.,  1886,  p.  584),  enu- 
merates eleven  genera,  one  of  which  (Cliona) 
dates  from  the  Silurian,  aud  another  (Poteriou) 


fca-ber-It-1-dT-iue,  s.  pi.  [Hod.  Lat. 
suberit^a);  Gr.  «M«  (eidos)  =  form,  and  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suit",  -irue.  ] 

Zool.  :  In  Schmidt's  classification  of  Sponges 
a  sub-family  of  Monaxonidse  (q.v.),  approxi- 
mately equivalent  to  Suberitidae  (q.v.). 

t  su-ber-i-za  -tion,  ».     [Lat  tuber  =  the 
cork  tree;  SHU'.  -u(e);  -oitotu] 
Hot.  :  The  process  of  conversion  into  cork. 

"  The  moat  common  examples  of  the  first  kind  are 
•Horded  by  the  llpilneatloii  aud  nitxrivitiou  at  cell. 
walls,  te.,  the  processes  by  which  cellulose  U  con- 
verted into  lignto  or  cork."—  Tftomi  :  Botany  led. 
Bennet).  pp.  u,  -a. 


su  -  ber  one,  ».    [Lat  suber  =  cork  ;  -one.] 

Chen.  :  C8His<VCaHls  (?).  A  substance  ob- 
tained by  distilling  suberic  acid  with  excess 
of  lime;  probably  the  ketone  of  suberic  acid. 
It  is  an  aromatic  liquid,  boiling  at  176*,  but 
its  composition  has  not  been  ascertained  with 
certainty. 

sub'  e  rose  (1),  a.     [Ij.it  »«6  =  under,  and 
erosus,  pa.  par.  of  erode  =  to  gnaw.) 
Bat.  :  Presenting  a  somewhat  gnawed  ap- 

pearance. 

su'-ber-oso  (2),  su'-ber-ous,  a.  [Lat. 
suber  =:  cork  ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ose,  -ous.]  Of 
the  nature  or  texture  of  cork  ;  corky  ;  soft 
and  elastic. 

su'-ber-yl,  «.    [Lat  suber  =  cork  ;  -yl.] 

C/iem.  :  CgHijOj.  The  hypothetical  dia- 
tomic radical  of  suberic  acid. 

sub  fos'-sll.  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  fossil 
(q.v.).]  Partially  fossilized. 

*  sub  -fu-mi-ga'-tion,  «.  [Lat  subfumi- 
gatio.]  "A  species  of  charm  by  smoke.  [SuF- 

FUMIOAT1ON.] 

'siib  fuse',  '  sub  fus'  cous,  ".ub-fusk, 

a.  [\jil.mbfti3cus.]  Moderately  dark;  darkish, 
gloomy,  brownish,  tawny. 

"  O'er  whose  quiescent  walls 
Amchne's  unmolested  cure  has  drawn 
" 


. 

globular  (q.v.)j.    Having  a  form  approaching 
ular. 


Uurtaiua  fu$/<4*t"        Shetutong  :  £conomf.  111. 

sub-ge-laf-in-ous,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and 
Eng.  gelatinous  (q.v.).J  Somewhat  or  imper- 
fectly gelatinous. 

*  sub-get,  o.    [SUBJECT,  a.] 

sub  gla'  -ci-al  (or  e  as  sh),  a.  [Pref.  sub-, 
and  Eng.  ghtcial(q.v.).~]  Belonging  to  the  under 
side  of  a  glacier  ;  under  a  glacier. 

sub  glob'  ular,  a.    [Pref.   sub-,  and  Eng. 
globular  (q.v.)j.    Having 
to  a  globe  ;  nearly  globula 

siib-glu-ma'-oe-ous  (or  ceous  as  shus), 
a.  [Pref.  8U&-,  and  Eng.  glumaceous  (q.v.).J 
Somewhat  glumaceous. 

sub  gr&n'-u-lar,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Kng. 
granular  (q.v.).]  Somewhat  granular. 

*  sub-  hSs-ta'-  tion,   s.     [Lat.  mblmstatio, 
from  subhastatus,  pa.   par.    of  subhasto  =  to 
sell  by  public  auction  :  sub  =  under,  and  htuta 
=  a  spear.]    [SPEAR,  8.  ^[.]    A  public  sale  by 
auction  to  the  highest  bidder  ;  a  sale  by  auc- 
tion. 

sub  horn-blend'  Ic,  a.     [Fret    tub-,  and 

Eng.  hornbitndic.] 

Petrol.,  &c.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  rocks  con- 
taining disseminated  hornblende  ;  containing 
hornblende  in  a  scattered  state. 

*  sub  -hu  -mer-ate,  v.t.    [Lat  sub  =  under, 
and  Kumerus  =  the  shoulder.]     To  bear   or 
support  by  putting  one's  shoulder  under  ;  to 
take  upon  one's  shoulders. 

"  Nothing  surer  tyes  a  friend,  then  freely  to  tuo- 
\umeratf  the  burthen,  which  waa  blfc%*Mlfeftnl.* 

rnOmm, 

siib-hy'-old,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  lujoiil 
(q.V.).] 

Anat.  :  Under  the  hyoid  bone  :  as,  the  sui- 
hyoid  or  cervical  arch. 

*  sub  m-cu-sa'-tlon,  s.    [Lat  snl  =  under, 
and  incuaatio  =:  a  charge,  an  accusation.]    A 
slight  charge  or  accusation. 

"  But  all  this  cannot  deliver  thee  from  the  Just 
bUtne  of  this  bold  i«Mnci«o*it>n."—  flwAo/>  Still  :  Con. 
tem&.;  Marttut  Jt  Marg. 

*  siib-in'-di-cate,  v.t.    [Pref.  suit-,  and  Eng. 
indicate  (q.v.).]    To  indicate  by  signs  ;  to  in- 
dicate in  a  less  degree. 

"  For  this  spirit  of  the  world  baa  faculties  that  work 
not  by  election,  but  fatally  or  naturally,  aa  several 
Oamaleu's  we  meet  withall  in  nature  seem  somewhat 
obscurely  to  tub/iKiicate.*  —  Mart:  Jmmort.  3ou£, 
bk.  tL.cn.  X 

*sub  "'n-dl-ea'-tlon,  ».  [Pref.  tub-,  and 
Eng.  indication  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  indicating 
by  signs  ;  a  slight  indication. 

•*  They  served  to  the  ntbindtcfttlon  and  shadowing 
of  heavenly  things."  —  Barrow  :  Sermont,  voL  ti.,  air.  19. 

*  sub-In-duoe',  v.t.    [Pref.  «u6-,  and  Eng. 
induce  (q.v.).]    To  insinuate,  to  suggest  ;  to 
bring  into  consideration   indirectly  op  im- 
perfectly. 


*  BUb-In-fer',  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
infer  (q.v.).J  To  infer  or  deduce  from  aa 
Inference  already  made. 

"  From  tha  force  then  of  this  relation,  it  la  easily 
*t.—  Bp.  Hal:  IMaLfor 


sub-in-feu-da'-tion,   «.     [Pref.  »«6-,  an* 
Eng.  infauktiion  (q.v.).] 
Law  : 

1.  The  act  of  enfeofflng  by  a  tenant  or 
feoffee  out  of  lands  which  he  holds  of  the- 
crown  or  other  superior  ;  the  act  of  a  p-eater 
baron  who  grants  land  or  a  smaller  manor  to 
an  inferior  person  ;  a  feudal  sub-letting. 

2.  Under-tenancy. 


[Pref. 
Secret 


*  sub  in  press'  Ion  (ss  as  sh),  s. 

sub-,    ana    Eng.    ingression    (q.v.).] 
entrance. 

"  Altered  by  the  mbbiyrettion  of  salt 
Bwl* :   Horkt,  ill.  767. 

*  sub'-l-tane,  s.    [SUBITANEOUS.]    A  sudden. 

*  sub-i-ta  -ne-otis,  a.    [Lat  mbitanrut,  from. 

su!)ito  =  suddeuly.|    Sudden,  hasty. 

*  sub  I  ta'  no  ous  ness,   s.      [Eng.   «uM- 
taiieous ;  -ness.]    Suddenness. 

"  S«b'-I-tan-y,  a.  [Fr.  mMtain.}  [SuB- 
ITANEOUS.J  Sudden,  hasty. 

"  Tliia  which  I  have  now  commented  is  very 
tubitanv,  and,  I  fear,  confused."— Bala :  Gulden 
fiemaitu,  p.  300. 

SU'-bi-td,  adv.    [Ital.] 

Music:  Quickly,  sharply,  suddenly:  as, 
volti  tubito  =  turn  [the  leaf]  quickly. 

sub-ja'-cent,  a.  [Lat.  subjacent,  pr.  par.  of 
subjaceo  =  to  lie  uuder :  sub-  =  under,  and 
jaceo  =  to  lie.) 

*  L  Ordinary  Lcrngvagt : 

1.  Lying  under  or  beneath. 

"If  the  muscles  be  cut  away,  we  dome  sooner  or 
later  to  myacent  bonea."— St.  Georgt  Milan  :  TJu 
Cat.  eh.  II.,  i  1. 

2.  Being   lower   in    position,    though    not 
directly  beneath. 

"  The  superficial  marks  of  mountains  are  washed 
away  by  rauu.  aud  borue  down  upou  the  liiftfnoaslf' 
plains." —  Woodward. 

3.  Underlying,  subordinate. 

"  Suitable  to  the  titttfacfnt  matter  and  occasion." — 
Barroto .  SermoHi,  vol.  L,  aer.  5. 

H  GeoL  :  Lying  nnder,  Inferior  in  position. 
Used  chiefly  of  sedimentary  rocks,  in  all  cases- 
presumably,  and  in  nearly  all  cases  actually, 
older  than  those  resting  upon  them. 

sub'  ject,  *  sub-get,  'sub  gctte,  *sng- 
et,  *  su-gett,  *  sug-get,  a.  &  s.  [O.  Fr. 

«rnef,  suiect,  subiect  (Fr.  sujet),  from  Lat.  sub- 
jectua,  pa.  par.  of  subjicio  =  to  throw  or  place 
under:  sub  =  under,  and  ^acio=to  throw; 
Bp.  svjelo;  Port,  sujeito,  sugeito  ;  Ital.  soggetto, 
suggetto,  subieto.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

*  1.  Placed,  situated,  or  being  under ;  lower 
In  position. 

"  An  hilles  s'.cle  which  did  to  her  bewray 
A  little  valley  tubject  to  the  same." 

Spmicr:  r.  «.  IILvH,* 

2.  Being   under   the   power,    control,    or 
authority  of  another. 

"  For  all  that  lira  Is  motet  to  that  law; 
All  things  decay  In  time,  and  to  their  end  do* 
drawe."  Speitier  .-  F.  «.,  lit.  11.  40. 

3.  Exposed,  liable,  obnoxious. 

"  Kutijtct  and  servile  to  all  discontents." 

Bhaketp.:  Vemu*  Aitonit,  1,191. 

4.  Being  that  on  which  anything  operates, 
whether   material    or   intellectual :    as,    the 
subject  matter  of  a  discourse. 

*  5.  Submissive,  obedient 

*  Put  them  In  mind  to  be  lubjtct  to  prlnotpallttai 
And  powers. '—Ttiui  iii.  1. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who   is   placed  under  the  power, 
control,  authority,  or  dominion  of  some  one 
else;  specif.,  one  who  owes  allegiance  to  a 
sovereign,  and  is  governed  by  his  laws ;  one 
who  lives  under  the  protection  of,  and  owes 
allegiance  to  a  government. 

'•  To  serve  me  well,  yon  all  should  do  me  doty. 
Teach  me  to  be  your  queen,  aud  you  my  tiiMoctt." 
ttStf, :  diehard  III..  L  a. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  is  subjected, 
exposed,  or  liable  to  something;  a  person  as 
the  recipient  of  certain  treatment 

"  I  am  too  mean  a  ntAJect  for  thy  wrath." 

Sttakeip.  :  8  Benry  r/n  L  S, 


boll,  boy ;  pout,  J6%1 ;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  ?hin,  bench ;  go,  gem  ;  thin,  this ;  Sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    - 

-tlan  =  shau.   -Uon,  -sioB  =  shun ;  -{Ion,  -sign  =  iliua.   -cious,  -tloua.  -slous  =  abus.   -We,  -die,  &o.  =  beL  del. 


4512 


•ubject— subjunctive 


S.  One  who  or  that  which  is  the  cause  or 
Occasion  of  something. 

"  I  am  the  unhappy  rubjfct  of  these  quarrels." 

tQxikttfi. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  r. 

4.  That  which  is  subjected  or  submitted  to 
«ny  physical  operation  or  process  ;  specif.,  a 
•dead  body  used  for  purposes  of  dissection. 

"  It  Is  no  longer  that  temple:  It  Is  not  even  a 
oorpM;  It  has  become  a  lubjtct."— &.  B.  LeiMt: 
ArlUoOt.  p.  111. 

5.  That  on  which  any  mental  operation  is 
performed  ;  that  which  is  spoken  of,  written 
of,   thought    of,    or    otherwise    treated    or 
handled  ;  a  theme. 

"  And  could  discriminate  aud  argue  well 
Oututt/ectt  more  niysteriiins." 

C&wper  :  Talk,  V.  tst. 

6.  The  hero  of  a  piece ;  the  person  treated 
»f ;  the  principal  character. 

II  Technically: 

1.  Art :  The  incident  chosen  by  an  artist ; 
the  design  of  a  composition  or  picture ;  any- 
thing which  constitutes  the  design  or  aim  of 
•ny  work  of  art. 

2.  Gram. :  That  which  is  spoken  of;  the 
person  or  thing  of  which  anything  is  affirmed ; 
the  nominative  of  a  verb. 

"  Moreover,  hie  sentences  occasionally  have  no 
tubjfct  aud  no  principal  verb."— Pott  Malt  OaKtte, 
Allf.  8, 1!8«. 

3.  Logic :   That  term  of  a  proposition  of 
which  the  other  is  affirmed  or  denied.    One 
of  the  two  terms  by  which  (in  conjunction 
with  the  copula)  a  proposition  is  constructed. 
Of  these  two,  it  is  the  name  of  that  object  of 
thought  concerning  which  the  statement  is 
made.     The  corresponding  term   (i.e.,    the 
word  which  delivers  what  the  statement  is), 
is  the  predicate.    The  copula  tells  us  whether 
the  two  are  or  are  not  in  agreement.     In  the 
statements  A  is  B,  two  A  is  not  B,  A  is 
the  subject,  B  the  predicate,  is  or  it  not  the 
copula. 

4.  Music:  The  theme  or  principal  phrase 
of  any  movement,  from  which  all  the  subor- 
dinate Ideas  spring  or  are   developed.     In 
sonata  form  there  should  be  two  chief  sub- 
jects, called  first  and  second  ;  in  rondo  form 
one  is  sufficient.    In  a  fugue  the  subject  is 
called  also  the  exposition,  dux,  proposition. 

5.  Philosophy: 

(1)  The  Ego  (q.v.),  as  distinguished  from 
the  object,  or  non-Ego ;  the  mind  considered 
as  that  in  which  knowledge  inheres.  [(3X] 

"  All  knowledge  U  a  relation,  a  relation  between 
that  which  knows  (in  scholastic  language  the  lubject 
In  which  knowledge  adheres)  and  that  which  is  known 
(in  scholastic  language  the  object  about  which  know, 
ledge  is  conversant) ;  and  the  contents  of  every  act  of 
knowledge  are  made  up  of  elements,  and  regulated  by 


laws,  proceeding  partly  from  its  object  and  partly 
from   its  «*V— *  ""*  -*-"—--•--  sHssC^ss! 

science  of  ki 


trom  it*  iiibift.  '.    .   '     But  pbilo.wphV~be.nT  the 
knowledge,  and  tha  iclence  of  knowledge 


supposing,  in  its  most  fundamental  and  thorough, 
going  analysis  the  distinction  of  the  tubieft  and 
object  of  knowledge.  It  Is  evident  that  to  philosophy 
the  ntbjfct  of  knowledge  would  be  by  preeminence  the 
tuVeet,  and  the  object  of  knowledge  the  object.  It 
was  therefore  natural  that  the  object  and  objective, 
the  iuJ/e«  and  subjective,  should  be  employed  by 
philosophers  as  simple  terms,  compendiously  to  de- 
note the  grand  discrimination  about  which  philosophy 
was  constantly  employed,  and  which  no  others  could 
be  found  so  precisely  and  promptly  to  express." — 
Jtamitton  :  gAt,  KM  {Note  B.) 

(2)  (See  extract  under  Substratum). 

subject-matter,  >.  The  matter  or 
thought  submitted  for  consideration  or  treat- 
ment in  a  discussion,  discourse,  or  statement. 

"As  to  the  lubjKt-matln-,  words  are  always  to  be 
understood  as  having  a  regard  tbereto ;  for  that  is 
always  supposed  to  be  in  the  eye  of  the  legislator,  and 
all  his  expressions  directed  to  that  end.'— Blacttton*  ; 
CommM..  1 1  (Introd.) 

•fib  jcct ,   •  sub  get,  •  snb-leote,  v.t. 
[SUBJECT,  a.] 

1.  To  bring  into  subjection  ;  to  bring  under 
power,  dominion,  or  control ;  to  subdue,  to 
reduce. 

"  God  in  Judgment  Just 
Subjtctt  him  from  without  to  violent  lords." 
Mlltm. P.L., 

•  2.  To  make  subservient. 

"  SuVected  to  his  service  angels'  wings.* 

Hilton  :  p.  I.,  If.  in. 

•  8.  To  put,  place,  or  lay  under. 

••  In  one  short  view,  tubjecttd  to  onr  eye. 
Gods,  emp'rors,  heroes,  sages,  beauties  lie." 

Pop*    Moral  Euan.  ".  a. 

4.  To  expose  ;  to  make  liable  or  obnoxious. 

"If  the  vessel!  yield,  it  mbJccU  the  person  to  all 

tue  inconveniences  of  an  erroneous  circulation."— 
eyWHMPt 

"  5.  To  submit,  to  offer. 

"Ood  ls  not  bound  to  tubiat  his  ways  of  operation 
Jo  the  scrutiny  of  our  thoughts,  and  confine  himself 
too  nothing  bnt  what  we  must  coinpreheBd."- 


•  sub'-Ject-dom,  «.  [Eng.  subject,  s.  ;  -dam.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  a  subject. 

"  No  cine  to  its  nationality,  except  In  the  political 
sense  of  tubjectdom.  therefore  is  available."—  tfreefi- 
well  :  Rriluh  Itarrovt,  p.  808. 

sfib-Jgct  -8d,  pa.  par.  Si  a.    [SUBJECT,  «.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adjective: 

*  1.  Situated  or  being  under,  lower,  or  be- 
neath ;  subjacent 

"  Led  them  direct,  and  down  the  cliff  as  fast 
To  the  tubject*!  plain.'         Hilton  :  P  L..  ill.  640. 

*2.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  subject,  a* 
opposed  to  a  sovereign. 

"Suofecterfthus. 
How  can  yon  say  to  roe  I  am  a  king  T  " 

Sfeifcesp.  .'  Richard  11.,  Ul  1 

•a  Reduced  to  a  state  of  subjection  to 
another  ;  enslaved. 

4.  Rendered  liable  or  obnoxious  ;  exposed, 
liable,  subject. 

*  5.  Due  from  a  subject  ;  becoming  in  B 
subject 

"  Subletted  tribute  to  commanding  love." 

Shaktif.  :  King  John,  L 

sub  JeV-tion,  "  sub  Joe  cl  oun,  *  sub- 
joc-  tioun,  *.  [O.  Fr.  subiection,  from  Lat 
mbjectionem,  accus.  of  tubjectto;  Fr.  sujitim; 
Sp.  iKJccion  ;  Ital.  suggczione.] 

1.  The  act  of  subjecting  or  subduing  ;  the 
act  of  vanquishing  and  bringing  under  the 
power,  authority,  or  dominion  of  another. 

"  After  the  conquest  of  the  kingdom,  and  lubjection 
of  the  rebels."—  Mile. 

2.  The  state  of  a  subject  ;  the  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  under  the  power,  control,  or 
authority  of  another. 

"Such  as  refuse 
Subjection  to  his  empire  tyrannous." 

afitton:  P.  L.,  ill.  O. 

sub'-Jgct-lst,  «.  [Eng.  subject;  -{st.}  One 
versed  in  subjectivism  ;  a  subjectivist 

sub-Jeet'-ifve,  a.    [Lat  nibjectimts  ;  Fr.  nit- 


I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  subject  to  a 
political  sense. 

*  2.  Obedient,  submissive. 

"  Which  sadly  when  they  saw 

How  those  had  sped  before,  with  most  «u»>ciiw  awe 
Submit  them  to  his  sword. 

DrayUm:  Pat-Oliton.  t.  U. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Literature  it  Art:  Applied  to  a  production 
characterized  by  the  prominence  given  to  the 
Individuality  of  the  author  or  artist 

2.  Metaph.  :  Relating  to  the  subject,  as  op- 
posed to  the  object. 

"  It  will  be  well  once  for  all  to  explain  the  modem 
nse  of  the  words  subject  and  object  —  rubjectioe  and 
objective.  The  subject  Is  the  mind  that  thinks  ;  the 
object  Is  that  which  it  thinks  about  A  xitfecriM 
impression  is  one  which  arises  in  and  from  the  mind 
Itself  ;  an  objective  arises  from  observation  of  external 


things.  A  tubjective  tendency  in  a  poet  or  thinker 
would  be  a  preponderating  Inclination  to  represent 
the  moods  and  states  of  his  own  mind  ;  whilst  the 


s 

writer  who  dwells  most  upon  external  objects,  a 
suffers  us  to  know  little  mors  of  his  own  mind  than 
that  It  has  the  power  to  reproduce!  them  with  truth 
aud  spirit,  exhibits  an  objective  bias."—  TVwmson  .- 
La**  <if  nauaU,  I  U. 

subjective  method,  s. 

Pkilos.  :  The  method  of  investigation  which 
moulds  realities  on  its  conceptions,  endea- 
vouring to  discern  the  order  of  things,  not  by 
step-by-step  adjustments  of  the  order  of  ideas 
to  it,  but  by  the  anticipatory  rush  of  thought, 
the  direction  of  which  Is  determined  by 
thoughts  and  not  controlled  by  objects,  (ft 
H.  Lewes  :  Hi*.  Philos.  (ed.  1880X  p.  zxxiii.) 

•fib-jSof  -ive-iy.  adv.  [Eng.  subjective  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  subjective  manner;  in  relation  to  the 
subject  ;  as  existing  in  a  subject  or  mind. 

"  The  name  of  Ood  taken  suVeerfreiy,  Is  to  be  under. 
Itood  of  Cbrisf-Pearson  .•  On  the  Cfud.  art  S, 

•ub-jSct'  Ive-noss,  ».  [Eng.  subjective; 
-ntss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  subject- 
ive ;  subjectivity. 

sub-ject'-iv-lsm,  ».  [Eng.  subjective);  -im.] 
Philosophy  : 

1.  The  doctrine  that  human  knowledge  is, 
in   its  constitution,  purely  subjective,  and 
therefore  relative  ;  and  that  objective  truth 
can  never  be  predicated  of  it 

"  These  men  were  followed  by  a  younger  generation 
of  Sophists,  who  perverted  the  philosophical  prln. 
ciple  of  MtatMm  more  and  more  till  it  ended  in 
mere  frivolity."—  PeoersKf  :  Bl*.  Phlloi.  (Eng.  ed.). 

2.  The  doctrine  of  Kant  as  to  the  relativity 


ffirmed. 
rtain.  We 
these  ideas 


of  human  knowledge.  His  teaching  on  the 
subject  is  thus  summarised  by  Lewes  (Hist. 
Philos.,  ed.  1880,  pp.  516,  517.) 

(1)  A  knowledge  of  things  per  se  (Ding*  an  licAl 
is:  Noumena)  is  impossible,  so  long  as   knowledge 
remains  composed  as  at  present  ;  consequently  On. 
tology.  ss  a  science,  is  impossible, 

(2)  The  existence  of  an  external  world  Is  a  necessary 
postulate,  but  ita  existence  is  ouly  logically  a 

(31  Our  knowledge,  though  relative.  Is  cert 
have  ideas  Independent  of  experience,  aud  th 
have  the  character  of  universality  and  necessity. 
Although  we  are  not  entitled  to  conclude  that  our 
subjective  knowledge  Is  coin  pletely  trne  as  an  expres- 
sion of  the  objective  fact  yet  we  are  forced  to  con- 
clude that  within  its  own  sphere  It  Is  true. 

(1)  The  veracity  of  consciousness  is  established. 

(s)  With  the  veracity  of  consciousness  is  established 
the  certainty  of  morals. 

3.  The  subjective  method  (q.v.). 

"  The  mVerrfriim  of  Descartes.'—  T.  Datidan  :  PhO. 
Sytttm  of  A.  Kotmini,  p.  xxvl. 

sub-  ject'-lv-lst,  ».  [Eng.  subjectMe)  ;  -ist.] 
One  who  supports  the  doctrine  or  doctrines 
of  Subjectivism, 

"  This  Interpretation,  which  would  make  of  Spinoza 
a  Subjtctivitt,  is  not  in  harmony  with  the  general 
character  of  his  philosophy."—  Ceberteey.'  Hilt.  f  \ilat. 
(Eug.  ed.).  il.  «5. 

•Ub-jSo-tlV-i-tjf,  s.    [Eng.  subjecting);  -Uy.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  subjective. 

2.  That  which  Is  treated  subjectively  ;  that 
which  relates  or  pertains  to  self,  or  to  im- 
pressions made  upon  the  mind. 

3.  The  individuality  of  an  author  or  artist, 
U  exhibited  in  his  works. 

"  This  lubjectitrtty,  or  egoism,  crippled  his  Invention 
and  made  his  Talft  little  better  than  prose  poems."— 
Scribntr't  Magazine.  Hay,  1880,  p.  117. 

'  sub  -Ject-  less,  o.  [Eng.  subject;  -lea.} 
Having  no  subjects. 

*  sub'  -Ject  -ness,  i.     [Eng.  subject;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  subject;  sub- 
jection. 

*  sub  jSct-ure,  «.  [Eng.  subject  ;  -me.]  Sub- 
mission. 

"  Performes  not  to  It  all  tutijectnre  dutle." 

Daviet  :  Wittet  Pilgrimage,  st.  81. 

*  sub-Jl9'-i  ble,  a.    [As  if  from  a  Lat  sub- 
jicibila,  from  subjicio  =  to  subject]    Capable 
of  being  subjected. 

sub  Join',  t'.i.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  join 
(q.v.).]  To  add  at  the  end  ;  to  add  or  write 
after  something  else  has  been  written  or  said. 

"That  thirteenth  book,  to  which  It  Is  mVotnfd."— 
Oudvortfi  :  hit  til.  aytttm,  p.  3*9. 

*  aftb-Joln'Hler,  «.    [From  subjoin,  on  anal- 
ogy of  rejoinder.]     A  remark  following  or 
subjoined  to  another  ;  a  rejoinder. 

•ub'-Ju-gate,  ».«.  [Lat  ttibjvgatus,  pa.  par. 
of  subjuga  =  to  bring  under  the  yoke  :  tub  s 
under,  and  jugum  =  a  yoke.) 

1.  To  subdue  and  bring  under  the  yoke  by 
superior  force  ;   to  conquer  and  compel  to 
submit  to  the  government  or  authority  of 
another  j  to  reduce  to  subjection. 

"  She  had  lubj^ated  great  cities  and  provinces."— 
JTaoiulay.-  HM.  Snf..  cV  ill. 

2.  Used  also  where  moral  instead  of  material 
force  is  the  instrument  of  conquest  ;  to  sub- 
due, to  vanquish,  to  crush. 

"  Her  understanding  had  been  completely  ntMuaaUf 
by  his."—  Jfocaulay  .-  Hitt.  Eng.,  oh.  ix. 

sub  ju  ga  tlon,  i.  TFr.,  from  Lat  mbju- 
gationem,  accus.  of  svbjugatio,  from  subju- 
gatus,  pa.  par.  of  subjxgo  =  to  subjugate 
(q.v.JXJ  The  act  of  subjugating  or  of  bring- 
ing under  the  power,  dominion,  or  govern- 
ment of  another  ;  subjection  ;  the  state  of 
being  subjugated. 

"  He  would  not  to  punish  them,  acquiesce  In  the) 
tubjiigntion  of  the  whole  civilised  world.  —  a/ocaufas-  .- 
HM.  fng..  ch.  xix. 

SUb'-Jn  ga  tor,  s.  [Lat]  One  who  subju- 
gates or  subdues  ;  a  conqueror,  a  subduer. 

*  sub  June  -tlon,  ».     [Lat   ittbjntichu,  pa- 
par.  of  subjungo  =  to  subjoin  (q.v.).]    The  aot 
of  subjoining  ;  the  state  of  being  subjoined. 

"The  verb  undergoes  in  Oreek  a  different  formation; 

and  in  dependence  upon,  or  ttibjunction  to,  some  othef 
verb."—  Clarke-:  Grammar. 

*  sub-June'  -tlve,  o.  &».  [Lat.  subjunclimu= 
joining  on  at  the  end,  subjunctive,  from  sub- 
junctus,   pa.   par.  of  subjungo  =  to   subjoin 
(q.v.)  ;  Fr.  subjonctif;  Sp.  &  Port,  tubjunlivo; 
Ital.  subiuntivo,  toggiuntivo.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

*  1.  Ord.   Lang.  :   Subjoined  or  added  to 
something  written  or  said  before. 


Ate,  ttt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fAll,  father;  we.  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  <ar.  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oiir,  rule,  full;  try,  Sfrtan.    «e,  »  =  e;  «y  =  »:  an  =  kw. 


snblanate— snblimifloatlon 


451$ 


J,  Gran, :  Applied  to  a  mood  or  form  of  a 
verb  expressing  condition,  hypothesis,  or  con- 
tingency, generally  subjoined  or  subordinate 
to  another  verb  or  clause,  and  preceded  by  a 
conjunction. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Gram, :  The  subjunctive  mood. 
sub  la  nate,  o.    [Pref.  sub-t  and  Eng.  lanate 
(q.v.).] 

Bot. :  Somewhat  lanate  or  woolly. 

Stib-lap-sar'-i-an,  o.  &  ».  [Lat.  *ub-  =  later 
than  ;  Lat,  lapsus  =  a  slipping,  a  fall,  and 
Eng.  sutf.  -arian.} 

A.  As  adjective .*  The  same  as  INTRAZJLP- 

8 ARIAN  (q.V.X 

B.  As  subst. :  An  Infralapsarian  (q.v.). 

Sub-lap-saxM-an-Ism,*.    [Eng.  sublap- 

tarian ;  -ism.] 
Church  Hist. :  InfValapsarianism  (q.Y.). 

*  sub-laps'-a-r&  a.  &  s.     [SUBLAPSARIAN.] 
The  same  as  SUBLAPSABIAK  (q.v.). 

•sub'-late,  v.t.  [Lat.  sublatu*,  used  as  pa. 
par.  of  tollo  =  to  take  away.l  To  take  or 
carry  away ;  to  remove. 

"The  aucthores  of  the  mischief etuWated  and  plucked 
away.'— tfaU:  Henry  VII.  (an,  1). 

•sub-la'-tlon,  *.  [SUBLATB.]  The  act  of 
taking  away  or  removing ;  removal. 

"  Ha  could  not  be  fonakeu  by  a lublation  of  union." 
— Bitbop  Ball ;  Remain*,  p.  188. 

•siib-la'-tlve,  a.  [STTBLATE.)  Tending  to 
take  away  or  remove  ;  of  depriving  power. 

•ilb  -lease,  *.    [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  lease,  a. 

(q.v.).]  ^— 

Law:  A  lease  of  a  farm,  house,  &c..  granted 
by  the  original  tenant  or  leaseholder;  an 

nnder- lease. 

•ftb' -lease,  v.t.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng.  lease, 
v.  (q.v.).]  To  let  under  a  sublease. 

Bub  -let,  v.t.  [Pref  sub-,  and  Kng.  let  (IX  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  let  to  another  person,  the  party 
letting  being  himself  a  lessee  of  the  subject ; 

to  underlet. 

*  sub  - 16  -  vam'- In  -  ous,   a.     [Lat.  suble- 
vamen,  genit.  sublevaminis  =  &  support.]  [Suu- 
LEVATION.]    Supporting,  upholding. 

"  God's  upholding  and  tublevaminoui  providence." 
— /Wham :  AMO/M*.  1L  3. 

*  sfib-lS-va'-tion,  *.    [Lat.  sublevatio,  from 
rublevatus,  pa.  par.  of  sublevo  =  to  lift  up  from 
below,  to  lift  or  raise  up ;  sub  =  under,  and 
few  =  to  raise.] 

1.  The  act  of  raising  or  lifting  on  high ; 
elevation. 

"In  the  tublewitinn  or  height  of  the  noli  In  that 
region."— Jfore  /  Utopia ;  Gttes  to  Butlide. 

2.  A  rising  or  insurrection. 

"Any  general  commotion  or  titblemition  of  the 
people.  '—Sir  Vf.  Temple, 

*  »ub-li-ga'-tlon,  s.     [Lat.  suHigatio,  from 
subligatus,  pa.  par.  of  subligo  =  to  bind  below : 
sub  =  under,  and  ligo  —  to  bInd.f"Tiie  act  of 
binding  underneath. 

*  sub-lim  a-blo,  a.    [Eng.  suUimfe);  -able.} 
Capable  of  being  sublimated. 

"I  found  the  salt  Itself  to  be  tvbiimablo.'- Boyl* : 
Workt,  T.  629. 

•Ub-lim'-a-ble-ne'ss,  «.     [Eng.  sublimable; 

•ness.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being  sublima- 
ble  ;  the  quality  of  admitting  of  sublimation. 

"  He  obtained  another  concrete  as  to  taste  and  smell. 
and  easy  lubtimabltneti,  as  common  aalt  armonlaok.' 
—Vault  :  Workt,  t  613. 

•«nb-lim'-a-rjft  *  sub -lfm-a-r£,  a. 

UMK.]    Elevated. 
*  "  First  to  the  master  of  th«  feast, 

This  health  Is  consecrated 
Thence  to  each  tublimnry  guest.™ 

Bromt :  Paintf'rt  Entertainment, 

•ub  11  mate,  v.t.  [Lat.  sublimates,  pa.  par. 
of  mtblimo  —  to  raise,  to  elevate  ;  sublimis  = 
raised,  sublime  (q.v.).;] 

1.  Lit. :  To  bring  a  solid  substance,  as  cam- 
phor or  sulphur,  by  heat  into  the  state  of 
vapour  which,  on  cooling,  returns  to  the  solid 
state.  [SUBLIMATION-.] 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  refine  and  exalfc ;  to  heighten, 
to  elevate. 

"And  as  his  actions  rose,  BO  ralM  they  still  thetr  vein 

In  words,  whose  weight  best  suits  a  ntblimated 

•train."  Draytoii  :  I'oly-Olbion,  a,  4. 


sub  lira  ate,  «.  *  a.    [SUBLIMATE,  «.] 

A*  As  substantive : 

Chem. :  The  result  of  the  process  of  sub- 
limation ;  a  body  obtained  in  the  solid  state 
from  the  cooling  of  its  vapour,  e.g.,  sulphur, 
iodine,  sal-ammoniac,  mercuric  chloride  (cor- 
rosive sublimate). 

"  B.  As  adj. :  Sublimated  ;  brought  to  a 
state  of  vapour  by  heat,  anil  again  condensed. 

U  Blue  sublimate,  Corrosive  sublimate:  [Con- 

BOSIVE]. 

sub  li-ma  -tlon,  s.    [SUBLIMATE.] 

1.  Lit.  (t  Chem.  :  An  operation  by  which  a 
solid  body  Is  changed  by  heat  into  vapour,  and 
then  condensed  into  the  solid  form  again. 

*  2.  Fig. :  The  act  of  heightening,  refining, 
and  exalting;  that  which  is  highly  refined, 
purified,  or  improved. 

"She  turns 
Bodies  to  spirit*  by  lubllmaticm  strange." 

Duma :  Immort.  of  the  Soul.  I.  4 

sublimation-theory,  s. 

Geol. :  The  hypothesis  that  mineral  veins, 
or  many  of  them,  have  been  filled  by  sublima- 
tion. Volatile  substances  occur  both  in  hot 
springs  and  in  the  gaseous  emanations  of 
volcanoes,  and  might  furnish  certain  consti- 
tuents for  ores  and  other  minerals  occurring 
in  veins. 

*  sub'  H  ma  tor  £,   "  snb  11  ma  tor  le, 

s.  &  a.     [Lat.  sublimatorium,  from  sa.blima.tta 
=  sublimate  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  vessel  used  by  chemists  in 
the  process  of  sublimation. 

"Viols.  croslettes,  aud  tublimntoritt" 

ChautMr:  C.  T.,  18,Mt 

B.  As  adj. :  Tending  to  sublimate  ;  used  in 
the  process  of  sublimation. 

"  These  [sulphur,  mercury.  Ac. I  will  rlw  together  in 
ItiUimaort  v«aeU."-£o*t«:  Ifortt.  111.  M. 

sub-lime',  a.  &  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  sublimis 
=  lofty,  raised  on  high  ;  ultimate  etyui.  un- 
certain ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  sublime.} 

A.  As  adjective: 

*  1.  High  In  place   or  position ;  exalted, 
raised  aloft,  elevated. 

"Subllm.  on  these  a  tow'r  of  steel  is  re*r'd." 

Brfdtn.    (JVxId.) 

•i  Hanghty. 

"  With  countenance  ntbrime  and  insolent." 

Spenur:  r.  «.,  V.  rill.  M. 

1 3.  High  In  excellence ;  exalted  above 
other  men  by  lofty  or  noble  qualities  or  en- 
dowments. 

4.  Striking  the  mind  with  asenseof  grandeur 
or  power,  physical  or  moral ;  expressive  of  or 
calculated  to  excite  feelings  of  awe,  venera- 
tion, heroic  and  lofty  feeling,  and  the  like ; 
lofty,  grand,  noble. 

5.  Lofty  of  mien  ;  elevated  In  manner  or 
expression. 

"  H  is  fair  large  front  and  eye  iitbrime  declared 
A  bsolnte  rule."  Hilton  :  P.  L.,  IT.  800. 

*  6.  Klevated  by  Joy ;  elate,  excited. 

"  Their  heart,  were  jocund  and  ttiblime, 
Drunk  with  idolatry,  drunk  with  wine," 

Milton:  Samton  Agmiaet,  1.MI. 

B.  At  svbst.  (with  the  def.  article):  That 
which  is  sublime  :  as, 

1.  Something  lofty  or  grand  In  style. 

"The  iiiblimf  Is  a  certain  eminence  or  perfection  of 
language."— amiffc  :  Longititu ;  On  Iht  Subtimt. 

2.  That  which  is  grand  and  awe-inspiring  in 
the  works  of  nature  or  art,  as  distinguished 
from  the  beautiful. 

It  Hamilton  (Metaph.,  ed.  Hansel,  II.  512-16) 
thus  distinguishes  between  the  sublime  and 
the  beautiful:  "The  feeling  of  pleasure  in  the 
sublime  is  essentially  different  from  our  feel- 
ing of  pleasure  in  the  beautiful.  The  beautiful 
awakens  the  mind  to  a  soothing  contempla- 
tion ;  the  sublime  rouses  it  to  strong  emotion. 
The  beautiful  attracts  without  repelling; 
whereas  the  sublime  at  once  does  both  ;  the 
beautiful  affords  us  a  feeling  of  unmingled 
pleasure,  in  the  full  and  unimpeded  activity 
of  our  cognitive  powers ;  whereas,  onr  feeling 
of  sublimity  Is  a  mingled  one  of  pleasure  and 
pain — of  pleasure  in  the  consciousness  of  the 
strong  energy,  of  pain  in  the  consciousness 
that  this  energy  is  vain.  .  .  .  That  we  are  at 
once  attracted  and  repelled  by  sublimity 
arises  from  the  circumstance  that  the  object 
which  we  call  sublime  is  proportioned  to  one 
of  our  faculties,  and  disproportions!  to  an- 
other; but  as  the  degree  of  pleasure  tran- 
scends the  degree  of  pain,  the  power  whose 
energy  is  promoted  must  be  superior  to  that 


power  whose  energy  is  repressed."  He  them 
proposes,  instead  of  the  ordinary  division  of 
the  Sublime  into  the  Theoretica  and  Practi- 
cal (or,  according  to  Kant,  the  Mathematical 
and  Dynamical),  a  three-fold  division  :  (1)  The 
Sublime  of  Extension  or  Space  ;  (2)  Preten- 
sion, or  Time  ;  (3)  Intension,  or  Power;  and 
quotes  the  following  passage  from  Kant  as  an 
admirable  example  of  the  sublime  In  all  its 
three  forms  : 

"  Two  things  there  are,  which,  the  oftener  and  the 
more  steadily  we  consider  them,  till  tke  mind  with  an 
ever  new,  an  ever  rising  admiration  aud  reverence  — 
the  Starry  Heaven  above,  the  Moral  Law  within.  Of 
neither  am  I  compelled  to  seek  out  the  reality,  ae 
veiled  In  darkness,  or  only  to  conjecture  the  possi- 
bility. as  beyond  the  hemisphere  of  my  knowledge. 
Both  I  contemplate  lying  clear  before  me,  and  connect 
both  Immediately  with  my  consciousness  of  existence, 
The  one  departs  from  the  place  I  occupy  in  the  outer 
world  of  sense  ;  expands  beyond  the  bounds  of  imagi- 
nation this  connection  of  my  body  with  worlds  lytnf 
beyond  worlds,  and  systems  blending  into  systems; 
and  protends  It  into  the  Illimitable  times  of  their 
periodic  movement—  to  its  commencement  aud  con- 
tinuance. The  other  departs  from  my  invisible  self. 
from  my  personality,  and  represents  me  in  a  world, 
truly  infinite  indeed,  but  whose  Infinity  can  he 
tracked  out  only  by  the  Intellect,  with  which  also 
my  connection,  unlike  the  fortuitous  relation  I  stand 
In  to  all  worlds  of  sense,  I  am  compelled  to  recognize 
as  universal  and  necessary.  In  the  former,  the  view 
of  a  countless  multitude  of  worlds  annihilates,  as  it 
were,  my  importance  as  an  animal  product,  which. 
after  a  brief  and  that  incomprehensible  endowment 
with  the  power  of  life,  is  compelled  to  refund  Its  con- 
stituent matter  to  the  planet—  itself  an  atom  in  the 
universe—  oil  which  it  grew.  The  aspect  of  the  other, 
ou  the  contrary,  elevates  my  worth  as  an  inteUigmc* 
even  without  limit  ;  and  this  through  my  personality. 
in  which  the  moral  law  reveals  a  faculty  of  life  inde- 
pendent of  my  animal  nature,  nay,  of  the  whole  mate- 
rial world;  at  least.  If  It  be  permitted  to  infer  as 
much  from  the  regulation  of  my  being,  which  a  con- 
formity with  that  law  exacts  ;  proposing,  as  it  does, 
my  moral  worth  for  the  absolute  end  of  my  activity, 
conceding  no  compromise  of  its  Imperative  to  a  necee- 
sitation  of  nature,  and  spurning  in  Its  infinity,  the 
conditions  aud  boundaries  of  my  present  transitory 
life." 

Hamilton  adds  :  "  Here  we  have  the  exten- 
sive sublime  in  the  heavens  and  their  inter- 
minable space,  the  protensive  sublime  in  their 
illimitable  duration,  and  the  intensive  sub- 
lime in  the  omnipotence  of  the  human  will  as 
manifested  in  the  unconditional  imperative 
of  the  moral  law." 

*  sublime-geometry,  s.    A  name  given 
by  the  older    mathematicians  to  the  higher 
parts  of  geometry,  in  which  the  infinitesimal 
calculus,  or  something  equivalent,  was  em- 
ployed. 

Sublime  Porte,  s.   [PORTE,  1J.J 

sub-lime',  v.t.  &  i.    [Lat.  sublimo,  from  «*i- 
limis  —  sublime  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  sublimer.} 
A*  Tmnsitive: 

*  1.  To  raise  on  high  ;  to  elevate. 

"  Although  thy  trunk  be  neither  large  nor  strong, 
Nor  can  thy  head,  not  help'd.  iinell  tubtime 
Yet,  like  a  serpent,  a  tall  tree  can  climb." 

Denfiam:  Old  Age,  m. 

1  2.  To  exalt,  to  heighten,  to  raise,  to  Im- 
prove. 

"His  very  selfishness   therefore  Is  tublimtd  Into 
public  spirit"—  Macautay  :  Xitt.  Kng..  oh.  xil. 
3.  To  sublimate. 

"  Thundering  JEtna,  whose  combustible 
And  fuel'd  entrails  thsnce  conceiving  fire, 
Sublimed  with  mineral  fury,  aid  the  »  iiuls." 

Milton,  f.  L..Lm. 

•4.  To  digest,  to  concoct. 

"  Th'  austere  and  ponderous  Juices  they  tublimt, 
Make  them  ascend  the  porous  soil  and  climb 
The  orange  tree,  the  citron,  and  the  lime." 

Olackmore  :  Creation,  It 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  be  susceptible  of  sublima- 
tion ;  to  be  brought  or  changed  into  a  state  of 
vapour  by  heat,  and  then  condensed  by  cold, 
as  a  solid  substance. 

"  The  particles  of  sal  ammoniac  k  In  lubltmatlof 
carry  up  the  particles  of  antimony,  which  will  not 
tublimt  alone.  —#«wton  :  Otickt. 


tublimt  alone.  —#«wton  : 

Sub  limed  ,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SUBLIME,  v.t.} 
sublimed-sulphur,  s.    [SCLPHDR.] 

stib-Ume'-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  sublime,  a.  ;  -Jy.}  In 
a  sublime  manner;  with  lofty  or  elevated 
conceptions  ;  grandly,  nobly. 

41  Thus  shone  his  coming,  as  ntbllmtTjf  fair, 
As  bounded  nature  has  been  framed  to  bear." 

farrull  :  (Oft  of  Poetry. 

sfib  lime  -nSss,  s.  [Eng.  sublime;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sublime  ;  sublimity. 

"  Strength  of  reasoning  and  tubltmeneuot  thought," 
—Surnet  ;  ffitt.  Own  Time. 

*stib-Um-X-fI-ca'-tion,s.  [Lat  sublimis^ 
sublime,  and  facia  —  to  make.]  The  act  of 
making  sublime  ;  the  state  of  being  made 
sublime. 

"  The  poet  has  great  advantages  over  the  painter.  In 
the  process  of  svMMftMMBMi  if  the  term  may  M 
allowed."— 


boil,  bo^;  pout,  J6>1;  oat,  9011,  otaorua,  ghlnt  benob;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bint  as;  expect,  Xenopfcon,  e^ist.    ph  =  fi 
•oian, -tian  =  slii^n.   -tion,  -slon  =  sbon ;  -flon,  -fion  =  xhiin.   -oious,  -tlous,  -sion*  =  slxtis.   -Me,  -die,  &c.  =  Del,  del 


4514 


snblimitation— subministrant 


••rtH>-Um-!-ta-tlon,s.  (T>ref.  nb-,  and  Eng. 
limitation (q.v.kl  Asuboixlinateor  secondary 
limitation. 

•ttb-Um'-I-ty.  s.  [Fr.  tiAUmUi,  from  Let 
mblimiUiti-m.  accus.  of  sublimitas,  from  ntb- 
Umif  =  sublime  (q.v.);  Sp.  tublimi'lad ;  Ital. 


L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sublime; 
that  quality  or  character  of  anything  which 
marks  it  as  sublime  ;  as— 

*(l)  Height  of  place  or  position;  local 
elevation. 

(2)  Height  in  excellence ;  moral  grandeur ; 
loftiness  of  nature  or  character. 

-  Being  held  with  admiration  of  their  own*  *ui- 
tinury  and  honour."— Booker :  £<rtf«*.  PoUty.  bk.  L.  i  4. 

(3)  Loftiness  of  conception,  sentiment,  or 
•tyle. 

"Milton's  distinguishing  excellence  Ifee  In  the  tuft- 
MmiYy  of  his  thoughts,  in  the  ftre*tiiee»  of  which  he 
triumph*  over  all  the  i«oeta.  modern  and  ancient, 
Homer  only  excepted."—  Addaon  :  Spectator,  No.  KT9. 

(4)  Grandeur,  vastness,  majesty,  whether  of 
•works  nf  nature  or  of  art :  as,  the  sublimity  of 
scenery. 

8.  That  which  Is  sublime ;  a  sublime  person 

or  thing. 

"  The  particle  of  thoee  tuKimtttt* 
Which  have  relapeed  to  chaos." 

Byron:  Child*  Barotd,  IT. H. 

•3.  The  sublimest,  supreme,  or  highest  de- 
gree of  anything;  the  height. 

"The  tublinitf  of  wiedom  It  to  do  thoee  things 
living  which  are  to  be  desired  when  dying."— Jeremy 
Tmylor :  Botjt  Living  <*  Dging, 

4.  The  emotion  produced  by  that  which  is 
sublime ;  a  feeling  produced  by  the  contem- 
plation of  great  or  grand  scenes  and  objects, 
or  of  exalted  excellence;  a  mingled  emotion 
of  astonishment  and  awe  excited  by  the  con- 
templation of  something  sublime. 

•  sub-lln-e  a'-tlon,  9.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
linmtiun  (q.  v.).]  The  mark  of  a  line,  or  lines, 
Under  a  word  or  sentence  ;  underlining. 

"I  bare  compared  hii  transcription,  in   which  he 
bath  made  use  of  tublirtcaiion  la  lieu  of  aiteri&lu." — 
r  to  Archbithop  i'ther,  p.  «4. 


•ftb-lln'-gnal  (a  as  w),  a.    [Fret  tub-,  and 

° 


L  Anal.:  Situated  or  being  under  the 
tongue  :  as,  the  tublingual  gland,  the  mblin- 
fual  artery. 

•  2.  Pathol.  :  Placed  under  the  tongue. 

"These  subliming  humours  should  be  Intercepted. 
before  they  mount  to  the  head,  by  fuHlatual  pills.-— 
farMjr. 

aubl  in  gnal  -gland,  t. 

Atmt.  :  The  smallest  of  the  three  salivary 
glands.  It  is  situated  along  the  floor  of  the 
mouth,  where  it  forms  a  ridge  between  the 
tongue  and  the  gums  of  tiie  lower  jaw, 
covered  only  by  the  mucous  membrane. 

•fib  U-tion.  >.  [Lat.  mUittu,  pa.  par.  of 
suij'ino  =  to  smear,  to  lay  on  as  a  ground 
colour.] 

Paint.  .'The  act  or  art  of  laying  the  ground 
colour  under  the  perfect  colour. 


rPref.  rub-,  and  Eng. 
littoral  (q.v.).]    Under  the  shore. 

•ub  -lob'-il-lar,  a.  [Pref.  tut-,  and  Eng. 
lolnde.}  Situated  .under  a  lobe  or  lobule  :  as, 
the  sublobulur  veins  of  the  liver. 

•  Bub-ln'-nar,  o.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
lunar  (q.v.)".]  Situated  beneath  the  moon  ; 
sublunary. 

"  Now  had  night  measured  with  ber  shadow;  cone 
Half  war  up  hill  this  rast  luVunar  vault. 

XMa*:  f.iL.ir.m. 

•ub  lu-nar-y,  *  sub-lu  -nar-y,  a.  &  «. 

[Eng.  sublunar;  •]/.] 
A.  AsadjKti-n: 

1.  Situated  beneath  the  moon. 

"  M  in,  like  this  luUuaary  world.  Is  bom 
The  sport  of  two  cross  planets,  lore  and  acorn.* 
SAtfrfrunw.'  n*  M  tcrocvtm. 

2.  Pertaining  to   this  world  ;    terrestrial, 
earthly,  worldly. 

-  To  leek  no  uNunan  rest  beside.* 

Cowpcr  :  rust,  V.  471 

•  B.  A»  tvbst.  :  Any  worldly  thing. 

•These  wMtmaHa  have  their  greatest    freshness 
plac'd  in  only  hope.  -—fotOutm:  A'uoJ-o,  pt  II,  ree.M. 

•fib-lax-a'-tion,  i.    [Fret  tub-,  and  Eng. 

liuation  (q.  v.).] 

Surg.  :  An  incomplete  or  partial  luxation  ; 
a  sprain. 


sub  mam  -mar- y,  a.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
mammary  (q.v.).]  Situated  or  being  under 
the  iuaiuiu£&  or  papa. 

sub -mar'- gin -al,   a.      [Pref.   sub-,    and 
Eng.  marginal  (q.v.).] 
Bot. :  Situated  near  the  margin. 

sub-ma-rine',  a,  At,  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
marine  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :  Situated,  being,  existing,  acting, 
or  growing  at  some  depth  beneath  the  surface 
of  the  sea ;  remaining  or  acting  at  the  bottom 
or  under  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

"  By  the  appellation  of  submarine  region*  ft  1*  not 
to  be  luppoeed  that  tbe  places  so  called  are  below  tiie 
bottom  of  tli*  »ea,  but  only  below  the  surface  of  It" 
—Boyl*:  FTorti.  111.  34*. 

IS*  As  subst. :  A  submarine  plant 

submarine  -  battery,  s.  A  vessel 
capable  of  being  submerged  and  maintained  at 
a  given  depth  below  the  surface  of  the  water, 
and  provided  with  means  for  penetrating  the 
hull  of  an  enemy's  ship  below  the  water-line, 
or  of  blowing  her  up — usually  a  torpedo 
arrangement,  which  may  be  detached  from 
the  battery  and  attached  to  the  bottom  of  the 
ship. 

submarine-boat,  *. 

Naut. :  A  boat  capable  of  being  propelled 
under  the  water.  The  first  was  probably  that 
constructed  by  Drebbel,  a  Dutchman,  for 
James  L,  and  Robert  Fulton  made  an  effort 
in  the  same  direction  in  1801,  constructing  a 
boat  in  which  he  remained  for  four  hours  at  a 
depth  of  25  feet,  au.l  successfully  blew  up  an 
old  vessel  with  a  torpedo.  In  1863  the  Confed- 
erates succeded  by  a  submarine  boat  in  sinking 
the  Federal  war  vessel  Iluusatonic,  in  Charles- 
ton Harbor,  the  boat  going  down  with  the 
vessel.  Of  later  successful  experiments  with 
submarine  boats  may  be  named  those  made  in 
France  in  1889  and  later.  The  boats  used  had 
electricity  for  their  motive  power.  Other 
countries  have  made  similar  experiments,  and 
some  good  results  have  been  obtained  in  the 
United  States.  Yet  submarine  navigation,  for 
warlike  purposes,  must  always  be  dangerous. 
Little  speed  is  attainable,  and  the  limit  of  vision 
Is  small,  which  detracts  from  usefulness. 

submarine-cable,  s. 

Teleg. :  A  wire,  or  combination  of  wires, 
protected  oy  flexible  non-conducting  water- 
proof material,  designed  to  rest  upon  the 
bottom  of  a  body  of  water,  and  serve  as  a 
conductor  for  the  currents  transmitted  by  an 
electro- magnetic  telegraphic  apparatus. 

submarine-denudation,  t. 

Geol. ;  Denudation  produced  by  the  action 
Of  marine  currents  on  the  bed  of  the  sea. 
Though  during  storms  the  sea  is  agitated  only 
to  the  depth  of  a  few  fathoms  from  the  sur- 
face, yet  extensive  currents  can  operate  at 
greater  depths ;  besides  which  the  now  exist- 
ing depth  of  particular  portions  of  the  sea 
may  have  been  much  less  at  some  former 
periods.  The  amount  of  denudation  which 
talces  place  on  the  sea  cliffs  is  probably  only 
an  insignificant  fraction  of  the  whole  volume 
Of  marine  denudation.  (Lyell.) 

submarine-forest,  s. 

Geol. :  The  remains  of  a  forest  beneath  the 
present  level  of  the  sea.  Such  a  forest  exists 
along  the  northern  shore  of  Fifeshire,  and 
beyond  that  area.  It  consists  of  a  peat  bed, 
with  the  roots,  leaves,  and  branches  of  trees. 
The  Rev.  Dr.  Fleming  attributed  it  to  the 
encroachment  of  the  sea;  Lyell  (Princ.  of 
Geol.,  ch.  xx.)  thought  that  it  more  probably 
arose  from  subsidence.  A  smaller  forest  of 
oak,  yew.  Ac.,  with  their  trunks  and  roots  as 
they  grew,  occurs  at  the  mouth  of  the  Par  ret 
In  Somersetshire.  It  was  described  by  Hr. 
Leonard  Homer  in  1815,  and  attributed  by 
him  to  subsidence.  (Ibid,  ch.  zz.)  A  forest 
beneath  the  sea-level  at  Bournemouth,  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Charles  Harris  in  1831,  is  be- 
lieved to  have  reached  the  present  low  level 
by  the  encroachment  of  the  sea.  (Hid,  ch. 
xlviii.)  Many  others  are  known. 

submarine-lamp,  s.  A  lamp  designed 
to  burn  and  show  light  under  water.  One 
was  used  in  exploring  the  breaches  of  the 
Thames  Tunnel,  1825-27,  and  others  hare  since 
been  constructed. 

submarine -telegraph.,  s.  [TEH- 
GRAPH.] 

submarine-torpedo,  «.    [TORPEDO.] 


submarine-valve,  *.  A  port  or  vaiv* 
in  the  side  of  a  vessel,  opening  beneath  tbe 
surface  of  the  water,  for  the  purpose  of  j>n>- 
truding  a  torpedo,  the  muzzle  of  a  gun  to  be 
fired  under  water,  or  some  other  offensive 
weapon. 

submarine-volcano,  «.    [VOLCANO.] 

sub-max-il -lar-y,  a.  [ Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
maxillary  (q.v.).]  Situated  or  being  under 
the  jaw. 

submaxillary-gland.  t. 

Anat. :  One  of  the  three  salivary  glands. 
It  is  situated  immediately  below  the  base  and 
the  inner  surface  of  the  inferior  maxilla. 

•  siib-me  di-al.  *  sub --me'- d! -an,  a. 
[Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  medial,  median  (q!v.).] 

L  Ord.  Lang.:  Situated  or  being  under 
the  middle. 

IL  Geol. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  so-called 
Transition  rocks  (q.v.). 

sub  me   dl  ant,  s.    [SUBMEDIAL.] 

Music :  The  sixth  note  of  the  diatonic  scale, 
or  middle  note  between  the  octave  and  sub- 
dominant ;  thus,  in  the  scale  of  c,  A  is  the 
submediant. 

sub-men'-tal,  a.  [Lat.  sttb  =  under,  and 
mentum  =  tiie  chin.] 

Anat. :  Situated  or  being  under  the  chin : 
as,  a  fubmental  artery  or  vein. 

sub-merge',  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr.  submerger,  fronsv 
Lat.  submerge,  from  sub  =  under  and  mergosx 
to  plunge;   8p.  tumtrgir;   Port  tubmergir; 
Ital.  sommergerf.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  plunge  or  put  under  water. 

2.  To  coyer  with  water ;  to  overflow  wits 
water;  to  inundate,  to  drown. 

**  So  half  my  Egypt  was  mbmtrg'd,  and  made 
A  cUtern  for  scAl'd  snake*." 

Shafcetp. ;  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  li,  S. 


1  B.  Intrans. :  To  plunge  under  water:  to 
buried  or 
out  of  sight. 


bs  buried  or  covered. 


lunge  ui 
as  by  a 


fluid ;  to  i 


sub-merged'.  ;w.  par.  or  a.    [SUBMERGE.] 

submerged-pump, «.    A  well  or  cistern 

pump  which  is  placed  under  water,  the  pump- 
rod  and  discharging  pipe  reaching  from  the 
surface  of  the  ground  to  the  pump. 

SUb-merg'-ence,  *.  [Lat.  tubmtrgent,  pr. 
par.  of  submergo  =  to  submerge  (q.v.).]  Th* 
act  of  submerging  or  plunging  under  water ; 
submersion. 

sub  merg'  i  ble.  a.  That  may  be  sub- 
merged; submersible. 

sub  merse',  v.t.  [Lat.  submenu*,  pa.  par. 
of  tubmergo  =  to  submerge  (q.v.).}  To  sub- 
merge ;  to  plunge  under  water ;  to  drown. 

sub   merse',   *  sub   mersed',  a.    [SuB- 

JslKKSE,  V.] 

Bot. :  Buried  under  waUr. 

sub  mers'  i  ble,  a.  That  may  be  submersed ; 
submergible. 

Dub-mer'-sion,  «,  [Fr.,  from  Lat»  w&mer- 
•nouem,  accus.  of  subaiersio,  from  submtrsii4t 
pa.  par.  of  tubmergo  =  to  submerge  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  submerging  or  putting  under 
water  or  other  fluid  ;  the  act  or  drowning  or 
overflowing. 

2.  The  state  of  being  submerged  or  put 
under  water  or  other  fluid,  or  of  being  over- 
flowed, inundated,  or  drowned. 

sub-min'-Is-ter.  v.t.  A  i.  [Lat.  •«*. 
ministro,  from  sub  =  under,  and  ministro  =  to 
attend,  to  serve.] 

A.  Trans. ;  To  supply,  to  afford,  to  yield,  to 
minister. 

"The  Inferior  animal*  have  tubminittfrvl  auto 
man  the  invention  or  discovery  of  many  thing*  both 
iiatural  and  artiflclal  aiid  medicinal."— MaU  :  Orig.  of 
Ma'Mnd,  p.  154. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  serve,  to  subserve ;  to  be 
useful. 

"  Pawiona,  M  fire  and  water,  are  food  ttervauta,  but 
bad  muten,  and  tutminliter  to  tbe  beet  and  wont 
purpoeea, "— L*  Estrange. 

•  sub  -  mln'- is  -  trant,  o.  [SUBMIITOTEK.) 
Subservient,  subordinate. 

"The  attending  of  that  which  (•  nibeerrient  «ntt 
mbminittrant."— Baovn:  Church  <tf  England. 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go, 
or*  wore,  WV-H  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  role,  foil;  try,  Syrian.    »,  «  =  e;  «y  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


submimstrate— subordinary 


4515 


••ub-mln-Is-trate,  r.t.  [Lat.  subminis- 
tratus,  pa.  par.  of  subministro  =  to  sub- 
minister  (q.v  \]  To  supply,  to  afford. 

"Nothing  mbmitiutratet  apter  matter  to  be  con- 
verted Into  pestilent  seminaries  tliau  steams  of  nasty 
folks."—  ffarvey  :  On  Consumption. 

*  sub-rnin-Is-tra'-tloii,  #.  [SUBMINISTRATE.] 
The  act  of  furnishing  or  supplying;  supplying. 

"Which  [treaty)  tbe  electors  of  Hentz  and  Colen 
hare  broken  by  permission  of  Bplnola;  DAT.  divers 
ways.  by  ruA'iiNUtmfi  m  uf  commodities  to  hisaruiy." 
—Reliquiae  Wottonianat.  p.  529. 

*  sub-miss',  a.     [Lat  wbmissus,  pa.  par.  of 

tubmitto  —  to  submit  (q.v.).] 
L  Submissive,  humble,  obsequious. 

"  ID  adoration  at  His  feet  I  fell 
Subsist."  MUton;  P.  L.,  Till.  311. 

2.  Low,  soft,  gentle. 

"  As  age  enfaebletb  a  man,  the  jrrlndhiffs  are  weaker, 
and  the  voices  of  them  more  ntotniu."—  Smith:  Por- 
trait. of  Old  Aye,  p.  116. 

•ub  miss  -ion  (as  as  sh),  s.     [O.  FT.  soub- 
mission,   from    Lat.   submissionem,  accus.   of 
tubmissio^  from  submissus  =  submiss  (q.T.); 
FT.  soumission  ;  Sp.  mmision.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  submitting  or  yielding  to 
power  ;  surrender  of  the  person  and  power  to 
the  control  and  government  of  another. 

"  Proclaim  a  pardon  to  the  soldier*  fled, 
That  lu  tubmittinn  will  return  to  us." 

Xh.iketp.  :  t;U-h.,rd  III.,  T.  4. 

2.  The  state  of  being  submissive  ;  acknow- 
ledgment of  inferiority  or  dej»endence  ;  humble 
«nd  suppliant  behaviour  ;  weakness. 

"He  exacted  from  the  republic  of  Genoa  the  moat 
humiliating  tubmitiioru."—  J/acaulay  :  Hitt,  Sng,, 
eh.il. 

*  3.  Acknowledgment  of  a  fault;  confes- 
sion of  error. 

"  Be  Dot  as  extreme  in  iitbmUtion 
A*  In  offence."         SlMketp.  :  Merry  Wivtt,  IT.  4. 

4.  Compliance  with  the  commands,  laws,  or 
wishes  of  a  superior  ;  obedience  :  as,  the  sub- 
mission of  children  to  their  parents. 

II,  Law  :  An  agreement  by  which  parties 
agree  to  submit  a  disputed  point  to  arbi- 
tration. 

•ub-miss'-Ive,  a.  [Lat  submissus  =  sub- 
miss  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ready,  disposed,  or  willing  to  submit  ; 
yielding  to  power  or  authority  ;  obedient. 

"  Whose  tubmiiri*«  spirit  was  to  me 
Rule  and  restraint 

Wordsworth  :  Sxeurtion,  bk.  It 

2.  Testifying,  showing,  or  expressing  sub- 
mission ;    pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of 
submission. 

"It  bad  DO  bad  effect  on  their  behaviour,  which 
WM  remarkably  civil  and  tubmitiive."~-  Cook:  Third 
Voyage,  bk.  v..  eh.  v. 

•Ub-mlss-ive-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  submissive; 
-ly.]  In  a  submissive  manner  ;  with  submis- 
sion ;  with  confession  or  acknowledgment  of 
inferiority  ;  humbly. 

"Being  thence  made  sensible  how  much  we  need 
his  mercy,  itibmutife  " 

Sermons,  vol.  iv..  ier. 

•ub  miss  ivo  ness,  5.  [Eng.  submissive; 
-ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  submissive  ; 
ft  submissive  temper  or  disposition. 

2.  Humility  ;     acknowledgment    of    Infe- 
riority ;  submission. 

3.  Confession  or  acknowledgment  of  fault  ; 
penitence. 

"  Frailty  gets  pardon  by  iitbmistioeiiest." 

Herbert  :  Church  Portsh, 

*sjnb~miss'-l&  '  sub-misse-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
submiss;  -ly.]  Humbly,  submissively,  meekly. 

"  Some  time  he  spent  in  speech  ;  and  then  began 
Sttomitftly  prayer  to  the  naiae  of  Pau." 

Browne  :  Brttanniat  Pastorale,  II.  I. 

*  sub  miss  '-ness,  *  sub-misse  nesse,  s. 
(Eng.  submiss;    -ness,]    Snbmissiveness,  hu- 
mility, submission,  obedience. 

"I  honour  your  names  and  persons,  and  with  all 
nt»miM«n«ue,  prostrate  my  selfe  to  your  censure  and 
service.  "—Burton:  Anat,  Melancholy,  p.  140. 

•Ub-mit  ,  SUb-myt,  v.t.  &  L     [Lat.  submitto 
=  to  let  down,  to  submit,  to  bow  to  :  rub  = 
under,  down,  and  mitto  —  to  send;  Fr.  sou- 
nuttre  ;  Sp.  soTtteter.} 
A.  Transitire: 

*  1.  To  let  down  ;  to  lower  ;  to  cause  bo 
sink. 

"  Sometimes  the  bill  submits  itself  a  while 
Iu  small  descent*,  which  do  its  height  beguile," 
I>ryden  :  To  Lord  Chancellor  Clarendon,  181 

*  2.  To  put  or  place  under.    (Chapman.) 


his  mercy,  itibmutifely  to  apply  for  it."—  Abp.  Seeker  : 
er.  4, 


3.  To  yield,   resign,  or   surrender   to   the 
power,  control,  or  will  of  another.    (Used 
reflexively.) 

"  Wives  submit  yoorsclTM  unto  your  own  husbands." 
—t.'fihtiiain  r.  33. 

4.  To  place  under  the  control  of  another ;  to 
surrender,  to  subject,  to  resign. 

"  I  submit  my  fancy  to  your  eyes." 

3Ao*«w/>. :  All's  WM,  II.  8. 

5.  To  leave,  commit,  or  refer  to  the  discre- 
tion, judgment,  or  decision  of  another :  as,  To 
submit  a  question  to  the  court. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  yield  one's  person  to  the  power,  will, 
or  control  of  another ;  to  surrender. 

"  And  courage  never  to  submit  or  yield." 

MUton:  f.  £.,LlOt, 

2.  To  be  subject,  to  yield;  to  acquiesce  in 
or  acknowledge  the  authority  of  another. 

"  About  twenty-nine  thirtieths  of  the  profession 
tub/nirteil  to  tht  law."—  Macaula.it :  Bist.  Eng.,  cb,  xi v. 

3.  To  yield  one's  opin'on  to  the  opinion  or 
authority  of  another ;  to  give  way  in  an  argu- 
ment. 

4.  To  be  submissive ;  to  yield  without  mur- 
muring. 

"  So.  quoth  I,  not  If  he  willingly*  retoumed  to  the 
churche  knowtedgUig  his  fault,  A  ready  to  abiure  all 
heresies,  and  penitently  submitted  himself  to  pe- 
naunce,  — Sir  T.  More.-  Workes,  p.  214. 

*  sub  m  It',   a.      [SUBMIT,    v.]      Submissive, 
obedient. 

"  For  I  am  hole  submit  voto  youraerulce," 

Chaucer :  La  Belle  Dame  stint  Mercie. 

aub-mit'-ter,  5.    [Eng.  submit,  v. ;  -er.]  One 

who  submits. 

"  Sick  but  confident  submitters  of  themselves  to  this 
empiric*  s  cast  of  the  dye.'—  Hfritlock:  Manner*  of 
the  English. 

*  sub-mdn-lsh,  v.t.     [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
monish  (q.v.).]    To  suggest,  to  prompt. 

"  The  tubm'>ni*hinff  inclinations  of  my  Mines."— 
Granger  :  Comm.  on  Bccletiaitet, 

*  sub-mo-ni'-tion,  s.    [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
monition  (q.v.).]     A  suggestion,  persuasion, 
prompting. 

"He  should  have  obeyed  the  tubmanitlont  of  his 

own  conscience," — Grainger:  Comm,  on  Eccltsimtet, 
p.  29. 

sub  mu  -cous,  a.  [Pref.  sub-t  and  Eng. 
mucous.] 

Anat. :  Situated  under  the  raucous  mem- 
brane of  any  organ.  Used  of  the  areolar 
tissue  when  it  is  beneath  a  mucous  membrane. 

sub  miir  ti-ple,  ».  &  a.  [Pref.  «*&-,  and 
Eng.  multiple  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  subst. ;  A  number  or  quantity  which 
Is  contained  in  another  an  exact  number  of 
times.    Thus,  7  is  a  submultiple  of  42. 

B.  .45  adj. :  Applied  to  a  number  or  quan- 
tity which  is  contained  in  another  an  exact 
number  of  tames ;  as,  a  submultiple  number. 

submultiple -ratio,  s.  The  ratio  which 
exists  between  an  aliquot  part  of  any  number 
or  quantity  and  the  number  or  quantity  itself. 
Thus,  the  ratio  of  3  to  2i  is  vubmultiple,  21 
being  a  multiple  of  3. 

sub  mus'  cu  lar,  a.    [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
muscular  (q.v.).} 
Anat. :  Situated  under  a  muscle  or  muscles. 

sub  nar-cot'  ic,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
narcotic  (q.v.).]  Somewhat  or  moderately 
narcotic. 

*  8Ub-nltft'-$ent,  a.   [Lat  subnascent,  pr.  par. 
of  subnascor  =  to  grow  under :  sub  =  under, 
and  noscor=to  be  born.]     Growing  under- 
neath. 

"Prejudicial  to  nttmraoent  young  treea."— Evelyn : 
•jtWrlC  L,  eh.  XT.,  (9. 

*sub-nect',  v.t.  [Lat  subnecto,  from  sub  — 
under,  and  nevto  =  to  bind,  to  tie.]  To  tie  or 
fasten  underneath. 

*8ub-nex',  v.t.  [Lat.  snbnexux,  pa.  par.  of 
subnecto  =  to  subnect  (q.v,).]  To  subjoin,  to 
add. 

"  lit  tHhnrxeth,  us  touching  evil  things,  thes*  words." 
—P.  SoUand :  I'lutarch,  p.  878. 

sub  m  -  trate,  s.  [Pref.  sub-  (2),  and  Eng. 
nitrate  (q.v.).] 

Chem. :  A  salt  of  nitric  acid  in  which  the 
metal  is  In  excess  of  one  atom  of  the  negative 
element. 

subnltrato  of  bismuth,  s.   [BISMUTH, 

8.,  BlSMUTHOUS-MITRATE.] 


sub  nor   mal,s.   [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  normal 

(q.v.).] 

Conic  Sections:  That  part  of  the  axis  on 
which  the  normal  is  taken,  contained  between 
the  foot  of  the  ordinate  through  the  point  of 
normalcy  of  the  curve,  and  the  point  in  which 
the  normal  intersects  the  axis.  In  all  curves 
the  subnormal  is  a  third  proportional  to  the 
BUbUngeutand  the  ordinate.  [NORMAL.) 

*  SUb-no-ta'-tion,  s.     [Lat.  subnotatio,  from. 
subnotatust  pa.  par.  of  subnoto  =  to  mark  under.) 
The  same  as  RESCRIPT  (q.v.). 

Sub-nude',  o.     [Pref.  sub-t  and  nude  (q.v.).] 
Bot.  :  Almost  naked  or  bare  of  leaves. 

*  SUb-nu'-VO-lar,  a.     [Pref.  sub-,  and  ItaL 

nuvola  =  a  clouii.]    Somewhat  cloudy  ;  par- 
tially obscured  by  clouds. 

*  sttb-o'b-ftcure'-iy,  adv.     [Prtt.  tub*,  and 
Eng.  obscurely  (q.v.).]    Somewhat  or  rather 
obscurely  or  dimly. 

"  The  booke  of  nature,  where,  though  tnhobtcitrtly 
and  in  shadows,  thou  [God)  baa  t  ex^reued  thine  onus 
image."—  Donnt:  Devotions,  p.  218. 

*sub  6b-tuse',  a.    [Pref.  suly-,  and  Eng.  oo- 
tuse  (q.v.).]    Somewhat  obtuse. 

sub  oc-5ip'-It  al,  a.      [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 


Anat.  :  Situated  or  being  under  the  occiput  ; 
as,  the  suboccipital  nerves. 

siib  oc'-tave,  f  .    [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  octant 
(q.v.).J 
*L  Ord.  Lang.  :  An  eighth  part,  or  octave. 

"  This  i»  the  oonrse  taken  for  our  gallon,  which  hu 
tbe  pint  fur  its  luboctave."  —  Arbuthtiot  :  On  Coins. 

2.  Music:  A  coupler  in  the  organ  which 
pulls  down  keys  one  octave  below  those  which 
are  struck. 

*BUb-$c'-tU-ple,  a,  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
octuple  (q.v.).]  Containing  one  part  of  eight. 

"  Two  of  them  abate  half  of  that  which  remains. 
and  cause  a  subquadruple  proportion,  three  a  sub- 
sextuple,  four  a  i*boctupie."—HilkiTi*;  Mathematical 
Magick. 

*  sub  do  -u-lar,  a.     [Lat  subocularis,  from 
sub  =  under,  and  ocicto*  =  the  eye.]      Being 
under  the  eye. 

sub-ce-so-pha^-e-aL,  a.     [Pref.  sitb-  and 
Bug.  cesophageal  (q.v.).J 
Anat.:  Situated  beneath  the  gullet  (Owen.) 

sub  o-peV-cu-lar,  a,  [Mod.  Lat  suboper- 
cul(um)  ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ar.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  suboperculum. 

sub-o-per'-cu-lum,  «.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  EB^ 
operculum.] 

Ichthy.  :  One  of  the  pieces  forming  the  gill- 
cover,  present  in  most  Teleosteous  and  man/ 
Ganoid  Fishes.  With  the  interoperculum,  it 
forms  the  inferior  margin  of  the  gill-opening. 

sub  or  bic  ti-lor,    sub-or  bic'  u  late, 

a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  orbicular,  orbiculate 
(q.v.).]  Almost  orbicular  or  orbiculate  ;  nearly 
circular. 

s£b-or'~blt-al,  sub-or'-bit-ar,  a.    [Pref. 

ffub-.  and  Eng.  orbital,  or&{ror(q.v.).]  Situate 
or  being  beneath  the  orbital  cavity  ;  infra- 
orbital  :  as,  the  suborbital  artery. 

*  sub-or-dain',  v.t.     [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
ordain  (q.v.).]     To   ordain   to   an   inferior 
position. 

"  That  Powre  omnipotent 
That  Nature  ntbordained  chlefe  Governor 
Of  fadltig  creatures  while  they  do  endure." 

Jtofiet  :  Mirum  in  Modum,  p.  M. 

*  SUb-or'-dXn-a-9^,  8.    [Eng.  subordinate); 

-cy.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  subordin- 
ate ;  subordinance,  subordination. 

*  sub-or'-din-an^e,    *  sub-  or'-  din  an- 
9Yt  *•    [SUBORDINATE.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  subordinate  ; 
subordinacy. 

"  That  pendent  tubordinance" 
More  :  Song  of  ttu  Soul,  pt.  L,  bk.  U..  »,  1* 

2.  Subordinate  places  or  offices  collectively. 

"The  mbordinanry  of  the  government  changlnf 
hand»»o  often  niftkea  an  nnstP*<HueM  in  the  pursuit* 
of  the  puhlLck  tilterttU."—  Temple. 

siib-or'-din-a-ry,  *.     [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
ordinary  (q.v,).] 
Her.  :    A  figure  borne  in  charges  in  coat 


j^;  pout,  jd^rl;  oat,  ?eU,  chorus,  9bio,  bcnph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,     ing. 
-dan,   tian   -  shan.   -tion,  -don  -  shun ;  -tioa,  -sion  -  znun*    -CIOUJB,    Uous,   sions  -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  --  bel,  del. 


4516 


subordinate— subrigid 


armour,  not  considered  to  be  so  honourable 
as  an  ordinary,  to  which  it  gives  place  and 
cedes  the  principal  points  of  the  shield.  Ac- 
cording to  some  writers,  an  ordinary,  when  it 
comprises  less  than  one-tilth  of  the  whole 
shield,  is  termed  a  subordinary. 

•nb-or  -din-ate,  o.  &  «.  (As  if  from  a  Lat. 
subordinatus,  from  tub  =  under,  and  ordinatus, 
pa,  par.  of  ordino  =  to  set  in  order ;  ordo, 
genit.  ordini*  =  order ;  8p.  subordinate;  ItaL 
tubordinato.} 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Placed  in  a  lower  order,  class,  or  rank  ; 
occupying  a  lower  position  in  a  regular  de 
scending  series. 

"Tbe  several  kind*  of  tubordinate  eiwclee  of  each 
an  easily  distinguished."—  Woodward. 

2.  Inferior  in  order,  nature,  dignity,  power, 
importance,  or  the  like. 

"  This  fashion  of  imperial  grandeur  ia  Imitated  by 
all  inferior  and  tubordinatt  sorts  of  it"— Cowtef:  Of 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  is  inferior  In  order, 
power,  rank,  dignity,  office,  or  the  like  ;  one 
who  stands  below  another  in  rank,  or  order ; 
an  Inferior  ;  one  below  and  under  the  orders 
of  another. 

"  His  next  tuburdinate 
Awakening,  thus  to  hiiu  lu  secret  spake.' 

Milton:  P.  L.,  v.  m. 

subordinate-clause,  t. 

Gram.  &  Law :  A  clause  governed  by  another 
one,  as  distinguished  from  a  coordinate  clause. 
[COORDINATE,  H.J 

anb-or  din-ate,  r.t.    [SUBORDINATE,  a.] 

1.  To  place  or  set  in  a  position,  order,  or 
tank  below  another  person  or  thing  ;  to  make 
or  consider  as  of  less  value  or  importance. 

"I  hare  before  tubnrdinated  picture  and  aculpture 
to  architecture,  ae  their  mistress."— Jleliguia  Wot- 
ton, ana,  p.  «. 

2.  To  make  subject ;  to  subject :  as,  To  tub- 
ordinal*  the  passions  to  reason. 

•iib-or'-din-ate-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  subordinate, 
a. ;  -ly.]  In  a  subordinate  manner  or  degree  ; 
in  a  lower  order,  class,  rank,  dignity,  or  the 
like ;  of  inferior  importance. 

"All  things  else  which  were  inliordiuatcly  to  be 
desired." — Coutey:  Suay ;  Agriculture. 

•ub  or  din  ate  ness,  «.  [Eng.  subordi- 
nate, a. ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
subordinate  or  inferior ;  subordination. 

"The  tubordinatentu  of  the  creature  doth  not  take 
away  from  the  right,  from  the  thank,  of  the  first 
mover. '—Bp.  Ball :  Fin  Loam  t  Tm  fiiha. 

•fib-or  din-a  -tion,  s.    [SUBORDINATE.] 

1.  The  act  of  subordinating,  subjecting,  or 
placing  in  a  lower  order,  rank,  or  position. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  subordinate 
or  inferior  to  another;   inferiority  in  rank, 
position,  importance,  or  the  like. 

"This  ntbordination.  In  fact,  pervades  all  the  works 
of  God."— ettptn :  Sermon*,  voL  L,  Mr.  6L 

*  3.  Place  of  rank  amongst  inferiors. 

"Persons  who  in  their  several  tubordinationt  would 
be  obliged  to  follow  the  examples  of  their  superiors." 
— Stfift. 

4.  The  state  of  being  under  control  or  go- 
vernment ;  subjection  to  rule  ;  obedience. 

Sub-or-dln-a'-tlon-ist,  s.  [Eng.  subordi- 
nation; -ist.]  [EUSEBIAN,  B.] 

••ab-or'-dln-a-tlve,  a.  [Eng.  tubordinaHe); 
-ive.]  Tending  to  subordinate ;  causing  or 
Implying  subordination  or  dependence  ;  em- 
ployed to  introduce  a  subordinate  clause  in  a 
sentence  :  as,  a  tubordinative  conjunction. 

«nb-orn',  'sub-erne,  v.t.  [Fr.  nborner, 
from  Lat.  suborno  =  to  furnish  or  supply  in 
an  underhand  way  or  secretly  :  jui  =  nnder, 
and  orno  =  to  furnish,  to  adorn  ;  Sp.  tobornar  ; 
Port,  tubomar  ;  Ital.  svbornare.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

•2.  To  procure  by  underhand  or  indirect 
means. 

"  Throw  off  the  burden  and  tubom  their  death." 
Dryden  :  Patamon  t  Arctte,  ill.  1,039. 

8.  To  induce  to  give  false  testimony,  or  to 
commit  other  crime,  by  means  of  bribes  or 
the  like. 

"  Then  hart  tuborned  the  goldsmith  to  arrest  me."— 
Kkaketp.  :  Comedy  of  Errort,  IT.  4. 

II.  Law :  To  procure  or  cause  to  take  such 
a  false  oath  as  constitutes  perjury, 

»ub-or-na'-tion,  •  snb-or  na  cl-on,  .<<. 

[Fr.  subornation,  from   suborner  =  to  suborn 
(q.v.);  Sp.  tobomacum;  ItaL  tubornamne.} 


1.  Ord.  Lang.  :   The  act  of  procuring  or  in 
ducing  one  by  bribes,  persuasion,  or  the  like, 
to  do  a  criminal  or  bad  action. 

"  The  duchess,  by  bis  Hibernation, 
Upon  uiy  life,  began  her  devilish  practices." 

StMlutp.  :  a  tfenry  VI.,  ill.  I. 

2.  Law :  The  crime  of  suborning ;  the  act 
of  secretly  or  in  an  underhand  manner  pro- 
curing, preparing,  or  instructing  a  witness  to 
give  false  testimony ;  any  act  that  allures  or 
disposes  to  perjury. 

U  Subornation  of  perjury  : 

Law :  The  offence  of  procuring  another  to 
take  such  a  false  oath  as  constitutes  perjury 
in  the  principal.  It  is  punishable  in  the  same 
manner  as  perjury. 

sub  orn'  or,  s.  [Eng.  suhorn;  -jr.]  One 
who  suborns  ;  one  who  procures  another  to 
take  a  false  oath,  or  do  other  bad  action. 

"  Therefore  you  are  to  inquire  of  wilful  and  corrupt 
perjury  in  any  of  the  King's  courts,  yea  of  court 
barons  and  the  like,  and  that  as  well  of  the  actors,  as 
of  the  procurer  and  tuborner."— Bacon :  Charm  to  the 
Verge. 

sub-o'-val,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  oval 
(q.v.).]  Somewhat  oval 

sub-o  -vate,  BUb-o-vat  -ed,  o.  [Pref.  sub-, 
and  Eng.  ovate,  &c.)  Somewhat  ovate;  ap- 
proaching an  egg  in  shape,  but  having  the  in- 
ferior extremity  broadest. 

t  sub  par  -al -lei,  a.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
parotid,  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  Nearly  parallel.  Used  of  the  primary 
veins  of  a  leaf  when  they  diverge  from  the 
midrib  at  an  angle  between  10*  and  20°. 

sub-pe-dun'-cn-late,  o.  [Pref.  sub-,  and 
Eng.  pedunculate  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  Supported  on  a  very  short  stem. 
(Nicholson.) 

*  sub-peHu'-cid,  a.    [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
pellucid  (q.v.)]     Nearly  or  almost  pellucid; 
somewhat  pellucid. 

sub  pe  na,  i.    [SUBPOENA.! 

*  sub-pen-tan  -gu-lar,  o.    [Pref.  sub-,  and 
Eng.  pentangular  (q.v.).]    Nearly  or  almost 
pentangular ;  not  quite  pentangular. 

sub  per  I  to  ne  -al,  o.  [Pref.  tub-,  and 
Eng.  peritoneal  (q.v.).] 

Anat.  it  Pathol. :  Situate  or  occurring  be- 
neath the  peritoneum :  as,  the  subperitoneal 
tissue,  a  subperitoneal  haematocele. 

sub  per  pen-die'- n-lar,  «.  [Pref.  tub-, 
and  Eng.  perpendicular  (q.Y.).]  A  subnormal 
(q.v.). 

sub-pSt'-I-d-late,  o.  fPref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
petiolate  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  Having  a  very  short  petiole. 

snb-pleu'-ral,  o.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
pleural  (q.v.).] 

Pathol. :  Situated  or  occurring  under  the 
pleura  :  as,  subpleural  emphysema. 

•fib' -plinth,  :.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng.  plinth 
<q.v}] 

Arch. :  A  second  and  lower  plinth  placed 
nnder  the  principal  one  ia  columns  and 
pedestals. 

sub-p»  na,  •nb-pe'-na,  a,  [Lat  tubpcma 
=  under  a  penalty.] 

law:  A  writ  or  process  commanding  the 
attendance  in  a  conn  of  justice  of  the  witness 
on  whom  it  is  served  under  a  penalty.  It 
commands  the  person  to  whom  it  is  addressed , 
laying  aside  all  pretences  and  excuses,  to 
apjvearat  the  trial  at  the  place  specified  under 
a  penalty  of  a  fixed  amount  if  not  complied 
with.  If  the  witness  refuses  or  neglects  to  at- 
tend, and  has  no  legal  excuse,  such  as  serious 
illness,  he  may  be  sued  in  an  action  of  damages, 
or  imprisoned  for  contempt  of  court;  but  if 
required  to  proceed  to  a  distance  he  may  claim 
his  travelling  expenses. 

IT  Subpoena  duces  tecum : 

Law :  A  writ  commanding  the  attendance 
of  a  witness  at  a  trial,  and  ordering  him  to 
bring  with  him  all  books,  writings,  or  the 
like,  bearing  on  the  case. 

sub-poe  na,  sub  pe  na,  v.t.  [SUBPOWA,  ..] 
To  serve  with  a  writ  of  subpoena ;  to  command 
the  attendance  of  in  a  court  of  justice. 

"Several  fresh  witnesses  have  been  tubvanaed  on 
that  behalf."— BaUt  Otrmiele,  Oct.  u,  lies. 


•  sub  poy-nal,  *  sub-pe'-nall,  a.  [Sat- 
paiNA,  s.]  Subject  to  legal  authority  and 
penalties. 

"  These  meetings  of  ministers  must  be  ntbpenoJL" 
—Gauden  :  Tean  of  Ae  CfcwrcA,  p.  i83. . 

sub-po -lar,  o.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng.  polar 
(q.v.).]  Under  or  below  the  poles  of  the 
earth ;  adjacent  to  the  poles. 

sub  po  lyg  -on  al,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
polygonal  (q.v.).]  Nearly  or  imperfectly  po- 
lygonal ;  somewhat  polygonal. 

sub-por-phy-rft'-Ic,  o.  [Pref.  tub-,  and 
Kng.  porphyritic  (q.v.).]  Allied  to  porphyry, 
but  containing  smaller  and  less  distinctly 
marked  points  or  crystals. 

sub  pro  -feet,  ».  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng.  pn- 
fect  (q.v.).]  A  subordinate  deputy  or  assistant 
prefect ;  an  under-prefect 

sub-pre-hen'-sile,  a.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
prehensile  (q.v.).]  Imperfectly  or  partially 
prehensile ;  having  the  power  of  prehension 
in  an  inferior  degree. 

sub-prin  -91  pal,  «.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
principal  (q.v.).] 

L  Ord.  Lanti. :  A  subordinate,  deputy,  or 
assistant  principal. 

U  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  An  auxiliary  rafter  or  principal 
brace. 

2.  Music :  An  organ  stop,  consisting  of  open 
pipes,  of  32  feet  pitch  on  the  pedals  and  of 
16  feet  pitch  on  the  manuals. 

sub  -pri  or,  *  sub  pri  our,  •  sous  prt- 
-or,  ».  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Bug.  prior  (q.v.).] 

EccUi. :  One  under  and  in  place  of  a  prior ; 
the  vicegerent  of  a  prior ;  a  claustral  officer 
who  assists  a  prior. 

"  The  toveprior  of  hor  boos  the  monekes  chose  echon." 
Robert  of  Qloucetter,  p.  4»4. 

sub  pu'-bic,  o.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng.  puble 
(q.v.).]  Situated  or  being  nnder  the  pubes  or 
pubis  :  as,  the  sitbpubic  arch. 

sub  pur'-9has-er,  «.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
purchaser  (q.v.).]  A  purchaser  who  buys) 
from  a  purchiiser. 

sub  quad  rate,  o.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
quadrate  (q.v.).]  Nearly  quadrate  or  square. 

*  sub-quad'- ru -pie,   a.      [Pref.  tub-,  and 
Eng.  quadruple  (q.v.).]    Containing  one  part 
of  four. 

"  Two  of  them  abate  half  of  that  which  remains, 
and  cause  a  tubquadrupte  proportion."—  H'i/*i«s.- 
Jfatn.  Maytck. 

sub-qnln  que  f  id,  a,  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
quinquejld  (q.v.).]  Almost  quinquefid. 

sub-quin   tu-ple,  a.    [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 

quintuple  (q.v.).]  Containing  one  part  of  five. 

"  If  unto  the  lower  pulley  there  were  added  another, 

then  the  power  would  be  unto  the  weight  in  a  «ue- 

ffuJniupfo  proportion."—  H'tUeitu:  Math.  HaaicJc. 

*  sub-ra  -me  al,  a.    [Lat  tub  =  under,  and 
ramut  =  a  bough.]    Growing  on  a  branch  be- 
neath a  leaf. 

sub  ra  -mose,  sub  ra'-mous,  o.     [Fret 
tub-,  and  Eng.  ramose,  ramous  (q.v.).] 
Bot. :  Slightly  ramose  ;  having  few  branches. 

sub  rep' -tion,  s.  [Lat.  subrcptio,  from  tub- 
reptus,  pa.  par.  of  subripio  =  to  snatch  away 
secretly  :  tub  =  under,  and  rnpio  =  to  snatch.] 
*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  obtaining  a 
favour  by  surprise  or  unfair  representation  ; 
that  is,  by  suppression  or  fraudulent  conceal- 
ment of  facts. 

"  Lest  there  should  be  any  eubreption  In  this  sacred 
business."—  Bp.  Sail:  Remaint,  p.  844. 

2.  Scots  Law: :  The  obtaining  gifts  of  escheat, 
ic.,  by  concealing  the  truth.    [OBKEPTION.J 

*  sub-rep-ti'-tlous,  a.    [Lat  surreptitius.] 
[SUBREPTION.  J   Falsely  crept  in ;  fraudnlently 
obtained  ;  surreptitious. 

"  sub  rep  ti  ttous-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  subrep- 
titious ;  -ly.}  Surreptitiously  ;  by  stealth. 

•ub-rJsp'-tive,  o.  [SOBREPTION.]  Subrep- 
titious,  surreptitious. 

sfib-rl&'-Id.  a,  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng.  rigid 
(q.v.).J  Somewhat  or  moderately  rigid  or 
stiff. 


Ate,  fat,  Ore,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  Mr.  marine;  go,  p«V 
or,  wore,  woll.  work,  whd.  son;  mute,  ofib,  oiire,  vilte,  onr.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    m,  as  =  e;  ey  =  »:  qn  =  kw. 


Bubriguous— subserve 


4517 


*  sub  rig'-U-oft**  a.    [Lat.  subriguus,  from 
tub-  =  under,    and    riguus  —  watered,    from 
rigo  =  to  water.]     [IRRIGATE.]     Watered  or 
wet  beneath ;  well- watered. 

*  »iib-rd-gate,v.<.    [Lat.  subrogatus,  pa.  par. 
of  subrogo  =  to  cause  to  be  chosen  in  place  of 
another,    to    substitute  :    sub  =  under,    and 
rogo  =  to  ask.]    [SURROGATE.]    To  put  in  the 
place  of  another ;  to  substitute. 

"  The  Christian  day  ii  to  be  tubroyated  into  the 
place  of  the  Jews'  day."— Jtrmny  Taylor :  Holy  Dying, 
ch.  iv..  I  «. 

•tib-rd-ga'-tlon,  5.    [SUBROOATE.] 

Civil  Law :  Tlie  substitution  of  one  person 
in  the  place  of  another,  and  giving  him  the 
rights  of  the  person  whose  place  he  takes  ; 
but,  in  its  general  sense,  the  term  implies  a 
succession  of  any  kind,  whether  of  a  person 
to  a  person,  or  of  a  person  to  a  thing. 

•ftb-ro-tund',  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
rotund  (q.v.).]  Somewhat  rotund ;  almost 
rotund  or  round. 

•UD-sa  line',  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  saline 
(q.v.).]  Somewhat  saline;  moderately  saline 
or  salt. 

*  sub  san  na -tion,  5.     [Lat.  subsannatus, 
pa.   par.   of  subsanno=to  deride,  to  mock: 
tub  —  under,  and  sanna=a  grimace.]     De- 
rision, scorn,  mockery. 

"  Idolatry  Is  as  absolute  a  tubtannation  and  vilifica- 
tion of  Ood  as  malice  could  invent.*— Mor*  :  Myittry 
<tf  Iniquity,  bk.  i,  ch.  v.,  $ 11. 

*  •tib-sat'-u-rat-Sd,  a.      [Pref.   tub-,   and 
Eng.  saturated  (q.v.).]    Imperfectly  saturated. 

*  sub-s&t-u-ra -tion,  *.     [Pref.  tub-,  and 
Eng.  saturation  (q.v.).]    The  quality  or  state 

of  being  subsaturated  or  imperfectly  saturated. 

•nb  scap  -u-lart  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
Kapnfar  (q.v.).]  Beneath  the  scapul*  or 
•houlder- blade. 

subscapular  artery ,  s. 

Anatomy : 

1.  The    largest   branch   given   off  by  the 
axillary  artery.      It  arises  close  to  the  lower 
border  of  the  subscapular  muscle,  proceeding 
along  it  downwards  and  backwards  towards 
the  inferior  angle  of  the  scapula. 

2.  A  small  branch  of  the    supracapsular 
artery,    anastomosing     with     the    posterior 
scapular  and  subscapular  arteries. 

subscapular  muscle,  *. 

Anat. :  A  muscle  arising  partly  by  muscular 
and  partly  by  tendinous  fibres  from  the 
venter  of  the  scapula.  Its  fibres  unite  into  a 
broad  tendon  perforating  the  capsular  liga- 
ment of  the  shoulder-joint. 

•iib-scap'-u-lar-y,  a.    [SUBSCAPULAB.] 

*BUb-»crib'-a-l>le,  a.  [Eng.  subscript); 
•able.]  Capable  of  being  subscribed. 

•Ub  scribe ,  v.t.  k,  i.    [Lat.  subscribe,  from 
nib  =  under,    and    scribe  —  to    write  ;    Sp. 
tubscribir ;  Port,  subscrever.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  write  underneath. 

"  Which  questions  not  a  few  famoua  doctoura  of 
ilnhiitee  had  approued,  aa  good  and  cleaue,  aud  tub- 
scribed  their  uamei  rndre  them."  —  Sir  T.  Mori: 
W  or  kit,  p.  3. 

2.  Hence,  to  sign  with  one's  own  hand,  in 
token  of  assent,  consent,   or   approval ;    to 
give  consent  to,  as  to  something  written,  or 
to  bind  one's  self  to  by  writing  one's  name 
underneath. 

"  Folded  the  writ  up  ID  form  of  the  other ; 
Subtcribed  it."  Shakttp.  :  Samlet,  r.  2. 

3.  To  attest  by  writing  one's  name  beneath. 

4.  To  publish  by  subscription. 

"  Mr.  D.  Nutt  is  tubtcribing  an  elaborate  work  ID 
modern  Greek."— Athenctum,  July  K,  1885,  p.  114. 

U  Used  specifically  by  publishers,  Ac. : 

(1)  To  offer  (as,  a  new  book)  to  the  trade. 

(2)  To  take  copies  of. 

"  The  largest  number  ever  tubtrribed  for  K  six- 
•hilling  novel."—  Athenaum,  June  25,  losr.  p.  43S. 

*  5.  To  write  down ;  to  characterize. 

"  I  wtll  ttibtrrib*  him  a  coward.1* 
Shakttp. :  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  Y,  2. 

ft.  To  promise  to  give  by  writing  one's  name 
down  ;  and  hence,  to  give,  to  contribute  :  as, 
H*  subscribed  five  pounds. 

*  7.  To  lay  down  ;  to  submit. 

"  The  king  gone  to-night  1  ntbtcribed  his  power  1 " 
Hhaketp. :  Ltar,  L 1 


B.  Intransitive  ; 

*  1.   To    write    one's   name   underneath   a 
document;  to  attest.     (Shakesp.;  Antony  & 
Cleopatra,  iv.  5.) 

2.  To  give  assent  or  consent;  to  consent,  to 
agree. 

"  We  will  all  tubKvibi  to  thy  adrlce." 

Shaketp.  :  Titut  Andronicut,  IT.  1 

3.  To  promise,  with  others,  a  certain  sum 
for  the  promotion  of  some  object  or  under- 
taking,  by  setting  one's  name  to  a  paper ; 
hence,  to  contribute  with  others  towards  any 
object.    (Pope:  Epistle  to  Arbutfinot.) 

4.  To  enter  one's  name  for  a  newspaper, 
book,  periodical,  or  the  like. 

"  The  delicious  dirtn»  for  whose  sermon*  the  whole 
fashionable  world  was  lutacriblny."— Thadtoray : 
Knglith  aumourlttt,  lect.  vi. 

*  5.  To  yield,  to  submit. 

"  Death  to  ma  tubtcri.'ift."     Shakctp. :  Sonnit  10T. 

siib-scrib  -er,  *.    [Eng.  subscribe);  -er.] 

1.  One  who  subscribes ;  one  who  attaches 
his  signature  to  a  document,  as  a  token  of 
assent,  consent,  or  promise  ;  one  who  admits 
or  binds  himself  to  a  promise  or  obligation  by 
signing  his  name. 

2.  One  who  contributes  to  an  undertaking 
by  paying  or  promising  to  pay  a  certain  sum 
or  part. 

"  The  titbtcribtrt  were  erected  Into  *  New  East 
India  Company."— SmitA:  Wealth  of  Nation,  bk.  T,, 
ch.  i. 

3.  One  who  enters  his  name  for  a  newspaper, 
book,  periodical,  or  the  like. 

"  Some  of  my  tubicribert  grew  so  clamorous,  that  I 
could  no  longer  defer  the  publication."— Drydtn : 
rtryU ;  .Xniid.  (Dedic.) 

sub  script,  a.  &  *.  [Lat  subscripts,  pa.  par. 
of  subscribe  =  to  write  underneath.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Written  underneath  ;  under- 
written :  as,  the  iota  subscript  in  Greek ; 
thus,  w  =  wt  (oi). 

*  B.  As  subst. :  Something  written  under- 
neath or  under- written. 

"  Be  they  postscript!  at  mttcriptt,  your  translator* 
neither  made  them,  nor  recommeiided  them."— 
Btntley  :  I'ltileleutherut  LipttutMit,  |  97. 

SUb- scrip' -tion,  «.     [O.  FT.  goubscrtption, 
from  Lat.  subscript ioncm,  accus.  of  subscript  io, 
from  subscriptus.]    [SUBSCRIPT.) 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  subscribing :  as, 

(1)  The  act  of  writing  under  or  signing ; 
the  act  of  formally  binding  one's  self  to,  or 
acknowledging  a  promise  or  obligation,  by 
signing  one's  name. 

"  Sttbtcription  to  articles  of  religion  .  .  .  may 
properly  enough  be  considered  in  connexion  with  the 
•object  of  oath*."— PaUy  :  Moral  Philot.,  bk.  til. 

(2)  The  act  of  subscribing  or  contributing 
with  others  towards  the  promotion  of  some 
object. 

2.  That  which  is  subscribed  :  aa, 

*  (1)  Anything  under- written. 

"  A  iHftKTi'pf ii«  which  haa  been  thus  rendered."— 
Gmtleman't  Magazine,  July,  1814,  p.  (1. 

*  (2)  The  signature  attached  to  a  paper  or 
document. 

(3)  Consent,  agreement,  or  attestation  given 
by  signature. 

"  Any  church  requiring  tubtcription  in  her  own  ex* 
planatiout."—  Waterland:  Workt,  ii.  2»2. 

(4)  A  sum  subscribed  ;  the  aggregate  amount 
of  sums  subscribed. 

*  3.  Submission,  obedience. 

"  I  never  gave  you  kingdoms,  called  yon  children. 
You  owe  me  no  ntbtcription." 

Shaketp. :  Ltar,  Hi.  2. 

II.  Eccles.  &  Church  Hist. :  The  acceptance 
of  articles  or  other  tests  tending  to  promote 
uniformity.  Subscription  to  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles,  and  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  is 
required  before  ordination  in  the  Anglican 
communion.  A  similar  subscription  was  for- 
merly required  from  every  Master  of  Arts  in 
the  Universities,  and  is  still  obligatory  on  the 
governors  or  heads  of  the  colleges  of  West- 
minster, Winchester,  and  Eton,  within  one 
month  after  election  or  collation,  and  admis- 
sion into  such  government  or  headship. 

*  sub-scrlp'-trve,  a.  [Eng.  subscription) ; 
-ive.]  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  sub- 
scription or  signature. 

"  I  have  endeavoured  to  imitate  the  tttbtcriptive 
part-"— nichardton:  Claritsa,  viii.  78. 

sub' -sec -tlon,  *.  [Pref.  s«6-,  and  Eng. 
section  (q.v.).]  A  part  or  subdivision  of  a 
section  ;  a  section  of  a  section. 


*  sub'  se  cute,  v.t.    [Lat.  tubstcvtus,  pa.  pt.r. 
of  subsequor :  sub  =  under,  and  sequor  =  to 
follow.]    To  follow  so  as  to  overtake  ;  to  fol- 
low closely,  to  pursue. 

"  Yf  by  any  possibility  hs  coulde  be  lukaeeuted  and 
ouertaken."— Mall:  Chronicli;  Richard  III.  (an.  3). 

*  sub-sec'~u  tlve,  a.    [From  Lat.  subsecutut, 
on  analogy  of  consecutive  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  subsecut\f.\ 
Following  in  a  train  or  procession.  (Cotgravt.) 

sub  sel  U  urn  (pi.  sitb  sel  Ii  a),  s.  [Lat 
=  a  bench  :  sub  =.  under,  and  seita  =  a  seat.] 
Eccles.  :  A  footstool  or  any  rest  for  tlie  feet. 
From  the  earliest  time  persons  of  rank  or 
authority  are  represented,  when  seated,  aa 
resting  their  feet  upon  a  subsellium.  In 
Christian  monuments  this  mark  of  honour  is 
assigned  to  God  the  Father,  when  receiving 
the  sacrifice  of  Abel;  to  Christ  when  seated 
and  teaching  his  disciples ;  and  to  the  Virgin 
when  the  Magi  are  presenting  their  offerings 
Episcopal  chairs  always  had  the  subsellium, 
and  the  inferior  clergy  and  the  laity  generally 
avoided  the  use  of  it  as  a  matter  of  humility, 
and  reserved  the  honour  for  bishops.  (Smith: 
Christ,  Antiq.) 

sub  sem'-I  tone,  «.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
semitone  (q.v.).J 

Music:  The  seventh  note  of  the  diatonic 
scale.  Thus  B  is  the  semitone  in  the  scale  of 
c.  rf  in  that  of  o,  E  in  that  of  F,  Ac.  Called 
also  Subtonic,  and  Leading  or  Sensible  Note. 

*  sub  sen  si  ble,  a.    [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
sensible  (q.v.).]     Deeper  than  the  range  of  tht) 
senses  ;  too  profound  to  be  reached  or  grasped 
by  the  senses 

*  sub-sep'-tu-ple,  a.     [Pref.  *nb-,  and  Eng. 
septuple  (q.v.).J      Containing   one    of    seven 
parts. 

"  If  unto  this  lower  pulley  there  were  added  another, 
then  the  power  would  be  uuto  the  weight  in  a  sub- 
quintuple  proportion;  If  a  third,  a  tubteptupl*."— 
WiUcint :  Math.  Magic*. 

sub'-se   quenco,  *  sub   se  quen  9y,  a> 

[Eng.  subsequent);  -ce,  -cy.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  subsequent 
.  or  of  following  after  something. 

"  By  th la  faculty  we  can  take  notice  of  the  order  of 
precedence  and  tubtequence  in  which  they  are  paei."— > 
(ireu:  Cotmo.  Sacra,  bk.  11..  ch.  ill. 

*  2.  The  act  of  following. 

"  Why  should  we  question  the  heliotrope's  tufr- 
ttgutncy  to  the  course  of  the  sun?"— Orttnhill :  Art  if 
Kmbaltniti'j,  p.  83ft. 

sub'  se-quent,  o.  [Lat.  subsequens,  pr.  par. 
of  subsequor  =  to  follow  closely  after  :  sub  = 
under,  and  sequor  =.  to  follow  ;  Fr.  subsequent ; 
Sp.  sttbsecuente  ;  Port,  subsequente;  Ital.  sus- 
sequente.] 

1.  Following  In  time;  coming  or  being  after 
something  else  at  any  indefinite  time:    as, 
subsequent  ages  or  periods,  subsequent  events. 

2.  Following  in  order  of  place  or  succession ; 
succeeding. 

"  From  the  antecedent  and  tnbttqutnt  verses."— (Tud- 
worth :  fulfil.  Syttem,  p.  475. 

subsequent  condition,  condition- 
subsequent,  s. 

Law :  The  term  applied  when  a  man  grant* 
to  another  his  estate,  &c.,  in  fee,  upon  condi- 
tion that  the  grantee  shall  pay  him  a  certain 
sum  upon  a  particular  day.  The  condition 
does  not  therefore  require  to  be  fulfilled  till  a 
time  subsequent  to  that  at  which  the  grantee 
enters  on  possession. 

sub'~so-quent  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  subsequent  ; 
-/,'/.]  In  a  subsequent  manner,  time,  or  place  ; 
at  a  later  time  or  period  ;  afterwards. 

"  They  are  forced  to  comply  lubteyufntty." — South. 
Bcrmont,  vol.  L,  ser.  0. 

Sub  ser'-ous,  a.  [Pref.  sub;  and  Eng.  serous 
(q.v.).]  Situated  under  a  serous  membrane; 
of  or  pertaining  to  parts  so  situated.  (Dun- 
glison.) 

Slib-serve',  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  subservio=to  serve 
under  a  person  :  sub  =  under,  and  strvio  =  to 
serve.} 

A.  Trans. :  To  serve  in  subordination  or 
instrumentally ;  to  be  subservient  or  instru- 
mental. 


B.  Intrans. :  To  be  subservient  or  subor- 
dinate ;  to  serve  in  an  inferior  capacity. 

"Not  made  to  rule, 
But  to  mbierve."       Milton  :  Samton  Ayoniitei,  M. 


boil,  bo^-;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  ^liin.  bench ;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  Of;  expect,  Xcnophon,  c^iist.    ph  -  £ 
-Oian,    tian  =  shan.    -tion,    sion  -  shun ;  -(Ion,    sion  =  zhun,    -clous,  -tlons,  -flions  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4518 


subservience — substance 


•ub-ser'-vi-en9e,  •ub-»er'-vi-en-cy, 

[Eng.  subservient);  -ce,  -cy.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  subservient ;  instrumental  fit- 
ness, use,  or  operation ;  aid  or  support  in  an 
Inferior  capacity. 

"The  princes  of  the  House  of  Stuart  needed  his 
help,  and  wen  willing  «u  purchase  that  help  by  un- 
bounded tultervuncy  '-Xacaulay  :  Hitt.  fnff.,  ch.  i\. 

BUb-ser'-vI-ent,  a.  [Lat.  subservient,  pr. 
par.  ot  substrrio  ~  to  subserve  (q.v.).] 

1.  Useful  as  an  instrument  to  effect  or  pro- 
mote a  purpose  or  end. 

"  Made  futerrvfonf  to  the  grand  design." 

Coieptr  :  C<m»«r*jf  (on,  B97. 

2.  Acting   as    a    subordinate    instrnment  ; 
fitted  or  disposed  to  serve  in  an  inferior  cai-a 
OJty ;  subordinate. 

"  Wherefore  the  innny  gods  of  the  Intelligent  pagans 
were  derived  from  one  God,  and  l-ut  {as  Plutarch 
•otnewhere  calls  them)  the  tub*  twitnt  powers,  or 
luliiisters  of  the  one  supreme  uumade  Deity." — t'ud- 
wort A  .*  Jntcfl.  Syttem.  p.  548. 

•Ub-ser'-vi-ent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  subservient ; 
•Jy.J  In  a  subservient  manner. 

•ub-Bes'-BUe,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
sessile  (q,v.).] 

Bot, :  Nearly  sessile  ;  all  but  destitute  of  a 
•talk. 

*Biib  seat-til-ple,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
sextuj>le  (q.v.).]  Containing  one  part  in  six. 

"  One  of  thee*  under  pullers  abate*  half  of  that 
heaviness  the  weight  hath,  and  causes  the  power  to  be 
la  a  subduple  proportion  unto  it.  two  of  them  asub- 
qnsdrnple  proportion,  three  •  fMteexfttplc."—  WWeitu: 
JtmtkenvUicul  Jtoffic*. 

•fib-side',  r.i.  [Lat  subside,  from  sub  = 
under,  and  sido  =  to  settle,  allied  to  sedeo  = 
to  sit.] 

1.  To  sink  or  fail  to  the  bottom ;  to  settle, 
••lees. 

"  A  large  tract  of  country,  of  which  It  was  part,  tub- 
tUad  by  some  convulsion  of  nature,  and  was  swallowed 
up  in  the  ocean."— Coo* :  Pint  Voyage,  bk.  iiL,  ch.  xv. 

•  2.  To  tend  downwards  ;  to  sink. 

"With  terror  trembled  hear ViMiMdfn?  bill." 
Dry  den  :  /Tomer;  Iliad  1.  71 L 

3.  To  settle  down ;  to  fall  into  a  state  of 
calm  or  quiet ;  to  be  calmed  or  quieted ;  to 
become  tranquil. 

"When  the  storm  of  laughter  bad  nittided,  several 
members  stood  up  to  vindicate  the  accused  states- 
man."— Jfacau&y ;  Hitt,  t.'ng..  ch.  zr. 

•fib  sid  6x196,  *  sub  sid  -en-9y,  s.    [Lat. 
nbsidentia,  from  sub*idtn$,  pr.  par.  of  subsido 
=  to  subside  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act,  process,  or  state  of  subsiding, 
•Inking,  or  falling  to  the  bottom,  as  the  lees 
of  liquors. 

"The  wbtidcncv  of  this  dregglsh  part  of  the  world, 
the  earth."— Man  :  Antidat*  Agmintt  Atheism.  (A  pp.) 

2.  The  act  of  sinking  or  settling  down ;  a 
•Inking  or  settling  into  the  ground. 

-I  measured  the  •woaUencv  beneath  ite  former 
elevation."— B*yl*  ;  Work*.  iiL  215. 

3.  The  act  of  calming  down ;  the  state  of 
becoming  calm  or  quiet. 

"By  the  subdual  or  tuliidcnc*  of  the  more  violent 
pMalons."—  WmHntrton  ;  Sermuni,  vol.  r.,  ser.  «. 

IL  Geol. :  The  sinking  of  the  land,  or  of  a 
sea,  lake,  or  river-bed,  the  result  in  very  many 
cases  of  earthquake  action.  In  the  Lisbon 
earthquake  of  Nov.  1,  1765,  a  new  quay  dis- 
appeared, with  all  the  people  who  had  taken 
refuge  upon  it,  the  depth  of  water  where  it 
sunk  being  a  hundred  feet.  On  June  16, 1819, 
a  violent  earthquake  occurred  at  Cutch,  iu 
the  delta  of  the  Indus,  and,  among  other 
effects  of  the  convulsion,  the  estuary  at  the 
fort  of  Luckput,  previonsly  a  foot  deep  at 
low  water,  was  increased  to  eighteen  feet,  the 
adjacent  village  of  Sindree  being  submerged 
to  the  housetops.  Other  earthquakes  have 
produced  similar  effects.  Subsidence  is  in  pro- 
gress at  present  over  wide  areas  in  the  Pacific. 
[ATOLL.]  It  may  take  place  in  elevated  inland 
regions,  and  the  inhabitants  not  be  aware  that 
•  change  of  level  has  occurred.  Lyell  (Prin. 
G«ol.,  ch.  xi.,  xrxiii.)  suggested  that  subsi- 
dence might  ariae  from  the  melting  of  porous 
rocks,  which,  when  fluid  and  subjected  to 
great  pressure,  occupied  less  room  than  before ; 
or  which,  by  {laasing  from  a  pasty  to  a  crys- 
talline condition,  might  suffer  contraction  ; 
or  from  the  subtraction  Of  lava  driven  to 
•ome  volcanic  orifice  and  there  forced  out- 
wards ;  or  from  the  shrinking  of  solid  and 
•tony  masses  during  refrigeration.  Prof. 
Seeley  considers  that  depression  is  insepar- 
able from  elevation  just  as  every  synclinal 


fold  is  a  portion  of  an  anticlinal.  Hence, 
beyond  the  geographical  limit  of  upheaval,  a 
coast  is  found  to  be  subsiding,  and  the  regions 
where  this  condition  is  seen  are  necessarily 
adjacent  to  those  which  are  being  raised. 

0Ub-Bld'-I-ar-I-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  subsidiary; 
•iy.]  In  a  subsidiary  manner  or  degree. 

SUb-sid'-J-ar-y",  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  subsidiarius 
=  belonging  to  a  reserve  ;  subsidium  =a  re- 
serve, aid  ;  Fr.  subsidiaire.]  [SUBSIDY.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Rendering  or  lending  some  aid  or  assist- 
ance ;  assistant ;  aiding ;  auxiliary. 

"It [a sinking  fund]  U  a>«u&tUtary  fund,  always  at 
hand  to  be  mortgaged  ia  aid  of  auy  other  doubtful 
fund.™— Smith :  Wtaltk  of  JVations.  bk.  v..  ch.  ut 

2.  Furnishing  additional    supplies  :    as,  a 
subsidiary  stream. 

3.  Pertaining   or   relating   to   a   subsidy  ; 
founded  on  or  connected  with  a  subsidy  or 
subsidies. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  or  that  which  con- 
tributes aid  or  additional  supplies  ;  an  auxili- 
ary, an  assistant. 

"Which  deceitful  considerations  drew  on  Pelagiua 
...  at  last  to  take  in  oue  after  another,  five  tutniui- 
aritt  IUOM."— Hammond :  Work*,  vol.  iv.,  aer.  3. 

subsidiary- organs,  s.  pL 

Bot. :  Appendages  to  the  organs  normally 
present.  They  are  tendrils  or  cirrhi,  spines, 
prickles,  hairs,  Ac. 

subsidiary  quantity,  or  symbol,  a. 

Math. :  A  quantity  or  symbol  which  is  not 
essentially  a  part  of  a  problem,  but  is  intro- 
duced to  help  in  the  solution.  The  term  is 
applied  particularly  to  angles  in  trigonometri- 
cal investigations. 

subsidiary- troopa,  s.  pL  Troops  of 
one  nation  hired  by  another  for  military  ser- 
vice. 

•ub  -sl-dize,  v.t.  (Bng.  tubsid(y) ;  -ize.}  To 
furnish  with  a  subsidy ;  to  purchase  the 
assistance  of  by  the  payment  of  a  subsidy ; 
to  assist  an  individual  or  an  undertaking 
with  money,  as  when  a  state  subsidizes  a 
theatre. 

siib'-sl-dy,  *  sub  ri-die,  ».  [Lit.  sulxidivm 
=  a  body  of  troops  in  reserve,  aid,  assistance, 
from  sub  =  under,  behind,  and  sedeo  =  to  sit ; 
Fr.  subside.] 

1.  Pecuniary  aid ;  aid  given  in  money. 

"'I  cannot,'  he  wrote,  'offer  a  suggestion  without 
being  met  by  a  demand  fora  tutwd*.'"—M<icauJau: 
UiU.  ling.,  ch.  Xix. 

2.  Spectf.:  An  aid  ortax  formerly  granted  by 
Parliament  to  the  Crown  to  meet  urgent  or 
pressing  necessities,  and  levied  on  every  sub- 
ject of  ability,  according  to  the  value  of  his 
lands  or  goods. 

"  Subtiditt  were  such  as  were  Imposed  byparlfumetit 
upon  any  of  the  staple  commodities  before  mentioned, 
over  ana  above  the  custuma  antiqna  et  magus,"— 
Kactotoni:  Comment.,  bk.  i..  ch.  8. 

3.  A  sum  paid,  often  under  a  treaty,  by  one 
government  to  another,  sometimes  to  secure 
its  neutrality,  but  more  frequently  to  meet 
the  expenses  of  carrying  on  a  war. 

f  Eng.  Hist. ;  Subsidies  were  the  successors  of 
scutages,  hydage,  and  talliage.  By  14  Edw. 
HI.,  c.  20,  passed  in  Ib40,  a  subsidy  was 
granted  the  king  to  defray  the  expense  of  the 
French  war.  The  first  subsidies  amounted  to 
4s.  a  pound  for  lands,  2s.  Cd.  for  goods,  and 
twice  as  much  for  aliens.  The  clergy  first 
taxed  themselves  in  Convocation,  the  Parlia- 
ment afterwards  confirming  the  vote ;  the 
rate  was  4s.  in  the  pound  on  the  value  of 
their  livings.  The  last  ecclesiastical  subsidies 
given  were  confirmed  by  15  Charles  II.,  c.  10, 
after  which  taxation  was  levied  indiscrimin- 
ately upon  clergy  and  laity.  The  last  lay  sub- 
sidy was  in  1670.  Britain  granted  subsidies  to 
various  continental  powers  to  oppose  France 
during  the  wars  of  the  first  Revolution. 

*  8Ub-Bign'  (g  silent),  v.t.     [Lat.  tubsigno: 
sub  =  under,  and  signo  •=  to  sign,  to  seal.]   To 
sign  under  ;  to  write  beneath ;  to  subscribe. 

"  Sitbrigned  with  crosses  and  tingle  names,  without 
surname*."— Camdm  ;  Afmaitu;  Surnames. 

*  sub-sig-na'-tion,   s.     [Lat.  subsignatio, 
from    subsignatvs,   p&.   par.  of  svbyigno  =  to 
subflign  (q.v.).]     The  act  of  subscribing  or 
writing  the  name  under  anything  for  attesta- 
tion. 

"This  Is  as  good  as  a  mtflpnation  of  your  hand. 
writing,  that  you  wish  bvr  well,  and  are  enamoured 
of  her.  —  ShfUon  :  Don  Qutxott,  vol.  IT. 


SUb  olsf  ,  v.i.  *  f.  [Pr.  subsister,  from  Ltt 
subsisto  =  to  stand  still,  to  stay,  to  abide: 
sub  =  under,  and  sisto  =  to  make  to  stand,  to 
stand,  from  sto  =  to  stand  ;  8p.  &  Port,  sub- 
sister;  Ital.  sussisUrt.} 
A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  exist;  to  have  continued  existence; 
to  be. 

"  So  long  as  brain  and  heart 
Have  faculty  by  nature  to  tubsitt," 

Stiakttft.  :  Sotuut  IU 

2.  To  continue;   to  abide;    to  retain    the 
present  state  or  condition  ;  to  remain. 


Under  your  great  command." 

AhaAetp,  :  Corioiamu,  T.  6. 

3.  To  have  means  of  living;  to  be  main- 
tained or  supported  ;  to  live. 

**  How  find  the  myriads  .  .  . 
L»ue  sustenance,  or  where  tn'iiiit  they  now?" 
Cowper  :  7'<uA.  v.  19. 

*4,  To  inhere  ;  to  have  existence  by  mean* 
of  something  else. 

"  For  the  one  Ood  being  the  supreme  magistrate,  it 
[theocracy]  tubtuttd  in  the  wwrshiuof  that  Jod  aloae." 
—  H'arburton  :  fttrine  Legation,  bk.  v.,  }  l 

*  B.  Trans.  :  To  feed,  to  maintain,  to  sup- 
port. 

sub-  slat'  -  91196,  *  sub-slst'-en-9t  ,  s.  [Pr. 
subsistence,  from  Lat.  subsistentiat  from  SK&- 
sistens,  pr.  par.  of  subsisto  =  to  subsist  (q.v.).J 

*  1.  Real  being  ;  existence. 

"Euery  person  bath  hisowne  tubtittencf.  which  no 
other  besides  hath,"—  footer;  £wiet.  Politic,  bk.  T.. 
|6L 

*  2.  Continuance  ;  continued  life. 

3.  That  which  furnishes  support  to  animal 
life  ;  means  of  support  ;  support,  livelihood. 

"By  the  means  of  »ni«jf*w«.  I  understand  not  the 
means  of  superfluous  frratiticatioiis;  but  that  present 
competeDcy  which  every  Individual  must  possess  iu 
or-ler  to  be  iu  a  capacity  to  derive  a  support  from  his 
industry  in  the  proper  buBtnessof  bis  calling."—  flu*o» 
ll'-rtlty  :  Sermont,  vol.  lit.,  Mr.  2&. 

4.  The  state  of  Iwing  subsistent  or  inherent 
In  something  else  ;  inherence. 

*  5.  Anything  that  exists  or  has  existence. 

"We  know  as  little  how  the  union  Is  dissolved,  that 
I*  the  chain  of  these  differing  tnJsti*ten<-i't  tli%t  com. 
pound  us,  M  bow  it  first  commenced,"—  OlcmnlL 

sub-slst'-ent,  a.    [Lat.  subsistens,  pr.  par.  of 
subsisto  =  to  subsist  (q.v.).] 
L  Having  existence  or  real  being  ;  existing 

"Such  as  deny  there  are  spirits  suft*i«.'-/)(  without 
bodies,  will  with  more  difficulty  affirm  the  sei-arated 
existence  of  their  own."—  Brown*  ;  Vulgar  frnmrt, 
bk.  i..  ch.  x. 

2.  Inherent 

"No  sensible  qualities,  U  light,  and  colour,  and 
heat,  and  sound,  can  be  tubtithut  in  the  bodies  tli-'in- 
selvv*  Klmolutely  considered,  without  a  relation  to  our 
•yea,  and  other  organs  of  eena*."—  Btntlty  ;  Sermon  «. 

sub'-  soil,  s.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng.  tntl,  a, 
(q.v.).]  The  uuder-soil;  the  bed  or  stratum 
of  earth  immediately  below  the  surface-soil. 

subsoil  -plough,  8.  A  form  of  plough 
having  a  share  and  standard,  bat  no  mould- 
board.  It  follows  in  the  furrow  made  by  aa 
ordinary  plough,  and  loosens  the  soil  to  an 
additional  depth  without  bringing  it  to  the 
surface. 

sub  soil,  v.t.    [SUBSOIL,  «.] 

Agric.  :  To  employ  a  subsoil-plough  on  ;  to 
cultivate  with  a  subsoil-  plough. 

*  sub  so  lar,  *  sub  -so-lar  y,  a.     [Pref. 

sub-,  and  Eng.  solar,  salary  (q.v.).]    Situated 
or  being  under  the  sun  ;  terrestrial. 

"  Thereby  the  causes  and  effects  of  all 
Things  done  upon  this  tubtotary  ball." 

Brome  :  faraphr.  upon  Erclm.  L 

sub  stage,  5.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  stage,  a.] 
Microscopy  :  A  subsidiary  apparatus  under- 
neath the  ordinary  Stage  (q.v.)  of  the  better 
class  microscopes,  capable  of  being  made  to 
approach  or  recede  by  rack-and-pinion  move- 
ment, with  centring  screws  and  fittings  for 
carrying  various  polarizing  and  illuminating 
apparatus.  Ite  purpose  is  the  precise  adjust- 
ment of  the  latter  to  the  object.  Occasion- 
ally it  is  nxed  tn  a  swinging  arm  for  further 
adjustment  in  azimuth,  when  it  Is  called  a 
Radial  or  Swinging  Substage. 

sub  starve,  *  sub  staunoe,  s.  [Fr.  tub- 
stance,  from  Lat.  substant  ia  =  essence,  mate- 
rial, substance,  from  sitbstans,  pr.  par.  of  sul>- 
sto  =  io  stand  under,  to  exist  ;  sub  =  under, 
and  sto  —  to  stand.] 

I,  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  That  of  which  a  thing  consists  or  If 


f&tc,  f&t,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  Bire,  BIT,  marine;  go,  p$ 
or.  wore,  wpl*  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  foil;  try,  Syrian.    »,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


substance— substitute 


4519 


made  up  ;  body,  matter,  material  ;  kind  or 
character  of  matter. 

"  As  thin  of  ntbtfanc«  as  the  air.* 

.-  Romeo  A  Juliet,  \.  4. 


2.  That  which  Is  real  ;  that  which  imikcs  a 
tMng  actual  ;  that  which  constitutes  the 
thing  itself,  and  not  merely  a  vain  semblance 
rtr  imaginary  existence. 

"  He  takes  false  shadows  for  true  tubgtancet." 

Shakttp-  •'  r«««  Andronicui,  lit.  2. 

•3.  Anything  existing  by  itself;  a  being. 

"  That  little  seeming  rubttance."    Shetkeip.  :  Lear.  \.  1. 

4.  The  most  important  elements  in  any 
existence  ;  the  characteristic  constituents 
collectively  ;  the  essential,  main,  or  material 
part  ;  the  essence  ;  tlie  essential  import. 

"Their  (letters)  cold  intent,  tenour  and  tub<tanr*." 
Sfm  keip.  :  8  //«»»•*  I  K.,  IT.  L 

6,  Solidity,  firmness,  substantiality. 

6.  Body,  strength. 

7.  Goods  ;  material  means  and  resources  ; 
riches,  wealth,  resources,  property. 

'*  Thy  subitttw*  .  .  . 
Cannot  amount  nuto  a  hundred  marks." 

Shakeip.  :  Comedy  qf  Errors,  L  L 

II.  Technically: 
fl.  Hot.  :  Texture.  (Lindley.) 
2.  Philos.  :  That  which  is  and  abides  (Cole- 
ridge :  Ai'ls  to  Reflection^  p.  6)  as  distin- 
guished from  accident,  which  has  no  existence 
of  itself,  and  is  essentially  mutable.  The  de- 
rivation of  the  word  in  this  sense  is,  accord- 
ing to  Augustine  (de  Trinitate,  vii.  4)  from  the 
Latin  subsistere,  and  so  =  that  which  subsists 
of  or  by  itself;  Locke  prefers  to  connect  it 
with  the  Lat.  substo  =  to  stand  under,  to 
support,  to  uphold,  and  says  (Human.  Under., 
bk.ii.,ch.xxiii.,§  2):  "The  idea,  then,  to  which 
we  give  the  name  of  substance,  being  nothing 
but  the  supposed  but  unknown  support  of 
these  qualities  [accidents]  we  find  existing, 
which  we  imagine  cannot  subsist  without 
something  to  support  them,  we  call  that  sup- 
port substantiat  which,  according  to  the  true 
import  of  the  word  is  in  plain  English  [some- 
thing] standing  under  and  upholding." 

The  first  idea  of  substance  is  probably 
derived  from  the  consciousness  of  self—the 
conviction  gained  by  experience  that,  while 
sensations,  thoughts,  and  purposes  are  con- 
tinuously changing,  the  Ego  constantly  re- 
mains the  same.  Observation  teaches  us 
that  bodies  external  to  us  remain  the  same  as 
to  quantity  or  extension,  though  their  colour 
and  figure,  their  state  of  motion  or  of  rest 
may  be  changed.  But  as  every  power  and 
property  of  a  thing,  every  mode  in  which  it 
atl'ccts  a  sentient  being,  is  an  accident,  and  all 
these  accidents  may  be  either  actually  or 
mentally  abstracted,  the  question  arises, 
What  is  left  after  all  the  accidents  are  thus 
abstracted?—  What  is  the  substance?  To 
meet  the  difficulty,  it  was  assumed  that  every- 
thing possesses,  besides  its  accidents,  an  un- 
known substratum  on  which  these  accidents 
rest,  or  in  which  they  inhere.  Locke,  without 
departing  from  the  knowable,  placed  the 
•ubstance  of  an  object  in  gome  essential  or 
fundamental  quality,  the  presence  of  which 
maintained,  while  its  removal  destroyed,  the 
identity  of  the  object  [ESSENCE,  5.,  II.  1.]  ; 
and  Fichte  made  it  consist  in  a  synthesis  of 
attributes  ;  holding  that  these,  synthetically 
united,  gave  substance,  whilst  substance 
analysed  gave  attributes. 

*  T*Tien  we  apeak  of  rubttance,  we  mean  only  what 
penlita  or  abide*  in  time,  and  we  contrast  the  perma 
cent  with  the  changes  of  its  phases.  But  the  tub- 
fttince  is  not  a  separate  thing  over  and  ahora  its 
mode*  or  manifestations.  It  is  simply  that  change 
or  alteration  cannot  be  understood  except  in  reference 
to  something  permanent.  It  U  easy,  then,  to  say. 
that  lubitunc*  is  a  fiction  of  thought  Kant's  reply 
to  that  charge  is,  that  to  treat  successive  sensations 
u  having  one  source  common  to  them  (what  we  must 
constantly  do  in  our  experience),  implies,  as  a  ground 
of  its  possibility,  an  identity  or  persistency  in  the 
consciousness  which  serves  as  the  common  vehicle  of 


the  successive  feelings.     Unless  thought  supplied  this 
persistent,  permanent  background.  It  would  be  imjxw- 
•tblefoTusto  realise  the  relations  in  time  known  u 
" 


succession  and  ,>  uuttaueity.  "—  Wattac*  :  Kant,  p.  176. 

3.  Theol.  :  Essence,  nature,  being.  Used 
specially  of  the  Three  Persons  in  the  Godhead, 
who  are  said  to  be  the  same  in  substance,  i.e.t 
to  possess  one  common  essence. 

U  Principle  of  substance  : 

Philos.  :  The  law  of  the  human  mind  by 
which  every  quality  or  mode  of  being  is  re- 
ferred to  a  substance. 

*  »ub  starve,  v.t.  [SUBSTANCE,  *.]  To  fur- 
nish or  endow  with  substance  or  property  ;  to 
enrich. 


with  such  a  precious  deal  of  well-got 
treasure."          Chapman  :  ffomtr;  Odyuey  iv. 


*  sub    stanfe-less,   a.      [Eng.    substance  ; 
-less.  ]    Having  no  substance  ;  aasubaUutial, 
empty. 

"  Thus  ntbitaTicetru  thy  state.  " 

Coleridya  :  ffuman  Lift. 

*  siib'-stant,  a.  [Lat.  substans.]   Substantial 

Siib-stan-tl-a  (tl  as  shi).  9.  [Lat.]  Ulti- 
mate substance  upon  which  the  properties  of 
matter  rest.  [SUBSTANCE,  s.,  II.  2.] 

sub  stan  tlal  (ti  as  sh),  *  sub-stan-cl- 
all,  a.  &  s.     [Fr.  nIMadtW,  from  Lat;  sub- 
stantialis,  from  substantia  =  substance  (q.v.).] 
A*  As  adject  ive  : 

1.  Real  ;  actually  existing. 

"  To  give  thee  belli*  I  lent 
Out  of  my  side  to  thee,  nearest  my  heart, 
•lltaMHtM  life."  JHKm  .'  P.  L.,  Iv.  485. 

2.  Real,  true  ;  not  seeming  or  imaginary  ; 
not  illusive. 

"  A  dream 
Too  fUttering-dweet  to  be  lubitantiai." 

.  :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  1L  ft. 


3.  Corporeal,  material. 

"  Most  ponderous  and  tubstantiat  thing*," 

Shakttp.  ;  Meaturt/or  .\feajnir*.  ill  X 

4.  Having  firm  or  good  substance  ;  strong, 
solid,  stout  :  as,  substantial  cloth,  a  substan- 
tial meal. 

5.  Firm,  strong. 

6  Possessed  of  considerable  substance, 
wealth,  or  property  ;  fairly  wealthy  ;  respon- 
sible. 

"  H«  had  .  .  .  merely  Inquired  whether  they  were 
lubttantial  dtl»us."-J/aoiulay  :  Bitt.  Eitg.,  ch.  xv. 

7,  Vital,  important 

"  Cbristem  church  can  never  erre  in  any  iub$tandaU 
point."—  Sir  T.  More  :  iforAm.  p.  I6i 

8.  Of  considerable  amount  :  as,  substantial 
damages. 

B.  As  subst.  (PI):  Essential  parts.    [SuB- 

BTANTIALIA.] 

"Although  ft  custom  Introduced  against  the  tub' 
ttti/tti'ilf  of  an  appeal  be  not  valid,  as  that  It  should 
not  be  appealed  to  a  superior  but  to  an  Inferior  Judge, 
yet  a  custom  may  be  Introduced  against  the  accidentals 
of  an  appeal."—  Ayliffe  :  Partrgon. 

sub-stan-tt-a  -«-a  (tl  as  shl),  *.  j*.    [Lat. 

neut.  pi.  of  substantialis  —  substantial  (q.v.).] 
Scott  Low  :  Those  parts  of  a  deed  which  are 
essential  to  its  validity  as  a  formal  instru- 
ment. 

sub  stau'  tial  i?iu  (ti  as  sk),  «.  The 
doctrine  that,  'belaud  the  phenomena  of  con- 
sciousness and  of  nature,  there  are  real  sub- 
stances, whether  mental  or  corporeal. 

sub  stan-tl-al-i  ty  (tl  as  shl),  *.  [Bng. 
substantial  ;  -ity.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  substantial, 
or  of  having  real  existence  ;  reality. 

"The  moral  attributes  of  the  Deity,  and  the  mb. 
ttantiality  of  the  souL"—  Warburton:  Bolingbrake't 
PhilotopHy.  let  3. 

2.  Corporeity,  materiality. 

"The  sou!  is  a  stranger  to  such  gross  tiibttantiality, 
and  owns  nothing  of  the*e."—  Glaneill  :  Scepsii,  ch.  iv 

3.  Firmness,  strength,  solidity. 

sub  -stan'-  tlal  -ize  (tl  as  sh),  v.t.    [Eng. 

substantial;  -ue.]    To  render  substantial. 

sub  stan  -tiaMy  (ti  as  sli),  *  sub  -stan- 

da!  ~lyt  adv.     [Eng.  substantial  ;  -ly.\ 

1.  In  a  substantial  manner  ;  in  manner  of  a 
substance  ;  with  reality  of  existence. 

"  In  Him  all  his  Father  shone 
Xubttantialltt  e*i>r<:M»iL"       MUtvn:  P.  L.,  Hi.  140. 

2.  In    a    substantial    manner  ;    strongly. 
aolidly. 

"  And,  In  one  part,  a  minster  with  it*  tower 
Subttantwllu  expressed—  a  place  for  bell 
Or  clock  to  toll  from  !  " 

WortUtforth  :  AfUcellantous  fhnnett, 

3.  Truly,  really  ;  not  falsely  or  hypocriti- 
cally. 

"  The  laws  of  this  religion  would  make  man,  If  they 
would  truly  observe  them,  tubtt<intiulli/  religious  to- 
wards  God,  chaste,  and  temperate."—  TiUotton. 

*4.  Strongly,  vigorously,  firmly. 

"Charles,  hauynjre  thus  the  rule  and  goneroaunce, 
nil  yd  it  well  and  tubtttniciulli/."—f'ul/yan  :  Chronucle, 
oh.  cxiv. 

5.  In  substance  ;  in  the  main  ;  essentially  ; 
by  including  the  material  or  essential  part. 

"That  which  Is  created,  being  supposed  to  differ 
essentially  or  tvbitantifillf/.  from  that  which  Is  un- 
created."—  Cudwrth:  Inlttt.  Syitfjn.  p.  606. 

6.  With  a  competence  of  goods  or  substance. 

sub  stan  tial-ness  (tl  as  sh),  *.  [Bng. 
substantial  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 


being  substantial ;   substantiality,  strength, 

firmness,  solidity. 

"  In  degree  as  In  tubitantiatnett  (the  lonlqne)  next 
above  the  dorique,  sustaining  the  third,  and  adorning 
the  second  itoxy."— Keliguia  WoUoniarut,  p.  21. 

sub  -stan'  -tlala  (tl  as  sh),  s.  pi.    [SUBSTAV- 

T1AL,  B.J 

sub  -  stan'-  tl-  ate  (tl  as  shl),  v.t.  [Eng. 
substance;  -iate.] 

*  1.  To  give  substance  or   reality  to ;   to 
make  to  exist ;  to  make  real  or  actual. 

"He  would  not  embitter  their  enjoyments,  but  h« 
wouhl  sweeten  and  tubnanttnte  theui.  by  giving  them 
a  better  foundation."— Knot :  Workt,  voL  vi.,  ser.  6. 

2.  To  establish  by  proof  or  competent  evi- 
dence ;  to  prove,  to  verify ;  to  make  good. 

"The  evidence  of  the  most  infamous  of  mankind 
was  ready  t»  tubxtanftttfe  every  charge."—  Stacaulay  : 
ane.  Bng.,  cli.  \  L 

sub  -stan-tl-a'-tion  (tlas  shi),  s.  [SUB- 
STANTIATE.] The  act  of  substantiating  or 
proving ;  proof,  evidence. 

sub'-stan-ti-val,  a.  [Eng.  substantive);  -aL} 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  substan- 
tive :  as,  the  substantival  use  of  a  word. 

sub'-stan-tive,  *  sub  -stan  -tif,  *  snb- 
stan-tyf,  a.  &  ».  [Fr.  sub&tantif,  from  Lat. 
sitbstantints  —  self-existent ;  Sp.  substantive.] 

A.  As  adjective; 

1.  Betokening  or  expressing  existence :  as, 
the  substantive  verb  to  be. 

*  2.  Depending  on  itself;  independent. 

"He  considered  how  sufficient  and  sufirtanfMM  thll 
land  was  to  maintain  itself,  without  any  aid  of  the 
foreigner." — Bacon. 

*  3.  Solid,  enduring,  firm,  substantial. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Gram.  :  A  noun  ;  the  part  of  speech  which 
expresses  something  that  exists,  either  mate- 
rial or  immaterial. 

"  Every  noun  which  In  conjunction  with  a  rerb 
makes  a  compleat  sentence  ...  la  called  a  t 
ti<-'-."—  WttJttru  ;  Seal  Character,  pt  UL,  ch,  L 

substantive  colours,  *.  pi 

Dyeing :  Colours  which,  in  the  process  of 
dyeing,  remain  fixed  or  permanent  without 
the  intervention  of  other  substances,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  adjective  colours,  which 
require  the  aid  of  mordants  to  fix  them. 

*  sub'-stan-tivo,  v.t.    [SUBSTANTIVE,  a.]    To 
convert  into  or  use  as  a  substantive. 

"  The  word  .  .  .  is  not  ft  diminutive,  u  some  h*Yt) 

conceived,  but  an  adjective  mbtlnnti9d."—Cu.dw<irth  : 
Intoll.  Syttem,  p.  2*4. 

sub  stan  tive-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  substantive ; 
•ly-] 

*  1.  Ord,  Lang. :  In  substance  ;  essentially, 
substantially  ;  in  reality. 

2.  Gram. :  In  manner  of  a  substantive  ;  as  a 
substantive  or  noun. 

"  Moreover  it  U  to  He  observ'd,  that  the  personal 
pronouns,  and  any  of  the  rest  being  us'd  tubituntivtly, 
are  capable  of  number  and  ca»e."— IFifArin* :  Real 
Character,  pt.  ill,  ch.  it. 

*  sub'-stan-tive-ness,*.    [Eng.  substantive; 
•ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being   sub- 
stantive. 

sub  ster'-nal,  a.  [Lat.  sub  =  under,  and 
sternum  =  the  breast-bone.] 

A  nut. :  Situated  or  being  under  the  sternum : 
as,  the  substernal  lymphatics. 

SUb'-Stfle,  8.      [StIBSTYLE.] 

sub'-sti-tute,  *  sub  sty-tute,  v.t.    [Srj». 
BTiTin-E,  a.] 
1.  To  put  one  in  the  place  of  another;  to 

put  in  exchange. 

"  Reject  him,  test  he  darken  all  the  flock. 
And  tubtrititie  another  from  thy  stuck. 

tiryden:  Yirgit;  Qeorglc  lit.  699. 

*  2.  To  invest  or  appoint  with  delegated 
power. 

"  But  who  Is  ru&f'ff ufetf  'gainst  the  French, 
I  have  110  certain  uotiue." 

M.tketp.  :  S  Henry  IV.,  L  1 

sub-sti-tute,  re.  &  s.  [Fr.  substUut  =  sub- 
stitute, from  Lat.  substitutus,  pa.  par.  of  sub- 
stituo  =  to  lay  under,  to  put  instead  of:  sub 
=  under,  and  statuo=to  place;  Sp.  &  Port. 
substitute :  Ital.  sustituto.] 

*  A.  As  adj. :  Substituted ;  put  in  place  of 
another. 

"  It  may  well  happen  that  this  pope  may  be  deponed. 
and  another  tubttitut*  In  his  ron»4.'— Ar  T.  Jforti 
Workrt,  p.  1,427. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  Jo^l;  cat,  9cU,  chorus,  ohin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  pis;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenopnon,  e^ist.   -ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan,    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -slon  =  zhun.    -clous.  -Uous,    sious  =  anus.    -ble.  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  d«l> 


•4520 


substitution— subterfluent 


B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  person  put  in  the  place  of  another  to 
answer  the  same  purpose ;  one  who  acts  for 
another  ;  one  who  takes  the  place  of  another. 
Spcc\f. :  One  who  is  hired  to  serve  in  place  of 
another  who  has  been  drafted  into  military 
service.    (U.S.) 

2.  Something  pat  in  the  place  of  another ; 
oce  thing  serving  the  purpose  of  another. 

"  Marnier  is  all  in  all,  whaU'er  i>  writ. 
The  tubtliruti  for  genius,  MUM  and  wit" 

Cotrixr:  Tablt  Talk,  Hi. 

•ftb-stf  tu   tion,    *  sub  stl-tu  ci  on,  .*. 

(Fr..  from  Lat.  tubstitutionem,  accus.  of  sub- 

ttitvtio,  from  subst Unfits  =  substitute  (q.v.) ; 

tip. substitution ;  lta.l.su$tituzione,sostUuzione.] 

I.  Ordinary  language : 

1.  The  act  of  substituting  or  putting  one 
person  or  thing  in  the  place  of  another  to 
serve  the  tame  purpose. 

"  The  Babbln  of  the  Jews  who  lived  since  the  dis- 
penlon  of  the  nation,  thought  all  would  be  well  If  for 
tutelar  deities  they  lubotituted  tutelar  angels.  From 
this  tubtlUutton  the  system  which  I  have  described 
arose."— Bp.  Horilfy  :  Sermonl,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  39. 

2.  The  state  of  being  substituted  or  put 
fa  the  place  of  another  to  serve  the  same 
purpose. 

*  3.  The  office  of  a  substitute ;   delegated 
authority. 

"  He  did  tenure 

He  waa  the  duke  from  tubititution, 
And  executing  tli'  outward  face  of  royalty." 

Shakajj.  :  Ttmpett.  L  t, 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Alg. :  The    operation    of    putting   one 
quantity  in  place  of  another,  to  which  it  is 
equal,  but  differently  expressed. 

2.  CKem. :  A  term  denoting  the  replacing  of 
one  element  or  group  of  elements  for  another. 
It  is  the  great  agent,  and  coven  nearly  the 
whole  field  of  chemical  change,  and  is  always 
attended  with  some  alteration  of  properties  in 
the  compound,  the  alteration  increasing  with 
the  amount  of  the  substitution.     (1)  When 
Chlorine  replaces  hydrogen  in  marsh  gas,  form- 
ing hydrochloric  acid  and  methylic  chloride. 
CH«  +  Clj  =  HC1  +  CH8C1.    (2)  When  an  al- 
cohol radical  replaces  chlorine,  as  in  trichlo- 
ride of  phosphorus,  SZnfCjHjOs  +  2PCU  = 
SZnCl2  +  ZPCCsHj).,.   (3)  A  Ipasylons  or  chlor- 
ous radical  is  replaced  one  for  the  other,  as 
when   nitrate  of  silver   is   decomposed   by 
chloride  of  sodium,  AgNog  +  NaOl  =  N'aNog 
+  AgCl.    (4)  When  hydrogen  is  replaced  by 
an  alcohol  radical,  as  in  the  case  of  acting  on 
ammonia  with  iodide  of  ethyl,  H8N  +  CjHj,! 

=  HI+Ca^}.N.    (See  SALTS,  EQUIVALENTS.) 

8.  Gram. :  Syllepsis  (q.v.). 

4.  Law : 

(1)  CivU  Law :  A  conditional  appointment 
of  an  heir. 

(2)  Scots  Law:  The  enumeration  or  designa- 
tion of  the  heirs  in  a  settlement  of  property. 

5.  TKeoL :  The  doctrine  that  in  the  Cruci- 
fixion Christ  was  divinely  substituted  for,  or 
took  the  place  of,  the  elect  [CALVINISM],  or  of 
all  mankind  [AUMINIANISM],  obeying  the  law 
in  their  stead,  suffering  the  penalty,  expiating 
their  sins,  and  procuring  for  them  salvation. 
[ATONEMENT.]    Used  also  of  the  principle  in- 
volved in  the  bloody  sacrifices  of  the  Jewish 
economy  (in  which  the  animals  were  types  of 
Christ),  and  in  a  still  wider  sense  of  the 
offering  of  the  lower  animals  in  the  place  of 
men,  and  of  unbloody  in  the  place  of  bloody 
sacrifices  in  ethnic  religious.    [SACBIFICE,  «., 
II.  1.  (4).] 

•  sub  sti  tu  -tlon-al,  a.   [Eng. substitution; 
•02.  ]    Pertaining  to  o'r  implying  substitution  ; 
supplying  the  place  of  another. 

•  sub  sti  tu   tion  al  ly,  adv.     [Eng.  sub- 
stiiutimal ;  -ly.]  In  a  substitution!  manner  ; 
by  way  of  substitution. 

1  sub  -  sti -tu'- tion -ar-y,  a.  [Eng.  tubsti- 
tvtim;  -ary.]  Pertaining  to  or  making  sub- 
stitution ;  substitutiouaL 

•sfib'-stl-tu-tlve,  o.  [Eng.  tubstitutie) ; 
-it*.]  Making  substitution ;  tending  to  afford 
or  provide  substitution :  capable  of  being 
substituted. 


»t  nbttUuti**  particle.,  which  MTf •  to  rapp 

>iu  of  twine  MDt0tic«  or  complex  part  of  It,  a 
i.iterJ«ctioom."-H'aWni:   foal  (Character,   j 


*  Sttb -stl-tu-tor-y,  a.  [Eng.  tutatitut(e) ; 
-ory.}  Substitutional ;  capable  of  being  sub- 
stituted for  another. 


the  ruo 
•tiled  i... 
111.,  ch  IL 


*  cub-str&ct',  P.(.  [Formed  from  sub  —  under, 
and  traho  —  to  draw,  on  an  erroneous  supposed 
analogy  with  abstract  (q.v.).J 

1.  To  subtract 

"  Whatsoever  time  and  attendance  we  t»Mtow  upon 
one  thi  IIJT.  we  mint  ueceuarily  tubttract  from  another. " 
— Scott :  Chrittian  Lf/*,  pt.  L,  ch.  ir. 

2.  To  withdraw. 

"  Subtracting  hi*  gracious  direction  ana  aulitance. 
he  ffiveth  them  over  to  their  own  liearU*  lust*."— 
Burrow :  Sermon*,  voL  lit.,  Mr.  IS, 

*  siib  strac  -tion,  s.  [SUBSTRACT.]  Subtrac- 
tion.   (Now  only  ia  vulgar  use.) 

"  I  cannot  call  this  piece  Tully's  nor  my  own.  being 
much  altered  not  only  by  the  change  of  the  •tyle.tlmt 
by  addition  and  tubttraetion." — Deiihum, 

*  S-ib -Str&C -tor,  *.     [Ens.  substract;  -or.] 
One  who  subtracts ;  a  subtracter ;  hence,  a 
detractor,  a  slanderer. 

"  They  are  scoundrel*  and  xubstractori  that  »ay  §0  of 


*  sub'  -  strata,  «.    [SUBSTRATE,  «.]    A  sub- 
stratum (q.v.). 

*  sub-strate',  v.t.    [Lat.  substratus,  pa.  par. 
of  subaterno  :  sub  =  under,  and  sterno  ==  to 
strew.]    To  strew  or  lay  under  something. 

"  The  melted  glass  being  supported  by  the  tubitrated 
•and.'—  Boyle  ;  Worts,  11.  322. 

sub  stra  turn  (pi.  sub  stra  ta),  s.  [Lat., 
neut.  sing,  of  substratus,  pa.  par.  of  substerno.] 
[SUBSTRATE,  «.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit.  :  That  which  is  laid  or  spread  under  ; 
that  which  underlies  something;  specif.,  a 
stratum  of  earth  lying  under  another  ;  sub- 
soil. 

t  2.  Fig.  :  That  which  underlies  anything  : 
as,  There  is  a  substratum  of  truth  in  the  state- 
ment. 

IL  Philos.  :  The  same  as  SUBSTANCE,  II.  2. 

"That  which  manifest*  its  qualities—  in  other  words, 
that  iu  which  the  appearing  causes  inhere,  that  to 
which  they  belong—  is  called  their  subject,  or  sub- 
stance, or  tubetratum."—  Bamilton:  Metaphylict  (ed. 
Hatisel),  1.  1S7. 

"  sub-struct  ,  v.t.  [SUBSTRUCTION.]  To  build 
beneath  ;  to  lay  as  the  foundation  of. 

*  sub  Struc  -tion,  s.     [Lat.  substructio,  from 
substrttctus,   pa.   par.  of  substruo  =  to  build 
under  :  rub  =  under,  and  struo  =  to    build.] 
An  underbuilding  ;  a  mass  of  building  under 
another  ;  a  foundation. 

"  To  found  our  habitation  firmly,  examine  the  bed 
of  earth  upon  which  we  build,  and  then  the  under. 
fillings,  or  MsMnscMotL  as  the  ancients  called  it."— 
Wotton  :  tttmniiu,  p.  17. 

sub  struc  -tore,  >.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
structure  (q.v.).]  Anunderstructure  ;  afounda- 
tion. 

"  Being  adapted  in  modern  times]  to  Tarlous  uses, 
for  example,  as  the  lubttructure  of  a  wind-mill."— 
tonaftllotf  :  Skeleton  m  Armour.  (Introd.j 

sub  -  sty-  -  l»r,  »  sub  -  «ti'  -  lar,  o.  [Eng. 
substyl(e);  -or.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sub- 
style  ;  consisting  of  the  substyle. 

substylar  line,  «  substilar  line,  s. 

Dialling  :  A  right  line  on  which  the  gnomon 
or  style  is  erected  at  right  angles  with  the 
plane. 

"  Erect  the  style  perpendicularly  over  the  titbit  itar 
tinr,  so  aa  to  malce  an  angle  with  the  dial-plane  equal 
to  the  elevation  of  the  pole  of  your  place."—  iioxon: 
JfecA.  Exercilet. 

sub'-  style,  s.      [Pref.  rub-,  and  Eng.  ttyle 
(q.v.).] 
Dialling:  The  line  on  which  the  style  or 


gnomon  stands,  formed  by  the  intersection  of 
he  plane  of  the  dial  with  the  plane  which 


th 


passes  through  the  gnomon. 

*  sub-sul'-tlve,  a.     [Lat.  rubsultum,  sup.  of 
fubsilio  =  to  leap  up  :  sub  =  under,  and  talio 
=  to  leap.)  Moving  by  sudden  leaps  or  starts  ; 
bounding  ;  having  a  spasmodic  character. 

"The  earth.  I  was  told,  moved  up  and  down  like  the 
boiling  of  a  pot  :  ...  this  son  of  tubtvltive  motion  is 
ever  accounted  the  most  dangerous."—  Bithop  Berkelru  ' 
Ltttert,  p.  147. 

*  sub-sult'-or-I-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  subtultory  ; 
-ly.]    In  a  subsultory  or  bounding  manner  ; 
by  leaps  ;  by  fits  and  starts. 

"  The  spirits  spraad  even,  and  move  not  su&fwItorUv  ; 
for  that  will  make  the  parts  close  and  pliant."—  Bacon  .- 

•siib-«nlt'-or-JF,  a.    [SuBsui/rivt)   Sub- 
sultive,  spasmodic. 

"  Flippancy  opposed  to  solemnity,  the  tubtultorv  to 
the  continuous,  then  are  the  two  frequent  extremities 
to  which  the  French  manner  betrays  men.'—  Da  Cuin- 
es*:  Workl.  X.  137. 


sub  siil-tus,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat.  tit*. 
sultui,  pa.  par.  of  subsitio.]  [SUBBULTIVE.] 

Puthol. :  Leaping,  twitching.  Used  chiefly 
of  a  spasmodic  or  clonic  convulsion,  percep- 
tible mainly  in  the  tendons  of  the  wrist  In  a 
more  general  sense  it  is  applied  tu  all  in- 
voluntary twitching  or  spasmodic  contraction 
of  muscular  parts.  Subsultus  is  often  a  prelude 
to  general  convulsions;  it  frequently  arises 
during  the  course  of  continued  fevers,  and  is 
generally  an  unfavourable  symptom. 

*  »ub-«unie',  v.t.     [Lat  tvb  =  under,  and 
sumo  =  to  take.)     To  include  under  a  more 
general  class  or  category  ;  to  place  under,  and 
as  being  comprehended  in  a  wider  notion. 

"St.  Paul  cannot  name  that  word,  'sinners,'  but 
must  straight  tttbntme  iu  a  parenthesis,  'of  whom  1 
am  the  chief.'  "—Hammond :  Worki.  iv.  414. 

sub  sump  tion  (j>  silent),  «.  [Lat  iub- 
under,  and  sumptio  =  a  taking.] 

1.  The  act  of  subsuming;  the  act  of  in- 
cluding under  something  more  general,  as  a 
particular  under  a  universal,  a  species  under 
a  genus,  &c. 

2.  That  which   is    subsumed ;   the   minor 
clause  or  premiss  of  a  syllogism. 

U  Subsumption  of  the  libel: 

Scoti  Law:  A  narrative  of  the  alleged 
criminal  act,  which  must  specify  the  manner, 
place,  and  time  of  the  crime  libelled,  the 
person  injured,  &c. 

*  sub  sump   ttve  (p  silent),  a.     [St'Bsuiir- 
TION.)    Of  or  relating  to  a  subsumption ;  of 
the  nature  of  a  subsumption. 

sub  -tack, ».   [Pref.  tut-,  and  Eng.  tack  (q.v.).] 
Scots  Law :  An  under-lease ;  a  lease  of  a 
farm  tenement,  4c.,  granted  by  the  principal 
tenant  or  leaseholder. 

sub  tan  -gent,  s.  [Pref.  nib-,  and  Eng.  tan- 
gent (q.v.).J 

Conic  Sections :  That  part  of  an  axis  included 
between  the  points  in  which  a  tangent  cuts 
it  and  the  foot  of  the  ordinate  through  the 
point  of  contact.  The  subtangent  and  sub- 
normal are  projections  of  the  tangent  and 
normal  upon  the  axis  on  which  they  are  taken, 
or  to  which  they  are  referred.  The  subtan- 
gent and  the  subnormal  form  the  hypothenuse 
of  a  right-angled  triangle,  whose  other  sides 
are  the  tangent  and  the  normal ;  hence  the 
square  of  the  ordinate  of  the  point  of  contact 
is  always  equal  to  the  product  of  the  sub- 
tangent  and  subnormal. 

*  sub  tar  tar'-«5  an,  o.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 

Tartarean  (q.v.).]     Situated,  being,  or  living 
under  Tartarus  ;  Infernal. 

"  From  the  infernal  bowers 
Invokes  the  sable  tiibtartarean  powers." 

rope:  Bomer;  Iliad  xtv.  nt 

*  BUb-tSc'-ta-cle,  >.   [Lat  mbtectus,  pa.  par. 
of  svbtego  =  to  cover  below.)    A  tabernacle,  & 
covering. 

"This  Is  true  Faith's  Intlre  «t<»f«*irf«." 

Vutta  :  HcJv  Koade,  p.  M. 

"sub  teg  u-lane  oils,  a.  [Lat.  subttgv- 
laneui,  from  sub  =  under,  and  tegulce  =  tiles, 
roof.]  Under  the  eaves  or  roof ;  withindoors. 

sub  ten  ant,  «.  [Pref.  «ub-,  and  Eng.  tenant 
(q.v.).]  An  under-tenant;  ft  tenant  under  a 
tenant ;  one  who  rents  a  house,  hind,  Azc., 
from  a  tenant. 

•fib-tend',   v.t.     [Lat  tuUendo,  from  «ui  = 
under,  and  tendo  =  to  stretch.) 
Geom. :  To  extend  under  or  be  opposite  to. 

"  If  two  augles  of  a  triangle  be  equal  to  one  another. 
the  sides  which  tubtend,  or  are  opposite  to  the  equal 
angles,  are  equal  to  one  another."— Euclid,  L  6. 

*  (fib-tense',  s.     [Lat.  suotenrus,  pa.  par.  of 
tubtendo  =  to  subtend  (q.v.).] 

Geom. :  A  line  subtending  or  stretching 
across ;  a  chord  of  an  arc ;  a  line  or  angle  op- 
posite to  a  line  or  angle  spoken  of. 

"An  equal  tttbttnie  (you  say)  subtends  an  equal 
periphery,  a  greater  a  greater,  and  a  leaser  a  less."— 
Aamw :  itathemmical  Leeturtt,  lect.  22 

*  SUb-tep'-Id,  a.    [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  tepid 
(q.v.).]    Moderately  warm  ;  slightly  tepid. 

•fib-ter-,  pref.  [Lat]  A  Latin  preposition 
meaning  under,  and  used  in  composition  with 
much  the  same  force  as  sub. 

*  sub  ter  flu  ent,  *  sub  tor  flu  ous,  a 
[Lat  subterjluens,  pr.  par.  of  subterfluo  •=.  to 
flow  under :   tubter  —  under,    and  fluo  =  to 
flow.]    Flowing  or  running  under  or  beneath. 


fate,  fat,  fiire,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
or,  wore,  W9H  work,  whd,  sin;  mute,  cftb,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  lull;  try,  Syrian,    tt,  ce  =  e;  ey  -  a:  qn  =  kw. 


subterfuge— subtraction 


4931 


•fib  ter-luge,  5.  [Fr.,  from  Low  L»t.  tub- 
terfugium,  from  Lai.  subterfugio  =  to  escape 
secretly  :  sutler  =  under,  secretly,  and  fugio 
=  to  fly.]  That  to  which  a  person  resorts  for 
escape  or  concealment ;  a  shift,  an  evasion  ; 
an  artifice  employed  to  escape  censure,  or  the 
force  of  an  argument,  or  to  justify  opinions  or 
conduct 

"  This  pie*  the  king  considered  as  the  tubterfunf  of 
a  vanquished,  disputant."—  tiacaulay :  HM.  £ny., 
oh.  vL 

•fib-ter-pi-si'-tlon,  ».  [Fret  tubter-,  and 
Bug.  position  (q-v.).] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  state  of  lying  or  being 
situated  under  something  else. 

2.  Geol.  :  Used  of  the  situation  of  a  stra- 
tum lying  beneath  and  presumably  older  than 
another  one.  Opposed  to  superposition  (q.v.). 

•  sub'-tSr-rane,  s.   [SUBTERRANEAN.]  A  cave 

or  room  under  ground. 

"  Joseph  us  mentions  vast  tubterranet  in  loins  of  the 
hilli  in  that  part  of  Canaan  called  Galilee."— Bryant. • 
AnalvM  of  Ancient  Mythology,  iii.  WS. 

•sub-ter-ran'-S-al,  o.  [SUBTKBRANEOOT.] 
Subterranean. 

••  To  set  down  here  the  ground*  of  my  paiodoiical 
conjecture  about  the  effects  of  tubterraneal  fires  and 
heats."— BoyUs  rVor*s.  UL  M. 

•nb-ter-ra'-nS-an,  sub-te>-ra'-n6-ous, 

a.  [Lat.  sit.btcrra.ncus,  from  *ub  =  under,  and 
terra  =  the  earth ;  Fr.  souterrain  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
mbterraneo  ;  Ital.  sotteraneo,  sotterano.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Being  or  lying  at  some  depth 
under  the  surface  of  the  ground ;   situated 
within  the  earth  or  underneath  its  surface* 

2.  Bot. :  Growing  under  the  earth. 
*  subterraneous  forest,  «. 

Geol. ;  A  forest  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  It  may  be  recent  or  may  belong 
to  a  more  or  less  remote  geological  period. 
[DIRT-BED,  SUBMARINE-FOREST.) 

•sub-ter-ra'-ne-oiis-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  roo- 
terrancous;  -ly.]  In  a  subterraneous  manner ; 
hence,  secretly,  imperceptibly. 

•  snb-ter-ran'-i-ty,  s.  [SUBTERRANEAN.]  A 
place  under  ground. 

"  We  commonly  consider  lubtrrramtie.',  not  In  con- 
templations •udiciently  respective  unto  the  creation. 
—Brou/te  :  Vulgar  Srrouri,  bk.  ii.,  cb.  i. 

«  sub'-ter-ra-ny,  a.  &  s.    [SUBTERRANEAN.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Subterranean,  underground. 

"They  ImeUlsl  an  wholly  rubterrany  ;  whereas 
plants  are  part  above  earth,  and  part  under  earth." — 
Eicon  .  Sat.  HM..  I  603. 

B.  As  subst. :  That  which  lies  or  is  under- 
ground. 

"  We  see  that  in  tubterraniet  there  are.  as  the  fathers 
of  their  tribes,  brimstone  and  mercury."  —  Bacon  : 
Xat.  Sitt  ,  |  SM. 

•  uub-ter-rene',  a.     [Lat.  subterrenus,  from 
tub  =  under,  and  terra  =  the  earth.]    Subter- 
ranean. 

"  The  earth  is  full  of  lubterrene  fires."—  Sandyti 
Fratell.  p.  M. 

•  sTOb-tSr-res'-trl-al,  a.     [Pref.  sub-,  and 
Eng.  terrestrial  (q.v.)".]     Below  the  earth. 

"  This  tubterrcttrlal  country.'— T.  Browne:  Workt, 
11.209. 

•fib  -tOe  (or  as  .rt.t1X  *  sub-til,  *  sot  el, 
•  sot  11,  *  sot-lie,  •  sub  till,  a.  [O.  Fr. 

totil,  sotyl,  subtil,  from  Lat.  subtilis  =  fine, 
thin,  slender,  precise,  accurate,  subtle,  from 
tub  =  under,  and  tela  (for  tacla)  =  a  web ;  texo 
=  to  weave ;  O.  Sp.  &  Port,  tubtil ;  Sp.  sutU  ; 
Ital.  so'tile.] 

1.  Tenuous,  thin ;  not  dense  or  gross ;  ex- 
tremely tine. 

"  Aloft  the  ntotiU  sunbeams  shine." 

Wordtworth  :  evening  WaUc. 

2.  Delicately  constructed  or  constituted ; 
delicate,  fine,  nice. 

"  More  tublilf  web  Arachne  cannot  spin." 

Spenter  :  r.  ^.,  U.  xii.  77. 

*  3.  Piercing,  acute,  sharp,  penetrating. 

"  Pass  we  the  slow  disease,  and  lubtile  pain. 
Which  our  weak  frame  is  destiu'd  to  sustain." 

friar :  Solomon,  111.  13». 

*  4.  Characterized  by  acuteness  of  mind  or 
Intellect ;  shrewd,  sharp,  discerning. 

*  5.  Sly,  artful,  cunning,  crafty,  deceitful 
treacherous. 

"Think  you  this  York 
Was  not  incensed  by  his  lubtile  mother 
To  taunt  and  scorn  yon  I" 

ShoJceip. :  Kichard  III.,  ill.  1. 

5  In  senses  4  and  6  now  generally  spelt 
subtle  (q.w.). 


•  sfib'-tne-ly  (or  as  snt'l-ly).  adv.     (Eng. 
subtile;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  subtile  manner  ;  finely  ;  not  densely 
or  grossly. 

"The  opakest  bodies.  If  ntbtitety  divided,  as  metals 
dissolved  in  acid  menstruums,  become  perfectly  trans- 
parent."—  JVewton. 

2.  Cunningly,  artfully,  subtly. 

"  His  lord  wel  coude  he  pleseu  tubtiHy." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  S12. 

sub'-tUe-ness  (or  as  sutl-neM),  s.  [Eng. 
subtile;  -ness.} 

1.  Th.e  quality  or  state  of  being  subtile  ; 
thinness,  fineness,  rareness. 

"  I  propose  to  treat  of  the  erysipelas  from  cbolerlck 
blood,  which  affects  only  the  outward  parts,  none 
of  which  escapes  Its  tenuity  and  luOlUcnsti."-  n'ite- 
tnan;  Surgery,  bk.  L,  cil.  vi. 

2.  Fineness,  acuteness. 

3.  Cunning,  artfulness,  subtlety. 

*  sub-tiT-i-ate,  v.t.    [Eng.  «u!>M(«);  -fate.] 
To  make  subtile,  rare,  or  thin. 

"Hatter,  however  tubtilttited.  Is  matter  still."— 
Boyle:  World,  iii.  X. 

•  sub-ttl-l-a'-tlon,  «.    [Fr.]    Theactofsub- 
tiliating  or  making  thin  or  rare. 

"  By  tttb'itiarion  and  rarefaction  the  oil  contained 
In  grapes,  if  distilled  before  it  be  fermented,  becomes 
spirit  of  wine.'—  Boylt:  (forts,  Iii.  89. 

sub  -til  Ism  (or  as  sut  1-Ism),  ».  [Eng. 
subtiuj)  ;  -ism.)  The  quality  of  being  subtle  ; 
subtlety.  * 

•ub-tn'-I-ty,  ».  [O.  Fr.  sotUleti,  tuUilite, 
from  Lat.  mbtilitatcm,  accus.  of  fubtilitas, 
from  subtilis  =  subtile  (q.v.).]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  subtile  ;  subtileness,  fine- 
ness. 

sub  tn-i-za  tlon,  «.  [Kng.  tuttttufc); 
-ation.] 

1.  Lit.  :  The  act  of  subtilizing  or  making 
thin  or  subtile. 

"Fluids  have  their  resistances  proportioned  to  their 
densities,  so  that  no  tubtiliuttion.  division  of  parts  or 
refining,  can  alter  these  resistances."—  Cheyne  :  Pltila. 
Principtei. 

2.  Fig.  :  Refinement  or  subtlety  In  drawing 
distinctions,  &c. 

sub  til-ize  (or  as  lut'l-ize),  v.t.  *  t.  [Fr. 
tubtiliser.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit.  :   To  make  fine  or  thin  ;  to  make 
less  gross  or  coarse. 

"  Chyle,  being  mixed  with  the  choler  and  pancreatlck 
Juices,  1s  further  lubtUuea."—  Ray  :  On  the  Creation. 

2.  fig-  :  To  refine  ;  to  spin  into  niceties. 

"By  over-refining  and  mbtiliiiiiy  plain  things."  — 
W  aterland  :  Work.  viii.  65. 

B.  Intrans.  :   To   refine  in  argument  ;   to 
draw  over-nice  distinctions. 

"Qualities  and  moods  some  modern  philosophers 
have  tubiilued  on."—JHffby  :  On  Bodiei. 

*  8ttb'-tll-iz-er,  ».    [Eng.  subtilise);  -er.]   A 
splitter  of  hairs. 

"  A  tubtitizer  and  inventor  of  unheard  of  distinc- 
tions."— north  :  lilt  of  Lord  OuUSord,  L.  118. 

sub  -til-ty  (or  as  sut  1-ty),  •  sot  el-  te, 
'•ot-el-tee,  *  sub-tll-tee,  ».  [O.  Fr. 

iotillete,  mbtilite.~\    [SUBTILITY.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  subtile  ; 
thinness,  rareness,  fineness. 

"Ceuld  any  body  by  tubtilty  become  vital,  then  any 
degree  of  tttbtill.it  would  produce  some  degree  of  life. 
—lirevi  :  Cotmo.  Sacra. 

*  2.  A  cunning  device  ;  an  intricate  device, 
symbol,  or  emblem. 

3.  Refinement  or  niceness  in  drawing  dis- 
tinctions or  the  like  ;  over  nicety  or  acute- 
ness. 

"Intelligible  discourses  are  spoiled  by  too  much 
tubtilty  in  nice  divisions."—  Locke. 

4.  Over-nice  distinctions  or  refinement;  a 
nicety. 

"Loading  him  with  trifling  tubtutiet,  which,  at  a 
proper  age,  hs  must  be  at  some  pains  to  forget."— 
Qoldsimtn  :  Bee,  No.  6. 

t  5.  Cunning,  artifice,  craft,  subtlety. 

"  The  rudeness  and  barbarity  of  savage  Indians  know 
not  so  perfectly  to  hate  all  virtues  as  some  men's  rub. 
tittt.'—Kinl  Charlet  :  Elton  BaiUUa. 

subtle  (as  sufl),  *  sot-el,  -  sot  11,  'sot- 

yl,  a.    [O.  Fr.  rutil,  sontil,  from  Lat  suUili 
=  subtile  (q.v.).] 

•  1.  Thin,  fine,  delicate,  snbtile, 

."  A  point  as  suotie  as  Aracbne's  broken  woof." 

:  Troilul  t  Creuida,  v.  I 


2.  Sly  in  design  ;  artful,  cunning,  crafty. 

"  The  serpent,  tubllett  beast  of  all  the  field." 

MUtm  :  P.  1...  vil.  MS. 


3.  Characterized  by  cunning,  craft,  or  ut 
fulness ;  cunning,  crafty. 

"  In  labyrinth  of  many  a  round,  .elf -rolled, 
ills  head  the  midst,  well  stored  with  tubtle  wiles.- 
Milton :  P.  L.,  ix.  1M. 

*  4.  Acting   under  the    cover   of  a   false 
appearance ;    being  other  than  iu  seeming ; 
deceptive,  treacherous,  false. 

"  Thou  tttbtle.  perjured,  false,  disloyal  man.* 

Bhakeep. :  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  iv.  t, 

5.  Characterized  by  acuteness  or  delicacy, 
as  of  thought,  mind,  workmanship,  or  the 
like  ;  acute  of  intellect ;  discerning,  refined. 

"  The  chief.  If  not  the  whole  difference,  between  the 
philosophical  necessity  of  our  tubrlr  moderns  and  the 
predestination  of  their  more  simple  ancestors." — 
Up.  ffortley:  Bermoni,  vol.  it.,  ser.  19. 

*  6.  Made  level  or  smooth  by  careful  labour. 

"  Like  te  a  bowl  upon  a  tubtle  ground." 

Shaketp. :  Coriolanut,  V.  S. 

subtle-witted,  a.  Possessed  of  subtle, 
intellect. 

"The  tttbllt-teitted  French  conjurers."— Sha&tp. : 
I  Bfnry  VI..  i.  1. 

subtleness  (as  sut'1-ness),  s.  (Eng.  suUle; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  subtle; 
subtlety. 

subtlety  (as  sut'l-ty),  'sot-el-te,  "sut- 
tle-ty,  a.  [Bug.  subtle ;  -ly.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  subtle  ; 
artfulness. 

"  Surely  a  father's  blessing  may  avert 
A  reptile's  lubtlely."          Byron  :  Cain,  Hi.  L 

2.  Acuteness  of  intellect;   nicety  of  dis- 
crimination. 

*  3.  False  appearance ;  deception,  illusion. 
"  Unlearned  in  the  world's  false  rubllettet." 

Shaketf. :  Sonnet  136. 

subf -ly  (6  silent),  adv.    [Eng.  subtle)  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  subtle,  crafty,  or  artful  manner; 
craftily,  cunningly. 

2.  Nicely,  delicately. 
•3.  Deceitfully. 

snb-ton'-io,  «.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng.  tonic 
(q.v.).] 

1.  Music:  The  same  as  SUBSEMITOSI  (q.T.). 

2.  Pron, :  An  elementary  sound  or  element 
of  speech  having  a  partial  vocality ;  a  vocal  01 
sonant  consonant.    (Goodrich.) 

sSb-toV-rlel,  a.  [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng.  torrid 
(q.v.).]  Approximately  torrid.  Applied  to » 
region  or  climate  bordering  on  the  torrid  zone. 

sub-tract',  v.t.  (Lat,  tubtractut,  pa.  par.  of 
subtraho  =  to  draw  away,  to  subtract :  sub 
=  under,  and  <ra7to  =  to  draw.)  To  with- 
draw or  take  away  a  part  from  the  rest ;  to- 
deduct :  as,  To  subtract  three  from  six. 

SUb-traof-er,  ».    (Eng.  subtract;  -«r.] 
1.  One  who  subtracts  or  deducts. 

*  2.  The  number  or  quantity  to  be  taken 
from  a  larger  number  or  quantity ;  the  sub- 
trahend. 

SUb-trao'-tlon,   «.     [Lat.    subtractio,    from, 
subtractus,  pa.  par.  of  subtraho  =  to  subtract 
(q.v.).] 
t  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  subtracting  or  deducting  a. 
part  from  a  whole ;  deduction. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 
H.  Technically  : 

1.  Arith.  :  The  act  or  operation  of  taking  i 
lesser  number  from  a  greater  of  the  same  kind 
or  denomination  ;  the  operation  of  finding  the 
difference   between    two    numbers,    or    the 
operation  of  finding  a  number  which,  being 
added  to  the  lesser  of  two  numbers,  will  pro- 
duce  the  greater.     The  greater  number  is 
called  the  minuend,  the  lesser  the  subtrahend, 
and  the  difference  the  remainder. 

Minuend          ...       943,652 
Subtrahend      ...       266,349 

Remainder       ...       687,303 

2.  Algebra :  As  algebra  deals  with  negative 
as  well  as  positive  qualities,  the  minuend 
(as  in  the  example)  is  often  less  than  the  sub- 
trahend.    The  algebraical  difference  of  two 
quantities  is  obtained  by  changing  the  sign 
of  the  subtrahend  and  adding  it  to  the  minis- 
end. 

Minuend  ...        Bx—  2y—  4» 

Subtrahend      ...       2i  +  4»  +  fa 

Remainder       _.         *  —  6y  —  9» 


VGB,  b«5y;  p«5ut.  Jo%l;  cat.  jell,  ehoms,  Jhlit,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this:  sin.  as ;  expect,  yenophon,  exist.   X*-* 
-cian,    tian^shan.   -tlon,  -slon  =  stun ;  -tlon,  -flon  =  ihun.   -«ious.  -tious,  -clous  =  shiis.   -We. -die,  &c.  =  bel,  «el. 


irabtractive— subway 


3.  Law :  A  withdrawing  or  neglecting,  as 
when  a  person  who  owes  any  suit,  duty,  cus 
torn,  or  service  to  another,  withdraws  it,  or 
neglects  to  perform  it. 

••  The  iuit  (or  restitution  of  conjujsj  rijhu  i 
brought  whenever  the  husband  or  wife  Is  guilty  of  th 
Injury  of  tublmvion.  or  UTes  sepe.re.te  from  the  otlie 
without  any  sufficient  reeeou."— Slactttoiu:  Com 
me,,!.,  bit.  ill.,  ell.  8. 

•fib-tr&c'-tire,  o.    [Eng.  rubtract ;  -iw.J 
*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Tending  or  having  power 

10  subtract. 
2.  Math. :  Having  the  minus  sign  (— )  placed 

before  it 

•fib  -tra  hend,  s.  f  Lat.  tubtrahendum,  neut 
aing.  of  luUralitndui,  fut-  pass.  par.  of  tub- 
traho  —  to  subtract  (q.v.).] 

Math. :  Tlie  sum,  nam>>er,  or  quantity  to  be 
subtracted   or  taken  from  another.     [Su 
TRACTION,  II.  1.] 

«tib-trans-lu'-$ent,  a.  [rref.  «*-,  and  Eng. 
translucent  (q.v.).J  Partially,  or  imperfectly 
translucent. 

rub  tran»  par  ont,  a.  [Fref.  rub-,  and 
Bug.  transparent  (q.v.).]  Partially  or  im- 
perfectly transparent. 

Bub  tri-an'  gu-lar,  a.  [Pref.  tut-,  and  Eng. 
triangular  (q.v.).]  Nearly  but  not  quite 
triangular. 

*fib-tri'-f  Id,  o.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng.  trifld 
(q.v.).]  Slightly  triad. 

sub-trl-he'-dral,  a.  [Pref.  mb-,  and  Eng. 
trihedral  (q.v.).]  Shaped  somewhat  like  a 
three-sided  pyramid. 

•ttb-trlp'-le  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  nib-,  and. 
Eng.  triple  (q.v.).]  Containing  a  third,  or  one 
part  of  three :  as,  3  is  subtriple  of  9. 

snbtrlple  ratio  (or  proportion),  s. 

The  ratio  or  proportion  of  1  to  3. 

"  The  power  will  be  In  s  tubrripli  proportion  to  the 
weight'—  HiOcint:  Math.  1/afidt. 

sub  trip  -II  cate,  o.  [Pref.  tut-,  and  Eng. 
triplicate  (q.v.).]_  In  the  ratio  of  the  cube 
roots:  as,  */u  .  */^ "ta  the  tubtriplieate 
ratio  of  a  :  b. 


•ub-trop   ic  al, 
tropical  (q.v.).] 


o.     [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng. 
..     „     Adjoining  the  tropics;  in- 
digenous to,  or  characteristic  of  the  regions 
adjoiuing  the  tropics. 

•sub-trude,  v.t.  fLat.  nib  =  under,  and 
trudo  =  to  thrust]  To  insert  or  place  under. 

iub-ttir-rio'-u-late,  a,     [Pref.   tub-,  and 
Eng.  turricuiate  (q.v.).] 
ZooJ. :  Slightly  turricuiate. 

•ttb'-tu-tdr,  «.  [Pref.  tub-,  and  Eng.  tutor 
(q.v.).]  An  nnder  or  assistant  tutor. 

"  H«  lEarl.    Bj>.  of  Salisbury]  had  been  hi>  [the 
king sj  tuotutor.  —Burnet:  Own  Time, ch.  11.  (»n.U6«j. 

•u  bu-Uir'-I-a.j.  [Lat.  mi6ii!a  =  auawl.  So 
named  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.] 

Bot. :  Awlwort ;  the  typical  genus  of  Subn- 
lariilie  (q.v.).  Sepals  spreading;  petals 
small,  white ;  pod  oval,  pointless,  with  tur- 
gid valves  and  many  seeds.  Subularin  aqua- 
ttca,  the  sole  species,  is  a  small,  submerged, 
herbaceous  plant,  with  a  naked,  few-flowered 
•cape,  growing  on  the  gravelly  bottoms  of 
snbalpine  lakes,  the  flowers,  even  when  fully 
In  bloom,  remaining  some  feet  below  the 
water.  It  occurs  in  the  temperate  parts  of  Asia 
and  America  and  in  parts  of  Europe. 

BU  bu  lar'  i-dsj,  «.  [Mod.  Lat  tubularity; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ui<r.] 

Bot. :  A  family  of  Crncifers,  tribe  Diple- 
colobee. 

su-bu-late,  su'-bu-lat  «d.  a.  [Lat 
nibuta,  =  an  awl.]  Shaped  like  an  awl ;  awl- 
shaped,  nearly  cylindrical,  but  tapering  to  a 
point 

•i  -bu-lL  i.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat  tubula 
=  an  awl,  a  small  weapon.] 

Sot. :  Theadcute  or  sharp  processes  formed 
by  some  fungals.  (Treat,  of  Bat.) 

•u  bu  II  cor  -nl-a,  t  su-bq-ll-oor'-nes. 
i.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lit.  nbtda  —  an  awl, 
and  carnu  =  a  horn.} 
Alton. :  A  tribe  of  Nenroptera,  or,  if  that 


order  be  divided,  of  Pseuilonenroptera.  I 
contains  two  families,  Ephemeride  and  Libel 
lulidse,  having  a  common  character  in  the 
form  of  the  antennae,  which  are  short,  awl 
shaped,  and  composed  of  few  joints.  The 
wings  are  membranous,  generally  much  reti 
culated  ;  the  eyes,  especially  in  the  males,  o 
comparatively  iai-ge  size  ;  and  the  preparatory 
states,  as  in  the  Perlidsp,  are  passed  in  tin 
water.  The  group,  which  was  founded  by 
Latreille,  is  by  no  means  a  natural  one,  bin 
is  retained  for  the  sake  of  convenience. 

SU'-btJ-U-fonn,  a.  [Lat  tubula—  an  awl 
and  forma  =  form,  shape.]  The  same  as 
SUBULATE  (q.v.). 

*  su'-b^-U-palp,  «.     [SuBULiFALPi.]     Any 
individual  of  the  Subulipalpi  (q.v.). 

*  su'-bn-U-pal-pi,  s.  pL    [Mod.  Lat,  from 
Lat  subula  =  an  awl,  and  Mud.  Lat  palpus 
=  a  feeler.]    [PALP.] 

Entom.  :  Latreille's  name  for  a  section  of 
the  Carabidie  (=  the  Bembidiides  of  West- 
wood).  The  terminal  joints  of  the  maxillary 
and  labial  palpi  are  very  minute  and  acute. 

sub-urn  bo  -naL,  a.    [Lat  tub  =  under,  and 
umfro,  genit.  umbonis  =  the  boss  of  a  shield.] 
Zoal.  :  Under  or  beneath  the  urnbo  in  bi 
valves. 

*  sub   iin-da'-tlon,  s.1    [Lat  sub  =  under, 
and  unda  =  a  wave.]    A  flood,  a  deluge,  an 
inundation. 

siib-un'-gual,  sub-un'-gtil-al  (n  as  w),o. 


=  under,andunyuM=a  nail.]  Under 
or  beneath  the  nail. 

sub-un  gu-la'-ta,  t.  pi.  [Pref.  mb-,  and 
Mod.  Lat  uiujUMta.  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  dt  Palceont.  :  A  group  or  section  of 
Ungulata  (q.v.),  distinguished  from  True 
Ungulates  (Ungulata  Vera),  by  the  strui-t-.ire 
of  the  carpus.  The  group  embraces  three 
sub-orders,  Hyracoidea,  Proboscidea,  and 
Amftlypoda,  all  of  which  are  in  many  classifi- 
cations treated  as  orders. 

sub'-urb,  ».  &  a.  [Lat.  rubwrUum,  from  mb 
=  under,  and  urbt  =  a  town,  a  city.] 

A*  As  substantive  : 

1.  An  outlying  part  of  a  city  or  town  ;  a 
part  without  the  city  boundaries,  but  in  the 
neighborhood  of  a  city  ;  as,  Ardmore  and  Over- 
brook  are  suburbs  of  Philadelphia,  (Generally 
used  in  the  plural.) 

"  But  shall  all  our  bouse*  of  reaort  In  the  tutntrtu  be 
pulled  dowul"—  ShoJoup.  :  feature  for  ifetuu.re,  i.  S. 

*  2.  The  confines  ;  the  out-part. 

"  They  on  the  smoothed  plank, 
The  iiibttro  of  tiieir  straw.bmlt  citadel, 
KzpatUte.''  Milton  :  P.  £..  i.  778. 

•B.  As  adj.:  Of  or  belonging  to  the  suburbs. 

"  It  will  do  well  for  asu&urfr  humour."  —  Dtn  Jonton  : 
Svery  Man  in  hit  Humour,  i.  ft, 

Bub-urb'-an,  a.  &  «.    [Lat.  subnrbanut.} 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to,  situated  in,  or 
inhabiting  the  suburbs. 

"  The  old  ballad  of  Kin;  Christian 
Shouted  from  suburban  tavern." 
Longfellow:  To  an  Old  Danilh  Sorty^ook. 

B.  As  tubst.  :  One  who  lives  in  the  suburbs 
of  a  city. 

"sub'-urbed,  o.  [Eng.  tuburt  ;  -td.]  Having 
a  suburb,  or  something  resembling  a  suburb. 

"  Bottreaux  Castle,  seated  on  a  bad  harbour  of  the 
north  sea,  and  ntburbett  with  a  poore  market  town."— 
Carew  :  Atrvey  of  Cornwall,  foL  120. 

*  Bub-ur'-bl-al,  "  sub  ur  -bi  an,  *  stib- 

ur   bi  can,   u.     [Eng.  suburb;   -iul,  -ion, 
•icon.]    Suburban. 

"  Poor  clinches  the  luourbtan  Muse  a/fords. 
And  Paiitou  waging  hannless  war  with  words." 

llrjfden  :  Mncfttoi"t,  8s. 


•  sub-fir-W-car'-I-an,  •  Bub-nr'-bl- 
car-jf,  a.  [Low  Lat.  suburbioariug,  from 
Lit  tuburbium  =  a  suburb  (q.v.).]  Being  in 
the  suburbs  ;  a  term  applied  to  the  provinces 
of  lily  which  composed  the  ancient  diocese 
of~  Home. 

"The  pope  having  stretched  his  authority  beyond 
the  bounds  of  his  tuburbicarian  precincts."—  Barrow.' 
On  the  Pope't  Hupremac]/. 

sub'-nrbB,  *  sub  urbes,  s.  pi.    [SUBOEB.] 

sub-vine',  v.{.  [Lat.  tub«uio  =  to  come 
to,  to  come  to  one's  aid  :  sub  =  nnder,  and 
wnio  =  to  come.)  To  come  under  anything 


as  i  support  or  stay  ;  to  arrive  or  happen  n 
as  to  prevent  anything. 

'•  A  future  state  must  needs  jueeene  to  prevent  the 


"  sub-vgn-ta'-nS-ofis,  a.  [Lat.  tubventor 
nnus.  from  «-ub  =  un<ler,  and  ventus—  wind.] 
Kffected  by  means  of  tlie  wind. 

"Suitable  unto  th«  relation  of  tbe  mam  iu  Sp»In 
Mid  their  mthvmtanfoiti  coiit'ej-tions  from  tlu-  we^tr-rii 
wmd."—  Brovm:  Vulgar  £rrour»,  bit.  iii.,  ch.  xxl. 

sub-vcn'-tion,  *.  [Lat.  subrentio,  from  tub- 
vcn-turn,  sup.  of  subvtnio  =  to  subvene  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  Th*»  act  of  coming  under. 

"The  m*nn«r  In  which  our  Sarlour  Is  Bnld  to  h»ve 
been  carried  up,  W»B.  by  a  tubrention  #f  a  cjuud  which 
IA1Ss]6'"m  m  tL*  «loll»li-"—  StacUituti  :  History  <tf 

*  2.  The  act  of  coming  to  relief,  aid,  or  sup- 
port. 

3.  A  government  grant  or  aid;  pecuniary 
aid  grauted  :  as,  an  imperial  subvention,  in  aid 
of  local  taxation. 

BUb-ven'-tion,  v.t.  [SUBVENTION,  «.]  To  sub- 
ventionize  Oi.v.). 

"  The  new  German  tubvcntiontd  steatoshlp  IlneK."— 
TcAo,  Juno  8.  1883. 

sub-ven'-tion-izo.  v.t.  [Eng.  subvention; 
-ize.]  To  grant  a  subvention  to;  to  support 
by  a  subvention  ;  to  .subsidize. 

"The  muuLgara  of  t>i>>re>itionit«i  theatre*.  "—  Daily 
Ttlegraf,h,  March  2.  13o6. 

*  sub-  ven-ti'-tious,  a.     [SUBVENTION,  t.} 

ttuppurting. 

"  Grunt  them  »ny  tubt#ntitloui  furtbemnce."—  Ur- 

quhart;  Rabela.it,  bk.  iiL,  ch.  xxxiii. 

*  sub-verse',  v.t.    [Lat.  mbversus,  pa.  par.  of 
fubverto  —  to  overturn,  to  subvert  (q.v.).]    To 
subvert,  to  overthrow. 

"  Emplm  mbrvrsed.  when  rullui;  fate  has  struck 
The  unalterable  hour  :  «v«u  Nature  s  self 
U  deemed  to  totter.  '       TAomton  :  Autumn,  J,l». 

sub-ver'-sion,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  subver- 
siojim,  accus.  of  tubveTsiot  from  subversus, 
pa.  par.  of  xubrtrto  =  to  subvert  (q.v.).]  Tlie 
act  of  subverting,  overthrowing,  or  ruining; 
the  state  of  being  subverted  or  overthrown  ; 
utter  ruin,  destruction,  or  overthrow. 

"The  utter  rudtwtiVMt  of  that  whole  realme.  "—  Mr 
T.  More:  H'wr*«.  p.  338. 

*  siib-ver'-slon-ar-Sr,  a.    [Eng.  subvcnto*; 

•ary.]    Subversive,  destructive. 

siib-vers'-Ive,  a.  [Lat.  subversus,  pa.  par. 
of  subverted  to  subvert  (q.v.).]  Tending  to 
subvert  or  overthrow  ;  having  a  tendency  to 
overthrow  and  rnin. 

"  Utterlr  tubvtrtin  of  liberty,  estimation,  and  i.ru- 
denc«."-««arrA.-  LigM  of  .Vatur..  ?o).  ii.,  pt.  fU,, 
ch.  xxr. 

•fib-Vert',  v.t.  [Fr.  subvertir,  from  Lat.  sub- 
vtrto,  from  sub  s=  under,  aaid  verto  =  to  turn.] 

1.  To  overthrow  from  the  foundation  ;  to 
overturn  ;  to  ruin  utterly  ;  to  destroy. 

"Strong  to  subvert  our  noiioni.  quaHttea." 

Wordsworth  :  Kxcurrion.  bk.  Ix. 

2.  To  corrnpt.  to  confound,  to  pervert. 

"  Strire  not  abuut  worda  to  no  purpoee,  but  to  th* 
tuki'.-ninyQf  the  htarcr*."—  2  Timothy  11.  14. 

3.  To  upset,  to  overturn. 

"Benenth  one  foot  A  tuburrted  TaM,  expreasive  of 
her  cJmracter  a*  a  nytnph  of  the  fouiit^na/'—  Wilton: 
Prehittvria  Annuls  if  Scotland,  ii.  »». 

sub  vcrt'-ant,sub  Tort-ed.".  [SUBVERT.] 
Htr.  ;  Reversed  ;   turned  upside  down  or 
contrary  to  the  natural  position  or  usual  way 
of  bearing. 

•ub-vert-er,  «.  [Eng.  subvert;  -tr.]  One 
who  subverts  or  overthrows  ;  an  overthrower. 

"The  injurious  tukvtrtert  of  rer«lation."  —  IVatir- 
tan*  :  Ooctu.  /l&ections.  pt  i.  {Apt>.)j 


-ble,  a.    [Eng.  subvert;  -able.} 

Capable  of  being  subverted  or  overthrown, 

*sfib-vJr'-ae,  a.  [Pref.  sjtb-t  and  Eng.  viriU 
(q.v.).J  Tinitu  ;  deficient  in  manlinew. 

"  People  of  tubvirtit  tempers  "—  fiort  h  :  Examtn, 

p.  549. 

sub    vul'-gart  a.     [Pref.   sub-,  and  Eng. 
vulgar.]    8omew!iat  vulgar  or  common. 

"  A  fubeiitgiir  Diet  it  ••  it  were  a  mean  between  the 
accurate  and  Tulwar."—  Tenner:  rta  Recta,  p.  234, 

•ub'-way,  B.  [Tref.  sub-t  and  Eng.  way  (q.v,).] 
An  underground  way  or  passage;  an  access* 
ible  passage  or  tunnel  beneath  the  street  sur- 
face, in  which  the  gas  and  water  pipes  and 
sewers  are  lodged,  so  that  they  can  beexamined, 


fit,  fere,  amidst,  wfcat,  i&n,  father;  we.  w«t,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  rare,  air.  marine;  go.  p4t, 
«r,  wore,  w$lt  work,  wh6,  son;  mute,  ctib,  ciire,  unite,  our,  rule,  foil;  try,  SSfrian.    «,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a:  qu  ^  kw. 


subworker— succession 


4523 


repaired,  replaced,  &c.,  without  disturbing  the 
pavement  or  obstructing  traffic. 

*  sub'-  work  -  er,  ».     [Pref.  sub-,  and  Eng. 
worker  (q.v.).]   A  subordinate  worker  or  help. 

"  It  Is  aloriotis  to  he  a  suoworier  to  grace,  in  freeing 
It  from  some  of  the  iucouveuieucies  of  original  sill.1  — 
«JMssV 

stic  cades,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  nucus  =  juice.]  A 
commercial  name  sometimes  given  to  green 
fruits  and  citron  caudied  and  preserved  in 
•yrup ;  sweetmeats. 

•  sue  -cS-dan,  *  suc'-cS-dane,  *  sfic-90 
da, -no -dm  (pi.  suc-oe-da'-nS-a),  s. 
[Luit.]     [SUCCEDANEOUS.]     One   who  or  that 
wiiich  supplies  the  place  of  another ;  that 
which  is  put  or  useJ  for  something  else ;  a 
substitute. 

"  Oh  for  a  suecsoVineti  m  then. 
To  accelerate  a  creepiu*  pen  1  " 

Cotopfr:  To  tfu  Jlet.  tnnlam  Bull 

••uc-o8~da'-n6-ous,  o.  [Lat.  suaxdancus.} 
Supplying  the  place  of  something  else ;  acting 
or  employed  as  a  substitute  or  succedaneum. 

"If  ttrthe  Bolonlan  stone  calcined]  be  but  exposed 
to  the  sun. beams  (to  which  I  have  found  other  strong 
llifhts  iucctdftn*ttti\  it  will  not  only  iu  a  few  minutes 
acyuire  »  luminousneas,  butfor  some  time  after  retain 
ltlutbedark."-«o»Is.'  Iforts.  111.  IU. 

•me  ceed ,  *  sno-cede,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  sue- 
eeder,  from  Lat,  »uce«io  =  to  go  beneath  or 
under,  to  follow  after,  from  sue-  (for  mb-)  = 
under,  and  ado  =  to  go;  Sp.  tucedar;  Fr. 
tuccedir.] 
A.  Transitivt: 

1.  To  take  the  place  of ;  to  be  heir  or  rec- 
oessor  to ;  to  follow  in  an  office. 

*  Not  Amurath  an  Amnratb  succeeds 
But  Harry,  Harry."     SnoJcesji. ;  2  Hnri  IT.,  V.  1 

•  2.  To  fall  heir  to ;  to  inherit. 

••  It  not  a  feodary,  bat  only  h« 

Owe  and  succeed  thy  weakness. 

Srto*esp.  -•  Jttaiurofor  Mfaiurt,  II.  «. 

fc  To  follow ;  to  come  after ;  to  be  subse- 
quent or  consequent  to. 

"  The  curse  of  heaven  and  men  succeed  their  evils  1 " 
fifiakctp.  i  Peridei,  i.  4, 

*  4.  To  make  successful,  to  prosper,  to  pro- 
mote. 

"  £°w  frequent  trlnee  the  happier  lights  among  .  .  . 


B.  IntramMve  : 

*  1.  To  go  under  cover. 

"  Will  you  to  the  cooler  care  tucct'd, 
Whose  mouth  the  curling  vines  havs  overspread  T 
Ori/dm  :  rirgtt:  EcL  r.  I. 

*  2.  To  approach. 

••  Who  ever  as  he  saw  him  nigh  succeed 
Gan  cry  aloud  with  horrible  affright." 

Sixnttr :  r.  V-  VI .  i  v.  I. 

8.  To  follow  in  order ;  to  be  subsequent ;  to 
come  after ;  to  come  next  or  In  the  place  of 
smother  which  has  preceded. 

•*  While  low  delights  succeed**?  faet  behind. 
In  happier  meanness  occupy  the  mind." 

Oolitimitk:  Tilt  TranUer. 

4.  To  become  heir ;  to  take  the  place  of  one 
who  has  died,  resigned,  or  completed  a  term 
of  office;  specif.,  to  ascend  a  throne  on  the 
death  or  removal  of  the  occupant. 

"  No  woman  shall  nuxfti  In  Sallqoe  land." 

Stiakctp.  :  Henry  v.,  I.  2, 

*  5.  To  come  or  be  handed  down  In  order  of 
•accession  ;  to  descend,  to  devolve. 

••  A  ring  ... 

That  downward  hath  luccefdrd  in  his  house 
From  son  to  son,  some  four  or  five  descents. 

.S'.rtfcup.  .•  All  i  Well  that  End!  ITeU,  lit  7. 

6.  To  be  successful  in  any  endeavour  or 
undertaking;  to  obtain  the  object  or  end 
sought  or  desired  ;  to  accomplish  that  which 
Is  attempted  or  intended. 

7.  To  terminate  or  turn  out  as  desired ;  to 
be  successful ;  to  turn  out  successfully  ;  to 
have  the  desired  result :  as,  The  plan  tuc 
coded. 

•I  For  the  difference  between  to  succeed  and 
to  follow,  see  FOLLOW. 

S&o-feed'-ant,  a.    [Eng.  succeed;  -tint.] 
Her. :  Succeeding  or  following  one  another 

•  •UC-ceed'-er,  s.  [Eng.  succeed;  •«•.]  Om 
who  succeeds ;  one  who  follows  or  comes  afte 
or  in  the  place  of  another ;  a  successor. 

"  The.  true  luecaeoVrs  of  each  royal  house." 

Shateip.  :  Ridnrt  lit.,  v.  «. 

•UG'-t^eed'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  a.    [SUCCEKD. 
A.  4  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  parlicip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
G.  As  substantive : 
1.  The  act  of  one  who  succeeds. 


«  2.  Consequence,  result 

"A  most  harsh  one  [language],  and  not  to  be  under, 
stood  without  bloody  succeeding"— .SAa*el/,.  .•  Mil 

tnu  out  e:idi  xrai,  (i.  i. 

ue^Sn'-tor,  s.  [Low  Lat.,  from  Lat  sub  = 
under,  and  cantor  =  a  singer.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  An  inciter,  a  promoter,  an 
instigator 

••  The  prompter  and  suocentor  of  these  cruell  enter- 

II.' Music: 

1.  One  who  sin<?s  the  bass  or  lowest  har- 
mouized  jwrts.    (Annandale.) 

2.  In  cathedrals  and  collegiate  churches, 
the  deputy  of  the  precentor  ;  a  sub-clianter. 

siio-cen-tur'-s-ate,  v.t.  or  i.  [Lat.  succm- 
turiatus,  pa,  par.  of  snccenturio  =  to  receive 
as  a  recruit  into  a  centuria  or  century.]  To 
receive  recruits,  or  as  recruits;  to  supply 
soldiers  for  the  missing  ;  to  recruit. 

SUO-cess',  s.  [Fr.  times,  from  Lat.  successum, 
accus.  of  suzcessiis,  from  succedo  =  to  succeed 
(q.v.).] 

"  1.  The  termination  of  any  affair,  whether 
happy  or  unhappy  in  the  issue ;  the  result ; 
more  especially  (when  not  accompanied  by  a 
qualifying  adjective)  a  favourable  or  pro- 
sperous result  or  termination  of  anything 
attempted ;  fortune. 

"  I  know  not  what  the  success  will  be.  my  lord ;  but 
theattsuptl  vow."— S.VvK.p. -•  tin  Wtli,  ill.  «. 

2.  A  successful  undertaking  or  attempt ; 
specifically,  successful  results  of  warlike 
operations. 

"  Swell'd  with  our  late  successes  on  the  foe." 

DryiUn:  Anntu  Mlnilillu,  ccr. 

*  3.  Succession  ;  order  of  following  one 
another. 

••  All  the  sons  of  these  five  brethren  relgn'd 
By  due  iiiccew.  and  all  their  nephews  late, 
Even  thrice  eleven  descents,  the  crown  retained. 
Spenser  :  /•.  Q..  IL  X.  is, 

success -a-r&  •.  [Eng.  success;  -cry.) 
Succession. 

"  My  peculiar  honours,  not  derived 
From  succsss»Tf.  but  purchased  with  my  blood. 

Beaum.  t  fM.:  Lout  of  Cundjr.  i.  3. 

SUO-c^sS'-fuLa.  [Eng.sncc*M;  -AW-]  Re- 
sulting in  or  having  success ;  obtaining  or 
terminating  in  the  accomplishment  or  obtain- 
ing of  wliat  is  wished  or  intended;  hence, 
prosperous,  fortunate,  happy.  (Applied  to 
persons  and  things.) 

"  I  should  be  willing,  sir,  to  think  it  was  a  young 
man's  rashness,  or  perhaps  the  rage  of  a  succesi/ul 
rival."— Drydm  :  Amboana,  111.  1. 

•I  For  the  difference  between  nuxessful  and 
fortunate,  see  FOBTUNATK. 

siic-oSss'-ful-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  successful ;  -ly.] 
In  a  successful  manner;  with  good  success; 
prosperously,  happily,  fortunately. 

••  He  took  a  course  which  since  svccesi/uUftf 
Great  men  have  often  taken." 

/tonne :  Progren  of  <*•  Soul,  s.  1. 

stio- cess' -ful -ness,  s.  [Eng.  successful; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  success- 
ful ;  prosperous  termination  ;  favourable  re- 
sult or  event ;  success. 

"An  opinion  of  the  ruccets/u&t"*'  of  the  work  is  as 
necessary  to  found  a  purpose  of  undertaking  it.  as  the 
authority  of  commands,  or  the  persuasiveness  of  pr~ 
mlses.''— Hammond. 

sue  cess  ion  (ss  as  sh),  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat 

succession* m,  accus.  of  successio,  from  successia, 

pa.  par.  of  succedo  =  to  succeed  (q.v.).] 

L.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  following  of  things  In  order ;  series  o 
things  following  each  other,  either  in  time  or 
place ;  consecution. 

••The  water  Instead  of  making  one  continued  shoot, 
falls  through  a  succession  of  different  stories."— <?«/><« 
Tour,  vol. T,  i  8. 

2.  The  act  of  succeeding  or  coming  in  thi 
place  of  another. 

"Collateral  successions  are  taxed  according  to  the 
degree  of  relations,  from  five  to  thirty  per  cent  upon 
the  whole  value."— Smith  :  H>«Ka  of  Nation*,  bk.  v. 
ch.il. 

3.  The  act  or  right  of  succeeding  or  comini 
to  an  inheritance,  office,  or  dignity ;  the  ac 
or  right  of  entering  upon  an  office  or  dignity 

"The  question  of  Spanish  succession  was  to  be  men 
tloned  to  Willmm  ata  private  audience."— Macaulay 
BM.  Eng.,  ch.  V. 

4.  An  order,  line,  or  series  of  descendants 
lineage ;  successors  collectively ;  heirs. 

"  A  loutc  succession  roust  ensue : 
And  his  next  son  the  clouded  ark  of  Ood 
Shall  In  a  glorious  temple  enshrine.' 

Milton :  f  •    -"  *" 


•5.  That  which  is  to  come  ;   the  future; 
futurity. 

"  Make  them  exclaim  against  their  own  n«.iul<m.'' 
Shakeip. :  ffamlet,  11 1 

*  6.  The  person  who  succeeds  to  rank,  omof* 
or  the  like  ;  a  successor. 
IL  Music: 

1.  The  order  in  which  the  notes  of  a  melody 
proceed.    There  are  two  sorts  of  succession, 
regular,  or  conjoint,  and  disjunct.    A  regular 
or  conjoint  succession  is  that  in  which  the 
notes  succeed  each  other  in  the  order  of  the 
scale  to  which  they  belong,  either  ascending 
or  descending.     In  a  disjunct  succession  the 
melody  is  formed  of  intervals  greater  than  a 
second. 

2.  A  sequence  is  sometimes  spoken  of  as  a 
succession,  and  passages  of  similar  chords  or 
progressions  are  described  as  a  succession  of 
thirds,   fourths,    fifths,    sixths,  sevenths,  or 
octaves,  as  the  case  may  be. 

f  (1)  Act3  of  succession: 

Eng.  Hist. :  The  name  given  to  several  Acts 
of  Parliament,  by  which  the  succession  to  the 
crown  was  limited  or  modified.  The  first  is 
the  Act  7  Henry  IV.,  c.  2,  declaring  Prince 
Henry  heir-apparent  to  the  thrones  of  England 
and  France,  with  remainders  to  the  other 
children  of  Henry  IV.  Other  instances  oc- 
curred in  the  case  of  Henry  VII.,  and  In 
regard  to  the  successors  of  Henry  VIII.,  and 
the  rights  of  James  I.,  Charles  I.,  and  Charles 
II.  The  most  important  is  the  Act  of  Settle- 
ment. [SETTLEMEST,  HO 

(2)  Apostolic,    or    Apostolical    inccetmm : 
[APOSTOLIC]. 

(3)  Armtofspxeasurn:  [FEUDAL,  H]. 

(4)  Geological  succession  of  organic  btingt: 
The  gradual  disappearance  of  species,  genera, 
families,  &c.,  throughout  the  world  as  geolo- 
gical time  goes  forward,  or  the  more  rapid 
succession  of  one  group  of  organisms  to  an- 
other within  a  limited  area,  as  the  adaptation 
of  that  area  to  particular  forms  of  life  changes, 
by  water  giving  place  to  land,  salt  to  fresh 
water,  or  the  reverse.    Within  limited  areas, 
however,  the  same  type  often  persists  from 
the  later  Tertiary  to  the  present  day :  as  in 
South  America,  where  the  Sloth  and  Arma- 
dillo have  succeeded  gigantic  Edentates  lik» 
Megatherium  and  Glyptodon. 

(5)  Law  of  succession :  The  law  or  rule  accord- 
Ing  to  which  the  succession  to  the  property 
of  deceased  persons  is  regulated.    In  general 
this  law  obtains  only  in  cases  in  which  the 
deceased  person   has  died   intestate,  or   in 
which  the  power  of  bequeathing  property  by 
will  is  limited  by  the  legislature.    In  England 
primogeniture  is  the  general  rule  in  cases  of 
real  estate,  the  eldest  son  and  his  issue  taking 
the  whole  of  the  freehold  estate  ;  and,  failing 
such  stock,  the  next  eldest  son,  and  so  on. 
This  rule  is,  however,  subject  to  dower— gene- 
rally one-third  to  the  widow  of  the  intestate. 
When  males  fail  the  daughters  succeed,  but 
they  take,  not  in  order  of  seniority,  but  all 
together.   When  there  is  no  lineal  descendant, 
the  nearest  lineal  ancestor  succeeds.    In  re- 
gard to  movable  property  no  right  of  primo- 
geniture, nor  preference  of  males  over  female* 
is  recognized,  the  property  being  divided  In 
equal  proportions  among  the  children  or,  fail- 
ing them,  the  nearest  kinsmen  of  the  deceased, 
without  respect  to  sex  or  seniority. 

(6)  Succession  of  crops:  [ROTATIOHJ. 

(7)  Wars  of  succession : 

Hist. :  The  name  given  to  several  wars  In 
Europe  between  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century  and  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth,  on 
the  occasion  of  the  failure  of  an  heir  to  a 
throne.  The  most  important  were :  that  con- 
cerning the  Orleans  succession  to  the  Pala- 
tinate (1686-97),  closed  by  the  Peace  of  Rys- 
wick ;  the  Spanish  succession  (1702-1713),  the 
Polish  succession  (1733-38),  closed  by  the 
Peace  of  Vienna;  the  Austrian  succession 
(1740-48),  and  the  Bavarian  succession  (1777- 
79).  The  second  was  the  most  important  to 
English  interests,  and  arose  from  the  rival 
claims  of  Philip,  Duke  of  Anjou,  grandson  of 
Louis  XIV.,  and  of  Charles,  second  son  of 
Leopold,  Emperor  of  Germany,  to  the  throne 
of  Spain.  The  Grand  Alliance  between  Eng- 
land, Holland,  and  Austria  was  revived  by 
William  III.,  and  the  war  which  followed, 
though  Philip's  claim  was  ultimately  admitted, 
is  famous  for  the  victories  of  the  Allies,  under 
MarlboroiiRh,  at  Blenheim  (1704),  Oudenarde 
(1708),  Malplaquet  (170»),  and  the  capture  of 


HSU.  bo?;  piUt,  J6%1;  oat,  Sell,  chorus,  chin,  benphj  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejlsfc   -Ing. 
-dan,  -tlan  =  shan.  -tton,  -«ioi.  =  shun ;  -tton.  -f*on  =  zhun.   -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.  -ble.  -die,  *c.  =  bel.  del. 


4524 


suceossional— succinone 


Gibraltar  (July  24,  1704)  by  the  English  and 
Dutch  fleets,  under  Sir  George  Rooke.  The 
war  was  practically  concluded  by  the  Peace 
of  Utrecht,  April  11,  1713,  between  France 
tnd  the  English  and  Dutch.  The  emperor 
abandoned  tlie  struggle  in  the  following  year. 

succession-duty,  s.  A  duty  imposed 
on  every  succession  to  property,  according  to 
the  value  and  relationship  of  the  parties  to 
the  person  from  whom  the  property  comes. 

t  A  duty  of  this  character  exists  under  Eng- 
lish law,  aud  to  some  extent  in  this  country,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  estates  of  unmarried  persons 

success  -ion-al  (ss  as  sh),  o.  [Eng.  rue- 
cession;  -al.]  Relating  to  succession;  imply- 
ing succession  ;  existing  in  succession  ;  con 
•ecutive. 

"  He  presented  a  calculation  of  the  cost*  of  growing 
•  crop  of  autumn  -sown  retches.  and  a  mcrational  oue 
0(  brank."—  Uailg  Telegraph,  March  IS,  1888. 

*  •fio-ogss'-lftn-al-ly  (ss  as  sh),  adv. 
(Eng.  successional  ;  -ly.\  In  a  suCL-essional 
manner  ;  in  succession  ;  consecutively. 

•success'  -Ion-  1st  (ss  as  sh),  «.  [Eng. 
succession;  -ist.}  One  who  adheres  to  succes- 
sion, especially  to  apostulic  succession. 

SUC-96SS  ~Ive,  o.  [Fr.  successiS,  from  Lat 
successivns,  from  successes,  pa.  par.  of  nuxedo 
=  to  succeed  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  svccasivo.} 

1.  Following  in  order  or  uninterrupted  suc- 
cession ;   consecutive  ;   following   in  regular 
course,  as  a  series  of  persons  or  things,  either 
in  time  or  place. 

*2.  Having  or  giving  the  right  of  succes- 
sion to  an  inheritance  ;  inherited  by  succes- 
sion ;  heteditary,  legitimate. 

"  Countrymen. 
Plead  my  tutxetttM  title  with  your  •words." 

StioJMp.  :  Titut  Antlronicut.  i.  4. 

suc-9css'-Ive-ly,  «<!r.   [Eng.  successive  ;  -ly.] 

•  1.  By  order  of  succession  and  inheritance. 

"So  thou  the  garland  wear'st  tuccwtttolw.* 

Ska**!?.:  1  mart  If..  IT.  4. 

2.  In  a  successive  manner;  in  a  series  or 
uninterrupted  course  ;  consecutively. 

"  We  .  .  .  tuectuinli  sow  a  remarkable  hill  near 
Santo  Esplrlto,  then  Cape  St.  Thomas,  and  then  an 
island  Just  without  Cape  Prio."—  Cook:  firit  I'oyage 
bk.  I.,  ch.  if. 

*  3.  Successfully,  completely,  fully. 

•  sue  9csslvo  ness,  s.  [Eng.  successive; 
-neu.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  successive. 

"All  the  notion  we  hare  of  duration  I*  partly  by 
the  tucceMf  eenMS  of  1U  own  operations.  "—  ffal*l  !0rtf. 
a.aMnttnJ 


•sue  9ess'-less,  o.  [Eng.  success;  . 
Having  no  success  ;  unsuccessful,  unlucky, 
unfortunate  ;  failing  to  accomplish  what  was 
intended. 

Til""-^'  ""  •xperl'nM't  "•aw'*"."—  Boyll  : 


suc-9css'-less-ly,  adv.     [Bug.  successless; 
-4y.]  In  a  successless  manner  ;  unsuccessfully. 

-  Then  shall  the  end  come,  to  wit.  when  the  gospel 
having  Ijeeu  preached  through  all  the  cltlee  of  Judiea 
tucceulaHiS-Vammomt:  rYorkt.  ill.  m. 

'  suc-o«ss'-l8ss-n8ss,  ».  [Eng.  successless  ; 
••ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  success- 
less ;  unsnccessfulness. 

"  His  apprehensions  of  the  ntcctultuneu  of  his  en- 
de«vours*-flo»l«  :  Worto,  vt.  so. 

•uc  9oss'-6r,  *  suo-cess-our,  t.  [Fr.  suc- 
cesseur,  from  Lat.  successorem,  accus.  of  suc- 
cessor, from  successus,  pa.  par.  of  succcdo  =1  to 
succeed  (q.v.).]  One  whosucceeds  or  follows  ; 
one  who  takes  the  place  which  another  has 
left,  and  sustains  the  like  part  or  character. 
(Correlative  to  predecessor.) 

"  I  here  declare  yon  rightful  successor. 
And  heir  Immediate  to  my  crown." 

Drydtn  :  Secret  Zow,  v. 

•  suo-gess'-or-y,  a.  [Eng.  successor;  -y.} 
Following  in  line  of  succession. 

'•no-eld'-  u-ofis,  a.  [Lat.  su<xiduus  =  sink- 
ing, falling,  from  succido  =  to  fall  under,  to 
sink  down  :  sab  =  under,  and  coda  =  to  fall  1 
Ready  to  fall  ;  falling. 

••uc-Oaf-er-ous,  o.  [Lat  succus  =  Juice, 
and  fen  =  to  bear.)  Producing  or  convevine 
sap. 

•nc'-cln,  SUO'-cln-ite,  ».    [SOCCINELL:T«.J 

Mineralogy  : 

1.  The  same  as  AHBEB  (q.v.). 


2.  A  name  given  to  a  yellow  variety  o 
garnet  found  in  globular  aggregations  encloses 
in  asbestos,  in  Switzerland. 

suc-9in-am'-!c,   o.     [Eng.    swxln(ic\   and 

amic.]    Derived  from  or  containing  sucdnic 
acid  and  ammonia. 

succinamic  acid,  t. 

Chem.  :  C2H4<C,°/Hi(2I'r>  Its  barium  salt  i: 
obtained  by  leaving  a  solution  of  succinimide 
and  barium  hydrate  in  equivalent  proportion! 
to  evaporate  over  oil  of  vitriol  and  recrystal 
lizing  several  times  from  weak  alcohol  By 
decomposing  with  sulphuric  acid,  impure 
crystals  of  succinamic  acid  are  obtained,  which 
soon  decompose  into  succinate  of  ammonia. 

sue  9in  a-mide,  ».     [Eng.  nuxin(ic),  »nd 
amide.} 


Chem.: 


Obtained  by  mix- 


ing ethylic  succinate  with  strong  aqueous  am- 
monia. It  forms  small  white  crystals,  soluble 
in  boiling  water,  nearly  insoluble  in  cold 
water,  alcohol,  and  ether. 

snc-cln'-a-nn,    *,     [.Eng.    tuning    and 
anil(ine).} 

Chem.:  C4H4OS(C6H«)N'.  Obtained  by  heat- 
Ing  pulverised  succinic  acid  with  dry  aniline, 
and  then  dissolving  it  out  with  boiling  water. 
It  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in  fine  interlaced 
needles  sublimable  without  decomposition. 
It  is  insoluble  in  cold  water. 

suo-cln-a-nil-ic, o.    [Eng.  sucdnanU;  -fc.) 
Derived  from  or  containing  succinauil. 
succinanllic-  add,  s. 

C*ra>--C»H4<COHOH''HN)-  Prepared  by 
dissolving  succinanil  in  dilute  ammonia  and 
alcohol,  boiling  for  a  time,  and  neutralising 
with  nitric  acid.  It  forms  elongated  laminte, 
very  slightly  soluble  In  cold  water,  more 
soluble  in  hot  water ;  melts  when  heated  to 
100",  and  at  a  higher  temperature  decomposes 
into  phenyl  succinimide. 

sue  9ln  os'-phalt, «.    [Eng.  succin(um),  and 
asphalt.} 

Chem. :  A  resinous  substance  resembling 
amber,  obtained  from  the  granular  clay  iron 
ore  of  Bergen. 

silo'  9in-ato,  ».    [Eng.  succinic) ;  -afe.] 
Chem. :  A  salt  of  succinic  acid, 
succinate  of  ammonium,  s. 

Chem. :   C2H. 


Obtained  by 
supersaturating  succinic  acid  with  ammonia 
and  leaving  it  to  evaporate  over  quicklime. 
It  crystallizes  in  hexagonal  prisms ;  sp.  gr. 
T367 ;  very  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

suc'-9fti-at-Sd,  o.  [Eng.  succinate);  -«d.1 
Combined  with  or  containing  succinic  acid. 

suc-cinof ,  a.  [Lat.  succinctus  =  prepared, 
short,  small,  contracted,  pa.  par.  of  nuxingo 
=  to  gird  below,  to  gird  or  tuck  up :  sub  = 
under,  and  cingo  =  to  gird.) 

*  1.  Lit. :  Tucked  up,  girded  up  so  as  to  leave 
the  legs  free. 

"  His  habit  at  for  speed  tutxina." 

Milton:  P.  L.,  111.  ««. 

2.  Fig. :  Compressed  into  few  words  ;  cha- 
racterized by  verbal  brevity ;  brief,  short, 
concise. 

"  A.*"'*  •h<"lld  *•  Indlclona.  clear,  succinct. 
The  language  plain,  and  Incident*  w«ll  liuk'd." 
CowfMr:  Convertation,  235. 

*siic  cmc'-tl,  s.pl.  [JIasc.  pi.  of  Lat.  tuc- 
cinctus.}  [SUCCINCT.] 

Entom.:  Girted;  a  term  applied  to  the 
chrysalides  of  the  Papilionidse,  which  are  not 
only  attached  by  the  tail,  but  also  supported  by 
a  belt  of  silk  passing  round  the  middle  of  the 
body  and  fixed  firmly  on  each  side.  (Newman.) 

SUO-^IAot'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  swxinct;  -ly.]  In 
a  succinct  manner  ;  briefly,  concisely,  shortly. 

"  He  [John  Pell]  hath  also  lucclnctty  and  clearly 
demonstrated  the  second  «nd  tenth  boo«s  o(  EucliJ  • 
—  Wood:  ftuti  Oxon.,  voL  1L 

suc-9lnct'-ness,  s.  [Eng.  twcinct ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  succinct ;  brevity 
conciseness. 

"In  line,  hrerlty  and  uuxlnaneu  of  speech  Is  that 
wh  ch,  in  j.hlloeophyor  speculation,  we  «ll  ramim; 
and  Srsl  principle.1'— South :  Strmoni.  vol.  II  ser  i 


sue  9$n  -e-a,  s.  [Lat.  succinevt  =  of  or  fa~ 
taming  to  amber.] 

Zool.  it  Palaxnt. :  Amber-snail,  a  genus  of 
HelicidK  (q.v.),  with  155  recent  species  uni- 
versally distributed.  Shell  imperforate,  thin, 
ovate  or  oblong  ;  spine  small,  aperture  large  • 
columella  and  peristome  simple,  acute ;  animal 
large,  with  short  thick  tentacles  and  broad 
foot;  lingual  teeth  like  Helix  (q.v.).  These 
snails  inhabit  damp  places,  but  rarely  enter 
the  water.  Seven  fossil  species  from  the 
Eocene  of  Britain. 

sue  -cin-ell'-ite, ».  [Lat.  swxlnum  =  amber.] 
Min. :  A  name  given  by  Dana  to  an  ortho- 
rhombic  mineral  substance  obtained  from 
amber  by  distillation.  Hardness,  1-0  ;  sp.  gr. 
1-55;  lustre,  vitreous;  colourless  or  white; 
odour,  aromatic ;  soluble  in  water.  Compos. : 
carbon,  407;  hydrogen,  6-1;  oxygen,  542  = 

siic  9&n  en'-pY-ono,  *.  [Lat.  suca'n(«m)  = 
amber,  and  Eng.  eupioiie.} 

Chem. :  A  name  applied  by  Eisner  to  a  very 
light  oil,  obtained  by  rectifying  oil  of  amber 
with  sulphuric  acid.  (Walts.) 

sue  9ln'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  succin(um);  -fc.]  De- 
rived from  or  contained  in  amber. 

succinic  acid,  >. 

Chem.:  C4H604  =  CoH^ gggg.  Volatile 
salt  of  amber.  A  dibasic  acid  belonging  to 
the  oxalic  series,  first  recognised  by  Agricola 
in  1657.  It  occurs  ready  formed  in  amber,  in 
certain  plants,  and  in  many  animal  fluids, 
and  is  a  product  of  the  oxidation  of  fatty 
acids  of  high  molecular  weight,  and  of  the 
alcoholic  fermentation  of  sugar.  It  is  pre- 
pared by  bringing  calcium  initiate  in  contact 
with  one-twelfth  of  its  weight  of  decayed 
cheese,  suspended  in  three  parts  of  water, 
and  kept  for  some  days  at  a  temperature  of 
30'  to  40'.  Succinate  of  lime  is  formed,  which 
is  collected  on  a  filter,  decomposed  with  sul- 
phuric acid,  purified  by  recrystallization.  It 
crystallizes  in  monoclinic  prisms,  is  readily 
soluble  in  water,  less  easily  in  alcohol,  in- 
soluble in  ether,  melts  at  180',  and  boils  st 
235°.  It  forms  neutral  and  acid  salts,  those 
of  the  alkalis  being  very  soluble  in  water. 
A  characteristic  reaction  of  succinic  acid  and 
soluble  succinates  is  the  formation  of  s  red- 
brown  precipitate  with  ferric  salts. 

succinic  anhydride,  «. 

Chem. :  CjH^P^O.  Obtained  by  distilling 
succinic  acid  once  or  twice  with  phosphoric 
anhydride.  It  is  a  white  mass,  soluble  In 
boiling  absolute  alcohol,  and  deposited  from 
the  solution  in  needles  on  cooling,  insoluble 
in  ether.  Melts  at  119-6'. 

succinic  chloride,  «. 


Chem. :  C2H4<  Proda(!ed  by  disH,. 

ling  succinic  anhydride  with  phosphoric 
pentachloride.  It  is  a  fuming,  strongly  re- 
fracting liquid,  boils  at  190',  and  with  water 
yields  succinic  acid. 

succinic  ethers,  3.  pi. 
Chem. :  Compounds  of  succinic  acid  with 
alcohol    radicals.       Ethylic      succinate  = 

^^^StCjH^-  Is  P«P»«>  ^  distilling 
ten  parts  succinic  acid,  twenty  parts  alcohol, 
and  five  parts  strong  hydrochloric  acid,  and 
purifying  the  product  by  distillation  over 
lead  oxide.  It  is  an  oil,  boiling  at  214" ;  sp. 
gr.  1-036,  slightly  soluble  in  water.  Methylic 
snccinate  =  (^H4<j<{^c,jJ-»>g  is  similarly  pre- 
pared. It  forms  a  crystalline  mass,  dissolves 
in  alcohol  and  ether,  boils  at  198%  melts  at 
20',  the  liquid  having  a  sp.  gr.  of  ri"8. 

sfic-Csn'-am-ide,  ».     [Eng.  iu«i«(i<:);  and 
imide.} 

Chem.:  C.jH4<^^HN.  Formed  by  the 
action  of  dry  ammonia  gas  on  succinic  anhy- 
dride. It  is  obtained  in  large  transparent 
crystals,  which  melt  at  126-126",  sublime 
without  alteration,  and  are  easily  soluble  is 
water  and  alcohol. 

sue  -910-110,  «.    [St'ccm.] 

BUC'-cIn-one,  >.    [Eng.  nmin(um);  <mt.] 
Chem. :  The  name  applied  to  the  volatile 


or. 


father;  we.  wSt,  here,  camel,  her.  thfire;  pine.  pit.  sin,  sir.  marine;  K6.  pot. 
;  mute.  oub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fill  ;  try.  Syrian.    »,  o>  =  e  ;  ey  =  i.  ;  qu  =  kw. 


sucoinosulphuric— such 


4525 


oil  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  neutral 
•uceinate  of  calcium.  Its  composition  is 
uncertain. 

•uo-cin-o-sul-phiir'-i'o.  a.  [Eng.  succin(ic) ; 
o  connect.,  And  sulphuric.]  [SuLpuosuceiNic.] 

SUC'-cin-ous,  a.  [Lat.  succinum  =  amber.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  amber. 

sue  -fin-urn,  s.    [Lat.)    [AMBER.] 

lito'-fln-yl,  ».    [Eng.  succin(um) ;  -»i.] 

Chm. :  C4H40?.    The  hypothetical  diatomic 

radical  of  succinic  acid. 
*  Buc-cr-Bion, «.    [Lat.  succisio,  from  sucdsus, 

pa.  par.  of  succido  =  to  cut  down :  sub  =  under, 

and  cado  —  to  cut]    The  act  of  cutting  off  or 

down. 

"  Upon  waste  brought  «nd  sssigned  in  the  nircition 
of  trees,  the  justification  ii,  that  they  were  overthrown 
by  wind. '— flocort. 

•fio-cis'-ter-ine,  ».  [Lat.  tucei(num)  = 
amber,  and  Gr.  o-rep«6s  (stereos)  =  solid.] 

Chem. :  The  name  given  to  that  portion  of 
Colophon  'nni  succini  which  is  insoluble  iu  al- 
cohol and  ether.  (Watts.) 

"  tSo-ola-ma'-tlon,  >.  [Lat.  mb  =  under, 
and  clamo  =  to  call  out]  Quiet  exhortation ; 
suggestion. 

"  Why  may  we  not  also,  by  tome  such  lutzlamaftoni 
SB  these,  call  off  young  meu  to  the  better  side."— 
Trantlation  of  PIvturcXt  Morali,  pt.  ill.,  p.  UZ. 

gflo-oor,  "  soc-our,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  sucurre, 
sotcorre,  from  Lat.  succurro  =  to  run  under, 
to  run  to  the  aid  of,  to  succor :  tub  =  under, 
and  eurro  =  to  run  ;  Fr.  secourir  ;  8p.  socorrer; 
Port,  soccorrer;  Ital.  uxxomn.)  To  run  to 
the  aid  of ;  to  aid,  to  help  ;  to  assist  in  dim* 
culty  or  distress ;  to  relieve. 

"  To  tuccnur  wuteil  region!,  snd  replace 
The  -mile  of  opulence  in  sorrow's  wee." 

Coviar  :  tAarity.  IK. 

sue  cor,  *  soc  our.  *  soc  oure,  '  soo- 
ourse,  *  suo-urs,  *.  [O.  Fr.  socors,  from 

Lat.  miccursus,  from  succurro  =  to  succor 
(q.v.).] 

1.  Aid,  help,  assistance;  particularly  as- 
sistance that  delivers  from  difficulty,  want, 
or  distress. 

"The  devotion  of  life  or  fortune  to  the  twxour  of 
the  poor  ii  a  height  of  virtue  to  which  humanity  liu 
never  arisen  by  its  owu  power."— Taller,  No.  i. 

2.  The  person  who  or  thing  which  brings 
lid,  help,  or  assistance. 

"  Hire  to  Mlue,  and  eke  hire  for  to  prey 
To  ben  our  help,  and  tocour  whan  we  dey," 

Chaucer :  C.  T..  IMfl. 

1 3.  (Pi.) :  Troops  serving  as  an  aid  or  relief. 

"There  rode  the  Volaclan  succour*.* 

Jtucuuluif :  Battle  tf  Late  KeaiUut,  Till. 

•  liic'-cor-a-ble,     a.    [Eng.    succor;   -able.} 

1.  Capable  of  being    succored,    aided,  or 
relieved ;  admitting  of  succor. 

2.  Affording  succor  or  relief;  helpful,  aid 
Ing. 

"If  the  physitiun  b*  not  verle  answerable  ID  liking 
to  the  patient,  perceiving  him  not  BO  fucrourafrfc  H« 
be*  tie«ir«th  or  would  ,.*»•  such  »  phy»itioii,  shall 
never  proceed  •uccewfully."— nme'j  Storthotite,  7*0-2. 

stic'-cor-er,  *.  [Eng.  «uccor.  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  suceurs;  one  who  affords  aid  or  relief; 
a  helper. 

"  Sbe  h*th  been  ft  tueeorer   of  m»nj."— Aomoiw  zvt  2. 

*  »uc'-cor  e»s.    ».    [Eug.    ntccor;   -ess.]    A 
female  helper.    (Stanyhurst.) 

«uc -cor-less,  *  suc-conr-lesse,  o.  [Eng. 
«cc0r;  -leu.]  Destitute  of  succor,  aid.  or 
help. 

"And  all  hii  friends  and  sonldiers,  fuceourfcsie 
Perisht  but  he."        Chapman :  Bcmer  ;  Odyitey  T. 

rio'-cor-ft  ».    «  suck'-er-y,  *  suck'-er- 
le,  s.    [A  corrupt,  of  cMcory,(q.v.).J 
Bot. :  Cichorium  Intybus.    [CHICORY.] 

itto-oose',  o.  [Lat.  succus  =  juice.]  Full  of 
juice. 

•ue'-c4-tash,  i.  [N.  Amer.  Indian  nisich 
quatash  =  corn  boiled  whole.]  Green  maize 
and  beans  boiled  together ;  originally  a  North 
American  Indian  dish. 

84o'-o6-trine,  o.    [SOCOTRINE.] 
'•titf-cub,  s.    [SuccuBOS.]   A  succubus  (q.v.). 

"  Our  succuft  Sfttanick  now  found. 
She  touched  his  soul  in  place  unsound." 

LfVrfey  :  Aaunian  Jilt. 


BUC'-CU-ba,  ».      [SUCCUBUS.) 

sue  cu  bine,  a.  (Eag.  smxub(us) ;  -int.]  Of 
or  belonging  to  a  succubus  (q.v.). 

"Oh,  happy  the  slip  from  hUfueeuoinegrip." 

•MtOM .-  Ina  Ley.  :  SI  jVlcfclas. 

sue  -cu-bouB.  a.  [Lat.  succubo  =  to  lie 
under.*)  [Succusus.] 

Bot.  (Of  the  Jungcrmlannaccai) :  Having  the 
anterior  margin  of  each  leaf  placed  below  the 
posterior  margin  of  the  immediately  succeed- 
ing one. 

sue  -cu -bus,  (pi.  suc'-cu  bi),  suc'-cu  ba 
(pi.  sue  -cu -baa),  t.  [Mod.  Lat.  from  Lat. 
mccuba=  a  strumpet;  «-iiccu6o  =  tolie  under: 
sub  =  under,  aud  cubo  =  to  lie.] 

1.  Anthrop.  (Of  both  forms) :  A  demon  be- 
lieved to  have  the  power  of  assuming  the 
shape  of  a  woman  in  order  to  consort  sex- 
ually with  men.    [INCUBUS,  LAMIA.) 

"This  is  the  doctrine  of  the  incubi  aud  the  ntceitot 
those  male  and  female  nocturnal  demons  which  con 
sort  sexually  with  men  and  women  We  m»y  let  out 
with  their  descriptions  among  the  islanders  of  tlie 
Antilles,  where  they  are  the  ghosts  of  the  dead,  van- 
ishing when  clutched ;  In  New  Zealand,  where  ances- 
tral deities  '  form  attachments  with  females,  and  pay 
them  repeated  visits;'  while  in  the  ttainoan  Islands, 
such  intercourse  of  Inferior  gods  caused  'many  super- 
natural conceptions  ;'  aud  iu  Lapland,  where  details 
of  this  last  extreme  class  have  also  been  placed  on 
record.  From  these  lower  grades  of  culture  we  may 
follow  the  idea  onward.  Formal  rites  are  specified  iu 
the  Hindu  Tautra,  which  enable  a  man  to  obtain  a 
companiou-nymph  by  worshipping  her  aud  repenting 
her  name  by  night  In  a  cemetery.  Augustine.  In  an 
instructive  passage,  states  tbe  popular  notions  of  the 
visits  of  incubi  ...  yet  he  is  careful  not  to  commit 
himself  to  a  positive  belief  ID  such  spirits  Later 
theologians  were  less  cautious,  and  grave  argumenta- 
tion on  nocturnal  intercourse  with  incubi  and  lucntbt 
was  carried  on  till,  «t  the  height  of  luedlarval  civilisa- 
tion, we  find  it  accepted  iu  full  belief  by  ecclesiastics 
widlawyers."—  Tytor :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  18T3),  Ii  189, 190. 

2.  Pathol  (Of  the  form  succubus) :  Night- 
mare. 

SOC'-cu-la,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  plain 
axis  or  cylinder,  provided  with  staves  or 
handles  for  turning  it,  but  having  no  drum. 

BUC-CU  Ien9e,  suc'-cn-len-c?,  «.  [Eng. 
succulen(t) ;  -ce,  -cy.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  succulent  or  juicy  ;  juiciness. 

sfie'-cu-lent,  o.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  succvlenttu, 
from  succus  =  juice.]  Full  of  juice ;  juicy. 

"A«  tbe  leaves  are  not  succulenr,  little  more  juice  U 
pressed  out  of  them  than  they  have  imbibed,"— Cook: 
fira  Voyage,  bit.  t,  ch.  xviii. 

succulent-plants,  «.  pi. 

Bot. :  Plants  characterized  by  the  succulence 
of  their  stems,  their  leaves,  or  their  whole  or- 
ganization. This  is  produced  by  a  remarkable 
distension  or  increase  of  the  cellular  tissue. 
Their  organization  enables  them  to  derive 
their  nourishment  from  the  air  rather  than 
from  the  ground,  and  flourish  in  dry  places. 
When  cultivated,  they  are  planted  in  sandy 
loam  not  too  finely  sifted,  and  require  very 
little  watering.  They  do  not  nourish  well 
with  other  plants,  but  should  have  a  green- 
house of  their  own.  The  succulent  orders 
of  plants,  Caetaceae,  Mesembryanthemacese, 
Craasulacese,  Ac.,  are  not  closely  akin  to  each 
other.  Succulence  may  be  associated  witli 
any  structure,  and  extend  through  an  order, 
a  tribe,  a  genus,  or  a  species  only. 

«  suc-cu-len'  t»,  s.  pi.   [Fem.  pi.  of  Lat.  sue- 

'  culentus  =  succulent.] 

Bot :  The  forty-sixth  order  in  Linnteus's 
Natural  System.  Genera  :  Cactus,  Mesembry' 
anthemum,  Sedum,  Oxalis,  Fagonia,  &c. 

suc'-cu-lent-ly;  adv.  [Eng.  succulent.;  -ly.} 
In  a  succulent  manner ;  juicily. 

*  siic'-cu-lous,  a.  [Lat.  succus  =  juice.]  Suc- 
culent, juicy. 

sue  cumb'(!>  silent),  *suo-comb,  v.i.  [Lat. 
succumbo  =  to  lie  or  fall  under,  to  yield  :  sub 
=  under,  and  cumbo  =  to  lie  ;  Fr.  succomber.] 
To  yield  ;  to  sink  or  give  way ;  to  submit. 

"  The  smaller  and  feebler  animals  have  bent  and 
accommodated  themselves  to  changes  to  which  the 
larger  species  have  lucmmbed."— Oven :  Clauif.  e/ 
Mammalia,  p.  M. 

*  SUC-cum -bent,  a.     [Lat.  succumbens,  pr. 

par.  of  succumbo  =  to  succumb  (q.v.).]    Sub- 
missive. 

"  Succumbent  and  paeelv*  to  her  desires."—  ffawett , 
Parly  of  Beattt,  p.  2. 

*  suo-cur'-sal,  o.     [Fr.  sucnrsale  =  sup[ 
menting  a  pa'rish  church  ;  tglise  succursale  =  a 
chapel  of  ease,  from  Low  Lat.  tuccurms  = 


succour  (q.v.).]  Serving  as  a  chapel  of  eaM. 
(Applied  to  a  church  attached  as  a  relief  Of 
succour  to  a  parish  church.) 

sue  -cus  (pi.  suc'-9i),  s.    [Lat.  =  juice.] 

Pharm. :  The  expressed  juice  of  a  plant 
intended  to  be  used  medicinally.  The  strength 
of  the  juices  varies  according  to  the  soil  and 
situation  in  which  the  plant  grows,  the  season 
of  the  year,  &c.  Rectified  spirit  to  the  extent 
of  one-third  the  volume  of  the  juice  is  added 
to  keep  the  latter  from  decomposition.  Five 
succi  are  now  officinal,  viz.,  Sucms  conii,  sco~ 
parii,  taraxaci,  belladonna,  and  hyoscyami. 
(Garrod.) 

*  BUC-CUS-siV-tion,  s.  [Lat.  succussalut, 
pa.  par.  of  succusso,  a  freq.  from  jncculio  (sup. 
succussum)  =  to  fling  or  toss  up ;  sub  =  under, 
and  quatio  =  to  shake.] 

1.  A  trot ;  a  trotting. 

11  That  is  to  say.  whether  tolutatlon, 
As  they  do  term  't,  or  ntcattialton. 

Sutler:  Budibral.  I.  U.  «. 

2.  A  shaking  ;  succussion. 

suc-cuss'-ldn  (ss  as  sh),  s.  [Lat.  succiasta, 
from  succussum,  sup.  of  succutio  -=  to  fling  or 

tOSS  Up.]     [SUCCt'SSATION.J 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  shaking ;  a 
•hock. 

"  The  angler,  desiring  halt,  has  only  to  create  slight 
•Mccusiion  of  the  soil  ...  to  lead  the  earthworm  to 
come  to  the  surface."— Lindtay  :  Mind  in  Ote  Latter 
Animalt,  i.  S3. 

2.  Med. :  A  method  of  exploring  the  state 
of  the  chest,  with  the  view  of  detecting  the 
effusion  of  liquid  within  any  of  its  cavities. 
Succussion  consists  in  seizing  the  patient  by 
the  shoulder  and  communicating  a  smart  im- 
pulse to  the  chest,  so  as  to  make  any  liquid 
which  it  may  contain  fluctuate  to  one  side. 
It  was  practised  by  Hippocrates,  and  is  still, 
to  a  certain  extent,  in  use. 

t  stio-oiia'-silve,  o.    [Eng.  nuxusstfon) ;  -ive.] 
Geol.  (Of  earthquake  action) :  Characterized 
by  a  shaking,  and  especially  by  an  up  and 
down  movement  in  place  of  tremulous  oscilla- 
tion.   (Dana.) 

such,  'siche,  *soche,  •  sullk,  •  swich. 
*BWllo,  *»wllcb,  *BWUlo,  a.  [A.8. 
svtylc,  swilc,  swlc ;  cogn.  with  O.  Sax.  tulic ; 
O.  Fris.  selic,  telk,  tullik,  sulch,  suk;  Dut. 
zulk;  Icel.  sUkr;  Dan.  slig ;  Sw.  sitk;  O.  8w. 
salik;  Ger.  solch ;  O.  H.  Ger.  solich;  Goth. 
swaleiks.  The  A.8.  sutylc,  &c.,  are  from  nod 
=  so,  and  lie  =  like  ;  thus,  such  Is  a  corruption 
of  so-like.] 

1.  Of  that  or  the  like  kind   or  degree) ; 
similar,  like. 

"  The  judgment  of  God  is  according  to  truth  against 
them  which  commit  sucA  things."—  llomant  il.  8. 

T  Suck  is  followed  by  as  before  that  which 
is  the  object  of  comparison. 

"  Tears  sue*  at  angels  weep  burst  forth." 

ililtan  :  P.  I...  I,  •». 

If  the  indefinite  article  is  used  with  such, 
it  is  always  placed  between  it  and  the  noun 
to  which  it  refers ;  or  such  follows  the  noun 
preceded  by  a  or  an :  as.  such  an  honour, 
such  a  view,  never  was  there  a  man  such  as  he, 
&c.  If  the  article  is  not  used,  such  precedes 
the  noun,  as,  such  weather.  Adjectives  may 
come  between  such  and  the  noun,  as,  such  flne 
weather,  such  a  good  man.  Followed  by  that, 
such  introduces  a  consequence  or  result. 

"The  birds  sue*  pleasure  took,  tkat  some  wonld 
sing."  SAakeip.  :  Venta  A  Admit,  1,101. 

2.  The   same   as   mentioned  or  specified; 
not  another  or  different ;  so;  in  the  sam» 
state  or  condition. 

11  It  eats  and  sleeps,  and  bath  turh  senses 
As  we  have."  Sluilcttp.  :  Tempett,  L  t. 

3.  Belonging  to  that  class. 

"  No  promise  can  oblige  a  prince  so  much. 
Still  to  be  good,  as  long  to  have  been  sucA." 

Dry  den.    (Todd.) 

4.  Certain.    (Used  to  indicate  or  hint  in 
a  general  and  indefinite  way  at  persons  »r 
things  already  named  or  pointed  out,  or  which 
could  have  been  named  or  pointed  out  dis- 
tinctly if  the  speaker  pleased.) 

"  If  you  repay  me  not  on  sucA  a  day. 

In  nidi  a  place.  tucA  sum  or  sums  ai  are 
Express'd  in  the  condition,  let  the  forfeit 
Be  an  equal  |>ound  of  your  flesh." 

Shake, f,. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  I.  8. 

5.  Used  without  the  correlative  =  so  great, 
so  high,  very  great,  very  much,  very  con- 
siderable, so  good,  so  bad. 

"  I  could  come  to  tucA  honour."— Skaketp.:  Merri 
Wives.  11.  1. 

H  *  !•  Such  was  In  Middle   English  rued 


boll,  boj;  pout,  J6\W;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  $Hin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  I 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -{Ion.   }ion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shns.   -We,  -die.  Sits.  =  bel,  del. 


452« 


Buchosaurus— suotoria 


with  numerals  In  the  mam  of  as  inuob  or  as 
many. 

-  The  tellith  U  •»*•  In  u  the  dttI«eete.--/W 
frtfmti  re  ./  t\t  J/iiMjtdrfe,  p,  tu. 

1.  .s>icA  is  often  used  adverbially  vrlth  the 
sense  of  <o  :  AS,  sucA  terrible  weather. 

•  S.  For  jweA,  .  .  .  a*  the  oldest  English  used 
*icy(«.  .  .  twytc  =  9i«A  .  .  .  OTi'A. 

4.  Such  and  tuch.  sucA  or  me*:  Certain, 
some.  (Used  to  denote.  a  jterson  or  thing 
indefinitely  or  generally.) 

"  I  tmve  K|>tMitnt<sl  my  eerrauU  to  tuck  and  tuck  t. 
BiM*.*—  I  £i>»M*f  xxL  1 

6.  SucAli*»: 

(1)  Of  the  like  kind  ;  of  the  same  sort. 

"  SweA-fUv  t»>i  M  tntae.* 

Sau.tMpi  :  A'idbnrd  //A.  1.  I. 

00  Similar  persons  or  things  ;  so  forth  ;  ct 
cetera.  (Used  at  tlie  end  of  enumerations.) 

••  Virtu.,  youth.  llherall  tr.  and  ««<•*  »».•." 

.•ituJMy.  :  ProUtu  *  C'retjMfti.  1.  2. 

BU  oh6  sau'-rusi,  «.  [Or.  <roO*«  (xnuhos) 
—  an  Egyptian  name  for  the  crocodile,  and 
o-aCpoc  (sauro«)  =  A  lizard.) 

Palamti.  :  A  genua  of  Ainnhlinvtla,  with  out 
species  fnini  the  Wealdua  of  Tilgate  Forest. 


.  ..  .    .         ,  . 

KCIII),  tugan;  cogn.  with  loci.  J/iija,  <iii;<> 
(pa.  t  *>«?,  l>a.  par.  jo/Hun);  Dan.  su.w; 
Sw.  jKjn;  Qer.  aauffn;  O.  B,  Qer. 


wise,  oilc.     [Eng.  nuA,  and  tcin.]    In 
auoh  a  manner  ;  so, 

•dole,  •  coulee,  •souk-en,  *  sake  (pa.  t. 
*  «*,  •  MO,  tucked,  pa.  par.  •  isolct,  tuckrd), 
'  i.  [A.3.  ncccm  (pa.  t.  «tlc,  pa.  par. 

an;   cogn. 
t  *>«?,   l>a.   par. 

.  jKjn;  Qer.  aauff  .  ,  .  ju  ; 
Wei.  sugno  =  to  suck  :  tug  =Jutce  ;  Ir. 
fuytalmsto  suck;  «ujA  =  juice  ;  Gael,  my 
=  to  suck;  »«j\=  Juice:  Lat  «ujo  =  to 
suck  ;  .<ncu«,  tiiccu  =  juice.) 
A.  Traruilire: 

1.  To  draw  Into  th*  moutli  by  th*  action  of 
the  lips  and  tougne,  which  serves  to  produce 
a  vai-iuim. 

"  Tbt  milk  tbou  tu<*e«M  from  her.* 

Bkalmi*.!  nttit  J**r**lo*l,  IL  a, 

&  To  draw  something  from  by  th*  action  of 
the  lips  and  tongue. 

"  I  out  raofe  roehuiolioty  out  of  t,  long.  u  a  VMM! 
ttK*«  en*."—  OttJfeeqx  .-  X<  roc.  «*«  II,  tit. 

3.  To  draw  In,  absorb,  or  Imbllw  In  any 
manner  more  or  leas  resembling  the  act  of 
racking.  (Often  followed  by  in,  mil,  a  any,  tc.) 

"  TlitM  lubben,  pteplnf  thronf  b  a  broken  pan*. 
Tt  tut*  fresh  air.  enrvey'd  tlie  iieljrMxnirlng  plAta." 
Drjntm  .-  Si»d  *  /•mtrAer.ia.  161. 

4.  To  draw,'  to  drain,  to  extract. 

"  Trtftt  »ll  tuckert  u  wee<U.  rutt  itift  them  down 
while  t  hey  »re  little—  before  they  hftve  itirieej  half  tht 
IH«  out  o(  the  bmrlnj  hllL'-SpHoiwrj  Jftvortiu, 
March  1X0,  Ik  >H. 

ft.  To  draw,  u  •  whirlpool  ;  to  Ingulf,  to 
•wallow  up. 

"  AH  th.  under  r»»eJone. 

Ai  w*t«reart  by  whirl  poolf  evol'd  and  drawn. 
Wen  quit*  devour  a  !u  Uie  YWtgullih  of  •uililrc. 


rinck  tbe  yonn£tvriHny  etiU  from  the  •he"he«r.' 


1,  To  draw  fluid  Into  the  month  ;  to  draw 
by  exhausting  the  air,  as  with  a  tube. 

"  Whtrt  tht  bM  «•**«.  then  «uo*  I  - 

SHaJtap.  t  Trmfttt.r. 

i  To  draw  milk  from  the  breast 

•I  would 
,  ----------  1  the  •he~b_. 

:  Jte-okoM  nr  r.»ic».  IL  L 
1.  To  tuck  ix: 
(1)  t«.  .-  To  draw  Into  the  month  ;  to  Im- 
bloe,  to  absorb. 
(S)  Fig.:  To  cheat,  to  take  In,  to  deceive. 

2.  To  tuck  the  montey:  [MONKEY,  ^  C').]. 
S.  To  net  up  :  To  draw  into  the  month. 

•fiok,  •  axmke,  •  snoke,  >.    (Socic,  r.) 

1.  Tlie  act  of  sucking,  or  drawing  with  the 
mouth. 
J.  Milk  drawn  from  the  breast  by  the  mouth. 

"  Blemd  are  tlx.  bvru.  and  U»  womhi  llut  net.r 
lore  ud  Uie  i»p>  th»t  neier  J»re  mof-Lute 
Mill  It. 

&  A  small  draught    (CoUoq.) 

"  No  bom.  t  nor  no  tob»cco—  Not  •  met,  dr." 


*  4.  Juice,  succulence. 

5.  A  sweetmeat    (SUCKET.) 

•ook-ln,  i.    A  take-in,  a  cheat,  s  decep- 
tion.   (Slang.) 


•fiok  -en.  «.    tA.S.  son  =  privilege.  Jurisdic- 
tion, from  xx  =  •  «oke,  liberty.]    (Soa) 


Sentt  lav:  The  district  attached  to  a  mill, 
or  the'  whole  lands  astrictrd  to  a  mill,  the 
tenants  of  wliich  are  hound  to  bring  their 
nr.iin  to  I  lie  mill  to  be  ground.  Tenants  so 
astricted  are  called  Suckenors.  [TIMRLAOK.] 

suck   on  or, «.  [Eng.  tuckcn  ;  -tr.)  [Suckm.] 
sucker  (1),  t.    [SUOAR.]    (Scotch.) 

siiok  or  (2),  ».    [Eng.  tuck,  v. ;  -«r.l 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 
I.  Literally: 

(1)  One  who  or  that  which  sucks  or  draws 
with  tlie  mouth,  especially  a  yonni;  pig. 

"  For  «M,-**rf  tht  demand  w*i  not  very  Ijrielt.  *nd 
prlctt  were  etatl.maiy."— .Sfamlani.  Sept  3,  Iftsx. 

(2)  The  piston  of  a  suction-pump. 

"Oil  mutt  be  poured  Into  the  cylinder,  tlmt  the 
twrfrer  niny  ellp  up  ftiid  down  In  It  uit.re  inioothly."— 

•Vat 

(3)  A  pip*  or  tube  through  which  anything 
is  drawn. 

"  Mftrlnere  nyt  itly  the  pinnp 
So  thty.  hnt  chtertnl.  uu(»ti«ue<.  .till  more 
The  d mln i ug  aMStn*  nillya  :  CUer,  IL 

(4)  In  tlie  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

(5)  A  round  piereof  leather  having  a  central 
perforation  for  the  attachment  of  a  string ; 
when  rendered  flexible  by  wotting,  and  applied 
to  a  smooth  object,  as  a  stone,  the  adhesion 
between  th*  two  surfaces  due  to  atmospheric 
pressure  enables  th*  stone  to  be  lifted. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  hard  drinker;  a  soaker. 

(2)  On*  easily  duped;  a  bumpkin;  a  term  of 
general  disparagement.    (Slang.) 

(3)  One  who  extorts  money  from  a  candi- 
date. 

(i)  A  cintimmo  for  an  inhabitant  of  Illinois. 

(6)  A  sweet,  a  sweetmeat 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Bat. :  A  branch  which  proceed*  from 
the  neck  of  a  plant,  beneath  the  surface,  and, 
as  It  emerges  from  the  earth,  becomes  erect, 
Immediately  producing  leaves  and  branches, 
and  subsequently  sending  down  roots  from 
Its  base.  Example,  Son  epiaosutlma,  Rubut 
Idceut,  Ac.  When  a  sucker  grows  rapidly, 
gardeners  call  it  a  shoot 


(1)  Th*   Cyprinodont  group.    Catostomlna, 
from  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  North  America. 
The  name  la  sometimes  confined  to  the  tyi'e- 
genus,  Catostomus,  the  members  of  which 
arc  called  also  Stone-rollers  and  Red-horses. 

(2)  The  family  Discoboli.    The  space  be- 
tween th*  ventral  tins  is  occupied  by  a  round 
disc,  by  means  of  which   they  can  attach 
themselves  firmly  to  rocks.    [CYCLOPTERUS, 
LirARis,  LUMP-SUCKER.] 

sucker-rod,  i.  A  rod  connecting  the 
brake  of  a  pump  with  the  bucket 

•fick'-er,  r.r.  &  C    [SUCKEB,  t.] 

A.  Tram.  :  To  strip  off  shoots  ;  to  deprive 
of  suckers. 

"  Wt  did  not  know  >t  flttt  bow  to  obUIn  Ttrr  tree 
thick  It* ven  until  Iniu-ucUd  by  >u  old  negro  la  tlie 
art  of  tucbrriiiff  tlie  Btattta,"— A  Jamttt  Gnutte, 
Feb.  14,  IMr. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  shoot  out  suckers ;  to  rnn 
to  suckers. 

'•  1  u  moet  mu-ked  chttnettrtitlct,  howertr.  are  ttt 
Undenclte  toturtrr  In.uiodermtilr."— *Htn^«  Jran- 
tute.  Mtron,  UW,  Ik  Kx, 

•fiok'-et,  a,     (SUCK,  «.J    A   sweetmeat   for 
sucking  or  dissolving  In  the  month. 


"Tlie  Ctalplne  juctMi  of  fobbett  of  ooudltod  bulU 
«eei---«j»op  rnflor.-  Strmoiu,  vol.  L,  t«r.  It. 

•iick'-ie,  a.    [SDCKY.] 

•UCk  In,  .».      [StVKKX.] 

suck    IHK.   ••ouk-yng,   'souk-yngo. 
pr.  par.  a  a.    (SUCK,  u.] 
A.  At  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 


1.  Lit.  :  Drawing  or  deriving  nourishment 
from  the  mother's  breast  :  as,  a  suMng  child. 

2.  Fig.  :   Very  young  and   Inexperienced  ; 
undergoing  training;  in  tlie  early  utage  of  a 
career,    (t'oitoy.) 

l*?1!}?  *  r"11"  ••"Uter.  tufHat  Itwyer.  or  that 
tort  of  Uilug.  -r»ac*^o,  .•  :»»«m«.  oh.  r. 

sucking  bottle,  a.    An  infant's  feeding- 

bottle. 

"  He  th»t  will  t»y.  chlldran  Join  thtte  lentntl  »b- 
ttmct  BpaMMaM  with  their  iitdting-tottltt,  ruu  more 
rr.il  for  hie  oiilnlon.  but  lt«  elnotrity."—  Loekt. 


sucking  fish,  .«.    [RKMORA,  II.  1.} 
sucking  lice,  >.  pi. 

Entom.  :  Tlie  Pedicnlina  (q.v.),  from   th* 
mouth  being  converted  into  a  suctorial  organ. 

sucking-pig,  >.    A  young  pig  not  yot 
weaned  ;  a  sucker. 

sucking  pump,  ».    [SocriON-rvsir.] 

•  suck  in  y.  «.    [O.  Fr.  smii/unlf.]    A  loow 
frock  worn  over  other  clothes. 

"  sue'  kle,  s.    [SUCKLE,  ».]    A  teat 
suo'-kle,  r.l.  or  (.  [Kng.  .tacit,  v.  ;  freq.  sun",  -la,] 
1.  To  nurse  at  the,  breast  ;  to  giv,  siirk  to. 

••  Our  lolly  hotteu  nineteen  children  tx>re 
Hut  lolled  her  l>re«et  t,i  «,,,-W«  t.  Itirtcei,  m»re" 
tfajf  .•  To  (At  Karl  nf  llur!<n<jt.,n.  En.  & 

*  2.  To  suck. 

•uok'-ler,  ».    [Eng.  ««cW(«),  v.  ;  *r.]    On* 
who  suckles  ;  a  suckling. 

"  U  would  ]«y  to  trwujiort  luclil'n.  or  '-vrn  wennt* 
ealvet,  between  these  ili»tru>ts.'—  r,e\i.  Jjtu.  u.  IBM. 

suck    ling.  •  nok    ling.    «  soke-linK, 
•  soke-lynge,   •  sucko  lyng,  *.     (Eng. 

tuck(lt);  -Una.] 

1.  Orrf.  Lana.  :  A  young  child  or  auraurl 
not  yet  weaned. 

"  I  utely  »»w 

A  l«mh  tturiB  by  n  reptile  :  the  nut*  tueUinf 
L*y  foiuntug  on  the.  t*rth."         Ayron  .-  <  ,i.«.  U.  a> 

2.  Hot.  :  Tr\ft>lium  npens  and  r.  ;iro(«n»f. 

su-oro-dfx'-trtn,  s.    [Eng.  su,-ro(»e),  and 
dextrin.] 


nation  of  doxtrin  and  cane  sugar,  discovered 
by  Mr.  O.  Lewin,  of  the  Laborator>-,  Komenet 
House,  among  the  solulile  constituents  of 
germinated  barley.  It  forms  a  dry,  t.r 
powder,  soluble  in  60  per  cent,  of  alcohol,  lint 
scarcely  soluble  In  alcohol  of  90  per  cent.  IU 
existence  is  prolmMy  Intimately  cunnectM 
with  th*  transformation  of  the  starch  mole- 
on!*  Into  cane  sugar  by  tlie  aid  of  the  vital 
vegetable  function. 

su'-crd«e),  s.    [Fr.  n«r(<)  =  sugar;  sut  -ott 

(CA*».).]     [CANE-SCOAR.) 

siio'-tlon,  ».  [O.  Fr.,  from  L«t.  mcriini,  sup. 
of  sugo  =  to  suck  ;  Fr.  lucctun.J  The  act  or 
process  of  sucking;  the  removal  of  atmo- 
spheric pressure  fhim  any  interior  space,  so  aa 
to  allow  the  atmospheric  pressure  to  act 
externally;  as  when  water  is  sucked  np 
through  a  tube.  Uie  air  being  exhausted  from 
tlie  latter  by  the  mouth,  tlie  pressure  of  I  lie 
external  air  on  the  fluid  forces  it  up  through 
th*  tub*  ;  th*  act  of  drawing  into  th;  month. 

"Sonnde  (both  exUrlonr  and  fnterlonr)  nuu  be  nude, 
at  well  by  luMi.m.  u  l.y  emii»l..u  of  the  lirrath  :  u  la 
whittling,  or  breathing."—  Bacon  :  -Vu/.  Hit?  .  f  191. 

V  /  VirrT  o/  siictim  :  Capacity  for  imbihlug 
alcoholic  liquors.    (fSlang.) 

"  Wtry  food  power  o'  tHrtian,  8*nuny."—  D 
'.  ch.  xxllL 


suction  -  chamber,  >.  The  cliamlxr, 
liairel,  or  cylinder  of  a  pnnip.  into  which  the 
fluid  is  delivered  by  the  suction-pipe. 

suction-pipe,  t.  That  pipe  of  a  fire- 
engine  or  other  pump  which  conducts  water 
from  a  cistern  to  the  cylinder  of  a  pump. 

suction  plate,  t. 

Dent,  :  A  dental  plate  retained  in  position 
In  the  mouth  by  atmospheric  pressure. 

•notion-primer.  >.  A  small  force-pump 
worked  by  hand  and  used  in  charging  a  main- 
pump. 

suction  -pump,   t.    A  common  pump. 

[PUMP  (1),  ».  1.) 

suction  volvo,  ». 

L  Mech.  :  The  valve  below  the  plunger  or    : 
bucket  of  a  pump.      It  is  lilted   by  atmo- 
spheric. pressure  acting  upon  the  water  be- 
neath It,  as  the  plunger  is  raised. 

2.  Sttam-eng.  :  The  valve  through  which  the    , 
water  is  drawn  from  the  hot-well  into  to* 
feed-pump  by  the  rise  of  tbe  plunger. 

4  suck  y,  suck  -ie,  «.    [Eng.  ntak  ;  -«.]          i 
£ot.  (PL)  .-The  Bowers  of  TrifolMm  fratetat,     ; 

sue  tor  -in,  .«.;•'.    [Lat  return,  sup.  of  rupo 
=  to  suck.] 

Slot.  :  A  nsme  given  by  different  snthors  to 
various  groups  of  animals,  from  the  fact  that  ' 


Cite,  at.  Hire,  .midst,  whit.  ftUl,  tether;  we,  w«t.  her.,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  «ir.  marine;  go. 
or.  wore,  wait  work.  who.  son;  mote.  cub.  our*,  nnlte,  our.  rule.  IfUl|  try.  Syrian.    «*.  OB  =  e:  ey  =  »:  qu  =  kw. 


•uctoriml— «raet 


4527 


•ft. 


the  mouth  is  more  or  less  developed  Into  a 
suctorial,  rather  than  a  masticatory  organ  : 

•  1.  A  name  given  by  Cnvier  to  the  second 
family  of  his  ChondropterygtsM ;  he  af!-r- 
wards  abandoned  it  for  Kuuieril's  name,  Cy- 
eloatomata. 

•  2.  The  name  as  Aphaniptera  (q.v.). 

t  3.  An  order  of  Infusoria,  with  ono  lamlly, 
Uua,  it  is  now  frenerally  replaced  by 
k •..'.<  order  TenUculifera-suctoria,  of  his 
clam  Tentaculifera. 

4.  A  group  of  Annelida,  containing  the 
Leeches.  [HIRUDINEA,  Lsccu.] 

«ae-toV-I-s)l,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  nctorUfl);  Bng. 
adj.  suff.  -ai.\ 

1.  Adapted   for   sucking:   as,   a  factorial 

Biouth,  disc,  Ac. 

2.  Living  by  sucking:  as,  suctorial  birds. 

3.  Capable  of  adhering  by  suction :  as,  The 

bUT!;>r>-v  is  a  suctorial  fish. 

•  suctorial-crustacean*, ».  pi. 

Zool.  :  The  Siphonostomata. 

•fto-tor/-!  an, «.  [SUCTOBIA.)  Any  Individual 
.uer  of  any  of  the  groups  of  Suctoria 

(q.V.). 

suo-tbr'   1-ous,  a.     [Hod,  Lat  netarUa); 

>    .'.  adj.  suff.  -otu.}    The  same  asSuCTOaiAL 

(q.v.;. 

"The  larval  of  Drtled  Ulna:  U.eouelvee  by  their 
ncforiowj  mandible*  to  the  bedy  of  flab."— Jffrfr*  * 
SjMnee .-  Aeferaofcf j>,  1.  1ST. 

fr.f.    [Sun.]    To  cover  with  drift-sand  In 
jod. 

SU-dak,  t.    [Buss.] 

IMhy. :  Luclaperai  *m/fra,  one  of  the  Pike- 
perches,  from  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  Europe. 
The  roe  Is  made  into  a  kind  of  caviare  by  the 
Russians. 

•u-dom  in-a,  a.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat 
tudor^i  sweat] 

Pathol. :  Minute  transparent  vesicles  arising 
on  the  skin  towards  the  favourable  termina- 
tion of  various  diseases  which  have  been 
attended  by  perspiration,  as  acute  rheumatism, 
typhus,  scarlatina,  enteric  fever,  dec.  They 
are  developed  chiefly  on  the  front  of  the 
abdomen  and  the  chest.  They  are  smaller 
than  miliary  vesicles,  which  are  opaque,  in- 
stead  of  transparent  They  are  placed  under 
the  order  Veeiculs;. 

Su  dan  ise',  a.ii. 

A,  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Sudan, 
udan,  a  region  in  Africa,  south  of  Sahara. 

B.  Ai  tuktt.  (plur.  fcitnr.) :    An  inhabitant 
of  the  Sudan  ;  also  spelled  Saudantte. 

'  sn  da  tlon,  «.  [Lat  tudalio,  from  nufo  = 
to  sweat  ]  The  act  of  sweating ;  sweat 

su  da-toV-1-um,  >.  [Lit,  from  futc  =  to 
sweat.]  A  hot-air  bath  for  promoting  per- 
spiration. 

••n'-da-tor-y;  «.  *  a.    [Lat.  mdatorlum.} 

A.  At  tubtt. :  A  hot-house,  a  sweating-bath. 
"LeeedaHnonlos  orble  la  taken  for  a  audolory."— 

B'f'vdug :  JufgntU,  p.  224. 

B.  Ai  adj. :  Sweating,  perspiring. 

•fid  den,  •  sod-ain,  *  sod  ayne,  •  sod- 
ein,  'sod-en,  •  sod  eyn,  •  sud-daln. 
•snd-deln,  *  sud-eyn,  a.,  adr>.,  t  t. 
[0.  Kr.  wJafn,  Mdaln  (Fr.  taudalii),  from  Low 
Lat.  svbitiinut ;  Lat  tubiUtitaa,  from  nhit'LS 
=suddsn,  lit  =  that  which  has  come  stealthily, 
from  TOOW  =  to  go  or  come  stealthily :  «',  = 
nnder  (hence,  secretly),  and  to  =to  go ;  Sp.  & 
Fort  HirUonK, ;  Ital.  raoitano,  nbUaneo.} 

A.  Ai  adjective: 

1.  Happening  without  any  notice,  or  with 
scarcely  a  moment's  notice ;  coming  on  or 
happening  Instantaneously,  unexpectedly,  or 
without  the  usual  preparations,  notice,  or 
signs. 

"Their  secret  and  audit**  arrival.*— Hat4*t>. :  Hup* 
V  iurrere.  (All.) 

1  Ha»ti!.vputinuse,prepared,oremployed; 
quick,  rapid. 

"Which  reforaaUoB.  mart  be  mU&n.* 

omkap.  i  atari  rnr^  v.  a. 

•  J.  Hasty,  violent,  rash,  precipitate. 

"  Hee  mat*  11  a  tkla«  aeiaee  h.  kle  bead." 

Moiee^.  I  fnr,  ri^r.l. 

•B.  Aitdr.:  Suddenly. 

*Tke>  miitn  waud  wroth,  end  all  eke  ka«w  not 
•by."  Tfemuon ;  CattU  of  Indotomet,  L  74. 


•  C.  <l<  tufa!.  :  Something  unexpected  or 
onlouked  for;  a  surprise. 

"  I  *uuid  wl*b  [MTenU  to  uuu-k  heerftujly  the  wlt.tr 
ttouKM  of  Uieir  cbil'lreo.  M|^:l»lly  ftt  twlt-tini  »:.•! 
>rarj,riJ»U."—  Rettqvitt  tVotUnlatu*.  p.  tt. 

*\<jn.n  tudden,  Of  a  tudden,  '  On  the  ridden, 

*  f/pfm  (A«  *td*len  :  Unexpectedly  ;  sootier  than 
was  expected  ;  suddenly. 

"  When  yoa  h»»e  »  iukit-1  to  leare  your  luaeter.  grow 
vnde  Mid  im't]-  "n  a  tud  t*n,  »in]  tieftitd  f<jui  ueual 
tetj»vl'jur."—  ,-nff(/l  .  trutruct.  to  fUrtant*. 

•ud  d«5n-l#,  •  sod  -aln-ly.  •  sod  eln-ly, 

•  sod  en  ly,  *  sod-en-lee,  •  sod  eyn 

11,  a//u.  (Ent<.  ruUUa;  -Ly.]  In  a  sutiden  or 
unexpected  manner;  unex|>ecte<l]y,  hastily; 
without  premeditation  or  preparation. 

"  You  >li»l  I  nud  tbne  of  /our  wvoeiee 
Axe  rtcbljr  ceoic  '/.  barloar  luadftUf." 

Htftftp.  :  Hrrf*aml  o/  renege,  V. 

Slid  den  ncas,  i.  (Eng.  tudden;  -neat.)  The 
quality  or  sUU  of  being  mi'ld'-n  ;  a  cowing  or 
happening  suddenly  or  unexpectedly. 

"The  fury  Mwl  jyeJdeniMM  of  the  etorm  which  bad 
bwM  upon  him.'—  Maeaulai  :  HI*.  t»f..  cb.  »l  t 

•fld'-den-tjf,  «.    [Eng.  >u/W«n;  •<»•.]    The 
state  of  being  sudden  ;  suddenness. 
10na  nddentu  :  Suddenly  ;  of  a  sodden. 

"  It  le  not  likely  that  b*  pbould  bare  Joined  them  on 
a  nuldtnt,.--  IMI  :  Heart  of  Hid-Lotltun,  eh.  arUL 

•od'-der,  a.  In.    [Hind,  ndr.} 

A.  At  adj.  :  Chief.    (Anglo-Indian.) 

5  The  word  is  often  used  in  connection 
with  the  Sudder  Dewanny  Adawlut,  formerly 
the  chief  civil,  and  the  Sudder  Mlaamut 
Adawlut,  formerly  the  chief  criminal  court  of 
justice  at  Calcutta.  But  by  an  Act  of  Par- 
liament pass*-d  in  IbOl,  a  High  Court  wan 
constituted  at  each  presidency  seat  out  of 
the  Supreme  and  Sudder  Courts,  with  juris- 
diction In  both  civil  and  criminal  cases, 
though  an  appeal  may  be  taken  from  its  de- 
cision to  the  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Privy 
Council  in  London. 

B.  At  rubttanttve  : 

•  1.  The  chief  criminal  court  at  Calcutta. 


2.  The  chief  seat  or  headquarters  of  govern- 
ment, as  distinguished  from  the  mo/nail,  or 
interior  of  the  country. 

•a  dls,i.    [Lat.  =  a  kind  of  pike.) 

If.hthy.  :  A  genus  of  Scopelids,  from  the 
Mediterranean.  Akin  to  Paralepis  (q.v.),  but 
differing  slightly  in  the  dentition. 

•U'-dor,  «.    [Lat.]    Sweating,  perspiration. 
•udor  angllcanus,  «. 
lied.  :  The  sweating-sickness  (q.v.)i 

»n  dor  If  '-«r-ou«,  a.  (Lat  ndor  =  sweat, 
and  /fro  =  to  tx-ar,  to  produce.]  Producing  or 
secreting  perspiration. 

sudoriferous  islands,  s.  pt 

Anut.  :  Glands  which  secrete  or  excrete 
perspiration  ;  sweat  glands.  They  are  found 
In  varying  numbers,  in  most  parts  of  the  skin. 
Each  gland  consists  of  a  long  tube  colled  into 
a  knot  near  the  closed  end,  which  is  situated 
In  the  cutaneous  cellular  tissue  and  con- 
stitutes the  gland  proper,  and  a  straight, 
undulate,  or  spiral  duct  traversing  the  skin 
perpendicularly,  to  terminate  upon  its  surface 
between  the  papilUe.  Krause  estimated  that 
nearly  2,800  exist  on  a  square  Inch  of  the  pal  m 
of  the  hand,  and  400  to  600  on  an  equal  space 
of  the  back  and  the  lower  limbs.  Called  also 
Sudoriparous  glands. 

•n-dor  -If'-tc,  •  su  dor  iflck,  a.  &  t.  [Fr. 
nidorijlque,  from  Lat.  tudoriflcut,  from  tudor 
=  sweat,  and  /ueio  =  to  make.] 

A.  At  adjective: 

1.  Causing  or  producing  sweating. 

"PhjeiclAiu  nay  well  Dro«ok«  »ive*t  in  bed  by 
•  »«*flii.  with  «  deeoetlon  of  mlr,rtJU*  bnw  ill  hot 

•Msir—  JhMM  .  Hu.  ma..  1  71* 

2.  Secreting  perspiration. 

"  By  -iclutton  of  the  i*tkrtjU  Ilaadi*—  Fan  MaU 
eftau.  Muck  Si,  UM. 

B.  At  mist.  :  A  medicine  that  produces  or 
promotes  perspiration.    [DIAPHOBPTIC,  •{.] 

Opium  nroTee  .  .  .  commonly  a  n»»t  mlarttet.' 
:   \f,rU,  U.  He. 


*  sn-ddr-Ip'-ar-ofi»,  a,  [Lat.  ndar  =  sweat, 
and  farto  =  to  produce.)  Producing  sweat ; 
sudoriferous. 

sudoriparous  glands, «.  pi.    [SDDOBI- 

l  LANDS.) 


*  sn   dor-ous,  a.     [Lat.  ntdont,  from  nda 
=  »what..  j    (Jonaistiug  of  sweat. 

"TheetrlifuieaUMld  tudoroul  Mdbeelefje  ff'.in  luec'v 
bftijd*."—  Aroime  :  Vulgar  Mrrturi,  Lk.ll.,  eti.  ». 

sn'-dra,  i.    [SOODRA.] 

•uds,  t.pl.  (Prop,  things  uddtn,  from  fttht 
(q.v.)  ;  cf.  O.  Dnt.  aide  =  a  seethliiK.  lx<illn)5  ; 
»»lA=w:.t-r  In  winch  nit-at  has  been 
Kddtn.)  RinUnis  water  mixed  with  soap; 
water  Impregnated  with  soap,  and  forming  a 
frothy  mass. 

*U  /n(A«nKl<:Inatemi<er;  In  adlfllculty 
Probably  with  Idea  of  the  nandu  lx:inK  oo- 
cupled  in  the  wanhing.tub,  or  from  the  dis- 
comfort that  usually  attends  washing-day. 

"  Will  ytfonakeme  now  Mid  leave  me  i'  eA«  nuttf 
Ot-ium.  t  I'M.  :  WM  doou  CV,aee. 

sue,    'eww,   •••we,  •«e>w-«n,  •srywen, 

•  suw  en,  v.l.  It  i.    [O.  Kr.  teore,  tuir,  ttvtr 
(Fr.  lulvrc)  =  to  follow,  from  l/.w  Lat.  KI/W,; 
Lat.  MOUOT;    Ital.   f'fuirt.      l-roin  the  Mama 
root  come  puriut,  nil,  suite,  utfanct,  tc.) 

A.  TrnnnUIxe: 

i  Ordinary  Lanfuaft  : 
•I.  Tof.rflow. 

"  M>l»Ur.  I  ih.ll  UK  thee  whither  ever  tbn  eewalt 
t',.-  -w,.i,t-    MiiOJau  vllL 

2.  To  follow  after  ;  tn  seek  after  ;  to  try  to 
will  ;  to  seek  in  marriage. 

"  JIM  we.  and  weo  lue.  and  flatter  ma." 

r>n«y»n  .   Mrrnald.  a. 

3.  To  seek  justice,  right,  or  compensation 
from   by  legal  process  ;   to    inotiiute   legal 
process  against  ;  to  prosecute  In  a  civil  action 
for  the  recovery  of  a  real  or  supposed  right. 
or  for  compensation  for  a  real  or  supponKd 
Injury. 

"  11  Mir  me  tbee  at  the  lav.  Mid  Ukeaway  thy  Mat, 
Ut  blm  have  thy  cloak  alu"-  MiOUtn  T.  *). 

•i.  To  beg;  to  ask  for. 

"  When  y  wo  tutd  •Uylnc-" 

Half  if.  :  Anfmi  I  Clrrpatr*.  I.  a. 

•  i.  To  claim  by  legal  process  ;  to  lay  legs! 
claim  to  ;  to  seek  by  law. 

••ByblaaUoneytfeoeTaltoieuhliMrerT.* 

^OaHap.  :  Itieluirt  //..  U.  t, 

tL  Technically: 

L  Falconry  :  To  clean  the  beak. 

•  2.  JVa»t:  To  leave  high  and  dry  on  a  shore 
as,  To  ne  a  ship. 

B.  IntmniUlve: 

i  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  To  beg,  to  entreat,  to  petition,  to  plead. 

"When  iDAldene  tu*.  fn«n  (ft?  e  like  (ode." 

MaJUlf.i  Uvuurtjor  Utaturf.  1  4. 

^  It  Is  generally  followed  by  for. 

"  I  fiM/or  ailed  majeety  e  reveel." 


2.  To  seek  by  legal  process  ;  to  make  claim 
in  law  ;  to  prosecute  ;  as,  To  tue  for  damages. 

3.  To  pay  court  ;  to  pay  one'a  addresses  as 
a  suitor  or  lover  ;  to  woo  ;  to  be  a  lover  ;  to 
act  the  lover. 

U  Navl.  :  To  be  left  high  and  dry  on  the 
shore,  as  a  ship. 

•f  Timeout:  To  petition  for  and  take  out  ; 
to  apply  for  and  obtain. 

•  -tor  na  our  Meeewl  B»ri<xir  o»ly  on  propitiation 
to  die  form  but  be  le  rtlll  our  »dra»k.  continually 
biUrewdtat  with  hie  t»u,.r  In  tbe  batalf  of  all  true 
peuluou.  and  mlna  ma  a  pardon  (or  tawm  la  UM 
court  of  baaveo."—  CWamjr. 

suede  (pron.  sw.vd),  >.  [Jr.]  Undre«s«d 
kid  ;  twed  adjectively,  as  mtde  gloves. 

su  -ent,  o.    [KuAKT.] 

•u-ent-1^,  adv.  [Eng.  nunt;  4y.)  Evenly, 
sm'xithly.  (Prov.) 

•u-ir,  «.  [Eng.  fu(f);  -*r.)  One  who  sues; 
a  suitor, 

•tf-es  -sl-a,  i.  [Xamed  after  M.  Sues*,  a 
French  naturalist.) 

Palaont.  :  A  sub-genus  of  Spirifera  (q.v.), 
with  two  species,  from  the  Upper  Lias  of 
Normandy. 

•u'-et,  'ajew-ot,  t.  (O.  Fr.  *ru,  nit,  tul] 
(Fr.  tuif),  with  dimin-  sun*,  -et  ;  from  Lat.  te- 
bum,  tevum  =  tallow,  suet,  grease  ;  Sp.  se&o  ; 
Ital.  am.] 

C/<««.,  <t&  :  The  solid  fat  deposited  round 
the  loins  and  kidne;  s  of  the  ox  or  sheep,  the 
latter  bting  the  more  solid,  and  containing 
more  stearin  than  beef  fat,  but  less  palmaCin. 
Both  contain  a  little  olein.  Wlien  reixlere  i 


fciH,  boy;  txftt,  Jowl;  oat,  eelL  ehorrus.  chin,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as; 
-eUn.  -tlan.  =  slian.    -tioo,  -Blon  =  shiin;  -^lon,  -sion  -  ztnin,  - 


. 

down  It  forms  tallow  (q.vA     Chopped  suet 
ed  In  cooking  for  making  boiled  pud- 


Is  used 


-clous,  -tioos,  -«iou» 


expect,  ^enophon.  e^ist.    -Ing, 
=  cniU.   -ble.  -die,  Ac.  =  beX  dfL 


4528 


Buety— sufflcingness 


dings,  and  for  various  other  purposes,  as  stuff- 
ing, &c.  Mutton  fiat  melts  at  50*.  and  beef  fat 
at  47*.  If  melted  and  put  over  potted  meat, 
ft  excludes  the  air  and  retards  decay.  It  has 
been  employed  by  botanists  to  preserve  the 
fleshy  fungi  by  permeating  their  pores.  In 
pharmacy  it  is  employed  as  an  emollient  in 
the  preparation  of  certain  ointments  and 
plasters,  or  as  an  addition  to  poultices. 

•net-pudding,  a. 

Cook.  :  A  boiled  pudding,  the  paste  of  which 
is  made  of  flour,  bread-crumbs,  chopped  suet, 
milk,  and  eggs  ;  it  may  be  plain,  or  flavoured 
to  taste. 

•u-et->rt  a.    [Eng.  nut;  -y.]   Consisting  of  or 

resembling  suet. 

"  U  the  matter  forming  a  wen  resembles  fat  or 
*  tuety  substance,  It  la  called  e  tea  torn*."  —  Sharp: 
AtfV«ry. 

*  suffe,  s.    [A  phonetic  spelling  of  sough  (2),  5.] 
8urf(q.v.)- 

"  The  ntffe  of  the  ME  setteth  her  lading  dry  on  land." 
—Backluyt  :  Voyaget.  vol.  ii.  ,  pt  1.,  p.  227. 

'suf-fect',  v.t.  [Lat.  su/tctus,  pa.  par.  of 
suMrio  =  to  supply,  to  suffice  (q.v.).]  To 
substitute. 

"  Kufffcting  Amadeus  duke  of  Saroy,  a  married  man, 
In  the  roome  of  Eugenlua,"—  Bitftop  Ball, 

*  tuf-fect  ,  a.    [SuFFECT,  v.]    Chosen  in  place 
of  another  ;  performed  by  a  substitute. 

"The  d»t«  of  the  tuffeet  consulship  of  Stilus  the 
younger  la  not  known.—  Athenaeum,  Oct.  28.  1883. 

»uf  fer,  *sof  fren,  '  suf  fren,  v.t.  &  i. 
[O.  Fr.  soffrir,  suffrir  (Fr.  sou/rir),  from  Lat. 
suffero  =.  to  undergo,  to  endure  :  suf  (for  sub) 
=  under,  and/ero  =  to  bear  ;  Sp.  sujler;  Port. 
soffier;  Ital.  soffiere,  sofferire.} 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  feel  or  bear,  as  something  painful, 
distressing,  or  disagreeable  ;  to  submit  to  with 
distress,  pain,  or  grief;  to  undergo,  to  endure. 

"  To  ntffer  here 
Chain*  and  these  torment*."      Milton  :  P.  L.,  11.  195. 

2.  To  endure  or  undergo  without  sinking 
or  giving  way  ;   to  sustain  ;  to  support  un- 
flinchingly; to  bear  up  under. 

"  Oar  aplrit  and  strength  entire 
Strongly  to  suffer  »nd  aupport  our  paint."     " 
Jiaton.'P.  L..I.U1. 

3.  To  be  affected  by  ;  to  undergo  ;  to  have 
to  pass  through  or  experience  ;  to  be  acted 
on  or  influenced  by. 


4.  To  permit,  to  allow;  not  to  forbid  or 
hinder. 

"  Bat  the  king  tuffered  the  auspicious  moment  to 
pass  away.*'—  Jfacau/ay  ;  ffiit.  Eng.,  ch.  1. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

L  To  feel  or  undergo  pain  of  body  or  mind. 

"  O,  I  liave  tuffei-ed 
With  those  that  I  *aw  tufer." 

Shaketp.  :  Tempest,  L  2. 

2.  To   undergo    punishment;   specifically, 
to  be  executed.    (1  Peter  ii.  21.) 

3.  To  bear  pain  of  body  or  mind  with  patience 
or  fortitude. 


"  A  Roman  with  a  Roman's  heart  can  . 

Shaketp.  •  CymMinf,  V.  B. 

4.  To  be  injured  ;  to  sustain  injury,  loss,  or 
damage. 

"  The  Oreat  Harry  taffered  BO  severely  aa  almoat 
to  be  aonk  at  her  anchorage."—  /Voud*  :  Sitt.  Kng.. 
IT.  423. 

•uf  -fer  ai-ble,    *  suf-fra-ble,  a.      [Eng. 

suffer  ;  -able.] 

*  1.  Capable  of  being  endured  or  borne. 
2.  Capable  of  being  tolerated  or  permitted  ; 
allowable. 

"  It  U  KifferaMe  in  any  to  UK  what  liberty  they  Hit 
In  their  owu  writing."—  Sir  B,  Wotton. 

*&  Capable  of  enduring  or  suffering;  toler- 
ant, enduring. 

"  And  tith  a  man  U  more  reasonable 
Than  women  if,  ye  muaten  ben  taffrtMt." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  6.0JU 

*  •nf'-fer-a-ble-ne'ss,  *.  [Eng.  sufernble; 
•ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  suffer- 
able  or  endurable  ;  tolerableness, 

*suf-fer-a-bl£,  adv.  [Eng.  sufferatyie)  ; 
•ly.]  In  a  sufferable  manner  or  degree  ;  toler- 
ably. 

"  Yet  tuftrably  bright,  the  eye  might  bear 
The  uugrowu  gloriea  of  bis  beamy  h*lr." 

Additon.  Claudia*;  de  Kapt.  Pro*.,  bk.  ii. 

«nf  fer-an9c,  *  suf-frannoe,  *.     [O.  Fr. 

9o/rancc  (Fr.  souffrance),  from  Low  Lat.  suf- 
ferentia.] 


L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  suffering ;  the 
bearing  of  pain  ;  endurance  of  pain  ;  patience 
under  pain.     (Shakesp. :  Merchant  of  Venice. 
L3.) 

2.  Fain    or   suffering  endured ;    distress, 
misery,  suffering. 

"  Her  mfferance  made 
Almoat  each  pang  a  death. " 

Shaketp. :  Senry  VUL,  T.  1. 

•  3.  Damage,  loss,  injury. 

"  A  grievous  wreck  and  tufferana 
On  most  part  of  their  fleet.' 

fihakeip. :  Othello,  11.  L 

•4.  Death  by  execution. 

"  Which  I  in  tufferance  heartily  will  rejoice." 

autiuip, :  S  Benry  V..  ii.  L 

5.  Negative  consent  by  not  forbidding  or 
hindering  ;  toleration,  allowance,  permission. 
"Thou  ihalt  reign  but  by  their  nferanee." 

SHaJtetp.  :  &  ffenry  VI.,  i.  1. 

II.  Customs :  A  permission  granted  for  the 
shipment  of  certain  goods. 

Tf  (1)  On  sufferance :  By  passive  allowance, 
permission,  or  consent ;  without  being  actively 
interfered  with  or  prevented,  and  yet  without 
being  positively  forbidden. 

(2)  Estate  at  su/erance : 

Law:  (See  extract). 

"  An  fit'ite  at  tiifferanee,  la  where  one  comes  Into 
powewion  of  lands  by  lawful  title,  but  keeps  it  with- 
ont  auy  title  at  all. —  Blackttoni :  Comment.,  bk.  ii., 
eh.fc 

sufferance  wharf,  s.  A  wharf  on  which 
goods  may  be  landed  before  any  duty  is  paid, 
by  permission  of  the  Commissioners  of  Cus- 
toms. (English.) 

SUf  -fer-er,  *.    [Eng.  suffer ;  -*r.] 

L  One  who  suffers ;  one  who  endures  or 
undergoes  bodily  or  mental  pain  or  suffering, 

"  All  suffering  doth  destroy,  or  ia  deatroy'd, 
Bren  by  the  mfftrrr.' 

Byron  .*  Childe  Harold,  IT.  22. 

2.  One  who  sustains  damage  or  loss :  as,  a 
sufferer  by  a  fire. 

3.  One  who  suffers,  permits,  or  allows. 

•uf  -fer- ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SUFFER.] 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  state  of  enduring  pain,  whether  of 
body  or  mind. 

2.  Fain,  inconvenience,  or  loss  endured  or 
incurred. 

"  Rejoice  In  my  mfferingt  for  you.'—Cvlotiia>tt  1.  U. 

*  suf   fer-ing  ly,  adv.    [Eug.  suffering ;  -ly.] 
With  suffering  or  pain. 

"An  affect  or  moring  Mttferingly  to  become  matter." 
—Cabbalutical  Dialogue*  (Ml),  p.  8. 

stiff  190;,    -suf  fise,   -suf  ige,  v.i.  &  (. 

[Fr.  suffis-t  stem  of  sufftsant,  pr.  par.  of  sufflre 
=  to  suffice,  from  Lat  sufflcio  =  to  make  or 
put  under,  to  substitute,  to  supply,  to  suffice  : 
svf  (for  9ub)  =  under,  and/ocio  =  to  make.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  be  enough  or  sufficient ; 
to  be  equal  to  the  end  or  object  proposed. 

"A  report  that  arms  were  hidden  In  a  house  tufflced 
to  bring  a  furious  mob  to  the  door."— Maeaulay :  ffitt. 
ing.,  ch.  xriit. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  be  sufficient  for  ;  to  satisfy ;  to  meet 
the  demands  or  requirements  of. 

"Let  It  tufflce  tbee:  speak  no  more  to  me  of  this 
matter.  —Deuteronomy  111.  M. 

*2.  To  supply  or  provide  ;  to  refurnish. 

"  Nor  Juno,  who  snstain'd  his  arms  before, 
Dares  with  new  atreugth  tujjlce  th«  exhauated  store." 
firyden  :  Virgil ;  *£n*id  is.  1,090 

*  suf  fic  -lengc  (o  as  sh),  *  auf  fis  auncc, 

*.    [Fr.  sufflsance.]    Sufficiency. 

"Htooude  In  litel  thing  have  su^baunee.1    " 
Chaucer :  C.  T.,  489.    (Prol.) 

sftf-f:fc'-ien-9y   (C  us  Bh),  s.     [Eng.   tuffi* 
cien(t);  -cy.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sufficient  or 
adequate  to  the  end  proposed. 

"The  natural  tufftei»ncy  of  the  sonl  without  the 
spirit  of  God  in  order  to  its  own  happiness."— Stiili no- 
Heft:  Sermon*,  vol.  til.,  ser.  13. 

2.  Supply  equal  to  wants  ;  ample  supply. 

3.  Adequate  qualification  for  any  purpose ; 
ability. 

"  Then  no  more  remains 

But  that  your  tuftriency.  aa  your  worth.  Is  able, 
And  let  them  work." 

Skdknp.  :  Vtaiurtfar  Mtamrt,  1.  1. 

4.  Adequate  substance  or  means :   compe- 
tence. 


*  5.  Conceit ;     self-sufficiency  ; 
dence. 

"  Sufficiency  is  a  cempouud  of  ranlty  and  Ignor 

an  i:«."—  Tempi*. 

suf  fic  -lent  (o  as  ah),  *  suf-fyc  lent,  a.  & 
s.  [Lat.  sufltciens,  pr.  par.  of  suficio  —  to  suffice 
(q.v.) ;  8p. suficiente ;  Port.  &  Ital.  tufflciente.} 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Equal  to  any  end  or  purpose  proposed  * 
adequate  to  meet    any  wants  or  demands 
enough,  competent,  ample. 

"  My  grace  la  tujlcient  for  thee."— 1  Corinth,  xii.  ». 

*  2.  Possessed  of  adequate  talents,  accom- 
plishments,   or    resources ;    competent,    fit, 
qualified,  capable. 

"  You'll  never  meet  a  more  tufflcient  man." 

Sftaketp.  .•  Othello,  ill.  i 

*S.  Capable  of  paying  one's  debts;  solrent^ 
rich. 


"My  meaning  In  taring  he  ia  a  good 
you  understand  me  th»t  he  ia 


ent."'-8haXeip: 


'Merchant  of  Venice,  I.  3. 

'  4.  Self -sufficient,  self-satisfied,  content. 
*  B.  As  subst. :  Sufficiency. 

"One  man's  tujflcient  Is  more  available  than  ten 
thousands'  multitude."— Sidney;  Arcadia,  p  452. 

II  For  the  difference  between  sufficient  and 
enough,  see  ENOUGH. 

sufficient  reason,  determining 
reason,  s. 

Pkilos. :  A  terra  adopted  from  the  following 
passage  of  Leibnitz's  Theodicte  (i.  §  44): 
"  Nothing  is  done  without  a  sufficient  reason  ; 
that  is,  nothing  happens  without  its  beii!;.' 
possible  to  one  knowing  the  causes  of  all 
things  to  render  a  reason  which  is  sufficient 
why  it  is  so,  and  not  otherwise."  He  deli  in1-- 
the  principle  of  Sufficient  Reason,  as  that 
in  virtue  of  which  we  know  that  no  fact  can 
be  found  real,  no  proposition  true,  without  a 
sufficient  reason  why  it  is  in  this  way  rather 
than  in  another."  After  stating  that  Archi- 
medes was  obliged  to  take  for  granted  that  if 
there  be  a  balance  in  which  everything  is 
alike  on  both  sides,  and  if  equal  weights  art 
hung  on  the  two  ends  of  that  balance,  tin 
whole  will  be  at  rest,  because  no  reason  ran 
be  given  why  one  side  should  weigh  down 
rather  than  the  other,  Leibnitz  goes  on  i<> 
say :  "  Now  by  this  single  principle  of  th  • 
sufficient  reason  may  be  demonstrated  tht 
being  of  a  God,  and  all  other  parts  of  meta- 
physics or  natural  theology,  and  even,  ii 
some  measure,  those  physical  truths  that  ar- 
independent  of  mathematics,  such  as  th- 
dynamical  principles  or  the  principles  of 
forces."  The  Principle  of  Sufficient  Reason  a> 
a  law  of  thought  is  usually  stated  by  logician* 
thus:  Every  .judgment  we  accept  must  real 
upon  a  sufficient  reason  ;  and  from  this  tin 
following  principles  have  been  derived : 

1.  Granting  the  reason,  what  follows  from  . 
reason  must  also  be  granted.  Ou  this  syllogism 
Inference  depends. 

1  If  all  the  consequents  are  held  to  be  true,  th 
reason  mnst  be  true. 

s.  If  the  consequent  Is  rejected,  the  reason  mm 
alao  be  rejected. 

4,  If  the  consequent  Is  admitted,    we  do  not  u  , 
necessity  admit  the  reason,  as  there  may  be  otbt 
reasons  or  causes  of  the  same  effect 
Mansel  (Proleg.  Log,,  p.  198)  asserts  that  th, 
Principle  of  Sufficient  Reason  is  not  a  law  t 
thought,  but  only  the  statement  that  every  ai 
of  thought  must  be  governed  by  some  law.  [1  \ 

U  Axiom  of  determining  (or  sufficient)  reason 
Ijogic:  A  judgment  can  be  derived  froi 
another  judgment  (materially  different  fro 
it),  and  finds  in  it  its  sufficient  reason,  on! 
when  the  (logical)  connection  of  though 
corresponds  to  a  (real)  causal  connectioi 
(Uebtrweg :  Logic  (Eng.  ed.),  §  81.) 

suf  fic    lent    1^   (o  as  oh),  adv.     [En 
sufficient;  -ly.] 

1.  In  or  to  a  sufficient  degree ;  in  or  to 
degree  answering  the  end  or  purpose   pr. 
posed ;  enough,  amply. 

"  The  tongue  of  the  new  First  Lord  of  the  Trsair 
was  not  »i{fflciently  ready."—  Macaulay:  Siit.  E ti ; 
ch.  zr. 

2.  To  a  considerable  degree. 

"  He     himself    was    mffteUHtly    v»in-|loclffM 
Dryden  :  Juvenal.    (Ded.) 

suf  f  19 '-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SUFFICE.] 

*  suf-f*9'-*ng-l&  adv.    [Eng.  sufficing;  • 
So  as  to  suffice  or  satisfy  ;  sufficiently. 

*  suf-fi9'  Ing-ness,  *.  [Eng.  suJKHng;  •* 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sufficing ;  s 
clency. 


f&t,  Are,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  wi,  w-St,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p< 
0r,  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  sin ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  role,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    «o.  «  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw< 


Buffisance— rag 


4529 


•suf  Usance,  *  suf  flsaunce,  s    [Fr.]  Suf- 
ficiency, plenty,  enough,  abundance. 
"  Them  him  rest*  iu  riotous  mflli'ince 
Of  all  gladfuluess  and  kingly  joyatice." 

Spenter:  JUuiopotmot,  307. 

*Bnf-fis  ant.  *  suf  ns  aunt,  *  suf  fls- 
aunce,  a.  [Fr.  sufffoatit,  pr.  par.  of  sufirt  — 
to  suffice  (q.v.).]  Sufficient.  (Gower:  C.  A.,  L) 

•sftf-lS-tUB,  s.    [Lat.]    Snuff  of  a  candle. 

"  Of  th«  mffUut  of  a  torch,  i»lnt«ni  make  a  velvet 
black."— Browne :  Vulgar  Xrrourt,  p.  335. 

suf-flx,  s.  [La*,  suffixus,  pa.  par.  of  suffigo  = 
to  fasten  on  beneath :  suf  (for  tub)  =  under, 
and  Jigo  —  to  fix.] 

1.  Philol. :  A  letter  or  syllable  added  at  the 
end  of  a  word  ;  an  affix,  a  postfix :  as,  -ness, 
•ly,  Ac. 

2.  Math.:  A  term  used  to  denote  indices 
written  under  letters :  as,  01  03  03,  &c. 

suf-flx',  v.t,  (SUFFIX,  s.]  To  add  or  annex, 
as  a  letter  or  syllable,  at  the  end  of  a  word. 

*  suffixion  (as  suf  fik'-shdn),  s.    [SUFFIX.] 

The   act   of  suffixing;    the    state   of  being 
suffixed. 

*  Bnf-flam'-In-ate,  v.t.    [Lat.  sujfflaminatus, 
pa.  par.  of  sujfiamino  =  to  check,  to  clog; 
tuflamen  (genit.  sufflaminis)  =  a  drag,  a  brake.] 

1.  To  retard  or  check  the  motion  of,  as  of  a 
carriage,  by  preventing  one  or  more  of  the 
wheels  from  revolving,  by  means  of  a  chain  or 
otherwise ;  to  scotch. 

2.  To  stop,  to  check,  to  impede. 

"  God  could  prevent  the  beginning*  of  wicked  de- 
signs; .  .  .  be  could  any  where  tiijflaminate  and  sub. 
vert  them."— Barrow :  Sermon  on  the  Gunpowder 
Treason. 

*suf-flate',  v.t.  [Lat.  sufltatus,  pa.  par.  of 
uuffo :  suf  (for  sub)  =  under,  and  flo  =  to 
blow.] 

1.  To  blow  up,  to  inflate. 

2.  To  inspire. 

"  SuMated  by  the  Holy  Wind." 

Ward:  England*  Reformation,  111 

*  SUf  fla  -tlon,  s.  [Lat.  sufflatio.}  [SUFFLATE.] 
The  act  of  blowing  up  or  inflating. 

*  BUf  -fo-cate,  a.    [Lat.  suffocatus,  pa.  par.  of 
tuffoco  —  to*  choke  :  suf  (for  sub)  =  under,  and 

jbwcw  =  the  gullet,  the  throat.)  Suffocated, 
choked. 

"For  Suffolk's  duke,  may  he  be  mffocate." 

SAaketp. :  1  Henry  \'I.,  L  \. 

SUf -f6-cate,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  suffoguer ;  Sp. 
tvjocar;  Port,  suffocar;  Ital.  suffocare.]  [SUF- 
FOCATE, o.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  choke ;  to  kill  by  stopping  the  respira- 
tion, as  by  hanging,  drowning,  or  respiring 
carbonic  acid  gas  ;  to  smother,  to  stifle. 

"  Doubtful  his  death :  he  mffocated  seem'd 
To  most'        Dryden  :  Ovid  ;  Metamorphotet  xll 

2.  To  stifle;  to  cause  difficulty  of  respira- 
tion to.    (Cowper:  Task,  vi.  670.) 

3.  To  impede  respiration  in ;  to  compress 
•o  as  to  prevent  respiration. 

"Let  cot  hemp  his  windpipe  tvffocate." 

Shaketp.  :  Henry  V,,  111.  6. 

*  4.  To  stifle,  to  smother,  to  extinguish  :  as, 
To  suffocate  live  coals  or  fire. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  become  suffocated,  choked,  or  stifled. 

2.  To  cause  suffocation,  to  choke :  as,  The 
heat  is  suffocating. 

"  The  tuffocating  sense  of  woe." 

Byron :  Prometfieut, 

^  Suffocation  is  produced  by  every  kind  of 
means,  external  or  internal  :  to  choke  is  to 
•title  or  suffocate  by  means  of  large  bodies,  as 
•  piece  of  food,  lodging  in  the  throat  or  larynx. 

sttf  -f 6 -cat- ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [SUFFO- 
CATE, v.] 

Bfif-f6'-eat-ing-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  suffocating; 
•ty.}  In  a  suffocating  manner  or  degree  ;  so  as 
to  suffocate:  as,  The  room  is  suffocatingly  hot, 

•nf-fi-ca'-tlon,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  suffoca- 
tionem,  accus.  of  suffocatio,  from  suffocatus  — 
suffocate  (q.v.):  Sp.  suffocacion ;  Ital.  suffo- 
eazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  suffocating,  choking,  or 
•mothering. 

"Slaine,  1  call  heere,  vhoeoeuer  he  be,  man,  woman, 
or  childe,  that  violently  commeth  to  bis  death, 
whether  it  be  by  knife,  poysoii.  cord,  drowning,  burn- 
vuffocatton,  or  otherwise."  —  Smith :  Common- 

fl  ii..cn.«iii. 


2.  The  state  of  being  suffocated,  choked,  or 
•mothered  ;  death  by  being  suffocated. 

"It  was  a  miracle  to  scape  tuffocation."—Sk«i)utp.: 
Merry  Yfivet,  ill.  k 

1J  Suffocation  takes  place  when  the  afr  is 
denied  access  to  the  lungs,  and  may  be  pro* 
duced  by  drowning,  by  strangulation,  by 
choking,  by  immobility  of  the  respiratory 
muscles  arising  from  tetanus,  by  false  mem- 
branes obstructing  the  larynx,  &c. 

*  suf -fd-cat  Ive,  a,    [Eng.  suffocate);  -ive.} 
Tending  or  having  the  power  to  suffocate ; 
suffocating. 

*'  From  rain,  after  great  frosts  In  the  winter,  elaudu- 
Ions  tumours  ami  titfocatioe  catarrh*  proceed."— Ar- 
buthnat:  On  Air. 

Suf -f6lk  (I  silent),  s.      [For  South-folk,  as 
Norfolk  for  North-folk.] 

(•tog.  :  A  county  on  the  east  coast  of  Eng- 
land, between  Norfolk  and  Essex. 

Suffolk-crag,  5. 

Geol :  The  same  as  RED-CRAO.    [CRAO,  2.] 

Suffolk  punch,  s.  A  variety  of  horse, 
stout  and  round  in  the  barrel,  strongly  built, 
and  with  low,  heavy  shoulders.  They  are 
especially  adapted  for  drawing  heavy  weights. 

*  suf-f6ss'-ldn  (SS  as  sh),  s.    [Lat.  suffossio, 
from  8u/ossutt  pa.  par.  of  suffodio  =  to  dig 
under  :  suf  (for  sub)  =  under,  and  fodio  =  to 
dig.]    The  act  of  digging  under  or  beneath ; 
an  undermining. 

"  Those  conspiracies  aeainit  maligned  sovereignty; 
those  m/ouiotii  of  walls,  *c."— Bp.  Hall:  St.  t'aul'i 
Combat. 

suf  -fra-gan,  *  suf '-fra  gant,  a.  &  ».  [Fr. 

suffragant,  from  Lat.  suffragans,  pr.  par.  of 
suffragor  =  to  vote  for,  to  support,  or  from 
Low  Lat.  suffraganeus  =  a  suffragan  bishop.] 
[SUFFRAGE.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Assisting,  supporting. 

"Let  my  pen  loose  to  the  tuffragant  testimonies." 
Bp.  Hall :  Remainet,  p.  302. 

2.  Kccles.  :  Assisting,  assistant :  as,  a  suf- 
fragan bishop.      Every  bishop    is  suffragan 
relatively  to  the  archbishop  of  his  province. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  1  Ord.   Lang.  :  One  who  or  that  which 
assists ;  an  assistant. 

"  Friends  and  tuffragantt  to  the  virtues  and  modesty 
of  sober  womeu."— Bp.  Taylor:  Artificial  Eandtome- 
nett,  p.  118. 

II.  Ecclesiastical ; 

1.  A  bishop  who  has  been  consecrated  to 
assist  an  ordinary  bishop  of  a  see  in  a  par- 
ticular portion  of  his  diocese. 

2.  A   term   of  relation  applied   to   every 
ordinary  bishop  with  respect  to   the  arch- 
bishop of  his  province. 

"The  Primate  Indeed  and  several  of  his  tuffragant 
stood  obstinately  aloof."- Macaul'iy :  SUt,  Eng,,  ch.  zl. 

suf '-fra  -gan  -  ship,  *  suf  fra  gane  ship, 

s.  [Eng.  suffragan;  -ship.]  The  office  or 
position  of  a  suffragan. 

"Therewith  held  the  tuffraoanethip  under  Henry 

Beauford  Bishop  of    Lincoln.    —  FuUer :    Worthiet; 

Cumberland. 

*  suf  -fra -gant,  a.  &  s.    [SUFFRAGAN.] 

'suf   fra  Rate,  v.i.      [Lat.  suffragatus,  pa. 
par.  of  suffragor.}    (SUFFRAGE,  v.] 

1.  To  vote  with  ;  to  agree  in  voice  with. 

"  It  cannot  choose  but  ntffrayate  to  the  reasonable- 
ness and  convenience  thereof,  being  so  discovered."— 
Hale:  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  8»L 

2.  To  vote. 

"With  liberty  allowed  him  to  niffragate  In  eon- 
grsgat.  ami  con vocat "—Wood:  Patti  Oxon.,  vol.  11. 

*  suf '-fra-ga-tor,  s.   [Lat.]   One  who  assists 

or  supports  with  his  vote. 

"  The,  most  of  their  tuffragatort  are  already  assem- 
bled."— Bp.  o/Chetter  to  Abp.  Uthrr,  p.  «7. 

silf-frage  (age  as  Ii),  *  suf  -fra  g?,  s. 

[Pr.,  from  Lat.  suffragium  =  a  vote  ;  ultimate 
etym.  doubtful.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  A  vote  or  voice  given  on  a  controverted 
question,  or  in  the  choice  of  a  candidate  for 
a  particular  office,   position,  or   trust ;    the 
formal  expression  of  opinion  on  a  point  in 
question  ;  hence,  approval,  consent.     [FRAN- 
CHISE, 2;  REFORM  ACTS.] 

"  Enthusiastically  confirmed  by  the  mffraffe  of  the 
whole  principality. *—  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  24.  1B8S. 

*  2.  Testimony,  attestation,  witness. 


*  3.  Aid,  assistance. 

"  But  all  f  tve  ntffrage  ;  that  with  speed  I  may  thsM 

discords  end.          Chapman:  Homer;  Iliad  \HL 
IL  Ecclesiastical: 

1.  A  short  petition,  such  as  those  after  the 
creed  or  matins  and  evensong. 

2.  Prayer  on  behalf  of  another,  or  for  the 
whole  body  of  the  faithful ;    espec.    prayer 
offered  for  the  faithful  departed. 

"  H*  [Henry  the  S]  made  a  rlche  tumbe  for  Richard 
the  3,  and  caussid  tuffraaiet  to  be  ordeuid  for  hym."— 
Leland:  Collectanea,  vol.  11.,  p.  400. 

*  suf  -fr age  (age  as  Ig),  v.t.    [Lat.  suffrage? 

=  to  vote  for.]    [SUFFRAGE,  *.]    To  vote  for  ^ 
to  elect. 

"Suffraging  their  knights  and  burgease*,"— MUten  ; 
Reform,  in  England,  bk.  ii. 

snf '-frag-ism,  *.  The  principle  or  policy  of 
suffrage  government. 

suf    frag  ist,  s. 

1.  One  who  baa  or  exercises  the  right  of 
suffrage. 

2.  An  ardent  support  of  suffrage  in  some 
particular  way,  us,  a  woni;iu-snj/r<i</is/,  a  uni- 
versal suffragist. 

*  suf  fraunce,  .•>•.    [SUFFERANCE.] 

suf-fru-teB'-9ent.  a.  [Pref.  suf-  for  sub-, 
and  Eng.  frutescent  (q.v.).]  Moderately  fru- 
tescent. 

t  Biif-fru'-tex,  s.    [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat  sub, 
and/rutez  =  a  shrub,  a  bush.] 
Bot. ;  An  undershrub  (q.v.). 

Biif-fru' tl  cose,    t  suf-fru -ti-cous,  a. 

[Pref.  suf-t  for  sub-,  and  Lat.  fruticosus  =  full 
of  shrubs  or  bushes.) 

Bot.  (Of  a  stem) :  Having  the  lower  and 
smaller  part  of  the  stem  woody,  while  the 
upper  and  larger  part  is  herbaceous  and  dies 
off  every  year. 

*  suf  fu  -mi-gate,  v.t.      [Lat  suffumigatus^ 
pa.  par.  of  suffumigo:  suf  (tor  sub)~  under, 
and  fumigo  =  to  fumigate  (q.v.).]     To  apply 
fumes  or  smoke  to  the  parts  of,  as  to  the  body, 
in  medical  treatment 

*  suf-fu-mX-ga'-tton,  s,    [STJFFUMIOATE.] 

1.  The  operation  of  applying  fumes  to  the 
parts  of  the  body  ;  fumigation. 


"  If  the  matter  be  »o  CTMB  u  it  yields  not  to  ren 
dies,  it  may  be  attempted  by  tuffum'     ' 
man:  Surgery. 




fumiff<ttion."—n'tie- 


2.  The  act  of  burning  perfumes  ;  one  of  the 
ceremonies  in  incantation. 

"  He  did  not  at  the  time  of  his  invocation  make  any 
nffumigation,  at  which  the  spirit*  ware  vexed."— 
Wood :  Athena  Oxon,,  voL  L 

3.  A  fume,  a  fumigation. 

"  Hlppocratw  moreover  was  of  this  opinion,  that  ft. 
tuffamigation  made  therewith  [gRrlick]fetcheth  downe 
the  afterbirth  of  women  newly  delivered  and  brought 
to  bed."—/1.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  xx.,  ch.  vi. 

*  suf  fu  - mige,  *.     [Lat.  suffumigo  =  to  suf- 
fumigate  (q.v.).J    A  medical  fume. 

"For  external  means,  drying  tufiumige*  or  smotka 
are  prescribed  with  good  success.'  —Harvey :  On  Con- 
tumption. 

•uf-fuso  ,  v.t.  [Lat.  suffusus,  pa.  par.  of  wf- 
fundo  =•  to  pour  beneath,  to  diffuse  beneath 
or  upon :  euf  (for  sub)  =  under,  and  fundo  = 
to  pour.]  To  overspread  as  with  a  fluid  or 
tincture ;  to  fill  or  cover  as  with  something 
fluid. 

"  Medora  still  (while  tears  his  cheeks  tvfftae) 
Th«  dear  remembrance  of  his  lord  renews.* 

Boole:  Orlando  Fvrioto,  xvlli. 

SUf-fU'-sion,  ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat  tuffusioncm, 
accus.  of  siiffusio,  from  suffusus,  pa.  par.  of 
tu/undo  =1  to  suffuse  (q.v.).J 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  suffusing  or  over- 
spreading, as  with  a  fluid  or  tincture ;  the 
state  of  being  suffused. 

"He  IPlutarcb]  being  deeply  tinctured,  as  It  were 
with  the  tuffitMiont  of  ft,  everything  which  he  looked 
upon  teemed  to  htm  coloured  with  it,"—Cud»orth : 
InttlL  Syttem,  p.  234. 

2.  That  which  is  suffused  or  overspread,  as 
s  cataract  on  the  eye,  or  an  extravasation  of 
some  humour. 

"  So  thick  a  drop  serene  hath  quenched  their  orb* 
Or  dim  tuffutton  veiled."         Milton  :  f.L..ili.*i. 

su  -1%  «.    [Son.] 

SU     f ISm,   S.       [SOFIRM.I 

*  siig,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful ;  perhaps  allied  to- 
SUCK.}    A  small  kind  of  worm. 


Wl,  bo^;  ptfut,  Jol^l;  cat,  9011,  chorua,  eHin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  ^hlB  ;  sin,  as  :  expect,  yenophon,  ******    Ph= f 
, -tian  -  Bhan.    -tlon,  -«lon  =  shun ;  -flon,  -sion  «  •bun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  snus.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  -  bel.  Of*. 


4530 


sugar— sugesoent 


ang'-ar  (8  as  sh),  •  sncre,  *  suger, "  sugre, 

s.  k  a.  [Fr.  «ucre,  from  Sp.  o*ucur  =  3UKar, 
from  Arab,  sakkar,  sokkar  =  sugar ;  Pers. 
shukar,  from  Sansc.  parA-ard  =  gravel,  sugar; 
allied  to  Lat.  sacctuirum ;  Or.  aa<ex«p,  o-(ue- 
Xapov  (saicAar,  ttfcAarai);  PorUatuair;  1U1. 
lUCcAero.) 

A*  As  substantive : 

L  Ordiiuiry  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  sweet,  crystallized  substance  manu- 
factured from  the  expressed  juice  of  various 
plants,  especially  of  the  sugar-cane  (q.v.). 

(2)  Any  substance  more  or  less  resembling 
•ugar  iu  any  of  its  properties :  as,  tugar  of 
lead. 

2.  Fig. :  Sweet,  honeyed,  or  soothing  words 
or  riattery,  used  to  disguise  or  hide  something 
distasteful. 

IL  Chem.  t  Sugar  Manuf. :  Cn(OHj)m.  The 
generic  name  for  a  large  number  of  bodies  oc- 
curring naturally  in  the  animal  or  vegetable 
kingdom,  or  produced  from  glucosides  by  the 
Action  of  ferments  or  dilute  acids.  They  are 
All  more  or  less  soluble  in  water,  and  their  solu- 
tions exert  a  rotatory  action  on  polarized  light. 
Some  rednce  alkaline  solutions  of  copper, 
whilst  others  either  do  not,  or  do  so  only  to  a 
limited  extent.  They  may  all  be  classed 
under  two  heads,  viz.;  unfermentable  sugars, 
«s  mannite,  duleite,  sorbite,  &C-,  and  ferment- 
able sugars  as  cane-sugar,  glucose,  maltose, 
*c.  Cane-augur,  Ci->H»..On,  called  also 
Saccharose,  Sucrose,  and  Gatiose,  is  found  in 
the  juice  of  many  grasses,  in  the  sap  of  several 
trees,  and  in  beet  and  several  other  roots.  It 
appears  to  be  the  transition  product  between 
starch  and  invert-sugar  in  all  plants  which 
yield  the  lattercompounds.  Walnuts,  almonds, 
and  St.  John's  bread  contain  only  cane-sugar. 
It  is  extracted  most  easily  from  sugar-cane, 
but  on  the  continent  of  Kurope  is  manu- 
factured on  a  large  scale  from  beet-root.  The 
expressed  juice  is  heated  nearly  to  the  boiling 
point,  and  a  small  quantity  of  slaked  lime 
added.  Theclear  liquid  which  separates  from 
the  coagulum  is  evaporated  as  rapidly  as 
possible,  and  transferred  into  shallow  vessels 
to  crystallize.  Drained  from  the  syrup  or 
molasses,  it  yields  the  raw  sugar  of  commerce. 
When  further  retined  by  treatment  with 
animal  charcoal,  poured  into  moulds,  and 
then  dried  In  a  stove,  the  product  is  loaf- 
-sugar.  .When  the  crystallization  is  allowed  to 
proceed  very  slowly,  sugar-candy  results. 
Moderately  heated  it  melts,  and  solidities  on 
cooling  to  an  amorphous  mass,  familiar  as 
barley-sugar.  Pure  sugar  separates  from  its 
solution  in  transparent  colourless  crystals, 
having  the  figure  of  a  modified  monoclinic 
prism.  It  has  a  pure,  sweet  taste,  and  re- 
quires for  solution  only  one-third  of  its  weight 
of  cold  water.  Its  crystals  have  a  specific 
gravity  of  1-6.  Heated  above  210'  water  is 
given  off  and  a  brown  substance  known  as 
caramel  remains.  Cane-sugar  is  transformed 
into  invert  sugar  by  boiling  in  presence  of 
dilute  acids,  mineral  acting  more  rapidly  than 
organic  acids.  Strong  sulphuric  acid  com- 
pletely decomposes  cane-sugar,  and  nitric 
acid  converts  it  into  saccharic  acid.  It  turns 
a  ray  of  polarised  light  to  the  right,  Aj  =  78-8. 

(INVERT-SUOAR,  MAPLE-8UOAR.) 

B.  As  adj. :  Hade  of  sugar. 
sugar-baker,  ».    One  who  refines  sugar. 
sugar-bean, «. 

Sot. :  (1)  Phaseoltu  taccharatus  ;  (2)  P.  lv.no- 
tus. 

sugar-beet,  ».  A  variety  of  the  Common 
Beet,  Beta  vulgaris,  cultivated  on  the  Con- 
tinent, and  occasionally  to  a  small  extent  in 
England,  from  which  is  extracted  sugar  equal 
to  that  of  the  cane.  (BEETROOT-SUOAB.J 

sugar-berry,  t. 

Bot. :  Celtis  occidental* ;  called  also  the 
Nettle-tree  and  the  Haokberry. 

sugar-birds,  s.  pi. 

Ornith. :  The  family  CcerlbidsB,  a  group  of 
delicate  little  birds,  allied  to  the  Dicteide  and 
the  Drepanididie,  but  with  protrusile  tongues, 
and  confined  almost  entirely  to  the  tropical 
parts  of  America 

sugar -bush,  ».    [STOAR-ORCHARD.] 

sugar-camp,  s.  A  place  In  or  near  a 
maple  forest  where  the  sap  from  the  trees  is 
collected  and  manufactured  into  sugar. 


sugar -oandy,  *  sugar  -  oandlan.  j. 

Cane-sugar  crystallized  on  threads   by  slow 
evaporation. 

"  Her    br.-fcth    WM   M  tweet   u  t*far-candi»n.'— 
J.  Taylor:  PttuiUfu  Pilgrim. 

sugar  cane,  t. 

1.  Bat.,  Hort.,  £c. :  Saccharum  officlnantm, 
a  strong,  cane-stemmed  grass,  from  eight  to 
twelve  feet  high,  producing  a  large,  feathery 
plume  of  flowers.    It  is  wild  or  cultivated  in 
India,  China,  the  South  bea  Islands,  the  West 
Indies,    Louisiana,    &c.,    flourishing    in    tlie 
zone  or  belt  from  the  equcjjr  to  35°  or  40' 
north  and  south.    In  India  the  land  chosen  for 
its  cultivation  is  usually  a  good  loam  or  light 
clay  well  manured.     The  leafy  ends  of  the 
canes  of  the  preceding  season  are  cut  off,  or 
the  whole  cane  is  cut  up,  each  piece  being 
made  to  contain  two  nodes  or  joints.    Twenty 
thousand  of  these  are  planted  on  each  acre  in 
January   and    February,  the  harvest  begins 
early  in  December,  and  the  cutting  and  crush- 
ing of  the  canes  are  carried  on  till  January  or 
February.    There  are  several  varieties  of  the 
sugar-cane.     It  was  calculated  that  in  1876 
2,140,000  tons  of  sugarwere  manufactured  from 
the  cane  all  over  the  world.    It  is  probable 
that  the  amount  has  since  increased. 

2.  Hist. :  It  has  been  supposed  that  the  sugar- 
cane was  the  "sweet  cane  from  a  far  country" 
of  Jeremiah  (vi.  20;  cf.  also  Isa.  xliii.  24). 
The  scripture  plant  was,  however,  more  prob- 
ably  Andropogon  calamus  aromatic**.    [CANE.] 
According  to  Strabo,  Nearchus,  the  admiral 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  describes  a  kind  of 
honey  (probably  sugar)  from  an  Indian  reed, 
as  did  Theophrastus  and  other  writers.     Di- 
oscorides  uses  the  term  saccharum,  derived 
from    the    Indian  name  of   the  sugar-cane. 
Europe  seems  to  be  indebted  for  the  plant  to 
the  Saracens,  who  introduced  it  into  Rhodes, 
Cyprus,  Sicily,  Crete,  and  Spain,  in  the  ninth 
century ;  the  Crusaders,  in  the  twelfth,  found 
it  in  Syria ;    the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese 
carried  it  to  the  Canary  Islands  and  Madeira 
early  in  the  fifteenth.     Thence,  on  the  dis- 
covery of  America,  it  was  transported  to  the 
West  Indies,  where  a  large  sugar  industry 
speedily  arose. 

sugar  clarlfler,  i.    [CLABIFIER,  2.] 

sugar-evaporator,  s.  A  furnace  and 
pan  for  condensing  saccharine  juices  or  solu- 
tions. 

sugar-filter,  «.  The  vessel  employed 
for  cleansing  and  decolorizing  the  defecated 
syrup  by  the  aid  of  bone-black. 

sugar-fungus,   a,      (TOROLA,    TXAST- 

PLAHT.] 

sugar  furnace,  t.  A  furnace  in  which 
pans  are  set  for  boiling  sugar-cane  juice,  the 
sap  of  the  maple,  or  other  saccharine  solutions. 

sugar-house,  «.  A  building  in  which 
sugar  is  refined. 

sugar-kettle,  t.  A  kettle  for  boiling 
the  sap  of  the  sugar-maple,  the  sorghum,  or 
the  cane ;  a  sugar-pau. 

sugar-loaf,  i.  &  s. 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Lit.  :  A  conical  mass  of  refined  sugar. 

2.  Fig.  :  A  high-crowned  conical  hat,  re- 
sembling a  sugar-loaf  in  shape. 

B.  At  adj. :  Conical  and  tall,  like  a  sugar- 
loaf  :  as,  a  sugar-loaf  hit. 

sugar-louse,  t.    [SDOAR-HTO.] 
sugar-maple,  ». 

Bot. :  Aaer  saccharin-urn,  an  American  tree, 
sometimes  eighty  feet  high,  largely  pre- 
vailing in  the  United  States,  New  Brunswick, 
and  Nova  Scotia.  The  leaves  are  cordate, 
very  smooth,  and  glaucous  beneath.  They 
have  five  lobes,  which  are  taper,  pointed,  and 
toothed,  becoming  red  in  autumn.  It  is  tapped 
in  the  spring  for  its  juice,  which  yields  sugar. 
[ACER.] 

sugar-mill,  ».  A  mill  for  expressing  the 
juice  from  sugar-canes.  It  has  usually  three 
rollers  ;  two  in  the  same  horizontal  plane,  and 
the  third  over  and  between  these.  The  canes 
are  fed  in  between  the  upper  and  first  hori- 
zontal rollers,  where  they  receive  their  first 
squeeze,  the  juice  running  down  into  a  trough 
at  the  base  of  the  mill ;  they  then  travel  on- 
ward, receiving  a  second  squeeze  between  the 
top  roller  and  the  second  horizontal  roller, 
which  extracts  the  remaining  juice.  The  resi- 


dual woody  fibre,  termed  bagasse,  when  dried, 
is  used  as  fuel  for  the  furnace-boiler. 

sugar  mite,  sugar-louse,  s. 
Enton. :  The  genus  Lepisma,  spec.  Ltpisma 
taccharina. 

sugar-mould,  «.  A  conical  iron  mould 
in  which  suxar  is  placed  to  crystallize  and 
allow  the  molasses  to  drain  away. 

sugar-nippers,  i.  A  tool  or  instru- 
ment for  cutting  loaf-sugar  into  small  pieces. 

sugar  of  acorns,  s.    [QUF.RCITK.] 

sugar  of  lead,  s.  (NEUTRAL  PLUMBIC 
ACETATE  ;  ACETIC-ACID.] 

sugar -orchard,  sugar-bush,  t.     A 

collection  or  small  plantation  of  maples  used 
for  making  sugar. 

sugar-pine,  «.  The  Pimis  lamberUana  of 
the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  Slates,  a  large 
pine,  which,  when  partly  burned,  yields  a 
bweetish  exudation,  whence  its  name. 

sugar-planter,  ».  One  who  owns  or 
manages  land  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of 
the  sugar-cane. 

sugar-plum,  «.  A  kind  of  sweetmeat 
made  of  boiled  sugar,  coloured  and  flavoured 
with  various  Ingredients,  and  formed  into 
balls  or  disks. 

sugar-refiner,  «.  One  who  refines  sugar. 
sugar-refinery,  i. 

1.  A  building  where  sugar  Is  refined. 

2.  The  process  of  purification  of  raw  or 
brown  sugar.     The  sugar  is  (1)  dissolved  in 
water,  a  little  blood  and    lime-water  being 
added ;  (2)  filtered  in  bags,  to  remove  fecu- 
lences ;  (3)  filtered  through  animal  charcoal, 
to  remove  colour ;  (4)  boiled  in  a  vacuum-pan, 
to   concentrate   it;   and   (5)  crystallized  la 
moulds. 

sugar-squirrel,  t. 

ZooL :  Petaurus  sciureus. 

sugar-tongs,  «.  A  small  instrument  of 
silver  or  plated  metal,  used  for  lifting  small 
pieces  of  sugar  at  table. 

sugar-tree,  *. 

Bnt. :  (1)  Myoporum  platycarpum;  (2)  Acer 
tacckarinnm,  the  sugar-maple  (q.v.). 

sug'-ar(sassh),'sug-er,  r.(.  ,H.  [SUGAR,*,' 

1.  Lit. :   To    impregnate,    flavour,    cover, 
sprinkle,  or  mix  with  sugar.    [SUOARINO,  II.) 

2.  Fig. :   To  cover  or  hide,  as  with  sugar ; 
to  sweeten,  to  disguise,   as  something   un- 
pleasant or  distasteful,  so  as  to  to  render  it 
acceptable. 

"  With  devotion1!  Tieage. 
And  ploue  actiori,  we  do  tnaar  o'er 
The  devil  bimiell."        Sktkrtp.  :  Hamlet,  111.  L 

sug'-ar  I-ncss  (s  as  sh),  s.  [Eng.  tugary ; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sugary 
or  sweet. 

SUg'-ar-Ing  (S  as  sh),  t.    (Eng.  sugar;  -ing.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  sweetening,  mixing,  or  cover- 
ing with  sugar. 

2.  Sugar  used  for  sweetening,  &c. 

3.  The  act  or  process  of  making  sugar. 

II.  Kainia. :  A  method  of  catching  moths 
introduced  in  1842,  and  since  largely  used.  A 
compound  of  coarse  brown  sugar  dissolved  in 
water  and  beer,  and  having- a  little  gum  or 
some  essential  oil  added,  is  spread  on  the 
sheltered  side  of  trunks  of  trees  by  a  painter's 
brush.  The  collector  visits  the  sugared  trees 
after  dark  with  a  bull's-eye  lantern  and  catches 
any  moths  he  may  find. 

sng'-ar-lSss  (initial  n  as  sh),  a.  [Eng.  tugar; 
-less.]  Free  from  sugar. 

sufr--ar-y  (s  as  sh),  *  sug  rle,  a.  [Eng. 
sugar;  -y.] 

1.  Containing,  resembling,  or  composed  of 
sugar ;  sweet. 

"  And  with  the  writ  Iweete  thereof  lllin 
C'luut  liuliee  earei  to  fanUsiefl  impure." 

Spentfr  :  Mother  Bubbtrtfi  Tab. 

2.  Fond  of  sugar  or  of  sweet  things :  as,  a 
tvgary  palate. 

*  su-ges'-cent,  a.  [Lat.  mgeru,  pr.  par.  of 
svgo  =  to  suck.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
sucking. 


•tte,  fit,  fere,  amidst,  what,  laH,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
«r.  wore,  wolt  work,  whA,  son;  mute,  cob,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    m,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


suggest— suit 


4531 


•ng-ge'st',  v.t.  &  i.     [Lat.  suggest™,  pa.  par. 
of  suggero  =  io  carry  or  lay  under,  to  supply, 
to  suggest ;  sug  (for  tub)  =  under,  and  gero  =• 
to  carry.  ] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  introduce  indirectly  into  the  mind  or 
thoughts  ;  to  cause  to  be  thought  of  by  the 
agency  of  other  objects. 

"  The  growing  seeds  of  wisdom,  that  tuffffctt  .  .  . 
Reflections  auch  as  meliorate  the  bean. 

Cvuper:  Tart.  lit  802. 

2.  To  propose  with  diffidence  or  modesty  ; 
to  propose  indirectly  or  guardedly ;  to  hint, 
to  insinuate. 

"Theu  yon  ntgyttted  Avignon;  and  I  assented."— 
ilncaulay:  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  xxiii. 

*  3.  To  inform  secretly ;  to  prompt. 

**  We  must  tugg«tt  the  people.  In  what  hatred 
He  itill  liath  held  them.* 

Shakttp.  ;  CoriolamUt  U. 1- 

*  4.  To  tempt,  to  seduce. 

**  T«  iugyet(  thee  from  thy  manter." 

Shaketp. :  Tamitty  of  the  Skrtw,  IT.  5. 

*  B.  fntraiis. :    To  make  suggestions ;  to 
present  evil  thoughts  to  the  mind. 

•ug  gest'-er,  *.  [Eng.  suggest;  -er.]  One 
who  suggests  ;  one  who  makes  suggestions. 

"  The  Spirit  of  Ood  in  person  Is  not  the  Immediate 
atff getter  of  this  conclusion."— Bp.  Bull:  Worlu.U.  885. 

•ftg'-geV-tl-d  fttT-si,  phr.  [Lat.  =  the  sug- 
gestion of  something  false  or  untrue.] 

1.  Logic  A  Ethics :  A  term  nsed  when  one, 
instead  of  telling  a  positive  untruth,  makes 
»  statement  which,  though  not  false,  is  yet 
pretty  sure  to  be  misunderstood,  and  Is  in- 
tended to  be  so. 

Jl  Law :  One  of  the  branches  of  fraud.  If 
suggestio  falsi  be  practised  in  drawing  out  legal 
conveyances,  re-leases,  or  agreements,  its  de- 
tection affords  a  ground  for  setting  them  aside. 

•ug  gest'  Ion  (t  as  y),  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat, 
suggestioncm,  accus.  of  suggestio,  from  sitggestus, 
pa.  par.  of  mggero  =  to  suggest  (q.v.).] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  suggesting,  hinting,  or  pro- 
posing guardedly  or  with  diffidence.    (Either 
in  a  good  or  bad  sense.) 

2.  That  which  is  suggested  ;  a  hint ;  a  first 
Intimation  or  proposal. 

"  One  Blight  ntffgtttton  of  a  senseless  fear, 
Infus'U  with  cuuniiiv,  serve*  to  ruin  me." 

Drgde* ;  Juvtiiul,  a*t.  «. 

3.  A  prompting,  especially  to  evil ;  a  secret 
Incitement ;  temptation,  seduction, 

"  Why  do  I  yield  to  that  tuggtttion  t " 

Shak«tp. .-  ilntbfth.  i.  3. 

4.  Presentation  of  an  idea  to  the  mind  :  as, 
the  suggestions  of  fancy  or  imagination. 

*  6.  A  crafty  device, 

"  One  that  by  mffffestion 
Fled  all  the  kingdom." 

Sftofte*A  .'  Henry  V1IL.  IT.  1 
TJ.  Technically: 

1.  Law :  Information  without  oath  :  as, 

(1)  An  information  drawn  in  writing,  show- 
ing cause  to  have  a  prohibition. 

(2)  A  surmise  or  representation  of  some- 
thing, enrolled  upon  the  record  of  a  suit  or 
action,  at  the  instance  of  a  party  thereto, 

2.  Metaph.:  The  same  as  ASSOCIATION  (q.v.). 
11  (1)  Principle  of  suggestion :  Association  of 

ideas.. 

(2)  Relative  suggestion :  Judgment.  Dr. 
Thomas  Brown  (1778-1820),  Prof,  of  Moral 
Philosophy  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
divided  "the  Intellectual  States  of  Mind1' 
into  Simple  and  Relative  Suggestion;  the 
first  corresponding  to  what  others  have  called 
Association,  and  tlie  latter  to  Judgment.  He 
places  under  Simpfe  Suggestion  :  Conception, 
Memory,  Imagination,  and  Habit ;  under  Re- 
lative Suggestion :  Coexistence  and  Succes- 
sion. (Brown;  Philos.  Human  Mind,  lect. 
zxxill.,  xlv.) 

•Ug-&est'-Ive,  a.  [Eng.  suggest;  -ive.]  Con- 
taining a  suggestiou  or  hint ;  calculated  or 
tending  to  suggest  ideas  or  thoughts  ;  suggest- 
ing more  than  appears  on  the  surface.  (Very 
often  in  a  bad  sense.) 

»ug-gest'-ive  ly,"</r.  [Eng. suggestive;  -ly.} 
In  a  suggestive  manner ;  by  way  of  suggestion. 

sug-gest'-Ive-nSw,  *.  [Eng.  suggestive ; 
~neu.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  suggestive. 

"  HI*  mannerisms — constant  employment  of  the 
dash  for  tttggett iventu,  and  a  habit  of  italicizing  to 
make  a  point  or  strengthen  aii  illusion-are  weari- 
some."—Seribntr't  J/agaziip,  May,  1880,  p.  119. 


*  SUg-gest  ment,  s.    [Eng.  suggest;  -ment.] 
The  act  of  suggesting  ;  suggestion. 

*  sug-gcst  ress,  s.     [Bug.  suggest;   'rets.] 
A  female  who  suggests. 

*  SUg'  -gll,  v.t.    [Lat.  suffillo,  suggitto  =  to  beat 
black  and  blue,  to  insult,  to  revile.] 

1.  To  beat  black  and  blue  ;  to  make  livid 
by  bruises. 

2.  To  defame,  to  sully,  to  blacken. 

"They  will  not  shrink  to  offer  their  blood  for  the 
defence  of  Christ  s  verity,  if  tt  be  openly  impugned, 
or  secretly  tuggillcd."—  A  rchbithop  I'sirkcr't  Stryfte  : 
App.  to  Life. 

*  sug'-gil-ate,  v.t.    [Lat.  svggiOatus,  pa.  par. 
of  sugilto.]     [SuaaiL.]    To   beat    black    and 
blue;  to  beat  livid. 

"  The  head  of  the  os  burner!  was  braised,  and  re- 
mained ntgyUatwt  long  after."—  Wlteman  :  Surgery, 

*  sii?>  gil  a'-tion,  s.     [Lat  suggiUatio.]    A 
livid  or  black  and  blue    mark  ;    a  blow,  a 
bruise,  ecchyraosis.   Also  applied  to  the  spots 
which    occur  in  disease   and   in    incipient 
p  utre  faction. 

*  sugre,  s.  &  v.    [SUGAR.] 

su-i-cid'-al,  a.    [Eng.  &uicid(e);  -al.] 

1.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  the  crime  of 
suicide  :  as,  suicidal  mania. 

2.  Destructive  to  one's  self,  or  one's  own 
interests. 

"  The  obstinacy  of  the  English  authorities  In  keep. 
ing  the  army  on  ao  reduced  a  footing  is  considered 
simply  tuicidal."—  Daily  Taleyrapk,  Feb.  14,  1866. 

»u-I'9id'-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  suicidal;  -ly.] 
In  a  suicidal  manner. 

SU'-I-Clde,  s.  [Formed  In  sense  1  from  Lat. 
tui,  genit.  of  M  —  one's  self,  and  cidum  —  a 
slaying,  from  ccedo  (in  comp.  -cido)  =  to  kill  ; 
in  sense  2,  from  sui,  and  -cida  =  a  slayer,  on 
the  analogy  of  homicide,  fratricidet  &c.  ;  Fr. 
suicide.  Trench  says  that  till  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth  century  this  word  had  not 
established  itself  in  the  language  ;  self-homi- 
cide was  used  instead.] 

1.  Self-murder;   the  act   of  wilfully  and 
designedly  destroying  one's    own    life.     To 
constitute    suicide  in    the    legal   sense,  the 
person  must  be  of  years  of  discretion  and  of 
sound  mind,  in  which  case  he  is  termed  a 
felo-de-se  (q.v.).     By  the  common  law  the 
consequences  of  suicide  were  deprivation  of 
the  rites  of  Christian  burial,  the  suicide  being 
interred    at   night   at    cross  -  roads,    with    a 
stake   driven   through  his  breast,  and   the 
forfeiture  of  all  his  goods  and  chattels  to  the 
Crown,  including  debts  to  him  at  the  time  of 
his  committing  the  crime,  but  not  including 
freehold  property,  and  the  forfeiture  did  not 
involve  corruption   of  blood.     These  severe 
laws  are  now  obsolete.     In  the  United  States 
eleven  states  have   Constitutional  provisions 
that  the  property  of  suicides  shall  not  be  for- 
feited.   Christian  burial  is  also  the  rule. 

"  Nor  lew  to  be  exploded  is  the  word  tutfcftto,  which 
may  a*  well  Mem  to  participate  of  tut,  a  sow,  as  of  the 
pronoun  mi."—  Phitlipt  :  tft*  World  of  Wordi.  (Fref. 
toed.  3rd.) 

2.  One  who  commits  self-murder;  a  felo- 
de-se. 

3.  Ruin  or  destruction  of  one's  own  interests. 

"  In  countries  pretending  to  civilization  there  should 
be  no  war,  much  less  intestine  war,  which  may  be 
Justly  called  political  tuicid*  "—  Knox  :  Letter  to  a 
I'vuny  Jfooleman. 

"  su  i~9id  -Ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  suicidfe);  -icoZ.] 
Suicidal. 


s.     [Eng.    suicid^e);    •ism.} 
A  disposition  or  tendency  to  suicide. 

*  su'  i  919111,  *  su-i-clsme,  s.  [Lat  SHI, 
genit.  of  suus=  one's  own  ;  Eng.  suff.  -ism.] 
The  seeking  of  what  is  personal  to  one  ;  self- 
ishness, egotism.  [ALTRUISM.] 

"  But  hl«  MUicirmr  was  so  groBse,  that  any  of  Ahab's 
relations  (whom  he  made  run  out  all  they  had)  might 
read  it"—  A  Whitlock:  Grand  Schitmatic. 

su  i  dee,  su'-i-da,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  sn(x); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -fcto,  or  neut.  -Ida.} 

1.  Zool.  ;  A  family  of  Artiodactyle  Mam- 
mals, of  the  Bunodont  group  (in  which  the 
crowns  of  the  molars  are  tuberculated).  The 
feet  have  only  two  functional  toes,  the  other 
two  being  much  shorter,  and  hardly  touching 
the  ground.  Molars,  incisors,  and  canines 
are  present,  the  last  very  large,  and,  in  the 
males,  usually  constituting  formidable  tusks 


projecting  from  the  side  of  the  month.  Tht 
stomach  is  generally  slightly  divided,  but  is  by 
no  means  so  complex  as  in  the  Rumiiumtia. 
Snout  truncated  and  cylindrical,  capable  of 
considerable  movement,  and  adapted  for 
rooting  up  the  ground.  The  skin  is  covered 
with  hair  to  a  greater  or  less  extent ;  tail  very 
short,  in  some  cases  rudimentary.  The 
family  is  divided  into  three  well-marked 
groups  or  sub-families  :  Suinse,  True  Swine 
(Sus,  Potamochoems,  Babirusa,  and  Porcula) ; 
Dicotylinte  (Peccaries,  with  the  single  genus 
Dicotyles,  often  classed  as  a  family);  and 
Phanochcerime  (Wart-hogs,  with  one  genus, 
Phacochcerus). 

2.  PalcKont.:    The    family   probably    com- 
menced in  the  Eocene  Tertiary.    The  most 
noteworthy    genera    are    described,    in    this 
Dictionary  under  their  names. 

su'-i  gen'-er-is,  phr.  [Lat.]  Of  his  or  its 
own  peculiar  kind  ;  singular. 

*  su  il-lage  (age  as  Ig),  $.    [Fr.  souillage, 
from  *euuZ*T  =  to  sully,  to  soil.]    A  drain  or 
collection  of  tilth  ;  sullage. 

"  Borne  Italians  dig  wells  and  cisterns,  and  other 
conveyances,  for  the  tuUlageot  the  home,"—  Wotton: 
Remain*,  p.  is. 

su-IT-line,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  *uttl(it*)  =  pertain- 
ing to  swine ;  Eng.  suff,  -ine.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Belonging  to,  or  characteristic 
of  the  genus  Sus  or  the  family  Suidse  (q.v.). 

"There  are,  moreover,  extinct  types,  with  many 
Suillint  affiniti**."— JiicWtan  :  Pctlaxmt.,  11.  846. 

B*  As  subst.  :  Any  Individual  of  the  genus 
Bus  or  the  family  Sttidae  (4.  v.). 

"  All  these  early  Suillinet  .  .  .  appear  to  have  had 
At  least  four  toes."-Jfuri&.-  Introd.  A  Suvcett.  of 
Vert.  Life  in  A  merica,  p. 

su  i-nw,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  su(s) ;  Lat.  fern, 
pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ince.]  [Suio.c.] 

*  su'-ing,  s.    [Fr.  suer  =  to  sweat ;  Lat.  sudo.) 
The  process  of  soaking  through  anything. 

"  Note  the  percolation  or  nting  of  the  verjuice 
through  the  wood ;  for  verjuice  of  itself  would  never 
have  passed  through  the  wood." — Bnc->n:  Nat.  ffttt.. 

in 

*  su'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [SuB.] 

*  Bu'-ing-ly,   *  BU  -  yng  -  ly,    adv.     [Eng. 
suing,  a,  ;  -ly.]  Following,  in  succession,  after. 

"  My  mynde  A  my  fleash  both  haue  loyed  in  to  lining 
God.  and  fur  this  the  prophet e  artith  here  tityngtu,  my 
reyues  or  kidncia,  hath  chideu  me  vuto  the  uignt,"— 
Sir  T.  Afor* :  Worktt,  p.  9). 

su  int,  s.  tPr-1  The  natural  grease  of  wool. 
It  consists  of  insoluble  saponaceous  matter, 
together  with  a  soluble  salt  containing  from 
15  to  33  per  cent,  of  potash. 

*  SU'-!f m,  8.     [SuisT.]    Selfishness. 

*  Su'-Ist,  5.      [Lat.  suus  =  one's  own.]     One 
who  seeks  to  gratify  himself;  a  sottish  persor  ; 
an  egotist. 

"  A  man  with  more  liberty  mleht  be  debtor  to  the 
Jews  of  Malta,  than  owe  for  curtesies  to  this  schls- 
matlcal  mat,  that  baits  with  lesser  favours  to  ancle  for 
greater."— A.  Whitlock:  ffrand  Schematic,  p.  M9. 

suit,  *  suite,  *  sate,  *.  [Fr.  suite  =  a  chase, 
a  suit,  a  train  of  attendants,  from  Lat  secta  = 
a  following,  a  sect  (q.v.);  in  Low  Lat.  ex- 
tended to  mean  a  suit-at-law,  a  series,  a  suit 
of  clothes,  <tc.,  from  Lat.  sequor=to  follow.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  act  of  following ;  pursuit,  chase, 
as  of  game,  &C. 

*  2.  Consecution,  succession,  series. 

"  Every  five  and  thirty  years  the  same  kind  and  tuit 
of  weather  conies  about  again."— Bacon. 

3.  The  act  of  suing ;  a  seeking  for  some- 
thing  by  petition  or  application  ;    petition ; 
address  of  entreaty ;  request,  prayer. 

"  Many  shall  make  tuit  unto  thee."— Job  xt  9. 

i,  A  petition  made  to  one  of  exalted  posi- 
tion or  authority,  as  a  monarch  or  great  prince. 

"  I  can  but  be  thy  guide,  sweet  maid. 
With  Scotland's  King  thv  tuit  to  aid.* 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  vi.  2S. 

5.  Amorous  solicitation  ;  courtship,  wooing ; 
an  attempt  to  win  a  woman  in  marriage. 

"  Rebate  your  lores,  each  rival  tuit  suspend. 
Till  this  funereal  web  my  labours  end  " 

/'ope :  Homer ;  Odyttry  xi r.  19%, 

6.  The  object  of  one's  request,  petition,  or 
seeking ;  that  which  is  sought  or  begged  for ; 
request,  prayer. 

"  Then  hast  obtained  thy  tu4t." 

Sha***p.  •   Merchant  qf  Venice,  It  1 

7.  A  set,  a  number  of  things  used  together, 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  9«11,  chorus,  fbln,  bench;  go,  tern;  thin,  ttis;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -«ion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -slon  =  zhun.    -cioos,  -tioua,  -sious  =  «hu».    -ble, -die,  £c  =  beL  deL 


4532 

and  in  *  degree  necessary  to  be  united  in 
order  to  Mrve  their  purpose :  as,  a  suit  of 
armour,  a  suit  of  sails  for  a  ship,  Ac. ;  espe- 
cially used  absolutely  for  a  set  of  clothes ; 
dress,  apparel. 

"Hi  hath  hit  chsunge  of  ruitet,  yea,  he  spareth  not 
to  goe  In  hit  »ilkcs  and  reluet  —  Wilton:  Art  of 
Jthrtoriquc,  p.  M 

8.  Things  which  follow  in  a  series  or  suc- 
cession ;  a  set  of  things  of  the  same  kind  or 
stamp;  the  collective  number  of  individuals 
composing  a  series  :  as,  a  suit  (more  generally 
a  xuite)  of  rooms. 

9.  Speci  ft  cally,  one  of  the  four  sets  (of  thirteen 
cards  each)  which  compose  a  pack. 

"  To  deal  and  shuffle,  to  divide  and  sort 
Her  mingled  tuilt  and  sequences." 

Cuteftr :  Talk,  L  47*. 

*10.  Kind,  class,  sort,  description. 

The  tape*  of  bin  white  Tolupere 
Were  of  the  same  tuit  of  hire  oolere." 

Chaucer :  C,  T.,  S.M1. 

Ml.  Retinue,  attendants;  number  of  fol- 
lowers, train.    (Now  written  suite.) 
12.  Outward  covering  or  dress. 

"  But  I  have  that  within  which  paawth  show ; 
Th«M  but  the  trappings  and  the  ruitt  of  wo*,' 

Moiwp. .-  Samlet,  L  «. 

tt  Law: 

1.  Feudal  lav  :  A  following  or  attendance  : 

AS — 

(1)  Attendance  by  a  tenant  on  his  lord,  es- 
pecially at  his  court ;  called  also  Suit-court. 

(2)  Attendance  for  the  purpose  of  perform* 
ing  some  service ;  called  also  Suit-service. 

(3)  The  retinue,  chattels,  offspring,  and  ap- 
purtenances of  a  villein. 

2.  CivilLaw: 

(1)  An  action  or  process  for  the  recovery  of 
a  right  or  claim  ;  legal  application  to  a  court 
of  justice  ;   prosecution  of  right  before  any 
tribunal :  as,  a  suit  in  Chancery.    When  the. 
remedy  is  sought  in  a  court  of  law,  the  term 
suit  is  synonymous    with    action,  but  when 
proceedings  an  taken  in  a  court  of  equity  the 
term  suit   alone    is   used.    In    Britain    it    is 
applied  to  proceedings  in  the  Ecclesiastical 
And  Admiralty  courts. 

"Ola  strange  nature  Is  the  ntit  yon  fellow.** 

SHaJuq*.  ;  Merchant  a/  Venice,  IT.  L 

*(2)  The  witnesses  or  followers  of  the 
plaintiff  in  an  action  at  law. 

t  *  (1)  Out  of  suits;  No  more  in  service  and 
attendance  on  ;  at  odds  with. 

(2)  To  follow  rutt:  [FOLLOW,  If  (2)]. 

*  Wear  this  for  me ;  out  out  of  luttt  with  fortune, 
That  would  fire  more,  but  that  her  band  lacks  means." 
AoJtMp. .'  At  To*  Like  It,  1.  S. 

*  salt-broker,  *.    One  who  made  a  regu- 
lar trade  of  obtaining  favours  for  court  peti- 
tioners. 

* 0011-0001%  *.    [Surr,  *.,  II.  1.  (1).] 

*  suit-covenant,  s. 

Law :  A  covenant  by  the  ancestor  of  one 
man  with  the  ancestor  of  another  to  sue  at  his 
court.  (Bailty.) 

•suit  like,  *  sate-like,  a.  Suitable, 
adapted. 

"  Then  she  pnt  her  Into  man's  apparel,  and  gave  her 
all  things  tni(e-lik«  to  the  same,  and  laid  her  upon  a 
mattreas  all  alone  without  light  or  caudle."— North  : 
Plutarch,  p.  «. 

*  suit  service,  s.    [SUIT,  *.,  II.  1.  (2).] 
•alt,  v.t.&i.    [SUIT,  s.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  adapt,  to  accommodate ;  to  fit  or  make 
suitable. 

"  Suit  the  action  to  the  word,  the  word  to  the  action, 
with  this  special  observance,  that  you  o'erstep  not  the 
modesty  of  nature."— ShaJcetp. .-  Bamlet,  ill.  2. 

2.  To  be  adapted  or  suitable  to  ;  to  become. 

" Such  furniture  a>  iwtr*  the  greatness  of  his  person." 
SHaketp.  :  Bern?  Ylll.,  ii.  L 

3.  To  fit ;  to  be  adapted  to. 

4.  To  be  agreeing  to ;  to  fall  in  with ;  to 
please  ;  to  be  convenient  or  agreeable  to  :  aa, 
To  suit  one's  tastes. 

*  fi.  To  dress,  to  clothe. 

"  It  is  the  use  for  Tyrian  maids  to  wear 
Their  bow  and  quiver  In  this  modest  sort, 
And  luit  themselves  In  purple  for  the  nonce." 

Marlowe :  Dtdo,  Queen  of  Carthage,  L  L 
,     B.  Intrans. :  To  agree,  to  accord,  to  match, 
to  correspond,  to  tally.    (Often  followed  by  to 
or  with.) 

"  111  with  King  Jam Ws  mood  that  day, 
Suited  gay  feast  and  minstrel  lay." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  v.  33, 

•J  For  the  difference  between  to  suit  and  to 
fUt  see  FIT. 


suit— sullage 

suit  a-b!l'-I-ty,  •.  [Eng.  suitable;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  suitable;  suit- 
ableness. 

suit-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  suit;  -able.]  Capable 
of  suiting ;  suiting  or  being  in  accordance ; 
according,  agreeable,  fitting,  convenient, 
proper,  becoming. 

"  In  his  face 

Youth  smiled  celestial,  and  to  every  limb 
Suitable  grace  diflueed."      Milton:  P.  L.,  ill.  ttft. 

U  For  the  difference  between  suitable  and 
becoming,  conformable,  convenient,  and  corre- 
spondent, see  BECOMING,  CONFORMABLE,  &c. 

suit  a-ble-ness,  *.  [Eng.  suitable;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  suitable,  fit, 
adapted,  agreeable,  proper,  becoming,  or  con- 
venient ;  agreeableness,  fitness,  propriety. 

"  There  Is  a  continued  mitabttnctt  and  applicability 
to  the  teit  of  Moses  all  along."— More :  Kf.  of  Phil. 
Cabbala.  (App.) 

suit  a  bly,  adv.  [Eng.  suitable);  -ly.]  In 
a  suitable  manner  or  degree  ;  fitly,  agreeably, 
conveniently,  becomingly. 

"The  most  notable  of  those  offices  that  can  be 
assigned  to  the  spirit  of  nature,  and  that  tuitably  to 
his  name.  Is  the  trauslocatlon  of  the  souls  of  beasts 
Into  such  matter  as  is  meet  fitting  for  them."— More  : 
Immort.  qf  the  Soul,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  xiii 

suite  (as  swet),  s.    [Fr.]   [SUIT,  «.] 

1.  A  company  or  number  of  attendants  or 
followers ;  a  retinue,  a  train. 

2.  A  number  of  things  having  a  connection 
together,  spoken  of  as  a  whole ;  a  collection 
of  things  of  the  same  kind  ;  a  set,  a  series  :  as, 
a  suite  ot  rooms,  furniture,  Ac. 

*  suit  -er,  *  sut-er,  s.  [Eng.  suit,  T.  ;  -er.] 
A  suitor  (q.v.), 

"  Now  In  all  judgements  being  two  parties,  the  first 
we  call  the  i  in  pleader,  luttr.  demauuder,  or  demaund- 
---      -  -  -    bk,  iL, 


*  suit  hold,  s.    [Eng.  suit,  and  hold.] 

Feudal  Law:  Tenure  in  consideration  of 
certain  services  to  a  superior  lord. 

suit-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.t  &  s.    [Surr,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  Cloth  for  making  suits  of 
clothes. 

suit'-or,  *  sut-er,  s.    [Eng.  suit,  v.  ;  -or.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  prefers  a  suit ;  a  petitioner,  an 
applicant. 

-  The  throng,  that  follows  Ctoaar  at  the  heel*. 
Of  senators,  of  praetor*,  common  tuitort." 

ShaXetp.  :  Juliut  Catnr.  11. 1 

2.  One  who  solicits  a  woman  in  marriage ; 
a  wooer,  a  lover. 

"My  court  ouickly  swarmed  full  of  tuUort."- 3t4ney  : 

II.  Law:  A  party  to  a  suit  or  litigation. 

*  suit'-or,  v.i.    [Eng.  suitor,  s.]    To  court,  to 
woo. 

"  Counts  a  many,  and  dukes  a  few 
A  tuitorirtff  came  to  my  father's  hall." 

Barham  :  Ing.  Leg, ;  lit.  ,VidW<u. 

*  sult'-ress,  s.    [Eng.  suitor;  -ess.]    A  female 
suitor  or  supplicant. 

"  Beshrew  roe,  but  'twere  pity  of  his  heart, 
That  could  refuse  a  boon  to  such  a  tuitrett," 

fiove:  Jane  Shore,  IU.  L 

*  SUlt'-y,  *  sut'-fe,  a.    [Eng.  suit;  -y.]    Fit- 
ting, becoming,  suitable. 

*'  This  to  sonnes  is  ntitie." 

IMeift :  ffoly  R-wde.  p.  11 

su'  la,  *.  [Latinised  from  the  Icelandic  name 
of  the  Soland-goose  (q.v.).] 

Ornith.  :  Gannet ;  a  cosmopolitan  genns  of 
Pelecanidae,  with  eight  species.  Bill  forming 
an  elongated  cone,  very  large  at  base,  com- 
pressed at  point,  which  is  slightly  curved; 
mandibles  serrated  ;  angle  of  gape  below  the 
line  of  the  eyes  ;  face  and  throat  naked ;  nos- 
trils basal,  obliterated ;  legs  strong,  short, 
three  toes  in  front,  one  behind,  all  articulated 
by  a  membrane. 

sul'-cate,  sill'- cat-gel,  a.  [Lat.  sukatus, 
pa.  par.  of  sulco  =  to  furrow ;  sulcus  =  a  fur- 
row.] Furrowed,  grooved ;  baring  longitu- 
dinal furrows,  grooves,  or  channels.  (Applied 
especially  to  stems,  leaves,  seeds,  Ac,,  of 
plants,  the  surfaces  of  various  molluscous 
shells,  Ac.) 

"  All  are  much  chopped  and  mleated  by  having  lain 
exposed  on  the  top  of  the  clay  to  the  weather." — 
Woodward:  On  f'vttilt. 


Sul  ca-tion,  s.  [SULCATE.]  A  channel,  groov* 
or  furrow. 

sul  ca-td-,  prtf.    [SULCATE.]    Furrowed. 
sulcato  rimose,  a. 
Bot,  :  Furrowed  and  cracked,  as  the  cotyle- 
dons of  a  Spanish  chestnut. 

sul-ca  -tor,  s.  [Lat.  =  one  who  draws  furrowa, 
a  plougher.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Am  phi  pod  Crustaceans. 
Sulcator  arenarius,  living  on  the  sandy  sea- 
shore, leaves  tracks  like  those  of  Annelids  or 
the  impressions  of  plants,  which  have  been 
compared  with  those  on  some  of  the  Paleo- 
zoic rocks. 

sul'-cus  (pi.  sul'  -91),  *.    [Lat  =  a  furrow.] 

1.  Anat.  :    A    furrow,    a   groove  :    as,    the 
auriculo-ventricular  sulcus  of  the  heart  and 
the  sulci  of  the  brain. 

2.  Bot,  (PI.)  :  The  lamellae  of  certain  fungals. 
SUld,  v.i.    [SHOULD.]    (Scotch.) 

sulf  at  al'-lo-phane,  s.    [Fr.  suljht  =  sul- 
phate,  and  Eng.  ailophane.] 

Min.  :  A  mixture  of  ailophane  and  sulphate 
of  alumina. 

sul-fu'-rl-$in,  s.    [Fr.  sulfuri  =  sulphurous.) 
Min.  :   A   white  porous  silica,   having  an 
acid  taste  and  impregnated    with   sulphur. 
Found  in  Greece. 

*  sulk,  *.    [Lat.  sulcus.]    A  farrow. 

"  The  surging  rulkt  of  the  sandtferoiu  seas.*' 

Sidney:  Wanttwd  Play.  p.  Sit. 

sulk,  v.i.    [SULKY.]    To  be  sulky;  to  indulge 
in  a  sulky  fit  or  mood.    (Colloq.) 

*  sulk,  sulke,  a.     [SULK,  r.]    Hanging  on 
hand,  hard  to  sell  (?). 

"  Never  was  thrifty  trader  more  willing  to  put  of  a 
ntlke  commodity."—  Bey  wood;  Challenge  for  Beauty, 


'-l-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  sulky  ;  -ly.]  In  a  sulky 
manner  ;  sullenly,  morosely.  (See  extract  undei 
STUPID,  A.  2.) 

sulk-i-ness,  *.  [Eng.  sulky;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sulky  ;  sullenness, 
morogeness  ;  sourness  of  temper. 

"  Allow  nothing  to  the  tulXintu  of  my  disposition.' 
—Cray  .-  To  Dr.  Clarke,  Aug.,  17*0. 

sulks,  s.  pi.  [SULK.]  A  state  or  fit  of  sulki- 
ness  ;  a  sulky  fit  or  mood.  (Colloq.) 

"When  she  wakee  up  out  of  thetutt*."—  C.  Ktnaitm: 
Alton  Locke,  ch,  x  vL 

»ulk  y,  a.  &  s.  [Properly  sulken,  svlken-neu 
being  misdivided  as  sulke-nness  by  analogy 
with  happi-ness,  from  happy,  Ac.  From  A.o. 
solcen  =  slothful,  remiss,  disgusted.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Sullen,  sour  in  temper,  morose  ; 
obstinately  maintaining  ill-feeling  and  repell- 
ing advances. 

"It  Is  surely  better  to  he  eren  weak  than  malignant 
or  tulky."~Knox  :  Ettay  No.  123. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  light,  two-wheeled  vehicle, 
having  a  seat  for  a  single  occupant,  used  as  A 


pleasure-carriage  and  for  trials  of  speed  bs* 
tween  trotting- horses.     (Anier.) 

Tf  Used  also  adjecttvely  =  having  a  singlt 
seat:  as,  a  *HHry-cultivator,  «w^jfcy-harrow, 
«uZJb^-plough,  <tc.,  in  which  there  is  a  single 
seat  for  the  driver. 

*  sull,  s.    [A.S.  suVi.]    A  plough. 

sull  -age  (age  as  Ig),  s.    [SUILLAOB.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  A  collection  of  filth  ;  a  drain  ;  sewage. 
*  2.  Anything  which  sullies  or  defiles. 

3.  Silt  and  mud  deposited  by  water. 

II.  Founding:  The  scoria  which  rises  to 
the  surface  of  the  molten  metal  in  the  ladle, 
and  which  is  held  back  when  pouring,  to  pre- 
vent porous  and  rough  casting. 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  full;  try*  Syrian.    *e,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  QU  =  kw. 


sullen— sulphazotised 


4533 


•ullage-piece,*.  A  dead-head,  or  feeling- 
head,  a  piece  of  metal  on  a  casting  which 
occupies  the  ingate  at  which  the  metal  entered 
the  mould. 

•nl  leu.  *  sol  ain,  '  sol  ayne,  •  sol  ein, 
*  sol-elne,  *  sol  eyn,  *  sol-eyne,  a.  &  e. 

[O.  Fr.  solain  =  lonely,  solitary,  from  Lat. 
Kluf  =  alone.] 
A*  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Alone,  solitary. 

"  The  lolein  fenli  of  Arable.* 

C'fiauctr:  Drtme. 

*  1  Lonely,  solitary. 

"  In  tolej/n  place  by  my  aelfe." 

Ooteert  C.  A.,  vi. 

*  3.  Gloomy,  dark,  dismal,  sombre. 

*  And  nought  disturb*  the  silence  of  the  night ; 
All  sleeiM  in  Hillen  shade  or  stiver  glow." 

Scott .'  Don  Roderick,  L 

*  4.  Melancholy,  dismal. 

"  The  tulltn  preaage  of  your  own  decay." 

Snakap.  :  King  John,  !. 

5.  Gloomily  angry  and  silent ;  morose,  sour- 
tempered,  cross. 

"  She  Is  peevish,  tulle*,  froward.* 

Shukttp.  :  Tico  Gentlemen,  Hi.  1. 

6.  Characterized  by  sourness  or  innroseness  ; 
gloomy. 

41  Meanwhile  a  ntllrn  and  abject  melancholy  took 
possession  of  bis  soul."—  Jfacaulay :  Hitt.  Eng.,  cli. 
iziii. 

*  7.  Mischievous,  malignant,  unpropitions, 
baleful. 

"  Such  tuUe-n  planeta  at  my  birth  did  shine. 
They  threaten  every  fortune  mixt  with  mine." 
Drfden.    (Todd.) 

*  8.  Obstinate,  intractable. 

*' Things  are  aa  lullen  as  we  are,  and  will  be  what 
they  are,  whatever  we  think  of  thrm."—rillvtto>i. 

*  9.  Sluggish,  slow-moving,  dull. 

"  Small  Cock,  a  tullen  brook  cornea  to  her  succour 
then."  Drayton  :  PoIy-GlHon,  s.  2*. 

B.  As  substantive: 

*  1.  A  person  alone  by  himself. 

"  By  hymself  aa  a  Kteyne.' 

Fieri  Plowman,  xil.  303. 

*  2.  A  mess  of  meat  for  one  person.  (Prompt. 
f*n.) 

3.  (PI.):  [SULLENS]. 

U  For  the  difference  between  sullen  and 
(ioomi/,  see  GLOOMY. 

sullen  lady,  >. 

7.'o(. :  An  unidentiBed  species  of  Fritillaria. 
(Britten  it  Holland.) 

•  •nT-len,  v.t.    [SULLEN,  a.]    To  make  sullen, 
'morose,  gloomy,  or  obstinate  ;  to  sour. 

"This  .  . .  lulltni  the  whole  body."— reUlam:  Re- 

tolrrt,  pt.  L,  res.  48. 

SuT  l£n-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  snllen,  a. ;  -ly.]  In  a 
sullen  or  morose  manner ;  morosely,  gloomily, 
dismally. 

"Sullenly,  slowly. 
The  black  plague  new  o'er  if 

Byron  :  Manfred.  111.  «. 

•fil  Ion-ness,  <.  [Eng.  sullen;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sullen ;  silent  or 
gloomy  morosenesss ;  sourness  of  temper. 

"  The  form  which  her  anger  asaumed  waatutfenneu." 
—Macaulay  :  Hitt.  Knff.,  cb.  vii. 

•  snl'-lens,  >.  pi.    (SULLEN,  a.]    A  state  or  fit 
of  sullenness  ;  a  morose  temper ;  the  sulks. 

"  He  did  not  love  in  other  daya 
Te  wear  the  tullent  on  his  face." 

Prtud  :  County  Ball. 

•s6lT-er-#,  s.  [Eng.  toll;  try.]  A  plough- 
land  (q.v.). 

•  frtil'-le-vate,  v.t.    [Lat  suUrmtus,  pa.  par. 
of  suMevo  —  to  raise  up,  to  support :  pref.  sub-, 
and  hvo  =  to  make  light,  to  lift  up ;  Irris  — 
light  in  weight]    To  rouse  up,  to  excite, 

•sill  -I-age  (age  as  ig),  ».    [SULLAOE.J 

•nl'-ly,  *  sul-ie,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.8.  sylian  =  to 
sully,  to  defile  with  dirt  or  mud,  from  so(  = 
mire,  dirt  ;  cogn.  with  8w.  sola  =  to  bemire  ; 
Dan.  sole,  from  so!  =  mire;  Goth,  bisauljan ; 
G«r.  suhlrn,  from  suhle  =  slough,  mire ; 
M.H.Ger.  tol,  sol  =  mire.] 
A.  Transitive: 

L  Lit. :  To  stain,  to  dirty,  to  Boot,  to  tar- 
Bish,  to  foul. 

"  A  letter, 
Much  torn  and  ruined." 

Dryden :  Marriage  a-la-J/ode,  L  L 

t.  Fig. :  To  stain,  to  tarnish,  to  disgrace. 

"  Weakened  our  national  strength,  and  sullied  our 
glory  abroad."— Bollngbrdke :  DlMert.  on  p/irtiei,  let.  1. 

*  B.  Intrans. ;  To  become  sullied,  soiled, 
or  tarnished. 

"Your  white  canvas  doublet  will  tuUf."— Skaketp. : 


•siU'-ly,  "  sol-ley,  s.  [SULLY,  r.)  A  spot, 
soil,  or  tarnish.  (Fielding:  Joseph  Andrews. 
bk.  i.,  ch.  iv.) 

siSlpb.-,  pref.    [SuLPHO-.] 

sulph-a-cet  -a-nnde,  ».    [Pref.  tulph-,  and 

Bug.  aceUtmide.] 

Chem.  :  8chui*e's  name  for  the  compound 
(C4Hib"02)"  JN^  produoed  by  the  action  of 
ammonium  sulphide  on  chloracetamide. 

SUlph-a-oSt'-io,  a.  [Pref.  sulph-,  and  Eng. 
acetic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphur 
and  acetic  acid. 

sulphacetic  acid,  s. 


,     Gly- 

colyl-sulphurous  acid.  A  dibasic  acid  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  sulphuric  anhydride 
on  glacial  acetic-acid.  It  fonns  colourless 
deliquescent  prisms,  which  melt  at  62°,  and 
are  very  soluble  in  water,  forming  an  acid 
solution.  Its  salts  are  all  soluble  in  water, 
but  insoluble  in  alcohol.  ' 

•ulph-tv-eet-y-aen'-fe,  a.  [Pref.  sulph-; 
Eng.  acetylene,  and  suff.  -ic.  ]  Derived  from  or 
containing  sulphuric  acid  and  acetylene. 

sulphacetylonic  acid,  ». 


Chem.: 


Isomeric 


with  sulphacetic  acid,  and  obtained  by  heat- 
ing argentic  sulphate  with  acetyl  chloride  to 
120°,  and  treating  the  product  with  water. 
It  is  a  viscid,  unstable  liquid,  and  gradually 
decomposes  into  sulphuric  and  acetic  acids. 

sulph  a9  id,  ».    [SULPHO-  ACID.] 

sulph  -a-mate,  ».    [Eng.  sulphamfic)  ;  -ate.] 
Chem.  :  A  salt  of  sulphamic  acid  (q.v.). 

sulph  a  meth  yl  ane,   t.      [Pref. 

Eng.  methyl,  and  suff.  -ane.] 

Cktm.:  CH5NSO,  =  (8O)"  Methylio 


sulphamate.  Formed  by  dissolving  methylic 
sulphate  in  aqueous  ammonia,  and  crystalliz- 
ing, by  evaporation  in  a  vacuum.  It  forms 
large,  very  deliquescent  crystals. 

sulph-am'-fo,  a.  [Pref.  lulph-,  and  Eng. 
amic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphuric 
acid  and  ammonia. 

sulphamic  aold,  ». 


.  Unknown 

in  the  free  state,  but  known  in  its  salts.  Sul- 
phamate of  ammonium,  2NHg.SO3,  Sulphat- 
amrnon,  Sulphammon.  A  white,  crystalline 
powder,  obtained  by  passing  dry  ammonia 
gas  over  a  thin  layer  of  sulphuric  anhydride. 
Permanent  In  air;  taste  bitter;  soluble  in 
nine  parts  of  water,  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

sulph-am  -ide,  >.     [Pref.  sulph-,  and  Eng. 
amide.] 


Cheat.:  H4SO2N,  =  (S^"  J-N,.  Produced, 

according  to  Regnault,   when  dry  ammonia 
gas  is  passed  over  sulphuric  chloride. 

sulph-am  I  ddn-ic,  a.  [Eng.  -sulph(uric)  ; 
amidon  ;  and  suff.  -ic.]  Derived  from  or  con- 
taining sulphuric  acid  and  amidon. 

sulphamidonic  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  C^tH^O^ZSO^  (?).  A  syrupy,  deli- 
quescent acid,  produced  by  triturating  starch 
with  strong  sulphuric  acid.  Its  salts  are  all 
amorphous,  deliquescent,  easily  soluble  in 
water,  and  very  unstable.  (Watts.) 

sulph-am'  mon,  sulph-at-am'-mon,  s. 
[Pref.  sulph-,  or  sulphat(o)-,  and  Eng.  ammo- 
n(ium).]  [8IJLPHAMIC-AC1D.] 

sulph  a-myl'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  tulph-,  and  Eng. 
amylic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphuric 
acid  and  amylic  alcohol. 

sulphamylic  acid,  s. 

Chem.:  (CeHjOHSOj.  Amylsnlphnrieacid. 
A  colourless,  thin  syrup,  obtained  by  allow- 
ing a  mixture  of  sulphuric  acid  and  amylic 
alcohol  to  stand  in  a  cool  place  till  water  no 
longer  separates  amylic  alcohol  from  it.  It 
has  an  acid,  bitter  taste,  and  is  very  soluble 


in  water  and  alcohol,  the  aqueous  solution 
decomposing  spontaneously  into  amylic  alco- 
hol and  sulphuric  acid. 

•Ul-phan',  o.     [Eng.  sulpha(te),  and  (ozygc)n.] 
Chem.  :  Sulphatoxygen.  Graham's  name  for 
the  radical  SO4. 

SUlph-a-ne'-thfo,  o.  [Pref.  rulph-;  Eng 
aneth(ol~i,  and  suit',  -ic.]  Derived  from  or  con- 
taining sulphuric  acid  and  anethol. 

sulphanethlc  acid,  s. 

Chem,  :  C10Hi4O-SO4(?).  Sulphauetholicacis, 
Obtained  by  the  action  of  strong  sulphuria 
acid  on  anise-camphor.  Its  soluble  Halts  are 
coloured  deep  violet  by  ferric  solution. 

sulph-a-ne-thol'-Io,  a.    [SULPHANETHIC.] 

8ulph-a  nil  -ic,  a.  [Pref.  sulph-,  and  Eng. 
anilic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphuric 
acid  and  aniline. 

sulphanilic  acid,  :. 
Chem.  :  C6  H7  N  8  O3  = 


SOa)"  )  Q 

II       ( 

Phenyl-sulphamic  acid.  Formed  by  the  action 
of  sulphuric  acid  on  aniline,  or  on  oxanilide. 
It  crystallizes  from  hot  water  in  shining 
rhombic  plates,  soluble  in  boiling  water, 
slightly  soluble  in  cold  water,  still  less  sol- 
uble in  alcohol,  insoluble  in  a  mixture  of 
alcohol  and  ether.  Heated  with  a  solid  caus- 
tic alkali,  it  gives  off  aniline,  leaving  an  al- 
kaline sulphate.  Its  salts  are  soluble  and 
crystallizable. 

sulph-ar'-sm,  s.  fPref.  mlph(o)-  ;  Eng.  ot^ 
X«s«0;  andsuff.-(n.J  [SULPHIDE  OFCACODYL.} 

sulph  at  am  mon,  s.    [SULPHAMMON.) 
siilph'-ate,  s.    [Eng.  sul?h(uric);  -air.] 

1.  Chem.  it  Min.  :  A  salt  of  sulphuric  acid. 
U  Sulphate  of  alumina  =  Alunogen  ;    Sul- 

phate of  ammonia  —  Mascagnite  ;  Sulphate  of 
barium  =  Barytes  ;  Sulphate  of  cobalt  = 
Bieberite  ;  Sulphate  of  copper  =  Chrdcanlhite  ; 
Sulphate  of  iron  =  Melanterite  ;  Sulphate  of 
lead  =  Anglesite  ;  Sulphate  of  lime  =  Anhy- 
drite and  Gypsum  ;  Sulphate  of  nickel  = 
Morenosite;  Sulphate  of  potash  =  ApKthitalite  ; 
Sulphate  of  potash  and  ammonia  =  Taylorite  ; 
Sulphate  of  soda  =  Mirabilite  and  Thenardite  ; 
Sulphate  of  strontian  =  Celestine  ;  Sulphate 
of  uranium  =  Johannite  and  Voglianite;  Sul- 
phate of  uranium  and  lime  =:  Uedjidite; 
Sulphate  of  zinc  =  Goslarite. 

2.  Pharm.,  £c.  :  Various  sulphates  are  used 
in  medicine.    (See  the  elements,  with  whicb 
the  sulphates  are  combined.) 

siil  phat'  Ic,  a.  [Eng.  sulphate);  -ic;  Fr. 
suyatique.] 

Chem.  :  Of,  belonging  to,  containing,  or  re- 
sembling a  sulphate. 

sulph'-a-tite,  s.  [Eng.  sulph(ur)  ;  at  connect, 
and  suff.  -ite  (Min,);  Ger.  schwefelsaure  .] 
Min.  :  Native  sulphuricacid(q.v.).    (Dana.) 

sfil-pha-to-,  pref.  [SULPHATE.]  Sulphatic 
(q.v.). 

sulphate-carbonate  of  barytes,  s. 

•  Min.  :  A  variety  of  witherite  (q.v.),  contain- 
ing a  sulphate.  Now  shown  to  be  a  result  of 
partial  alteration.  (Thomson.) 

sulphato  -  carbonate    of    lead,    «. 

[LANARKITE.] 

sulphato  -  chloride    of   copper,    «. 

[CONNELLITE.] 

sulphato  -  tricarbonatc  of  lead,  «. 

[LEADH1LL1TE,  SUSANNITE.J 

sulph  -  at  -  Sxf  -  y  -  g«n,  ».  [Pref.  sulphaHo)-, 
and  Eng.  oxygen.]  [SULPHAN.] 

siilph-az'-6  tised,  a.  [Pref.  sulph-,  and  Eng. 
azotised.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sul- 
phuric acid  and  azote  or  nitrogen. 

sulphazotised-  acids,  s.  pi.     . 

Chem.  :  A  series  of  acids,  the  salts  of  whicb 
are  formed  by  the  action  of  sulphurous  anhy- 
dride upon  a  solution  of  potassium,  sodium, 
or  ammonium  nitrite,  containing  a  large  ex- 
cess of  free  alkali.  The  potassium  salts  may 
be  represented  by  the  following  formulae: 
sulphazite  of  potassium  =  S 
sulphazate  of  potassium  =  3 
sulphazotate  of  potassium  =  8 


boll,  boy;  pout,  ]6%1;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  c?ist.    ph  =  & 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -{ion,  -jlon  =  znon.    -clous,    tious,    sions  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  -  beL  del. 


4534 


sulphide— sulphomollonlc 


•filph'-ide,  ».    [Eng.  sulph(ydric) ;  -ide.] 

Chem.  £  J/in. ;  A  neutral  salt  of  sulphydric 
acid. 

1  Sulphide  of  arsenic  =  Orpiment  and  Real- 
gar; Sulphide  of  antimony  =  StitmiU  ;  sul- 
phide ot  bismuth  =  IsismutkiHite  ;  sulphide  of 
cadmium  =  Greenockite  ;  Sulphide  of  copper 
=  Vitreous-copper;  Sulphide  of  iron  =  TroUite  ; 
Sulphide  of  lead  =  Catena  ;  Sulphide  of  man- 
ganese =  Alal-andile;  Sulphide  of  mercury  — 
Ctnndbar;  Sulphide  of  molybdenum  =  Molyb- 
denite ;  Sulphide  of  nickel  =  Hitlerite ;  Sul- 
phide of  silver  =  Art/entile  and  Akanthite ; 
Sulphide  of  silver  and  copjier  =;  Stromeyerite  ; 
Sulphide  of  zinc  =  Blende  m&Wurtzite. 

sulphide  of  cacodyl,  s. 

Chem. :  As^CHs^S.  Sulpharsin.  Formed 
by  adding  barium  sulphide  to  crnde  cacodyl. 
It  is  a  transparent  liquid,  fluid  at  4u',  and 
boiling  at  100'. 

sulphide  of  chlorine, ». 

Chem.:  CljSj.  Prepared  by  passing  dry 
chlorine  gas  into  a  retort  in  which  sulphur  is 
sublimed,  and  collecting  the  distillate  in  a 
receiver  surrounded  by  cold  water.  It  is  a 
mobile  reddish-yellow  liquid,  having  a  pene- 
trating, disagreeable  odour,  and  fuming 
strongly  in  the  air.  Sp.  gr.  res" ;  boils  at  139'. 

sulphide  of  iron,  >.    [FEBBODB-BUL- 

FH1DC.J 

•ulph-in-di-g6t'-ic,  a.     (Pref.  sulph-,  and 

Eng.  indi'jotic.]     Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphuric  acid  and  indigotine. 

sulphindigotic  acid,  a. 

dun.:  C1RHi(,NsO2-2SOs=C]6H8(SOa-OH)j 
N^g.  Sulphindylic  acid.  A  deep  blue  pasty 
mass,  obtained  by  heating  one  part  of  Indigo 
with  fifteen  parts  concentrated  sulphuric  acid 
for  three  days,  at  40'  to  50%  It  is  soluble  in 
water  and  alcohol,  and  Is  used  in  dyeing. 

BUlph  in-dyl'-!c,  o.  [Pref.  sulph-;  Eng. 
i«:/(iVo);  and  sutf.-j/i,  -ic.]  [SuLFHiNDiooTic.) 

sul-phln'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  sulphfnr),  in  connect., 
ano  suff.  -ic.]  Containing,  derived  from,  or 
pertaining  to  hyposulphurous  acid. 

sulphinic-aoids,  s.  pi. 

Chen.  :  Compounds  analogous  to  sulphonic 
acids  or  acid  ethers  of  hyposulphurous  acid. 
Formed  by  the  action  of  sulphur  dioxide  on 
the  zinc  compounds  of  the  alcohol  radicals. 

I — CH.. 
Methyl  sulphinlc  acid  =  SO 

' — OH. 
Bulph-i'-on, «.  [Eng.  «uZ;*(«r),  and  i<m(q.v.).] 

Chem. :  804.  A  term  applied  in  elertro- 
chemistry  to  a  supposed  radical,  resulting 
from  the  electrolysis  of  sulphuric  acid,  HjSO^, 
the  hydrogen  being  carried  to  the  negative 
electrode,  and  sulphion  set  free  ;  this,  how- 
ever, being  immediately  broken  np  into 
SO3  +  O,  the  latter  passing  over  to  the  posi- 
tive electrode. 

Bulph  Is  -a-tln,  s.    [SULPHISATYDE.] 

suiph-Is  a-tyde,    sulph -Is -a- tin,  «. 

[Pref.  tulph-,  and  Eng.  isatyde,  isatin.] 

Chtn. :  CioHiaNgOgSg.  A  grayish  yellow 
powder  obtained  by  passing  sulphydric  acjd 
into  an  alcoholic  solution  of  isatine,  filtering, 
and  precipitating  by  the  addition  of  water. 
It  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  insoluble  in  water. 

•filph'-ite,  s.    [Eng.  sulpTi(urous) ;  -Ut.J 
Chem. :  A  salt  of  sulphurous  acid. 

•ttl-pho-,  Bulph-,  pref.  [SULPHDR.]  Of,  be- 
longing to,  or  containing  sulphur. 

sulpho-acid.  t. 

Chem. :  An  acid  in  which  the  oxygen  is  re- 
placed by  sulphur:  thus,  from  cyanic  acid, 
CONH,  snlphocyanlc  acid,  CSNH,  is  obtained. 

mlpho-base,  «. 

Chem. :  A  base  In  which  the  oxygen  Is  re- 
placed by  sulphur :  K»O  becomes  k»S. 

sulpho  compounds,  >.  pi. 

Chen. :  Compounds  of  organic  radicals  with 
sulphuric  and  sulphurous  anhydride,  as  sul- 
phonic and  aulphinic  acids  (q.v.). 

sulpho  -  naphthalidamic  -  ac id,  >. 
[NAPHTHIONIC-ACID.] 

sulpho  purpuric  acid,  «. 

Ctew. :  2CgH4NO,  SO^    Sulphophoenic  acid. 


Indigo-purple.  A  purple-red  powder  obtained 
by  mixing  one  part  indigo-blue  with  ei-!it 
parts  strong  sulphuric  acid,  keeping  it  at  a 
temperature  of  <X>"  for  three  days,  diluting 
with  water,  filtering,  washing  the  residue 
with  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  and  drying  on 
an  oil-bath  at  100°.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in 
water,  but  very  soluble  in  sulphuric  acid. 

sulpho  quinic  acid,  a.    [QUISIXE  SCL- 

PHUKIU-ACID.j 

SUlphO   Salt,  3.      [HCI.PHUK-SALT.] 

sul  pho-ben  zam'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  rulphoben- 
eamttde);  -ic.]  Derived  from  or  contained  in 
sulpnobenzamide. 

sulphobenzamic  acid,  s. 


Cheat.  : 


}* 


monobasic  acid  produced  by  heating  sulpho- 
benzamide  in  strong  potash  ley  for  some  huurs 
in  a  water  bath.  It  crystallizes  in  rhombo- 
hedral  crystals  or  needles,  insoluble  in  cold 
water,  slightly  soluble  in  ether,  but  soluble 
in  hot  water  and  in  alcohol;  melts  above  100°, 
and  solidifies  on  cooling  in  a  crystalline  mass. 
Its  suits  are  all  more  or  less  soluble  in  water. 

sul  pho  ben'-za-mide,  *.  [Pref.  tulpKo-, 
and  Eug.  beiizamide.] 

Chem.  :  CrHgNsSOj  =  (C7H4SO3)r'  1  Nj.  Ob- 

H4  I 

tained  by  treating  sulphobenzoic  chloride  with 
strong  ammonia.  It  dissolves  readily  in  hot 
water  and  hot  alcohol,  melts  at  170°,  and  is 
slowly  decomposed  at  270'-290°. 

sul  pho-ben'  zide,  s.  [Pref.  sulpha-,  Eng. 
t>en2(o[),  and  suff.  -ide.] 

Chem.  :  CigHioSOa-  A  compound  formed 
by  the  action  of  sulphuric  anhydride  on  ben- 
zol, and  treating  the  product  with  a  large 
quantity  of  water.  It  crystallizes  in  rhombic 
plates,  insoluble  in  water  and  in  alkalis,  sol- 
uble in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  12S°,  and 
boils  at  a  much  higher  temperature. 

BUl-pho-ben-zo'-fo,  a.  [Pref.  nlpho-,  and 
Eng.  btmoic.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphuric  end  benzoic  acids. 

sulphobenzoic  acid,  >. 
Chem.  .• 


A  mono. 

basic,  aromatic,  deliquescent  acid,  formed  by 
heating  benzoic  acid  with  Nordhauseu  sul- 
phuric acid,  or  by  passing  the  vapour  of 
sulphuric  anhydride  over  dry  benzoic  acid. 
It  is  obtained  in  strongly-acid  crystalline 
masses  readily  soluble  in  water. 

Bui  pho-car-bam'-Jc,  <i.  [Pref.  mlpho-,  and 
Eng.  carbamic.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphur,  carbon,  aud  ammonia. 

sulpliocarbamic  -acid,  a, 
/NHj 

Chm.  :  CH3NSj  =  CfeS      .  A  reddish,  oily 

>SH 

liquid  obtained  by  passing  ammonlacal  gas 
into  carbon  disulphide,  and  decomposing  the 
salt  formed  with  hydrochloric  acid.  It 
soldities  at  ordinary  temperatures  to  a  crystal- 
line mass,  which  soon  decomposes  into 
fculphoc)  auic  acid  and  hydric  sulphide. 

sul  pho-cy'-an-ate,!.  [Eng.  ailphocyanlic); 
•ate.) 

Chem.  :  A  salt  of  cyanic  acid. 

sulphocyanate  of  potassinm,  >. 
v  Chem.  :  CNKS.  Obtained  by  gradually 
heating  to  low  redness  a  mixture  of  dried 
potassium,  ferro-cyanide,  sulphur,  and  pure 
potassium  carbonate,  exhausting  with  water, 
and  evaporating  the  aqueous  solution  to  dry- 
ness.  It  crystallzes  in  long,  slender,  colour- 
less prisms,  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  and 
deliquesces  when  exposed  to  a  moist  atmo- 
sphere. 

sul-pho-cy-&n'-fc,  a.  [Pref.  ntlpTut-,  and 
Eng.  cyanic.]  Curtaining  cyanic  acid  and 
sulphur. 

sulphocyanic  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  HCNS.  Hydrogen  sulphocyanate. 
A  monobasic  acid  obtained  by  decomposing 
lead  sulphocyanate  suspended  in  water,  with 
sulphuretted  hydrogen.  It  is  a  colourless, 
very  acid  liquid,  with  a  pungent  acetous 
odour,  and  solidifies  at  —  12'6°  to  hexagonal 
plates.  Heated  to  100°  it  boils,  but  the 


greater  part  sutlers  decomposition.  It  colours 
ferric  salts  an  intense  blood-red,  and  on  this 
account  is  used,  in  the  form  of  any  of  its 
soluble  salts,  to  detect  traces  of  iron. 

«ul  -  pho  -cy  an  -  i  -  gen,  «.    [Eng.  (per)nl, 


Chem.  :  The  old  name  forpersulphocyanogen 

(q.v.). 

sul  pno  dra-con'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  tulphn-,  and 
Eng.  dracanic.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphur  and  draconic  acid. 

sulphodraconlc  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  A  conjugated  acid  produced,  accord- 
Ing  to  Laurent,  by  treating  oil  of  anise  or 
tarragon  with  a  large  excess  of  sulphuric  acid. 

sul  pho-form,  s.  [Pref.  sulpho-,  and  Eng. 
Jonti.] 

Chem.  :  An  oily  liquid  produced  In  small 
quantity  by  distilling  iodoforra  with  mercurio 
sulphide.  (Bovcharaat.) 

sul  pho-glu'-cio,  o.  [Pref.  ralpKo-,  and 
Eng.  glucic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sul- 
phuric and  glucic  acids. 

sulphoglucic  acid,  «. 

Chem.:  (CjHuOsJjSOj.  Sulphosacchario 
acid;  an  unstable  add  formed  by  treating 
glucose  with  strong  sulphuric  acid.  It  is 
obtained  in  the  form  of  a  liquid  having  a  sour 
and  sweet  taste,  and  which  does  not  precipi- 
tate barium  salts. 

BUl-pho-glu-tln'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  mfylko-;  Eng. 
glutin  ;  and  sutf.  -ic.]  (For  def.,  see  com- 
pound.) 

sulphoglutinlc  acid,  >. 

Chem.  :  A  glutinous  acid  formed,  together 
with  other  products,  by  the  action  of  sulphuric 
anhydride  in  excess,  on  naphthalene.  (Ber- 
zelius.) 

•ul-pho-hip-pur'-io,  a.    (Pref.  sulpho-,  and 

Eng.  hippuric.]    Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphuric  and  hippuric  acids. 

sulphohippuric  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  Cj|H8NO3SO3.  Formed  by  treating 
hippuric  acid  with  sulphuric  anhydride.  By 
decomposing  its  lead  salt  with  sulphydric 
acid  it  is  obtained  as  a  brown  amorphous 
deliquescent  mass.  It  is  dibasic,  its  neutral 
barium  salt  having  the  composition,  Ci,H-B» 


sulph  6  le'-ic,  o.  [Pref.  tulpho-,  and  Eng. 
Okie.)  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphuric 
and  oleic  acids. 

sulpholeic  acid,  s 

Chem.  :  An  oily  acid,  similar  to  and  produced 
in  the  same  way  as  sulphoraargaric  acid,  and 
not  separable  from  it  (q.v.). 

sul  pho-llg'-nio,  a.    [LIOSOSULPHUEIC.] 

sul-pho-man-nit'-Jo,  a.  [Pref.  sulpha-,  and 
Eng.  nwitniii<\]  Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphuric  acid  and  mannite, 

sulphomannitic  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  C6IIi4O63(SOj).  An  acid  produced 
by  dissolving  mannite  in  strong  sulphuric 
acid.  It  appears  to  be  tribasic,  forming  deli- 
qnescent  salts  with  the  alkalis,  and  a  crystal- 
line salt  with  baryta.  (Walts.) 

sul  pho  mar  gar'-lc,  a.  [Pref.  sulpho-, 
ana  Eng.  margaric.]  Derived  from  or  con- 
taining sulphuric  and  margaric  acids. 

sulphomarsaric  acid,  a. 

Chem.  :  An  oily  acid,  produced,  according 
to  Fremy,  by  the  action  of  strong  sulphuric 
acid  on  olein  at  low  temperatures.  It  sepa- 
rates as  an  oil  from  the  acid  liquid,  but  is 
soluble  in  both  water  and  alcohol,  as  are 
its  salts  of  the  alkalis. 

sul  pho  mcl  lon-Ic,  a,  SPref.  tulpho-,  and 
Eng.  meUoHic.}  Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphydric  acid  and  mellone. 

sulphomcllonlc  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  CjH4N4S.i  =  CyH?-N2(CyHS)  Ob- 
tained as  a  potassium  salt  by  boiling  persul- 
phocyanogen  with  sulphydrate  of  potassium. 
It  is  separated  from  sulphur  by  treatment 
with  aqueous  ammonia  and  afterwards  puri- 
fied by  animal  charcoal.  It  forms  small  co- 
lourless needles,  tasteless,  nearly  insoluble  in 


Ste,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  BIT,  marine;  go,  pot, 
«r.  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  mate.  cub.  cure,  unite,  ear.  rule,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    «e.  os  =  e;  ey  =  a:  on  =  few; 


sulphomethylic— sulphurate 


4635 


cold  water,  alcohol,  and  ether,  but  slightly 
soluble  in  boiling  water.  It  is  monobasic,  the 
potassium  salt  C3NjH3KS2  forming  colourless 
shining  prisms  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

«nl-phd-me-thyr-Io,  a.  [Pret  sulpha-,  and 
Ens;,  methylic.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphuric  acid  and  methyl. 

sulphomcthylic  acid,  >. 

Otem.  :  (CBWHSOj.  Methylsnlphnrlc  acid, 
produced  when  one  part  of  wood  spirit  is 
added  to  two  parts  of  sulphuric  acid,  and 
obtained  pure  by  decomposing  its  barium  salt 
with  sulphuric  acid.  It  forms  colourless 
needles  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  and 
combines  with  the  alkaline  and  metallic  bases 
to  form  salts.  The  barium  salt  (CHstoBaCSOj^ 
+  20H2  is  obtained  in  beautiful  nacreous 
tables  or  lamlne,  very  soluble  in  water. 

•nl-phi-naph'-tha-lene,  a.    [Pref.  sulpho-, 

and  Eng.  naphthalene.  ] 


Chem.:  c^Hy80*  obteine<1 
on  an  excess  of  fused  naphthalene  with  the 
vapourofsulphuricauhydride.  It  crystallizes 
from  its  alcoholic  solution  in  tasteless,  In- 
odorous nodules,  melts  at  70°,  is  slightly 
soluble  In  water,  mure  soluble  in  boiling 
alcohol. 

•ul-phon'-Kc,  a.  [Eng.  mlph(v.r);  Or.  ««oy 
(Wei,  o»  =  brimstone,  and  »uff.  -ic.J  Contain- 
ing sulphurous  acid. 

sulphonlo  -acids,  s.  pi. 

Chem.:  Acid  ethers  of  sulphurous  acid  in 
which  one  of  the  bonds  of  sulphur  is  united 
to  the  carbon  of  the  organic  radical,  as  methyl- 

'  —  CHj. 
•ulphonlc  acid  SO2  They  are  formed  by 

I  -  OH. 

treating  the  haloid  ethers  with  solution  of 
sodium  sulphite. 

•ul-pho-plien'-Io,  o.  [Pref.  sulpho-,  and 
Eng.  plunie.}  Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphuric  acid  and  phenol. 

sulphophenic  add,  i. 

Chem.  :  (C6H5)HS04  =  (C6H4)OH-SO3H. 
Phenylsulphuric  acid.  Prepared  by  treating 
phenol  with  strong  sulphuric  acid,  converting 
the  compound  into  the  barium  salt,  and,  after 
purification,  decomposing  it  with  an  equivalent 
of  sulphuric  acid.  Evaporated  in  a  vacuum, 
it  may  be  obtained  in  needle-shaped  crystals. 
It  forms  well-defined  but  unimportant  crys- 
talline salts  with  the  alkalis  and  metals. 

BUl-pho-phS-nyl'-a-mide.*.  [Pref.  sulpha-, 
and  Eng.  phenylamide.] 

Chm.:  C8H6H°2lN.  Produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  snlphophenylic  chloride  on  ammonia. 
The  product  is  washed  with  cold  water  to 
dissolve  out  chloride  of  ammonia,  and  the 
residual  compound  crystallized  from  a  small 
quantity  of  boiling  alcohol.  It  is  obtained  in 
splendid  nacreous  scales,  melting  at  153°  ;  in- 
soluble in  oold  water,  easily  soluble  in 
alcohol,  and  capable  of  combining  with  metals 
or  organic  radicals. 

sul-pho-phe-nyl'-fo,  a.  [Pref.  sulpha-,  and 
Eng.  phenylic.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphuric  acid  and  phenyL 

•ulphophenylio-chloride,  s. 

Chem.  :  C6H5(SO2)C1.  Produced  by  adding 
to  sodic  phenylsulphite  small  quantities  of 
oxychloriue  of  phosphorus  until  a  syrup  is 
rofnied,  distilling  the  product,  rectifying  the 
distillate,  and  collecting  the  portion  boiling 
at  254°.  It  is  a  colourless,  strongly-refracting 
oil,  having  the  odour  of  bitter-almond  oil  and 
asp.  gr.  of  1-378  t  23°. 

•nl-pho-phl$r-&m'-!c,  o.  [Pref.  sulpha-; 
Eng.  phloram(ine),  and  suff.  -ic.]  Derived 
from  or  containing  sulphuric  acid  and  phlora- 
mine. 

BUlphopWoramic  acid,  s. 

Chen.  :  Produced  by  treating  phlpramine 
with  strong  sulphuric-acid,  converting  the 
compound  into  a  barium  salt  and  decomposing 
with  sulphuric-acid.  It  forms  colourless 
needles,  yielding  a  deep-violet  colour  with 
ferric  chloride,  even  in  very  dilute  solutions. 

•ul-plld  phlS-ret'-io,  a.  [Pref.  mlpho-, 
ami  Eng.  phloretic.]  Derived  from  or  contain- 
ing sulphuric  and  phloretic  acids. 


sulphophlorotic  acid,  s. 

Chen.  :  CaHioSOe.  Produced  by  the  action 
of  sulphuric  anhydride  on  phloretic  acid.  It 
forma  a  very  sour  syrup,  easily  soluble  in 
water  and  alcohol,  and  forming  crystalline 
salts  with  baryta  and  lime. 

sul-phd-sac-ehar'-lo,  o.  [Pref.  sulpha-, 
and  Eng.  saccharic.]  A  synonym  of  sulpho- 
glucic  (q.v.X 

SUl-phd  sal-i-$yl'-Kc,  a.  [Pref.  sulpha-, 
and  Eng.  salicylic.  ]  Derived  from  or  contain- 
ing sulphuric  and  salicylic  acids. 

sulphosalicyllc  acid,  .«. 

Chem.  :  C7H«Oa(SO3).  Produced  by  the 
action  of  sulphuric  anhydride  on  perfectly 
dry  salicylic  acid.  It  crystallizes  iu  long 
thin  needles  which  dissolve  in  all  proportions 
in  alcohol,  water,  and  ether,  and  melt  at  120°. 
It  is  a  strong  permanent  acid,  dissolving  zinc 
with  evolution  of  hydrogen,  and  forms  neutral 
and  acid  salts,  nearly  all  of  which  are  soluble 
in  water,  and  produce  a  deep  violet  coloration 
with  ferric  salts. 

sul  pho  sal  I  cyl  61,  «.  [Pref.  sulpha-, 
and  Eng.  salicylol.] 

Chem.:  CfHgQS.  Thiosallcol;  a  pulveru- 
lent substance  produced  by  the  actiou  of  sulph- 
ydric-acid  on  hydro-sulicylamide  in  alcoholic 
solution.  It  forms  salts  with  the  alkalis,  and 
colours  ferric  salts  violet-red. 

sul-pho-sln-ap'-lo,  o.  [Pref.  sulpha-,  and 
Eng.  sinapic.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphur  and  sinapic  acid. 

sulphosinapic  acid,  «. 

Chem.  :  CsHsCN'SHjS.  Known  only  in 
combination  with  a  base.  Its  salts  are  formed 
by  the  direct  union  of  allylic  sulphoeyanate 
with  a  metallic  sulphydrate,  as  In  the  case  of 
the  potassium  compound  (C3H5)CN8KHS, 
which  is  obtained  in  large  transparent 
rhombic  crystals,  readily  decomposing  on 
exposure  to  the  air. 

sul  pho  -Stan'  -nate,  ».    [Pref.  sulpha-,  and 

Eng.  stannute.] 
Chr*.  (PI.)  :  Tin  sulphides. 

sul-pho-suo-oln'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  sulpho-,  and 
Eng.  succinic.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphuric  anhydride  and  succinic  acid. 

sulphosucciiiic  acid,  s. 

fCOOH 
Chem.  :  C«H3  4  SO3H  .    Atribasicacidpro- 

(COOH 

duced  by  exposing  succinic  acid  to  the  vapour 
of  sulphuric  anhydride  for  several  hours. 
The  add  thus  obtained  forms  mammillated 
crystals  very  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and 
ether.  It  forms  salts  with  the  alkalis  and 
metallic  bases,  some  of  which  are  crystal- 
lizable. 

Bul-ph6-tSl-u-Sl'-a-mide,s.  [Pref.  sulpha-, 
ana  Eng.  toluolamidl.] 


Chem.  : 


-N.    Formed  in  the  same 


way  as  sulphophenylaniide,  and  obtained  in 
needles  or  laminae. 

sul-phS-Tin'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  sulpha-  ;  Eng,  vin- 
(yl),  and  sun",  -ic.]  Derived  from  or  contain 
ing  sulphuric  acid  and  vinous  alcohol. 

sulphovinlc-acld,  s.  [ETHYL  SULPHURIC 

ACID.) 

BUl'-phUT,  s.  [Lnt.  yitlpkur,  sulfur  ;  Sansc. 
sulmri;  Dut.  sulfor  ;  Fr.  sou/re;  Prov.solfre, 
solpre  ;  Sp.  azvfre  ;  Ital.  solfo,  zolfo.] 

1.  Chem.  :  Symbol  8.  At.  wt.  =  32.  A  hexad 
non-metallic  element,  found  native  in  many 
volcanic  districts,  and  largely  distributed 
through  the  mineral  kingdom.  It.  is  purified 
by  distillation  in  an  iron  still,  the  sulphur 
being  received  either  in  a  brick  chamber, 
when  it  is  called  flowers  of  sulphur,  or  con- 
densed in  the  liquid  state,  and  then  cast  into 
sticks.  It  occurs  in  several  allotropic  forms, 
namely,  the  octohedral,  monoclinic,  amor- 
phous, and  plastic  varieties.  It  is  a  very 
brittle  solid,  of  lemon-yellow  colour,  tasteless, 
almost  inodorous,  insoluble  in  water,  but 
soluble  in  carbon  disulphide,  oil  of  turpen- 
tine, and  benzol,  and  to  a  slight  extent  in  hot 
alcohol,  and  has  in  the  crystalline  statea  sp.  gr. 
=  2-05.  It  melts  at  114-120°,  boils  at  440% 
evolvjng  an  orange-coloured  vapour,  and  com- 


bines directly  with  the  great  majority  of  the 
elements.  In  its  chemical  relations  it  re- 
sembles oxygen,  and  is  interchangeable  with 
it  by  double  decomposition  of  their  respective 
compounds.  It  is  inflammable  in  air  or 
oxygen,  burning  with  a  clear  blue  flame,  being 
converted  into  sulphurous  oxide,  SOg. 

U  Various  fruits,  seeds,  and  bulbs,  as  radish, 
turnip,  &c..  derive  their  flavour  from  oiui 
having  sulphur  in  their  composition. 

2.  Engrav. :  A  term  applied  to  impressions 
taken    by  the  goldsmiths  of  the    sixteenth 
century  from   the   engravings   executed    on 
plate,  paxes,  &c.,  and  obtained  by  spreading 
a  layer  of  melted  sulphur  on  the  face  of  the 
plate,  producing  a  cast  in  relief  of  the  lines  en- 
graved.    They  are  extremely  rare. 

3.  Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  nature  in 
crystals  belonging  to  the  orthorhoniblc  sys- 
tem, also   massive.     Hardness,  1-5  to  2-5 ; 
sp.  gr.  2-072;  lustre,  resinous;  streak,  sul- 
phur-yellow; brittle.    Occurs  in  magnificent 
crystals  in  the  Sicilian  mines.    It  is  abundant 
in  parts  of  the  United  States,  but  not  much 
worked,  Sicily  being  the  main  source  of  com- 
mercial sulphur.    Found  in  abundance  in  the 
regions  of  extinct  and  active  volcanoes,  and  in 
hydrothermal  districts. 

4.  Pharm. :  Sublimed  sulphur  is  given  in. 
ternally  as  a  stimulant  in  chronic  diseases  of 
the  skin,  as  impetigo  and  pruiigo,  also  la 
chronic    bronchitis,    piles,    and     mercurial 
ptyalism,  and  to  children  as  a  mild  laxative. 
Used  externally  it  kills  animal  and  vegetable- 
parasites,  as  the  acarus  of  itch,  Jic. 

*  H  Stones  of  sulphur:  Thunderbolts, 
i"  The  god*  throw  &>nn  tfiulphur  on  ine." 

Shaketp. :  Cambtltni,  V.  I. 

sulphur  acids, «.  fl. 

Chem. :  The  sulphides  of  the  more  electro- 
negative metals,  nrsenic,  antimony,  Ac. 

sulphur-bases,  s.  pi 

Chem. :  The  sulphides  of  the  more  electro- 
positive metals,  potassium,  barium,  and 
copper. 

sulphur-bottom  whale, «. 

Zool. :  Balanoptera  sulfureus,  from  the 
Pacific.  Its  specific  and  popular  names  are 
derived  from  its  yellowish  belly. 

sulphur  -  colored,  o.  Pale  lively 
yellow,  with  a  mixture  of  white.  (Line-ley.) 

sulphur-ore,  s.  A  popular  name  for  iro» 
pyrites,  from  which  Is  obtained  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  sulphur  of  commerce. 

sulphur-oxides,  ».  pi. 

Chem.:  Sulphur  forms  two  oxides,  viz., 
sulphurous  anhydride,  SO2,  and  sulphuric 
anhydride,  SO3.  SO?  is  produced  by  burning 
sulphur  in  air  or  oxygen.  At  common 
temperatures  it  is  a  gas,  but  under  a  pressure 
of  three  atmospheres  it  is  converted  into  a 
liquid,  and,  by  the  aid  of  a  freezing  mixture, 
into  semicrystalline  flakes.  The  solid,  SO2 
melts  at  —79",  and  the  liquid  oxide  boils  at 
—  10°.  Its  sp.  gr.  =  1-45,  and  it  is  irrespirasle 
and  incombustible.  Sulphuric  oxide  is  ob- 
tained by  the  oxidation  of  sulphurous  anhy- 
dride, and  crystallizes  in  beautiful  white 
slender  needles.  In  the  liquid  state  it  form; 
a  liquid  thinner  than  oil  of  vitrioL  It  boils  at 
85°,  and  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  1'97. 

sulphur -rain,  «.  Pollen  from  the 
Pinacete,  Amentaceee,  &c.,  which  has  been 
floating  in  the  atmosphere,  and  is  brought  to 
the  ground  by  rain. 

sulphur-salts,  ».  pi. 

Chem. :  Compounds  of  sulphur  acids  and 
iulphur  bases,  e.g.,  sulpharsenate  of  potas- 
sium, SKaS-AsSo  =  SKsAsS*. 

sulphur- springs,  s.  pi. 

Phys.  Stag. :  Hot  springs  in  which  sulphur 
is  mixed  witli  the  water.  They  usually  occur 
In  volcanic  districts  of  intermittent  activity. 
Sulphur  springs  are  numerous  in  the  United 
Stairs,  particularly  in  Kew  York  and  West 
Virginia. 

suT-phu-rate,  a.  [Eng.  sulphur;  -ate.}  Of 
or  pertaining  to  sulphur;  of  the  colour  of 
sulphur ;  resembling  sulphur. 

"A    p«le  lulphurau   colour."— Mm !    Hytttry   of 

Qodtineu.  p.  189. 

siil'-phu-rate,  ».(.  [SULPHURATE,  o.]  To 
impregnate  or  combine  with  sulphur;  to 
subject  to  the  action  of  sulphur. 


fcoll,  bo?;  p6ut,  J<Krt;  oat,  oell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.     In*, 
-•tan.  -Uan=  shan.    -tion, -sion-shun; -tlon, -jion-zhun.   -clous,  -tlous,  -clous  =  shus.   -Ma,  -die,  Ac.  —  bel.  oft 


4536 


•ralphuration— sum 


sfil-phu-ra  -tlon,    •  Rul-fu-ri-tlon,  >. 

[SULPHURATE,  »'.] 

1.  The  act  of  dressing  or  anointing  with 
•u]phor. 

"  Charms,  ivl/urattoni,  dippings  in  the  s«a,  sittings 
all  day  oil  the  ground."—  BgnUey  :  On  Frit-Thinking, 

[m 

2.  The  same  as  SULPHURING  (q.r.). 

•ttl'-phn-ra-tor,  ».  [Eng  .  relpfcura/fc)  ;  -or.] 
An  apparatus  for  impregnating  with,  or  ex- 
posing to  the  action  of  sulphur  ;  specific.,  an 
apparatus  for  fumigating  or  bleaching  by 
means  of  the  fumes  of  burning  sulphur. 

•ul  phiir'-e-^,  s.    [SULPHUR.] 

CACTI.  :  CSN2H4.  Snlpho-carbonyl  diamlde. 
Obtained  by  heating  dry  ammonic  sixlpho- 
cyanate  slowly  to  170",  keeping  at  that 
temperature  for  several  hours,  cooling  to  100°, 
dissolving  in  an  equal  weight  of  water  at  80*, 
filtering,  and  allowing  the  nitrate  to  crystal- 
lize. It  fonns  small  prisms,  soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether,  and  fuses  at 
149'. 

*  •til-plra-ri-l'-ty,  s.    [Eng.  sulphur;  -eity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sulphureous. 
(Ben  Jonsm  :  Alchemist,  ii.  1.) 

•ill  phtir  -e-oiis,  a.  [Lat.  su'phureus,  sut- 
fureus.]  Consisting  of  sulphur  ;  having  the 
qualities  of  sulphur  or  brimstone  ;  impreg- 
nated with  sulphur  ;  sulphurous. 

"  And  dart  destruction  in  gttlphurtmu  shower*." 
Byron  :  *ltyv  on  NnHttad  Abbey. 

*  Bul-phiir'-S-ous-lS?,  adv.     [Eng.  tulphur- 
eous  ;  -ly.]    In  a  sulphureous  manner. 

"  A  town  low  In  Its  situation,  and  tulphttreoutlf 
shaded  by  the  high  and  barren  mountain  Caboharra, 
whose  bnu«n  front  scorches  this  miserable  place,"— 
Or  T.  etrberl  :  Tratdi.  p.  Si. 

aitl-phiir'-e-o&s-negs,  s.  [Eng.  sulphure- 
ous; -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
sulphureous. 

•ul  -phu-rgt,  «.  [Eng.  sulph(ur);  -tiret.] 
[SULPHIDE.] 

•ttl  phu-ret-ted,  a.  [Eng.  sr.lphuret;  -id.] 
Containing  a  sulpburet  or  sulphide. 

sulphuretted  hydrogen,  >.  [HYDRO- 
GEN-SULPHIDE.] 

sulphuretted-  waters,  «.  pi. 

Chen.  :  Hot  or  cold  mineral  waters  holding  in 
solution  sulphides  or  free  sulphuretted  hydro- 
gen. They  are  stimulant,  diaphoretic,  and 
alterative.  The  sulphuretted  hydrogen  im- 
parts to  them  a  nauseous  odour  like  that  of 
rotten  eggs.  The  chief  thermal  sulphuretted 
waters  ofEurope  are  those  of  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
Baden,  near  Vienna,  Aix-les-bains,  Ac.  ;  the 
chief  cold  ones  are  Harrogate  and  Booklet. 
In  the  United  States  cold  sulphur  springs  occur 
in  several  states.  Of  thermal  springs  the  chief 
example  is  that  of  Santa  Barbara,  California. 

•ftl-phiir'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  sulphur;  -in.]  D«. 
rived  from  or  containing  sulphur. 

sulphuric-acid,  • 


I.  Chen.: 


.  On  of  vitriol.  Produced 


commercially  by  burning  sulphur  in  atmo- 
spheric air,  and  passing  the  sulphurous  oxide 
formed  into  a  lead  chamber  along  with  the 
vapour  of  nitric  acid.  A  reaction  takes  place 
between  the  two;  the  sulphurous  oxide  be- 
come* oxidized  into  sulphuric  oxide,  the 
nitric  compound  being  reduced  to  nitric 
oxide,  which  again  becomes  oxidized,  and  acts 
ss  a  carrier  of  oxygen  between  the  sulphurous 
and  sulphuric  oxides.  On  evaporation  in 
leaden  pans  it  reaches  a  sp.  gr.  of  about  17, 
but  on  further  concentration  in  a  platinum 
retort  it  forms  normal  sulphuric  acid  having 
s  sp.  gr.  T842.  It  is  a  heavy,  oily,  colourless, 
inodorous  liquid,  bolls  at  327",  and  freezes 
at  -35'.  The  addition  of  water  to  the  strong 
acid  in  the  proportion  of  1  to  4  raises  the 
temperature  of  the  mixture  from  0'  to  100*. 
In  many  cases  organic  substances  are  broken 
up  or  destroyed  by  it,  as  in  the  case  of  sugar 
and  allied  substances. 

2.  WH.  :  [SULFATTTE]. 

3.  Pharm.  :  It  is  a  very  powerful  caustic  ; 
when  much  diluted  it  acts  as  a  refrigerant, 
tonic,  and  astringent 

•ttl  phu-rine,  a.  [Eng.  sulphur;  -in«.]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  sulphur;  sulphu- 
reous (q.v.). 


§ul  phur-ing,  s.    [Eng.  sulphur;  -ing.] 

1.  Bleaching:    A  process  of  bleaching  by 
exposure   to   the  fumes  of  sulphur.      It  is 
adopted  with  straw-braid,  straw  hats,  silks, 
woollens,  &c.    Sulphurous  acid  is  the  bleach- 
ing agent,  and  may  be  applied  by  means  of  a 
watery  solution. 

2.  Calico-printing :  The  process  of  exposing 
printed  calicoes  to  sulphurous  acid  fumes.    It 
is  an  incident  in  fixing  of  steam-colours. 

gul  phu-rous,  a.  [Fr.  lulphureux,  from  Lat. 
yulphurosus,  rulfurorus.]  Consisting  of,  con- 
taining, or  impregnated  with  sulphur  ;  resem- 
bling sulphur ;  having  the  qualities  of  sul- 
phur ;  sulphureous. 

"  Edinburgh  and  Lelth  Into  the  air  were  blown 
With  powders  tulfhur  >\t>  smoke." 

Drai/ton :  Poly-Olbton,  a  39. 

sulphurous  acid,  >. 

1.  Chem. :  SOCHpk    Produced  by  passing 
sulphurous  oxide  into  water.    The  hyilrated 
solid  acid  is  formed  by  passing  moist  sulphur- 
ous oxide  into  a  freezing  mixture.     Water  at 
15'  dissolves  forty-live  times  its  volume  of 
sulphurous    oxide,  forming   the   sulphurous 
acid  of  commerce.     It  then  has  a  specific 
gravity  of  1*04,  is  colourless,  and  has  the 
smell    of    burning    sulphur.      It    possesses 
bleaching  properties. 

2.  PKarm. ;  It  is  not  often  given  internally, 
except  in  the  form  of  spray  to  remove  the 
fetid  sordes  gathering  in  the  mouth  in  malig- 
nant fevers.    Externally  it  destroys  vegetable 
life,  and  is  of  use  in  tinea,  favus,  and  fetid 
sores. 

sulphurous  chloride,  «. 

Chem. :  SOCIj.  A  compound  derived  from 
sulphurous  acid  by  the  substitution  of  chlorine 
for  hydroxyl.  It  is  a  colourless,  strongly- 
refracting  liquid,  and  boils  at  82". 

t  sulphurous  -  waters,  «.  pi.     [SUL- 

PHURKTTED-  WATERS.] 

gul-phur-wort,  j.    [Eng.  sulphur,  and  wort.] 
So  called,  according  to  Gerarde,  because  the 
roots  have  a  yellow  sap,  which,  when  hard 
and  dry,  smells  like  sulphur.] 
Bot. :  Peucedanum  officinal*. 

sul'-phur-y,  *  sul'-phur-Ie,  o.  [Eng.  sul- 
phur ;  -y.]  Partaking  of  the  nature  or  quali- 
ties of  sulphur ;  sulphureous. 

"  Jove  .  .  .  Ida  covered  all 
With  tulpkuri*  clouds.' 

CAapmai*  :  Homtr  ;  Hind  irii. 

sul'-phiir-yl,  s.    (Eng.  sulphur;  -yl.] 

Chem. :  8O2.  The  radical  of  sulphuric  acid 
and  its  derivatives. 

sulph-y'-drate,  s.   [Eng.  sulphydr(if) ;  -ofc.] 
Chem. :  A  salt  of  sulphydric  acid. 

sulph-y'-drio,  o.  [Pref.  mlp(h)-,  and  Eng. 
hydric.]  (See  compound.)  Containing  sulphur 
and  hydrogen. 

sulphydrlc-aeld,  >.  [HVDROOEN-- SUL- 
PHIDE.] 

Sul  pi   clan,  S&I-pI'-tlan  (ti  as  sh),  ». 

[See  def.J 

Church  Hitt.  (PI.) ;  A  congregation  of  secu- 
lar priests,  founded  in  1645  by  Jean  Jacques 
Olier  de  Verneuil,  parish  priest  of  St.  Sulpice, 
Paris.  The  members  are  specially  devoted  to 
training  candidates  for  the  priesthood.  The 
congregation  was  suppressed  by  Napoleon  in 
1812,  and  re-established  at  the  Restoration. 
Besides  their  seminaries  in  France,  the  Sul- 
picians  have  establishments  at  Montreal  and 
Baltimore. 

sul'-tan,  t.  [Fr.,  from  Arab.  «i!«rin  =  vic- 
torious, a  ruler,  a  prince.]  The  ordinary  title 
of  a  Mohammedan  sovereign,  specif,  applied 
to  the  Emperor  of  Turkey. 

"The  uplifted  spear 
Of  their  great  sultan  waving  to  direct 
Their  course."  Milton  :  P.  L.,\.  848. 

sultan  flower,  «. 

Bot. :  Amberboa ;  a  genus  of  Centanrieee. 
The  Sweet  or  Purple  Sultan-flower  is  Amberboa 
moschata,  and  the  Yellow  Sultan-flower  A. 
odorata. 

sul-ta'-na,  t.    [Ital.  sultana,  fern,  of  sultana 
=  a  sultan.} 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  The  wife  of  a  sultan ;  the  empress  of 
the  Turks. 


*  2.  A  mistress. 

"While  Charles  flirted  with  hit  three 
J/acaulay  .-  Hitt.  Eng..  oh.  iv. 

3.  A  kind  of  raisin. 

IL  Ornith. :  Porphyi~io  martinica.    It  ia  i 
elegant  bird,  slen- 
derer than  a  com- 
mon   fowl,    with 
dark,  metallic 

El  11  mage,    and    a 
lack   and  white 
tail. 

"That  the  ntltana 
could  be  easily  do. 
meaticated  i«  prolia- 
ble."  —  Gout  :  Birdt 
Of  Jamaica,  p.  379. 

sultana  bird, 

*.      [SULTANA,  II.  J 

SULTANA. 

*  snl'-tan-ate,  s. 

[Eng.  sultan;  -ate.]     The  rule  or  dominion  of 
a  sultan ;  siiltanship. 

SuT -tan-OSS,  s.  [Eng.  sultan;  -ess.]  The  same 
as  SULTANA.  I.  1. 

SUl-tan'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  sultan;  -ic.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  sultan  ;  imperial. 

*  sul  -tan-In,  s.    [Arab.] 

1.  A  former   Turkish    money  of  account., 
worth  120  aspers;  also  a  small  gold  coin, 
worth  ten  shillings. 

2.  The  Venetian  gold  gequin. 

*  sul  rtan-r^,  s.    [Eng.  sultan;  -ry.]    The  do- 
minion of  a  sultan. 

"I  affirm  the  same  of  the  ntltanry  of  the  Mama* 
lukea."— £ocon/  Holy  War. 

sul -tan-Ship,  s.  [Eng.  sultan;  -ship.]  The 
office,  position,  or  rank  of  a  sultan. 

*saT-tan-y',  $.  [Eng.  sultan;  -y.]  A  sul- 
taury  (q.v.). 

stir-trf-ly",  adv.     [Eng.  tultry ; -ly.]   Oppres- 
sively ;  so  as  to  cause  or  sutler  faintness. 
"  EArth  turned  in  her  sleep  with  pain 
Sultrily  suspired  tor  proof." 

R.  Browning  :  A  Serenade  at  the  Villa. 

SUl -tli-ness,  s.  [Eng.  sultry;  -ness.}  Th« 
quality  or  state  of  being  sultry;  close  and 
moist  heat. 

"  Twa»  sweet  of  yore  to  aee  It  play 
And  chase  the  tultri»«t*  of  day. 

Byron :  The  Giaour. 

mul'-try",  *  SUl-trie,  a.  [Properly  awettry, 
for  sweltery,  from  swelter,  a  frequent,  from 
Mid.  Eng.  swelten  =  to  die,  to  faint,  from  A.8. 
sweltan,  =  to  die  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  svelta  =  to 
die,  to  starve  (pa,  t.  svalt,  pi.  suUu) ;  Dan.  suUt; 
Sw.  svdlta ;  Goth,  swiltan.]  [SWELTER.) 

1.  Very  hot,  burning,  and  oppressive. 

"  Beneath  Bfttavla's  titltry  sky." 

Scott:  Marmton,  ill.    (lutrod.) 

2.  Very  hot,  close,  and  moist ;  close  with 
moist  heat ;  heavy,  sweltering. 

"  Squall.,,  attended  with  rain  and  hot  ntltry  weather. ' 
Cook:  Second  Voyage,  »k.  i  .  ch.  i. 

sulz   er  ite  (z  as  tz),  s.     [After  Sulz,  Wur- 
temberg,  where  found,  er  connect.,  and  suit 
-ite  (Mm.).J 
Jtfin. :  The  same  as  STRONTIANITE  (q.v.). 

sum,  *  somme,  '  summe,  <.  [O.  Fr.  somme; 
Fr.  somme,  from  L»at.  summa  =  the  sum,  chief 
part,  amount,  prop.  fern.  sing,  of  summit*  = 
highest,  greatest  for  (supmus),  superlative  of 
superus=:that  which  is  above  ;  sup«r=above; 
Sp.  suma ;  Ital.  somma.] 

1.  The  aggregate  of  two  or  more  numbers, 
magnitudes,  quantities,  or  particulars ;   the 
aggregate  amount  of  any  number  of  individual 
parts  or  particulars  added  together,  as  7  is 
the  sum  of  3  and  4. 

"  You  know  how  much  the  grow  turn  of  deaee-aot 
amounts  to,"— SArtjtrtp. :  Lwe'i  Labour't  Lott,  i.  X. 

U  In  Algebra  the  term  sum  does  not  neces- 
sarily imply  increase  ;  for,  if  we  aggregate 
several  quantities,  some  of  which  are  positive 
and  some  negative,  it  may  happen  that  the 
sum  is  numerically  less  than  any  one  of  the 
parts  ;  it  may  even  be  0.  This  sum  is  there- 
fore distinguished  as  the  algebraic  turn.  [SUB- 
TRACTION.] 

2,  Hence,  the  whole  quantity  or  amount; 
the  total. 

"  The  turn  and  substance  that  I  hare." 

>. :  Two  SmtUmmt,  IT.  L 


3.  The  whole  abstracted ;  the  principal  or 
main  points  or  thoughts  viewed   together; 


i&te,  ifct,  fare,  amidst,  what,  f&li,  father,  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  wire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt 
«*,  wore,  wpli;  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cul>,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


sum— summer 


4537 


the  amount,  the  substance,  the  essence,  the 
upshot,  the  effect. 

"  TbU  is  th*  hole  tttmnie  and  •fleet*  of  this  hole 
chapter  though  he  trifle  wyth  other  things  betweiie." 
—  Sir  T.  Mart  :  Worket,  p.  M2. 

4.  A  quantity  of  inouey  or  currency  ;  an 
amount  indefinitely. 

"  Lease  than  a  thousand  pound  he  would  not  U»re. 
Ne  gladly  for  that  tumme  he  wold  not  gou." 

Chaucer  :C.  V.  11.68*. 

*5.  Height,  completion  ;  highest  point. 

"  The  turn  of  earthly  bliss, 
Which  I  «njoy."  Milton:  P.  L..  Till.  522. 

6.  An  arithmetical  problem  to  be  solved  ; 
an  example  of  an  arithmetical  rule  to  be 
worked  out  ;  such  a  problem  worked  out,  and 
the  various  steps  shown. 

"IT  /»  sum;  In  short,  in  brief;  briefly, 
0  shortly. 

"  In  turn,  no  man  can  have  a  greater  veneration  lor 
Chaucer  than  myself."—  .Orytfon.  (Todd.) 

•urn,  '  Bummo,  v.t,     [Fr.  sommer,  from  Lat. 
summo,  from  summa  —  &  sum  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  To  add  into  one  sum  or  amount  ;  to  col- 
lect as  items  or  particulars  into  a  total  ;  to 
add  together  and  timl  the  sum  or  total  amount 
af  ;  to  cast  up. 

"The  high  priest  .  .  .  may  mm  the  silver  brought 
to.  "-3  Kingt  xzil.  4. 

*  2.  To  supply  with  full  clothing.    [II.] 

II.  Falconry  :  To  have  (as  the  feathers)  full 
grown  and  in  full  number. 

"With  prosperous  wing  full  tumm'd." 

Milton:  P.  L.t  1.  14. 
1T  To  sum  up  : 

(1)  To  bring  or  collect  into  a  narrow  or  small 
compass  ;  to  comprise  in  a  few  words  ;  to 
condense. 

"  The  ntmming  up  of  the  whole  work  of  redemp- 
tion." —  CHlptn  :  Sermon*,  vol.  ii.,  Mr.  4i 

(2)  To  recapitulate  to  the  jury  clearly  and 
concisely  the  different  facts  and  circumstances 
which  have  been  brought  out  in  evidence, 
giving  an  exposition  of  the    law  where  it 
appears  necessary.     (Said  of  the  presiding 
judge  at  a  trial,  and  sometimes  of  a  counsel 
summing  up  the  evidence  on  his  own  side  on 
the  conclusion  of  his  case.) 

au'-mac,  su'-mach,  *.  [Fr.  sumac;  Sp. 
tumtique  ;  Port,  summagre,  from  Arab,  som- 
mak.] 

1.  Bot.  :  The  genus  Rhus  (q.v.). 

2.  Dyeing,  Tanning,  &c.  :   A  tan  obtained 
from  the  dried  and  chipped  leaves  and  shoots 
of  Rhus  coriaria.     Sumach  is  used  in  the  pre- 
paration of  morocco  leather.    With  mordants 
it  dyes  the  same  colour  as  galls.     In  calico- 
printing,  sumach  affords,  with  a  mordant  of 
tin,  a  yellow  colour  ;  with  acetate  of  iron  gray 
or  black,  according  as  the  mordant  is  weak 
or  strong  ;  and  with  sulphate  of  zinc  a  brown- 
ish-yellow. 

•urn  -age,  stun'  -mage  (age  as  ig),  $.  [Fr. 
sommier  =  a  pack-horse.  J  A  toll  for  carriage 
on  horseback  ;  a  horse-load.  (Cowtl) 

ftft-ma'-tran,  a.  &  *.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj.  ;  Of  or  pertaining  to  Sumatra  or 
its  inhabitants. 

B.  As  subst.  :   A  native  or  inhabitant  of 

Sumatra. 

Sumatran-  broad  bill,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Corydon  sumatranus,  from  Borneo 
and  Sumatra.  Little  is  known  of  its  habits, 
except  that  it  frequents  moist  and  shady 
places  and  associates  in  small  groups. 

Sumatran  monkey,  s. 

Zool.  :  Semnopithecus  melalophos,  from  the 
forests  of  Sumatra.  Male  brilliant  yellow- 
red  above,  face  blue,  a  tuft  of  black  hairs  on 
the  face  in  the  shape  of  a  bandeau. 

Sumatran-rhinoceros,  s. 

Zool.  :  Rhinoceros  (Ceratorhinus)  sumatrensis. 
It  is  the  better  kuown  of  the  two-horned 
Asiatic  species.  There  are  two  obtusely- 
pointed  horns,  the  body  ia  covered  with 
bristles,  and  the  folds  of  the  skin  are  deep. 
[RHINOCEROS  1.  (1)  (6).] 


'  -bul,  s.  [Mahratta  sumbol  =  Nardo- 
stachys  Jatamansi.]  (See  etym.  &  compounds.) 

Botany: 

1.  Euryangium  (formerly  Ferula)  Sumbul,  ft 
native  of  Bokhara.  The  rootarrives  in  England 
in  transverse  sections,  two  and  a  half  to  five 
inches  in  diameter,  and  three-fourths  of  an 


inch  to  one  and  a-half  inches  thick.  The 
epidermis,  which  is  wrinkled,  is  of  a  light 
brown  colour,  the  inner  portions  porous,  and 
the  body  of  the  fibres  loosely  packed  together ; 
the  odour  is  strong  and  musk-like.  [MUSK- 
ROOT.] 

2.  Xardostuohys Jatamansi.  [SPIKENARD,  1.] 

sumbul  oil,  s. 

Chem. :  A  mixture  of  volatile  oils,  obtained 
by  the  distillation  of  sumbul-balsam. 

sumbul-root,  s.    [SUMBUL,  1.] 

sum  bu -lie,  a.  [Eng.  sumbul;  -ic.]  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  sumbul  (q.v.). 

sumbulic-acid,  «. 

Chem. :  The  name  given  by  Reinsch  to  an 
acid  contained  in  sumbul-root ;  now  regarded 
as  identical  with  angelic-acid. 

sum  -bu-line,  s.    [Eng.  sumbul;  -inc.] 

Chem. :  The  name  given  by  Murawieff  to  an 
alkaloid  supposed  to  exist  in  sumbul-root. 

'sum -leas,  a.  [Eng.  sum;  -less.]  Not  capable 
of  being  summed  up  or  counted ;  innumer- 
able, incalculable,  inestimable,  countless. 

"  Welcom'd  with  gifts  of  price,  a  ntmlrtt  store  I" 
Pop*  :  Homer  ;  Odyuey  xiz.  812. 

siim'-mar-i-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  summary ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  summary  manner  ;  in  a  few  words 
or   a    narrow    compass  ;    briefly,    concisely, 
shortly,  succinctly. 

"And  this  present  sentence  .  .  .  comprehendeth 
nimmartfy  as  well  the  fearfull  estate  of  Iniqultie  over- 
exalted,  as  the  hope  layd  up  (or  righteousnease  op- 
prest.'—  Hooker:  Mature  of  Pride. 

2.  In   a   short  way  or   method;   without 
delay. 

"When  the  parties  proceed  lutnmaHfy,  and  the; 
chuse  the  ordinary  way  of  proceeding,  the  cause  is 
made  plenary."—  AyH/t ;  Pareryon. 

*  sum'-ma-rist,  *.  [Eng.  summary);  -ist.] 
One  who  writes  or  compiles  a  summary ;  a 
summist  (q.v,). 

sum  -ma  rize,  sum  ma-rise,  v.t.  [Eng. 
summary);  -ize.]  To  make  a  summary  or 
abstract  of ;  to  represent  briefly  or  concisely ; 
to  epitomize. 

"  If  we  endearour  to  tummaritt  th«  conclusion*,'*— 
Phillip* :  Geology.  &  «6. 

sum  ma  r^,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  sommaire  (a.  &  s.), 
from  Lat.  summarium  =  &  summary,  an  epi- 
tome ;  Sp.  sumario ;  Port,  summario ;  Ital. 
sommario.l 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Reduced  into  a  narrow  compass,  or  into 
few  words ;   brief,  concise,  succinct,  short, 
compendious. 

"  I  shall  take  leave  of  this  island,  with  a  summary 
account  of  their  force  and  direction."— Coot :  Third, 
Voyage,  hk.  vl.,  cb.  vlit. 

2.  Done  in  ft  short  way  or  method  ;  rapidly 
performed. 

3.  Applied  to  proceedings  in  law  carried  on 
by  methods  intended  to  facilitate  and  promote 
the  transaction  of  business ;  short,  rapid  :  as, 
A  summary  conviction  is  one  before  a  ma- 
gistrate without  the  intervention  of  a  jury. 

"  For  the  general  safety,  therefore,  a  tummary  JurU- 
dlctlon  of  terrible  extent  must,  in  camps,  be  entrusted 
to  rude  tribunals  composed  of  men  of  the  sword." — 
Jfacaulay ;  ffiit.  f.-ng.,  eh,  xi. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ord,  Lang. :  A  short,  abridged,  or  con- 
densed statement  or  account ;  an  epitome,  an 
abstract ;  an  abridgment  or  compendium  con- 
taining the  sum  or  substance  of  a  fuller  state- 
ment. 

"  Closing  this  chapter,  as  I  promised,  with  a  table 
representing  a  tummary,  or  short  sketch  of  what  hath 
been  done  In  it."—  tf aim-land :  Worki,  Iv.  303. 

2.  Law:  A  short  application  to  a  court  or 
judge,  without  the  formality  of  a  full  pro- 
ceeding. 

sum-tna'-tion,  s.  [Fr.  sommation,  from  Lat. 
summatus,  pa.  par.  of  summo  =  to  sum  up.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  forming  a  sum  or 
total  amount. 

2.  An  aggregate. 

If  Summation  of  a  series:  [SERIES]. 

sum  mer  (1),  *  som-er,  *  som-mcr, 
*sum-er,  *.  &o.  [A.8.  sumor,  sumer;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  zomer;  Icel.  sumar;  Dan.  sommer; 
8w.  sommar ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sumar ;  Ger.  sommer; 
cf.  Sansc.  samd  =  a  year.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  That  season  of  the  year  Then  the  sun 


shines  most  directly  upon  any  region ;  the 
warmest  season  of  the  year.  North  of  the 
equator,  it  is  commonly  taken  to  include  the 
months  of  June,  July,  and  August ;  though 
some  substitute  May,  June,  and  July.  The 
former  view  comforms  better  to  fact.  July, 
which  by  this  arrangement  is  midsummer 
month,  is  the  hottest  in  the  year,  for  although 
the  maximum  of  heat  is  obtained  on  June  21, 
the  longest  day,  the  amount  received  for 
many  subsequent  days  is  greater  than  that 
lost  by  radiation,  and  the  temperature  con- 
tinues to  increase.  Summer  is  the  appro- 
priate season  for  the  hay  harvest  and  for  the 
ripening  of  the  earlier  fruits.  Astronomi- 
cally considered  summer  begins,  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  when  the  sun  enters 
the  sign  of  Cancer,  about  June  21,  and 
continues  till  Sept.  23,  during  which  time 
he  passes  through  Cancer,  Leo,  and  Virgo. 
In  the  southern  hemisphere  the  opposite  is 
the  case,  it  being  winter  there  when  it  is 
summer  here,  and  vice  versa.  During  the 
astronomical  summer  of  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere the  sun  passes  through  Capricorn, 
Aquarius,  and  Pisces. 

"  Still  as  night, 
Or  tummer'i  noon-tide  air."     JJilton:  P.  L..  Ii.  909. 

2.  Used  to  express  a  whole  year;  a  twelve- 
month. 

"  Fire  tummert  have  I  spent  in  further  Greece." 
Xhuk«ti>.  :  Comedy  of  Krrort,  L  L 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
summer ;  used  in  summer. 

"  He  wassitting  in  a«umm«r  parlour. "—JiwtyM  ULtt 

1[  (1)  Indian  summer :  [INDIAN], 

(2)  St.  Luke's  summer:  Fine  weather  often 
occurring  about  St.  Luke's  day,  Oct.  18. 

*(3)  St.  Martin's  summer :  A  period  of  fine 
weather  occurring  after  winter  has  set  in, 
about  St.  Martin's  day,  Nov.  11 ;  hence, 
figuratively,  prosperity  after  misfortune. 

"  Expect  St.  Martin*  tummer.  halcyon  days." 

ShakMp. :  1  Htnry  VI.,  L  & 

^T  Summer  is  largely  used  in  combination 
with  other  words,  the  meanings  in  most  cases 
being  obvious. 

*  summer -bird,  s.  A  cuckold  ;  the  re- 
ference is  to  the  cuckoo,  which  is  a  spring 
and  summer  visitor. 

"  Some  otber  knave 
Shall  dub  her  husband  a  tummer-bird," 

&  AofeAouM  of  Womm  (1MO), 

summer  catarrh,  5. 

Pathol. :  Hay-asthma  (q.v.). 

summer  cholera,  *. 

Pathol.  :  British  cholera.     [CHOLERA,  A.  1.) 

summer  colts,  s.  pi.  A  term  for  the 
quivering,  vaporous  appearance  of  the  air 
near  the  surface  of  the  ground  when  heated 
In  summer.  (Prov.) 

summer  complaint,  *. 

Pathol. :  A  popular  name  In  the  United 
States  for  diarrhoea  occurring  in  the  summer. 
By  some  authorities  the  term  is  used  to  in- 
clude dysentery  and  cholera  infantum,  whilst 
others  confine  it  to  the  latter  complaint. 

summer  cypress,  s. 
Bot. :  Kochia  scoparia,  a  chenopod,  a  natlvt 
of  Greece,  introduced  into  Britain  in  1629. 

summer-dried,  o.  Dried  up  by  the 
heat  of  summer. 

"  Llkt  a  tummer-drled  fountain." 

Scott.  Lady  of  the  Late.  UL  14, 

summer  duck.  «. 

Ornith.  :  Aix 
(t  Dendronessa) 
sponsa.  The  drake 
is  about  eighteen 
inches  long,  and 
has  very  beautiful 
and  brilliantly-co- 
loured metallic 
plumage.  The 
Summer-duck  is  a 
native  of  North 
America,  and  in 
the  breeding  sea- 
son is  distributed 
over  the  United  States,  migrating  southward 
in  winter.  It  is  capable  of  domestication. 
Called  also  Wood-ducV,  from  its  habit  of  nest- 
ing in  holes  in  trees. 

Bummer-egga,  *.  pi.  [SUMMER-OTA.] 
summer-fallow,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  subst. :   Naked  fallow ;   land  lying 


SUMMER-DUCK. 


Ml,  b^;  po-fct,  jtfM;  cat,  fell,  chora*  fhln,  ben$b;  go,  *em;  thin,  *"»:  «in,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejlrt.   ph  =  L 
-otan,  -ttan  =  shan.    -tton.  -Bton  -  ahfiB ;  -tion,  -slon  =  xhun.    -oiou*,  -Uooft,  -ftioa*  =  tOius.    -We, -die,  *c.  =  bel,  del. 


4538 


summer— aummoner 


tare  of  crops  in  summer,  but  frequently 
ploughed,  harrowed,  and  rolled,  so  a*  to  pul- 
verize it  aud  clear  it  of  weeds. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Lying  fallow  during  the 
summer. 

summer  fallow,  r.f.  To  plough  and 
allow  to  lie  fallow  ;  to  plough  and  work  re- 
peatedly in  summer,  to  prepare  for  wheat  or 
other  crop. 

summer-fever,  a. 

PathoL  :  A  name  proposed  by  Dr.  Pirrie  for 
hay-fever  (q.v.). 

summer  house,  i. 

1.  A  house,  building,  or  abed  in  a  garden, 
tor  use  in  summer. 

-  from  the  rocky  garden  mount, 
Crowned  by  tU  antique  *u»«r».w-A«M**«." 

Wordticorth  ;  fxcurtivn.  bit.  rlu. 

2.  A  house  for  summer  residence. 
•summer-  life,   &     A  life  of  pleasure 

and  ease. 

"  Even  •«  luxurious  men,  unheeding,  p*e» 
An  idl*  tui*nur-liS*  in  Fortune's  •bine." 

Thornton:  Xutmntr,  Sit. 

summer  ova,  summer  -eggs,  i.  pi. 
£ioL  :  (See  extract). 

*•  ID  some  Rotifer*  the  egg*  art  diitiiwnisbable.  u 
In  ceitaia  Turbellarla.  into  tummer  and  winter  ova. 
Th*  Utter  an  enclosed  iu  »  peculiar  shell.  ID 
Laciuularia  it  appear*!  to  me  that  the  winter  OTH 
were  segregated  portions  of  the  ovarium,  and  that  they 
were  probably  developed  without  impregnation. 
Colin,  on  the  contrary,  ha*  given  reoaons  for  beliering 
that  the  tummtr-ova  are  occasionally,  If  Dot  always, 
developed  without  being  fecundated,  and  that  It  U 
the  winter  ora  which  awfecuudaUdw''—  Buxlijr  :  Anat. 
tnwrrt.  A  dim,,  p.  190 

summer  red-bird,  t. 

Ornith.  :  Pyranga  (estiva. 

*  summer-ring.  a.     A  light  ring  worn 
by  Roman  fops  in  the  summer.     A  transla- 
tion of  the  aurum  cestivum  of  Juvenal  (i.  28  ; 
ct  Mart.  xiv.  123.) 

*  Charged  with  light  mmmrr-rinpt,  bis  flugen  sweat, 
U  liable  to  iupi«jr  L  a  gem  of  weight  " 

Dryden-  Juvenal;  Sal.  i. 

"summer-ripe,  a.    Quite  ripe. 

"Corn,  when  it  U  tummtr-ripe'—Hacket:  Lift  of 
WUliatnt,  if.  M8. 

*  summer-room,   *.     A  summer-house 
(q.v.)- 

"  HI*  lordship  U  building  a  tummtr-r<M>m,"—D<f'M  .* 
Tour  fhn>'  0r*of  Britain,  i.  Mi. 

*  Summer-seat,  a.      A  villa,  a  country- 
house. 

"  What  age  ao  many  ntmmrr-teati  did  see?" 

rtrydm  :  Juwtal,  i.  14ft. 

•summer-seeming,  a.  Appearing  like 
summer;  hence,  full-blown,  rank,  luxuriant. 
(Shaketp-  •'  Macbeth,  iv.  3.) 

*  summer  shine,  s.    The  summer  dress 
of  a  bird  or  insect. 

"  A  gay  insect  In  b\i 

summer  snipe,  a, 
Ornith.  :  Totanu* 
Sandpiper  (q.v.).    [TOTANUS.] 

summer  -snow  finite,  a. 

Bot.  :  Leucojum  <Ktioumt  an  amarylltd,  with 
long,  linear,  keeled  leaves,  a  two-edged  scape, 
a  many-flowered  spatlie  with  white  drooping 
flowers.  It  is  a  common  European  plant, 
found  in  wet  meadows,  and  very  pretty  when 
In  bloom.  Another  species,  L.  rermim,  is  less 
frequent.  Ita  flower  is  white,  with  a  green  or 
yellow  lip.  Both  grown  in  gardens. 

summer  Stir,  r.f.  To  summer-fallow 
(q.v.). 

*  summer-swelling,  a.    Growing  up  In 
•unimer.     (Shnkftp.  :  Two  Gtntlrmfn,  ii.  4.J 

t  summer-tide,  *  somer-tldc,  "so- 
mereatlde,  a.  Summer  ;  the  season  of 

summer. 

"  Lall'd  by  thli  fountain  In  the  tummrr-tide.- 

Wordtworth:  Bart-Leap  WM,  11. 

summer-  time,  t.  The  time  or  season  of 
summer. 

"  Twas  in  the  prime  of  tummer-timt." 

ffvod  :  Euyent  Aram. 

summer  -  wheat,  a.  Wheat  sown  in 
spring  as  opposed  to  winter  wheat,  or  wheat 
sown  in  autumn.  Called  also,  and  more  pro- 
perly, Spring  wheat. 

su  mmer  yellow-bird,  a. 

Ornith.:  Dtndroica  (estiva.  [YELLOW-  WAR- 
BLER.] 


-. 
Thornton:  Winter,  M4. 

the  Common 


(2),  *.    [O.  Fr.  somier,  somroir,  su- 

mer  —  a  pack-horse,  from  soimite,  some,  saunie, 
$ume  =  a  burden.]    [SUMPTESL] 

1.  Carpentry; 

(1)  A  horizontal  beam  or  girder;  a  summer- 
tree. 

(2)  Th«  lintel  of  a  doorway. 

(3)  A  floor  timber  receiving  the  ends  of  the 
joists,  and  supporting  the  Hour  or  the  ceiling, 
as  the  case  may  be. 

(4)  A  breast-summer  (q.v). 

"  Oak.  and  the  like  true-hearted  timber,  may  be 
Wtt-r  trusted  111  cross  imd  transverse  works  for 
*v*nmerf,  or  girder*,  or  binding-beams." — Wotton : 
Kmmtiim.  p,  11. 

2.  Mason.:  A  lintel  (q.v.). 
summer-stone,  s.    [SKEW,  a.,  II.] 
summer-tree,  s. 

Carp.  :  A  horizontal  beam  brought  even 
with  the  face  (breast)  of  a  wall,  to  support 
a  wall  above  a  gap  or  opening,  as  a  shop-front, 
for  instance. 

sum   mer  (3),  a.    [Eng.  nmt  v. ;  -er.]    One 
who  sums ;  one  who  casts  up  accounts. 

sum   mer,  v.i.  &  t.    [SUMMER  (1),  s.] 

•A,  Intrans. :  To  pass  or  spend  the  summer. 

"The  fowls  iball  cummer  upon  them,  aud  all  the 
beasts  shall  winter  upon  them.  —  lt*iah  iviii.  6. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  feed  or  keep  during  the  summer. 

"He  never  mmmsri  his  hunter*  In  boxes." — Field, 
Feb.  »,  1887. 

*  2.  To  keep  or  carry  through  the  summer  ; 
to  keep  warm. 

**  Maidt  well  tumrrwrd,  and  wunn  kept,  are  like 
fllas  at  Bartholomew-tide,  blind."— Shaketp.  :  Henry 

P.,  V.  I. 

sum  -mer- ing  (IX  a.    [Eng.  summer  (l),  0. ; 
-ing.} 
1.  A  kind  of  early  apple, 

•  2.  Rural  merrymaking  at  midsummer ;  a 
summer-holiday. 

"His  (a  ruffian's)  sovereignty  Is  shewn  highest  at 
May.gamei,  wakes,  lummeringt.  and  rash-bear  lugs." — 
ClttuS  WMtntifs. 

sum-mering  (2),  *  som'-mer-lng,  a. 
[Eng.  summer  (2),  s. ;  'ing.] 

Arch. :  In  cylindrical  vaulting,  the  two  sur- 
faces intersecting  the  iutrados  of  a  vault  in 
lines  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  cylinder.  In 
conic  vaulting,  where  the  axis  Is  horizontal, 


SUMMERING. 

the  two  surfaces  which,  If  produced,  would 
intersect  the  axis  of  the  cone.  The  illustra- 
tion shows  part  of  the  crypt  of  Canterbury 
Cathedral,  built  1109-30,  under  the  choir  of 
Prior  Conrad. 

sum'-mer-like,  a.  [Eng.  aumm*r(l),  s.,  and 
like.]  Resembling  summer ;  warm  like  sum- 
mer. 

"  The  day  was  otmnifrHfce.'*—  fWd,  April  4.  IBIS. 

*  siim' -mer- U- ness,  *  sum -mer -11- 
nesse,  a.  [As  if  from  an  adj.  summerly ; 
sun",  -ness.]  The  state  of  having  a  mild  or 
•ummerlike  temperature. 

"Some  will  have  It  [Somersetshire]  so  called  from 
the  ntmmtrt incite,  or  temperate  pleaeaotuess  thereof." 
—Fuller;  Worthies;  Somertetthire. 

*Bum'-mer-ly,  a.  [Eng.  summer  (1);  -Jy.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  summer. 

"As  nimm^r/t/  a«  June  and  Strawberry  Hill  may 
sound."—  Walpole ;  Letter*,  ii.  305. 

sum  -mer-set,  sum  mer  sanlt,  a.  [See 
def.J  Thesjimeas  SOMERSAULT  (q.v.X 

"  Rome  do  the  twnmrrtnult. 
And  o'er  the  bar  like  tumbler*  vault" 

Butler:  liudibrcu. 


t  sum   mer  5T,  a.    [Eug.  summer  (1),  s. ;  -f.Jt 
Of  or  jiertaimiig  to  summer  ;  sunmarlike. 

sum  -ming,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  a.    [Sun,  w.J 
summing  up,  «. 

1.  Ord.   Lang.  :  A  condensed  account;  s 
summary. 

"  In  his  tumminy-up  and  In  his  estimate  of  the  com- 
parative worth  of  bis  subject" — St.  Jamaft  Qatettt, 
June  28.  1887. 

2.  law:  A  judge's  charge  to  a  jury. 

Sum  -mist,  s.     [Eccles.  Lat.  summista.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  forms  an  abridge- 
ment  or  summary ;  a  snmmarist. 

"All  the  inmtiiiit'  and  the  summaries  of  all  vices.' 
— 8p.  Bull :  Corruption*  of  the  CAtircfc  of  Kom*. 

2.  Church,  Hitt.:    A   name    given    to    the 
scholastic  divines  of  the  Middle  Ages,  wha 
propounded    their  dogmas  in  works    called 
Summce    Thedogite.       This    name    was    first 
adopted  from  the  Summa  Uni versa  Theologies 
of  Alexander  Hales  (died  1245),   whose    re- 
nown was  eclipsed  by  that  of  AUwrtus  Magnus 
(died  1280),   in  his    turn    surpassed    by   his 
disciple,  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  (1224-74),  who- 
published  his  celebrated   work  on    divinity 
under  the  title  of  Summce  Totius  Theoloffia*. 

Buxn'-mit,  s.    (Fr.  sommet,  dimln.  of  0.  Fr. 

som  —  the  top  (of  a  hill),  from  Lat.  summum 
=  the  highest  point ;   prop.    ueut.    sing,  of 
summus  =  highest.]    [Sun,  a.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  highest  point ;  the  top. 

"  Fixed  on  the  tummit  of  the  highest  mount" 
Sliaknp.  :  Bamitt,  ill.  1 

2.  The  highest   point  or   degree  ;   utmost 
elevation ;  the  acme. 

"  The  rery  tummit  of  all  Christian  excellence."— 
Knox :  Sfrmoat,  vol.  vi.,  sex.  16. 

summit-level,  a.  The  highest  level ;  th* 
highest  of  a  series  of  elevations  over  which  a 
canal,  watercourse,  railway,  ifec.,  is  carried. 

"  Nor  does  the  drainage  from  the  tummtff-fevdf  alw«ri 
fall,  us  I  remarked  near  the  weatherboard."— tiarvm  : 
Voyage  Round  the  World,  ch.  six. 

*  Sum   mlt-lCSS,  a.      [Eug.   tummit;    -less.} 
Having  no  summit. 

*  SUXU'-mlt-jr,  a.     [Lat.  summitas,  from  tujn- 
mus  —  highest.]    [ScM.J 

1.  The   height   or   top   of  anything;   th« 
highest  point. 

2.  The  highest  point  or  degree ;  summit, 
perfection. 

'•The  head.  top.  and  nmmltg  of  if— Cudwortk ; 
InttlL  StfMtan,  p.  US. 

*  Bum'  mon,  a.    [SUMMONS.]  A  summons.    (A 
pseudo-singular.) 

"  Esther  durst  not  come  Into  the  presence  till  tie 
sceptre  Imd  given  her  permission  ;  a  tnmmon  vt  th»l 
emboldens  her. '— Aiamt:  tforJtt.iii.3iO. 


sum   mon,    *  som-nl-en,    *  som   one, 

*  som   on- y,     *  som-ne,    *  sompne, 

*  sum-ny,   v.t.     [O.    Fr.   somsnvr,   seinuner^, 
temojuire,  sutnoner ;   Fr,  semotulre,  from  Lat. 
summoneo  =  to  remind  privily  :  sun  (for  tub) 
—  under,  and  moneo  =  to  advise.] 

*  1.  To  attend,   to  meet.    (In  this  wnse, 
from    A.8.    aamnian,    somnittn=  to   collect, 
from  sam,  so. man  =  together.) 

"  lift  poor  he  let  sumny." 

Robert  of  Qloucttttr,  p.  111. 

2.  To  call,  cite,  or  notify  by  authority  to 
meet  or  attend  at  a  place  specified ;  t"  rite 
to  attend   iu   person  to  some  public  duty, 
especially  to  cite  to  appear  in  court. 

"  No  royal  writ  had  ntmmoned  the  Cunrwillan. 
which  recalled  Charles  the  Second."— MaeaMtag : 
Hiit.  Eng.,  ch.  i  i. 

3.  To  call ;  to  send  for ;  to  ask  Uie  attend- 
ance of. 

*  4.  To  call  on ;  to  warn ;  especially  to  call 
on  to  surrender.    (Skakesp. :  Coriolantu,  i.  4.) 

5.  To  call  up ;  to  call  into  action  or  exer- 
tion ;  to  rouse,  to  raise,    (Followed  by  up.) 

"  Summon  tip  your  dearest  splrita." 

SAaJtetp.:  Loee't  Labour  t  Lett.  \\    L 

IT  For  the  difference  between  to  au«;/uw 
and  to  cite,  see  CITE. 

sum  mon  er,  *  somp  nour,  *som-oa- 

OUT,  *.     [Fr.  temonnewr,  from  temnndre  =  I 
summon  (q.v.).J    One  who  summons  or  citss 
by  authority ;   especially,  one  who  cites  tn 
appear  in  court ;  formerly,  specif. ,  an  apparitor 

(q.v.X 

"Cloe*  pent-up  ,-ntlta, 
Rtrs  your  concealing  cuntliuuLs,  and  cry 
These  dreadful  tummonm  grace." 

ihaftsm  .-  £swr.  lit  ft 


t&te,  at,  fare,  Amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    »,  oe      e ;  ey  -  -  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


summoning— sun 


4539 


•urn  -mon  Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  a.    [SUMMON.] 
A.  &  B.  Aa  pr.  par.  <e  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  citing  or  calling ; 

•  summons. 

"  Reluctantly  and  slow  the  maid 
The  BBwalooaifl  numtmanittO  obeyed." 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  Luke,  tL  21. 

sum  mons,  *  som  on*,  *  sum  ouns,  s. 

[i'r.  semonct=a.  warning,  a  citation,  a  sum- 
mons, prop,  ft'in.  of  seniotis,  pa.  par.  of 
nemondre  =  to  summon  (q.v.).  .Summons  is, 
therefore,  really  a  singular  noun,  though 
apparently  plural.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  summoning  ;  an  official  cita- 
tion ;  a  call  by  authority  or  the  command  of 

•  superior  to  appear  at  a  place  named,  or  to 
atteud  to  some  public  duty. 

"  I  have,  quod  be,  of  tomont  here  a  bill." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  7,168. 

2.  An  invitation,  call,  or  asking  to  go  to  or 
appear  at  some  place  ;  a  call  to  assemble  or 
meet  together. 

"  O'er  dale  and  hill  the  tummon*  flew.' 

Scutt :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  111.  19. 

3.  A    call    or   appeal    with  more    or   less 
earnestness  or  insistence. 

"  A  loud  tummont  shook  the  gate." 

Scott .  Hokeby,  IT.  7. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  law; 

(1)  CivU  Law:  A  call  by  authority  to 
appear  in  a  court;  also  the  written  or  printed 
document  by  which  such  call  is  given. 

(a)  A  writ  calling  on  a  defendant  to  cause 
an  appearance  to  an  action  to  be  entered  for 
him  within  a  certain  time  after  service,  in 
default  of  which  the  plaintiff  may  proceed  to 
judgment  and  execution. 

(1)  An  application  to  a  judge  at  chambers, 
whether  at  law  or  in  equity. 

(c)  A  citation  summoning  a  person  to  appear 
before  a  police  magistrate  or  bench  of  justices. 

(2)  Scots  Law :  A  writ  issuing  from  the  court 
of  session  in  the  sovereign's  name,  or,  if  in 
the  sheriff  court,  in  the  name  of  the  sheriff, 
Betting  forth   the  grounds  and  conclusions 
of  an  action,  and  containing  a  warrant  or 
mandate    to  messengers -at- arms    or   sheriff- 
officers  to  cite  the  defender  to  appear  in  court. 

2.  M  U. :  A  call  to  surrender. 

•urn  mons,  v.t.  [SUMMONS,  s.]  To  serve 
with  a  summons,  to  summon.  (Vulgar.) 

sUm'-miim  bo  '-num,  phr.  [Lat.  =  the  chief 

or  ultimate  good.  J 

Ethics :  A  phrase  employed  by  ancient  philo- 
sophers to  denote  that  end  in  the  following 
and  attainment  of  which  the  progress,  per- 
fection, and  happiness  of  human  beings  con- 
sist. Cicero  treated  of  the  subject  very  fully 
in  his  de  Finibus. 

*  mm -nor,  s.    [SUMMONEB,) 
•u  moom ,  s.    [SiHwOii.] 

Bump,  s.    [Sw.  &  Dan.  tump;  Dut.  amp;  Qer. 
«*Hij/=r  a  marsh,  a  swamp,  a  pool.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  puddle  ;  a  pool  of  dirty  water.    (Prov.) 

2.  A  pond  of  water  for  salt-works. 
H  Technically; 

1.  Metull. :  A  pit  of  stone  at  a  furnace  to 
collect  the  metal  at  its  first  fusion. 

2.  Mining : 

(1)  A  pit  or  well  in  the  floor  of  a  mine  at 
the  bottom  of  an  engine  shaft,  to  collect  the 
water,  which  is  pumped  from  thence. 

(2)  A  catch-water  drain. 

(3)  The  part  of  a  judd  of  coal  first  brought 
down. 

sump  fuse,  «.  A  thick  kind  of  fuse  used 
for  blasting  under  water. 

sump  plank,  s. 

Mining :  Strong  balks  of  timber  bolted  to- 
gether, forming  a  temporary  bottom  or  scaf- 
folding for  the  shaft. 

sump  shaft,  «. 

Mining :  The  engine-shaft. 

•ttmph,  a.  [A  nasalized  form  of  Sc.  souf= 
soft  (q.v.).]  A  soft,  muddle-headed  fellow; 
a  blockhead,  a  stupid.  (Scotch.)  (Scott:  Bride 
of  LammerrnooT,  ch.  xli.) 


sumph'-Ish,  a.  [Kng.  rumph;  -ish.]  Like  a 
sumpli ;  atupid,  silly. 

surap'-lng,  *.    [Eng.  rump;  -ing.] 

Mining:  A  small,  square  shflft,  generally 
made  in  the  air-headings,  when  crossing  faults, 
&c. ;  or  to  try  the  thickness  of  the  seam. 

sumping-  shot,  s. 

Mining  :  A  charge  of  powder  for  bringing 
down  the  sump,  or  for  blowing  the  stone  to 
pieces  in  a  sinking  pit. 

sum  pit,  s.  [SuMPiTAN.]  The  arrow  of  the 
sumpitan,  or  blow-tube  of  Borneo. 

sfim'-pi-tari,  s.  [Native  name.]  A  long, 
straight  cane,  tube,  or  blowpipe,  used  by  the 
natives  of  Borneo  and  other  islands  in  the 
Eastern  Archipelago  to  shoot  poisoned  darts 
by  means  of  the  breath. 

* siirapt(p silent),  s.  [Lat.  su-mptu*  =  expense.] 
Cost,  expense,  sumptuousm-ss. 

"  To  Uuut  the  tumpt  of  our  show. '—Patten.  ID  Eng. 
Garner,  lit  74. 

sump  -ter,  *  sorap'-ter,  *.  &  a.  [O.  FT.  som- 
mttier  =  a  packhorae  driver  ;  Fr.  aoaimier,  from 
a  Low  Lat.  *  aagmatarius,  from  Or.  tra-yfia 
(sag-ma),  genit.  ffay^aros  (sagmatos)  =  a  pack- 
saddle.  The  commoner  form  was  toner  (q.v.), 
from  O.  Fr.  somier,  sommier,  mmert  from  some, 
saiimet  svme  =  a  pack,  a  burden,  from  Lat. 
sagma;  Gr.  tray  pa.  (aagma.).'] 

A.  As  substantive : 

*1.  The  driver  of  a  packhorse, 
"  2.  A  pack,  a  burden. 

"  What'*  *  htwbMkd  T 

What  are  we  married  for,  to  carry  tumptert  t " 
Beaum,  A  f'lft.  :   Woman'*  Prize,  HI.  8. 

3.  A  packhorse,  a  baggage-horse ;  a  horse 
employed  to  carry  clothes,  food,  or  other 
necessaries  on  a  journey. 

"  Lading  his  tumptert  with  plate  and  treasure  of 
•ter ling  monie."— Bolinthed ;  Chronyctt  (an.  1247]. 

B.  As  adj. :  Applied  to  an  animal  employed 
to  carry  necessaries,   as  of  an  army  :  as,  a 
sumpter  horse,  a  sumpter  inule ;  or  to  its  equip- 
ments :  as,  a  sumpter  saddle. 

* Bump'-tion  (p  silent),  s.  [Lat  sumptio, 
from  sumptus,  pa.  par.  of  sumo  =  to  take.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  taking. 

"  The  tumption  of  the  mysteries  doM  all  in  a  capable 
subject."— Taylor. 

2.  Logic :  The  major  premiss  of  a  syllogism. 
[SYLLOGISM,  1.] 

sump'-tu-a-r^,  a.  [Lat.  sumptuarius,  from 
sumptus'=  expense,  prop.  pa.  par.  of  sumo  =  to 
take,  to  use,  to  spend  ;  Fr.  somptuaire.]  [SUMP- 
TUOUS.] Pertaining  or  relating  to  expense  or 
expenditure ;  regulating  expense  or  expen- 
diture. 

"  The  repressing  of  waat«  and  excess  by  tumptuarjr 
lawi."— flat-cm,  Huayi;  Sedition*  4  Trouble*. 

sumptuary-laws,  s.  pi.  Laws  enacted 
to  restrain  excess  in  dress,  food,  or  any  luxury. 
Such  laws  have  been  enacted  in  many  countries 
at  various  times.  None  in  tbe  United  States. 
Those  of  Eu  glaml  have  long  been  repealed. 

"It  Is  the  highest  impertinence  and  presumption, 
therefore,  in  kings  and  uiiiiiaUrs,  to  pretend  to  watch 
over  the  economy  of  private  people,  and  to  re.ttrain 
their  exjwrme.  either  by  tumptuary  law*,  or  by  pro- 
hibitiug  the  importation  of  foreign  luxuries."— Smith  : 
Wealth  of  Station*,  bk.  ii. ,  ch.  i  ii. 

*  sump  tu  6s'-i  ty ,   *  sump-tu  os  i  tie, 

*.     (SUMPTUOUS,]    Expensiveneas,   costliness, 
sum  ptuousness. 

"  All  this  tumptuotitt*  wai  punished."— A  Holland,  : 
FUnie,  bk.  xxxlli..  oh.  zL 

Blimp  -tu-oiis,  a.  [Fr.  somptueux,  from  Lat. 
sumptuosus,  from  sumptus  =  expense,  cost, 
prop.  pa.  par.  of  sumo  =  to  take,  to  use,  spend : 
tub  —  under,  secretly,  and  emo  =  to  buy.] 
Costly,  expensive ;  hence,  luxurious,  splendid, 
magnificent, 

"Keeping  up  a  tumptuoui  establishment"  —  Mac- 
aulay;  Bin.  Eng.,  ch.  ill. 

sump -tu-ous-ly\  adv.  [Kng.  sumptuous; 
•ly.}  In  a  sumptuous  manner;  expensively, 
splendidly,  magnificently. 

"  Beueath  an  abbey's  roof 
One  evening  lumptuoutly  lodged," 

Wardtworth  :  Excursion,  11. 

sump'-tu-ous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  sumptuous; 
•ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sump- 
tuous ;  expensiveness,  costliness,  magnifi- 
cence, splendour. 

"  I  wilt  not  fall  out  with  those  that  can  reconcile 
t  and  charity." 


*  snmp'-tnre,  s.     [Lat.  sumptua^  expense.) 
Buinptuou'sness,  magnificence. 

"  Her  triune  of  servants,  and  collateral 
Sumpturi'  of  houses  " 

iiomer  ;  Hymn  to 


sun  (1),  *  sonne,  *  sunnc,  5.  [A.S.  yunne 
(It-Mi.);  cogn.  with  Dut.  zon  (fern.);  IceU 
stiii'iin  (fein.);  Ger.  aonne  (fern.)  ;  O,  H.  Ger. 
sunna  ;  Goth,  sitnna  (masc,),  sunno  (fern.); 
Icel.  sol;  Lat.  «rt  =  the  eun;  Sausc.  «ina  = 
sun,  son.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

(2)  A   luminary  or  orb  which  constitutes 
the  centre  of  any  system  of  worlds  :  as,  The 
fixed  stars  are  suns  in  their  respective  systems, 

(3)  Popularly  applied  to  the  sunshine,  or  a 
place  where  the  sun  shines;  a  sunny  place; 
as,  To  stand  or  sit  in  the  sun. 

2.  Figuratively  : 

(1)  Anything  splendid  or  luminous;  that 
which  is  the  chief  source  of  light,  honour, 
prosperity,  or  the  like. 

"The  tun  of  Rome  la  set.** 

Stiakctp.  :  Juliut  C«tar,  T.  L 

*(2)  A  revolution  of  the  earth  round  too 
sun  ;  a  year. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Astron.  :  The  great  central  luminary  which 
gives  light  and  heat  to  our  earth  and  the 
other  planets  of  the  solar  system.  In  com- 
mon language,  the  planets  are  said  to  revolve 
around  the  sun  as  a  centre  ;  more  precisely, 
they  move  iu  elliptic  orbits,  the  sun  occupying 
nearly  one  focus  of  each  ellipse,  around  the 
common  centre  of  gravity  of  the  solar  system, 
which  falls  within  the  body  of  the  sun,  but 
not  always  at  its  centre.  The  mean  distance 
of  the  sun  from  the  earth  was  long  alleged  to 
be  H5,000,000  mites,  but  there  was  error  in  the 
data  on  which  the  calculation  was  founded  ; 
now  the  distance  fs  held  to  be  either  about 
92,700,000  miles  (Bail,  in  1885),  or  92,965,000 
miles  (Norman  Lockyer,  in  1886).  Till  lately, 
it  was  thought  that  the  portion  of  the  sun 
visible  to  the  naked  eye  constituted  the  whole 
luminary  ;  now  it  is  believed  that  around  that 
central  sphere  or  spheroid,  technically  called 
the  photosphere,  there  are  three,  if  not  four, 
concentric  envelopes  :  the  chromosphere,  the 
inner  corona,  the  upper  atmosphere,  and,  per- 
haps, an  outer  corona.  The  axis  of  the  sun  is 
inclined  about  7*  to  the  elliptic.  The  passage 
of  spots  across  the  sun's  disk  proves  that 
It  rotates  on  that  axis  from  west  to  east  in  25 
days  5  hours.  From  June  3  to  Dec.  5  the 
north  pole,  and  for  the  next  six  months  tho 
south  pole,  of  the  sun  is  gradually  moving 
earthward. 

The  axis  of  the  photosphere  Is  865,000  miles 
iu  length  ;  its  bulk  is  more  than  a  million  times 
that  of  the  earth,  but  its  density  is  only  about 
a  quarter  that  of  the  earth.  With  a  specific 
gravity  so  low,  the  photosphere  cannot  be 
solid.  It  may,  perhaps,  be  liquid  at  the  centre, 
but  the  outer  parts  must  be  gaseous.  It  has  not 
yet  been  found  possible  to  produce  artificially 
on  the  earth  a  heat  so  intense  as  that  of  the 
photosphere.  The  coolest  part  of  its  atmo- 
sphere must  be  outside,  and  the  hypothesis 
that  the  sun  might  be  an  inhabited  world,  with 
a  heated  and  luminous  atmosphere,  has  been 
abandoned.  Under  the  telescope,  the  surface 
of  the  photosphere  seems  covered  with  a  net- 
work of  polygonal  and  other  figures.  Among 
them  are  pores  and  domes  :  the  former,  which 
are  dark  markings,  are  tbe  seat  of  downrushes 
of  vapour  ;  the  latter,  or  brighter  portions, 
probably  consist  of  luminous  clouds.  Some- 
times the  domes  are  heaped  together  and  ar- 
ranged in  different  directions,  constituting 
what  are  called  faculse.  These  are  often  thou- 
sands of  miles  long,  and  may  last  for  days,  or 
even  weeks.  Spots  also  often  appear  upon 
the  sun's  disk.  Faculae  follow  and  do  not  pre- 
cede spots.  The  chromosphere  is  a  concentric 
envelope  Immediately  external  to  the  photo- 
sphere. It  is  of  a  magnificent  scarlet  colour, 
and  from  5,000  to  10,000  miles  thick.  Some 
parts  are  billowy  and  others  spike-like  In  ap- 
pearance. It  is  a  sea  of  hydrogen  with  some 
uuknown  element.  Sometimes  other  vapours 
surge  up  in  it,  producing  injections  which  again 
tend  to  develop  into  prominences.  The  latter 
are  of  two  kinds,  violent  and  quiet  prominences. 
Some  of  the  former  are  40,000  miles  high  ;  they 
resemble  trees  or  "  fog-sponta,"  appearances 
like  waterspouts,  but  occurring  hi  fog.  The 
most  violent  prominences  are  sometimes  called 


boy;  pout.  Jifitl;  oat,  9011,  ehorus,  fbia,  bench;  90,  gem ;  «**",  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-dan,   tian- shan.   -*ton,  -*ian  =  shtin;  -flon,  -sion  =  rhiiiL    -clous, -tious, -sious  ^  shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  1*1,  dfL 


4540 


sun 


metallic  prominences,  and  mount  up  at  the 
rate  of  250  milea  a  second.  The  sun  spots, 
the  faculae,  and  the  metallic  prominences  are 
at  a  maximum  at  the  same  time.  [SUN-SPOT.] 

Immediately  surrounding  the  chromosphere 
is  the  inner  corona.  Its  outer  part  is  about 
100,000  miles  from  the  surface  of  the  photo- 
sphere. Like  the  chromosphere,  it  is  seen  only 
in  eclipses.  It  is  constituted  by  certain  red 
flames,  prominences,  or  protuberances,  which 
pass  through  the  chromosphere  from  the 
photosphere.  The  inner  corona  is  composed 
mainly  of  hydrogen. 

The  next  envelope  is  the  outer  atmosphere, 
from  half  a  million  to  a  million  of  miles  high, 
with  its  outer  margin  constituting  an  irregular 
outline  full  of  strange  and  varying  forms. 

The  external  envelope,  the  existence  of 
which  is  yet  uncertain,  is  the  outer  corona. 

Kirchhoff  considered  that  the  following  ele- 
ments were  present  in  the  sun  :  sodium,  iron, 
calcium,  magnesium,  nickel,  barium,  copper, 
and  zinc.  Angstrom  and  Thalen  found  sodium, 
Iron,  calcium,  magnesium,  and  nickel,  but 
failed  to  detect  the  rest.  In  their  place  they 
met  with  chromium,  cobalt,  hydrogen,  man- 
ganese, and  titanium.  The  intense  heat  not 
only  vaponrizes  them,  but  drives  them  into 
forms  spectroscopically  different  from  any 
known  to  exist  in  the  earth. 

The  sun's  heat  raises  vapour  from  the  earth, 
ultimately  producing  rain,  supplying  a  neces- 
sary element  for  the  growth  of  plants  and  the 
sustenance  of  animals.  Stored  up  in  coal,  it 
supplies  us  with  fuel  and  gives  us  steam  as  a 
creator  of  energy,  while  the  sun's  light  simi- 
larly stored  furnishes  the  gas  which  illumines 
houses  and  cities. 

Though  the  sun  may  obtain  as  fuel  a  few 
meteors,  it  would  expire  ff  it  had  nothing 
else  to  burn.  But  the  enormous  radiation 
from  its  disc  into  space  is  partly,  if  not  en- 
tirely, counteracted  by  fresh  neat  generated  by 
the  contraction  of  its  volume.  Hence,  on  the 
hypothesis  now  generally  accepted,  the  sun  was 
at  one  time  an  enormous  mass  of  incandescent 
vapour,  which,  becoming  more  condensed  as 
ages  roll  on  [NEBULAR-HYPOTHESIS],  is  slowly 
diminishing  in  size,  and  will  at  length  cease 
to  give  forth  light  and  heat.  Some  authorities 
think  this  will  not  come  to  pass  for  ten  mil- 
lions of  years,  but  Sir  Win.  Thomson  considers 
"  that  it  would  be  rash  to  reckon  on  more 
than  five  to  six  million  years  of  sunlight  for 
the  future." 

2.  Pyrotechny :  A  kind  of  firework.  A  strong 
paper  case  is  filled  with  a  composition  which 
does  not  burn  so  fast  as  rocket-composition, 
driven  solid.  Numbers  of  these  are  attached, 
at  short  intervals,  to  wooden  frames,  usually 
circular.  The  suns  emit  a  steady  and  bril- 
liant stream  of  light,  and  are  called  stationary 
or  revolving  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
frame  on  which  they  are  fixed. 

Y  (1)  To  have  the  sun  in  one's  eyes:  To  be 
Intoxicated. 

"  He  furthermore  took  occasion  to  apologize  for  any 
negligence  that  might  be  perceptible  In  his  dre*t,  ou 
the  ground  that  last  night  he  bad  had  '  the  tun  very 
•trong  in  hit  eye* ;'  by  which  expression  he  was  under- 
•tood  to  convey  to  bis  hearers.  In  the  moat  delicate 
manner  possible,  the  information  tbat  be  had  beta 
extremely  drunk."— Dicktnt :  Old  Curiotity  Shop,  ch.  1L 

(2)  Under  the  sun :  In  the  world ;  on  earth. 

"There  is  Do  new  thing  under  the  tunS—Ecdet.  i.  4. 

J  Sun  Is  very  largely  used  in  composition, 
the  meanings  of  the  compounds  being  in  most 
instances  sufficiently  obvious :  as,  *vn-lit, 
mm-scorched,  Ac. 

•un-and-planet  wheels,  s.  pi.     An 
ingenious  contrivance  invented  by  Watt  as  a 
substitute  for  the  crank  in  converting  the 
reciprocating  mo- 
tion of  the  beam 
into    a    rotatory 
motion.  The  cen- 
tral  gear   (a)   IB 
called    the    sun- 
gear,  and  the 
outer  one  (6)  the 
planet -gear.     In 
the  form   shown 
in    the    illustra- 
tion, the  revolu- 
tion of  tlie  planet- 
wheel  rotates  the 
•un-  wheel,  toge-    SON-AND-PLANET  WHEELS. 
ther  with  its  shaft 

and  the  fly-wheel.  For  this  purpose  the 
planet-wheel  (6)  is  fast  to  the  pitman  (c),  and 
its  axis  is  caused  to  revolve  around  the  wheel 
without  the  rotation  of  the  pianevwneei  on 
its  own  axis.  [PLANET-WHEEL.] 


sun  animalcule,  s. 

Zool. :  Actinophrys  sol.     [ACTINOPHRVS.] 

"  It  consists  of  a  small  bit  of  globuUr  protoplasm, 
with  spine*  radiating  in  every  direction  from  it*  sur. 
face ;  and  when  seen  in  perfect  condition  for  the  first 
time  under  the  microscope  with  proper  11  luiui nation 
it  seem*  to  shine  like  'the  tun  in  iU  brightness' 
Hence  the  original  observers  gave  it  the  name  of  the 
.Sun-dnimaJcult,  ludee<i,  any  old  ordinary  picture  of 
the  son  would  do  very  well  for  Actinophrys,  as  con- 
veying a  general  idea  of  its  torm,"—John  Badcock: 
Vignette*  from  Invisible  /,(/«,  p.  104. 

sun  boar,  *. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  two  Bears : 

1.  Ursus   tibetanus,   from    Nepaul,   Assam, 
Eastern  Siberia,  and  China.    It  is  about  five 
feet  long,  of  slender  make,  with  close  black 
fur.    The  chin  is  white,  and  there  is  a  broad 
Y-shaped  mark  on  the  chest. 

2.  [MA  LA  TAN-BEAR.] 

*  sun-beat,  *  s  tin -boa  ten,  a.  Shone 
on  fiercely  by  the  sun. 

"  And  wearies,  fruitful  Nilus  to  convey 
His  tun-beat  waters  by  •«  long  a  way." 

Drjuitn  :  Juvenal,  x.  837. 

sun-beetle,  s. 

Entom.  :  (See  extract). 

"  Tlie  metallic  species  of  Araara  and  Poecilui  are 
termed  ftun-btttlft,  from  their  habit  of  running  about 
foot-patha  during  not  sunshiny  weather.'—  Wettwood  : 
Clou,  of  Inttctt.L  84. 

sun-bird,  .-•. 

1.  Anthrop. :  An  unidentified  bird,  mentioned 
by  Kochefort  (lies  Antilles,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  viii.). 

"  When  at  midday  the  sunlight  poured  down  upon 
the  altar  through  the  hole  or  shaft  pierced  for  this 
purpose  in  the  rocky  vault  of  the  cave,  through  which 
the  tun-birdt,  the  Touatxull,  wen  let  fly  up  sunward  u 
messengers."—  Tyler  -.  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  ii.  2&&. 

2.  Ornith.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
Nectariniidae  (q.v.),  divided  by  Capt.  G.  E. 
Shelley  (Monograph  of  the  Sun-birds),  into  two 
sub-families,  Nectariinseand  Proraeropin8e,the 
former  containing  the  Sun-birds  proper,  and 
the  latter  the  Long-tailed  Sun-birds.    They 
are  found  over  the  whole  of  Africa,  ranging 
through  Palestine  to  India,  thence  through 
the  Indian  and  Malayan  Islands  to  Northern 
Australia,    where  a  single   species    inhabits 
Cape  York  peninsula  and  Northern  Queens* 
land.    They  are  small  birds,  in  nearly  every 
case  of  brilliant  and  metallic  plumage,  with  a 
striking  external  resemblance  to  Humming- 
birds, with  which  they  are  not  infrequently 
confounded,  but  differing  from  them  in  the 
structure  of  the  feet  and  tongue,  the  shape  of 
the  sternum,  and  other  important  character* 
istics.  They  feed  chiefly  on  insects,  small  ber- 
ries, and  fruit,  and  sip  the  juices  of  flowers, 
and  from  this  habit  the  name  of  the  type- 
genus  (Nectarinia)  is  derived.    The  majority 
of  the  Sun-birds  build  nests  of  an  oval  form, 
suspended  from  the  branch  of  a  tree  at  a  con* 
siderable  height  from  the  ground,  so  as  to  be 
out  of  the  reach  of  serpents  and  lizards. 

sun-bittern,  s. 

Ornith. :  Eurypya  helias,  from  the  northern 
parts  of  South  America.  It  is  about  sixteen 
inches  long ;  body  small  and  thin,  neck  long 
and  slender,  head  like  that  of  a  heron,  with  a 
long,  powerful  beak  compressed  at  the  sides 
and  slightly  arched  at  the  cuimen  ;  the  plum- 
age is  minutely  variegated  with  bars  and 
spots  of  many  colours.  It  is  often  made  a 
pet  by  the  Brazilians,  who  call  it  Pavao  (  = 
Peacock),  whence  it  is  sometimes  called  the 
Peacock  Heron. 

sun-blink,  s.  A  flash  or  glimpse  of  sun- 
shine. (Scotch.) 

sun-bonnet,  s.  A  lady's  bonnet  having 
a  shade  as  a  protection  against  the  sun. 

*  sun-bow,  s.  An  iris  formed  by  the  re- 
fraction of  light  on  the  spray  of  cataracts  or 
of  any  rising  vapour. 

"  The  circling  tun-bowt  did  upbear 
IU  tall  down  the  hoar  uncipice  of  spray." 

Shelley!  Witch  ttfAtlat,  xUL 

Bun-bright,  a.  Bright  as  the  sun  ;  re- 
sembling the  sun  in  brightness ;  bright  with 
the  sun ;  sunny. 

"  Upon  the  landscape  of  the  tun-bright  vale, 
Seen,  from  the  shady  room  in  which  we  sat*." 

n'-.rdttfforth  :  F.xrurtion,  bk.  Tilt 

sun-burn,  v.t.  To  discolour  or  scorch 
by  the  sun  ;  to  tan,  to  freckle. 

sun-burn,  sun-burning,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  discoloration  produced 
on  the  skin  by  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

"The  heat  of  the  suit  may  darken  the  colour  of  the 

skii.  which  we  call  tun-buminp."- Hot/I*. 

2.  Veg.  PathoL  :  [HELiosisJ. 


sun-burner,  *.  A  large  reflecting  cl 
of  burners  placed  beneath  an  opening  ii 
ceiling,  for  lighting  and  ventilating  a  p 
building. 

sun  chief,  *. 

Anthrop. :  In  solar  hierarchies  a  chi 
ruler  who  was  at  the  same  time  priest  o 
Sun  or  the  Sun-god,  with  whom  he  cla 
relationship. 

"  Bvery  morning  the  great  Sun-chief  stood  i 
house-door  facing  the  east,  shouted  and  pros 
himself  thrice,  and  smoked  first  towards  the  su; 
t  lien  towards  the  other  three  quarters."— Tutor; 
Cult.  (ed.  1873).  ii.  288. 

*  Sun-Clad,   a.    Clothed  in  sunshir 
radiance. 

"  And  woods  were  brightened,  and  soft  galei 
Went  forth  to  kiss  the  tun-clad  vales." 

Lonafellote :  Kunriu  on  the  £ 

sun-crack,  s. 

Geol  (PI):  Cracks  left  upon  rocks  al 

time  when  they  were  being  consolidated. 

"  The  tun-cracki .  .  .  divide  the  surface  into  i 
of  various  sizes  and  shapes,  and  when,  as  Is 
common,  the  superficial  layer  of  mud  is  darker 
the  stone,  show  themselves  well  In  relief  by  ex| 
the  lower  stratum."— Quar.  Jour.  Oeol.  Soc.,  xii. 

*  sun  -  dazzling,  a.     Shining  like 

sun ;  bright,  brilliant. 

"Tour  eye*  nin-daaling  ooruscancy  will  exi 
the  cloudle  vapour  of  heart- tormenting  melancltt 
J.  Taylor :  Worket  (1630).  p.  ill. 

sun-dew,  s.  [For  reason  of  name 
extract.  Prior  and  Britain  &  Holland  d 
it  from  A.S.  and  Fris.  sin  =  ever,  and 
dew.] 

Botany : 

1.  The  genus  Drosera  (q.v.),  of  which  a 
100  species  are  known ;  often  applied  sj 
to  D.  rotvndifolia,  the  Common  8un-de 
very  remarkable  insectivorous  plant.  Dar 
experiments  seem  to  show  that  the  in; 
captured  and  absorbed  by  the  species  su 
them  with  the  ni- 
trogenous matter 
that  the  soil  in 
which  they  grow 
is  too  poor  to  fur- 
nish.  He  thus 
summarizes  (In- 
sect. Plants,  p.  18) 
the  manner  in 
which  these  plants 
are  nourished:  "A 
plant  of  Drosera, 
with  the  edges  of 
its  leaves  curled 
inwards,  so  as  to 
form  a  temporary 
stomach,  with  the 
glands  of  the  _, 

i-1n^..lv       itirtfM.'H     Witl)  t'l*  tentacles  on  the 

Josel)     inflected       §ide  iuflected  owr  ,  ,. 
tentacles  pouring 
forth    their    acid 


"*'c 


meat  placed  on  the  disc 


secretion,  which  dissolves  animal  matter  a 
wards  to  be  absorbed,  may  be  said  to 
like  an  animal.  But,  differently  from  an 
mal,  it  drinks  by  means  of  its  roots  ;  an 
must  drink  largely,  so  as  to  retain  many  d: 
of  viscid  fluid  round  the  glands,  someti 
as  many  as  260,  exposed  during  the  whole 
to  a  glaring  sun." 

"  The  tentacles  on  one  side  are  inflected  over 
of  meat  placed  on  the  disc,  the  glands  are  each 
rounded  oy  large  drop*  of  extremely  viscid  aecre 
which,  glittering  In  the  sun.  have  given  ri»e  to 
plant's  poetical  name  of  tun-dew."  —  Darwin  :  It 
tvorout  Plantt.  p.  4. 

2.  (PL):  The  Droseracete  (q.v.).    (lAnd 
sun-dial,  s.    [DIAL.] 
sun-dog,  s. 

Meteor.  ;  A  luminous  spot  sometimes  vis 
a  few  degrees  from  the  sun.  It  is  believe* 
be  formed  by  the  intersection  of  two  or  a 
halos. 

sun-dried,  a.    Dried  in  the  sun. 

sun-drops,  s.  pi. 

Bot.  :  (Enothera  fruticosa  and  (E.  riparia 

sun-fern,  *. 

Bot.  :  Polypodium  Phlegopteris. 

sun-festival,  *. 

Compar.  Relig.  :  A  festival  in  hononr  of 
Sun,  or  of  the  Sun-god  (q.v.). 

"The  ancient  rl  tea  of  solar-  worship  are  reprewi 
in  modem  Christendom  ...  in  the  continuant 
the  great  tun-fettivalt  countenanced  by  or  In 
pornted  in  Christianity."—  Tulor  :  Prim.  Cult 
Un),  it  396.  297. 

sun-fever,  s. 

PathoL  :  A  fever  produced  by  the  best 


fate,  fdt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt>  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  p 
or,  wore,  W9U  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    ».  «  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw 


sun— sundart 


4541 


the  tropical  sun.  It  is  a  severe  form  of  the 
common  continued  fevers  of  temperate  cli 
mates. 

sun  fish,  s. 

Ichthyology : 

1.  Lampris   htna,   called   also   Opah,    and 
Kingfishfa.v.). 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  genera  Centrarch  us, 
Bryttus,  and  Poinotis.  from  the  fresh  waters 
of  the  United  States.    They  are  small  fishes, 
about  six  inches  long,  and  are  not  used  for 
food. 

3.  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Orthago- 
riscus  (q.v.).     The  Common  or  Broad   Sun- 
fish  (Orthagoriscus  mo/a),  though  a  native  of 
warmer  seas,  is  often  taken  in  the  summer 
months  in  the  Atlantic  waters,  and  is  usually 
captured  when  floating  on  the  surface,  as  if 
basking  in  the  sun.     When  laid  hold  of  they 
are  said  to  utter  sounds  like  the  grunting  of 
a  hog.   Ttie 

stomach 
has  been 
known  to 
con  tain 
corallines, 
barnacles, 
and  sea- 
weed, 
though 
usually 
entiling  ^H-^ 
but  mucus 
Is  found  in 
it.  Conch  •UM-rl8H. 

mentions 

that  the  flesh  Is  good  eating,  and  resembles 
crab  in  flavor,  but  it  is  never  sent  to  market. 
The  largest  captured  specimen  on  record  mea- 
sured about  eight  feet  long,  and  rather  more 
in  depth  from  the  dorsal  to  the  ventral  fins. 
The  Oblong  Sun-fish,  called  also  Oblong 
Tetradon  and  Truncated  Sun-fish,  has  the 
height  of  the  body  less  than  one-half  its  total 
length.  A  specimen  taken  at  Plymouth  in 
1734  weighed  500  Ibs.,  but  it  is  not  often  met 
with  of  so  large  a  size.  It  feeds  on  worms, 
crahs,  and  other  marine  animals,  and  does  not 
float  on  the  surface  like  the  Common  Sun-fish. 
"  The  name  lunjilt  i«  variously  regarded  a«  derived 
from  the  form  of  the  fish,  and  from  ita  hahit  of  coat- 
ing at  tile  surface  of  the  water,  in  fine  weather,  as  if  to 
enjoy  the  sunshine."— Chamber!'  Encyc..  ix.  213. 

sun-gem,  >. 

Ornitn. :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
•f  the  genus  Heliactir.  They  are  among  the 
most  elegant  of  the  Humming-birds,  and  have 
a  brilliant  metallic  double  crest  and  long 
graduated  tail.  There  is  but  one  species, 
aeliactin  cornuta,  from  Brazil. 

sun-glimpse,  s.    A  glimpse  of  the  sun; 
•  momentary  burst  of  sunshine. 
"  When  lovers  meet  in  adverse  hour, 
Tia  like  a  tun-fflimpte  through  a  shower." 

Scott :  llakcby.  IT.  17. 

sun-god,  s. 

Comparative  Religion : 

1.  The  sun  considered  as  one  of  the  great 
deities,  as  representative  of  the  greatest  deity, 
or  as  the  greatest  deity 

2.  An  embodiment,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of 
lolar  characteristics  regarded  as  a  deity  ;  e.g., 
the  Assyrian  Bel,  the  Tyrian  Baal,  the  Persian 
Mithras,  the    Egyptian   Ea,  and  the  Greek 
Phrebus. 

"The  modern  student  who  shall  undertake  to  dis. 
criminate  among  the  fun-porff  of  European  lauds 
to  separate  the  solar  and  non-solar  elements  of  the 
Greek  Apollo  and  Herakles,  or  the  Sclavonic  Perun 
«nd  3wato»it.  has  a  task  before  him  compIicaU  with 
that  all  but  hopeless  difficulty  which  besets  the  studv 
of  myth  tlie  moment  that  the  clue  of  direct  compari. 
18731*11*  "alare  **"'  •»«»."— liter.-  trim.  Cult.  (ed. 

sun-light,  s. 

1.  [SUNLIGHT.] 

2.  The  same  as  SUN-BOBNEK  (q.Y.) 
sun-myth,  s. 

Anthrop. :  A  solar  myth  (q.T.). 

"The  author  would  now  rather  say  more  cautiously 
not  that  Quetzalcohuatl  ia  the  Sun  personified,  but 
that  his  story  contains  episodes  seemingly  drawn  from 
tun-myth."—  Tylor :  Early  Hilt.  Mankind  led.  1878), 
p.  153.  (Note.) 

Sun  of  Righteousness, ». 

Script. :  Christ,  as  the  source  of  light,  energy, 
and  comfort  to  his  disciples.  (Mai.  iv.  2.) 

sun-opal,  «.  The  same  as  FIRE-OPAL 
(q.v.). 

sun-pain,  ».    [HEMICRANIA.] 


sun-pan,  ».  A  pan  or  tank  in  which  clay 
was  formerly  left  to  lie  until  fit  to  use  in 
making  pottery. 

sun-picture,  s.  A  name  applicable  to 
all  kinds  of  pictures  produced  by  the  action 
of  light  upon  sensitized  surfaces ;  a  photo- 
graph, or  heliograph. 

sun-plane,  s. 

Cooper. :  A  tool  liks  a  jack-plane,  but  of  a 
circular  flan,  used  for  levelling  down  the  ends 
of  the  staves  of  a  cisk  or  barrel. 

sun-rites,  s.  pi. 

Compar.  Relig.  :  Rites  in  honour  of  the  sun 
or  of  the  sun-god  (q.v.). 

"A*  for  modern  memory  of  the  lun-rltet  of  mld- 
wiiiter,  Europe  neafntm  Christmas  aa  a  primitive 
aolar  festival  by  bonfires,  which  our  'yule-log,'  the 
•  Souche  de  Noel,'  still  keeps  in  mind  ;  while  the 
adaptation  of  ancient  solar  thought  to  Christian 
allegory  Is  as  plain  as  ever  in  the  Christian  service 
chant,  'Sol  novus  oritur.'"— Tutor :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed. 
1873),  il.  2M. 

sun-rose,  s. 

Bat. :  The  genus  Helianthemum ;  spec.  H. 
vulgare. 
sun-setting,  s.    Sunset. 

sun-shade,  s.  Something  used  as  a  shade 
or  protection  against  the  rays  of  the  sun  ;  as — 

(1)  A  parasol  or  small  umbrella. 

(2)  An  awning  or  canopy  projecting  over  a 
shop-window,  (fee. 

*  (3)  A  small  framework  covered  with  silk, 
&c.,  in  front  of  a  lady's  bonnet. 

*  sun-smitten,  a.    Smitten  or  lighted  by 
the  rays  of  the  sun. 

"  8un4mietfn  Alp*."  JVmiylon .'  ItaUy,  62. 

sun  spot,  «. 

Astron.  (PI.) :  Certain  dark  spots  seen  by 
the  aid  of  a  telescope  on  the  surface  of  the 
sun's  photosphere.  In  a  normal  spot  there  is 
an  exterior  shade  called  the  penumbra,  an 
Inner  darker  one  called  the  umbra,  and  very 
often  one  deeper  still  in  the  centre  called  the 
nucleus.  In  some  there  are  many  umbrae  for 
one  penumbra.  The  domes  seen  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  penumbra  are  drawn  into  elongate 
shapes,  hence  the  expression,  "the  thatch  of 
the  penumbra."  The  spots  are  believed  to  be 
cavities,  down  which  hydrogen  is  rushing  at 
the  rate  of  thirty  or  forty  miles  a  second. 
Large  spots  commence  as  little  dots,  often  in 
groups,  and  grow  very  rapidly.  They  are  of 
two  Kinds,  one  more  violent  than  the  other. 
The  first  may  be  140,000  miles  long,  and  are 
produced  by  the  descent  of  solid  particles  into 
the  internal  heated  region  of  the  photosphere. 
The  second  are  shallow  depressions  filled 
with  the  cooler  vapours  brought  from  the 
upper  region  of  the  solar  atmosphere.  Some- 
times spots  last  for  days,  mouths,  or  weeks ; 
sometimes  they  disappear  on  one  part  of  the 
sun's  disk  and  appear  on  another.  They  are 
rare  at  the  sun's  equator.  Their  appropriate 
regions  are  two  zones,  one  between  10P  and 
SO5  north,  the  other  between  10°  and  30' 
south  ;  they  are  rarely  seen  higher  than  403. 
The  spots  in  different  latitudes  move  at  dif- 
ferent rates,  the  average  time  they  take  to 
travel  all  round  the  luminary  is  about  twenty- 
six  days.  The  number  of  sun-spots  varies 
greatly  from  time  to  time ;  but  observations 
for  the  last  three  centuries  show  that  a  maxi- 
mum of  numbers  and  intensity  recurs,  on  an 
average,  every  eleven  years,  and  is  attended 
by  magnetic  disturbances  on  the  earth. 

sun-spurge,  ». 

Bot. :  Euphorbia  Jielioscopia.  It  has  an 
umbel  of  five  principal  branches,  five-cleft 
and  three-cleft,  and  is  abundant  in  Britain  on 
waste  and  cultivated  ground,  flowering  from 
July  to  October.  The  acrid  milky  juice  is 
used  to  destroy  warts. 

sun-star,  t. 

Zool. :  Solaster  papposa,  a  star-fish  inhabit- 
ing the  British  seas. 

•sun-Stricken,  a.  Stricken  by  the  sun  ; 
affected  with  sun-stroke. 

sun-temple,  s.  A  temple  dedicated  to 
the  sun  or  the  sun-god  (q.v.). 

"  The  tun-temple  [among  the  Natchez]  waa  a  circular 
hut,  some  thirty  feet  across  and  il.,we.roofed  ;  here  in 
the  midst  was  kept  the  everlasting  fire,  her*  prayer 
was  offered  thrice  daily,  and  heue  were  kept  linages 
and  fetishes  and  the  bones  of  dead  chiefs.  —  Tatar: 
Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1878),  IL  288. 

sun-worship,  s. 

Compar.  Jtelig. :  A  form  of  Nature-worship, 


widely,  though  by  no  means  universally,  dift 
fused  at  the  present  day  among  races  of  low 
culture.  The  sun  would  natnnilly  be.  chosen 
as  a  god  by  agricultural  and  pastoral  peoples, 
wliilst  to  races  living  by  the  chase  the  summer 
heat  would  not  be  so  advantageous.  D'Orbigny 
(L'llomme  Americain,  i.  2-li)  suggests  that  the 
sun  has  been  worshipped  only  by  races  living 
in  temperate  climates,  where  its  heat  is  cheer- 
ing and  vivifying,  and  that  this  cultiis  i* 
practically  unknown  within  tin1  tropics,  where 
the  solar  heat  is  oppressive.  If  not  entirely 
true,  this  theory  contains  considerable  truth. 
Herodotus  (i.  216,  iv.  2S4),  describes  the 
Atlantes,  who  dwelt  in  the  interior  of  Africa, 
as  cursing  the  sun  for  afflicting  them  with  liis 
burning  heat,  and  Sir  Samuel  Baker  (Albert 
Nyinza,  i.  144)  says  that  in  Central  Afric» 
"the  sun  is  regarded  as  the  common  enemy." 
Traces  of  sun-worship  appear  in  the  earliest 
records  of  the  human  race.  They  are  present 
in  the  old  theology  of  Egypt :  "  Ra,  who  tra- 
verses the  upper  and  lower  regions  of  the  uni- 
verse in  his  bo.it,  is  the  Sun  himself  in  plain 
cosmic  personality."  (Tylor.)  Putting  aside 
the  later  sun-gods  of  Greece  and  Rome,  horses 
were  sacrificed  on  Mount  Taygetus  to  that 
Helios  to  whom  Socrates  did  not  think  it 
wrong  to  pray  (Plat.,  Sympas.  xxxvl.) ;  and 
Cicero  (de  Nat.  Dear.,  iii.  21)  exclaims  at  the 
number  of  Suns  set  forth  by  Roman  theo- 
logians. The  worship  of  Mithra  spread  from 
the  East  into  the  Roman  Empire,  and  that 
Vedio  divinity  was  at  last  identified  with  the 
Sun.  In  the  Old  Testament  there  are  solemn 
denunciations  of  sun-worship  (Deut.  iv.  19, 
xvii.  3 ;  Jer.  xliii.  13  ;  Ezek.  viii.  16-18) ;  for 
the  Israelites  were  surrounded  by  sun-wor- 
shippers, and  it  is  clear  from  2  Kings  xxiii. 
5,  19,  that  the  rulers  of  Judah  had  adopted 
the  cult.  Modern  Hinduism  is  full  of  sun- 
worship,  and  it  exists  as  a  distinct  cultus 
among  the  Kol  tribes,  the  Khonds,  and  the 
Tatars.  It  is  still  widely  spread  among  the 
native  races  of  Central  America,  and  probably 
found  its  highest  form  of  development  in 
Peru,  where  the  Sun  was  held  to  be  at  once 
the  ancestor  and  founder  of  the  dynasty  of 
Incas,  who  reigned  as  his  representative,  and 
made  sun-worship  the  great  state-religion. 

sun-worshipper,  s.  One  who  worships 
the  sun  or  the  sun-god  (q.v.). 

"  In  and  near  Armenia  a  sect  of  lun-teorthtpperi  have 
lasted  on  into  modern  times  under  the  profession  of 
Jacobite  Christiana."—  Tyler:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1878), 
IL  29*. 

sun-worshipping,  a.  Adoring  the  sun 
or  the  sun-god  (q.v.). 

"The  feeling!  with  which  the  tun^worAlpplnp, 
Masaagetw  of  Tartary  must  have  sacrificed  their 
horse*  to  the  deity  who  freed  them  from  the  mist-rie* 
of  winter."— Tylor :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  il  286. 

sun-year,  s.    A  solar  year, 
sun  (2),  s.    [SUNN.] 

sun-plant,  a.    [SUNN.] 

sun  "atmne,  v.t.    (SUN  (1),  s.]    To  expose  to 
the  rays  of  the  gun  ;  to  warm  or  dry  in  the 
sun  ;  to  insolate.    (Generally  reflective.) 
"  What  aim'st  thon  at  T  delicious  fare  ; 
And  then  to  tun  thyself  in  open  air." 

Dryden:  /V'-liiu. 

Sun  -beam,  s.     [A.S.  lunnebedm.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  ray  of  the  sun. 

"The  Roman  eagle,  wing'd 
From  the  spungy  south  to  thia  part  of  the  west. 
Vauiah'd  In  the  tunbeamt." 

Sft<i*«tp. .'  Cymbeline,  iv  i. 

2.  Ornith. :    Any  individual  of  the  Hum- 
ming-bird genus  Aglamctis,  with  four  spocies 
from  Peru  and  Bolivia,  extending  from  Ecua- 
dor into  Colombia. 

sun'  burnt,   sun-burned,  a.     [Eng.  sun 
(1),  s.,  and  burnt.] 

1.  Discoloured  by  the   rays  of  the  sun  ; 
tanned,  freckled,  swartliy. 

"  He  was  a  man  as  dusky  as  a  Spaniard 
Sunburnt  with  travel*         Byron  ;  Hippo,  xxrt        1 

2.  Scorched  by  the  sun  :  as,  a  sunburnt  soil   > 

*  sun'-bnrst,  s.    [Eng.  sun  (1),  and  burst,  s.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  sudden  flash  of  sunlight. 

2.  Her,  tt  Hist. :  A  flag,  having  a  sun  in 
splendour  on  a  green  field.    Said  to  have  bren 
the  flag  of  the  pagan  Irish.    Allusions  to  it 
are  common  in  Irish  national  poetry. 

"  On  the  front  ranks  before, 
Dathi  the  sunburn  bore." 

Thomai  DavU:  fate  of  Kiny  Dvt&l 

*  sun-dart,  s.    [Eng.  sun  (1),  s.,  and  dart,  «.) 
A  ray  of  the  sun.    (Mrs.  Hfmans.) 


b6y;  piut,  J6%1;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  join,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
•olan.  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,    tioua,  -sious  =  shus.   -Die,  -die,  &c.  =  Del.  del. 


IS 


4542 


sundawn— sanna 


•triin'-dawn,  s.    [Eng.  sun  (1),  s,,  and  dawn.] 

Tlic?  H^ht  of  the  rising  sun. 

"  Under  yon  brake  where  tttn^tan  feeds  the  stalk* 
Of  witbereU  ferui  with  gold." 

Bruttning:  Sordello,  bk.  11. 

Sun'  -  day,  *  Son  -  day,  *  Sone  -  day, 
*  Son-en-day,  s.  &  a.  [A.S.  sunnan  titeg 
—  day  of  the  sun ;  Dut.  amdag;  Dan.  sondag; 
Ger.  sonntag.] 

A.  As  yitbst. :  The  first  day  of  the  week; 
the  Christian  Sabbath.     [SABBATH.] 

"  He  goes  on  Sunday  to  the  church. 
And  •iu»int>ii<  hit  boys." 

LaHfftBMH   I'itlitge  BlacJttmtfK. 

B.  As  adj. :   Pertaining,  belonging,  or  re- 
lating to  the  Lord's-day  or  Christian  Sabbath. 

H  Month  ^4  Sundays :  A  long  and  indefinite 
period. 

"  I  haven't  heard  more  fluent  or  passionate  English 
this  month  of  Sundayt.~—C.  Ktngslty :  Alton  Locke, 
eh.  xxril. 

Sunday -closing,  s.  The  principle  or 
practice  of  prohibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors  on  Suudays,  or  of  allowing  it  only 
during  certain  hours.  The  laws  on  this  subject 
differ  in  the  different  states,  Sunday  closing 
being  required  in  certain  states,  but  nut  in 
others.  The  strictness  of  its  enforcement 
greatly  varies.  Sunday  closing  is  required  in 
Wales,  and  to  some  extent  in  Ireland.  Partial 
closing  is  enforced  in  England  and  Scotland. 

Sunday-letter,  s.  The  same  AS  DOMIN- 
ICAL-LETTER (q.V.X 

Sunday-saint,  *.  One  whose  conduct 
during  the  week  does  not  correspond  with  his 
professions  on  Sunday. 

Sunday-school,  *. 

Church  Hist. :  A  Sunday-school  is  defined 
by  Schaff  (Cyclop.  Rel.  Knowl.,  iii.  2/261)  as 
41  an  assembly  of  persons  on  the  Lord's  Day 
tor  the  study  of  the  Bible,  moral  and  religious 
Instruction,  and  the  worship  of  the  true  GodL 
It  is  a  method  of  training  the  young  and 
ignorant  in  the  duties  we  owe  to  God  and  to 
our  neighbour."  Sunday-schools  may  be  said 
to  have  passed  through  three  distinct  phases : 

1.  Early  Christian  Catechetical  Schools,  for 
the  preparation  of  converts  for  church-mem- 
bership, and  the  instruction  of  the  young 
and  ignorant  in  the  knowledge  of  God  and  of 
Salvation.    The  scholars  committed  passages 
of  Scripture  to  memory,  and  their  books  com- 
prised parts  of  the  Bible  in  verse,  Jewish  an- 
tiquities, sacred  poems,  and  dialogues.  Schaff 
remarks  that  "ft  might   be  an   interesting 
problem  for  a  modern  scholar  to  define  impor- 
tant features  of  the  present  system  not  to  be 
found  in  the  early  Bible  Schools." 

2.  Schools  of  the  Reformation  Period:  Luther 
founded  schools  for  catechetical  instruction 
in  L529,  and  this  custom  spread  wherever  the 
Reformation  gained  a  foothold.  In  the  Roman 
Church  St.  Charles  Borromeo,  Archbishop  of 
Milan,  about  1560,  introduced  into  his  diocese 
a  system  of  schools,  which  continues  to  the 
present  day ;  mid  in  1699  the  Venerable  de 
la  Salle  opened  a  Sunday-school  (ecole  domi- 
nicale)  at  St.  Sulpice.     Sunday-schools  were 
opened  in  Scotland  about  J560  by  Knox ;  at 
Bath,  in  1650,  by  Joseph  Alleine ;  in  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  in  1674,  and  at  many  other  places 
in  Great  Britain  and  America  between  that 
date  and  1778. 

3.  Modern  Sunday  Schools :  These  date  from 
1780  or  1781,  when  Robert  Raikes,  a  printer 
of  Gloucester,  began  to  collect  a  few  children 
from  the  streets  of  that  city  on  Sundays,  and 
paid  teachers  to  instruct  them  in  religious 
knowledge.    The  improvement  in  the  conduct 
and  morals  of  the  children  was  so  marked 
that,  when  Raikes  published  an  account  of 
his  success,  his   example  was   followed    In 
several  other  places,  and  in  1785  a  society 
was  formed  for  the  establishment  and  main- 
tenance of  Sunday-schools  in  all  part*  of  the 
kingdom,  a  large  sum  being  expended  in  the 
payment  of  teachers.    In  1803  the  Sunday 
School  Union   was  formed,  to   secure   con- 
tinuous Instruction  by  unpaid  teachers,  and 
to  publish  books  and  tracts  for  the  benefit  of 
the  cause.     The  first  Sunday-schools  united 
aecular  with  religious  induction,  as  did  those 
of  Borromeo  and  La  Salle ;  but  the  spread  of 
elementary  education  has  to  a  large  extent 
removed  the  necessity  of  teaching  reading  and 
writing  on  Sundays.    The  Society  of  Friends 
have,  however,  retained  the  practice  in  their 
large  Sunday -morning  schools,   with    great 
benefit  as  regards  influence  over  the  working 


classes  above  the  age  of  childhood,  and  in 
some  of  the  Wesleyan  Sunday-schools,  classes 
for  elementary  instruction  are  held.  In  the 
United  States  efforts  at  Sunday  -school  in- 
struction were  made  before  the  systematic 
action  of  Raikes.  The  example  of  Baikt>s 
was  soou  followed.  Bishop  Asbury,  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  (.'bur  h.  is  said  to  have 
established  a  Sunday-school  in  Hanover  County, 
Virginia,  in  1786,  and  in  1790  the  Methodist 
Conference  resolved  to  establish  Sunday-schools 
for  both  white  and  black  children.  A  Sunday- 
school  Uuion  was  formed  in  Philadelphia  in 
1791;  one  in  New  York  in  1816;  and  the 
American  Sunday-school  Union  was  founded 
in  1824.  Within  sixty  years  it  organized  more 
than  74,000  schools,  with  4U6.000  teachers  and 
over  3,000,000  scholars.  There  are  also  separate 
church  organizations,  and  the  United  States 
standd  first  in  regard  to  the  excellence  of 
buildings  for  Sunday-school  purposes,  and  the 
earnestness  and  vigor  with  which  the  work 
is  pushed.  The  Chantauqtia  Summer  School 
sprang  from  a  Sunday-school  convention.  In 
1890  the  Snnday-schools  of  the  United  States 
had  8,649,131  scholars;  those  of  the  remainder 
of  the  world  about  9,400,000  scholars. 

siin-der  (1),  *  son-dre,  *  snn-dren,  v.t. 
<t  i.  [A.S.  sundrian,  gesundrian,  syndrian 
(in  comp.),  lit.  =  to  put  asunder,  from  sundor 
=  asunder  ;  cngn.  with  I  eel.  sundra  =  to  sun- 
der, from  mndr  =  asunder  ;  Dan.  sondre,  from 
soiider;  Sw.  stindra,  from  sondtr;  Ger.  sondern, 
from  *ond«r=  sei»arate;  Goth,  sundro  =  separ- 
ately ;  Dut  zonder  =  but] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  part,  to  separate  ;  to  set  or 
keep  apart;  to  divide,  to  disunite,  to  put 
apart 

"  Ab,  ye  pretty  pair 
Twcre  sin  to  ttitxier  ML 

/fed  it  in.  *  Met.  ;  Lovet  Curt,  Iii.  2. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  part,  to  separate,  to  be 
separated. 

"8trau$er»  &nd  foes  to  Hinder  and  not  kiu." 

J.  .•  AlTt  Well  that  £nd»  Well,  it.  &. 


sun'-der  (2),  v.t.  [SuN  (1),  *.,  and  Eng.  dry, 
v.J  To  expose  to  or  dry  in  the  sun.  (Prou.) 

sun'-der,  t.  [SUNDER,  r.]  A  separation  or 
division  into  parts.  Used  only  in  theadverbial 
phrase  in  sunder  =  in  two. 

"  Ut  breaketh  the  bow,  and  cutteth  the  ipear  in 
tuiiiitr.'—t'Kilni  xlvi.  9. 

*  sun'-der-ment,  5.     [Eng.  sunder;  -ment.] 
Separation. 

"Th«  survivor  In  case  of  ttinderment."—  Madame 
D'Arblay.-  Diary,  Til.  318. 

8un'-d6*ifcm,  g.  [Eng.  sun  (1),  s.,  and  down.] 
The  setting  of  the  sun  ;  sunset 

sun'-dri,  *.    [SOONDREE.] 

sun  -dries,  s.  pi.  [SUNDRY.]  Various  small 
articles  or  miscellaneous  matters,  too  minute, 
trifling,  or  numerous  to  be  individually  speci- 
fied. 

*  sun-drl-ly\  *  sun-dre-ly,  *  sun-der 
lye,  adv.    [Eng.  sundry  ;  -ly.} 

1.  In  sundry  ways  ;  variously. 

"Dyiier§aucUm™.  .  .  dytierfllyaudfurtdretyreporte 
and  vti-yte."—Fabyan:  Chronicle,  eh.  cxlvL 

2.  Separately  ;  not  together. 

"I'll  haua  aim  dyuere  and  rnnnye  tymes  tunderli/« 
talked  with  almost  all  such.'1—  .sir  T.  More:  H'onU-.t, 
p.  ML 

sun'-dry,  *  son-drie,  *  son-dry,  a.  &  adv. 
[A.S.  syndrlg,  from  sundor  =  asunder,,  apart] 
A.  As  adj.  :  Several,  divers  ;  more  than  one 
or  two  ;  various. 

"  Hera  I  bad  ended  ;  but  experience  finds 
Tha,t  tundry  women  are  of  tutidry  minds." 

Rrydfn  :  Oeid  ;  Art  of  Love. 

*  B.  As  adv.  :  Apart,  separately. 

"Those  three  in  tbese  three  rowmes  did  tondry  dwell." 
apmter:  f.  Q.,  II.  lx.  48. 

IT  All  and  sundry:  All,  collectively  and  in- 
dividually. 

sundry-man,  s.  A  dealer  in  sundries  or 
in  a  variety  of  different  articles. 

sund'-vik  ite,  s.  [After  Snndvik,  Finland, 
where  found  ;  sutf.  -tie  (.U<  /i,).] 

Min.  ;  An  altered  anorthite  (q.v.X 
sune,  adv.    [SOON.]   (Scotch.) 

Slin'-flow-er,  s.  [Eng.  sun,  and  flower.  The 
name  is  ]*>pularly  accounted  for  by  the  asser- 
tion, which  has  no  foundation  in  fact,  that 
these  flowers  turn  so  as  to  follow  the  sun  !n  its 
course.  It  probably  has  reference  to  the  re- 


semblance of  the  flower  to  the  disk  of  the  sal 
surrounded  by  rays.] 
Botany: 

1.  Helianthus   annuus,  an    annual,    herba- 
ceous,  composite  plant,  six  to  twenty  feet 
high.    The  leaves,  which  are  rough,  are  sub- 
cordate,  creuulate,  or  deutate,  the  heads  of 
flowers  one  to  two  feet  in  diameter,  the  floreU 
yellow.    It  is  a  native  of  Mexico  and  Peru, 
but  is  common  in  the  United  States  and  Europe. 
It  flu\ven<  in  July  and  August,  but  is  of  lest 
height  and  has  smaller  flowers  than  in  iti 
native  country.    Its  seeds  yield  a  useful  oil, 
sometimes  used  for  the  table;  they  are  also 
eaten  with  avidity  by  cows,  horses,  and  poultry. 
The  liber  furnishes  a  good  fibre ;  the  pith  to 
used  in  Russia  for  moxa.      The  quantity  ol 
nitre  in  the  stalk  makes  it  good  fuel  when  dry. 
Since  the  (esthetic  movement,  which   hegaa 
about  1875,  the  sunflower  has  been  much  used 
it  decoration. 

2.  Helianthemum  vuJgare. 

"  Round   her   spread    board    tbe  golden  ntnjlowerl 
shine."  Z>.  O.  Kouetti :   Wine  of  Circt. 

IT  The  I.iltle  Sunflower:  Calendula  officinala. 
(Treas.  of  Hot.) 

sung,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    (S.ica.J 
sunk,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    [SINK,  v.] 
sunk  coak,  s. 

Carp.  :  A  mortise  or  recess  in  the  scarfed 
face  of  a  timber,  and  designed  to  receive  th« 
counterpart  coak  or  tenon  of  the  other  timber. 

Slink  fence,  s.  A  ditch  with  a  retaining- 
wall  on  one  side  ;  a  haha. 

sunk  motions,  s.  pi. 

Gearing:  The  driving-gear  of  a  rolling-mill, 
&c.,  which  is  below  the  level  of  the  floor. 

sunk  -en.  pa.  par.  or  a.  [SINK,  v.]  Lying  on 
the  bottom  of  the  sea  or  other  water ;  fallen 
or  pressed  down  low. 

sunken-battery,  *.  [BATTERY,  B.  IL 16.; 

suhk'-ets,  s.  pi.  [Etyra.  doubtful.)  Deli- 
cacies. (Scotc/t.) 

"  There's  thirty  hearts  there,  that  wud  hue  wanted 
bread  ere  yeh*d  wanted  tunkett.  and  spent  their  lifs 
blood  ere  ye  bad  scratched  your  finger."— Scott :  Out 
Jtannerinff,  cL.  viii. 

sunk'-Ie,  t    [SUNK.]    A  low  seat.    (Scotch.) 

"  Many  a  day  hae  I  wrought  my  sticking,  and  »t  ot 
my  tttHkie  under  tbataaugh."— Scott.-  Guy Mannering, 

Sim-less,  a.    [Eng.  sun  (1),  s.  ;  -less.]    Desti- 
tute or  deprived  of  the  sun  or  its  rays ;  not 
warmed  or  lighted  by  the  sun ;  shaded,  covered. 
"The  nigged  miners  poured  to  war  from  Meudtp't 
tunlta  carea."  JJacaulay;  The  Armada. 

sun'-light  (gh  silent),  s.    [Eng.  sun  (1),  s.,and 

tight.]    The  light  of  the  sun. 

"  Highest  woods  impenetrable 
To  «tar  or  lunliyht  spread  their  among*  broad." 
Milton  :  P.  L.,  ix.  1.0*7. 

sun  lit,".  [Eng.«m(lXB.,andJrt.]  Lighted 
or  lit  by  the  sun. 

sunn,  sun  (2),  *    [Beng.  &  Hind,  san.] 

Botany : 

L  [SUNN-HEHP]. 

2.  Hibiscus  canndbinits,  a  jilant  six  to  eight 
feet  high,  with  a  prickly  stem  and  yellow 
flowers  with  a 
purple  blotch.  A 
native  of  India, 
and  cultivated 
there  as  a  substi- 
tute for  hemp. 

sunn-hemp, 


Bot.  :  Crototar 
ria  juncea,  an  an- 
nual, erect,  papi- 
lionaceous plant, 
eight  to  twelve 
feet  high ;  silvery 
leaves  and  yellow 
flowers.  0  u  1 1  i-  BUKK-HEUP. 

vated    all     over 

India  for  its  Hbres,  which  are  made  Into  bag* 
*nd  low-priced  canvas.    [HEMP,  If.] 

sun  -na,   son  no,   soon  nut,  s.     [Arab 

=  traditionary  law.] 

Muhammadanism :  The  oral  precepts  o* 
Muhammad,  not  contained  in  the  law,  bifc 
now  collected  into  a  volume.  It  occupies  tb> 
same  place  in  Muhammadan,  that  the  Mishn* 
does  in  Jewish  theology. 


Ate,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rile,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    ».  OB  -  e ;  ey  -  a ;  an  =  kw. 


Sunniah— superacidulated 


4543 


Bun'-ni-ah,  s.    [SUNNA,]   Thescctof Suunites 

sun  -ni  ness,  «.    [Eng.   sunny;  -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sunny. 

*  sun  -nish,  *  son  -nish.  a.   [Eug.  sun  (l),  s. ; 
-U&.)    Sunny,  bright,  shining. 

*  Her  mtehtitt  tresa«a  of  her  sonnith  heres 
UiibruiuVii,  han^eii  till  a.b-mt  her  wwes." 

Chaucer:  Troilut  *  Cratida,  I*. 

Sun'-nite,  Sdn'-nite,  5.     [Arab.  «*»n(o); 

Eng.  suit,  -ite.] 

Mutiammadanism  (PI.) :  One  of  the  two 
great  Muhanimadaii  parties  or  sects,  divided 
Into  four  minor  sects,  the  Hanefites,  the  Male- 
kites,  the  Shafites,  and  the  Hanbalites.  They 
consider  the  Suuna  (q.v.)  binding,  placing  it 
on  the  same  footing  as  to  authority  with  the 
Koran.  They  wear  white  turbans,  and  are 
deemed  orthodox.  They  regard  Abu  Bekr, 
Omar,  and  Osman  as  having  been  true  KaJiphs. 
The  Turks,  the  Arabs,  and  the  majority  of 
the  Indian  Muhaimnadans  are  Sunnites. 

rfun-nud,  5.   [Hind,  sunnad.]  A  patent,  char- 
ter, or  written  authority.    (East  Indies.) 

•un'-ny,  a.    [Eng.  sun  (1),  s. ;  -$.] 

1.  Resembling   the    sun;    bright;   shining 
With  light,  lustre,  or  splendour ;  radiant. 

"  Her  tunny  locks 
Hang  on  her  temple*  like  a  golden  fleece." 

Shatetp.  :  Merchant  of  Venioe,  L  L 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  sun. 

"  There  he  him  found  all  carelessly  displatd. 
In  secrete  shadow  frois  the  tunny  ray." 

Spenser;  F.  «.,  II.  T.  81 

S.  Exposed  to  the  rays  of  the  sun ;  warmed, 
brightened,  or  lighted  by  the  sunlight ;  bright. 
Cheerful,  warm.  "'*  "-x 


"The  tunny  billi  from  far  were  seen  to  glow" 

Dryden  :  hind  A  Panther,  111.  666. 

*  sonny-sweet,  a.     Rendered  sweet  or 
pleasantly  bright  by  the  sun. 

*  sunny-warm,  a.    Warmed  or  cheered 
by  the  sun ;  sunny. 

'  sun'-prodf,  a.    [_En%.  sun  (1),  s.,  and  proof, 
*•  (q-v-)- )    Impervious  to  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

"  Thick  arms  of  darksome  yew,  ntnproqf." 

J/artton. 

•tin'  rise,  *  sonne-ryse,  *.    [Eng.  sun  (i), 
s.,  and  rise,  s.] 

1.  The  rise  or  first  appearance  of  the  sun 
above  the  horizon  in  the  morning,   or   the 
atmospheric    phenomena   accompanying  the 
rising  of  the  sun  ;  the  time  of  the  rising  of 
the  sun. 

"  At  mnritf  she  escaped  their  Tan.' 

Macaulay :  The  Armada. 

2.  The  region,  place,  or  quarter  where  the 
ran  rises ;  the  east. 

sunrise-glow,  s. 

Physics :  A  glow  sometimes  seen  at  or  about 
sunrise,  resembling  a  sunset-glow  (q.v.),  but 
reflected  downward  instead  of  upward. 

"  Oil  the  morning  of  the  7th  inst.,  a  curious  form  of 
tunrite-glow  waa  observed  on  Ben  Neris. '  —  Natur»t 
JUrch  25,  1886.  p.  487. 

•un'-ns  irig,  s.    [Eng.  sun  (I),  s.,  and  rising.'] 

1.  The  rising  of  the  sun  above  the  horizon  ; 
tunrise. 

2.  The  quarter  where  the  sun  rises ;  the  east. 


"In  those  days  the  giants  of  Libanns  mastered  all 
nations,  from  the 
Bbt.  World. 


t  tunriting  to  the  Bucaet"— Raktigh : 


•un'-sei,  sun'  set  ting,  sonnc  settc,  s. 

(Eng.  sun  (1),  s.(  and  set,  s.] 

L  Literally: 

L  The  setting  of  the  sun ;  the  descent  of 
the  suu  below  the  horizon  ;  the  atmospheric 
phenomena  accompanying  the  setting  of  the 
aan  ;  the  time  when  the  sun  sets ;  evening. 

"Thus  did  Evangeliuewait  .  .  .  asthetutuet 
Threw  the  long  shadows  of  trees  o'er  the  broad 
ambrosial  meadows. " 

LongfeUota :  Evangeline,  i.  4. 

*2.  The  region  or  quarter  where  the  sun 
sets ;  the  west 
*  II.  Fig. :  The  close  or  decline. 

"  Tia  the  tuntet  of  life  gir»  me  mystical  lore." 

Campbell :  Lochiel't  Warning. 

sunset-glow,  s. 

Phyncs:  An  abnormally  brilliant  colouring 
of  the  sky  st  sunset,  followed  by  an  after- 
glow -ir  re-illumination,  observed  at  many 
places  about  and  after  the  period  of  the 
Kratakoa  eruption  (Aug.  26, 1883).  The  hy- 
pothesis that  the  sunset-glows  were  caused  ty 
the  eruption  was  long  a  matter  of  controversy, 


but  Is  now  generally  accepted  by  scientists  as 
the  only  satisfactory  explfumtion  of  (lit1  jihe- 
nomenon,  and  as  sustai  ned  by  numerous 
supporting  facts,  among  them  the  fact  that 
Khuilur  appearances  had  preuoudy  followed 
similar  volcanic  outbicakH.  This  remarkable 
glow  was  visible  at  intervals  for  six  or  eight 
years  after  the  eruption,  with  gradually  de- 
creasing brilliancy,  and  finally  disappeared. 

sunset-shell,  *.    [FSAUHOBIA.} 
sun  -shine,  s.  A  a.    [Eng.  sun  (1),  a.,  and 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Lit. :  The  light  of  the  sun  or  the  space 
where  it  shines  ;  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  or 
the  place  where  they  fall. 

'<B»»kiur  in  the  tunihine."— Darwin:  Descent  of 

2.  Fig. :  The  state  of  being  cheered  by  an 
influence  acting  like  the  rays  of  the  sun; 
warmth,  illumination,  pleasantness  ;  anything 
having  a  genial  or  beneficial  influence ;  bright- 
ness. 

"  Cau  these  delights,  that  wait  her  DOW, 
Call  up  no  tumhine  on  h*r  brow  T  " 

Moore;  fire-tTonhtppen. 

B.  As  adj. :  Sunshiny. 

"  God  save  King  Henry,  unking'd  Richard  sayi, 
And  send  him  utauy  years  cf  tunshine  days." 

Shaketp.  :  Richard  //.,  if.  1. 

T  To  be  in  the  sunshine :  To  drink  to  excess. 
(Generally  employed  in  the  past  tenses,  with 
the  sense,  to  be  intoxicated.) 

"  He  was  ID  that  condition  which  his  groom  hull. 
cated  with  poetic  ambiguity  by  saying-  that  'master 
h,id  been  in  the tunthine.  "~Q.  Jittot :  Janet*  Repent- 
ance, ch.  L 

Sun -Shin  y,  a.     [Eug.  sunshine);  -y.] 

1.  Bright  with  the  rays  of  the  sun  ;  sunny, 
unclouded. 

"  Its  sometimes.  In  ntnthiny  weather,  fell  into  fits." 
— Banyan  :  Pilgrrim't  Progrett,  pt.  t 

2.  Bright  like  the  sun  ;  resplendent. 

"  The  glorious  light  of  her  tuHthiny  face." 

Spenter:  F.  Q.,  1.  ril.  St. 

*  sun  -stead,  *  sunne  stead,  s.   [Eng.  sun 
(1),  s.,  and  stead.     It  is  a  literal  translation  of 
the  Latin  solstitium.]    A  solstice  (q.v.). 

"The  suiuuifr-tunnetttad.  falleth  out  alwales  [hi 
Italic!  to  be  just  U[>on  the  foure  aud  twentie  day  of 
Jfuue.  — P.  Holland :  Plinie,  bk.  zviiL.  oh.  xxviii. 

sun  atone,  s.    [Eng.  sun  (l),  s.,  aud  stone.] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  variety  of  Ollgoclase  (q.v.)  occurring 
at  Tvedestrand,  Norway,  having  a  reddish  or 
yellowish    reflection    when    seen    ia   certain 
directions,  caused  by  inclusion  of  small  and 
excessively  thin  crystal-lam inse  of  a  mineral 
which,  from  its  physical  properties,  is  sup- 
posed to  be  either  hsematite  or  gothite  (q.v.). 

2.  A  variety  of  orthoclase,  similar  to  the 
above. 

sun  stroke,  «.  [Eng.  sun  (1),  s.,  and  stroke.] 
L  PatkoL  :  A  disease  produced  by  exposure 
to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  in  the  tropics  or 
elsewhere  at  the  hottest  part  of  the  year.  It 
often  seizes  soldiers  when  overworked  and 
badly  fed.  It  is  akin  to  simple  apoplexy,  and 
commences  with  faintness,  thirst,  great  heat, 
and  dryness  of  the  skin,  with  prostration ; 
then  the  action  of  the  heart  becomes  violent, 
vomiting  may  follow,  and  next  coma.  Forty 
or  fifty  per  cent,  of  those  attacked  die.  Called 
also  Heat  Apoplexy,  Heat-stroke,  Insolation, 
and  Coup  de  Soleil. 
2.  Veg.  Pathol. :  (HELIOSIS]. 

t  sun-Struck,  a.  [Eng.  sun(l\  s.,  and  struck.} 
Ailected  with  sunstroke  (q.v.). 

"  The  children  of  the  tunttruck  are  not  specially  In 
danger  of  being  moonstruck."  —  Athenvum,  Jan.  9, 
1S86.  p.  63. 

siin'-up,  s.  [Eng.  sun  (1),  s.,  and  up  (q.v.). 
Formed  on  the  model  of  sundown  (q.v.).] 
Sunrise.  (Amer.) 

*  sun'-ward,  a.  or  adv.    [Eng.  sun  (1),  s. ; 
•ward.]   "Toward  the  sun  ;  eastward. 

"  Flyinff  tunward  oversea  to  bear 
Green  summer  with  it  through  the  singing  air." 

A.  C.  Swinburne:  Trittramo/  Lyoneue,  L 

*sun'-wise,  adv.  [Eng.  sun  (1),  s, ;  -wise.] 
In  the  direction  of  the  sun's  course ;  in  the 
direction  of  the  hands  of  a  watch  lying  with 
its  face  up. 

Sup,  *  SOUpe,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  supan  (pa.  t. 
sedp,  pL  stipon,  pa.  par.  soperi) ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  rtiipen ;  Low  Ger.  supen ;  Icel.  siipa 
(pa.  t  saup,  pa.  par.  sopinn);  Sw.  supa; 
O.  H.  Ger.  sufan;  Ger.  saufen.  From  the 
same  root  come  sip,  sob,  sop,  aoup.] 


A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  take  into  the  mouth  with  the  lipa ;  to 
drink  by  a  little  at  a  time  ;  to  sip. 

"  He  call'd  for  drink  ;  you  saw  him  tup 
Potable  gold  in  golden  cup."  Swift.    ( Todd.) 

*  2.  To  treat  with  supper  ;  to  supply  supper 
to. 

"Sup  them  well,  and  look  unto  them  all." 

Ma*Mp.  :  Taminy  of  thr  Shrew,  L     (I nil.) 

3.  To  eat  with  a  spoon.    (Scotch.) 

4.  To  have  or  experience  as  one's  lot;  to 
meet  with. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  take  in  liquids  with  the  mouth  ;  to  sip. 
"Nor  could  we  ntpp  or  swallow  without  it  [the 

tongue J."— ffrew.-  Cotmo.  Sacra,  bit.  i.,  ch.  v. 

2.  To  take  the  evening  meal  or  supper. 

"  Will  yf,u  flip  with  me  tonight,  Casca  V "— SAoteip.  .- 
Juliut  Caesar,  i.  a. 

Sup,  s.  [Sop,  v,]  A  small  mouthful,  as  of  a 
liquor,  broth,  or  the  like ;  a  sip. 

"  Tom  Thumb  bad  got  a  little  tup, 

And  Tomalin  scarce  kist  the  cup." 
,  DrafUm.'  A'ymphidia, 

su-pawn',  s.    [SEP AWN.] 

*  SU-pei-leo'-tile,  a.      [Lat  *  supellectilis  = 
supellex—  household  furniture. .  .  ornaments.) 
Ornamental 

*'  Supellectile  oomplemeuts,  instead  of  substantial 
graces."— Attaint:  Work*,  H.  87. 

»U-per-(  Prtf.  [Lat.,  cogu.  with  Gr.  v-irtp 
(kuper)  =  above ;  Sansc.  upari;  Ger.  iiber.} 
A  Latin  preposition  meaning  over,  above " 
much  used  in  composition  as  a  prefix,  with 

1.  A  prepositional  force  —  over  or  above  IB 
place  or  position  :  as,  a  superstructure. 

2.  An  adverbial  meaning  =  over,  above,  or 
beyond  in  manner,  decree,  measure,  quality, 
or  the  like  :  as,  si/jjerexcellence. 

1[  In  chemistry  super-  is  used  synonym- 
ously with  per-.  [PER,  A.  2.] 

*  super -fidel.  a.     Too  ready  of  belief; 
credulous,  superstitious.    (Southey :  The  Do* 
tor,  ch.  xv.) 

SU  -per,  s.  [See  def]  A  contraction  of  several 
words  of  which  it  forms  the  first  element,  as 

(1)  A  supernumerary  on  the  stage. 

"  Managed  the  huge  army  of  tupert  with  wontkrfml 
raccess."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  14, 1885. 

(2)  A  snperhive  (q.v.). 
super-master,  «. 

Theat,  :  A  person  who  engages  supernumer- 
aries and  prepares  them  for  their  duties  on 
the  stage. 

"  I  gets  ray  Instructions  and  my  bit  o*  pewter  from 
the  tuper -matter,  and  what  he  uutkee  out  of  it  ain't 
my  business."— .St.  Jamet't  dtuettf,  Oct.  16.  l«8«. 

*  su   per  a-ble,  a.     [I^at.  superabilis,  from 
supero  =  tb  overcome,  to  surpass.]    Capable 
of  being  overcome  or  conquered. 

"  Difficulties  that  I  doubt  are  scarcely,  if  at  all. 
tuperable."—  Boyle:  Workt,  vL  689. 

"  su'-per-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  superdbte; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  super- 
able. 

*  SU'-per-a-bl&  adv.     [Eng.  superabtfe) ;  -ly."\ 
So  as  to  admit  of  being  overcome  or  conquered. 

su-per-a -bound',  v.i.  [Fr.  superabonder, 
from  Lat.  sttperabundo  :  super  =  above,  beyond, 
and  abundo  =  to  abound  (q.v.).]  To  abound 
in  excess  or  beyond  measure ;  to  be  super- 
abundant ;  to  be  more  than  enough. 

"You  sur-trubound  with  fancy."—  Botoett:  Letter* 
hk.  iv.,  let.  39. 

sn-per-a-bun'-dan^e,  ».  [Fr.  superabon- 
dance,  from  Lat.  superabundantia.  ]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  superabundant;  ex- 
cessive abundance  or  exuberance;  more  than 
enough. 

"  The  superfluities  of  life  .  .  .  must  be  supplied  out 
of  the  •ttMra&u wbtttn of  art  aud  industry." — Cowtey  ' 
Bttayt;  Of  Agriculture, 

su-per-a-bun'-dant,  a.  [Lat.  superabun- 
dans,  pr.  par.  ot guperabundo  =  to  superabound 
(q.v.).]  Abounding  beyond  measure ;  abun- 
dant to  excess  ;  being  more  than  is  enough. 

"After  all  this  superabundant  eagerness."—  Water- 
land  :  H'orkt,  ir.  13. 

su  per-a-biin'  dant-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  super- 
abundant; -ly.}  In  a  superabundant  man- 
ner or  degree ;  to  excess;  more  than  enough. 

"  Nothing  lint  the  uncreated  Infinite  can  adequately 
fill  and  tuperabundantly  satisfy  the  desire."— Cheyne. 

su-per-a-$id'-u-lat-ed,  a.     [Pref.  super-, 


^ ;  poiit,  J6%1 ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a? ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-dan.  -tian  =  shan.    -Uon,  -sion  =  shun ;    tion,  -sion  =  ahua.    -cions,  -tious,  -  sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  b^l,  del. 


4544 


Buperadd— supererogant 


and  Eiig.  acidulated  (q.v.).]       Acidulated  to 
excess. 

SU-per-add',  v.  t.  [Lat.  superaddo  :  super  = 
above,  beyond,  and  addo  =  to  add  (q.v.).] 
To  add  over  and  above  ;  to  add  in  addition. 

"  To  the  rain   wa»  tuperadded  a  gale  of  wind,"— 
rttld,  April  t  l»i. 

SU  per-ad  dJ  -tlon,  *.  [Pref.  ruper-,  and 
Eug.  addition  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  superadding,  or  adding  some- 
thing over  and  above. 

'•  God  adorned  it  in  tbe  creation  and  mj^radditton 
Of  ic*cm.'—{Sft.  Taylor  :  btrmvnt,  T<  1.  L,  ter.  20. 

2.  That  which  is  superadded. 

'•  T»  which  the  e«rera»ui*ll  law  was  bat  a  «up*rod- 
tition."—  Scott:  Chrutian  Lift,  ft.  ii.,  eh.  Tiii. 

*Bu-per-ad-ve'-nI-ent,  a.  [Lat.  super  = 
above,  beyond,  and  adveniens,  pr.  par.  of  ad- 
venio  —  to  come  to,  to  arrive.] 

1.  Coming  upon  ;  coining  to  the  increase  or 

assistance  of  anything. 

"Obliterated    by    *up#rorfp#nf*nf    impressions."  — 
More-  Antidote  off  ainst  Atheitm,  cb.  lx. 

2.  Coining  unexpectedly. 

•n-per-al-tar,  «.     [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
altar  (q.v.).] 
Ecclesiology  : 

1.  A  portable  altar-stone,  blessed,  and  let 
Into  a  wooden  altar-frame.      This  was   the 
general  form  of  altar  in  use  in  England  iu  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries. 

2.  A  shelf  or  ledge  behind  or  upon  an  altar, 
for  holding  candles  or  vasea.      More  properly 
called  a  ReUble. 

*sa-per-an-geT-ic,  a.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  angelic  (q.v.).]  More  than  angelic  ;naving 
a  nature,  being,  or  existence  superior  to  that 
of  the  angels  ;  relating  to  or  connected  with 
the  world  beyond  that  of  the  angels. 

*flU-per-an'-nate,  v.i.  [Lat.  superannatvt 
=  that  has  lived  beyond  ayear  :  super  =above, 
beyond,  and  annus  =a  year.]  To  live  beyond 
the  year.  (Used  of  annual  plants.) 


"  Note,  that  the  dying,  in  the  winter,  of  the  root*  of 
nual!,  Meiueth  to  be  partly  caused 
f  the  sap  into  stalk  aim  leaves 


, 

planta,  that  are  an 
by  th 


y  the  oYer-eipence  of  the  sap  into  stalk 
hich,  being  prevented,  they  will  tupe 
hey  stand  warm."—  Bacon  :  Hat.  Mitt.,  j  44 


they 


s  j 

rannat*,  it 
448. 

•ii-per-an'-nu-atett>.i.  &t.  [SUFERANNATE.J 

*  A,  Intransitive: 

1.  To  live  beyond  the  year;  to  superannate. 

2.  To  become  impaired,  weakened,   or  dis- 
abled by  length  of  years  ;  to  live  until  weak- 
ened, disabled,  or  useless. 

"This  goodly  ancient  city  metliinks  looks  like  a 
disconsolate  widow,  or  rather   some    tupcrannuated 
Tirgin  that  hath    lost   her  loTer."—  B  owell  :  Letter*  : 
bk.  i.,  let,  12. 
B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  impair,  disable,  or  disqualify  through 
length  of  years  and  infirmity. 

"  There  mijrht  be  about  a  thousand  fifty  yean  old, 
ami  consequently  tuperannuatcii."  —  Waterland: 
fforla,  x  1S3. 

2.  To  allow  to  retire  from  a  service  on  a 
pension,  on  account  of  old  age  or  infirmity. 

*  3.  To  abolish  or  do  away  with,  as  obsolete 
or  out  of  date. 

"  To  think  that  this  religion  can  be  erer  «upemnnu- 
ated."—J/ore  :  Def.  of  Moral  Cabbala,  ch.  lit 

6u  per-an-nu-a'-tion,  s.    [SUPERANNUATE.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  superannuated,  or  dis- 
abled, or  disqualified  for  office  or  business  by 
reason  of  old  age  or  infirmity  ;  senility,  de- 

crepitude. 

"  To  admire  them  merely  as  they  are  antique,  is  not 
the  spirit  of  ancient  learning,  but  the  mere  doting  of 
superannuation."  —  PowntM  :  On  Antiq..  p.  H. 

2.  The  state  of  being  superannuated  or  re- 
moved from  office  or  employment  with  a  pen- 
sion, on  account  of  old  age,  long  service,  or 
infirmity. 

3.  The  pension  or  annual  allowance  granted 
to  a  person  superannuated  on  account  of  old 
age  or  infirmity. 

SU-perb',  a.    [Fr.  superbe,  from  Lat.  superbus 
—  proud,  from  super  ==  above.] 

1.  Grand,   magnificent,   splendid,  superex- 

cellent.  stately. 

"  Where  pile*  mperb,  in  classic  elegance, 
Arise.  '  Smart  :  Th*  Hopgarden. 

2.  Rich,  elegant,  sumptuous,  showy. 

"  In  a  tuperb  and  feathered  hearse." 

Churchill  .    The  Oho*. 

3.  Very   fine,   first-rate,    excellent  :    as,    a 
tltperb  show. 


superb-lily,  *. 

Bot.   <t    Hort. :   Methonica   tuperba.      [M«- 

THONICA.] 

•  su  -  per*  -  bl  -  ons,   a.     [Lat  superbu*  = 
proud.]    Proud,  haughty. 

"  Superbiout  Briton,  thou  •halt  know  too  soon 
The  force  0f  Humber  and  his  Scythian*  " 

Lecriru,  U.  4. 

sn-per-bi-par'-ti-ent  (tl  as  shi),  s.    [Lat 

super  =  over,  above  ;  bis  =  twice,  and  par- 
tiens,  pr.  par.  of  partior  —  to  divide.]  A 
number  which  divides  another  number  nearly, 
but  not  exactly,  into  two  parts,  having  the 
one  part  somewhat  larger  than  the  other. 

sn-perb'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  superb ;  -ly.]  In  a 
superb  manner  or  degree ;  splendidly,  magni- 
ficently. 

"  In  painted  plumes  tuperbly  dressed." 

Cowper :  The  Parrot. 

au-perb'-ness,  *.  [Eng.  superb;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  superb ;  magnifi- 
cence. 

SU-per-bran'-chi-al,  a.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  branchial.]  Situated  above  the  gills. 
(Giintker:  Study  of  Fishes,  p.  514.) 

su-per-car'-go,  s.  [Partially  Latinised  from 
Sp.  sobreeargo,  from  sobre  (Lat.  super)  =  above, 
and  cargo.]  A  person  in  charge  of  the  cargo 
of  a  ship ;  an  official  in  a  merchant  ship, 
whose  business  is  to  superintend  all  the  com- 
mercial concerns  of  the  voyage. 

"  Thier M,  tupercaryact,  sharpers,  and  directors." 
Pope  :  Horace  ;  Sat  ire  t,  ii.  L 

•sa-per-cS-les'-tJ-al,  a.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  celestial  (q.v, ).] 

1.  More   than  celestial ;   having  a  nature 
higher  than  celestials ;  superangelic. 

"  What  tuptrcel'trial  beings  they  must  be."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Sept.  23,  188S. 

2.  Situated  or  being  above  the  firmament  or 
vault  of  tbe  heaven. 

"Many  were  for  fetching  down  I  know  not  what 
tupercfltttial  waters  for  the  purpose."—  Wvodvard: 
If  at.  But. 

•sa-per-cSr-S-mo'-ni-ous,  a.  [Pref. 
super-,  and  Eng.  ceremonious  (q.v.).]  Exces- 
sively ceremonious  ;  addicted  to  rites  and 
ceremonies. 

"They  were  tried  lor  superstitious  and  tupereere- 
monioui  prelates."— Gauden :  Teari  <tf  the  Church, 
p.  625. 

su'-per-9hargo,  v.t.    [Pref,  super-,  and  Eng. 
charge,  v.  (q.v.).J 
Her. :  To  place  one  charge  upon  another. 

SU'-per-charge,  s.     [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
charge,  s.  (q.v.).] 
Her. :  One  figure  borne  upon  another. 

*  STJ-perch'-er-y',  s.    [Fr.  supercherie.]    De- 
ceit, cheating,  fraud. 

"They  bring  nothing  to  the  nght  but  vertue  and 
courage,  without  any  craft,  tuperchery,  or  braving." — 
Time's  Storehouse,  p.  102. 

8U-per-9iT-I-a-ry\  a.  [Lat  supercilium  = 
the  eyebrow  :  super  •=  over,  above,  and  cilium 
=  an  eyelid.]  Pertaining  to  the  eyebrow; 
situated  or  being  above  the  eyelid. 

superciliary-arch,  s. 

Compar.  Anat. :  The  upper  bony  arch  of  the 
orbit 

superciliary-ridge,  s. 

Comp.  Anat.:  A  curved  elevation  of  varying 
prominence,  above  the  margin  of  the  orbit, 
and  below  the  frontal  eminence.  It  is  small 
in  women  and  absent  in  children;  extremely 
prominent  in  men  of  races  of  low  culture  and 
m  the  higher  anthropoid  apes.  Called  also 
Brow -ridge. 

"  In  so  trifling  a  character  as  the  ntpercfliary-ridge, 
the  males  of  certain  monkeys  differ  from  the  females, 
and  agre*  iu  this  respect  with  mankind."— Darwin  : 
Dftcent  of  Man  (ed.  2nd.},  p.  568. 

SU-per-cH-i-OUS,  a.  [From  the  fact  that 
a  person  expressing  contempt  for  another 
usually  raises  his  eyebrows.  ]  [SUPERCILIARY.  ] 

1.  Lofty  with  pride;  dictatorial,  overbear- 
ing, haughty,  arrogant,  disdainful. 

"To  aee  our  tupereiliout  wizards  frown*," 

Chapman:  Homer  ;  Concluding  Vertet, 

2.  Characterized  or  marked  by  haughtiness, 
arrogance,  or  disdain ;  arrogant 

"  With  a  harsh  Toice  and  supercilfrnu  brow." 

Dryden :  Pertita,  r.  184. 

8U-per-cH'-i-OUS-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  supercUi- 


ous;  -ly.]  In  a  supercilious  manner;  haughtily 
disdainfully, 

"  H«,  who  was  a  punctual  man  in  point  »f  honour, 
receded  thiaaddrest  tup+rciltoutly  es\eugh."— Ctar»n 
don. 

su-per-9il-i-ous-ne»s,  s.  [Eng.  super- 
cilious  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
supercilious ;  haughtiness,  arrogance. 

"  He  would  hare  lost  a  battle  in  order  to  break  dowz 
her  tup*rciliou*nett. " — Victoria  Mayutin*,  Nov.,  ISM, 
p.  IS. 

su-per-9il'-i-um  (pi.  su-per^fl'-I-a),  *. 

[Lat.=  an  eyebrow.] 

1,  Anat. ;  The  eyebrow  (q.v.)t 

*  2.  Arch,  :  The  upper  member  of  a  cornice; 
also  applied  to  the  small  fillets  on  each  side 
of  the  scotia  of  the  Ionic  base, 

su  -  per  -  cd  -  Iftm  -  m  -  »'-  tlon,    *.     [Pret 

super-,  and  Eng.  calumniation  (q.v.).] 

Arch. :  The  placing  of  one  order  upon 
another. 

su  -per-  con  -yep'-  tlon,  *.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  conception  (q.v.).]  A  conception 
upon  a  former  conception  ;  super  fetation. 

"In  tbose  tuperconceptioni,  where  one  child  was 
like  the  father,  the  other  like  the  adulterer.'— 
Brownel:  Vulgar  Krrouri,  bk.  iii.,  ch,  rrti. 

*  su-per-c6n-form'-I-t#,  s.     [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  conformity.  ]    Scrupulous  attention 
to  unimportant  rites  and  ceremonies. 

"A  peevish  conformity  or  a  pragmatic  »i/p*reo»- 
formily."— Qaudtn:  Teart  of  the  Church,  p.  118. 

'  su  per  con  se  quen96,  s.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  consequence  (q.v.).]  A  remote  con- 
sequence. 

"They  are  fain  to  omit  their  tup«rco»i<*jnencft, 
figures,  or  tropologies."— Itwnt;  Vulgar  Erwurt, 
bk.L,ch.  Iii. 

'  su- per- ores -9^90,  s.  [Lat.  super  = 
above,  and  crescens,  pr.  par.  of  cresco  =  te 
grow.]  That  which  grows  upon  another  grow- 
ing thing ;  a  parasite. 

"  Wbererer  it  [the  miaeltoe]  groweth,  It  ii  of  con- 
stant shape,  and  maintainaa  regular  figure  ;  like  otbei 
ntpercretcencet.  and  such  as  living  upon  the  stock  ot 
others  are  termed  parasitical  plants." — Brownt. 
Vulgar  Erraurt,  bk.  11,  ch.  vi. 

*  su~per-cres'-9ent,  a.    [SUPRRCRESCENO*.] 
Growing  upon    some   other  growing  thing ; 
parasitic. 

•u-per -cre--t*'-$e-  ous  (or  ccous  at 
Shus)t  a.  [SUPRACRETACEOUS.J 

*  BU-per^rit'-Ic-al,  a.      [Pref.  super-,  and 

Eng.  critical.]  Excessively  critical ;  hyper- 
critical. (Gauden:  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  15.) 

*SU-per-ciir'-I-oUS,  a.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  curious  (q.v.).]  Excessively  or  exceed- 
ingly curious. 

su-per-dom'-in-ant,  «.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  dominant  (q.v.).] 

Music:  The  note  above  the  dominant ;  the 
sixtli  note  of  the  diatonic  scale  ;  thus  A  is  th« 
superdominant  in  the  scale  of  c,  E  in  the  scale 
of  o,  &c. 

*  su-p«r-em -in-en9e,  *su-per-em'-In- 

en-9^(  s.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng.  eminence, 
eminency.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
supereminent ;  distinguished  or  extraordinary 
eminence  or  superiority. 

"The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  as  he  is  primate 
over  all  England  and  metropolitan,  has  a  tupfrcmin- 
ency,  and  even  some  power  over  the  Archbishop  of 
York."— Ayliffs:  Parergon. 

*  SU'-per-em'-lii-ent,  a.     [Pref.  super-,  and 

Eng.  eminent  (q.v.).]  Eminent  in  a  superioi 
or  extraordinary  degree ;  surpassing  others  in 
excellence,  power,  authority,  or  the  like  ;  pre- 
eminent. 

"The  brute  force  of  the  king  was  sharpened  by 
tupereminent  powers  of  intellect,  without  tbe  sli^litest 
tinge  of  morality."— Gardintr  *  Mvllingtr :  Jntro*. 
to  Eng.  BM.,  ch.  ill. 

*  BU-per-fe'm'-in-ent-l&  adv.    [Eng.  super- 
eminent;  -ly.]    In  a  supereminent  manner  or 
degree  ;  in  a  degree  of  excellence,  authority, 
power,  Ac.,  surpassing  all  others;   preemi- 
nently. 

"  Abeing  absolutely  perfect  has  these,  or  what  tuptr- 
rnninently  contains  these."— M ort:  Antidote  ayaiii* 
Atheism,  bk.  i.,  cb.  r. 

*  SU-per-eV-0-gant,  a.    [Lat.  supcrcrogaiu, 
pr.  par.  ofsupererogo  =  to  pay  out  beyond  what 
is  due:  super  =  over,  above,  and  erogo  —  to 
lay  out  money:  e  =  out,  andro?o  =  to  aak.) 
Supererogatory. 


l&tc,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p&t, 
or.  wore,  woll  work,  who,  »6n ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar.  rale,  fall ;  try.  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


supererogate— superfluence 


4545 


pa. 
do 


•su-per-er'-o'-gato,  v.i.  [Lat.  npererogattu, 
a.  par.  of  supererogo.]    [SupKrUCRotMNT.J    To 
more  than  duty  requires  ;  to   make  up 
some  deficiency  in  another  by  extraordinary 
exertion. 

"  Thu«  A  rlstotle  Acted  bis  own  instructions  ;  Mid 
his  obsequious  sectators  have  tupercroyitttd  ill  ohMrv. 
aiiee."—  Ulanyill  :  Vanity  of  Dogmatiiiitf,  ell.  xvii. 

su  per  er  6  ga-tion,  j.  (SUPEREROOATE.) 
The  act  of  one  who  supererogates  ;  the  per* 
formance  of  more  than  duty  requires. 

^  (1)  D'ictrine  of  supererogation  : 
Church  Hist.  :  The  doctrine,  founded  on 
that  of  the  communion  of  saints,  that  the 
nit  rit  of  good  works  done  by  one  Christian 
belongs  to  the  whole  body  of  the  faithful. 
The  principle  was  affirmed  in  the  Institution 
of  a  Christian  Man  published  by  authority 
of  Convocation  (A.D.  1537)  : 

"  I  relieve  that  whatsoever  spiritual  gift  or  treasure 
to  given  by  God  unto  any  one  part  or  member  of  this 
mystical  body  of  Christ,  although  the  same  be  given 
particularly  unto  this  member,  and  not  unto  another, 

Kit  the  f  nil  t  and  merit  thereof  shall,  by  reason  of  that 
comprehensible  union  and  bond  of  charity  which  is 
between  them,  redound  neceaaju-lly  unto  the  profit, 
edifying,  and  increase   in  Christ  s  Body  of  all  other 
members  particularly." 

The  Council  of  Trent  decreed  nothing  on 
the  subject,  but  the  language  of  the  Tridentine 
Catechism  (pt.  i.,  ch.  x.,  q.  23)  is  in  accord 
with  that  quoted  above.  At  the  time  of  the 
Reformation  the  sale  of  indulgences  had 
brought  discredit  on  the  doctrine  of  super- 
erogation, or,  "  as  it  might  more  properly  be 
called,  the  communion  of  saints  in  good 
works,"  and  Article  XIV.  was  directed  against 
the  popular  belief.  (Blunt.) 

(2)  Works  of  supererogation  : 

Church  Hist.  :  A  controversial  phrase  bor- 
rowed from  Article  XIV.  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, and  there  defined  as  "  voluntary  works, 
besides,  over,  and  above  God's  Command- 
ments." In  this  sense  the  expression  is  used 
chiefly  of  the  Counsels  of  perfection  —  Poverty, 
Chastity,  and  Obedience—  which,  according  to 
Roman  theologians,  though  not  universally 
necessary  to  salvation,  are  yet  necessary,  and 
become  absolute  precepts,  in  the  case  of  those 
called  to  such  states  of  life. 

•su-per-er-d-ga-tive,  o.  [Eng.  super- 
erqgaHe);  -ive.\  The  same  as  SUPERERO- 
GATORY (q.v.). 

"  Another  of  an  high-birth  and  low-stooping  spirit. 
who  can  justly  brag  of  nothing  of  his  own.  But  live 
upon  the  supervnMisfiM  deeds  of  his  ancestors."—  3taf. 
ford  :  A'iooe,  pL  ii.,  p.  el. 

•n-per-er  -6-ga-tdr-jf,  a.  [Eng.  super- 
erogat(e)  ;  -ory.]  Partaking  of  the  nature  of 
supererogation  ;  performed  beyond  what  duty 
strictly  requires. 

•'  Supererogatory  service*,  and  too  great  benefits 
from  subjects  to  kings,  are  ol  aangerous  consequence." 

*  su-per  es  -sen  tial  (t 

luper-,  and  Eng.  cssentM  (q. 
above  others,  or  above  the  cc 
thing. 

"  But  the  «pirit  of  Ood  was  the  vehicle  of  the  eternal 
wisdonie  and  of  the  tuperettentiai  goodness."—  More  : 
PliUot.  Cmbbala,  oh.  L 

••u-per-eth'-Ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  ethical  (q.v.).  ]  Transcending  the  or- 
dinary rules  of  ethics  ;  more  than  ethical  ;  of 
greater  authority  than  ethics. 

"Moral  theology  contains  a  lupererhicae  doctrine 
as  some  grave  divines  have  ridiculously  called  it."— 
Boltnabrvlu:  JLutlk  In  Matter*  o/  Religion,  1  6. 

•SU-per-ey-alt',  v.t.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
aalt  (q.v.).]  To  exalt  to  a  superior  degree  ; 
to  ex;ilt  to  a  position  or  rank  above  all  others. 
"  Having  luperexalted  him,  and  bestowed  on  him  a 
name  above  all  names."—  Barrow:  tiermant.  voL  it 
•er.  31. 

"•u-per-cy-al-ta'-tlon,  >.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  exaltation  (q.v.).]  Elevation  above 
all  others  ;  elevation  in  a  superior  or  pre- 
eminent degree. 

"In  a  tuperex'ittntlen  of  courage,  they  seem  as 
greedy  of  death  as  of  victory."—  Holiday. 

*»u-per-S*-9el-len9e,  i.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  excellence  (q.v.).]  Superior  excel- 
lence. 

•u-per-eV-sel-lent,  o.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  excellent  (a,.?.).]  Excellent  in  an  unusual 
or  extraordinary  degree. 

"  Something  so  ruperexeeirent.  that  all  must 
reverence  and  adore.'—  Decay  of  Piety. 

'  SU-per  ex-cres'-cen9e,  ».    [Pref.  super-, 


sh),  o.  [Pref. 
.v.).]  Essential 
constitution  of  a 


•ndEug.  excrescence  (q.r.).']    Something  super- 
fluously growing. 

"  I  rubbed  the  ruperezcrMcencfl  with  a  vitriol  stone." 
~1fiteman :  Surgery,  bit.  iv.,  ch.  v. 

s\r-per-fe-cun  da'-tlon,  s.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  fecundation  (q.v.).]  The  impregna- 
tion of  a  woman  already  pregnant ;  super- 
fetation,  superconception. 

su-per-re-cun'-dl-ty,  s.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  fecundity  (q.v.).]  Superabundant 
fecundity  or  multiplication  of  the  species. 

"  In  strict  connection  with  another  property  of 
animal  nature,  viz.,  tuperfe<:undity."—Paley:  Natural 
Theology,  ch.  xxvL 

'  su  per-fe -tate,  «...  [Lat.  mperfetatvs, 
pa.  par.  of  superfeto :  super  =  above,  after,  and 
/rto  =  to  breedj  To  conceive  after  a  prior 
conception. 

"  The  female  brings  forth  twice  In  one  month  and 
•o  is  said  to  tuptr/ctate.  which,  saith  Aristotle.  U 
because  ber  eRgn  are  hatched  111  her  oue  after  another/ 
— Urew:  Jfuteum. 

su  -  per -fe-ta- tion,   su-per-fce-ta- 

tiOn,  S.      [SUPERFETATE.] 

1.  Lit.  t  Forensic  ile,licine:  The  concep- 
tion of  a  second  embryo  during  the  gestation 
of  the  first ;  the  products  of  the  two  con- 
ceptions being  born  together  or  at  different 
times.  Early  authorities  were  strongly  con- 
vinced that  superfetation  was  not  only 
possible,  but  common,  and  though  in  the 
present  day  opinion  is  divided  on  the  subject, 
many  cases  are  quoted  of  which  it  Is  claimed 
that  no  other  explanation  than  superfetation  is 
possible.  Woodman  &  Tidy  (Forensic  Medi- 
cine, p.  819)  suggest  that  many  of  these  may 
be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  uterus 
is  sometimes  found  to  be  double,  and  in 
others  they  doubt  the  accuracy  of  the  recorded 
observations  ;  adding  :  "  There  is  a  residuum 
of  unexplained  cases,  and  without  pro- 
nouncing formally  in  favour  of  the  doctrine 
of  superfoetation,  we  must  admit  that  it  is 
difficult  to  explain  some  of  the  recorded  facts 
on  any  other  supposition  than  that  a  second 
impregnation  took  place,  while  the  uterus  or 
womb  contained  one  ovum  or  foetus  partially 
developed." 

*  2.  Fig. :  An  excrescent  growth. 

.  "  HU  lordship'!  false  conceptions  are  always  at- 
tended with  tuper/etatlooM."—  Warburton  :  Alliance. 

•su'- per -fete,  v.t.  &  {.     [Let.  superfeto.] 

[SUPERFETATE.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  superfetate. 

"  It  makes  me  pregnant  and  to  tuperfete: 
Such  is  the  vigour  of  his  beams  and  heat" 

Sowell  :  Roaal  Pretext  to  hit  Jiajeity  (IM1). 

B.  Intrans. :  To  conceive  after  a  former 
conception. 

*  SU'-per-fioe,  s.   [Fr.  superfide.]    A  surface; 
a  superficies  (q.v.). 

"  Then  if  it  rise  not  to  the  former  height 
Of  mptrjtcc.  conclude  that  soil  is  light." 

Dryden :   rirall ;  Oeoroic  ii.  SH. 

su-per-flc'-lal  (o  as  sh),  *  su  per  fl  cl 
all,  a.    [Fr.  superficiel,  from  Lat.  superfidalis.] 

1.  Lit. :  Pertaining  to  or  lying  on  the  super- 
ficies or  surface;  not  penetrating  below  the 
surface  ;  not  sinking  deep. 

"  Prom  theee  phasnomena  several  have  concluded 
some  general  rupture  in  the  tuperflcial  part*  of  the 
earth."—  eurnet :  Theory  of  Oa  Barlh. 

2.  Fig. :  Reaching  or  comprehending  only 
what  is  obvious  or  apparent ;  not  deep,  pro- 
found,    or    penetrating ;     not     learned     or 
thorough ;  shallow. 

'!.Bi?  k"°"',l'»!te«  both  »'  the  Church  which  he 
quitted  and  of  the  Church  he  entered  was  of  the  most 
tuperficial  kind."— J/ucaulay  :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  viL 

superficial-deposits,  s.  pi 
Seal. :  Deposits  on  or  near  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and  belonging  to  the  recent  period, 
as  vegetable  soil,  gravel,  clay,  peat  (q.v.),  4c. 
[RECENT,  II.] 

superficial-fascia,  s. 

Anat. :  The  layer  of  loose  tissue,  of  varying 
density,  immediately  below  the  skin  in  every 
part  of  the  body.  It  contains  the  subcu- 
taneous fat,  and  in  some  places  superficial 
muscles.  Called  also  the  Subcutaneous  fascia. 

*  su-per-f  Ic-ial-Ist  (o  as  sh),  *.     [Eng. 
superficial ;  -ist.]    One  who  attends  to  any- 
thing superficially  ;  one  who  has  only  a  super- 
ficial   knowledge   in,  or  acquaintance   with 
anything ;  a  sciolist,  a  srnatterer. 

su-pe>-flc-r-al-l-t£  (o  as  sh),  *  sn-per- 
fl-oi-al-y-te,  s.     [O.  Fr.  superficialite.] 


1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  superficial  ; 
shallowness. 

"  The  colours  of  bodies  are  sensibly  qualified,  and 
receive  degrees  of  lustre  or  obscurity,  mperfcialitit  or 
proiuudlty.  '—  firoiroe  :  Vulgar  Erreun,  bk.  v  i..  ch.  x. 

2.  That  which  is  superficial  or  shallow  ;  a 
superficial  person  or  thing. 

•  su-per-fic'-Ial-ize  (o  as  sh),  v.t.  [Eng. 
superficial;  -ize.J  To  treat  or  regard  in  a 
superficial,  slight,  or  shallow  manner. 


su-per-fic'--ial-ly  (o  as  sh),  oilu. 
su^rjicial;  -ly.) 


[Ear. 


*  1.  In  a  superficial  manner  ;  on  the  surface 
only  :  as,  a  thing  superficially  coloured. 

2.  Without  close  attention  ;  without  pene- 
tration ;  without  going  deeply  into  matters  ; 
slightly  ;  not  thoroughly. 

"  It  la  no  wonder  if  many  considering  their  theology 
but  slightly  and  *.tperflciaUy  have  been  led  iuto  an 
error."—  Cudteortk  :  Intel.  Syitem,  p.  256. 

su  per  f  Ic  -iai  ness    (c  as  sh),  j.     [Eng. 

superficial;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  superficial  ; 
position  on  the  surface  ;  shallowneas. 

2.  Shallowness  of  observation  or  knowledge  ; 
show  without  substance. 

su-per-f  Ic'-i-a-rj?  (o  as  sh),  o.  &  «.  [Lat 
superficiarius.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Situated  on  the  surface  ; 
superficial. 

"  The  outermost  and  ntperjtcfary  part*  of  the  body." 
—  Venner:  Treatiee  of  Tobacco,  p.  *U. 

2.  Law:  Situated  on  another  man's  land 
(Smith.) 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Law:  Oue  to  whom  a  right  of  surface  Is 
granted  ;  one  who  pays  the  quit-rent  of  ft 
house  built  on  another  man's  ground. 

su-per-flo'-a-os  (o  as  sh),  «.  [Lat.,  from 
super  =  above,  and  fades  =  a  face.  Superfi- 
cies and  surface  are  doublets.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  S  Oeom.  :  The    surface  ;  the 
area  of  a  surface.     It  may  be  rectilinear,  cur- 
vilinear, plane,  convex,  or  concave.    It  con- 
sists of  length  and  breadth  without  thickness, 
and  therefore  forms  no  part  of  the  substance 
or  solid  contents  of  a  body.    The  difference 
between  this  term  and  the  term  surface,  is 
simply  this.     The  term  surface  is  abstract, 
and  simply  implies  that  magnitude  which  has 
length  and  breadth  without  thickness,  whilst 
the  term  superficies   does  not   refer  to  the 
nature  of  the  magnitude,  but  simply  refers  to 
the  number  of  units  of  surface  which  th« 
given  surface  contains. 

"  The  Idea  of  ailing  a  place  equal  to  the  contents  of 
its  MMnWe«  being  annexed  to  our  idea  of  body,  I 
think  it  is  a  self-evident  protiositiou  that  two  bodies 
canuot  be  In  the  same  place.'—  Locle  :  Bum.  Undent.. 
bk.  iv.,  eh.  vili. 

2.  Law:   Everything  on   the    surface  of  a 
piece  of  ground  or  of  a  building  which  is 
closely  connected  with  it  by  art  or  natnre,  so 
as  to  constitute  a  part  of  the  same,  as  houses, 
trees,  and  the  like;  particularly  everything 
connected  with  another's  gronnd,   and'  espe- 
cially a  real  right  that  is  granted  to  a  person 
(Burrill.) 

SU-per-f  ine',  o.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng.  flnt, 
a.  (q.v.).] 

1.  Exceedingly  or  remarkably  fine  :  very 
fine  ;  surpassing  others  in  fineness  or  quality  : 
as,  superfine  cloth. 

*2.  Excessively  or  faultily  nice  or  subtle; 
over  nice,  over  subtle. 

"  Thus  much  for  them  that  out  of  a  tuperjlne  dain- 
tinesse  cannot  live  but  by  sweet  meats."  —  yenntr  : 
Via  Kent  a,  p.  ««. 

Bti-per-f  ine  -ness,  s.  [Eng.  superfine  ;  -neu.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  superfine. 

*  SU-per-f  In'-Ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Enj;.  finical  (q.v.).]  Spruce  or  foppish  in  the 
highest  degree. 

"  A  eupcrfinical  rogne." 

Shakap.  :  Lear,  U.  2.    (Quartos.) 

BU-per-flue,  a.  [Fr.  superflu;  from  Lat. 
superfluus.]  Superfluous  (q.v.). 

•su-peV-flu-en9e,  s.  [Lat  super  =  above, 
over,  and  fluent,  pr.  par.  of  fluo  =  to  flow.) 
That  which  is  superfluous  ;  a  superfluity. 

"  The  luperjtitenceol  grace  U  ordinarily  proportioned 
to  the  faithful  discharge  of  former  trusts,  making  use 
of  the  foregoing  sufficient  grace."—  Hammond. 


boil,  b<Jy;  pout,  J6>1;  oat,  eell.  chorus,  ohin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  gin,  of;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.   ph  =  t, 
an,  -tlan  -  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhnn.    -cio  us,  -tlons,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -iile.  4o.  =  beL  del. 


4546 


superfluitance — superinvestiture 


*su-per-flu'-lt-anoe,  «.  [Eng.  s\vperjluit- 
*n(t)  ;  -cc,]  The  act  or  state  of  floating  over 
or  on  the  surface  ;  that  which  floats  on  the 
•urface. 

"  Out  of  the  cream,  or  tttffrfl.titane*,  the  finest 
dUlif*  »r«  made;  out  of  the  reclame*,  the  coarser."— 
Brotcmt  t'ulffitr  Errourt,  bit.  ii.,  C!L  v. 

BU  per  flu  -it  ant,  a.  [Lat.  svi*rftuitan*, 
pr.  par.  of  su/Hf'rjtuito:  super  =  above,  and 
JntUo,  intens.  of  /no  —to  flow.)  Floating 
above  or  on  the  surface. 

•u-per-flu'-it-y',  *  au-per-flu-it-e,  "»u- 
p-r  flU-it-ie,  s.  [Kr.  superfluitet  from  Lat 
iiiffi'jluitutfm,  accus,  of  auperjluitas,  from  su- 
terjluns=  superfluous  (q.v.);  Sp.  superfluUlad  ; 


rterjlu 
ital. 


1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  superfluous. 

"  QroM  disease 
Soon*  growes  through  humour's  tnp*rjtuttt->.H 

Spenter  :  ftuintt  rjf  Rome. 

2.  A  quantity   that    ia    superfluous  or    in 
excess  ;  a  quan'tity  greater  than  is  needed  ; 
inperabun  dance,  redundancy. 

"  The  s«vfrjtutoy  and  waste  of  wit."—  Dryd*n  •  torn- 
ing'  i  Love,  (Fret) 

3.  Something  more  or  beyond  what  is  neces- 
Bary  ;  something  used  or  kept  for  ahow  or 
luxury  rather  than  for  comfort  or  necessity  ; 
something   which  could  easily  be  dispensed 
with. 

"  Nor  did  any  thing  we  offered  them  appear  accept- 
able but  beads.  M  an  ornament*!  tuperjluity  of  life.  '  — 
Cook  :  Firtt  Voyage,  bk.  L.  ch.  v. 

^  For  the  difference  between  superfluity  and 
excess,  see  EXCESS. 

*u  per'-flu-ous,  o.  [Lat.  superfluus  =  over- 
flort-ing,  from  super  =  above,  over,  and  flito  — 
to  flow  ;  Fr.  superflu  ;  Sp.  &.  Port,  super/two.] 
1.  More  than  is  necessary  or  sufficient  ;  un- 
necessary, from  being  in  excess  of  what  is 
needed  ;  excessive,  superabundant,  redundant. 

*'  Superjfuout  branches  we  top  away." 

Shake*?.  :  Richard  II.,  Ill  4. 

*2.  Overflowing,  exuberant. 

*"  Dont  them  with  rttpsr/tuoui  courage.** 

-ii  if.**,,.  :  Henry  \'..  IT.  I. 

"8.  Too  great  or  high  ;  excessive. 

*'  Purchased  at  a  ttiprrfluout  rate." 

8*a**it>.  :  Henry  VIII.,  1.  1. 

*4.  Having  more  than  is  necessary  ;  supplied 
with  superfluities. 

"  The  suptrjtwnu  and  lust-dieted  man." 

Shtiketp.  •  Lear.  lv.  1. 

*5.  Unnecessarily  concerned  about  any- 
thing. 

"I  we  no   reason   why  thou  abouldet  be  ms 
Hunm  to  demand  tb«  time  of  tbe  day."— 
1  Benry  /»'..  i  2. 

superfluous  interval,  s. 
Music  :  An  interval  greater  by  a  semitone 
than  major  or  perfect. 

superfluous-polygamy,  *. 

Bot.  :  The  term  applied  wben  in  a  composite 
footer  the  florets  of  the  disc  are  hermaphrodite 
and  boar  seeds,  and  the  flowers  of  tlie  ray, 
which  are  only  female,  do  so  likewise,  so  that 
the  latter  appear  sijperfluous.  Linnaeus 
ranked  the  plants  thus  constituted  under 
Polygamta  superjtua,  which  he  made  an  order 
of  the  class  Syngenesia, 

•u  per-flu-ous  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  superfluous  ; 
•ly.]  In  a  superfluous  manner  or  degree  ;  in  or 
to  a  degree  beyond  what  is  necessary  ;  w\th, 
to,  or  in  excess. 

"  I>ini:  nothing  tuptrflttotuly  or  in  Tain.**—  Jforv  .- 
Antidote  ,iyiitttt  Atkeitm,  bk.  ii..  ch.  i\. 

•u-per  flu-ous-nesB,  s.  [Eng.  superfluous; 
•ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  super- 
fluous ;  superfluity. 

•flU'-per-flux,  *.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
/uz(q.v.).j  That  which  is  superfluous,  or  is 
more  than  is  wanted  ;  a  superfluity. 

"  LeaTingt  of  life,  the  tuperjlux  of  death."* 
A.  C.  Swinburne  :  Trittram  of  Lyaneue.    (Prel.) 

•u  per-foa-ta-tion,  s.    [SUPERFETATION.) 

*  su-per-fo-li-a'-tioa,  s.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  foliation  (q.v.).]  Excessive  foliation. 

"This,  in  the  pathology  of  plants,  may  be  the  d  it- 
ewe  o(  tupcr/oliiirioH.  mentioned  by  Theophraetus."— 
Browne  :  Mucellanu  Tract  i. 

flu  per  fron'  tal,  *.  [Pref.  tuper-,  and  Eng. 
frontal  (q.v,).J 

Ecdes,  :  The  part  of  an  altar-cloth  that 
covers  the  top,  as  distinguished  from  the 
antepeudium,  or  part  which  hangs  down  in 
front. 


*  BU-per-f  use',  v.t.     [Lat.  supcrfutitt,  pa.  par. 

of  super/undo  =  to  pour  over  or  upon  :  super 
=  over,  and  /undo  =  to  pour.]  To  pour  over 
or  on  the  top  of. 

"Pouring  first  a  very  cold  liquor  Into  a  glass.  and 
then  ii"vrfutiny  on  it  auutuer."  —  Ketlyn:  Diary, 
Dec.  13.  16M. 

su  per  heat',  v.t.  [Pref.  svper-,  and  Eng. 
heat,  v.  (q.v.).]  To  heat  to  an  extreme  de- 
gree, or  to  a  very  high  temperature  ;  specifi- 
cally, to  heat,  as  steam,  apart  from  contact 
with  water  until  it  resembles  a  perfect  gas, 

[SfEAM.) 

BU-per-heaf-e'd,  pa,,  par.  or  a.      [SUPER- 

HEAT.] 

superheated  steam,  s. 

Physics:  Steam  to  which  an  additional 
amount  of  heat  has  been  given  to  that  required 
for  its  production  from  water.  No  advantage 
is  gained  by  heating  steam  above  315°  Fahr. 

su   per-heat-er,  s.    [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 

heater  (q.v.).] 

Steam-engin.  :  A  contrivance  for  increasing 
the  temperature  of  the  steam  to  the  amount 
it  would  lose  on  its  way  from  the  boiler  until 
exhausted  from  the  cylinder.  This  end  is 
frequently  attained  by  making  the  steam 
travel  through  a  number  of  small  tubes  several 
times  across  the  uptake  or  foot  of  the  chimney 
before  it  enters  the  steam-pipe. 

*  su-per-her'-e-By,  s.  [Pref.  super-,  and  En^. 

heresy.]  A  heresy  arising  out  of  a  former 
heresy  ;  the  further  corruption  of  erroneous 
teaching. 

"Eveu  In  the  doctrines  heretical  there  frill  be 
tupcrhercti*."—  Browne  :  Religio  Medici,  Met.  8. 

su'-per-hive,  «.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
hive  (q.v.).]  A  kind  of  upper  story  to  a  hive, 
removable  at  pleasure. 

•u-per-hu  -man,  a,  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
human.]  Above  or  beyond  what  is  human  ; 
above  the  power  or  nature  of  man. 

su  per-hu'-mer-al,  s.    [Lat.  super  =  above, 
and  kumerus  =  the  shoulder.} 
*  1.  Ord.  Jang.  :  A  burden,  a  load. 
"A  •tnace  tu.perkum*r+l.  the  print  whereof  was  te 
bf  weii  on  his  •boulder*."—  Andrewet:  S*rmen»,  L  2S. 

2.  Ecdes.  :  A  term  of  no  very  definite  ap- 
plication, being  sometimes  applied  to  an 
archbishop's  pallium  and  sometimes  to  an 
amice.  (Pugiti.) 

'  su-per  Uu-mer-ate,  v.t.  [SCTPERHU- 
MERAL.]  To  place  over  or  on  one's  shoulders  ; 
heuce,  to  assist  in  bearing,  as  a  burden. 

"  Freely  to  tuptrhumerate  the  burthen  which  waa 
hla,"—  Feltham:  Attaint,  pt  i,  res.  S2. 

*  su-p«r-im  pose',   v.t.     [Pref.  super-,  and 

Eng.  impose  (q.v.).]     To  lay  or  impose  upon 

something  else. 

"The  mixed  clay  or  '  paste  '  or  '  body,'  varied  in  com- 
poiUion  according  to  the  nature  of  ttte  glate  to  be 
tuper  imputed."  ~  fortitum  :  Majolica,  p.  4. 

au-peiMm-  po-si'-tion,  s.  [Pref.  fuper-t 
and  Eng.  imposition  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  super- 
imposing ;  the  state  of  being  superimposed. 

Bu-per-im-preg-na'-tion,  s.  [Pref.  mper-t 
and  Eug.  impregnation  (q.v.).J  The  act  of 
impregnating  upon  a  prior  impregnation  ; 
superfetation,  superconception. 

*  su  per  In  cum  -ben  9y,    *  su  pdr-m- 
cum  bence,  s.     [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng.  in- 
cumbency, fncumbence  (q.v.).]      The  state  of 
being  superincumbent  ;  the  state  of  lying  upon 
something. 

su-por  in  cum'-b«nt,  a.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Rng.  incumbent  (q.v.).]  Lying  or  resting 
on  the  top  of  something  else. 

"Bf  fhe  pressure  of  the  $upertneumbent  attno- 
iphere."-  Boyle:  Work*,  lit  17*. 

•u  per  in  du9e'.  v.t.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  induce  (q.v.).]  To  bring  fu  or  upon  as 
an  addition  to  something. 

"No  new   order    under   another   name  should   be 
."-  Fuller:  Worthitt;  Barkthire. 


•  su-per-m  dU90   ment,  ».    [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  inducement  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  superinducing;  superinduc- 
tion. 

"The  ntpertndncement  of   greater  perfections  and 
ttobler  qualities  destroys  hatblMt  of   the  eeunce  or 
«rfectloua  that  were  th«r*  ' 
Tnderttanding,  bk.  iv.,  ch. 


2.  Something  superinduced  or  brought  In 
as  an  addition. 

"Corrupted  with  many  human  xuprrinducemeittt." 
—  WUtont     Sat.  Jtetiyicn.  l-k.  i.,  eh.  xiL 

*  BU  per  In  xluc  -tlon,  *.   [Pref.  super-,  and 
En^.    induction  (q.v.).]      The  act  of   super- 
inducing. 

"  Mr.  Locke's  tiiptrinduction  ot  the  faculty  of  think- 
ing."— Wttrbarton ;  Divine  Legation,  bk.  ix.,  note  A. 

*  su-per-in-fuse',  v.t      [Pref.  super-,   and- 
Eng.  infuse  (q.v.>.]    To  infuse  over. 

*  BU-per-ln-Jec'-tion,  *.    [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  injection  (q.v.).]    An  injection  succe^'l 
ing  another. 

*  Bu-per-In-scribe'.  v.t. 


su  per-in-scribe',  v.t.    [Pref.  super-,  an 
Eng.   inscribe  (q.v.).]      To  inscribe  over  o 


outside  another  inscription. 

"It waa  put  into  an  eiivtloiw 
quet.  President  of  the  Chauitwr, 
in  Miiutber  envelope  to  th«  SwretAry-GeitorsJ  o*  the 
Parliament"— Daily  T«i»yrapk,  Feb.  33,  ISM. 

*  SU-per-ln-spect,  v.t.      [Pref.  super-,  and 

Eng.  inspect  (q.v.).J    To  oversee;  to  super- 
Intend  by  inspection. 

*u  per-in-sti-tu'-tlon,  s.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  institution  (q.v.).] 

Law:  One  institution  upon  another:  as  if 
A  be  instituted  and  admitted  to  a  benefice 
upon  a  title,  and  B  be  instituted  and  admitted 
by  the  presentation  of  another.  (Bailey.) 

11  sn-per-In-tel-leV-tu-al,  a.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  intellectual  (q.v.).]  Being  above  ia* 
tellect. 

flu  per-in-tend',  v.t.  &  i.  (lAt.s»perintendo, 
from  super  =  over,  and  intendo  —  tu  attend  to, 
to  apply  the  mind.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  have  nr  exercise  the  charge 
or  oversight  of;  to  oversee  or  overlook  with 
the  power  of  direction ;  to  take  care  of  or 
direct  with  authority  ;  to  supervise,  to  regu- 
late, to  control, 

"The  mistress  of  the  family  always  gup*rintt>><it 
the  doing  of  it." — Cook;  firit  Yoya<tc,  bjt.  L,  ch.  xviu 

*  B.  Intrans. ;  To  have  or  exercise  >upe^ 
intendence  ;  to  preside. 

"  In  like  maaner.  tber  called  b«tb  the  ctilld-bflarlua, 
of  women,  and  the  guadewri  that  tu^fmtttnd  ovei 
the  ssme.  Eihtbuia  or  Luciiia."— Cudmrtk :  ImtlL 
Syitem.  p.  239. 

su-per  in-tend  -en9e,  *.  [O.  Fr.  superin- 
tendance.]  [SUPERINTENDENT.]  Tlie  act  of 
superintending;  care  and  oversight  for  the 
purpose  of  directing,  regulating,  or  control- 
ling ;  sui>ervision. 

"Being  done  .  .  .  with    his    peculia 
nee."— Barrow:  Strmon»,  vol.  i.,  aer.  St. 

*  su-per-In-tend'-en-cy\  ».     [Eng. 
intendenc(e) ;  -y<]    The  same  as  SUPERINTEND- 
ENCE (q.v.). 

"  We  may  live  here  under  the  mtperintendeney  of  M 
frmcloua  »  Being."— better:  Sermon*,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  •. 

su  per~in  tend  -^nt ,  *  su-per -In  tend  - 
ant,  s.  &  a.  [O.  Fr.  superintendent,  from  Lat. 
superintendens,  pr.  par.  of  superintendo  =  to 
superintend  (q.v.).] 

A.  A*  substantive : 

L  One  who  superintends  or  has  the  charge 
or  oversight  of  somelhing  with  the  power  of 
direction  or  control :  as,  the  superintendent  of 
a  workhouse. 

2.  A  clergyman  exercising  supervision  over 
the  church  and  clergy  of  a  district,  but  with- 
out  claiming  episcopal  authority. 

"The  Zuingliaiis  had  no  t»perint?n&i>itt.  for  ouyLt 
I  can  Hnd  ;  nor  *  as  Hooper  ever  called  tuptrintfiidaxt, 
but  byabup."— •  gurnet  :  Kecordt.  vol.  ii.  {AppJ 

*  B.  At  adj. :  Having  the  power  or  right 
of  superintendence  ;  overlooking  others  with 
authority ;  superintending. 

"There  Isatupertnf«n4«7il  council  of  ten."— Sotetll. 
Letttri,  bk.  L,  lot  85. 

superintendent  -  registrar,  «.     Au 

offlctr   who    superintends    the    registers   ot  ^ 
births,  deaths,  and  marriages.   There  is  one  in 
every  poor-law  union.     He  is  responsible  to 
the  Registrar-General.    (Englbk.) 

*  su-per-in-tend'-er,  *.    [Eng.  superintend; 
-er.\    One  who  superintends  or  who  exercise* 
superintendence ;  a  superintendent. 

*  su-per-xn-ves'-ti-ture,  i.    [Pref.  super-, 
and  JCng.  investiture  (q.v.).]    Au  upper  ve«t 
or  garment. 

"The  bedy  clothed  upon  with  a  tup*Hnve*tilure  ot 
tfce  bouse  frwui  heaven.  —  8p.  Horn* :  Ditcourte  IT. 


Cite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  fnther;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  BIT,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  s*n;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oa  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


superior— supernaturality 


4547 


•u-peV-3E-or,  *  su  per  i  -our,   *  su  per 

y-OUT,  a.  &  3.  [Fr.  supericitr,  from  Lat 
superiorem,  accus.  of  superior  —  higher,  com 
par.  of  suj>erus  =  high,  from  mper  =  above 
op.  &  Port,  superior;  Ital.  super  lore.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

J.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  More  elevated  in  position  or  situation 
higher,  upper. 

"  Its  superior  part,  which  in  the  first  prism  iufferet 
the  greater  refraction."— .Vewton  .-  Optickt, 

2.  Higher  in  rank  or  office ;  more  exalted  in 
position  or  dignity. 

"  With  due  re«p«ct  my  body  I  incltu'd, 
As  to  some  being  of  superiur  kind." 

Drvden. :  Flower  A  Leaf,  468. 

3.  Higher  in  excellence;  surpassing  others 
In  greatness,  goodness,  value,  extent,  or  other 
similar  quality. 

"  Tn  force  of  mind  and  extent  of  knowledge  he  was 
tuper/ortotheuiall.1'— Macaulay :  Bitt.  Kny,.ch.  xiii. 

4.  Being  beyond  the  power  or  influence  of; 
too  great,  firm,  or  strong  to  be  liable  for  or 
affected  by  ;  above. 

"  A  >re*lmaQ*ujwrtortohia«afferfnjra.'i— Additon. 
8pect,it,,r. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  (Of  a  oalyxoT corolla):  Situated  apparently 
above  the  ovary.    Really,  however,  they  rise 
from  beneath  it,  but  have  contracted  adhesion 
to  its  sides. 

(2)  Of  an  ovary):  Free  from  the  calyx  and 
corolla,  so  that  they  rise  from  beneath  it. 

2.  Logic :  Greater  in  extension  or  compre- 
hension ;  more  comprehensive  ;  wider. 

"  The  tame  clan  which  is  a  nenus  with  reference  to 
the  suixilasses  or  species  included  in  it.  may  be  itself 
*  species  with  reference  to  a  more  comprehensive,  or, 
as  it  la  often  called,  a  superior,  genus.  Man  Is  a 
species  with  reference  to  animal,  but  a  genus  with 
reference  to  the  species  mathematician."— J.  &  MiU: 
System  of  Logic. 

B.  As  substantive : 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  One  who  is  superior  to  or  above  another ; 
one  who  holds  a  higher  position,  rank,  dignity, 
or  post  than  another  ;  one  superior  to  another 
in  excellence,  abilities,  or  qualities  of  any  kind. 

"  While  Conscience,  happier  than  in  ancient  years. 
Owns  no  ntfMsrior  but  the  Ond  she  fears." 

Cotff/w .'  Charity,  27S. 

2,  Specif.,  the  head  of  a  monastery,  con- 
Tent,  or  other  religious  house. 

II.  Technically: 

1,  Print. :  A  character  which  stands  above 
the  general  line  of  the  lower-case    letters; 
commonly  employed  for  notes  and  references 

B*O  A*HIO. 

2.  Scots  Law:  One  who,  or  whose  predeces- 
sor, has  made  an  original  grant  of  heritable 
property  on  condition  that  the  grantee  (termed 
the  vassal)  shall  annually  pay  to  him  a  certain 
sum  (commonly  called  feu-duty),  or  perform 
certain  services. 

Superior  limit  of  a  quantity  : 

Math. :  A  limit  towards  which  the  quantity 
may  approach  to  within  less  than  any  assign- 
able quantity  of  the  same  kind;  it  is  always 
greater  than  the  quantity. 

superior  conjunction,  *. 

Astron. :  The  conjunction  (q.  v.)  of  a  heavenly 
body  when  it  is  on  the  side  of  the  sun  most 
distant  from  the  earth. 

superior  courts,  s.  pi 

Law:  The  highest  courts  In  a  state.  In 
this  country  applied  to  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States  and  the  Supreme  Courts  of 
the  several  states;  in  England  to  the  courts  of 
Chancery,  Queen's  Bench,  Common  Pleas,  and 
Exchequer. 

superior  planets,  s.  pi. 

Astron. :  Planets  more  distant  from  the  sun 
than  the  earth  is.  They  are  Mars,  the  Aster- 
olds,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus,  and  Neptune. 

superior-slope,  j. 

Fort. :  A  slope  extending  from  the  crest  of 
the  parapet  to  the  summit  of  the  exterior 
•lope,  with  which  it  forma  an  obtuse  angle. 

»H  per'-i-or-ess,  s.  [Bng.  superior;  -ess.] 
A  woman  who  acts  as  the  head  of  a  convent, 
abbey,  nunnery,  or  the  like  ;  a  female  superior: 
a  lady  superior. 

»u-per-I-6V-i-t&  *.  [Fr.  superiority,  from 
L«>w  Lat.  auperioritatem,  accus.  of  superioritas, 
from  Lat.  superior  =  superior  (q.v.).] 


1.  Ord.  I.fing. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
superior ;  the  condition  of  one  who  or  tlial 
which  is  superior,   higher,    more  advanced, 
greater,  or  more  excellent  than  another  ;  pre- 
eminence, ascendency. 

"  The  Macdoualds,  if  they  had  nob  regained  their 

ancient  superiority,  minht  at  least   »>oast   tiiat  they 
bad  iiowuo  superior."— Mucaulay :  Hi*t.  A/i  r.,  ch  xlli. 

2.  Scots  Law:  The  right  which  the  superior 
enjoys  in  the  land  held  by  the  vassal  [SUPERIOR, 
B.  II.  2.].    The  superiority  of  all  the  lands  in 
the  kingdom  was  originally  in  the  sovereign. 

If  For  the  difference  between  stt^  priority 
and  excellence,  see  EXCELLENCE, 

*  SU-per'-I-or-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  superior;  -fy. 

1.  In  ;i  superior  position. 

2.  In  a  superior  manner. 

"  An  ant  of  his  talents  superiorly  vain." 

Ctuinitvjkam  ;  A nt  *  Ca terpillar. 

"SU-peV-l'-dr-ne'ss,  s.  [Eng.  superior; 
•ness.}  Superiority  (q.v.). 

"Idon't  see  the  great  superiorneu  of  learning.*1— 
ifad.D'Arblay:  Camilla,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  vi. 

SU-per-Ja'-cent,  a.  [Lat.  super  =  above, 
over,  and  jacens,  pr.  par.  of  jaceo  =  to  lie.] 
Lying  on  or  above  something  else. 

*  SU-per-la  -tion,  s.     [Lat.  superlatio,  from 
superlat us,   pa.   par.    of  superfero  =  to  carry 
over  or  beyond.]    [SUPERLATIVE.]    Exaltation 
of  anything  beyond  truth  or  propriety. 

"  Supertatton  and  overmuch  ness  amplifies;  it  I 
be  above  faith,  but  not  above  a  mean.'— Sen  Jons 
Ditcoverie*. 

SU-peV-la-tlye,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  superlattf,  from 
Lat.  superlativus  =  superlative  (in  grammar), 
from  superlatus,  pa.  par.  of  suprrfero  =  to 
carry  beyond,  to  exaggerate  :  super  =  above, 
over,  and^ero  =  to  bear,  to  carry  ;  Sp.,  Port., 
&  Ital,  superlative.] 
At  As  adjective: 

1.  Ord.   Lang. :   Raised  above  all  others  ; 
raised  to  or  occupying  the  highest  degree, 
position,  or  place ;  preeminent ;  surpassing 
all  others. 

"  Bo  far  superlative, 
A*  'tis  beyond  all  naming." 

Urayton :  Mutes  Elysium,  Nymph.  3. 

2.  Gram. :  Applied  to  that  fonn  of  an  ad- 
jective or  adverb  which  expresses  the  highest 
or  utmost  degree  of  the  quality  or  manner 
denoted  by  the  adjective  or  adverb. 

B*  As  substantive : 

I  Ord.  Lang.  :  That  which  is  of  the  highest 
or  greatest  degree  or  position. 

"  The  superlative  of  hardlnesve  and  courage." — Chap- 
man :  Homer ;  Iliad.  L 

IL  Grammar: 

1.  The  superlative  degree  of  an  adjective  or 
adverb  ;  in  English  it  is  formed  by  the  termi- 
nation -est,  as  high,  highest;  or  by  prefixing 
most,  as  beautiful,  most  beautiful. 

2.  A  word  in  the  superlative  degree. 

"  To  claw  the  back  of  him  that  beastly  Urea, 
And  pranck.  base  men  in  proud  superlatives." 

Bishop  Sail :  Satires.    (ProL) 

SU-peV-la-tlve-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  superlative; 

-iy-\ 

1.  In  a  superlative  manner;  In  a  manner 
expressive  of  the  highest  degree. 

"  I  shall  not  apeak  superlatively  of  them  ;  bat  that 
I  may  truly  say,  they  are  second  to  none  in  the  Chris- 
tian world.  "—Bacon. 

2.  In  the  highest  or  utmost  degree. 

"We  .  .  .  look  down  with  contempt  on  these  con- 
cenis  of  ours  as  superlatively  mean  and  little,"— Knox  • 
Liberal  Education,  }  36. 

su-per -la-tive  ness,  s.  [Eng.  superlative; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  superla- 
tive or  in  the  highest  degree. 

SU-per-lu -crate,  v.t.  [Lat.  swp«r  =  above, 
and  lucrum  =  gain.]  To  gain  in  addition; 
to  earn  over  and  above. 

"  As  hath  been  proved,  the  people  of  England  do 
thrive,  and  that  it  is  possible  they  might  tuperlut-rate 
twenty-five  millions  per  annum."—  Petty:  Political 
Arithmetic^,  p.  107. 

*  su-per-lu'-nar,  *  su-per-lu'-nar-^,  a. 

[Pref.  super-,  and  Eng.  lunar,  lunary  (q.v.).] 
Being  above  the  moon.  (Opposed  to  sub- 
lunary, q.v.) 

"  The  head  that  turns  at  ittptrlunar  things. 
Poised  with  a  tail,  may  steer  <m  Wilkin?  wings." 
Pope :  funciad,  IT.  451. 

*  su  por-me'  di  al,   a.     [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  medial  (q.v.)".]    Lying  or  being  aboye 
the  middle. 

su  per-mol  -e-cule,  s.     [Pref.  super,  and 


Eng.  molecule  (q.v.).]  A  compounded  moie- 
culf,  or  combination  of  two  molecules  of 
different  substances. 

*  su-per-mun'-dane,  a.    [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  mundane  (q.v.).]    Being  above  ur  supe- 
rior to  the  world. 

"The  supermundane  and  the  mundane  nods;  the 
eternal  and  generated  gods,"—  Cudworth:  Inttll. 
System,  p.  546. 

*su  per-mun  di-al,  a.  [Lat.  super  = 
above,  and  mundus  = the  world.]  Super- 
mundane. 

"  Plato  concelveth  that  there  are  certain  substance* 
invisible,  incorporeal,  tuprrmundial,  divine,  and 
eternal."—  Cudworth:  fntell.  System,  p.  663. 

*  su  per-n&c  -u-lar,  a.    [SUPERNACULUM.] 
Having  the  quality  of  supernaculum ;  of  first- 
rate  quality ;  very  good.    (Said  of  liquor.) 

*  su  per-nac '-u-lum,  «.  &  adv.   [Low  Lat, 
from  Lat.  super  =  above,  and  Ger.  nagel  = 
a  nail  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  subst. :  Liquor,  so  called  because  a 
tankard  or  glass  of  it  was  to  be  so  thoroughly 
emptied  as  to  drain  on"  on  the  nail  without 
showing  more  than  a  single  drop.    This  would 
stand  like  a  pearl  on  the  nail  without  running 
off,  which  it  would  do  if  too  much  of  the 
liquor  were  left. 

"  Bacchus,  the  god  of  brewed  wine  and  sugar,  grand 
patron  of  rob- pots,  upoy.freesy  tipplers,  and  super- 
naculum takers.  owuTwardM)  of  \iiitnera'  Hall,  al«- 
conuer."— Massing tr :  Virgin  Martyr,  H.  1. 

B.  As  adv. :  A  kind  of  mock  Latin  term 
intended  to  mean  "upon  the  nail,"  used  for- 
merly by  topers.    (Nares.) 

su-per'-nal.  *  sn-peV  nail,  a.  [Fr.  super- 
net,  from  Lat.  siipernus  =  upper,  from  sitper 
=  above.] 

1.  Being  or  situated  in  a  higher  or  uppet 
place,  position,  or  region. 

"  High  o'er  the  stars  you  take  your  soaring  flight. 
And  rove  the  regions  of  supernal  li«;ht." 

Jftuon;  Dufreinoy:  Art  of  Painting. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  things  above; 
celestial,  heavenly, 

"  On  errands  of  tupemal  grace." 

Milton;  P.L.,  Til.  878. 

*su-per-na'-tant.  a.  [Lat.  supernatant*, 
pr.  par.  of  superiiato  =  to  swim  over  or  above : 
super  =  over, and  nato—  to  swim,]  Swimming 
above  ;  floating  above  or  on  the  surface. 

"Th«  supernatant  liquor  was  highly  tinged  with 
bine."— Boyle:  IVvrkt.  W.  421. 

*  su-per  -na-ta'-tion,  a.  [Lat.  supernato  = 
to  swim  over  or  above.]  The  act  or  state  of 
swimming  or  floating  on  the  surface, 

"They  [bodies]  are  differenced  by  supernatatitm  or 
floating  upon  water."—  Browne :  Vulgar  Errourt. 
bk.  11.,  ch.  I. 

su-pcr-xiat'-u-ral,  *  su-per-nat-u-raU, 
a.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng.  natural.}  Being 
beyond,  above,  or  exceeding  the  powers  or 
laws  of  nature.  It  is  a  stronger  term  than 
preternatural,  and  is  frequently  used  a«  syn- 
onymous with  miraculous. 

"  Cures,  wrought  by  medicinee,  are  natural  opera- 
tions;  but  the  miraculous  ones  wrought  by  Christ  and 
his  apostles,  were  supernatural."— Boyle  :  Works,  T»  167. 

1[  The  supertiatural :  That  which  is  above  or 
beyond  the  established  course  or  laws  of 
nature ;  that  which  transcends  nature ;  super- 
•natural  agencies,  influences,  phenomena,  and 
the  like. 

su-per  natu-ral-ism,  s.  [Eng.  super- 
natural; -ism,.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
supernatural. 

2.  Theol.  :  The  same  as  SUPRANATURALISM 

"  Roman  Catholics  are  coming  out  of  their  shell  and 
Joining  their  forces  to  the  band  who  are  defending 
supernatural Istn  against  naturalism." — Athenaum  • 
Dec.  SO,  1801 

Bu-pcr-nat'-u-ral-ist,  s.  &  a.  [Eng.  super- 
natural; -ist.]' 

A,  As  subst. :  One  who  upholds  the  doctrine 
or  principles   of  supernatural! sin ;   a  supra- 
naturalist  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adj. :  Supernatural istlc. 

"The  level  from  which  this  school  set  out,  when  It 
left  the  old  orthodox  or  supernaturalitt  point  of  view 
a  century  ago.  "—Brit,  tyuart.  Review,  Ivii.  177.  (1STX) 

*  SU-per-nit-n-ral-Iat'-Ic,  a.    [Eng.  super- 
natural ;    -istic.]     Pertaining  or  relating   to 
supernatural  ism  (q.v.). 

*  SU-per-i»itt-n-raT-I-ty\  a,      [Eng.    super- 
natural; -it i/.]  '  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
supernatural. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  $ell,  chorus,  fbln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  aa ;  expect,  Xonophon,  eylst.    -TTrff. 
"dan,  -tlan  =  shaju   -tton, -sion  =  «hiin; -#on, -sioa  =  zHua.   -oioua,  -UoiM.  -slous  =  ahus.   -We,  -ai«.  &c.  =  o^  flea, 


4548 


supernaturalize— supersedere 


•U-per-nat'-U-ral-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  super- 
natural ;  -ize.]  To  treat  or  consider  as  belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  a  supernatural  state ; 
to  elevate  into  the  region  of  the  supernatural ; 
to  render  supernatural. 

•u-per-nat'-u-ral-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  sitper- 
natnral;  -ly.]'  In  a  supernatural  manner  or 
degree ;  in  a  manner  or  degree  above  or 
beyond  the  course  or  power  of  nature. 

"For  when  he  reward*  men  tupematurally,  it  is 
for  those  actions,  that  carry  a  natural  reward  with 
them."— Scott :  Christian  Life,  pt.  tl.,  ch,  L 

*  »U-per-nat'-n-ral-neS8,  s.  [Eng,  super- 
natural; -MM.]  Th"e  quality  or  state  of  being 
supernatural. 

*SU-perne't  o.  [Lat.  supernus.]  Supernal, 
celestial. 


"  Alao  they  semed  and  were  Tery  apte  In  dede  vnto 
the  *up#rn«and  celestyal  Jheriualem.— 
tential  Pialmi,  pa.  143.  pt.  ii. 


—  filher  :  Peni- 


•U-per-nu'-mer-a-r^, a.  &  8.  [Fr.  super- 
numeraire,  from  Lat.  supernumeraries  ,  from 
super  =  above,  and  numerus  —  number.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

I.  Exceeding  or  in  excess  of  a  number 
•tate.l  or  prescribed. 

"  Thrown  out.  as  tupemumerary 
To  my  Just  number  found." 

Milton:  P.L.,  x.  887. 

*  2.  Exceeding  a  necessary  or  usual  number. 

"The  produce  of  this  tax  U  adequate  to  the  ser- 
vices tor  which  it  IB  designed,  and  the  additional  tax 
is  proportioned  to  the  lupernumtrary  expeiue  this 
year."—  Additon:  Freeholder. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  person  or  thing  in  excess 
of  the  number  stated  or  prescribed,  or  beyond 
what    is    necessary  or    usual  ;    especially   a 
person  not  formally  a  member  of  an  ordinary 
or  regular  staff  or  body  of  officials  or  em- 
ployes, but  retained  or  employed  to  act  as  an 
assistant  or  substitute  in  case  of  absence, 
death,  or  the  like.    [SUPER,  5.] 

2.  Theat.  :  A  person  whose  presence  adds  to 
the  stage-effect,  but  is  not  essential  to  the 
action  of  the  play.    Supernumeraries  usually 
appear  as  retainers,  peasants,  soldiers,  Ac. 

BU  -per-nu'-mer-oiis,  a.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  numerous.]  More  than  is  right  or 
proper  ;  over  many,  superabundant. 

"  The  Earl  of  Oxford  waa  heavily  fined  for  tuper* 
numerout  attendance."—  Fuller  :  Worthier,  tl.  182. 

*  •ra-per-Sm-nXv'  -a-lent,  a.    [Pref.  super-, 
andEng.om7iivaJ«ii(q.v.).]  Supremely  power- 
ful over  all.  (Davies:  Mirumin  Modum,  p,  22.) 

*  •u-per-or-dJn-a'-tion.  s.     [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  ordination  (q.v.).]    The  ordination 
of  a  person  to  fill  an  office  still  occupied,  as 
the  ordination  by  an  ecclesiastic  to  fill  his 
office  when  it  becomes  vacant  by  his  own 
death  or  otherwise. 

•u-per-6x  -ide,  s.    [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 

oxide.]    [PEROXIDE.] 

superoxide  of  lead,  s,  [PLATTHERITE.] 

»u-per-par-tlc'-ij-lar,  a.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  particular  (q.v.).]  A  term  applied 
to  a  ratio  when  the  excess  of  the  greater  term 
is  a  unit,  as  the  ratio  of  1  to  2,  or  of  3  to  4. 

•u-per-par'-tl-ent  (t  as  sh),  a.  [Lat  super- 
partiens,  from  super  =  above,  and  partiens 
pr.  par.  of  partwr  =  to  divide,]  A  term  ap- 
plied to  a  ratio  when  the  excess  of  the  greater 
term  is  more  than  a  unit,  as  the  ratio  of  3  to 
5f  or  of  5  to  7. 

su-per-phos  phate,  *.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  phosphate.] 

Chem.  :  A  phosphate  containing  the  greatest 
amount  of  phosphoric  acid  that  can  combine 
with  the  base. 

superphosphate  of  lime,  s. 

Chem.  :  P2O.XHO)4CaO2.  A  compound  of 
phosphoric  acid  and  lime  in  which  only  one- 
third  of  its  acid  equivalents  is  saturated  with 
lime.  Technically,  it  is  used  to  describe  an 
important  kind  of  manure,  made  by  treating 
ground  bones  with  from  one-third  to  two- 
thirds  of  their  equivalent  of  sulphuric  acid, 
whereby  acid  phosphate  of  lime  is  formed, 
together  with  a  quantity  of  sulphate  of  lime 
corresponding  to  the  sulphuric  acid  used.  By 
substituting  coprolites  for  bones,  a  manure 
of  nearly  identical  composition  is  obtained. 
This  kind  of  manure  is  of  the  highest  value, 
from  its  stimulating  effects. 


•su'-per-plant,  «.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
plant,  s,  (q.v.).}  A  plant  growing  on  another 
plant ;  a  parasite,  «n  epiphyte. 

"  We  find  no  taper-plant,  that  is  a  formed  plant,  but 
mlsel toe. "—Bacon :  AW.  Bltt.,  |  556. 

*  su'-per-pleafie,   v.t.      [Pref.   super-,   and 

Eng.  please  (q.v.).]    To  please  exceedingly. 

*  SU'-per-plUS,  s.     [Lat.  super  =  above,  and 
plus  =  more.]    The  same  as  SURPLUS  (q.v.). 

"To  employ  the  tuptrplut  in  acts  of  private  bentvo- 
lence."— Johnston:  Chryt.ul,  \.  18. 

*  su'-per-pliis-age  (age  as  ig),  s.    [SUPER- 

PLUS.]     That  which  is  more  than  enough  ; 
excess,  superabundance,  surplusage. 

"And  after  this  there  yet  remain'd  a  superplutage 
for  the  assistance  «f  the  neighbour  parishes.  —Fill. • 
Life  of  Hammond,  p.  3. 

*SU-per-p6r-It-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  politic  (q.v.).]  More  than  politic. 

*  su-per-pon'-der-ate,  v.t.    [Lat.  super  — 
above,  and  ponderatus,  pa.  par.  of  pondero  = 
to  weigh  ;  pondus,  genit.  ponderis  =  weight.] 
To  weigh  over  and  above. 

SU'-per-po^e,  v.t.  [Fr.  superposer,  from 
Lat.  super  ~  above,  over,  and  Fr.  poser  =  to 
place.]  To  lay  upon. 

SU'-per-poyed,  pa.  par.  or  a.     [SUPERPOSE.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  Bot. :    Placed    above    anything,  as    one 
ovule  above  another  in  the  ovary. 

SU-per-p6-$tf'-tion,  s.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  position  (q.v.).] 

•I.  Ord.  Lang. :   The  act  of  superposing  ;  a 
placing   above   or   over  ;    a  lying  or  being 
situated  above  or  upon  something. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Geol. :  The  position  of  one  aqueous  de- 
posit above  another.    If  the  strata  are  hori- 
zontal, and  have  been  undisturbed,  the  lowest 
is  the  oldest  and  the  uppermost  the  newest ; 
if,  in  any  district,  they  are  curved,  fractured, 
or  vertical,  the  test  of  superposition  in  that 
district  may  be  fallacious,  and  to  ensure  cer- 
tainty the  strata  must  be  studied  in  one  less 
disturbed.  In  the  case  of  volcanic  rocks,  super- 
position is  In  most  cases  a  test  of  relative  age. 

2.  Geom. :  The  process  by  which  one  magni- 
tude may  be  conceived  to  be  placed  upon 
another,  so  as  exactly  to  cover  it,  or  so  that 
every  part  of  each  shall  exactly  coincide  with 
every  part  of  the  other.    Magnitudes  which 
thus  coincide  must  be  equal. 

*  su '-per -praise,    v.i.      [Pref.  super-,   and 

Eng.  praise,  (q.v.).]    To  praise  to  excess. 

"To  TOW  and  iwear,  and  »ujnsrpra.itt.  iny  parts." 

Shake*?. :  Midsummer  Sight' i  Dream,  111.  2. 

*  su-per-pro'-pbr'-tion,   *.     [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  proportion  (q.v.).]    Excess  of  pro- 
portion. 

*  su-per-pur-ga'-tlon,    s.      fPref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  purgation  (q.v.).]    More  purgation 
than  is  necessary. 

"There  happening  a  tuptrpurgation,  he  declined 
the  repeating  of  that  purge." — Witeman:  Surgery. 

•su-per-re-flec'-tion,  *  BU-per-re-flSx'- 
ion  (x  as  ksh).  s.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
reflection  (q.v.).J  The  reflection  of  an  image 
reflected  ;  reflection  over  or  upon  a  reflection. 

"There  be  three  kinde«  of  reflexions  of  Bounds;  a 
reflexion  concurrent;  a  reflexion  iterant,  which  we 
call  eccho ;  and  a  tuperrifltxion,  or  an  eccho  of  an 
eccbo."— Bacon:  Nat.  Bitt.,  }  241, 

*  su-per-re'-gal,  a,    rpref.  wyw-.  and  Eng. 
regal  (q.v.).]    More  than  regal. 

"You  may  consider  him  as  king,  and  ao  y«n  may 

present  him  with  regal  worship  ;  or  as  king  of  kings, 
and  then  it  will  be  tuperregat,  — Waterland  :  Workt, 
iii.  348. 

*  8U-per-re-ward',  v.t.    [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  reward,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  reward  to  excess. 

SU-per-ro^-al,  a.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
royal  (q.v.).]  Larger  than  royal ;  a  term 
applied  to  a  size  of  drawing  and  writing  paper 
measuring  27i  x  19i  inches,  and  weighing 
according  to  quality  and  thickness. 

*  SU-per-sa'-lI-en-cy,  s.    [Lat.  supersatiens, 
pr.  par.  of  xupersalio  =  to  leap  upon  :  super  = 
above,  and  soKo  =  to  leap.]    The  act  of  leap- 
ing on  anything.    (Browne:  Vulgar  Errours, 
bk.  iii.,  ch.  i.) 

*  su-per-sa'-U-ent,  a.    [SUPERS A  LIENCE.] 

Leaping  on  or  upon. 


t  su-per-sat'-u-rate,  v.t.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  saturate  (q.v.).]  To  saturate  to  ex- 
cess. 

su-per-sat-u-ra'-tion,  *.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  saturation  (q.v.).]  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  saturating  to  excess ;  the  state  of 
being  supersaturated. 

"The  solution  may  present  a  remarkable  condition 
of  double  supertaturation,"— Pruc.  Fhyt  Sac.  Loi.it.. 
pt.  ii.,  p.  69. 

su-per-scap'-u-lar,  a.  [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  siwpiilar  (q.v.).]  Situated  above  the 
scapula  or  shoulder* blade. 

SU'-per-scribe,  v.t.  [Lat.  superscribe :  super 
=  above,  and  scribo  =:  to  write.] 

1.  To  write,  inscribe,  or   engrave  on  the 
top,  outside,  or  surface  ;  to  put  an  inscription 
or  superscription  on. 

"An  ancient  monument  found  in  this  very  plao* 
[AntiumJ  and  tuperscrib'd  Fortune  felici."— Audi.-<sn: 
Italy. 

2.  To  write  the  name  and  address  of  a  per- 
son on  the  outside  or  cover  of. 

"That  which  was  meant  for  the  queen  was  sttptf. 
tcrib'd.  To  his  dear  wif«."— Ucnoett:  Lettert.  bk,  T., 
let.  2. 

*  su'-per-script,  s.     [Lat.  superscripts,  pa. 
par.  of  wperscribo  —  to  superscribe  (q.v.).] 
The  address  of  a  letter ;   a   superscription. 
(Shakesp.  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  iv.  2.) 

•u-per-scrip'-tion,    *  su-per-scrip  tl- 

oun,  s.  [Fr.  superscription,  from  Low  Ijat. 
superscriptionem,  accus.  of  superscriptio  =  a 
writing  above,  from  Lat.  superscriptus,  pa. 
par,  of  superscribe  =  to  superscribe  (q.v.).J 

1.  The  act  of  superscribing. 

2.  That  which  is  superscribed,  written,  or 
engraved  above  or  on  the  outside,  surlace,  or 
cover  of  something  else,  especially  the  address 
of  a  letter. 

**AJ  it  appeared  by  the  tupertcription,  Pliilocharea 
was  the  workeman."— P.  BoUand :  Pliny,  bk.  xxxlv., 
ch.  IT. 

*  su  per-sec  -u-l*r,  a.     [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  secular  (q.v.).]    Being  above  the  world 
or  secular  things. 

"  Let  us,  saith  he,  celebrate  thU  feast,  not  In  a  pane- 
gyrical but  divine,  not  In  a  worldly  but  tupertecu lart 
manner." — Up.  Hall:  Rtmaintt,  p.  802. 

su-per-sede',  v.i.  &  t.  [O.  Fr.  superseder, 
superceder  ;  Fr.  superseder  =  to  cease,  to  leave 
off,  from  Lat.  supersedes  =  to  sit  upon,  to 
preside,  to  desist  from:  super  =  above,  and 
sedeo  =  to  sit.] 

*  A.  Intrans. :  To  desist,  to  forbear,  to 
stay  proceedings. 

"He  would  also  titpcried*  from  the  execution  of 
what  he  wu  deliberated   to  do."— State  Trials  (an. 
1538). 
B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  void,  inefficacious,  or  null  by 
superior  power ;  to  set  aside,  to  suspend,  to 
render  unnecessary. 

"One  other  doctrine  there  Is,  which  constantly  ac- 
companies the  doctrine  of  irrespective  decree*,  which 
tufvrtedet  all  farther  dispute  iii  this  matter."— Ham- 
mond :  Work*,  i.  488. 

2.  To  coma  or  be  placed  in  the  room  of;  to 
displace. 

"They  have,  according  to  this  CaWoruian  damsel. 
tuperteded  wien  as  stenographers,  telegraph  iats.  copy- 
iit».  and  type- writers."  —Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  26, 
1888. 

3.  To  remove  from  office,  or  the  like,  by 
placing  or  appointing  another  in  the  rni.ni  of. 

"  Yet  the  very  MX  tuperteded,  or  forced  to  accent 
reduced  wages,  must  still  '  foot  the  bills '  as  in  tin-  old 


times  of  tnatculii 
Feb.  2ft,  1»6. 


ercliwlvenesa."— Daily  Telegraph. 


BU-per-se'-de-as,  s.  [Lat.,  2nd  pers.  sing., 
from  subjunctive  of  supersedeo  =  to  supersede 
(q.v.)-l 

1.  Lit.  it  Law  :  A  writ  having  in  general  the 
effect  of  a  command  to  stay  or  forbear,  on 
good  cause  shown,  any  ordinary  proceeding* 
which  might  otherwise  be  proceeded  with. 

*  2.  Fig. :  A  stay,  a  stop. 

"  To  give  a  tuperteitoai  to  industry."— Sammond : 
Work*.  1.  ISO. 

»  »u-per-sed'-er,  s.  [Eng.  supersede) ;  -tr.'t 
One  who  supersedes. 

"  The  tupertedcrt  of  yonr  nobler  aims.' 

S.  Browning:  Paruceltut,  it. 

su-per-se-der'-e.  s.    [SUPERSEDE.] 
Scots  Law : 

1.  A  private  agreement  amongst  creditors, 
under  a  trust-deed  and  accession,  that  they 
will  supersede  or  sist  diligence  for  a  certain 
period. 


Ate,  tot,  &TO,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit. 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  sin ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rnle,  full ;  try.  Syrian.    SB,  os  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  an  =  kw. 


supersedure— supervise 


4649 


2.  A  judicial  act  by  which  the  court,  where 
It  sees  cause,  grants  a  debtor  protection 
against  diligence,  without  consent  of  the 
creditors. 

*»U~per-se-dure,  s.  [Eng.  supersede); 
-ure,]  The  act  of  superseding  ;  supersession. 

"su-per-sem'-in-ate,  v.t.  [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  seminute  (q.v.).]  To  scatter  seed 
over  or  above  ;  to  disseminate. 

*  su-per-se'm-i-na'-tion,  s.    [SUPERSESUN- 
ATE.J    A  sowing  on  the  top  of  something  sown 
before. 

"  The  envious  man's  tuperiemination,  or  sowing  of 
tares  ;Uwve  the  wheat,'  —Bramkall :  Workt,  1L  182. 

*  su  per  Ben  si-ble,  a.    [Pref.  super-,  and 
Kn^.  sensible  (q.v.).J    Above  or  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  senses ;  above  the  natural  powers 
of  perception ;  supersensual. 

If  The  supersensible :  That  which  la  above 
the  reach  of  the  senses  ;  that  which  is  super- 
sensual. 

••u-per-se'n'-sf-tive-ne'ss,  s.  [Pref. 
super-,  anil  Eng.  sensitiveness  (q.v.).]  Exces- 
sive sensitiveness ;  morbid  sensibility. 

*  su-per-sen'-su-al,  a.    [Pref.  super-,  and 
Eng.  sensual  (q.v.).]     Above  or  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  senses. 

*  BU  -  per  -sen-Bu-  otis,  o,     [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  sensuous '(q.v.).'] 

1.  Excessively  sensuous ;  more  than  sensu- 
ous. 

2.  Supersensual,  supersensible. 

*  su-per-ser'-v^e-a-ble,  o.    [Pref.  super*, 
and  Eng.  serviceable  (q.v.).]     Over  service- 
able or  officious  •  doing  more  than  is  required 
or  desired. 

"A  glass-gazing,  tuperterviceabl«r  finical  rogue."— 
Shukfsj>. ;  Lear,  ii.  8. 

Bu-per  sess  -ion  (as  as  sh),  *.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat,  supersesstos,  pa.  par.  of  superseded  =  to 
supersede  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  superseding, 
setting  aside,  or  displacing ;  supersedure,  re- 
placement. 

"  It  hu  in  every  case  been  the  tuptriettion  of  gen- 
uine public  and  patriotic  feeling  by  an  unwholesome 
•utMjriUnatiou  to  the  voice  of  faction." — Morning  Pott, 

Jan.  16,  1S36. 

*  su-per-so'-lar,  «,    [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
solar  (q.v.).]    Above  the  sun.    (Emerson.) 

su  per  str  tion,  *  su-pcr-stl-cl-on, 
*  su-per-stl-cy-on,  a.  [Fr.  superstition, 
from  Lat.  s-upersiitionem,  accus.  of  suptrstitio 
=  a  standing  still  over  or  neara  thing,  wonder, 
dread,  amazement,  religious  scruple,  from 
tupcrstes  =  one  who  stands  over :  super  = 
over,  above,  and  statum,  sup.  of  sto  —  to 
•tand ;  8p.  superstition;  Ital.  superstiziont.] 

1.  A  belief  or  system  of  beliefs  by  which 
religious  veneration  or  regard  is  shown  to- 
wards objects  which  deserve  none ;  or  the 
assignment  of  such  a  degree  or  such  a  kind  of 
veneration  or  regard  towards  an  object,  as 
such  object,  though  worthy  of  some  reverence, 
does  not  deserve ;  a  faith  or  article  of  faith 
based  on  insufficient  evidence,  or  on  no  evi- 
dence at  all ;  belief  in  and  reverence  of  things 
Which  are  not  proper  objects  of  worship. 

"All  who  have  their  reward  on  earth,  the  fruits 
Of  painful  tuperttitiott  and  blind  zeal, 
Nought  Melting  but  the  praise  of  men." 

J/ift»n  :  P.  L,,  ill.  45i 

2.  A  practice  or  observance  founded  on  such 
ft  belief ;  a  rite  or  practice  proceeding  from 
excess  of  scruples  in  religion ;  the  doing  of 
things  not  required  by  God,  or  abstaining 
from  things  not  forbidden. 

3.  Credulity  regarding  the  supernatural  OP 
matters  beyond  human  powers  ;  belief  In  the 
direct  agency  of  superior  powers  in  certain 
events  ;  a-s  a  belief  in  witchcraft,  apparitions, 
imigio,  omens,  charms,  or  the  like;  a  belief 
thiit  the  fortunes  of  individuals  are  or  can  be 
affected  by  things  deemed  lucky  or  unlucky, 
or  that  diseases  can  be  cured  by  charms,  in- 
cantations, or  the  like. 

" '  It  is  *  silly  sut>erttition,'  he  exclaimed,  when  he 
beard  that,  at  the  close  of  Lent,  hia  palace  was  brtomd 
by  a  crowd  of  the  sick."— jtacaulav :  BM.  Eng., 
clV  i  IT. 

4.  Excessive  nicety  ;  scrupulous  exactness. 

*su  per  stf- tion- ist,  a.  [Eng.  supersti- 
tion; -ist.]  One  given  to  superstitious  belief 
or  practices. 

"Those    blind  lupentittonittt.  the   Jews."—  Mart: 
of  Godlinen,  p.  417. 


su-per-sU-tious,  *  su-per-stl-ci-ous, 
*  su-per-sty-cl-ous,  *  su-per-sty-cy- 

OUS,  a.  [Fr.  superstitieux,  from  Lat.  super- 
gtitiosus,  from  $tf,per#£ttio  =  superstition  (q.v.).] 

1.  Believing    in,    holding,  or   addicted    to 
superstition  ;  full  of  idle  fancies  and  scruples 
in  regard  to  religion  ;  over  scrupulous  and 
rigid  in  religious  observances. 

2.  Proceeding  from,  partaking  of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characterized  by  superstition ;  of 
the  nature  of  superstition. 

"Regarded  the  king  with  superttitiout  veueratiou.  " 
—Macaultiy  :  tii»t.  £nt/.,  ch.  vi. 

3.  Over-exact ;  scrupulous  beyond  need. 
superstitious-use,  5. 

Law :  The  use  of  land,  &c.,  for  the  propaga- 
tion of  the  rites  of  a  religion  not  tolerated  by 
the  law. 

3u-per-sti'-tious-Iy,*su-per-stl-ci- 

ous-li,  adi\     [Eng.  superstitious;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  superstitious  manner ;  with  extreme 
credulity  in  regard  to  the  agency  of  superior 
beings  in  extraordinary  events. 

"  The  great  majority  of  those  who  had  voted  for  It 
were  zealously  aud  even  mpentitioutly  loyal."— Mac- 
aulay:  Hut.  Snff.,  ch.  vi. 

2.  With  too  much  care ;  with  excessive  ex- 
actness or  scruple. 

"  Plotinua  rigidly  and  tupfrttitioutly  adheres  to 
Plato's  text  here."—  Cudworth :  Intell.  Syitem,  p.  585. 

t  su-per-stl'-tious-ness,  s.  [Eng.  super- 
stitious ;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
superstitious ;  superstition. 

*  su'-per-Btrain,   v.t.      [Pref,   super-,  and 
Eng.  strain  (q.v.).]    To  strain  to  excess;  to 
overstrain,  to  overstretch. 

"In  the  straining  of  a  string,  the  further  it  is 
strained,  the  less  tuixrttrainlng  goetb  to  a  note." — 
Bacon:  Sat.  Hitt.,  |  182. 

su  per  stra  -turn  (pi.  su  per-stra'  ta\ 

s.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng.  stratum  (q.v. ).]  *A 
stratum  lying  or  resting  above  another ;  the 
opposite  to  Substratum. 

*  su'-per-struct,   v.t.     [Lat   superstructus, 

pa.  par.  of  superstruo  =  to  construct  above  or 
on  something  else  :  super  =  above,  and  struo 
=  to  build.]  To  build  upon,  to  erect 

"  That  a  moat  holy  life  be  tuperitructed  upon  a  holy 

and  u  11  re  provable  faith,' — Bp.  Taylor:  Sermon*,  vol. 

in..  «er.  4. 

*  su  per  struc'-tion,  s.    [SUPERSTRUCT.) 

1.  The  act  of  erecting  or  building  upon. 

2.  That  which   is   erected   or  built  upon 
something  else ;  a  superstructure. 

"These  are  not  the  works  of  nature,  but  tuperitruc- 
tiont  and  additions.1'— Pearion :  On  tha  Creed,  art  L 

*  BU-per-struC'-tlve.  a.    [Eng.  superstruct; 

-ive.]    Built  or  erected  upon  something  else. 

"Nothing  but  the  removing  his  fundamental  error 
can  rescue  him  from  the  tuptritructiee,  be  it  never  so 
gross.  "—Hammond, 

*  su'-per-struct-or,  ».    [Eng.  superstruct; 
-or.]      One  who  builds  on  any  foundation. 


"Was  he  one  of  the  tuperttructort  or  not?  " — North: 
Exxmeii,  p.  193. 

Bu-per-struo'-ture,  a.     [Pret  super-,  and 
Eng.  structure  (q.v.).J 
I,  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Lit. :  A  structure  or  building  erected  on 
something  else  ;  especially,  the  building  raised 
on  a  foundation,  as  distinguished  from  the 
foundation  itself. 

"  In  some  places  the  foundation  coats  more  thin  the 
tnp?ritruaure."—flotoell :  Letter*,  bk.  L,  let.  15. 

2.  Fig. :  Anything  erected  or  built  up  on  a 
foundation  or  basis. 

"He  hud  erected  on  that  foundation  *  vast  tuper- 
ttructure  of  romance."—  M> oca ulay  :  ffitt.  Eng.,  ch.  Ir. 

U.  Rail,-eng.  :  The  sleepers,  rails,  and 
fastenings  of  a  railway,  as  distinguished  from 
the  road-bed. 

*  su  per  sub  stan'  tial  (ti  as  ah),  a.  [Pref. 
super',  and  Eng.    substantial  (q.v.).]      More 
than  substantial ;  more  than  substance. 

"SuperMttbitanttalxad  •nperesMntlaL"— Knox :  On 
the  Lords  Supper. 

*  super  subtle    (as    su-per-sut-el),    a. 

[Pref.  super-,  and  Eng.  subtle  (q.v.).J  Over 
subtle ;  cunning  or  crafty  in  an  excessive 
degree. 

"  An  erring  barbarian,  and  a  tuperiubtle  Venetian." 
—Shakctp.  :  Othello,  i.  3. 

*  su-per-tSm'-por-al.  a.  &  s.   [Pref.  super-, 
and  Eng.  temporal  (q.v.).] 


A.  -4»  adj.:  Transcending  time;  indepen- 
dent of  time. 

B.  As  subst. :  That  which  is  independent 
of,  or  transcends  time. 

"Three  tapertemporttlt  or  eternals. "—Cudworth: 
Intell.  Xystem,  p.  62S. 

"  su-per-te'r-ra'-ne-an,  a.  [Formed  from 
the  pref.  super-,  and  La't.  terra  =  the  earth,  in 
analogy  with  mediterranean  (q.v.).]  Above 
the  earth. 

"One  of  those  tuperterranean  quarries." — Jfr*. 
Trollope:  Michael  Armttrony,  ch.  xxxiii. 

*  su-per-t6r-rene',  a.     [Pref.  super-,   and 

Eng.  terrene  (q.v.).]  Being  above  ground,  or 
above  the  earth  ;  superterres trial. 

*su-per-ter-res'-tri-al,  a.  [Pref.  snper-t 
and  Eng.  terrestrial  (q.v.').']  Being  above  the 
earth,  or  above  what  belongs  to  the  earth. 

SU-per-tdn'-IC,  *.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Bug. 
tonic  (q.v.).] 

Music:  The  note  next  above  the  key  note ; 
the  second  note  of  the  diatonic  scale  ;  thus, 
in  the  scale  of  c,  D 
is  thesupertonic;  A. 
in  the  scale  of  o,  and 
so  on. 

*  su  per  to'-  tiis,  s. 

[Lat.    =   over     the 
whole.] 

Anc.  Costume :  A 
wide  cloak  or  man- 
tle, used  as  an  addi- 
tional garment  by 
travellers  andothers 
iii  the  twelfth  and 
thirteenth  centuries. 

*  su-per-tra&'-Xc-  SUPERTOTUS. 

Hl^  a     [Pref  super-  °-  8**on  woman  in  t 

and    Eng     'tragical  SJ^WS'TFiS 

(q.v.).J     Tragical  to  of     man     la     Supertotui 

excess.  (Sloan  MS..  2,436). 

su  per-tu-ber-a'-tion,  *.  [Pref.  super~; 
Eng.  tuber,  and  suff.  -ation.] 

Hot. :  The  production  of  young  potatoes 
from  the  old  ones  while  still  growing.  Used 
also  of  a  similar  phenomenon  in  any  other 
tuberous  plant 

*  SU-per-tun'-lc,  *.    [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
tunic  (q.v.).]     An  upper  tunic  or  gown. 

*  su-per-va-ca'-ne-ous,   a.     [Lat.   super- 

vacaneus,  from  super  =  above,  and  vaco  =  to 
make  empty.]  Superfluous,  unnecessary, 
needless  ;  serving  to  no  purpose. 

"  The  legislation  superadded  .  .  .  would  have  been 

tuptrvac<i'»efiut,  and  even  absurd." — Bp.  Bull:   Works, 

vol.  ii,,  dli.  S. 

*  super  vaca'-ne-ous-ly,  adv.    [Eng. 
supervacaneous ;  -ly.]    In  a  superfluous  man- 
ner ;  unnecessarily,  needlessly. 

*  sxi  per-va  ca'-ne-ous-ness,  ».     [Eng. 
supervacaneous ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state 
of  being  supervacaneous ;  needlessness,  super- 
fluousness. 

SU-per-vene',  f.i.  [Lat  supervenio  s=  to 
come  over  or  upon ;  super  =  over,  and  renio 
=  to  come.] 

1.  To  come  upon,  as  something  extraneous 
or  additional;  to  be  added  or  joined. 

"Even  xupervening  vice  .  .  .  could  not  eully  !*• 
move  it."— Fell:  Life qf  I/ammo iid. 

2.  To  take  place,  to  happen,  to  occur. 

*  su-per-ve'-nl-ent,  a.    [Lat.  supervenient 
pr.  par.  of  mpervemo  =  to  supervene  (q.v.).] 

1.  Coming    as    something   extraneous    or 
additional ;  superadvenient,  added,  additional. 

2.  Arising  or  coining  afterwards. 

"  If  it  were  unjust  to  murder  John,  the  tuperwenitnt 
oath  did  not  extenuate  the  fact."—  Browne :  ^'uiyar 
Errouri,  bk.  lv.,  ch.  xiv, 

*  BU-per-vSn'-tion,  *.     [SUPBRVENB.]    Th« 

act  or  state  of  supervening. 

"  By  the  ntperventlon  of  a  legal  kindred  InexpeotwL" 
— Bp.  Hatt  :  Cotes  of  Contcience,  dec.  4,  case  6. 

*su-per-vis'-al,  »•  [Eng.  supervise);  -oZ.l 
Supervision.  (Walpole :  Letters,  ii.  445.) 

*  su'-per-vise,  *.     [SUPERVISE,  v,]    Super- 
vision. 

If  On  the  supervise  :  At  sight. 

"  That,  on  the  tupervite,  no  leisure  bated  . .  . 
My  head  should  be  struck  off." 

Shaketp. :  Hamlet,  T.  ft. 


^ ;  pout,  Jowl ;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hln,  bench  ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
•ttan,  -tian  -  sham   -tiou,  -siou  =  shun ;  -fioa,  -51011  -  xhun.    -clous,  -tioua,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  s  bel,  deL 


4550 


supervise— supple 


BU-per-vIse',  v.t.  [Lat.  super  =  over,  above, 
ami  visa  =  to  survey,  from  visum,  supiu.  of 
video  =  to  see.] 

1.  To  oversee  for  direction  or  regulation  ; 
to  overlook,  to  inspect,  to  superintend. 

"  M  .  Bayle  speaks  of  the  vexation  of  the  <u/,«r»W»i0 
of  the  j>t  M*.  in  terms  su  feeling  that  tuey  move  com- 
passion." —  Confrtve. 

*  2.  To  look  over  so  as  to  peruse  ;  to  read, 
to  look  through. 

"  Let  ine  tuptrvite  the  cauzonef 

.  :  Love'i  Labour's  Lou,  IV.  3. 


•u-per-vi-see',  s.     [Eng.    supervise);   •«.] 
A  person  under  police  supervision. 

"  Was  (hunted  with  failing  to  nport  bluueU  M  a 
tupertine.--Srenini  Standard,  Jan.  IS.  18S6. 

•m-per-vl'-sion,  s.    [SUPERVISE.]     The  act 
of  supervising  ;  direction,  sui»'rintendence. 

"  Having  had  the  special  $upervui.M  of  the  whole 
Asian  clmreh."-«j>.  Baa  :  EpiKopaeu  of  Dm™  Kvltt. 
H  Supermini!  of  the  Police  (EuglM  Law)  : 
When  a  person  is  convicted  of  felony  or  a 
si-rious  niM'-nieanor,  and  a  previous  conviction 
is  proved  against  him,  the  court,  in  addition  to 
any  other  punishment,  niay  direct  that  ho 
be  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  police 
for  any  term  not  exceeding  seven  years.  He  is 
then  bound  to  report  himself  to  the  police 
periodically.  [TICKET-OF-LEAVF..]  No  similar 
law  exists  in  the  United  States,  yet  the  police 
exercise  some  degree  of  supervision  over 
criminals,  and  law-breakers  in  general. 

•u-per-vis'-or,  s.    [Eng.  supervise);  •«''•] 

1.  One    who   supervises  ;  an  inspector,  a 
inperintendent. 
*  2.  One  who  looks  ;  a  spectator. 


*  3.  One  who  reads  over,  as  for  correction. 

•u-per-vi'-sor-J,  a.  [Kng.  tupervitie): 
•orj/.J  Pertaining  to,  having,  or  exercising 
•apervision. 

"The  distribution  of  lupenritory  functions  Is  a 
matter  of  detail/— Century  jfoo<rane,Juue,1883,  p.  308. 

•  SU-per-vIve',  v.(.  [Lat.  tupervivo,  from 
ruper  =  above,  over,  and  vioo  =  to  live. 
Supervive  and  survive  are  doublets.)  To  live 
longer  than  ;  to  survive ;  to  outlive. 

"  Upon  what  principle  can  the  soul  be  imagined  to 
be  naturally  mortal,  or  what  revolutions  in  nature 
will  it  not  be  able  to  resist  aud  lupernee I  "—Clarke: 
Letter  to  Dodvel!. 

•n-per-vo-lute',  o.  [Pref.  super-,  and  Eng. 
volute  (q.v.).] 

Sot. :  The  term  nsed  when  one  edge  of  any. 
thing  is  rolled  inward,  and  is  enveloped  by 
the  opposite  edge  rolled  in  the  reverse  direc- 
tion, as  the  leaves  of  the  apricot 

«n  per  vSl'-u-ilVe,  a.  [Pref.  taper-;  Eng. 
«oii<((e),  and  sutf.  -iw.J 

Sot.  (Of  (estivation):  Having  the  leaves 
supervolute  (s-v.). 

•u-pi-na'-tion,  >.  [Lat.  sitpinatio,  from 
tujii.no  —  to  bend  backwards.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  lying  or  of  being  laic 
With  the  face  upward. 

2.  The  movement  in  which  the  forearm  anc 
hand  are  carried  outwards,  so  that  the  anterior 
mirface  of  the  latter  becomes  superior ;  the  po 
sition  of  the  hand  extended  outwards  with  the 

'     palm  upwards.    Opposed  to  pronation  (q.v.). 

"They  [the  muscles]  can  perform  .  .  .  flexion,  ex 
tension,  probation,  tupiiialio'i.  the  touick  motion 
circumgyration."— Smith:  Portrait,  of  Old  Age,  p.  62. 

•u'-pi-nat-dr,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat  supint 
=  to  place  or  throw  on  the  hack.] 

Anal. :  A  name  given  to  two  muscles,  the 
supinator  radii  longus  and  the  mpinator  radi 
brevii,  which  turn  the  palm  of  the  hand  up- 
ward. The  latter  muscle  has  the  greater  in 
fluence  in  producing  this  result. 

•fr-pmc,  sn-pine',  a.  &  s.    [Lat  tupiniu  = 
backward,  lying  on  one's  back ;  connects 
with  sub  =  under  ;  cf.  Or.  SUTIOC  (huptios)  = 
bent  Itackwards,  lying  on  one's  back,  froi 
two  (hupo)  =  under ;  Fr.  supiii ;  8p.,  Port, 
Ital.  supino.] 

A.  As  adjective  (pron.  ty-plnef) : 
1.   Lying  on  the  back  or  with  the  face 
upwards.    (Opposed  to  prone.) 

"  Black  was  the  covering  too.  where  lay  the  god 
And  slept  lupine,  Ills Tliiiln  display1.!  abroad.' 

ffrydfn  :  Ovid  ;  Metamorphoiel  X. 

*2.  Leaningorinclined  backwards;  inclined 
(loping.  (Said  of  parts  of  the  earth.)  (Dry 
dm :  VirgU  ;  Georgic  ii.  372.) 


3.  Negligent,    listless,    careless,    heedless, 
Indolent,  thoughtless.     (Cowper:  Progress  oj 
Error,  9.) 

4.  Characterized  by  or  exhibiting  listless- 
ness,  carelessness,  or  supineness. 

••  Whose  lupine  felicity  but  makes 
In  story  chasms.  In  euochea  mistakes. 

Dry  den  :  Allraa  Btdux.  101 

B.  As  substantive  (pron.  sH'-pine): 
Gram.  :  A  part  of  the  Latin  verb,  really  a 
verbal  noun,  similar  to  our  verbals  in  -ing. 
It  has  two  forms  or  cases,  the  first  ending  in 
-urn  is  au  accusative  case  ;  it  always  follows 
verbs  of  motion,  as  absit  deambttkitum  =  he 
has  gone  to  walk,  or  he  has  gone  a-walkiug. 
The  second  supine  ends  in  -«,  and  is  an  abla- 
tive case,  and  follows  substantives  or  adjec- 
tives, as  miraUle  dictu  =  wonderful  to  be 
told,  wonderful  to  tell. 

su-pme'-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  supine  ;  -ly.] 

11  1.  In  a  supine  manner  or  position  ;  with 
the  face  upwards. 

"  At  night  fatigued,  while  he  luplnelu  snored." 
Prancti  :  Horace  ;  Epialel,  il.  2. 

2.  Carelessly,  negligently,  heedlessly,  list- 
lessly, thoughtlessly.    (Philips:  Cider,  i.) 

su  pme'-noss,  a.    [Eng.  supine  ;  -ness.] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  supine  ;  the 
act  or  state  of  lying  with  the  face  upwards. 

2.  Negligence,  indolence,  heedlessness,  care- 
lessness, listlessness. 

"  They  feel  overcast 
With  sorrow  and  lufiineiiei',  and  so  die." 

Byron  :  CllUde  Harold,  ill.  «. 

su-plii'-i-tjf,  *su-pin-l-tie,  s.  (Eng. 
supin(e);  -ity.]  The  same  as  SUPINENESS 
(q.v.). 

"  A  tiipinlty  or  neglect  of  enquiry,  even  of  matters 
whereof  we  doubt."—  Brown*  .•  Vulgar  Errouri.  bk.  U 
ch.  v. 

"  sup'-page  (age  as  Ig),  ».  [Eng.  tup  ;  -age.  ] 
That  which  may  be  supped  ;  pottage. 

"  For  food  they  had  bread  j  for  tuppage,  salt  ;  and 
for  sau.-e,  herbs.  —  Booker:  KeclM.  Potity.  v.,  i  "J. 

*  sup-plU-pa'-tlon,  s.     [L»t.   evppalpatits, 
pa.  par.  of  euppalpor  =  to  caress  a  little  :  sub 
=  under,  little,  and  palpo  =  to  caress.]    The 
act  of  enticing  by  soft  words  ;  enticement, 
caress. 

"Let  neither  huggs  of  feare.  nor  tuppalpationi  of 
favour  weaken  your  hands."—  Ball:  8t.  Pauft  Combat. 

*  sttp-par-a-sl-ta'-tlon,  ».    [Lat  suppara- 
sitatus,  pa,  'par.  of  supparasitor  =  to  play  the 
parasite  (q.v.).]    The  act  of  flattery  to  gain 
one's  own  ends  ;  servile  assent  or  approbation. 

"A  galling  truth  shall  have  more  tbauks  than  a 
ttuoothtng  luppareuU<uion."—BilJlop  Ball:  Th»  Bett 
Bargain*. 

*  «iip-par'-t>-site,  v.t.    [SUPPABASITATION. 
To  flatter,  to  cajole  ;  to  act  the  parasite  to. 

sup  pawn',  «.    [SEPAWN.] 

•sup-pe-da'-ne  ofis,  a.  [Lat  tttppeda 
neitm  =  a  footstool  :  auo  =  under,  and  pea, 
genit.  pedis  =  the  foot.)  Placed  or  bein| 
under  the  feet. 

••  He  had  slender  legs,  but  Increased  by  riding  afte 
meals  ;  that  is,  the  humour  descended  upon  their  pen 
dulosity.  they  having  no  supi>ort  or  tuppedanrou 
stability."  —  Browne:  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  v..  en.  xii' 

*  sup-ped'-l-tate,  v.t.     [Lat.  suppeditatus 
pa.  par.  of  suppedito  :  sub  =  under,  and  pes 
genit.  ftd.lt  =  the  foot] 

1.  To  supply,  to  furnish. 

"Those  things  which  there  Is  a  logical  potslbllit 
for  us  to  do,  and  strength  sufficient  tuppeditated."— 
Hammond  :  Worm,  iv.  671. 

2.  To  put  down  ;  to  quell,  to  repress, 

"But  also  [Henry  VII.l  repressed  and  tiipped 
the  cyiitle   disHeucion  aud   Ulterior  stryfe.*1—  Hall 
Henry  VII.  (an.  2). 

[Lat  mppedUatia. 
aid  afforded;  sup 


*  •fip-ped-l'-ta'-tton,  *. 

[SoppEDiTATE.]    Supply; 
port. 


"  Witness  how  nimble  the  aoul  Is  to  act  upon  tl 
ruppeditatlon  of  due  matter.1*—  Jfore  :  Immort.  of  I/ 
Soul,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  xlv. 

•tip'-per,  *  sop  er,  "  sonp-er,  *  sup  cr 

*,    [O.  Fr.  soper,  super  ;  Fr.  sovper,  prop,  a 
inttnitive  mood  =  to   sup  (q.v.),  nsed  as 
substantive  ;  cf.  dinner.]    The  evening  meal 
the  last  meal  of  the  day. 

"  We  hold  a  solemn  tupper.  • 

Sluitetp.  :  .VucMft.  111.  I. 

•J  Lord?  s  Supper:  [LORD'S  SUPPER], 
supper-board,  s.    The  supper-table. 

"Turned  to  their  cleanly  tu/mer.ooard." 

Wordmortlt:  MeftsuL 


supper  time,  s.    The  time  when  suppef 
is  eaten. 

"  And  soon  at  gtipper-tlme  I'll  visit  yon." 

Sbakelp.  :  Comedy  of  Errorl,  tu.  S. 

•up'-per,  ».i.  &  t.    [SUPPER,  «.] 

A*  Intrans.  :  To  take  supper  ;  to  sup. 

"  Once  at  my  lupperlni/  I  plucked  In  the  dusk 
All  apple."  Mood  :  Lyciu  the  Centaur. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  serve  with  supper. 
"  Kester  was  tttpperitty  the  horses."—  Afri.  GatlttBl 

Syleiiii  Lvvert,  ch.  vi. 

iip'-per  less,    a.      [Eng.     tapper;     -less.} 
Without  a  supper  ;  wanting  supper. 

••  There  will  be  great  rejoicing  aud  feasting  round 
the  hitherto  almost  lupptrleu  camp  fire  to-nlglit.'  — 
Field,  Sept.  25.  1886. 

Slip-plant',  v.t.  [Fr.  sitpplanter,  from  Lat 
supplanto  =  to  put  something  under  the  sole 
of  the  foot,  to  trip  up,  to  overthrow  :  sup 
(for  tub)  =  under,  and  planta  —  the  sole  ol 
the  foot.) 

*  1.  To  trip  up. 

"His  legs  entwining 
Each  oilier,  till  lapplanted  t!<  iwn  be  leU." 

M,  11.  iu  :  I:  L.,  x.  ill. 

2.  To  overthrow  ;  to  cause  the  downfall  of. 

"The  cruet  means  you  practised  to  tupplant  me." 
ilauinger:  Rtnegaao,  Iv.  1 

3.  To  remove,  to  displace  ;  to  force  or  drive 
away. 

"  War  followed  for  revenge,  or  to  tupplant 
The  envied  tenants  of  some  happier  spot. 

Cowpti-  :  Talk.  I.  Set, 

4.  To  displace  or  remove  by  stratagem  or 
craft  ;  to  displace  and  take  the  place  of  :  as, 
To  supplant  a  rival  in  the  favour  or  affection. 

*  5.  To  root  np  or  out  ;  to  displace. 

*  sup-plant',  ».    [SUPPLANT,  v.]    Stratagem, 
eral't,  trickery. 

•'  But  the!  that  worolieu  by  luppltinf 

Qotoer  :  C.  A.,  ii. 

*  sup-plant  a  ry,  *  sup  plant  e-rie,  «. 

[SUPPLANT,  ».]    The  act  of  supplanting. 

"  Mr  souse  yet  there  is  tlie  [ifte. 
Wnlcheis  concelued  of  .iinif. 
And  cleped  Is  tupplantfrie 

aotoer  :  O.  A.,  U. 

*  sfip-plan-ta'-tlon,  ».    [SUPPLANT,  v.]   The 
act  of  supplanting. 

su  p  -plant'  er,  *  sup  plant  -our,  s.  [Eng. 
tupplant,  v.  ;  -«r.J  One  who  supplants  or 
displaces. 

"  A  treacherous  tupplanter  and  undennlner  of  the 
peace  of  all  families  aud  societies."—  Small  :  Sermoiu, 
vol.  vi.,  ser.  S. 

sup'-ple,  *  son-pie,  a.  [Fr.  souple,  rrom  Lat 
supplicem,  accus.  of  supplex  =  bending  under, 
submissive  :  snb  =  under,  and  plec-,  base  of 


L  Pliant,  flexible,  easily  bent 

"  The  tribute  of  his  lapplt  knee.' 

Stiaktip.  :  Richard  II.,  L  1 

S.  Yielding,  compliant,  not  obstinate. 
3.  Capable  of  moulding  one's  self  to  suit* 
purpose  ;  bending  to  the  humour  of  others  ; 
nattering,  fawning,  servile. 

"  Sunderland  came  forth  from  tbe  bad  echor>l  la 
which  he  had  been  brought  up.  cunning.  »nj,i>Jt, 
shameless,  free  from  all  prejudices,  and  destitute  of 
all  priuclliles."—  Macauttiy  :  ffitt.  Eng.,  ch.  :i. 

*  supple  chapped,  a.  Having  a  suppl* 
jaw  ;  having  an  oily  tongue. 

supple-Jack,  «. 

Botany  : 

1.  Various   Paullinias,  specially  PuuUinia 
polyphylta,  a  native  of  Jamaica.    The  stalk  is 
Blender,  woody,  tough,  and  flexile,  and  asc«-i  la 
to  a  considerable  height.    When  mature,  the 
wood  is  cut  down,   barked,  and  then  con- 
verted into  walking-sticks. 

"  Here's  tupplfjftck  plenty,  and  store  of  rattan." 
Cowper  :  Sweet  Jltat  kai  Sour  saw*. 

2.  Serjania  tritemata. 

3.  Cardiospermum  grandijlorum. 

sup'-ple,  *  sou-pie,  v.t.  &  i.    [SUPPLE,  a.) 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  make  supple,  pliant,  or  flexible. 

"  Poultices  allayine  pain,  drew  down  the  humours, 
and  lupi'lfl  the  i>arts,  thereby  making  tbe  passages 
wider.  —Tempt*. 

2.  To  make  compliant,  yielding,  submissive, 
or  humble. 

"  A  mother  persisting  till  she  had  bent  her 
daughter's  mindTand  tuppted  her  wilL"—  LocJu  :  o» 
Education. 

3.  To  train  for  military  purposes,  as  a  horse, 

•  4.  To  soothe. 

"  Be  not  afraid,  ye  haue  saluee  inonghe  to  touplt 
that  sore."—  frytA:  VorJtet,  p.  7». 


Ate,  fa*,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  dire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  p3t, 
or,  wore,  wolC  work,  who,  son;  mnte,  cub,  cure,  rjnite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.     a»,  ee  -  e;  ey  --  a:  o.u  =  kw. 


Bupplely— supply 


4551 


*  B,  Intrans. :    To  become  soft,  pliant,  and 
flexible. 

"  The  atones 

Did  first  the  rigour  of  their  kind  exnel. 
Aud  tufjplad  into  softness  as  tln-y  fell." 

Dryden  :  Ooid  ;  Metaxwrphoeet  L 

*  SUp'-ple-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  sapplet  a. ;  -ly.]    In 
a  supple  manner;  softly,  pliantly,  mildly. 

lttp'-pl<5-ment,  s.     [Fr.,  from  Lat  supple- 
mentnm  —  a  supplement,  a  filling  up;  suppleo 
—  to  till  up  :  sup  (for  sub)  =  under,  and  pleo  = 
to  nil.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  An  addition  to  anything,  by  which  its 
dc-t'tvts  are  supplied  and  it  is  made  more  full 
and  complete.     (Frequently  applied  to  an  ad- 
dition t<>  a  nook  or  p:qrr.) 

"  Watta's  Logick,  aud  his  Improvement  of  the  Mind, 
which  tie  meant  to  be  a  tuiiplement  to  his  Logick."— 
Kn.x  Liberal  Education,  f  69. 

*  2.  Store,  supply. 

"  We  had  not  spent 

Our  ruddy  wine  a  ship  bmird  ;  titpptetnent 
Of  large  aurt  each  man  to  his  vessel  druw." 

Chapman,    (Todd.) 

II.  Trigon.:  The  su^lement  of  an  angle,  or 
of  an  arc  of  a  circle,  F 

is  the  lemainder  ob- 
taini'd  by  subtract- 
ing the  angle,  or  arc, 
from  ISO",  or  two 
right  angles.  If  the 
angle  exceeds  180* 
the  supplement  will 
be  negative.  Two  SUPPLEMKNT. 

angles  which  are  to-  »0  Arc;  CD  sine:  DA  Cosine; 

gt't her  equal  to  two  A  B  r  Quadrant  at  right 
angle  ;  c  r  Coinplement  of 
an  arc,  or  diflemioe  be- 
tween that  arc  and  quad, 
raut;  K  B  r  Semicircle,  1KO 


degre 

an  arc,  or  difference  between 


right  angles,  or  two 
arcs  which  are  toge- 
ther equal  to  180" 
or  a  semicircle,  are 
the  supplements  of 
each  otlier. 

Sup  ple-ment,  v.t.  [SUPPLEMENT,  *.]  To 
till  up,  supply,  or  complete  by  additions;  to 
add  something  to,  as  a  book  or  writing. 

If  Supplements  in  this  sense  are  frequently 
used  to  keep  a  work  of  reference  up  to  date, 
when  so  voluminous  ae  to  make  a  re-setting  cl 
the  work  inadvisable.  This  is  done  in  the  ca^o 
of  the  large  dictionaries,  new  coined  words 
and  those  omitted  being  given  from  rime  to 
time  in  supplements.  The  eame  is  done  In  the 
case  of  encyclopaedia*,  in  certain  cases  annual 
supplementary  volumes  being  issued,  in  order 
tu  keep  the  information  closely  up  to  date,  and 
introduce  new  subjects  of  interest.  When 
such  a  work  becomes  cumbersome  by  the 
extent  of  its  supplements  new  editions  are 
occasionally  issued  in  which  the  supplementary 
matter  is  brought  into  the  text 

"  He  supplement!  this  sketch  by  a  aeries  of  lllustra- 
Uota."-Baring.aould;  Jlythttf  Middle  Age$. 

(Up-ple-menf-al,  sup-pie  ment'-ar-y, 

a.  [Eng.  supplement,  a. ;  -al,  -ary.]  Of  the 
nature  of  a  supplement;  serving  to  supple- 
ment, fill  up,  or  complete  by  additions  ;  added 
to  supply  what  is  deficient. 

"A  wplementary  revelation."— ifacaulay:  Hitt. 
Eng.,  en.  xix. 

supplemental-air,  *. 

Physiol. :  Air  which  can  be  driven  out  of 
the  lungs  by  laboured  expiration.  Called  also 
Beserve  air.  Even  after  its  expulsion,  the 
lungs  still  contain  residual  air.  (foster.) 

supplemental-arc,,?.  [SUPPLEMENT, II.] 

supplemental-chorda,  s.  ;<L 

frigon. :  The  chords  of  supplemental  arcs. 

supplemental-triangle,  s.  A  spher- 
ical triangle,  funned  by  joining  the  poles  of 
three  great  circles. 

supplemental  versed-sine,  s. 

Trigon. :  The  aubversfd  sine,  or  the  differ- 
ence between  the  versed  sine  and  the  diameter. 

supplementary-chords,  s.  pi.    In  an 

ellipse  or  hyperbola,  any  two  chords  drawn 
through  the  extremities  of  a  diameter,  and 
intersecting  on  the  curve. 

*  siip  pie  men-ta'-tion,  s.  [Eng.  supple- 
mf.if;  .a/ion.]  The  act  of  supplementing, 
filling  up,  or  adding  to. 

•up  pie-ness,  s.    [Eng.  supple,  a. ;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  supple, 
pliant,  or  flexible  ;  flexibility,  pliablenesa. 

"In  all  the  vigour  and  tuppieneu  ol  early  yoath," 
-Macautay :  ffttt.  Bng.,c^.  xiv. 


2.  Readiness  of  compliance  ;  pliancy;  readi- 
ness to  yield  compliance  ;  facility. 

3.  Capability  of  moulding  ur  adapting  one's 
self  to  any  purpose. 

"  He  united  the  Arm  faith  and  ardent  zeal  of  a 
tn.-irtyr  with  the  shrewdness  and  mp}>lctiftt  of  a  con- 
summate politiciau."—  Afaeaulay  ;  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiit 

*  sup'-ple-tive,  a.     [Fr.  suppletif,  from  Low 
Lat.  suppletivus,  from  Lat.  suppletits,  pa,  par. 
nf   s>tpi>leo  =  to    fill    up,  to   supply    (q.v.).] 
Supplying,  suppletory 

*  sup'-ple-tor-y,  a.  &  *.    [Lat.  suppletus,  pa. 

p;ir.  of  suppleo  =  to  supply  (q.v.)  ;  Ital.  sup- 
pletorio.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Supplying  deficiencies  ;  sup- 
plemental. 

"  I  have  partly  from  Prynne,  partly  from  my  own 
conjecture,  supplied  the  mutilated  places  as  well  as  I 
oould  :  but  biive  included  all  such  tupjrfetory  words  in 
crotchets.  "—  Wharton;  Diary  of  ArchbiAop  Laud, 
p.  58. 

B.  As  subst.  :  That  which  (s  to  supply  what 
is  wanted  ;  that  which  (ills  up  deficiencies. 

"  They  invent  tHfpletoriet  tu  excuse  an  evil  man."— 
Jeremy  Taylor:  Sermons,  p.  £85. 

supplotory-oath,  a.    [SUPPLEMENT,  *., 

*  sup-pli'-al,  *.    [Eng.  supply  ;  -al] 

1.  The  act  of  supplying;  supply. 

"  Leave  the  ntppHal  of  the  unconnected  part*  to  hit 
reader's  sagacity."—  Warburton  :  />*«'««  Legation, 
bk.  iv.,  §  5. 

2.  That  which  is  supplied. 

*  Blip  -pli'-ance  (1),  «.    [Eng.  supply;  -ance.] 

1.  The  act  of  supplying;  assistance. 

2.  That  which  fills  tip,  occupies,  or  satis- 
fies;    satisfaction,    gratification,    diversion, 
pastime. 

41  Forward,  not  permanent,  sweet,  not  laatlng, 
The  perfume  and  tuppliancc  <tt  a  minute." 

Hhaketp,  :  ffamlet.  I.  3. 

*SUp'-pl3f-an9e  (2),  *.  [Eng.  mpplian(t)  ; 
-ce.]  The  act  of  supplicating  ;  supplication, 
entreaty. 

"  When  Greece  bar  knee  In  tiippl  ianc*  bent," 

Bulleck.    i  Webtter.} 

*  BUp-pli'-ant  (1),  a.     [Eng.   supply;  -antt] 
Furnishing  a  supply  ;  suppletory. 

"  To  those  legions  your  levy 
Moat  be  tuppliant."      &kakesp.  :  Cymbeline,  111.  T. 

sup'  pli-ant  f2),  *  anp-pU-aunt,  a,  &  $. 

[Fr.  suppliant,  pr.  par.  of  supplier;  Lat.  tup- 
yiico  =  tx)  supplicate  (q,.v.).J 
A*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Entreating,    supplicating,    beseeching; 
asking  earnestly  and  humbly. 

"He  was  rather  mppliant  than  vlctorioo*."—  Sid- 
ney :  Arcadia,  bk.  HL 

2.  Manifesting  or  expressing  entreaty  or 
supplication. 

"  To  ITOW  and  sue  for  grace 
With  tvppliant  knee,  and  deify  his  power." 

Milton:  P.L.ti.  112. 

B.  As  sitbst.  :  One  who  supplicates  ;  a 
humble  petitioner  ;  one  who  begs  earnestly 
and  humbly  ;  a  supplicant.  In  law,  the  acior 
in  or  a  party  preferring  a  petition  of  right. 


"He  was  soon  surrounded  by  flatterers  and  tup- 
lianUS—Macavlas  :  Hitt.  Sng.t  ch.  iv. 


siip'-pli-ant-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  suppliant  (2)  ; 
-iif.  I  In  a  .supphiint  manner  ;  like  a  suppliant 
"  Sapptiantty  implore  thedivlue  mercy."—  Student. 
1.  139. 

*  sup'  pli  ant  ness,   s.     CEng.    suppliant; 
•ness.]     The  quality  or  state  of  being  sup- 
pliant. 

*  Sup'-pU-can-cJf,  *.    fEng,  mwpplican(t)  ; 

-cy.]    The  act  of  supplicating;  supplication, 
suppliance. 

stip'-pll-cant.  o.  &  *.    [Lat.  supplicant,  pr. 
par.  of  supjUico  =  to  supplicate  (q.v.).J 

A.  As  adj.  :  Entreating,  begging,  or  asking 
earnestly  ;  suppliant, 

"They  offered  to  thli  council  their  letters  ntpptt. 
cam.  —  ap.  Hull:  Corruption  qf  Church  of  Rome. 

B.  ^s   subst.  :    One    who    supplicates  ;    a 
humble  petitioner  ;  one  who  asks  earnestly 
and  humbly;  a  suppliant. 

"  Abraham,  Instead  of  Indulging  the  ntppUcant  In 
tils  desire  of  new  evidence,  refer*  him  to  what  hla 
brethren  had."—  Att«rbury  :  Sermont,  voL  11..  aer.  2, 


t-iy,  adv.  [Fng.  supplicant  ; 
~ly.]  fn  a  supplicating  manner;  like  a  sup- 
plicant. 


8iip-pH-cat,  *.  [Lat.=  he  supplicates.1  In 
English  L'niversitifS,  a  petition  ;  specif.,  * 
written  application  with  a  certificate  that  the 
requisite  conditions  have  been  compute!  with. 

sup'-pU-cate,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  siippiictUui,  pa. 
jiar.  of  supplico,  from  suwlex,  gcnit.  svppllcig 
==  bending  down,  suppliant;  Fr.  s^fflier; 
8p.  suplicar;  Ital.  svpplicare.]  [SUPPLE,  o.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  beg  or  ask  for  earnestly  and  humbly; 
to  entreat  for  ;  to  seek  by  earnest  and  hutnblt 
prayer. 

"  Whoae  mercy  the  most  opulent  of  us  all  mint 
one  day  »ti/>?)!ii-ate."—Knox:  Rducatinn  oft!,?  Poor. 

2.  To  address   iu    prayer;    to   call    upon 
humbly. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  make  supplication  ;  to  beg 
or  petition  earnestly  and  humbly. 

"  Valu  U  each  threat  or  supplicating  prayer." 

Byron:  Elena  on  *Veu<steud  Abbey. 

*H  For  the  difference  between  to  supplicate 
and  to  beg,  see  BEG. 

*sup'-pll-cate,  «.     [SUPPLICATE,  v.]    The 

same  as  STJPPLICAT  (q.v.). 

"  This  year  was  a  tumtficat*  made  for  George  Cnrew 
to  have  the  degree  nf  Bachelor  of  Arts  cuuierred  oa 
him."—  Wood  :  Fatti  Oxon..  vol.  L 

sup  pli  cat-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [SUPPLICATE, 
r.] 

sup'-pU-cat-ihg-ly,  adv.  [Eng  supplicat- 
t*ffi  -lu-\  In  a  supplicating  manner;  aa  a 
suppliant. 

"  He  also  gesticulated,  sometimes  wildly,  sometime! 
lUpplicatlnglu"—  natty  Telegraph,  Sept.  8,  1666. 

Slip  pli  ca'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  mppli- 
cationem,  ace  us,  of  yupplicatio,  from  svppli* 
catus,  pa.  par.  of  sitpplico  =  to  aupi'licate 
(q.v.);  Sp.  supplication.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  supplicating;  humble  and 
earnest  petition  or  prayer  in  worship. 

"  Praying  with  all  prayer  and  supplication,  with  all 
perseverance  and  ntpplication  for  all  saints.  "—  E 


2.  A  petition  ;  an  earnest  and  humble  re* 
quest  or  prayer. 

"By  the  tears  and  abject  tuppllcatioiu  at  White- 
baOr-^MUeKJbt  .-  fflif.  Eng..  ch.  v. 

II.  Roman  Anti</.  :  A  religious  solemnity  or 
thanksgiving  to  the  gods  on  the  occasion 
of  a  great  victory  gained,  or  in  times  of  public 
danger  or  distress. 

*Sun'-pU-cat-6r.  s.  [Lat.]  One  who  sup. 
plicates  ;  a  supplicant. 

"  Well  fare  that  bold  fupplicator  to  Queen  Eliza* 
betb."—  BUhopBall:  SpUwpacy  of  Divine  Right. 

SUp'-plI-cat-oiv^,  a.  [En«.  fupplicat(e); 
•ory.]  Containing,  or  of  the  nature  of  suppli- 
cation ;  humble,  earnest,  petitionary. 

"  Being  all  tupplicatory  prayers.  "—ffoweJl  :  Letttrt, 

*8Up-pU-ca'-vIt,  ».    [Lat.  =  he  has  begged.] 

Mw:  A  writ  formerly  issuing  oat  of  the 

Courts  of  King's  (or  Queen's)  Bench  or  Chan- 

cery, for  taking  the  surety  of  the  peace  against 

a  man. 

*  sup-pile,  *  sup  -  pli-en,  v.t.  [Fr.  supplier.] 
To  supplicate. 

"And  If  thoa  wolt  rtilnen  with  dignities,  thon 
rauste  besechen  and  tupplien  [ntp/jlicabix]  hern,  that 
yeuen  the  dignities."—  Chaucer  :  Boecius,  bk.  lit 

Bup-pli'-er,  s.  [Eng.  supply,  v.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  supplies. 

"Saul  might  set  up  for  a  suppUerol  the  fault  of 
Joshua.*—  Stackhouie  :  Hitt.  Bible. 

sup-ply',   *  sup-ploy,   *sup-ploye,  v.t. 

[Fr.  sitppleer;  from  .Lat.  suppleo  =  to  fill  up  : 
Kup  (for  sttb)  =  up,  and  pleo  =  to  fill;  Sp. 
suplir  ;  Port,  supprir  ;  Ital.  supplire.] 

*  1.  To  fill  up  as  any  deficiencies  occur  ;  to 
recruit. 

"  Out  of  the  fry  of  these  rakehell  honehoys  are  their 
kearn  tup^/ivd  aud  main  tai  tied.  "—^>ejwer  ;  State  of 
Ireland, 

2.  To  furnish  with  what  is  wanted  ;  to  afford 
or  furnish  a  sufficiency  for  ;  to  provide  ;  to 
make   provision.     (Often    fnllowed    by  with 
before  that  which  is  supplied.) 

*'  So  rich,  so  throng'd,  so  drtun'd,  and  BO  tttppHed 
Aa  London."  Cawper:  Tatk,  i.  720. 

3.  To  strengthen  by  additions  ;  to  reinforce, 

"  Macdonwald  .  .  .  from  the  western  tales 
Of  kerns  and  gal  lowg  lasses  Is  tnt>/-/«-<i." 

Shuicesp.  :  Mucbtth,  i.  S. 

M.  To  gratify  the  desire  of;  to  content. 

"  Did  tupplu  thee  at  thy  garden  -house." 

Shaketp.  :  .Venture/or  Mvusitrt.  r. 


b67;  poiit,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylat.   -Ing. 
-clan. -tian  =  shan,   -tion,  -<ion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -slou  =  zhun.    -ciou«, -tious, -aious  ^  snus.   -We,  -die.  Ac.  =  b? 1,  del. 


4552 


supply— supposablo 


6.  To  give,  to  grant,  to  furnish,  to  provide. 

"  But  nearer  raire  (O  pardon  It !)  tuppliei 
M-.i.»  to  my  breast  and  sorrow  to  iay  eyw. 

Prior :  Ctlia  to  Damon, 

*6.  To  serve  instead  of;  to  fill  or  take  the 
place  of. 

-  Wliert  burning  ship*  the  banish'd  iun  tuppltr, 
And  DO  light  shines  but  that  by  which  men  die." 
Walter:  Initructivtu  to  a  Painter,  12L 

7.  To  fill  up ;  particularly  applied  to  places 
that  have  become  vacant. 

11 1  being  absent,  and  my  place  tupplied." 

Ahaketp.  •   Othello,  lit.  8. 

•tip-ply',  s.    [SUPPLY,  v.1 

1.  The   act    of  supplying,    providing,    or 
furnishing  what  is  wanted ;  provision ;  cure 
of  deficiencies. 

"  Why  are  met  nil  things  good  t  because  they  minister 
to  the  supply  of  our  want*  and  Aesins.— Search: 
Li-jht  of  fltiture,  »oL  i..  pt.  ii.,  ch.  xxvii. 

2.  That  wliich  is  supplied  ;  a  sufficiency  or 
provision  of  things  needed  ;  a  quantity,  stock, 
or  store  of  things  on  hand. 

5.  Especially  in  the  plural,  the  stock  of 
provisions  necessary  to  supply  the  wants  of 
an   army  or   other  large  body  of  persons; 
necessaries  collected ;  stores. 

*  4.  Additional  troops,  reinforcements, 
succour. 

**  Th«  Earl  of  Salisbury  craveth  tupply* 

Shaketp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  i,  1. 

fi.  One  who  takes  the  place  of  another ;  a 
substitute.  (Used  especially  of  a  Noncon- 
formist minister  or  student  who  does  duty 
in  the  absence  of  the  regular  pastor.) 

6.  A  grant  of  money  provided  by  a  national 
assembly  to  meet  the   expenses    of  govern- 
ment.   The  right  of  voting  supplies  in  the 
United  States  is  vested  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, and  the  necessary  exercise  of  this 
right    is    practically   a   law   for  tbe    annual 
meeting  of  Congress.    But  an  appropriation 
bill  must  be  concurred  in  by  the  Senate  and 
signed  by  the  President,  or  passed  over  the 
President's  veto,  before  it  can  become  operative. 

"  That  paragraph  of  the  Icing's  speech  which  related 
totitp/i'y  j  i  receded  the  paragraph  which  related  to  the 
&\,:t-£acaul<iv  :  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

H  Commissioners  of  supply :  Commissioners 
appointed  to  assess  the  land-tax  and  to 
apportion  the  valuation  according  to  the 
provisions  of  the  Valuations  of  Lands  Act, 
within  their  respective  counties.  (Scotch.) 

"siip -ply1- ant,  a.  [Eng.  supply;  -ant.] 
Suppletory,  auxiliary,  supplemental. 

*sup  ply'-ment,  «.  [Eng.  supply;  -ment.] 
The  furnishing  or  provision  of  further  supplies ; 
a  continuation  of  supply. 

"  Ton  have  me.  rich  ;  and  I  will  never  fall 
Beginning,  nor  luppfyment." 

Shaketp.  :  Cymbetine,  iii.  4. 

*  siip-pone',  v.t.  [Lat.  suppono,  from  sup  (for 
tub)  —  under,  and  pono  =  to  place.]  To 
suppose  (q.v.). 

•ftp-port,  v.t.  [Fr.  supporter,  from  Lat 
supporto  =  to  carry,  bring,  or  convey  to  a 
place ;  in  Low  Lat.  =  to  endure,  to  sustain  ; 
tup  (for  sub)  =  under,  and  porto  =  to  carry  ; 
Sp.  suportar,  soportar  ;  Port,  siipportar,  sopor- 
tar  ;  ItaU  sopportare.] 

1.  To  bear  up,  to  sustain,  to  prop  up  ;  to 
keep  from  falling  or  sinking. 

"  Support  him  by  the  arm." 

Shaketp. .-  At  You.  Lite  It,  II.  T. 

2.  To  uphold  by  aid,    encouragement,  or 
countenance ;  to  keep  from  fainting,  yielding, 
or  giving  way. 

"  But  waged  with  death  a  lasting  strife, 
Supported  by  despair  of  life." 

Covper :  The  Cattaway. 

3.  To  back  up  by  being   in   readiness  to 
come  to  the  aid  of :  as,  One  regiment  supports 
another. 

*  4.  To  endure  without  being  overcome ;  to 
bear  up  under ;  to  endure,  to  sustain. 

"la  heavy  Interim  shall  support 
By  his  dear  absence."          Shaketp. :  Othello.  1.  8. 

5.  To  be  able  to  furnish  funds  for,  or  the 
means  of  continuing ;  to  be  able  to  meet ;  to 
meet,  to  incur. 

"  The  coeti.  charges,  and  expenses  which  the  king's 
blghneu  necessarily  hath  been  compelled  to  tupport 
and  sustain."- Burnet :  tooordi.  TO!.  L,  pt.  ii.,  bt  it 
(Nute  si.) 

6.  To  be  able  to  carry  on  ;  to  be  able  to 
continue :   as,  To  support  a  war,  contest,  or 
argument 

7*  To  maintain  with  the  necessary  means  of 
living ;  to  provide  for ;  to  provide  with  a 
livelihood  :  as,  To  support  a  son  at  college. 


8.  To  keep  up  by  nutriment;  to  nourish,  to 
sustain  :  as,  To  support  life. 

9.  To  keep  up  in  reputation  ;  to  sustain,  to 
maintain  :  as,  To  support  a  good  character. 

10.  To  take  the  part  or  character  of ;  to 
represent  on  the  stage  ;  to  act :  as,  To  support 
a  character  in  a  play. 

11.  To  verify,  to  substantiate,  to  bear  oat, 
to  make  good,  to  maintain. 


12.  To  assist,  to  aid,  to  help,  to  further,  to 
second  :  as,  To  support  a  party. 

13.  To  maintain;  to  defend  successfully; 
to  vindicate,  to  uphold:  as,  To  support  one's 
own  cause. 

14.  To  accompany  as  an  honorary  assistant  ; 
to  uphold  or  aid  by  attendance  on. 

15.  To  second  or  back  up,  as  a  proposal  or 
motion  at  a  public  meeting. 

IT  (1)  To  support  arms  : 

Mil.  :  To  carry  the  rifle  vertically  at  the  left 
shoulder,  supported  by  having  the  hammer- 
rest  on  the  left  forearm,  which  is  passed  across 
the  breast. 

(2)  To  support  a  rule  : 

Law  :  To  argue  in  answer  to  the  arguments 
of  the  party  who  has  shown  cause  against  a 
rule  nisi. 

sup-port',  *.    [SUPPORT,  «tj 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act,  operation,  or  state  of  supporting 
upholding,  sustaining,  or  keeping  from  falling 
or  sinking  ;  sustaining  effect  or  power. 

2.  That  which   supports,    upholds,   main- 
tains, or  keeps  from  falling  :  as  — 

(1)  A  stand,  frame,  prop,  pillar,  base,  foun- 
dation, or  the  like,  on  which  anything  stands. 

(2)  That  which  maintains  life  ;  sustenance  ; 
necessaries  of  life. 

(3)  Maintenance,  subsistence,  livelihood. 
**  A  thousand  pounds  a  year,  annual  tupport 

Out  of  his  grace  he  add*." 

Shaketp.  :  Henry  VIII..  11.  S, 

(4)  One  who   or   that  which  supports  or 
maintains  a  person,  family,  &e.  :  as,  Lie  is  the 
support  of  the  family  ;  Agriculture  is  their 
chief  support. 

(5)  That  which  upholds  or  relieves  ;   aid, 
help,  succour,  assistance  ;  specifically,  troops 
in  reserve  to  support  and  back  up  those  in 
front. 

(6)  Aid,  countenance  ;  assistance  by  speak- 
ing or  acting  :  as,  He  gave  his  support  to  the 
motion. 

3.  The  maintenance,  sustaining,  or  keeping 
up  of  anything,  without  allowing  it  to  sink, 
fall,  decline,  or  give  way  :  as,  the  support  of 
health,  the  support  of  spirits,  courage,  or  the 
like. 

IX  Law  :  The  right  of  a  person  to  have  his 
buildings  or  other  landed  property  supported 
by  his  neighbour's  house  or  land. 

T  Points  of  support  :  [PoiNT,  *.,  ^  15]. 

sup  -port'  -a-  We,  a.    (Eng.  support,  v.  ;  -able.] 

*  1.  Capable  of  being  supported,  upheld, 
sustained,  or  kept  np. 

2.  Capable  of  being  borne,  endured,  or 
tolerated  ;  tolerable,  bearable,  endurable. 

"The  IOM  of  all 

That  can  ennoble  man,  and  make  frail  life, 
Short  as  it  is,  tupport  able."        Ctneper  :  Talk,  V.  604. 

S.  Capable  of  being  supported,  maintained, 
or  defetided  :  as,  an  opinion  or  statement  is 

supportable. 

*  stip-pbrt'-a-ble-nSss,  *.     [Eng.  support- 
abut;    -ness.]     The  quality  or  state  of  being 
supportable. 

"  It  hath  an  influence  on  the  mjtportableneu  of  tbe 
burthen."—  ffammond  :  Workt,  Iv.  477. 

*  sup-pdrf  -a-fol^,  adv.    [Eng.  supportable); 
-ly.]    In  a  supportable  manner. 

*  sup   port  -ange,   s.      [Eng.  support,  v.  ; 

-ance.] 

*  I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  That  which  supports  or  upholds;  sup- 
port, prop. 

"Give  some  ntpportancc  to  the  bend  ing  twigs." 

:  Richard  !!.,  lit.  4. 


2.  That  which  keeps  from  failing  or  sinking  ; 
maintenance. 

"  Draw  for  the  lupportanc*  of  his  vow." 

Sttakttp,  :  Twelfth  Night,  fit.  4. 


II.  Sco(?  Law:  Assistance  rendered  to  en* 
able  a  person,  who  is  otherwise  incapable,  to 
go  to  kirk  or  market,  so  as  to  render  vali<l  a 
conveyance  of  heritage  made  within  sixty 
days  before  death. 

*  sup-pbr-ta'-tion,  sup  por  ta  ci  on,  s. 

[Eng.  support ;  -at  ion.]  Support,  maintenance. 

"The  firm  promises  and  tupp*rtation*  of  a  faithful 
God."— Sithop  Hull:  liemuint,  p.  885. 

sup  port  -ed,  pa.  par.  or-o.    [SUPPORT,  *1 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

S.  As  adjective : 

Her. :  Applied  to  an  ordinary  that  ha: 
another  under  it,  by  way  of  support:  as,  a 
chief  supported. 

sup-port -er,  *.    [Eng.  support;  -rr.) 
I.  Ordinary  Language ; 
1.  One  who  supports  or  maintains  :  as— 

(1)  One  who  supports,  upholds,   or  keeps 
from  falling  or  sinking.  (Cowper:  Task,  i.  479.) 

(2)  One  who  gives  aid,  assistance,  or  coun- 
tenance ;  an  advocate,  a  defender. 

"  Regarding  the  English  and  French  aa  the  i Ttiu'lpal 
literary  supporter!  of  the  present  age."— G<*M*mitA: 
Polite  Learning,  ch.  vll. 

(3)  An  adherent ;  one  who  sides  with  a  party. 

*  (4)  A  sustainer,  a  comforter. 

"  The  saints  have  a  companion  and  tupporter  In  all 
their  miseries."— South. 

(5)  One  who  accompanies  another  on  some 
public  occasion  as  an  aid  or  attendant ;  one 
who  seconds,  supports,  or  strengthens  :  as,  A 
chairman  of  a  meeting  and  his  supporters. 

*  2.  That  which  supports  or  upholds ;  a 
prop,  a  support,  a  base,  a  pillar,  a  foundation, 
or  the  like. 

"They  hare  no  . 
the  inside,  than  sen 
Voyage,  bk.lv..  ch.  liL 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Her. :  A  figure  on  each  side  of  a  shield  of 
arms,  appearing  to  support  the  sMeld.    They 
may  be  figures  of  beasts   or  birds,  real   or 
fabulous,  as  the  lion  and  unicorn  in  tl.r  arms 
of  Great  Bri- 

tain,  or  of 
men,  some- 
times naked 
and  some- 
times clad  in 
armour.  They 
may  have 
originated  in 
the  ceremo- 
nial bearing 
ofthekniRht- 
ly  shield  to 
tournaments 
and  jousts  by 
squires  or  retainers  of  a  moble  house.  They 
are  borne  by  all  peers  of  the  realm,  Knights 
of  the  Garter,  Knights  Grand-Crosses  of  the 
Bath,  by  many  Nova  Scotian  baronets,  and  by 
the  chiefs  of  Scottish  clans,  also  by  many 
municipalities,  and  the  principal  mercantile 
companies  of  the  city  of  London. 

2.  Shipbuilding: 

(1)  A  knee-piece  of  timber  bolted  firmly  be- 
neath the  cathead,  to  reinforce  it  when  sus- 
taining the  weight  of  the  anchor. 

(2)  A  piece  bolted  to  the  hounds  of  a  mast 
for  supporting  the  trestle-tree. 

3.  Surg. :    A  broad,  elastic,  or  cushioned 
band  or  truss  for  the  support  of  any  part  or 
organ  :  as,  an  abdominal  supporter. 

*  sup  -port'  fill,  *  siip  port  -full,  a.  [Eng. 
support ;    -full.}     Abounding  with  support; 
giving  abundance  of  support. 

"  Our  ewords 
Have  slain  a  cities  most  tupportfull  lords." 

Chapman  :  Homer;  Odj/uey  xxllL 

*  siip -port' -less,  a.     [Eng.  support ;    less.] 
Destitute  of  support ;  having  no  support. 

"  The  frog,  tupportlett,  writhes  upon  the  ground." 
Parnelt :  Battle  of  froffl  4  Mice,  tit 

*  sup-port' -ment,  s.    [Eng.  support ;  -ment.] 
Support. 

"Prelaty  In  her  fleshly  tvpportmenU.  — Milton: 
Rtaton  of  Church  (iovernment,  bk.  11..  ch.  HL 

*  •up-pbrt'-re'ss,  «.     [Eng.  support;  -ress.] 
A  female  supporter. 

*  sup  pos   a  ble,    '  sup  pojc   a  Wo,   a. 
[Eng.  suppose) ;  -able.]  Capable  of  being  sup- 
posed  or  imagined  to  exist 

"  Every  one  of  these  things  Is  rationally  tuppote- 
aNe."— Seeker :  Herman*,  vol.  i.,  ser.  IT. 


ARMS   WITH    SJUi'POttTEKS. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pfit, 
or,  wire,  wylf,  work,  whd,  sou;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    CD,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  lew. 


supposal— supputation 


4553 


•sup-pds'-al,  *sup-pos-all,  s.  [Eng. 
suppose);  -U/.J  The  act  of  supposing  some- 
thing to  exist;  supposition,  opinion,  belief. 

"  Holding  a  weak  tuppotal  of  our  worth." 

ShaJceii'. :  Samlet,  I.  2. 

sup  pose ,  i'.f.  <fe  i.  LFr.  supp'-sT,  from  «up 
(Lat.  ai*&)  =  under,  and  poser  =  to  place.] 

A.  Transitive : 

*  1  To  place  or  substitute,  as  one  thing  by 
fraud  in  the  place  of  another.  (A  Latinism.) 

2.  T.»  lay  down  without  proof;  to  advance 
by  way  of  argument  or  illustration  without 
maintaining  the  truth  of   the  position  ;   to 
imagine  or  admit  to  exist  for  the  sake  of  argu- 
ment or  illustration  ;  to  assume  to  be  true  or 
to  exist ;  to  assume  hypothetirally  ;  to  state 
as  a  proposition  or  fact  that  may  exist  or  be 
true,  though  not  known  or  believed  to  exist  or 
be  true. 

"  Suppose  he  should  relent. 
And  publish  grace  to  all.'        JUlton :  P.  L.t  (1.  287. 

3.  To  imagine ;  to  be  of  opinion  ;  to  think 
or  believe  to  be  the  case ;  to  presume. 

"  Who  losing,  or  tuppoting  lost. 
The  good  on  aarth  they  valued  most. 

Cowper:  Annut  Mirabili*. 

4.  To  form  in  the  mind  ;  to  figure  to  one's 
eelf;  to  imagine. 

"  More  furious  raging  broils 
Thau  can  be  imagined  or  tupr»»»ed." 

Shukftp. :  1  Henry  VL,  iv.  1. 

5.  To  require  to  exist  or  be  true  ;  to  imply  ; 
to  presuppose  ;  to  involve  by  inference. 

"This  tuppoteth  something,  without  evident  ground." 
—Bale:  Ortg.of  Mankind. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  make  or  form  suppositions ; 
to  imagine,  to  think. 

"  Those  are  not  drunken,  as  ye  tuppote'—Actt  li.  I&. 

*stip-p6se',  9.  [SUPPOSE,  v.}  Supposition; 
position  without  proof;  opinion,  belief. 

"  We  come  abort  of  our  suppote  to  far, 
That  after  sev'n  ye«ra'  siege,  yet  Troy  walls  stand." 
Shaketp :  Trotiut  i  Cretttda,  i.  & 

•tip-posed',  pa.  par.  &  a,    [SUPPOSE,  i;,] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :    Laid    down  or   imagined    as 
existing  or  true  ;  imagined,  believed. 

supposed- bass,  s. 

Music :  Any  bass  note  in  an  inverted  chord, 
as  contradistinguished  from  the  real  bass, 
root,  or  generator,  as  the  bass  notes  E  or  o  in 
the  inverted  common  chord  of  c. 

sup  pos'-ed-l$r,  adv.  (Eng.  supposed;  -ly.] 
By  supposition  ;  presumedly. 

"  A  bit  of  tuppotedJy  good  private  water."— Morning 
Jidveriiter,  Dec.  13,  1886. 

»tip-pos'-er,  s,  [Eng.  supposfe),  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  supposes. 

siip-po  si  -tion,  s.  (Fr.,  from  Lat.  supposi- 
tionem,  accus.  of  suppositio  =  a  substitution, 
a  supposition,  from  suppositus,  pa.  par.  of  sup- 
pono  =  to  place  under,  to  substitute  :  sup  (for 
tub)  —  under,  and  pono  =  to  place ;  Sp.  suposi- 
cion.] 

1.  The  act  of  supposing ;  the  laying  down 
of  an  hypothesis  ;  reasoning  by  hypothesis. 

"But  all 'a  not  true  that  suppotition  with." 

Drayton  :  Baront  Wart,  ill. 

2.  That  which  is  supposed  or  assumed  hypo- 
thetically  ;  an  assumption,  an  hypothesis. 


"  He  had  used  language  which  was  quite  unintellig- 
ible except  on  the  tupjiotidon  that  ne  had  a  guilty 
knowledge  of  the  contents."— Macaulay:  Bitt.  Eng., 


Ible  except  on  the  tupjiosition 

knowled *  *v *—*-•• 

eh.  xviL 

3.  A  surmise,  a  conjecture,  a  guess. 

*  4.  An  imagination,  a  conceit. 

"And  In  that  glorious  tuppotition  think 
He  gains  by  death  that  hath  such  means  to  die." 
Shaketp. :  Comedy  of  Errort,  lit  i 

•up-pi-sl'-tion-al,  a.  [Eng.  supposition ; 
•«.l  Founded  or"  based  upon  supposition  ; 
hypothetical,  supposed. 

"  It  is  not  absolute,  but  only  tuppotitional."— 
South :  Sermon*,  vol.  i  x.,  ser.  11. 

stip-po's-I-tif'-tious,  a.  [Lat.  suppositidus 
=  false,  fraudulently  substituted,  from  sup- 
positus, pa.  par.  of  suppono  =  to  place  under, 
to  substitute.]  [SUPPOSITION.] 

1.  Not  genuine ;  fraudulently  substituted 
for  something  else ;  put  by  trick  in  the  place 
or  character  of  another  ;  counterfeit, 

"  There  seem  to  be  some  Orphtck  verses  tuppottti- 
tiout.  as  well  as  there  were  Sibylline."— Cud-worth  : 
Intell.  Kyttem,  p.  800. 

*2.  Pounded  upon  supposition;  hypo- 
thetical, supposed. 

"Borne  alterations  in  the  globe  tend  rather  to  the 
benefit  of  the  earth,  and  its  productions,  than  their 
destruction,  as  all  these  tuppotititiout  ones  manifestly 
would  do."—  Woodward. 


SUp-pSs-I-tl'-tiOUS-ly;  adv.  [Eng.  supposi- 
titious; -ly.] 

1.  In  a  supposititious  manner  ;  spuriously  ; 
not  genuinely. 

*  2.  Hypothetically  ;  by  supposition. 

"  Suppotititioutly  he  derives  It  fn-m  the  Lunsi 
Monies.  —  Sir  T.  Herbert:  Travels,  \,.  :n. 

*  sup-pos-I-tl'-tious-ness,  s.    [Eng.  sup- 
jiosititious ;   -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  supposititious. 

*  sup-pds'-I-tlve,  a.  &  ».    [SUPPOSE,  v.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Including  or  implying  suppo- 
sition ;  supposed. 

"  As  to  cuiitimmt  ives,  they  are  either  ntppoittioe, 
such  as— If ;  or  positive,  such  as— because,  tlu-ieiore. 
as,  Ac."— ffarrit :  Hermes,  bk.  ft.,  ch.  ii. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  word  denoting  or  implying 
supposition. 

"The  tuppositivet  denote  connexion,  but  assert  not 
actual  existence."— Uarrit :  Hennet,  bk.  it.,  ch.  ii. 

•sup-pSs'-l-tlTe-ly",  adv.  [Eng.  supposi- 
tive;  -ly.]  With,  by,  or  upon  supposition. 

"The  unrefonned  sinner  may  have  some  hope  tup- 
potitivcly,  ii  he  do  change  and  repeut."—  Hammond. 

*  siip-pos'-I-tdr,  s.    [Lat.  suppositus,  pa.  par. 
of  suppono  =  to  lay  under.] 

1.  An  aid  (?),  an  inferior  (?). 

"  Mountebanks,  empirics,  quack-salvers,  mtneraHsts, 
wizards,  alchyraists,  cast  apothecaries,  old  wives  ana 
barbers,  are  all  tuppotitort  to  the  right  worshipful 
doctor,  as  I  take  it.*— Ford:  Lover'i  Melancholy,  i.  2. 

2.  A  suppository. 

"  Clysters,  tuppotitort.  and  a  barbarous  pothecary's 
bW.'-Jtryten  ;  Sir  Martin  Jtarr-all,  iv. 

BUp-pOS'-I-tor-yV  s.  [Lat.  svppositorius  = 
placed  under  ;  Fr.  suppositoire.] 

1.  A  plug  to  hold  back  hemorrhoidal  pro- 
trusions. 

2.  A  medicinal   ball  introduced   into  the 
vagina  or  rectum. 

1)  The  chief  suppositories  are  tannic  acid, 
mercury,  lead,  opium,  and  morphia. 

*sfip-p6s'-ure,  s.  [Eng.  support);  -ure.] 
Supposition,  hypothesis. 

sup  press',  *  sup  presse,  v.t.    [Lat.  sup- 

pressus,  pa.  par.  of  supprimo  =  to  press  under, 
to  suppress  :  sup  (for  sub)  =  under,  and  premo 
=  to  press.] 

1.  To  overpower,  to  crush,  to  subdue;  to 
reduce  to  subjection. 

"  Great  Hercules  .  .  .  wholly  did  tuppreue 
Our  haplesse  princes." 

Chapman :  Somer ;  Iliad  xl. 

2.  To  put  down  ;  to  subdue,  to  quell. 

"  Every  rebellion,  when  It  Is  tuppreued,  doth  make 
the  subject  weaker,  and  the  priuce  stronger."— Daviet : 
On  Ireland. 

3.  To  keep  in  or  back ;  to  restrain  from 
utterance  or  vent, 

"  The  maid,  with  smile  tuppreued  and  sly, 
The  toil  unwonted  saw  him  try." 

Sc-itt :  Lady  of  the  Lake.  I.  24. 

4.  To  keep  back  or  hinder  from  circulation ; 
to  stop,  to  stifle. 

"They  were  not  powerful  enough  to  tupprctt  news- 
papers right  and  left,"— Daily  Telegraph,  Hay  6,  1887. 

5.  To  retain  without  disclosure ;  to  con- 
ceal ;  to  keep  back. 

"Still  she  tupprettet  the  name,  and  thla  keeps  him 
In  a  pleasing  suspense."— Brootne  :  On  the  Odyttey. 

6.  To  retain  without  making  public  :  as,  To 
suppress  a  letter  or  manuscript. 

7.  To  stop  by  remedial  means:  as,  To«uj> 
press  a  hemorrhage  or  the  like. 

*  8.  To  supplant,  to  displace. 

"  To  crown  himself  king,  and  mppreti  the  prince,** 
Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  VI.t  i.  S. 

sup-prSss'-er,  «.  [Eng.  suppress;  •er.]  One 
who  suppresses ;  a  suppressor. 

*  siip-press'-I-ble,  a.    [Eng.  suppress ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  suppressed ;  possible  to  be 
suppressed. 

sup  press -ion  (88  as  sh),  «.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  suppressionem,  aecus.  of  svppressio,  from 
supprcssus,  pa.  par.  of  supprimo  =  to  suppress 
(q.v.).] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  The  act  of  suppressing,  crushing,  destroy- 
ing, putting  down,  or  quelling. 

"  The  ntpprestion  of  Idolatry  tn  the  Roman  empire, 
and  the  establishment  of  the  Christian  church  upon 
Its  ruins,  was  an  event  the  most  wonderful  in  the  Qen- 
tils  world."— ftp.  fforitey  :  Sermon*,  vol.  1.,  s«r.  7. 

.2.  The  state  of  being  suppressed,  crushed, 
destroyed,  or  quelled. 


3.  The  act  of  retaining  or  keeping  back  from 
utterance,  vent,  disclosure,  or  circulation. 

4.  The  act  of  retaining  or    keeping  back 
from  public  notice. 

6.  The  stoppage,  obstruction,  or  morbictre- 
tention  of  discharges. 

"  The  tuppression  or  difflcultie  of  avoiding  urine."— 
P.  Holland:  /'iinie,  bk,  xxtl.,  ch.  ixv. 

*  II.    Gram. :    Omission,  ellipsis  :    as,  the 
suppression  of  a  word  or  words  in  a  sentence. 

^f  (1)  Suppression  of  monasteries  : 

Church  Hist.  :  The  closing  of  religious 
houses  and  the  appropriation  of  their  revenues 
to  other  purposes.  There  have  been  many 
hostile  suppressions,  and  suppressions  carried 
out  with  the  approbation  of  the  Roman  See. 
Of  the  former  class  the  most  considerable 
were  :  (1)  in  England  (1535-40)  ;  (2)  in  France, 
during  the  Revolution  (by  a  law  passed  in 
February,  1790);  (8)  in  Italy,  commenced  by 
the  Sardinian  Government  in  1855),  and  (4)  in 
Germany.  Of  the  latter  class  were  the  sup- 
pressions in  England  of  religious  houses  that 
their  revenues  might  be  transferred  to  Jesus, 
Christ's,  and  St.  John's  Colleges  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  still  later,  those  in  favour  of  Christ 
Church  and  Brasenose,  Oxford. 

(2)  Suppression  of  parts  o/  a  flower : 

Bot. :  A  term  used  when  parts  which  nor* 
mally  belong  to  a  Hower  are  wanting. 

(8)  Suppression  of  the  menses: 

Path. :  A  kind  of  amenorrhcea  in  which  the 
flux  having  been  properly  established  become* 
prematurely  arrested. 

(4)  Suppression  of  urine  : 

Pathol.  :  Retention  of  the  urine.  It  may 
arise  from  mechanical  obstruction  caused  by 
a  calculus  or  a  tumour,  from  blood  poisoning, 
in  cholera,  scarlatina,  and  the  more  malignant 
fevers,  or  from  hysteria. 

*  sup-press' -ion  ist  (ss  as  sh),  5.    [Eng. 
suppression ;    -ist.  ]      One    who    supports    or 
advocates  suppression. 

"Think  of  it,  ye  modern  tuppreistonittt."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Nov.  11,  1886. 

sup  press -Ive,  a.  [Eng.  suppress;  -it*) 
Tending  to  suppress  ;  suppressing  ;  keeping 
down. 

"A  work  that  had  been  received  by  the  English 
press  with  xuppreitive  silence."— Daily  Chronicle,  Sept. 
14,  1836. 

sup-press'-or,  s,  [Eng.  suppress ;  -or.]  One 
who  suppresses,  quells,  or  subdues  ;  one  who 
prevents  utterance,  disclosure,  or  circulation. 

siip'-pu-rate,  v.i.  &  t.  [Lat.  suppuratus,  pa. 
par.  of  suppuro  =  to  gather  pus  underneath  : 
sup  (for  sub)  =  under,  and  pus  (genit.  puris)  = 
pus.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  grow  to  pus ;  to  generate 
pus. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  generate  pus. 

"  In  the  space  of  three  weeks  it  tuppurated  if— 
Witeman  :  Surgery,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  iv. 

sup-pu-ra'-tion»  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  suppu- 
rationem,  accus.  of  suppuratio,  from  sitppura- 
tust  pa.  par.  of  suppuro  —  to  suppurate  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  process  of  producing  pus  or  puru- 
lent matter,  as  in  a  wound  or  abscess. 

"  I  applied  again  the  Malngma,  which  caused  a 
tuppuration  of  the  remainder.'  —  Wiieman:  Surgery, 
bk.  iv.,  ch,  iv. 

Tl  When  extensive  its  commencement  la 
characterized  by  hectic  fever. 

2.  The  matter  generated  by  suppuration. 

"Those  Irapostutoea  or  swelling*,  that  grow  to  nn 
head  or  tuppuration  (which  the  Greeks  call  Apostt- 
mata)."— P.  Holland:  Pttnie,  bk,  xx.,  ch.  ill. 

sup'-pu-ra-tive,  a.  &  s.    [Fr.  suppuratif.] 

A.  As  adj.  :    Tending  to  produce  pua  or 
purulent  matter;   attended  by  suppuration: 
as,  suppurative  phlebitis. 

B.  As  subst. :   A  medicine  or  preparation 
that  promotes  suppuration. 

41 1  applied  over  the  whole  tumour  some  of  th« 
itipiHiratitvt  set  down  In  the  method  of  cur*." — 
Witeman ;  Surgery,  bk.  Iv.,  ch.  IT. 

*  siip   pu  tate,  s.    [Lat  supputatus,  pa.  par. 
of  supputo  =  to  reckon  :  sup  (for  sub)  =  under, 
and  p-uto  —  to  reckon.]    To  reckon,  to  com- 
pute. 

"  Supputated  especially  for  the  elevation  and  msrl. 
dlan  of  London."—  Wood :  Athena  Oxon,,  vol.  i. 

*  sup-pn-ta'-tibn,    s.     [Lat.    supputatioj 
[SuppuTATE.]    Reckoning,  account,  computa- 
tion.   {Boyle :  Works,  Hi.  610.) 


boll,  boy^ ;  poiit,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  & 
-cUn, -tian  ^  shaau   -tiou,  -«lon  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun,    -clous,  -tious,  -flious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del* , 


4554 


suppute— supremacy 


*SUp-p£te't  v.t.      [Fr.  supputer,   from   Lat. 

SUppUtO.}      [Sl'PPUTATE.] 

1.  To  reckon,  to  compute,  to  calculate. 

2.  To  impute. 

"  An  J  like  stoat  floods  stand  free  from  thU/uppufed 
fli:une."  Druyton  :  Pidy-Olbion,*.  -29. 

8U-pra-,  pref.  [L'it.1  A  Latin  preposition 
used  us  a  prefix,  much  in  the  same  way  aa 
super  (q.v.),  with  the  force  of  over,  above, 
beyond. 

supra  acromial,  a. 

Anat. :  Above  the  acromion  :  aa,  the  supra- 
acromial  artery  and  nerve. 

supra  axillary,  «. 
Bot.  :  Springing  from  above  the  axiL    Used 
of  a  branch  or  other  process. 

supra-  coralline,  a. 

OeoL  :  Resting  upon  coralline  beds.  Applied 
to  such  portions  of  the  beds  above  the  Middle 
Oolite  as  are  found  naturally  resting  upon  it, 
or  are  in  some  way  connected  with  the  upper 
part  of  the  formation.  They  are  not  very 
lossi  I  i  ferous.  (Etkeridge.) 

supra  -  costal,  a.  Lying  or  situated 
above  or  upon  the  ribs :  as,  the  supra-costal 
muscles. 

supra -decompound,  a. 

Bot. :  Having  various  compound  divisions 
or  ramifications.  In  leaves  it  is  used  of  those 
•whose  petiole  bears  serondary  petioles,  as  the 
leaf  of  Mimosa  purpurea. 

snpra-cesophageal,  GL 

Aniit. :  Situated  above  the  gullet. 

supra-orbital,  a. 

Anat. :  Being  above  the  orbit  of  the  eye. 

Sup  fa-orbital  artery: 

An»t. :  A  branch  of  the  ophthalmic  artery 
terminating  upwards  in  the  forehead.  It  dis- 
tributes branches  to  the  eyelids  and  communi- 
cates with  the  temporal  artery. 

Snpra-orbital  notch  or  foramen,: 

Anat.  :  A  notch  or  foramen  in  the  orbital 
arch  which  transmits  the  supra-orbital  nerve 
ami  artery. 

supra:orbitary,   supra-orbitar,   a. 

Supra-orbital  (q.v.). 

su-pra-9ir-$-ar-y;  a.  [Pref.  supra-,  and 
Eng.  ciliary  (q.v.).]  Superciliary  (q.v.). 

su-pra-cla-vio'-u-lar,  a.  [Pref.  supra . 
and  ting,  clavicular  (q.'v.).] 

Anat. :  Situated  above  the  clavicle :  as  the 
supraclavicular  nerve, 

su-pra-coii'-d^-lold,  a.  [Pret  supra-,  and 
Eng.  condyloid  (q.v.).] 

Anat. :  Above  a  condyle ;  spec.,  above  the 
internal  condylar  ridge  :  as,  the  supracondyloid 
process. 

BU  -  pra  -  ore  -  ta'  -  90  -  ous  (or  ceous  as 

Shus),  a.  (Pret.  supra-,  and  Eng.  cretaceous.} 
Geol.  (Of  strata):  Above  the  Cretaceous 
beds.  The  term  was  introduced  by  Sir  H.  De 
la  Beche,  and  was  largely  in  use  before  the  im- 
portance of  those  newer  strata  was  under- 
stood ;  now  called  Tertiary  (q.v.). 

«u-pra-fd-li-a -96-ous  (or  ceoua  as 
shus),  su-pra-fo'  li-ar,  a.   [Pref.  supra-, 
and  Eng.  joliaceous,  foliar  (q.v.)/] 
Bot. :  Growing  upon  a  leaf. 

au-pra-f&'-ll-ar,  a.    [SupuxFOLrACEous.] 

su-pra  lap  sar'-I  an.  a.  &  s.  [Lat  supra 
=  above ;  lapsus  —  a  fall,  a  lapse  (q.v.),  and 
Eng.  suff.  -arian.} 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Supra- 
lapsarians  or  their  doctrine. 

"  The  siiblapsarian  way  seemed  to  me  of  th*  two  the 
more  moderate;  the  rigid  tu/>ri(af>tari'in  doctrine 
would  never  And  entertainment  tn  tuy  thought*.." — 
Hammond:  Workt.  i  660. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Church  Hist.  (PL);  Calviriisto  who  held  that 
God  for  his  own  glory  eternally  decreed  the 
fall  of  man  attd  the  consequent  introduction 
of  sin  into  the  world,  and  that  the  election  of 
some  to  everlasting  life,  with  the  rejection  of 
others,  was  formed  "  beyond  "  or  before,  and 
was  in  no  way  consequent  or  dependent  upon 
the  foreseen  fall  of  man.  Of  this  school  were 
Bez*,  Francis  Goraarua,  and  Voetiua.  Opposed 
to  Infralapsarian  (q.v.). 


su  pra  lap  sar  -i-an-ism,  s.  [Eng,  supra- 
laysarian  ;  -ism.}  The  doctrine  or  the  tenets 
of  the  Supralapsarians. 

•su-pra-lap'-sa-ry,  s.  &a.  [SUPRALAPSA- 
RIAN.]  The  same  as  SUPRALAPSARIAN. 

*su-pra-lu'-nar,  a.  [Pref  supra-,  and  Eng. 
lunar  (q.v.).]  "Beyond  the  moon;  hence,  of 
very  great  height,  very  lofty. 

su-pra-max-Il'-la-ry;  a,  [Pref.  supra-,  and 
Eng.  maxillary.} 

Anat. :  Above  the  maxills:  as,  the  supra- 
maxillary  branch  of  the  facial  nerve. 

su:pra-mun'-dane,  a.  [Pref.  supra-,  and 
Eng.  mundane  (q.v.).]  Situated  or  being 
above  the  world  ;  celestial. 

"  The  later  Platonlsfcs  supposed  the  world  and  all 
the  inferior  god*  (us  .Plato  and  tiie  PTtbagonUH,Kmu 
lupramunda nt  deities),  to  proceed,  by  way  of  emana- 
tion, without  any  temporary  |,roductioo,  from  a  su- 
perior came."—  Waterland  ;  Works,  i.  86. 

BU  pra-uat  -u-ral,   a.     [Pret  svpra-,  and 

Eng.  natural.]     Supernatural;  transcending 
human  power  or  ability. 

•[  Thesupranaturcd:  That  which  transcends 
human  power  or  ability. 

"  Kant .  .  .  theoretically  completely  excluded  the 
mpranntural  as  something  to  which  ren*iu  could 
eater  into  no  relation  whatever."— teha-ff:  Eitcye.  Kel 
XnotoL.  iii.  1.995. 

su-pra-natf-u-ral-Ism,  s.    (Ger.  supra- 

naturalismus,  from  Lat.  supra  =.  above,  and 
Eccles.  Lat.  naturalismus  =  rationalism.] 

Church  Hist. :  A  term  first  employed  in 
Germany  towards  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century'to  designate  the  belief  of  orthodox 
Protestants.  Now  used  in  a  much  wider  sense, 
so  as  to  include  any  doctrine  appealing  to 
revelation  as  its  authority. 

"  At  its  first  appearance  the  opposite  of  rationalism 
was  not  designated  aa  suprarationnlisui,  but  simply  as 
protestantism.  As  the  champions,  however,  of  pro- 


testantism, that  is.  of  the  theology  based  niton  Scrip- 
ture as  the  fliviue  revelation,  generally  dealjcnated 
their  adversaries,  not  as  rationalists,  but  as  natural- 


ists, it  naturally  came  to  pass  that  their 
were  designated  as  supra naturalism."— Schaf: 
Kel.  KnouL.  Hi.  1,995. 

su-pra-  nat '-u-  ral-ist,  s.  &  a.  [Eng.  supra- 
natural(ism) ;  -ist.} 

A.  As  substantive : 

Church  Hist. :  One  who  believes  in  revealed, 
as  distinct  from  natural  religion.  [SUPRA- 
NATURALISM.] 

"What  reason  cannot  comprehend  and  accept  can 
never  form  part  of  the  rationalistic  coiivk-tiuus  .  .  . 
The  tupranntunditt,  on  the  other  band,  la  no  leas  la 
harmony  with  bis  fundamental  maxim.  ID  matters 
of  religion.  Scripture  is  to  him  what  re;non  is  to  the 
rationalist.  Though  he  too  employs  reason,  be  em. 
ploys  it  only  to  search  and  judge  those  claims  to  a 
divine  origin  which  Scripture  puts  forth  ;  and  as  soon 
as  that  point  has  been  decided,  and  be  feels  convinced 
that  Scripture  contains  the  direct  teachings  of  God,  it 
becomes  his  highest,  his  sole  authority."  —  Sch>iff; 
Encyc.  Rd.  EnonH.,  Hi.  l.fBk 

B.  As  adj. :   Founded  on  or  pertaining  to 
revelation ;  accepting  revelation. 

"The  successors  of  their  tuptrnaturatltt  adver- 
sarles."— Schaff:  Kncyc.  Rel,  RnovA..  ill.  l,9M, 

su-pra-nat-u-ral-ist'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  supra, 
and  Eng.  naturalistic  (q.v.).]  Supernatural- 
istic. 

"  The  tupranaturntittle  and  rationalistic  opinions." 
—Straut* :  Lift  o/  Jetut  (ed.  Evans. ).  i.  U. 

SU-pra-oc-9ip'-It-al,  a.  [Pref.  supra-t  and 
Eng.  occipital  (q.v.).] 

Anat. :  Situated  or  being  above  the  occiput. 

supraoccipital-boue,  s. 

Compar.  Anat. :  The  bone  which  completes 
the  first  cranial  segment  above,  answering  to 
the  occipital  bone  in  man. 

su  pra  pro-test.  *.  [Pref.  yupra-t  and  Eng. 
protest  (q.v.).] 

Law :  An  acceptance  of  a  bill  by  a  third 
person,  after  protest  for  non-acceptance  by 
the  drawer. 

*  su  pra-ra  - tion-al-ism,  ».  [Ger.  *  supra- 
ratwnali&ttnts.]  A  word  suggested  as  a  more 
fitting  term  to  express  what  is  known  as 
suprannturalisra.  (See  extract  under  BUPBA- 

NATURALJSH.) 

SU-pra-re  -nal,  a.  [Pref.  supra-,  and  Eng. 
renal  (q.v.).] 

Anal. :  Situated  or  being  above  the  kidneys. 
suprarenal-capsules,  s.  pi. 

I.  Compar.  Anat. :  Two  flattened  bodies  of 
crescentic  or  bent  triangular  form,  one  sur- 


monnting  each  kidney,  attaining  a  dispro- 
portionately large  size  in  tlie  futtal  state  in 
man  and  the  Qnadrumana,  The  right  capsule 
is  placed  lower  down  than  the  left.  They  are 
an  inrh  and  a  quarter  to  an  inch  and  three- 
quarters  high,  an  inch  and  a  quai-ter  wide, 
and  two  to  three  lines  thick.  Their  weight 
in  an  adult  is  one  or  two  drachms.  They  are 
tibnms,  composed  princii«Uy  of  simple  or 
closed  vesicles  resembling  the  secretingglands, 
except  that  they  have  no  duct.  Their  function 
is  unknown.  Called  also  Suprarenal  Glands 
or  Bodies. 

2.  PathoL :  In  1855,  Dr.  Thomas  Addison 
attempted  to  prove  that  a  disease,  often  at- 
tended by  bronze  skin,  and  fatal  in  from  six 
months  to  five  years,  has  its  seat  iu  the  supra- 
renal capsules.  [BRONZED,  ^.] 

BU  pra-scap'-u-lar-&  su  pra  scap-u- 
lar,  a.  [Pref.  supra-,  and  Eng".  scapulary, 
scapular  (q.v.).] 

A  nat. :  Situated  or  being  above  the  scapula : 
as,  the  suprascapular  ligament. 

su-pra-spln'-al,  su-pra-spin'-ous,  a. 

[Pref.  supra-,  and  Eng.  spinal,  spinous  (q.v.).] 
Anatomy : 

1.  Above  the  spine. 

2.  Above  the  spine  or  ridge  of  the  scapula, 
or  shoulder-blade  :  as,  the  supraspinous  fossa 
and  ligaments. 

su-pra-ster'-nal,  a.  [Pret  supra-,  and  Eng. 
sternal  (q.v.).] 

Anat. :  Situated  above  the  sternum ;  as, 
the  suprasternal  nerve. 

su  pra-troch'-le-ar,  a.  [Pref.  supra-,  and 
Eng.  trochlear  (q.v.X] 

Anat. :  Situated  above  the  trofhlpa  of  the 
orbit :  as,  the  supratrochlear  branch  of  the 
ophthalmic  nerve. 

*  su  pra  vi  -slon,  s.    [Pref.  supra-,  and  Eng. 
vision  (q.v.).]    Supervision. 

*  su-pra-vls'-or,  s.    [Pref.  supra-,  and  -visor 
aa  in  supervisor.]    A  supervisor,  an  overseer. 

nadeAr»*<iB  titular,  and  Lyaander  tupravttw 
Bp.  Taylor  :  " 


"They  made  Aneus titular, and  Lysanda 
of  him."— Bp.  Taylor  :  Sermon  as. 


"SU-pra-vul'-gar,  a.  [Pref.  supra-,  and  Eng. 
vulgar  (q.v.).]  "Being  above  the  vulgar  oi 
common  people. 

"  None  of  these  motive*  can  pr«Tail  with  a  man  to 
furnish  himself  with  tuprantlgar  and  noble  qa.-i.U- 
tie*."— Collier. 

SU  prem  -a-9y,  «.  [Fr.  suprematie,  from 
supreme  —  supreme  (q.v.).J  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  supreme,  or  in  the  highest 
station  of  power;  highest  or  supreme  au- 
thority or  power. 

1  (1)  Oath  of  supremacy :  An  oath  required  to 
be  taken  in  Great  Britain  along  with  the  oath 
of  allegiance,  denying  the  supremacy  of  the 
pope  in  ecclesiastical  or  temporal  matters  in 
this  realm.  It  has  now  been  greatly  modified 
and  simplified. 

(2)  Papal  supremacy : 

Ecdes.  A  Churcli  Hist. :  The  authority,  partly 
spiritual  and  partly  temporal,  which  the  Pope, 
as  bishop  of  Rome  and  successor  of  St.  Peter, 
claims  to  exercise  over  the  clergy,  and,  through 
them,  over  the  laity,  of  the  whole  world.  The 
development  of  this  supremacy  dates  from  the 
time  when  Christianity  became  the  State  re- 
ligion of  the  Roman  empire  under  Constantine. 
Its  influence  was  great  in  England  under  the 
Norman  kings,  and  reached  its  highest  point 
in  the  reign  of  John  (1199-1216),  from  which 
period  it  began  to  decline,  and  received  its 
death-blow  from  the  Act  of  Supremacy  (26 
Henry  VIII.,  c.  1> 

(3)  Royal  supremacy : 

Church  Hist. :  The  supremacy  in  the  Church 
of  England,  as  by  law  established,  of  the 
temporal  power  in  all  causes  purely  temporal, 
and  in  the  temporal  accidents  of  spiritual 
things.  (Shipley.)  By  26  Henry  VIII.,  c.  1, 
the  king  was  declared  to  be  the  "only  supreme 
Head  on  earth  of  the  Church  of  England," 
though  it  was  expressly  declared  that  he  did 
not  "  pretend  to  take  any  power  from  the 
successors  of  the  apostles  that  was  given  them 
by  G<xL"  In  the  same  year  (1535)  Fisher, 
Bi»taop  of  Rochester,  and  Sir  Thomas  More 
wpre  beheaded  for  denying  the  royal  claim. 
On  the  accession  of  Elizabeth  the  title  was 
kept  in  the  background ;  but  the  supremacy 


fitc,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
•r,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    «0>O3  =  e;  ey  =  a;qu  =  kw. 


supreme— surcrew 


4555 


of  the  sovereign  in  »11  causes,  as  well  ecclesi- 
astical as  civil,  was  asserted.  The  Royal 
Supremacy  was  one  of  the  main  causes  of 
the  civil  war  in  the  seventeenth  century  ;  it 
received  a  check  at  tlie  Revolution  of  1688, 
which  enforced  toleration  of  Nonconformity, 
but  in  the  latter  half  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury more  than  one  clergyman  has  been  com- 
mitted to  prison  for  disobeying  the  ruling  of 
the  law  courts  in  ecclesiastical  matters. 

•o  preme,  *su-pre»m,  a.     [Fr.  tuprfme, 
'from  Lat.  suprtmus  =  highest,  from  super  = 
above  ;  Sp.  and  Ital.  supremo.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  highest  in  authority  or  power  ;  hold- 
tog  the  highest  place  in  authority,  power,  or 
government. 

••  Nevertheless,  there  cannot  really  l*>  "«•  tl»n 
one  tttpreme  power  in  a  society."—  Macaulay  :  Bi*t. 
Sny.,  ch.  xxiii. 

2.  Highest   or   most  extreme  in   degree  ; 

highest  possible  ;  utmost. 

"  Above  all  his  luxury  tuprcmt 
And  his  chief  glory,  was  the  gospel  theme." 

Coteper  .'  Connertation,  «ll. 

t  II  Bat.  :  Situated  at  the  highest  point  or 
part. 
•I  1.  The  Supreme  : 

(1)  The  highest  of  beings  ;  the  sovereign  of 
the  universe  ;  God. 

(2)  The  highest  point  or  pitch. 

"  Ti»  the  supreme  of  power." 

feati:  Slaftfoitrt. 

2.  Supreme  Court  :  The  highest  court  of  the 
United  States,  established  by  the  Constitution, 
its  purpose  being  to  decide  upon  the  Constitu- 
tionality of  Acts  of  Congress,  and  also  to  serve 
as  the  final  court  of  appeal  in  suits  of  a  national 
character.  Each  state  has  its  Supreme  Court, 
which  performs  like  duties  within  the  state. 
The  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  in  England 
is  a  court  of  final  appeal. 
su  -promo',  «.  [Fr.] 

Cook.  :  The  best  part.  fVnovTt,  Vonim-l 
•U-preme'-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  mprtme;  -!».] 

*  1.  With  supreme  or  the  highest  authority  : 
as,  To  rule  supremely. 

2.  In  the  highest  degree;  to  the  utmost 
extent.  (Cowper  :  Epistle  to  Lady  Austen.) 


•su  prem'-i-t^,  s.  [Lat.  tupremitat  =  the 
hfghest  pitch  of  excellence.]  Supremacy 
(q.v.). 

"Whose  [the  Pope's]  luprfmltf  he  had  snppreesed 
In  his  dominions."— Fuller:  Worthier,  ch.  vL 

•fir-  (1),  pref-  [Lat.]  The  form  assumed  by  the 
prefix  sub-  before  words  beginning  with  r,  as 
«urreptitious. 

•fir-  (2),  pref.  [Fr. ,  contracted  from  Lat.  super 
=  ab(iv«,  upon,  as  in  surcease,  surface,  &e.  j 
A  prefix  used  in  the  sense 
of  above,  upon,  &c.,  or 
sometimes  intensively. 

sur  ancree,  o. 

Her. :  A  term  applied  to 
•  cross  with  double  anchor 
flukes  at  each  termination. 

Bur  renal,  a. 

Aunt. :  The  same  as  Su- 

PRAR£NAL(q.V.). 

8u  ra,  ».    [Arab.]    A  chapter  of  the  Koran. 

*  sur-ad-di'-tlon,  «.      [Pref.  sur-  (2),  and 
-rlition  (q.v.).]      Sc 
il,  as  to  a  name. 


SUR-AXCREE. 


,     .  .  , 

Eng.  addition  (q.v.).]     Something  added  or 


BUT  ah,  s.  [Native  same.]  A  kind  of  silk 
material. 

liir  al,  s.  [Lat.  sura  =  the  calf  of  the  leg.] 
In  or  pertaining  to  the  calf  of  the  leg. 

•iir'-ance  (S  as  sh),  s.  [Eng.  sur(e);-ance, 
or  a  coBtract.  of  assurance  (q.v.).]  Assurance, 
surety,  warrant. 

su  ra'sft  phone.  «.  A  rich-toned  instru- 
ment, resembling  the  ophicleide,  pitched  in 
E-flaL 

•ft  rat',  t.  [See  def.]  Coarse,  short  cotton 
grown  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Burst,  in  the 
Bom  Day  Presidency. 

BUT '-base,  s.    [Pref.  sur-  (2),  and  Eng.  base,  e. 

(q.v.).] 

1.  Arch. :  A  cornice  or  series  of  mouldings 
at  the  top  of  a  pedestal,  podium,  &c. 


BURBASED  ABCB. 


2.  Joinery  :    A  board  running  round  a  room 
on  a  level  with  the  top  of  the  chair-backs. 

SOT -based,  a.    [Eng.  surbus(e);  -ed.] 

Arch. :    Having  a  surbase,    or   moulding 
above  the  base. 

surbased 
arch,  s. 

Arch. :  An  arch 
whose  rise  is  less 
than  half  the  span. 

sur-base'-ment, 

j.  [Pref.  si"'-  (2), 
and  Eng.  basement 
(q.v.).] 

Arch.  :  The  trait 
of  any  arch  or  vault 
which  describes  a 
portion  of  an  ellipse. 

•sur'-bate,  •sur'-beat,  v.t.  [Fr.  soTbattre, 
pa.  par.  solbattu,  from  sole  (Lat.  soku)  ==  a  sole 
(of  a  foot),  and  battre  =  to  beat.] 

1.  To  make  sore,  as  the  soles  of  the  feet,  by 
walking ;  to  bruise  with  travelling. 

"  Least  they  their  flnnes  should  brute,  and  turbati  sow 
Their  tender  feete."          Spetatr  :  f.  V.-.  HL  iT-  **• 

2.  To  fat  igue  by  marching. 

"Their  march  they  continued  all  that  nipht,  the 
horsemen  often  alighting  that  the  foot  night  ride 
.  .  .  howeyer  they  could  not  but  be  extremely  weary 
and  lurooled."— Clarendon :  Civil  Wart. 

Stir-bed',  v.t.  [Pref.  sur-  (2),  and  Eng.  bed,  v. 
(q  v.).]  To  set  edgewise,  as  a  stone :  that  is, 
to  set  it  in  a  position  different  to  that  which 
it  had  in  the  quarry. 

sur  bet',  a.    [SURBATB.)    Surbated ;  braised 
or  sore  with  walking. 

-  A  traveller  .iMMMrigM  fj  ^  ^ 

sur  brave,  ».     [Pref.  «ur-.(2),  and   Eng. 
brave,  v.]   To  bedizen  (?) ;  to  excel  in  finery  (?). 
"  The  Persians  proud  Itb'  Etnpyr*  was  in  their  hands) 
With  plates  of  «old  surtrowd  all  tbeir  bands." 

auamt :  Judith,  ill.  21 

*  sur  9eos'-an9e,  a.    [Bng.  surceast;  -ana.] 

Cessation,  surcease. 

11  To  propound  two  things,  1.  A  turcftaance  of  arms, 
t.  An  imperial  diet."— Ae%ufc»  Wottoniana.  p.  497. 

sur  cease',  •  sur  sease,  *Bur-cesse,  v.i. 

&  t.      [SURCEASE,  s.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  cease ;  to  be  at  an  end ;  to  come  to 
an  end. 

"The  kyngdome  of  Mercia  lurceattd."—  Fabyan : 
Oronyclf,  ch.  olixt 

2.  To  cease,  to  leave  off,  to  refrain,  to  de- 
sist.   (Milton :  Psalm  Ixxxv.) 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  stop,  to  cease,  to  put  an 
end  to. 

"  The  nations,  oreraw'd,  tureeattd  the  fight." 

Dri/dm :  Virail ;  JSntiJ  xil.  1.024. 

*  sur  {ease',  ».     [A  corrupt  of  Fr.  tursis, 
fern,  surmise,  pa.  par.  of  surseoir  =  to  pause, 
leave  off,  refrain,  forbear,  from  Lat.  supersedeo 
=  to  supersede  (q.v.).    The  latter  part  of  the 
word  was  early  confounded  with  cease,  with 
which  it  has  no  etymological  connection.] 
Cessation,  stop. 

"  An  end  and  turctau  made  of  this  Immodest  and 
deformed  manner  of  writing."—  Oaeon  :  dturclt  Con- 
troversies. 

siir-sharge',  v.t.    [Fr.  surchargtr.]    [SUE- 
CHARGE,  s.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 
L  To  overload,  to  overburden. 

'>  Fair  plaut  .  .  .  with  fruit  turcharffed.' 
mum:  P.  L..  v. 

2.  To  overcharge  ;  to  make  an  extra  charge 
upon. 

IL  Law: 

1.  To  overstock,  especially  to  put  more 
cattle  into,  as  a  common,  than  the  person  has 
a  right  to  do,  or  more  than  the  herbage  will 
sustain.  (English.) 

"  Another  disturbance  of  common  is  by  lurcharginy 
It:  of  putting  more  cattle  therein  than  tl.e  iiasture 
and  herbage  will  austaiu."— Blackttont:  Comment. 
bk.  Hi.,  ch  xvL 

3,  In  equity,  to  show  an  omission  in,  as  in 
an  account,  for  which  credit  ought  to  have 
been  given. 

sur'  enlarge, ».    [Fr.,  from  tur  =  above,  over, 

and  ciuirge  =  a  load.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  An  extra  charge  or  load ;  an  excessive 


load  or  burden  ;  an  overload ;  a  load  greater 

than  can  be  borne. 

"  The  air,  after  receiving  a  charge,  doth  not  receive 
a  iurctun-gr.  or  greater  charge,  with  like  appetite  as  it 
doth  the  rirst."— Sacon  :  Jiat.  Ilitt.,  \  228. 

2.  An  overcharge  beyond  what  is  just  and 
right. 
IL  Law: 

1.  An  extra  charge  made  by  assessors  upoa 
snch  as  neglect  to  make  a  due  return  of  the 
taxes  to  which  they  are  liable. 

2.  A  charge  made  by  an  auditor  upon  public 
officials,  as  guardians  of  the  poor,  for  amounts 
improperly  paid  by  them. 

3.  The  showing  of  an  omission  in  an  ac- 
count for  which  credit  ought  to  have  been 
given. 

•J  (1)  Surcharge  and  falsification :  In  taking 
accounts  in  the  Court  of  Chancery  a  surcharge 
is  applied  to  the  balance  of  the  whole  account, 
and  supposes  credits  to  be  omitted  which 
ought  to  be  allowed,  and  &  falsification  applies 
to  some  item  in  the  debits,  and  supposes  that 
the  item  is  wholly  false  or  in  some  part  erro- 
neous. (English.) 

(2)  Surcharge  of  forest :  The  putting  of  more 
cattle  into  a  forest  by  a  commoner  than  be 
has  s  right  to  do.  (English.) 

*  sur-charge'-ment,  ».  [Bug.  no-charge,  v. ; 

•ment.]    Surplus,  overplus. 

Thatconttnuall  ntrchargemmt  of  people.  "—Daniel: 
ng.,  p.  23. 

sur-charg'-er,  ».    [Eng.  surcharges) ;  •er.'\ 

1.  One  who  surcharges,  overloads,  or  over- 
stocks. 

2.  The  same  as  Surcharge  of  forest  (q.v.). 

sur'-$In-gle,   *  siir'-sin-gle,  s.    [O.  Fr. 

sursangle,    from    Lat.    super  =  above,    and 
cingului  =  a  belt.] 

1.  Saddlery:  A  belt  or  girth  to  be  passed 
around  a  saddle,  pad,  or  blanket,  to  fasten  it 
to  the  hone's  back. 

2.  The  girdle  with  which  clergymen  of  the 
Church  of  England  bind  their  cassocks. 

gfir-$an'-gle,  v.t.  [SURCINGLE,  s.]  To  fur- 
nish with  a  surcingle ;  to  bind  or  attach  with 
a  surcingle. 

*  •ur'-cle,  i.    [Lat.  surailus  =  a  yonng  twig 

or  branch.]    A  little  shoot,  a  sucker,  a  twig. 

"  Boughs  and  turclei  of  the  same  shape  unto  to* 
tree."— Browns  :  Vulgar  JErrown.  bk.  it.,  ch.  vi. 

*  sur-Olol^,  v.t.    [Pref.  mr-  (2),  and  Eng.  dot, 
».]    To  surfeit  (q.v.). 

"  A  greedy  eater  of  much  food. 
Which  so  turcloyel  his  stomach." 

8yl*M*r:  Quadraimv/  PilHrac,  brii. 

•sur'-ooat,    *  aur-ooate,  *«ur-cote.  * 

[Pref.  sur  (2),  and  Eng.  coat, 
8.  (q.v.).] 

1.  An  outer  garment  worn 
from  the  thirteenth  to  the 
fifteenth  centuries  by  both 
sexes.  It  was  made  in  a  great 
variety  of  forms,  short  and 
long. 

2.  Any  garment  worn  over 
defensive  armour  ;  more  es- 


pecially applied  to  the  long 
and     flowing     drapery      of 


--    -ng  .     . 

knights,  anterior  to  the  in- 
troduction of  plnte  armour, 
and   frequently  emblazoned         BURCOAT. 
with  the  family  arms. 

"  His  crest  a  broken  yoke,  and  In  Ml i  shield 
Red  flames  he  bore,  upon  a  yelli-w  field  : 
With  flames  his  mrcoM  was  embroider  i  o  er." 

ffoole:  Orlando  funon,  xJxL 

3.  A  short  robe  worn 
over  the  long  robe  or 
tunic,  terminatingalittle 
below  the  knee,  forming 
part  of  the  costume  of 
ladies  at  the  close  of  the 
eleventh  century. 

"  sur'-crease,  s.   [O.  Fr. 

surcrcz,  surcroist  =  an 
overgrowth  :  sur  =  over, 
and  Lat.  cresco  =  to  in- 
crease.] Abundant  or 
excessive  growth  or  in- 
crease. 6URCOAT. 
"  Their  turrrease  grew  so  great 
as  forced  them  at  the  last." 

JJrafUn  :  Po!|/-«H»n.  a  1. 

*  sur'-orew  (ew  as  6),  s.     [Fr.  mr  =  over, 


Ml.  b^;  ptat.  JAM;  o»t,  jell,  chorus,  fUn.  bench;  go.  gem ;  thin.  *"» ;  .In,  as ;  expect,  Xenopho^  exist,   -in*, 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.  -tioa,  Hrtoi.  =  ethuB ;  -flon,  -jion  =  Zhou,  -cious,  -tious,  -.>ioiis  =  snug.   -We,  -die,  *c.  =  bel,  del. 


<556 


srircudant— surf 


mnd  crue  =  an  increase.]    Augmentation,  ad- 
ditional collection. 

"  ket  urn  i  tig  with  a  ntrcrtw  of  the  splenetic  vapours." 
—Jteliyuue  Wottoniante,  p.  3«L 

••ur'-CU-dant,o.  [O.  Fr.surcuidant.}  [SUB- 
QUEDRV.]  Arrogant,  insolent,  presumptuous. 

"  Full  of  vaynglorious  and  turcudant  elacyon. ** 

Sketton  ;  Jteplycacion,  i.  309. 

•SUr'-CU-late,  v.t.  [Lat.  surculatus,  pa.  i>ar. 
of  surculo,  from  surculus  =  &  shoot,  a  twig.] 
To  prune. 

*  sur-cu-la'-tion, «.  [SURCULATE.]  The  act 
of  pruning. 


way;  uot 
Tract,  I. 

•ur  cu-lose,  sur'-cu-lous,  a.    [Lat.  sur- 
culosus,  from  surculus  =  a  twig,  a  shoot.] 
Sot. :  Full  of  shoots  or  twigs. 

•ur'-cu-lus  (pi.  sur'-cu-li),  s.    [Lat.] 
Hot. :  A  sucker  (q.v.). 

Bur-cur  -rent,  a.  [Fr.  mr  =  above,  and  Lat. 
currens,  pr.  par.  of  curro  =  to  run.) 

Hot. :  Running  up  the  stem  as  a  leafy  ex- 
pansion.    (The  opposite  of  decurrent  q.v.) 

•urd,  a.  &  «.  [Lat.  mrdia  —  deaf ;  hence, 
deaf  to  reason,  irrational.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

*  I.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Not  having  the  sense  of  bearing  ;  deaf. 

"A  turd  and  earless  fenention  of  man.  stupid  unto 
all  instruction.  '—Srotfne. 

2.  Unheard. 

••  Surd  modes  of  articulation.*— frarfdt.  (OoodrkA.) 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Math. :  Applied  to  a  quantity  not  capable 
of  being  expressed  in  rational  numbers :  as,  a 
turd  expression  or  quantity.    [B.  1.] 

2.  Phonetics :  Uttered  with  breath  and  not 
•with  voice ;  not  sonant,  toneless ;  applied, 
specifically,  to  the  hard,  mute  consonants  of 
the  alphabet    [a  2.] 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Math. :  An  Irrational  quantity ;  a  quan- 
tity which    is  incommensurable  to  unity; 
the  root  of  a  quantity  when  that  quantity 
is    not   a   complete   power  of  the  dimen- 
sion   required   by  the   index    of  the  root; 
hence,  the  roots  of  such  quantities  cannot  be 

expressed  by  rational  numbers.     Thus   \/2, 

or  the  square  root  of  2 ;  v4,  or  the  cube  root 
of  4,  Ac.,  are  surds. 

2.  Phonetics:  A  consonantal  sonnd  uttered 
with  breath  and  not  with  voice ;  a  non-sonant 
consonant,  as  p,  /,  s,  (,  k. 

•  surd'-al,  a.    [Eng.  surd;  -at]    Th»  same  as 
SURD  (q.v.). 

* sur-din-y,  s.    [SARDINE.] 

sur'-di  tas,  «.  [Lat.)  Deafness ;  hardness 
of  hearing. 

•  snrd'-I-tjf,  ».    [Fr.  surdiU,  from  Lat.  ntrdi- 
tatem,  accus.  of  svrditai.]    Deafness;  hard- 
ness of  hearing. 

•ore  (8  as  sh),  *  sur,  •  seur,  a.  &  adv. 
[0.  Fr.  tmr,  seur,  serrur,  from  Lat.  securut  = 
secure  (q.v.) ;  Fr.  stir.] 

A*  As  adjective : 
-'      *  1.  Secure,  safe ;  out  of  danger. 

*  2.  Betrothed  ;  engaged  to  marry. 

"The  king  was  turf  to  dame  Elizabeth  Lncy,  and 
tor  husbanf  before  God.  "-*<„-«.•  Bio.  Bickardlll. 

3.  Perfectly  confident  or  undoubting ;  cer- 
tain of  one's  facts,  position,  or  the  like ;  cer- 
tainly knowing  and  believing ;  trusting  im- 
plicitly ;  having  no  fear  of  being  deceived, 
disappointed,  or  found  at  fault ;  assured. 

"  I  am  turf  she  Is  not  bnrled." 

iSfoiftetp.  I  Two  Gentlemen,  Iv.  I 

4.  Fit,  proper,  or  deserving  to  be  depended 
on  ;  certain  not  to  disappoint  or  come  short 
of  expectation ;  certain,  infallible,  stable ;  not 
liable  to  change,  loss,  or  failure. 

"The  testimony  of  the  Lord  Is  «*rs."— Ptalm  xlx.  7. 

5.  Certain  to  find,  gain,  or  retain :  as,  To 
be  sure  of  life  or  health, 

*  B.  As  adverb : 

1.  Safely,  securely. 

"  Open  perils  surge;  answered." 

. :  Juliut  Caaar.  tr.  1. 


2.  Unfailingly,  infallibly,  surely. 

"  I  know  moat  tura  my  art  is  not  past  power." 
Sbake»t>. ;  AU't  Well,  ii.  L 

3.  Firmly,  securely. 

"To  ...  surer  bind  this  knot  of  amity." 

Shakesp. ;  1  Henry  VI.,  v.  L 

If  It  is  frequently  inserted  by  way  of  assev- 
eration. 

*'  Tin  pleasant,  lure,  to  eee  one's  name  In  print." 
Byron :  English  Bards  A  Scotch  Kcniewers,  6L, 

IT  For  the  difference  between  sure  and  cer- 
tain, see  CERTAIN. 

If  1.  Sure  as  a  gun:  Most  certainly*  most 
assuredly ;  unfailingly :  absolutely  certain. 
(Colloq.) 

2.  To  be  sure :  Without  doubt ;  certainly  ; 
of  course. 

3.  To  make  sure : 

(1)  To  make  certain  or  secure ;  to  secure  so 
that  there  can  be  no  possibility  of  failure  or 
d  isappoin  tme  ut. 

"Give  diligence  to  make  your  calling  and  election 
sure,"— 2  Peter  L  10. 

*  (2)  To  make  fast  by  betrothal ;  to  betroth. 

*  siire'-b^  (s  as  sh)f  s.    [SURESBY.] 

*  siired  (s  as  sh),  a.    [Eng.  sur(e);  -ed.}    As- 
sured. 

"  For  ever  lamed  of  our  sured  might. ' 

Sidney :  Arcadia,  p.  443. 

•sur'-ed-l^    (8  as  sh),  adv.     [Eng.  sured; 

•ly.}    Certainly,  safely,  securely. 

"  He  tbat  walk*  moderately,  is  always  with  him. 
self,  dtrecteth  bis  business  with  better  advantage  and 
more  luredly  and  cheerfully."— Lennard:  Qf  Wisdom, 
bk.  ii..  ch.  IL.  J  10. 

sure  foot-ed  (s  as  sh),  a.  [Eng.  sure,  and 
footed.] 

1.  Lit. :  Treading  firmly ;   having  a  firm, 
steady  tread  ;  not  liable  to  stumble,  slide,  or 
falL 

2.  Fig. :  Not  liable  to  slip  or  err ;  trust- 
worthy. 

"That  safe  and  surefooted  interpreter,  Alex.  Apbro- 
dlslus,  expounds  his  master's  meaning,"— Cudtoortfi  : 
Inteil,  Sytttm.  p.  170. 

siire  ly  (s  as  sh),  *  sure-lye,  adv.    [Eng. 

sure;  -ly.} 
*L  Firmly,  stably,  securely. 

"  That  I  may  tureJy  keep  mine  oath." 

Shakes?.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  IT.  J. 

2.  Certainly,  infallibly,  assuredly. 
"In  the  day  that  thou  eate.it  thereof  thou  shalt 
surety  die."— Genetit  it  17. 

IT  Surely  is  frequently  used  by  way  of  as- 
severation ;  as — 

"Surety 
It  I*  ft  sleepy  language. " 

Shatetp.  :  Tempest,  it  1. 

Or,  as  nearly  equivalent  to  an  interrogative ; 
as,  Surely,  you  do  not  think  so?=  You  do  not 
think  so,  do  you  ?  or,  as  expressing  a  doubt  in 
the  mind  of  the  speaker :  as,  Surely  he  cannot 
have  said  so  ? 

* siire'-ment  (s  as  sh),  &  [Eng.  sure;  -men*.] 

Security  for  payment. 

**  I  yon  relese,  madame.  Into  your  hond 
Quit  every  ntrement  and  every  bond." 

t*'*ucer.-  C.  T.,  11,887. 

Bure'-ness  (s  as  sh),  «.  [Eng.  sure;  •ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sure  or  certain ; 
certainty,  security. 

"They  were  in  doubt  which  was  the  right  way  they 
were  obliged  to  keep,  and  therefore  for  tureneu  they 
would  keep  both."— Sharp  •.  Sermcmt.  voL  iv.,  ser.  18. 

*  8urea'-b^  (S  as  Sh),  a.  [Eng.  sure  ;  s  connect. , 
find  #oy.    Modelled  on  the  Shakesperian  word 
rudesby  (q.v.).]     One  to  be  sure  of;  a  person 
to  be  relied  upon. 

"  There  Is  one  which  Is  turttby,  as  they  say,  to  serve. 
If  anything  will  Mrre."— Bradford  In  Goodrich  *  Por- 
ter. 

'  sure'- ti -ship  (sii  as  shii),  *.  [SURETYSHIP.] 

siire'-t^  (s  as  sh),  *  seurte,  *  sure-tee, 
*  SUre-tye,  *.  [O.  Fr.  scurte,  segurtet ;  Fr. 
surete,  from  Lat.  securitatem,  accus.  of  sc- 
curitas,  from  securus  =  secure  (q.v.X] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  Security,  safety. 

"They  were  fayna  to  resorte  to  their  ehyppei  for 
theyr*tt*rrt»&"—  Fabyan  :  Chronycle,  ch.  xlvlii. 

2.  Certainty,  indubitableness. 

"  Know  of  a  surety  that  thy  seed  shall  be  a  stranger 
In  a  land  tbat  is  not  their*."—  Gtment  xv.  13. 

3.  Security  against  lessor  damage;  security 
for  payment. 

"And  he  shal  ban  distance  In  mariage. 
And  certain  gold,  I  n'ot  what  quantitee, 
And  hereto  nndeu  BUffiaant  suretee." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  4.«81. 


4.  That  which  makes  sure,  secure,  firm,  oi 
certain  ;  assurance ;  ground  of  stability  ot 
security. 

"W«oor  state 

Hold,  aa  you  yours,  while  our  obedience  holds : 
On  other  Murcty  none."          Altitun  :  P.  L.,  v.  588. 

*  5.  Evidence,  ratification,  confirmation, 
guarantee. 

"She  called  the  saints  tomrwry. 
Thatahe  would  never  put  it  from  her  fitter, 
Uulesa  she  gnve  it  to  yourself." 

Shakcsp. ;  All't  WeU  that  Endt  WeU,  V.  ft 

6.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  111  b«  his  surety."       ShaXerp. :  Tempest,  i.  t 

7.  One  who  takes  the  place  of  another ;  a 
substitute,  a  hostage. 

"  In  him  our  Surety  seemed  to  say, 
'  Behold,  I  bear  your  Bins  away.'  " 

Courper  •  Olney  ffymnt,  itr. 

II.  Law :  One  who  is  bound  with  and  for 
another  who  is  primarily  liable,  and  who  ia 
called  the  priiidpal;  one  who  enters  into  a 
bond  or  recognizance  to  answer  for  the  appear- 
ance of  another  in  court,  or  for  his  payment 
of  a  debt,  or  for  the  performance  of  some  act, 
and  who,  in  case  of  the  failure  of  the  prin- 
cipal, is  liable  to  pay  the  debt  and  damages  ; 
a  bondsman,  a  bail. 

IT  (1)  Surety  of  good  behaviour:  A  recognizance 
or  obligation  to  the  crown  entered  into  by  a 
person  with  one  or  more  sureties  before  some 
competent  judge  of  record,  whereby  the  \  ai  ties 
acknowledge  themselves  to  be  indebted  to  the 
crown  in  a  specified  amount,  with  condition 
to  be  void  if  the  defendant  shall  demean  and 
behave  himself  well,  either  generally  or  spe- 
cially, for  the  time  therein  limited.  It  includes 
surety  for  the  peace  and  something  more.  A 
justice  may  bind  overall  night-walkers,  such 
as  keep  suspicious  company,  or  are  reported 
to  be  pilferers  or  robbers,  common  drunkards, 
cheats,  idle  vagabonds,  and  other  persons 
whose  misbehaviour  may  reasonably  bring 
them  within  the  general  words  of  the  statute 
as  persons  not  of  good  fame.  (Blacksrone: 
Comment.,  bk,  iv.,  ch.  18.) 

(2)  Surety  of  the  peace:  The  acknowledg 
ment  of  a  bond  to  the  authorities,  taken  by  a 
competent  judge  of  record,  for  keeping  the 
peace. 

"Any  Justice  of  the  peace  may,  ex-oJRcio,  bind  all 
those  to  keep  the  peace  who  in  his  presence  make  any 
affray ;  or  threaten  to  kill  or  beat  another ;  on-outend 
together  with  angry  words ;  or  are  brought  before  him 
by  tbe  constable  for  a  breach  of  the  p»*ic«  in  his 
presence  ;  and  all  such  persons  as,  having  ueeii  befur* 
bound  to  tbe  peace,  have  broken  it  and  forfeited  their 
recoguizaucee.  Also,  whenever  any  private  man  has 
lust  cause  to  fear  that  another  will  do  him  a  corporal 
Injury,  or  procure  others  so  to  do;  he  may  demand 
surety  of  the  peace  against  sucli  person. :  and  every 
justice  of  the  peace  is  bound  to  grant  it,  if  he  whu  de- 
mands it  will  make  oath  that  he  is  actually  under 
fear  of  death  or  bodily  harm.  Thta  is  called  swearing 
the  peace  against  another ;  and.  if  the  party  does  not 
find  such  sureties  as  tbe  Justice  in  his  discretion  shall 
require,  he  may  immediately  be  committed  till  he 
does,  or  until  the  expiration  of  a  year;  for  persons 
committed,  to  prison  for  not  entering  Iut..recognizancea 
or  finding  sureties  to  keep  the  ]>eace  can  in  no  case  be 
detained  for  more  than  twelve  months.  Such  recog- 
nizance, when  Riven,  may  be  forfeited  by  any  actual 
violence,  or  menace  even,  to  the  person  of  him  who 
demanded  it.  if  it  be  a  special  recognizance ;  ur.  if  the 
recoguiznuce  be  general,  by  any  unlawful  action  what- 
soever, that  either  is  or  tends  to  a  breach  of  the 
peace."—  Bladutone ;  Comment.,  bk.  ir..  ch.  18. 

*  siire'-ty  (s  as  sh),  v.t.  [SURETY,  a.)  To  be 
surety  or  security  for ;  to  guarantee. 

"  W«'U  turety  him.'       Bhaketp. :  Coriolanu*.  UL  L 

siirc'-ty-ship,  '  sure  -ti- ship  (sii  aa 
Shu),  s.  [Eng.  surety;  -ship.}  The  state  or 
position  of  being  surety ;  the  obligation  of  a 
person  to  answer  for  the  debt,  fault,  or  non- 
perfonnance  of  another,  and  to  make  good 
any  loss  occasioned  thereby. 

•*  If  here  not  clear'd,  no  suretyship  can  bail 
Condemned  debtors  from  th'  eternal  jail." 

Dcnham :  Of  Prudence,  157. 

SUrf  (1),  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.  According  to 
Skeat,  the  more  correct  form  is  su/e  (q.v.X 
for  sough  =  a  rush  or  rnshing  noise,  from  A.S. 
swogan  =  to  make  a  rushing  noise.]  fSwooN, 
SOUGH  (2),  *.]  The  swell  of  the  sea  which 
breaks  upon  the  shore  or  upon  sandbanks  or 
rocks. 

"The  rising  of  the  waves  against  the  shore,  is  called 
by  mariners  the  sur/  of  the  sea."—  Goldsmith :  Ani- 
mated Nature,  pt.  L,  ch.  xvii, 

surf-boat,  s.  A  peculiarly  constructed 
boat  for  landing  or  pushing  oif  through  the 
aurf.  •  , 

surf-boatman,  s.  One  who  manages  a 
surf- boat. 

"It  is  an  erroneous  notion  tbat  the  experience  of 
the  sailor  qualities  him  for  a  surf-boatman."— Scrib- 
ner't  ittlffatine,  Jan.,  looo,  p.  833. 

surf-duck,  5.    [SURF-SCOTER.] 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;    we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot 
or,  wore,  won;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  euro,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oo  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


surf — s  urgeless 


4557 


surf  scoter,  & 

Onrith. :  Cfi/emia  peripicillata ;  An  United 
States  duck,  common  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
and  extending  its  migrations  to  Europe. 
Length  aiiout  twenty-one  inches;  plumage 
blaok,  with  an  oval  patch  of  white  on  the  top 
of  the  head  and  on  the  back  of  the  neck  ; 
beak,  tegs,  and  toes  orange-yellow.  Called 
also  Surf-duck. 

»Urf  (2),   S.      [SOUGH  (1),  «.] 

Agric. :  The  bottom  or  conduit  of  a  drain. 
(Prov.) 

Bur  fa96,  s.  A  a.  [Fr.,  from  sur  =  above, 
upon,*  and  face  (Lat.  faciem)  ~  face  ;  ef.  Lat. 
sui»-rfivies,  from  super  =  above,  and  fades  =  a 
face.  Surface  and  superficies  are  therefore 
doublets.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  The  upper  face  of  anything ;   the  ex- 
teriur  part  of  anything  that  has  length  and 
breadth  ;  one  of  the  limits  that  terminate  a 
solid  ;   the  superficies,  the  outside :  as,  the 
surface  of  a  cylinder,  the  surface  of  the  sea, 
Ac.     Popularly  surface  is  used  to  designate 
not  only  the  superficies,  or  exterior  part  of 
anything,  but  also  a  certain  thickness  or  depth 
below  the  outside  :  as,  To  pare  off  the  surface 
of  a  field ;  the  surface  of  the  earth,  &c. 

"  Hit  passions  like  th'  wat'ry  stores  that  sleep 
Beneath  the  smiling  surface  of  the  deep." 

Cow  per :  Hope,  184. 

(2)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

2.  Fig. :  Outward  or  external  appearance ; 
that  which  appears  or  is  presented  on  a  slight 
or  superficial  view,  without  examination  :  as, 
On  the  surface  of  it  the  proposition  appears 
fair. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Fort. :  That  part  of  the  side  which  is 
terminated  by  the  flank  prolonged,  and  the 
angle  of  the  nearest  bastion. 

2.  Geom. :    That   which    has    length   and 
breadth  only,  and  so  distinguished  from  a 
line  which  has  length  only,  and  a  solid  which 
L;is  length,  breadth,  and  thickness.    Surfaces 
are  distinguished  algebraically  by  the  nature 
and  order  of  their  equations  :  thus  a  plane 
surface    is  a   surface  of  the  first  order;    a 
dirved  surface    is  a  surface  of   the  second 
order.     Surfaces  are   also    distinguished  by 
their  mode  of  generation. 

3.  Physics:  When  geometrical  reasoning  is 
applied  to  the  propositions  of  physics,  the 
word  surface  is  used  in  the  ordinary  geomet- 
ric sense,  that  is,  length  and  breadth  without 
thickness  [2.J,  but  when  the  abstract  is  modi- 
fied into  the  concrete,  the  surface  in  physics 
lias,  in  an  indefinitely  small  amount  or  thick- 
ness, depth,  a  geometrical  surface  existing 
only  as  a  mental  conception. 

B.  As  adj.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  surface  ; 
situated  or  being  on  the  surface ;  external ; 
hence,  figuratively,  superficial,  specious,  in- 
sincere :  as,  mere  surface  loyalty. 

IT  For  the  difference  between  surface  and 
superficies,  see  SUPERFICIES. 

It  (1)  Curved  surface :  A  surface  which  may 
te  cut  by  a  plane  through  any  given  point, 
so  that  the  line  of  common  section  of  the 
j'lane  and  surface  may  be  a  curve,  as  the 
surface  of  a  sphere,  cylinder,  or  cone. 

(2)  Developable  surface :  A  surface  that  can 
be  unwrapped  in  a  plane  without  any  doubling 
of  parts  over  one  another,  or  separation,  as 
tlit-  surface  of  the  cylinder  and  cone. 

(3)  Plane  surface :  [PLANE,  a.,  A,  II.  2.]. 

(4)  Ruled  surface:  A  surface  described  by 
the  motion  of  a  straight  line,  which  neither 
remains  parallel  to  a  given  line,  nor  always 
passes  through  a  given  point,  as  a  conoidal 
surface. 

(5)  Tubular  surface :  A  surface  generated  by 
a  circle  of  a  given  radius,  which  moves  with 
Its  centre  on  a  given  curve,  and  its  plane  at 
right  angles  to  the  tangent  of  that  curve. 

(6)  Undevelopable  surface :   A  surface  that 
cannot  be  developed  in  the  plane. 

surface-chuck,  9. 

Lathe :  A  face-plate  chuck  to  which  a  flat 
Object  is  dogged  for  turning. 

surface  condenser,  s, 

L  Steum-eng.  :  A  chamber  or  congeries  of 


pipes  in  which  steam  from  the  cylinder  Is 
condensed. 

2.  A  steam-heated  apparatus,  consisting  of 
pipes  or  chambers  over  which  a  solution  is 
conducted  in  order  that  its  watery  particles 
may  be  driven  off. 

surface-gauge,  *.  An  implement  for 
testing  the  accuracy  of  plane  surfaces. 

surface-grub,  a. 

Entom. :  The  grub  or  caterpillar  of  Tri- 
phtena  pronuba.  [TBIPH.«NA,  U.VDERWINO.] 

surface-joint,  s.  A  joint  uniting  the 
ends  or  edges  of  metallic  sheets  or  plates. 

surface-man,  s. 

Rail. -vug. :  A  person  whose  duty  it  is  to 
keep  the  permanent  way  in  order. 

surface  plane,  s. 

Wood-work. :  A  form  of  planing-machine 
for  truing  and  smoothing  the  surface  of  an 
object  run  beneath  the  rotary  cutter  on  the 
bed  of  the  planer. 

surface-printing,  s.  Printing  from  an 
inked  surface  in  contradistinction  to  the  plate- 
printing  process,  in  which  the  lines  are  filled 
with  ink,  the  surface  cleaned,  and  the  ink 
absorbed  from  the  lines  by  pressure  upon  the 
plate.  Books,  newspapers,  woodcuts,  and 
lithographs  are  all  surface-printed  ;  Bank  of 
England  notes  have  been  printed  by  this 
process  since  January  1,  1850. 

surface-roller,  s. 

Calico-print. :  The  engraved  cylinder  used 
in  calico-printing. 

surface-twitch,  «. 

Bot.:  (1)  Polygonum  aviculare;  (2)  Agrostis 
stolonifera  angustifolia.  (Britten  &  Holland.) 

surface-water,  s.  Water  which  collects 
on  the  surface  of  the  ground ;  it  is  usually 
run  off  into  sewers  or  drains. 

surface-working,  s. 

Mining  :  The  operation  of  digging  for  gold 
or  other  minerals  on  the  top  sou. 

sur'-face,  v.t.    [SURFACE,  s.] 

1.  To  put  a  surface  on ;  to  give  a  surface  to ; 
espec.,  to  give  a  flue  surface  to;  to  make 
smooth  or  polished. 

2.  To  work  the  surface  of,  as  ground,  in 
searching  for  gold,  &c. 

13.  To  bring  to  or  place  on  the  surface  ;  to 
raise  to  the  surface. 

••  To  surface  the  tins tufT  now  accumulated."— Money 
Market  Review,  Aug.  29.  1884. 

sur  -fa.9-er,  s.    [Eng.  surface),  v. ;  -«•.] 

1.  A  machine  for  planing  and  giving  a  sur- 
face to  wood. 

2.  One  who  digs  for  gold,  &c.,  in  the  surface 
soil. 

*  surfe,  *  mur-fell,  *  »ur-fle,  *  sur  fyll, 

v.t.  [Prob.  corrupted  from  sulphur.]  To 
wash,  as  the  face,  with  a  cosmetic,  supposed 
to  have  been  prepared  from  sulphur. 

•*  She  shall  no  oftoner  powder  her  hair.  lurfeTl  her 
cheeks,  cleanse  her  teeth,  or  conform  the  hairs  of  ber 
eye-brows,  Ac." — Ford  :  Love's  Sacrifice,  ii.  L 

sur  felt,  *  sur  fet,  *  sur  fey te,  v.t.  &  t. 
[SURFEIT,  ».] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Lit. :  To  feed  to  excess  so  as  to  overload 
and  oppress  the  stomach,  and  derange  the 
functions  of  the  system  ;  to  overfeed  so  as  to 
produce  sickness  or  nausea. 

II,  Figuratively: 

*  1.  To  overburthen  ;  to  weigh  down. 

"  No  more  would  watch,  when  sleepe  so  surfcted 
Their  leaden  ey-lids," 

Chapman :  Homer  :  Odyssey  IL 

2.  To  fill  to  satiety  or  disgust ;  to  cloy. 

"To  surfeit  and  in] ure  ourselves  by  excessive  Indul- 
gence. "—Knox:  Sermons,  vol.  vi.,  ser.  SO. 

*  B.  Intransitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  be  fed  till  the  system  is  op- 
pressed, and  sickness  or  nausea  results. 

"Who  before  pampered  himself  with  all  sorts  of 
delicacies  eveu  to  surfeiting."— Sharp:  Sermons, 
vol.  vi.,  ser.  S. 

2.  Fig. :  To  feel  uneasy  in  consequence  of 
excess. 

"  Love  surfeits  not.  lust  like  a  glutton  dies." 

*hukesj>.:  Venus  A  Adonis.  80S. 

sur   felt,  *  sur  fet,  *  sor-fait,  s.    [O.  Fr. 

sorfait  =  excess,  orig.  pa.  par.  of  sorfairef  sur- 


faire  ;  to  overprize,  to  make  of  excessive  value; 
O.  Fr.  sor ;  Fr.  sur  ~  above,  and  fait,  pa.  par. 
of /cure  (Lat.  facio)  —  to  do,  to  make,  to  deem.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  Excess  in  eating  and  drinking ;  an  exces- 
sive or  gluttonous  meal  by  which  the  stomach 
is  overloaded,  and  the  digestion  deranged. 

"  Ue  was  half.k  tiled  with  a  turfeUot  Sheue  pippins." 
—Thackeray  :  English  Humiuriitt ;  ,S«w'.ft. 

2.  Fulness  and  oppression  of  the  system, 
arising  from  excessive  or  gluttonous  eating  or 
drinking. 

"So  prodigious  in  quantity,  M  would  at  another 
time  have  produced  a  fever  or  surfeit." — Anton .' 
Voyages,  bk.  ii.,  en.  ii. 

II.  Fig. :  Disgust  caused  by  satiety ;  satiety, 
nausea. 

"Zetinaue  thought  It  not  good  for  Ms  stomach  to 
rec*i  ve  a  surfeit  of  too  much  favour.  "—Sidney:  Arcadia, 
bk.  ill. 

*  surfeit  swelled,  a.    Swelled  out  with 
gluttony  or  othrr  over-indulgence.    (Shakesp. : 
2  Henry  IV. ,  v.  5.) 

*  surfeit-water,  «.    Water  for  the  cure 
of  surfeits. 

"A  little  cold. distilled  poppy-water,  which  U  tb« 
true  surf --it- water,  with  ease  and  abstinence,  often 
ends  distempers  ill  the  beginning."— Locii*, 

sur'-felt-er,  s.  [Eng.  surfeit,  v. ;  -er.]  A 
glutton,  a  reveller,  u.  rioter. 

"1  did  not  think 

Tula  am'roua  turfeifer  would  havudniiii'd  Ins  helm." 
Shatce$p. :  Antony  A  Cleufxttra,  ii-  1. 

sur  feJt-ing,  s.  [SURFEIT,  v.]  The  same  as 
SURFEIT,  0.  (q.v.). 

*  sur'-flew  (ew  as  6),  s.    [Pref.  sur-  (2),  and 

flue.]    (See  extract.) 

"  What  usually  are  termed  therein  [the  Granvll 
coat  of  arms)  rests,  being  the  handles  of  spears  (most 
honourable  in  tilting  to  break  them  nearest  there- 
unto) are  called  by  some  cd ticks  turjteumt.  Iwsiug  the 
uecesrary  appeudanU  to  organs  conveying  wind  unto 
them— if,  (as  it  seemethl  their  dubious  form  as  repre- 
sented in  the  scutcheon  doth,  ex  aquo,  answer  to 
both."— Fuller ;  Worthies;  Cornwall. 

surf-man,  ».  [Eng.  surf  (1),  and  man.]  A 
sailor  who  manages  a  surf-boat  (q.v.). 

"  Rescued  from  drowning  by  the  turfmen,  who 
rushed  iuto  the  breakers  and  safely  drugged  them 
ashore."— 8cribn«r*t  Magazine,  Jau.,  lb80,  p.  332. 

surf -man-ship,  s.  [Eng.  surfnan;  -ship.] 
The  art  *of,  or  skill  in  managing  a  surf-buat 
(q.v.). 

"  Stirfmanthlp  was  not  a  standard  of  qualification," 
— Scribner't  Magatine,  Jan.,  i860.  p.  834. 

-jf,  a.  [Eng.  «tr/(l),  s.  ;  -y.]  Consisting 
in  or  abounding  with  surf ;  resembling  surf ; 
foaming. 

surge,  ».    [Lat.  surgo  =  to  rise  ;  O.  Fr.  sour- 
geon  =  a  spring.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  rising,  a  spring,  a  fountain. 

"  All  great  ryuere  are  gurged  and  asiemhlede  of 
dluers  surges  and  springes  of  water."— Scrnert : 
froitsart;  Cronycte,  vol.  L,  ch.  L 

2.  A  large  wave  or  billow ;  a  large  rolling 
swell  of  water. 

"  The  fore  part  of  the  ship  Is  most  affected  hy  th« 
motion  of  a  head  sea  and  by  the  sound  and  shock  of 
the  target. "— Century  Magazine,  Dec.,  1878.  p.  001. 

*  3.  A  swelling  or  rolling  prominence. 

*  4.  The  act  or    state    of  surging,   or   of 
heaving  in  an  nndulatory  manner. 

IL  Naut. :  The  swell  on  a  windlass-barrel 
npon  which  the  cable  or  messenger  surges  or 
slips  back. 

surge,  v.i.  &  t.    [Lat.  surgo  =  to  rise.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :    To  swell ;   to  rise  high 
and  roll,  as  waves. 

"  The  surging  air  receives 
IU  plumy  burden."  Thornton:  Spring, 

2.  Naut. :  To  slip  back  :  as,  A  cable  surge*. 

B.  Transitive: 

Naut. :  To  let  go  a  portion  (of  a  rope) 
suddenly  ;  to  slack  (a  rope)  up  suddenly  when 
it  renders  round  a  pin,  a  winch,  windlass,  or 
capstan. 

*  BUrge'-ful,  a.   [Eng.  surge,  s. ;  -A?<0.]  Full 
of,  or  abounding  with  surges  ;  rough. 

"  Like  Thetis'  goodly  self  majestically  guides : 
Upon  her  spacious  bed  tossing  the  tur<jrful  tides. 
Drayton :  Poly-Ulbion,  e.  14. 

*  surge'  less,    *  surge-lease,    a.     [Eng. 
surge, s.  ;  -less.]    Free  frnm  surges;  smooth, 
calm. 

"  In  turgdfue  seas  of  quiet  rest." 

Mirroitr  for  Mayittratm. 


boil,  bo^;  ptfut,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  $hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xencphon,  e^lst.   ph  =  £ 
-clan,  -tlan  ^  «h?"     -tlon,  -sion  =  shun;  -$ion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tlous,  -oious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4553 


surgent— surmisal 


•urg  -ent,  a.  [Lat.  surgcny,  pr.  par.  of  ntrgi 
=  to  rise.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  ;  Swelling. 

"  When  the  ttirgtnt  mas 

Have  ebbtd  their  fill,  their  waves  du  rise  again." 
tircent:  Alpfiontut,  L 

2.  GeoL  :  Rising  ;    a  term  applied  to  the 
fifth  series  of  the  Appalachian  strata,  synony 
mous  with  the  Clinton  group  of  New  York, 
aii'l.  as  shown   by   fossil    ecliinoderm*   anc 
triloMtes,  partially  equivalent  in  age  to  the 
Silurian    Wenloek    formation    of    Englan-l 
Maximum  thickness  about  2,400  feet.    (Prof 
H.  D.  Rogers;  Geology  of  Pennsylvania.) 

•nrg'-eon,  *  aurg-i  en,  *  surg  -en,  *  surg- 
eyn,  *  surg-  i  on,  5.  [A  corrupt,  of  cki- 
rurgeon  (q.  v.),  fjom  O.  Fr.  cirurgien,  cerurgien. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  ;  One  who  practices  surgery 
in  a  more  limited  sense,  one  who  cures  dis- 
eases or  injuries  of  the  body  by  operating 
manually  upon  the  patient.     In  a  more  gene- 
ral sense,  one  whose  occupation  is  to  treat 
diseases  or  injuries  by  medical  appliances, 
whether  internal  or  external. 

H  The  London  barbers  and  surgeons  were 
incorporated  in  1540  as  one  company,  the 
barbers,  however,  being  prohibited  from  at- 
tempting any  surgical  operations  beyond  the 
drawing  of  teeth.  In  1745  the  corporation 
was  divided  into  two—  the  one  of  the  barbers 
and  the  other  of  the  surgeons.  The  same 
year  what  is  now  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England  obtained  its  first  charter. 
Within  the  present  century  the  art  of  the 
surgeon  has  made  remarkable  progress,  and 
mauy  operators  of  bold  and  striking  skill 
have  arisen,  both  in  the  United  States  and 
Europe.  The  discovery  of  antiseptic  treatment 
has  enabled  surgeons  to  explore  regions  of 
the  body  which  formerly  they  dared  not  touch, 
and  operations  are  successfully  performed 
to-day  which  in  the  past  would  have  been 
deemed  utterly  impossible. 

2.  Ichthy.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  species 
of  the  genus  Acauthurus,  from  the  sharp, 
erectile,  lancet-shaped  spine  with  which  each 
side  of  the  tail  is  armed.    In  the  early  stages 
of  their  growth  these  fish  are  so  different  from 
the  fully-developed  individuals,  that  for  some 
time  the  young  fish  were  placed  in  a  separate 
genus,  Acronurus.    (See  extract.) 

"  Surffeotu  occur  In  all  tropic*!  seas,  with  the  ex- 

ception of  the  eastern  part  of  the  Pacific,  where  they 


, 

r  with  the  corals.  They  do  iiot  attain  to  any 
size,  t  ne  largest  species  scarcely  exceeding  a  length  of 
eighteen  inches.  Many  are  agreeably  or  showily 
coloured,  the  ornamental  colours  being  distributed  iii 
»ery  extraordinary  patterns.  The  larger  species  are 
eatable,  and  some  even  esteemed  as  food."—  Qvntker  ; 
Study  of  Fithet,  p.  439. 

surgeon-apothecary,  *.     One  who  is 

both  surgeon  and  apothecary. 

surgeon-dentist,  s.  A  dental-surgeon  ; 
a  qualified  dentist.  ' 

surgeon-fish,  s.    [SURGEON,  *.,  2.] 

•urg'-eo"n-9y,  ».  [Eng.  surgeon;  -cy.]  The 
office  of  a  surgeon,  as  in  the  army  or  navy. 

*«UT#-eon-ry,s.  [Eng  surgeon;  -ry.}  The 
practice  of  a  surgeon  ;  surgery  ;  a  surgery. 

•nrg'-er-y,  *  surg-er-le,  *.  (A  corrupt  of 
O.  Fr.  cinargif,  sirttrgie,  chirurgU  =  surgery, 
from  Low  Lat.  chirurgia  ;  Gr.  \eipovpyta 
(cheirourgia)  =  a  working  with  the  hands; 
X«t>  (cfoir),  genit  xctpo;  (cheiros)=  the  hand, 
and  ifryv  (ergo)  =  to  work.] 

1.  Science  &  Hist.  :  The  term  includes  a  science 
and  an  art,  the  former  relating  to  the  study  of 
accidental  injuries  and  surgical  diseases  com- 
mon to  the  whole  or  several  regions,  organs, 
or  textures  of  the  body,  and  to  morbid  growths 
and  pathological  processes  of  particular  organs 
or  regions,  the  latter  to  their  treatment  by 
Operation. 

The  Egyptians  are  said  to  have  practised 
the  art  with  success  about  410  B.C.  Hippo- 
crates mentions  a  surgical  instrument  for  re- 
ducing dislocated  bones.  Celsus,  A.D.  17,  was 
a  skilful  surgeon.  In  the  third  century 
surgery  received  an  impulse  from  Erasistratus 
of  Alexandria,  who  introduced  the  practice  of 
dissecting  the  human  subject.  The  Arabians 
made  some  progress  in  the  art  The  founder 
of  modern  surgery  is  considered  to  have  been 
Andrew  Vesalius  (1514-1564).  His  great 
work,  De  Corporis  Humani  Fdbrica  LV>ri 
Septem,  was  published  at  Basel  in  1543.  The 
discoveries  of  Ambrose  Pare,  John  Hunter, 
and  others  were  followed  by  the  conservative 
•urgery  in  which  so  many  signal  triumphs 


were  achiev-il.  The  employment  of  ether  to 
produce  insensibility  by  Dr.  Morton,  of 
in  1846,  and  of  chloroform  by  Sir  J.  Simpsoi 
shortly  afterwards,  has  been  of  the  highest  value 
to  surgery.  Ovariotomy,  first  performed  by  Pr 
M'Dowell,  of  Kentucky,  has  saved  hundreds  o 
lives.  Antiseptic  tn-atiiit-tit  Im-  )^,-a  introduce* 
by  Sir  Jttteph  Li-tt-r,  wiih  equally  great  effect 
and  Pasteur's  inoculation  treatment  will,  it 
is  hoped,  be  carried  to  success,  and  produce  the 
graniii.'.-t  results  in  prt-vt-nting  disease.  The 
introduction  of  lit hotrity,  the  cure  of  aneurism 
by  pressure,  the  use  of  the  ophthalmoscope, 
laryngoscope,  and  other  instruments,  with  the 
radical  cure  for  hernia,  the  operations  for 
appendicitis  and  brain  tumor,  Ac.,  may  be  men- 
tioned as  amougst  the  comparatively  recent 
triumphs  of  modern  surgery,  rendering  oper- 
ations less  terrifying  and  much  more  effectual. 

"ThU  would  soon    raise   turyery    into  an    art." 

Warburtan :  Divine  Legation,  bfe.  iv.,  |  S. 

8.  A  place  where  surgical  operations  are 
performed,  or  where  medicines  are  prepared. 

surg  -i-ant,  a.     [Lat  surgo=  to  rise.] 

Her. ;  The  same  as  EOUSANT  or  RISING  (q.v.). 

Snrg'-fc-al,  a.  [A  contract,  of  chirurgical, 
from  Low  Lat.  chirurgicus.]  [SuROERV,]  Ol 
or  pertaining  to  surgeons  or  surgery ;  done  by 
means  of  surgery :  as,  surgical  instruments. 
surgical  operations. 

If  A  Surgical  Aid  Society  to  supply  the 
poor  with  surgical  appliances  was  founded  in 
London  in  1862. 

*«urg'-y,  o.  [Eng.  svrg(e),  a.;  -y.]  Rising 
in  surges  or  billows  ;  full  of  surges  ;  produced 
by  surges. 

"The  turfy  munnun  of  tb*  lonely  wa." 

A'eoa ;  Mndymion.  I  111. 

siir-I-a'-na,  «.   [Named  after  Josepho  Donate 

Suriau,  physician  at  Marseilles.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Surianace.T 
(q.v.),  containing  but  one  species,  Suriaaa 
maritima.  It  is  a  woody  plant,  with  alter- 
nate exstipulate  leaves,  racemose  flowers,  a 
five  cleft  calyx,  live  petals,  indefinite  sta- 
mens, five  carpels  attached  to  a  short  gyno- 
base,  each  cell  of  the  ovary  with  two  seeds. 
Fruit  with  a  woody  pericarp,  five  cells,  each 
with  one  ascending  seed.  Found  oil  the 
coast  of  various  tropical  regions. 

siir-i-a  na'-9e-se,  ».  pi  [Mod.  Lat  suri- 
an(a);  Lat  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -aceas.] 

Bot. :  A  doubtful  order  of  Hypogynous  Ex- 
ogens,  alliance  Chenopodales.  It  was  founded 
by  Dr.  Wight,  but  is  now  generally  merged 
in  Simarabaceae, 

siir-I-ca'-ta,  a.    [Latinised  from  native  name.] 
Znol. :  A  genus  of  Viverridae  (q.v.),  with  one 
species,  Suricata  zenick,  from  South  Africa. 

sur'-i-cate,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Snricata 
(q.v.).  length  about  thirteen  inches,  tail  six 
incites;  colour  grayish-brown,  with  yellowish- 
gray  transverse  stripes  on  back.  Little  is 
known  of  the  habits  of  these  animals  in  a 
state  of  nature,  beyond  the  fact  that  they  are 
fossorial. 

Su  rl-nam,  5.    [Seedef.] 

Geog. :  Dutch  Guiana  and  the  river  which 
runs  through  it 

Surinam-bark,  s. 

Bot. :  The  bark  of  A  ndira  tnermit  [ANDTRA], 
called  also  Bastard  Cabbage  Bark  and  Worm 
Bark. 

Surinam-poison,  «. 

Bot,:  Tephrosia  toricaria,  a  half  shrubby 
erect  plant,  with  many  pairs  of  leaflets,  pu- 
bescent above  and  silky  beneath  ;  papilion- 
aceous flowers  and  linear,  velvety,  mucronate 
legumes.  It  is  said  to  have  come  at  first 
from  Africa,  bnt  now  grows  in  the  West 
Indies  and  Guiana,  where  the  leaves,  bruised 
and  pounded,  are  cast  into  the  water  to  in- 
toxicate and  poison  fish. 

Surinn  m  toad, a. 

Zool.:  Pi-pa  americana,  a  large  flat  toad, 
found  on  the  edges  of  swamps  in  Surinam  and 
the  neighbouring  country.  It  is  about  a  foot 
long,  with  a  short,  broad,  pointed  head,  the 
nostrils  produced  into  a  leathery  tube ;  large 
hind  limits  with  webbed  feet ;  fore  feet  small, 
with  four  slender  we>>bed  fingers,  terminating 
in  four  small  projections.  It  is  brownish -olive 


above,  whitish  below  ;  the  skin  is  covered 
with  a  number  of  tiny  hard  granules,  inter- 
spersed with  horny,  tubercular  projections. 
It  has  no  tongue,  and  tbe  jaws  and  palate  are 
toothless.  The  species  in  pro^a^ated  in  an 
extremely  curious  manner.  When  tlid  «ggs 
are  laid,  the  m;ile  impregnates  them,  takes 
them  in  his  paws,  and  places  them  on  the 
back  of  the  female,  where  they  adhere  by 


SURINAM-TOAD. 

means  of  a  glutinous  secretion,  and  Vrorae 
by  degrees  embedded  in  a  series  of  cells  which 
then  form  in  the  skin.  When  the  process  is 
completed,  a  membrane  closes  over  the  cells, 
and  the  back  of  the  female  bears  a  strong 
resemblance  to  a  piece  of  dark  honeycomb. 
In  these  cells  the  eggs  are  hatched,  and  the 
young  undergo  their  metamorphosis,  bursting 
through  the  protecting  membrane  as  perfect 
frogs. 

ftu   rl  nam-ine,  s.    [Eng.  ntrinam;  -4ne.} 

Chem.  :  An  alkaloid  said  to  occur  in  th» 
bark  of  Indira  inermu. 

*  »ur-In  ten'-dant,  *,    [SUPERINTENDENT.] 

SUr/-li-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  surly  ;  -ly.}  In  a  snrly 
or  morose  manner  ;  gruffly. 

Bur'-li-ness,  ».  [Eng.  surly;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  surly  ;  gloomy 
moroseness  ;  crabbedness. 

"Cured  of  all  that  pwverwiten  and    turtintm   of 
temper."—  Scott  :  Christian  L(f*.  i>t  L,  ch,  Iii 

*  surl'-ing.  s.    [Eng.  surl(y);  -ing.]    A  sour, 
surly,  morose  fellow, 

"  These  lour  ntrlinyi  art  to  b»  commended  to  dear 
Gaalard."—  Camdtn  :  Kcmaint;  Anagrnminet. 

sur-loiu,  *snr-loyn,  i.    [SIRLOIN.] 

•ur^iy,  *ser-ly,  *  snr-Xie,  *  »ur-loy. 
syr-lie,  *syr-lye,  a.  [For  sir-like,  i.e., 
magisterial,  arrogant,  proud,  and  hence  rude, 
uncivil,  morose.] 

*  1.  Arrogant,  haughty,  magisterial. 

"  Like  tyrlye  thephru-cU  hay  we  nun*." 

Sptnter  :  Shrpfaardt  Calender;  July. 

2.  Gloomily  morose  ;  sour,  crabbed,  snarl- 
ing ;  cross  and  rude  ;  churlish. 

"Old  Tiney,  nr'.ett  of  hi*  kind." 

C<n*)>er  :  gj>itiiph  on  a  ffart. 

3.  Ungracious,    churlish,  rude.      (Said  of 
things.) 

*  4.  Gloomy,  dismal. 

"  When  I  ant  dead, 
Then  you  shall  htar  thu  iurly,  tulleii  1*1!.* 

Shake*?.  :  Sonntt  TL 

*5.  Rough,  dark,  tempestuous  :  as,  th» 
turly  storm.  (Thomson.) 

sur  mark,  *.    [Pref.  sur-  (2),  and  mark.} 

Shipbuilding: 

0)  A  mark  drawn  on  the  timbers  at  the  In- 
tersection  of  the  moulding-edge  with  the  rib- 
band-line; the  stations  of  the  ribbands  and 
harpings  being  marked  on  the  timbers. 

(2)  A  cleat  temporarily  placed  on  the  out- 
side of  a  rib,  to  give  a  hold  to  the  ribband  by 
which,  through  the  shores,  it  is  supported  on 
tbe  slipway. 

\  Bur'-mas-ter,  ».  [Formed  from  Low  Lat 
submagister  =  an  under-master  ;  cf.  surrogate,} 
An  under-master  ;  the  master  of  the  lower 
division  in  a  public  school.  (Still  used  in  St- 
Paul's  School.) 

siir  mis'-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  surmise  ;  -ably.} 
By  surmise  ;  presumably; 


"  Had  you  formed  any  opinion  of  what  t 
the  cause  of  dewth?"—  Datty  Telegraph,  Dec.  81,  iBsl. 

sur-mis-al,  s.    [Eng.  surmise);  -aL]    TW 
act  of  surmising  ;  surmise. 

"All  pride  and  envy,  and  all  oncharlUbl*  «ur- 

"  - 


fete,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  full ;  try,  Syrian.   «B,<B  =  e;«y  =  a;qu  =  lew. 


Burmisant— surprise 


4559 


*»ur  mis'-ant,  s.  [Eng  swmi^e);  -ant.] 
One  whu  surmises. 

"  Her  ladyship'!  informants,  or  rather  turmltanU." 
—Richardxm:  Clarissa,  vi.  173. 

«ur-mise%  *sur-myse,  v.t.  &  i.     ISuu- 

MISE,  S.} 

A,  Transitive : 

*  L  To  charge  ;  to  accuse. 

"Surmvtcd  agayne  liyin  felouy  and  murdoura"— 
fubya-n  :  Croitycfe,  co.  ccxliL 

2.  To  guess  or  imagine  to  be  the  case,  with 
tut  little  ground  or  reason  to  go  on  ;  to  con- 
jecture, to  suspect ;  to  have  a  suspicion. 

"  SurmtM  iiot 

His  presence  to  these  narrow  Imunda  coutin'd." 
J/iitun;  t\  L.,  &U  3M. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  charge  ;  to  make  a  charge  or  accu- 
Mrtion. 

"  He  *<tr»M*«rf  to  the  king  .  .  .  thnt  hi*  staid  secret 
friends  had  excited  hlUtoooublM  witli  km  enemies." 
—rt'ite  Triatt,  3  Kdwd.  III.  (an.  133')). 

2.  To  imagine,  to  conjecture,  to  suspect,  to 
suppose. 

jnr-miso'(  *.  [O.  FT.  *wrmi«=an  accusa- 
tion, prop.  fern,  of  surmis,  pa.  par.  of  surmettre 
=  to  charge,  to  accuse  ;  lit.,  to  put  upon :  sur 
=1  upon,  and  mettre~  to  put.] 

*  1.  A  charge,  an  accusation. 

"To  relieve  the  truth,  itinl  to  confound  f:tlse«ur- 
mi»ei."-iturntt .'  Kevordt,  vol.  L,  pL  L.  bk.  iiL.  Na  SO. 

2.  The  thought,  Imagination,  suspicion,  or 
conjecture  that  something  may  be,  though 
based  on  no  certain  or  strong  evidence ;  con- 
jecture, guess. 

"  Many  tu.rmit-.-t  of  evil  alarm  the  hearts  of  the 
people."  Longfellow:  EvangtlvM,  L  $. 

•3.  Reflection,  thought. 
•*  Being  from  the  feeling  of  her  own  grief  brought 
By  deep  Jurmw*  of  others'  detriment." 

HtutJcetp. :  R<ipe  of  Lucrece,  1,879. 

sur-mis'-er,  s.    [Eng.  surmts(e)t  v. ;  -er.J  One 

who  .similises. 

"  I  should  first  desire  them  turmittrt  to  point  out 
the  time."—  Lively  Oraclet,  Ac.  (167$).  p.  37. 

sur-mis'-ing,  ».  [Eng.  surmls(e);  •ing.]  A 
surmise. 

"  Evil  turmitinget  and  vayut  dUyuUclom."— l  rim. 
Vi.  4.  (165L) 

*  Gur-mit',  *  sup-myt,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  turmeUre 

—  to  charge.  J 

A.  rrarw. :  To  put  forward,  to  charge. 

"  The  preteiis  barg.i  j  n  that  John  Futon  yu  hj» lyfla 
tur>ny(ietli"—i'tLtl>>n  Letter t,  ii.  Jiii. 

B.  Intmns. ;  To  surmise. 

"  Only  M  lu  my  dreame  I  did  twrmtt,"—  TAjrnnct 
Debate,  p.  67. 

Sur  mount" ,   v.t.     [Fr.  «/rmo7iter,  from  sur 
=  over,  above,  and  montfr  =  to  mount  (q.v.).] 
L  To  mount  or  rise  above  ;  to  overtop. 

"  The  ininui  tains  of  Olympus,  Atlio.  Mid  Atlas,  over, 
reach  and  turmount  all  wtuds  aud  cloud*."—  Kideiyh  ; 
ffilL  Wurld. 

2.  To  overcome,  to  conquer. 
"  He  set  himself  therefore  to  surmount  some  dlffl- 
«nltit*itud  to  evade  utliera,"—  Macaulay :  Bitt.  £*£„ 

eb.  xix. 

*  3.  To  surpass,  to  exceed. 

"  By  which  all  earthly  princea  she  doth  far  inrmoune." 
Spenter:  F.  <£.  IL  x.  J. 

IT  For  the  difference  between  to  surmount 
and  to  conquer,  see  CONQUER. 

Sur-mount-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  surmount; 
•able.}  Capable  of  being  surmounted  or  over- 
come ;  superable,  conquerable. 

"The  difficulty  la  easily  turmountmlie  by  conuoon 
iogacity.  "— A'*oz.  Ltttertoa  Young  A'oWeman. 

•ur  mount'-a-ble  -ness, s.  [Eng.  surmaunt- 
aole;  -nes*.\  "The  quality  or  state  of  being 
surmountable. 

•ur-mount'-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SUEMOUNT.) 

A.  At  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb> 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  ;  Overcome,  conquered,  TOT- 
passed. 

2.  Her. :  A  term  used  of  a  charge  when  it 
has  another  charge  of  a  different  metal  or 
eolnur  laid   over  it.     When  it  is  an  animal 
tlinf.  has  a  charge  placed  over,  the  terra  used 
Is  Uebruised  (q.v.). 

surmounted  arch  nr  dome,  s. 

Arch.. :  An  arch  or  dome  that  rises  higher 
than  a  semicircle. 

•fir-mount' -er,  *.  [Eng.  surmount;  -er.] 
Onu  who  surmounts. 


sur'  -mill  -let,  s.      [Fr.   surmulet  =  the  red 

mullet,  for  surmulet  :  O.  Fr.  sor  (Fr.  saur)  =. 
sorrel  (q.v.)f  a»d  mulet  =  a  mullet.  [MoL- 
LET  (1).] 

IcJUhy.:  Mullus  surnvuletus,  formerly  con- 
sidered to  be  distini't  spccii'.s  from  M.  barba- 
tus,  from  which  it  di  tiers  in  having  its  red 
colour  relieved  by  three  longitudinal  stripes 
of  yellow.  Some  authorities  regard  it  as  a 
variety,  while  Guuther  considers  it  to  be  the 
female  uf  M.  barbatus.  [MULLUS.] 

t  sur'-mu-l6t,  ».  [Fr.  from  O.Fr.  sor  =  sorrel, 
and  Fr.  inulot  (from  Lat.  mus)  =  a  mouse.] 

Zool.  ;  Mus  decumanus,  the  Brown  Rat 
[RAT,  s.,  II.] 

sur'-name,  "sor-nom,  *  sour-noun,  s. 

[Fr.  suniom,  from  *ur(Lat.  super)  =  over,  and 
nom  (Lnt.  nojnen)  =  name  ;  Sp.  sobrenombre  ; 
Ital.  mtprannome.] 

1.  An  additional  name  superadded  to  the 
Christian  or  Itaptismal  name,  and  ultimately 
converted    into   a    family  name.     Surnames 
originally  denoted  occupation,  residence,  or 
some  particular  characteristic  or  event  con- 
nected with  the  individual,  as  William  Rufus 
for  Red),   John  Smith  (or  the  Smith),  John 
Bowyer  (or  the  Bowmaker),    &c.     They  were 
also  commonly  formed  at  first  by  adding  the 
name  of  the  father  to  that  of  the  son,  as 
Thomas,  John's  son,  whence  Johnson;  John, 
Harry's  son,   whence  Harrison,   &c.    So,  in 
French,  they  were  formed  by  prefixing  Fitz  = 
son,  to  the  name  of  the  father,  as  Fltz-Gerald 
=  son  of  Gerald,  &c.    In  Scotch,  the  prefix 
Mac  =  son  of,  was  used,  as  Macdougul,  Mac- 
andrewt  &e.     In  Wales,  the  prefix  was  Ap, 
with  the  same  meaning,  as  Thomas  Ap  Harry, 
whence  Parry,  John  Ap  Rice,  whence  Price, 
Ac.      In  Ireland    0'  was  pretixed,  as  John 
O'Donnellj  Thomas  Q'Ffanagan,  &c. 

"  In  the  authenticall  record  of  this  Exchequer  called 
Domesday,  surname*  are  flrat  found,  brought  iu  theil 
by  the  Normans,  who  not  long  before  lirst  tooke 
them  ;  bat  most  noted  with  ft  such  a  pliice,  a«  Ocxle- 
Mdui  dt  yLwne\illtC—Camdtn:  ftemainet;  Sur- 
name*. 

2.  An   appellation  added  to  the  original 

name. 

*  My  tumame.  Cortolmms." 

tihakctp,  :  L'uriolanuM,  IT.  L 

sur  name',  *  sir-name',  v.t.  [SHKNAME,  5.] 
To  name  or  call  by  an  appellation  superadded 
to  the  original  name  ;  to  give  a  surname  to. 

**  How  he.  turnamed  of  Africa,  dismissed 
In  his  prime  youth  the  fair  Iberian  maid." 

Jttltun:  P.  K..IL199. 

8UP/-nI-a,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Ornitli.  :  A  genus  of  Buboninfe,  with  a 
single  species,  Surnia  funerea,  the  Hawk-owl, 
from  the  arctic  circle  in  both  hemispheres, 
and  an  occasional  straggler  to  the  south.  8. 
nyctea,  the  Snowy  Owl,  is  now  Myctea  scandi- 
oca.  [HAWK-OWL,  2.,  SNOWY-OWL.] 

*  sur-nom'-In-al,  a.  [Pref.  eur-  (2),  and 
Bug.  nominal  (<i.v.).]  Pertaining  or  relating 
to  surnames. 

ftiir-pass',    *  sur-pas,    *  sur  passe,  v.t. 
[Fr.  surpasser,  from  *ur  =  above,  beyond,  and 
passer  =  to  pass.] 
*  L  To  go  beyond  or  past  ;  to  exceed. 

"Nor  let  the  sea 

Surpast  his  bounds,  nor  raiu  to  drown  the  world." 
Milton:  P.  L^xLSM. 

2.  To  excel,  to  exceed;  to  go  beyond  In 
any  quality  good  or  bad. 

44  Whote  beauty  dotli  her  bounty  far  turpatt*.* 
Spentar:  F.  ^  III.  lx.4. 

^  For  the  difference  between  to  surpass  and 
to  exceed,  see  £XCEED. 

sur-pass'-a~ble,  a.  (Eng.  surpass;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  surpassed,  exceeded,  or  ex- 

celled. 

ftur-pass'-ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    fScRpAsa.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.:  Excelleut-in  an  eminent  degree; 
excelling  all  others. 

"  0  thoo,  thnt  with  turpaaing  glory  crowned, 
Look'st  from  thy  tote  dominion,  like  tlje  pod, 
Of  tbls  new  world."  Milton  :  P.  L..  iv.  82. 


g-l^,   adv.      [Eng.  surpassing; 
•ly.}    In  a  surpassing  manner  or  degree. 

sur-pass'  ing  nese,  *.  [Eng.  surpassing; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  surpass- 
ing or  excelling  all  other. 

Bur'-plice,  *  sur  plcsse,  *  sur  pi  is,  *  sur- 
plyce,  *  sur-pli»e,  *  sur-plys,  *  syr- 
pllS,  J.  (Fr.  surplis,  from  Low  Lat  super- 


peUlctum  —  the  clerical  robe  worn  over  tht 
bachelor's  tu-iliimry  dress,  which  was  an- 
cH'iitly  of  sheepskin,  from  Lat.  sa/x;r  =  above, 
nvT,  and  jtelluxitw,  ueut.  sing,  of  pellieeus  = 
made  of  skins  ;  j'etits^askiii  ;  Sp.  tobrepdliz.} 
*  1.  A  light  outer  or  over  garment 

"  Here  now  a  contreuore.  ttivrgb  Roberte'a  avlft, 
Abuuuu  ther  «imore  did  netkis  &  c«r/>/iv." 

fitibvrt  tie  Bruniic.  p.  834. 

2.  The  outer  garment  of  an  officiating  priest, 
deacon,  or  chorister,  in  the  Church  uf  Eng- 
land and  Roman  Catholic  Churcli,  worn  over 
their  other  dress  during  the  performance  of 
religious  services.  It  is  a  loose,  ilmving  vest- 
ment of  white  Hnen,  generally  reaching  almost 
to  the  feet,  with  broad  full  sleeves.  It  diners 
iYum  the  alb  in  being  fuller,  and  in  having  uo 
girdle,  nor  embroidery  at  the  toot. 

**  From  the  dislike  of  can  aiid  surplter.  the  very  next 
Btap  was  Hduiuuttioua  to  the  whole  pulumttit  a^niiist 
the  whule  (jovtruiutjut  ecclcsiaitiia.!."—  Jtrydcn;  /fa- 
Ujio  LHK*  (PreLJ 


*  surplice-fees,  *.  pi    Fees  paid  to  a 
clergyman  for  the  performance  of  occasional 
duties,  as  baptisms,  marriages,  funerals.  Called 
also  Stole-fees. 

8ur'-pU$ed,  a.  [Eng.  surplice);  -«tj  Wear- 
ing a  surplice  or  surplices. 

"  The  turpli'-ed  train  draw  near 
To  this  Uut  mauaion  of  mankind.** 

Mullet  :  A  funeral  Hymn. 

*  sur-plls,  «.    [SURPLICE.] 

Bur'-plus,  s.  &a.    [Fr.  surplus  =  an  overplus. 

from  Lat.  super  =  above,  and  j)Ziw  =  moie.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  Overplus;   that  which  re- 
mains over  when  all  requirements  are  satis 
tied  ;  excess  beyond  what  is  prescribed   01 
wanted  ;  more  than  suffices  or  is  needed. 

"  Of  the  turpliu,  they  nwk«  both  a  wrup  and  coara* 
•ugar."—  Cook:  f'ir^t  Voyage,  bk.  iiu.  cb.  ix. 

2.  Law:  The  residuum  of  an  estate  after 
the  debts  and  legacies  are  paid. 

B.  As  ailj.  :  Being  over  and  above  what  il 
required  or  prescribed  ;  in  excess. 

"The  facilities  he  has  for  making  reftdy  dlsponl  <4 
turpiut  stock."—  Field,  Jan.  23,  1886. 

sur'-plus  age  (age  as  Ig),  «.  [Eng.  fur- 
pius;  -age.} 

L  Ord.  Lang.  ;  Surplus  ;  excess  beyond 
what  is  prescribed  or  required;  superabund- 
ance. 

"  Expresses  regret  at  this  turplusage  of  cainlidatea," 
—  Echo.  Sept.  7,  1884. 

n.  Technically: 

*  1.  Accounts:  A  greater  disbursement  than 
the  charge  of  the  accountant  amounteth  to. 

2.  Law:  Something  in  the  pleadings  or  pro- 
ceedings not  necessary  or    relevant   to  the 
case,  and  which  may  be  rejected. 

"sur-pris'-al,  *  sur-prls-all,  •  sur- 
prys-all,  3.  [Eng.  surprise);  -al.}  The 
act  of  surprising;  a  coining  upon  unex- 
pectedly or  unawares  ;  the  state  of  being 
taken  by  surprise  ;  surprise. 

"  Thy  aurprimJl  led 
From  forth  the  faire  wood  my  sad  feete." 

Chapman:  Bomer;  Iliad  TxL 

sur-prise',  *  stir-prize',  v.t.    [SURPRISE,  *.] 
1.  To  come  or  fall  upon  suddenly  and  un- 
expectedly ;  to  come  upon  unawares  ;  to  at- 
tack unexpectedly  ;  to  take  unawares. 
**  Thns  Judging  he  gnve  eecret  way, 
When  the  stem  priests  inrjirise-t  their  prey. 

.Scotf.-  Marmion,  in.  1J, 

*2.  To  seize  suddenly  ;  to  take  prisouer. 

"  When  that  disdainful!  beast, 
Eucoimtrlug  fierce,  him  smldeiu  doth  ntrpHtf? 

Sprnser:  F.  Q.,  1.  ilt  ML 

3.  To  capture  by  an  unexpected  or  nuddoa 
•ttack  ;  to  take  by  surprise. 

**  And  seizing  at  the  last  upon  the  Britons  here, 

tiurprud  tbe  spucious  isle." 

ftrnyton  :  Poly-Olbion,  •.  i. 

•4.  To  hold  possession  of;  to  hold,  to 
retain. 

"  That  in  my  handt  eurprix*  the  sovereignty.* 


.  . 

*5.  To  overpower,  to  perplex,  to  confound, 
to  confuse. 

••  I  un  suTprtxtd  with  an  uncouth  fear." 

Shatwp.  :  Titus  Aiidromcut.  It.  •. 

6.  To  strike  with  wonder  or  astonishment, 
as  at  something  sudden,  unexpected,  or  re- 
markable in  conduct,  words,  or  story,  or  by 
the  appearance  of  something  unusual. 

"  People  wvre  not  BO  much  frightened  u  t 
at  the  bigness  of  the  camel."—  L*E*trang«. 

*  7.  To  lead,  bring,  or  betray  unawares. 


bo^;  pout,  Jdlrt;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  jhiii,  bencU;  go,  gem;  tHln,  fhto;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    -I 
-tioa,  -«ioa=sliuA;  -Jion.  -sion  =  2lian.   -cions,  -tlous,  -sious  =  cbus.   -We.  -die.  &c.  =  bcL  d 


4560 

j fir-prise',  s.  [O.  Fr.  sorprise,  surprise  (also 
spelt  surprint),  prop.  fern,  of  sorprist  surpris, 
pa.  par.  of  sorprendre,  surprendre  —  to  sur- 
prise :  sur  (Lat.  super)  =  above,  upon,  and 
pre ntlre  (Lat.  prehendo)  =  to  take ;  ItaL  «or- 
frendre.} 

1.  The  act  of  coming  upon  unawares  or  sud- 
denly ;  the  act  of  taking  suddenly  and  with- 
out preparation. 

"  We  ban*  forth  no  spies. 

To  leariie  their  drifts ;  who  in»y  perchance  this  night 
intend  turf/rite."        Chapman:  Homer;  Iliad  x. 

2.  The  state  of  being  surprised  or  seized 
with  wonder  or  astonishment,  as  at  something 
sudden,  unexpected  or  remarkable  ;  an  emo- 
tion excited    by  the  sudden  or  unexpected 
happening  or  appearing,  as  of  something  re- 
markable or  novel ;  wonder,   astonishment, 
amazement. 

**  Meii,  boys,  and  womsn,  stupid  with  txrpriMe, 
Where'er  she  passes,  fir  tlieir  wondering  eyes. 

Druden  •  Virgil ;  JSneid  v  ii.  1.104. 

*  3.  A  dish  covered  with  a  crust  of  raised 
paste,  but  with  no  other  contents. 

"  Few  can  for  carving  trifles  in  disguise. 
Or  that  fautastick  dish  some  call  tttrpriM." 

King :  Art  of  Cookery. 

4.  Something  which  occurs,  or  is  presented 
to  view,  or  given  unexpectedly,  so  as  to  excite 
a  feeling  of  surprise ;  an  unexpected  event : 
at,  It  was  a  pleasant  surprise  to  him. 

surprise-cadence,  *. 

Music;  Interrupted  or  suspended  cadence. 
(DECEPTIVE-CADENCE.] 

surprise-party,  ».  A  party  of  persons 
who  assemble  by  agreement,  and  without  in- 
vitation, at  the  house  of  a  common  friend,  each 
bringing  some  article  of  food  as  a  contribution 
towards  a  supper,  of  which  all  concerned 
partake. 

"  Now  and  then,  whan  the  moon  li  full,  there  Is  a 
mrprite-party  it  the  station.  From  the  mainland  or 
the  neighbouring  settlements  come  men  and  women 
...  bringing  cakes  and  pastries,  and  other  good  tit  ings 
from  their  names,"— Seriftner't  Magazine,  Jan.,  1880, 
P.W1 

*  sur- prise  -ment,  5.  [Eng.  surprise ;  -me**.] 
Surprising,  surprisaL 

"  Xurpritementt  of  castles.  "-/>a«wf ;  Mitt.  England, 

•riir-pris'-er,  s.  [Eng.  surprise);  -en)  One 
who  surprises  ;  specif.,  one  of  a  body  of  men 
who  attempt  to  take  a  place  by  surprise. 

"The  tururitert  were  to  be  ready." — Clarendon: 
Civil  If  art.  uL  187. 

•ur-pris'-ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [SURPRISE.] 

A*  As  pr,  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Exciting  surprise  or  wonder  ; 
astonishing,  extraordinary,  wonderful ;  of  a 
nature  to  excite  surprise,  wonder,  or  astonish- 
ment. 

•ur-pris'-Ing-ly,  *  sur-priz'-Ing-lfc  adv. 
fcEng.  surprising ;  -ly.]  In  a  surprising  man- 
ner or  degree ;  so  as  to  excite  surprise  or 
wonder. 

"  The  less  faulty  fare]  surprisingly  apt  to  be  dissi- 
pated in  a  harry  of  amusement*."—  Seeker:  Sermons, 
ToL  L,  ser.  27. 

•mr-pris'-Ing-neSS,  ».  [Eng.  surprising; 
~ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  sur- 
prising. 

* sur-prlze",  v.t.    [SURPRISE,*.] 

*  sur  <iued  our,     *  sour-qul-  dour,     ». 
[SuRQUEDRY.]    A  proud,  haughty,  arrogant, 
or  insolent  person. 

**  And  sentt  forth  touryuldourt,  hus  serjlanns  of 
armee,"  fieri  Ploughman,  p.  ut. 

•ur'-qued-ous,  a,    [SURQUEDRT.]    Proud, 

haughty,  arrogant,  insolent. 

"  It  showeth  well  that  thon  art  not  wise. 
But  suppressed  with  a  inauere  of  rage, 
To  take  on  thee  thta  turquedout  message." 

Lydgate :  Story  of  Thibet,  U. 

*«rar'-qued-r^,  *  sur-qued-rie,    *sur- 

quid-  rle,    *  sur-cuya-rye,  t.     [O.  Fr. 

rurquiderie,  from  surcuider  =  to  be  insolent : 
9ttr  =  above,  and  ciiider  —to  think,  to  presume ; 
ItaL  sorquidowa.]  Overweening  pride,  arro- 
gance, insolence. 

*'  That  men  may  not  themselTes  their  own  rood  part* 
Extol,  without  suspect  of  turqued ry." 

Donne  :  Letter  to  Mr.  J.  IT. 

*  SuV-qned-y,  5.    [STJRQUEDRY.]   Arrogance, 
insolence,  presumption. 

*  Sur-rS-bound',  v.i.     [Pref.  *wr-  (2),  and 
Eng  rebound.]    To  who  repeatedly. 

**  Heav'n  about  did  turrekound" 

Chapman :  Bomer  ;  Iliad  zxL  ML 


surprise— surrogation 

»ur-re-butj  t?.i.  [Pref.  sur-  (2),  and  Eng. 
rebut  (q.v.).] 

Law. :  To  reply,  as  a  plaintiff,  to  a  defend- 
ant's rebutter. 

sur-re-but'-ter,  «.  [Pref.  sur-  (2),  and  Eng. 
rebutter  (q.v.).] 

Law :  A  second  rebutter  ;  the  plaintiff's 
reply  to  the  defendant's  rebutter  (q.v.). 

"  The  plaintiff  may  answer  the  rejoinder  by  a  aur- 
rejoiiider;  upon  which  the  defendant  may  icbutjaiid 
the  plaintiff  answer  him  by  a  surrebutter."—  Black- 
Hone  :  Comment.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  20. 

*  sur-reined ,  a.  [Pref.  SUT-  (2),  and  Eng. 
rein.]  Over-ridden  ;  knocked  up  by  beiug 
ridden  too  hard. 

**A  drench  for  sitmin'd  jades,  their  barley  broth." 
Shaketp. :  Henry  V.,  iii.  G. 

sur-re-J  oils',  v.i.  [Pref.  sur-  (2),  and  Eng. 
rejoin  (q.v.).J 

IMW  :  To  reply,  as  a  plaintiff,  to  a  de- 
fendant's rejoinder. 

sur-re-Join'-der,  *.  [Pref.  sur~  (2),  and 
Eng.  rejoinder  (q.v.).] 

Law :  A  second  rejoinder ;  the  reply  of  the 
plaintiff  to  a  defendant's  rejoinder. 

SUT-ren'-der,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  surrendre, 
from  sur  =  upon,  up,  and  rendre  =  to  render 
(q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  yield  or  deliver  up  to  the  power  of 
another ;  to  yield  or  give  up  possession  of 
upon  compulsion  and  demand. 

"Would  not  turrender  the  state  which  he  liked 
Tret*— Jewell:  Dejenee  (^  the  Attologie.  p.  418t 

2.  To  yield  in  favour  of  another,  not  neces- 
sarily under  compulsion  ;  to  resign  in  favour 
of  another ;   to  cease  to  claim,  exercise,  or 
use  :  as,  To  surrender  a  right  or  privilege. 

3.  To  yield  to  any  influence,  passion,  emo- 
tion, or  power.    (Often  used  reflexively.) 

"If  we  do  not  turrender  our  wills  to  the  overture  of 
bis  goodness."— Rarrov:  Sermon*,  vol.  ill.,  ser.  4, 

*4.  To  let  be  taken  away;  to  relinquish,  to 
resign. 

IL  Law:  To  make  surrender  of.  [SUR- 
RENDER, s.,  II.  2.] 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   To  yield ;  to  give  one's  self 
up  to  the  power  of  another. 

"  Fetch  hitlier  Richard,  that  in  common  rlew 
He  may  turrender."          Stiaket^. :  Rich.  7/.,  IT.  1. 

2.  Law:  To  appear  in  court  in  discharge  of 
recognizances  or  bail  entered  into;  to  appear 
in  court  under  an  order  of  the  Court  of  Bank- 
ruptcy. 

"  At  the  second  of  these  meetings,  at  farthest,  the 
bankrupt  must  turrender  ;  or.  in  default  of  doing  ao, 
be  guilty  of  n  misdemeanor  {lUiiisliaUe  by  iiupiisou* 
ment  not  exceeding  three  years.'*— Blackttone :  Com- 
ment., bk.  iL,  ch.  27. 

sur-ren'-der,  s.    [SURRENDER,  v.J 

I.  Ord,  Lang. :  The  act  of  surrendering ; 
the  act  of  yielding  or  resigning  one's  person, 
or  the  possession  of  something,  into  the  power 
or  control  of  another ;  a  yielding,  a  giving ; 
especially,  the  yielding  of  an  army,  fort,  or 
the  like,  to  an  enemy. 

"To  treat  fur  a  turrender  of  the  Palatinate."— 
Soteell :  Lettert,  bk.  i..  let  10. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Insurance:   The  abandonment  of  an  as- 
surance policy  by  the  party  assured  on  re- 
ceiving back  a  portion  of  the  premiums  paid. 
The  amount  payable  on  the  surrender  of  a 
policy  is  called  the  surrender  value,  and  de- 
pends upon  the  number  of  years  during  which 
the  premiums  have  been  paid. 

2.  Law: 

(1)  The  yielding  up  of  an  estate  for  life 
or  for  years  to  him  that  has  the  immediate 
estate  in  reversion  or  remainder.  It  may 
be  either  in  fact  or  in  law.  A  surrender  in 
fact  must  be  made  by  deed,  which  is  the 
allowable  evidence.  A  surrender  in  law  is 
one  which  may  be  implied,  and  generally  has 
reference  to  estates  or  tenancies  from  year  to 
year,  Ac, 

"A  turrender,  iurtumrtdttitto,  or  rendering  up,  Is 
Of  a  nature  directly  opposite  to  a  release  :  for  as  that 
operates  by  the  greater  estates  descending  upon  the 
less,  a  turrendtr  is  the  falling  of  a  less  estate  into  a 
greater.  There  may  also  be  turrender  In  law  by  the 
Acceptance  by  the  teuaiit  of  a  new  estate  inconsistent 
with  his  prior  enUte.  Thus  a  new  lease  wade  to  a 
per* >n  In  |>osseBsion  under  an  old  lease,  and  accepted 
by  him,  operates  as  a  turrender  in  law  of  the  old  one  ; 
for  from  such  acceptance  the  law  implies  his  Intention 
to  yield  up  the  estate  which  he  had  before,  though  he 
may  not  by  express  words  of  surrender  haTe  declared 
as  much.  '—Blackttone  :  Comment.,  bk.  li.,  ch.  17. 


(2)  The  appearance  of  a  bankrupt  in  court 
for  public  examination. 

"The  next  proceeding.  In  case  an  adjudication  is 
made.  Is  the  turrender  of  the  bankrupt,  and  his  ex- 
amination :  the  appointment  of  creditors'  assignees, 
and  the  proof  of  debu  against  the  estate."—  moct- 
ttone:  Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  *7. 

(3)  The  giving  up  of  a  principal  into  lawful 
custody  by  his  bail. 

(4)  The  delivery  up  of  fugitives  from  justice 
by  a  foreign  state  ;  extradition. 

f  Surrender  of  copyholds  : 

Law:  The  yielding  up  of  the  estate  by  the 
tenant  into  the  hands  of  the  lord,  for  such 
purposes  as  in  the  surrender  are  expressed. 

SUT-ren-der-ee',  s.    [Eng.  surrender;  -ee.] 

Law:  A  person  to  whom  the  lord  grants 
surrendered  land;  one  to  whom  a  snrrendei 
is  made, 

"  Immediately  upon  Mich  surrender.  In  court,  01 
npuu  presentment  uf  a  surrender  made  out  of  court, 
the  lord  by  his  steward  grants  ttie  wine  land  again  to 
cettui  one  me.  who  Is  sometimes  called  the  turren- 
deree,  to  bold  by  the  ancient  rents  and  ctisUnnary 
services:  and  thereupon  admits  him  tenant  t<>  ttie 
copyhold,  according  to  the  f»rm  and  effect  of  the  sur- 
render which  must  be  exactly  pursued."—  Blacktton*: 
Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  U. 

SUT-ren'-der-or,  s.    [Eng.  surrender;  -or.] 

Law:  One  who  surrenders  an  estate  intnth« 
hands  of  his  lord  ;  one  who  makes  a  surrender. 

*  SUr-ren'-dr$r,  s.    [Eng.  surrender;  -y.]  The 
act  of  surrendering  ;  a  surrender. 

"  We  should  have  made  an  entire  surrendry  of  our- 
Mlves  to  God.  that  we  might  have  ptineil  a  title  to  hi* 
deliverances."—  Decay  «/  Chrittian  Piety. 

*  siir-rep'-tion  (1),  a.    [Lat  surreptio,  from 
surreptus,  pa.  par.  of  surrepo~tc>  steal  upon.) 
[SURREPTITIOUS.]  A  coming  upon  unperceived 
or  unawares  ;  a  stealing  upon. 

"Sins  of  a  sudden  *wrreju(K»i."—  ffammond:  IForJts, 
11.23. 

*  siir  rep'-tion  (2),  s.    [Lat.  surreptio,  from 
surreptus,   pa.   par.  of  surripio  =.  to  snatch 
away  secretly  :   sur  (for   sub)  =  under,  and 
rapio  —  to  snatch.]     The  act  of  getting  in  a 
surreptitious  manner,  or  by  craft  or  stealth. 

"The  turreption  of  secretly  misgotteii  dispense 
tloug."—  Bp.  Hall  :  Catft  of  Contcience, 

sur-rep-ti'-tions,   *  sur-rep-ti-cious, 

a.  [Lat.  surreptitius,  surrepticius  =  stolen, 
done  stealthily,  from  mtrrejilus,  pa.  par.  of 
fitrrepo  =•  to  creep  under,  to  steal  upon  :  mr 
(for  sub)  =  under,  and  repo  =  to  creep.] 

1.  Done  by  stealth  or  without  proper  author- 
ity ;  made  or  produced  fraudulently  ;  un- 
authorized ;  accompanied  or  characterized  by 
underhand  dealing. 

•'  I  hear  that  you  hare  procured  a  correct  copy  ot 
the  Dunciad,  which  the  many  turreptitimti  uues  liar* 
rendered  so  necessary.  "—Pope:  Dunciad,  (Let  to 
Publishers.) 

*  2.  Acting  in  a  stealthy,  crafty,  or  ander- 
hand  manner. 

"  To  take  or  touch  with  ntrreptitiout 
Or  violeut  hand  what  there  was  left  for  me." 

Chapman  :  Bomer;  Qdyacy  jji. 

»tir-rcp-tr-tiou»-lj^  adv.  [Eng.  surrepti- 
tious; -ly.]  In  a  surreptitious  manner;  by 
stealth  ;  in  an  underhand  manner  ;  fraudu- 
lently. 


ej^,  «.  A  four-wheeled  pleasure  vehicle, 
having  two  transverse  seats,  and  frequently  a 
canopy. 

sur'-ro-gate,  ».  [Lat.  surrogatus,  pa.  par.  of 
*urro<70  ="to  substitute,  to  elect  in  place  of 
another  :  sur  (for  sub)  =  under,  and  rogo  =  to 
ask,  to  elect] 

1.  Generally,  a  deputy,  a  substitute,  a  dele- 
gate, a  person  apiiointea  to  act  for  another  ; 
specifically,  the  deputy  of  an  ecclesiastical 
judge,  most  commonly  of  a  bishop  or  his 
chancellor,  who  grants  marriage  licences  and 
probates. 

2.  An  officer  who  presides  over  the  probate 
of  wills  and  testaments  and  the  settlement  of 
estates.    (Amer.) 

*  sur'-ro-gate,  v.t.    [SURROGATE,  «.]    To  put 
in  the  place  of  another  ;  to  substitute. 

"But  this  earthly  Adam  falling  in  his  office,  the 
heavenly  was  titrrogated  iu  his  rooine.  who  is  able  to 
•are  to  the  utmost  —More  :  Worto.  (Pret  General.) 

sur  -ro  gate-ship,  «.  [Eng.  surrogate,  §.  ; 
ship.]  The  office  of  a  surrogate. 

*  sur  ro  ga'-tion,  *.    [Lat  surrogatio,  from 
surrogatus,  pa.  par.  of  surrogo.]    [SURROOATB, 
*.]    The  act  of  substituting  one  person  iu  th* 
place  of  another. 


6 to,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  •fen,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or,  wore,  W9l£  work,  who,  son;  mute*  cub.  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  GO  =  e;  ey  «=  a;  qu  -  kw. 


surrogatnm— surveying 


4561 


•fir -r6-ga'- turn,  s.     [Lat.,  neut.  sing,  of 
surrogates,  pa.  par.  otsurrogo.]  [SURBOGATE,  s.  1 
Scots  Law :   That  which  comes  in  place  of 
something  else. 

Bur-round',  v.t.  &  (.  (O.  Fr.  suronder  =  to 
float  on  the  waves  ;  Low  Lat.  superundo,  from 
ivper  =  above,  over,  and  unda  =  a  wave.) 

A.  Transitive : 

*  1.  To  overflow,  to  inundate,  to  Rood. 

"The  sea  ...  hath  decayed,  turrouniled  autl  drowned 
up  much  hard  grounds."— Act  7  James  I.,  c.  20. 

*  2.  To  pass  over,  to  travel  over,  to  circum- 
navigate. 

"Captain  Cavendish  nirrottitdod  the  world." — ful- 
ler: Church  BM..  XI.  xi.  (Uedic.) 

3.  To  encompass,  to  environ  ;  to  inclose  on 
every  side ;  specif.,  to  inclose,  as  a  body  of 
troops,  between  hostile  forces,  so  as  to  cut  off 
means  of  communication  or  retreat ;  to  invest, 
as  a  city. 

4.  To  lie  or  be  situated  on  all  sides  of;  to 
form  an  inclosure  round ;  to  shut  in,  to  en- 
viron, to  encircle. 

"  Cloud  instead,  ai.3  ever-dnring  dark 
Surround!  me ;  troui  the  cheerful  ways  of  men 
Cut  off."  MUton  i  P.  L.,  Ui.  «. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  overflow. 

"  Streams  if  stopt  turround.* 

Warner:  Albiont  England,  VIII.  ill.  197. 

*  2.  To  circle,  to  go  round. 

"To  dance  the  Hay  in  surrounding  vagaries." 

Furchat:  neat.  Polit.,  Flying  Ititectt,  !«. 

8.  To  form  an  inclosure  or  circle  round 
something  else. 

"  Bad  angels  seen. 

On  wing  under  the  hurniug  cope  ot  hell, 
Twixt  upper,  nether,  and  turronnding  flres. 

Milt"tt  :  P.  L.,  i.  Sift. 

•  Bur  round',  a.  &  5.    [SURROUND,  «.] 

*  A.  As  adj. :  Flooded. 

"My  heart  turround  with  grief  la  swoln  so  high." 
fletchfr,  £la,t,  xlii. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  method  of  hunting  some 
animals,  as  buffaloes,  by  surrounding  them, 
and  driving  them  over  a  precipice,  or  into  a 
deep  ravine,  or  other  place  from  which  they 
cannot  escape ;  a  place  where  animals  are  so 
bunted.  [TINCHEL.] 

"She  unfortunately  killed  >  man  on  the  turround 
tome  two  miles  from  the  stockade."— Field,  Feb.  26, 
IML 

•r&r-roilnd'-er,  «.    [Eng.  surround;  •«•.] 

*  1.  Overflow,  inundation. 

"What  grounds  lye  within  the  hurt  or  danger  of 
waters,  either  within  the  turrounder  by  the  sea,  or 
the  inundation  of  fresh  waters."— CoUit:  Statute  of 

Sewert,  83. 

2.  One  who  surrounds. 

•ur  round'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.     [SUB- 
BOUND,  v.l 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb), 

B.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Circling,  revolving. 
2.  Encircling,  inclosing. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  inclosing  or  encompassing. 

2.  Something   belonging   to   those   things 
that  surround  or  environ  ;  an    external  or 
accompanying  circumstance ;  one  of  the  con- 
ditions environing  a  person  or  thing.    (Gene- 
rally in  the  plural) 

"  They  have  their  particular  haunts,  and  their  tur- 
roundingi  are  nearly  always  the  same.1  —  Uurrouihi  • 
Pepacton,  p.  363. 

•  Bur-roTlnd'-ry,  «.    [E"K-  turronnd;  -ry.} 
Circuit,  round. 

"All  this  Hand  within  the turroundry  of  the  foura 
ttt*:'—Mountugue:  Diatribe,  p.  138. 

•fir'-r.Sy.  soUth'-rcSy,  s.    [Fr.  tud  (Eng. 
touth),  and  roi  =  king.)    [CLABENCEUX.] 

•ur-ro'y'-al,  «.    [Pref.  sur  (2),  and  Eng.  royal 
(q.v.).J    The  crown  antler  of  a  stag. 

•  Bnr-aa-nnre,  s.    [Fr.  sur  =  above,  and  tail 
=  healthy,  sound ;   Lat.   sanus.}    A  wound 
healing  or  healed  outwardly  only. 

"  My  wound  abideth  like  a  turtanure.' 

Chaucer :  flower  of  Courtetie. 

•  sur-se'-ange,  s.    [Fr.]    [BURCEASK.]    Sub- 
sidence, quiet. 

"  All  preachers,  especially  such  sa  be  of  good  temper 
and  have  wisdom  with  conscience,  ought  to  inculcate 
and  heat  upon  peace,  silence,  and  *uneance."— Bacon 
Of  Church  Government. 

•  snr  else,  v.i.    [Norm.  Fr.  nirtite  =  neglect 
To  forbear. 


ur-sol-Id,  «.  &  a,  [Pref.  mr  (2),  and  Eng. 
solid  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  substantive : 

Math, :  The  fifth  power  of  a  number ;  the 
product  of  the  fourth  multiplication  of  any 
number  taken  as  the  root.  Thus,  243  is  the 
sursolid  of  3,  since  3x3  =  9  (square  of  3) ; 
9  x  3  =  27  (cube  of  3) ;  27  x  3  =  81  (fourth 
power) ;  81  x  3  =;  243  (tilth  power  or  sursolid 
of  3). 

B.  As  adj. :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  involving 
the  fifth  power. 

sursolid  problem,  t. 

Math, :  A  problem  which  cannot  be  resolved 
but  by  curves  of  a  higher  kind  than  conic 
sections. 

"  sur-style',  v.t.  [Pref.  tur  (2),  and  Eng. 
style  (q.v.).]  To  surname. 

"  Gildae  ...  was  also  turttyUd  Querulua."-?W(er: 
Worthiet ;  Somerlet,  ii.  28*. 

sur'-tax,  s.  [Pref.  sur-  (2),  and  Eng.  tax,  s. 
(q.v.).]  An  additional  or  extra  tax;  a  tax 
increased  for  some  particular  purpose. 

"The  House  subsequently  agreed  to  the  continuance 
of  the  turtax  on  sugars."— Daily  Telegraph,  June  S2, 
lase. 

sur  tax',  v.t.  [SURTAX,  s.]  To  put  a  surtax 
on  ;  to  increase  the  tax  on. 

sur-tdut'  (final  t  silent),  ».  [Fr.  =  over  all : 
sur  =  above,  over,  and  tout  (Lat.  lotus)  = 
whole.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Originally,  a  man's  coat,  to 
be  worn  over  his  other  garments ;  now,  an 
upper  coat  with  long  wide  sleeves ;  a  frock- 
coat.     [SUPEHTOTUS.] 

14  The  turtout  if  abroad  you 

Repels  the  rigour  of  the) 

Prior:  Alma.  ill.  4»0. 

2.  Her. :  An  escutcheon 
placed  upon  the  centre  of 
a  shield  of  arms ;  a  shield 
of  pretence.     The  arm* 
figured     are    these    of 
William  III. 


BTJRTOUT. 


Bur'-tUT-brand,  s.  [Icel.  surtarbrandr,  from 
jrarlr  =  black,  and  brandr  =  &  firebrand.! 
Fibrous  brown  coal  or  bituminous  wood  found 
in  the  north  of  Iceland.  It  resembles  the 
black  oak  found  in  bogs,  is  used  for  fuel,  and 
is  also  capable  of  being  manufactured  into 
articles  of  furniture. 

•  sur  ve-ance,  s.    [Fr.]    Surveyance,  super- 
intendence, surveillance. 

••  Your  is  the  charge  of  all  hie  turveanee." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  12.0M. 

8ur-vei'-llan9e  (or  11  as  y),  s.  [Fr.,  from 
Burveillant,  pr.  par.  of  surveiller  =  to  watch 
over :  sur  (Lat.  super)  =  above,  over,  and  veiller ; 
Lat.  vigilo  =  to  watch.]  Oversight,  inspec- 
tion, watch,  superintendence,  supervision. 

"  Well,  my  lord,  you  may  give  orders  for  their 
release;  of  course  a  little  turmiUance  will  be  ad- 
viaable,"— Marryat:  Snarleytlow,  vol.  iiL,  ch.  xvii. 

•  sur  vei  llant  (or  11  as  y),  ».  &  o.    [Fr., 
pr.  par.  of  su'rvettler.]    [SURVEILLANCE.] 

A.  As    subst.:    One   who   watches    over 
another ;  a  watch,  a  spy,  a  supervisor. 

B.  As  adj.:   Watching   over  another  or 
others ;  overseeing,  watchful. 

•  sfir-vene',  v.t.     [Fr.  survenir;  Lat,  mper- 
•cento.]    To  come  as  an  addition  to ;  to  super 
vene  (q.v.). 

"  Hippocrates  mentions  a  suppuration  that  turvenrl 
lethargies,  which  commonly  terminates  In  a  con. 
sumption."— Haney. 

•  sur'-ve-nuo,  i.    [SUHVENE.]    The  act  of 
stepping   or   coming   in  suddenly  or  unex- 
pectedly ;  the  act  of  supervening. 

Bur-vey',  •  sur  vewc,  v.t.  [Fr.  «ur  =  over, 
and  O.  Fr.  veer,  veoir  (Fr.  voir)  =  to  see,  from 
Lat.  video.] 

1.  To  overlook ;  to  inspect  or  take  a  view 
of,  as  from  a  height. 

"  Thence  turvaid 

From  out  a  loftle  watche  toure  raised  there 
The  country  round  about." 

Chapman :  ffomer ;  Odyuty 

1.  To   view   with  a  scrutinizing  eye;  to 
examine  closely. 
*  S.  To  see,  to  perceive. 

••  The  Norweyan  lord  titryei/inff  vantaw  ... 
Began  a  fresh  assault"     Shatetp. :  llacieth.  i  t 

{.  To  examine  with  reference  to  condition. 


situation,  value,  or  the  like,  carefully  with  • 
view  to  ascertain  the  condition,  value,  &c.,  ot 

"  The  surueyors  are  diuers,  one  more  principle: 
they  turoey  the  queeues  lauds  within  the  dutchy."— 
Smith:  Commonwealth,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  vi. 

5.  To  determine  the  boundaries,  form,  ex- 
tent, area,  position,  contour,  &c.,  of,  as  of 
any  portion  of  the  earth's  surface,  by  means 
of  linear  and  angular  measurements,  and  the 
application  of  the  principles  of  geometry  and 
trigonometry  ;    to  determine  and   accurately 
delineate  on  paper  the  form,  extent,  contour, 
&c.,  of,  as  of  tracts  of  ground,  line  of  coasts, 

He.      [SURVEVINO.] 

6.  To    examine    and    ascertain,     as    the 
boundaries  and  royalties    of  a   manor,  the 
tenures  of  the  tenants,  and  the  rent  and  value 
of  the  same. 

*  7.  To  inspect ;  to  examine  into. 

"  We  flrfct  ntrvey  the  plot." 

Skatxtp. .  2  Hmry  IV.,  1. 1, 

Sur'-vey,  *.    [SURVEY,  «.] 

1.  The  act  of  surveying;  a  general  view;  a 
sight,  a  prospect :  as,  To  take  a  survey  of  the 
country  about. 

2.  A  particular  view  ;  an  examination  or  in- 
spection of  all  the  parts  or  particulars  of  any- 
thing, with  a  view  to  ascertain  the  condition, 
quantity,  quality,  value,  &c. :  as,  To  make  a 
survey  of  roads  or  bridges ;  a  survey  of  stores, 
&c. 

3.  The  operation  of  determining  the  bound- 
aries, form,  extent,  area,  position,  contour, 
tie.,  of  any  portion  of  the  earth's  surface, 
tract  of  country,  coast,  harbour,  &c.,  and  of 
delineating    the  same  accurately  on    paper. 
Also  the  measured  plan,  account,  or  descrip- 
tion of  such  an  observation.    [SURVEYING.] 

1.  A  district  for  the  collection  of  the  cus- 
toms, under  the  inspection  and  authority  of  a 
particular  officer. 

6.  Inspection,  examination. 

"To  take  a  turoey  of  our  own  understandings."— 
Locke  :  Human  Unaeraand.,  bk.  L,  ch.  L 

T  (1)  Geological  Survey:  The  survey  of  • 
country  with  the  view  of  making  geological 
maps,  Ac.  That  of  the  United  States  began 
after  the  Civil  War,  there  having  been  only 
partial  and  desultory  proceedings  in  preceding 
years.  Each  state  prosecuted  its  own  survey, 
the  work  done  by  some  of  them  being  of  an 
exhaustive  and  very  satisfactory  character. 
The  United  States  confined  its  labors  to  a 
survey  of  the  territories,  which  began  in  1867 
under  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden.  Others  engaged  in 
it  as  leaders  were  Major  Powell,  Lieutenant 
Wheeler  and  Mr.  Clarence  King. 

(2)  Ordnance  Survey :  [OBDNANCE-SUBVEY], 

*  •ur-vey'-.)!,  «.    [Eng.   survey;  -at.]    The 
act  of  surveying ;  survey,  view,  inspection. 

"The  declaration  and  mraeyal  of  thoee  respecto 
according  to  which  Christ  is  represented  the  Saviour 
ot  men."—  Sarroto:  Sermon*,  vol.  Hi.,  ser.  88. 

«  sur  vey1  anye,  «.    [SUBVEAKCE.)    Survey, 
inspection. " 

•  sur-vey'-er,  «.    [SUBVEYOB.] 
sur-v«5y'-inK,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [SURVEY,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  o?  partitip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  or  art  of  determining 
the  boundaries,  form,  area,  position,  contour, 
&c.,  of  any  portion  of  the  earth's  surface, 
tract  of  country,  coast,  &c.,  by  means  of 
measurements  taken  on  the  spot ;  the  art  of 
determining  the  form,  area,  surface,  contour, 
etc.,  of  any  portion  of  the  earth's  surface,  and 
delineating  it  accurately  on  a  map  or  plan. 

^1  1.  Land  surveying  is  the  art  of  applying 
the  principles  of  geometry  and  trigonometry 
to  the  measurement  of  land.  The  principal 
operations  are  laying  down  or  driving  base 
lines,  and  triangles  on  either  side  of  the  base. 
In  large  surveys  it  is  desirable  to  lay  down 
these  triangles  by  measuring  each  angle  with 
an  instrument  called  the  theodolite  (q.v.),  by 
which  the  accuracy  of  the  measurement  of  the 
sides  may  be  checked. 

2.  Geodesic  surveying  comprises  all  the  opera- 
tions of  surveying  carried  on  under  the  sup- 
position that  the  earth  is  spheroidal.    It  em- 
braces marine  surveying  (q.v.). 

3.  Marine  or  hydrographical  surveying  ascer- 
tains the  forms  of  coast-lines,  harbours,  «c., 
and  of  objects  on  the  shore,  the  entrances  to 
harbours,  channels,  their  depth,  width,  &c., 
the  position  of  shoals,  the  depth  of  water 
thereon ;  and  it  embraces  all  the  operations 


Mb. 


;  pfiat,  J.5*!;  oat,  0O.  chorus.  9hln,  bench;  go,  *em;  thin.  **!•  ;  sin.  a,  ;  expert. 
-tlon,  -*lon  =  shiin  ;  -tlon,  -gton  =  zhuo.   -clow,  -tioM.  nrion.  =  sUua. 


We.  -41..  *c.  =  bel.  del. 


4562 


surveyor— suscitate 


necessary  to  a  complete  determination  of  th 
con  '  .  mr  of  the  bottom  of  a  harbour  or  otlie 
sheet  of  water. 

4.  Military  surveying  :  [RECONNAissANCEj. 

5.  Mining  surveying  may  be  either  for  th 
purpose  of  determining  the  situation  and  pos 
ti"ii  of  the  shafts,  galleries,  and  other  under 
ground    excavations    of   a    mine   already  i 
existence  ;  or  it  may  be  for  determining  th. 
proper  positions  for  the  shafts,  galleries,  &C. 
of  a  mine  not  yet  opened. 

6.  Plane  surveying  :  [PLANE-SCRVEVINO], 

7.  Hallway  surveying  Is  a  comprebensiv 
term,  embracing  surveys  intended  to  ascer 
tain  the  best  lina  of  communication  betweei 
two  given  points  ;  it  also  includes  all  survey 
for   the  construction  of  aqueducts  for  th 
supply  of  water  to  towns,  &c. 

8.  Topographical  surveying  embraces  all  the 
operations  incident  to  finding  the  contour  o 
a    portion  of  the  earth's   surface,  and    the 
various  methods  of  representing  it  upon  £ 
plane  surface.     When  only  a  general  topo 
graphical  map  of  a  country  is  wanted,  it  is 
in  general,  sufficient  to  survey  the  country 
with  reference  to  its  fields,  roads,  rivers,  6te 
Levels  are  run  along  the  principal  lines,  as 
fences,  roads,  &c.,  and  the  highest  of  the 
most  prominent  points  of  the  country  are 
determined  with  respect  to  some  plane  of 
reference.    Then  the  general  outlines  of  the 
topography  are  sketched  in  by  the  eye  ;  after 
the  general  outline  is  finished,  the  principa 
objects  worthy  of  note  are  represented  by  a 
system  of  conventional  signs. 

•ur-vey'-er,  *  sur-vey-er,  "sur-vel- 

IT,  5.    (Eng.  survey,  v.  ;  -or.] 

*  1.  An  overseer,  a  superintendent,  an  ln< 
spector. 

"  To  make  the  fox  eurreyor  of  the  fold.' 

Slulkap.  .-  a  antry  17.,  lit  1. 

2.  One  who  surveys,  examines,  or  inspects 
for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  condition, 
quantity,  quality,  or  value  of  anything  :  as,  a 
mrveyur  of  roads,  a  surveyor  of  shipping,  &C, 

3.  One  who  surveys  or  measures  land  ;  one 
•killed  in  or  practising  the  art  of  surveying. 

surveyor  general,  ». 

1.  The  chief  surveyor  of  lands:  as,  the  sur- 
veyor-general of  the  United  States  or  of  a 
partfcnbr  state. 

*2.  A  principal  or  chief  surveyor:  as,  the 
tnriieyor-general  of  the  king's  manors  or  of 
woods  and  parks  in  England. 

•ur-veV-or-sliip,  s.  [Eng.  surveyor;  -ship.] 
The  office  or  position  of  a  surveyor. 

••ur-rlew1  (lew  as  u),  «sur  vewe,  ».(. 
LPret  sur-  (2),  and  Eng.  view  (q.v.).J  To  sur- 
vey, to  overlook. 

"  And  lifted  high  above  thli  earthly  max, 
Which  it  tumltte'd,  u  hills  do  lower  ground." 

Spenter:  F.<i,  ILU.«. 

•  sur'-vlew  (lew  as  u),  a.  [SUBVIEW,  v.]  A 
survey,  an  inspection,  an  examination. 

"  After  some  surplrw  of  the  st»*«  of  the  body,  he  1* 
able  to  inform  them."—  Sanderton  :  SerAont,  p.  197. 

•ur-vise',  v.t.  [Fr.  SOT  =  over,  above,  and  riser 
=  to  look.]  To  look  over  ;  to  supervise. 

"Iti>  the  most  vile,  foolish.  absurd.  palpable,  and 
rldlculoui  escutcheon  thatever  thi«  eyewriitfVf—Am 
Jmion  :  Every  Man  Out  of  nit  Humour,  ill.  L 


•sur-viv'-all.  a.    (Eng.  «ir- 

fu<e);  -a;.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  The  act  of  surviving  or  out- 
living another  or  others  ;  a  living  longer  than 
other*. 

2.  Anthmp.  :  A  term  introduced  by  Tylor 
to  denote  any  process,  custom,  opinion,  Ac., 
which  has  heen  carried  on  by  force  of  habit 
into  a  new  state  of  society  different  from  that 
hi  whit-li  it  had  its  original  home,  thus  re- 
making as  a  proof  and  an  example  of  an  older 
condition  of  culture  out  of  which  a  newer 
lias  been  evolved. 

•  Among  evidence  aiding  tie  to  traee  the  course  which 
the  civilization  of  tlie  world  hae  actually  followed 
I.  that  great  claas  of  facto  to  deuote  which  I  have 
found  It  convenient  to  introduce  the  term  '  ntrrtmlt.' 
...  I  know  an  old  Somei-aeUhfre  woman  whose  hand. 
loom  date,  from  the  time  before  tin  introduction  of 
the  nying-ehuttle.-  which  new-fancied  appliance  .he 
ha.  never  even  learnt  to  use.  mat  I  have  seen  her 
throw  her  .buttle  fn,in  hand  to  hand  in  true  classic 
fa»Mon  ;  this  old  woman  In  not  a  century  behind  her 
times,  but  .he  I.  a  can-  o<  mr««aj.  Such  examples 
often  l««i  u,  back  to  the  hablU  of  hundreds  and  etren 
thousands  of  year.  ago.  The  ordeal  of  the  key  and 
Bible.  still  In  use.  is  a  mrviwt  ;  the  Mid,,,,,mer  bon 
fire  i.  a  mtrvivU;  the  Breton  peasant*.  All  ftml. 
•upl-er  f.,r  the  .|,ir]t.  of  the  dead  u  a  turwiuu.-- 
T,lor:  Mm.  CuU.  (ed.  1873).  I.  !«. 


7  Survival  of  the  Fittest: 
EM.:    A    phrase  introduced    by    Herbei 
Spencer  to  signify  what  Darwin  called  Natura 
Selection. 

"  The  preservation  during  the  battle  for  life  of  varl 
ties  which  possess  any  advantage  in  structure,  Co 
stitutiou.  or  instinct,  I  have  called  Natural  Selectio 
and  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer  had  well  expressed  the  sail 
Idea  by  the  Survival  of  the  Fittest.'— Daruin :  Yaria 
Uon  of  Animal*  t  Plants,  i.  5. 

•8ur-viV-an9e,  •  sur-viV-an^y,  «•  IEn 

survive)  ;  -anee,  -ancy.]      Survival,  survivor 
ship. 

"  It  mentloneth  the  lurvitance  but  of  one  of  them 
—Bud:  Uitt.  BicaardUI. 

sur-vive',  v.t.  &  {.  [Pr.  survivre,  from  Lat 
tupervivo,  fromsuper  =  above,  beyond,  and  vii 
=  to  live.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  live  longer  than;  to  outlive;  toliv 
beyond  the  life  of. 

"  Christ's  .oul  survived  the  death  of  his  body :  there 
fore  shall  the  soul  of  every  believer  survive  the  body' 
death." — Bishop  Jlorgky  :  Sermons,  vol.  i.,  ser.  30. 

2.  To  outlive ;  to  last  longer  than ;  10  live 
after. 

"  His  art  survived  the  waters," 

Conner :  Task,  ».  SJO. 

B.  Intrans.:  To  remain  alive;  toliveafte: 
the  death  of  another  or  others,  or  after  somi 
event  has  happened. 

"  Look  If  your  hapless  father  yet  survive  " 

Dryden  :  rirgU  ;  .Kneid  ti.  811 

•sur-viv'-en-cy,  s.  [Bug.  survive);  -ency. 
SurvivaL 

sur-viV-er,  s.  [Eng.  survive)  •  -er.\  One 
who  survives  or  outlives ;  a  survivor. 

sur-viV-Ing.  pr.  pnr.&a.    [SURVIVE.) 
A-  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 
B.  As  adj. :  Remaining  alive ;  yet  living  or 
existing. 

sur-viV-or,  s.    [Eng.  survive);  -or.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  lives  afterthe  death 
of  another  or  others,  or  after  some  event  or 
time. 

**  Men.  dogs,  and  horses,  all  are  dead ; 
lie  is  the  sole  survivor." 

Wordsworth:  Simon  Lee. 

2.  law :  The  longer  liver  of  two  joint  ten- 
ants, or  of  any  two  persons  who  have  a  joint 
interest  in  anything. 

sur-viv'-or-sliip,  «.    [Eng.  survivor; 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  state  of  surviving  or 
outliving  another  or  others,  or  of  living  after 
some  event  has  taken  place. 

"  But  as  to  any  Interesting  speculations  concerning 
Its  stata  of  survivorship,  *tia  plain  they  had  noua."— 
Warbttrton  :  Divine  Legation,  bk.  v.,  (  6. 

2.  Lav:  The  right  of  a  joint  tenant  or  other 
person  who  has  a  joint  interest  in  an  estate  to 
take  the  whole  estate  upon  the  death  of  the 
other. 

"  From  the  same  principle  also  arise,  the  remaining 
grand  incident  of  joint-estates;  viz..  the  doctrine  of 
furvivorsMp :  by  which  two  or  more  persona  are  seised 
of  a  Joint  estate,  of  inheritance,  for  their  own  lives  or 
pur  outer  vie,  or  are  jointly  possessed  of  any  chattel 
Interest,  the  entire  teuaucy  upon  the  decease  of  any  of 
them  remains  to  the  survivors,  and  at  length  to  the 
last  survivor;  and  he  .hall  be  entitled  toUe  whole 
estate,  whatever  it  be,  whether  an  Inheritance  or  a 
common  freehold  only,  or  even  a  lea.  estate." — Black- 
Hone:  Comment.,  bit.  II.,  ch.  12. 

T  Chance  of  survivorship :  The  chance  that 
a  person  of  one  age  has  of  surviving  another 
of  a  different  age.  Tims,  according  to  the 
Carlisle  Tables  of  Mortality,  the  chances  of 
survivorship  for  two  persons  aged  twenty-five 
and  sixty-five  respectively  are  eighty-nine  and 
eleven,  in  other  words,  the  chances  are  eight 
to  one  that  the  younger  will  survive  the  older. 

8US,  s.    [Lat. ;  Gr.  Js  (hus);  0.  H.  Ger.  sH  =  a 
pig,  a  swine.) 

1.  Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  &mily 
BOMB,  or  the  sub-family  Suinae  (q.v.),  with 
fourteen  species  ranging  over  the  Palaarctic 
and  Oriental  regions,  and  into  the  first  Aus- 
tralian  sub-region    as  far  as  New  Guinea ; 
absent  from  the  Ethiopian  region,  or  barely 
entering  it  on  the  north-east.    The  lower  in- 
cisors are  inclined  forward,   canines  of  the 
males    tusk-like;    the    molars    have    broad 
crowns,  with  two  transverse  ridges  (three  or 
more  in  the  last  molar)  divided  info  rounded 
tubercles.    There  are  four  toes  to  all  the  feet ; 
the  third  and  fourth  digits  form  a  functional 
pair,  while  the  second  and    fifth  are  rudi- 
mentary, and  do  not  touch  the  ground. 

2.  Palmont. :   The  germs  appears  to  have 
commenced  in   the  Miocene   Tertiary.     Sus 


scrofa  (the  Wild  Boar)  is  first  found  in  th* 
Post- Pliocene. 

su-san'-nite,  s.  [After  the  Susanna  mine, 
Leadhills,  Scotland,  where  first  found  ;  sun* 
-tie  (M in.)  ;  Ger.  turn  unit.] 
_  Min. :  A  rhombohedral  salt  of  lead  occur- 
ring only  in  small  crystals,  and  very  rarely 
Hardness,  2'5  ;  sp.  gr.  6"5  to  «-55  ;  his!  re, 
resinous  to  adamantine  ;  colour  white  green 
yellow.  Compos.:  sulphate  of  lead  nrV- 
carbonate  of  lead,  72-5  =  100,  which  yields 
the  formula,  PbOSO3  +  SPbOCOo. 

sus-9ep-M-bU'-My,  s.     [Eng.   susceptible: 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  susceptible: 
capability  of  receiving  impressions  or  clmnge; 
or  of  being  influenced  or  affected  ;  sensitive- 
ness. 

"  Furnished  with  a  natural  susceptibility,  and  free 
from  any  acquired  impediment,  the  mind  is  then  (to 
youth]  in  the  most  favourable  state  for  the  admission 
of  Instruction,  and  for  learning  how  to  live.-— A'nax  • 
Lssaj/s,  No.  2. 

2.  Capacity  for  feeling  or  emotional  excite- 
ment; sensibility. 

SUS-9ep'-tI-ble,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat,  suscep. 
tibllis  =  ready  to  undertake,  from  suxfj'tus, 
pa.  par.  of  suseipin=to  undertake:  sus  (for 
Mb)  =  under,  and  capio  =  to  take.) 

1.  Capable    of   admitting   anything    addi- 
tional, or  any  change,  affection,  or  influence; 
readily  acted  upon  by  any  affection  or  in- 
fluence. 

"  These  are  the  seminaries  In  which  the  clergy  who 
are  to  go  out  and  instruct  mankind,  arj  formal  in 
the  stiKttptiblc  periods  of  their  lives."— A'TKU:  Liberal 
Education,  {  46. 

2.  Capable  of  emotional  impression ;  readily 
Impressed ;  impressible,  sensitive. 

8us-9ep'-ti-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  susceptible; 
•ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  suscep- 
tible ;  susceptibility. 

8us-9ep-tl-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  susceptible)} 
-ly.}  In  a  susceptible  manner. 

sas  9cp'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  susceptlo,  from  sut- 
ceptus,  pa.  par.  of  susdpio  =  to  undertake.] 
[SUSCEPTIBLE.]  The  act  of  taking. 

"  The  willing  /inception  and  the  cheerful  sustenance 
of  the  cross-"— Barrow;  Sermons,  vol.  L,  .er.  Sa. 

8US-9ep'-tIve,  o.  [Lat.  susceptivus,  from  sus- 
ceptus,  pa.  par.  of  susciplo.]  Capable  of  ad- 
mitting; susceptible. 

"  Since  onr  nature  Is  so  susceptive  of  erronrs  on  all 
sides.  It  Is  fit  we  should  have  notices  given  us  !<•  * 
far  other  persons  may  become  the  causes  of  false  jucur. 
nient*."— Vans;  Logick. 

SUS -9cp'-tive- ness,  s.  t^ng.  susceptive; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  01  being  suscep- 
tive ;  susceptibility. 

Bus^ep-tlV-i-ty,  s.  [Eng.  susceptive); 
•ity.]  Capable  of  admitting ;  susceptibility. 

"Nor  can  we  have  any  idea  of  matter,  which  doe. 
not  Imply  a  natural  discerpibility  and 
various  shapes  aud  moditicitioua."—  w 
ffion  of  Nature,  |  5. 


ot 
WoUatUm  :  Kelt. 


sus-9ep  -tor,   s.    [Lat.]    One  who  under- 

takes ;  a  godfather. 

"In  our  church  those  who  are  not  secular  persons 
are  not  forbid  tu  be  godfathers,  nor  are  any  tuaceiiton 
supposed  to  contract  any  affinity,  as  that  such  an 
undertaking  should  hinder  marriage  betweene  the 
•  ponsors  and  the  peraolie  baptized,  if  otherwise  u  be 
lawful."—  fuller:  Moderation  of  tfu  Charck  o/  £na. 
land.  p.  281. 

stis-9Ip'-I-en-9&  «.  [Eng.  sumpien(t); 
•cit.}  Reception,  admission  ;  the  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  received  or  admitted. 

SUS-91P'  I-ent,  a.  &  s.  fLat.  susdplna, 
pr.  par.  of  suscipio  =  to  undertake.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Receiving,  admitting. 

"(God]  likewise  effecting  miracles  superionr,  or  com- 
trary  to  the  law  and  course  of  i.attire,  without  any 
preparatory  dispositions  induced  into  the  tuicipient 
mfttter."—  Burrow:  .Sermons,  voL  ii..  ser.  12. 

B.  As  yubst.  :  One  who  takes,  receives,  or 
admits. 

"  For  the  sacraments  and  ceremonies  of  the  gospel 
operate  not  without  the  concurrent  action  and  ni'.i.il 
influence  of  the  tutcipient."—  Taylor  :  Half  Dying, 
ch.  v.,  S  S, 

sus-ci-ta-bil'-i-ty,  «.  [Eng.  nucleate); 
-ability.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  easily 
roused,  raised,  or  excited  ;  excitability. 

BUS'  91-tate,  t'X  (Lat  suxitatus,  pa.  par. 
of  suscito  :  sus  (for  sub)  =  under,  and  cito  = 


fite,  ISt,  fire,  amidst,  what,  Ifcll,  father;   we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  lire,  «ir.  marine;  go,  pit, 
«r.  wore,  welt;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  09  =  e ;  oy  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


suscitation— suspension 


4563 


to  incite,  to  rouse.]    To  rouse,  to  excite  ;  to 
Call  into  life  and  action. 

"  He  shall  tuKitate  or  rayse  the  courage  of  all  men 
inclined  to  vertue."-*ir  T.  fl*t :  Oooernour.  bk.  ill., 
eh.  xxv. 

•  SUS-cI-ta'-tkra,  s.  [Lat.  tuscitatio,  from 
suscitfitus,  pa.  par.  of  siucito.]  [SusclTATE.] 
The  act  of  raisin;!,  rousing,  or  exciting. 

"The  temple  Is  supposed  to  be  dissolved;  and, 
being  .o.  to  be  raised  again  :  therefor,  the  «i«*«ion 
mii.t  ans.er  to  the  aissulution."-/>eurlo/. :  un  the 

•us  lik,  sous'  lik,  s.    [Russ.] 

ZooU  :  SpermopMlus  citillus,  the  Sisel  (q.v.). 

•US  l)CCf,  V.t.  &  i.      [SUSPECT,  O.) 

A,  Transitive : 

I.  To  look  up  to ;  to  respect. 

"If  God  do  intimate  to  the  spirit  of  any  wise 
Inferiors  that  they  ought  to  reprove,  then  let  him 
i.lii-(  these  our  persons,  aud  bewaro  that  they  m..ke 
lo  open  contestation,  but  be  content  with  privacy.  — 
Seller*:  Kaaman  Uie  Sirian.  p.  830. 

2  To  imagine  to  exist ;  to  have  a  vague  or 
slight  opinion  or  idea  of  the  existence  of, 
often  on  little  or  very  slight  evidence. 

"The  hidden  banne  that  we  impeded  least." 
TncertalneAuaor,;  Troubled  Commonwealth,  *c. 

3.  To  imagine  to  be  guilty,  but  upon  slight 
evidence,  or  without  absolute  proof. 

4.  To  mistrust,  to  distrust,  to  doubt. 

"To  be  abhorred  or  even  impeded  and  distrusted  by 
those  among  whom  we  live."— Secfter :  Sermoni.  vol.  it. 
•er.  18. 

6.  To  hold  to  be  uncertain  ;  to  doubt. 

14  Their  practice  close,  their  faith  rugprcted  not ; 

*  B.  Intrant. :  To  imagine  guilt,  danger,  or 
the  like  ;  to  be  suspicious. 

"  It  shall  itapfft  where  Is  no  cans,  of  tear." 

™'    '   ip.  .-  renuj  *  Ado**.  1.16S. 


•tis'-pect,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  suspectus, 
pa.  par.  of  suspicio  =  to  look  under,  to  admire, 
to  suspect  :  sut  (for  tub)  =•  under,  and  specie 
stto  look.) 

•A.  A>  adjective: 

1.  Suspected,  under  suspicion. 

"  The  creative  genus  of  statesmen  who  fail  com- 
ulrtdy  the  ability  of  gen«rals  who  are  beatan  aud 
the  i  oetio  charm  of  writers  whom  nobody  reads  are 
iu*l*ct  to  us."—  St.  Jumeii  Gazette,  Feb.  10.  mi. 

8.  Doubtful,  uncertain. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

•L  Suspicion.  (Drayton  :  Polv-QTMm,  s.  24.) 

'  2.  Something  suspicious  ;  something 
Causing  or  raising  suspicion. 

8.  A  person  suspected  ;  a  person  under 
ius'picion  of  a  crime,  offence,  &c. 

"  A  day  orso  afterward,  two  or  three  tuipecti  were 
arrested  and  clapped  into  prison."—  Qlobe,  Jan.  6,  1886. 

••us-pec'-tt>,  s.  pi.  [Neufc  pL  of  Lat.  tuspec- 
tus,  pa.  par.  'of  suspicio  =  to  mistrust.] 

Zoo!.  :  A  sub-section  of  Colubrine  snakes, 
baving  the  fangs  situated  at  the  back  of  the 
jaw  behind  the  common  teeth.  Head  usu- 
ally covered  with  shield-like  plates.  Some  are 
known  to  be  harmless,  others  are  reputed 
poisonous,  though  it  is  doubtful  if  they  really 
are  so.  Families  Homalopsid*.,  Dipsadidre, 
and  Dendrophidte. 

•  »tig-p8of-t>-ble,    *sus-pect'-X-ble,  a. 

[Eng.  suspect  ;  -afcie.]    Liable  to  be  suspected. 

BUS  pect  -ant,  spect'-ant,  o.   [SUSPECT,  a.] 
Her.  :  Looking  upwards,  the  nose  bendways. 

•tts-pSct'-Sd,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [SusPBCT,  ».] 
suspected  moth,  s. 
Entom.:   A  British   night  -moth,  OrtKosia 


•  .JUS-pect'-Sd-lft  adv.  [Eng.  suspected; 
•ly.]  In  a  suspected  or  suspicious  manner  ;  so 
as  to  raise  suspicion. 

"  [They)  have  either  undiscernlbly  as  some  or  no. 
reaedlii  as  others,  or  declaredly  as  many,  used  such 
adilittaments  to  their  faces,  as  they  thought  most  ad- 
vanced the  beauty  or  comeliness  of  their  looks."— 
Bittutp  Taj/tor  :  Artificial  SanAiomeneu,  p.  93. 

••u«-pecf-6«l-neas,  ».  [Bug.  inspected; 
*uss.\  Thequality  or  state  of  being  suspected 
or  suspicious. 

"  Some  of  Hippocrates'  aphorisms  transplanted  into 
our  nations  by  toning  their  lustre,  contract  a  tutptcted- 
1uu."—Robimon  :  Kuiloxa,  p.  96. 

•ua-pect'-er,  «.  [Eng.  suspect,  v.  ;  •«•.]  One 
who  suspects. 

••  A  base  iufperter  of  a  virgin's  honour.* 

£e:tum.  t  Flet.  :  Hwnoroue  Lieutenant,  iv.  8. 


*  SUS-pSct'-ful,  a.    [Eng.  suspect ;  -ful(l).} 

1.  Apt  to  suspect  or  mistrust ;  suspicious. 

2.  Exciting  suspicion  ;  suspicious. 

"Such  a  diffident  and  juiuecVul  prohibition."  — 
Milton  :  Of  L'ulicented  frinti?ljf. 

•sus-peo'-tion,   *sus-peo-ci-on, «.  [Lat. 

suspectio.]    Suspicion. 

"  Now  It  is  time  shortly  that  I 
Tell  you  something  of  Jelousie, 
That  was  in  great  mtpcrtwit." 

•sus-pec'-tious-ness,  ».    [SUSPECT.]    Sus- 
picion, suspidousuess. 

"  Se  you  any  lutpectioutneu  In  this  mater  f  I  pray, 
yon  show,  me  or  I  send,  the  money."  —  Berneri  : 
Froittart ;  Cronycle,  vol.  ii.,  ch.  clxvii. 

•  sus-pSct'-less,  a.    [Eng.  suspect;  -less.] 

1.  Not  suspecting;  having  no  suspicion; 
unsuspicious. 

2.  Not  suspected  ;  unsuspected. 

"  SuipKllea  have  I  travell'd  all  the  town  through." 
Beaum.  t  flet. :  Iilund  frincea,  il.  L 

BUS-pend',  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr.  suspendre,  from  Lat. 
susi>eiido,  from  sus   (for   sub)  =  under,  and 
pendo  =  to  hang ;  Sp.  6t  Port,  suspender;  Ital. 
suspemlere.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  hang  or  depend  from  any- 
thing ;  to  hang. 

"  On  th.  willow  that  harp  is  tuipended." 

Byron  :  Bt  the  Kitten  oj  Babylon, 

*  2.  To  make  to  depend. 

"  God  bath  In  the  scripture  tiitpendtd  the  promise 
of  eternal  life  upon  this  condition,  that,  without 
obedience  and  holiness  of  li(e,  no  man  shaU  ever  seo 
the  Lord."—  TOlotton. 

3.  To  cause  to  cease  for  a  time ;  to  inter- 
rupt, to  stay,  to  delay,  to  stop,  to  rest. 

"  And  oft  impend  the  dashing  oar, 
To  bid  his  gentle  spirit  restl" 

CoUim  :  Death  of  Mr.  Thornton. 

4.  To  hold  in  an  undecided  or  undetermined 
state. 

5.  To  debar,  usually  for  a  time,  from  any 
privilege,  the  execution  of  any  oittce,  the  en- 
joyment of  an  income,  or  the  like. 

"Persons  excommunicate,  tuiprnded,  or  Inter- 
dieted."— Surnet  :  Kecorde,  vol.  i..  bk.  il..  No.  ». 

6.  *To  cause  to  cease  from  operation  or  effect 
for  a  time  :  as,  To  suspend  the  Habeas  Corpus 
Act. 

*  7  To  expend. 

"  Some  other  shall  repay  what  I  impend  In  thee." 
Chapman :  Bomer ;  Iliad  xL 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  cease  from  operation  ;  to 
desist  from  active  employment ;  specifically, 
to  stop  payments,  or  to  be  unable  to  meet 
one's  engagements. 

•J  To  suspend  payment:  To  declare  one's 
self  unable  to  meet  one's  engagements ;  to 
stop  payments. 

"The  old-established  banking,  firm  of  - — -ha. 
impended  payment.'— Daily  Telegraph.  Jan.  It.  188S. 

sus-pSnd'-Sd,  pa.  par.  &  o.    [SUSPEND.] 
snspended-cadence,  s. 

Music :  An  interrupted  cadence. 
suspended-note,  s.  [SUSPENSION,  II.  2.] 
suspended-ovule,  «. 

Dot. :  An  ovule  hanging  by  the  placenta 
from  a  little  below  the  summit  of  the  ovary. 

BUS-pend' -er,  ».    [Eng.  suspend;  V.J 

1.  One  who  suspends. 

2.  One  of  the  two  braces  or  straps  worn  to 
hold  up  the  trousers ;  a  brace.    (Usually  in 
plural.) 

*  3.  One  who  remains  in  a  state  of  suspense  ; 
one  who  is  undecided  or  undetermined  in 
opinion  ;  a  waverer,  a  hesitater. 

"  I  may  adde  thereunto,— Or  the  cautelousnes  of 
gtupettderi  and  not  forward  coucluders  in  these 
times."— Jlountagu :  Appeal*  to  Caiar,  pt.  il.,  ch.  v. 

sus-pend'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [SUSPEND.] 
suspending -power,  >.     [DISPENSING 

POWER.) 

*  sus-pen-sa'-tion,  s.  [SUSPENSE.]  A  tem- 
porary cessation. 

sus  pensc ,  *  sus  pens,  a.  ft  ».  [Fr.  sus- 
pens  =  doubtful,  uncertain,  from  Lat.  sus- 
pensus.  pa.  par.  of  suspendo  =  to  suspend 

*  A-  As  adjective : 

1.  Held  or  lifted  up ;  suspended. 

"  The  great  light  of  day  y.t  wants  to  rnn 
Much  of  his  race,  though  steep.  suii*nlc  In  heav  n 
Held  by  thy  voioe."  IHUm  :  P.  L.,  vli.  »s. 


2.  Held  in  doubt  or  expectation. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  proceeding  from  su» 
pense  or  doubt. 

"  This  said,  be  sst,  and  expectation  held 
His  look  tutpenie.'  Uillun  :  P.  1*,  11.  il*. 

B.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Tlie  state  of  liaving  the  mind  or  thoughts 
suspended  ;  a  state  of  uncertainty,  doubt,  or 
anxiety,  with  more  or  less  apprehension  ;  in- 
decision. 

"  SutpenM  In  news  Is  torture." 

union  :  Bamton  Agonlttel.  l.sTT. 

*  2.  Cessation  for  a  time  ;  stop. 

*  3.  Suspension ;  holding  over. 

"Xiispenit  of  Jujgineut  and  exercise  of  charitle."— 
Booker:  Kcda.  folUie,  bk.  iv..  i  14. 

IX  Law  '  Suspension  ;  a  temporary  cessa- 
tion of  a  man's  right,  as  when  the  rent  or 
other  profits  of  land  cease  by  unity  of  pos- 
session of  land  and  rent. 

suspense-account,  ».  A  private  ac- 
count kept  by  a  merchant  or  banker  of  sundry 
items  which  at  the  moment  cannot  be  entered 
to  the  proper  creditor  or  debtor;  also,  an  ac- 
count of  debit  items  which,  while  not  con- 
sidered at  the  time  collectible,  have  not  yet 
been  transferred  to  profit  and  loss  account. 

t  •fis-pen'-si,  «.  pi.  [Masc.  pi.  of  Lat  sus- 
pensus,  pa.  par.  of  suspendo  =  to  suspend,  to 
hang  up.  | 

Entrm. :  Chrysalids  attached  by  the  tail 
only,  and  hanging  with  the  head  downwards. 
This  peculiarity  is  found  in  the  Nymphalida 
(q.v.).  (Newman.) 

•  sus-pens-I-Wr-I-ty,  «.  [Eng.  luspenstble ; 
•ity  ]  Thequalityorstateofbeingsuspensible; 
capacity  of  being  suspended  or  sustained 
from  sinking. 

SUS-pi5ns'-I-Dle.  o.  [Eng.  «wp«n»<e);  -obfe.] 
Capable  of  being  suspended  or  held  irom 
siuKing. 

BUS  pen'-slon,  *      [Fr.,  from  Lat.  suspen- 
sionem,  accus.  of  suspensio  =  a  hanging  or 
suspending,  from  raspeiistts,  pa,  par.  of  «»• 
pendo  =  to  suspend  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  suspending,  hanging  np,  or 
causing  to  hang  or  depend  from  something. 

2.  The  state  of  being  suspended  or  of  hang- 
ing from  something. 

3.  The  act  of  holding  over,  delaying,  inter- 
rupting, ceasing,  or  stopping  for  a  time :  as, 

(1)  The  temporary  ceasing  or  interruption 
of  labour,  toil,  exertion,  study,  pain,  or  the 
like. 

(2)  The  postponing  of  Judgment,  decision, 
determination,  or  the  like. 

(8)  The  ceasing  to  make  payment :  as,  the 
suspension  of  a  bank. 

(4)  The  holding  over  or  staying  temporarily 
of  punishment  or  sentence. 

(5)  The  suspending  or  debarring  temporarily 
from  any  privilege,  the  execution  of  an  office, 
Uie  enjoyment  of  an  income,  or  the  like. 

(6)  The  causing  temporarily  to  cease  from 
effect  or  operation  :  as,  the  suspension  of  the 
Habeas  Corpus  Act. 

4.  The  state  of  solid  bodies,  the  particles  of 
which  are  held  undissolved  in  a  fluid,  aud  may 
be  separated  from  it  again  by  nitration. 
II.  Technically: 
1.  taw : 

(1)  Canon  Law:  A  censure  inflicted  on  a 
clerk  in  orders,  for  remedial  purposes,  the 
effect  of  which  is  to  take  away  from  him,  for 
a  fixed  time,  or  until  he  repents  and  makes 
satisfaction,  the  exercise  of  his  sacred  func- 
tions in  Ills  office  or  benefice.  Suspension  is  of 
three  kinds  :  (1)  ab  ordine,  where  a  clerk  can- 
not exercise  his  functions  ;  (2)  ab  ojjkio,  where 
he  is  forbidden  to  exercise  them  in  his  charge 
or  cure ;  and  (3)  a  beneficia,  where  he  is  de- 
prived of  the  revenues  of  his  benefice,  and  of 
any  control  over  it.  Suspension  is  removed 
by  absolution,  revocation  of  the  censure  by 
the  person  inflicting  it,  expiry  of  time,  or  by 
dispensation. 

"  Suspension  Is  the  sentence  wfcich  even  the  blRhoi '. 
chancellor  can  pronounce  npon  a  clerk  who  Has  mis- 
conducted himself.  It  Is  a  temporary  punishment  of 
the  same  nature  as  deprivation,  and  subject  to  ci  itl- 
cism  and  review  by  the  civil  courts.  —  Macmilliinl 
Magazine,  Nov.  1869.  p.  so. 


J>6il,  bo?;  ptfttt,  J6%1;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyiw.   -in*. 
-eian, -tian  -  Shan,   -tton,  -»ion  =  .vhun,  -flon,  -«ion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -Uoua.  -utrna  =  »hu8.   -We, -die,  *c- =  Del,  del. 


4564 


suspensive— suspire 


(2)  Eng.   Law :  The   temporary  stop  of 
man's  right,  as  when  a  seignory,  rent,  or  othe 
prntit  out  of  land  lies  dormant  for  a  time,  b 
reason    of   the    unity   of  possession   of  th 
seignory,  rent,  &c.,  and  of  the  land  out  o 
which  they  issue. 

(3)  Scots  Law:   A  process  in  the  suprem 
civil  or  criminal  court,  by  which  execution  o 
diligence  on  a  sentence  or  decree  is  stayec 
until  the  judgment  of  the  supreme  court  is 
obtained  on  a  point  in  dispute. 

2.  Music :  The  holding  or  prolongation  of  a 
no»e  in  any  chord  into  the  chord  which  fol 
lows,  thereby  often  producing  a  discord.   Th 
tlr.-,t  appearance  of  the  note  to  be  suspende( 
is  railed  its  preparation  ;   its  presence  as  a 
discord,  its  percussion  ;  its  removal  to  a  note 
of  concord  or  rest  in  key,  or  some  legitimate 
sound  of  a  sequence,  its  resolution.     Snspen 
sions  are  named  after  the  interval  of  the  note 
forming  the  discord.    Two  suspended  notes 
form  a  doul'le  suspension,  three  a  triple  sus 
pension,  and  so  on.    The  intervals  most  com 
monly  suspended  are  the  fourth,  sixth,  seventh 
and  ninth.   The  percussion  of  a  discord  of  sus 
pension  is  generally  on  the  strong  accent  of  a 
oar. 

3.  Public  schools :  A  name  given  at  various 
schools  to  a  form  midway  between  the  Lower 
and  Upper  divisions. 

4.  Hhet. :  A  keeping  of  the  hearer  in  doubt 
and  in  attentive  expectation  of  what  is  to 
follow,  or  what  is  to  be  the  inference  or  con- 
clusion from  the  arguments  or  observations. 

H  (1)  Pleas  in  suspension : 

Law :  Those  pleas  which  show  some  matter 
of  temporary  incapacity  to  proceed  with  the 
action  or  suit. 

(2)  Points  of  suspension : 

Mech. :  The  points,  as  in  the  axis  of  a  beam 
or  balance,  at  which  the  weights  act,  or  from 
which  they  are  suspended. 

(3)  Suspension  of  arms :  A  short  trace  or 
cessation  of  operations  agreed  on  by  the  com- 
manders of  the  opposing  forces,  as  for  the 
burying  of  the  dead,  making  proposals  for 
surrender,  peace,  Ac. 

suspension  bridge,  s.     A  bridge  sui 
tained  by  flexible  supports  secured  at  each 
extiemity.     The  points  of  support  are  the 
tops  of  strong  pillars  or  small  towers,  erected 


1TENAI  SUSPENSION-BRIDGE 

(In  ha1/  ''.'Pntioni. 

m.  On*  of  the  piera,  having  massive  Irou  saddle  on  top, 
•eated  on  roller*  for  free  motion.  6.  c.  Extreme 
•tonework  and  arches  on  the  Angleaea  coaat.  d. 
Backstays,  which  are  allowed  room  (or  expansion 
and  contraction  ;  these  movements  being  assisted  by 
rollers  at  angles,  the  backstays  themselves  being 
carried  through  tunnel*  In  subterranean  wedge- 
shaped  masses  of  masonry,  and  firmly  bolted  in  the 
rock.  «.  Roadway,  stiffened  to  prevent  oscillation, 
of  which  there  are  two  kinds  in  suspension-bridges— 
horizontal  and  vertical ;  thus,  a  heavy  load  at  «  will 
cause  a  depression  and  pull  down  the  cm-red  chain 
above  it.  at  the  same  time  the  centre  of  the  roadway 
will  rise.  /./.  Vertical  rods,  an  inch  square.  support- 
Ing  the  sleeper*  in  the  flooring  of  the  roadway. 

Ihr  the  purpose  at  each  extremity  of  the 
bridge.  Over  these  pillars  the  chains  pass, 
and  are  attached  beyond  them  to  rocks  or 
massive  frames  of  iron  firmly  secured  under- 
ground. These  masses  of  masonry  are  named 
abutments.  The  flooring  Is  connected  with  the 
chains  by  means  of  strong,  upright  iron  rods. 
There  are  many  notable  examples  in  the 
United  States  of  the  wire  suspension  bridge, 
the  longest  being  that  between  Brooklyn  and 
New  York,  which  has  a  span  of  1596  feet. 
The  approaches  make  its  total  length  6989 
feet.  Other  well-known  instances  are  the 
suspension  bridge  over  the  gorge  at  Niagara, 
1268  feet  span,  and  that  between  Cincinnati 
and  Covlngton,  over  the  Ohio,  1057  feet 

suspension-drill, ». 

Metal-irork. :  A  vertical  drilling-machine, 
used  in  locomotive  and  boiler  work  &c.  It 
has  a  frame  which  may  be  bolted  to  the  ceil- 
ing. 


suspension-railway,  s.  A  railway  in 
which  the  carriage  is  suspended  from  ai 
elevated  track,  one  carriage  on  each  side  of 


SUSPENSION-RAILWAY. 

single  track,  so  as  to  balance,  or  suspended 
between  two  tracks.  The  illustration  shows 
an  elevated  single-track  railway  in  Algeria, 
where  sixty  miles  of  suspension  railway  are 
at  work,  employed  chiefly  in  carrying  esparto. 

suspension-scale,  s.  A  scale  swung  by 
pendent  rods  1'rom  levers  above,  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  usual  platform-scales,  whose 
levers  are  beneath. 

SUS  pen-Sive,  a.     [Eng.  suspense);  -{«.] 

*  1.  Tending  to  suspend  or  keep  in  sus- 
pense ;  uncertain,  doubtful. 

"  The  truth  of  her  condition  hardly  know*, 
But  in  tuipentiee  thought  awhile  doth  hover," 

Beaumont  :  PtyAe. 

2.  Haying  the  power  or  effect  of  suspending 
or  causing  something  temporarily  to  cease 
from  effect  or  operation. 

"  We  are  not  to  be  allowed  even  a  tutpentlee  veto."— 
Jfacaulat  :  aiu.  Inf.,  ch.  nv. 

•3.  Doubtful. 

''These  few  of  the  lords  were  tutpenttve  In  their 
Judgement"—  Backet  :  Life  «/  Archbuhop  WiUtame, 

suspensive-conditions,  s.  pi.  . 

Scots  Lav!  :  Conditions  precedent  or  condi- 
tions without  the  purification  of  which  the 
contract  cannot  be  completed. 

sus-pen'-sor,  ».    [Eng.  suspense);  -or.J 
L  Ord.  Lang.  :  Something  which  suspends. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Anal.  :  The  longitudinal  ligament  of  the 
liver. 

2.  Sot.  :  A  very  delicate  thread  descending 
from  the  foramen  of  an  ovule  into  the  quin- 
tine,  and  bearing  at  its  extremity  a  globule 
which  is  the  nascent  embryo.     It  develops 
from  the  upper  of  two  cells  in  a  fertilized 
ovule,  of  which  the  lower  one  becomes  the 
embryo.    The  suspensor  is  sometimes  long, 
as  in  Boraginaceaj,  Cruciferae,  &c.,  or  short 
as  in  Graminacese,  Polygonaceae,  &c.    Called 
also  the  Suspensory  cord,  the  Pro-embryo, 
and  by  Dutrochet  the  Hypostasis. 

3.  Sury.  :  A  suspensory-bandage  (q.v.). 

sus-pen'-sor-y,  a.  &  «.    [Fr.  swpensoin.} 
A,  As  adjective  : 

1.  Suspended,  hanging,  depending. 

2.  That  suspends  ;  suspending. 

"  There  are  several  parts  peculiar  to  brute*  which 
are  wanting  in  man,  as  the  seventh  or  nupeniory 
muscle  of  the  eye."—  Ray  :  On  the  Creation. 

3.  Suspending  ;  causing  something  to  cease 
temporarily  from  effect  or  operation. 

"Mr.  Paniell  can  hardly  anticipate  the  enactment 
pennrt  proposal."—  DaUy  Telegraph.  Sept 


B,  As  subst.  :  The  same  as  SUSPENSOB  (q.v.). 

suspensory  bandage,  s. 

Surg.  :  A  bag  attached  to  a  strap  or  belt, 
and  used  to  support  the  scrotum,  that  the 
weight  of  the  testes  may  not  draw  upon  the 
spermatic  cord. 

sus-ple-a-bO'-i-ty,  j.  [Eng.  tuspicable; 
•tty.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  suspie- 
able;  suspiciousness.  (More:  Uystera  of  God- 
liness, p.  151.) 

sus-plc  a-ble,  a.  [Lat.  suspicabilis,  from 
suspicor  =  to  suspect  (q.v.).]  Liable  or  open 
to  suspicion  ;  suspicious. 

"But  it  la  a  very  tutptrable  busmen  that  he  mean* 
no  mor*  then  empty  space  by  It"—  More  :  Defence  of 
0*  Moral  Cabbala.  (App.) 


*  sus-pIc-ien-9^  (°  as  sh),  s.    [SUSPICION.] 
Suspiciousness,  suspicion. 

"The  want  of  it  should  net  deject  us  with  a  tat. 
piciency  of  the  want  of  grace."— Hopkini :  Sermons, 

sus-pi'-cion,   *  sns-pe-cl-on,  *  sus  pl- 

ci-oun,  *  sus  pi-tion,  s.  [O.  Fr.  swpezim, 
souspefon  (Fr.  soujtcon),  from  Lat.  ius]>icionm, 
accus.  of  nuplcio  —  suspicion.]    [SUSPECT.] 
*  1.  Regard,  consideration,  thought 

••Cordelia,  out  of  mere  love,  without  the  nitplcion 
of  expected  reward,  at  the  message  only  of  her  father 

2.  The  act  or  feeling  of  one  who  suspects ; 
the  sentiment  or  passion  which  is  excited  by 
apprehension  or  sifjns  of  evil,  harm,  danger, 
or    the    like,   without    absolute    proof;    the 
imagination  of  the  existence  of  something, 
especially  something  wrong,  hurtful,  or  danger- 
ous, with  slight  proof  or  grounds,  or  without 
any  proof  or  grounds. 

"  Suspicion*  among  thought*  are  like  Kits  among 

•J  Suspicion  is  the  offspring  of  fear  and  is 
exceedingly  prevalent  among  wild  animals. 
(Darwin.) 

3.  A  very  slight  amount  or  degree.    (Used, 
like  the  French  soupfon  from  which  this  mean- 
ing is  probably  taken,  of  material  and  imma- 
terial things.) 

"  With  Just  a  suspicion  of  Irish  brogue  that  only 
serves  to  increase  tile  interest  of  her  piquancy  and 
fun."— Daily  Telegraph.  Sept  26,  188s. 

*  sus-pi'-cion,  v.t.    [SUSPICION,  «.]    To  view 
with  suspicion;  to  suspect,  to  mistrust,  to 
doubt. 

suspi'-cious,  * sus-pe-clons,  •  sus-pl- 
tious,  a.     [Lat.  suspiciosus.]    [SUSPICION.] 

1.  Inclined  to  suspect ;  apt  to  imagine  with- 
out proof. 

"  Stem  was  her  Lord's  mtpicimu  mind." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  lllee.  Iv.  IL 

2.  Indicating  fear,  suspicion,  or  mistrust. 
"A  wise  man  will  find  us  to  be  rogues  by  our  face* : 

we  have  Ktutpicioiu.  fearful,  constrained  counteimuc*, 
often  turning  and  slinking  through  narrow  lane*."— 
Swift. 

3.  Entertaining  suspicion  ;  suspecting  some- 
thing;  distrustful.     (Followed  by  of  before, 
the  thing  suspected.) 

"  Many  mischievous  insects  are  daily  at  work,  to 
make  people  of  merit  tutpiciout  o/each  other."— Pope. 
(TodtLI 

1.  Exciting  or  liable  to  excite  suspicion ; 
apt  to  cause  suspicion ;  giving  reason  or 
grounds  to  suspect  or  imagine  ill. 

"A  black,  nupicioui,  threatening  cloud." 

Shaketp. :  8  ffenry  VI.,  v.  8. 

BUS  pi'-clous-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  suspicious;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  suspicious  manner ;  with  suspicion. 

"I  talked  in  the  matter  so  tiuptcioutly.  a*  though 
such  an  invasion  had  been  m*de.  —  Burnet :  RecorSt. 
1-t.  ii.,  bk.  t.  No.  s*. 

2.  So  as  to  raise  suspicion. 

"  These  articles  are  managed  too  nupieiou»ly."—Bp. 
Taylor:  Sermont.  voL  ii..  ser.  2L 

sus -pi- clous -ness,  ».    [Eng.  suspicious; 
-ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  suspicious ; 
liability  to  be  suspected. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  apt  to  sus- 
pect 

"  The  iittpicivutnetl  of  Dam*tas,  Miso,  and  my 
young  mistres*  Mopsa."— Sidney:  Arcadia,  bk.  Ii. 

*  Biis-pir'-al,  s.    [Eng.  suspire) ;  -oJ.) 

1.  A  breathing-hole  ;  a  vent  or  ventiduct. 

2.  A  spring  of  water  passing  underground 
towards  a  cistern  or  conduit. 

*  SUS-pi-ra'-tion,  s.     [Lat.  suspiratio,  from 
suspiratus,   pa.   par.   of  siispiro  =  to  suspire 
(q.v.).]     Respiration,  breathing,  a   sigh ;  a 
deep  breath. 

"  Nor  windy  ruipiration  of  forced  breath." 

Shaketp. :  tin,    -t.  i.  1 

•sus-pire,  *  sus-pyre,  n.t.     [Lat.  suspin 
=  to  breathe  out,  to  sigh :   sus  (for  sub)  = 
under  =  and  spiro  —  to  breathe.] 
1,  To  fetch  a  long,  deep  breath  ;  to  sigh. 


Hnirand  sighing  after  the  slfeht  ef  God  and 
Joy  of  heaven."-Sir  T.  More :  Wortei,  p.  682. 

2.  To  breathe ;  to  draw  breath. 

"  Since  the  birth  of  Cain,  the  first  male  child, 
To  him  that  did  but  yesterday  tutpire, 
There  was  not  such  a  gracious  creature  born." 
.•ihatnii. :  King  John,  in.  t. 

sus-pire',  s.    [SUSPIRE,  n.)    A  long,  deep 
breath  ;  a  sigh.    (Locnne,  v.  5.) 


feta,  at,  fere,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p8t, 
or.  wore,  wplt.  work,  who,  son;  miite.  otib,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  itill;  try.  Syrian.    «,  CB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


suspired— suttee 


4565 


*  »fis  -  pired',  a.     [SUSPIRE,  f.)     Earnestly 
longed  fur  ;  ardently  desired  or  wished  for. 

"Th*  twug  nttvired  Redeemer  of  the  world,  did  [aa 
his  prophets  hau  cryed)  wjut  the  henveU3."— lieti<iuA& 
H'ottoniana,  p.  269. 

SUB  sex,  s.    [An  abbrev.  of  South  Salons.] 

Gtog. :   A  county  on   the  south  coast   of 
England. 
Sussex-marble,  s. 

Geol.  &  Building  :  A  kind  of  marble  geologi- 
cally constituting  two  divisions  of  the  Weald 
Clay.  The  upper,  called  the  Large  Valudma 
Marble,  said  by  Martin  to  be  the  true  Sussex 
Marble,  is  characterized  by  the  abundance  of 

J>njtlfl!aft       C],c«>TCT!*l'c    •      t.hn      InWI'V      OI1P.      Whlnll 


occurs  about  a  hundred  feet  below  the  top  of 
the  Weald  Clay,  and  constitutes  its  most  im- 


•us- tain', '  sus  tain e,  *  SUB  teine,  *  sus  - 
tenc,  *  sus-teyne,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  tustenir, 

sostenir,  soustenir  (Fr.    soutenir),   from    Lat. 
sustineo,  from  sus  (for  sub)  =  under,  and  teneo 
=  to  hold  ;  Sp.  soste-tier ;  Ital.  sostencre.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  bear  up ;  to  hold  up ;  to  support ;  to  up- 
hold ;  to  prop  up  :  as,  A  pillar  sustains  a  load. 

2.  To  hold  suspended  ;  to  keep  from  falling : 
S3,  A  rope  sustains  a  weight. 

3.  To  endure  without  sinking  or  yielding ; 
to  bear  up  against  or  under. 

"  Tins  too  sinks  after  many  a  league 
Of  well  tuifained  but  vnjii  fatigue." 

Byron  :  Alattppa,  11. 

4.  To  be  able  or  fit  to  undergo  ;  to  bear,  to 
•tod. 

"  III  qualiBed  to  turt.tin  a  comparison  with  t  lie 
awful  temples  of  the  middle  ago.'1—  Uacaulay :  Mitt. 
fty.,cb.xU. 

5.  To   maintain,   to    support ;   to    provide 
sustenance  or  livelihood  for ;  to  nourish. 

"  Following  its  fortune*  like  the  beasts  or  treat 
Which  it  attained:' 

Wardtioarth  :  Sxcurtion,  bk.  li. 

6.  To  support  in  any  condition  by  affording 
aid  ;  to  vindicate,  to  comfort,  to  strengthen, 
to  aid. 

"  They  .  .  .  charged  me.  on  pain  of  their  perpetual 
displeasure,  neither  to  entreat  for  him,  lior  any  way 
sustain  him."— Hhafcap. :  Lear,  Hi.  S. 

*  7.  To  support,  to  favour. 

"  No  man  may  lerve  twey  lordis.  for  either  he  schal 
hate  th«  toon  aud  love  the  tother;  either  ho  sclial 
tust'i/ite  the  toon  and  despise  th«  tother."—  WycUJTe: : 
Matthew  vi.  24. 

8.  To  suffer,  to  undergo ;  to  have  to  submit 
to ;  to  bear. 

"  Let  me  nutain  tio  scorn.1* 

Shakttp-:  Tvxlfth  ffigHt,[L  6. 

9.  To  uphold ;  to  allow  aa  valid  or  well 
based  ;  to  admit ;  not  to  dismiss  or  abate :  as, 
The  court  sustained  the  objection. 

10.  To  establish  by  evidence ;  to  bear  out ; 
to  prove ;  to  make  good ;  to  confirm,  to  cor- 
roborate :  as,  To  sustain  a  charge  by  evidence. 

IL  Music:  To  give  the  full  length  or  time 
value  to  ;  to  continue,  as  the  sound  of  notes, 
through  their  whole  length. 

*BU8-tain',  s.  [SUSTAIN,  v.]  That  which  sus- 
tains or  upholds  ;  an  upholder. 

"  1  lay  and  slept,  I  wak'd  again. 

For  my  luttain 
Was  the  Lord."  Milton :  Ptalm  lit. 

•us-tain'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  sustain,  v. ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  sustained  or  maintained ; 
maintainable. 

"  The  hypothesis  of  his  being  a  patriotic  French- 
man .  .  .  IB  H.IRQ  tuttainable."— Standard,  Jan.  16, 1886. 

•US  tained ,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SUSTAIN,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :   Kept  up  to  one  pitch  or  level, 
especially  a  high  pitch. 

sustained-note,  s. 

Music:  A  name  given  to  prolonged  notes 
which  partake  of  the  character  of  a  pedal- 
point  by  their  immunity  from  ordinary  har- 
monic rules,  but  which  cannot  with  propriety 
be  called  pedal-points  owing  to  their  occur- 
rence in  the  middle  or  upper  part. 

•us  tain  -or,  s.    [Eng.  sustain,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  sustains,  upholds, 
or  maintains. 

"Of  Heaven's -golden  rodd 
The  sole  tittttiiif  r." 

Chapman :  Homer ;  To  Vetta  A  Mercury. 

2.  One  who  endures  or  suffers  ;  a  sufferer. 


*  BUS- tain' -n\6nt,    s.       [Eng.    sustain,    v.  ; 

-ment.]  The  act  of  sustaining ;  support,  main- 
tenance. 

"They  betook  them  to  the  woods,  aud  lived  by 
hunting,  which  was  their  only  tuttaimnent."— Milton: 
Bitt,  England,  bk.  UL 

*  BUS-  t&l'-tlC,  a.     [Gr.  (TVOTOATIKO?  (sustalti- 
kos),  from  (rvo-reXAw  (sustetlo)  =  to  draw  toge- 
ther, to  moderate  :  trvy  (sun)  —  together,  aud 
orcAAni  (stello)—to  place.]    Mournful,  affect- 
ing.   (Applied  to  a  style  of  music  among  the 
Greeks.) 

sus  ten-an^c,  *  sus  ten  aunce,  s.  [O.  Fr. 

sustenance,  soustenance,  from  Lat.  sitstinentia, 
from  sustinens,  pr.  par.  of  sustineo  =  to  sus- 
tain (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  sustaining ;    support,  main- 
tenance. 

2.  That  which  supports  life ;  food,  victuals, 
provisions.    (Milton :  P.  R.t  i.  419.) 

*  BUS- tent',  r.t.    [Lat.  sustento.]    To  sustain. 

"  No  firmer  base  her  burthen  to  tuttent 
Than  alippery  props  of  softest  element. " 

Sylvetter  :  Du  Hart  at,  M. 

*  sus-tSn'-ta-cle,  *.      [Lat.  sustentaculun,] 

Support,  sustenance. 

"Being  thus  a  tuttentatft  or  foundation."— Morm : 
Defence  of  Moral  Cabbala.  [App.] 

BUS  -  ten  -  tac'  -  u  -  lar,    o.       [S  UBTEKT  ACLK.] 
Acting  as  a  supp'ort." 

sustentacular-tissue,  s.  [NEUROOLTA.] 

*  sus'-ten-tate,   v.t.     [SUSTENTATION.]      To 

sustain,    (fieade  :  Cloister  £  Hearth,  ch.  ii.) 

SUB  -ten-ta'- tion,  *  BUS  teln  ta-  cy-  on,  s, 

[Fr.  sustcntat.iont  from  Lat.  sustentationem, 
accus.  of  sustcntatio,  from  sustentatus,  pa.  par. 
of  sustento,  frequent,  of  sustineo  =  to  sustain 
(q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  sustaining  ;  the  state  of  being 
sustained  ;  support ;  preservation  from  falling. 

"These  steams  once  raised  above  the  earth,  have 
their  ascent  aud  tuttcntation  aloft  promoted  by  the 
atr."— Boyle, 

2.  Use  of  food. 

3.  Support,  maintenance 

"  He  assigned  foorth  certain*)  rente  for  the  wttcnta- 
tton  of  the  canons."— Boiinthed  ;  Biit.  Scotland; 
Malcolm. 

sustentation  fund,  s. 

Church  Hist.  :  A  fund  raised  by  any  religious 
body  to  assist  its  poorer  churches ;  specif., 
a  fund  devised  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas 
Chalmers  (1780-1847),  and  constituted  under 
his  direction  at  the  disruption  of  the  Scotch 
Establishment  in  1843.  Religious  denomina- 
tions depending  solely  on  voluntary  contri- 
butions had  found  it  comparatively  easy  to 
gather  together  town  congregations  able  to 
support  their  ministers,  but  to  do  so  in  the 
rural  districts  was  nearly  or  quite  impractic- 
able. Dr.  Chalmers  aimed  at  overcoming  this 
difficulty  by  establishing  a  fund  to  which  all 
congregations  of  the  Free  Church  were  ex- 
pected to  contribute  according  to  ability. 
From  this  each  minister,  urban  and  rural, 
received  an  equal  dividend.  Afterwards  it 
was  found  necessary  to  modify  this  part  of 
the  plan  slightly.  Whilst  a  large  number 
of  the  ministers  had  no  other  professional 
stipend  but  that  received  from  the  sustenta- 
tion fund,  the  wealthier  congregations  in 
fairly  supporting  the  fund  were  permitted 
to  supplement  the  means  of  their  pastor. 
This  system  of  contribution  to  ministerial  sup- 
port has  its  counterpart  in  several  of  the 
religious  bodies  of  ttie  United  States.  It  is 
known  under  the  title  of  sustentation  fund  in 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  by  other  titles  in 
some  of  the  other  churches.  A  similar  fund 
has  been  formed  in  the  Irish  Episcopalian 
Church  since  its  disestablishment,  and  exists  in 
some  other  religious  bodies  uf  Ireland. 

*sus  ten    tive,    "  sus-ten-tif,  a.    [Eng. 

sustent ;  -inc.]    Sustaining. 

"  Seketh  and  sheweth  hoi  tuttenti/Bnvnclnn." 

P.  Plowman,  p.  66. 

*sus-ter,  s.    [SISTER.] 

*  sus  -tin-ent,  s.    [Lat.  sustinens,  pr.  par.  of 
sustineo  =to  sustain  (q.v.).]    Support. 

"  Our  right  arme  the  weadowe's  tuttingnt." 

Daviet:  Microcotmot,  p.  70. 

su-su,  s.    [Soosoo.] 

*  su  siir'-rant,  a.    [Lat.  susurrans,  pr.  par. 
of  susurro—to  whisper.]    Whispering. 

"  The  soft  tttsurrant  sigh." 

Poetry  of  th«  Anti-jacobin,  p,  146. 


*  flu  sur-ra  -tion,  s.  [Lmt.  susurratio,  from 
susurro  =  to  whisper.]  A  whisper,  a  whisper- 
ing, a  soft  murmur. 

"  They  resembled  those  soft  tuturrationi  of  the  trees 
wherewith  they  convened."—  Uowell  :  Yocall  ForrvA, 
p.  2. 


-ly^  adv.      [Lat. 
whisper.]    In  the  manner  of  a  whisper  or  soft 
murmur. 

*  SU  sur   roiis,  a.   [Lat.  susurrus—&  whisper.] 

Whispering;  murmuring  softly  ;  rustling. 

*  SU-Sur'-rus,  s.     [Lat.]    A  whisper;  a  soft 

murmuring. 

"The  soft  tutumu  and  sighs  of  the  branches." 

Longftllow  :  Evangeline,  ii.  4. 

*  sute,  s.    [SuiT,  *.] 

suth  er  Ian  -dl  a,  s.  [Named  after  Mr. 
James  Sutherland,  who  in  1633  published  a 
catalogue  of  the  plants  in  the  Physic  Garden 
in  Edinburgh.] 

Sot.  :  A  genus  of  Galegeae.  Sutherlondia 
frutescens,  the  Cape  Bladder  Senna,  is  a  shrub, 
having  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  large  scarlet 
flowers,  and  bladdery  legumes  with  many 
seeds.  Its  native  country  is  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  but  it  is  cultivated  in  many 
gardens.  The  dried  and  pulverized  roots  and 
leaves  have  been  used  in  diseases  cf  the  eye. 

*SU'-tfle,  a.  [Lat.  sutilis,  from  suo  =  to  sew.] 
Done  or  made  by  stitching  or  needlework. 

"  Half  the  rooms  are  adorned  with  a  kind  of  tutttf 
pictures  which  imitate  tapestry."—  /dt«r.  No.  14. 

8Ut'-ler,  *siit'-tler,  *.  [Dut.  soetelaar,  zoete- 
laar,  from  zoetden  =  to  sully,  to  suttle  ;  cogn. 
with  Low  Ger.  suddeln  =  to  sully  ;  suddeler  = 
a  dirty  fellow,  a  scullion,  a  sutler.]  A  person 
who  follows  an  army,  and  sells  to  the  troops 
provisions,  liquors,  or  the  like. 

"  For  setting  on  those  with  the  luggage  left, 
A  few  poor  tuttlert  with  the  cnnip  that  went^ 
They  basely  fell  to  pillage  and  to  theft" 

Drayton  :  Battle  of  Agincourt, 

sut'-ler-Bhlp,  *.  [Eng.  sutler;  -ship.]  The 
condition  or  occupation  of  a  sutler. 

BUf-ling,  a.  [SUTLER.]  Of  or  belonging  to 
sutlers  ;  engaged  in  the  occupation  of  a  sutler. 

SU'-tdr,  *.    [Native  name.]    A  kind  of  syrup  | 
made  by  the  North  American  Indians  near  J 
the  river  Gila  from  the  juice  of  the  fruit  of 
Cereus  pitahaya.    (Good-rick.) 

*  •u-toV-l-al,  a.      [Lat.  svtor  =»  cobbler.] 

Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cobbler. 

"The  intermit  of  his  tutorial  operations.  "—  Daily 
Teltgraph,  March  IS.  1887. 

su  tra,  5.  [Sansc.  =  a  sacred  tradition  ; 
sut  ='&  thread.] 

Hindoo  Literature  (PI.)  :  Certain  books  of 
aphorisms  composed  by  the  Brahmans,  which 
they  declared  to  be  founded  on  the  Vedas  and 
the  Brahmanas,  though  they  did  not  contend 
that  they  were  directly  inspired.  In  these 
writings  they  developed  the  system  of  sacri- 
fice, and  raised  to  a  greater  height  their  own 
caste-pretensions.  The  Sutras  taken  collec- 
tively constituted  the  Vedangas  (q.v.). 

•ut-tee'f  sat-i',  s.     [From  Sane,  aati  =  a  vir- 
tuous wife";  sat  =pure.] 
Anthropology  : 

1.  A  form  of  widow-sacrifice  (itself  a  form 
of  funeral-sacrifice)  formerly  common  in  Brah- 
manic  India,  in  which  the  widow  was  burnt 
with  her  dead  husband  on  the  funeral  pyre. 
Many  went  willingly  and  gaily  to  their  doom, 
but  others  were  driven  by  fear  of  disgrace,  by 
family  influence,  by  priestly  threats,  and,  in 
not  n.  few  cases,  by  sheer  violence.  Suttee  was 
abolished  by  law'in  British  India,  Dec.  4,  1829, 
but  scarcely  a  year  passes  by  free  from  its 
being  carried  out  in  some  of  the  native  princi- 
palities, and  between  ISlSand  1828,  in  Calcutta, 
the  suttees  ranged  from  300  to  600  yearly.  When 
the  question  of  prohibiting  suttee  was  iin<lrr 
discussion,  the  Brahmans  quoted  tlie  Rig-Veda 
in  favour  of  the  practice  ;  but  it  was  shown 
by  Professor  Wilson  that  the  text  had  been 
falsified.  (M.  Miiller:  Chips  from  a  German 
Workshop,  ii.  34-37.)  But  though  suttee  was 
expressly  prohibited  by  the  ancient  Bralmianic 
funeral  rites  (M.  Miiller,  in  Zeits.  d.  deutsch. 
morgenl  Geschichte,  ix.),  and  the  widow,  after 
ascending  the  funeral  pile,  was  to  be  led  down 
by  a  brother-in-law,  this  symbolic  form  points 
to  an  earlier  period  when  the  sacrifice  was 
really  carried  out.  [WIDOW-SACRIFICE.]  The 
revival  must  have  taken  place  at  a  remote 


boll,  bo"y ;  pout,  J6%1 :  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    ph  =  1 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -#<ra,  _sion  -  zliun.    -oious,  -  tious,  -  sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


4566 


sutteeism— swag 


date;  for  Properties  (EL,  III.  xiii.  15-20) 
graphically  describes  it,  and  thus  contrasts 
the  behaviour  of  Indian  with  that  of  Human 
wives:— 

"Ardent  rictricea,  et  flaimnfc  pectom  pnebent, 

Imponunt^ut;  suis  or*  peruata  vim. 
flic  genus  iulelix  uuptnruui :  hie  nulla  puella, 
ftbsc  tidrt  Bvadne,  Dec  pi*  Penelope." 

2.  A  widow  burnt  on  the  funeral  pile  of  her 
dead  husband.  [1.] 

"  In  Brahiuanic  India  the  widow  of  a  Hindu  of  the 
Brahman  or  the  Kshatriyn  caste  was  burnt  on  the 
funeral  pile  with  her  husband,  as  a  titti,  or  'good 
woman,'  which  word  has  passed  into  English  as  tuttte." 
—Tutor :  Prim.  Cult.  led.  1878),  i.  Ki. 

suttee-burning,  ». 

Anthrop. :  Sutteeism  (q.v.). 
"While  admitting,  with  Prof.  Muller.  that  the  more 
modern  ordinance  of  tuttce-burnlng  is  a  corrupt  de- 
parture from  the  early  Brabumuic  ritual,  we  may 
nevertheless  find  some  reason  to  consider  the  practice 
M  not  a  new  invention  by  the  later  Hindu  priesthood, 
but  aa  the  revival,  under  congenial  influence,  of  an 
ancient  Arynu  rite,  belonging  originally  to  a  period 
eveo  earlier  than  the  Veda."— Tutor:  Prim.  Cult.  led. 

»nt  tee-ism,  «.    [Eng.  suttee;  -ton.] 

Anthrop. :  The  rite  or  practice  of  suttee 
(q.v.). 

"  The  chief  characteristic  of  rutteeUm  is  its  expia- 
tory quality ;  for.  by  this  act  of  faith,  the  sati  not 
only  make*  atonement  for  the  Bins  of  her  husband 
and  securea  the  remission  of  her  own,  but  baa  the  ioy. 
ful  assurance  of  reunion  to  the  object  whose  beatitude 
•he  secures.  —  Bal/mr:  Cyclop,  India  led.  3rd),  Hi.  182. 

•suf-tle,  ».t.  [SOTLEB.]  To  follow  the  occu- 
pation of  a  sutler. 

•fit-tie,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Camm. :  A  term  applied  to  weight,  when 
the  tare  has  been  deducted  and  the  tret  has 
yet  to  be  allowed. 

•u-tur'-al,  a.    [Eng.  suturfe);  -a!.J 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a 
suture  or  seam. 

2.  Bot. :  Of,  belonging  to,  situated  at,  or 
taking  place  at  a  suture. 

sutural  dehiscence,  s. 

Bot. :  Dehiscence  along  one  or  more  sutures. 
If  the  dehiscence  is  along  the  ventral  suture 
the  fruit  is  a  follicle,  if  along  tbe  dorsal  and 
ventral  sutures  it  is  a  legume.  There  are  no 
dissepiments,  the  fruit  being  composed  of 
only  one  carpel. 

sutural-line,  s. 

Bot. :  The  ventral  suture.    [SDTCBE.] 

*  su-tur'-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  sutural ;  -ly.]  In 
a  sutural  manner ;  by  means  of  a  suture. 

•su'-tn-rate,  v.t.  [Eng.  sutvrfe);  -ate.]  To 
join  or  unite  by  a  suture ;  to  sew  or  knit 

together. 

"These  are  by  ocoJUts  called  'orbito,'  and  are  each 
of  them  compounded  of  six  several  bones,  which,  being 
most  conveniently  tuluratcd  among  themselves,  do 
make  up  those  curious  arched  chambers  in  which 
these  lookers  or  beholders  dwell ;  in  which  and  from 
which,  they  may  be  aptly  said  to  perform  their  ofBces.- 
— Small :  On  Old  Ag».  p.  M. 

•u'-tnre,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lit.  sutura,  from 
nttiu,  pa,  par.  of  suo  =  to  sew.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  sewing ;  the  line 
along  which  two  things  are  joined,  united,  or 
sewn  together,  so  as  to  form  a  aeam,  or  some- 
thing resembling  a  seam. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  A  not. :  The  immovable  Junction  of  two 
J»rts  by  their  margins  :  as,  the  sutures  of  the 
skull,  i.e.,  the  lines  of  junction  of  the  bones 
of  which  the  skull  is  composed.     Various 
types   of  suture   exist,  as  the  Serrated  or 
Dentated  Suture,  the  Squamous  or  Scaly  Su- 
ture, and  the  Harmonic  Suture  or  Harmbnia. 
Arranged  according  to  their  situation,  there 
are  coronal,  frontal,  fronto-parietal,  occipito- 
parietal,  and  many  other  sutures.    . 

2.  Bot. :  The  line  formed  by  the  cohesion 
of  two  parts.     If  the  suture  formed  by  the 
carpellary  leaves  in  a  pistil  face  the  centre  of 
a  flower,  it  is  called  the  ventral  suture ;  if  it 
face  the   perianth,  the  dorsal  suture.      The 
former  corresponds  to  the  margin,  and  the 
latter  to  the  midrib  of  the  carpellary  leaf. 

3.  Entom. :  The  line  formed  by  the  meeting 
of  the  elytra  of  a  beetle  when  they  are  con- 
flnent 

4.  Sury. :  The  uniting  of  the  lips  or  edges  of 
a  wound  by  stitching. 

5.  Zool. :  The  outlines  of  the  septa  in  the 
Tctrahranchiata,  from  their  resemblance  to 
the  sutures  of  the  skull.     When  these  out- 


lines are  folded,  the  elevations  are  called 
saddles,  and.  the  intervening  depressions  lubes. 
(Woodward.) 

SU'-tnred,  a.  [Eng.  sutur(e);  -«d.]  Having  a 
suture  or  sutures ;  united. 

su  -versed,  *,    [Pref.  suo-,  and  Eng.  versed 

(q.v.).] 

Math. :  A  name  applied  to  the  supplement 
of  a  versed  sine,  or  the  difference  of  a  versed 
sine  from  the  diameter  of  the  circle.  [SINE.] 

su-war'-row,  s.    [SAOUABI.] 

su'-zer-ain,  s.  &  a.  [Fr.,  from  «w  =  L. 
suxum,  sursum  =  above,  on  analogy  at  sovereign 
(q.v.).] 

A.  As  tubst. :  A  feudal  lord ;  a  lord  para- 
mount. 

"  The  Sultau  should  remain  Sovereign  in  Eastern 
Boumelia  and  naerain  in  Bulgaria."— Mansard,  Oct. 

B.  As  adj. :  Sovereign,  paramount. 

"  The  violation  of  the  self-rule  granted  to  the 
province  came,  not  from  the  sitztruin  Sulum,"— Daily 
Telegraph,  Sept.  28,  18B5. 

su  zer  ain-ty,  s.  [Fr.  suzcrainte.}  The 
office,  dignity,  or  position  of  a  suzerain; 
paramount  power  or  authority. 

"  He  recognises  the  suzerainty  of  the  Sultan,  and 
holds  himself  responsible  for  the  public  security  " — 
Doily  Telegraph,  Sept.  24,  1M5. 

svan  berg-ite,  s.  [After  Svanberg:  suff. 
•Ue(Min.).] 

Min. :  A  rare  mineral  occurring  only  in 
crystals  and  crystal-grains.  Crystallization, 
rhombohedral.  Hardness,  5'0;  sp.  gr.  3'30; 
colour,  honey-yellow,  shades  of  brown,  rose- 
red  ;  lustre,  vitreous.  Compos. :  uncertain ; 
apparently  essentially  a  combination  of  a 
phosphate  and  a  sulphate  of  alumina,  lime, 
and  soda,  with  some  water.  Found  at  Horrs- 
joberg,  Wermland,  Sweden. 

*  awa,  adv.     [A.S.]    So. 

swab,  ».     [Formed  from  toother  (q.v.);  cf. 
Sw.  svab  =  a  tire-brush  ;  svabla  =  to  swab  ; 
Dan.  sra&re  =  to   swab;   Nonr.    tvabba  =  to 
splash  about.) 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  mop  for  cleaning  floors,  ships'  decks, 
or  the  like. 

"  One  of  the  forecastle  men  took  a  neafi  and  swabbed 
up  the  blood.  —Bannay :  Singleton  Fotttenoy. 

2.  An  epaulet,  being  humorously  compared 
to  a  swab  or  mop.    (Colloq.) 

3.  A  cod  or  pod,  as  of  beans,  pease,  or  the 
like. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Found.:    A    soft   brush   made  of  some 
strands  of  gasket  tied  together  at  one  end 
and  beaten  and  combed  out  at  the  other. 
Used  to  wet  the  parting  edge  before  drawing 
the  pattern,  and  to  moisten  parts  of  the  mould 
requiring  repairs. 

2.  Ordn. :  A  cleaner  or  sponge  for  the  bore 
of  a  gun. 

3.  Snrg.:  A  pledget  of  lint  or  a  spatula 
covered  with  cloth.    Used  to  clean  or  moisten 
the  mouth  of  the  aick,  or  cleanse  a  wound. 

swab  pot,  s. 

Found. :  An  Iron  vessel  containing  water 
and  the  founder's  swab. 

swab,  v.t.    [SWAB,  ».]    To  apply  a  swab  to; 
to  rub,  wipe,  or  clean  with  a  swab  or  mob. 
"  He  made  him  iteab  the  deck."— SJtettoct :  Yoyaye. 

swab  -her,  *  swob  her,  «.  [Out.  zwabber 
=  a  swabber  ;  zu-abberen  =  to  swab ;  Ger. 
KhwoAber  —  t,  swabber;  schuxtbber-stuck  =  a 
mop-stick  ;  schwabbem  =  to  swab.]  One  who 
uses  a  swab  to  clean  a  deck  or  floor ;  an 
inferior  officer  on  board  a  ship  of  war  whose 
duty  is  to  see  that  the  ship  is  kept  clean. 

The  master,  the  twabber,  the  boatswain  and  I."— 
.  :  Tempett,  ii.  2. 

Swa'-M-an,  a,    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Swabia,  one  of 
the  ten  circles  into  which  Germany  was  di- 
vided prior  to  1806.  In  was  in  the  south-west 
of  Germany  on  the  Upper  Danube, 

Swablan-Ieague,  s. 

History  : 

1.  A  league  formed  against  the  barons  by 
the  cities  of  Swabia  and  of  the  Rhine  in  1370. 

2.  A  league  on  a  larger  scale  formed  in 
1488   under  the   auspices   of  the   Emperor 


Frederick  III.  to  put  down  private  warn  and 
maintain  the  public  peace.  It  destroyed  mow 
than  140  catties  of  nobles  and  robbers  It 
was  dissolved  in  1033. 

swad  (1),  *  swadde,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  pod  or  cod,  as  of  beans,  pease,  or  Ou 
like.    (Proc.) 

2.  A  short,  fat  person. 

"  For  BO  he  was  a  Dutche.  a  deulll,  a  nmddf." 

Gaicoiffne  :   Vottaue  into  UMandt. 

3.  A  silly,  coarse  fellow,  a  bumpkin. 

"  Three  drunken  sieadi  that  kept  the  cast*?!!  though* 
that  this  shout  was  nought  else  but  a  dreauie>— 
Jfofintned  :  Citron.  tf  Ireland  tan.  1534). 

IL  Mining  :  A  thin  layer  of  stone  or  refuse 
coal  at  the  bottom  of  the  coal-seam. 

swad  (2),  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  sijuad  (q.v.).]  A 
lump,  mass,  or  bunch  ;  a  crowd,  a  suuad. 
(Vulgar.) 

"  You  '11  sell  twice  as  much  as  ever  you  did,  you'll 
put  off  a  proper  ttvad  of  guods  next  year,  you  may 
depend."—  Baliburton  :  Cloctmater,  p.  76. 

swad'  -die,  '  swad  -  ell,  *  swad  -  II, 
*  swad  le,  v.t.  [SWADDLE,  s.] 

1.  To  bind,  as  with  a  bandage  ;  to  swathe  ; 
to  bind  or  wrap  tightly  with  clothes,  (Gene- 
rally used  of  infants.) 

"  He  muste  bee  fayne  once  or  twiae  aday  to  iwadlt 
and  plaster  his  leKge,  and  els  he  could  not  kepe  his 
life."—  Hart  :  H'orta.  p.  8U. 

*  2.  To  wrap  up  ;  to  cover,  as  with  clothing  : 
to  clothe. 

"  Nature  was  most  bnsy  the  first  week 
SvxHliiling  the  uew.born  earth." 

Oonne  :  A  natomy  of  the  World,  annlv.  L 

*  3.  To  beat,  to  cudgel. 

"Till  I  could  dm*  off  both  your  skins  like  scwbbai'ds,* 
Beaum.  A  Fltt.  :  The  Captain,  ii.  2. 

swad'  -die,  s.  [For  swathel,  from  A.S.  swedliel, 
swedhil  =  that  which  swathes.)  [SWATHE.] 
A  cloth  or  band  bound  tightly  round  the 
body  of  an  infant 

"  They  ordered  me  to  be  carried  to  one  of  their 
housea,aud  put  to  bed  in  all  my  madOn."-Aaaiitmi 
Spectator.  No.  to. 

*  swad  -die-band,  *  sweth-el-band,  «. 

[Eng.    swaddle,    and    band.}     Tlie   same    ai 

SWADDLINO-BAND  (q.V.). 

swad-dler,  s.  [See  def.)  i  term  of  con. 
tempt  applied  by  Roman  Catholics  in  Ireland 
to  Protestants,  especially  to  the  more  evan- 
gelical and  active  sects.  The  following  ex- 
tract and  note  from  The  Life  of  Hie  JJec.  John 
Wesley,  by  Dr.  Coke  and  Mr.  Moore  (Derby: 
Richardson  i  Son,  1845),  confirms  Southey's 
statement  in  Life  of  Wesley,  ii.  153,  that  the 
name  was  first  given  in  derision  to  a  preacher 
who  took  for  his  text  Luke  ii.  12. 

"  Butler  and  his  mob  were  now  in  higher  splritj 
than  ever;  they  scoured  the  streets  day  and  night. 
frequently  hallooing  as  they  went  along,  '  Five  pounds 
for  a  twaddler  t  head  1  '  ' 

To  this  a  note  is  added  (p.  288)  : 

"A  name  first  given  to  Mr.  Cennlck.  from  hi* 
preaching  on  those  words,  'Ye  shall  find  ttie  babe 
wrapped  in  twaddling  clothes,  lying  in  a  manger  '"  _ 
Jfotet  i  Querist,  Feb.  19,  1870,  p.  211. 

swad-dling,  *  swad  -ling,  pr.  par.,  a., 
&  s.  [SWADDLE,  v.] 

A.  4i  B.  Aspr.  par.  <e  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  Assutst.  (PI.):  Swaddling-clothes. 

"  There  he  in  clothes  is  wrapped,  in  manger  laid, 
To  whom  too  narrow  ncaalingt  arc  our  spheres." 
Drummond  :  floverl  of  ftia*. 

swaddling  band,  swaddling  cloth, 
*  swaddling  clout,  s.  A  band  or  cloth 
wrapped  tightly  round  an  infant  ;  a  swaddle. 

"The  child  doe«  not  try  to  throw  off  its  tvaddlino- 
cfwiltu  without  a  Judgement  that  tbe  pressure  it  feeu 
comes  from  them  and  that  it  nmy  remove  them  by 
struggling."  —  .SearcA;  Liffht  qf  Stature,  voL  L,  pt.  t, 
ch.  11. 

*  swaddling  -  clothes,  swaddling  - 

ClOatllS,   S.  pi.       [SWADDLIMJ-BAKD.J 

swag,  *  swagge,  v.i.  [Norw.  svoga  =  to 
sway  ;  cf.  Sw.  sviga  =  to  give  way  ;  svag  = 
weak,  beuding;  I  eel.  8veigja=.to  give  way.] 
[SWAGGER,  v.] 

L  To  hang  loose  and  heavy. 

2.  To  swsftger;  to  walk  or  move  heavily 
and  unevenly. 

"  I  twiyg-  ,  ft  a  a  fatte  persona  belly  rtoaggcth  aa  be 
'— 


3.  To  sink  down  by  its  weight;  to  sway. 

"  Becunse  BO  laid,  they  [brick  or  Bquarml  stonea]  an 
more  npt  in  twaqging  down,  to  pierce  with  their 
point*,  than  in  the  Jawnt  posture."—  RelvfUtCB  Wot- 
toniana,  p.  20. 


rate,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  gd,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  oub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    as,  ce  -  c ;  ey  =  6.:  Q.U  =  kw. 


swag— swallow 


4567 


•wag,  s.    [SWAG,  i'.] 

1.  An  unequal,  hobbling  motion.    (Pror.) 

2  A  targe  quantity  ;  a  lot ;  hence,  stolen 
property ;  booty.  ( 

"  It's  all  arrans'fd  nlwilt  bringing  off  the  twag."— 
ftickeru  •  OtiMr  Tit'ist,  ch.  xix. 

*  swag-bellied,  «.  Having  a  large,  over- 
hanging urlly. 

••  Vour  imag-bellied  Hollander."— Shalaif. :  OOalla, 
U.9. 

swag  belly,  «. 

*  1.  A   prominent  or  projecting  belly ;   a 
•wag-bellifd  person. 

2.  A  large  tumour  developed  in  the  abdo- 
men, and  neither  fluctuating  nor  sonorous. 

•swage  (l),  *  suage  (u  as  w),  v.t.  &  i. 
[A  contract,  of  assuage  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trant. :  To  ease,  to  soften,  to  assuage, 
to  quiet. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  abate,  to  assuage ;  to  qniet 
down. 

"  Where  salt  and  fresh  the  pool  renews. 
As  apriuK  or  drought  increase  or  twaye. 

Carat:  Sumw  o/ Cornwall. 

•wage  (2),  v.t.  [SWAGE,  s.]  To  shape  by 
means  of  a  swage  ;  to  fashion  by  hammering 
in  a  groove  or  mould  of  the  required  shape. 

•wage,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Fora. :  A  tool  having  a  face  of  a  given  shape, 
the  counterpart  of  which  is  imparted  to  tiie 
object  against  which  it  is  forcibly  impressed. 
When  used  by  blacksmiths  and  other  forgers 
in  metal,  it  is  either  placed  on  the  anvil  so  as 
to  impress  the  hot  metal,  which  is  laid  thereon 
and  struck  by  a  hammer  or  monkey,  or,  the 
work  being  laid  on  the  anvil,  the  face  of  the 
svrage  is  held  upon  it,  and  the  back  of  the 
awage  receives  the  blow. 

swage-block,  s.  A  large  perforated 
block  of  iron,  having  grooved  sides,  and 
adapted  for  heading  bolts  and  swaging  ob- 
jects of  larger  size  than  can  be  worked  in  the 
ordinary  heading  tools  and  swages  fitted  to 
the  anvil. 

•wag'-ger,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  freq.  from  tutag,  v. 
(q.v.).  J 

A,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  strut  with  an  Insolent  or  defiant  air  ; 
to  strut  about  with  an  affected  superiority. 


"  2.  To  boast  or  brag  noisily ;  to  bluster,  to 
bnlly,  to  hector. 

"It  was  Atheism  openly  maaofrirv.  under  the 
glorious  appearance  of  wisdom  and  philosophy.  —  Cud- 
worth  ;  IntelL  Syttfm,  p.  6t. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  influence  by  blustering, 
bullying,  or  threats. 

•wag'-ger,  ».  [SWAOOEB,  ».]  A  piece  of 
bluster ;  noisy  boasting  or  bragging ;  an  in- 
•olent  strut. 

••  The  butcher  Is  stoat,  and  he  values  no  tvmgaer* 
Swift  :  irtU  Wood-l  raMon. 

•wag'-ger-er,  «.  [Eng.  twagger,  v.  •  -er.] 
One  who  swaggers ;  a  noisy,  blustering  fellow ; 
•  blusterer,  a  bully. 

"  Your  ancient  n&iggertri  come  not  In  my  door*."— 
Shatftp.  :  1  Umn  />'.,  U.  4. 

•  •wag'-gy,  ".  [Eng.  swag ;  -y.]  Hanging, 
leaning,  or  sinking  by  its  own  weight. 

"Hiswraffff'/and  prominent  belly."— Bro*me:  Vul- 
gar Errouri.  bk.  iii.  ch.  iv. 

•wain,   'swayne,   "sweln,   "sucyn,  s. 

[Irel.  sreina  =  a  boy,  a  lad,  a  servant ;  cogn. 
with  Sw.  sven  =  a  young  man,  a  page  ;  Low 
Ger.  sween  =  a  swineherd  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  suein, 
men.  =• ••  a  servant.  Not  connected  with  twine.' 
*  1.  A  young  man  in  attendance  on  a  knight 
a  squire. 

••  Fvrth  went  knyght  *  tucyn,  A  fote  men  mile  in  fero.' 
liobert  de  Brunne,  p.  24 1. 

•2.  A  servant. 

"  Biluoud,  (quod  John)  nede  has  no  per*. 
Him  behoves  serve  himself  that  has  no  twain, 
Or  elles  he  Is  a  fool,  as  clerkes  snin." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  4.025. 

8.  A  young  man  living  in  the  country ;  a 
rnstic ;  a  country  servant  employed  in  bus 
tandry. 

"  Nor  think  to  village  tirtin*  alone 
An  these  unearthly  terrors  known." 

Scoff  .  fakebv.  IL  11. 

4.  A  country  gallant ;  a  lover  or  sweethear 
generally.  (Chiefly  used  in  poetry.) 

"  'Tls  said  she  is  but  bsckwardly  inclined 
To  any  of  her  twiint" 

B.  Taylor i  1  Philip  van  Artfvflile,  i.  1. 


swain-Isn,  a.    [Eng.  «rain;  -i*M    Rustic, 

boorish. 

"Which  If  ignoble  »nd  fwaitiijb  minds  <snmot  up- 
preheud,  shall  auch  merit  therefore  U>h0tb»«na*arem 
of  more  ueiierous  and  virtuous  spirits?  —Milton: 
Cotaittrrion. 

swain'-ling,  s.  [Eng.  swain;  diruin.  suit*. 
'ling.\  A  little  or  young  swain. 

"  Honest  twainlinff  with  his  sweeting." 

tl'ittei  fit-creittioit,    (1651.) 

swain'-  mot  e,  *  swein'-mote,  *  swan-1- 
niote,  s.  [Eng. swain, and  m*<te=anieetn]^.] 
An  old  English  forest  court,  having  juris- 
diction to  inquire  into  the  oppressions  and 
grievances  committed  by  the  officers  of  the 
forest. 

"Tlie  court  of  tweinmote  is  to  be  liolden  before  the 
verderors.  as  Ju.lgta.  by  the  steward  of  the  swrittmols 
thrice  in  every  yt*r,  the  sweius  or  freeholders  wiiniu 
th«  forest  couiiHaiug  the  jury-"— Bluctuton* :  Com. 
meat.,  bk.  UL,  ch.  6. 

•swain -ship,  s.  [Eng.  twain;  -ship.]  The 
condition  of  a  swain. 

swaip,  v.i.  [A  variant  of  sweep,  v.]  To  walk 
proudly  ;  to  sweep  along.  (/Too.) 

SWOl,  pret.  of  v.    [SWELL,  ».] 

•wale  (1),  s.    [Cf.  swallow  (2),  s.] 

1.  A  shade  J  a  shady  spot.    (/Yew.) 

2.  A  valley,  a  low  place,  a  moor.    (Pron.). 

•wale  (2),  «.    [SwiAL.]    A  gutter  in  a  candle. 

•wale,  v.t.  &  i.    [SWEAL.J 

A.  Trans. :  To  dress,  as  a  hog  for  bacon, 
by  singeing  or  burning  off  the  hair.    (Frov.) 

B.  IiUrani. :  To  waste,  to  consume.  (Prov.) 

BWtil'-le't,  s.  [Prob.  connected  with  swell 
(q.v.) ;  cf.  Ger.  schwall  =  the  swell  of  the  sea, 
a  billow,  from  schwellen  =  to  swell.] 

Tin-mining :  Water  breaking  in  upon  the 
miners  at  their  work. 

•wal'-low  (1),  swal-ow,  -swal-owe,  «. 

[A.8.  swalewt ;  n'gn.  with  But.  mahtio ;  Icel. 
svala,  genit.  mom ;  Dan.  male  ;  Sw.  svala ; 
O.  H.  Oer.  sualawd ;  Ger.  schwtae.} 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Nattt. :  The  groove  around  a  tackle-block 
for  the  strap.    Also  called  the  Score. 

2.  Ornith. :  Hinmdo  rustica,  a  well-known 
European    bird,  whose    arrival    from    Africa 
(usually  about  the  middle  of  April)  is  eagerly 
looked  for  as  a  sign  of  approaching  summer. 
In  the  northern  United  States  the  coming  of 
the  Purple  Swallow,  or  Purple  Martin  (H.  or 
Progne  yurpwea),  is  similarly  hailed  with  gen- 
eral pleasure  as  the  harbinger  of  spring.     It 
abounds  in  the  United  States,  often  frequenting 
the  streets  of  towns,  and  frequently  nesting  in 
boxes  placed  for  it  near  country  houses.    In 
color  it  is  a  shining  purplish  blue,  with  black 
wings  and  tail.     H.  erytjirogastfr,  the  Rul'ons- 
bellied  Swallow,also  readily  nests  in  such  boxes, 
making  a  nest  of  mud  and  fine  hay.    The 
Republican    or    Cliff   Swallow    (Petrochelulon 
lunifroittt)  makes  a  mud  nest,  of  flask  shape, 
which  it  attaches  to  a  rock  or  house  wall. 
There  are  in  all  about  60  species  of  Swallow, 
everywhere  found.     The   food   of  B.  ruslica 
consists  entirely  of  winged  insects;  on  their 
arrival,  thesa  birds  feed  exclusively  on  gnats 
and  crane-flies,  in  summer  small  beetles  are 
very  largely  taken.    These  are  captured  as  tiff 
birds  fly  with  open  mouth,  Hie  bristles  wit} 
which  the  gape  is  supplied   and    the   vigcic 
saliva   assisting   to   retain    the   prey.     Like 
owls,  Swallows  reject  the  undigested  portion? 
of  iheir  food  in  small  pellets  or  castings.    Tin 
male  is  about  eight  inches  long;  beak  black 
forehead,  chin,  and  throat  chestnut ;  hejiu,  neck 
back,  lump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  steel-blue 
tail  very  much  forked ;   under  surface  bufly 
vhite,  legs  and  toes  blender  and  black,  clawi 
black  and  sharp.      In    the  female  the  tail 
feathers  are  not  so  long,  nor  are  they  develops 
in  the  voting  biids  till  Ihcy  have  left  for  th< 
south.    The  note  of  the  bird  just  described 
known  in  England  as  the  Chimney  Swallow 
is  a  low  musical  twitter. 

•wallow-chatterers,  s.  pi. 

Ornith. :  Swainson's  name  for  the  Bombycil 
linae,  a  sub-family  of  his  Ampelidse. 

swallow  fish.  s. 
Ichthy.  :  The  Sapphirine   Gurnard,   Trigla 
Urundo.    [GURNARD.] 


swallow-hawk,  s.     [SWALLOW-' 

KITE.] 

swallow-pear,  s. 

Bot. :  Pyrus  turitiinalii. 
•wallow-plover,  s. 
Ornith. :  The  genus  Glnreola.    (Swainson.) 
swallow  prominent-moth,  s.    [Lxio- 

CAMPA.] 

•wallow-roller,  i. 

OrnUK. :  The  genus  Eurystomus,  placed 
by  .Swainson  under  the  Meropidte. 

swallow-shrike,  i. 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  family  Artamidae.  They  resemble 
Swallows  in  their  actions  and  general  mode  of 
life,  while  in  the  shape  of  their  bills  they  ex- 
hibit great  affinities  to  some  of  the  Shrike* 
and  Crow-shrik'es.  [WOOD-SWALLOW.] 

swallow-stone,  s. 

Mythol. :  A  stone  which  the  swallow  is  said 

to  bring  home   from   the  sea-shore  to  give 

sight  to  its  young.    Longfellow  (Evangeline, 

i.  1)  thus  alludes  to  it : 

"  Oft  in  the  bams  they  climbed  to  the  populous  nest* 

on  the  rafters. 
Seeking  with  enger  eye  that  wondrous  stone  which 

the  swallow 

Brings  from  the  shore  of  the  sea  to  restore  the  sight 
of  its  fledglings," 

swailo w-tall.  s. 
I.  Ordinary  1/vnQuaqe: 

1.  The  tail  of  a  swallow. 

2.  A  swallow-tailed  coat. 

"He  is  stripped  of  his  tu<»<lnw-tnu  and  his  DM«- 
donym.  and  marched  off  to  the  guard-root*  again."—. 
R'/ern.  Aug.  29.  1886. 

3.  The  points  of  a  burgee. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  An  unidentified  species  of  Willow. 
(Bacon.) 

2.  Entomology : 

(1)  The  Swallow-tailed  Butterfly. 

(2)  PI. :  The  Papilionidie  (q.v.). 

3.  Fort. :  An  advanced  work  whose  salient 
portion  has  a  re-entering  angle  and  converging 
flanks  ;  a  priest's  cap. 

4.  Joinery :  The  same  as  DOTK-TAIL  (q.T.). 

5.  Ornith. :  The  Humming-bird  genus  Eu- 
peptomeua,  with    two  species,    Eupeptomena 
nacrura  and  E.  hirvnilo,  from  Eastern  Peru. 
They  have  brilliant  plumage,  strong  wings, 
and  deeply-forked  tail. 

swallow-tailed,  a. 

1.  Ord.  lonff. ;  Having  a  tail  like  that  of  a 
swallow  ;  having  tapering  or  pointed  skirts : 
as,  a  swallow-tailed  coat. 

2.  Joinery :  Dovetailed. 
Swallow-tailed  butterfly  : 

Enttim. :  Papilio  machaon ;  a  large  butter- 
fly, three  and  a  half  to  four  inches  in  expan- 
sion of  wings.  The  fore  wings  are  of  a  deep 
straw  colour,  with  black  veins,  spots,  and 
bandj  ;  the  hind  wings  are  of  similar  colours, 
but  nave  a  round,  brick-red  spot  at  the  anal 
angle,  and  a  black  prolongation,  from  which 
the  name  Swallow-tail  is  derived.  Larva 
bright  green,  with  black  bands  and  six  orange 
spots.  It  feeds  on  Milk-parsley,  Peucedanum 
palustre,  and  some  other  Umbellifers.  It  ap- 
pears from  May  to  August,  and  is  now  con- 
fined to  the  fenny  counties  of  England  and  to 
Sussex.  [PAPILIO.] 

Swallow-tailed  Kte  or  hawk  : 

Ornith:  Elanoides  (formerly  Nauctmu)  fur- 
catus. 

Swallow-tailed  moth,  Swallow-tail  moth  : 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Our- 
apteryx  sambuearia,  of  a  pale  sulphur  colour, 
with  numerous  short,  transverse,  pale-olive 
streaks  ;  hind  wingwith  a  tail-like  projection, 
and  above  it  a  red  spot  edged  with  gray. 
The  larva  feeds  on  oak,  elder,  bramble,  &c. 

swallow-woodpecker,  s. 

Ornith. :  Swainson's  name  for  the  genus 
Melanerpes  (q.v.). 

swal'-  low   (2),    *  swalowe,    *  swalgh, 
*  SWOlgh,  s.     [Icel.  svdgr  ;  Dan.  evalg ;  bw. 
swig ;    Uer.    schwalg  —  an    abyss,    a  gulf,   a 
whirlpool,  the  throat.]    [SWALLOW,  r.) 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  gullet  or  oesophagus ;  the  throat 

2.  Capacity  for  swallowing ;  voracity. 


bSH,  bo^;  poUt,  Jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this:  sin,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  eytst   -Ing. 
-ciao,  -tian  =  Bhaa.   -tlon.  -sion  =  shun ;  -turn,  -f Ion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tioua,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  del. 


4568 


swallow— swan 


8.  Taste,  relish,  inclination.    (Colleq  ) 
4.  As  much  as  is  swallowed  at  once. 
*  5.  A  whirlpool. 
"The  thirde  he  cute  ...  In «  twajowe  of  the  tee 
called  Mare  Adrlaticuin."— foot/an :  Chronycle,  ch.Ixix 

n.  Mining :  A  cavern  or  opening  into  which 
water  disappears. 

swallow-bole,  ». 

Geol.,  £c.  (PL).  :  Deep  vertical  pits  oc- 
curring upon  broad  surfaces  of  limestone, 
especially  where  it  alternates  with  shale. 
They  are  produced  by  rills  of  water  or  by 
r;iin,  and  often  are  seen  at  brief  intervals  for 
miles,  marking  the  strike  of  the  limestone, 
even  when  obscured  by  accumulations  of 
other  material  upon  its  surface.  They  some- 
times descend  into  caverns,  especially  in  the 
scar  limstone. 

swallow-pipe,:.    A  gullet;  a  windpipe. 

swal'  -  low,  *  swal  -  ow,  *  awal  -  owe, 
*  swol  owe,  swolwe,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  twtl- 
gan,  pa.  t.  stcealg,  pa.  par.  swollen  ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  zwelgen;  Icel.  svelgja,  pa.  t.  syalg, 
par.  wlginn;  Dan.  svcdge;  Sw.  tvd/ja;  G'er. 
Khwelgen.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Literally: 

1.  To  take  into  the  stomach ;   to  receive 
through  the  oesophagus  into  the  stomach  as 
nourishment. 

"  [The  gullet]  In  every  creature  well  sired  to  the  food 
It  hath  occasion  to  twallow.'  —  Derham :  Phutico- 
Theology,  bk.  iv..  ch.  XL 

2.  To  draw  or  suck  into  an  abyss  or  gulf ; 
to  engulf,  to  overwhelm. 

"  Whan  tempests  do  her  chlppes  tiealavj." 

Chauctr:  HoutfofFume,  bk.  lit 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  seize  and  waste  ;  to  exhaust,  to  con- 
•ume. 

"  Swallowing  the  treasure  of  the  realm." 

Sluiketp.:  1  Heart  Tl..  IT.  I. 

2.  To  absorb,  to  include,  to  sink. 

"  Swallowing  up  all  the  attributes  of  the  Supreme 
Being  iu  the  one  attribute  of  infinite  power."— Colt- 
riilje  :  .111/1  to  Rejection,  p.  101. 

3.  To  occupy,  to  absorb,  to  take  up;  to  con- 
sume :  as,  To  swallow  up  one's  time  or  leisure. 

*i.  To  engross  to  one's  self;  to  appropriate. 

"  Homer  excels  all  the  Inventors  of  other  arts  In 
this,  that  he  has  twalloieed  up  the  honour  of  those 
who  succeeded  hint." — J'o/*.  {Todd.) 

5.  To  take  into  the  mind  readily  ;  to  receive, 
embrace,  or  believe,  as  opinions,  statements 
or  belief,  without  examination,  consideration, 
or  scruple  ;  to  receive  implicitly. 

"  Sums  have  been  made  to  twallow  the  most  palpable 
absurdities  under  pretence  that  sense  and  reason  are 
not  to  be  trusted. "— Search  :  Light  of  Mature,  vol.  i. 
pt.  1..  en.  xiv. 

*  6.  To  engross  the  faculties  of;  to  engage 
completely. 

"  The  priest  and  the  prophet  are  tvxOlmced  up  of 
wlne."-/*tifa»xxviii. ;. 

7.  To  put  up  with  ;  to  bear  or  take  patiently  : 
as,  To  swallow  an  affront 

*  8.  To  retract,  to  recant,  to  disavow. 

"  Swallowed  his  vows  whole."        • 

Stuikeip. :  Meaturefor  .Venture,  ill  t 

U  The  meaning  of  the  verb  is  often  intensi- 
fied by  up. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  have  the  power  of  swallow- 
ing :  as,  He  cannot  swallow. 

•swal'-low-a-ble,  a.  [Bug.  twattow,  v. ; 
•able.]  Credible. 

"  IU  roost  mitigated  and  twatlowable  form." — I/ait, 
land :  Ettayl  on  Reformation,  p.  315. 

•wal'-low-er,  s.  [Eng.  sviallow,  v.  ;-er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  swallows  ;  a  glutton. 

•wal' -low-wort,  s.  [Eng.  swallow  (1),  and 
wort.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Chelidonium  majus,  so  named, 
according  to  Aristotle  and  Dioscorides,  be- 
cause swallows  use  it  to  restore  the  eyesight 
of  their  young  ones,  or,  in  the  opinion  of 
others,  because  the  plant  begins  to  bloom  at 
the  time  when  swallows  arrive,  and  goes 
out  of  flower  at  the  time  of  their  departure 
(Prior) ;  (2)  The  genus  Asclepias  ;  (3)  Thapsia 
Asdepium;  (4)  Ranunculus  Ficaria;  (5)  Fu- 
•maria  bulbosa;  (6)  Caltha  palustrii;  (7)  Saxi- 
Jraga  granulate. 

swamp,  swomp,  s.  [Dan.  &  Sw.  smmp  =  a 
sponge,  fungus  ;  Sw.  svampig  =  spongy ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  zwam  —  a  fungus  ;  O.  Dut.  swam  = 
a  sponge;  M.  H.  Ger.  swam,  swamp ;  Ger. 
schmtnim  =  a  sponge,  fungus ;  Low  Ger. 


swamm,  swamp;  Goth.  $wamms=a.  sponge 
A.S.  swam,  swamp.  Sponge,  and  fungus,  an 
related  words,  and  from  the  same  root  as 
swim  (q.v.).]  A  piece  of  boggy  or  spongy 
land  ;  low  ground  saturated  with  water  ;  wet, 
soft  ground,  which  may  have  a  growth  ol 
certain  kinds  of  trees,  but  is  useless  for  agri- 
cultural or  pastoral  purposes,  and  so  distin- 
guished from  bog,  fen,  or  marsh,  though  often 
used  as  synonymous  with  these  words. 

"  This  is  a  very  sickly  place,  and  I  believe  hath  need 
snoi'gh  of  an  hospital ;  for  it  is  seated  so  nigh  tli 
creeks  and  twimpt  that  it  is  never  free  fruma  noisoi 
smell."— Dumpier:  Voyagei  (an.  1685). 

swamp-cabbage,  s.  ThesameasSiccHK- 

C^BBAOE  (q.V.). 

swamp-crake,  s. 

Omith. :  Ortygometra  tabwnsis,  an  elegant 
little  rail,  about  seven  inches  long,  spread 
over  Austnilia,  Tasmania,  and  the  islands  in 
Bass's  Strait.  The  sexes  are  alike  in  plumage ; 
head,  neck,  and  under-surface  dark  slate-gray, 
chocolate  brown  above.  (Buller:  Birds  of  Kern 
Zealand.) 

swamp-door,  s. 

Zool :  Rucervua  duvaucelli,  from  India  and 
Assam.  It  is  about  four  feet  in  height,  rich 
light  yellow  In  colour,  and  congregates  in 
large  herds  in  moist  situations.  The  antlers 
are  large,  with  a  long  beam,  which  branches 
into  an  anterior  continuation  of  the  main  por- 
tion, and  a  smaller  posterior  tyne  which  is 
bifurcated. 

swamp-hare,  s.  The  same  as  WATER- 
RABBIT  (q.v.). 

swamp-hellebore,  >. 

1.  Bot. :   Veratrum  viride.    The  bracts  are 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  partial  ones  larger  than 
the  petiole,  which  is  downy  ;  the  flowers  in 
panicled  racemes.    Grows  in  North  American 
swamps    from    Canada    to    South    Carolina. 
Called  also  American  or  Green  Hellebore  and 
Indian  Poke. 

2.  Pharm. :  Tincture  of  Swamp  Hellebore, 
made  by   adding  to   the    rhizome  rectified 
spirit,  is  used  to  act  on  the  vascular  system 
in  inflammatory  diseases,  spec,  in  rheumatic 
fever  and  gout. 

swamp-hen,  ». 

Ornith. :  Porphyrio  melanotus,  widely  dis- 
tributed over  Tasmania,  Australia,  New  Zea- 
land, and  the  Chatham  Islands.  Total  length, 
ai unit  twenty  -  one  inches ;  plumage  sooty 
black,  with  metallic  gloss. 

swamp-hickory,  «. 

Bot.  :  Carya  amara;  a  North  American 
tree,  with  smalt  ovate  fruits,  the  riud  of 
which  remains  permanently  fleshy.  The  ker- 
nel is  very  bitter ;  hence  the  tree  is  some- 
times  called  Bitter-nut. 

swamp-lily,  s. 

Sot. :  The  genus  Zephyrantnes. 
swamp-locust  tree,  s. 

Bot.:  Gleditschia  monosperma;  a  North 
American  tree  about  twenty  feet  high. 

swamp-oak,  s. 

Botany : 

1.  Qvercus  Prinus,  var.  tricolor,  or  discolor ; 
the  Chestnut-leaved  White  Oak,  with  long- 
stalked,  obovate,  acute   leaves.     Found   in 
Canada. 

2.  Vimiera  denudata. 

swamp-ore,  s.  The  same  as  BOO-IRON 
ORE  (q.y.X 

t  swamp  pink,  s. 

Bot. :  A  popular  name  for  Azalea  viscosa,  a 
shrub  from  three  to  eight  feet  high,  with 
deliciously  fragrant  flowers,  growing  in  swamps 
in  America  from  Canada  to  Georgia. 

swamp-post,  .-. 

Bot. :  Qvercus  lyrata,  a  North  American  tree 
about  fifty  feet  high. 

swamp-sassafras,  s. 

Bot.  :  Magnolia  glauca;  the  Deciduous 
Swamp  Magnolia  or  Sweet  Bay,  a  North 
American  tree  about  twenty  feet  high.  The 
bark  is  bitter  and  aromatic,  with  the  proper- 
ties of  Cinchona.  The  bark,  seeds,  and  cones 
areemployed  in  chronic  rheumatism.  [BEAVER- 
TREE.] 

swamp-wood,  >. 

Hot.  :  Dirca  palustrit. 


swamp,  v.t.    [SWAMP,  ».] 
L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  Lit. :  To  plunge,  sink,  or  overwhelm  In 

or  as  in  a  swamp. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  To  plunge  into  inextricable  difficulties. 

(2)  To  outbalance ;   to  exceed  greatly  In 
numbers, 

"  A  more  striking  political  incident  than  (he 
ivtimpinf  of  the  Irish  electorate  with  Pariiellit«s."— 
Daily  Teleyraph,  Dec.  1.  1886. 

II.  Naut. :  To  overset,  sink,  or  cause  to  be 
filled,  as  a  boat  in  water  ;  to  whelm. 

swam'-py,  a.  [Eng.  swamp,  s.  ;  ~y. }  Con- 
sisting of  swamp  ;  resembling  swamp  ;  boggy ; 
soft  and  wet ;  marshy. 

"  Waked  still  Loch.lloine.  and  to  the  source 
Alarmed,  Balvaig.  thy  tvtmpif  course  " 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  111.  84. 

swan,  s.    [A.S.  swan  ;  cngn.  with  Dnr,  zwaan; 
Icel.    svanr ;    Dan.    same ;    Sw.   »iiu»;    Ger. 
schwan  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  swan,  swana.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2 

2.  Fig. :  Applied  to  a  famous  poet :  thus, 
Shakespeare  is  called    the   Swan   of   Avon, 
Virgil  the  Swan  of  Mantua. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Astron. :  The  constellation  Cygnus. 

2.  Ornith. :  Any  individual  of  the  genua 
Cygnus  (q.v.).    The  Swans  form  a  sharply-de- 
fined group  ;  the  body  is  elongated,  the  neck 
very  long,  head  moderate  ;  beak  about  as  long 
as  head  ;  legs  short,  and  placed  far  back.    On 
the  under-surface  the  plumage  is  thick  and 
fur-like ;  on  the  upper  side  the  feathers  are 
broad,  but  both  above  and  below  the  body  is 
thickly  covered  with  down.    Their  short  legs 
render  their  movements  on  land  awkward  and 
ungainly,  but  in  the  water  these  birds  are 
graceful  to  a  proverb.     Their  food  consists 
of  vegetable  substances  and  weeds,  their  long 
necks  enabling  them  to  dip  below  the  surface 
and  to  reach  their  food  at  considerable  depths. 
Swans  breed  in  high  latitudes,  but  the  do- 
mesticated species,    Cygnus   olor,    the  Mute 
Swan,  breeds  on  eyots  and  the  shores  of  lakes, 
making  a  very  large  nest  on  land,  in  which 
five  or  six  greenish  eggs  are  deposited.    The 
young  generally  are  covered  with  a  gray  down 


HEADS  OF  SWANS. 

A.  Mate  Swan;  B.  Whooper;  c.  Bewick's  Swan  i 
n.  Polish  Swan. 

till  the  age  of  two  years,  when  they  assume  the 
characteristic  white  plumage  of  the  older  birds. 
The  American  Swan  (C.  americanui)  has  iu 
breeding  places  in  northern  Canada,  ils  viuter 
excursions  extending  no  further  southward 
than  North  Carolina.  Another  American  spe- 
cies, the  Trumpeter  Swan  ( C.  buccinator)  breeds 
chiefly  in  Arctic  regions,  but  migrates  farther 
south,  large  flocks  being  seen  in  winter  as  far 
south  as  Texas.  Kurope  possesses,  in  addition 
to  C.olor,  the  Whistling  Swan  (C1.  nnuinu),  Be- 
wick's Swan  (C. betricH),  and  the  Polish  Swan 
(C.imrmitabili*).  Themostbeautifulof  the  whole 
genus  is  the  Black-necked  Swan  (C.  nigricollU), 
from  South  America ;  while  the  most  remark- 
able is  the  Black  Swan  (C.  atratus),  from 
Australia,  first  brought  to  Europe  early  in  the 
seventeenth  century.  So  convinced  were  the 
ancients  that  white  plumage  was  of  the  es- 
sence of  a  swan,  that  a  "  black  swan  "  was  a 
proverbial  expression  for  something  extremely 
rare— if  not  for  the  non-existent— from  the 
days  of  Juvenal  (vi.  161-4)  to  those  of  Sir 
Thomas  Browne  (Vulg.  Err.,  bk.  v.,  ch.  xix.). 
The  stories  about  the  musical  voice  of  the 
Swan,  though  greatly  embellished  by  early 
writers,  appear  to  have  some  foundation  in 
fact  so  far  as  regards  the  Whooper  (C.  miui- 
eus).  T.  Rymer  Jones  says,  "  The  dying 
Swan,  we  find,  has  nothing  peculiar  iu  its 
notes,  but  its  last  cries  may  be  as  loud  aud 


fltte,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolt;  work.  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cor,  role,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    w,  »  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


trwang— swart 


4569 


musical  as  any  others  to  which  it  has  given 
utterance"  (Casscll's  Book  a} Birds,  iv.  125). 

swan  coat,  swan-shift,  ». 

Anthrop. :  The  outward  form  or  vesture  of 
a  swan-maiden  (q.v.). 

"Three  women  sit  on  the  shore  with  their  tvan. 
oxid  beside  them,  ready  to  turn  Into  swans  and  fly 
away  --Ti/lor:  garly  But.  Mankind  (ed.  1878),  p.  86S. 
(Note.) 

swan-down,  *.  The  same  as  SWAN'S 
DOWN  (q.v.). 

swan-flower, s.    [SWANWORT.] 
swan-hero,  i. 

Anthrop. :  The  husband  of  a  swan-maiden. 

"The  tuan-hero  forsakes  hla  wife  the  moment  she 
asks  the  forbidden  question."— Grimm :  Deut.  Mythot. 
(ed.  Stallybnus).  1.  417. 

Swan  -  hopping,  s.  A  corruption  of 
•wan-upping— that  is,  the  ceremony  or  pro- 
cess of  marking  swans  belonging  to  the  crown, 
London  companies  or  guilds,  the  University 
of  Oxford,  &c.,  which  is  annually  performed 
by  making  a  cut  or  mark  upon  the  upper 
mandible  with  a  knife  or  other  sharp  instru- 
ment. 

swan-like,  a.    Like  a  swan. 

"  Then,  if  he  lose,  he  makes  a  man.lVte  end, 
Fading  in  music." 

Statev. :  HerdMM  of  Venice,  ill.  t 

•wan-maiden,  .-•. 

Anthrop.  :  A  supernatural  being  In  the 
•hape  of  a  swan,  fabled  to  have  the  power  of 
•iiuming  the  figure  of  a  beautiful  young 
woman,  by  taking  off  the  swan-coat  or  swan- 
•hift.  Many  of  these  swan-maidens  are  said 
to  have  contracted  marriage  with  men  who 
had  obtained  power  over  them  by  getting 
possession  of  the  swan-coat  or  swan-shift,  but 
If  the  swan-maiden  recovers  this  from  her 
husband,  even  though  she  may  have  borne 
him  children,  ahe  assumes  her  former  shape 
and  flies  away  from  him  for  ever.  [VALKYR, 

WISH  CHILDREN.) 

"These  lovely  iwanmaident  must  hare  been  lonj 
known  to  German  tradition.  When  they  bathe  in 
the  cooling  flood,  they  lay  down  on  the  bank  the  swan- 
ring,  the  swau-shift ;  who  takes  it  from  them  has 
them  in  his  power.  —  Orimm:  Deut.  Myttol.  fed. 
Btallybrass).  L  428. 

swan-mark,  ».  A  mark  Indicating  the 
ownership  of  a  swan. 

swan-neck, «. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   A  long,  graceful  neck  like 
that  of  a  swan  ;  hence,  the  end  of  a  pipe 
curved  or  arched  like  the  neck  of  *  swan. 

2.  Bot. :  [SWANWORT]. 

•wan-ring,  >. 

A  nthrop. :  A  ring  supposed  to  have  the 
»me  power  »s  the  swan-coat  (q.v.). 

swan-Shift,  ».    [SWAN-COAT.] 

swan-shot,  s.    A  very  large  size  of  shot, 
used  for  shooting  swans. 
swan-npping,  s.    [SWAN-HOPPING.] 

swan-wife,  s. 

Anthrop. :  A  swan-maiden  (q.v.)  who  has 
married  a  human  being. 

"Many  tales  of  min-vlMl  still  live  among  the 
Norse  neo].le."-9rimm :  Deut.  Mythol.  (ed.  Slally. 
brass).  L  427. 

swan's   down,  swan-down,  s.     The 

down  or  soft  feathers  obtained  from  a  swan. 
"  With  his  fan  of  turkey-leathers, 
With  his  plumes  and  tufts  of  ttoan'g  down." 
Longfellout:  Hiawitha. 

•wang.  s.  [From  the  same  root  as  SWAMP 
(q.v.).  ]  A  piece  of  low  or  green  sward  liable 
to  be  covered  with  water ;  a  swamp,  a  bog. 
(Prov.) 

swan  herd,  s.  [Eng.  swan,  and  herd.]  One 
who  tends  swans 

swank,  a.    [Of.  Ger.  schwank  =  pliant,  supple.] 

1.  Thin,  slender,  pliant,  agile.    (Scotch.) 

2.  Stately,  jolly. 

"  Thou  ance  was  1'  the  foremost  rank, 
A  filly  buirdly.  steeve,  an'  tioanl." 

Burnt :  Auld  farmer  to  hit  Auld  Mare. 

swank'-ie,swank'-tf,».   [SWANK.]  A  tight, 
strapping  young  fellow  or  girl.    (Scotch.) 
"  There.  swanTfiet  young,  In  braw  bratd-clalth, 
Are  sprlugiu  o'er  the  gutters." 

Burnt:  Boly  Fair. 

Swank'  Ing,  a.  [SWANK.]  Supple,  active. 
(Scotch.) 

"  A  wanking  young  chleld."— ScoH  .•  Bride  of  Lam- 
mermoor,  ch.  xxiv. 


swan'-ner-J',  ».  (Eng.  svxm ;  -«V-1  A  place 
where  swans  are  bred  and  reared. 

"  Anciently  the  crown  had  an  extemurejuionn/mi 
annexed  to  the  royal  palace  or  manor  of  Clarendon, 
In  Wlltthlre.  It  had  also  s,  mwery  In  the  Isle  of 
Purbeck."—  tarreU:  Bitt.  BritM  Fiina. 

iwan'-njf,  a.    [Eng.  swan ;  -y.]    Swanlike. 

"The  ncanny  glossiness  of  a  neck."— Sichardton: 
Claritta.  iv.  22. 

swan  pan,  «.    [SHWANPAN.] 

swan '-skin,  s.    [Eng.  swan,  and  skin.} 

1.  The  skin  of  a  swan  with  the  feathers  on. 

2.  A  kind  of  fine-twilled  flannel. 

3.  A  kind  of  woollen  blanketing  used  by 
letterpress  printers  and  engravers. 

Swan'- wort,  *.  [Eng.  swan,  and  wort.  Named 
because  the  column  is  long  and  curved  like 
the  neck  of  a  swan.) 

Bot. :  Cycnoches,  a  genus  of  Orchids.  Called 
also  Swan-neck  and  Swan -flower.  About 
eleven  species  are  cultivated  in  British  hot- 
houses, ten  from  the  warmer  parts  of  America, 
and  one  from  Singapore. 

swap,  adv.  [Ger.  schwapp  =  a  blow,  also  as 
interj.  slap  !  smack !]  Hastily  ;  on  a  sudden  ; 
with  sudden  or  hasty  violence.  (Prov.) 

swap,  *  swappe.  v.t.  &  i.  [A  variant  of 
sweep,  v.  (q.v.)  ;  cf.  Icel.  sveipja  =  to  sweep, 
to  swoop.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

•  1.  To  strike,  as  with  a  sweeping  stroke. 

"  Svap  of  his  bed."          Cnaucer :  C.  T.,  15,884. 

2.  To  exchange,  to  barter,  to  swop. 

"  A  counta  of  quaint  little  female  Hollanders  map- 
ping dolls."— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  7.  1885. 

B.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  To  move  swiftly ;  to  rush. 

"  Beofs  to  him  twapte."  Layamon,  26.776. 

2.  To  fall  completely  down. 

3.  To  ply  the  wings  with  a  sweeping  noise. 
I.  To  swop,  to  barter. 

swap,  ».    [SWAP,  v.] 

1.  A  blow,  a  stroke. 

"  If t  be  a  thwack.  I  make  account  «f  that ; 
There's  no  new  fashioned  noap  that  ere  came  up  yet 
But  I've  the  first  on  'em." 

Beaum.  t  flet. :  Vice  Valour. 

2.  A  barter,  an  exchange,  a  swop. 

"  I  e'en  changed  It,  as  occasion  served  ...  for  gin 
and  brandy,  and  it  served  the  house  many  *  year— 
a  gude  neap  too."— Scott:  Bride  of  Lammernwr, 
ch.  xxvi. 

swape,  >.    [SWEEP,  v.] 

1.  A  bucket  on  the  end  of  a  line  from  a 
balanced  pole  which  rests  on  a  post.    It  has 
been  employed  for  forty  centuries  in  Egypt, 
and  is  represented  on  the  temples  and  tombs 
of  that  country.    The  well-pole  and  oaken 
bucket  are  yet  common  in  America. 

2.  A  sconce,  or  light-holder 

3.  A  pump-handle. 

4.  A  long  oar,  or  sweep. 

*  swappe,  v.t.  4  i.    [SWAP,  v. 

sward,    "  swart,   *  swarde,  *  sweard, 

•  swerd,  *  sworde,  s.  [A.S.  sweard  =  the 
skin  of  bacon  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  zwoord  =  skin 
of  bacon  ;  Icel.  sviirdhr  =  skin,  hide,  sward  ; 
jardhar-svdrdhr  =  earth-sward  ;  grassvordr  = 
gras«-sw«rd  ;  Dan.  jlesksvoer  =  flesh-sward, 
skin  of  bacon  ;  gronsvcerd  —  greensward  ;  Ger. 
schwarte  =  rind,  bark,  skin.] 
*  1.  A  skin,  a  covering,  rind. 

"  Brandish  no  swords  but  naeardl  of  bacon  1" 

Brever:  Lingun,  11.  1. 

2.  Turf ;  the  grassy  surface  of  land ;  that 
part  of  the  soil  which  is  filled  with  the  roots 
of  grass  ;  when  covered  with  green  grass  it  is 
called  green  sward. 

sward-cutter,  s. 

1.  A  plough  to  turn  over  grass  lands. 

2.  A  lawn-mower  (q.v.). 

*  sward,  v.t.    [SWARD,  ».] 

1.  To  produce  sward  on  ;  to  cause  sward  to 
grow  on. 

2.  To  cover  with  sward  or  grass  ;  to  strew 
with  grass. 

sward  ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SWARD,  «.] 

*  sward'-j?,  a.   [Eng.  sward,  s. ;  -y.]   Covered 
with  sward. 


•ware,  pret.  ofv.    [SWEAR.] 

swarf  (1),  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  Iron  filings. 

2.  The  grit  worn  away  from  grindstones 
used  in  grinding  cutlery  wet.    (Prov.) 

swarf  (2),  s.  [SWART,  v.]  A  fainting-fit ;  a 
swoon,  stupor.  (Scotch.) 

swarf  (3),  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.)    (See  com- 
pound.) 

*  swarf-money,  ». 

Feudal  Law:  Money  paid  In  lieu  of  th» 
service  of  castleward. 

swarf,  v.t.  [Prob.  connected  with  swervt 
(q.v.).]  To  swoon,  to  faint.  (Scotch.) 

"He  was  like  a  man  awa  frae  himsell  for  manj 
minutes,  and  I  thought  be  would  hae  twarv't  »• 
thegither."— Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxvii. 

swarm,  *  swanne,  ».  [A.S.  swmrm ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  moerm:  Icel.  svarmr;  Dan.  svcerm; 
Svt.svarm;  M.  H.  Ger.  swarm ;  Ger.  schwarm 
=:  a  swarm  ;  schwirren  =  to  buzz  ;  sweren  ~ 
to  hum.  From  the  same  root  as  swear.] 

1.  A  large  number  or  body  of  small  animal* 
or   insects,  particularly  when  moving  in  a 
confused  mass. 

2.  Specif.,  the  cluster  of  honey-bees  which 
issue  at  once  from  a  hive,  seeking  a  new 
home,  under  the  direction  of  the  queen-be* ; 
a  similar  cluster  of  bees  settled  in  a  hive. 

"  When  the  twarmt  are  eager  of  their  play. 
And  loath  their  empty  hives." 

Dryden  :  Virgtt  ;  9eonic  Iv.  1IT. 

3.  A  large  and  dense  number  or  clnster  of 
persons  ;  a  multitude  of  people  in  motion  ;  a 
crowd,  a  mob,  a  multitude,  a  throng.    (Some- 
times applied  to  inanimate  objects.) 

"  This  marm  of  fair  advantages." 

Shaketp. :  1  Henry  IV.,  T.  L 

swarm  (1),  v.l.  *  t.    [A.S.  swirman;   Dan. 
svterme;  Ger.  schwarmen;  8w.  svarma.] 
A*  Intransitive : 

1.  To  collect  and  rise  in  a  body  from  a  hiv« 
in  flight,  as  bees. 

"  The  Trojans  .  .  .  issue  In  a  throng. 
Like  twarming  bees."    Dryden :  Virgil ;  .fneid  11. 8S. 

2.  To   appear  or   collect   in   a   crowd   or 
crowds  ;  to  throng  together  in  multitudes ; 
to  crowd  together  in  confusion. 

"  The  common  people  by  numbers  twarm  to  us," 
Shatetp.  :  i  Be*ry  rl.  Iv.  I 

3.  To  be  overcrowded  or  thronged  ;  to  be 
overrun  ;  to  be  filled  with  a  multitude,  crowd, 
or  throng  of  animals   in    motion,   or    other 
objects. 

"  The  banks  promiscuous  twarm'd  with  thronging 
troops."  tfarton :  Eclogue  5. 

*  4.  To  breed  multitudes. 

"  Not  so  thick  iienrmd  once  the  soil 
Bedropp'd  with  blood  of  Qorgon." 

Milton :  P.  L.,  I.  527. 

B.  Trans. :  To  crowd,  to  throng. 

swarm  (2),  v.i.  &  t.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf. 
squirm.] 

A*  Intrans. :  To  climb  a  tree,  pole,  or  the 
like,  by  embracing  it  with  the  arms  and  legs 
and  scrambling  up.  (Generally  with  up.) 

B.  Trans. :   To  climb,  as  a  tree,   etc.,  by 
embracing   it    with    the  arms   and  legs  and 
scrambling  up. 

swarm' -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,&s.    [SWARM  (1),  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <£  particip.  adj.  :  (Se« 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive: 

*  1.  The  act  of  coming  off  or  collecting  in 
swarms,  as   bees ;  a  thronging  or  crowding 
thickly  together. 

2.  Bot. :  The  name  given  by  the  Germans  to 
the  oscillating  and  crowding  motions  of  the 
zoospores  and  anthero/oids  of  Conferva?,  &c., 
while  free  in  the  cavity  of  the  parent  cell  just 
before  their  breaking  forth.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  resemblance  of  their  move- 
ments to  the  swarming  of  bees.  [ZOOSPORE.] 

swart,  swarth,  *  snart,  a.  [A.S.  sweart  = 
black;  cogn.  with  Dut.  zirart;  Icel.  svartr ; 
Dan.  sort;  Sw.  svart;  O.H.Ger.  swarz,  sitarz; 
Goth,  swarts:  Ger.  schwarz.]  Of  a  black  or 
dark  colour  ;  swarthy.  (Applied  especially  to 
the  skin.) 

"  A  twarth  complexion,  and  a  curled  head." 

Chapman  :  Somcr ;  Odyueytix. 

swart-back,  s.  The  great  black-backed 
gull,  Larus  marinus.  (Scotch.) 


boH.  bo^;  potkt,  J<Swl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   P&-* 
-oian,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -flon  =  zhun,   -clous,  -tlous.  -slous  =  shuo.   -ble. -die,  &c.  _  bel,  del. 


4570 


ewart— sway 


*  swart-star,   *.     Sirius,  the  Dog-star. 

So  called  ituin  its  appearance  during  the  hot 
weatherof  summer,  which  darkens  or  "swarts" 
the  countenance, 

"  Ye  valleys  low  ... 

On  whose  fresh  lap  the  twart-star  sparely  looks." 
Milton  :  Lycidca,  188. 

*  swart,  v.t.     [SWART,  o.]     To  make  black, 
dark,  or  tawny. 

"  The  heat  of  the  aim  whose  fervour  may  swart 
a  living  part,  and  even  black  a  dead  or  dissolving 
flesh."— Browne :  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  vt,  ch,  x. 

swarth,  a.    [SWART.] 

swarth  (1),  swairth,  s.  [Prob.  the  same  as 
SWARTH,  a.]  An  apparition  of  a  person  about 
to  die ;  a  wraith.  (Scotch.) 

swarth  (2),  s.    [SWARD.] 

1.  The  sward  ;  the  turl 

2.  A  swath  ;  one  of  the  bands  or  ridges  of 
grass,  hay,  &e.,  produced  by  mowing  with  the 
scythe. 

"  Here  stretch 'd  in  ranks,  the  levell'd  twarthi  an 
found."  Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xviit  639. 

swarth'-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  swarthy,  a. ;  -ly.} 
In  a  swarthy  manner  ;  with  a  swarthy  hue. 

swarth'  i  ness,  swarth'-ness,  s.  [Eng. 
swarthy,  swarth;  -ness.]  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  swarthy;  darkness  or  tawniness  of 
complexion. 

"It  thickens  the  complexion,  and  dyes  It  Into  an 
unpleuhig  ntarthintu."— Felt  ham  :  Rctoltet,  res.  36. 

swarth'-y,  o.  [Eng.  swarth,  a. ;  -y.]  Being 
of  a  dark  or  dusky  hue  or  complexion  ;  tawny, 
black.  (Applied  especially  to  the  skin.) 

"  The  wild  confusion  and  the  swarthy  glow 
Of  flames  on  high  and  torches  from  below." 

Byron :  Coriair,  U.  4. 

••warth'-y;  v.t.  [SWARTHY,  a.]  To  make 
swarthy,  to  blacken. 

"  Now  will  I  and  my  man  swarthy  our  faces  over  a*. 
If  that  country's  heat  bad  made  'em  so."— Cowl«y. 

*  swart' -i-ness,    5.       [Eng.  swarty ;   -ness.] 
Swarthiness,  darkness. 

*  swarf  -ish,  *  swart-ysh,  a.    [Eng.  swart, 
a. ;  -ish.]    Somewhat  swarthy,  dark,  or  tawny. 

"Melancholy,  that  cold,  dry,  wretched  saturnine 
humor,  creepeth  in  with  a  lean*,  pale,  or  twartyth 
colour,  which  reigneth  npon  solitarye,  caret ull,  muayiig 
n)eo.*~BuIlein  :  Bulwark  of  Defence,  iv. 

*  swart'-ness,  $.      [Eng.  swart;  -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  swarthy  ;  swart  hi. 
ness. 

*  swart'-y.  o.    [Eng.  swart,  a. ;  -y.]    Swarthy, 
dark,  tawny. 

"  From  these  first  qualities  arise  many  other  second, 
as  that  of  colour,  blacke,  stearty,  pale,  ruddy,  Ac."— 
Burt*n:  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  p,  179. 

*  swartr'-i-a,  *.    [Named  by  Willdenow  after 

Prof.  Olaf  Swartz  (1760-1818),  a  Swedish  bot- 
anist, author  of  Flora  Indice  Occidentalis.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Swartzieae  (q.v.). 
Calyx  globular  or  ovate,  splitting  ultimately 
into  reflexed  sepals  ;  petals  often  wanting  ;  if 
present,  with  one,  two,  or  three  petals.  Large 
trees,  with  valuable  timber,  nearly  all  from 
tropical  America.  Known  species  about  sixty. 
Swartzfa  tomentosa  is  a  magnificent  tree,  sixty 
feet  high,  with  a  trunk  three  feet  in  diameter. 
It  grows  in  French  Guiana.  Its  heart-wood 
is  red  or  black,  hard,  close-grained,  and  very 
durable.  Its  bark  is  the  Panococco  bark, 
which  is  a  powerful  sudorific.  The  seeds  of 
S.  triphylla  are  acrid  and  cathartic. 

swartz-l-e'-se,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  swartzHa); 
Lat.  fein.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -ece.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Csesalpiniese. 

swarve,t.i.  or  t.  [SWERVE.]  (Scotch.)  To 
swerve. 

•'  The  horse  twarved  round,  and  I  felt  ttft  at  ta« 
side." — Scott .'  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  ch.  ulv. 

Swash  (1),  "swashe,  5.    [SWASH,  v.] 

*  I.  A  blustering  noise,  a  vapouring. 

*  I  will  flaunt  and  brave  it  after  the  lusty  fioojA."— 
The  Three  Ladies  of  London. 

2.  Impulse  of  water  flowing  with  violence ; 
a  dashing  or  splashing  of  water. 

*3.  A  roaring  blade,  a  swaggerer,  a  swasher. 

4.  A  narrow  sound  or  channel  of  water  lying 
within  a  sandbank  or  between  that  and  the 
shore. 

*  5.  Wash  ;  hogswash. 

"  Loneyng  after  slibber  sauM  and  twatht,  at  which 
a  whole  Btornacke  is  readye  to  oast  hys  gorge.*— Tun- 
doll  :  W«rk«t,  p.  66. 


swash-bank,  s. 

Hydr.-eng. :  The  crowning  portion  of  a  sea- 
embankment. 

swash-bucket,  s.  The  common  recep- 
tacle of  the  washings  of  the  scullery  ;  hence, 
a  mean,  slatternly  woman.  (Prov.) 

*  swash-buckler,  s.  A  swaggerer,  a 
bully,  a  bravo,  a  braggadocio. 

"  A  ruffian  is  the  name  with  a  swaggerer,  so  called, 
because  endeavouring  to  make  that  side  to  swag  or 
weigh  down,  whereon  be  ingageth.  The  same  also 
with  neriih-bttrklrr,  from  swashing  or  making  a  noise 
on  bucklers." — Fuller  :  Worthiet ;  London. 

swash-way,  s.  The  same  aa  SWASH  (1), 
s.,  4. 

swash  (2),  5.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Arch.  ;  An  oval  figure  whose  mouldings  arc 
oblique  to  the  axis  of  the  work. 

swash-letter,  s. 

Print. :  A  name  common  to  old-faced  ca>i- 
tals  whose  terminations  project  considerably 
beyond  the  shank,  as  (^  J^,  &c.  (Brande.) 

swash-plate,  s. 

Mach. :  A  rotating,  circular  plate,  inclined 
to  the  plane  of  its  revolution,  so  as  to  give  a 
vertical  reciprocation  to  the  rod,  whose  foot 
rests  thereupon,  and  which  moves  between 
lateral  guides. 

swash,  a.  [Prob.  allied  to  squash  (q.v.).] 
Soft,  like  over-ripe  fruit ;  squashy.  {Prov.) 

*  swash,  v.t.  [Sw.  dial,  svasska  =  to  make  a 
squashing  or  swashing  noise.] 

1.  To  bluster,   to  make    a  great  noise,  to 
brag,  to  vapour,  to  swagger. 

2.  To  fall  violently. 

"Thrusting  into  hir  chamber,  they  offered  to  kiss 
her,  and  ttoatht  downe  upun  hir  bed."—  Bolinihtd  : 
Chron.  (an.  lasij. 

3.  To  spill  or  splash  water  about ;  to  dash 
or  flow  noisily ;  to  splash. 

swash  cr,  a.  [Eng.  svxish,  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  makes  a  blustering  show  of  valour  or 
force  of  arms ;  a  blusterer,  a  swaggerer,  a 
bully,  a  braggadocio,  a  braggart 

"As  young  as  I  am,  I  have  observed  these  thre« 
twaihert.*— ShaJtetp. :  Henry  V ,  iii.  2. 

SWash'-lng,  pr.  par.  &  a.     [SWASH,  *.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Having  the  character  of  a  swasher;  blus- 
tering, swaggering. 

"  She  Indicates,  behind  an  outside  which  U  veritably 
swathing  and  martial,  a  true  woman."— Athenaeum, 
June  14,  p.  770. 

2.  Falling   heavily ;  having    great    force ; 
crushing. 

"Gregory,  remember  thy  twatMng  blow.  "—SkaJtetp.f 
Borneo  A  Juliet,  L  L 

*swash'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  swash;  -ly.]  In  a 
swashing  manner ;  lashing  about. 

swash' ~y,  a.  [Eng.  svxish,  a.;  -y.]  Swash, 
squashy,  soft. 

swat,  pret.  ofv.    [SWEAT,  v.} 

Swatph,  s.     [A  variant  of  suxtfA  (q.v.).] 
•1.  A  swath. 

"  One  apreadetb  those  bands,  BO  in  order  to  He, 
As  barley  (in  twatch**)  may  fill  It  thereby." 

Tuner  :  AufflUt's  flutoandry. 

2.  A  sample,  a  pattern;  a  shred.  (Geiierally 
of  cloth.)  (Scotch.) 

"  That's  Just  a  ttoatch  o'  Hornbook's  way." 

Burnt :  Death  A  Dr.  Hornbook. 

swath,  swathe,  *.  [A.  S.  swadhu  —  a  track, 
a  trace  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  zioaad  —  a  swathe  ; 
ewad,  zwade  =  a  swath  ;  Ger.  schwad  =  a 
swath.] 

1.  A  line  or  ridge  of  grass  or  corn  cut  and 
thrown  together   by   a    scythe  or   mowing- 
machine. 

"As  soon  as  your  grass  is  mown,  if  it  lie  thick  in 
the  matt,  neither  air  nor  aim  can  )«ss  freely  through 
It."—  Mortimer :  Butbnndry. 

2.  The  whole  reach  or  sweep  of  a  scythe  or 
mowing-machine. 

3.  A  band,  a  fillet,  a  bandage. 

"  Its  make  is  such,  that  it  seems  to  be  a  crown  :  it 
Is  made  of  thick  twatht,  but  the  contexture  is  of 
linen."—  Whitton  :  Jotephut;  Anttqttitin  of  the  Jetct, 
bk.  iil.,  ch.  xi. 

*  swath-band,    'swath-bond,  *.    A 

awaddling-band. 

"  Wash't  sweetly  oner,  swadled  with  nincer* 
And  spotleese  twath-b^ndt," 

Chapman  :  Homer  ;  Bymn  to  Apollo. 


Swathe,  v.t.     [A.S.su-edftian,  besicedhian  =  to 
wrap  up;  from  swadhu—  a  slired,  a  swath 
(q.v.).] 
1.  To  bind  with  a  band,  bandage,  or  roller. 

"  From  their  iufancy  their  feet  are  keut  swathed 
op  with  bauds,  tut  hard  aa  they  can  possibly  endure 
them."— Dumpier  ;  Voyage*  (an.  1667). 

*  2.  To  make  a    bundle   of;  to  tie  up  in 
bundles  or  sheaves,  as  corn. 

"  Jaoeli ;  tuxithed  or  made  into  sheaves." — Cotyrave, 

*  3.  To  bind  about,  to  inclose,  to  surround. 

*'  He  twathet  about  the  swelling  of  the  deep. 
That  shines  and  rests,  as  lufnula  suiile  and  sleep." 
Covper :  /u-tirement,  5t7. 

4.  To  wind  or  fold  together ;  to  bind,  to 
wrap. 

swathe,  s.  [SWATH,  s.]  A  bandage,  a  band, 
a  rollei*. 

"  '1  '.ivy  had  wrapt  me  In  above  an  hundred  yards  oj 
twithe.  —Spectator,  No.  90. 

•swath'-ey,  a.  [Eng.  twathe;  -y.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  swath  ;  consisting  of  or  lying 
in  swaths. 

swath'-mg,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [SWATHE,  v.t.] 

*  swathing  -clothes,  'swathing- 
Cloaths,  s.pl.    Swaddling-clothes. 

"  When  they  will,  they  may  lay  down  the  young 
infant?,  and  at  their  pleasure  take  them  out  of  their 
tteathing-cloaihs,  and  hold  them  to  the  fire,  and  refresh 
them  with  play."— Sir  T.  More  :  Utopia,  bk,  iL,  ch.  v. 

*  swath' -le  (le  as  el),  v.t.    [SWADDLE.]    To 
swaddle. 

"Swathled  with  bands.**—  Sandyi :  Travel*,  p.  1SS, 

swats,  *.  pi.  [A.S.  svmte.]  Drink  ;  good  ale. 
(Scotch.) 

"  Fast  by  an  ingle,  bleezing  finely, 
Wl'  reaming  tvatt  that  draiik  divinely." 
Buna  :  Tarn  D'iA 

*  swatte,  pret.  ofv.    [SWEAT,  v.] 

swat  -ter,  squat'-ter,  r.i.  [Gf.  Sw.  squat- 
tra  =  to  chatter ;  JBavar.  schwadttem  =  to 
splash,  to  spill.)  To  splutter,  to  flounce;  to 
move  rapidly  in  any  fluid,  generally  in  an 
nndulating  way.  (Scotch.) 

sway,  *swey-en,  v.t.  &  i.  (Icel.  sveigja=i 
to  bow,  to  bend,  as  a  switch  or  bow,  to  swing; 
Dan.  svaie  =  to  swing  to  and  fro,  to  sway ; 
wag  =.  weak  ;  Sw.  sviga  =  to  bend,  to  yield  ; 
svag  =  weak  ;  Dut.  zwaai  =  a  turn  ;  zwanijeji 
=  to  swing,  to  turn,  to  sway,  to  brandish; 
Norw.  svfigja  =  to  bend  ;  sveg  =  a  switch  j 
sviga  =  to  bend,  to  give  way.] 

A.  Transitive; 

L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  To  move    backwards  and   forward ;  to 
swing. 

"She  ttcayfd  her  lithe  body  in  gentle  rhythmical 
motions,"— Diiiltf  Telegraph,  Dec,  4,  188a. 

2.  To  move  backwards  and  forwards  in  the 
hand ;  to  wave,  to  swing ;  to  wield  with  the 
hand. 

"And  golden  Marcus,  he  that  twaidf  the  Romaine 

sword. 

Bare  witnesse  of  Boemia,  by  credito  of  his  word." 
Gatcoigne :  In  Praite  of  a  Gentlewoman. 

3.  To  cause  to  lean  or  incline  to  one  side; 
to  weigh  down. 

*  4.  To  bias,  to  prejudice ;  to  turn  away  or 
aside. 

"  Heaven  forgive  them,  that  so  much  have  ttraytd 
Tour  majesty's  good  thoughts  away  from  me. 

ShaJcetp.  :  l  Henry  /I'.,  iii.  1 

5.  To  rale,  to  govern  ;  to  direct  the  course 
of;  to  influence  or  direct  by  power  and  autho- 
rity or  by  moral  force, 

"Our  practice  is  guided  by  notions  that  we  had 
nicked  in,  ia  tvrayed  by  inuiinatiuuB  that  we  got 
before,"— Harrow :  Sermunt,  vol.  ill.,  ser.  17. 

n.  Naut.  :  To  hoist,  to  raise.  (Particularly 
applied  to  the  lower  yards  and  to  the  top. 
masts.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  drawn  to  one  side  by  weight ;  to 
hang  in  a  heavy,  unsteady  manner ;  to  bear, 
to  sway  :  as,  A  wall  sways  to  the  right. 

2.  To  move  or  advance  to  one  side ;  to  in- 
cline to  one  side. 

3.  To  have  the  feelings  or  judgment   in- 
clining one  way  ;  to  incline. 

"  He  seems  indifferent: 
Or  rather  swaying  mure  uix>n  our  part. 
Then  cherishing  the  exhii.itera  against  us.* 

ShaJutp.  :  Henry  P.,  L  1. 

4.  To  move  unsteadily  backwards  and  foi*» 
wards,  or  from  one  side  to  another. 

"The  branches       t 

Stcnfifd  and  sighed  overhead  in  scarcely  audible 
whispers."  Longfellow:  Ewungeline,  iL  fc 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  woU  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  foil;  try,  Syrian,    aa,  ce  =  e;  e~  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


sway-  sweating 


4571 


6,  To  have  weight  or  influence. 

"To  diitiuniUh  what  motlv*  MUftlly  **»*«<*  with 
him i  OD i  «v«ry  p*rticuUr  occwiuu."-.*«rcA;  LtfW  a/ 
future,  vul.  i.,  pt.  i..  ch.  T. 

•  6.  To  rule,  to  govern. 

"  No  one  should  tway  but  ha." 

Shake*?,  .'  1  aenrf  t  /.,  Ill-  i- 

T  (1)  To  swaj  on :  Not  to  yield  to  doubt  »nd 
fear,  but  to  push  on. 

"  Let  us  iuai  on.  and  face  them  In  the  field." 

8ha*e*p. :  Z.Henrit  IV.,  IT.  L 
(2)  To  JKW0  *P  : 

Naut  •  To  swing  up  by  polling  a  rope ;  to 
throw  a  strain  on  a  raastmpe,  in  order  to 
start  the  mast  upwards,  so  that  the  fid  may 
be  taken  out  previously  to  lowering  the  mast 

•way,  *  swale, «.    [SWAY,  «.] 

1.  The  swing  or  sweep  of  a  weapon. 

"To  strike  with  huge  two-handed  Iwrty." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  vl.  2*1. 

J.  The  motion  of  a  thing  moving  heavily. 
*3.  Weight. 

"Oft  must  meune  oil  the  oke  smite,  till  the  happie 
dente  haue  entred.  wliiche  » ith  the  okes  owue  .waie, 
nalietb  it  to  come  all  at  ones."— Cnaucer :  Teitamtnt 
afLoue,  bk.  Hi. 

t  Preponderance  ;  turn  of  the  balance. 

"  Expert 

When  to  advance,  to  stand,  or  turn i  the  n»y 
Of  battle."  JlUt""  •  F-  I-  vl-  S38- 

6.  Influence  ;  weight  on  one  side. 

"Our  latent  motiTee,  which  bear  so  great  e,  nmi  in 
tie  behayiour  of  most  men,  cannot  owe  their  appear. 
Mice  to  the  n>iud."-S«aroJ.:  ii»M  of  Mature,  Tot.  ii.. 
pt.  i..  ch.  ii. 

8.  Power  exerted  in  governing;  rale,  do- 
minion, control, 

"  Blare,  fight  for  what  were  better  c««t  away. 
The  chain  that  bind,  them,  and  a  tyrant  s  • 

Cowptr  :  Table  Talk,  888. 

7.  A  switch  used  by  thatnhers  to  bind  their 
work. 

8.  A  pivoted  upright  with  an  arm  attached, 
Ixed  to  the  hob  of  a  grate  or  cooking  range, 
so  that  the  arm,  with  pots  or  kettles  hung 
thereon,  may  be  turned  over  the  fire,  and  the 
vessels  raised  and  lowered  when  necessary. 

sway-backed,  a.  The  same  as  SWAYED, 
a.  (q.v.). 

sway-bar,  s. 

VeKides :  A  bar  on  the  hind  end  of  the  fore- 
hounds  of  a  waggon,  resting  on  the  coupling- 
poles  and  sliding  thereon  as  the  waggon 
turns ;  a  slider,  a  sweep-bar. 

sway-bracing,  «.  The  guys  of  a  sus- 
pension-bridge to  prevent  lateral  swaying. 

swayed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [SWAY,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Strained  and  weakened  in  the 
hinder  parts  of  the  body.    (Applied  to  over- 
worked horses.) 

"  Stark  .|*>iled  with  the  .taggeru,  begnawn  with  the 
hota.  twain*  in  th«  back."— Skateip. :  Taming  of  tht 
Strew,  iii-  2. 

••way -ful,  a.  [Eng.  sway;  -JW0).]  Able 
to  sway  ;  powerful,  swaying. 

"  Where  Cytherea'.  itaauful  power 
I.  worshipped  in  the  reedy  bower." 

Fattket :  Tht  Diltaf. 

•weal,  v.i.  &  t.  [A.8.  swelan  =  to  bum 
slowly  without  flame;  Low  Ger.  tweUn;  Ger. 
tchwelen.]  [SuLTKY.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  run.  to  melt.    (Said  of  t  candle.) 

"Hind  ye  dinna  let  the  candle  meal  as  ye  gang- 
•lang  the  wainscot  parlour."— Scott :  Old  Mortality, 
«h.T. 

2.  To  burn  away  without  flame. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  dress,  as  a  hog,  by  burning 
or  singeing ;  to  swale. 

•wear,  *  sweare,  *  swere,  *  svere  (pa.  t. 

t  sware,  *  swoor,  *  swor,  swore,  pa.  par.  *  swore, 
'  swaren,  sworn),  v.i.  &  (.  [A.S.  swerian  (pa.  t. 
swor,  pa.  par.  sworen) ;  cogn. with  Dut.  zweren 
(pa.  t.  zwoor,  pa.  par.  qczworen);  Icel.  sverja 
(pa.  t.  sor,  pa.  par.  svarinn);  Dan.  svcerge; 
Sw.  svarja ;  Ger.  schworen,  all  =  to  swear ; 
cf.  alsoGoth.swaron;  Icel.  nnra ;  Dan. marc; 
8w.  svara  =  to  answer,  to  reply.] 

A*  Intransitive : 

i  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  affirm  or  make  a  solemn  declaration 
with  an  api*al  to  God  for  the  truth  of  that 
which  is  affirmed  ;  to  take  an  oath  solemnly. 

"  Te  shall  not  swear  by  my  name  falsely."— LtrUlcui 
III.  11 

2.  To  use  profane  language ;  to  utter  pro- 


fane oaths ;  to  use  profanity  ;  to  be  profane  ; 
to  take  the  name  of  God  in  vain. 

"  He  knocked  fast,  and  often  curst.  Mid  mwre, 
Tuat  ready  entrnunce  w*a  not  at  his  fall. 

3.  To  give  evidence  on  oath. 

"  At  what  eapB 

Mk'ht  corrupt  mind,  procure  kn»ve»  «.  corruut 
To  iu-e,ir  against  you/  Shakap  :  Benrf  rill..  T.  1. 

1  To  promise  on  oath  or  In  a  soirmn 
manner  ;  to  vow.  (Shakesp. :  Tempest,  ii.  2.) 

5.  To  declare  solemnly  to  the  truth  of  some- 
thing. 

"  He  knows  I  am  no  maid,  and  he'll  '"fyjfi  lf-"t 

II.  Art  (Of  a  colour):  To  have  the  contrast 
too  strongly  emphasised. 
B.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  affirm  with  an  oath  or  with  a  solemn 
appeal  to  God  for  the  truth  of  the  declaration. 

"You  may  say  It,  but  not  swear  lt."-Sna*eiy.  .' 
Winter'*  Tale,  V.  2. 

2.  To  promise  in  a  solemn  manner  ;  to  YOW. 

"  I'll  keep  what  I  have  «t«'J «." 

Shakelp. :  Love'l  Labour'i  Lost,  \.  1. 

3.  To  declare,  affirm,  or  charge  upon  oath. 

"  To  swear  false  allegations." 

Skakeip. :  8  Henry  Tl.,  111.  1. 

i.  To  put  to  an  oath  ;  to  cause  to  take  an 
oath  ;  to  bind  by  an  oath ;  to  administer  an 
oath  to. 

".Swear  me  to  this. 
Saaketp. :  Love'l  Labour'i  Lost,  L  1 

5.  To  utter  in  a  profane  manner,  or  by 
taking  the  name  of  God  in  vain. 

"  Swean  a  prayer  or  two. 
And  .leep.  again."     SKakeip. :  Romeo  t  JM«.  I.  4. 

*  6.  To  appeal  to  with  an  oath  ;  to  call  to 
witness ;  to  attest. 

"  Thou  swearest  thy  gods^in^Taln^^  (  ^ 

H  (1)  To  swear  by:  To  place  great  confidence 
in  some  person  or  thing. 

(2)  To  swear  of,  '  To  swear  out :  To  renounce 
solemnly  :  as,  To  swear  off  drinking. 

(3)  To  swear  the  peace  against  one :  To  make 
oath  that  one  is  under  the  actual  fear  of  death 
or  bodily  harm  from  some  person,  in  which 
case  the  person  charged  must  find  sureties  to 
keep  the  peace.    [SURETY,  s.] 

•wear,  «.  [SWEAK,  t>.]  An  oath,  an  impreca- 
tion ;  a  profane  expression ;  a  bad  word. 
(Colloq.) 

"It  1.  a  dreadful  thing  to  s»y.  bot  I  felt  that  If  I 
didn't  utter  a  big  I»e..r  at  that  moment  so,,,.thing 
would  happen."—  St.  Jameel  GoMtte,  Juue  4,  18.7. 

•wear,  a.    [A.S.  swarr,  twin  =  heavy,  lazy.] 

1.  Lazy,  indolent. 

2.  Unwilling.    (Scotch.) 

swear'-cr,  *  swer-er, «.  [Eng.  noear,v.;  -er.] 
1    One  who  swears;    one  who  calls  upon 
God  to  witness  forthe  truth  of  his  declaration. 
2.  One  who  habitually  uses  profane  lan- 
guage ;  a  profane  person. 

"The  twearer  continues  to  ewear:  tell  him  of  his 
wlckedneax.  he  allows  it  i.  great,  but  he  continue,  to 
swear  on." — tfilpin  :  Sermons.  Tol.  ii.,  .er.  27. 

sweat,  'sweate,  *»wete,  *t*wette, 
*SWOOt,  *SWOte,  s.  [A.S.  swat;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  zwtit;  Icel.  sveiti;  Dan.  sved;  Sw. 
svett ;  O.  H.  Ger.  sweiz  ;  Ger.  schweiss  ;  Sansc. 
sveda.] 

I  The  fluid  or  sensible  moisture  excreted 
from  the  skin  of  an  animal.  [PERSPIRATION.] 

2.  Moisture  exuded  from  any  substance. 
"Bean.  EiTe  in  the  mow ;  and  therefore  those  that 

are  to  be  kept  are  not  to  be  thrashed  till  March,  that 
they  haTe  had  a  thorough  iwtat  in  the  mow.  —  Mor- 
timer: Husbandry. 

3.  That  which  causes  sweat ;  labour,  toil, 
exertion. 

"Sared  your  husband  so  much  Iweat. 

iSAakelp. :  Coriolanut,  IT.  L 

4.  The  state  or  condition  of  one  who  sweats. 
"  Soft  on  the  flowery  herb  I  found  me  laid 

In  balmy  iweat."  Miltvn:  P.  L.,  Till.  see. 

*  5.  The  sweating-sickness. 
"  Fal.Uff  shall  die  of  a  tweat."—Shakelp.  :  2  Benry 
1Y.,  T.  5. 

sweat,  *  aweate,  *  swete,  v.i.  &  t.  [A.S. 
swcetan;  cogn.  with  Icel.  si'eila;  Dut.  zweeten; 
Low  Ger.  sweten ;  Ger.  scKwitien.) 

A.  Intransitive : 

I.  Literally: 

L  To  excrete  moisture  from  the  pores ;  to 
be  moist  on  the  body  with  heat  or  labour. 

"  He  was  stirred 
With  Bich  an  agony  he  neeat  extremely." 

xkalciip. :  Benry  rill.,  U.  1. 


2.  To  emit  moisture,  as  plants,  a  wall,  &O. 
"  Wainscot,  will  lueal  so  that  they  run  with  wa»«r. 
— Bacon. 

*  3.  To  toil,  to  labour. 

"  Sweat  in  this  business  and  maintain  the  war." 
iViuAy*^.  :  hii\J  Jvhti,  T.  L 

IL  Figuratively: 

1  To  lose  or  squander  money  freely ;  to 
bleed.  (Slang.) 

2.  To  carry  on  business  on  the  sweating- 
system  (q.v.). 

B.  Transitive: 

I.  Literally: 

1.  To  cause  to  excrete  moisture  from  Hie 
skin,  by  the  application  of  sudorilies,  exer- 
tion, &c. 

2.  To  emit  as  sweat ;  to  exude ;  to  emit  or 
suffer  to  flow  from  the  pores  ;  to  shed. 

"Grease,  that's  iwtfacen 
From  the  murderers  gibbet." 

MaAreip. ;  Macbeth,  IT.  I, 

IL  Figuratively : 

1.  To  extort  or  extract  money  from ;  to 
bleed,  to  fleece.    (Slang.) 

2.  To  oppress  and  defraud  by  employing  at 
starvation  wages. 

•J  To  sweat  coins  (espec.  gold  coins):  To 
remove  a  portion  of  them  by  shaking  them  in 
bags,  so  that  a  portion  of  the  metal  is  worn 
off,  yet  the  diminution  of  the  value  is  not 
readily  perceived. 

sweat  -  glands,  ».  pi.    [StjDOHirEROus- 

OLANDS.] 

sweat-shop,  s.  A  shop  which  practice! 
the  sweating  system,  that  of  home  manufacture 
of  clothing  or  other  goods  at  very  low  wages. 
[SWEATING-SYSTEM.  [ 

swcat'-er,  «.    [Eng.  sweat ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  sweats. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  causes  to  sweet : 
as — 

(1)  A  sudorific. 

(2)  A  thick  woollen  jacket  or  coarse  jersey 
worn  by  athletes,  etc.,  in  training. 

"  Want  of  food  ...  and  exercise  in  nmam."— R+ 
tern.  Dee.  12,  UK. 

(a)  A  grinding  employer  ;  one  who  sweats 
his  workpeople  ;  especially  one  who  employs 
working  tailors,  seanisti  esses,  etc.,  at  viry 
low  wages. 

"Aoeot.™1  hack,  turning  out  fjookcoe.1^"  -  P a* 
Mall  aatate,  Oct.  2>.  law. 

*  3.  A  street  ruffian  of  the  time  of  Queen 
Anne.  The  sweaters  went  about  in  small 
bauds,  and,  forming  a  circle  around  an  inoffen- 
sive wayfarer,  pricked  him  with  their  swords, 
and  compelled  him  to  dance  till  he  perspired 
from  the  exertion. 

"  These  sweaters  .  .  .  eeem  to  me  to  h»Te  at  present 
but  a  rude  kind  of  discipline  among  them,  —stetle: 
Spectator,  No.  332. 

*  sweaf-ftU,  a,  [Bug.  sweat ;  -fatffil  Covered 
with  sweat ;  hard- working. 

"  See  here  their  antitype— a  crude  block  railed 
By  iiMatful  .melter.  on  this  wooded  strand. 

Blackii:  Lay*  of  BitfUandt.  p.  10*. 

swcat'-My,  adv.  [Eng.  sweaty;  -ly.]  In  a 
sweaty  manner ;  so  as  to  be  moist  witli  sweat. 

sweat' -I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  meaty;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  sweaty  or  moist  with 
sweat. 

sweat-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  cr.    [SWEAT,  u.] 

sweating-bath,  s.  A  vapour-bath  tor 
sweating  persons  ;  a  stove  or  sudatory. 

sweating  furnace,  s. 

Metall. :  A  liquation  furnace  of  peculiar 
construction,  in  which  a  matte  of  copper  and 
argentiferous  lead  is  heated  to  deprive  the 
copper  of  the  metals  combined  therewith. 

sweating-house,  s.  A  separate  apart- 
ment, where  vapour-baths  are  obtained. 

sweating-Iron,  «.  A  scraper  to  remove 
sweat  from  horses  ;  a  strigil  (q.v> 

sweating-room,  s. 

1  A  room  devoted  to  the  UM  of  a  vapaur- 
bath. 

2.  In  dairying,  a  room  for  sweating  cheeMS 
and  carrying  off  the  superfluous  moisture. 

sweating-sickness,  s. 

Palhol. :  A  pestilence,  called  by  foreigners 
sudor  anglicus  (the  English  swent),  as  it  only 
affected  Englishmen.  Cains,  who  first  de- 


y;  p6llt,J<Swl;  oat.  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  «*  *?' 
-tian  =  shan.   -tlon,  -Blon  =  shun  ;  -tlon.  -sion  =  zhun.    -clows,  -tloufc  -slou.  = 


-We.  -die, 


4572 


sweatless— sweep 


scribed  it  in  1552,  called  it  Ephemera  pestilera, 
or  One-day  pestilence.  It  was  introduced 
into  England  by  the  irregular  troops  of  the 
Earl  of  Richmond  in  1485,  when  he  carae  over 
to  assert  his  claim  to  the  throne  against 
Richard  III.  The  battle  of  Bosworth  was 
fought  on  Aug.  22,  1485,  and  immediately 
after  the  disease  appeared  in  the  army,  and 
in  London  on  the  arrival  of  the  victors  four 
days  later.  It  was  a  violent  special  type  of 
miiismatous  fever.  It  lasted  five  weeks,  and 
passed  away  as  suddenly  as  it  came.  Later 
epidemics  of  the  same  disease  occurred  in 
1508,  1517,  1J28,  and  1550,  after  which  it  never 
appeared  again.  On  the  last  occasion  it  ori- 
ginated in  the  army  of  Edward  VI.,  in  France, 
and  was  brought  by  the  affected  soldiers  to 
England  :  two  sons  of  Charles  Brandon,  both 
Dukes  of  Suffolk  and  nephews  of  Henry  Vlll., 
died  of  it,  and  a  vast  number  of  men  of  in- 
ferior rank. 

sweating-system,  s.  A  term  applied, 
especially  in  the  tailoring  trade,  to  the  system 
in  which  middle-men  employ  men,  women, 
and  children  to  make  up  clothes  at  their  own 
homes  at  very  low  wages. 

•swoat  -less,  a.    [Eng.  sweat;  -lets.]    With- 
out toil. 

"  That  iweatlM  eat'st,  and  without  sowingreap'st" 
Aylvetter  :  The  Lave,  839. 

•weat'-$f,  *  sweat -ie,  a.   [Eng.  sweat,  ».;-».] 

1.  Moist  with  sweat ;  covered  with^sweat. 

"  A  meaty  reaper  from  his  tillage  brought 
First-fruits.'  Milton  :  P.  i^xi.  4M. 

2.  Consisting  of  sweat. 

"  No  bumoura  gross,  or  frowzy  steams. 

No  noisome  whiffs  or  twenty  streama" 
„    r    .  Swift.    (Todd.) 

8.  Laborious,  toilsome. 

"  And  measured  echoing  .hout«  their  twmty  tolli 
attend."  Mickle :  Luiiad,  bk.  it 

Swede,  s.    [See  def.] 

1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Sweden. 

2.  A  Swedish  turnip. 

"The  root  known  as  a  hybrid  is  the  result  of  a 
•econd  cross,  between  the  twede  and  the  common 
turnip.  "-SmUtem ;  pteful  Boot/or  Farmer*  p.  82. 

Swe  den  bor  -gi-an,  o.  &  s.    [See  def.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Sweden  borg. 
[B.] 

B.  As  subst. :  A  follower  of  Emanuel  Swed- 
berg,  son  of  Jesper  Swedberg,  bishop  of  Skara 
in  West  Gothland.      The  son  was  born  at 
Stockholm  on  Jan.  29,   168S.      He  thought 
much  of  religion  in  very  early  life,  and  dili- 
gently   studied    physics,    mathematics,    and 
classics  at  the  University  of  Upsal,  afterwards 
visiting  Oxford,   Paris,  &c.      Before  leaving 
the  University,  he  had  been  appointed    by 
Charles  XII.  assessor  in  the  Royal  Metallic 
College  of  Sweden,  and,  in  1719,  was  ennobled 
by  Charles's  successor,  Queen  Ulrica  Eleanora 
under  the  name  of  Swedenborg,  by  which  he 
is  generally  known.     Between  early  manhood 
and  his  fifty-eighth  year,  he  actively  prose- 
cuted his  studies  in  mathematics,  physics, 
sc.,  publishing  various  works,  as  the  Opera 
Philosophic  et   Mineralia  (in  1733),  in  three 
volumes,  and  the  Philosophy  of  the  Infinite  (in 
1734).      In  April,    1745,  being  at  an  inn  in 
London,  Swedenborg  considered  that  he  had 
a  vision  of  the  Lord,  who  called  him  to  a  holy 
office,    opened    his   sight    to    the    spiritual 
world,  and  endowed  him  witli  the  gift  of  con- 
versing with  spirits  and  angels.    In  August 
he  returned  to  Stockholm,  commenced  the 
study  of  the  Hebrew  scriptures,  resigned  his 
assessorship  in  1747,  and  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  forming  and  propagating  his  theo- 
logical views       He  died  in  London  in  his 
eighty-fifth  year,   March  29,  1772,   in  Great 
Bath  Street,  Coldbath  Fields,  and  was  buried 
in  the  Swedish  Church  in  Ratcliff  Highway 
His  system  is  presented  at   length    in    his 
various  works,  especially  his  Arcana  Cceleslia 
(8  vols.,   London,   1749-1756).      He  believed 
that  he  was  several  times  allowed  to  enter 
heaven,  "which  was  arranged  in  streets  and 
squares  like  earthly  cities,  but  with  fields  and 
gardens  interposed."  There  was  a  magnificent 
palace  with  a  temple  in  the  midst,  with  a  table 
in  it,  and  on  the  table  the  Word  of  God  with 
two  angels  by  its  side.    The  form  of  angels 
was  altogether  like  that  of  men.     Matter  and 
spirit  are  connected  by  an  eternal  law.    He 
accepted  only  twenty-nine  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment books,  rejecting  Ruth,  1  and  2  Chronicles, 

.  Ezra,  Nehemiah,  Esther,  Job,  Proverbs,  Eccle- 
•lastes,  and  the  Song  of  Solomon.  Of  the 
New  Testament  he  accepted  only  the  Gospels 


and  the  Apocalypse.  He  held  that  there  is  a 
double  sense  in  scripture,  the  most  important 
being  the  spiritual.  He  believed  in  one  God 
and  in  the  Trinity,  and  that  the  Lord  and 
Saviour  Jesus  Christ  was  that  God ;  that 
Jehovah  himself  became  incarnate  as  the 
Word.  Heaven  and  hell  are  not  places,  but 
states,  and  the  Devil  is  not  a  person,  but  a 
name  of  hell.  The  judgment  on  the  first 
Christian  church  took  effect  in  1757,  and  was 
seen  by  Swedenborg  in  the  spiritual  world 
after  which,  and  in  lieu  of  it,  the  New  Church' 
called  in  Revelation  (xxi.,  xxii.)  New  Jeru- 
salem, descended  from  heaven.  Swedenborg 
himself  founded  no  church.  His  followers 
publicly  associated  themselves  as  a  congre<-a- 
tion  in  Eastcheap  in  1788.  In  1810  a  Sweden- 
borgian  Society  was  established,  and  a  Mis- 
sionary and  Tract  Society  in  1821.  Congrega- 
tions  exist  in  England,  the  United  States,  on 
the  continent  of  Europe,  Aic. 

Swe-den-bor'-gJ-an-Jsm,  j.  [Eng.  Swe- 
denborgian:  -ism.}  The  doctrines  and  prac- 
tice of  the  Swedenborgians. 

Swed'-ish,  a.  &  ».    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Sweden  or 
Its  inhabitants. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  language  spoken  by  the 
Swedes. 

Swedish  beamtrec,  s. 

Bot. :  fyrus  intermedia,  a  sub-species  of  P. 
Aria,.  It  has  oblong,  rather  distinctly-lobed 
leaves,  ashy-white  bslow,  with  five  to  eight 
nerves  on  each  side,  and  is  local  in  England. 

Swedish-turnip,  s. 

Bot.,  Agric.,  &c.  :  A  kind  of  turnip,  Brassica 
campestris  rutabaga,  introduced  originally 
from  Sweden.  The  bulb  is  elongated  the 
leaves  glaucous,  the  inside  either  white  or, 
more  generally,  yellow,  the  quality  not  being 
affected  by  the  variation  of  colour.  It  is  very 
hardy,  not  generally  suffering  iniurv  from 
intense  cold. 

'sweem,    »swalm,    'sweme,  ».      [Icel. 

sveimr  =  a  bustle,  a  stir  ;  Norw.  sveim  =  a 
slight  intoxication  ;  Icel.  smimi  =  a  swimming 
in  the  head  ;  Dan.  svime  =  a  fainting-flt ;  A.S. 
swima  =  a  swoon.]  Dizziness  ;  a  swimming  in 
the  head  ;  vertigo.  (Prompt.  Parv.) 

sweep,  » swepe,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  swdpan, 
pa.  t.  sweop  =  to  sweep ;  Icel.  sopa ;  O.  Fris. 
svepa  =  to  sweep  with  a  broom,  &c.  ;  Icel. 
sveipja  =  to  sweep,  to  swoop.  Sweep  and 
swoop  are  doublets.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To   brush   or   rub  over  with  a  brush, 
besom,   or  the  like,  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
moving loose  dirt :  as,  To  sweep  a  room  or  a 
road. 

2.  To  drive  or  carry  along  or  off,  as  by  a 
long  brushing  stroke  or  force,  or  by  flowing 
on  the  earth  :  as,  A  flood  sweeps  away  a  hedge. 

3.  To  clear  or  clean  by  brushing  with   a 
besom  or  the  like. 


. 

4.  To  rub  over ;  to  touch  in  passing ;  to 
graze. 

"  And  Troy's  proud  dames,  whose  garments  tweep 
tbeground,         Pope:  Homer;  niad  iv.  568. 

5.  To  clear,  to  rid,  to  free. 

"  The  narrow  seas  of  all  the  French  to  noeep  " 

Drayton:  Battle  qf  Agincourt 

6.  To  drive,  destroy,  or  carry  at  a  stroke, 
or  with  celerity  and  violence.    (Often  followed 
by  away  or  o/.) 

"  The  waves  o'ertake  them  in  their  serious  play 
And  every  hour  iweept  multitudes  away. " 

C'noper:  Retirement.  158. 

7.  To  draw  or  drag  something  over:  as,  To 
sweep  the  bottom  of  a  river. 

*  8.  To  carry  with  a  long  swinging  motion  ; 
to  carry  with  pride. 

"  Like  a  peacock  tweep  along  his  tail." 

Shaken:. :  1  Henry  IV..  lii.  8. 

9.  To  strike  with  a  long  stroke  ;  to  brush  or 
touch  quickly  with  the  fingers. 

"The  sweet  Muses  in  the  neighbouring  bowers 
Sweep  their  wild  harps.'  Praed :  Athau. 

10.  To  move  swiftly  over  or  along ;  to  scour. 

"  Choughs  .  .  .  madly  tweep  the  sky." 
Shaketp.  :  Midtummer  Jfiffht't  Dream,  lii.  2. 

11.  To  carry  the  eye  over ;  to  view  widely 
and  rapidly  :  as,  To  sweep  the  horizon. 

12.  To  propel  by  means  of  a  sweep  or  long 


"  Tyranny  sends  the  chain  that 
The  noble  (weep  of  all  their  privilege." 


B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  pass  by  or  along  with  swiftness  and 
violence,  as  something  broad  or  brushing  the 
surface  of  anything.    (Proverbs  xxviii.  3.) 

2.  To  pass  or  move  along  rapidly. 

"  Cutting  the  (oine.  by  the  blew  seas  they  twepe  " 
Surrey  :  Virgile  ;  .£neu  iv. 

3.  To  pass  over  or  brush  along  with  celerity 
or  force  :  as,  The  wiad  sweeps  along  the  plain, 

4.  To  pass  or  move  with  pomp. 

"She  tweept  it  through  the  court  with  troops  of 
ladies."  Slmkap.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  I.  «. 

5.  To  move  with  a  long  reaoh  or  with  a 
swinging  motion. 

6.  To   take    in    a    view    with    progressive 
rapidity  ;  to  range,  as  the  eye  or  a  telescope. 

1  To  sweep  the  board  :  To  clear  all  the  stakes  ; 
hence,  to  win  everything. 

•weep,  *  swepe,  ».    [SWEEP,  «.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  sweeping. 

2.  One  who  sweeps  ;  a  sweeper  ;  specif,    a 
chimney-sweeper. 

3.  The    compass,   reach,   or    range  of  any 
violent  or  continued  motion. 

4.  The  compass    of  any  turning  body  in 
motion  :  as,  the  sweep  of  a  door. 

5.  The    compass    of  anything   flowing   or 
brushing. 

"  A  torrent  swell'd 

With  wintry  tempests,  that  disdains  all  mounds 
Breaking  away  impetuous,  and  mvxdves 
Within  its  tweep,  trees,  houses,  men." 

Phillpt.    (Todd.) 

6.  Compass  or  range  generally  ;  reach. 

••  The  fishermen  waiting  till  they  see  a  salmon  show 
within  the  tweejt  of  the  net"—  Field,  March  20.  1886. 

7.  Extent,  limit. 

ust  abridge 
vilege." 
Cowper  :  rattle  Talk.  m. 

*  8.  Violent  and  general  destruction  :  as, 
the  sweep  of  an  epidemic  disease. 

9.  Direction  of  any  motion  not  rectilinear. 
"  Taking  a  right-handed  tweep,  he  ran  through  the 

wood  and  away  southward."—  Field,  Feb.  26,  1887. 

10.  The  direction  or  turn  of  a  curve,  as  of 
a  road,  an  arch,  &c. 

"Well.rolled  walks 
With  curvature  of  slow  and  easy  tweep" 

Cvwper  :  Talk,  1.  852. 

11.  Hence,  a  circular,  semicircular,  or  curved 
carriage-drive  through  a  lawn  in  the  front  of  a 
house. 

12.  Compass  or  range  of  excursion  ;  range. 

"  The  landscapes  Been  from  the  car.windows  would 
be  Ume  were  it  not  for  the  v»st  tweep  of  vision."— 
Century  Magazine,  Aug..  1882.  p.  505. 

13.  A  rapid  survey  with  the  eye. 

14.  A  sweepstakes  (q.v.). 

"  [He]  was  inveigled  intu  becoming  a  subscriber  to  a 
Derby  tweep.'—  Daily  Telegraph,  March  15,  1887. 

15.  A  counter-weighted  pole,  poised  upon  a 
fulcrum-post,  and  used  to  raise  and  lower  a 
bucket  suspended  from  the  longer  end  ;   a 
swape. 

16.  The  lever  of  a  horse-power  or  pug-mill. 

17.  A  low,  mean  person.    (Slang.) 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Cards: 

(1)  In  the  game  of  casino,  a  pairing  or  com- 
bining all  the  cards  on  the  board,  and  so 
removing  them  all. 

(2)  In  whist,  the  winning  of  all  the  tricks 
in  a  hand.    Also  called  a  Slam. 

2.  Founding:  A  movable  templet  used  in 
loam-moulding.     It  consists  of  a  board,  of 
which  the  edge  is  cut  to  the  form  of  the  cross- 
sectional  outline  of  the  article  to  be  moulded. 
The  surface  of  the  mould  or  core  is  formed 
by  moving  the  sweep  parallel  to  the  axis  at 
right  angles  to  its  length.    For  hollow  articles, 
as  pipes,  sweeps  are  made  in  pairs,  one  for 
"  running  up  "  the  core,  and  the  other  for 
forming  the  interior  of  the  mould. 

3.  Her.  :  The  same  as  6. 

4.  Afetall.  :  A  name  formerly  applied  to  the 
Almond  (Allemand)  furnace. 

5.  Nautical  : 

*  (1)  A  long  oar  used  on  board  ship  to  assist 
the  action  of  the  rudder  during  a  calm,  or  in 
an  emergency  ;  or  to  assist  the  motion  of  the 
ship,  as  in  the  ancient  galley. 

"  He  thrust  out  his  iweept,  as  they  are  called,  hug* 
oars  requiring  five  or  six  men  to  each."—  Cuaeui 
Saturday^  Journal.  Sept,  19,  1885.  p.  801. 

(2)  A  long  oar  used  on  large  barges,  and  on 
luggers. 


ftte,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  P8t 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  itle,  lull;  try.  Syrian,    as,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  tw. 


sweepage— sweet 


4573 


(S)  A  circular  frame  on  which  the  tiller  tra- 
verses in  large  ships. 

6.  Old  war :  The  balista  or  engine  anciently 
used  for  casting  stones  into  fortresses.  The 
term  is  still  used  in  heraldry. 

7  Shipwright. :  The  mould  of  a  ship  where 
she  begins  to  compass  in  at  the  rung-heads. 
A  part  of  th«  mould  curved  in  the  arc  of  a 
circle. 

•J  To  mnke  a  clean  sweep  of  anything :  To 
•weep  anything  away  completely ;  to  take  or 
carry  off  the  whole  of  anything. 

"  To  see  a  clean  tweep  made  of  the  dragon  with  Its 
nondescript  pedestal.'— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  7,  UBS. 

sweep-bar,  «. 

Vehicles :  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the 
•way-bar  or  slider  of  a  waggon.    [SWAY-BAB.] 
sweep-net,  s.    A  net  of  considerable  ex- 
tent for  drawing  large  areas.    (Lit.  &fig.) 

"  She  was  ktweep.net  for  the  Spanish  ships,  which 
happily  fell  into  her  net"— Camden. 

sweep-saw,  s.  A  saw  having  a  thin 
blade  stretched  by  a  frame  or  bow,  and  capable 
of  cutting  in  a  sweep  or  curve.  Also  known 
as  a  bone-saw  or  turning-saw. 

sweep-washer,  s. 

Gold  it  Silver  Refining:  The  person  who 
extracts  from  the  sweepings,  potsherds,  &c., 
the  small  particles  of  those  metals  contained 
In  them. 

sweep-washings,  s.  pi.  The  refuse  of 
•hops  in  which  gold  and  silver  are  worked. 
These  metals  are  separated  by  mechanical 
means  and  amalgamation. 

sweep   ago   (age  as  Ig),  s.     [Eng.  tvxep; 
•ope.)     The 
(Prov.) 

••weep'-dim,  ».    [Eng.  sweep; -dam.]  Chim- 
ney-sweeps collectively. 

"  The  sooner  the  etiquett*  of  tweepdom,  which  en. 
joins  this  perpetual  walking  about  in  sooty  war-paint, 
Is  abandoned,  the  better  It  will  be."— Daily  Telegraph, 
Dec.  It,  180. 

•weep'-er, «.   [Eng.  sweep,  v. ;  •«•.]  One  who 
or  or  that  which  sweeps. 

"  Turning  on  Improvised  gangs  of  tweepert  to  work." 
—Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  8,  1888. 

•weep'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [SWEEP,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Wide,  comprehensive. 

"  One  or  two  fact*,  however,  must  be  remembered 
before  we  can  accept  this  weeping  statement  as  alto- 
f ether  correcf-Xlaily  Telegraph.  Sept.  10,  IMS. 

2.  Overwhelming. 

"  Placing  him  with  a  tweplng  majority  at  th«  head 
of  the  poll."— Standard,  Nov.  29,  IMS. 

Ci  As  substantive : 
I  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  sweeps. 

2.  (PI.) :  Things  collected  by  sweeping. 

"  Should  this  one  broomstick  enter  the  scene,  covered 
with  dust,  though  the  tweeijingt  of  the  finest  lady's 
chamber,  we  should  despise  Its  vanity."— Swift:  Medi- 
tation on  a  Broomttick. 

II.  Nautical: 

1.  Dragging  an  anchorage  ground  with  the 
tight  of  a  rope  to  recover  an  anchor,  or  to 
ascertain  the  position  of  a  wreck. 

2.  Propelling  a  vessel  or  barge  by  means  of 
large  oars.    [SWEEP,  «.,  II.  5.] 

•weeping-table,  «. 

Metall. :  A  form  of  ore-separator  in  which 
the  slime,  after  agitation  by  fans  in  a  chest 
with  water,  is  caused  to  flow  on  to  a  sloping 
table  and  sorted  by  gravity  by  means  of  a 
sheet  of  water  passing  over  the  table. 

•weep -Ing-ljf,  adv.  [Kng.  sweeping ;  -ly.]  In 
a  sweeping  manner ;  comprehensively. 

"  He  can  hardly  be  acquainted  with  the  full  extent 
of  those  geographical  labours  which  he  too  tweepiiigly 
coudetnna"— natty  Telegraph,  Dec.  2, 1885. 

iweop  ing-ness,  s.  (Eng.  sweeping ; -ness. 
The  quality  or  stole  of  being  sweeping  or  com 
prehensive ;  comprehensiveness. 

"  Petulant  and  scornful  outbursts  which  are  silly 
just  in  proportion  to  their  tweepingneu."— Daily 
flewt,  June  20,  1881. 

•sweep'-stake,  s.  &  adv.    [Eng.  sweep,  and 

•tOaV.J 
A,  As  substantive : 

1.  A  mode  of  playing  at  cards  by  which  all 
the  tricks  are  taken. 

2.  The  same  as  SWEEPSTAKES  (q.v.). 


3.  A  clean  sweep. 

"They  would  make  tve'pttake  at  once  of  pnrga- 
tary."-BradSord  :   Work*,  it.  271, 

B.  As  adv. :  By  winning  and  taking  all  the 
stakes  at  once;  hence,  by  wholesale,  indis- 
criminately. 

"  Is't  writ  In  your  revenge. 

That  mtepualte  you  will  draw  both  friend  and  foe, 
Winner  and  losert "  Shakelp.  :  Samlet,  iv.  S. 

sweep'-stakes,  s.    [Eng.  sweep,  and  stakes.] 

1.  A  gaming  transaction  in  which  a  number 
of  persons  join  in  contributing  a  certain  stake, 
which  becomes  the  property  of  one  or  several 
of  the    contributors    on  certain  conditions. 
Thus,  in  a  sweepstakes  for  horses  starting  in 
a  race,  the  owner  of  the  winner  receives  the 
whole  stakes  or  a  portion  of  it,  the  remainder 
being  divided  between  the  second  and  third. 

2.  The  prize  in  a  horse-race,  4c.,  made  up 
of  contributions  from  several  persons. 

3.  A  sweepstake  (q.v.). 

*  sweep'-jf,  o.    [Eng.  sweep ;  -y.] 

1.  Passing  with  speed  and  force  over  a  great 
compass  at  once ;  sweeping. 

"  They  rash  along,  the  rattling  woods  give  way 
The  branches  bend  before  their  tweepy  sway. 

Dryden:  Cnid;  ilaamorphota  i. 

2.  Strutting. 

3.  Wavy. 

••  No  face  :  only  the  sight 
Of  a  weepy  garment,  vast  and  white.* 

«.  Brimming:  Ckrlamal *~,  Till 

swee'r,  swell-,  o.    [A.S.  swar,  mere  =  heavy, 
lazy;  Ger.  schwer  =  heavy,  difficult]   (Scotch.) 

1,  Lazy,  idle,  indolent 

2.  Reluctant,  unwilling,  slow. 

"  Oats  are  «»»»r  to  ripen."— B.  KinfOfy:  Auxin 
SUiott,  \.  196. 

sweet,  'sue to,  *swete,  *»wote,  *sote, 

a.  &  s.     [A.8.  siotte;  cogn.  with  O.  Sax.  swoti; 
Dut.  met;   Icel.  satr ;   Dan.  tod;    8w.  sot; 
O.H.Ger.  suazi,  reozi;  Ger.rasz;  Sansc.  svddu; 
Gr.  jjous  (hedus)  ;  Lat.  mavis.] 
A.  A>  adjective: 

1.  Having  a  pleasant  or  agreeable  taste  or 
flavour  like  that  of  honey  or  sugar ;  opposed 
to  sour  or  bUter. 

•'  Sweeten  nut  hath  sourest  rind." 

MoJtetp. .-  At  rou  Likt  It,  111  1 

2.  Pleasant  or  agreeable  to  the  smell ;  fra- 
grant. 

*'  The  field's  chief  flower,  tweet  above  compare." 

Shaketp.  :  Veniu  A  Adonit,  8. 

3.  Pleasant  pr  agreeable  to  the  ear ;  melo- 
dious, harmonious. 

"  Marvellous  iwttt  music." 

Shakap.  :  Tempett,  ill.  3. 

4.  Pleasant  to  the  eye;  beautiful,  lovely, 
charming. 

"That  neeet  coral  month." 

Shatetf.  :  \'enM  i  Adontl.  (42. 

5.  Giving  outa  pleasant  or  melodious  sound. 

"Sweet  Instruments  hung  up  in  cases." 

Shaketp. :  Timon  <rf  Attient,  1.  2. 

*  6.  Kind,  gentle,  mild,  meek. 

"  Canst  thou  bind  the  iwfef  Influences  of  PlsladesT 
—Job  xxxvill.  81. 

7.  Obliging,  kind,  soft,  bland. 

"  One  tweet  look."      Shaltetp.  :  Vennt  *  Adonit,  871. 

8.  Pleasing  to  the  mind ;  affecting,  graceful. 

"  She  poured  out  her  love,  her  fears  and  her  thank- 
fulness, with  the  tweet  natural  eloquence  of  her  sex.' 
— Macavlay  :  But.  Eng.,  oh.  xvi 

9.  Dear,  loved. 

"  Thy  life  to  me  Is  tweet." 

Shakelp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  iv.  s. 

10.  Fresh ;  not   salt  or  salted :  as,  tweet 
water. 

11.  Not  changed  from  a  sound  or  wholesome 
state :  as, 

(1)  Not  sour :  as,  tweet  milk. 

(2)  Not  stale :  as,  swtet  butter. 

(3)  Not  putrid  or  putrescent :  as,  sweet  meat 
B*  As  substantive : 

1.  That  which  is  sweet  to  the  taste  (chiefly 
used  in  the  plural) :  as, 

(1)  Sweetmeats,  confectionery,  preserves. 

(2)  A  pudding,  pie,  or  any  sweet  dish,  as 
opposed  to  a  savoury  dish. 

(3)  Home-made  wines,  mead,  metheglin,  &c 

2.  Something  pleasing  to  the  smell ;  a  per 
fame. 

"  Sweet  or  colour  It  bad  stolen  from  tbee." 

Shaketp.  :  Sonnet  15. 

3.  Something  pleasant  or  agreeable  to  the 
mind ;  pleasures. 

"  Sweett  grown  common  lose  their  dear  delight." 
Shaketp. :  Sonnet  104, 


4,  A  word  of  endearment ;  dear  one. 

"farewell  Zulelka  1— 8«w«e  /  retire." 

Byron  :  Bride  of  Aoydot,  1L  Is. 

C*  As  adverb : 

1.  In  a  manner  agreeable  to  the  taste,  smell, 
or  hearing :  as,  To  smell  sweet,  to  taste  sweet. 

2.  Softly,  gently,  blandly,  benignly. 

"  Bow  tweet  the  moonlight  sleeps  upon  thia  bank  1 " 
Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  V. 

1  (1)  A  sweet  tooth :  A  great  liking  for  sweet 
things  or  sweetmeats. 

"  (2)  Sweet-and-twenty :  A  term  of  endear- 
ment. 

"Come  kiss  me.  iweet-and-twenttt." 

Shaketp. :  Twelfth  Night,  11.  8. 

(3)  To  be  sweet  on  (or  upon):  To  have  an 
affection  for  ;  to  be  in  love  with.  (Colloq.) 

"  '  Lookye  I*  said  Anthony  In  his  ear.  'I  think  he 
if  tweet  upon  your  daughter. '-' Tut.  my  good  air. 
said  Mr.  Pecksniff,  with  his  eyes  still  closed ;  youni 
people,  young  people.  A  kind  of  cousins,  too.  No 
more  sweetness  than  is  In  that,  sir.1"—  Dickent:  Mar- 
tin chuitlewit,  cb.  xL 

U  Sweet  is  largely  used  as  the  first  element 
of  compounds,  the  meanings  of  which  are 
in  most  cases  self-evident :  as,  «i0ee(-flavoured, 
sweet-smelling,  sweet- tempered,  (weet-toned, 

sweet  acorn,  s. 

Bot.:  Quercus  Ballota,  an  evergreen  oak 
with  elliptical,  coriaceous,  entire,  or  serrated 
leaves,  white  and  downy  beneath;  growing 
in  Spain.  The  acorns,  which  are  loug  and 
cylindrical,  are  eatable. 

Sweet-Alison,  «. 

.Bot. :  Kb'niga  maritima. 

sweet  apple,  >. 

Bot. :  The  sweetsop  (q.v.). 

sweet  bay,  «. 

Bot. :  Laurm  nobilis.  Named  from  the 
odour  of  its  leaves.  [BAY  (4),  ».,  A.  2.] 

sweet-bitter,  ».    [BITTERSWEET.] 

sweet  bread,  s. 

1.  Lit. :  The  pancreas  of  an  animal,  as  of 
a  calf  or  sheep,  used  as  food. 

"  Sweet-oreadt  and  collops  were  with  skewers  prick'd 
About  the  sides."  Dryden  :  Bomer :  Iliad  1.      ' 

*  2.  Fig. :  A  bribe,  a  douceur. 

"A  few  tweetbreait  that  I  gave  him  out  of  my 
purse."— Hadtet :  Life  of  Villlami.  II.  168. 

*  sweet  breasted,  o.    Having  a  sweet, 
melodious  voice. 

*  sweet-breathed,  o.   Emitting  a  sweet 
perfume ;  fragrant. 

"  Yet,  like  the  tmet-breatXa  violet  of  the  shade." 
Wardtworth  :  Ezcurtion,  bk.  Tit 

•weet-brler,  s.    Sweetbriar  (q.v.). 

swoet  calabash,  s. 

Bot. :  Paosijlora  maliformis,  a  passion  flower, 
with  large,  red,  white,  and  blue  fugitive 
flowers,  succeeded  by  a  fruit  like  a  good-sized 
apple,  yellow  when  ripe,  with  black  seeds, 
a  thick  rind,  and  a  sweetish  edible  pulp.  It 
grows  wild  in  the  West  Indies,  where  it  is 
called  by  the  Spaniards  Granadilla. 

sweet-calamus,  sweet  cane,  •. 
Bot.  *  Script, :  [CANE,  IL  S.]. 
sweet  chervil,  «. 

Bat. :  Myrrhis  odorata, 

sweet  chestnut,  *. 

Bot. :  Castanea  vesca  or  vulgaris,  a  tree  with 
oblong,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucrono- ser- 
rate glabrous  leaves,  and  clusters  of  minute, 
pale  greenish -yellow,  unisexual,  apetaloui 
flowers  in  spikes.  The  fruit  is  a  prickly 
cupule,  huskr  or  involucre,  with  one  or  more 
nuts,  each  with  one  large  seed.  It  grows  wild 
in  the  south  of  Europe.  On  the  slopes  of 
Etna,  where  there  are  forests  of  it,  there  grow 
some  old  trees  with  trunks  of  enormous  girth. 
In  Britain  it  occurs  only  in  plantations.  The 
chestnuts  of  commerce  are  derived  chiefly 
from  the  cultivated  varieties  of  the  tree,  and  \ 
are  larger  and  sweeter  than  the  wild  fruit. 
The  nuts  are  consumed  as  an  article  of  daily 
food  in  the  south  of  Europe,  and  in  parts  of 
France  are  served  up  for  breakfast,  boiled  to 
milk.  Many  houses  in  the  older  parts  of 
London  are  said  by  Evelyn  to  have  been  built 
of  its  timber,  which  has  the  character  of 
keeping  off  insects,  spiders,  &c.  It  is  good 
for  mill  and  water  works,  besides  affording 
excellent  stokes  for  palisades,  and  props  for 
Tines  and  hops.  Called  also  the  Spanish 
Chestnut, 


«S^;  ptSut,  J<Swl;  o»t,  9611,  chorus,  ohln,  Much;  go,  gem;  thin,  tnta;  Ban,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  e^lat,   pi i-  *• 
-clan,  -tlan  =  Shan,    -tlon, -Blon  -  shun; -Htm, -sion- zhujo.   -«lons,  -UouaV  -clous  =  shus.   -ble, -die,  io.  —  bel,  del, 

19 


4674 


sweet— sweetwash 


•weet-dcely,  ».    [CICELY.] 

•weet-oistna,  ... 

Bot. :  Cistus  ladanum. 

•weet  corn,  i. 

Agric. :  A  variety  of  maize  of  *  iwMt  tut*. 

•^reet-corey,  s. 

Bot. :  Erodiwx  moschatun. 

sweet  fern,  ». 

Bat. :  (1)  Lattrn  fragram  ;  (S)  L.  mantana. 

sweet  flag.  s. 

Sot. :  Acorus  Calamus. 

rweet-galo,  s.    [BOO-MTRTLI.] 


.;  A  night-moth  Acronyda  myrica, 
ound  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 

sweet-grass,  ». 

Bot. :  The  genus  Gljeerlm  (q.v-X 

•weet  guru,  s. 

Bot.  :  Liixitlanbar  styraciflua,  a  North 
American  tree  about  sixty  feet  high  with 
apetalous  flowers,  in  appearance  like  Acer 
camjxstre.  The  wood  is  fine-grained,  and  well 
adapted  for  furniture;  the  fragrant  gam  ei- 
nding  from  it  when  incisions  are  made  In  its 
hark  constitutes  Liquidamlwr  (q.v.). 

•weet  heart,  s.    [SWEETHEART.] 

sweet-herbs,  s.  pi.  Fragrant  herbs  col 
tivated  for  culinary  purposes. 

sweet-John,  >. 

Bot.  *  Hort. :  The  narrow-leaved  variety  of 
Dianthus  barbatus. 

sweet-leaf,  s. 

Bot. :  Symptoms  tinctoria,  a  plant  with  thick 
'leaves  of  fragrant  oilour  and  sweetish  taste, 
growing  in  the  southern  United  States.  IU 
root  is  bitter  and  aromatic;  cattle  eat  it 
.greedily,  and  it  is  employed  In  dyeing  yellow. 
•Called  also  Horse  sugar. 

sweet-marjoram,  t. 
Bot. :  Origanum  Marjorana. 
sweet  maudlin,  s. 
Bot. :  AchUUa.  Agenavm,  a  yellow  composite 
-from  the  south  of  fiurope. 

*  sweet-mouthed,  o.    Dainty. 
sweet-nancy,  «. 

Hort. :  The  double-flowered  variety  of  JVor- 
eitms  poetiaa.  (Britten  d  Holland.) 

sweet-oil,  «.    Olive-oil. 
sweet-pea,  >. 

Bot.  it  Hort. :  Lathyna  oioratui,  a  climbing 
plant  with  flro-leaved  tendrils,  ovate-oblong 
leaflets,  two-flowered  peduncles,  and  hirsute 
legumes.  It  was  introduced  into  England 
from  it*  native  country,  Sicily,  in  1700.  It 
la  one  of  the  mort  esteemed  annuals,  being 
largely  grown  as  a  garden  flower  in  the  United 
States  and  England. 

sweet-potato,  «. 

Bot. :  Batata*  tdvlu.  a  plant  of  the  Convol- 
vulus family,  and  ot  creeping  or  climbing  habit, 
ito  leaf  and  flower  resembling  thoee  ol  the 
Morning-glory.  It  is  only  known  as  a  culti- 
vated plant,  and  its  native  place  is  not  known, 
though  it  probably  belongs  to  Loth  hemispheres. 
Like  the  potato  its  root  swells  iuto  a  nutritious 
tuber,  but  contains  a  Biuch  larger  percentage 
of  sugar.  Though  formerly  gruwo  only  in  the 
South,  it  is  now  cultivated  as  far  north  as  Xew 
Jersey.  It  is  also  grown  vulelvjn  the  £astern 
Hemisphere,  and  is  believed  to  have  been  much 
Hsed  by  the  ancient  Chinese. 

sweet  root,  $. 

Sot. :  The  genus  Glycyrrhla  (q-vj. 

•weet-rnsh,  >. 

£at. :  Acorus  Calamus. 

•weet-Bcented,  a.    Having  a  pleasant 
.•perfume;  fragrant. 

Svxet-scented  grots  : 
Jot. :  AnUumotiuai  adoration. 
Smt-Ktnttd  ihr*b : 

tat. :  Calycanthus  floridus,  a  Carolina  shrub 
sneUiug  like  allspice. 

sweet-seg,  sweet  -sedge,  a, 

Bot. :  Acorus  Calamus. 


•weet  spirits  of  nitre,  «.     [NITEOCS- 
•nont.] 

sweet  sultan,  i. 

Bot,  :  Ambtrboa  motehata. 

sweet-tea,  «. 

Comm.  :  The  leaves  of  Smite* 
an  Australian  plant.  They  are  imported  into 
England,  and  infused  as  a  slightly  medicinal 
tea,  which  It  feebly  tonic,  alterative,  and  dia- 
phoretic. 

sweet-  violet,  a. 

Bot.  *  ttort.  :  Viola  otlarata,  a  violet  with 
creeping  scions,  cordate  generally,  pubescent 
leaves,  and  deep-purple,  sometimes  reddish- 
purple,  lilac,  or  white  fragrant  flowers.  Com- 
mon in  grassy  place**  throughout  Europe  unt 
northern  Asia.  1".  llanda,  of  the  Unit' 
States,  is  also  sweet  scented. 

sweet-water,  >.  A  variety  of  whit* 
grape,  containing  a  sweet  watery  juice. 

sweet-weed,  t. 

Bot.  :  Smparia  rfulci*. 
sweet-william,  i. 

Botany  it  Horticulture  : 

1.  Dianthvs  barbaiut  (Prior  considers  that 
William  is  a  corruption  of  French  (fillet  = 
a  little  eye).    The  leaves  are  lanceolate  and 
nerved  ;  the  flowers  are  aggregated  in  bundles  ; 
the  calycinal  scales  ovate,  awl-shaped,  as  long 
as  the  tube  ;  petals  bearded,  whence  the  book- 
name  of  Bearded  pink.    It  may  be  single  or 
double  ;  the  petals  dark  purple,  red,  speckled, 
or  white. 

2.  Silae   Armtria,    Common,    or   Label's 
Campion,  a  very  common  garden  plant,  with 
viscid   stems,  ovate  lanceolate    leaves,  and 
forked  corymbose  panicles  of  pink  flower*. 
It  flowers  in  July  and  August. 

sweet-willow,  ». 

Bot.  :  Myrica  Gait. 
sweet-wort,  s.    [WORT,  ij 
•weet,  ».t    [SWEET,  o.]    To  sweeten. 

11  Hunger  n**uth  «U  tlijrngM.-—  frfo!  :  Afep*.  V 
Xrtunua,  p.  S. 

•weot'-bri-ar,  >.    [Eng.  meet,  and  6rior.] 

Bot.  :  Rosa  rubigituaa,  and  specially  the 
sub-species,  R.  rubiyivota  proper,  with  which 
Sir  Joseph  Hooker  considers  R.  EnglatUfria 
identical.  It  is  very  sweet-scented,  erect, 
with  compact  branches  covered  with  prickles, 
glandular  hairs,  and  a  few  bristles,  the 
peduncles  densely  bristly,  leaflets  pubescent 
beneath,  at  length  glabrous  above  ;  the  sepals 
pinnate,  densely  glandular,  the  fruit  globose. 
An  European  plant,  but  naturalized  in  tbe 
United  Stales.  Many  cultivated  varieties. 

sweet  -en,  r.t.  *  {.    [Eng.  next;  -m.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  sweet  to  the  taste. 

2.  To  make   pleasing  or  grateful   to  the 
mind  :  as,  To  ttveettrt  life. 

3.  To  make  sweet  or  fragrant 


m  rtnttm  thy  tad  gnre." 

Shako?.  :  CrmMmf,  Iv.  1 

4.  To  make  mild  or  kind. 

"  Devotion  K>ft«iu  bit  heart,  enlighten*  hl«  mind. 
ttfcttftt  hla  temper."—  Law. 

5.  To  make  less  painful,  hard,  or  laborious. 

"Tbe  innocent  amusements  of  It  are  kindly  allowed 
«  te  imam  OTT  toll."—  eUftu.-  Stmumi.  nL  L. 
Mr.  23. 

6.  To  increase  the  agreeable  qualities  of. 

"It  [indiwtryl  twee/ttneA  our  enJoYmenta.1*—  ,&ir- 
fw*f.-  Sermon*.  vol.  Hi.,  »er.  SO. 

*  7.  To  soften  to  the  eye  ;  to  mellow  ;  to 
tone  down. 

hM  nwd«  Ua  mtmarj  Immortal,  by  the 
thT*  h«  «iT«n  to  j,i«  figure.5.  And  by  iuj«mi 
i  hghto  and  ihadowm.-—  Drydm:  I>u/retnoy. 

8.  To  make  pure  and  wholesome  by  destroy. 
ing  noxious  matter  in  ;  a*,  To  ne«eten  a  room 
that  has  been  infected. 

*9.  To  make  mellow  and  fertile:  a*.  To 

soils. 


10.  To  restore  to  parity  ;  to  free  from  taint  : 
as,  To  tvxeifn  butter,  water,  meat.  4e. 
B.  Tvtrans.  :  To  become  sweet 

"Where  a  wMp  hath  bitten  In  a  crape  or  any  fruit. 
It  will  tweeton  hastily."—  Bacon  :  t-'*t.  Six. 

s  weet-  en  -er,   •ffweet'-ner,    *.      fEng. 


tneeeten  ;   -er]       One    who    or    that    which 

sweetens  ;  that  which  moderates  acrimony 

"Let  us  look  up  to  It  [tbe  happinc**  ot  a  future 
«tat«]  a*  tbe  end  of  all  oar  labour—  tne  tieeetmfr  at  all 
oar  toils  —  oar  comfurt  in  every  affliction  —  and  our 
great  defence  a^t.iutt  tbe  f**r  of  sickuex,  aid  ««*,  and 
daatii."—  Oiipin  :  Sermont.  roi.  Ui..  aer.  2L 

sw^et'-en-ing,  pr.  par.,  ».,&*.    [SWEETEN.) 
A.  &  B.  -45  pr.  par.  *  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive  ; 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  sweetens. 

2.  That  which  sweetens. 
sweetening-cock,  s. 

Naut.  :  A  faucet  attached  to  a  pipe  passing 
through  a  ship's  side,  and  admitting  water  to 
wash  out  the  bilge-water  passages. 

sweet'-heart  (ea  as  a),  s.    [Eng.  yweet,  and 
heart.] 
1.  On*.  Lang.  ;A  lover,  male  or  female. 

"Take  your  ttevethtart't  hat"—  ShaJtttp,  :  W  intuit 


T  It  was  originally  written  as  two  words 

"  Thy  tiMte  turtt  dere," 
CTi.utfcr:  Troitut  A  Crtuida,  liL  1,810, 

2.  Bot.  (PL):  Galium  Aparitte. 
sweet'-heart  (ea  as  a),  v.t.  &  i.     [SWEET- 

HEAKT.  J.] 

A.  Tmns.  :  To  act  the  part  of  a  lover  to  ; 
to  pay  court  to  ;  to  court. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  act  the  part  of  a  lover;  to 
play  the  wooer  ;  to  go  courting. 

8weef-Ing,  s.     [Eng.  sweet;  -ing.) 
1.  A  kind  of  sweet,  luscious  apple. 

"A  child  will  chin*  a  .meeting,  beouu*  It  b  p»- 
•ently  fair  and  jiloMitat,  and  refiue  a  nmaet.  becauM 
It  IB  than  green,  hard,  aud  sour.*—  Atcham;  &Jiool- 
matter. 

*  2.  A  term  of  endearment 

"  Ay,  marry,  twettinff.  It  we  could  do  thaV 

Shatetp.  :  1  Henry  YL,  Hi,  8. 

sweet-lsh,  a.      [Eng.  sweet:   -ish.}    Rather 
sweet  ;  somewhat  or  moderately  sweet. 

"  Neither  ill-soeated,  DOT  In  but*  corrosive,  or  alka- 
llrat*,  but  T«ry  mild  and  suinewbftt  M»«rt**."—  Boyli: 
Work*,  iv.  802. 

SWeef  -feU-ness,  s.     [Eng.  neeeHA;  -ntu.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  sweetish. 

"Tar  water  Wins:  made  in  an  earthen  vewel  on- 
glazthl,  or  that  bath  lost  part  of  its  alaiiug.  may  ex- 
tract (.is  it  is  a  strong  menetrunm)  m>m  tin?  clay,  a 
fade  tv>e«ti*ttncta.  offensive  to  the  palat*"—  BtrJttfey: 
farther  Thought!  on  Tar  Water. 

*  »weet'-kin,  a.    [Eng.  tweet  a  ;  -kin.]    Deli- 
cate, lovely. 

"Tbe  ncettkin  madams.'—  ITaiJu  :  Lenten  S 


sweet  -ly,  *  s  wete  ly,  *  sweete-  ly,  adv. 
[Eng.  sweet  ;  -ly.]  In  a  sweet  manner  ;  grate- 
fully, agreeably,  harmoniously. 

*  Thou,  twttly  wven  ! 
I  would  make  thee  Appear.'1 

C««p«r;  Simple  Tnut. 

Sweet  -meat,  B.    [Eng.  noeet,  and  meat.] 


L  An  article  of  confectionery,  consisting 
wholly  or  principally  of  sugar  ;  fruit  pre- 
served with  sugar,  as  peaches,  pears,  orange- 
peel,  and  the  like. 

"  Throwing  ntMotm*att  to  him  through  the  window." 
:  But.  Jlnff.,  ch.  zy. 


2.  Leather  :  The  paint  used  in  making  patent- 
leather  (q.v.> 

sweet  -ness,    *  sweet-nesse,   *  swete- 
ncsse,  s.    [Eng.  tweet;  -nesse.] 

1.  The   quality   or   state  of  being  sweet  ; 
agreeablenese   to   the   taste,  smeil,  or  ear; 
fragrance,  melodiousness. 

"Sweetnets  ought  to  be  distinguished  from  luaetatu- 
BtM:  the  «o*  (Ufecta  us  with  BeuBatioiw  durably 
agreeable  ;  tfae  other  quickly  cloys  aud  paJia  tlw  aupe- 
fate.'—  Knox:  Euay  105. 

2.  The    pleasing    character   possessed   by 
polished  and  poetical  language. 

3.  Agreeablenees  of  manners;    courteous- 
ness,  gentleness, 

4.  Softness,  mildness,  gentleness. 

"  In  his  speech  WM  heard 
Paternal  *re*:*ttt,  dignity,  aud  luve.* 

Copper:  To*.  IL  701 

sweets,  «.  pi.    [  SWEET,  II.  1.] 

sweet  -sop,  *.     [Eng.  sweet,  and  top,  •.] 
Bot.  :  (1)  Anona  aytiamosa;  (2)  A.  9tritm. 

Sweef-wash,   r.t.      [Eng.  sweet,  and  wash.] 
To  perfume. 

"  Jewellery  ot  all  daeoriptloDS  wu  worn  to  ezrew, 
and  glove*  '  ntaetwtuHaii  '  j  i.e.,  pertained),  embroidered 
with  gold  aud  silver."—  Knight:  fict.  ffirt.  Jtnytand, 
U.  867. 


ftte,  at,  fitre,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
er,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a :  q,n~  kw. 


sweetwood— swerve 


4575 


•weef  -wood,  s.     [Eng.  neeet,  and  wood.] 

1.  £o(.  :  Lauras  nobilis. 

2.  Comm.  :  A  kind  of  timber  obtained  from 
Ortodaptine  exaltata,  growing  in  Jamaica. 

sweetwood  bark,  s.  The  name  given 
in  the  Bahamas  to  the  bark  of  Croton 
Ca*cariUa. 


t'-jf,  ».    [Eng.  9tPM<,  a,  ;  -y.]    A  sweet,  a 
sweetmeat 

bonbons  or  newffet  In  the  packages."  — 

:  jTmnxIflflcinf  I'tiffcrt,  i. 

*swegh,  *»weghe  a.     [SWAY.]    A  violent 
motion.    (wlZltt.  Poems,  c.  72.) 

*swoin  mote,  s.    [SWAINWOTE.] 

•well  (pa.  t.  *  swal,  swelled,  pa.  par.  swelled, 
swollen),  v.i.  &  t.  [A.S.  sweUan  (pa.  t.  sweall, 
pa.  par.  woton);  cogn.  with  Dnt.  *«*•?&»  (pa.  t. 
guwH,  pa.  par.  gezwollt.n);  IceL  st-£/in  (pa.  t. 
sval,  pa.  par.  solliiiri);  Sw.  svalla;  Gvc.schwel- 
Itn.} 
A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  increase  in  bulk  ;  to  grow  balkier  ;  to 
dilate  or  extend  the  exterior  surface  or  dimen- 
sions by  matter  added  within,  or  by  expansion 
of  the  inclosed  substance. 

2.  To  be  increased  in  size  or  extent  by  any 
addition  ;  to  rise  above  the  ordinary  level  or 
limits. 

"And  daep  Scaiuandar  twite  with  hups  of  slain." 
Pap*  :  UtmcrTlUad  xt  «3* 

3.  To  be  inflated  ;  to  belly,  as  a  sail. 

4.  To  bulge   out  ;  to   protuberate  :    as,  > 
cask  swells  in  the  middle. 

1  5.  To  rise  in  altitude  :  as,  Lands  swtM  into 
hills. 

6.  To  rise  and  increase  gradually  ;  to  well 
np. 

"  The  tears  that  twetl  ID  me." 

Xk'ikMf*.  :  Low*'*  LU&OMTI  Lett,  tr.  i 

7.  To  grow  in  the  mind  and  fill  the  souL 

"The  strong  and  wiling  evil  of  my  conception." 


*&  To  be  inflated  with  auger. 

"I  will    help   every  one    from    him   that 
againathim,"—  rtolmxii.  «.    (/Va»«r  fl*yfc.) 

9.  To  be  puffed  up  with  some  feeling  ;  to 
•how  outwardly  elation  or  excitement  ;  hence, 
to  strut  ;  to  look  or  make  »ue's  self  big. 

"Hera  be  cornea,  fuelling  like  a  turkey-cock."— 
Saaketp.  :  Henry  V.,  v.  L 

10.  To  become  larger  in  amount  ;  to  grow, 
to  increase. 

11.  To  become  greater  in  intensity,  strength, 
or  volume  ;  to  grow. 

"A  vhisper  which  welled  fast  Into  a  fearful 
claupnir.  paM«d  in  an  hour  from  Piccadilly  to  White- 
•tttftL"—  JfacaH/ay  :  Site.  Eng.,  ch.  x. 

B.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  increase  the  size,  bulk,  volume,  or 
dimensions  of;  to  cause  to  rise,  dilate,  or  in- 

crease. 

"A  heavy  thandentorra  In  a  few  hours  will  .  .  . 
swell  the  main  streams  iitto  rushing,  roaring  si«te«  of 
turbid  and  sull-laden  water."—  Field,  Oct.  3»  1885. 

2.  To  inflate,  to  puff  up. 

"  Did  MMJZ  my  thoughts  to  any  strain  of  pride." 

8kak*p.  -.  2  Henry  t  T.,  IT.  5. 

*  3.  To  aggravate  ;  to  heighten. 

"It  Is  low  ebb  with  his  accuser,  when  srtch  pecca- 
dillos are  put  to  swell  the  charge."—  Atterbttry. 

4.  To  increase  gradually  the  strength,  force, 
or  volume  of  :  as,  To  swell  a  tone. 

5.  To  increase  in  number  or  quantity. 

"  Several  men  from  the  CotfanrooM  and  Sir  Bache 
helped  to  twell  the  total  at  Keyham,"—  field,  Feb.  26, 

•well,  s.  &  a.  [Sw.  svaU  =  the  swell  of  the 
sea  ;  cogn,  with  Or.  troAos,  <riAq  (solos,  sale)  = 
tossing,  restless  motion;  Lat.  «iiM»  =  the 
open,  tossing  sea.)  [SWELL,  v.] 

A*  As  substantive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  swelling;   rise,  gradual  in- 
crease: as, 

S)  Gradual   increase  or   augmentation   in 
<  ;  dilation. 

(2)  Elevation,  rise,  or  increase  in  height. 

(3)  Increase  of  intensity,  force,  or  volume 
Of  sound. 

"  The  heavy  knell,  the  choir's  faint  twttt. 
Caui«  slowly  down  tba  wind." 

Scott:  Gray  Brother. 

(4)  Increase  of  power  in  style  or  of  rhetorical 
force.  f 

2.  An  elevation  of  land  ;  a  rounded  height 
gradually  rising  above  the  plain. 


3.  A  succession  of  long,  unbroken  waves 
setting  in  one  direction,  as  after  a  storm  ;  the 
waves  or  fluctuations  of  the  aea  after  a  storm ; 
a  surge. 

"A  large  hollow  twell  from  the  south-west,  ever 
•lute  our  wat  hard  gale,  bad  convinced  me  that  there 
woe  nut  any  lain!  in  that  direction." — Cot/A;  fine 
YWHJ*,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  viL 

4.  A  term  applied  sometimes  to  a  person  of 
high  standing,  note,  or  importance,  but  more 
commonly,  in    a   depreciatory    sense,    to    a 
showy,  dashing  person,  as  a  fop,  a  dandy,  or 
the  like. 

"  At  the  ball,  my  eldest  trir!  dnnctd  with  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs,  and  found  him  very 
ch:itty,  though  a  bit  of  a  tweU.."— Tluodorv  Hook  ; 
(filbert  Oumey,  roL  Hi.,  ch.  ii. 

IX  Technically: 
1.  Music: 

(1)  A  contrivance  for    giving  a   gradually 
increasing  and  diminishing  sound  to  a  wind 
instrument    by  varying    the    volume  of  air 
which  passes  to  the  pipes  or  reeds.    This  is 
accomplished  by  varying  the  sizt  of  the  blast 
aperture,  by  a  knee-stop,  as  in  the  parlour- 
organ,  or  by  a  pedal  in  the  church  organ. 

(2)  One    of   the    three    aggregated    organs 
wUich  are  combined  in  an  instrument  of  large 
power.    The  other  two  are  the  great  organ 
and  the  choir  organ.      The  key-boards  form 
three  banks ;  the  swell  above,  then  the  great 
Drgan,  and  the  choir  organ  below.    The  swell 
consists  of  an  organ  shut  up  in  a  box  on  three 
sides,   and    on    the   other   Bide   inclosed  by 
louvres,   which  are  opened  and  shut    by  a 
pedal,  so  as  to  give  a  crescendo  or  dimf iraendo 
effect. 

(3)  The  sign  (-«:  ^^X  which  Indicates  in- 
crease and  decrease  in  the  volume  of  sound. 

t2.  Ordnance: 

(1)  An  enlargement  of  a  gun  near  the  muzzle. 

(2)  An  enlarged  or  thickened  portion  of  a 
gun-stock. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  a  swell  or  swells ; 
characterized  by  more  or  less  showiness  or 
display  in  dress  ;  dandified,  crack. 

"The  'nodi'  picture  of  the  exhibition  ol  U77."— 
Scribnar't  Magazine,  May,  1890,  p.  &. 

swell-flali,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Tetrodon  turgiduf,  one  of  the  Globe- 
fishes,  common  on  the  coasts  of  Massachusetts 
and  New  York.  Length  from  six  to  fourteen 
inches,  olive-green  above  and  whitish  below  ; 
abdomen  lax,  and  capable  of  considerable 
distension. 

swell-mob,  s.  The  class  of  pickpockets 
who  go  about  well  dressed,  BO  as  to  mix  in 
crowds  with  less  chance  of  being  suspected. 
(Slang.) 

swell  mobsman,  s.    A  member  of  the 

swell-mob. 

"  T}i«  nprtf-TOo**ma«'»ey»  Is  for  ever  wandering  in 
March  of  his  pwy."— <&iarterly  Iteeittu.  June,  1866, 
p.  192. 

*  swcll'-dom,  s.    [Eng.  swell,  a. ;  -dom..}   The 
world  of  rank  or  fashion. 

-All  Mr/Mom  is  at  her  feet."—  Thackeray :  New- 
comet,  cb.  xliii. 

swell  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.    (SWELL,  v.) 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Growing  in  and  filling  the  mind ;  rising. 
"  Gratify  my  thousand  welling  thoughts." 

Byron :  Cain,  it  2. 

*  2.  Turgid,  inflated,  bombastic. 

"  And  do  not  thou  condemn  this  swelling  tide, 
And  stream  of  words."  Daniel :  Mtttophilut, 

*  3.  Grand,  pompcus. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  rising,  dilation,  or  inflation ;  increase 
in  size  or  bulk. 

2.  A  tumour  or  any  morbid  enlargement  of 
the  natural  size. 

"Wherever  they  b!t«  they  cause  a  tvtelUng  and 
roch  an  intolerable  ttchintr,  tfiat  it  la  not  possible  to 
refrain  from  scratching."— Coot:  Second  Voyage, 

3.  A  protuberance,  a  prominence. 

"The  fuptrncte*  of  such  plates  an  not  even,  but 
have  DiJtny  eavitieB  and  manning*,  which,  how  shallow 
su0T«r,  do  a  litUe  vary  the  thickueaa  of  the  plaU."— 
Jfewton :  Optickt. 

*4.  An  overflow  ;  an  inundation. 

"  He  shall  come  up  at  a  lion  from  the  twitting  of 
Jordan.'  —Jeremiah  xliz.  1*. 

*  5.  The  state  of  being  puffed  up ;  pride,  ar- 
rogance. 

"  I  fear*  lest  there  be  found  iwnonge  you  debate, 
enuyinge,  wrath,  stryfe.  backhytyngs,  whysperynges, 
necUynffts  and  discorde.1'— I  Corinth.  xlL  (U61.) 


swell  -Ish,  a.  [Eng.  swell,  a. ;  -ish.}  Chaxme- 
teristic  of  a  swell  or  dandy  ;  dandified,  fop- 
pish, stylish  ;  would-be  fashionable  or  aristo- 
cratic. 

*  swclt,  *  swell-on,  v.i.  &  t.     [  A.S.  swettan  s 
to  die;  cogn.   with  IceL  sweUa  =  to  die,  to 
starve;  Dan.  suite;  Sw.  sw&lta;  Goth.  sw«- 
tan.]    [SULTKY.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  die  ;  to  perish. 

2.  To  faint,  to  swoon,  as  from  excess  of 
heat 

"  Her  dear  heart  nfgh  twelt  .  ,  . 
Tli en  when  she  look'd  about  .  .  . 
Bbe  almost  fell  again  into  a  •  wound." 

titxtu*r:  F.  ft.,  IV.  vii.  ». 

B.  Tran*. :  To  overpower,  as  with  heat ;  to 
cause  to  faint. 

"Is  the  sun  to  be  blamed  that  the  traveller'*  doak. 
tvjfltt  him  with  he*t?"— Buhop  Salt :  SoWogutoi,  71. 

8w€l'-ter,  v.i.  &  t.    [SWKLT.]    PULTBT.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  overcome  and  faint  with  heat ;  to 
be  ready  to  perish  with  excessive  heat. 

"  The  soldiers  have  nothing  to  d"  but  nmfter  in 
their  tents  during  thchaat  of  tlM  dsor."—  Dailf  A'etN. 
Aug.  26,  1H4, 

*  2.  To  welter,  to  eoak.    (Drnytou,) 

3.  To  sweat  profusely. 

"They  bathe  their  coursers'  twdtrring  aitlea." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Laht,  T.  ML 
*B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  oppress  by  excessive  heat. 

"One  cliuiate  would  be  scorched  and  tw«lttr*d  with 
everlfisting  dog-days ;  while  an  eternal  December 
blMted  another."— Bvitlty  :  Sermon  8. 

2.  To  breed  by  internal  heat.     (According 
to  Schmidt :  Shakesp.  Lexicon  =  to  exude.) 

"(Has]  mattered  venmn  sleeping  got," 

Sha**A  ;  Hdcb*h,  IT.  L 

*»uel-trle,  a.  [Eng.  swelter; 
-y.]  Suffocating  witli  heat;  excessively  hot ;. 
sultry. 

"  Outcast  of  Nature,  Man  1  the  wretched  thrall 
Of  bitter  dropping  sweat,  of  twttfri/  pain." 

Th*nu»n  :  CattU  of  Indolence,  L  U. 

"swSnkt,  o.    pSwiNK.]    Tired  with  work. 

"  The  iwenkt  grinders."— Carlyle  ;  French  BewoL,  pt 
11.,  bk.  iv..  ch.  vi. 

'swepe,  *.    [SWEEP,  ».] 

Swept,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    [Sw^Ep,  ».I 

*  swerd  (1),  *.    [SWABD.] 

*  swerd  (2),  *  swerde,  «.    [SWORD.] 

BWeV-tl-a,  «.  [Named  by  Linneeus  after 
Emmanuel  Swert,  author  of  FloriUyium 
(1612).] 

Sot. :  A  genus  of  Gentiane*?.  Calyx  five- 
parted,  corolla  rotate,  flve-cltft;  fruit,  one- 
celled,  two-valved,  seeds  winged.  Pretty 
herbst  with  blue  flowers.  Swertia  perennis  was 
once  erroneously  supposed  to  have  been  found 
in  Wales.  An  in  fusion  of  the  leaves  is  used 
by  the  Russians  as  a  medicine,  arid  the  leaves 
themselves  are  applied  by  the  Tartars  to 
wounds.  S.  (or  Agatltotes)  Chirata  is  th« 
chirata  (q.v.) 

swerve,  *  swarve  (pa.  t.  *  swarf,  *  swerf, 
swerved;  pa.  par. swerved),  v.i.&.t.  [A.S.iweor^ 
an,  pa.  t.  swear/;  pa*  par.  *uw/««)  =  to  rub,  to 
file,  to  polish  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  zwerven  —  to- 
swerve,  to  wander  ;  O.Sax.  swerban  =  to  wipe  ; 
O.  Fris.  swerva  =  to  creep  ;  Icel.  svvrfa  =  *x> 
tile  ;  Goth,  biswairban  =  to  wipe;  cf.  Dan. 
svirre  =  to  whirl  round  ;  svire—  to  revel,  to 
riot ;  closely  connected  with  siearnt  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intransitive: 

*L  To  wander,  to  rove,  to  stray. 

*  2.  To  turn  to  one  side,  to  incliue,  to  waver. 

"  But,  nerving  from  the  ttuifVifa  cara*r, 
Juat  as  tney  met,  Bruce  shuuu'd  the  •pear." 

Scott :  LorAqfth*  late*,  vL  IB. 

3.  To  wander  or  turn  aside  from  the  pre- 
scribed or  proper  line  or  rule  of  duty  ;  to  de- 
part or  deviate  from  that  which  is  established 
by  law,  duty,  or  custom. 

"  Britons  rarely  ticerve 

From  law,  however  stern,  which  tends  their  strength 
to  nerve."  Byron;  Ctiilde  HurUtt.  1L  Kiz. 

4.  To  climb  or  move  upward  by  winding  or 
turning ;  to  swarm, 

"  Y«t  nimbly  up  from  bough  to  hough  I  twmtd.' 
Drydtn. :  Theocritut,  Id.  UL 

*B.  Trans.:  To  cause  to  turn  aside;  to 

turn. 

"  faoerved  them  from  the  former  good  constitution." 
—Qauden:  Tttir*  of  th*  Church,  p.  410. 


boy;  po^t.  Jowl;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  oMii*  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  09;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^iat.    -ing, 
-clan, -tian  =  shan,    -tion, -sion  =  shun; -tion, -siou^  zhun.    -cious, -tious, -sioua  ^  shus,    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4576 


swerve — swim 


swerve,  a.  [SWERVE,  v.]  A  movement  or 
turning  to  one  side. 

"  Disturbed  in  their  equilibrium  by  an  extra  nwrv« 
of  the  pole."— field,  Sept.  4.  ISM. 

*SW6t,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.    [SWEAT,  v.} 
*swete,  v.i.    [SWEAT,  v.] 

sweth,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  O.  Low  Ger. 

suitlauch  =  sweet  leek.] 
Bot. :  Allium  schcenoprasum. 

swey-en,  'swev-ene,  s.  [A. 8.  swefen, 
swefn;  Icel.  svefn;  O.  Low  Ger.  sweven.J 
Sleep ;  a  dream. 

"  '  Now  God,'  quod  he,  '  my  tveven  rede  aright, 
And  keep  my  body  out  of  foul  prlsoun ! ' 

Chaucer  :  C.  T,,  16,382, 

*  swev-en,  v.i.    (SWEVEN,  «.]    To  sleep,  to 
dream. 

"  And  Pandarus,  with  a  full  good  entent, 
Luied  him  to  slepe.  aud  saied.  '  If  yt  be  wise, 
Steeveneth  not  now.  lest  more  folke  arise." 

Chaucer :  Troilut  *  Cretti&i,  bk.  ill. 

*  swich,  swilke,  a.    [SUCH.] 

*  swich-en,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot. :  Senecio  vulgaris. 

swid  -der,  *.  &  v.    [SWITHER.] 

swie-te -ne-se.  s.  p7.  [Mod.  Lat.  «<r£efcn(ia); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*,  -ete.] 

Bot.:  A  tribe  of  Cedrelacea  having  the 
stamens  monadelphous. 

swle-te'-ni-a,  «.  [Named  after  Gerard  Van 
Swieten  (1700-1772),  physician  to  Maria 
Theresa  of  Austria.] 

Bot.  :  Mahogany-tree  ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Swietenese.  Calyx  short,  five-cleft;  petals 
five,  stamens  united  into  a  lube  having  at  the 
tip  ten  anthers;  fruit,  a  capsule  with  five 
cells,  and  many  winged  seeds.  Only  known 
•pecies  Swietenia  Mahogani.  [MAHOGANY.] 

swift, 'swifte,  *swyfte,a.,adt>.,&s.  [A.8. 
for  swipt ;  cf.  Icel.  svipta  =  to  pull  quickly ; 
A.S.  sw\fan  =  to  move  quickly;  Icel.  swi<fa=. 
to  turn,  to  rove,  to  ramble ;  Ger.  tchwtifen  •=.  to 
sweep,  or  move  along,  to  rove,  to  ramble ;  Icel. 
nipa  =  to  swoop,  flash.  From  the  same  root 
as  sweep  and  swoop.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Moving  with  great  speed,    celerity,  or 
velocity ;  speedy,  rapid,  quick. 

"  The  race  U  not  to  the  twift."—Ecdct.  U.  1L 

2.  Beady,  prompt,  quick. 

"  Let  every  man  be  tteift  to  hear,  slow  to  speak."— 
Jam*  i.  19. 

3.  Coining  suddenly  without  delay. 

"  Bring  upon  themselves  nrift  destruction.'* — t  Peter 
U.2. 

*  4.  Of  short  continuance  ;  rapidly  passing  ; 
Short 

"  How  tvift  and  short  hii  time  of  folly." 

ShaJcetp.  :  Rapt  of  Lucrece,  ML 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  swift  and  rapid  manner ; 
iwiftly,  rapidly. 

"  Skirr  away  as  tmft  as  atones." 

SfcoAesp.  /  Benry  Y..  it.  t. 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  current  of  a  stream. 

"  He  can  lire  In  the  strongest  twiftt  of  the  water."— 
Itaac  Walton:  Compleat  Angler, 

2.  A  fast-running  dog. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Carding,  Ac. ; 

(1)  A  revolving  reel  with  arras  parallel  to 
the  axis,  and  affording  a  frame  whereon  to 
wind  yarn,  silk,  or  other  thread. 

(2)  The  main  card-cylinder  of  a  flax-carding 
machine. 

2.  Bntom, :   The  genus  Hepialns,  including 
the  Golden  Swift  (Hepialus  hectus),  the  Com- 
mon Swift  (H.  Itipulina),  the  Beautiful  Swift 
(H.    vettcda),  and    the    Evening    Swift     (H. 
Mflrinnt),      All   fly   with    great   rapidity;    //. 
foetus,  like  the  Ghost  Moth  (H.  humuli),  has 
a  peculiar  oscillatory  flight,  keeping  always 
near  one  spot,  as  if  attached  to  an  invisible 
pendulum. 

3.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  tackle  used   in  tightening  standing 
rigging. 

(2)  A  rope  encircling  the  ends  of  the  capstan 
liars   to   prevent  their   flying  out  of  their 
sockets. 

4.  Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species 


of  the  family  CypselidEe;  specif.,  Cypselus  apus, 
the  Common  Swift.    [CYFSELUS.] 

"The  tvift,  now  removed  by  strict  ornithologists 
from  the  swallow  family,  is  a  very  late  bird  to  arrive, 
and  one  of  the  earliest  to  leave.  It  is  associated  by  all 
bird-lovers  with  the  heart  of  summer,  and,  as  It  darts 
with  a  wild  scream  round  street- corners  or  round  some 
old  cathedral  towers,  it  Is  not  surprising  that  it  has 
earned  for  itself  in  the  Midland  Counties  the  name  of 
'deviling."'—-*.  Jamet't  G-uxtte.  March  9.  1837. 

5.  Zool. :  The  common  newt  or  eft. 
swift-footed,  a.    Swift  of  foot ;  fleet. 

*  swift-handed,  a.    Prompt  of  action ; 
ready  to  draw  the  sword. 

*  swift-heeled,  a.    Swift-footed ;  fleet. 
swift-moth,  s.    [SWIFT,  *.,  II.  2.] 
swift-shrike, *. 

Ornith. :  Swainson's  name  for  Ocypterus, 
ft  genus  of  Lauiidit- ,  of  rapid  flight. 

swift-winged,  a.    Rapid  in  flight. 

"  The  tempest  itself  Ings  behind, 
And  the  wirt-wniwd  arrows  of  light" 

Cotvper :  Alexander  Selkirk. 

swiff -er,  s.    [Icel.  sviptingr.] 

Nautical : 

(1)  A  rope  used  to  confine  the  bars  of  the 
capstans  in  their  sockets. 

(2)  A  rope  encircling  a  boat,  parallel  to  its 
water-line,  or  on  the  shear-line.    It  stiffens 
the  boat,  and  acts  as  a  fender. 

(S)  A  shroud  from  the  head  of  a  lower  mast 
to  the  ship's  side,  before  the  other  shrouds, 
and  not  confined  by  the  cat  harpings. 

swift  -er,  v.t.    [SWIFTER,  s.] 

Naut, ;  To  stretch,  as  shrouds,  by  tackles. 

*  swift  -foot,  a.     [Eng.  ncifl,  a.,   and  foot.] 
Swift-footed,  nimble,  speedy. 

"  This  hauke,  the  hound,  the  binds,   the  tvnftfoot 
hare."  Mirrourfor  Magittratet,  p.  955. 

swift -let,  s.    [Eng.  swift,  s. ;  -let.} 

Ornith, :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Col- 
localia  (q.v.). 


wju*'-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  swift,  a,  ;  -ly.}  In  a 
swift  or  rapid  manner;  quickly,  rapidly, 
nimbly,  speedily. 

"  These  move  neiftly.  and  at  great  distance ;  bat 
then  they  require  a  medium  well  disposed,  and  their 
transmission  U  easily  stopped."— Bacon  :  fiat.  Hut. 

BWift'-ness,  *.  [Eng.  swift,  a. ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  swift ;  speed,  rapid 
motion,  quickness,  celerity,  speediuess, 
rapidity. 

"  The  twiftnet*  of  motion  Is  measured  by  distance 
of  place  and  length  of  time  wherein  it  is  performed. " 
—Locke:  Element*  Nat.  Philot.,  ch.  L 

*  Swilf-&  *  SWift'-jfe,  a.  [Eng.  swift;  -y.] 
Swift 

"  Ronues  with  ttei/tye  race." 

Gov-je  :  £pitaphe  of  M.  Shelley. 

swig  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    [A.S.  swilgan,  swelgan  =  to 
devour,  to  swallow.] 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  drink  in  large  draughts  ;  to  drink 
rapidly  or  greedily  ;  to  gulp.    (Colloq.) 

2.  To  suck  greedily. 

"  The  flock  is  drained,  the  lambkin*  neiy  the  teat, 
Bnt  find  no  moisture,  and  then  idly  bleat" 

Crtech:  Virgil;  Ed.  lit. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  take  a  swig  or  deep  draught. 
(Coitog.) 

Swig  (2),  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To  castrate, 
aa  a  ram,  by  binding  the  testicles  tightly  with 
a  string,  so  that  they  mortify  and  slough  off. 
(Prop.) 

swig,  s.    [Swio(l),  *.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  large  or  deep  draught, 

"  The  sailor  having  taken  a  twig  at  the  bottle." — 
Marryal :  Patha,  of  Sony  Talct ;  Snfflith  Sailor. 

2.  (See  extract). 

"  Yesterday,  being  St.  David's  Day,  good  tteig  should 
have  been  had  for  the  asking  by  Cam  and  Isla.  To 
make  neig,  the  coucocter  must  provide  himself  with 
half  a  pound  of  Lisbon  sugar,  several  pints  of  warm 
beer,  some  nutmeg,  ginger,  and  sherry,  some  slices  of 
lemon  and  fragments  of  toast,  or.  If  preferred,  a  few 
roasted  apples.—  Daily  Telegraph,  March  2,  1886. 

IL  Naut. :  A  pulley  with  ropes  which  are 
not  parallel. 

swill,  *  swil-en,   *  swil-i-en,  v.t.   &   i. 

[A.S.  swilian  =  to  wash  ;  cf.  Ital.  skyla ;  Dan. 
$ky!le=  to  swill,  to  rinse,  to  wash.] 

A*  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  wash,  as  dishes. 

"  Dishes  mnien" 


*  2.  To  wash,  to  bathe. 

"  As  fearfully  aa  doth  a  galled  rock 
O'erhang  and  Ititty  bis  confounded  base, 
StoUFd  with  the  wild  and  wasteful  ocean." 

Sbakejp.  ;  Henry  V.,  UL  L 

3.  To  drink  like  a  pig  ;  to  drink  greedily  Of 
grossly. 

"  The  boar  .  .  . 
SwUU  your  warm  blnod  like  wash." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  III..  T.  t, 

i.  To  inebriate  ;  to  swell  with  fulness. 

"  He  drinks  a  ttcilling  draught ;  and,  lin'd  within. 
Will  supple  ill  the  bath  bis  outward  ;kin." 

Dryden:  Ptrtita,  lit  177. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  drink  greedily  ;  to  drink  to  excess. 

"  Of  so  peculiar  a  force  is  temperance  against  the 
fiery  assaults  of  the  devil,  and  so  uunt  a  match  la  a 
,  twill  in  ff  swine  to  encounte  " 

:  Sermon*,  vol.  vL,  ser.  7. 

*  2.  To  be  intoxicated, 

*  swill  pot,  *  swill-tub,  s.  A  drunkard. 
swill,  *  swyl,  s.    [SWILL,  v.] 

1.  A  large  draught  of  liquor  or  drink  taken 
in  excessive  quantities. 

"  Thus  as  they  swim  in  mutual  nritt,  the  talk .  .  . 
Reels  fast  from  theme  to  theme." 

Thornton:  Autumn,  558. 

2.  The  wash  given  to  swine  to  drink ;  hogs- 
wash,  sw  tilings. 

"  Give  swine  such  ttctil  aa  you  have,"— Mortimer. 

*  swfll  -bowl,  s.  [Eng.  emit,  and  bowl.]  A 
drunkard,  a  greedy  person,  a  glutton,  a  swiller. 

"  Wantonness   was    never   such   a   naiUbowl  of  rl- 
baldry."—  Barvey  Pierce*  Supererogation,  li.  141. 

Swlir-er,  *.     [Eng.  siviU,  v. ;  -«r.]    One  who 

swills  ;  one  who  drinks  grossly  or  greedily. 

swill  -63?  (1),  *.  [Eng.  swiU,  v. ;  -«y.]  An 
eddy,  a  whirlpool.  (Prov.) 

swfll'-e^  (2),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  coal- 
field  of  small  extent.  (Prov.) 

swill'-ings,  «.  pi.  [Eng.  swill;  -ings.}  The 
same  as  SWILL,  ».  (2)  (q.v.). 

swim  (1),  *  s  wlmme,  *  swum-  en,  *  s  wy  me, 
*  Swyxnme  (pa.  t.  swam,  swum,  *  swoiii,  pa. 
par.  swum,  *  sworn),  v.i.  &  t.  [A.S.  swimman 
(pa.  t.  swamm,  swomm) ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
zuwtnnen ;  Icel.  svimma  (pa.  t.  swmrn,  pa. 
par.  summit;  Dan.  svomme ;  Sw.  simma;  Ger. 
tchwimmen  (pa.  t.  sehwamm).] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  move  to  and  fro  on  or  in  water ;  to 
float  or  be  supported  on  water  or  other  liquid ; 
not  to  sink  in  any  liquid. 

2.  To  move  progressively  in  the  water  by 
means  of  the  motion  of  the  hands  and  feet. 

"  Leap  in  with  me  into  this  angry  flood, 
Ana  tvrim  to  yoiider  point." 

Shaketp. :  Juliut  Ctuar,  i.  2. 

*  3.  To  float ;   to  be  borne  by  or  on   the 
water.    (Shakesp. :  As  You  Like  It,  iv.  1.) 
•A.  To  glide  along  with  a  smooth  motion. 

'*  With  pretty  and  with  Brimming  gait." 
Shaketp. :  Jfidtummer  Night'*  bream,  IL  1. 

5.  To  be  flooded ;  to  overflow ;  to  ba 
drenched. 

"  All  the  night  make  I  my  bed  to  twim  :  I  water  my 
coach  with  my  tears."— Ptalm  vi.  «. 

*fi.  To  overflow,  to  abound;  to  ha^o 
abundance. 

"  There  thou  maist  love,  and  dearly  loved  be. 
And  ttcim  in  pleasure,  which  thou  here  dust  mia." 
Spenter;  F.  y.,  II.  in.  39. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  pass  or  cross  by  swimming ;  to  move 
on,  in,  or  over  by  swimming. 

"  Yon  never  tvxim  the  Hellespont." 

Shaketp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  L  L 

2.  To  cause  to  swim  or  float. 

"Sometimes  a  river  must  be  crossed  by  npimmtna 
the  horses  and  putting  the  waggon  upon  a  crazy  skiff. 
— Century  Magazine,  Aug.,  1833,  p.  512. 

3.  To  immerse  in   water  that  the  lighter 
parts  may  swim :  as,  To  swim  wheat  for  seed. 

swim  (2X  v.i.  [SwiME.]  To  be  dizzy  or  giddy ; 
to  have  a  dizzy  sensation  as  if  the  head  were 
going  round  :  as,  My  head  swims. 

swim  (l),  *.    [SWIM  (i),  v.} 

1.  The  act  of  swimming ;  a  bath. 

"  In  spite  of  these  reptiles,  we  used  to  take  a  dally 
tvrim  in  the  river. "—  Field,  Sept  U,  1886. 

2.  A  piece  of  water  free  from  rocks,  &c., 
and  deeper  than  the  rest  of  the  river. 

"Barbel,  through  a  series  of  cold  nights,  have  run 
Into  deeper  twim*.  and  will  soon  be  lost  sight  of  for 
the  winter."— Field,  Oct.  3,  1885. 

a  A  piece  of  water  especially  frequented 
byflsh.  [f.] 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p6t» 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub,  euro,  unite,  ear,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    w,  CD  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qti      kw. 


swim— swineherd 


4577 


*  3.  A  smooth  gliding  motion. 
"  Both  the  t  trim  and  the  trip  are  properly  mine."— 
Ben  Jonxm;  Cynthia  t  AVwrt.  It.  1. 

4.  The  swimming-bladder  of  fishes. 

"The  braces  have  the  nature  and  use  of  tendons,  in 
contracting  th«  twim."—Grev>. 

T[  In  the  swim:  In  the  secret;  knowing  all 
the  circumstances  of  an  enterprise,  Ac. 
Also,  in  gaiety  ;  in  prosperity.  (Slang.} 

"  A  man  IB  Mid  to  be  i n  the  netm  when  any  piece  of 
good  fortune  has  happened,  or  seems  likely  to  happen. 
to  him.  To  have  rowed  one's  college-boat  to  the  head 
of  the  river,  tu  have  received  a  legacy,  to  hnve  made  a 
good  book  oil  the  Derby,  are  any  of  them  suflicient  to 
bitve  put  one  in  the  turim.  The  metaphor  ii  plsca- 
totial.  'swim'  being  the  term  applied  by  Thames 
fishermen  to  thotu  sections  of  the  river  which  are 
especially  frequented  by  fish.  The  angler  who  casts 
his  bait  into  these  may  depend  upon  sport,  whereas 
bis  neighbour  at  a  little  distance  may  nut  have  a 
nibble,  being  out  of  the  twim."—Macmitlan'i  Magazine, 
Nov..  1869,  pp.  71,  75. 

swim-bladder,  s. 

Comp.  Anat:  The  same  aa  SWIMMING- 
BLADDER  (q.v.). 

"  The  air  contained  in  the  twim-bluddcr  IB  composed 
mainly  of  nitrogen  in  most  freshwater  nahea. "— Nichol- 
ton:  Zoology  (ed.  187-U  p.  466. 

•t  swim  (2),  s.    [SwiM  (2).  u.J    A  whirl ;  whirl- 
ing motion. 

"  And  then  wrre  gulfed  In  a  tumultuous  iwi'm." 
Kcatt:  Undymion.  i.  571. 

*  swime,   *  snlme,    *  swyme,    «.      [A.S. 
swima  =  &  swoon,  a  swimming  in  the  head; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  svimi  =  a  swimming  in  the 
head  ;  sveima  =  to  wander ;  Dan.  svimle  =  to 
be  giddy  ;  beavime  =  to  swoon  ;  Sw.  svimma  = 
to  be  dizzy;  svindel  =  dizziness.]    Dizziness, 
vertigo  ;  a  swimming  in  the  head. 

*  swim -ma -We,   a.     [Eng.   swim  (1),  v. ; 
-able.]    Capable  of  being  swum. 

"I  .  .  .  swam  everything  twimmabl*."— Savage  :  S. 
Uedlicott.  bk.  ii.,  ch.  lit. 

swim'  mer,  *.    [Eng.  swim  (1).  T.  ;  •«-.] 
L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  One  who  swims. 

"  Fast  a*  the  cormorant  could  iVIm, 
The  tvnmmer  plied  each  active  limb.* 

Scoff  .•  Lady  ->f  the.  Lake,  11. 87. 

2.  A  bird  that  swims,  as  the  duck  or  goose. 

3.  A  protuberance  on  the  leg  of  a  horse. 
IL  Technically  (PL): 

1.  Ornith. :  The  same  as  NATATOBES  (q.v.). 

2.  Zool. ;  The  same  as  NATANTES  (q.v.). 

swim-mer-Stf,  5.     [Eng.  swimmer;  dimin. 
suff.  -et.\ 

Comp.  Anat.  (PI):  The  limbs  on  the  ab- 
dominal segments  of  the  Crustacea,  so  modi- 
fied aa  to  serve  for  swimming  organs.  In 
the  Lobster,  in  which  they  may  be  seen  to 
advantage,  there  are  five  pairs,  the  last  pair 
being  greatly  expanded,  and  forming,  with  the 
teUon,  a  powerful  caudal  fin.  Each  awim- 
meret  consists  of  a  basal  joint,  to  which  are 
attached  two  diverging  joints,  the  inner  of 
which  is  called  the  endopodite  and  the  outer 
the  exopodite.  In  the  female,  the  fine  hairs 
fringing  the  swimmerets  serve  as  supports  for 
the  eggs  or  "  berries  "  during  the  spawning 
season. 

swim  -ming  (1),  pr.  par. ,  a.,  &  «.  [SwiM  (1), «.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  Bot. ;  Floating  under  water,  as  Conferva. 
C.  As  subst. :  The  act  or  art  of  sustaining 

and  propelling  the  body  in  water. 

II  The  human  body,  when  the  lungs  are  in- 
flated, is  slightly  lighter  than  an  equal  volume 
of  fresh  water,  and  consequently  floats  on  the 
surface.  It  does  so  vet  more  easily  on  salt 
water,  which  is  heavier  than  fresh.  But,  in 
floating,  the  head  tends  to  sink.  The  art  of 
swimming  in  man  is  the  art  of  keeping  the 
head  above  water  and  the  lungs  as  much  aa 
possible  inflated.  To  raise  the  head  above 
water,  the  rest  of  the  body  must  as  much  as 
possible  be  kept  below  it ;  and  when  a  person 
unable  to  swim,  falling  into  deep  water,  in- 
stinctively raises  his  arms  above  the  surface, 
his  head  simultaneously  sinks.  Movement 
forward  in  swimming  is  produced  by  the 
flexion  and  abduction  of  the  arms  and  by  the 
extension  and  adduction  of  the  legs.  Quad- 
rupeds swim  easily,  their  head  being  so  placed 
as  to  remain  naturally  above  water. 

swimming-bath,  s.  A  bath  large  enough 
for  persons  to  swim  in. 


swimming-bell,  s. 

Zool. :  The  same  as  NECTOCALYI  (q.v.). 

swimming-belt,  s.  An  air-inflated  belt 
worn  round  the  person  as  a  support  in  the 
water. 

swimming-birds,  $.  pi 

Ornith. ;  The  same  as  NATATORES  (q.v.). 
swimming-bladder,  s. 

Comp.  Anat.:  The  swim-bladder  or  air- 
bladder  of  Fishes ;  A  hollow  sac,  formed  of 
several  tunics,  containing  gas,  situated  in  the 
abdominal  cavity,  but  outside  the  peritoneal 
sac,  entirely  closed  or  communicating  by  a 
duct  with  the  intestinal  tract.  The  special 
function  of  the  swimming-bladder  is  to  alter 
the  specific  gravity  of  the  fish,  or  to  change 
the  centre  of  gravity.  It  is  absent  in  the  Lep- 
tocardii,  Cyclostomata,  Chondropterygii,  and 
Holocephala,  but  occurs  in  all  the  Qanoidei, 
in  one  sub-order  of  which  (Dipnoi)  it  possesses 
anatomical  characters,  and  assumes,  to  some 
extent,  the  functions  of  a  lung ;  in  the  genus 
Ceratodus,  the  swimming-bladder,  though  a 
single  cavity,  has  symmetrically  arranged 
internal  pouches,  while  in  the  other  genera  of 
the  sub-order  (Lepidosiren  and  Protopterus) 
it  is  laterally  halved,  is  supplied  with  venous 
blood  by  a  true  pulmonary  artery,  and  by  its 
cellular  structure  closely  approaches  the  lungs 
of  a  reptile. 

swimming  crab,  s. 

Zool.  (PI.) :  Crabs  having  their  hind  pair  of 
feet  specially  modified  for  swimming,  spec, 
the  genus  Portuuus  (q.v.). 

swimming-herb,  s. 

Bot. :  Lemna  minor.    (Britten  A  Holland.) 

swimming-pond,  5.  An  artificial  pond 
In  which  swimming  is  learnt  or  practised. 

swimming  school. ».  A  school  where 
the  art  of  swimming  is  taught. 

swimming-stone,  a.  A  light,  spongy 
kind  of  quartz. 

swimming-tub,  *. 

Calico-print. :  A  tank  of  colours,  with  a 
floating  diaphragm  of  fabric,  on  which  a  block 
is  laid  to  colour  its  surface.  Also  used  in 
making  paper-hangings. 

swim  ming  (2),  pr. par.,  a.,&».  [SwiM  (2),  v.] 
A*  &  B.  An  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  A  dizziness  or  giddiness ;  ver- 
tigo. 

"  It  it  good  for  the  tvrlmming  aud  diuluesse  of  the 
bralne. '-/'.  HMaud  :  Plins,  ok.  ixi.,  ch.  xxx. 

swim'-mihg  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  swimming  (1) ; 
-ly.}  In  an  easy,  gliding  manner,  like  one 
swimming ;  hence,  smoothly,  without' obstruc- 
tion, with  perfect  success. 

"  Now  we  have  broken  the  Ice  we  shall  go  on  iwim- 
mtnoly'— teareA  :  Light  of  Nature,  vol.  IL,  pt.  U.,  ch. 
xxiii. 

swim  ming  ness,  ».  [Eng.  swimming  (2) ; 
•ness.]  The  state  of  swimming;  an  appearance 
of  swimming :  as,  a  stcimminyness  in  the  eyes. 

*  swinck,  1. 1  v.    [SWINK.] 

8 win  die.  v.t.  [SWINDLER.]  To  cheat;  to 
defraud  grossly  or  deliberately. 

"ID*  figurative  sense  the  German  Khvtindel  Is  ap- 
plied to  dealings  ID  wblcb  the  parties  seem  to  have 
lust  their  head,  as  we  say,  to  hare  become  diizy  over 
unfounded  or  unreasonable  prospect!  of  gain.  The 
word  may  be  translated  madness,  delusiou.  Then,  in  a 
factitive  sense,  schwindeler,  one  who  induces  delusions 
in  others.  '  Einein  etwaa  o&icAirfndeln,'  to  get  some- 
thing out  of  another  by  inducing  delusions ;  to  fwindle 
him  out  of  something."—  tV.dgiKod:  Diet,  qf  Eng. 
Jllym. 

swin'-dle,  «.  [SWINDLE,  ».]  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  swindling ;  a  fraudulent  scheme  de- 
vised to  cheat  persons  out  of  money,  &c.,  by 
imposition  or  deliberate  artifice ;  a  gross  fraud 
or  imposition. 

*  swin'-dle-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  twin-lie;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  swindled. 

"  I  look  easily  naindlmlilt,"- 11.  CoUIni:  ntmsMi 
in  my  Garden,  i.  288. 

swin'-dler,  *.  [Qer.  Khwindler  =  an  extrava- 
gant projector,  a  swindler,  from  schwinddn  = 
to  be  dizzy,  to  cheat ;  schwindel  =  dizziness  ; 
schwinden  =  to  decay,  to  sink,  to  fail ;  cogn. 
with  A.S.  swindan(p.  t.  9trand)  =  to  languish.) 
One  who  swindles  ;  one  who  defrauds  others 
by  deliberate  artifice;  an  habitual  cheat,  a 
rogue. 


*  swln'  -  dler  -  jf,  >.  [Eng.  swindler;  •».] 
Swindling,  roguery. 

"  Swindlery  aud  blackguardism."— Cartel*:  Frend 
Ittv^i.,  bk.  IL,  oh.  vi, 

swine,  *  Bwln,  *  swyne.  «.  [A.S.  svAr. 
(sing.  &  plur.),  cogn.  with  Dut  zwijn  =  » 
swine,  a  hog ;  Icel.  swin  (sing.  &  plur.) ;  Dan 
•mm;  Sw.  tvin;  O.  H.  Oer.  swln;  Goth. 
swein  ;  Ger.  schwein ;  Russ.  svineya  =  a  swine 
tvinJca  =  a  pig,  svinina  =  pork  ;  Lat.  tut  =  > 
sow,  suinus  =  belonging  to  swine,  swinish. 
Swine  is  used  both  as  a  singular  and  a  plural 
noun.] 

1.  Lit. :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Suidas, 
and  particularly  of  the  genus  Bus  (q.v.) ;  • 
pig,  a  hog  (q.v.). 

2.  Fig. :  A  low,  mean,  filthy  person, 
swine  arnut,  >. 

Sot. :  Arrhenatherum  avtnattum. 
swine-bread,  s.  A  kind  of  plant ;  truffle, 
swine  carse,  s. 
Bot. :  Polygonum  aviculare. 

swine-ease,  swine  coat,  "swine- 
oot,  *  swine  -  cote,  •  swyyne  -  kote, 

*  swine-erne,  s.    A  pen  for  swine ;  a  hog- 
sty. 

*  swine-drunk,  a.    lu  a  beastly  state  of 
intoxication. 

"He  will  be  nobu-dnint.*— Slatttp. :  AITl  lf«K 
Otat  End!  W.U,  IT.  3. 

swine-fever,  ». 

Animal  PatJwl.:  A  specific,  contagions,  and 
infectious  fever,  affecting  the  pig ;  associated 
with  local  disease  of  the  lungs,  the  lymphatic 
glands,  and  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
digestive  canal,  and  caused  by  the  growth 
and  multiplication  of  a  microscopic  fungus  in 
the  blood.  Its  existence  was  first  detected 
in  England  in  1862.  (Pro/.  Broom :  Seport  o» 
Swine  Fever,  1886.) 

•wine-grass,  swine's  grass,  ». 

Sot. :  Polygonum  aviculare. 

swine-oat,  >. 

Sot.  it  Agric. :  Avena  nuda,  wild  on  the 
continent  of  Europe  and  cultivated  in  Austria. 
It  is  not  much  esteemed  for  human  food,  but 
is  sometimes  given  to  swine. 

swine -pipe,  «.  The  Redwing  Thrush, 
Turdus  iliacus.  (Prov.) 

swine-pox,  s. 

Pathol. :  A  form,  possibly,  of  modified 
small-pox,  in  which  the  development  of  the 
pock  is  incomplete.  It  is  the  varicella  globu- 
laris  of  Willan,  and  is1  popularly  known  a* 
the  hives. 

swine-stone,  ».    [STINK-STON*.] 
swine-sty,  s.    A  sty  or  pen  for  swine. 
t  swine-tang,  >. 

Bot.  :  Fucus  vesiculosus. 

swine  thistle,  s. 

Bot.  :  Sonchus  oleraceus.    [SOWTHISTLX.] 

swine's  bane,  >. 

Hot. :  Chenopodium  rubrum.    [SoWBAHE.] 

swine's  cress,  ... 

Bot. :  SenMera  Coronoput,  called  also  Conn 
opus  RufMii.  So  named  because  it  is  a  crest 
good  only  for  swine. 

*  swine's  feather,   s.     A  small  speat, 
about  six  inches  long  (called  also  a  Hog> 
Bristle),  and  formerly  used  as  a  bayonet.  Tnt 
name  was  afterwards  applied,  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  to  a  similar  spear  fitted  into 
the  musket-rat  in  order  to  render  it  a  defence 
against  cavalry. 

swine's  snout,  «. 

Bot. :  Taraxacum  Dens-leonit.  So  called  from 
the  form  of  its  receptacle. 

•wine's  succory,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Arnoseris,  sometimes 
merged  in  Lapsana  ;  spec.  Arnoseris  or  Lap- 
Sana  pusilla,  called  also  Hyoseris  minima,  a 
composite  with  small  yellow  flowers  growing 
in  cornfields  on  gravelly  soil. 

swine'  herd,  "  swine  heard,  *  swyne- 
herd,  s.  [Eng.  swine,  and  herd.]  A  keepei 
of  swine. 

"  A  twbicKcard  meeting  him  by  chance 
And  pitying  his  estate.* 

•••nur :  JlMaru  England,  bk.  IT.,  ch.  It 


Mil,  bo> ;  pout.  Jowl ,  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  **<"i  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  C 
-dan.  -tian  =  sham,    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -{Ion,  -slon  =  zhon.    -clous,    tlous,  -slous  =  ahna.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  c=  bcL  deL 


4578 


flwineherdship— swingle 


•  swine    herd  -  ship,  *  swine'  -  heard  - 
Ship,  s.     [Eng.  swineherd;  -skip.]    The  office 
or  position  of  a  swineherd. 

"  An  vu.ler  *wi>irA<T'<ri/jAi>  did  MTOe, 
Ue  sought  not  to  l>e  chi<_fe." 
W.irnvr;  Mbiont  £njlan4,  bk.  !v..  ofa.  XL 

*  SWin'-er-J^,  s.     [Eng.  si/fine;  -ry.]    A  place 
where  swine  are  kept  ;  a  piggery. 

"  Windsor-  Park  so  glorious  made  a  ttrinrry.* 

\Volcott  :  f*€ter  Pindar,  p.  416. 

•swine'-  ward,  *  s  win  -ward,  s.     [Bu 

twine,  and  ward.}     A  keeper  of  swine;   a 
swineherd. 

"  Neere  to  thn  May-pole  on  the  way 
TIlia  siuggUli  nvtnwtrd  nit-t  me. 

Browne  :  bhepheard'*  Pipe,  eoL  2. 

awing.  *  swinge*  *  swynge  (pa.  t.  twang, 
*  swung,  swung,  pa.  j*r.  swung),  v.i.  &  t. 
[A.S.  swingan  (pa.  t.  swung,  pa.  p;ir.  swungeii) 
=  to  scourge,  to  fly,  to  flap  with  the  wings  ; 
cogn.  with  Sw.  svinga-=to  swing,  to  whirl; 
Dan.  svingc;  Ger.  schwingen.  Swing  is  a 
nasalized  form  from  sway  (q.v.).]  [SWINGE.] 

A*  Intransitive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  move  to  and  fro,  as  a  body  suspended 
In  the  air;  to  wave,  to  oscillate,  to  vibrate. 

"  1  tried  If  a  uendnlum  would  twing  faster,  or  con- 
tinuo  swinging  longer  in  our  receiver,  iu  case  of  exauc- 
tlon  at  the  air  than  otherwise."—  Boyle. 

2.  To  practise  swinging  ;  to  fly  backwards 
ftnd  forwards  on  a  suspended  rope. 

"  9ume  Mt  up  •wingi  in  the  streets,  and  get  money 
of  those  who  will  twing  ID  them."—  Dampicr  :  Voyage* 
(an.  1688). 

3.  To  be  hanged.    (Colloq.  or  slang.) 

"If  I'm  caught  I  ahull  twinff."-DicJcen»  :  Sketches 
ay  BrM  ;  Dntnkanft 


4.  To  turn  or  move  sharply  in  a  curved  or 
circular  direction.  (Usually  with  round.) 

"  A  large  body  of  men  were  at  work  at  the  capstan, 
when,  through  some  accident,  it  noung  round."—  Daily 
Ch'OHicic.  May  «,  1*37. 

6.  To  pass  backwards  and  forwards  ;  to  be 
returned. 

"  From  tower  to  tower  the  warders  call: 
The  sound  tmngt  over  laud  and  sea, 
And  marten  a  watchful  enemy." 

Scott  :  Lord  of  the  It!  ft,  V.  19. 

6.  To  deviate  or  incline  to  one  side;  to  make 
*  sweep.  (Usually  with  round.) 

"  Leaving  the  Pin  from  the  Lark  Hill  ride,  the  fox 
quickly  twung  round  to  Manti  Break."—  field.  Dec.  «, 

fit 

IL  Naut.  :  To  move  or  float  round  with  the 
wind  or  tide,  as  a  ship  riding  at  a  single  anchor. 
B,  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  move  to  and  fro  or  oscillate  ; 
to  make  to  vibrate  or  wave,  as  a  body  sus- 
pended in  the  air. 

"  The  boy  who  wished  to  be  a  king  that  b«  might 
bar*  an  officer  appointed  to  iwtotg  him  all  day  long 
upon  a  gate,  took  his  resolution  upon  the  remembrance 
of  what  bad  given  him  pleasure."  —  Search  :  Light  of 
future,  vol.  I.,  pL  ii.,  oh.  xxii. 

2.  To  whirl  round  in  the  air  ;  to  wave,  to 

brandish. 

"  His  sword  .  .  . 
He  tmutff  about  his  head." 

Ahaketp.  :  Romeo  4  Jultot,  L  1. 

3.  To  pack,  as  herrings,  in  casks  or  barrels. 
(Prow.) 

H  To  swing  a  ship  : 

Naut.  :  To  bring  the  ship's  head  to  each 
point  of  the  compass,  in  order  to  correct  the 
compass  by  ascertaining  the  amount  of  local 
deviation. 

•wing,  *8winge(l),  *  swynge,  s.  [SWING,  v.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  The  act  or  state  of  swinging  ;  a  waving 
or  oscillating  motion  ofa  thing  suspended  and 
banging  loose  ;   motion  backwards  and   for- 
wards or  from  one  side  to  the  other  ;  oscilla- 
tion. 

*'  They  say  that  a  goddess,  having  a  lump  or  mass  of 
earth  suspended  in  a  cord,  gave  it  a  *vin0,  *ihl  Bc;tt- 
tared  about  pieces  of  land,  thus  constituting  Otaheite 
and  the  neUclibouriug  islands."  —  foot;  Third  Voyage, 
bk.  111.,  eh,  fx. 

(2)  A  line,  cord,  rope,  &c.,  suspended  and 
hanging  loose,  on  which  anything  may  swing 
or  oscillate  ;  specif.,  an  apparatus  consisting 
of  a  rope  or  cord,  having  a  seat  suspended  in 
the  loop,  the  two  ends  of  the  rope  or  cord 
being  attached  overhead. 

2.  Figuratively  : 

*  (1)  Influence  or  power  of  a  body  to  which 
la  given  a  swaying  motion. 

"  The  ram  that  batters  down  the  wall, 
For  the  great  swing  and  rudenesa  of  his  poise, 
They  place  before  his  hind  that  made  the  engine.* 
Shake*?,  :  TroOut  *  Crettida.  i.  & 


*(2)  Influence,  power. 

"  They  lw»r  the  twinge  In  common  atfayrea."—  H'in- 
chetter  :  On  True  Obedience  (To  the  Header). 

(3)  Free  coarse ;  abandonment  to  any  mo- 
tive ;  unrestrained  liberty  or  licence. 

"  A  man  baa  perhaps  for  a  long  time  took  the  full 
twlng  of  his  voluptuous  humour,  wallowed  in  all  the 
pleasures  of  MiuuAlity."  —  South:  Sermon*,  vol.  vi., 
acr.  i. 

*(4)  Unrestrained  tendency;  natural  bent 
or  inclination. 

"  Where  th«  twinff  goeth,  there  follow,  fawn,  flatter. 

laugh,  ;iii.)  lie  luotlly  at  other  meu'slikin" 
SchootmatUT. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Lathe  :  The  distance  from  the  head-centre 
of  a  lathe  to  the  bed  or  ways,  or  to  the  rest. 
The  swing  determines  the  diametric  size  of 
the  object  which  is  capable  of  being  turned  in 
the  lathe;  anything  larger  would    interfere 
with  ttie  bed.     This  limit  is  called  the  swing 
of  the  bed.     The  swing  of  the  rest  is  the  size 
which   will  rotate  above  the  rest,  which  lies 
upon  the  bed. 

2.  Vehicles :  The  tip  outward  from  the  vehicle 
of  the  top  of  a  wheel. 

IT  In  Jullsvjing :  In  full  operation  or  working. 

"  Building  operations  and  railway  extension*  are  in 
full  twing."—  \V«ctty  Kcho,  Sept.  5,  1886. 

•wing-beam,  s. 

1.  Railivay-eng. :    A  cross-piece  suspended 
from  the  truck,  and  sustaining  the  body  of 
the  carnage,  so  that  it  may  have  independent 
lateral  motion. 

2.  Carp. ;  A  cross-beam  supporting  an  ovei  - 
head  mow  in  a  barn. 

swing-boat,  s.  A  boat-shaped  carriage 
slung  from  a  frame,  in  which  young  persons 
swing  for  amusement  at  fairs,  &c. 

swing-bridge,  *.  A  swivel-bridge,  span- 
ning a  canal  or  dock  entrance,  and  opening 
horizontally  tu  allow  a  vessel  to  pass.  The 
swing-bridge  is  balanced,  and  rotates  in  a 


SWINO-BRIDOE 


1  Section  In  position.    2.  Section  lauded  on  side 
of  dock. 

horizontal  plane.  It  is  usually  in  two  sections, 
each  of  which,  when  opened,  is  landed  on  its 
own  side  of  the  dock,  the  extended  ends  of 
the  two  meeting  in  the  middle  when  brought 
into  line,  thus  forming  a  bridge. 

swing-jack,  s.  A  jack  for  replacing 
railway-carriages  on  the  metals;  the  bottom  of 
the  standard  is  a  cylindrical  segment,  and  has 
a  toe  working  in  a  slot  in  the  base  of  the  jack. 
Two  are  used,  and  the  carriage  being  lifted 
while  the  standards  are  vertical,  the  latter  are 
canted  to  or  swung  over,  bringing  the  wheels 
of  the  carriage  in  line  with  the  rails. 

swing  knife,  s.  A  wooden  sword  18  to 
24  inches  long,  and  8  to  10  inches  broad,  used 
to  scrape  the  woody  portion  from  flax,  a  hand- 
ful of  which  hangs  over  a  groove.in  astauding- 
board  known  as  the  swing-stock. 

swing -pan,  *. 

Sugar-making :  A  hinged  sugar-pan  with  a 

spout. 

swing  plough,  s. 

1.  A  turn-wrest  plough. 

2.  A  plough  without  a  gauge-wheel 

swing-press,  s.  A  form  of  baling-press 
in  which  the  box  is  suspended  from  above  by 
a  screw  on  which  it  winds  as  it  is  rotated. 

swing  -  saw,   swinging  -  saw,  «.     A 

buzz-saw  hung  on  a  pivot,  so  that  it  may  be 
swung  down  to  cut  on  blocks  which,  by  reason 
of  their  weight  or  shape,  cannot  be  conve- 
niently fed  to  the  saw. 

SWing-StOOk,   8.      [SWINO-KNIFE.] 

swing-tool,  s. 

Mack.  :  A  holder  which  swings  on  horizontal 
centres,  so  as  to  yield  to  unequal  pressure  and 
keep  the  plate  flat  against  the  face  of  the  file. 

swing-tree,  ». 

1.  A  vibrating  beam,  aa  a  working- beam. 

2.  A  swingle-tree  (q.v). 

swing-wheel,  *. 

Horol. :  The  balance-wheel  of  a  watch. 


swing1 


swinge  (1),  *swlndge,  v.t.     [A.S. 
=  to  shake ;  causal  of  swingan  =  to 
(q.v.).] 

1.  To  beat  soundly  ;  to  thrash,  to  whip,  to 
chastise. 

"And  that  baggage,  Beatrix,  how  I  would  iwina*. 
her  If  I  bad  her  t><av,"—Lirg<i*n  :  Krtnin<j'i  Lowe.  v. 

*2.  To  move  as  a  lash  ;  to  lash. 

"  The  old  dragon  under  ground  .  .  . 
Swindye*  the  scaly  horr»ur  ut  his  folded  tall." 
ifilton  ;  The  Hymn.  17«. 

*  swinge  (2),  v.t.    ISiNGE.] 

*  swinge  (1),  s.    [SWINGE.] 

1.  A  sweep,  as  of  anything  in  motion. 

"  Thecliallow  water  dotli  her  furce  infringe. 
Anil  renders  vain  her  tail's  impel  no  no  twinge," 
Waller  :  BatiU  of  the  Summer  Isiandt,  1M. 

2.  Sway,  power,  influence. 

"Many  thence  hardly  would  admit  God  to  l>e  con- 
earned  in  them,  but  supposed  him  to  commit  Uielr 
cotiducttoa  f.itid  gv>indffe,or  a  casual  fluctuatiun  of 
obvious  causes. "—Barrow.  Sermon*,  ser.  2». 

3.  Unrestrained  liberty  ;  freedom  ;  free  use. 

"He  must  give  place  for  pace  and  fre«  twiwie  <tt 
his  feet."          Chapman:  ffomer ;  Hind  xiii, 

*  swinge  -buckler,  '  swindgc  buc- 
kler, s.  A  bully,  a  swash-buckler. 

"  You  had  not  four  such  noingi-biuMers  In  all  tat- 
Inns  of  court  again."— Shakftp.  :  t  ffenry  IV.,  iiL  2. 

swinge  (2),  s.    [SINGE,  5.] 
swinge'-ing,  a.    [SwiNama  (2).] 

swing-el,  s.    [Eng.  swing,  s. ;  dim.  suff.  -«i.) 
The  swinging  piece  of  a  flail ;  the  swivel. 

swing1 -er  (1),  9.    [Eng.  swing,  v, ;  -er.]    One 
who  swings. 

"These  [familiar  romps],    Mr.    Spectator,  are    the 

twingrrf.  They  get  on  ropes,  a*  you  must  have  seen 
the  children,  aua  are  swuug  by  their  male  visitants." 
— Sttete :  Spectator,  No.  492. 

*  swing  -er  (2),  a.    [Eng.  swing(e),  s. ;  -w.J 

1,  One  who  swinges. 

2.  Any  vwy  great  or  surprising  recital ;  a. 
lie,  a  bouncer. 

"  How  will  he  rap  out  presently  half  a  dozen  ttcinp- 
ert.  to  get  off  cleverly." — Mchard  ;  Obt.  on  the  Am,  to 
the  Cont.  Cl.,  p.  159. 

swing'-ing  (1),  pr.  par.  &  a.    [SWING,  v.] 
swinging-boom,  s. 

Naut. ;  The  span  which  distends  the  foot  of 
a  lower  studding-sail. 

swinging-saw,  s.    [SWING-SAW.] 

swinging  (2),  *swlndg-ihg,  *  swinge'- 
ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.     [SWINGE  (1),  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Very  great ;  huge,  astonishing, 
surprising. 

"A  good  twlngeing  agitation  against  the  House  of 
Lords.  —Pall  Mall  Gazette,  July  7,  1884. 


_        g-l$tadv.     [Eng.  swinging  (2) ;  -ly.]. 
Vastly,  hugely,  greatly. 

"  Yours  were  bat  little  vanities  ;  hut  I  have  siun'd 
tvinffingljf  against  my  vovr."—Dryden:  Assignation, 

*  Swing'-ism,  ».    [See  def.]    The  practice  of 
sending  threatening  letters  to  farmers,  landed 
proprietors,  &c.,  commanding  them  to  give 
up  the  use  of  thrashing-machines,  pay  higher 
wages,  and  the  like,  threatening  the  destruc- 
tion of  property  if  the  demands  were  not  com- 
plied with.     Such  letters  were  common  from. 
1830  to  1833,  and  were  signed  Swing  or  Captain- 
Swing. 

*  swin'-gle  (1),  v.i.     [Eng.  swing  ;  frequent 

iff.  -U.} 

1.  To  dangle,  to  hang,  to  swing. 

2.  To  swing  for  pleasure. 

SWin'-gle  (2X  v.t.     [Eng.   swinge;    frequent 
suit,  -le.] 

1,  To  beat,  to  scutch  or  clean,  as  flax,  by 
beating   it   with    a    wooden   instrument  re- 
sembling a  large  knife,    (Prop.) 

2.  To  cut  off  the  tops,  without  pulling  tap 
the  roots,  as  weeds,    (frov.) 

swin'-gle,  s.    [SWINGLE  (2),  v.] 

1.  The  effective  end-piece  of  a  flail;  aswiple. 

2.  An  instrument,  like  a  sword,  for  beating 
flax  ;  hence  the  terms,  Swingling-knlfe,  Swiu- 
gling-staff,  Swingling-wand. 

3.  The  wooden  spoke  of  the  wire-drawing 
barrel,  or  the  roller  of  a  plate-press. 

swingle-bar,  s.    A  Swingle-tree  (q.r.). 


ftte,  ftt,  tare,  amidst,  what.  &U,  attar;  wo,  wet,  Here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot,, 
«r.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  lull;  try,  Syrian,    se,  03  =  6 ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


swingling— swivel 


4579 


swingle  -  staff;  swingling  -  staff, 
swingllng-kiiife,  swingling -wand, .-. 
Different  names  for  an  instrument  formerly 
used  for  beating  flax  or  hemp,  in  order  to 
separate  the  shives  or  woody  parts  from  the 
fibre  ;  a  scutcher.  The  process  is  now  gene- 
rally carried  out  by  machinery. 

swingle-tree,  s.  The  bar  to  which  the 
ends  of  a  horse's  traces  are  attached. 

swingle- wand,  *.   A  swi  ngle-staff  (q.  v.). 
awin'-gllng,  pr  par.  or  a.    [SWINGLE  (2),  p.] 

swingling- machine,  s.  A  machine  for 
swingling  tlax. 

swingling -staff,  swingling  knife, 
swingling-wand,  s.  [SWINGLE-STAFF.) 

swindling  tow,  s.     The  coarse  part  of 


flax,  removed  by  the  swingle  or  scutcher. 

•win'-ish,  a.  [Eng.  swinge);  -ish.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  befitting  swine;  resembling  swine  ; 
gross,  brutal,  hoggish,  filthy. 

"  When  in  twintih sleep  their  drenched  nature*  lie." 
ShaJtMp. :  Macbeth,  1.  7. 

'•win'-Ish-l^,  *  swyn-ish-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
swinish,;  -ly.]  In  a  swinish,  brutal,  or  filthy 
manner ;  like  a  swine. 

'*  Nor  yet  bene  thankfull  vnto  God  for  such  an 
he&uenly  uift,  but  rather  tiaynithiy  troden  it  ruder 
thy  feet*.  —  Bale:  Im-tye,  pLL,  foL  40. 

Sfltin -Ish-ncSS,  s.  [Eng.  swinish;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  swinish ;  filthi- 
ness. 

•  swmk,  *  swinko,  *  swynko,   v.i.  *   *. 
[A.S.  gwincan.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  labour,  to  toil,  to  drudge, 
"  Riclies,  renown,  and  principality, 

For  which  meu  twinJc  and  sweat  incessantly." 
SjMnter:  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  8. 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  toil  or  drudge  ; 
to  overlabour  ;  to  tire  or  exhaust  with  labour. 

"  And  the  noink'ci  Ledger  at  hla  supper  sat." 

Milton :  Comvi,  Ml. 

•wink,  *  swinck,  *  swinckc,  *  swlnke, 
5.  [SwiNK,  v.]  Labour,  toil,  drudgery. 

"  Up,  llther  lad.  thou  reok'st  much  ot  thy  iwtnke, 
When  nwinkc  ue  swat  thoa  shouldst,  ne  reck  for 
fame.'    Broane:  Ta*ge  Willie* Old  Wtrnoek. 

*  swlnk'-er,  s.     [Eng.  swink,  v. ;   -er.]     A 
labourer,  a  worker. 

"  A  true  $vtnker,  and  &  good  was  he. 
Living  iu  peee  aud  partite  chnrltee. 

Chaucer:  C.  T.t  ProL  533. 

•wipe  (1),  s.  [A.S.  swipe,]  The  same  as 
SwAPE(q.v-). 

"Awip«,  or  engine  to  draw  up  watwr."—  PoUtr t 
Antiq.  tirrace,  bk.  Hi.,  eh.  rvi. 

•wipe  (2),  s.  [Icel.  svipr.]  A  hard  or  strong 
blow,  especially  in  cricket  or  golf  slang. 

"  In  driving  for  Tel-el-Kebir.  Kirk  had  a  long  iwip« 
off  the  tee."— Field,  Sept  4, 1886. 

•wipe,  v.i.  &  t.    [SWIPE  (2),  s.] 

A,  Intrans. :  To  hit  out  with  great  force  ; 
to  deliver  a  hard  blow  or  knock,  especially  in 
cricket  or  golf  slang. 

"  The  first  ball  of  the  over,  Jack  steps  out  and 
tneeta,  swiping  with  all  his  force."— Uughtt;  Tom 
Breton  t  School-day  t,  pt  11.  ch.  Till. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  hit,  to  knock,  to  strike. 

"  Buripte  hire  of  that  heaved. " 

Legend  of  St.  JtaOUrln*,  3.W*. 

•wip"-er,  5.  [Eng.  svrip(e)t  v. ;  -er.}  One  who 
swipes,  especially  a  hard  hitter  in  cricket  or 
golf. 

"  Jack  Haggles,  the  long-stop,  toughest  and  burliest 
of  b.iys,  ourainoiily  called  Swiper  Jack,"— Hughe  t  : 
Ton  Brown's  School-dayt,  pt  11.,  ch,  viii. 

•wipes,  swypes,  B.  pi.  [Dan.  svip  =  thin 
and  tasteless  beer,  swipes.]  Thin,  washy 
beer ;  small  beer.  (Slang.) 

swip'-e$r,  a.   [SWIPES.]   Intoxicated.  (Slang.) 

"He's  only  a  little  twipey,  yon  know."—  McJcttu  : 
Martin  ChutttftvU,  ch.  xxvilL 

•wlp'-le  (le  aa  el),  *.  [Eng.  faripe,  v ;  suff. 
•ie.\  The  same  as  BWINGEL  (q.v.). 

•wlp'-per,  a.  [Icel.  svipal,  svipuU  =  agile ; 
«npf=to  move  quickly.  Akin  to  sweep  and 
swoop.]  Nimble,  active,  quick.  (Prov.) 

•wire,  *  swyre,  t.  [A.  8.  swira,  sweora, 
twiora;  Icel.  sviri.] 

*  1.  The  neck. 

2.  The  declination  of  a  mountain  or  hill 
near  the  summit ;  a  hollow  between  two  hills. 


Swirl,  v.i.    [Norw.  svirla  =  to  whirl.] 

1.  To  form  eddies  ;  to  whirl  in  eddies. 

"  Bonnie  Black-water,  .  .  . 
Roaring  and  brawling  and  imrlimj  with  glee. 
BUicfcia:  Lay*  of  Highland*  A  Itlandt,  p.  US. 

2.  To  whirl  about  ;  to  move  rapidly. 

swirl,  s.  [SWIRL,  u.)  A  whirling  motion  ;  a 
gyration,  a  curve  ;  an  eddying  pool,  an  eddy  ; 
a  twist  or  contortion  in  wood. 

"She'H  never  nee  the  M«rtlmnna  wind  gar  them 
dance  in  turirlt  like  the  fairy  rings."—  Scott  :  Bride  o/ 
Lammcrmoor,  oh.  xxxiv. 

swirl'-ie,  o.  [Eng.  swirl,  B.  ;  -ie  =  -y.] 
(Scotch.) 

1.  Knaggy;  full  of  knots. 

"  He  takes  a  twirli*  auld  moH-oak, 
For  some  black,  grousome  carl  in." 

Ultras:  HaUotofun. 

2.  Full  of  contortions  or  twists  ;  entangled  • 
as,  swirlie  grass. 

swish,  v.t.    [From  the  sound.] 

1.  To  flourish,  to  brandish. 

2.  To  flog,  to  beat,  to  lash.    (Slang.) 

Swiss,  a.  &  5.    [See  the  def.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  Switzerland 
or  its  inhabitants. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Switzerland  ;  a 
Switzer;   applied    specif,  to  the  beadles  in 
Roman  Catholic   churches  in  France,  from 
the  fact  that  when  Napoleon  reopened  the 
churches  after  the  Revolution,  many  of  the 
disbanded  Swiss  guards  found  employment 
aa  beadles. 

2.  The  language  spoken  by  the  Swiss. 

Swiss  Confederation,  *.  A  federal 
government,  adopted  by  Switzerland  in  1843, 
the  executive  authority  of  which  is  vested  in 
a  Federal  Council  of  seven  members  chosen 
by  the  Federal  Assembly,  itself  consisting  of 
two  chambers  elected  by  manhood  suffrage. 

Swiss-muslin,  «. 

Fabric:  A  fine,  open,  transparent  muslin. 

swfr^h,  'swtyh.  «.    [O.  But.  twlcJc;  Norw. 
svige,  sveg  ;  Icel.  sveigr,  svigi.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  A  small  flexible  twig  or  rod. 

*'  With  two  spurs  or  one,  and  no  great  matter  which. 
w'  d,  a  whip  or 


, 

Boots  bought,  or  boots  borrow'  d,  . 

Cowper  :  The  Cantab.    (Trails.) 

2.  A  queue  of  false  hair,  or  of  some  sub- 
stance made  to  resemble  hair,  fastened  toge- 
ther at  one  end,  and  worn  by  ladies. 

3.  A  key  on  a  gas-burner  to  regulate  the 
amount  of  gas   passing,  and,  consequently, 
the  light 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Rail.  :  The  movable  rails  which  connect 
one  line  of  metals  with  another.  Switches  are 
known  as  stub-switches  aud  split-switches. 
In  the  stub-switch  the  switch-rail  has  square 
butted  ends.     In  the  split-switch  the  switch- 
rail    is    pointed,  and    somewhat  automatic. 
Switches  and  signals  are  said  to  be  connected 
when  they  are  simply  coupled  together  and 
have  a  pari  passu  motion  ;  they  are  said  to  be 
interlocked  when  the  movement  of  a  signal  to 
safety  cannot  be  commenced  until  after  the 
necessary  movement  of  the  switches  has  been 
completed,  and  also  the  movement  of  the 
switches  cannot  be  commenced  until  after  all 
the  signals  concerned  by  them  have  been  set 
to  danger.    (Rapier:  Railway  Signals,  p.  23.) 

2.  Tdeg.  :  A  device  for  connecting  one  cir- 
cuit with  another,  or  for  dividing  a  circuit 
into  two  parts,  or,  in  short,  for  altering  any 
of  the  connections  of  a  line  or  circuit.    The 
ordinary  ground  or  lever  switch  is  a  small 
metallic  strip  pivoted  at  one  end,  the  pivot 
being  connected  by  a  wire  to  one  portion  of 
an  electrical  circuit.    The  other  end  of  the 
strap  can  be  turned  to  rest  on  an  anvil  or  bed 
connected  with  the  line  desired  to  be  brought 
into  circuit. 

switch  -back,  a.  A  term  applied  to  a 
form  of  railway,  consisting  of  alternate  de- 
scending and  ascending  inclines.  The  mo- 
mentum acquired  in  the  descent  takes  the 
carriages  up  the  opposite  incline,  over  the 
summit  to  the  next  downward  slope,  and  so 
on. 

switch-board,  *. 

Tdeg.  :  An  aggregation  of  switches  upon  one 
base,  so  that  any  instrument  in  an  office  may 


be  connected  with  any  wire  or  any  battery,  or 
cut  out  altogether. 

switch-lantern,  s.  A  lantern  on  the 
lever  of  a  railway-switch,  to  indicate  the  con- 
dition of  the  switch  either  by  its  position  or 
by  the  display  of  a  coloured  light. 

swit9h,  v.t.  &  i.    [SWITCH,  *.] 
A.  Transitive : 
L  Ord.  I/ing. :  To  lash,  to  beat,  to  flog. 

"Thy  right  horse  then  twitching." 

Chapman  :  llamer;  Iliad  xxili. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Rail. :  To  transfer  by  a  switch ;  to  shunt 
from  one  set  of  rails  to  another. 

2.  Teleg. :  To  shift  to  another  circuit. 

"Switch  on  an  electric  current,  by  the  action  of 
which  all  these  bells  will  be  limttltenMaaw  set  riiur. 
ing."— Daily  Telegraph,  D«c.  1..1886. 

*B,  Intrans. :  To  walk  with  a  jerk. 

swltch'-el,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  beverag* 
made  of  molasses  and  water. 

•wltoh'-ing,  s.    [SWITCH,  *.] 

1.  The  act   of  beating  with  a  switch;  ft 
beating. 

2.  The  act  of  shunting. 

3.  The  act  of  cutting  off  the  one  year's 
growth  which  protrudes  from  the  sides  of  the 
Hedges. 

switching-bill,  0.  An  instrument  used 
In  pruning  hedges. 

switching-engine,  *.  A  yard-engine, 
or  don  key -engine,  used  about  a  railway  station 
for  making  up  trains  or  moving  engines  which 
have  not  steam  up. 

•wit  fh'-man,  s.  [Eng.  switch,  s..  and  man.}  A 
man  who  has  charge  of  the  switches  on  a 
railway ;  a  pointsman. 

"  The  twitch-man,  while  working  the  switches  with 
hU  hands,  worked  the  signals  with  his  feet."— Sajritr : 
Railway  StgnaU.  p.  23. 

*  Bwltch'-^,  a.    [Eng.  switch;  -y.]    Whiaking. 

"  Her  twilchu  tall."  <7omfr« :  Dr.  Syntax,  L  20. 

*swith,  -swlthe,  o.,  adv.,  &  interj,  [A.8. 
fiu-i4/t,  swl/dh  =  strong ;  Icel.  svulhr ;  O.  Low 
Ger.  svith.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Strong. 

2.  Quick,  speedy. 

B.  As  adverb : 

1.  Strongly,  much,  greatly. 

2.  Quickly,  fast.    (Metrical  Homilies,  p.  89.) 

C.  As  interj.  :    Get  away  I    begone  I    off  1 
(Scotch.) 

•'  Swith  to  the  Lalgh  Kirk,  une  an'  a'. 
An  there  tak  up  your  statioua." 

Burnt:  The  Ordination. 

swith'-cr,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Doubt,  hesi- 
tation, perplexity.  (Scotch.) 

"She's  been  In  a  twither  about  the  Jocolate  thti 
morning.**—  Scoff ;  Antiquary,  ch.  xxxvj. 

swith'-er,  v.i.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    (Scotch.) 

1.  To  emit  a  whirring  sound ;  to  whiz. 

2.  To  doubt,  to  hesitate. 

Switz'-er,  5.  [See  def.]  A  native  of  Switzer- 
land ;  a  Swiss  ;  specifically,  in  history,  one  of 
a  hired  body-guard  attendant  on  a  king. 

"  Here  behold 
A  noble  race,  the  Svrttart.  aud  their  land." 

Word* worth :  Excurtion,  bk.  viL 

*  swive,  *  swyve,  v.t.    [A.S.  swifan ;  Icel. 
svifa;  O.  Fris.  swivazz  to  shake.]  Tocopulats 
with  ;  to  have  sexual  intercourse  with. 

"Yon  WAocbe  wol  I  gwiv*." 

Chtiucer :  C.  T..  4,178. 

•wlv'-el,  *swiv-eU,  «.  [A.S.  *wi/an  =  to 
shake,  to  move  quickly  ;  cf.  Icel.  sveifla  =  to 
swing  or  spin  in  a  circle,  like  a  top  ;  svifa  = 
to  ramble,  to  turn.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  twisting  link  in  a  chain. 
consisting  of  a  ring  or  hook  ending  in  a  headed 
pin  which  turns  in  a  link  of  the  chain :  the 
object  is  to  avoid  kinking;  a  listening  so 
contrived  as  to  allow  the  thing  fastened  to  re- 
volve freely  on  its  axis. 

"The  gun  Is  placed  on  the  top,  where  thvre  is  aa 
Iron  socket  for  tne  gain  to  rest  In.  and  a  twtwl  to  turn 
Uie  tuuzzle  any  way."— Dampier :  Voyage*  (an.  16&8). 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Nant. :  A  rest,  having  adjustment  in  azi- 
muth, for  supporting  a  small  piece  of  ordnance 
on  the  gunwale  of  a  boat  or  vessel. 

2.  Ordn. :  A  small  cannon,  whose  trunnions 


1>oll,  bo"^;  poiit,  Jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  niiiit,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  aa;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.    -inc. 
-Oian,    tlan  =  •ban,    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;    tion.  -flon  -  zhun.    -cious.  -tlous,  -aious  =  shus.   -bla,  -die.  &o.  =  bel,  del. 


4580 


swivel— sword 


•re  placed  in  a  carrier,  which  is  pivoted  in  a 
socket,  so  that  by  the  two  adjustments  the 
gun  may  be  pointed  in  any  direction  ;  a  pivot- 
gun. 

3.  Saddlery:  A  loop  or  runner  through 
which  the  check-rein  passes. 

swivel-bridge,  s.  A  bridge  which  ro- 
tates on  an  axis,  moving  in  a  horizontal  plane. 

swivel-eye,  s.    A  squint-eye. 
swivel-eyed,  o.    Squint-eyed.    (Slang.) 
swivel-gun,  s. 

Oi  'in.  :  A  gun  mounted  on  a  pivot  to  tra- 
rerse  horizontally  in  a  circle. 

swivel-hanger,  «. 

Afach.  :  A  form  of  shaft-hanger,  invented 
by  Edward  Bancroft,  in  which,  to  ensure  the 
weight  of  the  shaft  being  received  over  the 
entire  length  of  the  box,  he  hung  the  box  on 
a  universal  joint,  and  made  its  axis  of  vibra- 
tion coincide  with  the  centre  of  the  box. 
This  permitted  the  use  of  longer  boxes  than 
were  before  practicable,  and  the  pressure  per 
square  inch  on  the  surface  was  lessened. 

swivel-hook,  ». 

Kaut.  :  A  turning  hook  strapped  to  a  tackle- 
block. 

Swivel-hook  block:  A  pulley  block  in  which 
the  suspending  hook  is  swivelled  to  the  block, 
BO  that  the  latter  may  turn  to  prevent  the 
sheave  in  any  direction. 

swivel-Joint,  >.  A  section  In  a  chain,  or 
'a  joint  on  a  rod,  which  allows  the  parts  to 
twist  without  kinking  or  distortion. 

swivel  loom,  «.  A  kind  of  loom  for- 
merly used  for  the  weaving  of  tapes  and  nar- 
row goods. 

swivel-plough,  >.  A  plough  having  its 
land-side,  sole,  and  mould-board  on  an  axis, 
so  that  the  combined  portions  may  be  turned 
over  to  throw  the  furrow  to  the  right  or  to 
the  left. 


v.i.     [SWIVEL,  «.]     To  turn  on  a 
swivel,  pin,  or  pivot. 

rwiz  -zle,  a,  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  cf.  mill  and 
wig.} 

1.  Spirits  and  water.    (Slang.) 

"  '  It  eerre*  me  right  for  deserting  mm,  my  proper 
tipple.  Boy,  the  amber  fluid  1'  Her*  Mr.  Suitfg  mixed 
himself  some  turialt  and  consoled  himself—  Bannay  : 
Sinyttton  FenUnoy. 

2.  A  beverage  composed  of  ale  and  beer 
mixed,    (frav.) 

3.  Drink  generally  ;  liquor,  tipple.    (Prov.) 

<wiz'-zle,  v.t.  (SWIZZLE,  ».]  To  drink,  to  swill. 

•IWOb,   S.  &  V.      [SWAB,  S.  &  ».] 

«wob  ber,  «.    [Eng.  swob;  -rr.] 

1.  A  sweeper  of  decks,  &c.  ;  a  swabber. 

2.  (PI.)  :  Fonr  privileged  cards  that  are  only 
Incidentally  used  in  betting  at  the  game  of 
whist. 

"  The  clergymen  used  to  play  at  whtst  Mid  ncobbert  ; 
Playing  now  and  then  a  sober  came  at  whist  for  pas- 
time. it  might  be  pardoned  ;  but  be  could  not  di/est 
those  wicked  twobbirt,"  —Auin. 

iWolT-en,  swoln,  pa.  par.  or  a.  [SWELL,  v.] 

•  swot-owe,  ».    [SWALLOW,  ».] 

•  swol  owe,  *  swolwe,  «.f.  or  t     (SWAL- 
LOW, v.] 

•  sworn,  fret,  of  v.    [Swuc,  ».J 

•  swonk-en,  pa.  pur.    [SWIXK,  ».] 

•woon,  «  swonn,  *  swowne,  *  swow- 

en-en,  *  swow-en,  v.i.  [A.  8.  swigan  =  to 
move  or  sweep  noisily,  to  sough,  to  sigh,  as 
the  wind  ;  Hid.  Eng.  swoghen  =  to  sigh  deeply, 
tcdroop,to  swoon  (pa.  pex.iswoghcn.iswowm); 
gtnaovntng  =  a  swooning  ;  cf.  Low  Ger.  swogen 
—  to  sigh  ;  sitmgtm  =  to  sigh,  to  swoon.]  To 
faint  ;  to  sink  or  fall  into  a  fainting  fit,  in 
which  there  is  an  apparent  suspension  of  the 
rital  functions  and  mental  powers. 

••  He  said,  and  twooninff  sunk  upon  the  ground  : 
His  servants  bore  him  off." 

Dri/dtn  :   rirsU;  -*n«M  Till.  768. 

rwodn,  *  swoun,  •  swoune,  *  swowne, 
•sound,!.  [SWOOK,  t>.)  The  act  of  swoon- 
ing ;  the  state  of  one  who  has  swooned  ;  a 
taint  ;  syncope  ;  leipothymia. 

"  When  terror's  nooon  had  past, 
She  saw  a  youth  of  mortal  kind." 

Motrrt:  Ftn-Worthtpj^rt. 


swoon'-Ing,  *  swoun  ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «. 

[SWOON,  U.) 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  fainting ;  a  swoon, 
a  faint, 

"  And  after,  whan  hire  ncouning  was  agon. 
She  riseth  up."  Chaucer:  C.  T.t  12,180. 

*  8WOOn'-ing-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  swooning  ;  -ly.] 
lu  a  swooning  manner ;  as  one  in  a  swoon. 

swoop,  *  swope  (pa.  t.  *  smep,  rwotrped,  pa. 
par.  "ysuiopen,  swooped),  v.i.  &  «.  [A.S.  swapan 
=  to  sweep  along,  to  rush,  to  sweep ;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  sveipa  =  to  sweep,  to  swoop ;  sopa 
=  to sweep;  cf.  A.S.sw?y/an  =  tomovequickly ; 
Ger.  schweifen  =  to  ramble.  Sweep  is  a  de- 
rivative from  swoop.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  sweep  along  or  by. 

w  Proud  Tamer  tvtoops  along  with  such  a  Insty  train, 
Aa  fits  so  brave  a  flood." 

Drayton :  Poty-Olbian,  a  1. 

2.  To  descend  upon  prey  suddenly  from  a 
height,  as  a  hawk ;  to  stoop. 

B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  fall  on  suddenly  and  seize;  to  catch 
up  ;  to  take  with  a  sweep. 

"  This  mould'ring  piecemeal  In  your  hands  did  fall. 
And  now  at  last  you  came  to  tuvop  it  all." 

Dryden:  ConqutA  of  Oranada,  L  1. 

2.  To  dash  upon  while  on  the  wing ;  to 
seize,  as  a  bird  of  prey :  as,  A  hawk  swoops  a 
chicken. 

swoop,  «.    [Swoop,  r.]    The  sudden  pouncing 
of  a  bird  of  prey  on  its  quarry ;  a  sudden 
seizing,  as  of  a  quarry  by  a  bird  of  prey. 
"  As  swift  as  the  twoop  of  the  eagle." 

Lvnyfellote  :  Evangellnt,  L  1. 

*  swoop'-stake,  «.    [SWEEPSTAKE.] 
swop,  v.t.  &  {.    [SWAP,  ».] 

A.  Trans. :  To  exchange,  to  barter,  to  swap. 

"  I  would  have  twpp'd 
Youth  for  old  age,  and  all  my  life  behind. 
To  have  been  then  a  momentary  man." 

Drydm:  Cltomtnet. 

B.  Intrant. :   To  make  an  exchange ;   to 
barter. 

swop,  s.    [Swop,  «.]    An  exchange,  a  barter. 

sword  (u  silent),  *  snerd,  *swearde, 
*  sword,  "swerde,  >.  [A.S.  iweord;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  zwaard;  Icel.  nerdh  ;  Dan.  smrd ; 
Sw.  tvard ;  M.  H.  Ger.  iwcrtc ;  Ger.  schwert. 
From  the  same  root  as  Sansc.  tvri  =  to  hunt, 
to  kill] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 
I.'  LU. :  An  offensive  weapon  having  a 
blade,  either  straight  or  curved,  with  a  tang, 
which  is  inserted  into  a  spindle-shaped  piece 
of  wood,  covered  with  leather,  and  wrapped 
around  with  brass  wire  ;  these  form  the  gripe, 
which,  with  the  brass  knob  at  the  end,  called 
the  pommel,  constitutes  the  hilt.  The  hand 
is  protected  by  the  guard,  which  is  a  curved 


SWORDS. 

1, 1  Cutting  weapons  of  stone  Age ;  S.  Ancient  Greek 
Sword  :  I  Roman ;  5.  Saxon  ;  «.  Danish  ;  T.  Media. 
Tal  cutting  aud  thrusting  Sword ;  L  Sword  of  six- 
teenth century;  9.  Sword  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury ;  10.  nineteenth  century  Sword. 

piece  of  metal,  consisting  of  from  one  to  three 
branches,  and  usually  provided  with  a  broad 
plate  of  metal,  the  guard-plate,  at  the  point 
where  it  is  attached  to  the  blade.  The  blade 
of  a  sword  consists  of:  the  tang,  which 
enters  the  hilt ;  the  shoulder,  which  abuts 
against  the  end  of  the  hilt ;  the  forte,  the 
half  of  the  blade  nearest  the  hilt;  the  faible, 
or  foible,  the  half  nearest  the  point;  the 


point,  the  back,  the  flat,  the  edge.  The  parts 
of  the  hilt  vary  in  different  kinds  of  swords  ; 
the  principal  are  :  the  pommel,  or  back  piece  ; 
the  gripe  ;  the  bars  of  the  basket,  in  sabres ; 
the  stool  or  guard-plate ;  the  bow,  in  sergeants' 
swords  and  horse-artillery  sabres  ;  the  cross, 
as  in  the  old  Highland  claymore  ;  the  linguets, 
in  foils  and  rapiers.  The  blade,  usually  of 
polished  steel,  may  be  straight  and  pointed 
for  thrusting,  as  in  the  rapier  ;  with  a  slinrp 
point  and  one  or  two  cutting  edges  for  tlim.st- 
ing  and  striking,  as  in  the  broadsword  ;  or 
curved  and  with  a  sharp  convex  edge  for 
striking,  as  in  the  Eastern  scimitar.  Swords 
are  worn  suspended  from  the  waist  by  a 
sword-belt,  and  inclosed  in  a  slieath  called  a 
scabbard.  The  sword  of  modern  days  has 
been  developed  by  successive  improvements 
from  the  rude  cutting  weapons  of  the  men  of 
the  Stone  Age,  as  shown  in  the  illustration. 

"  Here  sheathe  thy  nwrd." 

Shalcap.  :  s  Henri  71.,  T.  B. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  Used  as  an  emblem  or  symbol : 
(a)  Of  power  or  authority. 

"  The  Iword,  the  mace,  the  crown." 

btitiketp. :  ll*,,ry  F.,  IT.  I. 

(fr)  Of  justice,  or  judicial  vengeance  or 
punishment. 

(2)  The  military  profession  ;  the  profession 
of  arms  ;  arms  generally. 

(3)  Destruction  in  battle  or  by  the  sword  ; 
war,  dissension. 

"  The  word   without,  and  terror  within,"—  Deut. 
XTxii.  25. 

•  (4)  The  cause  of  death  or  destruction  ; 
ruin,  death. 

"  Avarice  hath  been  the  Imrd  of  our  slain  kings." 
Shakap. :  Jfadmth,  iv.  s. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Weav. :  One  of  the  bars  de]»ndent  from 
the  rocking-tree  and  supporting  the  lay. 

2.  Flax:   The  scutching-blade  of  the  flar- 
dresser. 

1F{1)  Sword  of  State:  The  sword  which  is 
borne  before  the  sovereign,  lords,  and  gover- 
nors of  counties,  cities,  or  boroughs,  &c-  Four 
swords  are  used  at  the  coronation  of  a  British 
sovereign :  (1)  The  sword  of  state  properly 
so  called ;  (2)  the  sword  of  mercy,  which  is 
pointless;  (3)  the  sword  of  spiritual  justice, 
and  (4)  the  sword  of  temporal  justice. 

(2)  To  put  to  the  sword :  To  kill 

sword-arm,  s.  The  right  arm  ;  the  arm 
which  wields  the  sword. 

sword-bayonet,  s.  A  bayonet  with  a 
blade  like  a  sword,  and  capable  of  being 
detached  from  the  barrel  of  the  rifle  and  used 
like  a  sword. 

sword-bearer,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  An  attendant  who  bears  01 
carries  his  master's  sword ;   specif.,  a  state 
official  who  carries  a  sword  of  state,  such  as 
he  who  carries  the  sword  as  an  emblem  of 
justice  before  the  Lord  Mayor  of  London  on 
ceremonial  or  state  occasions. 

2.  Church  Hist.  (PI.):  A  military  order  in- 
stituted in  1198  by  Albert,  Bishop  of  the 
Livonians,  by  authority  of  Innocent  III.    Its 
chief  exploit  was  to  compel  the  Livonians  by 
force  of  arms  to  submit  to  baptism.     In  1237 
the   order  was   united    with   the   Teutonic 
Knights. 

sword-belt,  i.  The  waist-belt  from 
which  a  sword  is  slung. 

sword-bill,  ... 

Ornlth. :  A  popular  name  for  any  indi- 
vidual of  the  Humming-bird  genus  Doci- 
mastes.  The  bill,  which  exceeds  in  length  th» 
body  of  the  bird,  is  a  character  by  which  this 
Humming-bird  may  be  distinguished  at  the 
first  glance.  Its  use  is  to  reach  the  insects  on 
which  the  bird  feeds  at  the  bottom  of  long 
tubular  flowers.  One  species  is  known,  Don- 
mastes  ensiferus,  an  inhabitant  of  Colombia, 
Ecuador,  aud  Peru. 

sword-blade,  s.  The  blade  or  cntting 
part  of  a  sword. 

•sword-breaker,  s.  A  sword-shaped 
weapon  formerly  used,  much  broader  than  an 
ordinary  sword,  and  having  long  teeth  on  one 
side,  intended  to  catch  and  break  an  op- 
ponent's sword. 

•word-cane, ».  A  cane  or  stick  contain- 
ing a  long  pointed  blade,  as  in  a  scabbard. 

sword-cut,  s.  A  cut  inflicted  by  a  sword. 


Ste,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  p«t, 
or.  won,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cab,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    te,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qn  --  kw. 


sword— sycamore 


4581 


•word- cutler,  s.    One  who   makes   or 

muii ii U  swui'ds. 

sword  dance,  s. 

1.  A  dance  in  which  swords  are  brandished 
or  clashed  together  by  the  dancers. 

2.  A  dance  peculiar  to  tho  Scotch  High- 
landers, in  which  two  swords  are  laid  cross- 
wise on  the  ground,  and  the  dancer  displays 
his  skill  by  making  the  must  intricate  move- 
ments between  and  around  them  without  ever 
touching  them. 

sword-fern,  *. 

Hot. :  The  genus  Xiphopteris,  Xiphopteris 
terrulata,  from  the  West  Indies,  is  sometimes 
cultivated  in  greenhouses. 

sword-fight,  s.  A  combat  with  swords  ; 
fencing. 

sword-fish,  s. 

1.  Astron. :  Dorado  (q.v.). 

2.  Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  for  any  indivi- 
dual of  the  Xiphiidse  (q.v.).    They  are  pelagic 
fishes,    widely    distributed   in    tropical  and 
sub-tropical  seas,  extremely  strong  and  swift, 
so  that  the  larger  species  are  rarely  captured, 
and  more  rarely  preserved  for  examination 
and  study.     Their  popular  name  is  derived 
from    their    formidable   sword-like  weapon, 
formed  by  the  coalescence  and  prolongation  of 
the    maxillary     and     intermaxillary     bones 
beyond  the  lower  jaw ;   it  is  very  hard  and 
strong,    and    capable   of  inflicting    terrible 
wounds.    All  the  species  undergo  consider- 
able change ;  young  specimens  differing  widely 
from  the  adult  in  the  general  shape  of  the 
body,  and  in  the  production  of  the  lower  as 
well  as  of  tlie  upper  jaw.    Sword-fishes  seem 
to  have  a  mortal  antipathy  to  whales  and  other 


SWORD-FISH. 


large  Cetacea,  attacking  them  whenever  occa- 
sion otTers,  and,  so  far  as  is  known,  always 
coming  off  victorious.  In  their  fury  Sword- 
flshes  often  attack  boats  and  vessels,  evi- 
dently mistaking  them  for  Cetaceans ;  and 
sometimes  the  sword  has  been  driven  through 
the  bottom  of  a  ship,  and  broken  off  by  the 
fish  in  vain  struggles  to  withdraw  it.  A 
piece  of  two-inch  plank  of  a  whale-boat,  in 
which  the  broken  sword  still  remains,  may  bo 
seen  in  the  Natural  History  Museum,  South 
Kensington.  Sword-fishes  are  the  largest  of 
the  Acanthopterygii ;  sj>ecimens  of  the  genus 
Hiatiophorua  [SAILOR-FISH,  XIPHIIDX],  from 
the  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans,  reaching  a 
length  of  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet,  of  which 
the  sword  occupies  rather  more  than  three. 
The  Common  or  Mediterranean  Sword-fish 
sometimes  reaches  a  length  of  ten  feet,  with  a 
proportionately  shorter  sword ;  it  is  bluish- 
black  above,  merging  into  silver  below.  The 
tunny-fishers  often  take  these  fish  in  their 
nets,  and  their  flesh,  especially  when  young, 
is  said  to  be  equal  in  flavour  to  that  of  the 
tunny  (q.v.). 

sword-flag,  s. 

Sot. :  Iris  Pseudacona. 
sword-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  Alsine  segetalis;  (2)  Melilotus  sege- 
talis. (Paxton.) 

Sword-grass  moth, 

Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Calocampa 
txoieta. 

sword  hand,  *.  The  right  hand;  the 
hand  in  which  the  sword  is  held. 

sword-hilt,  *.    The  hilt  of  a  sword. 

"  The  hand  that  Blew  till  it  could  slay  no  more, 
WM  glued  to  tbe  »v>ord~htit  with  Indian  gore.1* 
Cotaper:  Charity,  SO. 

sword-knot,  s.  A  knotted  ribbon  or 
tassel  tied  to  the  hilt  of  a  sword. 

"  Wigs   with    wigs,    with   noord-knott  tmrd-*nott 
•trive."  Pope .  Rape  of  Lock,  L  10L 

•sword-law,  s.  Government  by  the 
aword  or  by  force.  (Milton :  P.  L,t  xi.  62.) 

sword-lily,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Gladiolus.    [CORN-FLAG.] 


sword-man,  *.    [SWORDMAN.] 
sword-mat,  *. 

Xaut.  ;  A  mat  woven  by  means  of  a  piece  of 
wood  resembling  a  sword. 

*  sword-play,  s.      A   combat  between 
gladiators  ;  a  sword-fight. 

*  sword-player,  s.     A  fencer,  a  gladia- 
tor ;  one  skilled  in  tlie  use  of  the  sword. 

"Some  they  set  to  fight  with  beasts,  some  with  one 
another.  These  they  called  glad iatores,  tteord-platferi ; 
&  this  spectacle  a  sword- fight."—  B akewill  :  Apologia, 
bk.  ir..  ch.  lii.,  $  8. 

sword-shaped,  a.  Shaped  like  a  sword ; 
en  si  form. 

Sword-shaped  leaf: 

Bot. :  A  leaf  quite  straight,  with  the  point 
acute,  as  the  leaf  of  an  Iris. 

sword-shrimp,  5. 

Zool.  :  Penawis  ensis,  from  Japan. 

sword-stick,  s.  The  same  as  SWORD- 
CANE  (q.v.). 

sword-tails,  sword-tail  Crustacea, 

*.pl. 
Zool. :  The  order  Xiphosura.    [KINO-CRAB.] 

*  sword  (sw  as  s),  v.t.    [SWORD,  s.]    To  slash 
with  a  sword. 

"  Steordinff  right  and  left 
Hen.  women."        Tennyton  :  Lait  Tournament, 

*  sword  -ed  (sw  as  s),  a.    [Eng.  sword;  -ed.] 
Girt  with  a  sword. 

"  The  helmed  cherubim  and  worded  seraphim 
Are  tu-en  in  glitt'riiig  ranks  with  wlnga  display'd." 
Milton:  Nativity,  xL 

*  Sword  -er  (SW  as  s),  *.     [Eng.  sword;  -er.] 
One  who  uses  or  fights  with  a  sword  ;  one 
skilled  in  tlie  use  of  the  sword  ;  a  swordsman ; 
in  contempt,  a  cut-throat. 

"  With  blade  advanced,  each  Chieftain  bold 
Showed  like  the  iworder't  fonn  of  old." 

Scott :  Lord  of  tin  I  tin,  1L  IS. 

sword'-ick  (sw  as  s),  «.  [SwORD,  $.]  [BUT- 
TER-FISH.] 

sword'  less  (sw  as  s),  a.  [Eng.  sword  ;  -less.] 
Destitute  of  a  sword. 

"  With  twordlett  belt  and  fetter'd  hand." 

Byron  :  Paritina,  Ix. 

'sword  man  (swas  s),  *.  [Eng.  sword,  and 
man.]  A  swordsman,  a  soldier. 

"  Like  to  prove  moet  sinewy  tioordmett." 

Shaketp.  :  All't  Well.  ii.  1. 

*  B  word -man-ship  (sw  as  s),  a.      [Eng. 
swordman;  -ship.]    Skill  in  the  use  of  the 
sword  ;  swordsmanship. 

swords'  man  (sw  as  s),  *.  [Eng.  twords, 
and  num.] 

1.  One  who  carries  a  sword ;  a  soldier ;  a 
fighting  man. 

2.  One  who   is  skilled  in  the  use  of  the 
sword  ;  a  fencer. 

swords  man  ship  (sw  as  8),  s.  [Eng. 
swordsman;  -ship.}  Skill  in  tlie  use  of  the 
sword. 

"  No  skill  In  neordtmatuhtp,  however  just, 
Can  be  secure  against  a  madman's  thrust." 

Cowper :  Charity,  609. 

*  sw6rds'-wpm-an  (sw  as  s),  s.    [Formed 
from  Eng.  sword,  and  woman,  on  analogy  of 
sworrfsman(q.vA]      A  woman  skilful  in  the 
use  of  the  sword  or  rapier. 

'*  A  company  of  twelve  Viennese  neordnromen  will 
shortly  arrive  in  Far  is  to  give  a  series  of  entertaiu- 
meui8."—PaU  Matt  Gazette,  Deo.  24,  1883. 

swore,  pret.  ofv.    [SWEAR.] 
sworn,  pa.  par  or  a.    [SWEAR.) 

sworn-broker,  s.  A  broker  practising 
within  the  City  of  London.  All  such  brokers 
are  licensed  by  the  Corporation,  and  sworn  to 
act  faithfully  between  their  principals.  Breach 
of  these  conditions  involves  forfeiture  of  the 
license. 

sworn-brothers,  s.  jrf.  Brothers  or  com- 
panions in  arms,  who,  according  to  the  laws  of 
chivalry,  vowed  to  share  al!  clangers  and  suc- 
cesses ;  hence,  close  companions  or  associates. 

sworn  -  enemies,  s.  pi.  Enemies  who 
have  taken  an  oath  or  vow  of  mutual  hatred  ; 
hence,  implacable  enemies. 

sworn-friends,  s.  pi.  Friends  bound  by 
oath  to  be  true  to  each  other ;  hence,  close  or 
firm  friends. 

*swote,  a.    [SWEET.] 


•swough,  *swogh,  •swowe,  s.  [A.S 
swtiyan  —  to  sigh.]  [SwooN,  a.] 

1.  A  sigh,  a  sound,  a  noise. 

"  The  twogh  of  the  sea."  Mori*  A  rthure.  75*. 

2.  A  swoon. 

"  Cleroeut  lai  In  tw'ghe.'-  Octavian,  MO, 

*  s  wound,  v.  &  a.    [SWOON,  v.  &  s,] 

*  swouns,  interj.    [See  def.]    A  corruption  o* 
contraction  of  God's  wounds,  used  as  an  oath 

[ZOUNDS,    ZOON8.] 

S  wrench,  s.  [See  def.]  A  spanner  or  wrenct 
of  an  S-shape,  to  enable  it  to  reach  parts  not 
so  readily  approached  by  the  ordinary  monkey- 
wrench.  It  has  two  jaws  of  different  angle*, 
and  an  adjusting-screw  in  the  stock. 

swum,  pret.  &pa.  par.  ofv.    [SwiM,  v.] 
swung,  pret.  kpa.par.  ofv.     [Swisa,  *.] 

t  swy,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.' 
Bot. :  Salicornia  herbacea. 

*  swynk,  s.  &  v.    [SWINK.] 
*swypes,  s.  pi.    [SWIPES.] 

*  swyre  (yr  as  ir),  *.    [SWIRE 

sy'-a-grus,  «.  [Named  from  Syagras,  who 
first  wrote  the  history  of  the  Trojan  War  ID 
verse.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  unarmed  Cocoeffi,  closely 
akin  to  Cncos  itself.  Flower  spike  enveloped 
in  a  double  spathe ;  fruit  like  that  of  the 
cocoanut,  but  with  a  channel  running  from 
each  of  the  three  pores  to  the  apex  of  the 
fruit.  Known  species  five  or  six,  chiefly  from 
Brazil. 

*  sy'-al-ite,  *.    [Malabar  syalita.} 

Bot. :  Dillenia  indica. 

*syb,  a.    [Sis.] 

Syb-ar-ite,  *.  [Lat.  Sybarites,  from  Gr 
2v£apt-nj«  (Subarites)  =  a  Sybarite,  an  inhabi- 
tant of  Sybaris.]  Originally  an  inhabitant  of 
Sybaris,  an  ancient  Greek  town  in  southern 
Italy,  noted  for  the  effeminacy  and  voluptu- 
ousness of  its  inhabitants ;  hence  an  effemin- 
ate person ;  a  person  devoted  to  luxury  and 
pleasure. 

Syb-ar-it-Ic,  Syb-ar-it'-Ic-ai,  a.  [SYB- 
ARITE.] Effeminate,  luxurious,  wanton. 

"  Like  moat  Trent  fishermen,  evidently  had  a  su- 
preme coutemi't  for  the  Sybaritic  vehicle  of  the 
Thames  angler. —/¥eW,  Dec.  26,  1886.  .. 

Syb'-ar-lt-ism,  s.  [Eng.  Sybarite);  -ism.] 
Effeminacy,  wantonness,  voluptuousness. 

"  Sufficient  to  elevate  to  the  seventh  heaven  oi 
Sybarititm  an  amateur  of  oysters."— Daily  Ttlegraph, 
Nov.  26.  1885. 

Sy'-bd  (pi.  sy'-boes),  5.  [Fr.  ciboule,  from  Lat. 
•'ffiitl'i,  dimin.  of  cepa  —  an  onion.]  An  onion 
that  does  not  form  a  bulb  at  the  root ;  a  young 
onion.  (Scotch.) 

"There's  nought  In  the  islands  but  *y&o«  and  leeks." 
— Scott :  Waverlef,  ch.  uviii. 

*  By-b^t'-lc,  o.     [Or.  ffy^wTiKoc  (subotikas)  = 

of  or  belonging  to  a  swineherd  ;  <ruj3wnj«  (su- 
bfiles) =  a  swineherd :  <ry«  =  a  swine,  and 
POO-KW  (bosko)  =  to  feed,  to  tend.]  Pertaining 
to  a  swineherd. 

"  Returning  one  day  In  a  temporary  fit  of  nostalgia 
to  his  old  University,  he  was  twitted  with  his  tybotin 
tendencies,  was  advised  to  edit  Tlieocritus,  and  was 
asked  what  a  scholar  and  a  gentleman  could  possibly 
•ee  in  a  fat  hog."— Daily  Telegraph,  I>cc.  4,  1B7S. 

*  sy  bot  ism,  «.    [Eng.  sybot(ic);  -ism.]    The 
tending  of  swine.    (Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  4, 
1876.) 

syV-a-mme,  s.    [Gr.  <rvicanivos  (sukaminos)."] 
1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  mulberry. 
"K  ye  had  fnith  as  a  grain  of  mtutard-seed,  ye 
might  say  unto  this  ittcamine  tree.  Be  thou  plucked 
tip  by  the  root,  and  be  tbou  planted  in  the  sea,"— 
XuJt*  xvlL  6. 

*  2.  Bot. :  Lonicera  Periclymenum.  (Prior.) 
[WOODBINE.] 

eye'   a  more,    * syc'-6-more,    "sic  a- 
moiir,  s.    [SYCOMORE.] 
1.  Ord.  Lang.  A  Botany: 

(1)  The  woodbine  (?). 

"  The  hegge  also,  that  yede  in  compai 
And  closed  in  all  the  greet)  herbere. 
With  sycamour  wan  get,  and  eglatere." 

Chaucer :  flower  A  Leaf,  M. 

(2)  Acer  PseudO'platanus,  an  umbrageout 


b6y ;  pout,  J6%1 ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-oUn,-tian  =  ahan.   -Won,  -sion  =  shun ;  -^ion,  -fion  =  zhun.   -ciou*  -tlou».  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4582 


syce—  syhedrite 


ir«e,  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  spreading 
branches;  large,  tive-lobed,  coarsely  and  un- 
equally serrate  leaves,  glaucous  and  downy 
on  the  veins  beneath  ;  pendulous  racemes  of 
greenish  flowers,  and  glabrous  fruit  furnished 
with  two  long,  membranous  wings.  It  flowers 
in  May  and  June.  The  wood  is  used  for  bowls, 
trenchers,  and  other  turnery.  The  sap  is  sac- 
chariferuus.  It  grows  wild  in  Switzerland, 
Germany,  Austria,  Italy,  and  western  Asia. 
It  in  a  hardy  tree,  flourishing  in  spite  of  high 
winds  or  sea-spray.  When  the  leaves  first 
appear  they  are  covered  with  a  clammy  juice 
containing  sugar,  attractive  to  insects,  by  which 
they  are  perforated  and  disfigured. 

(3)  The  Platanus  or  Plane  tree,  Flatanut 
occidentals,  is  popularly  known  in  the  United 
States  as  the  Sycamore  or  Buttonwood  tree. 
It  ia  the  largest,  though  not  the  loftiest,  of 
American  foiest  trees.  Aloug  the  western 
rivers  specimens  of  40  to  60  feet  girth,  or  more 
than  13  feet  diameter,  are  foun<i.  The  bark  is 
yearly  detached  In  large  scales,  showing  a 
white  surface  beneath. 

2.  Script.:   [SrcoMORE]. 

sycamore-fig,  s. 

Bot,  :  Fictis  sycomorus. 

sycamore-moth,  s.    [SYCAMORE,  2.j 

sycamore  tree,  5.    The  sycamore. 

"  The  tycanwrc-irte  by  t  he  window." 

Longfellow  :  £  rang  dint,  L  4. 

By  96,  *.    [East  Indian.]    A  native  groom. 

•7-966',  «.  [Chin.]  The  fine  silver  of  China 
cast  into  ingots,  in  shape  resembling  a  native 
•hoe,  and  weighing  commonly  more  than  a 
pound  troy.  These  ingot*  are  marked  with 
{lie  seal  of  the  banker  or  assay  er  as  a  guarantee 
of  their  purity. 

sycee-silver,  a.    The  same  as  STCEE. 

8y-chee',  s.  [Chin.]  The  Chinese  name  for 
black  tea. 


sych-no-car'-pous,  a.   [Or. 
=  frequent,  and  xopirlc  (fcarpos) 
Bot.  :  Polycarpous  (q.v.). 


vte  (s 
fruit.] 


[Or.  ffvieirm  (suktffs)  =  ng-like  ; 
(ffufcon)  —a  fig.]     A  nodule  or  pebble 
resembling  a  fig. 

jye  6-ceV-ic,  a.    [Eng.*ycocerO/0;  *&.]    De- 
rived from  or  contained  in  sycoceryl  alcohol. 
sy  coceric-acid,  t. 

Cheat.  :  CigH^O^.  A  Crystalline  substance, 
obtained  by  treating  sycoceryl  alcohol  with 
dilute  nitric  acid. 

J--co'c'-«r-yl.  «.     [Or.  <ri 
injpos  (fc«ros)  =  wax,  and  sun*.  -yl.} 

Chem.  :  The  hypothetic  radical  of  sycoceryl 
alcohol. 

ay  coceryl-acetate,  & 

Cheat.:  C^Hy^  =  C^H^O  'CsHgO.  Ex- 
tracted from  the  resin  of  Ficus  rubiginosa  by 
treatment  with  boiling  alcohol,  or  produced 
by  heating  sycoceryl  alcohol  with  acetyl 
Chloride.  It  crystallizes  iu  thin  prisms,  in- 
soluble in  water,  but  soluble  in  chloroform 
and  benzene. 

sycoceryl  alcohol,  s. 

Ck*™-  •'  CigHsoO  =  C17H27CH2OH.  Syco- 
eerylic  alcohol.  Produced  by  the  action  of 
an  alcoholic  solution  of  soda  on  sycoceryl 
acetate.  It  forms  needle-shaped  crystals,  in- 
soluble in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  melts 
at  90"  to  a  liquid  heavier  than  water. 


T-Jc,  a.    [Eng.  sycoceryl;  -fc.]  Of 
or  belonging  to  sycoceryl  (q.v.). 
•ycoeeryllc-aleohol,  s.     [SYCOCERYL- 

ALCOHOL.] 

ajf-co'-ma,  s.  [Or.  <rv'Kw^a  (fufeoma),  from 
trvicov  (sukn'n)  =  a  fig.] 

Mtd.  :  A  wart  or  excrescence  resembling  a 
flg  on  the  eyelid,  the  anus,  or  any  other  part. 

•yV-6-mbre,  «.  [Pr.  sycomore;  Lat.  syco- 
morus  ;  Gr.  OVKO^O/JO?  (swfomoros)  :  <rvKop  (su- 
kon)  =  a  fig,  and  popov  (moron)  =  black  mul- 
berry ;  so  named  because  the  fruit  is  a  fig,  and 
the  leaves  resemble  those  of  the  mulberry.] 

Bat.  :  Ficus  syeomorus,  a  fig-tree,  with  some- 
what smooth,  broailly-ovate,  repand,  or  some- 
what regular  leaves,  cordate  at  the  base,  and 
fruit  on  the  trunk  and  older  branches.  It  is 


found  in  Egypt  and  the  adjacent  countries, 
and  is  planted  for  shade  near  villages,  road- 
sides, and  on  sea-coasts.  The  wood  is  of  little 
value,  but  the  fruit  is  sweet  and  edible.  It  is 
the  sycomore  (1  Kings  x.  27  ;  2  Chron.  I.  15  ; 
ix.  27)  and  sycamore  (Isa,  ix.  10  ;  Luke  xix.  4) 
of  Scripture.  In  the  last  two  passages  the 
R.  V.  properly  substitutes  sycomore  for  syca- 
more. [SYCAMORE.] 

sycomore-fig,  *.    [SYCOMORE.] 
syV-on,  s,    [Gr.  O-VKOV  (sukon)  =  a  fig.] 
Zool,  :  The  type  genus  of  Syconidee  (q.v.). 

syV-o"n-Id,  8.  [SYCONID^.]  Any  individual 
of  the  family  Syconidae  (q.v.). 

"A  Syconid  from  the  Jurassic."—  Encyc.  Brit.  (ed. 
»tb).  xzit  «7. 

sy"-C<m'-I-dffl,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  sycon  ;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -id<z.) 

Zool.  &  Pafaont.  :  A  family  of  Calcareous 
Sponges,  widely  distributed,  with  three  sub- 
families. They  have  regular,  radially-dis- 
posed, cylindrical,  ciliated  chambers,  opening 
direct  into  the  sac-shaped  gastric  cavity. 
Sparsely  represented  in  the  Jurassic, 

8yc-o"-ni'-ns9,  *.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.  sycon;  Lat, 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.} 

Zool.  :  A  sub-family  of  Syconidse(q.v.),  with 
seven  genera.  Radial  tubes  free  for  their 
whole  length,  or  at  least  distally. 

s^  -co'-nus  (pi.  sy-co'-iu),  s^-co'-nl-um 
(pi.  sy-co  -nl-a),  «.  [Gr.  avion/  (sukori)  = 
&  fig.] 

Bot.  :  A  collective  fruit  having  a  fleshy 
rachis,  formed  like  a  flattened  disc  or  a  hol- 
low receptacle,  with  distinct  flowers  and  dry 
pericarps.  Examples  :  Ficns,  Dorstenia,  Am- 
bora, 

Sy-cSph'-a-ga,  s.  [Gr.  avxor  (*ukon)  =  a 
flg,  and  <f>aftiv  (phagein)  =  to  eat.] 

Entont.  :  A  genus  of  Chalcididte.  The 
species  are  common  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
where  they  aid  in  impregnating  the  female 
flowers  of  the  tig-tree. 

0yV-o-phan-cy,  *-  [Eng.  ncophan({)  ;  -cy.} 
The  character,  manners,  or  characteristics  of 
a  sycophant  ;  mean  tale-bearing  ;  obsequious 
flattery  ;  servility. 

"  Sycophancy  could  only  cringe  and  lawn  upon  th« 
victor  ox  Bosworth  Field.  —  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  IB, 

syc  6  phant.  '  sic'~$-pnant,  s.  [Lat. 
sycophanta  =  an  informer,  a  tale-bearer,  a 
sycophant,  from  Gr.  tn>KO$dvn)s  (sukophantes) 
=  a  fig-shower,  or  an  informer  about  figs, 
hence  a  common  informer,  a  slanderer,  a 
false  adviser.  The  history  of  the  word  is  lost, 
but  the  etym.  seems  evident  :  Gr.  VVKOV  (sukon) 
=  a  fig,  and  4><uVw  (phaino)  —  to  show.] 
*  1.  An  Informer. 

"  The  poor  man  that  bath  nought  to  low  Is  not 
afraid  of  the  lycophant  or  promoter.  "  —  P.  Bolltind  : 
/YuWrcV*  Moral*,  206. 

2.  A  parasite  ;  a  servile  flatterer,  especially 
of  princes  or  great  men  ;  hence,  a  deceiver,  an 
impostor.  ' 

11  All  the  envoya  who  had  been  sent  from  Whitehall 
to  Versailles  had  been  inert  tycnphanu  of  the  great 
"—  :  Sat.  Eng.,  eh.  zxiiL 


*  s£c  -6-phant,  v.i.  &  t.    [SYCOPHANT,  «.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  play  the  sycophant. 

"  H  is  ttrcophanting  art*  being  detected,  that  game  i» 
not  to  be  played  a  seccud  time  ;  whereat  a  man  of 
clear  reputation,  though  bis  barque  be  ii-li  t,  has  some- 
thing left  towards  aetting  ap  again,*"—  Government  of 
th<-  Tongue. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  play  the  sycophsnt  towards  ;  to  flat- 
ter meanly  or  servilely. 

2.  To  inform  on  or  tell  tales  of  to  gain 
favour  ;  to  calumniate. 

"  He  makes  it  his  first  tmtlnea  to  tamper  with  hla 
reader  by  tycophurviny  and  misnaming  the  work  of 
his  advenary/'-jrttbm  .-  Apology  for  tonectymnuut. 


^,  «.    [SYCOPHANCY.] 

syc  -  d  -  phan'  -  tic,  o.  [Gr.  ffv^tivrt^ 
(sukophantikos).']  Pertaining  to  or  character- 
istic of  a  sycophant;  servilely  flattering  or 
fawning  ;  parasitic. 

"  They  made  themselves  tycophantic  wrranta  to  the 
Kliig  of  Spain.'—  />«  (juincry  :  Spanish  JVun,  |  u. 

*  sycophantic  plants,  s.  pi. 
Bot.  :  Parasitic  plants. 

*  syc-o-phan'-tic-al,  a.  [Eng.  sycophantic; 
-al.]  Sycophantic. 


h,  a,  [Eng.  sycophant,  s.  ;: 
-ish.]  Like  a  sycophant;  sycophantic,  para- 
sitic. 

*syc-<fc-phant'-tsh-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  syco- 
phantish  ;  -ly.\  Like  a  sycophant. 

*'  Neither  proud,  nor  tycophanttthlv  and  falsely  • 
hamble."—  De  yuiiiccy  :  SpaniihJfun,  j  25. 

*S^c'-6-phant-ism,  s.  [Eng.  sycophant,  s.;. 
-ism.]  The  practices  or  manners  of  a  syco- 
phant ;  sycophancy. 

"  Servile  tycophantum  and  artful  hizotry."—  Xnox: 
Spirit  of  Deiftotitm,  }  9. 

*  B^C'-i-phSnt-ize,   v.i.      fEng.  sycophant; 
~ux.}    To  play  the  sycophant. 

"  To  sycofjhantixe  is  to  play  the  sycophant,  or  slander, 
or  accuse  falaely,  to  deal  deceitfully."—  Blotint  ;  dlot- 
toffrapMa. 

*  S^C'-6-phant-Pir,  «-     [Eng.  sycophant  ;  -ry.Jr 

Mean  or  otticioua  tale-bearing  or  adulation^ 
sycophancy. 

"The  attempts  of  envy,  of  treachery,  of  flattery,  at 
p/umtry,  of  avarice,  to  which  MB  condition  U  ob- 
ioua."—  Barrow;  Sermont,  vol.  ilj.,  ser.  2L 


*.      [Gr.   ovmr   (roton),  and 

eting)  =  resin.] 
Chem.  :  Ac  amorphous,  white,  neutral  resin,. 
obtained  from  the  resin  of  Ficiu  rubiginosa  by 
treatment  with  cold  alcohol.  It  is  very  brittle- 
and  highly  electric  ;  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether, 
chloroform,  and  oil  of  turpentine,  and  melts- 
in  boiling  water  to  a  thick  liquid,  which  floats- 
on  the  surface. 


a.      [Gr.   <n>Kaxm  (sukdris),   from 
<rvKOv  (snkon)  =  a  fig.] 

Pathol.  :  Ringworm  of  the  beard,  produced 
by  a  fungal,  Microsporon  mfutagrophytts,  and 
aggravated  by  the  use  of  alcoholic  drinks.  It 
most  frequently  affects  the  chin,  sometimes. 
spreading  to  other  parts  of  the  face  ;  it  is 
seldom  seen  on  the  scalp,  and  rarely  affects. 
women.  Attention  to  cleanliness,  the  im- 
provement of  the  general  health,  and  espe- 
cially the  destruction  of  the  parasite  by  sul- 
phurous acid  or  by  carbolic  acid,  are  the 
proper  remedies.  Called  also  Tinea  sycosis-. 
and  Meutagra,  [MicROSPORON.] 

syde,  a.    [Sios,  a.]    Long.    (Prop.) 

"  Ye  dlima  carry  yer  coats  over  tfdt.'—S.  Mae-- 
Donald  :  Robert  Falconer,  I.  112. 

sy-der  -6-lite,  *.  [SIDEROLITE.]  A  kind  of 
earthenware  made  in  Bohemia,  and  resembling: 
Wedgwood  ware. 

sy-en-ite,  si-en-ite,  *.  [After  Syene.. 
Egypt,  where  first  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Petrol.).} 
Petrol.  :  A  name  originally  applied  to  the 
granite  of  Syene,  which  contains  hornblende, 
but  now  generally  restricted  to  a  roC:  which 
consists  nf  orthoclase,  felspar,  and  hornblende 
only;  or,  where  quartz  is  present,  only  ia 
sufficient  quantity  to  be  regarded  as  an  acces- 
sory, and  not  as  an  essential  constituent.  By 
the  increase  in  the  amount  of  quartz,  and  the 

Eresence  of  mica,  syenite  graduates  into  & 
ornblendic  granite.    Petrologista  recognize, 
as  a  typical  syenite,  the  rock  of  Meissen,  near 
Dresden. 

syenite-porphyry,  s. 

Petrol.  :  A  term  sometimes  used  to  designate- 
a  syenite  in  which  some  of  the  orthoclase  is 
present  in  large  individual  crystals,  but  more 
frequently  applied  to  a  porphyry  (felsite)> 
which  contains  hornblende. 

sy  en-it  -Ic,  a.    [Eng.  syenite)  ;  -ft] 

Petrol.  :  Partaking  of  the  composition  of  a 
syenite.  Only  applied  to  certain  cryst&lline- 
rocks  which  contain  hornblende:  as,  syenitic- 
granite,  syeni  tic-gneiss. 

8ye'-po6r-ite,  *.  [After  Syepoor,  India, 
where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).\ 

Min.  :  A  name  given  to  a  granular  or 
minutely  crystalline  mineral  employed  by 
Indian  jewellers  to  give  a  rose  colour  to  gold. 
Stated  to  have  the  composition  :  sulphur, 
S5'2;  cobalt,  64*8  =  100,  which  would  yield 
the  simple  formula,  CoS.  Samples,  however, 
of  this  mineral  from  the  original  locality 
appear  to  be  cobaltine  (q.v.),  so  that  the 
species  is  at  present  a  doubtful  one. 

sy  he  -drlte,  s.  [After  the  Syhadree  (mis- 
spelt  Syhedree)  Mountains,  Bombay,  where- 
found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Aftn.  ;  A  green  mineral  substance  fnund  in 
cavities  in  a  porphyritic  amygdaloidal  doler* 


fete,  iat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot» 
w,  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    a,  o»  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  an  =  lew* 


syke— syllogizer 


4583 


tte  of  uncertain  composition,  but  supposed 
to  be  related  to  slilbite  (Q..V.).  Named  by 
Shepard. 

aylte,  sike.  *.    [Icel.  sik  =  a  ditch,  ft  trench.] 

A  small  rill,  commonlv  running  out  of  a 
quagmire  ;  a  small  rill  without  sand  or  gravel. 


"  Sae  I  took  up  the  ty Jfce  a  wee  bit  away  to  th«  right." 
—Scott :  Old  Mortality,  ch.  xxiii. 

•syke,  a.    [SICK.] 

*  syke,  r.i.    [A.8.  *toan.J    To  sigh. 

Syl-,  pr'/.  [The  form  taken  by  the  Greek  pref. 
O-UK  (ran)  =  with,  before  words  beginning  with 
the  letter  (.]  (See  etym.) 

syle,  3.  [Icel.  dl,  sill  =  fish  of  the  herring 
kind.)  The  young  of  the  herring.  (Prov.) 

«yl-la-bar--i-tim  (pi.  syi-la-bar'-I-a),  s. 

[  Low  Lat,  from  Lat.  syllaba  =  a  syllable 
(q.v.).J  A  catalogue  of  the  primitive  syllables 
of  a  language. 

«yl  -la-ba-ry;  ».  [Low  Lat.  «]/Hatiarii4m.l 
The  same'  as  SYLLABABIUM  (q.v.X 

••Consequently  the  monumeiiU  preteot  ut  with 
•everal  diflerent  forms  of  the  cuneiform  lyUabarjf.  — 
Alhtnceum,  Aug.  19,  1884. 

•syl'-labe,  «.  [O.  Fr.,  from  Lat  s»(ta6o  = 
a  syilaMe  (q.v.X]  A  syllable. 

"  A  tyliabe  Is  .  u«rt  of  a  word  that  may  itself  make 
a  i«it  of  a  souud."— Btn  Jotutm:  Englith  Grammar, 


ch. 

»yi 


-lo,  *  Byl-ia.b'-Je-»l,  o.    [Qr.  <™\- 

(mllatitos),  from  o-vAAo^  (sttita6e)  = 

a  syllable  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  syllHbiqvc.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  syllable  or  syllables. 

"  lu  the  revponwa  also,  which  are  noted  for  various 
TOices.  tills  w/toMe<lifttinctloi>  It  sufficiently  attHOid 
to,"— Mason  :  CAurcA  Mufic.  p.  98. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  syllable  or  syllables :  an, 
tyllabic  augment. 

syllabic-tune,  ».  A  tune  In  which  one 
note  u*  allotted  to  one  syllable  of  the  words, 
and  hence  containing  no  slurs,  as  The  Old 
Hundredth. 

•yl-lab'-Io-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tyllatneal ; 
•ly.]  In  a  syllabic  manner ;  in  syllables. 

"  Uttered  ...  as  children  are  wont,  not  to  plainly, 
and  isllHtiically.  and  distinctly,  as  could  have  been 
wished,  "—tlammmia:  StrmoTU,  vol.  iv.,  Mr.  14. 

••syl-lab'-I-eate,  v.t.  [Eng.  tyllabe  =  a 
syllable  ;  suff.  -icoie.J  To  form  into  syllables. 

*  syl-lab-a-oa'-tlon, ».  [SYLLABICATE.)  Tlie 
act  of  forming  syllables  ;  the  act  or  method 
of  dividing  words  iuto  syllables. 

"  A  division  of  th«  generality  of  words,  at  they  an 
actually  pronounced,  gives  us  the  general  laws  of 
syll<if>it:ation."—  Walker  :  Englith  Dictionary.  (Adv.) 

»  syl-lab-I-f i-ca'-tlon.  ».  [Eng.  syllabify; 
nation.]  The  same  as  SYLLABICATION  (q.v.). 

"The  unaccented  part,  have  lott  their  distinct 
lyllabiflcation."— Sari.:  Philology,  i  6SS. 


lab'-I-ly,  v.t.  (E 
To  form  into  syllables. 


=  a  syllable ; 


*  syi   lab  1st,  s.   [Eng.  *  syllabe  =  a  syllable  ; 
-ist.]    "One    versed    in   dividing  words   into 
syllables. 

*  syl-la-bize,   v.t.     [Mid.  Eng.   syl!ab(e)  = 
syllable  ;  Eng.  suflf.  -iw.]    To  articulate  ;  to 
divide  into  syllables. 

"  Language  frame  aud  *y/faiiz«  the  tone." 

ffotvell ;  Party  of  Beattt.    (Fref.) 

«yl  la-ble,  *  sil-la-blc,  *.  [O.  FT.  sillabe, 
syiUibe,  syllable,  from  L&t.syllaba  ;  Gr.  <n*AAa$>j 
(sx'labe)  =  that  which  holds  together  ...  a 
syllable:  <r»\  (sitl),  for  avv  (su«)=  with,  and 
Aau/Sivw  (lamband)  =  to  take,  to  seize  ;  Sp. 
tilafxi;  Port  &  Ital.  siliaba.] 

1.  A  sound,  or  a  combination  of  sounds 
ottered  together,  or  at  a  single  effort  or  im- 
pulse of  the  voice,  and  constituting  a  word  or 
part  of  a  word.  A  syllable  may  consist  of  a 
single  vowel,  as  a  in  alas,  e  in  ever,  &<;.;  or  of 
a  vowel  and  a  consonant,  as  in  fro,  do,  to,  at, 
Ac.  ;  or  of  a  combination  of  consonants  with 
a  vowel  or  diphthong,  as  strong,  out,  arm, 
brands,  &c.  In  English  the  consonants  I  and 
n  sometimes  form  syllables,  as  in  able,  fable, 
prison,  reckon,  &c.,  where  the  final  syllables 
are  r«ally  I  and  n.  A  word  is  named  according 
to  the  number  of  syllables  contained  In  it; 
thus,  a  word  of  nne  syllable  is  a  monosyllable  ; 
of  two,  a.  dissyllable;  of  many  syllables,  apo/y- 
syllubU. 


2.  In  printing  and  writing,  a  section  or  part 
of  a  word  divided  from  the  rest,  and  capable 
of  being  pronounced  at  one  impulse  of  the 
voice.     It  nmy,  or  may  not,  correspond  with 
the  syllable  of  the  spoken  language. 

3.  The  least  expression  or  particle  of  lan- 
guage or  thought :  as,  There  la  not  a  syllable 
of  truth  in  the  statement. 

syl'-ia-ble,  v.t.  [SYLLABLE,  *.]  To  utter ; 
to  articulate. 

"  Airy  tongues  that  tyllaMe  men's  names 
On  sands  and  snores,  and  desert  wildernesses." 

Milton :  Comut,  306. 

syi  la  bub,  s.    [SILLABUB.] 

syl'-la-bfts,   *.     [Lat.]     [SYLLABLE,  «.]     A 

compendium  of  the  hearts  of  a  discourse,  of  a 
course  of  lectures,  or  the  like  ;  an  abstract,  a 
table  of  contents,  &c. 

If  The  Syllabus: 

Church  Hist. :  A  list,  embracing  the  "  chief 
errors  and  false  doctrines  of  our  most  un- 
happy age,"  compiled  by  order  of  Pope  Pius 
IX.,  and  sent,  with  an  encyclical  letter,  dated 
Dec.  8,  1864,  "  to  all  the  bishops  of  the  Ca- 
tholic world,  in  order  that  these  bishops  may 
have  before  their  eyes  all  the  errors  and  per- 
nicious doctrines  which  he  had  reprobated  and 
condemned,"  the  number  of  which  amounts 
to  eighty,  probably  in  imitation  of  the  eighty 
heresies  mentioned  by  Epiphanius  as  existing 
in  the  first  three  centuries.  The  syllabus  is 
divided  into  ten  sections,  and  attacks  Ra- 
tionalism, Pantheism,  Latitudinarianism,  So- 
cialism, errors  concerning  the  Church,  Society, 
Natural  and  Christian  Ethics,  Marriage,  the 
Power  of  the  Pope,  and  modern  Liberalism. 

syi-lcp'-sis,   s.      [Or.  =  a  taking  together, 
from  the  same  root  as  syllable  (q.v.).J 
Rhetoric  &  Grammar : 

1.  A  figure  of  speech  by  which  we  conceive 
the  sense  of  words  otherwise  than  the  words 
import,  and  construe  them  according  to  the 
intention  of  the  author ;  the  taking  of  words 
iu  two  senses  at  once,  the  literal  and  the 
metaphorical  (as  sweeter  in  the  extract). 

"  The  judgments  of  the  Lord  are  true  and  righteous 
altogether  .  .  .  sweater  also  than  honey  and  the 
honeycomb. "— Psalm  xlx.  9,  LO. 

2.  A  figure  by  which  one  word  is  referred 
to  another  in  the  sentence  to  which  it  does 
not  grammatically  belong,  as  the  agreement 
of  a  verb  or  adjective  with  one  rather  than 
another  of  two  nouns,  with  either  of  which  it 
might  agree  :  as,  rex  et  regina  beati. 

syl-lSp'-tlc,  syl-lep'-tlc-al,  a.  [SYL- 
LEPSIS.] Pertaining  or  relating  to,  or  imply- 
ing syllepsis. 

syl-lSp'-tlo-al-ly;  adv.  [Eng.  syUepttml ; 
-ly.\  In  a  sylleptical  manner;  by  way  of 
syllepsis. 

syi  li-dse,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  *yll(is);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Zonl. :  A  family  of  Errant  Annelids,  in  some 
classifications  separated  from  the  theNereidae 
(q.v.).  Genera  :  Syllis,  Grubea,  Dujardinia, 
and  Schmardia. 

Byl'-Hs,  s.  [Gr.  ^eXAitf  (p«Hi(m)=a  neck- 
lace. (McNicoll.)] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Syllidae  (q.v.). 
Head  bilobed,  with  four  transverse  eyes  and 
three  thin,  moniliform  tentacles  ;  hotly  elon- 
gate, slender,  with  numerous  segments ;  pro- 
boscis without  jaws. 

syT-l6-gism,   "  sil-o~gisme,  *.    [O.  Fr. 

silogisme,  siliogisme,  syllogisms,  from  Lat.  syi- 
logismum,  aocus.  of  syllogismus ;  Gv.  <rvAAo- 
•yurjirff  (sullogismos)  =  a  reckoning  together  or 
up,  reasoning,  syllogism,  from  ovAAoY^ofiai 
(sullogizomai)  —  to  reckon  together,  to  reason  : 
(rvA  (swZ).  f°r  <rvv(sun)  =  with,  together,  and 
Aoyi'£ojj<u(?nf7i2omrti)==to  rerkon  ;  AiSyo?  (logos) 
=  a  word,  reason,  reckoning  ;  Fr.  syllogisme.] 

Logic: 

1.  An  argument  expressed  in  strict  logiral 
form,  so  that  its  conchisiveness  is  manifest 
from  the  structure  of  the  expression  alone, 
without  any  regard  to  the  meaning  of  the 
terms.  (Whately.)  In  a  perfect  syllogism 
there  must  be  three,  and  not  more  than  three 
propositions,  the  last  of  which,  containing 
the  matter  to  lie  proved,  is  called  the  con- 
clusion ;  the  other  two,  containing  the  means 
by  which  the  conclusion  is  arrived  at,  are 
called  the  premises.  The  subject  of  the  con- 


clusion Is  called  the  minor  term,  and  iti 
predicate  the  major  term  ;  the  third  term, 
with  which  the  minor  and  major  terms  are 
compared  in  the  premises,  is  called  the  middle 
term.  The  premise  which  brings  into  relation 
the  major  and  the  middle  terms  is  called  the 
major  premise,  and  that  which  brings  the 
minor  and  middle  terms  into  a  similar  relation 
is  called  the  minor  premise.  Thus,  in  the 
syllogism : 

Uajor  PremiM.    All  A  Is  B. 

M  in. >r  Premise.     AllCisA. 
Conclusion      .-.     All  G'  is  B. 

B  ts  the  major,  C  the  minor,  and  A  the  middle 
term.  Substituting  words  tor  symbols, 

Major  Premise.    All  nmiiniuiU  are  <iimdrupeda. 
Minor  Premise.    All  deer  are  rumiUHiiU. 
Coiithwion     .*.     All  deer  are  quadruped*. 

This  syllogism  is  valid,  because  the  conclusion 
logically  follows  from  the  premises.  The 
conclusion  is,  moreover,  true,  because  the  pre- 
mises from  which  it  logically  follows  are  true. 
The  figure  of  a  syllogism  consists  in  the 
situation  of  the  middle  term  with  respect  to 
the  major  and  minor.  In  the  first  figure  the 
middle  is  the  subject  of  the  major  and  the 
predicate  of  the  minor;  in  the  second  it  is 
the  predicate,  and  in  the  third  the  subject  of 
both  premises  ;  the  fourth  figure  is  the  reverse 
of  the  first,  the  middle  term  being  the  pre- 
dicate of  the  major  and  the  subject  or  the 
minor.  The  symbolic  names  of  these  figures 
are  commemorated  in  the  following  mnemonic 
hexameters  : 

1.  BArbArA,  CElArEnt,  DArll,  FErlOque  priori*. 
1  CEaArE,  CAniEstrEa,  PEstlnO,  BArOkO.  wcundB. 
8.  Tertla   DArAptl.    DIsAmls.   DAtlsl,   FElAi'tOu, 

BOkArdO,  PKrlsOu,  habet 

Quart*  inauper  addlt 
4.  BrAuiAiitlp.     CAmEiiEs,     DIuiArla,     FEuApOt 

FiEslsOn. 

The  mood  of  a  syllogism  depends  on  the 
quality  (affirmative  or  negative)  and  quantity 
(uuivei-sal  or  particular)  of  its  propositions, 
which  are  marked  thus : 

Universal...  A.  Affirmative.    K.  NegatlTe. 

Particular...    I.  Affirmative.     0.  Negative. 

Thus,  the  vowels  of  BArbArA  denote  three 
Universal  Affirmative  propositions ;  of 
CKlArEnt,  a  Universal  Negative,  a  Universal 
Affirmative,  and  a  Universal  Negative  ;  and  so 
on.  A  syllogism  is  said  to  be  valid  when  the 
conclusion  logically  follows  from  the  premises; 
if  the  conclusion  does  not  so  follow,  the 
syllogism  is  invalid  and  constitutes  a  fallacy 
if  the  error  deceives  the  reasoner  himself, 
but  if  it  is  advanced  with  the  intention  of 
deceiving  others,  it  constitutes  a  sophism. 
The  following  rules  for  the  construction  of 
syllogisms  are  those  given  by  Whately  : 

1.  Every  syllogism  has  three,  and  only  three,  tenbl. 
[UNDISTRIBUTED-MIDDLE.! 

2.  Every  syllogism  has  three,  and  only  three  pro- 
poeitluns. 

3.  No  term  must  be  distributed  in  the  conclusion 
which  wa*  not  distributed  in  one  of  the  premuea, 

4.  From  negative  premises  nothing  can  be  inferred. 
C.  If  one  premise  be  negative  the  conclusion  mutt  be 

negative. 

*  2.  The  act  or  art  of  syllogizing,  or  of  rea- 
soning syllogistically. 

"A  man  knows  first,  and  then  he  is  able  to  prove 
Bj'llogistlcnHy.  So  that  tyUoffism  comes  after  know. 
It-. Inc.  and  then  a  man  has  little  or  no  need  of  it."— 
Locke:  Hum.  Undvrttanding,  bk.  iv.,  cb.  rvii. 

B^r-Io-girt-lc,   "syl-ld-fclst'-Ic-al,  a. 

[Lat.  syilogisticus;  Gr.  (ruAAoytaTntostau'/opiBi- 
tAxw).]  Pertaining  to,  or  consiating  of  a  syllo- 
gism,  or  of  the  form  of  reasoning  by  syllogisms. 

"  No  nyfliifittlcal  reasoning  can  be  right  aud  coo* 
elusive  i.nt  what  has,  at  least,  one  general  proposition 
to  it."— Locke :  ffnm.  Undtrtf...  bk.  iv..  ch.  ML 

syl-lo-gist -ic  aHjr,  adv.  [Eng.  syllogist- 
ical;  -ly.]  In  a  syllogistic  manner;  in  the 
form  of,  or  by  means  of  syllogism. 

"  Well  ;  be  the  consequence  what  it  will,  you  are 
attempting  to  prove  your  point  HfttoffiitioaUy.'— 
WSSSSiU  Workt,  Hi.  31. 

*  s^l-lfi-^i-za'-tlou,   s.     [Eng.    syllogiJA; 
•ation.]    A  reasoning  by  means  of  syllogisms. 

"The  sonl,  and  its  powers  both  of  Intuition  and 
tyUoguation.  '—Harrit:  Tim  Trent,  p.  265  (Note.) 

*»yr-l6-guet   *sW-l4-Aife,   v.i.     [Fr. 

syllogizer ;  Gr.  <ruAAoyujbM<Ju  (sitUogizomai).] 
[SYLLOGISM.]  To  reason  by  means  of  syllo- 
gisms. 

"To  teach  boyi  to  tylloffiie,  or  frame  argument* 
and  refute  them,  without  «iiy  real  Inward  knowledge 
of  the  question."—  Watti :  Logick,  pt.  lit.,  ch.  11. 

*  S$rV-l6-fciz-er,  «-      [Eng.    syllogize) ;— «r.] 
One  who  syllogizes;   one    wh      reasons    by 
syllogisms. 

"  Every  wHwrtrer  Is  not  presently  a  roat«h  to  COM 

with     B*])»rmiii«,    Barouiws,     Btapleton."— Sir     Jf. 
Deriny  :  Speeches,  p.  100. 


bfifl.  W^;  pdat.  J<SW;  cat,  $en,  chorns,  ?liin.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  thto;  sto,  «f;  expect,  Xenopbon,  eytet   -Ing. 
-dan,  -tlan  =  sham,    -tion,    sion  =  shun ; -tion, -f  ion  =  zhiia.   -oiooa,  -tlous,  -olooa  =  (bus.   -tola, -die,  4c.  =  bel,  del. 


4584 


sy  Iph— sy  mb  ol 


,  __  «.  [Fr.  sylphe,  from  Gr.  <riA4»?  (silphe) 
=  a  kind  of  beetle  or  grub.]  An  imaginary 
being  inhabiting  the  air,  holding  an  inter- 
mediate place  between  material  and  immaterial 
beings.  Sylphs  are  represented  as  male  and 
female,  having  many  human  characteristics, 
and  as  mortal,  but  without  a  soul.  In  modern 
language  the  word  is  used  as  a  feminine,  and 
Is  applied  figuratively  to  a  woman  of  graceful 
and  slender  proportions. 

"The  gnomes,  or  demons  of  earth,  delight  in  mis- 
chief: but  the  tylfjht,  whose  habitation  is  in  the  air, 
are  the  best  conditioned  creatures  imaginable;  f<>r 
they  say,  any  mortals  may  enjoy  the  moat  intimate 
familiarities  with  these  gentle  spirits  upon  a  con- 
dition very  easy  to  all  adepts,  an  inTiolat*  preserva- 
tion of  chastity."— Pop* .-  Letter  to  Mr*.  A.  Fermvr  on 
the  Rape  of  the  Lock. 

sylph-like,  o.    Very  graceful  and  slender. 

*  eylph'-Id,  *.      [Fr.   sylphide.]     A  little  or 
>oung  sylph. 

"  Ye  sylphs  and  tylphidt,  to  your  chief  give  ear. 
Fays,  fairie»,  genii,  elves,  and  demons.  he«r." 

Pope :  Rupe  of  the  Lock,  it  78. 

•sylph'-Ish,  a.    (Bug.  sylph;  -ish.}    Having 
toe  form  and  attractiveness  of  a  sylph. 
"  Fair  tylphuh  forma. ' 

Poetry  of  Antijacobin,  p.  136. 

Byl'-va,  *.     [Lat  =  a  wood,  a  forest.] 

1.  The  forest  trees  of  any  country  or  region  ; 
a  work  descriptive  of  the  forest  trees  of  a 
particular  district  or  country :  as,  Evelyn's 
Sylva. 

*  2.  A  poetical  piece  composed  in  a  start  or 
kind  of  transport.    (Webster.) 

*  3L  A  collection  of  poetical  pieces  of  various 
kinds.    (Webster.) 

•yl'-van,  a.  &  5.     [Lat  sylvanut.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  wood  or  forest ; 
forest-like,  rural,  rustic. 

2.  Covered    or    abounding    with    woods; 
wooded,  shady. 

"  On  aa  we  more,  a  softer  prospect  opes — 
Calm  huts,  and  lawns  between,  and  tylfttn  slopes." 
Wordnoorth:  Detcriptive  Sketehet. 

8.  Growing  in  woods. 

*B.  Assubst. :  A  fabled  deity  of  the  woods; 
ft  satyr,  a  faun. 

**  From  muse  or  tytaan  was  he  wont  to  aak, 
In  phrase  poetic,  inspiration  fair." 

Scott:  Don  Roderic*.vL    (Introd.) 

nyT-van-ite,  *.     [After  Sylvan(ium),  one  of 

the  first  proposed  names  for  tellurium ;  suff. 
•itf  (M in  j :  Ger.  sylvan,  sylvanU,  schrifterz, 
tchrijft-ttllur,  weuss-sylvanent,  weiss-tellur ;  Fr. 
tylmne  graphiquet  tetture  auro-argentifere,  syl- 
vane  blanc.] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  An  ore  of  Tellurium  (q.v.).    Crystalliza- 
tion, monoclinic,  rarely  occurring  in  distinct 
crystals,   but  in  an  aggregation  resembling 
writing  characters.  Hardness,  1*5  to2;  sp.gr. 
7*9  to   8'33 ;    lustre,    metallic ;    colour   and 
streak,    steel-gray,   sometimes   brass-yellow. 
Compos.  :  tellurium,  55'8  ;  gold,  28*5 ;  silver, 
157  =  100,  which  corresponds  to  the  formula 
(AgAu)3Te.    Occurs  usually  associated  with 

2.  The  same  as  TELLURIUM  (q.v.). 

*  syl-vaf  -Ic,  o.     [Lat  sylvaticus,  silvaticus.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  woods  or  forests ;  sylvan. 

*  syl-ves'-ter,    *  syl-ves  -trl-al,    'Syl- 
ves   trl  an,   a.     [Lat    Sylvester,    Silvester.] 
Sylvan. 

•All  beasts  domestick  and  tylvetter."—  T.  Brown: 
Work*,  iv.  318. 

Syl-ves -trI-an9,*.pZ.    [Seedef.] 

Church  Hist. :  An  order  of  monks,  with  the 
rule  of  St.  Benedict,  founded  by  Sylvester,  or 
Silvester,  who  in  1231  established  a  monastery 
called  La  Grotte,  at  Monte  Fano,  in  Italy, 
whence  the  Sylvestrians  were  sometimes  called 
the  order  of  Monte  Fano.  It  was  approved  by 
Innocent  IV.  in  1248.  Sylvester  died  in  1267, 
and  was  afterwards  canonised. 

•yl  vl-a,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat  sylva  =  a 
wood.]" 

1.  Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  87]. 

2.  Ornith. :  The  typical  genus  of  Sylviinte 
(q.v.),  with  eight  species,  from  the  Palsearctic 
region  to  India  and  Ceylon,  and  North-east 
Africa.     Bill  rather  stout,  short ;  upper  man- 
dible decurved  from  the  middle  towards  the 
point,  which  is  slightly  emarginate;  nostrils 
basal,  lateral,  oval,  and  exposed ;  gape  l>eset 


with  hairs  ;  wings  moderate,  first  primary 
very  short  ;  tail  with  twelve  feathers,  gene- 
rally somewhat  rounded,  but  in  some  species 
nearly  even  ;  tarsus  scaled  in  front  and  short, 
toes  and  claws  short.  The  birds  of  this  genus 
are  confined  to  the  Eastern  Hemisphere,  being 
distinct  from  the  warblers  of  the  United  States, 
though  some  forty  species  of  the  latter  formerly 
received  the  name  of  Sylvia.  They  are  in- 
teresting from  their  geographical  distribution, 
seeming  to  have  their  headquarters  in  the 
region  surrounding  the  Mediterranean,  though 
a  number  of  them  inhabit  Central  and  Northern 
Europe.  They  mostly  winter  in  Africa.  They 
are  notable  for  the  sweetness  of  their  song, 
their  elegant  shape  and  graceful  movement. 
lu  color  they  are  inconspicuous,  being  usu:illy 
brown,  grey,  or  olive  green.  The  Common 
White-throat  (Sylcia  rufa)  is  perhaps  the  best 
known.  Other  species  include  6.  cumica,  the 
Lesser  White-throat,  S.  calicaria,  the  Garden 
Warbler,  S.  atricapttln,  the  Blackcap,  and  S. 
orphea,  the  Orphean  Warbler.  The  Blackcap 
is  a  songster  of  fine  powers,  by  many  considered 
the  equal  of  the  Nightingale,  which  has  gained 
much  of  its  reputation  from  its  habit  of  singing 
at  night.  The  Garden  Warbler  is  also  a  very 
pleasing  songster. 

yl'-yi-an,  a.  [See  def]  Of  or  belonging  to 
Silvius,  born  in  Flanders  in  1614,  and  subse- 
quently Professor  of  Medicine  in  Leyden 
University. 

sylvian  fissure,  s.    [FISSURE,  s.,  "I  3.] 

yr-vic,  a.  [Lat.  sylv(a);  -ic.]  A  synonym 
of  abietic  (q.v.). 

sylvic-acid,  s.    [ABIETIC-ACID.] 


,  5.  [Lat.  sylvicola,  silvicola  =  sai 
inhabitant  of  woods  :  sylva,  silva  =  a  wood, 
and  colo  =  to  inhabit.] 

Ornith.  :  Fly-catching  Warbler,  a  genus  of 
Pariuse,  instituted  by  Swainson.  Bill  slender, 
notched  a  little  way  from  the  tip  ;  rictus 
weakly  bristled  ;  wings  long,  the  first  quill 
nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  other  ;  feet 
slenden  Chiefly  from  North  America.  Species, 
Sylvicola  americana,  S.  canadensis,  &c. 

*  syT-vi-<sul-tnre,  *.    [Lat.  sylva  —  a  wood, 
a  forest,  and  cultura  =  culture  (q.v.).]     The 
culture  of  forest  trees  ;  arboriculture,  forestry. 

syl'-vi'-I-dw,  *»yl-vi-a-d»,  s.  pL  [Formed 
from  Mod.  Lat.  sylria  (q.v.),  with  Lat.  fern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -tdffi.] 

Ornith.  :  Warblers  ;  a  family  of  Passerine 
Birds,  distinguished  from  the  Thrushes  (of 
which,  in  some  classifications,  they  form  a 
sub-family)  by  their  delicate  structure  and 
more  subulate  bill  They  are  almost  univer- 
sally distributed,  preponderating  greatly  in 
the  eastern  hemisphere.  Canon  Tristram 
divides  the  family  into  seven  sub-families  : 
Drymcecina,  Calamoherpinse,  Phylloscopinse, 
Sylviime,  Ruticillinae,  Saxicolinae,  and  Accen- 
torim-e. 

syi-vl-i'-n»,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  sylvi(a);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -tncc.] 

Ornithology  : 

1.  A  sub-family  of  Turdidae,  approximately 
equivalent  to  No.  2. 

2.  The  typical  sub-family  of  Sylviidse  (q.v.), 
with  six  genera  and  thirty-three  species  ;  most 
abundant    in    the    Pal&arctic    region,  very 
scarce  in  the  Australian  and  Oriental  regions  ; 
absent  from  America.     [SYLVIA.] 

syl  -vine,  syl'-vite,  s.  [Lat  sal  digestives 
sylvii  ;  suff.  -ine,  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  An  isometric  soluble  salt  found  in 
large  crystals  at  Stassfurth,  Prussia,  Hard* 
ness,  2-0  ;  sp.  gr.  1*9  to  2  ;  colourless  ;  lustre, 
vitreous.  Compos.  :  potassium,  52'5  ;  chlorine, 
47'5  =  100,  equal  to  the  simple  formula  KCL 

sym-,  pref.    [SvN-.] 

Sy"-ma,  *.     [Gr.  Sufii)  (Sume),  the  daughter 
of  lalysus  and  Dotis,  carried  off  by  Glaucus.] 
Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Alcedinidse,  with  two 
species  from  Papua  and  North  Australia. 

sy-mar',  «.    [SIMAR.] 

*  sym  bal,  *.    [CVMBAL.] 

sym  bi-o  -sis,  *.     [Gr.  «rvpj9u>m$  (svmbiosit) 
=  living  with   companionship;    connexion: 
Gr.  ffvfji  =  trvv  (sun),  and  0ios  (bios)  =  life.] 
Biol  :  The  united  life  of  certain  organisms, 


Some  orchids  and  fungus  hyphae  thus  obtain 
nourishment  in  common.  MonptropahipO}nty& 
is  said  by  F.  Kamienski  to  derive  its  nourish- 
ment from  the  soil  through  the  medium  of  a 
fungus  mycelium  which  covers  it.  The  same 
phenomenon  is  said  to  have  been  observed  in 
oaks,  beeches,  hornbeams,  Ac. 

Sym-bl-Ot'-Ic,  a.    [Gr.  O-V/I^IWT^S  (sumbiotes- 
=  one  who  lives  with  a  companion.] 
Biol. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Symbiosis  (q.v.). 

Sym'-bdl,  s.    [Fr.  symbole  =  a  token,  &c.,  from 
Lat.  symbolum;  Gr.  0^jBaAoy(ncm2K)i(m),froin 

avnpd\X<o  (sumballo)  =  to  throw  together  : 
<rufj.  (sum),  for  <rvv  (sun)  =  with,  together,  and 
jSaAAw  (ballo)  =  to  throw.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  In  the  Greek  sense,  a  casting  together, 
as  of  a  contribution  into  a  common  treasury. 

"  There  are  '  portions  that  are  behind  of  the  suffer- 
ings'  of  Christ,  which  must  be  filled  up  by  his  body 
tlie  Church;  aiid  happy  are  they  that  put  in  the 
greatest  tymbol."—J.  Titylvr  :  Faith  A  Patience  of  the 
Saintt. 

*  2.  Lot ;  sentence  of  adjudication, 

"The  persons  who  are  to  be  Judged  .  .  .  shall  all 
appear  to  receive  their  symbol*  — Taylor:  Sermont. 
vol.  i.,  ser.  1. 

&  A  letter  or  character  which  is  significant 
of  something;  a  sign.  [II.  1.  %] 

4.  An  object,  animate  or  inanimate,  stand- 
ing for,  representing,  or  calling  up  something 
moral  or  intellectual ;  an  emblem,  a  figure,  a 
type,  a  representation. 

"Salt,  as  Incorruptible,  was  the  tymbol  of  friend- 
ship;  which,  if  it  casually  fell,  was  accounted  omin- 
ous."— Browne:  Vulgar  Errourt. 

5.  That  which  specially  distinguishes  one 
regarded  in  a  particular  character,  or  as  occu- 
pying a  particular  office,  and  fulfilling   ite 
duties;  a  figure  marking  the  individuality  of 
some    being  or  thing:    as,  A  trident  is  the 
symbol  of  Neptune. 

n.  Technically: 

L  Chem. :  An  abbreviation  of  the  name  of 
an  elementary  body :  thus  C  for  carbon,  H, 
hydrogen,  P,  phosphorus,  &c.  When  two  or 
more  of  the  names  begin  with  the  same  letter, 
a  second  letter  is  added  to  the  symbol  of  one 
of  these  elements  for  the  sake  of  distinction : 
thus  Cl  =  chlorine,  Hg  =  hydrargyrum  (mer- 
cury), Pb  =  plumbum  (lead),  &c.  The  symbol 
also  represents  a  definite  quantity  of  the  ele- 
ment :  thus  H  always  =  one  part  by  weight  of 
hydrogen,  Hg  =  200  parts  of  mercury.  [BOND, 
FORMULA,  NOMENCLATURE,  NOTATION.] 

2.  Theology: 

(1)  A  primitive  name  for  the  Creed,  often 
occurring  in  the  works  of  the  early  Fathers. 
The  precise  meaning  of  the  word  symbol  in 
this  sense  is  doubtful ;  but  it  probably  had 
reference  to  the  Creed  as  the  common  bond 
of  Faith.    The  tradition  that  the  name  was 
given  because  each  of  the  Apostles  composed 
an  article,  is  unsupported  by  evidence. 

(2)  Sometimes  applied  to  the  elements  in 
the  Sacrament  of  the  Eucharist. 

U"  Mathematical  symbols :  There  are  four 
kinds  of  symbols  employed  in  mathematics. 
(1)  Those  which  stand  for  quantities;  such 
as  letters  standing  for  numbers,  time,  space, 
or  any  of  the  geometrical  magnitudes.  (2) 
Those  of  relation,  as  the  signs,  =,  >,  :  ::  :, 
&C,,  which  indicate  respectively,  the  relations 
of  equality,  inequality,  proportion,  &c.  (3) 
Those  of  abbreviation,  as,  .-.,  for  hence,  v, 
for  because ;  exponents  and  co-efficients  are 
likewise  symbols  of  abbreviation,  the  symbol 
consisting  in  the  manner  of  writing  these 
numbers.  (4)  Symbols  of  operation,  or  those 
employed  to  denote  an  opemtion  to  be  per- 
formed, or  a  process  to  be  followed  ;  sucli  lire 
the  symbols  of  algebra  and  the  differential 
and  integral  calculus,  &c.,  which  do  not  come 
under  the  preceding  heads.  Those  of  the 
third  class  are  generally  regarded  as  symbols 
of  operation.  Symbols  of  operation  are  of 
two  kinds :  (1)  Those  which  indicate  invariable 
processes,  and  are,  in  all  cases,  susceptible  of  ' 
uniform  interpretations.  This  kind  includes 
most  of  what  are  usually  called  the  signs  of 
algebra,  as  +,  -,  x,  -:-,  J~.  (2)  Those 
which  indicate  general  methods  of  proceeding 
without  reference  to  the  nature  of  the  quantity 
to  be  operated  upon. 

symbol-printing,  s. 

Teleg. :  A  system  of  printing  in  dots  and 
marks  or  other  cipher,  as  distinct  from  print- 
ing  in  the  usual  Roman  letter.  The  dots  and 
dashes  of  the  Morse,  or  similar  systems,  may 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pdt, 
or*  wore,  W9li»  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  njaite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian*    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  <ju  -  kw. 


symbol— symmetrize 


4585 


be  produced  by  pressure  on,  or  penetration  of 
the  paper  (Morse),  or  by  a  chemical  action  at 
the  point  of  contact  of  the  styles  (Bam),  or 
the  passage  of  the  electric  current. 

•  svm-bol,  «...    [SYMBOL,  ».]    To  express  or 
represent  by  a  symbol ;  to  symbolize. 

«s*m-bol-a)-6g'-ra  phy,  s.  [Gr.  ovrfo- 
'a<ov  (sumbolaion)  =  a  mark  or  sign  from 
wliii-h.oue  concludes  anything,  a  contract, 
and  vpioio)  (graphs)  =  to  write.]  [SYMBOL.] 

Law  :  The  art  or  cunning  of  rightly  forming 
and  making  written  instruments.  It  is  either 
Judicial  or  extra-judicial,  the  latter  being 
wholly  occupied  with  such  instruments  as 
concern  matters  not  yet  judicially  in  contro- 
versy such  as  instruments  of  agreements  or 
contracts,  and  testaments  or  last  wills. 
(inarton.) 

•sym-boT-a-troiis,  a.  [SYMBOLATRY.]  Apt 
or  inclined  to  worship,  reverence,  or  over-esti- 
mate symbols  or  types. 

*  s*m-b6T-a-trjf,  ».    [Or.  <rv>/3oXoi>  (sttmbo- 
ion)  =  a  symbol, and  AaTp«ia((oJreio)=  service, 
worship.)     The  worship,  reverence,  or  over- 
estimation  of  symbols  or  types. 

•*m-bSl'-Ie,  a.  &  s.    [Gr.  ovupoAiKoj  (sum- 
Mikos) ;  Fr.  symbolique.) 
A.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  SYMBOLICAL  (q.v.). 

"The  wm6oHc  way  of  writing  to  of  three  kinds ;  the 
«nt  is  that  plain  and  common  one  of  imitating  tne 
Snure  of  the  thing  reyreneuted ;  the  second  i»  by 
typical  mirk. ;  and  the  third  it  a  contrary  way.  of 
alfegortzing  by  enigma.. '- Wai-Burton  :  Dinae  Lego, 
Oan.  bit  Iv..  «  «. 

*  B   As  subst. :   The   same   as   SYMBOLICS 
(q.v.). 
sym-bdl-lc-al,  a.    [Eng.  symbolic;  -aZ.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  Pertaining  to  a  symbol  or 
symbols  ;  of  the  nature  of  a  symbol ;  standing 
for  or  serving  the  purpose  of  a  symbol ;  repre- 
sentative. 

"Thl.  seems  a  clear  conclusion  from  the  very  nature 
of  our  Lord's  miracles,  which,  for  the  mo.t  part,  were 
•ctionB  distinctly  nmoolical  of  one  or  other  of  the 
•pirHual  benefits  oftlie  redemption."— Bp.  Uortteu  : 
&rmon«.  vol.  1..  Mr.  10. 

2.  Groin, :  Applied  to  words  which  by  them- 
selves present  no  meaning  to  any  mind,  and 
which  depend  for  their  intelligibility  on  a 
relation  to  some  presentive  word  or  words. 
Pronouns,  prepositions,  conjunctions,  and  th< 
auxiliary  verbs  are  symbolic  words.     [PKE- 

BENTIVE.] 

symbolical-attributes,  s.  pi. 

Art :  Certain  figures  or  symbols  usually  in- 
troduced in  representations  of  the  evangelists, 
apostles,  saints,  &c.,  as  the  keys  of  St.  Peter, 
the  lamb  of  St.  Agnes,  &c. 

symbolical-books.  >.  pi. 

Church  Hist. :  The  writings  In  which  any 
Christian  communion  officially  publishes  its 
distinctive  tenets. 

symbolical-delivery,  >. 

Law :  The  delivery  of  property  sold  or  re- 
signed by  delivering  something  else  as  a  sym- 

-   •  •          *-*"— of  it. 

',  s.    The  philo- 


bol,  token,  or  representative  of 


sym 
sophy  e 


ibolical-pbllosophy, 

expressed  by  hieroglyphi 


*  2.  An  exposition  or  comparison  of  symbols 
or  creeds. 

IL  Gram. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
symbolic  (q.v.). 

*  sym'-biU-lst,  s.  [Eng.  symbol ;  -«.]  One 
who  symbolizes  ;  one  who  employs  symbols. 

"sym-bol-lst-Jc.  •  gym-bol-lsf -l^al, 

o.  [Eng.  symbol; -istic,  -istical.)  Characterized 
by  the  use  of  symbols :  as,  symbolistic  poetry. 

sym  bol  I-za'-tion,  ».  [Eng.  symbolize); 
-ation.}  The  act  of  symbolizing  ;  representa- 
tion ;  resemblance. 

"  Oft-time,  wrackt  beyond  their  nmMiiationi,  In. 
larged  iutu  construction.  di.]>ar>giug  their  true  tu. 
teutioni--«ro«™:  I'ulaar  Krrourl, T)k.  V..  ch.  xxl. 

sym   bol-izc,   v.t.    &   i.      [Fr.   symboliser.] 

[SYMBOL,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  represent  by  a  symbol  or  symbols. 

2.  To  regard  or  treat  as  symbolic  ;  to  make 
symbolic  or  representative  of  something. 

"There  want  not  some  who  have  tymltoliafd  the 
apple  of  ParadlM  into  such  cointruetlona,"— Browne: 
Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  Tii.,  ch.  i. 

*  3.  To  make  to  agree  in  properties. 

B.  Intransitive : 

I.  To  use  symbols  ;  to  express  or  represent 
things  in  symbols  or  symbolically. 

*  2.  To  agree,  to  harmonize ;   to   have   a 
resemblance  in  qualities  or  properties. 

"  The  Orphick  phllo.ophy  did  really  agree  and  «ym- 
bolue*ith  that  which  afterward  wa.  called  Pythagor- 
Ick  and  Platonic."— Cudwort*.-  /"««.  SiUtm.  p.  2»9. 

•3.  To  hold  the  same  faith  or  religious 
belief ;  to  agree  In  faith. 

8*m'-b6l-iz-6r,  ».  [Eng.  tymbolii(e);  -«r:] 
One  who  symbolizes;  one  who  casts  in  his 
vote,  opinion,  &c.,  with  another. 

"Their  ambltlou.  iimbaHart  In  England."— 
Gauden  :  Ttart  of  the  Church,  p.  69L 

*  sym-bi-lo'fc'-aO-al,  o.     [Eng.  symbologfy) ; 
•ical.}    Of  or  pertaining  to  symbology  (q.v.). 

*  sym-bSl'-S-Rlst,    ».      [Eng.    tymbolog(y); 
•ist.\    One  versed  in  symbology  (q.v.). 


•fon-bSV-Ic-al-ly  adv.  [Eng.  symbolical ; 
-ly.]  In  a  symbolical  manner  ;  by  symbols  or 
signs ;  typically. 

"  They  likewise  worshipped  the  same  deity  symboli- 
aOll  In  An."-Cudmrth  :  Intell.  Syttim,  p.  295. 

•*m-b61-lc-al-ness,  s.  [Eng.  symbolical ; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  symbol- 
ical. 

sym-bol-ics,  ».    [SYMBOLIC.] 

1.  The  study  of  the  symbols  and  the  mys- 
terious rites  of  antiquity. 

2.  The  study  of  the  history  and  contents  of 
Christian  creeds  and  confessions  of  faith. 

«Jm'  bol-if m,  s.    [Eng.  symbol ;  -ism.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  investing  of  things,  as  certain  prac- 
tices in  ritual,  with  a  symbolic  meaning  ;  the 
regarding  of  outward  things  as  having  an 
inner  and  symbolic  meaning ;  the  represent- 
ing of  events  by  causes  or  types :  such  as  the 
•word,  the  cause  of  death ;  the  palm,  the  type 
of  victory,  Ac. 

"Symbolim  [Is]  the  name  applied  to  the  .ystera 
which  Invested  tie  forms  of  Christian  archltretnre 
and  ritual  with  a  symbolical  meaning.  The  extent  to 
which  thl.  iymkolitm  was  carried  hafl  been  a  subject 
of  much  controversy  "  ' 


•  s*m-bdl'-6-g3?,  '•  [Gr-  <nii»|3oAoi>  (sumbolm) 
=  a  symbol,  and  Ao-ycs  (logos)  =  l  word,  a 
discourse.]  The  art  of  expressing  by  symbols ; 
symbolization. 

"  sym'-bo-lum  (pi  sym'-b*-la),  «.    [SYM- 
"    A  contribution. 


"  My  nmboJum  towarda  to  charitable  a  work."— 
Hammond  :  Faraphrau  or.  Uu  Ptalaa.  (Fref.) 

s*m-bor'-6-d6'n,  s.    [Pref.  sym- ;  Gr.  0o/x!s 
(boras)  =  gluttonous,  and  suff.  -odon.] 

Palaont. :  A  genus  of  Perissodactyla, 
founded  by  Cope,  on  remains  from  the  Mio- 
cene of  North  America.  It  approximately 
corresponds  to  Marsh's  genus  Brontothe- 
rium  (q.v.). 

sym-bran'-chi-da),  ».  ft.  [Mod.  La*. 
symbranch(us) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutT.  -ida!.] 
Ichthy.:  A  family  of  Physostom!  (q.v.); 
eel-like  fishes,  having  the  body  naked  or 
covered  with  minute  scales;  the  upper  jaw  is 
entirely  formed  by  the  premaxillary  bones, 
the  maxillaries  being  placed  behind  them  in  a 
parallel  position.  Pectoral  and  ventral  fins 
are  absent,  and  the  vertical  fins  are  reduced 
to  membranous  folds  ;  there  is  no  swimming- 
bladder,  and  the  stomai-h  is  without  pylonc 
appendages.  The  family  is  divided  into  the 
three  following  groups,  the  first  two  of  which 
are  freshwater,  but  sometimes  entering 
brackish  water  ;  the  third  is  marine  : 

1.  AMPHIPJIOISA.  containing  one  genus,  withasingle 
.pecle.,  A  mphlpnoia  ™c»io,  from  Bengal. 

2.  SYUBRAMCBIWA,  with  two  genera,  Monopteru.  and 
SymbranchuB  (q.v.). 

S  CHiLOBRASraiNA.  containing  one  genna,  with  a 
.Ingle  species,  Chilobranchut  dortatiM,  from  Australia 
aud  Tasmania. 

sym-bran-ohi'-na,  i.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  tym- 
branch(us) ;  Lat.  neut.  pL  adj.  suff.  -tno.] 
[SYMBRANCHID.S,  2.] 

sym-bran'-chus.  «.    (Mod.  Lat.,  from  pref. 
•  -,  and  Gr.  $po.v\ia.  (brangchia)  =  gills.] 


,  . 

Ichthy. :  The  typiial  genus  of  the  group 
Symbranchina,  and  the  family  Symbranchidse 
(q  v  ).  Vent  in  the  posterior  half  of  the  body, 
which  is  naked ;  four  branchial  arches,  with 
well-developed  gills.  Two  species  :  Symbran- 
Chun  marmoratus,  common  in  tropical  America, 
S.  bengalensii,  common  in  the  East  Indies. 


Sym  mach  I-ans,  s.  pi.    [See  def.) 

Efdes.  Hist. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Nazarenes,  probably  from  Symmachus 
the  Ebionite,  who  is  mentioned  by  Eusebim 
(Hist.  Eccles.,  vi.  IT).  St.  Ambrose  (died  397;, 
however,  speaks  of  the  Symmachians  as  de- 
scended from  the  Pharisees,  and  the  sect  wa» 
in  existence  in  the  time  of  St.  Augustine  of 
Hippo  (354-430). 

•  sym-me't'-ral,  a.    [SYMMETRY.]    Commen- 
surate, symmetrical. 

"  It  was  both  the  doctrine  of  the  apostle.,  and  the      . 
practice  of  the  church,  while  it  was  tynimetral.  to 
obey  the  magistral*"— Mart:  Mi/aery  at  Uodltneu. 
p.  304. 

*  sfrn-met'-rl-an,  s.    [Eng.  symmetry;  -an.} 
One  studious  of  proportion  or  symmetry  of 
parts. 

"HI.  face  wa.  a  thought  longer  than  the  exact  Him* 
mariani  would  allow.' -Sidncu :  Arcadia. 

sym-m6f-rlc-al,    *  sym-met-rlo,    a. 

[Eng.  syvtmetr(y);  -tc,  -ical.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Possessing,  exhibiting,  or 
characterized  by  symmetry ;  well-proportioned 
in  its  parts ;  having  its  parts  in  due  propor- 
tion as  to  dimensions. 

"  The  tlimmetric  step  1 
How  he  tread,  true  to  time  and  ilace  and  thing." 

R.  Brewing:  Balauuton'i  Adttntun. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Bat.  (Of  the  parts  of  a  flower):  Belated  to 
each  other  in  number,  the  same  in  number, 
or  one  a  multiple  of  the  other,  as  in  Saxifraga, 
which  has  five  divisions  of  the  calyx,  five 
petals,  and  five  stamens ;  or  Epilobium,  which 
has  a  four-parted  calyx,  four  petals,  and  eight 
stamens. 

2.  Math. :  Possessing  the  attribute  of  sym- 
metry; having  corresponding  parts  or  rela- 
tions. In  geometry,  two  points  are  symmetri- 
cally disposed  with  respect  to  a  straight  line, 
when  they  are  on  opposite  sides  of  the  line 
and  equally  distant  from  it,  so  that  a  straight 
line  joining  them  intersects  the  given  line, 
aud  is  at  right  angles  to  it    A  curve  is  sym- 
metrical with  respect  to  a  straight  line,  when 
for  each  point  on  one  side  of  the  line  there  is 
a  corresponding  point  on  the  other  side,  and 
equally  distant  from  it.    The  line  is  called  an 
axis  of  symmetry.    In  conic  sections,  the  axes 
are  the  only  true  axes  of  symmetry.    Two 
plane  figures  are  symmetrically  situated  with 
respect  to  a  straight  line,  when  each  point  of 
one  has  a  corresponding  point  in  the  other  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  axis,  and  equally  dis- 
tant from  it.    A  line  or  surface  is  symmetrical 
with  respect  to  a  plane,  when  for  each  point 
on  one  side  of  the  plane  there  is  a  second  point 
on  the  other  side,  equally  distant  from  it.  The 
plane  is  called  the  plane  of  symmetry,  and 
is,  in  conic  sections,  a  principal  plane.    Sym- 
metrical lines  and  surfaces  in  space  cannot, 
in  general,  be  made  to  coincide  with  each  other. 
Spherical  triangles  are  symmetrical  when  their 
sides  and  angles  are  equal  each  to  each,  but 
not  similarly  situated.    In  analysis,  an  ex- 
pression is  symmetrical  with  respect  to  two 
letters,  when  the  places  of  these  letters  may 
be  changed  without  changing  the  expression. 
Thus,  the  expression  if  +  afx  +  ab  +  b*x  is 
symmetrical  with  respect  to  a  and  o ;  for, 
if  we  change  the  place  of  a  and  6,  we  have 
if  +  b*x  +  ba  +  o?x,  the  same  expression.  An 
expression  is  symmetrical  with  respect    to 
several  letters,   when  any  two  of  them  may 
change  places  without  affecting  the  expression ; 
thus,  the  expression  ab  +  ba1  +  a'c  +  c% + 
(Vc  +  bo1  is  symmetrical  with  respect  to  the 
three  letters  a,  b,  c. 

sym-met'-rlc-al-ly,ad!>.  [Eng. symmetrical; 
-ly.]  In  a  symmetrical  manner ;  with  due 
proportion  of  parts. 

Bym-mSf-rio-al-ness,  s.  [Eng.  symmetrical ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  symmet- 
rical. 

* sym-me-tri'-cian,  s.  [Eng.  symmetry); 
-ician.]  The  same  as  SYMMETRIAN  (q.v.). 

•'  81th  the  longest  rib  is  common!  ie  about  the  fourth 
part  of  a  man,  as  some  roulng  tymmeiriciaiu  amrme. 
— aolinthed:  Dftcrip.  Britaine,  ch.  1. 

*sym'-m8-trlst,  ».  [Eng.  symmetry);  •«.] 
One  who  is  studious  or  particular  about  sym- 
metry or  due  proportion  of  parts;  a  sym- 
metrian. 


. 

"  Tbl.  I.  the  clearest  rearon  why  some  exact  arm- 
marittt  have  been  blamed  for  being  too  true.  -«•«• 
quia  Wottoniana,  p.  66. 

*Bjm'-m8-triie,  v.t.  [Eng.  symmetry);  -to.] 


bSU.  b6y ;  poilt,  J61W ;  cat,  9ell.  chorus.  9hln.  bench ;  go.  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect, 
-clan.  -Uan  =  shan.   -tlon.  -sion  =  shun;  -tlon,  -slon  =  zhun.   -olous.  -tlous.  -slous  =  shus.   -We. -die. 


4586 


eymmetrophobia— sympathy 


To  make  symmetrical  or  proportional  in  itl 
parts  ;  to  reduce  to  symmetry. 

sym  met^rfi  pho'  bi  a.  ..  An  apparent 
dread  or  avoidance  of  symmetry,  especially  as 
shown  in  Egyptian  architecture,  or  in  Japanese 
art.  (Hujnoroiu.) 

gym  me-try,  *  sim  me  trie,  *  sym-me- 
trie,  s.  [o.  Fr.  symmetric  (Fr.  symetrie),  from 
Lat  symmetria  ;  Gr.  0-iniu.erpi'a  (summetrM)  — 
due  proportion,  from  trvmierptK  (siimmetros) 
=  of  like  measure  with  :  avp.  (sum)  for  avv 
.  (tun)  =  with,  and  piVpor  (netron)  =  a  mea- 
sure.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  due  proportion  of  the 
several  parts  of  a  body  to  each  other  ;  adapta- 
tion of  parts  to  each  other ;  union  and  com- 
fonnity  of  the  members  of  a  work  to  the 
whole  proportion ;  harmony. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Botany  : 

(1)  A  term  used  when  the  four  verticils  con- 
stituting  a  flower  alternate  with  each  other. 
The  symmetry  may  be  dimerous,  trimerous, 
tetramerous,  or  pentamerous ;  i.e. ,  the  num- 
ber of  pieces  composing  each  verticil  may  be 
two,  as  in  CircsBa  ;  three,  as  in  Iris  ;  four,  as 
in  (Enothera  ;  or  five,  as  in  Convolvulus.  The 
symmetry  may  he  marked  by  the  multiplica- 
tion, the  deduplication,  the  union,  the  arrest 
of,  or  the  inequality  in,  the  development  of 
the  several  parts. 

(2)  An  arrangement  by  which  every  part  is 
balanced  by  some  other  one,  as  that  one  pair 
•of  leaves  is  balanced  by  the  next. 

2.  Compar.  Anat. :  Harmony  and  correspond- 
ence between  certain  parts  of  the  body  of  an 
animal.  Symmetry  may  be : 

(1)  Bilateral :  as  in  the  arms  of  man,  the 
•wings  of  a  bird,  »nd  the  pectoMl  fins  of  a  fish. 
This  correspondence  is  purely  external,  and 
its  absence  is  immediately  noticed  on  an  ex- 
amination of  the  viscera. 

(2)  Serial :  as  the  correspondence  between 
the  ann  and  leg  in  man,  and  the  fure  and 
hind  legs  of  a  horse,  though  this  is  not  ob- 
vious without  examination,  owing  to  the  differ- 
ent directions  in  which  the  knee  and  elbow 
are  bent.    On  dissection,  however,  serial  sym- 
metry is  seen  to  persist  internally,  as  in  the 
ribs  and  vertebrae,  which  are  placed  one  after 
another  in  a  series. 

t  (3)  Zonal :  a  name  sometimes  applied  to 
the  serial  symmetry  of  segmented  animals. 

t  (4)  [RADJATED-SYMMETBY.] 

K  Uniform  symmetry : 

ATA.  :  That  disposition  of  parts  In  which 
the  same  ordonnance  reigns  throughout  the 
whole. 


sym  mor'-phus,  t,     [Gr.  o-iVno»<J>os  (sum- 
morphos)  =  conformed  to,  similar.] 

Ornitk.  :  A  genus  of  Campephagidffi,  with 
one  species,  Synmorphus  leucopytna,  from 
Australia. 

sym  pa-thet'-.c,   *  sym-pa-thef -fo-al, 

«.     [Formed  from  sympathy  (q.v.),  on  analogy 
of  pathetic  (q.v.).] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Pertaining  to,  characterized  by,  expres- 
sive of,  or  produced  by  sympathy. 

"  To  iirmpathetie  tears  the  ghosts  themselves 
He  moved ;  these  praises  to  his  verse  he  owes. 

Coif  per  :  To  hit  Father. 

2.  Having   sympathy   or   common    feeling 
with  another ;  affected  by  feelings  like  those 
of  another,  or  susceptible  of  feelings  in  con- 
sequence of  what  another  feels. 

"  Your  tympathefick  hearts  she  hopes  to  mow 
From  teuder  friendship  and  endearing  love." 

Prior  :  Xptloffue  to  Mrt.  Mantey'i  Lucfue. 

3.  Agreeing,  or  in  accord  with  the  feelings 
erperienced  by  another ;  in  harmony  and  con- 
cord. 

••  Now  o'er  the  soothed  accordant  heart  we  feel 
A  iympathetic  twilight  slowly  steal" 

H'ordiutorth :  Country  Walk. 

i.  Causing  or  attended  with  sympathy. 

"  For  cold  reserve  had  lost  its  power 
In  sorrow. ii/mpathetic  hoar." 

•Scott  :  KoHebt.  v.  IL 

IL  Physiol.  &  Pathol.  :  Produced  by  or 
arising  from  sympathy. 

sympathetic-ink, ..  A  colorless  ink, 
the  writing  made  with  which  Is  made  visible 
try  a  subsequent  operation— warmth,  or  other 
meting  stimulant. 

sympathetic-medicine,  ». 

An   old    method   of  treatment 


based  on  magic,  and  owing  its  origin,  in  every 
case,  to  the  fact  that  a  subjective  connection 
between  the  malady  or  injury  and  the  means 
of  cure  was  mistaken  for  a  real  and  objective 
connection.  Well-known  examples  of  this 
mode  of  treatment  are  Sir  Kenelm  Digby's 
Sympathetic  Powder  (q.v.),  the  Doctrine'of 
Signatures,  and  the  practice  of  Chinese  physi- 
cians at  the  present  day,  who,  in  the  absence 
of  a  necessary  d  rug,  wi  11  write  the  prescri  pti(  in 
on  a  piece  of  paper  and  administer  an  infusion 
of  the  writing  in  water,  or  the  ashes  of  the 
burnt  paper,  to  the  sick  man.  Dryden  in  his 
version  of  the  Tempest  (v.  2),  introduces  this 
treatment  by  sympathy ;  and  how  closely  it  is 
connected  with  magic  may  lie  seen  iu  the  Lay 
of  the  Last  Minstrel  (iii.  22),  where  the  Lady 
Margaret  acts  as  leech  to  the  wounded  William 
of  Deloraine : 

"  She  drew  the  splinter  from  the  wound, 

And  with  a  charm  she  stanched  the  blood." 
Then,  taking  the  broken  lance,  she 
"  Washed  It  from  the  ck.tted  gore. 
And  salved  the  splinter  o'er  aud  o'er." 

sympathetic  nerve,  s. 

A-nat. :  A  nerve,  or  system  of  nerves,  run- 
ning from  the  base  of  the  sknll  to  the  coccyx, 
along  both  sides  of  the  body,  and  consisting 
of  a  series  of  ganglia  along  the  sninal  column 
by  the  side  of  the  vertebne.  With  this  trunk 
of  the  sympathetic  there  arc  communicating 
branches  which  connect  the  ganglia,  or  the 
intermediate  cord,  with  all  the  spinal,  aud 
several  of  the  cranial  nerves  proceeding  to 
primary  branches  on  the  neighboring  organs 
or  other  ganglia,  and  flnally  numerous  flex- 
ures of  nerves  running  to  the  viscera.  Vari- 
ous nbres  from  the  sympathetic  communicate 
with  those  of  the  cerebro-spinal  system.  The 
term  sympathetic  has  been  applied  on  the 
supposition  that  it  is  the  agent  in  producing 
sympathy  between  different  parts  of  the  body. 
It  more  certainly  affects  the  secretions.  Called 
also  Sympathetic  system. 

*  sympathetic  -  powder,    *  sympa- 

thctical  powder,  s. 

Old  Med. :  Powder  of  Sympathy.  A  powder 
of  vitriol,  introduced  by  Sir  Kenelm  Digby 
(1603-65),  who  published  a  small  book(^  Late 
Discourse,  &c.)  on  its  merits,  and  made  known 
the  method  of  its  preparation  in  his  Chymical 
Secrets  (p.  270).  The  powder  was  said  to  be 
highly  efficacious  "in  stanching  of  desperate 
bleeding  at  the  nose,  in  stanching  the  blood  of 
a  wound,  and  in  curing  any  green  wound 
(where  there  is  no  fracture  of  bones)  without 
any  plaister  or  oyntment,  in  a  few  days."  In 
the  case  of  an  incised  wound,  the  powder  was 
infused  in  water,  and  "  into  this  water  they 
did  put  a  clout  or  rag  of  cloth  embrued  with 
the  blood  of  the  party  hurt  (the  rag  heing 
Hrst  dry),  but  if  it  was  fiesh  and  moist  with 
the  reaking  blood,  there  was  no  need  but  to 
powder  it  with  the  small  powder  of  the  same 
vitriol"  (p.  138).  Sir  Kenelm  (p.  148)  goes  on 
to  say  that  "  the  same  cure  is  performed  by 
applying  the  remedy'to  the  blade  of  a  sword 
which  hath  wounded  a  person."  The  wound 
itself  was  to  be  washed  clean,  the  edges 
brought  Into  apposition,  and  bandaged 
Dunglison  (Hiet.  Med.,  p.  237),  hereupon  re- 
marks :"  Under  such  treatment  it  was  of  little 
importance  what  application  was  made  to  the 
instrument ;  binding  np  the  wound,  bringing 
the  edges  in  apposition,  defending  it  from 
extraneous  irritants,  and  leaving  it  to  the 
restorative  power  which  is  seated  in  almost 
every  part  of  an  organized  body,  is  the  ap- 
proved method  of  managing  incised  wounds 
at  the  present  day." 

sympathetic  -  sounds,  s.  pi  Sounds 
produced  from  solid  bodies  by  means  of  vibra- 
tions of  some  sounding  body,  these  vibrations 
being  communicated  by  means  of  the  air  or 
some  intervening  solid  body. 

8ym-pa-th6f-Ic  al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  jymjw- 
tltetical;  -ly.]  In  a  sympathetic  manner; 
with  sympathy  ;  in  consequence  of  sympathy  ; 
by  communication  from  something  else. 

"Wlierefore  the  plastick  nature  .  .  .  mnst  be  con- 
eluded  to  act  fatally,  magically,  and  lympatheticallij." 
— Cudteortk :  Inlell.  Sfetem.  p.  1«L 

sym  pa  thise,  v.i.  &  t.    [SYMPATHIZE.] 

"  sym'-pa-thist,  s.  [Eng.  tympathfy) ;  -fat] 
One  who  sympathizes;  one  who  feels  sym- 
pathy ;  a  sympathizer. 

sym  pa-thize,  ».{.*«.    [Fr. 

[SYMPATHY.] 


A*  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  have  sympathy  ;  to  have  a  common 
feeling  with  another,  as  of  pain  or  pleasure. 

"  The  limb,  of  his  body  is  to  every  one  a  part  ol 
Himself  :  he  tympalhitet.  and  is  concerned  for  them." 
—Locke  :  Human  Understanding.  bkC  it.  eh.  xxvii. 

2.  To  feel  in  consequent  of  what  another 
feels  ;  to  feel  mutually  ;  to  be  affected  with 
feelings  similar  to  those  of  another,  in  conse- 
quence of  something  felt  or  experienced  by 
such  other. 

"We  continually  tympalMie  with  the  sentlmcnte 
and  affections  of  the  company  among  whom  we  con- 
verse.' -Heurcl,;  ii,M  of  Jtatun.  vol.  I.,  pt  iL.  elk 

3.  To  express  sympathy  ;  to  condole. 

"  To  feel  her  woea  and  tympatfute  in  tears  " 

fitt  :  t'ida  :  Art  of  Foetri/.  IL 

*  4.  To  agree,  to  fit,  to  harmonize. 
"Green  la  a  pleating  colour,  from  a  blue  and  a 
yellow  mixed  together,  «nd  by  consequence  blue  and 
*  ~ 


*  5.  To  agree  ;  to  be  of  the  same  disposi- 
tion. 

"  The  men  do  Jvmportjss  with  the  mastiffs  In  robusti- 
ous aud  rough  coming  ou.'  —Shakeip.  :  Henry  V.  iii.  7 

«  B.  Transitive: 

'     1.  To  have  sympathy  for  ;  to  share,  to  par- 
ticipate. 

"  By  this  tympaiMied  ont  day's  error 
Have  sunered  wrong." 

tskakeep.  ;  Comedy  a/  £rrort,  T. 

2.  To  form  so  as  to  harmonize  ;  to  form 
with  suitable  adaptation  ;  to  contrive  with 
congrnity  or  consistency. 

"  A  measage  well  imixHItiixl  :  a  hora«  to  be  amhai- 
aador  for  an  ass.  —Shakeip.  :  Lote't  Labov.r'1  Lou.  111. 

sym'-pa-tliiz-er,  s.  [Eng.  sympathise)  ; 
-er.\  One  who  sympathizes  or  feels  for  another  , 
one  who  takes  side  or  common  action  with 
another  in  any  cause  or  pursuit. 

•ym'-pa-thy,  'lym-pa-thie,  «.  [Fr. 
sympatnie,  from  Lat.  sympathia  ;  Gr  <rvu.ira- 
eeia(sumj>otfieta)  =  like  feeling,  fellow-feeling; 
<rvu.ira9)js  (sumpathes)  =  of  like  feelings  :  o-uu 
(sum),  foroW(s!in)=with,  and  Ka6clv(nahein), 
2  aor.  infln.  of  »a«7x«.  (pascho)  —  to  suffer.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Feeling  corresponding  to  that  felt  by 
another  ;  the  quality  or  state  of  being  affected 
by  the  affections  of  another,  witli  feelings 
corresponding  in  kind  if  not  in  degree  ;  com- 
passion, fellow-feeling,  commiseration.  (Fol- 
lowed by  for  before  the  person  sympathized 
with.) 

"  Pleased  it  returned  ae  loon  with  answering  look* 
Of  *if'"f"U>>!/  and  love."  Jtiltvn  :  P.  L..  iv.  464. 

1  Sympathy  is  first  evoked  in  small  so- 
cieties,  such  as  a  single  family  or  a  siiKill 
tribe,  and  gradually  extends  beyond  these 
limits.  After  a,  time  it  is  found  capable  of 
embracing  a  nation,  but  foreigners  excite  an- 
tipathy rather  than  sympathy.  Next  it  en- 
tertains a  certain  amount  uf  beneficent  feeling 
towards  mankind  in  general.  One  of  its  latest 
moral  acquisitions  is  to  go  forth  towards  the 
lower  animals,  as  shown,  for  example,  by  the 
efforts  to  prevent  their  being  cruelly  and 
thoughtlessly  treated.  The  latter  possess  it 
among  themselves  ;  thus  Indian  crows  have 
been  seen  feeding  two  or  three  of  their  com- 
panions which  were  blind. 

2.  An  agreement  of  affections  or  inclina- 
tions ;  a  conformity  of  natural  temperament, 
which  makes  two  persons  pleased  or  in  ac- 
cord with  each  other;  mutual  or  reciprocal 
affection  or  passion  ;  community  of  inclina- 
tion or  disposition.  (Followed  by  with..) 

••  It  was  aa  aaemblate  of  distinct  bodies,  none  oj 
which  had  any  strong  >«nuw«lv  MY*  the  rest,  and 
some  of  which  had  a  positive  autipAtliy  for  each 
other."—  Uacaulau  :  Bitt.  £ng.,  ch.  xxiv. 

*  3.  Correspondence,  agreement. 

"Hli  Impnu  wai  a  Otol.levat.  which  so  long  lies 
dead,  as  tfie  mo,.n.  whereto  it  hath  so  natuial  a 
lympathy,  wants  a  light."—  Sidney:  Arr<tdi,i,  bk.  ill. 

4.  A  tendency  of  certain  inanimate  tilings 
to  unite  with  or  set  on  each  other  :  as,  the 
sympathy  between  the  loadstone  and  iron. 

IL  Physiology  i  Pathology  : 

1.  Reciprocal  action  of  the  different  parts 
of  the  body  on  each  other  ;  an  affection  of  one 
part  of  the  body  in  consequence  of  something 
taking  place  in  another.    Thus,  when  there 
is  a  local  injury  the   whole    frame  after  & 
time  suffers  with  it.    A.wound  anywhere  will 
tend  to  create  feverishness  everywhere  ;  de- 
rangement   of   the    stomach    will    produce 
headache,  liver  complaint  will  produce  pain 
in  the  shoulder,  lif. 

2.  The  influence  exerted  over  the  susceptibU 


fete,  at.  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine-  go,  pit, 
or.  war.,  wolt,  work,  who,  son;  muto.  cab.  care,  nnlte,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    •,  ca  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «u  =  kw. 


gympepsls— aymplooos 


4587 


organization  of  one  person,  as  of  a  hysteric 
female,  by  the  sight  of  paroxysms  of  some 
nervous  disease  iu  another  or  iu  others. 

5  According  to  the  derivation  of  tb«  words, 
tynpatky  may  be  said  of  either  pleasure  or 
pain  ;  compassion  and  condolence  only  of  that 
which  is  painful.  Sympathy  preserves  its 
original  meaning  in  its  application,  for  we 
laugh  or  cry  by  lympathy ;  this  may,  how- 
ever, be  merely  a  physical  operation ;  but 
compression  is  altogether  a  moral  feeling, 
which  makes  us  enter  into  the  distresses  of 
others:  we  may,  tl>erefore,  si/mpaiAize  with 
others,  without  essentially  serving  them ; 
but  if  we  feel  oomjxMsioit,  we  naturally  turn 
oar  thoughts  towards  relieving  them.  Com- 
panion is  awakened  by  those  sufferings  which 
lire  attributable  to  our  misfortunes ;  compels- 
lion  may  be  awakened  by  persons  in  very 
unequal  conditions  of  life;  condolence  sup- 
poses an  entire  equality. 

•ym-p6p  -*Is,  '•    {fret,  sym.-,  and  Or.  ityif 
(pqpsis)  —  a  ripening.) 
Med. :  A  ripening  of  inflammatory  humours. 

t  B*m-pSt'-.>-lotU.  a.    [Pref.  tym-,  and  Gr. 
WiaAw  (fetolon)  =  a  leaf.) 
Bot. :  Gamopetalous  (q.v.).    (Thome.) 

•*mpli-&n-ther-oiis,   a.      [Or-    <rwj>">pii 
(sumjiiora)  =a  bringing  together,  and  A»«>)oot 
(aMthirot).]    (ANTHER.] 
Bo*. :  Syngenesious  (q.v.). 

«  sym  phe  nom  -6n-a,  t.  pL  [Pref.  iym-, 
and  pi.  of  Eng.  phenomenon  (q.v.).]  Natural 
sounds  or  appearances  of  a  kind  or  character 
similar  to  others  expressed  or  exhibited  by 
the  same  object.  (Stomontk.) 

•sym  phe-nom'-en-al.  a.  [SYMPHENO- 
MENA.)  Of  or  pertaining  to  symphenomena ; 
designating  significant  words  imitative  of 
natural  sounds  or  phenomena.  (Startaonth.) 

sym  pho-nl-a,  t.  [Lat.]  A  symphony 
(q.v.). 

trjfm-phon'-ie,  o.    [SYMPHONY.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  same  as  SYMPHONIOCS 
(q.v.). 

i  Music:  Pertaining  or  relating  to  or 
Characteristic  of  a  symphony. 

"In  plennce  of  »  lympJoirfc  poem  there  I»  » 
•craving  of  the  human  mind  '  to  know  what  it  is  all 
•bunt."— Miff  Ttln/raph,  Feb.  2i.  1882. 

•ym ph6'-ni-o48,  o.    [Eng.  symphony ;  -ous.  ] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Agreeing  in  sound  ;  harmo- 
nious. 

"  The  Bound 

JfcmrAoafoiu  of  ten  tfcotteand  harp*,  that  tuned 
Augelic  hariiKiuiee."  MiUon  :  F.L..1U.  559. 

2.  Music:  The  same  as  SYMPHONIC  (4.  v.). 

•ym  -phd-nlst,  ».    [Fr.  tifnphonUte.] 
*  L  A  chorister.    (Blount.) 
1  A  composer  of  symphonies,  as  Beetho- 
ven, Mozart,  and  Haydn. 

••ym'-pho-nize,  ».<.  [Eug.  symphony) ; 
-vz.]  To  agree,  to  harmonize. 

"  I  mean  the  law  and  the  pruphtta  tytnphoniz 
with  the  goepeL"— Boyto  •    **'«  of  Bolt  Scripture, 
p-asa. 

•ym  pho-nf,  *  aim  pho-nle,  "sym- 
fo-nye,  *  gym -pho-nle,  «.  [Fr.  <n/m- 
phonie,  from  Lat.  symphotiia ;  Gr.  tru^w 
(•umpAonio.)  =  music,  harmony,  from  O- 
^wKot  (sttmp/io'nos)  =  agreeing  in  sound  ;  har- 
monious :  avu  (sum),  for  irav  (SIM)  =  with, 
and  oWij  (phone)  =  sound.] 

I,  Ord.  La»0. :  A  consonance  or  harmony 
of  sounds,  vocal  or  instrumental,  or  both, 
which  are  agi eeable  to  the  ear. 

"  She  iuug.  and  atill  a  harp  unseen 
Pilled  up  the  *ympAonv  between." 

Scon  :  Lad,  of  On  Lake.  i.  80. 

n.  Jtfimc: 

1.  A  composition  for  an  orchestra,  similar 
In  construction  to  the  sonata,  which  is  usu- 
ally for  a  single  instrument.      A  symphony 
has  several  varied  movements,  generally  four, 
never  less  than  three.    The  first,  an  allegro ; 
the  second,  a  largo,  or  andante  ;  the  third,  9 
scherzo,  or  minuet  and  trio  ;  and  the  fourth, 
an  allegro.     The  form  of  the  first  and  las( 
movement  is  usually  the  same  as  that  of  the 
sonata.    The  scherzo,  or  the  minuet,  in  some 
symphonies  is  placed  before,  instead  of  after, 
the  slow  movement. 

2.  Formerly    overtures   were   called   sym 


phonies.  Handel  called  the  overture  "Sin- 
fonicu,"  and  it  was  a  common  practice  in  his 
time  to  name  any  long  instrumental  piece 
after  this  manner. 

3.  The  introductory,  intermediate,  and  con- 
cluding instrumental  parts  of  a  song  or  other 
vocal  piece  are  also  called  symphonies. 

M.  A  nameandently  given  tocertain  musi- 
cal instruments,  as  the  virginal  and  bagpipe. 

gym  phor  -i  a,  s.    [Gr.  rv^fopJ  (sumphora) 
-=a  bringing  together.] 
Sot. :  The  same  as  SYJJPHORICARPUS  (q.v.). 

gym-phSr-I-car'-pouB,   o.     [Gr.  <rv/»<f>opa 
(sumphora)  =  a  bringiug  together,  and  KODTTOS 
(karpos)  =  fruit.] 
Bot. :  Bearing  fruits  clustered  together. 

gym  phor-I-car'-pus,  «.  [SYMPHORICAR- 
POUB.  Named  from  the  cluster  of  berries.] 

Dot. :  St.  Peter's  wort,  a  genus  of  Lon- 
Icerese,  with  a  four-celled  ovary,  having  two 
cells  abortive,  and  the  other  two  each  with 
one  hard  seed.  North  American  shrubs  : 
Symphoricarpus  racemosut  is  the  Snow-berry 
(q.v.);  3.  vulgaris  the  common  St.  Peters 
wort,  a  native  of  the  United  States,  which 
has  red  cup-shaped  berries. 

Bjfm'-phor-tis,  >.  [Gr.  o-u><J>o/>o!  (sumpharos) 
=  useful,  profitable.] 

IcMhy. :  A  genus  of  Percidie,  from  the  Indo- 
Pacific,  closely  allied  to  Dentex  (q.v.),  which 
is  now  generally  placed  with  the  Percidae. 

sym-phyl -lous,  o.      (Pref.  iym-,  and  Gr. 
$vAAoi>  (plmllon)  —  a  leaf.] 
Bo<. :  Garaopliyllous  (q.v.). 

sym-phJ-6-Bt«'-m8n,  «.  [Gr.  o-u/w^vu 
(jumpAuo)  =  to  cause  to  grow  together,  and 
<mjpioi>  (slemdn).']  [STAMEN-.] 

Bot. :  The  union  of  stamens  by  their  fila- 
ments ;  the  state  of  being  mooadelphous. 

sym  phSfs-iin'-drous,  a.  [Gr.  o-uju^vo-is 
(sumphusis),  and  ivrjf  (an5r),  genit  akopdc 
(aadros)  =  a  male.) 

Bot.  (Of  stamens):  In  a  state  of  coalescence, 
as  the  filaments  and  anthers  of  Cucurbitaceaa 
and  Lobeliaceas. 

sym  phyf  e-al,  o.  [Eng.  tymphyt(.a) ;  -tal.} 
Of  or  peiuiuing  to  symphysis  (q.v.). 

sym-pliy5'-8-*-teine,  ».  [Eng.  tymphysts 
(q.v.),  and  Gr.  TO^IJ  (lw>i<)  =  a  cutting.] 

Surg. :  A  knife  used  in  the  Sigaultian 
section. 

sym-phys-e-6t'-6-my\  ».     [BTMPHYSEO- 

TOME.J 

Surg. :  The  SigauKian  section  (q.v.). 

gym  phy-sls,  «.  [Gr.  =  a  growing  together : 
trvfj.  (sum),  for  irvv  (»rtn)  =  together,  and 
if>uo-n  (phusis)  =  a  growing  ;  <J>v«>  (phiio)  =  to 
grow.] 

1.  Anat. :  The  union  of  two  bones,  in  which 
there  is  little  or  no  motion. 

2.  Bot. :  The  growing  together  or  union  of 
two  parts. 

syin'-plljft-lsm,  ».  [Gr.  mpfyvia  (sumphuo) 
=  to  grow  together.]  [SYMPHVsisO 

Philol. :  A  term  applied  by  Earle  to  a  ten- 
dency, in  that  class  of  words  called  by  him 
symbolic,  to  attach  themselves  to  other  words, 
so  that  the  resulting  compound  is  either 
really  one  word,  or  presents  the  appearance  of 
being  one  word.  Syinphytisui  is  of  two  kinds, 
(1)  Particle-composition  and  (2)  Flexion. 

(1)  Particle-ampoiition    is    when  the   old 
negative  ne  coalesces  with  the  verb  :  thus,  nett 
for  ne  wilt,  nam  for  ne  am,  not  =  ne  wot.    Also 
when  the  particle  a  coalesces  with  a  noun  : 
as,  awinter  =  in  the  winter,  or  with  an  adjec- 
tive, as  abroad,  qround,  along. 

(2)  Flexion  is  when  a  change  of  this  kind 
gives  any  word  a  grammatical  flexibility,  a 
faculty  of  changing  its  relative  offlce,a  parsing 
value  :  as  theech  =  thte  ic  =  so  may  I  prosper 
(A.8.  theon  =  to  prosper).    (Earle  :  Philology  oj 
the  English.  Tongue,  §  254.) 

•jfan'-phy-tftm,  s.  [Gr.  <rvu<t>v™<>  (mmpJmton] 

=  comfrey  (see  def.);  O-WH<PUTO«  (sumphutos)  — 

grown  together.     Named  from  its  supposed 

vulnerary  qualities.] 

Bot. :  Comfrey,  a  genus  of  Boraginacese, 


tribe  Anehusese.  Hispid  plants,  with  the 
cauline  leaves  sessile  or  decurrent ;  the  in- 
florescence- iu  terminal  forked  cymes ;  calyx 
five-partite  or  five-toothed ;  corolla  tubular, 
enlarged  upwards,  its  throat  closed  with  con 
nivent,  lanceolate,  subulate  scales ;  stamens 
five ;  nutlets  four,  ovoid,  smooth.  Known 
species,  fifteen,  from  Europe  and  the  West  of 
Asia.  S.  qflkinalf,  the  Common  Comfrey  [CoM- 
FEEY,  H  (1),  (5)]  is  a  large,  coarse-looking, 
mucilaginous  herb,  which  has  been  introduced 
into  the  United  States,  where  it  is  found  in 
gardens  and  low  grounds  iu  the  Middle  Stated. 
The  whole  plant  is  rough,  with  dense  hairs. 

sym-pit-Ss-Sm'-S-ter,   ».     [Gr.  «T«.IW«O-H 

(sumpiesis)  =  a  compression,  from  o-vnirie'^o 
(sumviezS)  =  to  press  together  (<™/i  (jutn),  for 
o-w  (sun)  =  with,  together,  and  m«'$"  (piezd)  = 
topress),and)«''po»('''«fnm)  =  amea8ure.]  An 
instrument  invented  by  Mr.  Adie,  of  Edin- 
burgh, for  measuring  the  weight  of  the  atmo- 
sphere by  the  compression  of  a  column  of  gas. 
It  consists  of  a  column  of  oil,  supported  by 
atmospheric  pressure,  and  rising,  not  like  the 
mercury  of  the  barometer  into  a  vacuum,  but 
against  a  body  of  hydrogen  gas,  which  acts 
like  a  spring  against  the  column  of  oil ;  and 
as  the  elasticity  of  the  hydrogen  varies  with 
every  change  of  temperature,  a  movable  ther- 
mometer-scale is  attached  for  making  the 
necessary  corrections.  The  sympiesometer  is 
graduated  by  placing  it  together  with  a  stand- 
ard barometer  and  thermometer  in  a  glass 
vessel,  in  which  the  pressure  of  the  air  can 
be  varied  at  pleasure.  The  top  of  the  column 
is  marked  at  the  points  where  the  barometer 
shows  27,  28,  29,  30,  SI  inches  respectively. 
The  spaces  between  the  marks,  coinciding 
with  the  inches  of  mercury,  are  then  sub- 
divided into  100  equal  parts  each,  and  the 
great  range  makes  the  instrument  valuable 
for  recording  minute  variations,  subject  to 
correction,  depending  on  the  variation  in  the 
volume  of  the  hydrogen  due  to  changes  of  the 
temperature.  A  graduated  sliding  scale  as- 
sists in  reaching  the  corrected  result 

•ym'-ple -site, «.  [Gr.  OK/*  (simX  for  n*  («m> 
=  together,  and  irATjo-iafw  (plisiayo)  =  to  ap- 
proach.] 

Min. :  A  monoclinie  mineral,  occurring  In 
tufts  of  small  prismatic  crystals  in  cavities  in 
Siderite  (q.v.).  Hardness,  2'5  ;  sp.  gr.  2 -95"  ; 
lustre  on  cleavage  face,  pearly,  etaewliere 
vitreous;  colour,  celandine-green.  Compos. : 
supposed  to  bean  arsenate  of  protoxide  of  iron. 

sym-plo-oar'-pua,  s.  [Gr.  «rui».rAo«ij  (sum- 
pluke)  =  an  interweaving,  and  jeapTros  (karpos) 
=  fruit.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Orontiess.  Leaves  large, 
stalked  ;  spathe  cucullate ;  spadix  globular, 
covered  with  perfect  flowers ;  perianth  tour- 
parted^  at  last  fleshy;  stamens  four;  styl» 
four-angled ;  ovary  one-celled ;  fruit  con- 
fluent, one-celled,  one-seeded.  Symplocarptis 
Satidus,  or  Po(Ao»  f/elida,  so  called  from  its 
fetid  smell,  is  a  powerful  antispasinodic  and 
expectorant ;  it  is  valued  in  America  as  a 
palliative  in  paroxysms  of  asthma. 

sym'  plo  ce,  s.  Gr.  erv|»irX<wij  (sOTitplofc?)  =  a 
twisting  together  :  o-vji  (sum),  for  <ruv  (sun)  = 
with,  together,  and  irAom;  (ptofc«)=a  twist- 
ing ;  TrAe'Ku  (plekd)  =•  to  twist,  to  twine.] 

Bhet. :  The  repetition  of  one  word  at  the  be- 
ginning and  of  another  at  the  end  of  successive 
clauses,  as  in  the  sentence,  Mercy  descended 
from  heaven  to  dwell  on  the  earth.;  Jfcrcy  fled 
back  to  heaven,  and  left  the  earth. 

sym  plo'-9e-83,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tymploc(o>); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -etc.} 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Styracacete,  having  the 
corolla  quincuncial  and  the  anthers  roundish. 

sym  plo'- 91  um,  s.    [ Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Gr.  o-uiuirAoicii  (suntpto/fce).]    [SYMPLOCE.] 
Bot. :  The  spore  case  of  a  fern. 

sym'  plo  cos,  s.    [SYMPLOCE.] 

Sot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Symploeec  (q.v.). 
Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate  ;  flowers  axil- 
lary ;  calyx  half-inferior,  three-parted ;  corolla 
monopetalous,  three  to  ten-parted,  white  or 
scarlet ;  stamens  indefinite  ;  ovary  three  to 
five-celled,  each  cell  with  four  ovules ;  fruit, 
a  drupe,  with  three  to  five  cells  each,  one- 
seeded.  Known  species  about  thirty.  The 
leaves  and  bark  of  Symplows  cratosgoida  yield 

'    a  yellow  dye ;  its  seeds  furnish  an  oil ;  its 


boJL  btfy;  pofct,  J<fiH;  oat.  9011,  chorus,  jhla,  bcn«?h;  go,  £em;  thin,  tHis;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  c¥ist.    -ing. 
-clan, -tian  =  sh^n.    -tiou.    sion  =  shun;  -flon,  -olon  =  zban.   -cioum.  -tloa*.  -sious  =  shu*.   -ble, -<U«,  to.  =  bel,  deL, 


4588 


sympodial— synagrla 


bark  is  considered  tonic,  and  is  used  in  India  in 
ophthalmia.  The  leaves  of  S.  spicata  are  also 
used  for  dyeing  ;  the  bark  with  indigo  to  pro- 
duce different  shades  of  green.  The  red  wood 
from  the  root  of  S.  phyllocalyx  is  used  by  the 
Nepaulese  for  caste  marks ;  its  root  and 
leaves  yield  a  yellow  dye.  The  ashes  of  S. 
racemosa  are  employed  as  an  alkali,  as  an 
auxiliary  with  other  dyes,  or  as  a  tan.  Its 
bark  is  cooling  and  astringent.  It  is  given  in 
India  in  diarrhoea,  and  is  employed  in  making 
plaisters.  Mixed  with  sugar,  it  acts  on  relaxed 
mucous  membranes.  A  decoction  of  the 
wood  is  made  into  a  gargle  for  spongy  bleed- 
ing gums.  All  these  are  trees  from  the  Hima- 
layas, or  other  Indian  mountains.  The  bark 
of  S.  (Bobua)  laurina  is  used  in  Bengal  as  a 
mordant  for  a  red  dye.  S.  tinetoria,  the  Sweet- 
leaf  of  Carolina,  dyes  yellow,  and  has  a  bitter 
and  aromatic  root.  S.  Alstonia,  or  Alstonia 
thefefolia,  from  New  Granada,  is  astringent. 
Its  leaves  are  used  as  tea, 

2.  Palceobot. :  The  genus  occurs  in  the 
London  clay  of  Sheppey. 

•ympo-dlal,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  sympodi(um); 
Bng.  suff.  -al'\ 
Bot.  (Of  inflorescence) ;  Cymose. 

sym-po  dl-iim,  *.  [Pref.  sym-,  and  Or. 
voStov  (podion),  dimin.  from  JTOVJ  (pans), 
genit.  rrotSos  (podos)  —  a  foot.] 

Bot. ;  (1)  A  cyme ;  (2)  a  lateral  branch  in 
the  inflorescence  of  rushes.  It  consists  of 
several  axes. 

•ym-pos'-I-a,  s.  pi.    [SYMPOSIUM.] 

sym  poj  -I  ac,  *  sym  po^  -i  ack,  a.  &  *. 
[Fr.  aymposiaque,  from  Lat.  symposiacus ;  Gr. 
rvfj.Tro<Tia.Kos  (sumposiakos)  =  of  or  pertaining 
to  a  symposium  (q.v.).] 
A*  As  adjective ; 

1.  Ord.   Lang.:   Pertaining    to    symposia, 
merry-making,   or   revels ;  happening  where 
company  is  drinking  together. 

"  From  the  ancient  custom  of  tympotiack  meetings 
to  wear  cheap  chaplet*  of  roies  about  their  head*." — 
Browne  :  Vulgar  Srrourt,  bk.  v.,  ch.  xxt. 

2.  Music:  A  term  applied  to  cheerful  and 
convivial  compositions  for  voices,  as  glees, 
catches,  rounds,  &c. 

*  B.  As  subst. ;  A  conference  or  conversa- 
tion of  philosophers  at  a  banquet 

*  sym  pos   i-arcfa,   s.     [Gr.    trvniroaiapxw 

(sumposiarches),  from  a-v^-noa-iov  (sumposion) 
=  a  symposium  (q.v.),  and  opx<*>  (an;Ao)  =  to 
rule.] 

Gr.  Antiq. :  The  president,  chairman,  or 
director  of  a  feast. 

*  sym  poj'  i  ast,    ».      [Gr.    <ru/ijro<7ia<rnjy 
(sumposiastcs).]    [SYMPOSIUM.]    One  who  joins 
in  a  symposium  or  merry-making. 

*  sym-pos'  i-6n,  s.    [Gr.]    A  symposium. 

o^  I-um,  *  sym-pof-I-on  (pL 
Sym-pO$ '-I-a),  *.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  <ri//im>- 
viov  (sumposion)  =  a  drinking -party,  a 
banquet :  trvp.  (sum),  for  trvv  (sun)  =  with, 
together,  and  base  JTO-  (po-),  seen  in  w6nt 
(pom)  =  a  drinking  ;  irtVw  (pino)  =  to  drink. 
{ML  t.  TjfniaKa  (pepokei),  aor.  tir&foiv  (epothen).] 

1 1.  A  drinking  together;  a  revel,  a  merry- 
making, a  banquet. 

2.  A  magazine  article  on  some  serious  topic, 
in  which  several  contributors  express  their 
views  in  succession,  like  the  speakers  in 
Plato's  Banijuet. 

^mp  -torn  ( p  silent),  *  syrnp  tome,  *  sym- 
tome,  s.  [Fr.  symptome,  from  Lat.  symptuma  ; 
Or.  trvfjurriana.  (sumptoma)  =  anything  that 
befalls  one,  a  casualty ;  <ru/iirinT(u  (sumpipto) 
=  to  fall  together,  to  fall  in  with  :  <ru|u,  (sum), 
for  trvv  (sun)  =  together,  and  JTUTTW  (jnpto)  = 
to  fall.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

41  The  physicians  *i>eak  of  a  certain  disease  or  mad- 
n«8B,  called  hydrophobia,  the  tymittnme  of  those  that 
have  been  btttea  by  a  mad-dog,  which  waken  them 
have  a  monstrous  antipathy  to  water." — Cudworth: 
Intfll.  Sitittm,  p.  13d. 

2.  Something  which  indicates  the  existence 
of  something  else  ;  a  token,  a  sign,  an  omen, 
an  indication. 

"  Alarming  tymptona  had  appeared  In  other  regi- 
menu.1'—  J/ocaufciy.  HM.  Eng.,  cb.  xt. 

II.  Pathol.:   A   change    perceptible   by 'a 


patient  or  his  physician  in  the  appearance  or 
functions  of  the  body,  indicating  the  presence 
of  disease. 

symp-to-mat'-Ic,  syrnp  to-mat -ic-al 

(p  silent),  a.  [Gr.  <rv/j.TTT<*M<«'ixQs  (sumpto- 
matikos),  from  aii^n-rco/ia  (sumptoma),  genit. 
au^irTw^aToc  (sumptomatos)  =  a  symptom 
(q.v.);  Fr.  symptomatique.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  symptoms. 

2.  Being  or  serving  as  a  symptom,  token, 
sign,  or  indication  ;  indicating  the  existence 
of  something  else. 

"  The  one  !•  but  lymptomatical.  or  at  most  i«c<mdary. 
in  relation  to  the  other."— Boyle  :  Work*.  1L  19T. 

3.  Made  or  arranged  according  to  symptoms: 
as,  a  symptomatic  classification  of  diseases. 

symptomatic-disease,  9. 

Med. :  A  disease  which  proceeds  from  a 
prior  disease  in  some  part  of  the  body  :  as,  A 
symptomatic  fever  may  proceed  from  a  local 
injury  or  local  inflammation.  (Opposed  to 
idiopathic.) 

symp'-t6-maf-3tc-al-ljf  (p  silent),  adv. 
[Eng.  symptomatical ;  -ly.]  In  a  symptomatic 
manner ;  by  means  of  symptoms ;  in  the 
nature  of  symptoms. 

"The  causes  of  a  bubo  are  vicious  humours  abound- 
ing in  the  blood,  or  in  the  nerves,  excreted  sometimes 
critically,  sometimes  tymptomatically."  —  Witcman: 
Surgery,  bk.  t.,  ch.  ix, 

flymp-to"-ma-tSr-6-£y^  (p  silent),  «.  [Gr. 
trufiflTtiijaaToy  (siimptomatos),  genit.  of  truntrria^a 
(sumptdma)  =  &  symptom,  and  Aoyos  (logos)  = 
a  discourse.] 

Med. :  The  doctrine  of  symptoms,  including 
diagnosis  and  prognosis.  (See  these  words.) 

Syn-,  pref.    [A  Latinised  form  of  Gr.  trvv  (sun) 

—  with,  together.      It   becomes    syl-  before 
words  beginning  with  I;   sum-  before  words 
beginning  with  6,  m,  p,  or  ph,  and  su-  before 
words  beginning  with  5  or  z.]    A  Greek  pre- 
position, used  also  as  a  prefix,  and  correspond- 
ing in  senses  to  the  Lat.  cum,  which  appears 
in  English  as  con  (q.v.). 

*  syn,  *  syne,  adv,    [.SINCE.] 

syn-ac  -mic,  a,    [Eng.  synacm(y)  ;  -ic.] 

Bot. :  Of  or  belonging  to  synacray,  having 
the  stamens  and  pistils  in  the  same  flower 
mature  at  the  same  time. 

"  rumaria  qfflcinalU,  Potentate  reptant,  Srica 
Tetralix,  Solarium  Dulcamara,  aud  Lin  aria  Cymb't- 
I'lria  are  tynacmic  pUuW— Treat,  of  Sot.  (ed,  1876), 
p.  3*6. 

syu-ac'-my;  5.     [Gr.  awaK/ia^u  (sunahmazo) 

—  to  blossom  at  the  same  time :  trvv  (sun)  — 
together,  and  atfjuifa  (akmazo)  =  to  be  in  full 
bloom.]    [ACME.] 

Bot. :  Mr.  Alfred  Bennett's  name  for  Homo- 
gamy  (q.v.).  Called  by  Hildebrand  Non- 
dichogamy. 

syii-»r'-S-sIs  (ssr  as  e'r),  *  sin  cr'-e-sis, 
*.  [Lat.  synteresis,  from  Gr.  rawfpcnf  (sun- 
airesis)  —  a  taking  together:  trvv  (sun)  = 
with ,  together,  and  aipc<Ti<;(hairesis)  —  a  taking ; 
aipeia  (haireo)  —  to  take.] 

Gram,. :  The  contraction  of  two  syllables  or 
vowels  into  one  by  the  suppression  of  one  of 
the  syllables  or  the  formation  of  a  diphthong : 
aa,  ne'er  for  never. 

*  syn-a-goy-al,  a.    [Eng.  synagogue)  ;  -al] 
Synagogieal. 

"  According  to  the  rules  of  the  tynngoyaZ  chanting." 
—Robertion  Smith;  Old  Tett.  in  Jewiih  Church,  lect.  fit 

syn  a  gog'-Ic-al,  o.  [Mid.  Eng.  synagog(e) 
=  a  synagogue  (q.v.);  Eng.  adj.  sun*.  -icaL] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  synagogue. 

sy n  -a  gogue,  *  sin-a  gogue,  *  syn-a- 
gog",  *  syn-a-goge,  s.  [Fr.  synagogue,  from 
Lat.  synagoga  ;  Gr.  <rvva.ytixvfi  (sunagoge)  =  a 
bringing  together :  trvv  (sun)  =  together,  and 
ayuyrj  (agogc)  =  a  bringing ;  ayw  (ago)  =  to 
lead.] 
L  Literally  and  Judaifm : 

(1)  A  congregation  or  assembly  of  Jews  for 
the  purpose  of  worship  or  the  performance  of 
religious  rites. 

(2)  A  building  set  apart  for  Jewish,  as  a 
church  or  chapel  is  for  Christian  worship. 
Under  the  Mosaic  law  worship  of  the  highest 
type  could   take   place  only  at  one  chosen 
spot  (Deut.  xii.  5,  21 ;  xvi.  6),  that  divinely 
chosen  early  in  the  monarchy  being  Jerusalem 
(2  Citron,  vi.  5,  6),  though  gatherings  took 
place  in  various  othqr  localities  (2  Kings,  iv. 


2SX  Meetings  at  stated  times  for  worship  do 
not  seem  to  have  arisen  till  the  time  of  the 
Exile,  when  the  services  of  the  Temple  were 
perforce  in  abeyance.  They  constituted  the 
germ  of  the  subsequent  synagogues,  which 
are  believed  to  have  begun  among  the  Jews 
resident  out  of  Palestine.  In  Psalm  Ixxiy. 
8,  the  persecutors  are  represented  as  burn- 
ing up  all  the  synagogues  of  God  in  the 
land.  Jesus  taught  or  preached,  and  wrought 
miracles  in  the  synagogues  of  Capernaum 
(Matt.  xii.  9,  Mark  i.  21,  Luke  vii.  5,  John 
vi.  59),  in  that  of  Nazareth  (Matt  xiii.  54, 
Mark  vi.  2,  Luke  iv.  16),  and  elsewhere 
(Luke  iv.  15).  Many  Jewish  synagogues  are 
said  to  have  existed  in  Jerusalem,  besides 
one  or  more  for  foreigners  (Acts  vi.  9).  Out 
of  Palestine  the  Apostles  found  synagogues 
in  Damascus  (Acts  ix.  2,  20),  Antioch  in  Pi- 
sidia  (xiii.  14),  Iconium  (xiv.  1),  Thessalonica 
(xvii.  1),  Berea  (10),  Athens  (17),  Corinth 
(xviii.  1,  4,  8),  Ephesus  (xviii.  19,  xix.  8),  aud 
doubtless  also  in  other  places.  Synagogues 
were  usually  built  on  elevated  sites,  suggested 
by  Prov.  i.  21  and  Ezra  ix.  9,  often  outside 
cities  and  towns,  by  the  side  of  a  river  or 
small  stream  (cf.  Acts  xvi.  13).  The  edifice 
was  shaped  like  a  theatre,  with  the  door  on 
the  west  side,  entering  which  one  was  con- 
ventionally supposed  to  look  eastward  to 
Jerusalem,  even  though  that  city  might 
be  to  the  west  of  the  place.  This  was  sug- 
gested by  1  Kings  viii.  29,  Dan.  vi.  10,  &c- 
The  wooden  chest  or  ark  containing  the 
scrolls  of  the  law  and  vestments  was  on 
the  eastern  side,  with  a  canopy  above,  or  in 
a  recess  or  sanctuary.  In  front  of  it  were 
the  desk  of  the  reader  or  preacher  and 
a  platform,  with  armchairs  for  the  elders, 
who  faced  the  ordinary  worshippers.  The 
men  sat  on  one  side  of  the  synagogue  and  the 
women  on  the  other;  they  were  moreover 
separated  by  a  partition  about  six  feet  high. 
A  light  was  kept  perpetually  burning.  The 
governing  body  was  the  elders  (Acts  xiii.  15), 
presided  over  by  a  ruler  of  the  synagogue 
(Mark  v.  22,  Luke  xiii.  14),  with  two  judicial 
colleagues,  three  almoners  or  deacons,  a 
leader  of  the  worship  (Luke  iv.  20), 
servant  like  a  caretaker,  and  ten  men  of 
leisure  pledged  to  attend  and  constitute  a 
congregation  if  no  others  came.  The  Law 
and  the  Prophets  were  read,  with  liturgical 
prayers,  chanting  of  the  psalms,  and  recitals 
of  the  ten  commandments,  the  whole  con 
eluding  with  a  benediction.  The  synagogues 
were  used  not  only  as  places  of  worship,  but 
as  law  courts,  taking  cognisance  of  petty 
offences,  the  decisions  of  which  were  carried 
out  within  the  sacred  edifice  (Matt.  x.  17, 
Mark  xiii.  9,  Luke  xii.  11,  xxi.  12,  Acts  xxii. 
19).  Essentially  the  same  arrangements  obtain 
in  the  modern  synagogue.  The  first  of  these 
on  record  as  existing  in  England  was  at 
Oxford  during  the  reign  of  William  Rufus. 
A  magnificent  one  erected  in  London  in  th« 
reign  of  Henry  III.  was  forcibly  transferred 
to  the  then  dominant  Christian  Church.  In 
the  reign  of  George  II.  only  two  synagogues 
were  permitted,  one  for  the  German  and  the 
other  for  the  Portuguese  Jews ;  now  there  if 
no  limitation,  and  several  exist 

*  2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  Christian  church  (James  ii.  2,  Rev.  ii. 
9).  When  the  Christian  and  Jewish  churches 
became  quite  separated,  the  use  of  the  word 
in  this  sense  ceased. 

*  (2)  Any  assembly  or  meeting  of  men. 

IT  Th»  Oreat  Synagogue :  A  "synagogue,"  or 
ruling  religious  assembly  constituted  pro- 
bably by  Nehemiah(not,  as  some  have  thought, 
by  Ezra)  about  410  B.C.,  continuing  about  116 
years,  and  developing  about  300  B.C.  into  the 
Sanhedrim  (q.v.).  It  sought  to  keep  the  people 
from  intermarriage  with  the  heathen,  to  com- 
pel them  to  observe  the  Sabbath  and  the 
Sabbatical  year,  and  to  make  proper  contribu- 
tion for  divine  worship,  besides  seeing  that  the 
text  of  Scripture  was  kept  pure.  It  is  gene- 
rally stated  that  there  were  120  members. 
The  Great  Synagogue  is  never  mentioned  in 
the  Old  Testament,  lit  the  Apocrypha,  or  in 
Josephus  or  Philo,  which  has  led  Michaelis 
and  other  writers  to  doubt  if  it  ever  existed. 

syn-a-gog'-msh,  a.  [Eng.  synagogue); 
•ish.]  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  synagogues ; 
fanatical. 


syn'-a  gris,  s.     [Gr.  owaypi's  (sunagris)  =  * 
kind'of  sea-fish  mentioned  by  Aristotle.] 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p8t, 
or.  wore.  wol«  work,  wad,  BOD;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    w,  <e  =  e;  ey  =  »;  «u  =  lew. 


aynalepha— synchronal 


4589 


Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Percidte,  with  about 
twenty  species  from  the  Indo-Pacinc.  Marine 
fishes  of  small  size ;  body  sub-elongate,  co- 
vered with  ciliary  scales  of  moderate  size; 
mouth-cleft  horizontal ;  one  continuous  dorsal 
with  feeble  spines,  caudal  deeply  forked  ;  teeth 
villifortn,  with  canines,  at  least,  in  upper  jaw  ; 
branchiostegals  six. 

•yn-a  16  pha,  syn-a-loe'-pha,  «.  [Lat. 
MUUantat  frnnl  Gr.  trvvoAoi^i]  (suitaloiplte)  — 
a  melting  together:  erar  (sun)  =  together, 
and  iiteiiJHa  (ateipha)  —  to  anoint  with  oil,  to 
daub  ;  iAoiqiij  (aloiphe)  =  fat.] 

Gram.:  A  contraction  of  syllables  by  the 
suppression  of  some  vowel  or  diphthong  at 
the  end  of  a  word  before  another  vowel  or 
diphthong  :  as,  th'  enemy  for  the  enemy. 

•yn-al-lag-mat-ao,     syn-al-l&g-iivilt- 

ic-al,  a.  [Or.  o-ui-oAXoyfiaTi/cos  (sunallag- 
mafitow),  from  ffwaAAayj'a  (mnallagma)  =  a 
mutual  agreement,  a  contract,  from  <nira\- 
Aio-o-u  (sunallasso)  =  to  exchange,  to  negociate 
with  :  irvv  (sun)  =  together,  and  oAAdcr<7a> 
(allasso)  =  to  change.) 

Civil  Lam  :  An  epithet  applied  to  a  contract 
or  treaty  imposing  reciprocal  obligations. 

gyn-al-lax-i -n»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tynal- 
laa(is);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -iiue.] 

Ornith. :  A  sub-family  of  Dendrocolaptidie, 
with  twelve  genera,  ranging  from  Patagonia  to 
Mexico.  The  outer  toe  is  long,  and  is  joined 
to  the  middle  toe  nearly  as  far  as  the  tirst 
joint ;  the  hinder  toe  is  long  and  powerful, 
and  all  the  claws  are  sharply  curved,  pointed, 
and  strong;  tail  long,  and  always  pointed. 
Although  these  birds  are  small,  they  build 
nests  as  large  as  those  of  the  hawk  or  the 
crow ;  in  the  majority  of  cases  these  consist 
of  a  bundle  of  sticks  loosely  thrown  together, 
In  the  middle  of  which  the  nest  pro|ier  is 
made,  consisting  of  two  recesses,  and  in  the 
inner  one  the  eggs  are  laid  on  a  bed  of  soft 
feathers.  [See  extract  under  SYNALLAXINE.) 

gyn  al  lax  me,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  synallax(is) ; 
Eng°  ailj.  suff.  -ine.\  Of  or  belonging  t<>  the 
Synallaxin* ;  having  the  outer  and  middle 
toes  partially  united. 

"  The  Synallaxi.'*  birds  are  generally  found  upon 
the  trees,  which  they  traverse  with  great  rapidity  m 
search  of  the  various  insects  on  which  they  feed.  Mid 
may  often  be  seen  running  about  upon  the  ground, 
ueeritii;  anxiously  into  every  little  hole  and  cranny 
and  dnwuing  slugs,  snails,  worms,  and  beetles  from 
the  recessesiu  wnlch  they  are  accustomed  to  conceal 
themselves  during  the  hours  of  daylight.  —  Wood: 

raw.  sat.  BM.,  it.  MO. 

•jyn-al-lajc'-Is.  »•  [Gr.  o-wiAAaJis  (sunal- 
laxis)  =  commerce,  exchange.  ] 

Orntih. :  The  type  genus  of  Synallaxinee 
(q  v.),  with  fifty -five  species.  They  are  divided 
into  two  groups :  (1)  with  ten,  and  (2)  with 
twelve  rectrices. 

gyn-an  -c el-a,  s.  [Or.  <TUK.ZY«««  (mnangkM. 
=  a  narrow  valley  in  which  streams  meet. 
Named  from  their  habitat.) 

Ichthy. :  Agenusof  Scorpaenidse  ;  the  genera! 
appearance  of  the  species,  especially  of  the 
head,  monstrous ;  scaleless,  soft  warty  pro- 
tuberances or  filaments  on  skin ;  mouth 
directed  upwards,  wide,  villiform  teeth  in 
jaws,  sometimes  on  vomer  ;  eyes  small ;  from 
thirteen  to  sixteen  dorsal  spines;  pectorals 


POISON-ORGANS  OF  8YNANCEIA. 
A.  Dorsal  s'pines  of  Synanceia  verrucota  (from  sped 
men   ill  Nat.  Hist.  Museum.  South  Kensington) 
B.  Spine  dissected,  showing  poison-bag. 

•very  large.  There  are  four  species  from  the 
Indo-Pacinc,  attaining  a  length  of  eighteen 
Inches  at  most.  They  are  greatly  dreaded  on 
account  of  the  wounds  they  can  inflict  with 
their  dorsal  spines,  each  of  which,  in  its 
terminal  half,  is  provided  with  a  deep  groove 
on  each  side,  at  the  lower  end  of  which  is  a 
pear-shaped  bag  containing  the  venom,  anc 
prolonged  into  a  membranous  duct,  and  open 


at  the  point  of  the  spine.  Persons  wading 
with  naked  feet  in  the  sea  often  step  on  these 
fish,  which  lie  hidden  in  the  sand,  when  the 
spines  enter  the  skin,  and  the  poison  is  forced 
into  the  wound  by  the  pressure  of  the  foot  on 
the  poison-bag.  Many  cases  are  on  record  in 
which  such  wounds  have  been  fatal. 

syn-an-Oid'-a-fim,  s.  (Mod.  Lat.,  tynan- 
c(eia),  and  Gr.  el«o«  (eidos)  =  form.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Scorpsemda?,  allied  to 
Synauceia  (q.v.) ;  from  tropical  seas. 

syn-an'-ther-ie,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  pref. 
syn.,  and  iySiipdc  (anthlros)  =  blooming.) 

[ANTHER.] 

Bot. :  The  Composite  (q.v.). 

syn-an-ther-oi-o-glst,  «.  (Eng.  synan- 
therolog(y);  -ist.]  One  who  studies  or  dis- 
courses on  synantherous  flowers. 

"Facile  princeps  among  tynanthfroloolttt."— 
Journal  of  Botany,  vol.  X..  No.  221,  p.  1W. 

syn-an-ther-Sr-6-gy,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  synan- 
thera!,  and  Or.  AoV>s  (logos)  =  a  word,  a  dis- 
course.) A  treatise  on  or  a  description  of  syn- 
antherous flowers. 

Byn-an'-ther-oiis,  a.    [SYNANTHER*.] 

Bot. :  Having  the  anthers  growing  together; 
syngenesioua. 

syn  an  thous,  a.  [Pref.  syn-,  and  Gr.  i^Sos 
(anthoa)  =  a  flower,  bloom.) 

Bot.  (Of  a  plant):  The  term  used  when 
flower  and  leaves  appear  at  the  same  time. 

gyn  an  -throse,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  synantherae 
(q.v.);  suff.  -ose.] 

Chem. :  CijHajOn.  A  variety  of  sugar  found 
in  the  tuliercules  of  the  Jerusalem  artichoke, 
dahlia,  &c.  It  is  amorphous,  deliquesceht, 
soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  the  solution 
being  faintly  sweet,  and  turns  brown  when 
heated  to  140°,  yielding  caramel. 

gyn'-an-thy,  «.    [SYNANTHOUS.] 

Bot. :  The  adhesion  of  several  flowers. 

syn-aph-i-bran'-chus,  i.  [Gr.  o-waoi«ca 
(sunapheia)  =  combination,  connection,  and 
Ppavxioi  (branchia)  =  gills.) 

Ichthy.  •  A  genus  of  Mursenidse,  with  four 
species.  They  are  deep-sea  congers,  univer- 
sally distributed,  occurring  at  depths  of  from 
about  400  to  2,000  fathoms.  Gill-openings 
ventral ;  pectorals  and  vertical  well  developed ; 
nostrils  lateral,  mouth-cleft  wide,  teeth  small 
body  scaly  ;  stomach  extremely  distensible. 

syn-ap'-ta,  >.  [Or.  mreamt  (sunaptos)= 
fastened  together,  continuous.) 

Zool.  <t  Palaont. :  A  genns  of  Holothuroidea, 
belonging  to  the  order  Apoda,  or  to  the  family 
Synaptidas  (q.v.).  The  body  is  vermiform  or 
slug-shaped, and  the  calcareous  matter  secreted 
by  the  integument  i«  reduced  to  scattered 
spicules.  Calcareous  spiculai  from  the  Car- 
boniferous strata,  and  from  Secondary  and 
Tertiary  deposits  have  been  referred  to  this 
genus. 

syn-ap'-tase,  «.    [SYNAPTA.]    tBMULsra.] 

syn-ap-tlo'-u-lte,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
Gr.  o-wairrds  (sunaptos)  =  fastened  together.) 
Zool. :  Transverse  calcareous  bars  which 
stretch  across  the  interseptal  loculi  in  the 
FungidaB,  and  form  a  kind  of  trellis-work, 
uniting  the  opposite  faces  of  adjacent  septa. 

t  syn-ftp'-tl-dSB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  tynapt(a) , 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  the  Holothuridan  sub- 
order Apneumona.  No  respiratory  tree ; 
ambulacral  tube-feet  wanting.  [SYNAPTA.] 

syn-ap-tiir'-a,  ».  [Gr.  <ruvairr6t  (mnaptoi, 
=  continuous,"  and  ovpa  (oura)  —  a  tail.) 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Plenronectidffi  (q.v.), 
with  eighteen  species  from  the  Indian  Ocean, 
and  two  from  the  Mediterranean  and  the  coasl 
of  Portugal.  Eyes  on  the  right  side,  the 
upper  in  advance  of  the  lower ;  mouth-cleft 
narrow ;  vertical  fins  confluent ;  lateral  line 
straight. 

*  gyn'  ar-Chy,  A.  [Gr.  travaf>\ia.  (sunarchia), 
from  irav  (sun)  =  together,  and  ipx>j  (orcAe)  = 
rule.)  Joint  rule,  joint  sovereignty. 

"The  ivnarehiet  or  joint  reigns  of  father  and  son 
have  rendered  the  chronology  ft  little  difficult."— 
Stacthoiae :  Ilia,  of  the  num. 


ayn  ar  te  slg,  «.  [Gr.,  from  O-VK  (turn)  = 
together,  and  apraw  (arfao)  =  to  fasten.)  A 
fastening  or  knitting  together;  the  state  ol 
being  closely  united  ;  close  or  intimate  union. 

•jfn-ar-thro'-dl'-al,  a.  [SYNARTHROSIS.; 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  in  the  nature  of  synar- 
tbrosis. 

syn  -ar-thro'-sis,  s.  [Gr.,  from  <rvv(swn)  = 
together,  anil  ip»pooj  (arthrao)  =  to  articulate  ; 
ifipov  (arthron)  =  a  joint.) 

Anat.:  The  union  of  bones  without  motion  ; 
close  union,  as  in  sutures,  symphysis,  and  the 
like.  » 

"There  Is  a  conspicuous  motion  where  the  conjunc- 
tion is  called  iliartlirosiB,  as  ill  the  elbow  ;  »n  obscure 
one.  where  the  conjunction  is  called  tywirthroiu.  as 
In  the  joining  of  the  caruus  to  the  metacarpus.  "— 
Witeman:  Surgery. 

gyn-ast'-rjf,  s.  [Or.  o-vv  (sun)  =  together, 
and  ao-nip  (aster)  =  a  star.)  Coincidence  as 
regards  stellar  influence  ;  the  state  of  having 
similar  starry  influences  presiding  over  one's 
fortune,  as  determined  by  astrological  calcu- 
lation. 

»  syn  ax  -Is,  s.  [Gr.,  from  <nn«vya>  (ainago)  =- 
to  bring  together.)  [SYNAGOGUE.)  A  congre- 
gation ;  also  a  term  formerly  used  for  the 
Lord's  Supper. 

"To  eat  and  celebrate  ty  nates  and  church  meet- 
ings/— fip.  Taylor:  Holy  Dl/inff,  pt.  H..  ch.  T. 

syn  carp,  t.    [SYNCARPI.] 
Bot.  :  Any  member  of  the  Syncarpl  (q.v.). 

gyn-car'-pi,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  pref.  tyn-, 
and  capiroc  (karpos)  =  fruit.] 

Bot.  :  Compound  fruits,  i.e.,  with  the  ovarief 
and  the  fruit  compound.  Examples  :  the 
Samara,  Siliqua,  Glans,  Pomum,  &c. 

sj^n-car'-pl-um,  s.    [SYNCARPI.) 

Sot.  :  An  aggregate  fruit,  with  the  pericarps 
•adherent  into  a  solid  mass.  Examples:  the 
fruits  of  Anona  and  Magnolia. 

syn-oar'-pous,  a.    [Eng.  synearp  ;  -ous.] 

Bot.  (Of  an  ovary  or  a  fruit)  :  Having  the 
carpels  closely  coherent, 

syn'-car-py,  ».     [Eng.  syncarp  ;  -y.] 
Bot.  :  The  adhesion  of  several  fruits. 

•yn-cat-S-gSr-e-maf-io,  a.  *  ..    [Or. 

tnjv  (sun)  =  together,  and  KaT7jy6p7)u.a  (kau- 
gurema)  =  a  predicate.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

Logic:  Applied  to  words  which  cannotsinglj 
express  a  term,  but  only  a  part  of  a  term,  at 
adverbs,  prepositions,  &c. 

"A  word  which  can.  by  Itself,  form  .term  Is  calleu 
categorematlo.  A  word  which  cannot,  by  Itself,  torn, 
a  term  but  can,  by  itself,  form  a  part  of  one,  is  called 
HincatM'irematic—  i.e..  union  or  conjunction  witii 
other  words.  A  word  which,  by  itself,  can  form  s 
term  and  something  more  la  predicate,  for  instance, 
and  a  copula)  may  be  hypercategorematic  ==  over  and 
implying  excess.  '—Latham  :  Logic  at  applied  to  Lao 
auaae,  i  107. 

B.  As  tubst.  :  A  word  which  cannot  be  used 
as  a  term  by  itself,  as  an  adverb,  a  preposi- 
tion, Ac. 

syh-ch8n-dr6'-s«s,  ».  [Or.,  from  <riv  (>un) 
=  together,  and  xovSpos  (chondros)  =  a  cartil- 
age.) 

Anat.  :  The  connection  of  bones  by  means 
of  cartilage  or  gristle,  as  in  the  vertebrae.  It  is 
well  exemplified  in  the  sacro-ilia  carticulation, 
or  synchondrosis,  formed  through  the  union 
of  the  ai  oular  surfaces  of  the  sacrum  and  the 
ilium  by  a  plate  of  cartilage  between  them. 


8yn-ohon-dr8t'-*-my,».        . 

(sungchoiulrdsis)  =  synchondrosis   (q.v.),   and 
TtViij  (tome)  =  a  cutting.] 
Surg.  :  The  same  as  SYMPHYSEOTOMT  (q.v.). 

syn  oho  ro  -sis,  «.  [Gr.  =  concession,  from 
O-VYX">P<"  (sungclioreo)  =  to  come  together,  to 
meet.) 

Bhet.  :  A  concession  made  for  the  purpose 
of  retorting  more  pointedly. 

*  gyn'-chr6n-al,a.  &  ».  [Gr.  (rvyxpo*os  (sung- 
chronos)  =  contemporaneous  :  o-iiv  (sun)  =  to- 
gether, and  xpdfot  (chronos)  =  time.) 

A.  As  adj.  :  Happening  at  the  same  time  ; 
simultaneous,  contemporaneous. 

"That  glorious  estate  of  the  church,  which  is  twj- 
elironal  to  the  second  and  third  thunder."—  Or.  B. 
More  :  On  the  Seven  Churchet,  p.  111. 

B.  Ai  sutst.:  That  which  happens  at  the 


D6U,  D6y;  pcSUt,  J<fiH;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin.  benQh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a»;  expect,  ^enophon,  eyist.   ph  - 1 
-clan,   tian  _  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tlon,  -§lon  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tions,  -sioiu  =  shu».   -We,  -die,  oic.  -  bel,  oei. 


4590 


synchronioal— syneretistlo 


Mme  time  with  something  else,  or  pertains  to 
the  same  time. 

"  The  near  cognation  and  colligation  of  tboae  seven 
tymchronali  that  are  contemporary  to  the  Biz  first 
trumpets.™—  Or.  B.  More;  Jfygt  try  of  Oodlinett,  p.  182. 

*  syn  chron  ic-al,  a.   [SYNCHRONAL.]  Hap- 
pening at  the  same  time  ;  simultaneous,  syn- 
chronous. 

"The  •ystole  and  diastole  of  the  heart  and  lungs 
being  far  from  iynckronica.1."—  Boyle  :  Workt,  L  10*. 

•  8$m-clir6n'-Jc-aI-ly;  adv.  [Eng.  synckroni- 
col;  ~ly.]    In  a  synehronical  manner;  at  the 
same  time  ;  simultaneously. 

"Muscular  motions  .  .  .  excite  each  other  either 
tlfVKfironicatl)f  or  successively.  according  to  the  order 
of  iiuprewion*."—  Seitkam  :  Philot.  of  the  Jlind,  ch.  iiL, 

Syii'-chron-lsni,  s.    [Gr.  ovyxpovicrnos  (sung- 
chronismo-t),  from  o-vyxpoi'os  (sungchronos)  = 
•ynchronal  (q.v.);  Fr.  synchrontsme.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Concurrence  of  two  or  more  events  in 
time  ;  simultaneous  ness. 

"  The  coherence  aud  tynchroniMm  of  all  part*  of  the 
M<«aical  chronology."—  Bale:  Orig.  of  Mankind, 

2.  A    tabular    arrangement    of    historical 
•rents  and  i>ersonages,  grouped  together  ac- 
cording to  their  dates. 

IL  Paint.  :  A  representation  of  two  or  more 
events  at  the  same  time,  or  of  the  same  event 
at  different  stages  of  its  progress. 

syri-chron-Ist  Ic,  syn  chron-ist'-Ic-al, 

a.    [SYNCHRONISM.] 

1.  Pertaining    to    synchronism:    as,    syn- 
chronistic tables. 

2.  Happening  at  the  same  time  ;  synchron- 
ous, simultaneous. 

"The  exict  definition  of  three  «yttcAnmiitfc  events." 
—Cooper:  Monumental  ffist.  Egypt,  p.  16. 

BJha-chron-ist-ic  al  ly\  adv.  [Eng.  syn~ 
chronistical  ;  -ly.]  In  a  synchronistic  manner; 
according  to  dates. 

"A  chronological  chart.  iynchroni*tlcaHv  and  eth- 
BOLTHpliicaliy  arranged,"—  Atitenaum,  Sept  9,  1881 
(Advt.) 

»jf  ri-chron-i-za'-tion,  *.  [Eng.  synchroniz(c); 
•of  ion.] 

1.  The  act  of  synchronizing. 

2.  The  happening  of  events  at  the  same  time. 

sjfn  -chron-ize,  r.t,  &  (.    [SYNCHRONISM.] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  concur  in  point  of  time  ; 
to  happen  at  the  same  time. 

"  All  these  ijfnehronfze  with  th«  rtx  ftnt  trumpeta." 
—More:  ifytt,  of  Oodlinett,  p.  191. 

B.  Trant.  :  To  make  to  agree  in  time  ;  to 
cause  to  indicate  the  same  time  as  another  ; 
to  regulate  or  control  as  a  clock,  by  a  standard 
timepiece,  as  the  chief  clock  in  an  observa- 
tory. 

*yn'-ehr6n-u-er,  s.  [Eng.  tynehroni^e)  ; 
•er.]  One  who  or  that  which  synchronizes  ;  a 
contrivance  for  synchronizing  clocks. 

«yn  -  chron  -  61  -  6  -  gy,  «.    [Gr.  avyvpovo^ 

(tungchronos)  =  synchronous,  and  Aoyo?  (logos) 
=  a  word,  a  discourse.)  Chronological  ar- 
rangement side  by  side. 

lyn   chron-oiis,  a.     [SYNCHRQICAL.]     Hap- 

pening at  the  same  time  ;  simultaneous. 

"  The  corresponding  associations  are  either  tfnchro- 
ttmis  or  succwsive."—  Belthan:  Philot.  of  the  Miwi, 
ch.  i  ii  .  |  2. 

By%n'-Chr6'n-otis-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  sy~  "\ronous  ; 
-ly.]  In  a  synchronous  manner  ;  a,  the  same 
time  ;  simultaneously. 


-jf,  s.    [SYNCHRONAL.]    Contem- 
poraneity in  time  ;  synchronism. 

ByTtt'-cn$?-sIs,  s.  [Gr.  trvyxvm  (sungchusis), 
from  we  (sun)  =  together,  and  jrvnc  (chusis) 
=.  a  pouring  ;  %{&  (cheo)  =  to  pour.] 

*  I,  Ord.  Lang.  :  Confusion,  derangement. 

II.  Technically: 

\.  Pathology  : 

(1)  The  confusion  of  the  humours  of  the 
eye  generally  produced  by  a  violent  blow,  or 
from  an  inflammation  of  the  uvea,  producing 
a  rupture  of  the  vessels  and  an  escape  of  the 
humours. 

(2)  The  opaqueness  or    corrosion    of  the 
cornea   with  an   apparent  confusion  of  the 
humours  of  the  eye—  the  effect  of  violent  oph- 
thalmia. 

2.  Rhet.  :  A  confused  arrangement  of  words 
in  a  sentence  which  obscures  the  sense. 


syn'-yi-piit,  s.    [SINCIPUT.] 

syn-cla'-de-i,  s.  pi.     [Pref.  991*,  and  Gr. 
KA,o£of  (kiadoa)  =  a  branch.] 

Bot.  :  A  section  of  mosses  with  fasciculate 
branches,  the  female  flower  occupying  the 
place  of  a  branch,  or  un  ited  in  the  axes  of  two 
or  more  branches.  Antheridia  at  the  tips  of 
short  reflexed  ramuli,  inserted  singly  among 
the  leaves.  Only  one  natural  order,  Sphagnei 
(q.v.). 

syn-clm'-al,  a.  ft  s.   [Or.  raydtfnr 
=  to  incline  together;  trvv  (sitn)  =  together, 
and  (cAiro*  (klino)  —  to  bend,  to  incline.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

Geol.  (Of  strata):  Sloping  downward  in  oppo- 
site directions,  so  as  to  meet  in  a  common 
point  or  line. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  synclinal  line  or  axis. 
synclinal  axis,  s,    [SYKCLIN 
synclinal-dip,  a. 

Geol.  :  The  complex  dip  produced  by  the 
inclination  of  the  beds  on  the  two  sides  of  a 
synclinal  axis.  (Seel>y.) 

synclinal  line,  s. 

Geol.  :  An  imaginary  line  towards  which, 
on  both  sides,  strata  slop*,  so  as  to  meet  and 
form  a  basin. 

synclinal-valley,  s. 

Geol.  :  A  valley  formed  by  a  synclinal  axis 
between  two  ridges  of  folded  strata.  Such 
valleys  exist  in  the  Alps,  ftc.  (Seeley.) 

syn-clin'-Ic-al,  a.    [SYNCLINAL.]  . 


al,  a.  [Eng.  syncop(e);  -nl.]  Per- 
taining to,  resembling,  or  of  the  nature  of 
syncope. 

syn  -c6  pate,  v.t.  [Lat.  syncopate,  pa.  par. 
of  syncopo  =  to  swoon  ;  syncope,  syncopa  =  a 
swoon,  syncope  (in  gram.)  ;  Gr.  <rvy«ojnj 
(sungkope)  =  a  cutting  short,  syncope  (in 
gram.),  a  swoon  :  ow  (suri)=  with,  together, 
and  JCOMTW  (kopto)  =  to  cut  j 

1,  Gram.  :  To  contract,  as  a  word,  by  omit- 
ting one  or  more  letters  or  syllables  from  the 
middle,  as  Glo'ster  for  Gloucester. 

2.  Music  :  To  commence,  as  a  tone  or  note, 
on  an  unaccented  part  of  a  bar,  and  continue 
it  into  the  following  accented  pert.    (SYNCO- 
PATION, 2.] 

syn-co-pa'-tion,  s.    [SYNCOPATE.] 

1.  Gram.  :  The  contraction  of  a  word  by  the 
omission  of  one  or  more  letters  or  syllables 
from  the  middle. 

"  The  time  baa  long  put  for  Men  irncopaOant  and 

compressions  asgaye  us  '  »rbalist,"gover»or,'  '  pedant.1 
and  '  proctor,'  from  '  arcubaliat*,'  '  gabernator,  '  p*da- 
fogaiia,'  and  'procurator."—  Fto*di»ard  Ball  :  Modern 
Anglish,  p.  176. 

2.  Music:  Suspension  oralteration  of  rhythm 
by  driving  the  accent  to  that  part  of  a  bar  not 
usually  accented.    Syncopation  may  be  com- 
pleted in  a  oar,  or  it  may  be  carried  by  se- 
quence through  several  bars,  or  it  may  be  so 
that  more  than  one  bar  is  involved  in  the 
syncopation.    Syncopated  counterpoint  is  the 
fourth  species  of  counterpoint 

syn'-co'-pe',  *  syri  :cop,  *.  [Lat.,  from  Gr. 
<n/y*<«nj  (sungko^).}  [SYNCOPATE.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  In  the  same  sense  as  It  2. 

*  2,  A  sudden  pause  or  cessation  ;  a  suspen- 
sion ;  temporary  stop  or  inability  to  go  on. 

"  Revelry  and  dance,  and  show, 
Suffer  a  tyncope  aud  soleuiu  jjause." 

Cmeper:  Tatk,li.to. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Gram.  :  The  contraction  of  a  word  by 
elision  ;  an  elision  or  omission  of  one  or  more 
letters,  or  a  syllable,  from  the  middle  of  a 
word,  as  in  ne'er  for  never,  ev'ry  for  every. 

2.  Pathol.  :  [FAINTING,  C.  2.J. 

3.  Music:  The  same  as  SYNCOPATION  (q.v.). 

*  Syn'-c6-pist,  s.    [Eng.  syncop(e);  -1st.]   One 

who  syncopates  or  contracts  words  by  syn- 
cope. 

"To  ontsblae  all  the  modern  ^ncopUtt,  and  tho- 
nragnly  content  my  English  readera,"—  Additon  • 
Spectator,  Na  667. 

*  s^n  -co-pize,  v.t.     [Eng.  syncop(e);   -tee.} 
lo  contract  by  syncopation  ;  to  syncopate. 

"A  poetical  humour  of  tpncoptting  and  contracting 
their  words."—  Dalgarno:  Deaf  A  Dumb  Man't  Tutor. 

ayn-cra-tlsm,  s.    [SYNCEKTISM.] 


Byn-cre  -tic,  a.  A  «.    [SYNCRETISM.] 

A.  Aa  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  syncretism; 
characterized  by  syncretism. 

B.  As  subst, :  A  syncretist  (q.v.). 

•yn'-cre-tism,  &  [Low  Lat  syncretisms, 
from  Ger.  synkretismvs,  from  Gr.  crvY«pnT(,<r^6? 
(sungkretismos),  a  word  occurring  only  in  Plu- 
tarch (vii.  910,  ed.  Reinke),  and  defined  there 
as  coined  by  the  Cretans  to  denote  their  cus- 
tom of  uniting  against  a  common  foe,  though 
they  continually  quarrelled  amongst  them- 
selves. The  verb  <rvyiep»jTi£w  (snngkretizd)  wa& 
used  in  an  analogous  sense  by  Erasmus  (Corp. 
Ref.,  i.  77)  in  writing  to  lielaucthon  on  April 
22,  1519.  (Herzog.)J 

Church  Hist. :  A  word  introduced  from  the 
writings  of  the  German  Reformers,  who,  how- 
ever much  they  varied  amongst  themselves, 
were  unanimous  on  at  least  one  subject  op- 
position to  the  Roman  Church.  The  word 
passed  through  three  distinct  phases  of  mean- 
ing: 

(1)  A  union  between  the  Lutheran  and  Re- 
formed Churches  on  the  basis  of  common 
tenets. 

(2)  A    union    between    Roman    Catholics 
and  Protestants  on  the  basis  of  fundamental 
articles  of  belief. 

(3)  The  principle  of  moderation,  expansion, 
and  development  in   Lutheran  theology,  aa 
opposed  to  a  rigid  orthodoxy. 

Blunt  (Did.  Doct.  A  Hi*t.  TheoL,  p.  725)saya 
that  "the  term  may  be  held  to  apply  to  any 
well-meaning  but  weak  attempt  to  combine 
in  one  system  opposite  and  contradictory 
theological  opinions."  [SYNCRETISTIC-CONTRO- 
VERSY.] 

"  True.  It  it  now  rid  of  one  of  the  most  objectionable 
features  of  the  original  fouininti uu,  tttat  tyncrttttm 
with  Lutheran  ism  which  vaa  the  chaining  of  a  living 
body  to  a  corpse." — Church  Timet,  Feb.  85,  1987. 

syn  -cre-tist,  s.    [SYNCRETISM.] 

Church  Hist. :  An  advocate  of  any  kind  of 
Syncretism  (q.v.);  specif,  applied  to  the  fol- 
lowers and  supporters  of  Calixtus.  [SYNCBK- 

TISTI C-CONTROV  E  RSY.  ] 

He  waa   violently  attacked  by  the  two  oppoefte 


mrtiei,  the  BoHMUrt  catling  him  Culvioiitic.  the 
Lutheran  reviling  him  as  a  Papist,  and  both  unities 
agreed  in  corrupting  the  term  Sancretiit  into  'Stlnde- 
UiriBV  'Sin-ChristUu.'"—  Blunt:  Wet.  Doct.  *  Hitt. 


,  a.  [Eng.  syncretist;  -ic.J 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Syncretism  or  the  Syn- 
cretista, 

syncretistic  controversy,  s. 

Church  Hist. :  The  name  given  to  a  aeries  of 
controversies  which  arose  iu  the  Lutheran 
Church  in  the  seventeenth  century,  from 
the  subject  of  the  discussion— the  promotion, 
of  fellowship  and  union  between  the  Protes- 
tant churches  of  Germany.  These  contro- 
versies may  be  grouped  into  three  periods  : 

1.  From  the  Colloquy  of  Thorn  (1645),  in 
which  it  was  sought  to  force  a  new  confession 
of  faith  on  the  Lutheran  Church,  to  the  death 
of  CaHxtus  (1656).     George  Calixtus  was  a 
professor  of  theology  at  Helmstadt,  and  his 
scheme  of  union  was  founded  on  the  following 
propositions  :  (1)  That  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  Christianity  were  maintained  pure 
in    the    Roman,    Lutheran,    and    Reformed 
Churches.    (2)  That  the  tenets  and  opinions 
which  had  been  constantly  received  by  the 
ancient  doctors  during  the  first  five  centuries 
were  to  be  considered  as  of  equal  truth  and 
authority  with  the  express  declarations  and 
doctrines  of  scripture.    (3)  That  the  churches 
which  received  these  points,  and  held  the 
additional  tenets  of  the  particular  churches 
as  non-esseutia],  should  come  into  peaceful 
relations,  and  thus  pave  the  way  for  a  future 
union.   After  the  death  of  Calixtus,  there  was 
a  period  of  peace  for  about  five  years. 

2.  From  1661-9.    The  conflict  was  renewe4 
by  the  wish  of  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse-Cassel, 
William  VI.,  to  secure  a  religious  constitution 
broad  enough  to  embrace  Iwth  the  Lutheran 
and  Reformed  Churches.  The  second  attempt 
to  have  the  Consensus  adopted,  which  im- 
plicitly condemned  Calixtus  and  his  adherents 
as  non-Lutheran  and  heretical,  was  a  failure, 
and  the  subject  was  abandoned  for  a  time. 

3.  In  1675,  Calovius,  professor  of  divinity 
at  Wittemberg,  reopened  the  controversy,  and 
compelled  the  University  of  Jena  to  disavow 
all  sympathy  with  the  views  of  Calixtus.   The 
death  of  Calovius  in  1686  put  an  end  to  the 
dispute. 


fete,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t» 
or,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try*  Syrian,    ».  Ge  =  e;ey  =  a:au  =  kw. 


Byncrisis— syngenesis 


4591 


sjFn'-cri-afc,  *.     (Or.  =  a  comparison,  from 

<rnv  (M(/t)  —  together,  and  Kpicrtc  (fcrww)  =  a 
Judging;  icpivta  (krino)  —  to  judge.] 

Rhet.  :  A  figure  by  which  opposite  persons 
or  things  are  compared. 

flynd,  r.f.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To  rinse.  (Scotch) 

"  Something  now  aud  then  to  tynd  my  mouth  wi'." 
—Scott  :  Bride  of  Ltimmermoor,  en.  v. 

ajfaiHlac'-tyl,  syn  dac  -tyle,  a.  &«.  [StK- 

DAri  YLI.j 

A.  As  adj.  :  (See  extract). 

"  The  inline  of  SynUuctyle  has  been  given  by  writers 
to  all  such  feet  as  have  the  outer  toe  iuor«  or  l«s 
joined  to  the  middle  ;  hence,  as  such  feet  occur  in 
almost  every  natural  gmup  among  the  Perchers,  the 
term  has  become  altogether  vague  from  its  itwlucri- 
Mlinnte  UM.'—  ^WdiNJon  :  tfirds,  i.  14ft. 

B.  As  subst.  :  Any  individual  member  of 
the  Syndactyll  (q.v.). 

i-i,  *.  pi.    [Pref.  »y*rt  and  Gr. 

)  —  &  finger.] 
Ornithology  : 

1.  A  division  of  Birds,  in  whlnh  the  middle 
toe  is  united  to  the  last  as  far  as  the  second 
ioint,  as  in  the  kingfisher*,  (t?-  Cuvier.)  Used 
in  a  nearly  similar  sense  by  Illiger. 

2.  A  family  of  Sea-birds,  with  the  genera  : 
Phalacrocorax,  Pelecanus,  Plotua,  Phaethon, 
and  Sula.    (Yieillot.) 

«yn  dac  tyl-ic,    syn   dac-tyl-ou*,   a. 

{SvNDACTYLi.]     Pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characteristics  of  the  Syndactyli  (q.v.). 

*  syn-dac  -tyl-us,  s.    [SVNDACTVLI.) 

Zool.  :  Holobatf'3  syndactyltis,  the  Simia 
syiidactyla  of  Rallies,  sometimes  elevated  to 
generic  rank.  [SIAMANO.] 

s^n'-daw,    8?n'-d6ikr,   *.     [Ger.    rindau.] 

[SUNDKW.j 

Hot.:  Alchemitta  vulgaris. 

syn-den'-drf-um,  *.  [Pref.  tyn-,  and  Gr. 
SevSpov  (tlendroii)  =  a  tree.] 

liiol.  :  The  complex  tree-like  mass  depen- 
dent from  the  umbrella  of  the  Rhizostomidae. 

S^n  des  mSg'-ra-phy,  s.    [Gr.  oi/rfctrpot 

(sundes.'itos)  =a  ligament,  aud  ypd^u  (grapho) 
=  to  write.] 

An-'t.  :  A  description  of  or  treatise  on  the 
ligaments  of  the  body. 

syn-des-m6l'~6-gy\  s.  [Gr.  ovpfeo-poc  (tun- 
desmos)  =  a  ligament,  and  A6yo?  (logos)  =  a 
word,  a  discourse.] 

Anat.  :  A  treatise  on,  or  scientific  facts  re- 
garding the  ligaments  which  connect  the  parts 
of  the  skeleton. 


Syn-des-mo'-sis,  s.    [Gr. 

mos)  =  a  ligament.] 


-MO?  (sicndM- 


. 

Anat.  :  A  species  of  symphysts  or  mediate 
connection  of  bones,  in  which  they  are  united 
by  ligament,  as  the  radius  with  the  ulna. 

syn  des  mot'  6  my,  «.   [Gr.<n»'ro><7vxos(swn- 

desmos)  ==  a  ligament*  and  ro/xij  (toinl)  —  a  cut- 
ting.] 

Anat.  :  The  dissection  of  the  ligaments  of 
the  body. 


Byn    die,    *  sin  -dick,    *  syn  -dick,   *. 

[Fr.  syndic,  from  Lat.  syndikus,  Gr.  O-UV&IKOS 
(sundikvs)  =.  helping  in  a  court  of  justice  ;  a 
syndicate  ;  <rvv  (sun)  =  together,  and  Simj 
(difce)=  justice.]  An  officer  of  Government 
invested  with  varying  powers  in  different 
places;  a  kind  of  magistrate  intrusted  with 
the  management  of  the  affairs  of  a  city  or 
community  ;  also  one  chosen  to  transact  busi- 
ness for  others.  In  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge syndics  are  chosen  from  the  senate  to 
transact  special  business,  as  the  regulation  of 
fees,  the  operations  of  the  Claremlon  Press, 

fee. 

"  Mny  it  please  you.  that  Dr.  Gunning  and  Dr. 
Pearson  may  In  your  leant  ti/ndict,  for  you  and  la 
Tour  name,  to  treat  and  conclude  with  the  said  Arch- 
binhup  concerning  his  and  your  right  and  interest  in 
the  said  book*.  —Grow  in  the  Senate,  Cambridge, 
July.  1662. 

•yn'-df-cate,  s.    [Eng.  syndic  ;  -ate.} 

*  1.  A  body  of  syndics  ;   a  council  ;   the 

office,  position,  or  state  of  a  syndic. 
2.  An  association  of  persons  formed  for  the 

purpose  of  promoting  some  particular  enter- 

prise, undertaking,  or  speculation,  or  of  dis- 

charging some  trust. 


f  Within  recent  years  the  tendency  of 
capitalists  to  form  syndicates,  either  for  the 
performance  of  great  public  works,  or  for  tha 
control  of  manufacturing  industries,  has  grown 
enormously,  the  latter  form  of  syndicate  being 
now  usually  kuown  as  a  trust.  Oue  of  the 
first  of  these  tu  attract  attention  was  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Trust,  which  virtually  controls  the 
production  and  handling  of  petroleum.  The 
Sii^ar  Trust,  and  trusts  in  almost  every  depart- 
ment of  industry,  have  followed. 

syn'  di  cate,  v.t. 

1.  To  form  into  a  syndicate 

2.  To  handle  or  control  by  a  syndicate. 
*3.  To  judge,  to  censure. 

*  s^n'-dro  -me,  s.    [Gr.  <rvv&pt>nij  (sundrome) 
=  a  running  together  :  <rov  (sun)  =  together, 
and  Spores  (dramas)  =  a  couif*e.] 

1.  OnL   Lang.  :    Concurrent    action  ;    con- 
currence. 

"  Every  single  motion  owning  a  dependence  on  such 
ityndr'un*-  of  pra;-  required  virtue*."—  Q  tan  oilt  :  Vanity 
o/  Doffmtt'ixing,  ch.  xxii. 

2.  Pattwl.  :  A  word  introduced  by  the  em- 
pirical school  of  medicine  to  express  a  con- 
currence of  symptoms.    When,  for  instance, 
a  disease  arose  from  plethora,  its  symptoms, 
collectively,  were  called  a  Plethoric  syndrome. 

syne,  adv.    [SINCE.]    (Scotch,) 

IT  'Soon  or  syne  :  Sooner  or  later. 

syn  ec'  do-che,  *  sin-ec  -do-che,  *  syn- 

ec'-doch,  s.  [Lat.  synecdoche,  from  Gr. 
irvfeifSox^  (sunekdocfie)  =  a  receiving  together  : 
<ruc  (sun)  —  together,  and  «K&ex°f-M  (ekde- 
chomai)  =  to  receive;  Fr.  synecdoche.} 

Rhet.  :  A  figure  of  speech  by  which  the 
whole  of  a  thing  is  taken  for  the  part,  or  a 
part  for  the  whole,  as  the  genus  for  the  species, 
or  the  species  for  the  ge  nus. 

"  And  the  unie  philologer  further  adds,  the  gods  or 
•tars,  do  by  a  tyifcdoche  siguilie  all  things,  or  the 
whole  world."—  Cudworth  :  Intell,  Sytlem,  p.  358. 

*  8$fn-e'c-d6ch'-Ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  tynecdoch(e)  ; 
-tea/.]     Of  the  nature  of  a  synecdoche;   ex- 
pressed by  or  implying  a  synecdoche. 

"  Ilia  ta  used  fur  Thameala,  by  a  tynecdochieal  kind 
of  speech,  or  by  a  poetical  liberty.  —Drayton;  Mrt. 
Outre  to  AiwantiV.  (Note  2.) 

*  syn  -ec  doch'-ic-al  ly,  adv.    [Eng.  synec- 
dochical;  -ly.]  According  to  the  syuectlochical 
mode  of  speaking  ;  by  means  of  a  synecdoche. 

"The  decalogue  ...  la  indeed  peculiarly  called  the 
covenant  between  God  and  that  people  !  viz.,  n/nec- 
dochicatly.'—Barroto:  Sermon*,  vol.  ii.,  eer.  II. 

sy^n-e-chl'-a,  5.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Gr. 
o-vrtxcta  (sunecheia),  from  o-ui-e'^w  (sunecho)  = 
to  hold  together:  <rvv  (ntn)  =  together,  and 
e\w  (echo)  —  to  have,  to  hold  ;  Fr.  synechie.] 

Ophthal.  :  The  adhesion  of  the  iris  to  the 
cornea  or  to  the  capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens. 

syn-ec  pho-ne   sis,   t.     [Gr.,  from  wvat- 

Qtavita  (mnekphoneo)—  to  utter  together  :  <ruv 
(mn)  =  together,  and  vit<t><at>w  (ekphoned)—to 
cry  out  :  «'«  (ek)  =  out,  and  ^wv«'w  (phoned)  = 
to  sound,  to  call  ;  (frwi-jj  (phone)  =  sound.] 

Gram.  :  A  contraction  of  two  syllables  into 
one  ;  synaeresis. 

Syn-e'-dri-ans,  5.  pi.    [SYNEDROUS.] 

Church  Hist.  ;  A  name  given  by  the  Nova- 
tions to  orthodox  Christians,  because  they 
received  apostates  and  those  who  sacrificed  to 
idols  back  into  communion  on  their  giving 
proof  of  repentance, 

syn  e   drous,  a.      [Gr.   <rWeopos   (sunedros) 
=  sitting  together  :  <rvr  (sun)  =  together,  and 
(hedrd)  =  a  seat.] 


Bot.  (Of  a  -petiole)  :  Growing  upon  the  angles 
of  a  stem  instead  of  between  them. 

s3?n-e'-ma,  s.  [Gr.  O-UCTJ^WV  (sunemdn)  = 
joined  together;  o-uvntyu  (suniemi)  —  to  send 
together:  <ruv  (sun)  =  together,  aud  tijfit 
(hiemi)  =  to  send.] 

Bot.  :  That  part  of  the  column  of  an  orchid 
which  represents  the  filament  of  the  stamens. 

sjrn'-e-py,  s.  [Gr.  oweVeia  (iunepeia)  =  union 
of  sounds  :  trvv  (sun)  =  together,  and  cVos 
(epns)  =  a  word.] 

Rhet.  :  The  interjtmetion  of  words  inj  utter- 
ing the  chmsea  of  sentences. 

syn-er'-S-sis,  «. 


*  syn-er-get'-Ic,  a.  [Gr.  «vi^pyTjTi(fos  (r^TKr- 
getikos).]  [SYNEROIST.]  Working  together  ; 
cooperating. 

syn  er'-gism,  s.    [SVNERQIST.] 

Church  Hist.  :  A  type  of  Serai  pelagianism 
which  came  into  prominence  in  Germany  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  and  which  had  for  its 
chief  representatives  Erasmus  and  Melanc- 
thon.  Luther  taught  that  the  Fall  rendered 
Man  incapable  of  all  good,  and  powerless  to 
contribute  anything  to  his  conversion.  Hyn- 
ergism,  on  the  other  hand,  taught  that  "  God 
does  not  deal  with  man  as  with  a  block,  but 
draws  him  so  that  his  will  cooperates  ;"  aud 
this  view  was  adopted  iu  the  Leipzic  Interim 
(1548).  A  controversy  arose  on  the  subject. 

syn  er'-glst,  5.  &  a.  [Fr.  synergiste,  from  Gr. 
(ryye'pyw  (sunergo)  =  to  work  together:  truv 
(sun)  =•  together,  and  ep-yoi/  (ergon)  =  work.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  supporter  of  Synerglsm 
(q.v.)  ;  a  Semi  pelagian. 

"  The  strenuous  Lutheran*  .  .  .  violently  annul  tod 
the  pei-sous  whom  they  denominated  Xynergittt."— 
Motftetm;  Kcclet.  ffitt.  (ed.  Reid),  p.  «50. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Synergistic  (q.v.). 

"  The  problem  took  a  new  form  in  the  Syruryitt 
controversy,  which  discussed  the  nature  of  the  nrat 
impulse  iii  couTenion.  "—  Encyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th),  xv.  86. 

sjbtt-er-fctot'-Io,  stn-er-«sf-Io-al,  a. 

[£ng.  aynergint  ;  -ic,  -uxtt.] 
L  Working  together  ;  cooperating. 
2.  Of  or  relating  to  the  SynergisU  or  their 

doctrine. 

synerglBtle-oontroversy,  >.   [SYNER- 

O1SM.J 


n-er-K«,  ».     [Or.  (rvwpyds  (suntrgos)  = 
working  together  with.]    [SYNEROIST.] 

Enton.  :  A  genus  of  Cynipidee.  Synergut 
vulqaria  has  the  mouth,  antennae,  and  legs  red. 
It  breeds  in  cuckoo  fashion,  in  the  galls  ro- 
duced  by  Cynips  quercus  Join,  ultimately  de* 
vouring  its  larvte. 

^n'-er-g^,  ».  [SYNEROIST.]  A  correlation 
or  concourse  of  action  between  different  or- 
gans in  health,  and,  according  to  some,  In 
dis< 


[Gr.  (jw>j0i)t  (sunithis)  = 
dwelling  together.] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Synetherina  (q.v.), 
with  eight  or  ten  species  from  tropical  America. 
They  have  only  four  toes  on  the  hind  feet, 
but,  in  place  of  the  hallux,  there  is  a  fleshy 
pad  between  which  and  the  toes  the  animal 
can  grasp  objects  with  tenacity. 

syn  e  ther-i'  na,  «.  pi.     [Mod.    Lat.   »yn- 
ettier(es) ;  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  snff.  -inn.] 

Zool, :  New-  world  Porcupines,  Tree-porcu- 
pines ;  a  group  of  Hystricidae,  with  three 
genera,  Erethizon,  Synetheres,  and  Clisetoinys. 
They  have  rooted  molara,  complete  collar- 
bones, tuberculate  solea,  and  four  mammae ; 
the  upper  lip  is  uncleft,  ami  there  is  no  trace 
of  a  pollex.  The  spines  are  largely  mixed 
with  long,  soft  hair,  aud  the  tail  is  long  and 
prehensile. 

*  synge,  «.{.  &  (.    [Smo.] 

*  syn-ge-ne'-^i-a^s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  pref. 

-o;//i,  and  Or.  ytrtVts  (genesis)  =  birth,  genera- 
tion.] 

Bot.:  The  nineteenth  order  In  Linnseus's 
artificial  classincation.  The  anthers,  and 
more  rarely  the  filaments,  are  united  into  a 
cylinder  or  tube.  It  contained  the  Com  posites, 
&c.,  and  was  divided  into  the  orders  Polyga- 
mia  jGqualia,  Polyganiia  Superflua,  Polygamia 
Frustranea,  Polygamia  Necessaria,  Polygamia 
Segregata,  and  Monogamia, 

syn  gen  e  si  ous,  ayn  gen-e  -si  an.  a. 

[SVXUENESI*.] 

Bot. :  Having  the  antbers  united  by  their 
margins  into  a  tube,  as  in  the  Composites,  in 
the  violet,  the  balsam,  &c.  ;  of  or  belonging 
to  the  class  Syngenesia  (q.v.). 


,   *.      [SYNOENESIA.] 

Biol. :  (See  extract). 

"  The  theory  of  Syngfnait.  which  considers  the 
embryo  to  be  the  product  of  both  male  and  female, 
ia  aa  old  as  Empedocles,  tbuugh  it  bad  no  batter  Imais 
than  the  observed  resemblance  between  the  offlurlftf 
and  b.tth  parent*.  Mi«d*m  research  naa  furnished  a 
scientific  basis  by  showing  that,  while  In  the  higher 
animals  both  ova  and  spermatozoa  are  equally  indis- 
pensable, they  are  themselves  only  modiflcMtlous  of 
oimniKl  the  name  anatomical  element."— Lewet:  Aris- 
totle, p.  S53. 


^ ;  poiit,  J<$^rl ;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  09 ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,    tian  =  Bhan.    -tion,  -sioa  -  shun ;  -tion,  -§iou  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tioos,    »ious  -  «hua.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  -  bel,  del. 


4592 


syngenetio— synonymicon 


8$rn-ge-net'-Ic,  a.    [SYNGENESIS.]   Of  or  be- 
longing to  Syngenesis  (q.v.). 

"  The  Syngenctic  theory—  which  makes  both  parents 
equally  progenitors."—  Letott  :  Arittotle,  p.  351. 


syn'-gen-lte,  s.     [Or.  < 
related  ;  suff.  -ite  (Jf  in.).] 


sunggenes)  = 


in.  :  A  monoelinic  mineral,  occurring  in 
small  tabular  crystals  ill  rock  salt  at  Kalusz, 
Galicia.  Hardness,  2'5  ;  gp.  gr.  2'603.  Com- 
pos. :  a  hydrated  sulphate  of  potash  and  lime, 
the  formula  being,  CaOSO3,KO;3O3=  HO. 

syn-gna'-thl-dae  (3  silent),  s.  pi,  [Mod. 
Lat.  syn-gnath(us)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf. 
-idee.} 

1.  Ichthy.  :  Pipe-fishes  ;  a  family  of  Lopho- 
brauchii  ;  gill-openings  reduced  to  a  very  small 

Ening  near  the  upper  posterior  angle  of  the 
;  one  soft  dorsal  fin  ;  ventrals,  and  some- 
es  one  or  more  of  the  other  fins,  absent. 
They  are  small  marine  fishes,  abundant  on  the 
coasts  of  the  tropical  and  temperate  zones 
where  the  marine  vegetation  is  thick  enough 
to  offer  them  shelter.     All  the  species  enter 
brackish,  and  some  fresh  water.     There  are 
two  groups  :  Hippocampfiia  and  Syngnathina 
(q.v.). 

2.  Palceont.  :  From  the  Eocene  of   Monte 
Bolca,  and  the  Miocene  of  Licata,  in  Sicily. 

syn-gna-thi-na  (g  silent),  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
sy>i<jnath(iis);  Lat.  ueut.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -inc.} 

Ichthy.  :  A  group  of  Syngnathidse  (q.v.), 
with  several  genera.  The  tail  is  not  prehensile, 
and  a  caudal  fin  is  generally  present. 

syn-gna  thous  (g  silent),  a.  [SYNONATHUS.] 
Of,  belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of  the  Syn- 
gnathidse. 

"  The  males  of  existing  tynynathout  fishes  receive 
the  «ggs  of  the  females  iu  their  abdominal  pouches."— 
Duricin  :  Detcent  of  Man  fed.  2nd),  p.  103. 

eyn  gna'-thiis  (gr  silent),  «.  [Gr.  o-uV  (sun) 
=  together,  and  •vvaOo-;  (gnathos)  =  the  jaw. 
Named  from  the  fact  that  the  maxillaries  are 
produced  into  a  tubular  snout.] 

Ichthy.:  Pipe-fish  (q.v.);  the  type-genus 
of  Syngnathidse,  with  about  fifty  species  ;  its 
distribution  nearly  coincides  with  that  of  the 
family.  Body  with  the  ridges  more  or  less 
distinct  ;  pectorals  well-developed,  caudal-fin 
present  ;  dorsal  opposite  or  near  the  seat  ;  egg- 
pouch  as  in  Siphonostoma  (q.v.). 


1  syil'-graph,  *• 

;  Gr. 


r.  syngraphe,  from  Lat 

syngrapka;  Gr.  avyypd^  (sunggraphe),  from 
avv  (sun)  =  with,  together,  and  ypa.$u>  (grapko) 
=  to  write.]  A  writing  signed  by  both  or  all 
the  parties  to  a  contract  or  bond. 

"  The  tynffraph*  and  original  subscriptions  of  divers 
Eastern  Patriarch*.  "—  Evelyn  :  Diary,  Oct.  29,  1662. 

f  >/n  I-ze'-sis,  «.  [Gr.,  from  owL^to  (sunizd)  = 
to  sit  with  or  together  :  oW  (sun)  =  with,  to- 
gether, and  ?£w  (hizo)  —  to  sit] 

1.  Gram.  :  The  contraction  of  two  syllables, 
or  two  vowels,  into  one  ;  synecphonesis. 

2.  Pathol.  :   Blindness  caused  by  an   ob- 
struction, or  by  a  contraction  of  the  pupil. 

t  synke'-foyle,  t  sink  -field,  a.    [CINQUE- 

FOIL.] 

syn-neu-ro'-sis,  ».  [Gr.  trav  (sun)  =  together, 
and  vtvpov  (neuron)  =  a  nerve,  a  sinew.] 

Aiu.it.  :  The  connection  of  parts  by  means 
of  ligaments,  as  in  the  movable  joints. 

syn'-o-cna,  s.    [Mod.  Lat,  from  Or.  <nnx>\y 
(sunoche)  —  a  holding  together  ;  avvt^ta  (sun- 
echo)  =  to  hold  together.]    [SVNECHKIA.] 
Pathol.  :  Relapsing  fever  (q.v.). 

syn'-d-chal,  a.    [Eng.  synoch(a);  -at.} 
Afed:  Pertaining  or  relating  to  synocha. 

SJha-6-chor'-I-£n,S'  [Pref.  syn-;  o  connect, 
and  Gr.  \6ptovt  \opiov  (clwrion)  =  skin, 
leather.] 

Bot.  ;  Mirbel's  name  for  a  Carcerule  (q.v.)* 

syn'-o  chiis,  s.    [SYNOCHA.] 

Pathol.  :  A  continued  fever,  combined  of 
synocha  and  typhus,  and  in  its  commence- 
ment much  resembling  the  latter.  (i>unglisvn.) 

syn  6c'-re-ate,  t  syn  6  ch  re  ate,  a. 
[Pref.  syn-,  and  Eng.  ochreate  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  :  Having  the  stipules  united  into  a 
sheath. 


*.    [Fr.  synodet  from  Lat  synodum, 
accus.  of  synodus  ;  Gr.  <rvvoSo<;  (sunodos)  —  a 


meeting  :  <rvv  (sun)  =  with,  together,  and  oS6« 
(kodos)  =  a  way,  hence,  a  coming.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  meeting  or  convention,  as  of  a  legis- 
lative assembly  ;  a  council. 

"  It  luith  in  solemn  synods  been  decreed. 
Both  by  the  Syracusans  and  ourselves.'' 

SJtotkcsj).  :     Comedy  of  Error*.  1.  1, 

*2.  A  conjunction  of  two  or  more  of  the 
heavenly  bodies. 

"  Their  planetary  motions  and  aspects  .  .  . 
Of  noxious  efficacy,  and  when  to  join 
In  tynod  uubeiiign."  Milton:  P.  L.,  x.  66L 

II.  Eccles. :  A  meeting  or  assembly  of 
ecclesiastical  persons  for  mutual  deliberation 
on  matters  of  difficulty  or  of  general  interest 
affecting  the  churches  over  which  they  rule, 
and  designed  for  their  guidance.  In  the 
early  Church  there  were  four  kinds  of 
synod.  First,  an  (Ecumenical,  that  is,  a 
General  or  Universal  Synod,  commonly  called 
a  General  Council  [COUNCIL];  second,  a  Na- 
tional Synod,  attended  by  the  clergy  of  one 
nation  only ;  third,  a  Provincial  Synod,  at- 
tended by  the  clergy  of  a  province  [Convoca- 
tion (q.v.)  is  of  this  type] ;  and,  fourth,  a 
Diocesan  Synod,  attended  by  the  clergy  of  a 
single  diocese.  Among  the  Presbyterians  a 
synod  is  a  "court"  intermediate  between  the 
General  Assembly  and  a  Presbytery,  or,  if  no 
Assembly  exist,  it  is  then  itself  the  highest 
court  It  is  divided  into  Presbyteries,  of 
which  there  are  never  less  than  three.  Each 
congregation  is  represented  by  a  minister  and 
an  elder. 

Synod  of  Dort : 

Church  Hist. :  A  synod  held  at  Dort,  Dordt, 
or  Dordrecht,  in  Southern  Holland,  in  1618 
and  1619,  to  discuss  the  views  of  Armimus, 
which  it  condemned.  [ABMINIAN.] 

synod  man,  *.  A  member  of  a  Church 
synod. 

"  He  has  abus'd  our  church,  .  .  . 
Despised  our  tynod-men  like  dirt. 
And  made  their  discipline  bin  sport." 

Butler  :  ffudibrcu,  pt.  11.,  C.  III. 

syn  6d  al,     *  sin  od  all,    *  syn  od  all, 

a.  &  s.    [Eng.  synod;  -al.} 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  synod  or 
synods ;  done  in  or  by  a  synod ;  synodic  ;  of 
the  nature  of  a  synod. 

"  The  tynoditll  assemblies  by  the  bishops  or  com- 
missioners."-faZin*/M<t.-  ffitt.  Scot.  (ail.  1583). 

B.  As  substantive  (PI.) : 

*  1.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  constitu- 
tions made  in  provincial  or  diocesan  synods. 

2.  Payments  formerly  made  by  the  parochial 
clergy  to  the  bishop  in  honour  of  the  episcopal 
chair,  and  in  token  of  subjection  and  obedi- 
ence. These  charges  were  transferred  to  the 
ecclesiastical  commissioners,  who  claim  them 
through  the  archdeacons  when  the  latter  go 
their  rounds. 

*  syn-o'-di-an,  *.     [Eng.  synod;  -ian,}    A 

synod-man. 

sy"n-5d'-ic,   syn-Sd'-Ic-al,  *syn-od-ic- 

all*  a.     [Gr.  owo£ut6f  (sunodikos),  from  trvvo- 
6os(swnodos)=asynod(q.v.) ;  Fr.  synodique,} 
I.  Ord.  Lang. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  synod ; 
transacted  in  a  synod  ;  made  in  or  by  a  synod. 

"  It  could  not  stand  with  their  conscience  to  pro- 
mise obedience  to  all  tynodic'ttl  decrees." — Ualet : 
Remains;  Let.  from  the  Synod  of  Dort,  Jan..  1618. 

IL  Astron.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  conjunc- 
tion between  two  heavenly  bodies,  or  specially 
to  the  time  intervening  between  them,  ex- 
tending from  one  conjunction  to  the  next. 

"  The  moon  makes  its  tynodical  motion  about  the 
eart-h  in  29  days,  12  hours,  and  about  44  minutes." — 
Locke:  Natural  Philotophy,  oh.  liii. 

synodic  month,  s. 

Astron. ;  The  period  between  two  successive 
conjunctions  of  the  sun  and  moon.  It  is  29 
days,  12  hours,  44  minutes,  2'37  seconds.  Called 
also  Lunation  and  Lunar  Month. 

synodlcal  revolution,  s. 

Astron. :  The  period  which  elapses  between 
two  successive  conjunctions  of  a  planet  with 
the  sun. 

"Syil-o'd'-Xc-al-ly'.adif.  [Eng.synodkai;  -ly.} 

1.  By  the  authority  of  a  synod  or  public 
assembly. 

'  Which  sentence  pn*wd  by  the  major  port  of  voices, 
and  was  tynodicatty  concluded."—  Balet:  Kcmaini; 
Lett,  from  Synod  of /tort,  Dec,,  1618. 

2.  In  a  synod. 

"  Dionysius,  Bishop  of  Rome,  in  a  letter  (wrote  very 
probably  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  his  clergy 
tynodicafly  convened)."—  Waterland  :  Work*,  iJ.,  ser.  8. 


*  syn'-6"-dist,   s.     [Eng.  synod;   -ist.}     One 
who  adheres  to  a  synod. 

8$rn-6-d6n'-tis,  s.  [Pref.  syn-,  and  Gr.  u&>v« 
(pdous),  OOOCTOS  (odontos)  =  a  tooth.] 

Ichthy.  :  AgenusofSiluridae  Stenobranchite, 
group  Doradina,  with  fifteen  species,  charac- 
teristic of  tropical  Africa.  Adipose  fin  mode- 
rate or  long,  dorsal  with  very  strong  spine, 
and  seven  soft  rays  ;  teeth  in  lower  jaw  mov- 
able, long,  very  thin  at  base  ;  mouth  small, 
barbels  six,  more  or  less  fringed  ;  neck  with 
broad  dermal  bones. 

Syn-O3  '-clous,  a.     [Gr.  avvoticia  (sunoikia)  — 
a  living  or  dwelling  together.]    [$YNCECIUM.] 
Bot.  :  Having  male  and  female  flowers  on 
the  same  head.     Opposed  to  monoecious  and 
dio3cious  (q.v.). 

Syn-ce'-Cl-um,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  <rvV 
ootos  (sunoikon)  =  a  living  together  :  truv  (sun) 
—  together,  and  otKe'oi  (oikeo)  =  to  dwell.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Botryllidse,  with  one 
species,  from  the  Arctic  Seas.  Animals  semi- 
cartilaginous,  cylindrical,  stalked,  solitary,  or 
gregarious  ;  systems  circular,  terminal  tuni- 
caries  six  to  nine  in  a  group,  apertures  six- 
rayed. 

sy^no'-mo-sy^,  s.  [Gr.  <ruvtano{Tia(sund}nosia), 
from  avv  (sun)  =  together,  and  fow^i  (om- 
numi)  —  to  swear.]  Sworn  brotherhood;  a 
society  in  ancient  Greece  nearly  resembling  a 
modern  political  club. 

s^n'-o-nym,   syn-o  nyme,   *syn-$n'-I- 

ma,  s.  [Fr.  synonyme,  from  Lat.  synonyma, 
neut.  pi.  of  synonymus  ;  Gr.  avvtavv^oy  (suno- 
numos)  —  of  like  meaning  :  trvv  (sun)  =  with, 
and  ovofia.  (onoma)  =  a  name.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  word  having  the 
same,  or  nearly  the  same,  meaning  as 
another.  Properly  a  synonym  is  a  word 
which  is  the  precise  equivalent  of,  or  is  iden- 
tical in  meaning  with,  another  word  of  the 
same  language  and  of  the  same  grammatical 
class.  The  term  is,  however,  used  with  con- 
siderable latitude,  so  as  to  include  words 
sufficiently  alike  in  general  signification  to  be 
liable  to  be  confounded,  but  yet  so  different 
in  special  definition  as  to  require  to  be  dis- 
tinguished. (Marsh.  ) 

"It  is  scarcely  needful  to  remind  the  reader  that 
the  word  synonym  is,  in  fact,  a  misnomer,  as  applied 
to  words  of  the  description  m  question.  Literally,  it 
Implies  an  exact  coincidence  of  meaning  in  two  or 
more  words:  in  which  case  there  would  be  no  room 
for  discussion;  but  it  is  generally  applied  to  word? 
which  would  be  more  correctly  tended  pseudo- 
lynonymt  —  i.e..  words  having  a  shade  of  difference, 
yet  with  a  sufficient  resemblance  of  meaning  to  make 
them  liable  to  be  confounded  together."—  Trench: 
Ertfflith  Synonym*.  (Pref.; 

2.  Nat.  Science  :  A  name  applied  to  any 
group,  genus,  or  species  by  any  author  other 
than  the  original  discoverer  or  describer,  to 
whom  the  right  of  naming  belongs.  Synonyms 
should  be  arranged  in  strict  chronological 
order,  the  name  of  the  author  being  appended 
to  each,  with  the  date  at  which  the  name  was 
published  and  the  publication  in  which  it 
first  appeared. 

"  Synonym*  .  .  .  are  a  stumbling-block  and  an  op* 
probrium  in  all  branches  of  natural  history."—  Il'ood- 
vxiril:  JfoUutca  (eu.  Tait).  p.  48. 

*  S5f-n5n'-y'-m£lt  a.     [Eng.  synonym;  -al,} 
Synonymous. 

"Repetitious  here  .  .  .  and  enlargements  by  nr- 
nont/mnl  words,  before  the  shutting  up  of  the  period.' 
—  Instruct,  for  Oratory  (1682),  p.  95. 


--  --- 

adv.    [Eng.  syiionymal;  -ly.}    As  synonyms; 

synonymously. 

"  The  fifth  canon  either  useth  them  synontmaUy,  or 
complaineth  of  one  abuse  in  the  preamble,  and  pro 
videth  against  another  in  the  decree.  "—Spelman:  Dt 
Sepultura. 

syn  o  nyme,  ».    [SYNONYM.) 

syn  o  nym  -ic,  a.    [Eng.  synonym;  -ic.} 
*  1.  The  same  as  SYNONYMOUS  (q.v.). 
2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  different  names 
used  by  various  authors  for  the  same  group, 
genus,  or  species. 

"The  name  used  by  Doubleday  In  his  iyno«jrmic 
lists  of  British  Lepidoptera,"—  Stainton:  British 
Butterflies.  1L  447. 

*»yil-i-nyin'-io-^l,  a.     [Eng.  synonym; 
•ical.}    The  same  as  SYNONYMOUS  (q.v.). 

"  We  are  glad  to  find  all  lynwymteal  lists  omitted,' 
—Athenceum,  Sept.  5,  1885,  p.  807. 

•Bjfa-o-ny^m'-i'c-dn,  s.    [SYNONYMIC.]   A 

dictionary  of  synonyms  or  synonymous  words. 


fate,  f&t»  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot 
or.  wore,  w$lt  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  tryt  Syrian,    ae,  ce  ^  e ;  ey  =  a;  gu  =  JtW. 


synonymies— synthesis 


4593 


B,  s.  [SYNONYMIC.]  The 
science  or  the  scientific  treatment  of  synony- 
mous words. 

sy-ndn'-y-mlst,  s.    (Eng.  synonym;  -ist.} 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  collects  or  ex- 
plains synonyms. 

2.  .Ya(.  Hist. :  One  who  collects  synonymic 
names  and  arranges  them  in  order. 

•*n-6-nym'-I-ty,  s.  [Eng.  synonym;  -ity.] 
The  state  of  being  synonymous  with ;  sy- 
nonymy. 

"The  Germanic  origin  of  his  name,  and  its  tyno- 
nymity  with  Shakespeare."—  Notet  *  yueriet,  July  19, 
1884,  i>.  13. 

•*-non'-y-mize,  v.t.  [Eng.  synonym ;  -ize.) 
To  express  by  synonyms  or  words  of  the  same 
meaning ;  to  express  the  meaning  of  by  a 
synonym. 

"Likewise  this  word  'fortis'  wee  may  tynonymlze 
after  all  these  fashions,  stout,  hardy,  valiant,  doughty, 
couragioua,  adueutrous,  Ac."— Camden:  Remaint ;  Of 
the  Enyltih  Tongue. 

Sy-non'-y-mous,  a.  [Lat.  synonymus ;  Gr. 
wvumitL<K(sun6numm).\  [SYNONYM.]  Having 
the  nature  or  character  of  a  synonym;  ex- 
pressing the  same  thing  by  different  terms  ; 
conveying  the  same  idea. 

"  I  have  observed  in  a  former  place  that  will  and 
pleasure  are  reputed  tynonymout  terms.  —Search : 
Lif/M  of  Nature,  vol.  L.  pt.  i.,  ch.  vi. 

•y-non'-y-moiis-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  synony- 
mous; -ly.]  In  a  synonymous  manner;  in 
the  same  sense  ;  with  the  same  meaning. 

"  According  to  that  larger  notion  ol  the  word  u 
taken  tynmymoutly  with  avTOyfl"S."-Ciut*orth : 
Intftl.  ff'ylfem,  p.  255. 

•y-non'-jr-my,  s.  (Lat.  synonymm,  from  Gr. 
(rvviumiua  (sunonumia)  =  likeness  of  name.) 
[SYNONYM.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  of  being  synonymous  of  of 
expressing  the  same  meaning  by  different 
words. 

•  2.  A  thing  of  the  same  name. 

'•  We  bavin*  three  rivers  of  note  tvnonymtet  with 
her."-/>rairton:  Poly-Olbton,  8.  2.  (must.) 

3.  A  system  of  synonyms. 
U.  Rhet. :  A  figure  by  which  synonymous 
•words  are  used  to  amplify  a  discourse. 

•yn'-o-pny-ty,  s.     tPref.  syn- ;  o  connect., 
and  Gr.  fyvtov  (phuton)  =  a  plant.] 
Hot. :  The  adhesiou  of  several  embryos. 

•yn-8p'-sis(pl.  sy-ndp'-ses),  *  sin-op-sls, 

s.  [Lat.  synopsis,  from  Gr.  trvvo*lns  (sunopsis) 
=  a  seeing  all  together  :  ova  (sun  =  together, 
and  o*ii  (opsif)  =  a  sight.)  A  general  view  of 
the  subject ;  a  view  of  the  whole  or  of  all  the 
parts  at  once ;  a  kind  of  summary  or  brief 
statement  giving  a  general  view  of  some  sub- 
ject; a  collection  of  heads  or  short  paragraphs 
arranged  so  as  to  exhibit  the  whole  in  a  general 
view ;  a  conspectus. 

"  I  sha1!!  here  draw  up  a  short  tynoptit  of  this 
epistle."—  Warburton :  Comment,  on  Euay  on  Man. 

•yn  op'-tic,  a.  &  e.  [Gr.  O-VI-OITTIICOC  (sunop- 
tikas)  =  seeing  all  together.)  [SYNOPSIS.] 

A.  At  adj. :   Of  the  nature  of  a  synopsis ; 
•Wording  a  synopsis  or  general  view  of  the 
whole  or  principal  parts  of  a  thing  at  once. 

B.  As  subst. ;  One  of  the  Synoptic  gospels 
(q.v.). 

Synoptic-gospels,  s.  pi. 

Biblical  Criticism :  The  first  three  Gospels, 
Matthew,  Mark,  and  Luke,  which  regard 
events  from  the  same  point  of  view,  and  pre- 
Bent  close  resemblances  to  each  other.  Four 
hypotheses  have  beenJTramed  to  account  for 
the  correspondences  :  (1)  That  the  Synoptic 
Gospels  were  derived  from  a  common  written 
source  or  sources  ;  (2)  That  the  earlier  gospels 
were  consulted  in  the  composition  of  the  later 
ones  ;  (3)  That  all  the  three  were  derived  from 
oral  tradition  ;  or  (4),  That  they  were  all  de- 
rived partly  from  oral  tradition,  hut  that  the 
second  was  also  copied  from  the  first,  and  the 
third  from  the  first  and  second.  The  Syn- 
optic-gospels treat  of  thfi  humanity  rather 
than  the  divinity  of  Jesus,  though  not  in  any 
way  ignoring  the  latter.  [GOSPEL  II.  2.] 

•yn-6p'-tic-al,  a.    [Eng.  synoptic ;  -ol.)   The 
same  as  SYNOPTIC  (q.v.). 

"So    many    synoptical   tables,    calculated   for   his 
monthly  use,"— Evelyn:  Kalfndarium. 

•yn-Sp'-tio-al-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  synoptical 


-ly.]    In  a  synoptical  manner ;  so  as  to  afford 
a  synopsis  of  anything. 

"  I  shall  more  tsniopticalltf  here  insert  a  catalogue  of 
all  dying  materials. — awroi .'  B.»torg  of  the  Royal 
Society,  p.  295. 

syn-op'-tlst,  s.  [Eng.  synoptic) ;  -iel.]  One 
of  the  writers  of  the  Synoptic  Gospels; 
Matthew,  Mark,  or  Luke. 

S^fn-O'-rln'-zous,  a.  [Pref.  syn-;  o  connect., 
and  Gr.  pi'£a  (rkiza)  ==  a  root.] 

Bat. :  Having  a  radicle,  the  point  of  which 
is  united  to  the  albumen. 

syn-os-te-og'-ra-plij,  s.  [Pref.  syn-,  and 
Eng.  osteography.] 

Anat. :  A  description  of  the  joints  of  the 
body. 

syn-6s-t6-8l'-o-$y, ».    [Pref.  syn-,  and  Eng. 

osteology  (q.v.).] 
Anat. :  Atreatise  upon  the  joints  of  the  body. 

sjfn-oV-te-d-tome, ».    [Pref.  syn-,  and  Eng. 
osteotome.} 
Surg. :  A  dismembering  knife. 

syn-5s-te-of -4-my,  s.  [Pref.  syn-,  and  Eng. 
osteotomy.] 
Surg. :  Dissection  of  the  joints. 

Sjfn-os-td'-sis,  ».  IPref.  syn-,  and  Gr.  Ixrrior 
(osteon)  —  a  bone.] 

Anat. :  Premature  obliteration  of  certain 
sutures  of  the  skull. 

syn  6  -tus,  s.  [Pref.  syn-,  and  Gr.  oS«  (ous), 
genit.  <JT«  (o(os)  =  the  ear.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Plecoti  (q.v.).  Inner  mar- 
gins of  ears  uniting  on  forehead  slightly  in 
Front  of  the  eyes ;  feet  slender,  with  long  toes. 
Two  species,  Synotus  barbastellus,  ranging  from 
the  south  of  England  to  the  Crimea,  and  S. 
darjelingensis,  from  India. 

sy  no  vi  a.  s.  [Or.  <niv  (sun)  =  with,  and 
um  (Son) ;  'Lat.  ovum  =  an  egg.) 

Anat,  <t  Chem. :  Joint  oil,  a  fluid  by  which 
the  joints  of  animals  are  lubricated.  It  is 
viscid  and  transparent,  is  of  a  yellowish  or 
faintly  reddish  tint,  and  a  slightly  saline 
taste.  According  to  Frerichs,  the  synovia  of 
the  ox  consists  of  94'85  water,  0-66  mucus 
and  cells,  0-07  fat  3-51  albumen  and  extracted 
matter,  and  0-99  salts. 

sy-no'-vi-al,  o.  [Eng.  synori(a);  -al.]  Per- 
taining to  or  consisting  of  synovia ;  secreting 
a  lubricating  fluid.  There  are  synovial 
bursse,  capsules,  folds  or  fringes,  membranes, 
sheaths,  &C. 

"  The  most  serious  kiud  of  tynovial  enlargements." 
—field,  April  4.  1885. 

sy  110  vial -membranes,  s.  pi. 

Anat. :  Membranes  resembling  serous  mem- 
branes, but  lubricated  by  synovia.  They 
surround  the  cavities  of  joints,  besides  exist- 
ing in  other  directions,  their  function  being 
to  lesson  friction  and  facilitate  motion.  They 
are  placed  in  three  classes :  articular,  vesi- 
cular, and  vaginal. 

synovial  rheumatism,  «. 

Pathol. :  Rheumatism  specially  affecting 
the  synovial  membranes  covering  the  articular 
extremities  of  the  bones,  increasing  the 
synovia  in  the  closed  synovial  sacs.  It  chiefly 
affects  the  knee-joint,  which  has  the  largest 
synovial  membrane  in  the  body. 

syn-6-vf-tls,  s.    [Eng.  synov(ia);  suff.  -Uis.] 

Pathol. :  Inflammation  of  the  synovial  mem 

brane.     It  sometimes  oc«urs  in  connection 

with  scarlatina. 

t  syn-sSp'-a-lou«,  a.     [Pref.  syn-;  Eng. 
stpal,  and  suff.  -ous.] 
£ot. :  GamosepalouB. 

Syn'- sperm -y,  s.     [Pref.   syn-,  and  Or. 
tnrepfjLa  (sperma)  =  seed.) 
Bat. :  Union  of  the  seed.    (Masters.) 

•  syn-tac'-tte,  *  syn-tac'-tfe-al,  a.  [Gr. 
o-ucTaKToc  (suntaktos)  =  put  in  order.]  [SYN- 
TAX.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Conjoined ;  fitted  to  each 
other. 

IL  Gram. :  Pertaining  or  according  to  the 
rules  of  syntax  or  grammatical  construction. 
"  A  fignre  ts  divided  into  tropes.  Ac.,  grammatical 
orthographical,  eyntactical,''— Peacham :  Garden   o) 
Eloquence,  bit.  L 


syn-tac'-tic-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  syntactical: 
-(y.)  In  a  syntactical  manner  ;  in  accordance 
with  the  rules  of  syntax  ;  as  regards  syntax. 

syn  tag'-ma-tite,  s.     [Gr.  o-urro^/ia  (sun- 

tagina).  genit.  o-it*T<i-yi*aToc  (sunUigiitatos)  =• 
arrangement,  putting  in  order.] 

.Win. :  A  name  given  by  Breithaupt  to  the 
black  hornblende  of  Monte  Somma,  Vesuvius. 

syn' -tax,  *  syn-tax'-ls,  *  syn-taxe,  s. 

[Lat.   syntaxis ;    Gr.    o-i!irafi«  (suntaxis)  =  au 
arrangement :  avv  (sun)  =  together,  and  Ta£is  > 
(taxis)  =  order ;  rao-o-u  (tamo)  =  to  arrange.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang.:  Connected  system  or  order ; 
union  of  tilings. 

"  To  the  knowledge  of  the  most  contemptible  effect 
In  nature,  'tis  necessary  to  know  the  whole  tyntax  ol 
causes." — GtaiiviU  :  Vanity  of  Itojnnfitttinij,  en.  xxil. 

II.  Qram. :  That  part  of  grammar  which 
deals  with  the  construction  of  sentences  or 
the  due  arrangement  of  words  or  members  of 
sentences  in  their  mutual  arrangements.  It 
includes  concord  and  government,  and  the 
order  of  words,  or  collocation. 

"  Who  feed  a  pupil's  Intellect  with  store 
Of  syntax,  truly,  but  with  little  more." 

Covtpor  :  Tirocinium,  628. 

syn-tec'-tic,  syn-tec'-tlc-al.  a.     [Gr. 

o-vrn)itTiitos  (suntiktikos).]  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  syntexis  (q.v.). 

syn  te  lei  a,  «.    [Gr.] 

Greek  Antiq. :  An  association  of  Athenian 
citizens,  numbering  five,  six,  or  fifteen,  who 
equipped  a  ship  for  the  public  service  at  their 
joint  expense. 

"  Smaller  proprietors  were  Joined  together  in  a  kind 
of  society,  for  which  our  language  does  not  afford  a 
special  name,  but  which  an  Athenian  would  have 
called  a  Synteleia ;  and  each  society  was  required  to 
furnish,  according  to  its  means,  a  horse  soldier  or  s> 
foot  soldier."— Macaulay  :  JIM.  Stiff.,  ch.  iii. 

syn-ter'-e-sis,  s.  [Gr.,  from  ovrrnp^o-ew 
(snnterlseo)  =  to  watch  closely  :  <rar  (sun)  — 
together,  and  •ngpe'cu  (tired)  =  to  watch.) 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Conscience  regarded  as  the 
internal  repository  of  the  laws  of  right  and 
wrong. 

"  On  her  a  royal  damsel  still  attends. 
And  faithful  counsellor  tynterelil." 

Fletcher :  Purple  It! and,  TL 

2.  Theraput. :  Preservative  or  prophylactic 
treatment. 

•yn-tS-rSt-Io,  a.     [Gr.  ownipijTucoe  (sun- 

tiretikos).'}  , 

Med. :  Pertaining  to  synteresis ;  preserving 
health ;  prophylactic. 

syn-te  -thys,  ».  [Pref.  syn-,  and  Lat  tethys 
(q.v.).] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Clavinellidse,  with  a  single 
species,  from  Applecross  Sound,  Boss-shire. 
Animals  compound,  gelatinous,  orbicular, 
sessile  ;  individuals  very  prominent,  arranged 
sub-concentrically  in  the  common  mass ; 
branchial  and  atrial  orifices  simple.  The  in- 
dividual ascidians  are,  when  full-grown,  two 
inches  in  length. 

*  syn-tet'-Ic,  o.    [SYNTECTIC.] 

syn-tex'-is,  s.  [Gr.,  from  O-WTIJWO  (suntScS) 
=  to  melt  away.] 

Med. :  A  wasting  of  the  body  ;  a  deep  con- 
sumption. 

syn-ther'-mal,  a.  [Pref.  syn-,  and  Gr. 
eipp.it  (therme)  =  heat.) 

Meteor.,  Ac.  :  Having  the  same  degree  of 
heat 

syn'-the-sis,  «.      [Lat,    from  Gr.  <nh>««ru 

(3unthests)  =  &  putting  together:  <niv(sun)  = 
together,  and  Otois  (thesis)  =  a  putting.] 
[THESIS.) 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  joining  or  putting 
two  or  more  things  together  ;  composition. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Chem. :  The  building  up  of  more  or  less  : 
complex  bodies  by  the  direct  union  of  their 
elements,  or  of  groups  of  elements.    Thus, 
water  can  be  produced  synthetically  by  the 
union  of  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  with  one 
atom  of  oxygen. 

2.  Logic:  The  method  by  composition,  in 
opposition  to  the  method  of  resolution  or 
analysis.       In    synthesis,    we    reason   from 
axioms,  definitions,  and  already  known  prin- 
ciples, until  we  arrive  at  a  desired  conclusion. 
Of   this   nature  are   most  of  the   processes 
of  geometrical  reasoning.     In  synthesis,  we 


,  btiy;  p6ilt,  ]6%1;  oat.  eell.  chorus,  9hln,  bem*:  .jo,  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenopton,  ejtst.   ph  =  fc 
-clan, -tian  =  snan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shfin ;  -Won.  -sion  =  znun.   -clous,  -tlous,  -alous  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  fcc,  =  bel,  del. 


4594 


synthesise— syringe 


ucend  from  particular  cases  to  general  ones 
In  analysis,  we  descend  from  general  cases  t< 
particulars. 

"  Each  ot  tbe  words  Idea,  In,  Mind,  involves  ft  xym 
ttitm.  and  the  proparitiOD—  fOM  exist  in  mind,  is 
w..f»«.u  at  n/atluKi.  Passing  Iroui  the  assuniptiu 
of  idealism,  to  ill  arkunieuu  It  might  be  shown  tha 
eat-h  of  1U  syllogisms  is  A  tynthetit  of  tynthettt  ;  am 
that  its  cooclusiou,  reached  oy  putting  together  man 
syllogisms,  is  A  *yi£Ae«u  ..f  gynt)u*a  of  qrnt*«M.  Ill 
•t«ad.  then,  of  the  realistic  belief  being  obJectionaM 
on  the  ground  of  its  synthetic  nature,  its  superiority 
U.  that  it  is  1ms  open  to  this  objection  tban  aijy  ot  ht 
belief  wldch  can  be  framed."—  Herbert  Ojifncfr:  Prit 


3.  Surg.  :  The  operation  by  which  divided 
parts  are  united. 

*  syn'-the-si^e,  t-.t.     (Eng.  tgnthes(is);  -If*. 
To  combine  or  bring  together,  as  two  or  more 
things  ;  to  unite  in  one. 

•  ayn  the-sist,  j.      [Eng.  synthesis)  ;    -ist. 
One  who  em  ploys  synthesis,  or  who  follows 
synthetic  methods. 

syn  thet-Ic.  syn  thet'  Ic  al,  a.  [Gr. 
6>«ri«6s  (sunthetikos)  =  skilled  in  putting  to- 
gether ;  trw&rnc  (sunthetes)  =  one  who  puts 
together.)  [SYNTHESIS.]  Pertaining  or  re 
lating  to  synthesis  ;  consisting  in  or  accord' 
ing  to  synthesis. 

"The  methods  foe  observes]  of  attaining  a  know. 
ledge  of  nature,  may  be  two  ;  either  tbe  analytic  or 
tbe  jjmlAerir.  Tbe  first  ia  proceeding  from  tbe  causes 
to  the  effects.  Tbe  second,  from  the  effect*  to  tbe 
causes."—  Booke:  Potthamtm*  rForfttp.  ttu 

synthetic-types,  s.  pi. 
Biol.  :  (See  extract). 


-  those  which  combine  In  a  well. 

balanced  measure  features  of  several  types  occurring 
as  distinct,  only  at  a  later  time.  Sauroid  Fishes  anO 
Ichthyosauri  are  more  distinctly  synthetic  than  pro- 
phetic types."—  Jffauto:  Clauiflcatiun.  u.  178, 


l-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  synthetical  ; 
~ty.]  In  a  synthetical  manner  ;  by  synthesis  ; 
according  to  the  rules  of  synthesis. 

*syn  thet-ize,  v.f.  [SYHTHETIO.]  To  unite 
in  regular  structure. 

*  syn'-t«4-my,  s.  [Or.  o-vironia  (suntomia)  ; 
o-vKTeVi/io  (s«ni«mnd)=tocut  short.)  Brevity, 
conciseness. 

syn'  -  ton  -  In,  9.  [Gr.  awrovia  (suntonia)  = 
stretching  :  cnif  (sun)  =  together,  and  reiVw 
(fci  110)  =  to  stretch.] 

Chen.  :  Muscle-fibrin.  Lieblg's  name  for  a 
white.  opaque,  gelatinous  su'.«tance,  prepared 
by  slightly  haating  muscle  freed  from  blood 
with  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  filtering,  and 
precipitating  wilh  sodio  carbonate.  It  is 
soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  and  in 
feebly  alkaline  liquid,  but  insoluble  in  a 
solution  of  sodium  chloride.  A  .similar  sub- 
stance, giving  all  the  reactions  of  syntonln,  is 
obtained  by  treating  egg  albumen  with  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid.  [Museums.] 

•syn-u'-fl-ast,  s.  [Or.  cnV  (sun)  =  with, 
together,  and  oiiiria  (ousia)  =  existence.)  One 
who  holds  the  doctrine  of  consubgtantiation. 
(Rogers  :  Thirty-Nine  Articles,  p.  289.) 

syn-ztffc'-I-a,  s.  [Fret,  tyn-,  and  Gr.  £vy.K 
(fugon),  (\rf6t  (rugos)  =  a  yoke.) 

Bat.  :  The  point  of  junction  of  opposite 
cotyledons. 

•y'-pher,  ».  [Etym.  doubtful.]  (See  com- 
pound.) 

sypher  joint,  «. 

Carp.  :  A  lap  joint  for  the  edges  of  boards, 
tearing  a  flat  or  flush  surface. 

ly'-pher-Ing,  s.    [SYPHER.] 

Shipwright.:  Lapping  the  chamfered  edge 
of  one  plank  over  the  similarly  chamfered 
edge  of  another,  so  as  to  form  a  joint  with  a 
plane  surface. 

sy  poll  I  des,  t.  pi    (SYPHILIS.] 

PathoL  :  Skin  affections  of  syphilitic  origin. 
They  are  usually  copper-coloured  rashes, 
scales,  papules,  pustules,  crusts,  ulcers,  and 
cic-atriees,  and  have  been  arranged  in  eight 
groups  :  vegetative,  exanthematons,  vesicular, 
squammis,  papular,  pustular,  bulbous,  and 
tubercular. 

•yph  I  li-pho  -bi-a,  «.    [Eng.  typhUis,  and 

Gr.  4>b/foc  (phobos)  =  fear.] 

Pathol.  :  Syphilitic  monomania  ;  a  morbid 
fear  of  being  affected  by  syphilis,  producing 
some  imaginary  symptoms  of  the  disease, 
•ad  often  lending  to  suicide.  The  most  obsti- 
nate cases  are  in  women. 


syph'  -  I  -  lis,  s.  [A  word  introduced  bj 
Sauvages  from  Syphilus,  the  name  of  a  shep 
herd  in  Fracostoro's  poem,  Syphilns,  sii 
Morbus  fiallicvs:  Gr.  trv*  (stw)  —  a  hog,  au 
$tAoc  (philoa)  =  dear,  loving.  (Ma/in..)] 

Pathol. :  A  disease  due  to  the  introduction 
of  a  specific  poison  into  the  system  by  direr 
contai-t  of  an  infected  with  a  healthy  surface 
In  the  majority  of  cases  syphilis  is  venereal 
but  it  is  by  no  means  necessarily  so,  as  the 
poison  may  be  communicated  to  the  finge 
(as  is  often  the  case  with  medical  men  am 
midwives)  from  touching  diseased  parts,  or  i 
may  be  introduced  by  infected  lymph  in  vac 
cination.    It  is  characterized  in  the  first  in 
stance  by  the  presence  of  a  single  sore,  the 
hard  chancre,  and  frequently  by  induratioi 
of  the  absorbent  glands,  chiefly  those  of  the 
groin.     It  has  probably  existed  from  time  1m 
memorial   wherever  promiscuous    sexual  in 
tercourse  has  prevailed,  thi-ugh  the  statemen 
is  often  made  that  it  was  first  brought   U 
Europe  by  the  followers  of  Columbus.    Men 
tion  of  it   occurs,  however,  iu   the  ancient 
literature  of  China,  and   before  the  peri<x 
above  fixed,  places  called  stews  existed  in  the 
borough    of    Southwark,    where    prostitutes 
suffering  from  this  contagious  disease  wen 
confined.    In  the  secondary  or  constitutions 
form,  the  throat  is  chiefly  affected,  frightfu 
ulceration    being   common,   with    cutaneous 
eruptions,  affections  of  the  nose,  ears,  joints 
and  bones.     Tertiary  symptoms  also  occur, 
with  the  presence  of  nodes  or  gummata.     It 
its  constitutional  form  the  foetus  in  utero,  or 
newly-born  intaut  is  frequently  affected. 

syph-l-llt'-lc,   a.      [Eng.   gyphiHis) ;   -{tin.} 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  syphilis 
as,  syphilitic  deafness,  &c.  ;  affected  with  or 
suffering  from  syphilis  ;  useful  in  the  cure  of 
syphilis. 

syph-i  li-za'-tlon,  «.      [Eng. 
-oHo*.] 

Pathol.:  Saturation  of  the  system  by  in- 
oculation with  syphilitic  virus.  This  method 
was  introduced  by  M.  Auziaa  Turenne  in  1850. 

"The  system  seemed  to  become  protected,  as  In 
ordinary  Inoculation  and  vaccination,  and  a  state  or 
diathesis  was  produced,  iu  which  the  body  WHS  no 
longer  capable  of  being  affected  by  syphilis  ;  aud  tbe 
process  by  which  this  is  accomplished  is  that  to  which 
the  uarcie  tnJUluatlm  belongs.-  —  Copland:  2Jia. 
Proa.  Jltd.  led.  isss).  p.  !.«». 

syph-i-lize,  v.t.  [Eng.  syphil(is);  -toe.)  To 
saturate  or  inoculate  witn  syphilitic  matter 
as  a  cure  for  or  a  preventive  against  the  dis- 
ease. 

syph  Mo  der  ma  (pi.   syph  Mo  der - 
ma-ta),  s.     [Eng.  syphilis  (q.v.),  and  Gr. 
6<p/ia  (derma)  =  skin.) 
Pathol.  :  A  skin  dispose  produced  by  syphilis. 

ijph'-l-lold,  a.  [Eng.  syphilis;  suff.  -aid.] 
Resembling  syphilis  ;  having  the  character  of 
syphilis. 

sy-phil  6  ma  (pL  syph-i-lom'-a-ta),  s. 

[As  if  from  a  Greek  word,  but  really  a'  modern 
derivative  from  syphilis  (q.v.XJ 

Pathol. :  A  tumour  produced  by  syphilis. 
There  are  syphilomata  of  the  lungs  and  of 
the  heart,  (Tanner.) 

sy'-pho'n,  s.    [SiraoH.] 

sy-phdn'-ic,  a.    [SIPHONIC.] 

t  sy  phon-6  stom'-a  ta,  «.  pi     [SIPHONO- 

STOMATA.) 

syr'-en  (yr  as  ir),  >.    [SIREN.] 

Syr'-J-ie,  a.  As.    [Lai.  Syriaats.] 

A.  As  atlj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Syria  or  Its 
language. 

B.  As  subst.  :  The  language  spoken  by  the 
Syrians,  especially  the  language  of  the  ancient 
Syrians.    It  belongs  to  the  Semitic  family  of 
lanffuajjes,  and  differs  little  from  the  Chaldee 
or  Eastern  Aramaic. 

Syriac -version,  s. 

Biblical  Versions :  Any  version  of  the  Bible 
in  the  Syriac  language.  The  most  Important 
Is  the  Peschitn  (q.v.) ;  the  next  is  the  Phi- 
loxenian,  or  Syro-Philoxeninn,  made  by  Philo- 
xenns,  Bishnp  of  Hicr-ipolis  (A.D.  488-618). 
It  is  confined  to  the  New  Testament. 

SyV-I-a-cIsm,  «.     [Eng.  Syriac;  -ism.1   A 
Syriac  idiom,  phrase,  or  expression. 

Syr'-I-an,  a.  4  «.    [See  def.) 


A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Syria  or  iti 
inhabitants ;  Syriac. 

B.  As  subst.:   A  native  or  inhabitant   of 
Syria. 

Syrian  bear,  s. 

Zuol. :  Ursus  syriacta,  from  Western  Asia. 
It  is  about  the  size  of  the  Brown  Bear,  but  of 
a  much  light,  r  colour,  varying  from  fulvous- 
brown  to  fidvous-white,  according  to  the 
season  of  the  year.  The  she-bears  which  came 
out  of  the  wood,  and  "  tare  forty  and  two  " 
of  the  mockers  of  Elisha  (2  KinKs  ii.  23)  were 
probably  of  this  species,  as  no  other  is  knows 
to  occur  in  the  mountain-ranges  of  Syria, 

Syrian  Cathelics,  s.  pi. 

Clturch  Hist. :  A  term  which  should  properly 
include  all  Christians  using  a  Syriac  liturgy, 
but  confined  by  ecclesiastical  writers  to  con- 
verts from  the  Jacobite  or  Mouophysite 
Church  in  Syria. 

Syrian  Jacobites,  s.  pi 

Church  Hist. :  The  members  of  the  church 
that  once  pervaded  Syria.  The  great  body 
of  them  now  reside  near  Mosul  and  Mai-din, 
in  Mesopotamia,  others  are  in  or  near  Aleppo. 
A  large  colony,  now  however  much  reduced 
by  conversions  to  Roman  Catholicism,  exists 
in  Malabar  and  Travanoore  in  India.  They 
call  themselves  Jacobites,  nominally  from  the 
patriarch  Jacob,  really  from  Jacob  Bardams 
Bishop  of  Orfa  (Edess;.),  who  die.l  in  S58.  and 
who  was  successful  in  reuniting  the  Monophy- 
sites.  They  use  the  Syriac  language  iu  their 
liturgy. 

Syrian-rue,  s. 

Bot. :  Peganum  Harmaia. 

SyV-I-an-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  Syrian;  -fern.)  A 
Syrian  idiom,  phrase,  or  expression. 

*  Syr  -i-aam,  s.  [Eng.  Syri(a);  -own.)  The 
same  as  SVHIAXISM  (q.v.). 

"The  Scripture  Greek  Is  observed  to  be  full  of 
Syri'Umi  and  Hebraisms." — Warburtou:  Doctrint  of 

Sy-rin'-ga,  «•  [Lat  tyrinx;  Gr.  aGpiyf 
(mrittgx)  =  a  pipe.  So  called  because  the 
bmnclies  are  long,  straight,  and  with  large 
pith.) 

Botany: 

1.  A  synonym  of  Philadelphus.    [3  ] 

2.  Lilac;  a  genus  of  Fraxinea?.     Deeiduom 
shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  very  fragrant 
flowers  iu  terminal  thyrsoM  panicles.     Calyx 
small,  four-toothed  ;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  its 
limb  four-parted;  stamens  two;  stigma  bind; 
fruit  a  capsule,  with  two  boat-shaped  valves, 
having  a  dissepiment  in  the  middle,  two  cells, 
and  two  seeds.    Known  species  about  six.  Na- 
tives apparently  of  south-eastern  Europe  and 
central  aud  eastern  Asia.    Syringa  vuliiaris  is 
the  Lilac  (q.v.).  S.  jjemca  is  a  smaller  species 
or  variety,  with   pinnatitld  lanes,  supposed 
to  have  come  from  Persia.     There.,  are  three 
common  varieties  of  it  In  nurseries,  the  Whit*, 
the  Cut-leaved,  and  the  Sage-leaved  Persian 
Lilac.     S.  Josiktea,  a  Transylvanian   shrub, 
has  scentless  flowers.  The  leaves  of  .S.  Euiodi, 
a  large  Himalayan  shrub,  are  eaten  by  goats. 

a  (PI.):  ThePhiladelphaceaa(q.v.j. 

syr'-inge  *  sir1  Inge,  s.  [Fr.  syringuc,  from 
Lat.  syringem,  accus.  of  syrinx  =  &  reed,  pipe, 
tube  ;  Gr.  (riptyt  (suringx)  =  a  reed,  a  tube, 
a  whistle;  Sp.iiriNya;  Ital.  sctriiurn.J  A  small 
portable  hydraulic  instrument  of  the  pump 
kind,  used  to  draw  iu  a  quantity  of  water  or 
other  liquid,  aud  eject  the  same  with  force. 
In  iis  simplest  form  it  consists  of  a  small 
cylindrical  tube  with  an  air-tight  piston  tilted 
with  a  rod  and  handle  at  the  upper  end.  The 
lower  end  terminates  in  a  small  tapei  ing  tube. 
This  being  immersed  in  the  fluid,  the  piston 
is  drawn  bat-k,  and  the  liquid  is  forced  into  the 
cylinder  by  atmospheric  pressure.  Ou  push* 
ing  t  lie  piston  back  again  to  the  lower  end  of 
the  cylinder  the  liquid  isejected  in  a  jet.  Th« 
syringe  is  user!  by  surgeons,  Aze.,  foi  washing 
wounds,  injecting  liquids  into  animal  bodies 
a;xl  similar  purposes.  Larger  forms  are  used 
for  watering  plants,  trees,  &c. 

"  The  like  devifle  to  this,  nainelr,  clv-trea.  w» 
learned  fln»t  of  a  fonle  In  tbe  han.e  M&'vt.  wliich  Is 
called  Ibis  jor  tbe  black  8t»rke.i  Thishird  ha\  NIK  a 
crooked  ana  hooked  bill,  nseth  it  in  steed  of  Htyrhift 
or  pii>e.  to  squirt  water  into  that  part,  whereby  11  is 
most  kind  and  bolsome  to  vidd  the  dounj;  an, I  ex- 
crements of  meat,  aud  MI  purgetb  and  cleasMeth  her 
bodie.'-/1.  aaaaad:  mini,,  bk.  viii.  cl..  ssvli. 

t :  [PNEI  MATic-svRiNclJ. 


fete,  ftt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fill,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  h«3r,  there ;   pine,  pit,  an,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  rare,  unite,  onr.  rule,  foils  try,  Syrian.    ».  «  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


syringe— system 


4595 


•  syringe-engine,  s.  A  machine  on  the 
principle  of  the  syringe,  formerly  used  as  a 
flre-engme. 

syringe- valve.  ».  A  peculiarly  con- 
structed valve  used  in  syringes.  The  valve- 
giiMe  stem  has  an  end  knob,  by  which  its 
falling  out  is  prevented. 

syr-inge,  v.t.  &  i.    [SYRIKQI,  ».] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  inject  by  means  of  a  syringe. 

- 1  tyring**  into  a  dog's  Jngnlar  vein  about  two 
quarts  ol  warm  water."—  Uoyle  :  warm,  vi.  4C1. 

2.  To  wash  or  cleanse  by  injections  from  a 
•yringe. 

B.  Ixtrans. :   To  inject  water  by  means  of 
a  syringe. 

•Jf-rin-gi-dSn'-dron,  ».  [Or.  <ripiyt  («*• 
riagx),  o-vpi'vyos  (sv  i  iiujgos)  =  &  pipe  or  tube, 
and  Siirifor  (dendron)  =  tree.) 

Palmobot. :  A  genus  of  coal  plants  founded 
by  Steinberg,  and  adopted  by  Brongniart 
Trunk  furrowed,  with  equal  and  parallel  ribs. 
Some  of  the  species  included  in  it  are  now 
placed  under  Sigillaria. 

sj-rin-gop'-or-a,s.  pi.  [Or.  ervpfrf  (Mringx), 
genit.  o-vpiYycK  (snringgos)  —  a  pipe,  and  wopoj 
(poros)  =  a  passage  ;  a  pore.) 

Palaonl. :  A  genus  of  Halysitidee.  Corallum 
fasciculate,  with  cylindrical  corallites  united 
by  horizontal  connecting  processes.  Silurian 
to  the  Carboniferous. 

ty-rin'-go  tome,  *.  [Gr.  o-Spfvf  (ntringx), 
genit  o-uptry0?  (suringgos)  =  a  pipe,  a  fistula, 
and  TOUIJ  (tame)  =  a  cutting.] 

Surg. :  A  bistoury,  concave  on  its  edge,  and 
terminated  by  a  long,  flexible,  probe-pointed 
stylet  Formerly  nsed  for  operations  for 
fstula  in  aiu>, 

ijf-rIn-g5t'-6-mj',    «.     ,[Fr.    synngotomie.) 

[SYK1NOOTOME.] 

Surg. :  The  operation  or  act  of  cutting  for 
fistula. 

•yr-ln-gox'-jMon,  ••  [Or.  <rOp.yf  (mringx), 
geuit.  o-vpiyvos  (suringgos)  =  a  pipe,  aud  {VAOI/ 
(xulon)  —  wood.] 

Paltmbot. :  A  genus  of  plants  believed  by 
its  discoverer,  Principal  Dawson,  to  be  angio- 
•permous.  Known  species  one,  Syringoxylon 
miratnU,  from  the  Devonian  of  New  York. 

•yf-inx,  «.  [Lat,  from  Or.  o-upi-yf  (mringx) 
=  a  pipe,  a  tube.] 

1.  Compar.  Anat. :  The  inferior  larynx,  a 
modification  of  the  trachea  where  it  .joins  the 
bronchi.    It  is  the  organ  of  song  in  birds. 

2.  Miaic :  The  same  as  PANPIPE  (q.v.). 

3.  Surer. :  A  fistula. 

4.  Zoo!. ;  A  genus  of  Sipunculidss.  Proboscis 
shorter  than  the  body ;  cylindrical,  with  a 
circle  of  short-fingered  tentacles  around  the 
tip.    Professor  Edward  Forbes  described  three 
British  species. 

•yr '  ma,  s.    [Gr.,  from  o-vpio  (suro)  =  to  drag, 

to  trail'.] 

Greek  Ant ir/. :  A  long  dress,  reaching  to  the 
ground,  worn  by  tragic  actors. 

t  syr-nl-i'-nte,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  tyr»i(um); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inae..] 

Ornith. :  A  sub-family  of  BubonidjB,  with 
three  genera :  Asio,  Nyctala,  and  Syrnium 
(q.v.). 

•yr'  ni-um,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Ornitk. :  A  genus  of  Syrniinas  (q.v.).  The 
tyi«  is  tiyrnium  alum,  or  Aluco  Jkannua,  the 
Tawny  Owl.  [STRix,  2.] 

"  syf -op,  s.    [SYROP.J 

•yr-phi  das,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  syrph(ut);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Diptera,  tribe  Atheri- 
cera  (having  the  antennae  of  three  joints,  the 
apical  one  with  a  bristle).  The  Syrphidas 
have  the  antennal  bristle  finely  feathered  ; 
the  eyes  are  large,  meeting  fn  the  males  ;  the 
ocelli  three  ;  proboscis  generally  short,  the 
terminal  lobes  fleshy,  enclosing  three  bristles ; 
palpi  small,  with  one  joint ;  abdomen  flat- 
tened, with  five  segments ;  tarsi  with  two 
pulvilli.  Smooth  or  hairy  insects,  often  seen 
hovering  almost  without  motion  over  th( 
flowers  of  Composites  or  other  plants,  some  of 


them  looking  like  bees,  from  which  they  may 
at  once  be  distinguished  by  their  having  only 
two  wings,  and  being  destitute  of  a  sting. 
The  species  are  numerous,  aud  the  larva-  di- 
verse in  habits.  Most  of  the  latter  feed  on 
the  roots  or  bulbs  of  plants,  or  live  in  decay- 
ing wood,  mud,  or  sewers,  or  in  the  water,  or 
as  parasites  in  the  nests  of  wasps  and  humble 
bees,  or  crawling  over  plants  in  quest  of 
Aphides.  Genera  more  than  forty,  and  among 
them  Syrphus,  Volucella,  Eristalis,  Helophi- 
lus,  Ac. 

syf-phus,  t.     [Or.  iTurfm  (surplus),  o-.'p^« 

(serphos)  =  a  small-winged  insect,  perhaps  a 
gnat  or  an  ant] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Syrphida! 
(q.v.).  The  larvse  feed  on  aphides.  Among 
the  species  of  this  genus  one  of  the  most 
common  is  Syrphus  pyrastri,  a  blue-black  fly, 
with  whitish  or  yellowish  transverse  bands 
on  the  abdomen,  black  thighs,  and  yellowish 
legs.  It  is  sometimes  mistaken  for  a  wasp. 
The  larvae  is  a  footless  grub,  living  on  plants 
infested  by  aphides. 

•yr-rhap'-tes,  «.  [Gr.  o-vppaimis  (surrhaptos) 
=  sewn  together  ;  <rvppairrw  (surrhapto)  =  to 
sew  together:  o-w  (run)  —  together,  and 
p«irr<o  (rkaptS)  =  to  sew.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Pteroclidss  (q.v.),  with 
two  species.  Bill  small,  conical,  nostrils 
concealed  by  feathers,  tarsi  hirsute ;  toes 
short,  concrete,  hirsute  above,  halluT  absent; 
the  two  middle  tail-feathers  and  first  two 
quills  of  wings  produced  into  pointed  seta- 
ceous filaments.  They  normally  range  from 
Tartary,  Thibet,  and  Mongolia,  to  the  country 
round  Pekin,  and  occasionally  visit  Eastern 
Europe  ;  but  in  1863  great  numbers  of  them 
appeared  in  Europe,  and  reached  westward  to 
the  shores  of  the  Atlantic, 

*  syrt,  «.    [Kr.  syrte,  from  Lat  syrtii ;   Gr. 
o-vprcc  (svrtis)  =  ti  sandbank.)     [SYRTis.]    A 
quicksand. 

*  »yf -tic,  a.    [Eng.  syrt ;  -fe]    Pertaining  or 
relating  to  a  syrt  or  quicksand  ;  of  the  nature 
of  a  quicksand. 

•yr'-tls,  «.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  <nipT»  (surtis), 
from  cnipu  (suro)  =  to  draw.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  A  quicksand.     (Originally 
applied  especially  to  two  sandbanks  on  the 
north  coast  of  Africa.) 

"  Quench 'd  in  a  boggy  lyrrii,  neither  sea. 
Sor  good  dry  laudV'          Milton :  P.  L..  I L  989. 

2.  Entom. :  A  genus  of  Bugs,  family  Mem- 
brannceee  (q.v.),  having  the  sides  of  the  abdo- 
men dilated.   Two  species,  Syrtis  crassipes  and 
S.  nonstrota,  occur  on  the  continent  of  Europe. 

syr  up,  "sif-op,  *Bif-up.  -slf-rop,  >. 

[O.Fr.  syrup,  ysserop  (Fr.  sirop),  from  Sp. 
xarope  =  a  medicinal  drink,  from  Arab,  slwrab, 
shurab  =  wine  or  any  beverage,  syrup,  from 
«ftarioa=  he  drank;  Ital.  siroppo.]  [SHRUB 
(2),  SHERBET.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang. .-  »a  popular  language,  the 
uncrystallizable  fluid  finally  separated  from 
crystallized  sugar  in  the  process  of  refining, 
either  by  the  draining  of  sugar  in  loaves,  or 
by  being  forcibly  ejected  by  the  centrifugal 
apparatus  in  preparingmoistsugar,  commonly 
known  as  golden  syrup.  By  sugar  manufac- 
turers the  term  syrup  is  applied  to  all  strong 
saccharine  solutions  which  contain  sugar  in 
a  condition  capable  of  being  crystallized  out, 
the  ultimate  uncrystallizable  fluid  being  dis- 
tinguished as  molasses  or  treacle. 

"  The  iolce  which  trickles  into  these  reseeli  Is  col- 
lected by  persons  who  climb  the  trees  for  that  purpose 
morning  and  evening,  and  is  the  common  drink  of 
every  individual  upon  the  island  ;  yeta  lunch  greater 
Quantity  is  drawn  off  than  to  ci.nsunred  In  this  u«e. 
•  and  of  the  surplus  they  make  both  a  tyrup  and  coarse 
sugar."— Coot :  firtt  foyiwe,  bk.  111.,  da.  Ix. 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Chem. :  A  saturated,  or  nearly  saturated, 
solution  of  sugar  in  water. 

2.  Pharm. :  Syrupus  ;  a  preparation  in  whicl 
sugar  forms  an   important   ingredient,  and 

eves  a  peculiar  consistence  to  the  liquid. 
;s  general  use  is  to  disguise  the  flavonr  ol 
drugs ;  but  in  some  cases,  as  in  that  of  the 
iron  iodide,  the  sugar  preserves  the  active  in- 
gredient from  undergoing  chemical  change. 
About  seventeen  syrups  are  used  in  modern 
pharmacy.  Among'them  are  Syrupus  aurantii, 
5.  limonis,  S.  papaveris,  S.  senna,  4c.  (Qarrod., 
"  His  drugs,  his  drinks,  and  ttfni.pt  doth  apply, 
To  heat  his  blood  and  quicken  luxury."         ^^ 


•syf-uped,  *syf-upt,  a.  [Eng.  syrup; 
-«(.]  Sweetened  by  or  as  by  moistening  or 
mixing  with  syrup. 

•*  Yet  when  there  haps  a  boner  fall. 
We'll  lick  the  iirrupt  leaves." 

Intiytun:  Huctt  of  Cynthia. 

•yV-np-jf,  sir'-up-y,  a.  [Eng.  syrup ;  -y.] 
Like  syrup ;  partaking  of  the  nature  or  quali- 
ties of  syrup. 

"  Apples  are  of  a  Ayrvpy,  tenacious  nature." — Murtt- 
mer  :  Husbandry. 

^s  sar- co'-sis,  s.  {Gr.,  from  o-vo-o-ap<c6u» 
(sussarkoo)  ~  to  unite  by  flesh  :  ov  (su),  for  o-iiv 
(sun)  =  with,  together,  and  o-eip£  (sarx),  genit. 
<rap«6c  (surkos)  =  flesh.] 

1.  Anat. :  A  species  of  union  of  bones,  in 
which  one  bone  is  united  to  another  by  means 
of  an  intervening  muscle,  as  in  the  connec- 
tion of  the  os  hyoides  to  the  sternum. 

2.  Surg. :  The  method  of  curing  wounds  by 
promoting  the  growth  of  new  flesh. 

sys-t&l'-tic,  a.  [Lat.  systalticus ;  Gr.  <rvo-- 
TaA-rucos  (susUdtikos)  =  drawing  together ;  o-vo-- 
rc'AAw  (tusttUS)  =  to  draw  together  :  mr  (sun) 
=  together,  aud  orcMiu  (Stella)  =  to  set  in 
order.] 

Physiol. :  Capable  of  or  produced  by  alternate 
contraction  and  dilatation.  Used  spec,  of  the 
heart 

sys'  •  ta-sio,  «.  [Or.,  from  <rwia-n«u  (sunis- 
temi)  =  to  place  together.]  [SYSTEM.]  A 
sitting  together  ;  apolitical  union  or  constitu- 
tion. 

"  It  Is  a  worse  preservative  of  a  general  constitution 
than  the  lyrfojii  of  Crete,  or  the  confederation  of 
Poland."— lurJbs :  jteylecttora  on  (Ae  Revolution  in 
franc*. 

sys  -tern,  *  syi-teme.  s.  [Lat.  systema,  from 
Gr.  o-uo-rnjua  (sustina)  =  a  complex  whole  put 
together,  a  system  :  o-v  (su),  for  <r»r  (sun)  = 
with,  together,  and  trnt-(sU-),  the  base  of  IO-TTJU.I 
(histlmi)  =  to  stand ;  Fr.  sytteme;  Sp.  &  ItaL 
sistema.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  combination  or  assemblage  of  things 
adjusted  into  a  regular  and  connected  whole ; 
a  number  of  things  or  purls  so  connected  and 
arranged  as  to  make  one  complex  tiling ;  things 
connected  according  to  a  scheme ;  as  a  system 
of  canals  or  railways,  a  system  of  forces  acting 
upon  a  body. 

2.  An  assemblage  of  parts  or  organs  in  an 
animal  body  which  are  composed  of  the  same 
tissue  or  are  essentially  necessary  to  the  per- 
formance of  some  function :  as  the  nervous 
system,  the  vascular  system,  &c. 

3.  Hence  applied  to  the  body  itself:  as,  To 
take  nourishment  into  the  system. 

4.  The  whole  scheme  of  creation  regarded  as 
forming  one  complete  plan    or   whole ;  the 
universe. 

5.  A  plan  or  scheme  according  to  which 
things  are   connected   or   combined  into  a 
whole;  an  assemblage  of  facts,  or  of  principles 
and  conclusions  scientifically  arranged  or  dis- 
posed according  to  certain  mutual  relations, 
so  as  to  form  a  complete  whole  :  as,  a  system  of 
philosophy,  a  system  of  government,  &c. 

6.  Method,  order,  regularity :  as,  He  has  no 
system  in  his  business. 

7.  Manner  or  way   in    which   things   are 
managed  ;  plan  of  transacting  business. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Anat.:  A  term  introduced  by  Bichat, 
nsed  of  any  structure  taken  as  a  whole  :  as, 
the  nervous  system. 

"2.  Ancient  Musie:  An  interval  compounded, 
or  supposed  to  be  compounded,  of  several 
lesser  intervals,  as  the  octave,  the  elements  of 
which  are  called  diastems. 

3.  Astron. :  A  theory  of  the  movements  and 
mutual  relations  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  espe- 
cially of  the  sun,  moon,  and  planets,  and  the 
laws  by  which  these  are  regulated.     Used  of 
the  Ptolemaic  System,  the  Copernican  Sys- 
tem, the  Newtonian  System,  &c.  (all  which 
see) 

"The  great  lyttem  in  which  the  snn  act*  the  part  ol 
the  primary,  and  the  planets  of  ite  satellites. *—Her- 
tchel :  Attronomy,  i  633. 

4.  Biol. :  Method  of  arrangement  on  a  com- 
prehensive plan.     Used  specially  in  Botany, 
where   first    Linntens's    Sexual    System— th» 
Artificial— for  a  time  prevailed,  to  be  followed 
by  the  Natural  System,  which  is  now  in  use. 
By  the  Natural  System  some  understand  only 
the  placing  together  of  such  plants  or  animals 


bo?;  p<Jut,  J6%1;  oat,  cell,  chorns,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem .  thin,  tWs ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   -Ing. 
_     „__     _^-_    _ttoni  H-ion^Bhun;  -flon,  -oion^zhun.   -clous,  -ttous,  -atona  =  shiis.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del 


4596 


systematic— T 


u  resemble  each  other  ;  some  bold  that  it  re- 
veals the  plan  of  the  Creator,  while  Darwin 
(Origin  of  Specie*,  ch.  xiv.)  thinks  that  it  is  the 
arrangement  by  similarity  of  characters  of 
animals  or  plants  having  a  community  of 
descent 

5.  Fine  Arts :  A  collection  of  the  rules  and 
principles  upon  which  an  artist  works. 

6.  Geol. :  A  term  introduced  by  Sir  Roderick 
Murchison  for  a  formation  or  division  of  the 
Palaeozoic,  Secondary,  or  Tertiary  Rocks.  (See 
extract.) 

"In  the  work  on  Russia  the  Devonian,  Carboni- 
ferous, and  Permian  rock*  were  each  denominated 
lyttemt,  but  u  explained  in  thia  work,  they  are  now 
viewed  aa  group*  that  constitute  the  Upper  Paleozoic 
&sf«m,  the  Silurian  beiUf  the  Lower  Vaheozoic."— 
.tfurcfciio* .-  3itairia<ed.  ISM),  p.  310.  (Xote.) 

t  7.  Math. :  A  term  used  of  equations  related 
to  each  other  in  the  same  problem,  or  of 
curves  or  surfaces  connected  by  any  law. 

system-maker,  s.  One  who  makes  or 
constructs  a  system  or  systems.  (Usually  in 
contempt.) 

"  Syttfm-nutkert  have  endeavoured  to  interpret  it 
•way."—  Warbwttm:  Worst,  ToL  U..  aer.  6. 

*  system-monger,  s.    One  who  is  fond 
of  forming  or  framing  systems. 

sys  te  mat-ic,sys  te  mat-Jc-al,a.  [Or. 
trwmiitaTiicos  (o-ustematikos),  from  o-iHrnjfia-os 
(sustematos),  genit  of  trvtrTrjua.  (sustema)  —  a 
system  (q.v.);  Fr.  systematiove.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  system ;  according  to  sys- 
tem ;  methodical ;  formed  or  arranged  with 
regular  connection  and  subordination  of  parts 
to  each  other  and  to  the  design  of  the  whole. 

"Now  we  deal  much  in  essay*,  and  unreasonably 
despise  lytlematical  learning ;  whereas,  our  fathers 
had  a  just  value  for  regularity  and  systems."— tt'u/rj. 

2.  Proceeding  or  working  according  to  re- 
gular system   or  method :   as,  a   systematic 
writer. 

*  3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  sjstem  of  the 
universe ;  cosmicaL 

sys-te-mat  -Ic-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  systema- 
tical ;  -ly.]  In  a  systematic  manner ;  in  form 
of  a  system  ;  methodically. 

*  sys-tem-at-ism,   s.     [Eng.   systtmoHic); 
-ism.]    Reduction  of  tilings  into  a  system. 

•ys  tern  at-lst,  «.    [Eng.  systematic);  -«.] 

1.  One  who  forms  a  system  or  systems ,  a 
sy  sterna  tizer. 

"  Svwttmatiiti  in  botany  arrange  plants  Into  certain 
orders,  classes,  or  genera.*— CAantton. 

2.  One  who  adheres  to  a  system. 

sys  te-mat-i-za-tion,  s.  [Eng.  systemat- 
a(e);  -at, on.]  Tlie act  of  systematizing;  the 
act  or  process  of  reducing  or  forming  things 
into  a  system. 

sys  -tern  at-ize,  r.«.  [Eng.  systematic) ;  -tz«.] 
To  reduce  or  form  into  a  system  or  regular 
method. 

"  Disease*  wen  healed  and  buildings  erected  before 
nedicuie  and  architecture  were  nitmatneit  into 
•rta,"— Harris:  PHUalafieal  Inquir, 

sys-tfim  at-UE-er,  >.  [Eng.  systematise) ; 
-tr.]  One  who  reduces  or  forms  things  into  a 
regular  system. 

"Aristotle  may  be  called  the  tytttmatuer  of  tut 
master's  doctrines."— BarriM  :  Pkiiotoficvl  Inquirf. 

•  sys-tem-a-toT-d-gy,  «.     [Or.  ownjiia 
sustema),  genit.   o-vo-r^^aToc   (suelematos)  =  a 
system  (q.v.),  and  Adyos  (!ogos)  =  a  discourse.] 
Knowledge  or  information  regarding  systems. 

sys-tem  -Ic,  a.    [Eng.  system;  -if.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  system. 
2.  Aiiat.,  Pathol,,  etc. :  Of  or  belonging  to 

the  body  as  a  whole :  as,  the  systemic  arteries, 
the  systemic  veins. 

*  sys-tem-i-za -tlon,  «.      [Eng.  systemK(e); 

-atioii.]    The  same  as  SYSTEMATIZATION  (q.v.). 

•sys-tem-ize,  r.f.  [Eng.  system;  -««.]  To 
reduce  to  a  system ;  to  systematize. 

•  sys -tem-iz-er,  s.     [Eng.  systemiz(e)  ;  -er.) 
A  systematizer. 

sys  tern  less,  a.    [Eng.  systrm;  -lets.} 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Without  system. 

2.  Biol. :  Not  obviously  presenting  the  cha- 
racters of  the  well-marked  divisions  of  the 
animal  or  vegetable   kingdom,  as  the  Pro- 
tozoa  among  animals   and  the  microscopic 
algae  or  minute  fungals  among  plants. 


sys'-to-le,  s-  [Gr.  o-voroAij  (sustole)  =  a  con- 
tracting, drawing  together  ;  o-vtrreAAw  (sus- 
telld)  =  to  draw  together  :  or  (SKI  for  <ri>v 
(sun)  =  together,  and  orc'AAu  (stellfi)  =  to 
equip,  to  set  in  order  ;  Fr.  systole.] 

1.  Gram.  :  The  shortening  of  a  long  syllable. 

2.  Physiol.  :    The  contraction  of  any  con- 
tractile cavity,  specially  of  the  auricles  and 
ventricles  in  the  heart. 

sys-toT-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  systoKe);  -ic.]  Pertain- 
ing or  relating  to  systole  ;  contracting  :  as, 
systolic  aortic,  mitral,  pulmonary,  and  tri- 
cuspid  murmurs. 

sys'-tyle,  a.    [Gr.  <rv<rruAo«  (sustulos),  from  o-u 
(su),  for  irvy  (su  n)  =  with,  together,  and  o-rvAos 
(stulos)  =  a  pillar,  a  column  ;  Fr.  systyle.] 
Arch.  :  Having  columns  standing  close  : 

(1)  Having  columns  placed  in  such  a  manner 
that  they  are   two   diameters  of  a  column 
apart.    [See  illustration  under  PODIUM.) 

(2)  Having  a  row  of  columns  set  close  to- 
gether all  round,  as  the  Parthenon  at  Athens. 

*  Byte,  >.    [SITE.] 
"sythe,  s.    [SCYTHE.] 

sy'-ver,  s.  [From  the  same  root  as  seicer 
(q.v.).]  A  covered  drain  ;  a  sewer,  a  gutter; 
the  grating  or  trap  of  a  street  drain.  (Scotch.) 

syves,  s.    [CHIVE  (2).] 

Bat.:  AUiumSchoinoprasiim.    (Jamieson.) 

•  syx-hende-man,  s.    [A.8.  six  =  six  ;  hunt 
hundred,  and  num.] 

Old  Sax.  Law:  A  man  possessed  of  property 
to  the  value  of  six  hundred  shillings. 

s^-zyir-i-um,  si-zygr-I-um,  s.  [Gr.  <n<v- 
ym  (sazugios)  =  yoked  together,  paired.  So 
named  from  the  way  in  which  the  branches 
and  leaves  are  united  by  pairs.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Myrteie.  Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  the  flowers  in  cymes  or  corymbs,  the 
calyx  with  its  limb  undivided  ;  the  petals, 
four  or  five,  inserted  into  the  throat  or  the 
calyx  and  fugitive  ;  stamens  many,  similarly 
inserted;  the  frnit  baccate,  one-celled  by 
abortion  ;  seeds  one  or  two.  Syzygium  Jambo- 
lanum,  called  also  Eugenia  Jantbolana,  is  a 
moderate-sized  tree,  wild  or  cultivated  all 
over  India.  The  bark  is  astringent,  and  is 
used,  as  are  the  leaves,  in  dysentery.  The 
decoction  of  the  bark  constitutes  a  wash  for 
the  teeth  ;  its  fresh  juice,  with  goat's  milk,  a 
medicine  for  the  diarrhoea  of  children.  A 
vinegar  prepared  from  the  unripe  fruit  is  * 
stomachic,  carminative,  and  diuretic.  The 
frnit  is  astringent,  but  is  eaten  by  the  natives, 
who  in  time  of  famine  consume  also  the 
kernels.  The  leaves  of  S.  ttrtbinthaceum  are 
used  in  Madagascar  to  impart  an  aroma  to 
baths.  S.  gvineensii  is  worshipped  in  Gambia 
and  the  fruit  is  eaten. 


f-gjr,  *•  [Gr.  ovfvyia  (suzugia)  =  union, 
conjunction  ;  tri-^vyx  (suzugos)  =  conjoined  : 
trv  (su),  for  truv  («m)=with,  together,  and 
ffiryvtijii  (zeugnumi)  =  to  join  ;  £irytu>  (zugon) 
=  a  yoke.] 

1,  Astron.  (PI.)  :  Linear  relations  ;  a  term 
used  of  the  points  of  a  planet,  or  of  the  moon's 
orbit,  at  which  the  planet  or  the  moon  is  in 
opposition  to  or  conjunction  with  the  sun. 

2.  Pros.  :  The  coupling  of  different  feet  to- 
gether in  Greek  or  Latin  verse. 

sza  bo-ite  (sz  as  t«X  »•     [After  Prof.  J. 
Szabo,  of  Budapest  ;  sulf.  -He  (.I/in.).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  minute  crys- 
tals in  cavities  of  an  andesite,  Transylvania. 
Crystallization,  triclinic.  Hardness,  6  to  7  ; 
sp.  gr.  3*505  ;  lustre,  vitreous  ;  colour,  hair- 
brown  to  hyacinth-red.  Compos.  :  essentially 
a  silicate  of  iron  and  lime.  Now  shown  to 
be  related  to  hypersthene  (q.v.). 


i-be'-l^-ite,  ».     [After  Herr  Szaibelyi ; 
sun"-  -i 


if  in. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  small  nodules 
bristling  with  acicular  crystals  in  a  limestone 
at  Werksthal,  Hungary.  Hardness,  3  to  4 ; 
sp.  gr.  3-0;  colour,  externally  white,  inter- 
nally yellow.  Compos. :  after  separating  im- 
purities, essentially  a  hydrous  borate  of  mag- 
nesia. 

szas  -ka-ite  (sz  as  tz),  s.     [After  Szaska, 
Hungary,  where  found  ;  guff.  -Ue  (Min.).] 

Min. :  An  earthy  variety  of  calamine  (zinc 
carbonate)  (q.v.),  stated  to  contain  cadmium. 


szmik  -ite  (sz  as  ts).  s.    [After  Herr  Szmik 
suff.  -ite  (if in.). j 

Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral,  stalactitic. 
Hanlness,  I'o ;  sp.  gr.  3'15 ;  colour, 
whitish ;  on  fracture,  reddish-white  to 
rose  -  red.  Compos.  :  sulphuric  acid, 
47-43  ;  protoxide  of  manganese,  42.01 ; 
water,  10-05  =  100'09.  Found  at  Felso- 
banya,  Hungary. 

szo  pel  ka  (sz  as  t*),  s-    [Russ.] 

Music:  A  kind  of  oboe,  about  fifteen 
inches  in  length,  made  of  elder  wood, 
having  a  brass  mouth-piece  and  eight 
large  and  seven  small  finger  holes.  It 
is  a  popular  instrument  in  Southern 
Russia  ..,,. 


T. 

T,  the  twentieth  letter  and  the  sixteenth  con- 
sonant of  the  English  alphabet,  is  a  sharp, 
mute  consonant,  and  closely  allied  to  <f,  both 
being  dentals.     It  is  funned  by  pressing  the 
tip  of  the  tongue  closely  against  the  root  of 
the  upper  teeth,  and  it  differs  from  d  only  in 
being  non-vocal,  while  rf  is  uttered  with  voice. 
T  followed  by  A  in  the  same  syllable  has  two 
distinct  sounds  ;  the  one  surd  or  breathed,  as 
in    (Aint,  thank,    thought,    representing    the 
Anglo-Saxon  p  ;  the  other  sonant,  or  vocal, 
as  in  this,  that,  though,  representing  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  p.    Ti  before  a  vowel,  and  unaccented, 
usually  passes  into  sh,  as  in  Tuition,  portion, 
partial,  which  are  pronounced  nashon,  jwrjAon, 
parshal.     When  SOT  x  precede  ti,  the  t  retains 
ita  proper  sound,  as  in  question,  though  before 
tt  it  is  often  softened  into  M  (as  in  diurch),  as 
also  in  such  words  as  mixture,  posture,  &c. 
In  accordance  with  Grimm's  law  (q.v.),  f  in 
English  (as  also  in  Dutch,  Icelandic,  Gothic, 
Ac.)   is    represented    in    Latin,   Greek,  and 
Sanscrit    by  d,  and   in  German    by  «  or  z. 
Thus  Eng.  tooth  (for  tenth)  =  Lat.  dens,  genit, 
dentis,  Gr.  ooouc  (odoiw),  genit.  ooorro*  (odon- 
tos),  Sansc.  dant,  Ger.  zahn,  O.  H.  Ger.  zand; 
Eng.  heart  =  Lat.  cor,  genit.  cordis,  Gr.  icapota 
(kardia),   Sansc.  kridaya.   Ger.   heria ;    Eng. 
eat  =  Lat  edo,  Gr.  i&u  (edi),  Sansc.  ad.  0.  H. 
Ger.  eaan,  Ger.  ersen.    If  the  t  is  preceded  by 
s,  this  rule  does  not  apply,  as  in  Eng.  stand 
=  Lat,  sto,  Gr.  lo-Tini'  (histimi),  Ger  stehrn.    Th 
in  English,  &c.,  is  represented  in  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Sanscrit  by  t,  and  in  German  by  d  ;  thus, 
Eng.  HUJU  =  Lat.  fu,  Gr.  TV  (tu),  Sansc.  (ram, 
Ger.   du ;  Eng.    three  =  Lat  tr«,  Gr.   T<X« 
(ireii),  Sansc.  (rt,  O.  H.  Ger.  dri,  Ger.  drei. 
In  a  few  instances  t  in  English  represents  an 
I  in  Latin,  as  in  tear  (s.)  =  Lat.  lacrima.    ID 
bat  and  mate,  t  supplies  the  place  of  an  original 
it-  (O.  Eng.  bak  and  make).     An  original  (  is 
sometimes  represented  by  d  in  English ;  cf. 
proud  =  O.  Eng.  prut  ;  diamond  =  Fr.  dia- 
mant ;  card  =  Fr.  curie,  Lat.  charta.    An  ori- 
ginal (  has  become  (A  in  author  =  Lat.  auctor. 
It  has  disappeared  from  the  middle  of  a  wurd 
in  best  =  O.  Eng.  belst;  last  =  O.  Eng.  latst ; 
from  the  end  of  a  word  in  ani-ii=O.  Eng. 
atijilt ;  petty  =  Fr.  petit ;  dandelion  =  Fr.  dent 
de  lion.    T  has  crept  in  (1)  after  .*,  as  in  behtst, 
amongst,  against,  amidst,  ichilst,  betu-irt;  (2) in 
tyrant  =  O.  Fr.  tiran,  Lat  tyrannns ;  parck- 
ment  —  O.  Fr.  parchemin  ;    cormorant  =  Fr. 
cormoran ;  ancient  =  Fr.  ancien  ;  pheasant  = 
O.  Fr.  pkaisan.     Th  represents  an  original  d 
in  hither,  thither,  whether,  faith  =  O.  Yr./eid, 
Lat  jidcs.    An  original  th  has  become  d  in 
could  =  O.  Eng.  cuthe  ;  fiddle  =  O.  Eng.  fithete ; 
Ballam  =  SethUkem ;  it  has  become  I  in  theft 
=  A.8.  theofth  ;   nostril  =  A.8.  nasthyrlx ,   it 
has  disappeared  from  Norfolk  =  Xorlk-folk: 
worship  —  A.S.  vxorthscipe.   T  is  often  doubled 
in  the  middle  of  words,  occasionally  at  the 
end,  as   in   butt,    mitt.     T  is  often  used  to 
denote   things   of  the  shape  of  the  capital 
letter ;  ct  T-bandage,  T-square,  Ac. 

T,  as  a  symbol,  is  used  in  numerals  for  150, 
and  with  a  stroke  over  it  (?)  for  160,000. 

If  (1)  Marked  Kith  a  t:  A  thief.  An  ex- 
pression equivalent  to  the  rritim  iiterorwm 
homo  of  Plautus  (Aul.,  II.  iv.  47).  The  Eng 
lish  phrase  derives  its  force  from  the  fact  that 
thieves  were  formerly  branded  in  tl»e  hand 
with  the  letter  T. 

(2)  To  o  «:  Exactly  ;  to  a  nicety ;  with  the 
utmost  exactness  :  as,  That  tits  me  to  at. 


fete,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  Tre,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
«r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  core,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    <e,oe  =  e;ey  =  a;qn  =  kw. 


tat>— tabernacle 


4597 


tab,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  latchet  or  flap  of  a  shoe  or  half-boot, 
formerly  fastened  witii  a  buckle,  now  usually 
by  a  string. 

•>.  The  metallic  binding  on  the  end  of  a 
shoe  or  corset  lace  ;  a  tag. 

S.  A  lace  or  other  border,  resembling  that 
of  a  cap,  worn  on  the  inner  front  edges  of 
ladies'  bonnets. 

4.  The  hanging  sleeve  of  a  child's  garment 

•j  To  keep  tab :  To  keep  tally,  or  check. 

H  Fulling:  One  or  tlie  revolving  arms 
which  lift  the  beaters  of  a  falling-machine. 

•  ta-bac '-co,  i.    [TOBACCO.) 

tab-a-Qhir',  s.    [TABASHKEB.] 

ta-ban  -I-djB,  s.  pi-    [Lat.  taoaii<w) ;  fern.  pi. 

adj.  suff.  -idtz.} 

Entom.:  A  cosmopolitan  family  of  Tany- 
st«ina  (q.v.).  Head  broad,  fitting  close  to 
the  thorax,  and  occupied  mostly  by  the  com- 
ponnd  eyes ;  there  are  usually  three  distinct 
ocelli ;  mouth  with  six  lancets  in  female,  four 
In  male;  maxillary  palpi  two-jointed;  abdo- 
men broad,  with  eight  segments  ;  tarsi  with 
three  cushions;  wings  with  a  central  cell,  from 
which  three  veins  run  to  the  hinder  margin. 
Genera  •  Tabanus,  Hsematopota,Chrysops.  and 
Pangonia ;  the  first  three  genera  are  British. 

ta-ba-nus,J.    [Lat  =  »  gadfly  (q.T.).] 

Entom.  :  The  type-genn*  of  Tabanidw(q.Y.). 
Antennae  three-jointed,  the  last  joint  deeply 
notched  at  the  side  aud  ringed  near  the  tip. 
Tatanus  borinus,  the  Breeze-fly,  one  of  the 
largest  species,  occurs  in  Britain.  T.  a«rim- 
nuUj  and  T.  rropicuj  are  much  more  common. 

•tab-ard,  "tab'-erd,  'tab-era;  *  tab- 
eld,  sT  IO.  Fr.  tabart,  tabard;  Fr.  tabard; 
8p.  *  Port,  tabardo ;  ItaL. 
tabarro;  WeL  tutor;  M. 
H.  Ger.  tapjart,  tafhart. 
Origin  unknown.]  Alight 
vestment  worn  over  the 
armour,  and  generally  em- 
broidered with  the  arms 
of  the  wearer.  It  wag 
close-fitting,  open  at  the 
•ides,  with  wide  sleeves 
or  flaps  reaching  to  the 
elbows.  It  originally 
reached  to  the  middle  of 
the  leg,  but  was  after- 
wards made  shorter.  It 
waa  at  first  worn  chiefly 
by  the  military,  but  af- 
terwards becams  an  ordi- 
nary article  of  it-ess  of 
other  classes  in  England  TABARD. 

and  France,  in  the  middle 
ages  The  illustration  shows  the  tabard  and 
other  official  dress  of  Garter  King  of  Anus,  in 
1417,  when  the  office  was  created  by  Henry  \  . 
for  the  service  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter, 
which  till  then  had  been  attended  by  Windsor 
heralds.  The  tabard  is  now  worn  only  by 
heralds  and  pursuivants  at  arms,  and  is  em 
broidered  wito  the  arms  of  the  sovereign. 

tab  ardor,   *  tab'-ard-er,   *  tab-ard 
eer",  *.    [Eng.  tabard  ;  -cr.]    One  who  wears 
a  tabard ;  specif.,  a  scholar  belonging  to  the 
foundation  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  whose 
original  dress  was  a  tabard. 

tab-ar-et.   «. 

fabric :  A  stout,  satin-striped  silk  stuff. 

tab-a-oneer',  «.    [From  the  Persian.] 

Kin.  :  A  hydrated  silica,  belonging  to  the 
Opal  group,  deposited  in  irregular  masses 
about  the  joints  of  certain  varieties  of  the 
bamboo.  Colour,  yellowish  white  ;  fracture, 
somewhat  resinous;  translucid  to  opaque. 
Adheres  strongly  to  the  tongue.  Resembles 
hydrophane  (q.v.),  when  immersed  in  water 
becoming  quite  transparent.  Very  brittle. 

lib  bled,  pa.  far.  or  a.    [TABBY,  «.] 
tab-bin-et,!.    [TisrsCT.) 

tab  -bjf,  a.  *  «.    [Fr.  tabit,  from  Sp.  fafri  =  a 
silken  stuff,  from  Arab,  vtabi  =  a  kind  of  rich 
undulated  silk.] 
A.  As  adjectire : 
L  Having  a  wavy  or  watered  appearance. 

"  The  potent  warriors  of  th«  taMy  vert." 

l :  fata*  of  Froft  t  JUct,  I. 


ping 

'-.'-••\\ 


2.  Brindled,  brinded ;  diversified  in  colour. 
"  The  cat,  if  you  but  singe  her  taMf  skin. 
The  chimney  keeps,  and  sita  content  within. 

Pifft :  Wife  uf  &KA,  let; 
B.  As  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Silk   or   other  stuff    having  an  irregu- 
larly waved   or   watered   surface    produced 
by  pressure,  usually  between  engraved  rollers 
in  the  mode  of  calendering,  kuowiftis  tabbying. 
There  is  but  little  difference  between  taM 
watering,  and  moire,  the  effect  in  eacu  case 
being  produced  by  the  flattening  of  some  of 
the  fibres  while  the  others  remain  undisturbed, 
causing  the  different  parts  to  reflect  the  light 
unequally. 

"  In  mimic  pride  the  snail-wrought  tissue  shines 
Terchance  of  Ca06|r  or  of  barateen." 

2.  A  mixture  of  lime  with  shells,  gravel,  or 
stones  in  equal  proportions,  forming  a  mass, 
which,  when  dry,  becomes  as  hard  as  rock.    It 
is  used  in  Morocco  as  a  sul«titute  for  brick 
or  stone  in  building.    (Weale.) 

a.  A  cat  of  a  mixed  or  brindled  kind ;  a  cat 
generally.  (Cottoq.) 

"  As  in  her  ancient  mistress'  lap 
The  youthful  ro&fry  lay." 

Coavper:  familiarity  Miverow. 

4.  An  old  maiden  lady;  an  old  spinster; 
a  gossip.  (CoUaq.) 

"  I  am  not  Sony  for  the  coming  in  of  these  old 
faftHsl.  and  am  much  obliged  to  her  ladyship  for  leav- 
ing us  to  such  an  agreeable  tet»4-tev<."— O.  Caiman 
lAs  fHfr  •  Jtalotu  IVVe,  ii.  S. 

TJ.  £ntoi«.:Acommon  British  moth,  Aglosta 
inguinalit,  one  of  the  Pyralites;  grayish- 
>rown,  clouded  with  a  darker  colour;  hind 
wings  grayish-brown ;  larva  seen  on  greasy 
horse-cloths,  &C.  The  Small  Tabby  is  Aglossa 
cuprealil,  and  has  the  hind  wings  whitish.  It 
is  rarer. 
tabby-cat,  ».  A  brindled  cat ;  a  tabby. 

tab  -by,  r.(.  [TABBY,  a.)  To  calender  so  as 
to  give  a  tabby  or  wavy  appearance  to,  as 
stuffs ;  to  water  or  cause  to  look  wavy  :  as, 
to  tabby  silk,  mohair,  oto.  It  is  done  by  a 
calender  without  water. 

tab-by-ing,  «.    [TABBY,  ».1 

Fabric :  The  act  or  process  of  passing  fabrics 
between  engraved  rollers  to  impart  a  wavy  or 
watered  appearance. 

•tabe,  «.    [Latfaio.]  A  wasting  away;  tabes. 

A  tfbt  and  a  consumption."— Aiamt :  Wtrkt,  i.  191. 

•ta-b8-fac'-tion,  «.  [Lat  tabefrctio.] 
[TABS»Y.]  The  act  or  state  of  wasting  away. 

•  ta'  -  be  -  ty,  tab'  -  i  -  ty,  «...    [Lat.  tabefo, 
from  taba  =  wasting  away,  and  faao  =  to 
make.]    To  waste  away ;  to  cause  to  waste  or 
consume  away ;  to  emaciate. 

••  Heat  eaten  in  greater  quantity  than  Is  convenient 
faOQtst  the  body."— ffatrwy :  On  Conntmptiont. 

•  ta-beT-ll-on,  «.     [L«t.  tabellio,  from  tdbella 
==  a  tablet,  dimin.  from  tabula  =  a  table  (q.v.).] 
A  kind  of  secretary  or  notary  ;  a  scrivener. 
(Such  a  functionary  existed  under  the  Roman 
Empire,  and  during  the  old   monarchy   in 
France.) 

"  ta'-ber,  r.i.    [TABOR,  e.] 

•  tab'-erd,  ».    [TABARD.] 

ta  -berg-ite,  ».  [After  Taberg,  Sweden,  where 
found  ;  suff.  -He.  (Min.)l 

lf»n. :  A  variety  of  the  chlorite  group  of 
minerals,  which  has  been  referred  by  different 
mineralogists  both  to  penninite  and  clinochlore 
(Dana's  ripidolite).  Colour,  bluish  green.  From 
optical  observations  Des  Cloizeaux  states  that 
it  sometimes  consists  of  nniaxiat  and  biaxial 
lamina  combined,  the  axial  divergence  varying 
as  much  as  from  1*  to  33°,  thus  indicating  a 
mixture  of  the  members  of  this  group. 

tab  -era,  ».     [Lat.  taberna  =  a  tavern.] 
cellar.    (Pror.) 

tab'-er-nac-le  (le  as  el),  ».  ft  a.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  tabfrnacuium,  a  double  dimin.  from  tab- 
erna  =  a  hut,  a  shed  ;  Sp.  ot  Port,  tabernacuh  ; 
Ital.  tabernacolo.]  fTAYERH.] 

A.  Assvbstantire: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  Lit. :  A  slightly-constructed  temporary 
building  or  habitation  ;  a  tent,  a  pavilion. 

"  The  Bmperonr  had  caused  to  be  made  a  certeln 
pavilion  or  fnh«i  sisufe-  eight  square."— A  Bailana 

nutorcA.  p.  107. 


2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  temple ;  a  place  of  worship ;  a  sacred 
place  ;  specifically,  the  temple  of  Solomon. 

••  Lord,  who  shall  abide  in  thy  raeernacl*  I  wbu 
shall  dweU  in  thy  holy  bill  ?  -— fialm  IT.  1. 

•(•2)  The  human  frame  as  the  temporary 
abode  of  the  soul. 

••  1  think  it  meet,  as  long  M I  am  In  this  foAentacfe 
to  stir  you  up  by  putting  you  ill  remeuil>nuice;  know- 
ing that  shortly  I  must  put  otr  tills  luy  tabrrit'lflt. 


.       i  as  our  Lord  Jel 
X  Peter  L  13,  14. 


hrLst  hath  shewed  me."  — 


H.  Technically: 

1.  Jcwisk  Antiq. :  Heb.  JJtip  (misWon)  =  a 
dwelling ;  Vw  (ocA«0  =  a  tent,  more  fully 
denominated  Tabernacle  of  the  Congregation, 
and  Tabernacle  of  Witness,  a  tent  constructed 
by  direction  of  Moses,  under  divine  authority, 
to  be  a  local  habitation  for  Jehovah   while 
his  people  moved  from  place  to  place  in  the 
wilderness — a  temple  being  obviously  unsuit- 
able to  the  period   of  the  wandering.      To 
obtain  materials  for  the  construction  of  this 
sacred  tent  free-will  offerings  were  solicited, 
and  the  Jews,  in  response,  brought  gold,  silver, 
"brass"  (copper),  cloths,   rams'  skins  dyed 
red,  oil,  spices,  precious  stones,  &c,  (Exod. 
xnr.  1-8  ;  xxrri.  1-5).    Beialeel  and  Aholiab, 
men  divinely  endowed  with  genius  for  the  pur- 
pose, were  the  actual  builders  (xxxv.  30-34 ; 
xxxv-i.  4).     The  tabernacle  was  SO  cubits  (i.e., 
45  feet  long),  10  cubits  (15  feet)  wide,  and  10 
cubits   05  feet)    n'8n-      Tne  material    was 
"  shittim  "  (acacia)  wood,  SO  boards  of  which, 
standing  upright,   constituted   each   of  the 
longer  (i.e.,  the  north  and  south)  sides,  and  six 
the  west  one,  while  the  east  end  was  open. 
Each  board  was  fastened  below  by  tenons 
fitting  into  two  silver  sockets  ;  they  were  held 
in  their  places  by  five  bars  of  acacia  wood 
on  each  Bide  and  five  at  the  end,  passing  hori- 
zontally through  rings  of  gnld  fastened  in  the 
upright  boards.     The  interior  was  divided 
into  an  outer  room  20  cubits  long  by  10  broad, 
called  the  Holy  Place,  or  Sanctuary,  and  an 
inner  apartment,  10  cubits  (15  feet)  long  by  10 
broad,  named  the  Most  Huly  Place,  or  Holy 
of  Holies.    At  the  east,  or  open  end,  were  five 
pillars  of  acacia  wood,  overlaid  with  gold, 
supporting  a  vail  or  curtain  of  fine  linen  with 
needlework  of  blue,  crimson,  and  scarlet.  Each 
pillar  stood  on  a  brass  socket  and  was  fur- 
nished with  golden  hooks.    Between  the  Holy 
Place  and  the  Place  Most  Holy  was  another 
vail  or  curtain  of  the  same  material  as  the 
first,  but  the  pillars  supporting  it  rested  on 
silver  sockets.     Four  different  kinds  of  cur- 
tains or  coverings  supplied  the  place  of  a  roof. 
The  first,  or  inner  one,  of  the  same  material 
as  the  two  vails,  was  of  ten  curtains,  each  28 
cubits  (42  feet)  long  by  20  cubits  (30  feet) 
broad.    The  covering  exterior  to  this  was  of 
fine  goats'  hair,  then  there  was  one  of  sheep 
skins  dyed  red,  then  one  of  WTO  (taMash), 
rendered  in  the  text  of  the  Revised  Version 
seal  skins,  and  in  the  margin  porpoise  skins. 
Within  the  Holy  Place,  on  the  north  side,  was 
the  golden  table  with  the  shew-bread  on  it, 
and  on  the  south  aide  the  golden  candlestick, 
and  the  golden  altar  of  incense.    In  the  Holy 
of  Holies  were  the  Ark  of  the  Covenant  and 
the   mercy-seat  (Exod.   xxvi.    1-3" ;   xxxvi. 
1-38  ;    Heb.  fat.  1-5).      Around  the  taber- 
nacle was  the  court  of  the  tabernacle  100 
cubits  (150  feet)  long,  by  50  cubits  (75  feet) 
broad,  surrounded  by  sixty  pillars  each  five 
cubits  (7i  feet)  high,  with  silver  capitals  and 
hooks,  and  brass  sockets.    The  four  pillars  in 
the  eastern  side  supported  a  vail  or  curtain 
constituting   the   gate    of  the  court.     The 
brazen  altar  and  the  laver  were  in  the  court- 
yard.   Around  the  hitter  were  the  tents  of  the 
Levites,  and  beyond  these  those  of  the  other 
tribes,  three  on  each  side  of  the  tabernacle. 
Only  the  priests  entered   the    Holy  Place. 
This  they  did  twice  daily,  in  the  morning  to 
extinguish  the  lights,  in  the  evening  to  light 
them  anew.    None  but  the  high  priest  could 
enter  the  Holy  of  Holies,  and  he  only  once  a 
year,  on  the  great  day  of  Atonement.    The 
Gershonites,  the  Merarites,  and  the  Koha- 
thites  took  charge  of  the  tabernacle  and  its 
furniture   when  these    were    removed   from 
place  to  place.    The  tabernacle  was  first  set 
up  by  Moses  on  the  first  day  of  the  second 
year   after  the   Israelites   had    left   Egypt. 
After  they  had  reached  Canaan  it  was  located 
at  Shiloh  (1  Sam.  iv.  3-22).    In  Saul's  time 
it  was  at  Nob  (cf.  1  Sam.  xxi.  1  and  Mark  ii. 
26).    When  Solomon  became  king  It  was  at 
Gibeon  0  Kings  iii.  4).    Afterwards  Solomon 
laid  it  up  in  the  Temple,  of  which  in  all  ita 


W3X  bo> :  p*at,  J61W;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench:  go,  gem;  tbln,  thta;  «tn,  a?;  expect,  ycnophon,  t&mt. 
-elan,  -  tlan  =  Th?"     -tlon,  -tnon  =  «hun  ;  - 1  ion,    saon  -  zttun,    -cious,  -  tious,    uoaa  =  abus.    -bio,  -die.  Ac.  —  bel,  del. 


4593 


tabernacle— table 


leading  features  it  had  been  the  model  (1  Kings 
viii.  4,  2  Chron.  v.  5).  [TEMPLE,  s.,  ~" 

2.  Eocles.  <t  Church  Hist.  :  In  the  Roman 
Clmivh,  a  receptacle  for  the  consecrated  Host 
for  benediction  and  the  ciborium  containing 
the  smaller  Hosts  which  the  laity  receive.    In 
its  present  form— a  small  structure  of  marble, 
metal,  or  wood,  placed  in  the  centre  of  the 
east  side  of  the  altar— the  tabernacle  dates 
from  the  sixteenth  century.     Its  original  form 
was  that  of  a  dove  ;  about  the  middle  of  the 
fourteenth  century  it  was  sometimes  placed 
iu  an  aumbry  above  the  altar.    A  lamp  con- 
stantly bums  before  the  tabernacle,  which  is 
kept  locked,  the  key  never  passing  out  of  the 
charge  of  the  clergy.    The  name  tabernacle  is 
also  given  to  (1)  a  niche  for  an  image,  (2)  a 
reliquary,  (S)  the  aumbry  near  the  high  altar 
when  used  to  contain  the  reserved  sacrament, 
and  (4)  the  abbot's  stall  in  choir. 

3.  Naut. :  An  elevated  socket  for  a  boat's 
mast,  or  a  projecting  post  to  which  a  mast 
may  be  hinged  when  it  is  fitted  for  lowering  to 
pass  beneath  bridges. 

"  The  mizen  mast  to  be  stepped  in  a  tabernacle  on  a 
felee  tttujjum  in  front  of  the  rudder  head." — Field, 
Feb.  13,  1S8& 

*  B.  At  adj. :  The  same  as  TABERNACULAR 

7  Feast  of  Tabernacles : 

Jewish  Antiq. :  rrt3DJl  STJ  (chhag  hassvkkoth), 
one  of  the  three  leading  Jewish  feasts,  on  the 
recurrence  of  which  all  the  males  were  re- 
quired to  present  themselves  at  Jerusalem. 
During  this  feast  the  people  dwelt  on  their 
housetops  or  elsewhere  in  booths  made  of  the 
branches  of  trees,  in  commemoration  of  their 
tent  life  in  the  wilderness.  Called  also  the 
Feast  of  Ingathering,  because  it  was  a  feast  of 
thanksgiving  for  the  completion  of  the  harvest 
and  the  vintage.  It  lasted  for  eight  days,  from 
the  15th  to  the  23rd  of  Tisri, 
corresponding  to  October. 
The  first  and  the  eighth  days 
were  holy  convocations 
(Exod.  xxiii.  16 ;  Lev.  xxiii. 
84 ;  Num.  xxix.  12 ;  Deut. 
xvi.  13).  It  is  believed  that 
the  eighth  day  of  the  Feast 
of  Tal>ernacles  was  the  last 
great  day  of  the  feast  at 
which  Jesus  preached  (John 
vii.  37). 

tabernacle- work,  *. 

Eccles.:  Carved  canopy- TiBI£IlirACt*  WORK- 

work  over  a  pulpit,  a  choir  stall,  or  a  niche. 
The  example  figured  is  from  the  Lady  Chapel. 
Exeter  Cathedral. 

*  tab -er-nac-le,  v.i.  [TABERNACLE,*.]  To 
sojourn  ;  to  dwell  for  a  time  ;  to  house, 

"  Be  assumed  our  nature,  and  tabernacled  amongst 
ns  in  tbe  flesh."— Scott :  Wortet  (ed.  1718),  1L  467. 

t&b-er  nac'-u-lar,  a.  [Lat.  tabernaculfum) 
=  a  tabernacle  ;  Eng.  adj.  suit  -ar.J 

L  Sculptured  with  delicate  tracery  or  open- 
worked  ;  latticed. 

"The  sides  of  every  street  were  corend  with  fresh 
alures  .  .  .  fronted  with  taberttacular  or  open  work, 
vaulted."—  Warton:  EM.  Eng.  Poetry,  li.  93. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  tabernacle. 

*  3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  booth  or  shop : 
hence,  common,  low.    (De  Quincey.) 

ta  ber-nse-mon-ta-na,  a,  [Named  by 
Plumier,  after  James  Theodore  Taberiueraoii- 
tanus,  who  in  1588  published  the  first  part  of 
a  great  Herbal.  He  died  in  1690.] 

Bat. :  A  genns  of  Plumierese.  Flowers 
monopetalnus ;  corolla  salver-shaped ;  stamens 
five,  included  ;  anthers  sagittate  ;  style  fili- 
form ;  stigma  dilated  at  the  base,  trifld ; 
ovaries  two,  developing  into  two  follicles ; 
seeds  immersed  in  deep  red  pnlp.  Tabernce- 
montana  utilis,  the  Hya-hya  of  Demerara,  is 
one  of  the  Cow  trees.  It  pours  forth  a  copious 
stream  of  thick,  sweet,  innoxious  milk. 
T.  coronaria  is  a  small  evergreen  shrub,  six  or 
eight  feet  high,  with  silvery  bark  and  glossy 
leaves.  It  is  common  in  Indian  gardens  ;  its 
native  country  is  unknown.  The  red  pulp 
obtained  from  the  aril  is  used  as  a  dye  by  the 
hill  people.  An  oil  is  prepared  from  T. 
dichotoma,&  small  Indian  tree.  TheCeylonese 
suppose  its  fruit  to  have  been  the  forbidden 
fruit  of  paradise.  The  sap  of  T.  perfficarice- 
jolia,  found  in  Mauritius,  is  considered  poi- 
sonous ;  its  wood  is  used  in  turnery. 

tsV-bea,  8.    [Lat.,  from  tdbeo  =  to  waste  away.] 


Pathol.  :  A  wasting  away  of  the  body 
however  produced.  It  figured  largely  in  the 
older  writers,  but  is  now  limited  to  the  three 
compounds  subjoined. 

t  tabea-dorsalis,  s. 

PattioL:  The  same  as  LOCOMOTOB- ATAXY 
(q.v.X 

*  tabes-glandularls,  t. 

Pathol.  :  [STRUMA,  2.]. 

tabes -mesenterica,  *.     [MESENTERIC- 

DISEA3E.J 

ta-bef -1C,  a.     [TABES.] 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  tabes  ;  of  the  nature 
of  tabes. 
2.  Affected  with  or  suffering  from  tabes. 

*  tab '-id,  a.     [Lat.  tabidus  —  wasting  away, 
from    tabes  =  a  wasting   away  ;    Fr.  tabide.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  tabes ;  suffering  from 
tabes. 

"In  tabid  persona,  milk  la  the  heat  restorative, 
being  chyle  already  prepared."— Arbuthnot ;  On  Ali- 
mentt,  ch.  i. 

*tab'-Id-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tabid;  -ly.]  In  a 
tabid  manner  ;  wastingly,  consumptively. 

*  tab  id-ness,  s.    [Eng.  tabid;  -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tabid  or  wasted  by 
disease  ;  emaciation,  tabes. 

"  Profuse  sweatings  in  the  night,  a  taMdneu  of  the 
flesh,  hot  and  cold  fits  alternately  succeeding. "— Leigh  : 
Hat.  BitL  Latuxutiire,  p.  63. 

*  ta-bif  '-1C,  a.     [Lat.  tabes  =  a  wasting  away, 
and  /ocio=to  make.]    Causing  consumption 
or  wasting  away ;  wasting. 

tab'-in-et,  tab'-bin-et,  ».  [Etym.  doubt- 
ful ;  by  some  referred  to  tabby  (q.v.) ;  accord- 
ing to  Trench,  named  after  a  M.  Tabinet,  a 

French  Protestant  refugee,  who  introduced 
the  making  of  tabinet  into  Dublin.] 
Fabric : 

1.  A  kind  of  taffety  or  tabby. 

"That  is  the  widow  ;  that  stout  woman  In  the  crUn- 
•on  tabinet."—  Thackeray:  Book  <tf  Snobt,  ch.  xlii. 

2.  A  mixed  stuff  of  silk  and  wool,  adapted 
for  window-curtains. 

*  tab-I-tude,  s.     [Lat.  tabitudo,  from  tabes.} 
The  state  of  one  affected  with  tabes. 

tab' -la,  *.    [Peruvian.] 

Pharm. :  Cinchona  bark  peeled  from  the 
trunk  of  the  tree.  It  is  more  valuable  than 
that  derived  from  the  branches. 


tab'-la-ture,  s. 
board,  a  table.] 


[Fr.,  from  Lat  tabula  = 


L  Anat. :  A  division  or  parting  of  the  skull 
into  two  tables. 
2.  Art :  A  painting  on  a  wall  or  ceiling. 

"In  painting  we  may  give  to  any  particular  work 
the  name  of  tablature,  when  the  work  la  ID  reality  a 


single  piece,  comprehended  in 
Recording  to  one     ' 


1  one  view,  and  formed 

„  „  .Jugla  intelligence,  meaning,  or  de- 
sign.'— Lord  ShaStetbury. 


3.  Music: 

(1)  A  general  name  for  all  the  signs  and 
characters  used  in  music.    Those  who  were 
well  acquainted  with  these  signs  were  said  to 
sing  by  the  Tablature. 

(2)  A  peculiar  system  of  notation  employed 
for  instruments  of  the  lute  class,  for  viols, 
and  certain  wind  instruments.     The  earliest 
systems  of  notation,  like  the  music  of  Asiatic 
nations  to  this  day,  were  different  sorts  of 
tablature.     That  which  may  be  called  the 
modern  tablature 

was  invented  not 
earlier  than  the 
sixteenth  cen- 
tury. In  England 
tablature  was 
employed  for  all 
stringed  instru- 


ata. 


i 


ments,  the  num-     SOLUTION. 

ber  of  lines  em- 
ployed being  reg- 
ulated by  the 

number  of  strings  TABLATURE. 

the  instrument 

possessed.  Tablature  for  wind  instruments 
was  expressed  by  dots  on  a  stave  of  six,  seven, 
or  eight  lines,  according  to  the  number  of 
holes  in  the  instrument,  the  number  of  dots 
signifying  the  number  of  holes  to  be  stopped 
by  the  fingers.  Organ  tablature  was  a  system 
of  writing  the  notes  without  the  stave  by 
means  of  letters.  Thus,  the  several  octaves 


were  called  great,  little,  one  and  two-line 
octaves,  according  to  the  style  of  letter  em- 
ployed to  indicate  them.  The  name  lias  also 
been  applied  to  figured  bass.  The  illustration 
given  is  from  the  French  and  English  taMature 
employed  by  John  Dowland  in  his  Books  of 
Songes  or  Ayres  (London,  1597-1603),  and  by 
most  English  lutenists. 

•'Well,  thoM  who  affirm  that  these  devices  agree 
not  to  the  uiiiide  of  1'iato,  are  yet  of  oi-iuiou.  that 
tho?e  other  agree  very  well  to  the  prujKwUluns  de- 
Bt-ribttd  iu  the  ttibltttureof  musicians,  which  consisteth 
of  live  tetrachorda,"—  /*.  Holland:  Plutarch,  p.  857. 

ta'-ble,  5.  &  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tabula^* 
plank,  a  flat  board,  a  table,  from  a  root  ta-  or 
tan-  =  to  stretch.  From  the  same  root  comes 
thin  (q.v.).  Sp.  tabia;  Port,  taboa;  ItaL 
tavola;  Dut  &  Ger.  tafel.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  flat  surface  of  some  extent ;  a  flat, 
smooth  piece  ;  a  slab. 

"  Upon  the  castle  hill  there  u  a  bagnio  paved  with 
fair  tttbiet  of  marble." — Sandyt, 

*  2.  A  surface  flat  and  smooth  to  be  painted 
on. 

*  3.  Hence,  a  painting,  a  drawing. 

"The  tnble  wherein  Detraction  was  expressed  he 
FApellea]  painted  ill  tnia  form."— £lgot ;  The  Governor. 
bk.  111.,  ch.  Jtxvii. 

If  A  "painted  table"  was  the  common 
mode  of  designating  a  picture  painU-d  on 
wood,  after  the  usual  manner  of  mediaeval 
artists,  in  inventories  of  the  period. 

aflts  order  was  when  he  had  finished  a  peece  of 
worke  or  painted  tabia,  and  l&id  it  out  of  his  hand, 
to  set  it  forth  in  some  open  gallerie  or  thorow  fare  to 
he  seeue  of  folke  that  passed  by,  and  himselfe  would 
lie  close  behind  it  to  hearken  what  faults  were  found 
therewith."—/1,  ffoliund:  Plinie.  bk.  xxxv,,  ch.  ix. 

*4,  A  thin  piece  of  something  for  writing  on; 
a  tablet. 

"  Written  .  .  .  not  on  tablet  of  stone,  bat  on  fleshly 
tablet  of  the  heart."— a  C./rtntt.  iii.  1 

*  5.  Hence,  in  plural,  a  memorandum-book, 
a  note-book, 

"  His  master's  old  tablet,  his  note-book,  his  counsel- 
keeper. "—SkaAetn. :  2  Henry  IV.,  U.  4. 

6.  An  article  of  furniture,  consisting  of  a 
flat  surface  or  top  of  boards  or  other  mate- 
rials, supported  on  legs,  and  used  for  a  great 
variety  of  purposes,  as  for  supporting  dishes, 
work,  articles  of  ornament,  &c.,  writing  upon, 
or  the  like.    Tables  are  distinguished  accord- 
ing  to    size,    shape,  construction,  material, 
purpose,  &c.  :  as,  a  dining-fabfc,  a  biiliard- 
table,  a  folding-info/*,  a  toilet-ta&e,  &c. 

"  Vea.  many  a  man.  perdie,  I  could  unnuwk. 
Whan  desk  .-ind  ''Me  make  a  suleiim  H!LOW." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  i.  ML 

7.  The  persons  seated  at  table  or  partaking 
of  entertainment. 

"To  set  tbe  table  on  a  roar."    Shaketp. :  ffamlet,  v.  L 

8.  Fare  or  entertainment  provided  for  guests. 

"Nothing  could  be  in  better  taste  titan  his  equip- 
ages and  his  tablt."— JfacauJay  :  U,ti.  Kng.,  cb.  xlv. 

* 9,  (Pi.):  The  game  of  backgammon  or 
draughts. 

"  Monsieur  the  nice. 
When  he  plays  at  tablet,  chides  the  dice." 

.Vfiitcip.  /  Lvve't  Labour'*  Lutt,  V.  t, 

10.  A  presentation  of  many  items  or  parti- 
culars in  one  connected  group ;  e«]>ecially 
when  the  items  are  in  lists  or  columns ;  a 
collection  of  heads  or  principal  matters  in  a 
book,  with  references  to  the  pages  where  they 
may  be  fuand  ;  an  index. 

"It  might  seem  impertinent  to  have  added  stable 
to  a  book  of  so  suiall  a  vuluine,  and  whii.li  aeems  to 
be  it*elf  but  a  tab/a:  but  it  may  prove  tuIvuutAgeuui 
at  once  to  learn  the  whole  culture  of  any  iiUut."— 
£Deti/n :  Kalendar. 

.  11.  (PL):  A  list  in  columns  of  the  results 
of  the  multiplication  of  numbers  in  regular 
order  by  others,  given  to  children  to  teach 
them  arithmetical  multiplication  :  as,  A  child 
learns  his  tables.  (Colloq.) 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  (PL):  Two  layers  of  compact,  bony 
substance,  the  outer  and  inner  tables  separ- 
ated by  an  intervening  cancellated  substance 
called  diploe.    (Quain.) 

2.  Architecture: 

(1)  A  smooth,  simple  member  or  ornament 
of  various  forms,  but  most  usually  in  that  of 
a  long  square.     When  it  projects  from  the 
naked  of  the  wall  it  is  termed  a  raised  or  pro- 
jecting table  ;  when  it  is  not  iierpemlicular  to 
the  surface  it  is  called  a  raking-table ;  and 
when  the  surface  is  roughed,  frosted,  or  ver- 
miculated  it  is  called  a  rustic  table,    (Gwilt.) 

(2)  A  horizontal  moulding  on  the  exterior 
or  interior  face  of  a  wall,  placed  at  different 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;    we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  quite,  our,  rule*  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  «y  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


table 


4599 


levels,  which  form  tiasements,  separate  the 
stories  of  a  building,  and  crown  its  upper 
portions  ;  a  string-course.  (Oxford  Glossary.) 

3.  Ecclcs.:  The  Communion  table  (q.v.).    In 
the  Prayer  Book  the  expressions,  Holy  Table, 
the  Lord's  Table,  occur,  but  in  the  Coronation 
Service  the  word  Altar  is  used. 

4.  Glass-milking: 

(1)  The  flat  disk  of  crown  glass  which  is 
made  from  a  bulb  ou  the  eud  of  a  blowing- 
tube,  transferred  to  a  ponty,  gradually  and 
finally  Hashed  into  a  disk  by  rotating  in  front 
of  a  flashing-furnace  (q.v.).     It    is    usually 
about   four   feet   in  diameter.    Twenty-four 
tables  make  a  ease. 

(2)  The  flat  plate  with   a  raised  rim,  on 
which  plate-glass  is  formed. 

5.  Lapidary : 

(1)  Table-cutting ;  a  form  of  diamond-cut- 
tinx-    The  top  of  the  stone  is  ground  fiat  with 
a  corresponding  flat  bottom  of  less  area,  with 
Ha  four  upper  and  lower  facets  cut  parallel  to 
each  other. 

(2)  The  upper  flat  surface  of  a  brilliant  cut 
diamond. 

6.  Mat*. :  The  part  on  which  work  is  placed 
to  be  operated  upon. 

7.  Math.,  Nat.   Phttoi.,  dc. :  An  arranged 
collection  of  many  particulars,  data,  or  values  ; 
a  system  of  numbers  calculated  for  expediting 
operations  or  for  exhibiting  the  measures  or 
values  of  some  property  common  to  a  numlier 
of   different    bodies    in    reference    to   »ome 
common  standard  ;  a  series  of  numbers  which 
proceed   according  to   some   given   law  ex- 
pressed by  a  formula.    Thus  there  are  tables 
of  logarithms,  of  rhumbs,  of  specific  gravity, 
of  square  or  cube-root*,  of  aberration,  &c. 

"8.  Palmistry:  The  collection  of  lines  on 
the  palm  of  the  hand. 

«  Mlstrees  o(  »  fairer  table 
Hath  not  htstory  nor  fable." 

Bft  Jon*>n :  Nai'iue  of  Qlptill 

9.  Perspective:  The  same  as  PERSPECTIVE- 
FLAKE  (q.v.). 

10.  Weaving :  The  board  or  bar  in  a  draw- 
loom  to  which  the  tails  of  the  harness  are 
attached. 

B.  At  adj. :  Appertaining  to,  provided  or 
necessary  for,  or  used  at  table:  as,  table 
linen. 

U  (1)  Lord's  table :  The  sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  Supper  or  holy  communion. 

(2)  Bound  table:  [ROUND,  a.]. 

(3)  Table  of  Pythagoras :  The  common  multi- 
plication-table carried  up  to  ten. 

(4)  Table*  of  the  Lean,  Tables  of  the  Testi- 
mony : 

Jewish  Antiq.  :  Two  tables  of  stone,  written 
or  inscribed  on  both  sides  :  "  and  the  tables 
were  the  work  of  God,  and  the  writing  was 
the  writing  of  God  graven  u}»on  the  tables  " 
(Exod.  xxxii.  16)  ;  "  written  with  the  finger  of 
God  "  (xxxi.  18).  After  having  received  them 
from  Jehovah,  high  on  the  ridge  or  peak  of 
Binai,  Moses  was  carrying  them  down  the 
mountain-side  to  the  camp,  when  he  was  so 
overcome  by  passion  on  hearing  the  shouts 
raised  by  the  people  in  connexion  with  idol- 
worship  that  he  flung  from  him  the  tables  of 
stone,  which  broke  on  the  ground  (17-19). 
They  were  divinely  replaced  by  others  (xxxiv. 
1-29),  which  were  put  in  the  ark  (Dent.  x.  5). 
The  writing  on  the  tables  consisted  of  the  Ten 
Commandments,  probably  the  first  four,  teach- 
ing duty  to  God,  on  the  first  table,  and  the 
other  six,  telling  of  duty  to  man,  on  the 
second  table  (Matt.  xxii.  30-39). 

*(6)  Tables  Toletanes :  The  Alphonsine  astro- 
nomical tables,  so  called  Irom  their  being 
adapted  to  the  city  of  Toledo.  (Chaucer: 
C.  T.,  11,585.) 

(6)  TheFmtr  Tablet: 

Scottish  Church  Hist. :  An  executive  com 
tnittee,  consisting  of  four  noblemen,  four 
gentlemen,  four  ministers,  and  four  burgesses, 
appointed  in  1638  by  the  Presbyterians  to 
manage  their  affairs  during  the  struggle  against 
the  forcible  introduction  of  the  liturgy  into 
the  Scottish  church.  The  name  was  given 
because  the  committee  met  in  four  separate 
rooms  in  Parliament  House  in  Edinburgh, 
each  room  of  conrse  furnished  with  a  separate 
table. 

(7)  To  lay  en  the  table:  In  parliamentary 
practice,  and  in  the  usage  of  corporate  and 
other  bodies,  to  receive  any  document,  as  a 


report,  motion,  or  the  like,  but  to  agree  to 
postpone  its  consideration  indefinitely. 

(8)  To  order  (a  bill  or  ilocunwnt)  to  lie  on  the 
table :  To  defer  for  future  consideration  ;  to 
postpone. 

*  (!>)  To  serve  tables : 

Script.  :  To  administer  the  alms  of  the 
Churoh.  (Acts  vi.  2.) 

(10)  To  turn  the  tables :  To  change  or  reverse 
the  condition  or  fortune  of  two  contending 
parties ;  a  metaphor  taken  from  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  fortune  at  gaming-tables. 

(11)  Tuxlae  Tables: 

Rrman  Antiq. :  The  tables  containing  the 
body  of  Roman  law  drawn  up  by  the  de- 
cemvirs, B.C.  451 ;  originally  there  were  only 
ten  of  these  tables,  but  two  more  were  added 
in  the  following  year. 

table-anvil,  s.  A  small  anvil  adapted 
to  be  screwed  to  a  table  for  bending  plates  of 
metal  or  wires,  making  small  repairs,  &c. 

*  table-bed,  s.    A  bed  In  the  form  of  a 
table. 

table-beer,  s.  Beer  for  the  table  or  for 
common  use  ;  small  beer. 

table-bell,  t.  A  small  boll  to  be  used  at 
meals  for  calling  servants. 

table  board, «.    Meals  without  lodging. 

table-book,  s. 

1.  A  memorandum-book ;  a  note-book. 

"  If  I  had  played  the  de«k  or  tabu-boat." 

Skaluip. :  Il.imla,  11.  «. 

2.  A  book  containing  the  multiplication 
table,  and  tables  of  weights  and  measures. 

table  cloth,  s.  A  cloth  for  covering  a 
table,  especially  for  spreading  over  the  table 
previous  to  setting  on  the  dishes,  &c.,  for 
meals. 

table-clothing,  s.   Table-linen.    (Prav.) 

table-cover,  s.  A  cloth  made  of  wool, 
cotton,  or  other  fabric,  either  woven  or 
stamped  with  a  pattern,  laid  on  a  table  be- 
tween meal-times. 

table -cutting,  >.    [TABLE,  t.  II.  5.  (IX] 

table-d'hote,  s.  [Lit,  the  host's  table; 
so  called  because  it  was  formerly,  and  in  Ger- 
many still  is,  the  custom  for  the  landlord  to 
take,  the  head  of  the  table.]  A  common  table 
for  guests  at  an  hotel ;  an  ordinary. 

table-diamond,  «. 

Min. :  A  diamond  prepared  as  a  flat  stone, 
with  two  opposite  plane  surfaces  and  bevelled 
edges. 

table-knife,  s.  An  ordinary  knife  used 
at  bible,  as  distinguished  from  •  fruit-knife, 
a  penknife,  &c. 

table-land,  «. 

rht/s.  Geog. :  A  plateau ;  a  plain  existing  at 
some  considerable  elevation  above  the  sea. 
Volcanic  rocks  often  make  such  table-lands, 
as  in  Central  India  ;  so  do  limestones.  Or  a 
sea-bed  or  lake-bed,  or  a  great  stretch  of 
country,  may  be  upheaved.  The  chief  table- 
lands are  in  the  Old  World,  extensive,  low- 
lying  plains  rather  than  table-lands  character- 
izing the  New.  One  occupies  about  half  the 
surface  of  Asia,  being  5,500  miles  from  east  to 
west,  and  from  700  to  2,000  miles  from  north 
to  south.  In  Europe  there  are  table-lands  in 
parts  of  Switzerland,  France,  Spain,  and 
Bavaria.  African  table-lands  exist  in  Morocco, 
Abyssinia,  the  region  of  the  Victoria  Nyanza, 
&c.  In  the  United  States  the  great  saline 
plain  of  Utah  and  the  Great  Plain  lying  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  are  examples. 

"  At  sanrUe  WB  discovered  a  high  tiMe-tnnd  {an 
Ulaml)  bearing  E.  by  S."— Coot:  Second  Voyayi,  bit- 
Ill.,  ch.  IT. 

table-lathe,  «.    A  hand-lathe  (q.v.). 
table-layers,  s.  pi. 

GeoL :  Sheets  of  volcanic  and  plntonic  rocks, 
divided  into  tab.e-like  masses,  but  not  really 
stratified;  pseudo-strata. 

table-linen,  s.  The  linen  used  at  and 
for  the  table,  as  table-cloths,  napkins,  or  the 
like ;  napery. 

*  table-man,  ».  A  man  or  piece  used  in 
the  game  of  draughts  or  backgammon. 

"  [A  soft  body  dampeth  the  sound]  and  therefore  In 
clericalls.  the  keyes  are  lined:  and  in  colMgcs  they 
QM  to  line  the  table-men."— Bacon  :  Nat.  Bill.,  \  158. 


table-money,  9. 

1.  An  allowance  to  general  officers  in  the 
army  and  nag  officers  in  the  navy  in  addition 
to  their  pay  as  a  compensation  for  the  necos 
sary  expenses  which  they  are  put  to  in  fulfil- 
ling the  duties  of   hospitality  within  tlicii 
respective  commands. 

2.  At  Clubs :  A  small  charge  made  to  mem- 
bers using  the  dining-room  to  cover  the  ex- 
penses of  furnishing  and  setting  out  the  tables. 

table-moving,  s.    [TABLE-TUKKINO.] 

table-plane,  s. 

Joinery :  A  furniture  maker's  plane  for 
making  rule-joints.  The  respective  parts 
have  ronnds  and  hollows,  and  the  planes  are 
made  in  pairs,  counterparts  of  each  other. 
[RULE-JOINT.) 

*  table-rent,  s. 

Old  Law :  Rent  paid  to  a  bishop,  &c.,  and 
appropriated  to  his  table  or  house-keeping. 

table-shore,  ». 

Naut. :  A  low  level  shore. 
table-spar,  s.    [^ABULAR-SPAR.] 

table-spoon,  s.  The  largest  sized  spoon 
ordinarily  used  at  table,  the  other  sizes  being 
known  as  dessert-spoons  and  tea-spoons. 

table-spoonful,  i.  As  much  as  a  table- 
spoon will  hold. 

*  table-sport,  s.    The  object  of  sport  at 
table ;  a  butt.    Shakesp. :  Merry  Wives,  iv.  2.) 

table  steam-engine,  s.  A  form  of 
engine  in  which  the  cylinder  is  fixed  upon  a 
table-like  base. 

table-talk,  s.  Conversation  at  table  or 
at  meals  ;  familiar  conversation. 

table-talker,  «.  A  conversationist ;  one 
who  studies  to  lead  or  outshine  others  in 
table-talk. 

table  turning, s.  One  of  the  earliest  of 
the  manifestations  said  to  be  produced  by 
spiritual  agency.  A  number  of  persons  formed 
a  circle  round  a  table,  on  which  their  out- 
stretched fingers  lightly  rested.  After  a  time 
the  table  began  to  move,  and  to  answer 
questions  either  by  tilting  or  rapping  at 
appropriate  letters  as  the  alphabet  was  re- 
peated. The  late  Professor  Faraday  was  of 
opinion  that  a  rotary  impulse  was  uncon- 
sciously imparted  to  the  table  by  those  who 
stood  round  it,  and  it  has  been  pointed  out 
that  pushing  may  take  place  without  any 
distinct  consciousness  on  the  part,  of  those 
who  push,  and  tiiat  expectant  attention  is 
known  to  produce  such  a  state  of  the  muscles 
as  would  occasion  this  unconscious  pushing. 

*  table-wise,  adv. 

Ecclfs. :  A  word  formed  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury to  express  the  position  In  which  some 
altars  were  then  placed — i.e.,  in  the  body  of 
the  church,  with  their  ends  east  and  west 

ta'-ble,  ».«.  &  i.    [TABU,  «.] 
A.  Transitive  : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  To  represent,  as  in  a  picture  or  paint- 
ing ;  to  delineate,  as  on  a  tablet. 

"This  last  powder  .treason,  fit  to  be  tabled  and  plc- 
tnred  in  the  chamber*  of  meditation  as  another  hell 
above  the  ground."— Bacon:  Hupptfrnent  to  the  Cabala. 
p.  68. 

*  2.  To  board ;  to  supply  with  food. 

*  3.  To  form  into  or  set  down  in  a  table  or 
catalogue ;  to  tabulate. 

"  I  could  have  looked  on  him  without  admiration, 
though  the  catalogue  of  his  endowment*  had  beep 
tabled  by  his  Bide."— Shakei)j. :  Cymbelin*,  i.  4. 

i.  To  lay  or  place  on  a  table. 

"The  men  had  a  refreshment  of  ale,  for  which  he 
too  used  to  tabte  his  twopence."— CarlyU  :  Kemtntt- 
ceno*  led.  Fronde),  1.  45. 

5.  To  lay  on  the  table  in  business  meeting! ; 
to  enter  upon  the  record. 

|  To  table,  or  lay  on  the  table:  A  parlia- 
mentary procedure,  which  is  equivalent  to 
indefinite  postponement  of  consideration  (of  a 
bill,  Ac.). 

H  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  To  let,  as  one  piece  of  timber, 
into  another,  by  alternate  scores  or  projec- 
tions on   each  to  prevent  the  pieces  from 
drawing  asunder  or  slipping  upon  one  another. 

2.  Naut. :  To  make  broad  hems  in  the  skirts 
and  bottoms  of  (sails),  in  order  to  strengthen 
them  in  the  part  attached  to  the  boltrope. 


bSU,  b«Sy;  pout,  J6%1;  oat,  5011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.   -in*, 
-clan,  -tian=sban.   -tion, -sion-shun; -fion, -5ion  =  ztun.    -clous,  -lions,  -sions  =  shus.   -ble, -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4600 


tableau— tabular 


*  B.  Intrant. :  To  board,  to  diet ;  to  live  a 
the  table  of  another. 

"  He  lost  hia  kingdom,  was  driven  from  the  societ 
of  men  to  table  with  the  beasts,  and  to  graze  witi 
oxen."— Soutk:  Sermon*. 

ta  bloan'  (pi.  ta-bleanx1)  (ean  as  o,  x  ab 

z),  s.     [Fr.,  dimin.  from  table  =  table  (q.v.). 

1.  A  picture  ;  a  striking  or  vivid  representa 
tion  or  situation. 

2.  A  group   of  performers  in  a  dramatic 
scene,  or  of  any  persons  regarded  as  forming 
a  dramatic  group  ;  specif.,  a  group  of  persons 
dressed  and  grouped  so  as  to  represent  som 
interesting  event  or  scene  ;  a  tableau-vivant. 

tableau-vivant  (pi.  tabloaux-vl- 
vants),  s.  [TABLEAU,  2.] 

"  ta-ble  ment,  s.    [Eng.  table;  -ment.] 
Arch. :  A  flat  surface ;  a  table. 

"  When  we  had  fetched  therefore  a  circuit  about, 
we  sat  us  down  upon  the  tablemenU  on  the  south  side 
of  the  Temple,  neer  unto  the  chapel  of  Tellus."— 
P.  Holland .  Plutarch,  p.  MS. 

•  ta'-bler,  ».    [Eng.  tabl(e);  -er.] 
L  One  who  tables., 

2.  One  who  boards  others  for  hire;   one 
who  boards. 

"  But  he  Is  now  come 
To  be  the  muslck-master :  fabler,  too. 
He  is,  or  would  be."      Btn  Jonton :  fpiyrami. 

tab  -let,  «.   [Fr.,  tableUe,  dimin.  from  tablt  =  a 
table  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  I,  A  small  level  surface ;  a  small  table. 

*  2.  A  slab  of  wood,  stone,  metal,  or  other 
material  on    which    anything   is   engraved, 
painted,  or  the  like. 

"  Protogenes  knew  not  when  to  take  his  hand  from 
the  tablet  which  he  was  painting."—  Knox :  Ettay  63. 

3.  A  small,  flat  and  smooth  piece  of  wood, 
metal,  ivory,  or  other  material,  prepared  for 
writing,  (Minting,  drawing,  or  engraving  upon. 
The  tablets  of  the  ancients  were  made  in  the 
form    of    books,   the    leaves  of  skin,  ivory, 
parchment,  wood,  fixed  within  covers,  and 
held  by  a  wire  or  ribbon  which  passed  through 
holes  in  all  of  them,  so  that  they  opened  like 
•  fan.  Tablets  of  ivory  are  now  generally  used. 

"  To  Lycia  the  devoted  youth  he  sent. 
\  With  tablcti  seal'd.  that  told  his  dire  Intent" 

Pope;  Homer;  rttadvt.  210. 

4.  (PI.):  A  kind  of  small  pocket-book  or 
memorandum- book. 

5.  A  small  flat  tish  cake,  as  of  soap,  &c. 

"  It  hath  been  anciently  in  use  to  wear  tubleti  of 
arsenick,orpreserv-" 
draw  the  venom  to 

IX  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  A  coping  on  a  wall  or  scarp. 

2.  Pharm. :   An    electuary   or    confection 
made  of  dry  ingredients  with  sugar.    It  is 
generally    in    flat   squares,    but    sometimes 
rounded.      Called     also,     especially    when 
roun'ied,  a  lozenge  or  troche. 

ta'-bling,  ».    [Eng.  tabl(e);  -inf.} 

*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  forming  into  tables. 

2.  The  act  of  playing  at  tables  ;  gambling. 

3.  Board,  maintenance. 
H,  Technically : 

1.  Carp. :  A  coak  or  tenon  on  the  scarfed 
face  of  a  timber,  designed  to  occupy  a  counter- 
part recess  or  mortise  in  the  chamfered  face 
of  a  timber  to  which  it  is  attached.    [SCARF.] 

2.  Naut. :  An  additional  thickness  of  canvas 
on  portions  of  a  sail  exposed  to  chafing,  or  to 
strengthen  the  sail  at  certain  points,  as  the 
edges. 

Of  the  afterleach."— fttld,  Oct  S,  1BS5. 

"If  Tabling  of  Jlnei : 

Law :  The  forming  into  a  table  or  catalogue 
the  fines  for  every  county,  giving  the  contents 
of  each  fine  passed  in  any  one  term.  Thi« 
was  done  by  the  chirographer  of  fines  of  the 
Common  Pleas. 

*  tabling  house, «. 

1.  A  gambling-house. 

"  They  have  hut  drnnke  once  together  at  the  ta  veme, 
or  met  In  the  tennis  court,  or  else  turned  into  a 
tabllna-houfe,  and  played  at  dice  and  hazzard  one 
with  the  other.  —  P.  Holland:  Plutarch  p.  1S6. 

2.  A  boarding-house. 

tab-li'-num,  s.    [Lat.] 

Raman  Antiq. :  An  apartment  in  a  Roman 
honse  in  the  centre  of  the  atrium,  In  which 


uci  o 

arsenlck,  or  preservatives,  against  the  plague ;  as  they 
them  from  the  spirit*.  —Bacon. 


were  deposited  the  genealogical  records  an< 
archives,  and  all  documents  commemoratin 
the  exploits  which  had  been  performed  b^ 
members  of  the  family,  or  which  were  con 
nected  with  the  high  offices  which  any  o 
them  had  filled. 

ta  boo ,  t  ta-bn',  *  ta-pn ,  ».    [South-Sea 
tabu ;  Maori  Utpu  =  sacred.] 

1,  Lit.  Jt  A  nthrop. :  A  custom  formerly  ver 
prevalent  iu  Polynesia  and  New  Zealand  o 
separating  persons,  places,  or  things  from 
common  use  ;  applied  also  to  the  state  or  con 
dition  of  being  so  separated.  The  taboo  was 
essentially  a  religious  ceremony,  and  couk 
only  be  imposed  by  the  priests,  though  it  was 
employed  m  social  and  political  affairs,  as 
well  as  in  matters  distinctively  religious.  The 
idols,  temples,  persons,  and  names  of  the 
king  were  taboo  (or  sacred),  and  almost  every 
thing  offered  in  sacrifice  was  taboo  to  the  use 
of  the  gods.  Seasons  of  taboo  (on  the  ap- 
proach of  some  festival,  before  going  to  war, 
and  in  case  of  the  illness  of  a  chief),  were 
either  common  or  strict.  During  the  former, 
the  men  were  only  required  to  abstain  from 
their  ordinary  pursuits,  and  attend  a  religious 
ceremony  morning  and  evening;  during  the 
latter,  all  fires  and  lights  were  extinguished, 
and  no  person,  except  those  whose  attendance 
was  required  at  the  temple,  was  allowed  out 
of  doors.  The  taboo  was  imposed  either  by 
proclamation,  or  by  fixing  certain  marks  to 
the  places  or  things  tabooed.  The  prohibi. 
tions  and  requisitions  of  the  taboo  were 
strictly  enforced,  and  every  breach  of  them 
punished  with  death,  unless  the  delinquent 
had  powerful  friends  who  were  either  priests 
or  chiefs.  The  king,  sacred  chiefs,  and  priests 
seem  to  have  been  the  only  persons  to  whom 
the  application  of  the  taboo  was  easy:  the 
great  mass  of  the  people  were  at  no  period  ol 
their  existence  free  from  its  influence,  and  no 
circumstance  in  life  could  excuse  disobedience 
to  its  commands,  while,  like  many  of  the 
peculiar  customs  of  lower  races,  it  bore  with 
peculiar  hardship  on  women.  A  girl  was  not 
allowed  to  eat  food  that  had  been  cooked  at 
her  father's  fire,  and  a  wife  was  forbidden  to 
partake  of  what  she  had  prepared  for  her 
husband  and  sons,  and  even  to  eat  in  the 
same  room  with  them.  In  New  Zealand,  how- 
ever, the  custom  was,  in  its  influence,  gene- 
rally more  powerful  for  good  than  for  evil. 
The  advance  of  civilization  and  the  influence 
of  the  missionaries  have  done  much  to  abolish 
it  throughout  the  South  Sea  Islands,  and 
even  where  it  still  lingers  the  old  death 
j«nalty  for  its  violation  can  be  no  longer 
enforced. 

2.  Fig, :  Prohibition  of  social  intercourse 
with. 

ta-boo',  t  ta-bn',  v.t.    [TABOO,  «.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  put  under  taboo. 

"  Sometimes  an  island  or  a  district  was  tabued. 
when  no  canoe  or  person  was  allowed  to  approach  It" 
-Brown.-  Peoplao/th,  World,  11.  48. 

2.  fig. :  To  forbid  the  use  of;  to  interdict 
approach  to,  or  contact  or  intercourse  with, 
as  for  religious  or  other  reasons. 

"  Art  and  poetry  were  tabooed  both  by  my  rank  and 
my  mother's  sectarianism."-* ingilef :  Alton  Locte. 
en.  L 

ta'-bor,  '  ta'-bonr,  s.  [O.  Fr.  labour  (Fr. 
tambour),  from  Sp.  tambor,  atambor,  from 
Arab,  tambur  =  a  kind  of  lute,  a  guitar  with  a 
long  neck  and  six  brass  strings  ;  also  a  drum  ; 
Pers.  tumbuk  =  a  trumpet,  a  bagpipe ;  tambal 
=  a  small  drum ;  Itibir 
=  a  drum  ;  Ital.  tam- 
buro.] 

Music:  A  small 
shallow  drum  used  to 
accompany  the  pipe, 
and  beaten  by  the 
fingers.  The  old  Eng- 
lish tabor  was  hung 
round  the  neck,  and 
beaten  with  a  stick 
held  in  the  right 
hand,  while  the  left 
hand  was  occupied  in 
fingering  a  pipe.  The 
pipe  and  tabor  were 
the  ordinary  accompaniment  of  the  morris- 
dance.  The  illustration  is  taken  from  the 
celebrated  ancient  window  in  the  mansion  of 
Oeo.  Toilet,  Esq.,  Batley,  Staffordshire.  (See 
Hone't  Year  Book,  July  17.) 

Jri  V0*Uitl'<m  ""'  *»  "V  <«6or>"— Btaltap. :  Ttmlfth 


TABOR  AND  TABOR 
STICK. 


•  ta'-bor,  *  ta'-bonr,  v.i.  &  t.    (TABOR,  i.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  play  upon  the  tabor. 

2.  To  strike  lightly  and  frequently. 

"  And  her  maids  shall  lead  her  MS  with  the  voice  at 
doves.  IttMtta)  upon  their  breasts. "— A'oftum  li  J. 

B.  Trans. :  To  sound  by  beating  a  tabor  • 
to  play  on  a  tabor. 

"  For  in  your  court  is  many  a  losengeour 
That  tabnuren  in  your  pares  many  a  soun." 

Chaucer:  Legtud  of  Oood  Women.    (Prol.) 

"  ta'-bor-er,  •  tavbonr-er, ».    [Eng.  tabor; 
-er.]    One  who  plays  on  a  tabor. 

"  Would  I  could  see  this  labourer." 

Shakfip. :  Tempett,  lii.  1 

ta'-bor-et,  *  ta'-bonr-et.  i.    [Eng.  tabor. 
dimin.  sun*,  -et.}    A  small  tabor. 

"  We  take  our  first  glimpse  of  this  diminutive,  fllmr 
taboret.  —Harper,  iagatint.  July,  1886,  p.  286. 

ta'-bor-Jne,  ta'-bonr-ine, «.  [Fr.  tabmrin.} 

1.  A  tabor ;   a  small  drum  in  form  of  a 
sieve ;  a  tambourine. 

2.  Aside-drum. 

Make  mingle  with  our  rattling  tabimrinet'"'  ' 

Shaketp.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  IT.  I. 

Ta'-bdr-iteo, ».  pi.  [Bohem.  tabor  =  a  tent] 
,  Church  Hist.  :  A  section  of  Calixtines,  who 
received  their  name  from  a  great  encampment 
organized  by  them  on  a  mountain  near  Prague 
in  1419,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the  Com- 
munion in  both  kinds.  On  the  same  spot 
they  founded  the  city  of  Tabor,  and,  assembling 
an  insurrectionary  force,  marched  on  Prague 
under  the  lead  of  Ziska  (July  80,  1419),  and 
committed  great  atrocities  under  the  pretence 
of  avenging  insults  offered  to  the  Calixtine 
custom  of  communicating  under  both  kinds 
On  the  death  of  King  Wenceslaus  (Aug.  16, 
1419)  they  began  to  destroy  churches  and 
monasteries,  to  persecute  the  clergy,  and  to 
appropriate  church  property  on  the  ground 
that  Christ  was  shortly  to  ajipearand  establish 
his  personal  reign  among  them.  They  were 
eventually  conquered  and  dispersed  in  14.1S 
by  George  Podiebrada  (afterwards  King  .if 
Bohemia). 

ta'-bonr, «.  &  v.    [TABOB.] 

*  ta  -bour-et, ».    [TABOBET.] 

1.  A  taboret. 

"  They  shall  depart  the  manor  before  him  witli 
trumpets,  tabourett.  and  other  minstrelsy."— Spectator 

2.  A  seat  without  arms  ;  a  stool.    So  called 
from  its  shape,  which  somewhat  resembles  a 
drum. 

3.  A  frame  for  embroidery. 

IT  Right  of  the  tabouret  (Droit  de  tabouret) : 
A  privilege  formerly  enjoyed  by  ladies  of  the 
highest  rank  in  France  of  sitting  on  a  tabouret 
in  presence  of  the  queen.  [2.J 

"ta'-brere,  s.    [Eng.  tabor;  -er.]    A  player 
on  the  tabor. 

"  I  saw  a  shole  of  shepherds  outgo 
Before  them  yode  a  lusty  tabrere* 

Sptnter  :  Shephtardl  Calender ;  Jun*. 

"ta'-brSt,    ».      [Eng.  tabor;    -et.}     A   small 
tabor ;  a  taboret. 

"  So  bright  are  they 
Who  saffron-vested  sound  the  tabrrt  there." 

a.  Browning  :  Return  of  the  Drum,  11 

tab  u-la  (pi.  tab'-u-lte),  s.  .  [Lat.] 
*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  table ;  a  flat  surface. 
2.  Zod.  (PI.) :  Transverse  partitions  in  cer- 
tain corals ;   horizontal  plates  or  floors,  ex- 
tending from  side  to  side  across  the  cavity  of 
some  corals,  which  they  divide  into  chambers, 
one  above  another. 

tabula  rasa,  phr.  [Lat.  =  a  smooth 
waxed  tablet,  ready  to  receive  any  impression 
of  the  style.) 

Philoa. :  A  term  used  by  the  Sensational 
philosophers  of  the  seventeenth  century  to 
describe  the  condition  of  the  human  mind  be- 
fore it  has  been  the  subject  of  experience,  in 
opposition  to  the  supporters  of  the  theory  <>f 
innate  ideas.  The  origin  of  the  expression  is 
probably  to  be  found  in  Aristotle  (de  Animft, 
lib.  iii.,  c.  iv.,  §  14.) 

Ab'-u-lar,  a.    [Lat.  tabularis,  from  tabula  = 
a  table.] 

1.  In  the  form  of  a  table ;  having  a  flat 
surface. 

2.  Formed  in  lamina)  or  plates. 

"  All  the  nodules  that  consist  of  one  uniform  sub- 
stance were  formed  from  one  point,  except  those  thai 
are  faoularand  plated."—  Woodward:  On  FoufU. 


IRte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  sin;  mute,  onb,  ciire,  tjnlte.  our.  rnle,  foil;  try,  Syrian.    »,  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «n  =  kw. 


tabularization— tachydrite 


4601 


S.  Uet  down  In  or  forming  a  table,  list,  or 
•chedule :  as,  a  tabular  statement. 

4.  Derived  from  or  computed  by  the  use  of 
tables :  as,  tabular  right  ascension. 

tabular-bone,  s. 

Anat  (PI.) :  Flat  bones,  as  the  scapula,  the 
ilium,  and  the  bones  forming  the  roof  and 
sides  of  the  skull. 

tabular-crystal,  ».  A  crystal  in  which 
the  prism  is  very  short. 

tabular  -  differences,  s.  pJ.  In  loga- 
rithmic tables  of  numbers,  a  column  of 
numbers  marked  D,  consisting  of  the  differ- 
ences of  the  logarithms  taken  in  succession, 
each  number  being  the  difference  between 
the  successive  logarithms  in  the  same  line 
with  it  When  the  difference  is  not  the  same 
between  all  the  logarithms  in  the  same  line, 
the  number  which  answers  most  nearly  to  it, 
one  part  taken  with  another,  is  inserted.  In 
thecommon  table  of  logarithms  the  logarithms 
of  all  the  numbers  from  1  to  10,000  can  be 
found  by  inspection,  but  by  the  aid  of  the 
tabular  differences  the  logarithms  of  numbers 
between  10,000  and  1,000,000  may  be  found. 
Also  by  the  aid  of  the  same  differences  the 
number  corresponding  to  any  logarithm  can 
be  found  to  five  or  six  places.  In  logarithmic 
tables  of  sines,  tangents,  secants,  cosines, 
cotangents,  and  cosecants,  there  are  three 
columns  of  tabular  differences  on  each  page. 
The  first  of  these  is  placed  between  the  sines 
and  cosecants,  the  second  between  the  tan- 
gents and  cotangents,  and  the  third  between 
the  secants  and  cosines.  These  numbers  are 
the  differences  between  the  logarithms  on  the 
left  hand  against  which  they  are  placed  and 
the  next  lower  increased  in  the  proportion  of 
100  to  60.  The  use  of  these  differences  is  to 
facilitate  the  finding  of  the  logarithmic  sine, 
tangent,  secant,  4tc.,  for  any  given  degrees, 
minutes,  and  seconds,  or  the  degrees,  minutes 
and  seconds  corresponding  to  any  given  loga- 
rithmic sine,  tangent,  secant,  4tc. 

tabular-spar,  table-spar,  >. 

Min. :  The  same  as  WOLLASTONITK  (q.v.). 

tabular-structure,  «. 

deal.  Jt  Petrol. :  A  structure  suggestive  of  a 
table  or  a  series  of  tables,  i.e.,  the  structure 
of  a  rock,  flat  above,  and  with  vertical  seams 
or  fissures. 

•tab-u-lar-I-za'-tlon,  ».  [Eng.  labular- 
u<«) ;  ^atio'n. }  The  act  of  tabulating  or  form- 
ing into  tables ;  tabulation. 

•  tab'-u-lar-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  tabular;  -te.] 
To  form  into  tables ;  to  reduce  to  a  tabular 
form  ;  to  tabulate. 

•tab'-n-lar-ly,a*>.  [Eng.  tabular;  -ly.l  In 
tabular  form  ;  by  means  of  a  list  or  schedule. 

"To  set  forth  as  much  as  possible  tabultrly  or  con- 
cisely those  features."— Lindsay:  Mind  in  If*  Lower 
Animatt.  1.  69. 

t*b-u-la  -ta,  ».  pi.  [Neut  pi.  of  Lat  tafm- 
latus  =  boarded,  floored,  from  tabula  (q.v.).  J 

Zool.  *  Paltxont. :  A  group  of  Madreporaria 
Perforata.  Tabulate  corals,  having  the  visceral 
chamber  divided  into  stories  by  tabulse,  and 
with  the  septa  rudimentary  or  absent  The 
group  is  of  doubtful  stability,  some  recent 
genera,  as  Millepora,  Heliopora,  &e.,  having 
been  removed  from  it,  and  various  fossil 
genera  Favosites,  Chatetes,  Syringopora, 
Halysites,  &C.,  being  placed  in  it  provision- 
ally. Families  Favositida?,  Chffitetidse,  The- 
cid»,  and  Halysitida?.  From  the  Silurian 
onward. 

tab  n-late,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  tabulatua,  pa.  par. 
of  klbulo  =  to  form  into  a  table  ;  Lat  tabula 
=  a  table.)  Table-shaped,  tabulated  ;  specif, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Tabulate  (q.v.). 

tabulate  corals,  s.  pi.    [TABULATA.] 

tab  -u-late,  v.t.    [TABULATE,  a.) 

1/To  reduce  to  tables ;  to  make  tables  of. 

"  Dispose,  tabvlnt*,  and  calculate  scattered  ranks  o 
numbers,  and  easily  compute  them."— Borrow:  Itutht 
maticai  Lccturci.  (Pref..  p.  29.) 

*  2.  To  shape  with  a  flat  surface. 

"  Many  of  the  best  diamonds  are  pointed  with  «lx 
angles,  and  some  ta&ui'ltcd  or  plain,  and  square.  — 
Qrne:  Miaaum. 

tab  n  la-tlon,  ».    [TABULATE,  t>.)    The  act 
art,' or  process  of  forming  tables  or  tabula 
statements;  the  act  rf  reducing  data  to 
tabular  form ;  data  reduced  to  a  tabular  form 


tao,  s.    [TACK.] 

Law:  A  kind  of  customary  payment  by  a 
tenant 

•  tao  free,  a. 

Old  Law :  Exempt  from  rents,  payments,  &C, 

tac  a  hout,  s.  [Arab.]  The  native  name  of 
the  small  gall  formed  on  the  tamarisk-tree 
(Tamarix  iiuiica). 

tac  a  ma  ha'- ca,  tao'-a-ma-hao,  ». 
[Native  name.] 

1.  A  resinous,  balsamic,  bitter,  aromatic 
exudation,  found  in  winter  on  the  buds  of 
Popului  nigra,  P.  balsami/era,  P.  candicans, 
Ac.  It  is  said  to  be  diuretic  and  antiscorbutic. 
It  is   made  into  an  ointment  for  tumours, 
wounds,  and  burns,  and  constitutes  the  basis 
of  a  balsam  and  tincture  used  for  colic,  ftc. 

2.  The    resin    of   an    amyrid,    Btapkrium 
tomentomm,  from  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico. 

3.  The  resin  of  Calophyllum  Calaba,  from 
the  East  Indies. 

1.  A  resin  from  the  roots  of  CalopKyllum 
Inopkyllum,  from  the  Isle  of  Bourbon. 

tac  -ca,  s.     [Malay.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Taccacea?  (q.v.). 
Culyx  six-partite  ;  corolla  six-parted ;  stamens 
six,  inserted  in  the  calyx;  styles  three; 
stigmas  stellate.  Berry  hexangular,  dry, 
many-seeded.  In  the  Malay  Peninsula  and 
the  Moluccas  the  tubers  of  Tacca  pinnatifida, 
T.  dubia,  and  T.  montana  are  rasped  and 
macerated  in  water,  a  fecula  being  extracted, 
which  is  eaten  like  sago.  The  first  species  is 
much  grown  in  Travancore.  The  fecula  which 
it  yields  is  imported  into  England,  and  used 
as  a  substitute  for  West-Indian  arrowroot  It 
is  called  also  T.  youy.  Its  stalks  are  split  and 
made  into  bonnets  in  the  South  Sea  Islands. 
T.  cristata  is  the  water-lily  of  Singapore. 

tao  ca  -CO-SB,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tacc(o);  Lat. 
fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acete.] 

Bot. :  Taccads ;  an  order  of  Endogens,  alli- 
ance Narcissales.  Large  perennial  herbs 
with  a  tuberous  root  Leaves  radical,  stalked, 
exstipulate,  undivided  or  pedatifid,  the  seg- 
ments pinnatifld  and  entire,  with  curved 
parallel  veins.  Flowers  at  the  extremity  of  a 
scape,  in  umbels,  surrounded  by  undivided 
bracts,  constituting  an  involucre.  Perianth 
six-cleft,  the  tube  superior,  the  limb  petaloid, 
equal  or  unequal ;  stamens  six,  persistent, 
with  dilated  filaments  ;  styles  three,  connate  ; 
ovary  of  three  carpels,  with  five  parietal  pla- 
centa;;  many-seeded;  fruit  baccate,  with 
lunate  striated  seeds.  Known  genera  two, 
species  eight ;  found  in  damp  forests,  espe- 
cially near  the  sea  in  tropical  India,  Africa, 
and  the  South  Sea  Islands. 

tac' -cad,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  tacc(a);  Eng.  snff. 
•ad.) 

Bot  (PI ) :  Lindley's  name  for  the  Taccaceae 
(q.v.). 

ta-ce  (O  as  9h),  v.i.  [ltd.,  imperative  sing, 
of  tacere  =  to  be  silent] 

Mwic :  A  direction  that  a  particular  voice, 
instrument,  or  part  is  to  be  silent  for  a  certain 
specified  time. 
*ta9'-es,  ».  pi-     [TASSES.]     Armour  for  the 

thighs. 

ta'~9et,  t>.i.    [Lat.,  3rd  pers.  sing.  pres.  indie, 
of  taceo  =  to  be  silent] 
Music :  The  same  as  TACE  (q.v.). 

•tach,  *ta9he(l),  s.  [A  softened  form  o: 
tack  (q.v.).]  •  Something  used  for  taking  hold 
or  holding ;  an  attachment ;  a  catch,  a  loop, 
a  button,  or  the  like. 

"  Make  Ofty  taclta  at  gold,  and  couple  the  curtains 
together  with  the  tacltn."—  Sx°d.  xxv.  «. 

t&che  (2),  «.  [Fr.]  A  pan  in  a  battery  o: 
sugar-pans.  The  term  is,  however,  often  es 
pecially  applied  to  the  smallest  of  the  five 
that  immediately  over  the  fire,  from  which 
the  concentrated  juice  is  transferred  to  thr 
cooler,  also  called  the  Striking-tache. 

*  t&9he  (3),  *  tacch,  ».  [Fr.]  A  spot,  a  stain 
a  blemish. 

"The  heryng  or  seinge  of  any  Tlae  or  yve] 
Xlyot :  Qopernour,  bk.  L,  ch.  liL 

•tache,   v.t.     [TACHE  (1),  «.]    To  attach,  to 

fasten. 


tach-S-Sg'-ra-phy,  «.    (TACHYOBAPHY.) 

tach  I  a,  ».  [Guianan  tacM  =  an  ants  neit. 
So  named  because  the  trunks  and  branchei 
are  generally  full  of  ants.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Gentianeai.  Plants  with 
yellow  flowers,  found  in  the  West  Indies, 
Guiana,  &c. 

tach-i-na, «.    [TACHINUS.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tachinarias. 
One  of  the  largest  species  is  Tackina  grassa, 
found  in  Continental  Europe  and  in  Britain. 
It  is  two-thirds  of  an  inch  long,  black,  and 
covered  with  bristles,  the  head  and  the  base 
of  the  wings  reddish  yellow. 

tach  I  nar'-I-se,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tackin(a); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -aria.] 

Entom. .-  A  group  of  MuscidK.  Bristles 
projecting  from  the  third  joint  of  the  antenna, 
either  entirely  naked  or  hairy,  or  plumose 
only  at  the  base.  Scales  behind  the  base  of 
the  wings  very  large,  entirely  concealing  the 
halteres.  Flies  with  hairy  bodies,  moderately 
stout,  and  flying  with  great  rapidity.  The 
larva?  feed  as  parasites  upon  caterpillars  of 
the  Lepidoptera  and  of  sawflies,  also  on 
beetles,  Held  bugs,  earwigs,  grasshoppers, 
bees,  wasps,  and  spiders.  Many  hundred 
species  exist  in  Europe,  and  they  are  abun- 
dant in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

•  ta  chln'-I-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tachin(us); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -Ida;.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Brachelytra,  now 
merged  in  Staphylinidse.  Small,  excessively 
agile  beetles  of  convex  tapering  form,  with 
peutamerous  tarsi.  They  frequent  flowers. 

tach'-I-nus,  ».  [Or.  TOKYO'S  (tachinos),  poetic 
"for  raxvs  (tactiMs)  —  quick,  swift.) 

Entom.:  A  genus  of  Staphylinidte,  with 
antenna;  thickening  insensibly,  and  somewhat 
pear  shaped,  the  palpi  filiform,  the  le» 
spinous. 

tach'  o"  graph,  t.    A  device  for  registering 
rotary  speed. 

ta-chSm'-e-ter,  ».  [Gr.  raxo?  (tacho>)  = 
speed,  swiftness,  and  utrpov  (metron)  =  a 
measure;  Fr.  tachometre.}  An  instrument  foi 
measuring  velocity  ;  specifically — 

(1)  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  velo- 
city of  machines  by  means  of  the  depression 
occasioned  in  a  column  of  fluid  by  centrifugal 
force    which  causes  the  fluid  in  the  cistern 
(with  which   the   graduated  column  is  con- 
nected) to  sink  in  the  centre  more  and  more 
with  every  increase  of  velocity.     Thus  the 
graduated  column  falls  on  the  scale  as  the 
velocity  is  augmented,  and  rises  as  the  velo- 
city is  diminished. 

(2)  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  speed 
of  flowing   liquids.      One  form  has  several 
spiral  vanes  on  a  shaft  carrying  an  endless 
screw,  which  turns  a  series  of  geared  wheels. 
On  being  placed  in  a  current,  the  vanes  assume 
a  position  perpendicular  thereto,  and  their 
rotation  actuates  the  clock-work  mechanism 
which  is  graduated  to  indicate  the  velocity  of 
the  liquid  in  miles  per  hour,  or  other  units  of 
measurement. 

*ta9h'-y,  a.     [Eng.  tacKe  (3);  -y.]    Viciouj, 

corrupt 
taoh  y-,  pnj.     [Gr.  T«XVS  (tachus)  =  swift.) 

Attended  with    swiftness ;    endowed    with 

speed. 
taoh'-y-B-phal'-tlte,  ».    [Pref.  tacky- ;  Or. 

i*oATw'(ap)iaJto.)  =  »  springing  off,  and  suff. 

-ite.] 
Min. :  An  altered  form  of  Zircon  (q.v.), 

occurring  in  crystals  in  the  gneiss  of  Krageroe, 

Norway.     Decrepitates  before  the  blowpipe, 

hence  the  name. 

»taoh-y-di-dax'-*,  >•  [Pref.  tacKy-,  and 
Gr  ti&ta  (didaxis)  =  teaching  ;  JiSao-««,  (di- 
dasko)  =  to  teach.)  A  short  or  rapid  method 
of  imparting  knowledge. 

tao-hy'-drite,  ».  [Pref  tack-;  Gr.  M«f 
(kwlor)  =  water,  and  suff.  -ite.) 

Min. :  A  deliquescent  mineral,  occurring  in 
rounded  masses,  having  two  cleavages,  in  the 
salt-mines  of  Stassfurth,  Prussia.  Colour, 
yellowish  ;  transparent.  Compos.  :  chlorine, 
41-17 ;  calcium,  7-76 ;  magnesium,  9-30  ;  water, 
41-77  =  100,  which  corresponds  with  the  for- 
mula (CaCl  +  2MgCl)  +  12HO. 


boil  b6"y-  p6"ut.  Jo^rl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect, 
=  shan.   -Uon,-»ion=»hun;-t.en,-fion  =  «huj..   -olous,  -Uon*.  -«ions  =  »hu». 


-We, -die.  to 


4602 


tachydromia— tackle 


tach  y-dro -ml-a, ». 

Ealom. :  A  genus  of  Empidse  (q.v.),  akin  to 
Ocydromia  (q.v.). 

tach  y-dro  ml  an,    ... 
Any    individual   'belonging    to    the    genus 
Tachydromus  (q.v.)  or  Tachydromia  (q.v.). 

ta-chyd  -rd-mus,  i.  [Or.  Taxvop6>«  (tachu 
dromof)  =  swifurunntng  :  TO^VC  (tachus)  — 
swift,  and  opoftoc  (dromoj)  =  a  raiuiiug,  a 
course.] 

1.  Omith. :   Illiger's   name   for  the  genus 
Cursorius. 

2.  Zool. :  A  genus  of  Lacertidse,  with  seven 
species    widely   scattered    in    Chinese  Asia, 
Japan,  Borneo,  and  West  Africa.    Head  pyra- 
midal and  long,  collar  of  keeled  scales,  ven 
tral  scales  keeled,  tail  not  spined. 

•  taeh  y-glos  -sus,  «.  [Pref.  tachy-,  and  Or. 
•yAwo-tra  (fjla&a)  =  a  tongue.  ] 

Zool. :  Illiger's  name  for  the  genus  Echidna 
(q.v.). 

ta  chyr  ra  plier.  •  ta  klg -ra-pher, 

[Eng.  tadiygraphail ;  -tr.)    One  who  writes  in 
shorthand  ;  a  stenographer. 

"  TmJttffrapH^n  do  not.  however,  deem  it  neceeaary 
to  distinguish  between  the  vowel  sounds  in  eeajt  and 
•Ola."— acrUmer't  Jfaooaine,  Dec..  1378.  p.  800. 

tach  y  graph  -Ic,  tach-y-graph  -Ic-al. 

[Elig.   tach.ngro.pMj/) ;    -ic,   -iaal.)    Of  or  per- 
taining to  tachygraphy  ;  written  in  shorthand. 

"  '  No  help  1 '  Bald  I,  '  no  tackyyraphic  pow'r, 
To  interpose  in  this  unequnl  hour '  " 

«yrot» .-  RatJxnr,  of  Of  Cameridye  Coaci. 

tt-oHyr-ra-phy.  *ta-klr-ra-pliy,  a. 
[Or.  Taxv?  (tacftus)  =  swift,  and  ypi*u  (graphs) 
=  to  write.]  The  act  or  practice  of  rapid 
writing ;  shorthand,  stenography. 

"Ini'itiffrapfiv.  each,  rocal  element  does  have  one, 
and  only  one.  distinct  sign,  abeeluto  in  Talue.'- 
gcrMriers  Jfaimstna.  Uee_  UTS,  p.  Sw. 

tfcch'-JMIte,  tach'-y-lyte,  >.  [Pref.  tachy-, 
and  Gr.  AVTOC  (lutos)  =  dissolved  ;  Ger.  tachy- 

Aftn,  at  Petrol. :  A  massive  substance,  with- 
out cleavage,  and  resembling  obsidian.  For- 
merly regarded  as  a  distinct  mineral  species, 
but  now  shown  by  Judd  and  others  to  be 
only  a  vitreous  form  of  basalt,  with  which  it 
is  always  associated.  It  varies  in  composition 
according  to  the  basalt  which  ft  represents, 
but  the  percentage  of  silica  present  is  usually 
above  that  of  ordinary  basalts. 

tachyllte  basalt,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  basalt  in  which  certain  parts, 
having  the  general  composition  of  the  mass, 
exist  in  a  vitreous  state,  this  condition  (tachy. 
lyte)  being  mostly  confined  to  the  sides  of 
the  vein  or  dyke. 

ta-chyp -e-tej,  j  [Or.  T.XVMTTS  (tadmftta) 
=  flying  fast  :  m^vt  (foetus)  =  last,  and 
TflVop.<u  (pttoniai)  =  to  fly.] 

Ornita.:  Frigate  bird;  a  genus  of  Pelicanidaj. 
Bill  with  tbe  tips  of  both  mandibles  curved  ; 
wings  excessively  long  and  deeply  forked 
Tachypetet  ooitita  is  the  Frigate-bird  (q.v.). 

ta-chyp'-Sr-iU,  s.  [Or.  rarfwooo,  (tacliu- 
poros)  =  fast-going,  quick  of  motion  :  ra\ut 
(tackus)  =  quick,  and  irdpoc  (  poro«)=»  passage.  ] 
Zool. :  A  genus  of  Staphylinidse,  akin  to 
Tauliinus,  but  with  awl-like  palpi.  Eleven 
or  more  British  species. 

tac/-it.  •  tac-lte,  o.  [Lat  tacitus,  from  taceo 
—  to  be  silent ;  Fr.  tacito.]  Implied,  but  not 
directly  expressed  in  words. 

"This  relies  also  upon  a  tftrit  or  implicit  permieaion 
o*  law/'—fy,.  Taylor :  Kuje  of  Conscience,  bk.  iil,  ch.  U. 

tacit  relocation,  s.    [RELOCATION,  «j.J 
ta9'-It-ly,  *tao-lte-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  tacit; 
-ly.]    In  a  tacit  manner;  silently;  by  impli- 
cation, but  not  directly  in  words. 

"  I  n  those  thl  no  I  n  which  they  have  agreed  f  aesffe, 
«J  ?*p7Si'  ther  "**•  D0  owination.^,.  fkilbr  :• 

ttvltt  rtf  Conscience,  bk.  1L,  oh.  i. 

tac'-I-turn,  a.  [Tr.  taciturn*,  from  L»t, 
taciturnui,  from  tacitus  =  tacit  (q.v.).l  Habi- 
tually silent ;  not  apt  to  speak. 

nrlS^.'0lPhl^m°S0"s'  <«<*«>•".    tit    bia   beet   to 

i  neutrality.  —Jfacaul.tf  :  ffitt.  Jno..  ch.  »t 

tic  l-tur-nl-ty,  -tae-1-tnr-ni-tie,  «. 

(Fr.  laciturnite,  from  Lat  tacitvrnitatem, 
accns.  of  toxitmitat,  from  tacitvnau  =  taci- 
turn (q.v.).] 


1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  quality  or  state  of  bein 
taciturn  ;    habitual    silence    or    reserve    i: 
speaking. 

"  A  class  of  people  not  distinguished  by  ta&tumit 
or  discretion.'—  Jtacaulay  :  Hut.  £ng.,  eh.  xviii. 

2.  Scots  Law:  A  mode  of  extinguishing  ar 
obligation  in  a  shorter  period  than  by  Ih 
forty  years'  prescription.     This  mode  of  ex 
ttngBBhtag  obligations  is  by  the  silence  o 
the  creditor,  and  arises  from  a  presumption 
that  he  would  not  have  been  so  long  silent  i 
the  debt  had  not  been  pairl  or  the  obligation 
Implemented.    As  a  general  rule,  the  period. 
of  prescription  are  adopted  as  superseding 
the  common  law  doctrine  of  taciturnity. 

*  t*c'-!-tuni-ly,  cirfp.    [Eng.  taciturn;  -ty. 
In  a  taciturn  manner  ;  silently. 

tack,  ».(.  &  t.    [TACK  (1),  «.J 
A*  Trantttive  : 
1.  To  fasten,  to  attach. 
••  Tbi.  ,b»te  v«i  locked  .kuot  bje  bo<ly».-_/»wn 


2.  To  attach,  secure,  or  join  together  in  a 
slight  or  hasty  manner,  as  by  ticks  or  stitches 

"  Tack  a  tiny  bit  of  an  old  glove  in.--O»»m,  Sept. 

3.  To  join  together ;  to  bring  together. 

"  I  bad  a  Iciudueas  for  them,  which  was  right ; 
But  then  I  stopped  not  till  I  tacked  to  that 
A  trust  in  them."  Browning :  Paractttut,  IT. 

4.  To  add  as  a  supplement  to,  as  to  a  bill  in 
its  progress  through  parliament ;  to  append. 
(Generally  with  on.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

Kant. :  To  change  the  conrse  of  a  ship  by 
shifting  the  tacks  and  position  of  the  sails 
from  one  aide  to  the  other ;  to  alter  the 
course  of  a  ship  through  the  shifting  of  the 
tacks  and  sails.  Tacking  is  an  operation  by 
which,  when  a  ship  is  proceeding  in  a  course 
making  any  acute  angle  with  the  direction  of 
the  wind  on  one  of  her  bows,  her  head  is 
tallied  towards  the  wind,  so  that  she  may 
sail  in  a  conrse  making  nearly  the  same  angle 
on  the  other  bow.  This  is  effected  by  means 
of  the  rudder  and  sails. 

."  y*JSw  "*?*  'bead,  upon  wbieh  we  looted  and 
stood  o*  —Coo*.-  ftru  rej/agt,  bk.ii.cb.  vu. 

taok(l),  •tak.'takke, «.    [Ir.loea^apeg, 

pin,  nail ;  Gael,  htraiil  =  a  tack,  a  peg,  a  stab. 

From  the  same  root  as  attack,  stake,  and  take ; 

cf.  Dut  talc;  Dan.  takke  =  a  prong,  a  jag,  Ac.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  small,  flat-headed,  sharp-pointed  nail. 
Tacks  are  know»  as  carpet,  leathered,  gimp, 
brush,  broom,  felting.    Tbeir  size  is  designated 
by  the  weight  of  1,000,  as  S-ounce,  6-ouuce, 
8-ouuce,  &c. 

2.  A  drawing-pin  (q.v.). 

*  3.  A  hook  or  clasp. 

4.  A  stitch  or  similar  alight  fastening  con- 
necting two  pieces. 

*  6.  That  which  is  attached  or  tacked  on  ;  a 
supplement,  an  addition,  a  rider. 

"  Some  facto  had  been  made  to  money-bills  in  King 
Charles's  time."— Ame*  .•  fist.  Own  rate  leu.  13061 
H.  Technically: 
1.  Nautical : 

(1)  The  lower  forward  corner  of  a  fore-and- 
aft  sail. 

(3)  The  lower,  weather  corner  of  a  course, 
or  lower  square-saiL 

(3)  The  rope  by  which  the  forward  lower 
corner  of  a  course  or  stay -sail  is  drawn  forward 
and  confined. 

(4)  A  rope  by  which  the  lower  corner  of  a 
stud.ling-sail  Is  drawn  outward  and  held  to 
the  boom. 

"  Port  hard,  port!  the  wind  (rro»<  scant,  bring  the 
tack  aboard."— brydm:  Tmpat,  L 


. 

(5)  Hence,  the  course  of  a  ship  in  regard  to 
the  position  of  her  sails  :  as  tbe  starboard 
tack  or  port  tack  ;  the  former  when  she  is 
close-hauled  with  the  wind  on  her  startanrd 
the  latter  when  close-  hauled  with  the  wind  on 
her  port  side. 

"  When  they  chanie  tavla  they  throw  the  Teseel  op 
In  the  wind,  eaae  off  the  .heel,  and  bring  the  heel  oV 
tack-end  of  the  yard  to  tbe  otlier  end  of  die  boat,  and 

it'in"*!  S  "**   ""•""•'•"-Coo*.    Second    Felipe, 
bit.  ill.,  en.  It. 

2.  F  urming  :  The  term  nsed  In  some  parts 
of  England  for  the  placing  'out  of  cattle  to 
feed  ou  tlie  pasture  of  another  farmer  at  a 
price  agreed  upon  ;  the  hire  of  pasture  for 
feeding  purposes.  (This  and  the  following 
meaning  are  closely  connected  with  tola,  v" 
(q.v.X 


3.  Scott  Law :  A  contract  by  which  the  UM 
of  a  thing  is  set  or  let  fur  hire  ;  a  lease. 

U  (1)  Hard  tack  :  [HAJIU-TACK]. 

(2)  Tack  of  a  fag:  A  line  spliced  into  the 
eye  at  the  bottom  of  the  tabling,  for  securing 
the  nag  to  the  halyards. 

tack-block,  ... 

Naut. :  A  block  for  the  tack  of  a  sail.  The 
studding-sail  tack-blocks  are  at  the  ends  of 
the  booms. 

tack-claw,  *.  A  split  tool  for  drawing 
tacks. 

tack-driver,  -. 

1.  A  tack-haiuiner  (q.v.). 

2.  A  tool  with  a  contrivance  for  automati- 
cally presenting   the    tacks    in    succession, 
and  driving  them  into  place. 

tack-duty,  s. 

Scot*  Law :  Bent  reserved  on  a  tack  or  lease. 

tack  hammer,  s.  A  small  hammer  used 
for  driving  and  extracting  tacks.  The  peen 
usually  has  either  a  thin  edge,  which  may  be 
inserted  beneath  the  liead  of  the  tack,  or  is 
divided,  to  form  a  claw. 

tack-tackle,  s. 

Naut. :  A  small  tackle  for  pulling  down  the 
tacks  of  the  principal  sails. 

tacks- pins,  t.  pi. 

Navt. :  Pins  inserted  in  holes  in  various 
parts  of  a  ship  for  belaying  running  gear  to  ; 
belaying-pins. 

"tack(2X«.    [TACH-(3X«.]    Stain,  taint. 

11  Yea  do  not  the  thing  that  yon  would  •  that  la 
pernape  perfectly,  purely  without  aome  tack  or  stain." 
—t  :  H  orlct,  IT.  113. 


•tack  (3),  s.  [LaL  tactiu.)  Touch,  feeling, 
flavour,  taste. 

"  Cheese  which  om  fat  soil  to  every  quarter  senda. 
Whose  lac*  tbe  hungry  clown   and   ulu«inao  so 
commends.'         frrayton  •  Poly-Olbiott.  s.  1». 

tack  (4),  ».  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  shelf  on 
which  cheese  is  dried.  (I'm:) 

tack'-er,  s.  [Eng.  tack,  T.  ;  -tr.]  One  who 
tacks  or  makes  additions. 

"  The  noise  baa  been  so  long  against  the  farter*,  that 
moat  of  them  tnouflit  their  safest  way  was  to  deny  It 
in  their  several  countries."—  Account  of  tke  Tack  to  a 
Hill  in  Parliament,  p.  L 

tack  et,  ».  [A  dimin.  from  tack  (1),  s.J  A 
short  nail  with  a  large  prominent  head,  worn 
in  the  soles  of  strong  shoes ;  a  clout-nail  a 
hob-nail  (Scotch.) 

tack  -Ing,  a.    (Tocr.,  *.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Securing  by  tacks  tempo- 
rarily ;  as  tlie  pieces  of  a  saddle  or  boot  to 
the  tree  or  last,  to  hold  them  in  position  for 
Mwiag. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Late:   A  union  of  securities   given  at 
different  times,  all   of  which    must  be  re- 
deemed before  an  intermediate  purchaser  can 
interpose  his  claim. 

2.  AfetaJ-Kxrrfc  :  Uniting  metallic  pieces  by 
drops  of  solder,  to  hold  them  in  place  until 
the  solder  is  regularly  applied  to  the  joint 

3.  ffaut. :  Directing  a  vessel  on  to  another 
tack  when  beating  against  the  wind,  so  tkat 
the  wind  comes  on  tlie  other  bow. 

tac  kle,  •  tak-el,  *  takU,  ».  [Sw.  tad-el 
=  the  tackle  of  a  ship  ;  tackla  =  to  rig  • 
Dan.  takkel  =  tackle  ;  takle  =  to  rig  ;  Dut. 
takel  =  a  pulley,  tackle  ;  takelen  =  to  rig ; 
Wei.  tad  =an  instrument,  tool,  tackle.  TuclLt 
is  that  which  takes  or  grasps,  holding  the 
masts,  Sc.,  firmly  in  their  places,  from  £cel. 
taka ;  O.  Sw.  taka ;  Sw.  taga  —  to  take,  to 
seize,  to  grasp,  to  hold.  (Start.)] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  apparatus,  or  that  part  of  an  ap- 
paratus, by  which  an  object  is  graspeS, 
moved,  or  operated  :  as,  gnn-tackle,  ground- 
tarkle,  ashing- tackle,  plough-tackle,  hoisting- 
tackle,  reef-tackle,  luff-tackle,  Ac. ;  espec.,  one 
or  more  pulleys  or  blocks  rove  with  a  single 
rope  or  fall,  used  for  raising  and  lowering 
heavy  weight*  and  the  like. 

*  2.  Instruments  of  action ;  weapons. 

"A  shefe  of  peacock  arwee  bright  and  kene 
Under  bis  belt  he  bare  ful  thriftily. 
Wei  conde  he  dreese  his  titkfl  yeman^y." 

Cfciueer .-  C.  T.,  ProL  104. 

"  3.  An  arrow. 


^litre,  ^mltUt,  what,  tall,  tather:  we,  wSt,  here,  camel.  Her,  there:  pine,  pft,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
wore,  wolt  wort.,  who,  son;  mute,  cab,  cure,  uaiU.  our.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    ..  o,  =  o:  „  =  «,;  qu  =  kw. 


tackle— tae 


4603 


EL  Naut. :  All  the  ropes  of  a  ship,  and  the 
other  furniture  of  the  masts.  A  simple  tackle 
consists  of  one  or  more  blocks  rove  with  a 
single  rope.  When  two  blocks  are  employed, 
one  is  the  standing-block  and  the  other  the 
running-block.  The  rope  is  termed  the  fall, 
and  runs  over  the  sheaves.  The  fast  end  of 
the  fall  is  the  standing  end,  the  other  the 
running  or  hauling  end.  [FLKET,  i\,  B.  IL  2.  ; 
OVERHAUL,  H  2.] 

"  If  a  wight,  who  hated  trade. 
The  sails  and  tackle  lor  a  veasti  bought, 
Madman  or  fool  he  n.iyht  be  Justly  thmiEht" 
Francis:  Uorace;  Satire*,  II.  8. 

tackle-block,  s.  A  pulley  over  which  a 
Tope  runs.  It  usually  consists  of  a  sheave  or 
sheaves  in  a  shell. 

tackle-board,  *. 

Rope-making :  A  frame  at  the  head  of  a 
tope-walk,  containing  the  whirls  to  which 
yarns  are  attached  to  oe  twisted  into  strands. 

tackle  fall,  s.  The  rope  which  la  rove 
through  a  block. 

tackle-hook,  B.  The  hook  by  which  a 
tackle  is  connected  to  an  object  to  be  hoisted. 

tackle-post,  s.  A  post  with  whirls  in  a 
ropewalk,  to  twist  the  three  strands  which 
are  laid  up  into  a  cord  or  rope. 

t&c'-kle,  v.t.  &  i.    [TACKLE,  JL] 

A.  Transitive: 

t  Literally: 

*  1.  To  supply  or  furnish  with  tackle. 

2.  To  operate,  move,  lift,  fasten,  or  the  like, 
by  means  of  tackle. 

3.  Foot-ball:  To  stop,  or  impede  the  progress 
of,  an  opposing  player  who  is  endeavoring  to 
run  with  the  ball. 

IL  fig.  •'  To  set  vigorously  upon ;  to  take 
in  hand  earnestly ;  to  set  vigorously  to  work 
opon  ;  to  deal  with,  to  engage  in,  to  attack. 

"  A  paid  collector  would  be  infinitely  more  success- 
ful than  any  number  of  printed  Appeals  signed  by 
gentlemen  who  could  not  tackle  people  personally."— 
field,  April  4.  1885. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  go  vigorously  to  work  ;  to 
make  a  bold  attack ;  to  set  to  earnestly.*  (Fol- 
io wed  by  to.) 

tac  kled  (klcd  as  keld),  pa,  par.  or  a. 

[TACKLE,  v.] 

*  tackled- stair,  s.    A  rope-ladder. 

"  Bring  th«e  cord*  made  like  a  tackled  stair." 

Xkaketp. ;  Atnneo  A  Juliet,  ii.  4. 

tac-kler,  *.    [Eng.  tackle);  -er.} 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  tackles. 

2.  Mining:  A  small  chain  having  a  hook 
at  one  end  and  a  ring  at  the  other  ;  four  are 
made  Cast  to  the  skip  in  order  to  hoist  it  up 
the  shaft 

tac-kling,  «.    [Eng.  tackle);  -ing.} 

1.  Furniture  of  masts  and  yards  of  a  ship, 
as  cordage,  sails,  &c. ;  tackle. 
*2.  Instruments  or  apparatus  of  action. 
"  1  will  furnish  him  with  a  rod.  If  you  will  furnish 
him  with  the  rat  of  the  tuckling,  and  make  him  a 
fisher."—  Walton;  Angler. 

3.  Cordage,  straps,  or  other  means  of  at- 
tachiug  an  animal  to  a  carriage :  harness,  or 
the  like. 

tacks' -man,  *.    [Eng.  tack,  and  man.) 

Scots  Law:  One  who  holds  a  tack  or  lease 
of  land  from  another  ;  a  lessee,  a  tenant. 

"The  Chief  must  be  Culone! :  his  uncle  or  his  brother 
must  be  Major :  the  tncktmen,  who  foriiiol  wh.tt  may 
be  called  the  peerage  of  the  little  community,  must  be 
the  Captains.  —  Macaulay ;  But.  £ng.,  uh,  xllL 

tack'- j^,  a.    Tenacious  or  sticky,  as  a  newly- 
varnished  surface. 

Ta-co'-nl-an,  a.  [From  theTaconic  Hills  in 
the  western  slope  of  the  Green  Mountains  in 
the  United  States,  east  of  the  Hudson  river.] 
Goal. :  A  term  applied  to  a  series  of  crystal- 
line rocks,  consisting  of  quartzite  and  schist 
with  crystalline  magnesian  limestone,  some 
serpentine,  and  extensive  deposits  of  iron 
ores.  They  appear  to  be  the  newest  of  the 
Archaean  Rocks  of  North  America,  and  are 
placed  by  Etheridge,  &c.,  as  homotaxic  with 
the  Meneviau  beds  (q.v.). 

tac-so'-nf-a,  s.     [From  taeto,  the  Peruvian 
name  of  one  species.] 
Bot. :   A  genus   of  Passinoracere,  akin  to 

Passiflora,  but  with  a  long  cylindrical  calyx, 
having  two  crowns.    The  fruits  of  Tacsonia 


mollissima,  T.  tripartitat  and  T.  tpeciosa  are 
eaten. 

tact,  *.     [Lat.  iactus  =  touch,  prop.  pa.  par  of 
tango  =  to  touch.] 
*L  Touch,  feeling. 

"  Of  all  creatures  the  sense  of  tact  Is  most  exquisite 
In  man."— AMI  :  ificrocotmta,,  p.  H. 

2.  The  stroke  in  beating  time  in  music. 

3.  Peculiar  skill  or  adroitness  in  doing  or 
saying  exactly  that  which  is  required  by  or 
is  suited  to  the  circumstances ;  nice  percep- 
tion or  discernment. 

"  She  had  little  of  that  tact  which  is  the  character- 
istic talent  of  her  •*»."— JfooauJoy :  Ii**t.  Eng.,  ch.  xv. 

*  tact'-a  ble,  a.  [Formed  from  tact,  on  analogy 

of  tractable  (q.v.).]    Capable  of  being  touched, 
or  of  being  felt  by  the  sense  of  touch. 

"They  (women]  being  created 
To  be  both  tractable  ami  tactttbte." 

Jtattittffer:  Parliament  of  Low,  il.  1. 

*tac -tic.  a.  &  s.  [Or.  Ttumxof  (taktikos)  = 
fit  for  arranging,  pertaining  to  tactics ;  raKrot 
(taktos)  —  ordered,  arranged  ;  ranrtru  (tastd)  = 
to  arrange,  to  order  ;  Fr.  taciique.] 

A.  Asadj.:   Pertaining  to  the  art  of  mili- 
tary and  naval  dispositions  for  battle,  evolu- 
tions, &c. ;  tactical. 

"  To  se«  In  such  a  clime, 
Where  science  Is  new,  men  so  exact 
In  titcrte  art."  Davenant :  Madaffatcar. 

B.  As  subst.  :  Tactics  (q.v.). 

tic-tic-al,  a.     [Eng.  tactic;  -aL]    The  same 
.  as  TACTIC  (q.v.). 

tactical-point,  s. 

Mil. :  Any  point  of  a  field  of  battle  which 
may  impede  the  advance  of  an  enemy  to  one's 
attack,  or  may  facilitate  the  advance  of  one's 
army  to  attack  the  enemy. 

*  tao'-tlo-al-iy,   adv.      [Eng.   tactical;    -ly.] 
In  a  tactical  manner ;  according  to  tactics. 

"  We  are  far  from  saying  that  the  resolve  may  not 
be  as  tactically  judk-iuus  as  it  Is  controversially  cau- 
tious."— Oatiy  Tel<-yr<iph,  Oct.  6,  1886. 

t&C-tf-Oian,  *.  [Eng.  tactic;  -ton.]  One 
who  is  skilled  in  the  employment  and  manoeu- 
vring of  troops ;  an  adroit  or  skilful  manager 
or  contriver. 

**  Ai  a  tactician,  he  did  Dot  rank  high  ;  of  his  many 
cainiuvitms  only  two  were  decidedly  successful."— 
Macaulay  :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  x  vii. 

t&C -tics,  s.  [Gr.  T<um«a  (taktika)  =  military 
tactics,  prop.  neut.  pi.  of  TOKTWOS  (taktikos)  = 
tactic  (q.v.);  Fr.  tactiifiu.] 

L  The  employment  and  manoeuvring  of 
troops  when  in  contact  with,  or  in  presence 
of  the  enemy.  The  general  plan  of  the  cam- 
paign and  its  objective  are  strategical  con- 
siderations ;  the  carrying  out  of  that  plan 
belongs  to  the  province  of  tactics.  By  Greater 
Tactics  is  implied  the  operations  by  which 
great  battles,  due  to  the  collision  of  the 
greater  armies,  are  fought.  By  Minor  Tactics 
are  meant  the  smaller  operations  of  war,  such 
as  outposts,  reconnaissance,  action  of  ad- 
vanced and  rear  guards,  and  the  mutual  co- 
operation of  the  three  arms,  Infantry,  Cavalry, 
and  Artillery,  to  attain  victory. 

"  His  tracts  on  the  administration  of  ;m  etnpi  re,  on 
tactic*,  nud  on  laws,  were  published  some  years  since 
at  Leydeu."— Goldsmith  :  Polite  Learning,  ch.  ill. 

2.  Plan  or  mode  of  procedure. 

"  Their  plan  was.  not  to  reject  the  recommendations 
of  the  Commissioners,  but  to  prevent  those  recom- 
mendations from  being  discussed  ;  and  with  this  view 
a  system  of  tactict  waa  adopted  which  proved  success, 
fut"—  Mncaulay  :  Hitt.  Kng,,  ch.  xlv. 

*3.  The  art  of  inventing  and  making  ma- 
chines for  throwing  darts,  arrows,  stones, 
and  other  missile  weapons. 

tac' -tile,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tactilis,  from 
tactus,  pa.  par.  of  tango  =  to  touch.]  Capable 
of  being  touched  or  of  being  perceived  by  the 
sense  of  touch. 

"  At  this  proud  yielding  word 
She  on  the  scene  her  tactile  sweeta  present." 

Beaumont :  Ptycfa. 

tactile  corpuscle,  s. 

Aruti.  (PI.):  One  of  the  three  kinds  of 
sensory  terminal  organs.  They  were  dis- 
covered by  B.  Wagner  and  Meissner.  They 
are  mostly  of  oval  form,  nearly  one  three 
hundredth  of  an  inch  long  by  one  eight-hun- 
dredth thick.  They  have  a  core  of  soft  homo- 
geneous substance  within,  and  a  capsule  of 
connective  tissue  with  oblong  transverse 
nuclei,  like  miniature  flr  cones,  outside.  They 
exist  in  certain  papillae  in  the  skin  of  the  hand 
and  foot,  on  the  fore  arm,  and  the  nipple. 
Called  also  Touch  bodies. 


tactile-papillae,  s.  pi. 

Anal.  :  Papilla;  bearing  the  tactile  cor- 
puscles (q.v.). 

tactile  sensibility,  s. 

1'hysiol. ;  Sensibility  of  touch  existing  In 
different  degrees  in  different  parts  of  the  skin. 

*  t&C-tIT-*-t&  «.     [Eng,  tactile);  -ity.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tactile  ox 
perceptible  by  the  touch. 

2.  Touchiness. 

"You  have  a  llttl«  liinrmlty-lac«H(i/  or  toucht 
nese."— 3.  Smtt* :  Lettert,  1831. 

tact-m-var  -i-ant,  *.  [Eng.  tact,  aud  intto- 
ruint,] 

Alg. ;  The  invariant  which,  equated  to  zero, 
expresses  the  condition  that  two  quautio 
carves  or  surfaces  touch  each  other. 

tac'  -  tion,  s.  [Lat.  tactio,  from  tactus,  pa.  par. 
of  tango  =.  to  touch.] 

*1.  Ord.  Lang. ;  The  act  or  state  of  touch- 
ing* ;  touch. 

"We  neither  seeing  vision,  nor  feeling  (action.  uo* 
hearing  audition,  much  less,  hearing  sight,  or  swing 
taste,  ur  the  like."—  Cudvtorth :  Intel,  fiyttem,  p.  636. 

2.  Geom. :  The  same  as  TANGENCY  or 
TOUCHING. 

tact  less,  a.  [Eng.tacf;  -less.]  Destitute  of 
tact. 

t&C'-U-a,  t.     [Native  name  (?)•] 

Entoni. :  A  genus  of  Cicadidae.  The  species 
are  of  large  size,  and  common  in  tropical 
regions.  The  female  of  Tacua  speciosa  is  more 
than  three  inches  long. 

*tac'-tu-al,  a.  [Lat.  tactus  =  touch.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  sense  or  organs  of  touch ; 
consisting  in  or  derived  from  touch. 


Whether  vuraal  or  tactual,  every  perception  of  the 
•iMtce-attrfbutes  of  body  is  decomposable  mto  percep- 
tion! of  relativ*  poaltUm."— Herbert  A'p««e#r  :  Princt- 


tade.  *.    [TOAD.]    (Scotch.) 

ta-dor'-na,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Anatidw,  with  seven 
species,  from  the  Palaearctrtc  and  Australian 
regions.  Beak  about  as  long  as  the  bead, 
under  mandible  much  narrower  than  upper, 
nail  decurved,  forminga  hook,  both  mandibles 
with  transverse  lamella  ;  nasal  groove  near 
base  of  beak  ;  nostrils,  oval,  lateral,  pert'ious  ; 
legs  moderate,  tibia  naked  for  a  little  above 
the  tarsal  joint;  toes  three  in  front  entirely 
webbed,  one  behind  free ;  wings  of  moderate 
length.  The  sexes  are  nearly  alike  in  plumage. 

tad  -pole,  *.    [Eng.  toad,  and  poll  =  head,  i.«., 
the  toad  that  seems  all  head.] 

Biol. :  The  larva  of  the  Anurous  Amphibia, 
sometimes  extended  so  as  to  include  larva:  of 
the  Urodela,  which  undergo  a  much  less  com- 
plete metamorphosis.  When  hatched  the 
young  have  no  respiratory  organs  or  limbs, 
but  possess  a  tail,  which  is  a  powerful  swim- 
ming organ.  Branchial  clefts  soon  develop, 
followed  by  ciliated  external  branchial 
plumes.  The  two  pairs  of  limbs  appear 
nearly  simultaneously  as  small  buds,  the 
hinder  pair  at  the  junction  of  the  tail  and 
body,  and  the  anterior  pair  concealed  beneath 
the  opercnlar  membrane.  The  former  are 
developed  first,  and  when  the  gills  are  ab- 
sorbed the  latter  appear;  the  tail  then 
atrophies,  and  is  completely  alisnrbed,  and 
the  herbivorous  gill-breathing  tadpole  becomes 
a  lung-breathing  carnivorous  frog. 

tadpole-fish,  s.    [TADPOLE-BAKE.] 

tadpole-hake,  •. 

Ichthy. :  Raniceps  trijurcatus,  from  the  coasta 
of  northern  Europe.  It  is  a  small  fish,  ahoufe 
twelve  inches  long,  and  of  a  d«rkish-bmwn 
colour,  somewhat  rare,  bnt  occasionally  taken 
on  the  Scottish  coast,  and  round  Devon  and 
Cornwall.  The  head  is  disproportionately 
large  and  broad,  a  circumstance  which  has 
given  rise  to  its  popular  name.  Called  also 
the  Trifurcated  Hake,  Tommy  Noddy,  and 
the  Lesser  Fork-head, 

*  tad -pole-dom,  *.     [Eng.  tadpole;  -dom.] 
The  tadpole  state. 

"  The  little  beggan,  an  inch  long,  frwh  from  water 
and  tatipoiedom,~C.  ftngtiey,  in  Li/*,  ii.  1S7. 

tae,J.    [TOE.]    A  toe.    (Scotch.) 

"Tak  care  o'  yoor  tatt  wi1  that  «t*n* I "  —  Seatt t 
Antiquary,  ch.  xxv. 


boll,  b^;  poftt,  Jo^l;  oat,  $oll,  chorus,  fbla.  bcngh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bill,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,      ing. 
-olan, -tian  =  shan.    -tion, -sion  =  shun; -tlon,  ~}lon  -  zliun.    -oions,  -tiou*, -Bious  -  shus.    -tole. -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


4604 


tae— tag 


EPISTYLIUM,   SHOWING 

T.ENIA. 


tae,  a.  [Sc.  ae  =  one,  with  the  t  of  the  demonst. 
that  =  ttiat  on*1.]  One,  as  the  tae  half  ami 
the  titlier  =  the  one  half  and  the  othtr. 
(Scotch.) 

"There's  twa  o'  them  f&ulded  unco  square  and  sealed 
at  the  tat  side."-  Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  iv. 

tae,  prep.     [To.]    (Scotch.) 
taed,  taid,  s.    [TOAD.]    (Scotch.) 

tfie  dl-um,  s.  [Lat]  Weariness,  irksome- 
ness,  tedium. 

tsjdium  vitse,  phr.  [Lat  =  weariness 
of  life.]  Ennui ;  a  mental  disorder. 

tael,  s.  [Chin.]  A  Chinese  coin  worth  about 
81.40;  also  a  Chinese  weight  of  1J  oz. 

ta'en,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [TAKEN.]    (Scotch.) 

tae'-ni-a,  te'  nl  a,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  Tatrtu 
(tainiu)  =  a  band,  a  ribbon  ;  retVw  (teino)  = 
to  stretch.]  ___ 

1.  Arch.:  The    ^  '' 
band  or  fillet  sur- 
mounting the  Doric 

epistylium. 

2.  Sury. :  A  liga- 
ture ;  a  long   and 
narrow  ribbon. 

3.  Zool  :   Tape- 
worm ;  the  typical 
genus  of  Taeniada 
(q.v.),  consisting  of 
internal     parasitic 
worms,  having  an 
elongated,   com* 
pressed,    jointed 

body.  The  head  is  in  general  broader  than 
the  neck,  with  four  suctorial  depressions, 
and  generally  also  a  median  retractile  rostel- 
lum,  frequently  armed,  especially  when  young, 
with  one  or  two  circles  of  minute  recurved 
hooks.  The  genital  organs  at  the  margins  of 
the  joints,  either  on  one  side  only,  or  on  both 
margins,  and  on  alternate  joints.  The  species, 
which  are  very  numerous,  Rudolph!  admitting 
146  and  Dujardin  135,  are  most  common  in 
birds,  next  in  mammalia,  then  in  fishes,  and 
lastly  in  reptiles.  (Griffith  &  Henjrey.)  Tcenia 
»olium  is  the  Tapeworm  (q.v.). 

tfenia  hippocampi,  «. 

Anal.  :  A  narrow  white  band  prolonged 
from  the  fornix  of  the  hippocampus  major  in 
the  cerebrum.  Called  also  corpus  Jimbriatum. 

teenla  semicircularis,  s. 

Anat. :  A  narrow  flat  band  between  the 
optic  thalamns  and  the  corpus  striatum  in  the 
cerebrum. 

Ue  m  a  da,  a.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat 
tcenia  =  a  tape-worm.] 

Zool. :  Cestoid  worms  ;  an  order  of  Plathel- 
mintha  or  Scolecida,  containing  the  Tape- 
worms and  Bladder- worms.  Internal  parasites, 
hermaphrodite  when  mature.  The  body  is 
elongated,  and  consists  of  a  head,  with  many 
flattened  articulations.  The  small  narrow 
head  or  scolez  contains  nearly  all  the  organs 
of  the  body,  and  is  essentially  the  animal, 
the  articulations,  called  metameres  or  pro- 
glottides,  being  generative  segments  thrown 

x  off  by  the  head  in  the  manner  called  budding 
or  "  gemmation."  Each  reproductive  joint 
contains  both  male  and  female  organs.  The 
joints  nearest  the  head  are  the  newest,  those 
farthest  from  it  are  the  most  mature.  The 
RiitJet  inr  end  of  the  body,  or  forepart  of  the 
scolex,  is  provided  with  suckers,  hooks,  or 
foliaceous  appendages,  or  with  all  three  com- 
bined. There  is  no  mouth  or  alimentary 
canal,  so  that  it  must  derive  materials  for  its 
nourishment  only  by  absorption  through  the 
•kin.  The  nervous  system  seems  to  consist 
of  two  small  ganglia,  sending  filaments  back- 
ward. There  is  a  water- vascular  system  (q.v.). 
The  whole  animal  is  called  a  Strobilus.  After 
a  time  some  of  the  metameres  break  off,  the 
worm  still  continuing  to  grow.  They  continue 
to  live  till  the  ova  are  expelled.  The  nume- 
rous eggs  which  they  contain  ultimately  rup- 
ture the  tissue  and  .-scape  after  being  voided 
with  the  evacuations  of  the  person  or  animal 
in  whose  intestinal  canal  they  were.  The 
eggs  are  swallowed  in  water,  or  with  grass  and 
other  herbs,  and  obtain  a  nidus  for  develop- 
ment in  a  new  individual.  The  lame  are 
oval,  and  have  three  pairs  of  hooks  arranged 
In  bilateral  symmetry.  Besides  the  cestoid 
sexual  forms,  there  are  cystic  asexual  condi- 
tions of  many  Tseniada, 


tfie-ni-a-no'-tus,  s.  [Or.  raivia  (tainia)  =  a 
band,  and  W»»TO«  (notos)  —  the  back.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Scorpanidse  (q.v.). 
having  the  dorsal  continuous  with  the  caudal 
fin. 

tee-ni-i-for'-mes,  8.  pi.    [Or.  ratvia  (tainia) 

=  a  ribbon,  and  Lat.  forma  =  form.] 

Ichthy. :  A  division  of  Aeanthopterygii  (q.v.), 
with  a  single  family,  Trachypterid«e(q.v.). 

t£B'-nf-In,  s.  [Gr.  raivia.  (tainia)  =  a  tape- 
worm ;  suff.  -in.] 

Chtm. :  A  name  applied  to  kosine,  from  the 
aiithflmintic  properties  of  the  plant  from 
which  it  is  obtained. 

tae-ni-6-cam  -pa,  «.  [Gr.  rom'a  (tainia)  =  a 
tapeworm,  and  Ka*im?  (kampe)  —  a  caterpillar.] 
Entom. :  A  genus  of  Orthosidae.  Antennae 
ciliated  or  pectinated  in  the  male  ;  abdomen 
smooth,  a  little  depressed  ;  fore-wings  entire, 
thick,  powdery  ;  wings  in  repose  forming  a 
very  sloping  roof.  Eleven  British  ajwcies. 
Tatniocampa  gothica  is  the  Hebrew  character 
moth.  [Hebrew  character  (2).] 

tae  ni -oid,  a .  [T^NIOIDES.]  Shaped  like  a 
tapeworm ;  ribbon-like. 

t  tee  ni-oi  -de-i,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr. 
ratvia  (tainui)  =  a  ribbon,  and  etfios  (eidos)  = 
form.] 

Ichthy.:  In  Miiller's  classification,  a  family 
of  Acanthopterygii,  corresponding  to  the 
modern  Taenii  formes  (q.v.). 

*  tsB-nl-oi'-  des,  *.  pi.    [Gr.  ramocifcp  (tain- 

ioeides)  =  like  a  band,  narrow,  thin:   raivia 
(tainia)  =  a  ribbon,  and  eTSo?  (eidos)  =  form.] 
Zool. :  The  Teeniada  (q.v.).    (Cuvier.) 

tSQ-ni-dp'-ter-U,  *.  [Gr.  raivia  (tainia)  =  a 
ribbon,  and  irreptf  (pteris)  =a  fern.] 

1.  Cot.  :   Au   exotic   genus   of  Taenitidese 
(q.v> 

2.  Palceobot. :  A  genus  of  ferns  with  broad, 
ribbon-like  fronds,  simple  or  pinnate,  second- 
ary nerves  running  at  right  angles  from  the 
primary;    fructification  linear,  the  approxi- 
mately parallel  lines  placed  at  the  margin  of 
the  secondary  veins.      Six  species  from  the 
Lower  Jurassic  of  Britain,  and  a  doubtful  one 
from  Central  India. 

ttt'-nite,  *.  [Gr.  Tan-to,  (tainia)  =  a  band  ; 
suff.  -ite;  Ger.  bandtiten.] 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  an  alloy  of  iron  and 
nickel  found  in  certain  meteoric  irons,  having 
the  probable  formula,  Fe^Nig. 

ta-n!-t!d'-£-»,<.pr.  [Mod.  Lat  tamit(i*); 
Lat,  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idea.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Poly  pod  iaceous  Ferns, 
having  no  indusium. 

Ue-ni'-tis, ».    IT^NIA.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Taenitide»(q.v.). 
Sori  submarginal  in  the  middle  of  the  disk  of 
the  leaf,  linear,  elongate,  and  continuous  ; 
veins  anastomosing  more  or  less  regularly 
into  meshes. 

tee-nl-iir  -a,  *.  [Gr.  raivia  (tainia)  =  a  band, 
and  oitpd  (oura)  =  a  tail,] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Trygonidse  (q.v.),  closely 
allied  to  the  type-genus.  [TBYOON.]  There 
are  six  genera,  from  the  East  Indian  seas  and 
the  fresh  waters  of  tropical  America, 

ta   e  ping,  *.    [See  def.) 

Hist. :  A  member  of  a  Chinese  sect  founded 
by  Hung-sew-tseuen,  a  man  of  humble  birth, 
who  had  renounced  idolatry.  He  pretended 
to  have  visions,  and  to  have  received  a 
divine  command  to  root  out  the  Tartars  and 
establish  a  new  kingdom  of  Tai-ping,  or  Uni- 
versal Peace.  In  1840  he  gathered  together  a 
number  of  followers,  assumed  the  name  of 
Heavenly  Prince,  and  declared  himself  to  be 
equal  with  Christ  in  power  on  the  earth.  In 
1850  his  followers  rose  against  the  Govern- 
ment, and  succeeded  in  taking  Nankin,  but 
they  were  repulsed  at  Shanghai,  in  1860,  by 
the  English  and  French,  and  though  they 
afterwards  rebelled  many  times,  were  finally 
suppressed  by  General  Gordon.  Their  religion 
was  a  mixture  of  idolatry  and  Christianity ; 
polygamy  was  allowed ;  and  while  they  adopted 
baptism,  they  rejected  the  Lord's  Supper. 

ta-fe ,  8.  [Native  name.]  A  fermented  liquor 
prepared  from  rice  in  Java. 


*taf'-fa-ta,  *,     [TAFFETA.] 
'taf'-fer-el,  s.     [TAFFRAIL,] 

t&r-fS-ta.  tar-fe*  ty,  *taf -fa-ta,*taf- 
fa-ty,  *.  [Fr.  ta/cUis,  from  Ital.  ta/eta,  from 
Pers.  tdftah  —  twisted,  woven,  taffeta  ;  tafldn 
=  to  twist,  to  curl,  to  spin.]  A  term  origin- 
ally applied  to  plain  woven  silks  ;  in  more 
recent  times  signifying  a  light  thin  silk  stuff 
with  a  considerable  lustre  or  gloss.  It  was 
first  made  in  England  in  1598. 

"  There  are  taffatiet  of  all  colours,  some  plain,  others 
striped  with  gold,  silver,  Ac.,  others  chequered,  other* 
flowered,  others  in  the  Chinese  jioint  others  Uie 
Hungarian ;  with  various  others,  tu  which  the  mode 
or  the  caprice  of  the  workmen  give  such  whimsical 
luuiies.  that  it  would  be  as  difficult  as  it  In  useless  to 
rehears*  them  ;  beside*  that,  they  seldom  hold  heyoiid 
the  year  wherein  they  llrst  rose.  The  old  umnes  of 
taff-uiet,  and  which  still  subsist,  are  T<iffttl?i  of  Lyons. 
of  Spain,  of  Borland,  of  Florence,  of  Avignon,  Ac.  The 
chief  consumption  of  t>tffeti*t  is  in  summer  dresses  for 
women,  and  linings,  in  scarves,  coifa,  wiudow-cumius, 
Ac."— Chamber*:  Cyclopaedia  (1741). 

*  taffeta-phrases,  s.  pi.  Soft  phrases, 
opposed  to  blunt,  plain  speech.  (Shakesp. : 
Love's  Labor^t  Lost,  v.  2.J" 

taf   frail,  *  taf '-fer-el,  *taf-fer-al,  *. 

[Dut.  tafereel  =  a  panel,  a  picture  ;  a  dimin. 
from  tafel  =  a  table  (q.v.).J 

Naut. :  Originally  the  upper  flat  part  of  a 
ship's  stern,  so  called  because  frequently 


TAFFRAIL. 

A.  Stem  part  of  hull  of  third-rate  English  ship  of  war 
(1741);  1,  I,  Tam-all;  S.  8.  a.  Poo^lantenis;  S.  Gal- 
Jery.  n.  Stern  of  American  new  uiastleu  steamship 
Jfrt#or  (1887) ;  1,  Taffrail. 

ornamented  with  carving  or  pictures  ;  now  a 
transverse  rail  which  constitutes  the  upper- 
most member  of  a  ship's  stern. 

Taf'-fy  H),  ».  [Welsh  pronunciation  of  Davy 
-=  David.]  A  Welshman. 

taf'-ry  (2),  $.  A  sweet  composed  of  molasses 
or  brown  sugar,  boiled  down,  and  sometimes 
containing  nut  meats.  Hence,  sweet  words, 
flattery,  blarney.  (D.  S.)  [TOFFY.] 

taf  '-fy,  v.t.  To  beguile  with  flattery  or  tweet 
words.  (U.S.  Slang.) 

ta'-fl-a,  *,  [Fr.,  from  Malay  tAf-ia.]  A  vari- 
ety of  rum  distilled  from  molasses. 

taf'-I-let,  s.  [See  def.]  The  trade  name  for 
dates  of  a  superior  quality,  exported  from 
Tufilelt,  a  principality  of  Morocco. 

tag  (1),  t.    [TEG.] 

tag  (2),  'tagg,  *tagge,  s.  (Sw.  tagg  =  a 
prickle,  a  point,  a  tooth ;  Low  Ger.  tax*  =  a 
point,  a  tooth.  Prob.  connected  with  tacfc 
(1),  *] 

1.  Something  hanging  loosely  attached  or 
affixed  to  another ;  any  small  appendage,  as  to 
an  article  of  dress;  a  strip  having  means  of 
attachment  to  a  parcel  or  package,  and  on 
which  an  address  may  be  written,  stamped,  or 
printed. 

"  My  carnation  point  with  silver  tagi,  boyi." 

Beaum.  A  Flet.  :  Pronhetttt,  T.  S. 

2.  A  metallic  binding  on  the  end  of  a  boot- 
lace or  the  like,  to  stiffen  and  prevent  it  from 
ravelling. 

3.  The  tail  of  an  animal  ;  specifically,  the 
white  part  of  a  dog  fox's  tail. 

4.  Anything  tacked  on  at  the  end  of  another ; 
specif.,  the  finish  of  a  farce. 

"  I  heard  him  say  It  was  no  use  his  writing  a  tmff, 
for  Mr.  Wrinht  alw*y*  spok«  his  own."W.  U.  Morton: 
A  Molt  Unwarrantable  intnttion. 

*5.  Anything  paltry  or  mean  ;  tag  rag. 

"  Will  you  go  heiice 
Before  the  tag  return  ?  " 

fAatoap. :  CoriatoiHU,  UL  L 

6.  The  same  as  Tio  (q.v.). 

tag-belt,  «.    ThesameasTAO-soRE(q.v.). 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p*t. 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  sin ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  nnlte,  our,  role,  foil;  try,  Syrian.    ».  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  fcw. 


•tag-look,  «.  An  entangled  lock  ;  an  elf- 
lock  (q.v.). 

"  His  food  the  bread  of  sorrow,  his  clothes  the 
skinntes  of  his  worn-out  cattflli,  aud  tag-lock*  of  bis 
travell."—  Lfilton't  Letuurt, 

tag-rag,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  subst. :  A  term  applied  to  the  lowest 
class  of  people ;  the  rabble.  (Often  amplified 
into  tag-rag-and-bob-ta.il.)  [RAO-TAO.] 

•B.  As  adj. :  Belonging  to  the  lowest  class. 

••  The  tag-ray  people  did  not  clap  him."— Shaketp. : 
Jtllita  Ceuar,  L  2. 

tag-sore,  ».  A  disease  in  sheep,  in  which 
the  tail  Incomes  excoriated,  and  adheres  to 
the  wool  in  consequence  of  diarrhoea. 

•tag-tall,  ». 

1.  A  worm,  having  its  tail  of  a  different 
colour  from  the  body. 

"  There  are  other  worms ;  as  the  marsh  and  tag-tail." 
—Walton. 

2.  A  parasite,  a  hanger-on,  a  sycophant,  a 
toady. 

lag,  n.  t.Hi.    [TAG  («),«.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  fit  with  a  tag  or  point:  as,  To  tag  lace. 

2.  To  fit  one  thing  to  another ;  to  tack  on  ; 
to  append  ;  to  add  or  join  on  at  the  end. 

"  80  that  really  verse  in  those  days  was  but  down* 
tteht  prose,  tagged  with  rhyme*. "  —  W  alter:  Poemt. 

*  3.  To  wind  up  ;  to  conclude. 

"  Tour  tongue  with  constant  natt'riea  feed  my  ear, 
And  tag  each  sentence  with.  Hy  life  1  my  dear  1 
Pop.  :   Wift  of  iatlt,  101. 

4.  To  join,  to  fasten,  to  attach. 

"  Taffgtngone  hypothesis  to  Another."— Bolingbrokt : 
fntmmu  of  Kuayt,  |  «. 

5.  To  tip  or  touch,  as  in  the  game  of  tag  or 
tig- 

*  B.  Intrant. :    To  follow  closely,  or  as  an 
appendage.    (Generally  with  after.) 

tf-get'-e-w,  «.  pZ.  [Mod.  Lat.  tagft(a);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sun.  -etc.] 

Hot. :  Asub-tribeofSenecionidese.  American 
herbs,  for  the  most  part  annual,  with  pellucid 
glands,  many-flowered  heads,  the  florets  of  the 
ray  ligulate,  feminine  ;  pappus  awned,  hairy. 

t*g  e-tef ,  t.  [Named  after  Tages,  an  Etrurian 
divinity,  the  grandson  of  Jupiter,  said  to  have 
sprung  from  the  earth  in  the  form  of  a  boy, 
and  to  have  taught  the  Etrurians  the  art  of 
ploughing.] 

Sot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tagetete.  Invo- 
lucre simple,  of  five  bracts,  united  into  a 
tube,  florets  of  the  ray  persistent,  pappus  of 
five  erect  bristles.  Natives  of  Mexico,  Peru, 
and  Chili.  About  seventeen  species  are  culti- 
vated as  garden  flowers.  TftgeUt  palula  is 
the  French  Marigold,  a  native  not  of  France, 
hut  of  Mexico,  whence  it  was  brought  to  Eng- 
land in  1573.  It  is  about  a  foot  and  a  half 
high,  has  yellow,  radiate,  composite,  strongly- 
scented  flowers,  which  are  in  perfection  in 
August.  It  is  naturalized  in  Persia,  India, 
and  China,  growing  on  the  borders  of  rice 
fields,  &c.,  at  a  distance  from  gardens.  Many 
varieties  are  cultivated;  some  have  double 
flowers,  variegated  with  gold  and  orange- 
brown.  T.  erecta  is  the  African  Marigold,  a 
native  not  of  Africa,  but  of  Mexico.  It  is 
larger  than  the  last,  and  has  double  flowers, 
which  are  strongly  scented.  Both  species 
should  be  raised  from  seed  in  a  hot-bed  at 
the  beginning  of  April,  and  transplanted  when 
they  are  three  inches  high.  In  India  the 
flowers  of  the  African  Marigold  are  sold  in  the 
bazaars,  and  worn  by  women  in  their  hair.  A 
yellow  domestic  dye  is  said  to  be  extracted 
from  it  by  the  poorer  classes  in  India. 

twigged,  a.  [Eng.  tag ;  -ed.]  Having  a  tag  or 
tags. 

"  Viewing  him  away  on  the  Wlthcote  side  with  the 
body  of  the  pack  already  straining  at  his  well  tugged 
brush.'— Field,  Jan.  2,  1886. 

tag'-ger,  s.    [Eng.  tag,  v. ;  -er.] 

*  1.  One  who  tags  or  attaches  one  thing  to 
another. 

*  2.  Anything  pointed,  like  a  tag. 

"  I  should  wrong  them  by  comparing 
Hedge-hogs,  or  porcupines'  small  taogtrt, 
To  their  more  dangerous  swords  aud  daggers." 
Cotton  :  To  John  firudthmp.  Ely. 

8,  A  sheet  of  tin  or  other  plate  which  runs 
below  the  gauge  of  the  box  or  bunch  to  which 
It  belongs,  and  is  consequently  set  aside  as 
light,  and  used  for  other  purposes,  such  as 
coffin-plates,  &c. 


tag— tall 

taghalrm  (as  ta  -ya  rem),  ».  [Gael.  =  an 
echo.]  A  mode  of  divination  formerly  practised 
amongst  the  Highlanders.  A  person  wrapped 
in  a  fresh  bullock's  skin  was  laid  down  alone 
at  the  bottom  of  a  waterfall  or  precipice,  or 
other  wild  place.  Here  he  revolved  any 
question  proposed,  and  whatever  his  exalted 
imagination  suggested  was  accepted  as  the 
response  inspired  by  the  spirits  of  the  place. 
(Scott:  Lady  of  the  Lake,  iv.  4.  Note.) 

t&g'-ll-ite,  s.  [After  Nischne  Tagilsk,  Urals, 
where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (A/in.).] 

Petrol. :  A  monoclinic  mineral  occurring  in 
small  concretions  of  crystals  on  limonite. 
Hardness,  3  t»  4 ;  sp.  gr.  4'075 ;  lustre, 
vitreous  ;  colour  and  streak,  verdigris  green. 
Compos. :  phosphoric  acid,  27*7  ;  protoxide  of 
copper,  61-8;  water,  10'5  =  100,  whence  the 
formula  (CuO)4POa  +  3HO. 

tag'-let,  t.  [Eng.  tag  (2);  diruin.  suff.  -let.] 
A  little  tag. 

taglia  (as  tal'-ya),  «.    [Ital.  =  a  cutting,  a 

pulley,  from  tagliare  —  to  cut.] 

Moxh. :  A  peculiar  combination  of  pulleys, 
consisting  of  one  set  of  sheaves  in  a  fixed  and 
another  in  a  moveable  block,  with  the  weight 
attached.  A  single  cord  goes  round  all  the 
pulleys.  Sometimes  more  than  one  such  ma- 
chine works  in  combination  with  others,  form- 
ing a  compound  taglia. 

tagl  I-a-co'-tl~an  (g  silent,  tt  as  «hi),  a. 

LTALIACOT1AN.] 

tag--u-a,».    [Seedef.] 

Bot.  <t  Comm. :  The  Panama  name  for  Vege- 
table Ivory.  [PHYTELKPHAS.] 

tag'-a-an,  ».    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Pteromyt  petaurista,  from  India, 
Ceylon,  Malacca,  and  Siam.  It  Is  about  two 
feet  long,  with  a  thick,  bushy  tail  nearly  as 
much  more  ;  ears  pointed,  but  without  tufts, 
eyes  large  and  prominent ;  grayish  -  black 
above,  grayish-white  beneath.  During  the 
day  it  sleeps  in  holes  in  trees,  but  at  night  it 
comes  forth,  climbing  and  leaping  with  great 
rapidity.  In  its  short  flights  from  tree  to 
tree  the  tail  serves  as  a  sort  of  rudder,  enabling 
the  animal  to  change  its  course. 

ta-gul-  oa'-ti  (n  as  w),  «.    [Native  name.] 

Zool.  :  Dicotylet  labiatut,  the  Warree,  or 
White-lipped  Peccary.  It  is  about  forty  inches 
long,  of  blackish  colour,  with  the  lips  and 
lower  jaw  white.  [PECCABY.] 

Ta  hi   «  an,  a.  A  i. 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Tahiti,  one 
of  the  Society  Islands  in  the  Pacific. 

B,  At  tubtt. :  A  native  or  resident  of  Tahiti. 

tahr, «.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Capra  jemlanica  or  jemlaica,  a  wild 
goat,  found  on  steep  tree-covered  slopes  along 
the  whole  range  of  the  Himalayas  from  Cash- 
mere to  Bhootan.  The  horns  are  about  a  foot 
long,  flattened,  with  a  notched  anterior 
margin ;  body  fawn-brown,  hair  of  neck, 
chest,  and  shoulders,  reaching  to  the  knees. 
Female  lighter  in  colour,  with  smaller  horns. 

tal'-gle,  v.t.    [Prob.  allied  to  <ag  (2).]  (ScofcA.) 

1.  To  detain,  to  impede,  to  hinder. 

2.  To  fatigue,  to  weary. 

tal-gu',  «.  [Paraguayan  name.]  A  wood  like 
guiacum,  from  an  unidentified  tree. 

tal-gu -Ic,  a.  [Eng.  taigu;  -ic.)  Derived 
from  taign  (q.v.). 

taiguic  acid,  t. 

Chem. :  Obtained  from  taign  by  treating 
with  cold  alcohol.  It  crystallizes  in  ob- 
lique, yellow  prisms,  tasteless  and  inodorous, 
slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol, 
ether,  and  benzene,  melts  at  135",  and  sub- 
limes at  180°. 

tall  (1),  "tayl,  ».     [A.S.  tag,  tcegel;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  tagl ;  Sw.  tagel ;  Goth,  tagl  — \\Air.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  4.  (2). 

2.  The  tail  of  a  horse  mounted  on  a  lance, 
and  used  as  a  standard  of  rank  and  honour 
among  the  Turks  and  other  Eastern  nations. 
[PASHA.] 

3.  The  hinder,  lower,  back,  or  inferior  part 


4605 

of  anything,   as  opposed  to  the  head,  thfl 
superior,  or  chief  part. 

"  The  lord  shall  make  the*  the  head,  and  not  th» 

tail :  and  thnu  shalt  be  above,  and  not  underneath."— 

/tout  xxviii.  13. 

4.  Anything  more  or  less  resembling  a  tail 
in  shape  or  position. 

"  Duretus  writes  a  great  praise  of  the  distilled 
•rater  of  those  to.Hi  that  hang  upon  willow  trees."— 
Harvey :  On  Consumption!. 

5.  The  reverse  of  a  coin  ;  the  side  opposite 
to  that  which  bears  the  head  as  effigy.    (Used 
chiefly  in  the  phrase,   "  heads  or  tails,"  in 
tossing  coins.) 

6.  The  final  portion  of  anything  that  takes 
place  or  has  duration  :  as,  the  tail  of  a  storm. 


7.  The  fag  end  of  anything. 

8.  (Pi.):  [TAILINGS]. 

9.  A  train  or  body  of  followers  or  attend- 
ants ;  a  retinue.  (Jonson :  Tale  of  a  Tub,  u.  L) 

10.  The  lower  end  of  a  slate  or  tile. 

11.  The  buttocks.    (Colloquial.) 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Area, :   The  bottom  or  lower  part  of  a 
member  or  part. 

2.  Astron.:  Aluminonsappendagestreaming 
from  the    head  of  a  comet,    generally  in  a 
direction  opposite  to  that  of  the  sun. 

8.  Botany: 

(1)  A  downy  or  feathery  appendage  to  cer- 
tain seeds,  formed  by  the  permanent  elongate 
style. 

(2)  The  long  feathery,  downy,  or  hairy  ter- 
mination   of    some    fruits,    as    of   Clematit 
chinensis. 

(8)  Any  elongated,  flexible,  terminal  put.  as 
a  petiole  or  peduncle.    (Henslow.) 

4.  Comparative  Anatomy : 

(1)  That  tendon  of  a  muscle  which  is  fixed 
to  the  movable  part. 

(2)  An  appendage  terminating  the  body  be- 
hind.   It  is  specially  in  the  Vertebrates  that 
it  becomes   important.      In   Fishes  it  is  a 
vertical  fin  and  a  propeller,  suggesting  the 
•crew   of  a   modern   steam-boat;    it  varies 
much  in  form,  one  distinction  of  anatomical 
and  palseontological  importance  being  that 
between  theHeterocercaland  the  Homocercal 
tails.   [See  these  words.]  The  former  of  these 
makes  an  approach  to  the  tail  of  the  Reptile. 
[For  Tailed  Amphibia  see  Urodela.]    In  Birds 
the  tail  consists  of  feathers,  which  assist  to 
steady  the   animal   in    flight.     The  typical 
number  of  feathers  in  a  tail  is  twelve,  but  in 
the  Rasores  it  is  eighteen,  while  in  a  few 
birds  it  is  eight     In  form  it  may  be  even, 
rounded,    fan-shaped,    graduated,    cuneated, 
arcuated,    spatulate,    slender,   forked,   lyre- 
shaped,  boat-shaped,  compressed,  plumed,  or 
scansorial.     The  tail  in  Cetaceans  is  modi- 
fied into  a  powerful  horizontal  fin,  acting  as  a 
propeller.     In  land   mammals   it  varies  in 
length,  one  use  when  it  is  well  developed,  as 
in  the  giraffe,  the  horse,  4tc.,  being  to  whisk 
away  insects  alighting  to  suck  the  blood.    In 
Monkeys  the  tail  greatly  varies  in  length.    In 
those  of  the  New  World  it  is  long  and  pre- 
hensile ;  In  many  of  those  belonging  to  the 
Old  World  it  is  long  but  not  prehensile.    It 
is  only  rudimentary   in    the  highest  Apes. 
In  Man  it  is  normally  absent,  but  the  <u  coccyx, 
with  certain  other  vertebrae,  are  ite  honlb- 
logues.     At  an  early  embryonic  period  it  is 
free,  and  even  after  birth  it  has  been  known, 
though  very  rarely,  to  exist  in  a  rudimentary- 
state. 

5.  Cricket :  A  term  applied  to  the  last  few 
men  in  a  batting  eleven  who  are  rather  weaker 
than  the  rest. 

6.  Mason. :  The  end  of  a  stone  step  which 
is  inserted  into  the  wall ;  such  a  step  has 
usually  a  tailing  of  nine  inches. 

7.  Mining  (Sing,  or  Pi.):   The  streaks  of 
slime  left  from  the  stamped  ore,  passed  over 
a  round  or  square  buddle. 

8.  Music :  That  part  of  a  musical  note,  as 
of  a  minim  or  crotchet,  which  runs  perpen- 
dicularly upward  or  downward  from  the  head 
or  body ;  the  stem. 

9.  Naut. :  A  rope  fastened  to  a  block,  in 
order  that  it  may  be  lashed  to  an  object. 
[TAIL- BLOCK.] 

10.  Surg. :  A  portion  of  an  incision  at  its 
beginning  or  end,  which  does  not  go  through 
the  whole  thickness  of  the  skin,  and  is  more 
painful  than  a  complete  incision  ;  a  tailing. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jd"\vl ;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tlaa  =  Shan,    -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zuun.    -clous,  -tlons,  -  sioua  =  shns.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bcL,  deL 

20 


4606 


tail-taint 


T  (1)  Tail  of  a  lade : 

Hydr.-eiig.  :  On  a  canal,  the  lower  end  or 
entrance  into  the  lower  pond. 

(2)  Tail  of  the  eye :  The  outer  corner  of  the 
eye.      (Used  generally   when  referring  to  a 
stolen,  secret  glance.)    (Cottaq.) 

(3)  Tail  of  the  trencha : 

Fort. :  The  post  where  the  besiegers  begin 
to  break  ground  and  cover  themselves  from 
the  fire  of  the  defenders  in  advancing  the  lines 
of  approach. 

(4)  To  turn  tail :  To  run  away ;  to  shirk  an 
encounter. 

(5)  With  one's  tall  befioeen  one's  legs :  With  a 
cowed  or  abject  look,  as  a  beaten  cur ;  having 
a  humiliated  appearance,  as  of  one  conscious 
of  defeat. 

tail-bay,  <. 

Hydr.-eng. :  That  part  of  a  canal-lock  be- 
tween the  tail-gates  and  the  tower  pond. 

tall-block,  s. 

Naut. :  A  block  whose  strap  is  prolonged 
into  a  tail,  which  is  tapered,  or  the  en-Is  JIKIV 
•e  twisted  into  foxes  and  plaited  together  like 
a  gasket.  Blocks  used  for  jiggers  have  a 
double  tail,  made  in  the  same  manner. 

tail-board,  >. 

1.  Vehicles :  The  hind-end  gate  of  a  cart  or 
wagon. 

2.  SMpbuild. :    The  carved  work  between 
•the  cheeks,  fastened  to  the  knee  of  the  head. 

•  tail  -  castle,  '  tail  -  castell,  j.    The 

J»op  of  a  ship.    Opposed  to  forecastle  (q.v.). 

"  Pnrjpis  .    .    .    la  ponpe.     The  hind  deck,  or  tail- 


tail-coat,  ».  A  coat  with  tails ;  a  dress- 
coat. 

tail-crab,   . 

Mining :  The  capstan  on  which  the  spare 
rope  of  the  crab  ia  wound. 

tail-drain,  s.  A  drain  forming  a  re- 
ceptacle for  all  the  water  that  runs  out  of  tte 
other  drains  in  a  Held  or  meadow. 

tall-end,  >. 

1.  The  latter  end ;  the   termination ;  the 
wind  up. 

"The  I'lil-gHfl  of  a  shower  eattfht  us."— Btaet :  Ad- 
fmtuntafa  Ptalta,.  oh.  MIL 

2.  </''.) :  Inferior  samples  of  corn ;  tailings. 
tall-gates,  «.  pi 

Hydr.-eng. :  The  lower  pair  of  gates  of  a 
canal-lock. 

tail-piece,  >.  A  piece  at  the  end  of  any- 
thing ;  an  appendage  :  specifically — 

(1)  A  small  cut  or  ornamental  design  at  the 
end  of  a  chapter  or  section  of  a  book  as  an 
ornamental  ending  of  a  page. 

"Without  Mir  ioppiab  or  pedantic  ornament*  of 
head  and  tafl-pttca.  —  Armttrony :  J/itceUanlet.  1.I7S. 

(2)  Lathe :  The  set-screw  of  the  rear  lathe- 
•pmdle. 

(8)  Music :  The  block  of  a  violin,  guitar,  or 
similar  instrument,  to  which  the  strings  are 
attached. 

tail-pin,  i.  The  back-centre  pin  of  a 
lathe. 

tail-pipe,  s.   The  suction-pipe  of  a  pump. 

tall-pipe,  v.t.  To  affix  an  old  kettle,  or 
other  utensil,  to  the  tail  of :  as,  To  tail-pipe  a 
•dog.  (HaUiwell.) 

t  tall-pointed,  a. 

Bat. :  Caudate  (q.v.). 
tail-race,  s. 

Hydr.-eng.  :  The  channel  which  leads  away 
the  spent  water  from  a  water-wheel. 

tail-screw,  <. 

lathe:  The  screw  which  advances  or  re- 
tracts the  back-centre. 

tall-tackle.  «. 

Naut. :  A  luff-tackle,  with  a  hook  in  the 
«nd  of  the  single  block,  and  a  tail  to  the 
«pper  end  of  the  double  block. 

tall-trimmer,  .-. 

Build. :  A  trimmer  next  to  the  wall  Into 
which  the  ends  of  joints  are  fastened  to  avoid 
flues. 

tail-valve,  ». 

Steam: 

(1)  An  air-pump  valve  in  one  form  of  con- 


denser, opened  by  the  steam  entering  the  con 

•lenser,  but  closed  by  atmospheric  pressure 
when  a  partial  vacuum  exists  in  the  con- 
denser. 

(2)  The  snifting-valve  of  a  marine  steam- 
engine. 

tail -vice,  «.  A  small  hand-vice,  with  a 
tail  or  handle  to  hold  it  by. 

tail-water,  t.  The  waste-water  dis- 
charged from  the  buckets  of  a  water-wheel  in 

motion. 

tails  common,  s. 

Mining :  The  washed  lead-ore. 

tail  (2),  taille,  ».  [Fr.  taille  =a  cutting,  Ac. 
It  is  the  same  word  as  tally  (q.v.).] 
Law:  Limitation,  abridgment. 
"  T.iill:  the  fee  wliich  U  opposite  to  fed-simple,  be- 
cause  it  is  so  minced  or  pared,  that  it  U  not  in  his 
free  power  bo  be  disposed  of  who  owns  it ;  but  Is.  by 
the  Qrat  glw.  cut  or  divided  from  all  other,  and  tied 
to  the  issue  of  the  donee.  The  limitation,  or  taill?, 
is  either  KfuerHl  or  special.  Tattle  general  is  that 
whereby  lamia  or  tenement*  are  limited  to  a  man,  and 
to  the  heirs  of  bis  budy  begotten  ;  and  the  reason  of 
this  term  K  beoaose  how  many  soever  women  the 
tenant,  hohliitg  by  this  title,  shall  take  to  bis  wived, 
oue  after  xiK.tlier,  in  lawful  matrimony,  hla  issue  by 
them  all  uave  a  pnesibility  to  inherit  one  after  the 
other.  Tfillt  special  is  that  whereby  lands  or  tene. 
BieML*  be  limited  unto  a  man  and  lus  wife,  ami  the 
heir*  of  their  two  bodies  begotten.-— Cowtt. 

U  Estate  tail,  Estate  in  tail: 

Imo :  A  freehold  of  inheritance  limited  to  a 
person  and  the  heirs  of  his  body,  general  or 
special,  male  or  female.  [UN-TAIL.) 

*  tail, « tayl,  v.t.  &  i.    [TAIL  (IX  «.] 
A*  Transitive : 

1.  To  pull  by  the  tail  or  stern. 

"They  toke  fonre  Engtynhe  shyppea,  ta^ed  with 
rytell.  and  myf*i  them  to  their  ahyppes."— Aern«rs  : 
rroiuart ;  Cron..  vol.  i.,  en.  xd. 

2.  To  foil.. «•  or  hang  to,  like  a  tail ;  to  lie 
intimately  attached  to,  as  something  not  easily 
to  be  got  rid  of. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  pull  at  the  tail.  (See  ex- 
tract under  STAVB,  «.,  from  Butler:  HHdibra!, 
I.  iii.  1S8.) 

J  To  tail  in : 

Carp. :  To  fasten  by  one  of  the  ends  in  a 
wall  or  any  support :  as,  To  tail  in  a  timber. 

•tail-age,    "tal'-U-age  (age   as  Ig),  .. 

(Fr.  tailldge,  from  taiUer=.ta  cut  off.)  A 
portion  cut  out  of  a  whole ;  a  portion  ;  a  share 
of  a  man's  substance  paid  as  tribute  ;  a  tax,  a 
toll. 

tailed,  •  taylod,  a.  [Eng.  <a£(l),  s. ;  -td.] 
Having  a  tail.  Frequently  used  in  compounds, 
as  long-failed,  bob-tailed,  &c. 

tailed  amphibia,  s.  pL 

Zool. :  The  order  Urodela  (q.T.). 
tailed  men,  s.  pi. 

1.  Bivl. :  Men  in  whom  the  os  coccyx  has 
developed  into  a  free  tail. 

"There  hi  reason  to  believe  that  there  are  always  a 
lew  taOei-tnai  at  thu  kind  liriug."Wourn.  AmOtnp. 
InU..  X  447. 

2.  Aathrop. :  A  term  often  applied  to  any 
despised  tribe  of  aborigines,  outcasts,  or  here- 
tics, living  near  or  among  a  dominant  popula- 
tion, who  look    upon  them  as  beasts,  and 
furnish  them  with  tails  accordingly.    (Tylor : 
Prim.  Cult.  (td.  1873),  i.  383.) 

tailed-wasp,  -«. 

Entom. :  Any  individual  oi  the  genus  Slrex 
(q.v.)  ;  spec.,  Sirex  gigas. 

tail  -Ing,  a.    [Eng.  toil  (1),  *• ;  -ing.] 

\.  Agric.  (PI.)  The  lighter  parts  of  grain 
blown  to  one  end  in  winnowing. 

"  Before  1884  I  never  used  any  wheat,  other  than 
tailings,  for  feeding  itock.~-/'i<a.  Feb.  1»,  1887. 

2.  Build. :  The  part  of  a  projecting  stone  or 
brick  inserted  into  a  wall. 

3.  Mining  (PI.):   The  refuse  part  of  the 
stamped  ore  thrown  behind  the  tail  of  the 
budille  or  washing  apparatus,  and  which  is 
dressed  a  second  time  to   secure  whatever 
metal  might  still  remain  in  it. 

"  A  shipload  of  tailtnyi  to  an  ounce  of  gold."— 
Cfcamoer-s  Journal,  July.  1879.  p.  s«7. 

4.  Surg. :  The  same  as  TAIL  (1),  ».,  II.  10. 

"  tail'-lage  (age  as  Ig),  >.  [Fr.]  The  same 
asTAiLAOE(q.v.). 

•  tail  -lag-er  (ag  as  Ig),  •  tall  a-gler,  >. 

[TAILLAOE.)    A  collector  of  taillaijes  or  taxes. 
(Horn,  of  the  Base.) 


*  taille,  t.  [Fr.  «=  a  cutting ;  tailler  =  to  cut  off.) 

1.  A  tally ;  an  account  notched  on  a  Diecs 
of  wood. 

2.  A  tax,  tallage,  impost,  or  subsidy;  an 
imposition  levied  by  the  sovereign  or  any 
other  lord  on  his  subject*. 

3.  The  same  as  TAIL  (2),  «.  (q.v.). 

tail ,-1688,  a.     [Eng.  toil  (1),  „. ;  .&»,.]    T^M. 
tute  of  a  tail ;  having  no  tail. 

tailless-ape,  s. 

Zool. :  Macacos  fylmn.M(nnuu>  tmuOatua 

[INUUS.] 

taUless-batrachians,  «.  pi. 
Zool. :  The  order  Anoura  (q.v.). 

tailless  shrew,  s. 

Zool. :  Anurosorex  squamipa,a  small  Shrew 
brought  by  Pere  David  from  Tibet. 

tall-lie,  ».    [TAILZIE.) 

tall'-or,    » tayl-or,    *  tail-lour,    *  tayl- 

OUT,  *.  (O.  Fr.  tailleor;  Fr.  lailleur  =  a 
cutter,  from  tailler  =  to  cut,  from  tuille  —  an 
incision,  a  slitting,  from  Lat.  t«;ea=a  thin 
rod,  a  stick.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  whose  occupation  it  Is 
to  cut  out  and  make  up  clothes,  chiefly  the 
outer  garments  of  men.  but  sometimes  also 
the  heavier  and  stronger  outer  garments  of 
women,  as  jackets,  cloaks,  ftc. 

2.  IchUty.:   A  fish  n-semUing  the  shad,  but 
inferior  to  it  in  size  and  flavor. 

tailor-bird,  .. 

Ontilh.:  Orthotomui  tutorial,  a  small  bird 
about  tix  inches  long;  general  color  olive 
greenish ;  wings  brown,  edged  with  green ; 
crown  of  the  head  rufous,  Inclining  to 
gray  on  the  nape ;  tail  light  brown ;  outer 
feathers  narrowly  tipped  with  white ;  under 
surface  of  the  body  white;  legs  flesh -col- 
ored. The  male  has  the  two  center  tail- 
feathers  lengthened.  A  native  of  India,  the 
Eastern  Peninsula,  China,  &c.  It  is  found 
in  gardens,  hedgerows,  orchards,  jungles, 
&c.,  sometimes  in  pairs,  sometimes  in  small 
flocks,  feeding  on  ants,  cicadellas,  and  other 
small  insects.  Its  name  of  Tailor-bird  is 
derived  from  its  nest,  which  is  enclosed  in 
leaves  sewn  with  cobwebs,  silk  from  cocoons, 
thread,  wool,  and  vegetable  libre.  The  nest 
itself  is  formed  of  cotton-wool,  with  tins 
loose  hairs.  &c. 

tailor  made,  0.  Hade  by  a  tailor;  or 
(US.  oottoq.)  fitted  by  a  tailor,  as  a  tailor-made 
girl. 

tiil'-5r,  *  tayl-or,  r.i    [TAILOR  «.] 

1.  To    practice  making   men's   clothes;   to 
follow  the  occupation  of  a  tailor. 

"  These  tayVring  artists  for  our  lars 
Invent  cramp'd  rules."          Green :   T\t 

2.  To  deal  with  tailors,  as  for  clothing. 

tail'  or  ess,  >.  [Enc.  tailor,  s.;  -en.]  A 
female  tailor;  a  woman  who  make*,  clothes  for 
men. 

tail'  or-ing,  ».  [Eng.  tailor;  4ng.]  Th« 
occupation  or  practice  of  a  tailor. 

tail'  or  ize.  »i 

1.  To  tailor. 

2.  To  conventionalise  in  tho  proverbial  petty 
spirit  of  a  tailor. 

tail'  stock,  «.    [DIAD-HEAD,  3.} 

tall   wort,  s.    [Eng.  tail,  and  wort.] 

Bot.  (I'l):  An  old  name  given  byLiudley  to 
the  order  Triuridaceas  (q.v.). 

tail   zlo  (z  as  y),  tail-yie,  I.    [Fr.  taillir  as 

to  CUt  ml'.  I 

Scots  Law:  An  old  term  to  denote  a  deeA 
creating  an  entailed  estate. 

tall-zie  («  as  y),  tall' -Tie,  v.t.  [TAiLn«, *J 
To  entail,  as  au  estate,  &c.  (Scotch.) 

tain,  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  tone,  teyne  *  thin  plats; 
Lat.  tenia  =  a  band,  a  fillet  J 

1.  Thin  tin-plate. 

2.  Tinfoil  for  mirrors. 

taint  (1),  •  talnte,  v.t.  &  i.    [TAINT,  «•! 
A.  Trantilire: 
1.  To  Imbue  or  impregnate  with  something 


lite,  ttt,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot. 
or.  wore,  wolf.  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    «e,  »  =  e;  4jy  =  »;  qn  =  lew. 


taint— take 


4607 


noxious,  poisonous,  or  odious  ;  to  poison,  to 
infect. 

"The  whole  air  of  Somersetshire  was  minted  with 
death."—  Macautay  :  Siit.  Kn-j..  ch.  v. 

2.  To  corrupt,  as  by  incipient  putrefaction  ; 
as,  tainted  meat, 

*  3.  To  stain,  to  sully,  to  pollute,  to  con- 
taminate. 

"  Which.  since  they  are  of  you,  and  odious, 
I  will  not  taint  my  month  with." 

Shaken*.  :  IJunrg  VllL,  111.  Z 

*4,  To  make  corrupt;  to  vitiate. 

"  With  new  glozes  taint*  the  text" 

W,trner  :  A  Itrioiu  England,  tx.  62. 

»6.  To  attaint  (q.v.). 
B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To    he  infected  or  corrupted  ;   to  be 
touched  with  something  morally  corrupting. 

"  I  cannot  taint  with  fear."   Shaketp  .'  Macbeth,  v.  S. 

2.  To  be  affected  with  incipient  putrefac- 
tion :  as,  Meat  taints  in  hot  weather. 

•taint  (2),  *  taynt,  v,t.  &•  i.  [Prob.  from 
Lat.  tango,  or  a  shortened  form  of  attaint; 
ct  "  I  atttynt,  I  hyt  or  touche  a  thyug"  (Pals- 


A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  hit,  to  strike,  to  touch. 

"  The  il.  course  they  tainted  eche  other  on  y*  helmes." 
—  Servers:  Fraittart  ;  Cronyele,  vol.  ii.,  ch.  clxvli. 

2.  To  break,  as  a  lance,  iu  an  unknightly 
or  unskilful  manner. 

3.  To  injure,  as  a  lance,  without  breaking. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  make  an  Ineffectual  thrust 
with  a  lance. 

taint  (1),  *  tainct,   s.  &  a.    [Fr.   teint  =  & 
tincture,  a  dye,  a  stain,  prop.  pa.  par.  of  tein- 
dre  —  to  stain  ;  Lat.  tingo.]    ITiNOE.] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  Colour,  hue,  tinge. 

"  Face  roae-hned,  cherry-rod,  with  *  silver  taint  like  a 
Illy."  R.  Greene:  In  Laudem  fiotamunda. 

*  2.  A  stain,  a  spot  ;  a  blemish  on  the  repu- 
tation. 

"  The  tainta  and  blames  I  laid  upon  myself." 

Ukakatfl.  -'  Macbeth,  IT.  8. 

*  8,  Disgrace,  discredit. 

"  Tour  fore-vouched  affection 
Fallen  into  taint."  Shakesp.  :  Lear,  1.  1. 

4.  Something  which  infects,  contaminates, 
<IT  corrupts  ;  a  corrupting  influence,  infection, 
corruption. 

"A  taint  which  so  universally  infects  mankind.1  — 
Locke  :  Unman  Undtrttand.,  bk.  ill  ,  ch.  xzxiiL 

5.  A  kind  of  spider  of  a  red  colour,  common 
In  summer. 

"There  is  found  in  the  Bnmmer  a  kin<ie  of  snider 
called  a  tainct,  of  a  red  colour,  ami  BO  little  of  oody 
that  ten  of  the  largest  will  hardly  out-weigh  a  grain  ; 


this  by  eountrey  peuple  is  accounted 

unto  cows  aud  horaes;  who  if  they  so 

•well  thereon,  ascribe  their  death  hereto,  and 


•y  j>e.jple  is  accounted  a  deadly 
horaes ;  who  If.  they  suddenly  dfe,  and 


•oinuwnly  amy,  they  have  licked  a  tainct."— Browne: 
Tu'nar  Errourt,  bk.  iiL,  ch.  xxviL 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Tainted,  stained,  imbued. 

"  A  pure,  unspotted  heart 
Never  yet  taint  with  love." 

. :  1  Henry  VI..  v.  S. 


•  taint-worm,  ».  A  worm  that  taints  ; 
•  parasitic  worm  ;  or  perhaps  the  same  as 
TAINT  (1),  s.  5.  (q.v.). 

•*  As  killing  as  the  canker  to  the  rose, 
Or  taint-worm  to  tb«  weaaltiig  herd*  that  gmi«." 
Milton  :  Liadvt,  45. 

•taint  (2),  s.    [TAINT  (2), ».] 

1.  A  thrust  of  a  lance,  which  fails  of  its 
effect ;  a  breaking  of  a  lance  in  aa  encounter 
in  an  unknightly  or  unskilful  manner. 

2.  A  trial  of  a  lance  ;  an  injury  to  a  lance 
without  breaking  it. 

3.  Trial,  proof.    (Perhaps  from  Fr.  tenter; 
Lat.  tento  =  to  try,  to  prove.) 

•  taint  free.  o.    [Eng.  taint  (1),  a.,  and/ree.] 
Free  from  taint  or  infection  ;  pure,  untainted. 

•  taint'- less,  *  taint-lease,  o.   [T5ng.  taint 

S),  s. ;  -less.]    Free  from  taint;  untainted, 
intfree,  pure. 

"  The  taitttlfuf  flowres  of  bleat  Elysium." 

Brown.  .'  Hritannia*  PmttrOt,  11.  5. 

•  taint -less  IJ,  adv.    [Eng.  taintltss;  -ly.} 
Without  taint. 

*t«lnt'-nre,  >.  [Fr-,  from  Lat.  tinetara  = 
tinrture,  dye.]  Taint,  tinge,  stain,  defile- 
ment. 

"  Preserre  them  safe  from  all  the  pestilent  tainturet 
of  schism  and  heresie."— Sp.  Ban  :  Soliloquy  29 

talrge,  t    [TABOE.]    (ScofeA.) 
tairu,  «.    [TABN.] 


guttural),  s.  [Gael.]  The  rolce  of 
a  person  about  to  die  heard  in  the  person's 
absence. 

"  The  superstition  that  this  omen  of  npnroaching 
death  sometimes  take*  place,  exists  chiefly  in  the 
Highlands  t>(  Scotland.  Some  women  .  .  .  ui<l  to  him 
they  had  heard  two  taitchs,  that  i-s.  two  voice*  of  per. 
sous  about  to  die ;  aud  what  was  remarkable,  one  of 
them  was  an  English  tnitch,  which  they  never  heard 
before."— Boetceu  :  Journal,  p.  l&O.  (Jamintvii.) 

talt  (1),  tate,  teat,  s.  [Icel.  tata  =  shreds  ; 
t(eta  =  to  tease  ur  j'ic-k  wool.]  A  small  por- 
tion of  anything,  consisting  of  fibres  or  the 
like;  ashn-d. 

'"A  tait  o'  woo'  would  be  scarce  amang  us,'  said  the 
goodwife."— Scutt ;  Guy  J/annerinff,  ch,  xivi. 

talt  (2),  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    [NOOLBEKOE&.] 
tal'-vert,  a.    [TAVERT.] 

ta-Ja'-cft,  ta-jas'-su,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Dicotyles  torquatua  (Cuv.),  D.  tajacu 
(Linn.),  the  Collared  Peccary,  the  smaller  of 
the  two  species  of  the  genua.  It  ia  about 
thirty-six  inches  long,  dark  jjray  in  colour, 
with  a  white  or  light  gray  band  across  the 
chest  from  shoulder  to  shoulder.  [PECCARY.] 

take  (pa.  t.  *  ft*,  *  tukt  took.  pa.  par.  *  take, 
*  ituke,  taken),  v.t.  &  i.  [Icel.  taka  (pa.  t.  (dfe, 
pa,  par.  feHnn)=to  lay  hold  of,  to  grasp; 
Sw.  taga;  O.  Sw.  taka;  Dan.  tnge;  Goth. 
tekan  (pa.  t.  faitok,  pa.  par.  tekans) ;  Lat. 
tango  =  to  touch.  Allied  words  are  tack,  tag, 
tackle,  attach,  attack,  tact,  tattgent,  contact, 
stake,  stick,  Ac.] 
A*  Transitive :  • 

*  1.  To  touch. 

"Ure  lord  .  .  .  tok  his  lepn."    0.  Xng.  MitcelL,  p.  81. 

*  2.  To  give,  to  hand  over. 

"  The  gailer  him  tok  an  appel." 

I'olit.  Relig.  A  Lav*  Songi,  ixlv.  SSL 

S.  To  grasp  with  the  hand  or  with  any  in- 
strument ;  to  lay  hold  of,  to  seize,  to  grasp ; 
to  get  into  one's  hold. 

"  Take  him  by  the  arm."— Shakeep. ;  A*  1'ou  Lite*  It, 
IT.  s. 

4.  To  seize  or  lay  hold'  of  and  remove ;  to 
carry  off;  to  remove  generally. 

"  When  death  take*  one." 

ShaJtetp.  :  Rape  of  Lwrcce,  1,181. 

5.  To  catch  by  surprise ;  to  come  upon  un- 
expectedly ;   to  surprise ;  to  catch,  as  in  a 
trap  or  snare ;  to  circumvent ;  to  flud  or  take 
at  a  disadvantage. 

"  Nay,  I  have  ta'en  you  napping,  gentle  lore." 

Sh*ketji. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  iv.  2. 

6.  To  take  prisoner,  to  capture, 

"  To  late  ODIUM  rescue :  he  ia  fa' en  or  slain." 

Stttiketp.  :  1  Henry  VI.,  IT.  4. 

7.  To  seize,  as  a  disease ;  to  attack. 

"  A  most  outrageous  fit  of  madness  took  him," 

Shaken*. :  Comedy  of  Srrort,  ». 

8.  To  obtain  or  gain  possession  of  by  force 
of  arms  ;  to  capture,  to  conquer ;  to  cause  to 
surrender  or  capitulate. 

"  Like  a  Sluon  take  another  Troy." 

Shaketp. :  3  Ilenrg  IV..  IU.  1 

9.  To  catch,  as  a  disease. 

"  He  hath  ta'en  the  infection,"— Shaketp. :  Much  Ado 

About  ffvthlnff.  It  8. 

10.  To  catch,  as  a  batsman  in  cricket 

11.  To  gain  or  secure  the  interest,  affection, 
or  favour  of ;  to  captivate,  to  charm,  to  please, 
to  attract,  to  allure. 

'  Which  muct  take  the  ear  strangely." 

Ahakeip.  :  Tempett,  v. 

12.  To  conduct,  to  lead,  to  convey,  to  carry, 
to  transport. 

"  Take  him  hence,  and  marry  her  instantly." 

Shaketp, :  Meaturtfor  .Weature,  v. 

5T  It  frequently  conveys  the  idea  of  carry- 
ing and  handing  over :  as,  Take  this  book  to 
him  —  Take  this  book  and  hand  it  over  to  him. 

13.  To  enter  into  possession  of  by  hiring, 
leasing,  or  renting. 

"  If  three  ladiea  like  a  luckless  play. 
Take*  the  whole  houae  npoii  the  poet's*  day." 

Pope:  ftorace,  bk.  i",  ep.  6. 

14.  To  quote,  to  extract :  as,  The  passage  is 
taken  from  another  author. 

15.  To  draw,  to  derive,  to  deduce. 

16.  To  deduct,  to  subtract. 

"  Take  two  from  twenty  and  leave  eighteen." 

Shaketp.  :  Cymbeline,  Ii.  1. 

17.  To  receive  and  accept,  as    something 
offered.    (Correlative  to  give  and  opposed  to 
refuse  or  reject.) 

"  Then  took  I  the  cup  at  the  lord's  hand,  and  mad 
all  the  nations  to  drink.1'— Jeremiah  xxv.  17. 

18.  To  appropriate. 

"  Oive  me  the  persona,  and  take  the  goods  to  thy 
•elf."— Wt-n.  xiv.  21. 


19.  To  understand  in  any  particular  tense 
or  manner;  to  apprehend,  to  comprehend,  U 
Interpret. 

"A  word  unkind  or  wrongly  taken," 

Moore  .'Light  of  the  Harem. 

20.  To  receive  into  the  mind ;  to  hear,  t* 
learn. 

"  rot*  this  of  me:  Lucrece  was  not  more  chaste." 
Shakeep.  :  Titus  A  ndronicut,  il  1> 

21.  To  consider,  to  review. 

"  He  was  a  man,  take  him  fur  all  in  all, 
I  shall  not  look  upon  his  like  again." 

Shakftp.  ;  Hamlet,  1.  i. 

22.  To  Imagine,  to  suppose ;  to  entertain  in 
opinion  ;  to  look  upon  as. 

"  Not  the  men  you  took  them  for."—  Shaketp. :  A/we* 
Ado  About  Nothht'j,  Hi.  3. 

23.  To  receive  with  good  or  ill  will ;  to  fee^ 
concerning ;  to  meet,  to  accept ;  to  feel  or  be 
affected  by. 

"Tell  me  how  he  ttOce*  it" 

Aftuftttju. :  Twelfth  myht,  L  I. 

24.  To  entertain,  to  feel,  to  receive. 

"You  take  pleasure  in  the  message  T  "—Shateip.  : 
Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  ii.  S. 

25.  To  avail  one's  self  of;  to  employ,  to- 
use,  to  occupy  :  as,  To  take  care,  to  take  pre 
cautious,  to  take  steps. 

26.  To  have  recourse  to  ;   to  betake  one's 
self  to  ;  to  turn  to. 

"  He  took  thin  place  for  sanctuary." 

Shaketp.  :  Comedy  of  Krrort,  T. 

27.  To  adopt  and  follow ;  to  betake  one's 

self  to. 

"  If  any  be  subject  to  vice,  or  take  ill  course*,  they 
are  reproved." — Bacon;  jf«w  Atlunt'u. 

28.  To  seize  on,  to  catch ;  uot  to  let  slip ; 
not  to  neglect :  as,  To  take  an  opportunity. 

29.  To  choose  aud  adopt  as  one's  own ;  to 
select,  to  accept. 

"  T<ike  to  thee  from  amon?  the  cherubim 
Thy  choice  of  flaming  warriors." 

Milton :  P.  L.,  xL  1001 

30.  To  submit  to  the  hazard  of ;  to  be  con- 
tented with  ;  to  put  up  with. 

"  You  in  ust  take  your  chance.1* 

Shakeip. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  It  L 

31.  To  accept  the  promise,  declaration,  or 
conditions  of ;   to  close  with;   to   hold    re- 
sponsible. 

"  Old  as  I  am,  I  take  thee  at  thy  word. 
And  will  to-morrow  thank  thee  with  my  award." 
/ti-ytien:  1  Conaueit  of  Granada,  ii.  L 

32.  To  assume,  to  put  on,  to  pass  into. 

"  Take  any  shape  but  that" 

Shaketp.  :  Macbeth,  lit  4- 

33.  To  accept  as  a  price  or  equivalent. 

"  If  I  can  recover  him,  and  keep  him  tame,  I  wilt 
not  take  too  much  fur  him."— Shakeep. :  Tetnpett, 

El 

34.  To  receive  and  swallow,  as  food,  drink, 
or  medicine. 

"  Drink,  and  pray  for  me,  I  pray  yon ;  I  have  taken 
my  last  draught  ia  this  world."— Khaketp.  :  2  ffeiiry 
VI.,  ii.  8L 

35.  To  use  habitually :  as,  Do  you  take  milk 
and  sugar?    He  takes  snutf. 

36.  To  render  necessary,  to  demand,  to  re- 
quire.   (Frequently  used  impersonally  :  as,  It 
takes  long  study  to  make  a  scholar.) 

37.  To  form,  to  fix,  to  adopt,  to  determine 
upon  :  as,  To  take  a  certain  course. 

38.  To  place  one's  self  in ;  to  occupy  :  as, 
To  take  a  chair  or  a  seat. 

39.  To  bear  or  submit  to ;  to  endure ;   to 
put  up  with ;  to  submit  to  without  resent- 
ment or  ill-feeling  :  as,  To  take  a  joke. 

40.  To  put  or  set  down  in  writing ;  to  note 
down  ;  to  make  a  note  or  memorandum  of. 

"  His  confession  is  taken." 
Shakesfi. :  Ali't  Well  that  Kndt  Wett,  iv.  S. 

41.  To  copy,  to  delineate,  to  draw. 

"  Our  phoenix  queen  was  pourtray'd  too  so  bright. 
Beauty  alone  could  beauty  take  to  right." 

Dryden:  Mn.  Anne  Kill igrevt,  134. 

42.  To  execute  by  artistic  means  :  as,  To 
take  a  photograph. 

43.  To  obtain  or  ascertain  by  measurement. 
"  With  a  two  foot  rule  in  hia  Land  measuring  my 

vails,  he  took  the  dimensions  uf  the  TOOTH."— Swift, 

44.  Not  to  refuse  or  balk  at;  to  clear :  as, 
A  horse  takes  a  fence. 

45.  To  admit,  to  accept :  as,  Clay  take*  an 
Impression  easily. 

46.  To  admit  iu  copulation. 

"  Five  hundred  asses  yearly  tank  the  hnne, 
Producing  mules  of  greater  speed  nnd  force.' 

Sandyt :  Paraphrase  of  Job. 

47.  In  chess,  draughts,  cards,  &c.,  said  of  • 
piece  or  card  of  superior  value  to  another : 
as.  To  take  a  trick  with  a  trump,  the  queen 
takes  another  piece  in  chess,  &c. 


;  pd^t  JrfSrt;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9Hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  thl«;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e?i»t.    -fiftg. 
•dan.  -tian  =  «yiy»,    -tioa,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -§ion  =  «ttfl«-    -cioua,  -tious,  -sioua  -  shua.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  d^L 


460S 


take 


B,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  move  or  direct  one's  course  ;  to  betake 
one's  self ;  to  resort,  to  turn, 

2.  To  have  the  intended  or  desired  effect. 

3.  To  meet  with  a  favourable  reception  ; 
to  be  favourably  received ;  to  please. 

"  Our  gracious  master  ia  a  precedent  to  hit  own 
subjects,  and  seasonable  mementos  may  b«  useful : 
and  being  discreetly  used,  cannot  but  Cake  well  with 
him."— Bacon. 

4.  To  catch  ;  to  fix  or  be  fixed. 

"  Lymph  will  not  tak«.  if,  after  vaccination,  the 
pencil  operated  on  be  subjected  to  the  influence  of  a 
vapour  bath."— PaU  Malt  Gaxtlte,  March  31, 1886. 

5.  To  admit  of  being  represented  in  a  photo- 
graphic picture ;  to  have  the  quality  of  coming 
out  well  in  a  photograph ;  to  make  a  good 
photographic  picture. 

6.  To  be  attracted  by  or  swallow  &  bait. 

"A  strong  north-easterly  wind  prevailing,  daring 
which  tish  will  not,  aa  a  rule,  take,  and  are  very 
*ulky."-^e/rf,  April  4,  1885. 

H  1.  To  give  and  take :  To  make  allowances 
on  each  side.  [Give,  U  25.] 

2.  To  take  aback:  To  surprise,  to  astonish, 
•specially  in  an  abrupt,   disappointing,  and 
unexpected  manner ;  to  confound. 

3.  To  take  a  back  seat:  To  abandon  one'a 
pretensions. 

"  He  will  have,  In  the  expressive  parlance  of  Ameri- 
can politics,  to  take  u  bade  teat."— Pall  Mall  Qatette, 
Dec.  5,  1885. 

*  4.  To  take  a  ball : 

Cricket:  To  hit,  drive,  or  strike  a  ball  with 
the  bat,  as  opposed  to  blocking  it. 

"He  blocked  the  doubtful  balls,  missed  the  bad 
cues,  took  the  good  ones,  and  aent  them  flying  to  all 
parts  of  the  field."—  Dickent  :  Pickwick,  ch.  vii. 

5.  To  take  advantage  of:  , 

(1)  To  seize  and  make  use  of  any  advantage 
offered  by  ;  to  profit  or  benefit  by. 

(2)  To  seize  and  make  use  of  circumstances 
to  the  prejudice  of;  to  catch  by  surprise  or 
cunning ;  to  trick. 

6.  To  take  after : 

(1)  To  learn  to  follow ;  to  copy,  to  imitate  ; 
to  follow  the  example  of. 

"We  cannot  but  think  that  he  hat  taken  after  a 
good  pattern."— A  tterbury, 

(2)  To  resemble :  as,  A  son  takes  after  his 
father. 

7.  To  take  aim :   To  direct  the  eye  or  ft 
weapon ;  to  aim. 

*  8.  To  take  air :  To  be  divulged  ;  to  become 
known. 

9.  To  take  arms,  to  take  up  arms :  To  com- 
mence hostilities  ;  to  rise  in  arms. 

10.  To  take  a  sight :  [SIGHT,  s.,  f  (4).] 

11.  To  take  away :  To  remove,  to  set  aside, 
to  do  away  with. 

"  If  any  take  away  from  the  book  of  this  prophecy, 
God  shall  take  away  his  part  out  of  the  book  of  life." 
—Rev.  ix.  19. 

12.  To  take  breath  :  To  stop,  as  one  exhausted 
with  labour  or  fatigue,  in  order  to  breathe  or 
rest;  to  rest,  refresh,  or  recruit  one's  self 
ftfter  exertion  or  fatigue. 

13.  To  take  care : 

(1)  To  be  oareful,  vigilant,  wary,  or  cautious. 

*  (2)  To  be  careful,  anxious,  or  solicitous. 
(Followed  by  for  before  an  object.) 

"  Thou  shalt  not  muzzle  the  ox  that  tnadcth  oat 
the  corn.  Doth  God  take  care  for  oxen  T  "—1  Cor,  Ir.  t, 

14.  To  take  care  of:  To  have  the  care  or 
charge  of;  to  keep  watch  over ;  to  superintend. 

*  15.  To  take  course :  To  have  recourse  to 
measures. 

"They  meant  to  take  a  courts  to  deal  with  parti- 
culars by  reconcilements,  and  cared  not  for  any  head." 
— Bacon. 

16.  To  take  down : 

(1)  To  bring  or  reduce  from  a  higher  to  a 
lower  place  or  position ;  to  lower  ;  hence,  to 
abase,  to  humble. 

*(2)  To  crush,  to  reduce,  to  suppress. 

"  Do  you  think  he  ia  now  so  dangerous  an  enemy  aa 
he  Is  counted,  or  that  it  ia  to  hard  to  take  him  down 
as  some  suppose  t"— .Spencer ;  State  of  Ireland. 

*  (3)  To  swallow. 

' '  We  cannot  lake  dowq  the  live*  of  living  creatures, 
which  some  of  the  Paracelaians  say.  If  they  could  be 
taken  down,  would  make  us  Immortal." — Bacon. 

(4)  To  pull  down ;  to  pull  to  pieces  ;  to  re- 
duce to  separate  parts :  as,  To  take  down  a 
building. 

(5)  To  put  or  set  down  in  writing ;  to  write 
down,  to  record :  as,  To  take  down  a  speech  in 
shorthand. 

17.  To  take  earth :  To  escape  into  its  hole 


(said  of  a  fox) ;  hence,  fig.,  to  hide  or  conceal 
one's  self.     [EARTH,  5.,  A.  II.  6.] 

18.  To  take  effect : 

(1)  To  have  the  desired  effect  or  influence  ; 
to  be  efficacious. 

(2)  To  come  into  operation  or  action :  as, 
The  law  takes  effect  next  month. 

19.  To  take  farewell :  To  take  leave ;  to  bid 
farewell. 

20.  To  take  Jlre :   To  become  ignited  ;    to 
flame  up;  hence,  fig.,  to  become  highly  ex- 
cited or  heated,  as  with  anger,  love,  enthu- 
siasm, or  the  like. 

"  Let  youth  take  Jlre  I  Sir  Paul  takes  snuff  " 

Praed:  County  Ball. 

21.  To  take  from: 

(1)  To  deduct,  to  subtract :  as,  To  take  two 
from  four. 

*  (2)  To  derogate,  to  detract. 

"  It  tnket  not  from  you,  that  you  were  born  with 
principles  of  generosity  ;  but  tt  adds  to  you,  that  you 
nave  <  Itivated  nature."— Dryden. 

22.  To  take  heart :  To  pluck  up  courage  ;  to 
become     brave,    confident,    or    courageous. 

[HEART,  «.,  I.  2.  (4),  H  35.] 

23.  To  take  heed :  To  be  careful,  wary,  or 
cautious. 

24.  To  take  heed  to  (or  unto) :  To  attend  to 
with  care. 

"  I  will  take  heed  to  my  ways,  that  I  offend  not  with 
my  tongue."— Ptalm  xxxn,  1. 

25.  2*0  take  hold :  To  seize,  to  grasp ;  to  gain 
control  or  power  over.   (Followed  by  of,  some- 
times by  on.) 

"Judgment  and  iorrow  take  hold  on   the*."— Job 

ZXXVt   17. 

26.  To  take  horse  : 

(1)  Ord.  Lang. :  To  mount  and  ride  a  horse 
or  horses. 

"  And  there  ta'en  hone  to  tell  the  camp  what  deeds 
are  done  in  Rome."  Macaulay  :  Virginia. 

(2)  Mining :  A  vein  of  ore  is  said  to  take 
horse  when  it  divides  on  each  side  of  a  body 
of  non-metalliferous  rock,  called  dead-ground. 

27.  To  take  in : 

(1)  To  receive,  admit,  or  bring  into  one's 
house,  company,  or  the  like  ;  to  entertain. 

"  I  was  a  stranger,  and  ye  took  me  in."— Matt.  xxv.  S5. 

(2)  To  inclose,  fence  in,  or  reclaim,  as  land. 

"  Upon  the  sea-coast  an  parcels  of  land  that  would 
pay  well  for  the  taking  in."— Mortimer  :  Husbandry. 

(3)  To  give  admission  to ;  to  allow  to  enter : 
as,  A  ship  takes  in  water. 

(4)  To  encompass,  to  embrace,  to  include, 
to  comprehend. 

"These  h«ads  are  sufficient  for  the  explication  of 
this  whole  matter :  taking  in  some  additional  dis- 
courses, which  make  the  work  more  even."— Burnet. 

(5)  To  reduce  into  a  less  compass ;  to  lessen, 
to  contract. 

"If  fortune  nil  thy  sail 
With  more  than  a  propitious  gale 
Take  half  thy  caitvas  in." 

Cowper :  Horace  ;  Odet  U.  10. 

(6)  To  receive  or  admit  into  the  mind  or 
understanding ;  to  comprehend  ;  to  admit  the 
truth  of :  as,  1  cannot  take  that  story  in. 

*  (7)  To  win  or  gain  by  conquest ;  to  cap- 
ture. 

"  He  sent  Aaan-aga  with  the  janizaries,  and  pieces  of 
great  ordnance,  to  take  in  the  other  cities  of  Tunis." — 
Knollet :  Hitt.  Turkey. 

(8)  To  be  a  regular  subscriber  to ;  to  re- 
ceive or  take  regularly :  as,  To  take  in  a  news- 
paper. 

(9)  To  circumvent,  to  cozen,  to  cheat,  to 
deceive.    (Colloq.) 

"It  is  curious  that  so  able  a  man  could  have  believed 
that  he  could  In  this  way  take  in  the  British  public." 
— Gentteman't  Magazine,  June.  1883,  p.  M». 

28.  To   take   in  hand:   To   undertake    to 
manage,  perform,  or  execute. 

29.  To  take  in  vain:  To  utter  or  use  un- 
necessarily, carelessly,  or  profanely,  as  an 
oath. 

"  Thou  shalt  not  take  the  name  of  the  Lord  thy  God 
in  wtin."—Sxodut  xx.  7. 

30.  To  take  it  out:   To  exact  or   compel 
satisfaction  or  an  equivalent.    A  rich  man  is 
said  to  take  it  (his  money)  out  in  fine  footmen, 
fine  feeding,  &c.  ;  a  poor  man  takes  it  (his 
trouble)  out  in  drink.    (Slang  Diet.) 

31.  To  take  leave : 

(1)  To  bid  farewell ;  to  depart. 

(2)  To  assume  or  use  a  certain  degree  of 
liberty  or  license  ;  to  permit  to  one's  self. 

32.  To  take  notice : 

(1)  To  regard  or  observe  with  attention  ;  to 
watch  carefully ;  to  give  attention  to. 


;«  off  his  glass,  with  ttmt  sick 
ome  men,  follows  not  many  hours 
1  ever  let  wiiie  touch  his  lips.* — 


(2)  To  show  by  some  act  that  observation  is 
made  ;  to  make  remark  ;  to  mention. 

"  Some  laws  restrained  tbe  extravagant  power  of 
the  nobility,  the  diminution  whereof  they  took  very 
helVtly.  though  at  that  time  they  took  little  notice  of 
it "— Clarendon, 

33.  To  take  oath:  To  swear  judicially. 

*  34.   To  take  oath  of:   To  administer  an 
oath  to. 

35.  To  takeoff: 

(1)  To  remove  or  lift  from  the  surface  or 
outside.    (Exodus  xxxiv.  34.) 

(2)  To  remove  or  transport  to  another  place. 

*  (3)  To  remove  ;  to  take  away. 

"  To  take  off  to  much  grief  from  you." 

Shaketp. :   Winter't  Tale.  T.  ft. 

(4)  To  deduct  from :  as,  To  take  a  penny  off 
the  income-tax. 

*  (5)  To  put  to  death  ;  to  kill,  to  execute  ; 
to  do  away  with. 

(6)  To  retract,  to  withdraw. 

"  Take  It  [a  sentence  of  banishment]  off  again." 
Shaketp.  :  Richard  17..  iiL  8. 

*(7)  To  invalidate,  to  lessen,  to  weaken. 

"This  takes  not  off  the  force  of  our  former  evi- 
dence."— Stiilingjleet. 

(8)  To  withdraw  ;  to  abstract ;  to  draw  off. 
"  Keep  foreign  Ideas  fcqm  taking  off  our  mind  from 

Its  present  pursuit." — Locke. 

(9)  To  swallow  ;  to  drink  off  or  out. 
"Were  the  pifeatuve  of  drinking  accompanied,  the 

moment  a  man  taket  off  his  glass,    with   that  sick 
stomach  which,  in  some  meu,  * 
after,  no  body  would  t 
Locke, 

*(10)  To  make  a  copy  of;  to  reproduce. 
(11)  To  mimic,  to  imitate,  to  ridicule,  to 
caricature  ;  to  make  game  of  by  imitation. 

*  (12)  To  purchase ;  to  take  in  trade. 

"The  Spaniards,  having  no  commodities  that  we 
will  take  off,  above  the  value  of  one  hundred  thousand 
pounds  per  annum,  cannot  pay  u*."— Locke. 

•(13)  To  find  place  for;  to  dispose  of;  to 
accommodate. 

"The  multiplying  of  nobility  brings  a  state  to 
necessity:  and.  in  flke  manner,  when  more  are  bred 
scholars  than  preferments  cau  take  off."~Bacon, 

(14)  To  start  to  jump :  as,  A  horse  takes  off 
too  soon  at  a  fence. 

36.  To  take  on  (or  upon) : 

(1)  To    undertake    the   charge,  execution, 
responsibility,  &c.,  of;  to  assume,  to  appro- 
priate, to  bear. 

"  Ye  take  too  much  upon  you."—  Humbert  ivi.  8. 

(2)  To  be  violently  affected  ;  to  mourn,  to 
fret.    (Colloq.) 

"  How  will  my  mother,  for  a  father's  death, 
Take  on  with  me,  and  ne'er  be  satisfied  I " 

Shaketp. :  3  Htnry  VI.,  ii.  *. 

*(8)  To  assume  a  character ;  to  act  a  part. 
"  I  take  not  on  me  here  as  a  physician." 

Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  IV., iv.  L 

37.  To  take  one'a  part :  To  espouse  one't 
cause ;  to  defend  or  support  one. 

*  38.  To  take  order  with :  To  exercise  autho- 
rity ;  to  take  measures  ;  to  check. 

"Though  he  would  have  turned  his  teeth  upon 
Spain,  yet  he  was  taken  order  with  before  it  came  to 
that1'— Bacon. 

39.  To  take  out: 

(1)  To  remove  from  within  a  place,  or  from 
a  number  of  other  things. 

"  All  thy  friends  which  thou  must  make  thy  friends 

Have  but  their  stings  and  teeth  newly  taken  out.' 

Shaketp. :  2  Benry  IV.,  it.  4. 

(2)  To  remove  by  cleansing,  erasure,  or  th« 
like :  as,  To  take  out  a  stain,  a  blot,  &e. 

(3)  To  put  away ;  to  put  an  end  to :  as,  To 
take  the  pride  out  of  a  person,  To  take  the 
strength  out  of  a  person. 

(4)  To  obtain  or  accept  as  an  equivalent: 
as,  He  took  the  value  out  in  money. 

(5)  To  ascertain  by  measurement  and  calcu- 
lation :  as,  To  take  out  quantities  for  a  work. 

(6)  To  procure  for  one's  self ;  to  obtain ;  to 
get  drawn,  granted,  or  executed  for  one's  own 
use :  as,-  To  take  out  a  patent,  To  take  out  a 
summons. 

*(7)  To  copy.    (Shakesp. :  Othello,  Hi.  4.) 

40.  To  take  pains:  To  exert  one's  self;  to 
use  all  one's  skill,  care,  or  the  like. 

41.  To  take  part  in:  To  share  in;  to  par- 
take of. 

42.  To  take  place : 

(1)  To  happen  ;  to  come  to  paaa ;  to  occur. 
*(2)  To  have  effect ;  to  prevail. 

"  Where  arms  take  place,  all  other  pleas  are  Tain ; 
Love  taught  me  force,  and  force  shall  love  maintain. 
Dryden.    (Todd,} 


fate,  fat.  faro,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  care,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    »,  oa  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  lew. 


take— talbot 


4609 


43.  To  take  root : 

(1)  To  form  or  strike  a  root :  as,  A  plant 
takes  root. 

(2)  To  become  firmly  fixed  or  established. 

"  I  have  seen  the  foolish  taking  root." — Job  v.  3. 

44.  To  take  stock :  [STOCK  (1),  s.,  U  (8)]. 

*  45.  To  tak«  tent :    To  take  heed  ;    to  be 
careful  or  cautious.    (Scotch.) 

46.  To  take  the  air,  to  take  an  airing:  To 
walk,  drive,  or  ride  in  the  open  air  for  the 
sake  of  the  health. 

47.  To  take  the  field :  To  begin  the  military 
operations  of  a    campaign  ;    hence,   tig.,   to 
occupy  or  step  into  a  position  of  activity,  as 
an  opponent,  rival,  competitor,  or  the  like. 

*  48.  To  take  thought :  To  be  solicitous  or 
-anxious.    (Matthew  vi.  25.) 

49.  To  take  time : 

(1)  To  act  without  hurry  or  haste,  and  with 
due  deliberation  ;  hence,  to  be  In  no  haste  or 
excitement;  to  be  patient;  to  wait  calmly 
and  patiently. 

(2)  To  require,  demand,  or   necessitate  a 
certain  amount  of  time  for  accomplishment 
or  execution. 

50.  To  take  to  : 

(1)  To   become   fond    of;    to   become  at- 
rtaehed  to. 

(2)  To  resort  to  ;  to  betake  one's  self  to  ;  to 
.adopt. 

"I  have  now  four  horses  which  were  In  my  posses- 
•loo  when  I  first  took  to  the  i*tA."—Weld.  Jan.  BO,  1886. 

51.  To  take  to  heart :  To  be  keenly  or  deeply 
Affected  by ;  to  feel  keenly  or  sensibly :  as, 
He  took  the  disgrace  much  to  heart. 

52.  To  take  to  task :  To  find  fault  with  ;  to 
censure. 

"To  take  to  tatk  a  conscientious  novelist  who  treats 
the  crime  he  Je  plots  M  God  and  nature  dictate."— 

Scribnert  .Muyasin*,  Deo.,  1978.  p.  297. 

53.  To  Uike  up : 

(1)  To  lift,  to  raise. 

"Takt  her  up  tenderly,  lift  her  with  care." 

ffood :  Song  of  U*  Shirt, 

(2)  To  bring  or  gather  together ;  to  fasten 
or  bind :  as,  To  take  up  ravelled  threads. 

(8)  To  protect  and  care  for ;  to  patronise  or 
befriend. 

"  When  my  father  and  my  mother  forsake  me,  then 
•the  Lord  will  take  me  up."~-Pialm  xxvil.  10. 

•(4)  To  obtain  on  credit. 

"  Take  up  commodities  upon  our  bills.'* 

ShaJtetp. .  2  Btnry  Vt,t  IT.  T. 

"(5)  To  begin,  to  start ;  to  set  agoing. 

"They  shall  la**  up  a  lamentation  for  me. "—  Etdttel 
nv.  17. 

(6)  To  begin  where  another  left  off;  to  keep 
•up  in  continuous  succession. 

(7)  To  preoccupy,  to  occupy,  to  engross,  to 
^engage,  to  employ. 

"  There  Is  so  much  time  taken  up  in  the  ceremony." 
—Additon  ;  On  MeUult. 

(8)  To  seize,  to  catch,  to  arrest. 

"Though  the  sheriff  have  this  authority  to  tak«  up 
All  such  stragglers."— Spenser  ;  State  of  Ireland, 

*  (9)  To  rate,  to  abuse,  to  scold. 

"  I  was  taken  up  for  laying  them  down." 

Sbaketp.  :  Twt  Gentlemen  of  Ytrona,  i.  1. 

*(10)  To  make  up  ;  to  settle,  to  arrange. 

"  How  was  that  quarrel  taken  up  ' ' 

Shakeip. :  At  You  Like  It,  v.  4. 

•(ll)Toi£vy. 

"  You  are  to  takt  soldiers  up  In  counties."— Shakttp-  : 
1  Bfnry  IT.  U.  i, 

*(12)  To  oppose,  to  encounter;  to  cope 
With.  (Shakesp* :  2  Henry  IV.,  i.  3.) 

*(13)  To  trip.    (Shakesp. :  Macbeth,  II  3.) 

(14)  To  undertake;  to  take  on  one's  self: 
AS,  To  take  up  a  friend's  quarrel. 

*(15)  To  believe,  to  admit. 

"  The  ancients  took  up  experiments  upon  credit,  and 
•did  build  great  matters  upon  them."—  Bacon:  Jfat. 
J&itt. 

*(16)  To  fasten  with  a  ligature. 

"  A  large  vessel  opened  by  incision  must  be  taJMn 
•vp  before  you  proceed."— Sharp :  Surgery. 

(17)  To  pay  and  receive. 

"  The  bill  if  not  taken  up  this  afternoon  will  be  pro- 
tested."— Co/man;  Th«  Spleen,  L 

(18)  To  clear  up ;  to  become  fine. 

"The  weather  took  up  wonderfully."— Field,  April  ^ 

*(19)  To  Stop. 

"Sinners  at  but  (ate  up,  and  settle  in  a  contempt  of 
•*11  religion."— Titlotton. 

*(20)  To  reform. 

"This  rational  thought  wrought  so  effectually,  that 
it  made  him  take  up,  and  from  that  time  prove  a  good 
husband."— Locke. 


*(21)  To  collect. 

"This  great  bass*  was  horn  In  a  poor  country  vil- 
lage, and  In  his  childhood  taken  from  bis  Christian 
jwireiits.  by  such  as  fata  up  the  tribute  children."— 
Knollti;  Hilt.  Turket. 

54.  To  take  up  arms:  The  same  as  To  take 
arms  (q.v.). 

55.  To  take  up  with : 

(1)  To  become  intimate  with ;  to  attach 
one's  self  to  ;  to  associate  with. 

"  Are  dogs  such  desirable  company  to  take  up  with)  " 
— South. 

*  (2)  To  be  contented  to  receive  ;  to  put  up 
with. 

"The  ass  r-iket  up  veith  that  for  his  satisfaction, 
which  he  reckoned  upon  before  for  his  misfortune.'' — 
L'Ettranga:  Fable* 

66.  To  take  water  :  To  recant,  to  yield  a  posi- 
tion already  taken  ;  to  submit. 
57.  TntukewUh.- 

(1)  To  please. 

(2)  to  accept  or  take  as  a  companion. 

*  (3)  To  be  explicit  and  understandable. 
take,  s.    [TAKE,  *.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  taking  or  seizing ;  capture. 

"  Every  hound  was  up  at  the  take.'— Field,  Jan.  2*. 

IM 

2.  That  which  is  taken ;  the  quantity  or 
amount  of  anything  taken  or  received  ;  espe- 
cially the  quantity  of  fish  caught  at  one  time ; 
catch. 

"They  begrudge  the  large  taket  of  these  fish  which 
they  say  the  fishermen  obtain."— Field,  Oct.  S,  1885. 

*  3.  A  witch's  charm. 

"  He  hath  a  take  upou  him."—  Quack' i  Academy. 
(1878.) 

IL  Print. :  The  portion  of  copy  taken  by  a 
compositor  at  one  time. 

take-down;  *.    A  lowering  or  abasing  ; 

humiliation.    (Colloq.) 

take  in,  *. 

1.  A  fraud,  a  cheat,  an  imposition.    (Colloq.) 

2.  The  person  who  cheats  or  imposes  on 
another. 

take  off,  .?. 

1.  An  imitation  of  another,  especially  by 
way  of  caricature. 

2.  The  spot  where  a  horse  or  man  starts  to 
leap  a  fence,  Ac. 

"Unfortunately,  the  take-off  of  the  hut  water  lump, 
obstructed  as  It  was  with  snow  and  slush,  proved  fatal 
to  bis  chance."— Field,  Dec.  6,  18*4, 

take  off,  v.t.  or  i. 

Print. :  To  remove  (the  sheets)  from  a  ma- 
chine or  press. 

take  up,  x. 

1.  Sewing-machine:   A  device  in  a  sewing- 
machine  to  draw  upon  the  upper  thread  to  take 
up  its  slack  while  the  needle  is  rising,  or  rest- 
at  its  highest  point,  to  tighten  the  stitch. 
The  independent  take-up  is  one  which  acts  in 
its  own  time  without  being  actuated  by  the 
needle-bar. 

2.  Steam   navig. :   The   part   between   the 
smoke-box  and  the  bottom  of  the  funnel  of  a 
steam-ship. 

3.  Weaving:  That  motion  of  the  cloth-beam 
In  a  loom  by  which  the  web  is  wound  up  as 
fast  as  the  weaving  proceeds. 

*  tak-el,  s.    ^TACKLE,  s.] 

tak'-en,  pa.  par,  &  a.    [TAKE,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Pleased,  gratified. 

"  I  was  more  taken  with  the  third  season  hunter, 
Bachelor."— Field,  Sept.  4, 1886. 

IT  (1)  To  be  taken  up  unth :  To  be  occupied 
with,  or  engaged  on  or  upon. 

(2)  To  be  taken  vrith ;  To  be  attracted  by ; 
to  like,  to  fancy. 

tak'-or,  s.     [Eng.  tak(e),  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  takes,  receives,  seizes,  appre- 
hends, or  captures. 

2.  One  who  takes  or  accepts  a  bet. 

3.  One  who  swallows. 

"  That  the  life- weary  taker  may  fall  dead." 

Shaketp. :  Rom*o  A  Juliet,  V.  L 

taker-away,  t.  One  who  takes  away  or 
deprives  a  person  of  any  possession.  (With 
allusion  to  Job  i.  21.) 

"  Do  I  fully  trust  in  God,  as  the  giver  and  taker 
nvmy  of  all  earthly  things?"— Oilptn:  Sermoni,  vol. 
II.,  ser.  ST. 


taker-oflf,  s. 

Print. :  A  person  (usually  a  lad)  employed 
to  take  off  the  sheets  from  a  machine  as  they 
are  printed. 

*  ta-klg'-ra-phy  «.    [TACHYORAPHY.] 
tak  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    [TAKE,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pleasing,  alluring,  attracting,  engaging. 
"So  taking  amid  the  ripening  grain."— Burroughs; 
Pfpacton.  p.  27«. 

1 2.  Infectious,  catching :  as,  The  itch  is  very 
taking.  (Colloq.) 

C.  As  substantive: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  takes ;  the  act  ol 
gaining  possession,  seizing,  accepting,  or  the 
like ;  seizure,  apprehension,  capture. 

"  The  manner  of  their  taking  may  appear 
At  large  discoursed  in  this  paper  here. 

Shaketp. :  Richard  II.,  T.  «, 

2.  (PL):  That  which  is  taken  or  received; 
receipts :   as,  The  takings  at  the  door  were 
small. 

*  3.  Distress  of  mind  ;  agitation. 
*4.  Malignant  influence. 

"Bleea  thee  from  whirlwinds,  star-blasting,  and 
taking."— Shaketp.  ;  Lear,  lit.  4. 

IT  To  be  in  a  taking:  To  be  agitated,  con- 
fused, flurried,  or  distressed. 

"What  a  taking  was  he  in,  when  your  husbaud 
asked  wbo  was  in  the  basket"— Shakeip.  i  Mtrrv 
Witwt,  iiL  3, 

*  taking  off,  *.    Killing,  execution. 

"  Let  her,  who  would  be  rid  of  him,  devise 
His  speedy  takinq-of."         Shaketp. :  Lear,  T.  L 

tak'-ing-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  taking;  >ly.]     In  a 
taking  or  attractive  manner ;  attractively. 

"  I  shall  discourse  in  some  sort  takingly."— Beaum. 
A  Flet. ;  Woman  Hater,  iv.  2. 

*  tak'-lng-ne'sB,    s.     [Eng.  taking;   -nes$.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  taking,  pleasing, 
or  attractive. 

"  All  outward  adornhigs  have  sometimes  In  them  of 
a  complaisance  and  takinffnett,"— Bp.  Taylor:  Arttfi. 

cial  Handtomenett,  p.  41. 

t&r-a-poin,  tel  a  poin,  ».    [See  clef.  1.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  Siamese  title  of  a  print 
of  Fo ;  a  bonze  (q.v.). 

2.  Zool. :  Cercopitheau  talapoin,  a  small  and 
rare  monkey  from  the  west  coast  of  Africa. 
The  general  colour  is  green,  lower  part  of  th« 
body  and  under  surface  white.    It  differs  in 
dentitiou  from  the  rest  of  the  genus. 

*  tal'-a-rsB, «.  pi.    [TALARIA.] 

Hot. :  Link's  name  for  the  wings  of  a  papi, 
lionaceous  corolla. 

ta-lar'-i-a,  >.  pi.     [I/at, 
'from  tains  =  an  ankle.] 

Class.  Antiq. :  The  small 
wings  attached  to  the  ankles 
of  Hermes  or  Mercury  in  re- 
presentations of  that  dei 
They  sometimes  ap 
growing  to  the  ankle, 
more  commonly  as 
attached  to  sandals, 
one  on  each  side  of 
each  ankle.  TALARIA. 

ta  lau'-ma, ».    [The  South  American  name  of 
one  of  the 'species.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Magnoliacese  akin  to 
Magnolia.  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  very 
fragrant  flowers,  natives  of  the  hotter 
countries  in  both  hemispheres. 

tal'-bot,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 
Zoology : 

*  1.  The  name  given  to  a  race  of  doga,  allied 
to  or  Identical  with  the  Bloodhound. 

"  Gervase  Markham  describes  a  Talbot.  which  no 
doubt  is  a  relation  of  the  Bloodhound,  as  a  round, 
thick-headed  dog,  with  a  short  nose— characteristics 
which  certainly  do  not  appear  in  modern  Blood 
hounds."—  Veru  SAaw :  Boot  of  the  Doff,  p.  300. 

1 2.  A  race  of  hounds,  nearly,  if  not  quite, 
extinct,  which  seem  to  have  been  kept  for 
show  rather  than  for  use.  Colour  pure  white, 
large  head,  very  broad  muzzle,  long  pendulous 
ears,  and  rough  hair  on  the  belly.  Talbot  IB 
the  family  name  pf  the  House  of  Shrewsbury, 
which  has  a  Talbot  for  badge  and  two  Talbots 
for  supporters. 

"  The  Talbot  seems  to  have  been  something  between 
the  Northern  and  Southern  Hounds,  but  the  accounts 
we  possess  of  this  breed  differ  greatly."—  Uvyrick  : 
Home  Doffi  A  Sporting  Itogt,  p.  37. 


boil,  boy;  poiit.  Jowl;  oat,  9611,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem;  thin,  fills;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    pb  =  t 
-oian, -tian  -  ub.au.    -  tion,    sion   -  shun ;    tion.    sion     zhun.     clous, -tious,  -  sioua  -  shiis.    -We,  -die,  4c.  =  bel,  daL 


4610 


talbotype— talent 


taT -bo-type,  s.    [After  the  name  of  the  in- 
ventor, and  Eug.  type  (q.v.).] 

Photog. :  A  process  invented  by  Fox  Talbot 
in  1840,  and  patented  in  1841,  in  which  paper 
was  sensitized  by  iodide  of  silver  and  exposed 
in  the  camera.  The  surface  became  the  re- 
cipient of  a  latent  image,  which  was  developed, 
and  afterwards  fixed  by  hyposulphite  of  soda. 
It  was  named  by  its  originator,  Calotype(q.v.), 
and  is  the  basis  of  the  present  photographic 
process. 

talc,  s.    [Etym.  donbtful;  prob.  from  Arab. 
talk;  Ger.  taJek,  talk.} 
Mineralogy : 

1.  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occurring  in 
ihort  hexagonal  prisms  and  plates,  also  in 
globular  and  stellated  groups,  compact,  mass- 
ive.   Cleavage,  basal ;  hardness,  1  to  1-5  ;  sp. 
gr.  2'565  to  2-8  ;  lustre,  pearly ;  colour,  apple- 
green,  white,  shades  of  gray  ;   sectile  ;  feel, 
greasy.    Compos.,  varying  with  the  amount 
of  water  present,  but  essentially  a  hydrated 
•ilicate  of  magnesia  which,  when  pure,  would 
contain  :  silica,  82-0 ;  magnesia,  33-1 ;  water, 
4-9  =  100,  the  formula  being  6MgO5SiOs+2HO. 
Dana  divides  as  follows  :— <1)  Foliated ;  (2) 
Massive  (steatite  or  soapstone);  (a)  Coarse 
Granular,  including  potstone ;  (&)  Cryptocrys- 
talline  (French  chalk) ;  (c)  Rensselaerite,  cryp- 
tocrystalline,    but    more   often    psendomor- 
phous ;    (d)   Indurated :    a    very    abundant 
mineral. 

2.  A  commercial  name  for  mica  (q.v.), 
If  Oil  of  talc:  [OiL  or  TALC]. 

talc  apatite,  --. 

Min. :  An  apatite,  found  In  chlorite  ichist 
In  the  Urals,  containing  a  large  percentage  of 
magnesia  replacing  lime.  A  magnesium-apatite. 

talc  chlorite,  s. 

Min. :  A  mineral  regarded  by  Marignao  as 
Intermediate  between  talc  and  chlorite,  but 
stated  by  Des  Cloizeaux  to  possess  the  optical 
characters  of  clinochlore.  Dana  suggests  that 
it  may  be  the  latter  mineral  mixed  with  talc, 
which  would  account  for  the  high  percentage 
of  silica. 

talc-gneiss,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  gneiss  which  contains  a  hydrated 
mica,  frequently,  but  erroneously,  called  talc. 

talc  iron-ore,  ». 

Min. :  A  variety  of  magnetite  (q.v.)  having 
weak  magnetic  properties,  in  which  a  part  of 
the  protoxide  of  iron  is  replaced  by  magnesia. 

talc  schist,  >. 

Petrol. :  A  schistose  rock  consisting  wholly 
or  largely  of  talc,  with  varying  ajiounts  of 
quartz,  and  some  accessory  minerals. 

talc-spar,  s. 

Min. :  The  same  as  BBEUNEEITE  (q.v.) 

talc-steatite,  s. 

Min. :  The  same  as  TALC  (q.v.). 

taltf-ite,  ».    [Bng.  talc;  -tie  (Afin.).] 

.     Mineralogy : 

L,  A  name  given  by  Thomson  to  a  white 
xanscovite  (q.v.)  from  Wicklow. 

2.  Kirwan's  name  for  a  massive  scaly  talc. 

talo-ky,  tale'-?,  a.     [Eng.  talc;  -y.]    The 
same  as  TALCOSE  (q.v.). 

talc'- old,   *.      [Eng.  talc;   suff.  -aid;   Ger. 
taltoid.} 

Min. :  A  snow-white  variety  of  talc  occur- 
ring in  broad  folia  at  Pressnitz,  Bohemia.  It 
contained  over  67  per  cent,  of  silica.  Probably 
only  ordinary  talc  with  disseminated  free 
quartz. 

talc -ose,  talc'-ous,  o.  [Eng.  tala;-osi,-aiu.} 
Min.  &  Petrol. :  Partaking  of  the  characters 
Of  tale  (q.v.). 

talcose-granite,  ».    [PBOTOCINE.] 
talcoso  slate,  s.    [TALC-SCHIST.] 

talc  6  Site, !.  [Bng.  talcose;  suff.  •ite^Min.}.'] 
Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  iu  thin  veins  of 
scaly  structure,  resembling  talc.  Hardness, 
1  to  2 ;  sp.gr.  2-46  to  2-5 ;  lustre,  pearly ; 
colour,  silver-white,  greenish,  yellowish. 
Compos.  :  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina, 
probably  related  to  selwynite  (q.v.).  Occurs 
at  Mount  Ada,  Heathcote,  Victoria, 

tile  ous,  a.    [TALCOSE.] 


talc-trip  '-lite,  ».    [Eng.  talc,  and  triplite.] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  triplite  (q.v.),  in  whii-h 
part  of  the  protoxide  of  manganese  is  replaced 
by  lime.  Its  position  as  a  distinct  variety  is 
not  however,  determined.  Occurs  in  small 
yellowish  grains  in  the  lazulite  rock  of 
Horrsjoberg,  Sweden. 

tale  (1),  «.    [TAIL.] 

tale  (2),  s.  [A.S.  talu  =  a  number,  a  narrative  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  taal  —  language,  tongue, 
speech  ;  Icel.  tal  =  talk,  a  tale  ;  tola  —  a  num- 
ber, a  speech  ;  Dan.  tale  =  speech  ;  Sw.  tal  = 
speech,  number;  O.  H.  Ger.  zala  ;  Ger.  zahl 
=  number.  From  the  same  root  comes  tell.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  That  which  is  told  ;  an  oral  relation  ; 
hence,  anything  disclosed  ;  information. 

"  She  trembles  at  his  tale." 

Shakesp.  :  Vemu  A  Adonit,  691. 

2.  A  narrative,  oral  or  written,  in  prose  or 
verse,  of  events  that  have  really  happened,  or 
that  are  imagined  or  are  represented  as  having 
happened  ;  a  short  story,  true  or  fictitious. 

"A  tale  well  told,  or  a  comedy  or  a  tragedy  well 
wrought  up,  may  have  a  momentary  effect  upon  the 
mind."—  Boltnffbroke  :  Study  of  Binary,  let.  4. 

3.  A  number  or  quantity  told,  reckoned, 
computed,  or  set  down,  especially  a  reckoning 
by  counting  or  numbering  ;  a  number  reckuueu, 
stated,  or  told. 

"  And  every  shepherd  tells  his  tale 
Under  the  hawthorn  In  the  dale." 

Hilton  :  L'  Allegro,  fl. 

9  II.  Law  :  A  count  or  declaration. 
U  His  tale  is  told  :  It  is  all  over  with  him  ; 
bis  race  is  run. 

*  tale-carrier,  >.    A  talebearer,  a  tell- 
tale. 

"  Tale-carriert  or  tellers  as  some  perhaps  of  her 
women  were."—  State  TriaU,  28  Start  >'"'•  [an.  15S'l>. 

*  tale-master,  s.     The  originator  of  a 
tale,  story,  or  report. 

"  I  toll  you  my  tale,  and  my  tale-matter.*—  fuller  : 

Worthiet;  England. 

*  tale  -  plot,  *  tale  -  pyet,  «.     A  tale- 
bearer, a  telltale,  a  busybody. 

"  Xever  mind  me,  sir—  I  am  no  tale-pttet."~Soott  : 
Antiquary,  eh.  iv. 

tale-wise,  a.  *  adv. 

A.  As  adj.  :  Being  in  the  manner  of  a  tale. 

B.  As  adv.  :  In  the  manner  of  a  tale  or 
•tory. 

•tale,  v.l.    [TALB(2),».]    To  tell,  to  narrate. 

"Thus  however  that  the!  tale 
The  strokes  fall  upon  the  smale." 

Sovsrf  C.A.    (Prol.) 

tale'-bear-er,  s.  [Eng.  tale  (2),  s.,  and  bearer.} 
One  who  officiously  carries  about  and  spreads 
tales  or  reports  likely  to  breed  mischief;  a 
telltale. 

"  These  words  were  spoken  In  private  ;  but  some 
talebearer  repeated  th?m  to  the  Commons."—  Jtfoe- 
aulag:  Hilt.  Ejig.,  oh.  xlL 

tale'  bear-Ing,  a.ks.  [Eng.  tale  (2),  a.,  and 
bearing.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Given  to  spreading  tales  or  re- 
ports officiously. 

B.  Xsjuiwf.  :  The 
act,  habit,  or  prac- 
tice  of    spreading 
tales  or  reports  offi- 
ciously; communi- 
cation   of    secrete 
maliciously. 


JEW  WEARING  TALED. 


ta-led.tal  Ith,.<. 
f_Heb.rrtTD((a;i<A).] 
Jewish  Antiq.  :  A 
garment  of  fine 
linen  with  a  fringe 
attached  to  it,  worn 
by  the  Jews  in  Tal- 
mudic  times.  It 
was  ample  in  size, 
so  as  to  admit  of 
the  head  being  enveloped  in  it  while  its  wearer 
engaged  in  prayer. 

*  tale'-ful,  a.  [Eng.  tafe(2),  s.  ;  -faltf).]  Abound- 
ing with  stories. 

"  The  cottage-hind 

Hangs  o'er  th'  enlivening  blaze,  and  taje/ul  there 
Beeounta  his  simple  frolic."     Thornton  :  Winter.  90. 

ta-le-gal'-la,  ».    [Composed  of  native  name, 
and  Lat.  gallus  =  a  cock.] 

Ornitk.  :  Brush-turkey  ;  a  genus  of  Mega- 
podidce  (q.v.),  with  two  species  from  East 
Australia  and  New  Guinea.  Closely  akin  to 


the  type-genus  Megapodius  (q.v.),  but  with- 
wattled  skin  on  the  head  and  neck,  whence 
the  early  settlers  gave  these  birds  the  name 
of  Brush-turkeys,  though  they  have  no  affinity 
with  the  genus  Melea^ris  (q.v.).  Since  18.04 
they  have  been  acclimatized  in  Europe,  and 
their  immense  nests  may  often  be  seen  in  the 
'  Zoological  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  and  in 
similar  establishments  on  the  Continent 

tal-ent  (i),  *tal-ente,  s.  [Fr.  talent  =  » 
talent  in  money,  will,  desire,  earnest  humour 
to,  from  Lat  talentum;  Gr.  Td\av7ov  (talanton) 
=  a  balance,  ...  a  weight,  sum  of  money,  a 
talent,  from  the  same  root  as  raAa.9  (talas), 
genit.  TaAairoc  (talantos)  =  bearing  enduring  ;  * 
fr\rjv  (ftlen)  =  I  endured  ;  Lat.  tolero  =  to 
tolerate  ;  tollo  =  to  lift,  to  sustain ;  S.-uise.  tul 
—  to  lift,  to  weigli  ;  tulana  =  lifting  ;  tula  = 
a  balance,  a  weight ;  Sp.  talante,  talento ;  ItaL 
&  Port,  talanto.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit.  :  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  Wlieii  he  had  begun  to  reckon,  one  was  brought 
unto  him  which  owed  him  ten  thousand  fotoics.  — 
-JYutfnew  xviil.  M. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  gift,  endowment,  or  faculty ;    some- 
peculiar  faculty,  ability,  power,   or  accom- 
plishment, natural  or  acquired.    (A  metaphor 
borrowed  from  the  parable  in  St.  Matthew 
xxv.  14-80.) 

"  It  is  no  inconsiderable  branch  of  the  m in ister's  ait 
to  discern  the  talent*  of  men.  to  know  what  they  an 
fit  for."— SourtA  :  Light  of  Nature,  voL  i.,  1>L  li-.  ch. 

xxmr. 

(2)  Mental  endowments  or  capacities  of  a 
superior  kind ;  general  mental  power.    (Used 
in  either  the  singular  or  the  plural.) 

"So  many  youths  of  distinguished  tilcnt."—Ca»p*r~ 
Worki  (ed.  Southey),  it  7L 

(3)  Hence,  used  for  talented  persons  collec- 
tively ;  men  of  ability  or  talent. 

"All  the  real  talent  In  England."— Rutkin :  Sttem 
Lampi,  p.  189. 

*(4)  Quality,  character,  characteristic. 

"  Tls  my  particular  talent  to  ridicule  folks."— role. 
brvgh  :  Provoked  \Vife,  11  2. 

*(5)  Disposition,  inclination. 
"  The  nation  generally  was  without  any  ill  talent  to 
the  church  In  doctrine  or  discipline."— Clarendon. 

*  (6)  Desire,  affection,  will. 

"  But  the  Imaglnaclon  Cometh  of  remuable  beastee. 
that  semen  to  Lane  talente  [atfectusj  to  flien,  or  to 
desiren  any  thyng."—  Chaucer:  Boeciut,  p.  450. 

(7)  Habitual  backers  of  horses,  or  takers  of 
odds,  as  opposed  to  the  bookmakers,  or  layers- 
of  odds.  (Racing  slang.) 

"  All  the  talent  were  discomfited,  though,  as  they 
often  are  In  Nurseriee."— Fietd,  Oct.  s.  1988. 

IL  Creek  Antiq.. :  The  name  of  a  weight  and 
denomination  of  money  among  the  ancient 
Greeks,  and  also  applied  by  Greek  writers  and 
their  translators  to  various  standard  weight* 
and  denominations  of  money  amongst  different 
nations  ;  the  weight  and  value  differing  in  the 
various  nations  and  at  various  times.  As  * 
weight,  those  in  general  use  were  the  Euboic 
or  Attic  talent  =  56  Ihs.  11  oz.  troy,  and  the 
^Eginetan  =  about  821  Ibs.  The  Attic  talent 
contained  sixty  Attic  minse.  As  a  denomina- 
tion of  money,  it  was  a  talent's  weight  ot 


silver,  or  a  sum  of  money  equivalent  to  thist 
so  that  in  our  current  coin  the  Attic-  talenl 
would  be  worth  £243  15s.  The  great  talent 
of  the  Romans  was  equal  to  £99  6s.  Si.,  and 
the  little  talent  to  £75.  The  Hebrew  talent 
(2  Sam.  xii.  SO)  was  equal  to  63  Us.  12oz. 
avoirdupois  ;  and  as  a  denomination  of  money 
it  has  been  variously  estimated  at  from 
£312  10s.  to  £396.  The  marginal  note  in  the 
A.V.  to  Matt,  xviii.  24,  says  that  "a  talent 
is  750  ounces  of  silver,  which,  at  five  shillings 
the  ounce,  is  £187  10s."  The  illustration 
represents  a  bronze  talent  found  at  Abydos ; 
its  weight  is  about  the  same  as  the  Attic 
talent. 

•fl  For  the  difference  between  talent,  gift, 
and  intellect,  see  GIFT  and  INTELLECT. 

f  Ministry  of  all  the  Talents : 

English  Hist. :  A  ministry  of  which  Lord 


tate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  sin;  mute,  cub,  oiire,  nnlte,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    w,  os  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


talent— talkative 


4611 


Grenville  was  the  head,  and  Fox  his  colleague 
and  supporter.  It  was  formed  on  Jan.  26, 1806, 
three  days  after  the  death  of  Pitt,  and,  after 
undergoing  some  changes,  was  dissolved  on 
March  25,  1807.  Its  nickname  was  given  from 
the  boast  of  Mr.  Canning  and  others  that  it 
contained  all  the  talent  of  the  country— i.e., 
of  both  political  parties  in  the  State. 

»tal'-ent(2),  s 

tal  ent-ed,  a.  [Eng.  talent  (1) ;  -«£.]  Fur- 
nished or  endowed  with  talents  or  great 

IK.  ntiil  powers  ;  possessing  genius,  talents,  or 
abilities. 

"  While  talent  inn  aud  similar  words  have  no  exist- 
ence, there  is  a  very  obvious  reason  why  word§  of 
the  class  of  talent  fit  are  numerous  ;  namely,  that  we 
oft*ner  have  occasion  to  express,  through  a  verb,  the 
idwnaof  'possessed  of  a  quality  vr  attribute,"  endowed - 
ness,'  Ac.,  than  we  have  to  express,  through  tbe  same 
part  of  speech,  the  idea  of  'communicating  a  quality 
or  attribute,'  'endowing.'  Ac.,  among  which  ideas  are 
those  denoted  by  tbe  theoretic  foundation*  of  the 
actual  talented  and  the  potential  tulentiny,  and  their 
cuuK<Mivn."~tVtttUwarti  HaU  ;  Modern  Englith.  p.  78. 

*."  This  word  has  often  been  assailed,  and 
condemned  as  a  "pseudo-participle,"  having 
no  verb  to  correspond  with  it.  But  many 
words,  universally  recognized  as  good  English, 
are  open  to  the  same  objection,  as  gifted, 
booted,  lettered,  landed,  &c.  (See  Fittedward 
Hall :  Modern  English,  pp.  70-75.) 

•*tol'-ert  *taiT-er,  ».  [Eng.  tal(e),  v. ;  -er,] 
One  who  tells  or  spreads  tales. 

"If  he  be  a  {utter  of  idle  worries." — Chattotr ;  Par- 
ton  ft  Tale. 

ta'-les,  *.  pi.  [Lat,  masc.  pi.  of  talis  —  such.] 
Law :  Persons  of  like  reputation  or  stand- 
ing ;  persons  in  the  court  from  whom  the 
sheriff  or  his  ck-rk  makes  selections  to  supply 
the  places  of  jurors  who  have  been  emjtan- 
elled,  but  who  are  not  in  attendance. 

"  If  by  means  of  challenges,  or  other  cause,  A  suffi- 
cient number  of  unexceptionable  jurors  do  nut  appear 
at  the  trial,  either  i-urty  may  i>ra?  a  taint.  In  order  to 
tnake  up  a  deficiency  :  the  judge  being  empowered,  at 
the  prayer  of  either  i»rty,  to  award  a  talet  da  circum- 
tt'iiitlhut.  of  i^reoiis  present  In  court,  to  be  Joined  to 
the  other  jurors  to  try  the  oause ;  who  are  liable,  how- 
ever to  the  same  challenges  as  the  principal  Jurors. 
This  U  usually  done  till  the  legal  number  of  twelve  be 
completed."—  Blacktton*:  Comment.,  hit.  UL.  oh,  13. 

T  To  pray  a  tales : 

Law:  To  pray  that  the  number  of  jurymen 
may  be  completed.  A  tales  was  prayed  in  the 
celebrated  Tichborne,  case  (1873). 

"  After  a  great  deal  of  bawling,  it  wm  discovered 
that  only  ten  special  Jurymen  were  present.  Upon 
thin,  Mr.  Sergeunt  Buzfuz  prtit/od  a  tatet ;  the  gentle- 
man In  black  then  proceeded  to  pr*w  into  the  special 
Jury  two  of  the  common  Jurymen."— Dick«n»;  Pick- 
wick,  ch.  xxxiv. 

tales-book,  .«. 

Low :  A  book  containing  the  names  of  snch 
As  are  admitted  of  the  tales. 

tales-man,  .-. 

Law:  A  person  summoned  to  act  as  a  juror 
from  among  the  bystanders  in  open  court. 

"  When  a  rafflcieiit  number  of  persons  impanelled, 
or  t'iles-men,  appear,  they  are  then  separately  sworn 
veil  and  truly  to  try  the  issue  between  Uie  parties, 
and  A  true  verdict  to  give  according  to  the  evidence : 
aud  hence  they  are  denotoluatod  the  Jury.  jurat*,  and 
Jurors,  sc.  Juratore*."— Blackitone :  Comment,,  bk.  1U., 
ch.  13. 

t  tale'-tell-er,  s.  [Eug.  tale  (2),  s.,  and  teller.] 

1.  One  who  narrates  tales  or  stories. 

"  The  minstrels  are  named  separately  from  tbe 
geatoura  or  taletellers."—  tt'arton :  Sitt,  £ng.  Paetry, 
ii.  174. 

2.  A  talebearer,  a  telltale. 

Tal-!-a-co'-ti-an  (tl  as  shl),  a.  [See  deft] 
0f,  pertaining,"  or  relating  to  TagHacozzi 
(Latinised  into  Taliacotius),  professor  of 
anatomy  and  surgery  at  Bologna  towards  the 
end  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

Taliacotian  operation,  s. 
Surg. :  The  same  as  RHINOPIJVSTJC-OPEBA- 
TION  (q.v.). 

'  tal-J-a'-tlon,  «.  [TALION.]  A  ?etnrn  of  like 
for  like ;  retaliation. 

"  Just  heav'n  this  foliation  did  decree. 
That  treason  treason's  deadly  scourge  should  he. " 
Beaumont :  Piyche,  xvii.  26. 

tsU-I-e'-ra,  s.  [The  Bengali  name  of  the  tree.] 
Bot. ;  Corypha  TalieTa  (Roxburgh),  called  by 
Sprengel  Taliera  bengalensig,  a  palm  tree,  akin 
to  the  Talipot  (q.v.),  but  only  about  thirty  feet 
high.  The  trunk  is  nearly  cylindrical,  and 
has  at  the  top  a  number  of  fan-shaped  leaves, 
in  about  eighty  divisions,  each  about  six  feet 
long  by  fourinches  broad,  the  whole  radiating 
from  the  points  of  petioles,  five  to  ten  feet 


long,  and  having  spines  at  their  ed^es.  The 
spadix,  which  is  decompound,  is  about  twenty 
feet  high,  and  api«ais  in  February.  The 
fruit,  which  is  about  the  size  of  a  crab-apple, 
is  wrinkled,  and  of  a  dark  colour.  It  grows 
in  India,  where  the  leaves  are  used  for  roofing 
houses.  The  natives  also  write  upon  them 
with  their  iron  or  steel  styles. 

*  tal'-ing.  s.    [Eng.  tftl(e)  (2),  s. ;  -ing.]    The 
telling  uf  tales  or  stories. 

ta-li-num,  5.  [Etym.  doubtful.  Supposed 
"to  he  from  Gr.  0aA«a  (thaleia)  =  blooming, 
luxuriant.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Portulacaceas.  Sepals  de- 
ciduous, stamens  ten  or  twenty,  capsule 
three-valved,  seeds  many,  wingless.  Talinum 
paUns,  a  native  of  Brazil,  is  used  like  the 
common  purslane.  [PoRTULACA.] 

ta'-li-on.  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  talionem,  accus. 
of  talio,  from  talis  =  such.]    The  law  of  retali- 
ation (lex  talionis),  according  to  which  the 
Sunislimeut  inflicted  is  the  same  in  kind  and 
egree  as  the  injury,  as,  an  eye  for  an  eye,  a 
tooth  for  a  tooth.    (Levit.  xxiv.  20.) 

"  The  h*w  of  talion,  eye  for  •ye." — Otddtt :  frtf.  to 
Bible,  p.  zv. 

tal'-I-pat,  s.    [TALIPOT.) 

tal-l  pes,  s.  [Lat.  (n/ws  =  an  ankle,  and  pes 
=  afoot.]  The  disease  called  Club-foot  (q.v.). 

tal'-*-pot,  tal'-I-pat,  tal'-I-put,  s.    [Cey- 

lonese.] 

Bot. :  Gorypha  umbraculifera,  a  palm  tree, 
a  native  of  Ceylon  and  the  Malabar  coast,  and 
cultivated  in  Bengal  and  Burmah.  It  has  a 
tall,  cylindrical  stem,  with  a  soft  rind  and  soft 
pink  internal  pith,  both  formed  of  vascular 
bundles.  The  leaves  are  in  a  cluster  at  the 
top  of  the  stem,  and  are  fen-shaped.  A  tree 
at  Peradeniya,  in  Ceylon,  was  described  in 
the  Indian  Agriculturist  for  November,  1873, 
as  having  a  stem  eighty-four  feet  high,  ter- 
minated by  a  flower  panicle  of  twenty  feet, 
making  104  feet  in  all,  the  girth  of  the  etera 
three  feet  from  the  ground  rouud  the  persist- 
ent bases  of  the  leaves  was  thirteen  feet  four 
inches ;  at  twenty-one  feet  from  the  ground 
eight  feet  three  inches ;  the  leaves  were 
about  ten  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  age  of  the 
tree  about  forty  years.  The  pith  is  made  into 
a  kind  of  sago,  the  leaves  are  written  upon 
by  the  natives  with  a  steel  stylus ;  they  are, 
moreover,  made  into  fans,  mats,  and  um- 
brellas. 

tal'-is-man,  *.  [Sp.  =  a  magical  character, 
from  Arab.  tUsam,  tilism=&  talisman  or 
magical  image,  from  Gr.  r«'Aeo>ia  (telesma)  =  a 
payment,  fn  late  Gr.  =  initiation,  mystery ; 
Tf\(ti>  (teleo)  =  to  accomplish,  to  fulfil,  to  com- 
plete, pay ;  re'Aos  (teles)  =  end,  completion  ; 
Fr.  talisman;  Ital.  talamano.] 

1.  Lit. :  A  charm  consisting  of  a  magical 
figure  cut  or  engraved  under  certain  supersti- 
tious observance  of  the  configuration  of  the 
heavens,  to    which    wonderful    effects  were 
ascribed ;  the  seal,  figure,  character,  or  image 
of  a  heavenly  sign,  constellation,  or  planet 
engraven  upon  a  sympathetic  stone,  or  upon 
a  metal  corresponding  to  the  star,  in  order  to 
receive  its  influence.    The  talisman  was  sup- 
posed to  exert  extraordinary  influence  over 
the  wearer,  especially  in  averting  evils,  as  dis- 
ease, sudden  death,  or  the  like. 

"  The  fondness  of  the  Princess  for  Lady  Marlborongh 
was  such  as.  In  asu[>erstitU>u8  age,  would  have  been 
ascribed  to  some  talinnan  or  potion." — M acautay ; 
But.  I'.nj.,  oh.  XT. 

2.  Fig. ;  Something  which  produces  extra- 
ordinary effects ;  an  amulet,  a  charm. 

tal-Xs-man'-lc.  tal  is- man'-Ic-al,  '  tai- 
ls-man'-ipjie,  a.  [Eng.  talisman;  -ic-,  -ieal,] 
Having  the  properties  or  qualities  of  a  talis- 
man ;  preservative  against  evils  by  magic  in- 
fluence; magical. 

"  Swore  yon  had  broke  and  robb'd  his  house. 
And  stole  his  talitm unique  louse." 

Butler :  llmiibrat,  pt.  Hi.,  C.  1. 

*  tal  -Is-man-Ist,  s.     [Eng.  talisman ;  -is*.] 
One  who  uses  a  talisman,  or  deals  with  talis- 
mans. 

"  Prince*  that  are  t<ilitmanittt."—r><f->e  :  Duncan 
Campbell.  (Pref.) 

tal   ith,  s.    [TALED.] 

ta'  ll  trus,    8.      [Lat   *talitrum=*  rap   or 
fillip  with  the  finger.] 
Zeal. ;  A  genus  of  Amphipoda.    They  have 


no  feet  in  the  form  of  claws.  The  third  ar- 
ticulation of  the  inferior  antennae  is  longer 
tlian  the  two  proceeding  ones  united ;  the 
antennae  are  large  and  spiny.  Talitrus  locusta 
is  the  Saudhopper.  It  Is  a  little  more  than 
half-an-inch  long.  It  exists  in  myriads  along 
the  sandy  shores  of  Britain  between  high  and 
low  water  mark,  feeding  on  decaying  garbage. 
It  can  leap  several  feet  into  the  air,  and 
escapes  pursuit  by  burrowing  into  the  damp 
saud  or  taking  refuge  under  moist  seaweed. 

talk  (I  silent),  *  talke.  v.i.  &  (.  fSw.  totta; 
Dan.  tolke  —  iQ  interpret,  to  explain;  Icet 
tulka  —  to  interpret,  to  plead  one's  cause. 
According  to  Skeat,  a  word  of  Lithuanian 
origin,  the  Icel,  tulfa*  being  from  titlkr  =  &n 
interpreter  (Dan.  Sw.  &  Dut.  tolk),  from  Litb, 
tuikiis  —  an  interpreter.] 
A*  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  utter  words  ;  to  speak. 

"  '  What!  oanat  lh on  ta!f,->'  quoth  she,  'hast  thon  a 
tongue  ?'  "  Shaicttp.  :  Yen ut  A  Adonit,  427. 

2.  To  converse  familiarly  ;  to  hold  converse, 
as  two  persons  in  familiar  discourse. 

"  We  must  out  and  talk." 

Sfutketp. :  Julius  Cottar,  v.  L 

3.  To  discourse.    (Followed  by  abcut  or  of.) 

"  When  you  talk  of  war."— SAoJtetp. :  Two  GmOt- 
WMn  t/  Verona,  v.  i 

i.  To  confer,  to  reason. 

"  Let  me  talk  with  tbee  of  thy  Judgments."— J*r»- 
miah  xli.  L 

5.  To  speak    incessantly  ;    to   chatter,  to 
prattle,  to  prate. 

"He  will  be  totting" 
Shaketp.  :  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  UL  ». 

6.  To  give  an  account ;  to  mention,  to  tell ; 
to  communicate  by  writing,  by  signs,  or  by 

words  not  necessarily  spoken. 

"  The  natural  histories  of  Switzerland  talk  much  of 
the  fall  of  these  roclu.  aud  the  great  damage  dona"— 
Additon. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  use  as  a  means  of  conversation  or 
communication :  as,  To  talk  French  or  English. 

2.  To  utter,  to  speak. 

"  I  must  talk  a  word  with  you.* 

Shaketp.  :  Richard  lit,  IT.  4. 

3.  To  pass  or  spend  in  talking,  with  away; 
as,  To  talk  away  an  hour. 

4.  To  influence  or  have  a  certain  effect  on 
by  talking,  with  words  expressive  of  the  effect, 

"  Talk  thy  tongue  weary." 

Sfetfcxp. .-  CymbeNne.  lii.  4. 

f  1.  To  talk  from  the  point,  subject,  &c.: 
To  wander  in  speaking  from  the  point  01 
subject  under  discussion. 

2.  To  talk  one  down :  To  silence  one  -with 
incessant  talk. 

.  3.  To  talk  one  out  of:  To  dissuade  one  from, 
as  a  plan,  project,  &c. 

4.  To  talk  one  over :  To  gain  one  over  by 
persuasion. 

5.  To  talk  one  up  to :  To  persuade  one  to 
undertake. 

6.  To  talk  out :  To  continue  the  debate  on, 
or  discussion    of,   until  a  certain    hour,  at 
which  by  rule,  as  in  parliament,  the  debate 
bo  adjourned  :  as,  To  talk  out  a  bill. 

7.  To  talk  over : 

(1)  To  talk  about,  to  discuss,  to  debate, 

(2)  To  gain  over  by  talking  or  argument;  to 
persuade. 

8.  To  talk  to :  To  address  one's  self  to  in 
talking ;  to  advise,  to  exhort,  to  remonstrate ; 
to  reprove  gently. 

talk  (I)  (I  silent),  *  talke,  v.    [TALK,  v.] 

1.  Familiar  conversation  ;  mutual  discourse 
or  converse. 

"Practise  rhetoric  in  your  common  talk." 

Stmketp. :  Taming  of  the  .SArew,  1.  L 

2.  Rumour,  report. 

"  A  blameless  conduct,  though  It  will  not  raise  so 
early  or  so  great  a  tafk  about  you,  will,  sooner  or  later, 
distinguish  you  to  your  advantage,  "—fleeter :  Sermont, 
vol.  It.,  oer.  111. 

3.  Subject  of  conversation  or  discourse:  as, 
It  is  the  talk  of  the  town. 

4.  A  more  or  less  formal  or  public  discus- 
sion held  by  a  body  of  men  or  by  two  opposing 
parties  concerning  matters  of  material  inter- 
est ;  a  negotiation,  a  conference 

*  talk  (2),  *.    LTALC.] 

talk  a  tlvc  ('  silent),  Htalc-a-tiio,  •  talk- 
a-tife,  a.  [TALK,  v.]  Given  or  inclined  to 
talk  or  conversation ;  apt  to  unite  in  talk ; 


boy;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-tlan  =  ohan.    -tion,  -sion  =  sh an ;  -(Ion,  -fion  -  «>»"«     -dons,  -tlous,    slous  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &o.  =  to?!,  del. 


4612 


talkatively— tallower 


freely    communicative  ;    chatty,    loquacious, 
garrulous. 

"  James  landed  at  Brest,  with  an  excellent  appetite, 
ID  high  spirits,  and  in  a  talkative  buuioor."—  Macau- 
tay;  Biti.  £ng.,  ch.  xvi. 

i"  To  talk  is  allowable,  and  consequently  it 
is  not  altogether  so  unbecoming  to  be  occa- 
sionally talkative-  ;  but  garrulity,  which  arises 
from  the  excessive  desire  of  communicating, 
is  a  failing  that  is  pardonable  only  in  the  aged, 
who  have  generally  much  to  tell. 

talk  -a  tive-ly  (I  silent),  adv.  [Eng.  talka- 
tive; -ly.]  In  a  talkative  manner;  loqua- 
ciously. 

talk  -a-tive-ness  (I  silent),  *.  [Eng.  talka- 
tive ;'  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
talkative  ;  loquaciousness,  garrulity. 

"With  such  cautions  there  is  no  doubt  but  that 
taliuitiveneu  is  greatly  to  be  preferred  to  taciturnity." 
—Knox  :  Winter  Eveningt,  even.  47. 

talkie  tallc'-eS  (I  silent),  s.  [A  redupli- 
cation of  Eng.  talk,  with  a  termination  -ee, 
borrowed  in  ridicule  from  some  attempt  of 
the  dark  races  to  speak  English.]  A  copious 
effusion  of  talk  with  no  valuable  result 

talk   er  (I  silent),  «.    [Bug.  talk,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  talks  ;  especially  a  loquacious 
or  talkative  person  ;  a  chatterer. 

"These  arrogant  talkert  are  only  half  learned."— 
Knox  :  Winter  Evening*,  even.  61. 

2,  A  boaster,  a  braggart 

"  Talkert  are  no  good  doers." 

Shakttp.  :  Richard  HI.,  i.  3. 

talk  -ing  (I  silent),  *  talk-yng,  pr.  par.,  a.t 

&  *.       [TALK,  V.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Given  to  talking  ;   talkative,  garrulous, 
loquacious. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  speech  :  at,  a  taHc- 
ing  parrot 

C.  As  subst.  :  Talk,  speech,  words. 

"I  pr'ythe*  now,  lead  the  way  without  any  more 
talkiny."-Shake*p.  :  Tempett,  ii.  2. 

talking  machine,  s.  An  automaton 
designed  to  imitate  speech.  One  was  ex- 
hibited in  London  in  August,  1876,  by  Prot 
laber  of  Vienna. 

*  talking  stock,  *.  An  object  of  talk 
or  conversation. 


.'—  Tfdal:  Apopt\, 
Of  Eratmiu,  p.  W, 

talking-to,  8.  A  reprimand.  Generally 
in  the  phrase,  To  give  one  a  good  tolking-to. 
(polloq.) 

talk  -y,  a,    [TALCKY.] 

tall,  *tal,  a.     [A.S.  toil.;   Goth.  tols=  docile, 
obedient  ;  Wei.  toi=  tall,  high.] 
*1.  Obedient,  docile,  obsequious. 

"  Bo  hnmble  and  ml!." 

Chaucer  :  Compt.  of  Man,  88. 

*2.  Comely. 

"  Tat  or  lemely,  Decent,  elegant.'—  Prompt.  Pan. 

3.  High  in  stature  ;  long  and  comparatively 
•lender  ;  lofty,  high.     (Applied  to  a  person, 
or  to  a  standing  object,  as  a  tree,  pole,  mast, 
Ac.,  of  which  the  diameter  is  small  in  pro- 
portion to  the  height) 

*'  A  few  appear  by  morning  light, 
Preserved  upon  the  tali  mast's  height* 

Wordtunrth:  To  the  Daity. 

4.  Having  height,   whether  great  or  little, 
Without  reference  to  comparison  or  relation. 

"  Bring  me  word  how  tall  she  is." 

SAaketp.  :    tntony  t  Cleopatra,  ii.  6. 

*  5.  Brave,  sturdy,  stont,  lusty  (from  the 
Idea  that  tall  men  would  necessarily  be  braver 
than  others). 

"  He  (Prince  Ed  ward|w«tild  prefer  to  fight  with  anv 
tteau  person.  If  cried  up  by  the  volger  for  a  taU  man.*' 
—Fuller:  Holy  War,  bk.  IT.,  ch.  xxix. 

•6.  Sturdy,  spirited,  strong. 

"  For  I  know  yonr  spirit  to  be  tall  ;  pray  bt  not  vei'd." 
—Beaum.  A  ftet.  :  Cupid*!  Revenge,  i  v. 

*  7.  Noted,  remarkable,  celebrated. 

"  Sounding  imaginary  fords,  that  are  real  golfs,  and 
wherein  many  o(  the  tallest  philosophers  have  been 
•rowned."—  Bolingbroke  :  Fragment*  of  Etsayt,  {  66. 

8.  Great,  excellent  :  as,  a  tall  fight,  a  tall 
tpree.    (Amer.) 

9.  Extravagant,  bombastic:   as,  tall  talk. 
(Amtr.) 

tall-talk,  ft.    Rhodomontade  (q.v.). 

tal  lagc,  tal'-li-age  (age  as  ig),  s.    [TAIL- 

AOE.]    A  term  formerly  applied  to  taxes  or 
subsidies  of  every  kind,  but  properly  denoting 


those  taxes  to  which,  under  the  Anglo-Norman 
king,  the  demesne  lands  of  the  crown,  and  al 
the  royal  towns  were  subject.  These  taxes 
were  more  rigorous  and  arbitrary  than  those 
imposed  on  the  gentry. 

"  Manye  of  them  when  they  be  eyther  oppressed 
with  Jet,  or  with  the  uureasouablenesse  of  taxes  am 
tallaget,  orwyth  wrongs  done  by  those  yt  are  mightier 
than  they,  do  yeld  themselves  to  bondage  to  the  no- 
blemeu." — Qoldinye :  Ctetar  ;  Comment.,  foL  155, 

*  taT-lage  (age  as  Ig),  v.t.  [TALLAGE,  «. 
To  cause  to  pay  tallages  ;  to  lay  an  impost  on 
to  tax. 

"The  andent  lords,  though  extremely  nnwilllng  to 
grant,  themselves,  any  pecuniary  aid  to  their  sove- 
reign, easily  allowed  him  to  tallagc,  as  they  called  it 
their  tenants,  and  had  not  knowledge  enough  to  fore 
see  how  much  this  must,  in  the  end,  affect  their  owe 
revenue. "— Smirt ;  Wealth  of  Nation*,  bk.  UL,  ch.  ii. 

tal'-lag-er  (ag  as  ig),  $.  [Eng.  taUag(e); 
•er.]  A  tax  or  toll  gatherer. 

tal'-lat,  tal'-let,  tal  -lit,  tal  -lot,  s.  [Said 
to  be  a  corrupt,  of  t'  hay  toft  =  the  hay-loft] 
A  hay-loft.  (Pror.) 

"  I  .  .  .  determined  '_ _ 
more :  Loma  Doone,  ch.  i 

tall-bo>,  *- ,  [Eng.  tall,  and  boy.] 

*  1.  A  long,  upright  glass  for  drinking. 

"  She  then  ordered  some  cups,  goblets,  and  tallboy*. 

of  golde,  silver  aud  crystal  to  be  brought,  and  Invited 

us  \o  drink."— OttU  :  Trantlation  of  Rabtlait.  bk.  v., 

ch.  ilii i . 

2.  A  kind  of  chimney-pot, 
"A  chimney-pot  fell  through  the  roof  of  some 
premises  belonging  to  *  firm  of  printers,  and  destroyed 
a  valuable  printing-press,  though  this  was  but  one  of 
many  scores  of  pots,  tallboyi,  cowls,  and  other  con- 
trivances of  the  kind  which  were  swept  from  the 
chimney-sUcks  of  the  Metropolis  on  Saturday  night,' 
—Daily  Telegraph.  Jan.  38,  1884. 

t  tal-le-gal  -la,  s.    [TALEOALLA.) 

tal  li-age  (age  as  Jg),  s.    [TALLAOE.] 

tal  li-coo  -nah,  s.    [A  Guinea  word.]    [Kou- 

DAH-OIL.] 

tal'-li-er,  i.  [Bng.  tatty;  -er.]  One  who  keeps 
a  tally. 

"Rise  pensive  Nymph,  the  Tallier  waits  for  you." 
Popt:  The  Battet-TabU,  S. 

tall- Ing -ite,  *.  [After  the  well-known 
mineral  collector  Richard  Tailing,  of  Corn- 
wall ;  sutt  -ite  Jtfin.).] 

Afin. ;  A  mineral  occurring  in  thin  crusts, 
on  killas,  at  the  Botallack  mine,  Cornwall, 
Hardness,  3'0 ;  sp.  gr.  3*5 ;  colour,  bright  blue ; 
fragile.  Compos.  :  chloride  of  copper,  22'55  ; 
oxide  of  copper;  53'29 ;  water  24*16  =  100, 
which  corresponds  to  the  formula  4CuOHO  + 
CnClHO  -}-  3aq.  A  variety  of  Atacamite  (q.  v.). 

tall   Ish,  a.    [Eng.  tall ;  -ish.}    Rather  tall. 

"  Pale,  talliih,  thin."— ZHckrru :  Sketchet  by  Bo* ; 
Jfittakm  Milliner. 

*  tall' -man,  s.    [Eng.  tall,  and  man.]   A  false 
die,  so  loaded  as  to  throw  the  higher  numbers. 

"  Here's  f  ullomi  and  gourds,  here's  tat  I  men  and  low- 
men." — Nobody  A  Somebody.  (Ifaret.) 

tall'  -  ness,  *  tal  -  nessc.  *  tal  -  nes,  s. 

[Eng.  tall;  --MSB.}  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  tall ;  height  of  stature. 

"  And  trees  be  growing  there  to  that  talneue,  that  a 

man  cannot  shoot  a  shaft  over  them." — P.  Holland: 

PUnie,  bk.  vii,,  eh.  il. 

*  til  Ion,  s.    [Eng.  tdlJ,  and  one.}    A  tallboy 
(q.v.). 

"  Charge  the  pottles  and  the  gallons. 

And  bring  the  hogshead  in, 
Well  begin  with  a  taVon, 
A  brimmer  to  the  king." 

Ballad,  The  Courtier'*  JTealth. 

tal'-low,  *  talgh,  » taMowe.  *  tal-owe, 

*.  [O.  Dut.  talgh,  talch ;  Dut.  talk  ;  Low  Ger. 
talg;  Dan.  &  Sw.  talg;  Icel.  tolgr,  t6lgt  t6lk; 
Ger.  talg.] 

1.  CJtem. :   A  name  applied  to  the  harder 
and  less  fusible  fats,  occurring  chiefly  in  the 
animal  kingdom,  the  most  common  being  beef 
and  mutton  tallow.    When  pure  it  is  white 
and  almost  tasteless,  and  consists  of  stearin, 
palmitin,  and  olein  in  varying  proportions. 

2.  Manuf.  tt  Comm.:  In  commerce  ox  tallow 
and  sheep  tallow  are  commonly  distinguished 
from  each  other,  though  much  tallow  of  a 
nondescript  character  is  sold.    Ox  tallow  at 
ordinary  temperatures  is  a  solid  hard  fat  of 
yellowish  white  color,  with  little  taste  or  emell 
when  fresh,  though  easily  becoming  rancid. 
Sheep  tallow  is  whiter  and  harder,  containing 
a  smaller  percentage  of  olein.     It,  like  ox 
tallow,  easily  becomes  rancid.    A  fluid  known 
as  tallow  oil  is  obtained    from  solid  tallow 


by  forcing  out  the  olein  by  pressure.    This- 
is  a  useful   lubricant  and  a  valuable  m;itcij;il 
for  fine  soap  making.    Tallow  is  a  product  : 
of  all  cattle- and  sheep-rearing  countries,  aud  i»- 
an  important  article  of  export  from  the  United 
States,  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  Australia.  I 
Formerly    Russia  supplied    most   of  westei  i>  ! 
Europe,  but  now  yields  little  of  the  supply,  i 
Tallow  was  formerly  principally  consumed  I'D-  1 
candle  making,  but  is  at  present  largely  used  in  < 
soap  making,  artificial  butter  making,  leather 
dressing,  lubrication,  Ac.     Tallow  is  of  two  i 
kinds,  each  again  with  two  subdivisions,  viz.,  | 
white  and  yellow  candle  tallow,  and  common  t 
and  Siberian  soap  tallow.      The  white  candle 
tallow,  when  good,  is  brittle,  dry,  and  clean,  i 
The  best  is  brought  from  Woronesch.     Yellow 
candle  tallow,  when  good,  should  be  clean,  dry, 
hard  when  broken,  and  of  a  fine  yellow  color 
throughout.    The  best  soap  tallow  is  brought 
from  Siberia. 

IT  The  Tallow-chandlers  constitute  one  of 
the  London  Companies.  They  were  incorpor- 
ated in  1463. 

tallow-candle,  *.  A  candle  made  of 
tallow. 

*  tallow-catch, «.   Atallow-keech(q.v.); 
hence,  fig.,  a  very  fat  person. 

"  Thou  whoreson  obscene,  greasy  tallow  catch,"— 
Shaketp.  ;  1  Henry  IV.,  it  4. 

tallow-chandler,  s.  One  who  makes  or 
deals  in  tallow-candles. 

"  Nas tineas,  and  several  nasty  trades,  as  taUow- 
c3*andUr»,  butchers,  and  neglect  of  cleansing  of  gutter*, 
are  great  occasions  of  a  plarae."— Barvey :  On  fto 
Plague. 

tallow  -chandlery,  5. 

1.  The  business  or  occupation  of  a  tallow- 
chandler. 

2.  The  place  where  a  tallow-chandler  carriet 
on  his  business. 

tallow-cup,  i.    A  lubricating  device  for 
Journal-boxes,   &c.,   in  which  Ullow  is  em-    ! 
ployed  as  the  lubricant 

•   tallow-drop,  5. 

Jewellery:  The  same  as  CARBUNCLE  (q.v.). 

tallow-face,  *.  One  of  a  sickly  paii 
complexion. 

"Ton  faJfov/oM/*— akotitp.  i    Romeo  *  /MM*     • 

tallow  faced,  a.  Having  a  sickly  pafe 
Complexion. 

"Red,  yellow.  Und,  tatlotg- faced,  tc. '-Burton. 
Anat.  Melancholy,  p.  ili 

tallow-gourd,  «. 

Bot. :  Benincasa  cerifera. 

tallow-grease,  *.  Tallow,  especially 
candle-fat 

*  tallow  keech,  s.    A  mass  of  fat  rolled 
up  in  a  round  lump.     [TALLOW-CATCH.] 

tallow-shrub,  s. 

Bot. :  Myrica  cerijera.    [  MYRICA -TALLOW.) 
tallow-tree,  s. 

Botany : 

1.  Stillingia   sebifera,   a  native  of  China,    i 
The  leaves  are  rhomboidal,  tapering  at  the    I 
tip,  with  two  glands  at  the  top  of  the  petiole. 
The  fruits  are  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter, 
and  have  three  seeds,  which  are  covered  by  a 
kind  of  wax,  used  in  China  for  making  candles, 
whence  the  name  tallow  tree.    They  are  boiled    ' 
in  large  cauldrons,  then  sufficiently  bruised  to    : 
enable  the  fat  to  be  remove/I  without  break-    : 
ing    the    seeds,  and  pressed.      The  candles    ! 
made  from  this  wax  are  coated  with  insect    , 
wax  to   prevent  them  from  melting  in  hot 
weather.      The  wood  is  hard,  and  used  for    , 
printing  blocks,  and  the  leaves  for  dyeing    i 
black. 

2.  Vateria  indica,  a  native  of  the  Malabar    j 
coast.     [VATERIA.] 

3.  Pentadesma  butyracea.    IPENTADESMA.] 

tal'-low,  v.t.    [TALLOW,  «.] 

1.  To  grease  or  smear  with  tallow. 

"  Having  thus  ript  off  all  our  worm-eaten  plank,      [ 
and  clapt  on  new,  by  the  beginning  of   December,      i 
1686,  our  ship's  bottom  was  sheathed  aud  tallowed." - 
— Dampier :  Voyage*  (an.  16SG). 

2.  To    fatten ;   to  cause    to    have  a  large 
quantity  of  tallow  :  as,  To  tallow  sheep. 

JU'-low-er,  *.     [En?,  tallow;  -er.] 
*  1.  A  tallow-chandler. 
2.  An  animal  disposed  to  form  tallow  ID* 
ternally. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pino,  pit,  Biro,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore.  wol£  work,  who,  son:  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full:  try.  Syrian.    «.  03  ==  e:  ey  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


tallowing— talookdar 


4613 


tal -low-Ing,  s.  [Eng.  tallow;  -ing.]  The 
act,  practice,  or  art  of  causing  animals  to 
gather  tallow  ;  the  property  in  animals  of 
forming  tallow  internally. 

•ttt'-ldw-Ish,  o.  [Eng.  tallow  ;  -tsA.]  Having 
the  properties  or  nature  of  tallow  ;  resembling 
tallow. 

t&l  low-y,  o.  [Eng.  tallow,  s. ;  -y.]  Re- 
sfinuling  or  of  the  nature  of  tallow  ;  greasy. 

*  tall' -wood,  s.  [Fr.  taille=  a  cutting ;  faille 
=  cut,  an'd  Eng.  wood.]  Firewood,  cut  in 
billets  of  a  certain  length. 

"  Also,  If  any  person .  .  .  offer  or  put  to  sale  any 
taltwod,  billets,  faggots,  or  other  firewood,  Ac."— 
Caltrop'*  Reportt  (1690). 

4ar-tf  (1).  *  taUle,  *  tal-y,  s.  [Fr.  taille  =  a 
notch,  an  incision,  a  tally  or  score  kept  on  a 
piece  of  wood,  from  Lat.  talea  —  a  slip  of 
wood  ;  Sp.  taja;  Port,  talka;  Ital.  taglia.] 

1;  A  notched  stick  employed  aa  a  means  of 
keeping  accounts.  In  buying  or  selling  it  was 
customary  for  the  parties  to  the  transaction 
to  have  two  sticks,  or  one  stick  cleft  longi- 
tudinally into  two  parts,  on  each  of  which 
was  marked  with  notches  or  cuts  the  number 
or  quantity  of  goods  delivered,  or  the  amount 
due  between  debtor  and  creditor,  the  seller 
keeping  one  stick  and  the  buyer  the  other. 
The  mode  of  keeping  accounts  by  tallies  was 
.introduced  into  England  by  the  Normans, 
1066.  Besides  accounts,  other  records  were 
formerly  kept  upon  notched  sticks,  as 
.almanacs,  in  which  red-letter  days  were 
signified  by  a  large  notch,  ordinary  days  by 
small  notches,  &c.  Such  were  formerly  very 
•common  in  most  European  countries.  In 
England  tallies  were  long  issued  in  lieu  of 
•certificates  of  indebtedness  to  creditors  of  the 


-State.  In  1696,  according  to  Adam  Smith, 
this  species  of  security  was  at  40  to  60  per 
cent,  discount,  and  bank-notes  20  per  cent. 
Seasoned  sticks  of  willow  or  hazel  were  pro- 
vided, and  these  were  notched  on  the  edge  to 
•represent  the  amount.  Small  notches  repre- 
sented pence ;  larger,  shillings ;  still  larger, 
.pounds;  proportionately  larger  and  wider, 
were  10,  100,  1,000  pounds.  The  stick  being 
•now  split  longitudinally,  one  piece  was  given 
to  the  creditor,  and  the  other  was  laid  away  as 
a  record.  When  an  account  was  presented 
for  payment,  the  voucher  was  compared  with 
tthe  record.  When  paid,  the  tally  and  counter- 
tally  were  tied  up  together,  and  laid  away, 
accumulating  for  a  long  series  of  years.  The 
•system  of  issuing  exchequer  tallies  was 
.abolished  by  25  George  III.,  c.  82;  and  by 
•i  and  5  William  IV.,  c.  15,  the  accumulated 
tallies  were  ordered  to  be  destroyed.  They 
were  accordingly  burnt  in  a  stove  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  but  the  stove  being  over- 
heated, unfortunately  set  flre  to  the  panelling 
of  the  room,  and  the  Houses  of  Parliament 
were  destroyed. 

"  The  price  of  thoM  wooden  trtJUet.  which  according 
to  an  usage  handed  down  to  us  from  a  rude  age,  were 
given  iu  receipt*  for  Bums  paid  into  the  Exchequer, 
had  i\KU."~Afncaiilay  :  Bng,  Sift.,  ch.  xxii. 

*  2.  Anything  made  to  correspond  with  or 
4Uit  another, 

"  So  right  hi*  Judgement  was  cut  fit, 
And  made  a  tally  to  his  wit" 

Butler:  Hmiibrat,  III.  ii.  898. 

3.  A  label  or  ticket  of  wood  or  metal  used 
In  gardens  for  the  purpose  of  bearing  either 
the  name  of  the  plant  to  which  it  is  attached, 
or  a  number  referring  to  a  catalogue. 

4.  An  abbreviation  of  tally-shop  (q.v.). 

5.  A  certain  number  of  cabbages. 

tally  board,  *.  A  small  board  attached 
to  the  life-line  thrown  by  means  of  a  rocket- 
Apparatus  to  ships  wrecked  or  in  danger, 
when  the  life-boat  cannot  reach  them. 

"The  aallon  hauled  the  whip-line  on  board,  and 
when  the  tally-board,  on  which  the  directions  for  the 
method  of  procedure  are  printed  In  English  on  one 
aide  and  French  on  the  other,  wu  received,  the  cap- 
tain attempted  by  the  light  of  a  lantern  to  read  them." 
— Scribncr't  Magazine,  Jan.,  1880,  p.  330. 

tally-shop,  *.  A  shop  or  store  at  which 
goods  are  sold  on  the  tally-system  (q.v.). 

tally  system,  tally-trade,  «. 

1.  A  system  of  trade  carried  on  in  many 


large  towns,  by  which  shopkeepers  supply 
goods  to  their  customers  on  credit,  the  latter 
agreeing  to  pay  the  price  charged  by  certain 
weekly  instalments.  Both  parties  keep  books, 
in  which  are  ent  red  the  particulars  of  the 
transaction  and  the  payments  of  the  instal- 
ments. The  prices  charged  are  usually  ex- 
orbitant, and  the  goods  of  an  inferior  quality. 
2.  A  system  by  which  drapery  goods  are 
supplied  to  women,  chiefly  in  country  dis- 
tricts, and  paid  for  by  weekly  instalments, 
(dee  extract  under  TALLYMAN,  1.) 

taV-l^(2),  s.    [See  def.]     An  abbreviation  of 
Tally-ho  (q.v.). 

"  A  Bhrill  talfy  from  above  telli  Mm  all  la  right"— 
Field,  Dec.  6,  1884. 

tally-ho,  interj.  &  s.    [Norm.  Fr.  taillis  au 
=  to  the  coppice.] 

A.  As  intfrj. :  The  huntsman1*  cry  to  urge 
on  his  hounds. 

B.  As  substantive  ; 

1.  Same  as  tally-ho,  inlcrj. 

2.  A  four-in-hand  coach  or  drag. 

tftl'-l?  (1),    V*t.  &  i.      [TALLY  (1),  «•] 

A.  Transitive : 

*  I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  score  with  corresponding    notches ; 
hence,  to  make  to  correspond ;  to  fit,  to  suit. 

"  Nor  sister  either  had.  nor  brother ; 
They  seem'd  Juit  tuUy'd  for  each  other." 

Prior :  An  epitaph. 

2.  To  reckon  up. 

"  I  have  not  Justly  taMed  up  thy  inestimable  bene- 
fits. "—Bp.  SaU  :  Breathingt  of  Deoout  Soul,  f  4. 

*  3.  To  repay  in  like  kind. 

Civill  law  tervcheth,  that  long  custome  prescribed: 

•  •  -e  iiMsed.     Moral  philoso- 

ies  is  justice. '-Bp.HaU: 


divinity,  that  old  things  are  j>a*aed.     Moral  philoso- 
phy.  that  tallying  of  fujuri"^    •-«--"     --    " 
Huly  Catenation*,  f  50. 


In  this  sense  perhaps  connected  with  Lat. 
talio  =  retaliation. 

IL  Naut. :   To  pull  aft,  as  the  sheets  or 
lower  corners  of  the  main  and  fore-sail. 
B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  fit,  to  correspond,  to  agree,  to  con- 
form, to  match. 

"Then  the  mention  of  the  sacrament,  as  taken  in 
the  antalucan  meetings,  talliet  exactly  with  Tertul- 
llan's  account  of  the  Eucharist." —  tfaterland :  Workt, 
Til.  32. 

*  2.  To  deal  (cards) ;  a  phrase  in  basset  and 
pharaoh.  (Gibber :  Careless  Husband,  iii.  1.) 

tal'-l*(2),  v.t.  [TALLY  (2),  *.]  To  cry  tally- 
ho  after. 

tal'-ljf-man,  *.    [Eng.  tally  (1),  s.,  and  man.] 

1.  One  who  carries  on  a  tally-trade ;   one 
who  sells  goods  on  credit,  to  be  paid  for  by 
instalments, 

"  We  do  not  know  whether  tht  tallyman  has  ever 
appeared  in  fiction  before.  We  may  explain  that  he 
is  a  very  dangerous  trader,  who  lets  his  customers— 
who,  it  maybe  iald,  are  always  women— have  goods 
unknown  to  their  husbands,  to  be  paid  for  by  weekly 
instalment*."— Spectator.  March  H,  188*.  p.  868. 

2.  One  who  keeps  a  tally  or  account ;  a 

tallier. 

tal'-ma,  s.  [Prob.  after  Talma,  the  French 
tragedian.]  A  kind  of  large  cape  or  short 
full  cloak,  worn  by  ladies,  and  sometimes  by 
gentlemen. 

tal'-mfi,  s.  [Etynx  doubtful.]  (Bee  compound.) 
talmi-gold,  s.    [ABYSSINIAN-GOLD.] 

TaT-mud,  s.  [Heb.  TTO^n  (Talmudh)  =  in- 
struction, doctrine  ;  Tpb  (lamadh)  =  to 
chastise,  to  train,  to  teach ;  cf.  Tp)n  (toZ- 
midh)  =  a  scholar.  (1  Citron,  xxv.  8.)] 

Hebrew  Literature :  A  work  in  which  was 
committed  to  writing  that  "  tradition  of  the 
elders  "  which  in  the  time  of  Jesus  was  chiefly 
or  exclusively  oral  (Matt.  xv.  2,  3 ;  Mark  vii. 
5, 9, 13 ;  viii.  9).  The  early  spiritual  leaders  of 
the  Jewish  people,  accepting  the  Old  Testa- 
ment as  divine,  naturally  made  it  the  object  of 
much  thought,  and  attempted  to  furnish  ex- 
planations of  the  more  obscure  passages, 
these  explanations,  if  felicitous,  being  handed 
down  from  generation  to  generation,  till  they 
gradually  acquired  the  authority  due  to  inspi- 
ration. The  Mosaic  law  contained  a  multi- 
tude of  regulations — moral,  ceremonial,  civil, 
and  criminal  —  which  priests,  prophets, 
lawyers,  and  other  high  authorities,  inter- 
preted. These  were  from  the  first  regarded 


with  the  veneration  with  which  the  decision* 
of  law  courts  on  the  meaning  of  certain 
statutes  are  received  among  modern  nation*, 
till  at  length  they  were  cU-rnu-d  incontrovert- 
ible, and  attributed  to  Divine  inspiration, 
and  were  finally  committed  to  writing,  the 
ultimate  product  being  the  Talmud.  When 
it  appeared  it  became  a  second  rule  or  stand- 
ard of  faith  and  practice,  the  first  being  the 
Old  Testament,  and  no  Jew  was  required  to 
believe  any  doctrine  or  follow  any  religious, 
moral,  or  ceremonial  precepts  except  those 
recorded  in  one  or  other  of  the  two  standard  a. 
The  Talmud  had  two  constituent  parts :  tht 
text,  or  Mislma,  and  the  commentary,  or  Ge- 
iiiara.  The  midrashim,  or  explanations  and 
amplifications  of  Old  Testament  teaching, 
began  previous  to  the  writing  of  the  books 
of  Chronicles,  which  allude  to  their  existence. 
(2  Chron.  xiii.  22 ;  xxiv.  27.)  They  continued 
till  the  second  century  A.D.,  and  were  of  two 
kinds :  halacha  (the  rule)  arid  hagada  (what 
is  said),  but  only  the  first  was  binding.  The 
germ  of  the  present  Mislma  proceeded  from 
R.  Jehuda  Hauasi,  A.D.  219,  but  was  preserved 
only  in  the  memory  of  scholars,  till  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  academies  of  Palestine  in  the  fourth 
century,  and  those  of  Babylonia  in  the  fifth, 
showed  the  necessity  of  committing  it  to 
writing.  Hence  in  the  end  of  the  fourth 
century  the  Jerusalem,  and  in  the  fifth  the 
Babylonian,  Talmud  was  sent  forth.  The 
latter  was  compiled  by  R.  Ashe,  who  died  A.D. 
427,  and  his  immediate  successors,  and  i» 
about  four  times  as  long  as  the  Jerusalem 
Talmud.  The  Talmud  consists  of  six  sedharim, 
or  orders,  containing  sixty-three  massictoth, 
or  treatises,  and  525  perakim,  or  chapters. 
The  Mishna  is  in  Hebrew,  the  Qemara  ia 
Araimran.  The  contents  of  the  work  are 
miscellaneous.  In  addition  to  religion  and 
ethics,  there  are  philosophy,  history,  &c. 
Rabbinical  Jews  set  the  Talmud  on  a  higher 
level  than  the  Old  Testament.  Christiana 
long  depreciated  it,  believing  it  a  mass  of 
exaggeration,  puerility,  and  absurdity.  Now, 
though  it  is  admitted  that  these  charges  are 
true  of  many  passages,  the  book  as  a  whole 
is  known  to  be  a  storehouse  of  information 
regarding  Judaism  in  its  later  developments. 

tal-mtid'-ic,  tal  mud'-ic  -al,  a.  [Eng. 
talmud;  ~ic,  -ical.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Talmud ;  contained  in  the  Talmud. 

"  These  phrases  are  by  the  great  Broughton  called 
talmudic  Greek,  when  Jewish  and  tahnvdic.nl  phrase* 
are  used  in  holy  mrii."~Liyht/oot.  MitceUaniet,  p.  69. 

tar  mud-ist,  s.  [Eng.  talmud;  -int.]  One 
versed  or  learned  in  the  Talmud. 

"  He  soon  attracted  the  attention  of  the  great  Tat- 
minlM,  Saul  Lev!  Morteira."— <?.  B.  Lnoei:  Hittory 
Of  Philotophu  Jed.  1880),  11.  166. 

tal  mud  ist   Ic,    *  tal  mud  1st  Ick,   a. 

[Eng.  talmud;  -istic.]  Pertaining  to  the  Tal- 
mud ;  contained  in  the  Talmud ;  talmudic. 

"  The  name  Ariel  came  from  the  talmudiitick  ran- 
teries,  with  which  the  learned  Jews  had  infected  &• 
science."— T.  Wurtan:  Hitt.  Snff.  Poetry,  iii,  478. 

*tal-ne»,  s.    [TALLNESS.] 

ta-ld-,  pref.  [TALCS.]  Of,  belonging  to,  at 
containing  a  talus. 

talo  scaphoid,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  talus,  or 
astragalus,  and  the  scaphoid.  There  is  a  talo- 
scaphoid  ligament. 

tal  on.  *  tal -ant,  *tal'-ent,  •tiLT-lta. 

*  tal-oun,  *.     [Fr.  taton  =  aheel ;  Low  Lat. 

talonem,  accus.  of  talo  =  a  heel ;  Lat.  talut  = 

a  heel] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  claw  of  a  bird  of  prey. 

"  A  bleeding  serpent  of  enormous  size. 
His  talon*  trussed."     Pope  :  Homer ;  Iliad  xil.  23f. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  A  form  of  moulding,  the  same  M 
OGEE  (q.v.). 

2.  Locks. :  The  shoulder  on  the  bolt  against 
which  the  key  presses  in  shooting  the  bolt. 

ta'-look,  ta'-luk, s.  [Hind,  to'  alluka  —  con- 
nexion, relationship ;  a  manor.]  A  large 
estate ;  a  manor. 

ta  look  dar,  ta  luk  dar, .;.  [Hind.]  The 
owner  of  a  talook ;  an  estated  gentleman ;  the 
lord  of  a  manor.  {Anglo- Indian.) 

"The  Otidh  t&lukdan  resemble  English  landlord* 
more  closely  even  than  do  the  zemindars  of  Bengal. 
In  origin  they  were  not  revenue  fanners,  but  tern- 
torial  magnates,  whose  influence  was  derived  from 
feudal  authority,  military  command,  or  hereditary 
•way."-  It'.  W.  Hunter  :  Indian  Empire  (2nd  ed. }.  p.  «t 


boll,  bo^;  p6ut,  J6%1;  cat,  9011.  chorus,  fhin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  tills;  sin,  a? ;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    pli  =  t 

-clan,   tian  ~ .  snan.    -tion,    siou  -  shun ;   tion,  -f  ion  --  zhun.    -clous,    tious,  -sioufl  -  sbu*     -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4614 


talou— tamarisk 


ta-lou  .  s.  [Chin.]  A  glass  flux  used  iu  China 
as  an  enamel  colour  on  porcelain.  It  consists 
chiefly  of  silicate  of  lead,  with  a  little  copper. 
(Watts.) 

tal'-pa,  a.  [Lat.  =  a  mole,  from  scalp-,  root 
of  scalpo  =  to  cut,  to  carve,  to  dig ;  connect, 
with  Gr.  cocaAo^  (skaiops).]  [SCALOPS.] 

1.  Zool. :  Mole  (q.v.) ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Talpidee,  with  eight  species.     Body  stout  and 
thick,  furry  ;   head  long  and  pointed,  muzzle 
cartilaginous,  protected  by  snout-bones;  eyes 
very  small,  no  external  ears ;  fore-feet  short 
and  wide,  with  live  united  toes,  armed  with 
trenchant  nails  for  digging  ;  hind-feet  with 
five  toes,    but   weak;  tail   short.      Except  in 
Talpaeuropcea^  the  Common  Mole,  which  ranges 
from  England  to  Japan,  the  eyes  are  covered 
by  a  membrane  ;  T.  caxxt  is  fmind>  south  of  the 
Alps ;  T.  wogura,  T.  longirostris,  T.  mosckata, 
and  T.  leptura  occur  north,  and  T.  leucrura 
and  T.  micrura  south  of  the  Himalayas. 

2.  Palcetmt. :  From  the  Miocene  of  France  and 
the  Post- Pliocene  of  Britain  and  the  Continent. 

tal-pa-vus,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.  tal^a),  and  Lat. 
avus  '=  an  ancestor.] 
Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Talpida*  (q.v.)t  from 

tile  Eocene  of  North  America, 

UU'-pi-dEB,  s.pL  [Mod.  Lat.  tal^a);  Lat. 
ft-ni.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idee,] 

1.  ZooL  :  A  family  of  Inseetivora,  limited  to 
the  temperate  regions  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
North  America.     The  species  are  fossorial, 
rarely  natatorial,  distinguished  from  the  Sori- 
cidae  by  the  presence  of  zygomatic  arches  and 
the  form  of  the  teeth.     Eyes  very  small,  in 
some  species  covered  with  skin ;  ears  short 
and  hidden  by  the  fur ;  the  fore-limbs  modi- 
fied for  digging.     There  are  two  sub-families, 
Myogaliiue  and  Talpinae  (q.v.). 

2.  PalcEont. :    There    are    several    extinct 
genera  commencing  with  Talpavus  (q.v.),  and 
ending  with  Palseospalax(q.v.).    [TALPA,  2.] 

til-pi'-nw,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  taltfa);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -inte.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  sub-family  of  Talpidas 
(q.v.)  Clavicles  and  humeri  very  short  and 
broad;  large  falciform  bone  in  the  mauus. 
There  are  five  genera,  divided  into  two  groups. 

A.  Having  front  upper  Incisor*  much  larger  than 
•ecoud  pair  (New  World    Molea),  Scalopa,  Sc»panus, 
and  Coiidylura. 

B.  Front   incisors  scarcely  larger  than  tecond  pair 
(Old  World  Moles).  Scaptonyx  aud  Talpa. 

tal'-tal-lte,  s.  [After  Taltal,  Atacama,  South 
America,  where  found  ;  suff.  -iU  (Jtfin..).] 

Min.:  Supposed  by  David  Forbes,  who 
named  it,  to  be  a  distinct  species,  but  shown 
by  Pisani  to  be  a  tourmaline  mixed  with  oxide 
of  copper  and  other  impurities. 

ta'-lus,  «.    [Lat] 

1.  Anat. :  The  ankle  bone.      It  articulates 
with  the  tibia  above,  the  as  caleis  below,  and 
the  scaphoid  in  front     It  receives  the  weight 
of  the  body  from  the  leg.    Its  convex  anterior 
extremity  is  termed  the  head,  and  the  circular 
groove  behind  it  the  neck.    Called  also  tbe 
astragalus  (q.v.). 

2.  Arch. :  The  slope  or  inclination  of  any 
•work,  as  of  a  wall  inclined  on  its  face,  either 
by  decreasing  in  thickness  toward  the  summit 
or  by  leaning  it  against  a  bank,  as  a  retaining 
or  breast- wait 

3.  Fort, :  The  slope  of  a  work,  as  a  bastion, 
rampart,  or  parapet    (In  this  sense  written 
also  taint.) 

4.  GeoL  :  A  sloping  heap  of  rocky  fragments 
broken  off  from  the  fa.ce  of  a  steep  rock  by 
the  action  of  the  weather,  and  accumulating 
at  Us  base.    So  called  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  talus  in  fortification.    [S.) 

6.  Svrg. :  A  variety  of  club-foot,  in  which 
the  heel  rests  on  the  ground,  and  the  toes  are 
drawn  towards  the  leg.  (Goodrich.) 

ta  lut,  s.    [TALUS,  S.} 

*  tal  vas,  *.    [Btym.  doubtful)    A  kind  of 
wooden  buckler  or  shield  of  an  oblong  form, 
bent  on  each  side,  and  rising  in  the  middle. 
It  was  in  use  in  the  fourteenth  century. 

*  tal-wood,  s.    [TALLWOOIX] 

taxn-a  bil:i-ty,  tame- a- bit- 1- ty,  *. 

[Bng.  tamable;  -ity.]    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  tamable  ;  tamableness. 

"  The  tamt ability  of  mankind."— &  Smith  :  Letter*, 


tarn  -a-ble,  taine  -a-ble,  a.  lEng.  tam(e) ; 
•able.]  Capable  of  being  tamed  or  of  being 
reclaimed  from  a  wild  or  savage  state. 

*  tam -a-ble-ncsB,  *.  [Eng.  tamable;  -nest.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tamable ;  tarn- 
ability. 

ta  inal ,  ta  ma'  le  (pi.  ta  ma  les',  ,« 

[Sp.]  Amixtnreof  meat,  crushed  corn  and  red 
pepper,  sold  bystreet  venders  in  Mexico  and  to 
some  extent  in  this  country.  It  is  served  in 
corn-husk,  after  being  dipped  in  oil  and 
steamed. 

ta-man'-du-a,  *.    [Native  name.] 

Zoology : 

1.  A  genus  of  Myrmecophagidae,  from  the 
forests  of  South  and  Central  America.      In 
anatomical  structure    the    genus    is  closely 
akin  to  Myrmecophaga  (q.v.),  but  the  head 
is  less  elongated,  the  fur  short  and  bristly, 
the  tail  tapering  and  prehensile,  the  top  of  the 
terminal  part  and  the  under  side  throughout 
naked  and  scaly.    The  fifth  toe  on  the  fore 
feet  is  concealed  within  the  skin.     Only  one 
species    has    been  distinguished,   Tamandua 
tetradactyla ;  but  as  different  individuals  vary 
greatly  in  coloration,  it  is  not  improbable  that 
other  species  exist. 

2.  Tamandua    tetradactyla,    an    Ant-eater, 
smaller  than  the  Great  Ant-eater  or  Ant  Bfar, 
from  which  it  differs  in  being  arboreal.     The 
usual  colour  is  yellowish -white,  with  a  broad 
black  lateral  band,  which  covers  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  side  of  the  body. 

tam'-an-oir  (oir  as  war),  s.    [See  def.] 

ZooL :  The  native  name  of  Myrmecophaga 
jubata.  [ANT-BEAR.  ] 

tam'-an-u,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Bat.  £  Comm.  :  A  heavy,  green  resin 
brought  from  the  Society  Islands.  It  is  de- 
rived from  CalophyUum  InophyUwn. 

tam'-a-ra,  s.  [E.  Ind.]  A  term  applied  to 
a  spice  consisting  of  equal  parts  of  cinnamon, 
cloves,  and  coriander  seeds,  with  half  the 
quantity  of  aniseed  and  fennel  seed  all  pow- 
dered. 

tam'-a-rack,  s.  [The  Canadian  Indian  name.] 
Bot. :  The  American  or  Black  Larch,  Larix 
pendula  or  americana,  called  also  Abies  pen- 
dida.  It  has  weak  and  drooping  branches, 
which  sometimes  take  root,  forming  a  natural 
arch.  The  leaves  are  clustered  and  deciduous, 
the  cones  oblong,  with  numerous  spreading 
scales.  It  constitutes  a  feature  of  the  forests 
in  Canada  and  the  Northern  United  States. 
Its  timber  is  valuable,  but  less  so  than  the 
Urcb. 

tam  a  rf-ca'  ce-se,  s.  pi,  [Lat.  tamariz, 
genit  tamaric(is);  few.  pi  adj.  suff.  -aceae.] 

Bot. :  Tamarisks ;  an  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Violates.  Shrubs  or  herbs 
with  rod -like  branches.  Leaves  alternate, 
scale-like,  entire,  usually  pitted  ;  flowers  in 
close  spikes  or  racemes;  calyx -four  or  rive- 
parted,  persistent,  imbricated  in  vernation; 
petals  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx, 
imbricated  in  estivation ;  stamens  equal  in 
number  to  the  petals,  or  twice  as  many,  dis- 
tinct or  monadelphous ;  styles  three,  ovary 
superior.  Fruit  capsular,  three-valved,  one- 
celled,  many  seeds  on  three  placentas.  Found 
in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  of  the  Old 
World.  Known  genera  tliree,  species  forty- 
three.  (Lindley.) 

tam'-a-rin.  s.    [Native  name.] 

ZooL  :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Midas  (q.v.).  The  body  is  long  and 
slender,  clothed  with  soft  hair,  and  the  tail, 
which  is  non- prehensile,  is  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  trunk.  They  are  very  restless 
and  active,  but  are  easily  tamed,  and  are  made 
pets  of  by  the  natives  of  Central  America. 
[MARMOSET.] 

tam'  a  -rind,  *  tam'-a-rinde,  s.  [Fr.  tam- 
arind =&  small,  soft,  and  dark-red  Indian 
date  (Cotgrave,  in  Skeai);  &marfo  =  thu  fruit 
of  the  tamarind,  tamarinier  —  the  tree  itself 
(Littre) ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  tamarindo ;  Port,  toma- 
ritvlo,  tamarhijio ;  Arab,  thamar-hindi  =  the 
Indian  date,  to  which  tree  the  tamarind  has 
no  affinity.] 

l.Bot.:  Tamarindus  inclioa.  Leaves  abruptly 
pinnate,  with  many  pairs  of  small  leaflets; 
flowers  in  racemes;  calyx  straw-coloured; 


petals  yellow,  streaked  with  red,  filament* 
purple,  anthers  brown.  It  is  an  evergreen 
tree,  eighty  feet  hixh  by  twenty-five  in  cir- 
cumference, cultivated  in  India  as  far  nnrth 
as  the  Jhelum,  and  very  largely  planted  in 
avenues  and  "topes."  The  wood,  which  is 
yellowish  white,  sometimes  with  red  streaks, 
is  hard  and  close-grained.  It  weighs  about 
831bs  per  cubic  foot,  is  highly  prized,  but 
is  very  difficult  to  work,  and  is  used  in  India 
for  turning  wheels,  mallets,  planes,  furni- 


TAMARIND. 
IShotmngjtowert,  leajlett,  legume,  and  teed.) 

tnre,  rice-pounders,  oil  and  sugar  mills,  &fl; 
It  furnishes  excellent  charcoal  for  the  manu- 
facture of  gunpowder.  The  pulp  of  the  legume*, 
pressed  in  syrup  is  a  delicious  confection, 
and  constitutes  part  of  the  tamarinds  of 
English  shops.  The  flowers  and  fruit  are 
used  in  India  as  an  astringent  or  as  a 
mordant  in  dyeing,  especially  with  safflnwerf 
the  leaves  furnish  a  yellow  dye.  The  seeds 
yield  a  clear,  bright,  fluid  oil,  with  an  odour 
like  that  of  the  linseed  ;  their  powder  mixed 
with  thin  glue  makes  a  strong  cement  for 
wood.  The  West  Indian  and  Soutli  Amt-rii-an 
.  variety  of  T.  indica  (van  occidentalis)  has 
legumes  only  three  times  as  long  as  broad, 
whereas  the  Indian  tree  has  them  six  times  as 
long. 

2.  Comm.:  The  tamarinds  sold  in  England 
are  chiefly  West  Indian  tamarinds  with  their 
pulp  preserved  in  sugar.     They  differ  from 
the  Black  or  East  Indian  tamarinds  of  which 
the  preserved  pulp  is  black, 

3.  Pkarm.:  In  modern  pharmacy  tanmrindt 
are  used  as  gentle  laxatives  ;   they  are  re- 
frigerant  from  the    acids   which  they  con- 
tain, and,  when  infused,  constitute  a  cooling 
drink  in  fevers.    They  enter  into  the  Confectio 
Sennte.    In  India  the  seeds  are  given  in  dy- 
sentery, &c. ;  in  the  Mauritius  a  decoction  of 
the  bark  is  given  in  asthma. 

tamarind-fish,  s.  A  preparation  of  a 
kind  of  East  Indian  fish  with  the  acid  pulp 
of  the  tamarind  fruit,  much  esteemed  as  a 
breakfast  relish  in  India. 

tamarind-plum,  s. 

Bot.:  Dialium  indicum,  one  of  the  Cyno- 
metreje.  The  legume  has  a  delicate  agreeabla 
pulp,  less  acid  than  that  of  the  tamarind. 

tam-a-rin'-dus,  s.    [TAMARIND.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Caesalpiniese,  tribe  Am- 
herstieae.  Calyx  cleft,  tubular  at  the  base, 
two-lipped,  the  upper  lip  of  three  rr  flexed 
segments,  the  lower  of  two  segments  united ; 
petals  three,  the  middle  one  hood-shaped,  the 
side  ones  ovate  ;  stamens  nine  or  ten,  all  hut 
three  short  and  without  anthers ;  legume 
filled  with  pulp,  and  containing  strong  fibres; 
seeds  three  to  six.  Only  one  known  species, 
Tamarindus  indica;  T.  occidental  is,  the  West 
Indian  tamarind,  being  now  deemed  only  a 
variety.  [TABIARIND.] 

tam  ar  is-9in'-e-se,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  tamari*c(ue); 
fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -iiiece.] 
Bot. :  The  same  as  TAMARICACELG  (q.v.). 

tam  *  risk,  *  tam-a-riske,  s.  [Lat,  (am- 
arix,  tamarice,  tawwiriscus,  tamaricum ;  Fr. 
tamaris,  tamarisc,  tamariz;  Prov.  tamarix.'] 
[TAUARIX.] 

Botany: 

L  The  genus  Tamarix  (q.v.). 

2.  (PL):  The  Tamaricaceae  or  Tamariscrae* 
(q.v.). 

•ff  German  tamarisk : 

Bot. ;  Myricaria  germaniai* 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  hero,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p6t 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    aa,oe  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qu  -  kw* 


tamarite— tamis 


4615 


ia  -mar  ite,  s.      [After    the    Tamar   mines, 
Devon,  where  it  was  supposed  to  have  been 
first  found  ;  suff.  -tie  (Min.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  CHALCOPHYLLITE  (q.v.). 

tam'  a-rix,  «.  [Lat.  =a  tamarisk;  said  to 
be  from  the  Tamaris  (now  tiie  Tambro),  a 
river  of  Spain,  along  which  tamarisks  abound.] 
Bot.  :  Tamarisk  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Tam- 
aricaceas  or  Tamariscmea-.  Sepals  four  to 
li\v,  equal,  distinct ;  petals  four  to  five,  dis- 
thu-t,  or  united  at  the  base  ;  stamens. four  to 
ten;  styles  three  or  four;  stigmas  distinct, 
sessile,  feathery ;  capsule  one-seeded,  three* 
valved  ;  seeds  numerous,  without  a  beak  ;  pap- 
pose. Known  species  twenty ;  all  from  the 
eastern  hemisphere.  They  are  shrubs  growing 
-re^ariously  in  bushy  clumps,  along  river 
banks  or  basins,  &c.,  in  desert  tracts,  as 
along  the  banks  of  the  Suez  Canal.  T.  gatlica 
the  French,  called 
also  T.  anglioat 
the  English  tama- 
risk, an  evergreen 
shrub  or  small 
tree,  ft  ve  to  ton  feet 
high,  with  very 
slender  and  fea- 
thery branches, 
minute,  amplexi- 
caul,  adpressed, 
acute  leaves,  and 
lateral,  somewhat 
panicled  spikes  of 
white  or  pink  TAMARISK. 

flowers     is    found    L  Bimnchleto,  with  leave*  natn- 
nn  th A  smith   mirt         i»l  size  j  2.  Branch  let  magnl- 

on  tne  souin  ana  fled ;  3.  A  flower, 
east  coasts  of  Eng- 
land, but  is  an  alien.  It  Is  wild  on  the  Conti- 
nental European  shores  of  the  Atlantic  and 
the  Mediterranean,  and  in  Western  Asia  and 
India.  Its  bark  is  slightly  bitter  and  astrin- 
gent. This  species,  and  Tamarix  africana,  if 
burnt,  yield  much  sulphate  of  soda.  T.  inan- 
nifera  produces  the  manna  of  Mount  Sinai, 
which,  however,  is  not  a  natural  exudation 
from  the  tree,  but  arises  from  a  puncture  of 
an  insect,  Coccus  mannipara.  T.  dwica  and  T. 
articulata  (called  also  T.  orientalis)  are  found 
on  the  banks  of  rivers  and  on  sea  coasts 
throughout  India.  The  former  yields  a  gum 
which  appears  nodular,  and  is  transparent  in 
the  central  speck  of  each  tear,  while  opaque 
on  the  circumference.  The  latter  also  fur- 
nishes a  small  quantity  of  gum.  The  galls 
and  bark  of  T.  indica,  T.  dioicti,  T.  Furas,  and 
T.  orientals  are  used  in  tanning  and  as  an 
auxiliary  in  dyeing.  They  are  also  used  medi- 
cinally as  astringents.  Their  action  is  due  to 
the  tan  tiic  and  gallic  acids  which  they  contain. 

t*';m'-bac,  ».    [TOMBAC.] 

L  The  same  as  TOMBAC  (q.v.). 

2.  Agallochum  or  aloes-wood. 
tion-bour',  «.    fFr.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  drum. 

"  Till  I,  who  heard  the  deep  tambour 
Beat  thy  Divan's  apjtroachhig  hour." 

Byron:  Itride  of  Abydot,  I.  S. 

2.  A  circular  frame  on  which  silk  or  other 
*tuff  is  stretched  for  the  purpose  of  being 
embroidered.    So  called  from  its  resemblance 
to  the  head  of  a  drum. 

3.  A  species  of  embroidery  in  which  threads 
of  gold  and  silver  are  worked  by  needles  in 
tig « res  of  leaves  and  flowers  npon  a  silk  stuff 
stretched  over  a  circular  frame,  called  a  tam- 
bour-frame. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Architecture: 

(1)  A  term  applied  to  the  naked  part  of 
Corinthian   and    Composite   capitals,   which 
bears  some  resemblance  to  a   drum.     Also 
called  the  Vase  and  Campana,  or  the  Bell. 

(2)  The  wall  of  a  circular  temple  surrounded 
with  columns. 

(3)  The  circular  vertical  part  both  above 
and  below  a  cupola. 

(4)  A  kind  of  lobby  or  vestibule  of  timber- 
work,  with  folding-doors,  and  covered  with  a 
ceiling,  as  within  the  porches  of  churches,  &c., 
to  break  the  current  of  wind  from  without. 

(5)  A  cylindrical  stone,  such  as  one  of  the 
courses  of  the  shaft  of  a  column. 

2,  Fort.:  Akind  of  work  formed  of  palisades, 
•or  pieces  of  wood  ten  feet  long,  planted  closely 
together,  and  driven  firmly  into  the  ground, 
and  intended  to  defend  a  road,  gate,  or  other 
entrance. 


tambour  de  basque,  s. 

Music :  A  tabor  with  jingles  ;  a  tambourine 
(q-v.). 

tambour-frame,  s.    [TAMBOUR,  a.,  I.  2.] 
tambour-work,  «.     The  same  as  TAM- 

BOUlt,  S.,   I.  3. 

tam'-bour,  v.t.  or  i.  [TAMBOUR,  '•]  To  em' 
brnidor  with  or  on  a  tambour ;  to  work  on  a 
tumliour-frame. 

"  Her  spotted  and  her  tamboured  muslin." — JUiti 

AutCtit :  A'orthutigtr  Abbey,  ch.  x. 

tam-bour'-a,  *.    [TAMBOUR,  s.} 

Muiic :  An  instrument  of  the  guitar  species, 
with  strings  of  wire  struck  with  a  plectrum. 
The  neck  is  long,  and  the  body,  of  gourd- 
shape,  is  often  beautifully  ornamented.  The 
tamboura  is  found  in  Persia,  Turkey,  Egypt, 
and  Hindustan,  and  it  was  known  to  the 
Assyrians  and  Egyptians  under  various  names. 

tam-bour'-gi,  *.    [Turkish.)    A  drummer. 

"  Tatnbouryil  tambourgt /  thy  laruu  afar 
Ulvea  hopes  t&  the  valiant  and  promise*  of  war." 
Byron:  Ckilde  Harold,  it.  IxxlL 

t&m-bou  rine',  tam-bou-rln,  *  tarn-bu- 
rin, *  tam-bu-rinet  5.     [Fr.  tambourin,, 
diium.  from  tambour  =  a  drum,  a  tambour.] 
Mutic: 

1.  An  ancient  pulsatile  instrument  of  the 
drum    class,   popular   among   all    European 
people,  but  particularly  those  of  the  south. 
The  Biscayan  and  Italian  peammtry  employ  it 
on  every  festal  occasion.     It  is  formed  of  a 
hoop  of  wood,  sometimes  of  metal,  over  which 
is  stretched  a  piece  of  parchment  or  skin  ; 
the  sides  of  the  hoop  are  pierced  with  holes, 
in  which  are  inserted  pieces  of  metal  in  pairs, 
called  jingles.      Small    bells  are   sometimes 
fastened  on  to  the  outer  edge  of  the  hoop.    It 
is  sounded  by  being  struck  with  the  knuckles, 
or  by  drawing  the  fingers  or  thumb  over  the 
akin,  which  produces  what  is  called   "  the 
roll,"  a  peculiar  drone  mingled  with  the  jingle 
of  the  bells  or  pieces  of  metal. 

"  Bach  her  ribboned  tambourine 
Flinging  ou  the  mountain  nod." 
Matthew  Arnold:  Empedoclet  on  Etna.,  U. 

2.  A  stage  dance  formerly  popular  in  France. 
It  was  of  a  lively  measure,  and  accompanied 
with  a  pedal  bass  in  imitation  of  the  drone 
caused  by  rubbing  the  thumb  over  the  skin  of 
a  tambourine. 

t  tarn  breet',  s.    [See  def.J 

Zool. :  One  of  the  native  Australian  names 
for  OmithorJiynchus  paradoxus.  [OBNITHO- 

RHYNCHU8.] 

*  tam-bu-rlne,  "tam-bn-rln.  «.  [TAM- 
BOURINE.] 

tarn  bu  ro  ne,  *.    [Ital.] 

Music:  The  military  bass-drum. 

tame,  n.  [A.S.  tarn;  cogn.  with  But  tarn; 
Icel.  tamr;  Sw.  &  Dan.  tarn ;  Qer.  zahm. 
Prom  the  same  root  as  Lat.  domo  =  to  tame  ; 
Gr.  fetftou  (damoo) ;  Sansc.  dam  =  to  tame,  to 
be  tame.] 

L  Lit. :  Having  lost  Its  native  wlldness  and 
shyness ;  accustomed  to  the  presence  and 
society  of  man  ;  domesticated,  domestic, 
gentle. 

"  He  brought  thy  land  a  blessing  when  he  came, 
He  found  thee  savage,  and  lie  left  thee  tnme." 

Covrpcr;  Expottulation,  465. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Wanting  in  spirit  or  energy ;  subdued, 
depressed,  spiritless. 

"  But  vet  come  not :  yon  are  a  tame  man,  go  1* 
XhaJceip  :  Midtummer  flight'*  Dream.  iiL  2. 

2.  Unanimated,  spiritless,  dull,  insipid,  un- 
interesting ;  wanting  in  spirit  or  interest. 

"The  landscapes  seen  from  the  CAT- windows  would 
be  tame  were  it  not  for  the  vast  sweep  of  vision."— 
Century  Magazine,  Aug.,  1663.  \>.  50&. 

3.  Without  earnest  feeling  or  ardour ;  list- 
less, cold. 

*  I.  Harmless,  ineffectual,  impotent. 

"  His  remedies  are  tame  in  the  present  peace." 

Shaketp. :  Coriolanue,  iv.  6. 

*  5.  Wonted  ;  accommodated  to  one's  habits ; 
grown  into  a  custom. 

"  8«qu«strlng  from  me  all 

That  time,  acquaintance,  custom,  and  condition 
Hade  tame  and  most  familiar  to  my  nature." 

Shaketp. ;  Tr»ilu*  A  Creuida,  HI.  S. 

^T  For  the  difference  between  tame  and 
gentle^  see  GENTLE. 

tame  (1),  v.t.  [A.S.  tamian,  temian,]  [TAME,  a.] 
L  Lit. :  To  reclaim ;   to  bring  from  a  wild 


or  savage  state  to  a  domesticated  state  ;  to 
make  tame,  domesticated,  or  accustomed  to 
man. 

"  It  Is  said  that  this  creature  [the  glutton]  is  easily 
tamed,  and  taught  a  number  of  pleasant  trick*,"—  • 
Cook  :  Third  Voyiae,  bk.  vt,  ch.  vi. 

II.  Figuratively  : 

*  1.  To  conquer,  to  subdue. 

"  Mnke  softe.  breke  and  tnme  all  other  kingdoms.*— 
Joy*  :  Expot.  of  Daniel,  ch.  ii. 

2.  To  subdue  ;   to  put  or  keep  down  ;  to 
conquer  ;  to  overpower. 

"  To  tame  and  abate  the  appetltei  of  the  flesh."— 
Tyndall:  Worke*.  p.  2X. 

*  tame  (2),  v.t.  [Fr.  entamer-=  to  cut  into,  to 
make  the  first  cut  upon,  to  begin  on.]  To 
begin  upon  by  taking  a  part  of  ;  to  broach  or 
taste,  as  liquor  ;  to  deal  out,  to  divide,  to  dis- 
tribute. 

"  In  the  time  of  the  famine  he  Is  the  Joseph  of  the 
country,  and  keeps  the  poor  from  starving.  Then  he 
tameth  his  stacks  of  corn,  which  not  his  coveUmaues*, 
but  providence,  hath  rmerred  for  time  of  need."— 
fuller. 

tame'-a-ble,  a.    [TAMABLE.] 

tamo  less,  *  tame-losse,  a.  [Eng.  tans; 
•lest.}  Incapable  of  being  tamed  ;  untamable. 

"As  the  sea  wind's  on  the  sea  hia  ways  are  tameltu." 
A.  0.  Swinburne:  Statue  of  Victor  Buffo. 

tame'  less-ness,  s.     [Eng.  tameless;  -nut.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tameless. 
"From  thee  this  tamelenneii  of  heart." 

Byron  :  Partsina.  zUL 

tame'-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  tame  ;  -ly.]  In  a  tame 
manner  ;  without  spirit  or  energy  ;  meanly, 
spiritlessly,  servilely  ;  with  unresisting  sub- 
mission. 

"  Though  tamely  crouch  to  GalllaVf  rown 
Dull  Holland'*  tardy  train."      Scott:  War  Song. 

tame'  -ness,  s.    [Eng.  tame;  -ness.] 

L  Lit.  :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tarn* 
or  gentle  ;  a  state  of  domestication. 
IL  Figuratively  : 

1.  Want  of  spirit  or  energy  ;  meanness  In 
bearing  insults  or  Injury. 

"An  Indication  of  uncommon  tamenrit  and  tt> 
mldlty."—  CooJc:  Pirtt  Voyage,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  vl. 

2.  Absence  of  interest,  or  animation  ;  dul- 
ness  :  as,  the  tameness  of  a  narrative. 

tam'-er,  ».     [Eng.  tame,  v.  ;   -er.}     One  who 
tames  or  subdues  ;  a  subduer,  a  conqueror. 
"  Daughter  of  Jove,  relentlew  power, 
Thou  tamer  of  the  human  breast." 

Gran  •'  Bymn  to  Adrertity. 


s.  [Gr.  ra^tat  (tamias)  =  a  distri- 
butor, a  dispenser,  a  steward.  The  name  has 
reference  either  to  the  cheek-pouches  in  which 
these  animals  can  stow  a  large  quantity  of 
food,  or  to  their  habit  of  laying  up  store*  of 
food  in  their  holes.] 

Zool.  :  Ground-squirrel  ;  a  genus  of  Sciurinas, 
with  four  species,  all  found  in  North  America, 
one  of  which  (Tamias  asiaticus)  extends 
through  Siberia  into  Eastern  Europe.  The 
species  are  characterized  by  the  possession  of 
cheek-  pouches,  and  by  their  coloration,  the 
fur  of  the  back  being  marked  with  alternate 
light  and  dark  bands.  They  are  known  in 
America  as  Chipmunks,  and  are  among  the 
commonest  of  the  indigenous  rodents. 

Tam'-H,  Tam'-uL,  s.     [Native  name.] 

1.  One  of  a  race  inhabiting  the  South  of 
India  and  Ceylon.    They  belong  to  the  Dravi- 
dian  stock. 

2.  The  language  spoken  in  the  south-east  of 
the  Madras  Presidency  and  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Ceylon.    It  is  richly  polysyllabic,  o« 
a  very  high  type  of  agglutination,  like  the 
Finnish  and  Hungarian,   with  prefixes  only, 
and  is  very  soft  and  harmonious  in  utterance. 

Ta-mJT-i-an,  a.    [Eng.  Tamil;  -ton.]    Of  or 

pertaining  to  the  Tamils  or  their  language. 

tam'-lne,  tarn  in  y,   tarn'  mm,   tam'- 
m^,  s.    [Fr.  etamine.]    [STAMIN.] 

1.  A  thin  woollen  or  worsted  stuff,  highly 
glazed. 

2.  A  sieve  ;  a  strainer  or  bolter  of  hair  or 

Cloth, 

*  tarn'  is  («  silent),  *  tam-lse,  s.    [Fr.  tamto.} 
[TEMSE.] 
L  A  sieve,  a  strainer. 

"  Transmitting  the  light  thereof  as  It  were  thorow  • 
tamite  or  strainer."—  P.  BoUand:  f'lutarch.  p.  174, 

2.  The  same  as  TAMINE  (q.v.). 

*  tamis  bird;  j.    A  Guinea  fowl 


boil,  bo£;  pmit,  jowl;  cat,  $cll,  chorus,  fbin,  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  (his;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^cnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
,  -Uan  =  sbau.   -tion, -slon  =  »auii; -^lon, -flon^  xHiin,   -oious,  -  tions, -aious  =  ahua,   -We, -die,  &c.  =  bel,  dfl. 


4616 


tamkin— tansecmm 


tim  -kin,  ».  [For  tampkin.]  [TAMPION.)  The 
stopper  of  a  cannon. 

T&m-ma-ny,  s.  [See  def.]  A  corruption 
of  the  name  Tamendy  or  Taimnenund,  an 
Indian  chief  of  the  Delaware  tribe. 

Tammany  society,  s.  A  Democratic 
political  organization  in  the  city  of  New  York 
which  has  long  controlled  the  elections  in  that 
city. 

Tam'  ma  ny  Ite,  ».  A  member  or  sup- 
porter of  Tammany. 

tamm'-ite.  s.  [After  Hugo  Tamm,  who 
analysed  it ;  suff.  -ite  (Iftn.).] 

Jf in.  .*  A  name  given  by  Crookes  to'  a  dark 
steel-coloured  crystalline  powder  analysed  by 
Mr.  Tamm.  Sp.  gr.  12'5.  Compos.  :  tungsten, 
88'05 ;  iron,  5*60 ;  manganese,  0*15 ;  unde- 
termined, 6'20  =  100.  A  doubtful  species. 

torn  my,  tam'-min,  >.    [TAMINE.] 
Tam  -my,  s.    [TOMMY.] 

Tammy  norie,  s.    The  auk,  the  puffin. 

"  'The  screigh  of  a  Tammie  Norie,'  answered  Ocbil. 
tree;  'I  ken  the  skirl  weeL' " — Scott:  Antiquary 

Ch.  Til. 

tam  o'  shanter  (pron.  tarn  6  shan' 
t$r),  «.  A  cap  of  various  materials,  but 
originally  of  wool,  fitting  closely  about  the 
brows,  but  full  and  generally  flat  above. 
(Named  after  Tam  O'Shanter,  one  of  Hubert 
Bums'  characters.) 

temp,  v.t.  [Fr.  tamponner,  taper;  Prov.  tarn- 
fir.]  [TAMPION.] 

1.  Blotting:   To   fill   up,  as  a  blast-hole, 
Above  the  charge  with  dry  sand,  tough  clay, 
or  some  other  substance,  to  prevent  the  ex- 
plosion taking  effect  by  way  of  the  hole. 

2.  To  force  in  or  down  by  frequent  and 
somewhat  light  strokes. 

tam -per,  r.i.  [The  same  word  as  temper 
(q.v.),  but  used  in  a  bad  sense.) 

1.  To  meddle ;  to  be  busy  or  officious ;  to 
have  to  do  with  anything  without  fitness  or 
necessity. 

"Vain  tampering  hat  bat  loitered  bl>  disease  ; 
'TU  desperate. 'r  Cowper:  To*,  V.  668. 

2.  To  meddle  with,  especially  so  as  to  alter, 
corrupt,  or  adulterate ;  to  make  corrupt  or 
not  genuine. 

"The  Nicene  [Creed]  was  tampered  foully  with."— 
Bp.  Taylor:  Liberty  of  Proplietying,  \  8. 

3.  To  interfere  where  one  has  no  business. 

4.  To  practise  secretly,  as  by  bribery  or 
other  unfair   or  underhand   means ;   to  in- 
fluence, or  endeavour  to  influence,  towards  a 
certain  course  by  underhand  or  unfair  means. 

"And  by  subornation,  and  menacing  of,  and  torn. 
fering  with  witnesses."—  Wood  :  Fatti  Oxon.,  i. 

tamp'-er,  s.    [Eng.  tamp ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  tamps ;  one  who  prepares  for 
blasting,  by  stopping  up  the  hole  in  which 
the  charge  is  placed. 

2.  An   instrument   used    in   tamping ;    a 
tamping  bar  or  iron. 

tam'-per-er,  s.  [Eng.  tamper,  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  uses  unfair  or  underhand  means  in  order 
to  influence  a  person  to  his  own  ends. 

tamp   ing,  s.    [Eng.  tamp ;  -ing.} 

1.  Blast. :   Pilling  up  a  blast-hole,  above 
the  charge,  so  as  to  direct  the  force  of  the 
explosion  laterally  and  rend  the  rock. 

2.  Milit.  Mining :  Packing  with  earth,  sand- 
bags, Ac.,  that  part  of  the  mine  nearest  to  the 
charge  to  increase  its  effectiveness  in  a  given 
direction. 

8.  Smelt. :  Stopping  with  clay  the  issues  of 
a  blast-furnace. 

4.  The  material  used  for  any  of  the  above 
purposes;  it  may  be  fragments  of  stone, 
earth,  sand,  or,  in  some  cases,  water. 

tamplng-bar,  tamping  iron,  >. 

Blast. :  A  bar  of  copper,  brass,  or  wood, 
used  in  driving  the  tamping  upon  the  charge 
in  a  blast-hole.  The  name  tamping-iron  is  a 
misnomer. 

tamping  machine,  «. 

Pipe-making:  A  machine  for  packing  clay 
or  the  material  for  artificial  stone  into  a 
mould. 

tamping  plug,  ».  A  stopper  for  a  hole 
in  which  a  blasting-charge  has  been  placed. 


-pj  on,  torn  pi  on,  *tam'-py-on, 

[Fr.  tampon  =  a  bung  or  stopple,  a  nasalized 
form  of  tapoit  =  a  bung  or  stopple,  from  taper 
=  to  stop  with  a  bung,  from  Dut.  tap  =  a 
bung  or  stopple.] 

1.  Ordn. :  The  stopper  of  a  cannon  or  other 
piece  of  ordnance,  consisting  of  a  cylinder  of 
wood  placed  in  the  muzzle  to  exclude  water 
or  dust ;  also  the  wooden  bottom  for  a  charge 
of  grape-shot. 

2.  Music :  A  plug  for  stopping  closely  the 
upper  end  of  an  organ-pipe. 

tam-poe,  tarn-put,  s.    [Malay.] 

Bot.,  <ec. :  The  edible  fruit  of  Hedymrpus 
vnnlayanus,  much  prized  in  the  Eastern 
Archipelago. 

tam   poon,  tam  pon,  t.    [TAMPION. 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  tampion. 

2.  The  bung  of  a  vessel. 

n.  Surg. :  A  plug  or  stopper,  of  rag,  sponge, 
Ac.,  used  in  stopping  hemorrhages. 

t&m'-tam,  torn  -torn,  s.    [Hind.,  from  the 
sound  produced.] 
Music: 

1.  A  kind  of 
native  drum, 
used  in  the  East 
Indies  and  West- 
ern Africa.  It  is 
generally    made 
of  a  hollow  cyl- 
inder formed  of 
fibrous  wood, 
such    as    palm- 
tree,  or  of  earth- 
enware,   having 
each  end  covered 
with  skin.    It  is 

beaten  upon  with  the  fingers  or  open  hand, 
and  produces  a  hollow,  monotonous  sound. 

2.  A  Chinese  gong. 
tamtam-metal,  t. 

Metall. :  An  alloy  of  one  part  of  tin  and 
four  parts  of  copper.  When  rapidly  cooled  it 
is  ductile  and  malleable ;  but  when  cooled 
slowly  it  is  as  hard  and  brittle  as  glass. 

ta  mu'  li-an,  a,    [TAMILIAN.] 

ta-mus,  t.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  taminia  urn, 
the  berry  of  a  wild  climbing  plant,  growing 
on  a  plant,  called  by  the  Romans  tamnia.] 

Bot. :  Black-bryony ;  a  genus  of  Diosco- 
reacese.  Perianth  campanulate,  in  six  deep 
segments;  stigmas  three,  two-lobed.  Berry 
imperfectly  three-celled  ;  seeds  few,  globose. 
Known  species  one  or  two.  Tamus  communis 
is  the  Common  Black  bryony.  [BLACK- 
BRYONY.]  The  young  suckers  of  this  plant 
and  of  T.  cretica  are  eaten  in  Greece,  but  need 
to  be  well  boiled,  else  they  are  purgative  and 
even  emetic. 

tan,  *  tanne,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  tanner,  from  tan 
=  oak-bark,  used  for  tanning.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Lit. :  To  convert  into  leather,  as  the 
skins  of  animals,  by  steeping  them  in  an 
infusion  of  oak  or  other  bark,  by  which  they 
are  impregnated  with  tannin  or  tannic  acid, 
and  thus  rendered  fine,  durable,  and  in  some 
degree  impervious  to  water. 
IT.  Figuratively: 

1.  To  make  brown  ;  to  imbrown  by  exposure 
to  the  rays  of  the  sun  ;  to  sunburn. 
"  And  therefore  did  he  take  a  trusty  band 
To  traverse  AcamKnia's  forest  wide. 
In  war  well  seasoned,  and  with  labours  tanrid  " 
Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  ii.  e«. 

*  2.  To  deprive  of  the  freshness  of  youth  ; 
to  impair  the  freshness  or  beauty  of. 

"  Time  .  .  .  whose  accidents  tan  sacred  bAWnty." 
Sfoifcetp. :  Sonnet  us. 

3.  To  flog,  to  thrash.    (Colloq.  or  slang.) 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  get  or  become  tanned  :  as,  This 
leather  tans  easily. 

2.  Fig. :  To  become  tanned  or  sunburnt. 

tan,  s.  &  a.  [Fr.  tan  =  oak-bark,  used  for 
tanning,  from  Breton  tann  =  an  oak,  tan.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  bark  of  the  oak,  willow,  chestnut, 
larch,  and  other  trees  abounding  in  taunin 
bruised  and  broken  by  a  mill,  and  used  for 


tanning  hides.  After  being  employed  for  tan- 
ning, the  tan  is  used  in  gardens  for  making 
hotbeds,  or  is  pressed  and  used  for  fuel. 

2.  A  yellowish-brown  colour,  like  that  of  tail 

3.  An  imbrowning  of  the  skin  by  exposure 
to  the  sun,  especially  in  tropical  countries. 

B.  At  adj. :  Of  the  colourof  tan  ;  resembling 
tan. 

tan-balls,  s.  pi.  Spent  tan  from  the 
tanner's  yard,  pressed  into  balls  or  lumps, 
whioh  harden  on  drying  and  are  used  aa  fuel 

tan-bark,  ,.  A  bark  containing  taunic 
acid,  and  therefore  valuable  for  tanning.  Also 
( U.  S.),  a  race-track  covered  with  tan-bark. 

tan-bed,s. 

Hart. :  A  bed  made  of  tan ;  a  bark  bed  or 
stove. 

tan-house,  s.  A  building  in  which 
tanners'  bark  is  stored. 

tan-mill,  s.  A  mill  for  breaking  up  bark 
for  tanning. 

tan-pickle,  ».    The  brine  of  a  tan-pit. 
tan-pit,  s. 

1.  A  sunken  vat,  in  which  hides  are  laid  in 
tan. 

2.  A  bark-bed. 

tan-spud,  s.  An  instrument  for  peeling: 
the  bark  from  oak  and  other  trees. 

tan-Stove,  s.  A  hot-house  with  a  bark- 
stove  ;  a  bark-stove. 

tan-turf,  s.  The  same  as  TAN-BALLS  (q.v.). 

tan-vat,  s.  A  vat  in  which  hides  are- 
steeped  in  liquor  with  tan. 

tan-yard,  s.  An  inclosure  where  the 
tanning  of  leather  is  carried  on. 

ta'-na,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Tupaia  tana  ;  a  small  insectivorous- 
mammal,  from  the  forests  of  Sumatra  and 
Borneo,  living  on  or  near  the  ground.  The 
body  is  eight  or  nine  inches  long,  the  colour 
varying  in  different  individuals,  but  usually  of 
some  shade  of  reddish-brown.  A  variety,  in 
which  the  tail  is  of  a  golden-yellow,  is  known 
as  the  Golden-tailed  Tana. 

tan-a  90  -tic,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  tanacet(um) 
(q.v.);  Eng.  suff.  -ic.]  Of,  belonging  to,  ex- 
isting in,  or  derived  from  the  Tansy  (q.  v.). 

tanacetic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  An  acid  said  to  exist  in  the  common 
tansy.  It  is  crystalline,  and  is  soluble  in 
water  and  in  alcohol. 

tan-a-ce'-tin,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  tanacet(um) ; 
-in  (CKem.).-\ 

Chem. :  A  yellowish-white  granular  mass 
extracted  from  the  leaves  and  flowers  of  th» 
tansy.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol,  very  soluble  in  ether,  has  a  bitter, 
sharp  taste,  and  is  precipitated  by  plumbic, 
ferric,  and  mercurous  salts,  not  by  tannic- 
acid. 

tan  a  90  turn,  i.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  ltd. 
tanocelo  =  a  bed  of  tansy.]  [TANSY.] 

Bot. :  Tansy ;  a  genus  of  Composites,  sub- 
tribe  Artemisieffi.  Strong  -  scented  herbs, 
often  shrubby  below.  Leaves  alternate, 
generally  much  divided  ;  heads  solitary  or 
corymbose,  stibglobose  discoid,  yellow ;  in- 
volucre hemispherical,  imbricated ;  receptacle 
naked  ;  ligulate  florets  short  and  tritid  or 
wanting ;  pappus  none,  the  achenes  angled, 
crowned  with  a  large  epigynous  disc  and 
having  a  membranous  margin.  Found  ia 
most  continents.  Known  species  about  fifty. 
One  is  the  Common  Tansy.  Tanacetum  teitni- 
/oiiun,  from  Kumaon  and  Western  Thibet,  is 
used  by  the  natives  for  flavoring  puddings. 

tan  ae'-9i  um,  «.  [Or.  Tamijiojc.  (tanalkU)  = 
with  a  long  point  or  edge ;  aarj  (aki)  =  a  point, 
an  edge.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Crescentiaceas.  Climbing 
shrubs,  often  with  rooting  branches,  simple 
or  trifoliolate  leaves,  and  white,  pink,  violet, 
or  scarlet  flowers,  found  in  the  West  Indies 
and  South  America.  The  pulp  of  Tanaxium 
Jarowa  is  eaten,  and  poultices  are  prepared 
from  it.  The  fruit  of  T.  albiflorum  of  Jamaica 
is  also  employed  for  poultices.  The  berry  el 
T.  lilacinum  of  Guiana  is  edible.  It  is  used 
for  dyeing  cotton  cloth  and  straw  furniture. 


fete,  fat,  Hire,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  wi.  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  «ir,  marine;  go,  p8tv 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin;  mate,  cab.  care,  unite,  our,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    ee,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


tanager— tanghin 


4617 


-r,  '•  [From  Angara,  the  Brazilian 
uame  of  some  of  th«  species.] 

Ornitlt. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  family  Tanagridte  (q.v.).  They  were  for- 
merly classed  with  Fringillidse,  and  have  all 
the  essential  characters  of  the  Finches,  but 
are  so  far  modilied  as  to  feed  on  soft  fruits 
and  insects.  They  are,  for  the  most  part, 
DirdB  of  very  brilliant  plumage ;  more  than 
300  species  are  known,  all  American,  most  of 
them  belonging  to  the  warmer  portions  of 
that  continent,  though  some  are  visitors  to 
the  United  States. 

tin'-a-gra,  i.    (Mod.  Lat.]    [TASAOER.] 

Ornith, :  The  type-genus  of  the  family  Tana- 
gridte  (q.v.),  with  twelve  species,  ranging 
from  Mexico  to  Bolivia  and  La  Plata. 

tin-ag'-ri-dsB,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tanagr^a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.] 

Ornith. :  A  family  of  Fringilliformes,  for- 
merly made  a  sub-family  of  Fringillidte,  with 
forty  three  genera,  almost  peculiar  to  the 
Neotropical  region,  only  one  genus  extend- 
ing into  the  eastern  United  States  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  Primaries  nine  ;  bill 
usually  conical,  sometimes  depressed  or  at- 
tenuated, usually  more  or  less  triangular  at 
base,  and  with  the  cutting  edges  not  much 
inflected,  sometimes  toothed  or  notched ;  legs 
short,  claws  curved, 

ttan-a-gri'-nse,  >.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  (onayr<a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.]  [TAHAOBID*.] 

t&n  -a  grine,  a.  [TASAORIN.S.]  Resembling 
a  tanager ;  of  or  belonging  to  the  family  Tana- 
gridae  (q.v.). 

tin  a  Is,  i.  [Lat.,  .from  Or.  Tarait  (Tanafe) 
=  the  Don.) 

Zool. :  Cheliferous  Slaters ;  a  genus  of 
Cursorial  Isopods,  with  certain  affinities  to 
the  Macroura  and  to  the  Amphlpoda.  They 
have  a  carapace,  the  lateral  parts  of  which 
are  very  vascular,  and  are  used  for  respira- 
tion. The  first  pair  of  legs  are  converted  into 
chelee,  the  six  other  pairs  being  simple.  The 
male  is  dimorphic. 

Tan-chel'-ml  anj,  Tan-que  lin'-i  an$ 
(qu  as  k),  a.  pi.'  [See  del] 

Church  Hiit. :  A  fanatical  sect  which  arose 
In  the  Netherlands,  under  the  leadership  of 
Tanchel  or  Tanquelin,  who,  about  1115,  pro- 
claimed that  he  was  the  Son  of  God,  and 
caused  chnrches  to  be  erected  in  his  honour. 
After  leading  a  licentious  life  for  gome  years, 
he  was  killed  at  Antwerp  in  1125.  His 
followers  were  restored  to  the  Church  by  the 
instrumentality  of  St  Norbert,  the  founder  of 
the  Praemonstratensians. 

tan  dcm,  adv.  &  *  [A  pun  on  the  Lat. 
tandem  =  at  length,  after  a  certain  interval  of 
time.] 

A.  At  adv. :  One  behind  the  other,  as  horses, 

cyclists,  &c.     [See  TANDF.M,  «.] 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  term  applied  to  two  horses  harnessed 
one  in  front  of  the  other;   the  front  horse 
being  termed  the  leader,  and  the  rear  one  the 
wheeler. 

2.  A  form  of  cycle  made  for  two  persons  to 
ride,  one  behind  the  other. 

"  Some  of  the  earlier  specimens  of  the  front-stor- 
ing tandem  were  furnished  with  four  wheel*."— field, 
llay  21. 18BT. 

tandem-cart,  «.  A  kind  of  dog-cart 
drawn  by  a  tandem.  [TANDEM,  B.  1.] 

•  tone,  pa.  par.  of  v.    [TAKEN.] 

ting  (1),  *  tongge,  «.  [O.  Dat.  tanner  = 
sharp,  tart ;  M.  H.  G.  zanger  =  sharp,  sharp- 
tasted.] 

1.  Lit. :  A  strong  taste  or  flavour,  especially 
'  a  taste  of  something  extraneous  to  the  thing 

"  It  Is  said  of  the  best  oyl  tlmt  It  hath  no  taat,  that 
la.  oo  tang."— Fuller:  Worthies ;  England. 

2.  Fig. :  Specific  flavour  or  quality ;  dis- 
tinctive tinge,  taint,  or  the  like ;  a  twang. 

"  According  to  that  of  Euripides,  wlilch  yet  has  A 
tang  of  pruphanenees."— Cudvrorth :  IntelL  System, 
p.  871. 

•  tang  (2),  «.    [An  imitative  word  ;  cf.  ting.] 
A  sound,  a  tone  ;  a  twang  or  sharp  sound. 

"  For  she  had  a  tonffne  with  a  tuna, 
Would  cry  to  a  sailor,  Go  hang.' 

Shakesp.  :  Tempest,  U.  S. 


tang  (3),  •  tango,  *  tongge,  i.  [Icel.  tangi 
=  a  spit  or  projection  of  land  ;  a  tang  ;  long 
(genit.  <a«0ar)  =  »  smith's  tongs;  tengja  = 
to  fasten.] 

1.  The  shamk  of  a  knife,  chisel,  file,  4c., 
which  is  inserted  in  the  haft. 

2.  The  projecting  part  of  the  breech  of  a 
musket,  which  goes  into  the  stock. 

3.  The  part  of  a  sword-blade  to  which  the 
hilt  is  fastened. 

4.  The  tongue  of  a  buckle. 

tang-chisel,  ».  A  chisel  with  a  tang  for 
insertion  in  a  handle  ;  in  contradistinction  to 
a  socket-chisel,  which  has  a  hollow  tang  to 
receive  the  handle. 

tang  fish,  s.    The  seal.    (Shetland.) 

tang  (4),  >.  [TANOLt]  Various  kinds  of  sea- 
weed (Laminaria  digitata,  Fuctts  nodosus.) 

"  Calling  It  the  sea  of  weeds,  or  flag,  or  rush,  or 
tang." — Bp.  Richardson  i  Choice  Observations,  p.  11. 

tang,  v.t.  &  i.    [TANO  (2),  a.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  sound ;  to  utter 
loudly.    (Shakesp. :  Twelfth  Night,  it  6.) 

B.  Intrans. ;  To  ring.    (Shakesp.:   Twelfth 
Night,  iii.  4.) 

U  To  tang  bees :  To  strike  two  pieces  of 
metal  together,  and  so  to  produce  a  loud 
sound,  to  induce  a  swarm  of  bees  to  settle. 

tan'-ga-lung,  s.    [Native  name.] 

ZooL :  Viverra  tangalunga,  from  Java.  It 
is  about  thirty  inches  in  length,  of  which  the 
tail  constitutes  one-third.  Ground  colour 
yellowish-gray,  striped  and  dotted  with  black. 

*  tan'-gen$e,  *.  [Lat.  tangent  —  touching.] 
[TANGENT.]  A  touching ;  tangency. 

If  Point  of  tangence :  The  point  of  contact 
of  a  tangent  line. 

tan'-gen-^jf.  s.  [Eng.  tangen\f);  -cy.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tangent ;  a  contact 
or  touching. 

*  H  Problem  of  tangendes :  A  branch  of  the 
geometrical  analysis,  the  general  object  of 
which  was  to  describe  a  circle  passing  through 
given  points,  and  touching  straight  lines  or 
circles  given  in  position,  the  number  of  data 
being  always  limited  to  three. 

tan  -gent,  a,  &  s.  [Lat.  tangens,  pr.  par.  of 
tango  —  to  touch.] 

A.  A3  adj. :  Touching  ;  in  geometry,  touch- 
ing in  a  single   point :   as.  a  tangent   line, 
tangent  curves,  &c. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Geom. :  A  straight  line  which  meets  or 
touches  a  circle  or  curve  in  one  point,  and 
which,  being  produced,  will  not  cut  it.     In 
Euclid  (III.  16,  Cor.)  it  is  proved  that  any  line 
drawn  at  right  angles  to  the  diameter  of  a 
circle  at  its  extremity  is  a  tangent  to  the  circle. 

2.  Trig. :  The  tangent  of  an  arc  or  angle  is 
a  straight  line,  touching  the  circle  of  which 
the  arc  is  a  part  at  one  extremity  of  the  arc, 
and  meeting  the  diameter  passing  through 
the  other  extremity  ;  or  it  is  that  portion  of  a 
tangent  drawn  at  the  first  extremity  of  an  arc, 
and  limited  by  a  secant  drawn  through  the 
second  extremity. 

The  tangent  is 
always  draw n 
through  the  initial 
extremity  of  the 
arc,  and  is  rec- 
koned positive  up- 
wards, and  conse- 
quently, negative 
downwards.  The 
tangent  of  an  arc 
or  angle  is  also  the 
tangent  of  its  suj>- 
pleraent.  The  arc 
and  its  tangent 
have  always  a  cer- 
tain  relation  to 
each  other,  and 
when  the  one  is 
given  in  parts  of 


TANOENT. 


A  A  *  A.  Tangent*  of  the  circle ; 
B  r.  Tangent  of  the  arc  B  c, 
or  of  the  Angle  B  D  c,  B  r  it 
also  tangent  of  the  supple- 
ment'BO,  of  the  mrc  B  c.  and 
of  the  supplement  B  D  a  of 
the  angle  B  D  c, 

the  radius,  t lie  other  can  always  be  computed 
by  means  of  an  infinite  series.  Tables  of 
tangents  for  every  arc  from  0°  to  99%  as  well 
as  of  sines,  cosines,  &c.,  are  computed  and 
formed  into  tables  for  trigonometrical  pur- 
poses. Two  curves  are  tangent  to  each  other 
at  a  common  point,  when  they  have  a  common 
rectilinear  tangent  at  this  point.  A  tangent 


plane  to  a  curved  surface  is  the  limit  of  all 
secaut  planes  to  the  surface  through  th6 
point.  The  point  is  called  the  point  of  con- 
tact. Two  surfaces  are  tangent  to  each  other 
when  they  have,  at  least,  one  point  in 
common ;  through  which,  if  any  number  of 
planes  be  passed,  the  sections  cut  out  by  each 
plane  will  be  tangent  to  each  other  at  the 
point.  This  point  is  called  the  point  of 
contact  Another  definition  is  this:  Two 
surfaces  are  tangent  to  each  other  when  they 
have  a  common  tangent  plane  at  a  common 
point.  This  point  is  the  point  of  contact. 

If  (1)  Artificial  tangents:  Tangents  expressed 
by  logarithms. 

(2)  Method  of  tangents:  The  name  given  to 
the  calculus  in  its  early  period.    When  tht 
equation  of  a  curve  is  given,  and  it  is  required 
to  determine  the  tangent  at  any  point,  this  is 
called  the  direct    method  of  tangents,  and 
when  the  subtangent  to  a  curve  at  any  point 
is  given,  and  it  is  required  to  determine  the 
equation  of  the  curve,  this  is  termed  the 
inverse  method  of  tangents.    These  terms  are 
synonymous  with  the  differential  and  integral 
calculus. 

(3)  Natural  tangent*:  Tangents  expressed 
by  natural  numbers. 

(4)  To  go  (or  fly)  off  at  a  tangent :  To  break 
off  suddenly  from  one  course  of  action,  line 
of  thought,  or  the  like,  and  go  on  to  some- 
thing else. 

"  Prom  that  lady  bis  mind  wandered,  by  a  natural 
proceu,  to  the  dingy  couii  ting -house  of  Dodsoii  and 
Fogg.  From  Dodsou  nud  Fogg  a  itfltwoffat  a  tangent 
to  the  very  centre  of  the  history  of  the  queer  client. 
— DicJcmt;  Pickwick,  cb.  xxii. 

tangent -compass,  *.  The  same  as 
TANGENT-GALVANOMETER  (q.v.). 

tangent-galvanometer.,  5.  A  form  of 
galvanometer  in  which  the  length  of  the 
astatic  needle  employed  is  so  short,  in  com- 
parison with  the  diameter  of  the  surrounding 
copper  ring  through  which  the  current  to  be 
measured  is  passed,  that  the  intensities  of 
currents  may  be  regarded  as  proportional  to 
the  tangents  of  the  angles  of  deflection  of  the 
needle.  The  tangents  in  this  case  serve  as  a 
direct  measure  of  the  comparative  intensities. 

tangent  -  plane,  *.  A  plane  which 
touches  a  curved  surface,  as  a  sphere, 
cylinder,  &c. 

tangent-sailing..  *. 

Navig. :  The  same  *&  Middle-latitude  sailing. 
[MIDDLE.] 

tangent-scale,  s. 

Ordn. :  A  species  of  breech-sight  for  cannon. 
Its  base  has  a  curvature  corresponding  to  the 
circumference  of  the  breech  of  the  gun,  and 
its  face  is  cut  into  steps  corresponding  to 
angles  of  elevation.  The  height  for  each  step 
is  found  by  multiplying  the  natural  tangent 
of  the  elevation  in  degrees  by  the  distance 
between  the  base-ring  and  muzzle-sight 

tangent -screw.,  *.  An  endless  screw 
tangentially  attached  to  the  index-arm  of  an 
instrument  of  precision,  enabling  a  delicate 
motion  to  be  given  to  the  arm  after  it  has- 
been  clamped  to  the  limb,  and  permitting 
angular  measurements  to  be  made  with 
greater  exactness  than  could  be  dode  were- 
the  movement  entirely  effected  by  hand. 

tan  gen'-tial  (ti  as  sh),  a.  [Eng.  tangent; 
•ial.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  tangent;  in  the 
direction  of  a  tangent 

"  Gire  the  heavy  planets  their  tangential  motion," 
— Search:  Light  of  Nature,  roL  ii..  pt.  i...  cb,  xxll. 

tangential-force,  *. 

1.  The  same  as  CENTRIFUGAL-FORCE. 

2.  Mach. .'  A  force  which  acts  upon  a  wheel 
In  the  direction  of  a  tangent  to  the  wheel, 
and  this  is  the  direction  in  which  motion  is 
communicated  between  wheels  and  pinions  or 
from  one  wheel  to  another. 

tangential-plane,  «.    A  tangent-plane 

(q.v.)- 

tan  -  gen'  -  tial  - 1$  (t  as  sh).  adv.    [Eng. 

tangential;  -ly.]    In  a  tangential  manner  ;  in 
direction  of  a  tangent. 

tan'-ger-ine,  5.  [See  def.]  An  esteemed 
small-fruited  variety  of  orange  from  Taugiers. 

tan'-ghin,  *.    [TANOHINIA.] 

1.  The  poison  of  Tanghinia  venenifera. 

2.  That  tree  itself.    [TANGHINIA.] 


boil,  boy;  pout,  Jowl;  oat.  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.   ph  =  £ 
-elan,  -tlan  =  sham,  -tlon,  -slon  =  shun; -fioa,  -slon^zhun.   -clous, -Uous. -sious  -  shus.   -ble, -die,  ic.  -  b^l,  d«J. 


4618 


tanghinia— tankard 


ian-ghm  -i-a,  *.  [From  tanghin,  the  Mada- 
gascar name  of  Tanghinia  venentfera*  See 
act] 

Bot. :  Tanghin ;  a  genus  of  Plumiereae.  Co- 
rolla salver-shaped,  the  tube  clavate,  the 
throat  five-toothed,  anthers  subsessUe,  fruit 
a  drupe,  with  one  or  two  seeds.  Only  known 
species,  Tanghinia  venexifera,  called  also 
Cerbera  Tanghin,  the  Ordeal -tree  (q.v.)- 
Leaves  dense,  clustered  towards  the  ends 
•of  the  branches,  somewhat  thu-k,  about  six 
inches  long,  alternate,  lanceolate,  smooth. 
Flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  the  tube  of  the 
corolla  green,  hairy,  and  closed  at  the  mouth 
by  five  green  scales ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  roa*- 
coloured.  It  is  the  kernel  of  the  fruit  which 
is  the  very  poisonous  part. 

tan-gi-bfl  -f-ty,  s.  [Eng.  tangible;  -tty.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tangible  or  per* 
eeptible  to  the  touch  or  sense  of  feeling. 

"Tanffibinty  and  impenetrability,  wer»  elsewhere 
mad*  by  him  the  very  eweiic*  of  body.  "—Cud wwlA  ; 
Intell.  Si/item,  p.  770. 

tan'-gi~ble,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tangibilis,  from 
tango  =  to  touch.] 
I.  Literally: 

1.  Perceptible  to  the  touch  ;  tactile. 

"By  this  MUM  [touch]  the  tangible  qoallttM  of 
bodies  ar«  discerned ;  as  hard.  toft,  smooth,  ruugh, 
dry,  wet,  clammy,  and  the  like."— Locate:  EtonmU 

Hat.  Phiioi..  ch.  xi. 

2.  Capable  of  being  touched  or  grasped. 
IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Capable  of  being  possessed  or  realized  ; 
teal :  as,  tangible  security. 

2.  Readily  apprehensible  by  the  mind;  clear, 
evident. 

"It  promised  *  tangible  gala  to  the  peasantry." — 
Century  Magarine.  Jane,  1888.  p.  253. 

tangible  proper ty,  s. 

Law :  Corporeal  property.    (WKarton.) 

tin -gi-ble-ness,  *.  [Eng.  tangible;  -ness,] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tangible ;  tangi- 
bility. 

tan'-gl-bly;  adv.  [Eng.  tangible);  -fy.J  In 
a  tangible  manner ;  so  as  to  be  perceptible  to 
the  touch. 

tang'-le,  s.  [TANQ  (4),  O  A  water-spirit  of 
the  Orkneys,  which  appeared  sometimes  as  a 
little  horse,  at  other  times  as  a  man  covered 
with  sea-weed. 

Tan'-gier,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  A  fortified  town  of  Morocco  »  short 
distance  south-west  of  Gibraltar* 

Tangier-pea,  s. 

Bot. :  Lathynu  tingitanut. 

TXn'-feler-ine,  s.    [TANGERINE.) 

tan'-gle,  *  tan-gell,  v.t.  A  i,    [TANGLE,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  unite  or  knit  together  In  a  confused 
or  involved  manner;  to  ravel ;  to  interweave 
or  interlace,  as  threads,  so  as  to  make  it  diffi- 
cult to  unravel. 

"  His  speech  was  like  a  tangled  chain." 

Skiketp. :  Xidtummer  Might' t  Drtam,  T. 

2.  To  ensnare,  to  entrap,  to  catch,  to  en- 
tangle. 

44  And  well  th'  Impostor  knew  all  lure*  and  art* 
That  Lucifer  e'er  taught  to  tangle  hearts." 

Moore  :   Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorattan. 

3.  To  embroil,  to  embarrass,  to  involve,  to 

complicate. 

1  Thei  haoe  bene  tangled  with  a  certain  fellah  and 
•ancred  rile  luperstition." —  Bp.  Gardner:  Of  True 
Obedience,  f ol. «. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  be  or  become  entangled  or 
ravelled. 

tangle- foot,  *.  A  cant  term  for  whiskey, 
especially  that  of  poor  quality.  (V.  S.) 

tan'-gle,    s.      [A  frequent,  from  tang  =  sea- 
wee- 1  ;  Dan.  tang ;   8w.  t&ng ;  Icel.  thang  = 
kelp  or  bladder-wrack ;  thonguil  —  sea-weed ; 
Ger.  tang  =  sea-weed.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
L  One  or  two  species  of  sea-weed  belonging 
to  the  genus  Laminaria  (q.v.).     [II.  1.] 

"  The  young  stalks  of  Laminaria  digitata  and  toe- 
ckarina  an  eat«n  under  the  name  of  tangle."— Latd- 
ley  :  Vegetable  Kingdom. 

2.  A  confused  heap  or  knot  of  threads  or 
other  things  interwoven  so  as  not  to  be  easily 
disengaged. 

-  He  leading,  iwiftly  roll'd 
In  tanflet.-  Milton:  P 


3.  Any  perplexity  or  embarrassment, 

4.  A  tall,  lank  person ;  an/  long, 
tiling.    (Scotch.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  Laminaria  digitata.  It  has  a  broad 
frond  one  to  five  feet  long,  cut  into  a  variable 
number  of  segments,  and  sporanges  in  flat 
patches  on  the  extremities  of  the  digitations. 
Very  common  on  the  rocky  coasts  of  Britain. 

t  (2)  Laminaria  sacdiurina.  It  has  a  riband- 
shaped  frond  two  to  twelve  feet  long,  and 
sporanges,  the  situation  of  which  is  indicated 
by  a  longitudinal  brown  mark  in  the  centre 
of  the  frond.  Occurring  with  the  former 
species.  [LAMINARIA.  ] 

2.  Natti.    (PL):    A   contrivance    used    in 
dredging.     In  a  coarse  form  it  has  long  been 
used  in  the  sponge  and  coral  fisheries,  con- 
sisting of  a  bar  supported  on  runners,  and 
serving  to  drag  alter  it  a  series  of  masses  of 
hemp,  each  of  which  is  a  sort  of  mop.    The 
fibres  of  the  hemp  entangle  the  smaller  crus- 
taceans, and  many  of  the  more  minute  and 
delicate  forma  of  marine  life,  without  break- 
ing or  injuring  them  as  the  dredge  is  apt  to. 

tangle-fish,  s.    [NEEDLE-FISH.] 
tangle-picker,  A. 

Ornitk. :  Strepsilas  interpret,  the  Turnstone 
(q.v.X 

"It .  .  .  feeds  on  the  smaller  crosUces  and  the 
soft-bodied  aiihnals  inhabiting  thin  shell*,  turning 
orer  stoueo,  ami  •earebiug  amouc  sea-weed  for  its 
food  :  whence  its  appropriate  Norfolk  name  of  Tangle- 
pic*er,~-rarreil  :  Britith  Bird*  (ed.  4th),  iii  S90. 

tangle-wrack,  *. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Laminaria  (q.v.). 

tan'-gled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Eng.  tangl(e);  -ed.} 
Involved ;  twisted  or  knit  together  con- 
fusedly ;  intricate. 

M  Up  springs  from  yonder  tangled  thorn, 
A  stag  more  white  than  mountain  •now." 

Scott :  The  Chatt,  xlT. 

tan'-gllrig,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TANGLE,  t?.] 

t&n'-gling-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  tangling;  -ly.]  In 
a  tangling  manner;  so  as  to  tangle,  entangle, 
or  embarrass. 

tan'-gl^,  o,    [Eng.  tangl(e);  -jr.] 

1.  Knotted,  entangled,  intricate. 

2.  Covered  with  tangle  or  sea-weed. 

"  Panting,  with  eyce  averted  from  the  day, 
Prone,  helpless,  on  the  tangly  beach  he  lay.* 

falconer:  Shipvreclt,  111. 

t£n'  gram,  t.  [Chinese.]  A  Chinese  toyuaed 
sometimes  in  primary  schools  as  a  means  of 
instruction.  It  consists  of  a  square  of  thin 
wood  or  other  material,  cut  into  seven  pieces 
of  various  shapes,  as  triangle,  square,  paral- 
lelogram, &(•.,  which  pieces  are  capable  of 
being  combined  in  various  ways  so  as  to  form 
a  great  variety  of  figures. 

tangf,*,;*    tToiraB.)   (Scotch.) 

tan g ue,  «.  [A  French  form  of  the  native 
name.]  [TANKEC.] 

tin' -gum,   tan'-gham   tan'-ghan,  s. 

[Thibetan.] 

Zool :  Equu*  variut,  a  variety  or  sub-variety 
of  the  Horse  (Equua  cabollu*).  It  is  considered 
by  Colonel  Hamilton  Smith  to  be  the  primeval 
piebald  stock  of  Thibet.  It  occurs  in  Thibet, 
and,  according  to  Hodgson,  in  China. 

t&n'-i-er,  tan'-nl-er,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Bot. :  Caladium  tagitt&folium.    [CALADIUM, 
EDDOES.] 

*  tan  -1st,  *.    [Irish  tanaiste  =  the  second  in 
rank,  the  presumptive  or  apparent  heir  to  a 
prince,  a  lord  ;  tan  =  a  country,  region,  terri- 
tory.]   One  of  a  family  from  which  the  chiefs 
of  certain  Celtic  races  were  chosen  by  elec- 
tion ;  usually  applied  to  the  actual  holder  of 
the  lands  and  honours,  and  frequently  to  his 
chosen  successor,    [TANISTKY.] 

"The  chieftain*  and  the  tanitts,  though  drawn  from 
the  principal  families,  were  not  hereditary,  but  were 
established  by  election.'— fume ;  Mitt.  Kng.  (an.  is  1 2). 

*  tan'-ist-ry,  .?.    [Eng.  tanist ;  -ry.]   A  mode 
of  tenure  among  various  Celtic  tribes,  accord- 
ing to  which  the  tanist  or,  holder  of  lands  or 
honours  had  only  a  life  estate  in  them,  and 
his   successor  was   appointed    by   election-. 
According  to  this  system  the  right  of  suc- 
cession was   hereditary  In   the  family,  but 
elective  in  the  individual.    The  primitive  in- 


tention seems  to  have  been  that  the  inherit- 
ance should  descend  to  the  most  worthy  of 
the  blood  and  name  of  the  deceased.  This 
was  in  reality  giving  it  to  the  strongest,  and 
the  practice  often  occasioned  bloody  wars  in 
families. 

"  The  Irish  bold  their  lauds  by  tanlttry,  which  is 
no  more  tlian  a  pera»iial  estate  for  hU  life-time  th&t 
w  taiiist,  by  reason  he  is  admitted  thereunto  by  elec 
tlon."— Spwiter  :  state  of  Ireland. 

ta'-nite,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  trade  name 
of  a  cement  of  emery  and  some  binding  mate- 
rial, used  as  a  compound  fur  grinding  wheels, 
disks,  laps,  and  in  other  forms. 

tanite  shaper,  s.  A  device  for  shaping 
and  sharpening  nioulding-bits,  cutters,  auws, 
and  other  wood-working  tools. 

tank  (1),  *.  [Port,  tangue  =  a  tank,  a  pond. 
Tank  and  stank  are  the  same  word ;  Sp.  «*- 
tangue;  O.  Fr.  tstanc;  Fr.  etang;  Trov.  estanc, 
stanc. ;  Hal.  stctgno,  from  Lat.  stagnum  =  a 
pool.]  [STANK,  s.,  STAGNANT.] 

1.  A  cistern  or  vessel  of  large  size  to  con- 
tain liquids ;  specifically— 

(1)  That  part  of  a  tender  which  contains  the 
water.    The  tank  varies  in  size,  according  to 
the  power  of  the  engine. 

(2)  A  reservoir  from  which  the  tank  of  the 
tender  is  filled. 

(3)  A  cistern  for  storing  water  on  board  ship 

(4)  The  cistern  of  a  gas-holder,  in  which  the 
lower  edge  of  the  inverted  chamber  is  beneath 
the  water-surface,  forming  a  seal  for  the  gas. 

(5)  The  term  is  also  applied  to  a  chamber 
or  vessel  in  which  a  liquid  is  stored  for  dis- 
pensing or  occasional  use,  as  with  oil,  molasses, 
vinegar,  wine,  spirits,  and  other  articles  kepi 
in  stock,  for  sale  in  measured  quantities. 

2.  A  reservoir  of   water  for  irrigation  or 
other  purposes.    (East  Indies.) 

tank-ear,  s. 

Rail.-engin. :  A  large  tank  mounted  on  a 
platform  truck,  for  carrying  petroleum  or 
other  liquid. 

tank-engine,  tank  locomotive,  s. 

RaiL-engin. :  An  engine  having  a  tank  or 
tanks  enabling  it  to  carry  a  supply  of  water 
sufficient  for  its  own  consumption  without  a 
tender.  Such  are  used  for  yard-engines,  foi 
side-lines  of  limited  length,  and  for  ascending 
grades  with  moderate  loads.  The  boiler  and 
machinery  are  carried  on  the  driving-wheels, 
and  the  variable  weight  of  water  and  fuel  on 
the  tank-truck. 

tank-iron,  s.  Plate-Iron,  thicker  than 
sheet  or  stove-pipe  iron,  but  thinner  than 
boiler-plate. 

tank-valve,  a. 

RaiL-engin. :  A  form  of  valve  used  tn  loco- 
motive water-supply  tanks,  for  admitting 
water  to  the  discharge-pipe. 

tank-vessel,  ».    Same  as  TANKER. 

tank-worm,  s. 

Zool.  (PL) :  The  Guinea  worm  in  a  certain 
stage  of  its  development,  when  the  young 
have  been  set  free  from  the  body  of  their 
parent  and  inhabit  the  "tanks"  so  common 
in  India.  It  is  supposed  that  it  penetrates 
the  body  of  bathers  when  it  is  very  minute. 

tank  (2),  s.    [Native  name.] 

1.  A  small   East    Indian  dry  measure  of 
about  240  grains  weight. 

2.  A  weight  for  pearls  In  Bombay  of  72 
grains.    (Simmonds.) 

tank  (3),  *.    [TANG  (3),  *.]    The  end  of  a  file, 

chisel,  &c.,  which  is  inserted  into  the  handle; 
a  tang. 

tank  (4),  •.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Bot. :  Pastinaca  sativa. 

tan'-ka,  tan'-kl-a,  *.  [Native  Chinese  name.) 

1.  A  kind  of  boat  at  Canton,  Macao,  &c,f 
rowed  by  women.    It  is  about  25  feet  long. 

2.  A  woman  who  rows  in  such  a  boat. 

tan'-kard,  s.  &  a.  [O.  Fr.  tanquard,  perhaps 
formed  by  metathesis,  from  Lat  canthana; 
Gr.  «di/5opos  (kantharos)  =  a  tankard  ;  O.  Dut 
tanckaert;  Irish  tancard.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  A  large  vessel  for  liquors,  especially  a 


&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  w€t,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
*r,  wore*  wol£  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  nnite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ee,  oe  =  ©;  ey  -  a;  au  =  itw. 


tankia— tantalism 


4619 


targe  drinking  vessel  with  a  cover,  made  of 
pewter,  gold,  silver,  &e. 

8.  Speoif.  :  A  vessel  containing  a  pint  ;  halt 
tankard,  or  small  tankard,  being  used  for  one 
containing  half  -a-pi  nt. 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  tan- 
kard;    hence,     convivial,     festive,    jovial. 
(Milton.) 

*  tankard  bearer,  «.    A  person  who, 
when  London  was  very  iin|«rfectry  supplied 
with  water,  carried  water  about  in  large  tan- 
kards holding  two  or  three  gallons  from  the 
conduits  and  pumps  hi  the  streets. 

tankard  turnip,  s. 

Sort.,  £c.  :  Brassica  rapa  oblonga,  a  variety 
or  sub-  variety  of  turnip  rising  high  above  the 
ground. 

tank'  er,  >.    A  steamship  built  with  tanks  to 
convey  petroleum  in  bulk.    (U.  6.) 

tan  kit  a,  ».    [TANKA.] 

tink'-ite,    s.     [Etym.    doubtful.     Sent   to 
Breithaupt  under  this  name.) 

Min.  :  \  massive  mineral  found  at  Art-ndal, 
Norway,  and  said  to  be  related  to  chiastolite, 
bir  DesCloizeaux  and  Pisani  (the  former  from 
Its  optical  characters,  the  latter  from  its  chem- 
ical composition)  refer  it  to  Anorthite  (q.v.). 

•  tank-ling,  «.    [TAITO,  ».]    A  tinkling. 

•  tan'-llng,  s.    [En?,  tan;  dirain.  snff.  -ling.] 
Qua  tanned  or  scorched  by  the  heat  of  the 
Bun. 

44  To  be  Btill  but  summers  ttuitingt,  and 
The  shrinking  slaves  at  winter* 

:  Cyinbttine.  IT.  4. 


tan'-na,than'-na,than'-a,s.  [Hind,  (tana; 
Mahratte  thane  =  a  station.)  A  police  sta- 
tion ;  a  military  post.  (East  India.) 

tan'-na-ble,  a-  [Eng.  tan;  -able.}  Capable 
of  being  tanned. 

tin'  na-dar,  than'-e-dar,  «.  [Hind,  thane- 
dar.)  The  keeper  or  commandant  of  a  tanna; 
a  petty  police  officer.  (East  India.) 

•tan'-nage  (ag  as  Ig),  ».  (Bng.  ton;  -age.] 
The  act,  operation,  or  result  of  tanning  ;  a 

tanning. 

"  They  should  have  got  his  cheek  fresh  tannage." 
Untuning  :  FligH  of  Uu  Duckea. 

tan-nas-pid'-Xc,  a.     [Eng.  tann(ic);  Mod. 

Lat.  aspid(ium),  and  salt  -ic.]   A  term  applied 
to  tannic  acid  derived  from  the  male  fern. 

tannaspldic-acid,  s. 

Cham.  :  CajHssOn  (>).  A  brown,  shining, 
amorphous  mass,  found  in  the  root  of  the 
male  fern.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  ether,  oil 
of  turpentine,  and  fixed  oils,  but  very  soluble 
in  strong  alcohol  and  in  warm  acetic  acid. 
Ferric  chloride  colours  the  alcoholic  solution 
green,  and  on  adding  ammonia  a  greenish 
powder  is  precipitated. 

tan'-uate,  s.    [Eng.  tann(ic);  -ate.} 
Chan.  :  A  salt  of  tannic  acid. 

tan-ne-cor-te-pi'-nic,  a.    [COBTEPINITAS- 

NIC.J 

tan'-nen-ite,  «.      [After  the  Taunenbaum 

mines,  Saxony  ;  sufi*.  -ite  (Af  in.).} 

At  in.  :  A  bright  metallic  mineral  of  a  tin- 
white  colour,  crystallizing  in  the  ortho- 
rhombic  system.  Compos.  :  sulphur,  ld*l  ; 
bismuth,  62-0  ;  copper,  18-9,  the  resulting 
formula  being  CuS  +  Bi2S3. 

tan  ner  (1),  s.  [Eng.  tan.  v.  ;  •«-.]  One 
whose  occupation  Is  to  tan  hides,  or  convert 
them  into  leather  by  the  use  of  tan. 

"The  bellows  (to  which  a  gun-barrel  served  for  a 
pipe)  had  no  other  inconvenience,  than  that  of  being 
somewhat  strong-scented  from  the  imperfection  of  the 
tanner**  work,"—  A  njon  -•  Foyaga.  bk.  lit,  ch,  ill. 

tanner's  bark,  «.  Bark  of  various  trees 
osed  by  tanners,  spec,  oak  bark,  [BASK  (2), 
B.  3.) 

tanner's  waste,  «.    Hide-cuttings. 

tan'-ner  (2),  «.  [Gipsy  tano=  little.]  A  slang 
expression  for  sixpence.  (Diektnt:  Martin 
ChuKleieit,  ch.  xxxvii.) 

tan'-ner-J,  s.    [Eng.  tan;  -try.] 

1.  A  place  where  the  operations  of  tanning 
are  carried  on. 

2.  The  art  or  practice  of  tanning. 


tan'-nlc,  a.  \V.nx.  tann(iri);  -to.]  Pertaining 
to  or  derived  from  oak  bark. 

tannic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  Tannin.  A  term  applied  to  certain 
astringent  substances  occurring  in  the  bark 
and  other  varts  of  plants,  and  widely  dis- 
tributed, in  one  form  or  another,  throughout 
the  vegetable  kingdom.  They  are  mostly 
amorphous,  have  a  rough  but  not  sour  taste, 
a  slight  acid  reaction,  and  colour  ferric  salts 
dark  blue  or  green.  Their  most  characteristic 
reaction  is  that  of  forming  insoluble  com- 
pounds with  gelatin,  solid  muscular  fibre, 
skin,  Ac.,  which  then  acquires  the  property 
of  resisting  putrefaction,  as  in  the  tanning  of 
leather. 

Tannic  add  of  the  Oak : 

Chem. :  C^H^On.  Gallotannlo  acid,  ex- 
tracted from  nut-galls  by  long  maceration  of 
the  powdered  substance  with  a  mixture  of 
four  parts  of  ether  and  one  part  of  alcohol. 
It  forms  a  slightly  yellowish,  porous  mass, 
very  soluble  In  water,  less  so  in  alcohol, 
slightly  soluble  in  ether,  reddens  litmus,  and 
possesses  a  pure  astringent  taste.  It  forms 
neutral  and  basic  salts,  the  latter  absorbing 
oxygen  from  the  air  and  becoming  brown. 

t&n'-al-er,  ».    [TINIER.] 

tan-ni  ge-nam'-ie,  a.  [Eng.  tannify) ;  Gr. 
yewaia  (gennao)  =  to  produce,  and  Eng,  amic.] 
Derived  from  or  containing  tannic  acid  and 
ammonia. 

tanulgenamtc  -  acid,   «.     [GALLAXIO- 

ACID.J 

tan'-nln,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Mod.  Lat.  tanninum.] 
[TAN,  TANNIC-ACID.) 

tan'-ning,  pr.  far.,  a.,  Ic  s.    [TAN,  ?.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  it  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

"  There  was  a  tanning  company,  which  promised  to 
furnish  leather  superior  to  the  best  that  was  brought 
from  Turkey."— Jfacaufajt :  Hilt.  Bng.,  ch.  lix. 

C.  As  substantive : 

X.  Lit. :  The  art,  practice,  or  process  of  con- 
verting raw  hides  and  skins  into  leather  by 
combining  with  the  substance  of  the  skin  any 
othpr  compound  which  has  the  property  of 
rendering  it  imputrescible  and  elastic.  The 
agent  most  generally  employed  is  a  soluble 
vegetable  extract  termed  tannin,  which  forms 
insoluble  compounds  with  the  albumen, 
gluten,  gelatin,  and  other  components  of  the 
skin.  Another  class  of  agents  which  fortify 
the  fibrous  portions  of  skins  against  the  joint 
attack  of  warmth,  air,  and  moisture  are  min- 
erals, which  seem  to  act  as  preservative  salts 
on  the  gelatino-librous  structure  of  the  skin. 
Such  are  alum  and  salt,  and  copperas.  The 
larger  and  heavier  skins,  as  those  of  buffaloes, 
oxen,  or  the  like,  are  technically  known  as 
hides ;  those  of  smaller  animals,  as  of  sheep, 
calves,  &c.,  are  skins.  The  skius  are  first 
stripped  of  the  hair,  wool,  and  fleshy  parts  by 
steeping  in  pits  containing  lime-water  of 
various  strengths.  They  are  then  washed  in 
water,  scraped  to  get  rid  of  adhering  lime,  the 
ears  and  projecting  parts  cut  off,  and  are  then 
ready  for  the  tan-pits — wooden-lined  vats, 
whose  tops  are  level  with  the  ground.  Into 
these  the  skins  and  the  ground  bark,  or  ooze 
previously  extracted  therefrom,  are  put.  The 
skins  are  usually  placed  in  horizontal  layers, 
but  are  sometimes  suspended  vertically.  In 
the  process  of  handling,  the  hides  are  taken 
out  with  blunt-pointed,  long-handled  books, 
placed  one  over  another,  on  a  sloping  rack 
over  an  adjacent  pit,  and  permitted  to  drain 
for  one  or  two  hours.  It  is  common  to  put 
the  skins  at  first  into  nearly  spent  ooze,  and 
transfer  them  successively  to  stronger  oozes. 
Those  In  which  the  tanning  is  effected  are 
called  handler-liquor;  stronger  oozes,  used 
for  giving  the  bloom  on  the  surface,  are 
termed  layer-liquor. 

"The  Lord  Treasurer  Burlelgh  (who  always  consulted 
artificers  in  their  own  art)  wait  indoctrinated  by  a 
,    eobler  in   the    true    tanning  of  leather."— Fuller: 
|     WartMa:  Jliddtaez. 

*    IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Appearance  or  hue  of  a  brown  colour 
produced  on  the  skin  by  the  action  of  the  sun. 

2.  A  thrashing,  a  Bogging.    (Slang.) 

tan-nm-gen'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  tannin;  Or. 
Ywaw  (;;<'n/u«J),  and  suflf.  -ic.]  Containing 
tannic  acid.  . 

tanningenic-acid,  i.    [CATECHISE.] 


TANSY. 
I  Male   flower:    a.  Fruit; 
8.    luTolucrJ    bract;   I 
Fenwle  fkmer. 


tan-nom'  8-ter,  5.  [Eng.  tunn(in1 ;  a  con. 
nect.,  and  meter.]  A  hydrometer  for  deter- 
mining the  strength  of  tanning  liquor. 

tan'-rec,  *    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Centetts  ecatidatus,  a  small  nocturnal 
insectivorous  mammal  from  Madagascar  and 
the  neighbouring  islands.  It  i.s  about  fifteen 
inches  long,  of  which  nearly  oue-tliird  is  oc- 
cupied by  the  elongated  head  ;  the  body  is 
covered  with  bristles,  hairs,  and  spines,  the 
latter  forming  a  sort  of  collar  round  thv  ni-ck. 
General  colour,  tawny  ;  in  the  young  there 
are  said  to  be  longitudinal  yellow  streaks, 
which  disappear  with  age.  They  feed  princi- 
pally on  earthworms,  for  which  they  root 
with  their  pointed  snouts,  like  pigs.  Their 
flesh  is  said  to  resemble  that  of  the  sucking- 
pig,  but  to  have  a  musky  odour.  [CENTETEB, 

OTKEAKEO-TANREC.) 

tan'- s^,  "tan'-zejf,  «.  [Etym.  unknown 
(LiUre),  doubtful  (Sir  /.  Hooker) ;  O.  Fr.  (KV 
anasie ;  Fr.  taiiacee,  tanaisie;  Low  Lat.  athan- 
osia,  the  name  under 
which  the  tansy  was 
sold  in  the  shops  in 
Lyle'stJmejGr.afcu" 
atria  (athaii'rsia)  — 
immortality,  a  priva- 
tive, and  Oavaroc 
(thanafos)  =  death. 
(Prior.)] 

1.  Sot. :  Tanacetum 
vulgare.  It  Is  about 
one  to  three  feet  high, 
has  bipinnatifld,  in- 
ciso  -  serrate  leaves, 
and  flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal corymb.  It  it 
found  in  waste  places 
in  Britain,  but  often 
doubtfully  wild.  The 
whole  plant  is  bitter 
and  aromatic.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  do- 
mestic economy  as  an  ingredient  in  puddings, 
omelets,  &c.,  or  for  garnishing  dishes;  and 
medicinally  as  an  anthelmintic  and  a  febrifuge. 

*  2.  Coofc  ;  A  favourite  dish  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  and  even  later,  made  of  eggs, 
cream,  rose  water,  sugar,  and  the  Juice  of 
herbs,  as  endive,  spinach,  sorrel,  tansy,  and 
baked  with  butter  in  a  shallow  pewter  dish. 

IT  Wild  Tansy : 

Sol. :  (I)  PotentiUa  anserina.  So  named 
because  the  leaves  are  much  divided  like 
those  of  the  tansy.  Called  also  Goose  tansy. 
(2)  Ag rimonia  Evpatoria.  (Britten  £  Holland.) 

tant,  >.    [TAINT.]    A  small  red  spider. 

*  tan-ta'-ll  an,  a.  [TANTALUS.]  Tantalizing, 
unprofitable. 

"  Get  much  tantalbin  wealth,' 

Juliet :  Wittf't  Pilgrimage*  9*  *L 

tan-tal'-fa,  a.  [Eng.  tantaHum);  -te.)  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  tantalum  (q.  v.). 

tantalic  acid,  >.    [TANTALIC-OZIDE.] 

tantalic  chloride,  «. 

Chem. :  TaCla>  Obtained  as  a  yellow  sub- 
limate when  a  mixture  of  tantalic  oxide  and 
charcoal  is  Ignited  in  a  stream  of  chlorine 
gas.  It  is  decomposed  by  water  yielding  hy- 
drochloric acid  and  hydrated  tantalic  oxide. 
Heated  to  144°,  it  volatilizes,  and  at  221* 
melts  to  a  yellowish  liquid. 

tantallc-ochre,  t. 

Min. :  An  oxide  of  tantalum  of  a  brownish 
colour,  said  to  occur  on  crystals  of  tautalito 
at  Pennikoja,  Somero,  Finland. 

tantalic  oxide,  s. 

Chem. :  TajOs.  Produced  by  burning  tan- 
talum in  the  air.  The  anhydrous  oxide  is  a 
white  powder,  varying  in  density  from  7*02  to 
8-26,  and  is  insoluble  in  all  acids.  Hydrated 
tantalic  oxide,  or  tantalic  acid,  is  obtained  by 
adding  water  to  an  aqueous  solution  of  potas- 
sium tanfcalate.  It  is  a  snow-white,  bulky 
powder,  soluble  in  hydrochloric  and  hydro- 
fluoric acids. 

"  tan-t^-li'-nai,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tantal(iu); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suit;  -inm.] 

Ornith.  :  In  some  classifications  a  sub- 
family of  Ardeidae. 

tan'-tal-ise,  v.t.    [TANTALIZE.] 

•  tin  -tai-I»m,  s.     [TANTALIZE.]    A  punisk- 
nient  like  that  of  Tantalus;  a  teasing  or 


boll,  bojf ;  pout,  Jowl ;  oat.  cell,  chorus,  coin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan, -tlan  =  shan.   -tton,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon.  -fion  =  rhun.   -oioas,  -tious,  -sious  =  shas.   -ble, -die,  &c.  =  beL  deL 


4620 


tantalite -tap 


tormenting  by  the  hope  or  near  approach  of 
that  which  is  desired,  but  which  is  not  attain- 
able ;  tantalization. 

"  A  lively  representation  of  a  person  lying  under  ti, 

torments  of  such  ft  kind  of  tantalitm."—Adduon 

Spectator.  No.  90. 

tan'-tal-ite,  s.     [Bug.  tantal(um);  suff.  -He 

Mill. :  An  orthorhorabic  mineral  of  rare  oc- 
currence, found  in  granitic  rocks  rich  in 
albite  or  oligoclase.  Hardness,  6  to  6-5  ;  sp. 
gr.  7  to  8  ;  lustre,  metallic ;  colour,  black  ; 
streak,  reddish-brown  to  black  ;  opaque, 
brittle.  Compos. :  a  tantalate  of  the  pro- 
toxides of  iron  and  manganese,  part  of  the 
tantalic-acid  being  sometimes  replaced  by 
oxide  of  tin,  forming  a  sttnno-tautalate.  For- 
mula (FeOMnO),  Ta05. 

tan-ta'-lJ-um,  s.    [TANTALUM.] 

tan-tal-i-za'-tlon,  ».  [Eug.  tantalise); 
-ation.]  The  act  of  tantalizing;  the  state  of 
being  tantalized. 

"  Bozinante's  pains  and  tantaliiatifint  In  this  night's 
round."— Oayton  :  feitieout  .Vvtet. 

tan' -tal-ixe,  v.t.  [Formed  from  the  proper 
name  Tantalus,  with  suff.  -ize  (Fr.  -iser  ;  Lat. 
-i*o ;  Gr.  -t£w)  ;  Fr.  tantaliser.]  To  tease  or 
torment  by  presenting  something  desirable  to 
the  view,  but  continually  frustrating  the 
expectations  by  keeping  it  out  of  reach  ;  to 
excite  expectations  or  fears  which  will  not  be 
realized :  to  tease,  to  torment 

"  I  should  otherwise  hftTe  felt  exceedingly  tan. 
tamed  with  living  under  the  walls  of  so  great  a  city 
full  of  objects  of  novelty,  without  being  able  to  enter 
If-Coo*.-  TMrd  Voyage,  bk.  vt.  ch.  S 

tan -tal-iz-er,   s.     [Eng.    tantalise);    -tr.] 

One  who  tantalizes. 

"  I  made,  however,  no  discovery  of  my  determina- 
tion to  this  tantaliter."—  Wakefield  :  Memoirt,  p.  2x7. 

tan'-tal-iz-lng,  pr.  par.  &  a,    [TANTALIZE.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.:  Teasing  or  tormenting  by  pre- 
senting to  the  view  something  unattainable ; 
tormenting. 

"  In  this  tantalising  situation  the  Gloucester  con- 
tinued for  near  ft  fortnight,  without  being  able  to 
fetch  the  road."-  A  mm:  Voyage*,  bk.  U,.  55!  It 

tan'-tal-iz-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tantalizing; 
•ly.\  In  a  tantalizing  manner;  so  as  to 
tantalize ;  by  tantalizing. 

tan-talum, ».  [TANTALUS.  Named  from  the 
difficulty  with  which  it  was  obtained.] 

Chern.:  A  pentad  metallic  element,  syrnb. 
Ta,  at.  wt.  182,  discovered,  in  1803,  by  Eke- 
berg,  in  the  minerals  tantalite  and  yttrotanta- 
lite.  The  metal  is  obtained  by  heating  the 
flnotantalate  of  potassium  or  sodium,  with 
metallic  sodium  in  a  covered  iron  crucible, 
cooling,  and  washing  out  the  soluble  salts 
with  water.  It  is  a  black  powder,  insoluble 
in  sulphuric,  hydrochloric,  nitric,  or  even  in 
nitrohydrochloric  acid,  but  is  slowly  dissolved 
In  warm  aqueous  hydrofluoric  acid,  very  ra- 
pidly when  nitric  acid  is  present  When 
heated  in  the  air,  it  burns  with  a  bright  light, 
being  converted,  though  with  difficulty,  into 
tantalic  oxide. 

Tan-ta-lug,   «.      [Lat,  from  Gr.  TorroAot 


L  Class.  Myth. :  A  king  of  Lydia,  and  son 
of  Jupiter,  who,  for  an  offence  committed 
(gains!  his  father,  was  condemned  to  stand 
In  the  lower  world  up  to  the  chin  in  water, 
which  constantly  eluded  his  lip  as  often  as  he 
attempted  to  quench  the  thirst  that  tormented 
him.  Over  his  head  grew  all  kinds  of  fruits ; 
but  whenever  he  reached  forth  his  hands  to 
take  them,  the  wind  scattered  them  to  the 
clouds. 

t  2.  Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Wading  Birds,  the 
type  of  the  old  sub-family  Tantalinse,  vari- 
ously placed  in  different  classifications.  Ac- 
cording to  Wallace  it  belongs  to  the  Ciconiidte, 
with  five  species  from  the  Ethiopian,  Ori- 
ental and  Neotropical  regions,  and  the  south- 
east of  North  America,  The  genus  is  akin  to 
lbi»,  but  with  a  stronger  bill.  One  of  the 
•pecies,  *  Tantalus(=  t  Ibis  =  Plegadw)  falein- 
ellKS,  the  Gloomy  Ibis,  is  an  occasional  British 
visitor.  (Yarrell :  Brit.  Birds,  ed.  4th,  iv.  213.) 

Tantalus'  cup,  s.  A  philosophical  toy, 
consisting  of  a  siphon  so  adapted  to  a  cup 
that,  the  short  leg  being  in  the  cup,  the  long 
leg  may  go  down  through  the  bottom  of  it. 
The  siphon  is  concealed  within  the  figure  of  a 


man,  whose  chin  is  on  a  level  with  the  bend 
of  the  siphon.    Hence,  as  soon  as  the  water 

rises  up  to  the  

chin  of  the  irn-          /SSSi  f^^^^t 

age,  it  begins  to 

subside,  so  that 

the  figure,  like 

Tantalus  in  the 

fable,  is  unable 

to    quench    its 


* ."  TANTALUS'  CUP. 

[TANTAMOUNT,  a.]  To  be  tantamount  or  equi- 
valent. 

"That  which  hi  God's  estimate  may  tantamount  to 
a  direct  undervaluing. *  —  Up,  Taylor:  £pitcopacy 
Auerted,  {  31. 

tan  -ta  moilnt,   *  tan-ta-mont,  a.     [Fr. 

tant  (Lat.  tantus)  =  so  much,  as  much ;  Eu£. 
amount.]  Equivalent  in  value,  force,  signifi- 
cation, or  effect 

"  Whenever  the  Liberals  bring  forward  ft  motion  re- 
garded by  all  sides  as  tantamount  to  a  vote  of  want  ol 
oonndence."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  is,  1884. 

*tan-ta-mount'-ing-ly,  adv.  [TANTA- 
MOUNT.] Kquivalently  ;  in  effect 

"  Tantamountinaly  to  give  bar  the  lie."— fuller: 

Church  BiO..  IL  It  ffl. 

tan'-tt-ty,  s.    [QUANTITY.] 

*  tan-tlV-y,  adv.  &  «.    [From  the  note  of  a 
hunting-horn.] 

A.  As  adv. :  Swiftly,  speedily. 
&.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  rapid,  violent  gallop. 

2.  A  mixture  of  haste  and  violence ;  a  rush, 
a  torrent 

"  Sir.  I  expected  to  hear  from  yon  la  the  language  oj 
the  lost  groat,  and  the  prodigal  son.  and  not  in  sue' 
tantify  of  language."— Cleaveland. 

3.  An  adherent  of  the  Court  in  the  time  of 
Charles  II. ;  a  royalist    (Probably  from  the 
fox-hunting  habits  of  the  country  squires  of 
the  period.) 

"  Collier  .  .  .  was  ft  Tory  of  the  highest  sort,  such 
as  In  the  cant  of  his  age  was  called  a  tantivy.  —Ma. 
caulay  :  Suttyl  ;  Comic  Dramatittt  of  the  Rettoratian. 

1  To  ride  tantivy :  To  ride  with  great  speed. 

*  tan-tlV-y,  v.l.    (TANTIVY,  adv.]    To  hurry 
off ;  to  go  off  in  a  hurry. 

"Where  are  they  Rone  t<intl9ying)"—Mad.  ffAr. 
Nay:  Camilla,  btllC,  ch.  vllt 

•tant  ling,  ».  [Based  on  tantalite  (q.v.).] 
One  seized  with  the  hope  of  things  unattain- 
able. 

Tan'-tra,  s.    [Sans.,  from  tan  =  to  believe.] 

Hind.  Sacred  Lit,  (PI.):  Compositions,  great 
in  number  and  in  some  cases  extensive,  always 
assuming  the  form  of  a  dialogue  between  Siva 
and  his  bride  in  one  of  her  many  forms,  but 
chiefly  as  Uma  and  Parvati,  in  which  the 
goddess  asks  her  consort  for  directions  how  to 
perform  certain  ceremonies,  and  with  what 
prayers  and  incantations  they  should  be  ac- 
companied. In  giving  her  information,  he 
warns  her  that  it  must  on  no  account  be 
divulged  to  the  profane.  The  Tantrikas,  or 
followers  of  the  Tantras,  consider  them  a  fifth 
Veda,  and  attribute  to  them  equal  antiquity 
and  superior  authority.  Prof.  Horace  Hay- 
man  Wilson  believed  that  portions  of  them 
are  older  than  the  Paranas,  and  that  the 
system  originated  in  the  early  ages  of  Chris- 
tianity. They  were  composed  chiefly  in 
Bengal  and  Eastern  India.  The  Saktas  are 
great  supporters  of  the  Tantras.  [SAKTA.] 

Tan'-traym,  s.  [Eng.  tantrfo);  -ism.]  The 
doctrine  of  the  Tantras. 

Tan'-trl-ka,  «.    [Sans.,  &c.) 

Hlndooism :  A  follower  of  the  Tantras. 

tan  trum,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful]  A  burst  of 
ill-humour ;  a  fit  of  passion  ;  a  display  of 
temper.  (Generally  in  the  plural.)  (CoUaq.) 

"  He  has  been  In  strange  humours  and  tantrum!  all 
the  morning."—  Lytton:  My  Novel,  bk.  xt,  ch.  It 

t&n'-ty,  s.    [Hind,  tant.] 

Weaving:  The  Hindoo  loom,  consisting  of 
bamboo  beams  fur  the  warp  and  cloth,  a  pair 
of  hedales  moved  by  loops,  in  which  the  big 
toes  are  inserted,  a  needle  which  answers  as  a 
shuttle,  and  a  lay. 

an'-y-pus,  *.  [flrr.  reunjnovs(tanupous)t  ramv- 
irow  (tanau poiw)  =  long  striding,  long-legged; 


ratnia  (tanva)  =  to  stretch,  and  iroiis  (pom)  => 
•  foot] 

1.  Entom,  :  A  genus  of  Tipulidsj.    Antenna 
with  fourteen  articulations  in  both  sexes,  tin 
last  but  one  very  long  in  the  males,  all  the 
others  nearly  globular. 

2.  Pal&ont. :  A  species  occurs  in  the  Pur- 
beck  beds. 

tan-y-slp  -ter-a,  ».     [Or.  Tonvo-iVrepot 

(tanusipteros)  =  having  spreading  wings :  rau<v« 
(tanuS)  =  to  spread,  and  TntpAv  (pUron)  =  a 
wing.) 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Alcedinida?,  with  four- 
teen species,  from  the  Moluccas,  New  Guinea, 
and  North  Australia.  Bill  rather  short,  some- 
what thick,  straight,  acute ;  nostrils  oval ; 
tail  graduated,  the  two  middle  feathers  the 
longest. 

tan-ys'-to-ma,  s.  [Gr.  TUI/™  (tanvo)  =  to 
stretch  out,  and  o-TO/xa  (stoma)  =  a  mouth.] 

Entom. :  A  tribe  of  Diptera  (q.v.),  with 
several  families.  The  antennae  consist  appar- 
ently of  three  joints,  but  often  with  indica- 
tions of  articulation  in  the  third  joint,  and 
with  a  terminal  bristle ;  the  palpi  of  not  more 
than  two  joints,  and  the  mouth  usually  per- 
fect The  larvae  have  a  more  or  less  distinct 
head,  and  produce  free  pupae. 

tan'-y-st6me,s.  [TANYSTOMA.]  Anydipteroui 
insect  of  the  tribe  Tanystoma  (q.v.).  The 
gadfly  is  a  familiar  British  example. 

tan'-zl  mat,  ».  [Arab.,  pi.  of  tanrim  =  » 
regulation.]  The  name  given  to  the  organic 
laws,  constituting  tbe  first  contribution  to- 
wards constitutional  government  in  Turkey, 
published  in  1844  by  the  Sultan  Abdul-Medjid. 

Ta'-6-»«jm.  Ta'-on-ijm,  s.    [See  def.) 

Compar.  Rtlig. :  One  of  the  three  religions 
of  China.  Its  founder,  Laotse,  lived,  accord- 
ing to  tradition  in  the  sixth  century  B.C.  Tao 
is  a  word  meaning  "  way."  It  would  seem 
that  Tao  represented  the  course  which  Laotse 
thought  a  man  should  pursue  in  order  to 
overcome  evil.  The  whole  teaching  was  vague 
and  unsatisfactory ;  but  its  followers  made  a 
great  advance  on  those  that  had  preceded 
them,  by  believing  firmly  that  ultimately 
good  would  gain  the  victory  over  evil,  and 
by  insisting  that  good  should  be  returned 
for  evil,  as  the  sure  way  to  overcome  it.  The 
head  of  the  body  was  a  sort  of  patriarch,  who 
had  the  power  of  transmitting  his  dignity  and 
office  to  a  member  of  his  own  family,  and  the 
descendants  of  the  first  are  said  to  have  held 
the  office  for  centuries.  Tao  was  afterwards 
personified,  and  regarded  as  the  first  being  of 
the  universe.  The  Taoists  attributed  to  him 
eternity  and  Invisibility ;  but  they  do  not 
seem  to  have  regarded  him  as  being  in  any 
way  able  to  assist  or  comfort  his  followers 
All  they  had  to  do  was  to  contemplate  him 
and  his  virtues,  and  to  strive  to  keep  in  the 
"  way."  When  Taoism  appears  as  a  definite 
factor  in  the  history  of  China,  in  the  third 
century  B.C.,  it  appears  as  a  congeries  of 
superstitions :  belief  in  the  manifestations  of 
spirits,  alchemy,  astrology,  searching  for  the 
herb  of  immortality,  and  the  sublimation  of 
the  body  so  as  to  render  it  ethereal.  Taoism 
was  largely  modified  by  Buddhism,  some  of 
the  doctrines  and  practices  of  which  it 
adopted  ;  but  it  still  adheres  to  its  old  super- 
stitions, though  in  its  treatises  it  enjoins 
much  of  the  Confucian  and  the  Buddhistic 
morality. 

Ta'-o-ist,  Ta'-dn-iat,  o.  &  «.  [Eng.  Too- 
(i»nt),  Taon(lsm);  -wt.] 

A*  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Taoism  (q.v.). 

B.  As  subst. :  A  follower  of  Laotse ;  a  be- 
liever in  Taoism. 

tap  (1),  •  tappe,  *  top,  v.t.  ft  i.  [Fr.  taper, 
tapper  =  to  tap,  to  strike,  to  hit ;  Low  Ger.  Jt 
Ger.  tappen  =  to  grope,  to  fumble  ;  tapp,  tajtpe 
=  the  fist,  a  blow,  a  kick  ;  Icel.  tapea  =  to 
tap.  Probably  of  imitative  origin.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  strike  lightly  or  gently,  or  with  some 
thing  small ;  to  pat  gently ;  to  strike  with  • 
gentle  blow. 

"  Nigh  celestial  Cupid  stood  : 
And,  tapplnghlm.  said,  'Youth,  be  wise."* 

Fenton :  Platonic  SpM. 

2.  To  put  a  new  sole  or  heel  on,  as  on  t 
boot  or  shoe. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  strike  a  gentle  blow  :  u, 
To  tap  at  a  door. 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amltlst,  what,  tall,  tather;  wi5p  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  si 
or.  wore,  W9H  work,  who,  son;  mate,  euh.  cure,  unite,  our,  rale,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    a>,  ce  =  e; 


sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


tap— tapestried 


4621 


ft&p  (2).  r.t.  k  i.  [A.S.  tappan  (Somner);  cogn. 
with  Out.  tappen;  Icel.  tappa ;  Dan.  (app«  ; 
8w.  tappa;  Ger.  zap/en.  Allied  to  top  and 
Htft.] 

A.  7*ransi'/ii'«." 

L  literally: 

1.  To  pierce  so  as  to  let  out  a  fluid':  as,  To 
tap  a  cask,  a  tree,  &c. 

2.  To  cause  to  run  out  by  broaching  the 
cask  or  vessel ;  to  cause  to  flow. 

•*  That  blood  already,  like  the  pelican, 
Hast  thou  tapt  out.  and  druukenly  carous'd." 

Shake*?. :  Mi-bard  II.,  il.  L 

IL  Fig. :  To  treat  in  an  analogous  manner 
for  the  purpose  of  extracting  or  drawing  some- 
thing from :  as,  To  tap  a  telegraph  wire. 

*  B.  Intr-tns. :  To  draw  liquors  from  a 
cask  ;  to  act  as  a  tapster. 

"I  will  entertain  Bardolph  ;  he  shall  draw,  he  shall 
tap."— atutketp.  :  Merry  Witet,  L  S. 

T  To  tap  the  Admiral :  To  suck  liquor  from 
a  cask  by  a  straw.  Hotten  says  it  was  first 
done  with  the  ruin-cask  in  which  the  body  of 
Admiral  Lord  Nelson  was  brought  to  England, 
and  when  the  caak  arrived  the  admiral  was 
found  "  high  and  dry." 

tftp  (!).>.     [TAP  <!),».) 

1.  A  gentle  blow  ;  a  slight  blow  with  some- 
Viing  little  or  light ;  a  pat. 

"  Let  them  n  while  their  nimble  feet  restrain. 
And  with  soft  tapj  beat  time  to  ev'ry  strain." 

Jenyru  :  Art  of  Dancing,  IL 

2.  A  piece  of  leather  fastened  upon   the 
bottom  of  a  boot  or  shoe  in  repairing  or  re- 
newing the  sole  or  heel. 

Up  (2),  *  tappe,  3.      [A. 8.   tceppe  (Somner); 
cogn.  with  Dut  tap;  Icel.  tappi;  Dan.  tap; 
8w.  topp  =  a  tap,  a  handful,  a  wisp;  O.  H. 
Oer.  zapho ;  Ger.  zapfen.] 
L  Ordinary  Language ; 

1.  A  plug  or  spile  to  stop  a  hole  In  a  cask. 

2.  A  pipe  or  hole  through  which  liquor  is 
drawn  from  a  cask. 

"  It  was  Impossible  to  draw  out  any  of  Its  content! 
by  a  tap."— Cook  :  Firtt  foj/aye,  bit.  L,  ch.  ii. 

3.  The  liquor  drawn  from  a  cask  or  through 

ft  tap,  especially  with  regard  to  its  quality. 

"It's  wery  little  of  that  tap  he  drinks,  Sammy." 
— Dicktnt:  rictoeick,  ch.  «viL 

4.  A  tap-house  or  tap-room. 

II.  Mach.  :  A  tapering,  longitudinally 
grooved  screw  of  hardened  steel,  having  a 
square  head,  so  that  it  may  be  turned  by  a 
wrench.  It  is  used  for  cutting  an  internal 
screw,  as  that  of  a  nut. 

\  On  tap : 

L  Ready  to  be  drawn  :  as,  ale  on  tap. 

2.  Broached  or  furnished  with  a  tap :  as,  a 
cask  on  tap. 

tap-bolt.  A  bolt  with  a  head  on  one  end 
and  a  thread  on  the  other,  to  be  screwed  into 
some  fixed  part,  instead  of  passing  through 
the  part  and  receiving  a  nut. 

tap-borer,  s.  A  tapering  boring  instru- 
ment for  making  spigot  or  bung  holes  in 
casks. 

tap-cinder,  s.  The  clay  produced  in  the 
process  of  puddling  iron. 

tap-hole,  s.  An  opening  at  the  base  of  a 
am  el  ting- furnace  for  drawing  off  the  molten 
metal.  It  Is  stopped  by  a  plug  of  refrac- 
tory clay,  which  is  removed  in  the  act  of 
tapping. 

tap-house,  a.    A  house  where  liquors  are 

retailed,  usually  in  connection  with  a  brewery. 

"  For  mine  own  part,  I  never  come  into  any  room 

lii  a  fOp-AouM,  but  I  am  drawn  in."—S\aketp.:  Mea- 

Utrefor  Jfeature,  IL  L 

tap-plate,  s.  A  steel  plate  furnished 
with  a  number  of  holes  which  are  wormed 
and  notched,  to  adapt  it  for  cutting  threads 
on  blanks. 

tap -room,  s.  Originally,  a  room  la  a 
tap-house,  where  beer  is  served  from  the  tap ; 
now  applied  to  a  room  in  a  public-house  In 
which  persons  sit  and  drink,  and  where  work- 
men may  cook  their  food. 

"  The  ambassador  was  put  one  night  Into  a  miser- 
able tap-nom  lull  of  soldiers  smoking."— Jfacaulay  : 
Bat.  Eng.,  oh.  xlL 

tap-root,  s.  The  main  root  of  a  plant, 
which  penetrates  the  earth  directly  down- 
wards to  a  considerable  depth  ;  a  root  In 
which  the  descending  radicle  maintains  its 
superiority  in  thickness  and  importance  to 


the  rootlets  which  spring  from  it  on  all  sides. 
Example,  the  carrot,  parsnip,  or  turnip.  A 
tap-root  may  be  fusi- 
form, na  pi  form,  pre- 
morse,  filiform,  or 
cylindrical. 

"  Some  put  under  the 

trees    raised     of    seed, 

about  four  inches  below 

the    pUce  where  they 

sow  their  seeds,  a  small 

piece  of  tile  to  stop  the 

running  down  of  the 

tap-root,    which    occa- 
sions it  to  branch  when 

it  cornea  to  tha  tile."— 

Mortimer:  Htubanitry. 

tap -rooted,  a. 

Having  a  tap-root. 

tap  wrench,  s.  A  two-handled  lever  for 
rotating  a  tap  used  in  forming  an  Interior 
screw-thread.  The  shank  of  the  tap  is  held 
between  a  fixed  and  a  movable  die,  which  are 
approached  by  a  screw,  and  are  adapted  to 
hold  shanks  of  various  sizes. 

t&p  (3),  ».  [Top.]  A  top  ;  a  head  or  the  like. 
(Scotch.) 

H  Tap  of  tow: 

1.  Lit. :  Thequantlty  of  flax  that  is  madeup 
Into  a  conical  form  to  be  put  upon  the  distati. 

2.  Fig. :  A  very  irritable  person ;  a  person 
easily  inflamed,  like  a  bundle  of  flax. 

tap-pickle,  s.  The  uppermost  and  most 
valuable  grain  in  a  stalk  of  oats.  Hence,  fig., 
one's  most  valuable  possession,  as,  in  the  case 
of  a  woman,  chastity.  (Scotch). 

ta-palp'-ite,  s.  [After  the  Sierra  de  Tapalpa, 
Mexico,  where  found;  suff.  -ite  (Min.);  Ger. 
tellurw  ismuthsilber.  ] 

Min. :  Supposed  to  be  a  sulpho-tellurlde  of 
bismuth  and  silver,  but  Its  exact  composition 
has  not  yet  been  determined.  Structure, 
granular;  sp.  gr.  7*803;  lustre,  metallic; 
colour,  gray,  tarnishes  easily.  An  analysis 
by  Rammelsberg  yielded:  sulphur,  3'32;  tel- 
lurium, 24-10  ;  bismuth,  48'50  ;  silver,  23'35  = 
99-27. 

ta-pay-ax'-In,  *.    [Native  name.] 

ZooL:  Phrynosoma  orbiculare,  a  toad-like 
lizard,  about  six  inches  long,  from  the  hill- 
country  of  Central  Mexico.  There  are  eight 
sharp  radiating  spines  on  the  back  of  the 
head,  and  rows  of  scales  keeled  and  spined  on 
the  flanks.  General  colour,  a  dull  sand-tint 
above ;  yellowish  beneath. 

tape,  "tappe,  *.     [A.S.  tceppe^a.  tape,  a 
fillet;  closely  allied  to  tceppet  =  a  tippet,  and 
borrowed  from  Lat.  tapete  =  cloth,  hangings, 
tapestry  (q.v.).] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  narrow  flllet  or  band  ;  a  narrow  linen 
or  cotton  fabric,  twilled  or  plain,  white  or 
coloured,  used  for  strings  and  the  like. 

"  Wtll  you  buy  any  tape,  or  lace  for  yonr  cap, 
My  dainty  duck,  mydear-a?" 

Shaltetp.:  Winter'tTale.ir.l. 

2.  A  tape-line  (q.v.). 

3.  A  narrow  band  of  paper  on  which  mes- 
sages are  recorded  by  a  telegraph  apparatus. 

4.  Spirituous  or  fermented  liquor.    (Slang.) 
IL  Printing: 

L.One  of  the  travelling-bands  which  hold 
and  conduct  the  sheet  of  paper  in  a  machine. 
The  nippers  take  the  sheet  from  the  feed- 
board,  and  the  fly,  taking  it  from  the  tapes, 
delivers  it  on  to  the  heap. 

2.  A  similar  band  In  a  paper  -  folding 
machine. 

tape-carrier,  5.  A  tool-holder,  like  a 
frame-saw,  in  which  a  corundum  tape  is 
mounted,  to  be  used  in  cutting  or  filing. 

tape-fuse,  s.  A  long,  flexible,  ribbon- 
shaped  fuse,  containing  a  composition  which 
burns  with  great  rapidity. 

tape-line,  tape-measure,  s.  A  rib- 
bon of  tape  or  other  material  winding  upon 
an  axis  inside  a  case.  They  are  made  of 
linen  or  steel,  from  ten  to  100  feet  long,  ami 
divided  into  feet,  inches,  and  subdivisions  of 
au  inch. 

*  tape-primer,  ».  A  narrow  strip  of 
flexible  material,  usually  paper,  containing 
small  charges  of  fulminating  composition  at 
short  and  equal  intervals  apart,  and  covered 
with  a  waterproof  composition. 


tape,  v.t,  [TAPE,  s.J  To  make  go  a  great,  way ; 
to  use  sparingly. 

"  And  ye  s'all  hae  my  skill  and  knowledge  to  gar  the 
•lller  g!iii£  fur—  I'll  tape  it  out  weeL"— .Scott :  Heart  & 
JMfaShvCthTidl. 

t  tape  -ism,  s.    [TAPISM.] 
t  tape' -1st,  s.    [TAPIST.] 

*  tap' -en,  a.      [Bug.  tap(e),  s.  ;  -en..]    Made  ol 

tape. 

"  Burst  Its  tapen  bonds.1*—  Read*  :  A'ever  Too  Lat*  t9 
Mend,  ch.  rxv. 

ta'-per,  s.  &o.  [A.S.  tapor,  taper;  Ir.tapar; 
Wei.  tampr.] 

A,  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  small  wax-candle,   usually  having   a 
long  wick  with  such  a  covering  of  wax  as  to 
allow  the  taper  to  be  coiled ;  a  small  lighted 
wax  candle ;  a  small  light. 

"  To  guide  his  dangerous  tread,  the  tapert  gleam." 
Wordiworth:  Detcripiiv*  iiketchu. 

2.  Tapering  form ;    gradual  diminution  of 
thickness  in  an  elongated  object ;  that  which 
possesses  a  tapering  form. 

"  Iu  bhape  it  differs  somewhat  from  the  WMtehead. 
being  not  only  a  third  longer,  but  having  a  blunter 
heauaud  a  greater  length  of  (aperaft." — Daily  TeU 
graph,  Sept.  25,  1886. 

IL  Bot. :  Verbascum  Thapsus.    [HIGTAPER.) 

B.  As  adjective: 

I.  Ord,  Lang. :  Long  and  becoming  regu- 
larly more  slender  towards  the  point ;  taper- 
ing toward  one  end. 

"  With  ample  forehead,  and  with  spreading  horns. 
Whose  taper  tops  refulgent  gokl  adorns. 

Pope :  Homer ;  Iliad  X.  SM. 

IL  Bot.:  Terete  (q.v.). 

taper-file,  s.  A  file  which  is  rectangular 
in  section,  and  whose  thickness  and  width 
gradually  decrease  toward  the  point* 

taper-pointed,  a. 

Hot.:  Acuminate  (q.v.). 

taper-vice,  s.  A  vice  whose  cheeks  an 
arranged  to  grasp  objects  whose  sides  are  not 
parallel, 

ta'-per,  v.i.  &  t.     [TAPER,  «,] 

A,  Intransitive: 

I.  To  become  gradually  slenderer ;  to  di- 
minish in  one  direction ;  to  become  gradually 
less  in  diameter. 

'*  Around  the  tapering  top  a  dove  they  tye." 

PUt:  Viryti;  .Enttdv. 

•2.  To  diminish ;  to  grow  gradually  less. 

B.  Tram. :  To  cause  to  taper ;   to  make 
gradually  smaller,  especially  in  diameter. 

"  I  never  saw  any  single  tree-masts  to  big  in  the 
body,  aud  so  long,  and  yet  so  well  tapered.  —  Dan- 
pier  ;  Voyage*  (an.  1687). 

"ta-pered,  o.    [Eng.  taper;  -ed.]    Provided 

with  tapers  ;  lighted  with  a  taper  or  tapers. 

ta'-per-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [TAPER,  v.]  Be- 
coming gradually  smaller  in  diameter  towards 
one  end  ;  gradually  diminishing  towards  a 
point. 

14  Each  tall  and  tapering  mast 
Is  swung  into  Its  place." 

Longfellow:  Building  qf  t\o  SMp. 

ta-per-Ing-1^,  adv.    [Eng.  tapering;  -ly.} 

In  a  tapering  manner. 

*  ta'-per-ness,  «.    [Eng.  taper;  -nest.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tapering ;  tapering 
form. 

"  A  Corinthian  pillar  bat  a  relative  beauty,  de- 
pendent on  its  taperneu  and  foliage." — Shenttune  :  On 
Tatte. 

*  ta'-per-wise,  adv.    [Eng.  taper;  -wise.]    In 

a  tapering  manner ;  taperingly. 

"  It  groweth  taperwlte,  sharpe  and  pointed  in  UM 
top."—/*.  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  xvL.  ch.  x»I. 

tap-es,  s.  [Gr.  Tairrjs  (tapes)  =  a  oarpet,  a 
rug.) 

Zool.  A  PaUeont.:  A  genus  of  Venerid» 
(q.v.);  outline  of  shell  ovate,  oblong,  urn- 
bones  turned  forward,  margin  smooth,  si- 
phonal  fold  deep  and  rounded.  The  animal 
is  eaten  in  North  America  and  on  the  coast  of 
Europe.  About  eighty  recent  species,  widely 
distributed,  from  low  water  to  100  fathoms. 
Fossil  six,  from  the  Pliocene  of  Europe. 

tap'-es-trled,  a.  [Eng.  tapestry ;  ~ed.]  Fur- 
nished  or  hnng  with  tapestry. 

"  In  vain  on  gilded  roof  they  fall. 
And  lightened  up  a  tapestried  wall" 

Soott:  Lady  <rf the  Late,  rt  » 


boil,  boy ;  poiit,  jowl ;  cat,  ^ull,  chorus,  fhln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  f 
-oiau,  -tlan  =  shon.   -Uon,  -don  =  shun;  -flon,  -fion  =  jEhun.    -clous, -tio us, -sious  -  shtis.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4622 


tapestry— tapiridse 


t&p'-OB-tr?,  *  tap-es  trie,  *  tap-es-trye, 
*tap-i»-trle,  *tap-is-try,  5.   [A  corrupt. 

Of  Fr.  tapisserie,  from  tapi&xr  =  to  furnish 
with  tapestry;  tapis  —  tapestry,  from  Low 
Lat.  tapecius  =  t&\<esiryt  from  Lat.  tupfte  — 
sloth,  hangings  ;  Gr.  ram)?  (tapes),  genit. 
TairrjTO?  (tapetos)  =  a  carpet  ;  Sp.  tapiz  = 
tapestry;  ItaL  tapezxria  =  tapestry.] 

fabric:  A  kind  of  woven  hangings  of  wool 
or  silk,  frequently  raised  and  enriched  with 
gold  and  silver,  representing  figures  of  men, 
animals,  historical  subjects,  &c.  The  term 
is  of  somewhat  indefinite  meaning,  and  the 
purpose  equally  indeterminate.  It  was  origi- 
nally intended  for  hangings,  to  hide  the  wall, 
or  make  a  screen  or  curtain.  Hand  tapestry 
is  embroidered  by  the  needle,  woollen  or  silken 
threads  being  worked  into  the  meshes  of  a 
fabric.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  a  variety 
of  woven  fabrics  having  a  multiplicity  of 
colours  in  their  design,  but  having  no  other 
characteristic  of  true  tapestry. 

**The  tapettry,  the  bedding,  the  wainscot*  were 
•oon  in  »  blue.  —Haeaulay:  Hitt.  Stig.,  ch.  xxlll. 

U  The  art  of  making  tapestry  was  known 
to  most  of  the  ancient  nations.  The  hangings 
and  walls  of  the  Jewish  tabernacle  were  a 
kind  of  tapestry,  some  made  by  the  needle 
and  some  woven  (Exod.  xxvi.  1,  31,  36,  xxxv. 
85).  There  was  a  kind  of  tapestry  in  the 
houses  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  chiefs.  That  of 
the  ordinary  type  was  introduced,  or  reintro- 
duced,  into  Europe  by  the  Saracens,  and  those 
Frenchmen  who  made  it  wert  called  Sarazi  nois. 
The  factory  at  Arras  was  so  celebrated  from 
the  fourteenth  to  the  sixteenth  century  that 
the  name  of  the  town  came  to  be  used  for  the 
fabric.  [ARRAS,  GOBELIN.]  The  art  reached 
high  perfection  in  Flanders  iu  the  fifteenth 
century.  In  -the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  tapestry- 
weaving  was  introduced  into  England,  and  a 
manufactory  was  commenced  at  Mortlake  in 
1619.  At  first  tapestry  was  used  chiefly 
to  decorate  churches,  but  was  afterwards 
employed  to  beautify  the  mansions  of  the 

Eistocracy.  The  scenes  represented  have 
storic  interest,  from  the  vivid  representa- 
tion which  they  present  of  contemporary  life. 
[BAYEUX-TAPESTRY.]  The  art  is  now  more 
common  in  the  East  than  the  West,  the  use  of 
tapestry  having  been  superseded  in  Europe 
by  painting,  the  papering  of  walls,  &c.  ;  but 
the  celebrated  manufactory  in  the  Avenue 
des  Gobelins,  Paris,  which  became  a  State 
institution  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  still 
flourishes,  and  the  tapestry  produced  there 
is  as  superior  to  the  Bayeux  tapestry  as  a 
picture  by  Rubens  is  to  the  crude  outline 
drawings  of  early  Egyptian  art. 

tapestry-carpet,  s.  A  two-ply  carpet 
In  which  the  warp  is  first  printed  and  then 
woven* 

tap'-es-tr&  v.t.    [TAPESTRY,  *.]   To  adorn 
or  hang  with,  or  aa  with  tapestry. 


*  Be  my  chamber  t 
With  the  showers  of  summer.* 

£.  B.  Browning  :  ffout*  of  Cloud*, 

•tftp'-et,  *tap-ette,  *tap-ite,  «.  [Lat. 
fapete.]  [TAPESTRY,  ».]  Worked  or  figured 
stuff;  tapestry,  carpet. 

"  He  com  maunded  suche  M  were  about  h  yin  y»  they 
•bald*  s[iredde  a  ta/.ettc  vpon  the  grounds,  A  than 
laye  hym  vpou  the  tayde  tapft-'—Fatiyan  ;  Chronvcle, 
oh.  ccixxi, 

tap'-e-ti,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zoolt  ;  Leput  bra&ttiensis,  fonnd  throughout 
Brazil,  and  on  various  parts  of  the  Andes  iu 
Bolivia  and  Peru. 

tap  -£t-le»8,  a.  [TAP  (3),  «.]  Not  having  a 
tap  or  head  ;  hence,  heedless,  foolish.  (Scotch.) 

"  Tlii  taprtlcu  ranifeezled  hlzcle 
She'i  eaft  at  beat,  and  something  lazy." 

Burnt  :  Epittl*  to  J.  Lapratk. 

ta-pe'-tum,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  tapete 
=  a  carpet,  tapestry.] 

1.  Aimt.  :  Certain  cross  fibres  of  the  corpu* 
caUosum  spreading  outward  on  the  roof  of 
the  lateral  ventricles  of  the  cerebrum. 

2.  Compeer.  Anat.  :  A  shining  spot  on  theout- 
side  of  the  optic  nerve  in  the  eyes  of  certain 
animals,  which  is  owing  to  the  absence  of  the 
plgmentum  nigrum  occasioning  the  reflection 
of  a  portion  of  the  rays  from  the  membrana 
rvyschiana.     Its  use  appears  to  be  to  cause  a 
double  impression  on  the  retina,  and  thus  add 
to  the  intensity  of  vision.  It  may  be  observed 
distinctly  in  the  eye  of  the  common  cat. 

tape'-wonn,  «.    [Eng.  tape,  and  worm.] 

1.  Zool.  :  An  intestinal  worm,  Tania  solium, 


in  form  somewhat  resembling  tape.  Its  U-n^th 
is  from  five  to  fifteen  yards,  and  its  breadth 
from  two  lines  at  the  narrowest  part  to  four  or 
five  at  the  other  or  broader  extremity.  At 
the  narrow  end  is  the  head,  which  is  ter- 
minated anteriorly  by  a  central  rostellum, 
surrounded  by  a  crown  of  small  recurved 
hooks,  and  behind  them  four  suctorial  de- 
pressions ;  then  follow  an  immense  number  of 
segments,  each  full  of  microscopic  ova.  The 
segments  are  capable  of  being  detached  when 
mature,  and  reproducing  the  parasite.  Tht-re 
is  no  mouth ;  but  nutrition  appears  to  take 
place  through  the  tissues  of  the  animal,  as 
algse  derive  nourishment  from  the  sea-water 
in  which  they  float.  The  digestive  system 
consists  of  two  tubes  or  lateral  canals,  ex- 
tending from  the  anterior  to  the  posterior  end 
of  the  body,  and  a  transverse  canal  at  the 
summit  of  each  joint.  The  tapeworm  lives  in 
the  small  intestines  of  man,  affixing  itself  by 
its  double  circle  of  hooks.  When  the  repro- 
ductive joints  or  proglottides  become  ma- 
ture, they  break  off  and  are  voided  with  the 
stools.  They  may  get  into  water,  or  may  be 
blown  about  with  the  wind,  till  some  of  them 
are  at  length  swallowed  by  the  pig,  and  pro- 
duce a  parasite  called  Cystlcerciu  ttttutDste, 
which  causes  measles  in  the  pig.  When  the 
measly  pork  is  eaten  by  man,  a  tapeworm,  the 
ordinary  Tcenia  soliumt  appears  in  his  intes- 
tines. This  species  mainly  affects  the  poor, 
who  are  the  chief  pork-eaters.  Called  more 
fully  the  Pork  Tapeworm.  The  Beef  Tape- 
worm, Tcenia  mediocaneliata,  has  no  coronet 
of  hooks  on  the  head.  The  segments  are 
somewhat  larger  than  in  the  ordinary  tape- 
worm. It  is  fifteen  to  twenty-three  feet  long. 
The  cysticercus  of  this  species  forms  measles 
in  the  ox,  and  is  swallowed  by  man  in  eating 
beef.  It  chiefly  affects  the  rich.  The  Bmad 
Tapeworm,  Bothriocephalus  lotus,  is  twenty- 
five  feet  long  by  nearly  an  inch  broad,  and 
chiefly  affects  the  inhabitants  of  Switzerland, 
Russia,  and  Poland. 

2.  Pathol.:  Sometimes  a  person  infested 
by  a  tapeworm  experiences  no  inconvenience, 
and  never  suspects  the  existence  of  the  para- 
site till  segments  of  it  are  passed.  Or  there 
may  be  continual  craving  for  food,  debility, 
pain  in  the  stomach,  irritability  of  the  blad- 
der, itching  about  the  nose  and  anus,  vertigo, 
noises  in  the  ears,  faint  ness,  restlessness,  and 
emaciation.  [HYDATIDS.] 

t  tapeworm-shaped,  a. 

Bot. ;  Long,  cylindrical,  and  contracted  In 
varioms  places,  like  the  tapeworm. 

taph-o-nyo'-ter-fs,  «.  [Gr.  r&Aot  (taphos) 
—  a  tomb,  and  vwcrepis  (nuktcris)  =  a  bat.] 
[TAPHOZOUS.] 

tapn-d-zo'-us,  s.  [Gr.  T«£OS  (taphos)  =  a 
tomb,  and  foiuj  (zoo)  =  to  live.  So  named  by 
Geoffrey  because  he  discovered  the  type- 
species,  Taphozov*  perforates,  in  the  chambers 
of  the  Pyramids,  [TOMB-BAT].  The  other 
species  share  its  fondness  for  dark  places.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Bats,  belonging  to  the 
group  EmtaTlonurse  of  the  family  Emballon- 
uridae,  from  the  Ethiopian,  Oriental,  and 
Australian  regions,  with  ten  species  ranging 
into  Egypt  and  Palestine.  Most  of  these  bats 
have  a  peculiar  glandular  sac  between  the 
angles  of  the  lower  jaw ;  it  is  always  more 
developed  in  males  than  in  females,  which, 
in  some  species,  do  not  possess  any  trace  of 
it,  though  in  the  males  of  the  same  species 
it  may  be  quite  distinct.  In  Taphozoua  mela* 
nopogon,  from  India  and  the  East  Indies,  it  is 
absent  from  both  sexes.  In  the  seven  species 
fonning  the  sub-genus  Taphozous,  a  small 
band  of  integument  passes  from  the  inferior 
surface  of  the  fore-arm,  and  forms,  with  the 
wing-membrane,  a  small  pouch  ;  in  the  other 
three  species  (forming  the  sub-genus  Taph- 
onyctens)  this  ponch  is  absent. 

taph'-ren-chy-ma,  *.  [Gr.  rd^po?  (taphros) 
=  a  ditch,  and  cyxvpa.  (engchuma)  =  infusion.] 

Bot.  :  [BOTHRENCHYMA]. 

*  tap'-in-age  (age  as  Jg),  *.  [Fr.  tapinoia  =. 
by  stealth.]  A  lurking  or  skulking.  (flower: 
C.  A.,  v.) 

tap-l-O'-ca,  *.  [The  Brazilian  Indian  name.] 
Food  Products:  The  powdered  root  or  rhi- 
zome of  Manihot  utilissim".  (Jatropha  Manihot). 
The  root,  which  is  abcat  thirty  pounds  in 
weight,  and  is  full  of  a  poisonous  juice,  is 
washed,  rasped,  or  rnaped  and  grated,  to  a 
pulp.  This,  being  well  bruised  and  thoroughly 


washed,  is  heated  on  iron  plates,  by  which' 
process  the  poison  is  drawn  off.  The  powder, 
when  dry,  consists  of  pure  starch,  and  is  baked 
into  bread  by  the 
natives  of  Central 
America,  In  the 
United  States  it 
is  usually  made 
in  to  paddings,  and 
forma  a  light  and 
nutritious  diet. 
Pearl  tapioca  is 
made  from  pre- 
pared grain. 

tapioca  - 

starch,  s. 

Che»i. :  Purified  TAPIOCA -STARCH. 

cassava  flour  (q.v.). 

The  granules  somewhat  resemble  sago  starch 
in  form,  but  are  smaller.  They  are  round  at 
one  end,  and  truncated  at  the  other.  The- 
hilum,  which  is  situated  at  the  round  end  of 
the  granule,  is,  in  some,  a  slit,  in  others  a 
distinct  cross.  Like  sago,  it  13  frequently 
added  to  the  cheaper  varieties  of  arrowroot. 

ta'-pl-o-lite,   ».      [After  the    name   of  an 
ancient  Finnish  mythological  subject.] 

A/ift.  .*  A  tetragonal  mineral  occurring  in  a 
pegmatitic  granite  near  Sukula,  Tammela, 
Finland.  Hardness,  6-0;  sp.  gr.  7'3j  ;  lustre, 
adamantine  to  metallic ;  colour,  pure  black. 
Compos.:  tanUlic  acid,  8:1*1;  protoxide  of 
iron,  16'9  =  100,  which  corresponds  with  the 
formula  6FeO,4TaO3. 

ta'-plr,  8.     [From  the  French  form  of  the 
native  Brazilian  name.] 

Zool,:  Any  individual  of  the  genna  Tapirus 
(q.v.).  The  South  American  tapir  (Tapina 
americanus)  is  about  the  size  of  a  small  ase, 
but  more  stoutly  built,  legs  short,  snout  pro- 
longed Into  a  proboscis,  but  destitute  of  the 
finger-like  process  which  is  present  in  the 
elephant's  trunk.  The  skin  of  the  neck  forms 
a  thick  rounded  crest  on  the  nape,  with  a 
short  stiff  mane.  It  is  common  throughout 
South  America,  ranging  from  the  Isthmus  of 
Darien  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  The 
colour  ia  a  uniform  deep  brown,  but  th6 


TAPIRS. 
A.  Malayan.    B.  American. 

young  are  marked  with  yellowish  stripes  and 
spots.  There  is  another  American  species1 
inhabiting  the  Corderillas  ;  the  back  to 
covered  with  hair,  and  the  nasal  bones  are- 
more  elongated,  on  which  account  Gill  has 
given  It  generic  rank.  [TAPIRUS.]  The  Ma- 
layan tapir  (T.  nalayamts)  is  rather  larger 
than  the  American  species,  and  has  a  some- 
what longer  proboscis ;  it  is  maneless.  The 
colour  is  glossy  black,  with  the  back,  rump, 
and  sides  white,  the  two  colours  being  dis- 
tinctly marked  off  from  each  other  without 
any  graduation.  Tapirs  inhabit  deep  recesses 
of  forests,  delighting  in  water,  and  feeding  on 
young  shoots  of  trees,  fruits,  and  other  vege- 
table substances.  They  are  inoffensive,  never 
attacking  man,  and  are  easily  tamed.  Their 
flesh  is  eaten,  but  is  somewhat  dry,  and  their 
hides  are  made  into  leather. 

ta-pJr'-a-vilB,  a.  [Mod,  Lat.  tapirfa),  and 
"Lat.  avus  =  an  ancestor.] 

Palceont. :  A  genua  of  Tapiridce  (q.v.),  from 
the  Miocene  of  North  America. 

ta-pfa"-I-d»,  *.  pi.  (Mod.  Lat.  tapir(v*); 
Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idw.} 

\,  Zool.:  A  family  of  Perissodactyla  (q.v.), 
with  a  single  genus.  [TAPIRUS.] 

2.  Palceont.  :  There  are  several  fossil  genera, 
commencing  in  the  Eocene. 


fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  wo,  w£t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sura,  sir,  marine;  go,  pft, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mote,  ciib,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «B,O»  —  e;  ey  =  a;  QU  =  kw. 


taplrodon— tara 


4623 


pir  -«  uuia,  s.  [Bug.,  tc.  tapir,  and  Gr. 
Soiis  (odoua),  genit.  ofcnroc  (otion(us)  =  a  tooth.  ] 
Paliront. :  A  genus  of  Mammals  having 
tseth  like  those  of  the  tapir.  One  species, 
from  the  Bed  Crag. 

•ta'-pIr-SJd,  o.    [Eng.  tajrlr ;  -aid.]    Allied  to 
the  tapir  or  the  tapir  family. 

••  In  France  it  isaasoclated  with  two  tapiroid  genera." 
— Davrkini :  Early  Jlan  in  Britain,  ch.  •. 

ta  pir-u«,  J.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  <opir(q.v.).] 
1  Zool. :  A  genus  of  Tapiridse,  from  the 
Neotropical  and  Oriental  sub-regions.  Nose 
prolonged  into  a  short,  movable  proboscis, 
skin  very  thick  and  covered  with  close  short 
hair,  neck  furnished  with  a  kind  of  stiff  mane ; 
tail  very  short,  ears  small,  erect,  and  pig- 
like  ;  four  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  three  on  the 
hind  feet,  separate,  and  ending  in  nail-like 
hoofs ;  skull  pyramidal,  as  in  the  hog,  with 
the  nasal  bones  much  arched  for  the  muscles 
of  the  proboscis.  The  apparent  anomaly  of 
classing  animals  with  four  toes  with  the 
Pcrissodactyla  is  explained  by  the  fact  that 
one  of  the  toes  (the  fifth  digit)  is  non-func- 
tional, and  does,  not  touch  the  ground.  Autho- 
rities differ  greatly  as  to  the  number  of  species 
from  America,  one  of  which  has  been  sepa- 
rated generk-ally  by  Gill  under  the  name  of 
naimognatnna.  Tapims  malayanus  is  from 
the  Malay  Peninsula  and  adjacent  islands. 
The  genus  is  allied  both  to  Bus  and  Rhino- 
ceros. 

2.  Palceont. :  The  genus  appears  first  in 
the  Miocene,  and  is  widely  distributed  in  the 
Post-Pliocene  of  North  America. 

ta-pia'  (s  silent),  t,  [Fr.]  [TAPESTRY,  ».]  Car- 
peting, tapestry. 

If  To  be  (or  come)  on  (or  upon)  the  tapis :  To 
be  or  come  under  consideration,  in  allusion 
to  the  tapestry  used  to  cover  the  table  in  a 
council-room.  [CARPET,  v.,  II.] 

"Lord  Churchill  and  Lord  Godolphin  went  away, 
and  gave  no  votes  Iu  the  matter  which  was  upon  tke 
tapii."-Lord  Clarendon  :  Diara.  (1690.) 

•ta'-pis,  ".t.  [TAPIS,  ».]  To  cover  with  figures 
like  tapestry. 

"The  windowes  beautified  with  greene  qnUhlns, 
wrought  and  tapwd  with  floures  of  all  colours."— P. 
Sotland:  Plinit,  bk.  xix..  oh.  iv. 

« ta'-pls-er,  ••  [Fr.  tapissim-.]  An  upholsterer, 
an  embroiderer,  a  maker  of  tapestry. 

"  An  haberdasher,  and  a  carpenter, 
A  webbe,  a  deyer.  and  a  tapttcr. 

Cltaucer  :  C.  T..  Mt.    (Pro].) 

*ta'-pish,  *  ta-pise,  v.i.  [Fr.  tapissant, 
pr.  par.  of  (se)  tapir  =  to  be  close  to  the  ground, 
to  squat.]  To  hide,  to  conceal  one's  self,  to 
lie  in  ambush,  to  lurk ;  to  lie  close  to  the 
ground,  as  partridges,  Ac. 

"  With  Joy  alle  at  ons  thel  went  tille  Snawdone 
On  Juor  4  In!,  that  taplltd  by  that  side, 
To  purueie  tham  a  skulkyng.  on  the  Englis  eft  to 
rlSe,"  Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  3. 

-t  tap'-tsm,  tape'-Ism, ».  [Eng.  tape; -ism,] 
Ked- tapis  111  (q.v.). 

ttap-lst,  tape'-lst,  ».  [Eng.  tape;  -ist.] 
One  to  whom  red  tape  is  everything  ;  a  close 
adherent  to  prescribed  form. 

•tap-ite,  v.t.  [TAPITE,  s.]  To  cover  with 
tapestry. 

••  I  woll  do  paint  with  pure  gold 
And  taptce  hem  full  mauyfuld." 

Chaucer:  Drtme. 

*tap-lte,  s.    [TAPET.)    Tapestry  (q.v.). 

«p-i(-te'-lw,  >.  [Lat.  tap(ete)  =  a  carpet ;  t 
connect.,  and  tela  =  a  web.] 

Zool. :  Walcknaer's  name  for  a  sub-division 
of  AraneidK,  containing  those  spinning  great 
webs  of  a  close  texture  like  hammock*,  and 
dwelling  in  them  to  catch  their  prey. 

•tap'-lash,  s.  [Eng.  tap  (2),  a.,  and  lash, 
prob.  =  lush.] 

1.  Poor  beer ;  small  beer. 

"Did  ever  any  man  ran  such  taptni\  as  this  at  firsi 
broaching  t  --farter:  Reproof  of  aOteama  Traiu- 
proted,  p.  111. 

2.  The   last  running  of  small   beer ;   th 
dregs  or  refuse  of  liquor. 

tap  lingj,  «.  pi  [TAP  (3),  >.]  The  whang 
leather  straps  which  connect  the  aonple  and 
hand  start 

tap -net,».  [Etyra.  douttful.]  Arush  basket 
in  which  tigs  are  imported. 

•  tappe, «.    [TAP.] 


ap'-pot,  s.    [A  dimiu.  from  tap  (1),  v.] 

Machinery : 

(1)  A  projecting  arm  which  is  touched  by 
a  cam  or  other  moving  object,  in  order  to 
impart  an  intermittent  reciprocation  to  the 
rod.     Specially  used  as  a  valve-motion   in 
steam-engines. 

(2)  A  similar  device  on  the  stem  of  a  stamp 
in  an  ore-battery.    It  is  struck  by  a  cam, 
lifting  the  stamp,   which  falls  as  the   cam 
slides  from  under  the  tappet,  its  shoe  striking 
the  ore  in  the  mortar. 

tappet-motion,  s. 

Steam-eng. :  The  apparatus  for  working  the 
valves  of  some  forms  of  condensing  engines. 
The  valve-rods  have  levers  attached,  which 
are  moved  by  projecting  tappets  on  a  rod 
connected  to  the  beam. 

tappet-wheel,  s. 

MacK.  :  A  wheel  having  spurs  on  Its  peri- 
phery, adapted  to  trip  a  lever,  trip-hammer, 
fulling-mallet,  &c.,  or  to  raise  the  stomps  of 
an  ore-mill. 

•  tap-pice,  v.i.    [TApisH.] 

tap' -ping,  s.    [TAP  (2),  ».] 

1  Founding :  The  jarring  of  a  pattern  In  its 
bed  in  the  sand  to  give  it  clearance.  With 
small  castings  this  is  done  by  sticking  a 
skewer  into  the  pattern,  and  tapping  It  with 
the  slicker  or  trowel ;  with  larger  castings 
more  energetic  means  are  employed,  but  in 
the  same  way. 

2.  Mech. :  The  act  or  proceas  of  forming  a 
screw  thread  in  a  hole. 

3.  Mech.  at  Domestic:  Boring  a  hole  in  a 
pipe,  cask,  &c.,  to  insert  a  plug,  connect  a 
branch-pipe,  or  introduce  a  faucet,  as  the  case 
maybe. 

i.  Swq. :  The  operation  of  removing  fluid 
from  any  of  the  serous  cavities  of  the  body 
in  which  it  has  collected  in  large  quantity ; 
paracentesis.  It  may  be  practised  on  the 
abdomen,  the  thorax,  the  gall-bladder,  &c. 

tapping-bar,  t. 

Founding  :  A  round  bar  with  a  sharp  point, 
used  for  letting  out  the  metal  from  the  furnace 
into  the  ladles. 

tapping  cock,  ».  A  cock  having  a  taper 
stem,  enabling  it  to  be  fixed  firmly  in  an 
opening  by  driving. 

tapping-drill,  ».  A  drill  for  boring 
holes  in  water  mains  and  pipes. 

tapping-gouge,  s.     A  gouge   used  in 

tapping  the  sugar-maple,  and  in  making  the 

spiles  by  which  the  sap  is  conducted  to  the 

buckets. 

tap-pit,  o.    (TAP(S),  ».]    Crested. 

tappit  hen,  >. 

1.  Lit. :  A  hen  with  a  crest. 

2.  Fig. :  A  tin  pot  with  a  nob  on  the  top, 
containing  a  quart  of  ale. 

"  Their  hoetess  .  .  .  appeared  with  a  h«g»  pewter 
measuring-pot,  containing  at  least  three  English 
quarts,  familiarly  denominated  a  tnppit-hen,  and 
which.  In  the  language  of  the  hostess,  reamed  (l.e. 
mantled)  with  excellent  claret  just  drawn  from  the 
cask." — Scott :  Wavvrley.  oh.  xi. 

tap-s&l-teeV-Ie.  adv.  [TAP  (3),  «.]  Topsy- 
turvy. (Smich.) 

tap'-Bter,  •  tap-stere.  >.  [A.8.  taeppestn, 
a  fern,  form  of  tceppere  =  a  tapper.]  (-STER.' 
One  who  taps  or  draws  ale  in  an  alehouse. 
(The  word  was  originally  feminine.) 

"  Shrill-tongued  tttpttert  answering  every  call." 

Shateip. :  I'enul  i  Adoiiil,  849. 

•  tap'-ster-lft  o.     [Eng.  tapster;  -ly.}    Be 
fitting  a  tapster ;  low ;  vulgar. 

"  In  any  taptterlie  teapmes."— Jftuhf:  Introduce  tc 
Oreene't  aenaphon,  p.  9. 

tap-toft', «.    [TATTOO,  ».]    A  beat  of  a  dram, 
ta-pu , ».    [TABOO.] 

•  ta'-ptil,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Mil. :  The  sharp  projecting  ridge  down  the 
centre  of  some  breast-plates. 

•  tap'-wort,  *,    [Eng.  tap  (Z),  ».,  and  mrt. 
The  refuse  of  the  tap ;  dregs. 

"  A  cup  of  small  tapmrti:' 

Breton  :  Java  of  Idle  Seat,  p.  M. 

ta'-qna,  ».    [TAOUA.] 


a-qua  rus  sa,  s.    [Brazilian.] 

Bot. :  The  name  given  to  some  Brazilian 
reeds,  of  the  order  of  Grasses,  growing  from 
thirty  to  forty  feet  high  in  the  Brazilian 
forests,  with  a  diameter  of  six  inches.  Be- 
tween the  joints  they  are  full  of  a  cool  liquid, 
whicJi  quenches  the  most  burning  thirst. 

ar  (1),  *  tarre,  *  terre,  s.  [A.S.  teoru,  ten; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  teer;  Icel.  (jam;  Dan.  ticere; 
Sv.tjara;  LowGer.  tar;  Qer.theer ;  Ir.  ttarr.] 

1.  Chem. :  A  thick,  dark-brown,  viscid,  oily 
liquid,  produced,  together  with  otherproducts, 
in  the  dry  distillation  of  organic  bodies  and 
of  bituminous  minerals.     [COAL-TAR.]     The 
chemical    constitution    of  tar  is  very  com- 
plicated, but  it  appears  to  be  a  mixture  of 
various  substances,  acid,  alkaline,  and  neutral 
True  vegetable  tar  has  always  an  acid  reaction, 
and  is  readily  miscible  with  alcohol,  glacial 
acetic  acid,  ether,  chloroform,  benzol,  &c.    It 
is  largely  used    for  coating  the  plauks  and 
cordage   of   ships,    for   the  preservation  of 
fences,  for  making  pitch,  &c. 

2.  Mantif.  ft  Comm. :  Tar  from  the  pine-tree, 
Pinw  sylvatris,  is  brought  from  Russia,  Nor- 
way, Germany,  and  Sweden.     It  is  superior 
to  that  manufactured  in  the  United  States  from 
other  species  of  pine,  though  the  latter   is 
produced  in  great  quantities  in  the  vast  pine 
forests,  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Alabama,  and  other  southern  states.    Tar  is 
produced    in   these  regions  by   a  smothered 
burning  of  the  long-leaved  pine,  earth  being 
laid  on  the  heaps  of  billets  to  deaden  the  fire. 
As  it  burns  the  distilled  tar  runs  out  through  a 
spout  provided  for  that  purpose.    From  wood 
tar  is  further  distilled  wood  vinegar,  which  in 
its  turn  yields  wood  naptha.    Coal  far,  long  a 
troublesome  product  of  gas  works,  is  now  being 
made  very  useful,  crude  uaptha  bt-ing  produced 
from  it.    The  naptha  when  purified  has  many 
Important  uses,  among  them  the  dissolving  of 
India-rubber.     Among  the  other  products  of 
coal  tar  are  the  highly  important  ones  of  car- 
bolic acid  and  the  aniline  colors.     [COAL-TAR.] 

3.  Pliarm. :  Tar  is  an  external  stimulant 
given  in  psoriasis,  eczema,  and  other  skin 
diseases.      Its  vapour  Inhaled  is  of  use  in 
chronic  bronchitis  and  phthisis. 

1.  A   sailor,    a   seaman.     (In    this    sense 
shortened  from  tarpaulin  (q.v.). 

"  Hli  tan  passed  their  time  in  rioting  among  th. 
rabble  of  Portsmouth."— Jtacaulay :  Sat.  £ng.,  ch.  XIT. 

tar-board, «. 

Paper :  A  strong  quality  ^t  millboard  made 
from  junk  and  old  tarred  rope. 

tar-water, «. 

«  1.  A  cold  infusion  of  tar,  formerly  a  cele- 
brated remedy  for  many  chronic  affections, 
especially  of  the  lungs.  In  1747  it  was  strongly 
recommended  by  the  metaphysician  Berkeley, 
Bishop  of  Cloyne,  in  his  Siris. 

"  Or  haply  when  their  spirits  fau'ter. 
Sprinkling  my  Lord  of  Cloyne's  tar-water. 

Shename  :  Prom-en  of  Tatte,  iv. 

2.  The  ammoniacal  water  obtained  by  con- 
densation in  the  process  of  gas  manufacture. 

tar- well,  s. 

Gas-worlct :  A  tank  containing  water,  through 
which  gas  is  passed  to  extract  the  tar. 

tar,  v.t.    [TAR,  «.] 

1.  To  smear  or  cover  with  tar. 

•  2.  To  smear,  to  cover,  to  impregnate 

"  I  hav«  noluted  ye,  aud  tarr'd  y«  with  my  doctrine, 
And  yet  the  murren  sticks  to  ye." 

Beaum.  t  FM.  :  Spankh  Curate,  1U.  «. 

IT  (1)  Tarred  with  the  same  brush :  Having 
the  same  vices  or  peculiarities;  subject  to 
the  same  treatment. 

(2)  To  tar  and  feather  a,  person:  To  pour 
heated  tar  over  him,  and  then  cover  him  with 
feathers.  The  practice  is  very  old,  and  la 
now  practically  discontinued. 

*  tar  (2),  «.    [TARB.] 

*  tar  fitch,  s. 
Bot. :  Vicia  hirsuta, 
tar-grass,  i. 

Bot. :  VvAa.  Ursula,  or  7.  Croon. 

ta'-ra  (1),  «.    [Tasmanian  or  Maori  (I).] 
Bot. :  The  tara  fern. 
tara  fern,  s. 

Jiot.  :  Pteris  escufcnto.    [PTERis.J 

ta'-ra  (2),  ».    [TARO(I).] 


ASH.  D6};  ptat,  Jowl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9nin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this:  sin,  09 ;  expect,  *enophon, 

-tton,  -Blon  =  «liun.  -flon.  -jlon  =  zhiiii.   -dona,  -ttoii»,  nriou*  =  tOt&M.  -We. -die.  ic.  =  bel, 


4624 


taractes— tardy 


ta-rac  tes,  s. 

disturber.] 


[Or.  Topo>rns  (tarakttt)  =  a 


WmJh  I"  duniU<m  lll">  U»  d»nclng  epidemic.  ol 
SSSSSth  1-  '""""'"»  •«•  "  ItAeJght  In  the 
IfJhl^.h  i"™!1"*  »."d  gradually  died  out  In  the 
eighteenth  leaving  only  a  designation  for  •  lively 
h"™!«-  I«W>-- 


ta-r&n'-tq-la,  s.  [Ital.  ta.ra.nWa,  ;  O.  Ital. 
tomntoia;  Pr.  fciren(»te,  from  Lat.  TomUum 
(now  ramiUo),  a  town  in  the  south  of  Italv 
where  the  animal  is  found.) 


Iclilhy. :  A  genus  of  Coryphsenidie.  Pelagic 
ttshes,  allied  to  Brama  (q.v.),  from  tropical 
and  temperate  seas. 

ta-ra-gui-ra,  s.     [Mod.  Lat,  from  native 
name.) 

Zoal. :  A  genus  of  Iguanidse,  from  tropical 
America.  Buck  not  crested ;  scales  of  back 
small,  of  throat  granular;  tail  round,  with  a 
slight  crest  and  moderate  scales  ;  ear  toothed 
in  front 

tar-a-mi*-ra,  a.    [Hind.]    See  compound. 

taramlra-olL  s.  An  oil  expressed  from 
the  seeds  of  Eruca  sativa,  cultivated  in  parts 
of  India.  The  oil  is  like  colza-oil,  except  in 
colour.  It  is  used  in  India  for  anointing  the 
the  hair  and  for  food. 

ta-ran'-dus,   ».    [Lat.,  a  word   occurring 
Pliny  :  Nat.  Hat.,  viii.  52.] 
Zool. :  A  synonym  of  Rangifer  (q.v.). 

Tar-an'-non,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  A  valley  and  river  in  North  Wales, 
between  Llanidloes  and  Duras  Moroddry. 

Tarannon -shale,  .«. 

GeoL  :  Prof.  Ramsay's  name  for  certain  beds 
existing  at  Tarannon  and  elsewhere,  from 
South  Into  North  Wales.  They  are  1,000  to 
1,500  feet  thick  in  some  places,  and  contain 
numerous  species  of  Graptolites,  corals  of  the 
genera  Favosites  and  Cyathophyllum,  a  crinoid 
(Actinacrinut  pulcher),  and  a  brachiopod 
(Lingula  symondsii).  Lyell  combined  them 
with  the  Woolhope  Limestone  and  Shale  and 
the  Denbighshire  grits,  placing  the  whole 
nnder  the  Wenlock  Formation  (Upper  Silu- 
rian). Etheridge  makes  them  of  Lower 
Wenlock  age.  Called  by  Sedgwick,  Rhayader 
Slates. 

Tarannon- slates,  >.  pi.     [TARANNON. 

SHALE.] 

iar-an-t&u',  i.  [Russ.]  A  large  covered 
travelling  carriage,  without  springs,  but  ba- 
lanced on  long  poles  which  serve  the  purpose, 
and  without  seats.  Much  used  in  Russia, 

:a-ran-tel  -la,  s.    [Ital.] 

Music :  A  rapid  Neapolitan  dance  in  trip- 
lets. So  called  because  it  was  popularly  thought 
to  be  a  remedy  against  the  supposed  poisonous 
bite  of  the  Tarantula  spider,  which  was  said 
tn  set  people  dancing.  Older  specimens  of 
the  dance  are  not  in  triplets.  [TARANTULA.] 

ta-ran  -tism.  tar-an-tis'-mus,  t.  [Fr. 
tarantisme  ;  Ger.  tarantitmut,  from  ItaL  ta- 
rantula (q.v.).] 

Menial  Path. :  An  epidemic  dancing  mania 
prevalent  in  Italy  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries,  originating  in  an  exaggerated 
Jreart  of  the  consequences  resulting  from  the 
bite  of  the  tarantula  (q.v.),  as  a  remedy 
for  which  the  dance  of  the  same  name  was 
adopted.  This  mania  was  most  prevalent 
to  Apulia,  but  spread  over  the  great  part 
of  the  peninsula.  Tarantism  was  closely 
allied  to  St.  Vitus's  Dance,  and  other  epidemic 
nervous  disorders  of  the  latter  period  of  the 
middle  ages,  but  differed  from  them  in  its 
origin,  in  the  wasting  away  of  the  sufferers, 
in  their  rhythmic  movements,  their  partiality 
for  brightand  luminous  surfaces,  their  passion 
for  music,  and  its  employment  as  a  means 
of  cure.  According  to  other  authorities,  the 
disease  consisted  in  the  sufferer  being  attacked 
with  extreme  somnolency,  which  could  only 
be  overcome  by  music  and  dancing.  It  has 
long  been  satisfactorily  established  that  the 
bite  of  the  tarantula  is  incapable  of  producing 
serious  consequences ;  so  that  while  it  is  pos- 
sible that  some  minor  physical  symptoms  may 
have  resulted  from  the  direct  effect  of  the  bite, 
the  mental  disturbances  and  muscular  agita- 
tions were  certainly  due  to  the  secondary 
effects  of  these  physical  results  upon  the 
"~tion. 


1.  Zool.  :  Lycosa  tarantula,  a  large  spider, 
with  a  body  about  an  inch  in  length ;  its  bite 
was  formerly  supposed  to  produce  tarantism 


TARANTULA. 
(OntJMrd  natural  Hie.] 

(q.T.),  and  doubtless,  in  some  cases,  produces 
disagreeable  symptoms.  It  is  a  native  of 
Italy,  but  varieties,  or  closely  allied  species, 
are  found  throughont  the  south  of  Europe 
An  American  tarantula  (Eurt/phelma  hentzi) 
found  in  sub-tropical  regions,  closely  resembles' 
the  European  variety.  Its  bite  is  much  dreaded. 

*2.  The  same  as  TARANTISM  (q.v.). 

3.  A  dance ;  also  the  music  to  which  it  is 
performed.  [TARANTELLA.] 

*  ta  ran'  tu-lat-ed,  a.    [TARANTULA.]    Bit- 
ten by  a  tarantula  ;  suffering  from  tarantism. 
"  Motion,  unwill'd  It.  pow'n  hare  .hewn 
nnsflUatX  by  a  tune."          Oreen :  T»e  Spleen. 

tar-a-pa-ea'-Ite,  e.    [After  Tarapaca,  Pern. 

where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (A/in.),] 

Min. :  A  mineral  described  by  Raimondi  u 
occurring  in  minute  fragments,  mixed  with 
mtratine  (q.v.).  Colour,  a  brilliant  yellow. 
Compos. :  essentially  a  chromate  of  potassium  • 
Dana  suggests  that  it  needs  further  examina- 
tion. 

ta-rax'-a-cln, «.   [Lat.  tammc(um) ;  -in.] 

Chem. :  The  bitter  principle  of  dandelion- 
root,  extracted  from  the  milky  juice  by  boiling 
with  water  and  allowing  the  concentrated 
decoction  to  evaporate.  It  forms  warty  crys- 
tals of  a  sharp,  bitter  taste,  soluble  in  ether 
alcohol,  and  boiling  water. 

ta  rax -a  cum,  ».  [Gr.  Topaf«  (taraxi,)  = 
contusion,  from  rapao-o-u  (tarasso)  =  to  stir 
np.  Named  from  its  alterative  effects.) 

1.  Bot. :  Dandelion ;  a  genus  of  Lactucese. 
Perennial  scapigerous  milky  Composites  with 
entire  or  pinnatifld  leaves,  all  radical.     In- 
florescence a  scape,  the  stalk  of  which  is 
flstular  and  leafless ;  bracts  imbricate;   re- 
ceptacle flat,  naked,  pitted ;  florets  all  ligulate, 
pappus  in  many  series  simple,  white;  fruit 
compressed,  ribbed,  murieate  above,  beaked. 
Number  of  species  doubtful ;  perhaps  only 
one,  with  many  varieties.    Found  in  all  tem- 
perate climates.     Taraxacum  officinale  is  the 
Dandelion  ;  called  also  Leontedon  Taraxacum 
and    Taraxacum    Dent   Leonis.      Sir   Joseph 
Hooker   makes   these  varieties  Dens  leonis, 
erythrospermum,  lanigatum,  and  palustre. 

2.  Pharm. :  Decoction,  extract,  and  juice  of 
Taraxacum,  i.e.,  of  the  Dandelion  root,  have 
been  given  in  liver  complaint,  but  are  of 
doubtful  efficacy. 

ta-rax'-Is,  s.  [Gr.,  from  Toooo-<r«i  (tarassS) 
rut.  tnpafo.  (taraxt)  =  to  confound.]  A  slight 
inflammation  of  the  eye. 


in,  I.      [TOBOOOAN.] 

tar  boosh,  tar-busch',  s.  [Arab]  A  red 
woollen  skull-cap,  usually  ornamented  with  a 
blue  silk  tassel,  and  worn  by  Egyptians 
Turks,  and  Arabs ;  a  fez. 

"  When  the  demand  for  the  mngntuolent  fez  or  tar. 
touch  may  wholly  cea.e."-Ai«,  TaVrapk,  Feb.  as. 

*  tar^breejh, ».  [Eng.  tar  (1),  s.,  and  breech.] 
A  sailor. 


*  tar'-cel,  s.    [TERCEL.] 

tar -end -nan  the -re.  ,.pl  [Mod.  r^t 
tanhonanth(ua) ;  Lat  fern,  pt  adj.  suff.  -«z.) 
Bot. :  A  sub-family  of  Asteroideie.  Leaves 
alternate;  heads  of  flowers  all  tabular,  the 
marginal  ones  smaller  and  feminine,  the 
central  ones  fewer,  larger,  and  hermaphrodite 
or  masculine. 


tar-chd-nau'-thus,  s.  [Arab,  tarchon  =  th« 
tarragon  (q.v.),  and  Gr.  ai^os  (an(Aoj)=: 
blossom,  flower.] 

Bot. :  African  Fleabane;  the  typical  genus 
of  Tarchonanthea  (q.v.).  Cape  shrubs,  of 
which  two  species  with  purple  flowers  are 
cultivated  in  England. 

*  tar-da'-tlon,  s.  [Lat.  tardatns,  pa.  par.  of 
tardo  =  to  make  slow  ;  tardus  =  slow.)  The 
act  of  hindering,  delaying,  or  retardinc  •  re- 
tardation. 

*tar-dl-da-tion,  j.     [Lat.  tardus  =  slow.) 

"  Avoid  all  anare. 
Of  lardldalion  In  the  Lord',  atr.ires." 

Berrick :  Kobtt  A'wmfteri. 

tar-dl-gra'-da,  s.  pi.  [Neut.  pi.  of  Lat. 
taraigraaus=  slow-paced:  fardu«  =  slow  and 
gradior  =  to  walk.] 

Zoology  : 

t  1.  In  Illiger's  classification,  a  family  of 
Edentata,  containing  the  Sloths,  sometimes 
classed  in  one  genus,  Bradypus,  or  divided 
into  three  genera,  Bradypus,  Cholrepus,  and 
Arctopithecus. 

2.  Bear-animalcules,  Sloth-animalcules  ;  an 
order  of  Araclmida,  with  a  single  family 
Macrobiotidse  (q.v.). 

tar'-dl-grade,  o.  &  t,    [TARDIQRADA.J 

A.  Atadjectire: 

*  1.  Moving  or  stepping  slowly ;  slow-paced. 

,  "  f  'zhtlng  their  way  after  them  in  inch  tardimadt 
fa«hioa  '—  a.  Eliot:  Kvmola,  ch.  xxll. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Tardigrada  (q.v.)u 

B.  As  subst. :  One  of  the  Tardigrada. 

*  tar'-dl-gra-doua,  a.  [Lat  tardigradus } 
[TARDIORADA.]  Slow-paced  ;  moving  slowly 

"  It  1.  but  a  alow  and  tardigradoul  animal,  preying 
.'  I'ulgar  £rrouri,"tL  lii.™h* ttruF' 

.  .  adv.  [Eng.  tardy;  -ly.]  In  a  tardy 
manner  ;  with  slow  pace  or  motion  ;  slowly  : 
reluctance. 

1,"  T  «f  •lu'"' n«gl«ct»d  It  altogether,  or  executed  It 
tanguldly  and  <art«y.--J/acairia» .-  BM.  fn,..  ch. 

tar -dl-ness,  «.    [Eng.  tardy;  -nw«.J 

1.  Slowness  of  motion  or  pace. 

'"The  tardtntn  of  hi.  pace  eeem«  to  have  reference 
J^'^  capacity  ot  hue  organa.  '—Falff:  Hat.  T\pL, 

2.  Reluctance  or  unwillingness  manifested 
by  slowness. 

"HI.  turdinui  of  execution  expose,  him  tn  the 
encroachment,  of  tho*.  who  catch  a  hint  and  fall  to 
work,  —latir,  No.  i. 

3.  Lateness  :  as,  tardiness  in  attendance. 

*  tar-di-ta'-tlon,  t.    [TARDITY.]    Slowness, 
tardiness. 

*  tar'-dl-ty,  «.    [Lst.  tarditas,  from  tardut  = 
slow.)    Slowness,  tardiness. 

"Oar  explication  include,  time  in  the  notion,  of 
velocity  and  lardUt."— Dtgbi :  On  Uu  Soul. 

tar  do,  a.    [ItaL] 

Music  :  A  term  signifying  that  the  piece  to 
which  it  is  affixed  is  to  be  performed  slowly. 

tar'-dy,  a.     [Fr.  tardif;   Ital.  tardiw,  as  if 
from  a  Low  Lat.  tardivus,  from  Lat.  tardui  = 
slow.] 
1.  Moving  slowly  ;  slow,  slow-paced. 

"Glaring  round,  with  tardf  step,  withdrew." 

Pop^ :  Bomtr;  Iliad  xL  tn, 

*2.  Late  ;  not  np  to  time  ;  dilatory. 

"  The  (arrfjr  plant.  In  oor  cold  orchard,  plac'd. 
Reeerve  ftelr  fruit  for  the  next  age'.  ti«te  r 

Waller:  H,tttle  of  Summer  Itlnndt,  48. 

S.  Characterized  by  or  proceeding  from  re- 
luctance ;  slow,  not  ready. 

'•  But  in  general  the  compliance  waj  tardy,  sad,  and 
•ulten  "—Jtaeaulay  :  ffttt.  Enff.,  ch.  xi». 

*T  To  take  one  tardy:   To  take  or  come 
upon  one  unexpectedly  or  unawares. 

•  tardy-galted,  a.     Slow  in   motion  ; 
sluggish. 

"  Tardif^altfd  night." 

Shaketp. :  Utnrjf  T.,  IT.    (Chorm) 

•  tardy-rising,  a.  Accumulating  slowly. 

.          ,  "  Thither  crowd. 

E«ch  greedy  wretch  for  lardf-rltina  wealth. 
Which  come,  too  late."  Djtr  :  flttef,  L 

'tar'-dy,   ».t      [TARDY,  o.)     To  delay,   to 
hinder,  to  retard. 

"The  good  mind  of  Camillo  ttirdiid 
My  .wift  coumaud." 

ulteHftp. :  Winuaft  TtOt,  HI,  t. 


w 
.  ware. 


>         >  '  '        '  •'  »™<       >     **>  •• 

-.  mute.  cab.  oare,  noute.  our.  rule.  rtUl;  try.  Syriaui.    •.»  =  .;  ey 


a;  qu  = 


tare— tariff 


4625 


tare  (1),  «.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  probably  from 
Prnv.  Eng.  tan  =  brisk,  eager.  Tare  would 
then  signify  the  quick-growing  or  destructive 
plant ;  A.S.  teran  =  to  tear.] 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  Vicia  taliva,   a  vetch,  a  plant  wild   in 
Europe,  but  also  largely  cultivated  as  fodder 
for  cattle.    It  has  many  trailing  or  climbing 
stems,  those  of  the  wild  being  more  slender 
than  those  of  the  cultivated  plant    Leaves 
with  five  or  six  pairs  of  leaflets,  flowers  soli- 
tary or  twin,  legumes  one  to  three  inches 
long,  with  from  four  to  ten  smooth  seeds. 
There  are  two  sub-speciei,  Fieio  KUiva  proper 
and  V.  angustifolia. 

(2)  Latliyna  Apltaca,  an  European  plant.  The 
trailing  stems  are  one  to  three  feet  long,  and 
the  leaflets  on  old  plants   are    linear;  the 
peduncles   elongate,    one   flowered;  flowers 
yellow,  appearing  in  June  and  July. 

(3)  Ervnm,  a  section  or  sub-genus  of  Vicia. 
Two    species    are,    Vicia    telratpenna    (Ermm 
tetraspermum)  and  Kicia  hirsuta  (Ervum  Mr- 
lutum). 

2,  Scrip*. :  A  weed,  fifavur  (zianiion),  re- 
sembling wheat,  which  the  botanical  tares  do 
not  do  in  the  least     Almost  certainly  Darnel 
(Lolium  temulentum),  the  "  infelix  lolium  "  of 
Virgil  (Gear.  i.  154).    [DARNEL.] 

"And  whanne  men  slepten  bis  enemr  came  and 
Mwe  aboue  tarit  in  the  myihlil  ol  whew  and  weute 
awej."-»'»clW«:  MMIteu  itIL 

tare  ligne,  ».    [TARE-VETCH.] 

tare-vetch,  «. 

Sot. :  Ervum  hirsutum, 

tare  (2),  «.  [Fr.  =  loss,  diminution,  tare,  from 
Sp.  tara  =  tare,  from  Arab,  tarha,  from  tarh 
=  throwing,  casting,  flinging  ;  Port.  &  Ital. 
tara.] 

Comm. :  An  allowance  or  deduction  made 
on  the  gross  weight  of  goods  sold  in  boxes, 
barrels,  bags,  &C-,  for  the  weight  of  the  boxes, 
ic.  Tare  is  said  to  be  real  when  the  true 
weight  of  the  package  is  known  and  allowed 
for ;  average,  when  it  is  estimated  from  similar 
known  cases ;  and  customary,  when  a  uniform 
rate  is  deducted. 

tare,  v.t.  [TARE  (2),  «.]  To  ascertain  or  mark 
the  amount  of  tare  of. 

tare,  pret.  ofv.    [TEAR,  ».J 
tar-en-tel'-la,  «.    [TARANTELLA.) 
ta  ren'-tifm,  «.    [TARANTISM.) 

«8-ren'-to-la,  s.    [Ital.  t  tarentola.} 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Geckotidse,  with  seven 
species  from  Europe,  Africa,  America,  and 
the  West  Indian  Islands.  Toes  dilated,  with 
single  series  of  plates  beneath  two  claws  on 
each  foot ;  rostral  shield  very  large. 

ta-ren'-tn-la,  >.    [TARANTULA.] 

tar  -gant,    tor'-gant,  «.     [A  corrupt,  of 
torquent,  from  Lat.  torquens,  pr.  par.  of  torqueo 
=  to  twist] 
Her, :  Torqued  (q.v.X 

targe,  s.  [A.S.]  [TARGET.]  A  target,  a  small 
shield,  a  buckler. 

"  Ywlmpled  wel,  and  on  Ijlre  hede  an  hat. 
A*  brode  as  is  a  bokeler,  or  a  tiirge." 

Cltauctr:  0.  T..  ProL  47. 

targe,  talrge,  v.t.  [Cf.  Dut  tergen  =  to  vex, 
to  provoke ;  Low  Ger.  targen.}  [TARBE.] 
(Scotch) 

1.  To  rate,  to  scold,  to  reprimand  severely. 

2.  To  exercise,  to  catechise ;  to  cross-examine 
severely. 

3.  To  beat,  to 
strike. 

4.  To  keep  in 
order  or  under 
discipline. 

tar-gSt,  "tar- 
gatte,  *  tar- 
gette,  *ter- 
gat,  t.  [A.s. 
targe  ;  diinin. 
fluff,  -et ;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  targa 

=  a  target,  a  ANGLO-SAXON  TARGET. 
•  mall  round 
shield ;  O.  H.  Ger.  xargo,  =  a  frame,  a  side  o] 
a  vessel,  a  wall ;  Ger.  large  =  a  frame,  a  case, 
a  border ;  Fr.  targe  =  a  target,  a  shield ;  Sp. 


tarja  =  a  shield  ;  Port,  tarja  =  an  escutcheon 
on  a  target  ;  Ital.  targa  =  a  buckler  ;  Irish  & 
Gael,  to.rga.id  =  a  target,  a  shield.] 

1.  A  shield  or    buckler  of   a    small   size, 
circular  in  form,  cut  out  of  oxhide,  mounted 
on  light  but  strong  wood,  and  strengthened 
by  bosses,  spikes,  4c.  ;  often  covered  exter- 
nally with  a  considerable   amount  of  orna- 
mental work. 

"  Accustomed  to  the  use  of  tarfftt  and  broadsword." 
—  Jfacawfay  .-  Hut.  Sng..  Co.  T. 

2.  The  mark  set  up  to  be  fired  at  in  archery, 
musketry,  or  artillery  practice,  or  the  like. 
Targets    for  archery   purposes   are  made  of 
leather  or  canvas,  "stuffed  with  straw,  and 
painted    with    concentric    rings    of  various 
colors,    the  centre  being  golden.   Rifle  targets 
are  generally  square  or  oblong  metal  plates, 
and  are  divided  into  three  or  more  sections  — 
the  bull's-eye,  inner  (or  centre),  and  outer, 
counting  from  the  centre  of  the  target  to  the 
outside.     In  some  targets  there  is  a  fourth 
division  commonly  called  a  magpie  (q.v.). 

target-bearer,  i. 

Hot.  :  The  genus  Peltigera. 

tar'-get  ed,  o.  (Eng.  target;  -ed.}  Provided 
or  armed  with  a  target;  having  a  defensive 
covering  like  a  target. 

tar-gSt-eeV,  *  tar-get-ieV,  *  tar-gat- 
ier,  *  tar-get-tier,  *  tar-guet-ier,  ». 

[Eng.  target  ;  -<tr.]    One  armed  with  a  target. 
"The  bosoms  ol  our  larfittxn  must  all  besteept  In 
sweat."  CAapnwn;  Somtr  f  Iliad  11. 

tar-gi  6  ne-as,  tar-g!-o-nl-«'-a»,  tar- 

gi-6-ni-a'-9e-89,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  targi- 
onia  ;  Lat  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -ece,  -acecc.] 

Bot.  :  A  sub-order  of  Marchantiaceae,  having 
the  spore-cases  sub-marginal  and  solitary,  and 
the  iuvolucels  wanting. 

tar-gf-d'-nl-a,  »•  [Named  after  John  An- 
thony Targioni,  a  Florentine  botanist.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Targioneas(q.v.). 
Frond  somewhat  fleshy,  smooth,  deep  green, 
purplish  at  the  edges,  forming  large  patches 
on  moist  and  exposed  banks  ;  capsule  soli- 
tary, globose,  nearly  sessile,  arising  from  the 
end  of  the  midrib  of  the  lower  face  of  the 
frond.  It  bursts  irregularly  at  the  top,  dis- 
charging spores  and  elaters.  The  species  exist 
chiefly  in  warm  countries. 

tar'-gi-o-nite,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  by  Bechi  in  a  commu- 
nication to  Dana,  but  it  is  printed  in  his  note 
(American  Jour.  Science,  ser.  II.,  vol.  xiv., 
1862,  p.  60)  as  Jargionite.  Apparently  the 
same  as  Steinmannite  (q.v.). 


Tar   gum,  «.    [Chaldee  (B.  Aranuean) 
(targum),  wniriri  (targuma)  =  Interpretation, 
translation  ;  Cjnn  (tirgem),  Of\f\  (targem) 
to  interpret,  to  translate.] 

Jewish  Literature:  A  Chaldee  version  or 
paraphrase  of  the  Old  Testament,  necessitated 
by  the  fact  that  the  exiles  who  returned  from 
Babylon  knew  that  language  well,  and  had 
partly  lost  acquaintance  with  their  own. 
When  the  Scriptures  were  read  in  the  syna- 
gogues after  the  return  from  Babylon,  an 
interpretation  or  occasional  comment  was 
added  in  Chaldee,  then  the  oral  explanations 
were  written,  and  finally  regular  Targums 
arose.  There  are  ten  known  Tavgums.  The 
oldest  is  believed  to  have  been  that  of 
Onkelos,  which  is  confined  to  the  Pentateuch. 
Dr.  Samuel  Davidson  believed  that  Onkelos 
was  the  same  as  Aquila,  that  he  was  a  mythic 
person,  and  did  not  write  the  Targum  which 
bears  his  name.  It  was  at  first  a  Palestinian 
production,  but  was  afterwards  modified  by 
Babylonian  Jews.  It  remained  for  many 
years  in  an  unfixed  state,  but  was  finally  com- 
pleted by  the  end  of  the  third  century.  It 
was  first  printed  A.D.  1482,  and  there  were 
many  subsequent  editions.  The  next  impor- 
tant Targum  was  that  of  Jonathan  Ben  Ozziel, 
on  Joshua,  Judges,  S»muel,  Kings,  and  the 
Prophets.  It  seems  to  have  arisen  in  the 
same  way  as  its  predecessor,  and  to  have  been 
completed  about  the  end  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury. A  third  Targum,  called  that  of  the 
Pseudo-Jonathan,  and  confined  to  the  Penta- 
teuch, alludes  to  Khadiyah  and  Fatima,  two 
of  Muhammad's  wives,  and  is  not  earlier  than 
the  middle  of  the  seventh  century.  A  fourth 
is  the  Jerusalem  one,  on  the  Pentateuch.  I 
is  fragmentary,  and  resembles  that  of  the 


Pseudo-Jonathan,  which  it  may  have  preceded 
by  a  century.  There  are  less  important  Tar- 
gums  on  the  Hagiographa. 

"  Thin  seed,  there  spoken  ol,  it  Christ,  a>  both  th. 
taraumt  expound  ll."—Arc>ibfj.  Patrick:  On  GtnMit. 
Hi  15. 

tar'-gum-ist,  ».  [Bug.  targun;  -is*.]  The 
writer  of  a  targum  ;  one  versed  in  the  litera- 
ture and  language  of  the  targums. 

41  Jonatbau  or  Oukelus.  the  turffumiitt.  were  ol 
eleaner  language."— J/ilton :  Apoloyn  for  Smcctjfm 
umia 

•  tar -hood,  ».    [Eng.  tar;  -Aoori.]    The  stau 
or  condition  of  being  a  tar ;  sailors  collect 
ively. 

"Ridiculed  by  th«  whol«  tdrlutod."—  WatfOt :  T, 
Mann.  ii.  286. 

ta'-ri,  s.  [Native  name.]  The  sap  of  Phtznix 
sylvestris.  In  India  it  is  used  as  a  beverage, 
sometimes  in  its  natural  condition  and  some- 
times fermented. 

•  tar    I -an,   «.     [Wel.]    An  ancient  British 
shield. 

tar  -Iff,  ».  [O.  Fr.  tariffe  =  arithmetic,  cast- 
ing of  accounts  (Fr.  tarif),  from  Sp.  tarifa  = 
a  list  of  prices,  a  book  of  rates,  from  Arab. 
ta  rif—  giving  information,  from  drf=  know- 
ing, knowledge.] 

1.  A  list  or  table  of  goods  with  the  duties 
or  customs  to  which  they  are  liable,  either  on 
exportation  or  importation  ;  a  list  or  table  of 
duties  or  customs  to  be  paid  on  goods  im- 

Sorted  or  exported,  whether  such  duties  are 
nposed  by  the  government  of  a  country  or 
are  agreed  upon  between  the  governments  of 
two  countries  having  commerce  with  each 
other. 

"However  absurd  a  tariff  ma;  be,  a  smuggler  U  but 
too  likely  to  be  a  knave  and  a  ruffian."— J/acoulay.- 
SiM.  Eng.,  ch.  xzl. 

2.  A  table  or  scale  of  charges  generally. 

8.  A  law  of  Congress  fixing  the  amount  of 
Import  duties. 

1  In  the  United  States  the  question  of  free- 
trade  or  protection  haa  given  great  interest  to 
tariff  legislation,  or  the  increasing  or  decreasi  ug. 
of  customs  duties,  and  the  tariff  controversy  hiis1 
been  one  of  the  leading  elements  of  party 
diviiion.  It  formerly  divided  attention  with, 
slavery,  curreucy,  and  state-rights  question* 
but  now  stands  almost  alone,  as  the  main 
cause  of  division  between  the  two  great 
political  parties  of  the  nation.  In  England  tin? 
early  tariffs  were  prohibitous,  forbidding  tliw 
importation  of  articles  which  parliament  de- 
cided could  be  made  at  home.  The  use  of  the 
tariff  as  a  source  of  revenue  did  not  begin  till- 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Prohibition  did 
not  cease,  however,  in  regard  to  certain  articles, 
and  as  late  as  1819  the  prohibitory  policy  was 
in  part  continued,  in  the  masked  method  of 
placing  duties  HO  high  as  to  exclude  the  article 
discriminated  against.  Since  then  the  policy 
of  free  trade  has  been  adopted  in  the  British 
Islands,  and  the  number  of  articles  paying 
duties  decreased  until  only  a  few  remain.  IB 
the  United  States,  after  independence  had  been- 
declared,  each  state  adopted  a  tariff  of  its  own, 
the  result  of  this  condition  of  affairs  being  so- 
disturbing  to  the  public  interests  that  the  power 
was  transferred  to  the  national  government  by 
the  Constitution,  and  in  1789  a  tariff  law 
applicable  to  the  whole  country  was  reported 
by  James  Madison  and  passed.  The  protective 
policy  was  generally  sustained  during  the  early 
period  of  national  existence,  and  the  tariff  in- 
creased after  the  second  war  wilh  Great  Britain, 
to  protect  the  manufacturing  industries  which 
had  been  started  during  that  struggle.  Tlio 
opposition  tojk  high  tariff,  which  at  first  cam-) 
from  New  England,  was  afterwards  diverted  in 
the  South,  and  in  1832,  a  lower  tariff  policy  was 
adopted,  which  continued  In  force  till  184i 
Various  fluctuations  took  place  between  thin 
date  aud  1861,  wheu  the  protective  tariff  of  th" 
war  period  was  established.  From  that  periuii 
until  1894  the  protective  tariff  policy  prevailed 
the  McKinley  Tariff  of  1891)  being  the  highe-t 
in  many  of  its  rates  of  duty  the  country  had 
known.  In  1894  the  Democratic  party  gaining 
the  majority  in  Congre«,  a  new  tariff  bill  >va? 
passed,  considerably  re  luciug  the  rates  of  duty, 
aud  placing  numerous  articles  of  the  nature  of 
raw  materials  on  the  free  list,  the  measure  u^ 
adopted  being  in  part  protective,  in  part  for 
revenue  only,  while  an  income  tax  feature  was 
added  to  it  to  meet  the  expected  decrease  in 
revenue.  On  May  20, 1895,  however,  the  Unit.  .1 
States  Supreme  Court  decided,  by  a  vote  of 
to  four,  that  the  income  tax  clause  was  uncon- 
stitutional, and  therefore  void. 


tota,  bo>;  potlt,  JtflH;  eat,  con,  ehonw,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  t"":  «*«.  «•:  «P««*.  *en°P^°n>,f 
-elan,  -tlan  =  «*»?"     -tion,  -«ioa  =  shun ;  -flon.  -elon  =  zhun.   -cioua,  -tious.  -sions  =  ahuA,   -ble,  -<ue,  «c 


4628 


tariff— tarsier 


tilr-Iil.  t>.«.    [TARIFF,  «.]    To  make  or  draw 
up  a  list  of  duties  on,  as  on  imported  goods. 

tiir-In,  t.    IFr.]    The  siskin  (q.v.). 

t.ir'  la-tan,  tar'-le-tan.  ..  [Etym.  doubt 

ful  ;  cf.  Milanese  tarfan/anna=]insey-woolsev. 

Fabric  :  A  showy,  transparent  kind  of  mm 

lin,  used  for  ladies'  dresses. 

torn,  *  tame,  •  tcrne,  t.  (Icel.  tiorn  rgen, 
turner)  =  a  tarn,  a  pool  ;  Sw.  diaL  tjarn,  tarn 
Sorw.  tjarn,  tjorm.] 

1.  A  small  pool  or  lake  on  a  mountain 
especially  one  which  has  no  visible  feeders. 

"  A  lof  t  j  precipice  In  front* 
A  siltiit  lorn  below  1" 

WardntorOt: 

I  A  bog,  a  marsh,  a  fen. 

tar-na'-tlon,  ».  [See  def.]  A  eaphemlstl 
substitute  for  damnation,  used  as  a  mild  oath 
especially  in  America.  It  is  also  used  adjec 
tively  and  adverbially  :  as,  a  tarnation  idiot, 
tarnation  strange. 

tar  -nlsh,  r.(.  &  t  [Fr.  fernisj-,  stem  of  ter- 
nissunt,  pr.  par.  of  K  ternir  =  to  wax  pale 
to  lose  Its  lustre  ;  from  M.  H.  Ger.  temen 
O.  H.  Ger.  tarnan,  tamjan  =  ta  obscure,  tc 
darken  ;  cogn.  with  A.  8.  demon,  d-yrnan  =  t( 
hide;  O.  Bar.  derni;  Q.  Fries.  dm  =  hidden 
•ecret.) 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  soil,  by  an  alteration  induced  by  thi 
«ir,  Just,  or  the  like  ;  to  diminish  or  destroy 
the  lustre  of  ;  to  sully. 

"  Some  ]«tt«rus  yet  like  tarnith'd  l*ce  an  worn. 

And  now  disguise  what  once  they  did  adorn." 
Fuller:  Jfemotrt;  TuOte  Reader*  Writer  of  Live*, 

2.  To  give,  as  to  gold  or  silver,  a  pale  or  dim 
««st,  without  either  polishing  or  burnishing  it. 

"  If  a  one  object  should  tarnitfi  by  having  a  grm 
many  aee  it,  or  the  muaick  should  run  mostly  into 
one  man's  e  irs.  these  satisfactions  would  be  made  in 
closure."—  CoWier  :  Of  Envy. 

3.  To  diminish   or  destroy  the  purity  or 
Instre  of;  to  cast  a  stain  upon  ;  to  sully,  to 
•tain. 

"  Let  him  pray  for  resolution,  that  be  may  discover 
nothing  that  may  discredit  the  cause,  [arm**  the 
Klory.  and  weaken  the  example  of  the  sufferiim.' 

B.  Intrans.  :  to  lose  Instre,  to  become  dull 

"  Till  thy  fresh  glories,  which  now  chine  so  bright. 
Grow  stale  and  'arnith  with  our  daily  sight 

Orgaten:  AiMalom  g  Acktt^ktl,  L  349. 

tar'-nlsh,  s.  [TABHISB,  ».]  A  stain,  a  blot, 
a  tarnished  state. 


,  «.     [Bng.  tarnith;   •«•.]     One 
who  or  that  which  tarnishes. 

tar  -no-vltz-ite,  tor  '-no-witz-  ite  (w  as 
v),  &  [After  Tarnowitz,  Silesia,  where  found  ; 
son*.  -ite  (Afin.)  ;  Ger.  tarnovicit,  titrnovizit.] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  aragonite  (q.v.X  con- 
taining carbonate  of  lead. 

ia-ro  (1),  ta'-ra  (2),  ».  [Native  name.]  The 
tuberous  roots  of  Cdocaaa  asculenta(Caladium 
aculentum)  and  Ci.ioco.na  macroriiaa.  [CoLO- 
CA8IA.]  The  Taro  plant  belongs  to  the  natural 
order  Araocw,  and  is  of  the  same  genus  with 
the  Coeco  or  Edoea.  It  is  cultivated  for  its 
roots,  which  are  a  principal  article  of  food 
in  the  South  Sea  Islands.  These  are  washed  to 
get  rid  of  their  acridity,  and  are  cooked  in  the 
same  way  as  bread-fruit;  they  may  al*>  be 
prepared  for  food  by  boiling,  or  be  made  into  a 
pudding.  Taro  also  yields  a  pleasant  flour. 
The  plant  has  no  stalk,  its  leaves,  which  are 
broad  and  heart-nhaped,  springing  directly 
fron.  the  root.  These  leaves  are  used  as 
spinach. 

ta'-ro  (2),  «.  [See  def.J  A  Maltese  money  of 
account,  value  about  1}  of  a  penny  sterling. 

tar'-So,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  game  at 
cards,  played  with  seventy-eight  cards. 

tar"-**..,  tar'-po-njf,  «.  [Various  Tartar 
dialects.] 

ZooU  :  The  wild  borse  of  Tartary..  It  U 
mouse-coloured,  witl  i  a  stripe  along  the  back, 
and  is  supposed  to  present  the  nearest  ap- 
proach to  the  stock  from  which  the  domestic 
horse  was  derived.  The  tarpans  roam  in 
thousands  in  the  great  treeless  plains  of  Tar- 
tary, where  natives  catch  them  by  the  lasso. 

tar-pan  -Un,  tar-pau'  ling,  tar  p&w 
ling,  s.    [Eng.  tar,  an 
from  pott  (Lat.  potto).] 


ling,  s.    [Eng.  tar,  and  palling  =  a  covering, 
(Lat 


1.  A.  cloth  of  stout  canvas,  coated  with  tar 
or  other  waterproof  compound.  Employed 
on  shipboard  and  ashore  for  covering  hatches, 
boats,  hammocks,  Ate.,  and  protecting  articles 
generally  from  the  weather.  A  tarpaulin,  or 
thick  unpaintcd  canvas,  sometimes  called  a 
paulin.  forms  part  of  the  equipment  for  each 
carriage  of  a  field-battery  of  artillery. 

t  2.  A  bailor.  ^Nuw  upim.lv  abbreviated  to 
tar.) 

3.  A  sailor's  hat,  covered  with  patnted  or 
tarred  cloth ;  a  painted  or  tarred  canvas 
cover  generally. 

Tar  pe'  I  an,  o.  Of  or  named  after  Tarpeia, 
a  woman  who  opened  the  gates  of  the  citadel 
of  Borne  to  its  enemies,  the  Sabines,  under 
promise  of  receiving  that  which  they  wore  on 
their  left  anus.  Instead  of  the  golden  bracelets 
she  eipected,  the  Sabiues  threw  their  shields 
upon  her  as  they  entered,  and  crushed  her. 

Tarpeian-Rock,  ..  A  cliff  on  the 
southern  side  of  the  Capitoline  Hill  at  Rome, 
from  which  criminals  sentenced  to  death  were 
frequently  hurled. 


—  r — ,  tai-'-piun,  ..  [Native  Indian 
name.]  A  large  American  fish  of  the  family 
Clupeinaj.  This  fish,  tlegalopt  atlantiau,  is 
common  in  the  warm  waters  of  the  southern 
Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  ascends 
the  coast  as  far  as  Cape  Cod.  It  is  the  giant  of 
the  herring  family,  attaining  at  times  a  length 
of  six  feet  and  a  weight  of  1.50  pounds.  It 
Is  edible,  but  not  prized  as  food,  but  is  becoming 
a  favorite  game  fish  in  the  southern  waters. 
Fished  for  with  rod  and  line  it  tries  all  the 
skill  of  the  angler, 

•  tar--qnm-Ish,  a.  [See  def.]  Like,  resem. 
bling,  or  characteristic  of  Tarquin  the  Proud, 
king  of  Rome  ;  hence,  proud,  naughty. 

tar  race,  tar  -rasa,  ter^-raM,  tra«».  i 

(Ger.  tarrcas,  trass ;  ft.  Fr.  terraste  =  an  earth- 
work ;  from  tern  (Lat  terra)  =  earth.]  A 
volcanic  earth  used  in  making  cement ;  also  a 
plaster  or  cement  made  in  Holland  from  a 
soft  rock  found  near  Collen. 

tar-  ra-gon,  *  tar  -a  gon,  ».  [Sp.  taragona, 
taragoiUia,  taragoncia  ;  O.  Fr.  taargon  ;  Fr.  M- 
tra.gov,;  Ital.  targane ;  Low  Lat.  tragun,  tar- 
chon,  a  corrupt,  of  draco  =  a  dragon,  from 
Lat.  draatnculus  =  a  little  dragon :  Pers. 
tarkhun.  See  def.] 

Sot. :  Artemisia  Dracunculiu.  The  stems 
are  two  to  three  feet  high,  smooth,  and  bright 
green.  The  leaves  undivided,  narrow,  and 
somewhat  succulent.!  The-heads  small,  round, 
and  smooth,  with  seven  or  eigkt  florets.  It  is 
a  native  of  Siberia,  where  Hie  leaves,  which 
emit  a  stimulating  odour,  and  if  chewed  pro- 
duce a  pungent  moisture  in  the  mouth,  are 
used  with  many  dishes  in  cookery,  and  as  a 
flavouring  for  vinegar. 

tarragon  -  vinegar,  «.  Vinegar  fla- 
voured with  tarragon. 

tarre,  v.t.  [Low  Ger.  tarrm,  targen,  tergen  ; 
O.  Dut.  tergen;  Dan.  targe;  A.  8.  tergan,] 
[TARRY.]  To  stimulate,  to  urge,  to  provoke. 
to  incite. 

"  And.  like  a  dog  that  Is  compeird  to  fight. 
Suatcfa  at  Ills  master  that  doth  tarre  him  on." 
Skatetp. :  Kinf  •'"«».  Iv.  L 

tarred,  pa.  par.  or  o.    (TAB,  ».] 

tarred  and  feathered,  a.  Subjected 
to  the  process  of  tarring  and  feathering  (q.v.). 

tarred  line,  i. 

Xaitt. :  Cord  which  has  been  tarred,  In  con- 
tradistinction to  white  line. 

tarred-links,  s.  pi  Links  or  torches 
used  for  lighting  up  forts,  trenches,  4c.  They 
are  made  of  old  rope,  well  beaten,  to  soften 
it,  and  are  covered  with  a  composition  of 
pitch,  tar,  and  mutton-tallow,  similar  to  that 
used  for  pitched  fascines. 

tar  ri-an9e,  •  tar  ry-aunce,  •  tar- 
ry- anoe,  *  tar-i  en oe,  t.  [Eng.  tarry; 
•ance.]  A  tarrying  ;  delay. 

tar'-ri-er(l),  *tar-l-er,  «.  [Eng.  tarn;  -er.] 
One  who  tarries,  delays,  or  stays. 

.v"AI$  t"  ""•'  "»""•  I"  ta  »"«"  "mm  called  ol 
them  Fabius  cuuctator.  th»t  is  to  saj,  the  tarter  op 
delayer.  —Elyut :  Oepernour.  bk.  L,  ch.  xiili. 

tar'-rl-er  (2),  a,    [TeatHiKR  (1),  a,] 


tar'-ring  and  feath -er-ing, ..  A  form 
of  popular  punishment  occasionally  adopted 
by  mobs  in  tin-  United  States,  in  cases  where  it 
is  intended  rather  to  disgrace  than  to  injure  the 
victim.  The  person  who  is  to  be  subjected 
to  the  outrage  is  stripped  of  his  clothing  and 
melted  tar  poured  over  his  body,  and  is  then 
covered  with  a  coating  of  feathers,  which 
adhere  to  the  soft  tar.  If  it  is  proposed  to 
make  the  punishment  still  more  disgraceful  he 
may  be  ridden  on  a  rail  or  conveyed  in  a  cart 
through  the  streets  as  a  spectacle  for  all  eyes. 
The  latest  instance  of  this  outrage  was  ID 
Colorado  during  the  disturbances  attending 
the  railroad  strike  of  1894. 

t&r'  -  rock,  s.  [Greenland  (atom*  ]  Th» 
name  given  In  Orkney  to  the  Kittiwake.  (See 
extract.) 

"  Ths  tarred  Itantt  fridactylut,  Lin  SysL)  which 
T,r  K  ^  ?<"'"»?««ke-  "  *S  the  mit  common 
of  the  kind  in  this  place.  — Barry  :  Orkney,  p.  303. 

tSr'-rdw,  v.l.  [TAKRV.]  To  delay,  to  hesi- 
tate ;  to  feel  reluctance  ;  to  murmur  at  one's! 
allowance.  (ScofcA.) 

"An*  I  hae  seen  their  coggfe  Ton. 
That  jet  has  tarrovit  at  It" 

Burnt:  A  Dream. 

tar'-rf,  •  tar-ie,  v.t.  *  t.  [A  form  due  to 
confusion  of  two  Mid.  Eng.  verbs  •  (1)  tarien 
=  to  irritate,  (2)  targen  =  to  delay.  (1)  Tarien 
is  from  A.S.  tergan  =  to  ve*  ;  O.  Dut.  tergen  ; 
Dan.  targe  ;  Ger.  zergen ;  Scotch  tan*?,  tairge. 
(2)  Targen  is  from  O.  Fr.  larger  =  to"  tarry,  to 
delay,  from  a  Low  Lat  tardico,  from  Lat. 
tardo  (Fr.  (order)  =  to  delay,  from  tardus  = 
slow,  tardy  (q.v.).  The  form  follows  tarien. 
while  the  sense  goes  with  targen.  (Steal.)] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  stop,  to  delay;  to  pnt  off  going  or 
coming. 

"If  that  servannt  sere  In  his  herte ;  my  lord  tar. 
iet*  to  come,  and  bigynue  to  smyte  children  and 
haadmaydens."—  Wydtfe:  Luke  xiL  46. 

2.  To  stay  or  remain  behind  ;  to  wait. 

"  Tarry  ye  here  for  us,  until  we  come  again  ant* 
you.  —  Exodut  xxiv.  14. 

3.  To  stay,  to  sojourn,  to  abide,  to  lodge. 

"  Tarry  all  night,  and  wash  your  t<xi.--eenriit  xli.  t, 

•  B.  Trans. :  To  wait  for ;  to  remain  till. 

tarry  the  grinding."— Shaltetp.:  Trvittu  *'  Creu'iaa. 

*t&I'-rf,$.  [TAHRT.r.]  Delay,  stay,  tarriance. 

lUuttr.;  Alien  to  Sbrembury  (an.  151S). 

tar'-ry,  a.  [Eng.  tar;  •#.]  Consisting  of  or 
resembling  tar ;  of  the  nature  of  tar ;  smeared 
with  tar ;  tarred. 

tarry-break.,,  «.    A  sailor.    (.Scotch.) 

"  J°.ral«:  "J"1  TUrry-frtela,  I  leam. 
Ye  Te  lately  come  athwart  her."    Burnt :  A  bream. 

tarry-fingers,  ».  pi.  Thieving  fingers ; 
pilfering  fingers.  (Scotch.) 

tar '-sal,  a.    [TARSUS.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  tarsus  or  Instep:  as, 
tarsal  bones. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  tarsi  of  the  eye- 
lids :  as,  the  tarsal  cartilages. 

tarsal-bones,  ».  pi. 

Anat.  :  Seven  bones  forming  the  heel,  th« 
ankle,  and  part  of  the  sole  of  the  foot 

tarsal  cartilages,  t.  pi. 

Anat.:  Two  thin  elongated  plates,  formed 
of  dense  connective  tissue,  placed  on  each 
eyelid,  and  giving  It  shape  and  firmness. 
Called  also  Tarsi. 

tarse,  ».    [TARSUS.] 

*  tar  -sal,  *.    [TIERCSL.] 

tar'-si,  >.  pi.    [TARSDS.] 

tar-si-a,  tar-sl-a-tu'-ra,  «.  [Ital.]  A 
species  of  inlaying  in  wood,  much  practised 
in  Italy  during  the  Middle  Ages,  especially  for 
wall-panelling.  Wood  in  its  natural  colours 
was  employed  in  the  earlier  specimens,  but 
afterwards,  when  more  complicated  figures, 
birds,  flowers,  &c.,  were  introduced,  the 
various  pieces  were  stained.  Shades  are  pro- 
duced by  immersing  the  pieces  in  hot  sand  ; 
the  design  is  btrilt  up  on  paper,  aad  applied 
in  the  manner  of  veneer. 

tar'-«i-er,  s.    [TABSICT.] 


ftte,  tat.  fare.  amid«t,  what,  l&u.  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  th£re;   pine,  pit,  sire, 
«r.  wore,  wtft  work.  wild,  ton;  mute,  eftb,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rile,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «&,<)•  = 


sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
e ;  ey  =  a  j  qn  »  kw. 


tarsiidea— tartarated 


•162? 


TAR6IPES   R09TRATUS. 


tar  -81-  1  -dee,  «.  pi-  [Mod.  Lat.  tarsi(us): 
Lat.  fern.  1>1.  adj.  sun*.  -idee.} 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Lemuroidea  (q.v.X  with 
a  single  genus,  Tarsius  (q.v.). 

ter-Bl-pe-di'-nsB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tarsipes, 
genit.  tarsiped(is)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun". 

-MM!.] 

Zool.:  A  sub-family  of  Phalangistidie  (q.v.), 
with  a  single  genus,  Tarsipes  (q.v.).  Teeth 
almost  rudimentary  and  variable  in  number  ; 
tongue  long,  slender,  pointed,  and  very  ex- 
tensile. 

tar'-sl-pes,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  tarsKus),  and  Lat. 
pes  =  a  foot.  Named  from  a  supposed  re- 
semblance of  its  foot  to  that  of  Tarsius  (q.v.), 
though  it  has  not  the  peculiar  extension  of 
thecalcaneumand 
scaphoid  charac- 
teristic of  the  lat- 
ter genus.] 

Zool.:  The  sole 
genus  of  the  sub- 
family Tarsepi- 
dinee  (q.v.),  with 
a  single  species, 
Tarsipes  rostra- 
Ins,  the  Noolben- 
ger  or  Tail,  from 
\VYstern  Austra- 
lia. Head  with 
elongated  and 
Blender  muzzle, 
luouth-opening 
small  ;  fore  feet 
•with  live  well-de- 
veloped toes,  hind  feet  rather  long  and  slen- 
der ;  ears  moderate,  rounded  ;  tail  prehensile, 
longer  than  head  and  body.  This  little  mar- 
supial lives  in  trees  and  bushes,  and  uses  its 
tail  in  climbing  ;  it  feeds  on  honey,  which  it 
procures  by  inserting  its  long  tongue  into  the 
blossoms  of  flowers;  but  one  which  Mr. 
Gould  kept  in  confinement  ate  flies  readily. 

tar-si  UB,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  lama 
(q.v.).  Named  from  the  immensely  elongated 
tarsal  portion  of  the  foot.] 

Zool.  :  The  sole  genus  of  the  family  Tarsiidte 
(q.vA  with  a  single  species.  Tarsius  spectnm, 
the  Tarsier,  Malmag,  or  Spectre  Tarsier,  a  very 
singular  little  animal,  somewhat  smaller  than 
an  English 
squirrel,  with 
Tery  large 
eyes  and  ears, 
and  a  long 
(bin  tail. 
with  a  tuft 
at  the  end  ; 
general  co- 
lour fawn- 
brown,  bare 
parts  of  a 
flesh  tint, 
forehead. 
face,  and 

nnse  reddish,  with  a  black  streak  over  the  eye. 
It  is  found  in  the  forests  of  many  of  the  is- 
lands of  the  Indc-Malayan  Archipelago,  feed- 
ing on  Insects  and  lizards.  It  sleeps  during  tha 
day,  but  is  very  active  by  night,  moving  from 
place  to  place  by  jumps,  a  method  of  progres- 
sion, for  winch  its  curious  hind  legs,  not  un- 
like those  of  a  frog,  are  well  adapted.  Its 
strange  appearance  causes  it  to  be  regarded 
with  superstitions  awe  by  the  natives  of  the 
East  Indian  Archipelago.  The  Tarsier  Is  rare. 
not  more  than  two  being  generally  found 
together,  and  only  produces  one  at  a  birth. 

tar-so-,  prej.    [TABSCS.]    Of  or  belonging  to 

the  tarsus 


TAB81US  SPECTRUM. 


tarso-motatarsal,  a.  &  ». 

A.  A*  adj.  :  Belonging  to  or  connected  with 
the  tarsus  and  the  metatarsus  :  as,  the  tana- 
metatarsal  ligaments. 

B*  As  substantive  : 

Compar.  Anal.  :  That  part  of  a  bird's  leg 
which  is  commonly  called  the  tarsus  in  de- 
scriptive ornithology  ;  the  bone  reaching  from 
the  tibia  to  the  toes,  which  has  at  its  top  one 
of  the  small  tarsal  bones  confluent  with  it,  so 
that  it  consists  of  part  of  the  tarsus  as  well  as 
the  whole  of  the  metatarsus. 

Tarso-metatarsal  articulations  : 

Anat.  :  The  articulations  oT  the  four  anterior 
bones  of  the  tarsus  :  viz.,  the  three  cuneiform 
and  the  cuboid  bones  with  the  metatarsal 
bones. 


tar  sor  rha  ph#,  «.  [Lat.  tarsia  =  a  carti- 
lage of  the  eyelids,  and  Gr.  pa<f»j  (rhaphe)  —  a 
seam,  a  suture  ;  pavria  (rhapto)  =  to  sew.] 

Surg. :  An  operation  for  diminishing  the 
size  of  an  opening  between  the  eyelids  when 
it  is  enlarged  by  surrounding  cicatrices. 

tar-s6t'-6-m#,  «.     [Lat.  tarsus  =  a  cartilage 
of  the  eyelids,  and  Or.  TO^YJ  (tome)  =  a  cutting.] 
Surg. :  The  section  or  removal  of  the  tarsal 
cartilages. 

tar'-sus  (pi.  tar  si),  ».  [Gr.  ropo-ifr  (tarsoi) 
=  a  stand  or  frame  of  wicker-work,  a  flat 
basket,  the  flat  of  the  foot,  &c.] 

1.  Anatomy: 

(1)  The  seven  small  bones  constituting  the 
ankle  or  instep  in  man  :  viz..  the  calcaneura. 
the  astragalus,  the  cuboid,  the  scaphoid,  and 
the  three  metatarsal  bones.    They  correspond 
with  the  carpus  or  wrist  of  the  anterior  limb. 

(2)  (Ft.):  The  tarsal  cartilages  (q.v.). 

2.  Enlom.  *  Zool.  (PL):  (1)  The  last  seg- 
ments of  the  legs  of  insects.    (2)  The  jointed 
feet  of  other  articulated  or  annulose  animals. 

3.  Ornith. :  The  shank  of  a  bird.     It  may 
be  naked  or  feathered.     In  the  former  case 
it  is  protected  by  scales. 

tart,  *  tarte,  o.  [A.S.  fear*  =  tart,  sharp, 
severe,  lit.  =  tearing,  from  taer,  pa.  t.  of  tercm 
=  to  tear  (q.v.).] 

1.  Sharp  to  the  taste  ;  acid,  acidulated. 

"The  Juice !•  very  (art."— Vampifr:    FoyapM  (stt. 

I486). 

2.  Sharp,  severe,  biting,  keen. 

"  The  popular  harangue,  the  tart  reply, 
The  Ionic,  and  the  wisdom,  aud  the  wit, 
And  the  loud  laugh."  Cmoper:  TaA,  IT.  11. 

tart,  *  tarte,  ».  [Fr.  tarte,  tourte,  from  Lat. 
torta,  fern.  sing,  of  tortits—  twisted,  pa.  par. 
of  torqueo  =  to  twist ;  Ital.  tartera,  torta  ;  Sp. 
torta ;  Dot.  taart ;  Ger.  tort*;  Dan.  tertt.J  A 
kind  of  small  open  pie  or  piece  of  pastry,  con- 
sisting of  fruit  or  preserve  baked  and  inclosed 
in,  or  surrounded  by,  paste. 

"It  grows  on  a  huihy  plant,  has  a  bitterish  taste, 
rather  insiuiil ;  but  may  M  eaten  either  raw  or  In 
t'ifli,  and  la  used  u  food  by  the  natives."— Coo*  .• 
Secomt  rotate,  bk.  IT.,  ch.  11. 

tart-rhubarb,  s.  Rheum  Shapontieum 
and  R.  hybridum.  [RHCBARB.) 

tar'-tan  (1),  5.  &  a.  [Fr.  tiretatne  =  linsey- 
woolsey,  from  Sp,  tiritaXM  —  a  thin  woollen 
cloth,  a  sort  of  thin  .silk,  from  its  flimsiness  ; 
tirltar  =  to  shiver,  to  shake  with  cold ;  Port. 
ttrttana.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

Fabric :  Woollen  cloth,  cross-barred  with 
stripes  of  various  colours,  forming  panes,  and 
constituting  the  peculiar  patterns  which  are 
said  to  have  formerly  distinguished  the  dif- 
ferent Scottish  Highland  clans,  each  clan 
having  its  own  peculiar  pattern.  North  (Re- 
cord of  Dress,  Arms,  tt  Sciences  of  the  High- 
landers, ii.  16-19)  gives  a  list  of  the  tartans, 
but  other  authorities  think  that  the  patterns 
are  of  comparatively  recent  invention.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  the  chequered  patterns 
themselves  in  which  the  cloth  is  woven,  and 
which  are  frequently  printed  j>r  painted  on 
various  surfaces,  as  paper,  wooa,  &c. 

H  The  weaving  of  particolored  and  striped 
cloth  cannot  bo  claimed  as  peculiar  to  any 
country  or  people,  such  checks  being,  indeed, 
the  simplest  ornamental  iorms  in  which  dyed 
yarns  can  be  combined  in  the  looms.  But  the 
use  of  the  variegated  cloth  termed  tartan 
by  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland  is  probably  of 
great  antiquity,  each  clan  having  for  centuries 
had  its  special  distinguishing  tartan.  After 
the  Rebellion  of  1745  Acts  of  Parliament  were 
passed  in  which  the  use  of  the  Highland  dress 
in  Scotland  wan  prohibited  under  severe  penal- 
ties. These  acts  remained  nominally  in  force 
until  1782,  when  they  were  repealed,  and  since 
that  time  elan  tartun,  with  varying  fluctuations 
of  fashion,  has  been  a  popular  article  of  dress, 
its  use  being  by  no  means  confined  to  Scotland, 
while  manufacturers  have  invented  so  many 
new  "sets,"  or  alterations  of  color,  that  the 
heraldry  of  tartans  has  become  much  confused. 
The  manufacture  of  this  class  of  goods  has 
long  been  carried  on  at  tue  historic  locality 
of  Bannockbnrn,  near  Stirling,  and  is  stilt 
a  feature  of  the  local  industries  at  that  place. 

B.  As  ad}. :  Consisting  of,  made  from,  or 
resembling  tartan ;  having  the  pattern  of  a 
tartan. 


tar'-tan  (2),  tar-tone,  ».    (Fr.  tartan* ,-  Sp., 
Port.,  &  Ital.  tartaiui,  from  Arab.  (arrdaA  =  a 
kind  of  vessel  specially  adapted  for  transport- 
ing horses.] 
Naut. :  A  small  vessel  with  one  mast  and  a 


bowsprit,  the  mainsail   being   spread  by  a 
lateen  yard.    Used  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Tar-tar  (1),  ».  &  a.  [Better  spelled  Tatar. 
The  r  was  inserted  in  mediaeval  times  to  sug- 
gest that  the  Asiatic  hordes  who  occasioned 
such  anxiety  to  Europe  came  from  hell  (Tar- 
tarus), and  were  the  locusts  of  Revelation  ix. 
Pers.  Tatar  =  a  Tartar  or  Scythian.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  native  of  Tartary,  a  name  loosely  ap- 
plied to  members  of  various  Mongolian  races 
in  Asia  and  Europe.    It  was  originally  applied 
to  certain  Tungusic  tribes  in  Chinese  Tartary, 
but  was  extended  to  the  Mongols,  Turks,  ami 
other  tribes  which    formed    the   devastating 
army  of  Genghis  Khan  and  his  successors.    It 
is  now  loosely  applied  to  tribes  of  mixed  origin 
in  the  steppes  of  Siberia,  Russia,  aud  Tartary, 
including  the  Kazau  Tartars,  Ciiui  Tartars, 
Kipchaks,  Kalmucks,  &c.    In  classifying  lan- 
guages, Tarturic  is  applied  to  the   Turkish 
group. 

*  Swifter  than  arrow  from  the  Tartttr't  bow.™ 
Shaketp.  :  mitiummer  SilgJH'i  Dream.  11LO. 

2.  A  courier  employed    by   the   Ottoman 
Porte,  and  by  the  European  ambassadors  in 
Constantinople. 

3.  A  person  of  a  keen,  Irritable  temper  ;  a 
vixen,  a  shrew. 

B.  As  adj.:  Pertaining  to  Tartary  or  the 
Tartars. 

U  To  catch  a  Tartar :  To  be  caught  In  one's 
own  trap ;  to  catch  more  than  was  bargained 
for. 

Tartar-bread,  «. 

Bot. :  (1)  The  great  fleshy  root  of  Crnmbt 
tartarica,  (2)  Crambe  tartarica.  [CRAMBE  (1).] 

*  Tar'-tar  (2),  s.    [Lat.  Tartarus.]    Hell. 

"  He  might  return  to  vasty  Tartar  back." 

ShaJuip. :  Henry  >".,  u.  i. 

tar'-tar  (3),  «.  [Fr.  tartre,  from  Low  Lat. 
tartarum,  =  the  deposit  in  wine-casks  ;  Sp.  & 
Ital.  tartar  o.} 

Chem. :  A  generic  name  for  tartarlo  acid,  but 
applied  especially  to  the  acid  tartrate  of 
potassium.  [AROOL,  CREAM  OF  TARTAR.] 

t  IT  O)  Petrified  tartar :  [TARTARDM]. 

(2)  Tartar  of  On  Teeth:  An  earthy  substance 
which  is  deposited  from  the  saliva  on  the 
teeth  when  proper  attention  is  not  paid  to 
them.  It  consists  of  salivary  mucus,  animal 
matter,  and  phosphate  of  lime. 

tartar-emetic,  s. 

Clutm,  *  Ptiarm. :  Tartarated  antimony. 
KO-abCvCgHiOio+SHO,  or  KSbC4H4O7HaO. 
Internally  in  small  doses  it  is  diaphoretic,  ex- 
pectorant, and  probably  cholagogue ;  in  larger 
doses  it  is  an  emetio  or  a  purgative.  When 
a  patient  becomes  accustomed  to  it,  it  Is  then 
sedative.  Externally  it  Is  a  powerful  irritant, 
producing  pustules  like  those  of  small-pox. 
As  an  ointment  or  a  hot  aqueous  solution,  it 
is  a  powerful  counter-irritant. 

tar1  -  tar  -  at  -  ed,  a.  [Eng.  tartar;  -ated.] 
Having  tartaric-acid  in  its  composition. 

H  Tartarated  -  antimony  is  tartar -emetic 
(q.v.);  tartarated-iron  is  used  in  pharmacy 
a*  a  blood  restorer;  and  tartarated-soda  is 
Rochello-salt  or  Sodio-potassic  tartrate  (q.v.). 


bSil,  bo?;  po%t,  J<fiM;  oat,  9611.  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  iXenophon.  exist.    -Ing 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -jion  =  zhun.   -oious,  -tioua,  -sious  =  suds.   -We,  -die,  He.  =  bel,  deL 


4628 


tartarean — tasco 


•tar-taf-g-an.  •  tar-tar^-ofts  (l),  a 

[Lat.  Tartareus,  from  Tarto.ru*  =  hell.]  Per 
taining  to  or  characteristic  of  hell :  hellish 
infernal. 

"  At  this  day. 

When  a  Tartarean  darkness  overspreads 
The  groaning  nations." 

W onUvwtt .-  fzcurrion.  bk.  IT. 

tar-tar  -e-oiis  (2),  o.   [Eng.  tartar  (3) ;  -taw. 

1.  Ord.   Lang.:  Consisting  of  tartar;    re 
sembling  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of  tartar. 

mJlI".V'"ii?' th*  '««'"•«>"•  P»rU  of  the  sap  art  thrown 
apou  tiie  nbres  designed  for  the  stone  and  the  oily 
upon  the  seed  within  if  '-firn. .-  Coonitojio. 

2.  Bot. :  Having  a  rough  crumbling  surface 
like  the  thallus  of  some  lichens. 

tartareous-moss,  s. 

Bot.  o?  Dyeing :  A  lichen,  Lecanora  tartarea, 

[CUDBEAR.] 

•Tar-tar'-I-an,  Tar-tar'-lc  (1),  a.  [Eng 
Tartary ;  -fan,  -tc.  ]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Tar 
tary ;  Tartar. 

Tartarian-bread,  «.    [TARTAR-BREAD. 

Tartarian-lamb,  s. 

Bot. :  Cibotium  Barometz.    [BAROMETZ.] 

tar  tar-Ic  (2),  a.  [Eng.  tartar  (3);  -ic.]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  obtained  from  tartar. 

tartaric  acid,  t. 


- 

formula  includes  four  bibasic  acids  distin- 
guished especially  by  their  crystalline  forms 
and  action  on  polarised  light.  (1)  Dextro-tar- 
taric  acid  ;  ordinary  tartaric  acid.  Found  in 
grapes,  tamarinds,  pine  -apples,  and  other 
fruits,  and  prepared  commercially  from  the 
»rgol,  or  impure  potassium  tartrate  deposited 
from  wine  by  converting  it  into  a  calcium 
salt,  decomposing  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid, 
«nd  allowing  the  solution  to  crystallize  in  a 
warm  place.  It  forms  colourless,  monoclinic 
prisms,  which  are  readily  soluble  In  water 
»nd  alcohol,  has  a  pure  acid  taste,  and 
turns  the  plane  of  polarisation  to  the  right. 
The  acid  is  largely  used  by  calico-printers. 
<2)  Lmto-tartaric  acid  (q.v.).  (3)  Racemit-acid 
<q.v.).  (4)  Meao-tartaric  acid.  Inactive  tar- 
taric acid.  Obtained  by  the  oxidation  of 
sorbin.  It  has  no  action  on  polarised  light; 

2.  Pharm,  :  Tartaric-acid  diminishes  thirst 
in  fevers.  It  is  generally  given  in  the  form 
of  cream  of  tartar  or  with  bicarbonate  of  soda 
-as  an  effervescing  draught. 

t  Tartaric  acid  exists,  either  free  or  In 
combination  with  basic  substances,  in  the 
juices  of  many  fruits  and  plants.  The  subacid 
flavor  of  the  grape,  pine-apple,  and  rowan 
is  due  to  its  presence.  The  crystals  obtained 
from  argol  have  a  pleasant  acid  taste,  and  the 
solution  reddens  litmus.  When  rubbed  in  the 
dark  they  become  luminous.  When  tartaric 
acid  is  heated  it  melts,  forming  the  isomeric 
metatartaric  acid.  If  the  heating  be  continued 
it  decomposes  into  a  number  of  chemical 
substances,  including  among  them  formic  acid, 
carbonic  acid,  and  acetone.  Being  a  dibasic 
acid,  Tartaric  acid  forms  a  large  number  of 
salts,  many  of  them  important.  BitrartraU  of 
fotath,  or  cream  of  tartar,  KHC4H406  is 
obtained  by  purifying  the  crude  argol  by 
crystallization.  It  is  used,  with  baking  soda, 
as  a  baking  powder,  while  medicinally  it  is 
a  useful  purgative,  and  is  a  household  remedy 
for  clearing  the  blood  in  spring.  Tartaratfd 
•iron,  or  tartrate  of  iron  and  potaih,  acts  as  a 
mild  tonic,  which,  when  dissolved  in  sherry 
constitutes  iron  wine.  Tartar  emetic  (q.v.)  is 
another  useful  compound  which,  while  import- 
ant for  its  medicinal  properties,  is  dangerous 
in  unskillful  hands,  and  has  gained  notoriety 
from  being  employed  in  several  famous 
poisoning  cases.  A  dose  of  %  grain  has 
proved  fatal  to  a  child  and  one  of  2  grains 
to  an  adult.  Usually  a  dose  of  1-10  to  1-7  of  a 
grain  is  given,  but  if  used  as  an  emetic  the 
dose  may  be  from  1  to  3  grains. 

tartarlo-anhydrldes,  ».  pJ. 
Chem.  :  Tartaric  acid  is  capable  of  forming 
•everal  anhydrides,  three  of  which  are  known! 


=    4,0,  (tartralic  ac,d) 


Formed  by  heatiug  tartaric  acid  for  some 
tame  at  a  temperature  of  170'.  Is  very  soluble 
in  water  and  not  crystal  lizable.  Its  salts  are 
resolved  by  boiling  into  ordinary  tartrates. 


(2)  Tartrelic  adi  =  C4H4O5  Soluble  tar- 
Uric  anhydride.  Obtained  by  quickly  heat- 
ing small  quantities  of  tartaric  acid  until  it 
swells  up.  It  is  a  yellowish,  deliquescent 
mass,  which  dissolves  in  water,  forming  an 
acid  solution.  (3)  Insoluble  tartaric  anhy- 
dride. C4H4OB.  Obtained  by  heating  tar- 
taric acid  for  some  time  to  150",  exhausting 
the  product  with  cold  water,  and  drying  it  in 
a  vacuum.  It  is  a  white  powder,  insoluble 
in  water,  alcohol,  and  etlier,  and  converted 
by  boiling  into  tartaric  acid. 

*  tar'-tar-ln,  *  tar'-tar-ine,  ».  [Eng.  tar- 
tar (3)  ;  -in,  -inc.]  An  old  name  for  potash. 

tar-tar'-l'-um,  s.    [TARTARIS.] 

tar-tar-i-za  -tlon,  ».  [Eng.  tartari^e); 
-ation.]  The  act  of  tartarizing  or  of  forming 
tartar. 

tar  -tar-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  tartar  (3) ;  -izt.}  To 
impregnate  with  tartar ;  to  refine  by  means  of 
the  salt  of  tartar. 

»  Tar'-tar-ous  (1),  a.  [Eng.  Tartar  (1) ;  -on*,] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of  a  Tar- 
tar ;  Tartaric,  wild,  savage. 

"All  the  tartarout  moods  of  common  men." 

Ben  Jotuon  :  1'oet'Ltler,  T.  1. 

tar'-tar^ons  (2),  a,  [Eng.  tartar  (3) ;  -DIM.] 
Containing  or  consisting  of  tartar ;  resem- 
bling tartar. 

" The  asperity  of  tirtaroui  suits,  and  the  fiery  acri. 
loony  of  alcaline  aalta  .  .  .  produce  nascent  uaationa 
and  anxieties  In  the  souL"— flentefoy .-  Sirit.  i  8«. 

tar-tar-um.  «.  [Latinised  form  of  Eng. 
tartar  (3)  (q.v.).]  A  preparation  of  tartar. 
Called  also  Petrifled-tartar. 

Tar'-tar-iis,  t.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  Tewropot 
(rartafos).] 

Classic  Mythol. :  A  fabled  deep  and  sunless 
abyss  in  the  lower  world,  situated,  according 
to  Hesiod  and  Homer,  as  far  below  the  earth 
as  the  earth  is  below  heaven.  According  to 
the  later  poets,  Tartarus  was  the  place  In 
which  the  spirits  of  the  wicked  received  their 
due  punishment,  and  sometimes  the  word  is 
used  as  synonymous  with  Hades,  or  the  lower 
world  in  general. 

« Tar'-tar-ft  a.  [Lat  Tortoru..]  Tartarus, 
hell.  (Spenser.) 

tar'-ter-ine,  «.    [See  def.] 

Fabric :  A  kind  of  silk  stuff.  So  called  be- 
cause said  to  have  been  obtained  from  the 
Tartars. 

tarf-ish,  a.  [Eng.  tart,  a. ;  -«*.)  Somewhat 
tart  or  acid  ;  rather  tart. 

tart'-Iet,  ».  [Fr.  tartelette,  dimln.  from  0.  Fr. 
tart«  =  atart(q.v.).]  A  little  tart. 

tart'-lfc  adv.    [Eng.  tort,  a. ;  -!».] 

1.  In  a  tart  manner ;    with   tartness   or 
acidity  of  taste. 

2.  Sharply,  severely,  bitterly. 

"TarO*  ridiculing  the  pretences  commonly  made 
for  It  —  Waterland:  Workt.  viii.  168. 

3.  With  sourness  of  aspect ;  sharply. 


tartramlc-ether,  ». 


tart  -ness,  ».    [Eng.  tart,  a. ;  *nea.] 

1.  Sharpness  to  the  taste;  sourness,  acidity. 

,,.'l,TI!.e  'uic<  hlld  M  "Smeable  tartnta,  though  but 
little  UAVOUT."— Coo*.-  Kra  Yaiagt.  bkTlU.  chVT. 

2.  Sharpness  of  language  or  manner;  bitter- 
ness, acerbity. 

"The  tartnat  of  hie  face  aours  ripe  grapee,-— 
Skatap.  :  Cortrtanui,  V.  «. 

tar-tra-,  tar-tr-,  pref.  [TARTRATE,  TAR- 
TAR (3).]  Having  tartaric  acid  in  its  compo- 
sition. 

tar-tra-me -thane,  ».  [Pref.  tartra-,  and 
Eng.  methane,  [TARTRAMIC-KTBER.) 

tar  tram'  1C,  a.  [Pref.  tartr-,  and  Eng. 
omtc.)  Derived  from  or  containing  tartaric 
acid  and  ammonia. 

tartramic  acid,  t. 

Chm.:  (CHHO),  gggga  obtained  as  an 
ammonium  salt  by  the  action  of  ammonia  on 
tartaric  anhydride.  The  free  acid  separated 
from  its  calcium  salt  by  sulphuric  acid  is 
syrupy. 


Tartrame. 

thane.  Obtained  by  the  action  of  alcoholic 
ammonia  on  tartaric  ether.  Ammonia  con- 
verts it  into  tartraraide. 

tar'-tra-mlde,  t.     [Pref.  tartr-,  and  Eng. 
amide  (q.v.).] 

Oim.;C.H2(OH>,(CO-NH,>2.  Obtained  by 
gently  heating  diethylic  tartrate  with  alco- 
holic ammonia.  It  Conns  rhombic  crystals. 
soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

tar'-tra-nO.  s.    [Pref.  tortr-,  and  Eng.  ant- 
l(ine).} 


C^°ia6&H25)0.  n»nyIt«W. 
mlde.  Obtained  by  the  dehydration  of  tar- 
trate of  aniline.  It  may  be  purified  by  recrvs- 
tallization.  It  is  tasteless,  forms  nacreous 
laminae  which  dissolve  in  water  and  alcohol, 
but  sparingly  in  ether,  melt  about  200',  and 
decompose  at  230°. 

tar'-trate,  tar1 -tar -ate,  s.    [Eng.  tar- 
t(a)r(ic);  suff.  -ate  (Cltem.)'.] 

1.  Chem. :  A  salt  of  tartaric  acid. 

2.  Pharm,  :    Tartrate  of   iron  anu  potash 
—  Tartarated  Iron  (q.v.).     Tartrate  of  potash 
is  given  as  a  diuretic  and  alterative,  or  in 
larger  doses  as  a  purgative ;  and  tartrate  of 
soila  and  potash  is  Rochelle  Salt  (q.v.). 

f  In  the  process  of  ripening  of  wines  a 
considerable  quantity  of  tartrate  of  potaih  is 
deposited  by  port  wine  and  some  other  wines  • 
and  this,  mixed  with  the  coloring  matter' 
forms  the  crust  so  well  known  in  old  port' 
wine,  and  which  lines  that  side  of  the  bottle 
which  has  been  laid  down.  Many  attempts 
have  been  made  to  cause  a  rapid  deposition  ol 
this  substance  by  chemical  means,  but  without 
success.  Tartrate  of  lead,  produced  by  adding 
cream  of  tartar  to  acetate  of  lead  in  solution, 
if  dried  and  introduced  into  a  tube,  which 
is  then  exposed  to  red  heat  and  sealed  deposits 
a  finely  divided  form  of  lead.  If  the  tube 
be  them  broken  and  its  contents  shaken  out, 
they  will  catch  fire,  affording  what  is  called 
pyrophorus. 

tar'  trim-ide,  «.     [Pref.  tartr-,  and   Eng. 
imv-le.] 

Chem.:   CjH-rO-jp^.T          A   hypothetical 


substance  of  which  the   phenyl    compound 
is  known  (tartranil). 

tar-trdn'-Io,  a.  [Pref.  tartr- ;  Eng.  (kef)on(e)  ; 
•ie.]  Derived  from  or  containing  tartaric  acid. 

tartronic-acid,  «. 

Chem.:  CH(OH)(CO'OH)2.  Hydroxy-ma- 
lonic  acid.  Obtained  by  evaporating  an 
aqueous  solution  of  dinitro-tartaric  acid,  or 
by  the  action  of  nascent  hydrogen  on  nies- 
oxalic  acid.  It  crystallizes  in  large  colourless 
prisms,  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  and 
melts  at  180°  with  evolution  of  water  and 
carbonic  anhydride. 

tar'-tri-nyl,  t.     [Eng.  tortron(fc);  -j/L] 
Chem. :  The  acid  radical  of  tartronic  acid, 
tartronyl  urea,  s.    [DIAI.URIC-ACID.] 

tar'-tryl,  s.    [Eng.  tartr(ate);  -yl] 

Chem.:  C4HjO3.  The  radical  of  tartario 
acid. 

tar-trjrt'-lc,  a.  [Eng.  tartryl;  -ic,]  Ooiv 
tained  in  or  derived  from  tartryl  (q.v.). 

tartrylic  acid,  s.    [TARTARIC-ACID.] 

tar-tuffe,  tar-tufe,  s.  [Fr.  tartufe  =  t 
hypocrite,  from  Moliere's  comedy  TartufO) 
which  is  named  after  the  principal  character.) 
A  hypocritical  pretender ;  a  hypocrite. 

tar- tuff -Jsh,  tar-tuf'-Ish,  o.  [Eng. 
tartuff(e) ;  -ish.]  Hypocritical ;  rigid  or  precise 
in  behaviour. 

"  She  has  some  mother-in-law,  or  tartnflth  aunt,  or 
nonsensical  old  woman,  to  consult  upon  the  occasiun 
as  well  as  myself."— Sterne. 

•  tar  turT-ism,  t.  [Eng.  tartuff(e);  -itm.} 
Hypocrisy. 

ttas,  I.     [Fr.]     A  heap,  a  pile. 
"tasce, «.    [TASSE.] 

tas  co,  ».  [Etym.  doubtful.)  A  sort  of  clay 
for  nuking  melting-pots. 


taseometer— taste 


4629 


tas-e-om  e  ter,  s.    Or.  rao-ie  (fata),  genit. 

tacnm  ((tweos)  =  a  stretching,  a   straining, 
and  Eng.  meter.] 

Physics :  An  instrument,  invented  by  Steiner 
of  Vienna  for  measuring  the  strains  to  which 
the  different  parts  of  any  structure  may  be 
anbmitted.  It  depends  upon  the  tone  given 
out  by  a  wire  or  strip  when  stretched,  the 
variation  in  length  causing  a  change  in  th» 
tone. 

taslm-e-ter,  t.    [Or  rao-.t  (tasti)  =  rtretch- 
lug,  tension,  and  Eng.  meter.] 

Physics :  An  instrument,  Invented  by  Edl- 
ton,  for  measuring  very  minute  variations  of 
pressure,  temperature,  moisture,  &c.  It  is 
founded  on  the  discovery  of  the  inventor  that 
carbon,  when  pressed  in  the  form  of  a  button, 
affects  the  electric  currents  passing  through 
the  same,  and  cffers  a  resistance  which  dimin- 
ishes with  the  pressure.  So  sensitive  is  the 
carbon  that,  when  this  pressure  varies  to 
the  amount  of  one-millionth  part  of  an  inch, 
the  variation  in  the  electric  current  passing 
through  it  will  cause  a  proportional  deflection 
of  the  galvanometer  needle.  The  tasimeter  is 
»n  outgrowth  of  Edison's  experiments  with 
that  form  of  telephone  with  which  he  tried  to 
vary  the  intensity  of  electric  waves  by  means 
of  the  human  voice  ;  and  its  superiority  to  the 
thermopile  may  be  thus  exemplified :  a  hot 
iron  placed  a  few  inches  from  a  thermopile 
will  deflect  the  needle  of  an  ordinary  galvano- 
meter about  1' ;  the  human  finger,  held  four 
inches  from  a  tasimeter,  will  defle«t  the 
needle  of  a  similar  galvanometer  6'.  The 
practical  uses  of  the  instrument  are  said  to 
tie :  (1)  Warning  vessels  of  the  approach  of 
Icebergs,  by  exposure  to  the  air  or  to  the 
water  cooled  by  their  vicinity ;  (2)  Indicating 
otherwise  inappreciable  weights  ;  (3)  Record- 
ing pressures  of  air  in  motion,  thus  affording 
a  useful  addition  to  the  anemometer. 

tas-i-met'-rlc,    o.      [Eng.    tasimeter;    -to.) 
Pertaining  to,  or  determined  by  a  tasimeter. 

task,  *  taske,  *.    [O.  Fr.  tasque,  tasche  (Fr. 

tdche),  from  Low  Lat.  tasca  —  a  tax,  from  Lat 

taeo  =  to  rate,  value,  tax  (q.v.).      To*  and 

talk  are  thus  doublets.] 

•L  A  tax. 

"Ornunted  to  the  inhabytauntes  thereof  freat 
iretUmi,  and  quy  t  theym  of  al  kyngly  tatke  or  tribute. 
— Fabyan  :  Chronycle.  ch.cc. 

2.  Business  or  work  Imposed  by  another, 
generally  a  definite  quantity  or  amount  of 
work  to  be  done;   what  duty  or  necessity 
Imposes  ;  duty  or  duties  collectively. 

"  TbU  my  maun  talk."      Shaketp. :  Tempeit,  ill  1. 

3.  Specifically,  a   lesson  to  be  learnt;   a 
portion  of  study  imposed  by  a  teacher. 

i.  Work  undertaken  ;  an  undertaking. 

"  Dan  to  b«  wise  ;  begin  ;  for,  one*  beg'in. 
Your  taik  U  e«i7  i  half  the  work  U  done." 

frattcit :  Horace :  Xp.  L  1 

6.  Burdensome  employment ;  toil,  labour. 

"  All  with  weary  talk  fordone." 

Shakelp.  :  Xidlummer  Siijhti  Dream.  T.  i. 

^T  *  (1)  At  task :  To  be  censured ;  blamed ; 
taken  to  task.    (Shakesp.) 
(2)  To  take  to  task :  [TAKE,  ».,  H  62.) 

task-work,  s. 

1.  Work  imposed  or  performed  as  a  task. 

2.  Work  done  by  the  job,  »«  opposed  to 
day-work  or  time-work. 

task,  v.t.    [TASK,  t.] 

1.  To  impose  a  task  upon ;  to  assign  a  cer- 
tain quantity  or  amount  of  labour,  work,  or 
business  to. 

"  Chains  him  and  talk!  him,  and  exacts  his  sweat 
With  stripee."  Couper  :  Talk.  li.  !». 

2.  To  oppress  with  excessive  or  severe  labour 
or  exertion  ;  to  occupy,  or  engage    fully,  as 
with  a  task. 

"  Some  things  of  weight 
That  talk  our  thoughts."      Shakeip. :  Henry  Y..  L  i. 

•3.  To  charge,  to  tax  with. 

*  4.  To  challenge,  to  summon,  to  command 
to  do. 

"  To  thy  strong  bidding. 
Taik  Ariel  and  all  his  quality." 

Shakeip. :  Tempeit.  1 1. 

*  5.  To  impose,  to  load. 

"  I  dare  not  talk  my  weakness  with  any  more." 

Shakeip.  :  Othello,  11.  8. 

task'-er,  ».    [Eng.  task,v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  imposes  a  task  or  tasks  ;  a  task- 
master. 

"  To  task  the  talker." 

Shaketp. :  Lore' I  Labour  I  Loft,  li. 


2.  One  who  performs  a  task  or  piece  of  work 
or  labour  ;  in  Scotland,  often  a  labourer  who 
receives  his  wages  in  kind. 

"  He  la  a  good  daysman,  or  Journeyman,  or  tatkrr." 
—  Ward:  Strmont,  p.  10ft. 

teak' -ing.  s.     [Eng.  task ;  -ing.]     Task-work. 

"  W«  have  done  our  tatkiny  bravely. 
With  the  thews  of  Scottish  nien. 

Btadrit:  Layi  of  Highland!,  p.  101 

task'  mas-ter,  s.  (Eng.  task,  s.,  and  master.] 
One  who  imposes  a  task  or  tasks  ;  one  who 
assigns  tasks  to  others  and  superintends  their 
execution. 

"Driven  to  madman  by  this  usage,  he  killed  bla 
toikmatltrr."—  Taylor  :  Wordt  *  Plctou  (1678),  clt.  it 

tils' -let,  s.    [Eng.  tasse ;  dimin.  guff,  -let  ]   A 

piece  of  armour  for  the  thigh. 

"  Thigh-plecei  of  •teel,  then  called  tailed."— Sc'.tt : 
L-tgend  of  Montrott,  p.  IS. 

Tds-ma'-nl-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Tasmania 
or  Van  Diemen's  Land. 

B*  At  ntbtt. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Tas- 
mania. The  aboriginal  Tasmania™  b*ve  en- 
tirely vanished,  as  a  result  of  European  settle- 
ment, the  last  male  dying  in  1869,  the  last 
female  In  1876.  They  were  a  race  of  low 
savages,  far  behind  the  Pacific  islanders  gen- 
erally in  degree  of  development. 

Tasmanian-devil.  «.  A  species  of 
Dasyure  (Datsyuntt  uninut)  which  is  peculiarly 
savage  and  untamable.  The  Dasyurea  are 
carnivorous  marsupials  which  in  Australia  and 
Tasmania  replace  the  placental  carnivora  of 
other  regions.  D.  vrtinus  is  about  the  size  of  a 
badger,  with  a  large  and  broad  head,  and 
massive  crowded  teeth.  The  body  ia  plamp, 
with  coarse,  brownish-black  fur,  and  a  white 
band  on  the  chest.  These  animals  formerly 
committed  great  havoc  among  the  poultry  and 
even  the  sheep  of  the  settlers  in  Tasmania,  but 
are  being  driven  out  of  the  settled  region. 
There  are  two  other  species  In  Tasmania, 
smaller  In  size,  being  about  the  size  of  a  cat. 
[NATIVE-DEVIL,  URSINB-DASYURE.] 

Tasmanian  fern-root. «.  Pteru  a./m- 

lino,  a  large  species  of  Bracken,  the  rhizome  of 
which  was  one  of  the  principal  articles  of  food 
of  the  Maoris  of  Tasmania  before  the  British 
colonization  of  New  Zealand.  The  roots, 
which  are  about  an  inch  in  circumference, 
were  cut  in  pieces,  dried  and  stacked.  When 
wanted  tor  use,  the  root  was  steeped  in  vrater, 
sun-dried,  and  roasted.  By  beating  it  on  a 
atone  mortar  flour  of  a  good  quality  was 
obtained. 

Tasmanian  sab-region,  *. 

Ichthy.  :  A  sub-region,  established  by  Ich- 
thyologists, for  the  study  of  the  distribution 
of  freshwater  fishes.  Tt  consists  of  Tasmania 
with  a  portion  of  South-eastern  Australia. 

Tasmanian  wolf,  «.  A  Tasmanian 
carnivorous  marsupial  of  the  family  Dasyurida?, 
genus  Thylacinus,  one  nearly  allied  to  Dasy- 
urus  [TASMANIAN-DEVIL].  There  is  one  species 
only,  T.  cynocephalu*,  which  is  the  largest 
extant  marsupial  carnivora.  It  is  now  restricted 
to  Tasmania,  where  it  is  being  rapidly  extermi- 
nated by  the  sheep-herders,  whose  flocks  it 
frequently  ravages.  It  is  rather  smaller  than 
a  wolf,  with  a  dog-like  muzzle  and  long,  taper- 
ing tail.  In  character  it  is  very  fierce  and 
active,  and  is  called  **  tiger,"  **  wolf."  and 
"  hyena  "  by  the  settlers.  [THYLACINUS.] 

tas'-man-ite.  s.  [After  Tasmania,  where 
found  ;  suit  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  by  Church  to  some 
small  discs,  occurring  thickly  distributed 
through  a  laminated  shale.  Hardness,  2-0 ; 
sp.  gr.  1*18  ;  lustre,  resinous ;  colour,  reddish- 
brown.  Insoluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  benzole, 
«kc.  Compos.  :  carbon,  79*21  ;  hydrogen, 
10*23  ;  sulphur,  5'28  ;  oxygen,  6 '28  =  100. 
The  name  is  more  frequently,  though  erro- 
neously, applied  to  the  shale  itself. 

tas-man'-nl-a,  s.  [Named  after  Abel  Jans- 
sen  Tasman,  who  set  sail  on  his  great  voyage 
of  discovery  on  Aug.  14th,  1642.  It  is  after 
him  that  the  island  of  Tasmania  is  called.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Wintereae.  Shrubs  with 
simple,  evergreen,  entire,  smooth,  leathery, 
dotted  leaves,  with  inconspicuous  flowers, 
and  small  indehiscent  fruit  with  shining 
black  seeds.  Tasmannia  aromatica,  a  native 
of  Tasmania,  is  a  handsome  bush  with  dull 


purple  branches.  Every  part  is  aromatic  ana 
pungent  to  the  taste.  The  fruit  is  occasion- 
ally used  as  pepper. 

tass,  *  tasse  (I),  s.     [Fr.  tasse.]    A  cup. 

"  Would  you  give  Rob  Campbell  a  tail  of  aqua  vita* 
11  he  lacked  it  I  "-Scott  :  Hob  Roy,  c 


t&s'-sar,  j.    [TussEH.] 

*  tasse  (2),  "  tas  -set,  ».    [Fr.  taisette  ;  dimln. 
from  tasse  =  a  pouch.] 

Old  Arm,  :  Armour  for  the  thighs  ;  one  of  » 
pair  of  appendages  to  the  corselet,  consisting. 
of  skirts  of  iron  that  covered  the  thighs.  They 
were  fastened  to  the  cuirass  with  hooks. 

••  Their  legs  were  armed  with  greaves,  and  their 
thi«hs  with  tauei.'—  North  :  Plutarch,  p.  878, 

tas  sel  (1),  'tas'-tle  (tie  as  el),  «.  [O.Pr. 
tassel  =  a  fastening,  a  clasp  (Fr.  tasseau  =  a. 
bracket)  ;  Low  Lat.  tassellns  =  a  tassel,  from. 
Lat.  taxillum,  accus.  of  taxilliu  =  a  small  die, 
dimin.  of  talus  =  a  knuckle  bone,  a  die  ;  ItaL 
tasstllo  =  a  collar  of  a  cloak,  a  square.  A 
tassel  was  probably  originally  a  sort  of  button 
made  of  a  piece  of  squared  bone,  and  after- 
wards of  other  materials.  (Skeat.)] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  A  sort  of  pendent  ornament,  consisting 
generally  of  a  roundish  mould  covered  with. 
twisted  thread!  of  silk,  wool,  or  the  like, 
which  hang  down  in  a  thick  fringe.  They  ar*- 
attached  to  the  corners  of  cushions,  curtains, 
walking-sticks,  sword-hilts,  &c. 

"  Rohes  of  fur,  and  belts  of  wampum,  .  .  . 
Beautiful  with  beads  and  loaMlt." 

Longfetto*  :  Biuvxitha.  xt 

S.  Anything  resembling  •  tassel,  as  the 
pendent  head  or  flower  of  some  plants. 

"  From  the  taueU  of  the  birch-tree  " 

Lewfello*  :  Hiamtha,  ivlli. 

3.  A  small  ribbon  of  silk  sewn  to  a  book, 
'  to  be  placed  between  the  leaves. 

II  Arch.  :  A  board  beneath  the  mantel- 
piece. 

tassel-grass,  >. 

Sot.  :  Rnppia  maritimo. 

tas'-sel  (2),  s.    [TIERCEL.] 

•tassel-gent,  *  tassel  gentle,  «.    A 

trained  male  goshawk  or  tiercel  ;  a  tiercel- 
gentle. 

"  Hist,  Romeo,  hist  !—  0.  for  a  falconer's  voice 
To  lure  this  taliel.gentle  back  again  !  " 

BsEsS  .•  Komeo  t  Jullit.  U  f. 

tas'-sel  (3),  s.  [ToRSEu] 
tas'-sel  (4),  J.  [TEASEL.] 
tas  sel  (5X  «.  [TUSSLE.]  (Scotch.) 

tas  sel.  v.t.    [TASSEL  (IX  «.]     To  adorn  with- 

tassels. 

tas  Belled,  •  tas  selod.  *  tas  siled,  « 
[Eng.  tassel  (IX  s.  ;  -ed.  ]    Adorned  with  tassels. 

"  Kre  .  .  .  tauell'd  horn 
Shakes  the  high  thicket"          JIUton  ;  Arcad*. 

tas'-sle,  ».    [A  dimin.  from  toss  (q.v.)i]    A. 
cup,  a  small  vessel.    (Scotch.) 

tast'-a-ble,  o.    [Eng.  tast(e)  ;  -able.]    Capable 
of  being  tasted  ;  savoury,  relishing. 

"  Their  distilled  oils  are  fluid,  volatile,  and  tollable." 
—Buyle. 

taste,  *  taaste,  *  tast,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  FT. 
taster  =  to  taste  or  assay,  to  handle,  to  feel, 
to  touch  ;  Fr.  later  ;  Ital.  tastare  =  to  taste,  to- 
feel,  to  grope,  to  try,  to  probe.  From  a  hypo- 
thetical Low  Lat.  taxito,  a  frequent,  from  Lat. 
taxo  =  to  feel,  to  handle,  from  Indus,  pa.  par. 
of  tango  =  to  touch  ;  Dut.  &  Qer.  tasten  =  to 
touch,  feel.) 
A,  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  try  by  the  touch  ;  to  handle,  to 
feel  ;  to  try  or  prove  by  touching  or  feeling. 

"  I  rede  thee  let  thin  bond  upon  it  falle 
And  tait  it  wel.  and  stou  tbou  Shalt  it  find 
Sin  that  thou  seest  not  with  thin  eyen  blind." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  15,970. 

•  2.  To  try,  to  test. 

"  And  he  now  began 

To  taile  the  bow,  the  sharp  shaft  took,  tugged  hard." 
Chapman  :  Homer  ;  Oayuey  x  xi. 

*  3.  To  become  acquainted  with  by  actual 
trial  or  experience  ;  to  experience,  to  undergo. 

"  Ther  hen  summe  of  hem  that  stondcn  heere. 
whiche  schulen  not  tatte  deeth,  till  thei  se  mamiM 
•one  comynge  In  his  kyngdom."—  Wycliffe:  Matt.  zvl. 

•  4.  To  understand  ;  to  become  acquainted 
with. 

"  Acquaint  thyasU  with  Ood,  U  thou  wouldst  tatte 
His  works."  Cornier  :  Talk.  T.  m 


boil,  bo^;  polit,  J6>1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  thl»:  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   ph  =  t. 
— —   -tlan  =  sbaxL    -tlon,  -sioo  =  shun;  -|lon,  -}lon  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  *c.  =  bel,  del. 


•1630 


taste — taster 


5.  To  participate  m;  to  partake  of.  (Usually 
with  an  implied  sense  of  pleasure  or  enjoy, 
ment.) 

11  Bwwtn  latUa  here,  and  left  as  soon  as  known." 
Coifptr  :  Tat*,  1.  s&s. 

6.  To  try  by  the  touch  of  the  tongue ;  to 
perceive  the  relish  or  flavour  of  by  taking  a 
small  quantity  into  the  mouth. 

"  They  .  .  .  put  the  glass  to  their  lip.,  but  bavin 
tatted  the  liquor,  they  returned  it,  with  strong  exprei 
•Ions  of  disgust."— Cook  :  Fmt  Vufage,  bk.  L,  ch.  llL 

7.  To  try  by  eating  ;  to  eat 

"  1  tatui  a  little  of  this  honey."— 1  Samuel  xlv.  St. 


1.  To  try  food  or  drink  by  the  month  ;  t 
eat  or  drink  a  little  by  way  of  trial,  so  as  tc 
perceive  the  flavour  ;  to  try  or  test  the  flavou 
of  food  or  drink. 

2.  To  eat. 

"  Of  thii  tree  we  may  not  tatte  or  touch.1* 

mtton:  P.  L..  lx«L 

*  3,  To  have  experience,  perception,  or  en 
joyment  ;  to  partake. 

**  Bound  In  thine  adauiAntine  chain. 
The  iTuud  an  taught  to  ta»te  of  pain." 
eroy  :  Bum*  to  Ad 

*  4.  To  enjoy  sparingly.    (Followed  by  of. 
6.  To  have  a  suiaok  or  favour  ;  to  have  a 

particular  quality,  flavour,  relish,  or  savour 
when  applied  to  the  tongue,  palate,  or  other 
organ  of  taste  ;  to  smack.  (Used  absolutely 
before  an  adjective  :  as.  It  tastes  bitter,  sweet, 
Ac.  ;  followed  by  of  before  an  object,) 

"  If  roar  butter  ttuU»  of  bras*.  It  U  Tour  master*. 
fault,  who  will  not  allow  a  .liter  laueipan.-—  «rtfl 
hutruct.  to  Servant*. 

-taste,  •  taat,  t.    [TASTI,  v.J 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  tasting  ;  gustation. 

"  The  fruit 

Of  that  forbidden  tree,  whose  mortal  ttult 
Brought  death  iuto  the  world  xud  all  our  wo*."* 

Milton  :  f.L-.t.*. 

2.  That  sense  by  which  we  perceive  the 
characteristic  or  distinctive  relish  or  savour 
of  anything  when  brought  into  contact  with 
special  organs  situated  in  the  mouth.    [II.) 

"The  organ  of   tatte  U  the  tongue  and  palate."— 
loclU  .•  Sat.  HWfcl.  ch.  li, 

3.  A  particular  sensation  excited  by  certain 
bodies,  which  are  called  sapid,  when  brought 
Into  contact  with  the  tongue,  palate,  Ac.,  and 
moistened  with  saliva  ;  flavor,  savor. 

"It  begin,  to  boile  like  new.  wine.  *  to  be  lower 
and  .harp  of  tatte."—  Buckluyt  :  Voyager,  1.  97. 

4.  Power  of  appreciating  or  distinguishing 
between  the  flavour  of  different  substances. 

•'  For  thou  of  love  hut  lost  thy  tatt  I  ceue, 
t  As  aicke  man  hath  of  sweet  and  bittenietM.* 

dULoatr:  AuemUie  of  font*. 

6.  Intellectual  relish  or  discernment  ;  ap- 
preciation, liking  and  inclination.  (Formerly 
followed  by  of,  now  by  for  :  as,  a  taste  for 
music,  a  taste  for  chemistry,  Ac.) 

6.  Nice  perception,  or  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving and  relishing  excellence  in  human  per- 
formances ;   the  power   of  appreciating  the 
finer  qualities  of  art,  as  exhibited  by  the  prac- 
tical artist,  or  felt  by  the  amateur  or  con- 
noisseur ;  the  faculty  of  discerning  beauty, 
order,  congruity,   proportion,  symmetry,  or 
whatever  constitutes  excellence,  particularly 
In  the  fine  arts  or  literature  ;  that  faculty  of 
the  mind  by  which  we  both  perceive  and  enjoy 
whatever  is  beautiful  or  sublime  in  the  works 
of  nature  and  art.    The  possession  of  taste 
insures  grace  or  beauty  In  the  works  of  an 
artist,  aud  the  avoidance  of  all  that  is  low  or 
mean.    It  is  as  often  the  result  of  an  innate 
sense  of  beauty  or  propriety  as  of  art-educa- 
tion, and  no  genius  can  compensate  for  the 
want  of  it. 

7.  Manner  with  respect  to  what  is  pleasing; 
the  pervading  air,  choice  of  circumstances,  or 
general  arrangement  in  any  work  of  art,  by 
which  taste  on  the  part  of  the  artist  or  author 
Is  evinced  ;  style. 

-ILK"".  4'  P"1-*!-1.  •>-•  only  director.  Tatte  In 
writing  Is  the  exhibition  of  the  gnateit  quantity  of 
beauty  and  of  UM  that  m«y  he  admitted  iuto  any 

- 


8.  Manner  with  respect  to  what  is  becoming, 
proper,  refined,  or  in  accordance  with  the 
laws  of  politeness  and  good  society:  as,  That 
remark  is  not  in  good  taste. 

*9.  The  act  of  feeling  or  experiencing. 

"I  have  alinoct  forgot  the  tatte  of  ftan." 

Shakap.  :  MacMk.  T.  J. 

10.  Trial,  experiment,  essay,  proof,  speci- 
men. 

"  Haw  we  not  had  a  tatt*  of  hi.  obedlenee  T  " 

SHukelp.  :  CoHo&smu.  III.  1. 


11.  A  small  portion  given  as  a  specimen 
sample ;  a  little  piece  or  bit  tasted,  eaten, 
drunk. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Physiol. :  The  specific  organs  producinj 
the  sense  of  taste  are  the  endings  of  the  glos- 
so-pharyngeal  and  lingual  nerves  in  the  nm 
cous  membrane  of  the  tongue  and  palate,  the 
tongue  and  lips  acting  as  subsidiary  organs  bj 
bringing  the  sapid  substances  into  contac 
with  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  month.  Ii 
is  not  yet  decided  whether  the  taste-buds 

a.v.)  are  special  organs  of  taste.  The  tastes 
us  cognizable  are  broadly  classified  into 
acid,  saline,  bitter,  and  sweet.  It  is  essentia 
to  the  development  of  taste  that  the  sub- 
stance brought  in  contact  with  the  tongue  be 
dissolved,  and  the  effect  is  greatest  when  its 
temperature  is  about  40*.  The  relative  posi- 
tion of  the  nostrils  and  the  mouth  ensures 
that  nothing  can  enter  the  latter  without 
sending  Into  the  former  some  of  the  odor- 
iferous particles  whi*  may  exist  in  the  sub- 
stance swallowed,  and  theimpressions  received 
through  the  organs  of  taste  and  smell  are  so 
blended  together  as  to  become  one.  No  special 
organ  of  taste  has  been  discovered  in  inver- 
tebrate animals ;  and  it  seems  probable  that 
among  the  vertebrates  it  rises  with  the  ad- 
vance of  organization,  reaching  its  full  de- 
velopment in  man.  The  tongue  is  covered  on 
its  sides  and  upper  portions  by  little  vascular 
projections  termed  papilhv,  some  being  pointed 
others  rounded.  These  are  visible  «o  the 
naked  eye  as  little  sharp  or  rounded  projections. 
In  the  cat  tribe  the  papillse  aro  hard  aud 
curved  backwards,  the  animal  using  ita  tongue 
as  a  scraper  to  remove  the  flesh  from  the  boues 
of  its  prey.  At  the  back  of  the  tongue  are 
eight  or  ten  papillee  of  a  different  character, 
aud  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  V,  with  its 
opening  forwards.  In  the  trenches  between 
them  a  watery  fluid  is  secreted,  keeping  them 
always  moist,  while  in  their  epithelium  are  the 
taste-bulbs,  or  taste-buds.  These  are  believed 
by  most  physiologists  to  be  the  organs  of  taste. 
No  substance  has  a  taste  except  one  capable  of 
solution,  though  not  all  soluble  substances 
have  a  taste.  It  is  perhaps  some  chemical 
action  of  the  food  material  dissolved  in  the 
saliva,  upon  the  nerve  ends  of  the  taste-buds, 
that  yields  the  sensation  of  taste.  Much  of 
what  we  call  taste  is  really  smell,  an  odor 
ascending  to  the  olfactory  nerves,  aud  mingli  ng 
its  sensation  w  ith  that  of  the  gustatory  nerves. 
Sugar,  salt,  quinine,  and  some  acids  are  devoid 
of  smell,  and  we  can  distinguish  them  by  th« 
taste  alone,  they  yielding  the  tastes  of  sweet, 
salt,  bitter,  and  sour.  But  meat,  wine,  and 
fruit  add  to  the  sensations  of  taste  which  they 
may  produce  others  derived  from  the  snn-11 
and  to  the  latter  their  peculiarities  of  flavor 
are  due.  A  bad  cold  dulls  our  appreciation  of 
these  articles  of  diet.  The  odorous  emanations 
from  the  food  readily  pass  upward  from  the 
mouth  into  the  nasal  passages,  and  affect  there 
the  nerves  of  smell.  To  the  taste  sensations 
mentioned  may  perhaps  be  added  the-alkaline, 
astringent,  and  metallic,  though  It  is  question- 
able if  these  are  properly  tastes.  Yet  if  all 
these  be  considered,  the  effects  of  taste  still 
greatly  lack  the  variety  of  those  of  smell,  in 
which  numerous  shades  of  variety  can  be 
detected.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  each 
taste  Is  most  acutely  felt  on  some  special 
locality  of  the  tongue.  That  of  bitter,  for 
instance,  does  not  seem  discernible  until  the 
bitter  principle  reaches  the  back  of  the  mouth, 
while  the  sweet  and  acid  tastes  seem  most 
easily  distinguished  by  the  front  part  of  the 
tongue. 

2.  I'syrhol. :  Tastes  differ  so  mnch  among 
individuals,  nations,  or  in  different  ages  and 
conditions  of  civilization,  that  it  is  utterly 
impossible  to  set  up  a  standard  of  taste 
applicable  to  all  men  and  to  all  stages  In  the 
evolution  of  society. 

1  (1)  Taste,  in  a  material  sense,  is  appli- 
cable to  every  object  that  can  be  applied 
to  the  organ  of  taste,  and  to  every  degree 
and  manner  in  which  the  organ  can  be  af- 
fected ;  some  things  are  tasteless,  other  things 
have  a  strong  taste,  and  others  a  mixed 
tatte.  The  flavor  is  the  predominating  tatle, 
and  consequently  is  applied  to  such  objects 
as  may  have  a  different  kind  or  degree  of 
taste;  an  apple  may  not  only  have  the  general 
taste  of  apj'le,  but  also  a  flavor  peculiar  to 
itself;  the  Jlavor  is  commonly  said  of  that 
which  is  good,  as  a  Kae  flavor,  a  delicious/™™-  ; 
but  it  may  designate  that  which  is  not  always 
agreeable,  as  the  flavor  of  flsh,  which  is 
unpleasant  in  things  that  do  not  admit  of  euch 
a  tatte. 


(2)  He  who  derives  particular  pleasure  from 
any  art  may  be  said  to  have  a  taste  for  It  • 
he  who  makes  very  great  proficiency  in  the 
theory  and  practice  of  any  art  may  be  said 
to  have  a  genius  for  it.  One  may  have  a  taste 
without  having  geniia,  but  it  would  not  be 
possible  to  have  genius  for  a  thing  without 
having  a  taste  for  it. 

taste-bud,  ». 

Anat.  (PI.).-  Ovoidal  or  flask-shaped  bodies 
discovered  by  Loven  and  Schwalbe  on  the 
surface  of  the  tongue.  They  are  believed  to 
be  special  organs  of  taste.  Their  lower  -part* 
are  in  contact,  with  the  corium,  the  upper 
ones  appear  as  pores.  Each  taste-hud  looks 
like  a  tlask-ehaped  bui. si,  its  walls  lined  with 
cells  placed  side  by  bide  like  the  staves  of  a 
cask.  Each  opens  by  a  little  pore  outwardly, 
while  a  nerve  enters  into  the  deeper  part  Tke 
sensory  cells  within  the  cask  or  bud  are  much 
elongated,  each  ending  in  a  tiny  bristle  which 
projects  from  the  port)  into  the  trench  of  the 
papillai.  From  the  opposite  end  of  this  cell  a 
delicate  nerve  enters  the  nerve  trunk  which 
passes  from  the  bud  to  the  brain.  The  protud- 
iug  hairs  are  kept  moist  by  a  glandular 
secretion  and  by  whatever  sapid  substances 
may  he  present,  and  probably  convey  inward 
the  sensory  impressions  received  from  these 
substances.  It  is  almost  certain  that  these 
buds  are  organs  of  taste,  but  it  is  not  sure  that 
they  are  the  only  organs.  As  yet  much  is  to 
be  learned  concerning  the  terminations  of  the) 
nerves  in  the  tongue  epithelium.  ' 

"tasf-ed,  a.  [Eng.  tattle);  -cd.]  Having* 
particular  taste  or  relish. 

"Colewortaare  reported  ...  to  be  better  tatted,  il 
they  be  sometime,  wstrtd  with  .alt-water."— Bacon  i 
Sat.  aitt.,  I  «0. 

taste'-ful,  o.    [Eng.  taste;  -full.] 

1.  Having  a  high  or  strong  taste  or  relish; 
savoury. 

"  A  kid',  well-fatted  entrall..  tatttful  food." 

Pope:  ffamfr;  Odyttey  XTlil.  BL 

2.  Endowed  with  taste  ;  capable  of  discern- 
ing and  appreciating   what  is  beautiful,  su- 
blime, noble,  or  the  like;    possessing   good 
taste. 

"Hi.  tasteful  mind  enjoy. 
Alike  the  complicated  charms,  which  flow 
Thro'  the  wide  landscape." 

Cooper :  Powor  of  Harmony.  U. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  exhibiting  good  taste ; 
produced,  arranged,  constructed,  or  regulated 
by  or  in  accordance  with  good  taste  :  as,  a 
tasteful  pattern. 

taste'-ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tasteful;  -ty.]  In 
a  tasteful  manner  ;  in  or  with  good  taste  :  as, 
a  garden  tastefully  laid  out. 

taste'-ful-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tasteful;  -not.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tasteful, 

taste  -less,  a.    [Eng.  taste ;  -less.} 

1.  Having  no  taste  ;  exciting  no  sensation 
In  the  organs  of  taste. 

2.  Incapable  of  experiencing  the  sense  of 
taste  ;   destitute  or  deprived  of  the  sense  of 
taste. 

3.  Having   no  power  of  giving  pleasure; 
stale,  flat,  insipid. 

"  A  while  on  trivial  thing,  we  held  discourse. 
To  m«  aoon  tatteteu." 

WordtuorOt :  Ezcurtion.  bk.  L 
*  4.  Not  possessing  taste,  or  the  apprecia- 
tion and  enjoyment  of  what  is  good,  beautiful, 
excellent,   noble,  or  the   like ;    destitute  of 
taste  ;  having  bad  taste. 

5.  Not  originating  from  or  in  accordance 
with  good  taste  ;  in  bad  taste  ;  characterized 
by  bad  taste. 

taste -less-ly,  adv.  (Eng.  tasteless;  -ly.]  In 
a  tasteless  manner;  without  taste. 

taste -less  ness,  s.    [Eng.  tasteless;  -mess.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tasteless,  or 
without  flavour ;  insipidity. 

2.  Want  of  taste,  or  the  appreciation  of 
what  is  good,  beautiful,  excellent,  noble,  or 
the  like. 

"  Venting  my  vexation.  In  censure,  of  the  forward- 
ness and  Indiscretion  of  girls,  or  the  Inconstancy, 
tattelettnett,  and  pertidy  of  men." — Rambler,  No.  1*4 

3.  Absence  of  good  taste. 

ast  -er,  s.    [Eng.  tast(i),  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  tastes. 

2.  Specif.,  one  whose  duty  it  is  to  ascertain 
the  quality,  &e.,  of  food  or  drink  by  tasting 


ISte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
OP,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full:  try.  Syrian.    «e,  «  ^  e ;  ey  =  a;  qa  ^  kw. 


tastily— tattooing 


4631 


tt  before  submitting  it  to  his  master.  Tasters 
were  important  officials  in  the  courts  of  me- 
diteval  princes,  their  duty  being  to  take  care 
that  no  poison  or  other  injurious  matter  was 
introduced  into  their  lord's  food,  for  which 
purpose  they  tasted  all  the  food  or  drink 
themselves  before  giving  it  to  him. 

"The  lights  are  disposed  in  order  about  the  CHUB; 
the  cup-bearers,  sklnkers,  and  ttaten,  are  changed.  — 
P.  Holland :  Plutarch,  p.  177. 

3.  One  employed  to  test  the  quality  of  pro- 
visions, &c.,  by  tasting  samples  submitted  to 
him  by  the  vendors  :  as,  a  tea-tester. 

4.  Anything  by  which  or  in  which  anything 
is  tasted,  as  a  cheese-foster,  a  dram-cup,  or 
the  like. 

tast-Ily,  adv.  [Eng.  tasty, ;-!«.]  In  a  tasty 
or  tasteful  manner;  with  good  taste;  taste- 
fully. 

tast  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TASTE,  ».] 

tasting-bole, .?. 

Sted-marmfac. :  A  small  hole  through  the 
bar-trough  and  the  wall  of  a  cernenting-fur- 
nace,  through  which  a  bar  of  iron  may  bt 
withdrawn  to  examine  the  condition  and 
degree  of  progress. 

tas'-to,  adv.    [ItaL= touch.] 

Music:  A  direction  that  the  passage  to 
which  it  is  affixed  is  t.)  be  played  in  unison, 
without  accompanying  chords. 

tist'-jf,  a.     [Eng.  tasKe);  -y.] 

1.  Having  a  pleasant  taste  ;  palatable. 

2.  Having  a  good  taste  or  appreciation  of 
what  is  beautiful,  noble,  sublime,  or  the  like. 

3.  Being  in  conformity  with  the  principles 
of  good  taste  ;  tasteful. 

tat  (1),  «.  [Bengali,  tut.]  A  coarse  kind  of 
linen  made  in  India  from  the  fibres  of  Car- 
chorus  cap*ularis. 

tSt  (2),  s.  [See  def.]  A  colloquial  abbrevia- 
tion of  tattoo  (3)  (q.v.). 

ta-ta'  (1),  ».  [Native  name.]  In  West  Africa 
the  residence  of  a  territorial  or  village  chief- 
tain. Large  tatas  are  usually  surrounded  by 
a  stockade. 

ta-ta'  (2),  s.  44  inter}.  [A  word  of  no  etym.] 
A  familiar  form  of  salutation  at  parting ;  fare- 
well, good-bye. 

ta'-tar,  >.    [TARTAR  (1).] 

•  tat  ar-wagges,  s.  pi.    [TATTER.)    Ragged 
clothes  ;  rags. 

ta-tau'-pa,  ».    [Native  name.] 

Ornith. ':  Crypturui  tataupo;  a  native  of 
Eastern  Brazil.  It  is  about  ten  inches  long ; 
plumage  gray  on  head,  throat,  and  breast, 
back  wings  and  tail-coverts  reddish-brown, 
rump-feathers  deep  brown  edged  with  white 
and  yellow.  Their  flesh  is  much  esteemed  as 
an  article  of  food. 

•  tatch,  •  tatohe,  *  talch,  s.    [Fr.  tacht  =  a 
•pot,  stain,  or  blemish.)    (Scotch.) 

1.  A  spot,  a  stain,  a  blemish. 

"  More  oner,  to  the  nonryse  shuld  be  appointed  an 
other  woraanue,  of  aoproued  vertue,  dyscretion,  and 
grauitie.  who  shal  uot  suffre  in  the  chlldes  presence 
to  be  shewed  any  acte  or  tatche  dyshoneste."— Jtlyot  : 
Qmtrnrtur.  bk.  L,  ch.  lit. 

2.  A  trick,  a  contrivance,  a  plot 

"  FawnuB  oprwm  a  dey.  when  Beryn  came  at  «ve, 
Ws»  set  opi'on  a  purpose  to  make  his  Bone  leve 
AU  his  shrewd  taichit  wyth  goodnee  if  he  niyght. 
Tale  o/  Beryn. 

tate',  teat,  s.    [TAIT.] 

•  tat'-er,  v.i.  [TATTLE,  v.]  To  tattle,  to  prate. 

tath,  taith,  ».  [Icel.  tath  =  dung ;  talta  =  a 
manured  field.] 

1.  Dung  or  manure  left  on  lands  when  live 
stock  is  fed  on  it 

2.  Strong  grass  growing  round  the  dung  of 
cattle.    (Also  spelt  teat/it.) 

Ta'-tl-an-ite  (tl  as  shl),  s.    [See  def.] 

Ecdesiol.  &  Church  lliit.  (PL):  The  followers 
ef  Tatian,  an  Assyrian,  who  flourished  aboul 
A.D.  170.  He  was  a  rhetorician  and  a  disciple 
of  Justin  Martyr.  He  wrote  an  Apology  callec 
Oratio  contra  Grams,  a  Harmony  of  the  Gospels, 
44c.,  and  founded  the  sect  called  Encratites 


tat-od',  «.  &  v.    [TATTOO.] 


tat'-6u,  i.    [Native  name.] 

ZooL  :  The  Giant  Armadillo,  Priodon  gigia 
(formerly  Dasupia  gigas),  from  Brazil  and 
Surinam.  It  is  the  largest  of  the  living  Ar- 
niiidilloes,  being  about  four  feet  long.  The 
Peba  (q.v.)  is  known  as  the  Black  Tatou. 

At'-  da  -  ay,  «.  [Native  name  =  wounded 
armadillo.  So  called  by  the  Indians,  who 
say  that  the  tail,  which  is  naked  and  looks 
raw,  has  been  deprived  of  its  scaly  covering 
by  violence.  (Ripley  &  Dana.)'} 
Zool.  :  Xenurus  unicinctus.  [XENUBUS.] 

tat-ou-hou,  t.    [Native  name.] 

Zool.  :  Tatusia  peba  or  septemdncta,  the 
Peba  (q.v.). 

t&tt,  v.i.  [TATTiNa.]  To  work  at  or  make 
tatting. 

taf-ta,  J.     [TATTiE.1 

tat-ter,  v.t.  [TATTER,  ».]  To  rend  or  tear 
into  rags.  (Only  used  now  in  the  pa.  par.) 

tat'-ter,  •  tot-ter,  s.  [Icel.  tottirr,  pi.  totrar 
=  rags;  Norw.  totra,  pi.  totror  ;  Low  Ger. 
taltern  =  rags,  tatters  ;  taltrig  =  tattered.] 

1.  A  rag  ;  a  piece  torn  and  hanging.  (Gene- 
rally in  the  plural.) 

"ThlB  fable  holds,  from  him  that  site  upon  the 
throne,  to  the  poor  devil  that  has  scarce  a  tatter.  — 
L'Ettritnge  :  Fubltt. 

*  2.  A  tatterdemalion. 
tatter-wallops,  «.  pJ.     Tatters,  rags. 

(Scotch.) 

t&t-ter-dS-ma'-U-on,  t&t-ter-dS-mal'- 

li  on,  ».  [Eng.  tatter;  Fr.  de  =  of,  from, 
and  O.  Fr.  mo.Mon  (Fr.  maillot)  =  long  clothes, 
swaddling  clothes.]  A  ragged  fellow. 

"Hang  'em  tatterdemalion*,  they  are  not  worth 
your  Bight"—  Drvden:  Secret  Lowe.  iv. 

t&t'-tered,  o.     [Eng.  tatter;  •**.] 
1.  Rent  in  tatters;  torn,  ragged. 

"  A  tntter'd  apron  htdee, 
Worn  as  a  cloak,  and  hardly  hides,  a  gown 
More  tatter'd  etilL"  Cotrper  :  Tatk,  1.  M9-H, 

*  2.  Dressed  in  tatters  or  rags  ;  ragged. 

"  Now  the  treasure  found,  and  matron's  sture. 
Sought  other  object*  than  the  tatttr'd  poor. 

Unite.    (Txdd.) 

3.  Dilapidated  ;  showing  gaps,  breaks,  or 
rents. 

"  I  do  uot  like  ruined,  tattrrrl  cottage*."—  Miu 
A\Mtn  :  sent*  A  SentibiUttf.  ch.  xvliL 

Tat'-ter-fiall,  Taf-ter-sall'n,  ..    A 

horse  market  established  in  London  (England), 
by  Bichard  Tattersall  in  1766.  Hence,  any 
•uch  exchange  or  sporting  rendezvous. 
tat  -tie,  s.  [Hind,  tatti;  Hahratta  toti  =  a 
mat.  See  def.]  A  screen  made  of  split  bam- 
boo placed  vertically  in  doors  and  windows  in 
India  (the  window  frames  being  temporarily 
taken  out)  while  the  dry  hot  wind  is  blow- 
ing during  April,  May,  and  June.  A  native 
with  a  pail  of  water  stands  outside  dreuch- 
ing  the  mat,  so  that  every  interstice  has 
a  drop  of  water.  As  the  dry  wind  blows 
into  the  house  through  these  drops,  evapora- 
tion takes  place  with  such  speed  as  to  cool 
the  wind,  which  enters  the  house  at  a  tem- 
perature quite  refreshing.  A  single  pane  of 
glass  is  sometimes  placed  in  the  window  tattie 
to  afford  the  inmates  of  the  room  a  small 
amount  of  light.  When  the  hot  season  ia 
succeeded  by  the  rainy  season,  the  tatties  are 
removed,  as  the  wind  is  already  saturated  with 
moisture,  and  the  temperature  does  not  re- 
quire to  be  artificially  reduced.  (Anglo-Indian.} 

tatt'-Ing,  s.    [Etyra.  doubtful  ;  perhaps  con 
nected  with  tatter.) 

1.  A  kind  of  lace  edging,  consisting  of  a 
set  of  loops  strung  upon  a  thread,  on  which 
they  are  afterwards  pulled  up  to  form  a  loop- 
edging. 

2.  The  act  or  operation  of  making  such  lace. 
U  Used  also  adjectively  :  aa,  tatting  cotton. 

tat'-tle,  v.t.  (A  frequent,  from  a  base  tat-,  ex 
pressive  of  the  sound  of  talking  or  repeating 
the  syllable  to,  to,  to.  (Wedgwood);  of.  Dut. 
tateren,  =  to  stammer  ;  Low  Ger.  tatdn  =  to 
tattle  :  tUetateln  =  to  tittle-tattle  ;  tiUeler  =  a 
tattler.]  [TATER,  TITTLE,  TITTER.] 

1.  To  prate,  to  chatter,  to  talk  idly  ;  to  use 
many  words  with  little  or  no  meaning. 

"  How  the«e  young  things  tnttjf,  when  they  get 
by  the  end." 


toy  by 


. 
Btaum.  *  Flet.  :  /stand  Prtnceu,  111. 


2.  To  tell  tales ;  to  communicate  secret*  ; 
to  blab. 

"  She's  a  very  tattling  woman."— Shaketp.  :  Merrr 
Wlvet  of  Winder,  ill.  8. 

tat -tie,  ».      [TATTLE,  v.}     Prate,  idle  talk, 
tittle-tattle. 

"  Persons  well  skilled  In  those  different  subject* 
hear  the  impertinent  tattle  with  a  just  contempt."— 
Waltt:  On  the  J/tnd. 

•tat'-tle-mSnt,  s.  [Eng.  tattle;  *mtnt.\ 
Tattle,  idle  talk,  chattering. 

"  Her  foolish,  glad  tattUment."—Carlyli :  MitceU., 
ir.  2S0. 

tat'-tler,  "  tat'-ler,  >.    [Eng.  tattl(e);  -er.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   One  who  tattles  ;  an  idle 
talker  ;  one  who  tells  tales. 

"  Taitlert  will  be  HUre  to  hear 
The  trumpet  of  contention." 

CnwfHtr  :  Frirndihif). 

2.  Ornith.  :  A  popular  American  name  for 
any  species  of  the  modern  Totaninre  (q.v.). 
Totanus  macularius  is  known  as  the  Spotted 
Tattler,  and   T.  flavipes,  the  Yellow-shanked 
Sandpiper,    as    the    Tell-tale    Tattler.    Th» 
popular  name  is  derived  from  their  habit  of 
uttering  a  shrill    whistle  of  fonr  loud  and 
rapidly  repeated  notes  at  the  least  sign  o! 
danger,  giving  the  alarm  to  all  the  birds  in  the 
neighbourhood.    (Kipley  &  Dana.) 

tat'-tler-^,  t.    [Bng.tattte;  -ry.]   Idle  talk; 
tittle-tattle. 

tat  -tllng,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TATTLE,  «.] 

"  tat'-tling-lj,  adv.  (Eng.  tattling;  -ly.]  In 
a  tattling  manner ;  with  idle  talk. 

tat-too  (1),  *  tap-too',  *  tap-tow,  s.    [Dut 

taptoe  =  tattoo,  from  tap  =  a  tap,  and  toe  = 

Rut  to,  shut,  closed ;  hence,  the  meaning  is, 
The  tap  is  closed  ;"  the  tattoo  was  thus  th6 
signal  for  closing  the  taps  of  the  public-houses 
(Skeat) ;  cf.  Ger.  lapfemtreich  =  tattoo,  lit. 
=  tapstroke;  Low  Ger.  tappenslag,  lit.  =  a  tap- 
shutting.]  The  beat  of  the  drum  at  night,  to 
call  soldiers  to  their  quarters  or  tents. 

"  All  those  whose  heart*  are  loose  and  low, 
Start  11  they  but  hear  the  tattoo." 

Prior  :  Alma,  L  4W. 

1  The  devil's  tattoo :  That  beating  or  dram- 
ming with  the  ringers  upon  a  table,  Ac.,  often 
practised  by  people  when  vacant  or  impatient. 

••  Mr.  Gawtrey  remained  by  the  flr»  beating  the 
devil't  tattoo  upon  the  chimney-piece,  and  ever  and 
anon  turned  his  glance  towards  Lllburne,  who  seemed 
to  have  forgotten  hie  existence."— Lor»  Lvtton : 
SlgU  t  Morning. 

tat  too',  *  tat-tow,  v.t.  [Tahitian  tatom  = 
tattoo-marks,  from  fa  =  a  mark,  a  design.) 
To  prick  the  skin  and  stain  the  punctured 
spots  with  some  colouring  substance,  forming 
lines  or  designs  on  the  body.  [TATTOOING.] 

,  howevfl: 

ew  Zeala 

„    or    apiri_    

n  fed.  1882),  p.  86. 

tat-too'  (2),  s.     [TATTOO,  «.]    That  which  is 

tattooed. 

"  Then  was  a  variety  of  tattoot  and  ornamentation, 
rendering  them  a  serious  difficulty  to  Btrangen.  '— 
Burton:  Abtokuta,  i.  104. 

tat  too   (3),   tat'-t6,  tut-too,  ».     [Hind. 

'tattv  =  a  pony.] 

Zool. :  The  East  Indian  pony  of  Hamilton 
Smith,  the  Mahratta  pony  of  Sykes,  the  Hack 
pony  of  Calcutta  (Hardwick).  It  is  exten- 
sively bred  in  the  Deccan,  where  it  is  much 
used  to  transport  luggage.  It  is  considered 
very  vicious. 

*  tat  too'-age  (age  as  Ig),  s.  [Eng.  tattoo, 
v. ;  -00B.]  A  design  produced  by  tattooing. 

"  Above  his  tattooage  of  the  five  croaeeB,  the  fellow 
had  a  picture  of  two  hearta  united."— Thackeray: 
From  CornltUl  to  Cairo,  ch.  xHL 

tat-too  ee',  s.  [Eug.  tattoo;  -»]  One  who 
is  tattooed. 

"  A  couple  of  Initials  or  an  anchor  are  about  the 
extent  to  which  the  ambition  of  the  tattooee  runa,"-* 
Standard,  April  13,  1B86. 

tat-too -er,  s.  [Eng.  tattoo;  -er.]  One  whc 
tattoos. 

"  The  victims  of  this  strange  form  of  human  vanity 
had  to  submit  to  the  puncture  of  the  tattooer't  Bharp 
InBtrumenta."— Standard,  April  13,  1886. 

tat-tod'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [TATTOO,  v.] 
A.  A  B*  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (See 

the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 
1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  one  who  tattoos  ; 

the   design   produced   by  a  tattooer.     The 


that  of 
I 


Perhaps,  however,  the  moBt  beautiful  of  all  I  __ 
of  tli  e  N ew  ZeHlanders.  who  were  generally  tattooed 
curved  or  spiral  lluea."— iueioc* .-  Origin  at 


HSU,  b6J;  p6ut,  J6%1;  cat,  9011,  chorns,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  tbta;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist, 
-dan,  -tlan  =  shan,   - tion,  - slon  =  shun ;  -flon,  -gion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -Blons  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  So.  =  bel,  oeL 


4632 


tatty— tautog 


practice  of  marking  the  skin  with  punctures 
or  incisions,  and  introducing  into  the  wounds 
so  made  coloured  liquids,  gunpowder,  or 
the  like,  so  as  to  produce  figures  or  designs  on 
the  body.  The  practice  is  common  among 
the  South  Sea  Islanders,  New  Zealanders,  &c. 
Mr.  Darwin  (Descent  of  Man,  ed.  2nd,  p.  574) 
says  :  "  Not  one  great  country  can  be  named 
from  the  Polar  regions  in  the  North  to  New 
Zealand  in  the  South,  in  which  the  aborigines 
do  not  tattoo  themselves."  Tattooing  existed 
among  the  ancient  Britons.  It  was  forbidden 
to  the  Jews  in  Lev.  xix.  28,  and  probably 
would  not  have  been  so,  had  the  practice  not 
tended  to  arise  among  them. 

[TAIT.]    Matted;  rough  and  shaggy. 
. 

"  Whit  wad  hae  thought  there  had  been  u  muckle 
aeQM  ID  his  tatty  pow?  —  Scott ;  Rob  Roy,  ch.  xxxi  v. 

tat'-ty.  S.      [TATTIE.] 
t&t  -U,  «.      [TATOU.] 

tat  -u  a,  i.    [Native  name  (?).] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Vespidse.  Tatna  mono, 
asocial  wasp,  a  native  of  Cayenne,  suspends 
its  nest  from  the  twig  of  a  tree,  and  makes  an 
aperture  in  the  side  of  the  wall. 

la  -tu'-sl-a,  s.  [Hod.  Lat.,  from  the  native 
name  of  some  of  the  species.] 

Zool, :  The  sole  genus  of  Tatusiinae,  with 
five  species,  from  the  lower  Bio  Grande  of 
Texas  to  Patagonia.  This  genus  differs  from 
all  other  Armadilloes  In  having  a  diphyodont 
dentition,  and  two  pectoral  mamime,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  pectoral  pair,  and  in  producing 
from  four  to  ten  a  birth. 

-ta-tu-Bl-i-nsB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  tatusi(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inn?.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-family  of  Dasypodidee,  with  a 
single  genus,  Tatusia  (q.r.). 

•tan,  s.    [The  Greek  name  of  the  letter  (.] 

1.  Entom, :  Bombyx  tau  of  Fabricius  trans- 
ferred by  Latreille  to  the  genus  Attactu. 

2.  Her. :  The  Cross  of  St.  Anthony,  called 
also  the  Cross  Tau.    It  derives  its  name  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  Greek  letter  tau,  and 
is  somewhat  like  the  cross  potent. 

3.  Ichthy. :  Batrachus  tau(Gadu>  tau,  Linn.), 
the  Toad-fish  of  Carolina.    [TOAD-FISH.] 

tau  staff,  i. 

Arctuvol. :  A  staff  with  a  cross-head,  or  head 
In  the  shape  of  the  letter  T. 

taught  (gh  silent),  a.    [TAUT.] 
Hunt. :  Taut,  tight 

taught  (gh  silent),  pret.  &  pa.  par.    [TEACH.] 
tauld,  pret.  &  pa.  par.    [TELL.] 

taunt,  a.    [0.  Fr.  tant;  Lat.  tantut  =  so  great] 
Naut. :  High  or  tall.      Applied  to   mast* 
when  they  are  of  an  unusual  height. 

"  Her  enormously  t  tnnf  spars  are  made  very  appa- 
rent, but  of  course  the  fore-shortening  take*  on  the 
length  of  hull."— Field,  June  4,  1887. 

taunt,  *tawnte.  v.t.  [A  variant  of  Mid. 
Eng.  tent,  tenten  =  to  try ;  O.  Fr.  tanUr  =  to 
tempt,  to  prove,  to  try  ;  Lat.  temo.] 

•  I.  To  tease. 

"Sometime  taunting  withoute  dUpleaore  and  Dot 
without  disport"—  Man:  Worka.  p.  57. 

2.  To  reproach  with  severe  and  insulting 
words  ;  to  twit  scornfully ;  to  upbraid  with 
sarcasm. 

" Being  taunted  by  the  way  that  be  was  a  papist"— 
Wood:  AOunaOxon.,  vol.  L  {Join  Dariei.) 

*3.  To  censure,  blame,  or  condemn  in  a  re- 
proachful, scornful,  and  insulting  manner. 

"  Rail  thou  In  Ful  via's  phrase,  and  taunt  my  faults 
With  such  full  licence." 

Shakcip.  :  A  ntonf  tt  Cleopatra,  L  I 

taunt,  •  taunte,  s.    [TAUNT,  «.] 

*  1.  A  teasing  joke. 

"  Which  llberall  taunt*  that  most  gentyl  eraperour 
toke  In  so  good  iiart " — Elyvt :  Govemour,  bk.  li.,  ch.  v. 

2.  Upbraiding  words;  bitter  or  sarcastic 
reproach ;  insulting  invective. 

"He  heard  their  defiance,  the  boast,  the  taunt,  and 
the  Insult"         Longfellow :  JfOel  Standita,  vii. 

taunt  -er,  «.  [Eng.  taunt,  v. ;  -er.}  One  who 
taunts. 

tannt'-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TAUNT,  ».] 
taunt -uig-ly,  ado.     [Eng.    taunting;    -ly.] 


In  a  taunting  manner;   with  taunts;    with 
bitter  or  sarcastic  reproaches. 

"  The  merest  schoolboy  at  home  knew  that  a  long 
while  ago,  you  may  tauntingly  tell  we."—  Daily  Tele- 
graph, Nov.  13,  1884. 

Taun  -ton,  s.    [See  dcf.] 

Fabric:  A  kind  of  broad-cloth  made  at 
Tauntou,  in  isomerset,  England. 

•taunt  r  ess,  *  taunt  -resse,  s.  [Eng. 
taunt  ;  -ress.]  A  woman  who  taunts. 

"  0  temerous  tauntreue  that  deliKhts  in  toyes." 
Tncertaine  Author*:  To  an  United/alt  Woman. 

tau  -pie,  taw  -pie,  s.  [Icel.  topi  =  a  fool  ; 
Dan.  taabe  =  a  fool  ;  Sw.  tapig  =  simple, 
foolish.]  A  foolish,  thoughtless  young  woman. 

*  taure,   s.      [TAURUS.]      The    constellation 
Taurus. 

"tau-rf-eor-nous,  a.  [Lat.  (aunu  =  a 
bull,  and  cortiu  =  a  horn.]  Having  horns  like 
a  bull. 

"  Their  descriptions  must  be  relative,  or  the  tauri. 
fornout  picture  of  the  one  the  same  as  the  other."— 
Browne  :  Vulgar  Srrourt,  bk.  v.,  ch.  ix. 

tau  -ri  des,  s.  pi.  [Lat  iowr(«s);  masc.  or 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ides.] 

Astron.  :  Meteors  having  their  radiant  point 
in  the  constellation  Taurus. 

•  tau  ri  dor,   «.      [Sp.  toreador.}     A  bull- 
fighter. 

tau  -rl-form,  a.  [Lat.  taunts  =  a  bull,  and 
/omuz  =  form.]  Having  the  form  or  shape  of 
a  bull. 

"  As  a  malignant  deity  the  sun-god  is  (auriform."  — 
Donaldson  :  Theatre  of  the  OreelU,  p.  15. 

tau'-rine,  a.  &  s.    [Lat  taurut  =  a  bull.] 
A*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  bull. 

2.  Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  genus 
Taurus  ;  espec.  Taurus  urns.    [UBUS.] 

"  The  existence  In  this  country  originally  of  a  very 
large  race  of  tnurinc  oxen."  —  Wtiton:  Prehiltoric 
Annalt  of  Scotland,  ch.  i. 

B.  At  substantive  : 

Chem.  :  CaHyNSOg.  A  neutral  crystalline 
substance,  obtained  by  boiling  purified  bile 
with  hydrochloric  acid,  filtering,  evaporating 
the  acid  filtrate,  and  treating  the  residue  with 
live  or  six  times  its  bulk  of  boiling  alcohol. 
On  cooling,  the  taurine  separates  in  large, 
bard,  colourless  prisms,  without  taste  or 
odour.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water, 
very  soluble  in  hot  water,  insoluble  in  al- 
cohol and  ether. 

tau-rln-rch'-th**,  ».  Lat.  tourism)  = 
taurine,  and  Or.  ix*w  (ichthvs)  =  a  nsh.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Labridee,  akin  to 
Odai  (q.v.),  from  the  Miocene  of  France. 

tau'-ris-oite,  «.  [After  Pagtu  Tauriscorum, 
the  Roman  name  for  the  Canton  Uri,  Switzer- 
land, where  it  occurs  ;  sutf.  -ite.  (Min.).] 

Afin.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  acicular 
crystals  of  the  orthorhombic  system,  and  stated 
to  have  the  physical  characters  and  chemical 
composition  of  Melanterite  (q.v.),  which  crys- 
tallizes in  the  monoclinic  system. 

tau-ri-,  pref, 
a  bull. 

tau-ro-che-no-chSi'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  tauro-  ; 
Or.  xnv  (chen),  genit.  xnyoc  (chenos)  —  a  goose, 
and  Eng.  cholic  (q.v.).]  (See  def.  of  com- 
pound.) 

taurochenocholic  acid,  .». 

Chem.  :  CaRioNSOs  (<).  A  sulphuretted 
acid  found  in  goose-bile.  It  has  not  yet  been 
obtained  pure. 

tan-ro'-ohol'-fo,  a.  [Pret  tauro-,  and  Eng. 
cholic  (q.v.).]  Derived  from  or  containing 
taurine  and  bile. 

taurocholic  acid,  i.  The  same  as 
BILIN  (q.v.).  The  name  taurocholic-acid  is 
now  more  generally  used. 

tau'-ro-coll,  tau-r6-e6T-la,  s.  [Gr.  raOpoc 
(tauros)  =  a  bull,  and  «oAAa  (kolla)  =  glue.)  A 
gluey  substance  made  from  a  bull's  hide. 

•tan-ri-ma'-chJ-a,  •  tau  rom  a  chy,  «. 
[Gr.  TuGpot  (tauros)  =  a  bull,  and  jiaxn  (moc/w) 
=  a  battle,  a  fight.)  A  public  bull-fight 

"  Doing  as  much  mischief  as  the  most  exigeant 
votary  of  taurotnnchy  could  desire."  —  St.  Jamet'i 
QoKtte.  May,  17.  '•*» 


[TAURUS.]    Of  or  belonging  to 


"tau  ro  ma-chl-an,    a.   &  j.     [TAUEOKA. 

CHIA.] 

A.  Ai  adj.  ;  Of  or  pertaining  to  bull-fight! 
or  bull-fighting. 

"  In  tauromachlan  technology  the  Wairoan  '  haka' 
might  be  accounted  as  a  tight  of  the  first-class."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  March  1,  1886. 

B.  As  subst.  :   One  who  engages   in  bull- 
fights ;  a  bull-fighter,  a  tauridor. 


Han-ro-znach'-ic,  a.    [TAUROMACHIA.]     Of 
or  pertaining  to  bull-fights  ;  tauromachian. 

"  The  matador  U  forbidden  by  the  laws  of  faura- 
tmtcAic  etiquette  to  atwclt  the  bull."—  fl 
June  17.  1887. 


-Ltaily  Telegraph, 


tau'-rus,  s.    [Lat,  from  Gr.  raOpo;  (iauros).] 
1.  Astronomy: 

(1)  The  BulL    The  second  of  the  zodiacal 
constellations.     It  is  bounded  on  the  east  by 
Gemini,  on  the  west  by  Aries,  on  the  north  by 
Perseus  and  Auriga,  and  on  the  south  by  Orion 
and  Eridanus.     It  is  composed  of  many  small 
stars,  but  has  a  large  one  (Aldebaran)  situated 
in  the  midst  of  a  group  called  the  Hyades.  They 
constitute  the  Bull's  forehead  and  eye.    An- 
other group  falling  within  the  limits  of  Taurus 
is  that  of  the  Pleiades  (q.v.).    It  is  situated 
on  the  shoulder  of  the  Bull.    Taurus  contains 
also  the  Crab  cluster. 

(2)  The  second  sign  of  the  zodiac  (8).    The 
sun  enters  it  about  the  twenty-second  of  April. 

*  2.  Zool, :  A  lapsed  genus  of  Bovidse. 

t  Taurus  Ponia to wski,  s. 

Astron.:  A  constellation  proposed  by  the 
Abb6  Poczobut.  It  is  between  Aquila  and 
Ophiuchus,  but  not  generally  adopted. 

tau-ryl'-Ic,  o.  [Eng.  taur(ine),  s. ;  -yl,  -ie.} 
Pertaining  to  or  containing  taurine. 

taurylic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CyHgO?.  A  colourless  oil,  obtained, 
together  with  phenol,  from  human  urine  and 
from  that  of  cows  and  horses.  It  smells  like 
castoreum,  makes  a  white  spot  upon  the 
skin,  and  remains  liquid  at  18*. 

taut,  a.    [A  variant  of  tight  (q.v.).] 

1.  Tight,  stretched  tight,  not  slack.     (Ap 
plied  to  a  rope  or  sail.) 

"  Nelson's  health  had  suffered  greatly  while  he  wat 
In  the  Agamemnon.  '  My  comnlHlut,'  he  said,  '  is  as  U 
a  girth  were  buckled  taut  over  my  breast;  and  niy 
endeavour  in  the  night  is  to  get  loose.'  "—Southty  :  Life 
ofXelian.  ch.  vi. 

2.  Properly  ordered ;  prepared  against  emer- 
gency. 

tan'-taug,  s.    [TAUTOO.] 

tau  ted,  taW-ted,  tau'-tle,  o.  [TAir.) 
Matted  together.  (Spoken  of  hair  or  wool.) 

*  tau-te-goV-iO-al,  a.  [Gr.  -roSnav  (taw  (on), 
for  TO  O&TOV  (to  auton)  =  the  same,  and  ayopevs, 
(ajjoreuo)  —  to  speak.]  Expressing  the  same 
thing  in  different  words. 

tau  -to-cnrone,  ».  /Gr.  TO.VTO  (lav'o),  for  rt 
aiiro  (to  auto)  =  the  same,  and  xfovos  (ctronoi) 
=  time.] 

Math. :  A  curve  such,  that  a  heavy  body 
rolling  down  It,  under  the  influence  of  gravity, 
will  always  reach  the  same  point  at  tiie  same 
time,  from  whatever  point  it  may  start  The 
inverted  cycloid,  in  a  vertical  plane,  having 
its  base  horizontal,  is  a  tautochronous  curve. 
Also,  when  any  number  of  curves  are  drawn 
from  a  given  point,  and  another  curve  is  so 
drawn  as  to  cut  off  from  every  one  of  them  an 
arc,  which  is  described  by  a  falling  particle  in 
one  given  time,  that  arc  is  called  a  tauto- 
chrone. 

tau  toch  ro  nous,  a.  [Eng.  tautoehron(e) ; 
-oiu.J  Pertaining  to  a  tautochrone;  iso- 
chronous. 

tau  -to  -din,  s.    [Gr.  niiro  (tauto)  =  the  same, 
and  nAmo  (Wino)  =  to  incline  ;  Ger.  taatoklin.] 
Kin. :  A  grayish-white  ankerite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining about  15  per  cent,  of  carbonate  o( 
iron,  from  near  Freiberg,  Saxony. 

tau   tog  >.    [North  Amer.  Indian  name.] 

Ichthy.  :  Tavtoga  nigra,  common  on  the 
Atlantic  coasts  of  temperate  North  America. 
It  attains  a  size  of  from  twelve  to  fourteen 
pounds,  and  fetehes  a  high  price  in  New 
York  markets  for  th«  table.  Called  also  the 
Black-fish.  It  is,  however,  quite  distinct 
from  the  British  Hsh  of  that  name.  [BLACK- 
PISH.] 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine;  go,  pot. 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    <e,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  Q.U  =  kw. 


tau-to -ga,  s.  [Latinised  from  tautog  (q.  v.).] 
IclUhy. :  A  genus  of  Labridse,  from  the 
Atlantic.  Body  compressed,  oblong,  covered 
with  small  scales  ;  double  series  of  conical 
teeth  in  jaws  ;  dorsal  spines,  seventeen  ;  anal 
spines,  three ;  lateral  line  not  interrupted. 

tan -to-lite,  s.  [dr.  ™.irr6(tauto)  =  the  same, 
and  Ai'tfos  (lithos)  =  a  stone  ;  Ger.  tautolith.] 

Mm. :  A  variety  of  Allanite  (q.v.),  found  in 
crystals  in  the  trachyte  of  Lake  Laach,  Rhine. 

a&u-to^lOK^lo.tau-t^-lo^r-ic-aLa.  [Eng. 
tautology);  -ic,  -teal.]  Involving  tautology; 
repeating  the  same  thing ;  having  the  same 
signification. 

"  Unless  we  will  grant,  either  two  several  raptures 
of  the  apostle,  or  an  unnecessary  and  tautological 
repetition  of  one."— Bp.  Bail:  Mediation  Unreeealed, 

tau-td-lo&'-ic-al-ly.adt;.  [Eng.  tautological; 
-ly.\  In  a  tautological  manner. 

•  tau-toi'-o-gist,  ».  (Eng.  tautology);  -itt.] 
One  who  uses  or  is  given  to  tautology. 

•tau-tol'-d-gize,  r.i.  [Eng.  tautology); 
-izt.]  To  use  tautology ;  to  repeat  the  same 
thing  in  different  words. 

"That  in  this  brief  description  the  wise  man  should 
tautologize,  is  not  to  be  supposed,  "—ittnith :  On  Old 
Ait,  p.  M. 

'  tan-tol'-6-goiis,  a.  [Kng.  tautology);  -ous.] 
Tautological. 

• '  I  hare  been  purposely  lautoloyoita,  that  by  my  in- 
different application  of  the  two  words  of  and  for— 
both  to  her  disgust  and  to  her  love,  the  smallest  oppo- 
sition between  these  prepositions  might  be  doneaway." 
— Tooke  :  Divertiotit  of  Purity,  pt  L,  ch.  xL 


_£,  *.  [Lat.  taiUologia,  from  Gr. 
."(tautologia)  •=.  a  saying  the  same 
thing  over  again  :  rauro  (tauto),  for  TO  ovro 
(to  auto)  =  the  same,  and  Aoyos  (logos)  =  speak- 
ing ;  Fr.  tautolngie.]  A  useless  repetition  of 
the  same  idea  or  meaning  in  different  words ; 
needless  repetition  of  the  same  thing  in  dif- 
ferent words  or  phrases. 

"  A  repetition  of  this  kind,  made  la  different  words, 
U  called  a  pleonasiue.  but  when  In  the  same  words  |.-ia 
it  la  In  the  text  la  question,  if  there  be  nny  repetition 
at  all)  it  U  then  a  tautology,"—  Warburton ;  On  Occa- 
iional  Rtjtectiont,  rem.  9. 

Han  to-oH  si  an,  a.    [TAUTOUSIAN.] 

*  tan  to-phdn -Jc-al,  a.  [Eng.  tautophon(y); 
-icoZ.]    Repeating  the  same  sound. 

*  tau-t6ph'-6'-n$J,  s.    [Gr.  TavroiWta  (tauto- 
phonia),  from  ravro  (tau to)  =  the  same,  and 
rf»ujnj  (phone)  =.  voice.]  Repetition  of  the  same 
sound. 

*  tan  toft -ai  an,    *  tau   tou' -si -ous,    a. 

[Gr.  TauTo  (tauto)  =  the  same,  and  ovo-ia 
(ousia)  =  essence.]  Having  the  same  essence ; 
of  identically  the  same  nature.  (Cudworth.) 

taV-ern,  *  tav-erne,  a.  [Fr.  taverne,  from 
Lat.  taberna  =  a  hut,  a  booth,  a  tavern.  From 
the  same  root  as  table  (q.v.).]  A  house  where 
wines  and  other  spirituous  ami  malt  liquors 
are  sold,  and  where  provision  is  made  for 
travellers  or  parties ;  a  public-house,  an  inn. 

"  Inquire  at  London,  'mong  the  tnvernt  there  : 
For  there  they  >aj  he  daily  doth  frequent." 

ShaXetp-:  Richard  I!.,  ill.  i. 

5  Taverns  existed  in  England  at  least  as 
early  as  the  thirteenth  century.  By  13 
Edward  I.,  c.  5,  passed  in  1284,  they  were 
ordered  to  be  shut  at  curfew.  In  the  reign 
of  Edward  III.  (1326-1377)  only  three  were 
allowed  in  London :  one  in  "  Chepe,"  one  in 
*'  Walbrok,"  and  one  in  Lombard  Street.  By 
T  Edward  VI.  (1552-3)  forty  were  allowed  in 
London,  and  fixed  numbers  in  the  other  cities 
of  England.  Taverns  were  first  licensed  in 
1752.  The  licensing  of  taverns  for  the  sale 
of  liquors  is  practiced  in  many  of  the  states  of 
the  American  Union,  while  In  others  prohibi- 
tion laws  prevail.  The  amount  of  license  varies, 
from  a  small  Bum  in  some  states,  to  $1000 
annually  in  others. 

*  tavern  -  bush,  *.     The  bush  formerly 
hung  out  as  a  sign  for  inns.    (Longfellow: 
Catawba  Wine.) 

*  tavern-haunter,  s.  One  who  frequents 
taverns. 

'tavern-man,  s. 

1.  The  keeper  of  a  tavern  ;  an  innkeeper. 

2.  A  tippler. 

11  tavern-token,  s.  A  token  issued  by  a 
tavern-keeper,  and  current  only  at  his  house. 
Gifford,  however,  suggests  (Ben  Jonson :  Every 


tautoga— tax 

Man  in  hit  Humour,  L  8.  Note.)  that  a 
tavern-token  was  simply  an  ordinary  token, 
so  called  because  "  most  of  them  would  travel 
to  the  tavern."  The  first  illustration  repre- 
sents a  copper  token  of  the  Ship  tavern  at 


TA  VIBK-TO  K  EH  S. 

Greenwich ;  the  second  is  a  brass  token  of 

the  old  Cock  (now  demolished)  in  Fleet  Street 
Both  were  of  the  value  of  one  farthing. 

*  T  1.  To  swallow  a  tavern-token :  A  euphem- 
ism —  To  be  drunk.     (Used  only  in  the  past 
tenses.) 

"  Druuk,  «Ir  !  you  hear  not  me  say  so :  perhaps  he 
Mtallowed  a  tavern-token  or  some  aucb  device."—  Ben 
Jontyn  :  Every  Man  in  hit  Humour,  1.  3. 

2.  To  hunt  a  tavern  fox:  To  be  drunk. 
[Fox  ED,  1.] 

"  Nor  did  he  ever  hunt  a  tavern  fog." 

/.  Taylor  :  Lift  tf  Old  Parr.   {1836.) 

*taV-ern-er,  *  taV-ern-dr,  *.  [Eng. 
tavern;  -er;  Fr.  tavernier,  from  Lat.  taber- 
nariuB.}  One  who  keeps  a  tavern. 

"  Bat  this  and  auch  casta  were  derived  by  buck  stars, 
Tintenere,  And  tavernert,  after  the  wines  were  laid  up 
to  their  cellers."— P.  Bottand :  flinie,  bk.  xxiii..  ch.  L 

*  tav^ -ern-Ing,  «.    (Eng.  tavern;  -ing.]    A 
feasting  or  drinking  at  taverns. 

"  To  grace  the  mis-rule  of  oar  tawerninffi." 

Bp.  flail :  Satires,  11  L 

t&'-vers, tal'-vers, $. pL  [Seeded]  Tatters. 
(Sooted.) 

ta  -vert,  tal'-vert,  ».  [For  datwrt,  daivert 
=  stupefied,  senseless.]  (Scotch.) 

1.  Stupid,  senseless,  bewildered. 

2.  Intoxicated. 

tav'-lf-took-ite.  *.  [After  Tavtstock,  Devon, 
where  it  was  first  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).~\ 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  as  small  acicular 
crystals,  sometimes  in  stellar  groups,  and 
sometimes  closely  aggregated  as  a  minutely 
mammillary  crust.  Lustre,  pearly  ;  colour, 
white ;  fragile.  Phosphoric-acid,  30-36  ;  alu- 
mina, 22-40 ;  lime,  36'27 ;  water,  12'00  =  101 '03. 
Since  found  at  Stenna  Gwyn,  near  St.  Austell, 
Cornwall 

taw,  *  tawe,  tew,  *  tewe,  v.t.  [A.S.  tawian 
=  to  prepare,  to  dress,  to  get  ready,  to  scourge ; 
Dut.  touwen  =  to  curry  leather.] 

1.  To  dress,  as  skins,  with  mineral  agents, 
as  alum,  instead  of  vegetable  extracts.  The 
leather  produced  is  known  as  Hungarian, 
white,  or  alum  leather,  the  latter  from  the  use 
of  alum  as  the  principal  agent 

*  2.  To  beat,  to  scourge. 

"  He's  to  be  made  more  tractable,  I  doubt  not.— 
YM,  If  they  taw  him  a>  they  do  whit-leather." 

Beaum.  t  FUt.  :  Captain. 

"  3.  To  torture,  to  torment. 

taw,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful]  A  marble  to  play 
with  ;  a  game  at  marbles. 

It  Come,  to  taw :  Come  to  the  scratch. 
[SCRATCH,  «.  II.  3.]  ( U.  8.  colhq.) 

*  taW-dered,  a.    [!AWDRY.]     Dressed  in  a 
tawdry  fashion. 

"Dirty  people  of  qmdity  tawd*r«l  oni.'—Ladjr 
Montagu  :  Lettert,  Aug.  XI,  1716. 

*  taW  drle,  o.    [TAWDRY.] 

taw'-drl-ljf.,  adv.  [Eng.  tawdry;  -ly.]  In  a 
tawdry  manner. 

"A  rabble  of  people,  teeing  her  Terr  oddly  and 

tawdrily  dressed,  took  her  for  a  foreigner. ^—PvUtney : 
To  Svrift,  Dec.  n,  1T3«, 

taw1  -  dri  -  ness,  «.  [Eng.  tawdry;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tawdry. 


4633 

taW -drj,  "  taw  -drle,  a.  4  j.    [A  corrupt 

of  .si.  Audry,  that  is,  SI.  Etheldrida  (A.S. 
&thzlrydh.),  and  originally  applied  to  a  rustic 
necklace  bought  at  St.  Audry's  Fair,  held  in 
the  Isle  of  Ely  and  elsewhere  on  St.  Audry's 
Day,  Oct.  17.  Another  account  is  that  St 
Audry  died  of  a  swelling  in  the  throat,  which 
she  considered  as  a  particular  judgment  for 
having  been  in  her  youth  much  addicted  to 
wearing  this  necklace.  It  did  not  at  first  im- 
ply mean  or  shabby  splendour.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

*1.  Fine,  showy,  elegant 

2.  Showy  without  taste  or  elegance ;  having 
an  excess  of  showy  ornaments  without  grace ; 
gaudy. 

"  All  that  artificial  tawdry  glare, 
Which  Virtue  scorns,  and  none  but  strumpets  wear." 
Churchill :  Prophecy  of  famine. 

*  B,  As  subst. :  Tawdry-lace  iq.v.). 

"  Not  the  smallest  heck. 

But  with  white  pebbles  makes  her  tawdriel  for  her 
neck."  Urayton. 

•tawdry-lace,  s.    A  rustic  necklace. 

"Come,  you  promised  me  a  tawdryjace,  and  a  pair 
of  sweet  gloves.  —MoAerp. .'  Winter'!  Tale,  iv.  *. 

"  tawe,  s.    [Tow.] 

taw'-er,  ».  [Eng.  taw,  T. ;  -er.]  One  who 
taws  ;  a  dresser  of  white  leather. 

taw'-er-jf,  ».  [Eng.  taw,  v. ;  -try.]  A  plao« 
where  skins  are  tawed. 

taw'-Ie,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful]  Tame,  tract- 
able ;  spoken  of  a  horse,  cow,  &c.  (Scotch). 

"Ye  ne'er  was  donate, 
Bnt  hamely,  ttturi',  quiet,  an1  cannte." 

Burnt :  A  uld  farmer  to  hit  A  uld  Man, 

taw-ney,  ».    [TINNB.J 

taw -ni  ness,  s.  [Eng.  tawny;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tawny. 

taW-ny,  a.  [Fr.  tanne  =  tanned,  tawny; 
prop.  pa.  par.  of  tanner  =  to  tan  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Of  a  yellowish  dark  colour, 
like  things  tanned,  or  persons  who  are  sun- 
burnt 

"  Like  a  leopard's  tavmy  and  spotted  hide." 

Longfellov:  Rain  in  Summer. 

2.  Bot. :  Fulvous,  dull  yellow,  with  a  mix- 
ture of  gray  and  brown. 

*  tawny-coat,  «.    An  ecclesiastical,  appa- 
ritor, from  the  colour  of  the  livery  worn  oy 
them.    (Shakesp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  iii  1.) 

*  tawny-moor,  ».    A  mulatto. 

"  A  black,  a  tnvmtf-moor,  and  a  Frenchman."— 
Centlivre  :  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife.  i.  U 

tawny-owl,  «. 

Ornith. :  Syrnium  ttridula  (Alvco  flammn). 
,  2.] 

•  t&W-ny.  v.t.    [TAWHV,  a.]    To  tan. 

"  The  sunne  so  eoone  the  painted  face  will  fawny." 
Breton :  Mother1!  BUeetnf,  p.  t. 

taw'-ple, ».    [TADPII.] 

taws,  tawse,  s.  [A.S.  tawian  =  to  beat,  to 
scourge.]  A  leather  strap,  usually  with  a 
slit  or  fringe-like  end,  used  as  an  instrument 
of  punishment  by  schoolmasters  and  others. 
(Scotch.) 

tax,  *  taxe,  s.  [Fr.  taxe  =  a  taxation,  from 
taxtr  =  to  tax,  to  rate,  to  assess,  from  Lat. 
taio  =  to  handle  ...  to  rate,  to  value ;  Low 
Lat.  taxa  =  a  rating,  a  taxation.  Torn  is  foi 
facto,  from  foetus,  pa.  par.  of  tango  =  to  touch 
Tax  and  taik  are  doublets ;  8p.  tasa ;  Port. 
taxa ;  Ital.  fossa.] 

1.  A  contribution  imposed  by  authority 
upon  people  to  meet  the  expenses  of  govern- 
ment or  other  public  services. 

(1)  A  government  Imposition,  or  charge 
made  by  the  state  on  the  income  or  property 
of  individuals,  or  on  products  consumed  by 
them.  A  tax  is  said  to  be  direct  when  it  Is 
demanded  from  the  very  persons  who  it  is  in- 
tended or  desired  should  pay  it,  as  a  poll -tax, 
income-tax,  property-tax,  taxes  for  keeping 
men-servants,  dogs,  <fcc.  An  indirect  tax  is 
one  demanded  from  one  person,  who  is  ex- 
pected and  intended  to  recoup  or  indemnify 
himself  at  the  expense  of  another,  as  customs 
and  excise  duties. 

J  The  character  of  taxes  differs  greatly  In 
different  countries,  the  bulk  of  modern  taxes 
being  indirect,  though  direct  taxation  is 
retained  to  a  considerable  degree.  In  Britain 
the  income  tax  is  the  source  of  an  important 
part  of  the  revenue.  In  this  country  HII 


b6H,  Wy;  pout.  Jowl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  & 
-elan,  -tian  -  -  shan.    -tlon,  -slon  =  «*""  ;  -fion.  -flon  —  zuun.    -clous,  -tloua,  -dons  —  alias,    -ble,  -die,  otc.  =  bel,  del. 


tax— taxodium 


income  tax  was  collected  during  and  for  some 
time  after  the  Civil  War,  and  an  attempt  to 
revire  it  was  unsuccessfully  made  in  Ifc94 
[TARIFF].  As  a  rule  national  taxation  in  our 
country  has  been  indirect,  the  revenue  bein^ 
raised  by  custom  duties  and  internal  taxes.  lu 
*tatt>  and  municipal  taxation,  on  the  contrary, 
direct  taxes  are  often  imposed,  BHmtafpal 
funds  being  largely  produced  by  taxation  of 
real  estate.  The  advocates  of  what  is  known 
as  **  single  tax"  favor  the  raising  of  all 
revenue  by  a  tax  on  lun-J  values. 

"  PooU,  of  all  men,  ever  least  regret 
Increasing  taxet  ami  the  nation's  debt." 

Cvtoper  :  Ta&l«  Talk,  17T. 

(2)  A  rate  or  sam  imposed  tipon  individuals 
for  municipal,  county,  or  other  local  pur- 
poses, as  police  taxes,  tcuxs  for  the  repairs  of 
roads,  bridges,  &c.,  poor-rates,  drainage-rates, 
•0. 

2.  A  disagreeable  or  burdensome  duty  or 
charge ;  an  oppressive  demand  or  exaction ;  a 
requisition :  as,  This  is  a  heavy  tax  on  his 
time  and  strength. 

*3.  A  task ;  a  lesson  to  be  learnt. 

*4.  Charge,  censure. 

"He  could  not  without  grief  of  heart,  and  without 
•orae  t-tx  upon  himself  ana  his  ministers  for  the  not 
executing  the  laws,  look  upon  the  bold  licence  of  aome 
pamph  lew."—  Clarendon. 

U  Tax  applies  to  or  implies  whatever  is 
paid  by  the  people  to  the  Government,  ac- 
cording to  a  certain  estimate  :  the  customs  are 
a  species  of  tax  which  are  less  specific  than 
other  taxes,  being  regulated  by  custom  rather 
than  any  definite  law  ;  the  customs  apply  par- 
ticularly to  what  was  customarily  given  by 
merchants  for  the  goods  which  they  imported 
from  abroad.  The  predominant  idea  in  con- 
tribution is  that  of  common  consent,  it  sup- 
poses a  degree  of  freedom  in  the  agent  which 
is  incompatible  with  the  exercise  of  authority 
expressed  by  the  other  terms :  hence  the  term 
U  with  more  propriety  applied  to  those  cases 
in  which  men  voluntarily  unite  in  giving  to- 
wards any  particular  object;  as  charitable 
contributions,  or  contributions  in  support  of  a 
war ;  but  it  may  be  taken  in  the  general  sense 
of  a  forced  payment,  as  in  speaking  of  military 
contribution. 

tax -cart,  taxed -cart,  s.  A  light 
•pring-cart  on  which  only  a  low  rate  of  tax  is 
charged. 


tax-free,  a. 

Won. 


Exempt  OP  free  from  taxa- 
.  collector  of  taxes. 


tax-gatherer,  «. 

"  The  Protestant  minister*  were  haraned  by  the 
tax-'jatherert."~Macaulay ;  Birt,  £ng.,  ch.  vi. 

tax-payer,  «.  .One  who  is  assessed  to, 
and  pays  taxes. 

tax,  v.t.    [TAX,  §.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  inapose  a  tax  or  taxes  on  ;  to  subject 
to  the  payment  of  taxes  ;   to  levy  taxes  or 
other  contributions  from  for  state  or  local 
purposes. 

"The  taxing  at  living  creatorei  by  the  poll,  pro- 
pounded flint  In  Edward  the  sixth  hU  reign,  sh« 

would  not   suffer   to  be  ao  much  M  once  named." 

Cuniilen  :  Slit,  of  Queen  Elizabeth  (an.  1590). 

2.  To  assess  to  a  tax  ;  to  levy  a  tax  on. 

"The  arable  lands  which  are  given  in  lease  to 
tanners  are  taxed  at  a  tenth  of  the  rent."— Smith  • 
Wealth  of  tfationt.  bk.  r.,  ch.  ii 

3.  To  load  with  a  burden  or  burdens ;  to 
make  demands  on ;  to  put  to  a  certain  strain. 

"  Taxing  her  mind  to  aid  her  eyes." 

Scott:  Brtaal  of  Triermain.  V..  4. 

4.  To  charge,  to  censure,  to  accuse.    (Fol- 
lowed  by  for  or  with  (more  generally  the 
latter)  before  an  indirect  object,  and  formerly 
also  by  of:  as,  To  tax  a  man  with  falsehood.) 

"  She  confesses  the  truth  of  her  husband's  accusa- 
tion ;  but  she  toixet  the  serpent  as  her  •edocer."— lip. 
Hartley  :  Sermon*,  voL  ii.,  wr.  16. 

IL  Law :  To  go  through  and  allow  or  dis- 
allow the  items  of  charge  in. 

"  A  returning  officer,  whose  bill  of  coats  has  been 
taxed  on  the  application  of  the  candidates." — Dailu 
Tfteyraph,  Dec.  2*.  1885. 

t4x-a-t>U'-I-t&  «.  [Eng.  taxabb;  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  taxable. 

tax-a-ble,  a.  [2ng.  tax:  -able.}  Liable  to 
be  taxed  ;  capable  of  being  taxed ;  subject  to 
taxation. 

"  Lean  America,  If  she  has  taxable  matter  la  her, 
to  tax  herself."— Burke  :  American  Taxation, 

*  tax'-a-ble-ness,  *.  [Eng.  taxable ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  taxable ;  tax- 

1 


*tax'-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  taxable);  -ly.] 
In  a  taxable  manner. 

tax-a'-ce-»,  *.  [Lat.  tastus);  Lat  fern.  pi. 
adj.  sun.  -acete.] 

Bot. :  Taxads ;  an  order  of  Gymnogens. 
Trees  or  shrubs  with  continuous  inarticulated 
branches,  the  wood  with  circular  disks. 
Leaves  evergreen,  generally  narrow,  rigid, 
entire,  reinless,  alternate  or  distichous,  some- 
times dilated  and  lobed,  in  which  case  the  veins 
are  forked  and  of  equal  thickness.  Flowers 
dioecious,  naked,  surrounded  by  imbricated 
bracts.  Males  having  several  stamens  ;  fila- 
ments usually  monadelphous.  Female  solitary, 
ovules  naked,  the  foramen  at  the  apex,  the 
outer  skin  finally  becoming  hard.  Pericarp 
imperfect,  usually  cup-shaped,  succulent; 
embryo,  dicotyledonous.  Known  genera  nine, 
species  fifty.  (Lindley.) 

tlx  -ad,  «.     [Lat.  tax(us) ;  Eng.  stiff,  -ad.) 

Bot.  (PL):  Lindle/s  name  for  Taxacese 
(q.v.X 

tax-a'-tion,  «.     [Fr.,   from  Lat.  taxatiomm, 
accus.  of  taxatiot   from  taxatiis,  pa.   par.   of 
taxo  =  to  handle  ...   to  tax   (q.v.);    Ital. 
tassazione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  imposing  a  tax  or  taxes  on  the 
subjects  of  a  state  or  government,  or  on  the 
members  of  a  corporation  or  company  by  the 
proper  authority,  for  the  raising  of  revenue  to 
meet  the  expenses  of  public  services ;  the 
raising  of  revenue  by  means  of  taxes ;  the 
system  by  which  such  revenue  is  raised. 

"There  are  two  different  circumstances,  which 
render  the  interest  of  money  a  much  les*  proper 
•ubject  of  direct  taxation  than  the  rent  of  laud.  — 
Smith:  Wealth  of  Nation*,  bk.  v.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  A  tax  or  assessment  imposed  ;  the  aggre- 
gate of  particular  taxes. 

"The  taxation  by  that  way  of  assesraent  seemed 
greater  then  in  old  time."— Cnmden  i  Hist.  Elizabeth 
fan.  1590). 

*  3.  Demand,  claim. 

"I  bring  no  overture  of  war,  no  fojrott'on of  homage." 
—ShaXetp. :  TtnUfth  Kight,  1.  & 

•  4.  Charge,  censure,  accusation,  scandal. 

*'  U y  father's  love  Is  enough  to  honour ;  speak  no 
more  of  htm,  you'll  be  whipt  for  taxation  one  of  these 
days."— Shaleetp. :  At  Tou  Lite  It,  1.  2. 

U.  Law :  The  act  of  taxing  or  examining  a 
Dill  of  costs  in  law. 

*tax'-a-tIve-l&<K*r.    [Txx.]    As  a  tax. 

"  If  these  ornament*  or  furniture  had  been  put 
taxatieely,  and  by  way  of  limitation,  such  a  thing 
bequeathed  aa  A  legacy  shall  not  be  paid,  ii  it  wuu 
ornaments  or  furniture," — Aj/Uffe  :  Fareryon. 

taxed,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [TAX,  v.] 

taxed-cart,  i.    A  tax-cart  (q.v.X 

tax1 -el,  ».    [Late  Lat.  taxiu  =  a  badger.) 

Z'jol.  :  Ta&idea  americana,  the  American 
badger.  The  snout  is  shorter  and  more  hairy 
than  that  of  the  European  badger ;  the  body 
of  a  whitish  colour,  sometimes  shaded  with 
gray  or  tawny.  Length,  excluding  the  tail, 
about  twenty-four  inches,  tail  six  inches.  It 
abounds  on  the  plains  watered  by  the  Missouri, 
but  its  southern  range  is  not  exactly  defined. 
It  appears  to  be  more  carnivorous  than  the 
European  species. 

tax  -er,  ».    [Eng.  tax,  T.  ;  -tr.} 

1.  One  who  taxes. 

"  For  th«  first  of  the*.  I  am  a  little  to  alter  their 
name ;  for  Instead  of  takers,  they  become  taxen ; 
Instead  of  taking  provision  for  your  mejesty's  service, 
they  tax  your  people  ad  redimendam  verationem." — 
Bacon  :  Speech  Toiit-JUng  Purveyor*. 

2.  In  Cambridge   University,    one  of  the 
officers  chosen  yearly  to  regulate  the  assize  of 
bread,  and  see  the  true  gauge  of  weights  and 
measures  observed ;  a  taxor. 

tax'-i-arch,  >.  [Or.  Toftapxi);  (taxianhis), 
from  ra£i«  (taxis)  =  a  division  of  an  army,  and 
opxu  (archo)  =  to  rule.] 

Or.  Antiq. :  An  Athenian  military  officer 
commanding  a  taxis  or  battalion. 

tax'-l-corn,  s.  [TAXICORNES.]  A  beetle  be- 
longing to  the  order  Taxicornes  (q.v.). 

tax-J-cor'-nes,  ».  pj.  [Or.  rif.s  <taxi»)  = 
arranging,  and  Lat.  cornu  =  a  horn.] 

Entom. :  The  second  family  of  Latreille's 
Heteromera.  They  are  all  winged  ;  the  body 
is  for  the  most  part  square,  with  the  thorax 
concealing  or  receiving  the  head;  antenna 
short,  more  or  less  perfoliate  or  grained  ;  the 


legs  adapted  for  walking.  They  live  in  fnngl, 
beneath  the  bark  uf  trees,  or  on  the  ground' 
under  stones.  Tribes,  Diaperales  and  Cossy- 
phense. 

tax-id  -e  a,  t.  [Late  Lat.  tta(ue)  =  a  badger, 
and  Gr.  «iSos  (eidos)  =form  ;  cf.  Lat.  tcao- 
ninus  =  pertaining  to  a  bailger  (according  to 
Smith,  probably  from  the  Celtic  name  of  the 
badger  ;  Ger.  docks  —  a  badger.] 

ZooL:  A  geuus  of  Melinse,  with  one,  or 
perhaps  two  species.  Taxidea  ameriaina 
(tiairadoTOo)is  the  Common  American  Badger 
of  the  United  States.  T.  berlandieri,  the 
Mexican  Badger,  is  possibly  only  a  local 
variety.  [TAXEL.] 

tax-l-def-mlo,  a.  [Eng.  taxtderm(y)  ;  -i&J 
Of  or  pertaining  to  taxidermy. 

tax'-I-der-mist,  s.  [Eng.  taxiderm^y);  -fatj 
One  who  is  skilled  in  taxidermy  ;  one  whc- 
prepares,  preserves,  and  stuffs  the  skins  of 
animals. 

"  A  aeven-ponnder.  which  at  the  present  moment  1* 
being  set  up  by  a  Reading  tuxittirmuc."—  fuld.  June*, 

tax'-J-de'r-my;,  s.  [Gr.  T<££IS  (ton's)  =  order, 
arrangement,  and  oe'p^ia  (derma)  =  skin.]  The 
art  of  preparing  and  preserving  the  skins  of 
animals,  and  also  of  stuffing  and  mounting 
them,  so  as  to  cause  them  to  resemble  the 
living  forms  as  nearly  as  possible. 

tax  -III,  ».    [Lat  tax(us)  =  a  yew-tree  ;  -in.] 

Chem.  :  A  resinous  substance  extracted  froi* 
the  leaves  of  the  yew-tree  by  treatment  with- 
alcohol  containing  tartaric  acid.  It  is  slightly 
soluble  in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol,  etlier,  and 
dilute  acids,  and  precipitated  from  acid  solu- 
tions by  alkalis  in  white  bulky  flocks. 

tax-In'-S-ra,  s.  pt.  [Lat  tac(t«);  fern.  pi. 
adj.  suff.  -inttv.] 

Bot.:  A  tribe  of  Coniferse,  founded  by 
Richard.  Flowers  dicecious  ;  cones  much  re- 
duced ;  scales  small,  thin,  or  coriaceous,  the 
upper  with  one  ovule.  Seed  hard,  with  a. 
fleshy  coat,  or  seated  in  a  fleshy  cup.  Pollen 
globose.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.) 


ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TAX,  r.] 

taxing-master,  & 

Law:  An  officer  of  a  court  of  law,  who 
examines  bills  of  costs,  and  allows  or  dis- 
allows charges. 

tax-is,  «.    [Gr.=  order,  arrangement  ;  tifa» 
(tcaso),  fut.  Tofu  (taxo)  =  to  set  in  order.] 

1.  Ancient  Arch.  :  That  disposition  whicfc 
assigns  to  every  part  of  a  building  its  just 
dimensions.     It  is  synonymous  witb  Ordon- 
nance  in  modern  architecture. 

2.  Greek  Antiq.  :  A  division  of  troops  corre- 
sponding in   some  respects  to  the  modern 
battalion. 

3.  Surg.  :   An  operation   by   which   those 
parts  which  have  quitted  their  natural  situa- 
tion are  replaced  by  the  hand  without  the- 
assistance   of  instruments,  as   in   reducing. 
hernia,  &c. 

tJlx-i'-tifj,  «.   [Or.  rofot  (tams)  =  a  yew  tree  ;. 
suff.  -lies.} 

Palaobot.  :  A  genus  of  plants  akin  to  Taxus 
(q.v.).  Two  species  from  the  Lower  Jurassic, 
two  from  the  Eocene,  and  one  or  more  from- 
the  Oligocene. 

•tax'-lSss,  o.    [Eng.    tax;   -lus.l     Free  or 
exempt  from  taxes  or  taxation. 

"  More  recently,  when  a  docked-tall  colley  was  tax- 
IMS."—  Pield,  Feb.  37.  1SS6. 

tax  6-ori  -m-dse,  «.  pi.    [Hod.  Lat.  taxoai- 
n(w);  Lat  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idac.] 

Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Crinoidea.  Basal* 
three,  very  small  ;  five  subradial  or  parabasal 
pieces  supporting  three  to  seven  circles  of 
radials  ;  Silurian  to  the  Carboniferous. 

tax-o  crl'-nus,    >.     [Gr.  rafo?  (taxot)  =  «. 
yew,  and  Kpivov  (krinon)  =  a  lily.] 

Pateoni:  The  typical  genusofTaxocrinida 
Upper  Silurian  and  Carboniferous. 

tax-6  dT-tes,  >.  [Mod.  Lat.  tnxocl(ium)  ;  suff. 
•ties.] 

Palceobot.  :  A  genns  of  Cupreaseee,  akin  tf- 
Taxodium. 


tax  6^-dI-um,  «.     [Lat 
Gr.  elfios  =  form.] 


yew,  and 


lite,  fitt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:   we,  we"t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  Ed, 
.».  wore,  won  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  euro,  naite,  cnr,  rule,  fuU;  try,  Syrian,    n,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  au  =  U 


taxodon   tea 


4635 


L  Bat. :  A  genus  of  Cupressete.  Ttaodium 
sftiticAfim,  tliu  Uecid»ous  Cypress,  is  stimu- 
lating ami  diuretic. 

2.  Palirobot.:  From  the  Cretaceous  and  Great 
Lignite  of  North  America  onward. 

tax'  6  don,  s.  [Late  Lat.  tax(vs)  =  a  badger ; 
satf.  -odon.)  [TAXIDEA.] 

Palteont.  :  A  genus  of  Mustclidse,  with 
affinities  to  the  Badgers  and  the  Otters,  from 
the  Miocene  of  Western  Europe. 

•  t&x-6T-o'-&y',  s.  [Or.  Tiifis  (taxis)  =  order, 
arrangement,  and  Aoyo?  (Jojos)  =  a  word,  a 
discourse.]  Tho  same  as  TAXONOMY  (q.v.). 


tax-d-nom'-Ic,  o.  [Eng.  taxonom(y);  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  or  involving  taxonomy  or 
systematic  classification. 

•tax-Sn'-6-m#,  B.  [Gr.  T«fu  =  order,  ar- 
rangement, and  v6fj.cK  (nomos)  —  law.] 

1.  That  department  of  natural  history  wb  ich 
treats  of  the  laws  and  principles  of  classifica- 
tion. 

2.  The  laws  and  principles  which  govern 
classification. 

"  We  must  learn  something  of  the  arrangement  and 
classification  of  living  beings—  i.e.,  of  the  science  ol 
taxottomy."—  St.  Veorye  Miuart:  The  Cat.  cb,  i..  1  1U 

t&x  -or,  s.  [Eng.  tax,  v.  ;  -or.]  The  same  as 
TAXEB,  s.  (q.v.). 

tax-ox'-yl-6n,  s.  [Gr.  rofos  (terns)  =  the 
yew  tree,  and  fv'Ao^  (xulori)  =  wood.] 

Pateoboi.  :  A  genus  of  Coniferas  wr"-  wood 
like  that  of  the  Taxus  (q.v.).  Found  with 
Taxites  in  the  Lower  Oligocene. 

tSx'  tis,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  rifos  (teras)  =  a 
yew  tree.] 

Bat.  :  Yew  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Taxaceai 
or  Taxineee.  Fruit  drupaceous,  composed  of 
a  cup-shaped,  fleshy  receptacle,  with  dry 
empty  scales  at  its  base,  surrounding  a  naked 
bony  seed.  Only  known  species  Taarus  baccata, 
the  Common  Yew.  [YEW.]  Tama  fastigwta, 
the  Irish  or  Florence  Court  Yew,  is  a  variety 
of  this  species. 


Astron.  :  One  of  the  Pleiades. 
Tay'-ldr,  s.    [See  def.  of  compound.] 
Taylor's  theorem,  s. 

Ifatk.  :  A  theorem  discovered  by  Dr.  Brook 
Taylor,  and  published  by  him  in  1715.  Its 
object  is  to  show  how  to  develop  a  function 
of  the  algebraic  sum  of  two  variables  into  a 
series  arranged  according  to  the  ascending 
powers  of  one  of  the  variables,  with  co- 
efficients which  are  functions  of  the  other. 
Taylor's  formula  is  as  follows  :— 

/tH-tfl-u-r  —  »  -r^?.£-r—  ?L+*2  '  _21 
/<x+»  u*3x  da?  EiT3i3*  «b*Mjt" 
In  which  the  first  member  is  any  function  of 
the  ram  of  two  variables,  and  u  is  what  that 
function  becomes  when  the  leading  variable 
V  is  made  equal  to  0.  It  fails  to  develop  a 
function  in  tlie  i*rticular  case  in  which  M,  or 
any  of  its  successive  differential  coefficients, 
becomes  inlinite  for  any  particular  value  of 
the  variable  which  enters  them.  It  only  fails 
for  the  particular  value,  holding  good  for  all 
other  values. 

Tay'-lor  i$rm,  «.  One  of  the  modified  phases 
of  Calvinicm  developed  in  the  orthodox  Con- 
gregational churches  of  New  England. 

tajr-ldr-ite,  ».  [After  J.  W.  Taylor,  who 
analysed  it  ;  sutf.  -ite  (Jtfin.).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  found  in  small  concre- 
tions having  crystalline  structure,  in  the 
guano-beds  of  the  Chincha  Islands.  Hard- 
ness, 2*0  ;  colour,  yellowish-white  ;  taste, 
pungent  and  bitter.  Compos.  :  snlphnric- 
acifl,  47'8  ;  potash,  47'0  ;  ammonia,  5'2  =  100, 
which  is  equivalent  to  the  formula  («KO  + 
JNH40)S03. 

tay'-ra,  ».    [Native  name.] 

Zool.  :  Galera  barbara,  a  small  carnivorous 
mammal,  about  the  size  of  amarten,  from  tro- 
pical America.  Its  colour  Is  uniform  black, 
slightly  tinged  with  brown,  with  a  white 
patch  on  the  throat  and  npper  part  of  the 
chest. 

ta-zel,  s.    [TEASEL.] 

taz'-nite,   i.      [After   Tama,  Bolivia,  where 

found  ;  sun*,  -ite  (Afin.).] 


Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral  with  some- 
what fibrous  structure,  sometimes  earthy; 
colour,  yellow.  It  is  of  apparently  uncertain 
composition,  but  is  regarded  as  an  arseno- 
anlimouate  of  bismuth,  analogous  to  biinllici- 
mite  (q.v.),  and  requires  further  examination. 

taz'-za  (tirst  z  as  t),  s.  [IU1.]  A  flat  cup  with 
a  foot  and  handles. 

T  band  age  (age  as  Ig),  «.  [The  letter  T, 
and  Eng.  bandum-.] 

Surg. :  A  bandage  shaped  like  the  letter  T, 
consisting  of  a  strip  of  linen  attached  at  right 
angles  to  another  strip.  When  two  such  strips 
are  so  attached  it  is  a  double  T.  Used  in 
supporting  dressings  in  diseases  of  the  peri- 
neeum,  groin,  &c. 

*  T-beard,  J.  [The  letter  T,  and  Eng.  hard.} 
A  beard  cut  in  the  shape  of  a  T. 

tcha  Ion  (I  silent),  ».  [Chinese.]  A  blue  pow- 
der containing  copper,  used  by  the  Chinese 
for  producing  blue  colours  on  porcelain. 

toner '-no-zeni  (( silent),  «.    [Russ.] 

Geol.  :  A  black  soil  of  a  particularly  rich 
character,  extending  at  intervals  from  the 
Volga  to  near  the  mouth  of  the  Danube,  and 
even  to  Fodolia  and  East  Gallicia.  It  is  ana- 
logous to  the  regur  of  India.  In  the  opinion 
of  Sir  Roderick  Murchison  (Russia,  £c.,  p.  597), 
who  brought  it  to  the  notice  of  English  geolo- 
gists, it  is  of  aqueous  origin. 

tchet'-wer-tak  ((  silent,  w  as  V),  a.  [Russ.] 
A  Russian  silver  coin  worth  25  copecks,  or 
about  0  jd.  sterling. 

tjnlok  ((  silent),  t.    [See  def.] 

1.  A  sound  produced  by  pressing  the  tongue 
against  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  and  withdraw- 
ing it  suddenly  ;  used  to  quicken  a  lazy  horse. 

2.  An  exclamation  of  surprise  or  of  con- 
tempt. 

Tcnn'-di  ((  silentX  >.  [Russ.]  A  name  given 
by  the  Russians  to  the  Finnic  races  in  the 
north-west  of  Russia.  It  is  now  more  gene- 
rally applied  to  designate  the  group  of  peoplt-3 
of  which  the  Finns,  the  Esthonians,  the  Livo- 
nians,  and  the  Laplanders  are  members. 

Tchn'-dte  (<  silent),  a.  [TCHUDI.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Tchudi ;  specif.,  designating 
that  group  of  Turanian  tongues  spoken  by 
the  Finns,  Esthonians,  Llvonlans,  and  Lap- 
landers. 

tea,  *  tee,  *  cha,  *  Chan,  3.  [Chinese  U,  ch'a, 
ts'a ;  Fr.  the ;  Ger.  thee ;  Ital.  do, ;  Malay 
t*h.  Formerly  pronounced  tay ;  Pope  used  it 
to  rhyme  with  obey  (Rape  of  the  Lock,  u'i.  7), 
away  (Ib.  i.  62),  and  stay  (Basset  Table,  27), 
though  in  the  last-named  poem  (112)  he 
makes  it  rhyme  with  decree.] 

1.  Chem.  i  Comm. :  The  prepared  leaves  of 
Then  sinensis,  an  evergreen  closely  allied  to 
the  Camellia  family.  The  leaves  are  gathered 
four  times  during  the  year,  the  tea  prepared 
from  the  first  or  spring  gathering  being  the 
most  delicate  in  colour  and  flavour.  Formerly 
it  was  supposed  that  black  and  green  teas 
were  prepared  from  the  leaves  of  different 
plants,  but  it  is  now  known  that  both  varieties 
are  obtained  from  the  same  plant,  the  differ- 
ences depending  on  the  mode  of  preparation. 
In  preparing  green  teas  the  leaves  are  gently 
heated  in  drying-pans,  to  render  them  soft 
and  flaccid,  then  rolled  by  the  hand  on  a 
wooden  table,  this  operation  being  repeated 
several  times  as  quickly  as  possible,  to  pre- 
vent fermentation  and  preserve  the  green 
colour.  The  leaves  intended  for  black  tea  are 
placed  in  heaps  to  undergo  fermentation.  At 
the  end  of  three  or  four  hours  they  are  tossed 
about  and  beaten  by  the  hand  until  they 
become  soft.  They  are  next  heated  in  an  iron 
pan,  and  rolled  into  balls  by  the  hand,  this 
operation  being  repeated  several  times  ;  lastly, 
the  leaves  are  slowly  dried  over  a  charcoal 
fire.  The  two  great  classes  of  tea,  green  and 
black,  are  each  subdivided  into  a  variety  of 
kinds,  known  in  commerce  by  particular 
names.  Thus,  in  green  teas  there  are  Gun- 
powder, Hyson,  Yonng  Hyson,  Imperial, 
Twankay,  etc.  ;  and  in  black  teas,  Congou, 
Kaisow,  Moning,  Souchong,  Assam,  etc.  The 
most  important  soluble  organic  substances 
existing  in  tea  are  an  alkaloid  theine  (q.  v.),  an 
essential  oil  present  in  very  small  quantity, 
and  to  which  the  peculiar  aroma  of  the  tea 
is  said  to  be  due.  and  tannic  acid.  Green  tea 


contains  on  an  average  'Ja  p.T  cent,  of  tannlo 
acid,  black  tea  about  15  per  cent. 

Tea  must  not  be  regarded  as  a  nutrient  In 
the  sense  of  supplying  material  to  build  up 
wasted  tissue,  or  to  generate  heat,  but  it  is 
chiefly  prized  on  account  of  its  refreshing  and 
stimulating  properties,  and  its  power  of 
engendering  activity  of  thought,  and  driving 
away  sleep.  Taken  in  excess  it  is  apt  to  pro- 
duce giddiness  and  nervousness.  At  one  time 
there  was  no  article  so  generally  adulterated 
as  ten,  both  in  Thina  and  In  the  countries 
where  used  ;  but  since  the  price  has  decreased 
this  has  almost  entirely  ceased.  It  is  now  of 
rare  occurrence  that  quartz  or  sand,  foreign 
leaves,  or  exhausted  tea  leaves  are  found 
mixed  with  tea,  or  that  colouring  matter  is 
discovered  to  have  been  used  in  facing  green 
tea.  The  only  sophistication  carried  on  at 
the  present  time  is  the  mixing  of  cheap 
low-classed  teas  with  those  of  a  higher  value. 

2.  Hist. :  Tea  was  used  in  China  from  early 
times,  and  is  mentioned  as  a  common  bev- 
erage in  that  country  by  Solimau,  an  Arabian 
merchant,  who  wrote  an  account  of  his 
travels  thither  about  A.D.  850.  The  first 
mention  of  it  by  a  European  was  by  Bolero 
in  1590.  About  1610  the  Dutch  first  brought 
it  to  England,  and  during  the  next  fifty  years 
its  price  varied  from  £6  to  £10  per  pound. 
In  1660  a  tax  of  8d.  per  gallon  of  tea  prepared 
for  sale  was  imposed.  On  Sept.  25,  1661, 
Pepys  Bent  for  a  cup  of  tea,  "a  Chinese 
drink"  which  he  had  never  tested  before. 
In  1664  the  East  Indian  Company  purchased 
2  Ib.  2  oz.  of  tea  to  present  to  Charles  II.  By 
1606  the  price  had  fallen  to  60s.  per  pound.  In 
1678  the  Company  imported  4,713  Ibs.  which 
was  the  commencement  of  their  tea  trade.  lu 
1689  a  duty  was  imposed  of  5s.  per  pound,  and 
five  per  cent,  on  the  value  of  the  tea-leaf.  In 
1728  black  tea  cost  13s.  to  20s.  per  pound,  and 
green  tea  12s.  to  30s.  The  imposition  of  a  duty 
on  tea  imported  into  America  in  1767  led  to 
the  destruction  of  many  boxes  of  it  in  Boston 
and  New  York,  and  Brought  on  the  American 
War  of  Independence.  At  present  Great 
Britain  is  the  great  tea  consuming  country, 
the  annual  consumption  of  tea  in  that  country 
nearly  equalling  that  of  the  United  States 
and  the  various  nations  of  Europe  combined. 
In  this  country  it  is  largely  replaced  by  coffee, 
the  consumption  of  tea  being  less  than  half 
that  of  Britain.  Tea  Is  now  raised  in  other 
countries  than  China,  notably  in  Japan,  whose 
exportation  is  large,  and  in  India  and  Oylon, 
In  which  the  cultivation  began  about  1840. 
The  crop  in  these  countries  is  now  large. 

8.  The  evening  meal,  at  which  tea  is  gene- 
rally served.  Also,  an  afternoon  social  gather- 
Ing  at  which  the  guests  are  served  with  tea 
and  other  refreshments. 

fl  High  tea :  A  similar  gathering,  at  which 
hot  meats  and  other  substantial  viands  are 
served. 

4.  A  decoction  or  Infusion  of  the  leaves  of 
the   tea-plant  in   boiling-water,  used   as   a 
beverage,  generally  mixed  with  milk  or  cream, 
and  sweetened  with  sugar. 

"  Women  sitting  in  the  streets,  imd  selling  dishes  of 
tea  hot  and  ready  made  :  they  call  it  c*tiw.  and  even 
the  poorest  people  sip  lfcn— Dumpier:  I'otfaffff  (an. 
1687). 

5.  An  infusion  or  decoction  of  vegetable* 
for  drinking  :  as,  sage-tea,  camomile-tea,  &c. 

6.  A  soup  or  extract  of  beef :  as,  beef-tea. 
H  Paraguay  tea :  [PARAGUAY  TKA]. 

tea- berry,  s. 

Sot.  :  Oaultiitria  procumbeni. 

*  tea-board,  s.    A  tray-shaped  board  on 
which  tea-tilings  were  set 

tea-caddy,  s.  A  small  box  for  holding 
the  tea  used  in  households.  [CADDY,  TEA- 
CHEST,  2.] 

tea-cake,  ».  A  light  kind  of  cake  eaten 
with  tea. 

tea-canister,  s.  A  canister  or  box  In 
which  tea  is  kept. 

tea  chest,  «. 

1.  A  slightly-formed  box,  usually  covered 
with  Chinese  characters  and  figures,  and  lined 
with  thin  sheet-lead,  in  which  tea  is  sent  from 
China. 

2.  (See  extract). 

••  A  lady  of  sd™noed  age  tells  me  that  what  Is  called 

•  tea-caddy  now  was  formerly  called  a  leaf  tun. and 
that  the  smaller  boxes  Inside  It  were  called  caddies. 
— JToUi  t  Gloria,  A  p.  10,  1887,  p.  MB. 


iboH,  b6y;  polit,  JolM;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  tnin,  tuts;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   -ln«. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.     tlon,  -sion  =  »hun ;  -f ion.  -sion  =  zUun.   -dons,  - tious,  -  sious  -  sb.u«.   -ble,  -die,  ic,  =  beL  del. 


4636 


tea— Tealby 


tea-cloth,  «.     A  cloth  used  in  washing 

up  tea-things. 

tea-cup,  5.  A  small  cup  to  drink  tea 
from. 

H  A  storm  in  a  teacup :  A  great  disturb- 
ance about  a  trifling  matter  ;  much  ado  about 
nothing. 

tea-cupful,  s.  As  much  as  a  teacup  will 
hold. 

tea-dealer,  s.  One  who  deals  in  or  sells 
tea;  a  tea-merchan\, 

tea-drinker,  i  One  who  drinks  tea; 
•pecif.,  one  who  uses  tea  as  a  beverage  habitu- 
ally or  in  preference  to  any  other. 

tea-garden,  a.  A  garden,  attached  to  a 
place  of  entertainment,  where  tea  is  served. 

tea-kettle,  s.  An  ordinary  piece  of  stove 
furniture  for  boiling  i  rater  for  making  tea,  <fcc. 

Tea-kettle  broth:  Bread  cut  in  small  dice 
and  soaked  in  hot  water,  to  which  butter, 
pepper,  and  salt  are  a  ided. 

tea-lead,  ».  Thir  sheet-lead  used  to  line 
the  chests  in  which  tea  is  sent  over  from 
China. 

tea-oil,  >. 

1.  An  excellent  table  oil  expressed  from 
the    seeds  of    Camellia  oltifera,   growing    in 
China. 

2.  The  oil  of  the  tea-plant  (q.  v.). 

tea-party,  >  A  social  gathering  at 
which  the  partaking  of  tea  is  nominally  the 
chief  feature. 

tea-plant, «. 

Sot.  <t  Hart. :  Thea  tinemis,  or  Mnemit, 
from  which  T.  ossamica  is  not  distinct.  Griffith 
sailed  it  Camellia  theifrra.  It  is  wild  in  Assam, 
and  possibly  so  in  China,  though  the  exact 
locality  may  be  unknown,  or  the  Chinese  cul- 
tivated plant  may  have  come  originally  from 
Assam.  Formerly  Thm  viridit  and  Thea 
Bohta  were  believed  to  be  trro  distinct  species, 
now  they  are  regarded  as  varieties  only.  T. 
rinensis,  var.  viridit,  is  a  large  shrub  with 
spreading  branches,  thin,  nearly  membran- 
ous, broadly  lanceolate,  light  green,  wavy 
leaves,  with  irregular  serratures,  and  large, 
usually  solitary,  flowers.  It  was  introduced 
into  England  in  1768.  T.  sinensU,  var.  Bohea, 
is  a  smaller  plant,  with  an  erect  stem  ;  ellip- 
tical, flat,  coriaceous,  dark  green  leaves,  with 
small  serratures.  It  is  not  so  hardy  as  the 
former  variety.  T.  tinmsit,  var.  assamico, 
it  a  shrub  with  thin  gray  bark,  large  leaves, 
and  one  to  five  flowers  on  a  twig.  It  is  culti- 
vated in  Assam,  Darjeeling,  Cachar,  Chitta- 
gong,  the  Nilgiri  hills,  Ceylon,  Ac.  An  oil  is 
made  in  India  from  the  seeds.  It  is  not  suit- 
able for  food  or  for  lights,  but  can  be  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  soap. 

tea-pot,  ».  A  vessel  with  a  handle  and 
spout,  in  which  tea  is  infused,  and  from  which 
it  is  poured  into  tea-cups. 

tea-room,  s.  A  room  where  tea  is  served. 

"  Stop  In  the  fea-room.  T»k«  your  •txMnn'orth. 
They  Uy  on  hot  water,  «nd  call .  it  te»."— DielUra : 
/"ictwtc*.  eh.  xxxv. 

Tea-room  meeting  (Engluh) : 

Hist. :  A  meeting  of  advanced  Liberals  held 
In  the  tea-room  of  the  House  of  Commons  on 
April  8,  1867,  at  which  it  was  resolved  to 
support  the  Conservative  Government  in  the 
second  reading  of  the  Reform  Bill,  which 
granted  household  suffrage  with  prudential 
checks,  but,  if  possible,  to  modify  it  in  Com- 
mittee. 

tea  saucer,  s.  A  small  saucer  in  which 
a  tea-cup  is  set. 

tea-set,  tea-service,  >.  A  complete 
set  of  utensils  required  for  the  tea-table. 

tea-spoon,  s.  A  small  spoon  used  In 
drinking  tea  and  other  beverages. 

tea-spoonful,  s.  As  much  as  a  tea- 
spoon will  hold  ;  specif.,  in  medicine,  about  a 
fluid  drachm. 

tea-table, ».  A  table  on  which  tea-things 
are  set,  or  at  which  tea  is  drunk. 

"  The  Mftndal  of  a  modem  tea-taUt  differs  widely 
from  the  isandal  of  former  time*."— Goldsmith : 

tan. 

tea-taster, «.  A  person  employed  to  test 
the  qualities  of  teas  by  tasting  their  infusions. 

tea-things,  s.  j>l.    A  tea-service. 


tea-tray,  s.  A  tray  on  which  to  set  a 
tea-service. 

tea-tree,  t. 

1.  (In  England,  <8c.) :  (1)  The  genus  Thea ; 
(2)  A  common  garden  name  for  Lycium  bar- 
barum.    (Britten  £  Holland.) 

2.  (In  Ceylon) :  Elceodendron  glaucum. 

3.  (In  New  Jersey) :  Ceanothut  americaniu. 
i.  (In  New  South  Wales): 

(1)  Melaleuca  unclnata. 

(2)  Two  species  of  Callistemon,  0.  pallidum 
and  C.  sal ig num. 

5.  (In  New  Zealand):  Leptospermum  sat- 
parium. 

tea-urn,  s.  A  vessel  in  the  shape  of  an 
urn  placed  on  the  tea-table,  for  supplying 
hot  water  for  tea. 

tea,  f.i.    [Is*,  s.]    To  take  tea.    (Colloq.) 

'•Father   dou't  Ua   with   ua,"  —  rrickmi:   .Vickolat 
/,  eh.  ix. 


tea9h,  *  teache,  *  tech,  *  techc.  *  tech- 
en  (pa.  t.  taughte,_  taught :  pa  par.  taught), 
v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  tacan,  t£cean  =  to  show,  to 
teach ;  pa.  t  tithte,  pa.  par.  tdtht,  getdtht : 
allied  to  tdcen,  tcktxn  =  a  token  ;  Ger.  zeigen  = 
to  show  ;  Gr.  fc»KVfii  (delknumi)  =  to  show  ; 
Lat.  docu  =  to  teach.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  impart  instruction  to  ;  to  educate,  to 
instruct;   to   guide   or   conduct   through   a 
course  of  studies  ;  to  impart  knowledge  or 
skill  to. 

"  I  am  too  sudden  bold  : 
To  teach  a  teacher  ill  beseemeth  me." 

Shaketp.  :  Love't  Labour'*  Lott,  It  L 

2.  To  impart  the  knowledge  of;    to  give 
intelligence    or   information  concerning;   to 
instruct   a   person    in    the  knowledge,   use, 
management,  or   handling  of;    to  cause  or 
enable  a  person  to  learn  or  acquire  skill  in  : 
as,   To  teach  Latin,  to  teach   music.     It  is 
frequently  followed  (as  in  Latin,  Greek,  &c.) 
by  two  objectives,  the  one  of  the  person  and 
the  other  of  the  thing  :  as,  To  teach  a  person 
Latin';  and,  in  the  passive,  one  of  the  objec- 
tives is  retained,  as,  He  vxu  taught  Latin  ; 
Latin  was  taught  him. 

"  And  gyf  ze  nolle  Englysshe  men  Code's  Jawe  teche, 
And  vorth  mvd  me  among  hem  CrisUudompreche." 
R.  Gloucester,  p.  W4. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  known ;  to  show,  to  tell. 

"  He  learned  to  tin,  and  thou  didst  teach  the  way." 
Shakttp. :  Rape  of  Lttcrece,  680. 

4.  To  make  to  know  how ;  to  show  how. 

"  Thev  have  taugKt  their  tongu*  to  speak  lies."— 
Jerem.  Ir.  s. 

B.  Intrans. :   To  perform  the  duties  of  a 
teacher;  to  give  instruction. 

"  For  though  the!  speake  and  teche  welle, 

The!  done  them  selfa  therof  no  dele." 
,_       ,  Gower;C.A.    (ProL) 

tea?h,  teache,  s.    [Fr.] 

Sugar:  The  smallest  eraporating-pan  and 
the  one  nearest  the  furnace  front. 

"  After  an  hoar's  repose  the  clarified  liquor  Is  ready 
to  be  drawu  off  Into  the  last  and  largest  In  the  series 
of  evaporating  pens.  In  the  British  colonies,  these 
are  merely  numbered  I.  2.  3.  4,  5,  beginning  at  the 
smallest,  which  hangs  right  over  the  fire,  and  is  called 
the  teache :  because  in  It  the  trial  of  the  syrup  by 
touch  is  made." — f7V«;  Dictionary  qfArtt,  *c. 

teach'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  teach ;  -able.} 

1.  Capable  of  being  taught. 

2.  Apt  to  learn;  readily  receiving  instruc- 
tion ;  docile. 

"  It  might  very  well  become  them  to  be  modest 
and  teachable  till  they  do."— Scott:  Chrittian  Life 
pt.  it,  ch.  lii. 

teach '-a-ble-ness,  «.  [Eng.  teachable ;  -ness.} 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  teachable ; 
willingness  to  learn  or  to  be  instructed ; 
aptness  to  learn  ;  docility. 

"  Docility,  teacKablenest,  tractableness.  is  the 
property  of  wisdom."— Grander:  On  £cclesiattet,  p.  10& 

tea9h'-er,  *tech-er,  *.   [Eng.  teach,  v. ;  -er.} 

1.  One  who  teaches  or  instructs ;  one  whose 
business  or  profession  is  to  teach  or  instruct 
others  ;  a  preceptor,  a  tutor,  an  instructor. 

2.  One  who  teaches  others  in  religion ;  a 
preacher;  a  minister  of  the  gospel;  sometimes 
one  who  preaches  without   being  regularly 
ordained. 

"  Nor  is  it  a  small  power  it  gives  one  man  over 
another,  to  have  the  authority  to  be  the  dictator  of 
principles  and  teacher  of  unquestionable  truths  and 
to  make  a  man  swallow  thatforaninnat* principle." 
— Locke:  Bvman  Undertt.,  bk.  i,  ch.  iv. 

\  There  is  a  National  Educational  Association 


In  this  country,  and  State  Associations  of 
Teachers,  each  holding  annual  meetings  to 
consider  the  advancement  of  education. 

teach'-er-ess,  s.  [Eng.  teacher;  -ess.}  A 
female  teacher.  (Wycliffe:  Wisdom  vii.  4.) 

-ing,  pr.par.,  a.,  &  s.     [TEACH,  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (Se« 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive: 

1.  Tbe  act  of  one  who  teaches ;  the  business 
or  occupation  of  a  teacher. 

"  And  undertake  the  teaching  of  the  maid  " 

Sftiketp. :  Taming  of  the  .SArcw.  1. 1. 

2.  That     which    is    taught ;     instruction, 
doctrine, 

*tea9h-les9,  a.  [Eng.  teach;  -less.}  Un- 
teachable  ;  incapable  of  being  taught ;  in- 
docile. 

*  tead,  *  teade,  *  tede,  *.  [Lat.  Ueda.]  A 
torch. 

"  A  bushy  tead  a  groom  did  light. 
And  sacred  lamp  iu  secret  chamber  hide." 

Spenter:  f.  «.,  I.  zU.  tT. 

•teague,  s.  [Cf.  Wei.  taiawg=  a  rustic,]  A 
name  of  contempt  for  an  Irishman.  (Johnson.) 

teak,  s.  [Tamil  tekku,  tek;  Telugu  teku;  Gond 
teka;  Canarese  tegga  ;  Cinghalese  tekka  =  th« 
teak-tree.  (See  def.)] 

1.  Bot. ;    Tectona  grnndis.       A.  large  tree, 
with  leaves  from  one  to  two  feet  long  by  eight 
to  sixteen  inches  broad  ;  wild  in  Central  and 
Southern  India  and  in  Burmah,  and  cultivated 
in  Assam,  Bengal,  and  the  Sub-Himalayas  as 
far  north  as  Saharunpoor.     The  leaves  yield  a 
red  dye,  and  the  wood  an  oil  used  medicin- 
ally and,  either  alone  or  mixed  with  resin,  is 
employed  as  a  varnish  for  woodwork.    A  resin 
exudes  from  the  bark.    The  flowers  and  seeds 
are  diuretic,  and  the  bark  astringent, 

2.  Comm. :  Its  timber.  The  sapwood  is  white 
and  mealy ;  the  heart-wood,  when  cut  green, 
has  a  pleasant  and  strong  aromatic  fragrance, 
and  is  of  a  beautiful  dark  golden-yellow  co- 
lour, which  on  seasoning  darkens  into  brown, 
mottled  with  darker  streaks.     It  is  exceed- 
ingly strong,  and  weighs  about  40     DS.  per 
cubic  foot.     It  does  not  split,  crack,  warp, 
shrink,  or  alter  its  shape  when  once  seasoned ; 
contact  with  iron  does  not  injure  it,  nor  is  it 
attacked  by  white  ants ;  these  qualities  aris- 
ing, perhaps,  from  the  aromatic  oil  which  it 
contains.      It  is  easily  worked,  and  takes  a 
good  polish,  and  is  the  most  valuable  timber 
known  in  India  and  Burmah,  being  used  for 
house  and  shipbuilding,  furniture,  sleepers, 
Ac.,  and  largely  exported   for   shipbuilding 
and  for  the  construction  of  railway  carriagea. 
(Calcutta  Bvhib.  Rep.) 

teak-tree,  s.    [TEAK  (l),] 

teal,  *  teale,  *  tele,  s,  [Skeat  considers  it 
English  =  (1)  a  brood  ;  (2)  a  teal ;  cogn.  with 
Due.  telg  —  a  plant ;  Low  Ger.  teling  =  pro- 
geny ;  A.S.  telga  =  a  branch.] 

Ornith.:  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Querquedula  (q.v.).  They  are 
the  smallest  of  the  Ducks,  and  widely  dis- 
tributed over  the  world,  generally  frequenting 
rivers  and  likes,  and  feeding,  principally  at 
night,  on  aquatic  insects,  worms,  small  mol- 
luscs, and  vegetable  matter.  The  Common 
Teal,  Qiterqneaula  crecca^  is  a  plentiful  game 
bird  in  most  parts  of  Europe;  length  about 
fourteen  inches,  head  of  male  brownish-red, 
the  body  transversely  undulated  with  dusky 
lines,  white  line  above  and  another  below  the 
eye,  speculum  black  and  green.  It  nests  on 
the  margins  of  lakes  or  rivers,  'collecting  a 
mass  of  vegetable  matter,  lining  it  with  down, 
and  laying  eight  or  ten  eggs.  The  flesh  is 
extremely  delicate,  and  the  bird  might  be 
advantageously  introduced  into  the  poultry- 
yard.  Q.  circia  is  the  Garganey  (q.v.),  or 
Summer  Teal;  Q.  carolinensis,  the  Green- 
winged  Teal,  of  North  America,  closely  re- 
sembles the  Common  Teal,  but  has  a  white 
crescent  in  front  of  the  bend  of  the  wings ; 
Q.  discors,  with  the  same  habitat,  is  Hie  Bine- 
winged  Teal.  Aix  galericulata,  the  Main! 
duck  (q.v.X  is  sometimes  called  the  Chinese 
Teal. 

Teal'-b^,  *.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  A  village  on  the  west  of  the  Lincoln- 
shire  wolds. 

Tcalby  series,  s.  pU 

Geol. :  A  series  of  sands,  sandstones,  grits, 


f&te,  fftt»  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  po 
OP,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin ;  mute,  oftb,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fill ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  -  e ;  ey  =  a  •  qn  -  kw. 


team— teasel 


4637 


limestones,  clays,  and  [NMVX  tones  occurring  in 
the  vicinity  of  Tealby ;  th«,y  »re  HO  feet  thick, 
and  are  of  Middle  Neocomian  age. 

team,  *  teem*  *  tcemo,  *  tern,  *  teme,  s. 

[A.3.  team  =  a  family,  offspring;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  loom  =  the  rein  of  a  bridle ;  Icel.  taumr ; 
Low  Ger.  toom  =  progeny,  a  team,  a  rein; 
Dan.  tomme;  8w.  torn  =  a  rein;  M.  H.  Ger. 
•tmm ;  Ger.  zaum  =  a  bridle.]  [TEEM  (1),  v.] 

I  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  Race,  progeny. 

"  This  child  is  come  of  gentille  teme." 

Torrent  of  1'ortugal,  p.  81. 

2.  A  flock  or  group  of  young  animals,  espe- 
cially young  ducks  ;  a  brood,  a  litter. 

"  fteady  to  press  the  trigger  the  instant  the  flmt 
skein  of  geese  or  team  of  ducks  uoines  in  sight. "—St. 
Jamet*  Oaxette,  Dec.  18.  1885. 

3.  A  number  of  animals  moving  together 
or  passing  in  a  line. 

*  Like  a  long  team  of  snowy  swans  on  high, 
Which  clap  their  wings,  and  cleave  the  liquid  sky." 
l>r*d«n  :  Virgil ;  j£n.  vii.  W6. 

4.  Two   or   more    horses,   oxen,   or   other 

animals  harnessed  together. 

"  A*  when  two  teamt  of  mules  di  vide  the  green." 
Pope :  Homer ;  Hind  z.  420. 

5.  A  number  of  persons  associated,  as  for 
the  performance  of  a  definite  piece  of  work, 
or  forming  one  of  the  parties  or  sides  in  a 
game,  match,  or  the  like. 

11  The  football  season  In  the  North  and  Midlands  is 
ID  full  swing,  and  it  is  therefore  little  matter  for 
wonder  that  the  country  teanit  bear  away  the  laurel* 
•rery  year  from  the  metropolis."— Echo,  Sept.  7, 1885. 

team  boat,  s.  A  ferry-boat,  whose 
paddles  are  worked  by  horses  on  board. 

team-railway,  s.  A  railway  on  which 
horses  are  used  as  the  motive  power. 

team-shovel,  *.  An  earth -scraper.  A 
•coop  drawn  by  horses  or  oxen,  managed  by 
means  of  handles,  and  used  in  removing  earth. 


.-work.  *.    Work  done  by  a  team, 
)  oppposed  to  personal  labor;  also,  the  joint 
work  of  a  team  of  athletes  or  laborers,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  their  individual  efforts. 

*  team,  v.t.  &  i.    [TEAM,  s.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  join  together  in  a  team. 

"  By  this  the  Night  forth  from  the  darksome  bower 
Of  Erebus  her  teamed  steeds  gan  call." 

Spvraer  :  Virgil' t  Gnat,  814. 

2.  To  work,  convey,  haul,  or  the  like,  with 
a  team. 

B.  Iiitrans. :  To  do  work  with  a  team. 


I'-Ing,  «.   [Tun.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  certain  mode  of  manu- 
facturing work,  which  is  given  out  to  a  fore- 
man, who  hires  a  gang  or  team  to  do  it,  and 
is  responsible  to  the  owner  of  the  stock. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Steel-Uanvf. :  The  operation  of  pouring 
the  molten  cast-steel  from  the  crucible  into 
the  ingot-mould. 

2.  Civil-Eng. :  The  operation  of  transport- 
ing earth  from  the  cutting  to  the  embank- 
ment 

(MUn'-lter,  l.     [Eng.  team,    s. ;   raff,  -tier 
(q.v.).]    One  who  drives  a  team. 

y,  o. 


K,  *.  [Anglo-Ind.  tipai,  a  corrupt,  of 
Pers.  cipai=a  three-legged  table,  a  tripod.] 
A  three-legged  table  with  a  lifting  top,  in- 
closing tea-caddies,  or  a  small  stand  for  hold- 
ing tea-cup,  sugar-basin,  cream-jug,  &c. 

»»ar(l),  *tere,  •teer,  *terre,  a.  A.8. 
tedr,  tfar;  cogn.  with  Icel.  tor;  Dan.  tear, 
taare;  8w.  tdr;  Goth.taflv;  O.  H.Ger.«oAar; 
H.  H.  Ger.  zaher,  zar  ;  Ger.  zahre;  O.  Lat. 
docrima;  Lat.  lacrima,  lacntma  (Pr.  larme); 
Gr.  M*pv,  fioicpvoi',  SoiKpvfta  (daknt,  dakruon, 
dakruma);  Wei.  dagr ;  Ir.  dear;  Gael,  deur; 
8p.  &  Ital.  lagrima.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

2.  Anything  in  the  form  of  a  transparent 
drop  of  fluid  matter ;   a  solid,  transparent, 
tear-shaped  drop,  as  of  balsam,  resin,  &C. 

"  And  he  took  the  tear*  of  balsam. 

Took  the  resin  of  the  flr-tree." 
„  Longfellow:  JH<iw<t(ha,  Tii. 

tt  Technically; 

1.  Metall.  (PL):  The  vitreous  drops  from 
the  melting  of  the  walls  of  a  furnace. 


2.  Physiol. :  The  nervous  mechanism  of  the 
secretion  of  tears,  in  many  respects  resembles 
that  of  the  secretion  of  saliva.  A  flow  is 
usually  brought  about  in  a  reflex  manner  by 
stimuli  applied  to  the  conjunctiva,  the  nasal 
mucous  membrane,  the  tongue,  the  optic 
nerve,  Ac.,  or  more  directly  by  the  action  of 
mental  emotion. 

If  St.  Lawrence's  Tears :  A  popular  name  for 
meteors  occurring  on  the  night  of  August 
10,  the  date  at  which  St.  Lawrence  suffered 
martyrdom. 

tear-drop,  «.    A  tear. 

"  But  dash  the  tear-drop  from  thine  eye." 

Byron  :  Child*  Harold,  1.  18. 

*  tear-falling,  a.    Shedding  tears ;  ten- 
der, pitiful. 

"  Tear-falling  pity  dwells  not  In  this  eye." 

Shak*»p.  ;  Richard  111.,  IT.  1 

tear-pits,  tear  sacs,  s.  pi, 

Compar.  Anat.  :  Suborbital  pits,  occurring 
In  certain  ruminants.  They  constitute  glands 
which  secrete  a  semi-fluid  letid  matter,  some- 
times so  copious  as  to  slaver  the  whole  face. 
They  are  usually  larger  in  the  male  than  in 
the  female,  and  their  development  is  checked 
by  castration.  They  stand  in  close  relation 
with  the  reproductive  functions.  (Darwin : 
Descent  o/Afan,  ed.  2nd,  p.  529.) 

tear-shaped,  a. 

Bot. :  The  same  as  Pear-shaped,  except  that 
the  sides  of  the  inverted  cone  are  not  con- 
tracted. Example,  the  seeds  of  the  apple. 

tear-Stained,  a.  Marked  by  the  traces 
of  falling  tears. 

"  My  tear-ttained  eyes  to  see  her  miseries." 

Shakmp. :  Senry  VI.,  il.  4. 

tear  (2),  «.    [TEAR,  v.] 

1.  A  rent,  a  Assure. 

2.  A  rampage  or  carousal.     (Slang.) 

tear,  *  tore  (pa.  t.  *tar,  *  tare,  tore,  pa.  par. 

*  toren,  torn),  v.t.  &  i.     [A.S.  teran  (pa.  t.  tcert 
pa.  par.  toren) ;  cogn.  with  Goth,  gatairan  =  to 
break,  to  destroy  (pa.  t.  gatar);  Lith.  dirti  = 
to  flay  ;  Gr.  Sepu  (aero)  — to  flay  ;  Russ.  drate 
=  to  tear  ;  dira  =  a  rent,  a  hole ;  Sansc.  dri  = 
to  burst,  to  tear  asunder ;  Icel.  tosra  =  to  con- 
sume ;  Low  Ger.  teren ;  Ger.  zehren.    Tire,  v., 
tarry,  v.,  and  darn  are  from  the  same  root.] 
A*  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  separate  the  parts  of  by  pulling ;  to 

pull  forcibly  apart,  especially  to  pull,  draw, 

or  drag  in  pieces  by  breaking  the  texture  or 

fibres  of ;  to  make  a  rent  or  rents  in ;  to  rend. 

"  They  an  always  careful  to  join  the  small  pieces 

lengthwise,  which  makes  It  imi>oBsible  to  tear  the 

cloth  in  any  direction  but  one."— Coo* :  Third  Voyage, 

bk.  1L.  ch.  vli. 

*  2.  To  form  fissures  or  furrows  in  by  vio- 
lence. 

**  As  storms  the  skies,  and  torrent*  tear  the  ground, 

Thui  rag'd  the  prince,  and  scattered  death  around." 

Drydtn  :   Virgil  ;  <£neid  X.  857. 

3.  To  make  or  cause  by  rending  or  other 
violent  action. 

"  These  vain  weak  nails 
May  tear  a  passage  through  the  flinty  rib*.* 

Mutketp.  ;  Richard  II.,  T.  6. 

4.  To  lacerate  ;  to  wound,  as  with  the  teeth, 
or  by  dragging  something  sharp  over  or  along. 

"Neither  shall  men  tear  themselves  for  them   In 
mourning,  to  comfort  them  for  the  dead."— Jer.  i  vi.  7. 

6.  To  pull  with  violence ;  to  drag  or  remove 
by  pulling  violently.  (Especially  with  such 
prepositions  as  away,  off,  down,  out,  Sic.) 

"  They  will  with  violence  tear  him  from  yonr  palace, 
And  torture  him  with  grievous  lingering  death." 
Shaketp. .-  3  ffenry  VL,  lit  a. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  divide  by  violent  measures ;  to  dis- 
turb, agitate,  or  excite  violently  ;  to  distract : 
as,  a  state  torn  by  factions. 

2.  To  wound,  to  lacerate,  to  hurt  greatly : 
as,  a  heart  torn  with  anguish. 

11  3.  To  burst,  to  break. 

"  Else  would  I  tear  the  cave  where  Echo  lies 
With  repetition  of  my  Borneo's  name." 

ShaXetp.  :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  IL  1 

4.  To  remove  by  force  ;  to  pluck  away. 

"  Help  me  to  tear  It  from  thy  throne. 
Ana  worship  only  thee." 

Copper:  Olney  ffymnt,  i. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Lit. :   To  part,  divide,  or  separate  on 
being  pulled  or  handled  with  more  or  less 
violence ;  to  rend. 

2.  Fiff. :  To  rant,  to  fume ;  to  move  or  act 


witli  violence  or  turbulence :  as,  The  horse 
tore  along  the  road. 

*  II  To  tear  Chrisfs  body:  To  utter  impre- 
cations.   (Cf.  Heb.  vt  6.) 

"  His  oathes  been  so  great  and  so  dampnabl*. 
That  It  is  grisly  for  to  hiere  him  swere 
Our  bllafuJ  Lorde'i  body  th:ty  to  tere  " 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  lt,ttt. 

*  tear-throat,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj. :  Vociferous,  ranting. 

"  Cramp,  cataracts,  the  teare-throat  cough  and  tislck." 
Taylor  (the  Water-poet), 

B.  As  subst. :  A  ranter. 

"  The  majestlcall  king  of  fiihe«  .  .  .  keepea  hts  court 
In  all  this  hurly-burly,  not  likea  tyrannical  tear-throat 
in  <!!*••  arms,  but  like  wise  Diogenes  in  a  barrell." — 
Taylor  {the  Water-poet). 

tear'-er,  *.    [Eng.  (ear,  v. ;  -«r.] 

1.  Lit.  :   One  who  or  that  which  tears  or 
rends  anything. 

2.  Fig. :  One  who  rants  or  fumes  about ;  a 
noisy,  violent  person. 

tear'-ful.  a.    [Eng.  tear  (i),  s. ;  -full.]    Filled 
with  tears ;  weeping ;  shedding  tears. 

"  He  mils  red  swelling,  tearful  eyes  around. 
Sore  smites  his  breast,  and  sinks  upon  the  ground." 
Savage:  The  Wanderer,  v. 

tear  -Ing,  pr.  par.  &  o.    [TEAR,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Raving,  ranting,  furious,  vio- 
lent :  as,  a  tearing  passion.    (Colloq.) 

U  Used  also  adverbially ;  as,  tearing  mad. 

tear  less,  a.    [Eng.  tear  (1),  s. ;  -less.}    Free 
from  tears  ;  shedding  no  tears ;  unfeeling. 

"  To  tearleu  eye*  and  hearts  at  ease." 

Moore:  Ftre-Worthipperi. 

tearless  victory,  «. 

Hist.:  A  victory  gained  by  the  Spartan 
general  Archidamus  over  the  Arcadians  and 
Argiyes,  B.C.  367.  The  commander  reported 
that  in  gaining  it  he  had  not  lost  a  man. 

*  tear-month, «.    [Eng.  tear,  v.,  and  mouth.] 
A  ranting  player. 

"Ton  grow  rich,  yon  do,  and  purchase,  you  two- 
penny tfarmouth."— tirti  Joruon  :  Poetatter,  fit  1. 

*  tear'-y,  o.    [Eng.  tear  (l), «. ;  -y.] 

1.  Full  of  tears  ;  tearful ;  wet  with  tears. 

2.  Consisting  of  tears  ;  falling  in  drops  like 
tears. 

"  The  stormes  and  the  teary  ahoore 
Of  his  wepiiig." 

I.ydgate:  Story  of  Thebei,  pt  Hi. 

tease,  *  talse,  *  tayse,  *  toose,  *  tose, 

*  tos-yn,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.8.  t&aan  =  to  pluck, 
to  pull ;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  teesen;  Dut.  tewen 
=  to  pluck  ;  Dan.  t(rse,  tcesse  —  to  tease  wool ; 
H.  H.  Ger.  zeisen  —  to  tease ;  zausen  =  to  pull, 
to  drag.] 

A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  pull  apart  or  separate  the  fibres  of; 
to  pick  into  its  separate  fibres ;  to  comb  or 
card,  as  wool  or  flax. 

"  To  ply 
The  sampler,  and  to  teate  the  huswife's  wool." 

Hilton  :  Comut,  751. 

2.  To  employ  a  teasel  upon ;  to  teasel,  for 
the  purpose  of  raising  a  nap. 

n.  Fig. :  To  vex  or  annoy  with  importunity 
or  impertinence;  to  annoy,  vex,  or  irritate 
with  petty  requests,  trifling  interference,  or 
by  jests  or  raillery ;  to  plague. 

"  Thus  always  tearing  others,  always  ttated, 
His  only  pleasure  is  to  be  displeased." 

Cowper:  Convertation,  M&. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  vex  or  annoy  with  impor- 
tunity or  impertinence. 

tease  -tenon,  *. 

Joinery :  A  tenon  on  the  summit  of  a  post, 
to  receive  two  beams  meeting  eacb  other  a* 
right  angles. 

tease,  «.     [TEASE,  v.]     One  who  teases ;  a 
plague  :  as,  Ton  are  a  great  tease. 

H  To  bt  on  the  tease :  To  be  uneasy  or 
fldgetty. 

tea  sel,    *  tea-sell,   tea  zel,    » ta  zcl, 

tea  -zle,  *  tes  el,  s.    [A.8.  tdxl,  Uktcl,  from 
tcftaan  =  to  tease  (q.v.).] 
1.  Botany,  Ac. : 

(1)  The  genus  Dipsacns  (q.v.).  The  order 
Dipsacefe,  to  which  the  Teasels  belong,  has  in 
all  five  genera  and  about  125  species,  all  natives 
of  the  temperate  region  of  the  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere. In  the  genus  Dipsacus  the  flowers 


bo"y  ;  pint,  Jo*M  ;  eat,  $ell.  ehorns,  chin,  bench  ;  go,  gem  ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as  ;  expect,  igenophon.  exist,   ph  =  1 

-tion,  -sion  -  shiin  ;  -tion,  -  siou  -  =  shun,    -clous,    tious,  -  sious  =  snus.    -ble,  -414,  Ac.  =  bel,  d«L 


4638 


teasel— tecoretin 


»re  separated  from  each  other  by  long,  etiff, 
prickle-pointed  bracks,  t<>  which  its  economical 
value  is  due.  Of  the  several  species  the  only 
one  of  any  value  is  Dipsacit*  /M//OMH»I,  the 
Fuller's  or  Clothier's  Teasel,  so  .  called  from 
its  usefulness  in  the  preparation  of  cloth.  It 
is  a  biennial,  several  feet  high,  with  sessile, 
•errated  leaves,  the  rtem  and  leaves  prk-kly; 
and  with  cylindrical  heads  of  pale  o  white 
flowers,  between  which  nreoblonp,  riprid  bract*, 
honked  at  the  point.  The?*1  are  used  in  woolen 
factories  and  elsewhere  for  raising  the  nap 
on  cloth.  It  grows  wild 
on  road-sides  and 
tinder  hodp-s  in 
England  and  other 
parts  of  Europe. 
It  grows  best  in  a 
stiff  loam.  The 
seed  in  sown  in 
April  in  drills 
from  a  foot  to  a 
foot  and  a  half 
apart,  and  the 

Slants  are  cut  in 
uly  of  the  second 
year,  just  after  the 
fall  of  the  bios* 
Born.  A  labourer, 
•wearing  thick  TEASEL. 

Cloves    to    protect     L   Flower;  2.    Fruit;  3,   Stem 

his  hands  from         audleavet;  4.  A  bract 
the  prickles,  cuts 

the  teasels  with  a  sharp  knife  about  nine 
Inches  below  the  bead,  after  which  they 
are  tied  in  small  bundles  and  dried  in  the 
sunshine.  They  are  then  sorted  according  to 
size  into  kings,  middlings,  and  scrubs.  The 
Brooked  awns  or  chaffs  are  fixed  around  the 
circumference  of  large  broad  wheels  or  cylin- 
ders, and  the  cloth  is  held  against  them. 
They  raise  a  nap  upon  it  which  is  afterwards 
«nt  leveL  A  piece  of  fine  broad  cloth  requires 
1,500  to  2,000  of  them  to  bring  out  the  nap, 
-after  which  the  teasels  are  broken  and  useless. 
"Steel  substitutes  for  teasels  have  been  tried, 
but  ineffectually  ;  they  are  not  sufficiently 
pliant,  and  tear  the  fine  fibres  of  the  cloth. 

(2)  The  burr  of  the  plant. 

2.  Meek.  A  Cloth-man-uf.  :  Any  contrivance 
«sed  as  a  substitute  for  teasels  in  the  dress- 
Ing  of  woollen  cloth. 

teasel-frame,  s.  A  frame  or  set  of  iron 
bars  in  which  teasel-heads  are  fixed  for  raising 
a  nap  or  pile  on  woollen  cloth. 

Hea'-sel,  tea'-zle,  tea'-zel,  r.t.  [TEASEL,  $.] 
To  subject  to  the  action  of"  teasels  ;  to  raise  a 
nap  upon  by  the  action  of  teasels. 

tea  sel  er,  teaz'-ler,  s.  [Eng.  teasel;  -er.} 
One  who  uses  or  works  a  teazel  for  raising  a 

nap  on  cloth. 

teas  -or  (1),  *.    [Eng.  tease,  v.  ;  -er.] 
1.  One  who  teases  ;  a  tease. 

"  Should  Care  want  copy,  let  the  teaser  wmlt." 
Fawket:  Horace  tmitaUd. 

*  2.  A  kind  of  dog  used  in  hunting  deer. 

"  The  lofty  frolic  back* 
That  scudded  fore  the  tfantrt  like  the  wind." 

Grttni  :  friar  fiacon. 

•teas'  -er  (2),  s.   [TEAZER.] 

tea?  ing,  o.  [TEASE,  v.]  Vexing,  worrying, 
irritating. 

"Surmounted  the  tearing  employments  of  printing 
And  publishing."—  GotdtmiA:  Polite  Learning,  ch.  x. 

teat  <!),*.  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  cf.  tit.]  A  small 
quantity.  (Scotch.)  (Burns:  Poor  Mailie.) 

teat  (2),  *  tect,  *  tete,  *  tette,  *  tit,  *  titto, 
$.  [A.S.  tit;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  title;  Ger. 
eitze;  Fr.  tette;  0.  Fr.  tete;  8p.  teta;  Ital. 
tettti;  Icel.  tdta;  Wei.  did,  didi,  tith;  Irish 
.A  Gael,  did.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Lit.  :  The  projecting  organ  through 
•which  milk  is  drawn  from  the  breast  or 
wdder  of  females  of  the  class  mammalia  ;  the 
nipple  ;  the  dug  of  a  beast  ;  the  pap  of  a 
woman. 

"  The  divine  providence  hath  furnished  a  woman 
th  two  tettt  for  this  purpcte."—  P.  Holland:  Plu- 


2.  Fig.  :  A  small  nozzle  resembling  a  teat. 

II.  Meek.  :  A  small,  rounded,  perforated 
projection,  otherwise  called  a  nipple,  as  that 
of  a  gun. 

<eat-cd,  a,  [Eng.  teat;  -«/.]  Having  teat* 
or  protuberances  resembling  the  teats  of 
animals.  (Used  in  hot,  Ac.) 


teathe,  s.  Av.    [TATH.J 
te'-a-tin,  «.    [THEATINE.) 

*  teat'-ish,  a.    [Perhaps  from  teat,  as  a  child 
fretful  for  the  breast.)    Peevish. 

"  Her  sickness 
Had  made  her  somewhat  teatiih* 

Beaum.  A  Flet.  :  Wwnan't  Frist,  v,  1. 

teaze,  s.    [See  compound.] 

teaze  hole,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  Fr.  Heard 
=  fire  door.] 

Glass-mamtf. :  The  fuel-opening  in  a  glass- 
furnace. 

teaze,  v.t.  or  i.     [TEASE,  v  ] 
tea'-zel,  tea'-zle,  s.  &  v.    [TEASEL.] 

tea'-zel-wort,  s.    [Km:,  teazel,  s.,  and  wort.] 
Sot.  (PI.) :  The  Dipsacacese.    (Lindley.) 

teaz'-er,  5.  [Eng.  Uaze,  s. ;  -fr>]  The  stoker 
or  fl  reman  who  attends  the  furnaces  in  glass- 
works. 

teb'-bad,  *.  [Pers.J  The  scorching  winds 
which  blow  over  the  sandy  plains  of  Central 
Asia,  carrying  with  them  clouds  of  impal- 
pable sand,  which  are  said  to  act  like  flakes 
of  fire  on  travellers'  skins. 

Te'-beth,  s.  [Heb.  D5TD  (Tebheth);  Arab,  to- 
bah;  Old  Egypt  Tiibi,  Tobi;  Gr.  Tu/3i  (Tubi), 
Typ  (Tib);  Sans.  Tapas.] 

Calendar:  The  tenth  month  of  the  Jewish 
sacred  year.  It  commenced  at  the  new  moon 
of  December,  and  ended  at  that  of  January. 

tec,  «.  [Contracted  from  detective  (q.v.).]  (See 
etym.)  (Slang.) 

"  I  went  to  Dartford.  In  Kent,  to  Whistler,  BO  that 
we  should  not  get  picked  up  by  the  'tect." — Echo, 
DM.4.UML 

*  teche,  v.t.    [TEACH.] 

tech'-J-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  techy;  -ly.]  In  a 
techy  manner ;  peevishly,  fretfully,  irritably. 

tech'- 1 -BOM,  *.  [Eng.  techy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  techy  ;  peevishness, 

fretful  ness. 

tech'-nic,  o.  A  *.    [Fr.  technique.] 

A.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  TECHNICAL  (q.v.). 

B.  As  subst. :  The  method  of  performance 
or  manipulation  in  any  art ;  technical  skill  or 
manipulation ;  artistic  execution, 

tech'  me  al,  o.  &  «.  [Gr.  rcxnrfe  (tfchnikos) 
=  belonging  to  the  arts  ;  rexvy  (tecltne)  =  art.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  mecha- 
nical arts,  or  to  any  particular  art,  science, 
profession,  handicraft,  business,  or  the  like. 

"  AH  the  dispute  1*  made  to  turn  upon  logical 
niceties,  or  metaphysical  subtleties  about  the  nature 
of  things  confessedly  mysterious,  or  rather  upon  the 
meaning  of  technical  terms  and  names,  such  as  indl- 
vldual,  ic."—  Wattrtand:  Workt,  Y.  846. 

B.  As  subst.  (PI.) :  Those  things  which  per- 
tain to  the  practical  part  of  an  art  or  science ; 
technicalities  ;  technics. 

technical -education,  s.  Specific  In- 
struction required  by  every  person  engaged 
in  a  particular  occupation,  in  addition  to  the 
general  education  needed,  more  or  less,  by  all 
the  citizens  of  a  state.  Much  attention  has 
been  paid  in  this  country  aiid  in  Europe  to  the 
subject  of  technical  education,  and  considerable 
progress  been  made  in  that  direction,  numerous 
technical  schools  having  bec-n  instituted  in  the 
several  large  cities.  The  most  prominent 
of  these  is  the  School  of  Mechanic  Arts  of  the 
Institute  of  Technology,  Boston.  Among 
others  are  the  Manual  Training  School  of 
Washington  University.  St.  Louis,  the  Spring 
Garden  Institute,  Philadelphia,  the  Williamson 
School  of  Mechanical  Arts,  and  various  others, 
while  the  Manual  Training  public  schools  are 
proving  of  the  utmost  educational  value. 
Technical  education  has  also  made  great 
progress  in  Europe,  from  whose  schools  came 
the  incentive  to  American  advance  in  this 
direction,  the  schools  of  this  country  having 
all  been  instituted  since  the  European  exhibit  at 
the  Centennial  Exhibition  of  1876.  In  France, 
Belgium,  Holland,  and  Sweden  manual  training 
is  a  feature  of  the  elementary  schools,  and 
schools  for  trade  instruction  exist  in  the  other 
countries.  Their  introduction  into  Britain  was 
late,  but  they  are  now  well  advanced  In  that 
country.  Their  purpose  is  to  ensure  to  the 
artisan  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  his  busi- 
ness, by  supplementing  the  practical  experience 


of  the  workshop  or  factory  with  the  scientific 
knowledge  gained  in  the  class-room  under 
properly  qualified  teachers. 

tech-nl  cal'-i  ty,  *.    [Eng.  technical;  -tty.] 

1.  Technical  ness  (q.v.). 

2.  Anything  technical  or  peculiar  to  a  par- 
ticular science,  art,  profession,  manufacture, 
or  the  like  ;  a  technical  term  or  expression. 

"  The  training  of  the  workshop  and  the  study  of  th« 
technicality  of  the  various  trades  to  which  art  know- 
ledge may  lie  successfully  applied." — Daily  Teleyraph, 

Sept.  7,  1S8&. 

te*ch'-nl-cal-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  technical;  -ly.] 
In  a  technical  manner ;  according  to  technics 
or  technicalities. 

But  the  first  professed  English  satirist,  to  speak 


t>'rhn, 
voL  lr. 


\nicatlu.  Is  Bishop  Joseph  Hall,  successively  Bishop 
Exeter  and  Norwich." — Warton:   Enylith  Poetrjf, 


tech'-ni-cal  ness,  s.  [Eng.  technical ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  technical  or 
peculiar  to  a  particular  art,  science,  manu- 
facture, &c. 

*  tech'-nl-9ist,  *.    [Eng.  technic;  -ist.]    One 
skilled  in  technics  or  in  the  practical  arts. 

*  tech-nl-c6'-l6g'-lc-al,  a.    [Eng.  technical, 
and  Gr.  \6yos  (loyos)  =  a  word.]      Technolo- 
gical ;  technical. 

"  Had  th«  apostle  used  thin  technicotogical  ^brase  ID 
any  different  dense  from  Its  couimon  acceptation,  h« 
would  tmv«  told  ui  of  it."— Scott:  Christian  Life,  pt 
ii.,  ch.  vii. 

tech'-nlcs,  *.  sing.  &  pi.    [TECHNIC.] 

1.  Sing.:  The  doctrine  of  arts  in  general; 
such  branches  of  learning  as  respect  the  arts. 

"  In  the  schools  of  the  middle  classes  science  rather 
than  technict  Is  needed,  because,  when  the  seed*,  of 
science  are  sown,  for  A  met  M  its  fruit  will  aj>i>e*r  at 
the  appointed  ttme,"— DaXy  Teleffraf*.  Sept.  10.  LS8S. 

2.  Pi. :  Technical  terms  or  objects  ;  tech- 
nicalities. 

tech-nique',  *.    [Fr.]    [TECHNIC.] 

Fine  Arts:  The  method  in  which  an  artist 
uses  his  materials  to  express  his  mental  con- 
ceptions. 

tech  nog'-ra  phy,  «.  Descriptive  tech- 
nology, 

tech  no  log'-ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  technolag(y); 
-ical.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  technology  ;  per- 
taining to  the  arts ;  as,  technological  institutes. 

tech  nol  6  gist,  s.  [Eng.  technology ;  -ist.] 
One  skilled  in  technology  ;  one  who  discourses 
or  treats  of  arts  or  of  the  terms  of  arts. 

tech  nol -6-gy,  *.  [Or.  T^X^  (techne)  =  &rt; 
suflF.  -ology.]  Thatbranch  of  knowledge  winch 
deals  with  the  various  industrial  arts;  the 
science  or  systematic  knowledge  of  the  in- 
dustrial arts,  as  of  weaving,  spinning,  metal- 
lurgy, or  the  like. 

There  were  Dot  any  further  esaays  made  in  t«cAn»- 
y  for  above  fourscore  years ;  but  all  men  acquieooM 
the  common  grammar."— TwtU :  Examination  tf 


logy  for  above  fourscore  years  ;  but  all  men  »cqui«c*d 
In  the  common  grammar."-  ~ 
Urammar.    (Preface,  p.  17.) 


'-Sk  o.    ITircHT.]    Peevish,  fretful,  irrit- 
able, 

te-co'-ma,  *.  {Mexican  tccomaxochitl  =  one 
of  the  species.] 

Hot.  :  A  genus  of  Bignoniacese.  Calyx  cam- 
pannlate,  Hve-toothed  ;  corolla  with  a  cam- 

Culate  throat  and  a  five-lobed  bilabiate 
t>  ;  stamens  didynamous.  Erect  trees, 
shrubs,  or  scandent  plants,  with  unequally 
pinnate  or  simple  digitate  leaves;  flowers 
yellow  or  flesh-colored,  in  terminal  panicles, 
Tecoma  radican*,  a  native  of  the  Southern 
States,  has  become  a  favorite  climbing  plant 
in  gardens.  The  leaves  have  nine  acu- 
minate, serrate  leaves.  The  roots  of  T. 
etans  and  T.  spedosa  are  diuretic.  T.  impeti- 
ginosa  abounds  in  tannin  ;  the  bark  is  bitter 
and  mucilaginous,  and  is  used  in  lotions  and 
baths  in  inflammation  of  the  joints  and  de- 
bility. The  bark  of  T.  Ipe  is  used  in  Brazil  as 
a  gargle  in  ulcers  of  the  mouth.  T.  undvlata, 
an  evergreen  shrub  from  the  north  west  of 
India,  produces  gorgeous  orange  -  coloured 
blossoms  In  April  ;  its  leaves  are  used  as 
cattle-fodder. 

te-c$  ret  -In,  *.  [Gr.  -nj«w  (tikff)  =  to  melt 
down,  and  pijrivri  (rhitine)  =  resin  ;  Ger. 
tekoretin.] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Fiohtelite  (q.v.),  found 
In  pine-wood  embedded  in  the  uLarshes  near 
Holtegard,  Denmark, 


ffct,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fan,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  poX 
or,  were,  wolf;  work,  who,  son :  mate,  ciih,  cilro.  unite,  ear,  rale,  fall ;  try*  Syrian.    »,  ce      o ;  ey  --  a ;  QU  -  kw* 


tectibranchiata— teenage 


4639 


teVtI-briin-ohl-a'-ta,  «.  pL    [Lat  fccfcw  = 
covered,  and  Mod.  Lat.  branchiate  (q.v.).] 

Zoo..;  A  section  of  Opisthobrauehiata(q.v.). 
Animal  usually  provided  with  a  shell  both  in 
the  larval  and  adult  state  ;  branchite  covered 
by  the  shell  or  mantle  ;  sexes  united.  There 
are  five  families  :  Tornatellidse,  Bnllidie  (=the 
Tectibranchiata  of  Cuvier),  Pleurobranchidse, 
Aplysiad*,  and  Phyllidiadse. 

tSc-  tl-bran'-clii-?tte,  a.  &  s.    [TECTIBRAN- 

CHIATA. J 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Tecti- 
brancliiata. 

B.  As  sub$t.  .*  Any  individual  of  the  Tecti- 
branchiata (q.v.). 


tec-ti-9ite,  s.  [Gr.  Ti»*T«»s(ttfr/ifow)  =  capa- 
ble nf  melting  ;  suff.  -ite  (Aftn..).] 

M  in.  :  A  mineral  of  uncertain  composition, 
found  at  Granl  and  Braunsdnrf,  Saxony.  Hard- 
ness, 1'5  to  2  ;  colour,  clove-brown.  Soluble 
In  water.  Compos.  :  probably  a  hydrous  sul- 
phate of  the  sesquioxide  of  iron.  Known 
also  under  the  name  of  Gvaulite. 

•tect'-lfc  "toot-lie,  adj.  [Lat  tectui=. 
covered.]  Secretly,  closely. 

"  He  lad  verle  close  A  tectlie  »  company  of  his  n»«u 
in  an  old  house  fart  by  tbecmatelL"—  ffollnAfd:  Ire- 
land (aU.  1681). 

te'c-t6"-chrj?s'-ine,  s.  [Lat.  tectus  =  covered, 
hi<kk-n,  and  Eng.  cJirysine.] 

Chem.  :  Ci6H12O.i.  A  crystalline  substance 
found  together  with  cnrysine  in  poplar  bads, 
ami  separated  from  the  latter  by  its  solubility 
in  benzol.  It  forms  large,  sulphur-yellow 
monoclinic  prisms,  melting  at  130*.  When 
boiled  with  strong  potash  it  is  decomposed, 
yielding  acetic  acid,  phenyl-methyl  ketone, 
and  benzoic  acid. 

tSc-to'-na,  s.  [Said  to  be  from  Malabar  tekka 
=  teak,  but  perhaps  formed  with  reference  to 
Or.  T«Toct*ij  (tektonike)  =  building,  for  which 
teak  is  well  adapted.] 

Bot.  :  Teak  ;  a  genus  of  Viticete.  Calyx 
five  or  six-toothed,  ultimately  becoming  in- 
flated ;  corolla  gamopetalous,  five  or  six  cleft  ; 
Btameus  five  or  sir;  ovary  superior,  four- 
celled  ;  fruit  a  four-celled  nut  or  drupe, 
woolly,  spongy,  and  dry  seed,  one  in  each 
cell.  Known  species  two,  Tectona  grandis 
(TEAK]  and  T.  Hamiltc*,ianat  a  deciduous 
tree  with  light-brown,  hard,  close-grained 
wood  weighing  641bs.  per  cubic  foot.  It  is 
found  in  Prome  and  in  Upper  Burmali. 

tec  ton  ar-chi  -nae,  s.  pi  [Gr.  r«Toi/apxo* 
(tektonarchos)  —  a  muster-builder  ;  Lat.  fern. 
pi.  a<1j.  suff.  *iT«e.] 

Ornith.  :  Bower-birds  ;  a  sub-family  of 
Paradiseidte  (q.v.).  Devoid  of  flowing  plumes, 
only  one  genus  possessing  any  attempt  at 
extra  adornment  in  the  males.  The  species, 
so  far  as  known,  are  accustomed  to  erect 
bowers  of  reeds  in  which  they  disport  them- 
selves. Genera:  Sericulus,  Ptilonorhynchus, 
Uilamydoderm,  jEluraedus,  and  Amblyornis. 

*t<3C  ton'-Ic,  a.     [Lat  tectonicus;  Gr.rexrovi- 

K«  (techtonikos),  from  rtieruv  (tektdn)=&  car- 
penter.] Pertaining  or  relating  to  building  or 
Construction. 

teVton'-ics,  s.    [TECTONIC.]    A  series  of  arts 

by  which  vessels,  iuiplenients,  dwellings  and 
places  of  assembly  are  formed  :  on  the  one 
hand  agreeably  to  the  end  for  which  they  were 
designed  ;  on  the  other,  in  conformity  with 
sentiments  and  artistic  ideas. 

t  Wsc-tbr'-i-al,  u.  [Lat.  tectorius  =  pertain- 
ing to  covering  ;  tego  =  to  cover.]  Covering. 

tcctorial  membrane,  s. 

Anat.  :  A  comparatively  thick,  flbrfllated, 
and,  to  all  appearance,  highly  elastic  mem- 
brane covering  the  organ  of  Corti  in  the  ear. 
(Qttain.) 

tee-toV-I-fim,  *.  [Lat.]  A  species  of  pias- 
ter-work adopted  for  the  decoration  of  Rornim 
houses,  and  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  lime 
and  sand. 

teV-tri-gef,  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat,  from  tego  =. 
to  cover.] 

Omith.  :  Coverts  ;  the  smaller  feathers  of 
the  wing  or  tail,  especially  of  the  former,  the 
term  calypteria  being  applied  to  the  latter. 

te'-ctim.  5.     [TuccM.]     The  fibrous  produce 


of  a  palm-leaf,   resembling  green  wool,  im- 
ported from  Brazil. 
te cum  fibre,  s.    The  same  as  TECUM. 

t£d,  "tedde,  *teede,  v.t.  [Icel.  ttdhja  = 
to  spread  manure  ;  tatlh  =  manure  ;  tailha  = 
hay  grown  in  a  well-manured  field  ;  Norw. 
tftlja  —  to  spread  manure  ;  tad=  manure  ;  Bw. 
dial,  facia,  from  tad  =  manure.] 

Agric. :  To  spread  new-mown  hay,  so  as  to 
expose  it  to  the  sun  and  air ;  to  turn  (new- 
mown  hay  or  grass)  from  the  swatu  and 
scatter  for  drying. 

"  The  iinell  of  grain,  or  tedded  grass,  or  kine." 
Milton  :  P.  L.t  ix.  460. 

tSd'-der  (1),  *.  [Eng.  ted;  -e,r.]  One  who 
teds;  specifically,  a  machine  for  stirring  and 
spreading  hay,  to  expedite  its  being  dried  by 
the  sun  and  air. 

"  However  valuable  a  mower  may  be,  a  tedder  1* 
hardly  lea»  ao."— Sheldon ;  Dairy  Farming,  p.  17ft, 

ted  der  (2),  s.    [TETHER.] 

1,  A  rope,  strap,  cord,  or  lariat,  for  fasten- 
ing an  animal  by  the  bead  to  a  manger,  post, 
or  stake. 

2.  Anything  by  which  one  is  restrained  ;  a 
tether. 

ted'-der,  v.t.  [TETHER,  v.]  To  tether,  to 
confine,  to  restrain. 

•tede.s.    [Lat.  fordo.]    A  torch. 

Te  De'-tim,  s.     [From  the  first  words  "  Te 

Deum  Law  litmus.] 

1.  The  name  given  to  a   celebrated   Latin 
hymn  of  praise,  ascribed  usually  to  St.  Am- 
brose and  St.  Augustine,  and  well-known  in 
this  country  from    the    translation    in  the 
Prayer-book,  beginning  "  We  praise  Thee,  O 
God,"  one  of  the  two  canticles  appointed,  to 
be  sung  in  the  morning  service  between  the 
two  lessons.     It  is  also  sung  on  special  occa- 
sions, as  days  of  public  rejoicing. 

2.  A  musical  setting  of  the  hymn  [1.] 

3.  A  choral  thanksgiving  service  in  which 
this  hymn  forms  a  principal  part. 

"  The  M|Kiniarde  Bang  Te  Deutnt-'—Jfiifanlay  f  Silt. 
Sng.,  ch.  xii. 

tedge,  ».  [Etym.  doubtful.)  The  ingate  or 
aperture  !n  a  mould  through  which  the  molten 
metal  is  poured. 

*  ted- Ing,  s.    [TITHING.] 

*  teding-penny,  «.    [TITHING-PEITNY.] 

•te-dl-os'-i-tfc  «.  [Eng.  tedious;  -ity.}  Te- 
diousness. 

te'-dX-OUS,  *te-dy-onse,a.  [Lat.  tcediosus, 
from  tcedium  —  irksomeness,  teuium  ;  from 
tcedet  =  it  irks.] 

1.  Causing  tedium  ;  wearisome  or  tiresome 
by  continuance,  prolixity,  repetition,  or  the 
like.    (Said  of  persons  or  things.) 

"  And  .-ill  tbat  to  herself  ahe  talk'd. 
Would  surely  be  H  tetiima  title." 

Wordsworth:  Idiot  Boy. 

2.  Slow. 

"  Twioo  t«n  tedious  year*."     Cowper  :  John  Oilpin. 

3.  Annoying ;  odious. 

"  My  woes  are  tedi«int,  thoueh  my  words  are  brief." 
ShaJcttp. :  Rape  <tf  iucrece,  1,809. 

te'-dl-oti8-lf,  adv.  [Eng.  tedious;  -ly.]  In 
a  tedious  or  tiresome  manner,  so  as  to  weary 
or  tire  ;  slowly. 

"  Night  .  ,  .  doth  limp  so  tfdiouity  away." 

fihafcetp.  :  Henry  V.,  IT. 

te   di  oils  ness,    *  te-di  ous  nesse,    s. 

[Eng.  tedious;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  tedious,  tiresome,  or  wearisome  from 
continuance,  prolixity,  repetition,  or  the  like ; 
tiresomeness ;  slowness. 

"  I  have  dwelt  sometime  upon  the  Christian  sacri- 
fice, perhaps  even  tn  a  degree  of  tttiioutnau."  —  Water- 
land  :  Works,  viil.  287. 

te'-dlou-some,  te-di-sum,  a.  [Eng. 
tedious;  -some.]  Tedious;  tiresome.  (Scotch.) 

te  di  um,  s.  [Lat.  torfium,  from  tcedet  =  it 
irks.]  Irksomeuess  ;  wearisomeness ;  tedi- 
ousness. 

"  The  t?dium  tli:it  thft  lazy  rich  endnre." 

Cowper ;  Table  Teak,  741. 

tee  (IX  »•    [Native  name.] 

1.  An  umbrella. 

2.  The  umbrella-shaped  structure  used  as  a 
termination  or  finial  crowning  the  Buddhist 
topes  and  Hindu  pagodas.    It  is  supposed  to 
be  a  relic  shrine. 


tee  (2),  «.  [See  det]  A  T-shaped  pip». 
coupling,  adapted  for  ft  stem-pipe  and  two 
branches. 

tee-iron,  s.  A  rod  with  a  eross-bar  at 
the  end,  for  withdrawing  the  lower  valve-box 
of  a  pump. 

tee  (3),  s.  [Icel  tyb  —  to  point  out,  to  mark, 
to  note.] 

Go'/,  etc. ;  A  mark  set  up  in  playing  at 
quoits ;  the  mark  made  in  the  ice  in  the  game 
of  curling,  towards  which  the  stones  are 
pushed;  the  nodule  of  earth  from  which  the 
ball  is  struck  off  in  golf. 

"  Both  pat  well  away  from  the  fM  to  the  fourth 
hole.'—  Field,  Sept.  26.  1886. 

tee,  v.t.    [TEE  (3),  a.) 

Golf:  To  place,  as  a  ball,  on  the  tee  pre- 
paratory to  striking  off. 

"Never  lutenupt  the  court— all  that  is  managed 
for  ye  like  »  teed  ball'— Scott:  Redyattntlet,  lettet 
xliU 

teel,  til,  <.    [Mahratta  teel ;  Hind.  &  Beng.  teLJ 
Bot. ;   Sesamum  oriental*  and  6'.  indicum. 
[SESAME,  SESAMUM.] 

*  teem,  *  teme,  *.  [TEAM,  «.]  Race,  progeny. 

"Whattyme  In  Jerusalem  wasdede  adouhtythyng 
(Was  blode  lion  of  his  teme,  bot  a  mayilon  yiug)." 
H'bert  de  Brvnne,  p.  1W. 

teem  (1),    *  teme,  v.i.  &  t.      [A.S.  tyman.  - 
from  team  =  a  team,  a  progeny.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  bear  young,  as  an  animal ;  to  product 
fruit,  as  a  plant ;  to  be  pregnant ;  to  conceive. 

"Lest  It  should  feble  hys  fleahe  and  let  hym  from 
geating  of  chlldreu,  and  hyndre  hyi  harlot  of  teining." 
—Sir  T.  More  :  Workes,  p.  «4i. 

2.  To  be  full,  as  if  ready  to  bring  forth  ;  to- 
be  stocked  to  overflowing  ;  to  be  prolific  ;  to 
be  charged. 

"The  strange  conceits,   vain  project*,   and    wild 

dreams, 
With  which  hypocrisy  for  ever  teenu* 

Cowper:  Rope,  7rt. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  produce  ;  to  bring  forth;, 
to  give  birth  to. 

"Common  mother,  thou 

Whose  womb  immeasurable,  ami  infinite  breast. 
Teernt,  and  feeds  all"  Shakes^  :  Timon,  IT.  a. 

teem  (2),  v.t.  [Icel.  tcema  —  to  empty  ;  tonur- 
=  empty  ;  Dan.  to'mme  =  to  empty,  from  • 
torn  =  empty ;  Sw.  to'mma,  from  torn.}, 
[TooM.]  To  pour,  to  empty.  (Prov.) 

"  Teem  out  the  remainder  of  the  ale  into  the  ta»- 
hard,  and  fill  the  glass  with  Binall  be*»."— ttwift: 
Direction  to  the  Butler. 

*  teem  (3),  *  teeme,  v.t.    [Cf.  O.  Dnt.  /amen  = 

to  be  convenient,  fit,  or  fitting;  Dut.  betameit 
=  to  beseem  ;  Ger.  ziemen  =  to  be  fit ;  Goth. 
gatiman  =  to  suit,  agree  with.J  To  think  fit. 

"  I  could  teeme  It  to  rend  thee  in  pieces."— Qtfonti 
Malt&ue  of  Witches,  (1603.) 

teem  cr,  s.  [Eng.  teem  (1),  T.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  teems  ;  one  who  brings  forth  young. 

*  teem'-fal,  n.    [Eng.  teem  (l),  v. ;  -/wl(0.1 

1.  Pregnant,  prolific. 

2.  Brimful. 

teem  ing  (1),  o.     [TEEM  (1),  v.]    Pregnant, 

prolific  ;  stocked  to  overflowing. 

"  To  call  up  plenty  from  the  teeming  earth, 
Or  curae  the  desert  with  a  tenfold  dearth." 

Cowper  :  Truth,  HI, 

teem'-Ing  (2),  a.    [TEEM  (2),  ».] 

teeming-punch,  s.  A.  punch  for  start- 
ing or  driving  a  bolt  out  of  a  hole;  a  drift. 

"teem-less,  a.  [Eng.  teem  (1),  v. ;  -lat.\ 
Not  fruitful  or  prolitic  ;  barren. 

"  Such  wan,  Buch  waste,  such  fiery  tracks  of  dealtfe 
Their  zeal  baa  left,  aim  such  a  teemlett  earth." 

Dry  den  :  Hind  t  Panther,  t  2ML 

teen,  *  teene,* tone, s.   [A.S.te(nm=  accusa- 
tion,   injury,    vexation  ;    teon  =  to    accuse ; 
Ger.  neiten,]    Provocation,  grief,  vexation. 
"  JjABt  day  1  grat,  wi'  spite  and  eten," 

Burnt:  Brvar  Wattr, 

teen  (1),  "  tene,  v.t.    [TEEN,  ».)    To  vex,  to 

annoy,  to  provoke,  to  excite. 

"  Why  tempt  ye  me  and  tme  with  soehe  mftna 
•peacha."— Chaucer :  Tettimony  of  Law,  bk.  ii. 

teen  (2),  v.t.  (A.8.  tj/nan.]  To  inclose,  to. 
fence  in.  (Prov.) 

teen  (3),  v.t.  [TEEND.]  To  light,  as  a  candlet 
(Prm.) 

teen'-age  (age  as  ig),  >.  [TEKH  (2),  nj 
Wood  for  fences  or  inclosures.  (Prov.) 


;  poftt,  Jo^rl ;  eat,  9OU,  oborns,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  Bin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    -ing, 
-OUn,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  - eioa  =  shun ;  -tion,  - jiou  =  ziiun.    -«iou»,  -tious,    sioua  =  sliua.    -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4640 


teend— teinoscope 


tOOUd,  tlnd,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  tyndan,  tendon  = 
to  kindle;  Sw.  tdnda;  Dan.  toinde;  Ger. 
tiinden.]  [TiHD,  TINDEE.) 

A.  Trow. :  To  kindle,  to  set  light  to,  to 
light. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  kindle,  to  take  light. 

•  teen'-ful,  a.  [Eng.  teen,  s. ;  -fuMf).}  Full  of 
grief  or  sorrow  ;  sorrowful,  afflicted. 

teeny,  s.  pi.  [See  def.]  The  years  of  one's 
age  having  the  termination  -teen :  that  is,  the 
years  thirteen  to  nineteen  inclusive,  during 
which  a  person  is  said  to  be  in  his  or  her 
teens. 

"  Whose  life  romance  begins  early  in  bar  tefnt.' — 
AOunaum,  Aug.  27,  1887.  p.  271. 

o.  [TINT.]  Very  small,  diminutive. 

toon'-?  (2),  a.  [Eng.  tern,  a. ;  -y.}  Fretful, 
peevish.  (Prov.) 

toey-er, «.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  boy  or  girl 
employed  to  stir  the  sieve  to  calico  printers. 

toof-da-ll  a,  ».  [Named  after  Robt.  Tees- 
dale,  a  Yorkshire  botanist,  author  of  a 
catalogue  of  plants  growing  around  Castle 
Howard.] 

Sot. :  A  genus  of  Thlaspidea  or  Thlaspida-. 
The  petals  are  unequal ;  the  filaments  with 
basal  scales ;  the  pod  oblong.  Known  species 
two,  from  Europe,  Northern  Africa,  and 
Western  Asia.  One,  Teesdalia  nudicaulis,  the 
Naked-stalked  Teesdalia,  is  British.  The 
stems,  which  are  generally  numerous,  are 
four  to  eighteen  inches  high;  the  leaves 
almost  entirely  radical,  lyrato-pinnatifid  ;  the 
flowers  white.  Common  in  England  in  sandy 
and  gravelly  places,  rare  in  Scotland.  Flowers 
In  April  and  June.  The  other  species  is  T. 
lepidium,  or  regularis,  found  in  Spain,  &C. 
Both  are  fitted  for  rockeries  in  gardens. 

toe  -tee,  ti'-tt,  >.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  The  Squirrel  Monkey.    (Uumtoldt.) 

t«e'-ter,  v.t.  or  i.  [Prob.  a  variant  of  totter 
(q.v.).]  To  ride  on  the  ends  of  a  balanced 
plank,  &c.,  as  children  do  for  amusement ;  to 
seesaw.  (Amer.) 

teeth, «.  pi.    [TOOTH.  ] 

toethe,  i'.i.    [TEETH.]    To  grow  teeth, 

toeth'-ing,  «.  [TEETHE.]  The  operation  or 
the  process  of  the  first  growth  of  teeth,  or  the 
process  by  which  they  make  their  way 
through  the  gums  ;  dentition.  [TOOTH.] 

"When  the  symptoms  of  teething  appear,  the  gums 
ought  to  be  relaxed  by  softening  ointment."— 
Arbtttftnot:  On  Di*. 

tee'-tlclt,  t.  [From  the  cry  of  the  bird.]  (See 
extract  under  TITLING,  1.) 

toe-to' -tal,  a.  [A  reduplicated  form  of  Mai, 
or,  according  to  some,  from  a  stuttering  pro- 
nunciation of  the  word  total.] 

1.  Entire,  complete.    (Colloq.) 

1.  Pertaining  to  teetotallers  or  teetotalism  : 
as,  a  teetotal  meeting. 

tee -to'-  tal -Ism,  «.  [Eng.  teetotal;  -fern.) 
The  principles  or  practice  of  teetotallers ;  total 
abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  liquors. 

"  The  only  way  to  rescue  the  drunkard  was  through 
the  instrumentality  of  essfotojfjm."— /tatty  Teltyaptt. 
Sept.  23,  1885. 

toe-to'-tal-ler,  tee  to  -tal-er,  ».  [Eng. 
teetotal ;  -er.]  One  who  professes  total  absti- 
nence from  all  spirituous  or  intoxicating 
liquors,  unless  medically  prescribed;  a  total 
abstainer. 

"  The  increased  temperatenees  In  the  language  of 
ttetoUlIm~-Dail>i  Tetefraph.  March  «.  UeTT 

too -to'- tal -1*,  adv.  [Eng.  ttetotal;  -ly.] 
Entirely,  completely,  totally. 

toe-to  turn,  «.  [For  T-totum,  from  T,  the 
most  important  mark  on  one  of  the  original 
four  sides,  meaning  Take-all.]  A  small  four- 
sided  or  polygonal  toy  used  by  children  in  a 
game  of  chance.  The  four  sides  were  marked 
with  letters,  P  (Pvt-dovm),  N  (Nothing),  H 
(Half),  T  (Take-al[),  such  letters  deciding 
whether  the  player  put  into  or  took  out  of 
the  pool,  according  to  the  letter  appearing 
on  the  top  after  the  toy  has  been  spun  round. 

*<if   flu»,  ».     [A  word   of  no   signification. 
Entom. :  A  genus  of  typical  Carabidss.    Tef- 


Jtus  megerlei,  from  Senegal  and  the  Guinea 
Coast,  is  two  inches  long. 

teg,  tegg,  «.    [Cf.  WeL  teg  =  clear,  fair,  beau- 
tiful, tine.) 

1.  A  female  fallow-deer ;  a  doe  in  the  second 
year. 

2.  A  young  sheep,  older  than  a  lamb. 

"  On  Dec.  29  I  had  800  lambs  (called  usually  tegt  after 
Mew  Year's  Day)  In  a  yard."— /Wd,  Feb.  16,  law. 

teg-en-ar'-l'-a,  s.    [Formed  from  Lat.  Tegea; 
Gr.  Te-yeVx  (Tegea)  =  a  town  in  Arcadia.) 

Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tegenariidsa 
(q.v.).  It  contains  the  House-spider,  under 
which  there  appear  to  have  been  confounded 
two  species:  Tegenaria  domestica  and  T. 
cimlii,  the  former  with  proportionately  longer 
legs  than  the  latter.  It  is,  besides,  rather 
more  than  half  an  inch  long,  while  the  other 
one  is  rather  less.  They  weave  their  webs  in 
the  corners  of  windows,  of  neglected  rooms,  or 
outhouses.  They  live  about  four  years,  and 
deposit  their  eggs  in  lenticular  cocoons  of 
white  silk,  and  again  in  a  silk  bag  disguised 
by  plaster,  ic. 

teg  en  a  ri -I-dte,  ..  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  tege- 
nari(a);  fein.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idol.} 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Spiders,  tribe  Dipneu- 
mones  and  its  Sedentary  Division.  The  ocelli 
are  in  two  rows,  the  first  pair  of  legs  usually 
the  longer ;  the  web  irregular.  Sometimes 
there  are  three  claws.  It  is  a  large  family, 
in  some  classifications  divided  into  the  sub- 
families Drassides,  Dysderides,  Scytodides, 
Ciniflonides,  and  Agelenides. 

teg  -men  (pi.  teg'-mln-a),  s.  [Lat.  tegmen, 
tegiment  tegumen  =  a  covering.]  [TEOMENT.] 

Botany : 

1.  Brongniarfs  name  for  the  secundine  of 
an  ovule. 

2.  Mirbel's  name  for  the  inner  coat  of  a  seed. 

3.  Palisot  de  Beauvoia's  name  for  the  ex- 
terior glume  of  a  grass. 

tegument,   teg'-n-ment,  t.     [Lat.   teyu- 
mentum,  from  tego  =  to  cover.]    A  cover  or 
covering ;  specif,  a  natural  covering  as  of  an 
animal  or  plant ;  integument :  as — 
I.  Of  the  form  tegment : 

1.  Anat. :   The  upper  part   of  the   crura 
cercbri,  consisting  principally  of  ihe  fasciculm 
teret  and  the  posterior  pyramid. 

2.  Bat.  (PL):  The  scales  of  a  bud      They 
may  be  foliaceous,  or  may  resemble  petioles, 
stipules,  or  fulcra. 

1Z  Of  the  form  tegument: 
Entom. :  The  covering  of  the  wings  of  or- 
thopterous  insects. 

te  ?  men  -turn  (pi.  teg-men  -ta), ».  [Lat.] 
The  same  as  TEOMENT  (q.v.). 

te  guex'-ln,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  TejidK  (q.v.),  specif.  Tejus  teguezin, 
with  a  wide  geographical  range  in  South 
America.  It  is  from  three  to  four  feet  long, 
black  on  upper  surface,  sprinkled  with  yel- 
low, tail  mingled  with  yellow  and  black, 
lower  parts  similarly  marked.  These  lizards 
are  found  in  sugar  plantations,  and  among 
scrub  and  brush  ;  they  can  swim  well,  but  do 
not  take  readily  to  the  water.  The  legend 
that  they  utter  a  warning  sound  on  the  ap- 
proach of  wild  beasts  (whence  they  are  some- 
times called  Safeguards)  is  apparently  with- 
out foundation.  They  feed  on  fruit,  insects, 
snakes,  frogs,  birds'  eggs,  and  young  birds.  _ 

teg  u-Ia  (pi.  ttStf-n-ltB),  «.    [Lat.=  a  tile.] 

1.  Build. :  A  roofing-tile. 

2.  Entom. :  A  callosity  at  the  origin  of  the 
fore  wings  of  the  Hymenoptera. 

teg1  n-lar,  a.  [TEOULA.]  Pertaining  to  a 
tile  ;  resembling  a  tile  ;  consisting  of  tiles. 

n-lar-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  tegular;  -ly.]    In 
manner  of  tiles  on  a  roof. 

teg'-n-lat-ed,  a.  [Lat.  tegula  =  a  tile.]  Com- 
posed of  small  plates  overlapping  like  tiles. 
(Said  of  a  particular  kind  of  ancient  armour.) 

teg'-n-ment,  s.    [TEomnrr.] 

teg-u-mSnt'-a-ry^  a.  [Eng.  tegument ; -ary.] 
Pertaining  to  teguments ;  consisting  of  tegu- 


to-hee',  i.  &  interj.    [Fron.  the  sound.] 

A.  At  tubtt. :  A  laugh,  a  titter. 

"  Our  poor  young  prince  gets  his  opera   , 

changed  into  mocking  tthtti ;  and  cannot  becoma 
grand-admlral.  — Curtjrl.  .•  Prtnck  Ktnlutian.  ft.  t. 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  v. 

B.  At  interj. :  A  word  used  to  denote  a 
laugh. 

te-hee,  ii.i.  [TEHEE,  «.]  To  laugh  con- 
temptuously ;  to  titter. 

"  That  laugh'd  and  uheed  with  derision. 
To  see  them  take  your  deposition." 

Sutler:  Budibrcu,  III.  111.  in. 

teh'-sil-dar,  ».  [Hind.]  A  native  colloctoi 
of  a  district  acting  under  a  European  or  a 
zemindar.  (Anglo-Indian.) 

Te'-I-an,  o.  [See  def.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Teos  in  Ionia. 

te'-I-dw,  s.  pi.    [TEJID*.] 

Te  ISf-1-tur,  phr.    [Lat.  =  Thee,  therefore.) 

Eccles. :  The  first  two  words  of  the  Canon 
of  the  Mass.  The  expression  appears  to  have 
been  also  used  to  denote  a  book  containing  a 
portion  of  the  Liturgy  (McClintock  <t  Strong). 
but  it  is  not  mentioned  in  the  list  of  Litur- 
gical Books  given  by  Smith  &  Cheetham  in 
Christian  Antiquities. 

tell,  «.  [Fr.  tea,  from  Lat.  tilia  =  a  lime  or 
linden-tree.]  The  lime-tree  or  linden. 

tell  tree,  s. 

1.  Bot. :  The  same  as  TEIL  (q.v.) 

2.  Script. :  The  Heb.  rfy»  (elah)  Is  not  the 
lime-tree,  but  is  probably  the  Terebinth,  a* 
it  is  rendered  in  the  R.V. 

"  A  t'H-free  and  an  oak  have  their  substance  IB 
them  when  they  cast  their  leaves." — lialah  vi.  u. 

*  teln,  s.    [THANE.] 

*  teln-land,  s.    Thane-land. 

teind,  s.  [Icel.  tiund  =  a  tenth,  tithe,  from 
tin  =  ten  ;  Goth,  taihunda  =  the  tenth  ;  Sw. 
tiende.]  The  name  given  in  Scotland  to 
tithes.  They  originated  at  a  remote  jieriod  ; 
and  at  the  Reformation  John  Knox  contended 
that  after  allotting  some  provision  for  the 
displaced  Roman  Catholic  clergy,  the  re- 
mainder of  the  teinds  should  be  used  for  the 
support  of  the  Protestant  ministers,  for  uni- 
versities and  schools,  and  for  the  poor. 
Through  the  opposition  of  the  aristocracy, 
the  arrangement  was  but  partially  carried  out. 
At  the  union  between  England  and  Scotland, 
in  1707,  the  Lords  of  the  Court  of  Session 
were  appointed  to  be  Commissioners  of 
Teinds,  and  power  was  given  them  to  deter- 
mine "the  transporting  of  kirks,"  as  the 
population  moved  from  one  locality  to  another, 
the  consent  of  three-fourths  of  the  heritors  in 
point  of  valuation  being  necessary  to  warrant 
the  removal.  In  1837  and  183s  there  were 
laid  before  Parliament  nine  folio  volumes  of 
reports  by  a  Commission  appointed  to  inquire 
into  church  accommodation,  Ac.,  in  Scotland. 
It  reported  that  the  parsonage  teinds  were 
held  by  the  Crown,  by  universities,  by  pioui 
foundations,  by  lay  titulars  (analogous  to  the 
lay  proprietors  in  England),  or  by  the  proprie- 
tors of  the  lands  from  which  they  were  due ; 
they  were  in  all  cases  eligible  to  pay  the 
stipends  held  or  which  might  be  awarded  by 
the  Court  of  Teinds  to  the  ministers,  but  that 
they  could  not  be  transferred  from  one  parish 
to  another. 

"  And  Wednesday,  we  are  to  be  heard  In  the  great 

teind  case  in  presence."— Scott:  Guy  Bannering.  00, 

ZTZiZ. 

^1  Court  of  Teinds,  Commissioners  ofTeindt: 
A  court  in  Scotland  having  jurisdiction  over 
all  matters  respecting  valuations  and  sales  of 
teinds,  augmentations  of  stipends,  the  dis- 
junction or  annexation  of  parishes,  &c.  Its 
powers  are  exercised  by  the  judges  of  the 
Court  of  Session,  as  a  Parliamentary  Com- 
mission. 

teind  master,  «.  One  who  is  entitled 
to  teinds.  (Scotch.) 

telne,  s.    [TEYNE.J 

tern  -6  scope,  ».  [Gr.  rein,  (tetnd)  =  to 
stretch,  and  intoneu  (skoped)  =  to  see,  to  ob- 
serve.] A  name  given  by  Sir  David  Brewster 
to  an  optical  instrument,  consisting  of  prisms 
so  combined  that  the  chromatic  aberration  of 
the  light  is  corrected,  and  the  linear  dimen- 
sions of  objects  seen  through  them  are  in- 
creased or  diminished.  (Brande.) 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  hero,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  muto,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  foil;  try,  Syrian,    w,  o»  =  e;  oy  =  a;  o.u  =•  lew. 


teint— telelogue 


4641 


•  teint,  •  teint,  «.  [Fr.,  prop.  pa.  par.  of 
faijid«(Lat.  !in0o)  =  to  dye.]  [TINT.]  Colour, 
tinge,  tint. 

teint -ure,  t  teint  -ure,  «.     [TINCTUKE.) 
Colour,  tint. 

te  ji  d»  (J  as  y),  te  -I-dto,  •.  pi.  [M..d. 
Lat.  ttXui).  teliiu);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff. 
•idee.} 

ZooL  :  A  family  of  Lizards,  sub-order  Ciono- 
cratiia,  with  tea  genera,  from  tropical  and 
sub-tropical  America.  Scales  small,  granular, 
aornetimfs  with  larger  tubercles,  those  of  the 
belly  oblong,  quadrangular,  iu  cross  bands  ; 
large  symmetrical  scutes  on  head  ;  tongue 
long,  scaly,  and  bifid  at  end  ;  dentition  acro- 
dont ;  no  fold  of  skin  along  the  sides. 

te  Jus  (J  as  y),  te  -i-us,  «.  [Latinised  from 
native  name.] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Tejidse,  with  three 
species,  from  Brazil  and  Memloza.  [Ts- 
QUEXIN.] 

te'-la  (pl.  te'-lffl),  >.  [Lat  =  any  woven  stuff ; 
a  web.] 

1.  Anat. :  A  web-like  membrane. 

2.  Bot. :  The  elementary  tissue. 

tela-choroldea,  s. 

Aiiot. :  The  choroid  web,  the  membrane 
which  connects  the  choroid  plexuses  of  the 
two  sides  of  the  cerebrum.  Called  also  velum 
interporitum. 

tola  contoxta,  s. 

Sot. :  Parenchyma  in  which  the  cells  are 
arranged  in  threads  which  cross  each  other 
irregularly. 
Found  in 
Lichens,  Fun- 
gi, and  some 
Alga. 

til  -  a  -  mon 

(pl.  tel-a- 
mo  -nej), 
».  [Or.  =  i. 
bearer.] 


support  an  entablature,  in  the  same  way  as 
Caryatides  or  Atlantes. 

*te'-lar-l&  adv.  [Eng.  telar(y);  4y.]  In 
manner  of  a  web.  (Browne.) 

*  te'-la-ry,  a.    [Lat.  tela  =  a  web.) 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  web. 

2.  Spinning  or  forming  webs. 

tel  -  as  -  py  -  rine,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful,  but 
prob.  a  bad  compound  of  Eng.  tellurium  and 
pyrites.} 

Min. :  A  variety  of  iron  pyrites,  containing 
tellurium,  occurring  at  Sunshine  Camp,  Col- 
orado, which  is  probably  the  same  M  tellur- 
pyrite  (q.v.).  Named  by  Shepard. 

t*l  an'  tft  gram,  i.  The  record  made  by 
a  telautograph. 

tel  an'  to^graph,  •.  A  kind  of  telegraph 
in  which  a  receiving  pen  reproduces  at  a 
distance  the  motions,  and  thereby  the  actual 
tracings,  of  the  transmitting  pen  used  by  the 
sender  of  the  writing,  drawing,  Ac. 

t&T-e-du,  J.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Mydaus  meliceps,  the  Stinking  Badger ; 
the  sole  species  of  the  genus  ;  a  small,  noc- 
turnal, burrowing  mammal,  found  only  in 
Java  and  Sumatra,  and  living  at  an  elevation 
of  7,000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  about  a  foot 
••  long,  with  a  pig-like  head,  stout  body,  very 
short  legs,  and  a  stumpy  tail ;  colour,  dark 
brown,  with  a  white  band  running  along  the 
back.  Like  the  skunk,  it  has  the  power  of 
ejecting  an  intensely  fetid  liquid  from  its  anal 
glands. 

tel'-6-gram,  ».  [Gr.  r$A«  (<#«)  =  afar  off, 
auff.  -gram.  Formed  from  telegraph  on  the 
analogy  of  monogram,  chronogram,  logogram, 
Ac.  The  word  was  first  used  in  America  in 
1852,  and  was  the  subject  of  a  long  and 
learned  discussion  in  the  English  newspapers 
previous  to  its  adoption  in  Great  Britain. 
Several  eminent  philologists  proposed  the 
term  telegrapheme  instead.]  A  telegraphic 


message  or  despatch ;  a  communication  sent 
by  telegraph. 

"  There  is,  M  against  the  exact  bat  surfeiting  tele- 
gnpheme,  our  law  leu  ttleyram,  to  which  is  strictly 
applicable  the  maxim  of  the  civilians,  »•  regard*  \ 
clandestine  marring*.  '  Fieri  not  debuit,  fl*d,  Uctum, 
ralet'"—  /UMdwurd  ffall :  Modern  Snglith,  p.  15$. 

H  To  miUc  a  telegram:  Surreptitiously  to 
obtain  and  make  use  of  a  telegram  intended 
for  another.  (Slang.) 

*  tSl-g-gr&m'-mfo,  a.  (Eng.  telegram;  -tc.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  telegram  ;  having  the 
nature  of  a  telegram  ;  hence,  brief,  concise. 

tel  o-graph,  s.  [Gr.  T*A«  (*#e)  =  afar  off, 
and  ypd^ta  (graphS)  =  to  write.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  word  telegraph 
includes  all  modes  of  communicating  intelli- 
gence   to   a  distance.      The  modes  may  be 
classified  as  :  visible  (as  semaphores),  audible, 
or  tangible. 

"  Hit  friend*  established  a  telegraph  by  means  of 
which  they  conversed  with  him  acrow  toe  lines  of 
sentinels."— iiacaulay:  Hitt.  Kng.,  ch.  xiit. 

2.  Specif. :  [ELECTRIC  TELEGRAPH]. 

3.  A  message  sent  by  telegraph  ;  a  telegram. 

4.  The  same  as  TELEGRAPH-BOARD  (q.v.). 

5.  A  board  used  in  signalling  the  number 
of  runs  made  in  a  cricket  match,  the  number 
of  wickets  down,  and  the  runs  made  by  the 
last  batsman  out. 

telegraph- board,  s.  A  board  on  which 
are  hoisted  or  otherwise  marked  the  numbers 
of  horses  about  to  run  in  a  race,  together  with 
the  names  of  their  jockeys. 

"  When  the  r*ee  Is  ill  over  we  may  look  at  the 
tet*ftr<ipfi-lxxird  in  rain  to  nud  her  officially- printed 
number.''— Daily  Chronicle,  Sept  li,  183i. 

telegraph  clock,  «.  An  arrangement 
by  which  time  is  signalled  to  a  number  of 
different  apartments  in  a  building  or  to  several 
buildings.  Thismay  be  performed  by  electro- 
magnetic devices,  or  by  mechanical  means. 

telegraph-dial,  s.  A  circle  on  which 
are  arranged  the  letters  of  the  alphabet, 
figures,  <fec.,  the  hand  or  pointer  being  oper- 
ated by  electro-magnetic  action. 

telegraph-Instrument,  *.  A  moving 
mechanical aevice  used  in  the  electric  circuit; 
a  perforator,  transmitter,  receiver,  relay,  re- 
gister, or  what  not.  Among  the  chief  instru- 
ments for  the  reception  ami  transmission  of 
messages  are  :  the  Sounder,  in  which  the  mes- 
sage is  received  by  sound,  the  Wheatstone, 
the  Bell,  the  ABC,  and  the  Single- needle. 
Of  these  the  Sounder  or  Morse  system,  is  the 
most  generally  serviceable  of  hand-worked 
systems,  and  has  been  adopted  by  all  countries 
but  Britain,  and  there  in  all  offices  but  those  of 
the  railways.  In  these  the  five-needle  system, 
which  was  formerly  used,  has  given  place  to 
the  double  and  now  to  the  single  needle,  with 
a  great  increase  in  effectiveness.  In  the 
signals  of  this  instrument  the  Morse  alphabet 
is  used.  In  1850  the  average  number  of  words 
transmitted  per  minute  was  sixteen.  Now  as 
many  as  five  hundred  worda  a  minute  can 
be  sent,  by  the  aid  of  the  fast-speed  repeaters. 
On  the  duplexes,  which  are  generally  Morse 
Sounders,  the  average  rate  is  about  60  messages 
per  hour,  though  80  are  sometimes  sent. 
By  aid  of  multiplex  telegraphy  six  messages 
can  now  be  sent  in  one  direction  and  five 
in  the  opposite  on  a  single  wire,  while  by  the 
aid  of  repeaters  a  message  can  be  sent  around 
the  globe  in  twenty  minutes.  In  dry  climates 
the  limit  of  communication  without  repeating 
is  seldom  reached  in  practice,  but  in  a  moist 
climate  like  that  of  England  the  limit  may 
be  fixed  at  400  miles,  induction  and  leakage 
rendering  repeating  necessary  at  this  distance. 

telegraph-key,  «.  The  vibrating-piece 
in  a  transmitting-instrument,  which  is  touched 
by  the  linger  to  establish  an  electric  circuit 

telegraph-plant,  «. 

Bot. :  Desmodium  gyrant. 

telegraph-post,  s.  A  post  for  keeping 
the  wires  elevated  above  the  ground  and  out 
of  contact  with  all  surrounding  objects,  except- 
ing the  insulators  on  the  posts. 

telegraph-reel,  s.  A  device  on  which 
the  endless  slip  of  paper  is  wound  on  a  re- 
cording telegraph. 

telegraph -register,  s.  A  recording- 
device  at  the  receiving  end  of  a  circuit. 

telegraph-wire,  *.  The  wire  by  which 
the  electric  current  passes  from  one  station  to 


another,  the  metallic  communication  between 
stations,  also  connecting  instruments,  battery, 
and  ground.  Wire  and  Instruments  form  the 
circuit  Wires  are  attached  by  binding-screwi 
or  terminals  to  telegraph  instruments. 

tel'-e'-graph,  v.  t.  &  i.    [TELEGRAPH,  i.] 

A*  Transitive* 

1.  To  transmit,  convey,  or  announce,  u  a 
message,  speech,  or  intelligence,  by  means  of 
a  telegraph,  and  especially  by  the  electric 
telegraph. 

2.  To  signal  in  any  way. 

B.  Intrant.:    To  tend  a  message  by  tele- 
graph. 

teT-e  graph-er,  «.  One  who  transmits  tele- 
graphic messages,  or  is  skilled  in  telegraphy. 

tel-S-graph'-lc,  a.    [Eng.  telegraph,  s.  ;  -ic.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  telegraph ;  made, 
sent,  or  communicated  by  a  telegraph. 

"  The  delay  in  the  transmission  of  telegraphic  ne  wi 
from  Madrid."— Dotty  Chronicle,  Sept  7,  1886. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  a  telegraph ;  used  for 
telegraphing. 

"  Forty  new  automatic  telegraphic  Instrument*. 
each  capable  of  telegraphing  three  hundred  words  a 
minute,  —tfueen,  Sept.  26.  1885. 

telegraphic-keyboard,  *,  The  bank 
of  keys  of  a  printing-telegraph  machine. 

* tol-S-graph -lo-al,  a.  [Eng.  telegraphic; 
•al.\  The  same  as  TELEGRAPHIC  (q.v.). 

tel-e-graph'-Io-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  telegraph^ 
col ;  -ly.\  In  a  telegraphic  manner ;  by  means 
of  the  telegraph. 

"[He]  has  telegraphically  Instructed  the  Servian 
representatives  abroad. "—Keening  Standard,  Nov.  14, 
1885. 

te-le'g'-ra-phlst,  ».  [Eng.  telegraph;  -t*tj 
One  skilled  in  telegraphy  ;  one  who  works  a 
telegraph ;  a  telegraphic  operator. 

"  The  good  service  rendered  by  them  as  telegraph- 
ittt  during  the  late  campaign.  —  Daily  Teteyraph, 
Oct,  3.  1886. 


^,  *.  [Eng.  telegraph ;  -y.]  The 
art  or  practice  of  communicating  intelligence 
by  a  telegraph ;  the  science  or  art  of  con- 
structing or  managing  telegraphs. 

"The  practical  details  of  telegraphy  have  little  In- 
terest for  the  majority  of  our  member*."— Proc  I'hyt. 
Soe..  pt.  II..  p.  7. 

tel  ei-con'-d-graph,  s.  [Eng.  telescope); 
Or.  ctfcwr  (eikon)  =.  an  image,  aud  ypa^w 
(grapho)  =  to  draw,  to  write.] 

Optics :  A  combination  of  the  telescope  and 
camera-lucida,  invented  by  M.  Revoil.  Tlie 
principle  involved  is  that  of  allowing  tba 
image  transmitted  by  the  object-glass  of  a 
telescope  to  pass  through  a  prism  connected 
with  the  eye-piece.  The  rays  of  light  that 
would  in  the  ordinary  use  of  the  telescope  be 
transmitted  direct  to  the  eye  are  refracted  by 
the  prism,  and  thrown  down  upon  a  table 
placed  below  the  eye-piece.  The  distance  be- 
tween the  prism  and  the  table  determines  the 
size  of  the  image  projected  on  the  latter,  and 
it  is  easy  for  the  observer  to  trace  on  a  paper 
placed  on  this  sketching-table  the  actual  out- 
lines indicated  by  the  refracted  light 

te-lei-dd-sau-rn»,  «.  [Gr.  T«?A«<K  (teleiu) 
=  perfect;  eiSos  (eidos)  =  form,  and  travpoc 
(«auro*)=  a  lizard.] 

Pakeont,  :  A  genus  of  Crocodiles,  sub-order 
Mesostichia.  It  is  akin  to  Telcosaurus,  and, 
like  it,  is  from  the  Fuller's  Earth.  It  is  not, 
however,  British. 

*  te'-le'-I-tjf,  s.  [Gr.  T«AOC  (telos)  =  end.]  End, 
completion. 

"Thee«t«ttyof  th«  mixture."— Gentleman  InXruetod. 
P.  427. 

*  to -lei   6 -graph,    •  tello  graph,    ». 

[TELEGRAPH.]  A  modification  of  the  sema- 
phore (q.v.),  introduced  about  the  close  ol 
the  eighteenth  century. 

"  Mr.  R.  Lorell  Edgeworth  about  the  same  time 
brought  before  the  public  his  plan  of  a  telegraph,  or 
as  he  called  it  tetelogrnph  or  ttliograph,  by  which  th« 
signals  represented  numbers,  the  meaning  of  which 
would  be  found  iu  the  dictionary  prepared  for  the 
•ystam."— Kipley  A  Dana  ;  Ainer,  Cyclop.,  zr.  600. 

*  tel -e-logue,  «.     [Gr.  -njXe  (fete)  =  afar  off, 
and  Aoyot  (logos)  =  a  word.]     A  telegraphic 
message  ;  a  telegram. 

"  To  try  the  experiment  of  penny  U&eloqun  or  mes- 
sages from  one  part  of  London  to  another."—  faU 
Mail  Guxtttt,  April  22,  1884. 


boll.  bo~^;  poUt,  Jolkrl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  $hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  «i««y  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   pn  =  t 
-oian,  -ttan  =  than.  -tton.  -sion  =  «aftn ;  -lion,  -slon  =  ihtia.  -clout.  -Uouft,  -siou*  =  sbfta.   -ble.  -die,  &o*  =  bel»  dffL 


4642 


telemeter— telephone 


t€-l6m'-$-ter,  s.  [Gr.  rijA«  (tele)  =  afar  off,  and 
Eng.  meter.]  An  instrument  for  determining 
the  distance  of  an  object  whose  linear  dimen- 
sions are  known,  from  its  apparent  length  or 
height,  when  viewed  between  two  parallel 
wires  of  a  telescope, 

tel-e-mi  -cro-phone,  5.  [Formed  from  tele- 
phone) and  microphone.] 

Physics  :  An  instrument  described  at  the 
Academic  des  Sciences,  Paris,  Jan.  25,  18S6, 
by  M.  E.  Mercadier.  (See  extract.) 

"  By  telemicrophone  the  author  understand*  a  com- 
bined apparatus  simultaneously  producing  the  effects 
of  the  microphoiie  aud  the  telephone,  and  reversii.le 
like  the  latter.  He  baa  constructed  instruments  ut 
this  kind,  for  which  he  claims  the  following  advan- 
tages uver  the  ordinary  microphone:  the  possibility 
of  a  double  mode  of  transmission  with  the  same  appa- 
ratus ;  reversibility  of  the  transmitter,  wherebr  the 
reception  Is  greatly  simplified  ;  reduction  of  the 
number  of  organs  on  the  microphonic  poets,  and 
consequent  diminution  of  the  tobd  resistance  of  tue 
•pparatua  on  the  same  line."  —  Jfaturt. 

t£l  e  mi'-cro  scope,  ,«.  A  newly  invented 
American  microscope  with  telescopic  adjust- 
ment, enabling  objects  to  be  seen  much 
magnified  at  a  distance  of  several  feet 

te"-len'-£l-scope,  «.  [Or.  -rij;v«  (tele)  =  afar 
off;  iyyvs  (enggus)=z  near,  and  trxoircw  (sfcopeo) 
=  to  see.]  An  instrument  combining  the 
powers  of  the  telescope  and  microscope. 


jfl-a,  S.  pt.  [Gr.  reAeios 
(teleios)  =  perfect,  and  &dxrv\o^  (daktulos)  =  a 
finger.  J 

Pakeont.  :  A  division  of  Ungulata  suggested 
by  Nicholson  (Pcd&ont.t  ii.  319)  for  the  Cory- 
phodontidee,  in  which  the  feet  are  five-toed, 
at  present  placed  with  the  Perissodactyles. 

t&-e-6-lSg  -ic-al,  a.    [Eng.  teleology)  ;  -ical,  } 
Of  or  pertaining  to  teleology  ;  relating  to  final 


"  The  futility  of  the  teleoloffi&il  argument  may  be 
seen  In  this,  that  until  we  have  discovered  the  law  of 
succession,  until  the  facts  are  coordinated,  the  as- 
sumption of  a  nnal  cause  brings  with  it  no  illumina- 
tion. aud  when  the  law  has  been  discovered,  the  addi- 
tion of  the  final  cause  brings  no  increase  of  know- 
ledge."— &.  H,  L*icet  :  ffitt.  Philot.  fed.  1880),  1.  315.  316. 


l-lfc,  adv.  [Eng.  teleologi- 
col;  ~ly.]  In  a  teleological  manner;  accord- 
ing to  the  principles  of  teleology. 

tSl-e-61  o-&ist,  *.  [Eng.  teleology)  ;  -*rf.] 
One  versed  in  teleology  ;  one  who  Investigates 
the  final  cause  or  purpose  of  phenomena,  or 
the  end  for  which  each  has  been  produced. 


teleos)  =  the  end,  and  Aoyot  (logos)  =  a    dis- 
course.} 
Philosophy  : 

1.  A  branch  of  metaphysics;  the  doctrine 
of  final  causes  and  of  the  uses  which  every 
part  of  nature  was  designed  to  subserve  ;  the 
argument  from  design  in  proof  of  the  exist- 
ence of  God.     The  expression  "final  causes" 
was  introduced  by  Aristotle,  and  the  extension 
which  he  gave  to  the  idea  of  causation  drew 
his  followers  away  from  studying  the  proper 
object  of  physical  science.      Bacon  (de  Aug. 
Scient.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  v.)  said  on  the  subject: 
"  Causarnm  finalium  inqnisitio  sterilis  est,  et, 
tanquam  virgo  Deo  consecrata,  nihil  parit  " 
(Inquiry  into  final  causes  is  fruitless,  and,  like 
a  virgin  dedicated  to  God,  produces  nothing). 
The  context  shows  that  his  objection  was  not 
to  the  investigation  of  final  causes  in  them- 
selves, but  to  the  supposition  that  this  study 
was  a  branch  of  physics.     It  was,  he  said,  the 
"  second  part  of  metaphysics."    His  objection 
to  its  introduction  into  physics  was  not  merely 
that   it   violated    logical  order,   but  that  it 
operated  as  a  powerful  obstacle  to  the  study 
or  physical  causes.     Des  Cartes  oVijected  to 
the  study  of  final  causes,  believing  that  to  do 
00  successfully  was  beyond  the  faculties  of 
man  ;  and  most  of  the  French  philosophers 
of  the  eighteenth  century  for  various  reasons 
Ignored  teleology.     Modern  physical  science 
confines  itself  rigorously,  as  its  name  sug- 
gests, to  the  investigation  of  physical  causes. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  ends  in  morality,  pru- 
dence or  policy,  and  aesthetics. 

"  Every  art  is  thus  a  joint  result  of  the  laws  of 
nature  disclosed  by  science,  and  of  the  general  prin- 
ciples of  what  has  been  called  Teleology,  or  the  Doc- 
trine of  Ends,  which,  borrowing  the  language  of  the 


German  metaphysician*,  may  also  be  termed,  not 
Improperly,  the  principles  of  Practical  Reason."— 
Mill :  Logic,  bk.  TL,  ch.  xii.,  f  6. 


tel'-6-i-phyte,  s.  [Gr.  re'Aeos  (teleos).  Te'A«o? 
(teleios)  =  complete,  perfect,  and  fyvrov  (phuton) 
=  a  plant.] 


Biol.  :  A  plant  composed  of  a  number  of 
cells  arranged  in  tissues. 

"  A  tree  is  an  assemblage  of  numerous  united  ahoota. 
One  of  these  great  itl+->phtit«t  Is  thus  an  aggregate  of 
aggregates  of  aggregate*  of  units,  which  severally  re- 
semble pro  topi  iy  1*8  in  their  sizes  and  structures."— 
a.  Apewcer:  1'rtn.  Biol.  led.  1804).  i.  10». 


tel'-6-6-saur,  s.  [TELEOSAURUS.]  A  fossil 
saurian  of  the  genus  Teleosaurus. 

"The  Teteotaurt  were  preceded  by  Belodon."—  Phil- 
lip*  .  Geology  led,  1885),  i.  CIS. 

t  tel-e-6-sau'-ri-a,  s.  pi.    [TELEOSAURUS.] 

PcUceont.  ;  A  group  of  fossil  Crocodiles, 
usually  merged  in  the  Mesosuchia  of  Huxley, 
or  the  Amphicosiia  of  Owen. 

tel-e-i-sau'-rl-an,  s.  [TELEOSAURIA.]  Any 
individual  of  the  Teleosauria(q.v.). 

"  Has  large  pnelachryinal  vacuities  like  a  Telco- 
Xiuriiin."—  Quart.  Journ.  tieul.  Hoc.,  xsxi.  431. 

tel-e-o-sau'-riis,  s.  [Gr.  r«\eos  (teleos)  = 
perfect,  and  o-aupos  (sauros)  =  a  lizard.] 

PalfEont.  :  A  genus  of  Mesosuchia.  The 
jaws  are  very  elongated,  and  have  many  conical 
teeth  like  those  of  the  modern  Gavials.  The 
dermal  scales  are  large,  strong,  and  solid. 
From  the  Fuller's  Earth.  Species  numerous. 

tSl'-enist,  a.    [TELEOSTEI.]    A  teleostean. 

tel  e-6s  -te  an,  s.  &  a.    [TELEOSTEI.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

Zool,  :  Any  member  of  the  order  TELEOSTEI 
(q.v.). 

B.  As  adj.  :  OforpertainingtotheTeleostei. 

tei-e-OB'-te-l,  8.  pi  [Gr.T«Ae-o«(tete<w),  TC'A«O« 
(teleios)=  perfect,  and6<rreoF(<w(eoH.)  =  abone.] 

1.  Ichthy.  :  In  modern  classifications  a  sub- 
class including  the  majority  of  the  existing 
species.    They  correspond  broadly  with  the 
Osseous  Fishes  of  Cuvier,  and  the  Ctenoidei 
and  Cycloidei  of  Agassi  z.     Heart  with  a  non- 
contractile  arterial  bulb  ;   intestine  without 
spiral  valve  ;  optic  nerve  decussating  ;  skele- 
ton well  ossified,  with  biconcave  vertebrae  ; 
tail  homocercal  (though  in  early  stages  of  its 
development  it  has  a  heterocercat  form).  They 
are  usually  protected   by  thin,   imbricating 
ctenoid  or  cycloid  scales,  sometimes  by  bony 
plates,  whilst  in  some  the  skin  is  naked.    The 
gills  are  free,  with  one  external  opening  pro- 
tected by  a  gill-cover.     As  arranged  by  Dr. 
Gitnther,  the  Teleostei  are  divided  into  six 
orders  :  (1)  Acanthopterygii  (sub-divided  into 
Pereiformes,  Beryciformes,  Kurtifonnes,  Poly- 
nemi  formes,      Sciseniformes,      Xiphiiformes, 
Trichiuriformea,  Cotto-Scombriformes,  Gobii- 
formes,  Blenniifornes,  Mugiliformes,  Gastros- 
teiformes,  Centrisciformes,  Gobiesociformes, 
Channiformes,  Labyrinthibrancliii,   Lophoti- 
foriues,  Tseniiformes,  and  Notacanthi  formes)  ; 

(2)  Acanthopterygii     Pharyngognathi  ;     (8) 
Anacanthini  (sub-divided  into  Gadoidei  and 
Pleuronectoidei);  (4)  Pliysostomi;  (5)  Lopho- 
branchii  ;  and  (6)  Plectognathi.     In  Mailer's 
classification,  the  Teleostei  were  also  made  a 
gub-class    with    six    orders  :    (1)  Acanthop- 
teri  ;  (2)  Anacanthini  (Sub-brachii,  Apodes)  ; 

(3)  Pharyngognathi  (Acanthopterygii,  Mala- 
copterygii)  ;    (4)   Physostomi    (Abdominales, 
Apodes)  ;  (6)  Plectognathi  ;  and  (6)  Lopho- 
branchii. 

2,  PaUeont.  :  The  Teleostei  appear  first  in 
the   Chalk,  but   the   majority  of  the  fossil 
genera  are  of  Tertiary  age. 

tcl-e-o  -zo'-on  (pi.  tel-e-o-*6'-a),  *•  [Gr. 
reAeof  (teleos),  reAeio?  (teleios)  =  complete,  per- 
fect, and  jjipov  (zoon)  =  an  animal.] 

Biol.  :  An  animal  composed  of  a  number  of 
cells  arranged  in  tissues. 

"  It  is  among  the  Protozoa  that  there  occur  numer- 
ous cases  of  vital  activity  displayed  by  specks  of  pro- 
toplasm; and  from  the  minute  anatomy  of  all  crea- 
tures above  these  np  to  tbe  Tcieoioa.  are  drawn  the 
numerous  proofs  that  non-cellular  tissues  may  arise 
by  direct  metamorphosis  of  structureless  colloidal 
substance."—//.  Spencer  :  Prin.  Biol.  («L  1864),  11.  77. 

te-lep  -a-thy,  s.  [Gr.  <njA«  (tele)=  afar  off, 
and  Tra0o$  (patiws)  =•  in  sympathy  with,  but 
suffering.]  The  feeling  or  experiencing  of 
sensations  at  a  distance  from  another  person. 

'*  Telepathy  occurs,  it  appears,  when  the  mind  of 
one  human  being  affects  the  mind  of  another  human 
being,  hut  not  through  any  of  the  recognised  channels 
of  sense.  If  the  mind  of  the  reader  of  this  article 
could  cause  the  mind  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey  to  be 
violently  and  automatically  impressed  with  a  vision 
of  the  '  Daily  News'  of  yesterday,  that  would  be  tf.te* 
pa  thy."—  Daily  Xevx,  Nov.  ft,  1886. 

tel'-e-phone,  s,  Gr.  n?A«  (tele)  —  afar  off,  and 
^vnr/i  (phone)  =  a  sound  ;  voice.] 


i » 


Physics :  An  instrument  for  transmitting 
sounds  or  speech  to  distances  where  sucn 
would  be  inaudible  through  aerial  sound- 
waves. This  definition  excludes  speaking 
tubes,  which  act  simply  by  preserving  and 
concentrating  sound-waves.  Telephonic  ac- 
tion depends  upon  the  fact  that  sound-waves 
in  air  are  capable  of  communicating  vibrations 
to  a  stretched  membrane,  and  if  by  any  means 
such  vibrations  can  be  transmitted  with  true 
resemblance  to  another  membrane  at  any 
distance,  such  receiving  membrane  will  re- 
produce the  sound.  This  capacity  of  a  simple 
vibrating  membrane  to  reproduce  the  most 
complicated  sounds,  as  of  speech,  is  in  reality 
the  greatest  mystery  connected  with  the 
matter ;  all  else  relates  to  the  mechanism  of 
transmission  only.  The  essential  nature  of 
the  operation  is 
well  shown  in  the 
common  toy  tele- 
phone sold  in  the 
streets,  in  which  TOT  TELEPHONE. 

the  floors  of  two 

small  tin  cups  consist  of  stretched  membranes, 
or  even  of  paper.  The  two  membranes  are  con- 
nected by  a  long  piece  of  twine.  If  now  one 
cup  be  held  to  the  mouth  and  spoken  into, 
the  voice  communicates  vibrations  to  the 
membrane.  The  stretched  twine  communicates 
similar  vibrations  to  the  membrane  of  the 
other  cup,  and  if  its  cavity  be  held  to  the  ear 
the  sounds  will  be  heard.  This  is  a  true 
mechanical  telephone.  The  term  is  more  o-om- 
monly  applied  to  the  electrical  telephonic 
apparatus  so  much  used  in  modern  life,  but 
the  principle  is  precisely  similar.  Such  ap- 
paratus generally  belongs  to  one  of  two  main 
classes.  The  true  inventor  of  the  first  was 
undoubtedly  Philip  Reis,  who  showed,  in 
1861,  that  variations  in  an  electric  current 
caused  by  a  vibrating  membrane  could  repro- 
duce the  necessary  vibrations.  Reis  in  this 
way  transmitted  musical  sounds  and  even 
words  ;  but  his  apparatus  was  imperfect,  and 
it  was  reserved  for  Mr.  Graham  Bell  to  perfect 
that  which  is  still  commonly  used  and  known 
as  the  Bell  telephone,  though  it  is  the  nearly 
unanimous  opinion  of  electricians  that  Bell's 
patent  has  been  held  by  courts  of  law  to  cover 
far  more  ground  than  is  really  due  to  him, 
much  to  the  public  detriment  and  to  the  hin- 
drance of  progress.  Bell's  telephone  and  its 
action  may  be  understood  on  reference  to  the 


BELL  S  TELEPHONE. 


diagram,  where  d  is  a  cylindrical  steel  n>agnet, 
surrounded  at  one  end  by  a  coil  of  wire,  a, 
whose  ends  are  connected  by  the  wires  e  e  with 
the  circuit,  or  line-wire.  It  will  now  be  under- 
stood [MAGNETISM]  that  any  change  in  the 
power  of  the  magnet  will  cause  currents  in  this 
wire.  Near,  but  not  touching,  the  magnet's  end 
is  stretched  a  very  thin  sheet  of  iron,  b  b,  as  a 
membrane,  which  is  spoken  to  through  the 
mouthpiece  c.  Thus  made  to  vibrate,  the 
iron  membrane  approaches  toand  recedes  from 
the  magnet ;  and  as  it  acts  towards  this  as 
an  armature,  tending  to  close  the  magnetic 
circuit,  the  effect  is  to  produce  fluctuating 
degrees  of  free  magnetism,  which  again  pro- 
duce fluctuating  or  undulating  currents  in 
the  line-wire.  But  if  these  fluctuating  cur- 
rents are  received  in  a  precisely  similar  instru- 
ment, they  in  its  coil  produce  variable  mag- 
netic force  in  the  magnet,  and  this  reproduces 
vibrations  in  the  second  iron  membrane,  which 
reproduce  the  sound.  The  second  class  of 
instruments  are  based  upon  the  Microphone 
(q.v,).  If  part  of  a  galvanic  current  is  com- 
posed of  two  or  three  pieces  of  matter  (prefer- 
ably charcoal)  in  loose  contact,  variations  in 
the  current  produce  variations  in  the  contact 
pressure  of  the  loose  pieces,  and  the  converse, 
Hence,  instead  of  a  vibrating  membrane 
causing  undulating  currents  by  means  of  a 
magnet  as  in  the  Bell  method,  it  may  abut 
against  such  a  series  of  mere  contacts,  and 
thus  cause  an  undulating  or  variable  current 
which  again  is  capable  of  the  converse  action. 
A  microphone  is  thus  capable,  with  more  or 
less  modification,  of  being  used  as  a  tele- 
phone, and  the  employment  of  either  method 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  -  e ;  ©y  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


telephone— telescopy 


4043 


Is  a  question  of  practical  conditions.  The 
Bell  telephone  is  independent  of  any  bat- 
tery, being  self-acting  ;  but  its  feeble  cur- 
rents  are  incapable  of  transmitting  speech  to 
a  distance  ;  hence  most  of  the  modifications 
in  niiiguetic  telephones  have  had  the  design 
of  increasing  the  power,  as  by  using  both  poles 
of  the  magnet,  and  in  other  ways.  The  micro- 
phone, on  the  other  hand,  uses  the  power  of 
a  battery  in  its  circuit,  but  in  some  respects 
appears  less  delicately  sensitive  than  the  free 
nirmbraue.  There  are  various  forms  of  tele- 
jiliuue  in  use,  employing  different  sources  of 
electric  power,  and  the  instrument  hiis  beea 
made  available  at  distances  of  a  thousand 
miles  or  more. 

telephone-tooth,  •.  A  small  closet 
in  which,  for  privacy,  a  telephone  is  frequently 
located. 

telephone  line,  «.     A  line   of  wire 

forming  the  medium  of  an  electric  circuit 
whereby  telephone  communication  is  estab- 
lished between  two  or  moie  points. 

teT-6-phone,  v.t.  &  i.    [TELEPHONE,  *.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  send,  communicate,  transmit, 
or  reproduce  as  sounds,  a  message,  or  the 
like,  by  means  of  a  telephone. 

B.  fntrans,  :  To  send,  transmit,  or  repro- 
duce sounds,  a  message,  or  the  like,  by  means 
of  a  telephone. 

tei  e  phon  -Ic,  a.  [Eng.  telephone),  B.  ;  -ic.J 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  telephone  ;  communi- 
cated, transmitted,  or  reproduced  by  means 
of  the  telephone. 

te'-lcph'-o'n-Ut,  s.  [Eng.  telephone);  -ist.] 
A  person  versed  in  the  telephone  ;  one  who 
operates  a  telephone. 

tel  e  phon'  o"  graph,  *.  A  receiving  in- 
strument for  recording  a  telephonic  message. 

te-leph-6-ny,  ».  [Eng.  telephone):  -y.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  transmitting  or  repro- 
ducing sounds,  communications,  <fcc.,  by 
means  of  the  telephone. 

t  tel-e-ph5r'-i-dce,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat  tde- 
phor(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entcnn.  :  A  family  of  Beetles,  now  reduced 
to  the  sub-family  Telephorinse  (q.v.). 

tel-e-phS-ri'-nw,  a.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  teU- 
pkor(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  autf.  -ince.] 

Entom.  :  A  sub-family  of  Lampyridae,  more 
elongated  and  narrower  than  the  typical  Lain- 
pyrinse.  The  legs  are  also  longer  ;  the  head 
is  not  covered  by  the  prothorax,  World-wide 
in  distribution.  One  genus,  which  connects 
the  Telephorinse  with  the  Lam  py  rinse,  is  lu* 
minous. 

tel  e  phoV-i-um,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.  telephone 
(q.v.).] 

PaUeont.  :  A  genus  of  Coleoptera  akin  to 
Telephorus  (q.v.),  from  the  Purbeck  beds. 

te-leph  -or-us,  s.     [Gr.  T«AOS  (teto«)  =  end, 

and  <ftop6i  (phoros)  =  bearing.] 

Entom,  :  The  typical  genus  of  Telephorinse 
(q.v.).  They  are  known  to  children,  from 
their  colours,  as  Soldiers  and  Sailors.  They 
are  seen  in  meadows  on  plants,  but  are  car- 
nivorous. According  to  De  Geer,  the  female 
sometimes  devours  the  male.  Twenty-four 
species  are  British. 

tel  er'-pe-to'n,  s.  [Or.  rijAe  (t£0)  =  far  off, 
and  fpirerov  (kerpeton)  =  a  reptile,  a  creeping 
thing  ;  epirta  (herpo)  —  to  creep.] 

Palwont.  ;  A  genus  of  Lacertilta,  founded 
by  Man  tell  on  remains  of  a  reptile  which  he 
called  Telerpeton  elginense,  discovered  in  1851 
by  Mr.  Patrick  Duff  in  Spynie,  near  Elgin,  in 
light-coloured  sandstone,  once  referred  by 
some  geologists  to  the  Upper  Devonian,  but 
now  held  to  be  Triassic.  The  dentition 
seems  to  have  been  acrodont,  and  It  differed 
from  most  existing  lizards  merely  in  having 
amphicoelous  vertebra.  (Quar.  Jour.  Geol. 
Soc.,  viii.  100.) 


n,  *.    [Lat.  tel(lus)  =  the  earth, 
and  Eng.  erytkrin.] 

Chem.  :  A  product  of  the  decomposition  of 
orsellinic  ether  when  the  ether,  dissolved  in 
hot  water,  is  exposed  to  the  air  for  several 
months.  (Watts.) 

tel'-  e-scope,  s.     [Gr.  T^Xt  (tele)  =  afar  off; 
crjcorrc'w  (slcopeo)  =  to  see,  to  observe.  ] 


Optical  Instruments :  An  instrument  for  mag- 
nifying distant  objects  so  as  to  make  them 
look  nearer  the  eye  than  they  actually  are. 
Its  essential  parts  are :  an  object  glass  or  a 
concave  mirror  to  render  the  rays  of  light 
convergent,  and  form  an  image  of  the  object, 
and  an  eyepiece  to  magnify  it  after  the  man- 
ner of  a  microscope.  About  A.D.  1000,  Gerbert 
of  Auvergne  viewed  the  stars  through  a  tube 
in  which,  however,  there  were  no  lenses. 
Roger  Bacon  seems  to  have  known  that 
lenses  in  combination  had  a  magnifying 
power.  Dr.  Dee,  in  1570,  speaks  of  "per- 
spective glasses,"  apparently  used  in  war  to 
survey  the  enemy's  forces.  Jansen  and  Lip- 
prrsheim,  Lippershey,  or  Laprey,  spectacle- 
makers  at  Middelburg,  and  Jacob  Adriansz 
or  Metius,  seem  to  have  first  become  aware 
of  the  power  of  instruments  constructed 
like  the  modern  telescope,  and,  on  Oct.  2, 
1608,  Lippershey  offered  to  the  States-Gene- 
ral three  instruments  "with  which  one  can 
see  to  a  distance."  Galileo,  hearing  of  this, 
divined  how  the  result  was  effected,  arid 
constructed  the  Galilean  telescope  which  had 
a  double  concave  eyepiece,  and  made  many 
astronomical  discoveries  with  it,  including 
the  satellites  of  Jupiter.  His  telescope  is 
still  well  known  in  the  familiar  opera-glass. 
Kepler  first  pointed  out  the  advantage  of 
making  telescopes  with  two  convex  lenses, 
and  Schemer  carried  the  suggestion  into 
practice  in  1650.  De  Rheita  made  a  tele- 
scope with  three  lenses,  and  another  of  the 
binocular  type.  Huyghens  made  a  telescope 
of  123  feet  focal  length,  only  the  object 
glass  of  which  was  in  a  short  tube,  and 
his  was  not  the  largest  one  existing.  The 
unwieldy  character  of  these  huge  instruments 
led  to  the  discovery  of  the  reflecting  tele- 
scope, of  which  four  types  arose.  The  Gregor- 
ian telescope  was  invented  by  James  Gregory 
in  1663,  the  Cassegrainian  telescope  by  Ca&se- 
grain  in  1672,  the  Newtonian  telescope  by  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  in  1669.  and  the  Herschelian 
telescope  by  Sir  William  Herschel  about  1779. 
Telescopes,  it  will  be  seen,  are  of  two  leading 
kinds — Refracting  and  Reflecting  telescopes  : 
in  the  former  the  image  is  formed  by  refrac- 
tion through  an  object  glass,  in  the  latter 
by  means  of  a  concave  mirror  or  speculum. 
A  refracting  telescope  in  the  simplest  form 
consists  of  a  double  convex  lens  (the  object 
glass),  and  a  second  and  smaller  lens,  also 
doubly  convex  (called  the  eye -piece).  To 
render  a  telescope  achromatic,  the  object 
glass  is  made  double  or  triple,  and  the  eye- 
piece is  generally  composed  of  two  lenses 
adapted  to  each  other.  Not  only  does  a  tele- 
scope magnify  objects,  but  it  collects  and 
concentrates  upon  the  eye  a  greater  amount 
of  light  than  would  enter  the  organ  if  unas- 
sisted, and  the  larger  the  object  glass  the 
greater  in  both  respects  is  the  power  of  the 
telescope ;  and  a  friendly  rivalry  exists  be- 
tween civilized  nations  as  to  which  shall 
possess  the  most  powerful  telescope.  The 
size  of  the  object  glass  in  refracting  telescopes 
has  steadily  increased  within  recent  years, 
mainly  as  a  result  of  the  skill  of  Mr.  Alvan 
Clark,  of  Cambridgeport,  Mass.  It  is  not 
many  years  since  his  lens  of  30  inches 
diameter,  made  for  the  Russian  astronomers, 
was  considered  the  finality  of  accomplishment ; 
but  siuce  then  he  has  made  a  UO-inch  glass, 
now  in  the  Lick  observatory  telescope  at 
Mount  Hamilton,  Cal.,  and  is  engaged  on  a 
40-inch  lens  designed  for  the  Yerkes  telescope, 
to  be  placed  in  an  observatory  at  Lake  Geneva, 
Wis.,  seventy-five  miles  north  of  Chicago 
Lord  Rosse's  great  reflecting  telescope  has  a 
reflector  of  six  feet  in  diameter,  and  can 
magnify  an  object  407  times  without  rendering 
it  less  bright  than  it  appears  to  the  naked  eye. 
A  refracting,  astronomical  telescope,  having 
the  eye-piece  of  a  single  lens,  or  of  a  pair 
of  lenses,  does  not  reverse  the  image  formed 
by  the  object-glass,  and  therefore  exhibits 
objects  Inverted,  which  does  not  much  matter 
in;  astronomical  observation.  A  terrestrial 
telescope,  for  looking  at  objects  on  the  earth, 
has  an  eye-piece  with  two  more  lenses  than  an 
astronomical  one;  it  therefore  inverts  the 
image  and  exhibits  objects  erect.  [ACUROMAT ic- 

TELESCOPE.] 

telescope-carp,  i.     [TELESCOPE-FISH.] 
telescope  fish,  telescope  carp,  «. 

Ichthy. :  The  most  highly-prized  of  the 
many  varieties  of  Cyprinus  (CaraxsiuB)  au- 
ratus,  the  gold-fish.  The  dorsal  fin  is  absent, 
the  tail  is  much  enlarged,  sub-triangular  or 


tri-lobate,  and  the  eyes,  which  are  Urge  and 
protruding,  are  set  in  pedicels. 

telescope-fly,  s. 

Entom. :  The  dipterous  genus  Dlopsis(q.v.)b 
telescope-shell,  *. 

Zool. :  Ceritkium  telescopium,  [CERITHIAD,K.] 

te'l'-e'-scope,  v.t.  &  t.    [TELESCOPE.) 

A.  Trans. :  To  drive  or  force  the  parts  of 
into  each  other,  like  the  sliding  joints  of  a 
pocket  telescope;  said  chiefly  of  railway 
carriages  or  other  vehicles  which  come  into 
collision.  (Colloq.) 

"Several  of  the  wagons  were  tdctrnped.  and  much 
damage  was  done  to  the  rolling  ttwk."—/)ailu  2V«. 
graph,  Jan.  10.  1886. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  move  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  movable  joints  or  slides  of  a  pocket 
telescope ;  specifically,  to  run  or  be  driven, 
together,  so  that  the  one  partially  enters  or 
is  forced  into  the  other ;  as,  The  carriage* 
telescoped, 

tel -e  scop -Ic,  tel-e-scop  Ic  al.a.  [Eng 
tettscop(e);  ic;  ical.\ 
I.  Ordinary  Language ' 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  telescope ;    per- 
formed by  the  aid  of  a  telescope ;  as,  tetescopin 
observations. 

2.  Seen  or  discoverable  only  by  the  help  of 
a  telescope. 

"There  are  microscopic*!  corpuscles  In  bodies,  u 
there  nre  telewiptcal  atan  in  the  heavens,  neither  of 
winch  cau  be  discovered  without  the  help  of  one  or 
the  other  of  these  glasses."— B olingbrolte  :  Entity  i. 

3.  Seeing  to  a  great  distance ;  far-seeing ; 
far-reaching. 

"  Turn  eastward  now,  and  Fancy  shall  apply 
To  your  weak  eight  her  telescopic  eye. 

Courper :  Truth,  99. 

4.  Having  the  power  of  extension  by  means 
of  joints  sliding  one  within  the  other,  like  the 
tube  of  a  pocket  telescope. 

H.  Mach. :  Constructed  or  composed  of 
concentric  tubes.  (See  compounds.) 

telescopic  boiler,  s. 

Steam ;  A  boiler  formed  of  several  concentric 
cylindrical  portions. 

telescopic  chimney,  s. 

Naut. :  A  chimney  which  is  in  sections 
slipping  into  each  other,  to  be  lowered  la 
time  of  action,  or,  in  certain  river-steamers, 
in  passing  beneath  bridges. 

telescopic- jack,  *.  A  screw*jack,  in 
which  the  lifting  head  is  raised  by  the  action 
of  two  screws  having  reversed  threads,  one 
working  within  the  other,  and  both  sinking 
or  telescoping  within  the  base.  By  this 
differential  arrangement  greater  power  is  ob- 
tained. 

telescopic-lens,  s.  A  compound  lens 
suited  for  the  eye  or  object-glass  of  a  telescope. 
Terrestrial  telescopes,  or  spy-glasses,  have 
two  lenses  more  than  astronomical  telescopes, 
enabling  an  object  to  be  seen  in  its  natural 
instead  of  an  inverted  position. 

tel-e-sc6p'-ic-al-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  Ulescopioal; 
•iy>] 

1.  By  means  of  a  telescope. 

2.  In  manner  of  a  telescope. 

"As  many  an  four  wagons  nearly  tdetcnpicatty  stove 
In  were  heaped  on  top  of  each  other."— ftaily  Til* 
graph,  Jan.  10,  1886. 

tel-e-sccp'-l  -form,  a.  [Eng.  telescope,  and 
form.]  Having  the  form  or  construction  of  ft 
telescope. 

tc  lcs'-co  pist,  a.  [Eng.  telescorte);  -tot.] 
One  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  telescope  for 

astronomical  purposes. 

tel-e-sco-pl-um,  *.  [Hod.  L»u=a  tele- 
scope.] 

Astron.:  A  southern  constellation,  esta- 
blished by  Lacaille.  It  is  surrounded  by  Am, 
Pavo,  Sagittarius,  and  Ophiuchus.  Its  largest 
star  is  only  of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

*  Telescopium  Herscholl,  t. 

Astron. :  Herschel's  Telescope  ;  a  constella- 
tion named  after  Sir  Wm.  HerscheL  It  IB  in 
the  Northern  Hemisphere  between  Gemini, 
Lynx,  and  Auriga.  It  is  not  now  generally 

admitted. 

te'-les'-ci-p&  «.  [Eng.  telescop(e);  -y.]  The 
art  or  science  of  constructing  or  using  the 
telescope. 


boil,  bop' ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  Bin,  oa ;  expect,  X  en  op  mm,  exist.    -Ing. 
-cian.    tian  =  Shan,    -tlon,    sion  =  shun :  -tion,  -sion  —  «ii««,    -cioiu*.    tious,    sious  =  shus.     ble.  -die,  dec.  =  bel,  del. 


4644 


telesia— telltale 


tel-e  -f  i-a,  s.  [Or.  T«Af'o-ioc  (telesios)  =  tinish- 
ing,  comi'lattug  ;  Fr.  telesie.] 

liin. :  A  name  given  by  Haiiy  to  the  pure 
varieties  of  sapphire  (q.v.). 

*  tel'-ejm,  s.     [Gr.  ri\t<rna  (telesma)  =  an  in- 
cantation.]     A  kind  of  amuiet  or   magical 
charm  ;  a  talisman  (q.v.). 

•tei-ef-mat  ic,   -tel-e?  mat-Io  al,  a. 

(Gr.  T*A«3>a  (telesnia),  genit.  T«A«'o>aTO« 
(telf-smatos)  =  an  incantation.)  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  telesms  or  talismans  ;  talismanic. 

•  tel  e?  mat  -ic-aHJr,   odt>.      [Bug.    telet- 
matiml;    -ly.]      By   means  of    telesms    or 
talismans. 

"The  part  of  Fortune  found  out.  was  myateriously 
Included  iu  statue  of  brass,  teletniatically  prepared. 
— Gregory  :  Note*  on  Scripture,  p.  82. 

tel-e  spec-tro-scope,  «.  (Bug.  telescope), 
and  spectroscope.] 

Optics:  An  instrument  for  observing  the 
light  from  the  planets  and  fixed  stars,  for 
ascertaining  their  physical  condition  and  the 
composition  of  their  atmospheres.  It  con- 
sists of  a  spectroscope  placed  at  the  end  of 
a  telescope,  and  containing  two  prisms,  while 
the  image  of  the  star  is  brought  to  the  slit 
of  the  spectroscope,  which  is  o-e  three-hun- 
dredth part  of  an  inch  in  breadth. 

tSl  6  ster  -6-6-scope,  i.  [Gr.  TIJA«  (me), 
=  afar  off,  aud  Bng.  stereoscope  (q.v.).]  An 
instrument  described  by  Helmholtz,  In  1857, 
for  producing  an  appearance  of  relief  in  the 
objects  of  a  landscape  at  moderate  distances. 
It  consists  of  a  frame  on  which  are  set  at  a 
convenient  distance — say  4i  feet — apart  two 
plane  mirrors  at  an  angle  of  45°,  which 
receive  the  rays  of  light  from  the  objects ; 
these  are  reflected  to  two  central  mirrors, 
forming  an  angle  of  45'  with  the  first, 
in  which  they  are  viewed  by  the  eye.  The 
effect  produced  is  the  same  as  if  the  eyes  of 
the  observer  were  at  the  same  distance  apart 
as  the  two  larger  mirrors.  When  objects  at 
a  great  distance  are  viewed,  they  do  not 
appear  in  strong  relief,  but  rather  as  if  de- 
tached from  the  general  landscape. 

'  te  les  tic,  •tS-leV-tlck.  o.  [Gr.  T«« 
(telos)  =  the  end.]  Pertaining  to  the  final  end 
or  purpose ;  tending  or  serving  to  the  end  or 
finish. 

•  tS-les'-tleh,  8.  [Gr.  T.AOS  (telos)  =  the  end, 
and  <m'x«  (stickos)=  a  row,  a  verse.]  A  poem. 
in  which  the  final  letters  of  each  line  make  up 
a  name. 

tcl  c  thu  sa,  s.    [Lat.  =  the  mother  of  Iphii 
(Ovid :  Met.,  in.  682.)] 
Zool, :  A  synonym  of  Arenicola  (q.v.). 

tSl-e-thu'-$i  dee,  s.  ;<•  [Mod.  Lat.  telethus(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ides.] 

Zool. :  An  approximate  synonym  of  Areni- 
colid*  (q.v.). 

rSl-ialr'-I-a,  «.  [Named  after  Mr.  Telfair, 
superintendent  of  the  Royal  garden  at  Mauri- 
tius, j 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Nhandirobege.  Known 
species  two,  Te(/atriapedata[JoLiFFiA],awood- 
dimber,  with  a  stem  from  fifty  to  a  hundred 
feet  long,  growing  in  Zanzibar;  and  T.  oc- 
eidentalis,  from  Western  Africa,  whtre  it  is 
cultivated  for  the  seeds,  which  are  eaten. 
When  expressed  they  yield  a  bland  oil. 

'.il'-f  drd,  «.  Originally  Telford  pavement ;  a 
pavement  invented  by  Thomas  Telford  (1767- 
1834),  a  Scotch  engineer,  and  consisting  of1 
large  broken  stones,  packed  with  smaller  ones, 
the  whole  covered  with  a  fine  layer  rolled  hard 
and  smooth. 

-W-f  5rd-ize,  v.  To  make  (a  road)  accord- 
i»g  to  Telford's  method.  [See  TELTOED,  «.] 

cel'-Io,  a.  [Or.  rAoc  (Won)  =  the  end.]  De- 
noting the  final  end  or  purpose.  [ECBATIC.] 

Tfi-lln'-ga,  t.    [See  def.  of  compound.] 
Telinga  potato,  «. 

Bot. :  AmorphorHiaUus  campanvlatus,  culti- 
vated in  the  Telinga  or  Telugu  country  for 
its  edible  roots  or  tubers. 

ttS-li'-nl,  «.  [Native  name  (?).]  (See  etym. 
and  compound.) 


telini-fly,  s. 

Entom. :  Mylabris  cichorii,  plentiful  In 
most  parts  of  India.  It  has  been  strongly 
recoini ne tided  as  a  substitute  for  cantharides. 


*  telle,  *  tell  en  (jw.  t.  *  tellde,  *telde, 
told.  *toldet  pa.  par.  told),  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S. 
tellan  (pa.  t.  tealdet  pa.  par.  teald)  =.  to  count, 
to  narrate,  from  talu  =  a  tale,  a  number  ; 
cogn.  with  But.  tellen,  from  tal  —  a  tale  ;  Icel. 
telja,  from  tola ;  Dan.  talle,  from  tal ;  Sw. 
talja,  from  tal;  Ger.  zahlen,  from  jzaAU 

[TALE.] 

A*  Transitive : 

L  To  count,  to  enumerate,  to  reckon. 

"And  «ome  crow  rich  by  telling  liea. 
Aud  some  by  telling  money." 

Praed  :  Ckaunt  of  the  Brazen  Head. 

2.  To  express  in  words ;  to  communicate, 
to  utter,  to  say. 


3.  To  narrate,  to  relate,  to  rehearse. 

"  I'll  tell  you  my  dream."—  shakesp.  :  Merry  Wiret- 

4.  To  make  known  by  words;  to  divulge, 
to  disclose,  to  confess,  to  acknowledge. 

"  Tell  It  not  In  Oath."—  2  Samuel  i  20. 

*  6.  To  explain,  to  solve. 

"  Wlioso  asked  her  for  Ms  wife, 
Ills  riddle  told  not,  lost  his  life." 

Shaketp.  :  Periclet,  Prol.  18. 

6.  With  a  personal  object  : 

(1)  To  give  information  or  instruction  to. 

"  I  told  him  of  myself." 

SJiakeip.  :   Antony  t  Cleopatra,  ii.  2. 

(2)  To  order,  to  direct;  to  give  orders  or 
directions  to  :  as,  He  told  you  to  stay  here. 

7.  To  discern  so  as  to  be  able  to  say  or 
declare  ;  to  distinguish,  to  decide,  to  deter- 
mine, to  answer,  to  indicate  :  as,  I  cannot  tell 
one  from  the  other. 

*  8.  To  publish,  to  proclaim,  to  declare. 

"Aud  othere  seiden,  be  Mmeth  to  be  a  teller  of  lie  we 
feeudis,  for  he  teefde  to  hem  Jhesu  aud  the  aaheu- 
risyng.  —  Wydiffe  :  Dedit  xviL 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  give  an  account;  to  make  or  give  a 
report  ;  to  speak. 

"That  I  may  .  .  .  tog  of  all  thy  wondrous  works."— 
Ptalm  xxvi  7. 

2.  To  play  the  Informer  ;  to  tell  tales  ;  to 
inform,  to  blab  :  as,  If  he  does  so,  I'll  tell. 
(Colloq.) 

3.  To  take  effect  ;   to  produce  a   marked 
effect  :  as,  Every  shot  told. 

HI./  can  tell  you  :  Trust  me  ;  I  can  assure 
you.  (Colloq.) 

"They  are  burs.  1  can  tell  ]/m."-sh«leip.  :  Trollul 

2.  To  tell  of: 

(1)  To  declare,  to  proclaim,  to  speak  of.  to 
mention. 

(2)  To  inform  on  or  against  ;  to  tell  tales  of 
(Colloq.) 

3.  To  teU  off:  To  count  off;  to  select  or 
detach  for  some  special  duty. 

"  Were  told  off  to  preserve  a  way  clear  of  obstacles 
for  the  competitors.'  —Daily  Telegraph,  July  8,  1885. 

4.  To  tell  on:  To  inform  against;  to  tell 
of.    (Colloq.) 

"  David  saved  neither  man  nor  woman  alive,  to 
bring  tidings  to  Oath,  saying.  Lest  they  should  UU  on 
us."—  1  Samuel  Jivii.  1L 

5.  To  tell  one's  tends  :  [BEAD]. 

6.  To  tell  up  :  To  count  np  ;  to  tell  ;  to 
amount  or  increase  so  as  to  produce  a  certain 
effect. 

•  teU,  ».    [TELL,  «.]    That  which  is  told  :  a 

tale. 

"  I  am  at  the  end  ol  my  tea.-—  Walpole  :  To  Uann, 

*  tell  clock,  s.    An  idler. 

"  Is  there  no  mean  between  Impy-bodies  and  tell- 
ctockt  I  "—  Ward  :  Sermont,  p.  181. 

•tella-ble,  o.    [Eng.  tell;  -able.]    Capable 
of  being  told. 

tel'-len,  »     [TELUNA.)    Any  individual  of  the 
family  Tellinidse.    (See  extract.) 

"The  Ttllem  are  fonnd  In  all  seas.  chiefly  In  the 
littoral  and  laiimiarian  zones  ;  they  frecmeut  sandy 
h  the  s 


bottoms  or  sandy  mud.  burying  beneath 

a  few  species  Inhabit  estuaries  and  rivers.    Th 


urface  ; 
.    Their 

valves  are  often  richly  coloured  and  ornamented  with 
finely  sculptured  lines."—  Woodward:  llaUtuca  (ed. 

tell'-er,  «.    [Eng.  ten,  v.  ;  -«•.] 

1.  One  who  tells,  narrates,  or  communi- 


an lo- 


cates  the  knowledge  of  something; 
foruier. 

"The  nature  of  l>ad  news  infects  the  teller." 

Shakrtp.  :  Antony  <t  Cleopatra,  1  1 

2.  One  who  numbers  or  counts  ;  one  who> 
tells  or  counts  votes;  specif.,  one  of  two 
members  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
appointed,  one  on  each  side,  by  the  Speaker 
to  count  or  tell  the  votes  in  a  division  for  and 
against  a  motion.  In  the  House  of  Commons 
one  for  the  ayes  and  one  for  the  noes  art- 
associated  to  check  each  other  in  the  telling. 

*  3.  An  officer  of  the  exchequer,  formerly 
also  called  a  tallier.  [TALLY.]  They  were 
four  in  number  ;  their  business  was  to  receive 
all  moneys  due  to  the  king,  and  give  the  clerk 
of  the  pell  a  bill  to  charge  him  therewith  ; 
they  also  paid  all  persons  any  money  payable 
to  them  by  the  king,  by  warrant  from  the 
auditor  of  the  receipt  ;  and  also  made  books. 
of  receipts  and  payments  which  they  delivered 
to  the  lord  treasurer.  The  office  was  abolished 
by  4  oi  6  Will.  IV.,  c.  15,  and  their  duties 
are  now  performed  by  a  comptroller-general 
of  the  receipt  and  issue  of  the  exchequer. 

4.  An  officer  in  a  bank,  whose  duty  is  to- 
receive  and  pay  money  over  the  counter. 


s.    (Eng.    teller;   -,hip.}    They 
otflce  or  employment  oi1  a  teller. 

tel'-li-a,  s.  [Prob.  from  Lat  <e«Ks  =  the 
earth.  (See  def.)] 

Ichthy.  :  A  pseudo-genus  of  Cyprinodontidse, 
erected  for  the  reception  of  such  species  of 
the  type-genus  Cyprinodon  as  have  lost  their 
ventral  fins,  either  from  living  iu  limited 
localities  or  from  their  habit  of  concealing 
themselves  in  the  mud.  (Giinther:  Study  of 
fishes,  p.  615.) 

tSl-li'-na,  s.  [Gr.  TeAA«/>)  (tdttni)  =  *  kind 
of  shell-fish.] 

Zool.  <t  Palceont.  :  The  type-genus  of  Telli- 
nidge  (q.v.).  Shell  ovate,  oblong,  rounded  in 
front,  angular  behind  ;  valves  smooth  or 
marked  with  radiating  striae.  The  animals 
have  the  power  of  leaping  from  the  bottom 
by  means  of  their  muscular  foot.  The  genui 
is  cosmopolitan,  most  abundant  in  the  tropics  • 
more  than  300  species  have  been  described. 
Fossil  species  170,  from  the  Oolite  onward. 

If  Tellina  balthica  crag  or  clay  : 

Geol.  :  A  clay  at  the  upper  part  of  the 
Norwich  Crag,  characterised  by  the  abundance 
of  Tellina  balthica.  According  to  some  autho- 
rities, it  forms  the  base  of  the  whole  glaciM 
series,  and  indicates  the  setting-in  of  th» 
great  glacial  subsidence. 

tell  mg,    *tell-jrng,    pr.    par.,    a.,    &  «. 

[TELL,  ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Operating  with  great  effect  ; 
highly  effective. 

"  Its  authors  ...  lire  stronger  In  the  invention 
of  tetting  situations."—  Ootereer,  July  27,  188&. 

C.  Assubst.  :  The  act  of  declaring,  speaking, 
or  uttering  ;  in  the  plural,  the  act  of  declaring 
or  divulging  what  ought  not  to  be  told  ;  dis- 
closure of  a  secret  or  what  has  been  com- 
municated in  confidence. 

1[  That's  tellings:  That  would  be  giving 
information  which  ought  not  to  be  given  ; 
that  is  asking  one  to  blab.  (Colloq.) 

tSl-li-nl-dsB,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tellin(a)  ;  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -idee.] 

Zool.  &  Paloxmt.  :  A  family  of  Sinu-pallialia, 
with  eleven  species  (  Woodward),  to  which 
Tate  adds  three  others.  Shell  eqnivalve, 
closed,  and  compressed  ;  cardinal  teeth  two  ; 
siphons  separate,  long,  and  slender,  sijihonal 
fold  large  ;  foot  tongue-shaped.  (See  extract 
under  TELLEN.)  The  family  appears  first  in 
the  Coal-measures. 

tel'-lin-lte,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  tellinla);  stiff. 
ite.]  A  fossil  Tellina  (q.v.). 

tel  -lo-graph,  s.    [TELELOORAPH.] 

toll  tale,  a.  &  ».    [Eng.  tell,  v.,  and  tale.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Telling  tales  ;  given  to  blabbing 
or  telling  tales  ;  giving  mischievous  informa- 
tion.   (Lit.  &fig.) 

"  Make  me  not  object  to  the  tell-tale  day." 

SJtaketp.  :  Rape  AfjMcrece,  60*. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

i  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  One  who  tells  tales  ;  one  who  officious!} 


fite,  Jat,  Hire,  amidst   what,  fiUl,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  woU  work,  whd.  son;  mate,  cub,  our-,  ijiiite,  our.  rule,  lull;  try,  Syrian.    ».  03  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «u  =  kw. 


telltroth— telpher 


4645 


divulges  the  private  affairs  of  others ;  one 
who  tells  what  prudence  should  suppress ; 
*  tale-bearer. 

"  You  *pt>ak  to  Casca  :  and  to  sucb  A  man 
That  la  no  fleering  t  fit-tale." 

Shaketp. :  Juliut  Cauir,  L  s. 

2.  That  wh  ioh  serves  to  interpret  or  manifest. 

••  Paint  those  eyes.  BO  blue,  so  kind ; 
Eager  Mltalci  of  her  mind." 

Matthew  Arnold:  Smtterland. 
tt  Technically: 

1.  Mech. :   A  name  given  to  a  variety  of 
devices,  usually  automatic,  for  counting,  veri- 
fying, detecting,  or  indicating  :  as, 

(1)  A  turnstile  having  mechanism   which 
indicates   the   number   of  persona    passing 
through  it. 

(2)  A  clock  attachment  for  the  purpose  of 
causing  a  record  to  be  made  of  the  presence 
of  a  watchman  at  certain  intervals.    A  com- 
mon form  is  provided  with  a  rotating  paper 
dial,  showing  the  hour  and  minute  at  which 
the   watchman   touched  a   projecting  stud 
which  punctures  the  paper  dial. 

(S)  A  device  attached  to  a  station-meter  to 
point  out  any  irregularity  In  the  production 
of  gas. 

2.  Music :  A  movable  piece  attached  to  an 
organ  to  indicate  when  the  wind  is  nearly 
exhausted. 

3.  Nautical: 

(1)  The  same  as  TELL-TALE  COMPAM  (q.v.). 

(2)  An  index  in  front  of  the  wheel,  or  in 
the  cabin,  to  show  the  position  of  the  tiller. 

i.  Ornith. :  An  American  name  for  Totanui 
Jlaripes  and  T.  rocij'erus.  So  named  because 
their  shrill  whistle  alarms  ducks. 

telltale-compass,  *. 

Naut. :  A  compass  suspended  overhead  in 
the  cabin,  with  the  face  of  the  card  downward, 
so  that  it  is  visible  from  below,  and  enables 
the  captain  to  detect  any  error  or  irregularity 
in  steering. 

*  tell'-troth,  >.  [Eng.  M,  «.,  and  troth.} 
One  who  speaks  the  truth. 

tel-liir'-al,  o.  [Let.  taint,  genit  tellurii  = 
the  earth'.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  earth. 

teT-lu  rate,  s.    [Eng.  WiuKwO ;  -alt.} 
Chem.  :  A  salt  of  telluric  acid. 

iel-lur-e'-thyl,  a.  [Eng.  feSur(ium),  and 
ethyl.] 

Chem. :  Te"(C2H5)2.  Ethyl  telluride ;  tel- 
luric ethide.  A  heavy,  oily,  yellowish-red 
liquid,  obtained  by  distilling  potassium  tel- 
luride with  potassium  ethyl  sulphate.  It  is 
very  inflammable,  has  a  disagreeable  odour, 
and  acts  as  a  bivalent  radical,  uniting  with 
chlorine,  bromine,  &c.,  to  form  compounds. 

til-lu-ret'-te'd,  o.  [Formed  from  Eng.  tel- 
lurium (q.v.).]  Combined  with  tellurium. 

telluretted- hydrogen,  >.     [TELLVR- 

HYDRIOACJD.] 

tSl  lur-hy'-drate, ».  [Eng.  tellurium),  and 
hydrate,]  [TELLURIDE.] 

tel-lur-hy'-drlo,  o.  [Eng.  teHur(ium),  and 
hydric.]  Containing  tellurium  and  hydrogen. 

teUurhydric  acid,  s.   [HYDROOEN-TEL- 

LURIDE.J 

tel-lur'-I-an,  s.  &  a.    [TELLURION.] 
A.  At  substantive : 

1.  The  same  as  TELLURION  (q.v.). 

2.  An  inhabitant  of  the  earth ;  a  mortal, 

"So  far  ahead  of  OB  Telttirinni  In  optical  re- 
•ourcea."— fl«  Quincey:  Joan  of  Arc. 

*  B.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  earth. 

"  Hear  the  tellurian  langs  wheeztug."— />«  Quincey  i 
System  oftht  Beatmt. 

tSl-liir'-ie  (1),  o.  [Lat  tellvs,  genit  telluris 
=  the  earth.]  Pertaining  to,  or  proceeding 
from  the  earth. 


As  regan 
fir. in  the  Lei 
Geilua  and 


rds  Its  breadth  the Mfuric movement  went 


epontUw  Alps  ill  the  north  to  the  Gulfs  of 
Lyona."— Daily  Telegraph.  March  1,  U87. 

tel-luiMe  (2),  o.  [Eng.  tellurium);  -la]  De- 
rived from  or  containing  tellurium. 

telluric-acid,  s. 

CAem. ;  H2TeO4.  Acrystallinebodyobtained 
by  fusing  equal  parts  of  tellurous  oxide  and 
•odium  carbonate,  dissolving  the  product  in 
water  precipitating  by  means  of  barium 


chloride,  and  decomposing  with  sulphuric 
acid.  It  has  a  metallic  taste,  reddens  litmus- 
paper,  and  is  freely,  although  slowly,  soluble 
in  water.  The  tellurates  of  the  alkali-metals 
are  soluble  in  water,  the  others  are  insoluble. 

telluric  bismuth,  s. 

Ulin. :  A  name  given  to  tetradymite,  joseite, 
and  wehrlite.  (See  these  words.) 

telluric -othide,  s.    [TKLI.URETIIVL.] 

telluric-ochre,  I.    [TELIA-RITE.] 

telluric  oxide,  t. 

Chem. :  TeO3.  Obtained  by  strongly  heat- 
Ing  crystallized  telluric  acid.  It  is  insoluble 
in  water,  and  even  in  a  boiling  alkaline  liquid. 

telluric  silver,  s.     [HESSITE,  PETZITE.] 

tel'-lu-rido,  J.    [Eug.  tellurium) ;  -tie.] 
Chem. :  A  salt  of  tellurhydric  acid. 
If  Telluride  of  bismuth  =  Tetradymite,  Jose- 
ite, and  Wehrlite  ;  Telluride  of  lead  =  Allaitr  ; 
Telluride  of  silver  and  gold  =  Petzite;  Telluride 
of  silver  and  lead  =  Sylvanilt ;  Telluride  of 
nickel  =  Melonite. 

tel-lur'-l-Sn,  *  tel-Iiif-I-uin,  ..    [Lat 

tellus,  genit  teliiiris  —  the  earth.]  An  appar- 
atus for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  to  the  eye 
the  real  and  apparent  movements  of  the  earth  ; 
exhibiting  the  ellipticity  of  the  earth's  orbit ; 
the  position  of  the  sun,  represented  bya  lamp 
in  one  of  the  foci  of  that  ellipse  ;  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  pole  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic, 
and  the  constancy  of  the  pole  during  the  en- 
tire yearly  revolution ;  the  apparent  move- 
ment through  the  constellations  of  the  zodiac ; 
the  phenomena  of  eclipses,  day  and  night, 
snnrise  and  sunset,  and  the  seasons ;  the 
varying  declination  of  the  sun ;  the  equation 
of  time ;  the  motions  and  phases  of  the  moon  ; 
and  affording  a  model  whereon  to  illustrate 
the  theory  of  the  tides,  lunar  disturbances,  &c. 

tel'-lu-rism,  ».  [Lat.  tellui,  genit.  tellurit 
=  the  earth  ;  Eng.  suff.  -ism.]  A  modifica- 
tion of  the  hypothesis  of  animal  magnetism, 
introduced  by  a  German,  Dr.  Kieser,  who 
attributed  the  phenomena  to  a  telluric  spirit 
or  influence. 

tcl'-lu-rite,  s.  [Eng.  bil-urfium) ;  miff.  -He 
(tfm.).] 

3ftn. :  A  mineral  found  as  an  earthy  in- 
crustation, or  in  small  spherical  masses  with 
radiated  structure,  on  the  native  tellurium  of 
Transylvania.  Compos. :  the  same  as  tellurous 
acid  (q.v.). 

tel  lur'-l-um,  s.    [TELLURION.] 

1.  Chem.:  Synib.  Te,At.Wtl28.  An  element 
of  rare  occurrence,  found  in  a  few  minerals  in 
association  with  gold,  silver,  and  bismuth. 
It   possesses  many  of  the  characters  of  a 
metal,  but  bears  so  close  a  resemblance  to 
selenium  in  its  chemical  properties  that  it  is 
generally  placed  in  the  sulphur  group.     It 
has  the  colour  and  lustre  of  silver,  is  very 
brittle,  a  bad  conductor  of  heat  and  electricity ; 
sp.  gr.   6'26 ;  melts  below  a  red  heat,  and 
volatilises  at  a   higher  temperature.     Like 
sulphur,  it  forms  both  oxides  and  acids. 

2.  Jftn. :  Occurs  in  six-sided  prisms  with  ba- 
sal edges  replaced  ;  crystallization  hexagonal. 
Has  lately  been  found  in  more  complex  forms ; 
more  often  massive  and  granular.    Hardness, 
2  to  2-5  ;  sp.  gr.  6-1  to  6-3 ;  lustre,  metallic ; 
colour, tin-white;  brittle.  Compos. :  tellurium 
and  gold,  with  occasionally  some  iron.  Origin- 
ally found  at  the  Maria  Loretto  mine,  Tran- 
sylvania, where  it  was  melted  for  the  gold  it 
contained.    Recently  found,  associated  with 
various  tellurides,  in  several  of  the  States  of 
North  America. 

tellurium-glance,  s.    [XAOYAGITK.] 

tel-lur'-ous,  o.  [Eng.  tellurium);  -oiw.J  Per- 
taining to  tellurium. 

tcllurous-acid,  s. 

Chem. :  HjTeOs.  A  bnlky  precipitate  pre- 
pared by  dissolving  tellurium  in  nitric  acid 
of  sp.  gr.  1-25,  and  pouring  the  solution  into 
water.  It  has  a  bitter  metallic  taste,  is 
slightly  soluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in 
alkalies  and  acids. 

tellurous  -oxide,  ». 

Chem. :  TeOo.  A  semi-crystalline  powder 
prepared  by  heating  tellurous  acid  to  a  low 
red  heat.  It  is  fusible,  volatile,  and  slightly 
soluble  in  water. 


tel  mat  6  les  -tea,  «.  [Gr.  T«V  (telma) 
genit.  T<Varo<  (telmatos)  =  a  pond,  a  marsh, 
and  Aijo-T>js  (listes)  =  a  robber.) 

Palti'ont.  :  A  genus  of  Limnotheridae,  from 
the  Lower  Eocene  of  Wyoming. 

tol  mat-or'-nls,  s.  [Gr.  «Aua  (telma),  genit 
Te'Au.arof  (telmatos)  =  a  pond,  a  marsh,  and 
opus  (amis)  =.  a  bird.] 

Palcemt. :  A  genus  of  fossil  Grallatores,  aWn 
to  the  Rallids,  from  the  Cretaceous  rocks  ol 
North  America. 

tel  6-dy-nam'-Jo,  a.  [Gr.  TT>A«  (tile")  =  afu 
off,  and  Eng.  dynamic  (q.v.).]  (See  com- 
pound.) 

tclodynamlc  cable,  s.  A  means  for 
transmitting  power,  originated  by  Him  of 
Lngelbach,  in  which  high  speed  is  employed 
to  give  the  effect  of  great  mass. 

tel  6-pe'-a,  «.  [Gr.  -rnAuiros  (tildpos)  =  seeing 
to  a  distance,  seen  at  a  distance  ;  alluding  to 
the  great  distance  at  which  its  crimson  blos- 
soms can  be  seen.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Grevillidae.  Leaves  entire 
or  slightly  toothed  ;  flowers  in  terminal 
clusters,  surrounded  by  an  involucre.  Tdapen 
s)yeciosissima,  the  Waratah  of  New  South 
Wales  and  Tasmania,  is  a  splendid  protcaccuui 
shrub,  cultivated  in  English  greenhouses. 

tel'-6-type,  ».  [Gr.  rfat  (ttle)  =  afar  off,  and 
Eng.  type.]  A  printing  electric  telegraph. 

tel'-pher,  s.  &  a.    [TELPHERAOK.] 

A*  A3  substantive : 

Elect. :  The  plant  and  rolling-stock  of  any 
system  of  telpherage  (q.v.).  Tlie  word  was 
formed  by  the  late  Prof.  F.  Jenkin  ;  tint  the 
example  quoted  under  TELPHERAGE  is  the 
sole  instance  in  which  he  used  it  as  a  sub- 
stantive in  the  paper  he  read  before  the 
Society  of  Arts. 

B.  Ai  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  telpherage ; 
moved  or  moving  automatically  by  the  aid  of 
electricity. 

"  We  are  enabled  to  start  or  stop  any  numher  of 
telpher  trains  without  disturbing  the  running-  at 
others."—  Prof.  F.  Jenkin,  in  Journ.  Sop.  ArM,  xxxiL 

telpher-line,  ». 

Elect. :  A  line  on  which  transport  Is  auto, 
matically  effected  by  the  aid  of  electricity ; 
an  electric  railway  ;  specif.,  a  line  worked  by 
Prof.  Jenkin's  system  of  telpherage.  The 
first  line  was  opened  at  Glynde,  Sussex,  Oct. 
17, 1885,  for  the  Newhaven  Cement  Company. 
It  is  a  double  line,  nearly  a  mile  long,  com- 
posed of  two  sets  of  steel  rails  (a,  a),  sup- 
ported on  wooden  T-shaped  posts,  about 
eighteen  feet  high.  A  wire  is  supported  on 
each  end  of  the  cross-piece  of  the  T,  which  is 
eight  f«et  long.  The  carriers,  or  skeps  ()>), 
are  of  iron,  and  hold  about  two  hundred 
weight  each  ;  they  are  furnished  with  handles 


TELPHER-LINE. 


by  which  their  contents  are  tilted  over  by  i 
man  with  a  pole,  or  automatically  tilted  bj 
these  handles  coming  successively  into  con- 
tact with  a  wooden  arm  standing  out  from 
the  post  where  it  is  desired  that  the  skept 
should  be  emptied.  Ten  of  these  carriers, 
which  are  in  electrical  connection  with  each, 
other,  form  a  train,  and  in  the  middle  of 
the  train  is  an  electric  motor  (d).  About 
half-a-mlle  from  the  starting-point  is  the 
engine-house  containing  the  dynamos,  whence 
the  current  is  led  to  the  line,  and  so  to 
the  motor  in  the  centre  of  the  train.  A  speed 
of  four  to  five  miles  an  hour  is  attained, 
and  the  working  cost  is  about  3d.  per  ton, 
the  skeps  being  empty  on  the  return  journey. 


boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  (bin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-clan. -Uan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -«ion  =  shun;  -{ion,  -« Ion  =  chun.    -clous,  -tlona,  Hsioui  =  sons.   -We,  -die.  to.  =  bel,  deL 


4640 


telpherage— temperament 


The  great  practical  advantage  of  a  telpher- 
line  is  that  it  can  be  carried  through  a  district 
without  any  interference  with  the  fields,  rivers, 
or  roads,  that  cutting  and  tunnelling  are  not 
necespary,  and  that  no  ground  has  to  be  pur- 
chased, as  for  ordinary  railways  and  tram- 
ways. 

tel'-pher-age  (age  as  ig),  *.  [Gr.  -njAe 
(jtele)  —  afar  off,  and  <£e'p*»  (phero)  =  to  bear. 
(See  extract.)] 

Elect. :  (See  extract). 

"  In  the  first  place  it  is  necessary  that  I  should  de- 
fine what  is  ruettut  by  the  word  telpherage,  aud  per- 
»&!'->  that  I  should  defend  iU  formation.  The  word  is 
Intended  tu  desi^ite  all  modes  of  transport  effected 
automatically  with  the  aid  of  electricity.  According 
to  strict  rules  of  derivation,  the  word  would  be  *  tele- 
phomge* ;  but  in  order  to  avoid  confusion  with  tele- 
phone,' and  to  get  rid  of  the  double  accent  iii  one 
word,  which  ia  disagreeable  to  my  ear.  I  have  ventured 
to  give  the  new  word  such  a  form  aa  it  might  have 
received  after  a  few  centuries  of  usage  by  English 
tongues,  and  to  substitute  the  English-sounding  tel. 
fther  for  '  telephore.'  "—pntf.  P.  Jenkin,  in  Journ.  Soc. 
Art*,  xrxii  MS. 

teT-sdn,  *.    [Gr.  Te'Ao-w  (telson)  =  a  limit,) 

Compar.  Anat.:  The  last  joint  in  the  abdo- 
men of  the  Crustacea.  By  some  authorities 
it  is  regarded  as  a  terminal  somite  without 
appendages,  by  other  as  an  azygous  appendage. 
The  telson  may  be  broad  and  spreading,  as  in 
the  Lobster,  or  ensiforra,  as  in  the  King  Crab, 
while  in  the  extinct  Eurypterida  its  form  was 
extremely  variable.  The  name  is  also  applied 
to  the  last  joint  of  Scorpions,  which  has  been 
modified  into  a  weapon  of  offence. 

telt,  pa.  t.  of  v.    [TELL.]    Told.    (Scotch.) 

"Na,  man— Jamie— Jamie  Steenson— I  telt  ye  be- 
tore."— Scot* :  H'averley,  p.  89. 

te'-men,  s.  [Native  name.]  A  grain  measure 
of  Tripoli,  containing  nearly  six  gallons. 

tem'-e-ra,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Torpedlnidse  (q.v.\ 
from  tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas.  The 
teeth  are  blunt,  and  the  dorsal  tins  are  absent. 


,  a,  [Lat.  fememriw*,  from 
temere  =  rashly  ;  Fr.  temeraire  ;  ItaL  &  8p. 
temerario.} 

1.  Heedless  or  careless  of  consequences; 
nnreasonably  venturesome;   rash,   reckless, 
inconsiderate,  headstrong. 

*  The  theological  faculty  of  Paris  have  condemn'd 
their  doctrine  as  trmeraiiout,"  —  Bp.  Taylor:  A  &it- 
eourte  of  Confirmation,  9  L 

2.  Careless,  heedless  ;  done  at  random. 

"  The  wit  of  man  could  not  persuade  him  that  this 
was  done  by  the  temerariout  dashes  of  an  uoguided 
pen."  —  Ray:  Creation, 

*  tem-e-rar'-i-oiis-l^,    adv.     [Eng.    teme- 
rarious;  -ly.]     In   a  temerarious   manner; 
rashly,  recklessly,  heedlessly. 

"  Mine  opinion  and  sentence  ...  I  do  not  tema- 
rarioutltt  define."—  Bumet  :  Recordt,  vol.  L.  bk.  jii., 
No.2L 

*  tem-e-ra'-tlont  «.    [Lftt.  temeratus,  pa.  par. 
of  temero  =  to  pollute.]    Pollution,  contami- 
nation. 

"  Thfl  temeratton  of  ...  popular  preachers."— 
Jeremy  Taylor  :  Sermon*.  Hi.  312. 


-!-ty,  *te-mer-i-tte,  «.  [Fr. 
temerite,  from  Lat  temeritatem,  accus.  of 
ttmeritas,  from  temere  =  rashly,  from  the  same 
root  as  Sansc.  tamos  =  darkness,  dimness.] 
Heedlessness  or  recklessness  of  consequences  ; 
extreme  venturesomeness  ;  recklessness,  rash- 
ness. 

*'  He  BOOD  became,  unfortunately  for  his  country, 
bold  even  to  temerity."—  Ma.cau.luy  .*  Bitt.  Eng,,  ch.  xv. 

*  te"m'-er-otis,    a.      [Lat.    temere  =  rashly.] 
Reckless,  rash. 

"  Temeroui  tauntresse  that  delights  in  toyes." 
Vncertaine  Attthort  t  Agt,  an  Unttedfatt  Woman. 

*  tem'-er-ous-lj^V  adv.    [Eng.  temerous  ;  -ly.] 
Recklessly,  rashly. 

"  Not  that  I  temerauMly  dlfflne  anything  to  come." 
—Bale:  Jjnage,  pt.  1L,  fo.  69. 

i£m'-in,  «.  [Native  tenn.]  A  money  of 
account  in  Algiers,  equivalent  to  two  cambes 
or  twenty-nine  aspers,  about  17s.  sterling. 

Tem'-minck,  *.     [C.  J.  Teraminck,  a  Dutch 

naturalist,  director  of  the  Academy  of  Arts 

and  Sciences  at  Haarlem,  who  from  1807  to 

1815  published  works  on  mammals  and  birds.] 

«,  (Bee  etym.  and  compounds.) 

Temminck's  bat,  «. 

Zool.  :  Scotophilus  temminckii,  about  three 
Inches  long,  varying  considerably  in  colour, 


generally  dark  olive-brown  above,  and  reddish 
or  yellowish  white  below.  It  has  a  wide 
range  in  the  East. 

Temminck's  tragopan,  s. 

Ornith. :  Ceriornis  temminckii.   [TRAGOPAN.] 

tern  -no-don,  s.    [Gr.  T*/i«o((em,?i6)  =  to  cut ; 

sutf.  -odon.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Carangidse,  from 
tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas.  Body  oblong, 
compressed,  covered  with  cycloid  scales  of 
moderate  size ;  mouth-cleft  wide ;  strong 
teeth  in  jaws,  smaller  on  vomer  and  palatine 
bones  ;  no  finlets ;  lateral  line  not  shielded ; 
anal  and  second  dorsal  covered  with  very 
small  scales.  Ternnodon  saltator,  the  Blue- 
fish,  is  highly  esteemed  as  food. 

tem-pe'-an,  a.  [See  def.J  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Tempe,  a  celebrated  and  beautiful  vale  in 
Thessaly,  described  by  the  poets  as  the  most 
delightful  spot  on  the  earth;  hence,  tig., 
delightful,  enchanting,  lovely. 

tern'  per ,  *  tern  pr  e,  *  tem-pri-en,  v.  t.  <t  i. 

[Fr.  temperer=to  temper,  from  Lat.  tempera 
=  to  apportion,  to  moderate,  to  regulate,  to 
qualify.  Allied  to  tempus  =  time  :  temperi, 
tempori  =  seasonably  ;  Sp.  temperart  templar  ; 
Port,  temperar;  Ital.  temperare.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  moderate,  to  regulate,  to  govern,  to 
control. 

•*  With  which  the  damned  ghosts  he  governeth. 
And  furies  rules,  and  Tartare  tempereth." 

Spenter;  Mother  Bubberd'i  Tale,  l,2S4. 

2.  To  reduce  the  excess,  violence,  harsh- 
ness, or  severity  of ;  to  qualify,  to  moderate, 

to  soothe,  to  calm. 

44  0  woman,  lovely  woman !  Nature  made  thee 
To  temper  uiau ;  we  had  beeu  brutes  without  you." 
Otu-ay  :  Venice  Preterved,  i.  T. 

8.  To  mingle,  mix,  or  combine  properly  or 
in  due  proportion ;  to  blend ;  to  form  by 
mixture ;  to  compound. 

**  Then  In  a  bowl  he  tempers  generous  wines. 
Around  whose  verge  a  mimic  ivy  twines." 

Pope  :  Bomer  ;  Odyttey,  xvt  53. 

4.  To  proportiondulyasregardsconstrtuent 
parts ;  to  unite  or  combine  in  due  proportion ; 
to  adjust. 

"  God  hath  tempered  the  body  together  .  .  .  that 
there  should  be  no  schism  In  the  body,  but  that  the 
members  should  have  the  same  care  one  for  another." 
1  Corinth,  xii.  24,  25. 

5.  To  mix  and  work  up. 

"  The  potter,  tempering  soft  earth,  faahionttb  every 
vessel  with  much  labour." — Wiidom.  xv.  7. 

6.  To  qualify  by  the  intermixture  or  addi- 
tion of  something  to  reduce  to  due  condition 
by  combining  with  something  else. 

"I  shall  temper  »o 

Justice  with  mercy,  aa  may  illustrate  most 
Them  fully  satisfied,  aud  thee  appease." 

Milton  :  P.  L,,  T.  77. 

7.  To  form  to  a  proper  degree  of  hardness. 
[TEMPERING.] 

"  We  must  do  as  the  §mltba  who  temper  yron."— P. 
Holland  :  Pfutarch,  p.  95. 

*  8.  To  fashion,  to  mould,  to  dispose. 

"  Tia  she, 
That  tern  pert  him  to  this  extremity.' 

Shaketp. ;  Richard  III*  L  L 

*  9.  To  warm. 

"  What  wax  so  frozen  but  dissolve*  with  tempering  t" 
Shakesp. :  Venut  A  Adonit,  665. 

IL  Technically : 

L  Founding :  To  moisten  and  work  up  to  a 
proper  consistency :  aa,  To  temper  clay. 

2.  Music:  To  adjust,  as  the  scale  of  tones  or 
sounds  of  a  fixed-toned  instrument,  so  as  to 
enable  it  to  be  played  in  any  key  ;  to  raise  or 
lower  slightly  as  the  various  notes  of  an 
instrument,  so  that  the  intervals  in  each  key 
shall  be  as  far  as  possible  equally  agreeable. 
[TEMPERAMENT.] 

*  B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  have  or  acquire  a  proper  or  desired 
state  or  quality ;  to  become  soft  and  pliable. 

"  X  have  htm  already  tempering  between  my  finger 
and  my  thumb,  and  shortly  will  I  seal  with  him.  — 
Skaketp.  :  2  Henry  I V.,  Iv.  ft, 

2.  To  accord ;  to  act  and  think  in  accord 
or  conformity. 

*  Pew  men  rightly  temper  with  the  stars.* 

SHake»p.  i  8  Henry  r/.,  iv.  S. 

te"m'-per,  *.    [TEMPER,  v. ;  cf.  Lat.  temperies 
—  a  tempering,  right  admixture.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  Bodily    temperament ;    that   constitu- 
tion of  body  arising  from  the  due  blending  or 


mixture    of    the    four    principal   humours. 
[TEMPERAMENT  I.  3.] 

"  The  exquUitenees  of  hia  [the  Saviour's]  bodily 
temper  lucreaaed  the  exqulsiteuess  of  his  torment."— 
Puller:  Pti'jaA  Sight.  L  8«. 

2.  Due  mixture  of  different  qualities  ;  the 
state  of  any  compound  substance  which 
results  from  the  mixture  of  various  ingre- 
dients. 

"  Nothing  better  proveth  the  excellency  of  this  sol) 
and  temper,  tbau  the  abundant  gruwiug  of  the  palm- 
trees."—  Raleigh;  Bi*t.  World. 

*  3,  Middle   course,    state,    or   character  ; 
mean,  medium. 

"  tf  the  estates  of  some  bishops  were  exorbitant 
before  the  reformation,  the  present  clergy's  wishes 
reach  no  further  than  that  some  reasonable  temper 
had  been  used,  instead  of  paring  them  BO  quick."— 
Swift:  Miicellaniet. 

*  4.  Calmness  of  mind  ;  moderation,  self- 
restraint,  temperateness. 

"Oh  !  blessed  with  temper,  whose  unclouded  ray 
Can  make  to-morrow  cheerful  aa  to-day." 

Pope  :  Moral  Kttayt,  II.  257. 

5.  Disposition  of  mind  ;  constitution  of  the 
mind,  especially  as  regards  the  passions  and 
affections. 

*'  His  tamper.  In  spite  of  manifold  vexatious  and 
provocations,  was  always  cheerful  and  serene."— 
Jfacaulay:  Bist.  Eng.,  ch.  liv. 

6.  Mood,  humour,  disposition. 

"Thus  the  nation  was  in  such  a  temper  that  th« 
smallest  spark  might  raise  a  flame.  "—Macaulay  : 
But.  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 

7.  Heat  of  mind  or  passion;  proneneas  or 
disposition  to  give  way  to  anger,  rage,   or 
passion  ;  irritation. 

8.  Habits  ;  natural  inclinations. 

**  Such  as  have  a  knowledge  of  the  town  may  easily 
class  themselves  with  temptrt  congenial  to  their  own. 
—Qoldtmilh:  Eutiyt.  L 

9.  The  state  of  a  metal,  particularly  as  re- 
gards its  hardness. 

"The  hot  pieces  of  iron  be  would  hammer  oat  .  .  . 
and  harden  them  to  a  good  temper  as  there  wa»  occa- 
aion."—  Dampier  :  Voyage*  (an.  1688). 

10.  Quality. 

"His  courage  was  of  the  truest  temper;  his  under- 
standing strong  but  narrow."  —  Macaulay;  Bitt.  Et"j., 
ch.  XT. 

11.  An  alloy  used  by  pewterers,  consisting 
of  two  parts  of  tin  to  one  of  copper. 

IL  Sugar-manuf.  :  Milk  of  lime,  or  its 
equivalent,  added  to  boiling  syrup  to  clarify 
it  and  neutralize  the  superabundant  acid. 

For  the  difference  between   temper,  dit- 
ont  and  frame,  see  DISPOSITION. 


temper-screw,  s. 

1.  Welt-boring:  A  piece  by  which  the  tools 
are  suspended  from  the  walking  beam,  and 
are  lowered  as  the  drilling  progresses. 

2.  A  set-screw  for  adjustment  ;  one  which 
brings  its  point  against  a  bearing  or  an  object. 

tem'-per-a,  «.    [ItaL] 

Paint.  :  The  same  as  DISTEMPER  (2)  (q.v.). 

•tem'-per-a-ble,  a.     [Eng.  temper;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  tempered. 

tem'-per-a-ment,  s.  [Lat.  temperament-urn 
—  a  mean]  moderation,  froiu  tempero  =  to 
moderate,  to  temper  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
*1.  A  compromise  or  middle  ground  on 
which  two  contending  parties  can  meet  ;  a 
medium  between  two  extreme  opinions;  a 
middle  course  or  an  arrangement  reached  by 
mutual  concession,  or  by  tempering  the  ex- 
treme claims  on  either  side  ;  adjustment  of 
opposing  influences,  or  the  means  by  which 
such  an  adjustment  is  effected. 

"However,  I  forejudge  not  any  probable  expedient, 
any  temperttment  that  can  be  found  in  things  uf  this 
nature,  so  disputable  on  either  side."—  Mil  ton  :  Ready 
and  Baty  Way  to  Ettablith  a  Free  Commonwealth. 

2.  State  with  regard  to  the  relative  propor- 
tion of  different  qualities  or  constituent  parts 
constitution  ;  due  mixture  of  opposite  or  dif- 
ferent qualities  ;  a  condition  arising  from  the 
proper  blending  of  various  qualities. 

"Galen  wan  not  a  better  physician  than  an  111  divine, 
while  he  determines  the  soul  to  be  the  complexion  and 
temperament  of  the  prime  qualities."—  Bp.  Sail  :  Th* 
Invisible  World,  bk.  ix.,  {  1. 

3.  That  individual  peculiarity  of  physical 
organization,  by  which  the  manner  of  acting, 
feeling,  and  thinking  of  each  person  is  i*r- 
manently  affected.    Temperament,  called  by 
the  Greeks  Kpam;  (krasis),  meaning  a  mixture 
or  tempering  of  elements,  was  anciently  sup- 
posed to  arise  from  the  union  of  two  or  more 
of  the  entities,  heat,  cold,  drought,  or  mois- 
ture, corresponding  to  the  so-called  elements, 
fire,  air,  earth,  and  water.    There  were  four 


fite,  fSt,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fill,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  th6re;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  wild,  Bon ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  car,  rale,  fill ;  try,  Syrian,    aa,  ce  =  e :  ey  =  a ;  QU  =  lew. 


temperamental— temperature 


4647 


temperaments  recognized  by  Hippocrates, 
which  he  supposes  to  have  arisen  from  the 
mixture  of  four  secondary  or  compound  ele- 
ments, blood,  phlegm  or  pituitn,  yellow  bile, 
an.l  black  bile.  Blood  is  supposed  by  him 
to  be  a  combination  of  hot  and  moist,  phlegm 
of  r»ld  and  moist,  yellow  bile  of  hot  an.l  dry, 
and  black  Ule  of  cold  and  dry.  Whilst  his 
explanation  is  rejected,  hia  four  temperaments 
are  still  recognized  under  the  names  of  the 
Sanguine  or  Sanguineous,  the  Lymphatic  or 
Phlegmatic,  the  choleric  or  Bilious,  and  the 
Melancholia  or  Atrabilious  temperaments. 
(See  these  words.) 

*  4.  Condition,  as  to  heat  or  cold  ;  tem- 
perature. 

"  Tbey  ilo  not  provide  [refreshment*]  iii  proportion 
to  the  fertility  ofthe  -"il,  unit  the  tfmperament  of  the 
climate."—  Cook:  Pint  Voyagt.  bit.  iii.,  ch.  xiv. 

II.  Music:  In  its  broadest  sense,  the  division 
of  the  octave  ;  in  a  narrower  sense,  the  modi- 
fication of  intervals  from  their  strict  mathe- 
matical value  in  order  to  secure  a  recurring 
and  interchangeable  series  in  consecutive  oc- 
taves. The  most  common  form  of  tempera- 
ment is  that  now  used  on  pianofortes  and 
organs,  known  as  Equal  Temperament,  in 
which  the  octave  is  divided  into  twelve  equal 
parts  called  mean  semitones  ;  but  in  order  to 
secure  this,  the  fifths  have  to  be  slightly 
flatter  than  3  :2,  and  the  thirds  considerably 
sharper  than  5:4.  If  thirds  and  fifths  be 
required  in  just  intonation,  the  number  of 
keys  on  keyed  instruments  must  be  incon- 
veniently multiplied  ;  such  instruments  are 
sometimes  called  enharmonic.  Systems  of 
Unequal  Temperament  are  such  an  secure 
perfect  correctness  in  certain  common  keys 
at  the  sacrifice  of  the  intonation  of  those 
more  remote. 

If  For  the  difference  between  temperament 
xnd  frame,  see  FRAME. 

*  tern  per-  a-ment'  -al,  a.     [Eng.  tempera- 
ment;  -al.]     Constitutional;    pertaining   to 
the  temperament. 

"  And  by  it,  'tis  easle  to  give  an  account  of  dreams, 
both  monitory  and  temperamental.  euthuaiaJins, 
fauatlck  extacies,  and  the  li1u."—&lanvUl,  EM.  «. 

•  tem-per-a-mcnt'-al  ly,  adv.    [Eng.  tem- 
peramental;  -ly.]      In  temperament;    as  re- 
gards temperament. 

"Not  more  unlike,  physically  or  temperamental!?, 
were  Brebeuf  and  Liuemant.  '  —  Scribner't  Jfagatint, 
May,  1880,  p.  69. 


tern  -per-an9e,  *  te'm'-per-an-^y,  "tem- 

por-aunce,  s.  [Fr.  temperance,  from  Lat. 
temperantia  —  moderation,  temperance,  from 
temperans,  pr.  par.  of  tempera  =  to  temper 
(q.v.);  Sp.  temperancia  :  Port,  tempera  nya  ; 
Ital.  temperama,  tempranza,  Sir  Thomas 
Elyot,  writing  in  1534,  says  that  the  word  was 
not  then  in  general  use.] 

1.  Moderation  ;  observance  of  moderation  ; 
temperateness  ;  specifically  — 

(1)  Self-restraint;  moderation  of  passion; 
jmtience,  calmness.  (Milton:  P.  L.t  xii.  583.) 

(vi)  Habitual  moderation  in  regard  to  the 
indulgence  of  the  natural  appetites  and  pas- 
aions  ;  abstinence  from  all  excess,  improper 
indulgence,  or  the  use  of  anything  injurious 
to  moral  or  physical  well-being  ;  restrained 
or  moderate  indulgence  ;  in  a  more  limited 
sense,  abstinence  from  or  moderation  in  the 
use  of  intoxicating  liquors.  (Milton:  P.  L.t 
xi.  531.) 

*  2.  Chastity.    (Shakesp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece, 
«84.) 

*  3.  Agreeable  temperature  ;  mild  climate. 

"  It  [the  island]  mu»t  needs  he  of  subtle,  tender,  and 
delicate  temperance."—  Shaketp,  :  Tempett,  ii.  1. 

H  Temperance  is  frequently  used  adjectively, 
as  a  temperance  society,  a  temperance  meeting, 
Ac. 

temperance  hospital,  s. 

Med.  :  A  hospital  in  which  alcohol  fs  not 
nsf  d  as  a  beverage,  and  is  only  employed  very 
sparingly  and  under  test  conditions  as  a  medi- 
cine.  Hospitals  conducted  on  this  principle 
exist  in  the  United  States  and  England,  for  the 
treatment  of  patients  in  whom  the  appetite  for 
spirits  has  become  a  disease.  The  experience 
of  physicians  in  these  hospitals  has  been  very 
favorable,  and  seems  to  justify  the  principle  of 
treating  patients  without  alcohol. 

temperance  -hotel,  s.    An  hotel  where 

no  intoxicating  liquors  are  supplied. 

temperance  movement,  s. 

Hist.  :  A  movement  designed  {!)  to  minimise 


or  (2)  to  abolish  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  as 
beverages.  In  the  first  sense  the  word 
"temperance"  is  used  strictly,  i.e.,  the  aim 
at  moderation  iu  the  use  of  liquors ;  in 
the  second  sense  it  is  equivalent  to  total 
abstinence.  The  Jewish  Nazarites  and 
Kechahites  acted  on  total  abstinence  prin- 
ciples (Num.  vi.  1-21,  Jer.  xxxv.  1-6) 
[RECHABITE  (1)],  as  did  the  Encratites  (q.v.) 
of  tlie  second  Christian  century.  Most  of  tlie 
higher  Hindoo  castes  and  all  the  Muhawina- 
dans  nominally  abstain  from  intoxicating 
liquor.  The  earliest  modern  temperance 
order  was  that  of  St.  Christopher,  founded  in 
Germany  in  1517,  the  members  of  which  were 
pledged  not  to  drink  more  than  seven  goblets 
of  liquor  at  a  meal,  "  except  in  cases  where 
this  measure  was  not  sufficient  to  quench 
thirst."  In  1600  the  Lan-l^rave  of  Hesse 
established  another  temperance  order. 
America  was  earlier  than  Britain  in  the 
modern  temperance  movement.  In  1651  the 
people  of  East  Hampton,  Long  Island,  endeav- 
oured to  limit  the  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks. 
In  1760  the  religious  societies  began  to  pro- 
test against  drinking  at  funerals  ;  in  1789  a 
resolution  was  passed  by  farmers  to  abstain 
from  liquor  during  that  season ;  and  in 
1790  medical  men,  led  by  Dr.  Rush,  protested 
against  the  nse  of  spirits,  and  four  years  later 
he  recommended  total  abstinence.  The  tirst 
total  abstinence  pledge  was  drafted  by 
Micajah  Pendleton,  of  Virginia.  In  1812  the 
Rev.  H.  Humphrey  recommended  total  ab- 
stinence, as  did  l*r.  Lyman  Beecher,  and 
various  temperance  societies  arose.  Not, 
however,  till  1836  was  the  American  Temper- 
ance Union  formed  on  the  basis  of  tot.il 
abstinence.  From  1845  commenced  the 
various  orders  with  ritual  and  insignia,  which 
have  gradually  been  extended  to  or  imitated 
In  Britain.  As  early  as  1818  a  total  abstinence 
society,  believed  to  have  been  the  first  in 
date  throughout  the  world,  had  bnen  founded 
at  Skibbereen,  In  Ireland.  On  October  2 
and  5,  1829,  temperance  societies  were 
formed  at  Maryhill,  near  Glasgow,  and  in 
Greenock;  and  the  Glasgow  and  West  of 
Scotland  Temperance  Society  was  instituted 
on  November  12,  1829.  In  England  the  move- 
ment began  at  Bradford  in  February,  1830 
The  British  and  Foreign  Temperance  Society 
was  formed  in  London  early  in  1831.  In  1835 
Mr.  Joseph  Livesey  started  the  teetotal  tem- 
perance movement  in  England.  In  1838 
Father  Theobald  Matht-w,  a  Capuchin  friar, 
became  the  apostle  of  temperance  fur  Ireland, 
and  by  the  end  of  1839  obtained  1,800,000  recruits 
to  the  cause.  By  1835  the  temperance  move- 
ment had  made  great  progress  in  the  United 
States,  the  membership  in  the  societies  formed 
up  to  that  time  being  very  large.  During  the 
succeeding  ten  years  the  cause  actively  ad- 
vanced, total  abstinence  being  adopted  in  place 
of  the  limited  anti-spirit  principle.  The 
Washingtonian  movement,  begun  in  1840,  is 
said  to  have  gained  in  the  course  of  a  few 
years  a  quarter  million  signature*  to  its  pledge. 
What  had  been  a  social,  soon  became  a  political 
movement,  and  in  1851  the  State  of  Maine 
passed  an  Anti-liquor  Law,  which  is  still  main- 
tained; the  law,  though  largely  evaded  in  the 
ci  ties,  being  productive  of  very  beneficial  results. 
Similar  laws  were  passed  in  New  Hampshire 
and  Vermont,  and  at  a  later  date  in  several  of 
the  Western  States,  and  at  present  prohibition 
of  liquor  traffic  is  incorporated  in  the  constitu- 
tions of  Maine,  Kansas,  North  and  South 
Dakota.  In  addition  to  this  state  movemeut, 
a  local  option  movement  was  inaugurated  iu 
in  my  states,  county  or  city  prohibition  being 
decreed.  This  is  particularly  active  in  the 
South,  in  some  of  whose  states  local  option 
generally  prevails.  After  the  Civil  War  a 
National  Temperance  Society  and  publication 
house  was  established,  with  headquarters  in 
New  York.  This  has  distributed  an  immense 
amount  of  useful  literature  bearing  upon  this 
subject.  The  Woman's  Crusade  against  the 
liquor  traffic,  which  began  in  1873,  ended  in 
tho  formation  of  the  Women's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union,  one  of  the  most  effective 
agencies  nuw  in  the  field.  The  Red  and  Blue 
Ribbon  movements  followed,  the  influence  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church  was  exerted  in 
favor  of  temperance,  and  other  churches  were 
aroused  to  a  participation  in  the  movement. 
In  the  British  1-lainis  a  similarly  active  propa- 
ganda was  inaugurated,  Bands  of  Hope  were 
founded  which  now  include  more  than  2,000,000 
juvenile  members,  the  American  Order  of  Good 
Templars  waa  adopted  and  various  other  active 


steps  were  taken,  with  promising  results.  On, 
the  continent  of  Europe  the  tempemuce  move- 
ment lias  not  progressed  satisfactorily,  it* 
must  effective  operation  being  in  Sweden  and 
Nurway.  The  nearly  unrestricted  immigration 
of  Europeans  to  the  United  Stales  is  a  main 
cause  of  tlie  degree  of  intemperance  which 
now  exists  in  this  country,  and  necessitates  a 

*  continued  activity  of  the  temperance  organi- 
zations. 

temperance  society,  s. 

1.  A  society  pledging  its  members  to  tem- 
perance or  moderation  in  the  use  of  intoxi- 
cating liquors. 

2.  A  total  abstinence  society,  or,  in  some 
cases,  a  society  on  a  double  basis,  so  that  a 
member  may  profess  either  temperance  [1]  or 
total  abstinence.    [TEMPERANCE  MOVEMENT.] 

*  tem'-per~an-9y,  s.    [TEMPEHANCE.] 

tem-per-ate,  *  tern  por-at,  a.  [Lat. 
tenijteratus,  pa.  par.  of  tempero  =  to  moderate, 
to  temper  (q.v.).] 

1.  Not  swayed  by  passion ;  exercising  self- 
restraint;  cool,  calm,  self- res  trained. 

"In  tlie  mind  of  a  temperate  person,  all  lieth  plain* 
and  even  on  evtrie  side  ;  nothing  there  but  quieluesM 
and  integrity."—/*.  Bottand:  Plutarch,  p.  6*. 

2.  Not  excessive  as  regards  the  use  of  lan- 
guage ;  calm,  measured,  moderate,   not  vio- 
lent :    as,    temperate    language,    a    temperate 
speaker. 

3.  Moderate  as  regards  the   indulgence  of 
the  natural  appetites  or  passions  ;  abstemious. 

"In  youth  hi*  titbits  bad  been  Umper.ite;  and  hi* 
temperance  had  it*  proper  reward,  a  •ingultu'Jy  green 
and  vigorous  old  age.  — Macaulny :  Bitt,  Eng.,  ch.  xlT. 

4.  Not  violent  or  excessive  in  opinions  or 
views ;  moderate. 

"  He  belonged  to  the  inildMt  and  mott  tfwprratt 
section  of  the  Puritan  body."—  Afacaulay :  Jltit  Kny., 
ch.  iv. 

5.  Moderate  as  regards  the  amount  of  heat; 
not  liable  to  excess  of  heat  or  cold  ;  mild. 

"  Shall  1  com[j*re  tbee  to  a  summer's  day  ? 
Thou  art  more  lovely  and  more  temperate." 

Shakvtp.  ;  Sonnet  IS, 

»  6.  Chaste  ;  not  hot-blooded. 

"She  !•  not  hot,  but  te.mj-'rnt?  M  the  morn." 

Shafaip:  Taminff  of  the  Shrne,  it 

*  7.  Proceeding  from  temperance :  as,  tem- 
perate sleep. 

temperate  zones,  s.  pi 

Physical  Geog. :  The  spaces  on  the  earth 
between  the  tropics  and  the  polar  circle, 
where  the  heat  is  less  than  in  the  tropics, 
and  the  cold  less  than  iu  the  polar  circles. 
[ZONE.] 

•tern'- per -ate,  v.t.    [TEMPERATE,  a.]    To 

temper,  to  moderate. 

"  In  the  deep  voae,  that  ihoue  like  Imrulahed  gold. 
The  boiling  fluid  temperate*  the  cold," 

Pi>l>e  :  Somer ;  Odyuey  xlx.  «*. 

torn  per  ate  ly,  *  tem-per-at-ly,    adv. 

[Eng.  temperate ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  temperate,  cool,  or  quiet  manner ; 
without  heat  or  passion ;  calmly,  quietly. 

"His  youth 
So  temperately  warm,  to  chastely  cool." 

Thomptnn :  Sicfcneu.  It 

2.  Without  over-indulgence  in  eating,  drink- 
ing, or  the  like. 

*  3.  Moderately ;  not  excessively. 

"  §7  wiuda  tn*t  temperately  blow, 
The  bark  should,  pau  secure  and  slow." 

Additon.    (ToM.) 

tcm'-  per  -  ate  -  ness,  *  tern  -  per  -  ate  - 
nesse,  s.  (Eng.  temperate;  -ness.] 

1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  temperate ; 
moderation ;    absence    of  heat    or    passion ; 
calmness,  quiet. 

"  The  Increased  temperatenett  In  the  language  of 
teetotaller*."—  Daily  Teltyraph,  March  6. 1187. 

2.  Temperance ;  moderation  or  self-restrnint 
as  regards  the  indulgence  of  the  natural  appe- 
tites or  desires. 

*  3.  Freedom  from  excessive  heat  or  cold. 

"  By  reason  of  this  hayle  the  ayre  was  brought 
Into  a  good  temperateneue."— Berntrt ;  froiuartl 
Cronycle.  vol.  ii.,  ch.  clxxi. 

*  t8m'-per-a-tlve,  a.    [Eng.  temperate); 
-ive.]    Having  the  power  or  quality  of  tem- 
pering. 

"  The  atr  drawn  In  and  tent  forth  by  the  breath, 
which  Is  tem/xtrative  of  the  heart's  heat"— Granger  : 
On  Eccle*.,  p.  1C. 

tem'-per-a-ture,   s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tern* 

peratura  =  due  measure,  proportion,  temper- 
ature ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  temperatura.] 


1*611,  boy;  pout,  J6%1;  eat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophou.  exist,    -l 
-clan, -tian  =  Bhan.   -tton,  -»ion  =  shun ;  -tiou,  -gioa  =  zhun.   -oious, -tious, -woua  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  d 


4648 


tempered— templar 


I,  Ordinary  language  : 

*  I.  Moderation ;  freedom  from  immoderate 
heat  or  passion. 

'  2.  Constitution,  state ;  degree  of  any 
qualities. 

"Memory  depends  upon  the  <:oiul*t«noe  and  th* 
(•m;>0rtt(tir«  o/  the  brain."—  Wuttt, 

•3.  Mixture,  combination;  that  which  Is 
made  by  mixture;  a  compound,  a  combina- 
tion. 

"Now  the  flnt  of  theif,  and  the  foundation  of  all 
the  rent.  In  a  proper  t«mu*ratur«  of  fear  ami  )»VP: 
two  affection!,  which  ought  never  to  be  ••>j«rat«f|  In 
think ln«  of  Gnd."— fbfkm- ;  ffrrmnnt,  vol.  II.,  ser.  1. 

*4.  The  temper  of  metals. 

"Taking  thereby  the  due /ffm;waftir*  of  »llff  §te«l." 
—A  Botlnnd.'  /'lutarch,  p.  »:,. 

*  5.  Moderate  degree  of  atmospheric  heat ; 

tempcrat^nesH  of  climate. 

"  If.  Instead  of  this  variation  of  heat,  w*  BtippoM  an 
•quality  or  conitMiit  trmperntur*  of  It.  before  the  de- 
luge, the  raw  would  be  much  altered."--  Woodward  : 
Jfat.  UUt. 

6.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

II.  Physic* :  Intensity  of  radiant  heat.    The 
temperature  of  any  body  IB   the  extent  to 
which  it  tends  to  impart  sensible  heat  to 
other  bodies.    The  temperature  of  a  body  may 
be  altered  by  adding  to  it  or  withdrawing 
from  It  a  certain  amount  of  radiant  heat.     A 
cupful  of  boiling  water  taken  from  a  boiler  re- 
mains for  a  short  time  at  as  high  a  tempera- 
ture as  that  in  the  larger  vessel,  but  the  limited 
amount  of  heat  which  it  can  radiate  has  a 
much  less  effect  In  raising  that  of  other  bodies. 
The  temperature  of  any  given  body  is  deter- 
mined by  its  specific  heat  (q.v.).  For  very  high 
temperature  it  Is  measured  by  a  pyrometer 
(q.v.),  for  ordinary  temperature,  by  a  ther- 
mometer (q.v.).    (For  the  causes  which  regu- 
late the  temperature  of  the  several  countries, 
see  Climate  and  Isothermal.)    Temperature 
Is  often  used  In  connection  with  tho  animal 
body.     In  the  warm-blooded  animals,  birds, 
and  mammals,  the  temperature  of  the  body 
remains  constant  at  85    to  40*  0.,  whatever 
be  the  heat  of  the  air.    The  temperature  of 
man  Is  about  87'6°  0.  (997*  Fahr.);  In  the 
wolf  It  is  said  to  be  as  low  as  35-24°  C.,  while 
In   the  swallow  it   IB  44*  C.     In   the  cold- 
blooded animals  it  IB  but  slightly  raised  above 
the  surrounding  air.     In  the  frog  it  is  rarely 
more  than  -04"  to  '05°  G.  above  that  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  in  a  species  of  python  it  IB 
l  y  0.,  while  Huber  found  that  In  a  beehive 
tt  rose  at  times  to  40"  C.     Plants  as  a  rule 
do   not   greatly  vary  in   temperature   from 
tho   surrounding   atmosphere,  except  when 
they    flower,    when    their   heat   rises   some 
degrees.    The  probable  cause  is  the  increased 
absorption  of  oxygen  and  the  formation  of  a 
large  quantity  of  carbon  dioxide.     Minerals 
and  rocks  vary  in  their  radiant  heat,  partly  as 
they  are    exposed  to  external    heat,   partly 
according  to  the  nature  of  chemical  changes, 
If  any,  which  they  are  undergoing. 

"  llow  much  the  («mi 
•elf    could    MI 
W,  bk.  I.,  oh.  II. 

temperature-alarm.  *.  A  mechanical 
contrivance  which  automatically  makes  a 
atonal  when  the  temperature  of  the  place 
where  It  IB  located  exceeds  or  falls  below  a 
determinate  point. 

tSzn'-  pored,  a.    [Eng.  temper,  s. ;  -ml.] 

1.  Having  a  certain  temper  or  disposition  ; 
dlsiK)scd  ;  usually  in  composition,  as  good- 
iempered,  hot-temjwred,  &c. 

"  If  I  had  not  an  excellent  ttmptrtd  patience,  now 
•honld  I  break  tht*  fellow'i  head."— A«aum.  <t  FM.  ; 

2.  Subjected  to  s.nd  Improved  by  tho  opera- 
tion of  tempering  (q.v.) ;  hardened. 

"  This  Hoeptre.  formed  by  t«mi>0r#d  ite*l  to  prove 
AD  einlgu  of  the  dt'leicatei  of  Jove." 

l'"l"  -    H"mrr  ;  ttimi  I.  314. 

tempered -glass,  ».    [TOUOHENED- 

OLA88.] 

tempered  atool,  ».    [STEBL,  «.,  II.  I.] 

tftm'-per-er,  *.  [Eng.  temper,  v. ;  -«•.]  One 
who  or  that  which  tempers;  specif.,  a  machine 
In  which  articles  are  ground  together,  with 
the  addition  of  a  proper  quantity  of  water,  to 
Intimately  commingle  them  and  develop  tho 
plasticity.  Band  and  lime  thus  tempered 
form  mortar ;  clay  thus  tempered  becomes  fit 
for  the  letter's  use. 

ttm'-per-IAg,  pr.  par.,  o.,  &  «.    (TBMPBR,  v.] 
A.  &  B,  At  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 


"  Bow  much  thf  trrni,*rtitur*  of  the  air  vnrtet  here 
I    in  v-t-lf    could     MtiBlbly    perceive."— Coo* :     Third 


C.  AB  substantive  : 

Metal-vxtrk.  ;  The  process  of  producing  in  a 
metal,  particularly  steel,  that  peculiar  dt'fjnin, 
of  hardness  and  elasticity  which  adapts  it  fur 
any  of  the  purposes  to  which  ft  is  to  b<<  applied. 
The  nuillfjiblf.  metals  ^em-rally  Increase  In 
)iardness  by  being  liammered  or  rolled,  and 
hammer-hardening  —  that  is,  hammering  with- 
out the  Application  of  heat,  is  frequently  em- 
ployed  for  hardening  Rome,  BJDQi  of  steel 
springs.  8t+'d  is  for  most,  pur|«»H<'H  hardened 
by  plunging  it  while  hot  into  water,  oil,  or 
other  liquid,  to  cool  it  suddenly.  Nearly 
every  kind  of  steel  requires  a  particular 
degree  of  heat  to  impart  to  it  the  greatest 
hardness  of  which  it  is  susceptible.  If  heated, 
and  suddenly  cooled  below  that  degree,  it 
becomes  as  soft  as  iron  ;  if  heated  beyond 
that  degree,  It  becomes  very  hard,  though 
brittle;  and  its  brittleness  is  an  Indication  <>t 
tho  degree  of  its  heat,  when  cooled  off.  By 
the  common  method  the  steel  Is  over-heated, 
plunged  in  cold  water,  and  then  annealed  or 
tempered  by  being  HO  far  re-heated  that  oil 
and  tnllow  will  burn  on  Its  surface  ;  or  the 
surface  is  ground  and  polished,  and  the  steel 
reheated  until  It  assumes  a  certain  cnlmu. 
The  gradations  of  colour  rnMMrcutively  follow  : 
a  light  straw-yellow,  violet,  blue,  and  finally 
gray  or  black,  when  tho  steel  again  ber-i-un^ 
as  soft  as  though  it  had  never  been  hnrdme<l. 
Bronze  Is  tempered  by  a  process  reverse  to 
that  adopted  with  steel.  Cooling  bronze 
slowly  hardens  It.  The  sudden  cooling  makes 
It  less  frangible,  and  is  adopted  with  gongs. 

*  torn   per  I6s»,     *  torn   per  lesso.    a. 
[Eng.    temper;    -tew.)      Without   temper   or 
moderation. 

"  So  UtnjMrlMM,  tempted  with  Fortune's  mull..." 
8ylv#ttr:  /'anarttut,  1.374. 

te'm'-pe'st,  «.  [O.  Fr.  tompato  (Fr  tempttt, 
from  a  Low  Lat.  *  tempesta  ;  Lat.  tempatag  = 
season,  weather,  good  or  bad,  a  storm  ;  allied 
to  tempus  —  time;  8p.  ttmpestad  ;  Ital.  ttm- 
puta.] 

I  Lit.  ;  A  violent  storm  ;  a  storm  of  extreme 
violence,  a  gale,  a  hurricane  ;  an  extensive 
current  of  wind  rushing  with  great  velocity, 
and  commonly  attended  with  heavy  rain,  hail, 
or  snow. 

"  RlM,  *iM  1  7*  wild  UmjMtn,  and  cover  his  flight  1  " 

<-<i'>i}-!>r!i  :  lochitl't  Warning. 

IT  In  the  Midlands  the  word  tempest  always 
means  a  thunderstorm.  It  is  generally  used 
without  the  article;  as,  The  sky  threatens 
temjjest. 

H.  Figuratively: 

1.  A  violent  tumult,  commotion,  or  agita- 
tion ;  perturbation,  storm,  tumult. 

"  Even  the  king  itood  aghMt  for  a  moment  at  the 
violence  of  the  trmumt  which  he  had  raised."—  A/oc- 
aufay.  Hitt.  /•;»./,  oh.  vlll. 

*'.',.  A  fashionable  assembly.    (See  extract.) 

"  MM,,,,  •  'i  1,1.  la  a  rlotoiM  auemhlyof  faihl.mahle 
people,  nf  )M)(  li  •.'<<'".  at  a  private  liuune.  consisting  of 
Borne  Iminlii'-l'i  ;  not  unaptly  styled  a  drum,  from  the 
n»l»e  and  em  j  tt  I  new  of  the  entertainment.  There  are 
iil*.>  druiirnmlor,  rout,  ttmptit,  ami  hurrioane,  differ. 
It'Ji  only  In  degrees  of  multitude  and  m>roar,  M  the 
NflVlMMit  name  of  each  declarer"—  Smollett:  Advice. 
(Mote  to  Jim-  .!"  > 

tempest  boaten,  a.  Beaten  or  shaken 
aa  by  o  i<'iii|»';.i. 

"  All  1  1«  >,-,„,„<*!  r,f,,t*n  turret*  Bhnke." 

Co*l#r  :  Tart,  v.  JT. 

tompost  god,  «. 

Anthrop.  :  A  deity  supposed  to  preside  over 
storms  and  tempests. 

"  Descending  southward  to  Central  Am«rlcn,  there 
)•  found  meutlou  of  the  bird  Voc,  the  tiicmuMiRer  of 
Uurakan.  the  TmiHtt-gnd,  (whow  name  ban  l>een 
adoptoil  In  Kim>pean  iMiKui^te*  n*hnrar<uit>  fitn-nyin 
fturrtain*)  of  the  LightnliiK  and  of  the  Thunder."— 
Tylor  :  Prim.  Cult.  fed.  1878),  I.  MS. 

tempest-tossed,  o.  Tossed  or  driven 
about  by  storms. 

"  Without  a  Midden  calm,  will  ovtrwt 
Thy  tompKif-t'iird  Iwdy." 

Skiketp,  :  flo<n«o  *  Julitt,  HL  5. 

*  torn   peat,  r.t.  &  i.    (TEHPBBT,  >.  i 

At  Tninnitivf  : 

1.  Lit.  ;  To  disturb  by  or  as  by  a  tempest. 

"  Let  him  .  .  .  ttmpctt  the  air 

With  volleyed  thunder"  >u>rl  wild  warring  wordi. 

-          '-  '  ' 


2.  Fig.  ;  To  disturb  greatly,  to  agitate. 
"  Bui  »mpl«  ohe«t  all  trmftfn?,f  with  force." 

Thornton:  U, 

B.  Intrant:  To  ponr  out  a  tempest;  to 
storm. 

"  Thunder  and  f«mMrt  on  thote  learned  he«d«, 
Whom  Cieaar  with  •u.-h  honour  dnth  advaiioe," 
I'm  Jantin  :  Fontutttr.  v.  1. 


^  t.     [TEMPKSTIVE.)    Sea- 


n  -p8s'  tfve,  a.  [Lat.  tenpestivu*.  from 
temptstas  =  a  season.]  Seasonable. 

"  Nelthrr  «.l.-r'ur,-,l  from  the  comfortable  beami  of 
tneaun,  ttorwmnd  from  the  cheerful  and  trmjifHiir 
BMVM  of  heaven."— Htyvxxxl ;  t/uirnrchy  of  An^tl*. 

•tern  pdV  tlvo  1£.  <»/».     [Eng.  tempestive ; 

-ly.]    Seasonably;  in  proper  season  or  time. 

"  Dancing  IN  a  pleauuit  recreation  of  the  boily  and 
niln.l,  If  trmtvttitiilv  wu*l."— Burton:  Anat.  of  iltlan- 

-  tern  p<$»  tn 

Honableness. 

"  The  oonitltntlnM  of  conntrlee  admit  not  utich 
{PWfSM1  ••"•*-*•"•"  *'•"*«•  *•«•". 

torn  p6s  tu  Sus,  a.     [Pr.  tempestueux,  from 

1.  Very  stonny,  rough,  turbulent. 

"  Like  hint,  crnM'd  cheerfully  r«m;>A«fumuneai. 
Poraaktng  country,  kindred,  friend*  and  earn, 

Cowper;  Hop*.  694. 

2.  Turbulent,  violent,  agitated,  stormy. 

"Melville,  on  whom  the  chief  re»]x>nilMlit.y  lay. 
ante  on  the  throne  in  profound  •ilenco  tlnuu^li  n,< 
whole  of  thin  ttmptitumu  debate."— >Jfacaw/cu  iti*t 
Kng.,  cli.  xvi. 

3.  Blowing    with    violence ;    very    rough, 
boisterous. 

*  4.  Subject  to  flta  of  violent  paaaion ;  paa- 
slonate. 

t6m  pos  tu  otis  1^,  adv.  [Eng.  tfmpr.ttvr 
one;  -ly.]  In  a  tempestuous  maunur ;  with 
great  violence  of  wind  ;  with  great  commotion 
or  agitation  ;  stormily. 

"  A  touch  of  heri.  MB  blood  would  ebb  ami  flow, 
And  liU  cheek  cliange  lem^rttunutlff." 

Byron  :  flrram,  II. 

torn  pen  tu  oiis  noss,  ».  [Kng.  tnnj^fn. 
ou» ;  -ntu.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
tempestuous ;  storminess. 

tdm'-pla,  9.  pi.  [I At,.,  pi.  of  tfmjtlum  —  m 
temple.] 

Arch. :  Certain  timbers  introduced  in  th* 
roofs  of  templets.  They  were  placed  upon  the 
canterii,  or  principal  rafters,  extending  tho 
whole  length  of  the  temple  from  one  fastigium 
to  tlm  other,  corresi>onding  in  situation  ami 
use  with  the  common  purlins. 

torn   plar.  *  t  dm  plor,  *  tcm  plore,  *.  &  a. 

[Low  Lat.  templarius ;  from  Lut,  tmiphnn  •* 
a  temple  (q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port,  templar io ;  Fr.. 
templier.] 

A.  As  8ub$tantive : 

1.  A  member  of  the  order  called  Templars, 
Knights  Templars,  Knights  of  the  Temple, 
Soldiery  of  the  Temple,  Brethren  nf  Hie 
Temple  of  Solomon  at  Jerusalem,  and  Snldi-Ts 
of  Christ  It  was  founded  in  1118  or  1119  by 
nine  Christian  knights,  of  whom  the  cbiof 
were  Hngues  de  Payens  or  de  Parities  and 
Geoffroi  de  St.  Omer  or  Adcnmr.  'I'licse  two 
leaders  had  only  one  horse  between  them. 
hen co  the  seal  of  the  order  had  two  armed 
knights  one  behind  another  on  the  same 
horse.  Their  sole  support  was  the  alms  of 
the  faithful,  and  they  were  often  nillnl  lh»» 
Pauper  soldiers.  The  original  object  of  their 
association  was  to  maintain  free  passage  for 
the  pilgrims  visiting  the  Holy  Land.  Ha  Id  win 
II.,  King  of  Jerusalem,  accommodated  tlie.m 
in  part  of  his  palace,  while  the  abbot  and 
canons  of  the  church  and  convent  of  the 
Temple  gave  thorn  a  huiMiii";  wherein  to  keep 
their  arms,  whence  they  were  called  Templars. 
They  soon  rose  to  great  power  and  wealth. 
In  1128  de  Payens,  with  some  of  his  followers, 
requested  the  Council  of  Troyes  to  frame  a 
rule  for  the  order.  One  was  accordingly 
drawn  up,  and  confirmed  the  same  year  »y 
Pope  Honorlus  II.  In  1146  Eugenius  III. 
enjoined  them  to  wear  a  red  cross  on  their 
left  breast  and  on  their  banner.  [BAUSKANT.] 
Further  privileges  were  conferred  upon  tin; 
order  by  Pope  Alexander  III.  in  1102.  ThahM  i 
of  the  Templars  WHS  called  the  Grand  Master, 
and  was  elected  by  the  chapter  or  general  iHidy 
of  the  knights  ;  under  him  was  a  seneschal  <>r 
lieutenant.  Every  country  in  which  the  order 
had  possessions  was  called  a  Province,  ami 
was  ruled  by  a  grand  prior,  grand  preceptor, 
or  provincial  master.  Under  these  wuro 
priors,  1'RilifTn,  or  masters,  and  subordinate  to 
these,  preceptors,  each  ruling  over  a  pro- 
centory— that  Is,  a  house,  or  two  or  more 
adjacent  houses  viewed  as  one  establishment. 
Spiritual  members  called  chaplains  were  also 
admitted,  with  serving  brethren,  some  nf 
whom  bore  arms  as  esquires  to  tho  knights, 


Ate,  At,  faro,  amldx t,  what,  fall,  father ;   wo.  •wit,  here,  camol,  her,  thoro ;   pine,  pit,  Biro,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pS 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  whft,  «6n;  muto,  onto,  oiiw,  vnlte,  our.  rule,  rtll:  try,  Syrian.    CD.  o>  =  e:  ey  =  *:  an  =  kw. 


template— templet 


464!) 


«olie  others  practised  handicrafts.  There 
wire,  moreover,  affiliated  members,  with 
children  dedicated  to  the  order  by  their 
parents,  aud  gpown-up  persons  pledged  to  its 
defence.  During  the  period  of  the  Crusades 
the  valour  of  the  knights  was  of  great  use  to 
tlit  Christian  armies,  and  would  have  been 
i.tlll  more  so  had  there  liccn  proper  coopera- 
tion between  them  ami  the  Knights  Hospital- 
who  had  been  transformed  into  a  second 
military  order.  When  Jerusalem  was  taken 
hy  tht  Muhammadans  in  1187,  the  Templars 
.1  Hist  t«  Antioch,  then  to  Acre,  then  to 
the  Pilgrims'  Castle  near  Cresarca,  and  dually 
to  Limlsso  (now  Limasol)  in  Cyprus.  In 
1306  Philip  the  Fair,  king  of  France,  a 
determined  enemy  of  the  Church,  lured 
Jacques  de  Molay,  Master  of  the  Temple,  to 
Paris.  On  Sept.  13,  1307,  he  and  all  the 
Templars  in  France  were  simultaneously 
arrested.  In  December  the  English  Templars 
who  were  settled  at  the  spot  in  London  still 
called  the  Temple  were  also  arrested.  In 
August,  1308,  Pope  Clement  V.,  who  was  in  the 
power  of  the  King  of  France,  and  under  moral 
coercion,  issued  a  bull  calling  upon  all 
Christian  princes  and  prelates  to  assist  V.:i\ 
In  examining  into  the  guilt  of  the  order.  To 
obtain  evidence  he  issued  a  commission, 
which  began  on  Aug.  7,  1309,  and  continued 
Its  investigations  for  about  two  years.  The 
charges  were  gross  Immorality  and  impiety. 
After  a  General  Council,  held  at  Vienne  in 
October,  1811,  had  been  found  uncompliant, 
Clement,  on  March  22,  1312,  abolished  the 
order,  and  on  March  18, 1314,  Molay,  the  Grand 
Master  of  the  Templars,  and  Grey,  Grand 
Prior  of  Normandy,  were  burnt  to  death.  A 
mind  possessing  the  judicial  instinct  looks 
with  suspicion  on  charges  brought  first  by  two 
ex-Templars  who  had  no  friendly  feeling  to 
the  order  they  had  left.  It  cannot  attach 
weight  to  evidence  obtained  solely  by  torture, 
and  when  it  finds  that  the  chief  defendants 
were  burnt  alive  to  silence  them,  and  died 
asserting  their  own  innocence  and  that  of 
their  order,  and  that  the  King  of  France,  the 
Instigator  of  the  proceedings,  besides  having 
a  quarrel  to  avenge,  had  a  heavy  pecuniary 
inte.n-.st  in  procuring  an  adverse  verdict,  as  it 
would  enable  him  to  seine  the  Templars' 
wealth  amounting  to  some  millions  of  pounds, 
it  has  lil  t  li  hesitation  in  declaring  that  the 
charges  against  the  order  were  unproved,  and 
that  the  treatment  they  received  was  a  deep- 
dyed  crime. 

"So  that  the  erle  hadde  no  remedy  buttowlthdrawe 
him  auoue  ae  he  mlglit,  into  a  place  of  the  MHeJKvrt 
cloeed  wllh  .tune  wallet1  -ftraeri :  Froluart ;  Cnny. 
rte,  voL  II..  ch.  ccliv. 

2.  A  student  of  the  law  ;  a  lawyer,  so  called 
from    having   chambers  iu   the    Temple,   in 
London.    [TKUI-LE.] 

3.  A  member  of  the  order  of  Good  Templars. 

"  He  had  olton  feared  leet  any  o!  .  .  .  their  Juvenile 
trmi-lan  ehould  be  decoyed  away  on  their  Journey 
to  or  (Mm  the  meetiuga,'1— Daily  Chronicle  b«i>t.  s, 
IMA, 

"  B.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  temple. 
•J  (1)  Free  Templar :  [FRKE,  a.). 
(2)  Good  Templar :  [GOOD). 

tim  plate,  «.  [TEMPLET.]  A  mould  or  pat- 
tern used  by  moulders,  bricklayers,  machin 
ists,  Ac.,  in  laying  oft'  their  work.  It  fro 
quently  consist's  of  a  flat,  thin  board,  whose 
edge  is  dressed  and  shaped  to  the  required 
conformation,  and  it  is  laid  against  the  object 
'being  moulded,  built,  or  turned,  so  as  to  test 
the  conformity  of  the  object  thereto. 

"  Ttmptat*  [I»J  an  Improper  orthography  for  ttmpla 
...  a  mould  ueed  iu  maeonry  for  the  cutting  or 
letting  out  of  the  work."— Owi/t :  Kncy.  Architecture , 
Olouarg. 

tim  -pie  (1),  t.  [A.8.  trmpl,  tempd,  from  Low 
Lat,  lemp/um  =  a  temple,  originally  a  part 
cut  off  and  set  apart  for  religious  purposes, 
from  the  same  root  as  Or.  T«>*U  (femno)  =  to 
cut ;  cf.  Gr.  Te>e»o5  (temenm)  =  a  sacred  en- 
closure ;  Sp.  &  Port,  tempio;  Ital.  tempio, 
tempio.} 
I.  Literally : 

1.  An  edifice  erected  and  dedicated  to  the 
service  of  some  deity  or  deities,  and  connectec 
witli  some  pagan  system  of  worship.  The  term 
Is  generally  applied  to  such  structures  among 
the  Greeks,  Romans,  Egyptians,  and  other 
ancient  nations,  as  well  as  to  structures 
serving  the  same  purpose  among  modern 
heathen  nations.  Among  all  ancient  nations 
the  usual  plan  of  a  temple  was  rectangular 
seldom  circular.  Among  the  Greeks  rectangu 


lar  temples  were  classed  In  forms,  according 
to  their  architectural  peculiarities  ;  viz.  : 

(1)  The  ttmpU  in  anfis,  in  which  the  ptero- 
mata,  or  ends  of  the  side  walls,  project  so  as 
to  form  pilaster-like  piers  called  antiB,  be- 
tween which  are  columns,  generally  two  in 
number. 

(2)  The  prostyle.  In  which  the  pronaos,  or 
porch,  is  formed  In  its  entire  breadth  by  a 
disposition    of  columns,    generally    four    in 
number,  so  that  the  corner  columns  stand  iu 
front  of  the  antte,  witli  an  intervening  space. 

(3)  The  amphiprostylt,  in  which  both  the 
front  and  back  of  the  temple  have  the  prostyle 
arrangement. 

(4)  The  pertttyle  or  peripteral,  surrounded 
by  columns  on  all  sides,  in  which  the  front 
and   back   frequently  have  double  rows  of 
columns,  and  are  both  heitastyle. 

(5)  thepseudoperipteral,  occurringextremely 
rarely  in  Grecian  architecture,  in  which  the 
peripteral  is  imitated  by  columns  attached  to 
the  walls. 

(0)  The  dipteral,  surrounded  by  a  double 
colonnade,  with  porticos  of  from  eight  to  ten 
columns  in  front. 

(7)  The  pteudodipteral,  which  rarely  occurs, 
Is  a  dipteral  witli  the  inner  range  of  columns 
omitted  throughout. 

The  circular  temples  were  of  three  kinds  :— 

(1)  The  most  usual  was  the  peripteral,  which 
had  a  circular  cella,  or  cell,  surrounded  by  a 
colonnade. 

(2)  The  monopteral,  which  was  an  open  circle 
of  columns  supiiortlng  a  roof  or  entablature, 
and  consequently  without  a  cella. 

(3)  The  pteudaperipteral,  in  which,  as  In  the 
oblong  pseudoperipteral,  the  columns   were 
attached  to  the  walls  of  the  cella. 

These  circular  temples,  which  are  far  from 
common,  and  in  which  Corinthian  columns 
are  usually  employed,  were,  for  the  most 
part,  intended  for  the  worship  of  Vesta.  A 
further  distinction  was  made  ill  temples 
according  to  the  number  of  columns  In  front ; 
this  number,  however,  was  always  an  even 
one.  They  are  called  tetrastyle,  hexastyle. 
octastyle,  decastyle,  &c.,  according  as  they  had 
four,  six,  eight,  ten,  &c.,  columns.  Among 
the  Etruscans  the  form  of  the  temples  differed 
from  the  Grecian,  the  ground-plan  more 
nearly  approaching  a  square,  the  sides  being 
In  the  proportion  of  5  to  6.  The  Interior  of 
these  temples  was  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
front  portion  being  an  open  portico  renting 
on  pillars,  whilst  the  back  part  contained  the 
sanctuary  itself,  and  consisted  of  three  cells) 
placed  alongside  one  another.  The  Inter- 
columniation  was  considerably  greater  than 
iu  Grecian  temples.  Among  the  Romans  a 
temple,  in  the  restricted  sense  of  an  edifice 
set  apart  for  the  worship  of  the  gods,  con- 
sisted essentially  of  two  parts  only  :  a  small 
apartment  or  sanctuary,  the  cella,  sometimes 
merely  a  niche  for  receiving  the  image  of  the 
god,  and  an  altar  standing  in  front  of  it,  upon 
which  were  placed  the  offerings  of  the  sup- 
pliant. The  general  form— whether  circular, 
square,  or  oblong ;  whether  covered  with  a 
roof,  or  open  to  the  sky ;  whether  plain  and 
destitute  of  ornament,  or  graced  by  stately 
colonnades  with  elaborately  sculptured  frieze.-* 
and  pediments— depended  entirely  upon  the 
taste  of  the  architect  and  the  liberality  of 
the  founders,  but  in  no  way  Increased  or 
diminished  the  sanctity  of  the  building.  In 
uo  far  as  position  was  concerned,  a  temple, 
whenever  circumstances  permitted,  was 
placed  east  and  west,  the  opening  immediately 
opposite  to  the  cella  being  on  the  west  side, 
so  that  those  who  stood  before  the  altar  with 
their  eyes  fixed  upon  the  god.  looked  towards 
the  east.  The  most  celebrated  temples  of  the 
ancients  were  those  of  Jupiter  Olympus  in 
Athens,  of  Diana  (or  Artemis)  at  Ephesus,  ol 
Apollo  at  Delphi,  and  of  Vesta  at  Tlvoli  am 
Rome. 

2.  An  edifice  erected  among  Christians  as  a 
place  of  public  worship ;  a  church. 

3.  The  name  of  two  semi-monastic  estab 
lishments  of  the  middle  ages— one  In  London 
the  other  in  Paris— inhabited  by  the  Knights 
Templars.     The  Temple  Church  In  London  is 
the  only  portion  of  either  now  existing.    On 
the  site  of  the  London  establishment  have 
been  erected  the  two  Inns  of  Courts  known  as 
the  Inner  and  Middle  Temples,  which  are 
occupied  by  barristers,  and  are  the  propert; 
of  two  societies  called  the  Societies  of  the 


Inner  and  of  the  Middle  Temple,  who  liar* 
the  right  of  calling  persons  to  the  degree  of 
barrister. 

IL  Fig. :  A  place  In  which  the  divine  pre- 
sence specially  resides. 

"Know  ye  not  th»t  your  body  ii  the  Unfit  ol  tlie 
Holy  QhoatT"—  1  C.iroifA.  vi.  ly. 

1  The  Jewish  Temple  : 

Jewish  Antiquities:  The  building  reared  by 
Solomon  as  a  habitation  for  Jehovah,  though 
the  king  was  aware  that  God  could  not  b« 
confined  to  an  earthly  edifice,  or  even  to  the 
heaven  of  heavens  (1  Kings  viii.  117).  David 
had  planned  the  Temple,  but  was  divinely 
forbidden  to  erect  it,  as  he  had  slied  so  much 
blood  In  his  wars  (1  Chron.  xxil.  8).  He,  how- 
ever, made  great  preparations  for  his  son  and 
successor,  who,  he  learned  from  the  prophet) 
Nathan  (2 Sam.  vll.  13),  wasdestined  toachieve 
the  work.  It  was  built  on  Mount  Moriah 
(2  Chron.  ill.  1),  chiefly  by  Tyrian  workmen, 
and  had  massive  foundations.  Its  dimensions 
were  CO  cubits  (90  feet)  long ;  20  cubits (30  feet) 
wide,  and  80  cubits  (45  feet.)  high.  The  stone 
for  its  erection  was  dressed  before  its  arrival, 
so  that  the  edifice  arose  noiselessly  (1  Kings 
vi.  7) ;  the  floor  was  of  cedar,  boarded  over 
with  planks  of  fir;  the  wainscotting  was  of 
cedar,  covered  with  gold,  as  was  the  whole 
interior.  It  was  modelled  inside  on  the 
tabernacle,  which  was  Jehovah's  appropriate 
dwelling  while  journeyings  were  continually 
taking  place,  as  the  Temple  was  now  that  these 
had  ceased.  There  was  therefore  a  Holy  and 
a  Most  Holy  Place.  The  temple  was  sur- 
rounded by  an  inner  court  for  the  priests. 
There  was  also  a  Great  or  Outward  Court 
(2  Chron.  iv.  9  ;  Ezek.  xl.  17),  called  specially 
the  Court  of  the  Lord's  House  (Jer.  xix.  14, 
xxvi.  2).  This  temple  was  destroyed  by  the 
Babylonians  during  the  siege  of  Jerusalem 
under  Nebuchadnezzar  (2  Kings  xxv.  9  ;  S 
Chron.  xxxvt.  19).  On  the  return  from  Baby- 
lon, a  temple,  far  inferior  to  Solomon's  was 
commenced  under  Zerubbabel,  B.C.  534,  and, 
after  a  long  Intermission,  was  resumed  B.C. 
820,  and  completed  B.C.  518,  under  Darius 
Hystaspes  (Ezra  ill.  7,  vl.  15).  The  second 
temple  was  gradually  removed  by  Herod,  as 
he  proceeded  with  the  building  or  rebuilding 
of  a  temple  designed  to  rival  the  flrst  rather 
than  the  second.  The  work  was  commenced 
B.C.  21  or  20 ;  the  temple  itself  was  finished  in 
about  a  year  and  a  half,  the  courts  in  eight 
years,  but  the  subsequent  operations  were 
carried  on  so  dilatorily  that  the  Jews  reckoned 
forty-six  years  as  the  whole  time  consumed 
(John  II.  20).  In  the  courts  of  this  temple 
Jesus  preached  and  healed  the  sick.  It  caught 
fire  during  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  under 
Titus,  and  notwithstanding  his  efforts  to  save 
it,  was  burnt  to  the  ground.  (Josephut: 
WartaftheJewt.) 

t$m'  pie  (2),  ».  [O.  Fr.  templet  =  the  temple* 
(Fr.  tempt),  from  Lat.  tempora  =  the  temples, 
pi.  of  (empiis  =  a  temple.)  The  flat  portion 
of  either  side  of  the  head  above  the  cheek- 
bone, or  between  the  forehead  and  ear.  They 
are  distinguished  as  right  and  left  templet. 
(Generally  used  In  the  plural.) 

"  111  Chile  her  ttmpltt.  yet  there  e  nothing  itlri." 
Bfaum.  i  rttf. :  Unid'i  Trafffdf,  T. 

t6m  -pie  (3),  «.      [TEMPLET.] 

1.  Weaving :    An    instrument   for  keeping 
cloth  its  proper  breadth  while  the  reed  beats 
up  against  it  In  the  process  of  weaving. 

2.  One  of  the  bars  on  the  outer  ends  of  the 
spectacle  bows  by  which  the  spectacles  are 
made  to  clasp  the  head  of  the  wearer. 

*  tcm'-plo,  v.l.  [TEMPLB  (1),  ».]  To  build  a> 
temple  for;  to  appropriate  a  temple  to;  to 
inclose  in  a  temple. 

"  The  heathen  (In  many  plwee)  trmptfd  and  adoni'd 
tliU  drunken  god."— /Wwam :  Ketotoe*.  pt.  I.,  res.  84. 

•tcm'-plo  less,  a.  (Eng.  temple  (IX  ••; 
•less.]  Devoid  of  a  temple. 

torn'  plot,  *.  [Cf.  Low  Lat.  templatiu  = 
vaulted;  Fr.  templet  —  a  stretcher;  Lat. 
ttmptum  =  a  small  timber.) 

1.  Mach.,  ix. :  A  template  (q.v.). 

2.  Building: 

(1)  A  short  piece  of  timber  or  large  stone 
placed  in  a  wall  to  receive  the  impost  of  a 
girder,  brestsummer,  or  beam,  and  distribute 
its  weight ;  a  wall-plate  ;  a  torsal. 

(2)  A  plate  spanning  a  window  or  door 
space  to  sustain  joists  aud  throw  their  weight 
on  the  piers. 


boll,  b6J;  poUt,  «6>1;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  obln,  bench;  go,  gem;  tUln,  fbl*;  •*".  »f!  «!>•«*,  Xenophon.  eytat.   ph  =  t 

-elan,  -ttan  =  shan.    -felon,    sion  -  shiui ;    tlon,    f Ion  =  zhun,     clous,    tlons,  -slona  =  shiis.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  —  Dei  del. 


4650 


templiiy— temporo- 


3.  Shipbuilding : 

(1)  A  mould  of  a  certain  figure  to  test  o 
direct  the  conformation  of  a  timber  or  othe 
object. 

(2)  A  perforated  piece  or  strip  by  which  i. 
line  of  rivet  holes  is  marked  on  a  plate  to  be 
punched. 

(3)  One  of  the  wedges  in  a  building-block. 

4.  Weaving :  The  temple  of  the  horsehair 
loom  is  a  pair  of  jaws  for  each  selvedge 
(TEMPLE  (3),  s.] 

•tftn'-pla-fy,  v.t.      [Eng.   temple;   -Jy.}     To 
make  or  form  into  a  temple. 

"  Our  bodies  we  get  templified."—  Andrew*:  Works 

tem'-pUn,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.]     (See  com- 
pound.) 

templin  oil,  s. 

Chem. :    Oil    of  pine-cones.      Obtained    by 

.  distilling  the  cones  of  the  Silver-fir  or  of  Finns 

pumilis.      It    is    colourless,     but     becomes 

'  greenish-yellow  on  exposure  to  the  air,  has 

»n  odour  of  lemons,  sp.  gr.  0-862  at  12",  and 

boils  between  155°  and  200*,  the  greater  part 

•  distilling  over  about  175°.     It  agrees  with  oil 

•  of  turpentine  in  its  solubility  and  refracting 
power. 

tem'-pi,  s.    [Ital.  =  time  ; 

Music :  A  word  used  to  denote  the  degree 
of  quickness  or  rate  of  movement  at  which  a 
piece  is  to  be  performed  :  as,  Tempo  comodo 
convenient,  easy,  moderate  time  ;  tempo  ordi- 
nario  =  ordinary  time ;  tempo  primo  =  first  or 
original  time. 

tem-por-al  (1),  "tem'-por-all,  *tem- 

por -ell,  a.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  temporal,  from  Lat. 
tem]wralis  =  temporal,  from  tempus,  genit. 
temporis  =  time,  season,  opportunity  ;  bp.  & 

•  Port,  temporal;  Fr.  temponl;  Ital.  temporale,] 

A,  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  Measured  or  limited  by  time  or  by  this 
life  or  the  present  state  of  things ;  having 
limited  existence  ;  opposed  to  eternal. 

"  The  things  which  are  seen  are  temporal,  but  the 
things  which  are  not  seen  are  eternal.'  —2  Corinthians 
iv.  18. 

2.  Pertaining  to  this  life  or  this  world  ; 
-  .secular. 

(1)  Not  spiritual. 

"  Whose  minds  are  dedicate 
To  nothing  temporal.' 

Shakesp.  :  Measure  for  Ueasurt,  11  3. 

(2)  Not  ecclesiastical ;  civil  or  political :  as, 
temporal  power. 

It  Gram. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  tense. 
*  B.  As  subst. :  Anything  temporal  or  se- 
cular ;  a  temporality. 

"  Their  infallible  master  has  a  right  over  kings,  not 
only  in  spirituals  but  temporals. .—Dryden :  tteliyio 
Laid.  (Pref.) 

temporal  augment,  >.    [AUOMENT,  s.] 

temporal-lords,  s.  pi.  The  peers  of  a 
realm,  as  distinguished  from  the  archbishops 
and  bishops,  or  lords  spiritual. 

temporal-power,  e. 

Church  History : 

L  The  power  which  the  Pope  exercised  as 
sovereign  of  the  States  of  the  Church.  [TIAHA.] 
Pius  VII.  was  partially  deprived  of  his  domi- 
nions by  Napoleon  I.  in  1797,  and  entirely  in 
1808.  The  Pope  replied  by  a  bull  of  excom- 
munication ;  he  was  then  arrested  and  kept 
.  a  close  prisoner  in  France  till  the  tall  of  Na- 
poleon in  1814,  when  he  was  reinstated  in  the 
government  of  an  undiminished  territory.  The 
temporal  power  was  again  attacked  In  1848, 
when  Pius  IX.  was  driven  from  Rome,  and  a 
republic  was  established  by  Mazzini  and 
Garibaldi.  In  1849  General  Oudinot  was 
sent  by  Louis  Napoleon,  President  of  the 
French  Republic,  to  Rome,  and  his  army 
drove  out  the  revolutionists  and  brought  the 
Pope  back.  For  ten  years  the  Pope's  power 
was  not  attacked,  but  Cavour  (1809-1881),  was 
working  steadily  for  a  "United  Italy,"  and  in 
1870,  Victor  Emmanuel,  King  of  Italy,  took 
possession  of  the  Papal  territory,  leaving  the 
Pope  only  the  Vatican.  An  annual  dotation 
of  2,000,000  lire  was  guaranteed  to  him  by  the 
Italian  parliament,  but  he  has  never  accepted 
It  (The  Syllabus,  §  ix.  deals  with  "  Errors 
concerning  the  Roman  Pontiff's  civil  prince- 
dom.") 

"The  Popes  have  not  ceased  to  declare,  on  all  fitting 
occasions,  that  the  preservation  of  their  temporal  in- 


dependence  is  necessary,  as  human  affairs  are  con- 
stituted,  to  the  free  and  full  exercise  of  their  spiritual 
authority.     It  h«s  been  argued  that  the  raiton  d'etre 
of  the  ttaflftrtH  power  has  ceased  iu  modern   times, 
because  the  lay  power  has  ceased  to  be.  as  it  often  was 
in  the  middle  ages,  arbitrary,  corrupt,  violent,  and  ill. 
Informed,  but  on  the  contrary  is  administered  on 
nxed  and  equitable  principles  which  ensure  equal 
Justice  foralC"— Addis  A  Arnold:  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  774. 
2.  The  power  exercised  by  the  Popes  in  the 
middle  ages  of  excommunicating,  and  after 
excommunication  deposing  or  procuring  the 
deposition  of  a  sovereign  who  had  fallen  into 
heresy.     According  to  Addis  &  Arnold  (Cath. 
Diet.,  p.  257),  "  The  common  opinion  teaches 
that  the  Pope  holds  the  power  of  both  swords 
the  spiritual  and  the  temporal,  which  juris- 
diction and  power  Christ  himself  committed 
to  Peter  and  his  successors  (Matt.  xvi.  19).  .  .  . 
The  contrary  opinion  is    held  to  savour  of 
heresy."    But  they  add  (p.  258),  "  The  state 
of  Europe  is  so  much  altered  .  .  .  that  there 
is  no  longer  any  question,  even  at  Rome,  of 
exercising  the  deposing  power." 


tem'-por-al  (2),  a. 

temples.] 


[Lat.  tempora  =  the 


Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  temples. 
[TEMPLE,  2.] 

temporal-bone,  s. 

Anat. :  A  bone  articulating  posteriorly  and 
internally  with  the  occipital  bone,  superiorly 
with  the  parietal,  anteriorly  with  the  sphenoid, 
the  malar,  and  the  inferior  maxillary  bone. 
It  constitutes  part  of  the  side  and  base  of  the 
skull,  and  contains  in  its  interior  the  organ  of 
hearing.  It  has  a  squamous,  a  mastoid,  and 
a  petrous  portion.  (Quain.) 

temporal-fascia,  ». 

Anat. :  A  dense,  white,  shining  aponeurotic 
structure  covering  the  temporal  muscle  above 
the  zygoma,  and  giving  attachment  to  some 
of  its  fibres. 

temporal-fossa,  «. 

Anat.  :  The  upper  portion  of  the  space 
bridged  over  by  the  zygomatic  or  malar  arch. 

tem-po-ral'-l-tft  *  tem-po-ral-1-tie,  s. 

[Low  Lat.  temporalitas,  from  Lat.  temporalis.] 
[TEMPORAL,  1.] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  temporary ; 
opposed  to  perpetuity. 

"Thus  we  distinguish  the  laws  of  peace  from  the 
orders  of  war  ;  those  are  perpetual,  to  distinguish  from 
the  /emrwtility  of  these.'  —Bishop  Taylor:  Jtule  of 
Conscience,  bb.  ii.,  ch.  ii. 

*  2.  The  laity. 

"  Blame  not  onelye  the  clergie,  but  also  the  tempo- 
ralitie."— Sir  T.  Hare:  Workel,  p.  m. 

3.  A  secular  possession ;  specif,  in  the 
plural,  revenues  of  an  ecclesiastic  proceeding 
from  lands,  tenements,  or  lay  fees,  tithes,  and 
the  like  ;  opposed  to  spiritualities. 

"The  king  yielded  up  the  point,  reserving  the  cere- 
mony of  homage  from  the  bishops,  ill  respect  of  the 
temporalities,  to  himself."— Ayliffe :  Pareryon. 

•tem'-por-al-ljf,  "tern- por -al-llche, 

adv.  [Eng.  temporal  (1)  ;  -ly.]  In  a  temporal 
manner;  with  respect  to  time  or  this  life; 
temporarily. 

"To  die  temporally."— Sp.  Taylor:  Sermoni,  vol.  II., 

*  tem'-por-al  negg,   s.     [Eng.    temporal; 
-ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  tem- 
poral ;  worldliness. 

*  tem'-por-al-t&     *  tem-por-al-tie, 
*  tem-por  al-tye,  s.    [Eng.  temporal  (i) ; 

1.  The  laity ;  secular  people. 

"  The  autoritie  of  both  the  states,  that  Is  to  say, 
both  of  the  spiritualitle  and  temporalitie."—  fTdal : 
Marks  xiv. 

2.  A  secular  possession ;  a  temporality. 

tem-por-a'-n6-oust  a.  [Lat.  temporaneus, 
from  tempus,  genit.  temporis  =  time.)  Tem- 
porary. 

"Those  things  may  cause  a  temporaneous  disunion." 
— uallytvell :  Jfelampromsa,  p.  68. 

tem'-por-ar-l-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  temporary  ; 
•ly.]  In  a  temporary  manner;  for  a  time 
only ;  not  perpetually. 

cm  por  ar  I  ness,  ».  [Eng.  temporary; 
•ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tempo- 
rary. 


=***  -i*or-ar-y,  a.  [Lat.  temporarius,  from 
tempus,  genit.  temporis  =  time ;  Fr.  temporaire ; 
Sp.  &  Ital.  temporario.]  Lasting  for  a  time 
only ;  having  limited  duration  or  existence  ; 


made  for  a  time  or  for  a  special  occasion  or 
purpose  ;  not  perpetual,  not  permanent. 

"  What  he  recommended  was,  not  a  standing  bat  a 
«mw>rar»  army,  an  army  of  which  Parliament  would 
ch"i'*!S  nr  the  uumber.--J/ocauto, .-  aiu.  Kny, 

t  Temporary  characterizes  that  which  is 
intended  to  last  only  for  a  time,  in  distinction 
from  that  which  is  permanent;  offices  de- 
pending upon  a  state  of  war  are  temporary  in 
distinction  from  those  which  are  connected 
with  internal  policy :  tnmsitory,  that  is,  apt 
to  pass  away,  characterizes  everything  in  the 
world  which  is  formed  only  to  exist  for  a 
time,  and  then  to  pass  away  ;  thus  our  plea- 
sures, and  our  pains,  and  our  very  being,  are 
denominated  transitory :  Jteeting,  which  is 
derived  from  the  verb  to/i/  aid  flight,  is  hut 
a  stronger  term  to  express  the  same  idea  as 
transitory.  (Crabb.) 

temporary-star,  «. 

Astron. :  A  star  appearing  for  a  time,  and 
then  gmdually  vanishing  away.  In  November, 
1572,  a  star  burst  out  in  Cassiopeia  with  a 
brilliancy  greater  than  that  of  any  one  near 
it,  Tycho  Bralie  being  one  of  those  who  ob- 
served it  at  the  time.  It  rapidly  increased  in 
magnitude  till  it  outshone  Sirius  and  Jupiter 
and  became  visible  even  at  noon.  Then  it 
diminished  in  size,  and  in  March,  1574,  became 
invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  nor  has  it  been 
Been  since.  During  its  brief  life  it  shone  first 
white,  then  yellow,  then  reddish,  and  finally 
bluish.  Other  temporary  stars  have  been  ob- 
served, their  sudden  visibility  perhaps  due  to 
an  outburst  and  combustion  or  incandescence 
of  hydrogen.  [VABIABLE-STAB.] 

•tern'-por-fet,  8.  [Lat.  tempus,  genit.  tem- 
poris =  time.]  A  temporizer.  (Marston.) 

•  tem-por-l-za'-tlon,  s.  [Eng.  temporise); 
-ation.  \  The  act  or  habit  of  temporizing. 

"Charges  of  temporitation  and  compliance  had 
somewhat  sullied  his  reputation."— Johnson :  Life  of 
Ateham. 

tern  por  Izc,  *tem'-p6r-ise,  v.i.  [Fr. 
temporiser,  from  Lat.  tempus,  genit.  temporii 
—  time.] 

1.  To  comply  with  the  time  or  occasion  ;  to 
humour  or  yield  to  the  current  of  opinion  or 
to  circumstances  ;  to  suit  one's  actions  or 
conduct  to  the  time  or  circumstances. 

"The  ways  of  the  world  (they  cryl  are  not  always 
consonant ;  .  .  .  but  we  must  now  and  then  tempt/rite, 
or  we  are  nothing."— Uilpin :  Hints/or  Sermons,  voL 

2.  To  try  to  suit  both  sides  or  parties  ;  to 
trim. 

*  3.  To  delay  ;  to  procrastinate. 

"The  Earl  of  Lincoln,  deceived  cjf  the  country's  con- 
course, in  which  case  he  would  have  tvmiwrited,  re- 
solved to  give  the  king  battle."—  llacon :  Hetiry  VII. 

*  4.  To  comply  ;  to  come  to  term*. 
"  The  dauphin  is  too  wilful  opposite 

And  will  not  temporize  with  my  entreaties." 

Shakesp. :  King  John,  V.  1 

tem'-por-iz-er,  s.  [Eng.  temporise);  -er.] 
One  who  temporizes  ;  one  who  suits  his 
actions  or  conduct  to  the  time  or  circum- 
stances ;  a  trimmer. 

"  A  hovering  temporiier,  that 
Canst  with  thine  eyes  at  once  see  good  and  evil. 
Inclining  to  them  both." 

Shakap. :  Winter's  Tale,  i.  1 

tSm'-por-lz-fng,  pr.  par.  &  o.    [TEMPORIM.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As.  adj. :  Inclined  or  given  to  temporiz- 
ing ;  com  plying  with  the  time  or  the  prevailing 
humours  and  opinions  of  men  ;  time-serving. 

tem'-p6r-Iz-Jng-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  temporizing; 
•ly.]  In  a  temporizing  or  time-serving  manner. 

tem-por-6-,  pref.  [Lat.  tempus,  genit.  tem- 
poris =  the  temples.] 

Anal. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  temples. 

temporo  facial,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  temples  and 
to  the  face.  There  is  a  temporo-facial  nerve. 

temporo  malar,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  temples  neal 
the  cheeks.  There  is  a  temporo-malar  nerve. 

temporo  maxillary,  a. 

Anat.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  temples  and 
the  jaws.  There  are  a  tempnro-maxillary  nerve 
and  a  vein. 

temporo  parietal,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  temples  and 
the  parietal  bone.  There  is  a  temporo-parietal 
suture. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  onb,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rale,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    o>.  ce  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  Hw. 


temprure— tenaciously 


4651 


•tem-pmre,  «.    [TEMPER.]    Temper. 

"  An  other  suche  as  Arione 
Whiche  liad  an  harpe  of  suche  temprure. 

•temps,  >.    IFr-l    Time. 

•  tempse,  t.    [TEMSS.J 

tempt  (P  silent),  ».«.     [O.  FT.  tempter  (Fr. 

Crater),  from  Lat.  tempto,  tento  =  to  handle, 
to  touch,  to  try,  to  tempt;  freq.  from  teneo  = 
to  hold  ;  Sp.  &  Port  lentar  ;  Icel.  toitore.] 

*  1.  To  try,  to  prove ;  to  put  to  trial  or 
proof. 

••God  did  tempt  Abraham."—  Genesis  zxii.  1. 

2.  To  incite  or  solicit  to  ill ;  to  Incite  or 
entice  to  something  wrong  by  presenting 
•tune  pleasure  or  advantage  to  the  mma,  or 
by  adducing  plausible  arguments. 

"Gold  wiU  tempt  him  to  anything" 

Shaketp. :  Kichara  Iff..  l».  ». 

*3.  To  try,  to  venture  on,  to  essay,  to 
attempt. 

••  Who  shall  («m/<  with  wandTIng  feet 
The  dark  unbottorn'd  I«<"'I^>1™'R  ^  „.  «.. 

M.  To  provoke,  to  defy. 

"Ye  shall  not  tempt  the   Lord  your  God."— Deut. 

5.  To  endeavour  to  persuade ;  to  Incite,  to 
provoke. 

*6.  To  induce,  to  invite,  to  call  on,  to  pro- 
voke. 

"  While  we  from  Interdicted  fields  retl.- 

Nor  tempt  the  wrath  of  Heav'n  s  aveng 

Pope  :  aomer  ; 

•tempt-a-bil-.-t?  (P   silent),  «.      [Eng. 

tem.i>uMe'-Uy.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being 

tetuptable. 
•tSmpt-a-ble  (P  silent),  a.     [Eng.  tempt; 

-able]    Liable  to  be  tempted ;  opon  or  liable 

to  temptation. 

"He  that  would  know  whether  a  phlloeopherw 
temutable  by  it.  or  illftquS^b]?^^^ •/rtfjTsSale'n! 
p.  368. 

temp  ta'-tlon  (P  silent),  *  temp-ta-ei-on, 
*  temp-ta-cl  oun,  s.  [O.  ft.  temptation 
(Fr  tentatian),  from  Lat.  tentationem,  accus. 
of  ttntatio  =  a  trying,  from  tempto,  tento  =  to 
try.] 

1  The  act  of  tempting  or  soliciting  to  ill ; 
enticement  to  evil  by  arguments,  flattery,  or 
the  offer  of  some  real  or  apparent  pleasure  or 
benefit 


I  tempt  -ress  (P  silent),  *  tempt-er-esse,  s. 

[Fr.  teiiterwse.J    A    woman  who   teinpU   or 
entices. 

"  Day  at  length  came,  and  the  temptrea  vanished." 
-Scott :  menfinlas.  {Note.) 

temse,  tSmpse,  s.     [A.&  femes;  But.  terni 
=  a  colander,  a  sieve.]    A  colander,  a  sieve. 

•J  To  set  tto  temse  (or  Thames)  on  fre :  To 
make  a  llgure  in  the  world.  The  origin  of  the 
expression  is  uncertain.  According  to  lirewer, 
a  hard-working,  active  man  would  not  unfre- 
quently  ply  the  temse  so  quickly  as  to  set 
fire  to  the  wooden  hoop  at  the  bottom  ;  but  a 
lazy  fellow  would  never  set  the  temse  on  fire. 
He  adds  that  the  play  on  the  word  temse  has 
given  rise  to  many  imitations :  as,  He  will  never 
get  the  Seine  on  tire  (the  French  Seine  also  = 
a  drag-net).  Other  authorities  contend  for  the 
literal  view.  The  suggestion  that  temse  should 
be  read  for  Thames  appeared  in  Notes  &  Querist 
(3rd  ser.,  vii.  239) ;  aud,  in  answer  to  a  corre- 
spondent (6th  ser.,  xii.  360),  the  Editor  says : 
"This  idea,  which  is  discussed  4th  ser.,  vi. 
82  101,  144,  223  ;  xii.  80,  119,  137,  like  other 
suggestions  of  the  kind,  is  received  with 
little  favour,  and  the  ordinarily  accepted  sup- 
position la  that  it  is  equivalent  to  saying  that 
an  idle  fellow  will  not  accomplish  a  miracle. 

tomse-broad,  temsed-bread, 
*tomse-loa£  a.    Bread  made  of  flour 
better  sifted  than  common  floor. 
••  Some  mlieth  to  miller  the  rhye  with  the  wheat 
Tuns-toof,  on  hi*  table,  to  have  for  to  eat 

Tuoer:  September  t  uueoandrjt. 

•  tgm'-u  lenoo,  •  tem'-n-len-«* . «.  [O.  Fr. 

tanulence,  fruru  Lat.  (emuirarto.]    Intoxica- 
tion, drunkenness. 

"What  Tllenessee  they  commit  In  their  wine.  .. 
they  rlud  pardon,  amongst  wise  Judges,  but  for  their 
(.."  !*...<•«  «.  oouae»natioa.'W«''«™»  Tailor  :  Huctor 
Jtubitanti^n. 

Intoxi 


2.  The  state  of  being  tempted  or  enticed  to 
something  eviL 

••  Lead  u»  not  into  temptation."—  Iu*«  iL  4. 

3.  That  which  tempts  or  entices  ;  an  entice- 
ment or  allurement  to  some  act,  whether  good 
or  ill 

"Let  a  man  be  but  In  earnest  In  praying  against  a 
temMtian  as  the  tempter  is  In  pressing  It,  and  he 
needs  not  proceed  by  a  surer  measure,"— Sou* :  Ser- 
mons, vol  vi..  ser.  10. 

•temp-ta'-tion-lSss  (p  silent),  o.  [Eng. 
temptation;  -less.}  Having  no  temptation  or 
motive. 

"Which  of  our  senses  do  they  entertain,  which  o« 
<mr  faculties  do  they  court,  an  empty,  profitless, 
temfftutionlcu  sill."— Hammond:  Bertnone,  vol.  V1L, 
ser.  I. 

•tSmp-ta'-tious  (p  silent),  *  temp-ta-el- 
OUS,  a.  [TEMPT.]  Tempting,  seductive,  al- 
luring. 

"  I.  my  liege.  I  i  0,  that  temptacloul  tongue." 

Death  of  Kobert,  Sari  of  Huntingdon. 

tempt'-er  (p  silent), "  tempt-onr,  s.  fEng. 
tempt ;  -er.}  One  who  tempts  ;  one  who  allures 
or  incites  to  something  eviL 

"  Destitute  of  the  talents  both  of  a  writer  and  of  a 
.talesman,  he  had  in  a  high  degree  the  unenviable 
qoaltficationa  of  a  tempter.  —Siacaulau-  Bilt.  A/iff., 

t  The  tempter :  The  great  adversary  of  man- 
kind ;  the  deviL 
t&npt'-ing  (p  silent),  pr.  par.  &  o.    [TEMPT.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Seductive,  alluring,  enticing, 
attractive. 

"Those  tempting  words  were  all  to  Sappho  used." 
Pope  :  Sappho  to  Phaon,  69. 

tempt'-Ing-ly  (P  silent),  adv.  [Eng.  tempt- 
ing ;  -ly.]  In  a  tempting  manner ;  so  as  to 
tempt,  entice,  or  allure. 

"  These  look  temptingly."—  Herbert  :  Travels,  p.  201. 

tempt'-lrig-ness  (p  silent),  «.  [Eng.  tempt- 
ing; -ness.\  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
tempting. 


cated,  drunk. 

*  tSm'-n-len-tivo,  a.    [Eng.  temultnt; 
Drunken,  intoxicated. 


"The  drunkard 
mmerlug. 


. 

mmonly  hath  ---  a 
- 


t8n,  o.  *  *.  [A.B.  ten,  (V»;  cogn.  with  Dnt. 
tien;  IceL  (in  =  ten;  (igr  =  a  decade;  Dan. 
«  •  8w.  «o;  Goth,  taihun;  O.  H.  Ger.  Mtuin; 
Ger.  zeKn;  Lat  dtaem;  Gr.  ««'«:«  (deka);  Lith. 
deszimtis;  Russ.  desiate  ;  Wei.  deg  ;  Irish  44 
Gael,  ifaicft;  Pers.  doA  ;  Bansc.  dojo»;  Fr. 
dix;  8p.  diez;  Ital.  dieci.] 

A.  At  adjective  : 

L  Lit.  :  Twice  five  ;  one  more  than  nine. 
2.  Fig.  :  Used  colloquially  as  an  indefinite 
expression  for  many. 

B.  At  substantive  : 

1  The  decimal  number;  the  number  o 
twice  five  ;  a  figure  or  symbol  denoting  ten 
units,  as  18  or  X. 

2.  A  playing  card  with  ten  spots  or  pips. 
&  The  hour  of  teu  o'clock. 

-  rm  Is  the  hour  that  was  appointed  me.- 

Shakeip.  :  2  Henry  71*  It.  4. 

4.  Mining:  A  measure  (local)  containing 
420,  and  in  other  cases  440  bolls,  Wincheste 
measure. 

•ten-bones,  «.  pi.  The  ten  flngera. 
(Sliakesp.  :  2  Henry  K/.,  i.  8.) 

ten  commandments,  s.  pL 

1.  Lit.  :  [TABLE,  U  (4).] 

2.  Fig  :  The  fingers.    (Slang.) 

sy  with  the  ten  command 


ill.  3. 

Ten  Hoars'  Act,  ». 

Law  :  A  popular  name  for  the  Act  10  *  1 
Viet.,  c.  29,  which  limited  the  hours  of  labn 
for  woman  and  children  in  factories.  (BtjlMn. 

H  Ten  hours  has  since  become  the  establishe 
limit  of  labor  for  workmen  in  most  industries 
in  the  United  States  and  England.  A  movemei 
is  now  in  progress  towards  the  establishment  o 
of  an  eight  hour  period  of  lalior.  It  has  bee 
effective  in  some  industries,  while  in  man 
others  a  nine  hour  labor  dny  exists.  Th 
demand  is  still  actively  maintained. 

ten  pins,  .s.  A  game  similar  to  nine  pin 
but  played  with  an  extra  pin.  Popular  in  th 
United  States. 

ten-pound,  o.  Consisting  of  or  wort 
£10  :  as,  a  ten-pound  note. 


ten-pounder,  t.  One  who  under  the 
Reform  Act  of  1832  was  qualified  to  vote  m 
parliamentary  elections,  in  virtue  of  occupy- 
ing or  possessing  property  to  the  annual  rental 
value  of  £10.  Also  known  as  a  ten-pound 
householder. 

ten  spined  stickleback,  >. 

Ichthy. :  Gasterostem  pumjilius.  It  buildr 
a  nest  which,  lias  been  compared  to  that  of  aV 
wren  Called  also  the  Tinker. 

ten-strike,  ».     [See  STRIKE,  •.] 

Ten  Tribes,  ».  pi. 

Hist. :  The  kingdom  of  Israel  as  distin- 
guished from  the  kingdom  of  Judah  (1  Kings 
xi.  29-35,  xii.  10-24).  The  former  consisted 
of  all  the  tribes  except  Judah  and  Benjamin, 
and  these  ten  ti'ilies  were  carried  into  cap- 
tivity by  Bhalmauesor,  king  of  Assyria  (2 
Kings  xvili.  8-10),  and  from  this  captivity  it 
is  generally  believed  that  there  was  no  return. 
This  dispersion  naturally  gave  rise  to  many- 
theories,  one  of  the  latest  of  which  is  Anglo- 
Israelism,  which  endeavours  to  prove  thev 
identity  of  the  English  nation  with  the  lost 
Ten  Tribes,  and  thereby  to  claim  for  England 
the  Biblical  promises  of  favour  of  Israel.  The 
theory  was  first  broached  by  the  late  John 
Wilson,  of  Brighton,  about  1840,  in  a  series 
of  lecture*  since  published  under  the  title  of 
Our  IsraeLitish.  Origin.  The  Anglo-Israelites 
claim  that  they  form  a  body  of  two  million*- 
distributed  over  the  English-speaking  por- 
tions of  the  world,  and  they  have  a  consider- 
able literature. 

-Let  us  take  London,  whose  derivation  It  stlU 
doubtful ;  as  a  Hebrew  name  we  shall  Hud  It  to  be 
2a7°""n,  'the  dwelling  of  Pali.'  Old  London  was. 
therefore,  inhabited  by  the  IjHUites  (Perhaps  a  part 
of  them  went  over  to  Den-lnark,  although  not  yet 
claimed  by  the  Danes),  and  the  Uuildhall  may  have 
been  the  lepers'  house  connected  with  the  a 
»ord  I'M  (Job  ITL  «)....  Could  not  Sydenuam 
mean  'the  home  of  the  Sidonians'T  I  have  many 
Sor?  arguments  to  thU  effect,  which  will  appear,  aa 
an  appendix  to  niy  forthcoming  mednnval  Jewish 
aocumVnU  ou  the  ten  lnbe,.~-A.  J/eutauer,  In  JfoWe- 
*  (fueriet,  Jan.  8»,  18«7.  p.  M. 

ten-week  stock,  •. 

Sot.  it  Hart.  :  [STOCK,  II.  2.]. 

tSn-a-bU'-K-ty,  «.  [Eng.  tenable, :•«!/.]  Th» 
quality  or  state  of  being  tenable ;  teuableness. 

ten'-a-ble,  t  te'-na-ble,  o.  [Fr.,  from  tenlr 

(Lat!  teneo)  =  to  hold.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  held,  retained,  or  main- 
tained against  assault. 

«  Still  the  church  is  tenable, 
Whence  Issued  late  the  fated  balV- 

Byron  :  Siege  of  Corinth,  M. 

»2.  Capable  of  being  kept  back  or  not 
uttered.  (Shakesp. :  Hamlet,  i.  2.) 

3.  Capable  of  being  held,  maintained,  or 
defended  against  argument  or  objections. 

"They  therefore  look  ground  lower  aud  man 
tenable.  —  .Httcauluy :  Btot.  Eng..  ch.  ri. 

tSn'-a-ble-nSss,  t  te'-na-ble-nfiss, «. 

[Eng'.  tenable ;  -ness. }    The.quality  or  state  of 
being  tenable ;  tenability. 

ten  a9<>,  s.    [Fr.] 

Whist  •  The  holding  by  the  last  player  of 
the  best  and  third-best  of  the  suit  led,  so 
that  he  wins  the  last  two  tricks.  Tenace 
minor  is  the  holding  of  the  best  and  fourtbr 
best  cards. 

te -na- clous,  «.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  ten*. 
dosus,  from  tenax,  gemt.  tenacis  =  holding, 
tenacious  ;  l*?i«o  =  to  hold  ;  Fr.  tenace.] 

1.  Holding  fast ;  grasping  hard  ;  inclined 
to  hold  fast ;  not  willing  to  let  go  what  is  in 
one's  possession.    (Followed  by  of  before  tee- 
thing held.) 

"  Free  of  his  money  and  tenaciotM  of  a  secret.  —Bp. 
Taylor:  Itinc'/urle  of  Friendship. 

2.  Retentive ;  retaining  long  what  Is  com. 
mitted  to  it. 

••  The  memory  In  some  Is  very  tenacious:  but  yet 
there  °c™  .  wbe  a  constant  decay  of  all  our  ule™, 
even  of  those  which  are  struck  deepest,  aud  In  mind* 
the  most  retentive."— Locke.. 

*  a  Niggardly,  close-fisted,  miserly. 

4.  Apt   to  adhere  to   another  substance; 
adhesive,  viscous.    (Cowper :  Tusk,  i.  215.) 

5.  Having  points  disposed  to  adhere  to  each 
other;  having  great  cohesive  force  among  it* 
particles ;  tough ;  having  the  quality  of  re- 
sisting tension  or  tearing  asunder. 

tS-na'-cious-ljf,  ad".    fEng-  tenacious;  -ht.J 
1.  In  a  tenacious  manner ;  with  a  disposi- 


4652 


tenaciousness— tend 


tion  to  hold  fast  what  is  possessed  by  o 
committed  to  it. 

"To  resent  an  error  deeply,  to  reprove  It  bitterly 
to  remember  it  tmaciouilii.  to  repeat  it  frequently."— 
Taylor:  Sermons,  vol.  Hi.,  ser.  1. 

2.  Adhesively  ;  with  cohesive  force. 

te-na'  clous-ness,  ».  [Eng.  tenacious ;  -ness. 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tenacious 
of  that  which  is  possessed  or  committed  ;  uu 
willingness  to  let  go,  resign,  or  quit. 

"  TfcnactotMnaM  even  of  a  resolution  taken  for  opito- 
sitiou  sake  serves  either  to  good  or  bad  purposes."— 
Search:  Light  of  Nature,  vol.1.,  pt.  L.  ch.  vi 

2.  That  quality   of  bodies    which  enable 
them  to  adhere  or  stick  to  others  ;  adhesive 
ness,  tenacity. 

3.  That  quality  of  bodies   which  enables 
them  to  resist  tension  or  tearing  asunder 
tenacity,  cohesive  force. 

tiS-nac'-I-ty,  "  te-nac-i-tie,  «.    [Fr.  Una 
cite,  from  Lat.  tenacitatem,  accus.  of  tenacitas 
from  tenax,  genit.  tenacis  =  tenacious  (q.v.)." 
I.  Literally: 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tenacious 
that  quality  of  bodies  which  makes  them  ad 
here  to  other  substances ;  adhesiveness,  stick! 
ness,  glutinousuess. 

"  The  slime  engendered  within  the  lake  of  Sodome 
In  Jurie,  as  viscous  as  It  is  otherwise,  will  foreuo  nl 
that  tenticitie."—f.  Holland :  Piinie,  bk.  xxvtii.,  ch.  vii. 

2.  That  propertypfmaterialbodiesby  which 
they  are  able  to  resist  a  severe  strain  withoul 
-rupturing  or  splitting  ;  that  quality  of  mate- 
rial bodies  by  which  their  parts  resist  an  effort 
to  force  or  pull  them  asunder ;  the  measure  ol 
the  resistance  of  bodies  to  tearing  or  crushing; 
opposed  to  brittleness  or  fragility.     Tenacity 
results  from  the  attraction  of  cohesion  existing 
between  the  particles  of  bodies,  and  is  directly 
proportional  to  it.    It  consequently  varies  in 
different  substances,  and  even  in  the  same 
material  under  varying  conditions  as  regards 
temperature.    The  resistance  offered  to  tearing 
is  called  absolute  tenacity,   that   offered  to 
crushing,  retroactive  tenacity.     The  processes 
of  forging  and    wire-drawing  increase   the 


,M»iM     vilnu    Ul     Olllljllc     1I1CU113.         Allt)   IKIIclClLy  OI 

wood  is  greater  in  its  longitudinal  direction 
than  in  a  transverse  direction. 

H  The  method  of  ascertaining  the  tenacity 
of  particular  bodies  is  to  form  them  into 
cylindrical  or  prismatic  wires,  and  note  the 
weight  required  to  break  them.  It  is  directly 
proportional  to  the  breaking  weight,  and 
inversely  proportional  to  the  area  of  a  trans- 
verse section  of  the  wire. 

3.  The  quality  of  holding  on  to,  or  of  not 
letting  go  the  hold  on  anything. 

"  The  tenacity  of  the  English  bulldog  .  .  .  was  a 
•object  for  national  boasting."—  £<•<*»  ;  Sngland  in 
the  Eighteenth  Century.  Tol.  L.ch.  iv. 

*I1.  Fig.  :  Unwillingness  to  forget;  ob- 
stinacy. 

"  IJtadftto  my  grlefe,  that  the  mis-understanding 
tenacitte  of  some  zealous  spirits  hath  made  it  a  uuar- 
relf-«p.  Bali:  The  Reconciler. 

t<5n-ac;-u  lum,  «.      [Lat  =  a  holder,  from 
teneo  =  to  hold.] 

Surjr.  :  A  fine  hook,  attached  to  a  handle, 
which  is  thrust  through  a  blood-vessel,  to  draw 
It  out  and  enable  it  to  be  tied. 

tenaculum  for  ceps,  -. 

Surf.  :  A  n  instrument  for  grasping  an  artery 
to  facilitate  tying.  The  instrumenthas  a  pair 
of  bifurcated  claws,  which  close  into  each 
other  upon  the  artery  by  a  spring. 


y,  «.  [Tx>w  Lat.  tenacia,  from  Lat. 
tenax,  genit.  tenacis  =  tenacity  (q.v.).]  Tena- 
city, tenaciousness. 

"  Highest  excellence  is  void  of  all  envy,  selfishness. 
and  tenacy.'—Barroia:  Sermons,  vol.  ii.,  aer.  xii. 

tS-nall',  te-naille',  s.     [Fr.  tenaille,  from 
tenir  (Lat.  teneo)  =  to  hold.] 

Fort.  :  A  low  work  located  in  the  ditch  and 
in  front  of  a  curtain  to  protect  the  curtain 
and  flanks  of  the  bastions.  A  passage  for 
troops  is  left  between  each  end  and  the  ad- 
jacent flank. 

te-nair-ldn  (second  I  as  »),  «.    fFr.,  from 
tmaille  =  tenail  (q.v.).] 

Fort.:  Alowontworkhavlngasalientangle; 
It  was  formerly  usual  to  place  one  on  each 
side  of  a  ravelin  to  increase  its  strength  and 
cover  the  shoulders  of  the  bastion. 


ten'-an-cy,  *  ten-an-cie,  s.    [Eng.  tenant) 

1.  A  holding  or  possession  of  lauds  or  tene 
ments  from  year  to  year,  or  for  a  term  ( 
years,  for  a  life  or  lives,  or  at  will ;  tenure ;  tli 
temporary  possession   of  what    belongs   tx 
another. 

"  To  this  species  of  tenancy  succeeded,  though  b 
very  slow  degrees,  farmers,  properly  so  called  wh 
cultivated  the  land  with  their Vwii I  stock,  paying 
rent  certain  to  the  landlord."  —  Smith :  irmth  , 
Jfatiom,  bk.  Hi.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  The  period  during  which  lands  or  tene 
ments  are  held  by  one  person  from  another. 

*3.  A  house  of  habitation,  or  a  place  to  Ui 
in,  held  of  another. 

If  Tenancy  i  ti  Common : 

Law:  The  kind  of  tenure  possessed  by 
tenants  in  common.  [TENANT  (1),  s.,  II.  (8). 

ten'-ant  (1),  'ten-aunt,  a.  &  ».    [Fr.  tenant, 
pr.  par.  of  tenir  =  to  hold.]    [TENABLE.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

Her. :  The  same  as  HOLDING  (q.v.). 

B*  As  substantive : 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  has  possession  o! 

or  occupies  any  place ;  a  dweller,  an  occupant. 

"  Sweet  tenant*  ol  this  gsove. 
Who  slug  without  design." 

Cowper:  Joy  in  Martyrdom. 
II.  Law: 

1.  A  person  who  holds  or  possesses  lands 
or  tenements  by  any  kind  of  title,  either  in 
fee,  for  life,  for  years,  or  at  will.     In  ordinary 
language  one  who  holds  lands  or  houses  under 
another,  to  whom  he  is  bound  to  pay  rent,  and 
who  is  called  in  relation  to  him  his  landlord. 

"  Estates  for  life,  created  by  deed  or  grant,  are  where 
a  lease  is  made  of  lauds  or  tenements  to  a  man  to  hold 
for  the  term  of  his  own  life,  or  for  that  of  any  other 
person,  or  for  more  lives  than  one:  in  any  of  which 
cases  he  is  styled  tenant  for  life ;  only  when  he  holds 
the  estate  by  the  life  of  another,  he  is  usually  called 
tenant  pur  outer  fie."—Blactilone:  Comment.,  bk.  ii., 

2.  A  defendant  in  a  real  action.    [REAL  (IX 

If  (1)  Sole  tenant:  One  who  holds  in  his 
own  sole  right,  and  not  with  another. 

(2)  Tenant  at  suferance :  One  who  having 
been  in  lawful  possession  of  land,  keeps  it 
after  the  title  has  come  to  an  end  by  the 
sufferance  of  the  rightful  owner. 

(3)  Tenant  at  will:  One  in  possession  of 
lands,  &c.,  let  to  him  to  hold  at  the  will  of 
the  lessor. 

(4)  Tenant  by  copy  of  court-roll :  One  who  is 
admitted  tenant  of  any  lands,  &c.,  within  a 
manor. 

(5)  Tenant   by  courtesy:    One   who  holds 
lands,  &c.,  by  the  tenure  of  Courtesy  of  Eng- 
land.    [COORTESY,  U  (2X] 

(6)  Tenant  by  tlie  verge:  [VERGE,  «.]. 

(7)  Tenantincapiie,  Tenant  in  chief :  [CAprra, 
CHIEF,  B.  II.  I.J. 

(8)  Tenant  in  common:  One  who  holds  or 
occupies  lands  or  possesses  chattels  in  com- 
mon with  another   or   others.     In   such   a 
case  each  has  an  equal  interest ;  but  in  the 
event  of  the  death  of  either  his  share  does 
not  go  to  the  survivors,  as  in  the  case  of  a 
joint  tenancy,  but  to  his  heirs  or  executors. 

"As  to  the  Incidents  attending  a  tenancy  In  com- 
mon: tenants  In  common,  like  Joint-tenants,  are  com- 
pel lable  by  bill  in  equity  to  make  partition  of  their 
lands ;  yet  there  Is  no  survivorship  between  them  as 
properly  they  take  distinct  moieties  of  the  estate  "— 
Blaclatont:  Comment,  bk.  1L,  ch.  10. 

(9)  Tenant  in  dower:  A  widow  who  pos- 
sesses lands,  &c.,  in  virtue  of  her  dower. 

(10)  Tenant  in  fee  simple :  [FEE,  i.]. 

(11)  Tenant  in  fee  tail:  [TAIL,  (2),  «.]. 
tenant-right,  s. 

Law  <t  Custom:  A  custom  ensuring  to  a 
tenant  a  permanence  of  tenure  without  any 
increase  of  rent,  unless  one  sanctioned  by  the 
general  sentiments  of  the  community,  or 
entitling  him  to  purchase  money  amounting 
to  so  many  years  rent  in  case  of  his  holding 
being  transferred  to  another.  It  prevails  in 
Ulster,  and  was  introduced  in  a  modified  form 
into  the  Irish  Land  Act  of  July  8,  1870. 
(W/utrton.) 

ten'-ant  (2),  «.    [See  def.]    A  corrupyon  of 
tenon  (q.v.). 

ten'-ant  (1),  v .(.  A  i.    [TENANT  (1), «.] 
A.  Transitive: 
1.  To  hold,  occupy,  or  possess  as  a  tenant. 

"Sir  Roger's  estate  is  tenanted  by  persons  who  have 
a."— Addi* 


served  him  or  his  ancestors. "• 


ui4on:  Spectator. 


2.  To  let  out  to  tenants. 


*B.  Intrant.  :  To  live  as  a  tenant;   to 
dwell. 

*  ten  -ant  (2),  v.t.    [TENANT  (2),  ».]    To  fasten 
with,  or  as  with  tenons. 


ten'-ant-a-ble,  a.     [Eng.  tenant;  -able.] 

1.  In  a  state  of  repair  fit  for  occupation  by 
a  tenant  ;  fit  for  a  tenant. 

"That  the  soul  may  not  be  too  much  Incommoded 
In  her  house  of  clay,  such  necessaries  are  secured  to 
thebody  as  may  keep  it  in  tenantable  repair."—  Deca* 

*2.  Capable   of  being   held  or  retained; 
tenable. 

''To  apply  the  distinction  to  Colchester  :  all  men 
beheld  it  as  teriantable,  full  of  faire  houses."—  fuller  • 
Worthiei  ;  Euex. 

ten  ant  a-ble-ness,  ».  [Eng.  tenantable; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tenant- 
able. 

ten  -ant  ed  (1),  a.  [Eng.  tenant,  :  -ed.]  Held 
or  occupied  By  a  tenant. 

ten  -ant-ed  (2),  o.    [Eng.  tenant  (2),  s.  ;  -td.] 
Her.  :   Tallied  or  let  into  another  thing  • 
having  something  let  in,  as  across  tenanted— 
i.e,,  having  rings  let  into  its  extremities. 

ten  -ant-less,  a.    [Eng.  tenant  (1),  s.  ;  -less.] 
Having  no  tenant  or  occupant  ;  unoccupied. 
"  She  returned  to  the  tenantleu  house  of  her  father." 
Longfellow  :  Eeanoeline,  1.  4. 

ten'-ant'-ry,  ».    [Eng.  tenant  (1),  s.  ;  -ry.] 
1.  The  body  of  tenants  collectively. 
"The  tenantry,  whom  nobody  knows,  starve  and 
rot  on  the  dunghills  whence  they  originated."—  A'noa.- 
£aayt,  No.  114. 

*  2.  Tenancy. 

tench,  ».  [O.  Fr.  tenche;  Fr.  tanche  ;  Lat. 
tinea  (q.v.).] 

Icltihy.  :  Tinea  tinea  (or  t  mlgaris),  the  sole 
species  of  the  genus,  found  all  over  Europe  in 
stagnant  waters  with  soft  bottom  ;  it  is  not 
abundant  in  English  rivers,  but  in  old  pits  in 
brick-yards.  Like  most  other  Carps  of  the 
group  Leuciscina,  it  passes  the  winter  in  a 
torpid  state,  concealed  in  the  mud.  Tench 
have  been  taken  three  feet  long,  but  one  of 
half  that  size  is  unusually  large.  They  breed 
in  May  and  June,  depositing  the  spawn  among 
aquatic  plants;  the  ova  are  small,  and  ex- 
ceedingly numerous,  as  many  as  297,000  having 
been  counted  in  a  single  female.  The  flesh  ii 
naturally  soft  and  insipid,  but  if  the  fish  are 
fed  on  meal,  it  becomes  delicate  and  well- 
flavpured.  The  colour  is  usually  deep  yel- 
lowish-brown, and  the  so-called  Golden  Tench 
is  not  a  distinct  species,  but  a  variety  dta- 
playing  incipient  albinism. 

tench-weed,  s. 

Sot.  :  The  genus  Potamogeton  (q.v.),  spec. 
P.  natans.  Forby  supi>oses  the  name  is  given 
because  the  weed  is  very  agreeable  to  the  fish, 
but  Prior  because  it  grows  in  ponds  "  where 
tench  have  broken  up  the  puddling  by 
burrowing  in  it." 


(1),    v.t.   &   i.    [A  shortened  form   o( 
attend  (q.v.).] 
A.  Transitive  : 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  accompany  as  assistant,  attendant, 
or  protector  ;    to  attend  on  ;    to  watcli,  to 
guard. 

"  Tend  me  to-night." 

Hhakesp,  :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  lv.  1 

2.  To  look  after;  to  watch,  to  mind;  to 
take  care  or  charge  of. 

"  There  Is  no  flock,  however  watched  and  tended. 
But  one  dead  lamb  is  there." 

Longfellow:  Kct/gnation. 

3.  To  attend  to;   to  be  attentive  to;  to 
mind. 

"  His  fields  he  tended,  with  successless  care, 
Early  and  late."  J.  Philip*:  Cider,  U. 

*  4.  To  wait  upon,  so  as  to  execute  ;  to  be 
prepared  to  perform. 

*  5.  To  accompany. 

"  They  [cares]  tend  the  crown.* 

Shaketp.  :  Hichard  11..  tv. 

IL  Naut.  :  To  watch,  as  a  vessel  at  anchor, 
at  the  turn  of  tides,  and  cast  her  by  the  helm, 
and  some  sail  if  necessary,  so  as  to  keep 
turns  out  of  her  cable. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amicUt,  what,  fall,  tether;   we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
«r,  wore,  won  work.  whd.  sin;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    «*,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tend— tenderly 


4653 


B,  Intransitive: 

1.  To  attend  ;  to  wait,  as  a  servant  or  at- 
tendant.   (Followed  by  on.) 

"  From  whence  thou  earnest,  how  tended  on," 

.  :  Aiii  WtU,  11.  1. 


•  2.  To  be  In  waiting  ;  to  be  ready  for  eer- 
yice  ;  to  attend. 

'•  The  associates  tend,  and  everything  Is  bent 
Fur  England."  SAakeip.  ;  Samlet,  IT.  a, 

•  3.  To  be  attentive  ;  to  attend. 

"  Tend  to  the  master's  whistle."—  Skaketp.  :  Tempt*. 

*  4.  To  attend  or  accompany,  as  something 
inseparable. 

"  Threefold  vengeance  tend  upon  roar  iteps." 

Shaketp.  :  t  Henry1  IV.,  UL  S. 

tend  (2),  *  tende,  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr.  tendn,  from 
Lat.  Undo  =  to  stretch,  to  extend,  to  direct.] 
*A.  Transitive: 

Old  Law  :  To  make  a  tender  of  ;  to  tender  ; 
to  offer. 

"  Tending  unto  him  &  iurreudry."  —  P.  Boliand. 
Cnmden,  p.  ST. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

I,  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  mQve  in  a  certain,  direction  ;  to  be 
directed. 

"  Love  I    Hit  affections  do  not  that  way  tend; 
Nor  what  he  spake.  though  it  lacked  form  a  little. 
Was  not  like  madness."     Shalutp.  :  Samlet.  Hi.  1. 

2.  To  be  directed  towards  any  end  or  pur- 
pose ;  to  aim  ;  to  have  influence  or  exert  ac- 
tivity towards  producing  a  certain  effect  ;  to 
contribute. 

"Admiration  selz'd 

All  heav'n.  what  this  might  mean,  and  whither  tend." 
Milton  :  P.  L.,  ill.  873. 

IL  Naut.  :  To  swing  round  an  anchor,  as  a 
ship. 

"  Between  three  and  four  o'clock  the  tide  of  ebb 
began  to  make,  and  I  sent  the  matter  to  sound  to  the 
southward  ant)  south  west  ward,  and  in  the  mean  time, 
M  the  ship  tended,  I  weighed  anchor."—  Coo*  ;  J-'irtt 
Voyage,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  Tit 

•  tend'  ance,  «.    [Shortened  from  attendance 
(q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  attending,  tending,  or  waiting 
cm  ;  attention  ;  care. 

"  They  at  her  coming  sprung, 
And  touch'd  by  her  fair  tendnnce,  glaulier  grew." 
Jtiiton  :  P.  L.,  vilL  «T. 

2.  The  act  of  waiting  ;  attendance. 

3.  Attendance  ;  state  of  expectation. 

"  Unhappie  wight,  borne  to  desastrous  end, 
That  doth  bis  life  in  BO  long  tendance  spend  I  " 
Spenter  :  Mother  Subberdt  Tale. 

4.  Persons  attending  ;  attendants. 

"  Now  torch  and  menial  tendance  led 
Chieftain  and  knight  to  bower  and  bed." 

Scott  :  Lord  of  the  /»/«*,  ill.  T. 

•tend'-ant,  s.  [Shortened  from  attendant 
(q-v-)-J  "  An  attendant 

"  Her  tetid<ints  saw  her  fallen  upon  her  sword." 

Vicart  ;  Tratu.  of  Virytt. 

•  tende,  v.t.    [TEND  (2),  v.} 

*tend'-en9e,  A.  [Lat.  tendens,  pr.  par.  of 
tendo  =  to  stretch.]  Tendency. 

"  He  freely  moves  and  act*  according  to  his  most 
natural  tendence  and  inclination.  "—Scott.-  Chratian 
Life,  pt,  t.  ch.  L 

tSnd'-en-9Jf,  ».  [Eng.  tendenc(e);  -#.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  tending  towards  some  end, 
purpose,  or  result  ;  direction  towards  any 
end,  purpose,  or  result  ;  inclining  or  contri- 
buting influence  ;  inclination  ;  disposition. 

"  But  the  general  tendency  of  schism  is  to  widen."— 
Macaulay  .*  UitL  Eng.,  ch.  xi. 

tender  (1),  *.    [Eng.  tend  (1),  v.  ;  -er.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  One  who  tends,  waits  upon,  or  takes 
charge  or  care  of  another. 

*  2.  Regard  ;  care  ;  kind  concern.    (In  this 
sense  perhaps  from  tender,  a.) 

"  Thou  niak'at  some  tender  of  my  life, 
In  this  fair  rescue." 

Shatetp.  :  1  Senry  I  V.,  T.  4. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Rail.  :  The  carriage  which  is  attached  to 
a  locomotive,  and  contains  the  supply  of  fuel 
and  water.    [TANK-ENGINE.] 

2.  Naut.  :  A  small  vessel  employed  to  tend 
upon  a  larger  one,  with  supplies  of  provisions, 
to  carry  dispatches,  to  assist  in  the  perform- 
ance of  shore  duty,  in  reconnoitring,  &c. 

"Capt.  Knight,  with  a  flreship  and  three  tender!, 
which  last  had  not  a  constant  crew."  —  Dampier; 
Voyage*  (an.  1685). 

3.  Domestic  :  A  small  reservoir  attached  to 
a  mop,  scrubber,  or  similar  utensil. 


ten   der  (2X  *.    [TENDER  (1),  v.} 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  offering  for  acceptance  ;  an 

offer  for  acceptance. 

"  A  formal  tender  and  a  formal  acceptance."— 
Macaulny  :  Hitt.  Mng.,  ch.  xiii. 

2.  An  offer  in  writing  to  do  certain  work,  or 
supply  certain  specified  articles  at  a  certain 
sum  or  rate. 

3.  That  which  Is  tendered,  proffered,    or 
offered. 

"  You  bar*  ta'en  these  ttndtrt  for  true  pay." 

Bhtikeip.  :  Hamlet,  I.  8. 

IL  Law  :  An  offer  of  money  or  other  thing 
In  satisfaction  of  a  debt  or  liability. 

H  (1)  Legal  tender:  Coin  or  paper-money 
which,  BO  tiir  as  regards  the  nature  or  quality 
thereof,  a  debtor  may  be  compelled  to  pay,  or  a 
creditor  to  receive,  in  settlement  of  debt.  The 
legal  tender  money  of  the  United  States  ia  UK 
follows:  Gold  coin;  silver  dollars  and  silver 
certificates  (except  when  otherwise  expressly 
stipulated  in  thecontiuct)  ;  fractional  silver  in 
amounts  not  exceeding  ten  dollars;  United 
States  notes  or  *'  greenbacks  "  (except  for  pay- 
ment of  duties  and  interest  on  the  national 
debt)  ;  Treasury  notes  (except  when  otherwise 
expressly  stipulated  in  the  contract).  Gold  is, 
therefore,  our  only  full  and  unlimited  legal 
tender  money.  Notes  of  national  banks  are 
not  legal  tender,  but  are  "receivable1*  for  all 
debts  and  dues,  public  and  private,  except 
duties  and  interest  on  the  national  debt 
Trade  dollars  and  foreign  moneys  are  not  legal 
tender.  The  constitutional  right  of  our 
government  to  issue  legal  tender  paper  cur- 
rency in  either  peace  or  war  was  decided  by 
the  Supreme  Court  (Mr.  Justice  Field  dissent- 
ing), on  March  3,  1884,  in  the  case  of  Juillard 
vs.  Greenman,  110  U.  S..  421.  Our  Constitution 
prohibits  the  several  States  from  making  any 
money  legal  tender  except  gold  and  silver 
coins.  [See  FIAT  MONET.] 

(2)  Plea  of  tender  : 

Law  :  A  plea  by  a  defendant  that  he  has 
been  always  ready  to  satisfy  the  plaintiffs 
claim,  and  now  brings  the  sum  demanded  into 
court. 

(3)  Tender  of  amends  : 

Law  :  An  offer  by  a  person  who  has  been 
guilty  of  any  wrong  or  breach  of  contract  to 
pay  a  sum  of  money  by  way  of  amends. 

ten'-der(l),  v.t.  &  {.  [Fr.  tendre,  from  Lat 
tendo  =  to  stretch,  to  direct,  to  extend.  Tender 
and  tend  (2)  are  thus  doublets.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  offer  in  words,  or  to  exhibit  or  present 
for  acceptance. 

"  I  tender  yon  my  service." 

Shatetp.  :  Richard  //..  IL  3. 

2.  To  offer  in  payment  or  satisfaction  of  a 
debt  or  liability. 

"  Here  I  tender  It  [money]  for  him." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  IT.  1. 

*  3.  To  present,  to  exhibit,  to  show. 

"  You'll  tender  me  a  fool.      Shtiketp.  :  Bamtet,  L  S 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  make  a  tender  or  offer  to 
do  certain  work  or  supply  certain  goods  for 
a  specified  sum  or  price, 

ten  der  (2),  v.t.    [TENDER,  a.]    To  treat  or 
regard  with  kindness  ;  to  hold  dear,  to  regard  ; 
to  have  a  care  or  regard  for  ;  to  cherish. 
"  Which  name  I  tender  as  dearly  as  my  own." 

.  :  Romeo  t  Juliet,  ill.  l. 


ten  der,  *ten-dre,  a.  &s.  [Fr.  tendre(formed 
with  excrescent  d  after  n,  as  in  gender, 
thunder,  &c.},  from  Lat.  tenerum,  accus.  of 
tener  —  tender,  thin,  fine;  allied  to  ttnufa  = 
thin,  flne;  Sp.  tierno;  Port,  terno  ;  Ital. 
tenero.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Easily  impressed,   broken,   bruised,  or 
the  like  ;  delicate  ;  not  hard  or  firm. 

"  Thoee  tender  limbs  of  thine." 

Shaketp.  :  Alft  Well,  UL  1 

2.  Not  hard  or  t^iugh  :  as,  The  meat  is  tender. 

3.  Delicate,    effeminate;   not  hardy;   not 
able  to  enduro  hardship. 

"  The  dark  oppressive  steam  ascends  ; 
And,  used  60  milder  scents,  the  fender  race, 
By  thousands,  tumble  from  their  honied  domes." 
Thornton  :  Autumn,  1,180. 

4.  Delicate  in  health  ;  weakly.    (Scotch.) 

5.  Very    sensible  of  impression    or   pain  ; 
very    susceptible   of  any    sensation  ;    easily 
pained  or  hurt. 

"  Tour  soft  and  tender  breeding." 

Shaketp.  :  Twelfth  Night,  T. 


6.  Susceptible  of  the  softer    passions,  M 
love,  compassion,  kindness ;   easily  affected 
by  the  sufferings  or  distress  of  another ;  com- 
passionate, pitiful,  sympathetic. 

"  But  so  Inconsistent  is  humau  nature  that  ther* 
are  tender  spots  even  in  seared  consciences. "— J/ooau- 
lay :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  rli. 

7.  Expressive     of    the     softer     passions ; 
adapted    or  calculated  to  excit*  feeling    or 
sympathy ;  affecting,  pathetic. 

8.  Gentle,  mild,  kind ;  unwilling  to  hurt ; 
loving,  fond. 

"  Bid  her  be  all  that  cheers  or  softens  life. 
The  tender  sister,  daughter,  friend,  and  wife." 

Pope  :   Kpittlr  to  Ur.  JrrP.it,  40. 

9.  Using  language  or  having  a  style  charac- 
terized by  a  certain  softness  or  pathos. 

*  10.  Exciting  concern  ;  dear,  precious. 

"  Whose  life's  as  tender  to  me  as  my  soul." 

Shakeep.  •*  Two  QenlUmen  of  Vtrona,  T.  4 

11.  Careful  to  save    inviolate,    or   not  to 
injure.    (With  of.) 

"  Ermln'd  candour,  tender  of  our  fame." 

Smart ;  iloratian  Canons  of  friendihip. 

12.  Not  strong  through  immaturity;    Im- 
mature, feeble. 

"  No  train  is  his  beyond  a  single  page. 
Of  foreign  aspect  and  of  tender  .we,' 

Byron :  Lara,  i.  4. 

13.  Apt  to  give  pain  or  annoy  when  spoken 
of ;  delicate,  sore. 

"  In  things  that  are  tender  and  unpleastog.  break 
the  ice  by  some  whose  words  are  of  less  weight."— 
Bacon. 

*  11.  Quick,  sharp,  keen. 

"  Unapt  for  tender  smell." 

Shaketp.  :  /tape  of  Lucrtce,  CM. 

*  B.  As  sitbst. :  A  tenderness,  a  regard,  at 
affection. 

"I  had  a  kind  of  ft  tender  for  Dolly."— Centlivr* : 
Marit  Bewitched,  T. 

tender-foot,  «.  A  novice,  a  young  b* 
pinner;  a  new  comer  into  a  mining  camp 
ranch,  Ac.  (  U.  S.  and  Australian  Slang.) 

tender-hearted,  a. 

1.  Having  great  susceptibility  of  the  softer 
passions,  as  love,  pity,  compassion,  kindnesav 
&c. 

"  Towards  that  tender-hearted  man  he  turned 
A  serious  eye."       Wordncorth  :  Excurti'in,  bk.  ilL 

2.  Having  great  sensibility  ;  susceptible  of 
impressions  or  influence. 

"  Rehoboam  wsi  young  and  tender -hearted,  and 
could  not  withstand  them.'1— 2  chr-.n.  xili.  7. 

tender-heartedly,  adv.  In  a  tender 
hearted  manner. 

tender-heartedness,  v.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  tender-hearted  ;  a  tender  01 
compassionate  disposition. 

"  She  little  thought 

This  tender-hearttdnett  would  cause  her  death." 
Southey  :  Grandmother'!  Tale. 

*  tender-hefted,  a.   Moved  with  tender 
ness  ;  tender-hearted. 

"  Thy  tender-hefted  nature  shall  not  give 
Thee  over  to  harshness.  '          shnke»}>.  :  Lear,  IL  4 

tender-loin,  s.  A  tender  part  of  flesh 
In  the  hind  quarter  of  beef  or  pork  ;  the  psoan 
muscle. 

tender  minded,  a.  Susceptible  of  soft 
passions  ;  tender-hearted. 

**  To  be  tf.nder-minded 
Does  not  become  a  sword."       Khaketp. :  Lear,  r.  S. 

tender  mouthed,  a.  Kind  in  speak* 
fng ;  not  harsh. 

tender-porcelain,  s.  A  ware  composed 
of  a  vitreous  frit  rendered  opaque  and  lesa 
fusible  by  axldition  of  calcareous  clay,  it* 
glaze  is  a  glass  of  silica,  alkali,  and  lead. 

*  ten'-der-llng,  5.    [Eng.  tender,  a. ;  -ling.] 

*  1.  One  who  is  made  tender,  delicate,  or 
effeminate  by  too  much  kindness  or  fondling. 

"Our  tenderling!  complain*  of  rbeumes,  catarhs, 
and  poe4s.."—Uoiiruhed :  Deter.  England,  bk.  IL. 
ch.  six. 

2.  One  of  the  first  horns  of  a  deer. 

tSn'-der-iy,   *ten-dre-ly,  adv.    [Eng. 
tender^  a. ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  tender  manner ;  with  tenderness  of 
gentleness ;  gently,  mildly. 

"  And  half  in  earnest,  half  In  Jest,  would  any, 
Sternly,  though  tenderly.    Art  thou  the  Klngf" 
Longfellow ;  tiicilian't  Tale. 

2.  With  affection  or  pity ;  fondly,  dearly. 

"  For,  after  all  that  has  passed,  I  cannot  help  loving 
you  tenderly."— Mucaulay:  llitt.  Eng,,  ch.  ixiv. 

3.  Delicately,    effeminately:    as,   a    child 
tenderly  reared. 

4.  With  a  quick  sense  of  pain  ;  keenly. 


boll,  bd>;  pont,  J6%1;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  $hi»;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  o^ist.    ph  =  t 
-dan,  -Uan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -mion  =  shun;  -(ion,  -fion  =  zhun.   -oious,  -tious,  naious  =  sbus.   -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  dot 


4654 


tenderness— tenerlty 


S.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  easily  hur 
oftness,  delicacy  :  as,  tenderness  of  the  skin 


ten  der-ness,  •  ten-dor  nesse, 

tender,  a.  ;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tender 
delicate,  or  fragile  ;  softness,  brittleness. 

2.  Freedom  from  hardness  or  toughness 
as,  the  tenderness  of  meat. 

t 

kin. 

4.  Susceptibility  of  the  softer  passions 
sensibility. 

"  We  hare  heard  from  you  a  voice 
At  every  moment  softened  In  its  course 
By  lendtrnea  of  heart." 

Wordtworth  :  Excurtion,  bk.  IT. 

&  Kind  attention  ;  kindness  ;  kindly  feelinj 
or  disposition  ;  care  or  affection  for  another. 

"No  part  of  bia  conduct  to  her,  since  her  marriage, 
had  indicated  tmderneu  on  his  part"—  Macauiau 
Bar.  Jnw.,  cb.  ix. 

6.  Scrupulousness,  caution;  extreme  care 
or  concern  not  to  hurt  or  give  offence. 

"The  inducing  cause  of  their  error  was  an  over 
active  seal,  and  too  wary  a  ttndernfts  iu  avoiding 
amiylal."—  SuAop  Taylor  :  Jiule  o/  Cerucience,  bk.  i. 
oh.  ill. 

T.  Cautions  care  to  preserve  or  not  to  injure. 

"There  being  implanted  in  every  man's  nature  a 
great  tfjitUrrtftt  of  reputation,  to  be  careless  of  it  ii 
looked  on  as  a  mark  of  a  degeuerous  mind,"  —  Gucern 
mmt  of  the  Tonyue. 

8.  Pity,  mercy,  mildness. 

"  No  tendernett  was  shown  to  learning,  to  genius.  01 
to  sanctity.  '—Macaulaii:  But.  Eng..  ch.  xlv. 

9.  Softness  of  expression  ;  pathos. 

"  Passages  which  would  have  reminded  him  of  the 
tentlernfu  of  Otway  or  of  the  vigour  of  Dryden."  — 
Macaulai  :  Bin.  Eng..  ch.  xiii. 

ten   din  ous,  o.    [Fr.  tendineux.]    [TENDON.; 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  tendon  or  tendons. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  tendon. 

3.  Full  of  tendons  ;  sinewy. 

•  tend'-ment,  s.    [Eng.  tend  (IX  v.  ;  -ment.} 
The  act  of  tending  ;  attendance,  oare. 

"  Whether  iU  tendment  or  recurelesse  paine 
Procure  his  death,  the  neighbours  all  complaine." 
Bp.  Ball  :  Satire,,  U.  4. 

ten'-do,  I.    [TENDON.)    A  tendon. 

tendo  Achillis,  ».    [ACHILLIS-TENDO.] 

ten'-don,  *.    [Fr.,  from  an  Imaginary  Low 
Lat  Undo,  from  Lat.  tenda  =  to  stretch.] 

Anat.  (PL):  Cords  of  tongh,  white,  shining 
fibrous  tissue,  connecting  the  ligaments  with 
the  bones. 

tendon-phenomena,  s.  pi 

Pkysiol.  :  The  action  of  certain  muscles,  due 
apparently  to  reflex  action  produced  byafferent 
impulses  started  in  the  tendon,  but  really  to 
direct  stimulation  of  the  muscles  themselves. 
Thus,  when  the  leg  is  placed  in  an  easy  posi- 
tion  (for  example,  resting  u(K>n  the  other  leg), 
a  sharp  blow  on  the  patellar  tendon  will  cause 
a  sudden  jerk  forward  of  the  leg,  produced 
by  the  contraction  of  the  quadriceps  Semens 
muscle. 

ten'-do-tome,  ».  [Eng.  teado(n\  and  Gr. 
TOjwj  (tome)  =  a  cutting.] 

Surg.  :  A.  subcutaneous  knife,  having  a  small 
oblanceolate  blade  on  the  end  of  a  long  stem, 
»nd  used  for  severing  deep-seated  tendons 
without  making  a  large  incision  or  dissecting 
down  to  the  spot. 

ten'-drac,  a.    (Native  name.] 

ZooL  :  A  small  insectivorous  mammal,  from 
Madagascar,  allied  to  the  Tanrec,  but  sepa- 
rated on  account  of  its  dentition,  and  given 
generic  rank  under 
the  name  Ericulus. 
It  is  about  two 
thirds  of  the  size 
of  the  Common 
Hedgehog,  which 
it  closely  resembles 
in  appearance.  Its 

general  tint  is 
usky,  the  spines 
being  black,  tipped 
with  white  or  light 
red.  Telfair's  Tendrac,  with  the  same  habitat, 
constitutes  another  genus,  Echinops,  differing 
from  Ericulus  in  dentition.  It  is  about  five 
inches  long,  brownish  above,  dingy  white 
beneath,  the  upper  surface  closely  covered 
with  sharp  spines.  [RICE-TENDRAC.] 

ten'-drH,  *ten'-dreil,  «.  &  o.  [Shortened 
from  Fr.  tendrlUons  =  tendrils  ;  O.  Fr.  tendron 
=  a  tender  fellow,  a  tendril,  from  tendre  = 
tender  (q.v.);  cf.  Ital.  tenerume  =  cartilages, 
tendrils,  from  tenero  =  tender.] 


A*  As  substantive : 

1.  Bot.  A  Lit. :  A  curling  and  twining  thread- 
like process  by  which  one  plant  clin,-s  to 
another  body  for  the  purpose  of  support    It 
may  be  a  muditicatioii  of  the  midrib,  as  in 
the.  pea  ;  a  prolongation  of  a  leaf,  as  in  Nepen- 
thes ;  or  a  modification  of  the  inflorescence, 
as  iu  the  vine.    They  have  been  divided  into 
stem-tendrils  and  leaf-tendrils.    Called  also 
Cirrhus,  and  by  the  old  authors  Capreolus  and 
Ckivieula.    Linnaeus  included  tendrils  unde 
his  fulcra.    Tendril-beating  plants  are  distri 
buted  among  ten  orders. 

"  As  the  vine  curls  her  tertdrilt." 

MUlm :  P.L.,  Iv.  307. 

H  Darwin  (Origin  of  Species,  ch.  vii.)  point 
out  that  the  gradations  from  leaf-climbers  tx 
tendril-bearers  are  wonderfully  close,  and  tha 
In  each  case  the  change  is  beneficial  to  tu 
species  in  a  high  degree. 

2.  Fig. :  Anything  curling  or  spiral  like  a 
tendril. 

"  The  glossy  tendrilt  of  his  raven  hair." 

Baron:  Lara,  Ii  SL 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Clasping  or  climbing  like 
tendril ;  having  tendrils. 

"  Mingled  with  the  curling  growth 
Of  tendril  hops,  that  flaunt  uponlheir  poles." 

Dter:  Fleece.  1. 

ten'-driled,  ten'-drilled,  o.  [Eng.  ten 
dril;  -ed.\ 

Bot.,  £c. :  Furnished  with  tendrils. 

••  Bound  their  trunks  the  thousand  .  tendriled  vine 
wound  up."  Southtsy.:  Tkalaoa,  bk.  rt. 

*  ten'-drdn,  s.    [O.  Fr.]    A  tendril. 

••Bads  ami  tmdroni  appear  above  ground.  '—P 
Holland:  Plane,  bk.  xijc.,  ch.  viit 

*  ten'-dry, ».   [Bug.  tender  (i),  v. ;  -y.]  Tender, 
offer. 

tend  -some,  a,  [Eng.  tend  (1),  v. ;  -tome.} 
Needing  much  care  and  attention :  as,  a  tend 
tome  child.  (Prov.) 

*tene, ».  &«.    [TEKN.J 

ten'-e-brte,  ».  pL    [Lat  =  darkness.] 

Eccles.  :  The  office  of  Matins  and  Lands  for 
the  Thursday,  Friday,  and  Saturday  in  Holy 
Week  (q.v.),  sung  on  the  afternoon  or  evening 
of  Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday  respect- 
ively. The  Gloria  Patri,  hymns,  antiphons  of 
the  Blessed  Virgin,  &c.,  are  omitted  in  token 
of  sorrow.  At  the  beginning  of  the  office, 
fifteen  lighted  candles  are  placed  on  a  tri- 
angular stand,  and  at  the  conclusion  of  each 
psalm  one  is  put  out,  till  a  single  candle  is 
left  at  the  top  of  the  triangle.  While  the 
Benedict™  is  being  sung,  the  lights  on  the 
high  altar  are  extinguished,  and  then  the 
single  candle  is  hidden  at  the  Epistle  side,  to 
be  brought  out  at  the  conclusion  of  the  office 
The  extinction  of  the  lights  (whence  the  name 
tenebre)  is  said  to  figure  the  growing  dark- 
ness of  the  world  at  the  time  of  the  Cruci- 
fixion, and  the  last  candle  is  hidden  for  a  time 
to  signify  that  death  could  not  really  obtain 
dominion  over  Christ,  though  it  appeared  to 
do  so.  A  noise  is  made  at  the  conclusion  of  the 
office  to  symbolize  the  convulsions  of  nature 
at  the  death  of  Christ  (Matt  xxvii.  45  50- 
53 ;  Mark  xv.  33,  37,  38 ;  Luke  xxiii.  44,  45). 

*  te  ne  -brf-cose,  o.   [Lat  tenebricosiw,  from 
tenebrce=  darkness.]  Tenebrous, dark, gloomy. 

ten-S-brfr-Ic,  a.  [Lat.  tenebra  =  dark- 
ness, and  facia  =  to  make.]  Causing  or  pro- 
ducing darkness ;  darkening. 

"  Where  light 
Lay  fitful  In  a  tenebrific  time. ' 

Browning  :  King  t  Book,  x.  l.Jol. 

•  ten-S-brif'-ic-ous,   a,      [TENEBBIFIC.] 
Causing  or  producing  darkness ;  tenebriflc. 

te"-ne'-bri-d,  ».     [Lat  =  one  who  shuns  the 
light,  from  tenebm  =  darkness.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tenebrionidte 
(q.v.).  Tenebrto  molitor  is  the  Mealworm  (q.v.). 

tS-ne-bri-dn'-if-dw,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tenebrto, 
genit.  tenebrion(U) ;  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idre.] 

Entom, :  A  family  of  Heteromerous  Beetles, 
tribe  Atrachelia.  Body  usually  oval  or  ob- 
long, depressed ;  thorax  square  or  trapezoid, 
the  same  breadth  as  the  extremity  of  the 
abdomen  ;  last  joint  of  the  maxillary  palpi 
formed  like  a  reversed  triangle  or  hatchet ; 
mentum  but  little  extended,  leaving  the 
base  of  the  jaws  uncovered.  Black  or  dull- 
coloured  insects,  with  a  peculiar  odour,  slow 
in  their  movements  and  nocturnal  in  their 
habits.  A  few  aberrant  species  are  found  on 


trees  and  plants.  They  feed  generally  on  de- 
caying animal  and  vegetable  matter.  Most 
of  the  hard  spec-ies  are  very  tenacious  of  life. 
Some  are  mimetic,  resembling  Carabidse,  Lon- 
gicornes,  Sui.  About  5,000  species  are  known 
The  larger  number  are  found  along  the  mar- 
pins  of  deserts  in  the  Old  and  New  World; 
the  species  being  very  numerous  in  such 
localities. 

*  te-ne'-brf-ofis,  a.  [Lat  ttneTrm  =  dark- 
ness.]  Dark,  gloomy,  tenebrous;  pertaining 
to  night 

"  Were  moon  and  stars  for  villains  only  made 
To  guide,  yet  screen  them,  with  tenebrioin  light?" 
young  :  Kight  Thought!,  ix.  966. 


S  brose,  o.    [Lat  tenebrosut.)    Dark, 
tenebrous. 

Ten-e-bro'-si,  s.  pi.    [Ital.]    [TE.N-EBROSE.] 

Art  :  A  name  applied  to  a  school  of  artists, 
also  called  Carava^geschi,  after  its  founder, 
Caravaggio.  The  remarkable  characteristic  of 
this  class  of  artist  was  their  bold  and  power 
ful  rendering  of  chiaroscuro. 

*ten-e-broV-i-t?,  «.  [O.  Fr.  tinibrositt.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tenebrous  ;  dark- 
ness, gloom,  gloominess. 

"Tenebroritv  or  darkness  is  directly  opposite  to 
light  and  clearness."—  P.  HoUand  i  Piutarzh,  p.  881 

*  ten'-S  -broils,  a.     [I.at.  tenebrosia,  from 
tenebrce  =  darkness.)    Dark,  gloomy. 

"  The  towering  and  Unebrout  boughs  of  the  cypress.  - 
Lungfetlow  :  EiHingeline,  it  8. 

*  ten'  -c-brotts  ness.   s.      [Eng.  tenebrous; 
-ness.]     The  quality  or  state  ol  being  tene- 
brous ;  darkness,  gloom. 

ten'-e-ment,  s.     [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat  tent- 
mentum,  from  Lat.  teneo  =  to  hold.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  An  abode,  a  habitation,  a  dwelling, 
house.    (Lit.  * 


"  Can  all  aaint.  aage.  or  sophist  ever  writ, 
People  this  lonely  tower,  this  triicmenr  reflt?" 
Byron  :  child*  Uurotd.  ii.  4 

2.  An  apartment,  or  set  of  apartments,  in  a 
building,  used  by  one  family  ;  an  apartment, 
or  set  of  apartments,  in  an  inferior  building 
used  by  a  poor  family. 

IL  Law:  Any  species  of  permanent  pro- 
perty that  may  be  held,  as  lands,  houses,  an 
advowson,  a  franchise,  a  peerage,  Ac. 

"Tenement  is  a  word  of  still  greater  extent  (than, 
laud}  and  though  In  its  vulgar  acceptation  it  is  only 
applied  to  houses  and  otber  buildings,  yet  iu  iu 
original,  proper,  and  legal  sense,  it  signines  every  tiling 
that  may  be  holden,  provided  it  be  of  a  permanent 
nature  :  whether  it  be  of  a  substantial  and  st-  liable,  or 
of  an  unsubstantial  ideal  kind.  '—  Bi/ictaton*  :  Com- 
ment., bk.  U.,  ch.  J. 

tenement-house,  s.  A  house  divided 
into  tenements  occupied  by  separate  families. 
In  tenement  houses  the  landlord  does  not  re- 
side on  the  premises.  [TENEMENT,  I.  2.] 

ten-e-menf-tU,  a,  [Eng.  tenement;  -oj  ] 
Pertaining  to  a  tenement,  or  tenements  ;  cap- 
able of  being  held  by  a  tenant 

"  The  other,  or  tenements  lands,  they  distributed 
among  their  tenants."—  mactaone  :  Comment.,  bk.  ii.. 

en.  a. 

ten-e-ment'-ar-jr,  a.  [Eng.  tenement  ;  -orj.) 
Capable  of  being  leased;  designed  for  tenancy; 
held  by  tenants. 

"  Snch  were  the  Ceorls  among  the  Saxons  ;  but  of 
two  sorts,  one  that  hired  the  lord  s  outland  or  ten* 
mentary  land  (called  also  the  FolcUnd)  like  our 
farmera."—  Speiman  :  Qffeudt*  Tenure*,  ch.  vii. 

te  ncn'-das,  e.  [Lat.,  accus.  fern.  pi.  of 
tenendus,  fut  pass,  par.  of  teneo  =  to  hold.] 

Scots  Lain:  That  clause  of  a  cnarter  by 
which  the  particular  tenure  is  expressed. 

;e-nen'-dum,  s.  [Lat,  neut  sing,  of  tenen- 
dus, fut  pass.  par.  of  teneo  —  to  hold.] 

Law:  That  clause  in  a  deed  wherein  the 
tenure  of  the  land  is  created  and  limited.  IU 
office  is  to  limit  and  appoint  the  tenure  of  the 
land  which  is  held,  and  how  and  of  whom  it 
is  to  be  held. 

tSn'-ent,  ».  [Lat  3rd  pers.  pi.  pr.  indie,  of 
teneo  =  to  hold.]  A  tenet  (q.v.). 

"  H  is  tenant  is  always  as  singular  and  aloof  from  the 
vnlgar  as  he  can."—  Earle  :  Micrvcotmography. 

te"n-er-iffe',  «.  [Seedef.]  A  wine  brought  from 
Tenerifle,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands,  resem- 
bli.ig  Madeira,  but  a  little  more  acid  in  taste. 


'-I-ty,  «.    [Lat  tentritat,  from  tenet 
=  tender  (q.v.).]    Tenderness. 


Ste,  at,  fere,  Amidst,  what,  tall,  tather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or.  wore,  won  work,  who,  son;  mnte,  cub,  cure,  nnlte.  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    a,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  «=  kw. 


tenesmio— tense 


4655 


•te'-nes'-mlc,  a.    [TKNKSSTOS.] 

tied.  :  Pertaining  to,  or  characterized  by 
tenesmus. 


*.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  Ttivtffpfa 
(teii/ismos)  (see  def.)  ;  T«W  (teino)  =  to  strain.] 
Pathol.  :  A  desire  to  go  to  stool  without  the 
power  of  evacuation  ;  a  straining  at  stool.  It 
generally  arises  from  violent  olid  irregular 
motion  of  the  rectum,  as  when  there  are  in 
it  ulcers  or  excrescences,  or  when  there  is 
stone  in  the  Wadiler,  or  after  long-continued 
diarrhosa,  or  in  dysentery,  &c. 

ten  et,  s.  [Lat.  =  lie  holds,  3rd  pers.  sing.  pr. 
indie,  of  teneo  =to  hold.]  Any  opinion, 
principle,  doctrine,  or  dogma  which  a  person 
holds,  believes,  or  maintains  as  true. 

"80  that  men  will  disbelieve  their  own  eyes, 
renounce  the  evidence  of  their  senses.  And  give  tli.'ir 
own  experience  the  lye  rather  than  Admit  of  any- 
thing disagreeing  with  these  sacred  femu.  "—  Locke  : 
ffumnn  Undent.,  bk.  iv.,  en.  XX. 

ten  fold,  a.  or  adv.  [Eng.  ten,  and  fold.] 
Ten  times  as  many  or  as  great  ;  ten  times 
greater  or  more. 

teng'-er-ite,  s.  [After  C.  Tenger,  one  of  the 
first  who  described  it  ;  sun".  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Mill.  :  A  pulverulent  mineral  occurring  as  a 
thin  crust  on  the  gadolinite  of  Y  tterby,  Sweden. 
Lustre,  dull  ;  colour,  white.  Compos,  stated 
to  be  that  of  a  carbonate  of  yttria. 

Teng'-malm,  s.  [Peter  Gustavus  Tengmalm, 
a  Swedish  naturalist,  contemporary  with  Lin- 
naeus, and  author  of  Pan  Suiau.] 

Tengmalm's  owl,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Xyctala  tengmalmi,  the  Common 
Passerine  or  Tengmalm's  Owl,  is  deep  brown, 
with  a  white  throat,  round  brown  spots  on 
the  breast  and  wings,  and  four  white  lines  on 
the  tail.  It  is  scarcely  larger  than  *  black- 
bird. 

te  ni  old,  o.    [T/KNioiD.] 

ten'-nant-ite,  s.  [After  the  English  chemist 
Smithson-Tennant  ;  sun*,  -ile  (Afin.).] 

Win.:  An  isometric  mineral,  occurring 
mostly  In  crystals.  Hardness,  3'5  to  4  ;  sp. 
gr.  4'3Y  to  4-53;  lustre,  metallic,  becoming 
very  dull  on  long  exposure  to  light  ;  colour, 
blackish  gray  to  iron-black  ;  streak,  dark  gray. 
Compos.  :  a  sulpharsenite  of  copper  and  iron, 
with  the  formula  4(Cu,Fc)S  +  AsjSs-  The 
finest  crystals  have  hitherto  been  found  in 
the  mines  of  Cornwall. 

ten  ne,  ».    [Fr.  trtnnil    [TAWNY.) 

Her.  :  A  colour,  a  kind  of  chestnut  or 
orange-brown  colour.  It  is  seldom  used  in 
coat-armour.  In  engraving  it  is  represented 
by  diagonal  lines,  drawn  from  the  sinister 
chief  point,  and  traversed  by  horizontal  ones. 

tSn'-ner,  «.  [Eng.  ten;  -er.]  A  ten-ponnd 
note.  (Slang.) 

"  No  money  ?  Not  much  :  perhaps  A  fatUMr."  — 
BugtuM  :  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  ch.  xix. 

tSn  nis,  *  ten  els,  *  ten-nes,  "ten-nys, 
•ten-ys,  *ten-yse,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful. 
Skeat  proposes  O.  Fr.  tenies,  pL  oftoii«  =  a 
fillet,  headband  (Lat.  tetita),  in  allusion  to 
tie  string  over  which  the  balls  are  played,  or 
to  the  streak  on  the  wall  as  in  rackets.  Others 
prefer  Fr.  tents  =  take  this,  2nd  pers.  pi.  impera- 
tive of  tenir  —  to  hold.)  A  game  of  ball  played 
In  a  eonrt  by  two  or  four  persons.  The  court 
is  divided  by  a  net,  about  three  feet  high, 
called  the  "  line,"  and  the  game  consists  in 
driving  a  ball  against  the  wall,  and  causing  it 
to  rebound  beyond  the  line,  by  striking  it 
with  a  small  bat,  known  as  a  racket,  the  ob- 
ject being  to  keep  the  ball  In  motion  as  long 
as  possible,  he  who  first  allows  it  to  fall  to 
the  ground  losing  the  stroke.  Tennis  was  in- 
troduced Into  England  In  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, and  was  very  popular  down  to  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.  Since  then  it  has  become 
almost  extinct  in  England,  owing  to  the  ex- 
pense  of  providing  the  complicated  court. 
Lawn-tennis  (q.v.),  which  is  a  modified  form 
of  tennis,  was  introduced  Into  England  in 
1873,  and  is  now  very  popular  In  the  United 
States. 

"  His  easy  bow.  his  mod  stories,  his  style  of  dancing 
and  playing  tennlt,  the  sound  of  his  cordial  laugh, 
were  fuiiiliax  to  all  London."—  Jtacaulay  :  Ilitt.  £nff^ 
ch.  xU 

tennis-ball,  «.  The  ball  used  In  the 
game  of  tennis.  (Sluikesp.  :  Muck  Ada,  ill.  2.] 


tennls-eonrt,  s.  A  court  or  alley  In 
which  tennis  is  played.  (Shakesp. :  2  Henr]/ 
IV.,  u.  2.) 

*  ten'-nis,  iU.  [TiNrirs,  «.]  To  drive  back- 
wards and  forwards,  as  a  ball  in  the  game  of 
tennis. 

"  Those  four  garrisons  Issuing  forth  upon  the  enemy, 
will  so  dri«  him  from  one  side  to  another,  and  tenaii 
him  ft  iimigst  tlitMn.  that  he  sbftll  mid  no  where  safe  to 
keep  bis  feet  in,  nor  hide  himself."— Spenter  :  On 
Ireland. 

ten  on,  *  ten-oun,  *  ten-non,  'ten- 
own,  *  ten-ant,  *  ten-ent,  s.  [Fr.  tenon, 
from  tenir;  Lat.  teneo  =  to 
hold.] 

Corp. :  The  projecting  end 
of  a  piece  of  timber  titled 
for  insertion  into  a  mortise, 
formed  by  cutting  away  a 
portion  on  one  or  more  sides ; 
sometimes  made  cylindrical. 
The  usual  joint  in  putting 
up  wooden  frames,  whether 
or  buildings  or  machines. 
Tenons  are  secured  in  their 
mortises  by  pins,  or  by  giv-  TENON. 
ing  them  a  dovetail,  which 
Is  driven  into  the  undercut  mortise  by  means 
of  a  wedge  or  backing-block. 

"  A  mortice  and  tenon,  or  ball-and-socket  Joint,  Is 
wanted  at  the  hip."— Pntey :  flat.  Theol.,  ch.  Till. 

tenon-auger,  ».  A  hollow  anger  used 
for  turning  the  ends  of  movable  blind-slats 
down  to  a  round  tenon.  The  end  of  the 
tenon  is  afterwards  dressed  by  a  bur. 

tenon-saw,  s.  A  thin  saw  with  a  thicker 
metallic  backing  ;  used  for  fine  work,  such  as 
sawing  tenons,  dovetails,  mitres  for  joints,  Ac. 

ten'-6n,  v.t.    [TENON,  «.] 

L  Literally: 

1.  To  fit  for  Insertion  into  a  mortise,  u  the 
end  of  a  piece  of  timber. 

2.  To  join  by  means  of  a  tenon. 

*  II.  Fig. :   To  fasten  or  join  together  as 
with  a  tenon.    (Andrewes :  Sermons,  ii.  86.) 

ten'-on-ing,  pr.  JOLT,  or  a.    [TENON,  K.] 

tenoning -chisel,  s.     A   double-blade 

chisel  which  makes  two  cuts,  leaving  a  middle 

piece  which  forms  a  tenon. 
tenoning  machine,  s.    A  machine  for 

cutting  timber  to  leave  a  tenon. 

ten  -or,   •  ten'-our.   *  ten-^rare,  «.  &  o. 

[Fr.  teneur  =  the  tenor  part  In  music,  tenor, 
substance,  from  Lat.  tenorem,  accus.  of  tenor 
=  a  holding  on,  tenor,  sense ;  teneo  =  to  hold ; 
Sp.  tenor;  Ital.  tenore.] 

A,  At  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Continued  run  or  course ;  general  or  pre- 
vailing direction  ;  mode  of  continuance. 

"  So  shall  iny  days  In  one  sad  tenor  run." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  vi  ISO. 

2.  The  course  or  line  of  thought  which  runs 
or  holds  through  the  whole  of  a  discourse ; 
general  course,  direction,  or  drift  of  thought ; 
general  spirit,  meaning,  or  tendency ;  purport, 
substance. 

"The  whole  tenor  of  the  gospels  and  epistles  shows, 
that  humnn  virtues  are  all  light  in  the  balance."— 
Woterlaitit :  Workl,  T.  47S. 

*  3.  Stamp,  character,  nature,  kind. 

"  AH  of  a  tenour  was  their  after-life." 

Dryden:  Patamon  t  ArcHe,  Hi.  !,!*&, 

TT,  Technically: 

1.  Law :  A  transcript  or  copy.    It  implies 
that  a  correct  copy  is  set  out,  and  therefore 
the  Instrument  must  be  set  out  correctly, 
even  although  the  pleader  may  not  have  set 
out  more  than  the  substance  or  purport  of 
the  instrument. 

2.  Music: 

(1)  The  third  of  the  four  kinds  of  voices 
ananged  with  regard  to  their  compass.  It  is 
the  highest  of  male  chest  voices,  and  its  ex- 
tent lies  between  tenor  o  and  treble  A.  The 
tenor  voice  is  sometimes  called  by  way  of 
distinction  "  the  human  voice,"  from  an  Idea 
that  it  is  the  quality  and  compass  of  voice 
most  common  to  man.  The  Plain  Song  of  the 
Church  was  formerly  given  as  a  tenor  part, 
the  harmonies  being  constructed  above  and 
below  it.  The  name  Is  derived  from  the  hold- 
ing or  sustaining  note  which  was  given  for- 
merly to  this  voice.  In  old  music  the  tenor 
voice  was  divided  Into  three  classes,  high, 
mean,  and  low  tenor. 


(2)  The  third  of  the  four  parts  in  which  con- 
certed or  harmonized  music  for  mixed  voice* 
is  usually  composed  ;  the  part  above  the  base. 
Fonnerly  the  music  for  Oils  part  was  written 
on  a  staff  marked  with  the  tenor  clef ;  but 
now  it  is  generally  written  in  displayed  or 
full-score  music  on  the  staff  marked  with  the 
treble  clef,  and  is  sung  an  octave  lower.    In 
compressed  and  short-score  music  it  is  writt«n 
on  the  bass  staff  and  its  supplementary  upper 
ledger-lines. 

(3)  One  who  possesses  a  tenor  voice ;  one 
who  sings  a  tenor  part. 

(4)  An  instrument  which  plays  a  tenor  part. 

(5)  The  larger  violin  of  low  pitch  is  railed 
the  tenor,  alto  viola,  bratsche,  and  sometimes 
alto  viuliu. 

(6)  A  tenor  bell  (q.v.). 
B.  As  adjective : 

MUSK:  Pertaining  to  the  tenor;  adapted 
tor  playing  or  singing  the  tenor  part:  us,  a 
tenor  voice,  a  tenor  instrument, 

tenor  bell,  ».  The  principal  bell  in  • 
peal  or  set. 

tenor  C,  t. 

Music : 

L  The  lowest  o  in  the  tenor  voice. 

2.  The  lowest  string  of  the  tenor  violin. 

tenor-clef,  <. 

Music :  The  c  clef  placed  upon  the  fourth 
line  of  the  stave.  It  Is  used  for  the  tenor 
voice,  tenor  trombone,  the  higher  register  of 
the  bassoon  and  violoncello,  &c.  The  treble 
clef  is  sometimes  employed  for  the  tenor 
voice,  bnt  the  notes  are  then  expressed  an 
octave  above  their  true  sound. 

tenor-trombone,  >. 

M mlc :  A  trombone  with  a  compass  of  two 
octaves  and  a  fifth. 

ten'-or,  ».    [A  corruption  of  tenon  (q.v.).  | 

ten-br'-o,  «.    [Ital.] 

Af  usic : 

1.  A  tenor  voice. 

2.  A  tenor  singer. 

f  Tenore  buffo,  a  tenor  singer  to  whom  If 
assigned  a  comic  part  in  an  opera;  Tenor* 
leggiero,  a  tenor  singer  with  a  voice  of  light, 
small  quality  ;  Tenore  nbutlo,  a  tenor  singer 
with  a  full,  strong,  sonorous  voice. 

ten-O-rt'-nd,  «.  [Ital.,  dimin.  of  tenore  = 
tenor.)  A  tenor  ginger  having  a  voice  of  • 
light,  clear,  thin  quality. 

*  ten'-or-ist,  ».    [Eng.  tenor;  -lit.] 

Music :  One  who  sings  the  tenor  part  or 
plays  the  tenor  violin.  (Stainer  &  Barrett.) 

tSn'-or-ito,  ».  [After  the  Neapolitan  savant, 
Tenore  ;  suff.  -ite  (Aftn.).] 

Afin. :  A  variety  of  melaconite  (q.v.),  occur- 
ring in  very  thin  crystalline  scales  of  a  shining 
black  colour  on  "olcanic  scoria  at  Vesuvius. 
Lately  shown,  on  optical  grounds,  to  be  td- 
clinic  in  crystallization. 

ten  or  oon',  ».    [TENOR.] 

Music : 

1.  The  name  of  an  old  tenor  oboe  with  a 
compass  extending  downwards  to  tenor  c. 

2.  A  word  affixed  to  an  organ  stop  to  denote 
that  it  does  not  proceed  below  tenor  c :  a», 
tenoroon  hautboy.      A  tenoroon  diapason  is  a 
double  diapason  which  does  not  extend  below 
tenor  c. 

ten'-o-tomo,  «.    [TENDOTOME.] 

ten-5t'-4-niy',  *  tSn-Sn-tSt'-S-my, «.  [Gr. 

ttvtav  (tenon),  genit.   reVon-os    (tenontos)  =  a 
tenon,  and  TOJIIJ  (tome)  =  a  cutting.] 

Surg. :  The  act  of  dividing  a  tendon  ;  tht 
division  of  a  tendon. 

ten'-pen-ny\  n.  [Eng.  ten,  and  penny.]  Valued 
at  or  worth  tenpence. 

tcnpenny  nail,  s.    [FENNY,  VI 
ten  -rec,  s.    [TANREC.] 

tense,  a.  [Lat.  tensus,  pa.  par.  of  tendo  =  to 
stretch.]  Stretched  tightly;  stretched  at 
strained  to  stiffness ;  rigid  ;  not  lax. 

"  The  skin  was  tente,  also  runpled  and  blistered.' - 
WiMeman:  Burgery. 


>  VSO,  axfr ;  pint,  Jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  idn.  aa ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
•«san,   tiau  =  shan.   -tloa,  -slon  =  shun  j  -(ion,  -fion  =  zhun.    -ciou», -tious, -sious  =  slius.   -ble,  -die,  &o.  =  bf  1,  deL 


4656 


tense— tentaculite 


*  tence,  ».    [O.  Fr.  tent;  Fr.  Imps  = 
time,   season,  from    Lat  tempus  =  time, 
tense  ;  Port.  &  Ital.  tempo;  Sp.  tiempo.] 

Gram.  :  One  of  the  forms  which  a  verb  take 
in  order  to  express  time  of  action  or  of  tha 
which  is  affirmed  ;  one  of  the  particular  form 
of  inflection  of  a  verb  by  which  time  of  action 
is  expressed.  The  primary  simple  tenses  ar 
three  :  past,  present,  and  future  ;  but  thes 
admit  of  many  modifications,  which  differ  in 
different  languages.  In  English  tenses  are 
formed  :  (1)  by  internal  vowel  change,  as  i 
•ing,  song,  fling,  flung,  &a  ;  (2)  by  termina 
tional  inflection,  as  in  love,  loved,  live,  lived 
Ac.  ;  or  (3)  by  the  use  of  auxiliary  verbs,  as 
love,  did  love,  will  love  ;  go,  will  go,  had  gone 
&c. 

"The  ten*et  are  used  to  mark  present,  past,  and 
future  time,  either  indefinitely  without  reference  to 
any  beginning,  middle,  or  end;  or  else  defluitely.  ill 
reference  to  such  distinction*."—  Sarrit  :  Bermft,  bk 
i..  ch.  Til. 


'-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  tense,  a.  ;  -ly.]     In  a 
tense  manner  ;  tightly  ;  with  tension. 

tense  ness,  s.  [Eng.  tense,  a.  ;  -TUBS.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tense  or  stretched  to 
stiffness  ;  stiffness,  tension. 

"  Should  the  pain  and  tentenett  of  the  part  continue, 
the  operation  must  take  place."—  Sharp:  Surgery. 

*ten-8l-bfl'-i-tjr,  s.  [Eng.  tensible;  -ity.' 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tensible  or  ten- 
sile; tensility. 

•  ten  -si-ble,  a.    [Eng.  tens(e),  a.  ;  -»&!«.]    Ca- 
pable of  being  extended  ;  tensile. 

"Gold  is  the  closest  and  therefore  the  heaviest  of 
metala.  and  ii  likewise  the  most  nexibla  and  ttntible.'' 
—  Bacon  :  Hat.  Bill.,  i  827. 

b£n'-sile,  a.    [Lat.  tentus  =  tense  (q.v.).J 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  tension  :  as,  tensile 
strength. 

2.  Capable  of  being  extended  or  drawn  out 
In  length  or  breadth. 

"All  bodies  ductile  and  temlle.  u  inetals  that  win 
be  drawn  into  wires,  have  the  appetite  of.  not  dia- 
continuing.  —  Bacon:  .fat.  ffltt..  f  845. 

tensile  strength,  s.  The  cohesive  power 
-by  which  a  material  resists  an  attempt  to  pull 
it  apart  in  the  direction  of  its  fibres.  This 
bears  no  relation  to  its  capacity  for  resisting 
compression. 

•  ten'-sUed,  o.    [Eng.  tensiKe);  -ed.J    Ben- 
dered  capable  of  tension  ;  made  tensile. 

Wn-sil'-I-ty,  s.  [Eng.  tensiHe);  -Uy.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tensile. 

"  The  libration  or  reciprocation  of  the  spirits  in  the 
temiltty  of  the  muscles  would  not  be  so  perpetual."— 
Men:  Immart.  o/  Hit  Saul,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  x. 

ten'-sion,  s.   [Pr.,  from  Lat.  tensionem,  aecus. 
of  tenaio  =  a  stretching,  from  tetisiis,  pa.  par 
of  tendo  =  to  stretch  ;  Sp.  tension  ;  Ital.  ten- 
time.] 
J.  Ordinary  language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  The  act  of  stretching  or  straining. 

"  It  can  hare  nothing  of  vocal  sound,  voice  being 
raised  by  a  stiff  Untion  of  .the  larynx."—  Bolder. 

(2)  The  state  of  being  stretched  or  strained 
to  stiffness  ;  the  state  of  being  bent  or  strained. 

"The  string  which  is  constantly  kept  in  a  state  of 
tentirm  will  vibrate  on  the  slightest  impalae."—  Knox  : 

2.  Fig.  :  Mental  strain,  stretch,  or  applica- 
tion;  strong  or  severe  intellectual  effort  or 
exertion  ;  strong  excitement  of  feeling  ;  great 
Mtivity  or  strain  of  the  emotions  or  will. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Elect.  :  Electro-motive  force.  It  is  mea- 
sured by  the  electrometer. 

2.  Mech,  :  The  strain  or  the  force  by  which 
a  bar,  rod,  or  string  is  pnlled  when  forming 
part  of  a  system  in  equilibrium  or  in  motion. 
Thus,  when  a  cord  supports  a  weight,  the 
tension  at  every  part  of  the  string  is  equal  to 
that  weight. 

3.  Pneum.:    The   expansibility  or  elastic 
force  of  gaseous  bodies,  whence  gases  are 
sometimes  called  elastic  fluids. 

4.  Scwing-mach.  :    A    pressure    upon    the 
thread  to  prevent  its  running  too  easily  from 
the  spool. 

tension-bridge,  ».  A  bridge  constructed 
on  the  principle  of  the  bow,  the  arch  support- 
ing the  track  by  means  of  tension-rods,  and 
the  string  acting  as  a  tie. 

tension-rod,  s.  A  stay  or  tie-rod  In  a 
trass  or  structure,  which  connects  opposite 
parts  and  prevents  their  spreading  asunder. 


tension-spring,  s.     A  spring  for  wag 
gons,  railway-carriages,  ore. 

ten'-aioned,  a.  [Eug.  tension;  -ed.]  Sub 
jected  to  tension  or  drawing  out ;  in  a  stat 
of  tension  ;  tense,  drawn  out,  extended. 

*  ten»'-I-tjf,  *.    [Eng.  tens(e\  a. ;  -ity.]    Th 
state  of  beiug  tense  ;  tension,  tenseness. 

*  tens'-Iye,  o.    [Eng.  tens(e),  a. ;  -ice.]   Givin 
a  sensation  of  tension,  stiffness,  or  contraction 

"  From  choler  is  a  hot  burning  pain  ;  a  beating  pal 
from  the  pulse  of  the  artery ;  a  tentive  pain  from  dis- 

tetiaion  of  the  parti  by  the  fulness  of  humour." 

Floyer:  On  Bumourt. 

ten'  some,  «.     [TEXBSOME.] 
ten -son,  s.    [TENZON.] 

ten'-sor,  ».  [Lat.  tensui,  pa.  par.  of  tendo  = 
to  stretch.] 

Anal. :  Any  muscle  which  stretches  th 
part  on  which  it  specially  operates :  as,  the 
tensor  palati,  the  tensor  tarsi,  &C. 

*  ten'-sure  (s  as  sh),  >.   [Eng.  tens(e);  -me. 
Tension  ;  the  act  of  stretching ;  the  state  o 
being  stretched. 

"This  motion  npon  pressure,  and  the  reciproca 
thereof,  motion  upon  tenture,  we  call  motion  o 
liberty,  which  is,  when  any  body  being  forced  to  a 
preternatural  extent  restoretb  itself  to  the  natural. 
— Bacon. 

tent  (1),  *  tente,  s.  [Fr.  tente,  from  Low  Lat. 
tenta  =  a  tent,  prop.  fern.  sing,  of  tentus,  pa, 
par.  of  tendo  =  to  stretch  ;  Sp.  litnda;  Port. 
&  Ital.  tenda;  Lat.  tentorium.] 

1.  A  portable  pavilion  or  lodge,  consisting 
of  some  flexible  material,  such  as  skins,  mat- 
ting, canvas,  or  other  strong  textile  fabric, 
stretched  overand  supported  on  poles.  Amom; 
uncivilized  and  wandering  tribes  tents  have 
been  the  ordinary  dwelling-places  from  the 
earliest  times,  but  among  civilized  nations 
they  are  principally  used  as  temporary  lodg- 
ings for  soldiers  when  engaged  in  the  field, 
for  travellers  on  an  expedition,  or  for  pro- 
viding accommodation,  refreshment,  4e.,  for 
large  bodies  of  people  collected  together  out 
of  doors  on  some  special  occasion,  as  at  horse- 
races,   lairs,    cricket-matches,   or  the   like. 
Military  tents  are  made  of  canvas,  supported 
by  one  or  more  poles,  and  distended  by  means 
of  ropes  fastened  to  pegs  driven   into  the 
ground.  Tents  of  a  large  size,  such  as  are  used 
for  out-of-door  fetes  are  known  as  marquees. 

"  S"I  ""J"1  °"  "•"•  receding  toward  the  main. 
Wedged  ill  one  body,  at  the  tentt  they  stand." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  XV.  788. 

2.  An  apparatus  used  in  field-photography ; 
a  substitute  for  the  usual  dark  room.    It  con- 
sists of  a  box  provided  with  a  yellow  glass 
window  in  front,  and  furnished  with  drapery 
at  the  back,  so  as  to  cover  the  operator  and 
prevent  access  of  light  to  the  interior.    It  is 
usually  provided  with  shelves  and  racks  in- 
side, developing-tray,  and  a  vessel  of  water 
overhead,  having  an  elastic  tube  passing  to 
the  inside,  to  convey  water  for  washing  the 
plate. 

1 3.  A  kind  of  pulpit  of  wood  erected  out-of- 
doors,  in  which  clergymen  used  to  preach 
when  the  people  were  too  numerous  to  be 
accommodated  within-doors.  (Still  sometimes 
used.)  (Scotch.) 

4.  A  Bechabite  lodge  (Jer.  xxxv.  7).  [BECH- 
ABITE,  8.) 

"The  sick  funds  in  the  possession  of  the  various 
ttnu-  -IllcJuibUt  Monotint.  July,  1986,  p.  151. 

tent-bed,  s.  A  high  post  bedstead,  having 
curtains  in  a  tent  form  above. 

tent -caterpillar,  s.  The  larva  of  a 
moth,  Clisiocampa  americana,  destructive  to 
the  apple  and  cherry-tree. 

tent-maker,  s.  One  who  makes  tents,  or 
weaves  the  cloth  for  tents.  (Acts  jtviii.  8). 

tent-peg,  «.  A  peg  of  wood,  driven  into 
the  ground,  to  which  the  tent  ropes  are 
fastened. 

tent-pegging,  s.  A  game  or  sport  con- 
sisting in  trying  to  pick  a  tent-peg  out  of  the 
ground  with  a  spear  or  lance  while  riding  at 
full  speed. 

"Colonel ,  who  reopened  an  old  wound  while 

engaged  in  the  game  of  tent-pegging,  died  last  night" 
—Standard,  Jan.  15.  1886. 

"  tent  stitch,  «.  A  kind  of  fancy  stitch 
in  worsted  work. 

"She  does,  core  of  my  heart— she  does- and  is  as 
a°  "  * '""  °*  ""'•*"'*  ~ 


tent-tree,  >. 

Bot. :  Pandanus  Fosleri,  found  in  Lord 
Howe's  Island. 

tent  (2),  ».  [Contract,  from  altent  or  attention.) 
Attention,  caution,  care,  notice. 

.."C1?""  """*•  l«d-canny  now— tak  tent  and  tak 
time.  —Scott  .•  Antiquary,  ch.  Til. 

tent  (3),  *  tente,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  tento  = 
to  handle,  to  touch,  to  test ;  Fr.  tenter  =  to 
tempt,  to  prove,  to  try  ;  Sp.  (ienta  =  a  probe  ; 
tiento  =  a  touch.] 

Surgical: 

*  1.  A  probe. 

"Modest  doubt  Is  called 
The  beacon  of  the  wise;  the  lent  that  searches 
To  the  bottom  of  the  worst." 

Shakesp. :  TroUut  t  Crettida.  11  2. 

2.  A  roll  of  lint,  sponge,  &c.,  of  cylindrical 
or  conical  shape,  introduced  into  an  ulcer  or 
wound  to  keep  the  external  portion  open  and 
Induce  it  to  heal  from  the  bottom.  [SPONOE- 
TENT.] 

tent  (4),  s.  [Sp.  (vino)  Unto  =  deep  red  (wine); 
tinto  =  deep-coloured,  from  Lat.  tinctus,  pa. 
par.  of  tingo  =  to  dye.]  A  kind  of  wine  of  a 
deep  red  colour,  chiefly  from  Galicia  or  Malaga 
in  Spain.  It  is  principally  used  for  saera- 
mental  purposes. 

"  While  the  tinker  did  dine,  he  had  plenty  of  wine. 
Kich  canary  with  sherry  and  tent  superfine." 

Percy  :  Reliquet,  I.  II.  16. 

*  tent  (1),  v.i.  [TENT  (1),  s.]  To  lodge,  as  in 
a  tent ;  to  tabernacle. 

"  The  smiles  of  knaves 

Tent  in  my  cheeks,  and  schoolboys'  teara  take  up 
The  glasses  ot  my  light." 

SliaJtetp.  :  Coriolfimu,  ill.  2. 

tent  (2),  t.i.  &  t.    [TENT  (2),  s.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  attend  ;  to  observe  atten- 
tively.   (Followed  by  to.) 

B.  Trans. .•  To    observe,    to   remark,  to. 
notice,  to  regard.    (Scotch) 

tent  (3),  r.«.    [TENT  (3),  «.] 

1.  To  probe  ;  to  search,  as  with  a  tent 

"  I'll  observe  his  looks ; 
Til  tent  him  to  the  quick."     Shaketp.  :  ffamlct,  it  1 

2.  To  keep  open,  as  a  wound,  with  a  teut 
or  pledget. 

ten-ta  cle,  t.  [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat  tentacu- 
lum (q.v.).] 

Zool.(Pl.):  Feelers  ;  delicate  organs  of  touch 
or  of  prehension  possessed  by  many  of  the 
lower  animals  ;  as  the  Medusidae,  the  Polyzoa, 
the  Cephalopods,  44c. 

ten-tic  -u-la,  s.  pi.    [TENTACCLUM.J 

ten-tac'-n-lar,  a.  [Low  Lat  tentaculum); 
Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ar.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
tentacle  or  tentacles  ;  in  the  nature  of  a. 
tentacle  or  tentacles. 

ten-tac'-n-late,  ten-tac'-n-lat-ed,  o. 

[Low  Lat.  tentacul(um) ;  Eng.  suff.  -ale,  -aied.] 
Furnished  with  or  having  tentacles. 

"  Tentaculate  appendage  laterally  developed."— 
Kent :  /nfutoria,  if.  807. 

tSn-tac-n-lIr-er-a,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  ten- 
tacvlfi,  pi.  of  tentaculum  (q.v.),  and  Jero  =  to- 
bear.) 

Zool. :  An  order  of  Infusoria,  or  a  class  o( 
Protozoa.  Animalcules  bearing  neither  flagel- 
late appendages  nor  cilia  in  their  adult  state, 
bnt  seizing  their  food  and  effecting  locomo- 
tion, when  unattached,  through  the  medium 
of  tentacle-like  processes  developed  from  the 
cuticular  surface  or  internal  parenchyma ; 
these  tentacles  are  simply  adhesive  or  tubu- 
lar, and  provided  at  their  distal  extremity 
with  a  cup-like  sucking-disc,  an  endoplast, 
and  one  or  more  contractile  vesicles  usually 
conspicuously  developed ;  trichocysU  rarely, 
if  ever,  present;  increasing  by  longitudinal 
or  transverse  fission,  or  by  external  and  in- 
ternal  bud-formation.  They  inhabit  salt  and 
fresh  water;  and  are  divided  into  two  groups : 
Suctoria.  in  which  the  tentacles  are  wholly 
or  partially  suctorial,  and  Actinaria,  in  which 
they  are  merely  adhesive. 

en-t&o-n-lif'-er-ofia,  a.  [TENTACTJUFERA.] 
Bearing  or  producing  tentacles. 

en  ta.  eu  -1J  form,  a.  [Lat.  tentaculum  = 
a  tentacle,  and  forma  =  form.]  Shaped  like  a 
tentacle. 

ten-tac'-n-lite,  s.    [TENTACOLITES.! 

Palamtt. :    Any    individual   of  the   genon 
Tentaculites. 


fate,  t&t.  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mnte,  cnb.  ciire.  nnite,  otir,  rule.  ttUl;  try.  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


tentaculites— tenure 


4657 


tentaculitc  beds.  t.  pi. 
Gcol.:   Beds  of  Middle   Devonian  age,  in 
North  Devonshire  and  in  Germany. 

tSn-tic-u-li'-te», ».  [Mod.  Lat.  UntamKum); 
suff.  -ites.] 

Palaont. :  A  genus  of  organisms,  generally 
referred  to  the  Annelida,  but  stated  by  S.  P. 
Woodward,  &<!.,  to  be  more  properly  classed 
under  the  Pteropoda,  or  perhaps  with  Ortho- 
ceras  (q.v.).  There  is  a  straight  conical  shelly 
tube,  annulated  and  sometimes  striated.  The 
walls  of  the  shell  are  thin,  and  it  is  open  at 
the  thick  end.  Found  in  the  Silurian  and 
Devonian  rocks.  Tentaculites  annulatiis  is  a 
characteristic  Lower  Silurian  fossil. 

tin-t&c'-n-ifim  (pi.  tfin-t&e'-u-la).  >. 

[Lat.,  from  tento  =  to  feel,  to  try.]    The  same 
as  TENTACLE  (q.v.). 

•tgnt'-age  (age  as  Jg),  «.  [Eng.  tent  (1),  a. ; 
•age.}  A  collection  of  tents  ;  an  encampment. 

" Upon  the  mount  the  king  his  tenlage  fixed." 

Draylvit :  Bartmt  Wart,  ii.  15. 

•tin-ta'-tlon,   *  ten-ta-ol-on,  s.     [Lat. 

tentatio,  from  tentatus,  pa.  par.  of  tento  =  to 
try.)    [TEMPTATION.]    Trial,  temptation. 

"  If  at  any  time  through  the  Jiatlty  o(  our  wretched 
nattlrt  autl  the  violence  of  tentation.  we  be  drawn  Into 
a  sinful  actiuu.  yet  let  us  take  heed  of  being  leavened 
with  wickedness."—  Bp.  Hail:  Met/Mint. 

tin  -ta  live,  a.  &  t.  [Lat.  tmtatimu  =  try- 
ing, tentative,  from  tentatus,  pa.  par.  of  tento 
=  to  try  ;  Fr.  tenlatif;  Sp.  tenlativo.] 

A.  A>  adj. :  Based  on  or  consisting  In  ex- 
periment ;  experimental,  empirical. 

"The  tentative  edict  of  ConaUiuius  described  rnauy 
false  heart*." — Bp.  Hall:  Remain!,  p.  IS. 

t  B.  As  subst. :  An  essay,  an  experiment,  a 
trial. 

"The  various  ttntativtt  of  the  early  thinkers  had 
all  ended  in  a  scepticism  which  was  turned  to  dex. 
terous  use  by  the  8  phista."—  Lewet  .•  Batory  of  Philo- 
tophy  led.  18SO),  1.  33d. 

tin'-ta-tive-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  tentative;  -ly.] 
In  a  tentative  manner ;  by  way  of  experiment 
or  trial. 

tint  ed,a.  [Eng.  fent(l),  s. ; -ed.]  Furnished 
or  covered  with  tents. 

"The  palisade. 
That  closed  the  tented  ground." 

Bcott :  Marmion,  V.  L 

tint  -er  (I),  s.  [Eng.  tent  (2),  v. ;  -«-.]  A 
person  in  a  manufactory  who  tends  to  or 
looks  after  a  machine,  or  set  of  machines,  so 
that  they  may  be  in  proper  working  order,  as 
!  a  loom-tenter,  lie  may  also  have  the  super- 
vision of  a  certain  number  of  the  hands  em- 
ployed on  such  machines. 

v&it-er  (2),  *  telnt-er,  *  tent  ar,  *tent- 
,     nre,  "tent-our,  -tent-owre,  s.     [Prop. 
1      tenture,  from  Fr.  tenture  =  a  stretching,  ex- 
tending ;   Lat.  tentura  =  a  stretching,    from 
tenlits,  pa.  par.  of  tendo  =  to  stretch.] 

1.  A  frame  used  to  stretch  pieces  of  cloth, 
to  make  them  set  even  and  square. 

2.  A  drying-room. 

3.  A  tenter-hook. 

"  Ye  haue  streigned  It  on  the  tentourt,  and  drawen 
tton  the  i*rc)ie.  —  Ujideit  Bolu,  let.  5. 

*  U  On  the  tenters :  [TKXTER-HOOK,  U]. 

tenter-bar,  s.  A  device  for  stretching 
cloth. 

tenter-ground,  s.  Ground  on  which 
frames  for  stretching  cloth  are  erected.  [TEN- 

TIR  (2),  1.) 

"I  could  distinguish  only  a  shadow  of  the  castle  on 
a  hill,  and  tenter-ground*  spread  far  and  wide  round 
the  town."— Gray ;  Letter  to  Dr.  Wharton. 

tenter  hook,  ?. 

1.  Lit. :  One  of  a  set  of  hooks  arranged  on 
the  inside  margin  of  a  frame    and  used   in 
•tretcl.ing  cloth,  the  margin  of  which  is  held 
fast  by  the  hooks. 

2.  Fig. :   Anything  that  painfully  strains, 
racks,  or  tortures. 

If  On  tenter-hooks,  *  On  the  tenters:  On  the 
•tretch  ;  on  the  rack ;  in  a  state  of  suspense 
or  anxiety. 

*  tent  -er,  v.t.  &  i.    [TENTER  (2),  *.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  hang,  stretch,  or  strain  on 
or  as  on  tenters. 

"  When  leather  or  cloth  is  tentered,  it  •prfngeth 
bi*k."— Bacon  :  Natural  Hittury,  \  12. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  admit  of  being  stretched 
toy  a  tenter. 

"  Woollen  cloth  will  tenter. "-Racon :  Jfat.  fliit. 


•  tSntes,  s.  pi   [Etym,  doubtful ;  cf.  Fr.  tente* 

=  tents.] 
Bot. :  The  catkins  of  Juglans  regia.    (Lyte.) 

tenth,  *  tcnthe,  '  teonthe,  a.  &  s.    [A.S. 
teodha;  IceL  tiundi.] 

A.  As  adj. :  The  ordinal  of  ten  ;  coming 
next  after  the  ninth. 

"It  may  bethought  the  less  strange,  if  other*  can- 
not do  as  much  at  the  tenth  or  twentieth  trial  as  we 
did  after  much  practice."— Boyle, 

B,  As  substantive : 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  tenth  part ;  one  of  ten 
equal  parts  into  which  anything  is  or  may  be 
divided  ;  a  tithe. 

"Of  all  the  hone*. 

The  treasure  In  the  field  achieved,  aud  city, 
We  render  you  the  tenth." 

Shakttp.  •'  Coriolanut,  I.  fl. 
II.  Technically; 

1.  Ecdes. :  The  tenth  part  of  the  annual 
profit  of  every  church  livi  ng  in  England,  form- 
erly paid  to  the  pope,  but  by  statute  transferred 
to  the  crown,  and  afterwards  made  a  part  of  the 
fund  known  as  Queen  Anne's  Bounty.    (Eng.) 

2.  Law :  (See  extract). 

"  Ttntht  and  fifteenths  were  temporary  aids  lisuiiig 
out  of  personal  property,  aud  were  formerly  the  real 
'~  'ft  or  fifteenth  jiart  of  all  the  movable*  belonging 


to  the  subject.    Originally  the  amount  was  uncertain, 
but  was  reduced  to  a  certainty  in  the  eighth  year  of 
dward  III.,  when  uew  taxations  were  made  of  every 


township,   borough,   and  city  in  the  kingdom, 
recorded  lii  the  Exchequer.    Bo  that  when,  afterwards, 
the  common*  granted  the  crown  a  fifteenth,  every 

Srish  in  England  immediately  knew  their  proper- 
in  of  \l."—Khtckttone  :  Comment.,  bk.  i.,  ch.  7. 

3.  Music: 

(1)  A  compound   interval,  comprising   an 
octave  and  a  third,  nine  conjoint  degrees,  or 
ten  sounds.     The  tenth  is  the  octave  of  the 
third,  and  may  be  major  or  minor,  diminished 
or  augmented. 

(2)  An  organ  stop,  tnned  a  tenth  above  the 
diapasons,  called  also  double  tierce  or  decima. 

tenth'- ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tenth;  -ly.]  In  the 
tenth  place. 

ten-thre-din  -I  dse,  *.  pi  [Mod.  Lat  ten- 
thred(o),  genit.  tenthrtdin(is) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi. 
adj.  sulT.  -idee.} 

Entom.  :  Sawflies ;  a  family  of  Hyraenoptera. 
tribe  Phytophaga.  The  ovipositor  is  a  saw- 
like  blade  of  two  lateral  pieces  at  the  apical 
end  of  the  abdomen.  Antenmt  generally 
short,  with  three  to  thirty  joints,  sometimes 
pectinated  in  the  males.  Maxillary  palpi  with 
six  joints ;  prothorax  produced  at  the  sides 
to  the  origin  of  the  four  wings ;  anterior  tibice 
with  two  spurs  at  the  apex.  The  males  are 
geuerally  darker  in  colour  than  the  females. 
The  female,  by  the  saw  of  the  ovipositor, 
makes  slits  in  the  leaves  or  tender  shoots  of 
plants,  and  then  separating  the  two  pieces, 
deposits  her  eggs  between  them.  The  larvse 
have  eighteen  to  twenty-two  feet ;  they  are 
like  those  of  the  Lepidoptera,  but  want  the 
circles  of  hooked  bristles,  and  have  only  a 
simple  eye  on  each  side  of  the  forehead.  The 
cocoon  is  of  the  texture  of  parchment,  or  may 
resemble  lattice,  or  both  characteristics  may 
be  present.  It  is  attached  to  the  plant  or  tree 
on  which  the  lame  feed  or  is  buried  in  the 
ground.  About  a  thousand  species  are  known, 
many  of  them  from  Europe.  The  larva  are 
very  destructive  to  crops.  [ATHALIA.) 

ten  thre  -do,  a.  [Gr.  Tty6pr)8<av  (tenthredon) 
=  a  kind  of  wasp  or  fly.] 

Entom. :  Sawfly,  the  typical  genus  of  Ten- 
thredinidte.  Upper  wings  with  four  sub- 
marginal  cells ;  antennae  with  the  third  and 
fourth  joints  of  the  same  length.  Tenthredo 
Kthiops,  a  small  black  species,  deposits  eggs 
on  cherry  and  other  fruit  trees.  The  larvje  are 
black,  and  often  numerous  enough  to  do  the 
trees  great  damage.  Tenthredo  grossularice  is 
the  Gooseberry  Sawfly. 

tent'-Ie,  a.  [Eng.  tent  (2),  s. ;  -ie  —  -y.]  Heed- 
ful, cautious.  (Scotch.) 

"  Jean  Blips  in  twa  with  tni'i*  e'e." 

liurni:  Halloween. 

•te'n-ti&'-ixi-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  tentigo,  genit. 
tentiginis  =  a  stretching,  lasciviousness.J 

1.  Stiff,  stretched. 

2.  Lustful,  lecherous. 

"  Nothing  affects  the  head  so  much  as  a  tentioinout 
humour,  repelled  and  elated  to  the  upper  region."— 
Swift ;  Mechanical  Operation^  of  the  Spirit. 

tent'-leas.  a,  (Eng.  tent  (2),  s. ;  -less.]  Heed- 
less, careless.  (Scotch.) 

"  I'll  wander  on,  with  Unttett  heed." 

Burnt :  To  Jamet  Smith. 


ten-tor' -I-fim,  s.    [Lat.=  a  tent  (q.v.).] 

Anat. :  An  arched  or  vaulted  partition, 
stretched  across  the  cerebrum  and  the  cere- 
bellum. 

*tent'-or-*,  *.  [Lat.  tentorium  =  a  tent.} 
The  textile  fabric  of  a  tent. 

"The  women  who  are  said  to  weave  hangings  and 
curtain*  for  the  grove,  were  no  other  then  makers  of 
tentoritt.  to  spread  from  tree  to  tree."— Evelyn : 
tiylra,  bk.  iv.,  §  8. 

*tent'-ure,  *.  [Fr.]  [TENTEB,  «.]  Puper- 
hanging*8,  wall-paper. 

tont'-wort,  «.  [First  element  doubtful ; 
Britten  &  Holland  quote  a  statement  by 
Threlkeld  that  the  plant  was  named  because  it 
was  a  specific  against  the  "  taint"  or  swelling 
of  the  joints  in  rickets.] 
Bot. :  Afplenium  Huta  muraria. 

*  ten'-u-ate,  v.t.  [I^t.  tenuatu*,  pa.  par.  of 
tenuo  =  to  make  thin  ;  tenuie  =  thin.]  To 
make  thin. 

tfin'-u-etji,  8.  pi  [Lat.,  pi.  of  tenuis  =  thin.] 
Gram. :  A  term  applied  to  the  letters  «,  IT,  T 
(Jb,  p,  t)  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  in  relation  to 
their  respective  middle  letters  y,  £,  &  (gt  b,  d)t 
and  their  aspirates  \,  *,  9  (ch,  ph,  th).  These 
terms  ,are  also  applied  to  the  corresponding 
letters  and  articulate  elements  in  any  lan- 
guage. 

tSn-n-X-fO'-li-ous,   a.    ILat.  tenuis  =  thin, 
and/o/i«m  =  a  leaf.] 
Bot. :  Having  thin  or  narrow  leaves. 

tcn'-u  i  ous,  a.  [Lat.  tercut5  =  thin.]  Rar» 
or  subtle  ;  tenuous.  (Opposed  to  dense.) 

"The  most  tenuiout,  pure,  and  simple  matter."— 
QlanriU :  Pre-eriitence  of  Soul*,  ch.  xiv. 

t  tSn-u-I-rfis'-ter,  s.    [TENUIROSTRES.] 

Zool :  Any  individual  member  of  the  group 
Tenuirostres  (q.v.). 

t  ten-n-I-ros'-tral,  a.    [TENUIROSTRES.]  Of 

or  pertaining  to  the  Teuairostres ;  slender- 
beaked. 

"  The  grallatorlal  or  tenuirottral  type  is  shown  In 
birds,  as  iu  quadrupeds,  by  a  great  Blenderuess  and 
elongation  of  the  jawn,  muzzle,  or  bill."— Swuinion: 
Birti,  L  10. 

t  tSn-u-J-rofi'-tref,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  tenuis  =  thin, 
slender,  and  rostrum  =  a  beak.] 

Ornith. :  A  division  of  Insessores,  having  a 
long  and  slender  beak  tapering  to  a  point. 
Toes  large  and  slender,  especially  the  hind 
one,  the  outer  usually  more  or  less  united  to 
the  middle  one  at  the  base.  They  live  on 
juices  of  plants  or  on  insects.  Families  Cer- 
thiadge,  Meliphagidse,  Trochilidse,  Promerop- 
idae,  and  Upupidee. 

tSn'-u-ls, «.    [Lat.=  thin.] 

Gram. :  One  of  the  tenues  (q.V-X 

t^n-u'-3E-t^  •  ten-u-i-tle,  s.    [Fr.  tenuiti, 

from  Lat.  ttnuitatem,  accus.  of  tenuitas,  from 
tenuis  —  thin.  1 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tenuous  or 
thin ;    thinness,    slenderness ;    smallness   in 
diameter. 

"In  the  iris  of  the  eye,  and  the  drum  of  the  ear, 
the  tenuity  of  the  muscles  is  astonishing."— Palty  : 
Natural  Theology,  ch.  U. 

2.  Rarity,  rareness,  thinness,  as  of  a  fluid  : 
as,  the  tenuity  of  the  atmosphere. 

*3.  Simplicity,  plainness;  absence  of  gran- 
deur ;  meanness. 
*4.  Poverty. 


"  The  tenuity  and  contempt  of  clergymen  will  soon 
.jtthem  see  whRtapoorcftrciiss  they  are,  when  i>arted 
from  the  influence  of  that  supremacy  ."—King  Charlei: 


let  them  see  w 
from  the  tnffiie 
Eikon  Batttike, 

ten'-u-oiis,  a.    [Lat.  tenuis  =  \\\\i\,  slender.) 

1.  Thin,  small,  slender,  minute. 

2.  Rare,  rarefied ;  subtle,  not  dense. 

tfin'-ure,  *.    [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  tenura,  from 
Lat."tett«o  =  to  hold.] 

1.  The  act,  manner,  or  right  of  holding  pro- 
perty, especially  real  estate.  Laud  may  be 
held  according  to  two  main  principles,  feudal 
or  allodial  (see  these  words).  The  former  i8 
the  principle  universal  in  England.  The 
ancient  English  tenures  are  to  be  accounted 
for  upon  feudal  principles,  and  no  other; 
being  fruits  of.  and  deduced  from,  the  feudal 
policy.  For  there  seem  to  have  subsisted 
among  our  ancestors  four  principal  species  of 
lay  tenures,  to  which  all  others  may  be 


boy ;  pout,  Jeltrl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  oHln,  bench ;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  09;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  L 
-clan,  -tian  —  than,   -tion,  -slon  =  Chun;  -tion,  -f Ion  =  zhun,   -oious,  -tious,  -sloua  =  shus.   -ble, -die,  <tc.  —  beL  del. 


4658 


tenuto— teratology 


reduced,  the  grand  criteria  of  which  were  the 
natures  of  the  several  services  that  were  due 
to  the  lords  from  their  tenants.  These  ser 
vices,  in  respect  of  their  quality,  were  either 
free  or  base  services;  in  respect  of  their 
quantity  aud  the  time  of  their  exacting  them, 
were  either  certain  or  uncertain.  Free  ser- 
vices were  such  as  were  not  unbecoming  the 
character  of  a  soldier  or  a  freeman  to  perform  ; 
as,  to  serve  under  his  lord  in  the  wars,  to  pay 
a  sum  of  money,  and  the  like.  Base  services 
were  such  as  were  fit  only  for  peasants  or 
persons  of  a  servile  rank  ;  as,  to  plough  the 
lord's  land,  to  make  his  hedges,  or  other 
mean  employments.  By  later  statutes  the 
former  complication  of  tenure  has  been  re- 
duced and  land  title  made  nnifonn,  but  the 
feudal  principle  persists,  and  all  land  is  con- 
sidered to  be  held  mediately  or  immediately 
from  the  King.  In  the  United  States  land  is 
held  under  allodial  or  independent  tenure,  and 
the  title  of  every  tenant  in  fee-simple  is  abso- 
lute, and  subject  to  the  claim  of  no  superior. 
In  legal  technicality,  however,  the  English 
terms  for  tenure  are  retained.  [BUBQAGE, 
COPYHOLD,  FRANKALMOIONE,  SOCAGE,  VILLE- 

KAQE.] 

"  The  tenure  described  by  our  ancient  writers,  under 
the  name  of  privileged  vllfeuage.  is  such  as  has  been 
hold  of  tbe  kings  of  England  iruui  tbe&mquest  down- 
wardi ;  being  no  other  than  an  exalted  aiiecies  of 
cop.vtioUl.  sQDeisting  at  this  day,  viz.,  the  tenure  in 
ancient  demesne,  ft  applies  to  those  lauds  or  manors, 
which,  though  now  perhaps  granted  out  to  private 
subjects,  were  actually  in  the  bauds  of  the  crown  lu 
the  tune  of  Edward  tite  Confessor,  or  William  th« 
Conqueror;  and  the  tenants  therein  have  some  pecu- 
liar privilege,  Dow  of  little  if  of  any  value.  It  thus 
appears,  that  whatever  changes  and  alterations  our 
tenuret  have  In  process  of  time  undergone,  from  the 
Saxon  era  to  the  13  Car.  11.,  all  lay  tenure*  an  now  in 
effect  reduced  to  two  species  ;  free  tenure  in  common 
aocntfe,  aud  base  'enure  by  copy  of  court-roll."— £tocc- 
ttone  :  Cot/intent.,  hit.  IL,  ch.  4. 

2.  The  consideration,  condition,  or  service, 
which  the  occupier  of  land  gives  to  his  lord  or 
superior  for  the  use  of  his  land. 

3.  Manner  of  holding  in  general ;  the  terms 
or  conditions  upon  which  anything  is  held  or 
retained. 

"  All  that  seems  thine  own 
Held  by  the  tenure  at  his  will  alone.' 

Covrper  :  Sxpottulatton,  tut, 

te  nu'-to,  a.    [IU1.  =  held.] 

Music :  A  term  applied  to  a  note  or  series  ot 
notes  having  to  be  held  or  kept  sounding  the 
full  time. 

ten-zon,  ten -son,  t.  [Fr.  tentm;  Ital. 
tenzone  ;  from  Low  Lat  Unsionem,  accus.  of 
tensio  —  a  contending,  a  contest,  from  Lat 
tensus,  pa.  par.  of  Undo  =  to  stretch.]  A  con- 
tention in  verse  between  rival  troubadours 
before  a  tribunal  of  love  or  gallantry  ;  hence, 
•  subdivision  of  a  chanson  composed  by  one 
of  the  contestants  or  competitors. 

te-6-cal'-U,  s.    [Mex.  =  God's  house.) 

Antiq. :  The  name  given  to  the  temples  of 
the  aborigines  of  Mexico.  They  were  built  in 
the  form  of  a  four-sided  pyramid,  in  two, 
three,  or  more  stories,  or  terraces,  on  the 
highest  of  which  the  temple  proper  was 
situated.  The  Teocallis  of  Yucatan  are  not 
built  in  terraces,  but  rise  at  an  angle  of  45°  to 
the  platforms  on  which  the  temple  is  placed. 
[PYRAMID,  2.) 

"  A  spacious  and  Imposing  building,  erected  on  the 
ruins  of  the  great  leocalli,  or  temple  of  the  Azteo  rod, 
MixiOL"— Ckamoerf  EncfC.,  vL  486. 

te  6  pan,  ».  [Me*.  =  place  of  God.)  The 
same  as  TEOCALLI  (q.v.). 

te'-pal,  s.     [Altered  from  petal,  and  with  * 

reference  to  sepal.] 
Botany  : 

1.  A  petal. 

2.  One  of  the  portions  of  a  perianth. 

tep  e-fac'-tlon,  *tSp-i,-iao'-tion,j.  [Lat. 
tepefactus,  pa.  par.  of  tepefacio  =  to  tepefy 
(q.v.).]  The  actor  operation  of  wanning  or 
making  tepid  or  moderately  warm. 

tSp'^-fy,  •tep'-l-fy,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  tepe- 
facio,  from  tepeo  =  to  be  warm,  and /OCTO  =  to 
make.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  tepid  or  moderately 
warm. 

"  They  (pike)  He  close  to  the  bottom,  where  the 
water  is  most  warm,  aud  seldom  venture  out.  except 
the  day  be  particularly  fine,  and  the  shallows  at  the 
edges  of  the  stream  become  tepljle<t  by  the  powerful 
rays^of  the  mm.--  eoUtnitft  .•  Animated  Mature. 

B.  Intraau.:  Tobecome tepid ormoderately 

warm. 


te-pe-JI-lo'-te  (J  as  h),  «.  [Native  name  in 
Central  America.] 

Bot.  :  The  young,  unexpanded  flower-buds 
of  a  species  of  Chamaedorea  (q.v.);  highly 
esteemed  as  a  vegetable. 

teph  -rss-ops,  s.  f Gr.  re'^pu  (lepJira.)  =  ashes, 
and  u>iff  (ops)—  the  face,  the  countenance.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Sparidse,  group  Can 
tharina,  from  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  Aus 
tralian  seas. 

*  teph'-ra-man-9y,  J.  [Gr.  ri^po.  (tephra)  = 
a.sht-3,  and  ^avreia.  (mmteia)  =  prophecy,  di- 
vination.] Divination  by  the  inspection  of 
the  ashes  of  a  sacrifice. 

teph'-rtne,  teph'-rite,  s.  [Gr.  re'^pa  (tephra, 
=  cinders,  ashes  ;  sutf.  -i?i«,  -ite.] 

Petrol. :  A  name  originally  given  to  a  gray, 
ash-like  rock  of  loose  texture,  the  base  oi 
which  was  trachytic.  Subsequent  investiga- 
tion has  shown,  however,  that  it  consists  o] 
a  plagioclase  felspar,  associated  with  either 
nepheline  or  leucite,  and  sometimes  with  both, 
and  also  several  accessory  minerals.  This 
name  has  been  until  recently  used  by  French 
geologists ;  but  Rosenbusch  (Mikrosknpische 
Physiographie  d.  massigen  Gesteine,  Stuttgart, 
1877)  has  adopted  it  as  a  designation  of  a 
*'  family"  of  rocks,  most  of  which  are  equiva- 
lent to  the  phonolites  (q.v.). 

teph-ri'-tis,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  «>p 
(tephra)  =  ashes.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Pleuronectidse  (q.v.), 
allied  to  Hippoglossus.  The  mouth  is  nearly 
symmetrical,  and  the  dorsal  commences  above 
the  eye, 

teph-rid-or'-nls,  «.  [Or.  T«J>p<ioj|c  (ttphrd- 
des)  = ash-coloured,  and  opus  (crnis)  =  a  bird. 
Named  from  their  sombre  plumage.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Prionopidue  (in  some 
classifications,  of  Laniidse,  when  they  are 
placed  in  the  sub-family  Dicrurinse),  with  four 
species,  from  the  Oriental  region.  The  frontal 
feathers  are  bristly  and  incurved.  They  go 
about  in  small  flocks,  carefully  hunting  for 
the  insects  on  which  they  feed. 

*teph'-rd-man-cy,  *  teph-ro  man'-tl-a 

(tl  as  Shi),  ».     [TEPHRAMANCY.] 

teph-ro'-si-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Gr.  T*J>poc 
(tephros)  =  ash-coloured.] 

1.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Galegese.    Tropical  or 
sub-tropical  trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  usually 
with  unequally  pinnated  leaves,  covered  with 
a  gray  silky  down,  and  lanceolate  or  subulate 
stipules.   Flowers  mostly  in  axillary  racemes, 
white  or  purplish  ;  calyx  campannlate,  with 
five  nearly  equal  teeth ;  stamens  in  one  or 
two   bundles ;    legume    linear,    compressed, 
straight,  or  curved,  many-seeded.    The  young 
branches  of  Tephrosia  toxicaria  and  T.  cinerta, 
West  Indian  plants,  with  the  leaves  pounded 
and   sometimes  mixed  with   quicklime,  are 
thrown  into  pools  and  mountain  streams  to 
poison  fish.    The  smaller  fry  die  ;  the  larger 
fishes,  though  temporarily  stupefied,  generally 
recover.    An  infusion  of  the  seeds  of  T.  pur- 
purea,  a  copiously  branched  perennial,  one  or 
two  feet  high,  Common  in  India,  is  given  as  a 
cooling  medicine.    A  decoction  of  the  bitter 
root  is  given   in   dyspepsia,  lientery,  tym- 
panuis,  &c.      T.  Senna  is  used  as  a  purga- 
tive by  the  inhabitants  of  Poiwiyan.    A  blue 
dye  is  extracted  from  T.  ttnctoria,  an  under- 
shrub  growing  in  Mysore,  &c.     T.  Apottinea 
in  Nubia,    and    T.    toxicaria   in    the    Niger 
region,  are  also  dye  plants. 

2.  Entom. :  A  genus  of  Geometer  Moths, 
family  Boannidae.    Five  species  are  British. 

tep'  id,  a.  [Lat  tepidus,  from  tepeo  =  to  be 
warm,  from  same  root  as  Sansc.  tap  =  to 
burn.]  Moderately  warm ;  lukewarm. 

"  Through  the  tepid  gleams 
Deep  musing,  then  he  best  exerts  his  sung." 

Thonuon  :  Autumn,  1,324. 

te'p-I-dar'-i-um,  «.  [Lat,  from  tepidiu  = 
tepid  (q.v.).] 

Roman  Antiq. :  An  apartment  in  Roman 
baths  where  the  tepid  water  was  placed ; 
also  the  boiler  in  which  the  water  was  warmed 
for  the  tepid  bath. 

te'-pld'-l-ty,  «.  [Fr.  teptdite,  from  Lat  tepidut 
=  tepid.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tepid 
or  lukewarm.  (Ltf 


"  The  tepUUy  and  infidell  bsMnesse  of  the  Jewish 
nation."— Bp.  Taylor:  Life  of  ChrM,  pt,  i.,  j  4. 


tep  -Id-ness,  a.  [Eng.  tepid;  -ness.)  Tepidity, 
lukewarumess, 

*te'-por.  ».  [Lat.]  Gentle  heat,  moderate 
warmth. 

"  The  small  pox,  mortal  during  such  a  season,  grew 
more  favourable  by  the  tepor  and  luuiature  in  April.' 
—Arbutftnot. 

teq'-ez  quite  (q  as  k),  s.  [A  corrupt  of 
TequoixquitI,  the  Mexican  name  for  a  mineral 
substance  found  at  Texcoco,  Zumpango.J 

.Vin. :  A  mixture  of  various  salts,  consisting 
principally  of  carbonate  of  soda  and  chluridi 
of  sodium  (common  salt). 

ter-a-cryl'-le,  o.  [Eng.  fer(eofc),  and  acrylic.} 
Derived  from,  or  containing  tereuic  and  aery  lit 
acid. 

teracrylic-acld,  s.  [PYROTEREBIC-ACID.] 
ter'-a-phim,  s.  pi     [Heb.  C'EJJ-I  (teraphin), 
perhaps  from  an  obsolete  verb  Fpri  (taraph) 
=  to  live  agreeably  or  in  plenty.    (Gen 

Jewish  Antiq.  :  Household  gods,  like  the 
Roman  Penates.  The  "  ininges  "  which  Rachel 
stole  from  her  father  Labau  are  called  in 
Hebrew  terajihim  (Gen.  xxxi.  19,  34,  35^ 
Perhaps  they  were  the  "strange  gods"  given 
up  by  Jacob's  household,  and  by  him  hid 
under  the  "oak"  at  Shechem  (xxxv.  2,  4). 
Again,  the  "image"  which  Michal  put  in 
David's  bed,  and  which  was  intended  to  be 
mistaken  for  him,  is  called  in  Hebrew  ti>rv 
phim,  a  plural  form,  though  apparently  only 
with  a  singular  meaning.  It  was  probably  of 
the  human  form  aud  size  (1  Sam.  xix.  13). 
Mieah  manufactured  one  or  more  (Jud»el 
xvii.  5,  xviii.  14,  17,  18,  20>  Teraphim  art 
often  mentioned  in  connection  with  ephodl. 
and  in  Zech.  x.  2,  it  is  stated  that  the  tera- 
phim  (A.  V.  idols)  have  spoken  vanity,  imply. 
ing  that  they  were  consulted  as  oracles  bv  thfl 
Jews,  as  ephods  were(l  Sam.  xxiii.  6,  12,'xxx, 
7).  The  Babylonians  used  them  for  a  similar 
purpose  (Ezek.  xxi.  21).  Samuel  denounced 
them  (1  Sam.  xv.  23),  and  Josiah  put  them 
away,  with  wizards,  idols,  &c.  (2  Kings  xxiii. 
24).  The  English  reader  must  have  rei-ouna 
to  the  R.  V.  to  find  where  the  word  terai'lihn 
occurs  in  the  Old  Testament,  as  in  all  but  i 
one  passage  (Hosea  iii.  4)  the  A.  V.  translates) 
it  by  other  words. 

ter'-a-pln,  >.    [TERRAPIN.] 

t&'-iis,  *.    [Gr.  repot  lifras)  =  a  monster.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Cynipid*.    The  pnnfr 
ture  by  Teraa  tcrminalis  of  oak  twigs  produce!   , 
the  gall  called  oak-apple. 

*  tS-r&.'-lc-al,  o.  [Gr.  tifca  (teras),  genii 
T«>aTot  (teratos)  =  a  sign,  a  wonder.]  Mar- 
vellous, wonderful,  miraculous. 

ter-at-Ich'-thys,  ».  [Pref.  teraUo)-,  and  Gr. 
<X»vs  (ichthui)=  a  fish.] 

PaUeont. :  A  genus  of  Gynmodontidas. 
Known  British  specjes  one,  from  the  Lower 
Eocene. 


ter-a-to-,  prtj.  [TERATICAL.]  Marvellous; 
of  or  belonging  to  monsters  or  anything  won- 
derful. 

ter-a7t8g'-en-y,  s.     [Pref.  terato-,  and  Gr. 
y€vf ana  (gennao)  =  to  produce.] 
lied. :  The  formation  of  monsters. 

ter-at'-o-lite,  «.  [Pref.  terato-,  and  Gr. 
Aiflos  (lithos)  =  a  stone ;  Lat  terra  miraculoaa; 
Ger.  wundererde.} 

Min.:  An  impure  variety  of  lithomarge 
(q.v.),  found  at  Planitz,  Saxony. 

ter  a-to  log  -ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  terotolog(y); 
-icoL]  Of  or  pertaining  to  teratology;  deal- 
ing with  or  treating  of  monsters  or  man-els. 

tor-a-tci'-ii-glst,  s.    [Eng.  teratology) ;  -«.] 

*  1.  One  given  to  teratology  ;  one  who  deals 
in  marvels  ;  a  marvel-monger. 

2.  One  who  studies  or  is  versed  in  the 
science  of  teratology. 

ter-a-toT-6-gy,  ».  [Pref.  terato-,  and  Or. 
Aoyos  (Logos)  ~  a  word,  a  discourse.] 

1.  That  bra.ich  of  biological  science  which 
deals  with  monsters,  malformations,  or 
deviations  from  the  normal  types  in  th« 
animal  aud  vegetable  kingdoms. 

*  2.  Affectation  of  sublimity  in  language ; 
bombast    (Baiiey.) 


Ste,  0.1,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p«, 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  onite.  oiir,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    ee,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  Itw. 


teratosaurus— terebralia 


4659 


ter-a-tft-Bau'-rus,  s.    [Pref.  terato-,  and  Gr. 
ffav'pos  (sauros)  =  a  lizard.] 
Poteont. :  A  genus  of  Triassic  Dinosaurs. 

teV-bl-um, «.    [From  Ytterby  in  Sweden.] 

Chem. :  A  metal,  supposed  by  Mosander  in 
1843  to  exist,  together  with  erbium  and 
yttrium,  in  gadolinite.  Subsequent  investiga- 
tions have  thrown  considerable  doubt  on  Its 
existence,  and  it  is  now  believed  to  be  yttria 
contaminated  with  the  oxides  of  the  cerium 
metals. 

terce,  *  tyerse,  ».  [Fr.  masc.  tiers,  fern. 
tirrce  =  third ;  tiers  =  a  third  part,  a  tierce, 
from  Lat  tertius,  tern,  tertia  =  third.] 
[TIERCE.] 

*  1.  A  third  part,  a  third. 

"  The  middle  betweeue  them  both  Is  50  degree*  and 
a  tirce  in  latitude."— Backluyt :  Yoyagei,  iii.  210. 

"2.  Measures,  fc. :  A  cask  whose  contents 
«re  forty-two  gallons,  the  third  of  a  pipe  or 
butt. 

"  For  I  aearch'd  every  piece  of  wine ;  yes  sure,  sir, 
And  every  little  trrci.  that  could  hut  tenttfte. 

B».um.  *  flO.  :  Till  Pilorim.  ii.  I. 

*  3.  Eccles. :  The  same  as  TIERCE,  II.  2. 

"  At  howre  tyeru."       Jft/rour  of  our  Lady.  p.  18. 

4.  Scots  Law:  A  real  right,  whereby  a  widow 
who  has  not  accepted  any  special  provision, 
is  entitled  to  a  life-rent  of  one-third  of  the 
heritage  in  which  her  husband  died  infeft, 
provided  the  marriage  has  endured  for  a  year 
and  a  day,  or  has  produced  a  living  child. 
No  widow  is  entitled  to  her  terce  until  she  is 
regularly  kenned  to  it  [KEN,  ».,  A.  II.] 

terce- ma] or, ». 

Cards :  A  sequence  of  the  three  best  cards 
m  some  games. 

tercel,  *  tor-cell,  *  tas-sol,  s.  Si  o.   [O.  Fr. 

tiercelet,  so  called  because  he  is  commonly  a 
third  less  than  the  female,  from  O.  Fr.  tiers, 
tierce  =  third  [TERCE]  ;  cf.  O.  Ital  tcrmlo;  Ital. 
terzuolo,  from  terzo  =  third.] 

A.  As  subst. :  The  male  of  the  falcon,  espec. 
the  common  or  Peregrine  Falcon  (Falco  pere- 
grinus). 

"  The  falcon  a*  the  tfrcel.  for  all  the  duck*  i'  the 
llver."-S»o:*M|>.:  TroUut  t  Onuida,  Ui.  S. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Male. 

"The  terceU  egle,  as  ye  know  full  wele. 
The  loule  royall,  aboue  you  all  in  degre." 

Chaucer:  AUfmbla  of  foula. 

•  tei^e'-lSt,  s.    [O.  Fr.  tlmelet.}    [TEHCEL.] 
The  male  hawk  ;  the  male  eagle. 

"  Perched  on  his  wonted  eyrie  high. 
Sleep  sealed  the  tercelet'l  wearied  eye." 

Scott :  Koktbs.  rt.  t. 

•  tercel-lone,  ».    [TERCEL.]    A  small  male 
hawk ;  a  tercelet. 

ter-cen'-ten-a-ry,  t  ter-oen-ten'-a-ry, 

•  ter-c6n-ten'-a-ry,  a.  &  «.  [Lat.  ter  = 
thrice,  and  centenarius  =  centenary  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :    Comprising   three   hundred 
years ;  including  or  relating  to  an  interval  of 
three  hundred  years. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  day  celebrated  or  observed 
as  a  festival  in  commemoration  of  some  event, 
as  a  great  victory,  &c.,  which  occurred  three 
hundred  years  before. 

"  Their  noble  president  had  accustomed  himself  to 
•ay  'teroenteenary.'  But  all  long  words  that  ended 
in  'ary,'  'ery,'  'ory,'  were  accented  on  thn  fourth 
syllable  from  the  end,  or  what  scholars  called  the 
•preantepeuultimate.1  (Laughter.)  If  his  lordship's 
attention  were  called  to  that  little  law,  he  would 
adapt  hie  pronunciation  to  the  common  one,  i 
'  "  eatt  of  the  '  ter-ct 


would  speak 
Bept.  19,  1887. 


, 
v."—  Ltaiiy  Jfewt, 


te>9  er,  ».    [Eng.  terc(e);  -er.] 

Lam:  A  tenant  in  dower  ;  a  doweresa. 

ter9'  et,  ».    (Fr.,  from  tiers  =  third.] 

1.  Music  :  A  third. 

2.  Poetry  :  A  group  of  three  rhyming  lines  ; 
a  triplet. 

ter'-fine,  «.  (Fr.,  from  Lat.  tertius  =  third.] 
Dot.  :  Mirbel's  name  for  what  he  considered 
•  third  coating  of  some  seeds,  internal  to  the 
secundine  and  primine.  It  is  really  only  a 
layer  of  the  primine  or  secundine,  or  the 
secundine  itself.  Called  by  Malpighl  the 
Ohorion. 

ttere,  >.    [TARE  (!),••] 

ter-e-bam'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  tereWic),  and  amic._ 
Derived  from  or  containing  tereblc  acid  anc 
ammonia. 


tercbamic  acid,  s. 

HS       )N 

Chem.  :  CjHuNOj  =  (CrHsOsT  >  Q  .    Tere- 

II  ' 

bamido.  Prepared  by  heating  terebic  acid  in 
ammonia  gas  to  140-160'.  It  is  slightly 
soluble  in  cold,  very  soluble  in  hot  water  and 
in  alcohoL 

ter-e-bam'-idc,  s.   [Eng.  tereb(ic),  and  amidt.  ] 
[TEREBAMIC-ACID.  ] 

ter'-e  bate,  s.    [Eng.  terebic)  ;  -ate.} 
Chem.  :  A  salt  of  terebic  acid. 

ter-S-bSr-la,  s.   [Dimin.  from  Lat.  fere&ra=a 
boring  instrument.] 

1.  Surg.  :  A  trepan  or  trephine. 

2.  Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Terebellidse 
(q.v.).    The  sheath  consists  of  sand,  pieces  of 
shell,  and  other  adventitious  particles,  held 
together  by  a 

glutinous   se- 

cretion   from 

the  body.  The 

young,   when 

first  they  quit 

the  eggs,  are 

small,  globu- 

lar  embryos, 

thickly  co- 

vered  with 

cilia.    Then 

the  body  be- 

comes elon- 

gate and  the 

cilia  collect  in 

a  band  round 

the    middle  ; 

eyes    appear. 

Next  the  cilia  diminish  in  size  and  disappear, 

the  animal  becomes  able  to  creep  along  the 

bottom  of  the  water  ;  finally  it  builds  its  tube 

and  moves  about  no  more. 

ter  e-bel-11-das,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  ten. 
belKa);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -iite.] 

Zool.  :  A  large  family  of  Tubieote.  Animals 
sometimes  eight  or  nine  inches  long,  worm- 
shaped,  thick  in  front  and  narrow  behind, 
cephalic  region  often  with  a  collar  ;  tentacles 
numerous,  filiform,  in  two  groups  around  the 
mouth  ;  no  proboscis  ;  branched  or  pectinate 
branchite  on  some  of  the  anterior  segments. 

teV-e-bene,  «.    [Lat  tereb(inthus)  =  turpen- 

tine; SUff.  -ene.] 

Chem..  :  C]()H16.  An  optically  inactive 
isomer  of  oil  of  turpentine,  prepared  by  the 
action  of  strong  sulphuric  acid  on  tereben- 
thene.  It  has  the  odour  of  thyme-oil,  sp.  gr. 
0-864,  and  boils  at  156°. 

ter-S-ben'-lc,  o.    (TEREBIO.) 

ter-e-bSn'-thene,  «.    [TEREBESE.] 

Chem.  :  Ci0H16.  Berthelot's  name  for  the 
chief  constituent  found  in  French  oil  of  tur- 
pentine, and  readily  obtained  by  neutralizing 
the  oil  with  an  alkaline  carbonate,  and  dis- 
tilling first  over  the  water-bath,  and  then  in  a 
vacuum.  It  has  a  sp.  gr.  =  0,864,  boils  at 
161°,  and  has  a  specific  rotatory  power  of 
—  42-3. 

tSr-S-bSn-tll'-iO,  a.  [Eng.  terelent(hme)  ; 
-{',  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  tere- 
benthone. 


TEREBELLA  EMMALINA. 


terebentilic  acid,  s. 
Chem.  : 


A  mono- 
basic acid  obtained  by  passing  the  vapour  ol 
turpentine  over  soda-lime,  heated  to  4003,  and 
treating  the  resulting  mass  with  hydrochloric- 
acid.  It  is  heavier  than  water,  melts  at  90°, 
boils  at  260°,  is  slightly  soluble  in  boiling 
water,  but  very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether 
Its  vapour  is  acrid,  and  attacks  the  nose 
strongly. 

tSr-e-ben'-zIo,  a.    [Eng.  tere(bene),  and  ben- 
z(o)ic.]     Derived  from  or  containing  terebene. 

tcrebcnzic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CuH^  (?)  Produced  by  the  action 
of  nitric  acid  on  oil  of  turpentine.  It  crys 
tallizes  in  small  shining  needles,  insoluble  in 
cold,  soluble  in  boiling  water  and  in  colt 
alcohol,  melts  at  169°,  and  boils  at  a  much 
higher  temperature. 

tS-rSb'-ic,  a.    [Eng.  tereb(ene);  -fa.]    Pertain 
ing  to  or  derived  from  terebene. 


tcrobic  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :   CrH10O4  =  ^^OsX' j.  O}-      Tere. 

benicacid.  Terebilic  acid.  A  dibasic  acid  pre- 
pan-il  by  heating  oil  of  turpentine  with  lour 
parts  of  nitric  acid  of  sp.  gr.  1'25.  It  crystal- 
lizes in  four-sided,  colourless  prisms,  with 
oWique  terminal  faces,  dissolves  in  about  100 
parts  of  cold  water,  more  reiidily  in  boiling 
water,  alcohol,  and  ether;  melts  at  200°  with- 
out loss  of  weight,  but  at  a  higher  tempera- 
ture begins  to  decompose.  It  forms  salts 
called  terebates,  of  little  importance. 

tcrobic  ethers,  ».  pL 

Chem.  :  Acid  ethers  prepared  by  the  direct 
action  of  terebic  acid  on  the  several  alcohols  ; 
thus,  ethyl -terebic  acid,  CyHolftHjXU  = 
C7H8O2  ) 

C»H5  VOj,  is  an  oil  having  a  burning  taste. 

~ 


sparingly  soluble  in  water,  and  very  unstable. 
ter-S-bll'-ie,  a.    [TEHEBIC.] 
*  ter-«-bIn-ta'-9S-te,    *  ter-6-bin-tha'- 

90  89,  s.  pi.    [Lat.  terebinth(us) ;  fern.  pi.  adj. 

suff.  -aceos.] 
Hot. :  An  order  founded  by  Jussieu  in  1789, 

and    including    all    the    turpentine-bearing 

plants.      These  are  now  distributed  among 

the  orders  Amyridaceee,  Anacardiacesj,  Con- 

naraceaj,  Xanthoxylace«e,  4c. 

ter'-e-bmth,  «.  [Lat.  terebinthus;  Gr. 
Tep<0t»0oc  (terebintluis)  =  the  terebinth  01 
tui'iwntine  tree.] 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  The  terebinth  tree  (q.v.). 

(2)  (Pi.):   An   alternative    name    tor  th» 
Anacards.     [ANACARDIACE*.] 

2.  Comm.  it  Pharm. :  Various  resins,  balsams, 
and  spec.  Common  and  Venetian  turpentine, 
and  Canada  balsam. 

terebinth-tree, «. 

Bat. :  Pistacia  Tereblnthus,  the  Chio  or 
Cyprus  Turpentine  tree.  Leaves  unequally 
pinnate,  generally  three  pairs  with  a  terminal 
one  ;  flowers  small ;  fruit  small,  dark,  purple, 
rounded,  and  furrowed.  The  turpentine  flows 
from  incisions  in  the  stem,  and  is  left  to 
harden.  A  gall  produced  upon  the  tree  by 
the  puncture  of  insects  is  used  in  dyeing,  and 
for  tanning  one  kind  of  Morocco  leather. 

•ter-S-bln-thi'-na,  s.  [TEREBINTH.]  An 
old  name  for  turpentine  (q.v.). 

ter-S-blnth'-In-ate,  a.  *  s.  [Lat.  terebinth- 
in(us)  =  of  the  terebinth  tree ;  Eng.  stiff,  -ate.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Impregnated  with  the  qualities 
of  turpentine  ;  terebinthine. 

"  During  the  summer  the  tree  send*  ont  a  pleasing 
MnlMMMII  odour.'—  London:  Kncycl.  of  Plant! 
(ed.  1880),  p.  sos. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Med. :  A  preparation  of  the  turpentine  of 
firs. 

"  Salt  serum  may  be  evacuated  hy  urine,  by  (erev 
otntMnalei ;  a*  tope  of  pine  in  all  our  ale."— Floyer. 

tSr-S-bin'-thlne,  a.  [Lat  terebinthinus, 
from  terebinth™  =  the  terebinth  (q.v).]  Per- 
taining to  turpentine ;  consisting  of  turpen- 
tine ;  partaking  of  the  qualities  of  turpentine. 

*  ter-S-blnth'-fis,  «.    [TEREBINTH.] 

Bo*. :  A  genus  of  plants  founded  by  Jussteu, 
now  reduced  to  a  synonym  of  Pistacia  (q.v.). 

tey-0-bra,  ».  [Lat  =  a  boring  instrument; 
tero  =  to  pierce.) 

Zool.  *  Pakeont. :  Auger-shell ;  a  gen-is  of 
Buccinidae  (q.v.).  Shell  long,  pointed,  many 
whorled  ;  aperture  small ;  canal  short ;  o]  >er- 
culum  pointed,  nucleus  apical  Animal 
blind  or  with  eyes  near  the  summit  of  min  nte 
tentacles.  All  the  shells  are  smooth,  and 
ornamented  with  variegated  spots,  generally 
red,  brown,  and  orange.  Recent  species  110, 
mostly  tropical.  Fossil  twenty-four,  from  th» 
Eocene  of  Britain,  France,  and  Chili. 

ter-g-bra'-li-a,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
Lat.  terebra  =  a  borer.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-genus  of  Potamides.  Shell 
pyramidal,  columella  with  a  prominent  fold 
towards  its  apex,  and  a  second  less  distinct 
one  on  the  basal  fronts  of  the  whorls.  From 
India  and  North  Australia.  Terebralia  tele- 
icopinm  is  so  abundant  near  Calcutta  that  the 
shells  are  burnt  for  lime.  (S.  P.  Woodward.) 


b6lL  b<Sy;  poTlt.  J61W;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9Mn,  bench;  go,  £em;  thin,  this;  sin,  09;  expect,  Xcnoplioa,  exist.    -M*. 
-clan,    tian  =  shan.    -tlon, -elon  =  8hun; -tlon, -jlon  =  inujn,   -otooc,  -tioua,  -»ioua  =  •&&•.    -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4060 


terebrant— tarin 


tSr'-e-brant,  o.  (TEREBRANT.)  Possessed  of 
an  ovipositor;  of  or  belonging  to  the  Tere- 
brantia. 


---.     „,   ,  au.il,  a.   j*.      |r<euc. 

pl.  of  Lat  terebraiu,  pr.  par.  of  tereoro  =  to 
bore.] 

Entomology  ; 

1.  Saw-flies  ;  a  tribe  of  Hymenoptera  having 
the  ovipositor  converted  into  a  saw  or  borer. 
Families,  Tenthredinidae  and  Siricidte. 

2.  A  tribe  of  Physopoda  in  which  the  females 
have  a  regular  ovipositor  consisting  of  minute 
valves  concealed  in  a  groove  of  the  last  two 
ventral   segments.      Antenna   usually  nine- 
jointed.    [THKIPS.] 

•ter'-e-brate,  v.t.  [Lat.  tertbratus,  pa.  par. 
of  fcreoro  =  to  bore  ;  terebra  =  a  boring  in- 
strument] To  bore,  to  pierce  with  or  as 
with  a  boring  instrument 

"  Earthworms  being  made   In  the  most  compleat 
mauuer  possible  tor  ttrebrMing  the  earth,  and  ufeen. 

PkLjJSrJ    £2?aJ?!!™*    '"d   them."-J<er*am.- 
rlwncQ-Thwtogy,  bk.  lv.,  ch.  rii. 

ter-e-bra-tel'-la,  ».  [Mod.  Lat,  dirnln. 
from  Lat  terebratus  =  perforated.  ] 

Zool.  <t  Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Terebratulidas 
(q.v.),  with  twenty-five  species  distributed 
among  several  sub-genera.  Shell  smooth  or 
radiately  plaited  ;  dorsal  valve  longitudinally 
impressed  ;  hinge-line  approximately  straight; 
Deak  with  a  flattened  area  on  each  side  of 
the  deltidium,  which  is  incomplete,  foramen 
large ;  loop  attached  to  the  septum.  The 
genns  appears  first  in  the  Chalk. 

•  ter-S-bra'-tion,  ,.  [Lat.  terebraUo,  from 
terebratus,  pa,  par.  of  terebro  =  to  bore,  to 
perforate ;  Fr.  terebration.]  The  act  of  boring, 
perforating,  or  piercing. 

"It  hath  been  touched  before,  that  ttnbraOa,  of 
ty968  doth  make  them  prosper  better ;  but  it  la  found 


tJSr-8-braf-ii-la,  «.    [Mod.  Lat,  dlmln. 
from  Lat  ttrebratua  —  perforated.) 

Zool.  <*  Palremt.  :  The  type-genus  of  Tere- 
bratulidse  (q.v.).  Shell  smooth,  convex  ;  beak 
truncated  and  perforated  ;  foramen  circular  • 
deltidium  of  two  pieces  frequently  blended; 
loop  very  short,  simple,  attached  by  its  crura 
to  the  hinge-plate.  Animal  attached  by  a 
pedicle  ;  brachial  disc  trilobed,  centre  lobe 
elongated  and  spirally  convoluted.  Tere- 
bratula proper  has  three  recent  species,  from 
the  Mediterranean,  Vigo  Bay,  and  the  Falk- 
land Islands  ;  fossil,  120,  from  the  Devonian 
onward.  Sub-genera:  Terebratulina  Wald- 
heimia,  Meganteris,  and  Rensseteria,  the 
latter  from  the  Silurian  to  the  Devonian! 


Jra-tu'-U-das,  >.  pl.    [Mod.  La 
(a);  Lat  fern.  pl.  adj.  sufT  -i<te.] 

Zool.  &  Palaont. :  A  family  of  Brachiopoda 
&T'C  T  t° "^ T"?  enun"!rates  five  genera,  to 
which  Tate  adds  two  others.  Shell  minutely 
punctate ;  usually  round  or  oval,  smooth  or 
striated;  ventral  valve  with  a  prominent  beak 
and  two  curved  hinge-teeth ;  dorsal  valve  with 
depressed  umbo,  a  prominent  cardinal  pro- 
cess between  the  dental  sockets,  and  a  slender 
shelly  loop.  Animal  attached  by  a  pedicle 
or  by  the  ventral  valves ;  oral  arms  united 
by  a  membrane,  variously  folded,  sometimes 
spiral  at  their  extremities.  The  family  is 
numerous  and  widely  distributed  in  time  and 
space  The  generic  and  sub-generic  forms  are 
usually  classified  according  to  the  modifies- 
tions  of  the  loop  or  calcined  support  for  the 
respiratory  and  alimentary  organs,  the  sim- 
plest and  highest  type  of  this  loop  being 
found  in  Terebratula  (q.v.).  The  family  wai 

iresented  in  Silurian  seas,  and  reached  its 
maximum  about  the  dawn  of  the  Tertiary 
epoch,  since  when  many  of  its  representatives 
have  become  extinct 

;u'-U-form,  a.    [Mod.  Lat  tere- 


tgr-S-brat-u-li'-na,  s.    [Mod.  Lat,  dimin. 
from  terebratula  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  f  Palavnt. :  A  sub-genus  of  Tere- 
bratula (qyA  Loop  short,  rendered  annular 
in  the  adult  by  the  union  of  the  oral  processes 
Recent  species  six,  from  the  United  States 
Norway,  Cape,  and  Japan  ;  fossil  twenty-two' 
from  the  Oxford  Clay. 


•ter-e-braf-u-lito,  ».  [Mod.  Lat  fereim- 
tul(a);  sun*.  -ite.}  Any  fossil  species  of  the 
genus  Terebratula  (q.v.). 

ter-e-cam'-phene,  ».  [Eng.  tere(bene),  and 
camphenc.] 

Chem. :  A  solid  crystallizable  body,  some- 
what resembling  camphor,  produced  by  heat- 
ing to  :>20J  the  solid  hydro-chloride  prepared 
from  French  turpentine,  with  potassium 
stearate  or  dry  soap.  It  melts  at  «°,  and 
boils  at  160°. 

ter-e-ohrite'-Ic,  a,  [Eng.  terefbic);  chrvstin), 
and  sutf.  -ic.)  Pertaining  to  or  containing 
terebic  add  and  chrysin. 

terechrysio-acid,  s. 

Chem. :  C6H8O,j.  An  acid,  said  to  be  ob- 
tained, together  with  oxalic,  terephthalic,  and 
terebic  acids,  in  the  watery  liquid  obtained  by 
oxidising  oil  of  turpentine  with  nitric  acid 
diluted  with  an  equal  bulk  of  water.  (Watts.) 

tSr-S-di'-na,  ».    [Lat.  teredo  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  &  Palaiont.  :  A  sub-genus  of  Teredo 
The  valves  have  an  accessory  valve  in  front  of 
the  umbones,  the  aperture  of  the  tube  is 
sometimes  shaped  like  an  hour-glass  or  six- 
lobed. 


, «.  [Fr.,  from  Mod.  Lat.  teredina. 
(Larousse.)]  A  doubtful  word,  usually  denned 
as  =  the  teredo ;  but  possibly  formed  erro- 
neously  from  the  Lat.  teredines  (pl.  of  teredo), 
which  occurs  in  Adams  : 


ter-e'-dd,  s.    [Lat,  from  Or.  Teptjoui.  (teredo n) 
from  repe'co  (tereo)  =  to  bore,  to  pierce.) 

1.  Bat.:  Any  disease  in  plants  produced  by 
the  boring  of  insects. 

2.  Zool  i  Palomnt. :  A  genus  of  Pholadidas. 
Wornvhke    Molluscs,    having  a   sucker-like 
foot  with  a  foliaceous  border,  and  long,  cord- 
like  gills  ;  shell  globular,  open  in  front  and 
behind,  lodged  at  the  inner  extremity  of  a 
burrow,    in    whole   or   in    part    lined  with 
shell  ;     valves    three-lobed,     concentrically 
striated.     Known  species:    recent,  twenty- 
one,  from  Britain,  Norway,  the  Black  Sea 
and  the  tropics,  to  119  fathoms  deep.     Teredo 
navalis,  the  Ship  worm,  is  a  soft  cylindrical 
somewhat  vermiform  mollusc,  two'  or  two 
and  a  half  feet  long,  with  two  small  shells  at 
its  anterior  extremity.    It  bores  into  timber, 
and  is  exceedingly  destructive  to  ships.     In 
1731  and  1732  it  created  alarm  in  Holland  by 
boring  into  the  piles  constituting  part  of  the 
defence  of  the  country  against  the  inroads  of 
the  sea.   Though  teak  is  not  so  easily  attacked 
as  many  other  kinds  of  timber,  yet  it  does 
not   wholly   escape.       The   best   protection 
against  the  teredo  is  metal  sheathing  and 
broad-headed  iron  nails  hammered  into  the 
wood.    Fossil  species  twenty-four,  from  the 
Lias  onward.    Used  also  of  any  individual  of 
the  genns. 

t^u1if1?««nj<>*  *'     IGr'  ****  <-ter"f>  =  friable; 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  mineral  occurring  In  crystals  with  the 
form  of  scapolite,  also  massive.     Not  analyzed 
but  stated  to  be  probably  a  variety  of  scapo- 
lite.    Found  in  a  small  vein  in  limestone  at 
Antwerp,  New  York. 

2.  A  name  given  by  D'Aubisson  to  certain 
friable  clay-slates  or  shales,  notably  those  of 
the  carboniferous  formation 


tcrcphthallc  chloride,  s. 

Chem.  :  C8H4OaCl2.  Produced  by  the  action 
of  phosphoric  pentachloride  on  terephthalic 
acid.  It  forms  beautiful  crystals,  smells  like 
benzole  chloride,  and  resembles  it  in  all  its 
reactions. 

ter'-ea,  a.  [Lat.  =  round,  smooth.)  Round 
cylindrical  J  used  substantive!}-  in  anatomy  as 
a  name  for  certain  muscles  and  ligaments  on 

mSor  &  Pe<  "  ter"  •*"•  tent 

TS-re'-fl-an,  ».    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  :  A  member  of  the  Discalced 
Carmelites  of  either  sex,  living  under  the  re- 
formed rule  introduced  by  St.  Teresa  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

"tgr'-et,  O.      (TERETE.) 

tgr  -ete,  *  ter-e'-tofls,  «  tSr-et,  a.    [Lat 

teres,  gemt.  terete  =  round,  smooth!  from  (ero 
to  rub.)  Cylindrical  and  smooth;  lone  and 
round  ;  columnar,  as  some  stems  of  plants 
Opposed  to  angular  (q.v.). 

11  To  the  itan  nature  hath  glren  no  inch  imtru- 


tgr'-S-tljm,  ».  [Gr.  rtpi Ti<rMa  (teretisma)  = 
the  chirping  of  swallows.)  Bough  and  unme- 
lodious  noise.  (Hall :  Satires,  IV.  i.  3.) 
•  ter'-gal,  a.  [Lat.  terg(um)  =  the  back  ;  Eng 
adj.  sutf.  -of.)  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  back  • 
dorsal. 

teV-gant,  teV-gl-ant, 

a.      (Lat.    tergum  =  the 
back.] 

Her.  :  Showing  the  back 
part :  as,  an  eagle  tergant 
displayed. 

ter -gem'- In -al,  ter- 
gem-in-ate,  a.  [TKR- 
OEMINOUS".]  Thrice 
double  ;  specif.,  in  botany,  three-paired  ;  th« 
term  used  when  each  of  two  secondary  petioles 
bears  towards  its  summit  one  pair  of  leaflets, 
and  the  common  petiole  bears  a  third  pair  at 
the  origin  of  the  two  secondary  petioles  as  in 
Mimosa  tergemina.  (Mlrbel.) 

*ter-gem'-In-ous,o.  [Lat.  tergemin-us,  from 
ter  =  thrice,  and  geminus  =  twin,  duuble.l 
Inrice  double,  three-paired,  tergeniinate. 

ter-gJT-er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  tergum  =  the  back, 
and/ero  =  to  bear.]  Bearing  or  carrying  on 
the  back  ;  as  tergifenus  plains,  such  as  bear 
their  seeds  on  the  backs  of  their  leaves  at 
ferns ;  dorsiferous. 

*ter--giv-er-«ate,  v.i.  [Lat  tergiversate, 
pa.  par.  of  tergiversor  =  to  turn  one's  back, 
to  refuse,  to  shuffle  :  tergum  =  the  back,  and 
versor  =  to  turn  one's  self  about ;  versus  pa 
par.  of  verto  =  to  turn.]  To  shift,  to  shuffle  ; 
to  practise  evasion,  shifts,  or  subterfuges. 

"  Who  alto  If  he  were  conscious  that  hi.  assuiuentnm 
™.  the,pj»t°ulck  theology  we">  »°tso  defemil.le  « 
££*_?SSih'm"»  «?">««(!«  a.  it  were  tmi^ruu 


phthal(ie),  and  amide.] 

Chem  :  CgHsNaOj  =  NsH^CsHiO.,)-'.  Ter- 
ephthaho  amide.  An  insoluble,  white  amor- 
phous body,  produced  by  the  action  of  am- 
monia on  terephthalic  chloride. 


>,     '      [Eng-   «e"<W«X  and 
.     Denved  from  or  containing  terebic 
and  phthalic  acids. 

terephthaUo-aoid,  s. 

9***-.  :  ,  C8H604  =  CeHdCOtffo.  Imollnlo 
acul.  A  dibasic  acid  produced  by  the  action 
of  strong  aqueous  potash  at  the  boiling  heat 
on  phenylene  cyanide.  It  forms  a  white 
tasteless,  crystalline  powder,  nearly  insoluble 
in  water,  alcohol,  and  ether,  and  sublimes 
without  previous  fusion  at  about  300°. 

[TEREPHTHAL- 


ter-giy-er-sa'-tlon,  s.  [Fr.  tergiversation, 
trom  Jjat.  tergmrsaUonem,  accus.  of  tergiver- 
satw,  from  ttrgiversatvs,  pa.  par.  of  tergiversor 
=  to  tergiversate  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  tergivei-sating  ;  a  shifting  01 
shuffling  ;  a  shift,  an  evasion,  a  subterfuge. 

"But  that  no  Bmpiclon  ol  teroiverMim  may  be 
fastened  upon  me.  I  am  content  to  deal  with  you  a 
little,  at  your  own  weapons."—  (.'hillinguarlh:  Ktlia. 
o/  Prolatantt.  pt  1.,  ch.  v.,  |  85. 

2.  The  act  of  changing  or  of  turning  one's 
back  on  one's  opinions  ;  the  act  of  turning 
back  on  a  cause  formerly  advocated  •  the  act 
of  a  turncoat. 


•ter'-giv-er-sa-tor,  ». 

practises  tergiversation. 


[Lat]     One  who 


"ter'-gi'-verse,    v.i.     [Lat.  tergiversor  -  to 
tergiversate  (q.v.).]    To  turn  one's  back. 
"  The  Briton  never  tergiotrM 
But  was  (or  adverse  drubbing." 

Saint  aeotye/ur  Kitflmul.  pt  11 

ter'-gtim,  s.    [Lat.  =  the  back.] 

1.  Entom. :  The  upper  surface  of  the  abdo- 
men in  insects. 

2.  Zool. :  The  dorsal  arc  of  the  somite  of  an 
arthropod,  as  of  a  Crustacean  or  an  Arachnid. 

"toy-In,  i.     [Fr.  tarin.]    A  kind  of  singing 
bird  ;  the  siskin.    [TAHIN.I 


term— terminal 


4661 


term,  *tearm,  '  tearme,  *terme,  s.  [Fr. 
terme=  a  term,  time,  or  day,  a  word,  from 
Lat.  terminum,  accus.  of  terminus  =  a  bound- 
ary-line, a  bound,  a  limit  (whence  terminal, 
terminate,  terminus);  cf.  Gr.  «'pua  (terma)  = 
a  limit;  O.  Lat.  termen ;  8p.  termino;  Ital. 
termiiie,  termino.] 
I.  Ordinary  language : 

1.  The  extremity  of  anything ;  a  limit,  a 
Sound,  a  boundary. 

"  Corruption  is  a  reciprocal  to  generation  ;  and  they 
two  are  as  n;t.ture'n  two  termt  or  boundaries,  ami  the 
fuiies  to  life  and  death."— flown  :  A'aturul  Bittory, 

2.  The  time  or  period  during  which  anything 
lasts  ;  any  limited  time  ;  a  time  or  period  fixed 
in  any  way. 

"  Doomed  for  a  certain  term  to  walk  the  night" 
Shaketp. :  Hamlet,  t  i. 

3.  In  universities,  colleges,  and  schools,  the 
period  during  which  instruction  is  regularly 
given  to  students.      In  the  United  States  the 
public  school  year  is  usually  divided  into  two 
terms.    In  England  the  division  is  usually  into 
three  terms.    College  and  university  years  ar« 
variously  divided,  according  to  circumstances 
In    England   the   Oxford   university  year  is 
divided  into  four  terms,  that  of  Cambridge 
into  three. 

4.  The  time  during  which  the  law-courts 
are  held  or  are  open  for  the  trial  of  causes. 
In  the  United  States  the  National  and  the 
State  Supreme  Courts  hold  each  one  annual 
term,  with    special    terms   as  circumstances 
require.    The  lower  courts  have  usually  four 
terms  annually,  this  fact  being  indicated  in 
the  title  of  one  court,  that  of  Quarter  Sessions. 
The  English  courts  had  formerly  four  terms  in 
every  year,  viz.:   Hilary  term,  beginning  on 
January  11,  and  ending  January  31;    Easter 
term,  beginning  April  15,  and  ending  May  8  ; 
Trinity  term,  beginning  May  22,  and  ending 
June  12;    and  Michaelmas  term,  beginning 
Nov.  2,  and  ending  Nov.  26.    The  other  portions 
of  the  year  are  called  Vacation.    This  system 
has  been  abolished  so  far  as  relates  to  the 
administration  of  justice. 

"  They  [lawyer*]  sleep  between  tfnn  ami  tmn." 

Hhaketp. ;  At  You,  Like  It,  UL  I. 

5.  A  word   by  which   something  fixed  or 
definite  is  expressed  or  designated ;  a  word 
having  a  definite  and  specific  meaning,  and 
naming    or   characterizing   some    particular 
person,  thing,  act,  quality,  or  the  like  ;  es- 
pecially, a  word  having  a  technical  meaning: 
as,  technical  terms,  scientific  terms,  &c. 

"  Of  your  Jugglyng  term*  penauuce  I  can  not  afflrme." 
— Tvndatt:  Work«».  \\.  320. 

6.  (PL):  Language  or  words  generally. 

"  Ai  you  would  say  In  plain  termt." 

SJuikeip.  :  Merchant  of  Vmice,  IL  2. 

7.  (PL) :  Conditions  ;    stipulations  ;  propo- 
sitions stated  and  offered  for  acceptance. 

"  If  we  can  make  our  peace 
Upon  such  large  termt  and  so  absolute." 

Shaktip.  :  3  Henry  IT.,  IT.  \. 

^  Hence  used  for  charge,  rate  of  payment : 
Ss,  What  are  your  terms  for  singing  lessons? 
t  8.  (PL):  State ;  situation ;  circumstances. 

"  The  termt  of  our  estate  may  not  endure 
Hazards  so  dangerous." 

Skakeip. :  Samlet.  111.  6. 

9.  (PL):  Relative  position;  relation;  foot- 
tug  ;  position. 

"  The  Ambassadors  most  therefore  try  to  be  on  rood 
termt  with  those  who  were  out  aa  well  aa  with  tnoae 
who  were  in."—  ita&tulay :  ffitt.  Eng.,  ch.  utiii. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch.  :  A  pedestal  widening  towards  the 
top,  where  it  merges  into  a  bust ;  a  terminal 
figure.    [TEKMINUS.] 

2.  Alg. :  A  member  of  a  compound  quantity  ; 
as,  a  in  a  -f  6,  aft  in  06  +  cd ;  a  single  expres- 
sion connected  with  any  other  by  the  signs 
plus  or  minus. 

3.  Geom. :  The  extreme  of  any  magnitude,  or 
that  which  limits  or  bounds  its  extent ;  thus, 
the  terms  of  a  line  are  points ;  the  terms  of  a 
superficies,  lines,  &c. 

4.  Law: 

(1)  An  estate  or  interest  In  land  to  be  en 
Joyed  for  *  fixed  period;  the  period  itself; 
more  fully  called  a  term  of  years,  a  term  for 
years, 

(2)  A  day  on  which  rent  or   interest  is 
payable,  commonly  called  quarter-days  (q.v.). 
In  Scotland  houses  are  let  from  May  28th  for 
a  year  or  a  period  of  years. 

(8)  Scots  Law:  A  certain  time  fixed  by 
authority  of  a  court  within  which  a  party  is 
allowed  to  establish  his  averment  by  evidence. 

5.  Logic:    The  subject  or   predicate  of  a 


proposition ;  one  of  the  three  component 
parts  of  a  syllogism,  each  of  which  is  used 
twice.  Terms  are  divided  into  simple,  singular, 
universal,  common,  univocal,  equivocal,  ana- 
logous, abstract,  concrete,  Ac,  The  predicate 
of  the  conclusion  of  a  syllogism  is  called  the 
major  term,  because  it  is  the  most  general ; 
the  subject  of  the  conclusion  is  called  the 
minor  term,  as  being  less  general.  These  are 
called  the  extremes,  and  the  third  term  in- 
troduced as  a  common  measure  between  them 
is  called  the  mean  or  middle  term.  [SYLLO- 
GISM.] 

6.  Afed.  (PI.) :  The  monthly  uterine  secre- 
tions of  women. 

7.  Shipbuild. :    The  same    as    TERM-PIECE 
(q-v.). 

H  (1)  Terms  of  an  equation : 

Alg. :  The  several  parts  of  which  it  is  com- 
posed connected  by  the  signs  +  or  — .  Thus, 
x3  -  &c*  +  llr  -  6  =  0  is  an  equation  com- 
posed of  four  terms. 

(2)  Terms  of  a  fraction: 

Math. :  The  numerator  and  denominator  of 
the  fraction. 

(8)  Terms  of  a  proportion  (or  progression) : 

Math. :  The  several  separate  quantities  of 
which  the  proportion  (or  progression)  consists. 

(4)  Terms  of  a  ratio : 

Math.:  The  antecedent  and  consequent 
of  the  ratio. 

(5)  To  be  under  terms : 

Law :  To  be  under  conditions  on  which  in- 
dulgence is  granted  by  the  Court,  as,  to  plead 
issuably.  (Wharton.) 

(6)  To  bring  to  terms :  To  reduce  to  submis- 

*  §ion  or  to  conditions. 

(7)  To  come  to  terms :  To  agree  ;  to  come  to 
an  agreement. 

(8)  To  make  termt ;  To  come  to  an  agreement. 

term-fee,  *. 

Law:  A  fee  or  certain  sum  charged  to  a 
suitor  for  each  term  his  cause  is  in  court. 

term-piece,  s. 

Ship-build.  :  A  piece  of  carved  work  planed 
under  each  end  of  the  taflVuil  of  a  ship,  at  the 
side  timbers  of  the  stern,  and  extended  down 
as  low  as  the  foot-rail  of  the  balcony. 

term,  *  teanne,  v.t.    [TERM,  s.]    To  name, 
to  call,  to  denominate,  to  express. 

"  As  maiater  Gersonne  in  the  Latin  tong  ttrmet\ 
It,"— Sir  T.  Mor*:  Work**,  p.  1,87*. 

*  tey-ma-gan-cy,  *.  [Eng.  termagan(t) ;  -cy.] 
The  quality* or  state  of  being  a  termagant; 
turbulence,  violence. 

"  By  violent  termagancy  of  temper,  she  may  never 

suffer  him  to  hare  a  moment'*  peace."—  Barker. 

ter    ma-gant,  *  ter- ma   gaunt,  a.  &  •. 

[From  Termagant,  the  name  of  one  of  the 
idols  whom  the  Saracens  are  represented  in 
mediaeval  romances  as  worshipping.  He  was 
afterwards  introduced  into  the  old  Moralities 
as  a  person  of  violent  temper,  so  that  a  rant- 
ing actor  might  appear  to  advantage  in  that 
character  (Shakesp. :  Hamlet,  Hi.  2).  It  is  a 
corrupt,  of  O.  Fr.  Tervagant,  Tervagan,  or 
Tarvagan,  used  for  a  Saracen  idol,  from  Ital. 
Trivagantet  Trivigante,  prob.  =  the  moon,  as 
wandering  under  the  three  names  of  Selene 
(or  Luna)  in  heaven,  Artemis  (or  Diana)  on 
earth,  and  Persephone  (or  Proserpine)  in  the 
lower  world ;  from  Lat.  ter  =  thrice,  and 
vagans,  pr.  par.  of  vagor  —  to  wander.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Violent,  quarrelsome,  boisterous, 
turbulent. 

"  Twai  time  to  counterfeit,  or  that  hot  termagant 
Scot  had  paid  me  scot  and  lot  too." — Shakctp.  : 
\BenrylV.,  v,  4. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  The  name  given  by  the  writers  of 
medieval  romances  to  a  fabled  Saracen  idol. 
(See  etym.) 

"  Nor  fright  the  reader  with  the  Pagan  vaunt 
Of  mighty  Mahound,  and  great  Termayaunt.". 
Bp.  Ball ;  Satiret.  1. 1. 

*2.  A  turbulent,  brawling,  scolding,  or 
abusive  person.  (Originally  applied  to  men 
rather  than  women.) 

"  Thou  delightest  to  play  the  tyrant  and  terma- 
gant amoug  them.'1— Kogert :  Jfaaman  the  Syrian, 
p.  270. 

3.  A  boisterous,  abusive,  scolding,  or  violent 
woman  ;  a  shrew,  a  virago. 

"  All  Imperious  and  reckleas  termagant."— Jf a  cau 
lay  .'  ffiir.  £ng.,  ch.  zv. 

*  ter'-ma-gant-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  termagant ; 


-ly.)  In  »  termagant  or  abusive  manner ;  like 
a  termagant ;  extravagantly,  outrageously. 

"  A    nose  M  termagant!?    rubicund, "—  7".   SrtWH : 
Work,,  i.  iv. 

tcrmo  lesse,  a.    [TKRMLESB.J 

term   er,  *  tearm-er,  *.     [Eug,  term,  s. ; 
-er.] 
*  1.  One  who  travelled  up  to  attend  court 

terms  ;  oue  who  resorted  to  London  iu  term- 
time  only  for  the  sake  of  tricks  to  be  practised 
or  intrigues  to  be  carried  on  at  that  period, 
the  law  terms  being  formerly  the  great  times 
of  resort  to  London,  not  only  for  business. 
but  for  pleasure.  (Nares.) 

"  Nor  have  my  title  leaf  on  posts  or  walla, 
Or  In  cleft  sticks  advanced  to  make  calls 
For  termert.  or  some  clerk-like  serving  man." 

Ben  Jonton :  Epigram  S. 

2.  One  who  terms  or  names. 

3.  The  same  ae  TERHOR  (q.v.). 

tor'-  mes  (pi.  teV-ini-tesX  *.  [Lat  termes, 
genit.  termitis  —  a  wood-wurm.  Cf.  also  termei 
=  the  branch  of  a  tree,  a  bough  cut  from  a 
tree.) 

1.  Entom. :  White  ant,  the  typical  genus  of 
Terraitide  (q.v.).    The  antenna  are  as  long  as 
the  head  and  thorax,  inserted  in  front  of  the 
eyes,  and  composed  of  about  eighteen  joints. 

[TERMIT1D*.! 

2.  Palosont. :  A  species  occurs  in  the  Pur- 
beck  beds. 

ter  min  a  ble,  o.  [As  If  from  a  Lat  ter- 
minabilist  from  termino  =  to  terminate  (q.v.).  J 
Capable  of  being  terminated  ;  limitable ;  ter- 
minating after  a  certain  period, 

"  The  terminable  paliw  of  a  part  at  h«lL"— Taylor  : 
ZttMuoiiM/rom  Popery,  pt  i,  |  i. 

teV-mln  •  a  -ble-ne~ss,  «.  [Eng.  terminable  ; 
-ness.  ]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  terminable. 

ter  min  al,  o.  &  s.  [Lat  terminalis,  from. 
terminus  =  a  boundary-line,  a  limit,  a  bound ;, 
Fr.,  Sp.,  &  Port,  terminal;  Ital.  terminate.} 

A*  As  adjective : 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to   a   boundary, 
limit,  or  limitation  ;  pertaining  to  or  forming 
a  limit  or  extremity. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  terminus  of  a 
railway ;  charged  at  a  terminus. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  Proceeding  from  the  end ;  ending, 
bounding. 

2.  Geom. :  Forming  an  edge  or  extremity. 
Thus  we  speak  of   the  terminal  edge  of  a 
polyhedron,  and  sometimes  of  the  terminal 
faces  of  a  solid.    Terminal  is  nearly  synony- 
mous with  limiting. 

3.  Logic:  Constituted  by  or  relating  to  t 
term. 

B.  As  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That  which  terminates ;  a  bound,  a  limit, 
an  extremity,  an  end. 

2.  A  terminal  charge ;  a  charge  made  for 
the  use  of  termini  or  stations  on  a  railway. 

"  On  the  vexed  question  of  terminal*  the  railway 
companies  Uke  a  vary  firm  •Uud."-Jft»m*rw  Pa*. 
Feb.  5.  1886. 

3.  A  terminal  railroad  station  or  depot. 

IL  Kltctro-nagn. :  The  clamping-screv  at 
each  end  of  a  voltaic  battery,  used  for  con- 
necting it  with  the  wires  which  complete  the 
circuit.  One  terminal  is  at  the  copper  or 
negative  pole,  and  the  other  at  the  zinc  or 
positive  pole.  Their  connection  by  wire  start* 
the  battery  into  action. 

terminal  bud,  «. 

Bot. :  A  bud  situated  at  the  end  of  a  branch. 

terminal  -  figure,  *.  The  same  as 
TERMINUS,  II.  2. 

terminal-form,  *.    [TERMINAL- VALUE.] 

terminal  moraine,  s.    [MORAINE.] 

terminal  stigma,  s. 

Bot. :  A  stigma  placed  at  the  end  of  a  style. 

terminal-style,  *. 

Bot. :  A  style  placed  at  the  summit  of  the- 
ovary. 

terminal-value,  terminal-form,  5. 

Math. :  The  last  and  most  complete  value 
or  form  given  to  an  expression. 


bo'y;  poUt,  Jl3krl;  oat,  9011,  chorns,  shin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  cyist.    ph  =  fc 
n,  -tlan  =  t^?",     tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -fion,    jion  =  shun*    -clous,  -tious,  -Bious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bei,  del, 


-Clan, 


4662 


terminaleaB— termitidaB 


terminal-velocity, ».  In  the  theory  of  I 
projectiles,  the  greatest  velocity  which  a 
Body  can  acquire  by  falling  freely  through 
the  air,  the  limit  being  arrived  at  when  the 
increase  of  the  atmospheric  resistance  be- 
comes equal  to  the  increase  of  the  force  of 
gravity. 

ter-mln-a  -le-ne,  s.  pi.  [From  Mod.  Lat  ter- 
minalia,  2.) 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Combretacese,  having  the 
corolla  generally  wanting  and  the  cotyledons 
convolute. 

ter-min-a-M-a,  «.  pi.  [Lat,  neut  pL  of 
terminal!*  =  pertaining  or  relating  to  a 
boundary  or  limit.]  [TERMINUS.] 

L  Roman  Antiij. :  A  festival  celebrated 
annually  on  the  23rd  of  February  in  honour 
of  Terminus,  the  god  of  boundaries.  It  was 
then  usual  for  peasants  to  assemble  near  the 
principal  landmarks  which  serrated  their 
fields,  and,  after  they  had  crowned  them  with 
garlands  and  flowers,  to  make  libations  of 
milk  and  wine,  and  to  sacrifice  a  lamb  or  a 
yonng  j  Ig.  The  public  festival  was  celebrated 
at  the  sixth  milestone  on  the  road  to  Lauren- 
tum,  because  at  one  time  that  was  the  limit 
of  Roman  territory.  [TKRMINUS,  II.  l.J 

2.  Bot.  (As  a  pseudo-singular) :  The  typical 
genus  of  Terminate*  (q.v.).  Trees  and  shrubs 
with  alternate  leaves,  usually  crowded  at  the 
«nd  of  the  branches.  Inflorescence  in  race- 
mose and  panicled  spikes,  generally  her- 
maphrodite in  their  lower  part,  and  only 
ataminiferous  above;  calyx  campanula!*, 
five-cleft,  the  lobes  acute  ;  corolla  wanting  ; 
stamens  ten  ;  ovary  with  two  ovules  ;  drupe 
with  but  one  seed.  From  the  tropics  of  Asia 
,  and  America.  Terminalia  Chebula  is  a  large 
and  valuable  tree,  eighty  to  a  hundred  feet 
high,  growing  in  India  and  Burmah.  The  fruit 
is  ellipsoid  or  obovoid  and  five-ribbed,  from 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  incii  and  a 

r  uter  in  length.  The  pounded  rind  rives 
black  myrobalan  (q.v.).  The  bark  of  the 
tree  is  used  for  tanning  and  dyeing.  There 
are  often  galls  upon  it,  which  are  also  used  for 
dyeing.  Another  of  the  Myrobalans  is  T 
telerua,  sixty  or  eighty  feet  high.  It  grows 
in  India.  The  leaves  and  the  fruit  are  used 
for  tanning  and  dyeing.  Other  Indian  species 
said  to  be  used  for  tanning  and  dyeing  are 
T.  Arjuna,  T.  Catappa,  T.  ciirtna,  T.  pani- 
culata,  and  T.  tmentosa.  The  fruits  of  T. 
Catappa,  sometimes  called  the  Almond  are 
eaten ;  so  are  the  kernels  of  T.  Chebula,  which 
however,  if  taken  in  large  quantities,  pro- 
duce intoxication.  A  gum  like  gum  arable 
to  exuded  from  its  bark.  T.  Ckebula  was  be- 
lieved by  the  old  Hindoos  to  be  alterative  and 
tonic.  The  fruits  of  T.  belerioa  are  astringent 
and  laxative ;  the  other  Indian  species  are  also 
medicinal.  The  milky  juice  of  T.  Benzoin 
become*  fragrant  on  being  dried.  It  is  burnt 
in  churches  in  Mauritius  as  a  kind  of  incense. 
A  drastic  resin  flows  from  T.  argentea  a 
Brazilian  species.  The  root  of  T.  latifalia  is 
given  in  Jamaica  in  diarrhoea.  The  bark  of 
T.  alata  Is  astringent  and  antifebrile.  The 


B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  limited  in  space  by  a  point,  line 
or  surface  ;  to  stop  short,  to  end. 

"  These  hills,  which  were  barreu,  continued  for 
about  three  miles  more,  and  tben  terminated  in  a 
large  plaiu/'-Coo*  .•  Firlt  Vat,ige.  blc,  L.  ch.  X. 

2.  To  come  to  an  end  or  conclusion  ;  to  end 
to  conclude,  to  finish. 


ter-min-ate,  a.  [Lat.  terminatus.]  [TER- 
MINATE, n.]  Capable  of  coming  to  an  end  • 
terminable,  limited,  bounded  :  as,  a  terminate 
decimal.  [INDETERMINATE.] 

terminate  number,  ». 

Math. :  An  integer,  a  mixed  number  or  a 
vulgar  fraction,  capable  of  Deing  expressed  as 
a  terminating  decimal. 

ter  min-a'-tlon,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  termina- 
tionem,  accus.  of  terminntio,  from  ferminutu*, 
pa.    par.    of  termino  =  to  terminate   (qv)- 
Sp.  terminocton;  Ital.  terminonoue.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act   of  terminating,  bounding,  or 
limiting ;  the  act  of  setting  bounds  or  limits ; 
the  act  of  ending  or  concluding. 

2.  That  which  bounds  or  limits ;  a  bound  • 
a  limit  in  time  or  space  :  as,  The  termination 
of  a  line  is  a  point 

3.  End  in  time  or  existence :  as,  the  termi- 
nation of  happiness. 

4.  End,  conclusion,  completion,  ending. 

"  A  good  commencement  has  ever  been  found    . 
luspicious  to  a  good  progrees  and  a  happy  termino, 
tton.  —Knox  :  Sermons,  voL  L,  ser.  M. 

*  5.  Last  purpose  or  design. 

It  is  not  an  Idol  ration*  termini.  In  respect  of 
termination:  for  the  religious  observation  thereof  is 
referred  and  subservient  to  the  honour  of  God  and 
Christ.  — White. 

*  6.  A  word,  a  term. 

"  She  speaks  poniards,  and  every  word  stabs :  If  her 
breath  were  as  terrible  as  her  terminate,,,,  there 
were  no  living  near  her."— Ouitap. .  Hue*  Ado.  U.  L 

IL  Cram. :  The  end  or  ending  of  a  word ; 
the  p-rt  annexed  to  the  root  or  stem  of  an 
inflected  word ;  the  syllable  or  letter  that 
ends  a  words. 


wood  of  T.  tomentosa,  when  polished,  re- 
sembles walnut,  and  has  been  used  in  India 
for  making  stethoscopes. 

•  ter  min  ant,  ,.  [Lat.  temtnan.,  pr.  par. 
of  termwo  =  to  terminate  (q.v.).]  Termina- 
tion, ending. 


ter-mln-ate,  t>.(.  &  i.  [Lat.  terminate, 
pa.  par.  of  termino  =  to  bound,  to  limit,  to 
terminate;  terminus  =  &  bound  ...  a  term 
(q.v.);  Fr.  terminer ;  Sp.  &  Port,  terminar ; 
Ital.  terninare.] 

A.    Tnin  .itirr  ; 

1.  To  bound,  to  limit ;  to  set  a  boundary 
|     or  limit  to;  to  form  the  extreme  point  or 

aide  of. 

"  Bed  of  all  various  herbs,  for  evergreen 
In  beauteous  order  terminal*  the  scene  " 

rapt:  Homer;  Odfuey  vll.  its, 

2.  To  end  ;  to  put  an  end  to ;  to  finish,  to 
close. 

"  £?""  """{"<**  •"  p«»l  obswrreti  all  strife- 
Some  men  have  sorely  then  a  peaceful  life  !" 

Cosrper     CotssernMoa,  M. 

*  1  To  complete,  to  perfect. 

*  4.  To  limit,  to  confine. 

a double  consent  to  a 


ter  min  a  tlon-aL  a.  [Eng.  termination; 
-al.l  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  forming  a  termi- 
nation ;  forming  the  end  or  coucludinz 
syllable  of  a  word. 

*  ter'-inin-artive,  o.  [Eng.  terminate); 
-ive.]  Tending  or  serving  to  terminate  • 
definitive,  absolute,  not  relative. 

"  I  use  this  Instance  to  take  off  the  trifle  of  worship 

"-- 


•ter'-inin-a-ttve-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  termina- 
live;  -ly.]  In  a  terminative  manner;  abso- 
lutely ;  not  relatively. 

"It  Is  terminating  to  Christ  or  God.  but  relatively 
to  the  Image,  that  is.  to  the  Image  for  God's  or  Christ's 
sake."— Taflor:  Diuutttife  from  Ptqwv,  pt.  L,  i  la. 

tef-mln-a-tdr, ».    (Eng.  terminate),  v. ;  -or.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:   One  who   or   that  which 
terminates. 

2.  Astron.  :  The  dividing  line  between  the 
enlightened  and  the  unenlightened  part  of  the 
moon. 

*  ter'-min-a-tor-#.  a.  [Eng.  terminate); 
-ory.]  Bounding,  limiting,  terminating. 

*ter  -mine,  "ter-myne,  v.t.  [Lat.  termino 
=  to  terminate  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  terminer.] 

1.  To  fix,  to  limit. 

•"Eftsoone  he  termynetX [Lat  terminal] sum  dal"— 

2.  To  terminate,  to  limit,  to  confine. 

"  How  absurd  had  these  guests  been,  if  they  had 
terminal   the   thanks  In  the  servltora.--tf!>   Ball 
Contempt. ;  fiwe  Loavet, 

ter'-mln-er,  t.    [Eng.  terming) ;  -er.] 

Law:  A  determining:  as  in  Over  and 
terminer.  [OYEB,] 

•ter'-mK-nine,  «.  [TEEMINE.]  A  limit,  a 
boundary. 

_.. "AH  Jointly  move  upon  one  axletree. 

Whose  terminine  it  termed  the  world'*  wide  pole  " 
Jfarlowf :  Doctor  fauttta,  ii.  s. 

ter'-mln-tom,  ».  [Oer.  and  Mod.  Lat  ter- 
minwmtu,  from  Lat  terminal  (q.v.).] 

1.  Church  Hist. :  The  belief  that  there  Is  a 
terminus  in  ea<?h  man's  life,  after  which  he  is 
no  longer  capable  of  receiving  grace  or  pardon 
for  his  sins.  This  doctrine  occasioned  a  con- 


troversy at  Leipzig  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
the  chief  movers  in  which  were  Reichenberi 
who  upheld  the  doctrine,  and  Ittig,  who 

1 2.  Philot. :  The  same  as  NOMINALISM  (q.  T.). 
ter  min-rst,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  terminista.] 

1.  One  who  holds  that  there  is  a  period  to 
every  man's  life,  after  which  he  is  incapable 
of  becoming  the  sulgect  of  grace.    [TERMIN- 

1831,  1.] 

2.  A  Nominalist  (q.v.),  because  the  Nomi. 
nalists  held  that  Universal*  were  names   or 
terms,  and  not,  things. 

ru,',',S6  S?^,".";..  S2?  ??"??«'  ^"  the.jr.mi. 


ter-min-i -Idjr-Io-al,  a.  [Eng.  termi*. 
olog(y);  -wul.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  termin- 
ology. 

ter-min-i-loir-ic-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  ter. 
minological ;  -ly.  ]  In  a  terminological  manner  • 
by  way  of  terminology. 

ter-min-oT-i-gjr,  ter-mdn-ol'-o'-g*,  » 

[Lat  terminus  =a  limit,  a  term  (q.v.),  and 
Or.  Ab-yos  (logos)  =  a  word  ;  Fr.  terminologie.) 

1.  The    doctrine   or  science    of  technical 
terms;    teaching   or   theory    regarding    the 
proper  use  of  terms. 

2.  The  terms  collectively  used  in  any  art, 
science,  or  the  like  ;  nomenclature  :  as    the 
terminology  of  botany. 

tor-min  -thus  (pi.  tep-mjn'-thi).  ».  [Or. 
Tepu.u'6'oc  (terminthos).] 

Pathol. :  A  tumour  in  the  skin,  of  a  blackish 
colour,  inclining  torreen,  and  resembling  the 
fruit  of  the  terebinth.  It  is  painful,  and 
afreets  the  arms,  hands,  and  thighs. 

ter  -mm  us  (pi.  ter'-mln-i),  «.     [Lat.  =  a 
boundary,  a  limit,  a  term  (q.v.);  Sp.  termino; 
Ital.  termine,  termino.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  boundary,  a  limit ;  a  stone  or  other 
mark   raised    to   define  the   boumlary  of  i 
property. 

^  The  terminus  ad  quern  is  the  terminating 
point,  the  terminus  a  quo  the  starting  point 
Both  terms  are  occasionally  used  in  law. 

2.  The  station  at  the  end  of  a  railroad 
or  important  section  of  a  railroad. 

3.  An  end  ;  the  end  of  a  journey  ;  a  goal 

"  I  go  straight  to  my  Urminui.  wherever  It  U."' 
l*e*r:  Tke  Bnimleiyk,  o/ BiOiopi  Fall,,  ch.  — " 

H.  Technically: 

L  Raman  Antiq.  :  A 
divinity  at  Borne,  who 
was  supposed  to  preside 
over  boundaries.  His 
worship  was  first  intro- 
duced at  Rome  by  Numa. 
His  temple  was  on  the 
Tarpeiau  rock,  and  he 
was  represented  with  a 
human  head,  without 
feet  or  arms,  to  intimate 
that  he  never  moved, 
wherever  he  was. 

2.  Arch. :  A  bast  ™ 
figure  of  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  human  body, 
terminating  in  a  downwardly  tapering  block  ; 
employed  as  a  pillar,  baluster,  or  detached 
ornament  for  a  niche.  Called  also  a  Terminal- 
figure. 

ter-mI-tar'-J-uin,(pL  tor-ml-tar'-i-a), «. 

[Lat  termes,  genit.  ttrmitis  —  a  wood-worm.) 
The  hillock  or  residence  of  the  white-ant, 

[TERMITE.] 

t&r'-nil-tar-Jr',  «.  [TERMITARIUM.]  The 
domicile  of  a  community  of  Termites ;  a 
termitarium. 

ter  -mite,  «.     [Pr.,  from  Lat  termes  (q.v.).] 

Entomology : 

1.  Any  individual  of  the  family  Termitido, 
and  spec,  of  the  genus  Tennes. 

2.  (PI.):  The  family  Termitidie  (q.v.). 

ter -mit'-I-da,  s.pl.  [Lat  termes,  genit 
termiHis);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -i<te.J 

Entom. :  White  Ants ;  a  family  of  P»eudo- 
nenroptera,  tril*  Socialia.  The  mature  males 
and  females  have  the  antenna;  with  thirteen 
to  twenty  beaded  joints,  the  compound  eyes 
rounded ;  ocelli  two ;  the  bead  projecting 


1  *"'..'***•  h6re-  ""O^  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  lire,  mr,  marine;   go,  ptt, 
cure,  unite,  oir,  rule,  frill;  try,  Syrian,    to,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  Inr. 


termitidium— terra 


4663 


IB  front  of  the  prothorax  ;  three  segments 
•f  the  thorax  nearly  equal  in  size  ;  abdomen 
of  nine  distinct  segments,  terminating  m 
very  minute,  two-jointed  spiral  styles;  legs 
simple  ;  tarsi  four-jointed  ;  wings  membran- 
ous, falling  off  after  the  nuptial  flight.  Be- 
sides the  mature  males  and  females,  two 
other  kinds  of  Termites  exist,  "  soldiers  '  and 
"  workers."  The  soldiers  have  a  large,  square 


headi    with  ''projecting    mandibles,  and   the 
workers  a  small, 


wor«.or»  *  »*....,  rounded  head,  with  con 
eealed  mandibles.  Both  are  destitute  of  eyes, 
»nd  are  modified  larvae.  The  adult  males  and 
females,  when  they  hare  just  reached  ma- 
turity, swarm  into  the  air,  descending  again 
after  a  short  flight,  losing  their  wings,  and 
becoming  the  kings  and  queens  of  future 
termitaries.  Sexual  congress  takes  place  after 
they  have  returned  to  the  earth.  The  ab- 
domen of  the  queen  becomes  of  extraordinary 
magnitude,  so  that  the  head  and  thorax  seem 
like  a  small  excrescence  on  it ;  she  is  said  to 
lay  80  000  eggs  a  day  during  her  life,  which 
lasts  for  about  a  year.  The  Termitidse  exist 
Chiefly  in  tropical  and  sub-tropical  countries, 
where  they  are  very  destructive.  8]>armann 
described  nve  South  African  species  of  Termes, 
T.  bellicosus,  T.  mordax,  T.  atrox,  T.  destructor, 
and  T.  arborum.  T.  bellicosus  builds  nests 
of  clay  ten  or  twelve  feet  high,  of  conical 
form,  and,  when  covered  with  vegetation, 
strong  enough  to  support  men  and  animals. 
T.  atrox  and  T.  mardax  construct  nests  of  a 
cylindrical  form,  with  a  conical  roof.  T.  or- 
twrum  builds  a  spherical  nest  in  trees  ;  some 
are  small,  others  the  size  of  a  hogshead.  They 
are  constructed  of  bits  of  wood,  cemented 
with  gums  and  juices  of  trees.  Other  species 
are  common  in  the  East  and  West  Indies. 
Three  small  species  are  now  European,  viz., 
T.  luc(f«iiiu,  abundant  in  some  parts  of 
France,  2'.  flavicottis,  introduced  into  the 
south  of  France  and  Portugal  from  Northern 
Africa,  and  T.  flavipes,  Introduced  apparently 
from  South  America.  T.  lucifugus  infests  the 
trunks  of  pines  and  oaks,  posts,  piers,  Ac.  Tt 
has  been  found  very  destructive  at  Rochelle, 
attacking  the  piles  on  which  the  town  is 
MBit 

»er-ml-tid'-i'-uin.  «.     [Lat.  termes,   genit. 
termitis,  and  Or.  elSos  (eidos)  =  form.] 

Paheont. :  A  genus  of  Neuroptera,  akin  to 
Tonnes.  Two  British  species  from  the  Pur- 
beck  beds  and  the  Wealden. 

•  ter-ml-tl'-nse,  s.  pi.     [Mod.   Lat.   terms, 
genit.  termit(is);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Eiitrnn.. :  A  section  of  Neuropterous  Insects, 
In  wTilchLatreillo  included  Mantispa,H»phidia, 
Termes,  and  Psocus. 

•term- less,  *  terme  -  lease,   o.     [Eng. 
term,  a. ;  -lets.] 

1.  Having  no  term   or  limit ;   unlimited, 
•ndless,  boundless. 

"  These  betraying  lights  look  not  up  towards  term, 
left  joys,  nor  down  Cowards  endless  sorrows.  —Jtuleign. 

2.  Inexpressible,  indescribable. 

•'  His  phoenix  dowD  began  bat  to  appear. 
Like  unshorn  velvet,  on  that  tertnlett  skin. 

Shdhenp.  :  Lover* I  Complaint,  M. 

•  term'-ly,  a.  &  adv.    [Eng.  term,  s. ;  -ly.] 

A.  Ai  adj. :  Occurring  or  recurring  every 
term. 

"  The  clerks  are  partly  awarded  by  that  mean  also 
[petty  fees]  for  their  entries,  discharges,  and  some 
other  writings,  bssidea  that  termly  fee  which  they 
•re  allowed."— Bacon:  Office  of  Alienation*. 

B.  As  adv. :  Term  by  term  ;  every  term. 

11  The  lees,  or  allowances,  that  are  termly  given  to 
these  deputies,  receiver,  and  clerks,  for  recoln pence  of 
these  their  pains.  1  do  purposely  pretermit ;  because 
they  be  not  certain,  but  arbitrary."— Bacon.-  Office  of 
AUenationt. 

ter-mon-ol'-o-g^,  s.    [TERMINOLOGY.] 

term' -or,  >.    [Eng.  term,  s. ;  -or.) 

low  :  One  who  has  an  estate  for  a  term  of 
years  or  for  life. 

"When  by  the  statute  21  Hen.  VIII.,  c.  1»  the 
termor  (that  is,  he  who  is  entitled  to  the  term  of 
years)  was  protected  against  these  fictitious  recoveries, 
and  his  interest  rendered  secure  and  permanent,  long 
terms  began  to  be  more  frequent  than  before.  — 
Kockttone :  Comment.,  bk.  ii. ,  ch.  0. 

tern,  s.    [Dan.  terne,  tterne;  Sw.  tSrna;  Icel. 
term  =  a  tern.)    [STERNA.] 

OrtiifA. :  The  popular  name  of  any  species 
of  the  genus  Sterna  (q.v.).  They  are  slenderly 
bnilt  birds,  with  long,  narrow,  sharp-pointed 
wings,  and  forked  tail,  from  which,  as  well  as 
from  their  swift  and  circling  manner  of  ilight, 
they  are  often  called  Sea-swallows.  The 


thick,  soft,  close  plumage  Is  coloured  light 
blue,  black,  and  white,  varying  but  little  with 
sex  age,  or  season  of  the  year.  They  are 
extensively  distributed,  inhabiting  every  zone, 
but  prefer  warm  and  temperate  climates  to 
the  colder  regions,  which  they  only  visit  for  a 
short  period  during  the  year.  All  are  exceed- 
ingly active,  aiid  from  sunrise  to  sunset  are 
upon  the  wing,  generally  flying  very  near  the 
surface  of  the  water,  rising  and  sinking  as 
the  waves  heave  and  fall.  They  walk  badly, 
and  are  not  good  swimmers,  their  small  feet 
rendering  them  but  little  assistance,  so  that 
they  are  tossed  about  like  corks.  They  feed 
on  small  fish  and  marine  animals,  always 
taking  their  prey  on  the  wing.  The  species 
are  numerous.  [STERNA.] 

tern,  a.  &«.     [Lat.  ler»i  =  three  each,  from 

<res=  three,  ter  =  thrice.] 

A.  A3  culj. :  Threefold  ;  consisting  of  three. 
(Used  chiefly  in  botany.) 

*B.  Assubst.  :  That  which  consists  of  three 
things  or  numbers  together  ;  specif.,  a  prize  in 
a  lottery  gained  by  drawing  three  favourable 
numbers  :  the  numbers  themselves. 

tern-flowers,  a.  pi. 

Bat. :  Flowers  growing  in  threes. 

tern-leaves,  s.pl. 

Sot. :  Leaves  arranged  three  in  a  whorl. 

tern-peduncles,  s.pl. 
Sot.:    Peduncles   growing   three  together 
from  the  same  axis. 

ter'-na-rJF,  a.  Its.    [Lat.  ternarins,  from  tcrni 
=  three  each ;  Fr.  ternaire.]    [TERN,  a.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Proceeding  by  three ;  consisting 
of  three ;  applied  to  things,  arranged  in  order 
by  threes :  as  a  flower  is  said  to  have  a  ternary 
division  of  its  parts  when  it  has  three  sepals, 
three  petals,  three  stamens,  &c. 

"  The  equality  U  mentioned  as  belonging  to  the 
ternary  number,  here  considered  as  a  figure  of  the 
Trinity."—  Waterland:  WorJU,  iv.  »8. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  number  three ;  a  group 
of  three. 

"  The  ternary,  or  triad,  was  not  only  accounted 
a  sacred  number  amongst  the  Pythagoreans,  but  also 
as  containing  some  mystery  In  nature."— Citdworr*  : 
Intell.  Syltem,  p.  MT. 

ter'-nate,  a.     [Low  Lat.  ternatus,  from  Lat. 
!emt==  three  each.]    [TKRN,  o.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Arranged  In  threes ;  having 
an  arrangement  of  parts  in  threes. 
2.  Botany: 

(1)  Trifoliate. 

(2)  Having  three  things,  as   leaves,  In   a 
whorl ;  ternary. 

ter'-nate  -l$,adv.     [Eng.  ternate  ;  -%.]    In  a 
ternate  manner ;  by  threes. 

t  ter-nat'-I-se'ot,  a.     [Low   Lat    tenatvt, 
and  Lat.  sectus  =  cut.] 

Bot.  (Of  a  leaf,  dtc.):  Cut  into  three  lobes  or 
partial  divisions. 


with  alternate,  coriaceous,  usually  undivided, 
exstipulate  leaves,  occasionally  dotted.  Pe- 
duncles articulated  at  the  base,  axillary  or 
terminal ;  flowers  usually  polygamous,  white, 
more  rarely  pink  or  red  ;  sepals  five  or  seven, 
coriaceous,  deciduous,  the  iunt-rmost  often 
the  largest ;  petals  five,  six,  or  nine,  often 
combined  at  the  base ;  stamens  indefinite ; 
filaments  monadelphous,  polyadelphous,  or 
distinct ;  styles  three  to  seven  ;  capsule  two 
to  seven-celled,  dehiscent  or  indehiscent ; 
seeds  large,  few,  attached  to  the  axis.  From 
South  America,  the  East  Indies,  China,  North 
America,  and  Africa.  Known  genera  thirty- 
three,  species  130.  [CAMELLIA,  THE*.] 

ter'-penes,  ».  pL  [Formed  from  Lat.  terebin- 
thus  =  the  turpentine-tree,  or  from  Ger.  t*r- 
pentin  =  turpentine  (q.v.).] 

Chem. :  A  term  applied  to  a  series  of  hydro- 
carbons having  the  generic  formula  CiiHan— 4. 
They  may  be  all  classed  under  two  beads, 
those  produced  by  synthetical  means,  as  vulyl- 
ene,  C5H6,  and  carpene,  C9Hu ;  and  thrsa 
found  ready  formed  in  plants,  as  the  turpen- 
tines, 010Hi6.  With  the  exception  of  the  last, 
the  terpenea  have  been  very  incompletely  in- 
vestigated. They  are  colourless  or  yellowish 
liquids,  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in 
alcohol,  ether,  chloroform,  benzene,  and  m 
the  fixed  and  volatile  oils. 

ter'-pl-lene,  s.    [TERPENES.] 

Chem. :  An  inactive  hydrocarbon,  produced 
by  the  action  of  weak  reagents  on  the  solid 
dihydrochloride,  Ci0Hi6-2HCl.  (WatU.) 

teV-pIne,  s.    [Eng.  terp(eni);  4ne.] 

Chem. :  CioHjoOjHsO.  A  crystalline  body, 
obtained  by  shaking  for  some  time  a  mixture 
of  eight  parts  oil  of  turpentine,  two  parts 
dilute  nitric  acid,  and  one  part  alcohol.  It 
forms  large  brilliant,  colourless,  short  rhombic 
prisms,  soluble  in  boiling  water,  alcohol,  and 
ether,  melts  at  103*,  and  sublimes  at  a  higher 
temperature  in  long  ueedlea. 

t  tir-pln'-nate,  o.    [TRIPIKNATR.] 

leV-pin-oX  s.     [Eng.  terpin(e);  -ol] 

Chem.  :  CjnHuO.  A  liquid  of  hyacinth-like 
odour,  produced  by  heating  an  aqueous  solu- 
tion of  terpine  with  hydrochloric  and  sul- 
phuric acids.  It  boils  at  168",  and  has  - 


ter-na-to-,  pref. 
threes. 


[TERNATE.]    Ternary;  in 


ternato  pinnate,  a. 

Bot.  :  The  term  used  when  the  secondary 
petioles,  to  the  sides  of  which  the  leaflets  are 
attached,  proceed  in  threes  from  the  summit 
of  a  common  petiole. 

terne,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    (See  compound.) 
terne-plate,  s.    A  thin  Iron  plate  coated 
with  an  alloy  of  tin  and  lead. 

•  teV-nl-in,  s.  [Lat.  ternio,  from  terni  = 
three  each.]  A  group  of  three ;  the  number 
three ;  a  ternary. 

"Disposing  them  Into  terniom  •*  three  general 
hierarchies. f-Bp.  Hall:  ImteUilt  World,  bk.  1. 1 7. 

tern-stroe'-mi'-a,  s.  [NamedafterTernstrb'm, 
a  Swedish  naturalist  and  traveller,  who  died 
in  1745.) 

Bat. :  The  typical  genus  of  Temstroemiacese 
(q.v.).  Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees,  with  cori- 
aceous, entire  or  serrato-crenate  leaves,  five 
sepals,  five  petals,  many  stamens,  and  inde- 
hiscent fruits.  Known  species  about  twenty- 
five,  from  tropical  Asia  and  America. 

tern-stroe-ml-a'-ce'-eB,  s.pl.     [Mod.  Lat. 

ternstrcemi(a)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -OC«E.] 

Bot. :   Theads  ;   an   order  of   Hypogynous 

Exogens,  alliance  Guttiferales.  Trees  or  shrubs, 


phuric 

sp.  gr.  •: 


•852. 

ter-po'  di-Sn,  s.  [Gr.  rtoira  (terpi)=to  de- 
light, and  MOT)  (ode)  =  a  song,  an  ode.] 

Music:  A  keyed  musical  instrument,  in- 
vented by  John  David  Buschmann,  of  Ham- 
burg, aouut  1816,  resembling  a  pianoforte  in 
appearance,  but  producing  notes  from  blocks 
of  wood  struck  with  hammers.  The  sound 
could  be  Increased  or  diminished  at  pleasure. 

Terp-slch'-o'-re,  s.  [Gr.,  from  -e'piru  (trrpo), 
fut.  -rifiiia  (terpso)  —  to  delight,  and  x°P« 
=  dancing.] 

1.  Class.  Antiq. :  One  of  the  Muses,  daughter 
of  Jupiter  and   Mnemosyne.      She  presided 
over  dancing,  of  which  she  was  reckoned  the 
inventress,  and  in  which,  as  her  name  inti- 
mates, she  took  delight.    To  her  was  some- 
times ascribed  the  invention  of  the  cithara, 
rather  than  to  Mercury.   She  is  represented  ag 
a  young  virgin  crowned  with  laurel,  and  hold- 
ing in  her  hand  a  musical  instrument. 

2.  Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  81]. 
terp-slch-ft-re'-an,  a.  At  a.    [TERPSICHORE.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Terp- 
sichore or  dancing. 

"Two  terpltehorea,n  pieces  by  a  French  composer 
were  brought  out"— Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  20.  1886. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  A  dancer. 

"  Younjr  men  who  will  carry  all  before  them,  both 
as  talkers  and  terptichoreant."  —  Daily  Telegraph, 
Jan.  «,  1888. 

terp-slph'-o'-ne',  s.  [Gr.  rep^n  (terptis)= 
delight,  and  oWij  (phone)  =  a  sound.) 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Muscicapidte,  erected 
by  Gloger  for  the  Indian  species  of  Cuvier's 
genus  Muscipeta.  Terpsiphone  parodist  is  the 
Paradise  Flycatcher,  and  T.  affinis  the  Bur- 
mese Paradise  Flycatcher. 

ter'-ra,  i.  [Lat.  =  the  earth.  Allied  to  Irish 
Mr  ='land,  tirmen  —  mainland  ;  tirim  —  dry ; 
Gael.  4  Wei.  (tr=  land.)  The  earth ;  earth. 

terra-alba,:.  [Lit  =  white  earth.]  Ar- 
menian bole ;  pipe-clay. 


bffll,  bo?;  p<Jut.  J<S%1;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst. 
-dan.   tian  =  8han.   -tion,  -sioa  =  »huii;  -flon,  -sion  =  zhna.   -clous,  -tions,  -»iou»  =  «hus.   -ble,  -die.  &c.  -  Del.  <M 


4664 


terrace— terrestrial 


terra-oarlosa.  «.  Tripoli  or  rotten 
•tone. 

terra  catechu,  i. 

1.  [CATECHU.] 

2.  A  trade  name  for  gambir  (q.v.X 
terra-cotta,  s.   [ItaL  cotta  =  baked  ;  Lat. 

cocta,  fern,  of  pa.  par.  of  coquo  =  to  cook ;  Fr. 
terre  cuite.] 

1.  A  compound  of  pure  clay,  fine-grained, 
colourless  sand,  or  calcined  flints,  and  pul- 
verized potsherds,  moulded,  dried  in  the  air, 
and  baked  in  a  kiln.    It  is  especially  used  for 
architectural  decorations,  figures,  vases,  &c. 

2.  A  work  of  art  in  terra-cotta ;  specif,  ap- 
plied to  small  figures  in  terra-cotta  found  to 
funeral  monuments  in  America. 

"A  few  curious  ttrra-cottat,  recovered  from  the 
mounds  have  sngguated  coni|*risons  with  relics  of  tbe 
same  claas  found  so  abundantly  ou  ancient  Mexican 
eitea.--  warm  :  PrOiiUorte  Han,  U.  se. 

*  terra-cultural,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  terra-culture ;  agricultural. 

•terra  culture,  ».  Cultivation  of  the 
earth  ;  agriculture. 

terra  dl  Sienna,  s.  A  ferruginous, 
ochreous  earth,  used  as  a  pigment  in  both  oil 
and  water-colour  painting  in  its  raw  state 
and  when  burnt  In  the  latter  instance  it 
becomes  of  a  deep  orange  tint  and  dries  more 
rapidly.  It  is  transparent  and  durable ; 
mixed  with  various  blues,  it  yields  many 
useful  tints  of  green. 

terra  flrma,  s.  [Lat  =  firm  earth.)  Firm 
ground,  solid  ground  or  earth  ;  dry  land,  as 
opposed  to  water,  bog,  or  the  like ;  mainland, 
a  continent,  as  opposed  to  an  island  ;  hence, 
fig.,  a  firm  or  secure  basis  or  ground  on  which 
one  can  stand. 

terra-incognita,  >.  [Lat  =  unknown 
earth.)  An  unknown  or  unexplored  region. 
(.Lit.  it  fig.). 

terra-japonioa,  i.    [TERRA-CATECHO.] 
terra-nera,  ».    [ItaL  =  black  earth.)    A 
native,  unctuous  pigment,  used  by  the  ancient 
artists  in  fresco,  oil,  and  tempera-painting. 

•  terra-nobilis,  t.  (Lat.  =  noble  earth.) 
An  old  name  for  the  diamond. 

terra  orellana,  t. 
Bot.  :  Biza  Orellana. 

terra-ponderosa,  «.      [Lat  =  heavy 
earth.)    Barytes,  or  heavy-spar  (q.v.X 
terra  siglllata,    terra  Lemnia,    i. 

™ 'iS  EARTH.] 


terra-  verde,  ».  [ItaL  =  green  earth.] 
A  name  given  to  two  kinds  of  native  green 
earth  used  as  pigments  in  painting:  one 
obtained  from  Monte  Baldo,  near  Verona,  the 
other  from  the  island  of  Cyprus.  The  former 
has  much  more  body  than  the  latter,  and  is 
very  useful  in  landscape  painting  in  oil 
colours.  It  is  a  siliceous  earth  coloured  by 
the  protoxide  of  iron,  of  which  it  contains 
•bout  twenty  per  cent  It  is  not  affected  by 
exposure  to  strong  light  or  impure  air. 

t&V  race,  *  tar  ras,  *  ter  ass,  >.    [O.  Fr. 

terrace  ;  Fr.  terratte  =  a  flat,  a  platform,  a 
terrace,  from  ItaL  terraccia,  ttrrazza  =  a  ter- 
race, from  terra  (Lat  terra)  =  earth  :  8p 
terraza.] 

L  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  A  raised  level  space  or  platform  of  earth, 
supported  on  one  or  more  sides  by  masonry  • 
a  bank  or  platform  of  turf  or  the  like,  such 
as  may  be  seen  in  gardens,  where  they  are 
nsed  for  ornament,  cultivation,  or  promenade. 

"In  thoM  tamuu,  and  pleaaant  w«lkm,--jr«rt»: 

ftutdrcn,  p,  444. 

2.  A  balcony  or  open  gallery. 


3.  The  flat  roof  of  a  house,  as  in  Oriental 
and  Spanish  houses. 

..  "  ,*L  <<"cl"P«  upon  galleries  and  ferrarea,  they  wen 
£Vndch?Tihre  Greek*  •-/•.    floB«.i4  .    >Kni{.    ht 

4.  A  street  or  row  of  houses  running  along 
the  side  of  a  slope  ;  a  row  of  houses  ;  a  street 

n.ny,Geog.fGeol.:  A  platform,  often 
of  soft  material,  flat  above,  and  more  or  Ml 
steep  on  the  sides. 

•teV-ra?e,*ter  a«s,r.(.  [TZRRACE,,.]  To 
form  into  a  terrace  or  terraces  ;  to  furnish  with 
a  terrace.  (  H'otton  :  Architecture,  p.  42.) 


teV-rw  ra-I  iis  (pi.  tfir  r»  fll'-i-i),  ,. 

[Lat  =  son  of  the  earth  or  soiL] 

1.  A  humorous  description  of  a  person  of 
obscure  birth  or  low  origin. 

"2.  A  scholar  at  the  university  of  Oxford, 
formerly  appointed  to  make  satirical  speeches, 
and  who  often  indulged  in  considerable 
license  in  his  treatment  of  the  universitv 
authorities. 

terrra-iru.'-ra  (pi.  ter-ra  ma  -re,  t  te>- 
re-ma  -re),  s.  [Ital. ;  a  form  introduced  by 
Signers  Strobel  and  Pigorini,  instead  of  the 
ordinary  forms  marna  and  marniero  =  marl, 
and  with  some  reference  to  manse  =  a  fenny 
place.] 

1.  Geol. :  An  ammoniacal  earth,  consisting 
largely  of  animal  remains,  from  the  sites  of 
prehistoric  settlements,  used  as  manure  in 
various  parts  of  Italy  (2). 

"  Our  country  people  call  thu  questionable  e»rth  r«r- 

ramarn,  probaoly  a  corrupted  form  of  the  expression 

UmnaaiL   but  poeiibly  also  the  genuine  ancient 

name  .  .  .    terra  di  mare'  (sea-earth),  becauee  it  was 

Imagined,  though  Incorrectly,  to  have  been  a  d 

'  ''  io*'-'"~'""<"  °'  JU 


2.  Anthrop. :  The  name  given  to  certain  pre 
historic  settlements  in  Northern  and  Central 
Italy. 

"I  aseerted  that  tbe  Irrramart.  those  prehUtoric 
•.ttleroenta.  were  terrestrial,  that  In  mf»  of  them 
man  lived  in  pile  dwellings  on  dry  ground  ;  In  others 
he  dwelt  in  tents  and  huts."— strata,  in  KOIer'i  L 
Dmttinat  of  SttiUfrland  (Eng.  ed.).  i.  Mr. 

1  tor-ra'-nS-OUB,  a.    [Lat  terra  =  the  earth.) 
Bot. :  Growing  on  laud. 

teV-ra-pIn,  ter  ra-pene,  •  ter-e  bin,  ». 

[Corrupt  of  Algonkin  toarebe  =  a  tortoise.) 

ZooL:  A  popular  name  for  the  species  of 
Emydidse,  which  are  extensively  nsed  for  food. 
They  have  a  depressed  head,  and  the  neck  can 
be  wholly  retracted  within  the  shell ;  eyes 
large ;  beak  somewhat  resembling  that  of  a 
bird  of  prey.  They  are  good  swimmers,  and 
live  ou  fish  and  small  reptiles,  though  in  cap- 
tivity they  eat  vegetables  readily.  There  are 
about  twenty  fresh-water  species  in  the  United 
States,  but  the  most  important  species  Is  Slala- 
cocfcmmysj>a{iufru,theDiamond-backSalt-watFr 
Terrapin,  which  1s  highly  prized  asa  delicacy  for 
the  table.  It  is  caught  in  salt  marshes  along  the 
coast,  and  commands  a  very  high  price. 

ter-ra  que-ous,     *  ter-ra'-quS-an,     a. 

[Lat.  terra  =  earth,  and  aqua  =  water."]  Con- 
sisting of  land  and  water,  as  the  globe 
(Wordsworth:  Inscription  upon  a  Stone.) 

*  tSr'-rar,  «.    [TERRIER  (2),  «.] 

teV-ra*  (1),  t.    [TERRACE,..] 

Her. :  The  representation  of  ground  at  the 
bottom  of  the  base,  generally  vert. 

ter  ras'  (2),  s.    [TRASS.  ] 

Masonry  (PI):  Hollow  defects  in  marble 
or  fissures  filled  with  nodules  of  other  sub- 
stances. 

terre,  v.t     [TAB.  r.)    To  provoke. 
terre,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  terra.]    Earth. 

terre-blue, ».  A  kind  of  soft,  loose  earth. 

terre  plein,  s. 

Fort. :  The  upper  part  of  the  rampart  which 
remains  after  constructing  the  parapet 

•  terre  tenant,  *  ter  tenant,  ..  [Fr. 
terre  =  the  earth,  and  tenant,  pr.  par.  of  tenir 
=  to  hold.) 

Law :  The  actual  occupant  of  land. 

terre-verte,  ».    Terra-verde  (q.v.). 

*  t&T-reen',  ».     [Fr.  terrine,  from  terre  ;  Lat 
terra  =  earth.)     A  large  dish,  originally  made 
of  earthenware ;  a  tureen  (q.v. ). 

*  *£r-re'-'-ty.  '•     I1**-    terra  =  the  earth.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  earthy ;  earthi- 
ness.    (Ben  Jomon :  Althemist,  U.  1.) 

leV-rel,  ter-rSl  -la,  ».   [A  dimin.  from  Lat 
terra  =  earth.) 

Magnetism :  A  magnet  of  a  just  spherical 
figure,  and  so  placed  that  its  poles,  equator, 
Ac.,  correspond  exactly  to  those  of  the 
earth. 

•terre   mote,  ».     [O.  Fr.  from  Lat  terra  = 


•arth,  and  motia  =  motiov    A  movement  of 
the  earth  ;  an  earthquake.   (Cower  :  c.  A.,  rl) 

•  terre'-mo-tlve,  a.  [Eog.  terrmotU);  -it«.l 
Of,  or  pertaining  to,  r^racterized  by  or 
causing  motion  of  the  earth's  surface. 


A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  earth,  as  opposed 
to  the  sea.    (Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  2,  18&5.) 

2.  Consisting  of  earth  ;   of  the  nature  of 
earth;    earthy.      (P.    Holland:    Kin*,    bk. 
xxxiv.,  ch.  xviii.) 

3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  this  earth  or  world  • 
earthy.     (Raleigh.) 

B.  As  substantive  : 

"1.  The  surface  of  the  earth. 

"  Teulold  the  length  of  this  tirratt." 

JHIlaa  :  P.  L.,  rt.  !» 

2.  A  tureen  or  terreen.  (Knoz:  tt'inttr 
Evenings,  Even.  57.) 

•Terrene-sea,  i.  The  Mediterranean 
sea.  (ifarlom  :  1  Tamburlaine,  iii.  3.) 

*  ter-ren'-I-ty,  s.    [Kag.  temn(e)  ;  .ity.\  Th« 
quality  or  state  of  beihg  terrene  ;  worl'dliuess. 

"Being  overcome  declines  the  rising  head  and  d*. 
h««.  alfthe  spirits  to  a  dull  and  low  Krrs*..5- 
f^tftam  :  Retolvet,  p.  74. 

*  t«l--rtS-o«^  a.    [Lat.  terrtus,  from  terraat 
earth.]    Consisting  of  earth  ;  earthy. 


•t6'-res'-«-ty,  «.  [Lat  terra  =  earth.) 
Earthinesa 

*  ter-reV-tre  (tre  as  ter),  a.  [Lat.  terrestris, 
from  terra  =  earth.]  Terrestrial ;  earthly. 

"  HI*  paradis  t«rretfrs  and  his  disport" 

CAaucer.-  C.  T..  9,1* 

te>-res'-tri-al,  *  ter-es-trl-all,  •  ter- 
es-try-al,  o.  &  s.  [Lat  terrestris,  from  tern 
=  earth.) 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  earth ;  existing 
on  the  earth  ;  earthy.  (Opposed  to  celestial). 

"  There  are  alao  celestial  bodies  and  bodies  term 
trial."— I  Corinth.  XT.  i". 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  earth  or 
land,  as  opposed  to  water. 

"  I  did  not  .confine  these  observations  to  land,  ot 
tfrratrial  parta  of  the  globe."—  Woodward. 

3.  Representing  or  consisting  of  the  eartk 

"  But  when,  from  under  this  terrtttrial  ball. 
He  fires  tbe  proud  tope  of  the  eastern  pines  * 

ShalUlp. .  Richard  //..  UL 1 

4.  Consisting  or  composed  of  earth ;  earthj; 
solid. 

"  The  territorial  substance  destitute  of  all  liquor, 
remaineth  alone."— P.  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p  (91 

5.  Confined  to,  inhabiting,  or  living  on  Uu 
land  or  ground,  as  opposed  to  aquatic,  and 
sometimes  to  arboreal. 

"  Ttrreitrial  [brutes]  are  those,  whose  only  place  of 
rest  la  upon  the  earth.  —Loece.-  fiat.  />*" *-  -fc 


6.  Pertaining  to  the  present  world  ;  sub- 
lunary; mundane. 

"  His  ktngdome  Is  ttrrfttriai!.  but  myne  U  8s- 
lestiall."—  Udal:  John  xviii. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  An  inhabitant  of  the  earth  ; 
a  mortal,  as  opposed  to  a  celestial. 

"  But  Heaven,  that  knows  what  all  ItrralrKUl  need. 
Bepoae  tonight,  and  toil  to  day.  decreed" 

Popt  :  Bomtr  ;  Odyuey  six.  CfL 

*  2.  Zool.  :  Animals  which  live  on  the  land 
as  opposed  to  those  which  are  aquatic,  arboreal. 
oraeriaL 

terrestrial  eye-piece,  s. 

Optics:  An  eye-piece  with  three  or  foul 
lenses,  so  arranged  as  to  present  the  image 
viewed  in  an  erect  position  ;  an  erecting  ere 
piece. 

terrestrial  globe,  s.  A  spherical  map 
representing  the  land,  s«*s,  Ac.,  of  the  world 
In  contradistinction  to  the  celestial  globe,  on 
which  the  constellations  are  depicted. 

terrestrial-magnetism,  5. 

Magnetism  :  Magnetism  as  exhibited  by  the) 
earth,  which  is  itself  a  great  natural  magnet. 
[MAONKTISM.) 

terrestrial-telescope,  s.  A  telescope 
differing  from  the  astronomical  refracting  in 
having  two  additional  lenses,  so  as  to  restore 
the  inverted  image  to  an  erect  position. 


tother: 


s  •        •         >  -  :  Pm-  P     »*••  «•  *****:  KO.  P 

work,  whd,  son;  mnte.  cub.  onre,  tMiite.  oiir,  rule,  lull;  try.  Syrian,    m,  a>  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qu  =  kw. 


terrestrially— terrorist 


4665 


^,  adv.      [Eng.   terrestrial; 
•ly.]    In  a  terrestrial  or  earthly  manner. 

"  Tbe*e  plagues  seem  yet  but  nourished  beneath, 
And  even  with  man  tfrrtMrially  to  move. " 

Drayton  :  Hot*. 

*  tSr-res'-trf-al-nSss,  *.     [Eng.  terrestrial ; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  terrestrial. 

*  tSr-res'-trf-fy,  v.t.     [Lat  terrains  =  ter- 
restrial, and  facio  =  to  make.]    To  reduce  to 
earth,  or  to  an  earthly  or  mundane  state. 

"  Though  we  should  Affirm,  that  heaven  were  but 
earth  celMtlfled,  and  earth  but  heaven  terrettrij^d."— 

Browne :   Vulgar  Srroun,  bk.  iv.  ch.  xiu. 

*  ter-reV-tli-OUS,  a.    [Lat  terrestris.]  [TER- 
RESTRIAL.] 

1.  Consisting  of  earth ;  earthy. 

"A  vltriotate  or  copperas  quality,  conjoining  with 
a  terrettri'iut  or  utringeut  humidity.  —  Bravm* : 
Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  vi.,  cb.  xii. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  earth ;  being  or  living 
on  the  earth  ;  terrestrial. 

ter-ret.  ter'-rlt,  s.  [Fr.  touret  =  a  small 
wheel.] 

Saddlery :  A  ring  attached  to  the  pad  or 
saddle  and  names  of  harness,  through  which 
the  driving-reins  pass. 

"  I  have  always  found  that,  both  in  tandem  and  In 
four-in-hand,  equal  power  with  freer  play  is  secured 
by  using  terrett  cm  the  wlnken  only,"— Field,  Sept.  4, 
1886. 

•ter-rfb'-l-lUe,  v.i.  [Eng.  terrible);  -tee.] 
To  become  terrible. 

"  Even  the  face  of  cowards  terribHixc" 

%i»wf«r  ;  Vocation,  1TL 

teV-rl-ble,  *  ter-ry-We,  a.  [Fr.  terrible, 
from  Lat  terribUis  =  causing  terror ;  terreo  = 
to  terrify  ;  Sp.  terrible;  Ital.  terribile.} 

1.  Causing  or  tending  to  cause  terror,  fear, 
awe,  or  dread ;  formidable,  terrifying,  fright- 
ful, shocking. 

"  Black  It  stood  as  night. 
Fierce  as  ten  Furies,  terrible  02  hell." 

J/Oton:  P.  L.t  il.  8TL 

2.  Excessive,  extreme  ;   exceedingly  great 
or  strong.    (Colloq.) 

"The  Imputation  of  novelty  Is  a  ttrriblt  charge 
amongst  those  who  Judge  of  men's  heads,  as  they  do  of 
their  perukes,  by  the  fashion  ;  aud  can  allow  uone  to 
be  right,  but  the  received  doctrines."— Lodto;  On 
Human  Undertt..  Epiat  Ded. 

H  For  the  difference  between  terrible, 
Jearful,  and  formidable,  see  FEARFUL  and 
FORMIDABLE. 

ter~  rl-ble-noss,   *  ter-rl-ble-nea,  a. 

[Eng.  terrible ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  terrible ;  dreadfulness,  formidableness. 

"  The  gloriousness  and  majesty,  and  terribfenett  of 
his  appearance."— Sharp  :  Sermon*,  vol.  vi.,  tor.  10. 

ter'-rf-bl&    *ter-ry-blye,  adv.     [Eng. 

terribile);  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  terrible  or  terrifying  manner ;  so  as 
to  terrify,  affright,  or  awe. 

"  This  fair  half  round,  this  ainpH  azure  sky, 
Tvrribly  large,  and  wonderfully  bright." 

Prior  ;  Solomon,  L  639. 

2.  Exceedingly,  extremely,  violently :  as,  I 

was  terribly  frightened.    (Colloq.) 

tir-rlc  -o-fce,  *.  pi.  [Lat.  terra  =  the  earth, 
and  cola  =  to  inhabit.] 

Zool.:  A  sub-order  of  Oligochaeta  (q.v.). 
Body  cylindrical,  attenuated  at  both  extremi- 
ties, without  any  distinct  head  or  eyes.  Several 
rows  of  setffi  along  the  body,  which  serve  In- 
stead if  legs.  It  contains  the  Lumbricidae, 
or  Earth-worms. 

ter-ric'-O^loiis,  a.     [TERRIOOL.*.] 

1.  Inhabiting  the  earth  ;  living  on  the  soil 
Of  the  earth. 

"  80  It  appears  to  b«  with  terricolout  worms."— /tor- 
win  :  Vegetable  Mould,  p.  347. 

3.  Specifically,    of  or   pertaining    to    the 
Terricolse  (q.v.). 

•tSr-rJc  -u-la-ment,  «.  [Lat.  terricula- 
mentum.]  A  terror  ;  a  cause  of  terror. 

"Torment*  of  opinions  or  tirriculammtt  of  ex- 
pression*."—Oauden ;  Teart  of  the  Church,  p.  198. 

teV-rl-er  (1),  *  ter-rere,  *  ter  -ry-are,  s. 

[For  terrier-dog,  i.e.,  a  dog  which  pursues 
rabbits,  &c.,  into  their  burrows,  from  Fr. 
terrier  =:  the  hole  or  burrow  of  rabbits,  &c., 
from  Low  Lat.  terrarium  =  a  little  hillock,  a 
mound,  a  burrow,  from  Lat.  terra  =  earth.] 

Zool. :  Two  breeds  of  the  Dog,  the  English 
and  the  Scotch  Terrier.  The  English  Terrier 
has  a  good  forehead,  prominent  eyes,  a  pointed 
muzzle,  and  usually  short  hair;  the  colour 
varying,  the  most  common  being  black  and 


tan,  with  a  tan-coloured  spot  over  the  eye.  It 
is  used  for  unearthing  the  fox,  and  for  killing 
rats,  at  which  latter  occupation  it  is  a  great 
adept.  The  Scotch  Terrier,  which  seems  to 
be  of  an  older  stock  than  its  English  name- 
sake, has  a  large  head,  short,  stout  legs,  and 
long,  rough,  shaggy  hair.  It  is  of  a  black 
and  fawn  colour,  and  is  intelligent,  faithful, 
and  affectionate.  The  Dandie  Dinmont  and 
the  Skye  Terrier  are  varieties  of  the  Scotch 
Terrier.  [TOY-TERRIER.] 

teV-rl-€r(2),  ter-rar,  t.  [Fr.  (papier)  terrier 
=  the  court-roll,  or  list  of  the  names  of  a 
lord's  tenants,  from  Low  Lat.  terraritis  (liber) 
=  (a  book)  in  which  landed  property  is 
described  ;  Lat.  terra  =  earth.  J 
Law: 

*  1.  A  collection  of  acknowledgments  of 
the  vassals  or  tenants  of  a  lordship,  contain- 
ing the  rents  and  services  they  owed  to  the 
lord,  &c. 

2.  A  book  or  roll  in  which  the  lands  of 

private  persons  or  corporations  are  described 

by  their  site,  boundaries,  number  of  acres,  &c. 

"  We  ordain  that  the  archbishop*  and  all  bishops 

within  their  several  dioceuea  shall  procure  that  a  true 

note  aud  terrier  of  all   the  glebes,  lands,  meadows, 

gardens,  orchard*,  houses,  Ac.,  be  taken."— Canon  the 

Eighty  - 


teV-rl-er  (3),  «.  [O.  Fr,  terriere.]  An  auger, 
wimble,  or  borer. 

ter-rlf  '-Jo,  *  ter-rff-Ick,  a.     [Lat.  fcrrf- 
ficus,  from  terreo  =  to  frighten,  and  facio  =  to 
make.)    Causing  terror,  fear,  or  awe ;  terrible, 
frightful ;  inspiring  dread  or  awe. 
"  He  hurries  to  the  realms  below, 
Terrific  realms  of  penal  woe." 

Cowper  :  Death  of  the  Bithop  of  Xly. 

T  For  the  difference  between  terrific  and 
formidable,  see  FORMIDABLE. 

•tSr-rff-Ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  terrific;  -al.} 
Terriflc. 

tSr-rif'-IC-al-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  terrifieal;  -ly.] 
In  a  terrific'manner  ;  terribly,  frightfully. 

"  The  peculiar  topography  produced  by  this  terrifi- 
cally upheaving  action."— Field,  Feb.  IT,  1887. 

tSr'-rl-fy,  v.t.    [Lat   terrifico,  from  terreo  = 
to  frighten,  and  facio  —  to  make.] 
*  1.  To  make  terrible.    (Milton.} 
2.  To  frighten    exceedingly  ;    to  alarm  or 

•hock. 

"  His  nigh  forwearled  feeble  feet  did  slide. 
Ami  downe  he  fell,    with   dread  of  shame   sore 
terri/ide."  Spenier :  f.  Q.,  II.  L  1L 

*  ter-HgT-en-ous,  a.  [Lat  terrigena  —  one 
born  of  the  earth :  terra  =  earth,  and  gigno 
(pa.  t  genui)  =  to  bring  forth.]  Earth-born ; 
produced  by  or  springing  from  the  earth. 

t  terrigenous-metals,  s.  pi.  The  me- 
tallic bases  of  the  earths,  as  aluminium,  ba- 
rium, &,c. 

te'r-ri-tbV-l'-al,  *ter-rl-tor-i-all,  a. 

[Eng.  territory ;  -al.] 

1.  Pertaining    or   relating  to   territory  or 
land. 

"  Exchanging  her  territorial  rule  for  a  doubtful 
suzerainty.  —  Daily  Chronicle,  Sept.  33,  1885. 

2.  Limited  to  a  certain  district :  as,  terri- 
torial rights. 

3.  Consisting  of  territory. 

"The  territorial  acquisitions  of  the  East  India 
Company."— Smith :  Wealth  of  Jfationt,  bk.  v.,  ch.  111. 

4.  Possessed  of  territory,  territories  :  as,  a 
territorial  magnate. 

* ter-ri-toY-I-al-Ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  territorial; 
-ize.] 

1.  To  reduce  to  the  state  of  a  territory. 

2.  To  enlarge  or  extend  by  the  addition  of 

territory. 


--r'-i'-tl-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  territorial  ; 
-ly.]  In  regard  to  territory ;  by  means  of 
territory. 

teV-ri-tor-ied,  a.      [Eng.    territory;    -**.] 
Possessed  of  territory. 

teV-ri-t£r-#,  *ter-rl-tor-ye,  *.     [p.  Fr. 

territorie  ;  Fr.  territoire,  from  Lat.  territorium 
=  a  domain,  the  land  round  a  town,  from  terra 
=  earth,  land ;  cf.  Port  &  Ital.  territorio.] 

L  The  extent  or  compass  of  land  within 
the  jurisdiction  or  bounds  of  a  particular 
sovereign  state  or  other  body ;  any  separate 
tract  of  country  as  belonging  to  a  state ;  do- 
minion. Sometimes  applied  to  a  domain  or 


tract  of  land  belonging  to  a  private  indi- 
vidual. 

"  The  kingdom  of  England,  over  which  our  muni- 
cipal laws  have  Jurisdiction,  includes  not,  by  ths 
common  law.  either  Wales,  Scotland,  or  Ireland,  01 
any  other  part  of  the  king's  dominions,  except  ths 
territory  of  England  alone." —Blackttone :  Comment., 
14.  (Introd.) 

2.  Any  large  tract  of  land  ;   a  region,   a 
country  :  as,  an  unexplored  territory. 

3.  A  portion  of  the  country  not  included 
within  the  limits  of  any  state,  and  not  yet 
admitted  as  a  state  into  the  Union,  but  or* 
ganized  with  a  separate  legislature,  under  a 
territorial  government  and  other  officers  ap- 
pointed by  the  President  and  Senate  of  th« 
United  States.    (Goodrich.) 

IT  Both  territory  and  dominion  respect  a 
portion  of  country  under  a  particular  govern- 
ment ;  but  the  word  territory  brings  to  oar 
minds  the  land  which  is  included ;  dominion 
conveys  to  our  minds  the  power  which  is 
exercised :  the  territory  speaks  of  that  which 
is  in  its  nature  bounded  ;  the  dominions  may 
be  said  of  that  which  is  boundless.  A  petty 
prince  has  his  territory;  the  monarch  of  a 
great  empire  has  dominions.  It  is  the  object 
of  every  ruler  to  guard  his  territory  against 
the  irruptions  of  an  enemy;  ambitious  nion- 
archs  are  always  aiming  to  extend  their  dn- 
minions. 

If  Territory  of  a  judge : 

Scots  Law:  The  district  over  which  his 
jurisdiction  extends  in  causes  and  in  judicial 
acts  proper  to  him,  and  beyond  which  he  hat 
no  judicial  authority. 

ter-r6,  pref.  [Lat.  terra  =  the  earth.]  (Se* 
compound.) 

terro  metal,  terro-metallic,  «.     A 

composition  of  several  clays,  possessing,  when 
baked,  peculiar  hardness,  introduced  by  Mr. 
Peake,  a  potter,  of  Burslem,  England.  It  is 
principally  employed  for  making  tiles  of  va- 
rious kinds. 

teV-ror,  *  teV-rSur,  *.  [Fr.  terreur,  from 
Lat.  terroremt  accus.  of  terror  =  dread,  terror  ; 
terreo  =  to  be  afraid,  to  tremble ;  ct  Sansc. 
tras  =  to  tremble,  to  be  afraid  ;  trdsa  = 
terror ;  Sp.  &  Port  terror ;  Ital.  terrore.] 

1.  Fear  which  agitates  extremely  the  bod; 
and  mind ;   extreme  fear,  alarm,  or  dread  . 
fright, 

"  Terror  is  that  species  of  fear,  which  rouses  to  do 
fend  or  escape ;  producing  the  violent  agitation* 
which  have  been  already  noticed. "—Coyan:  On  tin 
Pauion*,  ch.  11.,  i  3. 

2.  That  which  excites  or  may  excite  dread  ; 
a  cause  of  fear  or  alarm. 

"  Rulers  an  not  a  terror  to  good  works,  but  to  th» 
evil." — Ramant  xiii.  3. 

IT  Darwin  (Descent  of  Man,  ch.  iii.)  show.i 
that  terror  acts  on  the  lower  animals  in  tli- 
same  way  as  on  man,  causing  the  muscles  t< 
tremble,  the  heart  to  palpitate,  the  sphincter* 
to  be  relaxed,  and  the  hair  to  stand  on  end. 
1  (1)  King  of  terrors :  Death. 
' '  His  con  fldence  shall  be  rooted  out  of  h  is  tabernacle, 
and  it  shall  bring  him  to  the  king  of  terror*."— Job 
xviii.  14. 

(2)  Reign  of  terror  ;  [BEION,  *.,  ^]. 

*  terror-breathing,  a.  Inspiring  terror; 

terrifying. 

"  For  which  Rome  sends  her  curses  out  from  far, 
Through  the  stem  throat  of  terror-breathing  war." 
Drayton :  .Mortimer  to  Queen  Itaoet. 

*  terror-haunted,  a.  Haunted  with  ter- 
rifying objects  or  appearances. 

"  Till  at  length  the  lays  they  chaunted 
Reached  the  chamber  terror-haunted.'' 

Longfellow  :  Norman  Baron. 

terror-smitten,  a.  Struck  or  affected 
with  terror ;  terrified,  terror-struck. 

*  terror-stirring,  a.    Inspiring  terror ; 

terrifying. 

"Then  all  the  Oreekes  ran  In  to  him, 
To  see  his  person ;  and  admlr'd  his  terrour-ttirring 
liiu."  Chapman :  Somer ;  Iliad  xxii. 

terror-stricken,  terror  struck,  a. 
Struck  with  terror :  terrified. 

teV-ror-Isrn,  s.  [Eng.  terror;  -ism.]  The 
act  of  one  who  terrorizes  ;  the  act  of  terroriz- 
ing ;  a  system  of  government  by  terror ;  the 
practice  of  using  intimidation  to  coerce  people 
to  a  certain  course ;  intimidation. 

"  Throughout  Cork,  Kerry  .  .  .  this  terroritm  prs> 
v  nils. '—Daily  Chronicle,  Sept  23,  1885. 

ter'-ror-Ut,  s.  [Eng.  terror;  -itL]  One  who 
terrorizes ;  one  who  rules  by  intimidation ; 
one  who  advocates,  recommends,  or  practises 


boil,  bo~y ;  pout,  Jo^l ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  c^ist.    pb  =  L 
-dan,  -tian  =  ahon.    -tlon,  -sion  -  shun;  -(ion.    *ion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  snns.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  dfl* 


4666 


terrorize— terutero 


terrorism  ;  specifically,  an  agent  or  partizan 
of  the  revolutionary  tribunal  during  the  reigi 
of  terror  in  France. 

"  Like  the  Ttrrorix*  of  '«,  who,  having  begun  by 
beheading  princes  and  noblee,  ended  by  sending 
artisans  and  shopgirls  to  the  guilloUue."—  bail*  Ttle 
yraptt,  Jan.  S,  ISfrS. 

ter  -ror-ize,  ter-ror-ise,  v.t.  [Eng.  terror, 
•tee,  -ise.)  To  impress  with  terror  or  fear  ;  to 
sway  or  impel  by  terror  ;  to  force  by  intimi- 
dation to  a  certain  course. 

"  Minister*,  we  (eel  sure,  will  neither  be  lerrvrutd 
nor  cajoled  Into  offering  any  tne&aure  affecting  either 
the  laud  or  local  government"—  Daily 

•tey-ror-lSss,  a.    [Eng.  terror;  -lea.} 

1.  Free  from  terror. 

2.  Unalarming  ;  without  the  will  or  ability 
to  inspire  terror. 

"  Bender  him  terrorlru."-!.  A.  ftf  :  Silmot,  11  M. 

tSr'-ry.  «.    [Fr.  tirer  =  to  draw.] 

1.  Rope-making  :  An  open  reel. 

2.  Fabric  :  A  pile  fabric,  such  as  plush  or 
velvet  ;  probably  from  the  drawing  out  of  the 
wires  over  which  the  warp  is  laid  to  make  the 
aeries  of  loops  seen  in  Brussels  carpet  or  un- 
cut velvet. 

"Silk  guipure  with  terry  or  aheeuv  silk."—  Daily 
Ttlcyraph,  Oct.  6,  1885. 

terry-velvet,  «.  A  silk  plush,  or  ribbed 
velvet. 

terse,  o,  [Lat  terms,  prop.  pa.  par.  of  tergo 
=  to  wipe,  to  rub  off,  to  polish.] 

*  L  Lit.  :    Wiped    or   rubbed  ;    appearing 
wiped  or  robbed  ;  polished,  smooth. 

"  Many  atone*  precious  and  vulgar,  although  ttrtt 
and  smooth,  have  not  thta  power  attractive."— 
Brom*  :  Vulgar  Srroun. 

IL  Figuratively  : 

*  1.  Kenned,  accomplished,  polished.  (Said 
of  j/ersons.) 

2.  Free  from  superfluities  ;  neatly  or  ele- 
gantly concise  ;  neat  and  concise. 

"  HI.  despatches,  which  are  rtill  exUint,  and  which 
are  uiotleU  of  official  writing,  teru,  perspicuous.  full 
of  important  facts  and  weighty  reasons,  compressed 
into  the  smallest  possible  number  of  words.  —J/ac. 
aulay  :  Hi*.  Etta.,  en.  xiv. 


,  "terce-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  terse;  -ly.] 
In  a  terse  manner  ;  neatly  and  concisely,  suc- 
cinctly and  elegantly. 

"  Understand  him  not,  that  one  so  Infirm  with  age, 
or  decrepid  in  yean,  but  that  one  living  in  so  Ignorant 
and  superstitious  a  generation,  could  write  so  tvrctty." 
—  /W/«r.-  Worthin;  Lincointhirt. 

terse  -ness,  t.    [Eng.  terse;  -nea.} 
•1.  Lit.  :  Smoothness. 

•"The  cylindrical  figure  of  the  mole,  aa  well  as  the 
compactness  of  its  form,  arising  from  the  tertmtn  of 
ita  limba.i.roportioually  lessens  1U  labour."—  Palfy  • 
Natural  Theology,  eh.  xv. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  terse  ;  neat- 
ness or  conciseness  of  style  ;  brevity  combined 
with  elegance. 

"  That  is  an  American  locution,  but  It  Is  expressive 
with  tolerable  temnesi  of  the  general  aspect  at  the 
river  Yarra  Yarr»."-/)a«jr  Telifraiilt,  Sept  »,  legs. 

teV-tlal  (tl  as  sh),  a.  k  t.     [Lat.  <erttiu  = 
third,  from  tres  =  three.] 
Ornithology  : 

A.  At  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  ter- 
tiaries. 

B.  As  subtt.  :  One  of  the  tertiary  feathers  : 
a  tertiary  (q.v.  > 

teV-  tlan  («  as  sh),  *  ter-tlane,  •  ter- 

olan,  a.  &  ».  [Fr.  tertianc  =  a  tertian  ague, 
from  Lat.  tertiana  =  a  tertian  fever  ;  prop. 
fern.  sing,  of  tertianus  =  tertian,  belonging  to 
the;third  ;  tertive  =  third  ;  fr»  =  three.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Occurring  or  recurring  every 
third  day. 

"  A  tertian  ague  Is  at  least  your  lot." 

Dry&en:  Cocltt  Fox,  1M. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  fever  or  other  disease  whose  paroxysms 
recur  every  other  day  ;  an  intermittent  fever, 
Ac.,  whose  paroxysms  occur  after  intervals  of 
•boat  forty-eight  hours. 

*  2.  A  measure  of  eighty-tour  gallons,  the 
third  part  of  a  tun. 

3.  A  curve  of  the  third  degree. 
tertian-ague,  s.    [AOVI,  n.  i.] 

teV-ti-a-ry  (tl  as  shi),  a.  &  *,  [Lat.  ter- 
tiariw  =  prop,  containing  a  third  part,  now 
considered  as  meaning,  belonging  to  the 
third.] 


A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Of  the  third  order,  rank,  o 
formation;  third. 

2.  Kxlei. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  connected 
with  a  Third  Order  (q.v.). 

"  Thus  arose  rarloas  congregations  of  tertiary  monk 
and  nuns— in  Lombard?,  Sicily,  Dftlmatift*  France, 
Spain,  aud  Portugal."—  Aadit  A  Arnold  :  C<ua.  Ltict. 
p.  7W. 

B.  As  substantive : 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  That  which   is  tertiary  or 
third  in  order,  succession,  or  formation. 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Art :   A  colour,  as   citrine,  russet,    or 
olive,  produced  by  the  mixture  of  two  second 
ary  colours.     More  correctly  speaking,  they 
are  grays,  and  are  either  red-giay,  blue-gray, 
or  yellow-gray,  when  these  primaries  are  in 
excess,  or  they  are  violet-gray,  orange-gray, 
or  green-gray,  when  these  secondaries  are  in 
excess. 

2.  EccUt. :  Amemberof  a  Third  Order(q.v.), 
whether  living  in  the  world  or  in  community. 

"  Many  tcrtiarut,  in  course  of  time  .  .  .  desired  1 
Uke  solemn  vows.1'—  Add.it  Jt  Arnold:  Cart.  Diet., ; 

3.  Geology: 

(1)  Of  strata  The  third  leading  division  of 
fossiliferous  sedimentary  rocks.  Called  also 
the  Cainozoic  or  Kainozoic.  The  succession 
and  importance  of  the  Primary  (Palaeozoic) 
and  the  Secondary  (Mesozoic)  rocks  were 
understood  before  the  nature  and  extent  ol 
the  Tertiary  were  recognised,  these  last  strata 
being  confounded  with  the  superficial  allu- 
viums. [SopRACRETACtous.]  They  were  oh. 
served  to  occur  in  patches  (some  of  fresh- 
water aud  others  of  marine  origin)  in  small 
areas  or  basins  in  the  Secondary  rocks,  suggest- 
ing the  Idea  that  they  had  been  deposited  in 
bays,  lakes,  estuaries,  or  inland  seas,  after  a 
great  part  of  the  earth's  surface  had  been 
converted  into  dry  land.  The  first  properly 
understood  strata  of  Tertiary  age  were  those 
in  the  vicinity  of  Paris,  described  by  Cuvier 
and  Brongniart  in  1810.  Other  Tertiary  strata 
were  shortly  afterwards  discriminated  in  Lon 


q 
d 


These  several  deposits  were  found  to  be  not 
uite  contemporaneous,  and  there  arose  a 
ivision,  which  continued  till  1838,  into  the 
Lower,  Middle,  and  Upper  Tertiary.  But  as 
early  as  1828,  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Charles) 
Lyell  had  conceived  the  idea  that  the  Tertiary 
strata  might  be  classified  by  the  percentage 
of  extinct  species  of  shells  which  they  con- 
tained. He  found,  in  1829,  that  Deshayes,  of 
Paris,  had  independently  come  to  the  same 
conclusion,  and  the  latter  geologist,  after 
comparing  3,000  fossil  with  5,000  living  shells, 
intimated  that  in  the  Lower  Tertiary  strata 
about  3}  per  cent,  of  the  species  were  identical 
with  recent  ones  ;  in  the  Middle  Tertiary  about 
17  per  cent.  ;  in  the  Upper  Tertiary,  ia  the 
oldest  beds  35  to  60,  and  in  the  more  mo- 
dern ones  90  to  95  per  cent.  To  these  three 
Lyell  gave  the  names  Eocene,  Miocene,  aud 
Pliocene  respectively,  words  which  have  since 
gained  universal  currency.  The  foregoing  per- 
centages are  now  known  to  be  only  approxi- 
mately accurate.  Next  the  newer  Pliocene 
beds  were  called  by  Lyell  Pleistocene  (q.v.),  a 
name  afterwards  transferred  to  the  Post  Ter- 
tiary, and  Oligocene  (q.v.)  was  proposed  by 
Beyrich  for  beds  intercalated  between  the 
Eocene  and  the  Miocene.  A  gap,  as  yet  only 
partially  filled,  occurs  between  the  Chalk 
and  the  Eocene.  This  gap  has  been  utilised 
to  draw  a  natural  line  between  the  Secondary 
and  the  Tertiary  beds.  It  probably  arose 
from  an  upheaval  of  the  sea-bed.  Thus,  with 
the  Eocene,  as  the  name  imports,  the  dawn  of 
the  present  system  of  things  began,  and  the 
percentage  of  shell-species  shows  that  the 
transition  has  gone  on  without  stoppage  or 
hiatus  till  now.  [QCATERNARV,  RECENT.] 
In  the  United  States  marine  Tertiary  strata 
occur  somewhat  sparingly  along  the  borders  of 
the  Atlantic,  and  in  the  states  bordering  th» 
Gulf;  also  in  the  Pacific  States.  But  the 
greatest  and  most  important  development 
occurs  in  the  Kocky  Blountain  region,  com 
prising  great  lacustrine  deposits,  the  silted-np 
beds  of  former  lakes  of  immense  extent.  These 
deposits  are  remarkable  for  their  richness  in 
fossil  remains,  many  of  them  types  of  former 
remarkable  mammala,  which  have  gone  far  to 
fill  up  the  gap  In  the  story  of  animal  evolution. 
Among  these  may  be  named  the  successive 


forms  of  the  equine  type,  from  ita  four  am* 
five-toed  ancestors  down  to  the  one-toed  modern* 
horse. 

(2)  Of  time:  The  period  of  time  during 
which  the  Tertiary  strata  were  deposited. 
It  cannot  yet  be  measured  even  approximately. 
When  it  commenced,  England,  as  proved  by 
the  fruits  in  the  London  Clay  at  Shepjiey,  was 
a  tropical  or  sub-tropical  country.  The  tem- 
perature fell  till  the  Newer  Pliocene,  by  which 
time  the  climate  was  semi-arctic.  (GLACIAL- 
PERIOD.]  During  the  deposition  of  the  Ter- 
tiary, there  was  a  great  increase  of  land  both 
in  Europe  and  America. 

4.  Orntt*.  (PI,):  The  tertlals  ;  wing-feathers 
having  their  origin  from  the  humerus.  They 
are  a  portion  of  the  quills.  They  are  not 
scapulars,  though  Cuvier  calls  them  by  this 
name  ;  nor  do  they  cover  the  scapulars.  'Their 
use  is  to  fill  up  the  interval  between  th«  body 
and  the  expanded  wing,  and  to  oppose  a 
broader  surface  of  resistance  to  the  air. 

tertiary-alcohols,  s.  pi. 

Chem. :  Alcohols  in  which  hydroxyl  is  united 
to  a  carbon  atom,  which  is  united  to  three 
other  carbon  atoms. 

tertiary-colours,  ».  ft. 

Art :  Colours  produced  by  the  mixture  of 
two  secondary  colours,  as  citrine,  russet,  or 
olive.  [TERTIARY,  B.  II.  1.] 

tertiary  era,  epoch,  or  period,  .. 

[TERTIARY,  II.  3.] 

tertiary-formation, ».  [TERTIARY,  II.  3.) 
tertiary-syphilis,  s. 

Pathol. :  The  name  given  to  symptoms  some- 
times appearing  in  syphilis  after  the  primary 
and  secondary  maladies  have  passed  away. 
They  are  rupia,  deep-seated  tubercles  and 
ulcers  on  the  skin,  destructive  ulceration  of 
the  soft  palate,  the  pharynx,  the  tongue,  &c., 
with  periostitis,  nodosis,  caries,  and  necrosis- 
in  the  bones,  and  gummata  in  various  organs. 

ter'-tl-ate  (tl  as  shl),  v.t.  [Lat  tertintum, 
sup.  of  tertio  =  to  do  the  third  day ;  tertius  = 
third.] 

"  1.  To  do  for  the  third  time. 

2.  To  examine,  as  the  thickness  of  the 
metal  at  the  muzzle  of  a  gun  ;  or,  in  general, 
to  examine  the  thickness  of  ordnance,  in 
order  to  ascertain  its  strength. 

teV-tl-um  quid  (tl  as  shi),  phr.  [Lat.]  A 
third  something  in  addition  to  two  others, 
what  this  something  is  being  left  indefinite. 

ter'-tl-fim  sal  (tl  as  shi),  s.    [Lat.  =  third 
salt.] 

Old  Chem. :  A  neutral  salt,  as  being  the 
product  of  an  acid  aud  an  alkali,  making  a 
third  substance  different  from  either. 

Ter-tiU'-U-an-lst,  ».    [Seedef.] 

Chwrck  Hist.:  A  follower  of  Tertullian, 
whose  full  Latin  name  was  Quintus  Septimus 
Florens  Tertullfanus.  He  flourished  in  the 
latter  end  of  the  second  and  the  beginning  of 
the  third  century.  About  the  year  200  he  be- 
came a  Montanist.  He  was  at  first  a  rhetori- 
cian, but  after  his  conversion  was  ordained  a 
Presbyter.  Whether  he  returned  to  the  Catho- 
lic church  is  uncertain  ;  but  he  was  held  in 
great  veneration  till  his  death.  He  composed 
many  works,  and  was  the  earliest  of  the 
Latin  ecclesiastical  writers.  He  was  a  man 
of  high  genius,  but  gloomy  and  fanatical.  A 
sect  calling  themselves  Tertullianists  existed 
at  Carthage  in  the  fifth  century,  but  their 
connexion  with  the  Christian  father  Tertullian 
is  very  obscure. 

ter-fin'-ol-ns,  $.     [Lat.  fer  =  thrice,  and 

uncia  =  an  ounce.] 

Raman  Antiq. :  An  ancient  Roman  coin, 
weighing  three  ounces,  the  fourth  part  of 
the  as. 

tSr-u-te'-ro,  t.  [Native  name  at  Buenos 
Ayres.  Called  in  Paraguay  teten.  Both  are 
from  the  notes  of  the  bird.] 

Ornith. :  Vanellus  cayanensis  ;  the  Cayenne 
Sandpiper  of  Latham,  described  by  Azara. 
It  is  very  common  in  parts  of  South  America. 
It  approaches  the  European  lapwing  in  its 
size,  its  tuft,  and  in  the  general  tone  of  its 
colours ;  but  it  stands  higher,  and  is  armed 
with  a  spur  at  the  folds  of  the  wing.  Its 
eggs,  which  are  often  deposited  on  the  bare 
ground  in  October  or  November,  are  four  or 


tate,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  450,  pot. 
or.  wore,  v^lt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    IB,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  Q.U  =  kw. 


tery— test 


4667 


fewer,  of  a  clear  olive  colour  marbled  with 
black,  and  are  esteemed  a  delicacy,  like  those 
of  the  plover  in  England. 

*  Wr-y,  a.     [TEARY.] 

terz -a  ri'-ma  (z  as  ts),  *.  [Ital.  =  third  or 
triple"  rhyme.]"  A  peculiar  and  complicated 
system  of  versification,  borrowed  by  the  early 
Italian  poets  from  the  troubadours.  It  was 
used  by  Byron  in  his  Prophecy  of  Dante. 

terz-et'-to  (z  as  ts),  s.    [Ital.] 

Music:  A  short  composition,  piece,  or 
movement  for  three  performers, 

te's$h-e'-mach'-er-Itef  s.  [After  E.  F. 
Tesehemacher,  who  first  announced  it ;  suff. 
-iMA/tn.).] 

Min. ;  A  native  carbonate  of  ammonia, 
occurring  both  in  crystals  and  massive  in 
guano  deposits.  Crystal  system  not  ascer- 
tained. Hardness,  1'5;  sp.  gr.  1*45;  colour, 
yellowish  to  white.  Compos. :  ammonia, 
32'9;  carbonic  acid,  557;  water,  11-4  =  100, 
yielding  the  formula  (*NH4O  +  JHO)CO2. 

tesch'-in-ite,  teach'-Su-ite,  s.  [After 
Teschin  or  TVschen,  Moravia,  where  first 
found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Petrol.).] 

Petrol. :  A.  rock  consisting  of  variable  pro- 
portions of  a  plagioclase  felspar,  fresh  nephe- 
fine,  augite,  and  hornblende,  with  some 
ilinenite  and  apatite. 

Tesh-o  La  ma,  a.    [See  def.] 

Compar.  Relig. :  The  abbot  of  the  great 
monastery  at  Krashis  Lunpo  ;  one  of  the  great 
Lflinrts,  the  other  being  the  Dalai  Lama,  who 
has  the  political  supremacy.  When  either 
dies  it  is  necessary  for  the  other  to  ascertain 
In  whose  body  the  celestial  being  whose  out- 
ward form  has  been  dissolved  has  been  pleased 
again  to  incarnate  himself.  For  that  purpose 
the  names  of  all  the  male  children  born  just 
after  the  death  of  the  deceased  Grand  Lama 
are  laid  before  his  survivor,  who  choses  three 
out  cf  the  whole  number.  Their  names  are 
inscribed  on  tablets  and  put  into  a  casket, 
whence  one  is  selected  by  the  abbots  of  the 
great  monasteries  to  fill  the  place  of  the  dead 
Lama.  The  Tesho  Lama  is  often  called  Pant- 
shen  Rinpotshe  (the  Glorious  Teacher). 

*  tes-sar-a-de'c'-ad,  ».     [Gr.  T/<r<rape$  (tes- 
tarts)  ==  four,  and  6"V*a  (deka)  —  ten.]  A  group 
of  fourteen  individuals ;  an  aggregate  of  four- 
teen. 

tSs-sel-a'-ta,  *.  pi     [Neut.  pL  of  Lat.  tea- 

sellatus  —  tesselated.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-order  of  Crinoidea.  In  Which 
the  radial  plates  of  the  calyx  are  immovably 
joined  together  without  articulation, 

teV-sel-at  ed,  tcs'-sol  lat-ed,  a.     [TEH- 

BELLA  R.] 

1.  Ord.  lang. :  Formed  by  inlaying  different- 
ly coloured  materials  in  little  squares,  triangles, 
or  other  geometrical  figures,  or  by  mosaic 
work;  especially  applied  to  a  pavement  com- 
posed of  square  dies  or  tesserae  made  of  baked 
clay  or  stone,  generally  of  various  colours, 
and  forming  regular  figures.  It  was  much  em- 
ployed by  the  ancients,  and  Roman  remains 
furnish  a  large  number  of  these  specimens  of 
art.     It  is  still  much  in  vogue  in  the  East, 
particularly  at  Damascus. 

"  A  cabinet  BO  variously  inlaid ;   such  a  piece  of 

*  diversified  tnosaick  ;  such  a  tcsaefated  pavement  with' 
out  cement.  "—Burba:  American  Taxation. 

2.  Bot. :    Having  the  colours  arranged  in 
small  squares,  so  as  to    have  some  resem- 
blance to  a  tesselated  pavement ;  variegated 
by  squares;  chequered. 

tesselated  tile,  &>  A  tile  made  of  clay 
of  a  particular  colour,  or  mixed  with  colour- 
ing matters  and  formed  into  flat  cakes  by  cut- 
ting or  pressing,  and  used  for  making  a  tes- 
selated pavement. 

tcs-scl  a'- tion,  tes-sel-la'-tion,  s.    [Tss- 

SELATBD.] 

1.  The  act,  process,  or  operation  of  making 
tesselated  work. 

2.  Tesselated  or  mosaic  work. 

teY-se-lIto,  s.  [Lat.  tewe(ra)  =  a  die,  a  cube, 
and  Gr.  Ac'0o«  (lithos)  =  a  stone ;  Ger.  tesselit.] 
Min. :  A  variety  of  apophyllite  (q.v.)  occur- 
ring in  short  square  prisms  resembling  cubes, 
and  exhibiting  a  tesselated  structure  with 
polarised  light.  Found  in  the  Faroe  Islands. 


teV  8el  la,  9.    [TESSERA.] 

tes'-sel-lar,  a,  [Lat.  tessella  =  a  small,  square 
piece  of  stone,  dimin.  from  tessera  —  a  squared 
piece,  a  die.]  Formed  with  tesserae  or  in 
squares. 

tes  -ser-a  (pi.  tes'-ser-ca),  s.    [Lat.]    [TES- 

SELLAR.] 

1.  A  small  cubical  or  other  geometrical 
form  of  marble,  earthenware,  ivory,  glass,  &c., 
used  for  tesselated  pavements,  ornamenting 
walls,  &c.  ;  coloured  tiles  or  bridles,  usually 
cubical,  laid  in  patterns, asa  mosaic  pavement. 

*2.  A  small  piece  of  wood,  bone,  or  metal, 
used  as  a  ticket  of  admission  to  the  theatres 
in  ancient  Rome,  or  as  a  certificate  given  to 
gladiators,  containing  their  names,  that  of 
the  consul,  and  the  day  on  which  they  had 
won  their  distinction  in  the  circus. 

*tgs-ser-a'-Ic.  *  tes-ser-aMck,  a.  [TES- 
SERA.] Diversified  by  tesserte  or  squares; 
tessellated. 

"  Some  of  the  teuerttlck  work  of  the  Romans  haa 
lately  been  dug  up."— .Sir  R,  Atkyni :  Hillary  of  Olou- 
cetter.  (1713.) 

tes'-ser-alt  a.  [Lat.  tessera  —  *  square,  a 
dice,  a  cube.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Pertaining  to  or  containing 
tesserae ;  tesselated. 

2.  Crystall. :  Related  to  the  tesseral  or  cubic 
system. 

tesseral-  system,  s. 

Crystall. :  The  Cubic-system  (q.v.). 

*  tes-ser-ar'-l-an,  a.  [Lat.  tessera  =  a  die.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  gambling:  as,  the  teaser- 
<man  art. 

tes'-su-lar,  a.    [TESSELAR.] 

Crystall. :  Relating  to  the  cube  or  having 
equal  axes  like  the  cube  ;  tesseral. 

test  (1),  *  teste,  *.  [O.  Fr.  test  (Fr.  tit)  =  a 
test ;  O.  Fr.  teste  =  a  skull ;  Fr.  tete  =  a  head ; 
Lat.  testa  —  a  piece  of  dried  clay,  a  tile,  a 
brick.] 

1.  Ordinary  Langvage : 
*  I.  A  potsherd. 

"  Then  was  the  tette  or  poUherd,  the  brasse,  golde, 
&  syluer  reilacto  into  duate." — Joya:  Expoticion  of 
DanM,  oh.  11. 

2.  A  vessel  used  in  refining  gold  and  silver ; 
a  cupel  (q.v.). 

3.  Examination  by  the  cupel ;  hence,  any 
critical  trial  and  examination  ;  trial. 

"  Thou  hast  strangely  atood  the  tctt." 

tilHikeift. ;  Tempett,  IT. 

4.  A  means  of  trial :  as,  To  offer  moneyas  a 

test  of  one's  integrity. 
*o.  Testimony,  evidence, 

"  To  vouch  this  Is  no  proof. 
Without  more  wider  and  wore  overt  tett." 

Hhaketp, :  utlietlo,  1.  3. 

6.  That  with  which  anything  is  compared 
for  proof  of  genuineness  ;  a  standard. 

"  At  once  the  source,  and  end,  and  tat  of  art." 
/'ope  :  £uay  on  I'rittcltni,  78. 

7.  Means  of  discrimination  ;  ground  of  ad- 
mission or  exclusion. 

"  Our  penal  laws  no  sons  of  yours  admit. 
Our  tett  excludes  your  tri Iw  from  benefit. 

Drydm :  Hind  A  Panther,  Hi.  850. 

*8.  Judgment,  discrimination,  distinction. 

"  Who  could  excel,  when  few  can  make  a  text 
Betwixt  indifferent  writing  and  tlie  bestf  " 

Pryden.    \Todd.) 

9,  An  apparatus  for  proving  petroleum 
and  similar  hydrocarbon  oils  by  ascertaining 
the  temperature  at  which  they  evolve  explo- 
sive vapours. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot.:  [TESTA]. 

2.  Chem.:  Any  substance  employed  to  bring 
about  a  chemical  change  in  a  compound,  with 
the  view  of  detecting  one  or  more  of  its  con- 
stituents.   The  change  may  be  one  of  colour, 
precipitation,  heat,  evolution  of  gas,  &c.  This 
term  is  also  sometimes  applied  to  examina- 
tion by  the  polariscope  and  blow-pipe,  thus : 
the  polariscope-test,  the  blowpipe- test.    [RE- 
AGENT.] 

3  Metall. :  A  cupeling-hearth  used  in  a  re- 
flning-furnace  where  lead  is  separated  from 
silver  on  a  large  scale.  The  test  is  an  oval 
iron  frame  containing  a  basin-shaped  mass  of 
powdered  hone-ash,  which  is  brought  to  a 
consistence  by  a  solution  of  pearlash.  The 
test  is  fixed  as  a  cupeling-hearth  in  the  rever- 
beratory  furnace,  and  is  subjected  to  a  blast 


from  a  tuyere,  which  removes  the  floating 
oxide  of  silver  and  furnishes  oxygen  for  its 
elimination  from  the  alloy  under  treatment. 

4.  Sugar-man. :  The  proof  or  condition  of  ft 
syrup. 

6.  Zoology : 

(1)  The  shell  of  any  of  the  Mollusca. 

(2)  The  calcareous  case  of  Echmodermnta. 

(3)  The  thick  leathery  tunic  of  Tunicate. 

(4)  The  shell  immersed  in  the  sarcode  of  A 
Fonuninifer. 

Test  Act,  s. 

English  history : 

1.  An  Aft  passed  in  1563  by  which  an  oath 
of  allegiance  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  of  ab- 
juration of  the  temporal  authority  of  the  Pope, 
was  exacted  from  all  holders  of  office,  lay  or 
spiritual,  within  the  realm,  except  peers. 

"  But  the  Tati  Act  placed  the  magistracy  in  Protert- 
ant  tiaiida,  and,  as  Elizabeth  passed  from  Indifference 
to  suspicion,  and  from  suspicion  to  terror,  she  DO 
longer  chose  to  restrain  the  bigotry  around  her."— 
Qreen:  Short  Bittory,  u.  401. 

2.  An  Act,  2  Car.  II.,  c.  2,  passed  in  1678, 
by  which   it  was  enacted  that  all    persons 
holding  any  important  office,  civil  or  mili- 
tary, under  the  crown,  or  receiving  money 
therefrom,   should  take  the  oaths  of  allegi- 
ance and  supremacy,  subscribe  a  declaration 
against  transubstantiation,  and  receive  the 
sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  according  to 
the  usage  of  the  Established  Church.     It  was 
repealed  in  1828,  by  9  Geo.  IV.,  c.  17. 

test-cook,  s. 

Steam.-eng. :  A  small  cock  fitted  to  the  top 
or  bottom  of  a  cylinder  for  clearing  it  of  water. 

test  furnace,  s. 

Metall. :  One  form  of  refining  furnace  for 
treating  argentiferous  alloy,  such  as  that  of 
lead  rich  in  silver. 

test-glass,  s.  A  glass  vessel  of  conical 
or  cylindrical  form,  having  a  foot  and  some- 
times a  beak;  used  for  holding  chemical 
solutions. 

test-lines,  s.  pi. 

Microscopy :  The  lines  on  a  test-plate  q.vA 
Generally  called,  from  their  inventor,  Nooert  s 
test- liues. 

test-mixer, *.  A  tall  cylindrical  bottle 
having  a  wide  foot  and  provided  with  a 
stopper.  It  is  graduated  into  100  or  more 
equal  parts,  commencing  at  the  bottom,  and 
is  used  in  preparing  test-alkalies,  test-ucids, 
and  similar  solutions,  by  diluting  them  down 
to  the  required  strength. 

test-object,  5. 

Microscopy  (Pi.) :  Microscopic  objects  used 
to  determine  the  value  of  object  glasses  :  that 
is,  to  determine  their  magnifying,  defining, 
and  penetrating  power,  and  their  corrective 
adaptation. 

test-paper,  *. 

1.  Chem. :   Unsized  paper  dipped  into  an 
alcoholic  solution  of  a  vegetable  colouring 
matter,  which  changes  colour  when  exposed 
to  the  action  of  an  acid  or  alkaline  solution. 
[LITMUS- PAPER,  TURMERIC-PAPER.] 

2.  Law:  An  instrument  admitted  as  a  stand- 
ard of  comparison  for  handwriting. 

test- plate,  *. 

1.  Chem. :  A  glass  slip  used  in  stirring  tests. 

2.  Microscopy:  A  finely-ruled  glass  plate 
used  in  testing  the  power  and  defining  quality 
of  microscopes. 

teat  pump,  s.  A  force-pump  for  testing 
the  strength  of  boilers,  tubes,  and  other 
hollow  articles  by  hydraulic  pressure.  It  is 
provided  with  a  gauge  for  showing  the 
pressure  in  pounds  applied  to  the  square  inch. 

test-spoon,  s.  A  small  spoon  used  for 
taking  up  small  quantities  of  powders,  fluxes, 
&c.  Used  in  blow-pipe  or  chemical  experi- 
ments. The  handle  may  be  used  as  a  spatula. 

test  stirrer,  *.  A  round  glass  rod, 
having  one  end  pointed  for  droppkig  tests, 
and  the  other  end  rounded. 

test  tube,  s. 

1.  Chem, :  A  narrow  tube  from  three  to  six 
inches  in  length,  closed  at  one  end,  made  of 
very  thin  glass,  and  furnished  with  a  smooth 
lip. 

2.  A  chlorometer  (q.v.). 


boll,  bo^;  pout,  J6W1;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exiat.    -ing. 
•elan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -fion,  -sion  =  ihon.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel.  dfL 


4668 


test— testicuius 


•  tint  (2),  s.    [Lat  testis  =  a  witness.) 

1.  A  witness. 

"Who  were  for  the  more  snretie  tesfes  of  that  dede. 
— Aernsrs :  /Voissart ;  Croni/cle,  voL  ii.,  ch.  cci. 

2.  Inspection,  oversight,  superintendence. 

"  In  his  publication  be  urged  the  notoriousness  o 
the  fact  as  a  thing  not  feigned,  nut  private,  but  don 
«t  noon  day  under  the  tor  of  competent  persons."— 
Bp.  Taylor  :  Rul*  of  Conscience,  bk.  i..  ch,  (v. 

t«St  (!),».(.      [TEST  (I),..] 

1  Ord.  Lang. :  To  put  to  the  test ;  to  try 
to  prove  the  genuineness  or  truth  of  by  ex 
periment,  or  by  some  fixed  principle  o 
standard ;  to  compare  with  a  standard. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Chem. :  To  examine  by  the  application  o 
some  reagent 

2.  ItetaU. :  To  refine  as  gold  or  silver,  b; 
means  of  lead,  in  a  test,  by  the  destruction 
vitrification,  or  scorincatiou  of  all  extraneou; 
matter. 

test  (2),  o.t.  ot  i.  [Lat.  testor  =  to  bear  witness, 
to  testify,  to  attest ;  testis  =  a  witness.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  attest  and  date :  as,  A  doca 
ment  tested  on  such  and  such  a  day. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  make  a  will  or  testament 
(Scotch.) 

«e«'-ta  (pi.  teV-tseX  ••  [Lat  =a  brick,  a 
tile,  a  shell.) 

Hot. :  The  integuments  of  a  seed,  or  the 
enter  integument  as  distinguished  from  the 
Inner  one,  or  tegmen.  Called  also  the  Primine 
(q.v.). 

tist'-a-ble,  o.    [Lat.  tettabttis,  from  tester 
to  testify,  to  publish  one's  will.) 
Law: 

1.  Capable  of  being  devised  or  given  by  will. 

2.  Capable  of  witnessing  or  of  being  wit- 
nessed. 

ttes  ta-9e-a  (or  9  as  sh),  «.  pi  [Neut.  pi. 
of  Lat  testareus  =  covered  with  a  shell,  testa- 
ceous, from  testa  =  a  shell.] 

Zool. :  A  term  formerly  used  as  approxi- 
mately equivalent  to  the  more  modern  Con- 
chifera  (q.y.V  Linneens  made  the  Testacea  an 
order  of  his  class  Vermes,  and  Cuvier  applied 
the  term  to  a  division  of  his  Acephala  (q.v.). 

l8s  ta'-ce  an  (or  9ean  as  shan),  o.  *  * 
[TESTACEA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  relating  to  the  Testacea. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  Individual  belonidne  to 
the  Testacea  (q.v.). 

teVta-o&'-la,  «.  [Mod.  Lat,  dimln.  from 
testa  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  <t  Palcamt.:  A  genus  of  Limacidse 
(q.v.X  with  three  recent  species,  from  the 
south  of  Europe,  the  Canary  Isles,  and 
Britain.  Shell  small  and  ear-shaped,  placed 
at  hinder  extremity  of  the  body,  which  is 
elongated,  broadest  behind,  tapering  towards 
the  head.  The  species  are  subterranean  in 
naliit,  feeding  on  earthworms,  and  visiting  the 
surface  only  at  night  During  the  winter 
and  in  long  periods  of  drought  they  form  a 
sort  of  cocoon  in  the  ground  by  the  exudation 
of  mucus ;  if  this  be  broken  away  the  animal 
may  be  seen  in  its  thin,  opaque,  white  mantle 
which  rapidly  contracts  till  it  extends  but  a 
little  way  beyond  the  margin  of  the  shelf. 
Fossil  species  two,  from  Tertiary  strata. 


-----phy,  te»-ta-eS-ol- 
O-gy,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  tettacea,  and  Or. 
ypioiio  (grapho)  =  to  write,  or  Aoyo?  (logos)  = 
a  word,  a  discourse.)  The  science  of  testaceous 
molluscs;  conchology. 

te"s  ta  -96-ous   (or   ceous   as   shus),    o 

ITKSTACEA.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Pertaining  to  shells :  con- 
sisting of  a  hard  shell ;  having  a  hard  con- 
tinuous shell. 

"  Several  shells  were  found  upon  the  shore*,  of  the 
crnstaceons  and  testaceous  klndV-H'ooi.ort.-  jS 

IL  Sal.  i  Entom,  :  Brownish-yellow,  the 
Colour  of  unglazed  earthenware. 

t  testaceous  animals,  «.  j>t 
Zool. :  Animals  with  shells  typically  of  a 
strong  kind,  as  iu  the  oyster,  as  distinguished 
from  crustaceons  shells,  which  are  thinner 
and  articulated,  as  in  the  lobster.  Spec.,  the 
Testacea  (q.v.). 


"testaceous-  medicines,  testa 
ceous  powders,  s.  pU 

Pharm.  :  Medicines  or  powders  prepare 
from  the  shells  of  testaceous  animals. 

test  -a-jy,  J.     [Eng.  testable);  -cy.] 

Law:  The  state  or  condition  of  beln 
testate,  or  of  leaving  a  valid  testament  o 
will  at  death. 

test  -a-ment,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  testanuntu, 
=  a  thing  declared,  a  last  will,  from  testor  = 
to   be   a   witness   to,  to   testify  ;    tat  it  = 
witness  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  and  Ital.  testammto.] 

1.  Law  :  A  solemn  authentic  instrument  in 
writing,  by  which  a  person  delares  his  will  a. 
to  the  disposal  of  his  property  after  his  death 
a  will  (q.v.).  When  drawn  by  a  solicitor,  i 
commences  with  the  formula  :  This  is  the  las 
will  and  testament  of  ... 


in""T£**  i-Dsssvu  IIM  mil  jnjwci  Mm  iioeriT  to  make 
will,  that  U  not  under  tome  sj>ecial  prohibition  bi 
l»w  or  cua-tom,  which  prohibitions  we  pniicipall 
upon  three  account* :  for  want  of  sumcient  discretion 
lor  want  of  sufficient  liberty  and  lux  will;  and  on 
account  of  their  criminal  conduct  No  tutumtnt  is  o 
any  effect  till  after  the  death  of  the  t*iUtor;  am 
hence  it  foilow§  that  tatamtntt  may  be  avoided  three 
wayi ;  (1J  If  tnade  by  a  penon  labouring  under  any  o 
the  incapacitiee  before  mentioned  ;  (2)  by  niakinn 
another  testament  of  a  later  date ;  and  (S)  bv  cancel 
Unit  or  revoking  it.  For.  though  I  make  a  hut  wil 
and  ttttamtnt  irrevocable  in  the  •trongest  «ords  ye 
I  am  at  liberty  to  revoke  It :  because  my  own  act  o 
words  cannot  alter  the  disposition  of  law,  BO  aa  U 
make  that  Irrevocable  which  is  in  It*  own  nature 
revocable ;  (4)  marriage  also  U  an  express  revoca- 
tion of  a  prior  will"— Blackttone  :  Commvtt.,  bk  ii. 
en.  28. 

2.  U.  8.  Law:   In    the   United   States   the 
general  principles  of  the  la»  relating  to  wills 
are  chiefly  of  English  origin,  though  in  the 
different  states  there  are  varying  provisions  as 
to  the  forms  requisite  in  making  a  will,  the 
appointment  of  executors,  Ac.     There  are  also 
varied  requirements  concerning  signature,  anc 
the  steps  necessary  to  revoke  a  will,  or  to 
make  changes  in  its   provisions.      Registry 
is  necessary,  the  will  being  held  subject  to 
examination.     In  Scotland  a  testament  can 
only  convey   personal   or  movable  property 
To  convey  real-estate  the  will  must  have  the 
form  of  a  deed  having  a  present  operation. 

3.  Biblieal  Criticism,  Theol,  *  Ord.  lane.  : 
The  rendering  of  Gr.  iiafcj.0)  (diathike)  =  a 
will ;  a  covenant,  applied  to  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments,  which  in  the  opinion  of  Pro- 
testants together  constitute  the  whole  Bible. 
[BIBLE,  A.  8.)     Sometimes  the  word  Testa- 
ment is  used  alone,  when  it  means  the  New 
as  distinguished  from  the  Old  Testament. 

test-a-mSnt'-al,  a.  [Bng.  testament;  -al.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  testament  or  will : 
testamentary. 

t<Sst-a-ment'-a-rjf,  a.    [Lat  ttstamentarius  ; 

Fr.  testamentaire ;  Sp.  it  Ital.  testamentario.] 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  will  or  to  wills. 

"  This  spiritual  Jurisdiction  of  latammtar*  causes 
*•  •  '^cultar  constitution  -*  *w<-  *-* — "  •     —*     -  . 
',  bk.  ill.,  ch.  7 


2,  Bequeathed  by  will  or  testament. 

"How  many  testamentary  charities  bare  been  d«- 
feated  by  the  negligence  or  fraud  of  executors  ;  by  the 
suppression  of  a  will  ;  the  subornation  of  witnesses. 
or  the  corrupt  sentence  of  a  judge  !  "—Attgrbury. 

3.  Done,  or  appointed  by,  or  founded  on  a 
last   will  or  testament:   as,  a    testamentary 
guardian—  that  is,  a  guardian  appointed  by 
testament  or  will. 

testamentary-causes,  ».  pi. 

Law:  Proceedings  in  the  Probate  Court  re- 
lating to  the  probation  and  validity  of  wills 
and  intestacies  of  personal  property. 

testamentary  guardian,  s. 
Law:  A  guardian  appointed  by  a  father's 
will  over  his  child  by  12  Car.  II.,  c.  24. 

test-a-men-ta'-tion,  ».     [TESTAMENT.] 
The  act  or  power  of  giving  by  will. 

"By  this  law  the  right  of  (ettamenforion  Is  taken 
away,  which  the  inferiour  tenures  had  al»«yTeu 
Joyed."—  Tract,  on  O»  ropery  Lata. 

test'-a-ment-ize,  v.i.      [Eng.   testament; 
•tee.}    To  make  a  will. 

•  IJ*eK!  BI>n°P"  in  that  age  might  not  testtmentise 
without  Eoyal  assent"—  fiKr  :  VorlAles.  11.  S8i 

tes-ta'-mnr,  «.  [Lat.  =  we  testify.]  A  cer- 
tificate given  to  a  student  of  an  English  uni- 
versity, certifying  that  he  has  successfully 
passed  an  examination.  So  called  from  the 
opening  words. 


*  test  -ate,  o.  &  s.    [Lat.  testatus,  pa  par  of 
tester  =  to  bear  witness,  to  make  a  will.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Having  duly  made  and  left  a 
wilL 

"By  the  canon  law.  the  bishop  had  the  lawful  dis. 

^  ""*•  »* 


B.  As  subst.  :  One  who  lias  duly  made  and 
left  a  will. 

•  tes  ta'-tlon,  «.  [Lat.  teslatin,  from  teetatm, 
pa.  par.  of  testor  =  to  bear  witness.)  A  wit- 
nessing or  hearing  witness. 

»"nH'!"ic1'"  f  '•?""»»  n"«  the  Inspired  prophets 
of  God  given  of  old  to  this  truth."—  Bp  HaU  :  Satan'  I 
/Very  /tarts  OutncAed. 


tes-ta'-tor,  «.    [Lat  ;  Fr.  testatmr.}    One  who 
makes  and  leaves  a  will  or  testament 

'•He  bringeth  arguments  from  the  love  or  good-will 
which  always  the  testator  bore  hlnj.-_oo 


tes-ta  -trtjt,  s.  [Lat,  fern,  of  testator.]  A 
woman  who  makes  and  leaves  a  will  or  testa- 
ment 

tes-ta-tftm  (pL  tSs-ta'-taX  »•  [Lat,  neut. 
sing,  of  testatus,  pa.  par.  of  testor  =  to  witness.) 
Law:  One  of  the  clauses  of  an  English 
deed,  including  a  statement  of  the  considera- 
tion-money and  of  the  receipt  thereof.  Called 
also  the  witnessing  or  operative  clause. 

tes  -te,  «.  [Lat,  ablat  sing,  of  testis  =  a  wit- 
ness.) 

Law:  The  witnessing  clause  of  a  writ  or 
other  precept  which  expresses  the  date  of  it* 
issue.  (Wharton.) 

tes'-ter  (1),  •  tes-tar,  *  tes-tere,  •  tees 
ter,    •  tes- tern,    'tes-tourn,  s.    (A 

shortened  and  corrupted  form  of  teston  tes- 
toon  (q.v.) ;  O.  Fr.  testiere  =  a  kind  of  head- 
piece, from  teste  (Fr.  Ute)  =  a  head.) 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

•LA  head-piece,  a  helmet 

"  Sltcldes  bright,  Cestsrss  and  trappurta" 

Cluuuxr:  C.  T,.t,m. 

*2.  Originally  the  name  applied  to  the  new 
coins  of  Louis  XII.  of  France,  as  bearing  the 
head  of  that  prince;  afterwards  applied  to 
the  brass  coins  covered  with  silver  first  struck 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  The  name  was 
also  given  to  shillings  and  sixpences,  wheuos 
the  modern  slang  tizzy  =  a  sixpence. 

3.  The  square  canopy  over  a  four-post  bed- 
stead. 

"  H«  then  aa  Iron  net  prepar'd. 
Which  he  to  the  bed  s  ttiltr  rearU" 

J*tng:  Art  of  Lot*. 

IT.  Arch. :  A  flat  canopy  over  a  pulpit  or 
tomb. 

test'-er  (2),  «.  [Eng.  test,  v. ;  -er.}  One  who 
or  that  which  tests,  tries,  or  proves. 

•  tes-tere,  «.    [TESTER  (IX  ».) 
tes  -tern,  « tes-tourn,  ».    [TESTER  (1).] 

"tes'-tern,  e.fc  [TESTERS,  ..]  To  present 
with  a  tester  or  sixpence. 

"To  tastily  jour  bounty.  I  thank  ,on,  yon  ban 
tnUntttsa.  —SJutkaf.  :  Tm>  emlmun,  i. 

teV-tes,  ».  pi.    [Lat  ttstis.] 

Anat.  :  The  testicles  (q.v.)i 

*  testes  muliebres,  >.  pi. 

Anat. :  An  old  name  for  the  ovaries ;  from 
the  old  notion  that  semen  was  secreted  by 
females  as  well  as  by  males.  [SYNOENESIS.] 

tes  -ti-clc,  s.  [Fr.  testicule,  from  Lat.  testi- 
culum,  accus.  of  tcstiailtu,  dimiu.  from  testis  = 
a  testicle.] 

Anat. :  One  of  the  two  glands  which  secret* 
the  seminal  fluid  in  males. 

tes'-ti-cond,  o.  [Lat  testis  =  a  testicle,  and 
rondo  =  to  hide.) 

Zool. :  A  term  applied  to  animals  in  which 
the  testicles  are  abdominal,  as  in  the  Cetacea. 
(Worcester.) 

tes  tic  u  late,  tes  tic  u-lat-6d,  tes- 
tle'-u-lar,  a.  [Lat.  tetticulatus  =  having 
testicles.] 

Sot. :  Having  the  figure  of  two  oblong 
bodies,  as  the  roots  of  Orchis  mascula. 

tes  tie  u  lus  (pi.  tes-tle'-n-li), «.  [Lat. 
=  a  testicle.) 
Sot. :  Vaillant's  name  for  an  anther. 


wore, 


. 

work, 


:  we.  wit.  here,  camel,  Her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine;  ,6.  pot, 
;  mute.  oiib.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule.  fllU;  try.  Syrlaiu    «.  o,  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «u  =  Xw. 


te  stier  e  — testudo 


4669 


*  tes'-ti-ere,   s.     [O.  Fr.]    A  head-piece,  a 

helmet.     [TESTTEB  (1).] 

*t£s'-ti£a.  [O.  Fr.]  Testy,  self-willed,  head- 
strong. 

t^s-tlf  -i-cate,  s.  [Lat.  testificatus,  pa.  par. 
of  testificor  =  to  testify  (q.v.)-J 

Sooto  IJLW:  A  solemn  written  assertion,  not 
on  oath,  formerly  used  in  judicial  procedure. 

*  tSs-tl-f  l-ca'-tlon,  s.  [Lat.  testificatio,  from 
testijicatus,  pa.  j>ar.  of  testificor  =  to  testify 
(q.v.).]    The  act  of  testifying  or  of  giving 
testimony  or  evidence. 

"Solemn  testification  of  our  Uumltfull  seiue."— 
Sorrow  ;  Sermon*,  vol.  i..  ser.  8. 

*  teV-ti-fi-ca-tpr,  s.     [Lat]    One  who  tes- 
tifies ;  one  who  gives  evidence  or  witness;  a 
witness. 

teV-tl-fi-er,  5.  [Eng.  testify;  -er.]  One 
who  testifies  ;  one  who  gives  testimony,  wit- 
ness, or  evidence. 

"The  authority  of  the  tettifar  Is  founded  upon  his 
ability  uid  integrity."—  Pearton  :  On  the  Creed,  Art.  t 

t&»-tl-tyt  'tes-ti-fle,  v.i.  &  t.  [O.Fr.  testi- 
Jter,  from  Lat.  testificor  =  to  bear  witness  : 
testis  =  &  witness,  and  facio  =  to  make  ;  8p. 
testijicar;  Ital.  testijicare.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  make  a  solemn  declaration,  written  or 
verbal,  to  establish  some  fact  ;  to  give  testi- 
mony for  the  purpose  of  communicating  to 
others  some  fact  not  known  to  them. 

"  The  Hid  council  tettijb-U  under  their  hand*,  that 
th«y  never  perswaded.  but  disapproved  of,  the  under. 
taking."—  Caniden:  ttittory  of  Queen  Elitabeth. 

2.  To  bear  witness  ;    to  bring    forward   a 
charge.    (Followed  by  against.) 

"  I  ttititlfd  aaaintt  them  In  the  day  wherein  they 
•old  provision*.11—  Jfehemiah  xiii.  15. 

II.  Law:  To  make  a  solemn  declaration 
under  oath  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  or 
making  proof  of  some  fact  to  a  court  ;  to  give 
evidence  in  a  cause  depending  before  a  tribunal. 

"  One  witnew  shall  not  tntify  against  any  penon 
to  cause  him  to  die."—  Jfumbert  xzxv.  so. 

B.  Transitive: 

I,  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  To  affirm  or  declare  solemnly  ;  to  bear 
witness  of;  to  give  evidence  concerning;  to 
attest. 

"  We  speak  that  we  do  know,  and  tettify  that  we 
have  seen  :  tiud  ye  receive  not  our  witness,"—  John 
ill  11. 

"2.  To  publish  and  declare  freely  and 
openly. 

"  Tettifying  both  to  the  Jews,  and  also  to  the  Greeks 
repentance  towards  God.  and  faith  towards  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ"—  Actt  xx.  21. 

n.  Law:  To  affirm  or  declare  upon  oath 
before  a  tribunal  for  the  purpose  of  establish- 
ing or  proving  some  fact. 


'-i-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  testy;  -ly,]    In  a  testy 
manner  ;  fretfully,  peevishly. 

teVti-mo  -ni-aL,    *  tes-tl  mo  ni  all,  a. 

ft  s.    [O.  Fr.  testimonial  =  a  testimonial,  from 
Lat.  testinwniatis  =  bearing  witness.] 
*A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Relating   to    or   containing  testimony  ; 
testifying. 

"  A  clerk  does  not  exhibit  to  the  bishop  letters 
missive  or  teititnonlal,  testifying  his  good  behaviour." 
—  Ayliffe:  Pareryon. 

2.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  testimonial  ;  intended 
as,  ortakingthe  place  of  a  testimonial.   [B.  3.] 

"The  Lord  Chief  Justice  will  be  offered  a  testimonial 
dinner."—  Standard,  Aug.  26,  1885,  p.  5. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  A  testimony  ;  evidence,  witness,  proof. 

"Asigne  and  aolemne  tetti  moniaU  of  the  religion* 
Observance  which  they  carried  respectively  to  th« 
whole  element  of  lire."—/1.  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p.  613. 

2.  A  certificate  or  writing  giving  favourable 
testimony  concerning  the  character  or  good 
conduct  of  some  person  ;  a  certificate  of  one's 
qualifications,  or  of  the  worth  or  value  of 
anything. 

3.  A  gift  in  the  shape  of  money,  plate, 
portrait,  or  the  like,  raised  by  subscription 
and  presented  to  a  person  in  acknowledgment 
of  services  rendered  by  him,  or  as  a  token  of 
respect  for  his  worth  ;  or,  if  raised  after  his 
death,  taking  the  form  of  a  monument,  en- 
dowment, or  the  like. 

testimonial-proof,  «. 

vivil  Law  :  Parole  evidence. 


*  tes  ti  mo-m  al  ize,   '  tea  ti  mo-nl- 
al-ise,  v.t.    [Eng.  testimonial;  -ize.]    To  pre- 
sent with  a  testimonial. 

"  People  were  tettirnonittfiting  bis  v/ite."—  Thackeray  : 
A'ewcornes,  eli.  Ixiii. 

tes  -tl-mon-y",  s.  [Lat.  testimonium,  from 
testis=  a  witness  ;  O.  Fr.  tesmoing;  'Fr.temoin; 
Sp.  &  Ital.  testimonio,  ] 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  solemn  declaration  or  affirmation, 
written  or  verbal,  made  for  the  purpose  of 
establishing  or  proving  some  fact  ;  a  state- 
ment or  statements  made  to  prove  or  com- 
municate some  fact.  Testimony,  in  judicial 
proceedings,  must  be  under  oath  oraffirmation. 

*2.  The  act  of  bearing  witness;  open  at- 
testation ;  profession. 

"  Thou  ...  for  the  testimony  of  truth  has  borne 
Universal  reproach."  Jlitton  ;  P.  L.,  vL  83. 

3.  A  statement  or  declaration  of  facts  ;  re- 
presentation, declaration,  evidence,  witness. 

"The  difficulty  la,  when  tcsfimnrtiei  contradict 
common  experience."—  Locke  :  Hun.  Underttand.,  bit. 
IT.,  ch.  xiv. 

4.  Proof,  attestation  ;  support  of  B  state- 
ment made. 

5.  Anything  equivalent  to  a  declaration  or 
protest  ;  manifestation. 

"  Shake  off  the  dust  under  your  feet  for  a  testimony 
against  them."—  Mark  vi.  1L 

XL  Scripture  : 

1.  The  two  tables  of  the  law. 

"  Thou  ahalt  put  Into  this  ark  the  tcttimony  which 
X  shall  five  tbee."—  Kxodut  xxv.  U. 

2.  Divine  revelation  generally  ;  the  word  of 
God  ;  the  Scriptures. 

"  The  tcttimont/  of  the  Lord  is  sure,  making  wise 
the  simple."—  Psalm  xix.  7. 

IT  For  the  difference  between  testimony  and 
evidence,  see  EVIDENCE. 

H  Perpetuation  of  Testimony:  [PERPETUA- 
TION, TO- 

*  teV  -  ti  -  m6n  -  ft  v.t.    [TESTIMONY,  ».]    To 

witness,  to  attest. 

"  Let  him  be  but  ttttimonied  In  his  own  bringing* 
forth,  "ltd  he  iha.ll  appear  to  the  envious  a  scholar,  a 
•Utesman.  and  a  •oldier."—  Skaketp.  ;  Jteaiure  for 
Measure,  ill.  2. 

tdst'-i-ness,  *.  [Eng.  testy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  testy  ;  peevishness, 

fret  fill  ness,  moroseness. 

"  My  mother,  having  power  of  hi*  ttttinttt,  shall 
turn  all  Into  my  commwidationa,"—  SAaketp,;  Gym- 
beline,  IT.  i. 

test  -ing  (1),  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [TEST  (1),  »0 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ord,  Lang.  :  The  act  of  one  who  tests  or 
proves  ;  the  act  of  applying  a  test  ;  proof, 
trial,  assay. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Chem.  :  [ANALYSIS,  II.  &]. 

2.  Metatt.  :  The  operation  of  refining  large 
quantities  of  gold  or  silver  by  means  of  lead 
in  the  vessel  called  a  test  ;  cupellation. 

testing-Slab,  s.  A  square  plate  of  white 
glazed  porcelain,  having  cup-shaped  depres- 
sions for  containing  liquids  to  be  examined 
which  give  coloured  precipitates. 

test-ing  (2),  pr.  par.  or  a,    [TEST  (2),  v.J 
testing  clause,  s. 

Scots  IMW  :  The  clause  in  a  formal  written 
deed  or  instrument  by  which  it  is  authenti- 
cated according  to  the  form  of  law.  It  consists 
essentially  of  the  name  and  designation  of  the 
writer,  the  number  of  pages  of  which  the 
deed  consists,  the  names  and  designations  of 
the  witnesses,  the  name  and  designation  of 
the  person  who  penned  the  deed,  and  the 
date  and  place  of  signing. 

*  t$8'-t$n,  *  tes  toon  (1),  *  tea  tone'  (1), 

s.  [O.  Fr.  teston  =  &  coin  worth  eighteen- 
pence  sterling  (Cotgrave),  from  test*  (Fr.  tete) 
=  a  head,  from  Lat.  testa  =  an  earthen  pot,  a 
skull.]  A  tester,  a  sixpence. 

"  Denlen,  tettons,  or  crowns,"—  ffoltmhed  ;  Detcript. 
Eng.,  bk.  11..  oh.  xxv. 


, 

[TESTON.]  An  Italian  silver  coin,  worth  about 
Is.  4<1.  ;  also  a  Portuguese  coin  worth  about 
7d.  sterling. 

*  tes'-tril,  s.     [TESTER  (1).]    A  tester,  a  six- 
pence. 

"  There's  a  tettril  of  me  too."—  ShaJcetp.  :   TwelftK 
Kight.  it.  a. 


tes-tu  -din-al,  a.  [Lat.  testudo,  genit  teitw 
dints ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -al.]  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  the  tortoise. 

tes-tu-din-ar -I-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  testudi- 
narius  =  tortoise -like.  So  named  from  the 
resemblance  which  the  great  rugged,  cracked 
root  of  the  plant  bears  to  the  shell  of  a 
tortoise.  ] 

Bot. :  Elephant's-foot  or  Hottentot's-bread. 
A  genus  of  Dioscorenceje,  akin  to  Dioscorea, 
but  with  the  seeds  winged  only  at  the  tip, 
instead  of  all  round.  Rootstoc.k  above  ground 
sometimes  four  feet  in  diameter.  Stem* 
occasionally  forty  feet  long ;  flowers  small, 
greenish-yellow.  Testudinnria  elephtintipes  is 
the  Common  Elephant's-foot  or  Hottentot's- 
bread.  The  rootstock  is  a  large,  fleshy  mass, 
covered  with  a  thick  bark,  cracked  deeply  in 
every  direction.  The  Hottentots  in  time  ol 
scarcity  made  use  of  the  fleshy  inside  of  the 
root  as  a  kind  of  yam. 

tes -tn-din-ar'-i-ous,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  testit- 
dinari(a) ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ous.]  Resembling 
a  tortoise-shell  in  colour;  marked  with  black, 
red,  and  yellow  patches,  like  tortoise-shell. 

t  tSs-tu-di-na'-ta,  s.  pi.  [Neut.  pi.  of  Lat 
testudinatus  =  arched,  vaulted,  from  testudo, 
genit.  testudinis  =  a  tortoise.] 

Zool. :  A  synonym  of  Clielonia  (q.v.).  It 
was  introduced  by  Klein  and  adopted  by 
Agassiz. 

tes  tu    din-at  ed,  tes  til-din  ate,  a. 

[TESTUDINATA.]  Shaped  like  the  back  of  A 
tortoise  ;  arched,  vaulted. 

tes-tn-dm'-e'-ous,  a.  [Lat.  testudineus.] 
Resembling  the  shell  of  a  tortoise. 

tea  tu-din'-I-dfle.  s.  pi.  [Lat.  testudo,  genit 
testudin(is) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.] 

1.  Zool. ;  Land-tortoises ;  a  family  of  Che- 
Ionia,  very  widely  distributed  in  both  hemi- 
spheres, but   absent    from    Australia.      The 
carapace  is  very  convex;  claws  blunt;  feet 
club-shaped,  adapted  for  progression  on  lan£ 
only;  neck  retractile.     They  are  vegetablt- 
feeders,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  species 
belong  to  the  type-genus  Testudo  (q.v.).     In 
some  classifications  the  family  includes  the 
fresh-water  Tortoises,  now  generally  made  a 
separate  family  of  Emydid&e  (q.v.). 

2.  Pakeont. :   The    family  appears   In   the 
Miocene  of  Europe  and  the  Eocene  of  North 
America.    [COLOSSOCHELYS.] 

te's-tu'-do,  s.  [Lat.  =  a  tortoise,  a  testudo, 
from  testa  =  a  shell  ] 

1.  Roman  Antiq. :  A  cover  or  screen  used 
in  assaults  upon  fortified    towns,   in    cases 
where  the  town  was  of  small  size  and  access- 
ible on  every  side,  while  the  force  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  besiegers  was  large.    A  ring  of 
soldiers  was  drawn  round  the  walls,  a  portion 
of  whom  kept  up  a  constant  discharge  of 
missiles  upon  those  who  manned  the  battle- 
ments, while  the  rest,  advancing  on  every 
side  simultaneously,  with  their  shields  joined 
above  their  heads  so  as  to  form  a  continuous 
covering  like  the  shell  of  a  tortoise  (testudine 
facia),  planted  scaling-ladders  against  a  num- 
ber of  different  points,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
endeavoured  to  burst  open  the  gates.    Also 
applied  to  a  movable  structure,  on  wheels  or 
rollers,  used  to  protect  sappers. 

2.  Mining :  A  shelter  similar  in  shape  and 
design  employed  as  a  defence  for  miners,  &c., 
when  working  in  ground  or  rock  which  is 
liable  to  cave  in. 

3.  Med. :  An  encysted  tumour, 
from  a  supposed  resemblance  to 
the  shell  of  a  tortoise. 

4.  Music:  A  name  applied  to 
a  species  of  lyre,  because,  ac- 
cording to  the  legend  recounted 
at  full  length  in  the  Homeric 
hymn,  the  frame  of  the  first  lyre 
was  formed  by  Hermes  out  of 
the  shell  of  a  tortoise. 

5.  Zool. :  Tortoise  (q.v.)  ;  the 
type-gemiflofTestudinid8e(q.v.), 
with  twenty-five  species.    Most 

abundant  in  the  Ethiopian  region,  but  also 
extending  over  the  Oriental  region  into  the 
south  of  Europe  and  the  Eastern  States  of 
North  America.  Thorax  convex,  rather  globu- 
lar, and  solid ;  breastbone  solid,  with  twelve 
shields,  those  of  the  throat  separated  ;  five 
toes  on  fore  feet,  four  on  the  hinder  pair. 


boil,  bo£;  poUt,  J61W;  oat,  9011,  enom*,  oHln,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenopnon,  exist.    ph  =  & 
-clan,   tian  -  shan.   -tlon,  -mlon  =  than ;  -ftan,  -flon  =  zhan.   -clous,   tlous, -slous  -  suus.   -  Me*  -die,  Ac.  =  toel.  del* 


4670 


testy— tetracoccous 


(t.  Potoonl. :  The  genus  appears  first  in  the 
Eocene  of  North  America. 

test-y,  'test-ie,  a.  [O.  FT.  testu  (Fr.  tetu) 
headstrong,  wilful,  obstinate,  from  teste  (Fr. 
Ute)=tlie  head.]  Fretful,  peevish,  pettish, 
petulant,  irritable. 

"  Do  you  make  all  around  you  unhappy,  by  your 
sullen  and  tetttj  humours,  or  your  hamh.  and  brutal 
behaviour  t  "—Vilpin :  Vermont,  vol.  ii,  ser.  46, 

te-tan -ie,  (i.  i  s.    [Eng.  tetanus);  -it.] 

A.  As   adj. :    Pertaining  to,  denoting,  or 
characteristic  of  tetanus. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Phan*.:  A  medicine  which  acts  on  the 
nerves,  and  through  them  on  the  muscles. 
If  taken  in  over-doses  it  produces  convulsions 
and  death.  Examples :  Strychnine,  Nux 
vomica,  &c. 

tit  -an  old.  a.  [Eng.  tetan(us),  and  Gr.  <tio< 
(eidos)  =  form,  appearance.]  Resembling 
tetanus. 

tet  -an-08,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  Tim**  (tetanos) 
=  stiffness  or  spasm  of  the  neck.)  [LOCK-JAW.] 

ti-  tar  '-tine,  s.     [Gr.    Tfropn)  (tetorte)=a 
fourth  ;  suff.  -ine  (Min.):  Ger.  tetartin.] 
Slin. :  The  same  as  ALBITE  (q.v.). 

tS-tar-tA-,  pref.  [Gr.  T»TOPT>I  (tetarf)  =  a 
fourth  part ;  re'Tropes  (tettares\  reo-o-opes  (tes- 
sares)  =  four.]  Divided  by  four  or  into  fours. 

te  tar-to-he  dral.  a.     [Pref.    tetarto;  and 
Gr.  (Spa  (hedra)  =  a  base,  a  seat.] 
CrystalL  :  Partaking  of  tet»rtohedrism(q.v.X 

tS-tar-to-he'-dral-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tetarto- 
hedral; -fy.J  In  a  tetartohedral  form  or  ar- 
rangement. 

te-tar-ti-he'-drism,  «.  [Pref.  tetarto-,  and 
Gr.  iSpa  (hedra)  =  a  seat,  a  base.] 

Crystal!. :  The  character  of  a  crystal  in  which 
only  one-qnarter  of  the  number  of  faces  is 
developed  which  would  be  required  by  the 
complete  symmetry  of  the  crystallographic 
system  to  which  it  belongs. 

t£  tar  to-prls-mat  -io,  o.  [Pret  tetarto-, 
and  Eng.  prismatic  (q.v.).] 

Crystall. :  The  same  as  TBICLINIC  (q.T.). 
tet-aug,  a.    [TAOTOO.] 
'tetch,  •  tecche,  s.    [TACHE.] 
tetch-i-neM,  >.    [TECHINESS.] 

tStch'-y,  te^h'-y,  a.  [Mid.  Eng.  tetche,  tecche 
=  a  bad  habit,  a  whim,  a  freak,  a  caprice ; 
Fr.  taclie  =  a  stain,  a  mark.]  Fretful,  peevish, 
petulant,  touchy.  [TOUCHY.] 

"  Had  not  tbe  tetchy  race  prescriptive  right 
To  peevishness  t "  trmtninf  :  SordtOo,  li. 

•tete,  a.  [Fr.  =  head,  from  Lat.  testa  =  a  skull.] 
False  hair ;  a  kind  of  wig  worn  by  ladies. 

"  Bat  was  greatly  disappointed  upon  seeing  her  wig 
or  rtt<*  the  next  morning  thrown  carelessly  upon  ber 
toilette,  aud  her  ladyship  appearing  at  breakfast  in 
very  bright  red  hair."— GraMt :  Spiritual  OusnXe, 
bk.  iiu,  eh.  rx 

tete-a  tete,  a.,  adv.,  4  s. 

A.  At  adj. :  Head  to  head  ;  private,  confi- 
dential ;  with  none  present  but  the  parties 
concerned  :  as,  a  tete-a-tete  conversation. 

B.  As  adv. :  Head  to  head,  face  to  face  ;  in 
private  or  close  confabulation. 

"  Long  before  the  squire  and  dame 
Have,  «r«-d-l.*«,  relieved  their  name." 

Prior:  Alma.ii.lH. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  private  interview  where  none  are  pre- 
sent but   those    interested;   a    confidential, 
close,  or  friendly  interview  or  conversation. 

2.  A  settee  with  two  seat*  facing  in  opposite 
directions,  tbe  arms  and  backs  forming  an 
8-shape. 

tete-du  pont,  ». 

Fortif. :  A  redan  or  lunette  resting  its  flanks 
on  the  bank  of  a  river  and  inclosing  the  end 
of  a  bridge  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  it 
from  an  assault. 

teth  er,   -ted  dor,  *ted-lr,  *ted-yre, 

s.  [Gael,  teadhair  —  a  tether ;  taod  =  a  halter, 
a  chain,  a  cable ;  WeL  tid  =  a  chain  ;  Manx 
lead,  teid  =;  a  rope ;  Icel.  tj6dr  =  a  tether ; 
Low  Ger.  tider,  tier  ;  Norw.  tjoder ;  8  w.  tjuder  ; 
Dan  .  toir ;  New  Fris.  tjudder.]  A  rope  by 
which  a  grazing  animal  is  tied  to  a  stake,  so 


as  to  be  prevented   from  moving  beyond  a 
certain  limit;  hence,   figuratively,  scope  al- 
lowed, bounds  prescribed  •  course  or  bounds 
in  which  one  may  move  until  checked. 
"  And  with  a  lanrertefVr  may  he  walk. 
Than  may  be  given  you." 

Shakttp.  :  Bnmlft.  i.  8. 

tSth'-^ir,  *t6oY-der,  v.t.  [TETHER,  s.]  To 
confine,  as  a  grazing  animal,  with  a  rope  or 
chain,  within  certain  limits  ;  to  limit,  to 
check. 

"The  lamb  was  all  alone. 
And  by  a  sleuder  cord  was  tetlur'd  to  a  stone." 

Wordaworth :  Pet  Lamb. 

te'-thy-a,  s.    [TKTHYS.] 

Zool.:  A  genus  of  Siliceous  Sponges.  Skeleton 
consisting  of  radiating  or  stellate  sheaves  of 
long  siliceous  spicules,  invested  by  a  cortical 
layer. 

•  te  thy-dan,  i.  [Lat.  Tethyt  (q.v.);  Gr. 
•ttof  (eidos)  =  form,  and  Bug.,  suff.  -o».J 

Zool.  (PI.):  An  old  tribe  of  Nudibranchiate 
Molluscs,  type  Tcthys. 

Te'-thy», ».    [Lat.,  from  Gr.  TqWc  (Tithta).] 

1.  Gr.  Mythol. :    The  greatest  of  the  sea- 
deities,  wife  of  Oceanus,  daughter  of  Uranus 
and  Terra,  and  mother  of  the  chief  rivers  of 
the  universe,  Nile,  Peneus,  Sirnois,  Scainauder, 
ic.,    and   about   three   thousand  daughters 
called  Uceanides.    The  name  Tethys  is  said 
to  signify  nurse. 

2.  Astron. :  A  satellite  of  Saturn.    Its  mean 
distance  from  the  centre  of  Saturn  is  188,000 
miles;   its    periodic  time,   1  day,   21  hours 
18  minutes,  257  seconds.    (Ball.) 

3.  Zool. :  A  genns  of  Tritoniadje,  with  one 
species   from   the    Mediterranean.      Animal 
elliptical,    depressed ;    head    covered    by   a 
broadly    expanded    fringed    disc,    with    two 
conical  tentacles;  stomach  simple.    Itattains 
a  foot  in  length,  aud  feeds  on  other  molluscs 
and  on  small  Crustacea. 

te  til-la,  ».  [Sp.,  =  a  little  teat,  dimin.  from 
teta  =  a  teat] 

Bot:  A  genus  of  Fran coacese  (q.v.).  Chilian 
annuals,  with  stalked,  rounded,  palmately 
nerved  leaves,  and  racemes  of  flowers,  the 
calyx  and  the  corolla  slightly  irregular. 
Leaves  somewhat  astringent ;  used  medicin- 
ally in  Chili. 

tfit^ra-,  pref.  [Gr  for  nrapa  (tetara),  from 
T€TTap«  (ttttarea),  Te'o-o-ap«s  (tessures)  —  four.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  prefix  used  in  compounds 
derived  from  the  Greek,  and  signifying  four, 
fourfold.    Abbreviated  to  tetr-  before  a  vowel. 

2.  Chem. :  A  prefix  applied  to  compounds 
containi  ng  four  atoms  of  a  chlorous  to  one  atom 
of  a  basylous  element,  e.g.,  tetrachloride  of 
tin,  SnCl4.      It  is  also  applied  to  substitution 
compounds,  in  which  four  atoms  of  hydrogen 
are  replaced  by  a  radicle. 

tet  ra-branch,s.  [TETRABRANCHIATA.]  Any 
individual  of  the  Tetrabranchiata.  (Wood- 
ward :  MoUvsca  (ed.  TateX  p.  183.) 

tSt-ra-bran-oliI-a'-ta,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  tetra-, 
and  Mod.  Lat.  &rancAiota(q.v.).] 

1.  Zool. :  An  order  of  Cephalopoda,  com- 
prising   three   families:    Nautilidae,    Ortho- 
ceratid&e,  and  Ammonitidee,  though  in  some 
recent  classifications  the   second  family   is 
merged  in  the  first.     Animal   creeping,  pro- 
tected by  an  external  shell ;  head  retractile 
within  the  mantle ;  eyes  pedunculated  ;  man- 
dibles calcareous  ;  arms  very  numerous  ;  body 
attached  to  shell  by  adductor  muscles  and 
by  a  continuous  horny  girdle  ;  branchise  four  ; 
funnel  formed    by  the  union  of  two  lobes 
which  do  not  constitute  a  distinct  tube.   Shell 
external,  in  the  form  of  an  extremely  elon- 
gated cone,  either  straight  or  variously  folded 
or  coiled,   many-chambered,  siphuncled ;  the 
inner  layers  and  septa  nacreous,  the  outer 
layers  porcellauous. 

2.  Palaont. :  They  attained  their  maximum 
in  the  Palaeozoic  period,  decreasing  from  that 
time  onward,  and  being  represented  at  the 

¥  resent  by  the  single  genus  Nautilus  (q.v.). 
he  Nauttlidsb  proper  and  OrthoceratidEe  are, 
pre-eminently  Palaeozoic,  while  the  Ammoni- 
tid*  are  almost  exclusively  Mesozoic. 

tet  ra  brah'-chl  ate,  a.  [TETRABRANCHI- 
VTA.]  Having  four  gills. 

te-tr&o'-er-a,  i.    [TETRACEROS.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Delimece  (q.v.),  owing  its 


scientific  name  to  the  fact  that  its  fonr  cap- 
sules are  recurved  like  horns.  Shrubs  or  small 
trees,  often  climbing,  with  alternate,  stalked, 
feather-nerved,  naked  leaves,  often  rough 
above,  and  panicled  or  racemose  inflores- 
cence. A  decoction  of  Tetracera  Breyniana 
and  T.  oblongata  is  given  iu  Brazil  iu  swell- 
ing of  the  legs.  T.  Tigarea  is  diaphoretic, 
diuretic,  and  autisyphilitic. 

te-trac'-er-OS,  s.  [Gr  T«rpa««po,5  (tetrakerSt) 
—  four-horned  :  rtrpa-  (tetra-)  =  four,  and 
ice'pac  (keras)  =  a  horn.) 

Zool, :  A  genus  of  Bovidte,  sub-family 
Cephalophince,  with  two  species,  from  the 
hilly  parts  of  India;  rare  north  of  the  Gauges. 
Horns  four,  straight  and  conical ;  iu  one 
species  the  anterior  pair  rudimentary.  [Cm- 

KARAH.] 

tet-ra-che'-nl-om,  a.  [Pref.  tetr(a)-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  adunium  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  A  fruit  formed  by  the  adhesion  of 
four  achenes. 

tet-ra-chlor  6  va-ler  Ic,  o.  [Pref.  tetra- ; 
chloro-.  aud  Bug.  valeric.]  [QUADRICHLOBO- 

VALERIC.) 

tfif-ra-chord,  ».  [Gr.  TerpixopJW  (tetm- 
chordon),  from  r/rpa-  (tetra-),  and  x°P°"f 
(chorde)  =  a  string,  a  chord  ;  Fr.  tttmchorde.) 

Music: 

1.  A  scale-series  of  four  notes.  The  word 
in  its  modern  sense  signifies  a  half  of  the 
octave  scale,  e.g.,  from  c  to  F,  or  from  a 
to  c.  The  position  of  the  tones  and  semitonea 
is  similar  in  both  tetrachords.  A  third  tetra- 
chord  placed  above  these  two  would  lead  into 
the  key  of  o,  and  another  into  the  key  of  D. 
The  fundamental  system  in  ancient  music 
was  the  tetrachord,  or  system  of  four  sounds, 
of  which  the  extremes  were  at  an  interval  of 
a  fourth. 

*  2.  A  lyre  with  four  strings. 

"Terpander  .  .  .  substituted  the  seven-stringed 
citnar*  for  the  old  tttrachord."—Donaldton :  Thtatrt 
e/cto  Greekt,  p.  31. 

It  (1)  Conjunct  tetradiords :  Tetrachords 
which  overlap,  as  c  to  F,  and  t  to  B. 

(2)  Disjunct  tetrachords :  Tetrachords  which 
have  a  degree  between  them,  as  c  to  F,  and  a 
to  c.  Similar  disjunct  tetrachords  necessarily 
pass  through  the  whole  key-series,  and  a 
combination  of  conjunct  and  disjunct  tetra- 
chords is  required  to  form  a  diatonic  scale  of 
more  than  one  octave  in  compass. 

tet-ra  ehord'-al,  a.  [Eng.  tetrachord  ;  -al.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  tetrachords ;  formed  of 
tetrachords. 

tetrachordal  system,  s. 
Music :  The  early  form  of  the  system  now 
known  as  Tonic  Sol-fa  (q.v.), 

tet  ra-chor -don,  s.    [TETRACHORD.] 

Music:  An  instrument  similar  in  appear- 
ance to  a  cottage  pianoforte,  and  like  it 
played  by  finger-board,  but  tbe  tone,  instead 
of  being  produced  by  striking,  is  obtained  by 
means  of  a  cylinder  of  india-rubber  charged 
with  resin,  kept  in  motion  by  a  pedal,  variety 
of  tone  being  gained  by  the  depth  of  pressure 
on  the  keys  by  the  fingers.  It  is  called  the 
tetrachordon  from  an  idea  that  its  sounds  are 
similar  to  those  produced  by  a  string  quartet. 
The  instrument  is  constructed  also  with  self- 
acting  machinery. 

«i  Milton  used  the  word  as  the  title  of  one 
of  his  treatises  on  marriage,  occasioned  by  his 
disagreement  with  his  wife,  Mary  Powell.  He 
explained  the  word  in  the  sub-title  :  "  Exposi- 
tions upon  the  Four  Chief  Places  of  Scripture 
which  treat  of  Marriage." 

tet  ra  chot  6  mous,  a.  [Gr.  mVpaxoc 
(tetrachos)  =-  fourfold,  and  7-0/117  (tone)  =  a 
cutting.] 

Science  :  Having  a  division  by  fours ;  sepa- 
rated into  four  parts  or  series,  or  into  series 
of  fours. 

tet-ra  cla  -site,  s.    [Pref.  tetra- ;  Gr.  «A«<nt 
(klodis)  =  a  fracture,  and  suff.  -ite  (Min.); 
Ger.  tetraklasU.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  PARAjrrBiNE  (q.v.Ji 

ttSt-ra-cSc'-cous,  a.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
KoKKOf  (kokkos)  —  a  kernel,  a  berry.) 

Bot. :  Having  four  cells  elastically  dehiscing 
and  separating. 


ftte.  fat,  faro,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  Her,  thSre;  pine,  pit.  nre,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wplf.  work,  whd,  son ;  mate,  onb,  cure,  unite,  our,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    «e,  ce  =  e;ey  =  a;qu     kw. 


tetracolon— tetragrammaton 


4671 


•it-ra-co  -Ion,  «.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Eng.  colon 
<q.v.).] 

Pros. :  A  stanza  or  division  of  lyric  poetry 
consisting  of  four  verses. 

t£t-ra-co-r&r-la,  s.  pi.    [Pref.  tetro-,  and 

Lat.  corolla,  pi.  of  coruMwnt  =  red  cone.] 

Zool. :  HiecktH's  name  for  the  Rugosa,  be- 
cause the  septa  are  multiples  of  four. 

t£t  rac-tl  nel  li  doe,  s.  pL  (Pref.  tefro-,- 
Lat.  diniin.  of  Or.  dime  (aktis),  genit.  OIKTCI'OS 
(aWinos)  =  a  ray,  and  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff. 
•vte.J 

ZooZ.  :  A  sub-order  of  Siliceous  Sponges, 
with  four-rayed  spicules.  Families,  Choris- 
tidte  and  Lithistid&e. 

tet'  rad,  s.  [Lat.  tetras,  genit.  tetradis,  from 
Gr.  rerpis  (tetras),  geuit.  T«-rpc£6os  (telrados); 
Fr.  tetrode,] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  number  four ;  a  col- 
lection of  four  things. 

"  I  Hud  the  igii'inuiee  of  posterity  to  have  abused 
the  Tftrtd,  as  rcligiuusly  M  it  *a«  admired  by  the 
knowing  Pythaguremja,  to  be  &  rectjpuicle  of  SU|»T- 
•titiuna  and  uaeless  toyes."— More :  licence  Q/  the 
Moral  CtJxtla,  eh.  lv.,  |  •!.  (App.) 

2.  L'heiu. :  Quadrivalent  element.  A  name 
given  to  those  elements  which  can  directly 
unite  with  or  replace  four  atoms  of  hydrogen, 
chlorine,  or  other  monatomic  element. 

t£t-ra-dao'-tyl,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Or. 
jjKrvAoc  (dukttdos)  —  a  linger,  a  toe.]  An 
animal  having  four  digits  on  each  limb. 

tSt-ra-dac'-tyi-ous,  o.  [TETBADAOTYL.] 
Having  four  digits  on  each  limb. 

t<S  tra  do  cano,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Eng. 
detune. I  [QUATUORDECANE.J 

t  t6t  ra-de-oap'-S-da,  i.  pi.  [Pref.  tetra. ; 
Gr.  &fKa  (d«ka)  =  ten,  and  irou's  (pous),  genit. 
voo'ot  (podos)  =  a  foot.] 

Zool. :  Agassiz's  name  for  the  Edrioph- 
tnalmata  (q.v.),  from  the  fact  that  in  the 
typical  adult  there  are  seven  pairs  of  feet. 

tet-ra-dec'-a-tyl,  s.    [TETRADECYL.] 

tet-ra-de  -cyl,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Eng. 
decyt.] 

Chem. :  C14H2o.  TetradecatyL  Myrlstyl. 
The  fourteenth  term  of  the  series  of  alcohol 
radicles,  CnHsn  +  L 


tet  ra-d6-9yl'-Io,  a.  (Eng.  tetradecyl ; -ic.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  tetradecyl  (q.v.). 

tctradecylic  alcohol,  s.     [MYBISTIC- 

ALCOHOL.] 

tctradocylle  hydride,  «. 

Chem. :  Ci4H3n.  Oue  of  the  constituents  of 
American  petroleum.  It  boils  between  238° 
and  240°,  and  is  converted  by  chlorine  into 
the  corresponding  chloride,  C^HaoCl. 

tit-ra-dl  a-pa'-son,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and 
Eng."  diapason,  (q.v.).] 

Music :  Quadruple  diapason  or  octave ;  a 
musical  chord,  otherwise  called  a  quadruple 
eighth  or  twenty-ninth. 

ti-trad'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  tetrad;  -fe.)  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  tetrad ;  tetratomic. 

tif -ra- dltOS,  ».  pi.  [Gr.  rrrpaiumu  (tetra- 
distai)  =  young  people  who  feasted  on  the 
fourth  day  of  the  month.] 

1.  Gr.  Antiq. :  Persons  who  were  born  on 
the  fourth  day  of  the  month,  which  was  re- 
puted to  be  lucky. 

2.  Church  History  (in  this  sense  probably 
directly  from  Gr.  rerpo-  (tetra-),  in  comp.  = 
four) : 

(1)  Heretics  who  fasted  at  Easter,  as  on 
"Wednesday. 

(2)  Certain    ancient   sects   who   held    the 
number  four  in  special  reverence,  to  the  ex- 
tent of  supposing  the  existence  of  a  fourth 
person  added  to  the  Trinity. 

tet-ra-draohm  (ch  silent),  tet-ra- 
drach'-ma,  s.  [Gr.  Terpdo'puxu.op  (tetra- 
dr<'Chmon),  frnm  rerpa  (tetra-)  =  fourfold,  and 
6paxft.it  (drachine)  =  a  drachm.] 

Gr.  Coin. :  An  ancient  silver  coin,  value 
four  drachmas,  or  about  3s.  3d.  sterling. 

tS-trad'-ym-Ite,  s.  [Or.  TrrpaS«n°s  (tetra- 
diimos)=fourfold,quadruple;suff.-T''-/lf-'"  ^  n 


(fetra- 


Mineralogy  : 

1.  A   rhombohedral  mineral   found   some- 
times in     crystals,     but     more     frequently 
granular,   massive,    or   foliated,    often   with 
auriferous  ores.     Hardness,  1*5  to  2  ;  sp.  gr. 
7-2  to  7-9;  lustre,   bright  metallic;   colour, 
pale    steel-gray  ;    somewhat  sectile,    in  thin 
laminae,  flexible  ;  soils  paper.   Compos.  :  sonif- 
what    variable,   but   consists    principally  of 
bismuth    and    tellurium.      Dana   divides    as 
follows  :  (a)  Free  from  sulphur,  with  formula 
Bi.,Te3  ;  (b)  Sulphurous,  witli  form 

+  43)3,  and  (c)  Seleniferous. 

2.  The  same  as  JOSEITE  (q.v.). 

3.  The  same  as  WEHRUTE  (q.v.). 

tS-trSd'-ym-oiis,  a.    [Or.  nrpdiv 
dumos)  =  fourfold.] 
Bot.  :  Having  four  cells  or  cases. 

tSt-ra-dy-na'-ml-a,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  tetra-, 
and  Gr.  oupo^uc  (duiwinis)  —  might,  strength, 
referring  to  four  stamens  being  longer  than 
the  others.] 

Bot.  :  The  fifteenth  class  in  Linneeus's  Arti- 
ficial System.  Plants  with  six  stamens,  four 
long  and  two  short.  Orders,  Siliculosa  and 
Siliuuosa. 

tet-ra-dy-na  ml  an,  tct-ra-dy-na- 

nlOUS,   a.      [TfTKADVNAMIA.j 

Botany  : 

1.  (Of  stamens)  :  Six  In  number,  four  long 
and  two  short. 

2.  (Of  a  plant)  :  Having  six  stamens,  four 
long  and  two  sliort  ;  of  or  belonging  to  the 
Tetradynamia  (q.v.). 

tet-ra-e-dral,     tSt  -  ra  -  e'-  drSn,    >. 

[TETBAHEDRAL,  TETRAHEDRON.] 

te  trag  na  tha,  s.  [Lat.  tetragnattUus  =  a 
kind  of  spider  ;  Gr.  rrrpayvaBos  (tctragnathos) 
=  having  four  jaws,  spec,  used  of  a  kind  of 
spider.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Epeiridse.  Tetragnatha 
extensa  is  a  British  spider,  about  half  an  inch 
long,  frequenting  damp  places.  It  has  long, 
diverging  falces,  and  the  legs  extended  before 
and  behind,  nearly  in  a  line  with  the  body. 

tet'-ra-gon,  >.  [Fr.  tetragnne  =  having  four 
angles  or  corners,  from  Lat.  tetragonus;  Gr. 
TtTpaytitvos  (tetragonos),  from  ri-rpa-  (tetra-)  = 
fourfold,  and  yuvid  (gunia)  —  an  angle,  from 
yarn  (gonu)  =  a  knee.] 

1.  Geom.  :  A  figure  having  four  angles,  and 
consequently   four    sides,   as    a    square,    a 
rhombus  ;  a  quadrangle. 

2.  Astral.  :  An  aspect  of  two  planets  with 
regard  to  the  earth  when  they  are  distant 
from  each  other  90%  or  the  fourth  of  a  circle. 

tfi-trag'-in-al,  a.     [Eng.  tetragon;  -aZ.] 

1.  Geom.  :  Pertaining  to  a  tetragon  ;  having 
four  angles  or  sides,  as  a  square,  a  parallel- 
ogram, &c.  ;  four-sided,  quadrangular. 

2.  Astral.  :  In  position  of  a  tetragon  ;  dis- 
tant 90°  from  each  other. 

"  Beckoulng  OD  unto  the  seventh  day.  the  moon  will 
be  in  a  tetraaoital  or  quadi-ate  aspect,  that  is,  four 
•Igiia  removed  from  that  wherein  the  dfeeaae  begun." 
—  Browne  :  rulyar  Errouri,  bk.  iv.,  en.  ill. 

3.  Bot.  :    Four-cornered,  angular  ;  used  of 
some  ovaries,  the  stems  of  the  Labiate,  &c. 

4.  Crystall.  :  [TETBAOONAL-SYSTEM]. 

tetragonal-system,  t. 

Crystall.  :  A  system  of  crystallization  In 
which  the  lateral  axes  are  equal,  being  the 
diameters  of  a  square,  while  tiie  vertical  is 
either  longer  or  shorter  than  the  lateral. 
Called  also  the  Dimetric,  Monadimetric,  or 
Pyramidal  System.  (Dana.) 

te-trag-6n-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tetragonal  ; 
-ly.]  lu  a  tetragonal  or  four-cornered  manner, 

tet-ra  go  ne-te,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  tetra- 
gon(ia);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff  -KB.] 

Sot.  :  The  typical  sub-order  of  TetraRoni- 
acex.  The  fruit  is  woody  and  indehisceut. 

tSt-ra-gO'-nl-a,  S.  [Gr.  Tirpayiavla.  (tetra- 
gonia)  =  the  spindle-tree  :  re'rpa-  (tetra-),  and 
•yucta  (yonia)  =  a  corner,  an  angle.] 

Sot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Tetragoniacea 
(q.v.).  Chiefly  littoral  plants  with  alternate, 
stalked,  fleshy  leaves,  and  apetalous  flowers, 
having  four  to  twelve  stamens  and  three  to 
eight  short  styles.  Nearly  all  the  species 
from  the  Southern  Hemisphere.  Telragonia 


txpansa,  a  native  of  New  Zealand,  is  called 
New  Zealand  spinach,  and  is  cultivated  in 
Europe  as  a  substitute  for  spinach  itself. 

tet-ra-go  ni-a'-9e-89,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
tetragonUp,) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ocete.) 

Bot. :  Aizoons ;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exogeus,  alliance  Ficoidales.  Succulent-leaved 
herbs,  more  rarely  small  shrubs.  Leaves 
alternate,  often  with  watery  pustules,  exsti- 
pulate.  Flowers  small,  axillary ;  calyx  three- 
to  five-cleft ;  corolla  wanting ;  stamens  definite ; 
styles  two  to  nine  ;  ovary  with  as  many  cells 
as  there  are  styles  ;  fruit  an  induluscent  nut, 
or  a  capsule  splitting  all  round.  Found  in 
the  South  Sea  Islands,  the  Cape,  and  the 
Mediterranean  region.  Tribes,  Tetragoneae 
and  Sesuvese.  Genera,  eleven  ;  species,  sixty- 
five.  (Lindley.) 

•te-trag'-on-Ijm,  s.  [Gr.  TcTpav*m£o  (tetro- 
gonizo)  =  to  make  square  :  mpaytavtx  (tetrar 
gonos)  =.  four-angled,  tetragonal ;  Fr.  tetrar 
gonitme.]  The  attempt  to  square  the  circle. 

tet-ra-go-no-,  prej.  [TETBAOONISM.]  Having 
four  angles  or  corners. 

tct  ra-go  nd-lep'-Is,  s.  [Pref.  tetragono-, 
and  Gr.  Atuis  (lepis)  =  a  scale.) 

Palteont. :  A  genus  of  Stylodontidse,  from 
the  Lias.  Each  scale  bears  upon  its  inner 
anterior  margin  a  thick,  solid,  bony  rib,  ex- 
tending upwards  beyond  the  margin  of  the 
scale,  ana  sliced  off  obliquely  above  and 
below,  on  opposite  sides,  for  forming  splices 
with  the  corresponding  processes  of  adjoining 
scales. 

tet-rag-8n-5r-o'-btis,  ».  [Pref.  tetragono-, 
and  Gr.  AojSoc  (lobos)  =  a  lobe.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Trifoliese,  akin  to  Lotus 
(q.v.),  but  with  quadrangular  winged  legumes. 
'ittragonolobus  vtulis,  or  purpureus,  is  the 
Winged  Pea.  It  is  a  native  of  Siyly,  where 
its  legumes  were  formerly  eaten  by  the  poor. 
It  is  cultivated  as  a  border  plant. 

teVra-gSn-Sp-ter-i-na,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat 

tetragonopter(us) ;  Lat.  unit.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inoi) 
Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Characinidae,  with  four 
genera  from  South  Africa  and  tropical 
America.  A  short  dorsal  and  adipose  tin 
present ;  teeth  in  both  jaws  well  developed  ; 
gill-membranes  free  ;  nasal  openings  close. 

tSt-ra-gSn-Sp'-ter-tis,  s.  [Pref.  tetragono-, 
and  Gr.  vrepov  (pteron)  —  a  wing,  a  fin.] 

Ichthy. :  The  type-genus  of  Tetragonopterina 
(q.v.),  with  about  fifty  species,  from  Central 
America.  They  are  all  of  small  size,  rarely 
exceeding  eight  inches  in  length  ;  dorsal  in 
middle  of  the  body,  which  is  oblong  or 
elevated,  covered  with  scales  of  moderate 
size  ;  belly  rounded. 

*  te'-trag'-Sn-ous,  a.  [Eng.  tetragon;  -out.] 
The  same  as  TETRAGONAL  (q.v.). 

ttSt-ra-KO-niir'-iis, ».  [Pref.  tetragon^)-,  and 
Gr.  Oi/pd  (oura)  =  a  tail.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Atherinidse,  with  a 
single  species.  Body  sub-elongate,  scales 
strongly  keeled  and  striated ;  first  dorsal  of 
numerous  feeble  spines,  and  continuous  with 
the  second.  It  is  a  rare  fish,  more  frequently 
met  with  in  the  Mediterranean  than  in  the 
Atlantic.  Nothing  is  known  of  its  habits, 
but  as,  when  young,  it  accompanies  the 
Meduste,  it  must  be  regarded  as  a  pelagic  form. 
At  a  later  period  of  its  existence,  it  probably 
descends  to  greater  depths,  coming  to  the 
surface  only  at  night.  It  attains  a  length  of 
about  eighteen  inches. 

tet' -ra  gram,  s.  [Gr.  rtVpa-  (tetra-),  and 
Ypa^fiu  (gramma)  =a  line.] 

1.  A  word  of  four  letters.      [TETKAORAM. 

J1ATON.] 

"  A  host  of  other  word-s.  glgnincavt  •AJDelty,  arc 
tetrngnirtu."— Brewir:    Phrntc  A  futile,   a.v.    Tetr<t- 

2.  Geom. :  A  figure  formed  by  four  right  lines. 

tct  ra  gram'-ma-ton,  s.  [Gr.  r*  nrrpa- 
ypdnpaTov  (to  tetragrammaton)  =  the  word  of 
four  letters  ;  Terpa.ypiififj.aTof  (tetragrammatos) 
.  =  of  four  letters  :  rerpa-  (tetra-),  and  yodp/ia 
(gramma),  genit.  ypdfj.fj.aros  (grammatos)  —  a 
letter.] 

1.  The  sacred  Hebrew  name  of  the  Deity 
fnrp  (Y  H  v  B),  from  the  fact  that  in  the  Rab- 
binical writings  it  is  distinguished  by  various 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  <*i".  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,   -ing. 
-elan, -tian  ^  shan.   -Uon,  -slon  =  shnn;  -tion.  -fion  =  znun.   -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  =  shiis.   -blc,  -  die,  ic.  =  69!,  del. 


4672 


tetragraptus— tetraonidee 


euphemistic  expressions;   as,  "the   name," 
*'  the  name  of  four  letters,"  &c. 

"  ID  hl«  i»cred  coufeaeioni  he  [the  high  prie*t]  had 
to  pronounce  ten  times  the  sacred  Tetra  smimmaton 
— the  ineffable  name  of  Jehovah."— Farrar:  Early 
Dayt  of  Chrittfanitg,  cb.  zviii.  {  ft. 

2.  Hence,  applied  to  other  words  of  four 
letters  expressive  of  Deity. 

tet-ra-grap  -tus,  *.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Or. 
ypairros  (graptos)  =  written,  marked  with 
letters.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Graptolitidse  from  the 
Skiddaw  and  Quebec  groups  (Lower  Silurian). 
The  polypary  consists  of  four  simple  mono- 
prionidian  branches,  springing  from  a  central 
non-celluliferous  connecting  process,  which 
bifurcates  at  each  end.  The  celluliferous 
branches  do  not  subdivide,  and  the  base  may 
be  enveloped  in  a  peculiar  horny  disc. 


,  5.      [TETRAOYNIA.] 

Bot. :  Any  individual  of  the  Tetragynia. 

tet-ra-gyn'-I-a,  «.  pi.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
yvvr)  (gune)  =•  a  woman,  a  female.] 

Bot. :  An  order  of  plants  in  Linnseus's  Arti- 
ficial System.  It  consisted  of  plants  having 
four  pistils.  The  classes  Tetrandria,  Pentan- 
dria,  Hexandria,  Heptandria,  Octandria,  and 
Polyandria,  have  each  an  order  Tetragynia. 

tet  ra  gyn-i  an,   te-tragr-yn-ous,   a. 
[TETRAOYNIA,]  " 
Bot. :  Having  four  carpels  or  four  styles. 

t£t  ra  he  dral,  tet-ra-e  -dral,  a.  [TE- 
TRAHEDRON.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  four  sides ;  com- 
posed of  four  sides. 
2.  Crystallography: 

(1)  Having  the  form  of  the  regular  tetra- 
hedron. 

(2)  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  tetrahedron, 
or  the  system  of  forms  to  which  the  tetrahe- 
dron belongs. 

tetrahedral  angle, «. 

Gcom. :  A  polyhedral  angle  having  four  faces. 

tetrahedral  garnet,  «. 

Min.:  The  same  as  HELVINE (q.v.). 

tct  ra-he'-dnte,  «.  [Eng.  tetrahedron); 
suff.  -ite (Min.);  Qer.fahlerz,  tetraedrit.} 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  a  group  of  minerals 
having  considerable  diversity  in  composition, 
but  presenting  the  same  general  formula. 
Named  from  the  prevailing  tetrahedral  habit 
of  its  crystals.  Crystallization  isometric, 
frequently  twinned  ;  hardness,  3  to  4*5 ;  sp. 
gr.  4'5  to  5*11  ;  lustre,  metallic;  colour  and 
streak,  steel-gray  to  iron-black ;  opaque ;  frac- 
ture, sub-conchoidal,  uneven;  brittle.  Compos. 
essentially  a  sulphantimonite  of  copper,  with 
the  formula  4<JuS  +  80283  ;  but  in  conse- 
quence of  part  of  the  copper  being  frequently 
replaced  by  iron,  zinc,  silver,  mercury,  and 
occasionally  cobalt,  and  part  of  the  antimony 
by  arsenic  and  sometimes  bismuth,  the  general 
formula  is  usually  written  as  4  (Cu,  Fe,  Zn, 
Ag,  Hg)  +  (Sb,  As,  61)283.  Dana  divides  as 
follows :  1.  An  antimonial  series ;  2.  an 
arsenio-autimonial  series ;  3.  A  bismuthic- 
arsenio-antimonial  and  an  arsenical  series,  in 
which  the  antimony  is  entirely  replaced  by 
arsenic.  [TENNANTITE.]  The  varieties  are :  (1) 
Ordinary,  containing  little  or  no  silver ;  (2) 
argentiferous  =  freibergite ;  (3)  mercurifer- 
ous  —  schwatzite,  spaniolite,  and  hermesite ; 
(4)  platiniferous.  Fieldite,  aphthonite,  and 
polytelite  (q.v.)  are  snb-spedes.  An  abundant 
ore  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  sometimes, 
where  rich  in  silver,  rained  for  that  metal  only. 

tet  ra  he  dron,  tet-ra  e:dron,  ».  [Or. 
rerpa  (tetra)  =  fourfold,  and  t&pa.  (hedra)  =  a 
base.] 

Geom.  :  A  polyhe- 
triangles.      If   the 
the  faces  be  prc 
and   two,   the 
them  are  the 
cond    tetrahe- 
lar  tetrahe- 
in  which  tin 
equal  and 
triangles. 


TETRAHEDRON. 


middle 

the  faces 

two  and 

linen  joining  them  form  the  edges  of  a  regular 

tetrahedron.     All    regular   tetrahedrons  are 

similar  solids. 


dron  bounded  by  four 
middle    points    of 
perly  joined,  two 
lines  joining 
edges  of  a  se- 
dron.    A  regu- 
dron  is  one 
ces    are 
equilateral 
If     the 
points  of 
be  joined 
two,  the 


far 


tet  ra-hex-a  he  dral,  a.  [TETRAHEXA- 
HEDRON.]  Having  the"  form  of  a  tetrahexa- 
hedron. 

tet  ra-hex-a-he  -dron,  «.  [Pref.  tetra-, 
and  Eng.  hexahedron  (q.v,).]  A  solid  bounded 
by  twenty-four  equal  faces,  four  correspond- 
ing to  each  face  of  the  cube.  Also  called  a 
Tetrakishexahedron. 

t  tet  ra-kls  hex-a-he'-dron,  s.  [Gr.  rtr- 
po«is  (tetrakis)  =  four  times,  and  Eng.  hexa- 
hedron.] [TETRAHEXAHEDBON.] 


y,  *.  [Gr.  TfTpa\oyla  (tetralogia), 
from  TfTpa-  (tetra-)  =  four,  and  Aoyos  (logos)  = 
a  discourse  ;  Fr.  titralogie,] 

Greek  Drama  :  The  name  given  to  a  collec- 
tion of  four  dramatic  compositions—  a  tri- 
logy (q.v.)  and  a  satyric  piece  —  exhibited  to- 
gether on  the  Athenian  stage  for  the  prize 
given  at  the  festival  of  Bacchus.  [SATYHIC,  If.] 
The  expression  tetraology  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied by  modern  authors  to  a  series  of  four 
connected  plays. 

"  This  would  Rive  us  twenty-seven  tetraloyitt  or 
one  hundred  and  eight  plays.'  —  Donaldton  :  Thtatrt 
o/tb*  (ireett,  p.  118. 

tet-ra-loph'-6-dSn,   *.     [Pref.  tetra-;  Gr. 

A6>o«  (lophos)  =  a  crest,  and  suff.  -odon.] 

Palccont.  :  A  section  of  the  genus  Mastodon 
marked  off  by  Falconer,  from  the  fact  that 
the  molars  are  four-ridged.  The  section  is 
represented  in  the  Miocene  and  Pliocene  of 
Europe,  in  the  Sivalik  strata. 

tet-ra-loph  -6-dSnt,  a.  [TETBALOPHODON.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  section  Tetralophodon  ; 
possessing  four-ridged  molars. 

"  Tetralophodvnt  types  of  the  genus  appear  to  have 
been  represented  In  the  Miocene  period.  —  .VicAoiam  : 
Palaontotofft.  ii.  387. 

t£~tram'-er-a,  *.  pi.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
pc'poc  (jneros)  =  a  part.] 

Zool.  :  In  Latreille's  classification,  a  section 
of  the  Coleoptera  (q.v.).  They  are  distin- 
guished by  the  atrophy  of  the  fourth  tarsal 
Joint  in  all  the  feet,  so  that  they  have  only 
four  freely  articulating  joints.  The  atrophied 
joint  is  generally  extremely  minute,  and  con- 
cealed in  the  deep  notch  of  the  third  joint, 
which,  in  the  majority  of  the  species,  is  bi- 
lobed  and  clothed  beneath  with  a  brush  of 
minute  hairs.  The  section  includes  more  than 
a  third  of  the  whole  order,  and  all  the  species 
are  vegetable-feeders. 

te-tram  -er-ous,  a.    [TETBAMEBA.] 

I.   Ord.  Lang.  :   Consisting  of  four  parts  ; 
characterized  by  having  four  parts. 
U.  Technically: 

1.  Bot.  :  Divided  into  four  parts;  having 
four  parts  or  pieces.    (Asa  Gray.) 

2.  Entom.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Tetra- 
mera  (q.v.). 

te-tram'-e-ter,  «.  [Pref.  tftra-,  and  ^trpov 
(metron)  =  &  measure,  a  metre.] 

Anc.  Pros.  :  A  verse  consisting  of  four 
measures,  that  is,  in  iambic,  trochaic,  and 
anapaestic  verse,  of  eight  feet  ;  in  other  kinds 
of  verse  of  four  feet. 

"  The  first  an  couplets  interchanged  of  sixteen  and 
fourteen  feet,  the  second  of  equal  tetrameter*."—  Drajf- 
ton:  Poly-OlHon,  s.  4.  (Selclen't  lilutt.) 

tet'-ra-  me-thyl,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Eng. 
methyl.]  Containing  four  atoms  of  methyl. 

tetramethyl  ethylene,  s. 

Chem.  :  A  crystalline  mass  obtained  by 
heating  to  100  one  volume  of  ethylenic 
bromide  with  two  volumes  of  methylic  sul- 
phide. It  is  soluble  in  hot  water  and  alcohol, 
insoluble  in  ether,  and  is  precipitated  by  ether 
from  its  alcoholic  solution,  In  white  prisms. 

tet  ra  morph,  *.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
floppy  (morphe)  =  form,  figure.) 

Christ.  Art:  The  union  of  the  four  attri- 
butes of  the  evangelists  in  one,  figure,  winged, 
standing  on  winged,  fiery  wheels,  the  wings 
being  covered  with  eyes.  It  is  the  type  of 
unparalleled  velocity.  (Fairholt.) 

t  te-tran'-der,  *,    [TETBANDRIA.] 

Bot.  :  Any  individual  of  the  Tetrandria  (q.v.X 

te:tran'-dri-a,  *.  pi.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Or. 
ii'jjp  (aner),  genit.  avSpo*  (anriro*)  =  a  male.] 

Bot,  :  The  fonrth  class  in  Lmnseus's  Artifi- 
cial System.  It  consists  of  plants  having 


four  stamens  of  equal  length.   Orders  :  Mono- 
gynia,  Digynia,  and  Tetragynia. 

te  -  Iran  -  drous,  te  -  tr an'-  dri  -  an,  o. 
[TETRANDKIA.] 

Botany : 

L  (Of  the  form,  tetrandrous) :  Having  four 
stamens  ;  spec.,  having  four  stamens  of  equal 
length. 

2.  (Of  the  form  tetrandrian) :  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  the  Tetrandria  (q.v.). 

tet  rane,  s.  [Gr.  reVpa-  (tetra-)  in  comp,  as 
four  ;  suff.  -ane.]  [BUTANE.] 

tet  rant,  «.  [Gr.  Ttrpe.- (tetra-)  =  four.]  One 
of  the  four  equal  parts  into  which  the  area  ol 
a  circle  is  divided  by  two  diameters  drawn  at 
right  angles  to  each  other.  (Weale.) 

te-tran'-ther-a,  *.  [Pref.  tetr^a)-,  and  Gr. 
dv&ripoy  (aniheros)—  blooming.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Lauraeefe  (q.v.).  Trees 
mostly  from  the  East,  with  feather- veined 
leaves  and  umbels  of  generally  dioecious 
flowers,  surrounded  by  bracts.  The  f-uit  o! 
TetraTithera  Roxburghii  yields  a  fatty  exuda- 
tion. The  fruit  of  T.  laurijolia,  a  moderate- 
sized  Indian  and  Javanese  tree,  yields  an  oil. 
The  seeds  of  T.  monopetala,  also  an  Indian 
tree,  furnish  an  oil  used  for  ointment  and  for 
candles.  The  oil  from  the  berries  of  T.  lauri- 
/oJioisused  in  rheumatism,  the  bark  saturated 
in  water  or  milk  is  applied  to  bruises.  It  is 
given  internally  in  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  Ac. 
The  tree  has  a  fine  wood.  The  bark  of  T.  mono- 
petala  is  mildly  astringent  and  has  balsamic 
properties.  It  Is  used  medicinally  like  the 
oil  from  the  former  species. 

td  tran-y-chus,  ».  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
&w£  (onux),  genit.  ocvxoc  (onuchos)  =  a  claw.] 
Zool. :  A  genus  of  Trombidiidee.  Tetrany- 
chus  telarius  is  the  Red  Spider  (q.v.).  T. 
glaber  is  found  under  stones  in  damp  places, 
and  T.  lapidum  under  stones  and  on  plants. 

tet'-ra-6,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  rerpowv  (tetraon) 
=  the  blackcock.] 

1.  Ornith. :   The  type  genus  of  Tetraoninm 
(q.v.),  with  seven  species,  from  the  northern 
parts  of  Paleearctic  and  Nearctic  regions ;  but 
in  some  localities  where  they  were  formerly 
abundant,  they  now  exist  in  greatly  reduced 
numbers,  and  in  some  places  have  become 
extinct.     Bill  strong,  upper  mandible  curved, 
head  slightly  crested,   feathers  of  the  chin 
elongated    and     pointed,    tarsi    completely 
covered  with  hair-like  feathers. 

2.  Palceont. :   From   the  Post-pliocene   of 
Italian  caves. 

te-tra  -6-d6n,  s.     [TETRODON.] 

tot-  ra-o-gaT-l&B,  &  [Mod.  Lat  tetrao,  and 
gallus.] 

Ornith.  :  Snow-partridge ;  a  genus  of  Perdi- 
cine,  with  four  species,  ranging  from  the 
Caucasus  and  Himalayas  to  the  Altai  Moun- 
tains. Bill  short,  broad  at  the  base,  with  tip 
curved ;  head  plumed  ;  tarsi  naked,  shorter 
than  middle  toe,  iu  the  males  armed  with 
strong  spur;  hallux  raised,  short;  wings 
with  second  and  third  quills  longest ;  tail 
broad,  rounded. 

te-tra  -6-nId,  a.  &  s.    [TETRAON IDA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Tetra- 
onidee  (q.v.). 

B.  As  subst. :  One  of  the  family  of  Tetra- 
ouidse. 

tet  ra-  on'- 1  doe,  ».  pi  [Mod.  Lat  tetrao, 
genit.  tetraon(is);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff. 
-idee.] 

Ornith,  :  A  family  of  Gallinse,  or  Gam« 
Birds,  with  four  sub-families,  Tetraoninse, 
Perdicinse,  Oiiontophorina;,  and  Pteroclina 
(often  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  family).  The 
Tetraonidffi  include  the  Grouse,  Partridges, 
Quails,  and  allied  forms.  Wallace  (Geog.  Itist. 
Anim.,  ii.  838)  considers  that  tliey  are  essen- 
tially denizens  of  tlie  great  northern  con- 
tinents, and  that'  thejr  entrance  into  South 
America,  Australia,  and  South  Africa  ia,  com- 
paratively speaking,  recent.  They  have  de- 
veloped into  forms  equally  suited  to  the  trop- 
ical plaii.8  and  the  arctic  regions,  some  of 
them  being  among  the  few  denizens  of  the 
extreme  north  as  well  as  of  the  highest  alpine 
snows  He  puts  the  genera  at  twenty-nine 
and  the  species  at  120.  [TETRAD.] 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t 
or,  wore,  woli  work,  who,  sin;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  car,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


tetraoninse— tetricous 


4873 


tet-ca-o  ni'-nee.  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  tetrao, 
genit.  tetraon(U)  ;  Lat.  fern,  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 
Ornith. :  The  typical  sub-family  of  the 
Tetraonidse  (q.v.),  chiefly  from  the  northern 
parts  of  the  Palsearctic  and  Nearetic  regions, 
with  the  following  genera :  Tetrao,  Bonasa, 
Centrocercus,  Dendragopus,  Canace,  Falci- 
pennis,  Pediocastes,  Cupidonia,  and  Lagopus. 
They  are  rather  larg«  in  size,  heavy  in  body, 
with  small  heads,  the  nasal  fossse  tilled  with 
feathers  concealing  the  nostrils  ;  neck  moder- 
ately long;  wings  short,  rounded,  and  con- 
cave beneath  ;  stont  legs  and  feet ;  toes  with 
pectinations  of  scales  along  the  edges,  hind 
toe  elevated  above  the  plane  of  the  rest ; 
tarsi  covered  with  feathers,  in  fionasa  par- 
tially, in  Lagopus  to  the  claws. 

te-tra'-6-nyx,  ».    [TETRANYCHca] 

Zool. :  An  Asiatic  genus  of  Emydse  ;  having 
five  toes,  but  one  on  each  foot  without  a  nail. 
Twenty-five  marginal  scales.  Species,  Tetra- 
(myx  lasonii  and  T.  baska. 

tet-ra-o-pha'-sis,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  tetrao,  and 
Lat.  phasis.]  [PHEASANT.] 

Ornith. :  LopKophorus  obscurns ;  often  made 
a  separate  genus  of  the  sub-family  Lopho- 
phorinse  (q.v.),  connecting  the  Phasianinae 
with  Tetraogallus,  and  so  with  the  Perdicina?. 
This  bird  was  discovered  by  Pere  David  in 
Tibet,  »nd  described  by  him.  General  colour 
brown,  marked  with  darker  shades;  bare  skin 
of  face  red,  tarsi  and  feet  horn-colour.  The 
sexes  are  alike  in  plumage  ;  female  destitute 
of  spurs. 

tfit-ra-pet'-al-ofis.   o.      [Pref.  tetra-,   and 
Eng.  petalous  (q.v.).] 
Bat. :  Having  four  petals. 

"  All  the  tctrapctalwu  stllquose  plants  an  alkales- 
cent"— Arbuthnot. 

teVra-phar'-ma-co'n,  tSt-ra-phar'- 
ma-cum,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Or.  ^ap/iaKop 
(pharmakon)  =  a  drug.]  A  combination  of  wax, 
resin,  lard,  and  pitch,  composing  an  ointment. 

tet-ra-phe'-no'l,  t.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Eng. 
phenol.] 

Chein. :  €41140.  A  neutral,  colourlesa  liquid, 
obtained  by  distilling  the  pyromucatea  with 
soda-lime.  It  boils  at  32°. 

tSt-ra-phyl'-ine,  «.    [Pref.  tetra- ;  Or.  £UA.J 
(phitlc)  —  a  stem,  suff.  -ine  (Afin.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  TBIPHVLITE  (q.v.). 

t«  traph  -yl-loSs,  a.    [Pref.  tetm-,  and  Or. 

4>vAAov  (phuUon)  =  a  leaf.) 
Bot. :  Having  four  leaves. 

tSf -ra-pla,  ».  [Gr.  rtrp^Aoot  (tetraplooi)  = 
fourfold ;  Fr.  tetraple.} 

Sacred  Literature :  An  edition  of  the  whole 
or  a  part  of  the  Scriptures  In  four  parallel 
columns ;  specif.,  an  edition  of  the  Greek 
Testament  compiled  by  Origen,  containing 
the  versions  of  Aquila,  Symmachus,  the  Sep- 
tuagint,  and  Theodotion.  [HBXAPLA.] 

teVra-pleu'-ra,  «.    [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
irAeupoi'  (pleuron)  =  a  rib.) 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Eumimoseee. 

tSt-rap-neu'-mo-nes,  >.  pi.  [Pref.  tetra-, 
and  Gr.  n-yevpopet  (pneumones)  =  the  lungs.] 

Zool. :  Four-lunged  Spiders,  a  tribe  of 
Araneida,  with  a  single  family,  Mygalidse 
(q.v.).  There  are  two  pairs  of  lung-sacs  and 
two  pairs  of  spinnerets,  and  the  claws  of  the 
falces  bend  downwards. 

tot  rap  neu  mo  ni  an,   t.      [TETRAPNKU- 

MONES.]    Any  individual  of  the  tribe  Tetra- 
pneumones  (q.v.). 

tiSf-ra-pSd,  s.  [Gr.  rirpa-  (tetra-)  =  four,  and 
H-OVS  (poua),  genit.  iroios  (podos)  =  a  foot.]  A 
four-footed  animal,  especially  an  insect  having 
only  four  perfect  legs,  as  certain  Lepidoptera. 

t  tet-ra-pSd-Ich -mte,  «.  [Eng.  tetmpod, 
and  ichnite  (q.v.).] 

Palceont. :  The  footprint  of  a  four-footed 
animal  left  on  the  rocks. 

*  te-tr&p'-o-dy,  s.  [TETBAPOD.]  A  series  of 
four  feet ;  a  measure  or  distance  of  four  feet. 

T8t-ra-poT-l-tan,  a.  [Gr.  rrrpairoXit  (tetra- 
polis)  =  of  or  with  four  cities.]  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  four  towns.  (See  compound.) 


Tetrapolitan  Confession,  s. 

Symbolic  Books  :  The  Confession  of  Faith 
presented  to  the  Diet  of  Augsburg  in  1530  by 
the  representatives  of  the  cities  of  Constance, 
Lindau,  Memmingen,  and  Strasburg.  It  was 
the  same  as  the  Confession  of  Augsburg, 
except  in  a  minute  verbal  difference  in  the 
part  relating  to  the  Eucharist. 

tet-ra-po'-ma,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
irJVa  (poma)  =  a  lid,  a  cover  ;  so  named 
because  the  capsule  is  four-valved.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Tetrapomidse 
(q.v.).  Pouch  one-celled,  four-valved;  with 
four  rows  of  seeds.  Plants  from  Siberia  and 
North-western  America. 

tSt-ra-po'-ml-dse,  ».  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  tetra- 
vow(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idle.] 
Bot.  :  A  family  of  Pleurorhizese  (q.v.). 

tSt-ra-pii-a-nid'-I-an,  a.  [Pref.  tetra-, 
and  dimin.  from  Gr.  npitav  (prvm)  •=.  a  saw.] 

Zool.  :  A  term  applied  to  all  the  forms 
grouped  under  Phyllograptus  (q.v.),  in  which 
the  polypary  is  leaf-like  in  shape,  and  con- 
sists of  four  rows  of  cellules  placed  back  to 
back. 

tSt-ra-pro'-ti-dSn,  i.  (Pref.  tetra-;  Gr. 
irptoTO!  (proton)  =  ti  rst,  and  oioiis  (odous),  genit 
ofiovro?  (odontos)  =  a  tooth.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Hippopotamidfe,  or  a 
sub-genus  of  Hippopotamus.  The  group  is 
distinguished  from  Hexaprotodon  (q.v.),  by 
having  only  four  lower  incisors.  It  therefore 
Includes  the  fossil  species  from  the  Pliocene 
and  Post-Pliocene  of  Europe,  and  the  living 
Hippopotamus  autphibius. 

tS-trap'-ter-an,  >.  [Pref.  tetra  =  four,  and 
Or.  irrepoV  (pteron)  =  a  wing.]  An  insect  which 
has  four  wings,  the  normal  number,  aa  distin- 
guished from  a  dipteran  and  an  apteran. 

tS-trap'-ter-o&s,  o.  [TETRAJTIBAH.]  Having 
four  wings  or  processes  resembling  wings. 
(Used  chiefly  in  botany.) 

te  trap  ter  fis,  ..  [Pref.  Mro-,  and  Gr. 
in-ipor  (pteron)  =  a  fln.] 

Palceml.  :  A  genus  of  Xiphiidse  (q.v.X  from 
the  Chalk  of  Lewes  and  Maastricht  and  the 
London  Clay  of  Sheppey. 

tet'  rap-tote,  ».     [Gr.  rerpairrarot  (tetrapto- 
tos)  =  with  four  grammatical  cases  :  rirpa.- 
(tetra-)  =  four,  and  irrwo-ts  (ptotis)  =  a  case.] 
Gram.  :  A  noun  which  has  four  cases  only. 

tSt-ra-py-ren'-ous,  a.    [Pref.  tetra-,  and 
Gr.  irvfnji-  (purln)  =  the  stone  of  stone-fruit.] 
Bot.  :  Having  four  stones. 

tetraqnetrons  (as  te'-trak'-wS-trns),  a. 

[Pref.  tetra-,  and  Lat.  quadratus  =  square.  ] 
Bot.  :  Having  four  angles  or  sides. 

to'-  trarch,  *  tSf  -  rarch,  *  tet-  rark, 
*  tet-rarck,  s.  &  a.  [Lat.  tetrarcha,  from 
Gr.  T«Tpapxi*  (tetrarchis)  =  *  tetrarch,  from 
rerp-  (tetr-),  for  rtipa-  (tetra-)  =  four,  and 
«PX«  (archff)  =  to  rule  ;  Fr.  tetrarque.] 

A.  At  subst.  :    A  Roman  governor  of  the 

fourth   part   of  a   province  ;  a  subordinate 

prince  or  governor  ;  a  petty  prince  or  sovereign. 

"While  kings  and  (ttrarchi  proud,  a  jmrple  train  .  .  . 

Poueu'd  the  rising  grounds  And  drier  plain." 

JtoKt  :  Lucan  ;  Phartalia  vii. 

*  B*  As  adj.:  Four  principal  or  chief: 
as,  tetrarch  elements.  (Fuller.) 

«  tc  trarch  ate,  tSt'-raroh-ate,  s.  [Eng. 
tetrarch;  -ate.]  The  district  under  a  Roman 
tetrarch  ;  the  jurisdiction  of  a  tetrarch  ;  a 
tetrarchy. 

*  tSt-rar'-ohio-al,  o.  [Gr.  rrrp<ipxut«  (tetrar- 
chtkos),  from  Terpopxii  (tetrarches)  =  a  te- 
trarch.] Of  or  pertaining  to  a  tetrarch  or 
tetrarchy. 

"The  patriarchs   had  a  sort  of  MrarcMcat.   or 
ethnarcbical  aothorlty."—  Bolinffbrokt  :  Authority  in 


tcf  rar    chy,   »  tet-rar-chle,    ».     [Fr. 

tetrar'chie,  from  Lat.  tetrarchia  ;  Gr.  rtrpafxia. 

(tetrarchia).']    A  tetrarchate  (q.v.). 

"  There  Is  a  government  or  tttrarchif  also,  but  out 
of  the  quarter  of  Lycaonia,  on  that  site  that  bordereth 
upon  Oalatia."—  P.  Holland  :  PUnic.  bk.  V..  ch.  xx  vi  i. 

tet  ra-rhyn'-chus,  s.    [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
pv-y\ot  (rhungchos)  =  the  snout.] 
Zool.  :  A  gennsof  Plathelmintha.  Tapeworms 


with  four  proboscis-like  tentacles,  thickly  sfjt 
with  hooklets  retracted  near  the  suckers. 

tdt-ra-sep'-a-lous,  a.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Eng. 
sepalous  (q.v.).] 
Bot.  :  Having  four  sepals. 

*  tot-ra-spas  ton,  >.     [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Gr 
o-Traui  (spao)  =  to  draw,  to  pull.]    A  machine 
in  which  four  pulleys  all  act  together. 

tet-ra-sperm'-ous,    u.     [Pi-ef.  tetra-,  and 
Gr.  <nrpe>a  (sperma)  —  a  seed.] 
Bot.  :  Having  or  producing  four  seeds. 

tet'-ra-spore,  «.     [Pref.   tetra-,  and   Eng. 
jpore(q.v-).] 

Bot.  (PI.):  Little  clusters  of  spores,  generally 
four,  rarely  eight  ;  one  of  two  forms  of  fructv 
ncation  found  in  the  Rhodospenne%  (q.v.). 

tct  ra-spdr-ic,  «.    [Eng.  tetraspor(e)  ;  -in.] 
Bot.  :  Composed  of  tetraspores. 

•  te-trast'-Io,  *  tS-trasf  -iou,  *  t«-trasf  - 
ick,  s.     [Gr.  TrrpauTcxos  (tetraitichos),  from 
rerpa-  (tetra-)  =  four,  and  O-TI'XOS  (gtichos)  =  a 
row,  a  verse.]    A  stanza,  poem,  or  epigram, 
consisting  of  four  verses. 

••  The  tetratttck  obliged  Spenser  to  extend  his  s 
to  the  length  of  four  lines,  which  would  have 
more  closely  confined  in  tbe  couplet."—  Pop*. 

te  tras  tich  ous,  a.    [TETBASTIC.] 
Bot.  :  Having  a  four-cornered  spike. 

te  tras'-to  6n,  ».    [Gr.  re'rpa-  (tetra-)  =  four, 
and  o-roa  (stoa)  —  a  portico.] 

Arch.  :  A  courtyard  with  porticoes  or  open 
colonnades  on  each  of  its  four  sides.  (Britten.) 

tet'-rtv-Style,  a.  or  «.    [Pref.  tetra,  and  Eng. 


e  been 


... 

Arch.  :     Having    or    consisting    of    four 
columns  ;  having  a  portico  consisting  of  four 
columns,  as  the  Temple  of  Fortuna  Virilis  at 
Rome  ;    a   portico,    &c.,   consisting  of  four 
avdium  w  d  etrastle 


"  A  fefrojfyte  of  very  beautiful  Gothic  col 
D^foe  :  Tour  thro'  ffrtat  Britain,  i.  S78. 


tot  ra  syllab-Ic.tet  ra  syl  lab  Ic  aL 

a.  [Pref.  tetra-,  and  Eng.  syllabic,  syllabical 
(q.v.).]  Consisting  of  four  syllables. 

tet'-ra-syl-la-ble,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat 
tetrasyllabus,  from  Gr.  Terpao-vAAo>Jos  (tetra- 
sullabos).  ]  A  word  consisting  of  four  syllables. 

tet  -ra-the'-cal,  a.  [Pret  tetra-,  and  Gr. 
MJIOI  (thekl)  =  a  box.] 

Bot.  (Of  a  plant)  :  Having  four  cells  in  the 
ovary. 

tet  ra-thl-on'-Ic,  a.    [Pref.  tetra-;  Gr.  8«io» 

gieion)  —  sulphur,  and  Eng.  suff.  -t'c.]    Con- 
ining  four  atoms  of  sulphur. 

tetrathionic  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  HsS^Os.  A  colourless,  inodorous, 
very  acid  liquid,  -produced  by  the  action  of 
iodine  on  hyposulphites.  On  being  boiled  it 
is  rapidly  decomposed  into  sulphuric  acid, 
sulphurous  acid,  and  sulphur.  The  tetra- 
thionates  are  all  soluble  in  water,  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 

tet-ra-tom'-io,  a.  [Pref.  telrfa)-,  and  Eng. 
atonic  (q.v.).]  The  same  as  TETBADIC  (q.v.). 

t«5t-rene,  ».  [Or.  rerpa-  (tetra-),  in  compos. 
=  four  ;  suff.  -ene.]  [BUTENE.] 

tSt-rS-thjtt'-Ko,  «•  IP"*  tetr(a)-,  and  Eng. 
ethylic.]  Containing  four  parts  of  ethyl. 

tetrethylio-  silicate,  ».     [ETHVL-BIU- 

GATE.] 

"t8t'-ric,  *t«St'-ric-aL   •tijt-rio-on.,, 

*  tet'-rlok,  a.  [Lat.  tetricus,  from  teter  = 
offensive,  foul  ;  Fr.  tetrique.]  Froward,  per- 
verse, harsh,  sour,  rugged. 

"  It  is  not  good  to  be  too  ttfricril  and  vimlent. 

Kinile     words    make    rough    actions    plausible.  "— 

Fettfiam  :  A'«io/»M,  pt.  i.,  res.  8. 

»  tiSt'-rio-al-nSss,  *.  [Eng.  tetrical;  -nets.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tetrical  ;  froward- 
ness,  perverseness,  harshness. 

•tiS-trio'-I-ty,  «.  [Eng.teMc  ;-«y.]  Crabbed- 
ness,  perverseness,  tetricalness. 

»  tet'-rlc-oiis,  o.    [TETBia] 


b«y ;  p,{ut,  J61.-1;  eat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,   ph  =  L 
-dan,  -tlan  =  sham,   -tlon,  -slon  =  shun;  -tlon,  -slon  =  zhun.   -clous,   tlous,    slons  =  suiU.   -We,  -die,  tc.  =  bel,  d^l. 


4674 


tetrodon— Teutonic 


tet  -ro  don,  te  tra  6  doji,  s.  [Pref.  tetra-, 
and  uoov*  (odous),  genit.  oSoiro*  (odontos)  =  a 
tooth.] 

Ichthy.  :  The  type  genus  of  Tetrodontina, 
having  the  upper  and  lower  jaws  divided  by 
a  mesial  suture,  so  as  to  separate  the  denti- 
tion into  four  distinct  portions.  More  than 
sixty  species  are  known,  from  tropical  and 
sub-tropi- 
cal seas.  In 
some  the 
dermal 
spines  are 
extremely 
small,  and 
may  be  ab- 
sent altoge- 

ther,  and  TETRODON  XAKGERITATUS. 
many  of 
them  are  highly  ornamented  with  spots  or 
bands.  A  few  live  in  large  rivers  :  as,  Tetro- 
don psitlacus,  from  Brazil,  T.  jahaka,  from  the 
Nile  and  West  African  rivers,  and  T.  fluvia- 
tilie,  from  brackish  waters  and  rivers  of  the 
Bast  Indies.  T.  tagocephalv*  has  been  taken 
on  the  coast  of  Cornwall  and  Ireland,  the 
largest  recorded  being  twenty-one  inches  long. 

tet  ro-don-ti  na,  t.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tetro- 
don, genit.  tetrodonU.it);  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj. 
suit,  -inn.] 

1.  Ir.hlhy.  :   A  widely-distributed  group  of 
Gymnodontes.      They  are  marine  fishes,   of 
moderate  or  small  size,  from  tropical  or  sub- 
tropical seas,  with  a  few  fresh-water  species, 
arranged  in  eight  genera,  of  which  the  most 
important  are    Tetrodon  (including   Xenop- 
terus)and  Diudon.    The  body  is  short,  thick, 
and    cylindrical,    with    well-developed    fins, 
and  covered  with  a  thick,  scaleless  akin,  in 
which  spines  of  various  sizes  are  embedded. 
They  can  inflate  the  body  by  filling  the  dis- 
tensible (jesophagus  with  air,  and  then  they 
assume  a  more  or  less  globular  form,  floating 
belly  upwards,  whence  they  are  called  Globe- 
flshes  ;    and   from    their   defensive  spinous 
Armour  they  are  often  known  as  Sea-hedge- 
hogs.    When  captured  they  produce  a  sound, 
probably   by  the  expulsion  of  air  from  the 
oesophagus.     Some  of  them  are  highly  poi- 
sonous;  but  as  the  poisonous   qualities  of 
their  flesh  vary  greatly  in  intensity  in  different 
species  and  in  different  localities,  it  is  probable 
that  they  acquire  the  deleterious  properties 
from  their  food,  which  consist*  of  corals  and 
hard-shelled  molluscs,  for  crushing  which  the 
broad  posterior  surface  of  their  jaws  is  well- 
adapted. 

2.  Palaxmt.:  Prom  the  Kocene  of  Monte 
Bolea  and  Licata. 

ti-trol'-Ic,  a.  (Or.  tirpa  (tetra-)  =  four  ;  «uff. 
•oi,  -tc.J 

Chem.  :  Having  four  atoms  of  carbon  In  the 
series. 

tetrolic  acid,  ». 

Chem.  :  C4H4Oo.  A  monobasic  acid  pre- 
pared by  heating  ohlor  a  crotonie  acid  with 
alcoholic  potassic  hydrate  on  tire  water-bath, 
decomposing  the  potassium  salt  formed  with 
sulphuric  acid,  and  extracting  with  ether.  It 
crystallizes  in  rhombic  tables,  soluble  ill  alco- 
hol and  ether,  melts  at  76-5°,  and  boils  at  203°. 

tSt'-ryl,  ».    [Gr.  rnpa-  (tetra-)  =  four  ;  suff. 

-»(.)     [BHTYL.] 

t«  tryl-a  mine,  ».    [Eng.  tetryl,  and  amine.) 

(BUTYLAMINE.) 

tSf-ryl-ene,  s.   [Eng.  tetryl;  -en*.]  [BoTENt] 
totrylene  diaminc,  .-•. 


duced  by   the  action  of    nascent  hydrogen 
upon  ethylene  cyanide.    It  boils  at  140°. 

t*t-ryl-en'-Ic,  a.    [Eng.  tetr#len(e)  ;  -ic.) 

Chem.  :  Containing  tetrylene. 

tctrylcnic  acetate,  s. 

Chem.  :  OgH^^^sT^  }  Oj.  A  colour- 
less, oily  liquid,  prepared  by  distilling  tetry- 
lenic  bromide  with  argenticacetate.  Insoluble 
in  wafer,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  boils 
at  200°,  and  readily  decomposed  by  alkalis. 

tc  try  lenic  -alcohol,   s.      [BUTENE-OLY- 

COL.J 

tctrylonic  bromide,  s. 

Vlum.  :  C4HsBrj,.     An  oily  liquid  obtained 


by  mixing  tetrene  with  bromine  vapour.    I 
boils  at  158°. 

tetrylenic  chloride,  i. 

Chem. :  C4HHCl-,>.  A  colourless  oil  obtainec 
by  the  direct  union  of  chlorine  with  tetrene 
in  diffused  daylight.  It  has  a  sweetish  odour, 
a  burning  taste,  sp.  gr.  1-118  at  28°,  boils  al 
1233,  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  al 
cohol  and  ether. 

tet'-ryl-in,  s.    [Eng.  tetryl;  -in.] 

Chem:  The  hypothetic  radical  derived  from 
Tetrylene  (q.v.). 

tetrylin  triamine,  s. 

Chem. :  C4HiaNa  =  Ns  3 '   4,  "    A  triatomic 


base  produced  by  the  action  of  nascent  hydro- 
gen on  cyanoform.     It  boils  at  170°. 


,  *  tet-*r,  *  tet-ere,  •  tet-tar, ». 

[A.  S.  teter,  prob.  cogn.  with  leel.  titra,  =  to 
shiver,  to  twinkle  ;  Ger.  zittern  =  to  tremble ; 
zittermal  —  a  tetter,  ringworm ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
ntaroch,  zUaroch  ;  Fr.  dartre ;  Sansc.  dardru 
=  a  tetter.) 

1.  A  cutaneous  disease,  spreading  all  over 
the  body,  and  causing  a  troublesome  itching ; 
herpes  (q.v.).  [SCALI.,  K.] 

1  A  name  vaguely  applied  to  several  cu- 
taneous diseases. 

"  Suffer  the  eniuiiet  language,  as  it  wen  a  ttttar  or 
riugworue,  to  harbor  11  lelie  within  the  iaww  of 
English  conquerors."— Bolitahtd  :  Detent*.  Ireland, 
en.  I. 

tetter-berry,  s. 

Hot. :  Bryonia  dioica.  So  named  because  it 
cures  tetters.  (Prior.)  But  in  Hampshire 
children  think  that  the  juice  applied  to  the 
skin  will  produce  tetter.  (Britten  t  Holland.) 

*  tet'-ter,  ».(.     [TETTER,  ».]     To  affect  with 

tetter. 

"  So  shall  my  lungs 

Coin  words  till  their  decay,  against  tboee 
Which  we  disdain  should  tetter  us." 

Sfciiop. .   Coriolamu.  Ill  1. 

te't'-ter-to't-ter,  ».    [TiTrERTOTTER,  «.&«.] 

*  tet'-ter-ofts,   «.      [Eng.    tetter,    ».;    -out.] 
Having  the  character  or  nature  of  tetter  • 
affected  with  tetter. 

te't'-ter-wort,  «.    [Eng.  Utter,  and  wort.    Bo 
named  because  it  cures  tetters.    (Prior.)] 
Sot. :  Chelidonium  majus. 

tet-ti-g6n'  I-a,  ».  [Lat.,  from  Or.  rtmynvia 
(tettigania)  =  a  small  cricket  or  grasshopper.] 
Entom. :  A  genus  of  Jassida  (q.v.),  with 
very  numerous  species,  chiefly  from  America. 
The  distance  between  the  ocelli  and  the  ocelli 
and  the  eyes  equal.  There  is  one  British 
species,  Tettigonia  i-uridis. 

*  tet-tl-go   m'  a-dse,   «.  pi.     [Lat  Utti- 
goni(a);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  snff.  -ado;.] 

Entom. :  An  old  family  of  Horaoptera,  now 
merged  in  Jassidie. 

* tSf -ttolx,  a.     [Fr.  «te  =  a  head;  cf. 
Testy,  peevish,  crabbed,  tetchy. 

"  This  rogue.  If  he  had  been  sober,  sure  had  beaten 
me,  he  U  the  most  tettilh  knare."— Btamn.  t  flft.  : 
Wit  tnttout  Hone,,  s. 

*tSt'-ty,  a.    [TETTISH.]    Irritable,  tetchy. 

"Ho  cbolerlck  and  tetty  that  no  man  mar  speak 
with  them."— Burton. 

touch,  tough,  <>.    [TonoB.J    Tough.  (Scotch.) 

"  Unco  thick  In  the  soles,  as  ye  may  WM!  mind,  lor 
by  being  teuch  in  the  upper  leather."— Soott:  Otd  Mor. 
taliri/,  ok  xxviii. 

teu'-crln,  ».    [Mod.  Lat  teucr(iwn);  -in.] 

Chem. :  C2iHo4Ou.  A  glucoside  obtained 
from  Teucrium  fmticans.  Nitric  acid  con- 
verts it  into  a  crystallized  acid  having  the 
composition  C8HgO8. 

teu'-cri-um,  «.      [Lat.    teucritm,  from  Gr. 
Ttvupioi'  (teukriori)  =  a  kind  of  germander.) 

Bot. :  Germander :  a  genus  of  Labiate,  tribe 
Ajugeae.  Calyx  tubular,  five-toothed,  nearly 
equal,  or  two-lipped  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
bipartite,  the  lower  one  patent,  three-cleft ; 
stamens,  much  exserted.  Known  species 
eighty-six,  from  temperate  and  warm  coun- 
tries. All  the  European  species  were,  of  old, 
held  in  high  repute  medicinally,  for  their 
aromatic,  bitter,  and  stomachic  properties.  Twu 
were  used  in  the  treatment  of  gout  The 
United  States  has  one  species,  T.  canadente, 
the  American  Germander,  or  Wood  Sage. 


teud  dp   sis,  s.    [Mod.  Lat  tcuthit,  and  Or. 
oj(ii  (apsis)  =  appearance.] 

Palcfont. :  A  genus  of  Teuthid«e,  or  a  sub- 
genus  of  I.oligo,  with  five  species,  from  the 
Upper  Lias  and  Oolite  of  France  and  Wur- 
te.nlierg.  Pen  like  Loligo,  but  dilated  and 
spatulate  behind. 

teu'-thl-dw,  t.pl.    [Mod.  Lat.  tevtMis);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  siiff.  -i 


1.  Zool. :    Calamaries,  Squids  ;  a  family  ol 
Dibranchiate  Cephalopods,  section  OctopoAa. 
Body  elongated  ;  (ins  short,  broad,  and  mostly 
terminal ;  shell  horny,  consisting  of  a  shaft 
and  two  lateral  expansions  or  wings.     There 
are  eighteen  genera,  very  widely  distributed, 
which   D'Orbigny    divided   into  two  sub-fa- 
milies:   Hyopsidae  (having  the  eyes  covered 
with  skin)  and  Oigopsidse  (having  tin-  eyes- 
naked,  tins  terminal  and  united,  forming  a 
rhomb). 

2.  Palaont. :  The  family  appears  first  in  the 
Lias. 

teu-thld'-i-dje,  ».  pi  [Mod.  Lat  teuthis, 
genit.  teuthid(is);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 
Ichthy :  A  family  of  Acanthopterygii  Per- 
cifonnes,  with  a  single  genus.  (TEUTHIS.) 
Body  oblong,  strongly  compressed,  covered 
with  small  scales ;  lateral  line  continuous  ; 
one  dorsal,  the  spinous  portion  being  the 
more  developed ;  anal  with  seven  spines ; 
ventrals  thoracic,  with  an  outer  and  an  inner 
spine,  with  three  soft  rays  between. 

teu  -this,  «.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  T«U«I'S  (tevthis)  = 
a  squid.] 

Ichthy. :  The  sole  genus  of  the  family  Teu- 
thididie  (q.v.),  with  about  thirty  species  from 
the  Indp-Pacinc.  They  are  small  herbivorous 
fishes,  rather  more  than  a  foot  long. 

tout  -lose,  «.  [Gr.  r^rAe..  (tentlon)  =  beet ; 
sutf.  -me.] 

Chem. :  A  kind  of  sugar  resembling  glucose, 
said  tq  exist,  under  certain  circumstances,  u> 
the  juice  of  beet  (Wattt.) 

Teu-ton,  «.  [Lat.  Teutones.]  (TECTONIC.) 
Originally  one  of  an  ancient  German  tribe, 
conquered  by  the  Romans  under  Marius  in 
B.C.  100  ;  ultimately  applied  to  the  Germanic 
people  of  Europe  generally,  and  now  used  to 
denote  Germans,  Dutch,  Scandinavians,  and 
those  of  Anglo-Saxon  descent,  as  opposed  to 
Celts. 

Teu-ton'-Ic,  a.  &  «.  [Lat  7'<u(onioiu,  from 
Teutones,  the  Latinised  form  of  the  native 
name,  the  original  appearing  iu  M.  H.  Ger. 
duititk  =  national]  (DUTCH.) 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Teu- 
tons, a  people  of  Germanic  origin  ;  in  a  wider 
sense  pertaining  to  the  Scandinavians   and 
people  of  Anglo-Saxon  descent,  as  well  as  to 
German  races    proper ;    German,    Germanic. 

If  Teuto-Cetiic  :  Of  mixed  Teutonic  and  Celtic 
lineage,  as  the  inhabitants  of  the  northern 
French  provinces. 

B.  As  sitbsi. :  The  language  or  languages 
collectively  of  the  Teutons.    [TEfTouic-uui- 

OUAUES.] 

Teutonic-cross,  s.    ^ 

Her. :  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  a  cross  potent, 
from  its  having  been  the 
original  badge  assigned  by 
the  l*inperor  Henry  VI.  to 
the  knights  of  the  Teutonic 
order  (q.v.). 

Teutonic-Ian-  TECTONIC-C«OSS. 
guages,  «.  pi. 

Philol. :  A  group  of  allied  languages  belong- 
ing to  the  Aryan,  or  Indo-European  family. 
The  Teutonic  dialects  may  be  arranged  in 
three  sub-divisions : 

(1)  Low    Gtrmun:    Including    the    Gutiiic, 
Frisian,    Dutch,   Flemish,    Old    Saxon,    and  ' 
English  tongues. 

(2)  Scandinavian:  Including  the  Icelandic, 
Norwegian,  Swedish,  and  Danish  tongues. 

(3)  High  German,  divided  into  thiv«-  stages : 
(a)  Old  High  German,  spoken  in   Upper  or 
South  Germany  trom  the  lieKinning  of  the 
eighth  to  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century  ; 
(i>)   Middle  High  German,  spoken   in  Upper 
Germany  from  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  to 
the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century  ;  (c)  Modern 
High  German. 


fete,  at,  t&re,  amidst,  what,  I&1L  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine.  pit.  •ire,  Bir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  w^H  work,  whd.  son ;  mute,  otib.  cure,  tjnlte,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    «,  OB  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  <m  =  kw. 


Teutonicism— texture 


487S 


Teutonic-nations,  s.  pi.  The  different 
•ations  composing  the  Teutonic  race.  They 
are  divided  into  three  branches  :  (1)  The  High 
German,  including  the  Teutonic  inhabitants 
of  Upper  and  Middle  Germany,  Switzerland, 
and  the  greater  part  of  the  Germans  of 
Hungary  ;  (2)  The  Saxons,  or  Low  Germans, 
including  the  Frisians,  Low  Germans,  Dutch, 
Flemish,  and  English  ;  (3)  The  Scandinavians, 
including  Icelanders,  Norwegians,  Swedes, 
and  Danes. 

Teutonic-order,  s.  A  military  religious 
«rder  of  knights,  established  towards  the 
close  of  the  twelfth  century,  in  imitation  of 
the  Templars  and  Hospitallers.  It  was  com- 
posed chiefly  of  Teutonic  crusaders,  and  was 
established  in  the  Holy  Land  for  charitable 
pur(»oses.  It  gradually  attained  to  high 
power,  but  began  to  decline  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  and  was  finally  abolished  by  Na- 
poleon in  1809. 

Teu-ton'-I-elsm,  s.  [Eng.  Teutonic;  -ism.] 
A  Teutonic  idiom  or  expression  ;  a  Germanism. 

Teu'-ton-Ism,  t.  [Eng.  Teuton ;  -ton.]  A 
Teatonicism  (q.v.). 

"A  refreshing  absence  of  Teutonirmt  from  hla  ren- 
dering of  this  famous  correspondence." — St.  Jamet'i 
Gazette.  Dec.  22,  1886. 

Teu'-ton-ize,  v.t.  &  i.    [Eng.  Teuton;  -ize.} 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  Teutonic  or  German  ; 
to  make  conformable  to  German   idiom  or 
analogies. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  conform  to  German  cus- 

liums,  &c. 

'  (ew  as  u)  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    [A.S.  tetoian  = 
to  taw,  to  work,  to  beat.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  work  ;  to  prepare  by  working ;  to  be 
^lively  employed  about ;  to  fatigue.    (Prov.) 

*  2.  To  pull  about,  to  tease,  to  tumble  over. 

"  Do  not  anger  'em  .  .  . 
They  will  to  tew  you  else." 

Beaur*.  A  flet.  :  Pilffrim,  IT.  «, 

3.  To  beat,  work,  or  press,  as  hemp,  leather, 
""  i. ;  to  taw. 

*  4.  To  dress,  to  treat. 

"Within  here,  h'tw  made  the  gayest  sport  with  Tom 
the  ootthmM,  so  teretkl  him  up  with  sack  that  he  lies 
lashing  a  butt  of  M.-Umsie  fur  his  mares."— Beawn.  A 
flet.:  Wit  wkihvut  Money.  Hi. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  labour. 

•  (ew  as  u)  (2),  v.t.    [Tow,  ».]    To  tow, 
j  drag,  to  pull  along. 

"  The  goodly  river  Lee  he  wisely  did  divide, 
By  which   the  Danes  hud   then   their  full-fraught 
navies  tew'd."  Drayton  :  Poly-Oloion,  a.  12. 

tew  (ew  as  u)  (1),  s.  [A.S.  tawa  =  instru- 
ments, tools.]  Materials  for  anything. 

tew  (ew  as  u)  (2),  s.  [TAW  (2),  v.]  An  iron 
cliain  ;  a  rope  or  chain  for  towing  or  dragging 
anything  along,  at  a  vessel,  a  boat,  or  the 

like. 

teW -el  (ew  as  u),  *  tew  ell,  *  tu  ill,  «. 
[0.  Fr.  tuiel,  tueil;  Fr.  tuyau.} 
L  A  pipe,  a  chimney,  a  funnel. 
"  In  the  back  of  the  forge,  against  the  fire-place,  Is 
Axed  a  thick  iron  plate,  and  a  taper  pipe  In  it  above 
five  laches  long,  called  a  tewel,  or  tevel  Iron,  which 
comes  through  the  back  of  the  forge;  into  this  teuel 
Is  placed  thelieJlowB."— Moxon. 

2.  The  same  as  TUYERE  (q.v.). 
teW-ihg  (ew  as  u),  pr.  par.  or  a,  [Tew  (1),  v.} 

tewing-beetle,  *.  A  spade-shaped  in* 
strumentfor  beating  hemp,  tewing,  touseling, 
tawing,  or  teasing  being  yet  existing  terms 
for  the  working  by  pulling  and  beating. 

tew'-taw  (ew  as  n),  v.t.  [A  reduplication 
of  taw,  v.,  or  tew  (1),  v.]  To  beat  or  break,  as 
hemp  or  flax ;  to  taw. 

"The  method  and  way  of  watering,  pilling,  break- 
Ing,  and  trwttitainy  of  hemp  and  flax.  Is  a  particular 
business.  "—Mortimer. 


. „  $.     [After  Texas,   Pennsylvania, 

where  found,  and  Gr.  Allot  (lithos)  =  a  stone  ; 
Ger.  texnlith.} 
3fin. :  The  same  as  BRUCFTE  (q.v.). 

Tex  an,  a.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Texas,  formerly 
part  of  the  State  of  Coahuila  in  Mexico,  hut 
which,  declaring  its  independence  on  March  2, 
1S36,  and  vindicating  it  the  same  year  in  battle, 
became  in  Dec.,  1845,  a  State  of  the  American 
Union. 


Texan  fever,*.   A  splenetic  fever  sonie- 

times  epidemic  on  the  southern  cattle  ranges, 
especially  among  uuacclimaled  stock,  and  nut 
infrequently  communicated  to  northern  herds 
by  animals  coming  frum  au  infected  district. 
Also  called  Texas  fever. 

Texan  shrew-mole,  s. 

Zool.  ;  Scalopt  lutimanus,  from  Mexico  and 
Texas.  Hair  black,  long,  thin,  slightly  crisped; 
feet  larger  ana  broader  than  in  any  other 
species  of  the  genus. 


,  s.    The  pilot-house,  captain's  quarters, 
c.,  composing  the  uppermost  works  on  a  river 
steamer  in  the  West  and  South.     (Local.) 

text,  *  textc,  s.  [Fr.  texte  =  a  text,  the 
original  words  or  subject  of  a  book,  from  Lat. 
textum  =  that  which  is  woven,  a  fabric,  the 
style  of  an  author,  a  text  ;  prop.  m-ut.  sing. 
of  textus,  pa.  par.  of  texo  =  to  weave.] 

1.  A  discourse,  composition,  or  subject  upon 
which  a  note  or  commentary  is  written  ;  the 
original  words  of  an  author  as  distinguished 
from  a  paraphrase  or  commentary. 

"  For  In  plain  text,  withouten  uede  of  gloae, 
Thou  hast  translated  the  Romaunt  of  the  Rose." 
Chaucer  :  Legend*  of  Good  Women.    (Prol.) 

2.  A  verse  or  passage  of  Scripture,  especially 
one  selected  as  the  theme  of  a  sermon  or  dis- 
course. 

*'  In  religion 

What  error,  but  some  »ober  brow 
Will  bless  it,  and  approve  it  with  a  textt* 

Shakeip.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  lit  t 

T  It  is  said  that  the  first  ecclesiastic  who 
preached  from  a  text  in  England  was  Stephen 
Langton,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  did 
so  about  1204.  Not  till  after  the  fifteenth 
century  were  texts  universally  in  use  among 
preachers. 

3.  Hence,  any  subject  or  theme  chosen  to 
enlarge  or  comment  upon  ;  a  topic. 

"  No  more  :  the  text  is  foolish." 

Shakeip.  :  Lear,  lr.  &, 

4.  A  particular  kind  of  handwriting  of  a 
Urge  kind  ;  also  a  particular  kind  of  letter  or 
character  :  aa,  German  text,  small  text.   [TEXT- 
BAND.] 

"  Fair  u  a  text  B  la  a  copy  book.** 

Khaketp.  :  l.ove't  Labour'*  Lott,  v.  3. 

5.  The  received  reading  of  any  passage. 

[TEXTUS-RECEFTUS.] 

text  book,  i. 

1.  A  book  containing  a  selection  of  texts  or 
passages  of  Scripture  for  easy  reference. 

2.  A  book  with  wide  spaces  between  tha 
lines  of  text  for  notes  or  comments. 

3.  A  book  used  by  students  as  a  standard 
book  for  a  particular  branch  of   study  ;  a 
manual  of  instruction  ;  a  book  which  forms 
the  basis  of  lectures  or  comments. 

text-hand,  s.  A  large  hand  in  writing. 
So  called  from  the  practice  of  writing  the 
text  of  a  book  in  a  large  hand  and  the  com- 
ments in  a  smaller  baud. 

*  text-man,  «.    A  man  ready  or  quick  in 
quoting  texts. 

"  He  [  Mede  ]  afterwards  became  MI  excellent  linguist, 
curious  mathematician,  exact  text  -man  ;  happy  in 
making  scripture  to  expound  itself  by  parallel  places." 
—fuller;  Worthie*;  fltex. 

text-pen,  s.  A  kind  of  metallic  pen 
used  in  engrossing. 

*  text-writer,  a.     One  who,  before  the 
invention  of  printing,  copied  books  for  sale. 

*  text,  *  texte,  v.t.  [TEXT,  «.]  To  write  in 
large  characters,  as  in  text-hand. 

"  Nay  texte  It 

Upon  my  forehead.  If  you  hate  me  mother, 
Put  me  to  such  a  shame,  pray  you  do." 

Beaton.  A  Wet.  :  Thierry  A  Theodoret.  11. 

tex  -tile,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  textilis  =  woven,  tex- 
tile, from  textus,  pa.  par.  of  texo  =to  weave.] 
A*  As  adjective: 

1.  Woven  or  capable  of  being  woven;  formed 
by  weaving  ;  as,  textile  fabrics. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  weaving. 

"In  general  the  other  textile  industries  are  rather 
better  than  they  were  last  week."—  Weekly  .ffeAo.Sept. 
6,1885. 

B.  As  subst.  :  That  which  is  made  by 
weavers  ;  a  woven  or  textile  fabric. 

"The  placing  of  the  tangible  parti  In  length  or 
transverse,  aa  In  the  warp  and  woof  of  textile*."— 
Bacon  :  ffat.  Hitt.,  f  Mfl. 

"tSxt'-lgt,  *.  [Eng.  text  ;  dimin.  suff.  -let.}  A 
little  text. 

"One  little  teeffeCfrora  the  gospel  of  Freedom."— 
Carlyte  :  Sartor  Jleiartut,  bk.  t,  ch.  xi 


tex  -tor,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  weaver.] 

Onutlt. :  A  genus  of  Ploceinffi,  with  five 
•peeftML  from  tropical  and  southern  Africa. 
Bill  thick,  conical;  wing  abruptly,  and  tail 
slightly  rounded. 

*  tex  -tbr'-a-al,  a.    [Let.  textorius,  from  tex- 
tor  =  a  weaver.]    Pertaining  to  weaving. 

"Prom  the  cultivation  of  tin'  textorial  \rts  among 
the  orientals  came  Darius's  wonderful  cloth."—  W ar- 
ton :  Hut.  &ng.  Poetry,  in.  78. 

*  tex  -  trine,  a.  [Lat.  textrinus,  for  fartoriniw, 
from  textor  =  a  weaver.]     Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  weaving ;  textorial. 

"The  curious  structure  of  all  parts  ministering  to 
this  textrine  power."— Dm-ham  .•  fyiyiim.Theotvijy.bk. 
viii,  ch.  vi. 

*  tc*  tu-al,  *  tex-tu-el,  a.    [Fr.  textuel  — 
of  or  in  a  text,  from  texte  =  a  text  (q.v.).J 

1.  Learned  or  versed  in  texts. 

"  But,  for  I  am  a  IUFIU  not  textuel, 
I  wol  not  tel  of  textea  never  a  del." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  1T.1I*. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  contained  in  the  text. 
"So  stands  the  case,  upon  the  foot  of  the  textual 

reading."—  Waterland:  Workl,  vi.  168. 

3.  Serving  for  or  depending  on  texts ;  tex* 
tuary. 

"  Speculation  Interchanged  with  experience,  posi- 
tive theology  with  polemic*.!,  textual  with  dincour*. 
orie."— Bp.  Sail:  Workt.  (Dedic.) 

*  tex*  -tu-al-lst,  5.    [Eng.  textual ;  -int.] 

1.  One  who  is  well  read  or  versed  in  the 
Scriptures,  and  so  is  quick  at  quoting  texts. 

2.  One  who  adheres  strictly  to  the  text. 

'  These  that  are  so  great  textualitt*  are  not  belt  at 
the  text."—  Lightfoot :  Miecellaitiei,  p.  20. 

teaf-tn-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  textual;  -ly.]  In 
a  textual  manner ;  in  accordance  with  the 
text ;  literally,  verbatim ;  placed  in  the  text 
or  body  of  a  work. 

"After  tvxtuuiijf  quoting  the  recent  telegram."— 
Evening  Standard,  Nov.  11,  1886. 

*  tgx'-ta-RT-Ist,   s.     [Eng.  textuarfy);  -ftfe) 
One  well  versed  in  texts  ;  a  textualist. 

*  tex'-tu-ar-y,  a.  &  *.    [Fr.  textuaire.} 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Contained  in  the  text ;  textual. 

"  He  extends  the  exclusion  unto  twenty  days*, 
which  In  the  textuary  sense  is  fully  accomphshea  in 
one."— Srotene  :  I'ulyar  Jirrourt,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  zvi 

2.  Serving  as  a  text ;  authoritative. 

"  I  see  no  ground  why  this  reason  should  be  textuarjf 
to  ours,  or  that  God  intended  him  an  uuirersal  h«kt> 
»hip."-QlanvUl. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  textualist. 

"  He  [Tighe]  was  an  excellent  textuary  and  profound 
linguist,  the  reason  why  he  was  implored  by  king 
James  in  translating  of  the  bible."— fuller:  H'orthiet; 
Lincolnthire. 

2.  Judaism  (PL):  A  name  sometimes  applied 
to  the  Karaites  (q.v.),  from  their  adherence  to 
the  text  of  the  Jewish  Scriptures.    (Brande.) 

*  te'x'-tn-el,  a.    [TEXTUAL.] 

* t«x  tn-lst,  ».  [Eng.  text;  -uirf.]  A  tat- 
tualist  or  text-man. 

"The  little  our  Saviour  could  prevail  about  this 
doctrine  of  charity  against  th*  crabbed  textuuti  of  bis 
time."— JliUo*:.  Doctrine  qf  Divorce,  (To  the  Parlia- 
ment.) 

tSx-tu-lar'-i-a,*tSx-tI-lJir'-i-a,«.  [Mod. 

Lat,  dimin.  from  textus  =  woven,  pa.  par.  of 
texo  =  to  weave.] 

1.  Zool. :  A  genus  of  Globigerinidse.    Test 
generally  conical  or  wedge-shaped,  consisting 
of  numerous  chambers  arranged  in  two  alter- 
nate,  parallel  series  ;    aperture  lateral,  not 
beaked,  situated  beneath  the  apex. 

2.  PaUxont. :   From  the  Carboniferous  on- 
ward. 

tex  ture,  *.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  textura  =  a  web, 
from  textus,  pa.  par.  of  texo  =  to  weave.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
*  1.  The  act,  art,  or  process  of  weaving. 
"Skins,  although  a  natural  habit  unto  all  befow 
the  Invention  of  texture,  were  aumethiiig  more  unto 
Adam ."— Browne. 

2.  That  which  is  woven ;  a  web ;  a  fabric 

formed  by  weaving.    (Lit.  dbjlg.) 
"  Others,  apart  far  In  the  grassy  dale, 
Or  roughening  waste,  their  humble  texture  weave. 
Thornton :  Spring,  MA. 

3.  The  manner  of  weaving,  with  respect 
either  to  form  or  matter ;  the  disposition, 
arrangement,  or  connection  of  threads,  fila- 
ments, or  other  slender  bodies  interwoven. 


boil,  bo£;  pout,  Jdwi;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9bin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -i 
-tian,  -tian  =  shan,    -tion, -sion-shun; -fcion, -gion-zhun.    -cious,    tious,   sious  ^  ahua,   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del* 


4676 


texture— thalassophryne 


4.  The  disposition  of  the  several  elementary 
constituent  parts  of  any  body  in  connection 
with  each  other ;  the  manner  in  which  the 
constituent  parts  of  any  body  are  disposed, 
arranged,  or  united. 

"While  the  particles  continue  entire,  they  may 
compose  bodies  of  the  same  nature  and  texture  now, 
with  water  and  earth  composed  of  entire  particles  in 
the  beginning. "— .Vewton, 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Anat. :   The  particular   arrangement  of 
the  elements  of  tissues  constituting  any  organ. 
It  is  used  chiefly  in  describing  the  solid  por- 
tions of  the  body,  but  is  sometimes  extended 
to  the  corpuscles  of  the  blood,  &c, 

2.  Petrol. :  The  state  with  regard  to  consoli- 
dation of  the  several  rocks  (see  extract),  and 
the    arrangement  of  their  particles,  as   the 
"  slaty  texture."    It  refers  to  the  arrangement 
of  the  parts  of  a  rock  on  a  smaller  scale  than 
the  word  structure. 

"The  more  compact,  stony,  and  crystalline  texture 
of  the  older  as  compared  to  the  newer  rocks."— Lyell; 
Princ.  ofUeol.,  ch  xii. 

*tex'-ture,  v.t.  [TEXTURE,  a.]  To  form  a 
texture  of  or  with  ;  to  interweave. 

*  tex'-tn-rjf,   *.    [TEXTURE,  «.]    The  art  or 
process  of  weaving. 

t6x  -tUS,  s.  [Lat  =  (1)  texture ;  (2)  construc- 
tion, connection,  context.]  The  text  of  any 
book,  spec,  of  the  Bible. 

textus-receptus,  s. 

Biblical  Criticism:  A  received  text;  one 
from  which,  as  being  the  best  accessible, 
translators  make  their  version  into  the  ver- 
nacular. The  textus  receptus  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment is  the  Hebrew  text,  from  which  the 
Authorized  English  Version  of  that  portion 
of  the  Bible  was  made.  The  textus  receptus 
of  the  New  Testament  is  the  Greek  text,  from 
which  the-  Authorized  English  Version  was 
produced.  The  term  textus  might  also,  with- 
out impropriety,  be  used  of  the  Hebrew  and 
Greek  texts  chosen  by  the  revisers  as  the 
tasis  of  the  Revised  Version.  The  textus  re- 
ceptus of  the  Old  Testament  in  the  A.  V.  rested 
on  the  Hebrew  Masoretic  Text,  which  has 
come  down  in  manuscripts  of  no  great  an- 
tiquity, and  all  of  the  same  family  or  recen- 
sion. The  oldest  Hebrew  manuscript  of  which 
the  age  is  known,  bears  date  A.D.  916.  There 
are  not  materials  to  submit  the  Hebrew  text 
to  proper  critical  revision,  and  the  revisers 
adhere  to  it  nearly  to  the  same  extent  as  the 
translators  of  the  Authorized  Version.  The 
case  is  different  with  the  New  Testament. 
The  textus  receptus  on  which  the  A.  V.  was  con- 
structed was  chiefly  that  of  Beza,  published 
in  1589.  I*  had  been  based  on  Stephen's  edi- 
tion of  1560,  and  this  again  on  the  fourth 
edition  of  Erasmus,  A.D.  1517.  None  of  the 
manuscripts  used  were  of  first  rate  authority. 
The  revisers  had  the  advantage  of  Codex  A 
(the  Alexandrian  manuscript)  of  the  fifth 
century ;  Codex  B  (the  Vatican  manuscript)  of 
the  fourth  century,  or  earlier ;  Codex  C  (the 
Ephraira  manuscript)  of  the  fifth  century ; 
Codex  D  (the  manuscript  of  Beza)  of  the  sixth 
century;  and  Codex  »  (the  Sinaitic  manu- 
script) of  the  fourth  century.  Numerous  im- 
proved readings  have  therefore  been  intro- 
duced. The  text  which  they  chose  was 
published  separately  by  the  Clarendon  Press 
at  Oxford  in  1881. 

*  teyne,  «.    [Lat.  Iccnto  =  a  band,  a  fillet]    A 
thin  plate  of  metal. 

thack,  *  thak,  *  thakke,  «.  [A.S.  th<ec  = 
thatch;  cogn.  with  Dut  dak;  I  eel.  thak; 
Dan.  tag;  Sw.  tak;  Ger.  dach.]  The  older 
and  provincial  form  of  thatch  (q.v.). 

thack  and  rape,  s.  or  adv.  Thatch  and 
rope;  used  figuratively  for  snug  and  comfort- 
able. 

"  We'll  a'  t*  M  right  and  tight  as  thack  and  rape 
can  make  a*."— Scott  :  Ony  Mannering,  ch.  I. 

thack,  thackcd).  'thak,  *  thakke,  v.t. 
[THACK,  s.]  To  thatch. 

•thacke  (2),  *  thakke,  v.t.  [A.S.  thaccian 
=  to  stroke ;  Icel.  thjokka  =  to  thwack,  to 
thump.]  [THWACK.  J  To  thump,  to  thwack. 

"  Thack'd  hire  about  the  letidet  wel." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  8,802. 

thack'-er,  s.  [Eng.  thack  (1),  v. ;  -er.]  A 
thatcher.  (Prov.) 

thae,  pron.    [See  def.]    These.    (Scotch.) 

One  of  that  dumb  dogt  that  cannt  bark." — Scott  : 
f,  ch.  xxxvt 


thairm,  s.  [THARM.]  A  small  gut;  catgut, 
flddlestring.  (Scotch.) 

"When  I  ain  tired  of  scraping  thairm  or  singing 
bftllauts,"— Scott :  Hedgauntlet,  letter  xi. 

thai  am  en  9eph  -a  Ion,  s.  [Gr.  floAopov 
(thalamos)  —  a  bed-chamber,  and  jyvty«Aw 
(engkephalon)  =  the  brain.] 

EmbryoL ;  A  cerebral  rudiment  correspond- 
ing to  the  thalami  optici  and  the  third  ventricle 
of  the  brain.  (Huxley.) 

thai  -  a-me '  -  phdr-us,  thai  a  me  '-phor- 
6s  (i>l.  thal-a-me'-phor-i,  thal-a-me'- 
phor-Ol),  s.  [Mod.Gr.  0aAa^4>opo«*  (thala- 
mephoros):  0aAa,u7j  (thalame)  =  an  ark,  a 
shrine,  and  <£op6s  (phoros)  =  bearing.] 

Egyptian  Antiq. :  A  kneeling  figure  support- 
ing a  shrine  or  in- 
scribed tablet  These 
statues  probably  re- 
present priests  and 
initiated  women  who 
carried  about  in  pro- 
cessions the  statues 
of  the  gods.  It  was 
usual  for  such  proces- 
sions to  stand  still 
from  time  to  time, 
when  the  priests, 
kneeling  probably, 
presented  to  the  peo- 
ple the  images  of  the 
deities,  either  to  be  THALAMEPHORUS. 
worshipped  or  kissed, 

(Herod.,  ii.  48, 49 ;  see  also  Afontfaucon:  Diar. 
Ital.,  p.  361.) 

"  Statues  of  tbii  class  are  now  commonly  called 
Tastophori  or  Thalamephori."— Library  Entertaining 
Knowledge;  Egyptian  Antiyvitiet,  i.  379. 

thal-a-ml-flor'-flB,  s.pl.  [Lat.  thalamus  —  a 
bed-chamber,  andylos,  genit  fioris  —  a  flower.] 
Bot. :  A  sub-class  of  Dicotyledonous  plants 
established  by  De  Candolle.  Petals  many,  dis- 
tinct, inserted  in  the  receptacle ;  stamens  simi- 
larly inserted  ;  hence,  hypogynous.  Twenty- 
three  orders  have  representatives  in  Britain, 
including  Ranunculacese,  Cruciferee,  Malva- 
ceae, Hypericace*e,  &c. 

thal-a-mi-flor'-al,  a.  [Hod.  Lat.  thalami* 
Horace);  Eng.  adj.'suff.  -aL] 

Bot. :  Having  the  petals  and  stamens  in- 
serted in  the  receptacle  ;  of  or  belonging  to 
the  Thalamiflone  (q.v.). 

tha  la  -mi  iim,  s.    [Gr.  0oA«fu«  (thalamios) 
=  belonging  to  a  bed-chamber.] 
Botany : 

1.  A  hollow  case  containing  spores  in  algals. 

2.  The  disc  or  lamina  prolifera  of  lichens. 

3.  A  form  of  the  hymenium  in  fungals. 

thal-a-miis,   s.      [Lat.,  from  Gr.  0aAujLLoc 

(thalamos)  —  a  bed-chamber.] 

1.  Anat. :  The  place  at  which  it  has  been 
thought  a  nerve  originates;  spec.,  the  optic 
thalami  (q.v.).      Called   also    the   Posterior 
cerebral  ganglia. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  Tournefort's  name  for  the  Clinanthium 
(q.v.). 

(2)  The  receptacle  or  torus  at  the  top  of  the 
peduncle  of  a  flower. 

(3)  The  thallus  of  a  fungal. 

thal-aas-,  pref.    [THALASSO-.  J 

t  thai- ass- arc'- tos,      -thai   arc  tos,    *. 

[Pref.  thalass',  and  Gr.  opjcro?  (arktos)  =  a  bear.  ] 
Zool, :  Gray's  name  for   Ursus  maritimus, 
the  Polar  Bear,  to  which  he  gave  generic  dis- 
tinction. 

thai  as  se  -ma,  s.  [Formed  by  Cuvier  from 
Gr.  floAa<r<ra  (tlialassa)=  the  sea.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Gephyrea  (q.v.).  Body 
cylindrical,  rounded,  and  smooth  behind ;  no 
tentacles ;  vent  at  end  of  body ;  proboscis 
short  It  is  said  that  the  species  penetrate 
limestone. 

tha-laS-Sl-Col  -la,  8.  [Gr.  0<iW<ra  (thalassa) 
=  the  sea,  and  K6&a  (kolla)  =  jelly.] 

Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Thalassicollida 
(q.v.).  It  contains  a  number  of  compound, 
siliceous  spiculea  embedded  in  the  ectosarc. 

tha-las-si-coT-li   da,  s.pl.     [Mod.  Lat 
thalassicott(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -ida.} 
ZooL  :  A  family  of  Radiolaria.    The  animali 


consist  of  structureless  cysts,  containing  eel. 
lular  elements  and  protoplasm,  sun-'  umded  by 
a  layer  of  protoplasm,  giving  off  jiseudopodia, 
which  commonly  stand  out  like  rays,  but 
sometimes  run  into  another,  and  so  form  net- 
works. The  best-known  genera  are  Thalassi- 
colla,  Bphfflroaotlm,  and  Collosphaera.  They 
are  all  marine,  being  found  floating  passively 
on  the  surface  of  most  seas,  and  vary  in  sue 
from  an  inch  in  diameter  downwards. 

tha-las-sl-col-li  -no,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat 

thalassicoU(a) ;  Lat.  ueut.  pi.  adj.  suit1,  -inn.] 

ZooL:  An  approximate  synonym  of  Tha- 
lassicollida (q.v.). 

*  thal-as-sld  -ro-ma,  s.    [Gr.  0aAo<ro-u  (tha- 
Zajaa)=the  sea,  aud'fipo/ieus   (dromeus)  =  a 
a  runner.] 

Ornith. :  An  old  genus  of  Procellariid» 
(q.v.).  [TUBINARES.] 

thal-as  si  -na,  s.  [Lat.  thalassinut  —  sea- 
coloured.] 

Zool.  ;  Thetype-gennsofThalassinid6e(q.v.), 
•with  one  species,  Thalassina  scorpionides,  from 
the  coast  of  Chili. 

thai  as  sin- 1  an,  s.  [THALASBINA.]  Any 
individual  of  the  family  Thalassiuidse  (q.v.). 

thai  as-sin'-i  dae,  s.  pi.  [Mad.  Lat  thala* 
«i)t(a);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

ZooL  :  A  widely-distributed  family  of  Ma- 
crurous  Pecapoda.  Abdomen  long,  not  very 
solid,  carapace  small  and  compressed ;  first  pair 
of  legs  large  ;  sternal  plate  long  and  narrow. 

tha- las  si-6 -,  pref.    [THALASSO-.] 

tha  las-si  6  phyl-lum,  s.  [Pref.  thaJat- 
sio-,  and  Gr.  «f>uAAoc  (phullon)  =  a  leaf.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Algals,  akin  to  Laminaria, 
but  having  the  frond  spirally  wound  around 
the  stem.  Found  on  the  north-western  shores 
of  Arctic  America. 

*  tha-las-sl-o-phy'-ta.  s.  pi.     [Pref.  thalat- 
9io-t  and  Gr.  ^uroV  (phuton)  =  a  plant.] 

Bot. :  Lamouroux's  name  for  Alga=,  because 
most  of  them  are  marine. 

*  tha  las'-sl-o-phyte,  s.  [THALASSIOPHYTA.} 

Bot. :  Any  individual  of  the  old  order  Tha- 
lassiophyta  (q.v.) ;  an  algal. 

tha-las  so  ,  thai-ass  ,  tha  las  si  6-, 
pref.  [Gr.  0aAdtro-tos  (thalassios)  =  marine.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  sea ;  inhabiting  the 
sea;  marine. 

tha  las  so  chel-ys,  5.  [Pref.  thalasso-,  and 
Gr.  \t\vs  (chelus)  =  a  tortoise.] 

ZooL  :  Loggerhead  Turtle  ;  a  genus  of  Che- 
loniidce,  equivalent  to  the  genus  Caouana  of 
older  authors,  with  two  or  three  species  from 
tropical  seas.  Plates  of  the  carapace  not 
imbricated  ;  fifteen  plates  on  the  disc ;  jawa 
slightly  curved  towards  each  other  at  their 
extremity. 

th&l-as-sSm'-e'-ter,  s.  [Pref.  thalasso-,  and 
Eng.  meter.]  A  tide-gauge. 

tha  las-so-phry'-ne,  *.  [Pref.  thalasso-t 
and  Gr.  4>pOnj  (phrune)  =  a  toad.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Batrachidie,  with  two 
species,  from  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts 
of  Central  America.  The  spinous  dorsal  is 
formed  by  two  spines  only,  each  of  which  is 
hollow,  like  the  opercular  spine,  and  conveys 
the  contents  of  a  poison-bag  situated  at  the 


THALASSOPHRYNE      RETICULATA. 
A.  Perforated  opercular  spine. 

base.  The  poison-bags  have  no  external  mns- 
cular  layer,  and  are  situated  immediately  be- 
low the  thick,  loose  skin  which  envelopes  th* 
spines ;  the  ejection  of  the  poison  therefore 
can  only  be  effected  by  the  pressure  to  which 
the  poison-bag  is  subjected  the  moment  the 
spine  enters  another  body. 


Wawrir*.  ch.  x«vi  ZooL  :  A  family  or  Kamolana.    The  annuals         spine  enters  anotner  rxxiy. 

f&te,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cib,  onre,  unite,  oar,  rftle,  foil;  try,  Syrian.    a>,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


thalatology— thalurania 


4677 


thal-at-tol'-o-gft  «.  [Gr.  SaAarra  (thalatta) 
the  sea;  sutf.  -alagy.]  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  sea. 

"  A  »uffleieut  theory  of  thaieMoloyn.'—Proe.  Phyi. 
Soo.,  London,  pt  it 

thale.  J.  [Named  after  Thai  (1542-1583),  who 
included  the  Thale  Cress  in  his  Sylm  Hercy- 
ica.  (Prior.)]  (See  compound.) 

thale-cress,  s. 

Hot. :  A  book  name  for  Arabii  Thaliana. 

-a  ler  (th  as  t),  •.    [Oer.l    (DOLLAR.!    A 
...i.u.in  silver  coin,  worth  about  seventy-nvB 


ceBt«.  Prior  to  1871,  It  wa»  the  monetary  unit, 
but  in  that  year  was  superseded  by  the  mark, 
Talue  about  tweuty-five  cents. 

•  thai  -  er  -  oph'-  a  -  ga,  t.  pi.     [Gr.  _«oA«po? 
(thaleros)  —  blooming,  fresh,  and  fyaytiv  (pha- 
jein)  =  to  eat.] 

Entom. :  Macleans  name  for  the  Cetoniadae. 

*  thai  er-oph'-a-gous,  a.  [TBALEROPHAQA.] 

Feeding  on  flowers. 

"By  the  disposition  also  of  tha  thaltnphagmu 
•TOup*."— Switnton  t  SAuc*«rJ  :  Trtatite  on  Inttctt, 
p.  131. 

thai  -heim'-ite  (or  th  as  t),  s.     [After  Thai- 
heim,    Erzgebirge,   where    found  ;    suflf.    -itt 
(ifin.).] 
Mln. :  The  same  as  DAHAITI  (q.v.X 

Tha-li'-a,  t.    [Gr.] 

1.  Or.  Antiq.  : 
One  of  the  Muses, 
generally  regarded 
as  the  patroness  of 
comedy.     She  was 
supposed  by  some, 
also,  to  preside  over 
husbandry    and 
planting,  and  is  re- 
presented    leaning 
on  a  column,  hold- 
ing a  mask  in  her 
right  hand,   by 
which    she  is  dis- 
tinguished from 
her  sisters,  as  also 
by  a  shepherd's 

crook.  inAi.i«. 

2.  Bat.:    A  genus  of  Marantaceae.     Thalia 
dealbata,    an    elegant    aquatic    plant,    with 
panicles  of  purple  flowers,  is  found  in  South 
Carolina. 

3.  Min..-  The  earth  supposed  to  be  an  oxide 
of  a  new  element  thalium  (q.v.). 

4.  Aslron. :  [ASTEROID,  23]. 

tha-li'-an,  tha'-ll-an,  a.  [THALIA.]  Per- 
taining* or  relating  to  Thalia,  the  muse  of 
pastoral  and  comic  poetry  ;  comic. 

tha  Ho -tram,  ».    [Lat.] 

Bot. :  Meadow-rne ;  a  genus  of  Rannncu- 
lacete,  tribe  Anemoneae.  Involucre  none ; 
sepals  four  or  tive,  imbricated  in  estivation  ; 
corolla  wanting ;  stamens  many ;  styles 
several ;  achenes  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  usually 
ap ute  at  both  ends,  awnless.  Known  species 
fifty,  from  the  temperate  and  colder  parts  ol 
the  northern  hemisphere.  In  the  United 
Sutes  occur  several  species.  T.  anemonoide* 
the  Rue  Anemone,  is  common  in  woods  in  the 
north.  In  appearance  it  is  more  like  Anemone 
th.m  Tbalictrum,  and  is  of  attractive  aspect. 
Two  others  are  T.  Cormtti,  the  Meadow  Eue 
an  t  T.  dioicvan,  the  Early  Meadow  Bue.  01 
European  species  may  be  named  T.  alpinum 
the  Alpine,  T.  minus,  the  Lesser,  and  T.flavum, 
the  Oimmon  Meadow  Rue.  The  root  ol 
T.  foliolontm,  from  the  temperate  parts  of  the 
Himalayas,  is  given  in  India  as  a  tonic  am 
aperient  in  convalescence  after  fever,  in  chronic 
dyspepsia,  Ac. 

tha  lite,  s.    [Eng.  thalium ;  snff.  -ite  (Min.).' 
A/in. :  A  variety  of  saponite  (q.v.),  occurrinj 


in  amygdaloidal  rocks  on  the  north  shore  of 
Lake  Superior. 

tha  li-iim,  «.    [Btym.  doubtful.) 

Min.  :  A  name  given  to  a  supposed  new 
element,  which  apparently  has  no  existence. 

thal-lei-6-Chin,  s.  [Formed  from  Gr.  9aAA« 
(thallos)  =  &  green  bud,  and  Peruv.  quina  = 
bark.) 

Chem.  :  Dalleiochin.  A  green  substance 
produced  by  the  action  of  chlorine  and  then 
ammonia  on  a  solution  of  quinine.  In  dilute 
solutions  it  remains  dissolved  as  a  bright 
emerald  green  colour,  and  forms  a  highly 
delicate  test  for  the  presence  of  small 
quantities  of  quinine. 

thai-lone,  s.    [Gr.  «oAA(ot)  ;  -me.) 

Chem.  :  A  solid  hydrocarbon  isomfiric  with 
anthracene  obtained  from  the  last  products 
which  pass  over  in  the  distillation  of  American 
petroleum.  It  is  distinguished  by  a  green 
fluorescence,  and,  when  illuminated  by  violet 
and  ultra-violet  light,  exhibits  a  fluorescent 
spectrum  containing  light-green  bands. 
(Watts:  Sup.) 

thai  Ho,  «.  [Eng.  thalK.ium);  -fe.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  containing  thallium. 

thalllc  -  Chloride  s.     [THALLIUM-CHLO- 
RIDE. J 
thalllc  oxide,  «.    [TBALLIUM-OXIDE.] 

thai  -U-ous,  a.   [Eng.  thalli(um);  -ma.}    Per- 
taining to  thallium. 
thallious  -  chloride,   «.      [THALLIUM- 

CHLORIDE.) 

thalllous  -oxide,  s.    [THALLIUM-OXIDE.] 

thai  -lite,  s.     [Gr.  »oAAo«  ((*o(io»)  =  a  twig; 
suff.  -ite  (yfehV] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  OISANITE  (q.v.) 


thai  -U-um,  s.  [Latinised  from  Gr. 
(tluMos)  =  n  green  bud,  from  the  green  line 
it  gives  in  the  spectrum,  which  led  to  its 
discovery.) 

Chem.  :  Symbol  TL  At  wt.  203-64.  A  triad 
metallic  element  discovered  by  Crookes  in 
1861,  and  widely  distributed  as  a  constituent 
in  iron  and  copper  pyrites,  in  blende,  native 
sulphur,  and  in  many  kinds  of  ores.  It  can 
be  distilled  along  with  the  sulphur  by  heating 
pyrites  to  a  bright-red  heat,  then  dissolving 
out  the  excess  of  sulphur  by  boiling  with 
caustic  soda,  collecting  and  washing  the 
sulphide  of  thallium,  converting  it  into  sul- 
phate, and  precipitating  the  thallium  in  the 
metallic  state  by  the  action  of  pure  metallic 
zinc.  The  spongy  metal  is  compressed,  dried, 
and  fused  into  a  bright  metallic  button  by 
heating  under  cyanide  of  potassium.  It  is 
a  perfect  metal,  with  high  lustre,  not  quite 
so  white  as  silver,  but  free  from  the  blue  tinge 
of  lead.  It  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  11  -80-11  -91,  melts 
at  293°,  Is  a  very  soft  metal,  with  less  tenacity 
than  lead,  and  almost  devoid  of  elasticity. 
It  communicates  an  intense  green  hue  to  a 
colourless  flame,  and  its  spectrum  consists  of 
one  intensely  brilliant  and  sharp  green  line, 
coinciding  with  the  number  1442-8  on  Kirch- 
nofl"s  chart. 

thallium  -  alcohol,  ».  [THALLIUM- 
ETHER.] 

thallium  chloride,  >. 

Chem.  :  Thallium  forms  four  chlorides  : 

(1)  Dichloride  of  thallium:  TljCU.     A  pale 
yellow  compound  formed  by  carefully  heating 
the  protochloride  in  a  slow  cnrrent  of  chlorine  . 

(2)  Sesqutehloride  of  thallium,  TljCls.    Pro- 
duced by  dissolving  thallium  in  nitromuriatic 
acid.    It  separates  in  yellow  crystalline  scales, 
and  dissolves  in  380  times  its  weight  of  water 
at  15-5'. 

(3)  Thattic   chloride,    T1C13.      Formed    by 
dissolving  the  trioxide  in  hydrochloric  acid. 
The  hydrated  chloride  can  be  obtained  in  long 
colourless  prisms,    which    melt   easily,  and 
decompose  at  a  high  temperature. 

(4)  Thalliowi    chloride,    T1C1.      Formed  by 
adding  hydrochloric  acid  to  a  thallious  salt. 
A  white  curdy  precipitate  resembling  chloride 
of  silver  is  produced,   which  dissolves   like 
chloride  of  lead  in  boiling  water.    It  is  in- 
soluble in  alcohol. 

thKllium  ether,  i. 

Chen.   (PI.):   Compounds  formed   by  the 


action  of  thallium  on  alcohols,  e.g.,  Thallium- 
ethylate  =  CaHjTlO.  Produced  when  thallium 
and  ethylic  alcohol  are  heated  in  a  sealed 
tube  to  100°.  Being  freed  from  excess  of 
alcohol,  it  remains  as  an  oil  of  sp.  gr.  3-48  to 
3'55,  beiug  the  heaviest  liquid  known  except 
m<T''ury.  It  dissolves  in  live  parts  absolute 
alcohol,  in  pure  ether,  and  chloroform. 

thallium-glass,  s.  A  glass  of  great 
density  and  refracting  power,  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  which  thallium  is  used  instead  of  lead 
or  potassium. 

thallium-oxide,  «. 

Chem.  :  Thallium  forms  two  oxides  : 

(1)  Thattious  oxide  (protoxide),  T12O.    Pre- 
pared by  allowing  the  granulated  metal  to 
oxidize  in  moist  air,  boiling  in  distilled  water, 
and  repeating  the  process  two  or  three  times. 
The  hydrated  oxide  crystallizes  out  in  yellow 
needles.    The  anhydrous  oxide  forms  a  reddish 
black  mass,  and  is  obtained  by  exposing  the 
hydrated  oxide  in  a  vacuum  over  sulphuric 
acid.    In  water  it  forms  a  strongly  alkaline 
solution,  which  dissolves  the  skin  and  stains 
the  nails  a  deep-brown.     Like  potash,  it  de- 
composes the  salts  of  the  alkaline  earths  and 
metals. 

(2)  Thallic   oxide   (peroxide),    TlsOs.     Th« 
chief  product  of  burning  the  metal  in  oxygen. 
The  anhydrous  oxide  is  a  dark-brown  powder. 
neutral  to  test  paper,  insoluble  in  water  and 
alkalies,  but  dissolves  readily  in  acids,  forming 
unstable  salts. 

thallium  salts,  s.  pi. 

Chem.  :  Both  oxides  form,  with  acids,  defi- 
nite and  crystallizable  salts,  none  of  which 
is  of  much  importance. 

thallium  triamlne,  *. 

Chem.  :  NST1H«.  Known  in  combination  as 
a  hydrochlorate,  N3T1H6-3HCI,  a  compound 
formed  by  dissolving  thallic  oxide  in  sal-am- 
moniac. By  the  action  of  water  it  is  again 
resolved  into  thallic  oxide  and  sal-ammoniac. 


thal'-lo-chlore,  ».    [Gr.  «oAXos  (thallos)  =  a 
green  bud,  and  gAupoc  (chlSroi)  =  green.] 

Chem.:  A  name  applied  by  Knop  and 
Schnedermann  to  the  green  colouring  matter 
of  lichens,  which  they  regard  as  different 
from  ordinary  chlorophyll.  (Wattt.) 


thai  -16  -gen,  ».  [Gr.  «aAAic  (f*a'lo«)  =  « 
young  shoot,  and  ycccow  (gennad)  =  to  pro- 
duce.) 

Bot.  (PI.)  :  A  class  of  plants,  the  lowest  of 
all  in  organization.  They  have  no  wood  pro- 
perly so  called,  but  the  stem  and  leaves  an 
undistinguishable.  There  are  no  stomates  or 
breathing  pores  and  no  tracheae.  They  are 
mere  manses  of  cells.  Their  reproduction  is 
by  a  special  disintegration  and  solidification 
of  some  part  of  their  tissue  spontaneously 
effected.  Alliances  :  Algales,  Fungales,  and 
Lichenales.  (Lindley.) 

thaU5g'-Sn-ous,  o.    [Eng.  thallogen;  -<m«.] 
Bot.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Thallogenm. 

thai'  loid,  o.    [Eng.  thallus);  -aid.] 

Bot.  :  Resembling  a  thallus. 

t  thalloid-hepaticse,  s.  pi. 

Bot.  :  Hepaticse  having  a  thallus,  as  distin- 
guished from  those  which  have  leaves.  They 
possess  a  well  marked  epidermis,  having  a  few 
scattered  stomates,  and  putting  out  rhizoids 
from  its  under  side. 

thai'  lo-phyte,  ».    [Gr.  flaAA«  (thallos)  =  t 
young  shoot,  and  4>vTop  (phutori)  =  a  plant.] 
Bot.  :  The  same  as  THALLOOEN  (q.v.). 

thal'-lus  (pi.  thal'-li),  ».    [Lat.,  from  Gr. 
SoAAot  (thallos)  =  a  green  bough.) 
Botany  : 

1.  The  fusion  of  root,  stem,  and  specially 
leaves,  into  one  general  mass. 

2.  The   frond    of    Jungermanniacese    aad 
Hepaticse. 

3.  The  lobed  frond  of  Lichens. 

4.  Any  algal. 

5.  The   bed   of  fibres  from  which   man/ 
fnngals  spring.    Called  also  Thalainus. 

Thai  -mud  (Th  as  T),  «.    [TALMUD,] 

thal-u-ra'-ni-a,  ».     [Lat.   Thal(ia),  and 
Urania.] 
Ornith.  :  Wood-nymphs  ;  a  genus  of  Tro- 


boll,  bo^ ;  pout,  J<KW ;  oat,  jell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench  j  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  - 1 
-oiau.  -tian  =  slian.    - tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tion,    sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,    sioua  =  shus.    -Die,  -die,  &c.  =  bal,  del. 


4678 


Thammuz— thankfulness 


chilid»,  with  eleven  species  extending  from 
Brazil  to  Ecuador,  ranging  northwards  as  far 
as  Costa  Rica.  Wings  and  tail  of  moderate 
size,  the  hitter  forked  ;  bill  moderate  and 
slightly  curved  ;  tarsi  clothed  with  feathers. 

Tham-miiz,  Tarn  muz,  s.  [Heb.  ptann 
(hatammuz);  Gr.  6  ©ofi/xous  (ho  Thammous) 
both  =  the  Tammuz;  Vulg.  Adonis.] 

1.  The  tenth  mouth  of  the  Jewish  civil  year, 
containing  twenty-nine  days,  and  answering 
to  a  part  of  June  and  a  part  of  July.     The 
name  was  probably  borrowed  from  the'Syrian. 

2.  A  word  occurring  once  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, in  a  passage  of  extreme  obscurity  (Ezek. 
viii.  14),  concerning  which  many  conjectures 
have  been  made.     The  chief  are  :  (1)  That  of 
Jerome,  who  records  a  tradition  identifying 
Thammuz  with  Adonis.     This  opinion  was 
adopted    by  Cornelius  a  Lapide,    Osiander, 
Selden,   Calmet,   Gesenius,   Ewald,   &c,  ;  (2) 
That  of  Luther,  who  regarded  Thammuz  as  a 
name  of  Bacchua  ;  atid  (3)  That  of  Calvin,  who 
believed  Thammuz  to  be  the  Egyptian  Osiris. 
The  opinion  of  Jerome  is  generally  accepted. 


nas  -trae  a,  5.    [Gr.  0aji?o$  (fhamnos) 
=  a  bush,  and  Lat.  astrcea  (q.v.).] 

PalcBoni,  :  A  genus  of  Actinozoa  ;  twenty- 
seven  species  are  in  the  British  Jurassic,  and 
three  in  the  Upper  Greenland.  (Etherulge.) 

tham'-nl-tim,  s.     [Gr.  da/ivo?  (thamnos)  =  a 
bush,  a  shrub.] 
Bot.;   The  branched  bush-like  thai  las  of 

lichens. 

thftm  no   bl-a,  «.    [Gr.  fla/iw?  (thamnos)  = 
a  bush,  a  shrub,  and  jSi'os  (bios)  =.  life.] 

Ornith.:  A  genus  of  Saxicolinae,  with  ten 
species,  from  the  Ethiopian  region  and  India 
to  the  foot  of  the  Himalayas. 

tham  no  cal   a  mus,  5.    [Lat   thamn(um) 
=  a  shrub,  and  calamus  =  a  reed.] 

BoL  :  A  genus  of  Bambuaidse.  Thamnocal- 
amus  spathiflorus  is  a  small  bamboo,  growing 
in  the  Himalayas,  and  yielding  a  fibre. 

tham  -no-phile,  ?.    [THAMNOPHILINA] 

Zool.  :  A  member  of  the  sub-family  Tham- 
nophiliiwe  (q.  v.  ). 

tham  -  no  -  phi  -H  -me,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
tJiamnophiU.us)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 
Ornith.  :  American  Bush-shrikes  ;  a  sub- 
family of  Formicariidse,  with  ten  genera,  from 
the  forest  districts  of  equatorial  America. 
Bill  long,  keel  arched,  tip  hooked,  base  with 
bristles  ;  wings  moderate  ;  tail  long  ;  tarsi 
broadly  scaled  ;  outer  toe  united  to  middle  at 
base. 


tham-noph'-I-lus,  s.    [Gr. 

=  a  thicket,  and  <f>tAc'u  (pkileo)  =  to  love.] 


(thamnot) 


,  . 

Omtth.  :  The  type-genus  of  Thamnophilinse 
j-v.),  with  forty-seven  species,  from  tropical 
America.  Nostrils  at  side  of  base  of  bill, 
rounded  and  exposed  ;  wings  rounded,  fourth 
to  seventh  quills  longest  ;  tarsi  with  trans* 
verse  scales  before  and  behind, 

tha'-myn,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool.  :  Rucervns  eldt,  Eld's  Deer,  so  called 
from  Captain  Eld,  who  discovered  it  in  1838. 
It  abounds  in  the  swamp  lands  of  Burmah, 
and  extends  as  far  east  as  the  island  of 
Hainan.  It  differs  from  the  Swamp  Deer 
(q.v.),  only  in  the  form  of  its  antlers,  the 
royal  being  represented  by  a  small  snag. 

fhan,  *  thanne,  *  then,  *  thenne,  *  thon. 

*  thonne,  conj.  [A.S.  dkonne  —  than  ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  dan  =  than,  then  ;  Goth,  than  = 
then,  when  ;  Ger.  dann  =  then  ;  denn  =  for, 
then,  than;  Lat  turn  —  then.  Than  is  the 
same  word  as  then,  but  differentiated  In  usage.] 
fTHEN.J  A  particle  used  after  certain  adjec- 
tives and  adverbs,  expressing  comparison  or 
diversity,  such  as  more,  better,  worse,  rather, 
else,  or  the  like,  for  the  purpose  of  introducing 
the  second  member  of  the  comparison.  Than 
is  usually  followed  by  the  object  compared  in 
the  nominative  case  :  as  — 

"  What  I  should  be,  all  bat  lew  then  he 
Whom  thunder  hath  made  greater." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  L  »7. 

But  sometimes  the  object  compared  is  put  in 
the  objective  case  :  as  — 

"  Which  when  Beelzebub  perceived—  than  whom, 

Batau  except,  none  higher  sat—  with  grave 
Aspect  he  rose.'  Hilton:  P.  L..  11.  299. 

In  inch  cases  than  may  be  looked  upon  as  a 


preposition.  The  second  member  or  object  of 
comparison  is  frequently  a  clause  introduced 
by  that:  as,  I  had  rather  do  this  than  that 
you  should  sutler;  the  that  is  frequently 
omitted  :  as— 

"  I  had  rather  glib  myself  than  they 
Should  not  produce  fair  issue  " 

p.  :  Winter's  Tale,  11  1. 


•  than'-age  (age  as  ig),  s.     [Eng.  than(e)  ; 
-age.]    The  land  granted  to  a  thane  ;  the  dis- 
trict in  which  a  thane  resided  ;  the  dignity, 
office,  or  jurisdiction  of  a  thane. 

"  Because  perchance  the  heirs  of  the  Thanes  who 
anciently  held  the  said  Thanagnt."—  Charter  granted 
by  David  II. 

than'-  a  -0*8,  s.  [Altered  from  Gr.  Ba.varo<; 
(thanatos)  =  death.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Hesperidse.  One 
species,  Thatians  tages  is  common  throughout 
Britain.  The  larva  feeds  on  birds-loot  trefoil. 

t  tha-nat  -I-ci,  s.  pi  [Gr.  OwaTuc6s(thanati- 
kos)  =  deadly.] 

Med.  :  The  term  used  by  Dr.  William  Fair, 
in  his  Nosology,  to  indicate  "lesions  from  vio- 
lence tending  to  sudden  death."  These  le- 
sions are  the  direct  results  of  physical  or 
chemical  forces,  acting  either  by  the  will  of 
the  sufferer,  or  of  other  persons,  or  accident- 
ally. 

than  -a-toid,  a.  [Gr.  flararos  (thanatos)  = 
death*  and  eldot  (eidos)  =  form,  appearance.] 
Resembling  death  ;  apparently  dead.  (Dun- 
glison.) 

than-a-tdl'-d-gjr,  s.  [Gr.  fldraros  (thanatos) 
=  death,  and  Ao^o?  (logos)  =  a  word,  a  dis- 
course.] A  treatise  on,  or  the  doctrine  of 
death. 

than-at-d-phid  -I-a,  *.  pi.  [Gr.  <WT« 
(thanatos)  —  death,  and  Mod.  Lat.  ophidia 
(q.v.).] 

Zool.  :  Poisonous  Colubrine  Snakes  ;  a  sub- 
order of  Ophidia  (q.v.),  with  two  groups, 
Proteroglyphia  and  Solenoglyphia.  (See  these 
words.) 

thane,  *  thayne,  *  thein,  ».  [A.S.  thegtn, 
thegn,  then  =  a  thane  ;  prup.  =  mature,  grown 
up,  from  thiyen,  pa.  par.  of  thehan  —  to  grow 
up,  to  be  strong;  cogu.  with  Icel.  thegn; 
Ger.  degen  =  a  warrior,  from  gedigen,  pa,  par. 
of  M.  H.  Ger.  dihtn  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  dihan;  Ger. 
gedeihen  =  io  grow  up,  to  become  mature.] 
[THEE,  v.]  A  title  of  honour  or  dignity 
among  the  Anglo-Saxons.  In  England  a  free- 
man not  noble  was  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  a  thane  by  acquiring  a  certain  amount 
of  land  (live  hides  in  the  case  of  a  lesser 
thane),  by  making  three  sea  voyages,  or  by 
receiving  holy  orders.  The  thanes  had  the 
right  of  voting  in  the  Witenagemot,  not  only 
of  their  own  shires,  but  also  of  the  whole 
kingdom,  on  important  questions.  There  were 
two  orders  of  thanes  :  the  king's  thanes,  or 
those  who  attended  at  his  court  and  held 
lands  immediately  from  him,  and  ordinary 
thanes,  or  lords  of  the  manor,  and  who  had 
a  particular  jurisdiction  within  their  limits. 
On  the  cessation  of  his  actual  personal  ser- 
vice about  the  king,  the  thane  received  a 
grant  of  hind.  After  the  Norman  conquest, 
thanes  and  barons  were  classed  together,  and 
the  title  fell  into  disuse  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
H.  In  Scotland,  thane  signified  originally  a 
count  or  earl,  one  who  ruled  a  county,  or  even 
in  some  cases  a  province.  Afterwards  the 
title  was  applied  to  a  class  of  non-military 
tenants  of  the  crown,  and  continued  in  use 
till  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

"  Of  Fyfe  Makduff  that  time  the  Thane," 

)f>  nfeun  ;  Chronicle,  VI.  xtx.  2. 

*  thane  lands,  s.  pL    Lauds  granted  to 

thanes. 

*  thane'  -  dom,  s.    [Eng.  thane  ;  -darn.}    The 

district  or  jurisdiction  of  a  thane. 

"  In  the  thatudom  once  his  own." 

Scot!  /  Lug  Qf  thf  L<nt  Minstrel,  V.  i. 

•  thane  -hood,  a.     [Eng.  thane  ;  -hood.} 

1.  The  office,  dignity,  or  position  of  a  thane  ; 
thaneship. 

2.  The  collective  body  of  thanes  ;  thanes  in 
general. 

*  thane  '-ship,  s.     [Eng.  thane;  -ship.]     The 
state,  dignity,  or  position  of  a  thane  ;  thane- 

hood. 

"  The  thattethip  of  Olamli  wu  the  ancient  Inherit- 
ance of  Macbeth'!  family."—  Steeww  :  A'ot*  on  Mu*«- 


Than'-6t,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  The  Isle  of  Thanet  in  the  north-east 
of  Kent. 

Thanet-sands,  s.  pi. 

Geol. :  The  lowest  bed  of  the  Lower  Eocene 
of  the  London  Basins  resting  immediately  on 
the  chalk.  It  has  forty-five  genera  and 
seventy-three  species  of  fossils.  (Etheridge.) 

thank  (pa.  t  thanked,  *thonked),  v.t.  [A.S. 
thancian,(rom  thane,  thonc=^ thought,  thanks  ; 
Dut  daiiktn;  Icel.  thakka ;  Dan.  takke;  Sw. 
tacka;  Ger.  danken;  Goth,  thagkjan  =  to 
think.]  [THANK,  s.]  To  express  gratitude  to 
for  a  favour;  to  make  acknowledgment  of 
gratitude  to  for  benefits,  favours,  or  kind- 
nesses. 

"  Thank  him  not  for  that  which  he  doth  my." 

Shakftf. :  sonnet  79. 

IT  (1)  It  is  often  used  ironically : 

"  That  Portugal  bath  yet  DO  more  than  a  suspension 
of  arms,  they  way  thank  themselves,  because  they 
came  so  late  into  the  treaty ;  and,  that  they  cam*'  so 
late,  they  may  thank  the  Whits,  whose  false  repre- 
sentations they  believed."— Swift. 

(2)  I  thank  you  (commonly  shortened  into 
thank  you)  :  An  expression  of  thanks  for  some 
kindness  or  act  of  politeness.     It  is  also  fre- 
quently used  in  declining  an  offer  or  request,, 
whether  seriously  or  ironically. 

"No,  /  thank  you,  fonooth,  heartily."— Shaketp,  .* 
Merry  Wi*e*,  i.  L 

(3)  I  will  thank  you  :  A  colloquial  phrase  of 
politeness  used  in  introducing  a  request,  and 
equivalent  to,  Will  you  oblige  me  by  doing, 
giving,  or  handing  so-and-so :  as,  /  will  tkauk 
you  to  shut  the  door. 

thank,  s.    [A.S.  thane,  thonc-t 
favour,  content,  thanks ;  allied  to  thin 
cogn.  with  Dut.  dank ;  Icel.  thokk  ;  Dan.  fojfc 
=  thanks,  tanke  =  thought ;  Sw.  tack ;   Ger. 
dank ;  Goth,  thagks.] 

1,  An  expression  of  gratitude  for  a  favour  ^ 
an  acknowledgment  of  gratitude  for  a  benefit, 
favour,  or  kindness.  (Now  used  exclusively 
in  the  plural.) 

'•  Thunki  be  to  God  which  rfTeth  us  the  victory."— 
1  Corinth,  xv.  »7. 

*2.  Good-will,  gratitude,  thankfulness. 
IT  (1)  It  is  often  used  ironically  : 

"  It  is  a  sight  but  rarely  spied, 
Thanfn  to  man's  wrath  and  woman's  pride." 

Scott :  Rokvbg,  V.  & 

(2)  Thanks;  a  common  contraction  for  / 
give  (offer,  tender,  &c.)  thanks,  thank*  be  to  yo*, 
or  the  like. 

thank-Offering,  5.  An  offering  made  as 
an  expression  of  gratitude  or  thanks ;  an 
offering  for  benefits  received. 

"The  altars  ran  with  the  blood  of  victims  killed  ss 
tkanJc~off*ringt."—Eltffn  ;  Origin!  of  Eng.  Mitt.,  p.  261. 

thank-worthiness,  s.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  thankworthy. 

thank-worthy,  *  thanke  worthy,  a. 

Deserving  or  worthy  of  thanks.  (1  Peter  ii.  19.) 

thank'-fol,  *  thauke-full,  a.  [A.S.  thane- 
fu,i,  tkoncful.} 

1.  Impressed  with  a  sense  or  feelinc  of 
gratitude  for  benefits  or  kindness  received; 
grateful. 

"  One  act,  that  from  a  thankful  heart  proceeds, 
Bzoels  tea  thousand  mercenary  deeds." 

C't/u>/>e/- ;  Truth,  2M. 

*  2.  Expressive  of  thanks  or  gratitude. 

"  Give  the  (tods  a  thankful  sacrifice. " 

Shuketp.  :  Anthony  A  Cleupatrm,  1.  8. 

*  3.  Claiming  or  deserving  thanks  ;  thank- 
worthy,  meritorious. 

4.  Springing  from  a  feeling  of  gratitude. 

"  A  thuinkfal  remembrance  of  hit  death."— Common 
Prayer. 

*  6.  Pleasant  grateful. 

"  Some  nich  (hankfult  noveltle."— Puttmh*m  : 
Snglith  Poetie,  bk.  ii. 

thank' -ful-1^,  adv.  [Eng.  thankful;  -ly.} 
In  a  thankful  manner  ;  with  gratitude ;  with 
a  lively  and  grateful  sense  of  kindness  re- 
ceived ;  gratefully. 

"  They  .  .  .  received  very  thankfully  such  little  j>re- 
Mnta  as  we  made  them."— Coo* ;  Firtt  Voyage,  bk.  ii., 
ch.il 

thank  -fulness,  *  thanke -ful-nesse,  s. 

[Eng.  thankful;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  thankful:  a  feeling  of  gratitude;  a 
lively  and  grateful  sense  of  kindness  received  ; 
gratitude. 

"  Expressing  himself  with  (rreat  thar&fttfneu  (or 
the  civilities  be  and  his  countrymen  had  fouud  on 
board."— intern:  Voyagtt,  bk.  11..  ch.  vi. 


fate,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
ar.  wore,  wqU,  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  our,  rile,  rtll ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu     kw. 


thanking    thatch 


4679 


g,  *  thank  yng,  pr,  par.  &  a. 

[1  HANK,  i'.J 

A.  Aspr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At   adj. :    An    expression    of   thanks ; 
gratitude,  thanksgiving,  thanks. 

"  Many  and  hearty  th<tnki>t:i»  t«  yon  both." 

.vA.iAr*p.  :  Measure  for  3l*a»urc.  T.  1. 

th^nk  less.  *  thankc  -losse,  *  thank- 
lease,  a.  [Eng.  L 

1.  Unthankful,   ungrateful;    insensible    of 
kintln.  ss  or  benefits. 

"  How  sharper  than  a  serpen 
To  c;iv,-  it  (fi'ti.klftt  child." 

2,  Not    deserving    thanks  ;    not  likely  to 
gain  (hunks. 

"('slliiitf  the  managing  of  state  matters  and 
coiiiin  ii  -.vc.il  &  thnnkiesst  intermeddling  in  other 
men*  iiiiiurs."-  P.  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p.  71. 

thank -less-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  thankless;  -ly.] 

In   a   thankless    manner;    without    thanks; 
ungratefully. 

"  Wliuie  oacral  influence,  spread  through  earth  *nd 
We  all  too  thanfclft<'y  participate."  ihi.ni'ii, 

Wordtworth:  AMurvten,  bk.  vii. 

thank  16 88- ness,  5.  [Eng.  thankless  ;  -ness.] 
Tht-  miality  or  state  of  being  thankless  ;  in- 
gratitude; insensibility  of  kindness  or  benefits. 

"  Nut  t*  have  written  then,  seems  little  lest 
Than  worst  vt  civil  vices.  tA«ftM***HS». 

tonne;  To  CountM*  <tf  Bedford. 

*  thank'-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  thank;  -ly.]    Thank- 
fully. 

"  He  ftlvetb  frankly  what  we  thattXry  sp*nd." 

Sj/lveiter  :  Du  Sartat;  Third  Day,  First  Week,  809. 

*  thanks -give,  v.t.    [Eng.    thank*;    -give.] 
To  celebrate  or  distinguish  by  solemn  rites  in 
token  of  thankfulness  ;  to  give  thanks  for. 

"  To  thatiksgiw  or  hlesee  a  thing  in  a  way  tn  a  sacred 
use  he  took  to  be  an  ottering  of  it  to  God."— Medt, 

thanks' -glv-er,  s.  [Eng.  thanks,  and  giver.] 
One  who  gives  thanks ;  one  who  acknowledges 
a  kindness  or  benefit. 

"  The  devout  thanfayioer,  David,  continually  de- 
claring the  ttraat  price  he  set  upon  this  divine  favours." 
—Barrow :  Herman*,  vol.  i..  Mr.  8. 

thanks'  glv-Ing,  *  thankes  gyv  yng,  s. 

[Eng.  thanks,  and  giving.} 

1.  The  act  of  rendering  or  returning  thanks 
or  of  expressing  gratitude    for    benetits   or 
kindness. 

"Th«  aged  have  had  longer  experience  of  God'a 
mercies  tiuui  others,  to  tumuli  matter  for  thunJa- 
fivingt."—  Seeker:  Sermon*,  vol.  ii..  wr.  6. 

2.  A  public  celebration  or  acknowledgment 
of  divine  goodness ;  a  day  specially  set  apart 
for  religious  services  as  an  acknowledgment 
of  the  goodness  of  God  as  shown  either  in 
any  remarkable  deliverance  from  calamity  or 
in  the  ordinary  dispensation  of  His  bounties. 

J  Thanksgiving  Day  was  first  established  in 
the  United  Slat  en  by  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth, 
in  1621.  It  became  a  recognized  holiday  in 
New  England,  replacing  Christmas  as  the 
great  family  festival,  and  has  bueu  gradually 
adopted  in  other  parts  of  the-  country.  Con- 
gress recommended  days  of  thanksgiving 
annually  during  the  Revolution,  and  Washing- 
ton in  1789,  after  the  adoption  of  the 
Constitution.  Other  days  of  natioual  tlianks- 
giviug  bave  beeu  proclaimed,  and  since  1863 
the  last  Thursday  in  November  hag  been 
annually  proclaimed  by  the  Presidents  aa  a 
national  Thaukbgiviug-day. 

3.  A  form  of  words  expressive  of  thanks  to 
God,  as  a  grace  or  the  like. 

than  nah,  «.    [Hind.]    [TANNA.] 

*  thanne,  adv.    [THAN.] 

*  than  -us,  c.     [Low  Lat.)    A  thane  (q.v.). 

thap  Si  a,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  0a^t*  (thapsia).'} 
Bot. :  Deadly-carrr>t ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Thapsidw(q.v.).  Perennial  herlw  with  doubly 
or  trelily  pinnate  leaves,  and  large  compound 
am  beta  of  yellow  flowers,  without  involucres 
or  involucels.  T.  garganica  is  found  in  the 
South  'of  Europe  and  Northern  Africa  ;  T. 
Silphion  is  a  variety  of  it  rather  than  a  dis- 
tinct species.  [LASKR.] 

Chap   si  die,  s.  pi.     [Mod.    Lat    thaps(ia); 
Liit.  fciu.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 
But.  :  A  family  of  Apiacea, 

*thar,  v.  impers.  [For  tharf,  from  A,  8.  thear- 
fan  =  to  have  need.]  It  behoves. 

th&r  -  and  -  ite,  s.  [After  Tharand,  near 
Dresden,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 


Afin.  ;  A  variety  of  dolomite  (q.v.),  occur- 
ring in  greenish-yellow  crystals,  which  con- 
tain 4  per  cent,  of  protoxide  of  iron. 

*  thar'-b6-rdugn  (gh  silent),  s.     [A  corrupt. 

of  thirdborough  (.q.v.).]    (Sliakesp.  :  Love's  La- 
bour's Lost,  i.  1.) 

*  tharf,  "  tharffe,  a.    [THERF.] 

tharm,    *  tharme,   *  thearm,   8.      [  A.s. 
m;  I  eel.  tharnir  ;  Dut.  &  Ger.  darm~& 
gut.] 
*  1.  An  intestine,  a  gut. 

"  Samme  tbay  slykeUe  thorgh  guttea  and  tfitarmes." 
Mr  /Vnimfrrni.  787. 

2.  Guts  or  intestines  twisted  into  a  cord,  as 
for  fiddle-strings,  &c.  (Prow.) 

that,  a.,  pmn.,  conj.,  k  adv.  [A.S.  dhcet,  sing. 
ueut.  of  demonstrative  pronoun,  frequently 
used  as  neut,  of  the  def.  article.  The  suffix  t 
is  the  mark  of  the  neuter  gender,  as  in  what, 
from  who,  it  (orig.  hit)  from  he,  and  answers 
t<>  the  Lat.  </,  as  n  istiu/,  quid,  id,  &c.  It 
also  appears  in  Sausc.  tat  =  it,  that,  and  in 
the  nouiin.  neut.  and  oblique  cases  of  the 
Greek  article.  Cf.  Dut.  de  (masc.  &  fern.)  = 
the  ;  dat  =  that  (conj.)  ;  Icel.  tlutt  =  the  ;  Dan. 
deti  (masc.  di  fern.),  det  (neut.)  =  the;  Sw. 
den  (masc.  &  fern.),  det  (neut.)  =  this  ;  Ger. 
<&r  (uiasc.),  die  (frm.),  das  (neut.)—  the  ;  dose 
=  that  (con,).);  Goth,  thata,  neut.  of  def. 
article  ;  Russ.  tote  (uiasc.),  ta  (fern.),  to  (neut.) 
=  that.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Used  as  a  definite  adjective  before  a  noun  : 

1.  Used  to  point  to  a  person  or  thing  before 
mentioned,  or  supposed  to  be  understood  ;  or 
used  to  designate  a  specific  person  or  thing 
emphatically,   having    more    force  than    the 
delinite  article,  which  may,  however,  in  some 
cases  be  substituted  for  it. 

"  The  woman  VM  mad*  whole  from  that  hour."— 
it<it(i<f\o  i\.  22. 

2.  Used  in  opposition  or  contradistinction 
to  this,  and  designating  one  of  two  objects 
already  mentioned,   and    generally  the    one 
more  remote  in  time  or  place.     [11.  2.] 

"  Thit  clerk*  said  y*.  that  other  n»ie." 

Qowir:  0.  A.    (Prol.) 

3.  Used  almost  as  equivalent  to  such,  and 
serving  to  point  not  so  much  to  persons  or 
things  as  to  their  qualities  ;  occasionally  fol- 
lowed by  as  or  that  as  a  correlative. 

"  Whose  love  wai  of  th>it  dignity 
That  it  went  hand  in  hand  even  with  the  vow." 

Shaktsp.  :  Samlet,  i.  v. 

II.  Used  absolutely  or  without  a  noun  : 

1.  Used  to   designate   a    person   or  thing 
already  mentioned,   referred  to,  implied,  or 
otherwise  indicated. 

"The  measure  Is  English  heroic  verse  without 
rhiuie,  as  th<it  ot  Homer  in  Greek,  and  of  Virgil  111 
Latin."—  Milton.  •  P.  L.  (The  Verse.) 

2.  Used  in  opposition  to  this,  or  by  way  of 
distinction  :  as,  This  is  dark,  tlwt  fair.     When 
this  and  that  are  used  to  refer  to  persons  or 
things  already  mentioned  or  indicated  in  any 
way,  this  designates  the  latter  or  last  men- 
tioned, that  the  former  or  first  mentioned,  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  Lat.  hie  and  ille,  and 
the  Fr.  ceci  and  cela.     When  used  to  denote 
plural  nouns  that  takes  the  plural  form  those. 

"  Thote  are  the  very  words." 

tihaicetp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice.  IT.  L 

3.  Used  in  place  of  a  sentence,  or  part  of  a 
sentence,  or  a  series  of  sentences. 

"When  Moses  heard   that   he    was  content."—  /.«• 


Here  that  refers  to  the  words  of  Aaron  (Lev. 
x.  19X  That  in  this  use  sometimes  precedes 
the  sentence  or  clause  to  which  it  refers. 

"  That  be  far  from  thee,  to  do  after  this  manner,  to 
titty  ti'f  riy/ilr»ui  with  thit  wicked."  —  (tmrtii  xvii  i.  23. 

Here  that  refers  to  the  clause  in  italics.  That 
is  also  frequently  used  as  a  substitute  for  an 
adjective  :  as,  "  You  say  he  is  dead  :  that  he 
is  not."  It  is  also  frequently  used  to  explain 
or  add  to  something  said  or  referred  to. 

"  I  heard  a  humming, 
And  that  a  strange  one," 

Hhak'-tj>.  :  Ttmfxat.  11.  1. 

Sometimes  it  is  used  as  equivalent  to  the 
modern  colloquial  use  of  so,  as  — 

"  '  You  saw  the  ceremony?" 

*  That  I  did.'  "  Shake*/'.  :  Henry  riff.,  IT.  1. 

4.  Used  with  a  predicate,  by  way  of  ein- 
ph«tic  approbation,  applause,  or  encourage- 
ment. 

"  Why,  that  's  my  dainty  Ariel  !" 

Shafotp.  :  Ttmpttt,  T.  L 

6.  Especial,  distinguished. 

"Art  thoti  that  my  lord  Elijah?"—  I  JT(»f;*  xviii.  7. 


6.  By  omission  of  the  following  relative. 

(1)  Equivalent  to  he  who,  she  who. 

"  Witu  U  that  calls  BO  coldly  ?  "—xhaJcetp.  :  Taming1 
<tTfAe.sArew.lv.  1. 

(2)  Equivalent  to  what,  that  which. 

"Have  you  that  I  aent  you  for?" 

Shafcetft.  •  Cumetty  of  Emm,  Iv.  i. 

B.  As  a  rilatire  prorwun,  that  is  used  fre- 
quently as  equivalent  to  to/to  or  i< 

"Bo  being  that  ruling  engine  that  governs  th« 
world,  it  both  claims  ami  finds  tu>  br«»t  a-  preheml. 
neuce  above  all  other  kinds  of  kuuwleUK^n"  K>vern* 
metit  is  above  contemplation."— £cu£/»  •  sermons,  voL 
i..  ten  9. 

It  cannot,  however,  be  used  aa  a  relative  with 
a  preposition  preceding  it ;  but  it  may  be  so 
used  if  the  preposition  is  placed  at  the  end  of 
the  clause.  Thus,  we  can  say  :  The  mrui  o/ 
whom  I  spoke,  or,  the  man  that  I  spoke  of; 
the  house  in  which  I  live,  or,  the  house  that  I 
live  in,  Ac.  That  introduces  always  an  ad- 
jwtive  clause,  while  who  or  which  arc  not 
always  so  used.  To  the  relative  use  of  that 
may  be  referred  the  cases  in  which  it  is  used 
as  correlative  to  so  and  such. 

"  Whose  state  Is  tuch  that  cannot  choose 
But  lend  and  give  where  she  is  sure  to  low." 

Mu*«p.  .•  AU't  Weil  that  £nd»  IfcH,  L  S. 

C.  As  conjunction : 

1.  Used  to    introduce  a   clause  which  is, 
logically,  either  the  subject  of  the  principal 
sentence,  or  the  object,  or  a  necessary  com- 
plement of  an    essential  part  of  the  prin- 
cipal sentence. 

"  TU  childish  error  that  they  art  afraid." 

Xhaketp.:   Venut  A  Adonis.  898. 

2.  Used  to  introduce  a  reason  ;  in  that,  be- 
cause, since. 

"  Do  not  smile  at  me  thaf  I  boast  her  off.' 

SJtaitetp. :  Tetnpest,  Iv.  L 

3.  Used  to  denote  a  purpose,  object,  or  end ; 
equivalent  to  the  phrases  iti  order  that,  to 
that,  to  the  end  that. 

4.  Used    to    introduce  a   result  or  conse- 
quence, and  equivalent  to  so  tluit. 

"  At  this  Adonis  smilea  aa  in  disdain, 
That  in  each  cheek  appears  a  pretty  dimple." 

bk,ike*p-  •   r»iu*  *  Attontt.  MS. 

5.  Denoting  a  fact  supposed  to  be  in  con- 
nection with  what  precedes ;  equivalent  to 
teeing  that,  it  being  the  case  that. 

"There  is  something  tn  the  wind,  that  we  cannot  gat 
la."  Hhakttp, :  Comedy  of  Errort,  ill.  1. 

6.  Supplying  the  place  of  a  relative  preceded 
by  a  preposition.    [B.] 

"  This  is  the  hour  that  Madam  Silrla 
Entreated  me  to  call." 

Shaketp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  iv.  8. 

*  7.  Used  to  supply  the  place  of  another 
conjunction  in  the  second  part  of  a  clause. 

"  As  if  the  world  should  cleave,  and  that  slain  men 
Should  solder  up  the  rift" 

Shatcetp:  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  fli.  4, 

8.  Added  to  other  conjunctions  and  relative 
adverbs  without  modifying  their  sense. 

"  After  that  the  holy  rites  are  ended." 

Shakeip. :  Much  Ado  Ab<>ut  .Vothing,  T.  4. 

So  also  we  find  test  that,  when  that,  where  that, 
whilst  that,  &c. 

9.  Used  elliptically  to  introduce  a  sentence 
or  clause  expressive  of  surprise,  indignation, 
or  the  like. 

"  That  a  brother  should 
Be  so  perfidious  1 "  Shakitp.  :  Tempett,  f .  3. 

^  In  that :    For  the  reason  that ;   seeing 
that ;  because. 

10.  Used  similarly  elliptically  as  an  optative 
particle,  or  to  introduce  a  phrase  expressing  a 
wish. 

"  0,  that  yon  hot* 
The  mind  that  I  do."  Shaketp-  •'  Tempttt,  ii.  1. 

D.  As  adv. :  To  such  a  degree ;  so :  as,  He 
was  that  angry.    (Vulgar.) 

h&tfll,  s.  [A  weakened  form  of  thalc  [THACK,  s.], 
from  A.S.  these  =  thatch  ;  theccan  =  to  thatch, 
cover  ;  DuL  dofc  =  thatcli,  dekken  —  to  thatch; 
Icel.  tkak  =  thatch,  thekja—tn  that«'h  ;  Dan. 
tag  =  thatch,  tcekke  =  to  thatch;  Sw.  tak  = 
thatch,  tdkke  =  to  thatch  ;  Ger.  dach  =  thatch, 
deckfti  =  to  thatch.  Fmiu  the  same  root  come 
Gr.  re'-yot  (tepos)  =  a  roof,  <rrcyw  (ste^o)=to 
cover  ;  Lat.  tefjo  =  to  cover  ;  Irish  teagh  =  a 
house  ;  Gael,  teach,  tigh  =  a  house  ;  Welsh  tig 
=  a  house,  toi  =  to  thatch ;  Eng.  deck  (1),  ».] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit. :  A  covering  of  straw,  rushes,  reeds, 
or  the  like,  used  for  the  roofs  of  houses,  to 
cover  stacks  of  hay  or  grain,  &c. 

"  When  from  the  rhntrh  drips  fast  a  shower  of  rain." 
Qua  •  Lamentation  of  GlumdalcIUA 

2.  fly. :  A  hat  or  other  covering  for  the 
head.    (Slang.) 


boil,  b6^ ;  pout,  JolU ;  oat,  90!!.  chorus,  9hln,  ben<?h ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  tMs ;  sin,  a? ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    - 
-clan,  -Uan  =  •han.    -tton, -sion  -  ahun ; -tion, -jion  ^  zbun,    -oioaa>  -tious,  -olons  =  *hu*.    -We, -die.  ic,  ^- bel,  dei. 


4680 


thatch— theandrio 


IL  Bot. :    (I)   Calyptronoma    Swartni;   (2) 

Oopernicia  tcctorum. 

thatch  -  tree,  s.  A  general  name  for 
palms  in  the  West  Indies. 

thatch  wood  work,  *. 

Hydr.-eng.:  A  mode  of  facing  sea-walls 
with  brushwood.  Underbrush  of  say  twelve 
or  fourteen  years'  growth  is  cut  down,  fagoted 
at  its  full  length,  and  spread  over  the  face  of 
the  banks.  It  is  kept  down  by  strong  stakes, 
which  have  cross-pins  at  their  upper  ends  to 
rest  upon  the  brush,  which  breaks  and  dis- 
perses the  waves  and  protects  the  earth  be- 
neath. 

th&tch,  v.t.  [THATCH,  s.]  To  cover  with  etrav 
rushes,  reeds,  or  the  like. 

th&tched,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [THATCH,  v.] 

*  thatched  -  head,  «.     One  who  has  a 

head  of  thickly-matted  hair.     (Formerly  ap- 
plied to  an  Irishman  in  contempt.) 

thatch  -  er,  *.    [Eng.  thatch,  v. ;  -er.]    One 
whose  occupation  is  to  thatch  houses. 

"An  honest  thateher  will  know  how  to  hand  hU 
•tr»w  no  whit  better  after  hi*  election  than  be  did  be- 
fore."-^. Ball:  £pucopac*  fry  Dirin*  Right,  pt  iii., 

thatch -fog,  pr.  par.,  a,,  &  $.    [THATCH,  v.] 

A,  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  $ubstantive : 

1.  The  act  or  art  of  covering  with  thatch. 

2.  The  materials,  as  straw,  reeds,  &c.,  used 
for  thatching ;  thatch. 

thatching-fork,  thatching  spale,  s, 
An  implement  with  a  forked  blade  and  a  cross 
nandle  at  one  end  for  thrusting  home  the 
tufts  of  straw  in  thatching.  The  blade  is 
usually  formed  of  ash*  wood,  but  sometimes  of 
thin  iron. 

*  that  -ness,  ».    [Eng.  that;  -ness.]   The  state 
or  condition  of  being  that  rather  than  this. 

[THI8NE8S.J 

*  thatte,  pron.t  conjunct.,  Ac.    [THAT.] 

thaught  (gh  silent),  s.    [A  corrupt,  of  thicart.] 
A  bench  in  a  boat  on  which  the  rowers  sit, 

thau -man' -ti -as,  5.    [Gr.  Oav^a   (thauma), 
genit.  $av  floras  \thaumatos)  =&  wonder.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Medusidse.  Body  hemi- 
spherical, its  circumference  with  tentaculi- 
form  cirrhi,  bulbous  at  their  root,  the  under 
part  of  the  animal  much  excavated,  with  a 
stomachal  cavity  terminating  by  a  buccal  ori- 
fice. From  the  European  and  Australian 
coasts. 

than  -mas, a.  [Gr.  Bavua  (thauma)  =  &n->&Tv?\.] 

Palceont. :  The  name  given  to  some  extinct 

forms  from  the  Oolite,  closely  allied  to  Rhina 

sguatina,  the  Angel-fish,  and  probably  to  be 

classed  with  the  Rhinide. 

thau   ma  site,  *.     [Gr.  Oav^u  (thaumazo) 
=  to  be  surprised  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).} 

Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral  occurring  in 
crevices  in  the  Bjelke  mine,  Jemtland,  Sweden. 
When  first  found  it  is  stated  to  be  soft,  hard- 
ening on  exposure.  Hardness,  3*5 ;  sp.  gr. 
1*877 ;  lustre,  greasy  to  dull ;  colour,  white. 
Compos.  :  a  mean  of  three  very  concordant 
analyses  appears  to  justify  the  formula  sug- 
gested by  Lindstrbm,  CaBiO3  -f  CaC03  + 
CaSp4  -f  14  aq.,  which  needs  silica,  9'93  ;  car- 
bonic acid,  7'28 ;  sulphuric  acid,  13-25  ;  lime 
27-82;  water,  4172  =  100.  In  view  of  the 
improbable  composition,  it  has  been  at- 
tempted to  show  that  the  substance  is  a 
mixture ;  hut  by  independent  microscopic 
investigation  its  practically  homogeneous 
structure  has  been  confirmed.  Still  further 
examination  is  essential. 

thau  mas  tur  -a,  s.  [Gr.  *ov/*a<n^«  (thau- 
mastos)  =  wonderful,  and  oirpd  (aura)  =  a  tail.] 
Ornith. :  Sheartail ;  a  genus  of  Trochilidie, 
with  two  species,  from  the  humid  districts  of 
Peru.  The  genus  is  distinguished  by  the 
peculiarly-shaped  tail,  the  feathers  of  which 
are  pointed,  the  middle  ones  being  greatly 
elongate.  Several  pairs  are  generally  met 
with  together.  The  males  are  extremely 
pugnacious,  driving  off  every  other  kind  of 
humming-bird  which  ventures  to  enter  their 
territory.  The  plumage  of  the  sexes  is  dif- 
ferent, the  female  being  much  duller  in  colour. 


*  thau -ma-tdl'-a-try,  *.  [Qr.0av^a(thauma), 

genit.  fliii'naTo?  (tluiumatos)  =  a  wonder,  ami 
Aarpci'a  (latreifi)  —  worship.]  Excessive  ad- 
miration for  what  is  wonderful;  adiniratiou 
of  what  is  miraculous. 

thau  ma  trope,  *.  [Or.  0avMo  (thauma)  = 
a  wonder,  and  Tpomj  (trope)  —  a  turning  ; 
(trepo)  =  to  turn.)  An  optical  toy,  depending 
for  its  effects  upon  the  persistence  of  vision. 
It  consists  of  a  circular  card  having  striius 
fastened  to  it  at  the  extremities  of  a  diameter. 
On  one  side  is  drawn  some  object,  as  a  horse, 
and  on  the  other  his  rider,  so  that  when  tln> 
card  is  twirled  rapidly  round  the  rider  appear: 
to  be  seated  on  the  horse. 

*  thau   ma-turge,  *.     [THAUMATURQY.]     A 
dealer  in  miracles ;  a  miracle- monger. 

*  thau   ma- tur   gic,    *  thau   ma -tur 
gic-al,  a,     [Eng.  thaumaturg(y) ;   -ic,  -ical.} 
Of  or  pertaining  to  thaumaturgy,  magic,  or 
legerdemain. 

"  fTo  »ee]such  plaamnt  peeces  of  perspective.  Indian 
pictures  made  of  feathers,  China  workea,  frame* 
Ouutmaturgieatt  motions,  exoticke  tores,  Ac.  "— 
Burton  :  Anal,  of  Melancholy,  p.  276. 

*  thau  ma  tur'-gica,  s.  pi.     [THAUMATUR- 
QIC.]    Feats  of  magic  or  legerdemain. 

*  thau  ma-tur  gist,  *.  [Eng.  thaumaturg(y) ; 
•ift.]    One  who  deals  in  wonders  or  believes 
in  them  ;  a  wonder-worker. 

"  Cftgliostro,  thaumaturgut,  prophet,  and  wob- 
qu»ck.  — Carfyte  :  Diamond  Sccklace,  eh.  xvL 

thau'  ma -tur  gus,  s.  [Gr.  Oav^arovpyoy 
(thaumatourgos),  from  Qav^a  (thauma)  =  a 
wonder,  and  ipyov  (ergon)  =  work.)  A 
miracle- worker ;  a  title  given  by  Roman 
Catholics  to  some  of  their  saints,  specially 
noted  for  working  miracles :  as,  Gregory 
Thavmaturgus  (212-270).  St  Bernard  of 
Clairvaux  (1091-1153)  is  called  the  Thaumat- 
urgus  of  the  West. 

thau  -ma -tur- gf,   t.     [Gr.  eav^anvpyia 

(thaumatourgia),  from  Sav^a  (thauma),  genit. 
0avftaroc  (thau  mates)  =  *  wonder,  and  tpyov 
(ergon)  =  work.]  The  act  of  performing 
miracles  or  wonders  ;  wonder-working,  magic, 
legerdemain. 

"That  man,  who,  after  such  thaumaturgy,  could 
' — n  to  Stratford  and  livt  "• 
Among  My  Bookt,  p.  171. 


mat  uitui,  WJKI,  alter  ancn  maumatitrgy,  comu 
go  dnwn  to  Stratford  and  live  there  for  year*,"— 
Lotctlt :  •-  -  ~  "  ~  '-  ~  — 


thave,  5.    [THEAVB.] 

thaw,  *  thow-en,  v.i.  &  t.  [A.8.  thavnan, 
tkawan  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  dooijen  =  to  thaw, 
from  dooi  =  thaw  ;  I  eel.  theyja  =  to  thaw, 
from  thd  =  a  thaw  ;  Dan.  toe  —  to  thaw,  from 
(6  =  a  tliaw  ;  Sw.  foa=to  thaw,  from  to  =  a 
thaw  ;  Ger.  thautn  —  to  thaw  ] 

A*  Intransitive: 

L  Literally: 

1.  To  melt,  dissolve,  or  become  liquid,  as 
ice  or  snow. 

"  Long  tedious  courtship  may  be  proper  for  cold 
countries,  where  their  frosu  are  long  a  thawing ;  but 
heav'n  be  praised,  we  live  in  a  warm  climate."— 
Drydtn:  An  Kvening't  Love,  1.  2. 

2.  To  become  so  warm  as  to  melt  ice  or 
snow.    (Said  of  the  weather,  and  used  im- 
personally.) 

IL  Fig.  :  To  become  less  cold,  reserved,  or 
formal ;  to  become  more  genial. 
B.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  melt,  to  dissolve,  as  ice  or  snow ; 
to  free  from  frost,  as  frozeu  ground. 

"  Time,  never  wandering  from  hU  annual  round. 
Bids  zephyr   breathe  the  spring,  and   thaw  the 
ground."  Copper:  Elegy  v.    (Tram.) 

2.  Fig. :   To  render  less  cold,  formal,  or 
reserved  ;  to  make  more  genial. 

thaw*  s.    [Tnxw,  v.] 

I.  Literally: 

1.  The  reduction  of  snow  or  ice  to  a  liquid 
state  by  the  increasing  heat  of  the  sun,  or  by 
the   accidental   passage  of  warmer  currents 
over  the  frozen  mass.    The  dissolution  of  the 
ice  particles  in    the  atmosphere    creates  a 
humidity,  which  is  perceptibly  felt.    During 
thaw  there  U  a  sensation  of  greater  cold  than 
during  the  previous  frost,  owing  apparently 
to  caloric  being  carried  away  from  the  body 
by  the  evaporation  of  the  moisture  on  the  skin. 

2.  Warmth  of  weather,  such  as  liquefies  or 
melts  things  frozen. 

"  They  soon  after,  with  great  Joy,  uw  the  mow  full 
In  Urge  flake*  from  the  trees,  a  certain  sign  of  an 
approaching  thaw."— Cook :  firtt  f'oyage,  bk.  I.,  ch.  iv. 


IL  Fig.  :  The  state  of  becoming  leas  cold, 
formal,  or  reserved, 

"  But  were  &  man  In  a  mountain  of  ice,  yet.  if  the 
Hun  of  RinlittMiusuesa  should  arise  upon  him  hi* 
frozen  heart  shall  feel  a  thaw."—  Bunt/an  •  ril/rrini'i 
Progreu,  pt  li. 

thaw  -less,    a.     [Eng.  thaw;    -less.]      Un- 
thawed,  un  thaw  ing. 

"  The  pure  air.  even  on  this  lower  ledge  of  a  thousand 
feet  above  sea,  cherishes  their  sweetest  scents  and 
liveliest  colours.  Mid  the  winttrgives  them  rest  iiiidtT 
thaurlett  serenity  of  »uow.  '—Ktukin.  in  St.  Jamtt'i 
tiautte,  Feb.  »,  IBM. 


a.      [Eug.    thaw;    -y.]     Growing 
liquid  ;  thawing. 

the,  def.  art.  [A.S.  dhe,  morecommonly  «,  the 
masc.  nom.  of  the  definite  article  :  se,  seo. 
dhast  [THAT];  O.Sax.  dhe;  O.  Fris.  the,  thi; 
Dut.  &  Low  Ger.  de  ;  Sw.  &.  Dan.  den  ;  Ger. 
der.  The  A.S.  detinite  article  was  inflected 
like  an  adjective  for  number,  gender,  and  case. 
The,  before  a  comparative,  is  the  old  instru- 
mental thi  :  as,  the  more  =  Lat.  eo  magis.] 

1.  Used  before  nouns  with  a  specifying  and 
limiting  force  ;  as  :  the  twelve  apostles  ;  Tkt 
sun  is  the  source  of  light  and  heat. 

2.  Used  before  a  noun  in  the  singular  num- 
ber, to  denote  a  species  by  way  of  distribution 
or  a  single  thing  representing  the  whole  :  aa, 
The  grasshopper  shall  be  a  burden. 

3.  Used  before  abstract  nouns  ;  seemingly 
used  in  a  general  sense,  but  in  fact  restricted 
by  their  particular  application. 

"  The  graud  debate, 
The  popular  harangue,  the  tart  reply, 
Tht  logic,  and  thf  wisdom,  aud  CM  wit, 
And  the  loud  Uvurh—  I  long  to  know  them  all  ; 
I  burn  to  set  th'  imuriaon'd  wranglent  free, 
And  givejthem  voice  and  utt'raiice  once  again  ** 
r  ;  Tatk,  iv.  3 


4.  Used  befpse  proper  names    by  way   ol 
emphatic  distinction,  or  before  family  names 
with  something  of  the  force  of  a  title  :  as, 
The  Macnab,  The  O'Donoghue,  The  O'Connor 
Don,  Ac. 

5.  Prefixed  to   adjectives  used  absolutely, 
giving  them  the  force  and  functions  of  ab- 
stract names  :  as,  the  sublime,  the  beautiful. 
the  real,  the  ideal,  &c. 

6.  Used  before  adjectives  and  adverbs  in  the 
comparative  degree,  with  the  force  of  by  that, 
by  so  much,  by  how  much,  on  that  account:  as, 
the  sooner  the  better. 

*the,  v.t.    [THEE,  v.]    To  thrive,  to  prosper; 
to  have  good  luck. 

"  '  So  the  ik.'  quod  he,"  Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  5.M1 

the  -a,  s.    [Chinese  tcha  =  tea.] 

Bot.  :  Tea;  a  genus  of  Ternstrb'miacea. 
Flowers  pendent  ;  sepals  five,  persistent, 
with  bracts  at  their  base  ;  petals  five,  seven, 
or  eight,  the  inner  series  the  larger  one  ;  sta- 
mens in  two  rows,  the  inner  or  free  series  aa 
many  as  the  petals  ;  styles  three  ;  fruit  thn-e- 
celled,  capsular,  spheroidal,  with  each  cell 
usually  one-seeded,  the  capsule  ultimately 
splitting  through  the  cells  into  three  valves, 
each  with  a  partition  down  the  middle. 
Known  species  six,  the  leaves  of  only  one  of 
which  are  made  into  tea.  [TEA-PLANT.]  Grif- 
fith considered  the  genus  not  to  be  properly 
distinct  from  Camellia,  which,  however,  has 
the  sepals  numerous  and  deciduous,  the  free 
stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  five  as 
the  normal  number  of  styles,  and  flowers 
erect.  Most  modern  botanists  therefore  keep 
the  two  genera  separate. 

*  the  a  -$e-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  the(a)  ;  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot.  :  Uirbel's  name  for  Ternstromiaces 
(q.v.X 

T'-hcad,  i.  [Eng.  T,  and  head.}  A  cross-bar 
with  two  prongs  on  the  end  of  a  dog-diain, 
watch-chain,  or  elsewhere,  to  engage  in  a  hug. 

the'-&d,>.    [Mod.  Lat.  the(a);  Eng.  suff.  -ad.} 
Bot.  (PL):  The  Ternstromiacete.    (Ltndlty.) 

the  an-dric,  a.  [Gr.  e,ai-ipmn  (theandrt- 
ios),  from  0foi  (fheos)  =  God,  and  onjp  (aitir), 
genit.  ai'Spos  (andros)  =  a  man.]  Relating  to 
or  existing  by  the  union  of  divine  and  human 
operation  in  Jesus  Christ,  or  the  joint  agency 
or  the  divine  aud  human  nature. 

theandric  operation,  «. 

Thfol.  :  A  term  introduced  in  the  seventh 
century  to  express  that  unity  of  operation  in 
the  two  natures  and  the  two  wills  of  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ,  by  which  they  act  as  the  nature! 


Ate,  f&t,  f&re,  amidst,  whit,  An,  tether;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  «ir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  won  work.  who.  son;  mate,  cab,  cure,  anite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    IB,  oe  =  a;  oy  =  a;  qa  =  Jnr. 


theanthropio— theoa 


4681 


And  wills  of  one  indivisible  Person,  God  and 

Man.    (Blunt.) 

the  an  throp  ic,    the  an-throp  Ic-al, 

a.  [Go.  0*6?  (theos)  =  god,  and  apOptoirof 
(an(Aropos)  —  a  man.]  Partaking  both  of  the 
divine  and  human  nature. 

the-&n'-thrd-pi?m,  s.    [THEANTHROPIC,] 

1.  A  state  of  being  both  God  and  man. 

2.  A  conception  of  God  or  of  goda,  as  pos- 
sessing qualities  essentially  the  same  as  those 
of  men,  bat  on  a  grander  scale.    (Gladstone.) 

tlie-Sn'-thro-pist,  *.  [THEANTHROPISM.] 
One  who  advocates  or  believes  in  Theanthro- 
pism. 

*  the-in'-thro-p^,    «.       [THEANTHROPISM.] 

The  same  as  Theanthropism. 


a.     [THEABCHY.]     Divinely 
sovereign  or  supreme. 

•the'-ar-chjf,  s.  [Gr.  0eds  (theos)  =  god, 
and  apx»j  (arche)  =  rule.] 

L  Government  by  God  ;  theocracy. 

2.  A  body  of  divine  rulers  ;  an  order  or 
system  of  gods  or  deities. 

the   a-ter,  s.    [THEATRE.] 

•the-a-teiM-an*  •.  [Eng.  theater;  -ion.] 
An  actor. 

"Playera,  I  mean  Ouatiriam."—  Dtkter:  Satiro- 
mattix, 

The  -a  tine,  t  The  a  tin,  *Te-a~tIn,  a. 
&s.  "[See  def.  B.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  connected 
With  the  congregation  described  under  B. 

"The  Theatine  Nunt  were  founded  by  the  Blessed 
Ursula  Beiiiucatt  .  .  .  she  died  in  1*18."—  Addu  A 
Arnold:  Cart.  Diet.,  p.  792. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Church  Hist.  :  Any  member  of  a  congrega- 
tion of  Regular  Clerks,  which  derived  its 
name  from  Theate  (now  Chieti),  a  fortified 
city  of  the  Abruzzo,  of  which  John  Peter 
Caraffa,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Congrega- 
tion, was  Bishop.  Associated  with  Caraffa, 
were  St.  Cajetan,  Paul  Consiglieri,  and  Boni- 
face de  Colle  ;  the  first  steps  towards  the 
formation  of  the  new  congregation  were  taken 
in  1524,  and  in  the  following  year  it  was  ap- 
proved by  Pope  Clement  VII.  The  object  of 
the  founders  was  the  promotion  of  spiritual 
life  among  Christians  and  the  removal  of  ir- 
regularities among  the  secular  clergy.  The 
members  took  the  three  vows,  and  practised 
rigid  poverty,  for  they  even  abstained  from 
asking  alms,  In  the  popedom  of  Caraffa,  who 
was  elected  in  1555,  and  took  the  title  of  Paul 
IV.,  the  congregation  spread  over  the  Conti- 
nent, but  is  at  present  confined  to  Italy. 

•the'-a-tral,  the-a'-tral,  a.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  theatralis.}  Pertaining  or  belonging  to 
a  theatre  or  theatres  ;  theatrical. 

"  ID  thtatral  action*  he  personates  Herod  in  hL» 
majesty."—  Comment,  on  Chaucer  (ed.  1665),  p.  -'.'-. 

the  -a-tre  (tre  as  ter),  the  -a-ter  (Amer.), 
*  teatre,  s.  [Fr.  theatre,  from  Lat.  theatrum  ; 
Gr.  Bfarpov  (theatron)  =  a  place  for  seeing 
shows  ;  fledo/ieu  (theaomai)  —  to  see  ;  Bio.  (thea) 
=  a  sight;  Sp.,  Port.,  and  Ital.  teatro.} 

L  Literally: 

1.  A  building  devoted  to  the  representa- 
tion of  dramatic  spectacles  ;  a  play-house. 
Amongst  the  Greeks  and  Romans  theatres 
were  the  chief  public  edifices  next  to  the 
temples,  and  many  of  them  were  of  enormous 
size.  The  theatre  of  Marcellus  at  Rome,  the 
external  walls  of  which  are  still  in  existence, 
contained  seats  for  30,000  spectators.  The 
Greek  theatres  were  semicircular  ;  that  part 
In  which  the  chorus  danced  and  sang  was 
called  the  orchestra  ;  behind  this,  and  facing 
the  audience,  was  the  stage  for  the  performers 
who  took  part  in  the  dnma  ;  the  back  of  the 
stage  being  filled  in  by  a  permanent  architec- 
turally decorated  scene.  Roman  theatres 
also  formed  semicircles  with  seats  rising  in 
tlie  form  of  an  amphitheatre  for  the  specta- 
tors, at  the  chord  of  which  was  the  stage 
(scena),  with  its  permanent  decorations.  The 
orchestra,  which  was  the  space  between  the 
stage  and  the  lowest  tier  of  spectators,  was 
employed  by  the  Greeks  for  theatrical  pur- 
poses, whereas  the  Romans  turned  it  into 
seats  for  the  senators.  The  topmost  tier  was 
generally  crowned  with  a  covered  portico. 
j  whole  mass  of  the  rows  of  seats  was  sup- 


ported by  a  solid  substructure  of  piers  and 

arches,  which  formed  passages  of  three  storys 
one  above  another,  retaining  the  circular 
form  of  the  building  ;  whilst  externally  they 
formed  arcades,  which  were  surrounded  with 
half-columns  or  piers  with  entablatures  over 
them.  The  exterior  of  the  straight  portion 
of  the  building,  which  contained  the  stage 
and  some  chambers  connected  with  it,  was 
generally  surrounded  by  a  portico.  The 
theatres  were  either  open,  or  were  protected 
against  the  sun  and  rain  by  an  awning 
stretched  over  them.  The  scena  consisted  of 
the  scena  in  a  restricted  sense,  answering  to 
the  modern  scene,  and  the  pulpitum  or  stage. 


THEATRE   OF   DIONYSOS. 

The  scene  itself,  in  accordance  with  a  critical 
canon  observed  with  much  solicitude  by  the 
Grecian  dramatists,  was  very  rarely  changed 
during  the  course  of  the  same  play,  although 
the  scena  vtrsatilis,  the  turning  scene,  and 
the  scena  ductilis,  the  shifting  scene,  were  not 
altogether  unknown.  The  pulpitum  again 
was  divided  into  the  proscenium,  or  space  in 
front  of  the  scene,  where  the  actors  stood 
while  actually  engaged  in  the  business  of  the 
play,  and  the  postecenium,  or  space  behind  the 
scene,  to  which  they  retired  when  they  made 
their  exits.  Modern  theatres  are  generally 
constructed  on  a  semicircular  or  horse-shoe 
plan,  with  galleries  running  round  the  walls. 
The  portion  of  a  modern  theatre  correspond- 
ing to  the  ancient  orchestra  is  occupied 
mainly  by  spectators,  the  orchestra  taking  up 
only  a  small  part  of  it  next  to  the  stage. 
In  some  small  theatres  the  band  is  under  the 
stage. 

"  The  building  was  a  spacious  theatre. 
Half-round  on  two  main  pillars  vaulted  high, 
With  seats  where  all  the  lords  and  each  degree 
" 


Of  sort,  might  ait  in  order  to  behold." 

Milton  :  Sanutm  Ayonittet,  1.605. 

2.  A  room,  hall,  or  other  place,  generally 
with  a  platform  at  one  end,  and  ranks  of 
seats,  rising  as  they  recede,  or  otherwise  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  afford  the  spectators  a  full 
and  unobstructed  view  of  the  platform.  Such 
rooms  are  used  for  public  lectures,  anatomical 
demonstrations,  surgical  operations  &c. 

IL  Figuratively  : 

1.  A  place  vising  by  steps  or  gradations 
like  the  seats  in  a  theatre. 

"  Shade  above  shade,  a  woody  theatre 
Of  stateliest  view.  J/ilton  :  P.  L,.  IT.  141. 

2.  A  place,  scene,  or  sphere  of  action  or  ex- 
hibition ;  a  scene  or  field  of  operations  ;   the 
scene  or  locality  where  a  series   of  events 
takes  place  :  as,  the  theatre  of  war. 

*1T  Patent  theatre:  A  theatre  existing  by 
right  of  letters  patent,  as  distinguished  from 
one  holding  a  licence  from  the  Lord  Chamber- 
lain. (See  extract.  )  (English.) 

"  Owing  to  their  being  the  two  patent  thtatrat, 
Drury  Lane  and  Co  vent  Garden  hav«  each  at  their 
doors  a  guard  of  honour  of  six  soldiers,  furnished  by 
the  household  troops.  .  ,  .  The  guard,  we  believe,  is 
the  sola  relic  of  the  exclusive  'royal  patent*  under 
which  these  two  theatres  so  long  existed.  "—  Watford: 
Old  A  New  London,  iii.  237. 

theatre-goer,  *.  A  playgoer  ;  one  who 
frequents  theatres. 

theatre-going,  «.  The  practice  of  fre- 
quenting theatres. 

"Up  in  Wheens  w«  have  not  got  reconciled   to 
ff  yet."—  St.  Jamet'i  Oazette,  June  2.  1887. 


the-af-rio-al,  *  thi-af-rfc,  a.     [Lat. 
theatricus,  from  Gr.  ««aTpi«6s  (<A«Krtfaw).J 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  theatre  or  to  scenic 
representations  ;  resembling  the  manner  of 
dramatic  performers. 

"The  i*ople  In  general  fonder  nf  theatrical  enter- 
tainment,"— Ootdtmttlt  :  Potito  Learning,  eh.  xii. 


2.  Calculated  for  display  ;  pompous. 

"  But  whichsoever  we  do,  neither  oar  lang-uaft 
•hou hi  be  florid,  nor  our  manner  theatrical."— Secktr  : 
Warkt,  vol.  V..  Charge  1. 

3.  Meretricious,  artificial,  false. 


"  the-at-ri-oal'-I-t£,  a.  [Eng. 
-ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  theatrical ; 
anything  that  is  theatrical ;  theatrical  dis- 
play. (C.  Kingsley:  Alton  Locke,  ch.  vi.) 

"  the-at  -rl-cal  ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  theatrical ; 
•lie.]  To  cast  in  a  dramatic  form. 

"  I  shall  occasionally  theatrically  my  dialognea."" 
Mad.  D'Arblau:  Diary,  193. 

the-at'-ric-al-l|^,  -<».  [Eng.  theatrical ;  -J».) 

1.  In  a  the«  Vv»..  manner;   in  a  manner 
suiting  the  stagr/      (Farrar:   Early  Days  of 
Christianity,  ch.       > 

2.  With  vain  pomp,  show,  or  ostentation ; 
with  false  glitter  ;  unreally. 

the  at  ric-als,  s.  pi.  [THEATRICAL.]  All 
that  appertains  to  a  dramatic  performance, 
especially  such  a  performance  in  a  private 
house :  as,  private  theatricals, 

the'-a  tro*  phone,  $.  A  telephone  by  mean- 
of  which  the  words  and  music  of  a  theatrical 
performance  may  be  heard  at  a  distance  by 
non-spectators. 

theave,  thave,  i.  [Ct.  Welsh  da/ad  =  t 
sheep,  a  ewe.J  A  ewe  of  the  first  year. 

the-ba'  I  a,  s.    [THEDAINE.] 

the  -ba  Id,  s.  [See  def.]  A  poem  concerning 
Thebes.  There  were  several  such ;  but  the 
name  is  given,  by  way  of  pre-eminence,  to  a 
Latin  heroic  poem  in  twelve  books  written  by 
Statins,  born  A.D.  61,  died  A.D.  96. 

the-ba'-ine,  *.  [Named  from  Thebes,  in 
Egypt,  from  the  vicinity  of  which  comes  some 
of  the  opium  of  commerce.] 

CA«m. :  CigHjiNOj.  Thebaia.  One  of  the  less 
important  bases  existing  in  opium.  Obtained 
by  treating  the  extinct  of  opium  with  milk 
of  lime,  washing  the  precipitate  with  water, 
and  after  drying,  exhausting  it  with  boiling 
alcohol.  On  evaporation  a  residue  is  obtained, 
from  which  ether  dissolves  out  the  thebaine. 
It  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in  quadratic 
tablets,  having  a  silvery  lustre,  tastes  acrid, 
and  is  extremely  poisonous.  It  melts  at  12'6°. 
is  insoluble  in  water,  very  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether,  and  is  colored  deep  red  with  sul- 
phuric acid. 

The  -ban,  a.  &  i.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Thebes. 

B.  As  subst. :   A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Thebes. 

Theban -legion,  ».     [THUNDERINO-LI- 

OION,  2.] 

Theban  year,  >. 

Ancient  Chron. :  The  Egyptian  year,  which 
consisted  of  365  days  6  hours. 

the  b6-lac'-tic,  a.  [Eng.  theti(ain);  o  con- 
nect., and  lactic.]  Derived  from  or  pertaining 
to  thebain  and  lactic  acid. 

thebolactic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  C3H8O3.  An  acid  isomeric  or 
identical  with  lactic,  and  found  in  the  mother 
liquors  of  morphine.  It  is  said  that  some  of 
its  salts  differ  from  those  of  ordinary  lactic 
acid.  Turkey  opium  yields  about  two  per 
cent,  as  lactate  of  calcium. 

the-ca,  ».  [Lat,  from  Gr.  fcjmj  (<«*!)  =  • 
case,  a  box,  a  chest.] 

1.  Anat. :  A  sheath,  specif,  applied  to  the 
sheath  enclosing  the  spinal  cord,  formed  by 
the  dura  mater. 

\2.  Botany: 

(1)  Aft  anther.    (Grew.) 

(2)  Used  In  the  plural  of  (a)  the  sporangia, 
capsules,  or  conceptacles  of  ferns ;  (6)  the 
sporangia  or  capsules  of  mosses ;  (c)  the  spor- 
angia, folliculi,  or  involucres  of  Equisetacea* ; 
(d)  the  sporocarpia,  couceptacles,  or  capsules 
of  Lycopodiaceas ;  and  (f)  the  asci  of  Lichens 
and  Fungals. 

3.  Paloeont. :  A  genus  of  Hyaleidte.  Shell 
straight,  conical,  tapering  to  a  point,  back 
flattened,  aperture  trigonal.  Possibly  a  sub- 
genus  of  Orthoceras.  Forty  species ;  from 
the  Palaeozoic  Bocks. 


bSil.  bfi^;  ptvat,  JorW;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  Of;  expect,  Xenophon,  exlrt.    ph  =  t 
-elan, -tian  =  shan.   -tlon, '-«ion  =  shun ; -tion, -fion  =  zhun,    -cioua, -Uoua, -aious  ~  shus.   -We,  -die,  *o.  =  bei,  daL 


4682 


thecaoera— theirs 


4.  Zool. :  A  sheath  or  receptacle  ;  specif., 
the  wall  of  a  sclerodermic  corallum.  In  some 
cases  it  is  strengthened  by  an  epitheca. 

the-ca9'-er-a,  e.   [Or.  tym,  (thiki)  =  a  sheath, 
and  icc'paf  (keras)  =  a  horn.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Doridae  (q.v.),  with  two 
species,  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long 
found  round  the  British  coasts  at  low  water. 

the-ca-dac'-tyl,  s.    (THECADACTYLUS.)    Any 
individual  of  the  genus  Thecadactylus  (q.v.). 

t  the  ca-dac  -tyl-us,  «.     [Or.  fcjm,  (thiki) 
=  a  case,  and  SdxrvAos  (daktulos)  =  a  finger.) 
Zool. :  A  genus  of  Geckotidie,  or  a  sub-genus 
of  Gecko  (q.v.).  Toes  half-webbed,  no  femoral 
pores,  tail  uniformly  granular. 


the  -cal,  a, 

theca. 


[THECA.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  a 


the-caph'-or-a,  ».  pi.     [Lat  than,  and  Gr. 
0op6s  (phoroa)  =  bearing.] 

Zool.  :  ThesameasSERTDLAaroA.  (Hincks.) 
the'-ca  phore,  «.    [THECAPHORA.] 

Sot.  :  The  stalk  of  an  ovary;   spec.,  the 
long  stalk  supporting  the  ovary  in  Passiflora, 
Ac.      Called    also   G 
and  Podogyninm. 


, 
Gynopuore,  Basigynium, 


the'-ca-spore,  ».  [Lat.  them,  and  Gr.  <nrd>ot 
(sporos),  o-iropd  (spora)  =  a  seed.) 

5ot.  (Pi.):  Spores  in  asci,  ascospores,  and 
endospores.  So  named  to  distinguish  them 
from  Uasidiospores  or  Stylospores. 

the  ca  spor  ous,  a.  [Eng.  thecaspor(e)  ; 
•ous.]  <Jt  or  pertaining  to  fungi  which  have 
their  spores  in  thecie. 

the'-9l-a,  s.     [Mod.  Lat,  from  them  (q.vA] 

[THEC1D.S.] 

the  el  dee,  s.  pi    [Mod.  Lat  thec(U);  Lat 

fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -ides.] 

Palceont. :  A  family  of  TabulaU,  with  a 
single  genus  Thecia,  confined  to  the  Silurian. 
Corallum  compound,  septa  present,  tabula} 
well  developed.  Its  precise  affinities  are 
obscure,  and  it  should  probably  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  Alcyonaria. 

t  the  9l-di'-I-d8B,  s.  pi.  (Mod.  Lat  thecl- 
di(um);  Lat.  fem.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idee.) 

Zool.  <£  Palceont. :  A  family  of  Brachiopoda, 
now  usually  merged  in  Terebratulidae  (q.v.). 

the'-old'-i-um,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from 
Or.  (hjm,  (thilci)  =  a  Bheath.] 

1.  Rot. :  Mirbel's  name  for  an  Achaenium 
(q.v.). 

2.  Zool.   <t  Palnsont. :   A   genus    of   Tere- 
bratulidte,  or  Thecidiidse.      Shell  thickened 
with  granulated  border  ;  fixed  to  sea  bottom 
by  the  substance  of  the  beak  of  the  ventral 
valve;  structure  punctated;   oral  processes 
united  in  the  form  of  a  bridge  over  the  visceral 
cavity;    curvated   arms  folded  upon  them- 
selves, and  supported  by  a  calcareous  loop. 
One  recent  species,  Thecidium  radians,  from 
the  Mediterranean  ;    fossil  thirty-four,   from 
the  Trias  onward. 

thee  la,  s.  [Lat  =  a  Christian  martyr  of 
unknown  date.] 

Entom. :  Hairstreak  ;  a  genns  of  Lyctenidai. 
Fore  wings  wholly  dark  brown,  or  with  a  large 
blotch  of  some  other  colour,  or  with  pale 
markings  near  the  hinder  margin  ;  hind  wings 
wilh  a  transverse  pale  line  below,  which  is 
entire,  interrupted,  or  nearly  obsolete.  Larvte 
•feeding  on  trees,  shrubs,  or  papilionaceous 
plants.  Five  speciesAre  British.  Theda.rv.bi, 
the  Green  Hair-streak,  has  the  under  side  of 
the  wings  green  ;  the  rest  have  not  this  cha- 
racter. T.  betulce,  the  Brown  Hair-streak,  has 
the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings  with  two 
slender  white  streaks.  T.  pruni,  tiie  Dark 
Hair-streak,  has  an  orange  band  with  a  row 
of  black  spots  ;  T.  album,  the  Black  Hair- 
streak,  a  black  line;  and  T.  yuerms,  the 
Purple  Hair-streak,  has  two  small  orange 
spots  instead  of  the  band.  The  first  of  the 
live  is  the  most  common. 

t  the'-co  dont,  a.  ft  s.    [THECODOSTIA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Theeo- 
dontU  (q.v.) ;  having  the  teeth  flxed  in  dis- 
tinct sockets. 

"In  some  respects  the  rteeodonf  Reptiles  make  an 
approach  to  the  Lacerttllans,  while  in  others  they 


approximate  to  the  Deinosaurla.  Upon  the  whole 
however,  tl.ey  would  soeui  to  be  beat  regarded  as  an 
ancient  (rr.mp  o!  AmphlaOaUan  Crocodiles,  distin- 
guished by  their  compressed,  trenchant,  and  serrated 
teeth. "— .VMoUon  :  PalOMM.,  ii.  all 

B.  As  sulist. :  Any  individual  of  the  Theco 
doutia  (q.v.). 

t  the-c6-don'  -ti  a  (tl  as  shl),  s.  pi.     [G: 

Qr)Kri  (tlteke.)  =  a  case,  and  66ous  (odoux),  geni 
o&jtTos  (odoiitus)  =  a  tooth.] 

Paheont. :  An  order  of  Beptilia  founded  b 
Owen.  Vertebral  bodies  biconcave  ;  ribs  o 
trunk  long  and  bent,  the  anterior  ones  with 
bifurcate  head ;  limbs  ambulatory,  femur  wit 
a  third  trochanter ;  teeth  with  the  crow 
more  or  less  compressed,  pointed,  with  trench 
ant  and  finely-serrate  margins,  implanted  i 
distinct  sockets.  Two  genera,  Thecodontt 
saurus  and  Palteosaurus,  from  the  Trias,  nea 
Bristol.  (See  extract  under  THBCODONT,  A 
Huxley  regards  them  as  Dinosauriau. 

the  cd  don-to  sau'-r&s,  s.  [Gr.  tVi  (thlke) 
a  case ;  ooous  (odous),  genit  OOOI/TOS  (odontoi 
=  a  tooth,  and  iraipw  (sauros)  =  a  lizard 
[THECODONTIA.] 

the-co-mo-du  -saj,  «.  pi.  [Gr.  fif,*,  (thite 
=  a  case,  and  Mod.  Lat  medusae,  pL  of  medusa 

Zool, :  Allman's  name  for  an  order  of  Hy 
droiila  formed  by  him  for  the  reception  of  Stt 
phanoscyphut  mirabilis.  [STEPHANOSOVPHOS. 

the-c6-smi'-ll-a,  s.     [Gr.  fcjmj  (thikl)=t 
case,  and  cru.i'An  (smile)  =  a  knife  for  cutting. 
Palaxmt. :    A   genus   of  Actinozoa.     One 
species   from   the  Kinetic   or  Lower   Lias 
twenty-one  from  the  Jurassic  rocks  of  Britain 
and  others  from  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary. 

the-cd-so'-ma-ta,  «.  pL  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
Gr.  8ij*r)  (thiki)  =  a  case,  and  OUJUL  (toma)  = 
the  body.) 

Zool. :  A  section  of  Pteropoda  (q.v.).  Anl 
mal  with  external  shell ;  head  indistinct ;  foot 
and  tentacles  rudimentary,  combined  with 
the  fins  ;  mouth  situated  in  a  cavity  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  locomotive  organs ;  re- 
spiratory organ  contained  within  a  mantle 
cavity.  There  are  two  fiunilies:  Hyaleidie 
and  Limacinidte. 

the  co-so'-ma-tous,  a.  [THECOSOKATA.] 
Of,  belonging  to,  or  resembling  the  Thecoso- 
mata.  (Nicholson :  Palceont.,  ii.  48.) 

the  co-spon'-dyl-us,  «.  [Gr.  ftjioj  (thekZ) 
=  a  case,  and  triroco'uAoc  (spondulos)f  o-^tuv&v 
Acs  (sphondulos)  =  a  vertebra.) 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Crocodilia.  One 
species  from  the  VTealden. 

thec'-to-dus,  ».  [Or.  »I|«TOS  (thlktos)  = 
sharpened,  whetted,  and  Wovs  (odou«)  =  a 
tooth.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Cestraciontidas  ranging 
from  the  Trias  to  the  Chalk. 

*  the-dome,  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  Out,  v. ;  -dam.] 
Prosperity,  success,  fortune. 

"  Evil  ttudome  on  his  monkes  snoute." 

ChauiMr:  0.  T.,  •.101 


pron.  [See  def.)  The  objective  case  of 
Thou(q.y.).  It  represents  both  theaccusative 
and  dative  cases:  A. 8.  thec,  the  (accus.), 
the  (dat.) 

*  thee,  *  the,  *  theen,  v.i.    [A.S.  theon,  M6n 
=  to  be  strong,  to  thrive ;    thiho.ii  =  to  in- 
crease, to  thrive  ;  Goth,  theihnn  ;  Out.  gedijen  • 
O.H.Ger.  dtAa»;Ger.  gedeihm.}    To  thrive, 
to  prosper. 

"  Well  mote  ye  rt«,  «  well  era  with  your  thontfit." 
Sptmur:  f.  «..  II.  i.  as. 

*  theeoh,  D.i.    [See  def.]     A  contraction  of 
Thee  ich,  an  abbreviation  of  So  mote  ich  thee  = 
So  may  I  prosper. 

"  5Z1"?"  ?""•  '""  ""  »"glit  r-mud  of  beech, 
That  IB  the  cause,  and  other  noon,  ao  efteecA. " 

Cfiiiuctr:  C.  T..  12.8JT. 

thoek,  theik,  v.t.  &  t     [THATCH,  v.]    To 
thatch.    (Scotch  it  Prov.) 

theek,  ».    [THKEK,  t>.]    Thatch,  thatching, 
thcot  -see, ».    [THIETSI*.] 
thee'-zan,a.    [THIA.]    (See  compound.) 
theezan  tea.  s. 

Bot, :  Uluimnus  Theemra ;  a  Chinese  ever- 
green shrub.    [BnuK 


•  thefe-ly,  adv.  [Mid.  Eng.  theft  -  thief  ;  -fc.i 
Like  a  thief;  in  the  manner  of  a  thief. 

theft,  "thelte,  ».  [For  thtflh,  from  A.a 
thitfdht,  thetjtlhe,  thgfdhe,  from,  theof,  thiof 
M«?/=athief;  theofiuii=lo  atmil  ;  cugn  with 
O.  Fris.  thiufthe,  from  (Ai<V=a  thief;  Icel 
thyfdh,  thyfl,  from  thjofr  =  ».  thief.) 

1.  The  act  of  stealing  or  thieving.  In  law 
the  same  as  LAROKNY  (q.v.).  In  Scots  Law 
theft  is  defined  as  "the  intentii.ned  and 
clandestine  taking  away  of  the  property  ot 
another  from  its  legitimate  place  ot  deposit, 
or  other  iocus  terundi,  witli  the  knowl.-dge 
that  it  Is  another's,  and  the  belief  that  he 
would  not  consent  to  its  abstraction,  and 
with  the  intention  of  never  restoring  it  to  the 
owner." 

"  fll?  '!>tft?  "'"  f°°  OP*"  •  hl»  llcbing  •««  like  au 

j"^,n,^Ts'         k<!pt  not  Ul«*'-^*«v™ 
*  2.  1  hat  which  is  stolen. 

"  M  the  (Ae/f  be  certainly  found  ID  his  hand  alire. 
i^'        ***'  "  *hWB'  b*  *''*"  *mt°**  Double.-— 


*  theft  bote,  i. 

Law:  The  receiving  of  a  man's  goods  again 
from  a  thief,  or  a  compensation  for  them  by 
way  of  composition,  and  to  prevent  the 
prosecution  of  the  thief. 

"  Of  a  nature  somewhat  similar  to  the  two  last 
apecles  of  ennoaa,  is  Ihe/t-lxiie  :  wMcb  is  where  the 
mrty  rubtel  uot  oi,ly  knuws  the  Mou,  but  »l.u  uk«s 
his  goods  aptin  or  other  ani.-u.ls.  up^u  Rgreriuent  not 
tj  prosecute,  this  ia  frequently  called  cuiupoiu.Jinf 
of  felony  ;  and  formerly  was  held  to  make  a  uiau  an 
accessory  :  but  la  now  punished  with  flue  and  iin. 
priaoument.  To  advertise  a  reward  for  the  return  of 
things  stolen,  or  lost,  with  no  questions  asked  or 
words  to  the  same  purport,  subjects  the  advertiser 
and  the  printer  or  publisher  to  H  forfeiture  of  £  .  >  to 
any  person  who  will  sue  for  the  saute  who  is  eu  titled 
bk*°l!f  "oil  10."  C0""0'  ">lt."-«o<*l<o"«.-  Comtnnt.. 

'  theft  -u-oiis,  a.    Eng.  thefl;  -twin.] 

1.  Lit.  :  Dishonest  ;  inclined,  or  inclining 
to  act*  of  theft  ;  involving  theft. 

2.  Fig.  :  Hidden,  sly,  underhand. 

"When  you  ha»«  read  the  article  of  greatest  eels. 
brityin  the  current  number  of  a  iiriodica],  you 
find  that  there  hRS  been  no  other  motive  to  it  than  a 
tl'tftumu  hope  to  amuse  an  hour  for  you  nfter  dinner 
by  serving  up  to  jou  again  the  plums  from 

1S8.  ~"aMm  :  **  «"•"««»  ;  Emliih 

the-glth'-iir.  adv.    [See  def.)    A  Scotch  form 
of  Together  (q.v.X 

"  Thia  bed  looks  as  II  a'  the  colllen  In  Sanquhar  had 
been  In  't  UttgUI*r.-—ScoU  :  «u»  KanntruJ.  oh.  llv. 

*  thcgn  (g  silent),  «.    [THANE.] 
thegn  -hood  (g  silent),  ».    [THANEHOOD.] 

thi'-i-form,  a.     [Mod.  Lat  thea,  and  Eng. 
farm.}    Having  the  form  of  tea, 

the  i  na,  ».    [THEtuE.] 

the   me,  ».    [Mod.  Lat  the(a.);  -ine.] 

Chem.  :  C8H10N4O<).  An  organic  base,  oc- 
curring in  tea  leaves,  in  Paraxuay  tea,  guarana 
and  in  small  quantities  in  cocoa  seeds.  It  is 
also  formed  synthetically  from  tbeobromine 
by  union  with  methyl,  yielding  methyl-tlieo- 
bromiue,  or  theine.  To  prepare  it  from  t»» 
the  leaves  are  extracted  with  hot  water,  the 
solution  precipitated  with  lead  acetate,  and 
the  nitrate  freed  from  lead  by  sulphydrio 
acid.  On  evaporation  of  the  solution  and 
allowing  it  to  stand  for  some  time,  the  theine 
crystallizes  out.  Purified  by  animal  charcoal 
it  forms  tufts  of  white  silky  needles,  slightly 
soluble  In  cold  water  and  alcohol,  melting  at 
225°,  and  subliming  unchanged  at  a  higher 
temperature.  Tea  leaves  contain  from  two  to 
four  per  cent,  of  theine,  to  which  the  stirnu- 
latlng  effect  of  tea  is  partly  ascribed. 


,    .     [Qr.  e,iov  (theion)  = 
sulphur;   Stpuo?   (thermos)  =  heat,    and    -in 

(Chem.).']      [PLOMBIERIN.J 

heir,  •  thair,  'thar,  o.  or  pass.  pron. 
[Orig.  not  a  possessive  pronoun,  but  the  genit 
plural  of  the  definite  article;  from  Icel. 
theirra;  O.  Icel.  theira  =  of  them;  A.S. 
dhrtra,  dhdra,  genit  pi.  of  se  or  dhe  =  tiie; 
Ger.  der,  genit  plural  of  the  definite  article  ; 
Goth,  thize,  fern,  ttiiro,  genit  pi.  of  sa,  to, 
ttiata.  =  the.  Hir,  hire  or  here  was  formerly 
used  for  their,  from  A.S.  hira  =  of  them, 
(tenit  pi.  of  fe  =  he.]  [THAT,  THEV.)  Of  or 
belonging  to  them  ;  pertaining  to  them  :  as, 
their  house,  their  land,  their  lives,  £c. 

leirs,  a.  or  pron.  [Formed  from  their  on 
analogy  of  ours,  yours;  cf.  Dan.  deres  ;  8w. 


fete,  at,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fatal,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mote,  cub,  oiire,  unite,  oiir,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  ce  =  o ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


theism— then 


4683 


cferru  =  theirs.]  Their.  Like  ours  and  yourt, 
theirs  may  be  used  absolutely,  and  as  a  nomi- 
native, objective,  or  simple  predicate. 

"  An  eye  more  bright  than  thtirt." 

Sltafeif. :  Sonnet  SO. 

the  ism,  s.  [Or.  «eos  (theos)  =  a  god ;  Fr. 
theiimel] 

1  The  belief  in  a  God,  as  distinguish...! 
from  atheism.    In  this  sense  Christians,  Jews, 
Miihamraadans,  iic.,  are  all  theists.     Etymo- 
logically  viewed,  theism  (from  the  Greek)  and 
deism  (from  the  Latin)  both  mean  belief  in  a 
God.    In  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century  the  word  Deism  fell  into  some  dis- 
credit, and  after  a  time  the  term  Theism  wiis 
used  in  its  stead.    [DEIST,  DEISM.] 

2  The  belief  in   a  God   and  in  natural 
religion  combined  with  disbelief  in  revela- 
tion.    [TUEISTIC-CHUBCH.] 

the  1st,  ».  [Gr.  theim ;  Fr.  thtiste.]  A  be- 
liever in  the  existence  of  a  God,  as  opposed  to 
an  atheist. 

••  The  word  deist,  or  thetot.  In  lt«  original  signifies, 
tion  Inn.lles  merely  the  belief  of  a  God.  being  opvv««d 
to  atheist:  and  so  there  may  be  delate  of  vannus 
kinds."—  Wattrland:  Chrtitiaitity  vindicated,  p.  to. 

the-Isf-Ic,  the-Ist  -ic-al,  o.  [Eng.  theitt ; 
•tc,  -ico/.J  Pertaining  to  theism  or  theists; 
according  to  the  doctrines  of  theists. 

11  From  an  abhorrence  of  superstition,  he  appears  to 
have  adopted  the  most  d  istant  extremes  of  the  tAsifttc 
•ystem."—  H'artan  :  Life  of  Tkomut  Pore,  p.  ids. 

Thelstie  Church,  <. 

Church  Hist. :  A  Church  founded  In  London 
In  1871  for  the  purpose  of  promulgating  the 
theisttc  views  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  C.  Voysey, 
"  which  the  decision  of  the  Privy  Council 
(1870)  has  debarred  him  from  preaching  as 
vicar  of  Healaugh."  Among  the  promoters 
were  many  eminent  men,  notably  Dr.  Patrick 
Black,  Sir  John  Bowring,  Charles  Darwin, 
Sir  Charles  Lyell,  Andrew  Pritchard,  Judge 
Btansfeld,  the  Bight  Rev.  Samuel  Hinds, 
foi-merly  Bishop  of  Norwich,  and  many 
others.  Their  meeting-place  was  at  first  in 
8k  George's  Hall,  and  then  in  Langham  Hall, 
afterwards  they  bought  the  Scotch  Church, 
Rwallow-street,  Piccadilly.  Their  leading  prin- 
ciples are : 

1.  That  It  Is  the  right  and  duty  of  every  man  to 
thluk  for  himself  In  matters  of  religion. 

3.  That  there  is  no  finality  in  religious  beliefs ;  that 
higher  views  of  God  are  always  possible. 

a  That  It  Is  our  duty  to  obtain  the  highest  truth, 
and  to  proclaim  It  and  to  detect  and  controvert  errors, 

t.  That  religion  is  based  on  morality. 

s.  That  Theism  Is  not  aggressive  against  persons, 
only  against  erroneous  opinions. 

Their  belief  may  be  summarized  thus : 

L  That  there  is  one  living  and  true  God,  and  there 
b  no  other  God  beside  Hliu. 

3.  That  He  is  perfect  in  power,  wisdom,  and  good- 
ness, and  therefore  every  one  is  safe  In  His  everlasting 
care. 

3.  Therefore  that  none  can  ever  perish  or  remain 
eternally  in  suffering  or  In  sin,  but  all  shall  reach  at 
last  a  home  of  goodness  and  blessedness  In  Him. 

the  -kel,  5.    [Chilian  name.] 

Pharm. :  The  purgative  diuretic  Infusion  of 
the  leaves  of  Chofradodia  chilmtit. 

thS-leph'-or-a,  s.    [Gr.  9>]A>i  (thllf)  =  a  teat, 
a  nipple,  and  ojopdc  (pharos)  =  bearing.) 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Arrieularini,  no*  limited 
to  fungals,  whose  hymenium  shows  slight 
traces  of  papilhe  or  veins,  and  is  confluent 
with  the  pileus,  which  is  fibrous  and  has  no 
cuticle.  Found  in  the  tropics  of  America,  in 
Britain,  etc. 

Thel  -lus  son  (Th  as  T),  ..  [bee  dot  of 
compound.] 

Thellusson's  Act,  s. 

low:  The  Act  89  &  40  George  III.,  C.  98 
occasioned  by  the  will  of  Peter  Thellusson, 
who  died  in  London  July  21,  1798.  He 
possessed  £4,000  a  year  and  £600,000  of 
personal  property,  and  wished  it  to  accumu- 
late after  his  death  for  so  long  a  time  that  it 
was  calculated  that  it  would  have  amounted 
to  £18,000,000.  The  Act  restricted  such 
accumulations. 

the  -16  dus,  s.  [Gr.  tVi  (thill)  =  a  nipple, 
and  uSouc  =  a  tooth.] 

Paltmnt. :  A  provisional  genus  of  Cestra- 
cionts,  founded  oh  shagreen  scales  from  the 
Ludlow  bonerbed. 

thel-phu'-sa,  «.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  T«%povo-a 
(TelphtruM.y=  a  nymph  who  gave  her  name  to 
a  town  in  Arcadia.] 


Zool.  :  Thetype  genus  of  Thelphusidse  (q.v.). 
Carapace  flat,  smooth,  broad,  and  heart- 
shaped  ;  external  antennae  very  short,  placed 
near  footstalks  of  eyes.  Thdphusa  fluviatdu, 
the  best-known  aperies,  is  from  the  south-east 
of  Europe. 

thel-phti  -sil-an,  «•    [THELPHUSA.]    Any  in- 
dividual of  the  Thelphusidffi  (q.v  ). 


thel-phii'-si-dsa,   s.   pi-     [Mo(l-    Lat-  ttul- 
phus(a);  Lat,  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Brachyurous  Crustacea. 
Carapace  more  or  less  oval  ;  eye  footstalks 
short,  fourth  joint  of  jaw  feet  not  inserted 
into  external  angle  of  preceding  joint.  There 
are  three  or  four  genera,  and  moat  of  the 
species  are  tropical  or  sub-tropical,  and  live 
in  the  earth  near  the  banks  of  rivere  or  in 
humid  forests,  bearing  a  strong  analogy  to 
Land-crabs. 

the  ljfg'-6-niim,  s.     [Lat.  thelygonm;   Or. 
DV|AvYow>i>  (thelugonon)  =  a  plant  supposed  to 


thematic-catalogue,  «. 

Music:   A   catalogue    giving   the  opening 
theme  of  each  piece  of  music  contained  in  it. 


them  -a-tlst,  s. 

themes. 


[THEMATIC.]    A   writer  of 


assist  the  procreation  of  females ;     .     . 
(thelugonos)  =  begetting  girls:   6S)Aus  (thelus) 
female,  and  701/11  (gone)  =  offspring.] 

BoL  :  A  genus  of  Chenopo.liaeese.  Only 
known  species  Thelygonum  Cjrnocramke,  the 
a-upoicpduli)  (kunokrambe)  of  Dioscorides,  is  a 
somewhat  acrid  plant  abounding  in  acicular 
saline  crystals,  and  is  slightly  purgative.  It 
is  sometimes  used  as  a  potlierb.  It  is  a 
native  of  the  countries  bordering  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

the-IJf-mi'-tra,  s.  [Or.  6Vivu'rpi)<  (thllu- 
mitres)  =  in  woman's  clothes  :  SijAvs  (thelus) 
=  female,  and  u,irpa  (mitra)  =  a  belt  or  girdle.  ] 
Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Thelymltridse 
(q.v.);  Orchids  with  fascicled  or  tuberous 
roots,  one  solitary  sheathing  leaf,  with  loose 
spikes  of  blue,  white,  pink,  or  yellow  Mowers. 
Chiefly  from  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 

the  Ijf  mi  -trl-dte,  i.  pL    [Mod.  Lat,  tttly- 
mitr(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*.  •ido3.\ 
Bot. :  A  family  of  Neotteai 

[TBELYPHONIDKA.]  Any 
individual  of  theTThelyphonidea  (q.v.). 

"  Theljfphonldt  approach  nearer  than  the  Scorpions 
to  the  structure  of  the  true  spiders."— *ic*c.  Brit. 


(ed.  eth).  11.  238. 

tthe-lS'-phd'n'-l'-iU*,  «.  pi. 

HIDES.] 


[THELYPHO- 


the-lJph-6-n.d'-6-a,   t.  ft.     [Mod.  Lat. 
from  thelyphontis  (q.v.),  and  Gr.  «i»«  (eulos) 
—  form,  appearance.] 

Zool. :  An  order  of  the  Class  Arachnida. 
Cephalothorax  similar  to  that  of  the  Scor- 
pions, bearing  also  visible  traces  of  its  sol- 
dered segments ;  abdomen  segmented,  and 
united  to  cephalothorax  by  a  pedicle,  but 
never  throughout  its  entire  breadth.  There 
are  three  families,  all  tropical. 

the-ljr  phon'-i-des,  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.  thely- 
phon(vs);  Lat.  masc.  or  fern.  pU  adj.  »uff. 
-vies.] 

Zool :  The  type-family  of  Thelyphonidea, 
with  one  genus,  Thelyphonns  (q.v.).  The 
abdomen  terminates  with  three  post-abdo- 
minal segments,  to  which  is  attached  a  many- 
jointed  setiferous  tail. 

the-Wph'-i-nSa,  ».  [Gr.  6Sj\voi(iros  (thelu- 
ji tones)  =  killing  women:  «i)M>s  (thllus) .= 
female,  and  $6v<K  (phonos)  =  kiUing  ;  *  $ivu> 
(phtno)  =  to  kill.] 

ZooL :  The  type-genus  of  Thelyphonidea 
(q.v.),  with  twenty-nine  species,  confined  to 
the  tropical  regions  of  Asia,  America,  and 
Anstralasra.  They  are  nocturnal  or  cre- 
puscular, living  by  day  in  damp  places  under 
the  bark  of  old  trees ;  when  disturbed  they 
hold  up  the  palpi,  as  if  for  defence,  and  beat 
a  rapid  retreat,  with  the  tail  erect. 

them,  pron.  [A.S.  thdm,  (kam,  dat.  of  thd  = 
they;  Icel.  theim;DsM.  andSw.d«m.)  [THEY.] 
The  dative  and  objective  case  of  they  ;  those 
persons  or  things;  those. 

"  How  much  more  shall  your  Father  which  Is  In 
heaven  give  good  things  to  Oifm  that  ask  him.  — 
Matt,  vll  11. 

tbe-m&t-Ie,  a.  [Gr.  Wtfa  (thema\  genit. 
W^OTOS  (thematoi)  =  a  theme.)  Pertaining  or 
relating  to,  or  containing  a  theme  or  themes. 

"It  must  be  clear  that  the  oratorio  .lands  or  falls 
by  the  success  or  failure  of  its  UumaHc  method.  — 
Field.  April  7.  18S6. 


theme.    *teme,  'theam,    "theame,  s. 

(O.  Fr.  (erne  (Fr.  theme),  from  Lat.  thema ;  Gr. 
HILO.  (thema)  =  that  which  is  laid  down,  the 
subject  of  an  argument ;  n'fln^t  (tithemi)  =  to 
place ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  tema.] 
i  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  subject  or  topic  on  which  a  person 
writes  or  speaks ;   anything  proposed  as  a 
subject  of  discussion  or  discourse. 

"  Her  favourite  thema  was  the  doctrine  of  non- 
resIstance.--J»aC(iuJa»  :  HIO.  Ens.,  ch.  1L 

2.  Discourse  on  a  certain  subject. 

"  It  wa«  the  subject  of  my  a*m*~ 

Shaketp.  •  Comedy  of  Errori,  T. 

3.  A  short  dissertation,  composed  by  a  stu- 
dent on  a  given  subject ;  an  essay. 

"  But  this  I  say,  that  the  making  of  tlumet,  as  Is 
usual  In  schools,  helps  not  one  Jot  towards  lt-"-ioci»> 
On  Education,  i  171. 

*  4.  Subject,  question,  cause,  matter. 

«  Here  he  coinee,  and  I  must  ply  my  t/tome.' 

Shaketp.  :  TUat  Atidrotttrut.  V.I, 

*  5.  That  by  means  of  which  a  thing  is  done ; 
an  instrument,  a  means. 

*  6.  A  division  for  the  purpose  of  provincial 
administration  under  the  Byzantine  Empire. 
There  were  twenty-nine  themes,  twelve   in 
Europe  and  seventeen  in  Asia. 

"  The  Prefect  of  Thrace  was  the  most  obsequious 
agent  of  his  master's  tyranny.  Throughout  UiaUftenw 
the  monks  were  forced  to  abandon  tl.elr  vows  of  soli- 
tude and  celibacy  under  pain  of  being  blinded  and 
sent  into  eiile."  —  Hitman;  aiuora  o/  Lutm  Ohrlt- 
tfcmttybk.,  iv..ch.  Till. 

H.  Technically: 
1.  Music : 

(1)  One  of  the  divisions  of  a  subject,  In  the 
development  of  sonata-form. 

(2)  The  cantuiflrmut  on  which  counterpart 
is  built. 

(8)  The  subject  of  a  fugue. 
(4)  A  simple  tune  on  which  variations  are 
made. 

*  2.  Philol. :  A  noun  or  verb  not  modified 
by  inflections,  as  the  infinitive  mood  in 
English  ;  the  part  of  a  nonn  unchanged  in 
Inflection  or  conjugation. 

"  Let  scholars  dally  reduce  the  words  to  their  oci: 
glnal  or  tlum*.  to  their  first  case  of  nouus,  or  f— 
tense  of  verbs.1—  Watu. 

Them'-ta,  >.    [Or.] 
1.  Or.  Mythol. :  The 
goddess   of  Justice 
or  Law,  daughter  of 
Heaven  and  Earth, 
and  mother  by  Ju- 
piter of  the  Fates,  the  Sea- 
sons, Peace,  Order,  Justice, 
and  all  deities  beneficial  to 
mankind.     She  is  generally 
represented  in  a  form  resem- 
bling that   of  Athens,   but 
carrying  the  horn  of  plenty 
In  one  hand   and  a  pair  of 
scales  in  the  other. 

2.  Astron. :  [ASTEROID, 
24]. 

The-mis  ti-a  ni,  ThS- 
mis  -ti-ans,  >.  pi.  [AONC 

them-seives',  reflex,  pron.  [Eng.  them,  an* 
selves.]  Aneuiphatieaudreflexiveformof  the 
third  plural  personal  pronoun  ;  their  own 
selves  ;  their  own  persons.  (Used  as  the  plural 
of  himself,  herself,  and  itself.)  [HIMSELF.] 
"Theyopento<«.mse!»c»a" "•  «•-—•" 


tHen,  'than.  *thanne,  *thenne,  adv  & 

conj.    [Orig.  the  same  word  as  than  (q.v.X  but 
afterwards  di  fferentiated ;  A.8.  dhanne,  dhanne, 
dhonne;   Goth,  than;  Ger.  dona  =  then,   at 
that  time.] 
A.  As  adverb : 

1.  At  that  time ;  referring  to  a  time  specified, 
either  past  or  future. 

"  That  thou  wast  notout  threeyears  old." 

SltaJtestt. ;  Tempett,  t  3, 

2.  Afterward  ;  soon  afterward  or  immedi- 
ately ;  next, 

"  Life,  says  Seneca,  Is  a  voyage.  In  the  progress  of 
which  we  are  perpetually  changing  our  scenes ;  ws 
flnt  leave  childhood,  behind  us.  O*n  youth,  tkm  tin 
Jearsof  ripene.1  manhood,  then  the  better  and  mo« 
pleasing  part  of  old  age."— gaaUfr.  No.  101 


boil, 


cat,  cell,  chorus, 


bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  * 

-We,  -die. 


=  bel, 


4684 

3.  At  another  time  :  as,  now  and  then  =  at 
one  time  and  another. 

^J  Then  is  used  elliptically  for  then  exuting, 

"The  tltm  bishop  of  London,  Dr.  Laud.  attended 
throi«ho°t    th«   »h"1«  Journey.-- 


thenal-theodolite 


B.  At  conj. :  In  that  case  ;  therefore  ;  con- 
•equently  ;  for  this  reaion  ;  this  being  so. 
"  Let  reason  (A«n  at  her  own  quarry  fly 
But  how  can  finite  grasp  infinity  ?  ~ 

Driden  :  Sind  i  Fanlktr.  L  104. 

If  1.  But  then :  But  on  the  other  hand ; 
out  notwithstanding ;  but  in  return. 
2.  Ey  then  : 

0)  By  that  time.    (Colloq.) 
*(2)  By  the  time  when  or  that 
S.  TiO,  then :  Until  that  time. 

-  TiU  then  who  knew 
The  force  of  those  dire  arms  ?" 

Milton  :  P.L..LU. 

then-a-days,  adv.     In  those  days;  in 
times  past ;  correlative  to  now-a^ays. 

then'-al,a.    [THENAR.]   The  same  as  THKNAR 
(q.v.). 


-_  T-  •  -  *  °-     [Gr.  *VVop  (thtnar),  from 
r«i>  (thenein),  2  aor.  infln.  of  6,in,  (theino)  = 

A.  As  substantive : 

Anat. :  The  palm  of  the  hand  or  the  sole  of 
the  foot 

.  B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  palm  of 
the  hand  or  to  the  sole  of  the  foot 

thenar- eminence,  thenar-promi- 
nenoe,  s. 

Anat. :  The  fleshy  mass  constituting  the  ball 
of  the  thumb.  It  consists  of  four  muscles : 
the  abductor  jaUicis,  the  opponent  pollicii,  the 
ftxor  brevit  pollieu,  and  the  adductor  pollicis. 

Then'-ard,   «.      [TBE.NARDITE.]     (See   com- 
pound.) 

Thenard's  blue,  a,    [CoBALT-M.ni] 

thcn'-ar  d-ite,  «.    [After  the  French  chemist 
L.  J.  Thenard  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Min. :  A  soluble  mineral,  forming  Urge 
deposits  in  Spain,  Arizona,  U.S.  A.,  and  other 
places.  Crystallization  orthorhombic,  with  a 
basal  cleavage.  Hardness,  2  to  3 ;  sp.  gr. 
2'55  ;  lustre,  vitreous ;  colour,  white  ;  some- 
times brown.  Compos. :  soda  5«-3  •  sul- 
phuric acid,  437  =  100,  which  corresponds  to 
the  formula,  NaO  SOj. 

thence,  "  thanne,  *  thenne,  *  thanene, 
•thennes,   'thens,  adv.     [A.a  dhanan, 
dhanon,  dhonanne,  dhanonne  =  thence  ;  cogn. 
with  O.  H.  Ger.  danndn;  Ger.  dannen.] 
1.  From  that  place  or  quarter. 

Invoke  thy  aid  to  my  ad  ven 

i  From  that  time  ;  thenceforth. 

/•ofaMilv''*!1 ""  °°  """*  *****  *"  m**n*  «<  days."— 

3.  For  that  reason  ;  from  that  source ;  from 
this ;  ont  of  this. 

"  Not  to  alt  Idle  with  so  peat  >  gift 
Useless,  and  thmee  ridiculous  about  him." 
JVBCon :  Samson  Ayonit 

•4.  Not  there;  elsewhere;  absent 


1  From   thence:     A   pleonastic  but  well 
inthorized  expression. 

"  I  wu  not  tick  of  any  tear  from  UWnce." 

SluUtap.:  Sonnet  K. 

thSnce-fortu,  •  thenncs-  forth,  *tb.ens- 
fprth,  ode.  [Eng.  thence,  and/ortt.)  From 
that  time  ;  thereafter. 

"  If  the  salt  hath  lost  it*  savour  It  is  CAMUM. 

fora  good  for  nothing.  --Jfa(tt.i  T.  U 

IF  Thenceforth  is  frequently  preceded  by  from, 
a  pleonasm,  but  sanctioned  by  good  usage. 
y«*£7S  '^"c«'on*  *"•*•  •a°tf>t  *»  rale—*  him."- 

thence-for-ward,  adv.  [Eng.  thence,  and 
forward.}  From  that  time  or  place  onward. 

"When  he  comes  to  the  Lord's  table,  every  comma- 


the^e-frSm,  odr.    [Eng.  Ounce,  and  from.] 
From  that  place. 

•thennes,  'thens,  adt.    [THEJJCE.] 
•thenne*  forth,  adv.    [THENCEFORTH.] 


the-*-,  pref.  [Gr.  0,05  (theoi)  =  God.]  The 
nrst  element  in  many  words  derived  from  the 
Greek  referring  to  the  Divine  Being  or  di- 
vinity. 

the-o-bro'-ma,  «.  [Pref.  theo-  =  god,  and 
Gr.  jSoo>pa  (6rdnw)  =  food.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Byttnereae.  Small  trees, 
with  large  simple  leaves,  and  the  flowers  in 
clusters.  Sepals  five  ;  petals  five,  hooded, 
Iigulate  at  the  apex,  stamens  five,  each  with 
double  anthers,  and  a  horn-like  appendage 
between  the  filaments  ;  styles  filiform  ;  fruit 
large,  five-celled  ;  stigma  five-parted ;  more 
or  less  pentagonal  fruits,  with  a  thick  tough 
rind,  seeds  embedded  i,,  ,>ulp  ;  albumen  non?  ; 
cotyledons  thick,  oily,  wrinkled.  Theobroma 
Cacao,  the 
Cacao  -  tree, 
is  sixteen 
or  eighteen 
feet  high, 
with  large, 
oblong,  en- 
tire, acumi- 
nate,smooth 
leaves;  clus- 
ters of  flow- 
ers, with  the 
calyx  rose- 
coloured 
and  the  pe- 
tals  yellow- 
ish. Fruit 
six  to  ten  THKOBROKA. 


broad,  with  ten  elevated  longitudinal  ribs. 
pie  ripe  fruits  are  yellow.  Each  contains 
between  fifty  and  a  hundred  seeds.  These 
slightly  fermented,  constitute  the  cocoa.  Great 
forests  of  the  Cacao  tree  exist  in  Demarara.  It 
is  also  cultivated  extensively  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  grows  as  far  north  as  Mexico,  and 
has  been  introduced  into  India  and  Ceylon. 
A  concrete  oil,  obtained  by  expression  and 
heat  from  the  ground  seeds,  is  used  as  an 
emollient  It  does  not  become  rancid,  and  on 
that  account  is  largely  used  in  European  phar- 
macy for  the  preparation  of  suppositories  and 
pessaries. 

the-i-bro  -mlc,  a.    [Mod.  Lat  theobrow(a); 
•ic.]    Derived  from  Thevbroma  Cacao. 

theobromic-acld,  t. 

Chem. :  CgtHjwOf.  Obtained  from  cacao- 
butter  by  saponification,  and  fractional  dis- 
tillation of  the  product  It  melts  at  72-2°, 
and  distils  at  a  higher  temperature  without 
decomposition. 

the  6-bro  -mine, «.  [Mod.  Lat.  theobromla); 
-ine.] 

Chem. :  CrHaN^Oj.  An  alkaloid  present  in 
toe  seeds  of  Theobroma  Cacao,  to  the  extent  of 
from  one  to  two  per  cent  It  can  be  obtained 
by  treating  a  hot-water  extract  of  the  ground 
beans  with  acetate  of  lead,  removing  excess 
of  lead  with  sulphydric  acid,  evaporating  the 
solution,  and  extracting  the  theobromine  with 
alcohol.  It  forms  short  prismatic  crystals 
having  a  bitter  taste,  slightly  soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol.  It  is  neutral,  but  unites  with 
acids  forming  crystalline  salts.  Heated  to 
100*  with  methyl  iodide  it  is  converted  into 
methyl-theobromine  or  theine. 

•the-4-curU-tIo,  o.  [Pref.  theo-,  and  Gr. 
yp'Troc  (chrittos)  =  anointed ;  #>"•  (chriS)  = 
to  anoint]  Anointed  by  God. 

the-«o'-ra-cy',  «.  [Gr.  e,otfarla  (theokratia) 
=  the  rule  of  God  :  9«ot  (theoi)  =  god,  and 
jpnTot  (lcratos)=  strength  government  power : 
Fr.  theocratic.] 

I.  Government  of  a  s^ite  by  the  Immediate 
direction  of  God  ;  a  state  of  civilization  and 
religion  in  which  the  political  power  is  exer- 
cised by  a  sacerdotal  caste  ;  as  In  the  case  of 
the  Israelites,  with  whom  the  theocracy  lasted 
till  the  time  of  Saul. 

"Thai  the  Almighty  becoming  their  Une    In  ss 
wal  .sense  as  he  was  their  Oaf.  the  republic  of  the 


c 


•  >wo 

-  *2     "J*0™-  "•«  o'  course  Intlrely 
-  Warburtm  :  Dim,  L^atim,  bk.    * 


2.  A  state  governed  by  the  immediate  dine- 
tion  of  God. 


.    [Gr.  ««o«o 
from  0«k  (theoi)  =  god,  and 
a  mixture.]  > 


<  (kratit)  = 


1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  mixture  of  the  worshln 
of  different  gods. 

2.  Anc.  Phtlos.  :  The  intimate  union  of  the 
soul  with  God  in  contemplation,  which  was 
considered  attainable  by  the  Neoplatonists. 

the'-4-crat,  ».  [TBEOCRACV.]  One  who  lives 
under  a  theocracy  ;  one  who  Is  ruled  in  civil 
affairs  directly  by  God. 

the-A-crat'-Ic,  the-6-craf-Ic-al,  a.  [Fr. 
theocratuiue.]  Of  orpertaiuing  b<  a'theocracy  : 
administered  by  the  immediate  direction  of 
God. 

"But  you  say,  when  the  Jewish  government  became 
a  monarchy,  ii  lost  it.  ,A«om,,fc.a!  U.ia-ln  Lartll 
did.  -«,/,„•„  .-  aim/or  S^mwu,  I  M. 

*the-*-dI-cas--a,  >.    [THEODICY.] 

the-6-dI-ce'-an,  o.  [Eng.  theodicy;  KM.) 
Of  or  pertaining  to  theodicy  (q.v.). 


-$£,  s.    [Gr.  9«ot  (theo,)  =  God,  and 
O«T|  (dike)  =  justice.) 

Philot.  :  A  vindication  of  the  Deity  in  re- 
spect of  the  organization  of  the  world,  and 
the  freedom  of  the  human  will.  The  term  is 
specially  applied  to  a  defence  of  Theism 
against  Atheism,  which  Leibnitz  undertook 
by  publishing,  in  1710,  his  Ettal  de  Theodicee 
respecting  the  goodness  of  God,  the  lil*rty  of 
man,  and  the  origin  of  the  Bible.  [Oprui- 

"Amonj  the  infinitude  of  poalblllUea,  Ood.  belnt 
good,  musthave  chosen  that  wiich  is  best.'  Aud  what 
is  best  f  That  which  presents  the  moat  perfect  order 
and  harmony.  The  basis  of  ail  philosophy  therefore 
[according  to  Leibuitil  will  be  the  con  /jetton  that 
whatever  is  is  lor  the  beet  ;  th»t  every  thing  UmS: 
harmonious,  and  beautiful.  Pbiloeoi.hy  Iss  fiioSep 

-a.  a.  £•»•».•  Bio.  fiaia.  (ed.  HK\  i  m. 

the-fid'-i-lite,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful  ;  perhaps 
from  Gr.  ««J^m  (theomai),  for  9«ionai  (theao- 
mo»)  =  to  see  ;  6005  (hodo,)  =  a  way,  and  AlTo. 
(htos)  =  smooth,  even,  ph.in.     In  occurs  In 
Blount,  ed.  1674.]    A  most  important  instru- 
ment for  measuring  horizontal  and  vertical 
angles,  liut  particularly  adapted  for  accurately 
measuring  the  former.    Its  principle  is  iden- 
tical with  that  of  the  altitude  and  azimuth 
instrument  ;    the  construction  and  purpose 
of  the  two,  however,  differ,  the  latter  being 
employed  for  astronomical  purposes    while 
the  theodolite  is  used  for  land  surveying  ; 
but  the  better  instruments  of  this  class  may 
be  employed  for  observing  the  altitude  of  ce- 
lestial bodies.      The  vertical    circle  is    not 
generally,  however,  of  sufficient  size,  nor  so 
graduated  as  to  be  available  for  very  accurate 
astronomical  observa- 
tions. In  the  cut  which 
shows  the  form  known 
as  a  Y  theodolite,  from 
the  shape  of  the  rests 
in  which  the  telescope 
D  is  free  to  rotate,  D  la 
an  ordinary  refracting 
telescope,    having    in 
the  principal  focus  of 
1U  object-glass  an  ar- 
rangement of  fibres  of 
unspun    silk,     called 
cross  -wires.      One  of 
these    fibres   is   level 
when  the   instrument 
is  correctly  set  up,  and 
two    others   like   the 
letter  X,  intersect  at 
a   point  In  the  first 
When   a  point   is   to 
be   viewed    with    the    telescope,    the   tele. 
scope   is  moved  so  that  the  image  of  the 
point  coincides  with  the  intersection  of  the 
cross  wires.    The  vertical  limb  E  is  divided 
into  degrees,  and  is  capable  of  being  read  by 
means  -of  the  vernier  and  the  microscope  «, 
to  thirds  of  a  minute.    A  pair  of  plates,  A  and 
B,  constituting  at  their  edge  the  horizontal 
limb  of  the  instrument,  are  free,  when  un- 
clamped,    to   move   independently   of  each 
other.    The  plate  A  carries  a  magnetic  com- 
pass and  two  spirit  levels,  c  and  c,  at  rijrht 
ingles  to  each  other,  by  means  of  which  the 
circle  may  be  brought  accurately  into  the 
horizontal  plane  by  raising  or  depressing  it 
by  means  of  the  screws,  666.    The  plate  A  is 
furnished  with  two  verniers  o,  a,  diametric- 
ally   opposite   to   each    other,    the    degree* 
marked  on  which  are  read  off  by  the  micro- 
scope d.    c  is  the  vertical  axis,  and  the  whole 
upper  portion  of  the  instrument  may  rotate 
about  c,  except  when  c  is  clamped  by  means 
of  the  screw  g  ;  the  screw  *  gives  an  azimuth 


THEODOLOT. 


s  ..       - - -  •     --•  —"'  «  p 

son;  mute,  onb.  cure,  unite,  ear,  rale.  Hals  try,  Syrian,    «,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


theodolitio— Theopaschite 


46S5 


notion  after  the  screw  g  has  been  tightened. 
By  the  motion  of  the  telescope  D,  on  the 
horizontal  axis  of  the  vertical  limb  E,  alti- 
tudes and  vertical  angles  can  he  measured, 
while,  by  its  motion  on  the  vertical  axis  c,  the 
angular  distances  between  two  objects  can  be 
ascertained  by  the  readings  on  the  horizontal 
circle  *.  Before  using  a  theodolite,  it  should 
be  properly  adjusted  ;  that  is,  the  different 
parts  should  be  brought  to  their  proper 
n-lative  positions.  The  theodolite  is  in  ad- 
justment when  the  following  conditions  are 
fulfilled  :  1.  When  the  intersection  of  the 
cross-wires  is  in  the  axis  of  the  telescope  ; 
that  is,  in  the  line  which  remains  fast  when 
the  telescope  is  turned  in  the  Y's  ;  2.  When 
the  axis  of  the  attached  level  is  parallel 
to  the  axis  of  the  telescope;  3.  When  the 
axes  of  the  levels  on  the  horizontal  limb  are 
perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  horizontal 
limb  ;  and  4.  When  the  axis  of  the  vertical 
limb  is  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  hori- 
zontal limb. 

theodolite  -magnetometer,  >.  An 
instrument  employed  as  a  declinometer  to 
measure  variations  in  declination,  and  as  a 
magnetometer  in  determinations  of  force. 

•  the-8d-*-lIt'-lo,  «-    [Eng.  tKtodolit(e)  ;  -fc.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  theodolite  ;  made  by 
means  of  a  theodolite  :  as,  theodolitic  obser- 
vations. 

The-i-do'-si-ail,  o.  [See  def.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  the  Emperor  Theodosius  (A.D. 
401-450),  or  to  the  code  of  laws  compiled 
under  his  direction. 

The-6-d6'-ti-an  (ti  as  •hi),  «.    [See  def.] 
E/xlaiology  <*  Church  History  (PL): 

1.  A  sect  named  after  Theodotus,  a  tanner 
of  Byzantium,  who,  apostatizing   during  a 
Roman  persecution  (A.D.  192)  palliated  his  fall 
by  representing  that  Jesus,  notwithstanding 
his  miraculous  conception,  was  only  a  man. 
He  [Theodotus],  therefore,  had  denied  man, 
and  not  God. 

2.  The  followers  of  a  disciple  of  the  former, 
a  banker,  also  called  Theodotus,  who  organized 
the   sect,    A.D.    210.     He  held   that  Jesus, 
tli  i  >ugh   born   a   man,    became   God   at  his 
baptism.      Some   of    Theodotus's    followers 
thought  that  Jesus  did  so  at  his  resurrection, 
ami  some  nut  at  all.    Called  also  Melchisidi- 
ciaua(q.v.). 

•theofthe,  ».     [THEFT.] 

•  the-o-gSn'-Ic,  a.     [Eng.  daogonty);  -ic.] 
Of  or  relating  to  theogony. 

"  One  ftpperteins  to  *n  earlier  thevgonic  scheme."— 
Ol'tdtl'ine  :  Juoentul  Mundi,  oh.  rlL 

•the-og'-o'-nlsm.J.  [Eng.  thtogon(y);  -int.] 
The  same  as  THEOOONY  (q.v.). 

the  og'-i-nlst,  ».  [Eng.  theogony);  -i*t.] 
One  who  is  versed  in  or  wrttes  on  theogony. 

"Such  theologers  ss  theM.  who  were  lAacyontsf*."— 
Cuduortk:  IMM.  Sytttm,  p.  1U. 

the-Sg'-4-njf,  ».  [Lat  theogonia,  from  Or. 
feoyovia  (theogonia)  =  the  origin  of  the  gods 
(the  title  of  a  poem  by  Hesiod),  from  0e6s 
(theos)  =  god,  and  yoi-ij  (gone)  =  generation, 
from  same  root  as  vivo*  (genos)  —  race  ;  7171*0- 
fiot  (gignomai)  =  to  become  ;  Fr.  theogmie  ; 
Sp.  &  Ital.  teogon-ia.]  Originally,  the  name 
given  to  the  class  of  poems  which  treated  of 
ie  generation  and  descent  of  the  gods  ;  hence, 
hat  branch  of  heathen  theology  which  taught 
of  the  origin  or  generation  of  the  gods. 

"  The  rhe'tfffrrtin.  or  poemi  which  trace  the  descent 
of  the  god*."—  Co*:  Introd.  to  Mythology,  p.  35. 

the  61    6   g41,  I.     [THEOLOOD3.] 

•the-ol'-i-gas-ter,  «.  [Eng.  theology); 
suff.  -aster,  used  in  contempt,  as  in  poetxwier, 
&c.]  A  kind  of  quack  in  theology  or  divinity  ; 
a  pretender  to  a  knowledge  of  theology. 

"  Offered  unto  God  himnelfe,  by  a  company  of  theo- 
ligaitert."—  Burton  :  Anat.  Melan.,  p.  257. 

•the  ol-4-ger.  «.  [Eng.  theolog(y);  -tr.]  A 
theologian. 

"  Now  it  U  very  true  that  some  Christian  thtnlngm 
also  have  made  God  to  be  All.  according  to  these  latter 
sejlses."—  Cudtcorth  :  Intell.  Syitem,  p.  807. 

the-S-ld'-gK-an,  ».  [Eng.  theology;  -an.] 
One  who  is  we'll  versed  in  theology  ;  a  pro- 
fessor of  theology  or  divinity  ;  a  divine. 

"  Some  theologian*  have  been  employed  to  defile 
places  erected  only  for  religion  and  truth,  by  defend- 
ing oppressions  and  factious."  —  Sayvood  :  Life  of 


fiie 
fha 


the-6-l8g'-Ic-al,«the-4-l8eV-Io,a.  [Eng. 
theology);  -ical,  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
theology  or  divinity. 

"  I  mean  not  to  consider  the  theological  opinions  of 
Erasmus,  but  his  learning  and  his  genius."— Knot: 
Sttftyt.  No.  132. 

theological-virtues,  s.  pi.  A  term 
applied  to  the  virtues  of  Faith,  Hope,  and 
Charity,  because  they  relate  immediately  to 
God,  and  are  founded  on  his  word,  and  on 
that  alone. 

the-S-lSg'-Ic-al-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  theological; 
-ly.]  In  a  theological  manner;  according  to 
the  principles  of  theology. 

"The  Archbishop  of  York  reasoned  theologically 
concerning  his  disobedience."— Camden:  But.  Queen 
Elizabeth  (an.  1687). 

•the-o-log'-Ics,*.  [THEOLOOIC.J  The  same 
as  THEOLOGY  (q.v.). 

"  Who  thus  excel! 
In  ideologic*.-  Young  :  LoM  of  rattu,  T. 

*  the  6l'-6  gist,  t.     [Eng.   thtolog(y);  -iat.} 
A  theologian. 

"  He  [Claymond]  was  a  person  of  great  gravity,  of 
most  exact  example  in  his  life  and  conversation,  very 
charitable  and  devout,  and  bad  nothing  wanting  in 
hltn  to  coiupleat  a  theologltt."—  Wood  :  Athena  Uxon.. 
vol.  i. 

the-4-16'-gI-iim,  ».  [THEOLOGY.]  A  small 
upper  stage  in  the  ancient  theatre,  upon 
which  the  machinery  for  celestial  appearances 
was  arranged. 

*  th6  -61  -6-gize,  v.t.  &  i.    [Eng.  theology); 
-ize.} 

A.  Trans. :  To  render  theological. 

"  It  cannot  be  denied  bat  that  the  Pagans  did  In 
some  sence  or  other  deifie  or  thfolnoiu  all  the  parts  of 
the  world,  and  things  of  nature."— Cudworih:  Intell. 
Bytttm,  p.  509. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  frame  a  system  of  theology ; 
to  theorize  or  speculate  upon  theological  sub- 
jects. 

"the-Sr-6-giz-er,  ».  (Eng.  theologize); 
•er.J  One  who  theologizes  ;  a  theologian. 

the-51-6  gus,  the-8l'-*-gal,  «.  [Eccle.. 
Lat  therlopui  =  a  theologian.] 

Roman  Church:  A  canon  theologian  ap- 
pointed in  cathedral  and  collegiate  churches 
to  deliver  lectures  on  theology  and  Holy 
Scripture.  (Cone.  Trid.,  MSB.  v.,  de  ref.,  c,  1.) 

*  the'-o-logue,  f.     [THEOLOGY.]    A  theolo- 
gian.   Also  (colloq.),  a  student  of  theology. 

14  Yf  gentle  thtobyuei  of  calmer  kind." 

Young:  flight  Thought*,  Tit. 

the-Sl'-4-K?.  *  the-ol-o-gle,  «.  [Fr.  (Mo- 
logic,  from  lit  theologia ;  Gr.  0eoAo>yia  (theo- 
logiii)  =  &  speaking  about  God  ;  0«oAo-yoc  (Iheo- 
logos)  =  speaking  about  God  :  0«x  (theos)  = 
God,  and  Avyos  (logos)  =  a  word  ;  Xryw  (UgS) 
=  to  speak.] 

1.  Classic:  A  term  applied  by  the  classic 
authors  to  treatises  on  the  nature  and  worship 
of  the  gods,  such  as  the  Works  <t  Days  of 
Hesiod,  and  the  de  Natura  Deorum  of  Cicero. 
Augustine  (De  Civitate)  quotes  Eusebius  and 
Varro  as  dividing  theology  into  three  kinds  ; 
the  fabulous,  that  of  the  poets ;  the  natural, 
that  of  the  philosophers ;  and  the  political, 
that  of  the  priests  and  the  common  people. 
The  first  and  second  kinds  could  be  changed 
according  to  the  will  of  the  investigators ; 
but  the  last  could  not  be  altered  without 
national  consent. 

2.  Christian:  The  science  which  treats  of 
divine  things,  especially  of  the  relations  of 
man  to  God.    Doctrinal  formulas  are  recog- 
nized in  Scripture,  which  uses  such  expres- 
sions as  "  the  mysteries  of  God  "  (1  Cor.  iv.  1), 
"the  form  of  sound  words"  (2  Tim.  i.  13), 
"sound  doctrine"  (Titus  i.  9);  but  the  term 
theology  does  not  occur,  though  the  elements 
of  which  it  is  compounded  are  found  in  close 
connection,  ri  (to.)  \6yui  (logia),  ™S  (tou)  e«'ou 
(Them)  =.  the  oracles  of  God  (Rom.  iii.  2  ;  cf. 
also  1  Peter  iv.  11).    Theology  is  primarily 
divided  into  Natural  and    Supernatural,  or 
Revealed  ;  the  former  deduced  by  reason  from 
a  survey  of  the  universe,  the  latter  founded  on 
revelation.    Natural  religion  is  recognized  in 
Scripture  (Ps.  xix.  1-  -6,  Rom.  i.  19,  20),  and 
is  held  to  establish  the  being,  power,  wisdom, 
and  goodness  of  God,  the  obligation  of  his  moral 
law  and  the  folly  and  danger  of  transgressin" 
it,  and  the  immortality  of  the  soul.    Revealei 
religion  is  considered  to  superadd  to  these 
doctrines  those  of  the  Trinity,  the  creation 
and  fall  of  man,  the  penalty  of  s:n,  the  mis- 
lion,  work,  and  atoning  death  of  Christ,  hi* 


resurrection,  ascension,  and  second  advent, 
with  many  other  doctrines.  Before  a  theo- 
logy embracing  the  teaching  of  the  Bible  on 
these  subjects  can  be  constructed,  the  follow- 
ing sciences  are  required  :  Biblical  Criticism, 
to  ascertain  the  exact  text  of  certain  works 
claiming  to  be  inspired,  and,  if  possible,  their 
time,  place,  and  human  authorship  ;  Apolo- 
getics, to  establish  and  defend  their  claim  to 
inspiration  ;  Hermeneutics,  to  investigate  the 
principles  of  interpretation  ;  Exegesis,  to 
carry  those  principles  into  practice  bv  actual 
interpretation.  Dogmatic  Theology  follows  ; 
its  province  being  to  bring  together  and 
classify  the  doctrines  scattered  through  the 
Bible  ;  Polemic  Theology  defends  these 
against  adversaries  ;  Practical  Theology  re- 
duces them  to  practice,  and  Pastoral  Theology 
investigates  the  most  approved  methods  of 
presenting  them  to  the  people.  Through- 
out Scripture  there  is  a  well-marked  develop- 
ment or  evolution  of  doctrine  from  the  earliest 
period  to  the  close  of  New  Testament  times. 
The  New  Testament  Theology  constitutes  the 
chief  basis  of  the  theologies  of  all  churchi-si 
It  was  followed  by  that  of  the  A|>ostolic 
Fathers,  and  then  by  that  of  the  Fathers  In 
general.  It  varied  according  to  the  idiosyn- 
crasy of  the  several  writers.  Most  doctrines 
were  stated  at  first  in  general  terms,  they 
were  then  expounded  and  discussed  by  theo- 
logians, and  when  necessity  arose,  decisions  of 
councils  gave  them  a  clear,  and  precise  form.  In 
mediaeval  times  great  efforts  were  made  to  state 
theological  doctrines  in  language  derived  from 
the  metaphysics  of  the  age,  and  show  their 
harmony  ;  the  result  was  the  Scholastic  Theo- 
logy (q.Y.).  The  application  of  the  Command- 
nieuta  of  the  moral  law  to  individual  conduct 
gave  rise  to  Moral  Theology  (q.v.).  Tire  Pro- 
testant Theology,  which  commenced  with  Lu- 
ther and  Zwingle,  was  professedly  founded  on 
Scripture,  interpreted  by  private  judgment, 
the  right  of  exercising  which  was  boldly  as- 
serted ;  that  of  the  Roman  Catholics  wai 
founded  on  the  consensus  of  the  Fathers,  the 
decisions  of  councils,  and  of  the  Holy  See,  and 
not  on  the  results  of  individual  investigation. 
Fearless  and  resolute  exercise  of  private  judg- 
ment in  Germany,  Holland,  the  Protestant 
cantons  of  Switzerland.  &c.,  has  resulted  in  ra- 
tionalism, which  has  also  arisen  in  most  con- 
tinental countries  in  union  with  Rome,  by  a 
reaction  against  authority.  Two  theologies,  on* 
Catholic,  the  other  Calvinist,  have  struggled 
for  mastery  in  the  Anglican  Church  for  the 
last  three  centuries  ;  for  the  century  ending 
about  1840  the  latter  was  dominant;  since 
then  it<  influence  haa  been  abridged  by  the 
Tractarian  movement.  Rationalism  has  made 
considerable  progress  within  late  years  both  in 
the  United  States  and  Europe,  the  "  Essays  and 
Reviews,"  published  in  1860,  being  the  first 
rationalistic  utterance  by  clergymen  of  the 
Anglican  Church.  In  the  Presbyterian  Church 
there  haa  been  of  recent  years  a  strong  devel- 
opment of  rationalistic  theology,  and  to  some 
extent  in  other  Protestant  churches. 

*  the  6m'  a  chist,  ».    [Pref.  thco-.  and  Or. 
Mdxi    (mocM)  =  a   fight]     One   who    fight* 
against  the  gods. 

*  the-8m'-a-chjf,  i.    [THEOMACHIST.] 

1.  A   fighting    against   the   gods,    as   th« 
battle  of  the  giants  with  the  gods  In  ancient 
mythology. 

2.  A  strife  or  battle  amongst  the  god». 

3.  Opposition  to  the  divine  will. 

*  the'-i-man-c^,  «•     [Pref.  theo-,  and  Or. 
pavrna  (manteia)  =  prophecy,  divination.)    A 
kind  of  divination,  drawn  from  the  responses 
of  oracles,  or  from  the  predictions  of  sibyls 
and  others  supposed  to  be  inspired  imme- 
diately by  some  divinity. 

the-6-ma  nl  a,  s.    [Gr.  Seojiown  (thtomania) 
=  madness  caused  by  a  god.] 

Mental  Pathol.  :  A  term  introduced  by 
Esquirol  for  a  disorder  in  which  the  sufferer 
imagines  himself  to  be  the  Deity,  or  that  the 
Deity  dwells  in  and  speaks  through  him  ; 
used  more  widely  to  embrace  religious  exalta- 
tion and  religious  melancholy. 

"Au  eye  witness  of  the  Irish  Revivals  speaks  of 
-tte:  Ptyehol.  Ited.  .  p.  1SS. 


The   6-pas    chite,  s.    [Gr.  «<6>  (theos)  = 
God,  and  trao-gu  (pascho)=  to  suffer.] 

Church  Hist.  (PI.):  A  name  given  to  the 
Monophysite  followers  of  Peter  the  Fuller. 
Bishop  of  Antioch,  who  towards  the  close  of 


boH.  bo^s  p6fct,  J6%1;  oat.  ?eU,  chorus.  9hin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   P*-* 
-clan,  -tion  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  '{ion,  -fion  =  zhon.  -oious,  -ttona.  -sious  =  shits.   -We. -die,  4c.  =  bel,  del. 


4686 


theopathetio— theorize 


the  fifth  century,  added  the  clause,   "Wh 
wast  crucified  lor  us  "  to  the  Trisasiiua  (q.v. 

"He  undoubtedly  made  tl.is  addition  with  s 
tariau  viewe,  intending  to  establish  wen  more  flrn 
in  bis  lavuurile  doctrine,  thiu  of  but  wue  nature 
Christ.  Bui  his  adversaries,  especially  Felix  of  k.jui 
and  others,  perverted  his  meaning,  and  maintain 
that  be  intended  to  teach  that  all  the  three  ford, 
In  the  Godhead  were  crucified,  and  therefore  sucli 
approved  this  form  of  the  hymn  were  called  Ttt 
P«*eArt«i."— JfbaWim  :  Cfturds  Six.  (ed.  Reid),  p.  2L 

*  the-o-va-thet'-aC,  a,     [Formed  from  the 
apathy,  .  n  the  analogy  of  sympathetic,  fror 
lymputlty.]  Relating  or  pertaining  to  theopath 

*  the^  path   ic,  a.    [Eng.  thtopath(y);  -ic 
The  same  as  THEOPATHETIC  (q.v.). 

"  To  deduce  practical  rules  concern  tug  the  theopath 
affectious— faith,  fear,  gratitude,  hope,  trust,  resigna- 
tion, lore."—  Hartley:  On  Man,  pt.  IL.oh.  iii.,  |  7. 

*  the-op -a-thjr,  ».      [Pret    theo-,   and   Gr 
•rotfoc  (paOios)  =  suffering.]    Emotion  excitei 
by  the  contemplation  of  God ;  piety,  or 
sense  of  piety. 

*  the  6  phan  -Ic,  o.    [Eng.  theophany) ;  -ic. 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  theophany  ;  making 
an  actual  appearance  to  man,  as  a  god. 

*  the-dph'-a  ny\   t.     [Pref.  theo-,  and   Gi 
•>ame  (phaino)  =  to  appear.] 

1.  The  manifestation  of  God  to  man  b 
actual  appearance. 

"  To  substitute  dream*  for  distinct,  objective,  di 
Tine  apparitions  or  Theopltaniei.-—CoMemp.  Beo. 

July,  1SS7,  p.  38. 

2.  Epiphany  (q.v.). 

*  the-6  phil  an-throp'-ic,  a.    (Eng.  Oieo 
philanthropy)  ;  -ic.]     Pertaining  or  relating 
to  theophilnnthropism  or  the  theophilanthro 
plots  ;  uniting  love  to  God  with  that  to  man. 

the  6  phn  an  thro-pism,  s.  [Eng.  Oteo- 
philiunthropiy)  ;  -irm.]  Theuphilanthropy. 

*  the  6  phil  in  -thro-pist,  s.     [Ens.  theo- 
phUanthropd/) ;  -ist.]    One  who  unites  love  to 
God  with  love,  to  man ;  an  adherent  of  Theo- 
phflanthropy. 

"  The  temple,  the  most  worthy  of  the  divinity.  In 
the  eye*  of  the  ttfoph&anthropitti,  1*  the  universe.' 
—John  Svant :  giver*  of  Dmomtttattonl,  p.  17. 

•the  6  phll-an'-thr6-pj,-,  «.  [Gr.  t,6, 
((A«>«)  =  God,  and  d\uU*4pe»<p{  (pkilantkropos) 
=  a  lover  of  men.  ] 

Compar.  Religions :  The  name  given  to  a 
system  of  natural  religion  which  arose  In  the 
time  of  the  first  French  Republic,  and  which 
had  for  its  cardinal  doctrine*  the  adoration  of 
God  and  love  of  man.  In  1796  five  heads  of 
familiea— Chemin,  Mareau,  Janes,  Hatty,  and 
Mandar — associated  themselves,  and  in  De- 
cember held  their  first  meeting  at  a  house  in 
the  Rue  St.  Denis  for  the  purposes  of  divine 
worship  and  moral  instruction,  according  to 
the  dictates  of  natural  religion.  Their  ser- 
vices consisted  of  moral  discourses,  singing, 
and  prayer.  One  of  their  adherents  was 
Revelliere-Lepaux,  a  member  of  the  Directory, 
who  allowed  them  the  nse  of  the  ten  parish 
churches  of  Paris,  which  they  fitted  up  and 
adorned  with  religious  and  moral  inscriptions, 
an  ancient  altar,  a  basket  of  flowers  as  an 
offering  to  the  Supreme  Being,  a  pulpit,  and 
allegorical  paintings  and  banners.  In  1802 
Napoleon  I.  forbade  them  to  hold  their  meet- 
ings in  the  churches,  and  after  this  time  they 
no  longer  appear  as  a  body. 

"  Thl*  religion,  which  consist*  In  worshipping  God 
and  cherishing  our  kind,  is  what  we  express  by  one 
•ingle  word,  tbat  of  The>>iAil'intkropy.~—Jokn  JMw: 
SkettA  of  benoininationt,  p.  19. 

•  the -4  phile,  s.    [Gr.  0e<fc  (theos)  =  God,  and 
«>iA x  (fikUos)  =  dear.]    One  loved  by  God. 

"  Afflictions  are  the  proportion  of  the  beat  ttao- 
fltUet."—Bowea  :  Letter*.  IL  41. 

•  the-6  phil  6-B6ph'-lc,  o.     [Pref.   theo-, 
and  Eng.  philosophic  (q.v.).]    Combining,  or 
pertaining  to  the  combination  of,  theism  and 
philosophy. 

the-oph'-6r-6i,  s.  ft.  [PI.  of  Gr.  9,0*0005 
(theophoros)  =  possessed  by  a  god,  inspired: 
««!  (&••)•>•  god,  and  oiopos  (pharos)  = 
bearing.] 

Church.  Vat. :  A  mystical  name  assumed 
by  some  of  the  early  Christians,  signifying 
that  they  were  the  temples  of  God  (1  Cor.  iii. 
16).  It  Is  not  unlikely  that  the  term  had 
special  reference  to  the  presence  of  Christ, 
Gnd  and  Man,  in  those  who  had  devoutly 
received  the  Eucharist  (Blunt.) 


the  6  phras'-ta,  s.  [Named  after  The< 
phrastus,  B.C.  371  (?)-285,  a  philosopher,  authr 
of  The  History  of  Plants,  &c.,  and  often  caile 
the  Father  of  Botany.] 

Bat. :  The  typical  genus  of  Theophraste! 
(q.v.).  Only  known  species,  Theophrasta  Jtt. 
sieui.  It  is  a  small  tree  with  an  unbranche 
stem,  and  a  tuft  of  long,  evergreen  leaves  a 
the  top,  giving  it  a  superlicial  resemblance  t 
a  palm  tree.  Calyx  and  corolla  campanula!* 
the  former  cartilaginous,  the  latter  with 
short  tube,  having  a  dilated  throat  with  a 
angularly-lobed,  fleshy  ring,  and  a  spreadin 
limb ;  stamens  five.  Fruit,  a  spherical  berrj 
with  the  seeds  half  immersed  in  the  placenta 
T.  Jussievi  is  a  native  of  San  Domingo,  and  i 
cultivated  for  its  fine  leaves 

the  6  phras  -te  SB,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  thm 
phra3t(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -OT.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Myrsinaeepe  (q.v.).  Scale 
in  the  throat  of  the  corolla  alternate  with  its 
lobes. 

•  the  op    nevis -ted,    a.      [THEOPNEUSTT. 
Divinely  inspired ;  theopnenstic. 

tho-op-neus  -tl  a,  ».  [THEOFNEUSTY.]  Th 
same  as  THEOPNEUSTV. 

"  Let  them  beware  of  conjuring  enchantment*  o 
cunningly  devised  dogmas  of  nMoMvetta,  which  wil 
not  stand  the  te*t  of  inquiry.  Discarding  all  the*' 
weak  defence*,  let  them  see  whether  the  Bible  Is  no 
Itself  Theopneustic  to  those  who  have  suine  of  the 
residue  of  the  spirit  by  which  to  Urte  and  try  if— 
Srit.  Quarterly  flsriew,  Ivii.  174.  (187*.) 

•  the-6p-neus'-tie,  a.    [Eng.  theopnrust(y) 
-ic.]    Given  by  inspiration  of  the  Spirit  o 

•  the. -6p    neus-tjf,   s.     [Or.    eroirwvo-nn 
(theopneustos),    from    0<oe    (theos)  —  god,   anc 
wW<o  ( jmeo)  =  to  breathe.)     Divine  inspira- 
tion ;  the  supernatural  influence  of  the  Divine 
Spirit  in  qualifying  men  to  receive  and  com- 
municate revealed  truth. 

the  or'-Wfrt,  «.  [Eng.  fheorb(o);  -fat.]  One 
who  plays  on  a  theorbo. 

the-or'-bo,  s.    [Ital.  tiorba ;  Fr.  theorbej 

Music:  An  old  stringed  instrument  re- 
semblingthe  lute  inform  or  tone.  Ithadtwo 
necks,  to  the  longest  of  which 
the  bass  strings  were  attached. 
It  was  employed  for  accom- 
panying voices,  and  was  in  great 
favour  during  the  seventeenth 
century.  It  differed  from  the 
lute  in  the  possession  of  its 
two  necks,  whence  it  is  some- 
times called  Cithara  bijuga. 
The  strings  were  usually  single 
in  the  theorbo,  and  when  dou- 
ble, or  tuned  in  octaves  or  in 
unison  with  the  base  or  treble 
notes,  the  instrument  was  called  THEORBO. 
the  Arch-lute,  or  Chittarone. 

the'-O-rem,  «.  [Lat.  theorema,  from  Gr. 
«eu>prma  (theoremn)  =  a  spectacle,  hence  a 
subject  for  contemplation,  a  principle,  a 
theorem,  from  fcuijxi  (thedro)  —  to  look  at,  to 
behold,  to  view ;  DWpdt  (thedros)= a  spectator ; 
•VaausB,  6Vup<u  (theaomai,  thelmai)  —  to  see, 
to  view  ;  Fr.  theoreme  ;  8p.  ft  Ital.  teoremn.] 

1.  Geom. :  A  proposition  to  be  proved  ;  a 
statement  of  a  principle  to  be  demonstrated  ; 
that  is,  the  truth  of  which  is  required  to  be 
made  evident  by  a  course  of  reasoning,  called 
a  demonstration.  In  the  synthetical  method 
of  investigation,  which  is  that  for  the  most 
part  employed  in  geometry,  it  is  usual  to 
state  _tbe  principle  to  be  proved  before  com- 
mencing tne  demonstration,  which  proceeds 
by  a  regular  course  of  argumentation  to  the 
final  conclusion,  confirmatory  of  the  principle 
enunciated.  The  principle  being  proved,  it 
may  properly  be  employed  as  a  premiss  in  the 
deduction  of  new  truths.  The  principle,  as 
enunciated  before  the  demonstration,  is  the 
theorem ;  its  statement  after  demonstration 
constitutes  a  rule  or  formula,  according  as  the 
statement  is  made  in  ordinary  or  in  algebraic 
language.  A  theorem  differs  from  a  problem 
in  this,  that  the  latter  is  a  statement  of  some- 
thing to  be  done,  the  former  of  something  to 
be  proved. 

2.  Alg.  &  Aital. :  Something  used  to  denote 
a  rule,  especially  when  that  rule  is  expressed 
by  symbols  or  formula:  as,  the  binomial 
theorem. 

*  3.  A  speculative  truth ;  a  position  laid 


down  as  an  acknowledged  truth  ;  that  whteA 
is  considered  and  established  as  a  principle. 

"  Questiunleas  he  ISoIouianl  was  himself  mo.t  con. 
Tenant  therein  (theology):  for  proof  whereof  lie  did 
leave  so  many  excellent  theorem*  and  presents  of 
divinity  to  uS-Bam* .-  Hermora.  TO)  iSTier  XL 
K  (1)  tfegalire  theorem  :  A  theorem  which 
expresses  the  impossibility  of  any  assertion. 

(2)  Particular  theorem:  A  theorem  which 
extends  only  to  a  particular  quantity. 

(3)  Universal  theorem:    A  theorem    which 
extends  to  any  quantity  without  restriction. 

*  the'-o-rem,  r.t.  [THEOREM,  «.)  To  reduce 
to  or  formulate  into  a  theorem. 

the-o-rg-maf-Ie,   the-6-re-maf-.o-al. 

a.  [Gr.  e«iopi)nari«os  (ttrfranaiifaxVJ  Per- 
taining to  a  theorem  ;  contained  in  a  theorem: 
consisting  of  theorems. 

•the-d-rSm'-a-tlst,  s.  [THTOREMATIC.] 
One  who  forms  theorems  ;  one  who  theoriees. 

*thi-6-rem'-.c,  *  the   6  -  rem  -  ick,  a. 

[Eng.  theorem;  -ic.]    Theorematic  (q.v.). 

"  Theoremifk  truth,  or  that  which  liee  In  the  con. 
ceptloiui  we  have  of  things,  is  negative  or  positive,-— 

the-0-re*  -ic,  the-o-ret-Io-al,  o.    [Gr. 

tWpirrufoc  (tlieoritikos)  ;  Fr.  tkiore't itjuc  ]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  theory  ;  founded  or  de- 
pending on  theory  or  speculation  ;  terminating 
in  theory  or  speculation  ;  not  practical  •  specu- 
lative. 

"Admirably  well  turned,  not  only  for  the  theoretic*. 
bat  also  the  practical  behaviour  of  cunning  fellows/ 
— Tatter,  No.  191. 

the-o-rSt'-Ie-al-li?,  adv.  [Eng.  theoretical; 
-ly.\  In  a  theoretical  manner ;  in  or  by  theory  ; 
according  to  theory ;  speculatively :  not  prac- 
tically. 

"Geography  I*  ...  ( Aeon* (calfy speaking  an 
tlal  part  of  the  latter  science."— Bericliel :  Aaro 

the-o-rSt'-IcB,  s.  [THEORETIC.]  The  specu- 
lative parts  of  a  science  ;  speculation. 

*  the-oV-Ic,  «  the-or  ick,  •  the  or  Ike, 
I.  *  o.  [Gr.  ««opi.rij  (thtorike);  Lat.  theories 
(an);  Fr.  theoriove.] 

A.  As  subst.:   Speculation,   theory  (tot- 
merly  pron.  thf-Dr-ic). 

"  The  bookiah  rJuoric, 
w herein  tne  toged  consuls  can  propose 
As  masterly  as  lie ;  mere  prattle,  without  practice. 
Is  all  hi*  soldiership."  Shaketp. :  Othello,  i.  1. 

B.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  THEORICAL  (q.v.). 

"  We  are  more  beholden  to  her  for  all  philosophical 
let  I**"**  «no»lMl.e. "—Uomll:  Letter,,  bkTlL, 

theoric  fund,  s.  (pron.  <ie-6Y-tc). 

Greek  Antiq. :  The  surplus  of  ordinary  re- 
venue, which,  after  defraying  all  charges  of 
the  peace  establishment,  was  devoted  to  the 
formation  of  a  fund  for  furnishing  to  ail 
citizens  not  absent  from  Attica  the  sum  of 
two  oboli,  being  the  price  of  seats  at  the  great 
dramatic  festivals. 

the-oV-Ic-a,  «.  pi.  [Gr.  eflipl«a  (theorVcd), 
noiit.  pi.  of  fawptKoc  (theorikos)  =  pertaining  to 
a  spectacle ;  tfeupxk  (thedroe)  =  a  spectator.] 

Greek  Antiq. :  The  public  moneys  expended 
in  Athens  ou  festivals  and  largesses. 

th£  or   ic  aL  *  the-or-ic-ali,  o.    [Eng. 
titeoric;  -ol.] 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  theory ;  theoretical. 

"  Furnished  with  art«,  languages,  and  grounds  at 
theoricall  divinity."  —  Bp,  J/eUl:  Speciatttttt  o/  aif 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Theories  (q.v.).  (In, 
this  sense  pron.  the-or1 -ic-al.) 

the-oy-Io-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  Ouorical ;  -!y.) 
Theoretically,  speculatively. 

"  Able  to  discourse  ttoorlcalfy  of  the  dimension*. 

situation,  and  motion,  or  stabintv  of  the  whole  ter- 

reetrial  globe."— Boyle:  Worto,  u.  2S7. 

the  -6  rique  (quo  as  k), ».    [Fr.]    Theory. 

he  -o  rist,  s.  [Eng.  theor(y);  -ist.]  One  who 
theorizes  ;  one  who  forms  theories :  a  specu- 
la tist 

"  Truth*  that  the  t\eoritt  could  never  reach. 
And  observation  taught  tne.  I  would  teach. " 

Cooper :  Pragnu  of  Error,  11. 

the-i-ri-za'-tlon,  s.  [Eng.  theorize)  ;  -arton.) 
The  act  of  theorizing  or  speculating ;  the  for- 
mation of  a  theory  or  theories. 

Je'-o-riae,  t>.(.  [Eng.  tKeorty);  •{•«.]  To 
form  a  theory  or  theories  ;  to  form  opinions 


fete,  f&t,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there:  pine,  pit,  nre.  sir,  marine;  go,  pit. 
or,  wore,  won  work,  who.  sin;  mate.  cub.  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  lull;  try.  Syrian.    »,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  on  =  kw. 


theorizer— therapeutist 


4687 


tolely  by  theory  ;  to  indulge  in  theories  ;  to 
speculate. 

«he'-i-riz  or,  ».  [Eng.  theorize)  ;  -er.l  One 
who  theorizes  ;  a  theorist. 

tte'-o'-rjf,  *  the-o-rle,  s.    [Fr.  Marie,  from 

Lat,  theoria  ;  Gr.  0eu>pta  (fteorta)  =  a  behold- 

ing, contemplation,  speculation  ;  6Wpw  (tt«- 

i  =  a  spectator;    Bp.    &    Ital.    ttoria.] 

(THEOREM.] 

.         L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Speculation  ;     supposition     explaining 
•oniething  ;  a  doctrine  or  scheme  of  things 
•which  terminates  in  speculation  or  contem- 
plation, without  a  view  to  practice;   hypo- 
thesis.     (Often    taken    in   an    unfavourable 
sense,  as  implying  somelhing  visionary.) 

2.  Plan  or  system  ;  scheme. 

3.  An  exposition  of  the  general  princfples 
of  any  science  :  as,  the  theory  of  music  —  iliat 
is,  tlie  speculations  arising  from  a  knowledge 
of  the  principles  of  sound.     The  rules  for 
composition  and  arrangement  of  music  for 
voices  and  instruments  in  rhythm,  melody, 
harmony,  counterpoint,  and  instrumentation. 

4.  The  science  distinguished  from  the  art  ; 
the  rules  of  an  art,  as  distinguished  from  the 
practice  :  as,  the  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine. 

U.  Science  :  An  explanation  of  phenomena 
which  accounts  for  them  so  satisfactorily, 
that  there  is  a  high  probability  that  the  true 
cause  of  their  occurrence  has  been  pointed 
out.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  science  in  the 
game  sense  as  hypothesis  ;  and  also  in  the 
law  courts,  when,  for  instance,  in  a  murder 
case  it  is  stated  that  "the  theory  of  the 

execution  is,"  that  this  or  this,  occurred. 
ore  generally  scientific  men  use  the  word 
to  signify  a  hypothesis  which  haa  been  es- 
tablished as,  apparently,  the  true  one.  It  is 
tluis  a  stronger  word  than  hypothesis.  A 
theory  is  founded  on  principles  which  have 
been  established  on  independent  evidence.  A 
hypothesis  merely  assumes  the  operation  of 
a  cause  which  would  account  for  the  pheno- 
mena, but  has  not  evidence  that  such  cause 
was  actually  at  work.  Metaphysically,  a 
theory  is  nothing  more  than  a  hypothesis 
supported  by  a  large  amount  of  probable 
evidence. 

the  d'-  si*,  i.  The  ultimate  absorption  of  the 
«.iul  into  deity. 

the  6  soph,  «.  [THEOSOPHTJ  One  who 
claims  to  have  a  knowledge  of  God,  or  of  the 
laws  of  nature,  by  means  of  internal  illumina- 
tion ;  a  mystic,  a  theueopbist 

•  the-os'  6  pher,  s.  [THEOSOPHY.]  The  same 
as  THEOSOPHIST  (q.v.). 

"  The  great  Teutonic  OuoMipher,  Jacob  Behmen."— 
B.  «™>*«  .  Foot  of  «uuliff,  i.  XM. 

the  6  soph  ic,  '  the-6  soph'-lck,  thc- 
6-sdph'-ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  theosophy)  ;  -ic, 
-ical.  1  Pertaining  or  relating  to  tlieosophism 
or  the  theosophists  ;  divinely  wise. 

"The  outer  portal  of  the  the^tofhic  t«inple."—  PaK 
Mall  Oazttte,  April  36.  1884. 

Theosophical  Society,  *. 

Hist.  &  Jtflig.  :  A  society  founded  at  New 
York  in  1875  by  Col.  Olcott.  Its  objects 
•re  :  (1)  To  form  the  nucleus  of  a  Universal 
Brotherhood  of  Humanity,  without  distinc- 
ti"ii  of  race,  creed,  or  colour  ;  (2)  To  pro- 
mote the  study  of  Aryan  and  other  Eastern 
literature,  religious,  and  sciences;  (3)  To 
investigate  unexplained  laws  of  Nature  and 
the  physical  powers  of  man.  The  society  has 
several  branches  in  Europe  and  in  India.  (See 
Olcott  :  Theosophy  ;  SirvaM:  Occult  World.) 

•the-o-soph'-Io-al-ly,  ailv.  [Eng.  theo- 
Kjihicttl  ;  -ly.  }  in  a  theosophical  manner  ; 
with  direct  divine  illumination. 

the-os'-S-phlsm,  s.  [Gr.  8.6?  (<tew)  =  God, 
and 


Pretension   to  divine   illumination  ;  enthu- 
siasm. 

"  Many  traces  of  the  Iplrlt  of  tkfnvvhiim  m»F  be 
fonnd."—  Enfleld  :  Hilt.  Philoiophjf.  vol.  It 

the-os'-d-phist,  «.  [THEosopHisM.]  One 
who  cultivates  or  affects  theosophy  ;  one  who 
professes  to  hold  intercourse  with  GIK!  and 
heavenly  spirits  ;  one  who  pretends  to  derive 
his  knowledge  from  divine  revelation. 

"The  chief  n*oiopM*t  of  the  Loudoti  brunch  of  the 
t«a  believers."—  Pall  Mall  Oautte,  April  26.  1884. 


«the-d-s5-phi«t'-lc-al,  a.    [Bug.  theoso- 

;< 'ust ;  -icuf.)    Theosophical. 

•the-os'-o-phize,  v.i.  [Eng.  Ouosoi>h(y); 
•im.\  To  treat  of  or  to  practise  theosophy. 

the-os'-6-phy,  ».  [Gr.  9*00-0*101  (thcosophia) 
=  knowledge  of  divine  things:  0eo«  =  God. 
and  o-o^c'u  (sophist)  =  wisdom  ;  o-od>oc  (sophos) 
=  wise  ;  Fr.  theosaphie  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  teosojiu.] 

[{lit.:  A  term  signifying  literally  "Divine 
Wisdom,"  but  which  has  been  employed  to 
designate  several  systems  differing  widely 
from  each  other,  of  which  the  chief  are : 

(1)  The  system  of  the  Fire-philosopher*  or 
Rosicrnclans  (q.v.),  who  claimed  to  be  able, 
by  a  miraculous  intuition  of  the  properties  of 
the  so-called  element  of  tire,  to  provide  a 
solution,    not   only    for  every   difficulty  of 
physios,  but  also  for  every  doubtful  problem 
in  the  spiritual  world.     The  leader  of  this 
movement   was  Paracelsus  (1493-1541) ;    it 
gained  many  adherents  on  the  Continent,  and 
had  a  celebrated  advocate  in  England  in  the 
person  of  Robert  Fludd  (1574-1637).     These 
Theosophists  asserted  that  God,  who  is  un- 
changeable, acts  in  the  kingdom  of  grace 
just  as  he  does  in  the  kingdom  of  nature  ;  so 
that  whoever  understands  how  natural  bodies, 
in  particular  the  metals,  are  changed,  under- 
stands also  what  passes  in  the  soul  in  regenera- 
tion, sauctiucation,  and  renovation. 

(2)  A  form  of  Christian  mysticism,  which, 
excluding  the   dialectic  processes  of  philo- 
sophy and  the  claims  of  authority  and  revela- 
tion, professed  to  derive  its  knowledge  of 
God  from  direct  and  immediate  intuition  and 
contemplation,  or  from  the  immediate  com- 
munication of  God  himself.     Traces  of  this 
belief  are  to  be  found  in  the  early  history  of  the 
Church,  but  the  name  Theosophy,  in  this  con- 
nection, is  applied  chiefly  to  the  system  de- 
veloped from  the  writings  of  Jacob  Bohme,  or 
Bohmen  (1575-1624),  a  shoemaker  of  Gorlitz, 
sometimes  called  the  "Teutonic  Philosopher." 
He  studied  the  Scriptures  diligently,  acquired 
some  notions  of  chemistry  and  natural  science, 
saw  visions,  as  he  believed,  and  came  at  last 
to  consider  his  speculations  on  the  Deity  and 
origin  of  things  as  given  to  him  by  internal 
illumination.     According   to    Bohme,  finite 
existences  are  an  efflux  from  the  One  Infinite 
existence,  and  such  efflux,  manifesting  itself 
in  lire,  light,  and  spirit,  is  a  necessary  attri- 
bute of  God's  own  being.    Angels  and  men 
owe  their  origin  to  the  divine  fire,  from  which 
light  and  love  are  generated  in  them.    This 
triune  life  is  the  perfection  of  being,  and  the 
loss  of  it  constituted  the  fall  of  angels  and 
men.    Christ  restored  to  men  the  germ  of  the 
paradisaical  life,  which  is   possessed   by  all 
through  the  new  birth  and  hia  indwelling. 
No  man  can  be  lost  except  by  the  wilful 
destruction  of  the  germ  of  the  divine  life. 
Bohme's   Theosophy,   however,   was   at   the 
bottom  thoroughly  Christian.     Henry  More 
(1614-87),  to  some  extent,  adopted  Bohme's 
opinions,  as  did  William  Law  (1086-1761). 

(3)  Search   after   divine    knowledge  —  the 
term  divine  applying  to  the  divine  nature  of 
the  abstract  principle,  not  to  the  quality  of 
a  Personal  God.    (Olcott :  Theoeophy,  p.  176.) 
Theosophy  is  apparently  allied  to  Spiritual- 
ism, and,  like  it,  is  decidedly  anti-Christian. 
Moreover  it  has  been  alleged,  with  some  show 
of  truth,  that  the  so-called  occult  phenomena 
produced  by  some  of  the  leading  tlieosophisU 
in  «upport  of  their  system  are  neither  more 
nor  less  than  con.juri  ng  tricks.    In  this  country 
there  are  numerous  mountebanks  professing 
beliefs  somewhat  analogous  to  theosophy  in 
outward  form. 

•the-i-teeH'-nlc,  o.  fEng.  auotechnd);  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  the  action  or  intervention  of 
the  gods  ;  operated  or  carried  on  by  the  gods. 

*  the'-6-tech-ny\  ».  [Gr.  fleos  ((tew)  =  God, 
and  re\yri  (tech  m)  =  art. )  The  supernatural 
beings  introduced  into  any  piece  of  literary 
composition. 

"  The  personages  of  the  Homeric  theotechtiif.  under 
which  n.une  I  include  the  whole  of  the  lUMOHiaral 
beluga,  of  whatever  rank.  Introduced  into  the  poems." 
— Oladttm* :  JiMhmCuJ  Mundi.  eh.  vli. 

the -6- the' -ca,  *.  [Pref.  theo-,  and  Gr.  tf^mj 
(tliike)  =  a  case,  a  receptacle.]  The  same  as 

MONSTRASCK  (q.V.). 

The-8t'-i-kSs,  ».  [Eccles.  Gr.  9tor6m  (theo- 
tokos)  =  bringing  forth  or  giving  birth  to  God  : 
fl«o!  (theos)  =  God,  and  TOKO?  (tokos')  =  bring- 
ing forth  ;  nnw  (tikto)  =  to  briug  forth.) 


Chunk  Hist.  <t  Theol. :  A  title  of  the  Virgin 
Mary.  The  word  itself  does  not  occur  in  the 
New  Testament,  but  its  equivalent  ("  the 
mother  of  my  Lord")  is  found  (Luke  i.  43).  As 
an  ecclesiastical  term  it  was  adnpted  at  the 
Councils  of  Ephesus  (A.D.  431)  anil  Chalci'don 
(A.D.  451),  to  assert  the  divinity  of  our  Lord's 
Person. 

"  The  title  rn*oto*ot,  assigned  to  the  Blessed  Virgin 
by  eminent  Fathers  before  the  Nestorian  controversy 
(see  Bright:  Hilt.  rhurt-H,  p.  3tv2l.  mid  liy  tli«  wl.oU* 
Ch  u  ri-h  ever  since  the  Council  olEt>hesus,  [s  essentially 
a  tribute  to  Christ's  personal  glory."—  Liddon: 
Sampton  Lecture*  {ed.  llth),  p.  l!SL  (Note  <L) 

*  theow,  s.    [A.S.]    A  slave. 

*  theow  man,  s.    [A.S.]    A  slave,  a  serf,  • 

bondman. 

*  ther,  adv.    [THERE.] 

*  ther-a-bout-en,  adv.    [THEREABOUT.) 

*  ther-a-gain,  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  again.} 
Against  that. 

ther'-a-peu-jy,  «.  [THERAPEUTIC.]  Thera- 
peutics. 

"  And  contrasted  tills  with  the  hopelee*  scepticism 
of  the  present  day,  as  illustrated  l>y  the  euuijuciioiu 
absence  of  therapeuf.tr  from  tlie  proceedings  of  the 
late  International  Medical  Congress."— bally  AtiM, 
Oct.  S,  188L 

ther'-a  peut,  s.  [TBERAPEUTVE.]  One  of  the 
Thera'peutse  (q.v.). 

'*  Philo  on  the  Essenes  mid  Therapeutt." — Saturday 
Renew,  Nov.  6,  1881,  p.  MS. 

Ther-a-peu'-t»,«.pJ.  [Gr.  Be^nti^nri  (them- 
peiitcJ)  =  a  servant ;  tf<paw<u«  (tlterajieuo)  =  to 
serve.) 

Churak  Ulst.:  A  term  applied  to  a  body  of 
Egyptian  Jews  by  Philo  in  his  Contemplative 
Life,  They  arose  about  the  end  of  the  first 
century,  and  gave  themselves  up  entirely  to 
contemplatiou  of  the  Deity,  performing  none 
of  the  duties  of  active  life,  but  living  in  soli- 
tary cells  like  hermits,  and  meeting  everj 
Saturday,  which  they  kept  as  a  great  holiday, 
for  devotion  in  common,  alter  which  they 
again  retired  to  their  respective  semiuia  or 
cells,  and  8|>ent  their  time  in  their  customary 
speculations.  Eusebius  (Mitt.  Eccles.,  lib.  ii., 
ch.  xvii.)  claims  them  as  Christian  monks  es- 
tablished by  St.  Mark,  though  without  using 
the  word  Therapeutte ;  and  says,  "  Who  can 
doubt  that  Philo  is  speaking  about  the  cus- 
toms of  our  people?  Others  have  called 
them  Contemplative  Essenes  [EBSENE]  ;  Lange 
thought  they  were  Oriental  philosophers  of 
melancholy  temperament  who  had  imbibed 
Jewish  notions ;  and  Jablonski  considered 
them  Egyptian  priests  addicted  to  astrology. 

"I  agrte  entirely  with  tho««  who  regard  the  T'i«ro- 
ptuta  85  being  JEWS  claiming  to  be  true  disciples  of 
Moses,  and  as  being  nr-Hher  Christians  nor  Egyptians. 
In  reality,  they  were  wild  and  lue.auctioly  enthusiasts, 
who  led  a  life  incongruous  alike  with  the  law  of 
Moses,  and  of  sober maau."—Ho4heim:  Xcclet.  BM. 
It-il.  Reid),  p.  15. 

ther-a-peu'-tlo,  a.  &  >.  [Fr.  tMrapeuti/rue, 
from'  Lat.  therapfutica  (art)  =  (the  art)  at 
healing,  from  Gr.  flepaweimicos  (therapeutikos), 
from  6*fpair€t'Ti)c  (tlterapeutes)  =  a  servant.] 
[THERAPEUT.E.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Pertaining  to  the  healing  art; 
curative  ;  concerned  in  discovering  and  apply- 
ing remedies  for  diseases. 

"  Tkfrapeuttck  or  curative  physick,  we  term  that 
which  restoreth  the  patieut  unto  sanity,  and  taketh 
away  diseases  actually  aflectiug."— Sroione :  Vulgar 
Errourl.  hk.  i v..  ch.  xiil. 

*  B.  At  rnhit. :  One  of  the  Jewish  sect 
called  Therapeutse  (q.v.). 

thSr-a-peu'-tic-al.  o.  [Eng.  therapeutic; 
•al.]  'The  same  as  THERAPEUTIC  (q.v.X 

"This  remedy,  in  my  opinion,  should  rather  be  pro- 
phylactical,  for  prt-v.-ntion  of  tlie  disease,  tlian  Inert* 
peutical.  fur  the  cure  of  it."— f errand  :  Love  *  Mela*, 
chott/.  p.  X16. 

thSr-a-peu'-tlcB,  ».    [THERAPEUTIC.] 

Uril. :  The  science  which  treats  of  the  heal- 
ing of  diseases.  It  deals  with  the  form,  man- 
ner, and  time  in  which  drugs  should  be 
administered,  if  needful  to  administer  them 
at  all ;  it  inatruuts  how  to  avoid  incompatible 
combinations,  and  classifies  remedial  agents. 
(For  its  history  in  this  sense,  Bee  MEDICINE, 
II.  3.)  Thera|*utic«  also  investigates  the  lawi 
of  health,  and  how  it  can  be  preserved.  [HT- 
OIEXE.I  Another  branch  of  it  is  Dietetic*. 
(DIETETIC,  B.] 

*  ther-a-peu'-tlst,  «.  [THERAPEUTIC.]  On« 
versed  "in  therapeutics. 


*6il,  btfy;  ptSit,  Jifirt;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  $Hln,  bensh;  go,  gem;  thin,  $ols;  sin,  a;;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   -!i* 
-"•—   -tian  =  sham     tion,  -don  =  shun ;  -tion,  -5 ion  =  »tiflT»,    -cious,  -tlous,  -aious  -  shiia.   -We,  -die,  &c.  -  tool,  deL 


4688 


therapon— therial 


tiler  a  pon,  5.  (Or.  gcpairur  (titerapon)  =  an 
attendant.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Percidp\  with  about 
twenty  species,  some  of  which  are  more  or 
less  marine,  spread  over  the  ludo-Pacitk*. 
Body  oblong,  compressed,  with  scales  of 
moderate  size ;  teeth  villiform  ;  branchio- 
stegals  six.  They  are  all  of  small  size,  and 
may  be  readily  recognized  by  the  blackish 
longitudinal  bands  with  which  the  body  is 
ornamented. 

•  ther'-a-pjf,  «.     [Gr.  Otpantia  (therapeia)  = 
aervicej  nurture.]    Therapeutics. 

*  ther-be-forne,  adv.    [THEREBEFOHE.] 
•ther-by,  adv.    [THEREBY.] 

there, "  ther,  •  thore,  adv.  [A.S.  dhar,  dher; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  daar ;  Icel.  thar ;  Dan.  &  Sw. 
der ;  Goth,  thar ;  O.  H.  G«r.  dor,  dam;  M.  H. 
Oer.  dar;  Ger.  da.] 

L  In  that  place  ;  at  that  place ;  as  opposed 
to  here,  there  generally  denotes  the  place  most 
distant,  but  in  some  cases  the  words  are  used 
merely  in  contradistinction  without  reference 
to  nearness  or  distance. 

"In  crowing  a  heath,  suppose  I  pitched  my  toot 
agnt  nst  *  BtODe,  and  were  askeu  how  toe  stone  came  to 
be  there  :  I  might  itoastbly  answer,  that  for  any  thing 
I  knew  to  the  contrary  it  had  been  there  lor  ever." — 
Paley:  Xittural  Theolon.  ch.  i. 

2.  In  this  or  that  object,  point,  or  matter ; 
therein,  in  that,  in  this,  herein. 

"  There  art  thou  happy." 

Shakeip.  :  Romeo  i  Julia,  111.  I. 

3.  At  that  point  or  stage ;   after  going  so 
far :  as,  He  did  not  stop  there. 

4.  Into  that  place  ;  thither. 

"The  rarest  that  e'er  came  there." 

Shakeip. :  Tempett.  1L  1. 

5.  Used  as  an  exclamation  calling  attention 
to  something,  as  to  a  person,  object,  or  state- 
ment. 

-  Why,  tJtrrt  It  fX*."-Shalatp.  :  Titui  Andronlcul. 
IT.  a. 

6.  Used  like  that  in  interjectional  phrases. 

"rAere'sa  wench."— Shaketp.:  Taming  of  the  shrete, 
T.  L 

7.  Frequently  used  before  the  verb,  when 
there  is  an  inversion  of  the  subject. 

"  And  there  came  a  voice  from  Heaven,  saying,  Thou 
art  my  beloved  Son."— Jfarjk  L  1L 

^  There  in  composition  represents  A.8. 
dhdre,  dat.  fern,  of  the  definite  article,  and  is 
not  quite  the  same  as  the  adverb  there. 
[THEREFORE.] 

1  (1)  Here  and  then :  [HERE]. 

*  (2)  Here  by  there :  Here  and  there.  (Spenter. ) 
there-right,  adv. 

L  Straightforward. 
2.  On  this  very  spot    (Cottoq.) 
fhere'-a-bout,  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  about.} 

1.  About  or  near  that  place. 

2.  Near  that  number,  degree,  or  quantity : 
as,  There  were  two  hundred,  or  thereabout. 

*  3.  Concerning  that. 

"  Much  perplexed  thereabout."—Luke  zxlT.  4. 

(here  -a-bouts,  adv.  [THEREABOUT.]  There- 
about ;*  near  that  number,  degree,  or  quantity. 

"Five  or  six  thousand  hone,  or  thsreoooufs."— 
Shakeip. :  AlVi  Well.  Iv.  S. 

there-af  -tor,  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  after.] 

1.  After  that ;  afterwards. 

2.  According  to  that ;  accordingly. 

"  Wonld'st  thou  Dot  eatt    Thereafter  as  I  like 
The  giver,  answered  Jesus."    Milton  :  y.  «..  II.  »SI. 

*  3.   Of  or  after  that  sort ;  of  that  kind, 
quality,  or  condition. 

"  My  audience  is  not  thereafter."— Latimer. 

there'-a-nent,  adv.  [Eng.  there,  and  anent.] 
Concerning  that ;  aa  regards  or  respects  that 
matter  or  point.  {Scotch.) 

fhere' -at,  "ther-at,  adv.     [Eng.  Oure,  and 
at.] 
1.  At  that  place  ;  there. 

14  He  opened  a  secrete  gate  and  oat  thereat 
OoDVeled  her."       Chaucer:  Tertament  of  Creietde. 

S.  At  that  thing  or  event ;  on  that  account. 

"  Every  errour  is  a  stain  to  the  beauty  of  nature ; 
for  which  cause  it  blusheth  thereat,  and  glorieth  in 
the  contrary." — Hooker. 

^here'-a-way,  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  away.] 
1.  Away,  in  that  place  or  direction. 
'L.  About    then    or    that ;    thereabouts. 
(Collaq.) 


•  there'-be'-fbre,  •  there  -be-forn,  adv. 
[Bug.  there,  and  before.]    Before  that  time. 

••  In  sterres  many  a  winter  thcrbefom 
Was  writ  the  ileth  at  Hector.  Achilles." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  4,«8». 

theire  by  ,  "  there-bi,  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and 
by.] 

1.  Annexed  or  attached  to  that. 

"Well,  thereby  hangs  ft  tale."— Shaketp. .'  Merry 
Wieee.  iv.  4. 

2.  By  that ;  by  that  means  ;  in  consequence 
of  that. 

"As  If  one  asking,  what  a  fibre  was?  I  should 
answer  him.  that  it  was  a  thing  made  up  of  several 
fibre* :  would  he  thereby  be  enabled  to  understand 
what  a  fibre  waa  better  than  he  did  before  t  '—Locke  : 
Bum.  Undent.,  bk.  11.,  ch.  xiii. 

3.  By  or  near  that  place ;  near  that  num- 
ber, degree,  or  quantity  ;  thereabouts. 

"  Thereby  a  crystal  stream  did  gently  play." 

Spenter  :  f.  <J  ,  I.  L  Si 

there-for",  ther-for,  adr.    [Eng.  there,  and 
for.]    For  that  or  this ;  for  it. 

"  Therfor  the  Jewis  answerden  and  seiueu  to  him, 
what  tokeue  echewist  thou  to  us  that  thou  doist  these 
thingis  t "—  Wg-cliffe :  John  U. 

there'-fbre,  adv.    [A.S.  fore  dMcre  (sace)  =  for 
^hat  (cause).]    [THERE,  !.] 

1.  For  that ;  for  that  or  this  reason ;  re- 
ferring to  something  previously  stated. 

"  The  Romaniste  say,  'tis  beet  for  men.  and  so 
suitable  to  the  goodness  of  God  that  there  should  be 
an  Infallible  judge  of  controversies  on  earth ;  and 
therefore  there  1s  one."— Locke:  Aunt.  Undent.,  bk.  i, 
ch.  iv. 

2.  Consequently. 

3.  In  return,  exchange,  or  compensation 

for  this  or  that. 

"  What  shall  we  nave  therefore!  "—Matt.  xix.  17. 

4.  For  that  purpose. 

M  We  are  therefore  provided." 

Shaketp. :  1  Bmn  VI.,  L  «. 

T  Therefore,  that  is,  for  this  reason,  marks  a 
deduction  ;  consequently,  that  is,  in  wnstqucnce, 
marks  a  consequence  :  accordingly,  ttiat  is,  ac- 
cording to  something,  implies  an  agreement 
or  adaptation.  Therefore  is  employed  particu- 
larly in  abstract  reasoning;  consequently  is 
employed  either  in  reading  or  in  the  narrative 
style  ;  accordingly  is  used  principally  in  the 
narrative  style. 

there-from',  adv.     [Eng.   (Acre,  and  from.] 
From  tliis  or  that. 

"  Be  ye  therefore  very  courageous  to  do  all  that  Is 
written  in  the  law,  that  ye  turn  not  aside  therefrom, 
to  the  right  hand  or  to  the  left." — Joshua  xxiii.  6. 

•  there-bailee',  adv.    [Eng.  then,  and  hence.] 
Thence. 

"  Thither  doe  I  resolve  to  go  once  more  by  the  grace 
of  Christ,  and  thfrehertce  to  take  luy  passage  into 
Chruttendome  over  renowned  Greece." — J.  Taylor: 
Workt.  (1630.1 

there  in',  •thar-ln,   •  ther-in,  * ther- 

ynne,  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  in.] 
1.  In  that  or  this  time,  place,  or  thing. 


"  And  he  entrlde  into  the  temple:  and  blgan  to  cast 
out  men  silllnge  thereinne  and   bi"    ~ 
Luke  tx. 


biynge."—  Wycli/t  : 


2.  In  that  or  this  particular  point,  matter, 
or  respect. 

"  Therein  thou  wrongest  thy  children." 

Shaketp.  :  8  Henri,  VI.,  IIL  i 

there  in-to',   adv.     [Eng.  there,  and   into.] 
Into  that  place  or  matter. 

"  Let  not  them  that  are  in  the  countries  enter 
thereinto."— Luke  xxt  21. 

there-oT,  ado.    [Eng.  fhere,  and  of.]    Of  that 
or  this. 

"  In  the  day  that  thou  eatest  thereof,  thon  Shalt 
surely  die."— Oenetit  ii.  17. 

•  thSr-S-Sl-o-gtst,   «.     [Eng.    thereolog^) ; 
•ist.]    One  who  is  versed  in  thereology. 

*  ther-S-8l'-*-gy,  ».     [Gr.  O.pi  (H«ro)=to 
medicate  ;  stiff,  -ology.]    The  art  of  healing  ; 
therapeutics. 

there-on',  adv.    [A.S.  dhtron.]    On  that  or 
this ;  on  it. 

"  And  when  be  thought  thereon  he  wept."— Mark 

Hr.m 
there-oilt',  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  out.] 

1.  Out  of  that  or  this ;  out  of  it. 

"  There  came  water  thereout." — Judge!  XT.  19. 

2.  Without ;  out  of  doors.    (ScolcA.) 

*  3.  Therefore  ;  in  consequence  of  that. 

"  And  thereout  have  condemned  them  to  lose  their 
llTes."— Sidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  Ill 

fhere-tA',  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  to.] 


1.  To  that  or  this. 

*  2.  Besides  ;  over  and  above ;  to  boot 

"  II  she  be  black,  and  thereto  have  a  wit." 

Shakeip.:  Othello.  T.  L 

*  there  to-fore',  adr.    [Formed  from  then, 
on  analogy  of  heretofore.]    Before  that  time : 
before  that. 

there-un  -der,  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  under  } 
Under  that  or  this. 

"  Those  which  come  nearer  unto  reason,  find  para 
dlse  under  the  equinoctial  Hue.  Judging  that  there- 
under might  W  found  most  pleasure  ana  the  greatest 
fertility.'—  Saleioh. 

there-un-td',  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  unto.] 
1.  To  that  or  this  ;  thereto. 

"  Points  of  Ignorance  pertaining  thereunto." 

Shaketp. :  Henry  rill.,  L  a, 

*  2.  Besides ;  in  addition. 

^here-up-on',  adv.    (Eng.  there,  and  upon.] 
1.  Upon  that  or  this  ;  thereon. 
i  In  consequence  of  that. 

"  Thereupon  1  drew  my  sword  ou  you." 

Shaketp.  :  Comedy  of  Errort.  T.  1 

3.  Immediately  ;  at  once. 

thS-re'-va,  s.    [Gr.  0epeva>  (thereuo)  =  to  hunt 
after,  to  chase.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Therevidx 
(q.v.). 

the-re -vl-dse,  ».  pJ.    [Mod.  Lat.  thereto); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*,  -idae.] 

Entom.:  A  family  of  Notacantha,  akin  to 
Asiliilae,  but  having  the  proboscis  short,  and 
terminated  by  fleshy  lips.  The  larva,  which 
is  long,  lives  in  mould  and  rotten  wood.  The 
perfect  insect  feeds  on  other  Diptera. 

*  there- while',  *  ther- while,  adv.    [Eng. 
there,  and  while.]    At  the  same  time. 

"  Teachyng  vs  thrrwMle,  to  vse  the  most  fauonr 
possible  towardes  sinners."—  I'dal :  Luke  xxil. 

there  with',  adv.    [Eng.  there,  and  with.} 

1.  With  that  or  this. 

"  I  have  learned  In  whatsoever  state  I  am  thermUk 
to  be  content"—  Philippiant  i  v.  11. 

*  2.  Immediately. 

there-with-al',  adv.   [Eng.  Oiere,  and  wtOai.} 
L  With  that  or  this ;  therewith. 

2.  At  the  same  time. 

"  Give  her  that  rlnj.  and  therewithal 
This  letter."        Shaketp. :  Tteo  Oentlemem,  rr.  4 

*  3.  Over  and  above. 

"  Therewithal  the  execrable  act 
On  their  late  murther'd  king  they  aggravate. 
Dorau, 

therf,  *  tharf,   •  tharfe,  a.     [A.S.   thtrf, 
iA«or/=  unferment«d.]    Unleavened. 

"The  oyrt  schulde  be  of  therf  brede."—  Tratem  : 
Bladen,  V.  9. 

therf  bread,  '  therf-breed,  I.  Un- 
leavened bread. 

"  With  therf -brctd  and  lettus  wllde." 

Cursor  Mundi.  t.m. 

*  ther  fore,  adv.    [THEREFORE.] 

*  ther-lro,  adv.    [Mid.  Eng.  ther  =  there,  and 
fro.]    From  that ;  therefrom. 

*  ther-gaine,  adv.    [Mid.  Eng.  ther  =  there, 
and  again.]    Against  that, 

ther'-I-ac,   s.   &    a.     [Lat.  theriacus;  Gr. 
oSlpiojcdc  (Wijrtatos).]    (TREACLE.) 

A.  At  iubst. :  A  name  formerly  given  to 
various  compositions  supposed  to  be  efficacious 
against  poison,  but  afterwards  restricted  to 
what  is  termed  Theriaca  Andromachi,  a  Venice 
treacle,  which  is  a  compound  of  sixty-four 
drugs,  prepared,  pulverized,  and  reduced  by 
means  of  honey  to  an  electuary. 

"When  the  disease  was  young.  It  was  mitigated 
with  rub  of  elder;  with  crabs.eyes;  spirit*  of  harts- 
horn ;  ttcrtoc  and  vinegar."— The  Student.  IL  S44. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  theriac ; 
medicinal. 

then  -a-ca,  s.   [Lat]   The  same  as  THERIAO 
(q.v.). 

the  ri  a  cal,  "the-rt-a-eall,  a.    [L«t 
theriacns.]    The  same  as  THERIAC  (q.v.). 

"  Thvriacall  trochlsks,  trosches  made  of  vipers  rtesh, 
to  enter  Into  the  composition  theriaoa,  that  Is, 
treacle." — Plutarch:  Glottary. 

*  theV-I-al,  "  theV-I-all,  a.     [THERIAO.) 
Theriac,  medicinal. 

"  Yet  see  what  account  there  is  made  of  a  composl. 
tton  called  thfriall.  devised  onely  for  excesae  and 
supernultle."— f.  gottand:  PltnU,  bk.  xxlx..  ch,  t 


ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:   we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there:   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  Quite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    w,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  q,n  =  kw. 


therianthropic— thermography 


4689 


tlier-.-an-thro'p'-ic,  o.  [Gr.  employ  (therion) 
=  a  wild  beast,  and  d[»9po)iri«os  (anthropikos)  = 
of  or  belonging  to  man  ;  human.] 

Compar.  Relig. :  A  term  applied  by  Tiele 
[see  extract]  to  one  of  his  divisions  of  Poly- 
theism ;  the  other  and  higher  stage  he  calls 
Anthropomorphic.  [ZOOLATRY.] 

••  Most  Images  of  tkc  goda  are  either  human  bodiea 
with  hend«  .1  animals  or  the  bodies  pi  animals  with 
human  lien.ls.  It  Is  tlifrefore  we  call  their  religion 
OKriaMhropK-—  «nc»c.  Bra.  led.  9th),  IX.  3S8. 

ther-l-di'-I-das,  i.pl.  [Mod. Lat.  Ourtdiffm); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  A  very  extensive  family  of  Dipneu- 
moneae.  Small  or  moderate-sized  spiders,  with 
the  abdomen  generally  large,  as  compared 
with  the  eephalothorax,  ond  broadly  ovate. 
Fore  legs  usually  the  longest;  eyes  in  two 
transverse  rows.  These  spidera  are  found 
among  foliage,  and  sometimes  construct  ir- 
regular webs.  The  species  are  most  numerous 
in  temperate  climates,  and  the  greater  number 
belong  to  the  Eastern  hemisphere. 

UlS-rld'-i-Sn,  s.  [Gr.  »np«.ov  (theridion)  = 
a  small  animal  ;  Srjpi'ov  (thfrion)  =  a  beast.] 

Zool.:  The  typical  genus  of  Theridiidse 
(q.v.). 

the  rid  6  mys,  s.  [Gr.  fcjp  ((Mr)  =  *  *&& 
beast;  <to«  (eido>)=  form,  and  j.5s  (m«*)  = 
a  mouse.] 

Palamt. :  A  genus  of  Rodents  of  doubtful 
affinities,  from  the  Miocene  of  Europe. 

t  ther'-I-$-dSnt,  a.  *  «.    [THERIODONTIA.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  order 
Theriodontia  (q.v.). 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Therio- 
dontia (q.v.).     (Q.  J.  G.  S.,  1876,  p.  352.) 

t  ther-Wi-ddn'-tl-a  (tt  as  shl), ».  pi.  [Or. 
#r/pi'oi>  (therion.),  and 
Minis  (odous),  genit. 
ooorro*  (odonfos)  =  a 
tooth.  Named  from 
the  mammalian  char- 
acter of  the  denti- 
tion.] 

Palaont.:  An 
order  of  Reptilia 
founded  by  Owen  for 
the  reception  of  a 
number  of  remains 
from  deposits  in 
South  Africa  of  Tri- 
assic  or  Permian  age. 
The  dentition  is  of 
theearnivoroustype, 
consisting  of  incisors,  canines,  and  molars. 

t  ther  - 1  -  4  -  mor '  -  pha,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  enpioK 
(therion)  =  a  wild  beast,  and  pop4»j  (morphe)  — 
form.] 

Zool. :  Owen's  name  for  the  Tailless  Amphi- 
bians (Frogs  and  Toads),  more  generally  called 
Anoura,  or  Batrachia  Salientia.  It  isa  synonym 
of  Huxley's  Batrachia,  a  name  used  by  Owen 
to  designate  the  class  Amphibia. 

ther-I-o'-inor'-phic,  o.    [THERIOMORPHA.] 

Compar.  Relig. :  Having  the  form  of  one  of 
the  lower  animals.  [ZOOLATBY.] 

"  The  Egyptian  goda.  theriomorfMc  in  their  earliest 
shapes.-— Nineteen!*  Century,  Sept,  1886,  p.  MO. 

ther  I  6  su  chus,  «.  [Gr.  0ijpi'ov  (thtrwn), 
and  ffoiixos  (souchos)  =  an  Egyptian  name  for 
the  crocodile.] 

Paloymt. :  A  genus  of  Crocodilia,  with  one 
•pecies,  from  the  Purbeck  beds. 

ther-l-fit'-i-my,  s.  [Gr.  bqpior  (therion)  =  a 
wild  beast,  and  TOU.JJ  (tome)  =  a  cutting.]  The 
anatomy  of  animals  ;  zootomy. 

*  therm,  s.    [THERMA.]    A  hot-bath,  a  bath. 


thermal-capacity,  5. 

Phystcs :  The  amount  of  heat  required  to 
raise  the  temperature  of  a  body  one  degree. 

thermal-motor, ».  A  machine  in  which 
the  expansion  and  contraction  of  an  object  or 
material,  by  changes  in  the  temi«rature,  is 
made  a  means  of  motion.  The  term  is  usually 
applied  to  a  machine  operated  by  natural  ther- 
mometric  changes. 

thermal-springs,  thermal-waters, 
l.  pi.  Hot  springs. 

thermal-unit,  «.  That  quantity  of  heat 
which  corresponds  to  an  interval  of  1°  F.  in 
the  temperature  of  1  Ib.  avoirdupois  of  water 
at  39-10f  F.  It  is  to  the  French  thermal  unit 
(1*  C.  in  1  kilogramme  of  water)  as  1  :  3-90832. 

ther'-mal-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  thermal;  -ly.}  In 
a  thermal  manner  ;  with  reference  to  heat. 

thor  man -ti  dote,  s.  [Pref.  therm-,  and 
Eng.an«ido(«(q.v.).]  AnEastlndianapparatus 
for  producing  a  current  of  air. 

"The  punkah  would  beaniinona  appendage,  while 
the  thtrmantidote  is  out  of  the  question.  —Daily 
Telegraph,  Aug.  25,  1883. 

ther   met  -  6  -  graph,  ther-met  -rd- 

graph,  s.     [THERMOMETOORAPH.] 


therm' -lo,  a.  [Gr.  e,p^6t  (thermos)  =  hot.) 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  heat ;  thermal. 

They -ml -dor,  t.  [Fr.]  Literally,  the  Hot 
Month,  the  name  given,  in  Oct.,  1T9S,  by  the 
French  Convention  to  the  eleventh  month  of 
the  Republican  year.  Itcommencedonjulyl9, 
and  was  the  second  summer  month. 

Ther-ml-dor'-I-an,  s.    [THERMIDOR.] 

French  Hist. :  One  of  those  who,  in  1794, 
took  part  in  the  amp  d'etat  by  which  the  fill 
of  Robespierre  was  effected.  They  were  so 
called  because  the  Reign  of  Terror  was  brought 
to  an  end  on  the  9th  Therinidor. 


•KOLL  OF  THKRIODOST. 

C.  Canine  teeth. 


ther    mee,  «.  pi. 

)  =  hot] 


[Lat.,    from   Gr. 
Hot  springs,  hot  baths. 


(thermos) 

ther  mal,  a.  [Or.  0<pf*o<  (thermae)  =  hot.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  heat ;  warm. 

thermal-alarm,  ». 

Mitch. :  An  attachment  for  giving  indica- 
tions of  a  hot  bearing. 

thermal-analysis,  s.  The  analysis  of 
ft  beam  of  solar  light,  and  the  ascertainment, 
by  means  of  a  delicate  thermopile,  how  the 
temperature  is  aflected  by  passing  over  the 
several  colours  and  the  invisible  spectrum 
beyond.  [SPECTRUM.] 


ther -mo-,  therm-,  pref.  [Gr. 
(thermos)  =  hot.)  A  prefix  used  in  a  number 
of  compound  words  referring  to  heat  or  tem- 
perature. 

thermo-barometer,  s.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  altitudes  by  means  of  deter- 
mining the  boiling-point  of  water.  They  con- 
sist essentially  of  a  small  metallic  vessel  for 
boiling  water,  fitted  with  very  delicate  ther- 
mometers, which  are  only  graduated  from  80° 
to  100' ;  so  that  each  degree  occupying  a  con- 
siderable space  on  the  scale,  the  tenths,  and 
even  the  hundredtlis  of  a  degree  may  be  esti- 
mated, and  thus  it  is  possible  to  determine 
the  height  of  a  place  by  means  of  the  boiling- 
point  to  within  about  ten  feet. 

thermo  chemistry,  s. 

Chem. :  That  branch  of  the  science  which 
deals  with  the  heat  liberated  or  absorbed 
during  a  chemical  reaction  ;  thus,  2  grams  of 
hydrogen,  in  combining  with  16  grams  of 
oxygen  to  form  water,  liberates  a  certain 
definite  amount  of  heat,  viz.,  09,000  calories 
(units  of  heat);  whilst  water,  on  being  de- 
composed into  its  elements,  is  found  to  absorb 
the  same  amount  of  heat. 

thermo  current,  t. 

Elect. :  An  electric  current  produced  by  the 
action  of  heat. 

thermo  dynamic,  o.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  the  relations  between  heat  and  me- 
chanical work. 

"  Henoe  by  thermo-dynamic  principles,  the  heat 
converted  into  mechanical  effect  in  the  cycle  of  opera- 
tions ia  .  .  ."—Everett :  The  C.  Q.  8.  System  of  Unitl. 
cb.  ir.,  p.  H. 

Thermo-dynamic  mire :  A  valve  depending 
for  its  operation  upon  the  expansion  and  con- 
traction occasioned  by  changes  of  temperature. 

thermo-dynamics,  s.  pi. 

Physics :  The  science  which  treats  of  the 
relations  subsisting  between  heat  and  work. 

thermo-electric,  a.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  electric  currents  or  eflects  produced 
by  heat. 

Thermo-electric  alarm:  An  apparatus  de- 
signed to  indicate  the  rise  of  temperature 
in  bearings  for  shaftings,  or  in  any  kind  of 
machinery  or  any  branch  of  manufacture 
where  a  fixed  temperature  is  desirable. 

Thermo-electrie  battery : 

Elect. :  A  battery  in  which  an  electric  cur- 
rent is  established  by  applying  heat  or  cold. 


Thermo-electric  current : 

Elect. :  A  current  produced  by  heating  some 
part  of  a  suitable  apparatus.  So  named  by 
Professor  Seebeck  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
Hydro-electric,  or  ordinary  voltaic  current. 

Thermo  -  electric  force  :  The  electromotive 
force  of  a  thermo-electric  circuit.  (Everett: 
The  C.  O.  S.  System  of  Units,  ch.  xi.,  p.  74.) 

Thermo-electric  piU  : 

Elect.  :  A  number  of  metallic  plates  of  two 
different  metals  coupled  in  series,  so  that  tin 
whole  of  one  set  of  the  alternate  junrtions 
are  at  one  side  and  the  other  set  on  the  other. 
Antimony  and  bismuth  are  preferred,  as  being 
farthest  apart  of  the  metals  ranged  in  thermo- 
electric order.  By  heating  one  set  of  the 
functions,  electricity  is  developed.  In  prac- 
tice, the  face  of  the  pile,  which  contains  one 
set  of  junctions,  is  turned  towards  the  source 
of  heat,  such  as  a  polarized  beam  from  an 
electric  lantern ;  then,  a  galvanometer  being 
placed  in  the  circuit  of  the  pile  and  equili- 
brated, any  increase  or  diminution  of  the 
temperature  in  the  beam  is  at  once  shown  by 
movement  of  the  galvanometer  needle. 
Thermo-electric  seria : 

Elect. :  Metals  arranged  in  the  order  of  their 
capacity  to  generate  a  thermo-electric  current 
when  heated. 

Thermo-electric  valve  : 

Elect. :  The  value  or  capability  of  particular 
metals  for  thermo-electric  purposes.  (See 
extract.) 

"  The  difference  of  the  thermoelectric  tablet  of  two 
metals  at  a  given  temiwrature,  t.  ia  the  electromotive 
force  per  decree  uf  difference  between  the  tempera- 
tures of  the  junction  In  a  couple  formed  of  t»e*e 
metals,  when  the  mean  of  the  temperatures  of  tna 
Junctions  is  t'— Everett :  TJ*  C.  0.  3.  Slftlem  «/  UniU, 
ch.  xi..  p.  75. 

thermo-electricity,  >. 

Elect. :  Electricity  excited  by  application  of 
heat  to  any  suitable  apparatus,  usually  the 
junction  between  two  different  metals.  The 
discovery  that  it  may  be  thus  produced  was 
made  by  Professor  Seebeck,  of  Berlin,  in  1821. 

thermo  electrometer,  s.  An  instru- 
ment for  ascertaining  the  heating  power  of 
an  electric  current,  or  for  determining  the 
strength  of  a  current  by  the  heat  it  produces. 

thermo  -element,  s. 

Elect. :  An  element  which  aids  in  producing 
thermo-electricity. 

thermo  magnetism,  s. 

Elect. :  Magnetism  produced  by  the  action 
of  heat. 


thermo  siphon,  s. 

to  hot-water  heating  ap] 
Kewley,  of  London,  anc 
shire. 


A  siphon  attached 
aratus,  invented  by 
Fowler,  of  Devon- 


ther-mft-oal'-9ite,  «.  [Pref.  thermo-,  and 
Eng.  calcite.] 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  by  Cordier  to  non- 
crvstalline  limestones,  most  of  which  enclose 
fossil  remains  and  various  sedimentary  sub- 
stances. 

ther-m5oh'-r4-sy,  ther'-m6-orose, «. 
[Pref.    thermo-,  and  Gr.    xfW    (chrdsis)  = 
colouring.] 
Physics:  (See  extract). 

"  Definite  luminous  rays  being  dlatlngnished  by 
their  colours,  to  these  different  obscure  calorific  rays 
Mclloni  Hives  the  uauie  of  thermocrote  or  beat  colora- 
MOIL  Tue  Invisible  portion  of  the  spectrum  ia  accord- 
ingly  mapped  out  into  a  aeriea  of  spaces.  eMh  !«»""•: 
ini  its  own  peculiar  feature  corresponding  to  th« 
colour*!  spaceiwliich  are  seen  in  that  portion  of  the 
spectrum  Visible  to  our  eyea."— BaiuX .'  Phfttcl  (ed. 
Atkinson),  I  429. 

*  ther" -mo-gen,  ».  [Pref.  thermo-,  and  Gr. 
yiwaa  (gennaa)  =  to  produce.]  An  old  name 
for  caloric  (q.v.). 

ther-mSg'-e'n-ous,  a.  [THERMOOEN.]  Pro- 
ducing heat ;  calorific, 

ther'-mo  graph,  ».  [Pref.  fhermo-,  and  Gr. 
vpoufxo  (grapho)  =  to  write.]  An  instrument 
for  automatically  recording  variations  of  tem- 
perature. 

"Bowketfanew««rmo»ro(>»  .  .  .  is  an  Instrument 
for  recording  changes  of  temperature,  which  are  mea- 
sured by  thi  action  of  heat  upon  a  hollow,  circular 
metallic  ring  connected  with  a  circular  vessel.  th« 
whote  being  filled  w.th  fluid  and  hermetically  staled." 
—Nature,  vol.  xxiv.,  p.  470.  (IssL) 

ther-mSg'-ra-phy,  «.  [THERMOGRAPH.] 
A  process  by  which  engravings  are  copied  on 
metal  plates,  &c.,  by  the  agency  of  heat. 


b«Jy ;  ptfut.  J6%1 ;  oat.  cell,  ohorns,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Senophon,  *#**•   V * i  =  *• 
-Alan,  -tian  =  i*t",   -tion,  -rton  =  •nun ;  -flon,  -jion  =  ahua.   -clou*,  -tious,  -Biott*  =  shu...   -ble,  -die.  &c.  -  nei,  <M 


4890 


thermology— thesis 


•  ther-m8l'-6-gy,  ».  [Or.  ««»««  (thermos)  = 
hot ;  suit  -olaifi/.}  A  discourse  on  or  an 
account  of  heat. 

thcr  mom  -eter.v.  (Pref.  thermo-,  and  Gr. 
/ACTpo?(r/t€lrun)  =  a  measure.] 

1'titaics:  An  Instrument  for  measuring  in- 
tensity of  heat,  or  temperature,  by  means  of 
expansion  of  a  liquid  or  gas.  Mercury  is 
generally  employed,  and  an  ordinary  thermo- 
meter consists  of  a  spherical  or  cylindrical 
glass  bulb  at  the  end  of  H  very  fine  tube,  tin* 
bulb  bcins  completely  tilled,  and  the  tube 
partly  filled,  with  mercury,  whilst  the  space 
above  i  in-  merrury  contains  only  a  small  quan- 
tity of  mercury  vapour,  which  offers  no  resist- 
ance to  the  expansion  of  the  mercury.  A  rise 
of  temperature  is  indicated  by  a  rise  of  the 
mercury  in  the  tube,  owing  to  expansion: 
and,  conversely,  a  fall  of  temperature  is  indi- 
cated by  a  fall  of  the  mercury  in  the  tube. 
A  graduated  scale  IB  attached,  with  two  fixed 
points :  the  lower,  or  freezing  point,  and  the 
upper,  or  boiling  point,  of  water.  The  dis- 
tance between  the  two  fixed  points  is  then 
divided  into  a  certain  numler  of  equal  parts, 
or  degrees,  which  are  continued  above  and 
below  the  two  fixed  points.  On  the  Centigrade 
or  Celsius  thermometer  (used  by  scientific 
men  everywhere,  and  in  general  nse  In  Conti- 
nental Europe),  the  distance  between  the  two 
points  is  divided  into  100  degrees,  the  freezing 
point  being  0°,  and  the  boiling  point  100°;  on 
Hie  Reaumur  thermometer  (used  only  in  north- 
western Europe),  the  distance  is  divided  into 
80  degrees,  the  freezing  point  being 0°,  and  the 
boiliuK  point  80°;  on  the  Fahrenheit  thermome- 
ter (u»ed  in  America  and  England),  the  dis- 
tance is  divided  into  180*,  but,  since  zero  is 
8-2  degrees  below  the  freezing  point,  the  freez- 
ing point  is  32°,  and  the  boiling  point  IB  812°. 
Degrees  above  0°  are  termed  +  degrees,  whilst 
those  below  0°  are  termed  —  degrees. 


C.-i-  5x9  +  32=  F. 
R.+  4x9+32  = 
F.  -32-H9X    5  = 


F.-82-i-9x  4  =  R. 
C.  -H5x4  =  R. 

B. 


Mercury  c»n  only  be  used  for  temperatures 
between  —  40°  and  +  675',  since  it  freezes  at 
—  40°  and  boils  at  +  075".  For  lower  tempera- 
tures alcohol  is  used  ;  and  for  high  tempera- 
tures air  thermometers  are  employed,  in  which 
Changes  of  temjierature  are  measured  by  the 
expansion  or  contraction  of  a  known  volume 
of  air.  In  deep  sea  thermometers,  used  for 
ascertaining  the  temperature  of  the  sea,  the 
bulb  is  specially  protected  against  the  pres- 
sure of  the  water.  [MAXIMUM-THERMOMETER, 
MINIMUM-THERMOMETER.] 

thcr  -  mo-  met  -r  ic.       ther  -mo  -met- 
ric -al,  a.     [Eng.  thermometer;  -in,  -icnl.} 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  thermometer,  or 
the  measurement  of  heat. 

2.  Made,   performed,  or  ascertained  by  a 
thermometer. 

"[The  book]  cotnra  accompanied  wHi  >oine  pre. 
llmlnarln  and  an  appendix,  whereof  the  former  con. 
talus  new  thermomet  rical  experiments  and  thoughts." 
—Boyle  :  Worlu,  U.  466. 

thcrmometric  alarm,  *.  An  instru- 
ment to  release  an  alarm  when  a  dangerous 
heat  i>  reached  in  an  apartment  ;  a  form  of  fire- 
alarm.  One  form  consists  of  a  bent  glass  tube 
with  a  bulb  at  each  end,  one  of  which  with  a 
part  of  tlie  stem  contains  ether;  the  other 
with  a  part  of  the  stem  containing  mercury 
»nd  open  to  the  external  air.  The  tube  Is 
poised  on  its  centre  by  gravity.  Should  the 
temperature  be  raised  by  the  presence  of  fire 
the  ether  would  be  expanded,  the  mercury 
drhen  into  the  bulb,  tue  instrument  tipped 
over  on  its  axis,  and  the  alarm  sounded. 

thcrmomctric  analysis,  c. 

Chem.  :  Applied  to  certain  approximate 
methods  of  analysis,  depending  on  the  obser- 
vation of  the  temperature  when  a  phenomenon 
takes  place,  or  of  the  changes  of  temperature 
accompanying  chemical  reactions—  e.g.,  fixed 
oils  evolve  different  degrees  of  heat  when 
treated  with  strong  sulphuric  acid,  and  the 
temperatures  thus  produced  are  used  to  deter- 
mine the  proportions  of  two  in  a  mixture  or 
to  identify  two  oils,  especially  when  one  it  a 
non-drying  and  the  other  a  drying-oil.  When 
15  grms.  were  treated  with  7-5  grras  sul- 
pliuric  acid  of  90  per  cent,  the  following  rise 
oi  temperature  was  obneried  in  the  three  oils 
tested:  olive-oil  from  13-40",  rape-oil  from 
17-64%  and  linseed-oil  from  16-91'. 

thcrmometrio  steam-gauge,  ».     A 

steam-gauge  which  indicates  the  pressure  in 


a  boiler  by  the  amount  of  expansion  of  a  fluid 
at  the  temperature  due  to  the  pressure. 

thcrmomctric  ventilator,  ».  A  chim- 
ney valve  consisting  of  a  circular  disk  accu- 
rately balanced  on  a  spindle.  On  one  side  of 
the  disk  is  an  inverted  siphon,  open  at  one 
end  and  having  a  bulb  at  the  other.  The 
lower  part  of  the  siphon  tube  contains  mer- 
cury, and  the  bulb  is  full  of  air.  Any  increase 
of  temperature  expands  the  air  in  "the  bulb, 
depresses  the  mercury,  and  opens  the  valve, 
thus  allowing  the  air  to  pass. 

ther  mo-met -rfc-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  thtr- 
monutrical;  -ty.]  Ina  tbennoinetrieal  manner; 
by  means  of  a  thermometer. 

ther  mo  me t '- r6  graph. ».  [Pref.  thermo- ; 
Gr.  ^t-rftov  (metron)  =  a  measure,  and  ypdyu 
(grapho)  =  to  write.]  [THERMO.METEK.] 

ther-md-mur-H-pli-er,  s.  [Pref.  thermo-, 
and  Eng.  multiplier.)  An  Instrument  in  vented 
by  Nobili  for  measuring  small  variations  of 
temperature  due  to  radiant  heat.  [Thermo- 
electric pile.] 

ther  mo  na -trite,  s.  fPref.  thermo- ;  Eng. 
vatrifm),  and  suit  -if*  (Mm.).] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  usually 
occurring  as  an  eftlorescence.  Hardness,  1  to 
1  •» ;  sp.  gr.  1  '5  to  1  -6  ;  lustre,  vitreous.  Com- 
pos.:  carbonic  acid,  SS'5;  soda,  50-0;  water, 
14-5  =  100,  which  is  equivalent  to  the  formula 
NaOCO?+HO.  Found  in  lakes  and  about 
some  mines  and  volcanoes. 

ther-mS-nl'-trite,  ».    (THERMOSATBITI:.] 

t  ther-mo  pe-g<5l'-6  gy,  s.  Pref.  thermo- ; 
Gr.  mryi)  (peo*)  =  a  spring,  a  well,  and  AOVOS 
(10008)  =  a  discourse.] 

Phys.  Science :  The  science  of  the  phenomena 
of  hot  springs,  geysers,  4c. 

thcr  :mo  phone,  a.  [Pret  ihtrmo-,  and  Gr. 
'piam/j  (phone)  =  sound. 

Physics:  An  instrument  in  which  souorons 
vibrations  are  produced  by  the  expansion  of 
heated  bodies  connected  with  an  electro- 
magnet. It  was  first  described  by  Theodor 
Wiesendanger  in  1878. 

ther-mo  phyir-ite,  ».  [Pref.  tkermo-,  and 
Eng.  phyllite.} 

Mix. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  aggregated 
masses  of  small  micaceous  scales,  which  ex- 
foliate before  the  blowpipe.  Hardness,  2'5  ; 
lustre  on  cleavage  (aces,  pearly  ;  colour,  yel- 
lowish to  light-brown.  It  ia  a  hydrated  sili- 
cate of  magnesia,  which  Dana  includes  in  his 
group  of  serpentines.  It  has  been  regarded 
as  a  crystallized  form  of  the  mineral  serpen- 
tine. Found  at  Hopansuo,  Finland. 

thdrr-md-pile,  e.  [Pref.  thermo-,  and  Eng. 
pile.] 

Elect. :  A  thermo-electric  pile  (q.v.}. 

thcr  mo  scope,  ».  [Pref.  thermo-,  and  Gr. 
o-«nr<u>  (ikopeo)  =  to  see,  to  observe.]  An  in- 
strament  for  indicating  relative  differences  of 
temperature.  The  term  was  applied  by  Count 
Rumford  to  an  instrument  invented  by  him, 
and  similar  in  principle  to  the  differential 
thermometer  of  Prof.  Leslie.  [DIFFERENTIAL.] 

"A  ttormojcotw  being  carried  from  the  bottom  to 
the  top  of  the  hill,  the  Included  air.  ln«te«d  of  ehrink. 
ing  lu  that  colder  region,  manifestly  dilated  iUelf,  and 
Doubly  depraeed  the  wmter."—  Boyl*:  Work*.  L  203, 

ther  mo  scop'- Ic.  ther-mo-scop'-Ic  al, 

o.  [Eng.  tktrnuucop(e) ;  -ic,  -teal.}  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  thennoscope ;  made  by 
means  of  a  thermoscope. 


thcr  mot -Ics,  i.    [THKRHOTIC.]   The 
of  heat, 

ther'-mo-type,  s.  [Pret.  thermo-,  and  Eng. 
*«K(q.v.).J  An  impression  (as  of  a  slice  of 
wood)  taken  by  means  of  wetting  with  dilute 
acid,  pressing  on  the  object,  and  subsequently 
heating  the  impression. 

ther'-mS-typ-y,  «.  [THERMOTYPE.]  The 
act  or  process  of  producing  a  thermotype. 

*ther-of,  adv.    (THEREOF.) 

thcr  -Old,  a.  [Gr.  tSjp  (ther)  =  an  animal,  and 
eioos  (eidos)  —  form,  appearance.)  Animal ; 
having  animal  propensities  or  characteristics 
Specifically  applied  to  idiots,  who  in  habit* 
or  appearance  resemble  any  of  the  lower 
animals.  The  word  U  of  recent  introduction, 
but  the  extraordinary  resemblances  preM-ntcd 
by  some  of  the  weak-minded  to  certain  birds 
and  mammals  have  attracted  attention  for  a 
very  long  period.  Pinel  (quoted  by  ISucknill 
&  Tuke:  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  152)  speaks  of 
"a  young  female  idiot  .  .  .  who,  in  the  form 
of  her  head,  her  tastes,  lier  mode  of  living, 
seemed  to  approach  to  the  instincts  of  a 
sheep. 

•*  The  kntmal  mind  of  the  theroid  idiot  la  accom- 
panied by  aj,|.ropri.t»  animal  peculiariUi-a  of  bouy.'- 
A  metetnth  Centura,  Sept.  18S6.  p.  S53. 

ther-Sr-o-glst,  «.  [Eng.  thenlog(y);  .f«(.) 
One  versed  in  therology  ;  a  student  of  ther- 
ology  or  mammalogy. 

"  A  gentleman  who.  to  me  a  newly-coined  tram, 
fttlantic  word,  ii  certainly  one  of  the  tim  thtrvlogatt 
OI  his  country.  —  A  cademy,  Aug.  25,  1877. 

ther-oT-6-gy,  «.  [Or.  <%  (thtr\  genit.  Sripoc 
(thtros)  =  a  wild  beast ;  suff.  -ology.)  That 
branch  of  zoology  that  treats  of  the  mammalia ; 
mammalogy. 

•ther-on,  adv.    [THEREON.] 

ther-op'-o-da,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  Oijp  (thlr),  genit. 
Sijpos  (Wife-os)  =  a  beast  of  prey,  and  iroiit  (tow), 
genit.  irooos  (podoi)  =  a  foot.] 

Palceont. :  An  order  of  Cope's  sub-class 
Dinosauria,  consisting  of  carnivorous  forms, 
which  are  believed  to  have  preyed  on  the 
weaker  herbivorous  members  of  the  class. 
Feet  digitigrade,  digits  with  prehensile  claws  j 
vertebrae  more  or  less  cavernous ;  fore  limbs 
very  small,  limb  bi.nes  hollow.  The  order 
comprises  four  families  (Megalosaurida;,  Zan- 
clodontidsn,  Amphisauridte,  and  Liibrosau- 


and 


sX  and  two  groups  or  sub-orders  (Citluria 
Compsoguatha). 


ther'-mo  stat,  s.  [Pref.  thermo-,  and  Gr. 
o-raTos  (ituiot)  =  standing.]  A  self-acting 
apparatus  for  regulating  temperatures.  The 
name  thermostat  was  first  applied  by  Dr.  Ure 
to  an  instrument  patented  by  him  in  1831,  in 
which  the  bending  of  a  spring  composed  of 
two  unequally  expansible  metals,  as  steel  and 
brass,  was  made  to  control  a  valve  or  damper. 

thcr  mo-staf-Ic,  o.  [Eng.  thermostat :  -fc] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  thermostat. 

thermostatie  alarm,  «.  A  device  to 
give  a  signal  when  a  certain  temperature  is 
attained  ;  used  as  a  fire-alarm  or  as  a  warning 
of  the  heating  of  a  journal,  &c. 

ther  mot  ic,  ther-mof-Ic-al,  a.      [Or. 

ftpnot  (thermal)  =  hot.]      Of  or  relating  to 
beat ;  resulting  from  or  depending  on  heat. 


*  ther -sit  ic  al,   a.     [After   Thersites,   a 
foul-mouthed    character  in  Homer's  Iliad,} 
Grossly  abusive. 

"A   pelting   klud    of   OunUieal  latin. --Sum, 
Trutram  B\andy,  vL  140t 

*  ther-to,  ado.    [THERETO.] 
*ther-wlth,  adv.    [THEREWITH.] 
"ther-wlth-all,  adv.    [THEREWITHAL.? 

th^-ryth'-rin,  «.  [Pret  th(io)-,  and  Eng. 
erythrin.] 

Chem. :  One  of  the  products  obtained,  ac- 
cording to  Zelse,  by  the  simultaneous  action 
of  ammonia  and  sulphur  upon  acetone. 

the  sau'  rus,the  sau  rar'  I  um,«.  [Lat. 
tliesaima;  Gr.  tr,a<aifm  (theaauruti]  A 
treasury ;  a  lexicon. 

thesaurus  vcrborum,  ».  A  treasury 
of  words  ;  a  lexicon.  Often  simply  thesaurus. 

these,  "tha«,  » thes,  »thoos,  •tho*. 
"  thnse,  pron.  or  a.  [  A.8.  dhds,  dhtks,  pi.  of 
dhes=  this  (q.v.).]  The  plural  of  thts  (q.v.). 
These  and  those  are  used  in  contradistinction  in 
the  same  way  as  this  and  that:  these  referring 
to  the  persons  or  objects  which  are  nearest  in 
order  or  place,  or  were  last  mentioned  ;  tliose 
to  the  persons  or  objects  furthest  in  order,  &c. 

"  Bids  thru  In  elegance  of  form  excel" 

Ovwfttr  :  Htsiiremtitt,  79W. 

*  the -rf-cle,  i.  [A  dimin.  from  thesis  (q.v.).J 
A  little  or  subordinate  thesis ;  a  proposition. 

the  sis,  >.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  OFO-IC  (OuaU)=  I 
proposition,  a  statement,  something  laid  down : 
from  the  root  of  ritVu  (tithemi)  =  to  place ; 
Fr.  these;  8p.  tesw ;  Ital.  tesi.} 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  jinsition  or  proposition  which  a  person 
puts  forward  or  advances,  or  offers  to  main- 


ftte.  fat.  fire,  amldat,  what,  fall,  father;  wS,  wgt,  here.  Darnel,  her.  there;  pine.  pit.  .ire.  sir,  marine;  *6,  p*. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sou;  ante.  cub.  cure,  wnlte.  our.  rtle,  fill;  try.  Sfrian.    »,  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lew. 


thesium— thevetia 


4691 


tain  ;  a  subject  proposed  for  a  school  or  col- 
lege exercise  ;  a  tlieme,  an  exercise. 
"An  houest  but  a  (tuple  pair 
Kay  servo  to  luake  this  tlvi*  clear." 

Prior  :  Pttttlo  PurgimO. 

•2.  A  theory. 

•  To  lay  dowu  a  practice  ol  physick,  conformable. 
to  his  thai*  of  the  circulation  of  blood,  —fuller: 
Wart  iti;  Kent. 

3  An  essay  or  dissertation  upon  a  specific 
•ul'ject  or  theme,  as  an  essay  presented  by  a 
Candidate  for  a  diploma  or  degree. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Logic:  An  affirmation,  in  distinction  from 
•.supposition  or  hypothesis. 

2.  Music  :  The  downward  wave  of  the  hand 
to  denote  the  absence  of  accent.    [ARSIS.] 

3.  Pros.  :  The  depression  of  the  voice  in 
pronouncing  the  syllables  of  a  word  ;  the  part 
of  a  foot  on  which  the  depression  of  the  voice 
falls.    [ARSIS.] 

4.  Bhet.  :  The  part  of  a  sentence  preceding 
and  corresponding  to  the  antithesis  (q.v.). 


the  si  um,  t.     [L»t.  thesion, 
bastard  toad-flax.] 

Bot.  :  Bastard  Toad-flar  ;  a  genus  of  Sante- 
Ucese.  Flowers  small,  green  ;  perianth  four 
or  five  cleft,  persistent  ;  stamens  with  a  small 
fascicle  of  hair  at  their  base  ;  stigma  simple  ; 
ovary  inferior  ;  ovules  three  ;  drupe  ribbed, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  perianth.  Known 
ipccies  about  sixty,  all  from  the  eastern 
hemisphere,  except  Ttxtivm  umbellate,  which 
it  found  in  rooky  woods  in  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  It  bears  small  white  flowers  in 
little  umbels.  T.  laiophi/llitm,  the  Lint-leaved 
Toad-flax,  is  a  British  form.  It  is  a  perennial 
parasite  on  roots. 


thes  mo  phor-I  a,    «.      [Or. 

llhesmophons)  =  lawgiving ;  an  epithet  ap- 
plied to  Demeter :  See-not  (thesmos)  —  law, 
and  4>opik  (pharos)  =  bearing.] 

Or.  Antiq.  :  A  festival  in  honour  of  Ceres. 
or  Demeter,  because  she  first  taught  mankind 
the  use  of  laws.  It  was  celebrated  by  many 
cities  of  Greece,  bnt  with  most  observation 
•nd  ceremony  by  the  Athenians.  The  wor- 
•nippers  were  free-born  women  (whose  hus- 
bands defrayed  the  expenses  of  the  solemnity), 
assisted  by  a  priest  and  a  band  of  virgins. 
The  women  were  clothed  in  white  garments, 
as  emblematic  of  purity. 

tile's  -mo^thete,  s.  [Gr.  0«rpo0e'n)c  (tlrsmo- 
theKf),  from  »«o>os  (theamos)  =  taw,  and  Wnjc 
(thetes)  =  one  who  places,  from  n'Sijfu  (tithemi) 
=  to  place  ;  Fr.  OmmolMte.] 

Or.  Antiif. :  A  lawgiver ;  a  legislator ;  one 
Of  the  six  inferior  archons  at  Athena  who 
presided  at  the  election  of  the  lower  magis- 
trates, received  criminal  informations  In  va- 
rious matters,  decided  civil  causes  on  arbitra- 
tion, took  the  votes  at  elections,  and  performed 
a  variety  of  other  offices. 

ttSs-pe'-sI-a,  J.  [Or.  tumvuit  (thespesios) 
=  divine,  sacred,  from  the  fact  that  ThespesU 
populnea  is  planted  around  monasteries  anc 
convents,  in  tropical  countries,  for  the  sake 
of  the  shade  which  it  affords,  and  so  has  come 
to  be  regarded  with  a  kind  of  veneration.] 

Bot  •   A  tribe  of  Hibisceaj.     Trees  with 
large  entire  leaves  ;  involucre  three-leaved 
deciduous  ;   calyx   truncate  ;   style  simple 
•ti-imas  five;  fruit  almost  woody;  capsule 
with  five  cells,  each  with  about  four  seeds 
Thespesia  populnea  is  a  tree  forty  or  fifty  feei 
high,  with  the  foliage  so  dense  at  the  top 
that  it  has  been  called  the  Umbrella-tree 
It   haa    roundish,   cordate,    pointed,  five  to 
•even-veined  leaves ;  the  flowers,  which  are 
large,  are  yellow  with  a  dark -red  centre.    Thi 
true   is   very  common  along  the  sea-coast  o 
South  America,  the  West  Indies,  the  Pacifi 
Islands,  part  of  Africa,  India,  and  Burmah 
It  has  been  planted  along  roadsides  through 
out  India,  and  especially  in  Madras  city.    I 
yields  a  gum,  a  deep-red,  somewhat  thick  oil 
Bsed  in  cutaneous  affections.      The  capsul 
»nd  flowers  furnish  a  yellow  dye,  and  the  bar 
a  good  fibre.      T.  Lumpas  is  a  small  bush 
common  in  the  tropical  jungles  of  India,  with 
a  good  fibre,  as  has  T.  populnea. 

Thes  pi-an,  a.  «t  ».    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Thespis, 
Greek  dramatic  poet,  born  at  Icaria,  an  Athi 
nian  town,  at  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  cen 
tury  B.C.  ;  hence,  relating  to  the  drama  o 
theatrical  representation. 


B.  As  subst. :  An  actor. 

••  The  Lord  Chamberlain  .  .  .  clapped  th»  unoffend- 
ing Tliapitin  in  the  OaM  Hou«e.'~ floran:  Iketr 
ll'jalia'  XmainU  led.  I860.  i.  1:1. 

Thespian  art,  t.    The  drama. 

Thes-sa  U-an,  o.  &  «.    [See  def.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Thessaly ; 
hence,  magic,  Thessaly  in  classic  times  being 
considered    the   home   of   witches.      (Uor.: 
Carm.,  i.  27,  21 ;  Plin. :  H.  N.,  xxx.  1.) 

"  Spells  of  such  force  no  wizard  grave 
Eer  framed  in  dark  Thetialinn  cave. 

Scott:  Murnion.    (Intnjd.) 

B.  As  subst. :    A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Thessaly. 

?he8~sa  16  -ni-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Thessalo- 
pica  (now  Saloniki),  a  city  in  Macedonia. 

B.  As  rubst. :   A  native  or  Jnhabitant  of 
Thessalunic*. 

U  St.  Pants  Epistles  to  the  Thessalonians : 
New  Testament  Canon : 
L  Thi  Firtt  Epistle  of  Paul  the  Apostle  to  the 
Thessalonians.  —  St.  Paul,  on  his  second 
missionary  journey,  about  A.D.  52,  leaving 
Philippi  [PHILIPPIAN,  Ii],  after  bis  unjust 
imprisonment  there  (Acts  xvi.  9^0),  passed 
through  Amphipolis  and  Apollonia,  and  went 
on  to  Thessalonica,  where,  for  three  successive 
Sabbaths  in  the  Jewish  synagogue,  h*  con- 
tended that  the  Christ,  Messiah,  or  Anointed 
One,  of  Old  Testament  prophecy,  was  destined 
to  suffer  and  to  rise  again,  and  that  Jesus  was 
that  Christ.  His  missionary  efforts  were 
probably  continued  for  a  considerable  time 
longer  outside  the  synagogue.  A  multitude 
of  devout  Greeks,  not  a  few  of  the  chief 
women,  and  oUwre  believed.  This  success, 
however,  infuriated  the  unbelieving  Jews, 
who  broke  into  riot,  drew  to  them  the  rougher 
part  of  the  lower  classes,  assaulted  the  house 
of  Jason,  and  dragged  him  and  other  believ- 
ers before  the  magistrate,  who  released  them, 
after  taking  security  for  their  future  conduct. 
The  Christians  secretly  conveyed  P»ul  from 
the  place  by  night,  the  apostle  going  to  Berea, 
whither  the  Thessalonian  Jews  followed  him, 
compelling  him  again  to  leave,  his  new  desti- 
nation being  Athens,  and  thence  to  Corinth. 
It  to  believed  the  first  epistle  was  sent  about 
the  end  of  A.D.  62.  or  early  in  58,  to  the 
Thessalonlan  Church.  In  it  Paul  speaks  of 
their  faith,  love,  patience,  and  other  qualities 
(ch.  i.),  and  alludes  to  the  persecution  which 
they  and  he  had  undergone  (L  «,  ii.  1-19).  To 
relieve  his  natural  anxiety  regarding  their 
steadfastness  in  trial,  he  had  sent  Timothy  to 
visit  them,  and  had  heard  from  him  the  most 
cheering  accounts  of  their  state  (ch.  iii.). 
He  concludes  by  giving  them  practical 
exhortations,  one  of  whicn  is  not  to  sorrow 
unduly  for  deceased  Christian  relatives  or 
friends,  but  to  console  themselves  by  thinking 
of  their  resurrection  at  the  second  advent  of 
Christ  (iv.  1-18-v.  28).  The  epistle  was  uni- 
versally accepted  in  ancient  times,  though  no 
undoubted  allusions  to  it  exist  till  towards 
the  close  of  the  second  century.  Ite  authen- 
ticity has  been  questioned  by  Baur. 

2.  The  Second  Epistle  of  Paul  the  Apostle  to 
tlie  Thessalonians  seems  to  have  been  written 
from  Corinth  shortly  after  the  first,  whilst 
Bilvanns  and  Timothy  were  still  Panl's 
associates.  The  Thessalonians  had  taken  up 
the  idea,  protably  from  the  words  in  1  Thess. 
iv.  15  17,  "  we  which  are  alive  and  remain,' 
that  the  second  advent  of  Christ  was  very 
near  and  some  of  them  had  ceased  to  labour 
and  gone  about  as  idlers  and  busybodies 
After  an  introduction  (eh.  i.),  Paul  shows 
that,  previous  to  this  consummation,  an  apo- 
stasy would  occur,  and  a  personage,  th- 
"Han  of  Sin,"  "the  Son  of  Perdition,'  or 
principle,  "the  Mystery  of  Iniquity,"  ha( 
first  to  appear  and  gain  dominant  power  in 
the  "  temple  "  (ch.  ii.).  Then  he  counsels  the 
idlers  "to  work,  and  eat  their  own  bread,' 
and  after  other  exhortations,  concludes  with 
the  benediction  (ch.  iii.).  The  evidence  for  th 
epistle  is  similar  to  that  for  the  earlier  one. 

the'-ta,  s.  [Gr.]  A  letter  (e,  9,  S)  of  th 
Greeli  alphabet  corresponding  to  th  in  sucl 
English  words  a»  thtn ;  sometimes  called  th 
nnlucky  letter,  as  being  nsed  by  judges  i 
sentencing  a  prisoner,  it  being  the  first  lette 
of  the  Gr.  Swam  (thanatos)  =  death. 

•  thet9h,  thatch,  s.    [VETCH.] 

« thctch,  v.t.    [THATCH.] 


thet'-ic-al,  a.  [Or.  Senirft  (thetikot).] 
[THESIS.]  Laid  down  ;  absolute  or  iucoatro- 
vertible,  as  a  law. 

"80  that  tbU  law  that  prohibited  Adam  the  eating 
of  the  fruit,  was  mere  thctlcal  or  positive,  nut  indls. 
neuaable  and  natural.  "—  Jfor*:  Ii«f.  Literal  Cabbala, 
ch.il. 


he   tine,  ».    [Pref.  (fc(w>,  »nd  Eng.  (&> 

Chem.  (PI.):  The  name  given  to  a  series  of 

sulphur   compounds    analogous    to    Detains 

and  its  homolo-ues,  and  represented  by  the 

CHj-S(CnHan+i)3.  The  methyl  and 

formula,  I 

CO-0 

ethyl  compounds  are  the  only  ones  at  pre- 
sent known  :  thus  methyl  thetine,  C^gSOa  = 
CH3-(3CHS)2 
I         \          ,  obtained  by  mixing  bromaeetie 

acid  with  methyl  sulphide  in  molecular  pro- 
portions. 

Thef-fa,«.    [Or.] 

1.  Greek  Mijthol. :   One  of  the  sea  deities, 
daughter  of   Nereus   and    Doris.      She  wa» 
courted  by  Peleus,  son  of  jEacns,  king  of  the 
Myrmidons.    Thetis  became  mother  of  several 
children  by  Peleus ;  but  these  she  destroyed 
by  fire  in  attempting  to  see  whether  they  were 
immortal ;    and    Achilles,  her  most  distin- 
guished offspring,  must  have  shared  the  sume 
fate,  if  Peleus  had  not  snatched  him  from  her 
hand, 

2.  Astro*. :  [ASTEROID,  17]. 

3.  Zool.  it  Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Myacida. 
Shell  sub-orbicular,  ventricose,  thin,  trans- 
lucent, granulated  on  the  surface,  and  with  a 
slightly  nacreous  interior.     Hinge-teeth  one 
or  two.     Known  species:  recent  five  from 
Britain,  France,  India,  tc. ;  fossil  seventeen, 
from   the  Neocomian   of  Britain,  Belgium, 
France,  and  Southern  India  onward, 

thet-see,  «.    [THIETSIE.] 

the-ur'-|rlc,  "  the-ur'-il'o-al,  o.  [Ut. 
theurgicui,  from  Gr.  feovpyixos  (tkanirgikos), 
from  tVov  (theos)  =  god,  and  ipyw  (ergon)  = 
work.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  theurgy,  or  the 
power  of  performing  supernatural  things. 

"  All  Us  endeavour*  to  purge  hi*  soul  by  tb*M 
Oteuryiclt  consecrations  wms.  frustrate.'— BaHiveU  j 
Melampronaa,  p.  51. 


theurgic  hymns,  «.  pi. 

cantation. 


Songs  of  In- 


* the-ur-£ist,  s.  [Bug.  theurg(y);  -tot.}  One 
who  pretends  to  or  pi»ctises  theurgy. 

"More  refined  owrouancen  or  musicians  call  them- 
selves theurfOti:  .  .  .  thinking  to  hare  to  do  onl» 
with  good  spirlU.1— BattimU  :  IMamvrama,  p.  «1. 

'  the'-ur-gjf,  «.  [Lat  theurgia,  from  Gr. 
Ssoupyia  (themrgia)  =  divine  work,  magic : 
»eot  («Kos)  =  god,  and  ifyov  (ergon)  =  work  ; 
Fr.  theurgie  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  teurgia.]  The  work- 
ing of  some  divine  or  supernatural  agency  in 
human  affairs ;  *  working  or  producing  effects 
by  supernatural  means ;  effects  or  phenomena 
brought  about  amongst  men  by  spiritual 
agency;  specifically— 

(1)  Divine  agency  or  direct  Interference  of 
the  gods  in  human  affairs,  or  the  government 
of  the  world. 

(2)  The  act  or  art  of  invoking  deities  or 
spirits,  or  by  their  intervention  conjuring  up 
visions,    interpreting   dreams,    receiving    or 
explaining  oracles,  Ac. ;  the  power  of  obtain- 
ing from  the  gods,  by  means  of  certain  ob- 
servances, words,    symbols,  or  the   like,  a 
knowledge  of  the  secrets  which  surpass  the 
power  of  reason,  to  lay  open  the  future,  tc. 

(8)  That  species  of  magic  which  more  mo- 
dern  professors  of  the  art  allege  to  produce 
its  effects  by  supernatural  agency,  as  contra- 
distinguished from  natural  magic. 

••  Porphyry  and  some  others  did  distinguish  these 
two  aorta,  so  as  to  condemn  Indeed  the  grosser,  which 
th?v  called  maeick  or  goety  ;  but  allowed  the  other, 
which  they  teraed  SJtrS!u  laudahle  and  honour- 
able  and  as  «n  art  by  which  they  received  angels,  and 
hid  coimmlutoUons  with  the  gods.  Yet  St.  Austin 
assures  us  they  are  both  damnable."— BaUiwell:  Me- 
lamprontKi,  p.  51. 

(4)  A  system  of  supernatural  knowledge  or 
power  believed  by  the  Egyptian  Platonisis  to 
have  been  divinely  communicated  to  a  hier- 
archy, and  by  them  handed  down  from  gene- 
ration to  generation. 

thS-ve'-tl-a  (or  «  as  «hl),  «.    [Named  by 
Linnseus  after  its  describer,  Thevet,  a  French 
Franciscan,  of  the  sixteenth  centnry.] 
Bo*. :  A  genus  of  CarisseE  (q.v.X    Inflowf 


4632 


thevetosin— thick 


eence  consisting  of  terminal  or  lateral  cynK_ 
Calyx  live- parted,  with  many  glands  inside  a 
its  base;  corolla  salver-shajied,  closed  b 
four  scales;  fruits  slightly  fleshy,  with 
hard  stone  inside.  Thevetia  neriifolia  is  cult 
vated  in  tropical  America,  whence  it  has  beei 
introduced  into  India.  The  milky  juice  i 
very  poisonous,  the  bitter  and  cathartic  bar 
is  a  febrifuge,  and  an  oil  extracted  from  th 
kernels  is  emetic  and  purgative.  The  seed 
of  T.  Ahovai  are  poisonous,  the  bark  and  sa 
emetic  and  narcotic.  The  wood  of  Iwth  has 
a  heavy  odour,  and  is  used  for  poisoning  tish. 

the  ve-to-sln,   «.     [Mod.   Lat   theveUia) 
snfls.  -use,  -in.] 

Chem.  :  A  glucoside  obtained  from  the  seed 
of  a  species  of  Thevetia,  growing  in  Mexico 
It  crystallizes  in  four-sided  prisms,  is  solubl 
in  alcohol,  and  when  heated  with  dilute  sul 
phuric  acid  is  resolved  into  glucose  and  a 
resinous  body.  It.  is  said  to  be  very  poisonous 
acting  as  an  emetic. 

tnew  (1)  (ew  as  u),  '  theaw, ».    [A.S.  thedw 
=  habit,  custom,  behaviour,  in  pi.  manners 
cogn.  with  O.S.  thau  =  custom,  habit;  O.  H 
Ger.  dou,  dun.} 

1.  Muscle,  sinews,  strength.    (Generally  in 
the  plural.) 

"  Romans  now 
Have  CAetM  and  limbs  like  to  tlit-ir  ancestor*.* 

Shakelp. :  Juliui  Cottar,  1  S. 

*  2.  Manners,  mental  qualities,  habits,  be- 
haviour.   (Generally  In  the  plural.) 

"  To  all  good  thnn,  bom  waa  she. 
Ai  like  to  the  goddess,  or  she  was  bora 
That  of  the  shefs  she  should  be  the  come." 

•thew (2),  .. """""••  *""""-» 


the  wed  (ew  as  u),   -thewde,  a.     [Bng. 
thtw  (1).  s.  ;  -«t) 

L  Having    thews,    muscle,   or    strength  ; 
muscular,  strong. 

*2.  Having  manners  ;    mannered,   accus- 
tomed. 

"  a  .. 

Yet  would  not  seerue  ao  rude,  and  tfeved  111. 
AM  10  deipiae  ao  curteoua  seeming  part." 

apuuer.-  f.  «..  IL  Ti  «. 


theW-y  (ew  as  u),  a.  [Eng.  thew  (1);  -y.J 
Muscular,  strong,  brawny. 

they,  *  thai,  *thel.  pnm.  [Seedff.]  The 
plural  form  for  all  the  genders  of  the  third 
personal  pronoun,  i.e.,  he,  the,  or  U.  It  super- 
seded the  older  at,  pi.  of  he6,  hit  =  he,  she, 
it.  It  is  Scandinavian  rather  than  English, 
being  from  Icel.  their  (notn.)  thi  (accus.)' 
A.S.  Out  (nom.),  Uu.ro,  Oufm  (genit  )  ;  thorn, 
thorn  (dat.)  ;  thd  (accus.)  ;  cf.  Dan.  ft  Sw.  de 
—  they  ;  dent  =  them. 

••  Blholde  ye  the  llllee  of  the  held  hou  Out  weieo, 
rf  travellen  not  neither  ipjnneo  "—  Wfcli/t  :  Mat- 

H  It  is  used  indefinitely  in  the  phrase,  they 
my  (Fr.  on  dit),  that  is,  people  say,  it  is  said. 

thi  -a,  >.  (Lat.,  from  Or.  e«a  (Thetd)  =  » 
daughter  of  Earth,  mother  of  the  Sun  and 
Moon.] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Orystomata,  with  one 
trpecies,  Thin  polita,  ten  lines  long.  Found 
on  the  shores  of  Britain  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean, burrowing  in  sand  a  little  distance 
from  the  shore. 

thi-a-cSf-fo.  a.  [Pref.  <»t(o>,  and  Eng. 
acetic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphur 
and  acetic  acid. 

thlacetic  acid,  «. 

Chem.  :  (CHs)CO8H.  Sulphyd  rate  of  acetyL 
This  acid,  discovered  by  Kekule,  is  formed  by 
the  action  of  pentasulphide  of  phosphorus  on 
glacial  acetic  acid.  It  is  a  colourless  liquid, 
boiling  at  93°,  smells  like  acetic  acid  and 
hydrogen  sulphide,  and  is  slightly  soluble  in 
water,  but  mixes  in  all  proportions  with 
alcohol  and  ether.  With  solution  of  lead 
acetate  it  forms  a  crystalline  precipitate  = 


thi-al'-dine,  ».    [Pret  (Ai(o>  ; 

and  sun*.  -,nr.] 

Chem.  :  CjHuNSj.  Obtained  by  passing  a 
current  of  sulphydric  acid  gas  into  aldehyde 
ammonia.  In  a  few  hours  thialdine  crystal- 
lizes out.  When  recrystallized  from  a  solu- 
tion of  ether  and  alcohol  it  separates  in  large 
rhombic  tables,  strongly  refracting,  and  having 
a  density  of  1'19.  It  has  an  aromatic  odour, 
melts  at  43°,  volatilizes  at  ordinary  tempera- 


tnres, very  slightly  soluble  in  water,  easil 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether.  It  has  no  actio 
on  vegetable  colours,  but  dissolves  in  acids 
forming  soluble  and  crystallizable  salts. 

thi  a  meth-al -dine, «.  [Pret  thi(o). ;  Eng 
methtyl),  and  aldine.] 

Chem. :  CjHij(CHs)NS2.  Formed  by  satu 
rating  aldehyde  with  methylamine,  and  tlie 
passing  sulphydric  acid  gas  into  it.  It  sepa 
rates  as  an  easily  decomposable  oiL 

thi-an  i-so  1C,  a.  [Pref.  (Ai(o>,  and  Eng 
anisoic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphu 
and  aniaoic  acid. 

thlanisoic  acid,  ». 

Chem. :  Ci0Hi4O2'SO2.  A  monobasic  aci 
containing  the  elements  of  anise-camphor  an 
sulphurous  acid.  Anethol  is  boiled  wit 
nitric  acid,  and  the  oil  produced  distilled 
The  distillate  between  215f  and  245°  is  left  i 
contact  with  acid  sodium  sulphite  and  alcohol 
the  sodium  salt  crystallizing  out.  The  acia 
can  be  obtained  in  crystals  from  its  barium 
salt  by  the  addition  of  sulphuric  acid.  It  ha 
an  astringent  taste,  is  easily  soluble  in  water 
alcohol,  and  ether,  and  forms  crystallizabl 
salts. 

thi  an  is-61,  s.  [Pret  thito)-,  and  Eng 
aniiol.] 

Chem. :  CgHgSO.  A  white  pulverulent  sub 
stance  formed  by  the  action  of  ammonium 
sulphide  on  anishydramide.  (Waits.) 

thl-bau'-dl-a  (th  as  t),  ».  [Named  afte, 
Thiebaut,  secretary  to  the  Linnaeau  Society 
of  Paris.] 

Bot. :  A  genn»  of  Vacciniacea,  chiefly  from 
Pern.  Leaves  leathery,  evergreen ;  calyx  Bve 
toothed ;  corolla  tubulose,  with  a  five-toothed 
limb ;  stamens  ten,  anthers  two-horned 
Wine  is  made  from  the  fruit  of  Thibaudia 
macrophylla,  and  an  aromatic  tincture,  used  as 
a  remedy  for  toothache,  from  T.  Quercitu. 

Thi-bef  (th  as  tX  a,  [See  def.J  A  country 
in  Asia, 

Thlb'-St-an,  ThI-be  -tl-an  (Th  as  T,  tl 
as  .Jhi),  o.  [Eng.  Thibet;  -on,  -tan.)  Tibetan. 

thi'-ble,  a,    [A  variant  of  dibble  (q.v.).] 
1.  A  dibble.    (Prat.) 
*  2.  A  skimmer,  a  slice. 
S.  A  porridge-stiek ;  a  stick  rued  In  stirring 
broth,  porridge,  Ac.    (Prtn.) 

-ILTV.,!*^1??  ™°?d  "*."••  •  -.-  hjndfuleof 


thick,  -thicke,  *thlkke,  a.,  adv.,  &  «. 
[A.8.  thime;  cogn.  with  O.  Sax.  thikki;  Out. 
dik;  Icel.  thykkr ;  O.  Icel.  thjokkr,  thjokkr: 
Dan.  tyk;  8w.  tjok,  tjock;  O.  H.  Ger.  dicdH; 
Ger.  dick.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Having  more  or  leaa  extent  measured 
round  the  surfece  in   the   direction   of  its 
breadth,  or  from  one  surface  to  its  opposite ; 
having  more  or  less  extent  in  circumference 
or  diameter.     Said   of  solid  bodies  :  as    a 
plank  three  inches  thick. 

2.  Having  greater  extent   or  depth   than 
usual  from  one  surface  to  its  opposite  ;  rela- 
tively of  great  circumference,  depth,  or  dia- 
meter;   having    considerable    extent    when 
measured  all  round  in  the  direction  of  its 
breadth.    (Opposed  to  thin,  tlender,  or  slim.) 

"  Hla  abort  Wdt  neck.* 

Xiatup- :  renui  i  Admit,  ttl. 

3.  Dense,  inspissated ;  having  great  con- 
sistence ;   containing  much  solid  matter  in 
suspension  or  solution  ;  not  thin. 

"The  aea  fog  wae  ao  thick  that  DO  land  could  be 
eeen."-*.i<»;3,,.  But.  xv..  ch.  ,vll. 

4.  Not  transparent  or  clear ;  turbid,  dark 
misty. 

"  A  fountain  troubled,  muddy  .  .  .  tUck." 

Shaketp. :  Taming  qf  t\»  Shretf,  v.  a. 

5.  Close  set  or  planted  ;  having  things  set 
closely  or  crowded  together ;  compact,  dense. 

"A  mount  of  rough  ascent  and  c*fc*  with  wood." 
Drsden  :  Sigitmmda  i  euiMordo.  lot 

6.  Dense,  impenetrable. 

"And  the  people  stood  afar  off,  and  Moew  drew 
nearunto  the  tUc*  darkness  where  God  wu*-£Zd. 

7.  Coming  closely  together ;  following  each 
other  in  quick  succession. 

14  Nae  doubt  that  they  were  f*in  o'  ither 
An'  unco  pack  and  rAic*  thegither." 

Bum :  Twa  Doyt. 


S.  Without  proper  intervals  or  flexibility  at 
rticulation  ;  indistinct  :  as,  thick  speech. 


srticulate 


sy. 

"BrllluuitoratonandplarwrtghtawonU  beashamej 
*»  JJ«  "-f  <*!<*  »'  speech  and  un.teadj-  o(^all-_ 
Dally  Telegraph,  Fen,  21.  1887. 

*  10.  Dim,  indistinct,  weak,  defective. 

"My  sight  was  over  thick." 

Shaktip.  .•  Juliui  Omar,  T.  S. 

11.  Mentally  or  morally  dull  ;  stupid,  groat, 

0RUB, 


*  12.  Stupid. 

"I  omit  yoiir  Mfct  e 


ting  nodlfferena 

- 


13.  Deep,  heavy,  profound. 

"  Thick  slumber  hauga  UIK>U  mine  eye*." 

Shakcip.  :  Pfrictet,  T.  1. 

//'f'  PnU;  not  "cute,  sharp,  or  sensitive. 
(Applied  to  the  sense  of  hearing.) 

15.  Intimate,  veryfriendly,  familiar.  (CoHoj.) 
'•  Newcome  and  I  are  not  very  CJUot  together."— 
Tkaektrat  :  A'eucontu.  ch.  xxiv. 

B.  As  adverb  : 

1.  In  close  succession  one  after  the  other: 
fast  or  close  together  ;  thickly. 

"  r£te  nei«hbonring  pUin  witn  arm  is  corer'd  o'er: 
The  vale  an  (run  Wrest  see,,,!  to  yield. 
Of  rAic*  sprung  lances  in  a  wavy  field.  " 

l>nidm  :  Aurfngube,  1  1. 

2.  Closely  :  as,  ground  set  thick  with  trees. 
a  To  a  great  depth  or  to  a  greater  depth 

than  usual  ;  deeply  :  as,  land  covered  thick 
with  manure. 

4.  Without  proper  intervals  ;  indistinctly. 

"And  speaking  thick,  which  nature  madehla  blemish.' 
_  Shakap.:»Scnrifr..  at, 

C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  thickest  part  ;  the  time  when  any. 
thing  is  thickest 

"  Achlmetes  harlng  with  a  mine  suddenly  blown  nt> 

\<Fl  *  ^VJ  "!,  ""  **"  °'  ""  sl»''''>>  station,  lij  the 
Mice  of  the  dust  and  snioak  iirpseutly  entered  kla 
aua.--KmUa  :  Biu.  o/  th,  Tvrta. 

*  2.  A  thicket  ;  a  close  bush. 

"  Dismounting  stmlt 
From  hia  tall  steed,  he  nuht  Into  the  fWct.* 

•Spewr:  /•.«.,  II.  L  ML 

3.  A  thick-headed,  slow,  or  stupid  fellow  ; 
*  blockhead,  a  dolt.    (Colloq.) 

"What  a  thick  I  was  to  eom«l*—  Suak*  •  AM 
from;  Schtnlda,,.  pt  J,  ch.  TiL 

H(l)  Thick  and  IU*: 

A.  As  sutat.  :  Whatever  Is  In  the  way  •  as. 
To  follow  through  thick  and  thin. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Ready  to  go  through  thick  and 
thin  ;  thorough. 

"  We  again  see  that  he  is  one  of  the  most  <»ioto»aV 
«M»  adherenta  of  the  neo-French  technique."—  St 
Jama  i  Oauat,  Hay  20,  1887. 

(2)  Thick-and-thin  block  : 
Nant.  :  A  block  having  two  sheaves  of  un 
eqnal  size  in  the  same  plane  ;  a  fiddle-block. 

*  (3)  Thick  and  three/old  :   In   quick   sue 
cession. 

"  They  came  thick  and  thrtffvld  for  a  time  till  o*  . 
experienced  stager  discovered  the  plot*—  A'fsrrark/k  ' 

*  thick-brained,  a.    Dull,  stupid. 

"  The  thick-trratn'd  audience  lively  to  awake. 
Till  with  shrill  claps  the  theatre  do  shake? 

Dratfttm  :  Ttv  Heart 

thick-coated,  a.  Having  a  thick,  com- 
pact,  or  dense  coat  or  covering. 

*  thick-coming,  a.  Following  each  other 
in  quick  succession  ;  crowding. 

"  She  is  troubled  with  thi'k-cnmtng  fancies.' 

Shakap.  ;  Macbeth.  T.  a 

*  thick-eyed,  o.    Having  dim  eyes  ;  da. 
fective  in  vision. 

"  Thickened  musing,  and  cursed  melancholy." 

Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  /('..  iL  I. 

thick-footed  bat,  s. 

Zool.  :  Vesperugo  pachypui,  from  Northern 
India,  Tenasserim,  tie  Andaman  and  Philip- 
pine islands,  Java,  and  Sumatra.  It  is  about 
three  Inches  long,  including  the  tail  ;  fui 
bright  reddish-brown  above,  paler  beneath. 
The  feet  are  furnished  with  circular  discs, 
probably  organs  of  adhesion,  analogous  to 
those  present  in  the  genus  ThyropUra  (q.v.Ji 

thick-grown,  a.    Dense. 

"  Under  the  thick-prom  brake  we'll  shroud  ourselves.' 
Shaketp.  :  X  Btnrt  ''/..  Ill  L 

thick-head,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  stupid  fellow,  *  block- 
head, a  dolt 

2.  Ontttt.  :  [ 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  won  work,  whd.  son;  miite.  ofib,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    as,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


thick— thief 


4693 


thick  headed,  a. 
1,  Dull,  stupid,  crass. 

*  2.  Having  a  thick,  dense,  or  bnshy  head. 
Thick-headed  Shrikes :  [PACHYCEPHAJ.ID.E]. 

thick  knee,  -•. 

Ornith. :  The  genus  CEdicnemus  (q.v.),  and 
especially  (Edicnemus  crepitans.  [STONE-PLO- 
VER.] 

"Some  stone  plovers,  or  thick-kneet.  wren  in  num. 
her  hftd  a  long  start  of  the  falcon.  —  St.  James  I 
eateile,  Harcb  17. 18m.  p.  11. 

thick -leaved,  a.  Dense;  closely  set 
with  leares. 

"  Through   thick-leaved  branches,  from   the  dingle 
broke."  Longfellow :  Xunritf  on  the  BilU. 

thick-legged  bats, «.  pi. 

Zool. :  Emballonuridie ;  a  family  of  Micro- 
chiroptera,  generally  distributed  throughout 
the  tropical  and  sub-tropical  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  rarely  extending  north  or  south 
of  the  thirtieth  parallels  of  latitude.  The 
muzzle  is  obliquely  truncated,  and  the  tail 
either  perforates  the  interferaoral  membrane 
or  is  produced  far  beyond  it.  The  family  is 
approximately  equivalent  to  the  old  family 
Noctilionidse,  and  contains  two  sub-families  : 
Einballonurinffi,  with  ten  genera,  arranged  in 
five  groups—  Furise  (2),  Emballonurffi  (5X  Di- 
cliiluri  (1),  Noctiliones  (1),  and  Hhinopomata 
(1)  ;  and  Molossinne  (q.v.). 

thick-lipped,  a.    Having  thick  lips. 

"Come  on  you  Uiick.lipp'd  slave,  I'll  bear  you  hence." 
Shakeip.  :  Titut  Andronlcut,  IT.  3. 

thick-lips,  s.  One  having  thick  lips  ;  a 
negro. 

*  thick  pleached,  a.  Thickly  or  closely 
interwoven. 

"  The  prince  and  Count  Clandto,  walking  in  a  thick- 
pleached  alley  In  my  orchard."-3»a*««p. :  Much  Ado 
About  Nothing,  L  S. 

thick-ribbed,  a.  Having  strong  ribs; 
hence,  not  easily  broken  through. 

"  In  thrilling  regions  of  thick^iobed  ice." 

Maketp. :  Meaturefor  Manure,  la  1. 

"thick-sighted,  a.  Short-sighted,  pur- 
blind. 

"  Thick-tinhted,  barren,  lean,  and  lacking  Juice." 

Khaketp.  •   •'«"««  *  Adanii.  UK. 

*  thick-stuff,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  A  name  given  to  all  plank  above 
four  inches  in  thickness. 

thick-tailed  galago,  «. 

Zool. :  Galago  crassicawlatus,  from  southern 
tropical  Africa.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a 
domestic  cat,  with  brown  fur,  and  a  great 
bushy  tail,  three  or  four  inches  longer  than 
the  body. 

thick-tailed  opossum,  s. 

Zool. :  Didelphyt  crassicaudatus,  from  Brazil 
and  Paraguay,  ranging  southwards  to  the 
River  Plate.  It  has  no  marsupial  pouch,  but 
vestiges  of  it  remain  in  the  folds  of  skin  with 
which  the  six  mammae  are  covered. 

•  thick,  v.t.  &  i.    [THICK,  o.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  thick ;  to  thicken,  to 

inspissate. 

"  Thoughts  that  would  (We*  my  blood." 

Shukcip.  :  Himtri  Tale.  i.  2. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  become  thick  or  thicken. 

"  But  see,  the  welkin  thickt  apace." 

Spenter  :  Shephcardt  Calender ;  March. 

thick  en,  v.i.4  I.   [Icel.  thykkna  =  to  become 
thick  ;  A.8.  !Aicdan  =  to  make  thick.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  become  thick  or  more 
thick  in  any  of  its  senses,  as — 

(1)  To  be  inspissated,  consolidated,  or  co- 
agulated. 

(2)  To  become  close  or  more  close  or  nume- 
rous ;  to  press,  to  crowd ;  hence,  to  become 
more  animated. 

"  On  heaps  the  Greeks ;  on  heaps  the  Trojans  bled  ; 

And  thickening  round  them,  rise  the  hills  of  dead. 

Pope:  Homer;  Itoi'l  xvii  417. 

*  (S)  To  become  dense,  dark,  misty,  or  the 
like. 

"The  weather  itill  thickening,  and  preventing  a 
nearer  approach  to  the  laud."— Coo* ;  Third  Voyage 
bk.  vi.,  ch.  ill. 

*(4)  To  become  dark  or  obscure. 

"Thy  lustre  thick f tit 
Whenheshiuesby." 

Shaketp. :  Antony  i  Cleopatra,  it.  S. 

B.  Trans. :  To  make  thick  or  thicker,  in 
any  of  its  senses,  as — 

(1)  To  make  dense ;  to  make  close ;  to  fll 
op  the  interstices  of :  as,  To  thicken  cloth. 


(2)  To  inspissate. 

"  Mix  it  with  thickened  Juice  of  sodden  wines." 
Ori/iten:  Virgil:  lleorgic  iv.  W7. 

« (3)  To  make  frequent  or  more  frequent : 
is,  To  thicken  blows. 
*  (4)  To  strengthen  or  confirm. 

"  This  may  help  to  thicken  other  proofs." 

i. ;  Othello,  ill.  ». 


thick'-en-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [THICKEN.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  t  parlicip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  making  thick  or  thicker  ;  the 
state  of  becoming  thick  or  thicker. 

2.  Something  put  into  orapplied  to  a  liquid 
mass  or  substance  to  make  it  thicker. 

"  They  let  it  remain*  within  morUrs  In  the  sun. 
and  there  take  the  thickenin?  :  and  so  at  length  reduce 
it  into  certain  trochiscbs.  and  reserve  them  for  use. 
—P.  Bolland:  Pliny,  bk.  xxlv.,  ch.  xii. 

3.  Calico-print.  :  Paste  which  contains  the 
mordant  or  dye,  in  some  cases,  and  forming  a 
vehicle  therefor. 

thickening-layers,  s.  pi. 

Bot. :  Various  layers  deposited  in  the 
primary  cell-wall  of  a  plant  at  an  early  period 
of  its  growth.  (Thomf.) 

thickening -ring,  s. 

Bot. :  A  ring  formed  between  the  wood  and 
the  bark  of  trees  characterized  by  the  forma- 
tion of  annual  rings.  (Thome.) 

thick' -et,  ».    [A.S.  thiccet.]    A  wood  or  col- 
lection of  trees  set  closely  together. 

"  The  wilderness  is  theirs,  with  all  its  caves. 
Its  hollow  glens,  its  iMctrU.  and  iu  plains, 
Unvisitod  by  man."  Cowper :  Talk,  vi.  401. 

•tUck'-St-ty,  o.  [Eng.  thicket;  -».]  Abound- 
ing in  thickets. 

thick'  ish,  a.    [Eng.  thick,  a. ;  -i»*.]    Some- 
what thick. 

thick  ly,  adv.    [Eng.  thick,  a. ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  thick  manner  ;  to  a  great  depth. 

"  Mending  cracked  receivers,  having  thickly  overlaid 
them  with  diachylon,  we  could  not  perceive  leaks.  — 
Boyle. 

2.  Closely,  densely,  compactly. 

"Lofty  hills  all  thickly  clothed  with  wood.'— floo*  : 
Fine  Voyage,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  ii. 

3.  In  close  succession  ;  rapidly. 

"  So  that  your  sins  no  leisure  him  afford 
To  think  on  mercy,  they  so  thickly  throng." 

Ur ayton  :  A'oah't  flood. 

thick  ne»s,  >.     [A.S.  thicnes.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
thick  in  any  of  the  senses  of  the  word,  as— 

1.  The  extent  of  a  body  from  side  to  side 
or  from  a  surface  to  its  opposite. 

"  Nor  indeed  can  a  thought  be  conceived,  to  be  of 
snch  a  length,  breadth,  and  thickneu.  or  to  be  hewed 
aud  sliced  out,  into  many  pieces,  all  which  laid  to- 
gether as  so  many  small  chips  thereof,  would  make 
up  again  the  entlreness  of  that  whole  thought."— Cud- 
worth  :  InteU.  Syltem,  p.  700. 

2.  Depth. 

"  Thus  a  foundation  will  be  laid  for  it  [salt]  to  Accu- 
mulate to  any  thirkneit  by  falls  of  snow,  without  Its 
being  at  all  necessary  for  the  sea  water  to  freexe."— 
Coo*:  Second  Voyage,  bk.  Iv.,  ch.  vii. 

3.  Deuseness,  density,  consistence,  spissi- 
tude. 

"  Diseases,  imagined  to  come  from  the  thicknest  of 
blood,  eoine  often  from  the  contrary  cause."— Arbuth- 
not :  On  Alimentt. 

4.  The  state  of  being  close,  dense,  or  im- 
pervious. 

"The  banks  of  the  river  and  the  thicknen  of  the 
shades  drew  Into  them  all  the  birds  of  the  country."— 
Additon. 

5.  Closeness  of  the  parts  ;  the  state  of  being 
crowded,  close,  or  near :  as,  the  thickness  of 
trees  in  a  wood. 

6.  Fogginess,    mistiness,    or   darkness   of 
weather;  fog. 

"  Praying  for  the  thickneu  to  settle  away  that  some 
blessed  pilot-boat  may  heave  in  sight,"— Daily  Tele- 
graph, Dec.  22,  1885. 

7.  Dulness  of  the  sense  of  seeing  or  hear- 
ing ;  dulness  of  wit ;  want  of  sharpness  or 
acuteness. 

"  What  you  write  Is  printed  In  large  letters ;  other, 
wise,  between  the  weakness  of  my  eyes  aud  thickneu 
of  my  hearing,  1  should  lose  the  greatest  pleasure."— 

8.  Want  of  due  distinction  of  syllables  or 
of  good  articulation ;  indistinctness  or  con- 
fusion of  utterance :  as,  thickness  of  speech. 

IL  Foundry :  That  application  of  loam  In 
loam-moulding  which  represents  the  metal, 
and  which  is  afterwards  knocked  away  to 
leave  space  for  the  same. 


thick  -ness  ing,  s.    (Eng.  thickneu ;  -ing.] 
Wood-work. :  Reducing  boards  or  pieces  to 
an  even  thickness  ready  for  dressing  to  shape. 

thick-set,  a.  &  >.    [Bug.  ((licit,  and  set.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Planted  or  set  close. 

"  His  eyeballs  glare  with  fire,  suffused  with  blood, 
ULs  neck  shoots  up  a  thickset  thorny  wood." 

Dryden :  Meleager  A  Ataltint*. 

2.  Having  a  short,  thick  body  ;  thick,  stout, 
•tumpy. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  close,  thick  hedge. 

2.  Very  thick  or  dense  underwood  ;  scrub- 
bush. 

Bt.  Fabric:  A  stont,  twilled,  napped,  cotton 
cloth  ;  a  kind  of  fustian. 

thick  -skin,  s.  i  a.     [Eng.  thick,  and  skin.] 

A.  Assvbst. :  A  stolid,  coarse,  gross  person; 
one  who  is  not  easily  moved  by  taunts,  re- 
proaches, ridicule,  or  the  like  ;  a  person  with 
little  or  no  feeling  ;  a  blockhead. 

"What  wouldst  thou  have,  boor?  what  Mckikinl 
sneak,  breathe,  discuss ;  brief,  short,  quick,  snap."— 
Shaketp.  :  Merry  Wtvef  of  Windsor,  iv.  5. 

B.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  THICKSKINNED,  3. 

"  Nor  can  I  bide  to  pen  some  hungry  scene 
For  thicktkin  ears,  and  untltscernlns  eyue." 

tip.  Hall :  Satiret.  L 

thick'-  skinned,  a.    [Eng.  thick,  and  skinned."] 

1.  Lit. :  Having  a  thick  akin  or  rind :  as,  a 
thickskinned  orange. 

2,  Fig. :  Not  easily  moved  or  irritated  by 
taunts,  reproaches,  ridicule,  or  the  like ;  dull, 
insensible,  stolid. 

thick   skull,  s.    [Eng.  thick,  and  ikuU.]    A 
dull,  stupid  person  ;  a  blockhead. 

thick  skulled,  a.    [Eng.  thick,  and  skulled.] 
Dull,  stupid  ;  slow  to  learn  ;  blockish. 

"  Pleaa'd  to  hear  their  thicktltutted  Judges  cry. 
Well  moVd.  I "  llrydrn  :  Ftrliul,  i.  !«. 

•thick-sprung,  o.   [Eng.  thick,  and  sprung.] 
Sprung  up  thick  or  close  together. 

*  thick'-y,  a.    [Eng.  thick;  -».]  Thick,  dense. 

"  It  was  a  very  thicky  shade."  i 

Greene,  iu  Mourning  Uarment.      • 

*  thid-er,  adv.     [THITHER.] 

*  thid-er-ward,  adv.    [THITHERWARD.] 

thief;  "  theet  *  thefe,  *  theof  (pi.  «  thrive^ 
•  thenves,  •  thevis,  thieves),  s.  [A.S.  theof  (pi 
thed/as);  cogn.  with  Dut.  dief;  Icel.  thjojr; 
Dan.  tyv;  Sw.  ttuf;  O.  H.  Ger.  diup;  Ger. 
dieb;  Goth,  thiubs.] 
L  Ordinary  Langvage : 

1.  One  who  steals  or  is  guilty  of  theft ;  one 
who  takes  the  goods  or  personal  property  of 
another  without  his  knowledge  or  consent, 
and  without  any  intention  of  returning  it  j 
one  who  deprives  another  of  property  secretly 
or  without  open  force,  as  opposed  to  a  robber, 
who  uses  open  force  or  violence. 

"  I  must  bear  my  testimony,  that  the  people  of  this 
country  [Otabeite]  of  all  ranks,  men  and  women,  arsi 
the  arrantest  thievet  upon  the  face  of  the  earth."— 
Coo*  :  /'irii  Voyayc,  bk.  i,  ch.  X. 

U  In  the  times  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and 
James  I.  no  such  sharp  distinction  was  made 
as  we  now  draw  between  a  robber  aud  a  thief. 
In  Matt.  xxi.  13,  xxvi.  55  ;  Mark  xiv.  48, 
Luke  x.  30,  &c.,  the  translation  should  have 
been  robber  instead  of  thief,  and  the  penitent 
thief  (cf.  Matt,  xxvii.  38-44,  and  Luke  zxiii. 
89-42  of  the  A.  V.)  crucified  with  Jesus  should 
have  been  designated  the  penitent  robber. 

2.  Used  as  a  term  of  reproach,  and  applied 
especially  to  a  person  guilty  of  cunning,  de- 
ceitful, or  secret  actions. 

"  Angelo  is  an  adulterous  thief." 

Shakesp.  :  feature  for  Meature,  T. 

3.  An  excrescence  or  waster  in  a  candl«. 
(CoUoq.) 

"  Their  burning  lamps  the  storm  ensuing  show, 
Th  oil  sparkles,  thieve*  about  the  snuff  do  grow." 
Uay  :  Virgil ;  Qeorgic  L 

IL  Bot. :  Rubusfruticosus.    (Brit.  &  Holl.) 

thief-catcher,  ».  One  who  catches 
thieves  ;  one  whose  business  or  profession  is 
to  bring  thieves  to  justice. 

*  thief-leader,  s.    A  thief-catcher. 

"  A  wolf  passed  by  as  the  thief-leaden  weredragglng 
•  fox  to  execution.  —L'Eltranfe. 

'  thief-stolen,  a.  Stolen  by  a  thief  or 
thieves.  (Shakesp. :  Cymbeline,  i.  7.) 


b£y :  ptfut,  Joirt;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this  :  sin,  as ;  expect,  yenophon,  exist.   ph=  f. 
-tion,  -sion  =  Chun ;  -tion,    sion  =  xhun.    -cious,    tious,  -sioua  =  shus.    -hie,  -die,  &c  =  bel,  dcL 


4694 


thiefly— thin 


•  thief-taker,  s.    A  thief-catcher. 

thief-tube,  s.  A  tut*?  for  withdrawing 
samplesofliquidsfrom  casks,  Ac.  ;  a  sampling- 
tube. 

•thief'-ly,  *theefe-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  thief- 
•ly.]    Like  a  thief. 

"  And  ui  tlie  night  full  fA#e/«fy  can  he  stalk* 
When  every  wight  wae  to  hit  rate  brought.'1 

CAa««r;  Lwrvc*  <tf  Rfmt. 

•  thlef'-te-OUB,  a.     [Eng.    thief;    -fcota.] 
Thievish. 


"  Came  tMf/trouOg  to  snatch  away  some  of  my 
lardona."—  Cryuhart :  Rabtlait,  bk.  iL,  ch.  xiv. 

thl-ersch'-ite  (or  th  as  t),  s.    [After  F.  Ton 
Thiersch,  the  discoverer ;  nutf.  -ite  (J/i».).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  substance  occurring  as  an 
encrustation  on  the  marbles  of  the  Parthenon, 
Athens.  Stated  to  be  an  oxalate  of  lime  origi- 
nating from  the  action  of  vegetation  on  the 
marble. 

thi  6-thiT  dine,  «.  [Pref.  tfstfoV;  Eng. 
eth(yl),  aldehyde),  and  suff.  -int.] 

Chen.:  CsH]j(CsH5)XS2.  Prepared  from 
ethyhiniine  in  the  same  way  as  thiamethaldiue. 
Has  not  been  obtained  pure. 

thief -sle  (th  as  tX  «.    [Native  name.] 

1.  Bot. :  lltlanorrhcea  usitatitsima. 

2.  Chen. :  A  resinous  substance  nsed  as  a 
Tarnish  by  the   Burmese.      It  exudes  from 
Melanorrhcea  usitatissima  in  the  form  of  a 
very  viscid,  light-brown  liquid.     The  main 
portion  U  soluble   in  alcohol,  and  is  very 
tenacious.     The  remaining  portion  is  insol- 
uble in  alcohol,  but  partly  soluble  in  ether, 
and  changes,  on  exposure  to  the  air,  to  a  deep 
black  and  nearly  solid  substance. 

thieve,  t'.t.  &  «.    [A.8.  gellieofan.} 

A.  Intraiu. :  To  steal ;  to  practise  theft. 

"  Or  prowl  in  court*  of  law  lor  hnman  prey. 
I»  renal  eetiate  thine,  or  rob  on  broad  highway.* 
rkonuon:  CiuUi  of  Indolmc*.  L  a. 

*B.  Front, :  To  take  by  theft;  to  steal. 

"  Could  thi*  Hngult 

Who  prayed  thy  prsaeuce  with  so  fierce  *  fervour 
Hare  ttfered  the  seroU."       Lftlon  :  att*tKt«,  T.  n. 

thieve'-less,  a.  [Scotch  thieve  =  thew  (q.v.) ; 
-lets.]  Cold,  dry,  ungracious,  bitter,  (bpoken 
of  a  person's  demeanour.) 

"  Wl'  atfttktt  aneer  to  see  eaeb  modish  mien 
He,  down  the  water,  glee  him  thus  guid  e'en." 
Burnt:  Si 


thieV-er-f.    •  theev-er  y,  •  thev-er-y. 

(.    (Eng.  thieve;  -ry.] 
L  The  act  or  practice  of  thieving  ;  theft 

"For  In  hospitality.  at  In  i/U«wr»,  the  Gaelic 
marauders  rivalled  the  B*douln*.-_  *f«ca«to»  :  Hia. 
ANft..  on.  xviu. 

2.  That  which  is  stolen. 

"  Injnriom  Tint*  now,  with  a  robber's  hast*. 
CmiM  hi*  rich  tannery  up,  be  kuowt  not  how  * 
Shak**p.  :  Trvilu*  4  Creuida,  Ir.  4, 

thieves,  >.  pi.    |Tiiir.r.] 

thieves'  Latin,  ».  A  Jargon  nsed  by 
thieves  ;  the  cant  or  slang  used  entirely,  or 

almost  peculiar  to,  thieves. 

*  thieves'  vinegar,  ».  A  kind  of  vinegar 
made  by  digesting  rosemary  tops,  sage-leaves 
*c.,  in  vinegar,  anciently  believed  to  be  an 
antidote  against  the  plague.  It  derived  its 
name  and  popularity  from  the  story  that  four 
thieves  who  plundered  the  bodies  of  the  dead 
during  the  plague  ascribed  their  impunity  to 
this  preparation. 

thleV-Ish,  •  theev  ish.   •  thev-ish,  a. 
[Eng.  thief;  -ith.] 

1.  Given  to  stealing  ;  addicted  to  the  prac- 
tice of  theft 

"The  iiauieof  the  Lodrone.  commemorates  the  loeeei 
of  MagKlhaeut  crew  from  the  tititvith  propensities  of 
the  native*.  --rajJor  :  Ward,  t  riaca  led.  1878).  ci..  iL 

2.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  theft:  aa,  a 
thievish  practice. 

•3.  Given  to,  characterised  by,  or  accom- 
panied with  robbery. 

"  y,lhJL1?^  I"4  *»"-«•»•  "wrd  enforce 
A  tfeepuA  living  ou  the  common  road," 

Slifietf.  :  At  r<m  Ukt  H.  IL  S. 

4.  Frequented  or  infested  by  thieves  or 
robbers. 

"  Walk  In  tafeaUlk  wara," 

Skata?.  :  Itanua  t  Julia.  i».  i. 

6.  Acting  or  working  by  stealth;  sly,  secret 

••  UorrupUoQ't  tkitri*  art*. 
And  niflUn  force,  began  to  -pt*.  mound" 
And  majesty  of  laws."    TVOIMM  .-  IMiertg.  Ill  TO. 


thleV-Ish-1?.  "  thicv  Uh-lye,  adv.    [Eng. 

••:t  ;  -iy.J     Ina  a  thievish  luaauer  ;  like  a 
hy  tlieft     (Camper  :  Tank,  v.  67.) 

thleV-ish-ness,  t.  [Eng.  thievith;  -MIS.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  thievish. 

thlg,  v.  t.  *  <.  [Icel.  tKig,  thiggja  =  to  get,  to 
receive,  to  accept,  to  receive  hospitality  for 
a  night  ;  Uan.  liggt  =  to  beg  ;  tigger  =  a 
beggar  ;  A.3.  tkicgaM,  thigan  =  to  get,  to 
receive.] 

A.  Tram.  :  To  ask,  to  beg,  to  supplicate. 
(SMokJ 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  go  about  receiving  supply 
or  aid  from  neighbours,  ate.    (&ofcA.) 

••  Lang-legged  Hielaud  gillie*  that  will  neither 
work  nor  want,  and  m»un  gang  nigj'na  »nd  *ounin« 
about  ou  their  acquaintance*."  —  Scott  ;  Bob  Aov 
ch.  xxvi. 

thlg  ger,  «.  [Eng.  thiy;  -en]  One  who 
thi^s  ;  a  beggar;  especially  one  who  solicits 
a  gift  or  assistance  in  food  or  money,  not  on 
the  footing  of  an  absolute  mendicant  pauper, 
but  as  one  in  a  temporary  strait,  having 
claim  on  the  liberality  or  others. 

thigh  (g\  silent),  rtheigh,  *  thlh,  *thL 
"the,  *thy,  *thye,  g.  [A.S.  theoh,  theo; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  dij;  Icel.  MM  =  thigh,  rump; 
0.  H.  Ger.  deoli,  theak  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  Hiech,  die.] 
The  thick,  tieshy  portion  of  the  leg  between  the 
knee  and  the  trunk.  (Used  generally  of  man.) 

"  Onesimut  nu-'d  won*,  prepared  to  fly  ; 
The  fatal  fang  drove  deep  within  his  rAijA.' 

tfMlav  l/rid;  MttumorpkuMt  via 

thigh-bone,  .  . 

Anat.  :  The  femur,  the  largest  bone  in  the 
skeleton,  situated  between  the  os  innomi- 
natum  and  the  tibia.  In  the  erect  position  of 
the  tiody  it  inclines  inwards,  and  slightly 
backwards  as  it  descends.  At  its  superior 
extremity  is  its  neck  ;  its  shaft  terminates 
beneath  in  two  condyles,  united  anteriorly, 
but  separated  posteriorly  by  a  deep  intercon- 
dylar  Costa  or  notch.  [TBOCHANTKB.] 

"  Th*  toad*  of  the  gardener  hat  ttruck  upon  many 
•kullt  and  IhiaKjKna  at  a  short  distance  beneath  tlie 
tort  and  «owm.-_j,VM»i*w  :  JIM. 


*  thigh  borne,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to 
Bacchus  from  bis  having  bean  enclosed  in  the 
Uihjh  of  Zeus,  after  toe  death  of  his  mother, 
Semele. 

The  tAfcrA-torn*  battard  of  the  thtnd'rinf  low." 
J.  Taylor  :  loccAtu  t  Apollo. 

thigh-mouthed  Crustacea,  «.  pi. 

ZooL  :  The  Merostouiata  (q.v.). 


,  «  thlllce,  pron.  or  a.  [A.S.  tkyle,  for 
WM,  from  thf,  instrumental  case  of  «  ie6 
that  [Tati],  and  lie  =  like(q.v.).]  That,  that 
same. 

"  I  lore  lAfi*  laat:  ala*.  why  do  I  love? 
She  delgni  not  my  good  will,  but  doth  reproTe." 
Sinter  :  SkefAeartli  Cnlendtr  ;  Jan. 

thill,  -thllle,  •thylle,  ».  [A.8.  tkUh  =  a 
slip  of  wood,  a  trencher;  cogn.  with  Icel. 
thuja  =  a  plank,  planking  ;  M.  H.  Gar.  dille  • 
O.  H.  Ger.  rliild,  thili;  Ger.  dule  =  a  board, 
a  plank  ;  Icel.  thiti  =  a  wainscot,  a  plank  • 
O.  H.  Ger.  dtl,  dilo  =  a  plank.) 

L  Vehicles  :  A  shaft  ;  one  of  the  two  side- 
pieces  by  which  one  horse  is  hitched  to  a 
vehicle.  (Written  also^tt.) 

i.l',M'2ree*8lly  •  ""WConinay  be  drawn  In  rough  wayt 
If  tlie  fore  wbeelt  were  as  high  as  tho  binder  wheel*. 
and  If  the  OiUli  were  fixed  undertheaxia.-—  Mortimrr- 


2.  Mining  :  The  floor  of  the  mine. 

thill-coupling,  ».  Adevice  for  fastening 
the  shafts  to  the  fore-axle. 

thill-horse,  «.  The  same  at  THILLEB 
(q.v.).  (Written  also  flU-hane). 

"Thou  hatt  got  more  hair  on  thy  chin  than  Dobbin. 
my  Mil-horn,  ha*  on  hi*  ta41."—  ototap,  .  J/a-chani 
o/  rtnicr,  T.  I 

thill-jack,  ».  A  tool  for  attaching  the 
thills  of  a  carriage  to  the  clips  of  the  axle. 

thill-tug,  *.  A  leather  loop  depending 
from  llie  harness  saddle  to  hold  the  shaft  of  a 
carriage. 

thflT-er,  «.  [Eng.  ttOl;  *-.]  The  horse 
which  goes  between  the  thills  or  shafts  and 
supports  them.  (Written  also  filler.) 

~  S!',','1'  '?£"*  *"d  1*d<"°'  •hl"~th«r.  and  aan. 
V*  ith  eoUan  atid  harueat.  for  Uiillrr  and  ali." 


used  to  protect  the  end  of  the  Anger  in  sewing. 
-  use  a  tliimble  having  a  rounded 
end  with  numerous  small  jritsor  indentations. 
Those  used  by  tailors  are  open  at  the  euj. 

"The  first,  a  travelling  tailor,  w  h.,  1)T  the  inytterr 


thim  -We,    •  thim  -  bell,     "  thim  -  WL 
•  thym-byl,  «.     (A.8.    thfmtl  =  a  thumb- 
stall,  from  thuma  =  a  thumb.] 
1.  Keedlewark:    A  metallic  cap  or  sheath 


3.  Build. :  A  sleeve  around  a  stove-pipe 
when  it  passes  through  a  wall  or  ceiling. 
A.  Machinery: 

(1)  A  sleeve  or  tube  through  which  a  bolt 
passes,  and  which  may  act  as  a  stay. 

(2)  A  ferrule  to  expand  a  tube  ;  speciBcally, 
a  ferrule  for  boiler-tuoes. 

5.  Kant. :  An  iron  ring  having  an  exterior 
groove  worked  into  a  rope  or  sail,  for  the 
purpose  of  receiving  another  rope  or  a  lanyard  • 
a  large  eyelet. 

thimble-berry,  t. 

Bot.:  (1)  A  kind  of  black  raspberry,  Rubui 
occiiltntalit,  common  in  America  •  (2)  JL 
rpectabilti;  (3)  E.  nuttaniu. 

thimble-case,  a.    A  case  for  holding  a 

thimble  or  thimbles. 

thimble-coupling,  «. 

^fach. :  A  kind  of  permanent  coupling  of 
which  the  coupling-box  consists  of  a  plain 
nng  of  metal,  supposed  to  resemble  a  tailor's 
thimble,  bored  to  (It  the  two  connected  ends 
of  the  shafts.  The  connection  is  secured 
by  pins  passed  through  the  ends  of  u,e 
shafts  and  tliimble,  or  by  a  parallel  key  or 
feather  bedded  in  the  boss  ends  of  tlie  shafts, 
anrl  let  into  a  corresponding  groove  in  the 
thimble.  Called  also  pump-coupling  or  rine- 
coupling. 

thimble-eye,  t. 

Kavt. :  An  eye  In  a  plate  through  which  a 
rope  is  rove  without  a  sheave. 

thimble-Joint,  s.  A  sleeve-Joint,  with 
an  interior  packing  to  keep  the  joints  of  pipes 
tight  during  expansion  and  contraction. 

thimble-rig,  ..  A  sleight-of-hand  trick, 
performed  by  int-ans  of  three  thimbles  and  a 
pea.  The  pea  being  placed  on  a  table  and 
covered  with  one  of  the  thimbles,  the  per- 
former proceeds  to  shift  the  thimbles,  covering 
the  pea  now  with  one,  now  with  another,  and 
offers  to  bet  «ny  bystander  that  no  one  can 
tell  under  which  thimble  the  pea  is.  The 
person  betting  is  neldom  allowed  to  win,  the 
pea  beiug  abstracted  by  sleight  of  hand. 

thimble -rig,  v.t.  or  *.  To  cheat  by 
means  of  thimble-rigging. 

thimble-rigger,  s.  One  who  practise* 
the  trick  of  thimble-rig  ;  a  trickster. 

"  rH"Mr-riy?rrt  abounded,  and  their  tables  wer* 
surrounded  by '  bonnet*.'  '—Dailf  ^(ayroM.  March  U, 

thimble-rigging,  a.  &  s. 

A.  At  adj. :  Practising  the  tricks  of  a  thim- 
ble-rigger. 

B.  Assubst. :  The  acts  or  tricks  of  a  thimble- 
rigger. 

thimble-skein,  a. 

Vekicbx:  A  sleeve  over  the  arm  of  a  waggon- 
axle  ;  distinguished  from  a  strap-skein,  which 
is  simply  a  flat  iron  strip  let  into  the  wood  of 
the  axle-arm  to  take  the  wear  from  the  wood. 

thimble-weed,  .-. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Rudbcckia ;  so  named  from 
the  shape  of  the  receptacle. 

thim  -ble-ful,  t.  [Eng.  thimble,  and  full.] 
As  much  as  uiay  be  contained  in  a  thimble; 
hence,  any  very  small  quantity. 

"  Had  the  credit  of  suggesting  the  addition  of  a 

thimbleful  of   Veuve    CiicyuoL'  —  Daily    Telegraph, 
Sept.  11,  IBM. 

*  thime  (th  as  t),  >.    [THYME.] 

thin,  '  thinne,  *  thnnne,  *  thynne,  a.  * 

adv.  (A.S.  thnnne;  cogn.  with  iiut.  dun; 
Icel.  Uiuunr;  ban.  tynd :  Sw.  lu»n;  O.  H. 
Ger.  dunni  ;  Ger.  diinn;  Welsh  teneu ;  Gael. 
&  Irish  (ana  ;  Lat.  tenv.it ;  Or.  rooot  (tanmu)  ; 
Sannc.  tana.  From  the  root  tan-  =  to  stretch, 
seen  in  Lat.  tendo  =  to  stretch  ;  A.S.  Athenian; 
Gr.  retW  (teino) ;  Eng.  tenuity,  attenuate,  lie.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

I  Literally: 

1.  Having  little  thickness  or  extent  from 


fete,  ftt,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fill,  lather ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
or.  w  ire,  woit  work,  who,  son;  mute,  onto,  core,  nnite.  cur.  rule,  fiUU  try.  Syrian,    te.  o>  =  e;  ey  =  m;  qu  =  lew. 


thin— think 


4695 


one  surface  to  its  opposite ;  ilim  :  M,  thin 
paper,  a  thin,  board,  <Scr. 

2.  Rare :  not  dense.    (Used  of  the  air  and 
•fcrifonn  fluids.) 

"  Melted  Into  air.  thin  air." 

Shttketp.  :  Tempest,  iv.  L 

3.  Not  sufficient  for  a  covering  :  easily  seen 
through ;  flimsy. 

"  Thi.  dinthK'tiui)  1*  a  metaphysical  nothing,  and  is 
brought  ouly  ti*  amuse  men  that  have  not  l»imra  to 
consider.  And  he  that  say*  one.  wya  th*  other ;  or  as 
bad  uuderalftin  and  transparent  cover. "—Bp.  Taylor: 
MMutui»«fr"m  Poptry,  I*,  i.,  pt.  ii.,  )  5. 

4.  Deficient  in  such  ingredient  aa  gives  body 
or  substance  ;  not  inspissated ;  not  contain- 
ing much  solid  matter  in  solution  or  suspen- 
sion ;  deficient  in  body. 

"  To  warm  new  milk,  puur  any  alkali ;  the  liquor 
will  remain  at  rest,  though  it  appear  somewhat 
thinner."—  Arbuthnot. 

5.  Not  close  ;  not  crowded  together  so  aa  to 
fill  the  apace  ;  not  having  the  individuals  of 
which  the  thing  is  composed  close,  compact, 
or  dense. 

"  Early  sowing  and  thin  needing  are  among  the  heat 
means  for  securing  that  desirable  end."— Daily  Tele, 
fr-iph,  Oct.  S,  1885. 

6.  Not  crowded  or  well  filled  ;  not  full. 

"  Ferrara  Is  very  large,  but  extremely  Atn  of 
people. "-Additon:  On  Italy. 

7.  Slim,  slender  ;  not  fat  or  stont, 

"  My  face  so  thin."  Shaketp.  :  King  John,  L 

8.  Not  full  or  full-grown. 

"  Seven  (ft in  ears  blasted  with  the  eaat  wind,"— 
^en  lit  \li.  «. 

*  9.  Scanty,  small,  poor. 

"  A  tJtin  and  slender  pittance." 

Shitkftp, :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  !T.  4. 

10.  Faint,  feeble,  slight,  meagre  ;  destitute 
Of  volume  or  fulness.    (Said  of  sound.) 

11.  F iff.  '   Flimsy,  unsatisfactory :  as,  The 
excuse  was  rather  thin.    Used  also  of  literary 
work  of  a  poor  quality. 

B.  As  adv. :  Not  thickly  or  closely ;  thinly, 
•catteredly,  scantily.  (See  the  compounds.) 

U  Thin  U  largely  Used  in  compounds,  the 
meanings  being  in  most  cases  sufficiently 
Obvious:  aa,  tfun-faced,  (/lire-peopled,  &c. 

thin-clad,  a.    Slightly  or  scantily  clad. 

*  thin-gut,  *.    A  starveling. 

thin-set,  o.  Planted  thinly ;  not  thick- 
set. 

"  TMn-iet  with  palm. 
And  olive  rarvlyintenparsil.     J.  Philipt :  Ctrealia. 

*  thin- sheeted*  a.    Wearing  or  covered 
With  thin  sheets. 

"  All  hail,  M.P.  1  from  whow  Internal  ttraln 
Thin-theetett  phantom*  glide,  agrisly  train. 
Byron  :  Engti**  Bardt  A  Sco        " 

thin  skinned,  a.  Having  a  thin  skin  ; 
hence,  tig.,  unduly  sensitive,  easily  offended 
or  irritated. 

*  thin-spun,  a.    Spun  to  thinness  or  fine- 
ness ;  Hue-spun,  thin,  delicate. 

"  COUIM  the  blind  Fury  with  the  abhorred  shear*. 
And  sliU  the  thin*p»n  life."    Jtilton :  Lycid**,  7& 

thin,  v.t.  &  i.    [THIN,  a.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  thin  or  less  thick ;  to  attenuate ; 
to  make  sleuder  or  lean. 

"  Th*  serum  of  the  blood  la  neither  add  aor  alka- 
line ;  oil  of  vitriol  thickens,  aud  oil  of  tartar  thint  it 
A  little."— Arbuthnnt. 

2.  To  make  less  crowded,  close,  or  numer- 
ous; to  diminish  the  number  of ;  to  reduce  in 
nuMibers.    (Often  used  without;  as,  To  thin 
out  a  forest.) 

"  If  those  wets  were  to  be  thinned  by  a  large  de- 
•ertioit."— J/acattlay :  Silt.  Kn<j.t  cii.  xi. 

3.  To  attenuate ;   to  rarefy ;  to  make  less 
denst? ;  as,  To  thin  the  air. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  diminish  in  thickness;  to 
become  thin  or  thinner;  to  waste  away. 

•y  Often  with  away  or  out:   as  geologica' 
strata  .are  said  to  thin  out  when  they  gradu- 
ally diminish  in  thickness  till  they  disappear. 
"  Their  cheeks  with  thin  or  droop." 

Jfjr  tiinuti/ul  Lady, 

fhine,  *  thin,  adj.  or  pron,  [A.S.  dhin,  poss. 
pnm.  declined  like  an  adjective  ;  derived  from 
dhin,  geuit.  case  of  dhu  —  tliou  (q.v.).  Cogn. 
with  leel.  thinn,  thin,  thittt  from  thin,  genii 
of  thu;  Dan.  A;  Sw.  din;  Get.  dein,  froir 
deiner,  genit.  of  du  ;  Goth,  thfins,  from  theina 
genit.  of  thu.  In  Mid.  Eng.  tJiin  was  declined 
genit.  thines,  dat.  thine,  nom.  nnd  accus.  pi 
thine;  by  loss  of  n  came  Mid.  Eng.  thi  = 
En«.  thy.  The  n  was  commonly  retained  be 
pare  a  vowel  aud  when  the  pronoun  followe< 


the  substantive.]     Thy ;  belonging  to  thee ; 

being  the  property  of  thee  ;  relating  to  thee. 
Like  thou,  thine  is  now  seldom  used  except  in 
poetry,  solemn  discourses,  or  the  language  of 
the  Quakers.  Thine  is  the  form  generally 
used  before  a  vowel,  thy  taking  its  place  be- 
fore consonants ;  but  tins  use  is  not  strictly- 
adhered  to,  many  writers  using  both  forms 
before  vowels,  but  thine  is  always  used  if  it 
follows  the  noun.  Like  h»n,  ou«,  yours, 
mine,  his,  theirs,  thine  is  used  absolutely  or 
independently— that  is,  without  the  noun  to 
which  it  belongs — and  serves  either  as  a 
nominative  or  objective  or  predicate:  as, 
Thine  are  poor,  Give  me  thine,  That  house  is 
thine. 

"  GiT«  every  man  thine  ear  but  few  thy  voice." 

Shakeip. :  Hamlet,  i.  8. 

thing,  *  thyng,  B.  [A.S.  thing  =  &  cause, 
sake,  office,  reason,  council  ;  cogn.  with  put. 
ding;  leel.  thing  =  a  thing  ...  a  meeting  ; 
Dan.  &  Sw,  ting;  O.  H.  Ger.  dine;  Ger.  ding. 
From  the  same  root  aa  A.S.  theon  =  to  thrive 
[THEE,  v.] ;  thingan  =  to  grow.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Anything  which  can  be  made  the  subject) 
of    consideration    or    discussion;    anything 
separable  or  distinguishable  as  an  object  of 
thought ;    anything    animate    or   inanimate ; 
whatever  exists,  or  is  conceived  to  exist,  as  a 
separate  entity. 

"  The  universality  of  cue  name  to  many  thinfft,  hath 
been  the  cause  that  men  think  the  thinfft  are  them- 
selves universal;  and  so  seriously  contend,  that  be- 
sides Peter  and  John,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  men  that 
are,  have  l>een,  or  shall  be  in  the  world,  there  is  yet 
aomeCAiria  else  that  we  call  man.  viz.,  man  in  general 
—deceivluii  themselves,  by  Uking  the  universal,  or 
general  appellation,  for  the  thing  it  siguifieth.  — 
Uoifbt:  Human  Nature,  ch.  v. 

2.  An  inanimate   object  as   distinguished 
from  a  living  being ;  any  lifeless  material  or 
object. 

41  Te  meads  and  groves,  unconscious  thing*  ! 
Y«  know  not  whence-  my  pleasure  apriim*." 

Copper :  Secret*  of  Divine  Lo*e. 

3.  Applied  to  man  or  animals,  often  in  pity 
or  contempt,  sometimes  with  an  idea  of  fond- 
ness, tenderness,  or  admiration. 

4.  An  act,  a  deed,  a  transaction,  a  matter, 
an  event,  an  action  ;  anything  which  happens 
or  fails  out,  or  is  done,  told,  or  proposed. 

*  lit  by  whose  authority  these  thinfft  had  been  done. 
had  abdicated  the  government."  — J/ueuuio^.-  Mitt. 
Sng.t  ch.  x. 

*  &  A  piece  of  competition  :  as,  a  tale,  a 
poem,  a  piece  of  music,  or  the  like, 

"  I  have  a  thirty  In  prone,  begun  about  twenty-eight 
yearn  ago,  and  almost  finished;  It  will  make  a  four 
ah  I l!in|  volume."— .Swift. 

6.  A  portion,  a  part,  an  Item,  a  particnlar. 
In  this  sense  generally  compounded  with  any 
or  no,  and  often  used  adverbially. 

7.  (PL):  Clothes, accoutrements,  furniture, 
luggage  ;  what  one  carries  about  with  him  : 
as,  Pack  up  my  things.    (Colloq.) 

8.  A  judicial  or  legislative  assembly  among 
Scandinavian  people,  as  in  Iceland  or  Nor- 
way.    The  thingvalto  in  Iceland  was  a  spot  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  island,  where  the  al- 
thtng,  or  general  parliament,  was  accustomed 
to  meet  in  the  middle  ages.    (Pron.  ting.) 

"  Likewise  the  Swedish  king 
Summoned  in  haste  a  thing, 
Weapons  and  men  to  bring 
In  aid  of  Denmark."  LongfeUov. 

IT.  Law :  A  subject  of  dominion  or  property, 
as  distinguished  from  a  person. 

"  Thinfft  real  are  such  as  are  permanent,  flx'd.  and 
iiimioreaUe,  which  cannot  be  carried  oat  of  their 
place;  aa  lands  and  tenements;  things  personal  are 
goods,  money,  and  all  other  moveables ;  which  mny 
attend  the  owner's  person  wherever  he  thinks  proper 
to  %-j,"—Bl<ickttan*  :  Cammentariet,  bk.  ii.  ch.  1 

1[  (1)  A  thing  of  nothing,  a  thing  of  naught : 
A  phrase  used  to  denote  anything  very  worth 
less. 

"  Yon  must  say,  paragon :  A  paramour  IB,  God  bless 
us!  a  thing  of  naught."— Shaketpeare :  Midsummer 
flight' »  Dream,  iv.  2. 

(2)  The  thing:  As  it  ought  to  be;  in  the 
normal,  perfect,  or  becoming  condition;  ap- 
plied colloquially  to  an  ideal  or  typical  condi- 
tion, as  of  health,  dress,  conduct,  complete- 
ness, perfectness,  exactness,  becomingness,  or 
the  like. 

thing'- um- a  jig,  thing'- urn -bob. 
thing'  um  my,  «.  [Ludicrous  formations 
from  thing.]  A  term  used  when  one  is  at  a 
loss  for  a  definite  name  for  some  object;  - 
whatVitB-name,  a  what-do-you-call-it. 

"  Yon  will  then  see  In  the  middle  of  a  brand  plain 
lonely  grey  house,  with  a  thingumbob  at  the  top:  a 
'servatory  they  call  it."— Lytton :  Eugene  Aram,  bk.  1. 
ch.  ii. 


think,  *  thenke,  *  thynke,  •  thlnke  (pa. 
t.  thought,  *  tkoitghte,  pa.  par.  thought),  v.i,  & 
t.  [A.S,  thencun,  t/Mitoettn  =  to  think  (pa.  t. 
thohte);  cog.  with  Irel.  thekkja;  Dan.  tcsnkc; 
Sw.  tdnka ;  Ger.  denken(pR..  t.  dachtc);  Goth. 
thagkjan  (pa.  t.  thahta).  Allied  to  thank  (q.v.). 
Originally  distinct  from  the  impersonal  verb 
thinkcn,  but  soon  confused  with  it,]  [M* 
THINKS.  ] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  occupy  the  mind  on  some  subject ;  to 
have  ideas  ;  to  revolve  ideas  in  the  mind  ;  to 
copritnte  ;  to  reason  ;  to  exercise  the  power  of 
thought ;  to  have  a  succession  of  ideas  or  in- 
tellectual   states ;    to    perform   any    mental 
operation,  whether   of  apprehension,   judg- 
ment, or  illation ;  to  muse  ;  to  meditate. 

"  I  think,  but  dar«  not  apeak." 

AA.ii.  */... ;  Macbeth,  T.  1. 

2.  To  judge  ;  to  form  a  com-lusion  ;  to  de- 
termine ;  to  be  of  opinion  ;  to  opine. 

"  She  think*  he  could  not  die." 

tihakftp.  :  Venut  *  AdOHti,  1,060. 

3.  To  purpose,  to  mean,  to  design,  to  in- 
tend,  to  hope. 

"  Thinking  to  bar  thee  of  succesaiou,  as 
Thou  relt'st  me  of  my  lands." 

fhuicitj'.  :  CvmtMHn*.  iti.  S. 

4.  To  imagine,  to  suppose,  to  fancy. 

41  Let  him  that  thinkmh  lie  staudeth,  take  heed  lart 
be  fall."— l  Corinth,  x.  12. 

5.  To  guess  ;  to  form  an  opinion  or  idea. 

"  Then  Innocent  ran  In  (for  that  ma  her  name), 
and  said  to  those  within,  Can  you  thin*  who  is  at  th» 
door?"— Bunffan:  Pilgrim'!  frogrets,  pt.  ii. 

6.  To  reflect,  to  recolleat,  to  call  to  mind. 

"  Bid  her  think  what  a  man  itS—Xhakeip. :  Merry 
Wivft.  ill.  a. 

II  Followed  by  o/,  on,  or  upon. 

"  Thin*  o/that,  a  man  of  my  kidney,  think  qf  that" 
—Shakeip. ;  Merry  Wtvct,  ill.  5. 

7.  To    consider,    to    deliberate,    to    take 
thought.    {Luke  xii.  17.) 

8.  To  judge ;  to  form  an  opinion  or  estimate. 

"  As  you  hear  ef  me,  so  think  of  me," 

ShakMp.  :  Much  Ado,  iv.  L 

*  9.  To  presume,  to  venture. 

"Think  not  to  say  within  yourselves,  We  hav« 
Abraham  to  our  Fftth«r.--.«o«V*w  m.  9. 

*  10.  To  expect 

"  Do  yon  think 
to  find  »  woman  without  any  fault  ?  " 

Cowman..-  Comettin  of  Terence,  p.  8M. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  form  or  harbour  in  the  mind  ;  to  con- 
ceive, to  imagine. 

"  To  tMnk  so  base  a  thought, " 

Shakmif. :  Merchant  <tf  FMSM,  U.  T. 

2.  To  design,  to  meditate. 

"Charity  thinketh  no  eTll."— 1  Corinthiant  ilii.  & 

S.  To  hold  in  opinion ;  to  consider,  to  re- 
gard, to  believe,  to  esteem. 

"  M\y  I  be  bold  to  tMnk  tbwe  sprites!" 

Shahttp.  :  Timpvt.  IT.  1. 

*4.  To  contrive,  to  plan. 

*  5.  To  make  an  object  of  thought ;  to  form 
a  conception  of. 

*  C.  Impersonally : 

1.  It  appears  to  ;  it  seems  to.    (Only  used 
now  in  methinks.) 

"  Than  U  It  wisdom,  as  it  thitiktth  nu 
To  maken  vertue  of  necewite." 

Chau^r:  C.  T.,  S.OO. 

2.  To  occur  to. 

••  Bo  that  hym  thtnketh  of  a  dale 
A  tliousande  yere  till  he  male  se 
The  visage  of  Penelope."        Gower:  O.  A.,  rr. 

T  1.  To  think  of:  To  estimate,  to  esteem ; 
to  have  an  opinion. 

"  Think  of  m*  as  yon  please." 

Shakt*t>. ;  Tvelft*  IffyM.  T. 

2.  To  think  on  (or  upon) : 

(1)  To  meditate,  to  reflect,  to  consider. 

(2)  To  light  on  or  discover  by  meditation. 

"  If  any  order  might  be  thought  on." 

Shake*?.  :  Henry  F..  IT.  K. 

(3)  To  remember  with  favour ;  to  have  re- 
gard for  ;  to  pay  attention  to ;  to  provide  for. 

"  Think  upon  me,  myQod,  for  good." — fiehtmiah  v,  10. 

3.  To  think  long : 

(1)  To  long  for ;  to  expect  with  longing  or 
Impatience. 

"  Long  she  thirikt  till  he  retnrn  again." 

Shuketp. :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  l.Kt. 

(2)  To  think  the  time  long ;  to  weary ;  to 
suffer  from  ennui.    (Scotch.) 

*  4.  To  think  much :  To  grudge. 

*  5.  To  think  icorn : 

(1)  To  disdain  to  do  an  act  as  being  beneath 
one ;  to  scorn.  (Esther  iii.  6.) 


Ml,  bo^;  p6ut,  Jtf*l;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    -lag. 
-tian  «  shan.   -tion.  -«lon  =  mhun;  -flon,  -ylon^zhun,   -clous,  -tloo%  -ftious  =  ohiU.   -ble,  -die,  &c,  =  bcl,  d^L 


4696 


think— thiofucusol 


(2)  To  feel  deeply  indignant ;  to  feel  tha 
an  act  done  or  threatened  is  calculated  tc 
bring  one  into  scorn  or  contempt. 

*  think, .-.    [THINK,  v.]    A  thought. 

"  He  thinks  mnuy  a  long  AinJk." 

Brotening :  lliny  it  foot.  Til  911. 

think  a  blo,  a.  [Eng.  think  ;  -able.]  Capabl 
of  being  thought ;  conceivable,  cogitable 
Imaginable. 

"But  what  la  the  condition  under  which  alone  a 
relation  la  thinkable  t    It  ii  tMnJtabfe  only  at  of  a 
certain  order— as  belonging,  or  not  belonging,  to  sum 
class  of  before-known  relation*."— JfiU :   Suitem  of 
Logic,  {  41. 

think  er,  «.    [Eng.  think ;  -tr.] 

1.  One   who  thinks  ;   especially  one  who 
thinks  in  a    particular  manner,  as  a  close 
thinker,  a  deep  thinker. 

"  He  was  able,  here  and  there,  to  delude  a  superflcia 
tttinktr  with  his  new  terms  and  reasonings :  but  the 
hardest  task  of  all  was.  thoroughly  to  deceive  him."— 
Attrrf'itry :  Sermon*,  vol.  iv..  ser.  4. 

2.  One  who  turns  his  attention  to,  or  writes 
on,  speculative  subjects. 

think  ing, '  thenkynge,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  a. 
[THINK.] 

A*  As  pr,  par, :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Having  the  power  or  faculty 
of   thought;  capable  of  a  regular  train  of 
thought ;  cogitative :  as,  Man  is  a  thinking 
animal. 

C.  At  tubst. :  The  act  or  state  of  one  who 
thinks ;     cogitation,    thought,    meditation, 
judgment,  opinion,  idea. 

"  I  am  wrapt  In  dismal  tMnkingi." 

siuitap.  ••  AiCt  »•««.  T.  a. 

•  thlnk'-lng-ljf,  adv.     [Eng.  thinking ;  -ly.} 
By  thinking,  by  thought. 

thin  -1?,  adv.     [Eng.  thin,  a.  ;  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  thin  manner ;  not  thickly  or  deeply : 
aa,  thinly  clad. 
*  2.  Slightly,  insufficiently. 

"  This  may  help  to  thicken  other  proofs 
That  do  demonstrate  rAfnfy." 

S»o*»,c. .-  Ot\ttlo,  111.  a. 

3.  In  a  thin,  scattered  manner ;  not  densely 
or  closely ;  scantily. 

"  A  choice  shrub,  which  he  who  names  by 
With  vacant  mind,  not  seldom  may  observe 
Fair  flowering  in  a  tAlnfy.psopled  house." 

Wordtwort*:  Ercvrtion.  bk.  vi. 

thin  ner,  s.  [Eng.  thin,  v. ;  -er.)  One  who 
or  that  which  thins  or  makes  thin. 

thin  -neu,  >.    [Eng.  thin,  a. ;  -not.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  thin  ;  small- 
ness  of  extent  from  one  surface  to  its  oppo- 

"Thoee  In  the  tree,  though  generally  constructed 
under  some  over-hanging  branch,  from  the  nature  and 
CArnneu  of  their  crust  or  wall,  cannot  be  [proof  against 
wet).-— Coo* ;  nra  royafe,  bk.  111.,  ch.  v5T 

2.  Tenuity,  rareness. 

3.  Slimness,  slendcrness,  leanness. 

4.  A  state  approaching  to  fluidity,  or  even 
fluidity  ;  the  opposite  to  spissitnde. 

"The  extreme  lightness  of  her  \\  bird's]  furniture 
being  approportionated  to  the  rhmneti  of  that  ele- 
ment"— Jiore.-  Antidote  agaitut  AtMtm,  bk.  it, 

CD.  xi.,  |  13. 

5.  Rareness  ;  the  state  of  being  scattered  ; 
paucity. 

"In  country  villages  Pope  Leo  the  Seventh  indulged 
a  practice,  through  the  tliinnru  of  the  inhabitants, 
which  opened  a  way  for  pluralities."— AyHffs:  Purer- 
gon. 

6.  Exility,    smallness,    fineness ;    want   of 
fulness  or  volume :  as,  the  thinness  of  a  voice. 

•  thin -nl-fy,  v.t.  [Eng.  thin;  i  connect.  ; 
sulf.  -fy.}  To  make  thin. 

"The  heart  .  .  .  doth  so  rt.'m.j/y  the  blood.'— 
PryuAart :  K-ibaait,  bk.  111.  ch.  Iv. 

thin  -ning,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  >.    [THIN,  *.] 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  it  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  making  thin  or 
thinner. 

2.  That  which  is  removed  in  the  act  or  pro- 
cess of  making  anything  thin. 

"  In  conjunction  with  other  checks  and  limits,  all 
subservient  to  the  .same  purpose,  are  the  tfiinninyi 
which  take  place  among  animals,  by  their  action 
upon  one  another. "—Paieg :  fiat,  nuot.,  ch.  Xxri. 

thin  ntsh,  a.  [Eng.  thin,  a. ;  -<**.]  Some- 
what or  rather  thin. 

thi-nA-,  pref.  [Or.  6V5  (thii),  genit.  ».i/o> 
(f»in<M)  =  the  beach,  the  shore.]  Inhabiting 
or  found  on  the  shore. 


thi-no-cdr'-I-dw,  ».  pi.     [Lat.  tMnowr(us) 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  surT.  -idee.] 

Ornith.  :  Quail-snipes  ;  a  family  of  Grails? 
with  two  genera,  Attagis  and  Thinocoru: 
(q.v.). 

thi  noc  6r-ua,  s.  [Pref.  thino-,  and  Gr 
\optvui  (choreud)  =  to  dance.  (Agassiz.)] 

Ornith.:  The  type-genus  of  Thinocoridse 
with  two  species,  from  La  Plata,  Chili,  am 
Peru. 

thi-no-hy-iis,  s.  [Pref.  thino-,  and  Gr.  us 
(hut),  genit.  tros (Auos)  =  a  swine.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Suidae,  abundant  in 
the  Upper  Miocene  of  Oregon.  It  is  allied  ti 
Dicotyles  (q.v.),  but  has  an  additional  pre 
molar  tooth  and  a  much  smaller  brain-cavity. 

thi  no  les'  tea,  s.  [Pref.  thino-,  and  Gr 
Ajjo-njc  (latis)  =  a  robber.] 

Palaxmt.  :  A  genus  of  Limnotheridee,  from 
the  Lower  Eocene  of  Wyoming. 

thi  -no-lite,  s.  [Pret  thino-,  and  Gr.  Ai'So?  = 
a  stone.] 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  a  large  shore  de 
posit  of  tufaceous  carbonate  of  lime,  which 
contains  pseudomorphs  of  a  mineral  believec 
to  have  originally  been  gaylussite  (q.v.).  E. 
8.  Dana  lias  pointed  out  that  the  angles  01 
some  of  the  crystals  are  not  found  to  coincide 
with  those  of  the  latter  mineral,  and  that  the 
original  mineral  remains  still  unknown. 

thi-OS  pref.  [Gr.  ««»>•  (theion)  =  sulphur.; 
Having  sulphur  in  its  composition. 

thio  alcohols,  ».  pi.    [MEBCAPTAN.] 
thio-ethylic   ether,   s.     [ETHYL-SOL- 

PMDE.  I 

thio-urea,  s.    [SDLPHUKEA-] 

thi-6-ben  16  -Ic,  a.  [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 
benzoic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphur 
and  benzoic  acid. 

thiobenzoic  acid,  >. 

Chen. :  |  colk.  An  ""^OP"  of  thiacetic 
acid.  Produced  by  mixing  an  alcoholic  solu- 
tion of  potassium  monosulphide  with  chloride 
of  benzoyl.  Hydrochloric  acid  added  to  the 
potash  salt  separates  the  acid  as  an  oily  body, 
which  when  left  for  some  time  deposits  the 
acid  in  colourless  crystals.  When  pure,  it 
forms  small  rhombic  tables,  Inodorous  and 
tasteless,  melts  at  120°,  is  quite  insoluble  in 
water,  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
and  easily  in  carbonic  disulphide.  It  forms 
definite  salts  with  bases. 

thi-*-lra-tyr'-Io,  o.  [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 
butyric.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphur 
and  butyric  acid. 

thiobutyric  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  C4H8OS.  An  acid  homologous  with 
thiacetic  acid,  produced  by  the  action  of 
phosphoric  protosulphide  on  butyric  acid. 

thi-6   cap -rin-al -dine,  «.    [Pref.  ttio-; 

Eng.  capric,  and  aldine.] 

Chem. :  A  compound  analogous  to  thialdine, 
formed,  according  to  Wagner,  by  the  action 
of  sulphydric  acid  on  the  ammonia  compound 
of  capric  aldehyde.  (Watti.) 

thi-6- car  ba- nude,  s.  [Pref.  thio-,  and 
Eng.  carbamide.]  [SuLPHDREA.] 

thl-S-car'-ban-n,  ».    [Pref.  thio-;  Eng. 

carb(on),  and  a.nil(ine).] 

Chem. :  CSNCjH*.  Phenylic  mustard  oil. 
Formed  from  the  carbanilide  by  distillation 
with  phosphoric  anhydride,  and  by  the  action 
of  phosgene  on  aniline.  A  colourless  liquid, 
smelling  like  mustard  oil,  and  boiling  at  222'. 

thi-6-oarb-an'-Il-ide, ».  [Eng.  thiocarbanil; 
•ide.] 

Chem. :  CS_  j,-jj/^j]  \  Formed  by  heating 
equivalent  quantities  of  aniline  and  potash 
hydrate  in  alcoholic  solution  with  excess  of 
carbon  sulphide.  Dilute  hydrochloric  acid 
is  added,  and,  after  evaporation,  the  mass  is 
crystallized  from  alcohol.  It  yields  colourless 
lamina;,  melting  at  144°,  insoluble  in  water, 
very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

thi-i-ehron'-fo,  a.  [Pref.  thio- ;  second  ele- 
ment doubtful.)  Derived  from  or  containing 
sulphur  and  chloroquinone. 


thlochronic  acid,  >. 

Chem.  :  C5H884Oi4.  Obtained  as  a  potas- 
sium salt  when  a  hot  solution  of  percnloro- 
quinone  is  mixed  with  concentrated  aqueou» 
acid  sulphite  of  potassium. 


Chem.  :  C9H8S.  A  pulverulent  substance 
formed,  with  sulphide  of  ammonium,  by  the 
action  of  sulphydric  acid  on  hydrocinnamide 


thi-S-cre'-sdl,  s.      [Pref.   thio-,   and   Emt 
cresol.] 


Chem.  (PI.):  CsH^^S  Tolyl  hydrosul- 
phides.  Produced  from  the  three  isomeric 
toluene  sulphonic  acids  by  reducing  the  cor- 
responding chlorides  with  zinc  and  hydro- 
chloric acid.  (1)  Ortho-,  shining  laniinse 
melting  at  15°,  boiling  at  188'.  (2)  Meta- 
liquid,  not  solid,  at  -  10°.  (3)  Para-,  large 
laminae,  melting  at  43°,  boiling  at  188°. 

tlu-i-cy-iln'-Kc,  »•  [Pref-  thio-,  and  Eng. 
cyanic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphur 
and  cyanic  acid. 

thiocyanlc  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  CHNS.  Obtained  by  decomposing 
lead  thiocyanate  in  water,  with  lulphydrie 
acid  gas.  Its  solution  is  colourless,  very  acid. 
and  not  poisonous.  Soluble  thiocyanates  give 
a  blood-red  colour  with  ferric  salts,  thus  af- 
fording a  delicate  test  for  hydrocyanic  acid, 
if  the  latter  be  first  converted  into  thiocyan- 
ate by  yellow  ammonium  sulphide. 

thlocyanic  ether,  >. 
Chem.   (PL):    Normal   ethyl    thiocyanato, 
is  a  mobile,  colourless,  strongly. 


refracting  liquid,  with  an  odour  like  that  of 
mercaptan.  Boils  at  146'.  Ethyl  isothio- 

cyanate  =  N<^,  H  .  Differs  in  all  properties 
from  the  normal  compound.  It  boils  at  134" 
has  the  irritating  odour  of  mustard-oil,  and 
unites  directly  with  ammonia.  These  ethers 
exhibit  isomerism  like  those  of  the  alcohol 
w-anates  and  isocyanates,  aa  clearly  shown 
in  the  case  of  the  ethyl  compounds. 

thi  6-di  a  9et-Io,  o.  [Pref.  thio-;  di-,  and 
Eng.  acetic.]  [THIODIOLTCOLLIC.] 

thi-6-di-gly-odT-la-nude, ».  [Pref.  ttio-; 
dt-,  and  Eng.  glycollamide.] 

^*m"  '*  CoH  OX^^s)^'  Obtained  by  the 
action  of  sulphide  of  ammonium  on  chlora- 
cetamide  in  alcoholic  solution.  Rccrystallized 
from  water  it  forms  small  white  octahedrons, 
which  melt  when  heated. 

thi-6-di-Kly-cdT-lIo,  a.  [Pref.  thio-;  di-, 
and  Eng.  glycollic.]  Derived  from  or  pertain- 
ing to  sulphur  and  glycollic  acid. 

thiodislycollic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CjHsO^>S<HO)»-  Fo™ed  by  boll- 
ing  thiodiglycollamide  with  baryta-water  aa 
long  as  ammonia  is  evolved.  By  decomposing 
the  lead  salt  and  evaporating  the  filtrate  the 
acid  is  obtained  in  crystals. 

hi-6-di-gly-c6T  llm  ide,  s.  [Pref.  <*fo-; 
di- ;  Eng.  glycol,  and  imide.] 


Chem.  :         ij^HNS.    Formed  by  the  de- 

hydration of  acid  thiodiglycollate  of  ammonia, 
and  deposited  in  thin  prismatic  needles  or 
laminee  from  a  hot  aqueous  solution.  It  is 
sparingly  soluble  in  cold  water,  melts  at  128*, 
and  sublimes  at  a  higher  temperature. 

thi-ii-for'-mle,  a.  [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 
formic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphur 
and  formic  acid. 

thloformic  acid,   . 

Chem.  :  A  compound  formed  in  small 
quantity  by  the  action  of  sulphydric  acid  on 
formate  of  lead.  It  yields  small  transparent 
crystals,  having  an  alliaceous  odour,  is  in- 
soluble in  water,  and  melts  at  120*. 

thi  6  fu  -cus-61,  >.  [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 
Juciisol.] 

Chem.  :  A  substance  produced  by  treating 
fucusol  in  alcoholic  solution  with  sulphydrio 
acid. 


fite,  tat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  Mre,  «ir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wolt,  work,  who,  sou ;  mute,  onb,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    •,o>  =  e;ey  =  a;o.n  =  kw. 


thiofurfol— thirlage 


4697 


tlu-i-i'ur'-foX  s.    [THIOFURFUROL.] 

Chem. :  C5H4OS.  Thiofurfurol.  A  white 
crystalline  powder,  formed  by  the  action  of 
ammonium  sulphide  on  furfurol,  or  of  sul- 
phydric  acid  on  furfuramide. 

thi-d-for'-fU-rSl,  s.    [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 

furfunl.]     [THIOFUHFOL.J 

thi-i-i'-sa-tyde,  s.  [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 
isatyde.] 

Chem. :  CjjH^NaSiiOj.  Fonned  by  passing 
hydrogen  sulphide  into  an  alcoholic  solution 
of  isatin.  It  is  a  grayish-yellow,  pulverulent, 
uncrystallizable  substance,  which  softens  in 
hot  water  and  dissolves  in  alcohol. 

thi-6-me  Ian  -Ic,  a.  [Pref.  (Mo-,  and  Eng. 
melunic.  ]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphur 
and  melanic  acid. 

thiomelanic  acid.  s. 

Chem. :  A  sulphuretted  acid,  found  In  the 
black  mass  produced  by  heating  alcohol  with 
excess  of  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  capable  of 
forming  salts  with  potash  and  other  bases. 

till-on-,  jrrtf.    [THio-.] 

thi-o-nam'-Ic,  a.     [Pref.  (him-,  and  Eng. 
amic.]   Derived  from  or  containing  sulphurous 
acid  and  ammonia. 
thionamic  acid,  s. 
Chem. :  NH3-8O2.    Produced  by  the  action 
of  dry  ammonia  gas  on  sulphurous  anhydride. 
It  is  a  crystalline  volatile  substance,  very 
soluble  in  water,  in  which  it  quickly  under- 
goes complete  decomposition. 

thi  on -a  mide,  «.    [Pref.  thim-,  and  Eng. 

Chem. :  N2H4(SO).  Produced  by  the  action 
of  sulphurous  chloride  on  dry  ammonia.  It 
U  a  white  pulverulent,  non-crystalline  solid. 

thi-i-nur'-lo,  a.  [Pref.  (Won-,  and  Eng.  uric.] 
Derived  from  or  containing  sulphurous  and 
uric  acids. 

thionuric  acid,  .-. 

Chem. :  CiHjNgSOj.  Fonned  by  the  action 
of  sulphurous  acid  and  ammonia  on  uric  acid 
or  alloxan.  On  evaporating  ite  solution,  it 
yields  a  crystalline  mass  consisting  of  fine 
needles ;  is  permanent  in  the  air,  has  a  very 
sour  taste,  and  is  very  soluble  in  water.  It  Is 
dibasic,  andformsactd  and  neutral  crystalline 
salts  with  bases. 

thi'-6n-yl,  «.    [Gr.  inor  (theim)  =  sulphur ; 

Chem. :  8O.  The  radical  of  the  sulphurous 
compounds. 

thi-4n-yl-am'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  thionyl,  and 
amic.]  [THIONAMIC.] 

thl-6n-yr-a-mide,  ».  [Eng.  thionvl,  and 
amide.]  [THIONAMIDE.] 

thi-o-phe'-nol,  ».  [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng 
phenol.] 

Chem. :  C.HjSH.  Formed  by  the  action  of 
pentasulphide  of  phosphorus  on  phenol.  Ii 
is  a  colourless,  mobile,  fetid  liquid,  boiling  at 
168*,  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  dissolves  easily 
In  alcohol  and  ether. 

thi-i-phos-pham'-Io,  a.  [Pref.  thio-,  anc 
Eng.  /ihosphamie.}  Derived  from  or  pertaining 
to  sulphur  and  pnospliamic  acid. 

thlophosphamic  acid.  s. 

Chem.:  P(NH2)H2SO2.  Produced  by  the 
action  of  sulphochloride  of  phosphorus  on 
aqueous  ammonia.  It  has  not  been  isolated 
but  forms  a  series  of  salts  with  bases,  nearly 
all  of  which  are  uncrystallizable. 

thi-o-pluSs-phd-di-am'-lc,  a.  [Pref.  thio- 
Eng.  phosphodiam(ide),  and  suff.  -ic.)  Derivec 
from  or  pertaining  to  sulphur  and  phosphodi 
amic  acid. 

thiophosphodiamlc  acid,  «. 

Chem. :  P(H2N)2H8O.  Formed  by  the  actio 
of  ammonia  gas  on  sulphochloride  of  phos 
phorus.   It  is  obtained  as  a  white  mass,  easi' 
soluble  in  water,  is  monobasic,  and  forms 
series  of  salts  with  bases. 

thi  or-sau  ite  (an  as  ow),  ».  [Afte 
Thiorsa,  Iceland,  where  found;  u  connect 
and  suff.  -itr  (Min.).'] 
ilin. :  The  same  aa  ASORTHITE  (q.v.). 


li-d-sln'-a-mine, «.    [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 

sinamine.] ' 

Chem.:  C4HSNS-NHS.  Fonned  by  the 
union  of  mustard  oil  with  ammonia.  It  is 
obtained  in  colourless,  prismatic  crystals, 
having  a  bitter  taste,  is  soluble  in  water, 
alcohol,  and  ether,  melts  when  heated,  but 
cannot  be  sublimed. 

hi  o  -sin  an  -11  me,  s.  [Eng.  thiosin(amine), 
and  aniline.] 

Chem,:  SM8(C3'Bs)(C6H5)ll^).  Obtained 
by  pouring  oil  of  mustard  into  an  equivalent 
of  aniline  dissolved  in  alcohol.  It  separates 
in  foliated,  colourless  crystals,  destitute  of 
taste  and  smell,  insoluble  in  water,  very  solu- 
ble in  alcohol  and  ether,  and  shows  but  little 
tendency  to  combine  with  acids.  Melts  at  95°. 

thi-i-Bul-phur'-ic,  a.   [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 
sulphuric.]     Derived  from  or  containing  sul- 
phur and  sulphuric  acid. 
thiosulphurlc  -  acid,  ».      [HYPOSUL- 

PHUROUS-ACID.) 

thi-d-va-leY-ic,  o.  [Pref.  thio-,  and  Eng. 
valeric.]  Derived  from  or  containing  sulphur 
and  valeric  acid. 

thiovalcric  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  The  product  of  the  action  of  phos- 
phoric pentachloride  on  valerianic  acid. 

thlr,  a.    [Icel.]    These.    (Scotch.) 

••  nir  breeks  o'  mine,  my  OI)Jjr1JJlTj1— ,  . 

third.  *  thlrde,  *  thrld,  "  thridde, 
•thyrd,  a.  4  s.  [Properly  (Arid,  from  A.8. 
thridda,  from  Hired,  (Ari  =  three  (q.v.);  cogn. 
with  Dut.  derde;  Icel.  thridhi;  Dan.  tredie; 
Sw  tredje;  Ger.  dritte  ;  Goth,  thridja;  Wei. 
trade,  trydedd  ;  Gael.  &  Ir.  trian ;  Kuss.  tretii ; 
Lith.  trecziat;  Lat.  ttrtius ;  Gr.  rpiros  (tritos); 
Sancs.  tritija.  For  the  metathesis  of  r  and  < 
see  BIRD.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  The  ordinal  of  three  ;  coming  next  after 
the  second;  coming  after  two  of  the  same 
class. 

"  He  was  wounded  the  Oirid  tyma," 

Robtrt  dt  Brunnt.  p.  8. 

2.  Constituting  or  being  one  of  three  equal 
parts  into  which  a  whole  is  or  may  be  divided. 

"The  IJWrd  part  of  ft  mtnate." 
SHaJcap-  •'  Jfidiummtr  XifMl  Bream.  U.  1 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 
\.  The  third  part  of  anything  ;  one  of  three 
equal  parts. 


IL  Technically : 

1.  Law  (Pi.):  The  third  part  of  the  estate 
of  a  deceased  husband,  which,  by  the  law  o 
some  countries,  the  widow  is  entitled  to  enjoy 
during  her  life ;  corresponding  to  the  terce  o 
Scots  Law.  • 

2.  Music: 

(1)  An  interval  consisting  of  a  major  tone 
and  a  minor  tone,  as  from  c  to  K :  called  I 
major  third. 

(2)  An  interval    consisting  of  a  major  o 
minor  tone  and  a  semitone,  as  from  A  to  c 
called  a  minor  third. 

(3)  The  upper  of  the  two  notes  Including 
such  intervals. 

Third  Estate,  >. 

1.  In  Great  Britain    the   Commonalty   o 
Commons,  represented  in  the  legislature  bj 
the  House  of  Commons. 

2.  French  Hist. :  The  Tien  Etat  (q.v.). 
Third-order,  s. 

Eccles.  &  Church  Hist. :  A  term  which  aros 
from  the  fact  that  when  St.  Francis  had 
founded  the  Friars  Minor  (1209)  for  men 
and  St.  Clare  had  founded  the  Poor  Clare 
(1221)  for  women  under  a  rule  presented  b 
him,  he  established  a  congregation  called  th 
Brothers  and  Sisters  of  Penance  as  a  sort  o 
middle  term  between  the  world  and  th 
cloister,  with  a  separate  rule,  the  members  o 
which,  men  and  women,  married  or  single 
"should  be  bound  by  rule  to  dress  mor 
soberly,  fast  more  strictly,  pray  more  regu 
larly,  hear  mass  more  frequently,  and  practis 


works  of  mercy  more  systematically  than  or- 
dinary  persons  living  in  the  world."  They 
had  to  undergo  a  year's  novitiate  and  to  take 
a  simple  vow  to  observe  the  rule.  Many  of 
these  persons,  in  course  of  time,  wished  to 
live  in  community,  and  so  congregations  of 
the  Third  Order  arose— true  Franciscans  with 
a  rule  of  their  own,  distinct  from  that  of  the 
Friars  Minors  and  that  of  tlie  Poor  Clares. 
Pope  Benedict  XIII.,  in  the  Bull  Paterna 
tedis,  speaks  of  the  Third  Order  "as  a  true 
and  proper  order,  uniting  in  one  seculars 
scattered  all  over  the  world  and  regulars 
living  in  community  ;  distinguished  from  all 
confraternities  as  having  its  own  rule,  ap- 
proved by  the  Holy  See,  novitiate,  profession, 
and  a  habit  of  determinate  form  and  material 
(in  the  case  of  persons  living  in  the  world 
consisting  of  a  brown  scapular  worn  under 
the  ordinary  dress).  The  Dominicans  have  a 
Third  Order,  instituted  by  St.  Dominic  (1170- 
1221),  but  in  what  year  is  uncertain  ;  the 
Augustinians  established  one  at  the  beginning 
of  the  fifteenth,  and  Minims  at  the  beginning 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  their  example 
has  been  followed  by  the  Servites,  the  Car- 
melites, and  the  Trappista. 

•  third-penny,  •• . 

Old  Law :  A  third  part  of  the  profits  of  fine* 
and  penalties  imposed  at  the  county  court, 
which  was  the  perquisite  of  the  earl. 

third-person,  >. 

Gram. :  The  person  spoken  of. 
third-point,  t.    [TIERCE-POINT.] 
third-sound,  s.    [THIRD,  $.,  II.  2.] 

third  stave,  s. 

Music:  A  name  given  to  the  stave  upon 
which  pedal  music  is  written  for  the  organ. 

third,  s.    [THREAD.] 

third'  bor-6ngh  (gh  silent),  i.   [Eng.  ttird, 
and  borough.  ]    An  under-cons table. 

"  I  know  my  remedy  j  1  mutt  to  'etch  the  CAfnt* 

ftoro«i;A."-.SAaA«p.  •'  Taming  of  the  Skrtw.  i.  L 

•third  Ings,  >.  pi.    [THIRD,  a.) 

Eng.  Law :  The  third  part  of  the  com  or 
grain  growing  on  the  ground  at  the  tenant's 
death,  due  to  the  lord  for  a  heriot,  as  in  the 
Manor  of  Turfat,  in  Herefordshire. 

third'-ly,  odt>.  [Eng.  third,  a. ;  -ly.]  In  the 
third  place. 

"Flrat,  tneUls  «re  more  durable  thftn  pUnU; 
MCODdly,  they  are  moreiolid;  rtird/y,  they  are  wholly 

third' -rate,  a.    [Eng.  third,  a.,  and  rate.] 

1.  Of  a  very  inferior  class  ;  very  poor :  aa, 
a  thinlrate  actor. 

2.  In  the  navy  applied  to  a  certain  class  of 
men-of-war.    (Used  also  substantively.) 

thirds,  s.  pi-    [THIRD,  a.,  B.  II.  1.] 

*  thirds' -man,  >.    [Eng.  third  and  man.]  An 
umpire,  a  mediator  or  arbitrator. 

"  There  cbootd  be  somebody  to  come  iu  thirdtman 
between  Death  mid  my  principal."— ScoK.-  St.  Honan'l 

ME 

thirl  (1),  "thlrle,  *thyrl-yn,  v.t.  [A.8. 
thyrlian,  from  thyrel  =  a  hole.] 

1.  To  bore  through,  to  pierce,  to  perforate, 
to  penetrate. 

"  If  ony  tKtrtt  or  make  an  hole  In  a  feble  walla."— 
<7«tta  Romanorum.  p.  10. 

2.  To  thrill,  to  vibrate. 

"  It  Mrtd  the  heart-strings  thro1  the  breast.* 

Burnt :  Utter  to  J.  Lapratk 

thirl  (2),  v.t.  [Icel.  thrall  =  0.  thrall,  a  serf.] 
[THRALL.]  To  enslave,  to  enthrall ;  to  astnct 
or  bind  by  the  terms  of  a  lease  or  otherwise  ; 
as,  lands  thirled  to  a  particular  milL  (Scotch.) 

[THIRLAQE.] 

thirl,  «.    [THIRL  (2),  ».] 

Scots  Law:  A  term  used  to  denote  those 
lands  the  tenants  of  which  were  bound  to 
bring  all  their  grain  to  a  certain  mill.  Called 
also  Sucken. 

•  thirl'  -a-ble,  « thlrle-a-oylle,  a.     [Eng. 
thirl  (1)|  v. ;  -aWe.]     Capable  of  being  pene- 
trated or  pierced ;  penetrable. 

thirl-age  (age  as  Ig), ».  [Bog.  thirl (2),  v. ; 
•age.] 

Scott  Law :  A  species  of  servitude,  formerly 
very  common  in  Scotland,  and  also  prevalent 


VSO,  b6y ;  pint,  J6%1;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  Bin,  a, ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.   pb i-l L 
, -tian  =  Shan.   -tlon.  -slon  =  shun;  -tion,  -jion  =  zhui..   -clou.,  -tlons,  -*lou»  =  Shu.,   -We,  -die.  Ac.  =  Del.  del. 


thirling— this 


in  England,  by  which  the  proprietors  and 
oilier  possessors  of  lands  were  bound  to  curry 
the  grain  produced  on  the  lands  to  a  particular 
mill  to  be  ground,  to  which  mill  the  lamia 
were  said  to  be  thirled  or  astricted,  and  also 
to  pay  a  certain  proportion  of  the  grain,  vary- 
ing in  different  cases,  as  a  remuneration  for 
the  grinding,  and  for  the  expense  of  the  erec- 
tion and  maintenance  of  the  mill.  The  prin- 
cipal duty  chargeable  in  thirlage  was  multure 
(q.v.).  Theie  were  also  smaller  duties  called 
sequela,  which  fell  to  the  servants  of  the  mill, 
according  to  the  particular  usage  of  each  mill. 

thirl  -Ing,  s.    [THIRL  (1),  t>.) 

Mining:  A  worked  space  connecting  the 
rooim  jf  a  iniue.  The  rooms  are  galleries 
proceeding  regularly  (in  coal  mines)  from  the 
dip-head  or  main-level,  and  the  uncorked 
•pace  forms  a  wall.  By  cutting  gaps  in  this 
wall  at  regular  intervals,  the  wall  becomes  a 
row  of  pillars,  the  said  connecting  workings 
are  thirlings. 

thirst,  "thurst,  "thurste,  "threat, 
*  thrist,  •  thruste,  s.  [A.S.  thurtt,  thynt, 
thirst;  cogn.  with  Dut.  dors*;  Icel.  Worst;  ; 
Dan.  torst;  8w.  torst  ;  Ger.  dura;  Goth. 
thauntei.]  [THIRST,  ».] 

L  Lit.  :  A  term  used  to  denote  the  sensa- 
tions arising  from  the  want  of  fluid  nutriment  ; 
the  desire,  uneasiness,  or  suffering  arising 
from  want  of  drink  ;  great  desire  for  drink. 

"  Though  we  cool  our  thtnt  at  the  mouth  of  the 
ri»er."-«ji.  Taylor  .-  On  Set  font  of  unayfe.  I  J». 

If  As  perspiration  and  other  discharges 
carry  off  moisture  from  the  body,  the  sensa- 
tion of  thirst  arises,  and  is  generally  propor- 
tionate to  the  necessity  for  a  fresh  supply  of 
liquid.  Of  all  beverages  the  only  part  which 
Is  essentially  required  to  slake  thirst  is  the 
water  which  they  contain.  Abnormal  thirst 
exists  in  many  diseases;  insatiable  thirst 
(Pokydipsia)  is  a  symptom  of  Diuresis. 

IL  Figuratively: 

L  Dryness,  drought 

"  The  rapid  current  .  .  .  through  veins 
Of  poroue  <"th  with  kindly  aSra  tipdnwn. 
How  a  fresh  fountain."        Milton  :  P.  t~,  IT.  JM. 

2.  A  want  and  eager  longing  or  desire  after 
Miythlng.  (Now  followed  by  far  or  after, 
formerly  by  of.) 


Milton:  P.  L..  Till  1 

thirst,    -thirsts,    "  thurste,    *thurst, 

•  thrist,  t>.i.  tit.  [A.8.  thyrstan;  cogn.  with 
Duu  doriten;  Icel.  thyrtta  ;  Dan.  torste;  Sw 
tinta;  Ger.  diintrn;  Goth,  thairm  (pa.  t. 
than)  =  to  be  dry,  to  thirst  ;  Sansc.  tarsha  = 
to  thirst;  tris/i  —  to  thirst;  Ir.  tort  =  thirst, 
drought  ;  Gr.  rcpo-opai  (tersomai)  =  to  become 
dry  ;  Lat.  torreo  =  to  parch  ;  terra  (for  Una) 
=  dry  ground.  From  the  same  root  come 
terrace,  torrid,  test,  toast,  tureen.} 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  Lit.  :  To  feel  thirst  ;  to  experience  a 
painful  sensation  for  want  of  drink  ;  to  have 
desire  to  drink  ;  to  be  thirsty. 

people  thlrtud  there  tor  water.  --f,oaia 


2.  Fig.  :  To  have  a  vehement  desire  or 
longing  for  anything. 

"  And  cruel  and  hlood.thlnty  men 
Would  taint  for  blood  uo  more  " 

Cmeper:  Olney  Brmm,  ITXlli. 

•  B.  Tram.  :  To  have  a  thirst  for  ;  to  desire 
to  drink. 

"  He  seek!  hli  keeper1!  flesh,  and  thtno  hU  blood  " 
Prior:  Solomon,  t  308. 

•  thirst1  -er,  t.     [Eng.  thir$t,  v.  ;  -er.l     One 
who  thirsts. 

thirsf  -I-ly.  ado.  [Eng.  thirtty  ;  -?».]  In  a 
thirsty  manner. 

••  They  he»re  hungrily  and  fMnCffo  but  It  U  but  to 
catch  advantages.  '—Bp.  U<iU:  The  Bipocriu. 

thirst  -1-ness,  s.  [Eng.  thirsty;  -nw.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  thirsty;  thirst; 
vehement  desire  or  longing  for  anything. 

"  Tk,ey  .wl>0  *•  »">''•'  'u  the  night.  If  they  ilrep 
upon  it.  lose  their  thirttineut.  although  they  drink 
never  a  drop.'  W.  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p.  JM. 

•  thirst  less,  a.    [Eng.  Mnt;   -leu.]     Not 
having  thirst;  not  having  vehement  desire 
for  anything. 

thirst-?,  -thlrst-ie,   o.     [A.S.    thvrstig  ; 

cogn.   with    Dut.    dorstig  ;    Icel.    thryetvirr  ; 

Dan.    &    Sw.    tontig  ;    O.   H.  Ger.  duniac, 

dursteg  ;  Ger.  durstig.] 

L  Lit.  :  Peeling  a  sensation  of  pain  or  un- 


•Miness  for  want  of  drink  ;  suffering  for  want 
of  drink  ;  having  thirst ;  suffering  from  thirst. 
' '  Eager  to  drink,  down  rush  the  thirtty  crowd 
Haog  o'er  the  bunks,  find  tiuuble  all  the  flood  " 

Ham:  Luam:  PhanaUa.it. 
tt  Figuratively: 

1.  Dry;  lacking  in  moisture  ;  parched. 

"  The  MlrifjMand  [shall  become]  springs  of  water." 

2.  Having  a  vehement  desire  or  longine  for 
anything. 

"  To  be  thirtty  after  tottering  honour  " 

Shak^p. :  Periclet,  Hi.  i. 

ttiir'-teen,  'thret-tene,  a.   &  s.     [A.S. 

tltreotene,  thredtyne,  from  the6  =  three  and 
ten,  tjn  =  ten  ;  cogn.  with  Dut  dertien;  Icel. 
threttan;  Dan.  tretten;  Sw.  tretton;  Ger. 

A.  As  adj. :  Ten  and  three. 

"Speaking  at  the  one  end,  I  heard  It  return  the 
voice  thirteen  tunes.  — flucon:  Sal.  Sitt. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  The  number  which  consists  of  three  and 
ten. 

2.  A  symbol  representing  thirteen  units 
as  13  or  xiii. 

thir'-teenth,  a.  &  «.    [A.S.  threateddha ;  Icel. 
MsttsssN.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  The  ordinal  of  thirteen  ;  the  third  after 
the  tenth. 

"  If  she  could  prove  a  thirteenth  task  for  him 
Who  twelve  tu-hiev  d,  the  work  would  me  beseem." 
Beaumont:  Ptyche. 

2.  Constituting  or  being  one   of  thirteen 
equal  parts  into  which  a  whole  is  or  may  be 
divided. 

B.  As  substantive : 

I  Ord.  Lang. :  One  of  thirteen  equal  parts 
into  which  a  whole  is  or  may  be  divided.. 

IL  Music :  An  interval  forming  the  octave 
of  the  sixth,  or  sixth  of  the  octave. 

If  Chord  of  the  thirteenth:  A  chord  called  by 
some  a  suspension;  by  others  a  secondary 
seventh.  It  consists  generally  of  the  third, 
seventh,  and  thirteenth  of  the  dominant,  and 
is  used  both  in  the  major  and  minor  modes. 

thir  -tl-eth,  a.  &  «.    [A.S.  thrUigddha.] 

A.  At  adjective  : 

1.  The  tenth  thrice  told  ;  the  nert  in  order 
after  the  twenty-ninth  ;  the  ordinal  of  thirty. 

2.  Constituting  or  being  one  of  thirty  equal 
parts  into  which  a  whole  is  or  may  be  divided. 

B.  Ai  subst. :  One  of  thirty  equal  parts  into 
which  a  whole  is  or  may  be  divided. 

thir'-ty.  *  thret-ty,  *  thrit-ti,  *  thrlt- 

ty,  a.  i  «.  [A.S.  thritig,  thrittig,  from  thri, 
threo  =  three,  and  suff.  -riy=ten;  cogn  with 
Dut  dertig;  Icel.  thrjdtiu;  Dan.  tredive;  Sw. 
tnttio;  Ger.  dreitig.} 

A.  As  adj. :  Thrice  ten ;  ten  three  times 
repeated ;  twenty  and  ten. 

"  ;£?I18",Epbr7£t  *dd*  ybe  kyns" thre  and  thrifty  yer, 
Thet  folc  of  Denemarch  hyder  com,  as  yt  adde 
yJoer."  Robert  o/  <*o«o.««r,  p.  Ms. 

B.  Attvbstcmtive: 

L  The  number  which  consists  of  three  times 
ten. 

2.  A  symbol  which  represents  thirty  units, 
as  xxx.  or  30. 

f  The  Thirty  Tyrants:  The  thirty  magis- 
trates appointed  by  Sparta  over  Athens  at  the 
termination  of  the  Peloponnesian  war.  They 
were  overthrown  in  B.C.  403  after  only  one 
year's  reign. 

thirty-nine  articles.  [ARTICI.K,  B.  IV.) 
thirty-two, «. 

Print. :  A  sheet  of  paper  which  folds  np 
Into  thirty-two  leaves  or  sixty-four  pages. 
Usually  written  32mo. 

Thirty-years'  war. «. 

Hist. :  The  name  given  to  a  European  war, 
or  rather  a  succession  of  wars,  which  lasted 
for  thirty  years  (1618-1648),  and  in  which 
Austria,  most  of  the  Catholic  princes  of  Ger- 
many, and  Spain  were  engaged  on  one  side 
throughout,  but  against  different  antagonists. 
The  contest  was  virtually  a  renewal  of  the 
struggles  which  took  place  in  the  days  of 
Charles  V.— Protestantism  asserting  itself, 
and  Papacy  determined  if  possible  to  keep  it 
down.  France  took  an  active  part  on  the 
Protestant  side ;  for,  though  Richelieu  op- 
pressed the  Protestants  in  France,  he  helped 
those  of  Germany  in  order  to  weaken  that 


Power,  and  so  injure  a  dangerous  rival.  Tier* 
were  three  distinct  periods  in  the  struggle. 
In  the  first  Austria,  under  Wallenstein  was 
completely  victorious,  and  threatened  to'sub- 
due  all  Germany.  In  the  second  the  Pro- 
testants, under  Gustivus  Ad.ilphus,  carried 
all  liefore  them  ;  and  in  the  third  victory  was 
more  uncertain  auU  more  equally  divided. 
Peace  was  established  by  the  Treaty  of  W,  st- 
phalia  (1648),  which  guaranteed  religious 
liberty  to  both  Lutherans  and  Calvinisu  and 
made  extensive  territorial  changes  at  : 
pense  of  Austria  and  Germany.  France 
obtained  Alsace  (which  became  Gorman  a-  iii» 
in  1871),  and  the  State  of  Bnin.lvnbfig0 re- 
ceived still  larger  additions;  thrse  w.  re  in 
1.01  merged  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Prussia, 
afterwards  the  nucleus  of  the  German  Empire 
(1871). 

this,  thes,  a.  or  proa.  [A.S.  dhts  (masc.l 
dA<os  (fern.),  dhis  (neut.);  cogn.  witli  Dut! 
oeze;  Icel.  tluissi  (masc,  &  fern.),  thttta  (ueut.); 
O.  H.  Ger.  deter;  M.  H.  Ger.  disir ;  Ger! 
dieser.  The  modern  plural  form  is  Ihex,  thott 
being  used  as  the  pi.  of  that,  but  both  forms 
are  really  plurals  of  this,  the  Mid.  Eng.  word 
for  those  being  tho  or  thoo,  from  A.S.  aha  nom 
pi.  of  the  def.  article.  This  is  formed  of  the 
two  pronominal  bases,  tha  (seen  in  that 
thither,  &c.)  and  sa  =  he.] 

1.  Used  to  denote  something  that  is  present 
or  near  in  place  or  time,  or  that  has  been  just 
mentioned. 


<.;.-; r •;"*  till'rissighen  him :  the!  thoughtetk 

withUine  hemsill  au.l  .eiuen.  thi,  is  tue  elr,  Tie  •» 
him  tn»l  the  eritage  be  owe."—  Wuclijf,  :  iuH.  «t 

2.  This  Is  frequently  used  as  a  substitute 
for  what  has  preceded  :  as — 

"When  they  heard  Oat,  they  were  pricked  in  tielr 
heart.  — Act!  ii.  87. 

Where  (At*  refers  to  the  words  of  Peter  just 
spoken.  It  also  frequently  represents  a  word, 
a  sentence,  or  a  clause,  and  in  some  cases  it 
refers  to  something  to  be  immediately  said  or 
done. 

"But  know  thit,  that  if  the  goodmau  of  the  house 
had  known  in  what  watch  the  ttiief  would  come  he 
would  have  watched  aud  would  uot  have  suffered '  his 
house  to  be  broken  up/'^jfauAest  xxlv.  ia. 

3.  Thit  is  used  absolutely  to  denote  present 
place,  state,  condition,  or  the  like. 

"  O  Antony,  I  have  followed  thee  to  Mil.' 

Snaketp.  :  A  ntong  t  Cleopatra.  V.  1. 

*.  Used  in  reference  to  time,  this  may  refer 
to: 

(1)  The  present  time :  as,  this  day,  this  week. 
It  is  also  frequently  used  in  this  sense  abso- 
lutely, as  the  present  time,  hour,  ic, 

"  Between  (Ai,  and  supper." 

Shuketp.  :  Coriolanut,  iv.  8. 

(2)  Time  past ;  the  time  immediately  before 
the  present. 

"  Whereou  thit  month  I  have  been  hammering." 
Shatetp. :  JVo  aenHemenTlji 

(3)  Time  to  corne ;  futurity. 

"  Thit  night  I'll  waste  in  sorrow." 

Skaktij,.:  Venut  t  Adanii,  588. 

1  (1)  Thit  is  often  used  in  connection  with 
numbers  instead  of  the  plural  these,  the  sum 
being  considered,  as  it  were,  a  total. 

'  Which  for  thit  nineteen  yean  we  have  let  slip." 
sti<iketi>.  :  JVeiiture/or  feature,  i.  8. 
Shakespeare  used  the  phrases  this  even, 
i  night,  in  the  sense  of  last  even,  last  night. 

"  My  troublous  dream  thit  night  doth  make  me  sad." 
Shaketp.  :  a  Henry  rf.,  1 9. 

5.  Thit,  when  used  as  opposed  or  correlative 
to  that,  refers  properly  to  the  nearest  person 
or  object,  that  referring  to  the  more  distant,     ; 
But  the  two  words  are  frequently  used  to  de-     I 
note  reference  indefinitely : 

"Two  ships, 
<M Corinth  that,  of  Epidau  nu  thit* 

Shaketp. :  Comedy  of  Errort.  1 1. 

When  used  in  reference  to  things  spoken  of, 
this  refers  to  that  last  mentioned ;  that  to  1 
thing  previously  mentioned— 

"Their  judgment  iu  fhit  we  may  not,  aud  in  rhsfwe 
need  uot  follow."— Booker. 

Sometimes  it  is  used  in  opposition  to  other : 

"  Consider  the  argumenta  which  the  author  bad  to 
write  thtt,  or  to  design  the  other  before  you  arraign 
him."—  Dryden. 

K  (1)  Thit  is  sometimes    found  as  a  con- 
traction for  this  it. 

"  Thit  a  good  friar,  belike.* 

Shaketp. :  Meantre/or  J/eosurw,  v.  1. 
(2)  It  Is  used,  not  to  define  or  point  to 
something,  but  to  designate  things  or  persons 
as  sufficiently  known  in  their  qualities,  some 
times  in  a  good,  oftener  in  a  bad  sense. 

"  Where  Is  thit  Hectort" 

3haketp. ;  Troi!itt  i  CrattUa.  V.  i. 


(2)1 

this  n. 


fcte,  at,  tare,  ««U>t  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go.  p* 
or.  w  .re,  wglt,  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  roll;  try.  Syrian.    «.  ce  =  •;  ey  =  a;  «n  =  kw. 


Thisbe— thomaite 


4C99 


(8)  By  this :  By  or  before  this  time  :  as,  By 
ffci-s  the  man  was  gone. 
*  (4)  Used  for  thus  or  » : 

"  W hut  am  I  that  thoa  shoutdst  contemn  me  fhiif 
.SAaAMp.  :   t'euuM  A  Adontt,  205. 

This'-be,  5.      [Lai.  =  a  Babylonian  maiden 

described  by  Ovid  (Met.  iv.  55)  as  committing 
suicide  because  she  believed  her  lover,  Pyra- 
mus,  to  be  dead.] 
Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  88.]. 

'this' -ness,  8.  [Eng.  this;  -nest.]  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  this;  haecceity.  [THAT- 

NESS.] 

"  It  is  evident  that  aameneM,  thiin'tt,  and  thatnea* 
belongeth  intt  to  matter  by  itself."— Sir  A'.  Itigby: 
Qbterv.  on  Keligio  Mtciici. 

this'-tle  (tie  as  elX  *this-tU,  *thys- 
tylle,  s.  [A.S.  thistel;  cogn.  with  Dut.  dis- 
tel;  Ice),  thistill;  Dan.  tidsel ;  Sw.  tistel ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  distil,  district;  Ger.  distel.] 

1.  Ord.   Lang. :   A  name    given  to  many 
plants  with  prickly  steins,  leaves,  and  involu- 
cres, or  having  at  least  one  of  these  parts 
prickly.     Most  are  composites  of  the  tribe 
Cynarese.    Among  these  are  the  Spear  thistle, 
Cardmts  lanceolatvs,  the  emblem  of  Scotland  ; 
the  Blessed  thistle,  Carduus  benedictus;  the 
Carline  thistle,  and  many  others.     Britten  & 
Holland  enumerate  forty-six  species  having 
thistle  as  the  last  word  of  their  compound  name. 
Some  other  plants  are  called  thistles ;  thus  the 
Mexican  thistle,  Argemone  mexicana,  is  a  poppy 
with  prickly  leaves.     [RUSSIAN-THISTLE.] 

2.  Bot:  (l)ThegenusCarcluua(q.v.).   [CxRr 
UNA,  ONOPORDON.) 

^1  Order  of  the  Thistle:  A  Scottish  order  of 
knighthood,  sometimes  called  the  Order  of 


Bt  Andrew.  It 
by  James  VII. 
England),  in 
eight  knights 
ted.  It  fell  into 
Ing  the  reign 
Mary,  and  was 
Queen  Anne  . 
at  present 
the  Order  ' 
the  Sove 


was  instituted 
(James  II.  of 
1687,  when 
were  nomina- 

abeyance  dur- 
of  William  and 
revived  by 

traioiriA  or  ORIHEK      in  1703.     As 
IIBTLS.        constituted, 
consists  of 
reign  and 


•  8*r 


sixteen  knights.   The  insignia  consist  of  a  col 

lar,  badge,  jewel,  star,  and  ribbon.    The  collar 

is  composed  of  golden  thistles  and  leaves  con- 

nected by  crossed  sprigs  of  rue,  enamelled. 

The  badge  is  a  golden  eight- 

pointed  star,  whereon  is  an 

enamelled  figure   of  St.  An- 

drew, bearing  in  front  of  him 

big  cross  in  silver  :  it  is  worn 

attached  to  the  collar.    The 

jewel  is  worn  round  the  neck 

with  the  ribbon.     The   star 

is  of  four  points,  with  a  St. 

Andrew's  Cross  embroidered 

in  silver  upon  it.    In  the  cen- 

tre is  a  green  and  gold  thistle 

within  a  circle  of  green,  bear- 

ing  the  motto  in  golden  letters. 

Ribbon,  dark  -green.  Motto  :  Nemo  me  impune 

lacessit.     Besides  the  knights  ordinary,  there 

are  extra  knights  (princes),  and  a  deatf,  a 

secretary,  the  lyon-king-at-arms,  and  the  gen- 

tleman usher  of  the  green  rod. 

thistle  crown,  s.    A  gold  coin  of  James 
VI.  of  Scotland  (James  I.  of  England),  of  the 


THISTLfc-CROWW. 

fth»  of  4s.     It  bore  on  the  obverse  a  rose, 
and  on  the  reverse  a  thistle,  both  crowned. 


thistle-  digger,  s.    A  long  narrow  spade 

for  cutting  the  roots  of  thistles  below  the 
crown  of  the  root,  and  lifting  them  from  the 
ground. 

thistle-down,  s.    The  down  or  winged 
seeds  of  the  thistle. 


. 

"  A*  a  (mow-flake  falls  on  snow-flake. 
As  a  leaf  drops  on  a  river, 
A*  tba  tftutlt-dovni  oil  water." 


a,  xtL 


thistle-finch,  s.    The  goldfinch  (q.v.}. 

thistle  hemp,  s. 

Bot.  :  Canaabis  sativa.    (Britten  A  Holland.) 

•thistle  -warp.  s.  A  bird,  supposed  to 
be  the  goldfinch. 

thist'-ly  (at  as  s),  a.    [Eng.  thistle);  -y.} 
I.  Literally  : 

1.  Overgrown  or  abounding  with  thistles. 

"  While  the  quail  cUuuuun  for  his  ruimiug  mate. 
Wide  o'er  the  thtitly  lawn,  tu  swell*  the  bran." 

Thornton  ;  Summer,  1,648. 

2,  Resembling  a  tliistle  ;  prickly. 

*  II.  Fig.  :  Sharp,  prickling,  pricking. 

"  In  iuch  a  world.  BO  thorny,  and  where  none 
Find  happiueaa  unblighted,  or,  if  fonnd, 
Without  »uruc  Chutljf  Borrow  at  its  Bide." 

Cowper  :  Tatk,  iv.  836. 

thith  cr,    'thed  er,  *thid-er,  *thyd- 

er,    *thld-lr,  adv.     [A.S.  dhider,  dhyder  ; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  thadra  =  there  ;  Goth.  tha- 
thro  =  thence  ;  Sansc.  taira  =  there,  thither.] 
L  To  that  place  ;  opposed  to  hither. 

"  Ami  tfiithtr  came  Johii  of  Thlrlestaiu*. 
Ami  thither  came  William  of  IJekiraiua." 

Scott:  Lay  (tftht  La*  Jlinttrti,  il.  S3. 

H  The  place  of  thither  has  been  largely 
taken  in  ordinary  language  by  there, 

*  2.  To  that  end  ;  to  that  point. 

^  Hither  and  thither:  To  this  place  and  to 
that  ;  one  way  and  another  :  as.  To  run 
hither  and  thither  In  perplexity. 

*  thith  -er-td,  adv.    [Eng.  thither  .and  to.}  To 
that  point  ;  so  far. 

thith  er  ward,  '  thid  er  ward,  'thid 
er-warde.  thydrewarde,  ada.  [A.S. 
thidcrweard.]  Toward  that  place;  in  that 
direction. 

"  Through  bright  are  the  waters  of  Sing-tn-har, 
And  the  golden  floods  that  thichmwtrd  »tray." 

Moore.-  Paradite  *  tJU  PtH. 

thit'-See,  J.      [THKBTSEE.] 

thlad-i-an-tha,  «.     [Or.  flAootas  (thladias) 
=  a  eunuch,  and  avQos  (anthos)  =  bloom.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Cucurbitacese.  Thladian- 
tha  dubia  is  a  pubescent  Indian  climber  with 
oblong,  succulent,  twelve-riblwd  frnit,  which 
is  eaten  by  natives  of  the  Himalaya  moun- 
tains. 

thlas'-pl,  s.    [Lat.,  from  Or.  »XaoTn  (tkleujn) 
=  a  crucifer,  perhaps  sheplierd'a  purse.] 

Bot.  :  Penny-cress,  the  typical  genus  of 
ThlaspideaB(q.v.).  Herbs  with  rosulate  radi- 
cal and  hastate  cauline  leaves  ;  pod  short, 
laterally  compressed,  valves  winged  at  the 
back  ;  cells  two  to  eight  seeded.  Tltlaspi  arvense, 
the  Penny-cress,  is  found  iu  stuoy  cultivated 
fields  in  Canada  and  the  Northern  States;  also 
in  Europe.  It  hits  a  disagreeable  garlic  odor. 
T.  tuberoiiimt  of  Pennsylvania,  has  s  rather 
large  rose-colored  flower.  [PENXY-CUESS.] 

thlas-pId'-S-ce,  thlas'-pX-dw,  *.  p*.  [Mod. 
Lat.  thlasp(i)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  auff.  -ides.} 

Bot.  :  A  family  of  Pleurorhizese.  Pouch 
compressed,  with  the  dissepiments  very  nar- 
row in  the  narrowest  diameter  ;  valves  keeled 
or  winged. 

thlip'-sls,  s.    [Gr.  =  pressure,  compression, 
from  Gr.  0Ai'£u  (thlibo)  —  to  press.] 

Med.  :  Compression  ;  especially,  constriction 
of  vessels  by  an  external  cause  ;  oppression. 

thlip-siir'-a,  s.    [Gr.  ffAr^t?  (thlipsis)  =  pres- 
sure, and  oupd  (oura)  =  the  tail.} 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Cytheridce.  Three  species 
from  the  Upper  Silurian. 

*  fbd,  proii.    [Tsis.1    Those,  the. 

*  thd,  adv.    [A.  S.  dhd.}    Then. 

"  Tho  wrapping  np  her  wreathed  Btern  around 
Lept  fierce  upon  hut  shield.  ' 

r:  F.  Q.,  I.  I.  18. 


thd',  conj.    [See  det]    A  contraction  of  though 
(q.v.). 


*tho  an,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  tho(us) ;  -an.}  Of, 
belonging  to,  or  resembling  the  section  Thoua 
(q.v.). 

"  Th«  TAoetn  group  reprtwutti  iu  funu  the  wolf  on  a 
reduced  acaJe."— Jfaturaliie't  Library,  iv.  W3. 

thof,  conj.  [See  def.]  A  provincial  form  ol 
though,  the  old  guttural  being  changed  to/  as 
in  rough. 

thole  ( i ).  thowl,  thowel,  *  thol,  *  tol, 
•  tholle,  *.  [A.  S.  tlwl;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
doi;  li-el.  thoilr  =  a  tree,  a  thole;  Dan.  tol 
=  a  stopple,  a  stopper,  a  thole ;  Sw.  full 
=  a  pine-tree.  Probably  connected  with 
thill  (q.v.).J 
*  1.  A  cart-pin.  (Palsgrave.') 

2.  Httsband. :  The  nib,  pin,  or  handle  of  a 
scythe-snath. 

3.  Naut. :  A  pin  inserted  in  the  gunwale  of 
a  boat  to  serve  as  a  fulcrum  for  the  oar  in 
rowing.  They  are  arranged  in  pairs,  the  sjiace 
between  forming  one  kind  of  rowlock.    Tholes 
are  shown  on  the  gunwales  of  ancient  Assyrian 
boats. 

"  The  sound  of  their  oars  on  the  thottt  had  died  in 
the  distance."      Longfellow :  Evangefine,  li  2. 

thole-pin,  s.    The  same  as  THOLE  (3). 

thole  (2),  s.      [Lat    thuCus,  from   Gr.  0oAoc 

(tholos)  —  a  dome.] 
Architectitre : 

1.  The  same  as  THOLUS  (q.v.). 

2.  The  scutcheon  or  knot  at  the  centre  of 
a  timber- vault. 

3.  A  place  in  temples  where  votive  offerings 
were  suspended. 

"  Let  altars  emoke  and  tholet  expect  our  spoils.* 
SWMtwTVoe* 

thole,    *  thol  en,    *  tho  li  en,    ».t.   &  i. 

[A.  S.  tholian  =  to  endure,  to  suffer ;  cn^n. 
with  Icel.  tiiolu ;  Dan.  taaLe ;  Sw.  tala; 
M.  H.  Ger.  dolen,  doln ;  O.  H.  Ger.  dottn, 
tholon;  Goth,  thulan;  M.  H.  Ger.  duld;  Ger. 
geduld  =  patience.  From  the  same  root  as 
L«t.  toilo-=-  to  raise,  tolero=  to  tolerate.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  suffer,  to  endure,  to  bear,  to 
undergo. 

"  A  »el  vayr  compayny*  al  BO  there  com 
Of  holy  men.  that  wul«  tholede  martyrdom, 
Vppe  »ajr»  wyte  ste<tec.  A  in  rajrre  aruiuru  alMi" 
Hubert  qf  tiivucelter,  p.  407. 

B.  Intraiu. :  To  wait.    (Scotch.) 

tho'-le-lte,  «.  [After  Tholei,  where  found ; 
snff.  -ite  (Petrol).} 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  by  Steininger  to  a 
rock  which  he  took  for  a  compound  of  »lbite 
and  sphene.  A  subsequent  analysis  showed 
that  it  was  but  a  dolerite  (q.v.> 

t  thol-Ich'-thfs,  «.  [Gr.  W^os  (iholos)  =  * 
dome,  and  tx^v«  (ichthus)  =  a  fish.] 

Ichtky. :  A  pseudo-genus  of  Teleostean 
Fishes,  founded  on  what  are  probably  im- 
mature individuals  of  the  Cyttidie,  Squami- 
penne.s,  &c. 

tholichthys  stage,  s. 

Idithy. :  A  stage  in  the  development  of 
certain  Teleostean  Fishes,  in  which  the  young 
differ  so  widely  from  the  adult  as,  in  many 
cases,  to  have  been  taken  for  types  of  distinct 
genera. 

"  In  the  Thnlichthyf-ttatjc  of  Pomncauthua  the 
frontal  bone  IB  prolonged  into  a  straight  lancet-abaped 
procea*.  nearly  naif  ai  long  as  the  body;  the  aupra- 
•capnlar  and  pneoi>eTcu)ar  processes  cover  and  hiilo 
the  dnraal  and  ventral  6u».  The  plates  attached  to 
the  shoulder  girdle  remain  persistent  until  the  young 
fish  hat  assumed  the  form  of  the  adult."— Gunihtr  : 
Study  of  Fithes,  pp.  173,  173. 

thol'-o-bate,  ».  [Gr.  ^0X05  (tholos)  —  a  dome, 
and  j3a<m  (basis)=  a  base.] 

Arch. :  A  cupola  and  a  base;  that  part  of 
a  building  on  which  a  cupola  is  placed. 

tho  Ilia,  s.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  0oAo«  (tholos)  —  a 
dome.] 

Arch. :  An  appellation  given  to  buildings 
of  a  circular  form.  VUruvius  uses  tt  to  signify 
the  roof  of  a  circular  building.  Now  fre- 
quently applied  to  the  lantern  which  sur- 
mounts a  dome.  Specifically  applied  at 
Athens  to  the  round  chamber  or  Rotunda,  in 
which  the  Prytanes  dined. 

tho  ma-ite  (th  as  t),  *.  [After  Prof. 
Thoniae,  of  Wiesbaden  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).~\ 

Kin. :  A  doubtful  species,  said  to  be  a  car- 
bonate of  iron,  occurring  in  pyramidal  ci'>>i  ;i  i  - 
of  the  orthorhombic  system.  Found  at  Bleis- 
bach  in  the  Siel»engebirge, 


Ooil,  boy;  pout,  jo~wl ;  cat,  ceU,  chorus,  ohin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.      Ing. 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -flion  =  shun;  -tiou,  -floa  =  zhuzu   -clous,  -tious,  -aious  ^  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  be],  dei. 


4700 


Thomasite— thorax 


Thdm'-as-ite  (Th  as  T),  i.  [From  John 
Thomas,  M.D.,  born  in  London,  1805,  died  at 
Worcester,  Mass.,  1871.] 

Church  Hist. :  A  controversial  name  some- 
times given  to  the  Christadelphiaus,  from  the 
fact  that  Dr.  Thomas  organized  them  into  a 
separate  religious  body.  They  believe  that 
immortality  is  the  reward  of  the  righteous, 
i.e.  of  those  who  receive  the  truth  and  are 
baptized,  and  that  others  will  perish  after 
punishment  proportioned  to  their  misdeeds  or 
want  of  faith.  They  do  not  believe  in  the 
Trinity  or  in  a  personal  devil. 

Thome  -an  (Th  as  T),  s.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist. :  One  of  a  body  of  Christians 
on  the  Malabar  coast,  said  to  be  descendants 
of  the  converts  of  St  Thomas. 

Thorn  -Inn  (Th  as  T),  s.    [See  def.] 

Chunk  Hist, :  One  of  the  two  great  schools 
of  scholasticism,  the  other  being  Scotism 
(Q.v.X  It  derived  its  name  from  it*  founder, 
St.  Thomas  Aquinas  (1227-74),  the  Great  Domi- 
nican doctor.  In  theology  Thomism  followed 
the  doctrines  of  Augustine  as  to  free  will  and 
grace,  and  held  that  the  Virgin  Mary  was 
sanctified  after  her  body  was  informed  by  the 
soul ;  its  philosophy  was  a  moderate  Realism. 
As  a  system  it  rests  on  the  Summa  of  St 
Thomas,  which  is  divided  into  three  parts : 
fl)  Of  God  in  himself  and  as  the  Creator ; 
(2)  of  God  as  the  end  of  creatures,  and  of  the 
actions  which  lead  us  to,  or  separate  us  from 
Him  ;  and  (3)  of  the  Incarnation,  the  Sacra- 
ments, and  the  Last  Things  (i.e.,  Death,  Judg- 
ment, Heaven,  and  Hell).  The  Dominicans 
naturally  adopted  and  defended  Thomism. 

"The  obvious  difficulties  of  this  theory  led  later 
Scotlsts  to  modify  it  till  it  was  scarcely  distingulsh- 
mbl_e  from  T*omiem.~-Addii  t  Arnold  :  Cat*.  Met., 

Thorn  1st  (Th  as  T),  a.  4t  s.  [Eccles.  Lat 
Thomiita  =  a  follower  of  St  Thomas  Aquinas.] 
(THOU  ISM.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  connected 
with  the  theology  of  St  Thomas  Aquinas. 

"The  old  Scotist  and  Ttwmitl  theologies  were  still 
••llltslnnil  "  hliHi  4  Arnold  :  Cat*.  Diet.,  p.  274. 

B.  At  nbst. :   A  follower  of  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas  in  theology  and  philosophy. 

"  The  adverse  sects  of  nomisu  and  Scotlsts  filled 
Europe  with  their  noisy  disputes. "—0.  B.  Leteet :  Mitt. 
PhUoe,  ted.  1880),  11  87. 

tho  md  mys  (th  as  t),  ».  [Gr.  fa^ot  (tho- 
mos)  =  a  heap,  and  u.Gs  (mus)  =  a  mouse.] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Geomyinse,  distinguished 
from  the  type-genus  by  having  the  upper  in- 
cisors without  grooves.  There  are  two  species, 
ranging  from  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Upper 
Columbia  Rivera  to  Hudson's  Bay. 

thorn  s6n  6  lite  (th  as  t),  >.  [After  Dr. 
Julius  Thomsen,  of  Copenhagen  ;  o  connect, 
and  Gr.  Aieot  (lithos)  =  a  stone.] 

Aftn. :  A  mineral  resulting  from  the  altera- 
tion of  cryolite  (q.v.).  Crystallization  mono- 
clinic,  occurring  iu  prisms  with  horizontal 
striae,  and  also  massive  resembling  chalce- 
dony. Hardness,  2-5  to  4 ;  sp.  gr.  274  to 
S'76  ;  lustre,  vitreous,  on  some  faces  pearly  ; 
colour,  white;  transparent  to  translucent. 
Compos. :  fluorine,  52-2 ;  aluminium,  15-0  • 
calcium,  15'4 ;  sodium,  7-6 ;  water,  9-8  =  100, 
which  is  equivalent  to  the  hitherto  accepted 
formula,  2(CaNa)F+Al2F3+2HO;  but  Brandl 
has  shown  that  the  formula  should  be  written, 
[NaCa]  F,  +  AloF,  +  H2O. 

Thorn  so  -m  an  (Th  as  T),  a.  &  s.  [THOM- 
SONIANISM.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

tied. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  medical  sys- 
tem called  Thomsonianism  (q.v.). 

B,  As  subst. :  An  adherent  of  Thomsonian- 
iam. 

•  Thorn  so  -ni  an  ism  (Th  as  T),  s.  [Eng. 
Thomionian;  -im.)  (See  def.) 

Med. :  A  system  of  medicine  founded  by  Dr. 
Samuel  Thomson,  of  Massachusetts.  The 
human  body  is  assumed  to  consist  of  the  four 
so-called  elements—  fire,  air,  earth,  and  water. 
Metals  and  minerals,  being  ponderous  and 
tending  earthward,  are  supposed  to  drag  down 
to  the  earth  those  who  use  them  as  medicines, 
while  vegetables,  springing  from  the  ground 
and  tending  upwards,  are  fitted  to  make  those 
who  employ  them  as  remedies  move  upward 
to  life  and  health. 


thorn  -son -ite  (th  as  t),  «.     [After  R.  D. 
Thomson  ;  sun*,  -ite  (Afiit.).] 

Min. :  A  member  of  the  group  of  Zeolites. 
Crystallization,  orthorhombic,  occurring  as 
individual  crystals  but  more  often  in  radiated 
groups,  also  compact  Hardness,  6  to  5'5  ; 
sp.  gr.  2'3  to  2-4  ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  pearly  ; 
colour  when  pure,  snow-white  ;  brittle  ;  pyro- 
electric.  Compos.  :  silica,  38'9;  alumina,  31*6; 
lime,  12-9 ;  soda,  4-8 ;  water,  13-8  =  100,  whii'h 
yields  the  formula  2SiO2Al2Os(JCaO  +  JNaO) 
2JHO.  Dana  divides  as  follows  :  1.  Ordinary  : 
(1)  in  regular  crystals ;  (2)  in  slender  prisms, 
sometimes  radiated  ;  (3)  radiated  fibrous ;  (4) 
spherical  aggregations  of  radiated  fibres  or 
crystals  ;  (5)  massive  :  2.  Mesole  :  including 
scoulerite  :  3.  Chalilite.  Occurs  in  cavities  in 
old  amygdaloidal  lavas,  and  sometimes  in  so- 
called  metamorphic  rocks. 

thong,  *  thwang, » thwangue,  "thwong, 

«.  [A.S.  thwang;  cogn.  with  Inel.  thvengr  = 
a  thong,  a  bhoe-latchet.  From  the  same  root 
aa  TWINGE  (q.v.).]  A  leather  strip  or  lash  ; 
a  strap  of  leather  used  for  fastening  anything. 

"  At  the  seams,  where  the  different  skins  are  sewed 
together,  they  are  commonly  ornamented  with  tassels 
or  fringes  of  narrow  thonai,  cut  out  of  the  same  skins.  ' 
—Coo* :  Third  Voyage,  bk.  iv.  ch.  v. 

thong-drill,  s.  A  drill  to  which  rotatory 
motion  in  alternate  directions  is  communi- 
cated by  means  of  a  cord.  It  is  mentioned  in 
Homer  (Odys.  ix.  384). 

"Among  the  Aleutian  Islanders  the  thonff-drill,  and 
among  the  New  Zealanders  a  modification  of  it.  is 
used  far  boring  holes  iu  stone.'— fvaru  /  Ancient  Stone 
Implement*,  p.  44. 

*  thong -seal,  s. 

Zool. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Phoca 
barbata,  from  the  fact  that  the  Greenlanders 
cut  the  hide  circularly  into  a  long  strip,  which 
they  use  for  harpoon  lines. 

«  thong,  v.t.  or  i.  [THOSO,  «.]  To  beat  with 
a  thong  ;  to  lash. 

tho  Sid,  H.  ii  i.  [Mod.  Lat  tho(us);  Eng. 
suff.  -oid.] 

A.  As  adj. :  A  term  applied  by  Huxley  to 
a  division  of  Canide,  containing  the  Lupine 
or  wolf-like  forms,  as  Canis  lupus,  C.  aurns, 
C.  azarce,  4c.    He  applied  the  term  Alopecoid 
to  the  other  division,  containing  C.  orgtntatus, 
C.  vulpet,  &c.     (Proc,  Zool.  Soc.,  1880,  pp. 
238-88.) 

"I  am  disposed  ...  to  regard  Otocyon,  and  the 
T\ooid  and  Alopecoid  series  respectively,  ss  genera, 
retaining  for  the  two  Utter  the  old  names  of  Cauis 
and  Vulpes." — Proc.  fool,  Soc.,  1880.  p.  286. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Thooid 
aeries  of  the  family  Canidae. 

"There  Is  no  question  that  Thootdt  and  Alopecolds 
similar  to  those  which  exist  at  present  inhabited 
Europe  during  the  Quaternary  epoch."— Proc,  foot. 

Son..  18M,  p.  278.  , 

thoom,  s.    [THUMB.]    (Scotch.) 

Thor,  *.  [IceL  Thorr,  contr.  from  Thonor; 
A.8.  thunor  =  thunder.]  [TUUXDEB,  THURS- 
DAY.] 

Sound.  Mythol. :  The  god  of  thunder,  the 
second  principal  god  of  the  ancient  Scandi- 
navians. He  was  the  son  of  Odin  or  the 
supreme  being,  and  Jorth  =  the  Earth.  He 
is  represented  as  a  powerful  man  in  the  prime 
of  life,  with  a  long  red  beard,  a  crown  on  his 
head,  a  sceptre  in  one  hand,  and  his  hammer 
in  the  other.  Thursday  receives  its  name 
from  him,  and  his  name  also  enters  into 
many  proper  names,  as  Thereby  in  Cumber- 
land, Jorthorwald  in  Dumfriesshire,  Ac.  His 
wife  was  Sif  (Love),  and  his  palace  Thrud- 
vangr,  where  he  received  the  warriors  who 
had  fallen  in  battle.  He  was  the  champion  of 
the  gods,  and  was  called  in  to  their  assistance 
whenever  they  were  in  straits.  He  was  also 
the  friend  of  mankind,  and  the  slayer  of  trolls 
and  evil  spirits.  His  belt,  called  Megingjard, 
had  the  property  of  doubling  his  strength 
whenever  he  put  it  on.  His  hammer  or  mace 
was  called  Mjolnir. 

Thor's  hammers,  s.  pl.+ 
Anthrop. :   A  popular  name  in  the  north  of 
Europe  for  celts. 

"  In  Scandinavia  and  Northern  Germany  perforated 
^xes  and  axe.hammera  are  frequent'    ' 
hammeri."— Beam :  Ancient  atone 


axes  and  axe.hammen  are  frequently  known  as  Thor't 
e  Implement!,  p.  194. 


thor'-a,  i.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot. :  Ranunculus  Thora ;  a  species  from 
the  Alps.  The  roots  are  very  acrid  and 
poisonous,  and  their  juice  wag  formerly  nsed 
by  the  Swiss  hunters  to  poison  their  arrows. 


thS-ra9'-Ic,  *  tho'-ra9'-i'ck.  a.  &  «.    [Lat. 

thorax,  genit.  thoracis  =  the  chest] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  thorax 
or  chest :  as,  thoracic  arteries. 

B.  As  substantive: 
Anat. :  A  thoracic  artery, 
thoracic  duct,  s. 

Anat. :  A  long  narrow  vessel  in  front  of  the 
vertebrae,  and  opening  into  the  veins  on  the 
left  side  of  the  neck  at  the  angle  of  union  of 
the  subclavian  and  anterior  jugular.  It  is  the 
chief  trunk  of  the  lymphatic  system,  and  the 
principal  canal  through  whicli  the  chyle  and 
lymph  are  conveyed  to  the  blood. 

thoracic-fins,  s.  pi 

Ichtky.  :  A  term  applied  to  the  ventral  fins, 
when  they  are  situated  behind  the  pectorals. 

thoracic-myalgia,  s. 

Pathol. :  A  hot  wearying  pain  in  the  ten- 
dinous insertions  of  the  fleshy  bodies  of  th* 
pectoral  and  sometimes  of  the  intercostal 
muscles,  arising  from  overwork.  Rest,  a 
flannel  bandage  round  the  thorax,  friction 
with  anodyne  liniments,  and  attention  to  the 
general  health  are  the  appropriate  remedies 

thoracic-regions,  .-•. ...'. 

Anat. :  Fourteen  regions  into  which  the 
thorax  in  man  is  divided  by  imaginary 
straight  lines,  longitudinal  and  transverse, 
so  that  the  exact  situation  of  any  spot  may 
be  described.  (ABDOMINAL.) 

tho-rac'-l-ca,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat 
thorax  (q.v.).J 

Zool. :  An  order  of  Cirripedia.  Carapace 
either  a  capitulum  or  a  pedicle,  or  an  oper- 
culatvd  shell  with  a  basis.  Body  formed  of 
six  thoracic  segments,  generally  furnished 
with  six  pairs  of  limbs ;  abdomen  rudiment- 
ary, but  often  bearing  caudal  appendages. 
Families :  Balanidae,  Verrucidse,  and  Lepadidw. 

*  thS-ra9'-I-9i,  «.  pi  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
thorax  (q.v.).J 

Ichthy. :  A  Linnean  group  of  Fishes  (Sys- 
tema,  ed.  12th),  having  the  ventral  fins  in- 
serted on  the  abdominal  surface  below  the 
pectorals. 

thbr-a-9ip-o-da,  «.  pi.  [Lat  thorax,  genit, 
thoracis,  and  Gr.  irovt  (pout),  genit.  iroiot 
(podos)  =  a  foot] 

Zool. :  A  division  of  Crustacea,  having  the 
special  locomotory  organs  belonging  to  the 
tnorax.  It  contains  two  legions,  Podophthal- 
iir'a  and  Edriophthalmia  (q.v.). 

thor-a-oo-,  pref.  [Gr.  8iipof  (thorax),  genit 
ffwpoutoc  (tiiorakos)  =  a  breastplate.)  Of,  or 
belonging  to,  or  in  any  way  connected  with, 
the  thorax. 

thor  a-coe  -er-as,  «.  [Pref.  thoraco-,  and 
Gr.  Kcoas  (keras)  =  a  horn.] 

Paloxnt. :  A  genus  of  OrthoceratidR.  Shell 
straight,  elongated,  conical,  with  a  small, 
lateral,  straight  siphuncle.  Known  species 
twenty  ;  from  the  Silurian  to  the  Carbonifer- 
ous of  the  United  States  and  Europe. 

thor  a-cosau  -rug,  s.  [Pref.  ttiomco-,  and 
Gr.  o-aCpof  (sauros)  =.  a  lizard.] 

Palreont. :  A  genus  of  Huxley's  Ensuchla, 
peculiar  to  the  Chalk  of  North  America.  They 
belong  to  the  Proccelia  of  Owen. 

«  thor  -ah  (th  as  t),  ».    [TORAH.] 

*  thor  -aL  a.  [Lat.  thorus,  torus  =  a  couch,  a 
bed.) 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bed. 

"The  punishment  of  adultery  .  .  .  was  sometimes 
made  by  arAoral  separation."— Ayliffe:  Partrf/nu. 

2.  Appellative  of  a  line  in  the  hand ;  called 
also  the  Mark  of  Venus. 

thor' -ax,  «.  [Lat.,  from  Or.  Siipof  (thorax)  — 
the  chest,  a  breastplate.] 

1.  Anatomy : 

(1)  Human :  The  breast,  and  specially  the 
bones  enclosing  it  It  is  somewhat  couiral, 
with  convex  walls.  Its  upper  opening  is  con- 
tracted, and  bounded  by  the  first  dorsal 
vertebra,  the  first  pair  of  ribs,  and  the  nmmi- 
brium  of  the  sternum.  Its  inferior  margin 
slopes  downwards  on  each  side  to  the  twelfth 
rib ;  its  longitudinal  axis  is  directed  up- 
wards and  somewhat  backwards ;  its  nans- 


<&te,  at,  Cire,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wSt.  here,  oameL  her.  th.ro;  pine,  pit,  «ire,  «ir,  marine-,  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  oiir,  rule,  lull;  try,  Syrian,    w,  oe  -  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lew. 


thorictidsB— thorough 


4701 


Teree  diameter  at  the  widest  part  greatly 
exceeds  the  distance  from  the  breast  to  the 
back.  It  consists  of  the  dorsal  vertfibrte,  the 
sternum,  the  ribs,  and  the  costal  cartilages, 
and  contains  the  lungs,  the  heart,  Ac.  The 
muscles  of  the  thorax  are :  the  intercostals, 
the  levatores  costarum,  the  subcostals,  the 
trfangularis  stertd,  with  which  may  be  in- 
cluded the  diaphragm. 

(2)  Compar. :  The  part  of  the  trunk  above 
or  anterior  to  the  diaphragm. 

2.  Entom. :  The  central  division  of  the 
body  of  insects.  It  is  formed  of  three  con- 
solidated somites  or  segments  :  the  prothorax, 
the  mesothorax,  and  the  meta thorax. 

*  3.  Old  Armour:  A  breastplate,  cuirass,  or 
corselet;  more  especially  the  cuirass  or  corse- 


GREEK  WARRIOR  WEARING  THORAX. 

let  worn  by  the  ancient  Greeks,  correspond- 
ing to  the  lorica  of  the  Romans.  It  consisted 
of  a  breast  and  a  backpiece  fastened  by 
buckles,  and  was  often  richly  ornamented. 

Ihor-Ic  -ti-dse,  s.  pi   [Gr.  fcopijimjt  (thorektes) 
=  armed  with  a  breast-plate.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Necrophaga.  Minute, 
broad,  convex  beetles,  with  the  prothorax 
very  large ;  antennae  clavate,  eleven-jointed ; 
tarsi  five-jointed.  Known  species  twenty,  all 
from  the  borders  of  the  Mediterranean. 

tho-ri'-na,  s.    [THORINUM.] 

Chem. :  ThO.  Thorinum  oxide  ;  thorinic 
oxide.  Prepared  from  thorite  by  reducing  it 
to  a  fine  powder  and  decomposing  with  hydro- 
chloric acid.  After  separation  of  various 
metallic  oxides,  it  is  treated  with  potassic 
sulphate  and  precipitated  as  potassio- thorinic 
sulphate.  From  the  solution  of  the  salt  in 
hot  water,  ammonia  throws  down  thorinic 
hydrate,  which  on  ignition  yields  thorina.  It 
Is  a  white  powder  of  a  sp.  gr.  =  9"402.  The 
ignited  oxide  is  insoluble  in  hydrochloric  and 
nitric  acids,  and  only  difficultly  soluble  in 
sulphuric  acid. 

tho-iin'-ic,  a.    [Bng.  thorin(um) ;  -ic.]    Per- 
taining to  thorinum. 

thorlnlo-oxlde,  s.    [THORINA.] 

tho  ri-num,  *.  [Latinised  from  2Vu>r(q.v.).] 
Chem.  :  Thorium.  Atomic  weight  =  115*7; 
symbol  Th.  A  divalent  metallic  element 
belonging  to  the  group  of  earth-metals  dis- 
covered by  Berzelius,  in  1828,  in  thorite.  It 
is  a  very  rare  element,  and  is  obtained  by 
heating  the  anhydrous  chloride  with  potas- 
sium. The  reduced  thorinum  is  a  gray  me- 
tallic powder,  having  a  specific  gravity  of  7*65 
to  7-79.  When  heated,  it  burns  with  a  bright 
flame,  producing  snow-white  thorina  without 
»ny  trace  of  fusion.  It  is  not  oxidised  by 
either  hot  or  cold  water,  dissolves  slowly  in 
nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  more  easily  in 
hydrochloric  acid,  and  is  not  attacked  by 
caustic  alkali*. 

thorinum  chloride,  s. 

Chem. :  ThCla.  Prepared  by  heating  an  in- 
timate mixture  of  thorina  and  charcoal  in  a 
stream  of  dry  chlorine  gas.  It  is  deposited 
on  the  cool  part  of  the  tube  in  white,  shining 
crystals,  which  are  rectangular,  four-sided 
tables.  They  deliquesce  in  the  air,  and  dis- 
solve in  water  witli  rise  of  temperature. 

thorinum  hydrate,  5. 

Chem.  :  Th(HO>2.  Obtained  as  a  gelatinous 
mass  by  the  action  of  caustic  alkalis  on 
solutions  of  thorinum  salts.  Under  the  air- 
pump  it  dries  up  into  a  white  powder,  readily 
soluble  in  all  acids,  excepting  oxalic,  molybdic, 
snd  hydrofluoric  acids. 


thorinum  oxide,  *.    [THORINA.] 
thorinum  sulphide,  s. 

Chem. :  ThS.  Thorinum  burns  in  the  vapour 
of  sulphur,  forming  a  yellow  pulverulent  sul- 
phide, which  acquires  metallic  lustre  by 
pressure.  It  is  very  slowly  attacked  by  adds, 
and  is  converted  into  thorina  by  roasting. 

thor'-Ite, ».  [Eng.  thor(ium);  suff.  -i(«(Min.).] 
Mln.  :  An  isometric  mineral  with  a  tetra- 
hedral  habit ;  occurring  in  crystals  and  mas- 
sive in  syenite,  near  Brevig,  Norway.  Also 
found  as  pseudomorphs  in  the  form  of  zircon 
and  orthoclase.  Hardness,  4'5  to  5 ;  sp.  gr., 
4 '3  to  5'4  ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  resinous  ;  colour, 
orange  to  brownish-yellow,  black ;  streak, 
light  orange  to  dark-brown.  Compos. :  essen- 
tially a  silicate  of  thoria  ;  silica,  17 '0 ;  thoria, 
76'2 ;  water,  6*8  =  100,  which  is  equivalent 
to  the  formnla  ThOjSiOa  +  1JHO. 

thbr'-I-um,  s.    [THORINUM.] 

thorn,  "thorne,  s.    [A. 8.  thorn;  cogn.  with 
Dut.    doom;   Icel.   thorn;  Dan.    (torn;  Sw. 
turne;  Ger.  dorn  ;  Goth,  thauriiu*.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  LiUraUy: 

(1)  Any  sharp-pointed  projection  likely  to 
lacerate  the  hand,  on  the  stem  or  any  other 
part  of  a  shrub,  tree,  or  herb.    Popularly,  it 
includes  both  a  botanical  thorn  and  a  prickle. 

(2)  A  thorny  shrub,  tree,  or  herb ;  often 
used   in  this  sense  in  composition,  as  the 
Bl&ckthorn  the  Hawthorn,   Ac.      When    the 
word  thorn  is  used  alone,  it  generally  signi- 
fies a  hawthorn.    In  Scripture,  and  specially 
in  the  Old  Testament,  thorn  is  a  generic  word 
including  various  spinous  plants  belonging 
to  different  families.     Precision  in  identifying 
them  all  is  impossible. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  Anything  that  pricks  or  annoys  as  a 
thorn ;  anything  painful,  irritating, or  trouble- 
some ;  a  source  of  annoyance  or  trouble  ;  an 
obstacle,  a  trouble,  a  care. 

"  No  traveller  ever  reached  that  blessed  abode, 
Who  found  nut  thorns  and  brien  in  hia  road.** 

Cowper  :  Spittle  to  an  Afflicted  Lady. 

(2)  The  same  as  THORN-LETTER  (q.v.). 

IT.  Bot. :  A  sharp  conical  projection  con- 
stituting the  growing  point  of  a  branch  which 
has  proved  abortive.  That  this  is  its  origin 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  sometimes  trees, 
which  are  thorny  in  their  wild  state,  have 
their  spines  converted  into  branches  when 
long  cultivated  in  a  garden,  as  is  the  case 
with  the  apple  and  the  pear.  A  thorn  differs 
from  a  prickle,  which  is  so  superficial  that  it 
comes  away  when  the  bark  is  pealed  off,  while 
in  similar  circumstances  a  thorn,  being  deep 
seated,  remains.  Sometimes  thorns  bear 
leaves,  as  in  the  Whitethorn. 

thorn-apple,  s. 

Bot. :  Datura  Stramonium, 

thorn-bush*  s.  A  shrub  that  bears  thorns. 

"  The  lantern  is  the  moon  ;  I,  the  uinn  in  the  moon : 
tMsthorn-buth,  my  thorn-biuh;  and  this  dog,  my  dog. 
— Shaketp. :  Jlidtummer  Jfight'i  Dream,  v.  L 

thorn-but,  s.    A  turbot  (q.v.). 
thorn-devil,*.    [MOI/XJH,  II.  a.J 
thorn-headed  worms,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  Acanthocephala  (q.v.),  so  named 
because  they  have  a  trunk  or  proboscis  armed 
with  hooks  by  which  they  can  attach  them- 
selves to,  or  penetrate,  the  coats  of  the  in- 
testines of  their  hosts. 

thorn-hedge,  *.    A  hedge  or  fence  com- 

posed  of  thorns. 

thorn-letter,  s,  A  name  given  to  the 
letter  £(=th)  in  Anglo-Saxon,  and  the  corre- 
sponding character  in  Icelandic. 

thorn-moth,  s. 

Entom. :  More  than  one  species  of  Geometer 
Moths.  The  Purple  Thorn  is  Selenia  illus- 
trata;  the  Early  Thorn,  S.  illumaria;  and  the 
Canary  Shouldered  Thorn,  Ennomos  tiliaria. 

thorn-set,  a.    Set  or  planted  with  thorns. 
thorn-tailed  agama,  *. 
Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Uromastrix  (q.v.). 

*  thorn,  v.t.    [THORN,  *.]    To  prick  or  pierce 
with,  or  as  with  a  thorn. 

"  The  only  rose  of  all  the  stock 
That  never  thorn'd  him." 

Tennyton  .'  Harold,  L  L 


thorn,  back,  s.     [Eng.  thorn,  s.,  and  back.] 

Ichthy. :  Rajaclavata,  one  of  the  commonest 
of  the  British  Rays,  occurring  all  round  the 
c-oast.  It  is  dark-brown  in  colour,  with 
lighter  spots  ;  the  whole  upper  surface  is 
Covered  with  asperities,  and  a  variable  num- 
ber of  large  spines,  like  recurved  nails,  more 
abundant  in  the  female  than  in  the  male,  but 
always  extending  down  the  tail  in  the  median 
line.  It  is  in  the  best  condition  in  November, 
but  is  not  highly  esteemed  as  a  food-fish. 

*  thorn '-less,  a.   IEng.  thorn,  s. ;  -less.]    Free 
from  thorns.    (Lit.  &fig.) 

"  Youth's  gay  prime  and  thornlet*  pallia." 

Coleridge;  Sonnet  to  Bowl*. 

thorn -tail^5.    [Eng.  thorn,  s.,  and  fail.] 

Ornith, :  A  popular  name  for  the  species  of 
two  genera  of  Humming-birds— Gouldia  (four 
species)  and  Discura  (one).  The  tail-feathers 
in  the  first  genus  are  much  elongated  and 
sharply  pointed,  and  the  tarsi  are  covered 
with  a  tuft  of  feathers.  Discura  has  a  racket 
at  the  end  of  the  tail. 

thorn  y,  *  thorn  ie,  a.    [Eng.  thorn,  s. ;  -y.] 
L  Lit. :  Full  of  thorns  or  spines ;   rough 
with  thorns  or  prickles. 

"  He  in  the  thick  woven  covert 
Painfully  tugs,  or  in  the  thorny  brake 
Torn  and  euib&rrasa'd  bleeds." 

Somervilt:  CAoM,  L 

IX  Figuratively : 

*  L  Sharp,  pricking,  pressing. 

"  No  dislike  against  the  person 
Of  our  good  que«ii,  but  the  sharp  thorny  point* 
Of  my  alleged  reasons  drive  this  forward. ' 

Shaketp.  :  li*nry  VIII.,  li.  1 

2.  Troublesome,  vexatious,  perplexing, 
harassing. 

"  The  thorny  point  of  bare  distress. " 

Shaltetp. :  At  You  Like  It,  ii.  T. 

thorny-clams,  *.  pi. 

ZooL  :  The  family  Cluunidae. 
thorny-oyster,  s. 

Zool. ;  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Spondylus  (q.v.).  The  lower 
valve  in  old  specimens  is  almost  always  spiny. 

thorny-restharrow,  s.  [RCSTHABROW.] 
t  thorny-trefoil,  t. 

Bot. :  Fagonia  trifolium,  a  Bean-caper. 

thor'-o'ugh (0ft  silent),  *  thor-ow,  *  thor-u 

*  thor  owe,     *  thor   ugh,     *  thorw, 

*  thnrun,  a.,  adv.,  prep.,  &  s.     [A  later  form 
of  through  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Passing  through. 

"  Let  all  three  aides  be  a  double  bouse,  without 
thorough  light*  on  the  §tdet."— Bacon ;  Of  Building. 

2.  Passing  through  or  to  the  end  ;  hence, 
complete,  perfect. 

"  The  Irish  horseboys.  In  the  thorough  reformation 
of  that  realm,  should  be  cut  oft "— Sptnter :  f&ut*  <if 
Ireland. 

3.  Thorough-going. 

"In  conclusion,  he  urged  them  to  be  thorough  In 
what  they  undertook."— 06*»rwr,  Deo.  20,  1886. 

B.  As  adverb : 

1.  Thoroughly. 

"  So  VM  I  with  the  friii? 
Thorow  rauiahed."  Chaucer:  Flower  t  Ltaf. 

2.  Through. 

"  -No  1  though  the  serpent's  sting  should  pierce  m* 
thorough.'  Byron  :  Jleavcn  A  Earth,  L  L 

*  C.  As  preposition : 

1.  Through. 

"  On  mountains,  thorow  brambles,  pits,  and  flouda," 
Beaum.  A  Fltt. ;  PhUatter.  IT. 

2.  By  means  of. 
D.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  passage,  a  thoroughfare  ;  a  channel; 
any  means  of  passage. 

"  The  alteration  must  be  from  the  head  by  malting 
other  thorouyhi  and  devices."— Bradford  :  ft'ort*,  L 
SOS. 

2.  An  interfurrow  between  two  ridges;  A 
channel  for  water.  (Prow.) 

IL  Eng.  Hist.  :  A  word  used  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  by  Wentworth,  Earl  of  Stratford, 
in  his  confidential  correspondence,  to  express 
the  scheme  he  meditated  for  subverting  the 
liberties  of  his  countrymen  and  making 
Charles  an  absolute  monarch. 

"  To  this  scheme,  in  his  confidential  correspondence, 
he  gave  the  expressive  name  of  Thorough." — Jiacautay  s 
Mitt.  Eng..  cb,  L 

thorough-bass,  thorough -base,  •- 


boll,  boy ;  pout,  J6%1 ;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  eylst.   ph  =  t 
-clan, -tian  =  ahan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -fton,  -sion  =  xhun.    -clous, -tious, -sious     shiis.   -ble. -die,  &c.  ~  bel,  del. 


4700 


Thomasite— thorax 


Thorn  -as  ite  (Th  as  T),  i.  [From  John 
Thomas,  M.D.,  born  in  London,  1805,  died  at 
Worcester,  Mass.,  1871.] 

Church  Hist. :  A  controversial  name  some- 
times given  to  the  Christadelphians,  from  the 
fact  that  Dr.  Thomas  organized  them  into  a 
separate  religious  body.  They  believe  that 
immortality  is  the  reward  of  the  righteous, 
i.e.  of  those  who  receive  the  truth  and  are 
baptized,  and  that  others  will  perish  after 
punishment  proportioned  to  their  misdeeds  or 
want  of  faith.  They  do  not  believe  in  the 
Trinity  or  in  a  personal  devil. 

Thome  -an  (Th  as  T),  s.    [See  def.) 

Church  Hist. :  One  of  a  body  of  Christians 
on  the  Malabar  coast,  said  to  be  descendants 
of  the  converts  of  St.  Thomas. 

Thorn  -Ism  (Th  as  T),  s.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  :  One  of  the  two  great  schools 
of  scholasticism,  the  other  being  Scotism 
(q.v.).  It  derived  its  name  from  ite  founder, 
St.  Thomas  Aquinas  (1227-T4),  the  Great  Domi- 
nican doctor.  In  theology  Thomism  followed 
the  doctrines  of  Augustine  as  to  free  will  and 
grace,  and  held  that  the  Virgin  Mary  was 
sanctified  after  her  body  was  informed  by  the 
•oul  ;  its  philosophy  was  a  moderate  Realism. 
As  a  system  it  rests  on  the  Sum-ma  of  St. 
Thomas,  which  is  divided  into  three  parts : 

(1)  Of  God  in  himself  and  as  the  Creator ; 

(2)  of  God  as  the  end  of  creatures,  and  of  the 
actions  which  lead  us  to,  or  separate  as  from 
Him  ;  and  (3)  of  the  Incarnation,  the  Sacra- 
ments, and  the  Last  Things  (i.e.,  Death,  Judg- 
ment, Heaven,  and  Hell).    The  Dominicans 
naturally  adopted  and  defended  Thomism. 

-The  obviou.  difficultly  of  thi»  theory  led  liter 
Scotlsts  to  modify  It  till  It  wu  scarcely  distinguish- 
•ble  bum  Ikomitm.'—AddU  t  Arnold :  Cut*.  Diet.. 

»m 

Thorn  -tat  (Th  as  T),  a.  &  s.  [Eccles.  Lat. 
Thomiita  =  a  follower  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas.] 
[THOMISM.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  connected 
With  the  theology  of  St  Thomas  Aquinas. 

"The  old  Sootlst  and  rftxmi*  theologiea  were  still 
••tntBlnnrt  "  littiit  4  Arnold :  Ctith.  Diet.,  p.  XT 4. 

B.  At  tubst. :   A  follower  of  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas  in  theology  and  philosophy. 

"  The  advene  Beet*  of  TlwmuU  and  ScotUta  filled 
Kurupe  with  their  noisy  dixputw."— 0.  H.  Leteel :  Eitl. 
fhilot.  led.  IBM),  il.  87. 

tho  md  my>  (th  as  t),  >.  [Or.  AULUK  (tho- 
mos)  =  a  heap,  and  /iO«  (mus)  =  a  mouse.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Geomyinse,  distinguished 
from  the  type-genus  by  having  the  upper  in- 
cisors without  grooves.  There  are  two  species, 
ranging  from  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Upper 
Columbia  Rivers  to  Hudson's  Bay. 

thorn  sen  6  lite  (th  as  t),  t.  [After  Dr. 
Julius  Thuiusen,  of  Copenhagen  ;  o  connect., 
and  Or.  Ai'Sos  (lithos)  —  a  stone.] 

Ifin. :  A  mineral  resulting  from  the  altera- 
tion of  cryolite  (q.v.).  Crystallization  mono- 
clinic,  occurring  in  prisms  with  horizontal 
striae,  and  also  massive  resembling  chalce- 
dony. Hardness,  2'5  to  4 ;  sp.  gr.  2'74  to 
S'76  ;  lustre,  vitreous,  on  some  faces  pearly  ; 
colour,  white;  transparent  to  translucent. 
Compos. :  fluorine,  62-2 ;  aluminium,  15-0  ; 
caldnm,  15-4 ;  sodium,  7-6 ;  water,  9'8  =  100, 
which  is  equivalent  to  the  hitherto  accepted 
formula,  2(CaNa)F+Al5F3+2HO;  hut  Bramll 
has  shown  that  the  formula  should  be  written, 
[NaCa]F3-r  A12F«  +  H20. 

Thorn  so  -m  an  (Th  as  T),  a.  &  «.    [THOM- 

8ON1ANISM.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

Med. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  medical  sys- 
tem called  Thomsonianism  (q.v.). 

B,  As  svbst.  :  An  adherent  of  Thomsonian- 
tom. 

•  Thorn  so  ni  an  ism  (Th  as  T), ».  [Eng. 
Thamionian;  -ism.]  (See  def.) 

Med. :  A  system  of  medicine  founded  by  Dr. 
Samuel  Thomson,  of  Massachusetts.  The 
human  body  is  assumed  to  consist  of  the  four 
so-called  elements— fire,  air,  earth,  and  water. 
Metals  and  minerals,  being  ponderous  and 
tending  earthward,  are  supposed  to  drag  down 
to  the  earth  those  who  use  them  as  medicines, 
while  vegetables,  springing  from  the  ground 
and  tending  upwards,  are  fitted  to  make  those 
who  employ  them  as  remedies  move  upward 
to  life  and  health. 


thorn  -  mim  ite  (th  as  t).  s.  [After  R.  D. 
Thomson  ;  sun",  -ite  (Jtfi».).] 

Min. :  A  member  of  tlie  group  of  Zeolites. 
Crystallization,  orthorhoinbic,  occurring  as 
individual  crystals  but  more  often  in  radiated 
groups,  also  compact.  Hardness,  5  to  5'5  ; 
sp.  gr.  2-3  to  2-4  ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  pearly  ; 
colour  when  pure,  snow-white ;  brittle  ;  pyro- 
electric.  Compos.  :  silica.  38'9 ;  alumina,  31'6  ; 
lime,  12-9  ;  soda,  4-8  ;  water,  13'8  =  100,  which 
yields  the  formula  2SiO2AlsO3(JCaO  +  }NaO) 
2JHO.  Dana  divides  as  follows  :  1.  Ordinary  : 
(1)  in  regular  crystals  ;  (2)  in  slender  prisms, 
sometimes  radiated  ;  (3)  radiated  fibrous  ;  (4) 
spherical  aggregations  of  radiated  fibres  or 
crystals  ;  (5)  massive  :  2.  Mesole  :  including 
scoulerite  :  3.  Chalilite.  Occurs  in  cavities  in 
old  amygdaloidal  lavas,  and  sometimes  in  so- 
called  metamorphic  rocks. 

thong,  •  thwang,  "thwangno, "  thwong, 

s.  [A.S.  thwang;  cogn.  with  Icel.  thvengr  = 
a  thong,  a  shoe-latchet.  From  the  same  root 
as  TWISOE  (q.v.).]  A  leather  strip  or  lasli ; 
a  strap  of  leather  used  for  fastening  anything. 

"  At  the  seams,  where  the  different  skins  are  sewed 
together,  they  are  commonly  ornamented  with  tassels 
or  fringes  of  narrow  thonst,  cut  out  of  the  same  skins.  " 
—Coo*  .  Third  Voyage,  bk.  Iv.  ch.  T. 

thong-drill,  s.  A  drill  to  which  rotatory 
motion  in  alternate  directions  is  communi- 
cated by  means  of  a  cord.  It  is  mentioned  in 
Homer  (Odys.  ix.  384). 

"Among  the  Aleutian  islanders  the  thany-drill.  and 
among  the  New  Zealaoden  a  modification  of  It,  is 
used  for  boring  holes  in  stone."— front :  AncitntSton* 
Implement!,  p.  44. 

t  thong-seal,  ». 

Zool. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Phoca 
barbata,  from  the  fact  that  the  Greenlanders 
cut  the  hide  circularly  into  a  long  strip,  which 
they  use  for  harpoon  lines. 

*  thong,  i-.t.  or  i.  [THONO,  «.]  To  beat  with 
a  thong  ;  to  lash. 

tho -Sid,  a.  &  i.  [Mod.  Lat  tho(vt);  Eng. 
sun",  -aid.] 

A.  As  adj. :  A  term  applied  by  Huxley  to 
a  division  of  Canidee,  containing  the  Lupine 
or  wolf-like  forms,  as  Canis  lupus,  C.  aureus, 
C.  amros,  &c.     He  applied  the  term  Alopecoid 
to  the  other  division,  containing  C.  urgcntatus, 
C.  mdpes,  &c.     (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1880,  pp. 
238-88.) 

"  I  am  dlspoMd  ...  to  regard  Otocyon,  and  the 
T\ooid  and  Alopecoid  «rie»  respectively,  u  ecntr*, 
retaining  for  the  two  latter  tbe  old  name*  of  Ctuiii 
and  Vulpe*."— /*roc.  foot.  Sac..  1880,  p.  28C. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Thooid 
series  of  the  family  Canidse. 

"Then  Is  no  question  that  Thooidt  and  Alopecolda 
almilar  to  those  which  exist  at  present  inlmliit«?<l 
Europe  during  the  Quaternary  epoch."— Proc.  XooL 
Soc..  1880.  p.  378.  , 

thoom,  s.    [THUMB.]    (Scotch.) 

Thor,  a.  [IceL  Th6rr,  contr.  from  TJumor; 
A.S.  tkunor  =  thunder.]  [THUNDKR,  THURS- 
DAY.) 

Scand.  Mythol  :  The  god  of  thunder,  the 
second  principal  god  of  the  ancient  Scandi- 
navians. He  was  the  son  of  Odin  or  the 
supreme  being,  and  Jorth  =  the  Earth.  He 
is  re  presented  as  a  powerful  man  in  the  prime 
of  life,  with  a  long  red  beard,  a  crown  on  his 
head,  a  sceptre  in  one  hand,  and  his  hammer 
in  the  other.  Thursday  receives  its  name 
from  him,  and  his  name  also  enters  into 
many  proper  names,  aa  Thorsby  in  Cumber- 
land, Jorthorwald  in  Dumfriesshire,  &c.  His 
wife  was  Sif  (Love),  and  his  palace  Thrud- 
vangr,  where  he  received  the  warriors  who 
had  fallen  in  battle.  He  was  the  champion  of 
the  gods,  and  was  called  in  to  their  assistance 
whenever  they  were  in  straits.  He  was  also 
the  friend  of  mankind,  and  the  slayer  of  trolls 
and  evil  spirits.  His  belt,  called  Megingjard, 
had  the  property  of  doubling  his  strength 
whenever  he  put  it  on.  His  hammer  or  mace 
was  called  Mjblnir. 

Thor's  hammers,  s.  pl;+ 

Anthrop. :  A  popular  name  in  the  north  of 
Europe  for  celts. 

"  In  Scandinavia  and  Northern  Germany  perforated 
axes  and  axe-hammera  are  frequently  known  aa  Thor't 
hamm«r»."—gvaru ;  Ancient  Stone  /mplementt,  p.  1M. 

thor '-a,  «.    (Etym.  doubtful.] 

J5o(. :  Ranunculus  Thora ;  a  species  from 
the  Alps.  The  roots  are  very  acrid  and 
poisonous,  and  their  juice  was  formerly  used 
by  the  Swiss  hunters  to  poison  their  arrows. 


tho  ri9  -Ic,  *  thd  r&9  -Ick,  a.  &  «.    [Ut 

thorax,  genit.  thoracis  =.  the  chest.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  thorax 
or  chest :  as,  thoracic  arteries. 

B.  As  substantive : 
Anat. :  A  thoracic  artery. 
thoracic-duct,  •. 

Anat. :  A  long  narrow  vessel  in  front  of  the 
vertebrae,  and  opening  into  the  veins  on  the 
left  side  of  the  neck  at  the  angle  of  union  of 
the  subclavian  and  anterior  jugular.  It  is  the 
chief  trunk  of  the  lymphatic  system,  and  the 
principal  canal  through  whicli  the  chyle  and 
lymph  are  conveyed  to  the  blood. 

thoracic-fins, .-.  pi 
Ichthy.  :  A  term  applied  to  the  ventral  fins, 
when  they  are  situated  behind  the  pectorals. 

thoracic-myalgia,  s. 

Pathol :  A  hot  wearying  pain  in  the  ten- 
dinous insertions  of  the  fleshy  bodies  of  the 
pectoral  and  sometimes  of  the  intercostal 
muscles,  arising  from  overwork.  Rest,  a 
flannel  bandage  round  the  thorax,  friction 
witli  anodyne  liniments,  and  attention  to  the 
general  health  are  the  appropriate  remedies. 

thoracic-regions,  s.  pi 

Anat. :  Fourteen  regions  into  which  the 
thorax  in  man  is  divided  by  imaginary 
straight  lines,  longitudinal  and  transverse, 
so  that  the  exact  situation  of  any  spot  may 
be  described.  [ABDOMINAL.] 

tho  r&9  -I-ca,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat 
thorax  (q.v.).] 

Zool :  An  order  of  Cirri  pedia.  Carapace 
either  a  capitulum  or  a  pedicle,  or  an  oper- 
ciliated  shell  with  a  basis.  Body  formed  of 
six  thoracic  segments,  generally  furnished 
with  six  pairs  of  limbs ;  abdomen  rudiment- 
ary, but  often  bearing  caudal  appendages. 
Families :  Balanidae,  Vemicidae,  and  Lepadidie. 

11  th&-rao'-I-ci,  «.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.f  from 
thorax  (q.v.).J 

Ichthy. :  A  Linnsean  group  of  Fishes  (Syt- 
tema,  ed.  12th),  having  the  ventral  fins  in- 
sertt-d  on  the  abdominal  surface  below  th* 
pectorals. 

thbr-&-cIp'-&-<i%  s.  pi.  [Lat.  thorax,  genit 
thoracis,  and  Gr.  irovs  (pous),  genit.  iroooc 
( podos)  =  a  foot] 

Zool :  A  division  of  Crustacea,  having  the 
special  locomotory  organs  belonging  to  the 
thorax.  It  contains  two  legions.  Podophthal- 
mia  and  Edriophtha.mia  (q.v.). 

thbr-a-co-,  pref.    [Gr.  tfwpof  (thorax),  genit 

ftupdxot  (thorakos)  —  a  breastplate.}  Of,  or 
belonging  to,  or  in  any  way  connected  with, 
the  thorax. 

thor  a-c09  -er  £s,  *.  [Pref.  thoraco-,  snd 
Gr.  Jtepa?  (kera-s)  —  a  horn.] 

Palafont. :  A  genus  of  OrthoceratidBE,  SheU 
straight,  elongated,  conical,  with  a  small,, 
lateral,  straight  siphuncle.  Known  species 
twenty  ;  from  the  Silurian  to  th«  Carbonifer- 
ous of  the  United  States  and  Europe. 

tnor  a-co  sau'-rus,  *.  [Pref.  thoraco-,  and 
Gr.  aavpos  (sauros)  —  a  lizard.] 

PalfEonL :  A  genus  of  Huxley's  Eusnchis, 
peculiar  to  the  Chalk  of  North  America.  Thej 
belong  to  the  Procalia  of  Owen. 

*  thbr'-ah  (th  as  t),  *.    [TORAH.] 

*  thor  -al,  a.    [Lat.  thorus,  torus  =  a  couch,  a 
bed.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bed. 

"The  pnnishment  of  adultery  .  .  .  WM  sometime* 
made  by  a  thoral  Kparatiou."— A yUffc :  Paretyon. 

2.  Appellative  of  a  line  in  tbe  hand ;  called 
also  the  Mark  of  Venus. 

thor  ax,  «.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  6wpa£  (thorax)  = 
the  chest,  a  breastplate.] 

1.  Anatomy: 

(1)  Human:  The  breast,  and  specially  the 
bones  enclosing  it  It  is  somewhat  couical, 
with  convex  walls.  Its  upper  opening  is  c<m- 
tractcd,  and  bounded  by  the  first  dorsal 
vertebra,  the  first  pair  of  ribs,  and  the  innim- 
brium  of  the  sternum.  Ite  inferior  margin 
slopes  downwards  on  each  side  to  the  twelfth 
rib ;  its  longitudinal  axis  is  directed  up* 
wards  and  somewhat  backwards ;  its  trans- 


late, fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolft  work,  whd,  sin;  mute.  cub.  oiire,  nnite,  cur,  rule,,  full;  try,  Syrian,    av,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «u  =  fcw. 


thorictidee— thorough 


4701 


rerse  diameter  at  the  widest  part  greatly 
exceeds  the  distance  from  tlie  breast  tu  the 
back.  It  Consists  of  the  dorsal  vertebraa,  the 
sternum,  the  ribs,  and  the  costal  cartilages, 
and  contains  the  lungs,  the  heart,  &c.  The 
muscles  of  the  thorax  are :  the  intercostals, 
the  lei'atores  costarum,  the  subcostals,  the 
trittngulari-s  stftrni,  with  which  may  be  in- 
cluded the  diaphragm. 

(2)  Compar. :  The  part  of  the  trunk  above 
or  anterior  to  the  diaphragm. 

2.  Entom. :  The  central  division  of  the 
body  of  insects.  It  is  formed  of  three  con- 
solidated somites  or  segments  :  the  prothorax, 
the  mesothorax,  and  the  metathorax, 

*  3.  Old  Armour:  A  breastplate,  cuirass,  or 
cowelet;  more  especially  the  cuirass  or  corse- 


GREEK  WARRIOE  WEARING  THORAX. 

let  worn  by  the  ancient  Greeks,  correspond- 
ing to  the  lorica  of  the  Romans.  It  consisted 
of  a  breast  and  a  backpiece  fastened  by 
buckles,  and  was  often  richly  ornamented. 

thdr-Ic'-tl-dw,  s.  pi.   lGr.6«>f>riKrris(tk6rektes) 
=  armed  with  a  breast-plate.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Neerophaga,  Minute, 
broad,  convex  beetles,  with  the  prothorax 
very  large ;  antennae  clavate,  eleven-jointed ; 
tarsi  five-jointed.  Known  species  twenty,  all 
from  the  borders  of  the  Mediterranean, 

tho-ri'-na,  s.    [THORINUM.] 

Chem. :  ThO.  Thorinum  oxide  ;  thorinic 
oxide.  Prepared  from  thorite  by  reducing  it 
to  a  fine  powder  and  decomposing  with  hydro- 
chloric acid.  After  separation  of  various 
metallic  oxides,  it  is  treated  with  potassic 
sulphate  and  precipitated  as  potassi o-thorinic 
sulphate.  From  the  solution  of  the  salt  in 
bot  water,  ammonia  throws  down  thorinic 
hydrate,  which  on  ignition  yields  thorina.  It 
ia  a  white  powder  of  a  sp.  gr.  =  9'402.  The 
ignited  oxide  is  insoluble  in  hydrochloric  and 
nitric  acids,  and  only  difficultly  soluble  in 
sulphuric  acid. 

tho-rln-Ic,  a.     [Bng.  fhorin(um);  -ic.]    Per- 

taining  to  thorinum. 

thorlnlo-oxide,  *.    [THORINA.] 

tho  ri   num.  a.    [Latinised  from  TAor(q.v.).] 

Chem.  :  Thorium.  Atomic  weight  =  1157; 
symbol  Th.  A  divalent  metallic  element 
belonging  to  the  group  of  earth-metals  dis- 
covered by  Berzelius,  in  1828,  in  thorite.  It 
is  a  very  rare  element,  and  is  obtained  by 
heating  the  anhydrous  chloride  with  potas- 
sium. The  reduced  thorinum  is  a  gray  me- 
tallic powder,  having  a  specific  gravity  of  7'65 
to  7-79.  When  heated,  it  burns  with  a  bright 
flame,  producing  snow-white  thorina  without 
any  trace  of  fusion.  It  is  not  oxidised  by 
either  hot  or  cold  water,  dissolves  slowly  in 
nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  more  easily  in 
hydrochloric  acid,  and  is  not  attacked  by 
caustic  alkalis. 

thorinum  chloride,  a. 

Chem. :  ThCl2.  Prepared  by  heating  an  in- 
timate mixture  of  thorina  and  charcoal  in  a 
stream  of  dry  chlorine  gas.  It  ia  deposited 
on  the  cool  part  of  the  tube  in  white,  shining 
crystals,  which  are  rectangular,  four-sided 
tables.  They  deliquesce  in  the  air,  and  dis- 
solve iu  water  with  rise  of  temperature. 

thorinum  hydrate,  5. 

Chem. ;  Th(HO)2.  Obtained  as  a  gelatinous 
mass  by  the  action  of  caustic  alkalis  on 
solutions  of  thorinum  salts.  Under  the  air- 
pump  it  dries  up  into  a  white  powder,  readily 
soluble  in  all  acids,  excepting  oxalic,  molybdic, 
and  hydrofluoric  acids. 


thorinum-oxide,  s.    [THORINA,] 
thorinum  sulphide,  s. 

Chem. :  ThS.  Thorinum  bums  in  the  vapour 
of  sulphur,  forming  a  yellow  pulverulent  sul- 
phide, which  acquires  metallic  lustre  by 
pressure.  It  is  very  slowly  attacked  by  acids, 
and  is  converted  into  thorina  by  roasting. 

thor'-ite,«.  [Eng.  thorium);  suff.  -i(e(Min.).] 
Min.  :  An  isometric  mineral  with  a  tetra- 
hedral  habit ;  occurring  in  crystals  and  mas- 
sive in  syenite,  near  Brevig,  Norway.  Also 
found  as  pseudomorphs  in  tlie  form  of  zircon 
and  orthoclase.  Hardness,  4'5  to  6 ;  sp.  gr., 
4*3  to  5*4 ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  resinous  ;  colour, 
orange  to  brownish-yellow,  black  ;  streak, 
lightorange  to  dark-brown.  Compos. :  essen- 
tially a  silicate  of  thoria  ;  silica,  17  "0  ;  thoria, 
76'2;  water,  6'8=100,  which  is  equivalent 
totheformnh  Im-rt  o;^  '  11TJ^ 


thoV-l-Uin,  s.    [THORINUM.] 

thorn,  '  thorno,  s.    [A.S.  thorn;  cogn.  with 
Dut.    doom ;   Icel.   thorn ;   Dan.   Horn ;  Sw. 
torne;  Ger.  dorn  ;  Goth,  thaurnus.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally : 

(1)  Any  sharp-pointed  projection  likely  to 
lacerate  the  hand,  on  the  stem  or  any  other 
part  of  a  shrub,  tree,  or  herb.     Popularly,  it 
includes  both  a  botanical  thorn  and  a  prickle. 

(2)  A  thorny  shrub,  tree,  or  hei'b ;  often 
used   in  this  sense  in  composition,  as  the 
BlacktAortt  the  Hawthorn,   Ac.      When    the 
word  thorn  is  used  alone,  it  generally  signi- 
fies a  hawthorn.     In  Scripture,  and  specially 
in  the  Old  Testament,  thorn  is  a  generic  word 
including  various  spinous  plants  belonging 
to  different  families.    Precision  in  identifying 
them  all  is  impossible. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  Anything  that  pricks  or  annoys  as  a 
thorn;  anything  painful,  irritating,  or  trouble- 
some ;  a  source  of  annoyance  or  trouble  ;  an 
obstacle,  a  trouble,  a  care. 

"  No  traveller  ever  reached  that  Mewed  abode. 
Who  found  uot  thorns  and  briers  in  his  road." 

Cowper  :  Epittle  to  an  Afflicted  Lady. 

(2)  The  same  as  THORN-LETTER  (q.v.). 

IL  Bot. :  A  sharp  conical  projection  con- 
stituting the  growing  point  of  a  branch  which 
has  proved  abortive.  That  this  is  its  origin 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  sometimes  trees, 
which  are  thorny  in  their  wild  state,  have 
their  spines  converted  into  branches  when 
long  cultivated  in  a  garden,  as  is  the  case 
with  the  apple  and  the  pear.  A  thorn  differs 
from  a  prickle,  which  is  so  superficial  that  it 
comes  away  when  the  bark  is  pealed  off,  while 
in  similar  circumstances  a  thorn,  being  deep 
seated,  remains.  Sometimes  thorns  bear 
leaves,  as  in  the  Whitethorn. 

thorn-apple,  s. 

Sot. :  Datura,  Stramonium. 

thorn-bush,  s.  A  shrub  that  bears  thorns. 

"  The  lantern  Is  the  moon  ;  I,  the  man  In  the  moon ; 
tills  thorn-buth,  my  thom-btuh  ;  and  this  dog,  my  dog." 
— SkaJtetp> :  Midrummer  A'ight'i  Dream,  v.  L 

thorn-but,  *.    A  turbot  (q.v.). 

thorn-devil,  5.    [MOLOCH,  II.  2.] 

thorn-headed  worms, *.  pi. 

Zool.  :  The  Acanthocephala  (q.v.),  so  named 
because  they  have  a  trunk  or  proboscis  armed 
with  hooks  by  which  they  can  attach  them- 
selves to,  or  penetrate,  the  coats  of  the  in- 
testines of  their  hosts. 

thorn-hedge,  s.  A  hedge  or  fence  com- 
posed of  thorns. 

thorn-letter,  s.  A  name  given  to  the 
letter  f)  (=  th)  in  Anglo-Saxon,  and  the  corre- 
sponding character  in  Icelandic. 

thorn-moth,  s. 

Entom. :  More  than  one  species  of  Geometer 
Moths.  The  Purple  Thorn  is  Selenia,  illus- 
trata;  the  Early  Thorn,  S.  illumaria;  and  the 
Canary  Shouldered  Thorn,  Ennomos  tiliaria. 

thorn-Bet,  a.    Set  or  planted  with  thorns. 
thorn-tailed  agama,  *. 
Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Uromastrix  (q.v.). 

*  thorn,  v.t.    [THORN,  «.]    To  prick  or  pierce 
with,  or  as  with  a  thorn. 

'*  The  only  rose  of  all  the  stock 
That  never  thorn  d  him." 

Tennyton  :  ffarold,  1.  L 


thorns-back,  s.     [Eng.  thorn,  s.,  and  back.] 

Ichthy, :  Raja  clavata,  one  of  the  commonest 
of  the  British  Rays,  occurring  all  rouud  the 
coast.  It  is  dark-brown  in  colour,  with 
lighter  spots ;  the  whole  upper  surface  is 
covered  with  asperities,  and  a  variable  num- 
ber of  large  spines,  like  recurved  nails,  more 
abundant  in  the  female  than  in  the  male,  but 
always  extending  down  the  tail  in  the  median 
line.  It  is  in  the  best  condition  in  November, 
but  is  not  highly  esteemed  as  a  food-fish. 

*  thorn'  less,  a.    [Eng.  thorn,  s. ;  -less.]    Free 
from  thorns.    (Lit.  <&fig.) 

"  Youth's  gay  prime  and  thornlett  paths." 

Coleridge:  Sonnet  to  Bov&m. 

thorn -talVs.     [Eng.  thorn,  s.,  and  tail] 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  the  species  of 
two  genera  of  Humming-birds— Gouldia  (four 
species)  and  Discura  (one).  The  tail-feathers 
in  tlie  first  genus  are  much  elongated  and 
sharply  pointed,  and  the  tarsi  are  covered 
with  a  tuft  of  feathers.  Discura  has  a  racket 
at  the  end  of  the  tail. 

thorn'-^,  *  thorn-le,  a.    [Eng.  thorn,  s. ;  •?.] 
L  Lit. :  Full  of  thorns  or  spines ;   rough 
with  thorns  or  prickles. 

"  He  in  the  thick  woven  covert 
Painfully  tugs,  or  iu  the  thorny  brake 
.nd  euibarrau'd  bleeds," 


Somcnrff* :  Chatt,  L 


Torn  and 

IL  Figuratively ; 

*  1.  Sharp,  pricking,  pressing. 

"  No  dislike  against  tlie  person 
Of  our  good  queen,  but  the  sharp  thorn;/  point* 
Of  my  alleged  reasons  drive  this  forward. 

Shakeip.  :  Henry  nil.,  li.  4. 

2.  Troublesome,  vexatious,  perplexing, 
harassing. 

"  The  thorny  point  of  bare  distress. " 

Shaketp. :  At  You  Like  It,  li.  T. 

thorny-clams,  *.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  family  Chamidce. 
thorny-oyster,  s. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Spondylus  (q.v.).  The  lower 
valve  in  old  specimens  is  almost  always  spiny. 

thorny-restharrow,  s.  [RESTHARROW.J 
t  thorny-trefoil, «. 

Bot. :  Fagonia  trifolium,  a  Bean-caper. 

thdr'-dngh  (<r&  silent),  ^thor-ow^thor-n 
'  thor  owe,     *  thor  ugh,     *  thorw, 
*  thuruh,  a.,  adv.,  prep.,  &  s.    [A  later  form 
of  through  (q.v.).] 
A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Passing  through. 

"  Let  all  three  sides  be  »  double  house,  without 
thorough  lights  on  the  sides."—  Bacon  :  Of  Building. 

2.  Passing  through  or  to  the  end  ;  hence, 
complete,  perfect. 

*•  The  Irish  horseboys,  in  the  thorough  reformation 
of  that  realm,  should  be  cut  oft"— Spemer:  tittttt  of 
Ireland, 

3.  Thorough-going. 

"In  conclusion,  he  urged  them  to  be  thorough  la 
what  they  undertook."— Obterw,  Deo.  20, 1886. 

B.  As  adverb  ; 
L  Thoroughly. 

"  So  was  I  with  the  song 

Thorow  mulshed."  Chaucer:  Flower  A  Ltaf. 

2.  Through. 

"Not  though  the  serpent's  sting  should  pierce  m* 
thorough.'  Byron  :  Heaven  A  Earth.  L  L 

*  C.  As  preposition: 

1.  Through. 

"  On  mountains,  thorow  brambles,  pits,  and  flood*. " 
Beaum.  A  Fiet,  :  PhUaittr,  IT. 

2.  By  means  of. 
D.  As  substantive; 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  passage,  a  thoroughfare  ;  a  channel; 
any  means  of  passage. 

" The  alteration  must  be  from  the  head  by  making 
other  thorough*  and  devices."—  Bradford:  tt'orkt,  £ 
80S. 

2.  An  interfurrow  between  two  ridges ;  * 
channel  for  water.  (Prow.) 

II.  Eng.  Hist.  :  A  word  used  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  by  Wentworth,  Earl  of  Stratford, 
in  his  confidential  correspondence,  to  express 
the  scheme  he  meditated  for  subverting  the 
liberties  of  his  countrymen  and  making 
Charles  an  absolute  monarch. 

"  To  this  scheme.  In  his  confidential  correspondent*, 
he  gave  the  expressive  UAine  of  Thorough.1' — MacauJay : 
Bi*t.  Eng.,  ch.  L 

thorough-bass,  thorough-base,  «. 

[BASH  (3),*,  tO 


boll,  boy ;  pout,  J6%1 ;  oat,  ?eU,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,  ph  =  t 
-«lan, -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -fion,  -sion  =  shun,   -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  anus.   -Me.  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  dpL 


4702 


thoroughfare— thoughten 


thorough  bolt,  t. 

Sktplmild. :  A  bolt  going  throngh  from  sid 
to  side. 

thorough-brace,  s. 

Vehicle*:  A  strum;  lmn,l  orthrmg  extending 
from  the  front  to  the  back  C-spring  anc 
supporting  tie  body. 

thorough-bred,  a.  &  «. 

A.  A-;  adjective : 

I.  Lit.:  Of  pure  and  unmixed  breed,  stock 
or  race ;  bred  from  a  sire  and  dam  of  the 
purest  breed. 

IL  fif/uratirrly : 

1.  Having  the  qualities  or  characteristics  o 
pure  breeding;  high  -spirited,  mettlesome ;  ele 
gant  or  gnu-end  in  form,  bearing,  or  the  like. 

2.  Thorough:  as,  a   thorough-bred   scamp. 
(Colloq.) 

B.  Assubst.:  An  animal,  especially  a  horse, 
of  pure  breed,  stick,  or  race. 

"  thorough-framing,  s. 

Ca-ra. :  An  old  term  for  the  framing  of  doors 
mnd  windows. 

thorough-going,  a.  Going  throngh,  or 
to  the  end  or  bottom  ;  going  or  ready  to  go  to 
*ny  lengths  ;  extreme,  thorough. 

"  Multiplication  of  proprietors  Is  not  the  kind  of 
twiorm  which  finds  favour  with  a  large  section  of  the 
more  thoroughgoing  land  reformers.-—./.  &  JfUl: 
Dtuertatlom;  AtMee  to  Land  Re/amen. 

thorough -lighted,  a.  Lighted  so  that 
the  light  passes  right  through.  Applied  to  a 
room  or  building  that  has  windows  on  oppo- 
aite  sides,  the  litjht  not  being  intercepted  by 
partitions. 

*  thorough  paced,  a.  Perfectly  trained 
to  go  through  all  the  paces  of  a  well-trained 
horse  ;  hence,  perfect  or  complete  ;  thorough  ; 
thorough-going;  going  all  lengths. 

"  For  he  [Gregory  of  HuutiugtonJ  was  Otorouah-fnced 
In  three  tongues.  Latiiie.  Greek  [as  ayi-ean  by  his 
many  couuuuuon  those grauiuariuisl,  and  Hebrew." 
—fuller:  Worthiet;  Buntinytmtehirf.. 

thorough-pin,  s.  A  disease  in  horses, 
which  consists  of  enlarged  mucous  capsules 
on  each  side  of  the  hocks,  giving  somewhat 
the  appearance  as  if  a  pin  had  been  thrust 
through. 

"  When  the  Joint  capsule  becomes  distended  with 
fluid.  U.  not  only  protrudes  In  front  of  the  hock, 
filling  uu  the  hollow  which  Is  characteristic  of  the 
healthy  Joint,  ant  It  also exhil.it,  ilaelf  in  the  form  of 
a  soft  swelling  at  tot  upper  part  of  the  Joint,  in  the 
•pace  within  the  bone  which  forms  the  point  of  the 
hock  and  the  bone  of  the  leg  directly  in  front  of  it 
This  swelling  appears  on  both  sides  of  the  leg.  and 
from  111  position  is  cal led  a  thorough-fta.  Thorough. 
ftm  of  the  limited  form,  consisting  of  umall  banal 
tumours  in  tliespaee  ill  front  of  the  bone  which  forms 
the  point  of  the  hock,  quite  unconnected  with  the 
principal I  Joint  surface,  are  of  no  more  consequence 
than  ordinary  wiralgalls.  Thorough-pint  are  only 
serious  when  they  are  a  part  of  the  diaease  of  the 
principal  capsule,  forming,  in  fact,  a  portion  of  a 
'blood  •  or  •  tog '  spartn.--rte«,  ApVu  4, 1BSS. 

•thorough -sped,  o.  Fully  accom- 
plished ;  thorough-paced. 


,  VKtTll?^n!?S51le  °'  Whl»  wlllch  con- 
talns  the  talk  of  all  Man.  pretenders,  and  profes- 
sors, are  most  highly  useful  to  princes.*'— Sioift. 


•thorough-Stitch,  adv.  Fully,  com- 
pletely ;  going  the  whole  length  of  any  busi- 
ness. 

"Those  solid  divines,  that  experimentally  know 
whatMongs  to  the  heallug  of  a  .toning  soul,  go 
thornuah^titch  to  work.  — Bp.  San  :  Sermon  on  Eph. 

thorough-wax,  thorow-wax, 
throw-wax,  s. 

Sot. :  Bupleurum  rotundifolium.  The  stem 
Is  branched  ;  the  leaves  ovate,  perfoliate  •  the 
flowers  greenish-yellow,  with  large  bracts; 
fruit  with  striate  interstices.  The  name  was 
given  by  Turner  because,  as  he  says,  "the 
•talke  waxeth  thro  the  leavel."  (Prior.)  It 
was  formerly  used  as  a  vulnerary.  It  is  a 
native  of  Europe  and  Western  Asia ;  rare  in 
Britain. 

ihor'  ough -fare  (gh  silent),  "thor-ow- 
fare,  •  thurgh-fare,  a.  [Eng.  thorough, 
And  Jure.] 

1.  A  passage  throngh  from  one  street,  open- 
ing, *c.,  to  another ;  an  nnobstrncted  way, 
especially  sn  unobstructed  road  or  street  for 
public  traffic. 

"The  thoroughfiret  were  OTwmra  with  weed." 


vwnf.. 

*2.  Power  of  passing;  passage. 

tnoj.-4ngl.-l*  to*  silent),  *  through-ly, 

"  thor-ow-ly,  adv.     (Eng.  UumrngST -iy.] 


In  a  thorough  manner  or  degree ;  perfectly 
completely,  lully,  entirely. 

"Most  of  these  were  known  to  be  thoroughly  wel 
affected  to  the  government.'— Mticaulag  :  Hut  Sna 
ell.  ixi. 

thor -dugh- ness  <j/h  silent),  «.  [Eng 
thorough;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  beinj 
thorough  ;  completeness,  perfectness. 

thor -ough-wort  <j/h  sUeut),  s.  [Eng 
thorough,  and  wort.] 

Bot.  :  Euiatnrium  ptrfoliatum.  The  stem  is 
round,  erect,  and  hairy  ;  the  leaves  sabsessilc 
opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate 
wrinkled,  pale  underneath  and  hairy ;  the 
involucre  cylindrical  and  imbricated;  the 
twelve  to  fifteen  florets  tubular.  It  grows  in 
bogs  in  North  America.  The  whole  plant  is 
intensely  bitter.  A  decoction  of  the  leaves 
has  been  given  as  a  febrifuge.  In  larger 
quantities  it  is  emetic,  sudorific,  andaperient. 
Called  also  Boneset  and  Crosswort. 

*thor-ow,  a.,  4c.    [ThoBouon.] 

thorp,  thorpe.  s.     [A.S.  thorp  =  a  village  ; 

cogn.  with  Dut.  dorp  =  a  village  ;  Icel.  thorp 

Dan.  torp  ;  Sw.  torp  =  a  little  farm,  acottage 

Goth,  thaurp  ;  Ger.  dor/.]    A  group  of  houses 

standing  together  in  the  country  ;  a  village,  a 

hamlet.     It  occurs  principally  as  an  element 

in  place  names,  and  in  names  derived  from 

places  :  as,  AU*0r;),  CopsmansfAorpe,  ' 

"  Wish'd  for,  or  welcome,  wheresoe'er  he  o 

Among  the  tenantry  of  thorp*  and  vill  " 

U'ordtu<orth  :  Zxcurtion,  bk.  Tlil 
thOS,  S.      [THOU.S.] 

those,  'thos.  *thas,  a.  &  pro*.  [THIS.] 
Used  as  the  plural  of  that,  these  being  used  as 
the  plural  of  this,  bnt  etymological!/  one  of 
the  forms  of  the  plural  of  <Ats  When  those 
and  these  are  used  to  express  contradistinc- 
tion, those  refers  to  the  tilings  first  mentioned, 
or  furthest  off;  these  to  things  last  mentioned 
or  nearer. 

thou  (in  the  objective  and  dative  cases  thee, 
pi.  you  or  ye),  pron.  [A.S.  dhu;  cogn.  with 
Icel.  thu;  Goth.  OIK  ;  Dan.,  Sw.,  i  Ger  du  • 
Irish  &  Gael,  tu ;  Wel.  fi;  Russ.  tui;  Lat. 
tu ;  Gr.  o-ii,  TV  (su,  tu) ;  Pers.  tu ;  Sansc 
tmm.  The  A.S.  dhu  was  thus  declined  :  nom. 
dhu,  genit  dhin,  dat.  dhe,  accus.  dhec,  dhe  ; 
nom.  pi.  ge,  genit.  tower,  dat.  tow,  accus. 
eouric,  etna.  In  the  seventeenth  centnry  the 
employment  of  thou  to  any  one  indicated 
familiarity  with  him,  whether  of  love  or  of 
contempt  The  use  of  the  plural  you  for  the 
singular  thou  was  established  at  early  as  the 
beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century.]  The 
second  personal  pronoun  of  the  singular 
number ;  used  to  denote  the  person  spoken 
to;  thyself. 

"  When  pain  and  angnt.h  wring  the  brow, 
A  ministering  angel  Uton." 

Scofr:  Jiarmion,  vl.  80. 

7  (1)  It  was  frequently  used  emphatically  in 
phrases  expressive  of  contempt,  reproach, 
acorn,  anger,  or  the  like. 

"All I  that  Ixml  Cobham  did  wm  at  thy  Instigation 
2°",..v1!)CT-  (or  r  tno"  the'-  '"o"  traitor."— CoS:  To 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  at  hit  Trial  of  the  laMr. 

(2)  The  employment  of  thou  by  the  early 
Quakers  implied  that  they  regarded  no  man, 
however  exalted  his  rank,  with  special  re- 
verence.    With  reference  to  them  Puller   in 
the  dedication  of  his  Seventh  Book,  exphins 
the  usage  of  his  time  in  a  sentence  useful  for 
lexicographical  purposes : 

"In  opposition  whereunto  we  maintain  that  tkou 
from  superiors  to  inferiors  Is  proper  as  a  sign  of  com- 
maud  ;  from  equals  to  equals  is  passable  as  a  note  of 
familiarity;  but  from  inferiors  to  superiors,  if  pro- 
ceeding from  ignorance,  hath  a  smack  of  clowuislmeas- 
If  from  affectation,  a  tone  of  contempt  * 

(3)  Thou  is  used  now  only  in  addresses  to 
the  Deity,  and  in  poetry. 

'  thou,  v.t.  &  i.    [Taon,  pram.) 

A.  Trans. :  To  address  with  the  pronoun 
thou  ;  to  treat  with  familiarity. 
"Taunt  him  with  the  licence  nt  Ink: 
k  it  shall  not  be  amli 


B.  Inirans. :  To  nse  the  words  thou  and 
thte  in  conversation. 

:hongh  (gk  silent),  *  thogh,  "  thonghe 
•thah, "  thaih, « theah,  •  thash,  •  thigh,' 
"thagh,  'thau,  <thauh,*tliel,  -theigh, 

cory.  &  adv.  (A.S.  dhedh.  dheh ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  docA  =  yet,  but;  Icel.  tU;  Dan  doa  - 
Sw.  dock;  O.  H.  Ger.  dok;  Ger.  doch;  Goth! 
tkauh.) 


A.  As  COTy. :  Granting,  admitting,  allowing, 
or  assuming  it  to  be  the  fact  that ;  even  were 

the  case  that;  even  if;  notwithstanding 
that. 

"Though  he  slay  me.  yet  will  I  trust  In  him."— 

B.  As  ttrfr. :  Notwithstanding  this  or  that; 
however,  for  all  that 

"  Let  me  Intreat  yon 
To  use  bur  name  as  little  as  you  cau.  thottyh." 

Betium.  i  Ftet.  :  Sea  Voyage,  IT. 

f  (1)  As  though :  As  if. 

"  In i  the  line  were  three  branches,  and  it  was  of 
ihouyh  it  boloML*— OwlMsf*  xl.  :;. 

*  (2)  Though  that :  Though. 

"  Though  that  natare  with  a  beauteous  wall 
Doth  oft  close  in  pullutiim." 

Ihmtetf.  :  Tieelfth  Xiaht,  L  1 
•(3)  Whnt    though:    E'lipti.-ally    us.-d    for 
What  care  I  though,  What  does  it  tignify  though, 

eta 

"  By  chance  but  not  by  truth  :  what  thr>wti  I" 

thought  (ough  »s  a),  *  thoughte,  pret.  4 
pa.  par.  o/v.  [THINK.] 

thought  (ough  as  a),"  thoght, ».  [A.S.  thoM, 
gethoht,  tlieuht,  getheaht,  from  gethoht,  thoht, 
pa.  par.  of  <;«mc«*  =  to  think  (q.v.);  Icel. 
Mtti,  Mttr,  from  thatti,  pa.  t.  of  thtkkja  =  to 
know ;  Ger.  dacttte,  gedachi,  from  gedacht. 
pa.  par.  of  denken  —  to  think.] 

1.  The  act  of  thinking ;  the  exercise  of  the 
mind  in  any  way  except  sense  and  perception. 

M  Thought  Is  free."  ghatetp.  .-  Temp,tt,  iii.  X 

2.  Serious  consideration;  deliberation,  re- 
flection. 

"  Evil  is  wrought 
By  want  of  thought 
As  well  as  want  of  heart."  Boot :  Ladjfi  Itream. 

*  3.  Anxious,  brooding  care  ;  deep  concern 
or  solicitude. 

"Take  no  thnnaht  for  your  life,  what  ya  shall  eat. 
or  what  ye  shall  Jrink.  --Mallht*  vL  zs. 

4.  The  mental  state  of  one  who  thinks; 
silent  contemplation  ;  deep  cogitation ;  medi- 
tation or  study. 

"She  pined  in  th'.iivht~ 

Shakerp. :  T**l/lh  ITIght.  II.  4. 

5.  The  power  or  faculty  of  thinking;  tli« 
mental  facnltj ;  the  mind. 

" It  ii  past  the  infinite  of  thmifhl.- 

.•,hal:ap.  .•  Much  Ado.  a  1 

6.  That  which  is  thought ;  an  idea  ;  a  con- 
ception of  the  mind ;  as : 

(1)  A  judgment,  an  opinion,  a  conclusion. 

"  I  speak  my  thoufha.-      Shaietp.  :  Much  Ado.  L  I. 

(2)  That  which  springs  from,  originates  in, 
or  is  produced  by  the  imagination  ;  a  creation 
of  the  mind  having  a  distinct  existence  from 
the  mind  that  created  it ;  a  fancy,  a  conceit, 
a  conception. 

"  To  me  the  meanest  flower  that  blows  can  give 
Thoutfhtt  that  do  ofun  lie  too  deep  for  te*rs.' 

VTerdnporth  :  fntim.  of  Immortality,  at 

*  7.  Hope,  expectation. 

*•  We  havo  now  no  thought  in  us  but  France." 

&au*ea>i  .•  Ueicrjf  r,,  i.  S. 

8.  Intention,  design. 

"  All  their  thtuiehu  are  against  me  for  evil."— Pialm 
IVL  (t 

IF  (1)  A  thought:  A  very  small  degree  or 
quantity. 

"  If  tt»  hair  were  a  thought  briwner." 

SlaJcelp.  :  Much  Ado.  Hi.  4. 

(2)  Second  thoughts  :  Jlaturer  deliberation  ; 
after  consideration. 

"  Is  It  so  true  that  sseorui  thouyhtt  are  bwrtt " 

Tenimten :  Hea  Dreamt.  44. 

thought-reader,  «.  A  mesmerist  who 
claims  to  be  able  to  discover  what  is  inssing 
in  another  person's  mind ;  an  exponent  of 
thought  reading.  [SIiND-ittADiyo.] 

thought-reading,  :.  A  branch  of  mes- 
merism. Whilst  exhibiting  their  powers  its 
exponents  are  blindfolded,  and  claim  that 
without  collusion  or  the  aid  of  confederated 
they  can  nnd  articles  hidden  in  their  absence, 
give  the  numbers  of  bank-notes,  4c.  In 
thought-reading  proper  the  thought-readei 
holds  the  hand  and  pulso  of  the  person  to  be 
operated  on,  and  professes  to  be  able,  by 
mesmeric  sympathy,  to  discover  what  is 
pasting  in  his  mind.  [MISD-EEADEE.] 

thought  transference,  i.  A  sup- 
posed emotionai  influence  of  one  person's 
mind  upon  that  of  another  at  a  distance. 

thought' -ed  (ongh  as  a), a.  [Kng.  tkaugM, 
a. ;  -ed.}  Having  thoughts  ;  chiefly  in  com- 
position :  as,  stLii-thoughted. 

thought-en,  pret.  o/v. 


,  toe,  anUdst,  what,  tall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  ttere;  pitre,  pft.  .ore.  .nr,  marine;  *6,  p«. 
•r.  won,  wvH  work,  whd,  ion;  mate,  eul>,  cure,  unite,  our.  rnle,  1*11;  try.  Syrian,    »,<•  =  •;  ay  =  a;  on  =  kw. 


thoughten— thrash 


4703 


•  thought  -  en,  a.    [Eng.  thought,  s. ;  -en.] 
Having  a  thought ;  thinking. 

"  Be  you  thoughttn 
That  I  came  with  no  111  intent." 

SiMketp. :  rericlet.  iv.  6. 

thought'-fnl  (ough  as  a),  a.    [Eng.  thought ; 

L  Full  of  thought  or  reflection ;  contem- 
plative ;  engaged  in  or  given  to  meditation. 

2.  Attentive,  careful ;  having  the  mind 
directed  to  an  object. 

"It  requires  much  care,  and  nice  observation  to  ex- 
tract  and  separate  the  precious  ore  from  to  mucti  vile 
mixture;  so  that  the  nndenttuurlag  must  be  patient, 
and  wary, and  thoughtful  in  si-tking  trutu."— Olanviit ; 
Essay  1. 

*  3.  Promoting  meditation;  favourable  to 
meditation  or  contemplation. 

"  War,  hurrid  wnr,  your  thoughtful  walks  iuvad*. 
And  Hteel  now  glitter-  in  the  in  uses'  sluwle." 

Pope:  Ghana  of  Athenifnt. 

*4.  Anxious,  solicitous;  full  of  anxiety  or 
Care. 

*'  Around  her  crowd  Distrust,  and  Doubt,  nnd  Pear, 
And  thoughtful  Fnreaight  and  tormenting  Care,* 
Prior :  Paitiifff  in  Eraiimts  Imitated. 

5.  Exhibiting  nr  evincing  thonght  or  care; 
considerate  :  as,  a  thoughtful  act  or  gift 

II"  Thoughtful,  or  full  of  thinking;  consider- 
ate, or  ready  to  consider ;  and  deliberate,  ready 
to  deliberate,  rise  upon  each  other  in  their 
signification  :  he  who  is  thoughtful  does  not 
forget  his  duty  ;  he  who  is  considerate  pauses, 
and  considers  properly  what  is  his  duty;  he 
who  deliberate*  consider*  deliberately.  It  is  a 
recommendation  tw  a  subordinate  person  to 
be  thoughtful  in  doing  what  is  wished  of  him  ; 
It  ia  the  recommendation  of  a  confidential 
person  to  be  considerate,  as  he  has  often  to 
judge  according  to  his  own  discretion;  it  is 
the  recommendation  of  a  person  who  is  acting 
for  himself  in  critical  matters  to  be  deliberate. 
There  is  this  farther  distinction  in  the  word 
deliberate,  that  it  may  be  used  in  the  bad 
sense  to  mark  a  settled  intention  to  do  evil ; 
young  people  may  sometime*  plead,  in  extenu- 
ation of  their  guilt,  tbat  their  misdeeds  do  not 
arise  from  ^liberate  malice. 

thought'-ful-ly  (ough  as  a),  adv.  [Eng. 
thoughtful;  -ly.]  In  a  thoughtful  or  con- 
templative manner;  with  thought  or  consi- 
deration ;  with  solicitude  or  anxiety. 

**  The  Planter,  under  hit  roof  of  thatch, 

Smoked  thoughtfully  ttud  alow." 

Lmlfffrllotc  :  The  Quadroon  Girt. 

thought  -ful  ness  (ough  as  a),  s.  [Eng. 
thoughtful ;  -nets.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  thoughtful ;  deep  meditation  ;  auxiety, 
carefulness,  serious  attention. 

"  Such  a  decree  of  thoughffulnaa,  m  takes  up  mid 
dejects,  and  distracts  the  mind."— Atterintry ;  K«r- 
tnoni,  voL  iv.,  ser.  10. 

thought -less  (ough  as  a),  a.  [Eng.  thought, 
8. ;  -less.] 

1.  Free  from  thought  or   care ;  having  no 
thought;    heedless,      unthinking,     careless, 
negligent, 

"A  rude  and  thouyhtleti  schoolboy."  —  Macaulay : 
SUt.  Kng.,  ch.  iii. 

2.  Dull,  stupid. 

"  Just  as  a  blockhead  rubs  bis  thoit&htteit  skull. 
And  thanks  his  stjvrs  he  wa«  not  horn  a  fool." 

Pope :  Epilogue  to  Jane  Mora. 

3.  Done  without  thought,  care,  or  heed  .  as, 
a  thoughtless  act  or  remark. 

thought' -less-ly  (ough  as  a),  adv.  [Eng. 
thoughtless ;  -ly.]  In  a  thoughtless  manner ; 
without  thought  ;  carelessly,  unthinkingly, 
negligently. 

"  He  who  runs  on  thoughtleiily  In  the  mad  career  of 
pleasure,  can  scarcely  foil  of  loslugdils  health." — Knox  ; 
Sermon*,  vol.  vi.,  ser.  6. 

thought' -less-ness  (ough  .is  a),  s.    [En- 

thoughtless;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  thoughtless  ;  want  of  thought ;  heed- 
lessness,  carelessness. 

"  They  low  the  very  Idea  of  foresight,  and  contract 
the  thout/httesineu  at  children."— Coo*.1  Third  Voyage, 
bk.  vi..  ch.  L 

*  thought-sick  (ough  as  a),  adv.    [Eng. 
thought,  s.,  and  sick.]     Uneasy  with  sad  re- 
flections ;  sad,  sorrowful. 

"  Heav'n'a  face  doth  glow 

With  tristful  -visape  ;  and.  as  'gainst  the  doom, 
la  thoughttu-k  at  the  act"      Shaketp. .  Hamlet,  iii.  4 

*  thought-some  (ough  as  a),  a.     [Eng. 
thought;  -some.]    Thoughtful. 

*  thought  -  some  -  ness   (ough  as  a),   s. 

[Eng.  thoughtsame;  -ness.]  Thoughtfulness  ; 
thought.  (Fairfax:  Bulk  A  Selvedge  of  the 
World.) 


*  tho  -us,  s.  [Gr.  flwj  (tftos),  genit.  fl««k  (tMos) 
=  a  jackal.] 

ZooL  :  According  to  Hamilton  Smith,  a  sec- 
tion of  Can  idae,  having  the  fur  in  of  wolves  on 
a  small  scale;  not  more  than  eighteen  laches 
hi^li  ;  structure  very  light;  tail  raUier  short, 
fonninx  a  scanty  brush,  tip  black  ;  fur  close, 
hard;  livery  mostly  chequered,  or  pencilled 
with  black  and  white,  extremities  butt';  they 
are  not  gregarious  and  do  not  burrow.  From 
Africa  and  south-western  Asia.  Some  of  the 
sptjfk's  are  now  classed  with  Giuiis  and  others 
with  Vulpes.  [Teoom,  A.] 

thou'-sand,  *  thou-synde,  *  thou-sant, 

s.&a,  [A.S.  thusetid;  co£ii.  with  Dut.  duizend  ; 
li'iil.  thusund,  thusltiind,  thusundradh ;  Dan. 
ttixiiid;  Sw.  tusen ;  Ger.  tansend;  Goth,  thus- 
undL  The  second  element  is  evidently  A.S. 
nud  IceU  hund  =:  a  hundred  ;  the  etymology 
of  the  tii  st  element  of  the  word  is  doubtfuL] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  number  of  ten  hundreds ;  ten  times 
a  hundred  ;  hdnee  used  indefinitely  for  a  great 
number,  and  in  the  plural  lor  an  iudetinite 
number. 

"  Some  thoutandt  of  these  log*." 

£*«*<•>  :  rtmfM*,  HL  1. 

2.  A  symbol   representing  the  number  of 
ten  hundred,  as  1,000,  or  M. 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Lit. :    Denoting    the    number    of    tea 
hundred. 

"  One  day  U  with  the  Lord  a*  a  thousand  year*,  and 
ft  thousand  years  as  one  day. "—2  Peter  tit.  8. 

2.  Fifj. :  Used  to  denote  a  great  number  in- 
definitely: as,  It  is  a  thousand  chances  that 
you  fail. 

t  thousand  legs,  s. 
Zool. ;  A  millepede. 

thou'-sand- fold,  *  thu  sen-fald,  a.  [Eng. 
thousaiid;  -fold.]  Multiplied  a  thousand 
times. 

"  Ts  have  repaid  me  back  a  thmttandfold." 

Longfellow:  Dedication. 

chou'-sandth,   a.    &    s.      [Eng.  thousand; 

BUff.  -tit.] 

A.  As  adjective ; 

1.  Next  after  the  nine  hundred  and  ninety- 
ninth  ;  the  ordinal  of  a  thousand. 

"  He  that  will  dtTidenmiuuteintoathousaTid  parts, 
and  break  but  a  part  of  a  thousandth  part  in  the  affairs 
of  love,  it  may  he  anid  of  him  that  Cupid  hath  clapt 
hi  in  o'  th'  shoulder,  but  I'll  warrant  him  heart-whole." 
—ShaXetp. :  As  You  Like  It,  Iv.  L 

2.  Constituting  or  being  one  of  a  thousand 
equal  parts  into  which  anything  is  or  may 
be  divided. 

3.  Hence,  fig.,  occurring  or  being  one  of  a 
very  great  number ;  as,  To  do  a  thing  for  the 
thousandth  time. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  thousandth  part  of  any- 
thing ;  one  of  a  thousand  parts   into  which 
anything  is  or  may  be  divided. 

thowe,  *.  &  v.    [THAW.] 

thowl,  thow-el,  thowle,  *.    [THOLE,  «.] 

tho\v^-less,  a,  [For  thev'less—  wanting  thews 
or  strength.]  Sluggish,  inactive.  (Scotch.) 

"  Because  I  will  not  wait  upon  the  fftnutfes*.  thriftless, 
flsseulesa,  ministry  of  that  carnal  man.* — Scott:  Old 
Mortality,  ch.  V. 

*  thow-thys-tylle,  *  sow-thys-tylle,  s. 

[SOWTHISTLE.]    Sow  thistle.    (Prompt.  Parr.) 

thra'-oi-a,  «.  [Fem.  sing,  of  Lat.  Thracius 
=  Thraci*an.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Anatinida.  Shell  oblong, 
nearly  equivalve,  slightly  compressed,  at- 
tenuated, and  gaping  behind ;  cartilage  pro- 
cesses thick  ;  paliial  sinus  shallow.  Animal 
with  the  mantle  closed ;  foot  linguiform ; 
siphon  rather  long,  with  fringed  orifices.  They 
lire  in  water  from  four  to  120  fathoms  deep. 
Recent  species  seventeen,  from  Greenland, 
the  United  States,  Britain,  Norway,  the  Medi- 
terranean, the  Canaries,  China,  &c.  ;  fossil 
thirty-six,  from  the  Lower  Oolite,  if  not  the 
Trias,  onward.  (Woodward.) 

Thra  cian,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Thracia, 
orThrace,  an  extensive  tract  of  country  having 
the  lower  Danube  for  its  northern  boundary. 

B.  Assubst. ;  An  inhabitant  or  native  of 
Thrace. 

thrack,  it..,    [Etym.  doubtful;  cf.  A.8.  throe, 


thracu  =  force,  strength,  brunt]     To  load  01 
burden. 

"  But  certainly  we  shall  one  day  find  that  the  strait 
gate  ia  tun  narrow  for  any  man  to  come  bustling  in, 
thraek'd  with  great  pusseasluns,  and  greater  corrup* 
lluus.*— South:  Sermont.  vol.  IL.aer.  6. 

thrack-scat,  s. 

Mining;  Metal  rernaining  in  tlie  mine. 

thral'-ddm,  *  thrall-dome,  s.  [Icel.  thr&l. 
t/onir.]  The  state  or  cundition  of  being  a 
thrall;  a  state  of  servitude;  bondage,  slavery, 

"  He  had  spirit  enough  to  be  at  times  angry  with 
htmiwlf  for  submitting  to  such  thraldom,  and  im- 
patient to  break  IOOM  from  it."  —  .Hncttulttu;  Bift. 
Eng.,  ch.  Iv. 

thrall,  s.  &  o.  Peel,  thrall  =a  thrall,  a  serf, 
a  slave;  e<>^n.  with  Dun.  trml ;  Sw.  trdl; 
O.  IL  Ger.  driyil,  dre<jil,  trigil,  trikX  =-  a  slave. 
Original  meaoing,  probably  a  runner,  a  mes- 
senger, hence  a  servant,  from  the  same  root 
as  Goth,  thragjan ;  A.S.  thrfegian  =  to  run; 
A.S.  thrag,  thrah  =  a  running,  a  course.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  slave,  a  serf,  a  bondman. 

**  Th«t  we  may  so  rafflce  his  veiiceful  Ire, 
Or  do  him  mightier  service  as  Ms  thrutU 
By  right  of  war."  XUU'i :  i>.  L..L194. 

2.  Slavery,  bondage,  servitude. 

"  Her  men  took  land, 

And  first  brought  forth  Ulysses,  bed,  and  all 
That  ricbly  funiish'tl  it ;  he  still  in  thrnU 
Of  ail-oubduing  sleepe." 

Chapman  :  Homer  ;  Odyttef  xilL 

3.  A  shelf,  a  stand;    a  stand  fur  barrels. 
(Prow.) 

"  The  dalrr  thmlfg.  I  mlrbt  ha'  wrote  my  name  oft 
'em."—0.  Eliot;  Adam  Bedo,  ch.  vi. 

B.  As  adj. :  Bond  ;  subject. 

**The  Romyshe  Bnbilon  hath  certayne  hundred  oj 
yerea  holden  all  Chrlatenduine  captiue  aud  t/traU," — 
C'd-il  :  Luke.  (Pret) 

"thrall  full,  a.    Enslaved. 
t*  Hl»  thrall-fidl  state.** 

Mlvt&sr:  Job  Triumphint,  Ir.  *M. 

thrall-like,  a.  Like  or  characteristic  of1 
a  thrall ;  slavish. 

•thrall,  v.t.  [THRALL,  s.]  To  bring  into  a 
state  of  bondage  or  slavery ;  to  enslave,  to 
enthrall. 

"  ThraU'd  In  an  Hand  ;  shipwrackt  lu  hi*  team; 
And  In  the  fannies  that  Calypso  beans. 
Bound  from  his  birthright. 

Chapma  n  :  Homer  ;  OAyttey,  r. 

*thrall'-er,  «.  [Eng.  thraU,  v. ;  -w.}  CM* 
who  enslaves  or  enthralls. 

*  thrall' -ess,  s.  [Eng.  thrall ;  -ass.]  A  female 
thrall;  a  female  slave  or  servant.  (Wyclife: 
Jer.  xxxiv.  6.) 

thrahg,  a.  &  s.    [THRONG.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Crowded,  busy,  intimate,  rfe- 

miliar.    (Scotch.) 

B.  As  subst. :  A  throng. 

thra'-nite,  «.    [Gr.  Opan-nf;  (thranUes).'] 

Greek  Antiq, :  One  of  the  rowers  on  the  top- 
most bench  in  a  trireme,  who  had  the  longest 
oars  and  the  most  work. 

thrap,  v.t.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Naut. :  To  bind  on  ;  to  fasten  round. 

"The  hull  wag  so  damaged,  that  It  had  for  som» 
time  been  secured  by  cables  which  were  served  01 
thrapped  round  it."— Soutliey  :  Life  of  Helton. 

thrap'-ple,  «.  [THROPPLE.]  The  throat 
(Scotch?) 

"Sorrow  be  In  your  thrapple  then!" — Scott:  (?uj* 
J/atinerinj,  ch.  i. 

thras-a'-et-iis,  s.  [Gr.  flpao-v'«  (thrasus)  = 
bold,  daring,  and  deroc  (aetos)  —  an  eagle.] 

Ornvth. :  A  genus  of  Buteoninse,  with  on* 
species,  Thrasaetus  harpya,  the  Hai'py  Bagle, 
ranging  from  Mexico  to  Brazil  and  Bolivia. 
Bill  like  Aquila,  nostrils  narrow,  and  set 
somewhat  crosswise  ;  vviu^s  with  fourth,  fifth, 
and  sixth  quills  longest ;  tail  long  and  rounded  ; 
tarsi  short,  stout,  with  lar^e  scales  in  front 
and  small  ones  at  side ;  toes  powerful. 

thrash,  thresh, "  thresch  en,  *  thresho . 

v.t.  &  i.  [For  theraeh,  by  metatliesis  of  r, 
from  A.S.  therscan,  thirscan  (pa.  t.  Quersc,  pa. 
par.  thorscen) ;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  derschen; 
Dut.  dorschen  ;  Icel.  thresJcja ;  Dan.  Usrske  ; 
Sw.  trb'ska;  Ger.  dreschen ;  Goth,  thrisloan 
(pa.  t.  thrask,  pa.  par.  thruskans).] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  To  beat  out,  or  separate  the  grain  os 


boil,  bop-;  pout,  j<5wl;  cat,  9eU,  chorus,  90111,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,     ing, 
-tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -fion,  _siOn  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -  sious  =  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  deL 


4704 


thrash— thread 


seeds  from  by  means  of  a  flail  or  thrashing 
machine,  or  by  treading  with  oxen. 

"  And  in  the  sun  your  golden  grain  display. 
And  thraih  it  out,  and  winuow  it  by  day. 

Drydtn  :  Virgil ;  Qearyic  L  400. 

*  (2)  To  beat  with  sticks,  for  the  purpose 
of  knocking  down  fruit.     (Dryden:    Virgil, 
Georg.  i.  409.) 

2.  Fig. :  To  beat  soundly  with  a  stick  or 
whip;  to  flog. 

"  ' Oh  geii  tlemen,  y'are  welcome :  I  have  been  thrath'd 
i'  faitU.1 

'HowT  thrcuA'dslrr' 

'  Never  wu  Shrove-  tuesday  bird  so  cudgell'd.  gentle- 
men.' '  Beaum,  *  Flet. :  Jtic*  I'alour.  111. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  To  perform  the  operation  of  thrash- 
ing corn;  to  practise  thrashing;  to  beat  or 
separate  grain  from  straw  by  beating  or  tread* 
Ing. 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  labour,  to  toil,  to  drudge. 

"  I  rather  would  b«  Masvini,  thresh  for  rhiines 
Uke  hlB,  the  ecora  and  scandal  of  the  tlinea," 

Dry  den.    (Todd.) 

IL  Naut. :  To  move  rapidly ;  to  make  rapid 
progress. 

"Captains  have  told  me  that  they  hav«  watched 
them  thrathinff  to  windward  iu  a  strong  breew  with 
the  power  of  an  ocean  passenger  steamer."— Daily 
Telegraph,  NOT.  96,  1885. 

5  To  thrash  out :  To  discuss  or  investigate 
thoroughly. 

"  A  subject  which  bat  by  no  mean*  been  tkraihed 
tut"— St.  Jamet't  Gazette.  Jan.  4,  IMS. 

t  thrash,  t  thrush  (3),  «.   [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Bo*. :  Various  species  of  Juncus. 

thrash  -el,  thrash-le,  s.  [Eng.  thrash;  -el, 
-It,]  An  instrument  to  thrash  with ;  a  flail. 
(Prat..) 

thrash  -er,  thrSBh'-er,  a.  [Bng.  thrash;  -«r.J 
L  Onl.  Lang. :  One  who  thrashes  grain,  Ac. 
IL  Technically; 
L  Ornith. ;  A  popular  American  name  for 

the  genu%  Harpornynchus,  of  the  sub-family 

Mimime. 

2.  Zool.  :  [ALOPIAS,  FOX-SHARK]. 

thresh'  Ing,  thresh' -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s. 
[THRASH.] 

A.  &  B.  A»  pr.  far.  <*  particip.  adj. ;  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Lit.:  The  operation  by  which  grain  is 
separated  from  the  straw.    It  is  performed  in 
various  ways,    by    beating    with  a    flail    or 
threshing-machine,  or  by  trampling  with  the 
feet  of  oxen,  £c.     This  last  mode  was  that 
employed  by  the  nations  of  antiquity,  and  is 
the  one  still  practised  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
Persia,  India,  &c.    Oxen  were  generally  em- 
ployed for  this  purpose,  and  sometimesdragged 
a  kind  of  roller,  studded  with  iron  knobs,  over 
the  sheaves,  which  were  spread  in  the  form  of 
a  circle  on  the  floor,  the  grain  bei^jr  placed  to- 
wards the  centre.    Thrashing  by  nails  is  still 
practised  in  some  parts,  hut  the  introduction 
of  thrast  i  ing- machines  has  caused  that  system 
to  be  but  little  followed,  on  account  of  the 
greater  time  and  labour  involved  in  it,  as 
compared  with  the  machines.     Thrashing  in 
Lombard y  is  generally  performed  by  means  of 
a  fluted  roller  drawn  around  in  a  circular  track. 

"The  good  red  bearded  wheat  Far,  commeth  hardly 
out  of  the  huske,  and  aaketb  some  painefull  thrath- 
ing.~-P.  Holland:  I'linic,  bit.  xvtii.,  ch.  xxx. 

2.  Fig. :  A  sound  flogging  or  drubbing. 

thrashing-floor,  s.  A  floor  or  area  on 
which  grain  is  thrashed  or  beaten  out.  In 
eastern  countries,  from  the  earliest  times, 
thrashing-floors  were  in  the  open  air,  but  in 
colder  and  moister  climates,  such  floors  are 
necessarily  under  cover,  as  in  a  barn. 

"  O  God.  what  w«  the  thraihiny-jtoor  of  a  Jebuslt* 
*o  tbee.  above  all  other  soil*  1"—Bp.  Ball:  Contemp. ; 
Numbering  qfthe  People. 

thrashing  -  machine,  thrashing  - 
mill,  s.  A  machine  for  thrashing  or  beating 
out  grain,  as  wheat,  oats,  barley,  &c.,  from 
the  straw.  The  motive  power  may  be  that 
of  horses,  oxen,  water,  wind,  or  steam.  Hen- 
ries made  a  machine  in  Scotland  in  1732, 
and  Stirling  of  Dumblane  another  in  1758, 
but  they  do  not  seem  to  have  been  suc- 
cesses. Heikle,  of  Tyningham,  East  Lothian, 
invented  a  machine  in  1786,  which  is  the 
type  of  modern  thrashers.  Menzies*  had  a 
series  of  revolving  flails,  and  Stirling's  had 
a  cylinder  with  anas  upon  a  vertical  shaft 


running  at  high  velocity.  Meikle  invented 
the  drum  with  beaters  acting  upon  the  grain 
in  the  sheaf,  which  was  fed  between  rollers. 
The  English  improvement  was  to  make  the 
beating  drum  work  in  a  concave  known  as  the 
breasting,  the  grain  and  straw  being  scutched 
and  rubbed  between  the  two  and  carried  to 
the  shaker,  which  removed  the  straw  from 
the  grain  and  chaff,  a  large  amount  of  grain 
also  falling  through  the  bars  of  the  concave. 
The  English  tb  -ashing-machines  are  driven 
by  engines  of  from  four  to  six  horse-power. 
The  feeding-rollers  are  three  and  a-half  inches 
in  diameter,  and  make  thirty-five  revolutions 
per  minute.  The  straw-rakes  have  the  same 
diameter,  and  make  thirty  revolutions  per 
minute.  The  drum  has  beaters  formed  by 
slats  on  the  ends  of  radial  arms,  differing  in 
that  respect  from  the  American  thrashing- 
machines,  which  usually  have  skeleton- 
cylinders  armed  with  radial  teeth.  The  sheaf, 
fn  America,  after  cutting  the  band,  is  spread 
upon  the  inclined  feed-chute  by  the  person 
who  is  feeding,  and  passed  gradually  into  the 
throat  of  the  machine,  head  ends  first.  In 
some  of  the  English  machines  the  straw  is  fed 
In  broadside  on,  to  prevent  the  breaking  of 
the  straw  ;  by  this  means,  only  a  part  of  each 
beater  acts  upon  the  ears.  In  the  American 
machine  an  inclined  chute  furnishes  the  sheaf, 
heads  foremost,  to  the  action  of  the  radial 
teeth  that  are  attached  to  the  skeleton- 
cylinder,  and  are  opposed  to  the  teeth  in  the 
concave  plates  beneath.  A  straw-carrier 
elevates  and  discharges  the  straw,  shaking 
out  the  grain,  which  falls  into  the  well  A 
lifting-screw  elevates  and  forwards  the  grain 
and  chaff  from  the  well  to  the  vibrating  shoe 
that  carries  the  dividing  screen,  which,  with 
the  aid  of  the  blast  from  the  fan  in  its  rear, 
separates  the  grain  from  its  accompanying 
refuse.  The  clean  grain  then  falls  into  a 
forwarding  screw  that  discharges  through  s 
spout  into  a  measure  or  bag.  An  elevator 
returns  the  tailings  and  untlirashed  head*  to 
the  cylinder  to  be  worked  over.  An  endless 
belt  furnished  with  transverse  slats,  and 
sometimes  covered  with  an  apron,  takes  the 
straw  from  the  machine.  Some  machines  are 
also  provided  with  a  straw  carrier  that  ele- 
vates and  forwards  the  straw,  commonly  dis- 
charging it  on  the  stack. 

Thrask  -ite,  s.    [TRASKITK.] 

*  thra -son'  Ic   al.   a.     [After   Thraso,  the 
name  of  the  braggart  in  the  Latin  comedies.] 

1.  Given  to  bragging  ;  boasting. 

2.  Characterized  by  bragging  or  boasting ; 
boastful. 

"  There  wu  never  anything  so  sudden  but  the  fight 
of  two  rants,  aud  Caesar's  thr<tto>iic'it  brag  of — I  came, 
saw,  and  overcame."— Shakttn,  :  At  you  Like  It,  v.  2. 

*  thra  -  son'- Ic  -  al  - 1&   adv.     [Eng.    thra- 
sonical;   -ly.]     In  a  thrasonical  or  boastful 
manner ;  boastfully. 

"  To  brag  thratonicatty,  to  boast  like  Rodomoot*," — 
Johnton,  lu  roue  Jiodomontade. 

*  thraate,  pret.  ofv.    [THRUST,  t?.] 

thr&tc h,  r.i.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  perhaps 
softened  from  A.8.  thrcect  thracu  —  force.]  To 
gasp  convulsively,  as  one  in  the  agonies  of 
death.  (Scotch.) 

thrau'-lite  (an  as  £w),  *.  [Or.  dpaCAos 
(thravlos)  —  fragile  ;  suff.  -it*  (Min.).] 

3fin. :  An  amorphous  mineral  found  at  Bo- 
denmais,  Bavaria.  Analyses  suggest  a  rela- 
tionship to  Gillingite  (q.v.),  to  which  Dana 
refers  it. 

thrave,  threave,  *  throve,  *.  [IceL  threjt 
=  a  thrave,  from  thrifa  =  to  grasp ;  Dan. 
trave  =  a  score  of  sheaves  ;  Sw.  trafve  —  a  pile 
of  wood  ;  Sw.  dial,  trave  =  a  thrave.] 

1.  Twenty-four  sheaves  or  two  shocks  of 
corn. 

"  A  dalmen-icker  In  a  thrum 
'8  a  una*  request." 

Burnt :  To  a  Moute, 

2.  The  number  of  two  dozen;  hence,   an 
indefinite  number ;  a  large  number. 

"  He  Miidi  forth  thrawei  of  balladi  to  the  sale.* 
Bp.HaU.-SotirM.lv.t 

3.  A  drove,  a  herd. 

thraw,  r.f.  &  i.  [A.S.  ihrdwan=to  throw, 
to  twist.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  twist,  to  wrench,  to  distort, 
to  wrest 

"  They  winna  bide  thratcinff."— Scott :  Old  Mortality, 

ch.  viit 


B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  cast,  to  warp. 

2.  To  twist  from  agony;  to  writhe.  (Scotch,) 

thraw  (1),  s.  [THRAW,  v.j  A  twist,  a  wrench. 
a  distortion, 

"  To  rln  after  tpalzle,  dell  be  wl'  me  If  I  do  not  glv« 
your  craig  a  thrate."—  Scott  :  Waetrtey,  ch.  ilvilL 

thraw-crook,  s.  An  implement  with  a 
crooked  head,  used  for  twisting  straw  ropes, 
&c.  (Scotch.) 

thraw  (2),  *.  [A.S.  thred.}  A  pang,  a  thro* 
(q.v.). 

1]  (1)  Dead  thraw:  The  death  throws;  the 
last  agonies.  (The  expression,  To  be  in  tht 
dead  thraw,  is  also  applied  to  any  object 
neither  dead  nor  alive,  neither  hot  nor  cold.) 

(2)  Heads  and  thraws:  Lying  side  by  side  ; 
the  feet  of  the  one  by  the  head  of  the  other. 

thra'  -ward,  thra'  -wart,  a.  [THRAW,  v.\ 
Cross-grained,  froward,  perverse,  backward, 
reluctant.  (Scotch.) 

"  I  have  keud  the  Law  this  roony  a  year,  and  motijr 
ft  thraw-irt  job  I  ha«  had  wi'  her."  —  scott:  Start  of 


thraw'-  in,  thrawn,  a,  [THRAW,  v.]  Dis- 
torted ;  having  the  appearance  of  ill-humour  ; 
cross-grained,  perverse. 

thread,  *  thred,  *  throdo,  *  threed, 
*  thrid,  *.  [A.S.  threed  =  that  which  is 
twisted,  a  thread,  from  thrdwan  =  to  twist, 
to  throw  (q.v.)  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  draad,  from 
draaijen  =  to  twist  ;  I  eel.  thrddhr  ;  Dan. 
traad  ;  Sw.  trad  ;  Ger.  draht,  drath  =  wire, 
thread,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  drdjan;  Ger.  drehm 
=  to  twist.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  compound  cord  consisting  of  two  or 
more  single  yarns,  doubled  and  twisted.    In 
the  trade  it  is  divided  into  lace,  stocking,  and 
sewing  thread.    The  doubling  and  twisting  of 
thread  is  effected  by  spindles  and  flyers  operat- 
ing  in  a  manner  similar  to  the  throstle  (q.v.). 
The  twist  is  usually  in  a  direction  the  reverse 
of  that  given  to  the  individual  yarns.     In  a 
general  sense  thread  denotes  the  filaments  of 
some  fibrous  substance,  such  as  cotton,  flax, 
silk,  or  wool,  spun  out  to  considerable  length, 
the  common  name  of  such  filaments  being 
yarn.    Thread  is  principally  used  for  sewing. 

(2)  A  yarn  measure,  containing  in  cotton 
yarn  fifty-four  inches,  in  linen   yarn  ninety 
inches,  and  in  worsted  yarn  thirty-five  inches. 
(Simmonds.) 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  fine  filament  or  thread-like  body  of 
any  kind,  as  the  filament  of  a  flower,  or  of 
any  fibrous  substance,  as  of  bark  ;    a   fine 
filament  or  line  of  gold  or  silver,  a  filament  of 
melted  glass,  the  line  spun  by  a  spider,  ic. 

"  The  smallest  thread 
That  ever  spider  twisted  from  her  womb." 

Dhaketp.  ;  King  John,  IT.  1 

(2)  Used  as  an  emblem  of  life,  as  being  spun 
and  cut  by  the  Fates. 

"  Let  not  Bardolph'i  vital  thread  be  cut" 

;.  /   Henry  I'.,  111.  «. 


(S)  Something  continued  in  a  lung  course  or 
tenour. 

"There  Is  here  a  work  of  fiction  praiseworthy  a* 
such,  and  never  flagging  in  the  thrtad  of  Ita  excite- 
ment from  beginning  to  eud."—  /JutVy  Telegra^ 
Aug.  29,  1886. 

*(4)  Distinguishing  property;  quality,  fine- 
ness. 

"  A  neat  courtier,  of  a  mo*t  elegant  thrfad." 

Ben  JontoH. 

(5)  The  central  line  of  a  stream  or  water- 
course.   (Bouvier.) 
XL  Technically: 

1.  lint.  ;  A  long  delicate  hair. 

2.  Mach.  :  The  spiral  projecting  rib  on  the 
shaft  of  a  screw. 

3.  Mining:   A  slight  vein  of  ore,  smaller 
than  a  branch,  passing  off  from  the  main  vein 
iii  to  the  rock. 

1  (1)  Air  threads  :  The  fine  white  filaments 
which  are  seen  floating  in  the  air  in  summer, 
the  production  of  spiders  ;  gossamer. 

*(2)  Thread  and  thrum:  The  good  and  bad 
together  ;  an  expression  borrowed  from  weav- 
ing, the  thread  being  the  substance  of  the 
warp,  and  the  thrum  the  end  of  the  warp  by 
which  it  is  fastened  to  the  loom. 

"  0  Pates,  aom«.  come, 
Cut  thread  and  thrum." 

:  Midtummer  Jfiffkft  Dream,  T. 


fl»te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine;   go.  p6 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    SB,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =*  lew. 


thread— three 


4705 


thread-carrier,  ». 

Knitting-mack.  :  The  hook  or  eyelet  on  the 
carriage  through  which  the  yarn  passes. 

thread-cells,  s.  pi. 

Zoo!.  :  Thread-like  stinging  processes  found 
in  the  Hydrozoa. 

thread-finisher,  s.  A  machine  in  which 
thread  is  treated  to  give  it  a  smooth  and 
polished  surface. 

thread-frame,  s.  The  doubling  and 
twisting-mill  by  which  two  or  more  yarns 
are  combined  to  form  a  thread.  The  yarns  as 
they  are  unwound  from  the  bobbins  or  cops 
are  passed  beneath  the  surface  of  a  solution 
of  gum  or  starch  in  a  trough  ;  the  wetting 
enables  them  to  be  condensed  into  a  more 
solid  thread  ;  they  then  pass  between  rollers, 
by  which  they  are  laid  parallel,  or  nearly  so, 
and  are  thence  conducted  to  a  flyer,  by  which 
they  are  twisted  together,  and  to  the  bobbin, 
on  which  they  are  wound. 

thread-gauge,  s.  A  gauge  for  deter- 
mining the  number  of  threads  to  the  inch  on 
screws  and  taps. 

thread-guide,  s. 

Scwing-mach,  :  A  loop,  eye,  or  other  contriv- 
ance, forming  a  guide  for  the  thread  when  it 
changes  its  direction  at  points  between  the 
reel  and  the  needle-eye. 

thread  lace,  s.  Lace  of  linen  thread  ; 
such  as  Honiton,  and  many  other  kinds. 

thread-moulds,  >.  pi. 

Bot.  :  The  Fungi  of  the  group  Hyphomy- 
cetes. 

thread-needle,  s.  A  game  in  which 
children  stand  in  a  row  holding  hands,  and 
the  outer  one  still  holding  the  hand  of  the 
next  runs  between  the  others.  Also  called 
Thread-the-needle. 

thread-paper,  s.  Thin  strips  of  paper 
for  wrapping  up  skeins  of  thread. 

thread-plants,  >.  pi. 

Camm.  :  Plants  whose  fibres  may  be  manu- 
factured into  thread,  as  flax,  cotton,  &c. 

thread-waxer,  s.  A  bowl  of  heated 
shoemaker's  wax,  through  which  the  thread 
is  conducted  in  sewing-machines  for  boots, 
shoes,  and  leather. 

thread,  v.t.    [THREAD,  ».] 

1.  Lit.  :  To  pass  a  thread  through  the  eye 
or  aperture  of. 

"Th«  largest  crooked  net-ale,  with  a  ligature  of  the 
size  of  that  i  have  threndea  it  with,  ill  taking  up  the 
spermatick  vessels."—  Sharp  :  Surgery. 

2.  Fig.  :   To   pass   or   pierce   through,  as 
through  something  narrow,  interwoven,   or 
intricate. 

"  A  Berf  that  roee  betimes  to  thread  the  wood, 
And  hew  the  bough  that  bought  his  children's  food." 
Byron  :  Lara,  ii.  24. 

thread'-  bare,   *  tared  -bare,   •  thrid 
bare,  a.    [Eng.  thread,  s.,  and  bare.} 

1.  Lit.  :  Worn  so  that  the  component  threads 
can  be  traced  ;  worn  to  the  naked  thread  ; 
having  the  nap  worn  off. 

"  A  poor  needy  fellow  in  a  threadbare  cloak."—  Cam- 
den  :  ttttt.  Queen  Klitabeth  (an.  151:,}. 

2.  Fig.  :  Worn  out  ;  trite,  hackneyed  ;  used 
so  long  that  the  novelty  has  worn  off. 

"Many  write™  of  moral  discourses  run  Into  stale 
topics  and  threadbare  quotations,  not  handling  their 
subject*  fully  and  closely."—  Swift. 

thread'-  bare-ness,  >.  [Eng.  threadbare; 
-nets.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  thread- 
bare ;  triteness  ;  poverty. 

"There  was  much  significance  in  bis  look  with  re- 
d to  the  coat  ;  it  spoke  of  the  sleekness  of  folly,  and 
threadbarmet*  of  wisdom."—  Mackenzie  :  Mem  of 


•thread    en,    'thread  -den,    a.     [Eng. 

thread;  -en.}    Made  of  thread. 
"  Some  in  her  threaden  flllet  still  did  bide, 
And  true  to  bondage  would  not  break  from  thence." 
Shaketp.  :  Complaint  of  a  Lover,  33. 

thread'-  er,  >.  [Eng.  thread,  v.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  threads  ;  specif.,  a  device 
for  guiding  the  thread  into  the  eye  of  a 
needle. 

t  thread'  -J  ness,  s.  [Eng.  thread(y);  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  thread-like,  or  drawn  out 
into  threads.  (Ooodrich.) 

thread'-  like,  a.  [Eng.  thread,  and  like.] 
Resembling  a  thread  ;  long  and  fine. 


thread'-worm,  s.  [Eng.  thread,  and  uiorm.] 
Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  Nematoidea  (q.v.),  from  their  long,  fili- 
form body.  By  some  authorities  the  name  is 
restricted  to  Oxyurus  vermicularis,  the  Small 
Threadworm,  which  infests  man.  [OxvuRUS, 
THICHOCEPHAUJS.] 

*  thread'- jr,*thred-dle,  o.  [Eng.  thread;  -y.] 

1.  Like   thread  or  filament;   filamentous, 
fibrous. 

"  Branches,  like  the  small  and  threddie  root*  of  a 
tree."— Granger :  Comment,  on  Eoclciiattet,  p.  825. 

2.  Containing  or  carrying  thread ;  covered 
with  thread. 

"  From  hand  to  hand 
The  thready  shuttle  glides  along  the  lines." 

Dyer:  Fleece,  ill. 

threap,  threep,  *  threpe,  i:t.  &  i.  [A.S. 

thredpian  =  to  threap,  to  reprove,  to  afflict ; 
Icel.  threfa  =  to  wrangle,  to  dispute.] 

A.  Tramittvt: 

1.  To  assert  with  pertinacity  ;  to  persist  in 
asserting  in  reply  to  denial.  (Scotch.) 

*  2.  To  call. 

"  Sol  gold  IB  and  luna  silver  we  threpe." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  1MH. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  aver  or  assert  with  pertinacity ;  to 
maintain  by  dint  of  assertion.  (Scotch.) 

*  2.  To  contend,  to  quarrel. 

*  3.  To  threaten. 

"  My  foea  they  bray  BO  loud,  and  eke  threapen  so  fast." 
Surrey :  Ptalm  IT. 

*  4.  To  cry  out ;  to  complain. 

"Some  crye  upon  God,  some  other  threpe  that  he 
bathe  forgoten  theyrn."— Bp.  Fitter:  Sermon*. 

threap,  s.  [THREAP,  ».]  A  vehement  or  per- 
tinacious affirmation  ;  an  obstinate  decision 
or  determination.  (Scotch.) 

*  threas  ure,  «.    [TREASURE.] 

threat,  *  thret,  s.  [A.S.  threat  =  (1)  a  crowd, 
crush,  or  throng  of  people ;  (2)  a  great  pres- 
sure, calamity,  trouble,  a  threat,  from  threat, 
pa.  t.  of  thredtan  =  to  press  extremely,  to 
urge,  to  afflict,  to  vex  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  thrjota 
'pa.  t.  thraut,  pa.  par.  throtinn)  =  to  fail,  to 
lack  ;  Goth,  usthriutan  =  to  trouble,  to  vex  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  ardriozan  =  to  tire,  to  vex  ;  M.  H. 
Ger.  erdrieixn;  Ger.  verdriessen.  From  the 
same  root  as  Lat.  trudo  =  to  push,  to  shove.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  menace ;  a  denunciation 
of  ill  to  befall  some  one ;  a  declaration  of  an 
intention  or  determination  to  inflict  punish- 
ment, loss,  or  pain  on  another. 

"There  IB  no  terror,  Cassius.  in  your  threat** 

Shaketp.  :  Juliu*  Ctssar,  iv.  3. 

2.  Law :  Any  menace  of  such  a  kind  as  to 
unsettle  the  mind  of  the  person  threatened, 
and  to  take  away  from  his  acts  that  free 
voluntary    action    which   alone   constitutes 
consent. 

"  By  threat*  and  menaces  of  bodily  hurt,  through 
fear  of  which  a  man's  business  is  interrupted.  Here 
the  party  menaced  may  either  apply  to  a  magistrate 
to  have  the  offender  bound  over  in  recognizances  to 
keep  the  peace  ;  or  he  may  sue  for  damages  in  a  civil 
action."— B/ac**fon« .-  Comment.,  bk.  iii..  ch.  6. 

*  threat.  *  thrcte,  *  thret-i-en,  v.t.  &  i. 
[A.8.  thredtian.]    [THREAT,  s.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  threaten,  to  menace. 

"  The  demon  Indolence  threat*  overthrow 
To  all  that  to  mankind  is  good  and  dear." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  if  Indolence,  11.  84. 

B,  Intrans. :  To  threaten  ;  to  utter  threats. 

"  So  gan  he  threat  and  manace." 

Romaunt  of  the  Rote. 

threat  en,  *  thret  en,  *  thret-nen,  r.t. 

&  i.    [Eng.  threat ;  -en.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  use  threats  or  menaces  to ;  to  menace ; 
to  declare  an  intention  or  determination  of 
inflicting  punishment,  pain,  or  loss  on ;  to 
terrify  or  attempt  to  terrify  by  menaces  ;  to 
denounce  ill,  loss,  or  mischief  to  befall 
another. 

"  Bohemia  stops  his  ears,  and  threaten!  them 
With  divers  deaths  in  death." 

Shaketp. :  Wlnter't  Tale.  T.  L 

*  2.  To  charge  or  enjoin  with  menace. 

"Let  us  straitly  threaten  them,  that  they  speak 
henceforth  to  no  man  in  this  name." — Act*  iv.  17. 

3.  To  menace  by  action  ;  to  act  as  if  intend- 
ing to  injure  :  as,  To  threaten  a  man  with  a 
stick. 


S1' 

la 


*  4.  To  be  a  source  of  menace  to. 

"  He  threaten*  many  that  hath  injured  one." 

Ben  Jonton. 

5.  To  exhibit  an  appearance  of,  as  of  some- 
thing evil  or  unpleasant. 

"  The  skies  threaten  present  blusters." 

Shaketp. :   Hi, Her,  Tale,  111.  S. 

*  6.  To  announce  (evil)  as  about  to  happen. 
"  The  nearer  we  approach  the  threatened  period  of 

decay,  the  more  our  security  increases."— Ooldtmitht 
Polite  Learning,  ch.  i. 

TI  Frequently  used  with  an  infinitive  follow- 
ing. 

"  Hath    threatened    to  put    me    into  everlasting 
liberty."— Shake*?. :  Merry  Wioet  of  Wiitdlor,  iii,  8. 
B.  Intrans. :  To  use  threats  or  menaces ; 
to  have  a  threatening  appearance. 

"Though  the  seas  threat  fi.  they  are  merciful." 
.Vtaketp. :  Tempett,  T.  1. 

threat- en -er,  *threat-ner,  «.  [Eng. 
threaten  ;  -er.  ]  One  who  threatens  or  menaces. 

"  Ye  shall  not  die : 

How  should  yet  by  the  fruit  ?  it  gives  you  lite 
To  knowledge  ;  by  tbe  Threatenerl" 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  ix.  987. 

threat  en  ing,  « thret-en-yng,  •thret- 
en-yng,  *  thret -ninge,  pr.  par.,  ».,  &  o. 
[THREATEN.] 

A.  Aspr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  snbst. :  The  act  of  one  who  threatens ; 
*  threat. 

"  Breathing  out  threatening*  and  slaughter  against 
the  disciples  of  the  Lord."— Acts  it.  1. 

C.  As  adjective : 

1.  Indicating  a  threat  or  menace. 

"  Not  with  iuch  a  cruel  threatening  look." 

Shaketp. :  »  Henry  VI.,  L  S. 

2.  Indicating  something  evil  or  unpleasant 
impending ;  menacing :   as,  The  sky  has  • 
threatening  look. 

threatening  letters,  i.  pi. 
English  Law:  Letters  containing  threats  of 
various  kinds. 

(1)  Letters  threatening  to  publish  a  libel 
upon  any  person,  with  intent  to  extort  money 
or  obtain  some  other  advantage. 

(2)  Letters  demanding  money  or  other  pro- 
perty with  menaces. 

(3)  Letters  threatening  to  accuse  a  person 
of  a  crithe,  with  intent  to  extort  money. 

(4)  Letters  threatening  to  kill  or  murder 
any  person.     The  sender  of  such  letters  ife 
liable  to  severt  punishment. 

threat  -en  Ing-ly,  *  threat  ningly,  adv. 
[Eng.  threatening ;  -ly.]  In  a  threatening 
manner  ;  with  a  threat  or  menace. 

"  The  honour  that  thus  flames  in  your  fair  eye*, 
Before  I  speak,  too  threateningly  replies/ 

Shaketp. :  Alt*.  Well  that  Knit  Wett,  IL  8. 

•  threat'-  ful,   •  threat  -  full,   o.     [Eng. 
threat,  s. ;  -full.]    Full  of  threats ;  threaten- 
ing, menacing. 

"  '  Here  I  turn  here  1'  the  threatful  virgin  cry'd." 
Brooke :  Jerutalem  Delivered,  m. 

*  threat'-ful-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  threatful :  -ly.] 
In  a  tlireatful  manner ;  with  many  threats ; 
threateningly. 

•  threat  -Ing,  *  thret  inge,  «.    [A.S.  threat- 
ing.]    A  threat ;  a  threatening. 

*  threat'- iSss,  a.     [Eng.    threat,  s. ;   -less.] 
Without  threats  ;  not  threatening. 

"  Threatlf**  their  browes." 

Syloetter :  The  Captalnee,  ML 

threave,  s.    [THBAVE.] 
« thrid,  >.    [THREAD.] 

three, "  thre,  a.  &  ».  [A.S.  thre6,  thriA,  thri, 
thry;  cogn.  with  Dut.  drie ;  Icel.  thrir  (fern. 
thrjar,  neut.  thriu  ;  Dan.  tre ;  Sw.  tre  ;  Goth. 
threis;  Ger.  drei;  Irish,  Gael.,  k  Wei.  tri; 
Russ.  tri;  Lat.  tres  (neut.  tria);  Gr.  rpeis 
(treis),  neut.  rpia  (tria) ;  Sansc.  tri;  Fr.  trail ; 
Ital.  tre;  Sp.  tres.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Two  and  one. 

"  I  offer  tbee  three  things."— 2  Samuel  xxiv.  12. 

Tf  It  is  frequently  used  without  the  noun 
to  which  it  refers. 

"[Abishal]  attained   not  unto  the   first   three."-' 
1  Samuel  xxlil.  Is. 

B.  A3  substantive : 

1.  The  number  which  consists  of  two  and 
one. 

"  By  twos  and  three*."    Shaketp. :  Winter'*  Tale,  i.  1 

2.  A  symbol  denoting  three  units,  as  3  or  UL 
f  (1)  Rule  of  Three: 

Arith. :  [PEOPORTION,  ».,  II.  2.]. 


boy ;  polit,  jo%l ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  cnin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  C, 
-alan.  -tlan  =  sham,    -tlon,    sion  =  shun;  -tlon,  -sion  —  s^fi™,    -clous,    tious,  -Bious  =  sbus.   -We,  -die,  Ac,  =  bel,  deL 


4706 


three 


(2)  Thret-times-three:  Three  cheers  thrice  re- 
peated. (Tennyson:  In  Memoriam,  cone.  104.] 

1  Thrte  is  largely  used  as  the  first  element 
in  compounds,  denoting  something  which 
contains  three  parts,  portions,  nngani,  or  the 
like :  as,  (Arw-edged,  lAra-headtd,  tltree- 
pointed,  (Aree-stringed,  &c. 

"three-aged,  a.  Living  during  three 
generations. 

three  -  bearded    rockling,  s.    [Mo 

TELLA.) 

three-box  loom,  s. 

Weaving:  A  loom  having  three  shuttle- 
boxes,  trom  which  shuttles  carrying  yams  of 
ms  many  colours  are  driven  by  the  picker, 
according  to  the  requirements  of  the  pattern. 

three-capsuled, «. 

But. :  Having  three  capsules. 

three-celled,  a. 

Bot. :  Having  three  cells  ;  trilocular. 

Three  Chapters,  s.  pi.     [CHAPTER,  «., 

three-cleft,  a. 

Bot  :  Three-parted  ;  «plit  into  three  parts 
or  divisions,  deeper  than  when  three-lobed. 

three-coat  work,  s. 

1.  flustering :  Applied  to  work  consisting 
of  three  coats  or  stages. 

2.  Paint:  Applied  to  house-painting  when 
three  successive  layers  are  required. 

three-cornered,  a. 

1.  Ord.  lang. :    Having   three  corners  or 
angles  :  as,  a  three-cornered  hat. 

2.  Bot.  .-Having  three  longitudinal  angles  and 
three  plane  faces,  as  the  stem  of  Carex  aeuta. 

three  decker,  s. 

1.  A  vessel  of  war  carrying  guns  on  three 
decks. 

"  The  Are»-4ecJcer'i  oaken  spine." 

r«"«»son.-  llaui,  II.  11.  t 

8.  A  slang  term  applied  to  a  pulpit,  con- 
sisting of  three  stages,  the  clerk's  place  being 
at  the  bottom,  the  reading-desk  ou  the  second 
stage,  and  the  pulpit  highest  of  all. 

"  The  modest  pnlpit  of  an  Eugliah  church  la  aa  yet 
•  rarity,  for  tlie  complicated  and  extensive  'three- 


. 

'  la  atill  in  UM  all  OMT  the  country." 
Telegraph.  Oct.  2u.  1&B&. 

three-denominations,  s.  pi  [DENO- 
MINATION, 1J.J 

three  edged,  a. 

Hot.  :  Having  three  scute  angles  with  con- 
cave faces,  as  the  stems  of  many  plants  ;  tri- 
gonal 

three  estates,  „.,,(.  In  English  politics, 
the  Lords  Temporal,  the  Lords  Spiritual,  and 
the  Commons,  the  three  elements  which  make 
up  Parliament,  the  British  legislative  body.  Of 
these  the  first  two  hold  their  seats  by  hereditary 
claim,  the  third  only  is  representative.  A 
strong  feeling  of  opposition  to  hereditary  legis- 
lators is  growing  in  England,  which  will  prob- 
ably end  in  reducing  the  Three  Estates  to  one 
only,  a  representative  body.  In  France  the 
convening  of  the  Third  Estate,  the  representa- 
tives of  the  people,  to  vote  money  for  the  crown 
was  the  step  that  led  to  the  French  Revolution, 
the  people  declining  to  give  up  the  power 
which  had  been  placed  In  their  hands. 

Three  F'B,phr. 

Hist.  :  A  term  used  to  express  the  demands 
of  the  Irish  tenantry  as  formulated  by  Michael 
Davitt,  the  founder  of  the  Land  League 
fq.v.X  These  were  limited  to  Free  Bale, 
Fixity  of  Tenure,  and  Fair  Rent.  These 
demands  were  practically  conceded  by  Mr. 
Gladstone's  Land  Act  (1881). 

three  faces  in  a  hood,  s. 

Bot  :  Kioto  tricolor.    (Britten  <*  Holland.) 

*  three-farthings,  s.    A  very  thin  silver 
coin  of  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  hearing  a  profile 
of  the  sovereign  with  a  rose  «t  the  back  of  her 
bead. 

three-foot,  a. 

1.  Measuring  three  feet  :  as,  a  «ir«-/oo<  rule. 

*  2.  Having  three  feet  or  legs. 

M  When  on  my  tkree-foot  atool  I  ait,  and  tall 
The  warlike  feata  I  have  done." 
Ntatup.  : 


.      .    . 

three-glrred,  o.    Surrounded  with  three 

hoops.    (Scotch.) 


three-headed,  a.    Having  three  heads. 

"  Whose  club    kill'd   Cerberue.  tliat   three-headed 
cams."       SJuiketp. :  Lope  i  Labour i  Lo!t,  \.'i. 

Three-headed  rail :  One  having  three  treads 
united  by  webs,  set  at  an  angle  of  120°  with 
each  other. 

three-high  roll,  s. 

Metal-work. :  A  rolling  apparatus  In  which 
three  rollers  are  arranged  in  a  vertical  series, 
»o  that  the  metal  may  be  passed  through 
between  the  middle  and  lower  roll,  and  then 
back  between  the  middle  and  upper  one  ; 
rolling  it  at  each  passage  without  changing 
the  direction  of  motion  of  the  rolls. 

three-horned  chameleon,  s. 

Zool. :  Cham&leon  oweni,  from  Fernando  Po. 
The  male  has  a  long  horn  over  each  eye,  and 
another  at  the  end  of  the  muzzle,  whence  the 
popular  name. 

Three  Hours'  Agony,  Three  Hours' 

Service,  & 

Eccla.  *  Church  Hist. :  A  devotion  practised 
on  Good  Friday,  from  noon  till  three  o'clock, 
in  commemoration  of  the  Passion.  It  was 
introduced  by  Father  Messia,  S.J.,  of  Lima, 
about  1730,  and  reached  Home  in  1738.  It 
was  introduced  into  the  English  Church  about 
1885,  and  was  rendered  le^al  by  the  Act  of 
Uniformity  Amendment  Act  (1872),  which 
permits  additional  services,  consisting  of  any 
prayers  from  the  Liturgy  or  Bible,  with 
address  or  sermon,  and  hymns.  The  service 
consists,  in  all  cases,  of  hymns,  collects,  or 
litanies,  and  addresses,  generally  on  "the 
seven  words  from  the  cross,"  though  this  last 
feature  is  sometimes  varied  by  meditations 
on  other  details  of  the  Passion.  The  editor 
of  the  Dictionary  of  Religion  notes  that  the 
name  of  the  devotion  may  possibly  occasion  a 
mistake  as  to  the  length  of  our  Lord's  suffer- 
ings. (Sue  Mark  xv.  25,  34.) 

three-humped  moth,  s. 

Entom. :  Notodonta  trilojthus,  an  umber- brown 
moth  with  various  markings.  It  is  rare  in 
Britain. 

Three  Kings,  s.  pi. 

Church  Hist.  &  Ecdes. :  The  name  given  in 
the  Roman  Church  to  the  Magi,  who  came 
from  the  East  to  adore  the  infant  Jesus 
(Matt.  ii.  1  12).  They  are  probably  called 
kings  from  Psalm  Ixxii.  10,  which  verse  is 
used  as  an  antiphon  in  the  office  for  Epiphany. 
According  to  tradition,  their  names  were 
Caspar,  Melchior,  and  Balthazar,  and  on  their 
return  to  the  East  they  received  baptism. 
The  Empress  Helena  is  said  to  have  brought 
their  bones  to  Constantinople,  whence  they 
were  removed  to  Milan,  and  afterwards  to 
Cologne.  The  Chapel  of  the  Three  Kings, 
built  by  the  Emperor  Maximilian  (1469-1519), 
In  Cologne  Cathedral,  is  supposed  to  contain 
their  relics. 

three-leaved  grass,  «. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Trifolinm. 
three-lobed, «. 

~Bot. :  Having  three  lobes  or  segment*,  as 
the  leaf  o!  Anemone  Hepatica. 

*  three-man,  a.    Applied  to  something 
requiring  three  men  for  its  use  or  performance. 

"  Three-man  aong-men  aU,  and  very  good  ouea."— 
Shatetp.  .•  Winter'*  Tale.  iv.  X. 

three-nerved,  a. 

Bot.  (Of  a  leaf,  &c.):  Having  three  prominent 
nerves  all  proceeding  from  the  very  base  of 
the  lamina. 

three  nooked,  a.  Having  three  corners. 
three-parted,  a.  [THREE-CLEFT.] 

*  three-pence,  ».    A  small  silver  coin  of 
the  value  of  three  pence. 

"  Tia  atraufte,  a  three-pence  bowed  would  hire  me." 
— Shaketp.  :  JJrtiry  Vlll.,  ii.  a. 

three-penny,  a.  Worth  only  threepence ; 
hence,  common,  vulgar,  mean  ;  of  little  worth. 

three-per-cents.,  t.  pi.  The  Stock  of 
the  British  Government  bearing  interest  at 
three  per  cent. 

three  petaled,  a. 

Bot.  (Of  a  corolla):  Tripetalous,  constating 

of  three  petals. 

•three-pile,  «.  An  old  name  for  the 
finest  and  most  costly  kind  of  velvet. 

"  I,  In  my  time,  wore  three-pUe,  but  am  out  of 
aervlc«,--s»a*«ij>. .  Winter.  Toie.  Iv.  a. 


*  three-piled,  a. 

1.  Set  with  a  thick,  rich  pile ;  of  first-rate 
quality. 

"  Aud  tbon  the  velvet:  thoo  art  good  velvet:  tho*i 
art  a  three-piled  fiece,  1  warrant  ttiee."— statew. 
MetuureSor  Jfauure.  i.  2. 

2.  Exaggerated,  high-flown,  piled  np, 

"  Thru-pit*!  byperbolea ;  spruce  affectation." 

8Au**a/>. .'  Lowe*  Labour1!  Leet.  T.  2. 

3.  Wearing  three-pile.    (Applied  to  persons 
of  rank  or  wealth.) 

three-ply,  a.  Threefold;  consisting  of 
three  strands,  as  coi-d,  yarn,  ic.  ;  consisting 
of  three  distinct  webs  inwrought  together  in 
weaving. 

Three-ply  carpet:  A  carpet  made  of  wool, 
worsted,  or  a  combination  of  the  two,  and 
having  three  webu  whose  warps  are  inter- 
changeable, so  as  to  allow  only  such  to  be 
brought  to  the  surface  as  may  suit  the 
development  of  the  pattern.  Als'o  known  a» 
Triple-ingrain  carpet. 

three-quarters,  «.  Anything  three, 
quarters  or  its  normal  size  or  proportions ; 
specif.,  a  size  of  portrait  measuring  30  inches 
by  25,  or  a  portrait  to  the  hips  only. 

three-ribbed,  a. 

Bot.  (Of  a  lea/):  Having  tlirce  ribs  springing 
from  the  base. 

three-seeded,  a. 

Bot. :  Having  three  seeds. 

three  spined  stickleback,  >. 

Ichthy. :  Gastrostens  aculealm,  a  British 
freshwater  species.  [STICKLEBACK.] 

three-square,  a.  Three-cornered,  tri- 
angular. [OyUAKK,  >.,  "i  8.J 

Three-stptare  fie :  The  ordinary,  tapering, 
hand-saw  tile  of  triangular  cross  section. 

three-stages,  s.  pi. 

Philos. :  A  term  introduced  by  Comte  t3 
denote  the  necessary  stages  through  which, 
as  he  asserted,  the  human  mind  must  pass  in 
its  evolution  from  infancy  to  maturity.  These 
stages  are  (1)  the  theological,  (2)  the  meta- 
physical, and  (S)  the  positive.  J.  S.  Mill 
suggested,  as  less  ambiguous,  the  terms  (1)  vo- 
litional, (2)  abstractional,  and  (3)  experiential. 

1  Law  of  the  Three  Stages : 

Philos. :  (See  extract). 

"Two-thirda  of  the  objections  urged  against  thia 
Law  of  the  Three  SUffttKn  based  on  a  radical  misap- 
prehension of  it,  .  .  .  The  law  does  not  assert  that  at 
dlatinct  historical  perltxla  wen  were  successively  in 
each  oi  the  three  aUgt-a.  that  there  waa  a  time  when  a 
nation,  or  eveu  a  tribe,  waa  excluaively  theol'igicai 
delusively  meUpnyaioal.  or  exclusively  positive  Mi 
»™«rU  tint  the  ohiel  conceptions  man  fr»iu«a  respect 
lug  the  world,  hiinsulf.  MM!  aOLiety,  must  paaa  through 
thre*  stages,  with  varying  velocity  under  farioua 
social  contiitioiia,  but  in  unvarying  order."— a.  a. 
Ltvet :  ffi!t.  PhUm.  (ed.  18WI.  11.  U*.  7M. 

three-stone  mill,  s.  A  mill  with  one 
middle  runner  having  two  faces,  which  act 
against  two  lateral  stones. 

three-striped  owl-monkey,  & 

Zool. :  Kyctijiithecus  trii-iryalus,  tram  South 
America.  Body  about  a  foot  long,  tail  rather 
more;  fur  grayish-brown,  face  with  a  whitish 
pjff ;  forehead  white,  with  three  black  sti-ijK'S. 

*  three-suited,  a.     A  ward  of  doubtful 
meaning,    used    only    by    Shakespeare.     It 
probably  means  poor,  beggarly,  peasant-like. 

"A  base,  proud,  ahallow  beggarly,  Utrei-mited 
knave.  —iAulnip. :  Lear,  ii.  a. 

*  three-threads,  s.     Half  common  ale 
mixed  with  stale  and  double  beer.  [ENTIRE,  &.J 


three-toed  sloth,  s. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
Sloth  having  digits  on  the  fore  limbs,  all 
furnished  with  claws.  It  thus  applies  to  tlu> 
genus  Bradypus  and  to  the  Arctopithecus  of 
Gray. 

*  three-trees,  s.    The  gallows. 
three- valved,  a. 

Bot.  (Of  a  capsule):  Opening  by  three  valve* 
or  divisions. 

three-way,  a.  Moving  or  directed  to 
three  ways. 

Three-way  cock :  One  having  three  positions, 
directing  the  fluid  in  either  of  three  different 
channels. 

Three-wot  "five :  One  which  governs  three 
openings. 


ftte,  ttt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  w8t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine:  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unit*,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    re,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


threefold-thrill 


4707 


three  -fold,  o.  &  adv.    [A.S.  tMfeald,  thrie- 


.  A.  adj.  :  Consisting  of  three  In  one,  or 
one  thrks  repeated  ;  triple. 

"  This  threefold  perjury-" 

Ma/tap.  :  Tm  Ijcntltmtn,  IL  «. 

B.  j4»  adv.  •'  In  »  threefold  manner  or  de- 
gree;    trebly;     hence,    exceedingly;     very 

v/.M  too  little." 

ShaXap.  :  Tm  Gfnttenwt,  L  1. 

threeT-ing,  s.     [Eng.  (Ar«e;  -ling.] 

Crystall.  :  A  compound  crystal  consisting 
of  three  united  crystals. 

threep,  v.ta.    [THREAP.] 
three'-score,   a.     [Eng.    three,   and   score.] 
Thrice  twenty  ;  sixty.    (Often  used  without 
the  noun  to  which  it  refers.) 

"  Threescore  and  ten  I  can  remember  well." 

sh,ike*p-  :  1  Henry  IV.,  U.  ft. 

*  threlsch-fold,  s.    [TIIKESUOLD.] 

*  threne,  «.    [Lat.  /hrentis,  from  Gr. 
(t/ireuos)  =  a     lamentation,     from 
(tkreomai)  =  to  cry  aloud.)     A  complaint,  a 
lamentation,  a  threnody. 

"  It  made  thiB  (Arena 
To  the  phcenix  and  the  dove, 
AB  choniB  to  their  tragic  scene. 

>.  .-  fanumatf  Pilgrim. 


«thre-net'-Io,  *  thre-net'-lo-ol,  a.  [Lat. 
thrautinu,  from  Gr.  epni/nrixos  («»re»«ifcos).] 
Sorrowful,  mournful. 

*  thrin'-ode,  ».     [THRENODY.]    A  threne,  a 
threnody,  a  complaint. 

»  thre  no  dJ-al,  a.  [Eng.  threnody;  -<iZ.J 
Ol  ur  pertaining  to  a  threnody  ;  elegiac. 

"  This  was  pretty  well  for  a  threnodial  flight."— 
Soulhey  :  The  Doctor,  ch.  cxxxiii. 

*ttren'-4-dist,  a,  [Eng.  thnrwdfy)  ;  -1st.] 
A  writer  of  threnodies  ;  a  composer  of  dirges. 

thren'-i-djr,  ».  [Or.  9pi)vuSra(«irenoriio),  from 
0pn»K  (thrinos)  =  lamentation,  and  tjtgij  (ode)  = 
a  song.)  A  song  of  lamentation,  a  dirge; 
especially,  a  poem  composed  on  the  occasion 
of  the  death  of  some  distinguished  personage. 

"  The  most  powerful  eloquence  Is  the  threnody  of  a 
broken  heart.  —Fartndon:  Sgrmont,  p.  St.  (1M7.) 

•thren'-Ss,  «.    [Gr.]    A  threne,  a  threnody. 

*  threpe,  v.t.  H  ».    [THBEAP.] 

thrSp-sor-o-fey,  «.  [Gr.  8p«*«  (threpsis)= 
nourishment;  sun".  -ology.]  The  doctrine  of, 
or  a  discourse  on,  the  nutrition  of  organized 
bodies. 

thresh,  v.t.  &  i.    [THRASH.] 
thresh,  J.  [Etyrn.  doubtful.]  A  rash.  (So**.) 
thresh  -er,  *.    (Eng.  thresh,  v.  ;  -«r.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  One  who  threshes  ;  a  thrasher. 

"One  English  carter  or  thrtllter,  who  bad  not  yet 
learned  bo*  to  load  a  gun  or  port  a  pike."—  Uacaulay  : 
But.  Eng..  ch.  xiv. 

*  2.  A  member  of  an  Irish  Catholic  organiza- 
tion instituted  in  1806.  Its  principal  object 
was  to  resist  the  payment  of  tithes.  Its 
threats  and  warnings  were  signed  "Captain 
Thresher." 
IL  ZooL  :  The  same  as  THRASHER,  II.  2. 

thresh'  -old,  *  thresh  -wold,  "thres- 
wold,  *  thresshewold,  'therswald,  s. 

[A.S.  tkerscold,  therscwoM,  lit  =  the  piece  of 
wood  which  is  beaten,  i.e.,  by  the  feet  of  those 
who  enter  the  house,  the  thrash-wood,  from 
therscan  =  to  thrash,  and  wald,  weald  =  a 
wood;  Icel.  threskjoldr,  from  thrtskja  =  to 
thrash,  and  voUr  =  wood.]  [WKAUJ,  WOLD.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  The  sill  of  a  doorway  ;  the  plank,  stone, 
or  piece  of  timber  which  lies  at  the  bottom  or 
nniler  a  door,  particularly  of  a  dwelling-house, 
church,  or  the  like.    (CAauoer  :  C.  T.,  8,164.) 

2.  Hence,  an  entrance,  a  gate,  a  doorway. 

"When  through  the  cottage  threshold  we  bad  pawed.1 
Wordiiturfh:  Excursion,  bk.  ill. 

II.  Pig.  :  Entrance  ;  the  place  or  point  ol 
entering  or  beginning  ;  outset,  start. 

"  |  He  ]  might  hare  been  deterred  on  the  very  ihrMhdd 
If  he  had  Been  nothing  but  the  roughnem  of  the  roM 
and  the  difficulty  ol  the  aacent  to  any  very  distiu- 
KulBhed  eminence."—  Knox:  Remark!  on  Grammar 
BHWok 


•threste,  v.t. 


[THRUST.] 


•thres-wold,  s.    [THRESHOLD.] 

*  threto,  v.t.    [THREAT,  ».] 

*  thret-teen,  *  thret-tene,  o.  *  «.    [THIR- 
TEEN.] 

*  thret-tle,  *  thret-ty,  o.  &  s.    [THIRTV.J 
threw  (ew  as  6),  pret.  ofv.    [THROW,  v.] 
thrlb'-ble,  a.  &  t.    [TREBLE.]    (Fran.) 

thrice,  *  thrles,  *  thrise,  *  thryes, 
"thryge,  adv.  [For  thris,  contracted  form 
of  Mid.  Eng.  times,  thryes,  from  thrie,  with 
adverbial  sutf.  -a  (as  in  once,  twice),  from  A.S. 
thriwa  —  thrice,  from  thri  =  three  (q.v.).J 

1.  Lit.  :  Three  times.    (Matthew  xxvi.  S4.) 

2.  Fit.:    Repeatedly,   emphatically;   very 
much.    (Shakcsp. :  2  Henry  VI.,  iii.  2.) 

U  Thrift  is  frequently  used  as  the  first 
element  of  a  compound  with  an  intensive  or 
amplifying  force :  as,  thrice-blessed,  thrice- 
favoured,  iArtcs-happy,  &c. 

^  Thrice  digitato-pinnate : 

Bat. :  The  term  used  when  the  secondary 
petioles  of  a  leaf  on  the  sides  of  which  the 
leaflets  are  attached  proceed  in  threes  from 
the  summit  of  a  common  petiole. 

thrid,  v.t.    [A  variant  of  thread,  v.  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  pass  through,  as  through  a  narrow 
passage  or  way. 

"  In  that  enclosure  1  while  the  mountain  rill. 
•Ihatsuarklingr/iridj  the  rocks,  attunes  his  voice." 
Wordnoorlh :  KtcurMion,  bk.  vi. 

2.  To  thread  j  to  effect  by  moving. 

••  If  it  be  true,  as  they  have  said  and  sung  all  day 
to-day,  while  thridaing  their  way  in  front  of  the  1, nine- 
boats  and  launches."— Daily  Teiwrarh,  July  «,  18*5. 

*  thrid,  ».    [THREAD,  «.] 

thrid  ace,  thri  daVci  um,  s.    [Gr. 

(thridia)  =  wild  lettuce.) 
Chem. :  The  same  as  LACTUCABTTJM  (q.v.X 

*  thridde,  o.    [THIRD.] 
"thrie,  *  thrles,  adv.    [THRICE.] 

thri  fal  low,  *  thry-ftU.-low,  *tri-fiil- 
low,  v.t.  [Mid.  Eng.  thrie  =  thrice,  and 
Eng.  fallow.}  To  plough  or  fallow  for  the 
third  time  before  sowing. 

thrift,  ».    [Icel.  thrift,  from  (hriflnn,  pa.  par. 
of  (Arv/o,  thrifask= to  thrive ;  thrift  thriving 
condition,  prosperity.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  A  thriving  state  or  condition ;  prosperity 
In  any  way ;  success. 

"  I  have  a  mind  presages  tnj  such  thrift." 

th'ikrsi'.  :  Merchant  of  rentes,  i.  L 

*  2.  Vigorous  growth,  as  of  a  plant. 

3.  Frugality  ;  good  husbandry ;  economical 
management  in  regard  to  property ;  economy. 

"  By  their  intelligence,  diligence,  and  thrift,  the 
devaetatiuu  caused  Dy  two  years  of  confusion  and 
robbery  was  soon  in  part  repaired."— Macaulay  :  llitt. 
Ens.,  ch.  xvii. 

H  Two  forms  of  thrift  exist,  that  of  individual 
saving,  either  by  direct  investment,  or  through 
the  medium  of  beneficial  associations,  building 
societies,  insurance  on  life  and  property,  and 
the  like;  and  that  of  compulsory  national 
insurance,  which  has  as  yet  been  adopted  only 
in  Germany.  There,  in  1883,  a  bill  was  passed 
providing  for  the  compulsory  insurance  of 
workmen  against  sickness,  followed  by  one 
providing  against  accidents.  In  1889  an  addi- 
tional measure  was  passed  providing  old  age 
and  disablement  pensions.  The  only  other 
country  which  has  adopted  a  system  of  national 
insurance  is  New  Zealand.  It  is  not  there 
compulsory.  In  the  United  States  no  such 
system  exists,  but  the  police  force,  the  teachers, 
and  others,  in  certain  cities  have  organized  a 
system  of  retiring  pensions,  based  on  preceding 
payments  into  an  established  fund. 

H.  Botany: 

1.  The  genus  Armerm  (q.v.).     Called  also 
Sea-pink,  spec.  Armtria  vulgaris  or  maritima. 
(Statice  Armeria,  Linn.)  Leaves  densely  fasci- 
cled, linear,  usually  one-nerved,  pubescent  or 
ciliate,  with  impressed  points  both  above  and 
below.     Inflorescence  a  scape,  bearing  a  head 
of  rose-coloured,  pink,  or  white  flowers,  sur- 
rounded  by  a  brown,    membranous,    three- 
leaved  involucre,  and  intermixed  with  scales. 
Found  on  sea  coasts  and  on  mountains.     It  is 
well  adapted  for  edging  in  gardens. 

2.  Sedum  reflexum. 


thrlft-clearwing,  *. 

Enter*.:  Sesia  ifhilanthiformis  ;  a  small 
hawk-moth,  having  the  fore  wings  long,  uar- 
row,  and  black,  with  two  transparent  spots  ; 
the  hind  wings  transparent,  with  a  black 
discoidal  spot.  The  larva  feeds  on  thrift. 
Found  at  Torquay,  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  &o. 
(Newman.) 

thrift-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  thrifty;  -ly.l  In  a 
thrifty  manner  ;  frugally,  carefully,  economi- 
cally, scantily. 

"  Can  he,  who  11  v'd  but  In  thy  gracious  smiles, 
Who'd  pine,  if  chance  those  smites  a  single  hour 
Were  dealt  him  thriftily  ;  think  can  he  Bear 
The  infamy  of  exile?''  Uaion:  Et/rlda. 

thrift  -i  ness,  "  thrifl-i-nes,  *  thrlft-i- 
nesse,  s.  [Eng.  thrifty  ;  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  thrifty  ;  frugality,  good  hus- 
bandry, economy,  thrift. 

"  Acquaintiug  men  with  good  reason,  to  glory  In 
thriftin'-ae  and  frugality,  juiainet  supeinuuus  and 
sumptuous  delicacies."—  /'.  Holland:  fltitarch,  p.  97T. 

*  thrift  -less,  a.    [Eng.  thrift;  -Itss.) 

1.  Having   no   thrift,    frugality,    or   good 
management  ;  extravagant. 

"  He  shall  spend  mine  honour  with  his  shame. 
As  thnftbttt  aoni  their  scraping  fatLers  gold. 

Skaktw.  :  Richard  11..  T.  & 

2.  Producing  no  gain  or  pront;  unprofit- 
able ;  useless. 

"  What  thri/Ut*  algla  shall  poor  Olivia  breathe  t" 
A'iirtl.  IL  «. 


*  thrift'-less-ly,  adv.  {Eng.  thriftless;  -ly.] 
In  a  thriftless  manner  ;  extravagantly. 

»  thrift'-less-ness,  s.  [Eng.  thriftless; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  beingthriitless; 
extravagance. 

thrift'-y,  *  thrlf-tle,  a.    [Bng.  thrift  ;  -».] 

*  1.  Thriving,  flourishing,  prospering, 

"  No  grace  hath  more  abundant  promises  mad* 
unto  it  than  thifl  of  mercy,  a  sowing,  a  reaping,  A 
thrifty  grace."—  Jteynoldt  :  c'ermon  Ho.  BO. 

*  2.  Well  husbanded. 

"  I  have  five  hundred  crowns, 
The  thrtfty  hire  I  eav'd  under  your  father." 

Shaknp.  :  *•  1'°"  '•*«  "•  "-  »• 

3.  Having  thrift;  frugal,  careful,  econo- 
mical ;  using  economy  and  good  management 
of  property. 

"  Every  diligent  and  Otnfty  working  num.'—  Hot- 
aulay  :  Ilia.  Sty.,  ch.  ill. 

*  4.  Useful,  profitable. 

"  Good  men,  herkeneth  everich  on, 
This  was  a  thrifty  tale  lor  the  nones. 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  12.904. 

thrill,  *  thirl,  *  thurl-en,  *  thyrl,  *  thyrl- 
yn,  *  thyrll-yn,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  thyrlian, 
thirlian  =  to  pierce,  to  penetrate,  for  thy- 
relian,  from  thyrel  =  (s.)  a  hole,  caused  by 
boring,  (a.)  bored,  pierced  ;  for  thyrhfl,  from 
thurk  =  through  ;  cf.  M.  H.  Ger.  durchel, 
O.  H.  Ger.  durchil  =  pierced,  from  durch  = 
through.  From  the  root  tar-  =  to  pierce  ;  ct 
Irish  tar  =  through.  Thrill  and  drill  are 
doublets.l  [NOSTRIL.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  Lit.  :  To  bore,  to  pierce,  to  penetrate. 

"  Scharp  lance  that  thrilled  Jheeu  side.' 

Robert  de  Srunna,  p.  SO. 
2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  To  pierce,  to  penetrate  ;  to  affect  as  if 
by  .something  that  pierces  or  pricks,  or  that 
causes  a  tingling  sensation. 

"  Thrilled  with  remorse." 

ShaHap.  :  Lear,  Iv.  & 

(2)  To  warble  ;  to  trill. 

"  The  solemn  harps  melodious  warblings  thrill." 
tackle  :  iMIlad.  U. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate,  as  something 
sharp. 

"  The  thrilling  Bteel  transpierc'd  the  brawny  part." 
Pupa  '  Uomxr;  Iliad  J.I.  827. 

2.  To  pierce  or  affect  with  a  sharp  ahiver 
ing  sensation. 

••  Hark  !  hears  he  not  the  sea  nymph  speak 
Her  anger  in  that  I  rilliny  shriek  :  " 

dcoet;  Lord  qf  the  Ilia,  ill  S3. 

3.  To  pass  or  run  through  the  system  with 
tremulous  motion,  so  as  to  cause  a  slight 
shivering. 

"I  nave  a  faint  cold  fear  thrills  through  my  veins." 
Sltakf*t>.  :  Romeo  it  Juliet,  Iv.  8. 

*  4.  To  have  a  shivering  sensation  running 
through  the  system  ;  to  be  chilled. 

"  To  thritt  and  shake 
Even  at  the  crying  of  your  nation's  crow." 

ShaJtup.  :  A"U  Joh*.  T.  1 

*  5.  To  quiver  or  move  with  a  tremulous 
motion. 


,  l>6y;  ptftlt,  Jtf^l;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln.  bench:  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  09;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    -ln& 
-dan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -{.ion,  -jion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shiis.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4708 


thrill— throatiness 


thrill,!.    [THRILL,  v.] 

•  1.  A  hole;  a  breathing  hole  ;  a  nostril. 

"  The  bill  of  the  dodo  hooka  and  bends  downwards  ; 
the  thrill  or  breathing-place  is  in  the  midst."—  Uerbert  : 
Travel*.  Ac.,  p.  383. 

*  2.  A  warbling  ;  a  trill  (q.v.). 

3.  A  thrilling  sensation. 

"  An  undefined  anil  inddtn  thrill, 
Which  makes  the  heart  a  moment  still.™ 

Bj/roit :  Siege  of  Corinth,  XL 

4.  A  beat,  as  of  the  heart  or  pulse. 

"  Is  it  enough  T  or  mast  I.  while  a  thrill 
Lives  lit  four  sapient  bosoms.  Ghent  you  still  ?  " 
Moore  :  Veiled  Prophet  of  Xhorauan. 

•thrill' -ant,  a.  [Eng.  thrill,  v. ;  -ant.] 
Piercing,  thrilling. 

'•  With  that,  one  of  his  thrilJant  darts  he  threw. 
Headed  with  vie  and  vtngenble  despight." 

tymseri  F.  <*..  II.  i».  M. 

thrill -Ing,  pr.par.  or  a.    [THRILL,  v.] 

thrHr-Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  thrilling;  -ly.]  In 
a  thrilling  manner ;  with  a  thrilling  sensation. 

*  thriir-lng-ness,  ».    [Eng.  thrilling  ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  thrilling. 

thrim'-sa,  s.    [THRYMSA.] 

thri'-nax,  «.  [Gr.  tpivaf  (thrinax)  =  a  trident, 
a  three-pronged  fork.  Named  from  the  shape 
of  the  leaves.] 

Sot. :  Thatch  Palm,  a  genus  of  Sabalidae. 
Calyx  six-cleft,  corolla  none  ;  stamens  six, 
Bine,  or  twelve,  united  at  the  base ;  ovary 
one-celled,  with  a  single,  erect  ovule ;  fruit 
round.  Thrinax  argentea  is  the  Silver  Thatch 
Palm,  the  leaves  of  which  are  used  in  Jamaica 
for  thatch.  In  Panama  it  is  made  into  brooms. 

thrin '-91-0,  «.  [Gr.  tpiymt  (thrtngkos)  =  the 
topmost  course  of  stones  in  a  wall,  the  coping.] 
Named  from  the  seed-crown  of  the  marginal 
florets.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Scorzonereae,  now  reduced 
to  a  sub-genus  of  Leontodon.  The  pappus  of 
the  outer  flowers  consists  of  toothed  scales, 
that  of  the  inner  is  formed  of  feathery  hairs. 
The  buds  are  drooping.  L.  atttumnalit,  an 
European  species,  is  naturalized  in  New  Eng- 
land. It  bears  a  flower  resembling  the 
dandelion.  Leontodon  hirhu,  formerly  Thrittcia 
hirta,  grows  in  Europe  in  gravelly  pastures, 
flowering  in  July  and  August. 

*  tilling,  *  thringe,  r.t.  &  i.    [A.S.  thringan ; 

Dut.  dringen  ;  Ger.  dringen.]    [THRONG.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  crowd,  to  press,  to  throng. 

B.  Inlrans.  :  To  press,  to  push. 

•'Hegxnin  »»ri/ij«forth  with  lordea  old." 

Chaucer:  Troiliti  i  Oreuida,  bk.  Ir. 

thrips,  >.  [lit,  from  Gr.  Opty  (fhript)  =  a 
woodworm.] 

Entrnn. :  A  genus  of  Physopoda  Terebrantia. 
Antennie  usually  nine-jointed ;  mouth  with 
mandibles,  maxillae,  and  palpi ;  wings  with 
few  or  no  nervures,  fringed ;  females  with  a 
regular  ovipositor.  Minute  insects  which 
leap  by  means  of  the  abdomen.  In  spring 
they  run  in  numbers  about  the  petals  of 
plants,  especially  those  of  the  dandelion.  In 
summer  and  autumn  they  enter  houses  in  con- 
siderable numbers,  and,  creeping  over  the  face 
in  hot  weather,  produce  an  irritation,  Thrips 
cerealium  attacks  the  tender  shoots  and  the 
ears  of  corn. 

Ihris'-sa,  thrys'-sa,  s.  [Gr.  tptmm  (thrissa) 
=  a  fish,  from  0pi£  (thrix)  —  hair.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Clupeidse,  differing  from 
the  anchovies  with  a  dentatod  belly  only  in 
the  great  prolongation  of  the  maxillaries. 
Found  in  the  East  Indies. 

ihris-sle,  ».    [THISTLE.]    (ScofcA.) 

tnris-sd-no'-tfis,  ».  [Gr.  6pio-<rm  (thrissos) 
—  a  fish,  and  VWTOC  (notos)  —  the  back.  ] 

Palaxmt. :  A  genus  of  Palaxmiscidse,  from 
the  English  Lias. 

thris-so-pa'-ter,  ».  iGr.  Sp'Woc  (thrissos), 
and  Lat,  pater  =  a  father.] 

Palaxnt. :  The  oldest  known  genus  of  Clu- 
peidae,  from  the  Gault  of  Folkestone. 

thris'-sops,  «.  [Gr.  9p'<ro-«  (fhrissm),  and 
wif/  (ops)  =  the  countenance.  ] 

PaUsont.  :  A  genus  of  Leptolepidae,  of  Juras- 
sic age.  The  dorsal  fin  is  placed  far  back- 
wards, and  opposite  *o  the  long  anal. 

*  thrist,  *  thrlste,  ».    [THIRST.] 


"thriste,  pret.  o/r.    [THRUST,  t.] 
*thrls-ty,  a.    [THIRSTY.] 

thrive  (pa.  t.  •  thraf,  *  throf,  throve,  pa,  par. 
thriven),  v.i.  [Icel.  thrifa  =  to  clutch,  to 
grasp,  to  seize  ;  thrifask  =  to  seize  for  one's 
sell',  to  succeed,  to  thrive ;  cogn.  with  Dan. 
trii-as  =  to  thrive  ;  tricelse  =  prosperity  ;  Sw. 
trifras  =  to  thrive  ;  trtfnad  —  prosperity  ; 
Noi'w.  triva  =  to  seize ;  trivast  —  to  thrive.] 

1.  To  prosper  in  anything  desired  ;  to  suc- 
ceed to  any  way  ;  to  l>e  fortunate. 

"So  thrive  I  in  my  enterprise." 

lih-ikap. :  Richard  III..  IT.  4. 

2.  To  be    marked  or   attended  with    pro- 
sperity ;   to   have   a  prosperous  course ;  to 
prosper,  to  succeed,  to  flourish  ;  to  go  on  or 
turn  out  well. 

"I  wish  your  enterprise  mar  thriyt."—Shaketv. : 
Julitu  Catar,  Hi.  L 

3.  To  prosper  by  industry,  economy,  and 
good  management  of  property  ;  to  increase  in 
goods  and  estate. 

"  Riches  are  mine,  fortune  is  in  my  hand  ; 
They  whom  I  favour  thrive  iu  wealth  amain." 

Milton  :  f.  ft,  iL  480. 

4.  To  grow  vigorously  or  luxuriantly ;  to 
flourish. 

"  The  arbutus  thrien  better  than  even  on  the  sunny 
•bore  of  Calabria." — Macaulan:  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

•thrive'-less,  a.  [Eng.  thrive;  -lea.]  Not 
thriving ;  unsuccessful. 

"  They  should  lie  down 
Content  as  Ood  has  made  them,  nor  go  mad 
In  thriveleu  cans  to  better  what  is  ill." 

Browning  :  ParaceUut,  T. 

thriV-en,  pa.,  par.  ofv.    [THRIVE.] 

thriy'-er,  ».  [Eng.  thrive);  -er.]  One  who 
thrives  or  prospers ;  one  who  makes  profit  or 
gain. 

"  He  had  so  well  improved  that  little  stock  his  father 
left,  as  he  was  like  to  prove  a  thrivcr  in  the  end."— 
•sBjMBMsi 

thriv'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [THRIVE.] 

A.  At  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Being  prosperous  or  successful ; 
advancing  or  increasing  in  wealth  ;  flourishing, 
prosperous,  increasing,  growing. 

"Lean  and  squalid  beggars,  who  had  once  been 
thriving  farmers  and  shopkeeper*."— MacaulaM  .•  Uttt. 
Ens.,  ch.  xi. 

thriv'-Ing-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  thriving;  -ly.}   In 

a  thriving  manner;  prosperously,  successfully. 

thriv'-Ing-ness,  s.  [Eng.  thriving;  -ness.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  thriving  ;  pro- 
sperity, success,  growth,  increase. 

thro',  prep.  [See  def.]  A  contraction  of 
Through  (q.vA 

*  thro,  s.    [THROE.] 

throat,  "throte.s.  [A.S.throte,throhi,throta; 

cogn.  with  O.  H.  Ger.  drozzd;   M.  H.  Ger. 

drozze;  Ger.    drossel;    Dut.    alrot;   O.   Dut. 

stroot,  strot ;  Ital.  strozza  ;  Sw.  stnipt ;  Dan. 

strube  ;  Norw.  ttrupe.} 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
I,  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

"  Full  iu  the  boaster's  neck  the  weapon  stood, 
Transnx'd  his  throat,  and  drank  his  vital  blood." 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Il«i<l  v.  817. 

*2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  The  voice. 

"  The  cock,  that  is  the  trumpet  to  the  morn. 
Doth  with  his  lofty  and  shrill-sounding  throat 
Awake  the  god  of  day."     ShaJcetp. :  Samlet,  i.  1. 

(2)  An  entrance  ;  a  main  passage :  as,  the 
throat  of  a  valley,  of  a  tunnel,  or  the  like. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  A  not. :  A  popular  name  for  the  region  of 
the  body  extending  from  the  posterior  open- 
ing of  the  mouth  to  about  midway  down  the 
neck.    It  contains  the  pharynx,  the  velum  or 
soft  palate,  the  tonsils,  and  the  epiglottis. 

•f  A  hospital  for  throat  and  ear  diseases  was 
opened  in  London  in  March,  1874. 

2.  Agric. :  The  entrance-way  where  grain  in 
the  straw  passes  from  the  feed-board  to  the 
cylinder  of  a  thrashing-machine. 

3.  Architecture  : 

(1)  The  narrowest  part  of  a  chimney,  be- 
tween the  gathering  and  the  flue. 

(2)  A  small  groove  on  tie  under  side  of  a 
coping  or  projecting  moulding ;  a  gorge. 

4.  Bot, :  The  orifice  of  the  tube  of  a  mono- 
petalous  corolla.    It  may  be  bare  or  furnished 
with  hairs,  glands,  or  otjier  appendages. 


5.  Fort. :  The  narrowed  space  between  the 
flanks  of  a  bastion  at  their  junction  with  the 
curtain,  or  between  the  rear  ends  of  the  faces 
of  a  redan  ;  a  gorge. 

6.  Mach.:   The  opening  in  a  plane  stock 
through  which  the  shavings  pass  upwards. 

7.  Nautical: 

(1)  The  crotch  of  a  gaff  where  it  rests  against 
the  mast. 

(2)  The  upper  front  corner  of  a  fore-and-aft 
sail ;  the  nock. 

(3)  The  interior  angle  at  the  junction  of  the 
arm  and  shank  of  an  anchor. 

8.  Puddling  :  The  narrowed  entrance  to  the 
mvk  of  tlie  furnace,  where  the  area  of  flue 
passage  is  regulated. 

9.  Shipwright. :   The  interior  angle  at  tin 
bend  of  the  arms  of  a  knee  or  compass  timber. 

10.  Wheelwright. :  That  portion  of  a  spoke 
just  beyond  the  swell  at  the  junction  of  the 
hub,  where  the  spoke  is  thinner  towards  its 
outer  side. 

H  (1)  To  cut  one  another's  throats :  To  engage 
in  a  ruinous  competition  in  which  each  party 
suffers. 

"Gentlemen  who  supply,  or  try  to  supply,  the 
pnhlic  with  cheap  literature  setm  specially  fond  of 
that  curious  amusement  known  as  cutting  on* 
atiothtr'i  throaU."—St.  Jnmeti  Giuette,  April  12.  ISM. 

(2)  To  ait  one't  own  throat :  To  adopt  a  sui- 
cidal policy. 

(3)  To  give  one  the  lie  in  his  throat:  To  accuse 
one  of  outrageous  lying  ;  to  throw  back,  as  it 
were,  a  lie  into  the  throat  from  whence  it 
proceeded. 

(4)  To  lie  in  one's  throat :  To  lie  outrageously. 

throat-band,  s.  The  same  as  THROAT- 
LATCH  (q.v.). 

throat-bolt,  9. 

Naut. :  A  eye-bolt  fixed  in  the  lower  part 
of  tops,  and  the  jaw-«nd  of  gaffs,  for  hooking 
the  throat  halyards  to. 

throat-brails,  i.  p*. 

Naut. :  Brails  which  leads  through  blocks 
beneath  the  jaws  of  a  gaff. 

tliroat  downhaulB,  s.  pi. 
Naut. :  Ropes  for  rousing  down  the  throat 
of  a  gaff. 

throat-fall,  a.  Full  to  the  throat  or 
narrow  part  next  the  mouth. 

"  Next  a  bottle  green 
Throat-full,  clear  spirits  the  contents." 

Cowper:  On  Keceifjt  of  Samper. 

throat  halyards,  s.  pi. 

Naut. :  A  tackle  for  lifting  the  gaff  at  the 
throat. 

throat-latch,  s. 

SadtUery  :  The  strap  which  passes  under  the 
horse's  throat  and  assists  in  holding  the  bridle 
in  place ;  a  throat-band. 

*  throat-piece, .--. 

Ancient  Arm. :  A  piece  to  cover  or  protect 
the  throat. 

*  throat-pipe,  s.  The  windpipe,  weasand, 
or  trachea. 

*  throat-pit,  s.    A  triangular  depression 
corresponding   to    the    divarication    of    the 
bronchi  at  the  base  of  the  windpipe. 

"  The  length  of  the  face  twice  exceedetb  that  of  the 
neck,  and  the  space  between  the  throat-pU  and  the 
navel  is  equal  unto  the  circumference  thereof,  - 
Browne :  Vulgar  Errouri,  bk.  viL,  ch.  xlv. 

throat-strap,  s. 

Saddlery :  The  upper  strap  of  a  halter  that 
encircles  the  horse  s  throat ;  a  jaw-strap. 

throat,  v.t.    [THROAT,  ».] 

*  1.  To  utter  in  a  guttural  manner. 

"  So  Hector,  hereto  thronttd  threats,  to  go  to  sea  la 
blood,"  Chapman  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xiii. 

2.  To  mow,  as  beans,  in  a  direction  against 
their  bending.    (Prop.) 

3.  To  cut  with  a  channel  or  groove. 

"The  lower  bed  is  throated."— Cauell't  Technical 
Sducator,  pt.  xi.,  p.  294. 

throat  bolle,    *  throte-bolle,   s.    [A.S. 
throtbolla.]    The  gullet  or  windpipe. 

throat'-l-ness,  s.  [Eng.  throaty;  -ness.] 
Guttural  utterance;  the  production  of  note« 
from  the  throat  rather  than  from  the  chest. 

••  Mr.  D is  a  throaty  singer,  but  he  atones  for  his 

throatineu  by  getting  some  very  good  music  out  of 
his  Italian  pipe.'— Ke/erte,  Sept.  11,  1887. 


«atc,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf.  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =-  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  kw- 


throiitwort— throttle 


4709 


throat'-wort,  ».  [Eng.  throat,  and  wart.  So 
named  from  being  formerly  supposed,  from  its 
throat-like  corolla,  to  be  a  cure  for  sore 
throat.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Campanula  TracMittm.the  Nettle- 
leaved  Bellrlower.  It  is  a  tall,  liispid  plant, 
with  an  angled  stem,  ovate-lanceolate  leaves, 
and  bluish-purple  flowers  ;  found  in  England, 
the  European  continent,  &c.  (2)  C.  Cerviairia, 
which  has  light-bine  flowers,  and  is  a  native 
of  Germany.  (3)  Digitalis  jmrpnrea.  [Fox- 
GLOVE.]  (4)  Scrophularia  nodosa.  (Britten  t& 
Holland.') 

thrdat'-J,  a.  [Eng.  throat,  s.  ;  -j/.]  Guttural ; 
uttered  back  in  the  throat. 

"  There  is  a  danger  of  *  throaty  production  resulting 
from  the  employment  of  the  broad  a  or  the  loug  e." — 
Athenaeum,  Aug.  23.  1881,  p.  252. 

throb,  "throbbe,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful; 
prob.  allied  to  I<at.  trepidus;  Eng.  trepidation 

1.  To  beat,  as  the  heart  or  pulse,  with  more 
than  the  usual  force  or  rapidity ;  to  palpitate. 

"  Bat  the  heart  of  Hiawatha 
Throbbed  and  shouted  aud  exulted, 
Aa  he  bora  the  red  deer  homeward." 

Longfellow;  Hiawatha.  11L 

2.  To  rise  and  fall,  as  with  the  beating  of 
the  heart ;  to  beat. 

"  Friendship,  the  dear  peculiar  bond  of  youth, 
Wbeu  every  artlesx  bosom  throbt  with  truth." 

Dunn:  CHUM AmBMttM 

3.  To  quiver,  to  vibrate. 

throb.  *  throbe,  *.  [THROB,  v.\  A  strong 
pulsation  or  beat,  as  of  the  heart  or  arteries; 

a  palpitation. 

"  But  la  MB  pulse  there  wu  no  throb, 
Nor  on  his  lips  one  dying  sob." 

Byron  :  Xiege  of  Corinth,  xxvlL 

throb  bing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [THBOB,  ».] 
throbbing-paln,  a. 

Med. :  A  pain  which  Is,  or  seems  to  be, 
augmented  by  the  pulsation  of  the  arteries. 

•  throb' -less,  a.  [Eng.  ftroft,  s. ;  -less.]  Not 
beating  or  throbbing. 

"  Mine  sunk  (AroUeu."— BkhardKx:  Clartaa.fi  rj. 

•throok,  ».  [Etym.  doubtful.)  The  piece 
of  wood  on  which  the  blade  of  a  plough  is 
fixed.  (HaUiwell.) 

•  throck  needle,  s. 

Bot. :  Scandix  Pecteii  (?).  (Britten  it  Holland.) 

throd'-den,  v.i.  (JProb.  from  the  same  root 
as  thrive  (q.v.).]  .To  thrive,  to  prosper,  to 
grow.  (Prop.) 

throe  (1),  throwe, ».  [A.8.  thred  (for  ihre&w) 
=  a  rebuke,  an  affliction,  a  threat,  a  pain, 
from  threaw,  pa.  t.  of  threouxm  (pa.  par. 
thmwen)  =  to  afflict  severely  ;  throwian  —  to 
Buffer  pain ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  thro,  =  a  throe, 
a  hard  struggle ;  thrd=  to  pant  after ;  threyja, 
to  endure  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  thrauwa,  drowa,  droa  ; 
M.  H.  Ger.  drouwe,  drowe,  dr6  =  a  threat ; 
Ger.  drohen  =  \a  threaten.]  Extreme  pain; 
violent  pain  or  pang ;  agony,  anguish ;  espec. 
the  pains  of  childbirth. 

"  My  spirits  shrunk  not  to  sustain 
The  aearching  throet  of  ceaseless  pain." 

Byron  :  The  Qiatmr. 

throe  (2),  s.    [A  variant  ntfrow  (q.v.).] 

•  throe,  v.i.  &  i.    [THROE  (1),  s.] 

A*  Intrans. :  To  struggle  in  extreme  pain ; 
to  be  in  agony. 

B.  Trans. :  To  put  In  agony ;  to  pain,  to 
agonize. 

••  A  birth.  Indeed, 
Which  throet  thee  much  to  yield." 

Shak.-ep.  i  Tempett,  ii.  L 

throm'-bo-lite,  s.  [Gr.  iporfot  (thrombos)  = 
a  lump,  and  Atfos  (lithos)  —  a,  stone;  Ger. 
thrombolith,  trombolith.} 

Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral  of  uncertain 
composition,  occurring  with  malachite  on  a 
fine-grained  limestone  at  Rezbanya,  Hungary. 
Hardness,  3'4 ;  sp.  gr.  3'38  to  S'67  ;  lustre, 
vitreous ;  colour,  shades  of  green ;  opaque. 
Compos,  stated  to  be  a  hydrated  phosphate  of 
copper,  but  the  result  of  the  latest  analysis 
by  Schrauf  points  to  its  analogy  with  stetefeld- 
tite,  partzite,  &c.  (q.v.). 

throm-bo'  sis,  s.  [Gr.  fyo/ijSoio-ic  (thrombosis) 
=  becoming  curdled.] 

Pathol. :  Local  formation  of  clot,  called  a 
thrombus,  either  in  the  heart  ora  blood-vessel 
during  life.  When  it  occurs  in  the  systemic 
veins  it  is  called  PUegmasia  dolens  (q.v.). 


thrdm'-bos,  s.  [Gr.  0p6>£os  (throinhos)  =.  * 
lump,  a  piece.] 

Pathol. ;  A.  tumour  formed  by  blood  effused 
from  a  vein  and  coagulated  in  the  adjacent 
tissue;  the  coaguluiaor  clot, usually  fibrinous 
in  texture,  which  partially  or  totally  closes  a 
vessel  in  thrombosis. 

throne,  *  trone,  *.  (O.  FT.  trone,  thront, 
from  Lat.  thronum,  accus.  of  thronus  =  a 
chair,  a  seat ;  Gr.  Opovos  (thronos);  Fr.  trtne  ; 
Sp.  &  ItaL  trono;  Port,  throno,] 

1.  A  royal  seat ;  a  chair  or  seat  of  state 
used  by  a  king,  queen,  emperor,  or  pope.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  the  seat  of  a  bishop  in 
a  cathedral  church,  to  the  official  chair  of  the 
presiding  official  of  certain  societies,  or  to 
any  similar  seat. 

"  High  on  a  throne  of  royal  state  ... 
SaUu  exalted  sat."  Milton;  P.  L..  11.  L 

2.  Sovereign  power  and  dignity ;  the  holder 
of  sovereign  power ;  a  sovereign.    (Usually 
with  the.) 

"He  had  long  kept  England  passive  by  promising 
to  support  the  throne  a^unst,  the  Parliament." — Ma- 
caulay:  Hint.  Bng.,  ch.  ii. 

3.  One  of  an  order  of  angels  who  are  usually 
represented  with  double  wings,  supporting 
the  throne  of  the  Almighty  in  ethereal  space. 

"The  primal  godhead,  the  Iriulty  la  Unity,  was 
alone  absolute,  ineffable,  inconceivable;  alone  essen- 
tial purity,  light,  knowledge,  truth,  beauty,  gooduess. 
These  qualities  were  communicated  in  larger  measure 
In  proportion  to  their  closer  approximation  to  Itself, 
to  the  three  descending  triad*  which  formed  the 
celestial  hierarchy :  I.  The  seraphim,  cherubim,  aud 
throne*,  n.  The  dominations,  virtues,  powers.  111. 
Principalities,  arenangels,  angels.  This  celestial  hier- 
archy formed,  sa  It  were,  concentric  circles  around  the 
unapproachable  Trinity.  The  nearest,  aud  as  nearest 
partaking  moat  fully  of  the  divine  essence,  wu  the 


place  of  tumour.  The" thronet,  wraphim, 

approximated    most  closely,   with  noth 

ibate,  uul  were  more  Immediately  And  eternally  con- 


formed to  the  ffodhead.  '—JIUman :   Uat.  if  Latin 
Christianity,  bk.  xlv.,  ch.  U. 

throne,  r.t.  &  i.    [THRONE,  t.| 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  set  or  place  on  a  tfcrone  or  royal  seat ; 
to  enthrone. 

"  A  fair  vestal  thnmid  by  the  wttt* 
Shaketp.  :  Midtutnmer  Nighft  Dream,  1L  L 

2.  To  place  as  on  a  throne ;  to  set  in  an 
exalted  position;  to  exalt;  to  place  or  set 
aloft. 

"  To  watch  again  with  tutelary  lore 
O'nr  stately  Edinburgh  throned  on  crags.* 

\Yordtworth;  Sxcuriion,  bk.  IT. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  sit  on  s  throne ;  to  sit 
in  state  as  a  king. 

"He  wants  nothing  of  ft  god  but  eternity,  and  \ 
heaven  to  throne  in."— Shaketp, :  Coriolanut,  T.  4, 

*  throne' -  less,  a.  [Eng.  throne,  a. ;  -less.] 
Without  a  throne ;  deposed. 

"  Must  she.  too,  bend— must  she,  too,  share. 
Thy  late  repentance,  long  despair, 
Thou  thrunelett  Homicide  T" 

Byron:  Odo  to  Napoleon. 

throng,  *  thrang,  «.  &  a.  [A.S.  gethrang, 
from  thrang,  pa.  t.  of  thringan  =.  to  crowd, 
to  press;  cogn.  with  Dut.  dran#=:a  crowd, 
from  dringen  =  to  crowd;  Icel.  throng;  Ger. 
drang  =  &  throng,  from  drang,  pa.  t.  of  dringen 
=  to  crowd,  to  press  ;  Dan.  trang ;  Sw.  trdng 
=  pressed  close,  tight;  Icel.tfm»i£r=narrow.] 

A.  As  substantive; 

1.  A  multitude  of  persons  or  of  living  beings 
pressing  or  pressed  into  a  close  body  orassem- 
blage ;  a  crowd. 

"  And  smote  his  temples,  with  au  arm  so  strong. 
The  helm  fell  off,  and  rolled  amid  the  throng. 

Pope:  Homers  Iliad  xiiL.  730. 

2.  A  great  number ;  a  multitude. 

3.  A  number  of  things  crowded  or  close 
together. 

"  The  throng  of  words  that  come  with  such  more 
thau  Impudent  saucineaa  from  you." — Shaketp.  : 
*  Henry  IF.,  ILL 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Thickly   crowded   together;    thronged, 
crowded. 

2.  Much  occupied ;  busy. 

"  I  demand  what  perfection  can  be  in  the  spirits  of 
these  Just  men  to  be  overwhelmed  in  a  senseless aleep; 
or  what  a  disproportiouable  and  unsuitable  represen- 
tation it  is  of  this  throng  theatre  In  heaven,  made  up 
of  saint*  and  angels,  that  so  great  a  part  of  them  as 
the  souls  of  the  holy  men  deceased  should  be  found 
drooping  or  quite  drowned  in  an  unactive  lethargy  ?" 
—More  i  atyttery  of  Oodlinets,  p.  28. 

throng,  v.i.  &  (.    [THRONG,  «.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  crowd  or  press  together ; 
to  come  in  multitudes ;  to  press  into  a  close 
body,  as  a  multitude  of  persons. 

"  I  bare  seen  the  dumb  men  throng  to  see  him." 
Shaketp.  :  Coriolaniu,  ill  &, 


B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  crowd  or  press ;  to  annoy  with  l 
throng  or  press  of  people. 


2.  To  fill  with  a  crowd ;  to  crowd. 

"Throng  our  large  temples  with  the  shows  of  pence." 
Shaketp.  :  Coriolaniu,  111.  ft. 
*  3.  To  possess  or  fill  entirely. 

"A  man  thronged  up  with  cold. 

Shaketp, ;  Pericla,  It  I. 

*  thr5ng'-ful,  a.    [Eng.  throng,  s. ;  -fulff).] 
Killed  with  a  throng ;  crowded,  thronged. 

*  throng'-!^,  adv.    [Eng.  throng,  s. ;  -ly.]    Ii 
crowds  or  great  numburs ;  greatly. 

"Does  very  thronyly  tnequitate  the  moist  anf 
unctuous  aire."—  More  :  Philos.  Cabbala,  ch.  ii.,  {  T. 

*thrdn'-ize,*thron~yse,v.f.  [Eng.tJiron(e); 
-ize,}  To  place  or  set  on  a  throne;  to  en- 
throne. 

"  He  was  .  . .  thranyted  In  sayd  moneth  of  May."— 
Fabyan  i  Chronycle  (an.  13i3). 

*  thrope,  s.    [THORP.] 

t?ir6p'-ple,  *.  [A  variant  of  throttle  (q.v.),  o? 
according  to  some,  a  corrupt,  of  Mid.  Eng, 
throtebolle;  A.S.  throtbolla  —  the  gullet]  The 
windpipe ;  the  gullet. 

thr6a'-9i-d«e,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  throsc(us); 
Lat.  feiiL  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.:  A  family  of  Serricornia,  one  of 
those  intermediate  between  Buprestidte  and 
Elateridse,  Small  beetles  of  the  form  ol 
Buprestidee  and  with  the  same  interlocking 
apparatus  of  the  fore  and  middle  sterna.  The 
antenna  in  repose  are  received  into  narrow 
furrows  in  the  sides  of  the  prosternum,  and 
the  feet  are  contractile.  Known  species  about 
100,  chiefly  from  South  America. 

thros'-ciis,  a.  [Gr.  6p<a<ritu  (thrGsko)  =  to  leap 
or  spring.] 

Entom, :  The  typical  genus  of  Throscidae 
(q.v.).  Autennee  terminated  by  a  three-jointed 
knob ;  mandibles  simple ;  penultimate  joint 
of  each  tarsus  bind. 

thrSs'-tle,  •thrfcst'-el  (second  t  silent), 

*  thros  sol,  *  thrusshill,  *  thrustylle, 
s.    [A.S.  throstle,  throsle,  for  throshel,  a  dimin. 
of  thrush  (q.v.) ;  M.  H.  Ger.  trostel,  troschel, 
droschel;  Ger.  drossel.] 

1.  The     song -thrush,      Turdus     musicut. 

[TliSUSH.) 

"  The  throttle  with  his  note  so  true,* 
Shaketp. :  Midsummer  tfight'i  Dream,  111.  L 

2.  The  drawing-frame  of  the  cotton  manu- 
facture.    The   great   invention    which    suc- 
ceeded the   spinning-jenny   of   Hargreavea. 
The  drawing-frame  is  for  attenuating  sliveni 
of  fibre  by  passing  them  through  consecutive 
pairs  of  rollers,  each  pair  in  the  succession 
revolving  at  a  higher  speed  than  its  prede- 
cessor.   The  specific  difference  between  the 
action  of  the  throstle  and  the  mule  is  that 
the  former  has  a  continuous  action,  drawing, 
twisting,  and  winding ;  while  the  mule  has 
au  alternative  action,  drawing  and  twisting, 
and  then  winding. 

"There  Is  a  machine  In  the  cotton  trade  called  a 
throttle;  it  is  a  spinning  machine,  and  wheu  a  thread 
breaks  it  has  to  be  fixed  up  again,  so  that  the  work 
may  not  be  stopped." — Standard,  Oct.  13,  1866. 

3.  A  spindle  for  wool. 

throstle -cock,   *  throstel  -  cole, 

*  throstel-kok,  &    The  male  thrush. 

"  The  throttel-cok  made  eke  his  lay." 

Chaucer  :  JUme  o/8ir  Topat, 

throstle  picccr,  & 

Spin. ;  A  name  given  to  young  girls,  aver- 
aging from  thirteen  to  sixteen  years  of  age, 
employed  in  cotton  mills.  Their  duty  is  to 
attend  to  the  throstle  frames,  and  to  piece  up 
the  yarn  as  it  is  made  in  the  frame,  before  it 
is  wound  upon  bobbins  fixed  on  the  spindles 
to  receive  it. 

throst'-lmg  (second  t  silent),  s.  [Said  to  be 
from  the  whistling  sound  emitted  in  breathing, 
resembling  the  singing  of  the  thrush,  or 
throstle.]  A  disease  of  cattle  of  the  ox  kind, 
occasioned  by  a  swelling  under  their  throats, 
which,  unless  checked,  will  choke  them. 

thrSt'-tle,  8.    [A  dimin.  of  throat  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  windpipe  or  trachea. 

"  At  the  upper  extreme  It  hath  no  larlnr  or  throtttt 
to  qualify  the  sound." — Brwne  :  Vulgar  £rroun,  bk. 
lii..  ch.  xxvli. 

2.  The  throat    (Colloq.  <f  humourously.) 


boll,  bojf;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bemch;  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin,  09;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-Clan,  -tian  =  Shan,   -tlon,  -slon  =  shun;  -flon,  -gion  =  zhun.   -clous, -tious, -sious  =  sfaus.   -ble, -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


4710 


throttle— throw 


3.  The  same  as  THROTTLE-VALVE  (q.v.). 

**A  similar  arrangement  causes  the  throttle  of  the 
engine  to  opeu  or  close."— Barptr't  Magazine.  June. 
1883,  p.  *&. 

throttle -lever,  &  The  handle  of  the 
throttle -valve. 

throttle-valve,  9. 

SUam-eng. ;  A  valve  which  regulates  the 
supply  of  steam  to  the  cylinder.  In  the  Watt 
engine  it  is  a  disc  turning  on  an  axis  and 
occupying  in  its  transverse  position  the  bore 
of  the  main  steam -pipe.  It  is  frequently  an 
ordinary  conical  valve  with  a  stem  operated 
by  a  screw.  In  land  engines  it  ia  generally 
connected  with  the  governor. 

thTOt  -tie,   V.i.  A  *.     [THROTTLE,  $.] 

*A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  choke,  to  suffocate ;  to  have  the  throat 
Obstructed,  so  as  to  endanger  suffocation, 

2.  To  breathe  hard,  as  when  nearly  snftb- 
•MM. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  choke,  to  suffocate ;  to  stop  the 
breath  of  by  compressing  the  throat ;  to 
Strangle. 

"  In  heap*  th«  throttled  vlctinn  fall : 
Down  siu  k  their  mangled  herdsmnn  near." 

Scott :  Th*  Chace,  xxlx. 

•2.  To  pronounce  with  a  choking  voice ;  to 
utter,  as  one  half-suffocated. 

*•  Throttle  their  practised  accent  In  their  fears." 
Skaketp,  .'  Midt'imnter  Xight't  £lrt>am,  \.  1, 

thrSt'-tler,  *.  [Kng.  throttle),  v. ;  -cr.}  One 
who  or  that  which  throttles. 

through,  (gk  silent),  *  thoru,  *tnor-nn, 
•thorw,  *thnrch,  *thurgh,  *thurh, 
*  thur-nh,  *  thurw,  prep,,  adv.,  &  a.  [A.S. 
(kurh  (prep.  &  adv.);  cogu.  with  Dut.rfoor; 
O.  H.  Ger.  durh,  duruh  ;  Qer.  ditrch;  Goth. 
thairk.}  (THOROUGH,  THRILL.] 

A.  As  preposition : 

1.  From  end  to  end  of,  or  from  side  to  side 
of;  from  one  surface  or  limit  to  its  opposite  : 
as,  a  cannon-ball  passes  through  the  side  of 
a  ship.    It  is  sometimes  doubled  for  sake  of 
•aphasia. 

"  My  buckler  cat  tkrtmgk  and  fArottffc'— &****  •' 
IBmrry  H'.,  H.  4. 

2.  Between  the  sides  or  walls  of. 

"  I'll  convey  tbee  through  the  city  gate." 

tih'iJcetft.  :  Two  GtntlcrMn,  U*.  1. 

3.  Over   the  whole  surface  or  extent  of; 
throughout. 

"Seek  through  yoor  camp  to  find  yon." 

Xh-ikrjip.  ;  ffottry  V..  Iv.  1. 

4.  Among  or  in  the   midst  of;  denoting 

passage, 

*  Itw  brambles  .  .  .  through  whoa  he  rushes. w 
Shaketp.;  fenusA  Adonii,  63O, 

5.  Among,  in  the  way  of  experience :  as, 
To  pass  through  dangers. 

6.  From  beginning  to  end  of;  to  the  end  or 
conclusion  of ;  throughout.    Said  of  time :  as, 
through  the  whole  year. 

7.  By     the   instrumentality,    medium,    or 
Agency  of;  by  means  of, 

"  My  master  through  his  art  foresees  the  danger.* 
.StaAw^  /  TVmjwrt,  U.  J. 

&  On  account  of;  out  of ;  because  of. 

"The  subjects'  grief  come*  through  commiwions." 
SlMte$p.  :  Benry  rill.,  i.  a. 

B.  As  adverb: 

1.  From  end  to  end,  or  from  one  side  to  the 
Other :  as.  To  pierce  a  board  through. 

2.  From  beginning  to  end :  as,  To  read  a 
book  through. 

3.  To  the  end ;  to  a  conclusion ;  to  the 
ultimate  purpose :    as,  To  carry  a  measure 
through. 

G.  As  adjective: 

1.  Going,  passing,  or  extending  with  little 
or  no  interruption  from  one  place  or  centre  to 
another :  as,  a  through  journey,  a  through 
passenger,  a  through  ticket. 

*  2.  Strong,  deep-seated  :  as,  a  through  cold. 

T  (1)  To  drop  through :  To  fall  to  pieces ; 
to  come  to  ruin ;  to  fail ;  to  be  unsuccessful : 
as,  The  project  dropped  throvgh. 

(2)  To  fall  through :  To  be  unsuccessful ;  to 
foil ;  to  drop  through. 

(3)  To  go  throvgh  with  anything:  To  prose- 
cute It  to  the  end. 

through  -bolt,  s. 

Mach. :  A  bolt  passing  entirely  through  and 
fastened  on  opposite  sides  of  the  object  or 
objects  secured  by  it. 


*  through-bred,  a.    [THORODGH-BBED.] 

through-bridge,  s.  A  bridge  in  which 
the  track  rests  on  the  lower  stringer,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  a  deck-bridge,  in  which  the 
track  occupies  the  upper  stringer,  the  top  of 
the  truss. 

through-carriage,  ».  A  carriage  which 
goes  through  to  a  certain  station,  even  though 
the  rest  of  the  train  does  not 

through-cold,  s.  A  deep-seated  cold. 
(Hoiland.) 

through-fare,  s.  A  thoroughfare;  an 
unobstructed  passage. 

"  The  Hyrcaiimn  deserts,  and  the  vasty  wilds 
Of  wide  Arabi.i,  are  as  tftrciugh-ftirfs  now." 

Shakes?,  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  H.  7. 

through -gang,  «.  A  thoroughfare. 
(Scotch.) 

through-ganging,  a.  Getting  quickly 
or  smartly  through  work  ;  active,  smart. 

through-gaun,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  THROUGH-GANGING 
(q-v.). 

B.  As  subst. :  A  severe  reprimand  or  scold- 
ing.   (Scotch.1) 

*  through-handling,  *.    Management. 

'*  To  leave  the  through-handling  of  all  to  bis  gentle 
Wife."—  Sidney:  An-aUnt,  p.  177. 

*  through  lighted,  a.  Thorough  lighted. 

"That  the  best  pieces  be  placed  where  are  the  fewest 
lights,  therefore  not  only  rooms  windowed  OB  lx>th 
end*,  called  through-lighted,  but  with  two  or  ruvre 
•winnows  on  the  anm«  side,  are  enemies  to  bis  art." — 
Wotttm:  Architecture. 

*  through-paced,  a.     Thorough -paced, 
complete,  perfect. 

"  He  U  rery  dexterous  In  pnartlnff  others,  If  they  be 
not  throuyh-pacid  si«cul*tors  iii  the  great  theories." 
— if  ore, 

through-rate,  *.  A  rate  or  sum  charged 
for  carrying  passengers  or  goods  to  a  distant 
destination  over  the  routes  of  various  carrying 
companies,  as  by  rail,  steam,  coach,  &c,,  and 
generally  fixed  at  a  lower  figure  than  the  con- 
signor or  passenger  could  obtain  by  separate 
arrangement  with  each  company. 

through  stone,  a, 

Mason. :  A  bond-stone,  extending  across  the 
thickness  of  the  wall ;  a  perbend  (q.v.). 

through-ticket,  s.  A  railway  or  steam- 
boat ticket  for  the  whole  of  a  journey,  gene- 
rally granted  by  one  company,  and  entitling 
the  holder  to  travel  on  more  than  one  com* 
pany*s  lines  or  conveyances. 

through-traffic,  s.  The  traffic  from  end 
to  end  of  a  railway  system,  or  between  two 
important  centres  at  a  wide  distance  from 
each  other. 

through-train,  «.  A  train  which  goes 
the  whole  length  of  a  railway,  or  a  long  route ; 
a  train  running  between  two  or  more  im- 
portant centres  at  wide  distances,  with  few 
or  no  stoppages  by  the  way.  A  train  which 
takes  a  passenger  the  journey  without  chang- 
ing. 

through  (gh  silent    or  guttural),  •  trogh, 

*  thrughe,  s.      [A.S.  tlirnh  =  a  grave,   a 
atone  chest  or  coffin,]    A  coffin. 

"  The  thrvffht  beside  faude  we."— rownfay  Xytteriet, 
p.  290. 

«thrdugh'-ljf  (yh  silent),    *  through-lie, 

adv.     ll-jjg.  through;  -ly.\ 

1.  Completely,     fully,     entirely,     wholly, 
thoroughly. 

"  Our  men  began  to  crie  out  for  want  of  shift,  for  no 
man  had  place  to  bestowe  :my  other  apparell  then 
that  whicli  he  rare  on  bis  backe.  and  that  was 
throughly  washt  on  his  body  for  the  most  part  teime 
times  In  oue  day." — Huckluyt  :  I'vynget,  111.  664. 

2.  Without  reserve  ;  sincerely. 

"  Though  it  be  somewhat  singular  for  men  truly  and 
throughly  to  live  up  to  the  principles  of  their  religion, 
yet  singularity  in  this  ia  a  singular  commendation.'  — 
TUlvtton. 

through-out  (gh  silent),  *  through -oute, 

*  thurgh-out,  prep.  &  adv.    [Eng.  through, 
prep.,  and  out.] 

A.  A»  prep. :  Quite  through  ;  from  one  ex- 
tremity to  the  other  ;  in  every  part 

**  The  fame  anone  thurghout  the  tuun  ia  born. 
How  Alia  king  shall  come  on  pilgrimage." 

Chaucer:  C.  r.,  5.415. 

B.  As  adv. :  Everywhere ;  in  every  part ;  at 
every  time. 

*'  That  I  ne  woll  thratigJKnite  fulfill* 
Your  bestes,  at  your  owne  wille." 

Oowtr  :  0.  An  T. 


through  -stone,  *  thrugh-Btane,  s.  [Eng. 
through,  s.,  and  stone.]  A  flat  gravestone. 
(Scotch.)  (Scott:  Antiquary,  ch.  xxiij.) 

through'  -wort  (gh  sUent),  *.  [Eng.  through, 
and  wvrt.] 


WAX.] 

throu'-ther,  thr6w*-thert  a.  &  adv. 
[Etyin.  doubtful.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Confused  in  mind  or  manner. 
(Jamieson.) 

B.  As  adv.  :  Pell-mell,  confusedly.  (Scotch.) 
(Burns:  Cry  &  Prayer.    Postscript.) 

throve,  pret.  ofv.    [THRIVE.] 

throw,  v.t.  &  t.  [A.S.  thrdwan  =  to  twist,  to 
whirl,  to  hurl  (pa.  t.  threow,  pa.  par  thrdvren); 
cogn.  with  Ger.  drehtn  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  drdjan  = 
to  turn,  to  whirl  ;  Dut.  dranijen  —  to  turn,  to 
twist,  to  whirl;  Goth,  tiireihan—io  throng 
round,  to  press  upon  ;  Lat.  torqueo  =  to  twist, 
to  wind,  to  whirL  Throng  is  a  nasalized  form 
from  the  same  root] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  To  fling  or  cast  In  any  way  ;  to  hurl  ;  to- 
send  or  project  to  a  distance  by  a  projectile 
force. 

"  A  stone  to  throw  at  this  dog."  —  Shakf*i>.  :  Merry 
Wieet,  Li. 

2.  To  make  a  cast  with  ;  to  cast,  as  dice. 

"  Set  less  than  thou  throtaett." 

Shaketp.  :  Lear,  I  4. 

3.  To  cast  or  pour.   (Used  of  fluids.) 

*'  They  thrmo  on  him  great  pails  of  puddled  mir*."—  . 
Shaken  :  Comedy  of  Errort,  v. 

4.  To  drive,  impel,  or  dash  with  force. 

"What  tempest  threw  this  whale  ashore  I"— 
Shakeip,  :  Merry  Wtot,  ii.  l. 

5.  To  cast  or  hurl  down  from  an  erect  posi- 
tion ;    to   overthrow  ;   to    prostrate,    as    in 
wrestling.    (Shakesp.  :  As  You  Like  /*,  L  2.) 

6.  To  cause  to  take  up  a  position  by  a  rapid 
march,  or  by  being  rapidly  transported. 

**  Not  arefriment  could  be{ftrtnmacro«tti«  fr,  i  tin;"* 
—Titnet,  March  15,  1886. 

7.  To  lay  or  put  in  haste, 

**  I  have  seen  her  throw  her  nightgown  upon  her."— 
Skaketii.  :  Macbeth,  v.  L 

*8.  To  divest  one'a  self  of;  to  strip  off; 
to  cast  off. 

**  Theu  the  snake  thrw»  her  enamelled  skin." 
Shakes?.  :  Midmmmer-Xitjht't  Dritam,  it  L 

fl.  To  arrange,  to  place,  to  set. 

"  Throwing  your  diajolnted  materials  into  a  more- 
neat  aud  regular  order.  —  Watertand  :  Work*,  ili.  *o& 

10.  To  bring  forth;  to  produce,  as  young; 
to  bear.    (Of  the  lower  animals.) 

**  Many  good-shaped  big  mares  were  amongst  this 
division,  anil  it  struck  me  that  they  should  tkrotf 
wwigbt-carriera."—  field,  August  S7,  1867. 

11.  To  give  utterance  or  expression  to;  to 
hurl,  to  cast. 

"  I  have  thrown 
A  brave  defiance  at  King  Henry's  teeth." 

A'halcetp.  :  1  Henry  VI,,  T.  t. 

12.  To  direct,  to  turn. 

13.  To  lose  purposely,  aa  a  game  or  a  race. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Pottery  :  To  fashion  by  turning  on  a  lathe  ; 
to  turn. 

2.  Weaving:  To  wind  or  twist  two  or  more 
filaments  of,  as  of  silk,  so  as  to  form  a  single 
thread  ;  to  twist  together  as  singles  in  a  direc- 
tiou  contrary  to  the  twist  of  the  singles  them- 
selves.   Sometimes  applied  in  a  general  sense 
to  the  whole  series  of  operations  by  which 
silk  is  prepared  for  the  weaver. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  perform  the  act  of  casting,  hurling,  or 
flinging. 

2.  To  cast  dice, 

If  *  1.  To  throw  about  :  To  cast  about  ;  to 
fry  for  ;  as,  To  throw  about  for  a  place. 
2.  To  throw  away  : 

(1)  To  cast  or  hurl  to  a  distance. 

(2)  To  put  suddenly  out  of  one's  hand,  pos- 
session, or  the  like. 

(3)  To  part  with  or  bestow  without  com- 
pensation ;  to  spend  recklessly  ;  to  sacrifice 
needlessly  ;  to  squander  ;  to  waste  ;  to  lose  by 
negligence  or  folly. 

"  Throw  away  the  blessings  their  hands  are  filled 
with."—  Locke:  Bum.  Pnderttandiw.  bk.  L,  ch.  L 

(4)  To  reject  ;  to  refuse  :  as,  To  throw  away  a 
good  offer. 


fete,  f^t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  w$lt  work,  wh6,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    a,O9  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


throw— thrummed 


4711 


S.  To  throw  back: 

(1)  To  reflect,  ab  light,  Arc. 

(2)  To  reject,  to  refuse. 

(3)  To  cast  or  hurl  hack,  as  a  reply  or  retort. 

(4)  To  revert  to  some  ancestral  character, 
{taid  of  animals  generally.) 

4.  To  throw  by :  To  cast  or  lay  aside  as  use- 
less.   (Lit.  £  Jig.) 

"  He  that  begins  to  have  any  doubt  of  his  tenets, 
received  without  exmninatiou,  ought,  in  reference  to 
that  question,  to  throw  wholly  by  all  bis  former  ac- 
tions —  Locke. 

5.  To  throw  down  : 

(1)  To  cast  on  or  to  the  ground,  or  to  & 
lower  [losition ;   to  overturn;  to  bring  from 
»a  erect  position. 

"  Then  threw  he  down  himself." 

Shatetp. :  2  J/eiiry  IT..  IT.  L 

(2)  To  subvert,  to  destroy. 

"  My  better  part*  are  all  thrown  down." 

SA'itr*/'.  ;  At  fou  Like  It,  I. 1 

6.  To  throw  in : 

(1)  To  cast  or  fling  inside  ;  to  inject,  as  a 
fluid. 

(2)  To  put,  place,  or  deposit  with  others : 
•a,  To  throw  in  une's  lot  with  another. 

(3)  To  interpolate  :  as,  He  threw  in  a  word 
How  and  then. 

(4)  To  add  without  enumeration  or  value, 
as  if  to  complete  a  sale  or  bargain ;  to  give  la : 
*s,  I  will  throw  this  in,  If  you  take  the  lot, 

7.  To  throw  off: 

(1)  To  cast  off,  away,  or  aside ;  to  divest 
one's  self  of  hurriedly  or  negligently. 

"  Throw  q^this  sheet." 

Shaketp. :  2  flcury  VI*  1L  4. 

(2)  To  expel ;  to  cast  off,  as  a  disease. 

(3)  To  discard  ;  to  reject. 

"  Twould  be  better 

Could  you  provoke  him  to  give  you  th*  occasion, 
And  theu  to  throw  him  off. 

Drydtn  :  Spanith  Prior. 

(4)  To  start  the  hounds  on  the  scent. 

8.  To  throw  on  or  upon : 

(1)  To  put  on  hastily  or  negligently :  as,  To 
throw  on  one' A  clothes. 

(2)  To  inflict;  to  lay  or  impose  on. 

"  Throwing  restraint  upon  us." 

HhJteip. :  Othello,  IT,  8. 

9.  To  throw  one's  self  down:  To  lie  down. 

10.  To  throw  one's  selfon(oT  upon) :  To  trust 
or  resign  one's  self  to  the  sustaining  power, 
fcvour,  benevolence,  or  protection  of;  to  re- 
pose upon  ;  to  confide  or  put  trust  in. 

"  Iii  time  of  temptation  be  uot  bmy  to  dispute,  bat 
rely  upon  the  conclusion,  and  throw  fowrs«ff  upon 
God.  anil  contend  uot  with  hliu  but  in  prayer.-'— 
Tautvr :  Holy  Living. 

11.  To  throw  open: 

(1)  To  open  suddenly  or  widely:  as,  The 
<loors  were  thrown  open. 

(2)  To  give  free  or  unrestricted  admission 
to;  to  make  open  and  free;  to   remove  all 
barriers  or  restrictions  from :  as,  The  profes- 
sion is  thrown  open  to  all. 

12.  To  throw  out : 

(1)  To  cast  out,  to  expel,  to  reject,  to  dis- 


card. 


(2)  To  cause  to  project  or  become  promi- 
nent :  as,  To  throw  out  a  pier,  or  wing  of  a 
building. 

(3)  To  emit :  aa,  A  lamp  throws  out  light. 

(4)  To  give  utterance  to;  to  insinuate;  to 
suggest :  as,  To  throw  out  a  suggestion. 

(5)  To  put  off  the  right  track  ;  to  confuse ; 
to  perplex :  as,  The  nuise  threw  the  speaker 
•out 

(6)  To  leave  behind  ;  to  distance :  as,  The 
horse  was  thrown  out  of  the  race. 

(7)  To  reject ;  to  exclude  :  aa,  The  bill  was 
thrmon  out  by  a  large  majority. 

(8)  In  cricket :  To  put  out,  as  a  batsman,  by 
th«  ball,  when  thrown  by  a  fielder,  hitting 
the  batsman's  wicket  while  he  is  out  of  his 
ground. 

13.  To  throw  over :  To  discard,  to  reject,  to 
Abandon,  to  desert. 

*'  That  other  person  was  sacrificed  to  her— Vanessa 
was  Aroint  over."— Thackeray :  Knglith  Humourtitt, 
Uctt, 

14.  To  throw  up: 

(1)  To  erect  or  build  rapidly  ;  to  construct 
hastily  :  as,  A  rampart  was  thrown  up. 

(2)  To  eject  or  discharge  from  the  stomach ; 
to  vomit. 

"Judge  of  the  cause  by  the  substances  the  patient 
i  up."—Arbuthnot. 


(3)  To  abandon,  to  resign  ;  to  give  up. 

"  Life  we  must  not  part  with  foolishly  :  It  mwrt  not 
befhmwnup  inapot,uur  sacrificed  to  a  quarrel."— 
Collier. 

throw  (1),  *  throwe  (1),  *.    [THROW,  v.} 
L  Ordinary  Langwge: 

1.  The  act  of  hurling,  flinging,  or  casting  ; 
a  cast  ;  a  driving  or  propelling  from  the  hand 
or  from  an  engine. 

"  Th  is  was  the  ti  rate  catta  and  throve  of  his  nette." 
—  L\i'.U:  A  eta  it 

2.  A  cast  of  the  dice  ;  the  manner  in  which 
dice  fall  when  thrown  ;  hence,  risk,  venture, 
chance. 

"  The  greater  throw  may  turn  from  the  weaker  hand." 
Shokeip.  :  Merchant  of  »'«wfc*  it  L 

3.  The  distance  to  which  a  missile  is  or  may 
be  thrown. 

"  Sharp  rocks  that  stand  about  a  stone's  throw  from 
the  south  side  of  the  telmuL'—Addifm  :  On  Italy. 

*  A.  A  stroke,  a  blow,  an  assault. 

"  Neither  mail  could  hold. 
Ne  shield  defend  the  thunder  of  his  throu*. 

£pevu*r:  f.  «..  II.  viiL  41. 

*  5.  An  effort  ;  a  violent  sally. 

"  Your  youth  admire* 

The  thrwx  and  swel  lings  of  A  Konmu  soul  ; 
Cato's  bold  flight*.  the  extra  vugRBce  of  virtue." 


*  6.  The  agony  of  travail  ;  a  throe. 

7.  A  potter's  wheel.    (/You.) 

8.  A  turner's  lathe.    (Prow.) 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Mining  :  The  amount  of  dislocation  In  a 
vertical  direction  produced  by  a  fault  in  the 
strata.    Galled  also  a  Shift  or  Slip. 

2.  Steam-eng.  :  The  radial  reach  of  a  crank, 
eccentric,  or  cam. 

thro  w  crook,  ». 

1.  Husbandry:   A  tool   like   a  brace,  for 
twisting  hay  or  straw  bands. 

2.  Pottery  :  A  potter's  wheel  :  a  thrower. 

throw-lathe,  5.  A  small  lathe  which  is 
driven  by  one  hand,  while  the  tool  is  managed 
by  the  other. 

throw-stick,  0. 

Anthrop.  ;  A  short  curved  stick,  usually 
with  a  carved  serpent's  head,  with  which  the 
ancient  Egyptians  used  to  knock  down  game 
attracted  by  their  call-birds. 

"  To  knock  down  birds  with  the  curved  throw-tUck." 
—Encyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th),  vliL  72L 

*  throw  (2),  *  throwe  (2),  *.    [A.S.  fhrah.]   A 
brief  space  of  time  ;  a  moment,  a  while. 

"  Down  himself  he  Uyd 
Upon  the  grtuay  ground  to  sleep  a  throw." 

ty9*Mr;  f.  O..IIL1T.U. 

throw'  -er,  *.     [Bng.  throw,  v.  ;  -er.]    One 
who  or  that  which  throws  ;  specif., 

(1)  A  person  who  twists  or  winds  silk  ;  a 
throwster. 

(2)  A  potter  who  works  a  throwing  wheel  or 
engine. 

throw  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [THROW,  *.] 

A.  &  B.  .4s  pr.  par.  &  parting,  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  one  who  throws  ; 
a  throw,  a  cast. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Silk:  A  third  process  In  the  spinning 
and  combining  of  silk  thread. 

2.  Pottery:  The  operation  of  forming  a  mass 
of  clay  into  a  vessel  on  the  potter's  wheel. 

throwing  engine,  s.  [Tn  ROWING-TABLE.] 

throwing  table,  throwing  mill,  s. 
A  revolving  horizontal  table  on  which  earthen 
vessels  are  shaped  by  the  potter.  Called  arso 
Thro  wing-engine. 

throwing-  wheel,  s.    A  potter's  wheel. 

thrown,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [THROW,  v.] 

IT  In  mining,  when  a  lode  is  intersected  by 
a  slide,  if  the  undiscovered  portion  of  the 
lode  has  apparently  been  lengthened,  it  is 
said  to  l»e  thrown  up;  it  the  reverse,  It  is 
thrown  down. 

thrown-sllk,  &.  A  silk  thread  made  of 
two  or  more  singles  twisted  together  in  a 
direction  contrary  to  the  twist  of  the  singles 
of  which  it  is  coni|>osed. 

thrown  singles,  ».  pi  Silk  thread,  the 
result  of  three  separate  spinning  operations. 


Silk  filaments  are  twisted  to  form  slnjrlefc 

Several  of  these  are  combined  and  twisted 
together  (doubling),  funning  duml>  singles. 
A  number  of  the  latter  are  associated  and 
twisted  together,  funning  thrown  singles. 

throw" -Ster,  s.  [Eng.  throw,  v. ;  -ster.]  One 
who  throws  or  twists  silk  ;  one  who  prepares 
silk  for  the  weaver. 

"  A  woman'*  clack.  If  T  have  skill. 
Sounds  aouietlnikg  tike  a  ehrowttfr't  mill." 

Stftft  -'  Complaint  on  hi»  IMafiu* 

thr<i»w'-ther,  a.  &  adv.    [THROUTHER.] 

thrum,  *  throm,  *  thrumm,  *  thrumb, 

s.  Ai  a.  [Icel.  thromr  (genii,  tkra-niar)  =  ths 
edge,  verge,  brim  of  a  thing  ;  hence,  the  rough 
edge  of  a  web ;  Norw.  trow,  (mm,  trumm  = 
edge,  brim  ;  Sw.  dial,  tromm,  trumm,  trom  = 
a  stump,  the  end  of  a  log;  O.  L)ut.  drom, 
droir.  -garen  =  thread  on  the  shuttle  of  a 
weaver;  Qer.  tnnn»  =  Wrf,  thrum,  stump  of 
a  tree.  From  the  same  root  as  Gr.  repp* 
(Jerma);  Lat.  terminus  =  end,  limit.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Nautical: 

(1)  C<>arse  untwisted  rope,  used  for  mops 
and  for  mat-making. 

(2)  A  wad  of  such  yarns  or  a  sail  passed 
overboard  and  hauled  into  the  vicinity  of  a 
leak,  so  as  to  be  drawn  thereinto. 

2.  Weaving :  The  euds  of  the  warp  or  weft 
threads. 

3.  Anything  resembling  a  thrum,  as  a  fila- 
mentous or  fringe-like  appendage. 

"  All  inou  hath  here  and  there  little  stalk*,  beside* 
the  low  thrum."—  Hacon ;  fiat.  //«(.,  )  367. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Made  of  coarse  yarn. 

"The  fnds  are  eight  or  nine  inches*  long,  hanging 
out  .,11  the  uin-er  side,  like  the  shag  or  thrumb  uiatta, 
which  we  sometimes  see  lying  in  a  passage."— Cook  : 
Pint  t  'nafff.  bk.  ii..  ch.  ix. 

*  Tf  Thread  and  thrum :  [THREAD,  «.). 

thrum  (IX  v.t.    [THBUM,  ».] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  furnish  with  thrums  or 
appendages  resembling  thrums  ;  to  put  tufts, 
fringes,  or  other  thread-like  appendages  on. 

2.  Naut. :  To  insert  tufts  of  hemp  or  coir 
In  the  meshes  of  in  making  a  rope-mat. 

thrum  (2),  v.i.  &  t.  [Icel.  thruma  =  to  rattle, 
to  thunder ;  Dan.  tromme  =  a  drum  ;  tiw. 
trumma  =  to  beat,  to  drum.]  [DRUM.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  play  coarsely,  or  unskilfully,  or  pur- 
poselessly on  a  stringed  instrument ;  to  strum. 

"  Blunderbusses  planted  In  every  loop-hole,  go  off 
constantly  at  tlie  squeaking  of  a  fiddle  and  the  thrum- 
ming vt  a  tfUitar."— Dryden:  Hfmniih  friar,  i.  i. 

2.  To  make  a  dull,  drunmiing,  monotonous 
noise  on  anything,  as  with  the  lingers;   to 
drum. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  play  roughly  on  with  the  fingers,  as  a 
piano,  harp,  guitar,  &c. 

If  Thrum  is  generally  used  of  keyed,  and 
ftrum  of  stringed  instruments. 

2.  To  play  or  sing  in  a  monotonous  tone. 

"If  men  should  ever  be  thrunfminy  the  drune  of 
one  plain  twng.  It  would  be  a  dull  opiate  to  the  most 
wakeful  attention."— Milton:  Animed.  on  Rvm.  /*- 

3.  To  drum,  to  tap,  to  beat. 

*'  Oh  I  how  I  loug.  how  ardently  daslre, 
To  view  thore  rosy  flngerx  strike  the  lv«  ! 
For  lute,  when  bt-ea  to  change  thetr  climes  began, 
How  did  I  see  them  thrum  the  fryhig-pau  ! " 

XhenttoH*:  Cttiemirtt, 

4.  To    tell   over   in    a   tiresome    manner. 
(Scotch.) 

"  He  wad  Mrum  them  ower  and  over  to  the  like  rf 

me  ayout  the  iugla."— ticatt ;  A  nttyuary.  ch.  xxU 

*  thrum'-ble,  v  .t.  [A.  frequent  from  thrum,  v.J 
To  crowd  or  heap  together. 

"  Wicked  and  lend  folk,  who  gather,  thrumbff,  and 
heape  up  together  all  aorta  of  «»lue."—  P.  Holland  t 
I'lutarcit,  p.  21i 

thrummed,  a.    [Eng.  tiirum  (1),  s. ;  -«d.] 
1.  Made  of  thrums  or  coarse  yarn. 

*  2.  Interwoven,  matted,  covered  thickly. 

"  Which  bears  a  gnus  us  soft  i«t  (•  the  dainty  *letive, 
And  thrumm'd  &o  thick  nnd  deep." 

ln;i.yton  :  Poly-Albion,  A.  21. 

thrummed-mat,  «. 

Naut.  :  A  mat,  or  piece  of  canvas,  with 
short  strands  of  yarn  stuck  through  it,  in 
order  to  make  a  rough  surface.  It  Is  usea  in 
a  vessel's  rigging,  about  any  part,  to  prevent 
chating. 


boil,  bo^;  ptfnt.  Jowl;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a? ;  expect,  ^enophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan, -tian  -  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -(Ion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -oious,  -tiou»,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


4712 


thrummy— Thug 


Ihrum'-my,  a.  [Eng.  thrum,  s. ;  -y.]  Consist- 
ing of,  furnished  with,  or  resembling  thrums. 

"In  tha  middle  stands  n  Columella  thick  set  with 
thrummy  apiculae,  which  argue  this  plant  belong  to 
the  nuUvaceous  kind."—  Dampter:  I'oyage*.  voi.  ill. 

chrum'-wort,  s.  [Eng.  (Arum,  and  wort.] 
Botany: 

1.  The  genus  Actinocarpus  (q.v.). 

2.  Amarantiius  caudtitus,  Love  Lies  Bleed- 
ing, a  species  of  Amaranth,  originally  from  the 
East  Indies,  now  cultivated  in  English  gardens. 

thrush  (1),  *thrnsch,  5.  [Mid.  Eng.  thrusch, 
from  A.S.  tfirysce;  eogn.  with  O.  H.  Ger.  drosca, 
whence  Ger.  drossel.  These  answer  to  a  Teut. 
type,  thraska.  The  Lith.  strazdas,  strazda  show 
that  an  initial  s  has  been  lost.  The  original 
form  appears  to  have  been  star-da.  The 
original  sense  was  prob.  chirper,  or  twitterer ; 
of.  Gr.  orpiEjetc  (strizein),  rpi&tv  (trizeiri)-= 
to  twitter  ;  Lat.  strix  =  the  screech-owl.] 

Ornith. :  The  book-name  for  any  of  the 
Turdidae  (q.v.).  They  are  universally  dis- 
tributed except  in  New  Zealand,  and  are  very 
highly  organised  birds,  and  it  is  for  this 
reason,  perhaps,  as  well  as  on  account  of  their 
omnivorous  diet,  that  they  have  been  able  to 
establish  themselves  on  a  number  of  remote 
islands.  They  differ  widely  in  their  habits 
and  In  their  habitats ;  some  are  gregarious, 
others  live  solitarily  or  In  pairs.  The  name 
Thrush  is  applied  to  a  considerable  variety 
of  American  birds,  belonging  to  several  genera. 
Of  the  type  genus  Turdns  there  are  several 
apecies  in  the  United  States,  including  3*. 
mustelinus,  the  Wood  Thrush,  common  in  low, 
damp  woods  and  thickets  in  the  Eastern  States, 
and  famous  for  its  fine  vocal  powers;  and 
T.  /iMcesceiw,  the  Veery  or  Wilson's  Thrush, 
a  shy  and  retiring  bird,  but  one  of  our  most 
delightful  songsters.  This  general  shy  habit 
has  given  to  several  species  the  name  of 
Hermit  Thrush,  variously  modified.  Of  other 
genera  may  be  named  Harporhyncw  rufus,  the 
Thrasher  or  Browu  Thrush,  a  bird  chiefly 
found  in  the  eastern  United  States,  but  ranging 
vest  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  north  to 
Canada.  It  is  abundant  in  thickets  and 
shrubbery,  and  is  a  charming  songster.  Europe 
has  several  species  of  the  genus  Turdus,  the 
best  known  and  most  admired  being  T.  tntuiciu, 
the  Song  Thrush,  Throstle,  or  Mavis,  one  of 
the  best  known  of  European  song  birds,  and 
which  in  captivity  is  easily  taught  simple  airs. 
It  is  found  all  over  Europe,  but  leaves  some  of 
the  northern  parts  in  winter,  being  thus 
practically  a  bird  of  passage.  Other  species 
are  T.  rwciporu*,  the  Missel  Thrush,  ar  d  T. 
variut.  White's  Thrush  (q.v.).  Europe  has 
various  Thrushes  of  other  genera  of  the  family. 
[MISSEL-THRUSH.] 

thrash -like    birds,   *.  pL     [TURDI- 

FORMES.) 

thrush-nightingale,  s. 
Ornith. :  (See  extract). 

"  In  the  east  of  Europe  a  second  species  of  Nightin- 
gale occurs,  which,  though  long  known  to  German 
bird  fancier*  a*  the  Sprowcr.  WHS  first  specifically  dis- 
tinguished by  Bechat«iu  as  Sylvia  philvmela,  and 
by  other  Authors  is  called  Phti'nnela  turdoidet  or 
P.  m>(Jar,  while  it  bus  received  the  British  name 
thrutb-nighfinitflc.  This  l>lrd.  whose  regular  appella- 
tiou  it  seems  should  be  Daulttu  pMlomela,  extends  its 
summer  ranee  further  to  the  northward  than  our  D 
lutctnia."—farrM:  Britith  Birds  (ed.  4th),  i.  m 

thrush  (2),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful;  cf.  Dan. 
troske  =  the  thrush  on  the  tongue  ;  Sw.  tarsk; 
Sw.  dial.  tr6sk.  Prob.  allied  to  Dan.  tor  * 
Sw.  ton;  IceL  thurr;  A.8.  thyrr=ilry  ;  Dan. 
torke;  Sw.  torka;  IceL  thurka  =  drought; 
Mid.  Eng.  thrust  —  thirst] 

1.  Pathol, :    White-month,    a    variety    of 
stomatitis  depending  on  the  presence  of  a 
parasitic  fungus,  O'idium  albicans,  common  in 
phthisis    and    other    chronic   and    wasting 
diseases,     usually    indicating     approaching 
death.     In  the  thrush  of  young  infants,  and 
that  of  acute  diseases,  danger  is  not  indicated. 
Borax   and    honey,    milk   and    lime    water, 
magnesia,  and  gentle  aperients  are  useful ; 
and  in  more  severe  cases  a  solution  of  chlorate 
of  potash. 

2.  Veterinary:  An  affection  of  the  inflam- 
matory and  suppurating  kind,  in  the  feet  of 
the  horse,  and  some  other  animals.    In  the 
case  of  the  horse  it  is  in  the  frog. 

thrush-fungus,  s. 

Bot.:  Ovdium  albicans,  a  microscopic  fungus 
developed  in  and  between  the  epithelial  cells 
of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth  in 
thrush.  [THRUSH  (2),  1.) 


thrush-lichen,  a. 

Bot. :  Peitidea  aphthosa,  a  lichen,  which 
grows  on  alpine  rocks.  The  Swedes  prescribe 
it  for  aphthae. 

thrush  -  paste,  s.  An  astringent  for 
curing  thrush  in  the  feet  of  horses.  It  is 
composed  of  ealamine,  verdigris,  white  vitriol, 
alum,  and  tar. 

thrush  (3),  s.    [THRASH,  *.] 

thrust,  *  threst,  *  thrist,  v.t.  &  t    [Icel. 

thrgsta^z  to  thrust,  to  compress,  to  press,  to 
force,  to  compel ;  A.S.  thrasstan  •=.  to  oppress, 
to  afflict.  From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  truth 
=  to  thrust,  to  push.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  push  or  drive  with  force  ;  to  drive,  to 
force,  to  impel.  (Commonly  followed  by  away, 
from,  in.,  out,  into,  &c.) 

"Than  wilt  needs  thrutt  thy  neck  Into  a  yoke,*— 
Shakftp.  :  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  1. 1. 

2.  To  push,  to  shove. 

"  At  this  some  of  them  laughed  at  me.  tome  called 
me  fool,  and  some  began  to  thrutt  me  about." — 
Bunyan  ;  Pilgrim*  Progrett,  pL  li. 

3.  To  drive,  to  push,  to  force. 

"And  into  the  concession  of  this  Bait  arm  I  ne  Is 
thrust  by  the-  force  of  our  argument."— Ba.  Taylor: 
Real  Pretence.  {  4. 

4.  To  stab,  to  pierce. 

"  Thrtut  Talbot  with  a  spear  Into  the  back." 

&hat*tp. .'  1  Henry  VI.,  L  1. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  a  thrust  or  push ;  to  attack 
with  a  pointed  weapon. 

"  These  four  came  all  afront  and  mainly  thrust  at 
me."— Shuketp. :  1  Henry  IV.,  U.  4. 

*2.  To  enter  by  pushing ;  to  squeeze  in. 

*  HI  be  a  Spartan  while  I  live  on  earth  ; 
Bat,  when  in  heav'ii  I'll  stand  next  to  Hercalea, 
And  thrutt  between  my  father  and  the  God. " 

Dryden.     (Todd.) 

*  3.  To  push  forward  ;  to  come  with  force ; 
to  press  on  ;  to  intrude. 

*'  This  thruttt  amid  the  throng  with  furious  force; 
Down  goes,  at  once,  the  horseman  and  the  horse. 

Dryden:  Palamon  A  Art-He,  iii,  907. 

*  4.  To  rush  forward  ;  to  rush  at. 

*  IT  1.    To   thrust  on :  To  impel,  to  urge 
forward. 

"  We  make  guilty  of  oar  disasters  the  sun.  the 
moon,  and  stars,  as  if  we  were  villains  on  necessity 
.  .  .  and  all  that  we  are  evil  in,  by  a  divine  thruttiwj 
an"—Shaketp,  :  Liar.  i.  2. 

2.  To  thrust  one's  self  in  (or  into) :  To  in- 
trude, to  obtrude. 

"  How  dare  you  thrutt  fourielvet 
Into  my  private  meditations!  " 

SKOutp*  :  Henry  VIII.,  ii.  i. 

3.  To  thrust  out : 

(1)  To  drive  out,  to  expel. 

"  The;  were  thrutt  out  of  Egypt"— JEeofru  xlL  S3, 

(2)  To  push  out ;  to  protrude :  as,  To  thrust 
out  the  tongue. 

4.  To  thrust  through :  To  pierce. 

"  Fhineaa  thrutt  both  of  them  through.'— Jfumben 
XIV.  8- 

*  6.  To  thrust  together :  To  compress. 

"  He  thrutt  the  fleece  together,  and  wringed  the  dew 
out  of  it.'— Judge*  vi.  as. 

thrust  (1),  s.    [THRUST,  v.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  violent   push    or   drive,    as    with    a 
pointed  weapon,  pushed  in  the  direction  of 
its  length,  or  with  the  hand,  foot,  or  an  in- 
strument. 

"  Nothing  there,  save  death,  was  mut« ; 
Stroke,  and  thrutt.  and  flash,  and  cry." 

Byron:  S*v«  o/  Corinth,  xxir. 

2.  A  stab. 

"A  ihrutt  (quoth  he)  ofaaword.  which  went  In  at 
his  side."— P.  Holland :  Plutarch,  p.  71. 

3.  An  assault,  an  attack. 

"  There  is  one  thrutt  at  yoar  pare,  pretended  me- 
chanism,"— X ore  ;  Divine  Dialogue*. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Mining-engineer.:  The  breaking  down- 
ward of  the  roof  of  a  gallery,  owing  to  the 
weight  of  the  superincumbent  strata.     Op- 
posed to  creep,  whicli  is  an  upheaval  of  the 
gallery  floor. 

2.  Hush. :  The  white  whey  which  last  leaves 
the  curd  in  pressing. 

3.  Mech. :  The  force  exerted  by  any  body  or 
system  of  bodies   against  another  body  or 
system,  such  as  the  force  exerted  by  rafters 
or  beams  against  the  walls  supporting  them. 

IT  Thrust  of  an  arch  : 

Build. :  The  force  exerted  by  the  arch 
stones  considered  as  a  combination  of  wedges, 


to  overturn  the  abutments  or  walls  from 
which  the  arch  springs. 

thrust-hoe,  s.  A  hoe  which  is  worked 
by  pushing  ;  a  Dutch  hoe. 

*  thrust  (2),  *  thurst,  *.    [THIRST,  «.] 

thrust'-er,  s.      [Bug.   thrust,   v.  ;  -er.]    One 

who  thrusts  or  stalls  ;  in  hunting  slang,  one 
who  pushes  or  presses  forward  in  trout  of  the 
rest  of  the  field. 

"'By  the  powers,  they  have  found!'  plaintively 
rejoins  his  companion,  who  chances  t->  l>e  A  iv. 
thnitter  in  the  fullest  sense  of  the  term."—  Fielti,  Jan. 
2.  183& 

thrust'  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [THRUST,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  partioip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive: 

1.  The  act  of  pushing  or  driving  with  force. 

2.  The  act  of  squeezing  curd  with  the  hand 
to  expel  the  whey. 

3.  (PI.):  The  white  whey  or  that  which  is 
pressed  out  of  the  curd  by  the  hand,  and  of 
which  butter  is  sometimes  made.    (Prov.) 

thrusting  screw,  s.  The  screw  of  a 
screw-press  ;  of  a  cheese-press,  for  instance. 

thrus'-tlo  (tie  as  el),  s.  [THROSTLE.]  The 
thrush. 

"  Xo  thruttlM  shrill  the  bramble  bush  forsake  ; 
No  chirping  lark  the  welkin  sheen  invokes.1* 

*  thrust-y,  *  thurst-y,  o.    [THIRSTY.] 
thrut9h'-er,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Much.  :  An  auxiliary  high-pressure  non- 
condensing  engine. 

thry  fal-low,  v.t.    [THRIFALLOW.] 

*  thrjfm'-  sa,  *  thrlm'-  sa,   s.    [A.S.]    An 
Anglo-Saxon  silver  coin,  the  value  of  which 
is  doubtful,  being  stated  by  some  as  3s.,  by 
others  as  3d.,  and  by  others  again  as  the  third 
of  a  shilling  or  4d. 

*  thryse,  adv.    [THRICE.] 

Thu  -ban,  *    [Corrupted  Arabic.1 

Astron,  :  A  fixed  star,  a  Draconis.  It  was 
formerly  the  brighteststar  in  the  coiistellatinii, 
but  is  now  only  between  the  third  and  the 
fourth  magnitude.  Upwards  of  4,600  years 
ago  it  was  situated  very  near  the  celestial 
pole,  from  which  it  is  now  distant  nearly  25°. 

thud,  «.  [Of  imitative  origin,  prob.  connected 
with  A.S.  thdiUn  =  a  whirlwind,  a  violent 
wind.]  The  sound  produced  by  a  blow  upon 
a  comparatively  soft  substance;  a  noise  as 
that  of  a  heavy  stone  striking  the  ground  ;  a 
stroke  or  blow  causing  a  dull,  hollow  sound. 

"The  fl-iil  makes  a  louder  (And  In  the  fields  than 
you  would  imagine."—  Scribner'i  J/agazine,  Nov.,  lars, 
p.  44. 

*  f  To  play  thud  :  To  fall. 

*  For  fear  of  vlnying  thud  on  the  ground."  —  Wilton: 
A'lxtet  AmbrotUna  (  Worto,  L  73J, 

thud,  v.i.  [THUD,  s.]  To  make  a  loud,  Inter- 
mittent noise. 

**  Here,  Doon  poured  down  his  far-fetched  floods  : 
There,  well-fed  Irwiue  stately  thu<t*.* 

Burnt;  The  I'ition, 

Thug,  Thag,  s.  [Hind.  thaga=  to  deceive.] 
1.  Lit.  &  Hist.  (PL)  :  The  name  given  in  the 
northern  provinces  of  ludia  to  a  fraternity, 
who  looked  upon  murder  as  the  sole  means  of 
staying  the  wrath  of  the  goddess  Eaii,  and 
derived  their  principal  means  of  support  from 
the  plunder  of  their  victims.  In  old  times, 
according  to  Hindoo  mythology,  Kali  made 
war  upon  a  race  of  giants,  from  every  drop  of 
whose  blood  sprang  a  demon.  These  demons 
multiplied,  and  at  last  the  goddess  created  two 
men  to  whom  she  gave  handkerchiefs,  with 
which  they  strangled  the  infernal  beings. 
When  the  men  had  finished  their  task,  the 
goddess  gave  them  the  privilege  of  usiiix  the 
handkerchief  against  their  fellows,  and  so  the  * 
class  of  Thugs  is  said  to  have  arisen.  Although 
worshipping  a  Hindoo  goddess,  the  majority 
of  the  Thugs  were  Muhainmadans.  They 
usually  travelled  in  gangs,  the  members  of 


, 

which  had  ostensibly  some  honest  calling  in 
eir  own  community,  and  in  selecting  their 


th 


, 

victims  always  endeavoured  to  pitch  upos 
persons  of  property  in  order  that  while  pro- 
pitiating the  goddess  they  might  enrich  her 
worshippers.  Various  steps  were  taken  to 
suppress  the  Thugs  both  by  the  native  and 
the  English  governments,  and  in  1829  Lord 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine:  go,  pdt 
or,  wore,  wolt,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    a>,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


Thuggee— thumite 


4713 


William  Bentinck  adopted  such  stringent 
measures  that  in  six  years  (1830-35)  2,000  of 
them  were  arrested  ;  of  these  1,500  were  con- 
victed and  sentenced  to  death,  transportation, 
or  imprisonment,  according  to  the  gravity  ot 
the  charges  proved  against  them.  In  1836  a 
law  was  passed  making  the  fact  of  belonging 
to  a  gang^f  Thugs  punishment  by  imprison- 
ment for  life  with  hard  labour,  and  though 
some  gangs  probably  linger  in  districts  where 
British  authority  or  the  power  of  the  more 
enlightened  native  princes  cannot  reach,  the 
system  is  now  so  broken  that  it  is  practically 
powerless. 

••  H  is  two  most  memorable  acts  are  the  abolition  of 
•all  Isutteel.  and  the  suppression  of  the  Thuat.  - 
Kncyc.  Brit.  {ed.9thl.  xli.  806. 

2.  Fig. :  A  rough.      (Amer.) 
"  Affrays  were  still  common  ;  the  Know-nothing 
movement  came  on.  and  a  few  thugs  terrorized  tlje 
Sty   with  campaign  broil,,    beating,    "tabbing,   and 
Siootlng. "-Cerium  Magazine,  June.  1883,  p.  280. 

rhng'-eee,  Tha'-gl,  •.  [Hind,  thagi.]  The 
practices  of  the  Thugs ;  Thuggisin. 

"  They  [the  Thugs)  were  colonized  at  Jubbulpore 
Into  a  trade  settlement,  where  techulcnl  instruction 
™ afforded  them  and  their  children,  and  t!>«l'rart'c. 
of  thusaei  has  become  extinct, "-/(«*»  *  Dana. 
A  iner.  Cyclop.,  XV.  730. 

Thug'-gism,  ».  [Eng.  Thug;  -ism.}  The 
system  of  assassination  carried  on  by  the  Thugs 
to  appease  the  goddess  Kali,  and  to  secure 
eternal  happiness  for  themselves. 

"  Out  of  this  fermenting  mass  of  half-crazy  ideas 
rise  strange  monstrosities  and  horrible  beliefs.  Such 
•Tone  1.  Thu,oi,m.--Brovm:  People,  of  the  World. 
iv.  75. 

thu-i  -tes.    t  thu-y'-tes,  thu-yi  -tes,  «. 

[Mod.  Lat.  thuja,  thuya;  suff.  -ite.) 

Palteont  •  A  genus  of  Conifers  akin  to  the 
recent  Thuja.  Five  British  species  from  the 
British  Lower  Jurassic  rocks, 
thu  -la,  thu'-ya,  s.  [Lat.  thya,  thyia,  from 
Or.  9va  (thua),  fc/.'a  (<Auia)  =  an  African  tree 
with  sweet-smelling  wood  used  in  making 
costly  furniture;  probably  the  Arbor  rite. 
(See  def.)] 

Bot  •  Arbor  vita,  a  genus  of  Cupressea?; 
natives  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  North  America. 
Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  monoecious 
flowers,  having  the  male  catkins  ovoid  and 
lateral,  the  female  ones  solitary  and  terminal ; 
the  former  has  the  pollen  of  each  flower  in- 
cluded in  four  cases  attached  to  the  inner  face 
of  the  scale  towards  its  base  ;  ovary  united  to 
the  bractea,  the  two  forming  a  semipeltate 
receptacle  with  two  ovules ;  seeds  sometimes 
slightly  winged.  Leaves  scale-like,  closely 
imbricated  or  compressed.  Thuja  occidentalin, 
the  Western  or  American  Arbor  vita,  the 
species  commonly  planted  in  gardens,  has 
obovate  cones,  with  the  interior  scales  truncate 
and  gibbous  beneath  the  apex.  It  grows  best 
in  cool  swampy  places.  The  wood  is  fitted  for 
posts  and  rails,  the  branches  for  brooms, 
which  have  a  certain  fragrance.  It  is  a  tree 
from  20  to  50  feet  high,  but  when  under 
cultivation  is  generally  much  smaller.  It  is 
well  adapted  for  hedges,  bearing  cutting 
well.  T.  orientalis,  the  Oriental  or  Chinese  Ar- 
bor vita,  occurring  on  rocky  ridges  in  Siberia, 
China,  and  Japan,  has  the  cones  elliptic,  with 
the  interior  scales  blunt  and  mucronate  below 
the  apex.  T.  pendula,  a  native  of  Tartary, 
has  globose  cones,  and  filiform  pendulous 
branches.  All  the  species  are  stimulating 
and  diuretic, 
thuja  oil,  s. 

Chem. :  Obtained  by  distilling  the  ends  of 
the  branches  and  leaves  of  Thuja  occidentalis, 
with  water.  It  is  a  mixture  of  several  essen- 
tial oils  boiling  between  190°  and  206°.  It  is 
colourless  when  fresh,  has  the  odour  of  thuja, 
is  lighter  than  water,  slightly  soluble  therein, 
but  easily  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether.  By 
oil  of  vitriol  it  is  immediately  resinized. 

thu  jcnc,  s.    [THUJONE.] 

thu'-Jen-in,  s.    [Eng.  thujenfe);  -in.) 

Chem. :  C^H^O^.  Thujigenin.  Obtained 
by  heating  for  a  short  time  a  mixture  of 
thujetin  and  hydrochloric  acid.  It  forms 
microscopic  needles  slightly  soluble  in  water, 
but  soluble  in  alcohol. 


acid  after  a  while,  then  alcohol,  and  filtering 
the  liquid  when  hot  It  separates  in  lemon- 
yellow  microscopic  needles,  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  precipitated  by  water. 

thu'-jSt-in,  s.    [Eng.  thuj(in);  -ettn.) 

Chem.  :  CfflHjsO.e.  A  tannin  -substance 
obtained  along  witli  a  crystallizaule  sugar  by 
heating  thujin  with  dilute  acids.  The  liquid 
after  a  time  becomes  colourless,  and  deposits 
thujetin  on  evaporation.  It  is  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether,  and  insoluble  in  water 
Its  alcoholic  solution  assumes  a  splendid 
blue-green  colour  with  ammonia,  and  is  turned 
inky-black  with  ferric  chloride. 

thu-JIg'-en-an,  s.    [THUJENIN.J 


thu'-Jln,  ».    [Mod.  Lat,  thuj(a)  ;  -in.] 

Chem.  :  C2oHKO12.     A  crystallizable  gluco 
ide  occurring  in  the  green  parts  of  Thuj 
-w      icro 


--,  a.   [Eng.  thujetin);  -it.}   Derived 
from  or  containing  thujetin. 

thujetlc  acid,  s. 

Chem. :   CogH^Ou.      Prepared    by  boiling 
thujetin  with  baryta  water,  adding  sulphuric 


se  occu 

occidentalis.  It  forms  lemon-yellow  micro- 
scopic crystals,  has  an  astringent  taste,  is 
soluble  in  alcohol,  gives  a  yellow  precipitate 
with  acetate  of  lead,  and  is  coloured  dark 
green  with  ferric  chloride. 
thu  jone,  thu  jene,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  thuj(a)  ; 
•one,  -ene.] 

Chem  :  A  volatile  hydro-carbon  obtained 
from  thuja  oil  by  distilling  it  over  iodine, 
quicklime,  and  potassium,  in  succession.  Thu- 
jone  is  like  turpentine  oil  in  taste  and  odour, 
is  lighter  than  water,  and  boils  at  165-175  . 

Thu'-Ie,  s.  (Lat.)  Tne  name  8"ven  by  the 
ancients  to  the  most  northern  country  known 
to  them.  It  is  variously  identified  with 
Shetland,  Iceland,  and  Norway. 

"  Where  the  Northern  Ocean,  in  vast  whirls, 
Boils  round  the  naked  melancholy  tales 
Of  furthest  Thule."          Thornton:  Autumn,  8«S. 

It  Ultima  Thule:  The  farthest  Thule:  the 
end  of  the  world. 

thu'-lite,  «.  [After  Thule,  the  ancient  name 
for  a  country  tar  north  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min-X  J 

Min.  :  A  rose-red  variety  of  Zoisite  (q.v.), 
with  sp.gr.  3-124,  strongly  dichroic  parallel 
to  the  vertical  axis.  The  original  was  found 
at  Souland,  Tellemarken,  Norway. 

thumb  (&  silent),  *thomb,  "thombe,  «. 

[A.S.  tkuma,  tliuma;  cogn.  with  Out.  duim; 
Sw.  tumme;  O.  H.  Ger.  dumo  ;  Ger.  daumen 
all  =  a  thumb  ;  Icel.  thumall  =  the  thumb  of 
a  glove.    From  the  same  rootas  tumid  (q.v.).] 
1   The  short  thick  finger  of  the   human 
hand,  or  the  corresponding  member  of  other 
animals;    the  first  of  the  fingers,  differing 
from  the  others  in  having  but  two  phalanges. 
••  To  identify  him  should  have  been  easy  :  for  he  had 

a  wound  in  the  face,  and  bad  loit  a  thumb.  —Macau- 

lat  :  Bi«.  Kng.,  ch.  JtU. 

2.  The  part  of  a  glove  which  covers  the 
thumb. 
t  (1)  Rule  of  thumb:  [RULE,  ».]. 

(2)  To  bite  the  thumb  at  :  [BITE,  ».]. 

(3)  Under  one's  thumb:  Completely  under 
one's  power  or  influence  ;  completely  subser- 
vient to  another. 

"  He  i»  under  the  thumb  of  that  doctor."—  IT. 
Kingtlef  :  Oeoffry  Bamlyn,  ch.  U. 

*  thumb  band,  ».  A  twist  of  anything 
as  thick  as  the  thumb. 

"  Tie  thumb.bandt  of  hay  ronnd  them."—  Mortimer, 

thumb-bit,  ».  A  piece  of  meat  eaten  on 
bread,  so  called  from  the  thumb  being  placed 
on  it.  (HalliweU.) 

thumb-blue,  ».  Indigo  in  the  form  of 
small  balls  or  lumps  used  by  laundresses  to 
give  a  clear  or  pure  tint  to  linen,  &c.  So 
called  because  each  lump  is  indented  as  if  by 
thumb-marks. 
thumb-cleat,  s. 

Naut.  :  A  small  cleat  forming  a  leader  to 
carry  the  bight  of  a  rope. 
thumb  flint,  ». 

Anthrop.  :  A  popular  name  for  a  short  form 
of  scraper,  the  longer  varieties  of  which  are 
sometimes  known  as  "  finger-flints."  Evans 
(Ancient  Stone  Implements,  p.  262),  thinks  that 
these  names,  "though  colloquially  conve- 
nient, are  not  sufficiently  definite  to  be  worthy 
of  being  retained." 

thumb-latch,  >.    A  kind  of  door-latch, 
so  called  from  the  lever  being  pressed  by  the 
thumb  in  order  to  open  the  latch. 
thumb-mark,  ».    A  mark  left  by  the 


impression  of  the  thumb,  as  on  the  pages  ol 
a  book  or  the  like  ;  hence,  any  similar  mark. 

"  There  are  marks  of  age. 
There  are  thumb-mark!  on  thy  margin. 
Made  by  bauds  that  chuped  thee  rudely. 

Louafelto*.  OU.  Daniih  Songjnck. 

thumb-nut,  s.  A  nut  having  wings  by 
which  it  is  turned  by  the  thumb  and  finger 
to  tighten  upon  its  bolt ;  a  butterfly-nut. 

*  thumb-ring,  s.  A  ring  worn  on  the 
thumb.  (Skakesp.  :  1  Henry  IV.,  ii.  4.) 

thumb-pot,    s.     The    smallest   size    of 

flower-pots. 

"  Tiny  plant*  In  thumb-pott  were  also  uaed."—  Field, 
Jan.  1,  1887. 

thumb-screw,  s. 

1.  A  screw  with  a 
flat-sided  head,  adapt- 
ed to  be  turned  by  the 
finger  and  thumb. 

2.  An   old   instru- 
ment  of  torture   to 
break  the  thumb- 
joint  ;  a  tliumbkin. 

"  He  had  brought  into 
n*e  a  little  steel  thumb, 
tcrew  which  gave  such 

exquisite   torment  that  THUMB-SCREW. 

It  had  wrung  confessions 

his  Majesty's  favourite  boot  had  been  tried  in  vmin," 
—Jiacaulay  :  Silt.  Eng..  ch.  vi. 

thumb-stall,  «. 

1.  A  case,  sheath,  or  covering  of  leather  ot 
other  substance,  to  be  worn  on  the  thumb. 

"  Gloves  cut  into  t humo-etalti."~ Gayton  :  Fettifout 
Hotel,  p.  »7. 

2.  A  sailor's  thimble  used  in  sail-making; 
it  is  made  of  iron,  horn,  or  leather,  and  ha* 
the  edges  turned  up  to  receive  the  thread.    It 
is  worn  on  the  thumb  to  tighten  the  stitches. 

1 3.  Ordit. :  A  stall  of  buckskin  stuffed  with 
hair,  which  a  gunner  wears  on  his  thumb 
to  cover  the  vent  while  the  piece  is  being 
sponged  and  loaded. 

thumb  (b  silent),  v.t.  &  t    [THOMB,  «.] 

A,  Transitive: 

1.  To  handle  awkwardly  ;  to  play  with  ttM 
fingers  :  as,  To  thumb  over  a  tune. 

2.  To  mark,  soil,  or  wear  with  the  thumb 
or  fingers,  or  by  frequent  handling. 

"  Within  a  week  after  it  had  arrived  it  baj  been 
thumbed  by  twenty  familiea"— Macaulay :  BM.  Ena* 
ch.  111. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  play  on  with  the  fingers. 

thumbed  (b  silent),  a.    [Eng.  thumb,  s. ;  -ti.] 

1.  Having  thumbs. 

2,  Having  thumb-marks. 
thumb'-ie-klntj,  thumb  -I-kins  (4  silent), 

S.  pi.      [THUMBKINS.) 

thumb'  kins  (b  silent),  «.  pi.  [Eng.  thumb,  s. ; 
dimin.  suff.  -kin.}  A  thumbscrew  ;  an  instru- 
ment of  torture  for  compressing  the  thumbs, 
much  used  by  the  Inquisition  in  Spam,  and 
occasionally  in  Britain,  when  it  was  desired 
to  obtain  a  confession  or  recantation  from 
any  person  by  causing  him  exquisite  pain 
without  endangering  his  life.  Thnmbkins 
were  last  used  in  Britain  in  1684,  on 
Prof.  Carstairs.  Called  also  thumbiekius  and 
thumbikins. 

"Ill  set  those  to  look  after  him  ahall I  keep Llm  as 
fast  as  if  his  legs  were  In  the  boots,  or  his  angers  in 
the  tkumbiUraf-ScoU :  Old  HortaUtl.  ch.  U. 

thumb  less  (b  silent),  a.  [Eng.  thumb,  s. ; 
•less.)  Having  no  thumb;  hence,  awkward, 
clumsy,  unskilful. 

"The  sen 

thumblcss  monkeys,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  the 
species  of  two  genera,  Colobos  and  Ateles,  be- 
cause the  first  digit  of  their  fore  limbs  Is 
functionless.  The  first  genus  is  from  the 
western  hemisphere,  the  second  from  the 
eastern. 

*  thu'-mer-stine  (th  as  t),  s.  [A  trans,  of 
Ger.  thumerstein.)  [THUMITE.) 

thu   mite  (thas  t),  ».    [AfterThum,  Saiony, 
wtiere  found  ;  suff.  -tie  (Jfin.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  AXINITE  (q.v.). 

thttm'  mlm,  «.  [Heb.  D'an  (tummim)  Dljin 
(thummim)  =  perfection ;  from  C<pn  (tamam) 
=  to  complete ;  to  be  perfect.)  [UEIM.) 


4714 


thump— thunder 


thump,  i.  [THUMP,  c.)  The  sound  made  by 
th«  sudden  tall  of  a  heavy  body,  as  by  a  blow 
•with  a  dub,  the  flat,  4c,  the  stroke  of  a  ham- 
mer, or  the  like  ;  a  heavy  blow  given  with 
something  thick. 

"  £?"  d.i"'f  "'  '°f  «'•  Bowing  thump  profound  •' 
Or  yell,  in  the  deep  woods.  at  lonely  bound  " 

Hui-dtwvrth:  iVemiiy  WoOc. 

thump,  v.t.  ft  i.  [Cf.  Feel.  (d/mpo  =  to  thump- 
Sw.  dial,  dompa  =  to  thump,  dump*  =  to 
make  a  noise.] 

A.  Tram.  :  To  beat  or  strike  with  some- 
thing thick  or  heavy. 


. 

B.  /ufraw.  :   To   strike   or   &11   on  with 
heavy  blows  ;  to  beat 

"  A  raggedmusiciau  to  thump  monotonously  on  • 
Um-toui.  '—Daily  Tcl,gr*ph,  Sept.  10.  1884. 

thump'-er,   s,     [Eug.  thump,  v.  ;   -en     For 
sense  2,  cf.  wknpper.] 
I.  One  who  or  that  which  thumps. 

"  O  let  me  ring  the  (ore  belL 
And  here  are  ••Mpm." 

yiraurn.  i  r-I«.  .-  Mod  Later.  T. 

S.  Some  person  or  tiling  very  great  or  huge. 


"  Small  a.  you  will,  if  'twas  a  bumper. 

Centum  fur  one  would  be  a  thumper  " 

ajrom.  Critical  Kemarla  uffwt  famifet  m  BaraM. 

thump  -ing,  o.    [THOKP,  ..]    Luge,  heavy, 
huge ;  very  great. 

"  You've  run  up  a  thumping  bill,  and  III  warrant 
joull  pay  It  like  a  lord.'-o'jt.e/..-  faataunoleau, 

thun  berg'-l-a,  >.    [Named  after  Cart  Fetter 

Tlmnberg  (1743-1828),  a  Swedish  traveller 
botanist,  and  professor  of  natural  history  at 
Upsal.J 

Bot.:  A  genus  of  Gtrdenidee,  sometimes 
«ade  a  synonym  of  Gardenia.  Involucre  two- 
fcaved  ;  calyx  about  twelve-toothed  ;  corolla 
carupauulate  ;  capsule  beaked,  two  -  celled. 
Handsome  and  fragrant  climbers  cultivated 
cummunly  in  gardens  for  the  beauty  of  their 
flowers.  Thtitibergia  fragrant  has  cordate, 
acuminate  leaves  ;  T.  grandi/lvra.  angular,  cor- 
<late  leaves,  larger  flowers  with  no  inner  calyx, 
and  the  anthers  bearded  and  sparred.  Both 
are  natives  of  the  East  Indies. 

thun  berg-i-e'-ao,  «.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  ttntn- 
bergHfl.) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.  ] 

Bot.:  A.  tribe  of  Aeanthacea.  Seeds  with  a 
horny  expansion  of  the  placenta. 

thun  der,  •  thon  dcr,  *thon-er,  "thun- 

dlr,  s.  [Prop,  ttmur,  from  A.S.  thunor  = 
thunder,  allied  to  thunian  =  (1)  to  become 
thin,  to  be  stretched  out,  (2)  to  rattle,  to 
thunder;  gethvn=&  loud  noise;  cogn  with 
Bat  dander;  Icel.  TkArr=  Thai,  tlie  god  of 
ihunder ;  Dan.  torden  ;  Sw.  foriiiJn  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
thonar ;  Ger  donner  —  thunder  ;  Lat  tono  = 
to  thunder,  tonitm  =  thunder  ;  A.8.  Ionian, 
thu  trian  =  to  tlmnder ;  Sanso.  tan  ^  to  sound. 
For  the  excrescent  ii,  cf.  gentler,  tender,  4c.J 

L  Lit.  t  Physics  :  The  violent  report  which 
Tollowa  a  dash  of  lightning.  It  commences  at 
-the  same  moment  as  the  flash  ;  but  as  the 
«ound  travels  only  at  the  rate  of  abont  1,100 
feet  a  second,  while  light  does  so  at  the  rate 
of  about  200.000  miles,  the  flash  of  the 
lightning  is  the  first  to  be  perceived,  and  thus 
*  means  is  afforded  of  calculating  the  dis- 
tance of  the  lightning.  The  noise  of  the 
•Blunder  arises  from  the  disturbance  produced 
in  the  air  by  the  electric  discharge,  but  why 
the  sound  should  be  so  prolonged  has  been 
•differently  explained.  The  old  hypothesis 
•was  that  the  sound  was  echoed  from  every 
precipice,  frerni  every  building,  and  from 
•emery  elond  in  the  sky.  Another  is  that  the 
lightning  itself  is  a  series  of  discharges,  each 
producing  a  particular  sound  according  to  the 
distance  at  which  it  commences,  and  the  vary- 
ing densities  of  the  portions  of  air  which  it 
"traverses  liefore  reaching  the  ear.  A  third  con- 
jecture is  that  the  noise  arises  from  the  zigzag 
movement  of  the  electric  fluid,  tlie  air  at  each 
salient  angle  being  at  its  maximum  com- 
pression. (iTanot) 
II.  Figuratively: 

1.  The  destructive  agent  in  a  thunderstorm ; 
a  discharge  of  lightning ;  a  thunderbolt. 

2.  Any  loud  noise. 

_..  "  The  Grecian  train 

mtk  answering  tlaindrr,  nll'd  the  echoing  plain  " 
Pope:  ffomer;  Iliad  jufi.  1,069. 

3.  An  awful  or  startling  denunciation  or 

threat 


thunder-axe,  3. 

A  nthrnp. :  A  popular  name  for  a  celt,  from 
the  idea  that  they  were  "thunderbolts. ' 

"The  country  folks  of  the  West  of  England  still  hold 
that  the  thunder-axet  they  find  fell  from  the  sky  "_ 
Tylor:  Kjrly  Hat.  Mankind  (ed.  1«78J.  p.  234. 

*  thunder  -  bearer,  «.     He  in  whose 

hands  is  the  thunder. 

"I  do  not  bid  the  thtmdcr-bearer  •hoot." 

SAa*«p. :  Lear,  it  4. 

*  thunder-beat,  v.t.    To  strike  with  a 
thunderbolt. 

"He  them  thunder 4et  whereso  he  went." 

thunder-bird,..    ' 

Anthrop. :  Au  imaginary  bird,  occurring  in 
the  mythology  of  races  of  low  culture,  and 
personifying  thunder  or  its  cause. 

"Among  the  Caribs,  Brazilians.  Harrey  lalandera 
and  Karens.  Bechuanas  and  Basuto*.  we  tind  lea-ends 
of  a  fla|puing  or  flashing  Thunder-bird  which  Mem 
•Imply  10  translate  into  myth  the  thought  of  thunder 
•nd  lightning  descending  from  the  upuer  r«ioui  i 
the  air,  the  home  of  the  eafle  and  tit  vultuw!"- 
Tflor :  mm.  Cult.  led.  187J).  i.  863. 

"thunder -blasted,  a.  Struck  or  blasted 
by  lightning. 

*  thunder-burst,  ».    A  burst  or  peal  of 
thunder. 

thunder-Clap,  s.  A  clap,  peal,  or  burst 
of  th  under ;  Uie  sudden  report  of  a  discharge 
of  atmospheric  electricity. 

"  ?*5in?'  kay**-  and  anowe  do  pay  them  aad  penance 
And  dreadfull  thunder-clap,  Jlhat  make  then,  quake) 
With    Bamea    and    flashing    Ughu   that   tholuan 
changes  make." 

•ipenrer:  f  Q.  (O/  JtutabilttieL  Til.  a. 

thunder-cloud,  ». 

Meteor. :  A  cloud  from  which  lightning 
flashes  forth,  or  may  do  so,  with  accompany- 
ing thunder.  It  is  a  modification  of  the 
nimbus,  but,  as  a  rule,  is  darker  than  the 
ordinary  type  of  that  cloud.  When  several 
exist  the  space  between  them  is  sometimes  of 
a  peculiar  colour.  They  vary  greatly  in  eleva- 
tion, some  being  very  low— a  good  many  about 
3,000  feet  high,  while  others  have  been  known 
to  reach  16,000  feet  in  elevation. 

"The myth  .  res.ilvee  itaelf  Into  simple  phrases. 
which  spoke  of  the  thunder^toutl  as  looming  over  tlie 
city  from  day  to  day."— Cox:  Introd.  to  Mythology, 

*  thunder  crack,  «.  A  clap  of  thunder. 

"  Nor  i>  he  moved  with  all  the  thunder-cracki 
Of  P  ***  "  turwi*»'  OT  wltb  the  surly  brow 

Daniel :  To  the  OautOett  of  Cumberland. 

thunder  daisy,  >. 

Bot. :  Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum, 

*  thunder-dart,  «.    A  thunderbolt 

"  No  worke  it  Mem'd  of  earthly  craitamans  wit. 
But  rather  wrought  by  his  owue  industry. 
That  thunder^tartei  for  Jore  bis  syre  doth  8t " 
Spenttr;  ritkmt  of  Bella*. 

•thunder -darter,  t.  He  who  darts 
the  thunder;  Jove. 

xJ.PA60'  «™>?  """t^fn^ro(<>'  "'^JSJJS**4 


thunder-dint,  i.  The  noise  of  thunder  • 
a  thundering  noise. 

thunder-dirt,  s.  The  New  Zealand  name 
for  the  gelatinous  volva  of  Ileodictyon  for- 
merly eaten  by  the  natives.  (Berkeley.) 

thunder-drop,  s.  One  of  the  large, 
heavy,  thinly-scattered  drops  of  rain  which 
precede  a  thunder-storm. 

"  A«  thunder-dropt  fall  on  a  sleeping  sea." 

Tennyion :  Dream  ef  Fair  Women,  121 

thunder-Asa,  s. 

1.  Malnpterurvselectriaa.  [MALAITERUITOS.] 

2,  Jfupurntu  fotfilit.     (Kature,  March  25 
1886,  p.  497.)    [WEATHER-FISH.] 

*  thunder-fit,  «.  A  abock  or  noise  re- 
sembling thunder. 

thunder-flower,  «. 
Botany : 

(1)  Stellaria  Holostea.    A  correspondent  of 
Messrs.  Britten  &  Holland  suggests  that  the 
name  may  have  arisen  from  the  iact  that  the 
immature    capsule  contains  air,  and    when 
pressed  between  the  finger  and  thumb,  as  it 
often  is  for  amusement  by  children,  it  bursts 
with  a  slight  report. 

(2)  Papaver  Rhinos. 

(3)  Lychnii  vespertine 
thunder-  god,  >. 

Anthrvp. ;  A  deity  who,  in  the  mythology 


of  races  of  low  culture,  are  supposed  to  ore- 
side  over  or  cause  thunder. 

"The  place  of  tbe  Tfiiimler-aw 
hgiou.  Is  similar  to  that  of  the 

£, e™)'";  "  c"i!"i:de"r  But  L1»  SMc 
of  wrath  than  of  beneticence,  a  character  whlcli  we 
have  half  l,,,t  th.  power  to  r.»li».  riuee  tie  agouhUM 
Urror  of  thunderstorms  which  ai.pals  savaii  u.lndi 
ha.dwii,,llej  away  In  our.,  now  that  we  beSold :  i  it 
not  tlie  m,0iifrrt,.tlon  of  divin.  » rath.  l?ut  the  ri! 
~ 


thunder-head.  «.  A  popular  name  for 
the  cluud  called  Cumulus. 

*  thunder  master,  ».  Master  of  tht 
thunder. 

"  So  more,  tbou  thunder-matter,  shew 
Thy  spite  on  mortal  flies." 

Shatetp.  :  C'limbellne,  T.  4 

'-thunder-music,  s.  Music  having  the 
deep  rolling  sound  of  thunder.  (Tennutoit  • 
In  Mem.,  Ixxxvii.  7.) 

thunder-peal,  «.  A  peal  or  clap  ol 
tlmnder. 

"  And  who,  'mid  thundrr-peatt  can  hear 

Our  sienals  of  distress." 
Byron :  Stanzat  Competed  during  a  7'Aunrfer-Morm. 

thunder-pick,  ».  A  popular  name  for  a 
Belemnite.  (U.  B.  Woodward:  Geol.  Ena  d 
Wales,  p.  261.) 

thunder-plant,  >. 

Bot. :  Sempervimm  tectorum. 

thunder  -  proof,  a.     Proof  or  secnre 

agam.it  lightning. 

thunder-rod,  s.    A  lightning-rod  (q.».). 

*  thunder-shoot,  v.t.  To  strike  or  de- 
stroy 03  a  thunderbolt  or  lightning. 

fuller;  Uoiy  it  Profane  state,  V.  ri.  9. 

thunder-shower,  ».     A  shower  which 

accompanies  thunder, 

"  And  through  his  side  the  last  dropa.  ebbing  slow 
From  the  veil  ganh.  fall  heavy   ouiby  one 
Like  the  lirst  of  a  thunder-thuve'." 

S]n-on  :  Chilat  Harold,  IT.  140, 

thunder  -  splintered,  a.  Broken  to 
pieces  by  lightning. 

"  Suootiug  abruptly  from  the  dell 

Ltothunder-tf* inters  iiinnacle.'1 

Scott :  Lady  qf  the  Lake,  i.  U, 

•  thunder-Stone,  a.    A  thunderbolt 

"And,  thuaunbrac'd,  Casea.  as  you  see. 
Have  bared  iny  boaoni  to  tlie  Utv,uier-iitme," 

Shatnp. :  Juliut  Collar,  \.  t. 

thunder-strike,  v.t. 

'  1.  Lit. :  To  strike,  blast,  or  injure  by  light, 
nmg,  or  as  by  lightning  ;  to  strike  as  with  a 
thunderbolt. 

"  Ti'  "maments  which  thundrr^trite  the  walls 
Of  rock-built  citiee,  bidding  nations  qunke  " 

Sfron:  Chttue  Harold,  iv.  187. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  astonish  or  strike  dumb,  as 
with  something  terrible.  (Used  only  in  the 
past  participle.) 

"  She  Blood  aa  It  were  thunder*ttrick*tt  with  anuu*. 
menf— SWne».-  Arcadia,  bk.  lli 

•  thunder-stroke,  s.    A  thunder-clap : 
a  stroke  or  blast  of  lightning. 

"  Saul  saw,  and  fell  to  earth,  as  falls  the  oak 
At  once,  and  blafsted  by  the  Ihunder-ttrokel' 

thunder  struck,  „. 

1.  Lit. :    Strnck,    blasted,    or  injured   by 
lightning. 

2.  Fig.  :  Amazed  ;  struck  dumb,  as  by  some- 
tiling  surprising  or  terrible  suddenly  presented 
to  the  mind  or  view. 

•  thunder-thump,  «.    A  thunderbolt 

"  Thon  that  tbroweet  the  raunoVr- 1 


thunder-tube,  «.    A  fulgurite  (q.rji 

thun'-der,  r.i.  &  (.    [THUNDER,  ».] 
A.  Intransitive: 

i  Lit. :  To  make  thunder;  to  produce  tht 
noise  of  thunder.  (Often  used  imiiersonally : 
as,  It  thundered-  yesterday.) 

"Th«  Lord  also  thundered  in  the  heavens,  and  the 
Blgheat  gave  his  voice.'— />io/»>  ivlli.  is. 
U.  Figuratively : 

1.  To  make  a  loud  noise  like  thunder,  pta^ 
tlcularly  a  loud,  continued  noise. 

"  Ixjud  clamours  shake  the  shore. 
The  horse*  ftaxsrr;  earth  and  ocean  ro«r  I" 

/'-/•'     ffomer;  1'iad  xsiv.  405. 

2.  To  utter  loud  denunciations  or  threaten- 
ings  ;  to  cry  out  loudly. 

"  The  oraton  on  tlie  other  side  thundered  against 
sinful  aaaodatlona."— aroinuJay.  Hut.  Baa.,  eh.  liiL 


f»t.  ISre,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   w«,  wfit,  nere,  c«n?l,  her,  there;  puie,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine;   R6.  pbt. 
«.  ware,  w9lt;  work,  who,  son;  »ut«.  oftb.  euro,  unite,  cur,  rule,  ftUi;  try.  Syrian.    »,  »  =  e;  V  =  a;  w  =  kw. 


thunderbolt— Thursday 


4715 


B.  TrantMte: 

I.  To  emit  as  with  the  sound  of  thunder  ; 
to  utter  or  issue  by  way  of  threat  or  denunci- 
ation ;  to  denounce  loudly. 

"  Who  Omiuteri  to  hl»  o»i>tiv«e  blood  and  death." 
.sh.ihwjw.  :  a  Henry  ft..  U,  L 

•  2.  To  lay  on  with  violence  or  vehemence. 


«  thun'-der-bolt,   v.t. 
To  strike  with  thunder. 


[THUNDERBOLT,  «.] 


"  With  hi«  tongue  he'll  thunderbolt  the  world." 
Return  J 'rum  Pturnauu*.  1L  2. 

•Xhun  -der-bolt,  s.    [Eng.  thunder,  and  6oB.J 

i  Ordinary  Lan<jMa0e  : 

1.  lit :  A  popular  and  erroneous  term  im- 
plying (as  was  anciently  believed)  that 
thunder  somehow  sends  forth  a  destructive 
bolt  or  dart,  A  so-called  thunderbolt  is 
really  a  stream  of  lightning  passing  from 
one  part  of  the  heavens  to  the  other,  and 
especially  one  which  reaches  the  earth  and 
does  damage.  Lightning  in  certain  cases 
can  leave  behind  it  a  vitrified  tube,  called  a 
Fuli'tirite  (q.v.),  which,  however,  is  not  flung 
or  darted,  but  is  created  by  vitrifaction  on 
the  snot  where  it  is  found.  Other  bodies  of 
mineral  origin  have  been  popularly  credited 
with  being  thunderbolts. 

"  Kinxs  and  monarchs  nsi.lre  still  hither,  and  would 
be  guils;  and  yet  they  rest  not  so.  unlesae  they  nviy 
have  the  power  to  na«h  lightnings  and  short  Oi ,mder. 
BE  a.  well  aa  Jupitor.--.ft  Moll**t:  f March, 

•>at 

J.  Figuratively: 

•  (1)  A  daring  or  Irresistible  hero. 

(2)  A  dreadful  threat,  denunciation,  cen- 
•ore,  or  the  like,  proceeding  from  aome  high 
authority ;  a  fulintnation. 

-  He  severely  threatens  such  with  ttie  OatnderboU 
of  excommunication. "—ffaluteill  :  On  Providence. 

(S)  Something  very  dreadful,  threatening, 
or  astonishing. 

"  A  greater  wreck,  a  deeper  fall, 
A  Shock  to  oiio— »  UuuxlerboU  to  aa" 

Bgrtm  :  Mateppm,  L 

TJ.  Technically: 

1.  Hot.  («.):  (1)  !**»*«  vespertiMi  (2) 
Fapaver  Shoot ;  (3)  SUtnt  inflate. 

2.  Her. :  The  thunderbolt  is  represented  as 
•  twisted  bar  in  pale,  in- 
flamed at  each  end,  sur- 
mounting two  jagged  darts 

In  saltire,  between  two 
wings  expanded,  with 
streams  of  fire  Issuing 
bom  the  centre. 

3.  Palaxint.:  [BELEM- 
BTTB]. 

4.  Petrol  :  A  name  fro-       raomniBoLt. 
queutly  given  to  the  no- 

dnles  of  marcasite  (q.v.),  which  are  abundant 
in  the  chalk  formation. 

thunderbolt-atone,  «.  A  flint  (See 
extract.) 

"  It  1»  to  be  noticed  Unit  theee  Sioux,  among  their 
Tailed  (ancles  about  tbuuder.birda  and  the  like,  give 
iiusually  well  a  key  to  the  great  thunderbolt  myth 
whloh  recurs  In  so  ninny  lands.  They  consider  the 


llghtnicg  entering  the  ground  to  scalier  there  in  al 
directions  tHumUfMHtimet.  which  are  Hints,  ic..  tin 
u  for  this  notiuii  being  the  »ers;  natural  one,  tl 


feasott  for  this  notion  ucnifr  me  very  unbliKLi  uiio,  mni. 

these  siliceous  stones  actually  produce  a  flash  when 
struck."—  Tutor:  Prim.  Cult,  (ed  1873),  U.  261 

thun'-der-er,  *.  [Eng.  thunder,  v.J  -tr. 
One  who  thunders;  specif.,  an  epithet  apphet. 
by  the  ancients  to  Jupiter,  from  the  fact  that 
he  alone  was  credited  with  the  power  of  burl 
log  thunderbolts. 

••  For  by  the  black  Infernal  Styx  I  swear. 
.That  dreadful  oath  which  Hjs^ggjJr.rV 

^  Tht  Thunderer:  A  epithet  applied  to  Th 
Timet  newspaper  (London)  originally  on  nc 
count  of  a  series  of  strong  articles  contribute' 
by  Mr.  Edward  Sterling  in  the  early  part  o 
the,  nineteenth  century. 

thun  deV-Ing,  "  tlran-dre-jmg,  *  thnn 
dring,  *  thun-dryng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  a  a. 
[THUNDER,  v.] 

A.  At  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verbX 

B.  At  adjective: 

L  tit:  Emitting  thunder. 
U.  figuratively: 
I.  Producing  or  attended  iiy  a  loud  noise  o 
tumbling  like  thunder  or  artillery. 

•  Foul  fall  the  hand  which  bends  the  steel 
Around  the  courier's  thundering  heel. 

Saxt  i  Harmon  UorwOae.  L 

S.  Very  great,  large,  or  extraordinary. 

"  I  was  drawing  a  (Huwderraynsh  oat  of  the  water 
— T.  Brown  :  Worts.  L  ma. 


C.  Aa  siibst.  :  The  noise  or  report  of  the 
discharge  of  lightning;  thunder. 

"  Anil  leltia  aud  voices  and  thitndrynffU  oame  out  of 
the  troue."—  n'ycliffa:  At**xl!ipliv. 

Thundering  Legion,  s. 

1.  A  Unman  legion  containing  some  Chris- 
tians,  which  (A.D.  174)  fought  under  Man-ns 
Antiininus    against    Ilie    llarcomaimi.      The 
Roman  army  was  shut  op  in  a  defile   ami 
ready  to  perish  with  thirst,  when  a  thuiiikr- 
storm  with  heavy  rain  relieved  them  of  their 
distress,  and  so  terrified  the  enemy  that  a 
complete  victory  was  gained.    The  Christians 
attributed  the  deliverance  to  the  prayer  which 
they  had  just  before  presented,  and  considered 
it  miraculous.    The  heathens  also  considered 
the  interposition  supernatural,  but  ascribed 
It  to  Jupiter,  Mercury,  or  to  the  power  of 
magie.    (Dion  Cosstus:  Roman  Hist.,  Ixxi.  8; 
Eusebiut:  Ecdes.  Hist.,  v.  5.) 

2.  A  legion  composed  of  Christian  soldiers 
raised  in  the  Theoais,  and  led  by  St.  Maurice. 

^  The  name  existed  long  before  it  was  ap- 
plied to  either  of  these  two  legions, 

thun'-der-lng-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  thundering  ; 
•ly.l    In  a  thundering  manner  ;  with  thunder. 


thun'-der-less,  a.  [Eng.  thunder,  s. ; 
Unattended  by  thunder  or  noise. 

«  Thundtrloi  lightnings  striking  ondtr  aea." 

Tmnifton  •  To  Mo  Queen. 

thun'  der-ous,  *  thun'  drous,  a.   [Eng. 
thunder,  s. ;  -cms.] 

1.  Producing,    discharging,    or    emitting 
thunder ;  thundery. 

-  Notiu.  and  Aler.  black  with  Unnrfcroic.  clouds 
FromSierra  Lioiia.'  HtUon  :  P.L.,1..  701. 

2.  Making  a  great  noise  like  thunder;  giving 
a  loud  and  deep  sound  ;  sonorous. 

••  Whirlwinds  aud  thumtroui  etorms  his  chariot 
drew."  Brumt:  Paraphrase  of  Job. 

3.  Very  loud ;  like  thunder. 

"That   barg  .  .  .  split  in  three  portions   with 
id."—  Oil"    "  *-'•  °°  """ 


Ouiiulertaa  sound. 


Feb.  20, 1887. 


•  thnn'-der-on»-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  thunderous; 
-ly.}  In  a  thunderous  manner;  with  thunder, 
or  a  noise  like  thunder. 

•  A  »erit»bu!  lion,  aa  huge  as  any  at  present  exist- 
tag.  whose  midnight  roar  to-day  rolls  thuitderouHii  in 
SI  Jungle  ol  Africa.--£u«j  Telegraph,  March  1,  1887. 

thun'-der-storm,  *.  [Eng.  thunder,  s.,  and 
tturm,  s.)  A  storm  accompanied  with  thunder. 
•J  Thunderstorms  are  much  more  common  in 
tropical  countries  where  the  heat  is  greater  and 
the  evaporation  more  rapid  than  in  temperate 
climes,  and  various  arctic  navigators  reporl 
that  they  become  rare  about  70',  and  are 
wholly  absent  above  75*  N.  In  India  they 
are  moat  frequent  during  the  months  of  the 
monsoon.  Everywhere  they  are  more  common 
In  summer  than  in  winter.  As  the  electricity 
of  salt  water  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, they  are  less  common  on  the  sea  thau 
on  the  land. 

Uiun'-4eHk*thun'-dry,a.  [Eng.  (tender 

L  Having  the  character  of,  or  resembling 
thunder. 


2.  Accompanied  with  thunder:  as,  thundery 
weather. 

thun'-ny,  a.   tTtwxr.] 

*  thurgh,  prep.    [THROUGH.) 

•thurgh-fare,  s.     [MM-    Eng. 
through,  and  fare.}    A  thoroughfare. 
"  This  world  nys  but  a  tturfn/cjrj  ful  of  woo^ 
And  we  ben  pilgnms,  paseyng  toandfr.*.  ( 


•  thurgh-ont,  prep,  or  ad».   [THROOOHOCT.] 

thiir'-I-ble,  «.    [Lat.  OmrOnilum,  (uriouJum, 
from  th*>,  tut,  genit.  thuris,   turis  =  frank 
incense,  from  Or.  fluw  (thu5)  =  to  offer  sacn 
flee,  to  sacrifice  ;  ftios  (fhuon)  =  a  sacrifice,  a 
offering.] 

Ecdes.  :  A  censer,  a  vessel  for  burning  In 
cense.     Thuribles  of  some  kind  must  be  a 
old  as  use  of  incense  in  the  services  of  th 
Church  ;  but  their  present  form,  according  t 
Martigny,  dates  only  from  the  twelfth  cen 
tury.     The  modern   thurible  consists  of 
metallic  vessel  or  cup,  sometimes  of  gold  o 
silver,  but  more  commonly  of  brass  or  lateen 
In  which  burning  charcoal  is  placed,  with 
movable  perforated  cover.     Cnains  are   a 


tached,  so  that  the  thurible  may  be  waved 
to  aud  fro  for  the  readier  dispersion  of  the 


THURIBLE, 

•  Thufifer,  with  thurible  ;  6  Prlert.  In  cope, 
Incensing  the  altar. 

smoke  of  the  incense  which  is  thrown  on  the> 
live  charcoal.    [THUBIFEE-] 

thiir'-i-fer,  ».  [Eceles.  Lat.  tkurlferarius  = 
a  thurifer;  from  Lat.  Urns,  geuit.  thuris  = 
Incense,  aud/ero  =  to  bear.] 

Ecdes.:  The  attendant  at  high  mass, 
solemn  vespers,  and  benediction,  who  uses 
the  thurible,  either  by  simply  waving  it  to 
and  fro  [See  cut  a  under  Thurible],  or  tor  in- 
censing the  clergy,  choir,  and  congregation, 
and  at  certain  times  presents  It  to  the  officiat- 
ing priest  that  he  may  incense  the  altar  [See- 
cut  6  under  Thurible]  or  the  Host.  Strictly 
speaking,  the  office  of  thurifer  l*longs  to  the 
acolyte,  the  highest  of  the  four  Minor  Orders, 
but  all  the  functions  of  the  acolyte  are  now- 
freely  performed  by  laymen. 

thu-rff  -er-oum,  a.    [THtmrntR,]  Producing- 

or  1  tearing  frankincense, 

thur-I-fl-ca'-tlon,  «.  [Lat.  thus,  genit 
thuris  =  frankincense,  and  /ncio  =  to  make.]; 
The  act  of  censing  or  fuming  with  incense; 
the  act  of  burning  inceiwe. 

"  Some  semblance  of  an  idolatrous  OutrificalloiC— 
Bp.  Ball :  Cam  of  Ctnucience,  alee.  &.  ease  a. 

thiir'-i-fy,  "•'•  &  «•      [THUBiriCATlON.J 

A.  Trans. :  To   perfume  with  odours  us 
from  a  thurible  ;  to  csnse. 

"Sensed  and  Oatriftd  In  the  smoake."— *m»e  • 
l*nten  Ktufe. 

B.  Jntrans.  :  To  scatter  incense ;  to  cense. 

Thn-rln'-gl-an,  a,  &  s.    (Seedef.) 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Thurlngia, 
a  region  of  Central  Germany,   which  com- 
prised   parti   of  the  Prussian   province   of 
Saxony  and  the  Saxon  duchies. 

B.  As  nbst. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Thuringia. 

thn-rlng'-ite,  s.     [After  Thnringla,  where 
first  found ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  massive  mineral  stated  to  consist 
of  an  aggregate  of  minute  scales.  Hardness, 
2'5  ;  sp.  gr.,  as  obtained  by  various  mineralo- 
gists, 8  151  to  3-197  ;  lustre,  dnll;  colour,  dark 
pistachio-green;  fracture,  sub-conchoidal. 
Compos.:  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina, 
sesquioxide  and  protoxide  of  iron,  with  a  little 
magnesia.  Dana  (if  half  the  water  be  basicX 
computes  from  the  analyses  the  formula 
}  (EO.HOfo  +  i  (AlzOsFejOsJuSSiOj  +  4HO. 

tnurl,  s.    [A.S.  Iftj/re!  =  a  hole.]   [Tram.] 
Mining  : 

1.  A  short  communication  between  adits, 

2.  A  long  adit  in  a  coal-pit 

thurl,  v.1.    [THOBL,  ».] 

Mining:  To  make  a  breach  Into  former 
workings  or  gite-roads. 

•  thfir'-rSok,  *  thur-rok,  *  thor-rocke, 

s.    [A.8.  thumck  =  a  boat.] 

1.  The  hold  of  a  ship. 

•*  The  same  harme  do  aomtlme  the  smal  dropes  ol 
water  that  entoren  thurgh  a  small  ere  rice  In  tta 
thurrok,  and  In  the  bottom  ol  the  ship.  —  dutuoer. 
Partonel  T<ile, 

2.  A  receptacle,  a  sink. 


"Then  cometh  ideln 


;  gate  of  I 
of  all  wlcki 


harme".".  rifhlV  ldVKea.Ti.  fheitam-ot  of  .11  wick*, 
and  vilalns  thoughtes."—  Qnaucfr:  Paruma  Tai*. 

tura'-day,  *Thnrs-del,  *  Thorea-day, 
*  Thors-day,  s.  [Thora-day,  i.e.,  the  day  nl 
Thor,  the  god  of  thunder  [THOR].  A.s. 
thunrei-dag  =  the  day  of  thunder :  tfttmra, 


4716 


thurst — thylacinus 


genit 
Icel. 


e~.iit.  of  tkunor  =  thunder,  and  dceg  =  day 
Icel.  thors-dagr,  from  thdrt,  genit  of  thorr  = 
Thor,  thunder,  and  dagr  =  a  day ;  Dul 
Donderdag,  from  dander  =  thunder ;  Sw.  1 
Dan.  Torsdag ;  Ger.  Donnerstag.  The  Roman 
similarly  called  the  day  dies  Jovis  =  the  da; 
of  Jove  or  Jupiter,  the  god  corresponding  t 
the  Scandinavian  Thor;  hence,  ItaL  Giovedi 
FT.  Jeudi.]  The  flfth  day  of  the  week. 

•thurst  (IX  «.    [THIRST.] 

thurst  (2X  «.    [Etym.  doubtful] 

Mining:  The  ruins  of  the  incumbent  strata 
after  the  pillars  and  stalls  are  wrought  out. 

fhus,  adv.  [A.S.  dhus,  prob.  an  instruments 
case  of  d*«  =  this;  cf.  0.  a  thus  =  this 
thius,  instrumental  case  of  thesa  —  this  ;  O 
Fris.  (AtM;  Dan.  dus.]  [THIS.] 

1.  In  this  manner. 

(1)  Pointing  to  something  present  and  In 
Tlew ;  generally  accompanied  with  a  gesture 
explaining  the  meaning. 

44  I  extend  my  hand  to  him  (Auf.14— SAoietp.  : 


(2)  Pointing   to  something  which  follows 
Immediately. 

"  Reason  HIIU  with  Ille." 
Shaketp.  :  Jieatunfor  J/otwure-.  lit  L 

(3)  Pointing  to  something  which  has  pre- 
ceded, or  has  been  said. 

"  Why  hut  them  Una  dealt  with  n>  f—  iui«  U.  a. 

2.  Pointing  to  something  following  as  an 
effect  or  result;  accordingly,    consequently, 
therefore,  so. 

"  nuM  we  ape  agreed." 
Mofc-lp.  :  Antony  *  Cbopatra,  ii.  «. 

3.  Denoting  degree  or  quality  ;  so  ;  to  this 
extent  or  degree. 

"I  am  Oua  bold  to  pat  your  grace  In  mind." 

S»/li<»;n  :  KKkard  111.,  IT.  *. 

II  Thtafar  :  So  far  ;  to  this  point  or  degree. 

44  Tttul/aryou  shall  answer." 

Shakap.  :  Cymbftine,  1.  1 

thus,  ».  [Lat.]  Frankincense  (q.v.).  Also 
applied  to  the  resin  of  the  spruce-fir. 

Thus  neT-da,  s.     [Scandinavian  (?)  female 
name.] 
Astron.  :  [ASTEROID,  219]. 

thus  -sock,  «.    [TnssocK.] 
thu'-ya,  s.    [THUJA.] 
thu  y  tea,  ».    [TIIUITES.] 

thwack,  r.t.  [A  variant  from  Mid  Eng. 
thakken  =  to  stroke  ;  A.  S.  thmxian  =  to  stroke  ; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  thjokka  =  to  thwack,  to 
thump.)  [WHACK.] 

1.  To  strike  with  something  flat,  blunt  and 
heavy  ;  to  bang,  to  thump,  to  beat,  to  thrash. 

"  Here's  be  that  WM  wont  to  fAwoofc  our  general"— 
.  .  Coriotamu.  i».  6. 


•2.  To  slap,  to  dash. 

44  He  fAuucti  fourteene  scriptures  into  the  margent." 
—  Bp.  Ball  :  Apoloffie  against  Brown***. 

thwilck,  «.  [THWACK,  ».]  A  heavy  blow 
with  something  blunt  and  hard  ;  a  thump,  a 
bang. 

"After  plenty  of  ludicrous  distress.  «a  well  al  many 
•  eeriosis  (AW*.  the  Danes,  who  seemed  rei^atedly  to 
be  on  the  eve  of  victory,  were  at  last  overcome,"— 
t  :  Pieurlmt  Silt.  £ng..  IL  876. 


thwack'-er,  «.  [Eng.  ttwocJt,  v.  ;  -er.1  One 
who  or  that  which  beats  or  thwacks. 
[TBWACKINO-FRAUE.] 

thwack'-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [THWACK,  v.] 

thwacklng-framc,  s. 

Tile-making:  A  table  with  a  curved  top, 
npon  which  a  half-dried  pantile  is  beaten  to 
form.  The  tool  by  which  the  upper  side  is 
beaten  has  the  shape  of  the  segment  of  a 
cylinder,  and  is  called  the  thwacker. 

thwaltc,  >.  [Icel.  thnil,  thveitl  =  a  piece  or 
parcel  of  land,  from  the  same  root  as  A.S. 
tlimtan  =  to  chop,  to  cnt  off.]  [THWITE.]  In 
the  North  of  England  a  parcel  of  ground  re- 
claimed and  converted  to  tillage.  Tkwaite 
occurs  frequently  as  the  second  element  In 
place  names  in  the  Lake  district,  as  Cross- 
thwaite,  Appletfamitc,  &c. 

thwalte,  «.    [TWAITE  (1).] 

thwart,  "  thwert,  adv.,  a.,  prep.,  &  a.  [Icel 
thrert,  neut.  of  threrr  =  across,  transverse  ; 
cogn.  with  Dan.  tvcer  (a.)  =:  transverse  ;  tvasrt 
=  across  ;  8w.  (ror=  cross,  unfriendly  ;  trdrt 


==  rudely  ;  Dut  dwars  =  cross,  crossly  ;  A.i 
thweorh  =  perverse,  transverse ;  M.  H.  Ge 
dwerch,  tvxrch;  Ger.  zwerch  —  across,  awr 
obliquely  ;  Goth,  thwairhs  =r  cross,  angry.] 

A.  As  adv.:  Transversely,  obliquely,  across 
athwart 

44  Whether  <A*»rr  or  flatly  it  did  lyte.- 

•B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Transverse,  oblique ;  lying  or  being  across 
something  else. 

44  The  slant  lightning  whose  thwart  flame  driv'n  dow 
Kindles  the  gummy  bark  of  r.r  or  pine." 

Milton  .•/>./-,  X.  1,076. 

2.  Perverse,  obstinate,  cross-grained. 

44  Hla  herto  dho  wurdh  rAtwrt." 

Omaii  t  Ex-Hint,  S.DM. 

*  C.  As  prep. :  Across,  athwart 

44  Thtfart  her  horse,*4       Sptnler:  F.  o,,  IIL,  Til.  43. 

*D.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Opposition,  defiance. 


2.  Naut. :    One  of  the  transverse  plank 
which  keep  the  sides  of  a  boat  asunder,  like 
the  beams  of  a  ship,  and  serve  as  seats  fo 
the  rowers.    They  are  placed  about  two  fee 
ten  inches  apart,  from  centre  to  centre,  in 
single-banked  boats,  and  three  feet  in  double 
banked  boats. 

"  Th«  Indians  made  us  exceedingly  comfortable  by 
arranging  blankets  on  the  bottom  of  the  boats,  wit] 
the  thtonru  well  covered  with  wrape  for  a  back."— 
Bcrtbntr'i  Magattne,  Aug..  1877,  p.  491 

thwart-hawse,  adv. 

Naut. :  Across  the  hawse. 

thwart,  •  thwert,  r.<.  &  i.    [THWART,  adv.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  1 .  To  place  or  pass  across  ;  to  cross. 

"  Swift  as  a  shooting  star 
In  antnmn  [JiiearU  the  night" 

ilitKm:  P.L.,  iv.tsr. 

*  2.  To  cross. 

"  With  their  tltmrtcd  ten  npou  their  monuments.* 
— nuia-:  C*urd>  But..  IIL  Uull. 

3.  To  cross,  as  a  purpose ;  to  frustrate  or 
defeat ;  to  traverse. 

"  A  greater  power  than  we  can  contradict 
Hath  thioartrd  our  intent* ;  come,  come  away." 
Sltalcaf. :  Samn  t  Julia,  v.  «. 

•B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  go  or  move   crosswise,  across,  or 
obliquely. 

2.  To  be  In  opposition  ;  to  be  opposed. 

14  It  la  easy  to  be  imagined  'what  reception  any  pro- 
position shall  end.  that  shall  at  ail  thmrt  with  these 
internal  oraclee."— Lock*. 

3.  To  be  perverse. 

"  Such  shields  tooke  the  name  Clypel.  1.  chased  and 
engraven,  not  in  the  old  wurd  in  LAtlne  Cluere  which 
slgnifieth  to  fight,  or  to  bee  well  reputed.  M  our 
thionrtiny  grammarians  would  with  tlieir  subtile  s.<- 
phlstrfe  seeme  to  etymologize  and  derive  It"—  P. 
Sotianet :  I'llnir.  bk.  xxxr.  ch.  iii. 

thwarf-er,  ».    [Eng.  thwart;  •er.J 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  thwarts,  frus- 
trates, or  defeats. 

2.  A  disease  In  sheep,  Indicated  by  shaking, 
trembling,  or  convulsive  motions. 

ihwarf-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    [THWABT,  r.] 

A.  &B.  Aspr.par.fparticip.adj. .-(Seethe 
verb)i 

C.  At  STitst. :  The  act  of  one  who  thwarts  ; 
a  frustrating. 

" The  thvartlngt  of  yonr dispositions." 

Skatotp.  :  Cariotania,  IU. «. 

thwarf -tag-lf,  adv.  [Eng.  IkwaMng  ;  -Jy.) 
In  a  thwarting  manner ;  so  aa  to  thwart ;  in 
opposition. 

thwart'-lfr,  adv.  [Eng.  thvart;  -fy.]  Ins 
thwart  manner ;  In  opposition  ;  crossly,  per- 
versely. 

41  Judging?  so  tfitoartly.' 
Ka\t,  in  Haitian* :  KtJormaOm,  p.  na, 

thwart'-ness,  «.  [Eng.  thwart;  -n«s.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  thwart;  per- 
verseness,  nntowardness. 

thwart'-ship,  a.    [Eng.  thwart,  and  Mp.} 
Naut. :  Lying  across  the  vessel. 

thwarf -ships,  adv.    [THWARTSHIP.] 
Naut. :  Across  the  vessel. 

thwite,  "  thwitte,  •  thwyte,  ».t  [A.S. 
thii-ttan.]  To  cut  or  clip  with,  or  as  with  a 
knife. 

"  A  Carroll  eie  must  be  had  In  Ousting  *  sharpning 
the  graffe  or  impe.*— P.  ffotiand:  I'linU.  bk.  i^ii. 


•thwit-el,  s.    (A.  8.,  from 
A  knife,  a  whittle. 


=  to  cut; 


"  A  Soefleld  ttiKilel  bare  he  In  hi*  hoee.' 

Ctauwr:  0.  T.,  S.M1 

*  th  wit-  ten,  pa.  par.  or  a.    (THWITE.  ] 

thwit-tle,  v.t.  [A  frequent,  from  thwitt  (q.vA  1 
To  whittle  (q.v.). 

*thw8ng,  t.  [A.S.  thwang.]  A  thong  » 
strap. 

thworl,  thworle,  ».    [WHORL.] 

$hy,  a.  [A  shorter  form  of  THINE  (q.T.VI  Oi 
or  pertaining  to  thee  ;  relating  to  thee  •  tli» 
possessive  pronoun  of  the  second  pcrsui. 
singuhu*. 

"  Who'll  weep  tor  »»  deficiency  f 

Tennyion:  Tm  I'oieef 

thy-a-tir'-a,  «.  [Lat  =  an  ancient  city  U 
Mysia  in  Asia  Minor  (?)  (Acts  xri.  14  ;  Rev 
ii.  18.).] 

Entom.  :  A  genns  of  Noctuina,  family  Noc- 
tnobombycidaj.  Antenna  rather  short,  pu 
bescent  ;  abdomen  long,  "  rather  slender 
Larva  not  hairy.  Two  British  species: 
Thyatira  derasa,  the  Buff-arches,  and  T 
Satis,  the  Peach-blossom  Moth. 

Thy-Ss-tS-an,  a.  [Lat  thytsteus.  See  def.  1.J 

1.  Lit.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  Thyestes,  the 
son  of  Pelops  and  brother  of  Atreus,  who  slew 
his  two  nephews,  Tantalus  and  Pleisthenes, 
and  served  their  flesh  to  their  father,  who 
partook  of  the  dreadful  meaL 

2.  Fig.  :  Cannibal. 

44  Did  not  popular  rumour  charge  them  with  noc- 
turnal orgies  and  Thgntftn  least*  ?  '—Farrar  •  Xarlt 
Daft  «/  Chriuiamts/,  ch.  Iv. 

thy'-ine,  o.  [Or.  Kim  (fhulnos)  =  of  or 
belonging  to  the  tree  tfuio.  [THUJA.]  (8e» 
etym.  &  compound.)] 

thyine  wood,  «.  A  kind  of  wood  ({,;*«• 
Qvivov)  (xidan  thuinon)  mentioned  in  Rev. 
xviii.  12  as  one  of  the  articles  in  which  the 
mystic  Babylon  dealt.  It  was  mentioned 
also  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  the  lattei 
calling  it  Citrus.  It  was  used  for  furniture 
and  for  decorative  purposes,  and  was  probably 
Caltitris  guadrivaleis. 

thy'-la-9ine,  s.    [THVLACIJTOB.] 

Zool.  :  Thylacinus  cynocephalus,  from  Ne» 
Zealand,  the  largest  predaceons  marsupial  no* 
living.  It  is  a  little  smaller  than  a  wolf  dog 
like  in  form  ;  head  elongated,  muzzle  pointed 
ears  moderate,  erect,  triangular.  Colour  gray 
ish-brown,  with  a  series  of  transverse  black 
bands  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  back  and  loins  , 
fur  short  and  closely  applied  to  the  skin  ;  tai) 


THYLACINE. 


of  moderate  length,  thick  at  the  base  and  ta- 
pering towards  the  apex,  clothed  with  short 
hair.  These  animals  are  semi-plantigrade,  walk- 
Ing  partly  on  the  toes  and  partly  on  the  soles 
of  the  feet  They  are  very  destructive  to  sheep, 
and  for  that  reason  the  settlers  have  almost 
exterminated  them  in  the  more  thickly  popu- 
lated parts  of  the  island,  but  they  still  find 
shelter  in  the  rocky  glens  of  the  mountainous 
region.  Called  also  Tiger-Wolf,  Zebra-Wolf, 
and  Tasmania  n  Wolf  or  Hyeena. 

hy  la-ci'  nus,  s.    (Gr.  *i!*<uto?  (thulakos)  = 
a  bag,  a  sack,  and  cvup  (!:unn)  =  a  dog.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Dasyuridge  (in  classifica- 
tions in  which  that  family  is  sub-divided,  of 
Dasyurinse),  with  one  living  species,  Thyla- 
cirttw  cynocephalus,  from  Tasmania,  though 
recent  fragments  of  Itones  and  teeth  show 
that  an  allied  species  formerly  inhabited  the 
mainland  of  Australia.  The  marsupial  I'ones 
are  represented  only  by  small  unossifled  fibre- 
cartilages,  and  the  pouch  (traces  of  which  are 
more  obvious  in  the  male  thau  in  other  mar- 
supials), nnlike  that  of  the  kangaroos,  opens 
backwards.  The  female  produces  four  young 
at  a  birth. 


tSte,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  cur,  role,  full;  try,  Syrian,    te,  09  =  ej  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


thylacoleo— thymyl 


4717 


Uiy-la-cd'-lS-O,   *•     tGr.  oVAoico?  (thulakos) 
:=  a  pouch,  a  sack,  and  ASUIK  (Iron)  =  a  lion.] 

PuteojU. :  An  extinct  genus  of  Marsupials 
from  the  post-Tertiary  deposits  of  Australia, 
with  one  species,  Thylacoleo  mrnifex,  of 
which  nothing  but  the  skull  is  known. 
The  dentition  is  extremely  anomalous,  the 
func'jonal  teeth  being  reduced  to  one  pair  of 
large  cutting  incisors  close  to  the  median  line, 
and  one  great,  trenchant,  compressed  pre- 
molar.  It  was  flrst  described  as  a  carnivorous 
marsupial,  and  named  in  accordance  with  its 
presumed  habits  "  as  ono  of  the  fellest  and 
most  destructive  of  predatory  beasts" ;  but,  as 
its  affinities  are  certainly  with  the  Phalan- 
gispdee  and  Macropodidle,  and  its  dentition 
completely  unlike  that  of  any  known  pre- 
daceous  animal,  this  view  has  been  questioned. 
(Pro/.  Flower,  in  Encyc.  Brit.,  xv.  883.) 


•  thy-la-co-theV-I-um,  ».      [Gr.    

(thulalcos)  —  a  pouch,  and  *>)piov  (thlrion)  =  a 
wild  beast.] 

Palaont. :  Owen's  name  for  Amphitherinm 
(q.v.). 

thy-mal'-Ius. ».  [Gr.  W/ioAAw  (thumallm)  = 
an  unidentified  fish  mentioned  by  &\mn 
(N.  A.,  xiv.  2-J).] 

JcMhy.  :  A  genus  of  Salmonidaj,  group  Sal- 
velini  (q.v.),  allied  to  Coregonus,  from  which 
it  is  principally  distinguished  by  its  rayed 
dorsal  fin.  There  are  five  species,  inhabiting 
clear  streams  of  the  north  of  Europe,  Asia, 

•  and  North  America,  of  which  the  best  known 
are  Thymallus  signifer,  the  Poisson  bleu  of  the 
Canadian    voyageurs,  and    T.    vulgaris,    the 
Grayling  (q.v.). 

Chyme  (th  as  t),  *  tyme,  s.     [Fr.  thym; 
Prov.  thime;  Ital.  timo;  Lat.  thymus  (q.v.).] 
Botany  : 

1.  The  genus  Thymus  (q.v.). 

2.  In  com  position,  in  the  word  Water-thyme 
(q.v.). 

thyme-oil,  s. 

1.  Chem. :  A  volatile  oil  obtained  by  distilling 
garden  thyme  with  water.     It  is  colourless  in 
the  fresh  state,  has  a  pleasant  pungent  odour 
and  camphorous  taste,  sp.  gr.  =  '87- '90,  spar- 
ingly soluble  in  water,  easily  in  alcohol  and 
ether,  and  turns  the  plane  of  polarization  to 
the  left.     It  contains  at  least  two  hydrocar- 
bons: thymene,  Ci0H1(),  and  cymene,  CioH14, 
and  an  oxygenated  product,  thymol,  CioHi4O. 

2.  Pharm. :  It  is  a  powerful  local  stimulant, 
which  may  be  used  in  toothache  if  applied  by 
lint  or  cotton.    Mixed  with  olive  oil  or  spirit 
and  camphor,  it  is  a  stimulating  liniment  in 
chronic  rheumatism,  sprains,  bruises,  &C. 

thym'-eid  (th  as  tX  »•    [Eng.  thyme ;  -id.] 

Chem. :  CjiHjjOt  A  product  of  the  action 
of  sunshine  operating  for  several  days  on 
thymoil  contained  in  a  sealed  tube.  It  is 
obtained  pure  by  mixing  equal  weights  of 
thymol!  and  thymoloil  in  alcoholic  solution, 
which  then  assumes  a  blood-red  colour,  and 
deposits  crystals  which  have  a  greenish 
metallic  lustre. 


Bot. :  Belonging  or  relating  to,  or  like  the 
Thyinelacese. 
*  thy-mg-lw'-a  (th  as  t),  ».    [THVMELE.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Thymelaceae 
(q.v.).  Now  made  a  synonym  of  Daphne  (q.v.). 

thy'-mel-o,  «.  [Gr.  »v(ie'Ai)  (ttuw/e)  =  a 
place  of  sacrifice,  an  altar,  a  temple;  «vw 
(thuo)  =  to  sacrifice.) 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Hesperidee.  Antennae 
short,  not  terminating  in  a  hook ;  hinder 
margin  of  tho  fore  wings  rounded  ;  wings 
dark,  with  chequered  spots,  fringes  chequered. 
There  is  one  British  species,  Thymele  alveolus; 
blackish,  tinged  with  green,  and  chequered 
with  creamy-white  Spots.  The  larva  feeds  on 
the  raspberry.  Found  in  moist  places. 
(Stalnton.)  Other  species  are  from  tropical 
America,  &C. 

thy-mel'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  thymeUa), : -ic.]  Of  or 
belonging  to  a  thymela  (q.v.). 

"  There  waa  another  entrance  to  the  thymelic  plat- 
tarw."-D°naldion  :  Tteutre  of  the  Gretki.  p.  m 

thym  -ene  (th  as  t), ».  [Mod.  Lat.  thym(us) ; 
•ene.} 

Chem. :  C10H16.  A  hydrocarbon  belonging 
to  the  camphene  group,  constituting  the  most 
volatile  portion  of  oil  of  garden  thyme.  By 
repeated  distillation  it  is  obtained  as  a  colour- 
less oil,  having  an  agreeable  odour  of  thyme, 
sp.  gr.  -868  at  20°,  boiling  at  160-165°,  and 
deflecting  the  plane  of  polarization  to  the  left. 

thy'-ml-a-teoh-ny  (th  as  t),  «.  [Gr. 
ftififapa  '(thumiama)  =  incense,  and  rexioj 

Med. :  The  art  of  employing  perfumes  in 
medicine.  (Dunglison.) 

thym'-Io  (th  as  t),  o.  [Lat.  thym(us);  Eng. 
suff.  -ic.] 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  thymus 
gland  :  as,  the  thymic  vein. 

thy-mlc'-Io  (th  as  t),  a.   [Formed  from  Eng. 
thymol  (q.v.).]     Derived  from  or  containing 
thymol. 
thymlcio-acid,  «.    [THYMOTIC-ACID.] 


thy-me-la,  t.    [Gr.  9vj«Ai  (thumeK)  =  a  place 
f«  sacrifice  ...  a  platform,  au  orchestra.] 

Greek  Antiq. :  An  elevation,  in  the  form  of 
an  altar,  in  the  centre  of  the  orchestra  of  a 
Greek  theatre,  on  which  the  leader  of  the 
chorus  stood. 

thy-me-la'-ce-a).  thy-me'-le-te  (th  as  t), 

i.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  thymeUfea);  Lat.  fern.  pi. 
adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Hot.  :  Daphnads  ;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Daphnales.  Stem  shrubby, 
rarely  herbaceous,  with  a  tenacious  bark. 
Leaves  exstipuiate,  entire.  Flowers  capitate 
or  spiked,  terminal,  or  axillary,  often  en- 
closed in  an  involucre.  Calyx  tubular, 
coloured,  the  limb  four-  or  five-cleft ;  corolla 
wanting,  or  reduced  to  scale-like  petals  on 
the  orifice  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  eight,  four, 
or  two ;  style  one  ;  stigma  undivided  ;  ovary 
one-celled,  with  a  single  pendulous  ovule  ; 
fruit  hard,  dry,  nut-like  or  drupaceous. 
Found  in  South  America,  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  and  Australia,  the  cooler  parts  of 
India,  and  in  Europe.  The  bark  is  caustic. 
Known  genera  thirty-eight;  species  300. 

thy  mo-la'  c.e-ou8  (or  ccous  as  shus,  th 

as  tj,  a.    [THYMELACE.*;.] 


thy'-md-n  (th  as  t),  «.  [Eng.  thymo(l);  •«.] 
Chem. :  C12H16O2.  Obtained  by  distilling 
thymol  in  presence  of  sulphuric  acid  and 
manganic  peroxide.  It  comes  over  as  a  yellow 
oil,  which  may  be  puritied  by  crystallization 
from  ether-alcohol.  It  forms  reddish-yellow 
four-sided  shining  laminae,  having  an  aromatic 
odour.  It  is  heavier  than  water,  only  spar- 
ingly soluble  in  alcohol,  easily  in  ether,  melts 
at  48°,  and  boils  at  about  235°. 

thy-mp-iT-a-mide  (th  as  t),  «.  [Eng. 
thymoil,  and  amide.} 

Chem. :  CiaHls(NH2)O.  Formed  by  the 
action  of  dry  ammonia  gas  on  fused  thymoil. 
It  is  obtained  as  a  dark  red  uncrystallizable 
mass,  hard  and  brittle,  but  softens  at  100°,  so 
that  it  may  be  drawn  into  threads.  Is  soluble 
in  alcohoL 

th*-m6-H'-Io  (th  as  t),  a.  [Eng.  thymoil; 
-ic.}  Contained  in  or  derived  from  thymoil 
(q.v.). 

thy  moilic  acid,  >. 

Chem. ;  C^H^Oio.  The  product  of  the 
oxidation  of  thymoil  by  the  action  of  the  air 
in  presence  of  potash.  The  potassium  salt  of 
the  acid  which  is  formed  is  exhausted  with 
alcohol  and  decomposed  with  hydrochloric 
acid.  The  acid  is  then  obtained  in  dingy 
yellow  uncrystallizable  flocks  sparingly  so- 
luble in  water. 
thy-mo'-al-Sl  (th  as  t),  a.  [Eng.  thymoil;  -ol.] 

Chem. :  CujH^Oo.  A  substance  obtained 
by  exposing  thymoil  contained  in  a  sealed 
tube  to  the  action  of  sunshine  for  a  period  of 
several  days.  Recrystallized  from  alcohol,  it 
is  obtained  in  small,  four-sided  prisms,  which 
are  inodorous  and  tasteless,  dissolve  spar- 
ingly in  water,  easily  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
melt  at  145°,  and  distil  without  decomposi- 
tion at  290°. 

thym -61  (th  as  t),  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  fhym(u>); 
-ol.} 

Chem.  :  C10H13HO.  Thymylic  hydrate, 
thymylic  alcohol,  thymylic  acid,  thymio  acid. 
The  oxygenated  constituent  of  thyme-oil  and 
a  homoloyue  of  phenol,  obtained  from  thyme 
oil  by  fractional  distillation,  passing  over 


chiefly  between  225°  and  235°.  Purified  by 
recrystallization  from  alcohol,  it  is  obtained 
in  transparent  rhomboidal  plates.  It  has 
a  mild  odour  and  aromatic  taste,  a  specific 
gravity  =  1*0285  in  the  solid  state,  and  does 
not  act  on  polarized  light,  melts  at  44°,  and 
boils  at  about  2305.  It  is  almost  insoluble  in 
water,  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  strong 
acetic  acid,  and  forms  several  substitution  de- 
rivatives by  the  action  of  bromine  or  chlorine 
in  the  presence  of  sunshine.  Thymol  is  an 
antiseptic  and  disinfectant,  and  is  largely  em- 
ployed in  the  Listerian  system. 

thy-mot'-Io  (th  as  t),  a.    f  From  Eng.  thymol 
(q.v.).]    Derived  from  or  containing  thymoL 

thymotic  acid,  s. 

Chem.:  CnHuOs-^CioHMO'CO^  Thymyl- 
carbonic  acid.  Prepared  by  heating  thymol 
with  sodium  in  a  flask  through  which  a  stream 
of  carbonic  anhydride  is  passed,  thymyl  car- 
bonate and  thymotate  of  sodium  being  formed. 
From  the  latter,  hydrochloric  acid  throws 
down  thymotic  acid  in  colourless  flocks.  It 
is  purified  by  distillation  with  water,  and  is 
obtained  as  a  white,  loosely-coherent,  crystal- 
line mass  with  silky  lustre.  It  is  nearly  in- 
soluble in  cold  water,  melts  at  120°,  dissolve* 
in  ferric  chloride  with  line  blue  colour,  the 
same  colour  being  immediately  produced  in 
its  neutral  solutions. 

thym'-i-tide  (th  as  tX  >•  [Eng.  thymot(ic); 
-ide.} 

Chem. :  CuHijOj.  Produced  by  the  action 
of  peutachloride  of  phosphorus  on  thymotic 
acid.  It  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in  white 
microscopic  needles,  which  melt  at  187°. 

thy'-mus  (th  as  t),  ».  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat. 
thymus,  thymum;  Gr.  SiVos,  Wjio»  (thumoa, 
thumon)  =  thyme,  from  9iiio  (thud)  =  to  sacri- 
fice, either  from  its  fragrance  or  because  it 
was  burnt  on  altars.] 

Bot. :  Thyme;  a  genus  of  Origanldse  (q.v.). 
Small,  often  hoary,  much-branched,  highly- 
aromatic  shrubs.  Leaves  small,  entire,  often 
with  revolute  margins  ;  flowers  whorled  or 
capitate ;  calyx  with  ten  to  thirteen  ribs,  tubu- 
lar, two-lipped,  the  upper  lip  three-toothed, 
the  lower  one  bifid,  the  throat  hairy  ;  corolla 
with  the  upper  lip  erect,  nearly  plane,  the 
loweronepatentand  trifld ;  stamens  diverging, 
anther  cells  at  flrst  nearly  parallel,  afterwards 
diverging  ;  the  connective,  sub-triangular, 
small  nuts  nearly  smooth.  Known  species 
forty  from  the  temperate  parts  of  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere.  No  American  species.  Thymut 
SerpyUum,  the  Wild-thyme,  is  prostrate,  with 
oblong  or  ovate,  entire,  obtuse,  petiolalc 
leaves,  more  or  less  ciliated  at  the  base ;  floral 
leaves  similar;  flowers  purple.  The  Lemon 
or  Lemon-scented  thyme  (T.  citriodons)  is  a 
variety  of  T.  Serpyllum,  cultivated  in  gardens 
for  its  agreeable  smell.  T.  Chamcedrys,  formerly 
regarded  as  distinct,  is  now  placed  under  it  as 
a  sub-species.  It  is  used  in  India  in  diseases 
of  the  eyes  and  stomach,  and  on  the  Chenab 
as  a  vermifuge.  T.  vulgaris  is  Garden  Thyme. 
It  is  a  small  much-branched  shrub,  a  native 
of  the  southern  countries  of  Europe,  from 
Portugal  to  Greece.  It  is  a  pungent  aromatic, 
much  used  in  cookery. 

thymus  gland,  ». 

Anat. :  An  elongated,  glandular-like  body, 
with  two  lobes  which  touch  each  other, 
situated  partly  in  the  thorax,  partly  in  the 
lower  region  of  the  neck.  It  reaches  its 
greatest  size  at  about  the  second  year  of  life, 
then  ceases  to  grow,  and  finally  dwjndles  into 
a  mere  vestige.  It  is  supposed  to  be  in  some 
way  connected  with  the  elaboration  of  the 
blood  in  infancy.  Its  name  refers  to  its  re- 
semblance to  the  flowers  of  thyme. 

thym'-y  (thast),  a.  [Eng.  (hymte);  -y.]  O1 
the  nature  of  or  abounding  with  thyme; 
hence,  fragrant. 

"  T»»m»  "lope  uid  woody  covert. 
Where  the  cuckoo  hymned  the  May. 
Blackie :  Layl  of  Highland*  t  Itlandt,  p.  1. 

thym'-yl  (th  as  t),  ».    [Eng.  thynt^ol) ;  -yl.] 

Chem. :  CioHjs.    The  radical  of  thymol  and 
its  derivatives. 
thymyl  sulphuric  acid,  >. 

Chem. :  Ci0Hi4HbO4.  Sulphothymic  acid. 
Formed  by  the  action  of  oil  of  vitriol  on 
thymol.  Its  aqueous  solution  evaporated  in 
a  vacuum  crystallizes  in  translucent  pearly 
tables  or  prisms,  which  are  very  soluble  if 


Mil,  boy;  pfiut.  J<fiW;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  fhln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect, 
-«ian,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -sion  =  zhun.   -oious,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.   -  wo, 


4718 


thymylic—  tiara 


water.    With  bases  it  forms  a  series  of  crystal 
line  compounds. 

thy  my  1  -ic  (th  as  t),  a.     [Eng.  thymyl ;  -ic. 
Contained  iu  or  derived  from  thymol  (q.v.). 

thymylic  acid,  alcohol,  or  hydrate 
*.  ITHYMOL.J 

ttyn  nich  -thys,  a.  [Gr.  fvnot  (thunnos)  = 
a  tunny  (q.v.),  anil  ;*««  (ichthus)  =  i,  fish.) 

Ichthy.  *  Poloeont. :  A  genus  of  Cyprinidw 
group  Cypriniua,  with  three  species,  from  tht 
East  Indies.  Specimens  have  been  found  in 
the  Miocene. 

*  thyn'  nl-dfB,  >.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  </>y»n(iu),  2 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -Wir.) 

Entom. :  An  old  family  of  Fossorial  Hymen- 
optera,  now  merged  iu  Sapygidie. 

«tyn-nus,  >.    [Lat,  from  Gr.  «,Woi  (thun- 
nos)  =  the  tunny  (q.v.),  from  &VVM  (thuno) 
to  rush  fast,  t->  dart  along.] 

1,  Ichthy.  dtPoloiont.  r  Agennsof  Scombridw, 
with  several  species,  ranging  over  tropical 
and  temperate  .seas.  First  dorsal  continuous, 
spines  feeble  ;  from  six  to  nine  (inlets  behind 
the  dorsal  and  anal ;  scales  of  pectoral 
crowded,  forming  a  corselet;  a  longitudinal 
keel  on  each  side  of  the  tail.  Several  specie*), 
abundant  in  the  Mediterranean  and  in  nil 
warm  seas,  and  occasional  visitors  to  our 
shores.  TliyiLnw  or  Orcynus  Ihi/nma,  the  Tunny, 
Is  a  flsh  often  feet  or  more  in  length.  Not 
uncommon  in  Eocene  and  Miocene  formations. 
*  2.  Bntirm. :  A  genus  of  Thynnidee  (q.T.). 

thyr-fr-o-  (yr  as  ir),  prtf.    [THYBO-.] 

thyr-S-Sp-ter-i -nn>  (yr  as  IT),  t.  pi.  [Pref. 
thyno- ;  Gr.  mpor  (pteron)  =  a  feather,  a 
wing,  and  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -intz.] 

Entom.:  A  suh-thmily  of  Truncstipennse 
(q.v.X  They  seek  their  prey  upon  or  under 
the  bark  of  trees  where  small  insects  abound. 

thyr-6-,  (yr  as  ir),  pref.  [Gr.  9vp<o5  (Oiureos) 
—  a  door-stone,  a  large,  oblong  shield,  shaped 
like  a  door ;  Wpa  (thura)  ~  a  door.]  Shaped 
like  a  door  ;  oblong. 

thyro-hyals,  >.  pi. 

Anat.  :  The  great  cornua  of  the  hyotd  bone. 
They  project  backwards  from  its  sides  and 
end  in  rounded  extremities. 

thyro-hyold,  a. 

Aunt.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  hyoid  bone 
»nd  the  thyroid  axis. 

Thyro-hyoid  arch : 

EmbryoL  :  The  third  of  the  branchial  arches, 
or  pliaryngeal  plates.  It  is  related  to  the 
formation  of  the  lower  or  great  cornua  and 
the  ltody  of  the  hyoid  bone,  and  corresponds 
with  the  first  true  branchial  arch  of  amphibia 
and  fishes. 

thyr  oid,  thyr'-e  old  (yr  as  ir),  o.  [Pref. 
wyro-,  thyrto,  and  Gr.  elooc  (eidot)  —  form.] 

Anat. :  Of  an  oblong  form ;  shaped  like  an 
Oblong  shield. 

thyroid-body,  t. 

Anat. :  A  soft,  reddish  and  highly-vascular 
organ,  consisting  of  two  lateral  lobes  united 
by  their  lower  ends  by  a  transverse  portion 
called  the  isthmus.  It  forms  a  rounded  pro- 
jection upon  the  trachea  and  the  larynx.  It 
is  one  of  the  vascular  glands,  or  glands  with- 
out ducts.  Its  function  is  unknown. 

thy roid  cartilages,  .<.  pL 

Anat.:  Two  flat  lateral  plates,  continuous 
in  front,  forming  a  narrow  angle  like  the  letter 
V.  In  the  male  it  is  called  Adam's  apple. 

thyroid-gland,  ».    [THYROID-BODY.] 

thy-roid'-e-al,  a.  [Eng. thyroid, ; -eal.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  the  thyroid  gland  or 
cartilage. 

thy-rSp'-ter-a,  «.  [Gr.  Su'oa  (thura)  =  n 
door,  and  irrepov  (pteron)  =  a  wing.) 

ZooL :  A  genus  of  Vespertilionidte  (q.v.), 
forming  a  separate  group  of  that  family  (Dob- 
ion:  Gated.  Chir.,  p.  553).  Muzzle  elongated, 
slender;  crown  cone  considerably  elevated 
above  the  foreliead  ;  nasal  apertures  circular ; 
ears  funnel-shaped  ;  bases  of  ttie  thumbs  and 
soles  of  the  feet  with  highly  specialized 
organs  in  the  shape  of  hollow  suctorial  discs. 
There  is  but  one  species,  TKymptem  tricolor, 
from  Brazil.  It  is  a  small  l>at,  with  mode- 
rately long,  dense  for,  reddish-brown  above 


and  below,  except  In-east  and  abdomen,  whicl 
are  pale  yellowish  white. 

thyr  sa-can  thus,  >.    [Lat.  thyrsfus),  an< 
acanthus  (q.v.).] 

But.  :  A  genus  of  Gendarusseee.  Tropica 
American  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  large  leaves 
and  a  long  raceme  of  fascicled  or  cyrnose 
flowers. 

*  thyrse,  >.    [THYRSUS.] 
thyrse-flower,  i. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Tliyrsacanthus  (q.T.) 

thyrs'-I-form,  a.    [Lat.  thyrsus  and  forma  = 
form.) 

Bot. :  Resembling  a  thrysus. 

thyr'-si-tef,  s.    [THYRSUS.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Trichiuride  (q.T.),  with 
several  species  from  tropical  and  sub-tropicaj 
seas.  Body  rather  elongate,  for  the  most  part 
naked  ;  first  dorsal  continuous,  the  spines  are 
of  moderate  length,  and  extend  on  to  the 
second ;  from  two  to  six  flnlets  behind  the 
dorsal  and  anal ;  several  strong  teeth  iu  jaus, 
and  teeth  on  palatine  bones.  The  species 
attain  a  length  of  from  four  to  five  feet,  and 
are  esteemed  as  food  iishes. 

thyr  -sold,  thyr  sold  -al,  a.    [Gr.  WpmK 

(tlmrsos)  =  a  thyrsus,  and  tlSos  (eidos)  =  furin, 
appearance.] 

Bot. :  Having  somewhat  the  form  of  a 
thyrsus. 

thfr'-BU-la,  i.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dlmin.  from  Lat. 
thyrsus  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  A  kind  of  inflorescence  consisting  of  s 
small  cyme  In  the  axil  of  a  leaf.  Occurs  In 
the  Labiates.  v.  b  c  d  6  f 

thyr' -stts  (pi.     *•  ••       A       -     -' 
thyr'  -  si), 
•thyrse,  .«. 
"Lat.,    from    Gr. 


"»  ;e.  A  From  ancient  Bac- 
chatiM tan  VMM  ;  «.  Fran  bat- 
relief  of  Bacchus  received  >>y 
IcaroB  in  the  garden  of  a  rllla 
in  Athens  (ft  fft*rn  bean  the 


ful  Bacchus,  bearingathyrsus, 
**"!  aocouijMniad  by  a  iawu. 


light,    straight 
shaft,  a  stalk.] 

1.  Class.  Antlg.: 
One  of  the  most 
common  attri- 
butes or  emblems 
of   Bacchus    and 
his  followers.    It 
consisted  often  of 
a  spear   or  staff 
wrapped  with  ivy 
and  vine  branches, 

or  of  a  lance  hav-         GROUP  or  THYRSI. 
ing  the  iron  part  „.  p,^  ,  b.,.rall<11  of  ggypt,,. 

thrust     into     a        Roman  work,  time  of  Em|>eriir 
pine  COne.     In  an-        Hadrian  ;  6,   From  a  fragment 

cient   represent*-      ^  *h*TIe«3Dtr«*a*baMaU«filoi' 

tions  it  appeared       Bacchus  with  thyrsus  and  a 

in  various  forms. 
Thyrsi  were  car- 
ried by  the  Bac- 
chanals in  their 
hands,  when  cele- 
brating the  orgies 
of  Bacchus. 

"  Bound  about  him.  fair  Bacchantes, 
Bearing  cymbals,  flutes,  and  thyrtet* 

Longfetlrno:  Drinking  Bony. 

2.  Bot. :  A  kind  of  inflorescence  consisting 
of  a  panicle,  the  principal  diameter  of  which 
is  in  the  middle  between  the  base  and  the 
apex  ;  a  compact  panicle,  the  lower  branches 
of  which  are  shorter  than  those  in  the  middle. 
It  is  at  first  centripetal  and  afterwards  centri- 
fugal.   Example,  the  Lilac. 

Jiy-sa'-nl-a,  ».  [Gr.  Ovo-ovo;  (thusanos)  = 
fringe.) 

Entom. :  Part  of  the  old  genus  Noctua  =  tlie 
Erebus  of  Latreille. 

b.y'-sa-nSp-ter,  s.  [THYSANOPTERA.]  Any 
individual  of  the  Thysanoptera  (q.v.). 

thy-sa-nSp'-ter-a,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
Gr.  6Wai<o?  (thvganos)  =  a  fringe,  and  irrepoc 
(pteron)  =  a  wing.] 

Entom. :  Haliday's  name  for  the  group  more 
generally  known  as  Physopoda  (q.v.). 

thy-sa  -niir'-a,  ».  pi.    [Gr.  favam  (thusanos) 

—  fringe,  and  oupa  (oura)  =  a  tail.] 

1.  Entomology: 

*  (1)  An  order  of  Insect*  founded  by 
Latreille,  embracing  Thysanura  Genuina  f(2)l 
and  Collembola  (q.v.). 


(2)  According  to  Lubbock,  an  order  of  If- 
sec-U,  while  otlier  authors  make  them  a  triW 
of  a  larger  order  [(!)].  Antenna  long,  many 
Jointed,  tarsi  from  two  to  four  Joints,  man- 
dibles  and  maxillse  more  or  less  exposed 
maxillary  palpi  often  long;  labium  more  ot 
less  cleft  in  front;  prothmax  large;  some  o( 
the  abdominal  segments  bear  pairs  of  apjvud. 
ages,  and  there  are  generally  two  or  thre* 
caudal  bristles.  [COLLEMBOLA.] 

2.  Palaant.  :  Their  remains  are  often  fouui 
in  amber,  which  is  of  Post-Tertiary  date. 

•thy-sa-nur'-I-form.  o.     [Mod.  Lat.  toy. 
sanura,  and  Lat.  forma  =  form.] 

Entom.:  Of  or  belonging  to,  or  resembling 
the  Thysanura  (q.v.).  Used  by  Swainsuu  of  a 
certain  type  of  caterpillars,  having  the  head 
armed  witli  distinct  spines,  funning  a  i-H'at 
round  its  hinder  part,  or  divided  into  two 
hornlike  points  ;  the  extremity  of  the  body 
also  terminating  iu  two  pointed  processes. 
Examples,  the  larvm  of  the  large  Nymphalidsc 
of  Tropical  America,  Hippuchie,  ic. 

thy-self,   'thl-self,    «  thy-selfe,    pmn 

[Lng.  thy,  and  self.}    A  reflexive  pronoun  used 
after  thou.  (expressed  or  understood),  to  mark 
distinction  with  emphasis. 
"  Tbeae  am  thy  gloriou.  worka.  Parent  of  good, 
Almighty,  thine  this  universal  lr»inc. 
Tlim  wolulrous  fair;  thyiel/  how  wondrous  tbtDl" 
..  JlllKm:  f.  J..  ».  lit. 

ti,  s.    [Native  name.] 
Botany  : 

L  CordyUne  T{,  formerly  Draar.no,  term*. 
nalis,  a  small  liliaceous  tree  about  twelve  feet 
high,  a  native  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific.  IU 
great  woody  roots  when  baked  become  sw»et 
and  nutritious.  When  boiled  it  furnishes  a 
syrup  used  as  a  substitute  for  sugar.  When 
the  roots  are  bruised,  mixed  with  water,  mid 
fermented,  they  form  an  intoxicating  beverage, 
and  when  distilled,  an  ardent  spirit  Tlie 
stems  are  used  for  fences,  and  the  leaves  as 
thatch  for  houses.  They  are  also  eaUjn  br 
cattle,  sheep,  and  goats.  [CALODBACON.] 

2.  CordyUne  australis  and  C.  indivisa.  (Ke» 
Zealand.) 

*tl'-or,  ».  (Fr.  (tore,  from  Lat  tiara,]  Atiiua. 

"  Of  beaming  sunny  ray§.  a  golden  tiar, 
Clrclatt  hu  head.''        MUton:  /'.  L.,  UL  63*. 

ti  ar'-a,  ti-a'-ra,  s.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  rtifa, 
riopot  («iora,  tiarai)  =  the  Persian  head-dress 
worn  on  gn«t  oc- 
casions. Skeat 
suggests  a  deriva- 
tion from  Pers. 
tdjvar  =  a  crown, 
a  diadem.] 

1.  The  head-cover- 
ing of  the  ancient  /& 
Persians;  thecrown 
of  tlie  ancient  Per- 
sian kings.  These 
alone  had  the  pri- 
vilege of  wearing 
the  tiara  erect  ;  the 
nobilityand  priests 
wore  it  depressed, 
or  turned  down  on 
the  fore  side.  IU 
form  is  described 
variously  by  dif- 


TIARA. 

a.  Example  from  Kliorsabad. 
showing  the  Great  King  of 
Assyria  wearing  the  tiars. 
Over  the  tunic  is  a  cloak  of 
two  pieces,  fringed,  and  cov. 
•  red  with  large  roeettes.  a. 
Ancient  Persian  soldier  wear- 
lug  the  tiara. 


ferent  authors, 

so   that    it    must 

have  varied  at  dif- 

ferent periods.    According  to  Xenophon  It 

was  encompassed  with  the  diadem,  at  tea** 

on  ceremonial  occasions. 

2.  The  triple  crown  worn  by  the  Pope  ot 
certain  occasions  as  a  sign  of  his  temporal 
power,  of  which  it  is  a  badge,  as  the  keys  an 


SUCCESSIVE  FORMS  OP  THE  PAPAL  TIARA. 

of  his  spiritual  jurisdiction.  The  whole  his- 
tory of  the  Papal  Tiara  is  uncertain.  Nicho- 
las I.  (856V-67)  is  said  to  have  been  thl  first 
to  unit*  the  princely  crown  with  tne  niiur 
though  the  Bollaudists  think  this  was  dent 


fits,  fat,  Cre,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire.  «ir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
•r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian.    «e,  ce  -  c ;  ey  =  a;  <ju  =  kw. 


tiaraed— tick 


4719 


before  his  time.  The  common  statement  that 
Boniface  VIII.  (about  1300)  added  the  second 
is  incorrect,  for  Hefele  (Beitrage,  ii.  286  sqq.) 
shows  that  Innocent  III.  is  represented  wear- 
ing the  second  crown  iu  a  painting  older  than 
the  time  of  Boniface.  Urban  V.  (1302-70)  is 
supposed  to  have  added  the  third  crow  a.  In 
its  present  form  the  tiara  consists  of  a  high 
cap  of  cloth  of  gold,  encircled  by  three  ecru- 
nets,  and  surmounted  by  a  mound  and  cross  of 
gold  ;  on  each  side  Is  a  pendant,  embroidered 
and  fringed  Jit  the  end,  and  seme-  of  crosses 
of  gold.  The  tiara  is  placed  on  the  Pope's 
head  at  his  coronation  by  the  second  cardinal 
deacon  in  tlie  loggia  of  St.  Peter's,  with  the 
words  :  "  Receive  the  tiara  adorned  with  three 
crowns,  and  know  that  thou  art  Father  of 
princes  and  kinys,  Ruler  of  the  World,  and 
vicar  of  our  Saviour  Jesus  Christ." 

3.  Hence,  figuratively  used  for  the  papal 
dignity. 

i.  A  crown,  a  diadem. 

"  This  royal  robe,  and  this  tiara,  wore 
Old  Priam,  and  this  golden  sceptre  bore.* 

Dryden  :  t'irgU  ;  *Sneid  vii.  837. 

ti-ar-aed,  ti-ar'-aed,  a.   [Eng.  tiara,;  -ed.} 
Adorned  with  or  wearing  a  tiara. 

ti-a-rid'-I-tim,  ».    [Mod.  Lat.  dimin.,  from 
Horn  (q.v.).] 

Bot,  ;  A  genus  of  Heliotrope*,  akin  to  Helio- 
tropiuin,  but  having  the  tube  of  the  corolla 
angular,  and  two-celled,  mitre-shaped  nuts. 
Tiaridium  indicum  is  an  astringent,  and  is 
used  to  cleanse  ulcers  or  allay  inflammation. 

tl-ar'-is,  s.     [Gr.  riopic  (ttaris),  another  form 
of  Ttopa  (tiara).']    [TiARA.] 

1.  Ornitk.  :    A  genus  of  FrfngjlIMn  with 
one  species,  from  Brazil.    Bill  conical,  entire; 
head  crested  ;  wings  moderate  ;  tail  even  or 
slightly  rounded  ;  feet  moderate. 

2.  ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Afwmidse,  with  three 
species,    from    the   islands   of  the    Eastern 
Peninsula.     Scales  of  the  body  keeled,  those 
of  the  back  unequal  ;  eyebrow  and  parotids 
unarmed. 

*  tib,  s.    [A  contract,  or  corrupt,  of  the  proper 
name  Tabitha.} 

1.  A  low  woman,  a  paramour,  a  prostitute. 

"  Every  colstrel 
That  comes  inquiring  for  his  tU>." 

&uiki-tp.  :  Periclet.  lv.  «. 

2.  The  ace  of  trumps  in  the  game  of  gleek. 
T  (1)  St.  Tib's  Eve  :  An  expression  equivalent 

to  the  "Greek  Calends";  never.  Brewer 
says  that  St.  Tib's  is  a  corrupted  form  of  St. 
Titles,  itself  a  corruption  of  Setubal.  There  is 
no  St.  Ubea  in  the  calendar. 

(2)  Tib  of  the  buttery  :  A  goose.   (Gipsy  cant.) 

(3)  To  tib  out  :  To  go  out  of  bounds.   (School 
ttany.) 

"  When  1  wu  *  boy  I  used  what  they  cftll  to  Mb  out, 
and  ran  down  to  a  public-bonne  in  ClsU-reimi  Lane, 
the  Ked  Cow.  sir."—  Thackeray;  Newcomet,  cb,  xli. 

tib  cat,  s.    A  female  cat. 

•tfb-ert,  *  tjrt>'-«rt,  ».    [Tre.]   An  old  name 

for  a  cat, 

Ti-bet',  Thi-bef  (Th  as  T),  «.    (See  def.J 

Geog.  :  A  region  of  Central  Asia  immediately 

north   of   the  Himalaya   Mountains.      It   is 

i      about  1,400  miles  from  east  to  west,  and  600 

!      from  north  to  south,  and  is  subject  to  China. 

Tibet-cloth,  s. 

1.  A  camlet  or  fabric  made  of  goat's  hair. 

2.  A    fine  woollen  cloth  used   for  ladies' 


Tibet-dog.  Tibet  mastifl;  *. 

Zo»l.  :  A  variety  of  Canu  fawriliaris,  about 

the  size  of  a  Newfoundland  dog,  but  with  a 

head    resembling   that  of  the    mastiff,  and 

;     having  the  flews  large  and   pendent.     The 

;     colour  Is  usually  deep  black,  with  a  bright 

I     brown  spot  over  each  eye  ;  the  hair  is  long, 

i     ami  the  tail  bushy  and  well  curled.    Tins 

;     variety  is  extremely  savage,  and  has   been 

known  from  classic  tiim-s,  when  It  was  em- 

ployed in  the  games  of  the  circus. 

tt-be't'-an,  TM-bet'-an  (Th  as  T),  a.  &  s. 

ISee  def.J 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Tibet  or 
Thibet. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Tibet. 

2.  The  language  of  Tibet. 


FLUTB-P1.AVHR  WITH 


Tibetan  sun-bear,  s. 

Zoo?.:  Ursus  tibetanus.    [SUN-BEAR,  1.J 

Tibetan  water-shrew,  «. 

Zool.  :  NcctogaU  elegans.  It  is  about  eight 
inches  long,  half  of  which  is  occupied  by  the 
tail ;  upper  surface  slate-gray,  lower  parts 
white.  It  has  largely  webbed  feet,  and  is  the 
most  thoroughly  aquatic  of  all  the  Soricidte. 
[NECTOGALE.J 

tlb'-I-a,  s.    [Lat.=  a  pipe,  the  shin-bone.] 

1.  Anat. :  The  shin-bone,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  femur,  the  longest  bone  in  the 
skeleton.      It  is  the  anterior  and  inner   of 
the  two  bones  of  the  leg,  aud  alone  com- 
municates the  weight  of  the  trunk  to  the 
foot.      It    is    slightly    twisted,    and   articu- 
lates   with    the    femur,    fibula,    and    astra- 
galus.    Its  superior  extremity  is  thick  and 
expanded,  with  two  condylar  sur- 
faces supporting  the  femur,  and 

an  external  and  an  internal  tuber- 
osity,  the  shaft  is  three-sided,  the 
inner  surface  convex  and  subcu- 
taneous; the  inferior  is  smaller 
than  the  superior  extremity,  and 
forms  a  thick  process  called  the 
internal  malleolus.  (Qua in..)  The 
tibia  corresponds  with  the  radius 
of  the  arm. 

2.  Entom. ;  The  fourth  joint  of 
the  leg. 

3.  Music :  A  kind  of  pipe, 
common    musical    instru- 
ment among    the  Greeks 
and  Romans.  It  had  holes 
at   proper  intervals,  aud 
was  furnished  with  a 
mouth-piece,    the    perfor- 
mer in  blowing  putting  the  end  of  it  to  his 
mouth.      Two  such  pipes  were  often  blown 
simultaneously  by  the  same  performer. 

"Cross-flute*  were  knowu  to  the  Greeks  by  the  name 
ptagiautot  (n\ayiav\o<;),  aud  to  the  Komana  w  tibia 
obliifua,  both  of  these  terms  leave  no  doubt  ft*  to  their 
nature.  By  the  Romans  tlie  cross-flute  was  some- 
times called  also  tihia  cittca.  the  meaning  of  which  is 
very  doubtful.  Although  tlie  tibia  represented  flutes 
of  all  kinds,  yet  If  a  real  til/in  or  shln-uoue  be  uuule 
liito  a  flute,  it  ia  held  crwesways.  »nd  the  player  blows 
into  a  bole  iu  tbe  mid^."~Stat»er  A  Barrett;  Itict, 
Musical  Term*. 

tib'-I-al,  a.     [Lat.  tf&i(a) ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -al.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  pipe  or  flute  called  a 
tibia. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  tibia  or  shin-bone  :  as, 
the  tibial  artery. 

*  ti-bl9'-In-ate,  v.i.     [Lat.  tibicen,  genit.  tibi- 
cinis=  a  flute-player.]    To  play  on  a  tibia  or 
pipe. 

tib-l-6-f  pref.     [TIBIA.]    Connected  with  the 
tibia. 
tibio  fibular,  a.      Of,  belonging  to,  or 

connected  with  the  tibia  and  the  fibula.  There 
are  tibio-Jtbular  articulations. 

tibio-tarsal,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  tibia  and  the 
tarsus.  (Dunglison.) 

tic,  s.    [Fr.  =  a  bad  habit,  a  convulsive  move- 
ment.] 
PathoL:  Neuralgia, 

tlo  dolorcux,  5. 

PathoL  :  Brow-ague,  or  prosopafgia,  a  com- 
mon form  of  neuralgia,  involving  the  fifth  or 
triueminal  nerve,  usuntty  in  its  ophthalmic 
branch.  A  variety  is  termed  ctavus  hystericus, 
from  the  feeling  aa  of  a  nail  being  driven  into 
the  parts. 

ti-  cal',  s.    [Native  name.] 

1.  A  Siamese  coin,   worth   about   2s,  6*1. 
sterling ;   also  a  weight  equal  to  about  2.,u 
grains  Troy. 

2.  A  Chinese  money  of  accrnnt  of  the  value 
of  al  >ont  6s.  8d.  sterling ;  also  a  weight  equal 
to  about  4J  ounces. 

*tl9Ct*tise,  v.t.   [Acontmct.of  entice (q.v.).] 
To  entice,  to  seduce,  to  allure. 

"What  strong  enchantments  tt«  my  weary  soul  ?" 
Mario**:  1  Tamburlaine  I  2. 

*  tice'-ment,  «.     f  A  contract,  of  enticement 
(q.v.).]     The   act  of   enticing;   enticement, 
allurement. 

ti  chod  -ro  mo,  s.     [Gr.  T«XC*  (tefahos)  =  a 

wall,  and  &poftevs  (dromeus)  —  a  runner.] 


Ortiith.  ;  Wall-creeper  (q.v.);  a  genus  of 
Certhiidae,  with  one  species,  ranging  from 
South  Europe  to  Abyssinia,  Nepaul,  and  the 
north  of  China.  Bill  slightly  curved,  nostrils 
with  membranous  scale.  Wings  long  and 
rounded  ;  tail  rounded,  tip  of  feathers  soft. 

ti'-cho-rhine,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  ticharhlniu, 
from  Gr.  rei^it?  (teiclios)  =  a  wall,  and  pic 
(rAis),  genit-  pivot  (rhinos)  =  the  nose.] 

PalcBont. :  The  English  translation  of  the 
specific  name  of  the  Woolly  Rhinoceros  (R. 
tichorinus),  which  has  reference  to  the  fact 
that  the  nostrils  are  completely  separated  by 
a  bony  septum.  [WOOLLY-RHINOCEROS.] 

tick  (1),  «.     [A  contract,  of  ticket  (q.v.).] 

1.  Credit,  trust. 

"  Play  on  (ic*.  and  lose  the  Indies,  I'll  discharge  It 
ail  to-morrow."—  Dryden  :  Kerning' t  Love,  hi. 

2.  A  score,  an  account. 

*'  Paying  ready  money  that  the  maids  might  not  run 
tic*  at  tlie  market."— Arbuthnot :  John  Bull. 

tick  (2),  *  teke  (1),  *  tike,  *  ttque,  *  tyke, 

B.  [O.  Dut.  teke;  Low  Ger.  teke,take;  Ger. 
2ocA«,  zecke;  Ital.  ucca  ;  Dut.  teek.  From  the 
same  root  as  TAKE  (<i- v.).] 

1.  A  popular  name  for  any  individual  of  tlie 
family  Ixodidse  (q.v.).   They  abound  in  almost 
all  parts  of  the  world,  but  chiefly  in  warm 
countries.    Many  of  them  live  in  woods,  on 
the  branches  of  trees,  but  ready  to  attach 
themselves  to  .animals,  which  sometimes  suffer 
greatly  from  their  attacks.     The  quantity  of 
blood  drawn  from  their  hosts  by  these  little 
pests  is  by  no  means  so  inconsiderable  as  one 
might  imagine  from  their  original  size,  for  their 
skin  is  so  distensible  that  the  gorged  parasite 
increases  to  many  times  its  original  bulk.  Al- 
though generally  confined  to  some  particular 
species  or  group  of  animals,  ticks  occasion* 
ally  attack  man.    (See  extract.) 

"Delegoiyue  «|<eaks  of  some  very  small,  reddish 
ticki  iu  Africa,  which  cover  tlie  clothes  by  thousand!, 
and  produce  distressing  itching.  Others  are  fuiiud  In 
different  parts  of  the  globe,  and  twenty-four  specie* 
have  been  described."— Tan  Benedgn:  Animal  Para- 
tittt,  p.  141 

2.  Bot.:  The  same  as  TICK-BEAN  (q.v.). 

"  There  are  several  vwietlet  of  the  tick-bean  In  cul- 
llvation,  locally  known  under  the  following  names: 
Harrow  tick,  flat  tick,  Ewex  tick,  aud  French  tic*."— 
Morton  ;  Cyclop,  Ayriculturs. 

tick-bean,  *. 

Bot. :  A  variety  of  the  common  bean,  Fdba 
vulgaritt  smaller  in  size.  It  is  used  for  feed- 
ing horses  and  other  animals. 

tick-eater,  *. 

Ornitli. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Croto- 
phaga(q.v.). 

tick-seed,  s. 

Bot. :  A  name  common  to  plants  of  the 
genera  Coreopsis  and  Corispermum. 

tick  (3),  *  teke  (2),  *  ticke,  B.  [Low  Lat. 
techa ;  Lat.  theca  =  a  case,  from  Gr.  0iJK7] 
(tkeke)  =  &  case  to  put  anything  into,  from 
same  I'oot  as  ri0n>u  (tithemi)  =  to  place  ;  Dut. 
tijk;  O.  H.  Ger.  zeiche.] 

1.  Tlie  cover  or  case  for  holding  the  filling 
of  mattresses  and  beds. 

2.  Ticking  (q.v.). 

"  Like  as.  for  quilts,  tick*,  and  mattrasset,  the  flax 
of  tlie  Cadurcl  In  Prance  had  no  follow."— P.  Boiland: 
Plinif,  bk.  xix..  oh.  i. 

tick  (4),  8.    [TICK  (2),  v.]    A  small,  distinct 
noise,  snch  as  that  of  a  going  watch  or  clock. 
"The   leisurely   and   constant  tick  of  the  death- 
watch."— A'd.-/ :  Remain*,  p.  SM. 

tick'tick,  adv.&». 

A.  A»  adv.  :  With  a  sound  resembling  the 
tick  or  beat  of  a  watch  or  clock. 

B.  As  subftt. :  A  tick ;  a  sound  made  like 
that  by  a  watch  or  clock. 

tick  (5),  *  tek,  ».  [Dut  tik  =  a  touch,  a  pat, 
a  tick  ;  tikken  =  to  pat,  to  tick  ;  Low  Ger. 
tikk  =  a  light  touch  with  tlie  tip  of  the  finger. 
A  weakened  form  from  the  same  root  as  TAKE 
(q.v.)-] 
*  1.  A  slight  touch  ;  a  tip. 

"  Tek  or  lytylle  towche.     Tactulut."— Prompt.  Par*. 

2.  A  small  mark  intended  to  direct  atten- 
tion to  something,  or  to  act  as  a  check. 

"  To  put  a  rick  against  the  candidate  he  prefers." — 
Daily  AVw«,  Sept  26,  1895. 

3.  A  game  of  boys  ;  also  called  Tig. 

"By  moonshine,  many  a  nU'ht.  doglve  each  other  chase, 
At  bood-wluk,  barley-lireak,  at  tick,  or  iTiion  bat*. 
Drai/fon  ;  Poly-Otbion,  s.  SO. 


b6fc,  b^;  p^at,  J<fiM;  cat,  ?eU,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  mln,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-tton  =  shan.   -tton,  -Blon  =  shun ;  -tion,  -slon  =  zhnn.   -oious,  -tioua,  -sioiu  =  shu».   -bio,  -die,  &c,  =  bel,  d«l 


4720 


tick— ticorea 


» tick  0),  "-i.    [TICK  (1),  «.] 

1.  To  buy  on  tick ;  to  go  on  trust  or  credit ; 
to  run  a  score. 

*'  I  shall  contrive  to  have  a  quarter  before-hand,  and 
never  let  family  tick  more  fur  victuals,  cloaths,  or 
rent"— Steel* :  Corretpondenct,  If.  477. 

2.  To  give  tick,  credit,  or  trust 

"The  money  went  to  the  lawyers;  counsel  wont 
lick'—Arbuthnot.  aiMt.  John  Bull. 

tick  (2),  v.i.  &  t.    [Of  imitative  origin.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  a  small  distinct  noise  as  a  going 
waf-h  or  clock ;  to  give  out  a  succession  of 
small  sharp  noises. 

2.  To  strike  with  a  small,  sharp  sound,  or 
gently,  as  a  bird  when  picking  up  its  food. 

"  Stand  not  tif  king  and  toying  at  the  branches  nor 
boughs."— Latimvr. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  note  or  mark  as  by  the 
ticks  or  vibrations  of  a  watch  or  clock. 

"  I  do  not  suppose  tbat  the  ancient  clocks  ticked  or 
noticed  tbe  seconds."— Toilet. 

tick  (3\  v.t.  [TICK  (5),  «.]  To  mark  with  or 
as  with  s  tick  ;  to  mark  or  set  a  tick  or  note 
against ;  to  check  by  making  a  small  mark 
against.  (Generally  with  of.) 

ticked,  a.  [Eng.  tick  (5),  s. ;  -ed.]  'Having 
fitirs  of  a  different  colour  from  the  ground, 
but  interspersed  among  the  fur.  [TICKING,  2.] 

tick -en,  s.    [TICKING.] 

tick'-er,  *.    [Eng.  tick  (2),  v. ;  -er.]    A  watch, 

from  the  noise  it  makes  when  going.    (Slang.) 

"  It  you  dont  take  fogies  and  tickert  .  .  .  tome  other 
cove  will."—  Dickeni :  Oliver  Tvitt,  ch.  xviii. 

tick  -et,  s.  [0.  Fr.  etiqvet  =  a  little  note,  a 
bill  or  ticket,  mase.  of  etiquette ;  O.  Fr.  esti> 
qutte  =  a  ticket,  from  Ger.  sticken  =  to  stick, 
set,  fix.]  [ETIQUETTE,  STICK,  u.J  A  small 
piece  of  paper,  cardboard,  or  the  like,  having 
something  written  or  printed  on  it,  and  serving 
as  a  notice,  acknowledgment,  token,  &c. :  as, 

(1)  A  bill  posted  up  ;  a  notice. 

"He  constantly  read  bts  lectures  twice  a  week  for 
above  foarty  years,  giving  notice  of  the  time  to  his 
Auditors  in  a  ticket  on  the  echooUdores."— Puller : 
Worthiet;  Buckinghamshire. 

(2)  A  tradesman's  bill  or  account :  hence 
the  old  phrase,  To  take  goods  on  ticket  (now 
abbreviated  into  tick) ;  that  is,  to  take  goods 
to  be  set  down  in  a  bill,  hence,  on  credit. 

*  (3)  A  visiting-card. 

"  A  ticket  is  'only  a  visiting-card  with  a  name  upon 
It."— Mad.  VArblay:  Cecilia,  bk.  i.,  cb.  ill 

(4)  A  label  stuck  on  or  attached  to  anything 
to  give  notice  of  something  concerning  It,  as 
to  declare  its  quality,  nature,  price,  &<-. 

(5)  A  token  of  a  right,  privilege,  or  debt, 
contained,  in  general,  upon  a  card  or  slip  of 
paper :  as,  a  certificate  or  token  of  a  share  in 
a  lottery,  or  other  mode  of  distributing  money, 
goods,  or  the  like  ;  a  marked  card  or  slip  of 
paper  given  as  an  acknowledgment  of  goods 
deposited  or  pledged,  as   a    pawn-ticfcei;    a 
token  or  certificate  of  right  of  entry  to  a 
place  of  amusement,  &c.,  or  to  travel  iu  a 
railway  or  other  conveyance. 

"  Well  dressed,  well  bred. 
Well  equt  paged,  is  ticket  good  enough. 
To  paaa  UH  retulily  through  ev'ry  door." 

Cowper:  fust.  ill.  M. 

(6)  In  American  politics,  a  printed  list  of 
candidates  for  use  at  an  election  ;  the  names 
of  a  list  of  candidates  ;  a  set  of  nominations 
for  an  election  :  hence,  the  candidates  or  side 
of  a  particular  party,  the  policy  of  a  particular 
party. 

"To  vote  solidly  tbe  'Parnell  ticket."— Daily  Telf- 
ffra/.h,  Oct.  17,  188&. 

H  (1)  Scratched  ticket :  A  ticket  from  which 
the  names  of  one  or  more  candidates  have 
been  crossed  out. 

(2)  Split  ticket :  A  ticket  representing  differ- 
ent divisions  of  a  party  or  containing  candi- 
dates selected  from  two  or  more  parties. 

(3)  Straight  ticket:  A  ticket  containing  the 
regular  nominations  of  a  party  without  change, 

(4)  The  ticket :  The  right  or  correct  thing. 
1  (Slang.) 


ticket-clerk,  *.    A  booking-clerk. 

ticket-day,  s.  The  day  before  the  settling 
or  paying-day  on  the  Stock  Exchange,  when 
the  names  of  the  actual  purchasers  are  given 
in  by  one  stockbroker  to  another. 

ticket-night,  s.  A  benefit  at  a  theatre 
or  other  place  of  amusement,  the  proceeds  of 


which  are  divided  between  several  beneficiaries, 
each  of  whom  receives  an  amount  equal  in 
value  to  the  number  of  tickets  disposed  of 
by  him,  less  an  equal  share  of  the  incidental 
expenses, 

ticket  -of-  leave, «. 

English  Law:  A  license  releasing  a  prisoner 
before  the  expiration  of  the  sentence.  The 
system  was  introduced  in  1854  ;  and  the  con- 
ditions imposed  on  convicts  thus  released  and 
on  persons  under  police  supervision  are  : 

1.  That  they  report  themselves  where  directed 
within  forty-eight  hours  after  liberation. 

i  That  tliey  (women  excepted)  re|x>rt  thenmelves 
every  month  to  the  police-atatiuu  nearest  their  place 
of  abode. 

5.  That  they  sleep  at  the  address  notified  to  the 
police. 

4.  That  they  get  their  living  by  honest  means  and 
regular  employment. 

6.  Tbat  any  change  of  address  must  be  notified  to 
the  pniir-e  within  forty-eight  hours. 

«.  That  they  must  produce  their  licence  when  called 
on  to  do  so  by  a  police  officer. 

The  penalty  for  neglecting  to  comply  with 
these  conditions    is    the    forfeiture    of  the 
licence  or  twelve  months'  Imprisonment  with 
hard  labour. 
^1  Often  used  adjectively,  as  in  the  extract  : 

"  They  have  found  themselves  outlaws,  ticket-af- 
f*rw  men,  or  what  you  will  in  that  line.  —Hughet: 
Tom  Srovn'i  School  Dat/t,  pt,  )..  ch.  ix. 

ticket-porter,  s.  A  licensed  porter  who 
wears  a  ticket  or  badge  by  which  he  may  be 
identified. 

ticket  -  writer,  *.  One  who  writes  or 
paints  show-cards,  &c.,  for  shop-windows,  &c. 

tick'-et,  v.t.    [TICKET,  3.] 

1.  To  affix  a  ticket  to;   to  mark  with  a 
ticket :  as,  To  ticket  goods. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  ticket ;  to  book :  as, 
To  ticket  a  passenger  to  California,    (Amer.) 

tick'-et-mg,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.  [Eng.  ticket  ; 
•ing.} 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (Se« 
the  verb.) 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  affixing  tickets  to. 

2.  A  periodical  sale  of  ore,  especially  of 
copper   and    lead,    in    the    English    mining 
districts.    The  adventurers  and  buyers  meet 
round  a  table,  when  each  of  the  latter  hands 
in  a  ticket  bearing  an  offer  of  so  much  a  ton, 
and  the  lots  are  sold  to  the  highest  bidder. 

ticketing  -  draper,  5.  A  draper  who 
tickets  the  goods  exhibited  in  his  window. 

tick-lug  (1),  «.    [Eng.  tick  (3),  a, ;  -ing.} 

Fabric:  A  closely-woven  striped  linen  or 
cotton  cloth,  to  hold  feathers,  husks,  or  other 
filling  for  beds  or  mattresses.  It  is  usually 
twilled. 

"Whether  it  would  not  be  right  If  diapers  were 
made  In  one  town  or  district— iu  others  striped  linen 
or  ticking!,  Ac."— Berkeley  :  Querut,  f  622. 

tick  -ing  (2),  s.  [Eng.  tick  (5),  s. ;  -ing.}  The 
marking  produced  by  hairs  of  a  different 
colour  from  the  ground,  but  Interspersed 
among  the  fur. 

"  Interspersed  with  a  profusion  of  longer  black 
halm,  giving  the  appearance  knowii  as  ticking." — 
fUtd,  Harch  20,  1886. 

tic'-klc,  "  tik -el-en,  *  tik-len,  v.t.  &  i. 

[TICKLE,  a.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To   touch   lightly,    causing  a   peculiar 
thrilling  sensation,  which  is  generally  accom- 
panied with  laughter,  and  which,  if  continued 
too  long,  results  in  a  state  of  general  spasm. 

"If  you  tickle  us,  do  we  not  laugh  f—Shakeip.  : 
Merchant  of  Venice,  UL  L 

2.  To    please    by    slight   gratification;    to 
gratify  and  amuse  ;  to  cajole,  to  natter. 

"The  old  captain  was  immensely  tickled  with  the 
Idea,"— Scribner'i  Magazine,  Aug.,  1880,  p.  611. 

*  3.  To  take  or  move  by  touching  lightly. 
"  So.  out  of  the  embers  be  tickled  his  nuts." 

Byrom  :  Letter  to  R,  L.,  Etq. 

4.  To  catch,  as  trout,  by  the  process  known 
as  tickling  (q.v.). 

B.  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  feel  titillation. 

"  He  with  secret  Joy  therefore 
Did  ttckli  inwardly  In  every  rein." 

Spenter. 

2.  To  excite  or  produce  the  sensation  of 

titillation. 

"  [The  blood]  nuts  tickling  up  and  down  tbe  veins." 
Shaketp. :  King  John,  UL  & 


*3.  To  itch.  (Udal:  Apopk.  of  Bratm** 
p.  381.) 

tickle  my  fancy,  «. 
Bot. :  Viola  tricolor. 

*  tlc'-kle,  *  tik-el,  a.    [Eng.  tfcfc (5),  s.,  and 

so  =  easily  moved  by  a  touch.] 

1.  Ticklish,  unstable,  unsteady,  uncertain, 
insecure ;  liable  to  fall  or  to  be  easily  over- 
thrown ;  precarious.   (A'ort/t:  Plutarch,  p.  83.) 

2.  Subject  to  change  ;  inconstant,  uncertain, 

"  So  tickle  be  the  terms  of  mortal  state." 

Spenttr:  P.  V-,  Hi.  iv.  28. 

3.  Ticklish  ;  easily  tickled. 

*  tickle-brain,  s.  One  who  or  that  which 
tickles  or  pleases ;  specif.,  a  species  of  strong 
drink. 

"  Peace,  good  pint-pot ;  peace,  good  tickle-brain."— 
Shakesp. :  1  Be»rit  If.,  ii!  t 

*  tickle -footed,  a.     Uncertain,  incon- 
stant, slippery. 

"  You  were  ever  tirklt-footcd." 

Beaum,  A  t'let. :  Scornful  Lady,  T 

tick'  len-lmrgh,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Fabric:  A  coarse,  mixed  linen  fabric. 

tic; -kle- ness,  s.    [Eng.  tickle,  a.;   -nest.} 
Ticklishness,  uncertainty. 

"  While  fortune  false  (whom  none  erst  feed 
To  stand  with  stay  and  forsweare  ticklenette  :) 
Sowseth  vg  iu  mire  of  tlurtie  brittleiiesse." 

Mirrour/or  J/aaittratet,  p.  439. 

tic'-kler,  s.    [Eng.  tick1(e);  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  tickles. 

2.  Something  which  amuses  or  tickles  th« 
fancy. 

3.  Something  which  puzzles  or  perplexes ; 
something  difficult  to  answer. 

4.  A  prong  used  by  coopers  to  extract  bungs 
from  casks. 

5.  A  book  or  case  containing  memoranda  of 
notes  or  debts  arranged  in  order  of  their 
maturity.    (Amer.  slang.) 

tlc'-kling,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [TICKLE,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip,  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C*  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  tickles. 

2.  The  sensation  produced  by  tickling. 

"  Which  is  as  bad  as  die  with  tickling." 
Shaketp.  :  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  III  L 

3.  A  method  of  catching  trout.     (See  ex- 
tract) 

"  Poachers  in  country  places  have  a  ran  time  when 
tbe  rivers  are  low,  for  they  can  go  out  iu  the  daytime 
and  kill  large  numbers  of  trout  by  '  tickling'  or  'prop- 
ing,'  or  *  grappling,'  whichever  IB  the  best  name  to 
give  this  procedure.  The  operator  wades  up  a  shallow 
bum,  with  sleeves  rolled  up,  aud  pushing  bis  hands 
and  arms  under  all  the  rocks  and  holes  iu  the  sides  of 
the  beck.  A  fish  Is  touched,  and,  geutly  'tickling' 
his  tail  underneath,  he  gradually  falls  back  into  your 
hand,  when  he  ts  seized  by  the  gills  and  held  i» 
safety."— Field,  July  28,  1887. 

tic  -kllsh,  a.    [Eng.  tickl(e);  >ish.} 

*  1.  Tottering,  unstable  ;  standing  so  as  to 
be  liable  to  totter  or  fall  at  the  slightest 
touch  ;  easily  moved  or  affected  ;  uncertain. 

"  Did  it  stand  upon  so  tickluh  and  tottering  a  fouu- 
datlou  as  some  men's  fancy  hath  placed  it,  it  would  bs 
tto  wonder  should  it  frequently  vary."—  Woodneard: 
fiat.  B,tt. 

2.  Difficult,  uncertain,  nice,  critical,  pre- 
carious. 

"  Whenever  he  had  iu  hand  any  ticklith  business."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  April  I,  1806. 

3.  Sensible  to  the  feeling  of  tickling;  easily 
tickled. 

"The  palm  ...  Is  not  tickltth.  because  It  la  accus- 
tomed to  be  touched."—  Bacon ;  Jiat.  l/itt..  |  T66. 

tic'-klish-lf,  adv.     [Eng.  ticklish;  -ly.}     In 
a  ticklish  manner. 

tic  klish-ncss,  s.    [Eng.  ticklish ;  -ness.] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ticklish, 
uncertain,  or  unstable. 

2.  Criticalness;  precariousness  of  state  01 
condition. 

3.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ticklish  or   ' 
easily  tickled. 

*  tick   tack,  «.     [Fr.   trictrac.]     A  game  »t    : 
tables  ;  a  sort  of  backgammon. 

"  He'll  play  at  fayles  aud  ticktack." 
Ben  Jonum :  Every  Man  in  Hit  Sumtmr,  UL  t 

tI-cbV-6-a,  8.     [The  name  given  in  Guiana  to    i 
one  species,  Ticorea  foetida.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cuspariese.    Calyx  small, 
five-lobed  ;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  a  long 


ate,  fftt,  fiire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  w6t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p«t, 
or.  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full:  try,  Syrian.    «,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


ticpolonga— tide 


4721 


tube  and  a  five-cleft  limb ;  stamens  five  to 
eight,  from  two  to  six  of  them  often  sterile ; 
stigma  five-lobed,  disk  cup-shaped,  surround- 
in"  the  ovary.  Ticorea  jasminifl&ra  is  a  shrub 
seven  or  eight  feet  high,  with  ternate,  stalked 
leaves,  the  leaflets  lanceolate,  corolla  white, 
ilmvny  both  with  pellucid  dots.  An  infusion 
of  the  leaves  is  drunk  in  Brazil  as  a  remedy 
for  Iramlwisia.  T.feliri/uga  has  an  arborescent 
st.-in  and  contracted  panicles,  with  smaller 
flowers  than  in  the  last.  Its  very  bitter  bark 
is  given  in  Brazil  in  intermittent  fevers. 

tlc-po-ldn'-ga,  s.  [Native  name  =  spotted 
snake.] 

Zool. :  Daboia  nasellii,  Russell's  Viper, 
common  in  the  south  of  India,  Ceylon,  anil 
Burmah.  Length  about  four  feet,  individuals 
from  the  hill  country  smaller  ;  grayish-brown, 
with  three  series  of  large,  black,  white-edged 
rinns,  those  of  the  middle  series  ovate,  the 
outer  circular ;  a  yellow  line  on  each  side  of 
upper  surface  of  head,  both  converging  on 
the  snout ;  rostral  and  labial  shields  yellow 
witli  brown  margins  ;  belly  uniform  yellowish, 
or  marbled  with  brown  (Gunther).  Fayrer 
notes  that  these  snakes  vary  a  good  deal  in 
the  form  and  arrangement  of  the  rings  and 
spots,  and  of  the  coloured  patches  on  the 
head.  It  is  very  deadly,  nocturnal  in  ita 
habits,  living  on  rats,  mice,  and  frogs. 

tl-cu'-nas, s.  pi.    [See  def.  of  compound.] 

ticunas-poison,  s.  A  poison  used  for 
smearing  arrows  by  the  Ticunas  and  other 
Indian  tribes  living  near  the  Amazon.  When 
given  to  animals  it  produces  strong  con- 
vulsions lasting  for  hours.  It  probably  con- 
tains picrotoxin,  like  other  poisons  used  for 
the  same  purpose,  but  it  has  not  beeu 
accurately  investigated.  Woodman  and  Tidy 
consider  it  identical  with  Curari  (q.v.). 

tld,  a.  [An  abbrev.  of  A.8.  Odder,  tedrt;  O. 
Fris.  taldre;  Dut.  feeder  =  tender,  weak.] 
Tender,  soft,  nice.  [TIDBIT.] 

tld  al,  a.  [Bng.  tid(e),  ». ;  -oJ.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  the  tides  ;  periodically  rising 
and  falling,  or  flowing  and  ebbing,  as  the 
tides. 

"  The  velocity  of  the  tidal  currant  ...  Is  from  two 
and  a  half  to  three  miles  per  hour."— Antted:  Chun- 
tut  Itltitidt.  pt.  i..  ch.  L 

tidal-air,  ». 

Physiol. :  The  fresh  air  introduced  into  the 
tipper  part  of  the  lungs  by  inspiration,  as 
distinguished  from  the  stationary  air  already 
in  the  lungs.  The  former  contains  more 
oxygen  and  less  carbon  dioxide  than  the  latter. 
The  tidal  air  is  so  called  because  when  it 
becomes  diffused  it  parts  with  some  of  its 
oxygen,  and  takes  some  carbon  dioxide  from 
the  stationary  air. 

tidal  -  alarm,  f.  An  audible  alarm 
operated  by  the  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide.  It 
is  placed  on  a  spit  or  shoal  to  warn  off  vessels 
during  fogs,  being  on  a  vessel  or  buoy  moored 
to  the  spot,  or  on  a  post  or  pile  driven  into 
the  sand  or  shingle.  It  may  be  a  bell,  whistle, 
or  trumpet,  rung  or  blown  by  the  impact  of 
the  passing  tidal  current. 

tidal-basin,  s.  A  dock  filled  only  at 
high  tide. 

tidal-boat,  s.  A  steamer  which  plies 
between  tidal  harbours,  and  whose  arrivals 
and  departures  are,  therefore,  regulated  by 
the  time  of  the  tide. 

tidal-harbour,  s.  A  harbour  in  which 
the  tide  ebbs  and  flows,  as  distinguished  from 
a  harbour  which  is  kept  at  high  water  by 
means  of  docks  with  flood-gates. 

tidal-motor,  ».  An  arrangement  by 
•which  the  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide  is  utilized 
as  a  source  of  power  to  move  machinery,  &c. 

tidal-river,  s.  A  river  whose  Waters 
rise  and  fall  up  to  a  certain  point  in  its  course 
under  the  influence  of  the  tide- wave, 

tidal-train,  s.  A  railway  train  running 
in  connection  with  a  steamer,  and  whose  time 
is,  therefore,  regulated  by  the  state  of  the  tide. 

tidal  valve,  s.  A  valve  adapted  to 
Bluii-e-ways,  which  opens  to  the  pressure  o: 
the  land  water  when  the  tide  falls,  and  closet 
as  the  tide  rises,  to  prevent  t>v*  flooding  of 
the  land  by  sea-water. 

tidal-wave,  ».    [TIDE-WAVE.] 


tld'-blt,  s.  [Bug.  till,  and  Mt]  A  dainty,  a 
titbit  (q.v.). 

"  The  talk  about  the  lost  tidMU.'- 3crilmtr'i  Haya- 
ttnt,  Aug..  1877,  p.  48S. 

tidde,  pret.  ofv.    [TIDE,  u.] 

*tld'-dle,  "tld'-der,  v.t.  &  i.  [Kng.  Kd; 
freq.  sun*,  -le,  -er.] 

A,  Trans. :   To  use  or  treat  with  tender- 
ness ;  to  foudle. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  trifle,  to  potter. 

"You    could    fiddle    about    them."— Richttrdton  : 
Claritta,  L  322. 

tid'-dy,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.]    The  four  of 
trumps  at  the  game  of  gleek. 

tide,  *  tyde,  s.  [A.S.  tld  —  time,  hour  ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  tijd;  Icel.  tidh ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  lid; 
O.  H.  Oer.  zit ;  Ger.  zeU;  Dut.  tij  =  tide.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  I.  Time,  season,  hour. 
"  Be  hath  thau  at  all  tide 
Of  loue  such  rnaner  pride."        Qamr:  C.  A.,1. 

2.  The  alternate  rise  and  fall  of  the  water 
in  the  ocean,  as  seen  on  sea  beaches,  dirt's, 
estuaries,  &c.  When  the  water  rises  to  the 
highest  point  it  is  capable  of  reaching  on  any 
particular  day  it  is  called  high  tide  ;  when  it 
sinks  to  the  lowest  possible  ebb,  low  tide  is 
reached.  High  tides  follow  each  other  at  inter- 
vals of  twelve  hours  twenty-five  minutes,  low 
tides  succeed  each  other  at  the  same  interval. 
The  most  potent  cause  in  producing  the  tides 
is  the  action  of  the  moon.  It  is  obvious  that 
by  the  laws  of  gravitation  the  moon  must 
attract  the  water  of  the  ocean  on  the  par- 
ticular side  on  which  it  is  itself  at  the  time, 
and  if  the  earth  were  immovably  fixed,  and 
there  were  no  sun,  this  would  be  all.  But  the 
earth  is  not  flxed,  and  in  addition  to  drawing 
the  water  to  it  from  the  earth  on  one  side 
of  the  globe,  the  moon  draws  the  globe  itself 
away  from  the  water  on  the  other  side,  thus 
making  high  water  at  the  same  time  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  earth.  The  sun  also 
exerts  an  attraction,  but  owing  to  his  enor- 
mous distance  it  is  feebler  than  that  of  the 
moon.  When  the  sun  and  moon  exert  their 
influence  in  one  direction  it  is  the  highest 
tide,  called  a  spring  tide ;  when  they  counter- 
act each  other's  attraction  it  is  neap  tide. 
Though  to  an  observer  on  the  land  the  water 
seems  simply  to  alternately  rise  and  fall,  yet 
what  really  take  place  on  the  ocean  at  large  is 
that  the  moon  raises  a  wave,  which  follows 
her  movement,  thus  producing  high  water  suc- 
cessively at  different  places  as  the  earth  turns 
upon  its  axi« :  if  the  earth  did  not  revolve, 
tides  would  only  occur  every  fourteen  days. 
The  energy  producing  tides  is  thus  mainly 
that  of  the  earth,  not  of  the  moon ;  the  store 
of  earthly  energy  is  therefore  reduced  by  the 
tides,  which  act  as  a  break  or  drag  upon  the 
revolving  globe,  while  the  energy  of  the  moon 
is  increased  by  them.  The  effect  is  to  retard 
the  rotation  of  the  earth  and  cause  the  moon 
slowly  to  increase  her  distance  from  the  earth. 
Tides  reaching  the  shore  are  affected  by  its 
conformation.  Thus  in  a  nearly  land-locked 
sea  like  the  Mediterranean  they  are  only  from 
one  to  three  feet.  Far  out  in  the  ocean  they 
have  but  a  small  range :  thus  at  St.  Helena 
they  are  only  three  feet,  while  in  London  they 
are  eighteen  or  nineteen  feet.  The  most  re- 
markable tides  in  the  British  Islands  are  in 
the  Bristol  Channel.  At  Cardiff  there  is  a 
rise  and  fall  during  springtides  of  thirty-seven 
or  thirty-eight  feet,  and  during  neap  tides  ol 
twenty-eight  or  twenty-nine  feet ;  the  greatest 
tide,  that  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  is  fifty  feet. 

3.  A  state  of  being  at  the  height  or  in  su- 
perabundance. 

"  I  have  Important  business 
The  tide  whereof  Is  now." 

Shakelp.  :  Troilut  A  CreuUla,  V.  L 

*4,  A  flood,  a  rush,  a  torrent. 

"  The  tide  ol  knaves." 

Shakes?.  :  Timon  of  A  them.  lit.  4. 

*  5.  A  stream,  a  flow,  a  current :  as,  a  tide 
of  blood, 

6.  Course  or  tendency  of  causes,  influences 
or  circumstances ;  regular  course  or  process 
natural  tendency;    course,  current;    some 
times  a  favourable  conjunction  of  causes  or 
influences. 

"  There  IB  a  tide  in  the  affairs  of  men 
Which,  taken  at  its  flood,  lends  on  to  fortune." 
Shaketp.  :  Juliut  Ccetar,  iv.  8. 

*  7.  A  violent  commotion. 

"  The  tide*  of  people  once  up,  there  want  not  stir 
ring  winds  to  make  them  more  rough,"— Bacon 
Benry  Vll. 


It  Mining:  The  period  of  twelve  hours; 
hence,  to  work  double  tides  —  to  work  night 
and  day. 

*  tide-coach,  s.    A  coach  which  regulates 
the  hours  of  its  journeys  to  or  from  a  seaport, 
so  as  to  catch  the  tide. 

"He  took  hia  place  in  the  Ude-coatA  from  Rochester." 
— Smollett  :  Koderick  Randttm,  cb.  xxtv, 

tide-current,  s.  A  current  in  a  channel 
caused  by  the  alteration  of  the  level  of  the 
water  during  the  passage  of  the  tide-wave. 

tide-day,  s.  The  interval  between  two 
successive  arrivals  at  the  same  place  of  the 
vertex  of  the  tide-wave. 

tide-dial,  s.  A  dial  for  exhibiting  tho 
state  of  the  tide  at  any  time. 

tide-gate,  *  tyde-gate, ». 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  lock-gate  of  a  tidal  basin. 

*2.  The  tide-way,  the  stream. 

"  The  streams  or  ttde-ffate  turned  another  way."— 
Xnthe:  Lenten  Stuffe. 

H.  Naut. :  A  place  where  the  tide  runs  with 
great  Telocity. 

tide-gauge,  s.  An  instrument  in  har- 
bours to  measure  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tides. 
A  common  form  consists  of  a  graduated  spar, 
twenty-four  feet  long,  and  having  boxes  at 
the  side,  in  which  is  a  float  with  an  elevated 
stem.  The  spar  is  secured  to  a  pier  or  quay,  or  is 
anchored  in  a  frame  and  secured  by  guys.  The 
rod  is  f  inch  in  diameter,  and  is  supported  by 
a  cork  of  three  inches  cube.  The  stem  is  guided 
by  staples  in  the  spar. 

tide-harbor,    t.    A  tidal-harbor  (q.v.). 

*  tide-like,  a.    Flowing  or  coming  in  like 
a  tide. 

"  A  tide-like  darkness  overwhelms 
Toe  fields  that  round  us  lie." 

Longjellt'to:  Birdt  o/ Pauage. 

tide-lock,  ».  A  lock  situate  between  the 
tide-water  of  a  harbour  or  river  and  an  en- 
closed basin  when  their  levels  vary.  It  haa 
two  pairs  of  gates. 

tide-meter,  >.    A  tide-gauge  (q.v.). 

tide-mill.  . 

1.  A  mill  driven  by  a  wheel  set  in  motion 
by  the  tide. 

2.  A   mill   for   clearing   lands  from  tide- 
water. 

tide-rip,  «.  A  ripple  on  the  surface  ol 
the  sea  produced  by  the  passage  of  the  tide 
over  an  uneven  bottom,  or  by  eddies  and  op- 
posing currents.  (Smyth.) 

tide-rode,  a. 

tlaut. :  Applied  to  the  situation  of  a  vessel 
at  anchor  when  she  swings  by  the  force  of  the 
tide. 

tide-table,  s.  A  table  showing  the  time 
of  high-water  at  any  place,  or  at  different 
places,  for  each  day  throughout  the  year. 

tide-waiter,  s.  A  custom-house  officer 
who  watches  the  binding  of  goods  to  secure 
the  payment  of  duties. 

"  From  the  nobleman  who  held  the  white  staff  and 
the  great  seal,  down  to  the  humblest  tide-waiter  and 
gauger,  what  would  now  be  called  gross  corruption  was 
practised  without  disguise  and  without  reproach."— 
Macaulav  :  llitt.  Kng.,  ch.  lit. 

tide-water,  «.    Water  affected  by  the  ebb 
and  flow  of  the  tide. 
tide-wave,  tidal-wave,  ». 

Physical  Geog. :  The  wave  formed  by  the  union 
of  two  waves,  one  produced  by  the  attraction 
of  the  sun,  the  other  by  that  of  the  moon. 
The  ocean  tide-wave  is  called  the  primi- 
tive, and  that  of  bays,  estuaries,  &c.,  the  de- 
rivative tide  wave.  The  tide  wave  which  pro- 
duces high  water  at  the  several  ports  of  Great 
Britain,  comes  from  the  Atlantic.  A  small 
portion  of  it  passes  up  the  English  Channel,  « 
through  the  Straits  of  Dover,  and  turns  north-  • 
ward,  whilst  the  main  portion,  moving  more 
rapidly  in  an  open  sea,  washes  the  western 
coast  of  Britain,  and,  passing  the  Orkneys, 
turns  south  between  Scotland  and  Norway, 
sweeping  with  great  velocity  along  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  former  country.  [BORE,  2.,  ».] 

tide-way, ».  The  channel  in  which  tho 
tide  sets. 

"  In  addition  to  the  many  chances  from  the  race 
being  swum  in  a  Ode-vxii/."-FMd,  Aug.  S7,  1887. 

tide-wheel,  s.    A  wheel  turned  by  the 


b6H,  bt5y ;  pout,  Jowl ;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a? ;  expect,  yenophon,  ejftet   P»  =  ' 
-otan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion.  nsion  =  shun ;  -tton,  -$ion  <=  zhun.   -clous,    tious,  -sious  =  shua.    -We,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


4782 


tide— tier 


«tlde'-ful,a.   [Eng.  tide; 


ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide,  and  employed  as 
motor  for  driving  machinery,  etc. 

tides-man,  s. 

1.  A  man   employed  only  during  certai 
states  of  the  tide. 

2.  A  tide-waiter  (q.v.). 

tide, "  tyde,  r.i.  &  «.    [A.S.  getidan.} 

A,  Intransitive : 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  To  happen,  to  betide. 

"  He  holde  to  hys  game,  tyde  wat  so  bytyde." 

Kobert  of  Gloucester,  p.  418. 

2.  Naut. :  To  work  in  or  out  of  a  river  o 
harbour  by  favour  of  the  tide,  and  auchorin 
when  it  becomes  adverse. 

B.  Trans. :  To  drive  with  the  stream  < 
tide. 

"  Their  images,  the  relics  of  the  wreck. 
Turn  from  the  naked  poop,  are  tided  back." 

Oryden:  Per***,  vL  «T. 

U  (1)  To  tide  on :  To  last. 

"  These  questions  would  certainly  tide  on  till  nex 
»e«r.'— Duie  if  Auciuvfcim.-  Court  of  William  ir 
ch.  vit 

(2)  To  Ode  over :  To  surmount  difflcnltie 
by  means  of  a  succession  of  favourable  inci 
dents,  by  prudent  and  skilful  management 
or  by  aid  from  another :  as,  the  difficulty  wa 
tided  over ;  to  help  over  a  time  of  difficult' 
or  distress. 

"  Decent  artisans,  who  are  In  need  of  help  to  tid 
them  over  a  period  of  temporary  distress.  —Ztai/j 
TetrantlJk.  Feb.  Ii,  181 

*tid-ed,a.  [Eng.  tidie) ;-«,.]  Affected  by 
the  tide ;  having  a  tide ;  tidal. 

..     _         .  .    , ,  _  Seasonable 

-Til  be  rosseyne  tiatful  and  lateful  fruyt.-- 
"yddfe :  James  v.  7. 

tide  less,  a.    [Eng.  tide;  -less.}    Having  no 

tide. 

tid   led,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [TiDY,  t.} 

*ttd-lfe,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  tidy,  s.)  An 
unidentified  bird  mentioned  by  Chaucer. 

tid'-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tidy,  a. ;  -ly.}  In  a  tidy 
or  neat  manner;  neatly;  with  neat  simplicity. 

tid-i-ncss,  s.  [Eng.  tidy,  a.;  -ness.)  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tidy ;  neatness ;  neat 
simplicity. 

•  tid  ing,  *  tid-inge,  ».    [TiDnros.J 
tid  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TIDE,  «.J 

'  tiding- well,  s.  A  well  that  ebbs  and 
flows,  or  is  supimsed  to  ebb  and  flow  with 
the  tide. 

"  There  Is  a  tidlno-tpeU 
That  dally  ebbs  and  flows." 

Itrayton  :  PoIy.OIbiOM,  m.  SO. 

*tid'TIhg-less,a.  [Eng.  tiding;  -less.}  Having 
no  tidings. 

tid  -ings,  *  tithennde.  s.  pi.  [Icel.  rldhindi 
(neut  pL)  =  tidings,  news,  from  a  verb  tidha 
(A.3.  (tdan)  =  to  happen,  from  (WA  =  tide, 
time;  Dan.  tidende  =  tidings,  news;  Dnt, 
tijding;  Ger.  zeitung.]  News,  information, 
intelligence. 

*  And  Joab  said.  Wherefore  wilt  thon  nra  my  son 
seeing  that  thou  hast  no  ridma,  ready!  '—a  ItyiteS 
inn.  SS. 

"  tid-dl^gy,  s.  [A  hybrid  word  from  Eng. 
tide,  with  Or.  guff,  -ology.]  The  doctrine. 
theory,  or  science  of  the  tides. 

"It  is  thus,  for  example,  with  the  theory  of  the 
lea.  No  oue  doubts  that  tidniopy  fna  Dr.  Wfaewell 


tid  -jr.  •  tid-ie,  *  tyd-le,  a.  &  a.    [Eng.  tide 
=  tirae;  -y;   Dot   tijdig  =  timely ;  Dan.  to. 
Bw.tUig;  Oer.  teitig.\ 
A.  At  adjective : 

*  1.  Being  in  proper  time  or  season ;  season- 
able. 

"  If  weather  be  falre  and  tittle,  thy  Brain 
Hake  speedilie  carriage,  for  le»re  of  a  nine.* 

Tuleeri  Buebam  .ry  .  Auaiut. 

2.  Hence,  suitable  for  the   occasion ;   ar- 
ranged In  good  onler  ;  neat,  trim  ;  dressed  or 
kept  in  becoming  order  or  neatness. 

"  Whenever  by  yon  barley-mow  I  pas*. 
Before  my  eyes  will  trii»  the  tidy  lass." 

9*11 :  .S*e;*«rcf«  H'rfk  ;  Friday.  7s. 

3.  Inclined  or  disposed  to  keep  one's  dress 
or  stinoundings  neat  and  wall  arranged. 


4.  Considerable ;    pretty   Urge   or   grea 
(Colloq.) 

•  There  wfll  probably  be  a  tidy  little  Beet,  repre. 
•entativee  of  tie  Mersey  Canoe  Clnb.--«rii,  Ju7 

5.  In  good  health,  spirits,  or  circumstances 
comfortable,  satisfactory  :  as,  "  How  are  you 
to-day?"    "  Pretty  tidy."    (filang.) 

B.  At  substantive : 

1.  A  more  or   less   ornamental   covering 
usually  of  knitted  or  crochet  work,  for  tl 
back  of  a  chair,  the  arms  of  a  sota,  or  the  Hk. 

2.  A  child's  pinafore.    (Prm.) 

*tld-y,  *tyd-y,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful]  . 
liuging-bird,  identified  by  some  with  tli 
golden-crested  wren.  [TlDiFtJ 

tid-jr,  v.t.  &  i.   [TIDY,  a.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  neat  or  tidy ;  to  pu 
in  good  order;  toarrauge  neatly.   (Sometime 
followed  by  up.) 

"By  tbnt  hour  the  patient's  room  Is  generally  tidied 
up.-— Dally  tVlsyrvA  BepL  is,  isss. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  arrange,  dispose,  or  ,.„ 
things,  as  dress,  furniture,  &c.,  in  neat  o 
proper  order.    (Coltoq.) 

tie,  *  tei-en,  "  t  eigh-en.  •  tey  en,  *  tlgh 
en,  •  tye,  •  ty-en,  v.t.Sci.    (Tis,  s.} 
A.  Transitive: 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  cord,  rope,  or  band  am 
knot ;  to  l.iud  with  string  or  the  like. 

"  The  steed  being  tied  onto  a  tree." 

Slateep. :   Vmui  A  A  doxii,  MS, 

2.  To  knot,  to  knit :  as,  To  tie  a  knot. 

3.  To  unite,  so  as  not  to  be  easily  parted 
to  fasten,  to  hold. 

"The  band  that  seems  to  tie  their  friendship  to- 
gether."—shaJceep.  :  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  ii.  a. 

I.  To  bind,  to  unite,  to  confirm. 

"  Prom  England  sent  on  errand  higli, 
The  western  leapue  wore  firm  to  fis. 

Scott :  Lord  nf  the  /alec,  IL  a. 

6.  To  oblige,  to  restrict,  to  restrain,  to  con- 
strain ;  to  limit  or  bind  by  authority  or  moral 
influence. 

"  Where  you  were  tied  In  duty." 

ShoJterp. :  Wittttr't  Tali,  V.  L 

*6.  To  connect  together. 

"  Tbis  may  help  ns  a  little  to  conceive  ef  Intellectual 

haliits.  and  of  the  tyina  together  of  id«as."-L«*«  ; 
ffuman  Vnjerttiutd.,  bfc.  il..  ch.  zxxilL 

7.  To  make  the  same  score  as ;  to  equal  in 
ft  score  or  contest. 

"  The  highest  score  ever  made  In  England  and 
curiously  em.ugh  exactly  tying  the  highest  In  Aus- 
tralia."— Daily  Jieiem.  Sept.  ».  1S6L 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Build. :  To  bind  together  two  bodies  by 
means  of  a  piece  of  timber  or  metal. 

2.  Music :  To  unite,  or  bind,  as  notes,  by  a 
tie.    [TIE,  «.] 

B.  Intrans. :  To  make  a  tie  with  another 
or  others ;  to  be  exactly  equal  in  a  contest. 
[TIE,  s.,  L  4.) 

•  In  ISM  Earl  de  Orey  and  Mr.  A.  Stewart  Wortley 
tied  with  2»  et^h."- field,  July  23.  UI7. 

*  '  1.  To  ride  and  tie :  The  term  used  to 
describe  a  method  of  travelling  formerly  in 
vogue,  when  two  persons  had  but  one  horse 
between  them.  The  first  rode  a  certain  dis- 
tance previously  agreed  on,  dismounted,  tied 
the  horse  to  a  gate,  ami  walked  on  ;  tlie 
other  man  journeyed  on  foot  till  he  came  to 
the  place  where  the  horse  waa  tied  up, 
mounted,  and  rode  on  till  he  overtook  his 
fellow,  and  ao  on  to  the  end  of  tlie  journey. 

2.  To  tie  down : 

0)  1M- :  To  fasten,  ao  as  to  prevent  from 
rising. 

(2)  Fig. :  To  restrain,  to  confine ;  to  hinder 
from  action. 

3.  To  tie  up: 

(1)  To  confine,  to  restrain;  to  hinder  from 
motion  or  action. 

"  Death  that  hath  ta'en  her  hence  to  ni/ike  me  wail, 
Tiet  up  my  tongue,  and  will  uut  let  uie  aiwak." 

tilutke*t>.  :  Uomeo  4t  Juliet,  ir.  s. 

(2)  To  annex  snch  conditions  to,  as  to  a  gift 
or  bequest,  that  it  cannot  be  sold  or  alienated 
from  the  person  or  purpose  to  which  it  is 
designed. 

"The  man  should,  under  saeh  circumstances,  hure 
the  power  totie  tt,.  what  lie  dies  p.*»eswd  of  during 
the  sou's  life."— 4'sesniv  Standard,  Nov.  12,  IBSi. 

tie,  s.  [A.S.  tlge  =  a  tie  ;  tedg,  tedh  =  a  rojie ; 
Icel.  f/iuy=a  tie,  a  string  ;  lyytU  =  a  string. 
From  the  same  root  as  tow,  v.,  and  tug.] 


L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  fastening,  a  knot ;  espee.,  a  kurt  snch 
as  is  made  by  looping  or  binding  with  a  cord, 
ribbon  or  the  like. 

"  A  smart  little  tie  lu  his  stuirt  cravat" 
8'irhnm:  Inttoldlby  Le-jettdt ;  The  ZiecuHon. 

2.  Something  used  to  ti-,  fasten,  knot,  or 
bind  things  together;  specif., 

(1)  A  neck-tie. 

(2)  The  knot  or  bunch  of  hair  at  the  back 
ofold-fashioned  wigs ;  the  string  binding  snch 

3.  Something  which  binds  or  unites  morally 
or  legally;  a  bond;  au  obligation   leual  or 
monl;  UK,  the  tit,  of  marriage. 

4.  A  state  of  equality  between  two  or  more 
competitors  or  opposed  parties,  as  when  two 
candidates  secure  an  equal  number  of  votes, 
rival   marksmen  score  au  equal  number  of 
points,  or  the  like  ;  a  contest  or  competition 
in  which  two  or  more  comiietitors  are  equally 
successful. 

"There  Is  a  tie  for  the  bronze  medal  with  nlnaty-flv* 
points."— Ereninff  Stundarti.  July  Is.  1887. 

5.  A  single  match  between  two  players,  in 
a  tournament  or  competition  in  which  "several 
competitors  engage. 

"  Mr.  Dwlght  played  well  throughout  the  day,  of 
ee«rse  winning  hieasm^-StsM  July  l«,  18S7. 

IL  Technically  : 

1.  Arch. :  A  beam  or  rod  which  secures  parts 
together,  and  is  subjected  to  a  tensile  strain  • 
as.  a  rie-beam  (q.v.).  It  is  Uie  o|.|.osii>  of  a 
strut  or  a  straining-piece,  which  acts  to  keep 
objei-ts  ap»rt,  and  is  subject  to  a  compressing 
force.  An  angle  tie  or  brace  is  a  training  on 
the  inner  side  of  an  angle,  for  the  purpose  of 
tying  the  work  together. 

•L  Mining:  A  support  for  the  roof,  attached 
to  a  rib. 

3.  Music:  A  curved  line  placed  over  two  or 
more  notes  in  tlie  same  |>oaitioii  on  the  stive. 
The  tie  is  also  called  a  i.ind,  and  tne  curved 
line,  when  used  over  notes  representing  dif- 
ferent sounds,  is  called  a  slur.    [BIND.] 

4.  Nautical: 

0)  A  mooring-bridla. 
(2)  A  lashing. 

5.  Rail.  -  eny. :     A     transverse     sleeper. 
[SLEEPEB,  4.] 

It  To  play  (or  shoot)  of  a  tie :  To  go  through 
a  second  contest,  match,  or  the  like,  to  de- 
cide a  tie. 

'*  Each  .  .  .  has  made  twelve  in  tkootijtg  of  tse  tie," 
— f~,4i,v  atandara.  Juiy  IS,  1««7. 

tie-beam,  s. 

Carp. :  A  horizontal  timber  In  a  frame,  con- 
necting posts,  and  secured  to  them  by  I 
joint,  or  by  mortise,  tenon,  and  pin. 

*tle-dog,  s.  A  dog  so  fierce  that  he  has 
to  be  tied  up  ;  a  bandog. 

tie-rod,  a,  A  rod  acting  as  a  tie  in  a 
truss  or  olner  structure. 

tie-strap,  «. 

Saddlery :  A  long  strap  having  a  bnokle  and 
chape  at  one  end,  used  as  an  extra  strap  to  a 
bridle  for  tying. 

tie-Tljp,  s.     A  condition,  usually  during  * 
etrike,  in  which   the  Imsinera  of  a  nilr»aii 
coni]«»ny  or  other  concern  comes  to  a  Fta-; 
for  lack  of  employees. 

tie-wall,  *.  A  transverse  wall  in  the 
hollo*  HjMindril  of  an  arch,  at  right  angles  to 
the  spandhl  wall. 

tie-wig,  •  tye-wig,  «. 

1.  A  wig  having  its  curls  or  tail  tied  with  * 
ribbon. 

2.  A  wig  tied  to  the  head. 

ii  -mann-ite,  «.    [After  the  discoverer,  Mr. 
Tiemaun  ;  sutf.  -itt  (Afiu.).] 

Min. :  A  massive  granular  mineral,  first 
found  at  several  localities  in  the  Harz  Moun- 
tains, bnt  since  at  several  places  in  the 
United  States.  Hardness,  J-S  ;  sp.gr.  7-1  to 
7-37  ;  lustre,  metallic  ;  colour,  steel  to  Mackish 
lead-gray.  Compos.  :  a  selenide  of  luvrruiy. 
Dana  suggests  the  formula  Hi_-Se,  l.nt  points 
out  that  tne  analyses  mostly  cmresponc!  wilh 
lI?eSe5,  which  requires  selenium,  24'8,  mer- 
cury, 75-2  =  100. 

lends,  s.  pi.    [TEINM.] 

ler  (11,  *  teer,  *  tire,  "  tyre,  «.    (Tr.  tire  = 
a  dra.i^ht,  a  pull,  ...  a  reuc-h,  a  course  ot 


late,  fat.  fare,  amidfrt,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  cam-*,  her.  thare;  pine,  pit,  sire,  nr.  marine;  go,  p**, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  son;  mnte.  ofib.  ciire.  unite,  our.  rule,  foil:  try,  Syrian,    te,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  »:  «n  =  Itw. 


length  and  coiUin  lance  of  course,  from  tirer 
=  to  draw,  to  drag,  to  stretch.  From  the  same 
root  as  tmr,  v.  :  Sp.  &  Port.  !tra  =  a  long 
•trip  of  cloth  ;  l'A\.  tiro  =  a  shoot,  a  tier.  ] 

L  OrtL  Lang. :  A  row,  a  rank ;  especially 
one  of  two  or  wore  rows  or  ranks  placed  one 
above  the  otl'er. 

••They  bring  n ;  thing  else  but  Jan  of  wine,  and  they 
stow  one  tier  u'i  the  t"i>  of  another  so  artificially,  that 
we  could  Imrdjy  do  the  like  without  breaking  them." 
—ttampur :  I'oiaget  (an.  1606). 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Music:   A  row  or  rank  of  pipes  in  an 
organ. 

2.  Nautical : 

(1)  A  range  of  fakes  of  a  cable  or  hawser. 
[CABLE-TIER.] 

(2)  A  row  or  rank,  as  of  vessels  alongside  a 
wharf,  or  moored  alongside  each  other  in  a 
stream. 

tier-saw,  ».  A  saw  for  cutting  curved 
fcces  to  bricks  for  arches  and  round  pillars. 

tier-shot,  s.  Grape-sliot  in  regular  tiert 
divided  by  disks. 

fi'-er  (2),  «.    [Eng.  ti(e),  v. ;  -«r.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  ties. 

"  Hymen,  the  tier  of  hearts  already  tied." 
/*.  Fletcher :  An  Hytnn :  On  the  Marriage,  *a 

2.  A  pinafore  or  tidy.    (Prov.) 

•dercc,  •  tye'rse,  ».  [Fr.  tiert  (masc.),  tierct 
(fern.)  =  tliird  ;  liers  =  a  tierce,  a  third  part, 
from  Lat  lertiw)  =  third ;  tret  =  three.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  A  liquid  measure,  equal  to  one-third  of 
a  pipe,  or  42  gallons,  equivalent  to  35  im- 
perial gallons;  also  a  cask  containing  42 
gallons ;  a  terce. 

2.  A  cask  of  two  different  sizes,  for  salt 
provisions,  &<•. ,  the  one  made  to  contain  about 
804  Ibs.,  and  the  other  about  S3S  Ibs. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Cards :  A  sequence  of  three  cards  of  the 
tame  colour.    Called  also  Tierce-major. 

"If  the  younger  hand  has  carte  btnnche  he  can  score 
•eveuty.two.  h'.Iillng  four  aces,  four  tens,  and  taking 
ill  a  tierce  to  a  tint,  -field,  Jan.  23,  1886. 

2.  Bccles. :  The  third  hour  of  the  Divine 
Office.     It  consists  of  Psalms,  with  versicles 
and  responses,  a  hymn,  the  little  chapter,  and 
a  prayer. 

3.  Fencing:   A  position  in  which  the  wrist 
and  nails  are  turned  downwards,  the  weapon 
of  the  opponent  being  on  the  right  of  the 
fencer.    From  this  position  a  guard,  thrust, 
or  parry  can  be  made,  the  thrust  attacking 
the  upper  part  of  the  adversary's  body. 

"  With  eo  much  judgment  play'd  his  part, 
He  had  him  both  iu  tierce  and  quart.' 

SomentiUe :  ruble  2. 

i.  Her. :  A  term  for  the  Held  when  divided 
into  three  equal  parts  of  different  tinctures. 
6.  Music: 

(1)  A  major  or  minor  third. 

(2)  An  organ-stop  of  the  same  pitch  as  the 
similarly-named  harmonic.   In  modern  organs 
it  is  generally  incorporated  as  a  rank  of  Ses- 
quialtera   (q.v.),  and    combined  with   other 
harmonics. 

H  Arch  of  the  tierce,  or  third,  point :  An 
arch  consisting  of  two  arcs  of  a  circle  inter- 
secting at  the  top  ;  a  pointed  arch. 
tierce-major,  s.    [TIERCE,  II.  1.] 
tierce-point,  ».    The  vertex  of  an  equi- 
lateral triangle. 

tier  9?!,  tie'rce'-let,  s.  [Fr.  tiercelet,  from 
Low  Lat.  tertwtus  =  a  tiercelet,  a  dimin.  from 
Lat.  tertiu.i  =  third.]  A  male  hawk  or  falcon  ; 
so  called,  according  to  some,  because  every 
tliird  hawk  in  a  nest  is  a  male  ;  according  to 
others,  because  the  male  is  a  third  less  than 
the  female. 

•tler'-cSt,  s.    [TIERCE.] 

Poetry :  A  triplet ;  three  lines,  or  three 
lines  rhyming. 

tiers  etat  (as  terz-e-ta'),  s.    [Fr.  ] 

Fr.  Hist. :  The  third  estate ;  that  is,  the 
people  exclusive  of  the  nobility  and  clergy ; 
the  commonalty.  Previous  to  the  Revolution 
of  1789,  the  nobles  and  clergy  constituted  the 
second  estates. 

tiS,  s.  [Used  in  several  senses,  all  ultimately 
reducible  to  that  of  a  whiff  or  draught  of 
breath.  (Wedgwood.)] 


tier— tiger 

1.  A  small  draught  of  liquor  :  liquor. 
"  But  I,  whom  griping  Penury  surrounds,  .  .  . 
With  scanty  offals,  aud  small  acul  tiff. 


(W  retched  repi 


ps*  sustain." 
shilling. 


2.  A  nt  of  peevishness,  a  pet;   a  slight 
quarrel  or  altercation. 

"  There  had  been  numerous  lift  and  quarrels  be- 
tween mother  aud  daughter."—  r«ac*er<ijr;  Skabby 
Uc/tteel  story,  ch.  L 


*tiff(l),   «.«.  4ti.      [TIFF,  ».) 

A.  Trans. :  To  sip,  to  drink. 

"  HL-  tifd  his  punch  and  went  to  rest" 

Combe :  Dr.  syntax,  i.  T. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  in  a  pet. 

"tiff (2),  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  tifer,  ali/er  =  to  deck, 
to  trim,  to  adorn.]  To  deck  out ;  to  dress. 

"Her  desire  of  tiffing  out  her  mistress  In  a  killing 
»tare."^S«<»rc»  :  Light  of  a  Mare,  vol.  i.  lit.  t,  cai.  v. 

tlfl"-an-y\  *  tlff-an-le,  *  tiff  en-ay,    ». 

[Pro'b.  connected  with  tiff  (2),  v.] 
Fabric:  A  kind  of  thin  silk  gauze. 

"  The  Invention  of  thiit  flue  silke.  ttfanie,  sarcenet, 
and  cyures,  which  Instead  of  apparell  to  cover  and 
hide,  shew  women  naked  through  them,'— P.  HtA- 
tana:  Flhtie,  bk.  «±.  ch.  xiii. 

tiff  -In,  ».  [See  extract.]  A  word  applied  in 
India  to  a  lunch  or  slight  repast  between 
breakfast  and  dinner. 

"  7\fl*.  now  naturalized  among  Anglo-Indians  in 
the  sense  of  luncheon,  is  the  north  country  tijhiy 
(properly,  supping),  eating  or  ilriukiug  out  «f  season. ' 
—Grate,  hi  Wedffwjod :  fftct.  £nff.  Strmoi. 

•tiir-ish,  o.  [Eng.  tiff,  a.;  -it*.]  Inclined 
to  peevishness ;  petulant 

tUt,  ».    [TiFF,  s.]    A  fit  of  peevishness  ;  a  tiff, 

a  pet. 
tig,  >.    [A  variant  of  lie*  or  tug.] 

1.  A  twitch,  a  tug,  a  pull. 

'*  Ower  moiiy  malsters,  as  the  puddock  laid  to  the 
harrow,  when  every  tooth  gae  her  a  Ha."  —  Scott : 
Holt  Rot,  cb.  xxviL 

2.  A  children's  game,  iu  which  one  pursues 
and   endeavours   to   touch   another ;    if  he 
succeeds,  the  one  touched  becomes  in   his 
turn  the  pursuer  till  he  can  tig  or  touch 
another. 

3.  A  flat  drinking-cup,  of  capacious  size, 
and  generally  with  four  handles,  formerly  used 
for  passing  round  tire  table  at  convivial  meet- 
ings. 

tig.  v.t.    ITio,  «.]    To  twitch ;  to  give  a  slight 

stroke  to. 
tige,  «.    IFr.  =  a  stalk.] 

1.  Arch. :  The  shaft  of  a  column  from  the 
astragal  to  the  capital. 

2.  Ordn. :  A  pin  at  the  base  of  the  breech 
In  the  Thouvenin  system  of  firearms,  for  ex- 
panding the  base  of  the  ball ;  an  anvil  or  sup- 
port for  the  cap  or  primer  in  a  central-ore 
cartridge. 

» tigeL  *  tegele,  «.    [TILB  (IX  «.] 
tl-gel'-la,    ta-geT-lus,    «.     [Mod.  Lat] 

[TlOELLE.] 

tt-gel'-late,  o.     [Mod.   Lat.  tigeWa);  Eng. 
suff.  -ate.] 

Bot. :  Having  a  short  stalk,  as  the  plumule 
of  a  bean. 

tl-gelle ,  «.    [Fr.,  dimin.  from  tige  (q.v.).] 
Bot. :  The  caulicle  or  neck  of  an  ovule. 

ti'-ger.  "tl-gre,  »ty-ger,  «ty-gre,  ». 

[Fr.  tigre,  from  Lat.  tigrem,  accus.  of  ligris ; 
Or.  TI'YPH  (tigris)  =  a  tiger,  from  O.  Pers. 
tighri  =  an  arrow,  from  tighra  =  sharp,  pointed, 
whence  Pers.  tir  =  an  arrow,  also  tlie  river 
Tigris,  from  its  rapidity.  ] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

2.  Figuratively: 

•  (1)  A  person  of  a  flerce,  bloodthirsty  dis- 
position. 

*  (2)  A    dissolute,    swaggering  dandy ;    a 
Turning  blade  ;  a  swaggerer,  a  hector,  a  bully, 
a  raobawk.    (Thackeray:  Pendentiis,  ch.  xix.) 

(8)  A  boy  in  livery  whose  special  dnty  is  to 
attend  on  his  master  while  driving  out ;  a 
young  male  servant  or  groom. 

"  Tiger  Tim  was  clean  of  limb. 
His  boots  were  polished,  his  jacket  was  trim, 
Barham :  Ingaldtby  Leyendi  ;  The  Execution. 

(4)  A  kind  of  growl  or  screech  after  cheer- 
ing :  as,  three  cheers  and  a  tiger.  (Amer. 
CoUoq.) 


II.  TechnKally : 

1.  Zool. :  Fela  tigris  (•  Tigris  results,  Gray), 
the  largest  aud  most  dangerous  of  the  Felidn-. 
exceeding  the  Lion  slightly  in  size  and  far 
surpassing    him    in    de.^tructiveneas.      It  Is 
purely  Asiatic  in  its  habitat,  but  is  not  by 
any  means  con  lined  to  the  hot  |>lains  of  India, 
though  there  it  reaches  its  highest  develop- 
ment both  of  sii-d  and  cnloral  ion.     It  is  found 
in  the  Himalayas  at  certain  seasons,  at  a  high 
altitude,  and  "in  lsS7  one  was  captured  near 
Wlailiwostock,  in  Sil«ria,  and  another  in  the 
Caucasus,  near  the  Black  Sea.  (\"t « <  • .  Nov.  10, 
1887.)   It  is  met  with  to  the  eastward  through- 
out Chinese  Tartary,  as  far  north,  it  is  said, 
as  the  island  of  Saghalien,  where  the  winter 
is  very  severe.     According  to  I'ayrer  (Rcyal 
Tiger  of  Bengal,  p.    30),  the  full-grown  mule 
Indian  tiger  is  from  nine  to  twelve,  and  the 
tigress  from  eight  to  ten  feet  from  the  nose  to 
tlie  tip  of  the  tail,  and  from  thirty-six  to 
forty-two  inches  high  at  the  shoulder.     It  is 
the  only  member  of  the  family  ornamented 
with  cross  stripes  on  the  body— a  scarce  type 
of  coloration  among  mammals.    These  cross 
stripes  help    to   render   tlie   animal    incon- 
spicuous among  the  reeds  iu  which  it  com- 
monly hides  itself,   and  where  it  would  be 
seen  with  comparative  ea»e  if  marked  with 
spots  or   longitudinal    bands.    The    ground 
colour  of  the  skin  to  rufous  or  tawny  yellow, 
shaded  with   white  on  the  ventral  surface. 
This  is  varied  with  vertical  black  stripes  or 
elongated  ovals  and  briudliugs.     On  the  face 
and  posterior  surface  of  the  ears  the  white 
markings  are  peculiarly  well  developed.    The 
depth  of  the  ground  colour  and  the  intensity 
of  the  black  markings  vary,  according  to  tlie 
age  and  condition    of  the  animal.     In  old 
tigers  the  ground  becomes  more  tawny,  of  a 
lighter  shade,  and  the  black  markings  better 
denned.    The  ground  colouring  is  more  dusky 
in  young  animals.      Although   possessed   of 
Immense    strength    and    ferocity,    the   tiger 
rarelyattacks  an  armed  man,  unlessprovoked, 
though  often  carrying  off  women  and  children. 
When  pressed  by  hunger  or  enfeebled  by  age 
and  incapable  of  dealing  with  larger  prey,  like 
buffaloes,  the  tiger  prowls    round    villages, 
and,  having  once  tasted  human  flesh,  becomes 
a  confirmed  man-eater  (q.v.).     In  a  Govern- 
ment report  it  is  stated  that  "one  tigress 
caused  the  desertion  of  thirteen  villages,  and 
250  square  miles  of.  country  were  thrown  out 
of  cultivation."    The  natives  destroy  tigers 
by  traps,  pitfalls,  spring-guns,  and  poisoned 
arrows,  but  the  orthodox  method  of  keeping 
down  their  numbers  as  pursued  by  Europeans 
is  to  employ  natives  to  beat  the  bush  while 
the  game,  when  started,  is  shot  by  the  sports- 
men seated    on    elepluints.      The   sport   is 
exciting,  but  dangerous  ;  for  a  wounded  tiger 
has  been  known  to  spring  upon  an  elephant 
and  to  inflict  senons  wounds  on  the  driver 
and  occupants  of  the  howdah,  before  it  could 
be  despatched.    When  taken  young  tlie  Tiger 
is  capable  of  being  tamed.    The  pair  of  adult 
animals  which  were  presented  to  tlie  Zoologi- 
cal Society  of  London  by  the  Guicowar  of 
Baroda,  used  to  be  led  about  by  their  attend- 
ants in  the  streets  of  that  city  ;   and   Sir 
James  Outram  once  possessed  a  male  which 
lived  at  large  in  his  quarters,  and  occasionally 
accompanied  him  in   boat  excursions.     The 
Tiger  was  known  to  the  ancients  ;  frequent 
mention  of  it  occurs  in  both  Greek  aud  Latin 
writers,  and  like  tlie  Lion,  it  was  habitually 
seen  in  the  Games  of  tlie  Circus.     No  reference 
is  made  to  it,  however,  in  the  Bible.     The 
Jaguar  (Felis  onca)  is  sometimes  called  the 
American  Tiger,  and  Felie  macrocelis,  from  the 
Malayan  Peninsula,  the  Clouded  Tiger. 

2.  Sugar :  A  tank  having  a  perforated  bot- 
tom, through  which  the  molasses  escape. 

tiger-beetles,  ».  rf. 

Entom. :  The  family  Cicindelid«e.     [Cicrn- 

IIELA.] 

tiger-bird,  a. 

Ornithology : 

L  Any  species  of  the  genus  Oapito ;  specif, 

Capita  cayanus. 

"On  all  the  ripe  fig-trees  In  the  forest  you  lee  the 
bird  called  the  small  Tiger-bird.  .  .  .  The  throat  and 
part  of  the  head  are  a  bright  red ;  the  breast  aud  belly 
have  black  spots  on  a  yellow  ground  ;  the  wings  are  a, 
dark  green  Mack,  aud  white;  aud  the  rumyand  tall 
black  and  green.  —H'atsrton.-  Wandering! ;  Heoontt 
Journey,  ch.  iil. 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Tigrisoma 
(q.v.).  (Waterton :  Wandenngt.  Kxplan. 
Index  by  J.  G.  -Wood.) 


boil,  U6^;  poTtt,  J6*l;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  toenchj  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a$;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.   -ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan,   -tton,  -slon  =  aliun ;  -lion,  -fion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  *c.  =  DeL  del. 


4724 


tigerantio— tikoor 


tiger-bittern,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Tigrisoma  tigrinum.  So  callec 
because  of  its  reddish  brown  colour,  marked 
with  black,  somewhat  like  a  tiger. 

tiger-cat,  a. 

Zool.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
smaller  felines,  especially  when  the  disposition 
of  the  darker  coloration  of  the  skin  resem- 
bles that  of  the  tiger  (q.v.). 

tiger-cowry,  s.    [TIOER-SHELL.] 
tiger-flower,  s. 

Bat.  :  The  genus  Tigridia  (q.v.),  so  called 
because  the  flowers  are  orange,  yellow,  and 
richly  spotted. 

*  tiger  -  footed,  a.  Swift  as  a  tiger; 
moving  in  bounds  ;  hastening  to  seize  one's 
prey. 

"  This  tiger-f'Xtted  Rage." 

Nfiaketp.  :  Coriolanui,  iiL  1. 

tiger-leap,  s.  A  bound  or  leap  like  that 
of  a  tiger  on  its  prey. 

"  With  a  tiger  Jeap  half  way 
Now  Bbe  meets  the  coming  prey 
Wardtaorth  :  Kitten  t  the  Fait 

tiger-Illy,  s. 

Bat.  :  Lilium  tigrinum,  a  fine  lily,  having 
•carlet  spotted  flowers,  whence  it  is  called 
also  the  Tiger-spotted  Lily.  It  is  a  native  of 
China,  but  is  now  cultivated  in  American  gar- 
dens. The  bulbs  are  eaten  in  China  and  J  upan. 

tiger-moth,  s. 

Entom.  :  Arctia  caja,  a  large  fine  moth,  the 
male  with  pectinated  antenna,  the  fore  wings 
In  both  sexes  brown,  with  numerous  irregu- 
larly ramifying  whitish  streaks  and  spots, 
the  hinder  wings  reddish  orange  with  six  or 
seven  blue-black  spots  ;  expansion  of  wings, 
2J  to  2j  inches.  Larva  black,  with  long  white 
hairs  on  the  back,  reddish-brown  ones  along 
the  sides  and  on  the  anterior  segments  ;  the 
head  and  legs  black.  It  feeds  on  duckweed, 
dock-nettle,  and  various  low  plants.  The 
eggs  are  deposited  in  July  and  August  ;  the 
larva  lives  through  the  winter,  and  when  full 
grown  is  about  two  inches  long.  It  spins  a 
loose  hairy  web  in  July,  and  changes  to  a  large 
dark  smooth  chrysalis.  The  Tiger  Moth  is 
common  in  Europe,  and  is  sometimes  called 
the  Garden  Tiger. 

tiger-shark,  s. 

Ichthy.  :  Stegontoma  tigrinum,  a  shark  com- 
mon in  the  Indian  Ocean.  Young  specimens 
are  generally  met  with  close  to  the  shore  ;  but 
the  full-grown  fish,  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet 
long,  frequent  the  open  sea.  The  colour  is  a 
yellowish  brown,  with  black  or  dark-brown 
transverse  bands  or  spots,  whence  the  popular 
name.  Called  also  Zebra-shark. 

tiger-shell,  tiger  -cowry,  s. 

Zoo!.  :  Cyprim  tigris.     Tlie  dark  markings, 
however,  consist  of  dots,  and  not  of  stripes. 
tiger-wolf,  «.    [THYLACINE]. 

tiger  -wood,  s.  A  valuable  wood  for 
cabi  net-makers,  imported  from  British  G  uiana. 
It  is  the  heart-wood  of  Machcerium  Schom- 
tarffefi. 

tiger's  foot,  «. 

Bot.  :  Ipomaea  pci-tigridis.  The  stem  and 
leaves  are  hairy  ;  the  flowers,  which  are  invo- 
lucrate,  are  small  and  white,  with  a  tinge  of 
purple.  Common  in  India. 

•ti-ger-an'-tlc,  a.      [Eng.  tiger;    -antic.} 
Ravenous  as  a  tiger. 

"  The  meridian    of  your  tigerantic  stomach."—  T. 

•ti'-ger-Ine,  o.    [Eng.  tiger  ;  -Int.}    Tigerish. 

ti'-ger-Ish,  a.  [Eng.  tiger;  -is*.]  The  same 
as  I'IGKISH  (q.v.). 

ti'-ger-Ism.  «.     [Eng.  tiger;  -im.)     The 
qualities  or  character  of  a  tiger. 

11"  fi!"  lop<UMP  ,«»»  Placed  his  h»t  on  hli  head, 
slightly  on  one  aide.  It  was  the  '  tigeritm  '  of  a  past 
period,  and  which  he  could  no  more  abandon  than  lie 
could  give  up  the  Jaunty  swagger  of  Ms  walk."— 
Lner:  trmmUHl  of  mihop'i  Potty,  vol.  1L.  ch.  x. 

**L"i?Sr".k?1'  «•  fB"S-  "«""•••  aimin-  a""*- 
•Kin.]  A  little  tiger;  hence,  humorouslv 
a  cat. 


tigh  to*  silent),  ».    [Cf.  Gael.  tigh  =  &  house.] 
A  close  or  inclosure.    (Prov.) 


*  tight  (gh  silent),  fret,  of  v.    [TIE,  i:] 

tight  (gh  silent),  «  thyht,  «  thlte,  •  tlte,  o 

S  i.  [Prop,  thight  ;  Icel.  thettr  =  tight,  water 
tight,  not  leaking  ;  Sw.  tat  =  close,  tight 
thick,  hard,  compact  ;  tola  =  to  make  tight 
tdtua  =  to  become  tight;  Dan.  tta,  —  tight 
compart,  dense,  water-tight;  tette=to  tighten 
Ger.  dicht  =  tight  ;  Out.  digt.  Taut  and  tigh, 
are  doublets.] 

A*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Having  the  parts  or  joints  so  closely 
united  as  to  prevent  the   passage  of  fluids 
impervious  or  impermeable  tn  air,  gas,  water, 
Ac.    (Generally  in  composition  :  as, 


2.  Having  the  parts  firmly  held  together, 
so  as  not  to  be  easily  or  readily  moved  ;  com- 
paclly  or  firmly  built  or  made  ;  in  a  sound 
condition. 

14  The  ship  la  tight,  andyare,  and  bravely  rigged." 
Shalceip.  :  Tempett,  v. 

3.  Tensely  stretched  or  drawn  ;  taut  ;  not 
slack  :  as,  a  tight  rope. 

4.  Firmly  packed  or  inserted  ;  not  loose  ; 
not  easily  moved  :  as,  a  stopper  is  tight  in  a 
bottle. 

5.  Fitting  close  to  the  body  ;  not  loose. 

"  The  remaining  part  of  their  dress  consists  of  a  pair 
01  tight  trowsers  ;  or  long  breeches.  of  leather,  reaching 
down  to  the  calf  of  the  leg."—  Coo*  :  Third  Vouuge, 
bk.  VL,  ch.  vli. 

6.  Well-built,    sinewy,    strong,    muscular. 
(Said  of  persons.) 

7.  In  good  health  or  condition. 

"  '  And  how  dona  miss  and  madam  do. 
The  little  boy  and  all  I  •  * 

•  All  tight  and  well.'  " 
«-,.,.  Cavptr:  rearly  DMrin. 

*  8.  Neat,  tidy. 

"  While  {hey  are  among  the  English  they  wear  good 
cloathi.  and  take  delight  to  go  neat  and  tijht  '  '— 
Bampier:  f'oyaflei  (an.  1681). 

9.  Parsimonious,    niggardly,    close-fisted 
(Colloq.  Amer.) 

10.  Produced  by  or  requiring  great  strength 
or  exertion  ;  severe  :  as,  a  tight  pull.  (Colloq.) 

11.  Not  easily  obtained  ;  not  to  be  obtained 
on  ordinary  or  easy  terms  ;  dear  ;  not  cheap. 
(Said  of  money  or  the  money-market.) 

12.  Slightly  intoxicated  ;  tipsy,  or  nearly  so. 

"  '  No.  air,  not  a  bit  tipsy.'  aald  Harding,  Interpret- 
Ing  his  glance;  'not  even  what  Mr.  Cutbill  Vails 
h  II  ~~  Le*er  :  BramieV>u  <tf  ttilhop'l  folly.  voL  ii. 

B.  At  subst.  :  [TIOHTS], 

tight-rope,  s.  A  tensely  stretched  rope 
on  which  an  acrobat  walks,  and  performs 
other  feats,  at  a  greater  or  less  height  above 
the  ground. 

*  tight  (gh  silent),  v.t.    [TioHT,  a.)    To  make 
tight,  to  tighten. 

tight'  -en  (gh  silent),  v.t.  &  i.  [Eng.  tight  ;  -en.] 

A.  Trims.  :  To  make  tight,  to  draw  tighter 
to  make  more  close  or  strict 

"  What  reins  were  tightened  In  despair 
When  roae  Benledi  a  ridge  In  air.1' 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  i.  «. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  become  tight  or  tighter  • 
to  become  dearer.     (Often  followed  by  up.) 
(Stock  Exchange  slang.) 

.J'.L!?der>  »voldl"?  ""'a  class  of  paper  from  a  belief 
that  the  market  will,  as  usual.  'tighten  up'  toward* 
the  end  of  the  year."—  flatty  Telegraph.  Nov.  St.  188*. 

Gght'-en-er,    tight  '-ner    (gh    silent),    t. 
[Eng.  tighten;  -er.) 

1.  A   ribbon   or  string  for    tightening  a 
woman's  dress. 

2.  A  hearty  meal.    (Slang.) 

tight  -en-Ing    (gh   silent),   pr.   far.    or  a 
[TIGHTEN.] 

tlghtenlng-pulley,  s.  A  pulley  which 
rests  against  the  baud  in  order  to  tighten  it, 
to  increase  its  frictional  adhesion  to  the 
pulleys  over  which  it  runs. 

tight  -er  to*  silent),  s.    [Eng.  tight;  -er.] 

1.  A  ribbon  or  string  used  to  draw  clothes 
tight. 

*  2.  A  caulker. 

"Julius  Camj  and  Fompey  were  boatwrlghta  and 
tighter,  at,  Mf^'-crryuhan.-  Rabelai,.  bk.lCch.zxx. 

';1^.  *  tight-11  (ah  silent),  adv.    [Eng. 
1.  In  a  tight  manner  ;  closely  ;  not  loosely. 

"  Placed  so  tightly,  as  to  squeeze  myself  In  half  my 
'™        *•""''     **•*     •ff""'"°1 


*  2.  Neatly,  adroiUy,  soundly. 

"  lie  will  clapper-claw  tliee  tightly." 

Shatap. :  Herri  Wieei  o/  Windmr,  U.  1 

*  3.  Closely,  sharply. 


tight  -ness  (gh  silent),  ».    [Eng.  tight;  • 

1.  The  quality  or  state   of   being   tight" 
oloaenoBB,  imperviousness,  compactness. 

2.  Tautness  :  as,  the  tightness  of  a  string. 

3.  Closeness,  firmness. 

"  The  bones  are  Inflexible ;  which  ariaes  from  the 
greatness  of  the  number  of  corpuscles  that  compos* 
them,  and  the  firmness  and  tiyktnett  of  their  union." 
—  Woodward :  On  fouilt. 

i.  The  quality  nr  state  of  being  straightened 
or  stringent;  stringency,  severity,  closeness, 
parsimoniousness. 

5.  The  state  of  being  slightly  intoxicated  • 
tipsiness. 

*  6.  Capability,  dexterity,  adroitness,  neat- 
ness. 

tights  (ah  silent),  s.  pi.    [TIGHT,  a.) 

1.  Tight -fitting  underclothing  worn  by 
actors,  acrobats,  dancers,  or  the  like. 

"  Frozen  In  their  tight*  or  chilled  to  the  bone  in  the 
midst  of  their  carnivalesque  revelry."— Daily  Tele- 
graph, March  16,  lag;. 

*  2.  Small  clothes  ;  breeches. 

"  Hla  elevated  position  revealing  those  tight,  and 
gaiters,  which,  had  they  clothed  an  ordinary  man. 
might  have  passed  without  observation. "—DickenT: 
Pickwick,  cb.  i. 

tlg'-Uo,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  (croton)  tigl(ium) ;  -it] 
Contained  in  or  derived  from  croton-oil. 

tlglic-acld, «. 

Chem. :  C6H8O2  =  CH3'CH  :  C(CH3)-CO'OH. 
Methyl  crotonic  acid.  Found  in  crotou-oil, 
and  prepared  synthetically  by  the  action  of 
phosphorus  chloride  on  ethylic  eth-meth-oxa- 
late.  It  crystallizes  in  triclinic  prisms,  melt* 
at  63°,  aud  boils  at  198°. 

ti'-gress,  *  ti-gresse,  s.  [Eng.  tiger;  -en.) 
The  female  of  the  tiger. 

"  The  tigrette  commeth  and  finds  her  nest  and  dan 
emptie."— P.  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  vlii.  ch.  xviu. 

ti-grld'-l'-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from  Gr. 
n'ypit  (tigris)  =  a  tiger ;  or  Gr.  n'ypic  (tigria)  = 
a  tiger,  and  «Wo«  (eidos)  =  appearance.  Named 
from  its  spotted  flowers.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Iridacese.  Bulbs  from 
Mexico,  with  very  beautiful  but  fugitive 

flowers.      [TlGEE-FLOWEB.] 

"tl'-grfne,  «.  [Eng.  tiger;  -ine)  Like  • 
tiger ;  tigrish. 

"  The  young  of  the  lion  are  marked  with  fstnl 
stripes  of  a  tigrine  character."—  Wood:  lllue.  Sat 
HUl.,  1.  108. 

*ti'-gris,s.    [Lat]    [TiOEB.] 

Zool. :  A  Linmran  genus  of  Carnivore  Felina. 
It  was  revived  by  Gray,  in  whose  classification 
the  Tiger  figured  as  Tigris  regalis. 

ti'-grish,  tt.    [Eng.  tiger;  -is*.] 

1.  Resembling,  pertaining  to,  or  character- 
ise of  a  tiger ;  tierce,  bloodthirsty. 

"  Let  tiiis  thought  thy  tigrith  couraA  pass." 

Hidaeli  :  Ittruph.  1  SttUa. 

*  2.  Swaggering,  bullying. 

"Nothing  could  be  more  vagrant,  devil-me-carish, 
and,  to  use  the  slang  word,  tiprtih,  than  his  whole- 
air.'—  Lytton:  My  Novel,  bk.  vi.,  ch.  xx. 

ti-grl-SO'-ma,  ».  [Lat.  tigrii  =a  tiger,  and 
Gr.  O-OVIOL  (sdma)  =  the  body.  Named  from 
the  markings  on  the  plumage.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Ardeidse,  with  four 
species,  from  tropical  America  and  Western 
Africa.  Bill  as  in  Ardea  (q.v.);  facf,  and 
sometimes  chin,  naked  ;  legs  feathered  almost 
to  the  knees ;  inner  toe  rather  shorter  than 
outer  ;  claws  short,  stout,  regularly  curved ; 
anterior  scales  reticulate  or  hexagonal. 

'  tike  (1),  «.    [TICK  (2),  s.] 

tike  (2),  *  tyke,  «.  [Icel.  tik;  Sw.  tOc  =  * 
bitch.) 

1.  A  dog,  a  cur. 

"  Or  bobtail  like  or  trundle- tall." 

Sltahap. :  Lear,  111.  H 

2.  A  Yorkshireman. 

3.  A  vulgar  person,  a  queer  fellow. 

*  tik  cl,  a.    [TICKLE,  a.) 

ti  koor ,  tik'-ul,  =.    [Bengalee  name.] 

Bot. :  Garcinia  pedunculata.  a  tall  tree,  8 


.' 

mute,  cftb.  cure,  unite,  our.  role,  full;  try,  Syrian,    n.  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tikor— till 


4725 


native  of  Rungpoor,  Goalpara,  and  Sylhet  in 
India.  The  fruit  is  large,  round,  smooth, 
and,  when  ripe,  yellow.  The  fleshy  part  is 
of  a  very  sharp,  pleasant  taate,  and  is  used  by 
the  natives  for  curries,  and  for  acidulating 
water  ;  if  cut  into  slices  it  will  keep  tor  years, 
and  might  be  used,  in  \im  of  Mines,  on  board 
ship  on  long  voyages.  (Calcutta  Exhib.  Report.) 

tjk'-or,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Botany,  Ac. : 

1.  The  tubers  of  Curcuma  leucorrhua,  which 
grow  in  the  forests  of  Bahar  in  India.    They 
are  yellow  inside,  and  often  a  foot  long. 

2.  An  excellent  kind  of  arrowroot  prepared 
from  the  tubers. 

ti'-kua,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool, :  A  small  insectivorous  mammal,  from 
Malacca  and  Sumatra,  described  by  Sir  Stam- 
ford Rattles  as  Viverra  gywmura,  but  now 
known  as  Gymnurus  rajflesii.  Externally  it  is 
not  unlike  an  opossum  with  a  lengthened 
muzzle ;  greater  portion  of  the  body,  upper 
part  of  legs,  root  of  tail,  and  stripe  over  the 
eye  black,  the  other  parts  white.  It  possesses 
glands  which  secrete  a  substance  with  a 
strong  musky  smell. 

tn(l),  s.    [TILL  (I),*.] 

til  (2),  S.      [TlLIA.] 

til  (3),  s.    [See  def.J 

Comm. :  The  name  given  in  the  Canary 
Islands  to  the  wood  of  Oreodaphne  exaltata. 
[OREODAPHNK.]  Called  also  Tilwood. 

*  tiO,  prep.     [TiLL,  prep.] 

titt'-bur-y,  *  til-burgh*  «.   [From  the  name 
of  the  inventor,  a 
London  coach-buil- 
der,   In  the    early 
part   of  the    nine- 


teenth century.]    A  gig  or  two-wheeled  car- 
riage  without  a  top  or  cover. 

tU'-de,  «.  [Sp.]  The  diacritic  mark  placed 
over  the  letter  n  (sometimes  over  I)  in  Spanish 
to  indicate  that  in  pronunciation  the  follow- 
ing vowel  is  to  be  sounded  as  if  a  y  had  been 
affixed  to  it :  as,  caftan,  pronounced  can-yon. 

tile  (1),  "  tyle,  s.  [A  contract,  of  tigel  ;  A.S. 
tigele,  from  Lat.  tegula=&  tile,  lit.  =  that 
which  covers,  from  tego  =  to  cover.] 

1.  A  kind  of  thin  slab  of  baked  clay,  used 
for  covering  roofs,  paving  floors,  lining 
furnaces  or  ovens,  constructing  drains,  &c. 
Tiles,  both  flat  and  curved,  were  in  great 
demand  in  Roman  architecture.  Roofs  were 
covered  with  the  flat  and  curved  tiles  alter- 
nating. Tiles  two  feet  square  with  a  foot  at 
each  angle  were  used  to  line  the  thermic,  so 
that  an  air  space  between  them  and  the  wall 
should  prevent  the  absorption  of  the  water  by 
the  latter.  Tiles  are  manufactured  by  a 
similar  process  to  bricks.  Roofing  tiles  art 
of  two  sorts,  plain  tiles  and  pantiles;  the 
former  are  flat,  and  are  usually  made  f  inch 
in  thickness,  10J  inches  long,  61  wide.  They 
weigh  from  2  to  2i  pounds  each,  and  expose 
•bout  one-half  to  the  weather ;  740  tiles  cover 
100  superficial  feet.  They  are  hung  upon  the 
lath  by  two  oak  pins,  inserted  into  holes  made 
by  the  moulder.  Pantiles,  first  used  in  Flan- 
ders, have  a  wavy  surface,  lapping  under  and 
being  overlapped  by  the  adjacent  tiles  of  the 
same  rank.  They  are  made  14£  x  10} ;  expose 
ten  inches  to  the  weather  :  weigh  from  6  to  5J 
pounds  eac.h ;  170  cover  100  superficial  feet. 
Crown,  Ridge,  Hip,  and  Valley  tiles  are  semi- 
cylindrical,  or  segments  of  cylinders,  used  for 
the  purposes  indicated.  Siding-tiles  are  used 
M  a  substitute  for  weather  boarding.  Holes 
we  made  in  them  when  moulding,  and  they 
are  secured  to  the  lath  by  flat-headed  nails. 
The  gauge  or  exposed  face  is  sometimes  in- 
dented, to  represent  courses  of  brick.  Fine 
mortar  is  introduced  between  them  when  they 
rest  upon  each  other.  Siding-tiles  are  some- 


times called  Weather-tiles  and  Mathematical 
tiles ;  these  names  are  derived  from  their  ex- 
posure or  markings.  They  are  variously 
formed,  having  curved  or  crenated  edges,  and 
various  ornaments  either  raised  or  encaustic. 
Dutch  tiles,  for  chimneys,  are  made  of  a 
whitish  earth,  glazed  and  painted  with  various 
figures.  Drain-tiles  are  usually  made  in  the 
form  of  an  arch,  and  laid  upon  flat  tiles  called 
Soles.  Paving-tiles  are  usually  square  and 
thicker  than  those  used  for  rooting.  [EN- 
CAUSTIC,] Galvanized  iron  tiles  have  been  in- 
troduced in  France.  They  are  shaped  like 
pantiles,  so  that  each  laps  upon  its  neighbour 
in  the  course,  and  each  course  laps  upon  the 
one  beneath  it. 

"  The  houses  are  represented  as  considerable,  being 
built  with  atone  and  timber,  and  covered  with  tiles, 
*  very  uncommon  fabric  for  these  warm  climate*  and 
»vage  countries."— Anton:  Voyayes,  bk,  ill.,  ch.  vt. 

2.  Brass-founding :   The    cover  of  a  brass 
furnace.     Now  made  of  iron,  but  formerly  a 
flat  tile. 

3.  Metall. :  A  clay  cover  for  a  melting-pot 

4.  A  tall  stiff  hat ;  a  tall  silk  hat,  or  one  of 
that  shape.    (Slang.) 

"  And  down  be  aat  without  further  bidding,  having 
previously  deposited  his  old  white  hat  on  the  landing 
ouUide  the  door.  '  Ta'ut  a  werry  good  'uii  to  look  at, 
said  S.im,  'but  It's  an  aatonishiiT  *un  to  wear;  aiid 
afore  the  brim  went,  it  waa  a  wery  handsome  tile. ' — 
Oickent:  />ic*»ic*.  ch.  xii. 

tile  creasing,  s. 

Mason. :  A  row  of  tiles  laid  along  the  top  of 
a  wall,  projecting  beyond  the  face;  or  each 
face,  if  both  are  exposed.  A  row  of  bricks 
laid  header  fashion  is  laid  above,  and  is  called 
a  cope.  A  double  row  laid  so  as  to  break 
joint  is  double  tile -creasing. 

tile-drain,  s.    A  drain  made  of  tiles. 

tile-earth,  s.  A  strong  clayey  earth  ; 
stiff,  stubborn  land,  (Prov.) 

tile-field,  s.  Ground  on  which  tiles  are 
made. 

tile-kiln,  s.    A  fora  at  kiln  adapted  to 

burning  tiles. 

tile  ore,  s. 

Min. :  An  earthy  form  of  cuprite  (q.v.),  of 
a  brick-red  or  reddish-brown  colour  ;  usually 
impure  from  admixture  of  earthy  limonite  or 
turgite,  and  other  substances. 

tile-pin,  s.  A  pin,  usually  of  hard  wood, 
passing  through  a  hole  in  a  tile  into  a  lath, 
&c.,  to  secure  it  to  the  roof. 

tile-root,  s. 

Bot. :  Geissorhiza ;  a  genus  of  Iridacese, 
with  showy  flowers,  chiefly  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  Seven  species  are  cultivated  in 
British  greenhouses. 

tile-atone,  s. 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  tile. 

It  Technically: 

1.  Geol.  (PL) :  Certain  beds  originally  con- 
sidered by  Murchison  to  be  the  base  of  the 
Old  Red  Sandstone,  but  afterwards  transferred 
by  him  to  the  highest  part  of  the  Upper 
Silurian.      They  have  been  retained  in  tnis 
position,  and  are  considered  to  be  the  transi- 
tion beds  from  the  Upper  Silurian  to  the  Old 
Red  Sandstone.    Salter  proposed  to  call  them 
Ledbury  shales.  They  range  from  Shropshire, 
through    Hereford    and     Radnorshire,    into 
Brecon  and  Carmarthenshire.     Their  fauna  is 
essentially  that  of  the  Upper  Ludlow  rock. 

2.  Petrol. :  A  name  by  which  certain  slates 
which  cleave  along  planes  of  bedding  are 
known.     They  form  roofing  slates. 

tile-tea,  *.  A  kind  of  inferior  tea  pre- 
pared by  stewing  refuse  leaves  with  milk, 
butter,  salt,  and  herbs,  and  solidifying  the 
mixture  by  pressing  into  moulds.  It  is  sold 
at  Kiachta  to  the  Armenians  for  distribution 
through  Western  Siberia  and  the  Caucasus. 
It  is  an  article  of  food  rather  than  a  beverage. 

tile-work,  ».  A  place  where  tiles  are 
made ;  a  tilery. 

tile  (2),*.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  In  Freemason  and 
other  lodges,  the  door  of  the  lodge.  [TiLE(2),  v.] 

tile  (3),  *.    [TEIL.] 
tile  (1),  v.t.    [TILE  (i),  *.] 

1.  To  cover  with  tiles. 

"  Cinyra,  the  sonne  of  Agriopa,  devised  tiling  and 
slating  of  houiea  firit."-/'.  Xolland:  flint*,  bk.  vii., 
ch.  Ivi. 

2.  To  cover  as  with  tiles. 


tile  (2),  v.t.    [TILE  (2),  «.] 

1.  In   Freemasonry,  &c.,  to  guard  against 
the  entry  of  the  uninitiated,  by  placing  the 
tiler  at  the  door :  as,  To  tile  a  lodge. 

2.  Hence,  fig.,  to  bind  to  keep  secret  what 
is  said  or  done. 

tll'-e-as,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  til(ia);  Lat  fern.  pL 
adj.  sutf.  -ece.] 

Bot.:  The  typical  tribe  of  Tiliaccte  (q.v.). 
Corolla  none,  or  the  petals  entire ;  anthers 
opening  longitudinally.  Families,  Sloanida 
and  GrewidBB. 

til'-er  (1),  s.  [Eng.  til(e)  (1),  v. ;  -er.}  A  man 
whuse  occupation  is  to  tile  houses,  &c. 

til'-er  (2*),  tyl'-er,  s.  [Eng.  til(e)  (2),  v. ;  -w.] 
In  Freemasonry,  &c.,the  keeper  of  the  door 
of  a  lodge. 

til'-er-y,  s.  [Eng.  tile  (1),  s.  ;  >ry.]  A  place 
where  tiles  are  made  ;  tile-works. 

*  tile  shard,  s.  [Eng.  tile  (1),  s.,  and  shard.] 
A  piece  of  broken  tile. 

"  The  Greekes  after  they  have  well  rammed  a  floor* 
which  they  nienne  to  pave,  lay  therupon  a  pavement 
of  rubbish,  or  el»e  broken  tilahardt."— P.  Solland  ; 
i'linie.  bk.  xxxvi..  ch.  xxv. 

tir-St,*.  [TEIL.J 

Til   gate,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  Tilgate  Forest  in  Sussex 
Tilgate-beds,  s.  pi. 

Geol. :  Calciferous  sandstones,  alternating 
with  friable  and  conglomerate  grits,  resting 
on  blue  clay,  the  whole  constituting  part  of 
the  Middle  Wealden  or  Hastings  Sand 
group.  They  are  developed  in  Tilgate  Forest. 

tU'-I-a,  *.    [Lat.  =  the  lime  tree.] 

Bot. :  Lime  or  Linden  tree ;  the  typical 
genus  of  Tiliacese  (q.v.).  Sepals  five,  petals 
tive,  often  with  a  scale  at  the  base.  Style 
simple,  stigma  five-toothed,  ovary  five-celled, 
each  cell  with  two  ovules ;  fruit  globose, 
indehiscent,  one-celled,  one  or  two  seeded. 
Known  species  eight,  from  the  north  tem- 
perate zone.  The  American  Lime  or  Linden 
(Tili'i  americana,  or  glabra)  abounds  on  the 
shores  of  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,and  elsewhere. 
It  is  replaced  by  other  species  in  the  south  and 
west.  It  is  commonly  called  Basswood,  and  is 
a  handsome  tree,  with  larger  leaves  than  T. 
enropcea,  the  European  Lime.  The  latter  is,  in 
common  with  the  American  Lime,  often  planted 
as  a  shade  tree. 

til  I  a  96  a>,  *.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  tili^a)  (q.v.); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acete.] 

Bot. :  Lindenblooms ;  an  order  of  Hypogy- 
nous  Exogens,  alliance  Mai  vales.  Trees, 
shrubs,  rarely  herbs.  Leaves  simple,  stipu- 
late, toothed,  alternate.  Flowers  axillary  ; 
sepals  four  or  five,  distinct  or  united  ;  aestiva- 
tion valvate ;  petals  four  or  five  ;  stamens 
generally  indefinite  in  number ;  style  one ; 
stigmas  as  many  as  the  carpels,  of  which  the 
ovary  has  from  two  to  ten  ;  ovules  varying  in 
number ;  fruit  dry  or  prickly,  sometimes 
winged,  with  several  cells,  or  with  only  one  ; 
seeds  one  or  many.  Chiefly  from  the  Tropics. 
Tribes  Tilese  and  Elseocarpese ;  genera  thirty- 
five,  species  350  (Lindley) ;  genera  forty, 
species  330  (Hooker). 

til  -ing,  s.    [TILE  (1),  v.] 

1.  The  operation  of  covering  a  roof,  &c., 
with  tiles. 

2.  Tiles  on  a  roof ;  tiles  generally. 

"They  ...  let  him  down  through  the  tiling  with 
his  couch  before  Jesus."— /.uJrc  v.  U. 

tflk'-er-6*-dite,  ».  [After  Tilkerode,  Harte, 
where  first  found  ;  stiff,  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. ;  A  variety  of  dausthalite  (q.v.),  differ- 
In  the  proportions  of  selenium  and  lead,  and 
containing  over  3  per  cent,  of  cobalt.  Occurs 
with  other  selenium  compounds. 

till  (1),   *.      [TEEU] 

till  (2),  *  tyll,  8.    [TILL  (i),  v.] 

1.  A  drawer. 

2.  A  money-box  in  a  shop,  warehouse,  &c. ; 
a  cnsh-drawer,  as  in  a  shop,  counter,  or  the 
like  ;  a  money-drawer  in  a  counter  or  desk. 

"  No  shopkeeper's  till  or  stock  could  be  cafe." — Jfac- 
anlnjt :  HM,  Eng.,  ch.  zlx. 

till  (3),  s.  [An  abbreviation  of  lentil  (Prior).'] 
Bot. :  Ervum  Lens. 


boy;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -flon,  -Bion  =  zhun.   -oious,  -Uoua,  -flioua  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  deL 


4726 


till-tilt 


till  (4),  J.  [Scotch  =  a  cold,  unproductive 
el»y.J 

Gtol.:  The  Lower  Boulder  clay;  a  stiff, 
stony,  unstratirieil  clay  produced  by  the 
bottom  moraine  of  a  great  ice  sheet  It  is 
found  largely  in  all  regions  of  extended  glacial 
action,  and  has  been  tiaced  over  vast  regions 
"t1  the  northern  United  States  and  Canada. 
Till  varies  in  thickness  from  a  few  feet  to 
liO  or  30  yards,  being  usually  thickest  ujioi: 
low-lying  regions,  and  thinning  out  on  elevated 
tracts.  Stones  of  all  sizes  and  shapes  are 
disseminated  through  it,  some  of  them  several 
tons  in  weight.  Boulder  clay  is  undoubtedly 
the  result  of  glacial  action,  produced  by  the 
bottom  moraines  of  extiuct  glaciers. 

«fll,  "til,  'tille.  *tyl.  "tyll,  "tyle,  prep. 
(Icel.  (it  =  till,  t<>;  Dan.  til;  Sw.  tUl.] 

1.  To.  (In  this  seuse  still  commonly  used 
in  Scotland  and  parts  of  England  and  Ireland.) 

"  Thei  fled  out  of  Wales  away  tille  Ireland." 

Ribert  de  Brunne,  p.  S. 

*  2.  To,  unto  ;  up  to  ;  as  far  as. 

•  How  oft  .l.»i  1  my  brother  sin  sgsun.t  5oe,  and  I 
forgive  him  T    I'M  seven  Uinelf—  MaiAm  ivlli.  JL 

3.  To  the  time  of  ;  until. 

"  TUl  the  break  of  day." 
SkalMp.  :  Uidtummer  .ViyWi  Drum,  lit  1 

4.  Used    before  verbs    and   sentences,  to 
denote  to  the  time  or  point  expressed  in  the 
sentence  or  clause  following.    (An  ellipse  for 
till  the  time  when.) 

"Stay  there  (HI  I  come  to  thee." 

Shakefp.  :  Comedy  of  Erran,  L  X. 

*  *(1)  Till  into:  Till;  up  to. 

"I  with  all  (rood  conscience  haue  Ivned  blfore  God 
Ml  into  mil  tOf—  WtcO/,  :  IKOU  nili. 

(2)  Till  now:  Up  to  the  present  time. 

(3)  Till  then  :  Up  to  that  time. 
*(4)  Til  to:  Until. 

"It  was  set  for  trespwuyng  til  to  the  •ead  come."— 
Wfcltfe:  aalatiau,  i~ 

•  tfll  (1),  *  tllle,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  tyllan  (?)  ; 
Dut.  tillen  =-  to  lift  up  ;  Low  Ger.  tillen  =-  to 
lift,  move  from  its'  place;  Sw.  dial,  tille.} 

A.  Trans.  :  To  draw. 

"  The  world  ...  tyl  hym  drawee 
And  tUHt.'         Pridu  of  Cmiciena,  1.151, 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  lead. 

"  From  Dooere  in  to  Chestre  tilletk  Watling  itrete." 
Robert  of  Gloucester,  p,  8. 

till  (2),  'til-ie,  *tnl-i-en,  'tyll,  ».(.  fc  {. 
[  A.S.  (Mian,  teolian  =  to  labour,  to  strive  after, 
to  till  land,  from  til  =  good,  excellent,  profit- 
able; cogn.  with  Dut  telen  =  to  breed,  to  till, 
to  cultivate  ;  Ger.  litlen  =  to  aim  at,  from  zitl: 
O.  H.  Ger.  zil  =  an  aim,  a  mark.) 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  plough  and  prepare  for  seed,  and  to 
dress  the  crops  of  ;  to  cultivate. 

"  The  Lord  God  Bent  him  forth  from  the  garden  of 
Eden  to  tin  the  ground  from  whence  he  wan  taken  "— 
•fenem  til.  SS. 

*  2.  To  procure,  to  prepare,  to  set 

"  He  cannot  pipe  nor  sing, 
Nor  neatly  drew  a  saniag, 
Nor  knows  a  trap  nor  snare  to  UlL" 

Brotnu  :  .SAejAecmb  Pipe,  Eel  U. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  practise  agriculture  ;  to 
cultivate  the  land. 

"They  must  purvey  for  their  own  food,  and  either 
MR  or  famish.  —  Up.  Rail  ;  Invisible  World,  bk.  L.  f  8. 

t  tni'-a-ble,  o.  [Eng.  till  (2),  T.  ;  -nHe.]  Cap- 
able of  lieing  tilled  ;  fit  for  the  plough  ;  arable. 

"This  calculation,  however,  is  based  npon  an  even 
di-trtbution  of  the  tillable  land,  according  to  the  loca- 


, - 

tion of  the  population,  but  the  report  shows  that  the 
tillable  land  is  very  unevenl  ' 

Jane,  1883.  p.  SK. 


, 
unevenly  distributed.  '—Centura 


tH'-la-a,  ».     [Named  after  Tilli,  an  Italian 
botanist  (1655-1740).] 

Bat.  :  A  genus  of  Crassules.  Calyx  three 
or  four  parted  or  lobed  ;  petals  three  to  five. 
generally  distinct,  acuminate.  Styles  short, 
carpels  three  to  five,  ovules  one  or  more, 
follicles  few  or  marry  seeded,  constricted  in 
the  middle.  Known  species  twenty,  distri- 
bution world-wide.  T.  limplac  occurs  on 
muddy  river  banks  from  Nantucket  to  eastern 
Pennsylvania.  It  bears  a  greenish  white 
flower.  T.  miucoia,  the  Mossy  Tilltea,  is  a 
small  British  plant,  growing  on  moist  barren 
sandy  heaths.  It  is  a  succulent  plant,  less  than 
two  inches  high,  with  very  small  white  or 
rose-tipped  flowers. 

till  age  (age  as  Ig),  •  tyll-age,  «.     [Eng. 
till  (2),  v.  ;  -aot] 
L  The  operation,  practice,  art,  or  occupa- 


tion of  tilling,  or  preparing  land  for  crops, 
keeping  the  ground  free  from  weeds  whicl: 
might  hinder  the  growth  of  the  crops,  and 
dressing  the  crops;  cultivation,  agriculture, 
culture,  husbandry.  It  includes  the  o[*-ra- 
tions  of  manuring,  ploughing,  harrowing, 
rolling,  ic. 

"The  instrument*  and  tools  for  tillage  and  bus. 
baudry."— /*.  Holland:  Plutarch,  p.  111. 

2.  A  place  tilled  or  cultivated. 

til  land  -si-a,  t.  [Named  by  Linnaeus  after 
a  professor  at  Abo,  who,  encountering  a  storm 
at  sea,  vowed  never  again  to  travel  by  water, 
and  exchanged  his  original  name  for  Tillands 
=  on  or  by  land.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Bromeliacese.  Calyx  per- 
sistent, divided  into  three  oblong  segments, 
lanceolate  at  the  tip ;  corolla  tubular,  longer 
than  the  calyx,  also  divided  into  three  seg- 
ments ;  stamens  six,  with  short  filaments ; 
ovary  superior ;  stigma  obtuse,  tritld ;  fruit  a 
capsule,  having  three  cells  with  several  seeds, 
each  supported  by  a  long  stalk  of  aggregate 
fibres,  which  at  last  becomes  a  feathery  wing. 
Known  species  about  thirty.  Tillandsia  tw- 
iwotde*  hangs  down  from  the  trees  in  the  South- 
ern States  like  long,  dry  beards.  It  is  used  for 
stuffing  birds  and  in  the  preparation  of  an 
ointment  used  against  hemorrhoids.  T.  tiiri- 
culata,  the  Wild  Pine  of  Jamaica,  is  another 
parasite.  The  stem  is  three  or  four  feet,  and 
the  leaves  three  feet  long,  with  expanded 
bases,  which  retain  any  rain  falling  upon 
them ;  the  bases  then  swell  and  form  a  bottle, 
contracted  at  the  neck,  and  holding  about  a 
quart  of  water,  of  which  animals  and  travel- 
lers make  use  during  drought.  T.  monostachya, 
the  Single-spiked  Tiliamlsia,  also  has  reser- 
voirs of  water. 

tnr-er  (1),  'ttl-l-er,  "tyl-l-er,  «.  [Eng. 
till  (2),  v. ;  -«-.]  One  who  tills  or  cultivates 
land ;  a  husbandman,  a  fanner. 

"  The  lofty  site,  by  Nature  framed,  to  tempt. 
Amid  a  wlldeiness  of  rocks  and  stones. 
The  tilter'l  baud." 

Wartbworth  :  Sxcurtion,  bk.  V. 

tnr-er  (2),  s.    [Eng.  till  (1),  v. ;  -«r.J 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  One  who  draws. 

*  2.  A  till,  a  money-drawer ;  a  drawer  of 
any  kind. 

"  Search  her  cabinet,  and  tfaou  sh&lt  find 
Each  tiller  there  with  love  epistles  lln'd." 

Drfdtn:  Jturmttl,  IT.  Mi. 

3.  The  handle  of  a  spade.    (Pro*.) 

4.  A  transverse  handle  at  the  upper  end  of 
a  pit  saw. 

5.  The  handle  of  a  cross-bowt 
•ft  A  cross-bow. 

IL   Naul. :   The  lever  on  the  head   of  a 
rudder,  by  which  the  latter  is  turned. 
"  Taking  each  by  the  hand,  as  If  he  wae  rnuidng  a 
Into  the  boat  be  sprang."  \tilur. 

Longfellow:  Mile,  SUutdUh,  v. 

tiller  chain,  s. 

Nnat. :  One  of  the  chains  leading  from  the 
tiller-head  round  the  l»rrel  of  the  wheel,  by 
which  the  vessel  is  steered. 

tiller-head,  «. 

Naut. :  The  extremity  of  the  tiller,  to  which 
the  tiller-rope  or  chain  is  attached. 

tiller-rope,  i. 

Kant. :  A  rope  connecting  the  head  of  the 
tiller  with  the  drum  of  the  steering-wheel. 

tiller-wheel,  s.  More  properly  termed 
steering-wheel,  as  It  does  not  always  act  upon 
the  rudder  through  the  intervention  of  a  tiller, 
which  is  a  bar  or  lever  projecting  from  the 
rudder-head  or  rudder-post.  Sometimes  called 
a  Pilot-wheel. 

tHT-er(3),  ».  [Etym.  doubtful.)  The  shoot 
of  a  plant  springing  from  the  root  or  bottom 
of  the  original  stalk  ;  applied  also  to  a  sapling 
or  sucker. 

"Thi»  they  usually  make  of  a  tarred  UOtr.-— 
Steltn :  Sylea.  bk.  111.,  ch.  iv.,  |  is. 

taQl'-er,  «.l  [TILLER  (3),  >.]  To  put  forth 
new  shoots  from  the  root  or  round  the  bottom 
of  the  original  stalk. 

"The  wheat  plant  verymnch  dMllke*  root  crowding, 
and  the  object  should  be  to  ensure  autumn  tittering. 
after  which  thick,  heavy,  spear-like  stalks  usually 
become  developed  in  the  ensuing  spring  and  summer. 

— runt  ninrap\,  Oct.  u,  ISM. 
*  tfl'-lgt,  «.    [TiLrr.]    The  linden-tree. 

"The  thin  barks  of  the  Linden  or  Tillet  tre*."— P. 
Holland :  t'linie.  bk.  xix..  ch.  U. 


Ml-le'-ti  a  (tl  as  shi),  «.  [Named  aftei 
Tiilft,  a  Frenchman,  who  wrote  on  the  diseases 
uf  wheat.) 

Bui. :  A  genus  of  Coniomycetous  Fnngals. 
Spires  perfectly  globose,  with  a  cellular  outer 
coat.  TiMetia  caries  constitutes  Bunt  (q.v.). 

till'-ey,  s.    [TILLY.] 

tfl'-ll-dje,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tiltlus) ;  Lat.  fern, 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -itlie.] 

Entoin. :  A  family  of  Serricornes.  Two  at 
least  of  the  palpi  advanced  and  terininatin;;  in 
a  knob;  antennae  various;  boilv  usually  al- 
most cylindrical,  with  the  head  and  thorax 
narrower  than  the  abdomen.  Chief  genera, 
Tillus  and  Clerus.  Called  by  Latreille  Clerii. 

til  lie-wal-lie,  «.    [TILLTTAU.T.J 

•till' -man,  'tyll-man,  ».  (Eng.  till  (2),  v., 
and  num.]  One  who  tills  the  earth  ;  a  hus- 
bandman. 

"  Good  shepherd,  good  tillraan,  good  Jack  and  g<  «xl  GUI 
Hakes  uuaband  and  huswife  their  coffers  to  nil." 
Tuaer  :  Rulbandry. 

til-lo-don  -tl  a  (tl  as  shi),  s.  pi  [Gr.  T^A« 
(MIS)  =  to  pluck,  to  tear,  and  oowiis  (oclous), 
genit.  OOOITOC  (odontos)  =  a  tont  lu  ] 

Palewnt.  :  A  group  of  fossil  Mammals 
founded  by  Marsh  on  remains frinn  the  Middle 
and  Lower  Eocene  of  North  America.  They 
seem  to  combine  the  characters  of  the  Ungu- 
late, Rodentia,  and  Carnivura. 

til-lot,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  A  bale  or 
bundle.  (Sinmondt.) 

til  - 16  -  theV- 1  -  d»,  >.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tOlo- 
tker(ium)  ;  Lat.  fein.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -iAe.) 

Palasont. :  A  family  of  Tillodontia,  having 
molar  teeth  with  distinct  roots. 

tH-li-ther--.-!!...,  s.  [Gr.  TI'AA»  (tills)  =  to 
pluck,  and  flijpioi-  (thirian)  =  a  wild  beast.) 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Tillodontia  (U.VA 
The  skull  was  like  that  of  the  Ursids,  the 
molars  were  like  those  of  the  Ungulata,  and 
the  large  incisors  very  similar  U>  those  of  the 
Rodentia.  The  skeleton  resembled  that  of 
the  Carnivora,  but  the  feet  were  plnntigrade, 
each  with  five  digits,  all  armed  with  long, 
pointed  claws. 

til    10W,   V.t.      [TlLLEH,  V.] 

tLV-lus,  s.    [Gr.  Ti'AAu  (till!)  =  to  pluck.) 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tillidse.  An- 
tennje  gradually  enlarging  towards  the  apex, 
all  the  palpi  terminating  in  a  aecuriforB  joint, 
British  species  three  or  more. 

tfl'-ly,  a.  [Eng.  till  (4),  s. ;  -y.)  Having  the 
character  of  till  or  clayey  earth. 

"  The  soil  of  the  parish  of  Holy  wood  Is  of  four  dif- 
ferent kinds ;  one  of  which  is  a  deep  strung  loam.  ID* 


tfl'-ly,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Hot.  :  The  seed  of  Craton  Pamna.    It  Is 
used  in  India  as  a  purgative. 

tH'-ly-flU-ly,  tn-ly-ral-ly,  into].  [A 
word  of  no  derivation.)  An  interjection  or 
exclamation  used  when  anything  said  was  re- 
jected as  trifling  or  impertinent. 

"  Am  not  I  consanguineous?  am  not  I  of  her  blood? 
,  Lady  t  "—StuUutp.  :  Twelfth  JHffttl.  IL  S. 


til  ma  tiir  a,  «.  [Gr.  r>Va  (tilnui),  genit 
rtA^aroc  (tilmatos)  =  anything  pulled  out  or 
shredded,  and  ovpa  (oura)  =  a  tail.) 

OrnUh.  :  Sparkling-tails  ;  a  genus  of  Tro- 
chilida?,  with  one  species,  Tilwitura  tinponti. 
from  Guatemnla.  Wings  nttlier  short  ana 
somewhat  sickle-shaped  ;  tail  leathers  pointed, 
the  outermost  narrow  towards  the  tip,  which 
is  curved  inwards. 

til-inns,  ».  [Gr.  TiXiuic  (riimo>)  =  a  plucking 
or  tearing,  especially  of  the  hair.) 

Pathol:  A  picking  of  the  bedclothes, 
through  cerebral  excitement,  towards  the  con- 
clusion of  any  serious  disease.  It  is  a  very 
unfavourable  symptom. 

tilt  (1),  •  tcld,  •  tclt,  *  telte,  a.     [A.&  Md, 

getdd  =  a  tent  ;  teidan  =  to  cover  ;  cogn.  with 

O.  Dirt.  Wd«  =  a  tent;  IceU  (joii;  Dan.  UU; 

Sw.  tilt;  Ger.  r.-f!.] 

I.  Ord.  Ijtny.  :  A  tent  ;  a  covering  overhead 

"  But  the  rain  made  an  ass 
Of  tilt  and  canvass." 

Denltam  t  To  Sir  Jo**  AfsMHSt 


Stc.  tat,  tare,  amidat,  what,  tall,  father;   we.  wet,  hers,  camel,  her.  there:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go.  p«t. 
or.  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who.  son;  mate,  oub,  cure,  mute,  on,,  rfa^  taH;  try,  Syrian,    a.  09  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


tilt— timber 


4727 


II.  Technically: 

1.  y ehides: 

(1)  A  wag^-on- cover,  usually  of  canvas  on 
wooden  bows. 

(2)  The  temporary  cover  for  an  artillery- 
carriage. 

2.  iVawt. ;  An  awning  over  the  stern  sheets  of 
an  open  boat,  support**!  by  stanchions  on  the 
gunwale. 

**  A  a*il  .  .  .  was  taken  down  ami  converted  Into  an 
•winiig  or  tilt,"~t.<»k  :  Firtt  Voyag*,  bk.  i,  ch.  Til. 

tilt-boat,  *  tilt-bote,  s.    A  boat  having 
ft  cover  or  tilt  of  canvas  or  other  cloth. 
"  For  Joyfully  he  left  the  shore. 
And  in  m  tUt-b  «it  home  rrturn'd." 

Cooper:  rur.r#rt,  IT. 

tilt-bonnet,  «.  A  bonnet  of  some  cotton 
material,  having  somewhat  the  fonn  of  a  tilt ; 
ft  aim-bonnet. 

"The  nymphs  wear  calico  bonnets,  and  on  their 
bemK  insieiul  »f  jrxrlHjuls.  hare  Wt-bonnett  covered 
With  iiiuikefu." — Athriuettm,  March  4,  ISsi 

tilt-roof,  s.  A  rnund-topped  roof,  shaped 
like  a  tilt  or  waggon-cover. 

tilt  (2),  S.      [TILT,*.) 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 
*  1.  A  thrust. 

"  His  majesty  aetdom  dismissed  the  foreigner  till 
be  liHd  entertained  liim  witli  the  sluutjhter  of  two  or 


three  uf  his  liege  subjects,  whom  l;e  vary  dexterously 
put  tu  ile.ith  with  the  tilt  of  his  lauce."— Atiduon; 
Freeholder. 

2.  A  military  exercise  on  horseback,  in 
Which  the  combatants  attacked  each  other 
with  lances;  IH-Q,*,  a  bnarp,  brief  combat, 
verbal  or  otherwise ;  a  lively  debate  or  parlia- 
mentary quarrel. 

8.  A  tilt-hammer  (q.v.j. 

4.  In  dilution  forward:  as,  the  tilt  of  a 
cask. 

IL  GeoL :  An  upheaval  of  the  strata  to  a 
high  angle  of  elevation ;  the  strata  thus  up- 
heaved. 

U  Full  tUt :  With  full  force  directly  against 
any  tli  ing, 

"  The  b«ut  come*  fuH-tiit  at  the  canoe."—  Dampitr  : 
Yoytiget  (an.  1676). 

tilt-hammer,  s,  A  large  hammer  worked 
by  steam  or  water-power,  and  used  princi- 
pally in  compacting  the  balls  of  iron  as  they 
come  from  the  pnddl  ing-furnace,  and  driving 
out  the  dross  with  which  the  iron  is  asso- 
ciated when  in  the  form  of  pig,  and  some  of 
which  is  removed  by  the  reverberating  flames 
of  the  furnace.  It  is  also  used  in  heavy 
forging.  The  ordinary  tilt-hammer  has  a 
cast-iron  helve  a,  supported  at  the  end  b  on 
plnntmer-blocks,  fixe*!  upon  wooden  beams  to 
Mae  the  jar.  The  head  c,  of  wrong ht-irou 


TILT-HAMMER. 


faced  with  steel,  passes  through  an  eye  In  the 
helve,  and  is  secured  by  a  key.  The  base  of 
the  anvil  is  of  cast-iron,  ami  the  pane  d  of 
wrouglit-iron,  faced  with  steel.  The  head  is 
raised  by  a  series  of  cams  upon  a  cast-iron 
collar  e,  called  the  cam-ring  bag,  fixed  on  the 
•haft  /,  which  is  provided  with  a  heavy  fly- 
wheel. The  hammer  has  usually  a  drop  of  16 
to  24  inches,  and  strikes  75  to  100  blows  per 
minute.  When  not  in  use  it  is  propped  up  by 
th«  support  g.  The  power  is  applied  and  re- 
.  gulated  by  the  use  of  a  foot-treadle  running 
around  the  bed  of  the  hammer  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  operator  can  stand  In  front 
or  on  either  side. 

tilt-mill,  a.     A   building   where  a  tilt- 
hammer  is  used. 

tilt-Steel,  s.    Forged  or  hammered  steel. 

tilt  yard,  s.    A  place  for  tilting;  lists  for 
tilting. 

"  Sir  Article  Into  the  tnt-yard  came.* 

Spencer:  f.  O..,  V.  ill.  10. 


tut.  *  tylta,  v.i.  &  t.  (A.S.  ttalt  -  unsteady, 
toiteriug  ;  tyltuii  =  to  totter;  cog.  with  Icel. 
toltit  —  to  amble  as  a  horse  ;  Sw.  tulta  =  to 
wa>Mle;  Ger,  zelt  =  an  ambling  pace;  zelter  = 
a  paifrey.] 
A*  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  totter,  to  fall. 

"  This  Ilk  tuuu  schal  ty!(«  to  gnmnde." 

'Aitit.  Poemt,  «L 

*  2.  To  toss  about,  to  ride  or  float. 

"  The  floating  vessel  .  .  . 
Bode  tilti'iy  o'er  the  waT«s.N 

Milt.n-  P.  1..  ri.  747. 

3.  To  run  or  ride  and  thru.it  with  a  lauce  ; 
to  joust,  as  in  a  tournament. 

4.  To  fight  ;  to  thrust  in  general. 

**  Swords  out  and  tilting  oue  at  other's  breast" 

Ohaltap.  :  Othello,  ii  S. 

5.  To  lean  or  be  inclined  forward  ;  to  rise 
or  fall  into  a  slanting  position  ;  to  fall  as  on 
one  side.    (Frequently  with  up.) 

"  As  the  trunk  of  the  body  is  kept  from  tiutng  for. 
wnnli  by  the  uuiiclfs  of  trie  back,  ao  from  falling 
backward  by  those  of  the  belly."—  Grew:  Cotnutoft*. 
B.  Transitive: 

*  L  To  throat  a  weapon  at 

-  Jit  should  tilt  her." 
B90XUA.&FI*.:  Woman'i  Prim,  itt  *. 

*  2.  To  point  or  thrust,  as  a  weapon. 

"  Now  horrid  slaughter  reigns  ; 
Sons  against  fathers  tilt  the  fatal  lance, 
Careless  of  duty.  '  J'hilif*.   (Todd.) 

3.  To  inrline  ;  to  raise  one  end  of,  as  of  a 
eask,  for   the    purpose    of   discharging   the 
liquor.    (Frequently  with  up.) 

4.  To  hammer  or  forge  with  a  tilt  or  tilt- 
hammer:  as.  To  tilt  steel. 

t  To  tilt  up: 

GeoL  :  To  throw  up  suddenly  or  abruptly  at 
a  high  angle  of  inclination  :  as,  The  strata  were 
tilted  up.  The  upheaval  has  often  led  to  the 
fracture  and  dislocation  of  the  beds  thus 
elevated. 

tilt'-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a     [TILT,  v.} 

tilted-steel,  s.  Blistered  steel  heated  In 
a  furnace  and  subjected  to  the  action  of  a 
tilt-hammer,  which  strikes  about  700  blows 
per  minute,  and  increases  the  solidity  and 
tenacity  of  the  metal. 

tllt'-er,  8.    [Eng.  tilt,  v.  ;  -tr.} 

1.  One  who  tilts  or  jousts. 

"  Many  a  bold  tiittr.  who  missed  tli*  mark  with  the 

•vearuoiut,   bad  his  hand  dashed    against  it  in  hi* 
bluuderiug  career."—  £ui?/U;  Pictorial  Bltt.  Kng.t  11. 

2.  One  who  tilts  or  Inclines  anything. 

3.  One  who  hammers  with  a  tilt  or  tilt- 
hammer. 

tilth,  s.    [A.S.  tildk.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  tilling  or  pre- 

Cing  the  ground  for  a  crop;   tillage,  bus- 
dry. 

"  Her  plenteous  womb 
Expressed  Its  full  tilth  and  husbandry.** 

Shaketp.:  .Venture  far  Jtfetuwre,  L  4. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  tilled  or 
prepared  fora  crop. 

"  The  lands  should  be  reduced  to  ft  fine  tilth."— 
Smitlitan  :  Unful  Hook  for  Farmer*  p.  13. 

*  3.  That  which  is  tilled  ;  tillage  ground. 

"  O'er  the  rough  tilth  he  east  his  eyes  around, 
And  soon  the  plough  of  adauiant  h«  fouud. 

fawket,;  ApaUoniut  Rhodiut  ;  Argon,,  lr. 

4.  The  degree  or  depth  of  soil  turned  by  the 
plongh  or  spade  ;  that  available  soil  on  the 
earth's    surface    which   the    roots  of  crops 
strike. 

tUt'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [TiLT,  v.] 
tilting-fillet,  s.    [ARRIS-FILLET.] 

tilting  helmet,  s.  A  large  helmet  some- 
times worn  over  the  other  at  tournaments. 

tilting-spoar,  s.  A  spear  nsed  in  tour- 
naments. 

*  tll'-tnre,  a.  (Formed  from  till,  v.,  on  a  snp- 
posed  analogy  with  culture,}  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  tilling  land  ;  tillage. 

"  Good  tilth  brines 


Ttuter:  J/Mbanttry  ;  JTarc*'*  Abitract. 

til'-wood,  «.    [TIL  (3).] 

tim'-a-9ite,  s.     [From  Lat.  Timacum  minus 
=  Gamzigrad,  Servia;  suff.  -ite  (Petrol.).'} 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  by  Breithanpt  to  ft 
felsitic  rock  enclosing  crystals  of  white  fel- 
spar, &c.  Now  shown  to  belong  to  the 


andesites  (q.v.),  some  being  quartz-  Free,  and 
others  grouping  with  the  Quartz-andusites. 

tl-ma'-ll-a,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

prnith.:  The  type-genus  of  Timalilnse(q.v.), 
witli  twelve  species  from  the  Malay  Peninsula, 
Sumatia,  Borneo,  ami  Java,  hill  with  sides 
much  compressed  to  tip;  few  short  bristles 
at  base  ;  nostrils  in  small  groove,  st-niilmiar 
opening  with  a  small  scale;  win^s  fifth  to 
seventh  quills  longest;  tarsi  with  one  long 
scale  in  front. 

tim  a-li  i-dee,  *.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  timali(a); 
Lftt.  feB.  ailj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ornith.:  Babbling  Thrushes;  a  group  of 
small,  strong-legged,  active  Passerine  birds, 
mostly  of  dull  colours,  which  are  especially 
characteristic  of  the  Oriental  region,  in  every 
part  of  which  they  abound,  while  they  are 
much  less  plentiful  in  Australia  and  Atrica. 
The  Imto-Cliinesu  sub-region  is  the  head- 
quarters of  the  family,  whence  it  diminishes 
rapidly  in  all  directions  in  variety  of  both 
generic  and  specific  forms.  Wallace  puts  the 
genera  at  thirty-  tire  and  the  species  at  240. 
Other  writers  extend  the  limits  of  the  family, 
which  they  place  under  the  Turd  i  formes  (q,v.), 
making  the  chief  characteristic  a  rounded  and 
concave  wing,  and  divide  it  into  the  follow- 
ing snb-familiea  :  Troglodytinse,  Brachy- 
podinee,  Timaliinte,  Cisticolinse,  and  Mitnitue. 

tl-mal-I-i'-nse,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  timali(a)? 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Ornith.  :  A  sub-family  of  Timaliidse  (q.v.), 
approximately  equivalent  to  the  family  Tima- 
liidse as  first  described  above.  Bill  moderate, 
keel  curved  ;  nostrils  exposed  ;  wings  short 
and  rounded;  tail  graduated;  tarsi  long  aud 
strong  ;  toes  long,  strong,  with  large  scales 
above  ;  claws  compressed  and  sharp. 

timar'-cha,  5.    [Gr.  nnopxia  (timarckfa)^ 

honour,  respect.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Chrysomelidae,  akin  to- 
Chrysomela,  but  without  wings,  and  having 
the  elytra  Joined.  One  species,  Timarcha 
tenebricom,  is  popularly  called  the  Bloody-nuse 
Beetle. 


s.    [Turk.]    (See  extract) 

"Those  who,  by  a  kind  of  feudal  tenure,  ix 
lanii  ou  condition  of  service,  are  called  Tinuiriott  ; 
they  serve  as  Upnhia,  accord  1112  to  the  extent  of  terri- 
tory, and  brltig  H  certain  nuiuber  into  the  fleld.  gener- 
ally cayairy."—  ttyron  :  tlriUe  of  Abyiln.  (NoUiJ 

tlm'-t>al,  s.    [TVMBAL.J 

tim  -ber  (1),  *  tim-bre,  *  tym-ber,  s.  &  a. 

[A,S.  timber  =  stutf  or  material  to  build  with  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  Jimmer  =  timber  or  structure; 
Icel.  timbr;  Dan.  tmnmer  ;  Sw.  timmer;  Ger. 
simmer  =  a  room,  timber  ;  Goth,  tivtrjan  =  to 
build;  timrja  =  &  builder;  loeL  timbra  —  to 
build;  Dan.  tomre;  Ger.  zimmern;  A.S.  tim- 
brian=  to  build.  From  the  same  root  as  Gr. 
Sfmo  (demo)  =  to  build  ;  Eng.  dome,  domicile, 
domestic,  &c.  ;  Lat.  damns  ~&  house,  'lliefr 
is  excrescent,  as  in  number.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Trees  cut  down,  sqaared,  or  capable  of 
being  squared,  into  beams,'  rafters,  boards, 
planks,  &c.,  to  be  employed  in  the  construc- 
tion of  houses,  ships,  Ac.,  or  in  carpentry, 
joinery,  &c.    [BATTEN,  BEAM,  BOARD,  DEAL, 
POST,  RAFTER,  &c.]    Timber  is  usually  sold 
by  the  load.     A  load  of  rough  or  unhewn. 
timber  is  forty  cubic  feet,  and  a  load  of  squared 
timber  fifty  cubic  feet,  estimated  to  weigh 
tweuty  cwt.     In  the  case  of  planks,  deals, 
Ac.,  the  load  consists  of  so  many  square  feet. 
Thus,  a  load  of  one-inch  plank  is  tiOO  square- 
feet,  a  load  of  planks  thicker  than  one  inch 
equals  600  square  feet  divided  by  the  thick- 
ness in  inches.    The  term  is  often  used  for  all 
kinds  of  felled  and  seasoned  wood. 

2.  A  general  term  for  growing  trees  yielding 
wood  suitable  for  constructive  purposes.  The 
chief  are  fir,  pine,  oalt,  ash,  elm,  beech,  syca- 
more, walnut,  chestnut,  mahogany,  teak,  &c. 

"Okei  there  are  as  faire.  straight,  tall,  and  as  good 
timber  as  any  can  be,  and  also  gnat  store."—  HaeUni/t  : 
Vvyiget.  111.  275. 

3.  Sometimes  applied   to  growing   trees; 
trees  generally  ;  woods. 

"  The  lack  of  timber  Is  the  most  serious  drawback  ot 
the  whole  region."—  Century  Mtifazinf,  Aug.,  1B82,  p. 
507. 

4.  A  piece  of  wood  for  building,  or  already 
framed  ;  one  of  the  main  beams  of  a  building. 

"  Timber*  and  planks  .  .  .  were  all  prepared."  — 
Anton:  Voyage*,  bk.  ili.,  ch.  lii. 


boil,  boy;  polit,  Jofrl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing* 
-claa.  -tiaa  =  shan,   -tlon,  -*ion  -  shun ;  -(ion,  -gion  =  zhuu,   -clous,  -Uons.  -siona  =  shus.   -blc,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


4728 


timber— time 


*  5.  The  materials  for  any  structure.    (Used 
Also  figuratively,  as  in  the  example.) 

"  Such  dispositions  are  the  very  errors  of  humaa 
nature :  and  yet  they  are  the  fittest  timber  to  rntlee 
politicks  of.  like  to  knee  timber,  that  is  good  for  suit's 
to  be  tossed,  but  not  for  houses  that  shall  stand  firm," 

6.  The  body,  stem,  or  trunk  of  a  tree. 

"  We  take 

Prom  every  tree  lop,  bark,  and  part  o'  the  limber." 
Skaketp.  :  Henry  Vlll.f  i.  2. 

7.  A  leg.    (A'auf,  slang.) 
IL  Technically: 

L  Mining:  Planks  set  to  support  the  roof 
and  sides  of  a  gallery  or  drift.  A  set  of  tim- 
bers consists  of  the  cap  or  head-piece,  two 
uprights,  legs,  or  stanchions,  and  the  sleeper 
or  sill. 

2.  Shipbuild. :  One  of  the  curved  frames 
which  form  the  ribs  of  a  ship.  They  are  built 
up  of  several  pieces.  The  floor-timbers  are 
between  the  keel  and  4ceelson,  and  the  out- 
ward and  upward  extension- pieces  are  fut- 
tocks,  first,  second,  third,  &c.  The  portions 
extending  above  the  deck-level  are  the  top 
timbers.  (Usually  in  the  plural.) 

B.  As  adj. :  Made  or  constructed  of  wood  : 
as,  a  timber  house,  timber  work. 

If  Timbers  in  the  head  : 

Shipbuild. :  Pieces  of  timber  with  one  end 
bearing  on  the  upper  cheeks,  and  the  other 
extended  to  the  main  rail  of  the  head. 

timber  and  room,  *. 

Shipbuild, :  The  width  of  a  timber  and  a 
space.  Also  called  room-and -space,  or  berth- 
and-space. 

timber  brick,  a.  A  piece  of  timber,  of 
the  size  and  shape  of  a  brick,  inserted  in 
brickwork  to  attach  the  finishings  to. 

timber  frame,  s.  The  same  as  GANG- 
SAW  (q.v.). 

timber-head,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  So  much  of  a  frame-timber  as 
rises  above  the  deck.  • 

timber  hitch,  s. 

Naut. :  The  end  of  a  rope  taken  round  a 
•par,  led  under  and  over  the  standing  part, 
and  passed  two  or  three  turns  round  its  own 
part,  making  a  jamming-eye. 

*  timber-lode,  3. 

Law:  A  service  by  which  tenants  formerly 
were  bound  to  carry  felled  timber  from  the 
woods  to  the  lord's  house. 

timber-man,  s. 

Mining :  The  man  employed  In  placing 
•upports  of  timber  in  the  mine. 

*  timber-mare,  *.    A  sort  of  wooden 
horse  on  which  soldiers  were  made  to  ride  as 
a  punishment. 

timber-measure, s.  [TIMKER,«.,  A.I.I.] 

timber-merchant,  s.  A  dealer  in  tim- 
ber. 

timber-scribe,  *.    A  race-knife  (q.v.). 

timber-sow,  s.  A  worm  in  wood ;  a 
wood-louse. 

"  Divers  creatures,  though  they  be  loathsome  to 
take,  are  of  this  kind ;  as  earth-worius,  tiinit«r~n^ft, 
•nails."— Bacon. 

timber-toe,  s.  A  ludicrous  term  for  a 
wooden  leg  or  a  person  with  a  wooden  leg. 
Used  also  in  the  East-end  of  London  for  a 

person  wearing  clogs. 

timber-trade,  *.  Commerce  in  timber. 
Up  till  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  the  woods 
and  forests  of  England  supplied  the  timber 
which  the  country  required.  In  this  reign 
and  that  of  Queen  Elizabeth  various  measures 
were  passed  to  prevent  waste  of  native  wood, 
and  a  timber  trade  from  abroad  arose.  In  the 
United  States  the  abundance  of  native  timber 
renders  unnecessary  any  foreign  trade  except 
as  an  exportation,  or  the  importation  of  fine 
cabinet  woods  from  the  tropics.  The  export  of 
American  timber  (crude  and  manufactured) 
from  the  porta  of  the  United  States  is  large, 
reaching  in  1890  the  value  of  $28,255,745. 
The  annual  lumber  product  of  this  country  is 
eatimated  as  worth  $700,000,000. 

timber-tree, ».  A  tree  yielding  wood  fit 
for  building  purposes. 

timber-wain,  s.    A  timber-waggon, 

"Downward  the  ponderous  timber-win  resounds." 
Wardtwtmh:  Evening  Walk. 


timber  -work,  *  timber  -worke,  *. 

Work  constructed  of  wood  ;  witodwork. 

"The  stone  work  withstandetb  the  fUr.  and  the 
ti'nber-toorke  the  balteU  ram."  —  Goldinge;  Ccet<ir, 
M.  1»L 

timber-worm,  5.    Probably  the  larva  of 
a  beetle  which  bores  into  and  feeds  on  timber. 

timber-yard,  s.    A  yard  or  place  where 
timber  is  stored. 

•  tfan'-ber  (2),  *.   [Fr.  timbre  ;  Sw.  timber;  Low 
Ger.  tintmer  ;  Ger.  zimmer  =  a  certain  number 
of  skins.     Remote  etym.  doubtful.]    An  old 
mercantile  term,  used  both  in  England  and 
Scotland  to  denote  a  certain  number  of  skins, 
in  the  case  of  the  skins  of  martens,  ermine, 
sables,  and  the  like,  40  ;  of  other  skins,  130. 

"  Having  presented  them  with  two  timber  of  sables." 
—Stylin  :  Reformation,  it,  204. 

tim'-ber  (3),  «.  [Fr.(imfcr«  =  acrest,ahelmet] 
Heraldry  : 

1.  A  row  or  rank  of  ermine  in  a  nobleman's 
coat. 

2.  The  helmet,  mitre,  coronet,  &c.,  when 
placed  over  the  arms  in  a  complete  achieve- 
ment. 

tim'-ber  (1),  *  tim-bre,  v.t.  &  i.    [TIMBER 
(1),  *0 

A.  Trans.:  To  furnish  or  construct  with 
timber  ;  to  support  with  timber. 

"  The  side*  of  this  road,  it  was  said,  were  not  suffl- 
deutly  timbered,"—  Daily  CftronicU,  March  16,  1887. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  take  to  a  tree  ;  to  settle 
or  build  on  a  tree. 

"  The  oue  took  up  In  a  thicket  of  brushwood,  aud 
the  other  timbered  upon  a  tree  hard  by.'—  L'  Estrange. 

*  tim  -ber  (2),  v.t.    [TIMBER  (3).  «.]    To  sur- 
mount, to  decorate,  as  a  crest  does  a  coat  of 
arms. 

"  A  purple  plume  timbert  his  stately  crest 


tim  -bered.  *  tim  bred,  a.    [Eng.  timber 
(1),  s.;  -ed.\ 
L  Literally: 

1.  Furnished  or  constructed  with  timbers. 

"  A  tow  timbered  house,  where  the  guvernour  abide* 
all  the  daytime."  —  Dampicr:  Voyage*  (an.  1638f. 

2,  Covered    or    abounding   with   growing 
timber  ;    wooded  :    as.  The  country  is  well 
timbered, 

*  IL  Figuratively  : 

L  Built,  framed,  shaped,  formed. 

"  I  think.  Hector  was  not  so  clean  timbered  .* 

Skuketp.  :  Love*  Labour  t  Loft,  r.  J. 

2.  Massive  ;  like  timber. 

"  ills  timbered  bones  all  broken  rudely  rumbled  ** 
8p«nMr:  f.  Q..  V.  it  M. 

tlm'-ber-er,  9.    [Eng.  timber  (1),  s.  ;  -er.]    A 
timber-man. 

timberer's  axe,  «. 

Mining:  An  axe  or  hatchet  used  in  chop- 
ping to  length,  and  notching  the  timbers 
which  support  the  roof  and  sides  of  the 
gallery  or  drift. 

tlm'-ber-ling,  «.    [Eng.  timber  (1),  s.  ;  dimin, 
stiff,  -ling.]    A  small  timber-tree.    (Prop.) 

*  tim-bes-tere,  *  tym-bes-tere,  *.    [Eng. 
timb(rel);    fern.   sun*,  -ster.]    A  woman  who 
played  on  the  timbrel  or  tambourine,  to  the 
music  of  which  she  danced.    They  often  went 
about  in  bands  or  companies, 

"  A  troop  of  timbrel-girls  for  tynoettrrei,  as  they 
wer»  popularly  called)."—  Lytton  :  Latt  of  (A*  Baront, 
ch.  IL 

*  tlm-bour-ine,  s.     [TAMBOURINE.] 
»  tim-bre  (1),  «.    [TIMBER  (1),  «.] 

*  tim-bre  (2),  *.    [Fr.]    The  same  as  TIHBEB 
(2),  *.  (q.v.). 

tim  bre  (bre  as  ber)  (3),  «.    [Fr.] 

Her,  :  The  crest  which  in  any  achievement 
stands  on  the  top  of  the  helmet. 

tim  bre  (bre  as  ber)  (4),  tym-bre,  *.   [Fr., 
from  Lat.  tympanum  =  *  drum.]    [TIMBREL.] 
Afitnc: 
•LA  timbrel  (q.v.). 

"  When  as  she  passeth  by  the  itreat*. 
There  was  ful  many  a  tymbre  beat, 
Antl  many  a  mald«  earoleude." 

G»wr:  0.  A.,  rt, 

2.  The  quality  of  tone  distinguishing  voices, 
Instruments,  and  stops,  irrespective  of  pitch 
or  intensity.  All  the  notes  of  a  given  stop  of 
an  organ  have  of  necessity  the  same  timbre, 
but  in  pitch  they  range  throughout  the  extent 


of  the  chromatic  scale.  Corresponding  note* 
of  stops  pitched  in  unison,  such  as  the  open 
diapason,  dulciana,  trumpet,  bassoou,crf  muna, 
vox  humana,  have  the  same  pitch,  but  each 
d  filers  from  the  others  in  timbre  ;  the  quality 
of  the  tone  is  different.  This  difference  is 
attained  in  various  ways.  Some  of  the  pipe» 
have  wooden  mouth-pieces,  others  metallic 
mouth-pieces,  reed  pipes,  reeds  of  varying 
qualities,  tubes  of  varying  proportions  and 
shapes,  to  imitate  the  peculiar  sounds  of  the 
various  instruments  after  which  they  are 
named,  as  flute,  trumpet,  bassoon,  oboe,  fcc. 

tlm'-brel,  *  tlm'-brell,  *  tym-brel,  *  tym 
byre,  s.  [A  dimia.  from  Mid.  Eng.  timbre 
from  Fr.  timbre;  O.  Fr.  tymbre=&  ti-nbrel, 
from  Lat.  tympanum  =  a  drum,  from  Gr. 
TVfjLiravov  (tumpanon)  =  a  kettledrum.]  [TYM- 
PANUM.] 

Music  :  An  instrument  of  music  ;  a  kind  of 
drum,  tabor,  or  tambourine.     It  has  been  in 
use  from  the  earliest  times  (Exod.  iv.  20).    It 
is  now  known  as  a  tambourine. 
"  Field,  town,  and  city  with  his  name  do  ring  ; 
The  tender  virgins  to  their  timbreli  sing 
Ditties  of  him.  Drayton;  Daeid  A  (loliah. 

*  timbrel-girl,  *.    A  timbestere  (q.v.). 

"  She  saw  .  .  ,  the  hateful  timbrel^jirl*,  followed  b> 
the  rabble,  and  weaving  their  strange  dances  toward* 
the  spot.  '—Ljftton:  La*to/th4  Baront,  cb.  tit 

*  tim  -broiled,  *  tim'-breled,  a.     [Eng. 
timbrel  ;  -erf.]    Sung  to  the  accompaniment  of 
the  timbrel. 

"  In  Tain  with  timbrtled  anthems  dark 
The  sable-stoled  sorcerers  bear  his  worthtpt  ark.' 
Milton  :  On  tA«  .Vo/ivtiy. 

*  tim-broT-i-gy,  s.    [Fr.  timbre  =  a  stamp: 

Eng.  suff.  -ology.]  The  science  or  study  of 
postage-stain  ps. 

*  tlm-brfiph  -I-ly,  ».    [Fr.  timbre  =  a  stamp, 
and  Gr.  <fuAfw  (pAite$)=tolove.J    The  same 


as  PHILATELY  (q.v.). 

"  It  it  possibly  a  question  whether  the  science  should 
properly  be  called  philately  or  ti>nbr«,,  fitly.  It  is,  we 
believe,  also  styled  in  some  Kuglish  wurks  ttittbrologj. 
—Athenaum,  Oct.  1.  1881,  p.  481. 

'..tlm-bu-rine  ,  a.    [TAMBOURINE.] 

time  (1),  *  tyme,  *.  [A.S.  tima  -  time  ;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  timi  ;  Dan.  time;  Sw.  timme  —  UL 
hour.  From  the  same  root  as  tide  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  The  general  idea  of  successive  existence  ; 
measure  of  duration.  It  is  absolute  or  rela- 
tive, Absolute  time  is  considered  without 
any  relation  to  bodies  or  their  motions.  It 
is  conceived  by  us  as  unbounded,  continuous, 
homogeneous,  unchangeable  in  the  order  of 
its  parts  and  divisible  without  end.  Relative 
time  is  the  sensible  measure  of  any  portion  of 
duration,  often  marked  by  particular  pheno- 
mena, as  the  apparent  revolution  of  the 
celestial  bodies,  the  rotation  of  the  earth  on 
its  axis,  &c.  Relative  time  is  divided  into 
years,  months,  weeks,  days,  hours,  minutes, 
seconds,  and  measured  by  instruments  con* 
structed  for  the  purposes,  as  clocks,  watches, 
chronometers,  clepsydras,  sun-dials,  hour- 
glasses, &c.,  the  first  three  being  those  com- 
monly employed.  Time  is  often  personified 
as  an  old  man,  winged  and  bearing  a  scythe. 

"Oar  conception  of  time  originates  in  t»*t  of 
motion  ;  aud  particularly  In  those  regular  and 
equable  motions  carried  on  in  the  heavens,  the  parts 
of  which,  from  their  perfect  similarity  to  each  other. 
are  correct  meaaurefl  of  the  continuous  aud  successive 
quantity  called  Tim*,  with  which  tlisy  are  conceived 
to  co-exist.  Time  therefore  may  be  defined.  The  per- 
ceived number  of  successive  movement*"—  QUiitt: 
ArittotU't  Ethic*  ;  AnalyiU,  ch.  iL 

2.  A  particular  portion  or  part  of  duration, 
whether  past,  present,  or  future,  and  con- 
sidered either  as  a  space  or  as  a  point,  ft 
period  as  well  aa  a  moment  ;  season,  moment, 
occasion. 

"  At  that  time  I  made  ber  weep.* 

XA-iA:«;>.  .'  Tw>  Qtntlemtn,  IT.  4 

3.  An  age  ;  a  part  of  duration  distinct  from 
other  parts  ;  the  period  at  which  any  detiniU 
event   occurred  or   person    lived  :   as,  This 
happened  in  the  time  of  Moses. 

1  The  time:  The  present  age  or  period. 

"  The  time  U  out  of  joint"     Shakeip.  :  //atnlet.  i.  i. 

4.  A  proper  occasion  or  season  for  anything; 
hence,  an  opportunity. 

"  But  an  adversary  of  no  common  prowesi  wu 
watching  his  ttnu."—Jfaeattlaf:  Uiit,  finff..  ch.  IT. 

5.  Life  or  duration  of  life  regarded  as  era- 
ployed  or  destined  to  employment;  the  al* 
lotted  period  of  life. 

"I  like  this  place, 
And  willingly  would  waste  my  tim*  IB  It 

SttaXeip.  :  At  you  Like  It,  IL  4. 


l&te,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  woie,  weir,  work,  whb,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  «-e;  ey  =  a;  QU     kw- 


time 


4729 


6.  The  present  life ;  existence  or  duration 
•fa  being  in  this  world. 

7.  All  time,  the  future,  eternity. 

"To  keep  your  Dame  living  to  time." 

Shake*?.  •'  Coriota'lUl.  T.  3. 

8.  The    state   of  things    »t   a    particular 
moment  or  season  ;   prevailing  state  of  cir- 
cumstances;    circumstances.      (Generally  in 
the  plural,  and  often  with  an  adjective,  as 
good  times,  hard  times,  &c.) 

•'  The  spacious  timft  of  great  Elizaoeth." 

Teri'iyton  :  Dream  of  fair  Women,  7. 

ft  Performance  or  occurrence  of  an  action 
or  event  with  reference  to  repetition  ;  hence, 
•imply  used  by  way  of  multiplication. 

"  Ay  me,  she  cries,  and  twenty  time*  Woe,  woe." 
Shaketp. :  I'enut  t  AUottti.  S35. 

10.  Leisure ;  sufficient  time  or  opportunity. 

"  Little  time  tot  idle  questioners." 

Ttitnyion  :  Enid,  272. 

*  11.  Duration  of  a  being ;  age,  years. 

"  A  yooth  of  greater  time  than  I  shall  show  to  be," 
Shakrtp.  :  Turn  Gentlemen,  it.  T. 

12.  Hour  of  death,  period  of  travail  or  the 
like.    (Luke  i.  57.) 

13.  One    of    the    three    dramatic   unities 
formerly  considered  essential  in  the  classical 
drama.    The  Unity  in  time  consisted  in  keep- 
Ing  the  period  embraced  in  the  action  of  the 
piece  within  the  limit  of  twenty-four  hours. 
lUsiTY.) 

H.  Technically  : 

1.  Cram. :  The  same  as  TENSE,  ».  (q.Y.). 

2.  ilusic: 

(1)  The  relative  duration  of  a  sound  (or  rest) 
as  measured  by  the  rhythmical  proportions  of 
the  different  notes,  taking  the  semibreve  (o) 
as  the  unit  or  standard :  the  minim  (<J)  being 
half  the  semibreve  ;  the  crotchet  (J)  half  the 
minim  ;  the  quaver  (J1-)  half  the  crotchet,  and 
ao  on. 

(2)  The  division  of  musical   phrases   Into 
certain   regulated    portions    measured    with 
regard  to  the  value  of  the  notes  with  respect 
to  the  aemibreve,  which,  in  modern  music,  is 
held  to  be  the  standard  of  time.    There  are 
two  sorts  of  time :  duple,  with  two,  four,  or 
eight  beats  in  the  bar ;  and  triple,  with  three 
heats  in  a  bar.    There  is  also  compound  time, 
or  time  formed  of  the  union  of  triple  with 
duple,  and  triple  with  triple,  each  having  a 
distinctive  time  signature. 

(:))  The  absolute  velocity  or  pace  at  which 
*  movement  is  performed,  as  indicated  by  the 
directions,  quick,  slow,  presto,  grave,  lento, 
allegro,  <tc. 

3.  Pkrenol. :  One  of  the  perceptive  faculties, 
the  organ  of  which  isdivided  into  two  portions, 
one  placed  above  the  middle  of  each  eyebrow. 
It  is  supposed  to  enable  one  to  conceive  the 
duration  of  events  or  phenomena,  and  their 
simultaneous  or  successive  occurrence. 

f  Time  is  the  generic  term ;  it  is  either 
taken  for  the  whole  or  the  part.  We  speak 
of  time  when  the  simple  idea  of  time  only  is 
to  be  expressed,  as  the  time  of  the  day,  or  the 
time  of  the  year.  The  date  is  that  period  of 
time  which  is  reckoned  from  the  date  or  com- 
mencement of  a  thing  to  the  time  that  it  is 
spoken  of ;  hence,  we  speak  of  a  thing  as 
being  of  a  long  or  a  short  date.  Era  and 
tptxh  both  refer  to  points  of  lime  rendered  re- 
markable by  events  ;  but  the  former  is  more 
commonly  employed  in  the  literal  sense  for 
points  of  computation  in  chronology,  as  the 
Christian  era ;  the  latter  is  indefinitely  em- 
ployed for  any  period  distinguished  by 
remarkable  events ;  the  grand  rebellion  is  an 
•jocft  in  the  history  of  England.  (Cratb.) 

U  1.  Absolute  time:  Time  irrespective  of 
local  standards;  time  everywhere  reckoned 
from  one  standard. 

2.  Apparent  time.  Solar  time :  Time  as  reck- 
oned by  the  movements  of  the  sun ;  time  as 
shown  by  a  sun-dial. 

3.  Astronomical   time :    Mean    solar   time, 
.     reckoned  by  counting  the  hours  continuously 

from  one  to  twenty-four,  instead  of  dividing 
them  into  two  twelves. 

4.  Attimes:  Atdistant  intervals  of  duration. 
"  The  Spirit  of  the  Lord  began  to  move  him  at  timel." 

— Jtutyaxlll.  25. 

5.  Civil  time:   Time  as  reckoned  for   the 
purposes  of  civil  or  of  ordinary  life.     In  most 
civilised  countries  the  division  of  civil  time  is 
into    years,    months,    weeks,    days,    hours, 
minutes,  and  seconds,  besides  vaguer  desig- 
nations, such  as   morning,    noon,    evening, 
night,  «tc. 


6.  Common  time: 

(1)  MIL  :  The  ordinary  time  taken  in  march- 
ing, being  about  ninety  paces  per  minute,  as 
distinguished  from  quick  time,  ia  which  110 
paces  are  taken. 

(2)  Music:  [COMMON-TIME]. 

7.  Equation  of  time  :  [EQUATION]. 

8.  Greenwich  time  :  Time  as  settled  by  the 
passage  of  the  sun's  centre  over  the  meridian 
of  Greenwich,  England.     [RAILWAY-TIME.] 

9.  In  good  time  : 

(1)  At  the  right  moment  ;  In  good  season. 

"  To  lust  in  good  time." 

Shakelp.  :  Comedy  of  Rrrort.  li.  2. 

(2)  Fortunately,     happily.      (Often    used 
ironically.) 

"  Inywdtlme  here  comes  the  noble  duke." 

.  :  Ktchani  III.,  U.  L 


10.  In  time: 

(1)  At  the  right  moment  ;  before  it  Is  too 

late. 

"  Gentle  physic  given  in  time  had  cured  me." 

Shaketp.  .•  Henry  rill.,  iv.  J. 

(2)  In  course   of  time  ;   in  the  course  of 
things  ;  by  degrees  :  eventually  :  as,  He  got 
well  in  time, 

11.  Local  time  :  Time  determined  by  the 
moment   at   which   the    sun   comes   to  the 
meridian  at  any  particular  place.    As  the  ex- 
tension of  the  railroad  system  has  introduced 
railroad,  or  standard,  time  into  every  part 
of  the  United  States,  the  reckoning  of  local 
.time  is  becoming  obsolete.     [STANDAED-TIME, 

UNIVEKSAL-TIKE.] 

12.  Mean  time,   Mean  solar  time:   [MEAN- 
TIME], 

13.  Nick  of  time:   The   exact   moment  in 
point  of  time  required  by  necessity  or  con- 
venience ;  the  critical  moment. 

14.  Railroad  time:  Standard  time,  to  which 
all  railroad  clocks  are  adjusted. 

^  Central-time;  Eaj>tern-time  ;  3foun(am-fime; 
Pacific-time.    [See  UNIVEESAL-IIME.] 

15.  Sidereal  time:  [SIDEBEAL-TIME]. 

16.  Solar  time:  fl[  2.]. 

17.  Time  about  :  Alternately. 

18.  Time  enough:  In  season;  soon  enough. 

19.  Time  of  day: 

(1)  A  greeting  or  salutation  appropriate  to 
the  hour  of  the  day,  as  Good  morning,  Good 
evening,  &c. 

"  When  every  one  will  give  the  time  of  day." 

Sltaitetp.  :  J  Benri  Yl.,  liL  1. 

(2)  The  latest  aspect  of  affairs  ;  a  dodge. 
(Slang.) 

*  20.   Time  of  grace  :   Time  during  which 
hunting  could  be  lawfully  carried  on. 

21.  Time  out  of  mind.  Time  immemorial: 
low  :  Time  beyond  legal  memory  :  that  is, 

the  time  prior  to  the  reign  of  Richard  I., 
A.D.  1189. 

22.  To  beat  time  :  [BEAT,  «,,  0.  16]. 

23.  To  move,  run,  or  go  against  time:  To 
move,  run,  or  go,  as  a  horse,  a  runner,  &c., 
as  fast  as  possible    so  as  to  ascertain  the 
greatest   speed   attainable,    or  the   greatest 
distance  that  can  be  passed  over  in  a  certain 
time. 

24.  To  kill  time  :  To  beguile  time  ;  to  occupy 
one's  self  so  as  to  cause  the  time  to  pass 
pleasantly  or  without  tediousness. 

25.  Toloxtime: 

(1)  To  fail  by  delay  to  take  full  advantage 
of  the  opportunity  afforded  by  the  conjunc- 
ture ;  to  delay. 

••  The  earl  loft  no  HUM.  bat  marched  day  and  night" 
—  Clarendon. 

(2)  To  go  too  slow  :  as,  A  watch  or  clock 
loses  time. 

26.  True  time: 

(1)  Ord.  Lung.  :  Mean  time  as  kept  by  a 
good  clock. 

(2)  Astron.  :   Apparent  time   as   reckoned 
from  the  transit  of  the  sun's  centre  over  the 
meridian. 

"I  Time  Is  used  in  many  compounds,  the 
meanings  of  which  are  for  the  most  part  self- 
explanatory  :  as,  time-battered,  time-enduring, 
time-worn,  &c. 

time-ball,  s.  A  ball  on  a  pole,  dropped 
by  electricity  at  a  prescribed  instant  of  time 
(usually  12  if.)  ;  an  electric  time-ball.  It  is 
used  especially  in  maritime  cities  to  give  time 
to  the  officers  of  the  ships  in  port. 


time  -  bargain,  ».  An  engagement  en- 
tered into  with  a  view  to  being  closed  befor* 
or  at  a  given  time.  The  subject  of  these 
bargains  may  be  any  commodity  whatever, 
such  as  cotton,  iron,  wool,  tobacco,  corn,  Arc., 
and  purchases  or  sales  of  these  commodities 
against  time  are  often  made.  But  by  far  the 
largest  number  of  time  bargains  are  made  in 
Stock  Exchange  securities  ;  and  are  generally 
mere  gambling  transactions,  carried  on  from 
time  to  time  by  the  mere  payment  of  the  dif- 
ference between  the  stipulated  price  and  the 
actual  price  on  the  settling-day. 


"  Time-bargatnt  originated  in  the  practice  of  closing 
me  bank  for  aix  weeks  in  each  quarter  fur  the  pre- 
paration of  the  dividends.  As  no  transfer  could  be 


made  during  that  period,  it  became  a  practice  to  buy 
and  Bell  for  the  opening.  The  habit,  once  formed:, 
was  extended  to  other  stocks,  and  as  neither  stock 
nor  capital  was  necessary  for  the  conclusion  of  bar- 
gains, it  opened  the  way  for  a  boat  of  needy  adven- 
turers who  were  not  slow  to  avail  themselves  of  the 
opportunity  of  making  a  gain,  white  they  had  nothing 
to  lose."— BUhett  :  Countitiff-noute  Diet. 

time -beguiling,  o.  Making  time  pas« 
quickly  and  pleasantly  away. 

"  A  lime.oei/uUlng  ditty,  for  delight 
Of  his  fond  partner,  sileut  in  the  nest " 

If ordtworOt :  fxcurtion.  bk.  TL 

•time-bettering,  a.  Improving  th» 
state  of  things  ;  full  of  innovations. 

"  Some  fresher  stamp  of  the  time-bflterlng  days." 
Shaketp. :  Sonnet  81 

*  time-be  wasted,  a.    Consumed  or  used 
Up  by  time. 

"  My  oil-dried  lamp,  and  tlme-oemutd  light" 

Skaketp. :  Hichard  11..  L  t, 

*  time-bill,  ».    A  time-table. 

time-book,  s.  A  book  in  which  is  kept 
a  record  of  the  time  persons  have  worked. 

*  time-candle,  s.    A  candle  in  which  the 
size  and  quality  of  the  material  aud  the  wick 
are  so  regulated  that  a  certain  length  will 
burn  in  a  given  time.    Candles  coloured  or  in- 
dented at  certain  intervals  so  as  to  mark  time 
were  patented  in  England  in  1859. 

time-detector,  >.  An  instrument  for 
recording  the  time  at  which  a  watchman  may 
be  present  at  different  stations  on  his  beat. 

time-fuse,  i.  A  fuse  which  can  be  so 
arranged  as  to  explode  a  charge  at  a  certain 
determinate  interval  after  the  time  of  its  igni- 
tion. This  is  usually  effected  either  by  cutting 
out  or  off  a  portion  of  the  fuse  or  by  employ- 
ing compositions  of  which  given  lengths  burn 
at  different  rates. 

time-gnu,  «.  A  gun  which  is  fired  by 
electricity  at  a  particular  time  of  day,  as  on  the 
falling  of  a  time-ball,  or  as  a  substitute  for  it. 

time-hallowed,  a.  Hallowed  or  sancti- 
fied by  age. 

"  The  energetic  words 
Which  a  time-hallowed  poet  hath  employ'd." 

Wordnaorth :  Excurtion.  bk.  IT 

time-honored,  a.  Honored  for  a 
long  time ;  venerable  and  worthy  of  honor 
by  reason  of  antiquity  and  long  continuance  • 
being  of  a  venerable  age. 

"  Herself  the  solitary  scion  left 
Of  a  time-honoured  race."          Byron :  Dream,  i, 

time-keeper,  «. 

L  A  clock,  watch,  or  chronometer. 

"The  same  watch,  or  time-keeper,  which  I  had 
carried  out  In  my  last  voyage."— Cook:  Third  Voyage, 
bk.  L,  ch.  L 

2.  A  person  who  keeps,  marks,  regulates, 
or  records  the  times,  as  of  the  departure  ol 
conveyances,  performances  in  races,  &e., 
hours  worked  by  workmen,  Are. 

time-lock,  ».  A  lock  having  clock-work 
attached,  which,  when  wound  up  and  locked, 
prevents  the  bolt  being  withdrawn,  even  by 
means  of  the  proper  key,  until  a  certain  inter- 
val of  time  has  elapsed. 

time-piece,  s.  An  instrument  for  re- 
cording time ;  especially  a  small  clock  placed 
on  mantel-pieces,  side-tables,  &c. 

"  That  warning  time-piece  never  ceased.** 

Longfellow  :  Old  Clock  on  the  Stair*. 

time -plcaser,  s.  One  who  complies 
with  the  prevailing  opinions,  whatever  the} 
may  be. 

"  Time-pleateri,  flatterers,  foes  to  nobleness." 

Shaketp. :  Coriolanue,  ilL  I 

time-server,  s. 

*  1.  One  engaged  in  serving  his  time.  Not 
originally  conveying  the  imputation  which  it 
does  now. 

"  He  Is  a  good  time-tener  that  Improves  the  present 
for  God's  glory  and  his  own  salvation."—  fuller  :  Boll 
State,  roL  lit.  ch.  xlt 


bSH,  bo};  poist.  Jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  JCenophon,  e-fist.  ph  =  t 
-clan. -tiau  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -lion,  -sion  =  zhUB.   -clous,  -ttous,  -stoua  =  .thus.   -Me. -die.  *c.  =  bel,  del. 


4730 


time— Timothy 


J.  One  who  acts  In  accordance  with  cir- 
en  instances  ;  one  who  suits  hi*  conduct, 
opinions,  and  manners  tn  the  times  ;  one  who 
obsequiously  complies  with  the  ruling  power. 

time-serving,  a.  &  j. 

A.  A*  adj.  :    Complying  with   the   times; 
obsequiously  complying  with  the  ruling  power. 

41  In  vain  tli-'  +*mr  -nerving  bishops  ranged  themselves 
on  the  king's  aide."—  Gardiner  A  Muilinger;  Jntrod, 
to  En>j.  Bi*t.,  ch.  iii. 

B.  As  subst.  :    An  acting  conformably   to 
times  and  seasons;    usually  au    obsequious 
compliance  with  the  humours  of   those  in 
power,  implying  a  surrender  of  one's  inde- 
pendence, and  sometimes  of  one's  integrity. 

"If  such,  by  trimming  and  time-t#rving,  which  are 
but  two  wonle  fur  the  t&rne  thing.  aliauduu  the  Church 
of  England.  this  will  produce  conf  uUutu"—  South. 

time  servingness,  s.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  time-serving  ;  a  truckling  line 
of  conduct. 

M  7?nM-*«r*f  *r>M«J  anduuUle*."—  tf*rt*:  Lifgof  Lord 
OuVford,  i.  2. 

time  table,  *. 

1.  A    table  or  register  of  times,  aa  of  the 
hours  of  departure  or  arrival  of  trains,  steam- 
b^ats,  Ac.,  of  the  hours  to  be  observed  in 
schools,  Ac. 

2.  A  record  of  time  of  employes. 

3.  A  board  divided  by  vertical  and  hori- 
zontal lines  representing  time  and  distance  re* 
sptctively,  and  used  to  denote  speed  of  trains. 

4.  A  table  containing  the  relative  value  of 
every  note  in  music, 

time,  r.f.  &  i.     [TIME,  $.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  adapt  to  the  time,  or  occasion  ;  to 
bring,  begin,  or  perform  at  the  proper  time  or 
season. 

"The  powerful  impression  being  well  timed,  pro- 
duced In  them  a  peruiHueut  rei'urmatiou."  —  Knox  : 
Winter  Efeningt,  eveu.  20k 

2.  To  regulate  as  to  time. 

**  Alone  I  trwuJ  this  path—  for  Might  T  know, 

Timing  my  steps  ta  tLine." 
Wordsworth  :  Poem*  on  the  Jfaminy  of  Placet,  No.  rl, 

3.  To  ascertain,  mark,  or  record  the  time, 
duration,  or  rate  of. 

"It  would  be  well  to  know  whether  the  speeds 
•tated  to  hare  been  attained  by  the  Scotch  express 
were  proved  by  actual  tinting  with  a  watch,  or  only 
guessed  at"—  Globe,  Sept.  2.  1885. 

4.  To  measure,  as  in  music  or  harmony. 
*B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  keep  time  ;  to  harmonize. 

2.  To  waste  time  ;  to  procrastinate,  to  delay. 

"They  timed  it  oat  all  that  spring,  and  a  great  part 
of  the  next  summer."—  Daniel  ;  Hat.  Xng.,  p.  8L 

'  time'-ful,  a.  [Eng.  time,  and  ful^]  Season- 
able, timely,  early. 

"  Interrupting  by  hLa  rtgllant  endeavour*  all  offer  of 
timeful  returutowards  God."-.Katei0A:  Xiit.  World, 
bk.  I.,  ch,  vi. 

•time'-Ist,  s.  {Eng.  timff);  -ist.]  One  who 
keeps  time  in  music  ;  a  tiraist.  (Used  with  a 
qualifying  adjective  :  as,  a  good  timeist,  a  bad 
timei&t.) 

"To  do  herjusttce,  she  was  a  perfect  timeitt."— 
Read*;  ft  ever  Too  Late  to  Mend,  ch.  Ixiv. 

time  -less,  a.    [Eng.  time,  s.  ;  -less,] 

1.  Unseasonable  ;  done  at  au  improper  time  ; 
out  of  season. 

14  Ala.  I  whose  speech  too  of  1  1  broke 

With  gambol  rutle  aud  tuneieu  juke." 

Scott:  Jfarmion,  lit     (lutrod.) 

*2.  Untimely,  premature,  unnatural. 

"  Revenge  the  blood  of  innocents 
That  Gntse  hath  slain  by  treason  of  his  heart, 
Awl  bruugbt  by  murder  to  their  timfleu  ends," 
Marlowe  :  Edward  II.,  i.  1. 

"3.  Without  end;  Interminable. 

"  Ttmetett  night  and  chaos."  rounff. 

*  time  -leas-ly,   adv.      [Eng.   timeless;    -ly.] 

In  a  timeless  manner  ;  unseasonably,  prema- 
turely. 

**  O  fairest  flow*r,  no  sooner  blown  but  blasted, 
Soft  silken  primrose  failing  timrlruly." 

Milton  :  On  the  DeaOiofan  Infant,  Ac. 

dme'  II  ness,  ».  [Eng.  timely  ;  -n#w.J  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  timely  ;  seasonable- 
ness,  opportuneness. 

"  Tacitus  pronounced  his  father-in-law  Agrtcola 
happy,  not  only  in  the  renown  of  his  life,  but  in  the 
timeline**  of  hU  death."—  ScrHmer't  ttaaatine,  April. 
1880,  p.  iHfl. 

*  time  ling,  «.    [Eng.  time,  t.  ;  suit  'ling.]  A 
time-server. 


numbers,  which  an  faint-hearted  and 
were,  M  It  metiieth.  but  timelin0i"~8«con;  Content* 
of  MatOtew't  tl<.*f,rl  ;  T/,e  Supplication. 


'-l^,  *  time-lie,  a.  &  adv.     [Eng.  time; 

•iy>] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Seasonable  ;  being  in  good  time ;  early. 

"  Heaven's  breathing  influence  fall'd  not  to  bestow 
A  timely  pruiuUe  of  uniook'd-fur  fruit." 

Wordsworth:  IWHt e  Doe. 

*  2.  Keeping  time  or  measure. 

3.  Early  ;  soon  attained  ;  premature. 

"  Happy  were  I  iu  my  timely  death." 

Skaktsp. :  Comedy  of  Error*,  i.  1. 

*  4.  Coming  in  due  time. 

*•  And  si  HIT  to  thee  until  that  timrlie  death 
By  heaven's  dooma  duo  <?mle  my  earth  He  dales." 
Speiuer :  Jtuinet  <if  Time. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  good  time,  early,  soon,  sea- 
sonably, betimes. 

"  You  spurn  the  favours  offer'dfrom  his  band, 
Think,  ttmelit  think,  what  terrors  are  behind." 
Ootdtmitfi :  An  Oratorio,  ii. 

*  timely  -  parted,  a.     Having  died  a 
natural  death.  (ShaJcesp. :  2  Henry  FJ.,  Ui.  2.) 

ti-mcn'-6-guy,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Ifaut. :  A  rope  made  fast  to  an  anchor  when 
stowed,  to  keep  ropes  from  fouling  on  it. 

*  time  ous,  *  tim   ous,  a,    [Eng.  time,  s. ; 
-CU5-]    Timely,  seasonable. 

"By  a  wise  and  timott*  inquisition,  the  peccant 
humours  ami  humourists  may  be  discovered,  purged, 
or  cut  off."— Bacon. 

*  time'-ous-ly,  a.    [Eng.  timeovs;  -ly.]    In  it 
timeous  manner;  in  good  time  ;  betimes. 

"  But  I  timeoutty  remembered  Benjamin  West's 
entry  in  his  diary.'  —Ihtily  Ttltgraph,  March  1.  188*. 

tim'-er,  ».  [Eng.  tirn^e),  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
or  that  which  times;  specif.,  a  watch  which 
has  a  seconds-hand,  revolving  once  in  a 
minute,  and  a  counting  hand  which  records 
minutes.  It  has  a  projecting  pin  which, 
when  pressed,  causes  the  hand  to  fly  back  to 
zero,  and  remain  there  till  the  pressure  is  re- 
moved. A  form  of  stop-watch,  keeping  not 
actual  time,  but  the  time  between  events, 
such  as  the  starting  and  arrival  time  in  a 
race.  [HALF-TIMER.] 

tim'-id,  s.  [Fr.  timide,  fromLat  timidity  =  full 
of  fear;  timor  =  fear;  timeo  =  to  fear;  Sp., 
Port.,  &  Ital.  timido.]  Fearful ;  wanting 
nerve  or  courage  to  meet  danger ;  timorous. 

"And  of  rendering  to  htuc  service*  from  which 
•empulotu  or  timid  agents  might  haw  shrunk."— 
JfacauJay:  Bitt.  Rng.,  ch.  sv. 


i'-I-tjf,  s.  [Fr.  timidite,  from  Lat 
timiditatem,  accus.  of  timiditas,  from  timidus 
—  timid  (q.v.).J  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
timid  ;  fearful  ness  ;  want  of  courage  to  meet 
danger;  tiraorousness. 

"This  proceed«th  from  nothing  els*  but  nttreame 
folly  and  timidity  of  heart.'*—/*.  Solland;  Plutarch, 
p.  234. 

tim'-id-l&  adv.     [Eng.   timid;   -ly.]     In  a 
timid  manner ;  without  courage. 

tim -id  ness,  *.     [Eng.  timid;  -«««.]     The 
quality  or  state  of  being  timid  ;  timidity. 

*  tlm'-Id-OUS,    a.      [Lat    timidus  =  timid 
(q.v.).]    Timid,  fearful,  timorous. 

™  Fortune  th'  aadacions  doth  juvare, 
But  lets  the  timidou*  miscarry." 

Butler;  Budibrnt,  pt  L,  a  iii. 

tim  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [TIME,  v.] 

A*  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

Mach. :  The  regulation  of  the  parts  of  a 
machine  so  that  all  the  motions  shall  take 
place  in  due  order  and  time.  This  may  be 
illustrated  in  the  sewing  machine,  in  which 
the  stroke  of  the  needle,  the  shuttle,  and  the 
feed  take  place  necessarily  in  an  exact  se- 
quence. /*,:  f< 

timing-apparatus,  x. 
Kail. :  An  apparatus  for  automatically  re- 
cording the  rate  of  speed  of  railway-trains. 


*  tim'-ish,  a.     [Eng.  tim(e); 
able. 


Fashion- 


"A timith  gentleman  accoutered  with  sword  and 
peruke."—  BarU  J/itcri/.,  i  612. 

tim'~Ut,  5.     [Eog.  fim(e);  -ist.] 

1.  One  who  keeps  time  in  music.  (With  a 
qualifying  adjective  :  as,  a  good  /imiaf,  a  bad 
timisL) 

*  2.  A  time-server. 

"  A  timitt  ta  a  noun  adjective  of  the  present  tense. 
Be  hath  no  more  of  a  conscience  than  fear,  and  his 
religion  Is  not  hia  but  the  prluee'a." 

Charactert,  sign.  K.  7,  b. 


tim -men,  s.    [TAM-.NE.] 

Fabric :  A  kind  of  woollen  cloth  ;  tamine, 
"Auild  the  toil*  of  broadcloth  aad tfenmeit.*— Him 
Ferrier :  Inheritance,  iii.  12. 

tim'-mer,  s.    [TIMBER.]    (Scotch.) 

ti  moc -ra-cy,   s.      [Gr.   n^oKparm    (timo-    \ 
kratia):    riw  (time)  =  honour,   worth,  and    « 
Kpare'iu  (krateo)  —  to  rule.]    A  form  of  govern-    ! 
ineut  in  which  a  certain  amount  of  property    i 
is  requisite  as  a  qualification  for  office.     It 
also  signified  a  government  which  formed  a 
sort  of  mean  between  aristocracy  ami  oil-    : 
garchy,  when  the  ruling  classes,  composed  of 
the  best  and  noblest  citizens,  struggled  for    i 
pre-eminence  between  themselves. 

"  nmoeracytisja  term  made  nse  of  hy  aome  Greek 
writers,  es{*cially  Aristotle,  to  signify  a  peculiar  form 
of  constitution  :  but  there  are  two  different  *ei.-<.--  in 
which  it  Is  thus  used,  corresponding  to  the  different 
meaning*  of  the  word,  TI/ATJ,  a  price,  or  honour,  from 
which  it  la  derived-  According  to  th«  first,  it  repre- 
•cut)  a  state  iu  which  tim  qualification  for  office  is  a 
certain  amount  of  property  ;  In  the  Utter,  it  is  H  kind 
of  mean,  between  aristocracy  and  oligarchy,  wiien  the  i 
ruling  class,  who  we  still  the  best  and  uohlwrt  citizrtia,  , 
BtruKgle  for  pre-euiiiieuce  amongst  Utemseivea."— 
Brandt  t  Cox. 

*  ti'-mo-crat-ic,  a      [TIMOCRACY.]    Of?  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of  a  tiraocrary. 

"The  timocratic democracies  of  the  Achaean*  rot* 
npou  the  ruins  of  tb>we  intellectual  .  .  .  wligarchles." 
— G.  B.  L-wt:  Bitt  Phitowphy  (ed.  1880).  I.  25. 

ti-mon-eer,  s.  [Fr.  timonnier,  from  «tnwn  = 
a  helm  or  tiller,  from  Lat.  temonem,  accus.  of 
temo  =.  a  pole.] 

Naut. :  A  helmsman  ;  also,  one  on  the  look- 
out who  directs  a  helmsman. 

"  While  o'er  the  foam  the  ship  Impetuous  flies 
The  helm  th'  attentive  t  (mower  ni>ph«s.~ 

Falconer;  Skip  wrack,  11 

*  ti  -min-Ist,  «.    [See  def.]    A  misanthrope; 
like  Timon  of  Athens. 

"  I  did  it  to  retire  me  from  the  world 
And  turn  toy  muse  into  a  Tinonut,*' 


fer;  .itromatx. 

*  ti  mon  ize,  r.i.  [TmoMiar.]  To  play  th» 
misanthrope. 

"  I  should  be  tempted  to  Timontit.  and  clap  a  Satyt 
on  the  whole  species.  ~—<i*ntleman  Inttructed,  p.  too. 

tim  o-ro'-so,  adv.    [Ital] 
MUM,  :  With  hesitation. 

tim  or  ous,  *  tim  er-oiis,  *  tym-er- 
oua,  a.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  timorosus,  from 
(tinor  =  fear.l  [TIMID.] 

1.  Fearful    of    danger  ;    timid  ;     wanting 
courage  or  nerve. 

"  So  with  her  young,  amid  the  woodland  shade*. 
A  timarout  hind  tht>  lion's  court  luviulea." 

Pope:  Homer;  Qdyitty  ivii.  14L 

2.  Indicating  fear;   characterized  by  fear; 

full  of  scruples. 

"  With  like  timorout  accent  and  dire  ^elL* 

Shaketfj.  :  UtktUo,  L  t 

tim'-or-ous  ly,  *  tim'-er-ous-l^,  adv. 
[Eng.  tini-  rous  •  -ly.}  Iu  a  timorous  manner; 
fearfully  ;  timidly  ;  with  fear. 

"  Timorously  confess 
The  manner  and  the  purpose  of  his  tie.nona," 

Sh<ike»t>.  '  Richard  i  !  L.  iii.  I. 

tim  or  -ous-ncss,  *  tym  er  ous  neaae, 
t.  [Eng.  timorous;  -ness.l  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  timorous;  fearialni'ss  ;  timidity. 

"If  he  finds  in  any  of  them  a  foolish  timoroiunat 
(for  so  he  calls  the  first  a|>penrauce  of  a  tender  con- 
science), he  calls  them  fools  and  blockheads."— 
Bvnyan  :  Pttgrim't  Pro-jreu,  pt-  L 

tim'-br-aome,  a.  [Lat.  timor  =  fear;  Bog 
sutf.  -some.]  Easily  frightened;  timid.  ( 


d-th^,  s.  [Lat.  TimotKev*;  Gr.  TIM*- 
0«o$  (Timotheos)  =  one  who  honours  God  ;  M 
adj.  —  honouring  God  ;  T».u.aco  (timao)  —  to 
honour,  and  0«oc  (theos)  =  God.] 

Script.  Biog.  :  One  of  the  companions  of 
St.  Paul  on  his  missionary  travels.  Timothy 
was  born  either  at  Lystra  or  Derlie  ;  his  father 
was  a  Greek,  his  mother  a  Jewess  (Acts  rvi. 
1-2).  Both  his  mother  Eunice  ami  his  grand- 
mother Lois  were  Christians  (2  'Jim.  i.  6), 
having  probably  been  converted  by  St.  Paul 
on  his  first  missionary  tour  through  Lycaoma 
(Acts  xiv.  6).  lleuce  Timothy  early  knew  the 
[Jewish]  scriptures,  probably  with  Christian 
interpretations  (2  Tim.  iii.  15);  but  his  actual 
conversion  seems  to  have  been  effected  through 
the  instrumentality  of  St.  Paul,  if,  indeed, 
tliis  be  the  meaning  of  the  phrase  "my  own 
son  in  the  faith  "(1  Tim.  i.  2).  His  constitution 
was  feeble,  sensitive,  with  a  certain  tendency 
to  asceticism,  yet  not  free  from  temptation  to 
"youthful  lusts"  (2  Tim.  ii.  22).  He  was 


fite,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what  fill,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
•r,  wore,  won  work,  whd.  son;  mute,  cftb,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  -  6;  ey  =  a;  <ju  -  ItW. 


tlmous— tinamidee 


4731 


ilrongly  recommended  to  St.  Paul  by  tlie 
Christiana  at  Lystra  and  Iconium.  The  apostle 
therefore  chose  lilm  as  missionary  colleague, 
and  had  him  circumcised  for  the  sake  of 
facilitating  his  work  among  the  Jews  (Acts 
xvi  S).  He  thoroughly  gained  the  confidence 
»ud  affection  of  St.  Paul,  and  was  with  him 
in  Macedonia  and  Corinth  (A.D.  S2-53 ;  Acts 
xvii  14  iviii.  &  ;  1  Thess.  i.  1),  and  at  Ephesus, 
from  which  he  was  despatched  for  special  duty 
to  Corinth  (A.D.  55-56 ;  1  Cor.  iv.  IT,  xvi.  10). 
Returning,  he  was  with  St.  Paul  when  the 
second  epistle  to  the  Corinthians  and  that  to 
the  Humans  were  penned  (2  Cor.  i.  1 ;  Horn. 
xvi.  21),  as  also  when  lie  passed  through  Asia 
Minor  prior  to  his  arrest  (A.D.  57-SS ;  Acts 
XX  4)  and  during  his  imprisonment  at  Rome 
<A.D.  01-63 -,  Col.  i.  1 ;  Philem.  1 ;  Phil.  i.  1). 
Probably  alxmt  A.I>.  64  he  was  left  In  charge 
of  the  Ephesian  church.  In  Heh.  xiii.  23  his 
own  imprisnnmentand  liberation  are  recorded. 
Tradition  makes  him  ultimately  suffer  mar- 
tyrdom, either  in  A.D.  W  or  in  A.D.  109. 

"I  (1)  The  Pint  Epistle  of  Paul  the  Apostle  to 
Timothy : 

Km  Test.  Canon :  An  epistle  addressed  by 
St.  Paul  to  Timothy.  Some  persons  in  the 
Epbeiian  church  had  taught,  or  appeared  dis- 
posed to  teach,  a  doctrine  different  from  that 
of  the  apostle.  Paul  therefore,  on  departing 
for  Macedonia,  left  Timothy  behind  to  restrain 
those  false  teachers  (1  Tim.  i.  8-7),  preten- 
tious men  too  much  given  to  profitless  "  fables 
and  endless  genealogies"  (verse  4).  Paul 
charged  Timothy  to  preach  the  gospel,  de- 
nning it  as  "a  faithful  saying,  and  worthy  of 
all  acceptation,  that  Christ  Jesus  came  into 
the  world  to  save  sinners"  (i.  5-20).  Paul 
then  commends  prayer  (ii.  1-8),  defines  the 
position  of  women  in  the  Christian  church 
(9-15).  explains  the  duties  of  abishop(iii.  1-7), 
»nd  of  a  deacon  and  his  wife  (iii.  8-13),  and, 
expressing  the  hope  that  he  soon  may  see 
Timothy  (iii.  14),  gives  him  personal  coun- 
sel (15),  presents  as  beyond  controversy  the 
mystery  (hidden  thing)  of  godliness  (16), 
predicts  by  tbs  Spirit  perilous  times  (iv.  1-4), 
adds  fresh  injunctions  to  his  younger  col- 
league (v.-vi.),  explaining  what  his  action 
should  be  towards  elderly  and  younger  men, 
and  elder  and  younger  women  (v.  1-16),  the 
Christian  functionaries  called  elders  (17), 
slaves  (vi.  1-2),  the  rich  (17-19),  and  what 
should  be  his  conduct  in  the  office  which  he 
held  in  trust  (20-21).  Eusebius  summed  up 
the  verdict  of  Christian  antiquity  in  placing 
the  first  epistle  to  Timothy  among  the  Ho- 
mologonniena.  Modern  rationalistic  critics, 
from  Schmidt  and  Schleiermacher  to  Kenan, 
have  denied  its  authenticity,  of  which,  how- 
ever, there  have  been  powerful  defenders. 
Various  dates  have  been  assigned  to  it ;  one 
of  the  must  probable  is  A.D.  56. 

(2)  The  Second  Epietle  of  Paul  (he  Apostle  to 
Timothy : 

New  Tat.  Canon:  An  epistle  written  by  St. 
Paul  after  he  had  become  a  prisoner  (i.  8). 
in  Rome  (17),  in  bonds  (ii.  9),  who  had  been  at 
least  once  judicially  examined  and  been  re- 
quired to  make  his  "answer"  (iv.  16),  a  crisis 
which,  however,  ended  in  his  being  "  delivered 
out  of  the  mouth  of  the  lion  "  [Nero  (?)] (iv.  17). 
Commencing  by  expressing  his  love  forTimothy 
ami  his  earnest  desire  to  see  him  (i.  1-6),  he 
exhorts  him  to  stedfastness  ill  the  faith  (6-18), 
to  hardiness  and  unworldliness  (II.  1-7),  to 
the  avoidance  of  frivolous  and  entangling  ques- 
tions, to  purity,  (ii.  8-23),  and  to  meekness 
under  provocation  (24-28).  His  counsels  are 
all  the  more  fervent  that  many  have  deserted 
him  for  heresy  or  the  world  (i.  15,  ii.  17,  18, 
iv.  10);  and  he  foresaw  that  a  general  im- 
patience of  sound  doctrine  was  destined  to 
appear  (iii.  1-17,  iv.  1-4).  A  certain  air  of 
sadness  pervades  the  epistle,  but  the  writer 
looks  forward  to  his  probably  near  martyrdom 
In  tranquil  trust  in  his  Redeemer  whom  he 
had  served  so  long  and  so  well  (iv.  6-S).  He 
closes  with  sundry  greetings  and  with  the 
benediction.  The  evidence  for  theautlienticity 
of  the  epistle  is  the  same  as  that  for  the  pre 
vious  letter.  Two  dates  assigned  it  are  A.D.  63 
and  July  or  August  A.D.  65.  It  seems  to  havt 
been  the  hist  of  St.  Paul's  epistles. 

Timothy-grass,  t. 

Bot. :  Plil&tm  pratense.  Its  common  name 
from  Mr.  Timothy  Hanson,  who  did  much  to 
promote  its  cultivation  in  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  It  is  a  native  of  Europe,  but  is 
very  extensively  grown  in  this  country.  It  i 


often  called  Oafs-tail  Grass  from  Its  spike-like 
panicle,  several  Inches  lung.  It  is  tender  and 
nutritious  and  much  relished  by  cattle. 

tim'-ous,u.    [Tijcuous.] 

tim'-ous-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  tlmmu ;  -ly.]  In 
time ;  timeoosly,  betimes. 

tim  whiB  key,  t.  (Etym.  doubtful.]  A 
light  one-horse  chaise  without  a  head. 

"It  is  not  like  tlie  difference  between  .  .  .  awhiakw 
mid  a  Um-wAiM-ev.  that  U  to  say.  uo  difference  at  all. 
—Southey  :  The  Doctor,  Interch.  xiv. 

tin,  s.  &  a.  tA.S.  tin ;  cogn.  with  Dnt.,  Icel., 
&  Dan.  tin;  Sw.  tenn :  Ger.  zinn.  The  Wei. 
ystaen;  Corn,  atean;  Bret,  stian ;  Jr.  stan, 
and  Fr.  etain  are  from  Lat.  ttagnum,  ttannum 
=  tin.) 

A.  As  substantive : 

i  Ordinary  Language: 

L  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

(2)  Thin  plates  of  iron  covered  with  tin. 
[TIN-PLATE.] 

2.  Fig. :  A  slang  term  for  money. 

"  And  is  this  all !  And  I  have  Keen  tlie  whole. 
Cathedral,  chapel  imunery.  and  gravea  ! 
TU  acautly  worth  tlie  tin,  upon  my  in.uL 

Illactif :  Laftaf  HwUandt  t  IXandt,  p.  W. 

H.  Technically : 

1.  Chem. :  Stannum.    A  tetrad  metallic  ele- 
ment, Symb.  8n;  at.  wt.  118;  sp.  gr.  7 '28; 
found  in  tlie  state  of  oxide  In  tin-stone,  in 
Cornwall,  and  also  in  Saxony,  Bohemia,  and 
Malacca.    To  obtain  the  metal,  the  ore  is  first 
crushed  to  a  powder,  washed  to  free  it  from 
earthy  impurities,  and  roasted  in  a  reverber- 
atory  furnace  to  expel  sulphur  and  arsenic. 
It  is  then  strongly  heated  with  coal  or  char- 
coal, and  the  metal  thus  obtained  cast  Into 
blocks.    When  pure  it  is  a  white  metal  with 
a  high  metallic  lustre,  is  soft  and  malleable, 
and  may  be  beaten  into  thin  leaves  (tinfoil). 
At  a  temperature  of  200'  it  becomes  brittle,  at 
228*  it  fuses,  and  when  raised  to  a  white  heat 
it  enters  into  ebullition,  and  burns  with  a 
brilliant  white  light   When  rubbed,  it  evolves 
a  peculiar  odour,  and  when  bent  backwards 
and  forwards  emits  a  peculiar  crackling  noise. 
It  dissolves  in  hydrochloric,  nitric,  and  sul- 
phuric acids.     Tin    forms  two  well-defined 
classes  of  compounds,  viz.,  the  stannous,  in 
which  it  is  bivalent,  and  the  stannic,  in  which 
it  is  quadrivalent.     It  also  forms  an  inter- 
mediate class  called  stannoso-staunic  com- 
pounds. 

2.  Hist,  /t  Comm. :  The  tin-mines  of  Corn- 
wall have  been  worked  from  a  very  remote 
period.      The  Phoenicians  probably  obtained 
the  metal  from  the  Scilly  Isles,  the  Romans 
did  so  from  Spain.  In  modern  times  the  mines 
of  Cornwall  and  Devon  have  been  worked 
with  much  succeas.     Tin  is  abundant  in  tlie 
Black  Hills,  South  Dakota,  but  is  difficult  to 
extract  from  its  ore,  and  is  not  much  worked. 

3.  Min. :   Stated  to  have   been  found    in 
Siberia  with  gold,  and  also  in  Bolivia ;  but  it 
is  still  a  doubtful  native  element. 

4.  Pharm. :  Tin-salts  have  been  experimen- 
tally administered,  though  rarely,  in  some 
nervous  affections,  as  epilepsy  and  chorea. 
By  the  Hindoo  native  doctors  they  are  given 
chiefly  for  urinary  affections. 

B.  As  adj. :  Made  of  tin  :  as,  a  tin  pot,  a 
tin  canister,  &c. 

1  Tin-ore  =  Cassitmte,  Stannine;  tin-oxide 
and  t  in-pyrites  =  Stannine ;  tin-stone  =  Cos- 
riterite. 

tin  dichloride,  5. 

Chem. :  SnCl2.  Stannons  chloride.  A  gray 
resinous-looking  substance,  obtained  in  the 
anhydrous  state  by  distilling  a  mixture  of 
calomel  and  powdered  tin.  It  is  fusible  be- 
low redness,  and  volatile  at  a  higher  tem- 
perature. 

tin-dioxide,  s. 

Chem.:  SnOj.  Stannic  oxide.  A  white 
amorphous  powder  prepared  by  heating  tin 
or  tin  monoxide,  in  contact  with  air.  It  is 
very  insoluble,  not  being  attacked  by  acids 
even  in  the  concentrated  state. 

tin-glass,  *  tin-glMsa, «. 

*  1.  An  old  name  for  pewter  or  solder. 
2.  The  glassmakers'  name  for  bismuth. 

tin-glaze,  s. 

Pottery:  An  opaque  glase,  or  enamel,  having 


oxide  of  tin  as  a  basis,  used  upon  majolica 
ware  and  other  fine  pottery. 

tin-liquor,  «.  A  dyer's  solution  of  tin, 
digested  in  hydrochloric  and  nitric  acids, 
with  an  addition  of  salt. 

tin-monoxide,  «. 

Chem. :  SnO.  Stannous  oxide.  A  dense 
black  powder  prepared  by  heating  stannous 
oxalate  out  of  contact  with  air.  It  is  perma- 
nent in  the  air,  but  when  touched  with  a  red- 
hot  wire  takes  fire  and  burns  like  tinder. 

tin-mordant, «.  ThesarueasTiN-LiQcoK 
(q.v.). 
tin-ore,  s.    The  ore  of  tin.    [Tin,  s,] 

*  tin-penny,  «.  A  customary  duty  in 
England,  formerly  paid  to  the  tithingmen  for 
liberty  to  dig  in  tin  mines. 

tin-pot,  s.  The  first  of  the  set  of  baths  In 
which  sheet-iron  is  dipped  for  tinning. 

tin  salt,  j. 

Chem. :  SnCl2,2H20.  The  hydrated  chlorid* 
of  tin  produced  by  dissolving  tin  in  hot. 
hydrochloric  acid.  It  crystallizes  in  needles, 
freely  soluble  in  water,  and  is  extensively 
used  as  a  mordant  in  dyeing  and  calico-print- 
ing. 

tin  saw,  s. 

Bricklay. :  A  saw  used  by  bricklayers  for 
cutting  kerfs  in  bricks  in  order  to  render 
them  more  readily  dressed  by  the  axe  which 
hews  them  into  shape  for  the  skew  or  gauged 
work,  dome,  or  niche  for  which  they  are 
destined. 

tin-scrap,  ».  Clippings  or  scraps  made 
In  the  manufacture  of  tin-ware.  It  consists 
of  iron  plate,  partially  alloyed,  and  also 
coated  with  tin,  the  amount  of  the  latter 
varying  from  three  to  five  per  cent.  In 
inferior  wares  the  tin  is  itself  debased  with 
lead. 

tin  sesquioxide,  «. 

Chem. :  Sn2O3.  A  slimy  substance  obtained 
by  the  action  of  ferric  oxide  on  stannous 
chloride.  It  is  soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid 
and  in  ammonia. 

tin-smith,  s.  One  who  makes  articles  of 
tin  or  tin-plate. 

tin-tack,  s.    A  tack  dipped  In  melted  tin. 
tin  totrachloride,  i. 

Chem. :  SnClj.  Stannic  chloride.  A  thin, 
colourless,  mobile  liquid  obtained  by  distil- 
ling a  mixture  of  powdered  tin  and  corrosive 
sublimate.  It  boils  at  120°,  fumes  in  the  air, 
and,  when  mixed  with  water,  solidifies  to  a 
soft  mass  called  butter  of  tin. 

tin  trichloride,  s. 

Chem. :  SnClv  Stannoso-stannlc  chloride. 
Produced  by  dissolving  tin  sesquioT^e  in 
hydrochloric  acid.  It  is  only  known  U  aolu- 
tion,  and  acts  like  a  mixture  of  dichloride 
and  tetrachloride. 

tin-type,  t.  A  photograph  taken  on  a 
tinned  plate  ;  a  stannotype  or  ferrotype. 

tin  white  cobalt,  s. 

Min. :  The  same  as  SMALTIKE  (q.v.). 
*  tin- worm,  t.    An  insect ;  a  species  of 
millipede.    (Bailey.) 

tin,  v.t.    [Tis, «.] 

1.  To  cover  or  overlay  with  tin. 

-Tie  cover  maybeHmwd  over  only  by  nailing  of 
•Ingle  tin  plate*  over  ft."—  Mortimer. 

2.  To  put  up  in  a  tin  case :  as,  To  tin  neat, 
fish,  fruit,  vegetables,  &c. 

tl-nam'-I-dse,  t.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  tinam(us); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -«<z.] 

OrniOi. :  A  family  of  Game  Birds,  with  nine 
genera  and  thirty-nine  species.  Bill  straight, 
flattened,  with  membrane  at  base,  nostrils 
large ;  wings  short  and  concave,  toes  long. 
They  form  a  very  remarkable  family,  wit^h 
the  general  appearance  of  partridges  or  hemi- 
podes,  but  with  the  tail  very  small  or  entirely 
wanting.  They  differ  greatly  in  their  organi- 
zation from  any  of  the  Old  World  Gallinre, 
and  approach,  in  some  respects,  tlie  Ostriches. 
They  are  very  terrestrial  in  then-  habits, 
frequenting  the  forests,  open  plains,  and 
mountains  of  the  Neotropical  region,  from 
Patagonia  and  Chili  to  Mexico,  but  are  absent 
from  the  Antilles.  Their  colouring  is  very 


tea.  bo?;  pdftt.  Jowl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  tJiis;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist.    -Ing. 
-dan, -tian  =  shan.   -tion. -«Ion  =  shun; -tion, -sion  =  zhun.   -dons,  -tloua,  -olona  =  anus.   -ble.  -die,  *c.  _  bel.  0*1. 


4732 


tinamou— tinfloor 


sober  and  protective,  as  is  the  case  with  so 
many  ground-liirds,  and  they  are  seldom 
adorned  with  crests  or  other  ornamental 
plumes,  so  prevalent  in  the  order  to  which 
they  lielong.  (Wallace.) 

tin  -a  mou,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Ornith.  :  Any  individual  of  the  family 
Tinamula  (q.v.), 

tin'-a-mus,  t.  [Latinised  from  tinamou 
(q.v.).] 

Ornilh.  :  The  type-genus  of  Tinamidse,  with 
seven  sjtecies,  ranging  from  Mexico  to  Para- 
guay. Bill  rather  short,  hooked  at  tip,  sides 
compressed,  nostrils  towards  base;  wings 
with  third  and  fourth  quills  longest,  tips 
curved  ;  tail  very  short,  coverts  lengthened  ; 
claws  thick  and  short. 

tin'-ca,  s.    (Lat] 

1.  Ichthy.:  Tench  (q.v.);  a  genus  of  Cypri- 
nidse,    with    a    single    species,    Tinea   tinea 
(t  mdgarie),  found  all  over  Europe  in  stagnant 
waters    with    soft    bottom.      Scales    small, 
deeply  embedded  in  the  thick  skin  ;  lateral 
line  complete  ;  dorsal  short,  having  its  origin 
opposite  the  ventral,  anal  short,  caudal  some- 
what  truncated  ;    mouth   anterior,   with   a 
barbel  at  the  angles  ;  gill-rakers  short,  lanceo- 
late ;     pBeudobranchife    rudimentary  ;     pha- 
ryngeal  teeth  cuneiform,  slightly  booked  at 
the  end. 

2.  Paloymt.  :     From    Tertiary    freshwater 
formations. 

tin  -cal,  >. 

tin-caT-  co-mte,  s.    [Eng.  tincal,nnd  conite.] 
Min.  :  A  pulverulent  and  efflorescent  variety 
of  borax  (q.v.),  containing  82  per  cent,  of 
water,  found  in  California. 

tin  chill,  tin  -chel,  t.  [Gael.  &  Ir.  tim. 
ckioll  =  circuit,  compass.]  A  circle  of  sports- 
men, who,  by  surrounding  a  great  space  of 
country,  and  gradually  closing  in,  brought 
immense  quantities  of  deer  together  so  as  to 
capture  or  kill  them. 

"  Well  quell  the  savage  mountaineer. 
As  their  Tinchel  cows  the  game." 

Scott:  Ladl  a/  Ote  LalU.  TL  17. 

"  tinct,  v.t.  [Lat.  linctut,  pa.  par.  of  tingo  = 
to  dye.)  [TiNCE.] 

1.  To  tinge,  to  stain,  to  dye,  to  spot,  to  tint. 

"  March  the  27th  In  the  waled  weather-glass,  when 
«nt  put  Into  water,  the  tincted  spirit  rested  at  81 
Inches."—  Boyle:  Worta,  HL  147. 

2.  To  imbue  with  a  taste. 

"  We  have  artificial  wells  made  fn  Imitation  of  the 
natural,  as  tincted  npon  vitriol,  sulphur,  and  steel."— 
Bacon. 

*  tinct,  ».    [Trscr,  ».] 

1.  Stain,  colour,  tint,  dye. 

"  Raising  *  world  of  gayer  tinct  and  grace.' 

Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  L  44. 

2.  The    grand    elixir  of  the  alchemists; 
tincture. 

"That  great  med'clne  hath 
With  his  tinct  gilded  thee," 

.:  jOTl  tTell.T.  S. 


.  ..    . 

•  tinct,  a.    (Lat.  tinctus.]  Coloured,  tinctured, 
stained. 

"  The  blew  In  black,  the  greene  In  gray,  U  Una." 
Xpmtrr  :  Sheplieardl  Calender  ;  JTO 


'  tlno-tor'-I-al,  a.  [Lat  «nc(or  =  a  dyer, 
from  tinctus,  pa.  par.  of  tingo  =  to  dye.]  Per- 
taining to  colours  or  dyes  ;  imparting  a  colour 
or  dye. 

tiCnc'-ture,  s.    [Lat.  tinctum  =  a  dyeing,  from 
tinctus,  pa.  par.   of  tingo  =  to  dye  ;  8p.  & 
Ital.  tintura;  FT.  teinture.] 
•    L  Om*  inary  Language  : 

1.  Lit.  :   A  tinge  or  shade  of  colour  ;  a 
colour,  a  tint. 

2.  Figuratively  : 

(1)  A  slight  taste  superadded  to  any  sub- 
stance :  as,  a  tincture  of  orange-peel. 

(2)  A  Blight  quality  added  to  anything;  a 
tinge. 

.     "  All  manners  take  a  tincture  from  onr  own, 

Or  come  Uiscoluur'd  through  our  passions  shown.' 
Pope:  J/oral  Suayt.  La. 
tt  Technically: 

1.  Chem.  :  The  finer  and  more  volatile  parts 
of  a  substance,  separated  by  a  menstruum  ;  an 
extract  of  a  part  of  the  substance  of  a  body 
communicated  to  the  menstruum. 

2.  Her.:  The  name  given  to  the  colours, 
metals,  or  tints  used  for  the  field  or  ground  of 
an  emblazoned  shield,  including  the  two  metals 


or  and  argent,  or  gold  and  silver,  the  several 
colours,  and  the  furs. 

3.  Pharm. :  A  coloured  solution  of  some 
animal  or  vegetable  principle.  Tinctures  a: . 
very  numerous.  Garrod  has  a  list  of  nearly 
seventy,  commencing  with  the  tincture  of 
aconite  and  the  tincture  of  aloes.  Ditferenl 
menstrua  are  employed ;  chiefly  rectified 
spirit,  proof  spirit,  compound  spirit  of  an 
monia,  and  spirit  of  ether. 

tincture-press,  5.  An  apparatus  for 
thoroughly  extracting  the  active  principles  of 
plants,  &c.,  by  submitting  them  to  conr 
pression. 

tlnc'-ture,  v.t.    [TINCTURE,  >.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  colour,  to  dye,  to  stain  ;  to  Im- 
bue or  impregnate  with  a  colour  or  tint 

"  A  little  black  {Mint  will  tittcture  and  spoil  twenty 
gay  colour*. — H'attt. 

2.  Fig. :  To  imbue,  to  tinge. 

"  It  is.  indeed,  generally  true,  that  the  history  of  a 
mechanical  firt  affords  but  insipid  entertainment  to  a 
mind  which  is  tinctured  with  the  liberality  of  philo- 
sophy and  the  elegance  of  classical  literature."— Knox: 
Euayt,  No.  136. 

*  tlnd,  *  tinde,  *  tecnd,  •  tend, ».(.    IA.8. 
tendon  =  to  kindle;  cogn.  with  Dan.  tcende ; 
8w.  tdnda;   Goth,    tandjan;    Ger.    tiinden.] 
[TINDER.]    To  kindle  ;  to  set  on  fire. 

*•  And  stry fill  A  tin  In  their  stubbome  mind 
Coles  of  contention  and  hot  vengeance  find." 

Spenier :  f.  o.,  IL  Till  1L 

*  tlnd,  "  tynde,  «.    [TINE  (1),  «.] 

tln'-dal,  s.  [Hind,  tandail]  A  boatswain's 
mate ;  the  master  or  coxswain  of  the  large 
pier-boats  which  ply  in  the  harbour  of  Bom- 
bay ;  also,  an  attendant  on  an  army.  (East 
Indies.) 

tin'-der,  •  ton  dre,  *  tun  der,  ».  [A.S. 
tyndre,  cogn.  with  tendon  =  to  kindle  ;  Icel. 
tundr  =  tinder;  tendra  =  to  light  a  fire;  tandri 
=  fire  ;  Dan.  toniler  =  tinder  ;  8w.  tunder ; 
Ger.  ziinder.]  Any  substance  eminently  com- 
bustible. It  is  usually  of  dried  rotten  wood 
or  rag,  dipped  in  a  preparation  of  sulphur, 
used  to  kindle  a  fire  from  a  spark.  [AMADOU.] 

41  In  one  of  them  there  was  the  stone  they  strike  flre 
with,  and  tinder  made  of  hark,  but  of  what  tree  could 
not  be  distinguished."— Coot:  Second  f'oyuye,  bk.  L. 
ch.  vii, 

tinder-box,  s.  A  box  in  which  tinder  is 
Vept 

"  Whoee  leares  are  fair,  bnt  their  hearts  good  for 
nothing  but  to  be  tinder  for  the  devil's  tinder-box.'— 
Banyan :  Ptigrim'i  Progreo,  pt.  IL 

tinder-like,  a.  Like  tinder;  easily  catch- 
Ing  flre. 

"  Hasty,  and  tlnderjttt,  upon  too  trivial  motion."— 
enafeep. :  Coriolanue,  ii.  1. 

tinder-ore,  «. 

If  in. :  An  impure,  soft  variety  of  Jameson!  te 
(q.v.).  Colour,  a  dark  dirty  red.  Formerly 
referred  to  kermesite,  but  now  shown  to  be  a 
mixture  of  jamesonite  with  red  silver  and 
mispickel.  Found  in  the  mines  of  the  Hartz 
mountains. 

*  tfn'-der-y',  o.    [Eng.  tinder;  -».]    Like  tin- 
der ;  inflammable. 

"  I  lore  nobody  for  nothing ;  I  am  not  so  tindery."— 
Had.  D'Arblat;  Diart,  VL  44. 

tine  (1),  *  tlnd,  *  tynde, ».  [Prop,  tlnd  (cf. 
woodbine  for  woodbind),  from  A.S.  find;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  tindr  =  a  spike,  a  tooth  of  a  rake 
or  harrow  ;  Sw.  tinne  =  the  tooth  of  a  rake. 
Allied  to  tooth  (q.v.).]  A  term  properly  applied 
to  a  prong  which  pierces,  as  in  forks,  whether 
for  culinary  or  table  use,  or  such  as  are  adapted 
for  hay  or  manure.  It  must  not  be  confounded 
with  tooth,  as  in  the  i. arrow,  or  the  cylinder 
of  a  thrashing  machine,  &c. ;  the  action  is 
diflerent  The  stirrers  of  other  cultivators 
are  known  as  shovels,  shares,  or  teeth,  accord- 
ing to  form  and  action. 

"In  the  southern  parts  of  England,  they  destroy 
moles  by  traps  that  fall  on  them,  and  strike  sharp 
fines  or  teeth  through  them."—  Mortimer:  ffutoandry. 

*  tine  (2),  ».    [TEEN.]    Trouble,  distress. 

"  Stood  gazing,  filled  with  rueful  tint." 

Spenter:  F.  0..  IV.  m.  a. 

tine  (3),  ».    [Tr-re  (2),  T.} 

Bot. :  A  wild  vetch  or  tare ;  a  plant  that 
encloses  or  tines  other  plants  (Tvsser) ;  spe- 
cially Vina,  hirsuta,  V.  Cracca,  and  Lathyna 
luberosus. 

*  tine  (1)  v.t.    fTiND.]    To  kindle,  to  Inflame. 

"The  clouds 

Jostling  or  pnsh'd  with  winds,  rude  in  their  shock, 
Tine  the  slant  lightning."        Milton  :  P.  L,  x.  1,07s. 


*  tine  (2),  v.t.    [A.S.  tynan.}    To  shut  in,  to 
inclose. 

*  tine  (3),  tyne,  «.(.&{.   [Icel.  (jlna  -=  to  lose.1 

A.  Trans. :  To  lose. 


B.  Intrans. :  To  be  lost ;  to  perish  In  any 
way.    (Scotch.) 

'  tine  (4),  •  tyne,  u.i.    [TINE  (2),  s.]    To  feel 
pain  or  distress ;  to  smart,  to  rage. 

"  £."  WM  th're  •*'"•  ne  ""  lhere  medicine. 
That  mote  rscure  their  wounds ;  so  inly  they  did 
«"«•"  Spenier  :  F.  «.,  II.  xi.  IL 


tined,  o.    [Eng.  tine  (1),  s.  ; 
with  tines. 


Furnished 


"A  mattocke  or  two  lined  forke."  —  P.  BoBtmtl 
flinie,  bk.  xviiL,  cb.  vi. 

ti  ne'-I-dsa,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tine(a);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sufi.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Tineina.  Head 
rough  ;  labial  palpi  short,  thick,  frequently 
bristly  ;  maxillary  palpi  often  greatly  dev«- 
loped.  Larva  with  sixteen  legs,  living  in  a 
portable  case,  or  feeding  on  fungi,  decayed 
wood,  &c.  It  contains  the  Clothes  Moths  and 
the  Long-horned  Moths.  The  species  very 
numerous. 

tin  c-i'  na,  t.  pi     [Mod.  Lat.  tine(a);  Lat 

ncut.  pi.  suff.  -ina.] 

Entom.  :  A  group  of  small  Heteroceri 
(Moths).  Antenna!  setaceous,  rarely  pecti- 
nated or  ciliated,  longer  than  the  body,  which 
is  slender  ;  wings  long,  with  long  cilia.  Hind 
wings  attenuated,  or  of  an  elongate  trape- 
zoidal form.  Larva  with  sixteen,  fourteen,  or 
no  legs.  Known  British  species  669,  or  more 
than  a  third  of  the  British  Lepidoptera. 
(Stainton.) 

*  tine'  man,  «.  [Prob.  from  tine  (2),  v.,  and 
man.]  An  officer  of  the  forest  who  had  the 
nocturnal  care  of  vert  and  venison,  and  other 
servile  employments.  (Cornell.) 

tin'-ct,  s.  [TiNi  (2),  r.]  Brushwood  and 
thorns  for  making  and  repairing  hedges. 
(BvrrUl.) 

tine'-  wold,  «.  [A.S.  &  Icel.  thing  =  an 
assembly  ;  Dan.  ting,  and  A.S.  weald  =  a 
wood,  an  open  space  ;  cf.  Icel.  thing-vollr  =  a 

?lace  where  a  thing  sat,  a  parliament  field.] 
he  ancient  parliament  or  annual  convention 
of  the  people  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

tin'  floor,  «.    [Eng.  (in,  andjtoor.] 

Tin-mining  :  The  name  usually  given  to  a 
small  vein  or  thin  flat  mass  of  tinstone  inter- 
posed between  certain  rocks  and  parallel  to 


,,  s.    [Lat  =  a  gnawing  worm,  a  moth, 
a  bookworm.] 

Enlom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tineidre  (q.v.). 
Head  hairy  ;  antennte  in  the  male  soinetimet 
slightly  ciliated ;  maxillary  palpi  folded,  gene- 
rally live-jointed  ;  labial  palpi  cylindric,  hairy, 
or  bristly;  fore  wings  oblong,  ovate;  hind 
wings  ovate,  clothed  with  stales.  S|*cie« 
numerous ;  widely  distributed.  Some  arc  very 
destructive  to  clothes,  specially  Tinea  bitelli- 
ella  and  T.  pellionella.  The  expansion  of  their 
wings  Is  about  half  an  inch.  The  lirst  has  the 
fore  wings  glossy,  pale  ochreous,  with  no 
spots,  the  hind  wings  whitish,  with  pale 
ochreous  cilia.  It  feeds  largely  on  horsehair, 
and  constructs  silken  galleries  in  the  interior 
of  chairs,  sofas,  mattresses,  Ac.,  and  attacks 
carpets.  The  second  species  has  three  indis- 
tinct, brownish  spots  on  the  fore  wings,  the 
larva  has  a  reddish-brown  head ;  it  attacks 
quills,  feathers,  stockings,  cloth,  &c.,  con- 
structing a  portable  case  of  the  substance  on 
which  it  feeds.  Both  are  common  in  houses 
throughout  the  year,  but  are  most  abundant 
in  summer.  Another  destructive  species  is  T. 
tapczclla,  which  has  a  wing-expanse  of  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch ;  the  base  of  the  fore 
wings  is  black,  the  apex  white;  the  larva 
feeds  on  the  linings  of  carriages,  green  baize, 
down,  &c.,  constructing  a  gallery  partly  of 
the  cloth,  partly  of  its  own  silk.  It  is  found 
in  June  and  July  on  palings,  in  houses,  4c. 
T.  granella  attacks  corn  in  granaries,  and 
T.  ochractella  lives  in  ants'  nests. 

2.  Pathol. :  Skin  diseases  produced  by  vege- 
table fungi  in  or  upon  the  epidermis,  the 
chief  being  ringworm  (q.v.).  There  are  many 
species,  Tinea  tonsurans,  T.  kerion,  T.  favosa, 
T.  decalmnt,  T.  sycosis,  and  T.  rersicolor. 


C4te,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pit. 
or.  wore,  woli,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  onto,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ee.  «  =  e;  ey  =  aj  qn  =  kw. 


tinfoil— tinodes 


4733 


tLMr  beds.  The  same  name  is  occasionally 
ggren  to  a  large,  irregular  mass  of  tin-ore. 

in.'  toil,  ».  [Eng.  tin,  v.,  and  foil  (2)  (q.v.).] 
Nominally  pare  tin  beaten  out  into  a  thin 
sheet  Very  frequently,  however,  it  is  a  mix- 
tore  of  tin  and  lead. 

"  tin-foiled,  a.  (Eng.  tinfoil  ;  -ed.]  Covered 
with  tinfoil  ;  hence,  glittering,  but  worthless. 

"  O  Lucio,  fortune'!  gilt 

la  nibbed  qutta  off  from  my  alight  tinfoileil  state." 
Martton  :  Antonio'l  Revenge,  i.  2- 

'-tng  (l\  s.  [Prom  the  sound.]  A  sharp  sound, 
as  of  a  bell  ;  a  tinkle  ;  a  tinkling. 

ting  (2),  s.  [Chinese.]  The  room  in  *  Chinese 
temple  containing  the  idoL 

ing,  3.1.  &  i.  [Ti.vo  ax  •-] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  sound,  to  ring,  to  tinkle. 

••  His  helmet  tingling  ttnyi." 

Phatr:  Virgil;  .fluid  ix. 

B.  /TOM.  :  To  ring,  to  tinkle. 

"Cui.hle  thi  king  riwirfrtp  a  silver  bell." 

Chaucer:  Tettament  qf  Cretelde. 

Jnge,  v.f.  [Lat.  linjo=to  dye;  Or.  rryyiD 
(tenggS)  =  to  wet,  to  moisten,  to  stain.] 

I.  Lit.  :  To  colour,  to  dye,  to  stain  ;  to 
modify  the  colour  or  tinge  of. 
"  Where  the  high  plumes  above  the  helmet  dance, 
New  tinged  with  Tynan  dye." 

Pop*:  Homer;  Iliad  zv.  6M. 
IL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  qualify  or  modify  the  taste  or  flavour 
of  ;  to  give  a  taste,  flavour,  or  smack  to. 

2.  To  modify  the  character  or  qualities  of. 

"Sir  Roger  Is  something  of  an  humourijt  :  and  hla 
virtues.  aa  well  aa  imperfections.  are  tingf,t  by  a  cer- 
tain extravagance,  which  makes  them  particularly 
hla."—  AdtUMon  :  Spectator,  No.  104 

tinge,  «.    [TINGE,  ».] 

L  Lit.  :  A  slight  degree  of  colour,  shade,  or 
hue  snperaddedor  infused  into  another  sub- 
•tance  or  mixture  ;  a  colour,  a  tint. 

"It  gives  boldness  and  grandeur  to  plains  and  fens, 
tfiv*  and  colouring  to  clays  and  fallows."—  Poky  : 
Sat.  Thtnl.,  CD.  XXVI. 

H,  Figuratively: 

1.  A  superadded  taste  or  flavour  ;  a  smack. 

2.  A  modification  of  character  or  qualities  ; 
a  smack  :  as,  There  is  a  tinyi  of  bitterness  in 
his  language. 

•  tlng'-ent,  o.  [Lat.  tingeni,  pr.  par.  of  tlngo 
=  to  dye.)  Having  the  power  to  tinge  or 
colour. 

"  This  wood,  by  the  tincture  It  afforded,  appeared  to 
have  ita  coloured  part  genuine;  but  as  for  thewhite 
part,  it  appears  much  less  enriched  with  the  tingenl 
property.'—  Bofle. 


tln'-gny,  s.    [See  def.] 
Hot  :  The  Brazilian  name  of  Magonla  putet- 
«IM  and  M.  glatrata.    [MAOOUIA.] 

ttn'-ga-dsB,  «.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  ting(ii);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 


tin  gi'-naj.  «.  pi     [Mod.  Lat.  ttng(it);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -Inte.) 

Entam,  :  A  sub-family  of  Membranacea.  The 
most  typical  forms  are  exceedingly  depressed, 
the  hemelytra  frequently  closely  reticulated 
and  semi-transparent.  They  are  minute  and 
very  delicate  bugs  found  upon  various  trees 
and  plants,  chiefly  herbaceous,  feedingon  their 
juices.  Sometimes  elevated  to  the  rank  of 
a  family  Tingidaj. 

tln'-gis,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful] 

Bntom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Tinginie  (q.  v.). 
British  species  sixteen  or  more. 

tln'-gle,  »  tln-glL  v.i.  &  t.     [A  freq.  from 

ting  (q.v.).} 

A.  Intransitive: 

•  1.  To  tinkle,  to  ting,  to  ring.  (See  ex- 
ample s.v.  TINO,  v.,  A.) 

2.  To  feel  a  kind  of  thrilling  sensation,  as 
In  hearing  a  sharp,  ringing  sound. 

"Ten  times  at  least  In  the  Chronicles  and  Ezra,  la 
.^'"'a  du"lly  u>ed'  lar  cymbals;  and  the 
this  root,  la  the  same,  whereby  God  would 
" 


3.  To  feel  a  sharp,  thrilling  pain. 

4.  To  have  a  thrilling  sensation,  or  a  sharp, 
slight  penetrating  sensation. 

5.  To  cause  a  thrilling  sensation. 


Scarcely  conscious  what  he  hears, 
The  trumpets  Unite  In  his  ears.' 

Scott:  Kokeb,.  T 


.  . 

B.  Trans.  :  To  cause  to  Rive  a  sharp  ring- 
ing sound  ;  to  ring,  to  tinkle. 


tln'-gllng,  s.  [TINGLE.]  A  thrilling,  tremu- 
lous sensation. 

"  lie  feels  a  gentle  tingliny  come 
Down  to  hu  finger  aud  hla  thumb." 

Cfnrper  :  To  Lady  Autten. 

'  tin'-gllsh,  a.  [Eng.  Ungl(e);  -isA.)  Sensitive. 

"  The  tempera  grow  alive  and  tinglith.' 

Browning:  Old  Picturei  in  Florence. 

•  tlnk,  *  thick,  •  tynk,  v.i.  [Of  imitative 
origin  ;  cf.  O.  Out.  tinge-tangen  =  to  tingle  ; 
Lat.  tinnio  =  to  tinkle ;  Fr.  tinier.]  To  make 
a  sharp,  shrill  noise ;  to  tinkle. 

"latnmaad  .  .  .  aa  a  cymbal  ryniyn?*."—  WytXifftt 
1  Corinthiani  xilL  L 

tlnk,  «,    [TINE,  ».]    A  tinkle,  a  tingle. 

tin' -kail,  tin'  cal,  s.  [The  Indian  name  for 
borax.] 

Min. :  The  same  as  NATIVE-BORAX  (q.v.). 

tln'-kal  zite,  s.  [Eng.  tinkal;  suff.  -*Ut 
(Min.);  Ger.  tinka.hU,.] 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  the  Ulexite  (q.v.)  of 
Africa, 

Tln'-kar,  s.    [See  compound.] 
Tinkar's  root,  s. 

Bot.:  The  root  of  Trlosteutn  perfoliatum, 
growing  in  the  United  States.  It  is  two  to 
three  feet  high,  with  large,  oval,  acuminate 
leaves,  dull  purple  flowers,  and  orange  col- 
oured berries.  In  small  doses  it  is  a  mild  ca- 
thartic ;  given  in  larger  quantity,  it  produces 
vomiting.  Its  dried  and  roasted  berries  have 
been  used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee.  It  de- 
rives its  popular  name  from  a  Dr.  Ttokar. 
who  first  used  it  medicinally. 

tln'-ker,  *  tyn-ker,  s.     [Eng.  tink,  T.  ;  -tr. 
From  his  making  a  tinkling  sound.) 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  mends  pots,  kettles,  pans,  or 
the  like. 

"  Or  by  the  sound  to  J  udge  of  gold  and  brass. 
What  piece  la  tinker!  metal,  what  will  passt* 
Drydtn  :  Ptriiut  r.  l&ft, 

2.  The  act  of  tinkering  or  mending ;  cob- 
bling, patching,  botching. 

3.  A   popular   name   for   small  mackerel. 
(New  England.) 

*  II.  Ordn. :  A  small  mortar  on  the  end  of  a 
staff. 

tinker's  dam,  i.  A  wall  of  dough  raised 
around  a  place  which  a  plumber  desires  to 
flood  with  a  coat  of  solder. 

tln'-ker,  v.t.  &  i.    [TINKER,  >.] 

A.  Trims. :  To  work  at  or  on,  as  a  tinker ; 
to  mend  in  a  clumsy,  awkward  manner ;  to 
patch,  to  botch.    (Sometimes  followed  by  up.) 

B.  Intrant.:    To   work   at   tinkering;   to 
work  upon  a  thing  clumsily  or  awkwardly  ; 
to  meddle  somewhat  officiously ;  to  patch  up 
things. 

"  I  should  oppoas  any  nun  tinkeriny  of  Its  constitu- 
tion which  would  retain  the  hereditary  principles  aa 
ita  chief  feature."— Standard,  Nov.  11,  1885. 

* tatV-ker-iy,  o.  [Eng.  tinker;  -ly.]  Per- 
taining to  or  like  a  tinker  ;  clumsy,  awkward. 

tin '-kef-man,  s.  [Eng.  tinker,  and  man.]  A 
fisherman  who  destroyed  the  young  fry  in  the 
river  Thames  by  nets  and  unlawful  apparatus. 

tln'-lcle.  » tyn-cle,  v.i.  4  t.  [A  freq.  of  tink. 
v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  a  sharp,  quick  sound,  as  by 
striking  on  metals ;  to  clink,  to  jingle. 

"  I  am  become  aa  sounding  brass,  or  a  tinkling  cym. 
baL-— I  Corinthiant  xlli.  1. 

*  2.  To  make  a  jingling  sound,  as  in  rhyme ; 
to  jingle. 

"  But  now  my  genius  sinks,  and  hardly  knows 
To  make  a  couplet  tinkle  in  the  close." 

Fenian  :  An  Epiale  to  Mr.  Southern. 

*  3.  To  resound  with  a  small  sharp  sound  j 
to  tingle. 

"  A  sudden  horror  aelz'd  his  giddy  bead 
And  his  ears  tinkled,  and  the  colour  fled." 

Drj/den  :  Theodore  i  Bonorta,  94. 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  give  out  a  sharp, 
ringing  sound ;  to  clink,  to  ring. 

tin-kle,  ».  [TINKLR,  v.]  A  small,  sharp, 
quick,  ringing  sound,  as  of  a  bell  struck 
gently. 

"  No  longar  labours  merely  to  produce 
The  pomp  of  sound,  or  tinkle  without  use." 

Coif  per :  Coneenation,  891 

tln'-kler,  s.    [Eng.  thikl(e);  -er.] 


1.  A  tinker,  a  tramp,  a  vagabond. 

"  For  I  was  a  worker  in  wood  aa  weel  as  a  tinkltr.*— 
Scott:  Antiquary,  eh.  xx, 

2.  A  bell.    (Slang.) 

tln'-kllng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [TISKLE,  «.] 

A.  &  B.  Atpr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

"  Musical  aa  the  chime  of  (inkling  rilla." 

Cowperi  frogrett  of  Error.  14. 

C,  As  substantive  : 

1.  Onl.  lang.  :  A  small,  quick,  sharp  sound, 
as  of  a  bell  gently  struck. 

"  The  tinkling  of  a  harp  was  heard." 

»co«  .•  Roktby.  T.  T. 

2.  Ornith.  :  Quiscalus  crassirostris,  the  Bar- 
badoes  Blackbird,  or   Tinkling  Grakle.     It 
rids  cattle  of  parasites,  and  owes  its  popular 
name  to  its  harsh,  unmusical  note. 

"  As  the  Tinkling  rooats  In  society,  so  does  it  build. 
The  nesta,  to  the  number  of  twenty  or  thirty,  arc 
placed  in  a  single  tree,  usually  a  hog-plum."—  aoaM.' 
Birttt  of  Jamaica,  p.  221. 

tin  -man,  s.  [Eng.  tin,  and  man.]  A  manu- 
facturer of  or  dealer  in  tinware. 

tinned,  a.  [Eng.  (in,  s.  ;  -ed.\  Covered  with 
tin  ;  packed  in  tin  cases  or  canisters  ;  canned. 

"  Heat  Is  cheap,  tinned  foods  are  plentiful,  and  jam 
can  be  purchased  for  a  song."—  Field,  Oct  3,  1885. 

"tin'  -non,  a.  [Eng.  tin,  s.  ;  adj.  suff.  -m.] 
Consisting  or  formed  of  tin. 

"Thy  tinnen  chariot  shod  with  burning  boseee." 
Sylvetter:  Ou  Sartat,  fourth  day,  first  week. 

*  tln'-ner,  >.    [Eng.  tin,  s.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  works  In  the  tin-mines. 

"I  cannot  take  my  leave  of  these  li«n.r«,  unlill  I 
have  observed  a  strange  practice  of  them,  that  once  In 
Mven  or  eight  years  they  burn  down  (and  that  to  their 
great  profit)  their  own  meltlng.housee."—  fuller  • 
Worthiet;  Cornwall. 

2.  A  tinman  (q.v.). 

"  tln'-nl-ent,  a.  [Lat  tinnitns,  pr.  par.  of 
tinnio  =  to  ring.)  Emitting  a  clear  ringing 
or  tinkling  sound. 

*'  It  will  make  every  religious  string,  so  to  say,  more 
Intense  aud  tinnient,"—  Eua*  on  the  Action  for  tn* 


tln'-nlng,  s.    [TIN,  t>.) 

1.  The  art,  act,  or  process  of  coating  other 
metals  with  tin  for  the  purpose  of  protecting 
them  from  oxidation  or  rust.    Hollow  ware  is 
tinned  inside,  haying  been  first  thoroughly 
cleaned  and  heated,  by  pouring  grain  tin  into 
the  vessel  and  turning  and  rolling  it  about  so 
as  to  bring  it  in  contact    with  every  part. 
Powdered  rosin  is  used  in  the  bath  to  prevent 
the  formation  of  an  oxide,  and  the  surface  of 
the  ware  is  rubbed  with  cloth  or  tow  to  aid 
the  process.    In  cold  tinning  an  amalgam  of 
tin  and  mercury  is  applied  to  the  metal,  the 
mercury  being  afterwards  driven  off.    Bridle- 
bits,  stirrups,  and  other  small  articles  are 
tinned  by  immersion. 

2.  The  coating  or  layer  of  tin  so  laid  on. 

3.  Canning;  packing  meat,  vegetables,  &c., 
in  tins. 

tln-m  tus,  .«.  [Lat,  from  tinnio  =  to  ring.) 
(See  compound.) 

tinnitus  -aurlum,  s. 

Pathal.  :  Ringing  in  the  ears.  It  may  arise 
from  an  unnatural  state  of  the  circulation  in 
the  ear,  from  disease  of  the  optic  nerve,  or 
from  sympathy  with  the  stomach  when  labour- 
ing under  indigestion. 

t  tln-nun'-cn-lus,  >.    [Lat  =  the  kestrel.) 

Ornith  :  An  old  genus  of  Falconinee,  resem- 
bling Falco,  but  with  the  tarsi  long  and 
strong,  with  transverse  hexagonal  scales.  The 
species  are  now  generally  placed  under  Falco 
and  Cerchneis. 

•tln'-nj?,  a.  [Eng.  tin,  s.  ;  -jr.]  Pertaining 
to,  consisting  of,  or  containing  tin  ;  abound- 
ing in  or  resembling  tin. 

"  The  lode  is  six  feet  wide,  and  tinny  throughout, 
and  worth  £75  per  fathom."  —  Standard,  Oct.  28,  18EL 

ti-no9'-cr-as,  s.  [Or.  T«I'K»  (teinff)  =  to 
stretch,  and  icc'pac  (keras)  =  a  horn.) 

Pal&unt.  :  A  genus  of  Marsh's  Dinocerata 
(q.v.),  said  to  be  synonymous  with  the  Eoba- 
silens  and  Loxophodon  of  Cope. 

tl-nd'-dis,  >.  [Mod.  Lat.  tin(ea\  and  Gr. 
<Iooc  (eidos)  =  form,  appearance.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Hydropsychidee.  The 
larvte  make  silken  galleries  on  the  surface  of 
submerged  stones. 


1.  boy;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
«Un.  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -«lon  =  shun;  -flon,  -$lon  =  xhun.    -<;ious, -tioua, -slous  =  shus.   -We,  -die.  Ac.  =  Del,  del. 

24 


4736 


tire— tissue 


tire  is  expanded  by  heat  so  as  to  tightly 
embrace  the  circle  of  fellies,  or  the  rim  of  the 
wheel,  on  which  it  shrinks  in  cooling. 

tire  measurer,  s.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  circumference  of  wheels  and 
the  length  of  the  developed  tires. 

tire-press,  s.  A  machine  for  driving  the 
wrought-iron  or  steel  tire  on  to  the  rim  of  a 
driving-wheel. 

tire-roller, «.  A  form  of  rolling-mill  for 
tires  in  which  the  rolls  between  which  the 
work  is  performed  are  made  to  overhang  their 
bearings  and  be  movable  from  or  to  each 
ether,  so  as  to  allow  the  endless  tire  to  be 
Introduced  between  them  and  the  parts  then 
brought  together,  so  that  the  pass  is  com- 
plete. 

tire-shrlnker,  «.  A  device  for  shorten- 
ing tires  when  they  have  become  loose  from 
the  shrinkage  of  the  wheel. 

tire-smith,  s.  One  who  makes  tires  and 
other  iron  work  for  coaches,  &c. 

fire  (3),  *tyr,  "tyre,  ».  [A  contract,  of 
attire  (q.v.)  ;  cf.  Prov.  tierat  terra  =  a  row, 
attire ;  O.  H.  Qer.  ziari ;  M.  H.  Ger.  ziere ; 
Oer.  zier  =  ornament ;  zieren  =  to  ornament.] 

*  1.  A  head-dress. 

"  On  her  head  she  wore  a  tyre  of  gold." 

Spenter  :  F.  O..,  I.  X.  8L 

•  2.  Attire,  generally. 

"  In  no  gay  tyr.~        Alexander  t  Dindimut,  US. 

*  3.  Furniture,  apparatus. 

"  Saint  George's  worth 
Enkindles  like  desire  of  high  exploits: 
Immediate  sieges,  and  the  tire  of  war, 
Rowl  ID  thy  eager  mind."        Philip*.  Blenheim. 

4.  A  child's  apron  without  sleeves  ;  a  pina- 
fore, a  tier. 

•  tire-valiant,  *  tire-valllant,  s.    A 

kind  of  head-dress. 

"The  tire-valiant  or  any  tire  of  Venetian  admit- 
tance."—ShaJtetp.  :  Merry  Wifet.  lit  8. 

•  tire  (1),  *  tyre,  v.t.    [TiRE(3), ».]    To  attire, 
to  adorn,  to  dress. 

"  She  painted  her  face  and  tired  her  head."— 3  Kinyt 
ix.  SO. 

•  tire  (2),  v.i.    [Fr.  tirer  =  to  draw,  to  snatch, 
to  pluck ;  Eng.  tear.] 

1.  Falconry :  To  seize,  pull,  and  tear  prey. 
The  hawk  was  said  to  tire  on  her  prey  when 
it  was  thrown  to  her  and  she  began  to  tear 
and  pull  at  it. 

"  Like  an  empty  eagle, 
Tire  on  the  flesh  of  men. 

Sbatetp. :  s  Benry  >'/.,  1.  1. 

2.  To  seize  eagerly ;  to  be  fixed  or  closely 
engaged  in  or  upon  anything. 

"  Upon  that  were  my  thoughts  firing." 

Shakeip. :  Timon  of  Alhent,  111.  «. 

tire  (3),  ».(.  &  i.  [A.8.  teorian  =  to  be  tired, 
to  weary,  to  tire  ;  tirigan  =  to  provoke,  to 
vex,  to  irritate.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  exhaust  the  strength  of  by  toil  or 
labour ;  to  fatigue,  to  weary ;  to  wear  out 
physically. 

"I  have  tired  myself."     Shatetp. :  Cymbeltne.  ill.  «. 

2.  To  exhaust  the  patience  or  attention  of 
by  dulness  or  tediousness ;  to  make  sick  of 
something ;  to  cause  repugnance  or  sickness 
in  by  excessive  supply  or  continuance ;  to 
wear  out. 

"To  tire  the  reader  with  a  long  preface,  when  I 
want  bis  unfatlgued  attention  to  a  long  poem."— Qola- 
tmiOt:  Datrlei  rotate.  (Fret) 

B.  Intrant. :  To  become  weary,  fatigued, 
or  exhausted ;  to  have  the  strength  or  patience 
fail. 

"  Of  this  sad  work  when  each  begins  to  tire, 
They  sit  them  down  Just  where  they  were  before." 
Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  I.  55. 

It  To  tin  out:  To  weary  or  fatigue  to  ex- 
cess ;  to  wear  out ;  to  exhaust  thoroughly. 

"His  cold  and  uncourteous  answers  could  not  tire 
out  the  royal  indulgence."— Macautay:  Bitt.  Eng., 
ch.  xvii. 

tired,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [TIRE  (3X  f .] 

tired-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tired;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tired  or  fatigued ; 
weariness,  exhaustion. 

"  It  Is  not  through  the  tirednett  of  the  age  of  the 
earth,  but  through  our  own  negligence,  that  it  hath 
not  satisfied  nsbonntlfully."— HaXewttl:  On  Provi- 
dence. 

\  tire  -less,  o.  [Eng.  tire  (3),  v. ;  -tern.]  Hn. 
tiring,  unwearying. 

"The  tirelet*  and  warm-hearted  missionary."— Daily 
Telearaph,  Nov.  17.  IMS. 


*  tire'-ting,  *  tyre-ling,  a.    [Eng.  tire  (3), 
v.  ;  -ling.]    Tired,  fatigued. 

"  The  former  rlllaln  whlcb  did  lead 
Her  ti/reting  Jade."      Spenter :  F.  «..  VI.  vtl.  to. 

*  tire -man,  s.    [Eng.  (ire  (1),  v.,  and  man.] 
A  man  who  attends  to  the  dressing  of  another ; 
a  valet. 

"  By  all  your  titles,  and  whole  style  at  once. 
Of  fireman,  mountebank,  and  justice  Jones, 
I  do  salute  you." 

Sen  Jonton :  Export,  ifith  Inigo  Janet. 

ti  res'-I-as,  s.  [Lat,  from  Or.  Ttcptcnas 
(Teiresias),  the  name  of  a  Theban  who  by  ac- 
cident saw  Athene  bathing,  and  was  struck 
blind  by  her  throwing  water  in  his  face.  Re- 
penting of  what  she  had  done,  she  gave  him  a 
a  staff  to  walk  with,  and  made  him  a  sooth- 
sayer.] 

1.  Bot. :   A  genus  of  Confervaceas,  now  a 
synonym  of  (Edogouium.      It  has  a  spiral 
structure  in  the  cell  walls. 

2.  Palaant.  :  A  genus  of  Crustacea.    Known 
British   species    one,    characteristic   of  the 
Lower  Silurian. 

tire  sdme,  a.    [Eng.  tire  (3),  v. ;  -some.] 

1.  Exhausting    the    strength ;    wearying, 
fatiguing,  tiring  :  as,  a  tiresome  journey. 

2.  Exhausting    the    patience ;    wearisome, 
tedious. 

"This  ttretome  round  of  palling  pleasures." 

Byron :  To  a  Lady. 

tire'-s4me-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tiresome ; -ly.]  Itf" 
a  tiresome  or  wearisome  manner ;  weari- 
somely. 

tire'-sdxne-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tiresome;  -nets.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tiresome, 
fatiguing,  or  exhausting ;  wearisomeness, 
tediousness. 

*  tire'-wpm-an,  *  tyre-wom-an,  s.   [Eng. 
tire  (1),  v.,  and  woman,.] 

1.  A  woman  who  attends  to  the  dressing  or 
toilet  of  another ;  a  lady's  maid. 

"The  Lady  Anne,  at  her  toilette,  on  the  morning 
after  the  council,  spoke  of  the  investigation  with  such 
acorn  as  emboldened  the  very  tirewomen  who  were 
dressing  her  to  put  iu  their  Jest*."— Macaulay :  Sitt. 
Stiff.,  ch.  ix. 

2.  A  dresser  in  a  theatre. 

tir  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TIRE  (1),  r.] 

tiring  house,  tiring-room,  s.    The 

room  or  place  in  which  players  dress  for  the 
stage. 

"This  green  plot  shall  be  our  stage,  this  hawthorn 
brake  our  tiring-  houte'—Shaketp.  •'  Midtummer 
Night't  Dream,  111  L 

tirl,  «.  [A  variant  of  triU  or  thrill.]  A  smart 
tap  or  stroke.  (Scotch.) 

tirl,  ».i.  *  t.    [TlRL,  s.] 

A.  Intram. :  To  make  a  slight  noise,  as  by 
touching  some  loose  or  slack  object,  so  as  to 
produce  a  tremulous  motion  or  sound. 

B.  Trans. :    To   uncover ;   to   strip   of  a 
covering  or  root    (ScofcA.) 

"  Whyles  on  the  strong-winged  tempest  flylu', 
Tirlin  the  kirks." 

Burnt :  Addrett  to  the  Dett. 

U  To  tirl  at  (he  pin :  To  twirl  or  rattle  at 
the  door-latch,  as  a  courteous  signal  that  a 
person  wishes  or  intends  to  enter;  an  old 
practice  which  prevailed  before  bells  or 
knockers  were  in  use.  (Scotch.) 

"And  murder  tirl'd  at  the  door-pin,  if  he  camia 
ben."— Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  x!. 

tir  lie  wir  lie,  a.  &  s.    [TIRL.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Intricate ;  trivially  ornamental. 

"They  hae  contrived  queer  tirlieteirlit  holes,  that 
gang  out  to  the  open  air.  —Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxL 

B.  As  subst.  :   A  whirligig ;  an  ornament 
consisting  of  a  number  of  intervolved  lines. 

*  tir'-o,  s.    [TTBO.] 

tir-4-9«n'-I-ilm,  s.  [Lat.]  The  first  service 
of  a  soldier ;  the  first  rudiments  of  any  art ; 
a  novitiate ;  hence,  used  by  Cowper  as  a 
title  for  a  poem  on  schools. 

ti-ro'-lite, «.    [TYROLITE.] 

T-lron  (iron  as  i-ern),  t.  [See  def.J  A 
kind  of  angle-iron  having  a  flat  flange  and  a 
web  like  the  letter  T,  from  which  it  is  named. 

Ti-ro'-ni-an,  a.  [From  Tiro,  the  freedman, 
pupil,  and 'amanuensis  of  Cicero.]  An  epithet 
applied  to  notes,  or  to  a  system  of  shorthand 
in  which  they  were  written,  the  production 
of  Tiro. 


tirr,  ».(.  [Prob.  connected  with  tear  or  «rl 
v.]  To  tear,  to  uncover,  to  unroof,  to  strip; 
to  pare  off  the  sward  from  with  a  spade. 
(Scotch.) 

tir-ra-lir-ra,  s.  [Seedet]  A  word  intended 
to  represent  the  note  of  a  lark,  a  horn,  or  the 
like. 

"  The  lark  that  tirralirra  chants, 
With  bey  I  with  hey  1  the  thrush  and  thajay." 
3hakftp.  :  Winter  t  Tom,  iv.  f. 

tir  -ret,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Her. :  A  manacle. 

*  tlr'-rat, «.  [A  word  of  no  derivation.)  Fright, 
terror. 

"  Here's  a  goodly  tumult !  ril  forswear  keeping 
house,  before  I'll  be  In  these  tin-it*  and  frights."— 
Shaketp. :  3  Benry  IV.,  ii.  i. 

tir -ri- Vies,  «.  pi.  [Cf.  tirr.]  Tantrums; 
burst  of  passion  or  ill-humour.  (Scotch.) 

"For  that  matter  when  he  wagna  In  aue  o'  his 
tirriviet."— Scott :  Wawerleu,  ch.  Ixix. 

tir'-wlt,  ».  [From  the  cry  of  the  bird.)  The 
lapwing. 

'tis,  v.  [See  def.J  A  common  contraction  ol 
it  is. 

ti  -Ban,  s.    [PTISAN.] 

ti'-sar,  «.    [Fr.] 

Ulass-manuf. :  The  fireplace  at  the  side  at, 
and  heating  the  annealing  arch  of,  the  plate- 
glass  furnace. 

tis'-Ie,   tls'-Ie-al,   a.    [PHTHISIC,    PKTBI- 

8ICAL.J 

tis'-ick-y,  a.  [Eng.  tlsle ;  -y.]  Consumptive, 
phthisical, 

Tls'-ri,  «.  [Heb.  T"PO  (Thishri),  from  au  ob- 
solete root  signifying  to  begin.] 

Jewish  Calendar :  The  first  month  of  the 
civil,  and  the  seventh  of  the  ecclesiastical  year. 
It  corresponded  to  part  of  our  September  and 
October.  The  Great  Day  of  Atonement  and 
the  Feast  of  Tabernacles  fell  within  its  limits. 
Called  in  1  Kings  viii.  2,  Ethanim  (=  streaming 
rivers),  because  the  rivers,  swelled  by  the 
autumnal  rains,  were  then  in  flood.  The  name 
tisri  occurs  in  the  Palmyrene  inscriptions, 
and  was  probably  not  confined  to  the  Jews. 

tlss'-ae  (SS  as   Sh),   «.      [O.    Fr.   tissu  =  > 
ribbon,  fillet,  or  head-band  of  woven  stuff; 
prop.  pa.  par.  of  tistre  (Fr.  tisser)  =  to  weave, 
from  Lat.  texo.]    [TEXT.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  Tissue-paper  (q.v.). 

(2)  A  very  fine  transparent^silk  stuff  used 
for  veils  ;  white  or  coloured.    It  was  formerly 
interwoven  with  gold  or  silver  threads  and 
embossed  with  figures. 

(3)  Cloth  interwoven  with  gold. 

"  The  taste  for  the  spices,  the  tittuet,  and  the  Jewell 
of  the  East  became  stronger  day  by  day."— Macaulay  : 
Bitt.  Ens.,  ch  x  viii. 

2.  Fig. :  A  connected  series ;  a  concatena- 
tion :  as,  The  whole  story  is  a  tissue  of  false- 
hoods. 

EL  Technically: 

1.  Histology:  A  set  of  cells  modified  for 
the  performance  of  a  special  function  ;  the 
fabric  of  which  the  organs  of  plants  and 
animals  are  composed.  The  structure  of 
tissues,  with  very  few  exceptions,  is  imper- 
ceptible to  the  unassisted  eye,  and  require! 
the  aid  of  the  microscope  for  its  resolution. 
Tissues  which  are  absent  from  plants  occttl 
in  animals ;  these  are  called  Animal  Tissues, 
and  have  a  relation  to  movement  or  to  sensB 
tion,  as  the  muscles  and  nerves.  But  plant! 
preserve,  protect,  and  sustain  themselves,  and 
the  corresponding  tissues  in  animals  are  spoken 
of  as  the  vegetable  Tissues  ;  of  this  kind  are 
epithelium  and  bone.  Tissues  always  present 
tne  same  general  arrangement  in  the  saint 
organism,  but  are  combined  in  different  wayi 
in  different  organisms.  In  the  lower  fnrms  of 
life,  whether  animal  or  vegetable,  the  distinc- 
tions between  tissues  become  less  and  less 
obvious,  and  there  are  organisms  so  extremely 
simple  that  the  tissue  of  their  bodies  is  of  a 
uniform  cellular  character. 

(1)  Animal .  The  term  tissue  is  used  in  deal- 
ing with  (a)  the  structure  of  organs,  which  are 
composed  of  various  tissues ;  and  (b)  specially 
of  the  component  parts  of  organs.  In  the 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  --  c ;  ey  --  a;  <ru     kv». 


tissue— titanite 


4737 


flratand  wider  sense,  the  anatomical  individual 
is  made  up  of  osseous  tissue,  or  bone  ;  mus- 
cular tissue,  or  flesh  ;  adipose  tissue,  or  fat ; 
cartilaginous  tissue,  or  gristle ;  connective 
tissue,  serving  to  bind  the  whole  together  ; 
and  pigmentary  tissue,  or  colouring  matter. 
In  dealing  with  animal  tissues  in  the  strict 
sense,  histological  analysis  shows  them  to  be 
much  more  differentiated  and  elaborate  in 
structure  than  those  of  plants.  They  may  be 
divided  iuto :  (a)  Epithelium,  consisting  of 
nucleated  protoplasmic  cells,  forming  con- 
tinuous masses,  either  arranged  in  a  single 
layer,  or  stratified  and  funning  several  super- 
imposed layers.  The  lining  of  the  tubes  and 
alveoli  of  secreting  and  excreting  glands,  and 
the  sensory  or  terminal  parts  of  the  organs 
of  sense  consist  of  epithelium.  (6)  Connective 
Tissue,  a  name  applied  to  a  variety  of  tissues 
developed  from  the  same  embryonal  element, 
serving  more  or  less  as  framework  or  connect- 
ing substance  for  nervous,  muscular,  glandular, 
and  vascular  tissues.  In  the  embryo  and  in 
the  growing  condition  one  may  be  changed 
Into  the  other,  and  in  the  adult  they  gradually 
sli.-i'l'.-  off  one  into  the  other.  These  tissues 
are  divided  into  three  groups,  in  all  of  which 
the  ground  substance,  matrix,  or  intercellular 
substance,  is  distinguished  from  the  cells  era- 
bedded  therein  :  (i)  Fibrous  connective  tissue, 
consisting  of  microscopic,  band-like,  or  cylin- 
drical bundlesof  exceedingly  tine  homogeneous 
fibrils,  sometimes  aggregated  in  groups,  and 
held  together  by  an  albuminous,  semi-fluid 
-cement  substance  called  globulin,  (ii)  Carti- 
lage, consisting  of  a  firm  ground-substance 
with  cells  embedded  therein.  Cartilage  may 
be  Hyaline,  having  the  ground-substance  firm 
and  resembling  ground-glass ;  Fibrous,  or 
Fil'io-cartilage,  consisting  of  fibrous  connec- 
tive tissue  arranged  in  bundles,  and  these  again 
Jn  layers  ;  and  Yellow,  Elastic,  or  Retk'ular, 


t.  Animal.     Striated  muscular  tissue.    B.  Vegetable. 
Cellular  tissue,  composed  of  prosencbymatous  celts. 

having  the  ground-work  permeated  by  dense 
.networks  of  elastic  fibrils,  (iii)  Bone  and 
Dentine,  both  developed  from  transformed 
embryonal  connective  tissue,  (c)  Muscular 
tissue  :  (i)  Non-striated,  consisting  of  nucle- 
ated cells,  contractile  in  one  definite  direction, 
becoming  shorter  and  thicker  during  contrac- 
tion, (ii)  Striated,  composed  of  extremely 
long  more  or  less  cylindrical  fibres,  held  to- 
gether by  bundles  of  fibrous  connective  tissue 
•so  as  to  form  larger  or  smaller  bundles  ;  these 
again  are  aggregated  together  by  stronger 
bands  and  septa  of  fibrous  connective  tissue, 
and  these  into  the  fascicles  or  divisions,  of  an 
anatomical  muscle,  (d)  Nervous,  consisting 
•of  bundles  of  nerve-fibres  held  together  by 
fibrous  connective  tissue,  which  carries  the 
blood-vessels  supplying  the  nerve-trunk,  a 
plexus  of  lymphatics,  groups  of  fat  cells,  and 
sometimes  numerous  plasma  cells. 

(2)  Vtgetdble :  Two  forms  of  aggregations  of 
cells,  called  generally  Cellular  Tissue,  may  be 

••languished,  according  to  the  form  and  re- 

»tive  position  of  the  cells  which  compose 
them  :  (a)  Parenchyma  (Areolar,  Utricular, 
or  Vesicular  Tissue),  in  which  thin-walled 

ells,  of  a  diameter  nearly  equal  in  all  direc- 
tions, are  united  to  one  another  by  broad 

urfaces  ;  and  (6)  Prosenchyma,  in  which  the 

ills  are  pointed  at  both  ends,  and  are  much 

longer  than  they  are  broad.     When  the  walls 

the  cells  are  much  thickened,  the  tissue 

called  sclerenchyma :   this  may  be  either 

larenchymatous  or  prosenchymatous,  accord- 
ing to  the  form  of  the  cells.  When  the  trans- 
verse walls  of  a  row  of  super-imposed  cells 
ire  absorbed  or  perforated,  so  that  they  coal- 

»  and  form  tubes  or  vessels,  the  tissue  is 

d  to  be  vascular.    When  all  the  cells  have 

ceased  to   divide,  and  have  assumed    their 


definite  form,  the  tissue  is  called  permanent ; 
when,  on  the  contrary,  the  cells  are  still 
dividing,  it  is  called  generating  tissue.  When 
several  different  tissues  occur  in  one  plant, 
as  in  all  the  higher  plants,  they  are  arranged 
into  systems.  Three  such  systems  of  tissues 
are  usually  met  with :  (1)  The  epidermal, 
which  covers  the  exterior  of  the  plant,  and 
usually  consists  of  a  single  layer  of  cells  ;  (2) 
the  nbro-vascular,  which  traverses  the  body 
of  the  plant  in  the  form  of  bundles,  and  is 
characterized  by  the  presence  of  tubes  and 
vessels,  and  of  long,  pointed,  prosenchyma- 
tous  cells— the  Wood-fibres;  (3)  the  funda- 
mental tissue,  which  fills  up  the  rest  of  the 
space,  and  consists  principally  of  parenchyma. 
2.  Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Sco- 
tosia  ilubilata.  The  fore  wings  have  numerous 
transverse  wavy  lines ;  the  larva  feeds  on 
buckthorn. 

tissue-paper,  ».  A  very  thin  gauze- 
like  paper  maue  of  several  sizes,  and  used  for 
the  protection  of  engravings,  and  for  wrapping 
fine  and  delicate  articles. 

tiss  ue  (8S  as  sb),  r.t.    [TISSUE,  s.]    To  form 
tissue  of,  to  interweave,  to  variegate. 

"  The  chariot  was  covered  with  cloth  of  gold  tittued 
upon  blue."— Bacon. 

tiss   ued  (88  as  sh),;w.  par.  or  a.  [TISSUE,  v.] 

1.  Variegated. 

"  Playing  with  thy  vesture'*  ttuued  flowers." 

Covipfr :  On  my  Mother' t  Picturt, 

2.  Dressed  in  or  adorned  with  tissue. 

«t  (1),  3.    [Icel.  tittr  =  a  tit,  a  bird  ;  titlingr  = 
a  sparrow.] 

1.  A  titmouse  (q.v.X 
i  A  little  horse. 

"  Nay,  should  the  titt  get  on  for  one*. 
Each  rider  Is  so  grave  a  dunce, 
That,  as  I've  heaid  good  Judges  say. 
Tut  teu  to  one  they'd  lose  tbelr  way." 

Lloyd :  TtM  Poetry  Prof  won. 

S.  A  contemptuous  term  for  a  woman.  (In 
this  sense  perhaps  from  teat  (q.v.). 

"  A  vast  virago  or  an  ugly  tit."— Burton:  Anat. 
Jiriancholy,  p.  624. 

4.  A  bit,  a  morsel. 
tit  warbler,  s. 

Ornith. :  Sylvicola  minuta. 

tit  (2),  ».    [A  corrupt,  of  tip  (2),  s.  (q.v.).]    A 
tap,  a  slight  blow. 

IT  Tit-far-tat :  An  equivalent  in  way  of  re- 
venge or  retaliation. 

Ti'-tan,  s.  &  o.    [Lat,  from  Gr.  T.ri.-  (Titan) 

=  the  Sun-god.] 
A*  As  substantive: 

1.  Grecian  Mythology : 

(1)  According  to  the  more  modern  account, 
the  eldest  son  of  Uranus  and  Gaia,   who  re- 
linquished the  sovereignty  of  gods  and  men 
to  his  younger  brother  Saturn,  the  latter  un- 
dertaking to  destroy  all  his  children,  so  that 
the  monarchy  might  revert  to  those  of  Titan. 
He  afterwards  recovered  the  sovereignty  from 
Saturn  ;  but  Jupiter,  the  son  of  the  latter, 
vanquished  him,  and  restored  it  to  his  father. 

(2)  A  name  applied  to  the  sun,  as  the  off- 
spring of  Hyperion,  one  of  the  Titans. 

(3)  One  of  the  children  of  Ccelus  (or  Uranus) 
and  Terra.     They  were  six  males,  Oceanus, 
Coios,  Crios,  Hyperion,  lapetus,  and  Kronos  ; 
and    six   females,    Theia,    Rheia   (or  Rhea), 
Themis,    Mnemosyne,  Phcebe,    and    Tethys. 
These  children,  according  to  the  commonly- 
received  legend,  were  hated  by  their  father, 
who,  as  soon  as  they  were  born,  thrust  them 
out  of  sight  into  a  cavern  of  Earth,  who. 
grieved  at  his  unnatural  conduct,  produced 
the  "substance  of  hoary  steel,"  and,  forming 
from  it  a  sickle,  roused  her   children,   the 
Titans,  to  rebellion  against  him.    The  wars  of 
the  Titans  against  the  gods  are   often  con- 
founded with  that  of  the  Giants  ;  but  the  war 
of  the  Titans  was  against  Saturn,  and  that  of 
the  Giants  against  Jupiter. 

2.  Astron. :  The  sixth  of  the  eight  satellites 
of  Saturn.     Its  mean  distance  from  the  centre 
of  the  planet  is  781,000  miles ;   its  periodic 
time,  15  days,  22  hours,  41  minutes,  and  25'2 
seconds. 

3.  Chem. :  [TITANIUM]. 

4.  Min:  [TITANITE]. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Titans ; 
Titanic. 

Titan-like,  adv.    After  the  fashion  of  the 


Titaus,  who  piled  mountain  on  mountain  In 
order  to  reach  heaven  in  their  war  against 
Saturn. 

"  They  wert  gigantic  minds,  and  their  steep  aim 
Was  TUanJike,  on  daring  doubts  to  pile 
Thoughts  which  should  call  down  thunder,  and  tb* 
ILuue."  Byron :  Otitdf  Harold,  iU.  IDS, 

ti -tan  ate,  s.    [Eng.  titan(ic);  -ate.] 
Chem. :  A  salt  of  titanic  acid. 
tltanate  of  iron,  s. 
Min. :  The  same  as  ILMENITE. 

*  Ti-tan-Sss,  ».  [Eng.  Titan;  -at.]  A 
female  Titan  ;  a  female  personage  of  surpass- 
ing power. 

"Troth  .  .  .  Tilanttt  among  deities." — C.  Bronti: 
Villette,  ch.  xxxix. 

ti-ta  no  -thes,  s.  [Formed  from  Lat.  Titan 
(q.V.).] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Oniscidse.  Titanethet 
albus,  from  the  Mammoth  Cave  in  Kentucky, 
is  blind. 

Ti-ta'-nl-a,  >.  [Lat.  =  a  name  of  Latoua,  as 
daughter  of  the'Titan  Coius ;  of  Pyrrha,  as  a 
descendant  of  the  Titan  Prometheus;  of 
Diana  as  the  sister,  and  of  Circe  as  the  daugh- 
ter of  Sol.  Shakespeare  (Midsummer  Nights 
Dream)  uses  the  name  for  the  wife  of  Oberon.] 
Astron. :  The  third  of  the  four  satellites  of 
Uranus.  Its  mean  distance  from  the  centre 
of  the  planet  is  272,000  miles,  its  periodic 
time  8-705897  days. 

ti  ta-m  an,  ti-tan  It'-ie,  o.  (Mod.  Lat 
titan(ium);  Eug.  adj.  sun",  -ion,  -ilia.]  Per- 
taining to  titanium  (q.v.). 

Ti  tan'-io  (1),  a.  [Eng.  Titan;  -fc.]  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of  the  Titans : 
hence,  gigautic,  superhuman ;  enormous  in 
size  or  strength. 

"  Rome— Rome  imperial,  bowi  her  to  the  storm. 
In  the  same  dust  aud  blackness,  and  we  i*ss 
The  skeleton  of  her  Titanic  form." 

Byron :  Chitde  Harold,  IT.  14. 

tl-tan'-Jo  (2),  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  titan(ium) ;  Eng. 
adj.  sun".  -»c.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 
titanium. 

titanic-acid,  s. 

1.  Jhem. :  HaTiOj.  A  white  powder  obtained 
by  adding  ammonia  to  titanic  chloride.    It  la 
soluble  in  sulphuric,  nitric,  and  hydrochloric 
acids,  and  forms  with  the  metals  and  alkaline 
earths  salts  called  titanates. 

2.  Min. :  The  same  as  RUTILE,  OCTA  HEDRITH 
and  BROOKITE. 

titanic  chloride,  «. 

Chem. :  TiCl4.  A  colourless,  transparent, 
heavy  liquid,  prepared  by  passing  chlorine  over 
an  ignited  mixture  of  titanic  oxide  and  char- 
coal. Sp.  gr.  1-7609  at  0° ;  boils  at  135°,  and 
emits  white  fumes  on  exposure  to  the  air. 

titanic  iron,  s. 

Min.  .-  The  same 


titanic  oxide,  s. 

Chem. :  TiO4.  Occurs  native  in  three  differ- 
ent forms,  viz.,  as  rutile  and  anatase,  in  which 
it  is  dimetric,  and  as  brookite,  in  which  it  is 
trimetric.  It  is  insoluble  in  water  and  in  all 
acids,  except  strong  sulphuric  acid. 

ti-tan-If'-er-ous,  o.  [Eng.  titanivm,  and 
Lat.  /«ro  =  to  bear,  to  produce.] 

Min.  :  Producing  or  containing  titanium. 

titaniferous  iron-ore,  s. 

Min. :  The  same  as  MENACCANITE  (q.v.X 

titaniferous  iron-sand,  s. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Menaccanite  (q.v.), 
occurring  in  small  grains,  sometimes  in  ex- 
tensive deposits,  resulting  from  the  degrada- 
tion of  igneous  rocks. 

ti'-tan-ite,  s.  [Eng.  titanium);  sun*.  -Ue 
(Mm.);  Fr.  titane siliceo-calcaire  ;  Ger.  titanit.] 
Min. :  A  mineral  occurringmostly  in  crystals, 
rarely  massive.  Crystallization,  monoclinic  ; 
hardness,  5  to  5-5  ;  sp.  gr.  8-4  to  3-56  ;  lustre, 
adamantine  to  resinous ;  colour,  shades  of 
brown,  yellow,  green,  gray,  black;  streak, 
white  ;  transparent  to  opaque  ;  brittle.  Com- 
pos. :  a  silico-titanate  of  lime,  with  the  for- 
mula (CaO  +  TiO2)SiO.>.  Dana  distinguishes 
the  following  varieties :  1.  Ordinary  :  (1)  ti- 
tanite,  brown  to  black;  (2)  sphene,  yellow, 
and  of  light  colours,  and  translucent ;  2. 
Manganesian,  greenovite  ;  3.  Crystallographic, 


!•  bo^;  pout,  jo^rl;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    ph  -  1 
-dan,  -tlan  =  shaa.    -tion,  -slon  =  ahum ;    tion.    sion  =  »hrin,    -clous,  -  tious,    sious  =  shus.    -hie,  -die,  ic.  =  tool,  del. 


4733 


titanitic— tithe 


depending  upon  the  direction  in  which  the 
crystal  is  elongated,  and  hemimorphic  forms. 
Occurs  in  granite,  gneiss,  mica-schist,  syenite, 
&c.,  also  in  beds  of  iron-ore,  and  sometimes 
in  volcanic  rocks.  Enormous  crystals  of  the 
brown  variety  (lederite) have  been  found  (1SS5) 
at  Renfrew,  Canada,  sometimes  weighing  as 
much  aa  72  Ibs. 

tl-tan-it-IC,    Q        [TlTANIAN.J 

ti-ta  m-iim,  s,  [Gr.  ^i^avos  (titanos)  =  lime, 
g  v  psura,  a  white  earth,  chalk,  marble 
scrapings.] 

Chem. :  A  very  rare  metallic  element,  dis- 
covered by  Oregon  in  1789.  Symbol  Ti ;  at. 
wt.  50.  It  is  never  found  in  the  metallic 
state,  but  may  be  obtained  by  heating  the 
double  fluoride  of  potassium  and  titanium 
with  potassium  in  a  covered  crucible,  or  by 
mixing  titanic  oxide  with  one-sixth  of  its 
weight  of  charcoal  and  exposing  to  the  strong- 
est heat  of  an  air-furnace.  It  is  a  dark -green, 
heavy,  amorphous  powder,  having  under  the 
microscope  the  colour  and  lustre  of  iron.  It 
dissolves  in  warm  hydrochloric  acid,  with 
evolution  of  hydrogen,  and,  when  heated  in 
the  air,  burns  with  great  splendour.  Like 
tin,  it  forms  two  classes  of  compounds — the 
titanic,  in  which  it,  is  quadrivalent,  and  the 
titanous,  in  which  it  is  trivalent.  The  spectro- 
scope shows  that  there  is  titanium  in  the  sun. 
If  Titanium-oxide  =  Anatase,  Brookite,  Ru- 
tUe. 

titanium-green,  s. 

Chem. :  A  pigment  produced  by  adding  po- 
tassium ferrocyanide  to  titanic  chloride.  It 
is  recommended  as  an  innocuous  substitute 
for  Schweinfurt  and  other  arsenical  greens, 
tot  is  inferior  in  colour. 

tl-tan-6-  (1),  pref.  [Gr.  TITOK  (Titan),  genit. 
Titaros  (rifcmas)=  a  Titan.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  Titan  ;  hence,  huge,  monstrous. 

tl-tan-O"-  (2),  pref.  [TITANIUM.]  Containing, 
derived  from,  or  resembling  the  metallic  ele- 
ment titanium  (q.v.). 

tl-tan-o-fer'-rite,  *.  [Pref.  titano-  (2),  and 
ferrite.] 

Min. :  The  same  as  MENACCANITE  (q.v.). 

ti-tan-6-morph-ite,  «.  [Pref.  titano-  (2); 
Grl  MOpM  (wwrphe)  =  form,  and  suff,  -ite 
(JH*55 

Min, :  A  white  mineral,  isomorphoua  with 
titanite  (q.v.).  Results  from  the  alteration  of 
rutile  and  menaccanite  (q.v.),  the  grains  or 
crystals  of  which  it  encloses.  An  analysis 
•ho wed  :  titanic  acid,  74'32  ;  lime,  2o'2T ;  prot- 
oxide of  iron,  a  trace,  which  corresponds  to 
the  formula,  CaTijO^  Found  in  the  horn- 
blende schists  of  the  Hohe  Eule,  Lampers- 
dorf,  Silesia. 

tl-tan-6  mys,  s.  [Pref.  titano-  (1),  and  Gr. 
pvt  (mus)  =  &  moose.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Lagomyidx,  from  the 
French  Miocene,  differing  chiefly  from  Lagomys 
in  having  one  molar  less  in  the  lower  jaw. 

ti-tan  -A  phis,  «.    [Pref.  titano-  (1),  and  Gr. 
<tyt«  (ophis)  =  a  snake.] 
PcUceont.  :  A  synonym  of  Dinophis  (q.v.). 

ti-tan-6-sau  riis, «.  [Fret  titano-  (1),  and 
Gr.  cravpos  (sauros)  =  a  lizard.] 

PaUsont.:  A  synonym  of  •  Atlantosaurus, 
the  type-genus  of  the  family  Atlantosauridae 
of  Marsh's  order  Sauropoda  (q.v.).  In  the 
family  the  ischiaare  directed  downwards,  with 
expanded  extremities  meeting  on  the  median 
line ;  anterior  caudal  vertebree  with  lateral 
cavities.  The  species  of  the  type-genus  are 
gigantic  Dinosaurians,  but  the  least  specialized 
forms  of  the  sub-class,  in  some  respects  ap- 
proaching Mesozoic  Crocodiles.  Atlantosaurus 
montanat  from  the  Upper  Jurassic  of  Colorado, 
according  to  Marsh,  "is  by  far  the  largest 
land-animal  yet  discovered,  its  dimensions 
being  greater  than  was  supposed  possible  in 
an  animal  that  lived  and  moved  upon  the 
land.  It  was  some  fifty  or  sixty  feet  in  length, 
and,  when  erect,  at  least  thirty  feet  in  height. 
It  doubtless  fed  upon  the  foliage  of  the  moun- 
tain forests,  portions  of  which  are  preserved 
with  its  remains." 

tl-tan-6-theV-I-um,  ».      [Pref.  titano-  (1), 
and  Gr.  %»oc  (thSrion)  —  a  wild  beast,] 
Faineant, :  One  of  the  names  given  to  the 


remains  of  a  group  of  animals  of  gigantic  size 
from  the  Eocene  and  Miocene  of  the  New 
World.  The  first  known  fragment  was  named 
Menodus  by  Pomel  in  1849  ;  more  peril ct 
remains  have  since  been  described  by  Leidy 
as  Titanothcrium  and  Megacerops,  by  Marsh 
as  Brontothehum,  and  by  Cope  as  Symboro- 
don.  Prof.  Flower  (Encyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th),  xv. 
428)  says  that  some  of  these  appear  to  present 
generic  modifications,  but  the  synonymy  i^ 
much  confused.  The  head  was  large  and 
much  elongated,  as  in  the  Rhinoceros,  but 
they  had  a  pair  of  stout  diverging  osseous 

{irotubenmees,  like  horn-cases,  on  the  maxil- 
aries  in  front  of  the  orbits.  Their  molar  i<:<  i 
were  of  a  simple  palseotheroid  type,  and  the 
incisors  and  canines  were  very  much  reduci •<!. 
Their  fore  feet  had  four  and  their  hind  leet 
three  short,  stout  toes. 

ti' -tan-oils,  a,    [Eng.  titan(iuin)  ;  -ous.]    Per- 
taining to  titanium. 

titanous  chloride,  a. 

Chem. :  TisClg.  Produced  by  the  action  of 
hydrogen  on  titanic  chloride.  It  funus  dark 
violet  scales,  having  a  strong  lustre,  deli- 
quesces in  the  air  at  ordinary  temperature, 
and  dissolves  in  water,  forming  a  violet-red 
solution. 

titanous  oxide,  s. 

Chem. :  TigOg.  A  black  powder  obtained 
by  heating  titanic  oxide  in  hydrogen.  It  is 
almost  insoluble  in  nitric  and  hydrochloric 
acids,  but  dissolves  in  sulphuric  acid,  forming 
a  violet-coloured  solution. 

ti '-tan-us,  «.    [Lat.  =  a  Titan.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Prioninse,  with  fili- 
form antenna.  Titanus  gigas,  from  Cayenne 
and  the  Amazons,  is  frequently  eight  inches 
long,  exclusive  of  the  antennae, 

tit-bit,  s.     [TIDBIT.]     A  nice,  delicious,  or 
tender  morsel. 

"John  pampered  esquire  South  with  titbit*  till  he 
grew  wanton.  —Arbuthnot ;  Hut.  John  BulL 

*  tite,  v.i.    [TIDE,  v.}    For  tideth  =  happens. 

*  tit-er,  v.i.    [O,  IceL  titra.}    To  tell  tales ; 
to  chatter. 

*tit-er-er,   *tlt-er-ere»  a.     [TITKB.)    A 

chatterer. 

*  tit-er-lng,  s.    [TITEH.]    Courtship. 

tlth,  a,  [TIGHT.]  Tight,  nimble,  brisk.  (Beaum. 

A  Flet. :  Woman's  Prize,  iii.  5.) 

tith'-a-ble,  ti$he'-a-ble,  *  tyth-a-ble,  a. 

fEiig.  tithe;  -able.]  Subject  or  liable  to  the 
payment  of  tithes. 

"  There  were  farmers  In  the  Vale  of  Clwyd  renting 
rich  pasture  land  which  was  only  tithenblt  to  the  ex- 
tent of  6d.  per  acn."-  Daily  CkronieU,  Btpt  8,  issc. 

tithe,  *  tethe,  *  tythe.  *.  *  o.    [A.8.  teodha 
=  tenth  (for  tfondha);  te6thing  =  &  tithing,  a 
tithe,  from  teon  =  ten  (q.v.).] 
A.  As  substantive  ; 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  tenth  part  of  anything; 
*  tenth. 

2.  Specif.  :  A  tenth  of  the  annual  produce 
of  one's  industry,  or  of  wealth  obtained  from 
any  source,  given  voluntarily  or  exacted  by 
law,    for   the1    supi»ort   of    divine   worship. 
Under  the  patriarchal  dispensation,  Abraham 
gave  Melchizedek  the  tenth  part  of  the  spoil 
taken  in  battle  from  the  Eastern  kings  (Gen. 
xiv.  20).    Jacob  at  Bethel  vowed  to  give  tithes 
to  Jehovah  if  he  were  divinely  permitted  to 
return  to  his  father's  tent  in  safety  and  pros- 
perity (xxviii.  20-22).    Tithes  for  the  support 
of  the  Levites  were  an  essential  part  of  the 
Mosaic  economy  (Lev.  xxvii.  80-33) ;  they,  on 
their  part,  were  to  pay  tithes  for  the  support 
of  the  High  Priest  (Num.  xviii.  21-28).     It  is 
probable  that,  in  the  Christian  Church,  tithes 
were  first  paid  in  imitation  of  the  arrange- 
ments under  the  Jewish  dispensation.    Such 
tithes  are  first  mentioned  in  a  decree  made 
in  a  synod  held  A.D.  786,  wherein  this  pay- 
ment in  general  is  strongly  enjoined.     The 
next  authentic  mention  of  them  is  about  the 
year  900,  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  laws,  where  this 
payment  is  not  only  enjoined,  but  a  penalty 
added  upon  non-observance ;  and  this  law  is 
seconded  by  the  laws  of  Athelstan,  about  the 
year  930.   Upon  their  first  introduction,  every 
man  might  give  them  to  what  priest  he  pleased, 
or  might  pay  them  into  the  hands  of  the 
bishop,  for  distribution  by  him.    But,  when 


dioceses  were  divided  into  parishes,  the  tithes 
of  each  were  allotted  to  its  owu  particular 
minister;  first  by  common  consent,  or  the 
appointments  of  lords  of  manors,  and  after- 
wards by  the  written  law  of  the  land.  The 
first  step  towards  this  result  was  taken  by 
Innocent  III.,  about  1200,  who,  in  an  epistle 
to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  dated  from 
the  palace  of  the  Lateran,  enjoined  the  pay- 
ment of  tithes  to  the  parsons  of  the  respective 
parishes  where  every  man  inhabited.  "This 
epistle,"  says  Sir  Edward  Coke,  "  bound  not 
the  lay  subjects  of  tliis  realm  ;  but,  being 
reasonable  and  just,  it  was  allowed  of,  and  so 
became  lex  terras."  Tithes  in  England  are  of  i 
three  sorts,  personal,  pnrdial,  and  mixed.  [See 
extract]  They  are  also  divided  int«  great  and 
small  tithes.  Great  tithes  consist  of  all  species 
of  corn  and  grain,  hay  and  wood.  Small 
tithes  consist  of  predial  tithes  of  other 
kinds,  together  with  mixed  and  personal 
tithes.  Great  tithes  belong  to  the  rector,  and 
are  hence  called  parsonage  tithes  ;  small  tithes- 
belong  to  the  vicar,  and  are  hence  called 
vicarage  tithes.  Tithes  have  to  a  large  extent 
been  commuted  into  rent-charges,  which  are 
payable  half-yearly,  and  are  recoverable  by 
distress  and  sale,  like  ordinary  rents.  Tithes- 
are  due  either  de  jure  or  by  custom  ;  to  the 
latter  class  belong  all  personal  tithes.  Ex- 
emption from  tithes  may  be  by  composition, 
a  modus  decimandi,  prescription,  or  Act  of 
Parliament.  A  modus  decimandi  (commonly 
called  simply  a  madus)  was  where  there  was 
by  custom  a  particular  manner  of  tithing 
allowed  different  from  the  general  law  of: 
taking  tithes  in  kind,  such  as  a  pecuniary 
compensation,  as  twopence  an  acre,  or  a  com- 
pensation in  work  and  labour,  as  that  the 
parson  should  have  only  the  twelfth  cock  of 
hay,  and  not  the  tenth,  in  consideration  of 
the  owner's  making  it  for  him.  A  preseripti.'i1 
de  non  decimando  was  a  claim  to  bt;  entirely 
discharged  of  tithes,  and  to  pay  no  compensa- 
tion in  lieu  of  them,  whence  have  sprung  all: 
the  lands  which,  being  in  lay  hands,  do  at 
present  claim  to  be  tithe-free.  The  institution 
of  the  tithe  belongs  to  countries  in  which 
church  and  state  are  united,  or  which  have  a 
recognized  national  religion.  It  does  not  exist 
in  the  United  States,  in  which  every  faith  ig 
equally  under  the  support  of  the  law  and  none 
are  possessed  of  special  privileges,  and  In  which 
the  question  of  religion  baa  been  left  ont  of  the 
Constitution.  Tithes  have  been  collected  by 
the  Mormons  for  the  support  of  their  Church,. 
and  the  buikling  of  the  Temple  in  Salt  Lake  City. 

3.  A  very  small  part  in  proportion, 

"  The  tithe  of  a  hair  was  never  lost  In  IDT  houst 
Ufon."-M'(**<;>.  :  1  1/mry  1  \\,  Hi.  S. 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Tenth. 

"  Every  tithe  soul  'mongst  many  thousand  dismes." 
ft.  :  Trinlut  d-  Crrtsida,  1L  I 


If  Commutation  of  tithes:  The  conversion  of 
tithes  into  a  rent-charge  payable  in  money 
and  chargeable  on  the  laud. 

tithe  commissioner,  s.  One  of  a  board 
of  commissioners  appointed  by  Government 
for  arranging  propositions  for  commuting  or 
compounding  tithes. 

tithe-free,  a.  Exempt  from  the  payment 
of  tithes. 

tithe  -  gatherer,  s.  One  who  collects 
tithes. 

*  tithe-pig,  s.    One  pig  out  of  ten  given 
to  the  priest  as  a  church-rate. 

11  And  sometimes  conies  she  with  a  tithf  •)>(•/*  tall, 
Tickling  a.  parson's  HUM-  aa  'a  lu  s  asleep." 

btmketp.  :  Jtumeo  A  Juliet,  i.  4. 

*  tithe-proctor,  s.     A  levier  or  collectoi 
of  tithes  or  church-rates,  formerly  employed 
by  the  clergy  of  the  Established  Church  in 
Ireland  to  assess  and  collect  the  tithes  on 
farmers'  and  cottagers'  crops. 


'tithe,  *  tythe,   v.t.  &  i.    [A.S. 

[TITHE,  *.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  exact  tithes  from;  to  levy  a  tenth 
part  on. 

"  Ye  tithe  mint  and  me  and  all  manner  of  herbs.  "- 
LuJte  xl.  42. 

2.  To  pay  tithes  on  ;  to  pay  the  tenth  part  of.  , 

"  Military  spoil,  and  the  prey  gotten  In  war,  is  *]*'  . 
tythable.  for  Abraham  tythed  it  to  Melcb  Iwdek.  - 
SfMlman  :  Of  Tythci,  cb.  xvi. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  pay  tithes. 

"  For  lainbe,  pig,  and  calf,  and  for  other  the  Ilk*, 
Tithe  so  aa  tliy  cattle  the  lord  tiu  nut  strike. 

Tutter:  Butbandry. 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fait  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  poX 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cuh,  onre,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    a>,  ce      c ;  cy     a;  qu     kw.    ! 


tithelesB— title 


4739 


*  tithe  -less,  a.  [Eng.  tithe,  a.  ;  -less.]  The 
same  as  TITHE-FREE  (q.v.), 

tith  -or,  pron.   [Seedef.]   The  other.  (Scotch.) 

tath'-er,  s.  [Eng.  tith(e);  -tr.]  One  who  col- 
lects tithes. 

"Thus  far  tittuirt  themselves  have  contributed  to 
their  own  confutation/'—  Hilton:  Likeliest  Ut.ant  to 
Rrmoee  Hireling*. 

tith  ing,  *  teth  ing,  *.  &  a.    [A.B.  tetth- 

Ull'J.\      [TITHE,   S.] 

At  As  substantive* 

*  1.  A  tithe,  A  tenth. 

"  Ttier  tithing  and  ther  orTHng  both* 
Thy  clemith  by  iMwsession.^ 

Chaucer  (J)  .   Plowman'*  Tab. 

^  2.  The  act  of  taking  or  levying  tithes. 

"When  I  come  to  the  tithing  of  them,  I  will  tithe 
them  one  with  Another,  and  will  make  an  Irishman 
the  tith  ing-man."—  Sptnur  :  State  of  /rtlund. 

3.  A  decennary  ;  a  "number  or  company  of 
•ten  householders,  who,  dwelling  near  each 
other,  were  sureties  or  free  pledges  to  the 
king  for  the  good  behaviour  of  each  other. 
The  institution  lias  long  ceased,  but  the  name 
and  division  are  still  retained  in  many  parts 
•of  England. 

"The  civil  division  of  the  territory  of  England  U 
Into  comities,  of  those  counties  Into  hundreds,  of 
those  bund  red*  into  tithing*  or  towns."  —  Btaciatone  : 
Comment.,  bk.  it,  ch,  3. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
payment  or  levying  of  tithes. 

"  lit  this  very  year  1886  au  elaborate  tithing  system 
prevails  throughout  the  territory  of  Utah?1—  Daily 
IWej/rM^ft.  Aug.  37,  1886. 

tithing-man,  ». 

*  1.  Eng.  Law  :  The  chief  man  of  a  tithing  ; 
the  person  who  presided  over  the  tithing  ; 
.a  head-  borough. 

"The  tithing.mni  of  the  neighbouring  parish*  were 

bus  ltd  in  setting  up  gibbets  and  providing  chain*."— 
Macaulay  :  Hut.  Kng.,  ch.  v. 

*  2.  A  peace-officer  ;  an  under-constable. 

3.  A  town  or  church  officer  formerly  elected 
•each  year  in  Sew  England,  to  preserve  good 
order  in  the  church  during  divine  service, 
and  to  make  complaint  of  any  disorderly 
conduct. 

tith  Ing-house,  ».  A  house  or  building  fn 

•which  tithes  paid  in  kind  are  stored. 

*  tithing-  penny,  *. 

Eng.  Law:  A  small  sum  paid  to  the  sheriff 
t>y  each  tithing,  &c.,  for  the  charge  of  keeping 
courts. 

tithing  time,  s.  The  time  of  paying  or 
exacting  tithes. 

"  But  oh  I  it  cuts  Mm  like  a  si  the, 
When  tith  ing-time  come*  ni-ar." 

Covrper:  1'earlg  OMrett. 

*ttth-lng,«tyth-ing,*.  [TIDING.]  Tidings. 

"  U(  Iiiglond  &  of  Flandres  brouht  men  him  tithing. 
How  kyug  Harald  ch&oad  his  moder  of  loud  " 

Robert  de  Brunne.  p.  63. 

•tlth'-iy.  adv.  [Eng.  tith;  -ly.}  Tightly, 
nimbly,  briskly. 

ti  tb.o  ni  a,  s.  [Named  by  Desfontaines  from 
the  colour"  of  its  flower,  which  resembles 
Aurora  (the  Morning,  Dawn),  whose  husband 
was  Tithonus.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Coreopsidese.  Titkonia 
tagetiflora  is  the  Marigold  flower,  introduced 
into  English  gardens  from  Vera  Cruz  in  1818, 
and  since  cultivated  for  its  beauty. 

Ti-tho'-nl  an,  to.    [TITHONIA.] 

Geol.  :  A  term  applied  to  an  extensive  series 
of  rocks  in  the  west  of  France,  the  Alps,  the 
Carpathians,  Northern  Italy,  and  the  Apen- 
nines, filling  the  gap  between  the  Neocomian 
.and  the  Oolite.  Prof.  Judd  thinks  that  it 
may  have  been  of  the  same  age  as  part  of  the 
Wealden.  The  geologists  of  France  assign  it 
to  the  lower  part  of  the  Cretaceous  system, 
those  of  Austria  to  the  Upper  Jurassic.  It  is 
without  any  marine  equivalent  in  Britain. 

*  ti  thon'-ic,  o.  [From  Gr.  Titopfc  (Ttikonos) 
the  consort  of  Aurora.]  Pertaining  to  or 
denoting  those  rays  of  light  which  produce 
chemical  effects  ;  actinic. 


n-Io'-l-ty,  s.  [Eng.  tithonic;  ~ity.] 
A  term  applied  to  that  property  of  light  by 
which  it  produces  chemical  effects  ;  now 
termed  actinism  (q.v.). 

ti  tho-nom  -e  ter,  s.  [Eng.  tithonic),  and 
meter.  ]  An  instrument  for  noting  the  tithonio 
or  chemical  effect  of  the  rays  of  light. 


ti-th&n'-d-type,  s.    [Eng.  tithon(ic\  and  type.} 
Phntog. :   A    process    in  which  a    cast    is 
obtained  from  an  original  phototype- plate. 

tith -y-malL,  *.     [Lat.  tithymahis ;  Gr.  nflw- 
fioAot  (tithumalos),  TiW^oAAo?  (tithumallos)  = 


a  spurge.] 
Bot. :  Spurge  ;  the  genus  Euphorbia  (q.v.). 

Ti  tian  esque'  (que  aa  k),  a.  Resemb- 
ling the  style  of  the  prreat  Venetian  painter 
aud  colorist,  Titian  (1477-1576). 

tit  II-late,  tu.  A  (.  [Lat.  tit  Hiatus,  pa.  par. 
of  titillo  =  to  tickle.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  tickle  ;  to  cauw  a  tickling 

sensation. 

"  The  gnomes  direct,  to  every  atom  just 
The  pu&g*nt  grains  u£  fitUlatint  dust." 

Pvp9:  «sV«7M  Lock.  T.  84. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit.  :  To  tickle. 

"The  landlady,  assisted  by  a  chambermaid,  pro- 
ceeded tu  vinegar  th*  forehead,  beat  the  bands,  titillate 
tbe  nose,  aud  uul&ue  the  stiys  of  the  spinster  aunt, 
and  to  administer  such  other  restoratives  as  are 
usually  applied  by  compassionate  females  to  ladies 
who  are  endeavouring  to  ferment  themselves  Into 
hysterics."— JHclumt:  Pickwick,  ch.  z. 

2.  Fig. :  To  excite. 

"  It  fa  foolish  ...  to  titillate  in  ourselves  the  fibre 
of  superstition."—  MiUtbew  Arnold:  Lait  Eitayt.  p.  7. 

*  tit-il-la -tion,  *.    [Fr.,   from  Lat.   titilla- 
tuntem,    accua.    of    titillutio,    from    titillatus, 
pa.  par.  of  titillo  =  to  tickle.] 

1.  The  act  of  tickling. 

"Tickling  also  cause  th  laughter:  the  cause  maybe 
the  emission  of  the  spirits,  and  so  of  the  breath,  by  a 
flight  from  titUlation."—  Bacon :  Jfat,  Bltt.,  f  7«- 

2.  The  state  of  being  tickled ;  a  tickling 

sensation. 

"  A  nerve  moderately  stretched  yields  a  pleasing 
tUitlatiari,  when  almost  ready  to  break  It  gives  au. 
gmsh."— Search:  Light  o/  Jfatvre.  vol.  ii.,  pt.  ii., 

ch.  i xili. 

3.  Any  slight  pleasure ;  the  state  of  being 
tickled  or  pleased. 

"Mo  need  for  that  sort  of  stimulns  which  wastes 
itself  iu  weT9tMUtUion."—Blackie;  Setf-cuUure,  p.  68. 

*  tlt'-fl-la-tive,   a.     [Eng.  titillate);    -ive.} 
Tending  or  having  the  power  to  titillate  or 
tickle. 

"  I  muat  not  here  omit  one  puhlick  tickler  of  great 
emiuency,  and  whose  titillative  faculty  must  be  al- 
lowed to  be  singly  confined  to  the  ear ;  I  mean  the 
great  SIgnior  FarfueUi."— CA«rt«r)Wd .  Fog1*  Journal, 
No.  577. 

tltf-l-vate,  tlt'-tl-vate,  v.t.  [Etym.  doubt- 
ful.] To  make  tidy  or  spruce  ;  to  dress  up  ; 
to  set  in  order.  (Colloq.) 

tit  -lark,  s.  [Eng.  tit,  and  lark.  The  Editor 
of  Yarrell's  British  Birds  (ed.  4th,  i.  838,  note) 
suggests  that  the  first  syllable  of  this  word 
and  of  titmouse  is  possibly  cognate  with  Gr. 
TIT«  (titis)  =  a  small  chirping  bird.] 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  An  thus  ;  specif.,  Anthus  pratensis, 
the  Meadow-pipit,  the  smallest  and  commonest 
species  of  the  genus,  found  in  the  British 
islands  throughout  the  year.  It  is  about  six 
inches  long ;  dark  olive-brown,  with  a  wash 
of  green  on  the  upper  parts  ;  wings  very  dark 
brown,  sprinkled  with  white  ;  tail  brown ; 
under-surface  brownish-white,  witli  pale  rust- 
red  tinge  on  the  breast  of  the  male.  In  the 
autumn  the  olive-green  on  the  back  becomes 
more  conspicuous,  and  the  under-surface  is 
tinged  with  yellow.  The  note  is  rather  a 
plaintive  "cheep"  thana  true  song.  It  nests 
on  the  ground,  usually  in  a  tuft  of  grass,  and 
lays  four  to  six  dark-brown  eggs,  freely 
speckled  with  reddish  brown. 

ti  -tie,  *ty-tle,"s.  [0.  Fr.  title;  Fr.  titn,  from 
Lat.  titulum,  accus.  of  titulus  =  &  superscrip- 
tion on  a  tomb,  altar,  &c. ;  a  title  of  honour ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  titulo;  Ital.  titolo.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  An  inscription  or  superscription  set 
over  or  on  anything. 

"  And  Pilat  wroot  a  title  and  sette  on  the  cross,  and 
It  was  writen  Jesus  of  Nazareth  king  of  Jew  is."— 
Wyfiiffr:  John  xix. 

*  2.  An  inscription  put  over  anything  as  a 
name  by  which  it  is  known  or  distinguished. 

"  Tell  me  once  more  what  title  thou  [a  casket]  dost 
bear."       Bhaketp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ii.  9. 

3.  An  appellation ;  a  name. 

"  The  ranking  of  things  into  species,  which  la  no- 
thing but  sorting  them  under  several  titb-t.  is  done  by 
us  according  to  the  ideas  that  we  have  of  them." — 
Locke:  Human  Under ttandiny,  bk.  iii.  ch.  vi. 

4.  An  appellation  of  dignity,  distinction,  or 
preeminence  given  to  persons :  as,  titles  of 


honour,  which  are  words  or  phrases  belonging 
to  certain  persona  as  their  right  in  conse- 
quence of  certain  dignities  being  inherent  In 
them  or  conferred  upon  them,  as  President, 
Emperor,  King,  Czar,  Ac.  The  nvo  orders  of 
nobility  in  England  are  distinguished  by  the 
titles  of  Duke,  Marquis,  Earl,  Viscount,  and 
Baron.  [See  these  words.]  The  dignity  of 
Baronet  is  distinguished  by  that  word  placed 
after  the  name  and  surname  of  the  holder  of 
the  dignity,  and  also  by  the  title  of  Sir  preiixed 
to  the  name.  This  title,  like  that  of  the  peers, 
is  hereditary.  The  dignity  of  knighthood, 
which  is  not  hereditary,  is  distinguished  by 
the  title  of  Sir  prefixed  to  the  name  and  sur- 
name of  the  holder.  Ecclesiastical  dignities 
carry  with  them  the  right  to  certain  titles  of 
honour,  besides  the  phrases  by  which  the 
dignities  themselves  are  designated  :  thus,  an 
archbishop  is  styled  His  Grace  the  Lord 

Archbishop  of  ;   a  bishop,  The  Right 

Reverend  the  Lord  Bishop  of .  All  per- 
sons admitted  to  the  clerical  order  are  entitled 
to  the  title  of  Reverend.  Members  of  the 
Privy  Council  are  entitled  to  be  styled  Right 
Honorable.  In  the  United  States  the  legally 
recognized  titles  are  much  fewer  than  iu  the 
nations  of  Europe,  there  being  here  no  titles  ot 
nubility.  In  American  churches  au  archbishop 
is  entitled  Most  Reverend,  a  bishop  Right 
Reverend,  and  the  clergy  in  general  Reverend. 
much  aa  abroad,  but  the  titles  of  municipal 
officials  and  membars  of  legislative  bodies  are 
coufined  to  the  simple  term  Honorable,  the 
" Right  Honorable"  of  certain  British  officials 
not  having  been  imported  here. 

"  To  me  what  is  title  I-  the  phantom  of  power ; 
To  me  what  is  fashion  1— I  seek  but  renown. 

Byron  :  To  tit*  R*9.  J.  T.  BtcJtir. 

*  5.  A  claim,  a  right. 
"  Hake  claim  and  title  to  the  crown  of  France." 

MoftMp. :  ffonry  V.,  L  S. 

* 6.  Property;  possession,  as  founding  a 
right. 

"  To  guard  a  title  that  was  rich  before." 

ShaJteip.  :  Sing  John,  Iv.  1 

7.  The  inscription   in  the  beginning  of  a 
book,  containing  the  subject  of  the  work,  and 
usually  the  names  of  the  author  and  publisher, 
date,  die. ;  a  title-page. 

8.  A  particular  section  or  division  of  a  sub- 
ject, as  of  a  law,  a  book,  or  the  like ;  espe- 
cially, a  section  or  chapter  of  a  law-book. 
(Bouvier.) 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Ecclesiol.  &  Church,  Hint.  : 

(1)  A  condition  precedent  to,  or  a  claim  in 
favour  of,  ordination,  such  as  a  sphere  ol 
parochial  or  other  spiritual  work,  always  re- 
quired by  a  bishop,  except  in  certain  specified 
cases,  which  are  specified  in  Canon  3..  of  the 
Anglican    Church.      In  the  Roman   Church 
the  title  formerly  required  from  every  ordinand 
was  that  of  a  benefice  (titulus  beneficii)—i.r., 
he  was  bound  to  show  that  he  had  been  nomi- 
nated   to   a   benefice  whose    revenues  were 
sufficient  for  his  decent  maintenance.     The 
Council  of  Trent  (1545-1563)  added  two  other 
titles  (1)  of  patrimony  (titulus  patrimonii), 
where  the  ordinand  had  sufficient  private  pro- 
perty to  maintain  him  respectably,  and  (2)  of 
pension  (tituhis pensionis),  where  some  solvent 
person  or  persons  bound  themselves  to  pro- 
vide for  the  cleric  about  to  be  ordained.    The 
vow  of  evangelical  poverty  (titulus  paupertatis) 
in  a  religious  order  is  a  valid  title  ;  and  the 
students  of   Propaganda  and  certain    other 
Colleges,  and  candidates  for  holy  orders  in 
missionary  countries,  have  a  title  from   the 
mission  for  whic.h  they  are  ordained  or  the 
seminary  in  which  they  were  educated  (titulut 
missionis  vel  seminarii).     The  acceptance  of 
this   last   title    imposes  on  the  bishop  the 
responsibility  of  providing  for  the  support  of 
the  ordained,  should  he  become  incapable  of 
discharging  his  functions. 

(2)  A  titular  church  (q.v.),  or  the  district 
or  parish  assigned  to  it. 

"  Fifty  [cardinals}  described  as  priests,  holding  a 
correspond! tig  number  of  Titlet  or  parishes  iu  Borne." 
—Add it  &  Arnold :  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  119. 

2,  Law : 

(1)  Property  or  right  of  ownership,  or  the 
sources  of  such  right,  or  the  facts  and  events 
which  are  the  means  whereby  property  is 
acquired ;  a  party's  right  to  the  enjoyment  of 
lands  or  goods,  or  the  means  whereby  such 
right  has  accrued,  and  by  which  it  is  evi- 
denced. 

"  No  title  was  considered  aa  more  perfect  than  that 
of  the  Russells  to  W churn, given  by  Henry  the  Eighth 
to  the  first  Earl  of  Bedford. "-Mactnday  :  But.  Sng.t 


^;  pout,  joTt-1;  cat,  $ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  $hia;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -big. 
-tian  -  shau.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon.  -fion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tioua,  -sious  =  shus.   -We.  -die,  &c.  =  bei,  del. 


4740 


title— titupping 


(2)  The  instrument  or  instruments  which 
are  evidence  of  a.  right 

(8)  A  heading  or  indorsement :  as,  the  title 
of  an  Act  of  Parliament. 

H  1.  Bastard-title :  [BASTARD,  B.  II.  2.  (o)]. 

8.  Half-title: 

Printing  : 

(1)  The  short  title  generally  occupying  the 
top  part  of  the  first  page  of  text  in  a  book. 

(2)  A  bastard-title. 

3.  Passive-title :  [PASSIVE]. 

4.  Running-title : 

Print. :  The  title  at  the  head  of  a  page,  and 
consisting  of  the  name  of  the  book  or  the  sub- 
ject of  the  page. 

title  deed.  -. 

Law :   An  instrument  evidencing  a  man's 
light  or  title  to  property. 
•  title-leaf,  s.    A  title-page  (q.v.). 

•'  Yea.  tilts  man',  brow,  like  to  a  title-leaf. 
Foretells  the  nature  of  a  tragic  volume." 

M«*ap. :  i  Urnn  1 1'.,  1.  1. 

title-page,  s.  The  page  of  a  book  which 
Contains  the  title.  [TITLE,  ».,  I.  7.) 

"  The  book  of  all  the  world  tbat  cbaroi'd  me  most 
Was.— well-a-day,  the  title-page  was  lost. H 


title  role,  «. 

Theat.:  The  character  or  part  in  a  play 
which  gives  its  name  to  the  play :  as  that  of 
Hamlet  in  the  play  of  that  name. 

*  title  scroll,  s.    A  scroll  showing  titles, 
as  of  a  nobleman  or  great  family. 

ti'-tle,  v.t.    (TITLE,  s.) 
1,  To  entitle,  to  name. 

"  Tbat  sober  race  of  men.  whose  live* 
Beilglous  titled  them  the  sons  of  God." 

MOKm:  P.  L..  XIMJ. 

•  2.  To  set  down  by  name. 

"  Insomuch  that  some  of  the  self  lame  commis- 
sioners found  of  their  own  wires,  tilled  among  the 
rest"-S(r»p«.  Eecta.  Mem.  (ISM). 

ti  -tied  ae  as  el),  a.  [Kng.  «i(e),  s. ;  -ed.] 
Having  or  bearing  a  title,  especially  one  of 
nobility. 

'•  The  poorest  tenant  of  the  Libyan  wild,  , 

Whose  life  is  pure,  whose  thoughts  are  undefll'd, 
In  titled  ranks  may  claim  the  first  degree." 

fatfktt:  Menander ;  Fragment!. 

ti'-tle  less,  *  tt-tel-es,  a.  [Eng.  title,  s. ; 
•less.]  Having  no  title  or  name. 

"  He  was  A  kind  of  nothing,  titldfu, 
Till  he  had  forg'd  hiinsell  a  name  f  th'  flre 
Of  burning  Rome."        $tuik«tp-  •  Curiolanut,  v.  L 

tlt'-ler,  *.  [Etym,  doubtful.]  A  large  trun- 
cated cone  of  refined  sugar. 

tit-ling,  J.     [Eng.  tit;  dim.  suff.  -ling.} 

1.  Comm. :  A  name  formerly  given  in  the 
custom-house  to  stockfish.    (Simmonds.) 

2,  Ornith. :    Anthus  pratensis,  called  also 
the  Meadow-titling  or  Meadow-pipit.     [TIT- 
LARK.] 

"  Among  the  local  names  of  the  present  species, 
Titling,  floss-cheeper,  Ling-bird,  Teetick,  may  be 
nentioiMd."— rartvZI:  Brituh  Nirdt  (ed,  4th),  1.  675. 
(Note.) 

tit  -mouse  (pi.  tlt-mige),  *  tit  ty  mouse, 

i.    [Eng.  tit,  and  A.3.  vnase  =  a  titmouse ; 
Dut.  mees;  Ger.  meise.]    (See  extract.) 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  sub-family  Farina  (q.v.).  They  are  re- 
markable for  the  boldly  defined  colour  of 
their  plumage  and  their  quick,  irregular 
movements,  running  rapidly  along  branches 
in  quest  of  insects,  and  often  clinging  thereto 
with  their  back  downwards.  They  feed  not 
only  on  insects,  but  on  grain  and  seeds,  and 
not  unfrequently  kill  young  and  sickly  birds 
with  strokes  of  their  stout,  strong  bill.  They 
are  very  pugnacious,  and  the  hens  show  great 
courage  in  defence  of  their  nests.  The  young 
are  fed  chiefly  on  Caterpillars,  and  a  pair  of 
Blue  Tits  have  been  observed  to  carry  a  cater- 
pillar to  their  neat,  on  an  average,  every  two 
minutes,  during  the  greater  part  of  the  day, 
•o  that  these  b'.'ds  must  be  extremely  service- 
able in  preventing  the  increase  of  noxious 
insects.  The  species  are  found  in  both  the 
United  States  and  Europe.  Parns  atricapillu$, 
the  Chickadee  or  Black-cap  Tit,  is  very  common 
in  the  United  States,  while  P.  bicolor,  the  Tufted 
Tit,  is  the  largest  American  species.  Of  Euro- 
pean species  the  Blue  Tit  (P.  ccervleue)  is  very 
common,  and  is  the  moet  pert  and  fearless  of 
all  British  birds.  It  is  generally  known  as  the 
Tomtit.  Another  common  species  is  P.  ater, 
the  Coal  Titmouse,  so  named  from  its  black 


head  and  neck.  The  Penduline  Tit  (Acyithaha 
pemlutinu*)  builds  a  fla?k-^haprd  nest,  sus- 
pended, like  that  of  the  Oriole,  from  a  twig  or 
branch.  P.  major,  the  Great  Tit,  is  the  largest 
European  species. 

"  It  may  be  ...  doubted  whether  the  plural  of  Tit- 
moute  should  be  Titmice,  ae  custom  has  It,  but  the 
Editor  has  uot  the  courage  to  use  Titmouse,  though 
be  believe*  he  tiaa  heard  East  Auglians  say  Tit- 
mou4en."~  Farrell :  Britith  Birdt  (ed.  4th),  1.  490 
(Note.) 

ti'-trate,  v.t.  [Fr.  titre  =  standard  of  fine- 
ness. ] 

Chem. :  To  submit  to  the  action  or  process 
of  titration  (q.v.). 

ti-tra-tlon,  s.    [TITRATE.] 

Chem.  :  The  process  of  estimating  the 
amount  of  an  element  or  compound  con- 
tained in  a  solution,  by  the  addition  to  it  of 
a  known  quantity  of  another  chemical  capable 
of  reacting  upon  it.  The  end  of  the  process  is 
determined  by  the  complete  precipitation  of 
the  compound,  or  by  the  discharge  and  pro- 
duction of  some  definite  colour  in  the  mixed 
solutions.  [ANALYSIS,  II.] 

tit'-ter,  v.i,    [Of  imitative  origin.)    To  laugh 
with  restraint ;    to    laugh  with   the    tongue 
striking  against  the  poof  of  the  mouth. 
"  Thus  Sal,  with  tears  in  either  eye  ; 
While  victor  Ned  sat  tittering  by." 

,<vft*n*ton« ;  To  a  Friend. 

tlt'-ter  (1),  ».    [TITTER,  r.]  A  restrained  laugh. 

'*  The  half-suppressed  titter  of  two  very  young  per- 
son* in  a  corner  was  responded  to  by  a  general  lttugh." 
— Scribntr't  Jfaytuine,  March,  1878,  p.  713. 

"taV-ter  (2),  «.  [Prob.  connected  with  tare,  s.] 
A  noisome  weod  among  com.  Probably  Vicia 
hirsuta. 

"  From  wheat  go  and  rake  out  the  titter*  or  tine : 
If  eare  be  not  forth,  it  will  rise  again  fine.* 

Tutter:  Husbandry, 

*tft  ter  a'-tion,  *.  [Eng.  titter,  \.\  -ation.} 
A  fit  of  tittering  or  laughing. 

tit  -ter-el,  *.    [For  etym.  see  extract.] 

Ornith. :  Numeniu*  phceopu*,  the  Whimbrel 
(q.v.). 

"They  may  always  be  distinguished  from  other 
•pecies  by  the  cry,  resembling  In  sound  the  word  tit- 
terel,  the  provincial  name  applied  to  them  in  Sussex." 
—  Wood  :  TUut.  .Vat.  lliit.,  ii  «9& 

tlt'-ter-tdt-terf  v.i.  [A  redup.  of  totter 
(q.v.).J  To  see-saw. 

tit'-ter-tdt-ter,  adv.  [TITTKRTOTTER,  v.]  la 
an  unsteady  manner ;  with  a  sway. 

tit' -tie,  0.  [See  def.)  The  infantine  and  en- 
dearing manner  of  pronouncing  sister.  (Scotch.) 

"Wi'  her  Mild-growing  tittie,  auntie  Meg,  In  the 
Gsjliowgateof  Glaagow."— Scott ;  Old. Mortality,  ch.  xiv. 

*  tit  tl-mouse,  s.    [See  def.]    The  titmouse 

(q-v.). 

"  The  ringdove,  redbreast,  and  the  tittimouie." 
Taylor,  the  Waterpott. 

tit'-tJ-vate,  v.t.    [TITIVATE.] 

tit  -tie,  *  tit-el,  *  tit-il,  *.    [O.  Fr.  tUU  =  a 

title,  from  Lat.  titulus;  Sp.  tilde;  Port  til  — 
a  stroke  over  a  letter,  as  an  accent.  Tittle 
and  title  are  thus  doublets.)  A  small  particle, 
a  jot,  a  minute  part,  an  iota. 

"  Who  themselves  disdaining 
To  approach  thy  tables,  give  thee  in  command 
What,  to  the  smallest  tittle,  thou  shalt  say." 

Milton  :  P.  R.,  i.  «0. 

tlt'-tle,  v.i.  [A  variant  of  tattle  (q.v.).]  To 
prate,  to  chatter. 

tittle-tattle,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Idle  talk  or  chatter ;  trifling  talk ;  empty 
prattle, 

"  For  every  idle  tittle-tattle  that  went  about,  Jack 
was  suspected  for  the  author."— Arbuthnot :  Hist.  John 
Bull. 

2.  An  idle  chatterer  or  gossip. 

"  Impertinent  tittle-tatttet,  who  have  no  other 
variety  in  their  discourse  than  that  of  talking  slower 
or  f«t«r."—  Tatter,  No.  167. 

B.  As  adj. :  Gossiping,  chattering. 
tittle-tattle,  v.i.    To  tattle,  to  gossip. 

"  You  must  be  tittle-tattling  before  all  our  guests." 
Sftaketp.  :   »'inttr'$  Title,  iv.  4. 

tit'  tie-bat,  s.  [See  def.]  A  variant  or  cor- 
ruption of  Stickleback  (q.v.). 

"  There  sat  the  mnn  who  had  agitated  the  scientific 
world  with  hit  Theory  of  Tittlebat*."—  Dicken*  : 
Pickwick,  ch.  i. 

"tJtf-U-bate,  v.i.  [Lat  titubatum,  sup.  of 
titubo=z  to  stumble.] 


1.  To  stumble,  to  trip,  to  stagger. 

•*  But  what  became  of  Uiistitubatiny.  this  towering 
mountain  of  snow  I"—  Waterhoute :  Apology  for  Learn- 
ing, p.  69. 

2.  To  rock  or  roll,  as  a  curved  body  on  a 
plane. 

tit  u-ba'-tion,  «.    [TITUBATE.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  .* 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  stumbling. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  rolling  or  rocking,  aa 
a  curved  body  on  a  plane. 

IL  Pathol.:  Perpetual  change  of  position 
or  fidgetiness.  It  is  a  frequent  symptom  in 
diseases  which  are  characterized  by  nervous 
irritation. 

tit  -u-lar,  a.  &  9.  [Fr.  titulaire,  from  O.  Fr. 
title  =  a  title  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  &  Port  titular;  Ital. 
titulare.] 

A.  -4s  adj. ;  Beiiw  such  or  such  by  title  or 
name  only ;  nominal ;  having  the  title  to  an 
office    or    dignity    without   discharging    the 
duties  of  it ;  having  or  conferring  the  title 
only. 

"  To  convince  ua  that  ho  is  not  a  mere  titular  Atity." 
—Scott  :  Chrittian  Lift,  pt  il..  ch.  vU. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  holds  the  title  of 
an  office  without  the  real  power  or  authority 
belonging  to  it 

"  A  small  advocate  who  has  become  the  titular  of  » 
portfolio."— Pott  Mall  Gazette,  Dec.  81,  1885. 

IL  Ecclesiastical  Law : 

1.  Eng. ;   One  who   may  lawfully  enjoy  a. 
benefice  without  performing  its  duties. 

2.  Roman :  A  patron  saint 
m.  Scots  Law  : 

Titulars  of  the  tithes :  The  titulars  or  patron*- 
to  whose  teinds  or  tenth  part  of  the  produce 
of  land,  formerly  claimed  by  the  clergy,  had 
been  gifted  by  the  crown,  into  whose  hands 
the  same  fell  at  the  Reformation.  They  are 
called  in  Scotland  Titulars  or  Lords  of 
Erection. 

titular  bishop,  «. 

Eccles.  A  Church  Hist. :  (See  extract). 

"  The  political  condition  of  the  eastern  and  sonthctm 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean  has  for  some  time  beso 
such  as  to  allow  of  the  existence  of  flourishing  Chris- 
tian communities  in  many  places  where  formerly 
Mussulman  bigotry  would  have  rendered  it  impossible. 
These  countries  are  no  lunger  '  partes  liifldefium.'lB 
the  full  sense  of  the  words.  His  Holiness  Leo  XIII. 
has  therefore,  by  a  recent  decision,  substituted  tbV 
phrase  Titul-ir  BUhop  for  Bishop  in  Partibus  Iiiflds- 
liuiii." — AdditA Arnold:  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  797. 

titular  church,  s. 

Eccles. :  A  name  given  to  the  parish -churches- 
of  Rome,  as  distinct  from  the  patriarchal 
churches,  which  belonged  to  the  Pope,  and 
from  the  oratories.  Each  titular  church  was 
under  a  cardinal  priest,  had  a  district  as- 
signed to  it,  and  a  font  for  baptism  in  case  of 
necessity. 

*  tlt-9-lar'-I-t£,  s.    [Eng.  titular  ;  >Uy.]    The 

quality  or  state  of  being  titular. 

"  Julius,  Augustus,  and  Tiberius,  with  great  hu- 
mility received  the  name  of  Imperator;  out  theii 
successors  retain  the  same  even  in  its  titularity."— 
Browne  :  Vulgar  Krrourt,  bk.  vii.,  ch.  xvi. 

*tJt'-U-lar-l&  adv.  [Eng.  titular;  -ly.]  In 
a  titular  manner ;  by  title  only ;  nominally 
only. 

"The  chorch representative  isa general  council; not 
titular!}/  so,  aa  the  conventicle  of  TKut."~-Mountafu: 
Ajipeale  to  Ctnar,  pt.  ii.,  ch.  ii. 

tlt'-n-lar-jf,  a.  &  s.    [TITULAR.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Consisting  in  a  title:  bearing  a  title; 
titular. 

"The  king  seemed  to  boast  much  of  this  titulary 
honour  bestowed  upon  him  BO  solemnly  by  the  pel* 
and  cardinals.  "—Strype  :  £cdes.  Uemoirt;  Henry  "III. 
(an.  l&ni 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  proceeding  from  a  title. 

"William  the  Conqueror,  howsoever  he  used  the 
power  of  a  conqueror  to  reward  his  Normans,  yet 
mixed  it  with  a  titulary  pretence,  grounded  upon  tb« 
Confesoor's  will"— Bacon. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  titular  (q.v.). 

"The  persons  deputed  for  the  celebration  of  the* 
masses  were  neither  titularie*  nor  perpetual  curaf- 
—Ayliffe:  Pareryon. 

*  tlt-uled,  a.   [Lat.  titulus  =&  title.]  Bavin* 
a  title ;  entitled. 

tit   iip-pihff,  o.    [Etym.  doubtful.)   Restless 
lively  ;  full  of  spirit.    (Scotch.) 

"The  'Dear  meV  and  'Oh  UaV  of 
nurses."— Scott :  St.  Ronan't  Well,  ch.  xi 


(ate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot 
or,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who.  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rale,  fall;  try.  Syrian,    se,o9  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw.  | 


tltuppy— to 


4741 


tit'-ttp-py,  a.  [TiTUPPiNO.]  Unsubstantial  ; 
loosely  put  together;  shaky.  (Prov.) 

'•  Did  you  ever  see  such  R  little  tituppy  thing  in 
your  life?  "—  Uiu  Auttea  :  Jtorthauger  Abbey,  en.  ix. 

Tl'-tiis,  s.  [Lat.,  a  cuiumon  Runmn  )H-i-- 
nomen  the  most  distinguished  of  those  who 
bore  it  being  the  Emperor  Titus  ;  Gr.  TITOS 
(Titos').'] 

Script.  Biog.  :  A  companion  of  St.  Paul, 
though  not  mentioned  in  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles.  He  seems  to  have  been  converted 
by  the  apostle  (Tit.  i.  4),  probably  at  Antioch 
A.D.  50  or  51,  and  in  the  same  year  accom- 
panied him  to  Jerusalem,  and  was  present  at 
that  lirst  council  which  recognized  Gentile 
converts  as  part  of  the  Church,  and  exempted 
them  from  the  burden  of  the  Mosaic  ritual 
<cf.  Acts  xv.  1-35  with  Gal.  ii.  1-3).  Paul 
soon  afterwards  practically  carried  out  the 
liberty  thus  accoixled  by  refusing  to  require 
Titus,  who  by  birth  was  a  Greek,  to  be 
circumcised  (Gal.  ii.  3-5).  Titus  was  sub- 
sequently with  Paul  at  Ephesus  (A.D.  56), 
whence  the  former  was  sent  on  a  special 
mission  to  the  Corinthians,  perhaps  carrying 
•with  him  Paul's  second  epistle  to  that  Church 
(i  Cor.  viii.  6,  22,  '23,  xii.  18).  When  Titus 
returned  (A.D.  57)  he  found  the  Apostle  in 
Macedonia  (2  Cor.  vii.  5-6,  13-15).  Sub- 
sequently (probably  A.D.  65  or  66)  he  was  left 
In  Crete  to  arrange  the  affairs  of  the  Church 
and  "  ordain  elders  in  every  city  "  (Tit.  i.  &). 
Returning  thence  to  Rome  he  was  dispatched 
by  Paul  (A.D.  68  or  67)  to  Dalmatia  (2  Tim. 
Iv.  10).  According  to  tradition  Titus  re- 
turned to  his  work  in  Crete,  and  died  a 
natural  death  at  an  advanced  age. 

U  Thi  Kpisttt  of  Paul  to  Titus  : 

Neie  Testament  Canon:  The  third  of  St. 
Paul's  pastoral  epistles.  It  was  written  to 
give  Titus  directions  respecting  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Cretan  Church.  After  an  intro- 
duction (I.  1-5),  the  Apostle  lays  down  the 
qualifications  of  a  scriptural  bishop  (6-9), 
•gives  a  warning  against  Judaizers  and  other 
false  teachers  (i.  10-16),  affords  directions  as 
to  the  special  duties  of  aged  men  and  women, 
young  men  and  women,  servants  (slaves)  (ii. 
1-15)  and  subjects  (iii.  1),  and  on  social  duties 
(ill.  2),  the  whole  interspersed  with  evan- 
gelical doctrine  and  precept  (ii.  7-8,  11-15  ; 
iii.  3-9).  He  concludes  by  instructing  Titus 
ho.v  to  deal  with  heretics,  and  asking  him 
to  come  to  Nicoyolis  (in  Epirus  !),  where  he 
<P;tul)  linpcs  to  winter,  and  sends  saluta- 
tions  (10-15).  There  is  a  considerable  re- 
semblance between  some  passages  in  Titus 
and  others  in  the  Epistles  to  Timothy.  The 
external  evidence  in  favour  of  the  Epistle  to 
Titus  is  somewhat  stronger  than  for  those 
to  Timothy.  The  three  together  are  called 
the  Pastoral  Epistles. 

*TIt'-Jr-S  tu,  3.  (See  def.]  From  the  first 
line  of  the  first  Eclogue  of  Virgil  : 

M  Titgre.  tu  patulas  recubans  sub  tegmlne  fagt" 

A  slang  term  in  the  time  of  Charles  II., 
equivalent  to  Hector,  Mohawk,  and  similar 
ruffians,  whose  prartice  was  to  scour  the 
streets  of  London  and  create  disturbances  at 
night. 

"  I  knew  the  Hectors,  and  before  them,  the  Huns. 
snd  the  Tttyre  titt  ;  they  were  brave  fellows  Indeed  t 
In  those  days  a  man  could  uot  go  from  the  Rose  Garden 
to  tlie  FUzza  ouce  but  he  must  venture  his  life  twice. 
my  dear  Sir  Willie."—  ShadtoeU  :  The  Scourers. 

fi'-ver,  s,  [A.S.  tea/or  =  a  reddish  tint  or 
colour.)  A  kind  of  ochre  used  in  some  parts 
of  England  for  marking  sheep. 

ti-ver,  v.t.  [TIVER,  ».]  To  mark  with  tiver, 
as  sheep,  for  different  purposes. 

•  tiV-f,  adv.  [A  contract,  of  tantivy  (q.v.).] 
With  great  speed.  (A  huntsman's  word.) 

-  In  a  bright  moonshine  while  winds  whistle  loud. 
Tiry,  livu,  tiny,  we  mount  and  we  fly."  • 

Drfden  :  Tfranntck  Lne,  IT.  U 

\    tlz'-ri,  ».    [TisKi.] 

tester 

...  .  . 

"Will  show  y,,ii  all  that  Is  worth  seeing  ...  for  a 
tteg"—Lytton  :  The  Carton*,  bk.  r.,  ch.  L 

T'-Joiut,  ».  [See  def.]  The  union  of  one  pipe 
or  plate  rectangularly  with  another,  resem- 
bling the  letter  T. 

tme-sis,  s.  (Or.,  from  Tt>»ui  (temno)  =  to 
cut] 

Gram.  :  A  figure  by  which  a  compound  word 
Is  separated  into  two  parts,  and  one  or  more 


Uz    ze*,  tiz'-zj?,  «.    [A  corrupt,  of 
(q.v.).J   A  sixpence.    (Slang.) 


words  inserted  between  the  parts:  as,  "Of 
whom  be  thou  ware  also  "  (2  Tim.  iv.  15),  for 
"  Of  whom  beware  thou  also."  It  frequently 
occurs  in  poetry  with  whosoever  and  whatsoever, 
So. 

"  We  cau  create  and  iu  what  place  ioe'er. 
Thrive  under  ertl."  Hilton  :  P.  L.,1  2SO. 

tmo  si-ster'-ni,  s.  pi.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  Tjiijo-is 
(tmesis)  =  a  cutting,  and  <nffvov  (sternon)  = 
the  breast.] 

Entom.  :  A  group  of  Australian  Beetles, 
sub-family  Lamiinse.  They  have  oblique  fore- 
heads like  the  CerambycinK. 

td,  prep.  &  adv.  [A.S.  to  (prep.);  cogn. 
with  Dut.  toe;  0.  H.  Ger.  za,  ze,  zi,  zura; 
M.  H.  Ger.  zuo,  ze  ;  Ger.  tu  ;  Goth,  dn  ;  Buss. 
do.  Cf.  also  O.  Irish  do  =  to;  O.  Welsh  di. 
The  A.S.  to  was  also  used  as  the  sign  of  the 
gerund,  as  distinct  from  the  infinitive  mood. 
It  is  now  the  distinctive  sign  of  the  infinitive 
mo'iil,  the  gerundialuse  being  lost  To  and 
too  are  doublets.] 
A.  As  preposition  : 

1.  Used  to  denote  motion  towards  a  place, 
person,  or  thing  ;  to  indicate  direction  towards 
a  place,  person,  thing,  goal,  state,  or  condi- 
tion.    It  is  generally  interchangeable  with 
unto  or  towards,  but  frequently  expresses  more 
than  the  latter,  in  that  it  may  denote  arrival 
at  the  place  or  end  stated. 

"  To  her  straight  goes  he." 

Shakeep.  :  renta  *  Adonit,  264. 

2.  Used  to  denote  motion  towards  a  work 
to  be  done  or  a  question  to  be  treated. 

"  So  1  to  your  pleasures." 

Shakeip.  :  At  Ton  Like  It,  T.  «. 

3.  Used  to  indicate  a  point  or  limit  reached 
in  space,  time,  or  degree  ;  as  far  as  ;  no  less 
than  ;   excluding  all  omission  or  exception. 
(Frequently  preceded  by  up.) 

"  Skipped  from  sixty  years  to  sixty." 

Shake,,,.:  CgmbeUne,  IT.  I 

4.  Used  to  indicate  anything   capable   of 
being  regarded  as  a  limit  to  movement  or 
action  ;  denoting   destination,   aim,  design, 
purpose,  or  end  ;  for. 

••  Wherefore  was  I  to  this  keen  mockeiy  born  r" 

Bhakelp.  :  Jfiiltumtner  fiiytu't  Dream,  ii.  ft. 

5.  Used  to  indicate  a  result  or  effect  pro- 
duced;  denoting  an  end,  result,  or  conse- 
quence. 

"I  shall  laugh  myself  to  death."—  Shaketp.  .•  rent- 
pot.  11.  2. 

6.  Used  to  denote  direction,  tendency,  and 
application  ;  towards. 

"  My  zeal  to  Valentine  Is  cold." 
Shaketp.  :  Ttco  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  II.  4. 

7.  Used  to  denote  addition  ;  accumulation. 

"  Seek  happy  nights  to  happy  days." 

fihakeip.  :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  J.  8. 

8.  Used  to  denote  junction  or  union. 

"  She  bound  lilm  to  her  breast." 

Shaketp.  t  t'eniit  A  Adonli,  lift. 

9.  Used  to  denote  comparison,  proportion, 
or  measure  ;  in  comparison  of  ;  as  compared 
with. 

"  I  to  the  world  am  like  a  drop  of  water." 

Shaketp.  :  Comedy  of  F.rrort,  L  2. 

10.  Hence   used    in  expressing    ratios    or 
proportions  :  as,  Three  Is  to  six  as  four  is  to 
eight.    (Expressed  iu  symbols,  3  :  6  :  :  4  :  8.) 

11.  Used  to  denote  opposition  or  contrast 
generally. 

"  Face  to  face,  and  frowning  brow  to  brow." 

Shakeip.  .'  Richard  II.,  L  L 

^J  Here  may  be  classed  such  phrases  as 
To  one's  face,  To  his  teeth  =  iu  presence  and 
defiance  of. 

"  Weep'st  thou  for  him  to  m>t  face  I  " 

Shatnp.  :  Othello.  T.  t, 

12.  Hence  its  nse  in  betting  phrases. 

"  My  dukedom  to  a  beggarly  denier." 

Shaketp.  :  ttichard  III.,  1.  1, 

13.  In  proportion  to  ;  according  to  ;  up  to. 

"The  Greeks  are  strong  and  skilful  to  their  strength." 
.  :  Troilus  t  Creuida,  C  1. 


*  U.  Used  to  denote  accord,  adaptation,  or 
agreement  ;  in  congruity  or.harmony  with. 

"This  Is  right  to  that  [saying]  of  Horace."—  Btn 
Jonton  :  Eeery  Han  out  of  hit  Humour,  11.  1. 

15.  Used  to  denote  correspondency,  simul- 
taneousness,  or  accompaniment 

"She  dances  to  her  lays." 

Shaketp.  :  J'erielet,  T.    (ProL) 

16.  In  the  place  of  ;  as  a  substitute  for  ;  in 
the  character,  position,  or  quality  of  ;  as. 

••Tunis  was  never  graced  before  with  snch  a  paragon 
to  their  oneen."—  Shaketp.  :  Tempett,  U.  1. 

17.  Used  to  denote  relation  ;  concerning  ; 

as  to. 

"  Few  words,  but,  to  effect,  more  than  all  yet- 

Shaketp.  :  Lear,  Iii.  L 


*  18.  It  is  sometimes  used  without  any 
sense  of  motion  for  near ;  by. 

"  It  would  unclog  iny  heart 
Of  what  lies  heavy  to  it.* 

Shaketp.  t  Coriolanut,  IT.  t, 

19.  It  is  used  in  a  variety  of  cases  to  supply 
the  place  of  the  dative  in  other  languages, 
connecting  transitive  verbs  with  their  indirect 
or  distant  objects,  and  adjectives,  nouns,  and 
neuter  or  passive  verbs  with  a  following  noun 
which  limits  their  action  :  as,  \Vh.,t  is  that  tc 
me?  To  drink  a  health  to  a  person. 

"  Meditate  upon  these  things :  give  thyself  wholly* 
them."— 1  Tim.  iv.  16. 

20.  After  adjectives  it  denotes  the  person 
or  thing  with  respect  to  which,  or  on  whost 
interest  a  quality  is  shown  or  perceived. 

"  Invisible  to  every  eye  bait" 

Shukftp. :  Tempett,  L  1 

21.  After  substantives  it  denotes  the  state 
of  being  appertinent ;  of.    [See  extract  under 
Throat,  s.,  I.  2.  (1).] 

22.  As  regards,  towards ;    especially  after 
adjectives  expressing  obedience,  disobedience, 
or  the  like. 

"  If  thou  dost  find  him  tractable  to  us." 

Shatcetp.  :  Richard  III.,  111.  1 

23.  A  common  vulgarism  in  America  for 
at  or  in  (a  place). 

24.  Used  as  the  sign  of  the  Infinitive  mood, 
or  governing  the  gerundial  infinitive  or  gerund. 
In  the  English  of  the  First  Period  to  was  only 
used  before  the  dative  or  gerundial  infinitive ; 
in  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century  it 
began  to  be  used  before  the  ordinary  infini- 
tive.   The  simple  infinitive  with  to  appears 
in  such  sentences  as,  Tell  him  to  go.    To  ii 
generally  omitted  before  the  infinitive,  after 
the  auxiliary  verbs  do,  can,  may,  must,  will, 
shall  (with  their  past  tenses),  as  well  as  after 
such  verbs  as  bid;  dare,  need,  make,  see,  hear, 
feel,  let,  observe,  behold,  have  (as  in,  I  would 
have  you  know),  and  know.    For  to  was  com- 
monly used  before  the  gerundial  infinitive  to 
denote  purpose  or  design  :  as,  "  What  went 
ye  out^r  to  see?"  (Matt.  xi.  9);  but  it  is  now 
only  used  by  the  vulgar.    To  with  the  gerun- 
dial infinitive  often  comes  (1)  after  an  adjec- 
tive :  as,  quick  to  hear,  slow  to  speak  j  (2)  after 
the   substantive   verb   to   denote    futurity; 
(3)  after  have,  denoting  necessity  or  duty  :  aa, 
I  have  to  go.    To  is  also  employed  with  the 
infinitive  as  a  verbal  noun  in  such  a  sentence 
as :  To  see  is  to  believe  =  Seeing  is  believing. 
To  was  often  omitted  before  the  infinitive 
where  we  should  now  use  it: 

"How  long  within  this  wood  Intend  yon  stay  t" 

ahakeip. :  Midntmmer  NighCi  Dream,  il.  L 

<.«.,  to  stay.  It  was  also  inserted  where  w» 
should  now  omit  it 

"They  would  not  have  yon  to  stir  forth." 

Shakap.  :  Jutiui  Cottar,  11.  t. 

It  is  now  often  used  in  colloquial  language 
without  an  infinitive  to  supply  the  place  of 
an  infinitive  already  mentioned :  as,  He  bads) 
me  go  with  him,  but  I  did  not  wish  to. 

B.  As  adverb : 

*  1.  Forward,  onward,  on. 

"To,  Achilles,  to,  Alal.  to/" 

Shttketp  :  TroUut  A  Crettida,  11.  L 

2.  Used  to  denote  motion  towards  a  thing 
for  the  purpose  of  laying  hold  of  it ;  particu- 
larly applied  to  food. 

"  I  will  stand  to  and  feed." 

Hhaketp.  :  Tempett,  IU.  a 

3.  Used  to  denote  junction,  union,  or  the 
closing  of  something  open  or  separated. 

"  Clap  to  the  doors."— Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  If.,  U.  4> 

*4.  Used  to  denote  aa  aim  proposed  in 
doing  something. 

5.  In  a  certain  direction  or  place :  as,  To 
heave  to. 

H  For  the  meanings  of  such  phrases  as  To 
boot,  to  come  to,  go  to,  &c.,  see  the  main  words. 

IT  1.  To  and  again :  To  and  fro. 

2.  To  and  fro: 

(1)  As  adv.:  Forward  and  backward;  Of 
and  down. 

*(2)  As  substantive. : 

(a)  The  bandying  of  a  question  backward 
and  forward ;  discussion. 

"  There  was  much  to  and  fro."— Bale:  rocacyon. 

(i)  A  walking  backward  and  forward. 
(3)  As  adj. :   Backward  and  forward :   as, 
to  and  fro  motion. 
to-be,  s.  The  future  and  what  it  will  bring 

with  it ;  futurity. 

•'  Through  all  the  secular  to-Je." 

Tennt/ton  :  In  Hemoriam,  XL  St. 


bSH,  bo?;  potlt,  Jtfitt;  cat.  cell,  ehomB,  9liln,  bench;  go.  tern;  thin,  thto;  sin,  oj;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejlst.   ph  _  ft 
-*Un,  -tian  =  shazu   -tion.  -sion  =  Bhon ;  -tion,  -jion  =  zhun.   -oioua,  -tlou*.  -.tion«  =  «hus.   -ble.  -die,  fcc.  =  Del,  aei. 


4742 


to — toadstool 


t  to-oome,  *.    The  future  ;  futurity. 

"  And  all  the  rich  te-com* 
Heels,  a»  thego.deii  autuum  woodland  reels." 

Tennytm  :  PtttraM,  vll  8A6. 

to-do,  *.  Ado,  bnstle,  commotion.  (Cottoq.) 

"  The  next  day  there  wu  another  rl&lt  to  Doctor-1 
ComitiuiiB,  and  a  great  to-do  with  an  Attesting  ostler, 
who.  heliiit  Inebriated,  declined  a  wearing  mij  thing 
but  profane  oathi."—  Didamt  :  I'tekwlck,  eh.  Ir. 

to  toll,  ». 

•1.  Decline,  setting. 

2.  A  shed  or  building  annexed  to  the  wall 
Of  a  larger  one,  the  roof  of  which  is  formed  in 
ft  single  slope  with  the  top  resting  against 
the  wall  of  the  principal  building. 

to-name,  >.  A  name  added  to  another 
name  ;  a  name  given  in  addition  to  the  Chris- 
tian and  surname  of  a  person  to  distinguish 
him  from  others  of  the  same  name;  a  nick- 
name (q.v.).  S'ich  to-names  are  frequent 
where  families  continually  intermarry,  and 
where,  consequently,  the  same  name  is  com- 
mon to  several  individuals.  To-names  are 
common,  especially  among  the  fisher  popula- 
tion on  the  east  coast  of  Scotland,  and  in 
Wales. 

•A-  (IX  Vtf-  (A-S.  16-  (pref.);  cogn.  with  O. 
Fries,  to-,  it-  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  zar-,  «er-,  20-,  ze-,  el-  ; 
Ger.  »er-.]  A  particle  formerly  used  in  com- 
position with  verbs,  participles,  or  adjectives, 
with  the  force  of  asunder,  in  twain,  to  pieces, 
or  with  an  augmentative  force  ;  entirely, 
quite,  altogether.  [AI.L-TO.] 

*  to-  bete,  v.t.    To  beat  severely. 

*  to  -break,  '  to-breke,  v.t.  or  I.    To 
break  to  pieces.    (H'iUiam  qf  Palenit,  8,236.) 

*  to-breste,  v.t.  or  I   To  barst  to  pieces. 

*  to-hew,  r.l    To  hew  or  cot  to  pieces. 

*  to  -pinch,  v.t    To  pinch  severely. 

"  Fairy-  like  lo-pfnrfl  the  un-lean  knight* 

:  Jlfrrj  H'lfanf  Wittdur,  l».  4 


"to  rent,  H.     Bent  asunder.    (Spaaer: 
9.  Q.,  IV.  vii.  8.) 
«  to-torne,  o.    Torn  to  pieces.   (Spnwr: 

r.  «.,  v.  ix.  10.) 

*  to  worno,  a.     Worn  out.     (Srm«r: 
F.  Q.,  V.  ix.  10.) 

•$-  (2),  pref.  [A.8.  to  =  tor,  as  In  ttfiagt  m 
tor  the  day,  to-day  ;  to  inorgen  =;  for  the  morn, 
to-morrow.] 

to-day,  *.  &  adv. 

A.  At  rafwt  :  The  present  day  :  as,  To-ilay 
to  Friday. 

B.  As  adv.  :  On  this  day  :  as.  They  left  to- 

day. 

to-morrow,  "to-morwe,  *  to  -mo- 
row,  t.  &  adv. 

A.  As  taint.  :  The  day  after  the  present, 

"A  tutu  lie  M«UU  of  cheerful  ye«t«ru:iys 
And  confident  to-morrow*." 

WardnmrOn  tamnhm.  bk.  Tit 

B,  At  adv.  :  On  or  In  the  day  after  the 
Jtesent 

"Than  helpe  me,  lord,  fcvmontv  fa  my  baUHle." 
rh.,u<*r:  C.T..1.WL 

T  To-worrow  aome  never  :  On  a  day  which 
Will  never  arrive  ;  never. 

to-night,  >.  &  adt. 

A.  Aa  most.  :  The  present  or  the  coming 
night. 

B.  At  adverb: 

1.  On  or  in  the  ooming  night 

M  For  Seyd,  the  Pacha,  makes  a  feast  to-itiytit: 
A  feast  for  promised  triumph  yet  to  couie," 

Byrim  :  Corsair,  i.  \. 

*  2.  Last  night     (Shuktsp  :  Merchant  of 
Venice,  II.  o.) 

*  to  -  year,  *  to  -  yere,  adv.    This  year. 
(Prompt.  Parv.) 

oad,  -tade,  •  todc,  'toode,  >.  [A.S. 
tadige,  tddie,  a  word  of  unknown  origin.  J 
[TADPOLE.] 

Zool.  :  The  popular  name  of  any  species  of 
the  family  Biifonidse  (q.v.),  which  Is  almost 
universally  distributed,  but  is  rare  In  the 
Australian  region,  one  species  being  found  in 
Celebes  and  one  in  Australia.  Two  species 
are  British  :  the  Common  Toad  (Bufo  vulgaru) 
and  the  Natterjack  (q.v.)  (B.  calamila),  and 
another  species  (R.  variftbilis)  is  found  on  the 
Continent  The  first  is  the  type  of  the  family. 
The  body  Is  swollen  and  heavy-looking, 
covered  with  a  warty  skin,  head  large,  flat, 


and  toothless,  with  a  rounded,  blunt  muzzle. 
There  is  a  swelling  above  the  eyes  covered 
with  pores,  and  the  parotids  are  large,  thick, 
and  prominent,  and  secrete  an  acrid  fluid, 
which  probably  gave  rise  to  the  popular 
stories  about  the  venom  of  the  toad,  or  they 
may  owe  their  origin  to  the  fact  that  when 
handled  or  irritated  these  animals  can  eject  a 
watery  fluid  from  the  vent.  But  neither  the 
secretion  from  the  parotids  nor  the  ejected 
fluid  is  harmful  to  man,  and  there  is  little 
doubt  but  that  its  effects  on  the  lower  animal.-- 
have  been  much  exaggerated.  The  toad  has 
four  fingers  and  five  partially-webbed  toes. 
The  general  colour  above  is  a  brownish-gray, 
the  tubercles  more  or  less  brown  ;  under  sur- 
face yellowish  white,  sometimes  spotted  with 
black.  Toads  are  terrestrial,  hiding  in  damp, 
dark  places  during  the  day,  and  crawling  with 
the  head  near  the  ground,  for  their  short 
limbs  are  badly  adapted  for  leaping.  They 
are  extremely  tenacious  of  life,  and  can  exist 
a  long  time  without  food  ;  their  hibernation 
In  mud,  cracks,  and  holes  has  probably  given 
rise  to  the  stories  of  their  being  found  ill 
places  where  they  must  have  existed  for 
centuries  without  food  and  air.  These  stories, 
however,  have  no  foundation  in  fact,  for  Dr. 
Bnckland  proved,  by  direct  experiment,  that 
no  toad  can  live  for  two  years  if  deprived  of 
fowl  and  air.  [PiPA,  SURINAM-TOAD.] 

U  Toads,  like  other  Batrachians,  are  absent 
from  most  oceanic  islands,  the  reason  being 
that  their  spawn  Is  immediately  destroyed  by 
Immersion  in  salt  water.  {Darwin :  Or/g.  of 
Species.) 

IT  Toad  in  the  hole:  A  dish  composed  ot 
meat  baked  in  batter. 

"The dish  they  can  a  toad  tn  a  h'le  .  .  .  putting  a 
noble  airlofn  of  lieef  Into  *  poor,  paltry  batter-pud- 
dlug.--.Jfad.  JIArKau  !  Mart.  ri.  158. 

toad-bag,  «.    (See  extract.) 

•*  A  conjuror  or '  white-wizard,'  who  cured  afflicted 
persons  by  means  ot  the  t>ad~b:ig—A  small  piece  of 
linen  having  a  limb  from  allrtngtoadsewu  up  Inside, 
to  ba  wuni  round  the  sufferer'a  neck  aud  next  nU  skin, 
the  twitching  movements  of  which  limb  gave,  so  It 
was  s&ld  'a  turn '  to  the  blood  of  the  wearer,  and 
effected  ft  radical  change  tn  his  constitution." — 
AOttnaum,  Oct.  16.  UM,  p.  602. 

toad-eater,  ».  A  term  applied  to  a 
fewning,  obsequious  parasite ;  a  mean  syco- 
phant (Now  shortened  to  toady.) 

"  Aflorrapted  court  formed  of  miscreant  tead+attn.* 
— ffNa*:  £Nric of  /totpottsm,  1 20. 

*S  The  original  meaning  is  one  who  Is 
willing  to  do  any  dirty  or  disgusting  act  to 
please  a  superior,  as  the  sight  of  a  toad  Is 
most  disgusting.  The  French  equivalent  is 
avaler  des  couteuvres,  lit  =  to  swallow  adders, 
hence,  to  put  up  with  mortifications. 

toad-eating,  o.  &  «. 

A*  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  a  toad-eater  or 
his  practices ;  servilely  or  meanly  sycophantic. 

B.  As  snbst. :  Servile  or  mean  sycophancy ; 
toadyism. 

toad-fish, «. 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  American  name  for  any 
fish  of  the  genus  Batrachus,  from  the  large 
head,  wide  gape,  and  generally  repulsive 
appearance  of  the  species.  The  Common 
Toad-Han  (Batraclitattm)ia  from  eight  inches 
to  a  foot  long,  light  brown  marbled  with 
black.  The  Grunting  Toad-fish  (B.  grunnimi), 
about  the  same  size,  is  brownish  above,  with 
darker  markings,  white  below,  fins  white  with 
brown  bands.  There  are  about  twelve  species 
from  tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas. 

toad-flax,  s. 

Hut. :  The  genus  Linaria,  a  genns  of  plants 
very  closely  allied  to  Snap-dragon,  from  which 
it  Is  distinguished  chiefly  by  the  Epur  at  the 
base  of  the  corolla,  aud  the  capsule  opening 
by  valves  or  teeth,  not  by  pores.  The 
species  are  hertiaceous  perennials  or  annuals, 
chiefly  natives  of  the  northern  portion  of  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere,  there  being  about  150 
species  in  all.  Among  these  the  commonest 
Knropean  species  is  L.  rvlgarii,  the  Yellow  Toad- 
flax, a  species  from  one  to  three  feet  high, 
bearing  terminal  spikes  of  yellow  flowers.  It 
has  been  introduced  Into  the  United  States.  It 
has  medicinal  properties,  but  is  generally  looked 
npon  as  a  troublesome  weed. 

"  By  toad.t'ir  which  your  nose  may  tact*. 
II  you  nave  a  mind  to  out.* 

Drayton  :  Muut  Elytium,  Nymph.  8. 

H  Prior  thinks  that  it  obtained  the  name 
Toad-flax  because  the  lit  bultoniun(=  a  plant 
good  for  buboes  and  swellings  in  the  groin), 
used  by  Dodoens,  in  describing  It,  was  mis 


taken  for  Mod.  Lat  bujimius(=  of  orbelongio* 
to  a  toad).  [Euro.] 

Toad-jlax  pug  : 

Entom.  :  A  geometer  moth,  Eupithecia  H- 
nariata.  It  is  of  variegated  colour.  The> 
larva  feeds  on  the  Yellow  Toad-flax. 

toad-lizards,  s.  pi. 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Phrynosoma  (q.v.) 

toad-pipe,  toad-pipes,  s. 

Bot.  :  Efjuisetum  limowun,  E.  an-tiue,  and' 
other  species  of  the  genus.  (Britten  it  Hol- 
land.) 

t  toad  skcp,  i. 

Bot.  :  Probably  Poluporui  aiaanteus.  (Rrittai 
£  Holland.) 

toad-spit,  s.  The  same  as  CUCKOO-SPIT 
(q.v.). 

*  toad-spotted,  a.  Tainted  and  polluted 
with  venom,  as  the  toad  was  popularly  sup- 
posed to  be. 

"  A  mo»t  toad^potted  traitor." 

Shukrtp.  :  Lear,  v.  a. 

toad-stone  (1),  t.  A  popular  name  for 
BufoiuU!  (q.v.),  from  the  fact  that  it  was- 
formerly  supposed  to  be  a  natural  concretion 
found  in  the  head  of  the  Common  1'oad.  Ex- 
traordinary virtues  were  attributed  to  it  ;  it 
was  held  to  be  a  protection  xgaiiM  poison, 
and  was  often  set  in  rings.  That  this  belief 
was  rife  in  Shakespeare's  time  is  proved  br 
the  lines  (At  You  Like  It,  ii.  1)  : 

"  Sweet  are  the  uees  of  adversity, 
Wliich,  like  the  tuau,  ugly  and  vetiomona, 
Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  his  liead." 

According  to  Sir  Thomas  Browne  (Vulg.  Err., 
bk.  iii.,  ch.  xiii.X  there  were  two  kinds  of  toad- 
stones  known  in  his  day  :  the  one  "  a  mineral 
concretion,  not  to  be  found  in  animals,  but 
in  fields;  the  other  "  taken  not  out  of  the 
toad's  head,  but  put  of  a  fish's  mouth,  being 
handsomely  contrived  out  of  the  teeth  of  tiie 
lupla  marin.ua,  a  fish  often  taken  in  our 
northern  seas,  as  was  publicly  declared  by  an 
eminent  and  learned  physician  "  (Sir  George 
But). 

toad-stone  (2),  «.  [Prom  the  Ger.  todt- 
stein  =  (dead-stone)  the  tot/tliegendtn  of  the 
Germans.] 

Petrol.  :  An  Igneous  rock  of  Carboniferou* 
age,  occurring  in  veins  and  sheets  in  lime- 
stone. The  German  name  was  given  because 
of  its  barrenness  in  metalliferous  ores.  The 
rock  is  usually  much  altered  by  chemical 
agencies,  but  it  evidently  belongs  to  tb» 
group  of  dolerites. 

toad's  back  rail,  >. 

Arch.  :  A  particular  kind  of  hand-rail  for 
stairs.  So  named  from  its  shape.  (Ogilvte.) 

toad's  eye,  «.    [TOAD'S  EYE  ira.] 
toad's  eye  tin,  s. 

.W  in.  ;  A  variety  of  Cassiterite  (q.v.),  ofr 
during  In  aggregated  groups  of  exceedingly 
small  round  bodies  with  radiated  structure, 
supposed  by  the  Cornish  miners  to  resemble 
the  eye  of  a  toad. 

toad's  mouth,  t. 

Bot.  :  Antirrhinum  ma.jvt.  (flrUten  t  Hol- 
land.) 

*  toad  -er-jr,  J.  (Kng.toad;  -cry.]  A  place  set 
apart  for  or  frequented  by  toads. 

M  fToadsJ  are  supposed  to  be  poiaouons:  this  Is  quite 
amlgar  error.  .  .     In  my  country  abode, 
attempted  to  make  them  a  place  of  retirem 
oiled  It  a  toadery."—Roiatand  Hill  :  Journal 
t*4  .VortA  ctf  Jtnglaad  (ed.  1799),  p.  87.    (Note.) 

•  tdad'-Ish,  o.   [Eng.  toad  ;  -ith.}  LI  ke  a  toad; 
venomous. 


"A  speckled,  toadM,  or  poison  fUh.-- 
Travel*. 

•toad'  let,  «.    [Eng.  toad;  diniin.  suK  -let.} 
A  little  toad.    (Coleridge.) 

•toad'  -ling,   «.     [Eng.    t'lnl;   dimin.    sun*. 
-ling.]    A  little  toad  ;  a  toadlet 

"I    always    knew    yon    lor    a    ImaMag.-—  Mad. 
ffArblaii:  Mary,  L  167. 

toad'-stool,  *  todc  stool,  i.     [Eng.  toad, 
and  stool.    So  named  because  toads  and  frogs 
were  supposed  to  sit  upon  them.    (Prior.) 
Berkeley,    however,   thinks   the    name    was 
given  because  In  the  opinion  of  the  old  her-  i 
balists  they  derived  their  origin  from  tonds,  as  i 
puff-balls  were  supposed  to  come  from  wolves, 
and  deer-balls  (Elaphomycei)  from  deer.] 


*****  "^  fire>  aml4llt'  what,  (all,  father;  we,  w8t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine; 
or.  wore,  welt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »e.  «  =  i;  ey  =  a:  0.1 


go,  pit, 
o.u  =  lew. 


toady— tobacco 


4743 


Bot. :  Au  uneatable  Agaricus,  Boletus,  or 
other  fungus  of  conspicuous  size,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  mushroom  or  eatable  Agaric. 


"  The  grisly  tod«*tool,  grown  there  uioti^bt  I  a 
,d  loathing  i-a<KKn:ks  loading  <>n  this  Mine. 
Spenier :  Shepheurdt  Calender;  Dec., 


toad  -y,  s.  &  a.  [A  contract,  of  toad-eater 
(q.v.).J 

A.  As  substantive ; 

I.  A  base,  servile  flatterer;  a  sycophant, 
a  toad-eater. 

••  Boys  are  not  nil  toadiei  in  the  morning  of  life."— 
Thai'Jceray :  Hook  vf  Snob*,  ch.  v. 

*  2.  A  coarse,  rustic  woman.    (Scotch.) 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Having  the  character  of  or 
resembling  a  toad. 

"  Vice  Is  of  such  A  toady  complexion,  that  aha 
cannot  choose  but  teach  the  soul  to  hate."— Feltham: 
Ketotoet,  ceut  i.,  13. 

toad  y,  v.t.  [TOADY,  «.]  To  fawn  upon  or 
flatter ;  to  play  the  toady  or  sycophant  to. 

11  How  these  tabbiee  love  to  be  toadied  I  "— «.  Colmetn 
thi  I'ounger:  Poor  Gentleman,  ii.  2. 

toad  y  ism,  s.  [Eng.  toady;  -ism.]  The 
practices  or  manners  of  a  toady ;  servile  or 
mean  sycophancy. 

"  Philosophers,  who  can  behold  the  state  of  society, 
viz.,  touttyiim,  organized— base  man-and-inammoii 
worship,  instituted  by  com  rum  id  of  law  :  aiiobbish- 
ness.  In  «  word,  perpetuated,  and  mark  the  phenome- 
non calmly."—  Thackeray:  Hook  of  Bnobt,  ch.  ili. 

toast,  *t08t,  *tost-en,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr. 
tester ;  Sp.  &  Port,  tostar.]  [TOJBST,  8.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  dry  and  scorch  by  the  heat  of  a  fire : 
u,  To  toast  bread  or  cheese. 

2.  To  warm  thoroughly :  as,  To  toast  the 
feet.    (Colloq.) 

3.  To  name  or  propose  as  one  whose  health, 
success,  Ac.,  is  to  be  drunk  ;  to  drink  to  the 
success  of  or  in  honour  of. 

"  Five  deep  he  toattt  the  towering  lasses ; 
Repeats  you  verses  wrote  ou  glaaaes." 

Prior:  Camtleon. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1,  To  warm  one's  self  thoroughly  at  a  fire. 

"  I  will  sing  what  I  did  leere,  .  .  . 
As  we  toattut  by  the  tire. 

Browne :  Shtpheardg  Pipe,  EcL  1, 

2.  To  give  or  propose  a  toast  or  health  ;  to 
drink  a  toast  or  toasts. 

"These  insect  reptiles  while  they  go  on  caballing 
and  touting,  only  fill  us  with  disgust,"— aur*«  : 
rctiti'<n  <tf  Pnitariant. 

toast,  'toost,  *  tost,  *.  [O.  Fr.  tostte  -  a 
toast  of  bread,  from  Lat.  tosto.,  fern,  of  toshts, 
pa.  par.  of  torreo  =  to  parch  ;  Sp.  tostada ; 
Port,  tottado.]  [TORRID.] 

1.  Bread  dried  and  scorched  by  the  fire,  or 
such  bread  dipped   in  melted  butter  or  in 
aotite  liquor  ;  a  piece  of  toasted  bread  put  into 

.a  beverage. 

"  My  sober  evening  let  the  tankard  bless, 
W  ith  toatt  embrowu'd,  aud  t  ragraut  nutmeg  fraught.'* 
Warton  :  Panegyric  on  Oxford  Ale. 

2.  A  lady  whose  health  is  drunk  in  honour 
•  or  respect 

"  It  happened  on  a  publick  da?  a  celebrated  beauty 
of  those  times  w:ia  in  the  Cross-Bath,  and  one  of  the 
crowd  of  her  admirers  took,  a  glass  of  the  water  in 
which  the  fair  one  stood,  and  drank  her  health  iu  the 
company.  There  was  in  the  place  a  gay  fellow,  half 
fmlilled,  who  offered  Co  jump  in.  ami  swore,  though  he 
liked  not  the  liquor,  he  would  have  the  twit.  Tho' 
he  was  opposed  in  his  resolution,  tbts  whim  gave 
fuuiuUtlon  to  the  present  honour  which  Is  done  to 
the  lady  we  mention  in  our  liquors,  who  haa  ever 
since  been  called  a  toait."— Tatter,  No.  U. 

3.  A  person  who  is  named  in  honour  in 
drinking,  as  a  public  character  or  a  private 
friend  ;  anything  honoured  in  a  similar  man- 
ner ;  anything  the  success  of  which  is  drunk  ; 
a  sentiment  proposed  for  general  acceptance 
In  1 1  linking. 

"  The  toatt  of  the  Emperor,  proposed  by  Dr.  Stephan, 
was  received  with  enthusiasm,  all  the  guests  stand- 
lug."—  Daily  Chronicle,  Sept,  7,  1888. 

*  4.  A  drinker,  a  toper. 

"  When  having  half  diu'd,  there  comes  in  ray  host, 
A  catholic  good  and  a  rare  drunken  toast.* 

Cotton  :  Voyage  to  Ireland,  ill. 

If  To  have  on  toast :  To  deceive,  to  take  in, 
to  swindle.  (Slang.)  [DONE,  IT  (1).] 

"  The  Judged  ID  the  High  Court  are  always  learning 
some  new  thing.  Yesterday  it  was  entered  on  the 
record  that  the  court  took  judicial  cognizance  of  a 
qimint  and  pleasing  modern  phrase.  They  discovered 
what  it  was  to  be  '  had  on  toatt.'"— St.  Jamets  Gatattt, 
-Nov.  fl,  1886, 

toast-master*  s.  An  officer  who  at  great 
public  dinners  or  entertainments  announces 
the  toasts  and  leads  or  times  the  cheering! 

"Henry  Beller  was  for  many  years  toatt-matter  at 
various  corporation  dinners,  during  which  time  he 
drank  a  great  deal  of  foreign  wine.  —  lAcfcent :  Pick- 


toast-rack,  5.  A  small  rack  of  metal  or 
earthenware,  to  bold  dry  toast. 

toast-water,  s.  Water  in  which  toasted 
bread  has  been  soaked,  used  as  beverage  by 
invalids  ;  toast  and  water. 

toast  er,  s.    [Eng.  toast  t  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  toasts  bread,  Ac. 

2.  A  fork  or  cage  to  hold  bread  or  meat 
while  toasting. 

*  3.  One  who  drinks  a  toast. 

"  We  simple  toastert  take  delight 
To  see  oar  women's  teeth  look  white." 

Prior  :  Alma,  U.  428, 

toast   ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [To  AST,  v.] 

toasting-fork,  s.  A  three-  or  four- 
pronged  fork  to  hold  a  slice  of  bread  while 
toasting. 

*  toasting  glass,  s.     A  drinking-glass 
on    which    was    inscribed    the    name    of  a 
reigning    beauty,    often    accompanied    with 
verses  in  her  honour.     Garth  (1H72-1719)  wrote 
several  seta  of  verses  for  the  toasting-glasses 
of  the  Kit-Cat  Club. 

*  toasting-iron,  s.   A  toasting-fork.  Ap- 
plied in  derision  to  a  sword. 

"  Put  up  thy  sword  betltne  ; 
Or  I'll  so  maul  you  and  your  tuaitiny-iron, 
That  you  shall  think  the  devil  is  come  from  hell." 
.  :  Kin<j  John.  iv.  S. 


to  at,  s.    [Ton.]    The  handle  of  a  bench  plane. 
*tdat'-er,  s.    [TOOTER.]    A  trumpeter. 

"  Hnrk  1  hark  1  these  (outers  tell  us  the  king's 
coming."—  Acaum.  A  Met. 

*  to  bac  ca-na  -li-an,   s.      [Formed   from 
Eng.  tobacco,  in  imitation  of  bacchanalian.] 
One  who  indulges  in  tobacco  ;  a  smoker. 

"  We  get  very  good  cigars  for  a  bajoccho  and  a  half 
—that  ii,  very  good  for  us  cheap  tobaccanaliaru."— 
Thackeray  :  JVewcomet,  ch.  ixx  v. 

*  t6-bac  -Ohi-an,    s.      [Eng.   tobacco;    -tan.] 
One  who  smokes  tobacco  ;  a  smoker. 

"  You  may  observe  how  idle  and  foollah  they  are, 
that  cannot  travel!  without  a  tobacco  pipe  at  their 
mouth  ;  but  such  (I  must  tell  you)  are  no  i*ae  tooac- 
cJtiant:  for  this  manner  of  taking  the  fume,  they 
suppose  to  bee  generous."—  Tenner:  Treat  iu  o/  To- 
banco,  p.  411. 

td-b&c'-co,  *  ta-bao'-oo,  s.    [Sp.  Utbaco  = 
tobacco,  from  West  Indian  tabaco  —  the  tube 
or  pipe  in  which  Indians  smoked  the  plant.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  its  II.  1. 

2.  The  dried  leaves  of  the  plant  described 
under  II.  1.,  used  for  smoking,  cnewing,  or  as 
sin.!!".      Its  use  in  America  is  of  unknown 
antiquity.    Columbus  noticed  that  the  natives 
of  the  West  India  Islands  used  the  leaves  in 
rolls  —  cigars.     The  Aztecs  had  cigar  tubes. 
and  also  used  nostril  tubes  of  tortoise-shell 
fur  inhaling  the  smoke.    The  Mexicans  and 
North  American  Indians  used  pipes.    Oviedo 
speaks  in  1526  of  the  inhaling  of  the  smoke 
through  the  forked  nostril  tube  by  the  Indians 
of  Hispaniola,    Lobel,  in  his  History  of  Plants 
(1576),  gives  an  engraving  of  a  rolled  tube  of 
tobacco  (a  cigar)  as  seen  by  Colon  in  the 
mouths  of  the  natives  of  San  Salvador.    He 
describes  it  as  a  funnel  of  palm-leaf  with  a 
filling  of  tobacco  leaves.     Cortez  found  smok- 
ing (by  means  of  a  pipe)an  established  custom 
in  Mexico.  Tobacco  was  introduced  into  Europe 
by  Hernandez  de  Toledo,  in  1569,  and  into 
England   by   Sir   John    Hawkins,    in    1565. 
Harrison  (Descript.  of  England)  fixes  on  1573 
as  the  date  when  the   smoking   of  tobacco 
became  general  in  England.    Its  use  was  ex- 
tended by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  Sir  Francis 
Drake  in  1586.    The  practice  was  made  the 
butt  of  the  wits,  the  object  of  denunciation 
by  the  clergy,  and  the  subject  of  a  pamphlet, 
the  Cowiterblaste  to  Tobacco,  by  King  James  I. 
Its  use  was  condemned  by  kings,  popes,  and 
sultans,   and    smokers    were    condemned    to 
various  cruel  punishments.     In  the  canton  of 
Berne  the  prohibition  of  the  use  of  tobacco 
was  put  among  the  ten  commandments,  after 
the  one  against  adultery.     In  Turkey  smoking 
was  made  a  capital  offence.    Spite  of  all  these 
denunciations  and    prohibitions,  tobacco    is 
the  most    extensively   used    luxury    in   the 
world.    The  method  of  manufacture  depends 
upon  the  kind  of  tobacco  and  the  article  re- 
quired.   Cigars  are  made  of  the  best,  which  is 
grown  on  soils  peculiarly  adapted  to  produce 
the  delicate  flavour  ;  a  portion  of  the  north- 
west of  the  island  of  Cuba  is  the  best  of  all. 
The  Connecticut  Valley,  some  parts  of  Virginia, 
a  few  counties  In  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  near 


Cincinnati  and  Maysville,  respectively,  are 
noted  regions.  There  is  no  definite  evidence 
that  the  use  of  tobacco  in  moderation  is  in- 
jurious, but  in  excess  its  effects  are  harmful 
both  to  the  mental  and  bodily  functions. 

"  Every  thing  that  is  superfluous  is  very  adverse  t« 
nature,  and  nothing  mure  than  tobacco."—  femur  : 
Treatise  on  Tobacco,  p.  409. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :    The  genus,  Nieotiana  (q.v.),  the 
species  of  which  are  natives  of  tropical  America 
and  eastern  Asia.     American  tobacco  is  Nieo- 
tiana Tabaciim  and  its  varieties.    It  is  called 
more  fully  the  Common.  Virginian  or  Sweet- 
scented  Tobacco.     It  is  a  herbaceous  plant, 
three  to  six  feet  high,   with  large,  oblong- 
lanceolate  leaves,   some  of  them  decurrent. 
All  are  covered  with  minute  hairs,  glandular 
and  viscid  at  the  tip.   The  flowersare  terminal 
in  panicles ;  the  funnel-shaped  corolla,  which 
is  roseate  or  pink,  is  more  than  an  inch  long. 
It  is  largely  cultivated  iu  Virginia  and  the 
Southern  States  of  America,  from  which  it  haa 
been  introduced  into  Europe,  China,  Ac,  '  JT. 
repanda,  a  native  of  Cuba,  has  white  flowers 
with  a  slender  tube,  and  is  used  for  making 
some  of  the  best  cigars.      Other  American 
species  are  N.  quadrivalvis,  which  grows  near 
the  Missouri  river,  N.  multivalvis,  from  the 
Colombia   river,  N.  nana,   from  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  N.  macrophylla  or  latissima, 
which  yields  the  Orinoco  tobacco.     Of  Old 
World  species,  N.  rustica,  Syrian  or  English 
tobacco,  is  a  native  of  all  continents,  though 
first  brought  to  England  from  America.     It 
has  a  square  stem,  with  ovate,  entire  leaves  on 
petioles,  aud  a  greenish  corolla  with  a  cylin- 
drical tube.  It  is  cultivated  in  many  countries, 
and  furnishes  tho  Turkish  tobacco.  The  Persian 
or  Shiraz  tobacco,  N.  persica,  is  covered  with 
clammy  down  ;  the  radial  leaves  oblong,  the 
(•.•inline  ones  acuminate ;   the  corolla  salver- 
shaped.  It  yields  Persian  tobacco.  The  quantity 
of  tobacco  produced  in  the  United  States  is 
nearly  600,000,000  Ibs.  yearly,  of  which  mere 
than  one-third  fs  grown  in  Kentucky.    This 
is  largely  exported,  the  exports  of  unmanu- 
factured tobacco  in  1890  being  266,647,026  Ibs., 
valued  at  $21,479,556,  ami  those  of  manufactured 
tobacco  valued  at  $3,876,045.    Tobacco  pays  an 
internal  revenue  tax  in  this  country,  the  rev- 
euue  from  this  source  being  about  $34,000,000. 

2.  Chen. :  The  leaves  of  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Nieotiana,  obtained  chiefly  for  trade  purposes 
from   two  species,    Nieotiana   Tabacum  and 
N.  rustica.     The  chemical  composition  of  th« 
leaves  has  been  investigated  by  Possett  and 
Reiuian,  Qrandeau,  and  more  recently  by  Dr. 
James  Bell,  who  has  found  in  the  uu fermented 
leaves  and  iu  the  fully  fermented  leaves  of 
Virginia  tobacco    the    following    percentage 
composition  calculated  on  the  dry  leaves: — 

Uuiermeuted.  Fermented 

Nicotine    3-20  ...    „    ...  3  w 

Organic  aeidt— 

Malic    4-17  ... »-oa 

Citric 1-00  3-09 

Oxalic 112  „.  1-68 

Acetic '»  ...    .„    i..  -80 

Tannic        «'82  „.  I'M 

Nitric  acid  -14  ...  -48 

Pectteadd       T'*l  ™   ...    ...  7"78 

Cellulose    12'64 10*38 

Starch         17*  — 

Saccharine  matter*     ...  14*69  ...    ...    ...  — 

Ammonia "OS  ...    ™    ...  X» 

Soluble  extractive  matter 

containing  nitrogen...  W47  WM 

Insoluble  albuminoids  4'6S  14t» 

Resins  and  chlorophyll  3P41  ...    ...    ...  611 

Oils  aud  fat*    1-tf  ...    ...    ...  VQ7 

Indefinite   insoluble 

matter    12'41  ...    „.    ...  1S*W 

Mineral  matter     inw  ivs« 

Commercially,  the  term  tobacco  applies  to  i 
variety  of  kinds  of  manufacture  known  undei 
the  names  of  Roll,  Cut,  Shag,  Cavendish. 
Cigars,  Flake,  Ac.  These  are  all  submitted 
to  more  or  less  secondary  fermentation  after 
the  addition  of  from  5  to  25  per  cent,  of 
water,  and  then  dried  or  stoved  on  a  heated 
open  tray,  or  in  a  closed  oven,  steam  being 
sometimes  injected  into  the  chamber  during 
the  process.  It  is  at  this  .stage  that  the  par- 
ticular flavor  of  the  tobacco  is  imparted. 

3.  Manttf. :    In  the  manufacture  of  clgara 
the  leaves,  after  being  moistened  to  make  them 
flexible,  are  stripped  from   the   midrib,  the 
perfect  halves  being  kept  for  wrappers,  the 
others  used  as  fillers.    A  quantity  of  the  latter 
are  rolled  in  the  hand  to  shape,  or  placed  in 
a  mould  of  the  requisite  shape.    Then  a  long 
strip  cut  from  the  wrapper  leaf  Is   twisted 
spirally   around    the    compacted    mass,    and 
gummed  down  at  the  mouth  end.    The  cigar 
is  finished  by  cutting  the  lighting  end  even. 
Good  cigars  should  have  the   same    tobacco 
throughout,  but  It  is  a  common  practice  to 


boy ;  poiit,  jo\frl ;  eat,  90!!,  chorus,  $hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  09 ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-tian  =  sh^n.   -tton.  -*ion  =  shun ;  -{ion,  -flan  =  shun,   -cious, -tious, -sious  ^  »hu».   -Me, -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


4744 


tobacconer— tocherless 


make  the  filler  of  inferior  material.  Cigars 
are  rarely  adulterated.  They  generally  c»n- 
taln  tobacco,  even  if  it  be  of  a  poor  kind.  Chew- 
ing tobacco  is  made  by  laying  the  leaves 
together  and  pressing  tliem  into  cakes  of  the 
required  siz«-,  or  by  cutting  a  mans  of  th'-m 
into  the  various  "flue-cuts*  now  used.  The 
cigarette,  now  so  much  used  in  smoking,  is 
filled  with  fine-cut  tobacco,  covered  with 
specially  manufactured  and  treated  paper. 
Snuff,  formerly  much  used,  was  in  the  past 
made  from  tobacco  leaves,  but  is  now  chit-fly 
prepared  from  the  stems  an<l  midribs  of  the  leaf. 
It  has  now  greatly  gone  out  of  use,  respectable 
people  no  longer  using  it,  M  formerly. 

4.  Pharm. :  Externally  tobacco  is  a  powerful 
Irritant.  In  the  form  of  snuff  it  is  sometimes 
prescribed' as  an  errhine  in  affections  of  the 
nead,  or  smoked  as  a  sedative  and  expectorant 
in  asthma.  Internally  it  is  a  powerful  sedative 
to  the  heart ;  it  sometimes  cures  diuresis  and 
has  been  given  in  dropsy  (Garrod.) 

tobacco  -  booking    machine,   s.      A 

machine  which  arranges  the  smoothed  leaves 
of  tobacco  into  symmetrical  piles. 

tobacco-box,  *.     A  box  for  holding  to- 
bacco, 
tobacco  cutter,  s. 

1.  A  machine  for   shaving    tobacco-leaves 
Into  shreds  for  chewing  or  smoking. 

2.  A  knife   for  catting  plug-tobacco   into 
•mailer  pieces. 

tobacco- knife,  9.  A  knife  for  cutting 
plug-tobacco  into  pieces  convenient  for  the 
pockat.  It  is  usually  a  sort  of  guillotine 
knife  worked  by  a  lever,  and  catting  down- 
ward on  to  a  wooden  bed.  (Amer.)  A  similar 
machine  is  in  use  in  England  for  cutting  cake 
tobacco  for  smoking. 

*  tobacco- man,  i.    A  tobacconist. 

tobacco-paper,  s.  Paper  specially  made 
for  envelopes  fur  cigarettes,  to  avoid  the  fla- 
vour of  burning  cotton  or  linen.  Rice-paper 
Is  extensively  used. 

tobacco-pipe,  i.  An  implement  used  in 
smoking  tobacco.  It  consists  essentially  of  a 
bow1.,  in  which  the  tobacco  is  placed,  and  a 
stem,  more  or  less  long,  through  which  the 
smoke  is  drawn  into  the  mouth.  In  form  and 
material  pipes  vary  very  much  ;  the  principal 
materials  employed  are  pipe-clay,  meerschaum, 
porcelain,  and  wood. 

*I  Queen's  tobacco-pipe :  A  jocular  designa- 
tion of  a  peculiarly- shaped  kiln  belonging  to 
the  Customs,  and  situated  near  the  London 
Docks,  in  which  are  collected  damaged  to- 
bacco and  cigars,  and  contraband  goods,  as 
tobacco,  cigars,  tea,  &c.,  which  have  been 
smuggled,  till  a  sufficient  quantity  has  been 
accumulated,  when  the  whole  is  set  fire  to 
and  Consumed. 

Ttiaceo-pipe  day :  [PIPE-CLAY!. 
Tobacco-pipefish:  [PIPE-FISH]. 

tobacco  pouch,  *.  A  pouch  or  bag  for 
holding  tobacco. 

tobacco-root,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  root  of  Lewisia  rediviva,  one  of 
the  Mesembryaceae.  The  plant  ha*  succulent 
leaves  and  fugitive,  rose-coloured  flowers,  and 
the  root  is  eaten  by  the  natives  of  north- 
western America. 

tobacco  seed  sugar,  .-. 

Chen. :  Ci2HwOu.  A  sugar  of  the  nature 
of  cane-sugar,  or  saccharose,  observed  in  the 
seeds  of  the  tobacco  plant  by  Mr.  G.  Lewin, 
of  the  Laboratory,  Somerset  House.  Its  spe- 
cific rotatory  angle  is  73'2j,  and  it  is  inverted 
in  the  same  way  as  cane-sugar  by  the  action 
of  mineral  acids. 

tobacco-stopper,  *.  A  little  ping  for 
pressing  down  the  burning  tobacco  in  the 
bowl  nf  the  pipe. 

tobacco  sugar,  *. 

Chtm.  :  A  mixture  of  saccharose,  dextrose, 
and  levnlose,  discovered  by  Dr.  James  Bell 
In  tobacco  leaves,  which  have  been  pre- 
served from  any  undue  fermentative  action. 
The  three  varieties  of  sugar  exist  in  such 
proportions  as  to  have  no  effect  on  a  ray 
of  polarized  light.  The  sugars,  separated  as 
a  lime  compound,  decomposed  with  oxalic- 
acid,  and  purified  by  animal  charcoal,  yielded 
results  approximating  to  a  can^-sugar,  dex- 
trose, and  levulose.  The  first-named  differs 


from  ordinary  cane  -  sugar  by  refusing  to 
crystallize,  and  yielding  an  inverted  sugar 
with  an  angle  of  nearly  —19'. 

tobacco -wheel,  s.  A  machine  by  which 
leaves  of  tobacco  art  twisted  into  a  cord. 

*  td-bac'-COn-er,  s.  [Eng.  tobacco;  n  con- 
nect., and  sutf.  -er.]  One  who  uses  tobacco  ;  a 
smoker. 

•t6-bac'-cdn-ing,  s.  [TOBACCO.]  Using 
tobacco  ;  smoking. 

"  Neither  was  it  any  news  upon  this  guild-day .  to 
have  the  cathedral,  now  open  on  all  aides,  to  be  filled 
with  musketeers,  waiting  for  the  major's  return; 
drinking  aud  tobacconing  as  freely,  an  if  it  bad 
turned  ale-house."—  Bp.  Ball:  Bit  Bard  Measure. 

to-bac  -con-ist,  s.   [Eng.  tobacco;  n connect., 
and  suff.  ~ist.] 
*  1.  One  who  smokes  tobacco  ;  a  smoker. 

"  Let  every  cobler,  with  Lit  dirty  fiat. 
Take  pride  to  be  a  blacke  tobacconist, 
Let  idiot  coxcombs  swears  'tis  excellent  geare, 
And  with  ft  whiffe  their  reputations  seare." 

J.  Tailor  :  Plutoet  Proclamation. 

2.  A  dealer  in  tobacco ;  one  who  sells  to- 
bacco, cigars,  &c. 

"Colonial  merchants,  grocers,  sugar  bakers,  and 
tobacconist*,  petitioned  the  House  and  besieged  the 
public  office*.  —J/acaulay  :  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  Jr. 

T6-ba-go,  5.    [Seedef.] 

Geog.  :  An  island  in  the  West  Indies. 

Tobago -cane,  *.  The  trade  name  of 
the  slender  trunks  of  Bactris  minor,  imported 
into  Europe  and  made  into  walking-sticks. 

to-ber-mor -ite,  s.  [After  Tobermory, 
Island  of  Mull,  where  found ;  suft  -ii«(A/ift.).] 
Min.  :  A  massive  granular  mineral ;  sp.  gr. 
2*423 ;  colour,  pale-pinkish  white ;  translucent. 
According  to  E.  8.  Dana,  the  analyses  point 
to  its  probable  identity  with  gyrolite  (q.v.). 

to -bine,  s.     [Ger.  tobin;  Dut.  tabijn.] 

Fabric:  A  stout,  twilled  silk,  much  resem- 
bling Florentine,  used  for  dresses. 

To  -bit,  s.  [Gr.  T^ftir  (Tobit),  Tw0«'r  (Tdbeit).'] 
Apocrypha :  A  book  generally  placed  be- 
tween 2  Esdras  and  Judith,  and  containing 
fourteen  chapters.  A  pious  man,  Tobit  by 
name,  resident  in  Thisbe  in  Naphthali,  was 
taken  captive  by  Enemessar  (Shalmaneser), 
king  of  Assyria,  and  located  in  Nineveh. 
When  his  countrymen  were  put  to  death  by 
the  king's  order,  their  bodies  were  thrown 
into  the  streets.  Tobit  made  a  practice  of 
burying  them,  and  compromised  himself  by 
these  acts  of  humanity.  Once,  when  he  had 
buried  a  body,  and,  being  in  consequence  cere- 
monially unclean,  was  sleeping  outside  by  the 
wall  of  his  court-yard,  "the  sparrows  muted 
warm  dung"  into  his  eyes  and  made  him 
blind  (i.,  ii.)-  ID  the  days  of  his  prosperity  he 
had  lent  ten  talents  of  silver  to  a  countryman, 
Gabael,  who  lived  at  Rages  in  Media.  At 
another  Median  city,  Ecbatana,  was  a  relative 
of  his  called  Raguel,  whose  daughter  Sara 
had  been  married  to  seven  husbands,  all  of 
whom  had  been  killed  by  Asmodeus,  the  evil 
spirit,  on  the  marriage-night  before  they  could 
possess  their  bride.  To  recover  the  lent  money, 
Tobit  despatched  his  son  Tobias,  having  as  his 
companion  a  man-servant.  The  two  set  out 
for  Rages,  taking  Ecbatana  on  the  way.  As 
Tobias  was  bathing  in  the  Tigris,  a  fish  leaped 
out  of  the  water,  attempting  to  devour  him  ; 
but  he  caught  his  assailant,  which  was  cooked 
and  eaten  by  the  travellers,  the  heart,  the 
liver,  and  the  gall  being  kept  by  Tohias,  on  the 
advice  of  his  companion,  the  heart  and  the 
liver  to  be  smoked  for  the  expulsion  of  evil 
spirits  from  persons  possessed,  and  the  gall  to 
remove  whiteness  in  the  eye  (iii.-vi).  Arrived 
at  Ecbatana,  he  married  the  maiden,  smoking 
out  the  evil  spirit  who  would  have  made  away 
with  him.  During  the  marriage  festivities 
the  companion  was  despatched  to  Rages  for 
the  lent  money,  and  obtained  it,  the  two  ulti- 
mately returning  with  the  bride  to  Nineveh  to 
Tobit,  whose  blindness  wa*  cured  by  the  gall 
of  the  fish  (vii.-xi.X  When  the  time  came  for 
paying  the  servant,  he  declined  all  compensa- 
tion, and  revealed  hhnaelf  to  be  Raphael,  one 
of  seven  angels  of  exalted  rank  and  function 
(xii.).  Sincere  thanksgiving  followed  to  God, 
who  had  sent  th,>  angel  (xiii.).  By  direction 
of  Tobit,  Tobia*  removed  from  Nineveh,  the 
destruction  of  which  had  been  prophesied  by 
Jonah  (xiv. ;  cf.  Jonah  iii.  4,  &<•.). 

Viewed  as  a  tale  designed  to  commend  piety 
and  trust  in  God,  the  book  of  Tobit  evinces 


considerable  genius,  the  plot  beinc  well  sua- 
taim-d,  and  some  of  the  scenes,  depictingdomes- 
tic  life,  being  beautifully  drawn.  It  resembles 
a  modern  novel  in  making  its  virtuous  hfro 
struggle  with  adversity,  in  having  love  scenes 
and  a  marriage,  and  a  personage  apparently  of 
humble  rank  ultimately  proved  to  be  of  a  very 
high  order,  with  a  general  diffusion  of  happi- 
ness at  the  close.  Whether  or  not  there  is  in 
it  a  nucleus  of  historic  truth  cannot  now  be 
known ;  the  most  of  it  is  clearly  unhistoric. 
The  expulsion  of  evil  spirits  by  the  smoke  of 
the  burning  heart  and  liver  of  a  fish,  and  the 
curing  of  eye-disease  by  its  gall,  are  mentioned 
apparently  not  as  miracles,  but  as  parts  of  the 
ordinary  course  of  nature.  A  fish  large  enough 
to  threaten  the  life  of  Tobias  is  eaten  by  him 
and  the  angel  seemingly  at  a  single  meal. 
Finally,  as  shown  by  Prof.  Sayce  (The  Wit- 
ness of  Ancient  Monuments,  pp.  38,  39),  it 
was  not  Shalmaneser,  but  Tiglath  Pileser, 
who  carried  the  i-eople  of  Naphtliali  captive 
(cf.  Tobit  i.  2,  3,  &  2  Kings  xv.  29.) ;  Sen- 
nacherib's father  was  not  Shalmaneser,  but 
Sargon  (Tobit  i.  15);  it  was  not  fifty-five  days, 
but  twenty  years,  after  the  return  of  Sen- 
nacherib from  Palestine  that  he  was  murdered 
by  his  sons  (21).  It  is  doubtful  if  either  Rages 
or  Ecbatana  existed  at  the  time  when  Tobit 
is  said  to  have  lived  (i.  14,  iii.  7).  Those  who 
captured  Nineveh  were  Kyaxares  and  Nabo- 
polassor,  not  Nebuchadnezzar  and  Assuerus 
(Xerxes),  the  latter  of  whom  did  not  live  till 
150  years  after  the  time  when  Nineveh  fell 
(xiv.  15).  It  is  believed  that  Tobit  was  writ- 
ten about  850  B.C.  Opinions  differ  as  to 
whether  or  not  it  was  first  published  in  Greek 
or  whether  there  may  have  been  a  Hebrew  01 
an  Aramsean  original. 

to    bog   gan.   to  bog'  an.   'tobog'- 

gtn,  ».  [A  corrupt,  of  Amer.  Indian  odaboga» 
=  a  sled  or  sledge.  The  form  tobognn  is  etymo- 
logically  correct,  but  the  form  toboggan  is  in 
almottt  universal  use.] 

1.  A  kind  of  sled  used  for  sliding  down 
snow-covered  slopes  in  Canada.     It  is  simpl> 
a  piece  of  birch  or  bass-wood,  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  thick,  from  five  to  eight  feet  long  by 
one  or   two   broad,  bent    up   in  front   like 
the  dash-board  of  a  sleigh,  and  braced  by 
several    cross-pieces   of  hard    wood    a    foot 
apart,   and    by    two    round    rods,    one    on 
each  side,  on  top   of  the    cross-pieces,  all 
fastened  by  catgut  to  the  sleigh.    The  bend  at 
the  bow  is  strengthened  by  two  cross-pieces, 
and  kept  in  shape  by  catgut  strings  at  the 
ends  bound  to  the  front  cross-piece  and  rod. 
Grooves  are  cut  on  the  under  side  of  the 
toboggan  to  let  the  knots  sink  below  the  wood. 

2.  A  sledge  to  be  drawn  by  doga  over  snow. 
r  On  the  toboggan :  In  a  state  of  degeneration 

or  retrogression,  mentally,  morally,  commer- 
cially, or  otherwise.  ( U.  8.  Slang.) 

toboggan  slide,  t.  A  place  specially 
prepared  for  coasting  with  toboggans,  or  an 
artificial  wooden  chute  for  tobogganing  at 
pleasure  retorts. 

td-bcg'-gan,  to  bog  an,  *t*-bog- 
gin,  r.i.  [TOBOGGAN,  t.]  To  elide  down 
snow-covered  slopes  or  artificial  chutes  on  a 

toboggan. 

to    b6R-Ran  .er,    to    bog    an    er.  . 

[Eng.  toboggan;  ~er.]     A  toboggan iVt. 

td-bdg'-gan-ist,  to  -  bog'- an -let,  .. 

[Eng.  toboggan;  -ul.]  One  who  practices  to- 
bogganing. 

*  toc-oa'-ta,  ».  [Ital.,  from  toccare  =  to  touch, 
to  play  upon,  to  mention.! 

Old  Music:  (1)  A  prelude  or  overture;  (2) 
A  composition  written  as  an  exercise ;  (3)  A 
fantasia ;  (4)  A  suite. 

toch'-er  (ch  guttural),  *.  [Gael,  tochradh ;  Irish 
tochar  =  a  portion  or  do  wry.  J  A  marriage 
portion  ;  the  dowry  brought  by  a  wife  to  hei 
husband.  (Scotch.) 

"  But  I  car*  not  a  penny  for  her  tocher— I  h*« 

enough  ol  my  own."— Scott;  Brid*  of  Lammermoor, 

dtaoa 

toch'-er  (ch  guttural),  v.t.  [TOCHER,  *.]  To 
give  a  tocher  or  dowry  to.  (Scotch.) 

tdch  -er  less  (ch  guttural),  a.  [En?.  tocher; 
•less.]  Portionless  ;  without  a  marriage  por- 
tion. (Scotch.) 

"  WhUk  now.  aa  a  UndleM  lalrt  wi'  *  **•**'**" 

daughter,  no  one  CAII  blame  me  for  ilepartii  f  from.  — 
Scott :   WxveHey,  ch.  IzvlL 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wot,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  ptft, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son  ;  mate,  onto,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    *»,  OD  =  e ;  «y  =  a;  QU     kw. 


took  ay,  «•     [Native  name  (?).] 

ZooL  :  An  unidentified  Indian  gecko.  Pro- 
bably Hemidactylus  maculatus,  the  Spotted 
Gecko  or  Spotted  Hemidactj  Ic. 

toV-kiis,  ».    [Latinised  from  tok  (q.v.).] 

OrnitK.  :  A  genus  of  Bucerotidse,  with  fifteen 
species,  from  tropical  and  southern  Africa. 

ttV-CO,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  Chastisement. 
(Slang.) 

"  The  school-leader*  come  up  furious.  and  administer 
tofo  to  the  wretched  fags."—  T.  Hughet:  Tom  Brown  I 
SduxJdayl.  pt.  i.,  ch.  V. 

td-OO'-C^,  s.    [Brazilian  name  of  a  species.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Melastomacese,  the  leaf- 
stalks of  wliich  have  a  bladder,  divided  longi- 
tudinally into  two  parts,  which  the  ants 
ntilise  as  nests.  The  Bowers  are  pink  or 
white.  The  fruit  of  Tococa  guianensis  is  eat- 
able, and  the  juice  is  used  ia  Demerara  for 
Ink. 

tdc-6T-0-g&  ».  [Or.  r6ico,  <<ofo>s)=  parturi- 
tion, and  Aoyoj  (logos)  =  a  word,  a  treatise.] 

Med.  :  The  science  of  obstetrics  or  mid- 
wifery ;  that  department  of  medicine  which 
treats  of  parturition. 

ti-corn'-al-lte,  s.  [After  Manual  A.  To- 
cornal,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  Chili,  to 
whom  the  original  belonged  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 
Afin.  :  A  pale-yellow  amorphous  mineral, 
altering  by  exposure  to  the  air  to  a  blackish 
colour.  Soft  ;  streak,  yellow.  Analysis 
yielded  :  silver,  33-80  ;  mercury,  S'90  ;  iodine, 
41-77;  siliceous  residue,  16-65  =  90-12,  hence 
the  probable  fonnula,  AgI+Hg2I.  Occurs  at 
Chanarcillo,  Chili. 

tdo'-sln,  *  tock  saine,  s.  [O.  Fr.  toquesing 
=  an  alarm-bell,  from  toquer  =  to  clap,  to 
knock,  to  hit,  and  sing  =  a  sign,  a  mark,  a 
bell;  Lat.  signum;  Fr.  tocsin.}  An  alarm- 
bell  ;  a  bell  rung  as  a  signal  or  for  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  an  alarm. 

•'The  wild  alarum  sounded  from  the  toctin'i  throat." 
Lonufviloti  :  Belfry  of  Brugft. 

td-cfts'-BO,  s.    [Abyssinian.] 

Bot.  :  Eleusine  Tocitsso,  an  Abyssinian  cereal. 

tid,  *  todde,  *  tode,  ».  [Icel.  loddi  =  a  tod 
of  wool,  a  bit,  a  piece;  Ger.  zotte,  zote=& 
tuft  of  hair  hanging  together,  a  rag,  anything 
shaggy.) 

1.  A  bush,  especially  of  thick  ivy  ;  a  thick 
mass  of  growing  foliage. 

"  These  valiant  and  approved  men  of  Britain, 
Like  boading  owl*.  creep  into  todt  of  tvie. 
And  hoot  their  fears  to  one  another  nightly.1* 

Bcaum.  Jc  Flat.  :  Bonduca,  L  1. 

2.  A  bunch,  a  mass. 

"Here,  again,  la  the  ivy,  with  ite  heavy  todt  «f 
berry  already  bronzing."—  Daily  Tulegrap\.  Sept  S, 
188S. 

*  3.  An  old  weight  used  in  buying  and  sell- 
ing wool.  It  was  usually  equal  to  twenty-eight 
pounds,  or  two  stone  ;  but  it  varied  in  differ- 
ent parts. 

"  Every  tod  yields  pound  and  odd  shtlliBg  ;  fifteen 

hundred  shorn,  what  cornea  the  wool  to  ?  "—  fikaketp.  : 

Winter1!  Tal€,  iv.  2. 

4.  A  fox,  from  his  bushy  tail. 

"With  the  most  charming  country  in  front,  and 
apparently  the  right  sort  of  tod,  there  appeared  no 
reason  why  a  good  run  should  not  be  in  store."  —  Field, 
Feb.  M.  ««. 

tod-stove,  s. 

1.  A  box-stove  adapted  for  burning  small 
and  round  wood,  brush,  limbs,  and  the  like. 
(Amer.) 

2.  A   six-plate   stove   for   bar-rooms    and 
country  stores.    (Amer.) 

tod's  tall,  i. 

Sot.  :  A  popular  name  for  various  species 
of  Lycopodmm  or  Club-moss.  (Scotch.) 

'  Wd,  v.t.  or  i.  [Ton,  «.]  To  yield  in  weight  ; 
to  weigh.  [Tor.] 

"  Hay,  corn,  and  straw  bills  will  tod  np  to  a  fairish 
'  Jan.  28,  1883. 


Wd-da'-ll-a,  3.  [From  kakatoddalt,  the  Mala- 
bar name  of  ToddaUa  aculeate..] 

Sot.  :  A  genus  of  Xanthoxylaoeie.  Leaves 
alternate,  trifoliolate,  with  pellucid  dots; 
flowers  small,  unisexual,  in  terminal  panicles  ; 
fruit  a  globular  berry.  Natives  of  tropical 
Asia  and  Africa.  ToddaUa  aculeata  is  a  large, 
scandent  prickly  shrub  from  the  Indian 
mountains.  The  people  of  Coromandel  eat 
the  leaves  raw  and  pickle  the  ripe  berries. 
Both  have  a  pungent  taste.  Its  bark  is  used 


tockay— toe 

in  remittent  fever.  A  tincture  or  infusion  of 
it  is  an  aromatic  tonic.  The  root-bark  is  used 
in  Madras  as  a  dye-stuff.  (Calcutta  Ezhib. 
Report.) 

todde,  s.    [TOD,  s.) 

tod  die,  s.    [TODDLE,  «.]    A  little,  toddling 

\vuli; ;  a  saunter. 

"  Her  daily  little  loddU  through  the  town."— Trot- 
lope.  (Annandal9.\ 

tod'-dle,  «.i.  [The  same  as  tattle,  a  frequent, 
from  totter;  Sw.  Mta—  to  toddle.]  [TOTTER.] 
To  walk  unsteadily,  as  a  child  ;  to  walk  in  a 
tottering  way,  like  a  child  or  feeble  person. 

"  And  the  hits  o'  weans  that  come  toddling  to  play 
wi'  Tm."—3cott .-  Antiquary,  ch.  xliv. 

tod'-dle-kln,  «.  [Eng.  toddle;  dimin.  suff. 
-I'iK.J  A  little  child.  (Colloq.) 

"A  few  tolerable  toddlekin*  in  the  intermediate 
cabins."— Queen,  Sept  26,  1S85. 

tod  dler,  ».  [Eng.  toddle,  v. ;  -«-.]  One  who 
toddles  ;  a  little  child. 

tSd'-d£,  s.  [Hind,  tdri,  tddi  -  the  juice  or 
sap  of  the  palmyra-tree  and  of  the  cocoa-nut, 
from  tar  —  a  palm-tree.] 

1.  The  name  generally  given  by  Europeans 
to  the  sweet,   refreshing  liquors  which  are 
procured  in  the  tropics    by  wounding    the 
spathes  or  stems  of  certain  palms,  on  which 
the  sap  and  juices  exude  from  the  trunks  or 
from  the   fruit-stalks.     In   the  West  Indies 
toddy  is  obtained  from  the  trunk  of  the  Attalea. 
cohune,  a  native  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 
In  South-eastern  Asia  the  palms  from  which 
it   is   collected  are   the  gouiuti,  cocoa-nut, 
palmyra,  date,  and  the  kittul,  or  Caryotaurens. 
When  newly  drawn  from  the  tree  the  liquor 
is  clear  and  in  taste  resembles  malt.    In  a 
very  short  time  it  becomes  turbid,  whitish, 
and  snb-acid,  quickly  running  into  the  various 
stages  of  fermentation,  acquiring   an  intoxi- 
cating quality,  still   retaining  the  name  of 
toddy.     It  is  also  distilled  into  arrack,  made 
into  vinegar,  and  throughout  all  eastern  coun- 
tries is  employed  as  yeast,  as  it  begins  to 
ferment  in  a  few  hours  after  it  is  drawn. 

2.  A  mixture  of  spirit  and  water  sweetened : 
as,  whiskey  toddy.     Strictly  speaking,  toddy 
differs  from  grog  in  being  always  made  with 
boiling  water,  while  grog  is  made  with  cold 
water,  but  the  latter  word  is  often  used  in 
the  same  sense  as  toddy. 

"  Pint  count  'a  for  that  with  divers  jugs. 
To  wit,  twelve  pots,  twelve  cups,  twelve  mug*. 
Of  certain  vulgar  drink,  called:  toddy, 
Said  Gull  did  sluice  said  Gudgeon's  bodr." 

Atutey  :  f Hadn't  guide,  leot.  7. 

toddy-bird,  >.    [TODDY-SHRIKE.] 
toddy-oat,  9. 

Zool. :  Paradoxurua  typus,  common  through- 
out the  greater  part  of  India  and  Ceylon,  ex- 
tending through  Burmah  and  the  Malayan 
peninsula  to  the  islands.  It  is  about  forty- 
five  inches  long,  of  which  the  tail  occupies 
about  twenty ;  colour  brownish-black,  with 
some  dingy  yellowish  stripes  on  each  side. 
(See  extract.) 

"  It  Is  very  abundant  in  the  Carnatic  and  Malabar 
coast,  where  it  ia  popularly  callod  the  Toddy^at,  in 
consequence  of  its  supposed  foudnese  for  the  Juice  of 
the  palm,  a  fact  which  appears  of  general  acceptation 
both  in  India  and  Ceylou  (where  it  is  called  the  1'alm- 
catl,  and  which  appears  to  have  some  foundation."— 
Jerdon  :  Mammal*  of  India  led.  1874),  p.  127. 

toddy-drawer,  «.  A  person  who  draws 
and  sells  toddy,  and  makes  and  sells  other 
spirituous  liquors.  (Balfour  :  Cyclop.  India.) 

toddy  shrike,  toddy-bird,  «. 

Ornith  :  Artamits  fuscus,  the  Palmyra  Swal- 
low, or  Ashy  Swallow-shrike,  from  India 
and  Ceylon.  It  is  about  seven  inches  long, 
of  dusky  plumage,  and  is  most  abundant  in 
wooded  districts,  especially  where  palm-trees 
abound,  more  particularly  the  Palmyra  palm, 
from  which  it  takes  several  of  its  popular 
names.  (Jerdon.) 

td'-dS  a,  ».  [Named  after  Henry  Julius  Tode, 
of  Mecidenburgh,  a  mycologist.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Osmundese.  From  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  New  Zealand,  &c. 

to  dl-d»,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat.  tod(w>);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -id(e.] 

Ornith. :  Todies  ;  a  genus  of  Picarian  Birds, 
with  a  single  genus  Todus  (q.v.). 

to-di-rh&m'-plltis,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  todus, 
and  Or.  pinkos  (rhamphos)  =  the  crooked  beak 
of  birds.] 


TODUS  VIRIDIS. 


4745 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Alcedinidie,  with  three 
species,  confined  to  the  Eastern  Pacific  Islands. 
Bill  straight,  very  much  depressed ;  nostrils 
basal,  fissure  oblique,  hardly  apparent, 
bordered  by  the  frontal  feathers ;  wings  short, 
rounded  ;  tail  long,  feathers  equal,  and  twelve 
in  immlier ;  tarsi  elongated,  moderate,  and 
reticulated. 

to'-diis,  s.     [Latinised  from  the  native  name, 
tody  (q.v.).] 

Ornith. :  Tody,  the  type-genus  of  Todidse 
(q.v.),  with  five  species,  from  Cuba,  Hayti, 
Jamaica,  and  Porto  Rico.  Bill  with  edges 
straight  and  finely  notched,  short  bristles 
round  base  ;  nostrils  in  a  short  groove  ;  wings 
with  fourth  to  sixth  quills  longest  and  equal ; 
tarsi  with  one  long  scale  in  front ;  outer  toe 
united  to  second 
joint,  inner  toe  to 
first  joint;  claws 
compressed  and 
curved. 

t6'-d#,  *.    [Na- 
tive name.] 

Ornith. :  Any 
individual  of  the 
genus  Todus 
(q.v.).  They  are 
delicate,  bright-  j 
coloured  insec- 
tivorous birds,  of 
small  size,  and 
allied  to  the  Motmots,  though  externally  more 
resembling  the  Flycatchers,  with  which  they 
were  formerly  classed.  One  of  the  best-known 
species  is  Todus  viridis,  the  Green  Tody,  from 
Jamaica.  The  popular  name,  however,  is  not 
confined  to  the  genus  Todus ;  the  Javan  Tody 
is  Eurylaimus  javanicus,  and  the  Great-billed 
Tody,  Cymbirhynchus  macrorhynchits. 

*  tod-ys-hatte,  s.    [Mid.  Eng.  =  toad's  hat) 
A  toad  stool.    (Prompt  Parv.) 

toe,  •  too  (pi.  *  tone,  "toon,  toes),  *.   [A.8. 
td  (pi.  tan,  taan),  for  take ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
teen, ;  Icel.  td  (pi.  UBT)  ;  Dan.  taa  (pi.  taaer) ; 
Sw.  ta;  O.H.Ger.  zehd;  Ger.  zehe.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

2.  The  fore-part  of  the  hoof  of  a  horse,  and 
of  other  hoofed  animals. 

3.  The  member  of  an  animal's  foot,  corre- 
sponding to  the  toe  in  man. 

4.  The  fore-part  of  a  boot,  shoe,  or  the  like. 

5.  A  projection  IVom  the  font-piece  of  an 
object,  to  give  it  a  broader  bearingand  greater 
stability. 

"  Baallu  of  HIn.  timber  were  put  in  acrou  and  be- 
neath the  pernutiient  way  between  the  foe*  of  the  foot- 
ings, to  keep  apart  the  walls." —.Dai/y  Tcteffrap\ 
Deo.  16, 1886. 

6.  A  barb,  stud,  or  projection,  on  a  lock- 
bolt. 

H.  Technically: 
1.  Anatomy: 

(1)  Human :  One  of  the  five  extremities  la 
which  the  foot  terminates  anteriorly,  as  the 
hand  does  in  five  fingers.    Its  bones  are  called 
phalanges.    Essentially  they  correspond  with 
those  of  the  hand  ;  but  the  phalanges  of  the 
four  outer  toes  are  much  smaller  than  the 
corresponding  bones  in  the  hand,  while  those 
of  the  great  too  exceed  those  of  the  thumb  in 
size.     Sometimes  in  adults  the  two  phalanges 
of  the  little  toe  are  connected  by  bone  into  a 
single  piece.    The  great  toe    is    called    the 
hallux.     In  the  embryo  it  is  shorter  than  the 
others,    and   temporarily    projects   at   right 
angles  to  them,  as  it  does  permanently  in  the 
monkey. 

(2)  Compar. :  In  the  modern  order  Primates 
(q.v.)  the  term  toe  is  restricted  to  the  digits 
of  the    posterior    limbs,    but   is    popularly 
applied  to  all  the  digits  of  four-footed   ani- 
mals.    The  normal  number  of  toes  is  five, 
though  a  less  number  may  be  present ;  thus 
cats  and  dogs  have  five  toes  each  on  the  fore 
feet  and  four  on  the  hind ;  the  rhinoceros 
has  three  toes  on  each  foot,  the  camel  two, 
and  in  the  horse  the  typical  five  digits  are 
reduced  to  three,  of  which    only  one  (the 
third)  is  functional,  and  enclosed  in  a  hoof, 
the  other  two  (the  second  and  fourth)  being 
reduced  to  splint-bones.    In  birds  the  toes 
furnish  one  of  the  primary  characters  by  which 
the  class  Is  divided  into  orders,  and  may  be 
adapted  for  prehension,  perching,  climbing, 
scraping,  wading,  or  swimming. 


boil,  bo^;  po^t,  J6%1;  eat,  fell*  choms,  chin,  bench ;  go,  pern;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  £enophon,  exist.    ph  =  £ 
-clan,  -tian  =  Shan,    -tion,    sion  =  «*iftn  ;  -tion,    siou  —  xhuu.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  —  ahua.    -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4746 


toe— toil 


2.  Machinery  : 

(1)  The  lower  end  of  a  vertical  shaft,  as  a 
mill-spindle  which  rests  in  a  step. 

(2)  Au  arm  on  the  valve-lifting  rod  of  a 
steam-engine.    A  cam  or  lifter  strikes  the  toe 
and  operates  the  valve  ;  such  toes  are  known 
respectively  as  steam-toes  and  exhaust-toes. 

U  To  turn  up  the  toes  :  To  die.    (Slang.) 

"  Several  arbalestrier*  turned  their  toee  up.  "—Keade  : 
Clotiter  A  ffeiirt/i,  ch.  xxtv. 

toe-calk,  5.  A  prong  or  barb  on  the  toe 
of  a  hoisf's  shoe,  to  prevent  slipping  on  ice  or 
frozen  ground. 

ioe,  r.t.    [THE,  «.] 

1.  To  hit  or  strike  with  the  toe.    (Colloq.) 

2.  To  touch  or  reach  with  the  toes  :  as,  To 
toe  a  line. 

*3.  To  border  on. 

"  Then  more  meadow-land  with  a  neglected  orchard, 
Mid  then  tlie  little  grey  scbool-honse  itself  toeing  the 
highway."—  Burroughs:  Pepacton,  p.  241. 

^1  To  toe  the  scratch  or  mark:  To  stand 
exactly  at  the  scratch-line  marking  the  start- 
ing-point of  a  race,  or  the  place  where  pugi- 
lists meet  in  the  ring  ;  hence,  to  corae  forward 
fully  prepared  for  any  encounter,  straggle,  or 
trial 

toed,  a.    [Eng.  to(e);  -td.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :   Having  or  being  supplied 
with  toes  ;  generally  in  composition  :  as  snurt- 
toed,  long-toed,  &c. 

"  Their  very  feet  were  totd  with  scorpions."— 
Novell  :  Parly  o/  Beam,  p.  89. 

2.  Carp.  :  A  brace,  strut,  or  stay  is  said  to 
1»  toed  when  it  is  secured  by  nails  driven  in 
obliquely  and  attaching  it  to  the  beam,  sill, 
or  joist. 

to  fa  -na,  s.    [AQUA  TOFANA.] 

8-    [Etym.  doubtful  ;  prob.  a  corrupt,  of 
.v.).]    A  dandy,  a  fop,  a  swell.    (Stony.) 

"  Persons  with  any  pretensions  to  respectability 
were  vigorously  attacked,  fur  no  earthly  reason  save 
that  they  were  tofi"—J>aili/  TWayrapA.  >eb.  9,  1886. 

«f  -#,  tof'-fee,  t&r-ty.  a.  [Etym.  doubt- 
ful.) A  kind  of  tablet  sweetmeat,  composed 
of  boiled  sugar  with  a  proportion  of  butter. 

to-flel-tU-a,  tdf-fleT-di-a,  «.  [Named 
after  Mr.  Tofleld,  a  Yorkshire  botanist] 

£ot.  :  Scottish  Asphodel  ;  a  genus  of  Vera- 
-faeae.  Perianth  six-partite,  with  a  small 
three-partite  involucre.  Stamens  six,  capsule 
-three-  to  six-celled,  cells  united  at  the  base, 
many-seeded.  Known  species  ten,  from  the 
north  temperate  zone.  Tofieldia  palustris  (or 
boreaftaX  is  an  alpine  plant,  with  tufted  three- 
to  five-nerved  leaves,  and  a  scape  of  dense 
racemose  flowers  of  a  pale-green  colour. 
Found  also  in  the  north  of  continental 
Europe,  in  Northern  Asia,  and  in  North 
America. 

"  to-fore',  adv.  &  prep.     [A.8.  tojoran.] 

A,  As  adv.  :  Before,  formerly,  previously. 

"  And  so,  as  thon  hute  herile  tofare. 
The  fals  tunges  were  lore."    Oower:  0.  A..  1L 

B.  As  prep.  :  Before. 

"  (to  shall  they  depart  the  manor  with  the  corn  and 
the  bscon  to/art  him  that  hath  won  It."—  Spectator. 

•to-for-en,  "to-forn,  »to-forne,  prep. 
[A.S.  toforan.]  Before. 

"Thus  is  he  an  averons  man.  that  loveth  his  tresor 
toforn  God,  and  an  lilolaeter."  —  chauetr:  Pertoiiet 
Tale. 

toft,   s.     [Dan.  (o/t  =  an   inclosed    piece   of 
nd  near  a  house.    The  same  word  as  tujt 


1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  grove  or  clump  of  trees. 
(Pro...) 

2.  Law:   A  messuage,  or  rather  a   place 
where  a  messuage  has  stood,  but  is  decayed  ; 
a  house  and  homestead. 

U  Tt  is  found  frequently  as  the  second 
element  in  place  names  :  as,  Wigtoft,  Lang- 
tofl,  Ac. 

toft'-  man,  «.  [Eng.  toft,  and  man.]  The 
owner  or  possessor  of  a  house  and  homestead. 
[Torr,  2.) 

*  toft'-stead,  «.  [Eng.  tofl,  and  itead.]  A 
toft. 

"  The  fields  are  commouable  from  the  lath  of  August 
to  the  12th  of  November  to  every  burgess  or  occupier 
of  a  tofutead."—  Archaolofia,  xlvi  414. 

tSf'-«S,  «.     [TOPHOB.J 


tog,  v.i.  or  t.     [From  Lat.  toga ;  cf.  togs.]    To 
dress.    (Slang.) 

"  Scrumptious  young  girls,  you  tag  out  so  finely, 
Adorumg  the  diggings  so  charming  and  gay/ 

Chamber?  Journal,  July,  18711,  p.  W3. 

td'-ga,  *.    [Lat.,  from  tego  =  to  cover.] 

Roman  Antiq,  :  The  principal  outer  gar- 
ment and  characteristic  national  dress  of  the 
Romans,  who  were  hence  designated  as 
emphatically  the  Gens  Togata,  while  the 
Greek  pallium  distinguished  foreigners.  The 
riyht  of  wearing  it  was  the  exclusive  privilege 
of  citizens,  its  use  being  forbidden  to  Pere- 
grini  and  slaves.  It  was,  moreover,  the  garb 
of  peace,  in  contradistinction  to  the  sagum  of 
the  soldier.  The  shape  of  the  toga  and  the 
way  in  which  it  was  worn  are  much  dispir.rd. 
In  outline  it  was  probably  slightly  curved. 
The  ordinary  mode  of  wear- 
ing it  was  to  th  row  the  whole 
toga  over  the  left  shoulder, 
leaving  one  extremity  to 
cover  the  left  arm,  and  to 
bring  it  round  the  back  and 
under  the  right  arm,  which 
remained  at  liberty,  the  se- 
cond end  being  carried  again 
over  the  left  shoulder.  In 
this  way,  the  broadest  part 
of  the  cloth  hung  down  in 
front,  a  large  bunch  or  mass 
of  plaits,  termed  umbo,  lay 
across  the  breast,  and  the 
second  extremity,  which 
was  earned  across,  served 
as  a  sort  of  belt  to  secure 
the  whole.  It  was  a  loose 
robe,  made  of  wool,  some- 
times of  silk.  Boys,  until 
they  attained  to  manhood,  and  girls,  until  they 
were  married,  wore  the  toga  prfttextu,  a  cloak 
with  a  purple  or  scarlet  border.  When  the 
young  Roman  was  regarded  as  fit  to  enter 
upon  the  business  of  1!*°  (at  what  age  this  was 
Is  uncertain,  prol»bly  it  depended  on  circum- 
stances), he  threw  off  the  toga  praitexta,  and 
assumed  the  toga  virilis.  The  toga  prcetexta 
was  also  the  official  dress  of  the  higher  magis- 
trates. The  toga  picta,  an  embroidered  robe, 
was  worn  by  a  general  in  his  triumphal  pro- 
cession. Candidates  for  any  office  wore  a  toga, 
mndida  that  is  a  toga  which  had  been  artifi- 
cially whitened  by  the  application  of  chalk  or 
other  similat  substance ;  so  arrayed  they  were 
styled  candidati  (whence  our  word  candidate). 
Mourners  wore  a  toga  jm.Ua  of  naturally  black 
wool. 

*  to-gat'-ed,  a.    [Lat.  togatus.]    Dressed  In 
or  wearing  a  toga  or  gown  ;  gowned. 


.And  now  I  suppose  iny  striplings  formally  clad 
liewly  arrived  at  the  university."— air 


and  togated,  m:.>,j  tuuvou  «  \ 
M.  Sandyt :  Ettayt.  p.  138.    (163*). 


*  toge,  ».  [Lat,  toga.]  A  toga.  (A  disputed 
reading  in  Shaketp.  :  CorMaww,  ii.  8,  122.) 

•toged,  o.  [Eng.  tog(e);  -td.]  Wearing  a 
toga.  (Also  a  disputed  reading,  Shaken®.  • 
Othello,  i.  1,  26.) 

to-geth'-er.    *  to  ged-er,    "  to-ged-ir, 
•  to  ged  re,     *  to-ged  ere,     *  to-gid 
ercs,    adv.      [A.S.    ttgadere,    tdgadre  =  to- 
gether, from  «d  =  to,  and  gador=.  together.] 
[GATHER.] 

1.  In  company. 

"  My  Bister  Einmeline  and  I 
Together  chased  the  butterfly  1 " 
WordltoortA  :  To  a 

2.  fn  concert ;  unitedly. 

"  The!  two  torfider  vpon  this  eaas 

In  counceyle  fouuden  out  the  weye." 
-    ,     ,.  Oouer:O.  Jt.,  vll. 

3.  In  the  same  place. 

"  Crabbed  age  and  youth 
Cannot  live  together." 

Shaketp. :  Complaint,  157. 

4.  In  a  state  of  union  ;  blended  in  one ;  nob 
divided  or  separated. 

"Milk  and  blood  mingled  togetlutr." 

Shaketp. :    Venus  i  Adontt,  902. 

5.  So  as  to  be  closely  joined  ;  in  or  into  a 
state  of  union. 

"  Those  leaves 

They  gathered,  broad  as  Amazonian  targe. 
And  with  what  skill  they  had  together  sowd." 

Milton :  P.  L.,  Ix.  1,111, 

b.  To  the  same  place ;  into  company. 

"  A  rout  exiled,  a  wreched  multitude, 
From  eche- where  flockke  together" 

Surrey :  I'irgtt ;  .fneit  Iv. 

7.  With  each  other ;  mutually ;  one  with  the 
other. 

"When  last  we  spake  together" 

Shaketp.  :  Richard  II.,  U.  s. 


8.  In  the  same  time  ;  so  as  to  be  contem- 
poraneous. 

"  While  he  and  I  live  twether.  I  shall  not  be  thought 
the  worst  poet."—  Dry.  .  {Todd.} 

S.  Without  intermission  ;  on  end. 

"  For  ten  year  together." 
Shakcip.  :  Jttfuurefitr  Meature,  'X  1, 

1  Together  with:  In  union  or  combination 
with. 

"  Never  weighs  the  sin,  but  tofferher  wtth  It  be 
weighs  the  force  of  the  inducement."—  South  :  Ser. 
nt.jns,  vol.  11.,  ser.  Z 

togged,  a.    [Eng.  toy;  -ctl.]    Dressed.    (Siatig.) 

"Ho  was  toy'tl  guostically  enough."—  Scott:  St. 
fioiian'i  Well,  ch.  iv. 

t6g'-gel,  S.      [TOOQLE.] 

tog'-ger-y,  s.  [Humorously  formed  from 
Lat.  tuga  —  a  toga.]  Clothes,  dress,  gar- 
ments. (Slang.) 

"  Had  a  gay  cnvalier  thought  fit  to  appear 
In  iiny  sncb  tv.i  ';<-rtj-  then  'twas  termed  gear- 
He  d  have  met  with  a  liiglily  slgulncaiit  Eueer." 
aurmom:  Ittgold.  Ley.;  6C  llumwold. 

tog  -gle,  tog  -gel,  s.  [Prob.  a  diiniu.  from 
tug  or  tug.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  button. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  A'aut.  :  A  short  wooden  pin,  or  double 
cone  of  wood,  firmly  fixed  in  a  loop  at  the 
end  of  a  rope.  By  passing  the  toggle  through 
the  eye  or  bight  of  another  rope,  a  junction 
is  easily  formed  and  quickly  disengaged.  It 
is  useful  in  bending  flags  for  signals,  or  it  is 


is  useful  in  bending  flags  for  signals,  or  it  is 
attached  to  the  end  of  a  line  to  afford  a  firm 
hold  for  the  fingers,  as  in  the  gunner's  lan- 
yard. It  is  also  used  in  flensing  whales,  in 
which  a  hole  is  cut  in  the  blubber,  the  eye  of 
a  purchase-strap  being  passed  through  and 
toggled. 

"  The  yard-ropes  were  fixed  to  the  halter  by  a  togglt 

In  the  miming  noose  of  the  latter."—  Mitrrvat  :  Frank 

Mtldmay,  ch.  viii. 

2.  Much.  :  Two  rods  or  plates,  hinged  to- 
gether, and  employed  to  transmit  a  varying 
force  by  lateral  pressure  upon  the  hinge, 
which  is  called  the  knuckle  or  knee. 


toggle-bolt,  >. 

(q.v.). 


The  same  as  TOGGLE,  .. 


toggle-joint,  ».    An  elbow-joint ;  a  joint 
formed  by  two  pieces  articulating  endways. 

[TOOOLE-PBESS.] 

toggle-press,  «.  A  form  of  press  having 
especial  value  for  many  purposes,  as  the 
motion  of  the  platen  is  more  rapid  at  tho 
time  when  the  toggle-bars  are  starting  from 
the  point  of  their  greatest  flexion,  and,  ai 
they  straighten  out,  the  power  increases  and 
rate  diminishes  as  the  point  of  ultimate  pres- 
sure on  the  bale  is  approached.  One  of  the 
*  most  familiar  forms  is  the  Stanhope  printing- 
press,  in  which  the  platen  is  depressed  by  a 
toggle  and  raised  by  springs.  The  niovemmt 
Is  variously  known  as  a  knuckle,  knee,  or 
elbow  movement,  and  is  also  used  for  making 
electrotype  moulds  from  type,  and  for  com- 
pressing bales  of  cotton,  hay,  &c. 

togs,  s.pl.  [Ct.toggery.]  Clothes, dress.  (Slang.) 

"  Look  at  bis  toot,  superBne  cloth  and  the  heavy 
swell  cut.  —  ttlcketu:  Oliver  Turin,  ch.  xvl. 

toil,  *  to>le,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  word  of  doubtful 
origin.  Skeat  refers  it  to  O.  Fr.  touilkr  =  to 
mix  filthily  together,  to  begrime,  to  besmear; 
others  to  O.  Dut.  tuylen  =  to  till  or  manure 
lands  ;  tuyl  =  agriculture,  labour,  toil.  A.8. 
tilian,  teolian  =  to  labour,  to  strive  after,  il 
not  connected.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  exert  strength  with  pain 
and  fatigue  of  body  or  mind,  but  particularly 
of  the  body,  with  efforts  of  some  continuance 
or  duration  ;  to  labour,  to  work,  to  struggle. 
"  But  when  he  toiled  those  squadrons  to  array, 
Who  fought  like  Britons  In  the  bloody  game." 
Scott  :  ton  lioaerick,  CoucL  XT. 

•B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  labour ;  to  work  at  or  on :  as,  To  toU 
the  ground. 

2.  To  weary ;  to  exhaust  by  toil ;  to  over- 
labour ;  to  wear  out.    (Sometimes  with  old.) 

"  Wearied,  touted,  and  tolled  with  palnfull  labours 
aud  wants."—/1.  Holland :  Plutarch,  p,  513. 

3.  To  pull  or  tug. 

"  Reuliche   toyled    to    aud    fro."— Delate    between 
Body  t  Soul,  see. 

tSil  (1),  *  trfyle  (1),  i.  [Ton,,  v.]  Labour 
with  pain  and  fatigue  of  body  or  mind ; 
fatiguing  labour  and  exertion. 

"  With  these  of  old  to  tottt  of  battle  bred." 

Pope:  Bomar;  Iliad  I  151. 


tfcte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  oiire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    a>,  oe  -  e;  oy  -  a;  uu  =  kw. 


toil— tolene 


*  toll-created,  a.     Produced  or  gained 
by  toil. 

"  The  beet,  aiid  B  weetwjt  far,  are  toU^reated  gains." 
Thonuon :  Cattle  uf  lnttolenct.il.  28. 

*  toll-drop,  >.    Sweat  caased  by  excessive 

exertion. 

«  With  beating  heart  to  the  ta«k  he  went  ... 
Till  the  toil  drips  fell  from  bis  brows  like  rain. 
ScoK :  */»  oftlu  LaK  3/iiMM,  1L  IS. 

toil-worn,  o.  Worn  out  or  exhausted 
with  toil. 

toil  (2),  'toyle  (2),  ».  [Fr.  taile  =  cloth, 
linen  ...  a  stalking-horse  of  cloth  ;  pi.  toiles 
=  a  snare,  from  Cat.  Ida.  =  a  web,  a  thing 
woven,  from  too  =  to  weave.]  A  net  or 
snare  ;  a  web,  string,  or  the  like  set  to  catch 
prey.  (Now  generally  in  the  plural.) 

"  Then  tolli  for  beasts,  and  Mine  for  birds  were  found." 
Dryden :  rirgil ;  tlwrgic  L  311. 

toil  -er,  *  toyl-er.  '•  (Eng.  Ml,  v. ;  -er.] 
One  who  toils  or  labours  painfully. 

toil  -et,  *  toyl-ot,  >.  [Fr.  toilette,  dimin.  of 
totlt  =  cloth.]  [Toil,  (2),  s.] 

1   A  covering  or  cloth  of  linen,  silk,  &c., 
spread  over  a  table  in  a  bedroom  or  dressing- 
room. 
*2  A  dressing-table. 

5.  A  bag  or  case  for  night-clothe*. 

4.  The  act  or  process  of  dressing;  also  the 
mode  of  dressing;  style  or  fashion  of  dress; 
dress,  attire. 

6.  A  lavatory  or  water-closet;  toilet-room. 
(P.S.) 

toilet-cover,  >.   The  some  as  TOIUT,  1. 

toilet-glass,  «.    A  looking-glais  for  the 

toilet-table. 

toilet-paper,  «.    A  soft  paper,  for  the 

special  uses  of  the  toilet-room. 

*toilet-qnilt,  «.    A  tolletrcorer. 
toilet  room,  ..    [See  TOILET,  ..,  5.] 

toilet-service,  ».  The  earthenware  and 
glass  utensils  collectively  necessary  in  a 
dressing-room. 

toilet-table,*.    A  dressing-table. 

•  tSi-lette', ».    [Fr.J 

,   1.  The  same  as  TOILET,  4. 
2.  A  dressing-room. 

toll' -fill,  a.  [Eng.  toil  (IX  s. ;  -JuKM  Fall  of 
toil ;  involving  toil ;  laborious,  fatiguing. 

"  The  fruitful  lawni  contest  bU  toilful  c«re.- 

JrmCM.'  IMertjf. 

toil  -i-nctte',  toil  I  net', «.    [A  dimin.  from 
Fir.  toilc  =  cloth.]    [ToiL  (2),  >.] 
fabric : 

1.  A  kind  of  German  quilting. 

2.  A  fabric  of  silk  and  cotton  warp  and 
woollen  weft. 

•  toil  -less,  a.    [Eng.  toil  (1),  s. ;  -fen.)    Free 
from  toil. 

tolr-some,  *  toyle  some.  a.  [Eng.  toil 
(1),  s. ;  -some.]  Attended  with  toil ;  involving 
toil ;  laborious,  fatiguing,  wearisome. 

"  To  prune  these  growing  plant*,  aiid  tend  tbeee 

Which  were  it  totltyme.  yet  with  tlwe  wereiweet." 
Milton:  P.  L,  If.  at. 

•  toil'-some-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  toUsomt;  4y.] 
In  a  toileome  or  laborious  manner;  in  or  with 
toil. 

"Their  llf«  must  b«  tolltometf  spent  In  hewing  o< 
wood  aud  drawing  of  water  for  all  laraeL"— fip.  MoM  : 
Contempt ;  The  Gibetmitet. 

toll  some-ness,  *  toile  somo-nesae,  s. 

[Eng.  toilsome;  -mss.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  toilsome  ;  laboriousness,  wearisome- 
ness. 

*to~lae,  s.  [Fr.]  An  old  French  measure  of 
length,  containing  six  French  feet,  or  H)49 
metres,  equivalent  to  6-395  English  feet. 

•toi'-sech,  *tosh'-ach  (cA  guttural),  «. 
[Gael.]  A  captain  or* leader;  specif,  in  the 
early  history  of  Scotland,  an  officer  or 
dignitary  immediately  under  the  mormaer 
(q.v.).  The  office  was  hereditary  aud  attached 
to  a  cadet  of  the  family  of  the  mormaer. 

tol'-son,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tmuionem,  accns. 
of  tonsio  =  a  shearing,  from  tansta,  pa.  par. 
of  fc»ufeo  =  to  shear.]  The  fleece  of  a  sheep. 


toison  d'or,  s. 

1.  The  term  for  a  golden  fleece  or  the  Holy 
Lamb. 

2.  [GOLDEN-FLEECE,  1]. 

tok,  «.    [From  the  cry  of  the  bird.] 

Ornith. :  Rhynchoceros  (or  Tockut)  erythro- 
rhynehui,  the  Red. breasted  Hornbill,  from  the 
wooded  parts  of  Western,  Centml,  and  South- 
ern Africa.  It  is  about  eighteen  inches  in 
length. 

to-kay',  t.  (See  def.]  A  rich,  highly-prized 
wine  produced  at  Tokay,  in  Upper  Hungary, 
from  white  grapes.  It  lias  an  aromatic  taste. 
It  is  not  good  till  it  lias  been  kept  for  about 
three  years,  and  it  continues  to  improve  the 
longer  it  is  kept.  It  is  produced  from  grapes 
grown  on  the  side  of  a  low  chain  of  hills, 
never  more  than  700  feet  above  the  sea-level, 
named  the  Hegyalya.  Inferior  Hungarian 
wines  are  frequently  sold  under  this  name, 
and  many  French  and  German  imitations  are 
also  in  the  market 

to  ken,  "to-kene,  "tokno,  *to-kyn,j>. 

[A.S.  tdce/i,  tdcn,  from  teak  (for  tdk),  pa.  t.  of 
tikan,  <ed>i  =  to  accuse,  orig.  =  to  indicate, 
to  point  out ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  teeken  =  a  sign, 
mark,  miracle,  token ;  Icel.  takii,  teikn ;  Dan. 
tegn  ;  Sw.  £<  ckeii ;  Goth,  taikne ;  Ger.  zeichen. 
From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  indico  =  to  point 
out ;  doceo  =  to  teach  ;  Gr.  teinmiu.  (deik- 
niuni)  =  to  show.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Something  representing,  or  intended  or 
supposed  to  represent   or   indicate  another 
thing  or  event ;  a  sign,  a  symbol. 

*'  This  token  serveth  for  a  flag  of  truce. 
Betwixt  ourselves  and  all  our  followers. 

SAaiem  :  1  Henry  VI.,  Hi.  L 

2.  A   mark,   sign,  indication,  symbol,  or 
symptom;  specif.,  in  pestilential  diseases,  a 
livid    spot    upon  the  body,    indicating,    or 
supposed  to  indicate,  approaching  death. 

"  Corrupted  blood  somo  watery  token  show*." 

ahaketp, :  /tape  of  Lucrect,  1,748. 

3.  A  pledge  or  memorial  of  love  or  friend- 
ship ;  a  love-token,  a  keepsake. 

**  It  seem*  you  loved  not  her  to  leave  her  token." 
Shakelp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  ir.  4. 

4.  A  sign  by  which  one  proves  the  authen- 
ticity, legitimacy,  or  good  faith  of  a  com- 
mission or  demand. 

"  Say,  by  this  token,  I  desire  his  company.* 

shatter. :  lleutunfor  Meaum.  Ir.  «. 

*  5.  A  signal,  a  sign. 

••  He  made  a  tvkyn  to  his  knyghtes,  wherny  they 
knowyiue  his  mynde  fell  upon  bym  aud  slew  bym."— 
fail/an:  CAroiijeK.  ch.  ciiiii. 

6.  Now,  strictly,  a  piece  of  money  current  by 
sufferance,  and  not  coined  by  authority. 
Such  tokens  were  largely  current  in  the  last 
century,  being  coined  by  several  of  the 
corporations,  as  Bristol,  Ac.,  England.  In  a 
wider  sense  the  term  Is  applied  to  coins  or 
substitutes  for  coins  made  of  inferior  metal, 
or  of  a  quantity  of  metal  of  less  value  than  its 
name  would  indicate.  Owing  to  the  scarcity 
of  small  change  in  England,  and  the  loss  occa- 
sioned to  the  pjor  for  want  of  coin  of  less 
value  than  the  silver  penny  in  use  down  to 
the  time  of  the  Commonwealth,  halfpenny 
and  farthing  tokens  were  struck  in  brass, 
copper,  tin,  pewter,  luad,  aud  even  leather,  not 
only  by  the  Government,  but  by  tradespeople, 
tavern-kotpere,  and  others,  for  circulation  in 
their  own  neighborhood.  When  copper  coin- 
age became  sufficiently  abundant  to  meet 
the  wanta  of  the  population  it  was  made  a 
criminal  offence  to  issue  these  private  tokens, 
although  they  continued  to  circulate  in  small 
quantities  down  to  quite  recent  times.  The 
modern  nickel  anil  bronze  small  coins  of  the 
United  States  aud  Britain  are  a  token  coinage, 
as  they  are  worth  only  a  fractional  part  of 
their  nominal  value.  The  silver  coinage  con- 
sists also  of  tokens,  but  their  metallic  value 
more  nearly  approaches  their  nominal  value 
than  do  the  bronze  coins.  In  order  to  prevent 
loss  to  traders  nsing  these  token  coins,  the 
law  of  legal  tender  was  passed,  so  that  no  one 
need,  unless  he  choose,  accept  more  than  ten 
dollars  in  minor  silver,  or  twenty-five  cents  in 
nickel  coins  in  one  payment.  For  all  sums  of 
larger  value  he  may  demand  gold  or  national 
bank  notes.  The  silver  five-franc  piece  In 
France  is  not  a  token  coin;  its  metallic 
value  Is  equal  to  that  of  the  gold  five- 
franc  piece,  and  these  both  (owing  to  the 
Double  Standard  prevailing  In  France)  are 
equal  to  their  nominal  value.  [TAVEBJI- 
TOKEK. 


II.  Technically: 

1.  Church  of  Scotland,  itc. :  A  small  disc  of 
metal,  generally  lead  or  tin,  issued  prior  to 
the  celebration  of  the  Lord's  Supper  in  each 
Established  Church,  to  every  one  connected 
with  the    congregation   who,   being    in    full 
communion,  is  entitled  to  be  present  at  the 
sacrament.    Tokens  are  now  gradually  giving 
place  to  communion  cards.      A  similar  ar- 
rangement prevails  in  most  of  the  non-Esta- 
blished Presbyterian  churches. 

2.  Mining :  A  piece  of  leather  with  a  dis- 
tinct mark  for  each  hewer,  one  of  which  he 
sends  up  with  each  corf  or  tube. 

3.  Printing:  Technically,  24U  impressions;  in 
practice,  generally,  260  impressions,  or  four 
tokens  for  each  WOO  sheets  printed  on  one  side. 

II  By  token,  By  this  token,  By  the  same  token: 
Phrases  colloquially  used  in  corroboration  of 
some  statement  and  equivalent  to :  As  a  proof 
of  what  I  say ;  This  will  prove  what  I  say ; 
as  a  proof,  &c. 

token-money,  «.  Metallic  or  paper  cur- 
rency, itself  valueless  in  substance,  but  which 
derives  integrity  and  exchangeability  from  a 
promise  of  redemption  in  some  other  money  or 
commodity,  generally  gold  or  silver. 

token-sheet,  >. 

Print. :  The  last  sheet  of  a  token. 

*  to  -ken,  r.(.    [TOKEN,  >.] 

1.  To  make  known  ;  to  testify,  to  betoken; 
to  be  a  sign  or  memorial  of. 

"  On  your  finger  In  the  night,  I'll  put 
Another  ring,  that  what  in  time  proceed* 
May  taken  to  the  future  our  uast  deeds." 

Shalalp. :  Alii  WeU  Una  Sniit  Will.  l».  I. 

2.  To  give  a  token  or  sign  to ;  to  mark,  as 
with  a  token. 

"  *  How  appears  the  fight?' 
—  -  side,  like  the  toket 
death  is  sure.' " 
Skakeip.  :  Antony  tt  Cleopatra,  Hi.  &, 

to  -ken  loss,  a.  [Eng.  token,  8.;  -less.}  With- 
out a  token. 

t8-t51'-6  gf,  «.    Same  as  TocotooT. 

tol,  v.t.     [Lat.  tollo  =  to  raise,  to  take  away.] 
Law:  To  take  away ;  to  toll. 

to'-la,  «.  [Hind,  tula  =  a  balance.]  A  weight 
for  gold  and  silver,  equal  to  about  180  grains 
Troy,  but  differing  in  different  places. 

toi-al'-lyl.  o.  [Eng.  toUflne),  and  allyl.}  De- 
rived from  or  containing  tolane  and  allyl. 

tolallyl -sulphide,  <. 

Ckem. :  (C7Hj)jS.  A  product  obtained  by 
the  dry  distillation  of  sulphide  or  disulphide 
of  beuziL  After  repeated  crystallization  from 
alcohol,  it  forms  a  white  crystalline  powder, 
very  sparingly  soluble  in  alcohol,  easily  in 
ether,  and  melting  at  143°-145°.  (Watts.) 

tol-ane',  s.    [Eng.  toK.n);  -ant.] 

Chen. :  CuIIio.  Has  the  constitution  of 
diphenyl  acetylene,  c(Cer!^  and  U  outained 
by  boiling  stilbene  bromide  with  alcoholic 
potash.  It  forms  large  crystals  melting  aft 
60°,  easily  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

tOl-bOOth',  S.     [TOLLBOOTH.) 

told,  pret.  £  pa.  par.  ofv.    [TILL,  ».] 

*  tole,  *  toll,  "  tolle,  *  tulle,  ».t    [Etrm. 
doubtful.]    To  draw  on  or  attract  as  by  Uu 
offer  of  something  pleasant  or  desirable ;  to 
allure  by  some  bait. 

••  If  they  did  let  them  stand,  they  should  but  toB 
beggers  to  the  towne."-/Min»A«<i.-  Dataript.  Enaland. 
bk.  ii..  eh.  mil. 

to-le'-do,  «.  [See  def.]  A  terra  applied  to  • 
sword-blade  of  the  finest  temper,  and  so 
named  from  Toledo  in  Spain,  which,  during 
the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries,  wa» 
famous  for  the  quality  of  the  sword-blades 
manufactured  there. 

toledo  blade,  s.  The  same  as  TOLEDO 
(q.v.). 

tSl-ene,  «.    [TOLDEKE.] 

Ckem. :  Ci0Hi8.  The  oily  portion  of  tolo- 
balsam,  obtained  by  distillation  with  water, 
and  further  rectification  of  the  distillate.  It 
is  a  colourless  mobile  liquid  of  pungent  odour, 
sp.  gr.  =  -858  at  10%  boils  at  170°,  and,  on  ex- 
posure to  the  air,  quickly  takes  up  oxygen 
and  becomes  resiiiiied. 


boil,  b6y;  pout,  J6%1;  eat,  jell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xencphon,  eylst,   ph  -  L. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -Uon, -Bion  =  «lit.n; -(ion, -jion  =  ahan,   -otoa*,  -ttouB,  -«iou>  =  shua.   -tola, -die,  &c.  =  bel,  djU 


4718 


tolerability— toll 


•tdl-er-a-baa'-I-t?,  s.  [Eng.  tolerable  ;  -Uy.} 
Ihe  quality  or  state  of  being  tolerable  ;  toler- 
ableness. 

tSl-er-a-ble,  •  tol-ler-a-ble,  o.  [Fr. 
loimiWe,  from  Lat.  tolerabilis,  from  tolero  = 
to  tolerate  (q.v.);  Sp.  tolerable;  Ital.  tollera- 
tnle.l 

1.  Callable  of  being  borne  or  endured  ;  en- 
durable ;    supportable,    either    mentally   or 
physically. 

"Render  hell 
More  tolerable-  jitua,  •  p.  /,..  It  «0. 

2.  Fit  to  be   tolerated  or   put   up  with: 
•Arabia. 

"They  Judged  their  errors  to  be  toleraHe.~-Seott  . 
Chritlian  Life,  pt.  L.  cli.  iv. 

3.  Moderately  good  or  agreeable  ;  not  con- 
temptible ;  passable,  middling  ;  not  very  ex- 
cellent  or  pleasing,  but  such  as  can  be  put  up 
with  or  received  without  positive  disapproval 
or  approval. 

"  The  reader  may  be  assured  of  a  tolerable  transla- 
tion. —  Dryden.    (Toad.) 

4.  In    pretty   good   health  ;  pretty  well  ; 
fcirly  well.    (Colloq.) 

"  We're  tolerable,  air,  I   tliank  you."—  C.  BronU  : 
Jane  Eyre.  en.  xxri. 

Wl  era  We  -ness,  ,«.  [Eng.  tolerable  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tolerable,  en- 
durable, or  inpportable. 

-With  •  uteraNfneu  o(  uiarj.--A,lam:    Worti. 
II.  UT. 


y  .  adv.     [Eng. 

1.  In  a  tolerable  manner  or  degree  ;  so  as 
to  be  tolerated,  endured,  or  supported  •  en- 
durable. 

2.  Moderately  well  ;  neither  very  well  nor 
very  ill  ;  passably  ;  neither  very  much  nor 
very  little  ;  in  a  moderate  degree. 

"Of  their  growth  bU  unaided  eye  haft  made  bim 
tolerably  cognisant.'—  Dally  Telegraph,  Aug.  81.  1885. 

tol-er   an?e,  *  tol-ler-annce,  «.    [Fr. 

tolerance,  from-  Lat.  tolerantia,  from  tolerant 
pr.  par.  of  (ofero  =  to  tolerate  (q.v.);  Sp.  & 
Port,  tolerantia;  Ital.  tollerama.} 

i  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tolerant  ; 
power  or  capacity  of  tolerating,  enduring,  or 
supporting  ;  endurance, 

"  Diogenes  one  frosty  morning  came  Into  the 
market-place  shaking,  to  show  his  tolerance.'—  Bacon. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  enduring  or  supporting. 

3.  A  disposition  to  be  tolerant,  patient,  or 
Indulgent  towards  others  whose  opinions  or 
practices  differ  from  or  are  opposed  to  one's 
own,  provided   such   opinions  or  practices 
spring  from  sincere  and  upright  motives  or 
convictions  ;  freedom  from  bigotry  or  severity 
in  judging  the  opinions  or  conduct  of  others. 

kiTi?e>j£!!S'ti*S.  *"Mt  "  ch»ri»7  •""!  tolerance 
which  breathes  through  this  work,  and  aooean  In 
the  sentiment,  which  the  author  avowed  iSTtomS 

i       *  a°""":  smm>-  T°L  '»••  •""  " 


4.  The  act  of  tolerating  ;  toleration. 

IL  Med.  :  The  ability  of  the  constitution  to 
endure  doses  of  medicine  during  sickness 
which  would  injure  it  in  health. 

tol  -er-ant,  «  tol  er-annt,  a.  &  ».    [Lat. 

tolerant,  pr.  par.  of  tolero  =  to  tolerate  (q.v.).] 

A.  Asadj.  :  Inclined  ordisposed  to  tolerate  • 

free  from  bigotry  ;  favouring  toleration  :  for- 

bearing,  enduring. 

"To  decorate  with  all  the  splendour 
«PUlt  of  ita  votaries.--  Wk 


*  B.  As  rubst.  :  A  person  free  from  bigotry  • 
•pecif.,  one  who  allows  the  practice  of  reli- 
gions differing  from  or  opposed  to  his  own 
form  of  belief. 

"  Henry  the  Fourth  waa  a  hero  with  Voltaire,  for 
no  better  reason  than  that  he  was  the  first  mat 
rofcra.ij.-W.  Marie,  :  I'oltalre,  ch.  UL 

toT-8r-antJy,  ad,.      [Eng.    tolerat;    ^1 
In  a  tolerant  manner  ;  with  toleration. 


toT  er-ate,  •  tol-ler-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  toler- 
0/U8,  pa.  par.  of  toleri  =  to  endure  ;  allied  to 
tollo  =  to  lift,  to  bear;  Sansc.  ««J  =  to  lift; 
Gr  rAipw  (««n<zi)  =  to  suffer;  A.8.  tholian 
=  to  endure  ;  Fr.  Merer  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  tolmr; 
Ital.  tollerun.] 

1.  To  suffer  or  allow  to  be  or  to  be  done 
without  prohibition,  hindrance,  or  support  ; 
to  allow  or  permit  negatively  by  not  prevent- 


ing or  forbidding;  not  to  restrain  or  forbid  ; 
to  treat  with  patience  and  forbearance. 

"  80  that  to  tolerate  is  not  to  prosecute.  And  the 
question  whether  the  prince  may  tolerate  divers  i*r 
swasions.  is  no  more  then  whether  he  may  lawfully 
persecute  any  man  for  not  being  of  his  opinion  Now 
in  ttiis  case  he  is  just  so  to  tolerate  diversity  of  per 
•wuioiuae  be  Is  to  tolerate  |.ublick  actions:  for  no 
opinion  19  Ju.li.  jO.le.  nor  no  person  punishable,  hut 
lor  a  sin.  -«p.  Ta,lor  :  Libert,  o/  Pnplulyin,,  j  IsT 

2.  To  put  up  with  ;  to  endure. 

t8l-er-a  -tlon,  "  tol-ler-a'-tion,  s      TFr 

toleration,  (ram  Lat.  taleratioiiem,  accus  of 
taUratio,  from  toleratui,  pa.  pur.  of  tolero  =  to 
tolerate  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  tolerating  or  enduring  ;  allow- 
ance of  something  not  wholly  approved. 

"There  is  also  moderation  in  toleration  of  fortune 
of  euery  sorte.  whk-he  of  Tulli  Is  called  enuabllitie"" 
Blyvt :  lioKrnour.  bk.  iii..  cb.  xj. 

2.  Specifically,  the  recognition  of  the  right 
of  private  judgment  in  matters  of  faith  and 
worship  ;  the  liberty  allowed  by  a  government 
to  every  individual  to  hold  or  publicly  teach 
his  own  religious  opinions,  and  to  worship 
how,  when,  and  whom  he  pleases,  provided 
he  does  not  violate  thereby  the  rights   of 
others  or  infringe  laws  made  for  the  mainten- 
ance of  decency,  morality,  and  good  order  or 
fur  the  security  of  the  state. 

"  Toleration  la  o(  two  kinds :  the  allowing  to  the 
JiT"1"!?  ,tbe  ull"»»1~««d  profession  and  eiircuM lot 
their  religion,  but  with  an  e«clnslon  from  officST  of 
troat  and  emolument  in  the  state,  which  Is  a  partial 
toleration  •  and  the  admitting  them,  without  dKtinc: 
tlon.  to  all  the  civil  privileges  and  capacities  of  other 
Derai"-. 


U  There  was  no  toleration  under  the  Jewish 
theocracy  or  the  semi-theocratic  monarchy  • 
the  individual  who  worshipped  false  gods,  or 
who  induced  others  to  do  so,  was  regarded  as 
a  traitor  against  Jehovah,  and  received  the 
ordinary    punishment    of    a    traitor— death. 
(Num.  xxv.  1-11,   Deut  xiii.   1-18,  1  Kings 
xviii.  40.)    The  spirit  of  the  New  Testament 
is  distinctly  in  favour  of  toleration  (cf  Acts 
x.  84,  35).    The  old  Roman  empire  was,  as  a 
rule,  tolerant  The  images  worshipped  by  the 
several  nationalities  constituting  it,  or  with 
which  it  was  brought  in  contact  as  its  con- 
quests extended,  all  received  a  certain  wel- 
come; and  one   of   the   chief  reasons  why 
Christianity  was  persecuted  was  that  it  was  not 
contented  to  be  one  of  a  number  of  accepted 
faiths,  but  claimed  to  be  the  one  only  true  re- 
ligion, proselytizing  from  all  the  rest    Hindu- 
ism holds  essentially  the  same  position.    Mu- 
hammadanism  recognizes  no  proper  religious 
liberty,  and  when  it  has  the  power  is  a  most 
intolerant  faith,  though  it  is  sometimes  com- 
pelled to  come  to  terms  of  accommodation 
with  a  rival  faith,  as  was  the  case  in  India 
A  church   established  or  dominant   is   apt 
to  regard  those  who  dissent  from  its  doc- 
trines or  ritual  as  committing  a  grave  offence, 
and  to  treat  them  intolerantly ;  they,  on  the 
contrary,  contend  for  religious  liberty.    If 
however,   the   positions   of   the    two   were 
reversed,  It  would  be  found  that,  is  many 
cases,  a  corresponding  change  of  views  would 
occur.     The  standpoint  of  a  government  is 
different :  its  tendency  is  to  toleration.     If 
the  members  of  the  several  denominations 
are  willing  to  pay  taxes  and  avoid  exciting 
commotion,  the  government  generally  acts  tol- 
erantly to  them,  and  is  the  more  moved  to  do 
so  if  it  flnds  that  it  runs  the  risk  of  crushing 
defeat  when  it  measures  its  strength  against 
that  of  the  human  conscience.    The  philo- 
sophic view  was  expressed  by  John  Stuart 
Mill  when,  in  answer  to  a  query  put  to  him 
in  connection  with  a  parliamentary  election 
he  answered  :  "  There  should  be  no  religious 
disabilities."    The  word  toleration  does  not 
now  figure  in  controversy  so  largely  as  it  did, 
the  chief  Nonconformists  no  longer  contending 
for  it,  but  aiming  at  religious  equality. 

3.  A  disposition  to  tolerate,  or  not  to  judge 
or  deal  harshly  or  rigorously  in  cases  of  dif- 
ference of  opinion  or  conduct ;  freedom  from 
bigotry. 

Toleration  Act,  <. 

Eng.  Hist.  :•  The  name  given  to  statute  1 
Will.  &  Mary,  c.  18,  under  which  freedom 
worship  was  granted  to  Protestant  dis- 
senters from  the  Church  of  England,  provided 
they  made  a  declaration  against  transubstan- 
tiation,  and  took  the  oaths  of  allegiance  and 
supremacy.  This  act  has  been  so  amended 
and  extended  from  time  to  time  that  now  all 
dissenters,  Roman  Catholics,  Jews,  and  all 
others  sects  alike  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of 
the  constitution. 


tSl'-er-a-tor,  «.  [Eng.  toleraHe);  -or.)  On« 
who  tolerates. 

*  tol'-I-bant,  s.    [TURBAN.]    A  turban. 

"  The  Turke  aud  Persian  to  weare  gre 
ten,  nfteene.  and  twentle  elles  oMtaS 

ch"inv  "'""fc""/  *" 

tSl'-Jn,  ».    [Eng.  (O!(M);  -in.]    (TOLUENE.) 

toll  (1),  •  tol,  s.  [A.S.  toll  ;  cogn.  with  Cut. 
«,•  Icel.  tollr;  Dan.  told;  Sw.  lull;  Ger.  zoU. 
Probably  allied  to  tale,  in  the  sense  of  enu- 
meration,  number.]  A  tax  paid  or  a  duty 
charged  for  some  liberty  or  privilege  or  other 
consideration  :  as  — 

(1)  A  charge  made  by  the  authorities  en- 
trusted  with  the  maintenance  of  roads,  bridge*, 
4c.,  for  the  jassage  of  persons,  cattle    or 
goods. 

(2)  The  payment  claimed  by  the  authorities 
of  a  port  for  goods  or  persons  landed  or 
shipped  there. 

(3)  The  sum  charged  by  the  owners  of  a 
market  or  fair  for  goods  brought  to  be  sold 
there,  or  for  liberty  to  break  soil  for  the  pur- 
pose of  erecting  temporary  structures. 


(4)  A  portion  of  grain  taken  by  a  miller  as 
compensation  for  grinding. 

toll-bar,  «.  A  gate  or  bar  placed  across 
a  road  to  stop  animals  and  vehicles  till  toll  be 
paid. 

tOll-bOOth,  «.      [TOLLBOOTH.] 

toll-bridge,  s.  A  bridge  where  toll  it 
charged  for  passing  over  it 

toll  collector,  & 

1.  A  toll-man  ;  a  toll-collector. 

2.  A  registering  turnstile  or  gate  to  indi- 
cate the  number  of  persous  passing. 

a  A  device  attached  to  the  feed  of  a  grain- 
mill  to  subtract  the  toll. 

toll  corn,  ».  Corn  taken  at  a  mill  ai 
payment  for  grinding. 

toll  dis 
given  capaci 


toll  dish,    *  toll-hop.  ».     A  vessel  of 
iven  capacity  for  taking  the  toll  or 
tion  of  grain  ground  on  shares. 

" 


propor. 
. 

"  If  tbou  beest  a  true  man.  then,  quoth  the  miller. 
I  sweare  bv  my  fofl-dirt,  I'll  lodge  thee  all  night- 
Old  Halloa.  King  t  Miller  o}  Uanifield. 


--—  =*-•—•  *•  A  turnpike  gate  at  whicl 
toll  is  collected. 

*  toll-gatherer, '  tol -gatherer,  «.   A 
man  who  takes  toll. 

"For  we  hardly  can  abide  pnbllcanes  customers, 
and  telial\crert.  but  are  mightily  offended  with 
them.  —  f.  Holland :  I'lutanh,  p.  li*. 

•  toll  hall,  •  tole  hall,  .«.    A  prison,  a 
tollbooth. 

. ,"  Reaching  from  the  plllorle  to  the  tale-loll,  or  to  the 
high  crosse."-/7oH>u*«i.-  Bacriyt.  of  Ireland,  ch.  lU 

*tOll-hOp,  S.     [lOLL-DISH.] 

toll  house,  s.  The  residence  of  the  toll- 
collector  at  a  turnpike  gate ;  a  house  placed 
by  a  road  near  a  toll-gate,  at  the  end  of  a  toll- 
bridge,  or  the  like,  where  the  toll-gatherer  if 
stationed. 

toll-man.  ».  A  toll-gatherer ;  the  keeper 
of  a  toll-gate. 

"The  tM.men  thinking  as  before 
That  Oilnin  rode  a  race."       Cowper  :  Jokn  Oilptm 

'  toll-thorough,  «.  The  toll  taken  by  t 
town  for  persons,  cattle,  or  goods  going 
through  it,  or  over  a  bridge  or  ferry  maintained 
at  its  cost 

*  toll-traverse,  ».    The  toll  taken  by* 
peraon  for  beasts  or  goods  passing  across  hii 
ground. 

•  toll  turne.  torn-toll,  >.    A  toll  paid 
at  the  return  of  beasts  from  fair  or  market 
where  they  were  not  sold. 

toll  (2),  t.     [Ton  (2),  ».)    The  sounding  of  • 
bell  with  slow,  measured  strokes. 

. ."  T»e  ro»  of  a  bell  Is  Its  being  lifted  np.  which  caoaea 
that  sound  we  call  its  toll."—fl.  Took* :  IHvertiont «/ 
furiey,  ii.  ISO. 

•  toll  (I),  •  toll-en,  r.i.  &  t.    [TOLL  (I),  ••) 
A.  Intransitive: 
I.  To  pay  toll  or  tollage. 

"I  will  buy  me  a  smi.ln-Iaw  In  a  fair,  and  toll  tat 
mm:  lor  this,  111  none  of  him."—  &lMjceto.  '  Altt 
fell,  T.  s. 


SATS.  ^'J^  ^l  <*  w*.  *e«,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  K6.  pot, 
wore,  wglt  work,  who,  son;  mote.  cob.  our*  units.  «mr.  rute,  alu.  try.  Syrian.    «.  «  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «o  =  kw? 


toll— toluosalicylol 


4749 


1  To  take  or  charge  toll ;  to  raise  a  tax. 

"  We!  coude  be  sttlen  come,  and  tolten  thriea, 
And  yet  he  had  a  thomh  of  gold,  parde. 

Ckaucer:  C.  T.,  Prol.  6«. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  raise,  levy,  or  collect,  as  a 
•  toll :  to  exact  as  a  toll  or  tribute. 

"  Like  the  bee.  totting  from  every  flower 


toll (2),  "toll-en,  •  toll-yn,  v.t.  bi.  [Etym. 
doubtful.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

*  1.  To  draw,  to  entice,  to  attract 
"  Thia   tolleth  him  touward  thee."— Jncren  Atofe, 
p.  890. 

2.  To  cause  (a  bell)  to  sound  with  strokes 
slowly  and  uniformly  repeated,  as  to  summon 
public    bodies  or  religious  congregations  to 
their  meetings ;  to  announce  the  death  of  a 
person,  or  to  give  solemnity  to  a  funeral. 

3.  To  give  out  with  a  slow,  measured  sound. 

"  And  bells  toUrd  out  their  mighty  peat 
For  the  departed  spirit's  weal" 

Scott :  Lag  of  Out  Lait  Minitrcl,  Ti.  SL 

•4.  To  indicate  by  tolling  or  sounding. 
8.  To  draw  attention  to,  or  give  notice  of, 
by  slowly-repeated  sounds  of  a  bell ;  to  ring 
for  or  on  account  of. 

11  A  sullen  bell, 
KememberM  tolling  »  departed  !rleud.- 

mSSSTi  2  Smn  ir.,  1.  L 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  sound  or  ring,  as  a  bell,  with  slowly- 
tepeated  strokes. 

"  The  clocks  do  toll.'       Shaketp.  :  Bmry  F.,  iv. 

2.  To   ring    a    bell    with   slowly-repeated 
strokes,  as  for  a  funeral. 

toll  (3),  v.t.    [Lat.  lotto  =  to  lift,  to  take  away.] 
Law :  To  take  away  ;  to  vacate,  to  annul. 

"  An  appeal  from  sentence  of  excommunication  does 
Dot  suspend  it,  but  then  devolves  it  to  a  superior 
judge,  and  I'M*  the  presumption  in  favour  at  a  sen- 
tence.—  AyHfff, 

H  To  tott  an  entry : 

Law:  To  deny  and  take  away  the  right  of 
entry. 

•toll'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.(oZ2(l),T.;-aMe.]  Sub- 
ject to  the  payment  of  a  toll :  as,  tollable  goods. 

•toll  -age  (age  as  Ig),  8.  [Eng.  toll  (1),  s. ; 
•age.]  Toll ;  payment  of  a  toll. 

"  By  Leofric  her  lord,  yet  in  base  bondage  held, 
The  people  from  her  marts  by  tollage  who  expell'd." 
Oration:  SWy-OlMon.  s.  13. 

toll  booth,  « tol  bothe,  t.  [Eng.  Ml  (1), 
s.,  and  booth.] 

•  1.  A  place  where  duties  or  tolls  are 
collected. 

2.  The  old  Scotch  name  for  a  burgh  gaol,  so 
called  because  that  was  the  name  originally 
given  to  a  temporary  hut  of  boards  erected  in 
fairs  and.markets,  and  where  such  as  did  not 
pay,  or  were  chargeable  with  some  breach  of 
the  law  in  buying  or  selling,  were  confined 
till  reparation  was  made :  hence,  any  prison. 
The  town  prison  of  Cambridge  was  formerly 
known  by  this  name. 

"  The  mayor  refused  to  give  them  the  keys  of  the 
TMbaoth  or  town-prison."—  Fuller:  SiO.  Cambridge, 
Til.  Si. 

•toll-booth,  v.t.    [TOLLBOOTH,  8.)    To  im 

prison  in  a  tollbooth. 

•toll'-er  (1),  8.  [Eng.  tott  (I),  v.;  -er.J  One 
who  collects  tolls ;  a  toll  gatherer. 

toll'-er  (2),  «.  [Eng.  toB  (2),  v.;  •«-.]  One 
who  tolls  a  bell. 

toll'- gate,  ».  A  gate,  real  or  symbolized  by 
the  collector's  house,  at  which  a  turnpike  toll 
is  paid, 

toll  house,  t.    A  toll  collector's  boose.    [See 

ToLLOiTE.] 

•tdU'-ry;  « tol-rle,  s.  [Eng.  toll(l\  s. ;  -ry.} 
A  tollbooth,  or,  perhaps,  the  occupation  ol 
taking  tolls ;  toll-taking. 


"  Fetre  went 
hta  loirio.  •—  ITio 


en  to  fishing,  but  Mathew  not  to 
-  ;  Sermon  181  (Work»  1L,  1881 


tol  men,  a.    [DOLMEN.] 

To-16-sa,  i.    [Sp.    (See  def.X] 

Geog. :  A  district  of  the  province  of  Oui- 
pnscoa,  in  Spain. 

Tolosa  wood,  «. 

Bot. :  Pittosporum  bicolor. 

til  -pis,  8.    [Meaning  not  known.    (Poxton.)'. 
Bot. :  A  genus   of  Hyoseridese.     Annua! 


Composites,  having  the  pappus  of  the  outer 
florets  toothed  and  that  of  the  inner  ones  with 
two  or  four  awns.  Flowers  yellow,  sometimes 
with  a  purple  eye.  Natives  of  southern 
Europe.  Six  species  are  cultivated  in  gardens 
in  flower-borders. 

*t6T-ses-ter,  s.  [First  element  toll  (1),  s. ;  | 
etyrn.  of  second  element  doubtful.)  A  duty  \ 
paid  by  tenants  of  some  manors  to  the  lord  • 
for  liberty  to  brew  aud  sell  ale. 

tol'-sefr  >.  [TOLL  (1),  s.]  A  tollbooth ;  also 
a  place  where  merchants  usually  assembled 
and  commercial  courts  were  held.  There  is 
still  a  Tolsey  in  Gloucester. 

"The  place  under  it  is  their  Tottey  or  Exchange,  for 
the  meeting  of  tbeir  merchant*." — ftf/oe:  Tour  thro 
Great  Britain,  ill.  23». 

"tolt,  s.  [Low  Lat.  tolta,  from  Lat.  to!io  =  to 
take  away.) 

Law:  A  writ  whereby  a  cause  depending  in  a 
court-baron  was  removed  into  a  county-court. 

to  lu',  ».  [Named  from  Santiago  de  Tolu,  a 
seaport  of  Granada,  from  which  it  is  believed 
that  tolu  was  first  brought.] 

L  Bot.,  itc. :  A  balsam  derived  from  Sfyro- 
spernmm  tolutferum,  the  Tolu-tree,  an  elegant 
evergreen,  so  lofty  that  sometimes  the  first 
branch  is  forty  to  sixty  feet  from  the  ground. 
The  leaves  are  pinnated  and  marked  with 
transparent  dots ;  the  leaflets  membranous, 
obovate,  taper-pointed,  the  terminal  one  the 
largest.  It  is  a  native  of  Venezuela  and  New 
Granada.  The  balsam  flows  from  incisions 
made  in  the  stem  of  the  tree,  and  is  at  first  of 
the  consistence  of  turpentine,  but  becomes 
more  tenacious  when  kept  for  a  time.  It  is 
yellow  or  brown,  and  transparent,  and  is  used 
as  an  ingredient  in  a  syrup  and  in  lozenges. 

2.  Pharm. :  Balsam  of  Tolu  is  a  stimulant 
and  expectorant,  given  in  chronic  bronchitis 
and  rheumatism.  It  also  diminishes  excessive 
discharges  in  gleet  and  leucorrhcea.  Exter- 
nally it  is  used  as  a  stimulant  in  ulcers,  bed 
sores,  &c.  (Garrod.) 

tolu  tree,  s.    [Tom,  1.] 

tol  u -ate,  >.    [Eng.  tolv(ic);  -alt.] 
Chem. :  A  salt  of  toluic  acid  (q.v.). 

tol'-n-ene.  s.     [Eng.  tola,;  -ene.] 

Chem. :  CyHj  =  CaH^CHj).  Tolin.  Pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  sodium  on  a  mixture 
of  bromobenzene  and  methyl  iodide,  and  also 
occurs  in  light  coal-tar  oil.  It  is  a  limpid 
liquid  smelling  like  benzene,  and  having  a 
nearly  similar  solvent  power ;  sp.  gr.  =  '882 
at  0°,  boils  at  111*.  Passed  through  a  red-hot 
porcelain  tube,  it  yields  various  compounds, 
among  which  have  been  observed  benzene, 
naphthalene,  dibenzyl,  and  anthracene, 

toluene  sulphamide,  8. 

Chem. :  C7H7'SO2-NH2.  Produced  by  the 
action  of  aqueous  ammonia  on  toluene  sulpho- 
chloride.  It  crystallizes  from  hot  water  in 
needles  or  in  lamina?. 

toluene  sulpho  chloride,  <. 

Chem, :  CVHjSOjCL  Obtained  by  triturat- 
ing toluene-sulphate  of  sodium  with  an  equal 
weight  of  phosphoric  pentachloride,  and  seve- 
ral times  washing  the  product  with  water.  It 
separates  from  ether  in  rhombic  plates  or 
large  prisms,  melts  at  68°,  and  boils  with  de- 
composition at  260°.  It  is  insoluble  in  water, 
but  dissolves  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  benzene. 

toluene  sulphuric  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CVHrSOjH.  Formed  by  the  action 
of  fuming  sulphuric -acid  on  toluene  from 
tolu-balsam.  [Ton;,  1.]  It  crystallizes  in 
small,  very  deliquescent  lamina-. 

toluene  sulphurous  acid,  «. 

Chem. :  C7H78O2H.  This  acid  is  obtained 
by  treating  toluene  sulpho-ehloride,  dissolved 
in  ether  free  from  water  or  alcohol,  with  sodi- 
um amalgam.  It  crystallizes  from  water  in 
rhombic  tables,  having  a  brilliant  satiny  lustre, 
melting  at  85°,  aud  dissolving  easily  in  boiling 
water,  alcohol,  ether,  and  benzene.  It  passes 
by  oxidation  into  toluene  sulphuric-acid. 

to! -n-en-yl,  t.    [Eng.  toluene);  -yL]    [BEN- 

ZYL-TOLVL.) 

to!-U-gljr9'-iC,  a.  [Eng.  tolu;  glycerin),  and 
suff.  -tc.]  Derived  from  or  containing  toluic 
acid  and  glycerine. 

toluglyclc-acld,  s.    [TOLCRIO-ACID.] 


tSl-u'-lc,  a.    (Eng.  tolu;  -fc.]    Contained  If 
or  derived  from  tolu  (q.v.). 

toluic  -acid,  s. 

Chemistry: 


Four  acids  are  known :  ortho-,  para-,  meta-, 
and  alpha-.  The  tirst  three  are  formed  by 
oxidation  of  the  corresponding  xyleues,  and 
the  last  by  treating  benzyl  cyanide  with  alka- 
lis. Ortho-  crystallizes  in  long  slender  needles, 
melting  at  102-63,  and  is  moderately  soluble 
in  hot  water ;  para-  crystallizes  in  needles, 
melting  at  178° ;  meta-  yields  slender  needles, 
melting  at  109°,  and  more  soluble  in  water 
than  ortho-  or  para-.  The  alpha  acid  crystal- 
lizes in  broad  thin  lamina-,  smells  like  horse- 
sweat,  melts  at  76'6°,  and  boils  at  261% 

toluic  aldehyde,  s. 

Chem. :  C8H7OH  =  C7H7OOH.  Produced 
by  distilling  a  mixture  of  toluate  and  formate 
of  calcium.  The  distillate,  treated  with  acid 
sulphite  of  sodium,  forms  a  crystalline  com- 
pound, which,  on  addition  of  carbonate  of 
sodium,  yields  the  aldehyde  as  an  oil.  It  has 
a  peppery  odour,  boils  at  204°,  and  when  ex- 
posed to  the  air  takes  up  oxygen,  and  be- 
comes converted  into  toluic-acid. 

toluic  chloride,  8. 

Chem. :  C8H7OC1.  Produced  by  distilling 
toluic-acid  with  phosphoric  pentachloride.  It 
Is  a  strongly  refracting  colourless  liquid; 
sp.  gr.  =  1-175,  boils  at  214°,  and  fumes  in 
moist  air. 

toluic  ether,  8. 

Chem. :  C8H7(C2H(s)O2.  Ethylic  toluate. 
Prepared  by  passing  hydrochloric  acid  gas 
into  an  alcoholic  solution  of  toluic  acid.  By 
the  additioa  of  water  it  separates  as  a  heavy 
oil  which,  when  washed  with  ammonia  and 
dried  over  chloride  of  calcium,  is  obtained  as 
a  colourless  aromatic  liquid,  having  a  bitter 
taste,  and  boiling  at  228* 

tol  u-ide,  8.    [Eng.  tolu ;  -ide.] 

Chem.  (PI.) :  Compounds,  homologous  with 
the  anilides,  derived  from  toluidine  salts  of 
organic  acids  by  abstraction  of  water.  They 
may  be  regarded  as  amides  containing  the 
radical  tolyl. 

tol  u'-I-dene,  t.    [Eng.  toluid(e);  -ene.] 

Chem. :  C^Ba.  An  aldehyde  radical,  the 
bromide  of  which— C7H6Br2— is  obtained  by 
the  action  of  phosphoric  pentabromide  on 
bitter  almond  oil,  CVH6O. 

tol-u'-I-dine,  8.    [Eng.  toluid(e);  -int.] 

Chem. :  C7H9N  =  CsH^NHjjJCHj.  This 
base,  metameric  with  benzylamine,  exhibits 
the  three  modifications  of  ortho-,  meta-,  and 
para-,  which  are  obtained  by  the  action  of  re- 
ducing agents  on  the  corresponding  nitro- 
tolnenes.  Paratoluidine  forms  large  colourless 
crystals,  sparingly  soluble  in  water,  easily  in 
alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  45°,  boils  at  198*% 
and  has  an  aromatic  taste  and  odour;  the 
ortho-compound  is  a  colourless  neutral  liquid 
having  the  density  of  water,  and  boiling  at 
199'5° ;  and  the  meta-  is  a  colourless  liquid  of 
a  sp.  gr.  of  -998  at  15°,  and  boiling  at  197', 
Commercial  toluidine  is  a  mixture  of  the 
para-  and  ortho-compound,  and  enters  into 
the  composition  of  the  aniline  dyes. 

t6!-u-6X  8.    [Eng.  tolu ;  -ol.]    [TOLUENE.) 
tol-u-ol'-Ic,  a.    [Eng.  toluol;  -ic.]    (ToLOic.) 
tol-u-d-ni'-trfl,  s.    [Eng.  toluo(l),  and  nitrtt.} 
Chem. :   C8H7N  =  C6H4(CN)CH3.      Cyano- 
toluene.    Three  isomeric  modifications  of  this 
compound  are  known,   fonned    by   treating 
the     respective      tolyl  -  sulpho  -  carbimides, 
N  -{  Q-g  CH     with  finely  divided  copper  to 
remove  the  sulphur.    The  ortho-compound  is 
a  colourless  liquid  boiling  at  20:i° ;  the  para- 
yields  colourless   needles,  melting  at  28'5°, 
boiling  at  218°;  the  mete-  has  not  yet  been 
obtained  in  the  pure  state. 

toi-U-6-»al'-i-$yl, «.      [TOLCOSALICYLOLO 

tSl-n-d-sSl-l'-cjfl-o'r,  ».    [Eng.  toluo(t),  and 
salicylol.] 

Chem.:  C7HS(C8H7O)02.  Toluosalicyl.  Pre 
pared  by  heating  together  equal  volumes  of 
salicylol  and  toluylic  chloride.  It  crystallizes 
from  alcohol  in  shining,  colourless,  easily 
fusible  prisms,  insoluble  in  cold,  slightly 


.  bo>;  poUt,  J6%1;  oat,  y>li,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejlst.   ph  =  t 
-cian, -tian  ^  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -flon,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.    -hie,  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4750 


toluoxyl— tomb 


soluble  In  hot  water,  more  easily  in  hot  alcoh 
and  in  ether. 

tdi-U-Sx'-yl,  ».    [Eng.  Mvtix),  and  (hydr)axyl 

Chem. :  C»H7O.     The  hypothetical  radica 
of  toluic  acid  and  its  derivatives. 

Wl-ur'-lc,  o.  [Eng.  (o!(«ic),  and  uric.]  De 
rived  from  or  containing  toluic  and  uric  acids 

toluric  acid,  s. 

(Xem.:  CyHM^flH^gHTO.  An  aci 
homologous  with  hippuric,  and  obtained  b 
the  paasaj-e  of  toluic  acid  through  the  anima' 
bodv.  Toluic  acid  is  swallowed  in  doses  o 
several  grammes,  and  the  urine  voidec 
evaporated  to  a  syrup  and  exhausted  will 
alcohol.  The  solution  is  mixed  with  oxali 
aci4,  evaporated,  and  then  exhausted  will 
alcohol  ether.  The  acid  obtained  is  puriiiec 
by  re-crystallization  of  its  calcium  salt 
Tolnrie  acid  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in 
trimetrie  prisms.  It  is  inodorous,  melts  a 
160%  dissolves  easily  in  boiling  water  am 
alcohol,  and  only  sparingly  in  pore  ether.  I 
forms  crystalline  salts  with  the  alkalin 
earths  and  metals,  most  of  which  are  soluble 
in  water. 

•  tol  U  ta'-tlon,  a.  [Low  Lat.  tolutari»  = 
trotting ;  tolutim  =  at  a  trot,  from  Lat  toll 
s=  to  lift.)  A  pacing  or  ambling  ;  an  amble. 

"  They  rode,  but  authors  having  not 
Determined  whether  pace  or  trot 
(That  is  to  any.  whether  t  lutatlim. 
As  they  do  term  -t  or  sucetijisaUoii). 
We  leave  it."      Sutler  :  Hudibrat,  I.  IL  & 

tol'-U-yL,  «.  '  [Eng.  tolu;  suff.  -}/t] 

Chem. :  CgH,.  The  radical  of  toltiylic 
alcohol  and  its  allied  compounds.  Free  tol'uy' 

obtained  by  the  action  of  sodium  on 
— r_c  chloride,  is  a  thick  liquid,  boiling  at 

toi-n-yT-a-mine, ».    [ToLniDWE.] 

toi-u'-yl-ene, ».    [Eng.  toluyl;  -me.] 

Chem. :  A  name  sometimes  applied  to 
benzylene  CjHt,  and  stilbene  1  £?g",  but 
more  properly  belonging  to  the  hydrocarbon 


toi-n-yT-ia.0.    [Eng.  toluyl ;  -ie.}  Contained 
in  or  derived  from  toluyl  (q.v.). 

toluylic  alcohol,  «. 

alcohol  The  para-compound,  the  only  one 
known,  Is  obtained  from  the  corresponding 
aldehyde  by  the  action  of  nascent  hydrogen. 
It  crystallizes  in  needles,  dissolves  sparingly 
in  water,  melts  at  59%  and  boils  at  217%  Its 
acetic  ether  boils  at  243%  The  above  alcohol 
has  also  been  inappropriately  termed  tolyl 
alcohol,  but  the  true  tolyl  alcohol  is  cresol, 


tol'-yl,  s.  [Eng.  «(«);  naff,  -j/t)  [CRESOL.) 
tolyl  chloride,  s.  [CHLORO-TOLUENE.J 
tolyl  -  phenylamine,  «.  [TOLTLAKI- 

LUTE.) 

tolyl  thioslnamtne,  i. 

Chem. :  A  crystalline  mass  obtained  by 
heating  to  100*  a  mixture  of  toluidine  and  oil 
of  mustard.  It  is  inodorons,  insoluble  in 
water,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  and  melts 
at  100% 

tol  yl-a-cgf-a-mlde,  «.    [Eng.  tolyl,  and 
oxetamtde.} 

C*«ii.:C()H11Np  =  C7H«(CjiH«,O)H2N.  Pro- 
duced by  distilling  equivalent  weights  of 
toluidine  and  acetic-acid,  and  treating  the 
last  portion  of  the  distillate  with  acidulated 
water.  It  is  obtained  by  slow  crystallization 
in  long,  thick  needles,  tasteless,  inodorous, 
melting  at  145%  and  boiling  at  310%  Is  spar- 
ingly soluble  iu  cold  water,  easily  In  alcohol 
and  ether. 

tol-yr-a-mine,  «.    tEng.  tolyl,  and  online.] 

[BENZVLA11INE.] 

tol  yl  an'-l-line,  a.     [Eng.  tolyl,  and  ani- 
line.) 

Chan. :  CeH^GfH?)^,,  Tolyl  -  phenyla  - 
mine.  A  base  isomerie,  if  not  identical  with 
phenyl-toluidine,  obtained  by  heating  hydro- 
chlorate  of  toluidine  and  aniline.  It  is  sepa- 


rated  from  other  bases  formed  at  the  sam 
time  by  fractional  distillation.  Boils  at  abou 
330°. 

tol-yl-ben'-jta-mlde,  «.     [Eng.  tolyl,  an 
benzamide.] 

Chem,  :  CrH,j(C7H5O)NH,,.  Prepared  b 
treating  chloride  of  benzoyl  with  toluidim 
washing  the  resulting  mass  with  acidulate 
water,  and  dissolving  in  boiling  alcohol.  I 
crystallizes  therefrom  in  long,  colourless,  in 
odorous  needles,  insoluble  in  water,  an 
easily  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether:  melts  a 
100°,  and  volatilizes  at  232". 

tol-yl-oar'-ba-mide,  «.     [Eng.  tolyl,  an 
carbamide.} 

Chem.  :  COCCjH^HsN,.  Benzyl  urea.  .Ob 
tamed  on  mixing  a  hot  solution  of  toluidin 
sulphate  with  a  solution  of  potassium  cyanate 
It  separates  in  white  needles,  which  have 
sweetish  taste,  dissolves  sparingly  in  cold 
easily  in  hot  water,  in  alcohol,  and  ether. 

toT-yl-ene,  s.    [Eng.  tolyl  ;  -«««.)    [XTLESE. 
tolylene-chloride,  *. 

Chem.:  C6H4(CH2C1)2.      Xylylic    chloride 
Obtained  by  the  action  of  chlorine  on  paraxy 
lene.      It  crystallizes   in  colourless  lamin 
boils  at  240%  and  melts  at  100% 

tolylene  diamlne,  s. 

Chem.:  (C-H^H.,:^.  A  base  prepared  by 
distilling  dinitrotnluene  with  iron  filings  am 
acetic-acid.  It  forms  needle  crystals,  which 
melt  at  99%  and  dissolve  in  boiling  water,  in 
alcohol,  and  in  ether. 

tolylene-glyool,  ». 

Oni.  :  CI4H1402  =  ^clHo"  }  .  A  dl» 
tomlc  alcohol  formed  by  the  action  of  zinc 
and  hydrochloric  acid  on  benzaldehyde.  II 
crystallizes  in  large  rhombic  plates,  melting 
at  132*5%  and  sublimes  with  decomposition. 
It  is  sparingly  soluble  in  water,  easily  in 
alcohol. 

tol  yi  sal  I  9yl'-a  mide,  «.     [Eng.  tolyl, 
and  sulwylamide.] 

Chem.  :  Ci4HisNO  m.  Jaillard's  name  for 
a  compound  obtained  by  heating  to  50"  a 
mixture  of  toluidine  and  salicylol.  It  forms 
yellow,  inodorous  crystals,  insoluble  in  water, 
soluble  in  alcoholand  ether,  and  meltsat  100% 
volatilizing  at  a  higher  temperature. 

tol-yl-suo-cln'-I-mide,  ».    [Eng.  tolyl,  and 

tutxinimide.] 

Chem.:  C11H1iNOj  =  C7Hs(C1H4O2r-NH2. 
A  compound  formed  by  heating  a  mixture 
of  succinic  acid  and  toluidine.  and  crystal- 
lizing the  cooled  mass  from  boiling  water. 
It  is  soluble  in  hot  water,  in  alcohol,  and 
ether,  and  volatilizes  without  decomposition. 

t  tol-y-peu'-tes,  s.    (Gr.  roAwroiu  (tolupevo) 
=  to  wind  into  a  ball.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Armadilloes,  with  one  spe- 
cies, Dasmmi  tricinctm  (Linn.),  ojwr  (Geoff.) 
to  which  Illiger  gave  generic  distinction. 

torn,  a.    [See  dec.] 

1.  A  contraction  of  the  common  Christian 
name  Thomas.  It  is  used  like  the  name  Jack— 

(1)  To  denote  the  male  of  an  animal  :  as,  a 
torn  cat. 

(2)  Genetically  to  Imply  some  degree  of 
slight  or  contempt:   as,  a  torn-fool,  a  tom- 
noddy, ic. 

2.  A  male  cat,  a  tom-cat. 

."The  rarity  of  s  tortoUeiljell  lorn  It  well  known/— 
D'lU*  Ttlvrap*,  Oat.  91,  IBSi. 

*  3.  The  knave  of  trumps  at  gleek  (q.v.X 

4.  Mining  :  A  wooden  trough  used  by  Call- 
fomian  miners  to  wash  what  is  known  as 
"pay-dirt." 

Tom  Bontrln's  bush,  «. 

Hot.  :  Picramnia  Antideama. 
tom-cat,  3.    A  male  cat 

*  torn-double,  s.    A  shuffler. 


torn  noddy,  >. 

1.  A  sea  bird  ;  the  puffin. 

2.  A  blockhead,  a  dunce,  a  dolt 

tom-norry,  s.    [A  cornipt.  of  torn-noddy 
(q.v.).]    The  puffin.    (SAtltand.) 


tdm-a-hawk,  ».  [Algoukiu  Indi.sn  tome- 
nugen;  Muhegan  tMNUstMMf  Delaware 
tamaiheam  =  a  war-hatchet.) 

1.  An  Indian  hatchet  or  axe  used  in  war 
and  in  the  chase,  not  only  in  hand-to-hand 
combats,  but  also  by  being  thrown  to 

a  considerable  distance  so  as  to  strike 
the  object  with  the  sharp  edge.     The 
native  tomahawks  have  heads  of  stone 
attached  by  thongs,  &c., 
but  steel  tomahawks  are 
supplied  to  the   Indians 
by  the  governments  and 
traders  with  whom  they 
deal,  and  a  pipe  is  usually  attached 
to  the  polL    A  hole  is  drilled  through 
the  bottom  of  the  bowl  and  the  poll  of 
the  axe,  to  meet  one  passing  through 
the  length  of  the  handle.  The  illustra- 
tion is  from  a  specimen  in  the  Franks 
collection  in  the  British  Museum. 

^•^^A^^fSS^A 

2.  Kaui  :  A  poleaxe  (q.v.).  IOMAHAWm. 
V  To  bury  the   tomahawk:   To 

make  peace ;  It  being  the  custom  of  the 
Indians  to  bury  the  tomahawk  during  time 
of  peace  :  so,  To  dig  up  the  tomahawk  —  To  go- 
to war,  to  fall  into  dispute. 

torn  a  hawk,  v.t.    [TOMAHAWK,  «.]    To  kill, 

cut,  or  strike  with  a  tomahawk. 

td-mal'-ley,  to-mal'-line,  ».  [Etym. 
doubtful.)  The  liver  of  the  lobster,  which, 
becomes  green  on  boiling. 

to  man',  to  maun,  s.  (Pers.)  A  Persian  gold 
coin,  varying  in  value  according  to  locality 
and  the  temporary  necessities  of  the  govern- 
ment, but  generally  taken  as  equal  to  abont 
9s.  6d.  sterling.  It  Is  divided  into  100 
schakis  or  shakis. 

"The  band-roll  strung  with  lamatu. 
Which  proves  the  veil  a  Persian  womnu's." 

Browning :  Flight  qfth*  Duehtu. 

to  ma'- to,  to-ma  -to,  s.  [Sp.  k  Port,  ttmate, 
from  Mexican  tomatl  —  a  tomato.) 

Bat.:  Lycovenicum  tKulentiun,  the  Love- 
apple  or  Wolf-peach ;  a  solanaceous  annual, 
with  a  herbaceous,  hairy  stem,  unequally  pin- 
nate leaves  with  cut  leaflets,  numerous  flowers, 
and  red  or  yellow  fruit.  It  is  a  native  of  the 
warmer  parts  of  America,  but  has  now  been 
introduced  into  southern  Europe,  India,  and 
many  other  countries.  The  fruit,  technically 
a  nncnlaninin,  is  often  Irregular  in  form, 
owing  to  the  adhesion  of  some  adjacent  fruits 
into  one.  The  normal,  cherry -like,  globose 
fruit  constitutes  the  variety  cenisifonne ;  the 
large,  irregular,  pyriform  one  the  variety  pyri- 
forme,  when  unripe,  the  fruit  is  .green,  and 
makes  a  capital  pickle  ;  as  it  ripens  it  usually 
turns  red  or  yellow,  and  becomes  tilled  with 
an  orange,  somewhat  acid,  pulp.  In  Oils 
state  it  is  eaten  raw,  or  cooked  in  various 
ways;  or  employed  in  the  preparation  of 
sauces,  &c.  The  tomato  is  very  wholesome, 
and  may  be  eaten  without  danger,  although 
suspicion  sometimes  attaches  to  it  on  account 
of  the  poisonous  properties  of  some  of  its 
allies. 

*  tom'-axe,  s.    [Seadef.]   A  corrupt  of  tows- 
hawk  (q.v.). 

"  If  he  carry  the  acalping-knife  and  tomaxe."— Idbr. 
No.  40. 

tomb  (6  silent),  «tombe,  •toumbe,  •  tnmbe, 

s.  [0.  FT.  tumbe;  Fr.  tombe,  Iroui  I^at.  tuMba  = 
a  tomb  ;  Gr.  ru/x/So,  TV^OC  (tuwbti,  tnnbot)  = 
a  tomb.  Prob.  allied  to  Lat.  tumulus.] 

1.  A  grave  ;  a  vault  for  the  dead  ;  a  pit  in 
which  a  dead  body  is  deposited. 

•*  To  paint  the  gloomy  horrors  of  the  tomb  ; 
The  appointed  place  of  nndsjXFoas,  where  all 
These  travellers  meet."  Stair  :  Graft. 

2.  A  chamber  or  vault  formed  wholly  or  in 
part  in  the  earth,  with  walls  and  a  roof,  for 
the  reception  of  the  dead. 

3.  A  monument  erected  to  enclose  and  pre- 
serve the  memory  of  the  dead ;  any  w-poJcirmi 
structure. 

-  The  marble  tambt  that  rise  on  high 
Whose  dead  la  vaulted  arches  lie  ... 
Adorn  the  rich,  or  praise  the  great.'* 

farndl :  XifU  /1ee»  an  DtaOt. 

tomb-bat,  .-•. 

Zool :  Taphozout  perjbratw.  It  is  about 
three  inches  long,  exclunive  of  the  tail ;  body 
covered  with  short  dark-brown  fur,  which 
extends  over  the  bases  of  the  wings,  and  down 


Eate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  SOB:  mate,  cub,  core,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    a>,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tomb— tone 


4751 


the  interfejn«ral  meiriliraimas  far  as  the  point 
where  the  tail  emeries  therefrom.  It  was 
discovered  by  Geottroy  in  the  chambers  of 


TOMB- BAT 


the  Pyramlfls,  and  in  other  tombs  in  Egypt, 
and  ia  said  to  inhabit  Sennaar  and  Senegal. 
It  passes  the  day  in  the  darkest  places  it  can 
find,  coming  out  at  dusk,  and  feeding  exclu- 
sively on  insects. 

tomb  (6  silent),  v.t.    [TOMB,  «.]    To  bury,  to 

e  ii  tomb. 

"  Dying  shall  beseech  the  honour 
To  be  tombed  beneath  thy  clay." 
Blackie:  Layt  of  Highland*  A  Islandt,  p.  20. 

t#m  b£c,  tom'-bik,  s.  [Fr.  tombac,  from 
Malay  tttmbaga  =  copper ;  Sp.  tumbage;  Port. 
tambague.]  An  East  Indian  alloy  for  cheap 
jewellery.  Compos.:  Copper,  16;  tin,  1; 
zinc,  1.  Red  tomljak :  copper,  11  ;  zinc,  1. 
Arsenic  ia  added  to  make  white  tombac. 

ttfin -ba-zite,  s.  [Eng.  tomba(c);  z  connect., 
and  sutf.  -ite  (ATia.);  Ger.  tombacit,] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  by  Breithaupt  to  a 
Gersdorttite  (q.  v.)  because  of  its  tombac-brown 
colour. 

*  tombestere,  «.     [A.S.  tumbestre  (?).]     A 
dancing- girl. 

tomb  less  (6  silent),  *  tomb  lesae,  a.  [Eng. 
tomb  ;  -less.]  Without  a  tomb. 

"  And  Borne  long  winter's  night  hath  shed 
It«  treat  o'er  every  tombtest  head." 

Byron  :  Jftueppa,  12. 

to'm'-DO'jN  s.    [Eng.  torn,  and  boy.} 

*  1.  A  rode,  rough,  boisterous  boy. 

*  2.  A  worthless  woman  ;  a  strumpet,  a 

prostitute. 

"With  tomboys  hired  with  that  self  exhlMtion. 
Which  your  own  cotton  yield  !  with  diseased  ven- 
tures." Sfoiketp. :  Cymbeline,  i.  6. 

3.  A  wild,  romping  girl ;  a  hoyden.  (Colloq.) 

tomb  -Stone  (b  silent),  a.  [Eng.  tomb,  and 
stone.]  A  stone  erected  over  a  grave  to  pre- 
serve the  memory  of  the  person  interred ;  a 

sepulchral  stone. 

"  On  the  tombttone$  of  the  truly  great  it  i«  certainly 
right  that  an  inscription  should  be  written  conaUteut 
with  their  dignity.  —Snox;  JEway  98. 

t&n'-cod,  4.    [Eng.  torn,  and  cod.] 

Ichthy. :  Genius  tomcoclus,  from  six  to  twelve 
Inches  long,  brownish  above,  with  spots  of 
darker  hue,  lighter  beneath.  It  is  found 
along  the  American  coast  from  New  York 
northward  to  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brans- 
wick  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  frequently 
ascending  rivers.  (Riplfy  &  Dana.) 

tome,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  lornum,  accus.  of 
tomus  =  a  volume,  from  Gr.  TO/IOS  (tamos')  =  a 
section,  hence  a  volume ;  ripvta  (temno)  =  to 
cut.)  As  many  writings  as  are  contained  in 
•  volume,  forming  part  of  a  larger  work ;  a 
volume,  usually  a  ponderous  volume. 

**  A  volume  old  and  brown, 
A  huge  tome,  bound 
In  brass  anil  wild- boar's  hide.** 

Longfellow:  Golden  LtymA.  1L 

*  to-medes,  adv.    [Eng.  to,  and  mede  =  meed.] 

For  reward  ;  in  return. 

*  tome  -lot,  s.    [Eng.  tome;  dimln.  soft  -let.] 
A  little  tome  or  volume. 

to  -ment,  «.    {TOMENTUM.] 

to  -  men'- tosc,  to  men'- toils,  a.  [To* 
MEHTUM.]  Covered  with  hairs  so  close  as 
scarcely  to  be  discernible,  or  with  a  whitish 
down-like  wool ;  downy,  nappy.  (Used  chiefly 
In  botany.) 

to    men -turn,   s.     [Lat.  -  a   stuffing   for 
cushions,  of  wool,  hair,  &c.] 
Bot,  £c. :  Dense,  close  hair, 
tomentum  cerebrl,  s. 
Anat. ;  The  inner  surface  of  the  pla  mater, 


which  has  a  fiorculent  structure,  produced  by 
numerous  small  vessels. 

torn  fool,  s.  [Eng.  torn,  and  fooL]  A  ridicu- 
lous fool ;  a  triller. 

tdm-fooT-er-y,   *.      [Eng.    tomfool;  -try.] 

1.  Foolish  trifling;    ridiculous  behaviour; 
nonsense. 

"Gay  Fawkei's  Day  would  cease  to  be  one  of  the 

recogmwd  seasons  for  tomfoolery  In  England."—  Daily 
Telegraph.  Nov  8,  1882. 

2.  Silly  trifles  ;  absurd  ornaments  or  knick- 
knacks. 

*  torn  -  fool'  -fen,  a.  [Eng.  tomfool ;  -ish.] 
lake  a  tomfool ;  apt  to  indulge  iu  tomfoolery. 

"A  man  he  is  by  nature  merry 
Somewhat  tomfoolith  and  comical,  very." 

Southey  :  Kondetcripti,  Till. 

to'xn'-f-ctis,  s.  [Gr.  ro>umk  (tomikot)  =  of  or 
for  cutting.  (Used  of  teeth,  &C,)] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Beetles,  sub-tribe 
Xylophagi,  family  Host  rich  idte.  Of  these, 
that  named  in  science  Tomicnt  typographic 
is  called  the  Typographic  Beetle,  because  the 
galleries  which  it  makes  in  the  soft  wood  on 
which  it  feeds  bear  some  faint  resemblance  to 
printed  characters. 

td'-mln,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful]     A  jeweller's 

weight  of  teu  grains. 

t  to'-mlp'-ar-ouB,  a,     [Gr.  TO^  (tomS)  =  a 
cutting,  and  Lat.  pario  =  to  produce.] 
Sot. :  Producing  spores  by  division. 

to-mis  to-ma,  s.  [Gr.  T^O?  (tomios)  =  cut 
iu  pieces,  and  Vro^a  (stoma)  =  the  moutli.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Gavialidfe,  with  two 
species,  from  the  forests  of  Borneo  and  some 
of  the  neighbouring  islands.  It  differs  from 
the  type-genus  in  having  a  more  conical  snout, 
thick  at  the  back ;  the  side  teeth  are  erect, 
and  the  nostrils  expanded. 

t<$m'-j6hn,  *.  [Prob.  a  corrupt,  of  jampan, 
the  native  name.]  The  same  as  JAMPAN  (q.  v.). 

*  tdm'-ling,  s.  [Eng.  torn;  dimln.  suff.  -ling.] 
A  little  tom-cat 

"  We  are  promised  a  black  tomHng."—Souttetf  ' 
Lettert,  111.  24t 

tom'-my,  «.    [TOM.] 

1.  Orig.,  a  penny  roll;  hence,  bread,  pro- 
visions ;  goods  given  to  a  workman  in  lieu  of 
wages. 

"  There  'II  be  plenty  o*  tommy  an'  wark  for  nt  a'. 
When  this  'Merica  bother  gets  o'er." 

Utirtaud  :  LancatMrt  Lfric*,  p,  SM. 

2.  A  tommy-shop  (q.v.X 

3.  The  system  of  paying  workmen  In  goods 
Instead  of  money ;  the  truck  system. 

H  British  slang  in  all  sense. 
tommy-noddy,  s.    [TADPOLE-HAKE.] 

tommy-shop,   tommy-store,    s.    A 

shop  or  store  conducted  on  the  track  system ; 
a  truck-shop.    (Slang.) 

tdm'-my,  v.t.  [TOMMY,  «.]  To  enforce  the 
tommy  or  truck  system  ;  to  oppress  or  de- 
fraud by  the  tommy  system.  (Slang.) 

tom'-i-Bite,  a.    [Gr.  TOfj-os  (tomos)  =  &  cut,  a 
slice  ;  suff.  -ite  (Mm.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  PHOTIZTTE  (q.v.X  , 

torn'- pi -on,  8.    [Fr.  tempo*  =  a  stopper  or 

stopple.] 
I.  Onl.  Lang. :  A  stopper,  a  plug, 

"The  gigantic  geulos  kept  the  oracle  within  him 

muzzled,  nor  condescended  once  to  draw  thi  tampion 

ot  his  lips."— Oteervtr.  No.  *. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Ordnance: 

(1)  A  plug  fitted  to  the  bore 
of  a  gun  at  the  muzzle,  to  pro- 
tect it  from  injury  by  the  wea- 
ther. 

(2)  The    iron    bottom  of  a 
charge  of  grape-shot. 

2.  Lithog. :  The  inking-pad  of 
the  lithographic  printer. 

3. 


Music:  The  plug  in  a  flute 
gan-pipe,  which  is  adjuster 


or  organ-pi . 

toward  or  from  the  mouth-piece    TOMPIOK  or 

to  modulate  the  tone. 

*  tdm'-plp-er,  *.    [Eng.  torn,  and  piper.]    The 
piper  at  the  ancient  morris  dances. 

t&n'-po-ker,  s.     [Eng.  torn,  and  poker.]    A 
bugbear  to  frighten  children.    (Prov.) 


torn  p  on,  *.  [Fr.  tampon  =  a  stopper.]  Th« 
same  as  TOMPION,  11.  2.  (q.v.). 

*  tom'-rig,  *  tom'-rlgg,  s.  (Eng.  torn,  and 
rig.]  A  wild,  boisterous  girl ;  a  romp,  a 
hoyden,  a  tomboy. 

"  In  the  very  next  canto  ahe  appears  an  arrant  ramp 
and  toinrigg"— Sennit:  On  Pope't  Rape  of  the  Lock, 
p.  16. 

torn -tit,  s.  [Eng.  torn,  and  tit.]  The  Tit- 
mouse (q.V.). 

torn  -torn,  s.  [From  the  sound  made.]  [TAM- 
TAM.] 

*ton  (1),  s.  [Fr.]  [TONE.)  The  prevailing 
fashion ;  high  mode. 

"  If  things  of  to,t  their  harmless  lays  Indite, 
Mu»t  wisely  doomed  to  slum  the  public  sight." 
Byron  ;  Knylith  BartU  A  Scotch  Rewewcrt. 

t6"n  (2),  *  tonne,  8.    [A.S.  tunnt  =  &  barrel; 

cogn.  with  Dut.  ton  =  a  tun ;  Icel.  &  Sw. 
tunna;  Dan.  tonde  =  &  tun,  a  cask;  Ger. 
tonne  =  a  cask,  a  heavy  weight ;  Irish  &  Gael. 
tunna;  Irish  tonna ;  Wei.  tynell  =  &  tun,  a 
barrel ;  Low  Lat.  tunna,  tonna ;  Fr.  tonneau.] 

1.  A  weight  equal  to  20  cwt.  or  2,240  Ibs. 
avoirdupois.    In  America  the  usual  ton  is 
2,000  Ibs.  avoirdupois,  20  cwt  of  100  Ibs.  each. 
In  the  Eastern  States  2,240  Ibs.— 20  cwfe.  of 
112  Ibs  each— is  usual  with  coal,  and  some 
other  tilings,  and  is  called  the  long  ton.    The 
mining  ton  of  Cornwall  is  21  cwt.  of  112  Ibs. 

2.  A  wine  measure  of  capacity  equal  to  two 
pipes  or  252  gallons.    (In  this  sense  generally 
written  tun.) 

"3.  A  certain  weight  or  space — in  the  latter 
case  about  40  cubic  feet— by  which  the  burden 
of  a  ship  is  reckoned ;  as  a  vessel  of  500  tons. 

[TONNAGE.] 

4.  A  certain  quantity  of  timber,  as  40  feet 
of  rough  or  round  timber,  and  60  feet  of  hewn. 

5.  The  quantity  of  8  sacks  or  10  barrels  of 
flour. 

fl.  The  quantity  of  10  bushels  of  potatoes. 

-ton,  *«/.  [A.S.  tun  =  &  fence,  a  town.]  A 
frequent  suffix  in  place  names,  as  Southamp- 
ton, Wolverton,  Merton,  Ac. 

to'-nal,  a,  [Eng.  ton(e) ;  ~al.]  Pertaining  to 
tone. 

to  nal-ite,  *.  [After  Tonale,  south  of  Monte 
Adamello,  Southern  Tyrol,  where  first  found ; 
suff.  -ite  (Petrol.).'] 

Petrol. :  A  variety  of  quartz-dlorite  rich  in 
magnesia-mica. 

td-nttl'-X-tf ,  «.    [Fr.  tonaliU.}    [ToNE,  «.] 

Music :  (1)  Correctness  of  pitch ;  as  when 
a  singer  or  violinist  is  said  to  exhibit  correct 
or  doubtful  tonality  ;  signifying  the  produc- 
tion of  sounds  in  tune  or  out  of  tune.  (2) 
Quality  of  tone,  intonation,  as  when  a  singer 
or  violinist  is  said  to  possess  pure  tonality, 
that  is,  to  uroduce  a  pure  quality  of  tone. 
(3)  Key-rehTdionship;  as  when  a  melody  or 
passage  in  harmony  is  said  to  be  of  uncertain 
tonality,  that  is,  to  be  wanting  in  defiuitenesg 
of  key  or  scale. 

"On  the  other  hand,  hi  some  of  the  setting*  the 
frequent  changes  of  measure  and  tonality  produce  an 
uneasy  and  laboured  effect." — Athenaum,  Dec.  27,  1884. 

ton  di  -no,  *.    [Ital.] 

Arch. :  The  same  as  ASTRAGAL  (q.v.). 

tone,  *  toone,  s.  [Fr.  ton  — a  sound,  a  tune, 
from  Lat.  tonum,  accus.  of  tonus  =  a  sound, 
from  Gr.  rovot  (tanas)  =  a  thing  stretched,  a 
rope,  sinew,  note,  tone,  from  the  sound  of  a 
stretched  string ;  retro  (teino)  =  to  stretch ; 
8p.  tono,  ton;  Port,  torn;  Ger.  &  Sw.  ton; 
Dan.  tone;  Dut.  toom;  Ital.  tuonot  tono.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

2.  Modulation,  inflection,  or  accent  of  the 
voice,  as  raised  to  express  sentiment,  emotion, 
or  passion. 

"  He  paused  awhile,  and  then  went  on 
With  low  and  confidential  tone." 

Scott :  livkcby,  vi.  T. 

3.  An  affected  or  whining  style  of  intona- 
tion in  speaking  or  reading  ;  a  mournful  or 
artificial  mode  of  utterance ;  a  whine,  a  drawl, 
a  singsong. 

"  Every  appearance  of  singsong  and  tone  must  b* 
carefully  guarded  against"— Blair:  Rhetoric,  Itct, 

•no* 

4.  Tenor,  character,  spirit,  strain  ;  specifi- 
cally the  general  or  prevailing  character  or 
style,  as  of  morals,  manners,  sentiments,  or 


boil,  bo^-;  pout,  jolkrl;  eat,  oell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a« ;  expect.  ^Cenophon,  exist,    - 
-clan, -tlan  -  Shan,   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -floa.  -fiou  =  satin,   -clou*  -tioua,  HUOUS  =  fthiU.    -ble. -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4752 


tone— tongue 


the  like  :  as,  The  tone  of  society  was  very  low ; 
the  tone  of  his  letter  was  friendly. 

5.  Disposition,  inclination,  temper. 

••  1  cannot  deny  such  a  precept  is  wise; 
But  retirement  accords  with  the  tone  of  my  mind  * 
Byron :  To  the  Rev.  J.  T,  Becker. 

6.  State  or  temper  of  mind ;  disposition, 
mood. 

"Drag  the  mind  down,  by  perpetual  interruptions, 
from  a  philosophical  rone,  or  temper,  to  the  drudK«*rv 
9t  private  and  public  bosluesa."— £o;jn?6rote  :  Letter 

7.  The  state  of  a  body  in  which  the  animal 
functions  are  healthy  and  performed  with  due 
vigour  ;  the  state  in  which  all  the  parts  and 
organs   are    well-strung  or  in  due  tension 
•trength  and  activity  of  the  organs. 

"  The  melancholic  Bend  (that  wont  despair 
Of  iihvsicl  hence  the  rust-coinplexion'd  man 
Pursues,  whose  blood  ii  dry.  whose  fibres  gain 
Too stretch'd  a  tone."       A mttnmg :  On  Health.  1. 

tt  Technically: 

1.  .Music: 

(1)  A  sound  :  as,  high  tone,  low  tone,  tone  of 
mn  instrument. 

(2)  Quality  of  a  sound  (Fr.  timbre ;  Ger. 
Wang):   as,    sweet    tone,  harsh    tone.      Any 
ordinary  sound  is  compound,  being  made  up 
of  a  combination  of  sounds  called  partial- 
tones  ;  the  sound  which  the  ear  recognizes 
and  names   is  called    the  primary,  or   first 
partial ;  those  combined  with  it,  upper  par- 
tials.     It  is  fonnd  by   experiment  that  the 
character  or   Quality   of  tone  of  any  given 
•ound  la  dependent  on  the  sort  of  partial-tones 
vliich  consUtnte  It    It  is  difficult  to  produce 

4  simple  sound,  <-«.,  a  sound  without  upper 
partial*,  and  its  character  is  poor  and  insipid. 
(S)  A  chant :  as,  a  Qregorlan  tone. 

(4)  A  mode  or  scale :  as  church-fon«,  the 
ancient  ecclesiastical  modes. 

(5)  The  Interval  consisting  of  two   mean 
semitones  In  equal  temperament.    But  in  just 
Intonation  there  are  two  kinds  of  tone,  the 
jnajor  tone  (9  :  8)  and  the  minor  tone  (10  :  9). 

2.  Paint. :  The  prevailing  colour  of  a  picture 
or  its  general  effect,  denominated  dull  tone, 
bright  tone,  Ac.    It  depends  first,  upon  the 
right  relation    of  objects  in  shadow  to  the 
principal  light ;  secondly,  upon  the  quality  of 
colour,  by  which  it  is  felt  to  owe  part  of  its 
brightness  from  the  hue  of  the  light  upon  it. 

•  1  All  in  a  tone :  Unanimous. 


tone-syllable,  s.    An  accented  syllable. 
'  '.one,  r.t    [TONE,  s.] 

1.  To  utter  in  an  atected  tone. 

2.  To  tune  (q.v.). 
1  1.  To  tone  down  : 

0)  Lit.  :  In  painting,  to  soften  or  snbdne 
the  colour  of,  as  of  a  picture,  so  as  to  produce 
a  sulidued  harmony  of  tint,  and  avoid  all 
andne  glare. 

ul  kSVi'i  Um*  *?&!**  h**6  """"tontly  toned  down 
thebrllluuiey  o«  the  oolo«r."-BoB»  Telegraph,  Sept. 

(2)  Fig.  :  To  reduce  or  lower  in  tone  ;  to 
moderate  or  reduce  the  characteristic  expres- 
sion of;  to  render  less  pronounced  or  decided  : 
to  soften. 

"Sir  De  L«cy  having  toned  dmm  his  original 
phrases.  '—Punch,  Feb.  la.  IBM. 

2.  To  tone  vp:  To  give  a  higher  tone  or 
character  to  ;  to  raise  in  tone  ;  to  make  more 
expressive,  pronounced,  or  decided  ;  to 
heighten,  to  strengthen. 

•  tone,  «.  or  pnn.  [Eng.  one,  with  the  final  t  of 
A.&  dA<rt  =  that,  the  neuter  definite  article, 
prefixed.)  The  one,  corresponding  to  father 
(q.v.)i  Generally  with  the  :  as,  the  tone  =  that 
one. 

"  Tone  doth  enforce,  the  other  doth  entice." 

toned,  a.    [Eng.  ton(e),  s.  ;  -«d.)  *"  *  **** 

1.  Having  a  tone  ;  used  in  composition  •  as, 
•weet-loneai  *ic. 

2.  Having  a  tone  of  body  or  mind  ;  In  a 
state  of  due  tension  ;  strung. 

"It  may  be  doubted  whether  there  erer  erl«ted  a 
human  being  whose  mind  was  quite  as  flnuly  tmed  at 
eighty  a>  at  lorty.  -Jlacaular  :  BIO.  Eng.,  ch.  xlv. 

toned  paper,  s.  Paper  having  the  glar- 
ing white  taken  off  by  a  creamy  tint. 

tone  -less.  a.  [Eng.  tone,  s.  ;  -lea.}  Having 
no  tone  ;  unmusical. 


•t«ng(l),  'tonge,  ».    [Tonos.] 


(2),  s.    [ToNOCE.]    A  tongue ;  the  catch 
of  a  buckle. 

"  Their  hilte  were  burnlahed  gold,  and  handle  strong 

Of  mother  pearl,  and  buckled  with  a  golden  team? 

Spenter.    (Todd.) 

"tong,  s.l.  [TONO  (I),  *.]  To  seize  or  take 
with  tongs. 

"  Tonglng  clams  with  the  hinged  oyster.tongs  Is  also 
eomewliat  practised,  but  is  exceedingly  laborious,  and 
does  not  pay.  as  a  rule."'— rttld,  Oct.  16, 1836. 

ton'-ga,  ».    [TONKA.) 

tohg'-kang,  s.    [Native  word.) 

Naut. :  A  Malay  or  Chinese  boat  or  junk. 

TSn'-grl-an,  o.    [See  def.] 

C,eog. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Tongres,  in  Bel- 
gium. 

Tongrian-beds,  ».  pi. 

Oeol. :  Beds  constituting  the  Lower  Oligo- 
cene  of  Belgium,  developed  around  Tongres. 
They  are  marine,  and  are  contemporaneous 
with  the  Headon  series  of  England. 

tongsj,  s.  pi.  [A.S.  tange,  tang;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  tang;  Icel.  tong  (tangir) ;  Dan.  tang; 
Sw.  tdng  ;  Ger.  zange;  O.  H.  Ger.  zanga.]  An 
implement  or  tool  consisting  of  two  parts 
joined  by  a  pivot,  and  used  for  grasping 
objects,  generally  those  that  are  hot,  as  black- 
smiths' tongs,  crucible-ionjjs,  and  tire-tongs. 

tongue.  *  tong,  *  tonge,  *  tunge,  s.  [A.S. 
tunge ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  tong;  Tcel.  &  Sw. 
tunga;  Dan.  tunge;  Ger.  zunge;  O.  H.  Ger. 
zitngo. ;  Goth,  titggo ;  O.  Lat.  dingua  (Lat. 
lingua,  whence  Fr.  tongue)  ;  Ir.  Si  Gael,  teanga 
—  a  tongue,  a  language.) 

*  L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

"Seude  Lazarus  that  he  maye  dyppe  of  his  finger  in 
water,  and  cole  my  tonge :  tor  I  am  tormented  in  this 
flame.  '—Luke  xvL  24.  (1551.) 

2.  Regarded  as  the  instrument  of  speech. 

"  Keep  a  good  tongue  la  your  head."— Mo&wp.  .• 

3.  A  medium  of  speech,  or  of  expressing 
thoughts. 

"  The  man  to  solitude  accustom'd  long. 
Perceive*  In  everything  that  lives  a  tongue." 

Cowper  :  The  Ifeedleu  Alarm. 

4.  Speech,  discourse,  talk;  sometimes  flu- 
ency of  speech. 

"  Much  tongue  and  much  judgment  seldom  go  toge- 
ther ;  for  talking  and  thinking  are  two  quite  different 
faculties."—  L'Ettrange. 

5.  Manner  of  speaking. 

(1)  With  respect  to  sonnd  =  voice. 

"  With  soft  low  tongue," 
Shaketp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  Induct  L 

(2)  With  respect  to  meaning  or  expression. 

"  Mince  not  the  general  tongue. " 

Shakefp.  .•  Antony  f  ctenpatra,  L  2. 

6.  The  whole  body    of   words  used   by  a 
nation  ;  a  language. 

"  And  whanne  sum  me  herden,  that  In  Ebrew  tunge 
he  spak  to  hem.  thel  ghauen  the  more  silence.'1— 
Wycliffe:  Oedii  ixli. 

*  7.  A  nation,  as  distinguished  by  its  pecu- 
liar language. 

"X  will  gather  all  nations  and  tonguet.'— fniah 
uvj.  18. 

8.  Words  or  declaration  only  ;  mere  speech 
or  talk,  as  opposed  to  thoughts  or  actions. 

"  Let  u»  not  love  In  word,  neither  In  tongue,  but  In 
deed  and  in  troth."—!  John  111.  18. 

*  9.  A  vote,  a  suffrage. 

"  Your  sued-fur  tonguet." 

Snakeip. :  Coriftanut,  11.  S. 

10.  The  clapper  of  a  bell. 

"  The  midnight  bell. 

Did.  with  his  iron  tonfrue  and  brazen  mouth. 
Sound  on."  Shaketp.  :  King  John,  111.  8. 

11.  Something  more  or  less  resembling  the 
tongue  of  an  animal. 

(1)  The  pin  In  a  buckle  which  pierces  and 
holds  the  strap. 

(2)  The  movable  arm  of  a  bevel,  the  principal 
member  being  the   stock,  which  forms  the 
case  when  the  instrument  is  closed.    [BEVEL.] 

(8)  The  pointer  of  a  balance. 

(4)  A  tapering  jet  of  flame. 

(5)  A  piece  of  leather  stitched  to  the  front 
of  a  laced  shoe  or  boot. 

(6)  A  point,  or  long  narrow  strip  of  land 
running  into  a  sea  or  lake  ;  a  long,  low  pro- 
montory. 

IL  Technically: 
1.  Anatomy: 

(1)  Human:  A  muscular  organ  in  the  month, 
covered  with  mucous  membrane,  the  muscular 


structure  rendering  i*  of  use  in  mastication 
deglutition,  and  the  articulation  of  speech, 
while  the  mucous  membrane,  which  is  endowed 
with  common  and  tactile  sensibility,  consti- 
tutes it  the  seat  of  the  sense  of  taste.  The 
tongue  occupies  the  concavity  of  the  arch  of 
the  lower  jaw ;  its  basal  or  hinder  part  is 
connected  with  the  hyoid  bone,  while  beneath 
it  is  attached  by  means  of  the  genio-glossus 
muscle  to  the  lower  jaw.  The  tongue  is 
marked  along  the  middle  for  nearly  its  whole 
length  by  a  slight  furrow  called  the  raplie, 
often  terminating  behind  in  a  depression  called 
the  foramen  ccecum,  within  which  mucous 
glands  open.  The  upper  surface  of  the  tongue 
in  front  of  the  foramen  is  covered  with  small 
eminences  called  papilla-,  some  circumvallate 
others  fungiform,  and  the  rest  filiform,  the 
last  being  the  most  numerous.  Behind  these 
are  numerous  small  racemose  glands,  called 
lingual  glands. 

(2)  Compar. :  The  tongue  of  the  lower  mam- 
mals is  essentially  on  the  same  model ;  that  of 
most  birds  ll small,  thin,  cartilaginous,  or  cased 
in  horn,  like  the  mandibles,  and  is  an  organ  of 
prehension  rather  than  of  taste,  there  being, 
however,  some  exceptions,  as  the  Parrots, 
which  have  soft  and  fleshy  tongues,  which  is 
perhaps  the  reason  why  they  can  imitate  the 
human  voice.  A  horny  tongue  is  a  prolonga- 
tion of  the  hyoid  bone.  The  tongue  of  the 
snakes  consists  of  two  muscular  cylinders, 
united  at  the  base,  but  free  towards  tiie  tips. 
Three  types  of  tongue  exist  among  the  lizards. 
In  most  of  the  order  it  is  long,  protrusible, 
and  forked  ;  in  a  second  division  it  is  thick, 
fleshy,  and  not  protrusibls,  and  in  a  third. 
containing  the  chameleons,  it  is  long,  pro- 
trusible,  and  clavate  at  the  tip.  In  fishes  the 
tongue  is  often  covered  with  teeth,  and  is  an 
organ  of  prehension  rather  than  of  taste. 
There  is  a  distinct  tongue  constituted  by  the 
central  part  of  the  ligula  in  bees.  The 
Cephalopods  have  a  muscular  tongue,  part  an 
organ  of  taste,  and  in  part  developed  into  a 
lingual  ribbon  or  odontophore.  The  Gastero- 
poda in  many  cases  have  a  tongue,  a  lingual 
ribbon,  odontophore,  or  radula. 

2.  Carpentry : 

(1)  A  fln  on  the  edge  of  a  plate  or  board 
adapted  to  fit  into  a  groove  of  an  adjacent 
board.    Also  used  inslidingpartsof  machinery. 

(2)  The  tapering,  projecting  end  of  a  timber, 
worked  down  to  fay  upon  an  edge,  or  scarf  tc 
another  timber. 

3.  Music:   The  vibrating,  metallic  reed  in 
Instruments  like  the  harmonium,  concertina 
4c. 

4.  Nautical : 

(1)  The  upper  main  piece  of  a  built  mast 

(2)  A  rope  spliced  into  the  upper  part  of  * 
standing  back-stay. 

5.  Pathol. :  The  tongue  is  liable  to  hajmo- 
rrhage,  hypertrophy,  inflammation,  abscess, 
cancer,  &c. 

6.  Hallway:  The  short  movable  rail  of  • 
switch,  by  which  the  wheels  are  directed  to 
one  or  the  other  lines  of  rail.    (SWITCH.] 

7.  Vehides :  The  single  shaft  or  pole  which, 
In  two-horse  vehicles,  is  attached  to  the  fore- 
carriage,  and  is  the  means  of  guiding  and 
drawing. 

U  (1)  Confusion  of  Tongues  : 

Script.  Hist. :  The  penalty  inflicted  on  the 
builders  of  Babel  when  God  so  confounded 
their  language  that  they  could  not  understand 
each  other,  though  up  to  that  time  there  had 
been  among  them  only  one  language.  The 
result  was  that  the  building  of  the  tower  was 
abandoned,  and  those  who  had  been  engaged 
in  its  erection  were  dispersed  over  various 
lands  (Gen.  xi.  1-9). 

(2)  Gift  of  tongues : 

Theol.  A  Church  Hist. :  A  gift  bestowed  in 
connexion  with  the  Pentecostal  descent  of  the 
Holy  Spirit  When  the  members  of  the  church 
had  assembled  with  one  accord  on  the  Jewish 
day  of  Pentecost,  suddenly  a  mighty,  rushing 
wind  entering  pervaded  the  building  in  which 
they  had  assembled,  cloven  tongues  as  of  fire 
descended  on  each,  and  those  on  whom  they 
were  bestowed  began  to  speak  with  "other  : 
tongues,  as  the  Spirit  gave  them  utterance," 
—the  Parthians,  *Iedes,  Elamites,  and  others, 
who  repaired  to  the  place  when  news  of  the 
miracle  reached  them,  bearing  testimony  to  its 
reality  (Acts  ii.  1-21).  Three  explanations  of 
this  mysterious  gift  have  been  offered :  (1) 
That  on  the  day  of  Pentecost  the  disciples  n 


ite,  fat,  fare,  amldat,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or.  wore,  wtflt.  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Svrian.    to.  n  =  e:  ey  =  a;  QU  =  1 


P*, 


tongue— tonio 


4753 


oeived  a  supernatural  knowledge  of  all  such 
languages  as  were  needed  for  their  work  as 
evangelists ;  (2)  that  the  gift  consisted  in  the 
Impression  produced  on  the  hearers,  and  that 
the  words  uttered  by  the  disciples  in  Aramaic 
were  heard  by  those  who  listened  as  in  their 
native  speech;  (3)  that  the  "tongues"  con- 
fisted  of  ecstatic  bursts  of  praise  which  the 
disciples  might  have  heard  uttered  at  pre- 
vious feasts  of  Pentecost  by  foreign  pilgrims. 
In  this  case  there  would  be  a  supernatural 
exaltation  of  memory,  not  a  miraculous  know- 
ledge of  words  never  heard  before ;  and  (1) 
that  they  were  cries  of  ecstatic  devotion  of 
no  definite  significance  except  to  those  who 
uttered  them. 

(3)  To  have  on  (or  at)  the   tip  (or  end)  of 
the  tongue :  To  be  on  the  point  of  uttering  or 
telling.    (Richardson :  Pamela,  i.  205.) 

(4)  To  give  tongue :  To  bark  as  hounds  after 
the  animal  pursued. 

(5)  To  hold  one'i  tongue :  To  keep  silence. 
*(6)  To  keep  one's  tongue:  To  keep  silence. 

*  (7)  To  way  one's  tongue:  To  speak  out  of 
Kason. 

tongne- 
and -  groove 
Joint,  s. 

Carp. :  A  mode 
Of  joining  wood- 
in  suitf  in  which 

•  long  fin  on  the 
edge  of  one 
board   is   made 
to    fit    into    a 
corresponding 

groove   on    the  

•  dge   of  the    TOMOUK-ANU-OROOVE  JOINT. 
other  board. 

tongue  -  banger,  s.  A  scold.  (Tenny- 
ton:  Northern  Cobbler.) 

'  tongue-battery,  ».  A  flood  of  talk. 
(Uilton:  Samson  Agonistes,  404.) 

tongue-bit,  s. 

Manege:  A  bit  having  a  stiff  month,  to 
which  is  attached  a  plate  or  shield  so  placed 
M  to  prevent  the  horse  getting  his  tongue  over 
vie  month-piece. 

t  tongue-bleeder,  s. 

Bat. :  Galium  Aparine.  So  called  because 
ts  stiff  bristles  lacerate  the  tongue  if  drawn 
•cross  it. 

tongue-chains,  s.  pi.  The  chains  by 
which  the  fore-end  of  the  tongue  is  supported 
from  the  haines  of  the  wheel-horses.  They 
may  be  distended  by  the  spreader-stick. 

tongue-compressor,  s.  A  clamp  for 
holding  down  the  tongue  during  dental  opera- 
tions on  the  lower  jaw. 

tongue-depressor,  s. 

S»rg. :  An  instrument  which  has  a  socket 
60  go  beneath  the  lower  jaw  and  form  a  ful- 
srum  for  the  pivoted  spatula  which  rests 
upon  and  holds  down  the  tongue  during  oral, 
Uryngeal,  and  cesophageal  examinations  and 
operations.  A  tongue-spatula. 

'  tongue-doughty,  a.  Boasting,  brag- 
ging. (Milton:  Samson  Agoniites,  1,180.) 

*  tongue-fence,  *.     Delate,  discussion, 
argument.    (Carlyle:  Life  of  Sterling,  ch.  v.) 

tongue-grafting,  & 

Hort. :  A  mode  of  grafting  by  Inserting  the 
end  of  a  scion  in  a  particular  manner. 

*  tongue  man,  s.    A  speaker. 

"I  am  no  tongue-m'in."—Hill.  Eiliotird  II.,  p.  M. 

*  tongue-pad,  ».   A  great  talker,  a  chat- 
terer. 

"She  who  was  a  celebrated  wit  at  London,  U,  In  that 
dull  part  of  the  world,  called  a  tonaue-pad."—  Tatter. 

tongue  shaped,  a. 

I.  Ortl.  Lang, :  Shaped  like  a  tongue. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Anthrop. :  A  term  Introduced  to  denotes 
9lass  of  pointed  flint  implements  which  bear 
»  general  resemblance  in  shape  to  a  tongue. 

"  I  would  rather  follow  the  nomenclature  of  the 
French  quarryiuen,  who  have  given  the  name  l<ingiiti 
dt  chat  to  these  implement*  :  and  term  them  fr»»jue. 
iAaped,"— grant :  Ancient  Stone  Implement  t.  p.  M4. 

2.  Bat. :  Long,  fleshy,  plano-convex,  obtuse, 
as  the  leaf  of  Sempervivum  tectorum  or  of 
some  aloes. 

'tongue-shot,  ».     The  reach    of  the 


tongue ;  the  distance  to  which  the  sound  of 
words  uttered  by  the  tongue  can  reach ;  ear- 
shot. 

"She  would  stand  timidly  aloof,  out  of  tongue-ihot." 
— O.  Read* ;  Cloister  A  Hearth,  ch.  lii. 

tongue  -  spatula,  s.  The  same  as 
TONG.UB-DEPBESSOR  (q.v.). 

tongue-support,  a.  A  device  on  the 
tongue-hounitsofa  waggon  to  keep  the  forward 
end  of  the  tongue  elevated  and  prevent  its 
weight  bearing  on  tiie  necks  of  the  horses. 

*  tongue-tacked,  a.  Tongue-tied  (q.v.). 
tongue-test,  s. 

1.  Elect. :  A  familiar  test  consisting  in  the 
application  of  a  wire  to  the  tongue,  which 
gives  a  sensation,  sharp  or  otherwise,  accord- 
ing to  the  condition  of  the  line. 

2.  Eng. :  A  test  of  pyroligneous  or  nitric 
acid,  used  in  determining  the  strength  of  an 
etching  solution. 

tongue-tie,  s. 

Pathol.:  A  common  congenital  defect  In 
children,  in  which  the  anterior  part  of  the 
tongue  is  attached  to  the  floor  of  the  mouth 
by  a  muco-fibrous  band  (Vtiefrcenum  linguos). 
It  is  easily  remedied  by  dividing  the  band. 

*'  A  too-high  palate,  tongue-lie.  &u,  each  tends  to 
cause  it*  own  special  artlculatury  defect."—  Power, 
Field.  A  Briitowe .-  Management  of  the  Rye.  Ear,  and 
Throat,  p.  333. 

*  tongue-tie,  v.t.  To  deprive  of  speech  or 
the  power  of  speech,  or  of  distinct  articulation. 

"That  extreme  modesty  and  bashfulneas  which  or- 
dinarily tongue-tiet  us  all  In  good  company."— Good- 
man :  Winter  Evening  Conference,  pt.  1. 

tongue-tied,  •  tongue-tacked,  a. 

1.  Lit.  it  Pathol. :  Having  the  anterior  part 
of  the  tongue  attached  to  the  floor  of  the 
month  by  the/rtgnum  lingua. 

"  If  an  Infant  cannot  suck,  it  must  not  be  forgotten 
that  the  reason  may  be  that  it  is  tongue-tied.  —  But- 
tin:  Dileatee  of  the  Tonffite,  p.  22. 

2.  Fig. :  Unable  to  speak  freely  from  any 
canse ;  silenced.    (Shakesp. :  Sonnet,  66.) 

*  tongue- valiant,  a.    Valiant  or  bold  in 
speech  or  words  only  ;  brave  in  words,  not  in 
action. 

tongue-worm,  -. 

Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Penta- 
stoma  (t  Linguatula).  They  are  found  in  the 
frontal  sinuses,  lungs,  and  viscera  of  some 
mammals,  and  in  the  lungs  of  some  birds  and 
reptiles. 

tongue,  v.t.  &  I.    [TONGUE,  ».] 

A.  Transit  h-t: 

*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  speak  :  to  utter. 

"Such  stuff  as  madmen  tongue.* 

Shaketp.  :  Cytnoeline.  T.  4. 

2.  To  scold,  to  chide. 

3.  To  brand,  to  denounce  publicly. 

"  But  that  her  tender  shame 
Will  not  proclaim  ae*ln*t  her  maiden  loss, 
How  might  she  tonyue  me  T" 

Shatotp. :  Meamrtfor  Jleamre,  IT.  4. 
U,  Technically: 

1.  Carp. ;  To  connect,  as  boards,  by  means 
of  a  tongue  and  groove. 

8.  Music :  To  modify,  as  tones  or  sounds 
with  the  tongue,  in  playing,  as  in  the  flute 
and  some  other  wind  instruments. 

B,  Intransitive: 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  To  talk,  to  prate. 

"  Let  his  clack  be  set  a-going,  and  he  shall  tongue  It 
M  impetuously  as  the  arrauteat  hero  of  the  play."— 
Oryden  :  Oroun.lt  of  Criticism. 

2.  Music :  To  use  the  tongue  for  the  purpose 
of  modifying  sounds  in  playing  the  flute  and 
some   other   wind    instruments.      [DOUBLE- 
TONormo.] 

tongued,  a.  [Eng.  tangle),  s. ;  -td.}  Having 
a  tongue.  (Usually  in  composition,  or  quali- 
fied by  an  epithet.) 

"  Fame  was  a  liar,  too  long  and  loud  tongued." 

Beaum.  A  Flet. :  Loyal  Subject,  IT.  S. 

tongued  -  chisel,  s.  A  boring-chisel 
which  has  a  long,  downwardly  projecting 
blade,  and  shoulders  which  form  reamers. 

tongue'-loss,  *  tongue'-lesse,  a.  [Eng. 
tongue;  -less.} 

1.  Having  no  tongue;  destitute  of  a  tongue. 
*2.  Speechless. 

M  Which  blood,  like  sacrificing  Abel's,  cries, 
Even  from  the  tonffuel'-u  caverns  of  the  earth." 
ShaHetp. :  Richard  //..  I.  L 


*3.  Unnamed  ;  unspoken  of. 

"  One  good  deed  dying  tonguelete, 
Slaughters  a  thousand,  waiting  upon  (hat 

SluJceip.:   H'iater'i  Talt,  L  1. 

•tongue'-lSt,  s.  tE"g.  tongue;  dimin.  sun*. 
•let.)  A  little  tongue  ;  a  little  toiigue-sliaped 
process. 

« tohguo'-sbre,  «.  [Eng.  tongue,  and  wm.\ 
An  evil  tongue ;  wicked  speech,  ill-speaking. 

"Impnttnghis  tonaueiore,  not  unto  maliciousness. 
but  unto  the  default  of  right  knowledge."—  trdal ' 
Apoph.  of  Bratmut 

t  tongue -ster,  «.     [Eng.  tongue;  sun". 
A  talkative  person  ;  a  chatterer. 

"The  tonffiietters  of  the  court." 

Tert'itnon:  Latt  Tournament. 

"tong'-ney',  "ting'-u^,  a.  (Eng.  tongue; 
-y.)  Voluble  or  fluent  in  speech  ;  loquacious, 
garrulous.  (Wycllffe :  Ecclus.  vitl.  4.) 

tftn'-ic,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  tonicus,  from  Or.  rovncot 
(tonikos)  =  relating  to  stretching ;  roVos  (tonot)- 
=  a  thing  stretched ;  Fr.  toniyue;  Sp.  &  ItaU 
tonfco.)  (TONE,  «.) 

A*  As  adjective : 

*  J.  Ordinary  Language  1 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  tones  or  sounds. 

•*  To  the  Judicious  performance  upon  this  solemn  In- 
strument {the  organ)  my  olMervatfous  now  naturally 
lecur.  In  point  of  tonic  power.  I  presume  It  will  be 
allowed  preferable  to  all  others."— Mann:  On  Churc* 
MtuUt 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  tension ;  Increasing 
tension. 

IT.  Technically : 

1.  Music  :  Pertaining  to,  or  founded  on  the 
key-note  or  tonic:  as,  the  tonic  chord  (the- 
notes  c,  E,  and  o  sounded  simultaneously) 

2.  Pharm. :  Increasing  the  tone,  health,  and- 
strength  of  the  body  or  of  its  organs;  cor- 
roborative, bracing. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Music: 

(1)  The  key-note  of  any  scale ;  the  ground' 
tone  or  basis  of  a  scale  or  key. 

(2)  The   key-chord   in   which   a   piece   is 
written  and  with  which  it  concludes. 

2.  Pharm.  (PI.):  Medicines  which  Increase 
the  tone  of  any  part  of  the  bodily  frame.  Gar- 
rod  enumerates  four  classes  of  them  : 

(1)  Blood  Tonics,  called  also  Aualeptio  Tonics  or 
Blood  Restoratives,  as  various  salts  of  iron,  cod-lirsr 
011,40. 

12)  Nervine  Tonics,  as  nitrate  of  silver,  oxide  of 
•liver,  sulphate  of  zinc,  salts  of  iron,  strychnia,  Ac. 

(3)  Stomachic  Tonics,  as  calumba,  gentian,  quassia, 
hoi*,  sulphate  of  quinine,  Ac. 

(4)  Vascular  Tonics,  called  also  Vascular  Sti  umlauts, 
M  various  salts  of  ammonia,  oil  of  turpentine,  cam- 
phor, Ac. 

tonio  sol  fa,  «. 

Music :  A  system  of  musical  notation  by 
which  the  staff,  clefs,  key-signatures,  and- 
time-signatures  of  music  are  dispensed  with, 
and  the  sounds  are  represented  by  Initial 
solfeggio-letters,  placed  between  upright  bars, 
subdivided  as  required  for  the  various  rhythms. 
In  modem  music  there  is  but  one  diatonic 
scali 
tion 

shifting  of  a  scale  In  pitch.  Many  attempts 
have  been  made  from  time  to  time  since  the 
seventeenth  century  to  provide  singers  witli  a 
notation  by  means  of  which  the  diatonic  scale 
could  under  one  form  be  used  for  all  keys. 
Miss  Glover,  of  Norwich,  suggested  the  use  of 
a  movable  do*,  and  the  representation  of  the- 
sounds  by  initial  letters.  The  value  of  the 
Idea  was  at  once  seen  by  the  late  John  Curwen, 
who  devoted  his  life  to  the  development  and 
propagation  of  the  system  and  method  of 
teaching  It.  The  scale  stands  thus  (te  repre- 
senting the  Italian  si) : 

drinfsltd1,  &c. 

By  writing  at  the  head,  Key  c,  Key  cj, 
Key  D|>,  &c.,  the  singer  flnds  a  true  repre- 
sentation of  the  scale  in  any  key.  For  example, 
the  tune  "  God  save  the  Queen  "  may  be  writ- 
ten in  fifteen  different  keys  (each  with  & 
different  signature)  on  the  staff,  whereas  it 
can  only  be  written  one  way  in  tonic  sol-fa, 
the  direction  for  key  being  simply  written 
above  and  altered  when  required  : 

ddrtidrnmfi«ird,4c. 
As  modulations  occur,  one  note  of  the  old 
scale  Is  linked  to  a  note  of  the  new  scale, 
thus  forming  a  "  bridge  "—e.g.,  to  modulate 
from  key  c  into  key  o,  the  8  of  the  old  key 
becomes  the  d  of  the  new ;  from  key  c  into 
key  r,  the  f  of  the  old  becomes  the  d  of  the 


lie,  and  "  key  "  may  be  denned  as  the  posi- 
n  of  a  scale,  and  "modulation"  as  the 


loll,  boy;  pint,  ]e>l;  eat,  9011,  chorus,  oUn,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   ph  =  C 
-clan. -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -{ion,  -sion-zhun.    -clous,   Uous, -sious  =  shus.    -ble, -die,  ic.  =  beL,  d«L 


4754 


tonical— tonsure 


new,  and  so  on.  The  minor  scale  starts  froi 
the  note  fa*.  The  time-notation  of  the  ton] 
sol-fa  goes  back  also  to  first  principles— e.g 
by  dividing  the  upright  bars  by  a  colo 
thus,  |  :  |  ,  any  duple  time  is  representec 
from  two  semihreves  in  a  bar  to  two  dem 
semiquavers.  Similarly,  |  :  :  |  U  all  Urn 
is  required  for  the  triple  times,  |  :  I  : 
for  the  quadruple  times,  and  so  on.  It  wi 
be  at  once  seen  tliat  the  "  up  and  down  "  i 
pitch  is  not  represented  to  the  eye  as  on  th 
utaff ,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  tlie  tonic  sol  f 
signs  display  the  relationship  of  every  not 
t"  tlie  scale  from  which  it  is  taken ;  this  i 
not  necessarily  expressed  on  the  staff.  Th 
value  of  tonic  sol-fa  as  a  liasis  of  musical  edu 
oatiou  is  now  generally  acknowledged. 

tonio  sol  foist,  *.    One  who  teaches  or 
who  learns  music  on  the  tonio  sol-fa  system 
one  who  advocates  the  tonio  sol-fa,  system  o 
teaching  music. 

tonic-spasm,  s. 

PatiuA. :  A  convulsion  In  which  the  muscu 
lar  contractions  are  partial,  of  considerable 
duration,  and  without  unconsciousness,  th 
affected  muscles  themselves  being  hard. 

•  ton'-Io  aL  a.    [Eng.  tonic;  -til.)    Tonic. 

"One  kind  of  motion  relating  nn\o  that  which 
phrsltlans  do  name  extensive  or  conical."— drown* 
Tvlgur  Smart,  bk.  III.,  ch.  I. 

tS-nlo'-a'-tjf,  «.    [Eng.  tonic;  -ity.} 

PhysioL  :  That  property  of  the  muscles  by 
which  they  preserve  a  certain  degree  of  firm- 
ness and  slight  contraction,  best  seen  in  the 
sphincters.  Tonicity  appears  to  be  under  the 
influence  of  the  nervous  system,  since  It  is 
lost  as  soon  as  the  nerve  distributed  to  a 
muscle  is  divided,  the  mnscle  immediately 
becoming  flaccid  and  relaxed. 

ton'-Ing,  «.    [Eng.  ton(e);  -ing.'] 

Photog.:  The  treatment  of  a  positive 
photographic  print  with  a  weak  solution  of 
gold,  In  conjunction  with  other  modifying 
chemical  salts,  by  which  the  whole  or  a 
portion  of  the  deposit  of  metallic  silver  Is  re- 
placed by  metallic  gold  in  fine  division.  The 
effect  is  to  give  permanency  to  the  print, 
subduing  and  modifying  the  disagreeable 
colour,  and  substituting  various  shades  of 
purple,  black,  blue,  brown,  and  gray, 

•  ton'-Ish,  •  ton'-nlsh,  a.    [Eng.  ton  (I) ; 
-ish.]    In  the  ton ;  fashionable. 


*  ton'- Ish- ness,  «.     [Eng.    tnntsh;   -ness.] 
Fashion.     (Mad.  D'Artlay:  Diary,  I  SSO.) 

ton'-ite,  «.    [Eng.  (gun-cotyon ;  -Ue.] 

Chem. :  An  explosive,  originally  called 
Cotton-powder  (said  to  have  been  invented  by 
•  Mr.  Mackie),  and  manufactured  at  Paver- 
sham  in  the  year  1873.  It  consisted  of  a 
mixture  of  gun-cotton  and  barium  nitrate  In 
about  equal  proportions.  Its  explosive  force 
Is  somewhat  less  than  that  of  either  gun- 
cotton  or  dynamite. 

*  ton  -I  trant,  a.    [Lat.  tonitna  =  tlmuder.l 
Thundering. 

"  With  tonifrant  tone  and  redundancy  of  action."— 
*U  tlu  f«ur  Haunt,,.  IK.    (is;i.| 

*  ton'-I-tro&S,  o.    [Lat.  femtt™»  =  thunder.] 
Thundering.    (T.  Brown :  Workt,  HI.  142.) 

toiV-ka,  ton'-ga,  teA'-go,  ton'-qain,  «. 
(From  the  Guianan  name  of  the  tree.)  (See 
compound.) 

tonka-bean,*. 

Bat.,  £c. :  Dipterix  odorata,  called  also  Oro- 
marouna  odorala.  II  is  a  tree  from  Guiana, 
much  branched  at  the  top,  with  large,  alter- 
nate, pinnate  leaves,  racemes  of  flowers,  and 
almond-like  legumes.  Tlie  kernels  are  rery 
fragrant,  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
snuff,  and  are  put  into  chest*  to  communicate 
a  pleasant  odour  to  the  clothes  and  to  drive 
away  insects.  They  are  sold  ordinarily  under 
the  corrupted  name  of  Tonqniu-beaus,  as  If 
they  came  from  Tonquin. 

Tonka-bean  mod: 

But. :  Alyxta  buxlfolia, 

t«Ji£-nage  (age  as  Ig).  «.    [Bng.  ton  &; 

1.  Th«  weight  of  goods  carried  In  a  boat  or 
ship. 

2.  KOML.  :  The  carrying  capacity  of  a  vesaeL 


It  is  actually   equivalent  to  the  differenc 
between  the  weight  of  the  water  displaced  b 
the  vessel  when  light,  and  that  displaced  b 
her  when  loaded  to  the  greatest  safe  depth  c 
immersion.      Different  rules  for  calculatin 
the  tonnage  have  been  legally  established  i 
different    countries,    some    of   which    h;tv 
frequently  given  results  varying  widely  froi 
the   true  amount    which    might   be   safel 
carried.     In  deep,  full-built  ships  the  actua 
capacity  was  always  largely  in  excess  of  th 
government-registered    tonnage.      The    to 
measurement  upon  which  freight  is  charge* 
is  calculated  at  40  cubic  feet;  the  different 
between  that  and  the  ton  of  100  cubic  feet,  o 
that   of  the   register,  represents   the   dea( 
weight  or  displacement  of  the   ship   when 
light,  or  00  per  cent,  of  the  whole,  40  pe 
cent  only  being  available  flotative  power  fo 
cargo.    By  the  old  law  it  was  provided  tha 
from  the  extreme  length  of  the  vessel  there 
should  be  deducted  three-fifths  of  the  breadth 
the  remainder  was  multiplied  by  the  breadth 
and  the  product  by  the  depth,  which,  in  the 
case  of  a  double-decked  vessel,  was  arbitrarily 
assumed    as    being   equal   to   one-half  the 
breadth  ;  the  latter  product  was  then  divided 
by  95,  and  the  quotient  was  taken  as  the 
legal  tonnage  on  which  tonnage  dues  were  to 
be  paid.     It  was  thus  made  the  interest  of 
owners  to  build  excessively  deep  ships,  the 
law  in  this  way  discriminating  in  favour  nf 
clumsy,  slow,  and  inefficient  ships,  and  dis- 
couraging    attempts    at     improvements    in 
model.    Under  the  system  which  is  at  presen 
used  vessels  are,  for  the  purpose   of  ascer 
taining  their  tonnage,  divided  as  follows :  Not 
exceeding  60  ft.   in    length   into   4    parts ; 
120  ft.  into  6  parts ;  180  ft.  into  8  parts ;  225  ft. 
into  10  parts,  and  over  225  ft.  into  12  parts. 
In  steam-vessels  the   length,    breadth,  and 
height   of  the   engine-room   are   multiplied 
together,  the  product  divided  by  100,  and  the 
result  deducted  from  the  gross  tonnage.    The 
space  occupied  by  a  propeller-shaft  is  con- 
sidered as  a  part  of  the  engine-room.    The 
actual  depths  between  decks  are  measured 
and  taken  as  factors,  and  any  closed-in  space 
on  or  above  the  npper  deck,  and  capable  of 
receiving    cargo,    4c,,    is   included   in    the 
measurement.    The  dimensions  are  all  taken 
in  feet  and  decimals  of  a  foot,  and  the  nuuilwr 
100  is  used  as  the  final  division  for  ascertain- 
ing the  capacity  of  the  ship  in  tons. 

H  Tonnage  and  Poundage :  [TUSNAOE,  1]. 

tonne,  s.  [Fr.,  a  nautical  term  =  »  weight 
of  a  thousand  kilogrammes.)  A  measure  of 
weight  or  of  force  oo  the  C.G.S.  system  of 
nnits.  [a  G.  S.] 

IT  In  measuring  work,  a  tonne-metre  Is  = 
9-81  x  10">ergs  nearly.    (Ibid.) 

ton'-ner, «.  [Eng.  ton  (2) ;  .«•.]  A  vessel  of 
a  certain  tonnage.  (Used  in  composition.) 

"  The  allowance  between  an  60-tonner  and  a  40. 
tenmr.-—FMd.  April  4.  uu. 

ton'  msh,  a.    [TOXISH.] 

ton  nish  ness,  s.  [Eng.  tmnlsn;  -neat.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  in  tlie  ton  or 
prevailing  fashion ;  fashionableness. 

ta-nSm'-S-ter,  «,  [Or.  TW*  (tonos)  =  a  tone, 
and  ue'Tpoy  (metron)  =  a  measure.  ]  An  instru- 
ment, Invented  in  1834  by  Scheibler  and  im- 
proved by  Konig,  for  determining  the  exact 
number  of  vibrations  per  second  which  pro- 
duce a  given  tone,  and  for  tuning  musical 
instruments. 

6  nom'  e-tr£,  «.  [Eng.  touomeKer) ;  TV.) 
The  act  of  measuring  vibrations  of  tones  by 
means  of  a  tonometer. 

••  Tyiomarr  was  flrst  placed  on  a  scientific  hull  In 
a  bullj-  written,  but  eitreuiely  valuable,  little  pam 
phletof  80  injceB  and  4  UtMHMlhU  plates.  miulinlK'a 
at  tjsen.  ISM, mid  entitled  ' The  Pliyalouaua  Muaicl 
Tonometer  ( Taumoterl.  which  pruvta  by  the  ueudu. 
Inm.  vtalble  to  the  eye.  the  aljeolute  vibration,  of 
tune,,  and  of  the i  prludual  jrenera  o<  combinational 
tou<a,  as  well  aa  the  inoet  utfTiiit* exaotness  of  equally 
tempered  and  mathematical  chorda.  Invented  ami 
executed  by  Helnrtch  Scheibler,  silk-war,  i"' 

J'  *"*  ' 


ton-oils,  a.    [Eng.  ton(e),  s. ;  -ma.)    Full  of 
tone  or  sound ;  sonorous. 

Ton'-qmn  (qu  as  k),  «.    [See  det  1.) 

1.  Geog. :  The  most  northerly  province  of 
Anam,  in  the  Eastern  Peninsula. 

2.  Bat. :  A  corruption  of  Tonka  (q.v.). 

Tonqnln-bean, «.    [TONKA-BEAU.] 


SECTION  OF  MOUTH,  SHOW- 
ING TONSILS. 
Iff.  Tongue ;  t.  t.  Tonsil* ;  t  p. 
Velum  palati. 


ton-siLs.  [Fr.  tonsttit,  from  Lat.  tonsiUa  = 
a  sharp-pointed  pole  which  was  stuck  in  the 
ground  to  fasten  vessels  to  the  shore,  and 
(pi.)  tonsillai  —  the  tonsils  of  the  throat ;  adj. 
M«Ui  =  tliat  may  be  >horn  or  clipped,  from 
trmtum,  sup.  of  tondeo  =  tu  shear,  to  clip,  to 
shave.] 

Anat.  (PI.): 
Two  glands,  one 
on  each  side  of 
the  palate  be- 
tween its  pil- 
lars.  They  con- 
sist of  a  number 
of  deep  mucous 
follicles  or  cry  p. 
t«,  surrounded 
by  and  deiiosi- 
ted  in  cellular 
tissue  arranged 
in  a  somewhat 
circular  form. 
They  are  some- 
times called 
Amygdohe.  [AL- 
MOND.] The  chief  diseases  which  affect  the 
tonsils  are  inflammation  [ToNsiLmsJ  and 
hypertrophy  of  their  substance,  or  the  morbid 
influence  may  be  specially  concentrated  on  the 
follicles  alone. 

ton'  sll  ar,  ton'-sll-lar,  a.  [Eng.  tontll;  .ar. ] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  tonsils ;  tonsilitic, 

tonsilar-artery,  «. 

Anat. :  A  branch  of  the  facial  artery  ascend- 
ing along  the  side  of  the  pharynx,  and  ter- 
minating upon  the  tonsil  and  the  side  of  the 
tongue  near  its  root 

ton'-sile,  o.  [Lat.  ton«f?<»  =  that  may  be 
shorn  or  clipped.]  [TONSIL.]  Capable  or  fit 
for  being  clipped. 

"  The  tmattt  box."        Mourn  :  £»vUte  Oardm,  L 

ton  sil-it'-ic,  ton-»Il-lif-ic,  o.  [Eng. 
tonsil ;  -Me.)  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  tonsils : 
as,  the  tonsilitic  branches  of  the  glossoplia- 
ryngeal  nerve. 

ton-sll-i'-tis,  «.    [Eng.  tonsil ;  sutf.  -Uit.} 

I'utkol. :  Inflammation  of  one  or  both  of  the 
tonsils,  generally  extending  also  to  the  palate 
and  uvula.  It  brings  with  it  dryness,  pain, 
and  heat  of  the  throat,  with  difficulty  of 
swallowing,  and  often  ends  in  abscesses,  one 
at  least  of  which  suppurates.  It  is  a  common 
disease  in  moist  variable  weather.  [QUINSY. 1 

ton  sir  6  tome,  s.   [Eng.  tonsil,  and  Gr.  TOM* 
(tome)  =  a  cutting.] 
Surg. :  A  knife  for  operations  on  the  tonsils. 

*  ton'- SOT,  «.    [Lat,]    A   barber;  one  who 
shaves. 

"  Go  with  the  tonxor.  Pat,  and  try 
To  aid  hie  baud  and  guide  his  eye." 

Contoe :  Ui.  Syntax,  1L  i 

•  t<5n  sbr'-i-al,  a.  [Lat.  tonsoriui,  from  tonsor 
=  a  barber.)     Pertaining  to  a  barber  or  hi* 
art. 

"The  tonioHal  operation  Is  happily  not  perform*) 
on  the  stage."— Queen,  Sept.  26,  ibaa. 

on'  sure  (s  as  sh),  ».    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  ton- 
sura  =  a  shearing,  clipping,  or  pruning,  from 
tonsia,  pa.  par.  of  tondeo  =  to  shear,  to  clip, 
to  shave.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  clipping  or  Suavlng. 

"  They  were  forblddon  to  nse  a  particular  totuurt  at 
the  hair:  Ijecause  a  neighbouring  nation  naed  It  la 
honour  of  a  dead  prince  whom  they  worshipped,  '—Bp. 
Vortlw  :  Sermont,  voL  1IL.  ser.  83. 

2.  The  state  of  being  clipped  or  shaved. 


II.  EccUs.  it  Chunk  History: 


1.  The  shaving  of  the  crown  In  a  circle, 
which  is  a  distinguishing  mark  of  clerics  in 
the  Roman  Church.  Most  of  the  mendicant 
and  cloistered  orders  allow  only  a  narrow 
strip  of  hair  to  grow  round  the  head,  all  above 
and  below  being  shaved ;  the  tonsure  of 
secular  clerics  Is  small.  The  tonsure  is  a 
necessary  preliminary  to  entering  the  clerical 
state,  whether  secular  or  religious ;  in  the 
former  case  it  Is  conferred  by  the  bishop  of 
the  diocese,  in  the  latter  by  the  head  of  the 
religious  house,  if  a  mitred  abbot.  It  Invests 
the  receiver  with  all  the  privileges  of  a  cleric, 
and  furnishes  a  means  to  distinguish  the 
higher  from  the  lower  clergy,  as  the  extent  of 
tonsure  increases  with  the  rank  till  the  priest- 
hood is  reached.  Writers  of  the  seventh  and 
eighth  centuries  distinguish  three  kinds  of 


'  wr11^  ^  f"-  fether:  W5>  wSt"  hiire-  oam*  **••  ***••>  P^ 
.  wore.  woU.  work.  wad.  .on;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rtle.  full;  try.  Syrian. 


SB,  03  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Jar, 


tonsure  -  toot 


4755 


tonsure  :  (1)  The  Roman,  or  St.  Peter's,  in 
which  only  a  circle  of  hair  was  left,  common 
in  France  and  Spain ;  W  St.  Paul's,  which 
was  entire,  usual  in  th«  Eastern  Church ; 
and  (3)  the  Celtic,  or  St.  John's,  adopted  by 
the  British  and  Irish  Churches,  in  which  the 
head  was  shaved  in  front  of  R  line  drawn  from 
ear  to  ear  A  violent  controversy  arose  in  the 
seventh  century  as  to  the  comparative  merits 
of  the  Celtic  and  Roman  tonsures,  but  was 
eventually  decided  in  favour  of  the  latter, 
though  its  introduction  nearly  led  to  a  schism. 

2.  The  act  of  admission  to  the  clerical  state. 
At 'first   it  was  never  given   without  some 
minor  order  being  conferred  at  the  same  time, 
but  this  practice  ceased  in  the  seventh  century. 

3.  That  portion  of  a  priest's  head  which  a 
miule  bare  by  shaving. 

ton  sure  (s  as  sh),  v.t.  &  <.    [Tossum,  «.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  confer  the  tonsure  on  ;  U> 
admit  to  the  clerical  state. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  confer  the  tonsure;   to 
admit  a  person  to  the  clerical  state. 

••  It  was only  gradually  that  the  riglit  to  taniurt  w»s 
limited  to  bisnoW.  "note,  tc.  Till  the  tenth  century 
it  wa8  viveu  Ijy  simple  priest*,  or  even  l>y  laymen  to 
one  another.--X.Mii  *  Arnold-  CuUi.  Ma.,  f  7W. 

ton  sured  (•  as  sh),  a.   [Eng.  tonsur(e) ;  -ed.) 
1.  Having  received  the  tonsure;   shaven; 

hence,  clerical. 
•  2.  Having  a  bald  spot  on  the  head  like  a 

tonsure.    (Tennyson :  Brook,  200.) 

t6n-tine',  ».  &  a.    [Fr.    (See  def.)] 

A.  As  most. :  A  species  of  annuity  devised 
by  an   Italian  named  Lorenzo  Tonti.    They 
were  adopted  in  the  first  place  by  govern- 
ments  as  a  means  of  raising  a  loan.    In  return 
for  a  sum  paid  down  the  government  engaged 
to  grant  annuities  to  a  certain  number  of 
persons.      When    one    died,    his   share    was 
divided  among  all  the  survivors,  and   this 
process  went  on  till  only  one  was  left,  and 
ne  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  all  the  annuities 
himself,"  until  hi«  death,  when  the  transaction 
ceased. 

tontine  plan  of  insurance 
In  the  United  Status  the  tontine  system,  as 
applied  to  life  insurance,  is  less  popular  than 
formerly,  although  the  policies  still  existing 
cover  very  large  figures.  Under  a  tontine 
policy  no  dividends  or  returns  of  any  kind  are 
given  the  policy-holder  for  a  certain  number 
of  years,  termed  the  tontine  period,  at  the 
expiration  of  which  the  entire  fund,  with  its 
accumulations,  is  divided  amongst  those  who 
have  kept  their  policies  in  force. 

B.  At  adj.:  Pertaining  or   relating   to  a 
tontine ;  built  by  a  subscription  with   the 
benefit  of  survivorship. 

"  It  Is  a  sort  of  Tontine  colony— all  lor  the  benefit  of 
•OTVlvors."— ffoo*:  Gilbert  Oumei/,  vol.  iii..  oh.  v. 

•td'-nj,  s.    [An  abbrev.  of  Antony.}    A  sim- 
pleton. 


"  When  a  man  play»  the  fool  or  the  eitravagsut 
«lelltly  he's  a  tony.    Who  drew  thil  or  that  rUHcU; 
loui  piece?  tani/.    Such  or  inch  a  one  was  never  »ell 
tauKlit :  No.  he  had  alonji  to  hii  master.'  —  L  Earanae: 


Tranilation  0/O.uewdo. 

too,  "  to,  adv.    [The  same  word  as  to  (q.v.).l 

1.  Over ;  more  than  enough  ;  denoting  ex- 
cess. 

"  Lett  toe  Hint  winning  make  the  prlxe  loo  light." 
Khatnp. :  Tempea.  i.  1 

2.  In  addition,  moreover,  likewise,  further  ; 
over  and  above ;  at  the  same  time  ;  also. 


1*1.  And  too  :  And  at  the  same  time. 
'    "  It  shall  be  merciful  and  too  severe.' 

Bhaktip.  :  I'enut  t  AdonU,  1,145. 

2.  Too  too :  Used  to  denote  excess  emphati 
eally. 

"  Oh  that  tbla  too  too  lolid  flesh  would  melt, ' 

Shaketp. :  Samlet.  I.  2. 

too  ba,  tu-ba.  s.  [Arab.  =  happiness 
eternal  happiness  (S 

L  Bot. :  (1)  DaOxrgia  heterophyUa;  (2)  D 
purpurea  ;  (8)  Derris  dliptica.  (Treas.  of  Bot. 

2.  Muhammadan  Mythol.  :  A  tree  which 
stands  in  paradise  in  the  palace  of  Muham 
mad.  (Sale.) 

"  My  feast  in  now  of  the  Tonba  tree. 
Whose  acent  la  the  breath  of  Eternity." 

Moore :  ParadlM  *  tin  Peri. 

took,  pret.  ofv.    (TAKE,  v.] 

U  Also  used  formerly  as  the  past  participle. 
"  Most  of  the  rest  slaughtered,  or  root,  likewise." 
xhaketp  :  1  Henry  VI.,  t  L 


took, s.    [TUCK  (3),  s.l 

tool,  *  tol,  *  tole,  *  toole,  s.   [A.s.  *o7  =  a 

tool ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  tol  =  tools.) 
I  Literally  : 

I.  An  implement  adapted  to  be  used  by 
one  person,  and  depending  for  its  effect  upon 
the  strength  and  skill  "1  the  operator;  any 
Instrument    of   manual   operation,    such    as 
hummers,     punches,    chisels,    planes,    saws, 
drills,  files,  &c.     It  is,  however,  exceedingly 
difficult  to  define  the  line  separating  tm.ls 
from  machines,  and  of  late  it  has  beam 
usual  to  embrace  in  the  general  term  machine 
tools,   such  machines  as  the   lathe,   planer, 
slotting  machine,  and  others  employed  In  the 
manufacture  of  machinery  ;  specif.,  applied— 
(1)  In  bookbinding,  to  the  stamping  and  letter 
appliances  of  the  finisher,  known  as  hand, 
hand-letter,  lettering,  roller, edge,  fillet,  pallet, 
Arc.,  according  to  purpose,  construction,  or 
pattern,      (2)  To   the    smaller   sizes  of  the 
painter's  brushes,  as  sash-tools,  &c. 

"Carpenter's  art  was  the  invention  of  DiedaluB.  as 
also  the  toolet  thereto  belongs,  to  wit.  the  saw,  the 
chip,  axe,  hatchet,  the  plutulie-line.  the  RUKer  anil 
wimble  the  strong  glew.  as  jilso  flwh  glew.  and  stone 
saudre."— P.  Holland  •  flinie.  bit.  vll.,  ch.  Ivi. 

*[  The  use  of  tools  is  nearly,  but  not  quite, 
peculiar  to  man.  Monkeys  use  stones  as 
missiles  and  to  break  nuts,  and  elephants 
break  off  branches  of  trees  to  drive  away  flies. 
(Darwin:  Descent  of  Man,  pt.  i.,  ch.  ii.) 

*  2.  A  weapon,  a  sword. 

••  Draw  thy  tool."        Bkaketp.  :  Romeo  *  Juliet,  L  1. 

II.  Fig. :  A  person  used  by  another  as  an 
instrument  to  accomplish  certain  ends.    (A 
word  of  reproach.) 

"  Such  still  to  guilt  ln«t  Alia  sends- 
Slaveii,  tool*,  accomplices— no  friends  !" 

B>rm  :  Bride  at  *<•»''»*.  'i.  «. 

TI  For  the  difference  between  tool  and  in- 
strument, see  INSTRUMENT. 
•J  A  poor  tool :  A  bad  hand  at  anything. 

tool-car,  s. 

Kail. :  A  car  carrying  an  equipment  for 
repairing,  replacing  on  the  rails,  or  removing 
debris  in  case  of  accident. 

tool-chest,  s.  A  chest  or  box  in  which 
tools  are  kept. 

tool-coupling,  s.  A  screw  coupling  by 
which  a  drill,  for  instance,  is  connected  to 
the  bar,  rod,  haft,  or  whatever  the  handle 
may  be  properly  called  in  a  given  case. 

tool-extractor,  s.  An  implement  for 
recovering  from  drilled  holes  broken  tools  or 
portions  of  rods  which  may  have  become  dis- 
connected and  fallen  to  the  bottom. 

tool  -holder,  s.    A  tool-handle ;  specif., 

1.  Lathe :  A  device  for  holding  lathe-cutters 
and  similar  tools  firmly. 

2.  Grind. :  A  device  for  accurately  facing 
grlndstoHes,  and  for  uniformly  holding  tools 
while  being  ground. 

tool  post,  tool-stock, .«. 
Lathe :  A  device  on  the  upper  part  of  a 
slide-rest  by  which  the  cutter  is  held. 

tool-rest,  s. 

Lathe :  The  portion  of  the  lathe  to  which 
the  tool  is  attached,  and  which  has  usualh 
several  adjustments ;  longitudinally  and  trans- 
versely of  the  shears,  and  vertically. 

tool-stock,  s.    [TOOL-POST.] 

tool-stone,  >. 

Anthrop. :  The  name  given  to  oval  or  egg 
shaped  stones,  more  or  less  indented  on  one 
or  both  surfaces.  Their  use  is  not  at  pre 
sent  thoroughly  understood.  Some  anti 
quarleg  suppose  that  they  were  held  between 
the  finger  and  thumb,  and  used  as  hammers 
or  chippers.  If,  however,  a  large  series  is  ob 
tained,  it  will  be  found  that  the  depressiot 
varies  greatly  in  depth,  and  that  sometime* 
the  stone  is  completely  perforated,  whicl 
favours  the  view  of  those  who  regard  these 
implements  as  sinkers  for  nets,  or  smal 
hammer-heads.  (Lubbock  :  Prehistoric  Times 
ch.  iv.) 

"  An  oval  tool*tone,  with  a  perforated  hole  at  th 

centre,  which  had  been  drilled  from  Bide  to  side,  — 

Oreenuell:  Hritiih  Birrrom,  p.  248. 

tool,  f.f.     [Toot,  s.] 

1.  To  shape  or  dress  with  a  tool.  [TOOLIHO. 

2.  To   drive,  as   a  mail   coach  or  othe 
vehicle. 

"The  crack  coaches   .  .  .  were  tooled  by  expert 
knights  of  the  bench.'  "-DaUt  Teleo..  Nov.  18,  1885. 


tooled,  pa,  par.  or  o.    [TOOL,  ».) 
tooled  ashlar,  » 

Mason.  :  Ashlar  with  Its  face  chisel-dressed 
into  parallel  ridges  and  hollows. 

tool'  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    [TOOL,  it.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Bookbinding:  Ornamental  gilding  or  em- 
bossing   by   heated  tools  upon  the  leather 
binding  of  books. 

2.  Carving:    Elaborate  carving  by   chisels 
and  gouges  in  stone  or  wood  in  architecture, 
joinery,  cabinet-work,  and  furniture. 

3.  Mason.  :   Stone-dressing   in    which    the 
face  shows  the  parallel  marks  of  the  tool  in 
symmetrical  order. 

tool  -si,  tu  la-si,  i.    [Bengalee,  Hind.,  &c.] 
Rit.  :  Various  species   of  Basil;   specially, 
Ocimum    basilicmn  and   0.  samtitm,   variety 
villosum. 

tool  ye,  tool-zie  (2  as  y),  "  tuU'-yie, 
•  tuil'-ye,  s.  [0.  Fr.  touiller  —  to  mix  or 
mingle  filthily.]  A  hn.il,  a  quarrel;  a  squab- 
ble, a  disturbance.  (.Scotc/*.) 

tool'  ye,  tool  zie  (z  as  y),  "  tul-ye,  v.t.  * 

i.      [TOOL-VE,  ».] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  harass.    (Harbour:  Bnut, 
iv.  152.) 

B.  Intrant.  :    To   quarrel,    to    squabble. 


toom,  v.f.    [Toon,  o.]    To  empty. 

"To  hae  loomed  It  ft  out  into  the 
Scott  :  Antiquary. 

toom,  "  torn,  a.  &  s.     [Icel.  (dmr  =  empty  : 
Sw.  &  Dan.  torn;  O.  H.  Ger.  zomi,} 

A.  As  adj.  :  Empty.    (Prop.  &  Scotch.) 

B.  As  subst.  :   A  piece  of   waste  ground 
where  rubbish  is  shot.    (Scotch.) 

toom'-a,  torn'  -a,  s.    [TelegtuJ 

Sot.  :  Acacia  arabica. 
toon  (1),  ».    [TOWN.]    (Soofch.) 

toon  (2),  tod'-na,  s.     [Hind.,  Bengalee,  4<X 

tun,  toon,  ttina,  toona.] 
Bot.  :  Cedrela  Toona.    [CEDRELA.] 
toon-wood,  s.    [TOON  (2).] 
toop,  tip,  s.    [Tup,  s.}    A  ram.    (Scotch.) 

"  0.  may  thou  ne'er  forgather  up 
W  i  only  blastit  moomnd  toop.  ' 

•          Burnt:  DealhQf  Poor  Malltt. 

todr,  tnr,  ».    [Mahrntta,  &c.  toor,  thur,  thorf 
Sans,  arhuku.} 
Bot.  :  Cajanus  indicus.    (Anglo-Indian.) 

toor1  -co-man,  s.    [TURKOMAN  .  | 

too'  roo,  s.    [Native  name.! 

Bot.  :  (Enocarpui  Satawa.  a  South  American 
lalm.  The  Indians  make  arrows  for  their 
blow-pipes  from  the  stiff,  slender  nerves  of 
the  base  of  the  decaying  leafstalk. 

•  toos,  s.  pi.    [TOE,  ».] 

•  toot  (1),  *  tot-en,  r.i  &  t    [A  variant  of 
to»(  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  project,  to  stand  out,  to  be  prominent 

"  His  ton  toteden  out,  as  be  the  ]ond  tredede." 

Piert  Plovjinan  t  Credt. 

2.  To  look  ont,  to  watch,  to  peer,  to  spy. 

"  TbetoMim?  hill,  or  peaie,  or  high  beakon  place  ec 
watching  toure,  from  whence  to  see  a  ferre  of.  —Uaai: 
Lukexix. 

3.  To  peep,  to  pry. 

••  Xor  durst  Orcanes  view  the  soldan's  face,  ^ 
But  stil  I  vpon  the  floore  did  pore  nud  tout. 

Fairefax  :  Bodfrty  of  Uoulogne.  x.  se. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  look  or  spy  into  ;  to  sec,  to 
spy. 

"  WTiou  myght  thou  In  thy  brothers  eighe  a  bars 

mote  loken. 

And  iu  thyn  awen  eighe  nought  a  Iwuje  totenf 
Fieri  Plowman  t  Crede,  ill. 

todt  (2),  *  tnte,  v.l.  &  t.  [O.  Du.  tuyten  =  to 
sound  a  cornet;  Sw.  tjo<a=to  howl;  Dan. 
tvde  =  to  howl,  to  blow  a  horn  ;  Icel.  thjota 
(pa.  t  thout)  =  to  whistle,  as  wind,  to  blow  a 
horn  ;  A.S.  theotan  =  to  howl,  to  make  a 
noise;  M.  H.  Ger.  diezen  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  diosait 
=.  to  make  a  lond  noise  ;  Goth.  thaUutura  =  a 
trumpet.] 


M 

M, 


*6H,  bo> ;  ptfut,  JoiW;  cat.  9ell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   -ing. 
-clan, -tian  =- shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tion,  -fioa  =  zhiin.   -clou»,  -tious,  -alous  =  ahn*.   -We,  -die,  «c.  —  Del,  aeir 


4756 


toot— toothedge 


A.  Intransitive ; 

1.  To  sound  a  bora. 

"To  title  iu  a  ham.  Comuctncre."—Lerin! :    Jiant- 
pulUM  Focabulorum. 

2.  To  make  a  noise  with  an  instrument,  or 
with  the  mouth,  similar  to  that  of  &  horn  or 
pipe  ;  to  give  out  sucli  a  sound. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  sound,  as  a  horn. 

2.  To  give  out  or  express  by  tooting. 
to*t  (!),«.    [TOOT  (2),  r.] 

1.  A  blast,  as  from  a  horn,  or  any  similar 
eound. 

2.  A    frolic,  a   spree,  a  drunken  carousal 
(Slaug.) 

3.  The  devil.    (Prov.  EnglM.~) 
toot  (2),  «.    [Maori.]    (See  compound.) 

toot-plant,  «. 

Bot.  :  Coriaria  rvsci/olia,  a  poisonous  Ne 
Zealand  shrub. 

todf-er,  *  toat-cr,  •  tot-er,  ».  [Bug. 
toot  (2),  v.  ;  -«T.J  One  who  toots;  one  who 
blows  on  a  horn  or  pipe. 

"  Come,  Father  Rosin,  with  your  fiddle  now, 
And  two  tail  tottrt;  flourish  to  the  masque." 
Ben  Jonton  :  Tide  of  a  Tub,  V.  k. 

tooth,  *  toth,  *  tothe  (pi.  *  teth,  teeth),  t. 
[A. 8.  tMh  (pi.  tedh,  todhas),  for  (and*;  cf. 
O.S.  tand ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  land ;  Icel.  tonn, 
orig.  tonnr  (=fandr);  Dan.  tand  ;  Sw.  tand; 
O.  H.  Ger.  zand ;  M.  H.  Ger.  tan;  Ger.  zahn; 
Goth,  tunlhus;  Lat  dem,  genit.  dentil ;  Or. 
Wove  (odous),  genit.  oJoWoc  (odontos);  Sansc. 
dauta ;  Lithuan.  dantis;  Welsh  dant;  Corn. 
Aim;  Pen.  danddn.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  In  tbe  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  Taste ;  palate.  (Dryden:  Persiiu,  iii.  229.) 

(2)  Any   projection  resembling   or   corre- 
sponding to  the  tooth  of  an  animal  in  shape, 

position,  or  office  ;  a  small,  narrow,  project- 
ing piece,  usually  one  of  a  set :  as,  (a)  The 
tooth  of  a  comb,  a  saw,  a  file,  a  card,  a  rake ; 
(b)  A  cog  of  a  wheel ;  (c)  A  tine  or  prong  of  a 
fork.  In  a  mechanical  sense,  a  term  applied 
to  a  projecting  lug,  whose  function  is  to  tear, 
crumble,  cut,  or  mash  the  object  to  which  it 
is  applied. 

IL   Technically: 

1.  Anat.  (Pi.):  Bony  developments  of  the 
akin  appearing  in  the  jaws  of  man  and  most 
other  vertebrates.  They  are  used  for  masti- 
cation. Han  has  two  sets  of  teeth,  the  tem- 
porary, deciduous,  or  milk  t«eth,  and  the 
permanent  teeth.  The  former  are  twenty  in 
•*11,  viz.,  ten  in  each  jaw;  and  the  permanent 
ones  ate  thirty-two,  vi».,  sixteen  in  e«ch 
jaw.  The 
temporary 
teeth  in  each 
jaw  consist 
of :  —  i.  4; 
f.  1—1 ;  H. 
S  —  t;  the 
-permanent 
teeth  of  i.  4; 
c.  1—1 ;  P.M. 
8—2;  M.  8— 
JI.  Of  the 
deciduous 
teeth,  the 
central  inci- 
•sors  appear 
from  the 
sixth  to  the 
•eighth 
month ;  the 
lateral  inci- 
sors from 
the  seventh 
to  the  tenth; 
the  first  mo- 
lar from  the 
twelfth  to 
the  fourteenth,  the  canines  from  the  fifteenth 
to  the  twentieth,  and  the  second  molar  from 
the  twentieth  to  the  thirtieth.  The  first  per- 
manent molar  appears  at  the  age  of  six,  the 
central  incisors  at  seven,  the  lateral  incisors 
at  eight,  the  anterior  premolars  at  nine, 
posterior  ones  at  ten,  the  canines  at  eleven 
or  twelve,  second  molars  at  twelve  to  thir- 
teen ;  the  third,  or  wisdom-teeth,  at  seventeen 
to  twenty-five.  The  roots  of  the  teeth  are 
implanted  in  the  alveoli  of  the  jaws,  which 
they  fit  accurately.  The  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw 


HUMAN  DENTITION, 
Snowing  the  teeth  ot  a  child  at  six 
years  old.  All  tbe  deciduous  teeth 
are  shown,  and  the  first  permanent 
molar  in  eacb  law  (m  1)  has  been 
cut;  the  iucisors(il,  *2),  canines  (c). 
premolars  (pm  L  pm  21  and  second 
molar  (m  2)  are  shown  in  the  alveoli 
of  the  jaw. 


slightly  overhang  those  of  the  lower.  A  tootl 
consists  of  three  portions,  viz.,  a  crown,  a 
root,  with  a  tang  or  Tangs,  and  a  neck.  Oi 
making  a  section  of  a  tooth,  the  hard  sub 
stance  of  which  it  is  composed  is  hollow 
\\itiiin.  The  cavity  id  callctl  the  pulp-cavity 
as  it  is  filled  by  a  soft,  highly  vascular,  am 
sensitive  substance  called  the  dental  pulp 
The  hard  part  of  a  tooth  is  composed  of  three 
substances— ivory  or  dentine,  enamel,  and  a 
cement,  orcrusta  petro$a.  A  tooth  is  f'>mu-< 
in  the  same  way  as  a  hair.  Among  the  lower 
vertebrates  the  teeth  are  so  varied  in  number 
and  character,and  these  variations  are  so  corre 
lated  with  otlter  parts  of  the  structure,  that 
they  are  of  primary  value  for  the  purpose  o; 
classification.  For  details,  see  the  various 
orders  (as  Carnivora,  Rodentia,  Rumiuantia 
Ac.).  Recent  birds  have  no  teeth  properly 
so-called  [ODONTORNIS],  but  the  name  is 
applied  to  a  notch  in  the  bill  of  the  more 
predatory  species.  It  is  large  and  conspicuous 
among  the  birds  of  prey,  and  one  of  the  tribes 
of  Perchers  is  called  Dentirostres.  In  Rep- 
tilia  the  character  of  the  teeth,  ami  especially 
the  fact  whether  or  notany  of  them  constitute 
poison  fangs,  is  of  great  importance.  Among 
the  Amphibia  and  Fishes  the  teeth  greatly 
vary,  but  tbe  differences  are  notso  important 
for  the  purpose  of  classification  as  in  the 
mammals.  Among  invertebrates,  the  word 
tooth  is  often  employed  for  a  notch  in  some 
organ  or  other ;  but  in  this  case  it  is  not 
homologous  to  the  teeth  of  the  vertebrates. 

2.  Bot.  (PI.):  Projections  separated  by  in- 
dentations on  the  margin  of  a  leaf,  and  re- 
sembling serrations,  hut  with  concave  instead 
of  straight  edges. 

^  (1)  In  spite  (or  despite)  oj  one's  teeth :  In 
open  or  direct  defiance  of;  in  opposition  to 
every  effort. 

*  (2)  In  the  teeth :  In  direct  opposition ;  di- 
rectly in  front. 

"  Dost  thou  Jeer,  aud  flout  me  in  the  teeth)" 

Shake*}*. :  Comedy  of  Krrort,  ii.  2. 

(3)  To  cast  (or  throw)  anything  in  one's  teeth : 
To  taunt  or  reproach  one  with  anything;  to 
retort  reproachfully. 

"  The  thieve*  also,  which  were  crucified  with  him, 
catt  tbe  same  in  hit  teeth."— Matt,  rxvii.  44. 

(4)  To  one's  teeth:  To  one's  face;  in  open 

opposition  ;  openly. 

"  It  warms  the  very  all-knew  iu  my  heart. 
That  I  shall  live  and  tell  him  to  hit  teeth, 
Thui  didett  thou.'  Shaketp. :  Bamlet.  ir.  T. 

(5)  Tooth  and   nail  (Lit.  =  by  biting  and 
scratching) :    With  all  one's  power ;   by  all 
possible  means  of  attack  and  defence. 

(6)  To   tet   the    teeth  on   edge:    To  cause  a 
tingling  or  grating  sensation  in  the  teetb. 

(7)  To  cut  one's  eye-teeth  :  To  become  shrewd 
and  cunning,  especially  through  experience. 

tooth-back,  s. 

Entom. :  A  popular  name  for  the  Notodont- 
idit.  It  is  a  translation  of  the  name  of  the 
type-genus  (Notodonta). 

tooth-bill,  .. 

Ornith. :  The  Tooth-billed  Pigeon  (q.v.). 
"The  whole  contour  of  the  Toot h-bill  U remarkabb. ' 
Wood:  Illut.  Nat.  ant.,  ii.  fits. 

tooth  billed  kites,  s.  pi. 

OrnUh. :  The  genus  Lcptodon. 
tooth-billed  pigeon,  s. 

Ornith. :  Didunculus  strigirostris.  from  Navi- 
gator's Island.  It  is  about  fourteen  inches 
long,  body  rounded,  beak  orange,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  head,  greatly  arched  on  the  upper 
mandible,  the  lower  mandible  deeply  cleft 
Into  three  distinct  teeth  near  the  tip.  Head, 
neck,  breast,  and  abdomen  glossy  greenish 
black,  velvety  black  on  shoulders  and  upper 
part  of  back ;  rest  of  back,  wings,  tail,  and 
under  coverts  deep  chestnut.  Called  also  the 
Little  Dodo.  [DIDUNCULUS.] 

tooth- cement,  *.     Oxide  of  zinc  mixed 

with  a  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc,  used  for 
Ailing  teeth. 

tooth-coralline,  . . 

Zool. :  Sertularella  polyzonias,  a  common 
shore  and  deep-water  species. 

tooth-cress,  tooth-violet,  s. 

Bot. :  Dentaria  bulbifera.  Named  from  the 
tooth-like  scales  of  the  root.  (Prior.) 

*  tooth-drawer,  f.  One  whose  business 
is  to  extract  teeth  with  instruments  ;  a  dentist. 

"  Ay.  mud  worn  In  tbe  cap  of  a  tnoth-drawer." 

Shaketp.  :  Love* Labour  »  Lott,  ».  2, 


ARCH  WITH  TOOTH  ORNA- 
M  KNT. 


tooth-drawing,  s.  The  act  or  practice; 
of  extracting  teeth  ;  dentistry. 

tooth-key,  s.  An  instrument  for  ex. 
trading  teeth,  so  named  -because  it  is  turned 
like  a  key. 

tooth-ornament,  s. 

Arch.:  A  peculiar  decoration,  extensively 
used  in  the  Early  English  style  of  architec- 
ture', forming  a 
marked  feature  by 
which  it  may  be 
generally  known. 
It  may  be  d  e  - 
scribed  as  con- 
sisting of  a  series 
of  closely- placed 
small  flowers, 
each  consisting  of 
four  leaves,  which 
project  forward  to 
a  central  point. 
These  are  gener- 
ally placed  in  hol- 
low mouldings, 
and  are  used  in  great  profusion.  The  illustra- 
tion shows  an  arch  in  the  north  transept  of 
York  Minster,  A.D.  1250. 

tooth-pick,  s.    [TOOTHPICK.] 

tooth-powder,  s.  A  powder  used  toi 
cleaning  the  teeth  ;  a  dentifrice. 

tooth-rash,  s.    [STHOPHULUS.] 

tooth-saw,  s.  A  fine  frame-saw  used  by 
dentists. 

tooth-shell,  s. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Dentalium  (q.v.),  from  the  fact 
that  these  shells  bear  some  resemblance  to 
the  canine  teeth  of  small  carnivorous  animals. 

tooth-violet,  s.    [TOOTH-CRESS.] 

tooth,  *  tothe,  v.t.     [TOOTH,  9.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  teeth. 

2.  To  indent,  to  cut  into  teeth  ;  to  jag  :  at, 
To  touth  a  saw. 

3.  To  lock  into  each  other. 

"  It  is  common  to  tooth  in  the  stretching  course  two 
inches  with  the  stretcher  only. '— Hoxon  :  Mech.  £xer 
•fMfc 

tooth-ache,  s.     [Eng.  trnth,  and  ache.]    Pain 
in  the  teeth  ;  odontalgia. 

toothache-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  Ctenium  americanum,  a  grass  two  to 
four  feet  high,  with  rough,  narrow,  flat  leave* 
and  culms,  «ich  with  a  single  spike,  having 
the  spikelets  in  two  rows.  The  root  has  a 
very  pungent  taste. 

toothache-tree,  ». 

Botany : 

1.  The   genus  Xanthoxylou,  and  specially 
X.  frazineum,  a  tree  about  fourteen  or  fifteen 
feet   high,    found    in    North    America    from 
Canada  to  Florida.     So  called  because  its  bark 
and  its  capsular  fruit,  which  have  a  hot,  acrid 
taste,  are  used  as  a  remedy  for  toothache.    A 
tincture  of  the  bark  has  been  given  in  rheu- 
matism. 

2.  Aralia  spinosa. 

tooth-brush,  s.  ;Eng.  tooth,  and  brush.]  A 
brush,  usually  of  bristles,  for  cleaning  the  teeth. 

toothbrush-tree,  .-. 
Bot.  :  Salvadora  persica. 

toothed,  a.     [Eng.  tooth,  s.  ;  -ed.] 

1.  Ord.   Lang.  :    Having  teeth  ;    furnished 
with  teeth. 

2.  Bot.  (Of  a  lea/,  o?c.):  Having  sharp  teeth 
with  concave  edges ;  dentate.    If  these  teetb 
are  themselves  toothed  the  leaf  is  said  to  be 
duplicato-dentate. 

toothed-whales,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  the  Odontocett 
(q.v.). 

toothed- Wheels,  s.  /•/.  Wheels  made  to 
act  upon  or  drive  on  another  by  having  the 
surface  of  each  indented  with  teeth,  which  fit 
into  each  other ;  cog-wheels. 

tooth-edge,  s.  [Eng.  tooth,  s.,  and  edge.] 
The  sensation  excited  uy  grating  sounds,  and 
by  the  touch  of  certain  substances  ;  tingling 
uneasiness,  almost  amounting  to  pain  in  the 
teeth,  caused  by  stridulous  sounds,  vellica- 
tion,  or  acid  or  acrid  substances. 


fcte.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  man;  mute.  cab.  oare,  unite,  our.  rule,  full:  try,  Syrian.    o>,  ce  =  6;  ey  -  a;  <ju  =  kw. 


toothful— top 


4757 


teoth'-ful,  •  tooth' -fill.  a.  &  «.    [Bug.  tooth, 
».;  -/«'«- J 
•A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Full  of  teeth. 

2.  Palatable,  toothsome. 

'•  Some  angel  hath  me  fed ; 
II  «>  tootW.  I  "ill  be  banqueted." 

jtaitinffer :  Virgin  MarlJ/r.  V.  1. 

B.  As  «uto*. :  A  small  draught  of  any  liquor. 
IColloq.) 

"A  pull  at  the  milk  and  soda  water  .  •  -"J"1"™/ 
•  tootMul  of  something  a  little  stronger.  —Field, 
April  1,  1385. 

tooth  ing,  s.    [Eng.  tooM,  s. ;  -ing.) 

1.  £o«. :  A  tooth. 

2.  Build. :  Bricks  left  projecting  at  the  end 
of  a  wall  for  the  purpose  of  building  on  an 
addition  thereto. 

toothing  plane,  a.  A  plane  in  which 
the  iroDhaifa  serrated  edge  and  is  placed  up- 
right. It  is  used  for  scoring  surfaces  which 
are  to  be  veneered. 

tooth  -less, '  tooth-les,  o.  [Eng.  tooth,  s. ; 
-less.]  Having  no  teeth  ;  having  lost  the 
teeth  ;  deprived  of  the  teeth. 

••  Teeth  lor  the  looM*,.  rln-t  J£  ",,. 


•^OOth'-lSt,  s.    [Eng.  tooth,  a. ;  dimin.  aatf. -ht.} 
A  little  tooth  ;  a  petty,  tooth-like  projection. 

Tooth'-lSt-te'd,  o.  [Eng.  toothlet;  -ed.] 

Bat.  •  Furnished  with  small  teeth,  as  the 

leaves  of  Salvia  paniculata.  (London.) 
lodth'-plok,  *  tooth'-plck-or.  «.  [Eng. 

tooth,  8.,  and  pick,  or  picker.]    An  instrument 

for  clearing  the  teeth  of  substances  lodged 

between  them. 

"Iwill  fetch  yon  a  (oo«kpic*«rnowfrom  the  farthest 
inch  of  Asia."— S/ioteiR  .-  Jf»c»  Ado.  U.  1. 

1  Crutch  and  Toothpick  Brigade:  A  term 
applied,  about  1884,  to  the  dandies  who  af- 
fected sticks  with  crutch  handles,  and  held 
toothpicks  between  their  teeth. 

«x>6th  some,  a.    [Eng.  tooth;  -tome.]     Pala- 
table ;  pleasing  to  the  taste. 

"My compatriots. .  .aretoosqueainUhlntheirtaste, 
and  fonder  of  the  tooHuome  than  the  wholesome.  - 
Sean*  :  Light  of  Xaturt,  vol.  1L,  (it  U..  ch.  IlliL 

o6th'-some-lj,  adv.  [Eng.  toothsome  ;  -ly.} 
In  a  toothsome  manner ;  pleasingly  to  the 
taste. 

"The  splendid  saddle  (the  Squires  own  South, 
downs}  wild,  melted  so  tootluomelf  in  the  month.  - 
Jf.  Colllnt :  BlackmU*  t  Scholar,  ch.  i, 

ooth -some -ness,  «.  [Eng.  toothsome; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tooth- 
some ;  pleasantness  to  the  taste. 

"odth'-wort, ».    [Eng.  tooth,  and  wort.] 
Botany : 

1  The  genus  Lathrsea,  and  specially  L. 
Kuamarut.  Named  from  the  tooth-like  scales 
of  the  rootstock  and  the  base  of  the  stem. 
(Prior.)  But  Mr.  E.  Lees,  quoted  by  Britten 
S  Holland,  says  that  after  flowering,  when 
the  capsules  are  half  ripe,  they  remarkably  re- 
•einble  human  teeth,  both  in  form  and  colour. 

2.  Dentaria  bulbifera. 

3.  Capsella  Bursa-pastori>. 

"  to6th'-jf,  o.  [Eng.  tooth,  s. ;  -».]  Toothed  ; 
having  teeth. 

"  Let  the  green  hops  lie  lightly  ;  nert  expand 
The  smoothest  surface  with  the  toothy  rake." 
Smart .-  Bop  Garden,  U. 

lioo'-tle,  ».i.  [Eng.  toot  (2),  v. ;  suff.  -fe.]  To 
toot  gently. 

"  A  captive  linnet  downstairs,  disgusted  perhaps 
at  the  feeble  tootling  of  the  impertinent  but  free 
sparrows  in  the  gardeu."-««'ii,  April  4.  1885. 

tod  -tie,  s.    (TOOTLE,  ».] 

1.  Lit.:  The  noise  produced  by  tootling; 
the  sounds  produced  by  a  bad  performer  on 
the  flute. 

2.  Fig. :  Any  weak,  immature  literary  pro- 
duction.   (Univ.  slang.) 

"It  will  produce  abundance  of  easy,  loose,  rhetorical 
amateur  criticism— will  uroduce  tootle,  as  It  used  to 
be  called."—  Daily  Seal,  Dec.  1. 1886. 

tip,  *  toppe,  s.  &  a.  [A.8.  top;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  top;  Icel.  toppr  =  *  tuft,  crest,  top; 
Dan.  top  =  a  tuft,  crest,  top;  Sw.  (opp  =  a 
summit;  O.  H.  Ger.  loph  ;  Ger.  zoj>/=  a  tuft 
of  hair,  top  of  a  tree;  Norw.  (opp  =  a  top,  a 
bung;  Wei.  (op  =  a  top,  a  stopple;  Gael. 
topach  =  having  a  tuft  or  crest ;  Ger.  Jop/=  a 
top  (toy).]  [TUFT.] 


A.  As  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  highest  part  or  point  of  anything ; 
the  most  elevated  or  uppermost  point ;  the 
summit. 

"  Ou  the  top  of  the  mountain. 

ShaKetp.  '  Looct  Labour  I  bolt,  T.  1. 

2.  The  surface,  the  upper  side. 

"  Such  trees  as  spread  their  roots  near  the  (op  of  the 
ground."— Bacon  .-  jV,i«.  Ui»t. 

3.  The  crown  of  the  head,  or  the  hair  upon 
it ;  the  forelock. 

"  All  the  stored  vengeance  of  heaven  fall 
Ou  her  ungrateful  top.  Niakeip.  :  Lear,  11.  <• 

4.  The  head  or  upper  part  of  a  plant :  as, 
turnip  (ops. 

5.  The   highest  place  or  rank;   the  most 
honourable  position  :  as,  To  be  at  the  top  of 
one's  class  or  profession. 

6.  The  highest  person  ;  the  chief,  the  head. 

"  How  would  you  be, 

If  he.  which  is  the  top  of  Judgment,  should 
But  Judge  you  as  you  are. ' 

Sluiteip. :  lleamrefor  Mtamre,  ii.  I 

7.  The  utmost  degree ;  the  highest  point ; 
the  acme. 

"  Our  griefs  are  risen  to  the  top." 

Sltaketp. :  fericlet,  1L  «. 

*  8.  The  eve  or  verge  ;  the  point. 

"He  was  upon  the  top  of  his  marriage  with 
Magdaletne,  tlie  French  king's  daughter.'—  Knollei: 
StMt.  of  Turket, 

9.  That  portion  of  a  cut   gem   wliich    is 

between  the  extreme  margin  and  the  flat  face. 

10  A  child's  top,  shaped  like  an  inverted 

conoid,  which  is  made  to  whirl  by  means  of  a 

string  or  whip. 

"  Not  big  enough  to  bear  a  schoolboy's  top." 

Shalelp. :  irinter'l  fait,  11  1. 

11.  (PI.) :  Top-boots  (q.v.> 

"  It  had  long  heen  his  ambition  to  stand  In  a  bar  of 
his  own.  In  a  green  coat,  knee  cords,  and  toft. — 
Dickeia :  Pickifick,  ch.  xlv. 

*  12.  A  method  of  cheating  at  dice  in  rogue 
about  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
Both  dice  appeared  to  be  put  into  the  box, 
but  in  reality  one  was  kept  at  the  top  of  the 
box  between  the  fingers  of  the  person  playing. 

n.  Technically: 

1  Naut. :  A  platform  surrounding  the  head 
of  the  lower  mast,  formed  of  timben  called 
cross-trees. 
which  are 
laid  across 
the  trestle  - 
trees,  the 
latter  being 
supported 
by  cheeks 
secured  to 
the  sides  of 
the  mast 
below  the 
head.  The 
top  serves  to 
form  an  ex- 
tended base 
for  securing 
the  lower 
ends  of  the 
topmast  shrouds,  and  is  also  a  place  of  rest 
for  the  men  aloft.  The  tops  are  named  after 
the  respective  masts  to  which  they  belong,  as 
the  main-,  fore-,  and  mizzen-tops. 

2.  Joinery:   The  uppermost   piece  In  the 
back  of  a  chair. 

3.  Rope-making :  A  plug  with  three  grooves 
used  to  regulate  the  twist  of  a  rope  when 
three  strands  are  being  laid  up  (twisted). 

1  Wool-manuf. :  A  narrow  bundle  of 
slivers  of  long-stapled  wood,  containing  a 
pound  and  a  half.  The  slivers  are  made  by  a 
pair  of  combs. 

B.  As  adj. :  Being  on  or  at  the  top  or 
summit ;  highest,  extreme. 

"  Setting  out  at  top  speed."— IT.  Brooke :  fool  of 
Quality,  1.  S64. 

f  (1)  Colour-top :  A  form  of*op  modified  by 
the  late  J.  Clerk-Maxwell  for  colour  experi- 
ments. The  top  consists  of  a  thin  spindle 
with  a  point,  passing  through  a  heavy,  flat 
disc,  which  spins  a  long  time  when  set  in 
motion.  Discs  of  coloured  card  are  then  cut 
with  one  radial  slit  to  a  hole  in  the  centre, 
which  slips  over  the  spindle  of  the  top;  thus 
different  colours  can  be  superposed  so  as  to 
show  sectors  of  each  in  any  proportions,  and 
the  persistence  of  vision  presents  to  the  eye 
the  effect  of  the  mixture  when  the  top  is  spun. 

(2)  Top  and  butt: 

SMpbuild. :  A  mode  of  working  plank  which 


MAST,  SHOWING  TOP. 


does  nut  maintain  its  width  from  end  to  end. 
Tae  top  of  one  (dank  and  the  butt  of  the* 
other  are  worked  together  so  that  the  two- 
layers  make  a  double  breadth  of  even  width. 
*  (8)  Top  and  top-gallant :  In  full  array  ;  in 
full  fig ;  in  full  force. 

"  Toj>  and  top-gallant,  all  In  Ijrave  .-Lrray." 

Peele :  Battle  of  Alcazar,  ill  a. 

(4)  Top  of  the  tree :  The  highest  position  in 
a  profession  or  the  like. 

(i)  Tops-and-bottoms :  Small  rolls  of  dough 
baked,  cut  in  halves,  and  then  browned  in  an 
oven,  used  as  food  for  infants. 

(C)  To  the  top  of  one's  lent :  To  the  utmost 
that  one's  inclination  or  bias  will  permit 

top  annual,  «. 

Scots  Law:  An  annual  rent  from  a  house- 
built  in  a  burgh.  (Ogilvie.) 

top-armor, «. 

Naut. :  A  top  railing  with  posts  and  nettinjp 
on  the  top-sides. 

top-beam,  «.    A  collar-beam  (q.v.X 

top  block,  >. 

1  Naut. :  A  single  iron-bonnd  hook-block. 
It  hooks  to  an  eye-bolt  in  the  cap.  The  top. 
pendants  are  rove  through  the  top-blocks- 
when  swaying  up  or  lowering  down  the  top- 
masts. 

2.  Vehicles:  A  projecting  piece  on  whicb- 
the  bows  of  the  carriage-top  rest  when  down. 

top-boots,  s.  pi.  Boots  having  tops  of 
light-coloured  leather,  used  chiefly  for  riding. 

top-breadth,  «.  The  same  si  Top 
timber  line  (q.v.). 

top-brim,  s. 

Naut. :  The  same  as  TOP-RIM  (q.v.). 

top-card,  s.    [FLAT,  C.  II.  3.] 

top-chain,  s. 

Naut  :  One  of  the  chains  by  which  the- 
lower  yard  is  sustained  if  the  slings  be  shot 
away. 

top-cloth,  «.  Tarred  canvas  to  cover 
hammocks  when  stowed  away  on  the  top  in- 
action. 

top-coat,  s.    An  upper  or  overcoat 

top-draining,  s.  The  act  or  practice  of 
draining  the  surface  of  land. 

top-dress,  v.  t.  To  manure  on  the  sur- 
face, as  land. 

"  In  inotst  land,  cuttings  can  be  made  to  grow  H  set 

ont  even  late  in  the  spnng.  especially  i    top-treu..* 

and  mulched."— Scrt»ner-»ifoo<u<ii«,  April,  1880.  p.  8M. 

top-dressing,  s.  A  dressing  of  manure- 
on  the  surface. 

"A    top-dreuing     In    sprlug."-Smlt»«m .-     VHfuB 
Book  for  Farmert,  p.  IS. 

«  top  filled,  o.  Filled  to  the  top;  mad* 
topful. 

top-flat,  s.    [TOP-CARD.) 

top  fuller,  s. 

Smith. :  A  tool  with  a  narrow  round  edge, 
like  the  peen  of  a  hammer,  and  having  th«> 
ordinary  hazel-rod  handle. 

top-gallant,  a.  &  «. 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Naut. :  Applied  to  the  mast,  rigging 
sail  next  above  the 
topmast,  as,  main- 
top-gallant mast, 
foretop-gallant 
shrouds,  or  braces ; 
mizzen  top-gallant 
sail. 

*  2.  Highest,  ele- 
vated. 

"  I  dare  appeal  to 
the  consciences  of 
top-gallant  sparks.  — 
L'IMrange. 

S,  As  substantive: 

1.  Naut. :  The 
mast,  sail,  and  rig- 
ging next  above  the 
topmast. 

"  A  goodly  ship  with  banners  bravely  dlght. 
And  flag  in  her  topgallant.  I  espicle. 

Spenser:  Worldt  Faniti 

•  2.  The  highest   point,  the   summit,  tb» 
pinnacle. 

"  Which  to  the  high  top-gallant  of  my  Joy 
Must  be  my  convoy Intbe  secret  nigh  t.^ 
tare  wen.  ana>iv*p, . 


FORK  MOVAI. 


FOREMAST,    SBOWIKG 
TOP-GALLANT. 


""*•  "•  «• 


bo?;  pfiut,  J«>*1;  oat.  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  si 
«ian.-tlan  =  sha».   -tion,  -rton  =  shui.;  -Jion,  -sion  =  «hun.   -fllous.  -Uous, 


n,  as:  expect,  Xonophon,  c^lst.    ph -  K. 
sious  =  shtts.   -We.  -die,  tie-  =  ftel,  del- 


4758 


top— tope 


top-hamper,  s. 

Haul.  :  The  ra.ist,  spars,  and  rigging  of 
vessel;  boats  inboard  ami  on  their  davits 
horse  and  gang  casks,  anchors,  cables,  an 
coiled  or  belayed  ropes  of  the  running  rig 
ging.  Sometimes  applied  to  any  uuneceesar 
weight  above  deck. 

top-heavy,  a. 

1.  Lit. :   Having   the   top  or  upper  par 
heavier  than  the  lower,  so  as  to  be  liable  t 
topple  over. 

"  A  roof  should  not  b«  too  heavy  nor  too  light :  hi 
of  the  two  extreme  a  house  (op-Amy  is  the  worst" 
B'uttou :  Architecture,  p.  48, 

2.  Fig.:  Intoxicated.    (Slang.) 
*  top-honour,  s.    A  top-sail. 

"  With  hasty  reverence  their  top-honnuru  lower." 
Prior  :  Carmen  xeculare.  473. 

top-knot,  i. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  crest  or  knot  of  feather 
upon  the  head  or  top,  as  of  a  bird ;  also  at 
ornamental  knot  or  bow  worn  on  the  top  o 
the  head,  as  by  women. 

"Thl»  arrogaum  amount*  to  the  pride  of  an  ass  In 
his  trappings ;  when  'tis  but  his  master  a  taking  awn 
oiitopknot  to  make  an  ass  of  him  again."— L'Sttranyi 

2.  Ichthy.  :    Phrynorhombus   unimamlatia 
ranging  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  shores 
of  Britain.    Bloch's  Topknot  Is  Rhombus  pune 
lotus,  a  comparatively  small  species,  occur- 
ring in  the    English    Channel  and   on   the 
northern  coasts  of  Europe.    Giinther  (Study 
o/  Fishes,  p.  555),  notes  that  these  fish  are 
often  confounded.    By  some  authorities  the 
popular  names  are  reversed. 

top-lantern,  t. 

Naut. :  A  large  lantern  or  light  In  the  top 
of  a  vessel ;  a  top-light. 

top-light,  ». 

Naut. :  The  same  as  TOP-LASTERB  (q.v.). 
top  lining,  t. 
Nautical  : 

1.  The  lining  on  the  atterpart  of  the  top- 
Mil,  to  prevent  the  top-brim  from  chafing  the 
top-sail. 

2.  A  platform  of  thin  board  nailed  upon  the 
upper  part  of  the  cross-trees  on  a  vessel'*  top. 

top  maul,  s. 
Naut, :  A  maul  kept  in  a  ship's  top  for 
driving  the  Id  out  and  in. 

top-minor,  i. 

Mope-making:  One  of  the  boles  through 
which  the  Individual  strands  axe  drawn  on 
the  way  to  the  twisting-machine. 

•top-proud,  a.    Proud  In  the  highest 


"TbJ»  tap-proud  fellow."  Otaltetp.1  ffenrjr  nil,  L  1. 

top-rail.  «. 

Carp.  :  The  uppermost  mil  of  a  piece  of 
framing  or  wainscoting. 

top-rim,  s. 

Naut.  :  A  thin  piece  of  board  bent  round  a 
vessel's  top,  giving  it  a  flnish,  end  covering 
to  the  ends  of  the  cross-trees  and  trestle-trees, 
In  order  to  prevent  the  top-sail  from  being 
chafed. 

top-rope,  «. 

Naut.  :  A  rope  to  sway  np  a  topmast. 
top  sail,  s. 

Naut.  :  The  second  sail  above  the  deck  on 
any  mast  (main,  fore,  or  mizzen). 

"And  when  he  was  to  leeward,  he  kept  about  to  the 
shoreward,  and  left  VB,  and  then  we  put  out  our  too. 
lailaiaul  gaue  them  chace."—  BacOuft  :  >'oi<v~.  U.  «. 

Topsail-schooner  : 

Naut.  :  A  vessel  otherwise  schooner  rigged, 
but  carrying  a  square  sail  on  the  foremast. 

top-saw,  s.  The  upper  saw  of  a  pair  In  a 
eircular  saw-mill.  In  large  logs,  the  lower  and 
larger  saw  does  not  penetrate  to  the  upper  edge. 

top-sawyer,  s. 

I.  Lit.  :  The  sawyer  who  takes  the  upper 
stand  in  a  sawpit,  and  gets  higher  wages  than 
the  man  below. 

IL  Figuratively  : 

1.  One  who  holds  a  higher  position  than 
another  ;  a  chief  over  others. 


2.  A  flrat-rate  man  in  any  line  ;  an  eminent 
man  ;  an  aristocrat. 


top-shaped,  a. 

Bot. :  Inversely  conical,  with  a  contraction 
towards  the  point. 

top-shell,  >. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  shell  of  the 
genus  Turbinella,  from  the  fact  that  the  type- 
species,  Turbinella  pyrum,  is  by  no  means  un- 
like a  peg-top. 

top-side,  s. 

1.  Ord.  I<ang. :  The  top  or  upper  side. 

2.  Shipwright.  (PI.):  The  upper  part  of  the 
ship  s  sides. 

Top-sideline: 

Shipbuild. :  A  sheer  line  drawn  above  the 
top  timber  at  the  upper  side  of  the  gunwale. 

Top-side  of  round  of  beef: 

Cookery:  The  upper  part  of  the  round  or 
buttock.  It  makes  an  excellent  and  economi- 
cal roasting  joint. 

top-soil,  i.  The  upper  part  or  surface  of 
the  soil. 

top  soiling,  «.  The  act  or  art  of  taking 
off  the  top-soil  of  land  before  a  canal,  rail- 
way, Ac.,  is  begun. 

top-Stone,  s.  A  stone  that  is  placed  on 
the  top,  or  that  forms  the  top  of  anything. 

top-tackle, «. 

Naut. :  Tackle  used  in  swaying  a  topmast. 

top-timber,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  The  timber  next  above  the  fut- 
tocks  in  the  ribs  of  a  ship's  side. 

II  (1)  Long  top-timber:  The  timber  above  each 
of  the  first  futtocks. 

(2)  Short  top-timber:  The  Umber  above  each 
of  the  second  futtocks. 

(3)  Top-timber  line: 

Shipbuild. :  A  line  In  the  sheer  plan  drawn 
to  the  sheer  of  the  ship  fore  and  aft,  at  the 
height  of  the  under  side  of  the  gunwale  amid- 
ships. 

top-tool,  ».  A  tool  like  a  top-fuller,  but 
with  a  sharper  point. 

top,  v.i.  &  t.    [Top,  a,] 
*A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  rise  aloft ;  to  be  eminent. 

"  These  long  ridges  of  lofty  and 
which  run  Mslaud  weef— Oerhan 

2.  To  excel ;  to  rise  above  others. 

"  I  have  heard  say,  he  had  not  leas  than  1,000  slaves, 
some  of  whom  were  topping  merchant*,  and  had  many 
slaves  under  them."— Oamptor:  royopesfan.  1666). 

3.  To  predominate. 

"The  thoughts  of  the  mind  an  uninterruptedly 
employed  by  the  determination  of  the  will,  influenced 
by  loppinf  uneasiness  while  it  lante."— iocte .-  Human 
UiubrttanL,  bk.  li  ,  cb.  xxi. 

4.  To  be  of  a  certain  height ;  to  measure  in 
height. 

B.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  cover  on  the  top ;  to  cap. 

"  Her  pile,  far  off  appearing  like  a  mount 
Of  alabaster.  Up't  with  golden  spires." 

Silumif.  /t.lv.  MS. 

2.  To  pass  over  the  top  of. 

"Many  a  green  dog  would  endeavour  to  take  a  meuse 
instead  of  topping  the  brambles,  thereby  possibly 
splitting  a  claw.-— field,  March  It,  1887. 

3.  To  rise  above. 

"  A  gourd  planted  by  a  large  pine,  climbing  by  the 
the1raeJ"-5/i«'>"Ut  "'  tSSSSKXim 

*4.  To  rise  to  the  top  of. 

"  !?  "Wlit  obstruct  thy  course,  yet  stand  not  still, 
But  wind  about  till  thou  hast  lopped  the  hill" 
Dmliaat:  uf  frvdtnut,  18* 

5.  To  cut  off  the  top  of ;  to  crop,  to  lop. 

"These,  if  topped  and  tailed,  the  roots  reduced  to 
pulp,  and  the  leaves  passed  through  a  chair-cuttor."— 

*  6.  To  outgo,  to  excel,  to  surpass. 

^Topping  all  others  In  boasting. " 

ShaXeip. :  Corwlamu,  11.  L 

*  1.  To  perform  eminently. 

*  8.  To  copulate  with  ;  to  tup,  to  cover. 

"  Chsslo  did  top  her."  ShaJtetp. :  Othello.  V.  2. 

tt  Naut. :  To  raise  one  end,  as  of  a  yard  or 
boom,  so  that  one  end  becomes  higher  than 
the  other. 


_  "  All ...  tapped  their  booms  for  home,  "-now, 

Sept.  *,  1888. 

f  (1)  To  top  of:  To  complete  by  putting 
over  the  top  or  uppermost  part  of:  as,  To  tnp 
off  a  stack  of  hay ;  hence,  to  linish,  to  com- 
plete. 


*  (2)  To  top  orer  tail,  *  To  toppe  oner  tattle  • 
To  turn  head  over  heels. 

"To  tumble  oiler  and  ouer,  to  toppt  OUST  tatil**— 
AiCham :  Toxophiiut.  p.  <T. 

"  (3)  To  top  tip  with:  To  finish  with  ;  to 
wind  up  with. 

"Four  engage  to  go  half-price  to  the  play  at  nl«ht 
and   top  up  mtH  oysters-'-fltofanu;    Ulfai:  SSSt 

cn.  xl. 

"toy-arch,  «.  [Lat.  toparcha,  from  Gr. 
Toirapvns,  Toirapx°l  (topanhes  topanhtts),  from 
rcVos  (topos)  =  a  place,  and  ofou  (archo)  =  to 
rule.)  The  principal  man  in  a  place  or 
country  ;  the  governor  of  a  toparchy. 

"They  are  not  to  be  conceived  potent  monarch*,  but 


*  t«p'-ar-chy,  ».  TGr.  Tom^rY.  (toparchia).] 
[TOPARCH.)  A  little  state,  consisting  of  a  few 
cities  or  towns ;  a  petty  country  governed  by 
a  toparch. 

"For  several  kings  swaying  their  ebony  sceptres  In 
each  toparchy."—[leroert:  Travel*. 

to-pan,  «.    [Native  name.] 

Ornith. :  The  Rhinoceros  Hornbill  (q.T.). 

to  -paz.  *  to-paa,  •  to-pase,  •  tu  pace, 

«.  [Fr.  topase,  from  Lat.  topatus,  (o;«zon, 
topmion,  from  Gr.  ToVafos,  roirofioi-  (topazot 
topazion);  origin  doubtful.) 

1.  Min. :  A  mineral  crystallizing  In  the  or- 
thorhombicsystein.possessingabighly-perfect 
basal  cleavage,  columnar,   and   occasionally 
granular.    Hardness,  8-0  ;  sp.  gr.  3-4  to  3-65 ; 
lustre,  vitreous;  colour,  shades  of  yellow, 
greenish,  bluish,  also  colourless  ;  transparent 
to  sub-translucent ;  fracture,  sub-conchoidal ; 
pyroelectrie.    Compos. :  silicon,  15-17  ;  alu- 
minium, 29-58 ;  oxygen,  34'67  j  fluorine,  20-58 
=  100,  with  the  formula,  AUOijSiOj-f- JSiFoX 
Occurs  widely  distributed  in  granite,  asso- 
ciated with  beryl,  tourmaline,  &c.     Topazes 
are  found  in  the  United  States,  Russia,  Siberia, 
and  other  parts  of  the  world  j  but  those  most 
prized  by  jewellers  come  from  Brazil. 

2.  Her. :  The  name  given  to  the  metal  or, 
when  borne  by  peers. 

topaz-rock,  «. 

Petrol.:  A  rock  occurring  at  Schnecken- 
stein,  Saxony,  consisting  of  large  fragment* 
of  tourmaline-schist  containing  topaz,  ce- 
mented together  by  quartz  and  lithoroarge. 
topaz  also  being  crystallized  on  the  walls  ol 
cavities.  Forms  a  vein  of  considerable  thick- 
ness in  the  mica  schist. 

top'-a-za, ».    [Mod.  Lat.]    [TOPAZ.] 

Ornitlt.:  Kines,  King  Humming-birds;  a 
genus  of  Trochilida>,  with  two  species,  having 
two  tail-feathers  elongate  and  crossed.  To- 
paza  pellet,  the  more  common  species,  is  found 
in  Guiana  and  Trinidad,  extending  into  Brazil 
and  up  the  Amazon,  being  replaced  on  the  Rio 
Negro  by  T.  pyra. 

to  paz-6-lite,  s.  [Eng.  topae;  o  connect, 
anil  Gr.  Ai»o«  (lilhos)  =  a  stone  ;  Ger.  toixao- 
fttfth] 

Jlfin.  .•  A  variety  of  garnet,  found  in  small 
crystals  of  a  tpi«z-yellow  colour  at  Ala,  Pied- 
mont. Dana  includes  it  among  the  lime  iron- 
garnets  (andradite). 

tope  (1),  «.  [Hind.]  A  grove  or  clump  of 
trees. 

"  The  fine  mango  tape*  in  the  neighbourhood  of  our 
camp.  —  FMd.  April  4,  18S&, 

tope  (2),  «.    [Probably  a  Cornish  word.] 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  for  either  of  the 
species  of  the  genus  Galeus.  The  Common 
Tope,  Galeus  canit,  is  widely  distributed 
throughout  all  temperate  and  tropical  seas, 
ranging  as  far  as  California  and  Tasmania.  It 
is  about  six  feet  long,  dark  ash  jrray  above  and 
white  below.  It  is  often  called  the  Miller's 
Dog  and  Penny  Dog,  though,  according  to 
some  authorities,  the  first  name  is  properly 
applicable  only  to  young  flsh. 

tope  (3),  i.    [Pali  st'hupo ;  Sansc.  st'hupa.l 

Archcsol. :  The  popular  name  for  a  particular 
kind  of  Buddhist  monumentcommon  In  India      ; 
and  the  south-east  of  Asia.     The  word  tope      ' 
has  reference  to  the  general  form  of  the  monu- 
ment, which  is  a  particular  form  of  or  develop- 
ment from  the  tumulus  (q.v.),  and  may  be 

(1)  Memorial,   built  upon  celebrated  spots; 

(2)  Dedicatory,  consecrated  to  the  Supreme 
Buddha  ;  or  (3)  Sepulchral,  containing  remains 
or  relics,  in  which  case  they  are  properly     j 


fcte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  mi,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    a,  at  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


tope -topology 


4759 


termed  Dagobas,  and  are  frequently  found  in 
temples.  The  other  forms  are  usually  irde- 
pendent  structures.  From  Pali  Buddhistic 
writings  it  appears  that  topes  were  in  exis- 
tence before  the  time  of  Sakya,  and  were  ob- 
jects of  reverence  to  the  people.  The  oldest 
topes  are  in  the  shape  of  Cupolas,  generally 
spherical,  but  sometimes  elliptical,  resting  on 
a  cylindrical,  quadrangular,  or  polygonal  base, 
rising  either  in  a  straight  or  in  un  inclined 
line,  or  in  terraces.  The  top,  surrounded  by 
«  balcony  of  pillars,  is 
generally  crowned  by  a 
structure,  generally 
quadrangular,  but  some- 
times having  the  shape 
of  an  inverted  pyramid, 
and  over  this  is  a  roof  in 
the  shape  of  an  invni.  ,1 
umbrella.  Sometimes 
several  umbrellas  are  pre- 
sent, placed  one  over  the 
other,  as  is  the  case  in  a 
rock-cut  tope  in  Ajuuta, 
where  they  assume  some- 
what the  character  of  a 
spire.  The  largest  topes  TOPE. 

were  probably  dedica- 
tory ;  the  most  numerous  are  the  sepul- 
chral topes,  built  of  all  sizes,  and  of  all 
kinds  of  material,  according  to  the  rank  of 
the  deceased.  The  cupola  was  intended  to 
represent  the  water-bubble,  the  Buddhistic 
symbol  of  the  hollowness  of  the  world  ;  and 
the  extended  umbrella  probably  typified  the 
royal  dignity  possessed  by  a  Buddhist  saint. 
The  number  of  terraces  and  stories  had  like- 
wise a  symbolical  import.  The  illustration  re- 
presents a  tope  at  Manikyala,  in  the  Punjaub. 

•  tope,  tJ.i.  [Fr.  toper  =  to  cover  a  stake  ; 
Icel.  tana  =  a  word  used  by  gamblers,  and  by 
persons  drinking  =  I'll  pledge  you.)  To  drink 
bard  ;  to  drink  strong  or  spirituous  liquors  to 
excess. 

"  The  Jolly  member*  of  a  topiny  club." 

Butler :  Epigram  on  a  Clvb  of  Sots,  i. 

to  pee',  to-pi',  s.  [Mahratta,  Hind.,  *c.) 
A  covering  Tor  the  head  ;  the  cork  or  pith 
helmets  worn  by  soldiers.  (East  Indies.) 

topee  wallah,  topi  wala,  s.  (Hind. 
=  hat-fellow,  i.e.  =  one  who  wears  a  hat.] 
A  derogatory  term  employed  by  natives  of 
India  to  designate  Europeans.  (Balfour.) 


top 

dri 


«).  v-  :  -""-I 

runkard. 


One  wbo 


er,  s.    [Bug. 

inks  hard  ;  a  sot,  a 

"  8tt»  among  bis  (ello«r  (open  at  the  twopenny 
club."—  Search  :  Light  of  nature,  vol.  L.  pt  I.,  ch.  v. 

tOp'-St,*.      [TOUPET.] 

«  top'-fill,  *  t»p'-fftll,  a.   [Eng.  tor,  v.  :  -full.] 
1.  Full  to  the  top  or  brim  ;  brimful. 

"  Tis  wonderful 

Wb»t  may  be  wrought  out  of  their  discontent  : 
No*  that  tbeir  souls  are  topful  of  offence. 

sluiketp.  :  Kiny  John,  til.  4. 

1  Very  high,  lofty. 

11  Tn«  top  of  aH  the  topful  heav-nsT 

Chapman:  Homer  ;  Iliad  V.  7«. 

toph,  tSph'-tia,  s.  [Lat.  tophus,  tofua  =  tufa 
or  tuff,  a  species  of  volcanic  rock  of  an  earthy 
texture.] 

1.  Xtn.  :  The  same  as  TUFF  (q.v.% 

••  In  the  construction  of  this  vault,  the  principle  of 
Ming  freestone  for  the  ribs,  and  toph  for  the  panuels. 
has  not  been  followed."—  Archaologio,.  xvil.  so. 

2.  Swrg.  :  A  soft  tumour  on  a  bone  ;  also  a 
concretion  in  the  joints.    (Dunglison.) 

to  pha  -ce  oils  (or  ceous  as  shiis),  a. 
[Tora.]  Pertaining  to  a  toph  or  tophus  ; 
gritty,  sandy. 

"  Acids  mixed  with  them  precipitate  a  top  haoeout 
chalky  matter,  but  not  a  clear  substance."—  Arbuth. 
nut  :  On  Aliments,  eh.  iv. 


T6-phet,+T6'  ph6th,s.  [ 

Various  etymologies  have  been  given.  II 
was  long  supposed  to  have  been  derived 
from  npi  (toph)  =  a  drum,  a  timbrel,  a  tarn, 
bourine,  which  was  said  to  have  been  beaten 
to  drown  the  cries  of  children  burnt  in  the 
fire  to  Moloch  (q.v.).  Gesenius  considers  tophe 
to  be  =  a  spittle,  that  which  is  vomited,  from 
nipl  (tuph)  =  an  obsolete  Aramaean  verb  ==  to 
•pit,  and  believes  the  allusion  to  be  to  the 
disgust  excited  by  the  place.] 

Script. :  A  place  In  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  Jerusalem,  considered  by  Milton  (see  ex 
tract)  to  be  identical  with  the  valley  of  Hin 
nom,  but  described  in  Scripture  as  in  tha 
valley  (2  Kings  xxiii.  10 ;  Jer.  vii.  31).  I 


was  south-east  of  Jerusalem  (Jer.  xix.  2),  and 
had  been  prepared  of  old  for  some  king  of 
Israel,  or  for  Moloch  (q.v.)  (Isa,  xxx.  S3). 
Whatever  its  primary  design,  "high  places' 
were  erected  there,  and  it  became  the  chief 
seat  of  the  worship  of  Moloch  in  Palestine 
(2  Kings  xxiii.  10  ;  Jer.  vii.  31).  Josiah  not 
merely  stopped  that  cruel  form  of  idolatry, 
but  defiled  the  place  (2  Kings  xxiii.  10  ;  Jer. 
xix.  13),  apparently  by  making  it  the  recep- 
tacle of  the  filth  of  the  capital  It  became  a 
burial  ground,  ultimately  overcrowded  with 
bodies  (Jer.  vii.  81, 32  J  xix.  6, 11).  [GEHENNA, 
MOLOCH.] 

"  The  pleasant  valley  of  Hiimom,  Tophrl  thence 
And  black  Gehenna  called,  the  type  of  hell. 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  i.  444, 

toph' -In,8-    [ToPH-l    A  kind  of  sandstone. 
toph  us,  s.    (TOPH.1 
to-pi', ».    [TOPEE.] 

to'-pta,  s.  [Lat.]  A  fanciful  style  of  mnral 
decoration,  consisting  of  landscapes  o'  a 
very  heterogeneous  character,  resembling 
those  of  the  Chinese,  much  used  in  the  Poni- 
peian  houses. 

*  td-pi-ar'-I-an,  a.  [Eng.  topiary  ;  -an.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  or  practising  topiary  work. 

to'-pl-ar-^,  a.  [Lat.  topiarius  =  pertaining 
to  ornariiental  gardening,  from  topia  (opera)  = 
ornamental  gardening,  from  G".  TOITOS  (topos) 
=  a  place;  Fr.  topiaire.)  Shaped  by  cutting 
or  clipping  :  as,  topiary  work,  which  consists 
in  giving  all  kinds  of  fanciful  forms  to  arbours 
and  thickets,  trees  and  hedges. 

••  No  topiary  bedt:e  of  quickset 
Was  e'er  so  neatly  cut  or  thickset" 

Sutler :  Wcakneu  A  .Misery  of  Man. 

top'-le,  *  top-iek,  •  top'-icke,  s.  &  a.  [Fr. 
topiyues  =  topicks,  books  or  places  of  logical! 
invention  (Cotqraw\  from  Lat.  topicn,  neut.  pi. 
of  topicus,  from  Gr.  TOITIKOC  (topikos)  =  local, 
from  Toiroc  (topos)  =  a  place ;  Ital.  topica.] 

A.  -As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  subject  of  a  discourse,  argument, 
literary  composition,  or    conversation ;   the 
subject  of  any  distinct  portion  of  a  discourse, 
&C. ;  the  matter  treated  of ;  theme. 

"  We  are  much  to  blame,  that  we  banish  religious 
topicki  from  our  discourse."— SeOcer :  .Sermons,  vol. 
iv.,  sex.  16. 

*  2.  An  argument. 

"  Contumacious  persons  whom  no  topia  cut  work 
upon."—  WiUcint.  (IfeoKer.) 

IL  Technically: 

1  Shet.:  A  general  truth  or  statement 
applicable  to  a  great  variety  of  individual  cir- 
cumstances ;  a  general  maxim  or  dictum  re- 
garded as  being  of  use  in  argument  or  oratory ; 
a  general  head  or  department  of  thought  to 
which  any  maxim  belongs ;  one  of  the  various 
general  forms  of  argument  to  be  employed  in 
probable,  as  distinguished  from  demonstrative 
reasoning. 

"  These  topia  or  loci,  were  no  other  than  general 
Ideas  applicable  to  a  great  many  different  subjects, 
which  Cite  orator  was  directed  to  coniult,  In  order  to 
find  out  materials  for  his  speech."— eiair :  tthttortc, 

2.  Med. :  An  external  remedy  ;  a  remedy  for 
local  application  to  a  particular  part  of  the 
body :  as,  a  plaister,  a  poultice,  a  blister,  &c. 

•'  In  the  cure  of  strumaj.  the  topic**  ought  to  be  d]»- 
outient."—  Witeman;  Suryery. 

B.  As  adjective : 

*  I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  s  particular 
place  or  locality  ;  local. 

••  All  ye  topic  gods,  that  do  inhabit  here." 

Dratton  :  Foly-OU>ion,  ».  80. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  topic  or  subject  of  con- 
versation. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  proceeding  from  a  topic 
or  maxim:   hence,  merely  probable,  as  an 
argument. 

4.  Made  up  of  commonplaces. 

"  To  finish  his  circuit  in  an  English  concordance 
and  a  topic  folio."— IfBion :  Areopayitica. 

IL  Med. :  Pertaining  or  applied  to  a  par 
Ocular  part  of  the  body. 

"  The  places  ought  before  the  application  of  those 
toplcke  medicines,  to  be  well  prepared  with  the  raxoui 
Mdaslnaplsmeorrubicative  made  of  mu-tard^eed 
nntill  the  place  look  red."— P.  Holland:  Flinie,  bk 
xxix.,  cb.  vl 

tSp'-ic-al,  o.    [Eng.  topic ;  -aL]    The  same  as 
TOPIC,  o.  (q.v.). 
U  Applied  specifically  to  a  music-hall  song 


in  which  the  vocalist  deals  with  topics  of  the 
day. 

"  To  the  now  well-known  topical  chant  which  he 
sang,  in  Hamlet  garh,  Dixey  lulded  an  apropos  fare- 
well Terse."—  Ileferee,  Sept.  6,  IBM. 

topical-coloring,  >.  A  term  used  in 
calico-printing  to  indicate  that  the  color  or 
mordant  is  applied  to  specific  portions  of  the 
cloth  forming  the  pattern,  in  contradistinction 
to  the  application  of  color  to  the  cloth  in  a 
dye-bath. 

t6p'-lo-al-lj,  adv.  [Eng.  typical  ;  -ly.]  In  a 
topical  manner  ;  locally  ;  with  limitation  to 
some  particular  part. 


"  Which  topiailly  applyed  become  a  Phajntgtnus  of 
rubifying  medicine."—  Broicne  :  Vulgar  Krrourt,  bk. 
111.,  oh.  ill. 


top'-It,  s.    [Top.]    The  top-piece  of  a  train  of 
rods  in  well-boring. 

*  top  -less,  a.    [Eng.  top ;  -lest.) 

1.  So  high  as  to  have  no  visible  top ;  Tery 
lofty. 

"  But  thine,  the  keystone  of  his  topleti  tower 
Iseult  is  one  with"  Love's  own  lordliest  name. 
A.  C.  Bwiaburiiv  .-  Tristram  of  Lyoneue,  lit 

2.  Having  no  superior ;  supreme. 

"  Sometime,  great  Agamemnon, 
Thy  topltss  deputation  he  puts  on. 

.-  Truilut  J:  CreuUo,  L  1 


top '-man,  s.    [Eng.  top,  and  num.] 
*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  top-sawyer  (q.v.). 
"  The  pit-saw  enters  the  one  end  of  the  stuff,  the 
topman  at  the  top,  and  the  pitman  under  him.  — 
Mozon :  Mechanical  Kxerciael. 

2.  Kaut. :  A  man  standing  on  the  top ;  a 
topsman. 

top'  mast,  s.     [Eng.  top,  and  mast.'] 

Kaut. :  The  mast  above  the  lower  mast ; 
the  second  from  the  deck,  and  below  the  top- 
gallant mast. 

"Be  travels,  and  I  too.    I  tr»ad  his  deck. 
Ascend  his  topmatt,  through  bis  peering  eyes 
Discover  countries."  Cowper :  Tatk,  iv.  118. 

top  most,  a.  [Eng.  top,  and  most.]  Highest, 
uppermost. 

"  With  offer'd  vows,  ill  Ilion's  topmott  tower." 
Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  vi.  Ill 

to-pSg'-ra-pber,  *.  [Gr.  Toiroypa<poc  (topo. 
graphos),  "from  TOJTOS  (topos)  =  a  place,  and 
ypoioiio  (grapho)  =  to  write.)  One  who  writes 
descriptions  of  a  particular  country,  town, 
district,  tract  of  land,  or  city ;  one  skilled  in 
topography. 

"Two  officers  of  the  17th  Eeglment.  one  of  whom 
will  act  as  topographer."— Pall  Mall  Gazette,  July  26. 
1884. 

tSp-6-graph'-Kc,  top  A-graph'-Ic-al,  a. 

[Eng.  topograpli(y) ;  -ic,  -teal.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  topography  ;  descriptive  of  a  place 
or  country. 

"  Fiwt,  touching  the  topoyraphicar  description  d 
this  mighty  empire."—  SatMuyt :  I'oyagm,  ill.  88. 

topographical  surveying,  s.    [Sus- 

VEYINO.] 

top-o-graph'-io-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  topo- 
graphical ;  -ly.]  In  a  topographical  manner; 
after  the  manner  of  topography. 

"  My  defects  will  be  perfectly  supplyd  by  such  who 
shall  topaornuhicMil  treat  of  this  subject  in  relation 
to  this  county  alone."— Fuller  :  Worthier  ;  Sent. 

tS-pog'-ra-phist,  t.  [Eng.  topography); 
•  ist.]  A  topographer. 

"  Captain  Yat«  and  a  Russian  topoaraphia  hav«  pro- 
ceededto  the  Murghab  Valley."— nmet.  March  2»,  1886. 


-a-phft  *to-pog-ra-phie.  s. 

[Fr.  topographie  =  the  description  of  a  place  ; 
Lat.  topographia,  from  Gr.  ToiroT/paoV'a  (topogra- 
•phia.).']  [TOPOGRAPHER.]  The  description  of 
a  particular  place,  city,  town,  district,  manor, 
parish,  tract  of  land  ;  a  detailed  description  of 
a  country  or  region,  including  its  cities, 
towns,  villages,  castles,  and  natural  features. 
Topography  is  thus  more  descriptive  and  more 
detailed  than  geography. 

"  In  our  topographie  we  have  at  large  set  forth  and 
described  thTilte  ,'f  the  land  of  Ireland."-Hoiin.fte<i  : 
CanqueU  of  Ireland.  (Fret) 

U  Military  topography  :  The  minute  descrip- 
tion of  places  with  special  reference  to  theii 
adaptability  to  military  purposes. 


tS-pSl'-sV-try,  s.  [Or.  TOITOC  (topos)  =  a 
place,  and"  AaToeia  (latreia)  =  service,  worship.  ] 
Excessive  reverence  for  or  worship  of  a  place 
or  places  ;  adoration  of  a  place  or  spot. 

tS-pSr-i-K?,  «.  tOr.  TOOTS  (topos)  =  a  place, 
andAoy!  (logos)  =  a  word.]  The  art  or 
method  of  assisting  the  memory  by  associa- 


4760 


toponomy— torchless 


ting  the  objects  to  be  remembered  with  some 
place,  the  parts  of  which  are  well  known, 

to  pfln'-«i-my,  s.  (Gr.  TOITOS  (topos)  =  a  place, 
and  trap*  (onoma)  =  a  name.]  The  place- 
names  of  a  country  or  district ;  a  register  of 
such  names. 

•top-i-nym'-ic-al,  o.  [Eng.  1oponom(y); 
-ical.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  toponomy  or  place- 
Barnes. 

top  6  phSne,  ..  An  instrument  for  local- 
izing the  direction  of  founds,  u  in  a  foe  at 
aea. 

•tip' -per,  «.    [Eng.  top;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  tops  or  excels :  anything  su- 
perior.   (Co/too.) 

2.  An  equilateral,  single-cut  die,  or  float, 
osed  by  comb-makers. 

3.  The  stump  of  a  smoked  cigar  j  the  to- 
bacco which  is  left  in  the  bottom  of  a  pipe- 
bowl. 

••  tip' -pice,  *  tap-ploe,  r.i.  or  t.  [TAPISH.J 
To  cover,  to  hide,  to  lie  hid. 

"  Like  a  ranger 
May  toppice  »bere  he  likes." 

Lady  Alimony  (IK»). 

tdp  -ping,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.    [Top,  «.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Rising  aloft ;  lofty,  eminent. 

*'  Ridges  of  lofty  and  topping  mountains."—  Dtrham. 

2.  Eminent,  preeminent,  surpassing,  great, 
•nourishing. 

."The    topptnyeit    shopkeepers    IB    the    city."— T. 
arotfn :  Works,  ii.  258. 

*  3.  Fine,  noble,  gallant. 

C.  As  substantive : 

X  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  tops ;  the  act  of  cut- 
iting  off  the  top. 

2.  A  branch.  *c.,  of  a  tree  cut  oft*. 

3.  The  act  of  reducing  to  an  exact  level  the 
points  of  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 

4.  (PI.):  That  which  comes  from  hemp  in 
the  process  of  hatchelling. 

EL  Kaut. :  Lifting  one  end  of  a  yard  higher 
than  the  other  end. 

^  Topping  ot  lopping :  A  term  used  to  ex- 
press the  right  to  cut  the  tops  of  trees  and 
lop  the  lower  branches,  granted  under  certain 
.conditions  in  some  forests. 

topping-lift,  s. 

Kaut.  :  A  tackle  for  raising  the  outer  end 
»f  a  gaff  or  boom. 

U  Dai-it  topping-lifl. 

Naut. :  A  rope  made  fast  to  the  outer  end 
of  a  davit,  and  rove  through  a  block  made  fast 
to  a  vessel's  mast  aloft,  with  a  tackle  attached. 
It  assists  in  keeping  the  anchor  clear  of  the 
rail  when  bringing  it  on  board  to  be  stowed 
on  deck. 

•tfp-pang-ly,  *  top  plug-lie,  adv.  &  a. 
[Eng.  topping  ;  -ly.] 
A.  As  adverb: 
L  Splendidly,  nobly. 


2.  Proudly,  disdainfully. 

B.  At  adj. :  Eminent,  great,  gay,  showy. 

"  These  toppinglie  guesu  be  In  number  bnt  ten." 
Toiler:  Butbandry;  Aprtt. 

"top  pie,  v.l.  k  t.    [Eng.  top;  dimin.  suff.  -le.] 
A.  Intrant. :  To  fall  over  or  forward,  as 
from  a  height  or  top;   to  pitch  or  tumble 
down.    (Usually  followed  by  over.) 

"  Here  they  burrow  and  mine  until  the  tallest 
Douses  in  the  town  are  liable  at  any  moment  to  torrvle 
own-  or  to  subside.'— Daily  Telegraph,  March  8.  1J8^ 

•B.  Trans. :  To  throw  down  or  over:  to 
•Overturn. 

"  He  toppled  crags  from  the  precipice, 
A  ud  whatsoe'er  was  built  by  day 
In  the  night  was  swept  away." 

Longfellow:  Golden  Legend.  T. 

tdp'-pllng,  o.    [Eng.  topple);  -ing.)    Falling 
forward  ;  ready  to  fall. 

"  And  toppling  trees  that  twine  their  roots  with  atone 
In  perpendicular  places." 

Byron  :  Beaten  t  Earth,  L  S. 

,,   a.     [Eng.  top,  and 
,  topmost. 

"  His  topright  crest  from  crown  downe  battred  fallee," 

*  tdp-«ide-tur'-vy,  adv.     [See  def.l     The 
same  as  TOPSYTURVY  (q.v.). 


•tSp'-right  (gh  silent), 
right.}   TJrect,  I 


"  tip'- si -turn,  v.l.    [TOPSYTURVY.]    To  up- 
set, to  overthrow. 

"  By  his  travail  topriturnrth  them." 

Syloetter:  The  Vocation  744. 

tops  -man,  s.    (Eng.  top,  and  man.] 

1.  A  topnian  (q.v.). 

2.  A  chief  or  head  cattle-drover. 

*  tip-sy-tur'-vl-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  topsyturvy; 
•ly.]    In  an  inverted  or  reversed  state ;  upside 
down. 

"  Has  done  some  clever  things  in  bis  time,  can  slug 
a  good  song,  and  might  well  1*  employed  for  Faust 
viewed  toptyturvily."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  b.  1886. 

top-sy-tur'-vy,  "  top-sie  tnr-vie.  adv. 

[\  word  variously  explained.  Trench  considers 
it  a  corruption  of  topside  the  other  way,  as 
in  Search:  Light  of  Nature,  vol.  ii.,  pt.  ii 
ch.  xxiii.,  "  His  words  are  to  be  turned  topside 
(other  way  to  understand  them."  Fitzedward 
Hall  prefers  top  set  turned  ;  and  Skeat  top  side 
turfy— i.e.,  the  top  side  set  on  the  turf  or 
ground.  Others  take  it  as  top  side  turf-way, 
which  has  the  same  meaning.]  In  an  inverted 
position  ;  npside  down ;  with  the  bottom  up- 
wards and  top  or  head  downwards. 

l  toptirturv/r,  entirely  logical  and  absurd." 
:  Enslith  1/uinourita,  lect  1. 

*  top-sy-tur'-vy,  v.t.  &  i.    [TOPSYTURVY, 
adv.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  turn  upside  down  ;  to  upset, 
to  bewilder. 

"  My  poor  mind  is  all  toptyturvied." — Kichardton  ' 
Pimela.  ii.  40. 

B.  Intrans. :   To  turn    upside   down ;   to 
invert  one's  position. 

"In  the  toptytuneying  coon*  of  time."— Southey : 

"top-sy-tur'-vy-dom.s.  [Eng.  topsyturvy ; 
-dom,]  A  state  of  things  in  which  everything 
Is  turned  upside  down  or  reversed. 

"The  view  of  cynical  toptytunydom  which  has  been 
so  long  worked  with  success  at  length  shows  signs  of 
exhaustion."—  Alhenaum,  March  21.  1886.  p.  3M. 

"top-sy-tur-vy-tt-ca'-tion,  s.  [Eng. 
topsyturvyfy  ;  -cation.]  An  upsetting  ;  a  turn- 
ing topsyturvy. 

"A  regular  toptyturvyjication  of  morality."—  Thacke- 
ray :  ParU  Sketch-book  ;  Mad.  Sand. 

•  tip-sy-tur  -vy-fy,  *  top-sy-tur'-vi'-fy. 

v.t.    [Eng.  topsyturvy;  -fy.]    To  turn  npside 
down. 

"  Vivisection  is  topeyturvyjled  in  a  manner  far  from 
pleasing  to  humanity."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  26, 

toque  (que  as  k),  toquet,  s.    [Pr.=  a  cap ; 
Sp.  toca  ;  Ital.  toon  ;  Armor,  tok  ;  Wei.  toe  = 
a  hat  or  bonnet.) 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  kind  of  bonnet  or  head-dress. 

"  The  policemen  on  duty,  protected  so  far  as  their 
heads  were  concerned  by  solar  toquet."— Daily  ffewt, 
July  16, 1831. 

2.  A  small  nominal  money  of  account  used 
in  trading  on  some  parts  of  the  west  coast  of 
Africa ;  forty  cowries  make  one  toque,  and 
five  toques  one  hen  or  galinha.    (Simmonds.) 

IX  Zool. :  The  genus  Macacus. 

tor,  «.  [Wel.= a  bulge,  a  hill.]  A  high  pointed 
rock  or  hill.  It  occurs  frequently  in  place- 
names  in  the  south-west  of  England,  and 
especially  in  Devonshire,  as  Glastonbury  Tor, 
Torbay,  Torquay,  Ac. 

"  Here  are  no  tort,  no  coombes,  hardly  a  grove,  and 
no  quaint  or  sudden  contrasts  In  colouring."— field, 

tor'-ah,    toY-a,  thbr    ah  (th  as  t),  «. 

[Heb.  m*FI  (toraX)  =  a  law,"  from  HT  (yarah) 
=  to  point  out.] 

Hebrew  Literature :  A  law  ;  a  definite  com- 
mandment laid  down  by  any  recognized  autho- 
rity. When  used  with  the  definite  article, 
the  word  refers  specifically  to  the  written  or 
Mosaic  law,  and  often  to  the  Ten  Command- 
ments. 

tor'-ban-ite,  «.  [After  Torbane  Hill,  near 
Bathgate,  Scotland,  where  found  :  suff.  -ite 
(.Vin.).] 

M in.  :  A  name  given  to  a  substance  formerly 
largely  used  as  a  source  of  supply  for  paraffin, 
Ac.,  which  it  yielded  by  destructive  distilla- 
tion. Resembles  a  bituminous  shale,  but 
various  analyses  show  that  it  has  a  tolerably 
uniform  composition,  the  mean  of  five  analvses 
yielding:  carbon,  81-15;  hydrogen,  11:48 ; 
oxygen,  about  6'0;  nitrogen,  1 '37  =  100.  Ex- 
cluding the  nitrogen,  the  formula  becomes 


very  nearly  C^HssOj.oj,  which  requires  oar. 
bon,  82-19  ;  hydrogen,  11-64  ;  oxygen,  6'ir. 

tor"-o*5r-ite,  s.    [TORBERNITE.] 

tor'-bern-lte,  s.  [Named  after  Torber  (Lat 
Torbernus)  Bergmann,  the  chemist  :  sun",  -itt 
(Min.).} 

Jftit.  :  The  same  as  URANITE  (q.v.). 
tore,  s.    [Seedef.)   The  same  as  TORQUE  (q.v.X 


torfe,  i.    [TORCH.] 

Her.  :  The  same  as  WREATH  (q.v.). 

tor9h,  *  torche,  t.  [Fr.  torche,  from  Low 
Lat.  tortia,  tortica=  a  torch,  from  Lat.  tcrtut, 
pa.  par.  of  toryueo  —  to  twist,  because  made  of 
a  twisted  roll  of  tow  or  the  like.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  light  to  be  carried  in  the 
hand,  made  of  some  combustible  substance, 
as  resinous  wood,   twisted  flax,   hemp,  &c.. 
soaked  with  tallow  or  other  inflammable  sub- 
stance ;  a  large  candle  ;  a  flambeau.    Torrhei 
for  military  purposes  are  made  of  a  number 
of  strands  of  twine,  slightly  twisted,  or  of 
old  rope,  covered  with  a  composition  to  give 
light,  consisting  of  tallow,  wax,  and  rosin,  or 
equivalent  ingredient*. 

"  We  then  had  the  town  open  before  us,  and  prs 
lently  saw  lighted  tore*,.,  or  candles,  all  the  tuwr. 
over  ;  whereas  before  the  gun  was  tired  there  was  but 
one  light  —Dampier  :  Vuyaaa  (an.  1684), 

2.  Bat.  (PI.):  VerbascumThapsus.   So  named 
because,  according  to  Parkinson  and  Cole» 
quoted  by  Prior,  the  stalks  were  formerly 
dipped  in  suet  to  burn  at  funerals,  and  else- 
where.   According  to  Lyte,  quoted  by  Britten 
&  Holland,  because  the  plant  with  its  yellow 
flowers  resembles  a  wax  taper. 

torch  -  bearer,  >.  One  who  attend* 
another  with  a  torch  ;  one  who  carries  a 
torch. 

"  To  be  to  thee  this  night  a  torch-bearer, 
And  light  thee  on  thy  way  to  Mantua. 

Shake$tt.  :  Borneo  *  Juliet.  IU.  6. 

torch-dance,  s.  A  dance  in  which  each 
performer  carries  a  torch. 

torch-light,  ."..in. 

A.  As  tubst.  :  The  light  of  a  torch  or  of 
torches. 

"It  is  of  a  mellow  colour,  and  has  great  force  and 
brilliancy:  it  is  Illuminated  bv  unhj^hl  '^Sif. 
«oWt;  A  Journey  to  Ftanaeri  t  Holland. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Done  or  performed  by  the  light 
of  torches  :  as,  a  torch-light  procession. 

torch-race,  s.  A  kind  of  race  among  tht 
ancient  Greeks  at  certain  festivals,  in  whick 
the  runners  carried  lighted  torches,  which 
were  passed  from  one  to  another  in  a  manner 
not  now  well  understood. 

*  torch-staff,  s. 

which  it  is  carried. 


The  staff  of  a  torch,  by 

"  The  horsemen  sit  like  fixed  candlesticks, 
With  torch-Have*  iu  their  hand." 

torch-thistle,  ,.  "** '  *•'  T"  *• l 

Bot. :  The  Cactacean  genus  Cereus.  So 
named  because  the  species  are  used  by  the 
Indians  for  torches. 

torch-wood,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  Resinous  wood  fit  for  mak- 
ing torches. 

"High  mountain  countries,  windy,  and  covered 
with  snow,  bear  ordinarily  trees  that  yield  torch-teoad 
and  pitch,  as  pines,  coue-trees,  aud  such  like."— P. 
Holland.  Plutarch,  p.  661 

2.  Bot. :  The  genus  Cereus,  spec.  C.  heptaoo- 

nUS.      [TORCH-THISTLE.] 

tor9h,  v.t.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Plaster. :  To  point  the  inside  joints  of  slatinf 
laid  on  lath  with  hair  and  lime. 

•  tor9h'-er,  «.     [Eng.   torch,  s. ;  •«-.]    One 
who  gives  light. 

"  JS',twlc<  **"'  "•>"«•  °*  the  iun  shall  bring 
Their  fiery  torcher  his  diurnal  rinjr." 

Shaketp.  :  All't  n'ett,  ii.  L 

t  torfh'-fire,  a.     [Eng.  torch,  s.,  and  ««.] 
The  light  of  torches. 

"A  balcony  lay  black  beneath,  until 
Out,  amid  a  gush  of  torchere  grey-haired  men 
Game  on  it,  and  harangued  the  inople  ' 

Browning :  Sordtllo,  UL 

•  torch'-less,  o.    [Eng.  torch,  s. ;  -less.]   With- 
out  a  torch  ;  not  lighted  ;  dark. 

"  i*  i«  "aolved-they  march— consenting  XlKht 
Guides  with  her  star  their  dim  and  tar.M-a  flight.' 
Byron:  Lara.  ii.  U. 


l 
.  wore. 


work,  who. 


r-  th6re: 
;  mute.  cftb.  oiire.  mute.  our.  rule.  ItlU;  try.  Syrian. 


».  o,  =  i  ;  ey  =  a:  o.u  =  kw 


torcular— torosity 


4761 


tor'-cu-lar,  J.    [Lat,,  from  ioro««>  =  totwist.] 

Swg. :  A  tourniquet  (q.v.). 

torcular  Heroptiili,  .<. 

Anal. :  The  common  point  to  which  the 
sinuses  contained  in  the  several  processes  or 
folds  of  the  dura  mater  converge.  (Quain.) 

tor-dy'-U-ftm,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat. 
tordylion,  tordylon ;  Gr.  TopaiiAcoi-  (tordulion), 
TopcvAov  (tordidon)  =  hartwort.  (See  def.)] 

Bot, :  Hartwort ;  a  genus  of  Peucedanidte. 
Umbels  compound ;  bracts  and  bracteoles 
linear,  or  none  ;  petals  incurved  at  the  tip ; 
carpels  with  three  dorsal  and  two  distant 
marginal  ribs,  all  indistinct,  with  one  or  three 
Tittle  in  their  interstices.  Known  species 
twelve,  from  the  temperate  parts  of  the  Old 
World.  One  is  British,  Tordylium  maximum. 
It  has  a  hispid  stem,  and  pinnate  leaves,  with 
one  to  three  pairs  of  pinnatifid  leaflets,  and 
small  umbels  of  white  or  piuk  subsessile 
flowers. 

tore,  fret.  0/0.    [TEAR,  ».] 

•J  It  is  used  rarely  as  a  pa.  par. 

"  Yet  was  his  helmet  hacked  and  hewed, 
His  acton  pierced  and  torn 

Scott :  Sue  of  St.  John. 

tore  (1),  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  The  dead  grass 
that  remains  on  mowing  land  in  winter  and 
spring. 

"  Proportion  according  to  rowen  or  ton  upon  the 
ground.  —Mortimer :  ffutbandry. 

tore  (2),  s.    [ToBus.] 

tor-6-a-dor',  tor-rS-a-dor1,  ».    [Sp.,  from 

toro  (Lat.   (awriw)  =  a  bull.]    A  bull- tighter, 
especially  one  who  fights  on  horseback. 

td-re'-ni-a,  s.  [Named  after  Olaf  Toren,  a 
Swedish  clergyman,  who  discovered  Torenia 
tuiatica  in  China.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Linderniete.  Herbs  with 
opposite  leaves  and  racemes  of  personate 
flowers,  purple,  lilac,  pale  blue,  orwhite.  From 
India,  tropical  Australia,  and  South  America. 
The  juice  of  the  leaves  of  Torenia  asiatica  is 
considered  on  the  Malabar  coast  to  be  a  cure 
for  gonorrhoea. 

"  to-rette,  to  rete,  ».  [Fr.  touret  =  a  drill.] 
A  ring,  such  as  those  by  which  a  hawk's  lune 
or  leash  was  fastened  to  the  jesses,  or  such  as 
are  affixed  to  dogs'  collars. 

tS-reu-ma-to'ir'-ra-pIrjr,  s.  [Or.  ropevfux 
(torewma),'  genit.  Topeu/iaros  (toreumatos)  = 
work  in  relief,  and  ypaifxa  (graphs)  =  to  write.] 
A  description  of  ancient  sculptures  and  basso- 
relievos. 

to-reu-ma-toT-O-gy,  s.  [Gr.  ropeujxa  (la- 
reuma)  geiiit.  ropevjuaTos  (toreumatos)  =  work 
in  relief,  and  Myos  (logos)  =  a  discourse.]  The 
science  or  art  of  sculpture  ;  a  treatise  on 
sculpture. 

td-reu'-tlo,  o.  [Gr.  Topcvruwj  (toreutikos)  = 
pertaining  to  works  in  relief;  ropeimis  (to- 
reutes)  =;  one  who  works  in  relief,  an  em- 
bosser ;  roptvta  (toreuo)  =  to  work  in  relief,  to 
emboss.]  Pertaining  to  carved  or  sculptured 
work.  Applied  in  its  widest  sense  to  articles 
formed  in  any  style  or  in  any  material, 
modelled,  carved,  or  cast,  but  sometimes 
restricted  to  metallic  carvings  or  castings  in 
basso-relievo. 

"  No  technical  development  hu  been  more  ex- 
traordinary in  Scotland  than  that  of  the  toreutic  art" 
—Athen&um,  July  19,  1884,  p.  88. 

tor-fa  -96  ous  (or  ceous  as  shus),  a.  [Eng. 
tur/;  Lat  auff.  -aceous.]  Growing  in  bogs  or 
mosses.  (Said  of  plants.) 

tor  gant,  a.    (TABOANT.) 

tor -goch  (ch  guttural),  «.  (Wei.  =  red  belly : 
tor  —  belly,  and  coch  =  red.)  [CHAB  (1),  «.] 

Ichthy. :  Salmo  perisii,  a  trout  from  the 
likes  of  North  Wales. 

*  tbr-l-fy,  v.t.  [Eng.  tory ;  -Jy.]  To  make  a 
Tory  of ;  to  convert  to  Conservatism. 

"  He  is  Liberalizing  them  instead  of  their  Tortfyinff 
him."-#r  0.  C.  Lewit :  Letterl,  p.  262. 

tSr'-l-lig, «.  [Etym.  doubtful.  Perhaps  from 
Gr.  ropevta  (toreuo)  =  to  emboss ;  from  the 
appearance  of  the  fruit.  (Sir  J.  E.  Smith.)] 

Sot. :  Hedge-parsley.  Formerly  a  genus  of 
Caucalinidae,  now  reduced  to  a  sub-genus  of 
Caucalis  (q.v.).  The  fruit  is  covered  between 
toe  primary  ridges  with  spreading  or  ad- 
pressed  bristles. 


tor  ment,  *  tour  ment,  *  tur  ment,  s. 

[O.  Fr.  torment  (Fr.  tourment),  from  Lat. 
tormentuni  —  an  instrument  fur  hurling  stones, 
an  instrument  of  torture,  torture.  From  the 
same  root  as  torture  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  An  engine  of  war,  used  to  hurl  stones 
or  darts. 

"  All  torment*  of  war.  which  we  call  engines,  were 
first  invented  by  kings  or  goveruours  of  posts."— 
Ktyot :  Oovemour. 

*  2.  A  tempest. 

"  In  to  the  se  of  Spayn  wer  dryuen  In  a  torment 
Among  the  Saraziua."  K.  Brunne,  p.  148. 

3.  Extreme  pain  or  anguish ;  the  utmost  de- 
gree of  misery  either  of  body  or  mind ;  torture. 

"  In  which  his  torment  often  was  so  great, 
that,  like  a  lyou,  he  would  cry  and  rore." 

Spenter :  /'.  o..,  I.  x.  28. 

4.  That  which  causes  pain,  vexation,    or 
misery. 

'•  They  brought  unto  him  all  sick  persons  that  were 
taken  with  divers  diseases  and  tormenti."— Jfaft.  iv.  24. 

tor  ment ,  *  tour  mcnt,  *  tur  ment,  t'.t. 
[O.  Fr.  tormenter  (Fr.  tourmenter).~\ 

1.  To  put  to  extreme  pain  or  anguish ;  to 
Inflict  excruciating  pain  on,  either  of  body  or 
mind ;  to  torture. 

"  He  shall  be  tormented  with  fire  and  brimstone."— 
Rev.  xiv.  10. 

*  2.  To  pain,  to  afflict.    (Matt,  viii.  6.) 

3.  To  vex,  to  tease,  to  harass,  to  plague. 
(CoOoq.) 

"  Perpetually  tornwnted  with  this  thought" 

By  ram  :  The  Pond. 

*  4.  To  put  into  a  state  of  great  agitation. 

"  Then  soaring  on  main  whig, 
Tormented  all  the  air."  MM .'  /'.  L.,  vl  244. 

tor-mSnt'-er,  s.  [Eng.  torment,  v. ;  -tr.] 
One  who  or  that  which  torments ;  a  tormentor. 

*  tor'  ment-ful,  o.  [Eng.  torment;  -fuMf).} 
Causing  torment ;  tormenting. 

"  Set  us  at  liberty  from  all  other  tormtnlful  fears." 
—  n'itkint :  Natural  Religion,  bit.  i..  ch.  XV. 

tor'-mSn-tH,  ».    [TORMESTILLA.] 

Bot. :  Potentilla  Tormeitiilla,  formerly  Tor- 
mentilla  offlcinalis.  The  stem  is  slender,  the 
leaves  three-foliolate,  more  rarely  flve-folio- 
late ;  the  petals  usually  four  in  place  of  the 
normal  five  of  other  Potentillas.  Abundant  on 
the  heaths  and  copses  of  England,  flowering 
from  June  to  September".  The  rbotstock, 
which  is  very  astringent,  is  used  for  tanning. 

t  tor1  -  men  -  til  -  la,  s.  [Lat.  tormentum  = 
pain,  from  the  supposed  efficacy  of  the  tor- 
meutil  in  curing  toothache  and  diseases  of  the 
bowels.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Potentillidse,  now  merged 
in  Potentilla.  Tormentilla  ojfeinaliia.no.  rcptam 
are  now  Potentilla  Tormentilla  and  replant. 

tor  ment  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  «.    [TORMENT,  ».] 

tor-ment'-ing-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  tormenting ; 
-ly.)  In  a  tormenting  manner;  so  as  to 
torment ;  in  a  manner  tending  to  cause 
anguish  or  torture. 

"  He  bounst  and  bet  his  bed  tormentinfffy." 

Oatcoigne :  Dan  Bartholomew  of  Bathe. 

'  tor  ment  Ise,  *  tur  ment  Ise,  s.  [ToR- 
MENT,  v.]  Torment,  torture. 

"  Rather  than  ban  another  turmentiM." 

Cnancer:  C.  T.,  14,889. 

tor-mSnf -or,  *  tor-ment-our,  *  tnr- 
ment  our,  t.  [Eng.  torment ;  -or.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  torments ;  one 
who  or  that  which  causes  anguish  or  misery. 

"  Perpetual  tormentors  of  themselves  with  un- 
necessary fears."—  Bp.  Taylor:  Sermont,  VOL  L,  ser.  ». 

*  2.   One  who  iallicts  penal  tortures ;   an 
executioner. 

"  His  lord  .  .  .  delivered  him  to  the  tormentert. 
till  he  should  pay  all."— UaUhe»  xvllL  84. 

3.  A  large  iron  flesh-fork,  used  by  cooks  at 
sea. 

IL  Agric. :  A  heavy  harrow  with  cutting 
teeth,  used  in  English  husbandry  for  breaking 
down  stiff  clods,  or  tearing  up  the  surface- 
turf.  It  resembles  a  harrow,  but  runs  on 
wheels,  and  each.tine  is  a  hoe  or  cutting-share. 

•  tor  ment  ress,    *  tor  ment  resse,    s. 

[Eng.  torment ;  -rest.]    A  female  who  torments. 
"  The  scourge  and  tormentreae  of  glorie  and  honour." 
-P.  Holland:  Plinie.  bk.  xxviil..  ch.  fr. 

"tor'-mSn.t-rjf,  'tour-ment-rie,  «•  [Eng. 
torment ;  -ry.]  A  torment,  a  torture. 

"  Than  sayst  thou,  that  it  Is  a  tourmentrie 
To  sofn-e  hire  pride."  Ohaacer:  C.  T..t,tm. 


tor  -mln-a,  s.  p!.    [Lat.] 

Pathol.  :  Severe  griping  pains  in  the  sto- 
mach, particularly  in  dysentery  and  kindred 
affections. 

'  tor  -mm  ous,  o.  [TORMINA.]  Suffering 
from  or  affected  with  tormina  ;  characterized 
by  tormina  ;  griping. 

torn,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [TEAR,  r.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  Bot.  :   Irregularly  divided   by  deep   in- 
cisions. 

tor-na'-do,  ».  [Sp.  tornada  =  a  return,  from 
toriiar  =  to  return  ;  Lat.  torno  =  to  turn 
(q.v.),  with  reference  to  the  rotatory  character 
of  the  storm.] 

Meteor.  :  A  whirlwind  or  rotating  storm  of 
extreme  violence,  usually  coming  on  suddenly, 
extending  over  a  width  of  a  few  hundred  yards 
or  less,  and  travelling  rapidly,  so  that  it  remains 
but  a  brief  time  over  any  locality  but  fright- 
fully destructive  in  its  effects.  It  appears  to  be 
a  secondary  result  of  a  cyclone,  but  is  far  more 
violent  than  the  latter  within  its  limited  area. 
It  is  generally  accompanied  by  rain  and  light- 
ning. Tornados  occur  in  many  countries,  but 
are  most  frequent  in  the  region  west  of  the 
upper  Mississippi,  where  large  trees  are  up- 
rooted or  twisted  off,  towns  occasionally 


obliterated,  and  many  lives  destroyed 
a  uiiuute  of  time.    Water-spouts,  sand-whirK, 
Ac.,  are  of  the  same  character. 
tor-na  tel-la,  >.     [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Lat.  tomus  —  a  turner's  wheel,  a 
lathe.] 

Zool  it  Palceont.  :  The  type-genus 
ofTornatellidsefq.v.).  Shell  solid, 
ovate,  with  a  conical,  many  - 
whorled  spire  ;  aperture  long,  nar 
row,  rounded  in  front  ;  outer  lip 
sharp  ;  columella  with  a  strong, 
tortuous  fold  ;  operculum  horny, 
elliptical,  lamellar.  Recent  spe- 
cies  sixteen,  widely  distributed  in 
deep  water.  Fossil,  seventy,  from 
the  Trias  onward.  Used  also  of  any  individual 
of  the  genus. 

tor-na-ter-U-da>,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  torna- 
tel(la);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -idas.] 

Zool.  ot  Palaxmt.  :  A  family  of  Tectibran- 
chiata  (q.v.).  Shell  external,  solid,  spiral  or 
convoluted  ;  sub-cylindrical  ;  aperture  long 
and  narrow  ;  columelia  plaited  ;  sometimes 
operculated.  Animal  with  a  flattened,  disc- 
like  head,  and  broad,  obtuse  tentacles  ;  foot 
ample,  with  lateral  and  operculigerous  lobes. 
The  shells  of  this  family  are  chiefly  extinct  ; 
they  commence  in  the  Coal-measures  and  at- 
tain their  maximum  in  the  Chalk. 

tor-na-tel-li'-na,  *.  [Dimin.  from  Mod. 
Lat.  toriialella  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Helicida,  with  twenty 
species,  from  Cuba,  South  America,  the 
Pacific  Islands,  and  New  Zealand.  Shell  im- 
perforate,  ovate,  or  elongated,  with  a  semi- 
lunar  aperture,  a  twisted  and  truncated  coln- 
mella,  and  a  one-plaited  inner  lip.  (Wood- 
ward.) 

tor-na-ti'-na,  ».    [TORNATELLA.] 

Zool.  <*  Palasont.  :  A  genus  of  Tornatellide 
(q.v.).  Shell  cylindrical  or  fusiform,  spire 
conspicuous,  suture  channelled,  columella 
plaited.  Animal  with  broad  head,  rounded 
in  front,  with  triangular  tentacular  lobes, 
eyes  at  their  base  ;  foot  truncated  in  front. 
Twenty-four  recent  species,  widely  distributed 
on  sandy  bottoms,  ranging  to  thirty-five 
fathoms.  Thirteen  fossil  species,  from  the 
Tertiary. 

*  torne,  v.t.  or  i.    [TURS,  u.) 

*  tor-ne-a-ment,  s.    [TOURNAMENT.) 

t  tor-n5g-ra-ph?,  s.  [Eng.  &c.,  tornado, 
and  Gr.  ypojjii  (graphl)  =  a  description,  a 
delineation.)  A  description  of  tornadoes. 

toV-ose,  tor'-ous,  a.  [Lat.  torosus,  from 
foriM  =  a  round  swelling  place,  a  protuber- 
ance.] 

1.  Anat.  it  Zool.  :  Swelling  into  knobs,  u 
the  veins  and  muscles. 

2.  Bot.  :  Uneven,  alternately  elevated  and 
depressed. 

»  tor-ds'-i-ty,  >.  [Eng.  toros(e):  -ity.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  torose  or  torous. 


boil,  bo? ;  pfiut,  jcfiW ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  (bin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  t»ils ;  sin,  aj ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  -  t 
-ciau,  -tian  =  ahan.    -  tion,  -nion  =  shun ;   t  ion,  -oion  =  zhun.   -oious,  -tioua,  -sious  =  saus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bfl,  del. 


4762 


torpedinidse— torpify 


tor  pS  din  -I  As»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  torpedo, 
genit.  lorpedtn(u);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-we.] 

1.  Ichthy.  :    Electric    Rays  ;    a   family   of 
Batoidei,    with    six    genera,    chiefly    from 
tropical  and  snb.tropical  seas.     The  trunk  is 
a  broad,  smooth  disc  ;  tail  with  a  longitudinal 
fold  on  each  side  ;  a  rayed  dorsal  generally, 
and  a  caudal  On  always,   present  ;  tutorial 
nasal  valves  confluimt  into  a  quadrangular 
lobe  ;  an  electric  organ  composed  of  vertical 
hexagonal  prisms  between  the  pectoral  fins 
and  the  head. 

2.  Palaeont.  :  A  large  flan  of  the  general  ap- 
pearance of  a  Torpedo  has  been  fouml  in  the 
Eocene  of  Honte  Bolca  ;  and  Cyelobatia,  from 
the  upper  cretaceous  limestone  of  Lebanon, 
Is  probably  another  extinct  representative  of 
this  family. 

•  tor  po  din  ous,  a.  [Lat.  torpedo,  genit. 
torpedinis  =  a  torpedo  (q.v.).]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  torpedoes  ;  resembling  a  torpedo  ; 
exerting  a  numbing  influence. 

tor-pe'-do,  ».     [Lat.,   from  torpeo  =  to  be 

numb  or  torpid  q.v.).] 
1.  Ichthyology  : 
(1)  The  type-genus  of  Torpedinlda;  (q.v.), 

with  the  characters  of  the  family.     There  are 

«ix  species  distributed  over  the  Atlantic  and 

Indian  oceans  ;  three  of  these  occur  in  the 

Mediterranean,  and  two,  Torpedo  marmorata 

and  T.  hebetans,  are  sometimes  found  on  the 

British  coast.    The  electric  organs  consist  of 

many  perpendicular  prisms,  mostly  hexagonal, 

the   whole    forming   a  kidney-shaped  mass. 

Each  column  in  the  living  fish  appears  like  a 

clear  trembling  jelly.    Hunter  counted  470  of 

these  columns  iu  a  specimen  of  T.  marmorata. 

and  say»  that  the  partitions  between  them  are 

full  of  arte- 

ries, which 

bring  the 

blood  di- 

lect  from 

the  gills. 

These  or- 

gans con- 

vert ner- 

Tons  energy 

into  electri- 

city.   Each 

organ  r«- 

ceives    one 

branch  of 
the  trigemi- 
nal  and  four 
branches  of 
the  vagus, 

the  former  and  the  three  anterior  branches  of 
the  latter  being  each  as  thick  as  the  spinal  cord. 
The  fish  gives  the  electric  shock  voluntarily 
to  rtun  or  kill  its  prey  or  in  «elf-defence  ;  bnt 
to  receive  the  shock  the  object  must  complete 
the  circuit  by  communicating  with  the  flsh  at 
two  distinct  points,  either  directly  or  through 
the  medium  of  some  conducting  body.  The 
force  of  the  discharge  varies  with  the  size  and 
vigour  of  the  flsh  ;  large  and  healthy  speci- 
mens can  Inflict  severe  shocks  sufficient  to 
disable  a  man.  The  electric  currents  gene- 
rated in  these  flsh  possess  all  the  other  known 
powers  of  electricity  :  they  render  the  needle 
magnetic,  decompose  chemical  compounds, 
and  emit  sparks. 

(2)  The  common  name  of  any  individual  of 
the  genus.  Oue  of  the  best  known  species  is 
Torpeilo  marmorata.  (See  illustration.)  It  is 
dark  brown  in  colour,  lighter  round  the  eyes. 
Specimens  have  been  taken  weighing  a  hun- 
dred pounds,  but  they  usually  average  about 
half  that  weight,  with  the  disc  about  thirty 
Inches  broad.  T.  hebetant,  more  rarely  met 
with,  is  dark  chocolate-brown  above,  white 
beneath.  Torpedo  occidentals  is  a  well-known 
American  species. 

liver  their  opium  «t  A  distance.  and 

•  • 


TORPEDO  MAKMOHATA. 


2.  Ordn.  :  A  vessel  or  engine  charged  with 
an  explosive  which  is  Bred  by  contact,  by  con- 
cussion, or  by  electricity.  Torpedoes  are 
divided  into  — 

(1)  Naut.  :  These  may  be  sub-divided  Into 
five  classes  :  (a)  drifting,  (6)  anchored,  (c) 
boom,  (a)  locomotive,  («)  manoeuvred. 

(a)  The  drifting  preceded  the  boom  and  man- 
oeuvred, and  was  adapted  for  circumstances 
and  positions  where  it  might  be  allowed  to 
drift  with  the  stream  or  tide  against  a  vessel 
In  a  rlvev  or  channel  or  lying  at  anchor. 


(*)  The  anchored  torpedo  is,  In  fact,  the  sub- 
marine mine,  and  is  a  caisson  charged  with 
guniwwder,  gun-cotton,  or  dynamite,  that  may 
be  exploded  either  by  concussion  or  by  elec- 
tricity Anchored  torpedoes  are  firmly  at- 
tached to  submerged  structures,  or  to  a  cable 
or  swaying  boom  which  allows  them  some 
lateral  play. 

(c)  The  boom  or  spar  torpedo  Is  a  mine 
affixed  to  a  Iwom  which  projects  from   the 
bows  of  a  sniifll  swift  vessel.     It  is  depressed 
and  exploded  when  in  contact  with  the  vessel 
which  it  is  sought  to  destroy.     It  is  of  sheet- 
copper  with  brazed  joints,  and  has  a  sensitive 
primer,  with  a  cyliudro-conical  head  commu- 
nii-atiug  with  the  magazine.    The  head  is  in 
contact  with  and  protected  from  the  water  by 
a  thin  hemispherical  cap  of  soft,  well-annealed 
copper.    The  charge  is  usually  flred  by  con- 
tact, but  sometimes  by  electricity. 

(d)  Tl  e  locomotive  torpedo  is  adapted  to  be 
propelled  usually  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
water,  its  course  and  depth  being  determined 
and  regulated  by  various  devices  to  bring  it 
into  contact  with  the  ship  against  which  it  is 


FIO.   2.      SECTION. 

TORPEDO. 

A.  ExpLoclrt  chamber.    &  Compensating  water-tank*. 
c.  Compressed  air-chamber. 

directed.  Of  locomotive  torpedoes,  the  White- 
head,  or  flsh  torpedo,  which  is  impelled  by 
means  of  compressed  air,  and  which  carries  a 
charge  of  gun-cotton  in  its  head,  is  the  best 
known  example.  Several  other  forms  of  tor- 
pedo  have  been  invented. 

(e)  Manoeuvred  torpedo,  so  called  because  its 
course  can  be  directed  from  a  ship  or  from  the 
•bore.  The  Sims-Edison  torpedo  is  the  most 
effective  example  of  this  class.  It  is  propelled 
by  electricity,  and  is  steered  and  the  charge 
fired  by  the  same  agent. 

K  Several  terms  used  in  practice  are  rather 
broadly  than  accurately  technical.  Such  are : 

Can  torpedo:  A  torpedo  in  a  metallic  cais- 
son, 

Lanyard  torpedo :  A  torpedo  discharged  by 
palling  a  lanyard,  &c. 

Magnetic  torpedo:  A  torpedo  exploded  by 
electro-magnetism,  by  spark  or  wire,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  one  fired  by  clockwork,  &c- 

Submarine  torpedo:  A  torpedo  placed  be- 
neath the  surface  of  the  water,  in  a  similar 
manner  to  a  subterranean  mine.  [(2).] 

(2)  1UU. :  A  subterranean  mine  or  counter- 
mine to  destroy  a  work,  a  storming  column, 
or  a  working  party.  In  this  sense  a  petard 
may  be  considered  as  a  torpedo.  Torpedoes 
for  land  defence  are  usually  shells  of  small 
calibre,  six  and  twelve-pounders,  provided 
with  a  percussion  or  friction  device  which 
causes  an  explosion  when  the  ground  over 
the  torpedo  is  stepped  on.  Sometimes  several 
are  laid  In  a  row,  and  a  piece  of  hoard  placed 
over  them  to  increase  the  chances  of  ex- 
plosion. 

torpedo-anchor,  i.  An  anchor  or  fas- 
tening to  hold  a  submarine  mine  to  its  selected 
bed.  A  serviceable  form  is  that  of  a  ship's 
anchor,  to  which  the  mine  is  attached  by  a 
chain  with  a  universal  joint. 

torpedo-boat,  i.  A  veisel  carrying  a 
torpedo,  and  either  exploding  it  against  the 
side  of  another  vessel  beneath  the  water-line 
or  launching  it  against  the  enemy's  vessel 
from  a  point  wherever  it  may  be  trusted  to 
reach  ite  destination  by  the  force  of  the  im- 
pulse, or  by  the  aid  of  a  motor  within  the 
body  of  the  weapon. 

torpedo-boom,  «. 

1.  A  spar  bearing  a  torpedo  on  Its  upper 
end,  the  lower  end  swivelled  and  anchored  to 
the  bottom  of  the  el, aim, -1.     The  boom  sways 
backwards  and  forwards,  and  is  difficult  to 
catch  by  any  form  of  drag  or  grapple. 

2.  A  boom  or  spar,  supporting  a  torpedo  In 
front  of  the  bows  of  a  vessel. 

3.  A  spar,  of  wood  or  iron,  supporting  a 
steel  crinoline  designed  for  the  protection  of 
a  ship  against  torpedo  attack. 


torpedo-catcher,  «. 

1.  A  forked  spar  or  boom  extending  under 
water,  ahead  of  a  vessel,  to  displace  or  ex- 
plode torpedoes. 

2.  A  swift  vessel,  designed  to  catch  and 
destroy  hostile  torpedo-boats. 

torpedo-drag,  s.  A  cable  bearing  grap- 
pllng-uooks  to  catch  torpedoes.  The  ends  of 
the  cable  are  generally  carried  in  boats,  which 
are  propelled  up  and  down  the  channel  some 
distance  apart.  Sometimes  the  drag-rope  ia 
thrown  ahead  of  a  vessel  by  a  shell  from  a 
small  mortar,  and  is  drawn  in  by  the  windlass. 

torpedo-fuse,  s.  One  adapted  for  tor- 
pedo service,  and  classed  as  either  percussion, 
friction,  chemical,  or  electric. 

torpedo-net,  s.  A  movable  crinoline  of 
iron  or  steel,  designed  for  the  protection  of  a 
ship  against  torpedo  attack. 

torpedo-raft,  s.  A  raft  pushed  ahead 
of  a  vessel,  with  hooks  or  grapples  under- 
neatly  to  clear  the  channel  of  torpedoes.  The 
raft  sometimes  carries  its  own  torpedo  in 
front,  to  blow  up  obstructions  or  hi'stib 
shipping. 

torpedo-ram,  ».  A  war-vessel  which  i» 
provided  with  a  ram  and  with  tubes  fur  the 
discharge  of  torpedoes. 

tor-pe  -do-fat,  «.      [Eng.  torpedo;  -int.]    A 
naval  officer  appointed  to  torpedo  service. 
*-L°"!  ""'  ""  other  '°r"*'°'a"— 


*  tor  -pent,  a.  &  t.    [Lat  torpent,  pr.  par.  of 
torpeo  =  to  be  numb.] 

&.Asatij.;  Having  no  motion  or  activity;. 
incapable    of    motion;     numb,    benumbed 
torpid. 

Let  the  earth  be  still  and  stupid  :-*noii  an  uni- 


B.  As  substantive  : 

Med.  :    A   medicine   that   diminishes   the- 
exertion  of  the  irritative  motions. 

*  tor-pes  -9^1196,   t.     [ToRpzscENT.]     The 
quality  or  state  of  being  torpescent  ;  a  be- 
coming torpid,  insensible,  or  benumbed. 

*  tor-pes'-oent,  o.    [Lat.  torpexens,  pr.  par. 
of    torpesco,  inceptive    from    torpeo  =  to   be- 
numb.]   Becoming  torpid  or  numb,  or  in- 
capable of  motion  or  feeling. 

"  Of  gold  tenacious,  their  torpetefnt  soul 
Clenches  their  coin."         Shenttane  :  Economy,  L 

tof-pld,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  torpidiu,  from  torpn 
=  to  be  numb.] 
A*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Having   lost  motion    or  the   power  of 
motion  or  feeling  ;  numbed,  benumbed. 

"Without  heat  all  thiugswoold  be  torpid,  and  with- 
out motion."—  Rai  :  On  Ou  Creation. 

2.  Dull,  stupid,  sluggish,  inactive. 

"  Even  now  the  stimulants  which  he  applied  to  hi* 
torp  M  and  (eeble  party  pr.dnced  some  faint,  ymptoms 
ch.JIu  •"'"••"on-  -*««.«ta»  .'  ttLt.  t«t, 

3.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  torpid.    [B.  1.) 

"Twenty-sir  torpid  eights  wsre  out  at  Oxford,  la 
tratoing  for  the  nm."-f,a  HaU  Oaiau,  Feb.  Si 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  second-class  racing-boat  at  Oxford. 

2.  One  of  the  crew  of  a  torpid. 

'*%f  ind,el?™i"«'«  who  Is  one  of  their  best  torpMt.' 
—full  Mall  Uamu,,  Feb.  36,  1884. 

If  Thi  Torpid*:  The  races  rowed  by  Use- 
torpid  boats. 

tor-pld  -l-t?,  ».     [Eng.  torpid;  -ity.) 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  torpid; 
numbness. 

2.  Dulness,    stupidity,    sluggishness.    In- 
activit3*. 

_uLo?*  ln  °bl<™rity.  or  chilled  to  t 


tor-pid-lft  adv.    [Eng.  torpid;  Jy.}    In  a 
torpid  manner. 

tor'-pld-ness,  s.    [Eng.  torpid  ;  -not.]    The- 
quality  or  state  of  being  torpid  ;  torpidity. 
"  »ath  this  advantage  bT  the  e 


•tor'-pl-fy,  v.t.  [Eng.  torpid;  suff.  -fy.]  To 
make  torpid,  dull,  insensible,  or  stupid ;  to  be- 
numb, to  stupefy.  (Southey:  Doctor,  ch.  xxvi.) 


. 
work, 


-       ^wS'..w*t'  hSre>  oam*1'  h6p-  *"«•«:  Pine,  pit,  sire.  «r,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
:  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «,.  os  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


torpritude— torsibility 


tor'-pl-tude,  s.  [As  if  from  a  Lat  torpi- 
tudo,  from  torpidia  =  torpid  (q.v.).]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  torpid ;  torpidity, 
torpor. 

"A  kind  of  torpitud*  or  sleeping  state. "— Derkam: 
oay*  bk.  vlii..  eh.  V. 


tor'-por.  *  tor'-pour,  5.    [T  at.  torpor.] 

1.  Loss  of  motion  or  of  the  power  of  motion 
or  feeling;   torpidity,  numbness,  inactivity. 
It  may  amount  to  a  total  loss  of  sensation  or 
complete  insensibility. 

"  Motion  doth  dlacusw  tbe  torpaur  at  solid  bodies" 
— Bacon  :  fiat.  Ilitt..  §  703. 

2.  Dulness,  sluggishness,    stupidity,   lazi- 
ness. 

*tor-por-if'-ic,  a.  [Lat.  torpor  =  torpor, 
and  /ncio  =  to  make.]  Tending  to  produce 
torpor. 

tor-quat'-ed,  a,.  [Lat.  torquatw,  from  torques 
—  a  twisted  neck-chain.]  Having  or  wearing 
a  torque  (q.  v.). 

lor-quai-tel'-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  torques.] 
[TORQUE.] 

Zool.  :  The  sole  genus  (with  a  single  species, 
Torquatella  tyi'ica),  of  the  family  Torquatellidw, 
founded  on  a  specimen  discovered  by  Prof. 
Eay  Lankester  at  Naples.  Body  elongate- 
ovate,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  rounded 
posteriorly;  the  anterior  membranous  frill 
highly  expansile,  its  front  margin  abruptly 
truncate  or  emarginate,  its  surface  obliquely 
plicate ;  dimensions  unrecorded. 

•tor-qua-tSl'-U-dse,  s.  yl.  [Mod.  Lat.  torqua- 
fe/Z(u);"Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idas.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Peritricha  (q.v.).  Ani- 
malcules free  -  swimming,  without  a  lorica, 
more  or  less  ovate  ;  the  anterior  ciliary  wreath 
replaced  by  a  membranous  extensile  and  con- 
tractile collar-like  structure,  perforated  cen- 
trally by  the  oral  aperture.  (Kent.) 

•torque  (quo  as  k),  a.  [Lat.  torques  =  a 
twisted  neck-chain,  from  torqueo  =  to  twist.] 

Archteol. :  A  twisted  collar  of  gold,  or  other 
metal,  worn  around  the  neck  in  ancient  times 
by  the  people  of  Asia  and  the  north  of  Europe, 
and  apparently  forming  a  great  pert  of  the 
wealth  of  the  wearer.  Among  the  ancient 
Gauls  gold  torques  appear  to  have  been  so 
abundant  that  about  2*23  B.C.  Flaminius  Nepos 
«rected  to  Jupiter  a  golden  trophy  made  from 
the  torques  of  the  conquered  Gauls.  {Floras, 
lib.  ii.,  ch.  iv.)  The 
name  of  the  Torquati, 
a  family  of  the  Man- 
Han  Gens,  was  de- 
rived from  their  an- 
cestor, T.  Manlius, 
having  in  B.C.  361 
alain  a  gigantic  Gaul 
in  single  combat, 
vhose  torque  betook 
from  the  dead  body 
and  placed  on  his  own 
neck.  Many  examples 
of  gold  torques  have 
been  found  in  Britain 
*nd  Ireland ;  the  commonest  form  is  that  known 
AS  funicular,  in  which  the  metal  is  twisted, 
with  a  plain,  nearly  cylindrical  portion  at  both 
-ends,  which  are  turned  back  in  opposite  direc- 
tions, so  that  each  end  terminates  in  a  kind 
of  hook  by  which  the  torque  was  fastened. 
Bronze  torques  are,  as  a  rule,  thicker  and 
bulkier  in  their  proportions  than  those  of 
gold,  and  the  ends  are  usually  left  straight, 
or  but  slightly  booked  over  so  as  to  inter- 
lock. 

torqued  (quo  as  k),  "~~ 

o.     [Lat.  tortpteo  —  t< 
twist.] 

Her. :  Wreathed,  bent. 
{Said  of  a  dolphin  hau- 
rient,  twisted  into  a 
form  nearly  resembling 
the  letter  S  reversed.)  v  •**" 

tor'-qne?.*.  tLat.]  The  TOKQUED. 

same  as  TORQUE  (q.v.). 

tor-rS-a-dor',  *.    [TOREADOR.] 

t5r-re-f&cr-tion,  *.    [Pr.]    [TORREFY 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  or  operation  of  tor- 
refying, or  of  drying  or  parching  by  a  fire ; 
the  state  of  being  dried  or  torrefied. 

"  If  it  be  sunned  too  long,  It  suffereth  a,  torrcfoxtion, 
»nd  descendeth  Bomewliat  below  it."— Browne;  Vulgar 
frroun,  bk.  it,  cb.  vi. 


TOR^uE,  FOtFIfD  AT  WIO- 
MORE,  SUMEIUtET. 


IL  Technically : 

I.  Metall. :  The  operation  of  roasting  ores. 

2    Pharm.  .-The  drying  or  roasting  of  drugs 
on  a  metallic  plate  till  they  become  friable  to 
the  fingers,  or  till  some  other  desired  effect  U 
produced. 
tor'-re-f  led,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [TORREFY.) 

torrefied-grain,  s. 

Chem. :  Cereals  such  as  barley,  maize,  rice, 
Ac.,  which  have  been  submitted  for  a  short 
time  to  a  relatively  high  temperature,  by 
which  the  natural  moisture  of  the  grain  is 
suddenly  expelled,  and  in  the  act  of  escaping 
distends  each  corn  to  a  greater  or  less  extent. 
On  a  large  scale  it  is  prepared  by  heating 
the  cereals  in  a  rotating  cylinder  over  a  gas- 
fire,  and  is  used  both  for  brewing  purposes 
and  for  feeding  cattle.  Torrefied  barley  is 
sometimes  called  white  malt, 

tdy-rS-fy,  r.t.  [Fr.  torrefier,  from  Lat.  torn- 
facia,  from  torrco  =  to  dry  by  heat,  and  facia 
=  to  make.] 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  dry,  roast,  ncorch,  or 
parch  by  a  fire. 

"  For  to  bring  it  into  ashes.  It  must  bee  torrejlert  In 
su  oven,  and  so  continue  untill  the  bread  be  baked 
and  readle  to  bee  drawae."—  P.  Holland :  Pliny,  bk. 
xxllL 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Metall. :  To  roast  or  scorch,  as  metallic 
ores. 

2.  Pharm.  :  To  dry  or  parch,  as  drugs,  on  a 
metallic  plate  till  they  become  friable  to  the 
fingers  or  are  reduced  to  any  desired  state. 

toy-re-lite,  t.  [After  Dr.  J.  Torrey ;  i  con- 
nect, and  sufi*.  -ite  (A/m.).] 

Itin. :  A  name  given  by  Thomson  to  the 
Columbite  (q.v.)  found  at  Middletown,  Con- 
necticut 

toV-rent,  s.  &  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  torrentem, 
accus.  of  torrens  =  (a.)  hot,  boiling,  raging, 
impetuous ;  (s.)  a  torrent,  a  raging  stream, 
orig.  pr.  par.  of  torreo  =  to  parch,  dry  up; 
Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  tomitif.] 
A,  As  substantive : 

1.  Lit. :  A  violent  stream,  as  of  water,  lava, 
or  the  like;  a  violent  and  rapid  stream  or 
current 

"  Like  tarrmtt  from  a  mountain  s  source." 

Tennyioil  :  The  tettert,  89. 

2.  Fig. :  A  violent  or  rapid  flow  or  stream  ; 
a  flood. 

"  With  no  other  to™  bnt  >  torrent  ol  argument, 
and    demonstration     of     the    spirit"— B^.    Taylor: 
Liberty  o/  PmpHeiytna.  t  a. 
«  B,  A»  adj. :  Rolling,  rushing,  or  flowing 
In  a  rapid  stream. 

"  Fierce  Phlegeton, 
es  of  torrent  fire  inflame  with  rage. 

M,!ton:  P.  L.,\\.  681. 

torrent-bow,  s.  A  bow  often  seen  over 
caecades  and  waterfalls,  under  conditions 
similar  to  those  that  render  the  rainbow 
(q.v.)  visible.  It  is  caused  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  solar  rays  by  the  spray. 

"  Four  currents  .  .  .  floating  an  they  fell, 
Lit  up  a  torrent-boil." 

Tennyton  :  Palace  of  Art,  M. 

*  tor-ren'-tlal  (tl  as  sh),  a.    [Eng.  torrent; 
•  ial.]  Of  the  nature  of  a  torrent ;  flowing  vio- 
lently ;  violent 

"  Torrential  rains  have  carried  away  a  large  portion 
of  the  buildings  lu  course  of  construction  at  Obock, 
tbe  damage  done  being  very  considerable."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Feu.  13. 188S. 

*  tSr-rSn'-tine,  a.    [Eng.  torrent ;  -int.]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  a  torrent ;  torrential. 

*  tor'-ret,  s.    [TURRIT.] 

toV-rejf-a,  s.     [Named  after  Dr.  John  Torrey, 

author  of'an  American  Flora.]  f 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Taxacea>.  Evergreen  gym- 
nospermous  trees  from  North  America,  China, 
and  Japan.  Leaves  in  two  ranks,  linear  or 
lanceolate ;  flowers  dioecious,  the  males  soli- 
tary, the  females  in  two  or  threes.  Torreya 
laxifolia  is  called  the  Stinking  Cedar,  from  the 
unpleasant  smell  when  burnt  The  kernels 
of  T.  nneifera,  yield  an  oil. 

Tor-ii-fel'-U-an,  a.  [See  def.)  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  Torricelli,  an  Italian  physicist 
and  mathematician  (1608-47),  and  a  pupil  of 
Galileo  ;  used  in  the  following  compounds. 

Torricellian  -experiment,  «. 

Physics. :  The  experiment  by  which  Torri- 
oelll  (in  1643)  ascertained  the  exact  measure 


Whoae  wavei 


of  the  weight  of  the  atmosphere.  A  glass 
tube  (now  known  as  the  Torricellian  tube), 
about  a  yard  long  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
internal  diameter,  is  sealed  at  one  end  and 
filled  with  mercury.  The  aperture  being 
closed  by  the  thumb,  the  tube  is  inverted, 
the  open  end  placed  vertically  in  a  small  ves- 
sel of  mercury,  and  the  thumb  removed.  The 
column  of  mercury  sinks  till  it  comes  to  rest 
at  a  height  which,  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  is 
about  30  inches  above  the  mercury  in  the 
trough,  leaving  a  space  in  the  tube  which  is 
called  the  Torricellian  vacuum.  The  mercury 


:rary  pr< 

in  the  tube,  because  it  is  closed.  But  if  the 
end  of  the  tube  be  opened,  the  atmosphere 
will  press  equally  inside  and  outside  the  tube, 
and  the  mercury  in  the  tube  will  sink  to  the 
level  of  that  in  the  trough.  By  this  experi- 
ment Torricelli  showed  that  the  reason  why 
water  would  rise  in  a  suction-pump  to  a  height 
of  only  about  thirty-two  feet,  was  due  to  the 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere  on  the  open  sur- 
face of  the  fluid. 
Torricellian-tube,  s.  [TOBHICELLIAS- 

KXPEHIMENT.J 

Torricellian-vacuum,  ».    [TORRICEL 

L1AN-EXPEH1MENT.J 

tSr'-rid,  a.  [Fr.  torride,  from  Lat.  torrid-la, 
from  torreo  =  to  parch,  to  d.y  up  ;  Sp.,  Port, 
&  Ital.  lorrido.] 

1.  Dried  up  with  heat ;  parched,  scorched. 

••  And  I  will  sing  «t  Liberty's  dear  lent, 
lu  Africa  torHd  elllne.  or  India's  fiercest  heat 
CuHfter :  Table-'l\ilk.  297. 

2.  Burning;     violently     hot;     scorching, 
parching. 

"  This  with  torrid  heat. 
And  vapours  as  the  Libyan  air  adust. 
Began  to  parch  that  temperate  clime." 

torrid-zone,  s. 

Phys.  Geog. :  That  space  or  broad  belt  of 
the  earth  included  between  the  tropics,  over 
every  part  of  which  the  sun  is  vertical  at 
some  period,  twice  every  year  (being  always 
so  at  the  equator),  and  where  the  heat  is 
always  great. 

tor-rld'-I-t^,  ».  [Eng.  torrid;  -Uy.\  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  torrid ;  torridness. 

tor -rid  ness,  s.  [Eng.  torrid;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  torrid  ;  the  state  of 
being  very  hot  or  parched. 

Tor'-ri-d6n,  ».    [See  def.] 

Geog, :  An  inlet,  thirteen  mile«  long  by  three 
broad,  divided  by  peninsulas  into  an  upper 
and  a  lower  part,  on  the  west  coast  of  Scot- 
land, in  the  county  of  Bost, 

Torridon-sandstone,  t. 

deal. :  A  series  of  rocks,  probably  of  Lan- 
rentian  age,  well  seen  at  Torridon.  They  are 
about  300  feet  thick,  the  lowest  bed  being  a 
conglomerate,  extending  over  a  considerable 
area  on  the  North-west  of  Scotland. 

*  toV-rl-fy,  v.t.    [Eng.  torri(d)  ;  suff.  -fy.]    To 
scorch,  to  parch,  to  dry  up.    [TORREFY.] 

*  tor'-rfl,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  worthless 
woman  or  horse. 

tor'-rock,  s.    (TARROCK.) 

tor-ron'-tes,».    [Sp.]    A  kind  of  white  grape 

grown  in  Spain. 
tor'-  sal,  tor'-sel,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Carp. :  A  short  beam  under  the  end  of  a 

girder,  where  it  rests  on  a  brick  wall. 

"  When  you  lay  any  timber  on  brickwork,  as  toriell 
for  mantle  trees  to  lie  on.  or  lintels  over  windows, 
lay  them  iu  loaui."—  Uexvn:  Mechanical  Exercuel. 

torse  (1),  s.  [0.  Fr.,  from  tors,  torse  =  twisted, 
from  Lat.  tortia,  pa.  par.  of  torifaeo  =  to  twist] 

Her,  :  A  wreath  ;  a  twisted  scroll. 
torse  (2),  ».    [Ital.  torso.]    A  torso  (q.v.). 

"  Though  wanting  the  head  and  the  other  extreBuV 
ties  If  dug  from  a  ruin  tbe  torie  becomes  inestimable 
—Qoldemitk :  Polite  Learning,  ch.  Iv. 

tor'-sel  (1),  ».    [TORSAL.] 

tor'-sel  (2),  «.  [A  dimin.  from  tone  (1),  «.] 
Anything  in  a  twisted  form. 

*  tdr-sI-blT-i-ttf,  s.     [TORSION.]     The  ten- 
dency to  untwist  after  being  twisted  :  as,  the 
torsibility  of  a  rope  or  fibre. 


boll,  bo};  ptflt,  J«S*1;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  chin,  ben9h;  go.  gem;  thin,  thla;  sin,  a*;  expect,  JCenopHon,  ejtat.    -ttg. 
•oian.   tlan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -8Jon  =  shun;  -flon,  -flon  =  shun,   -clous,  -tton..  -slous  =  shus.    -We,  -die.  Ac.  =  Del.  del. 


4764 


torsion— tortoise 


tor-slon,.<.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  torsionm,  accus. 
of  torsio  =  a  twisting,  from  tortnuo  (pa.  t 
torn')  =  to  twist] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  twisting ;  the 
twisting,  wrenching,  or  straining  of  a  body 
by  the  exertion  of  a  lateral  force  ten.lin-  to 
turn  one  end  or  part  of  it  about  a  longitudinal 
axis,  while  the  other  is  held  fast  or  twisted  in 
an  opposite  direction. 
IL  Technically : 

1.  Meek. :  The  force  with  which  a  body,  as 
•  thread,  wire,  or  slender  rod,  resists  a  twist. 
or  the  force  with  which  it  tends  to  return  to 
its  original  state  on  being  twisted.  Such 
machines  as  capstans  and  windlasses  also 
axles,  which  revolve  with  their  wheels,  are, 
when  in  action,  subjected  to  be  twisted,  or 
undergo  the  strain  of  torsion.  If  a  slender 
rod  of  metal  be  suspended  vertically,  so  as  to 
be  rigidly  fixed  at  the  point  of  suspension, 
and  then  twisted  through  a  certain  angle,  it 
will,  when  the  twisting  force  ceases  to  act, 
untwist  itself  or  return  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion with  a  greater  or  less  force  or  velocity, 
until  it  comes  to  rest  in  its  original  position. 
The  limits  of  torsion  within  which  the  body 
will  return  to  its  original  state  depend  upon 
its  elasticity,  and  the  force  with  which  it 
tends  to  recover  its  natural  state  is  termed 
the  Elasticity  of  torsion.  This  force  is 
always  proportional  to  the  angle  through 
which  the  body  has  been  twisted.  If  a  body 
to  twisted  so  as  to  exceed  the  limit  of  its 
elasticity,  its  particles  will  either  be  wrenched 
asunder,  or  it  will  take  a  set  and  will  not 
return  to  it*  original  position  on  the  with- 
drawal of  the  twisting  force. 

2.  Surg. :  The  twisting  of  the  cnt  end  of  * 
small  artery  in  a  wound  or  after  an  operation, 
for  the  purpose  of  checking  haemorrhage 
The  bleeding  vessel  is  seized  by  an  instru- 
ment called  a  torsion-forceps,  drawn  out  for 
mbout  a  quarter  of  an  inch,  and  then  twisted 
round  several  times,  until  It  cannot  untwist 
Itself. 

torsion-balance,;.  [BALANCB,*.,B.H.J 
IT  This  balance  is  called  the  Torsion  electro- 
meter, galvanometer,  or  magnetometer,  ac- 
cording as  it  is  adapted  to  measure  electric, 
galvanic,  or  magnetic  forces. 

torsion-forceps,  «.    [TORSION,  IL  S,] 

tor  slon-al,  o.    [Eng.  torsion;  -ol]    Of  or 
pertaining  to  torsion. 

torslonal-rigldlty.  *.  The  stillness  of 
a  cylindrical  bar  of  material  to  resist  twist 
The  rigidity  of  cylinders  of  the  same  sub- 
stance and  of  equal  length  varies  as  the 
diameter  in  the  fourth  power. 

tof-sIVe,  o.    [TORSION.) 
Sot.  :  Twisted  spirally. 

torsk,.<.  [Swed.  &  Dan.,  =a  codfish,  a  torsk.) 
Ichthy. :  Brosmius  brosme  (or  vulgaris) ;  a 
ralnable  food-fish  of  the  family  Gadid* 
abundant  in  the  northern  parts  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  from  eighteen  inches 
to  two,  rarely  three,  feet  long;  head  dusky, 
back  and  sides  yellow,  passing  into  white  on 
belly.  It  lives  in  deep  water,  and  ap- 
proaches the  land  early  in  the  year  to  spawn 
among  the  seaweed  on  the  coast.  Its  fle^h 
when  dried  and  salted,  is  generally  considered 
to  furnish  the  best  stock-fish,  and  forms  a 
considerable  article  of  trade. 

tor  so,  s.    [Ital.,  from  Lat  thymm.  accus. 
of  thyrsus  =  a  stalk,  a  stem.] 

Sculpt. :  The  trunk  of  the  hnman  body. 
The  term  is  usually  applied  to  mutilated 
statues,  from  which  the  head  and  limbs  are 
broken  off. 

tort,  s.     [Fr.,  from  Lat  tortus,  pa.  par.  of 
torquco  =to  twist.] 

•1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Mischief,  wrong,  calamity 
mjury. 

"  !?  wa>  ^roplatned  that  tbon  hadst  done  great  tort 
Unto  an  aged  woman,  poor  and  bare.' 

Sptnvtr :  p.  o.,  ii.  T.  17. 

2.  law:  Any  wrong  or  injury.  Torts  are 
Injuries  done  to  the  property  or  person  of 
another,  as  trespass,  assault  and  battery, 
defamation,  or  the  like. 

"  Personal  actions  are  such  whereby  a  man  claims  a 
™5tl,,1r  Pf"onal  duty,  or  damages  in  lieu  thereof : 
ana.  likewise,  whereby  a  mail  claims  a  satisfaction  in 
StES?  '"I.."01;1"  '"I""  *">«  to  his  person  or 
propertr.  The  former  are  said  to  be  founded  on 
contract*,  the  latter  upon  torts  or  wrongs.'— stadt- 
***•:  Commml..  bk.  iff,  ch.  «. 


tort-feasor,  «. 

Law  :  A  wrong-doer,  a  trespasser. 

tort,  a.  [The  same  word  as  taut,  but  altered 
in  the  spelling,  as  if  from  Lat.  tortus,  pa.  par. 
of  torqveo  =  to  twist.)  Stretched  as  a  roue  • 
taut 

"IntortTibraHon."        Soutl*,  :  Thatot».  vui. 

tor'-ta,  ».  [8p.]  A  flat  circular  heap  of  slimes 
of  silver  ore,  from  which  the  water  has  par- 
tially evaporated  till  it  has  become  of  a  pro- 
per consistency  for  tramping. 

tor-teau  (pi.  tor-teaux;  eau.  eaux  as 

6),  s.      [O.   Fr.   torteau,  tortil,  from  Lat  tor- 
tellus,  dimin.  of  tortus  =  twisted.  J 
her.  :  A  roundel  of  red  colour. 

tor-tl-cOi  -Us,  s.  [Lat  tortus,  pa.  par.  of 
torqueo  =  to  twist,  and  coilu™  =  the  neck.]  A 
rheumatic  affection  of  the  muscles  of  one  side 
of  the  neck  ;  wryneck. 

torticollis  brace,  .». 
Surg.  :  An  apparatus  for  remedying  distor- 
tion of  the  neck. 

tor-tile,  o.  [Lat.  tortilis,  from  tortut,  pa.  par. 
of  torquto  —  to  twist) 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Twisted,  wreathed,  coiled. 

2.  Bo'.  :  Coiled  like  a  rope  :  as,  a  tortile 
awn. 

•  tor-tn'-i-tjf,  ».  [Eng.  tortiHt)  ;-«».]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tortile  or  wreathed. 

tor-tH-la,  «.  [Sp.]  A  large,  round,  thin 
cake  prepared  from  a  paste  made  of  the 
soaked  grains  of  maize,  baked  on  a  heated  iron 
plate. 

•tor'-tton,  ».  [Low  Lat  tortio,  from  Lat 
tortus,  pa.  par.  of  tonpuo  =  to  twist] 

1.  Torment,  pain. 

"All  purgers  hare  a  raw  spirit  or  wind,  which  Is  the 

principal  cause  of  tortion  in  the  stomach  and  belly  "  _ 
Boom  :  Xat.  SI*.,  I  Ml 

2.  The  same  as  TORSIOK  (q.v.). 

tor  -tloum,  •  tor  -clous,  a.    [TORT,  «.] 
*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  Doing  wrong  ;  injurious. 

"  Thllke  grenous  and  torettna  been  In  might  and  In 
doinge.'      Ckauctr:  Tttramtnt  o/  Lote,  bk.  1L 

2.  Done  by  wrong  ;  wrong,  wrongful. 
-  N'e  ought  be  cared  whom  be  endamaged 
Bjr  lortima  wrong."     Spenier  .  f.  o..  II.  11.  u. 

tt  Low  :  Implying  wrong  or  tort,  for  which 
the  law  gives  damages. 

tor'-tlous-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  tortious  ;  -ly.] 
Law  :  By  injury  or  tort  ;  injuriously. 

*  tor'-tive,  n,  [Lat  tor  'us,  pa.  par.  of  torquco 
=  to  twist]  Twisted,  wreathed,  turned 
aside. 

"  Dlrert  bis  (rain 

Torti**  and  errant  from  his  course  of  growth." 
.  :  Trvtbu  t  OesrUoT  Lit. 


.  . 

*  tort  -ness,  ».    [Eng.  tort,  a.  ;  -rat.)     The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tort 

tof-totse  (1  as  tt),  •  tor  -tuc  e,  «.    [O.  Fr. 

tortue  (Fr.  tortue),  from  Low  Lat.  tortuca,  tar- 
tuea  =  a  tortoise  ;  O.  Ital.  tartuga  ;  r-iL  tar- 
taruga  ;  Sp.  tortuga  ;  all  from  Lat  tortus,  pa. 
par.  of  torqueo  =  \a  twist,  from  the  crooked  or 
twisted  feet  of  the  tortoise.] 

1.  Zool.  :  A  name  formerly  taken  to  Include 
all  the  Chelonians,  but  now,  unless  qualified 
by  an  adjective,  confined  to  the  individuals  of 
the  family  Testudinida.  [TERRAPIN,  TURTLE.] 
Tortoises,  in  the  wider  sense,  are  sluggish 
reptiles,  long-lived,  and  extremely  tenacious 
of  life  under  adverse  surroundings,  and  have 
survived  from  remote  antiquity  while  higher 
animal  types,  formerly  contemporaneous  with 
them,  have  become  extinct,  and  have  been 
succeeded  by  very  different  forms.  They 
have  an  osseous  exoskeleton,  which  is  com- 
bined with  the  endoskeleton  to  form  a  kind  of 
bony  case  or  box  in  which  the  body  of  the 
animal  is  inclosed,  and  which  is  covered  by  a 
coriaceous  skin,  or,  more  usually,  by  horny 
epidermic  plates.  (TORTOISESHELL.)  The 
exoskeleton  consists  essentially  of  two  pieces  : 
a  dorsal  piece,  generally  convex  (the  cara- 
pace), and  a  ventral  piece,  usually  Bat  or  con- 
cave (the  plastron),  by  some  regarded  as  an 
abnormally  developed  sternum,  while  others 
consider  the  bones  of  which  it  is  comoosed  as 
integumentary  ossifications.  In  the  endo- 
skeleton  the  dorsal  vertebrae  are  immovably 
joined  together,  and  have  no  transverse  pro- 


cesses, the  heads  of  the  ribs  uniting  directly 
with  the  bodies  of  the  vertebra;  the  scapular 
and  pelvic  arches  are  placed  within  the  cara- 
pace, so  that  tlie  scapular  arch  is  thus  inside 
the  ribs,  instead  of  tieing,  as  it.  normally  is 
outside  them.  All  the  Ix.n.-s  of  the  sk  ill' 
except  the  lower  jaw  and  the  hyold  bone  are 
anchylosed.  There  are  no  teeth,  a-  d  the  jaws 
are  cased  in  horn,  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of 
beak  Tongue  thick,  and  fleshy  ;  heart  three- 
chambered,  ventricular  septum  imperfect 
Ihe  lungs  are  voluminous,  and  respiration  is 
elected  by  swallowing  air.  All  will  pass  pro- 
longed periods  without  food,  and  will  live 
and  move  for  months  after  the  removal  »f  the 
entire  brain.  [TrarrDixin.v.  TESTI-DO.]  There 
are  two  sub-orders  of  Chelouinni  Athecata.  in 
which  the  carapace  is  flexible,  and  Testudinata, 
in  which  it  is  rigid.  The  former  is  represented 


length  of  six  feet  and  a  weight  of  over  a 
thousand  pounds.  Of  the  Testudinata  one  of 
the  best  known  representatives  is  the  Green 
Turtle  (CMone  my, tat  or  riridis),  found  along 
the  Atlantic  coast  from  Cape  Hatteras  to 
Brazil.  It  grows  to  a  very  large  size,  some- 
times weighing  850  pounds,  and  is  a  favorite 
article  of  food,  being  the  most  esteemed  of  Ihe 
large  edible  Turtles.  Of  the  small  ones  the 
Terrapins  (q.v.)  are  highly  valued  by  epicures 
The  Hawsbill  Turtle  (Carrlta  imbricate)  is  a 
carnivorous  form  found  along  the  United 
States  coast,  and  furnishing  most  of  Ihe 
commercial  tortoise  shell.  It,  with  the  Logger- 
head, another  large  Atlantic  Turtle,  is  of  little 
value  for  food.  The  Trionychide  or  Soft 


SKELETON  OF  TORTOISE. 

.;  •'  *  fort*™  removed  to  show  endoskeb 
ton;*.  Humems;r.  Radius;  u.Vlna;  sA.  Shoulder- 

Pem"i  l  T""*i 


shelled  Turtles  are  fresh-water  forms,  covered 
with  a  soft  ekin,  and  possessing  webbed  but 
partly  clawed  feet.     Among  these  is  Aipido- 
nectet  feroi,    which    is    found    in    the   rivers 
flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  is  noted 
for  its  activity,  voracity  and  fierceness     It  is 
over  a  foot  in  length,  and  is  very  palataWe 
as    food.       The    Testudinida;   are    terrestrial 
Chelomans,  including  a  well  known  European 
form,   the   Greek    Tortoise    (TeOudo   grxca), 
which  is  found  along  the  Mediterranean  from 
Greece  to  southern  France.    It  is  about  a  foot  in 
length,  and  is  valued  as  an  article  of  food  in  the 
south  of  Europe,  its  flesh  being  considered  very 
palatable,  while  its  eggs  are  regarded  as  delica- 
cies.   Of  the  Testudinidse,  however,  the  most 
notable  forms  are  the  Gigantic  Tortoises  for- 
merly found  in  great  number!  in  the  Mascarene 
and  Galapagos  Islands.    When  discovered  these 
islands  were  uninhabited  by  man  or  any  large 
wild  animal;  the  Tortoises  therefore  enjoyed 
perfect  security,  and  this,  joined  to  their  extra- 
ordinary longevity,  accounts  for  their  enormow 
size  and  their  vast    number.    They   can   be 
readily   recognized  by  the   black    shell,  th  • 
thinness  of  the  bony  carapace,  and   l.y  th3 
absence  of  the  front  plate,  allowing  th 
neck  to  be  raised  np  and  carried  above  the 
level  of  the  body.    Five  species  of  this  en  np 
are  known,  two  of  them  being   TtHudo  dt- 
fhaaliHa,  the  Gigantic  Land  Tortoise  of  A  Idal.ra, 
and  T.abmgdoni,  the  Abingdon  Island  T.  i 
Best  known  among  the  small  forms  is  the 
familiar  Land  Turtle  or  Box  Turtle,  so  widely 
distributed.     There   are   also   various    nnail 
fresh-water  species,  and  one  of  larger  size  and     i 
much  ferocity,  the  Snapping  Turtle  (Cheli/t/ra     , 
*rrp«rtijui),  common  in  the  streams   of  the     I 
United  States,  and  which  snaps    fiercely   at 
everything    which    comes    within    its    reach.     , 


fete,  at,  fare,  tjmidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  «ire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  son;  mute,  oub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    a>.  oa  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  -  kw. 


tortoiseshell— torture 


4765 


Turtles  are  remarkable  for  their  longevity  and 
tenacity  of  life. 

•  2.  Mii. :  A  method  of  defence,  nsed  by 
the  ancients,  formed  by  the  troops  arranging 
themselves  in  close  order  and  placing  their 
bucklers  over  their  heads,  make  a  cover  re- 
sembling a  tortoise-shell ;  a  testudo  (q.v.). 

tortoise  beetle. «. 

Sntam. :  Any  individual  of  the  Cassididse  or 
Cassidiadae  (q.v.).  So  named  from  their  form, 
the  body  being  margined  all  round  with  dila- 
tations of  the  thorax  and  the  elytra. 

tortoise  encrlnlte,  ». 

ZooL :  The  genus  Marsupites  (q.v.),  from 
presenting  some  resemblance  to  a  tortoise  in 
their  appearance, 

tortoise -flower, «.    [CHEI.ONE,  2.] 

tortoise  plant,  «. 

Bot. :  Testndinaria  elephantipts.  [TESTODI- 
HARIA,  HOTTENTOT-BREAD.}  It  resembles  the 
yam  in  its  netted  leaves  and  its  flowers  ;  but 
while  the  yam  bears  its  thin-skinned  tubers 
underground,  the  tortoise-plant  has  its  huge 
rootstocks  or  rhizomes  above  ground.  They 
are  globular,  and  sometimes  four  feet  in  dia- 
meter, with  a  soft  corky  bark,  which  after  a 
time  cracks,  so  as  to  produce  protuberances  ; 
its  aspect  being  supposed  to  resemble  the 
back  of  a  tortoise,  whence  its  Latin  and 
English  names.  The  stems,  which  are  forty 
feet  high,  rise  from  the  rootstock,  bearing 
entire  leaves,  with  small,  greenish -yellow 
flowers  in  their  axils.  It  grows  at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

tortoise-wood,  ». 

Comm. :  A  variety  of  Zebra-wood  (q.v.). 

\or-tolse-shell  (i  as  ft),  *.  4  o.     [Eng.  tor- 
toise, and  shell.} 
A.  As  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  tortoiseshell  butterfly  (q.v.X 

2.  A  tortoiseshell  cat  (q.v.). 
H.  Technically: 

1.  ZooL :  A  popular  name  for  the  partial  or 
entire  outside  covering  of  the  carapace  and 
plastron  present  in  many  of  the  Chelonia.    It 
is  in  the  form  of  thin  plates,  united  together 
at  their  edges,  and  corresponding,  to  a  certain 
extent,  with  the  underlying  bones  of  the  shell. 
The    number,  size,   position,  colouring,  and 
ornamentation  of  these  plates  differ  greatly 
even  in  genera  and  species. 

2.  Comm.:  The  name  given  to  the  horny 
epidermic  plates  of  Chelonia  imbricata,  the 
Hawk's-bill  Turtle  (q.v.).  The  largest  of  these 
plates  are  about  eighteen  inches  long  by  six 
broad,  and  rarely  exceed  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
in  thickness.  Tortoiseshell  issemitransparent, 
and  mottled  with  various  shades  of  yellow 
and  brownish-red.    Its  value  depends  on  the 
brightness  and  form  of  the  markings,  and,  if 
taken  from  the  animal  after  death  and  decom- 
position, tb«   colour  of  the  »hell   becomes 
clouded  and  milky.     Hence  the  cruel  expe- 
dient is  resorted  to  of  seizing  the  turtles  as 
they  repair  to  the  shore  to  deposit  their  eggs, 
and  suspending  them  over  fires  till  the  heat 
makes  the  plates  on  the  dorsal  shields  start 
from  the  bone  of  the  carapace,  after  which 
they  are  permitted  to  escape  to  the  water. 
(Tennent:  C«jjfon(ed.  3rd),  i.  190.)  But,  accord- 
ing to  the  Journal  of  the  Indian  Archipelago 
(iii.  227),  "dry  heat  is  only  resorted  to  by  the 
unskilful,  who  frequently  destroy  the  tortoise- 
shell  in  the  operation.    At  Celebes,  whence 
the  finest  tortoiseshell  is  exported  to  China, 
the  natives  kill  the  turtle  by  blows  ofl  the 
head,  and  immerse  the  shell  in  boiling  water 
to  detach  the  plates."    Tortoiseshell  is  used 
for  making  combs,  snuff-boxes,  and   many 
fancy  articles ;  as  a  material  for  inlaying  orna- 
mental furniture,  as  a  veneer,  and  as  a  ground- 
substance  in  which  the  precious  metals  and 
mother-of-pearl  are  inlaid.    It  becomes  soft 
at  a  temperature  of  212°,  and  retains  when 
cold  any  form  given  to  it  when  in  a  plastic 
state.    Pieces  can  also  be  joined  together  by 
the  pressure  of  hot  irons.     Tortoiseshell  is 
now  successfully  imitated  by  stained  horn 
and  by  a  composition  of  gelatine  with  various 
metallic  salts.     The  Indian  islands  furnish 
the  largest   supply  for    the    European    and 
Chinese  markets,  the  chief  seats  of  the  trade 
being  Singapore,  Manilla,  and  Batavia,  from 
which  are  exported  yearly  about  26,000  Ibs., 
of  which  Singapore  sends  about  a  half. 


B.  As  adj.  :  Made  of,  resembling,  or  of  the 
colour  of  tortoiseshelL 

-  They  only  fished  up  the  clerk's  tartoittlkrll  spec- 
tacles."        Barham  :  Ing.  Ley-:  3f  Rupert, 

tortotseshell-butterfly.  s. 

Knto'n,  :  The  name  given  to  two  British 
butterflies.  The  Small  Tortoiseshell,  Vanessa 
urticfe,  one  of  the  commonest  of  British  but- 
terflies, is  of  a  bright  red  brown,  and  has  on 
its  costal  margin  three  large  black  spots, 
beyond  the  third  of  which  is  a  white  one. 
The  space  between  the  first  and  third  spots 
is  yellow.  Larva  with  eleven  spines,  its 
colour  yellowish  gray,  with  lines  and  stripes 
of  black,  brown,  and  yellow  ;  it  feeds  on  the 
nettle.  The  Large  Tortoiseshell,  the  larva  of 
which  feeds  on  elm,  is  much  rarer.  It  is  deep 
fulvous,  with  a  broad,  dark  border.  It  has 
no  white  spot  on  the  costa  of  the  fore  wings. 

tortolseshell-cat,  s.  A  variety  of  the 
domestic  cat,  of  a  colour  resembling  tortoise- 
shell.  Hales  of  this  variety  are  extremely 
rare. 

tor-ti-zon,  ».    [Sp.]    A  large  Spanish  grarxs. 


».  pi.      [Mod.  Lat  tortrix, 
genit  tortric(is);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idac.} 

1.  Entom.  :  Leaf-rollers  ;  the  typical  family 
of  Tortricina  (q.v.).     Anterior  wings  broad, 
the  costa  arched  but  not  folded.    Larvae  roll- 
ing up  or  uniting  leaves,  and  feeding  within 
the  aheath,  tube,  or  case  thus  formed.    Maay 
species. 

2.  Zool.  :  A  familvr  of  Innocuous  Colubri- 
form  Snakes,  with  three  genera,  one  of  which 
(Cylindrophis)    ranges   from  India   through 
*he  Malay  Islands,  while  Channa  is  found  in 
California,  British  Columbia,   and  Tortrix  in 
Tropical  America.     Body  cylindrical,  scales 
smooth  ;   tail   conical,   stumpy,  head   short 
and  indistinct  ;  they  have  a  rudimentary  pelvis 
with  horny  spines  projecting  close  to  the  vent, 
and  there  are  vestiges  of  the  hind  limbs. 

tor-trl-9i'-n«>,  ».  pL  [Mod.  Lat,  tortrix, 
genit  tortric(is);  Lat  neut.  pi.  adj.  sun*,  -ino.] 
Entom.  :  A  tribe  of  Heterocera,  with  nine 
families  and  numerous  species.  Antennae 
setaceous,  much  longer  than  the  thorax  ;  body 
moderately  thick,  with  the  apex  blunt  ;  the 
anterior  pair  of  wings  somewhat  truncate 
behind  ;  the  posterior  pair  trapezoidal,  un- 
marked. Larvae  with  sixteen  legs. 

tor-trie  -6-des,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  tortrix,  genit. 
«ortric(«X  and  Or-  'I*0'  («*»)  =  form.) 

Entom.  :  The  sole  genus  of  Tortricodidse 
(q.v.).  Anterior  wings  more  than  twice  as 
long  as  wide;  costa  in  the  male  nearly 
straight,  in  the  female  arched  at  the  base. 
Only  known  species,  Tortricodes  hyemana, 
a  moth  with  semi-transparent  wings,  grayish 
brown,  with  a  darker  blotch  and  fascia.  It  is 
abundant  in  oak  woods. 

tor-tri-CO'-dl-dse,  s.  fl.  [Mod.  Lat.  tortri- 
cod(es);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Moths  nearly  inter- 
mediate between  the  groups  Tortricina  and 
Tineina.  [ToRTRlcoDES.] 

tor'-trlx,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat.  tortu>  = 
twisted,  pa.  par.  of  toroueo  =  to  twist] 

1.  Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Tortricida 
(q.v.).    Palpi  longer  than  the  head,  fore  wings 
about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  costa  arched 
abruptly  at  the  base.    British  species  ten.    A 
very  common  and  pretty  species  is  Tortrix 
viridana,  the  Green  Oak  moth,  the  fore  wings 
of  which  are   pale   green,   the  costal  ridge 
sulphur-yellow,  the  hind  wings  gray.     The 
larva,  which  is  green  with  a  brown  head, 
feeds  on  the  oak  and  hornbeam,  4c_,  in  May 
and  June,  and  the  perfect  insect  abounds  on 
the  oak  in  July.    T.  ribeana  and  T.  corylana 
are  also  not  uncommon. 

2.  Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Tortricidte  2, 
with  one  species,  Tortrix  tcytale,  from  Guiana. 
It  lives  above  ground  in  boggy  places,  prey- 
ing on  worms,  insects,  and  small  reptiles. 

•  tor-tu,  «.    [O.  Fr.  tortui.]    A  tortoise. 

tor'  -til-la,  «.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  tortui  = 
twisted  ;  toroueo  =  to  twist.  Named  from  the 
manner  in  which  the  teeth  of  the  peristome 
are  twisted  together.] 

Bot.  :  A  large  genus  of  Trichostomei  (q.v.). 
Teeth  of  the  peristome  thirty-two,  filiform, 
twisted  into  a  common  fascicle.  They  are 
found,  most  of  them  at  all  seasons,  on  rocks, 


TORTCOSK  STEM. 


walls,  banks,  riversides,  housetops,  Ac. 
Tortula  Turalis  is  often  seen  on  the  roofs  of 
thatched  cottages. 

tor'-tu-lofis,  o.  [Lat  tortus  =  twisted. 
Bulged  out  a;  intervals,  like  a  cord  wills 
knotsonit  (Used 
chiefly  in  describ- 
ing objects  in 
natural  history.) 

tor  -tu  ose,  a. 
[TORTUOUS.] 

Bot.  (Of  a  stem) 
Forming  anglea 
alternately  from 
right  to  left,  as  in 
Banisteria  nigres- 
cens  (see  illus.) 
and  outers  of  the 
Malpighiacese 

(q.v.).  It  differs  from  flexnona  to  bending 
more  angularly. 

tor-tu-6V-i-t#,  «.  [Eng.  tartuot(e);  -«».) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tortuose,  twisted, 
or  wreathed  ;  wreath,  flexure. 

"  As  for  the  tortuority  of  the  body  and  branches."— 
P.  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p.  SW. 

•J  Tortuosity  is  the  angle  turned  by  the 
osculating  plane  per  unit  distance  travelled 
along  the  curve.  If  4  stands  for  lenfrth,  then 
it  is  equal  i.  (Everett:  C.  0.  S.  System  of 
Units,  ch.  L,  p.  7.) 

tor'-tu-o«»  (1),  *  tor-tu-os,  o.     [Fr.  tor- 
tueux  =  full  of  crookedness,  from  Lat.  tortuosus, 
from  tortus,  pa.  par.  of  torqueo  =  to  twist] 
I.  Ordinary  language : 

1.  Lit. :     Twisted,     wreathed,      winding, 
crooked. 

"  Did  not  find  the  labyrinths  of  gaping  and  grue- 
some bog-ruts  too  tortuom."— Field,  April  4,  1B8S. 

2.  Fig. :  Proceeding  in   a  roundabout  or 
underhand  manner ;  not  <  pen  and  straightfor- 
ward. 

IL  Bot. :  Having  an  irregular  bending  and 
turning  direction. 

*  tor'-tu-oUB  (2),  a.    [Eng.  tort,  a. ;  -uous.J 
The  same  as  TORTIOUS  (q.v.). 

tor'-tu-OUB-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  tortuous;  -ly.} 
In  a  tortuous  or  winding  manner. 

tor'-tu-ofis-nSss,  «  [Eng.  tortuous;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tortuous. 

•  tor'-tn-ra-ble,  a.    [Eng.  torture);  -«N«.J 
Capable  of 'being  tortured. 

tor'-ture,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tortura  =  tor- 
ture, from  tortus,  pa.  par.  of  toroueo  =  to 
twist ;  Sp.,  Port,  4  Ital.  tortura.  From  the 
same  root  come  torment,  tortion,  tortoise,  con- 
tort, distort,  extort,  Ac.) 

1.  Excruciating  pain  ;  extreme  anguish  of 
mind  or  body ;  agony,  torment. 

"  Better  be  with  the  dead, 
Than  on  the  torture  of  the  mind  to  lie 
In  restless  ecstasy."   Shatap. :  MaeotOt,  111  I 

2.  Severe  pain  inflicted  judicially  either  a* 
a  punishment  for  a  crime  or  for  the  purpose 
of  extorting  a  confession  from  an  accused  or 
suspected  person.     It  was  inflicted  for  the 
last  time  in  England  in  May,  1640.    It  was 
practiced  In  parti  of  Europe  till  within  the 
present  century,  and  is  stilt  practiced  in  China. 
[BACK,     SCAVENGER'S     DAUGHTER,     THUMB- 
SCREW.] 

"  In  the  Scottish  Claim  of  Eight,  the  use  of  torture, 
without  evidence,  or  in  ordinary  cases,  was  declared 
to  be  contrary  to  law."—  Maeaulav :  in*t.  Eng.,  ch.  xiil. 

3.  The  act,  operation,  or  process  of  infliCw 
ing  excruciating  physical  or  mental  pain. 

tor'-tnre,  tt.f.  &  i.    [TORTURE,  «.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  pain  excruciatingly;  to  pain  to  ex- 
tremity ;  to  torment  bodily  or  mentally. 

"  The  tortured  savage  turns  around. 
And  flluHS  about  his  foam  impatient  of  the  wound. 
Drydeti  :  Ovid  :  Metamorpfiout  viii. 

2.  To  punish  with  the  torture ;  to  put  to 
the  torture. 

3.  Tr  put  to  a  severe  strain ;  to  wrest  from 
the  right  meaning ;  to  put  a  wrong  construc- 
tion on. 

"  So  that  it  Is  to  no  purpose  that  this  place  had  been 
so  tortured  hy  interpreters."—^.  Taylor:  Rule  of 
Conscience,  bit.  111.,  ch.  11. 

*  4.  To  keep  on  the  stretch,  as  a  bow. 

"The  bow  turtureth  the  string  continually,  »n* 
thereby  holdeth  It  in  a  continual  trepidation,"— 
Boom :  JVat  BiO.,  i  187. 


boil,  bo}  :  pout,  JlSwl;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench  ;  go,  gem;  thin.  thi»;  sin,  as  :  expect,  ^enophon,  e¥lst.    ph-t 
-clan,  -tian  =  ftfifr".    -tlon,  -Bion  =  shun ;  -{ion,  -flon  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tioua,  -sioua  =  sbiu.    -We.  -die,  *c.  =  bel,  del. 

*o 


torturer— tossei 


B.  7n/rarur.  ;  To  cause  excruciating  pain  ; 
to  pain  extremely. 

"  The  closing  flesh  that  Instant  ceased  to  slow. 
The  wound  to  torture,  mid  the  Ho.>d  to  flow. 

Pope:  ftvmtr;  /limit  xl.  HS. 

tor'-tu-rer,  ».  [Bng.  <ortwr(«)t  v.  ;  -er.}  One 
who  or  that  which  tortures  ;  a  tormentor. 

"Thou  Art  th«  torturer  of  tbe  brave." 

Scott:  J/armim,  III.  IS. 

tor  tu  ring,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TORTURE.] 

tor  -ta-ling-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  torturing;  -ly.} 
In  a  torturing  manner;  so  as  to  torture  or 
torment, 

•*  Tls  well,  an  host  of  furies 
Could  not  have  baited  me  more  turturingly,* 
Seaum.  A  f'ltt.  :  Latet  qf  Candy,  111. 

"tor'-tu-rous,  a.  [Eng.  tortur(e);  -<m*.] 
Pertaining  to  or  involving  torture. 

"  A  very  hanh  and  torturout  letise  In  the  centre 
•f  perception."—  ilort  :  Jmmort.  of  the  Soul,  bk.  li., 
oh.  tx, 

ter'-u-la,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  tuft  of  hair.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Torulacel  (q.v.). 
Sport.-*  in  beaded  chain."),  simple,  readily  se- 
parating, placed  on  a  short,  continuous,  or 
septate  pedicel.  Microscopic  fungal*  causing 
mouldiness.  Tontla  otwei  is  cheese-mould. 
T.  (or  Saecharomyces)  cerevteia;  !s  the  cause  of 
fermentation  wlien  yeast  is  brought  in  con- 
tact with  saccharine  matter.  That  this  is  so 
10  proved  by  the  fact  that  fermentation  is  pre- 
vented by  passing  the  yeast  through  a  line 
filter  which  strains  out*  the  torulte,  or  by  boil- 
ing either  the  yeast  or  the  saccharine  fluid, 
ami  then  keeping  it  from  all  air,  except  such 
as  has  been  passed  through  cotton  wool, 
which  prevents  them  re-entering  it  from  the 
atmosphere  in  which  they  are  believed  to  be 
continually  floating  about  in  a  dry  state.  A 
torula  is  about  *0003  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
It  consists  of  a  cell,  generally  containing  a 
vacuole,  but  not  a  nucleus.  Sometimes  the 
cells  are  single,  at  others  they  are  in  heaps  or 
strings.  Their  ordinary  mode  of  reproduction 
is  by  budding.  (Huxley.)  [YEA8T.J 

tor  u-la'  -96-1,  s.  j>Z.  (Mod.  Lat  torul(a); 
Lat  maac.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -acei.] 

Bot.  :  A  sub-order  of  Coniomycetes.  My- 
celium very  slightly  developed,  inconspicuous  ; 
spores  simple  or  septate,  naked,  generally 
united  together  in  chains.  In  the  typical 
genus  the  spore*  are  of  a  dark  colour. 

[TORULA.J 

toV  u  lose,  tor-u  loiis,  a.  [Lat  tonUus, 
dimin.  of  torus  —  a  protuberance.) 

Bot.  ;  Cylindrical,  with  several  swells  and 
contractions,  knotted,  as  the  pod  of  Cheli- 
donium.  Nearly  the  same  as  Monilifoim. 

tor  iis,  ».  (Lat.—  a  round  swelling  or  pro- 
tuberance.] 

1.  ^rcft.  ;  A  semi- 
circular   projecting 
moulding,  occurring 
in  the  base  of  a  co- 
lumn of  certain  or- 
ders. It  differs  from 
tbe  astragal  only  in 
size,  the  astragal  be- 
ing smaller.     Also 
called  a  Tore. 

2.  Bot.  :  The  time 
me  RECEPTACLE  and 
THALAMUS  (q.v.). 

torus  bead-plane,  «.  A  certain  form 
of  plane  for  making  the  semicircular  convex 
moulding  known  as  a  torus. 

*torve,  a.  [Lat.  tormts  —  stern,  piercing.] 
Sour,  stern. 

"With  a  for**  and  tetrlck  oonntauuu*,1 

*-' 


*  torved,  o.    [TORVE.I    Stern,  grim,  torvous. 

"  Ywtenlay  his  brmtb 

Aw  d  Rome,  and  his  hut  torved  frown  was  death." 
Winter. 

•tOT'-vi-t&  «.  [Lat.  torvitcu.]  Sourness. 
sternness;  grimness  or  severity  of  counte- 
nance. 


,  a.     [Lat  (orra*.]     Sour,  stern, 
grim  ;  of  a  severe  countenance. 

"That  f»m>u«  tour  look  produced  by  anger,  and  that 
Bay  and  pleasing  countenance  accotn  patty  iiig  love."— 
aerhatn:  rhynco-Theoi^gy,  bk.  v.,  ch.  vlft. 


&  «.  4  a.  (Ir.  toiridht,  tor,  toraigktoir, 
torttigk«  =  &  pursuer;  toir,  tomrhd  =  pursuit, 
search  ;  Gael.  toir=  pursuit,  a  pursuer.] 


*  1.  An  appellation  originally  given  to  Irish 
nonhtroopera,  who,  during  the  civil  wars  of 
th'-  sixteenth  century,  plundered  people  iu  the 
bogs  of  that  island,  being  inarms  nominally 
for  the  royal  cause,  but  really  to  afford  a 
colourable  pretext  for  their  own  lawless  pro 
ceediugs.  About  A.D.  IGSO  those  who  con- 
teiided  for  the  extreme  prerogatives  of  the 
Crown  had  this  contemptuous  term  applied 
to  them  by  their  opponents  on  the  popular 
side,  and  thus  the  word  ultimately  acquired 
its  present  meaning. 

"  Moss- troopers,  a  sort  of  rebels  in  the  northern  part 
of  Scotland,  that  live  by  rubbery  and  spoil,  like  tin- 
tortet  in  Ireland,  or  the  banditti  in  Italy."— Phitlipt: 
ffew  H'wrtd  of  Wordt  (ed.  17'";). 

2.  Originally  applied  as  a  political  term  to 
those  who  were  supposed  to  be  abettors  of  the 
Popish  Plot,  and  hence  extended  to  those  win 
refused  to  concur  in  excluding  a  Human  Catho 
lie  from  the  throne.    The  term. was  afterward; 
extended  to  members  of  one  of  the  great  noli 
tical  parties  in  Britain,  consisting  of   those 
who  think  it  wiser  to  conserve  the  laws  and 
institutions  already  existent  in  the  country 
than  to  incur  peril  by  attempting  to  remodel 
them  ;  the  party  of  immobility  as  opposed  to 
that  of  movement.     In  modern  times  the  term 
has  been  largely  superseded  by  Conservative 
(q.v.).    [LIBERAL,  WHUJ.] 

"  At  thU  time  were  first  heard  two  nicknames 
which,  though  originally  given  in  insult,  were  si>oii 
Mumed  with  pride,  which  are  still  lu  daily  use. 
which  have  spread  as  widely  as  the  English  ract,  nii-l 
which  will  last  as  long  as  the  Eu«lUli  literature.  It 
is  a  curious  circumstance  that  cut-  uf  these  nickname* 
WM  of  Scotch,  aud  the  other  of  Irish,  origin.  Both  in 
Scotland  and  in  Ireland,  misgovermuent  had  called 
luto  existence  hands  of  desperate  men,  whose  ferocity 
WM  heightened  by  rellrfous  enthusiasm.  Iu  Scotland, 
e  of  the  persecuted  Covenanters,  driven  mad  by 
ssion,  had  lately  murdered  the  primate,  had 
arms  against  the  Government,  bad  obuined 
some  advantages  against  the  king's  forces,  and  had 
not  been  put  dowti  till  Moninouth.  at  the  bead  of 
aome  troops  from  England,  had  Mated  them  at  Both- 
well  Bridge*  Tbeeo  zealots  were  most  numerous 
among  the  rustics  of  the  western  lowlands,  who  were 
vulgarly  called  Whigs.  Thus  theaprellatlou  of  WhL- 
was  fastened  on  the  Presbyteriim  xealoU  uf  Scotland, 
aud  waa  transferred  to  those  English  politicians  who 
•bowed  a  disposition  to  oppose  the  court,  and  to  treat 
Protestant  nonconformists  with  indulgence.  The 
bogs  of  Ireland,  at  the  same  time,  afforded  a  refuge  to 
Popish  outlaws,  much  resembling  those  who  were 
afterwards  kuowu  aa  Whiteboys.  These  roeu  were 
then  called  Toriet.  The  unme  of  Tory  was  therefore 
giveu  to  Englishmen  who  refused  to  concur  fa  ex. 
eluding  a  Bomau  Catholic  prince  from  the  throite."— 
MttCHubig  :  #fefL  Eng..  ch.  ii. 

3.  A  name  given  during  the  American  war 
of  independence  to  a  member  of  the  Loyalist 
party,  or  any  one  who  favoured  the  chains  of 
Great  Britain  against  the  colonists. 

B.  As  adj.:  Pertaining  to  the  Tories;  con- 
stituted by  or  originating  from  the.  Tories : 
a*,  Tory  measures,  the  Tory  party. 

*tory-rory,  o.    Wild. 

**  Your  tory-rory  jadea." 

Drydfn  ;  Kind  Krrptr,  IT.  1. 

Tdr'-jMfm,  «.  fEng.  tory;  -ism.}  The  prin- 
ciples or  practices  of  the  Tories. 

"A  thoTt  history  of  tiryitm  and  whtggUm  from 
their  cradle  to  their  grave. "—Bolingbroke ;  Diuertu- 
tion  \i)>f>n  Parttft.  let.  S. 

toV-ca,  toa'-ka,  *,   [Sp.  tosca  (roca)  =  coarse 
(rock).]    (See  etym.  and  compound.) 
tosca  rock,  «. 

Geol. :  The  name  given  by  the  Inhabitants 
of  Buenos  Ayres  to  a  hard,  cavernous,  marshy, 
arenaceous  rock,  imbedded  in  layers  and 
nodular  masses  among  the  argillaceous  earth 
or  mud  of  the  Pampas.  It  constitutes  part  of 
the  Piunpean  formation,  and  is  probably  of 
Pleistocene  age.  The  adoption  of  the  local 
term  tosca  by  Darwin  lias  given  it  general 
currency. 

tope,  v.t.  [TEASE,  TOUSE.]  To  tease  or  comb 
wooL  (Prop.) 

tosh,  a.  [O.  Fr.  f<m*£  =  shorn,  clipped,  pared 
round,  from  Lat.  toiuus,  pa.  par.  of  tondeo  = 
to  shear,  to  clip.)  Neat,  trim. 

tosh  ach  (<*  guttural),  «.    (ToisEca.] 

tosh'-er,  s.     tEtym.  doubtful.]     A  kind   of 

fish  ing-  boat. 

"Thus  a  COM*T  If  not  »  longshore  driver,  thoogh 
both  little  vessels  are  employed  In  catching  what  they 
can  close  Into  the  land."-/Mtf»  Ttttyraph,  Nov.  26. 

tow,  *tosse,  'toss  on,  v.t.  A  i,   [Wei.  totio 
=  to  jerk,  toss  ;  tot  =  a  quick  jerk,  a  toss.] 
A.  Transitive: 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
I.  To  throw  with  the  hand,  to  fling ;  par- 


ticularly,  to  throw  with  the  palm  of  the  han<l 
upward  ;  to  throw  upward. 

2.  To  roll  or  tumble  about;  to  move  back- 
wai  is  and  forwards. 

"  She  turn'd,  atie  toa'd  herself  in  bed, 
On  all  sides  doubts  aud  terrors  met  her." 

U'ordMPortt.-  idiot  Bof. 

8.  To  hurl,  to  cast,  to  fling. 

"Even  now  did  these* 
Tuu  up  opoD  our  shore  this  chest" 

Shaketp.  ;  /'ericlet,  IU.  & 

*4.  To  hurl  or  throw  figuratively. 

"  Book  do  I  tost  these  treasons  to  thy  head." 

Shatei/1.  :  Lear,  V.  ». 

5.  To  lift,  heave,  or  throw  with  a  sudden 
jerk  ;  to  jerk  :  as,  To  toss  the  head. 


*6.  To  wield,  to  brandish. 

"  [  have  been  trained 
To  totten  spenre  aud 


been  trained  up  in  warlike  stonre 
shield." 


r:  P,  C-.  HI.  IL  C 

7.  To  cause  to  rise  and  fall  ;  to  pitch,  or 
move  from  one  place  to  another,  as  with  a 
quick,  jerky  motion;  to  dart  about.  Gene- 
rally used  of  the  sea. 

"We  being  exceedingly  totted  with  the  tempest"— 
Xc/«  xxvii.  16. 

"8.  To  agitate;  to  make  restless;  to  keep 
fn  suspense. 

"  The  Bouldien  were  touted  to  and  fro  with  hope  and 
te*t."—lirend«:  yuinlut  Curttut,  to.  139. 

*  9.  To  keep  iu  play  ;  to  keep  repeating. 

"Spend  your  years  in  tossiny  all  the  rules  of  tram- 
rmr.in  o  mi  moil  schools."—  Atcham:  tichwlmatter- 

*  10.  To  dress  out. 

**  I  remember,  a  few  days  ago,  to  have  walked  Iwhind 
a  damsel,  toiwd  out  fn  nil  the  gnlety  of  fifteen."— 
(iuldtmifh  :  Th*  R*f,  No.  3.  On  Drru. 

11.  To  gamble  with  by  spinning  a  coin  :  u, 
I'll  toss  you  for  it. 

IL  Mining:  To  agitate,  as  ore*  on  a  kieve  ; 
to  toze. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  roll  and  tumble,  to  fling*  to  writhe 
in  violent  commotion. 

"  Turning  and  totting  about  In  the  heat  and  unrest  at 
his  lever.*  Longf<>W,,e  •.  .\tiiet  standiih.  Y. 

t  2.  To  be  flung  or  dashed  about:  as,  A 
boat  tosses  on  the  sea. 

3.  To  move  up  and  down. 

"There  a  placid  lake,  with  snftly  toufny  ripplf*, 
—Harpvr't  Mm  ttine.  May,  1862,  p.  871 

4.  To  toss  up  (q.v.). 

IT  (1)  To  toss  off:  To  swallow  at  a  pulp  ;  to 
drink  hastily  :  as,  To  toss  o/  &  glass  of  liquor. 

(2)  To  toss  the  oars  : 

Naut.  :  To  throw  the  oars,  with  their  blade* 
tip,  in  a  perpendicular  direction,  as  a  silute. 

(3)  To  tose  up,  to  toss  :  To  decide  something 
by  the  side  of  a  coin  that  is  uppermost  after 
being  spun  or  thrown  into  the  air. 

"There  may  have  been  instances  where  juries  have 
'tntied  \t)>  '  seiner  than  remain  to  convince  an  obtU* 
Date  colleague.  '—Daily  Telegraph.  Sept  23,  18* 

toss,  •  tosse,  s.     [Toss,  v.] 

1.  A  throwing  upwards,  or  with  a  jprk  ;  tho 
act  of  tossing  ;  the  state  of  being  tossed  or 
thrown. 

"A  shin's  cook,  who  was  a  lame  man,  died  at  tea, 
and  they  g»ve  him  the  sailor's  torn  orartMUA.'— 
Daffg  Telegraph,  Aug.  2>,  1867. 

2.  A  throwing  up  or  jerking  of  the  head;  a 
particular  manner  of  raising  the  head  with  a 
Jerk. 

"There  Is  hardly  a  polite  sentence.  In  the  followlce 
dialogues,  which  doth  not  absolutely  require   some     I 
.  .  .  suitable  ton   of    the  head,    with  certain  offlcis 
aralgned  to  each  hand."—  Swift  :  Introd.  fottti  Con- 
wraatitm. 

*  S.  A  state  of  anxiety. 

"This  put  us  at  the  Board  Into  a  tow*"—  Pipy* 
Diary,  June  2.  1666. 

4.  A  toss-up  (q.v-X 

If  To  win  the  toss:  To  have  something  de 
elded  iu  one's  favour  by  the  tossing  up  of  t 
coin. 

"Hasn't  old  Brooke  won  the  tou  with  his  lucky 
halfpenny  1"~ffught*  :  Tom  Brown'i  School  Dayi. 
pt  L,  ch.  V. 

toss  up,  i.  The  throwing  up  of  a  coin  to 
decide  some  point,  as  a  wager  or  matter  of 
dispute;  hence,  an  even  hazard,  a  matter 
which  may  turn  out  or  be  decided  one  way  or 
the  other  with  equal  advantage;  an  even 
chance. 

"fit]  looked  a  tost-up  as  to  which  would  arrive  bo»« 
first"—  field,  Sept.  4,  1886. 

*  tOM-pot,  s.    A  toper,  a  drinker,  a  tot,  a 
drunkard. 

"Oar  ItutJe  ton-pott  and  swill-bowls."—  /*.  Holland: 
riinit,  bk.  xxlli.,  ch.  xviii. 


toV  sel,  ».    [TASSEL.]    (Prov.) 


Ate,  at,  fare,  amidst  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  thfire;  pine,  pit,  nre,  «r,  marine;  go,  p*t, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  quite,  cur,  rule,  fuH;  try,  Syrian.    »,  00  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tossement— toter 


4767 


*  toflso  mint,  *  toss-ment,  s.  [Eng. 
toss ;  -mcnt. }  The  act  of  tossing ;  the  state  of 
being  tossed. 

"  Six  town  yean  touemtitt  upon  the  warn  of  thu 
troublesome  world.  "-V.  B. :  WorcateriApopMlMftnt!*, 
p.  108, 

toss  -er,  a.     [Bug.  tow,  r. ;  -«r.]     One  who 

tosses. 

**  At  satisfaction  to  the  blast' ring  god, 

to  aeml  liia  tottert  furth." 

AeauiTL.  *  t'let.  :  Matd  in  the  Mill.  11.  2. 

* to*S'-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tossy;  -ly.}  In  a  tossy 
manner;  with  affected  inditfrreuce,  careless- 
ness or  contempt.  (Prop.) 

"  She  answered  touily  enough."—  C.  Kingttey ;  Featt, 
ofa.  Tit 

toss  -ing,  s.    [Toss,  v.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :    The  act  of  one  who,  or  of 
that  which,  tosses  ;  the  state  of  being  tossed  ; 
a  rising  and  telling  snddenly ;  a  rolling  and 
tumbling  about. 

"The  crawling!  of  an  emmet  or  ttarlngt  of  a  feather 
In  a  tempestuous  air."— SearcA :  Light  of  Nature,  voL 
11.,  pt.  iil,  ch.  XXT. 

2.  Mining :  Tozing ;  the  operation  of  agitat- 
ing ore  in  a  tub  in  which  it  is  rotated  in  water 
by  a  stirrer  on  a  vertical  axis. 

toss' -£,  a.  [Eng.  (055;  -y.]  Tossing,  espe- 
cially tossing  the  head,  as  in  scorn  or  con- 
tempt; hence,  affectedly  indifferent,  offhand, 
contemptuous.  (Prov.) 

"  Answered  by  florae  tolty  commonplace,"— C.  Kin&t- 
Uy :  I't'itt,  ch.  v  i  i. 

tost,  pret.  or  pa.  par.  ofv.    [Toss,  v.] 

tot  (1)  *.  [Dan.  tot;  IceL  tottr,  applied  to 
dwarfish  persons.) 

1.  Anything  small  or  insignificant ;  used  as 
a  term  of  endearment. 

2.  A  small  drinking-cup,  holding  about  half 
a  pint.    (Pro*1.) 

3.  A  small  quantity;  especially  applied  to 
to  liquor.     (Slang.) 

"  Haydn  .  .  .  liked  company  ;  bat  if  a  guest  stayed 
beyond  a  certain  period,  thegicnt  composer  would  sud- 
denly start  up,  tap  his  forehead  and  nay,  'Excuse  me, 
I  have  a  fir ; '  by  which  lie  intuit  that  he  had  a  thought, 
and  muat  go  to  hia  study  to  jut  it  down.  A  minute 
alter  lie  would  return,  looking  all  the  brighter ,  and 
M  forgetful  as  the  Irish  judge  of  La  Rochefoucauld's 
maxim— that  you  may  hoodwink  one  person,  bat  nut 
all  the  world.  The  expression. '  a  tot  of  spirita,1  is  said 
to  have  had  this  respectable  origin.'— tft.  Jamett 
(huvtt*.  Sept.  10,  1386. 

4.  A  foolish  person.    (Pnw.) 

tfit  (2),  *.  [Tor,  t;.]  A  sum  in  simple  or  com- 
pound addition,  set  at  examinations  in  the 
Civil  Service.  (Bngfah.) 

tot  book,  JL  A  book  containing  tola  for 
practice. 

tot,  v.t.    [An  abbrev.  of  total  (q.v.).]    To  snm 

up,  to  count.    (Generally  with  up.)    (Colioq.) 
"The  last  two  tot  up  the  bill."— Thademy  :  Round- 
about Papert,  xii. 

td-ta'-Ig-ite,  8.  [After  Totaig,  Ross-shire, 
where  found  ;  sufT.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  small  brown 
crystalline  grains  in  limestone.  The  analyses 
indicate  that  it  is  probably  an  intermediate 
product  resulting  from  the  hydration  of 
Sahlite(q.v.). 

to'-tal,  *  to-tall,  a.  &  *.  fFr.  total,  from 
Low  Lat.  lotahs,  from  Lat.  totva  =  whole, 
frnm  the  same  root  as  tumid ;  Sp.  total;  Ital. 
Male.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  whole  ;  compre- 
hending the  whole ;  complete  in  all  its  parts ; 

1      entire. 

2.  Complete  in  degree  ;  absolute,  thorough  : 
M,  a  total  loss,  a  total  wreck. 

"3.  Putting  everything  into  s  small  com- 
pa»s  ;  summary,  curt,  abrupt. 

"To  my  questions  you  BO  total  are." 

Sydney  ;  Attrop/trt,  A 

*4.  Complete  in  number;  all. 
"There  lay  the  total  keys, '— Oe  QvineeMi  Spaniih 
fun.  f  s,  p.  7. 

B.  4s  subst. :  The  whole ;  the  whole  sum  or 
!    amount ;  aggregate. 

"But  I  shall  sum  up  these  particulars  In  a  total, 
wMch  1»  thus  expressed  by  8aint  ChrysoBtom."— Bp. 
Tayi'ir  ;  PpitcofMtcy  At»«rtfd,  {  48. 

.  total-abstinence,  s.  The  entire  absten- 
tion frorn  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  as 
beveragt-s,  or  except  under  medical  prescrip- 
tion. [TEMPERANCE.] 

total- eclipse,  a.    [ECLIPSE,  II.] 


total-reflection,  s.    [REFLECTION,  f  2.] 
to'-tal,   v.t.    [TOTAL,  a.l    To  amount  to  the 
total  sum  of ;  to  reach  the  total  of. 

to'  tal  i-sa-tor,  s.  [Fr.  totalisatewr.]  An 
instrument  or  apparatus  used  for  purposes  of 
betting  on  horse-races.  It  is  used  on  the 
continent  of  Eurupe,  in  Australia,  and  New 
Zealand. 

"  A  board  is  exhibited  containing  the  names  of  the 
horses  starting.  A  person  who  wishes  to  back  M  borne 
pays  in  a  pound,  or  as  many  pounds  as  he  likes,  to  the 
officer  in  charge  of  the  totnlttator.  When  the  race  is 
over,  all  the  money  staked  is  divided  between  the 
backers  of  the  winning  horse,  less  10  JUT  cent.,  which 
is  the  profit  of  the  management.  The  umouut  of 
money  staked  on  each  burse  is  indicated  by  figures, 
which  are  altered  every  time  a  fresh  deposit  I*  made. 
so  that  a  backer  can  at  any  time  Bee  with  how  many 
others  he  is  to  share  in  the  total  stakes,  should  the 
borae  selected  l.y  him  win  ;  aud  he  van,  if  he  chooses, 
make  tome  computation  as  to  the  total  amount  of 
stake*  to  be  divided."— Event ng  Standard,  Oct.  23, 
1885. 

td-tiU'-l-ty,  s.  [Fr.  totalitS,  from  total  =  total 
(q.v.).]  The  whole  or  complete  sum ;  the 
whole  quantity  or  amount ;  the  quality  or 
state  of  being  total. 

"  The  duration  of  totality  la  In  some  cases  reckoned 
only  by  second*,"— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  0,  188S. 

td'-tal-ize,  v.t.  &  i.     [Eng.  total;  -ize.} 

A.  Train. :  To  make  total  or  complete ;  to 
reduce  to  completeness. 

B.  Intrans. :   To  bet  by  measure  of  the 

totalisator  (q.v.). 

"The  totalising  system  has  been  flourishing  ever 
since  at  the  German  and  Austrian  race- meet  ings." — 
St.  Jttmet't  dinette,  June  14, 1887. 

to'-tal-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  total,  a. ;  -ly.]    In  a 

total  manner  or  degree;  entirely,  completely, 
wholly,  fully. 

"  There  la  no  need  of  beiug  so  tender  about  the  repu- 
tations of  thoae  who  are  totally  abandoned  to  Bin.  — 
Seeker:  8ermo*u.  vol.  t.,  Mr.  28. 

*  to   tal  ness,  a.     [Eng.  totvl,  a. ;  -ness.]    The 

quality  or  state  of  beiug  total;  totality,  en- 
tireness,  completeness. 

to -tarn,  *.    [ToTKM.] 

to-ta-ni'  -me,  s.  pi.      [Mod.  Lat.  totan<u*); 

Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Ornith. :  A  sub-family  of  Scolupacidae.  Bill 
straight  or  slightly  curved  upwards,  with 
groove  as  far  as  or  beyond  middle,  nostrils 
very  narrow  ;  hind  toe  rather  long  and  slender, 
barely  reaching  the  ground  ;  the  toes  in  front 
joined  by  a  membrane. 

to-ta'-nus,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful :  said  to  be 
from  Ital.  totano  =  a  squid.] 

Ornitfi. :  A  genus  of  Scolopacidse,  or,  if  that 
family  is  divided,  of  Totaninse  (q.v.),  with 
twelve  species  universally  distributed.  Bill 
slightly  curved  at  tip,  groove  half  the  length 
of  the  bill;  wings  with  first  quill  longest; 
tarsi  with  very  narrow  scales  in  front.  They 
frequent  sandy  seashores,  where  they  seek  for 
food  by  probing  the  sand  with  their  bills. 
Several  of  the  species  are  in  high  demand 
as  game  birds,  being  much  esteemed  for  the 
table.  The  Solitary  Sandpiper  (T.  Solitarut*) 
and  the  Yellow-shank  (T.Jfavipet)  are  United 
States  species.  There  are  several  European 
species. 

tot  9hee  fa,  s.  [Chinese.]  A  Chinese  ver- 
mifuge prepared  from  Quisqualis  chinensis. 

*  tote  (1),  •  tot-en,  v.i.    [ A.8.  tdtian  —  to  pro- 
ject, to  stick  out,  to  peep  out.]    [Tour.] 

1.  To  project  or  stick  out. 

2.  To  pry,  to  peep,  to  look,  to  observe. 

tote  (2),  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful  According  to 
Bartlett,  probably  of  African  origin.]  To 
carry,  to  bear.  (Southern  United  State*,) 

"  His  report  of  his  having  Induced  the  aristocratic 
Xavajos  to  tote  his  luggage  was  received  from  the 
mouth  of  Gen'l  Kane  with  a  good-natured  amused  tie* 
rision."— Tram.  Amer.  Philot.  Society,  xiii.  211.  (1873.) 

H  To  tote  fair  :  To  be,  honest  and  upright  in 
one's  dealings  ;  to  act  fairly. 

tote-load,  «.    As  much  as  one  can  carry. 

*  tote  (3),  v.t.    [Toor  (2),  v.] 

tote  (1),  «.  [Fr.  tout ;  Lat.  totm.]  The  whole ; 
the  entire  lot  or  body.  (Amer.  Colioq.) 

tote  (2),  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  joiner's  name 
for  the  handle  of  a  plane. 

*  tot-el-er,  s.      [Icel.  tauta  =  to   mutter,  to 

whisper ;  Dut.  tuyten.]    A  whisperer. 


t* -tem,  to   tarn,  *.     [See  extract] 

Anthrop. :  Some  entity,  usually  an  animal 
or  a  plant,  with  which  the  members  of  a  tribo 
connect  themselves,  calling  themselves  by  its 
name,  and  deriving  a  mythic  pedigree  from 
it.  Thus  among  the  Algonquin  Indians  of 
North  America,  the  name  Bear,  Wolf,  Tor 
toise,  Deer,  OP  Rabbit,  serves  to  designate 
each  of  a  number  of  clans  into  which  the  rac« 
is  divided,  a  man  belonging  to  such  clan  being 
himself  actually  spoken  of  as  a  bear,  a  wolf, 
&c.,  and  the  figures  of  these  animals  indicat- 
ing the  clan  in  the  native  picture-writing. 

"The  name  or  symbol  of  an  Algonquin  cUn  aniu  a) 
la  called  '  dodaim.'  and  this  w..rd.  iiiita  usual  fortu  of 
totem,  baa  become  an  accepted  term  among  etlmo- 
logiHti)  to  describe  similar  customary  surmune*  over 
the  world."—  Tylor:  Prim.  Cult.  led.  1871),  It  318. 

totem  -animal,  9. 

Anthrop. :  An  animal  which  gives  its  name 
to  a  tribe  or  family,  of  which  it  is  usually  re- 
garded as  the  ancestor  and  protector. 

"Some  account*  describing  the  totem-a.tinMl  a* 
being  actually  the  sacred  object."—  Tylor:  Prim.  Cult. 
(ed.  isTlf,  ii.  213. 

totem-clan,  s. 

Anthrop.:  A  clan  having  a  totem,  from- 
which  it  derives  its  name,  and  which  is  re- 
garded as  an  ancestor  and  protector. 

totem-pole,  totem  post,  ,«.    A  pole 

or  post,  upon  which  images  of  totems  are  hung 
or  engraved. 

,       totem-stage,  *. 

Antlirop. ;  That  Rtago  of  mental  development, 
through  which  ft  lias  been  assumed  all  people> 
have  passed,  during  which  animals,  trees,  Ac., 
art  regarded  with  rcligiou*  reverence. 

to-tem'-Io,   a.    [Eng.  totem ;  -ic.]    Of  or  be- 
longing to  a  totem  or  totemism  (q.v.). 

"  Tribes  who  are  organized  on  the  totemic  prinetpkk' 
— Schoolci aft:  hviian  Tritwt,  i.  320. 

to'  tem-i^m,  ».    [Eng.  totem ;  -ism.] 

L  ^nf/irop.:Thedivisionof  a  race  of  people 
Into  clans  and  families,  each  having  its  parti- 
cular totem,  with  the  differences  of  rank, 
marriage  customs,  and  other  social  arrange- 
ments arising  therefrom, 

2.  Comparative  Religions : 

(1)  A  name  primarily  used  to  denote  the 
form  of  religion  widely  prevalent  among  the 
North  American  Indians,  though  by  no  means 
confined  to  them.     It  consists  in  the  adora- 
tion of  certain  objects  and  animals  believed 
to  be  related  to  each  separate  stock  or  blood- 
kindred  of  human  beings. 

(2)  A  stage  in    religious  progress  usually 
succeeding  Fetichism,  the  objects  of  worship 
being  generally  of  a  higher  nature.     In  to- 
temism  as  practised  among  the  Algonquins 
the  totem  is  actually  regarded  as  the  sacred 
object  and  protector  of  the  family  bearing  its 
name  and  symbol.    Among  certain  Australian 
tribes  each  family  has  some  animal  or  vege- 
table as  its  "kobong,"  its  friend  or  protector, 
and  a  mysterious  connexion  subsists  between 
a  man  and  his  kobong,  which  he  is  reluctant 
to  kill  if  it  is  an  animal,  or  to  gather  if  it  is 
a  vegetable.    Similar  customs  exist  in  Asia 
and    Africa.      Lubhock   and     Spencer   have 
favoured  the  idea  that  totemism  sprang  from 
the  very  general  practice  of  naming  individual 
men  after  animals,  Bear,  Deer,  Eagle,  &c., 
these  becoming  in  certain  cases  hereditary 
tribe-names.    Commenting  on  their  opinions, 
Tylor  (Prim.  Cult.,  ed.  1871,  ii.  215)  remark* 
that  "  while  granting  such  a  theory  affords  a 
rational  interpretation  of  the  obscure  facts  of 
totemism,  we  must  treat  it  as  a  theory  not 
vouched  for  by  sufficient  evidence,  and  within 
our  knowledge  liable  to  mislead  if  pushed  to 
extremes. 

to  -tern  1st,  s.    [Eng.  totem ;  -1st.] 

Antkrop. :  A  member  of  a  totem-clan. 

"  That  the  Sablne  wood  neuker  has  been  a  totem  may 
bo  pretty  certainly  established  by  the  evidence  oi 
Plutarch,  The  people  Killed  by  his  name  (Picini)  de- 
clined, like  totemixtt  everywhere,  to  eat  their  holy 
bird.  In  this  case  the  woodpecker."— .4.  Lang:  Mgth. 
Ritual.  *  XtKtrion,  Ii.  71 

to  tcm  fet'-ic,  a.     [Eng.  totemist;  -ic.}    To- 
temic (q.v.). 

"  It  seems  scarcely  possible  to  deny  the  early  and  pro- 
longed existence  of  totemittic  practices  in  Egyptian 
religion."— A.  Lang,  In  jVineteenlA  Century,  bept. 
1886,  p.  430. 

*tdt'-er,  s.     [Eng.  tot(t)  (3),  v.;  -er.]     One 
who  toots  or  plays  a  pipe  or  horn. 


;  pout,  jowl ;  oat,  gell,  chorus,  fhia,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin*  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenopuon,  e^ist.    -Ing. 
-tian  -  shan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clou*,  -tious,  -  sioun  =  shu«.    -ble,  -die.  &c.  =  bel*  del. 


476S 


tother— touch 


^^'-er,  a.  or  pron.  [See  def.]  A  colloquial 
contraction  of  that  other,  that  being  the  old 
neuter  article.  [TONE.] 

-  How  happy  could  I  be  with  either. 
Were  father  dear  charmer  away." 

Way  :  Beggar  i  Opera,  L  L 

tftf-I-dSm  ver'-bta,  phr.  [Lat.]  In  80 
many  words ;  iu  the  very  words. 

to  ti  cs  qno  -ti  e},  par.  [Lat.)  As  often 
as  one,  so  often  the  other. 

td-tl-p&T-mate,  o.  44  i.    [TOTIPAUIKS.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Totipalmes. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  member  of  the  tribe  Toti- 
palmes. 

•  to-tl-pil-ma'-ti,  «.  pi.     [TOTIPALMES.] 

«to-tl-p&l'-me«,  •to-til-p&l-ma'-ti, 
t  t6-tl-ptU-ma'-t8B,s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
Lat  totus=  whole,  and  palma  =  the  sole  of  a 
goose's  foot.) 

Ornitk. :  A  group  of  Swimming  Birds,  having 
the  hind  toe  connected  with  the  other  toes 
with  a  web.  The  first  form  was  used  by 
Cuvier,  the  second  by  Kanp.  [STEOANOPODES.] 

•  td'-tl-pr&f -$1196,  ».     (Lat.   totu»  =  whole, 
and  prasentia  =  presence.)    Total  presence  ; 
presence  everywhere ;  omnipresence. 

"Our  own  manner  of  existence  in  a  sphere  or  por- 
tion of  space  tufflcient  to  receive  the  action  of  many 
corporcal  particles  we  may  term  a  totipmtuct  through- 
out the  contents  of  that  sphere ,  we  may  then  con. 
eelve  another  substance  totipreaent  In  the  sphere  of 
an  Inch,  an  ell,  a  rod,  a  intle."— Swire*.'  Light  of 
Katun,  roL  U..  pt  L,  ch.  ill. 

to  ti-pref-ent,  o.  [TOTIPRESENCE.]  Pre- 
sent everywhere ;  omnipresent. 

to  -to  cce'-ld,  phr.  [Lat.]  By  the  width  of 
heaven,  wide  as  the  poles  apart 

•tot-sane,  ».    [TUTSAN.] 

•  tif-tSd,  a.     [See  del]     Harked  with  the 
word  tot  (Lat  =  so  much),  said  formerly  of  a 
good  debt  due  to  the  crown,  before  which  the 
officer  in  the  exchequer  had  written  the  word 
tot,  as  an  abbreviation  of  the  sentence  tot 
pecunia  regi  debetur  =  so  much  money  is  due 
to  the  king. 

tot  tor,  *  tot  ran,  «.<.  &  (.  [Prop,  (otter,  a 
freq.  from  tilt  (q.v.) ;  of.  A.S.  teaUrian  =  to 
totter,  to  vacillate,  from  tealt  =  tottery,  un- 
stable; O.  Dut.  touteren  (for  toUenn)  =  to 
tremble.) 

A.  Intransitive: 

L  To  appear  as  if  about  to  fall  when  walk- 
ing or  standing  ;  to  be  unsteady  ;  to  stagger. 

"  The  breth  stlnkvng.  the  hands  trimbllng,  the  bed 
hanging,  and  the  feete  tottgryng.  ft  finally  no  part  left 
In  right  course  and  frame.  '—Sir  T.  Mart :  H'orket, 

2.  To  shake ;  to  be  on  the  point  of  falling ; 
to  tremble. 

"  That  government  had  fallen  :  and  whatever  had 
leaned  upon  the  ruined  fabric  began  to  tottir."—Mac. 
outar :  ttut.  Snf.,  ch.  ivilL 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  shake  out  of  *  steady 
position. 

"  From  the  castle'i  toIMml  battlements.- 

Shatap.  :  lt,.\am  11.,  111.  1 

tot  ter  (1).  »•  tBng.  tot,  v.;  -er.]  One  who 
tots  or  casts  up ;  a  reckoner. 

•  tot  tor  (2X  «.    [TATTBB.] 

tit'-ter-er,  ».  [Eng.  toiler;  -er.]  One  who 
totters. 

tit  -ter  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TOTTER,  r.] 

tit'-ter-inK-iy,  adv.  [Bug.  tottering;  -!».] 
In  a  tottering  manner. 

T6t -tern-hoe, «.    [Seedef.] 

Ceo?. :  A  parish  In  the  county  of  Bedford, 
two-and-a-half  miles  W.8.W.  from  Dunstable. 

Tottcrnhoc  stone.  «. 

Geol. :  A  gray  chalk,  or  compact  gray  sandy 
limestone,  constituting  a  zone  in  the  Lower 
Chalk.  Named  by  Whitaker  from  Tottern- 
hoe,  where  it  was  llrst  discriminated.  Fauna 
about  eighty  or  ninety  species. 

t$t'-  ter  -  y,  a.  [Eng.  totter,  v. ;  -y.)  Trem- 
bling or  shaking,  as  though  about  to  {all ; 
unsteady,  shaking. 

"  What  a  tottery  performance  it  was."— T.  Hug\ft : 
Tom  ttromt  at  totford,  ch.  vi. 

•  tit-tie,  o.    [ToTTT.] 


t6t-tle,  v.i.    [See  def.]    A  variant  of  toddle 
(q.v.).    (Prov.) 


tering,  trembling,  shaking,  unsteady. 

"Our  little  boftt  WM  light  and  totlith,"—  Hammond-. 
Wild  northern  Sottim,  p.  i»7. 

to't'-tSf,  tot  -tie,  a.  [For  tolty,  i.e.,  tiUy,  from 
tilt,  v.  (q.v.).J  Unsteady,  dizzy,  tottery. 

"1  was  somewhat  totty  when  I  received  the  good 
knight's  blow."—  Scott  :  /vanhof.  ch.  xxxiii. 

to'-t^,  *.  [Etvm.  doubtful.]  A  name  given  in 
some  parts  of  the  Pacific  to  a  sailor  or  fisher- 
man. (Simmonds.) 

toil  -can,  to  u'  can,  ft.  [Fr.,  from  Sp.  and 
Port,  tucano,  from  the  cry  of  the  bird.) 

Ortiith.  :  The  popular  name  of  any  bird  of 
the  genus  Rhamphastos,  often  applied  to  the 
whole  family  Rhamphastide  (q.v.).  They  are 
all  natives  of  tropical  America,  and  are  easily 
distinguished  by  their  enormous  bill,  irregu- 
larly toothed  along  the  margin  of  the  mandi- 
bles. All  the  species  live  in  pairs  in  the  shade 
of  the  forests,  occasionally  congregating  in 
small  parties,  but  never  approaching  the  hu- 
,  man  habitations.  In  the  true  Toucans  [  KH  VM  - 
PHASTosJ  the  ground  colour  of  the  plumage 
is  generally  black  ;  the  throat,  breast,  and 
rump  adorned  with  white,  yellow,  and  red  ; 
the  body  is  short  and  thick  ;  tail  rounded  or 
even,  varying  in  length  in  the  different  species, 
and  capable  of  being  turned  up  over  the  back 
when  the  bird  goes  to  roost  Toucans  have 
been  described  as  carnivorous  ;  in  captivity 
they  will  readily  devour  small  birds,  but  pro- 
bably in  a  state  of  nature  their  diet  consists 
almost  exclusively  of  fruit.  They  are  remark- 
able among  birds  for  a  regurgitation  of  food, 
which,  after  being  swallowed,  is  brought  up 
to  undergo  mastication,  an  operation  some- 
what analogous  to  the  chewing  of  the  cud 
among  ruminants.  They  are  easily  tamed, 
and  bear  confinement  well,  even  in  cold 
climates. 

tOU-oa'-na,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  =  a  toucan.] 

Astron.  :  A  small,  circumpolar  constellation, 
situated  on  the  Antarctic  Circle,  nearly  oppo- 
site to  Crux  australis,  in  relation  to  the  South 
Pole,  the  intervening  space  between  the  two 
constellations  being  nearly  devoid  of  stars. 
It  contains  nine  visible  stars,  the  largest,  a 
Toucan*,  being  only  of  the  third  magnitude. 

tou'-can-ei,  s.    [Eng.  toucan  ;  -«*.] 

Ornith.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Pteroglossus  (q.v.).  [TOUCAN.] 

"  There  are  three  species  of  toucan*  in  Demerit  ra, 
and  three  diminutives,  which  may  be  called  toucanet*. 
—  Waterton:  Wanderingi  in  South  America, 

tdn-cang',  «•  [Native  name.]  A  kind  of 
boat  much  used  at  Malacca  and  Singapore, 
propelled  either  by  oar  or  sail,  speedy,  rather 
flat  in  the  centre,  but  sharp  at  the  extremities. 

tou9h,  *  tOWCh,  r.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  toucher,  from 
O.  H.  Ger.  xucchen  ;  Ger.  zucken  =  to  draw 
with  a  quick  motion,  to  twitch;  O.  Dut. 
tocken,  tuckrn  =  to  touch  ;  Sp.  &  Port  tocar 
=  to  touch  ;  Ital.  toccare  ;  cogn.  with  Lat. 
duco  =  to  draw.]  [TUCK,  v.  ;  Tow,  r.J 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  sense  of  feeling. 

"  All  things  their  forms  express, 
Which  we  can  touch,  taste,  feel,  or  hear,  or  see." 
Airi«  ;  Imtnort.  of  eke  Soul,  xl  1  L 

2.  To  come  in  contact  with  in  any  way, 
but  especially  by  means  of  the  hand,  fingers, 
&r.  ;  to  hit  or  strike  gently  against 

"  Touch  but  my  lips  with  thow  fair  lint  of  thine." 
KhaXotp.  :  Vmut  /Adoni*.  llfc, 

3.  To  strike    gentiy  with   an  instrument. 
stick,  or  the  like. 


"  Then  with  his  sceptre  that  the  deep  controls, 

'    IB  chiefs,  and  steeled  their  manly  aoi 
Pope :  Bomer  ;  Iliad  zllt  f 


He 


4.  To  meddle  or  interfere  with  ;  to  handle. 

"  No  son  of  Han  descend,  for  servile  gains. 
To  touch  the  booty,  while  a  foe  remain*." 

Pope:  Bomrr;  Hind  vL  61. 

5.  To  take  as  food  or  drink  ;  to  taste. 

"  He  dies  that  touchtt  any  of  this  fruit" 

Shakftp.  ;  At  You  LOU  It,  it  7. 

6.  To  strike,  to  hurt,  to  injure. 

"  I  will  not  touch  thine  eye." 

HhaXrtp-  •'  Xing  John,  lr.  t. 

H  Hence,  to  injure  or  affect,  as  in  character ; 
to  cause  loss  or  hurt  to. 

"  No  loss  shall  touch  her  In  my  company." 

Shakttp,  :  Jteaturefor  Mtantre.  111.  L 


7.  To    come   to;  to  reach,  to  attain;  to 
arrive  at 

"The  rapid  rise  of  exchange,  which  on  Wednesday 
morning  had  touched  M  drachmas  to  the  pound  ster- 
ling."—r*m«.  Much  lfc  IBM. 

8.  To  land  at ;  to  come  to  shore  at 

"  He  tout-hod  the  port*  desired." 

,£k.***i>. :  Trotlu*  A  Creuida,  1L  ft, 

fl.  To  come  near  to  ;  to  hit 

"Then  you  touched  the  life  of  our  design." 

Shake*?.  :  Troilut  A  Cr«uida,  1L  ft, 

*  10.  To  affect ;  to  concern  ;  to  relate  to. 

**  O  Csasar,  read  mine  tint ;  for  mine's  a  suit 
That  touchet  Cva&r  nearer.'* 

Shaketp. :  Juliui  Caiar,  ill.  L 

11.  To  handle,  speak  of,  or  deal  with  gently 
or  slightly  ;  to  treat  of. 

"Wonders,  which*  in  the  nrst«  booke  of  Polycrotii- 
con  are  suffycyeutly  touted." — Fabyan  :  Chmnycli, 
oh.  L 

*  12.  To  try  or  test  as  with  a  touchstone ; 
to  probe,  to  try. 

"  Which,  beltig  touched  and  tried,  proves  valueless  " 
Shakatp. :  King  John,  iii. 

13.  To  affect,  to  impress,  to  strike. 

"  If  any  air  of  music  touch  their  ears." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  T. 

14.  To  make  an  impression  on  ;  to  move. 
to  affect ;  to  stir  mentally ;  to  fill  with  pas 
sion  or  other  emotion. 

"0  atrony !  the  utmost  I  can  do 
Touchtt  htm  not."         Browning :  Paractltut,  T. 

15.  To  make  an  impression  on ;  to  have  an 

effect  on. 

"  Its  face  must  be  very  flat  and  smooth,  and  so  hard. 
that  a  file  will  not  touch  it,  iu  smiths  say  when  a  file 
will  not  eat,  or  race  ii."—Jfoxon:  Mechanical  Sx*r 

CtMf. 

16.  To  infect 

"  The  life  of  all  hU  blood 
Is  touched  corruptibly.'     Shaketp. :  King  John,  V.  7. 

*  17.  To  inQuence   by  impulse ;   to  impel 
forcibly. 

"  No  decree  of  mine, 

To  touch  with  lightest  moment  of  impulse 
HI*  free  will."  MiUon :  P.  L.,  x.  ii. 

*  18.  To  move,  to  stir  up,  to  excite,  to  rouse, 
to  kindle. 

"  Which  touched  the  rery  virtue  of  companion  in  tbee." 

Shaketp. :  Tempett,  1. 1 

19.  To  render  crazy  or  partially  insane ;  to 
affect  with  a  slight  degree  of  insanity.  (Seldom 
used  except  in  the  pa.  par.) 

*  20.  To  censure  ;  to  animadvert  upon. 

"  Doctor  Parker,  in  hi*  sermon  before  them,  touch** 
them  far  their  living  so  near,  that  they  went  near  to 
touch  him  for  hi*  life."— Wayward. 

21.  To  lay  the  hand  on  for  the  purpose  ol 
curing  of  a  disease.     Said  especially  of  the 
disease  called  the  king's  evil. 

"  Walked  round  the  fortifications,  touched  Mm* 
scrofulous  people,  and  then  proceeded  in  one  of  hJt 
yachts  to  Southampton,"— itacaulay :  SM.  Xnff., 
ch.  vliL 

22.  To  handle  in  a  skilful  manner: 

(1)  To  play  on,  as  a  musician  ;  to  perform, 
as  a  piece  of  music. 

"  He  had  not  ceased  to  touch 
The  harp  or  viol  which  himself  had  framed.' 

Wardttforth  :  Sxcurtion,  bk.  TlL 

(2)  To  discourse  of;  to  write  about ;   to 
treat  of. 

(3)  To  paint  or  form  as  an  artist. 

"  Such  heavenly  touches  n'er  touched  earthly  faces.* 
Shaknp  :  Sonnet  17. 

*  23.  To  mark  or  delineate  slightly  or  finely ; 
to  add  a  slight  stroke  or  strokes  to,  as  with  a 
pen,  pencil,  brush,  &c. 

"The  lines,  though  touch'*  but  faintly,  are  drawn 
right/  Pope :  JEWay  on  Crttidtm.  U 

IL  Gfom,  :  To  meet  without  cutting ;  to  be 
in  contact  with.  A  straight  line  is  said  to 
touch  a  circle  when  it  meets  the  circle,  and, 
being  produced,  does  not  cut  it  Two  circles 
are  said  to  touch  each  other  when  they  meet 
but  do  not  cut  each  other.  A  straight  line 
can  touch  a  circle  or  curve  in  only  one  point 
Two  circles  or  spheres  can  touch  each  other 
in  only  one  point,  and  a  sphere  can  touch  a 
plane  in  only  one  point  [CONTACT,  TAKODIT.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  To  be  in  contact;  to  be  In  a  state  of 
junction  so  that  there  is  no  intervening  space. 

2.  To  exercise  or  use  the  organs  of  feeling. 

'*  Descend,  and  touch,  and  enter." 

Tcnnyton  :  In  Mnnoriam,  xclli  U 

*  3.  To  fasten  on  ;  to  take  effect 

4.  To  mention  or  treat  of  anything  slightly 
or  briefly,     [f  6.  (2).] 
6.  To  come  to  land  ;  to  call  in  at  a  port. 

"  Thence  [they]  stand  o«r  towards  Caw  SL  Fnui_ 
Cisco,  not  touching  any  'where  usually  till  they  com* 
to  Mauta."—  fiampier:  Voyagt*  (an.  1«M». 


fitte,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wot,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pftt, 
or.  wore,  wol t  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  --  a ;  qu      k w. 


touch 


4769 


'  6.  To  reach,  to  attain. 

•  The  roll  of  the  peule  touched  to  tbe  hewn. 
So  loudo  crieden  they  with  mery  Steven." 

Ckauftr:  C.  T.,  MSt 

IL  Naut.  :  To  have  the  leech  of  a  sail  so 
(truck  by  the  wind  that  a  tremulous  motion 
to  caused  by  It 

•JI  1.  To  touch  at  : 

Naut.  :  To  call  in  at  ;  to  come  or  go  with- 
out staying. 

"  The  ne«  day  we  touch+1  at  sidon."-^«i  xi»IL  ». 


Wan*.  :  To  rub  against  the  ground  with  the 
keel,  as  a  vessel  under  sail,  without  the  speed 
being  much  lessened. 

3.  To  touch  down  : 

Football:  To  place  the  ball  in  toucb. 

4.  To  touch  of: 

(1)  To  sketch  hastily  ;  to  finish  by  touches. 

•  (2)  To  discharge,  as  a  canon. 

5.  To  touch  on  : 

*  (1)  To  come  or  go  to  for  a  short  time  ;  to 
touch  at. 

"  I  made  a  little  voyage  round  the  lake,  And  touched 
on  the  several  towns  that  lie  on  Its  coasts."—  AddlMOn: 
On  Italy. 

(2)  To  allude  to  ;  to  speak  or  discourse  of 
briefly. 

"  Touched  on  Mahomet 
With  much  contempt"    Tfnnylon  :  Princw.  li.  118. 

6.  To  touch  on  a  proof:  To  make  corrections 
on  the  proof  of  an  Illustration  for  the  guid- 
ance of  the  engraver. 

7.  To  touch  up: 

(1)  To  repair  or  improve  by  slight  touches. 

"What  be  law  wat  only  her  natural  countenance 
touched  up  with  the  usual  improvement*  of  an  aged 
coquette.  —  Addtton. 

(2)  To  remind.    (Colloq.) 

8.  To  touch  the  wind  : 

Naut.  :  To  keep  the  ship  as  near  the  wind 
is  possible. 

*9.  Touch  pat,  touch  penny:  A  proverbial 
phrase,  signifying  No  credit  given. 

ouch  (1),  *  tonohe,  *  towohe,  *.  [TOUCH,  v.\ 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  touching,  or  the  state  of  being 
touched  ;  contact  ;  the  junction  of  two  bodies 
it  the  surface,  so  that  there  is  no  intervening 
space. 

"  Ihelr  tow*  affright*  me  aa  a  serpents  sting." 
gftolcip.  .  1  atnrf  KA.  111.  I. 

2.  The  sense  of  feeling  or  common  sensation, 
one  of  the  five  senses. 

•  3.  A  touchstone  (q.v.). 

•4.  Hence,  that  !>y  which  anything  Is  tested 
or  examined  ;  a  test,  as  of  gold  by  a  touch- 
si  ine  ;  proof,  trial,  assay. 

••  The  fortune  of  ten  thousand  men 
Must  bide  the  tvuch." 

fihaketff.  :  1  Minry  IT.,  IT.  1 

*&.  Proof;  tried  qualities. 

-  My  frlendi  of  noble  tone*,  when  I  an  forth. 

Bid  me  farewell.  '  Skakap-  •  Coriolanut.  Ir.  1. 

*  6.  Stone  of  the  kind  used  as  touchstones. 
A  term  often  applied  to  any  costly  marble, 
but  properly  to  the  basanites  of  the  Greeks, 
•  very  hard,  black  granite. 

"  A  new  monument  of  touch  and  alabaster."—  FuOtr. 

1.  Any  single  act  In  the  exercise  of  an  art  : 
as, 

(1)  A  stroke  of  a  pen,  pencil,  or  the  like. 

••  Artificial  "trite 
Livee  in  tboee  roucfte*.  livelier  than  life." 

Shakttp.  :  Timon  nf  Athtnt,  i.  1. 

(2)  The  act  of  the  hand  on  a  musical  instru- 
ment. 

"  Thou  halt  ludeed  a  rare  touch  on  thy  harp." 
Utlthaf  Arnold  :  Xmpfdodu  on  Etna,  i.  1. 

(8)  Hence,  a  musical  note. 

"  With  sweetest  touchu  pierce  yoor  mistress*  ear." 

Snak'ip.  :  Merchant  of  Venict,  v. 

8.  The  act  or  power  of  exciting  the  passions 
Or  affections. 

"  Not  alone 

Tbe  death  of  Fiilvla.  with  more  argent  touchet, 
Do  strongly  speak  t'  as." 

5fta*w/<.  .'  Antony  t  Cloopatra,  i.  1 

9.  Mental  feeling  or  sensation  ;   affection, 
•notion. 

"  Ne  beast  so  flense  but  knows  a  touch  of  pity." 
Makap.  :  Klohard  III.,  i.  > 

10.  Trait,  characteristic. 

"One  touch  of  nature  makes  tbe  whole  world  kin." 
Mo*etp.  .-  Troliul  t  CrfUida.  lii.  s. 

11.  A  small  quantity  or  degree  ;  a  dash,  a 
spice,  a  smack. 

"  A  touch  of  trost"—  n«W,  Jan.  «,  IsM. 


12.  A  stroke ;  a  successful  effort  or  attempt 

"  One  meets  sometimes  with  Terr  nice  tout***  of 
raillery."— Additon:  On  JfrdaU. 

*  13.  The  extent  to  which  a  person  is  in- 
terested or  affected.    (Slang.) 

"  Print  my  preface  in.  such  a  form  as.  In  the  book- 
sellers1 phrase,  will  make  a  sixpenny  touch.  —  *h»(/t 

*  14.  A  hint,  a  suggestion ;  slight  notice  or 
intimation. 

"  A  slight  touch  will  put  him  In  mind  of  them."— 

BJSBJMh 

*  15.  Animadversion,  censure,  reproof. 

••  I  never  bare  any  touch  of  conscience  with  greater 
regret"—  Kinff  Charlet:  Eikon  Hatitike. 

'  16.  Particular  application  of  anything  to 
a  person  ;  personal  reference  or  application. 

"  Speech  of  touch  towards  others  should  be  sparingly 
used.  —  Bacon:  ffttttj/t ;  Of  fntcouru. 

*  17.  Euphemistically,  sexual  intercourse. 

"  Free  from  touch  or  soil  with  her," 

Shakttf. :  Ueatunfor  Afeoture,  T. 

18.  A  boy's  game ;  tig. 
U.  Technically : 

1.  Fine  Art> :  The  peculiar  handling  usual 
to  an  artist,  and  by  which  his  work  may  be 
known. 

2.  Football:    The    ground    behind   a   line 
drawn  in  a  line  with  the  goal-posts. 

"  Withers  nearly  scored  by  a  splendid  run  at  the 
top  side,  but  was  pushed  into  touch."—  nod,  Dec.  I, 

3.  Music: 

(1)  The  resistance  made  to  the  fingers  by 
the  keys  of  a  pianoforte  or  organ. 

(2)  The  peculiar  manner  in  which  a  player 
presses  the  keyboard,  whether  light,  pearly, 
heavy,  clumsy,  firm,  Ac. 

4.  Obstetrics:  The  examination  of  the  mouth 
of  the  womb  by  actual  contact  of  the  hand  or 
fingers. 

5.  Physiology: 

(1)  Human :  The  sense  through  which  man 
takes  cognizance  of  the  palpable  properties  of 
bodies.  In  a  wide  application,  it  is  sometimes 
called  the  general  sense,  because  by  it  we  be- 
come conscious  of  all  sensory  impressions 
which  are  not  the  objects  of  smell,  sight, 
taste,  or  hearing,  which  are  called  the  special 
senses :  even  these,  however,  are  held  by 
modern  biologists  t»  be  highly  specialised 
forms  of  touch,  which  is  often  called  the 
"  mother  of  all  the  senses."  In  a  more  limited 
application,  touch  is  applied  to  that  modifica- 
tion of  general  sensibility  which  is  restricted 
to  the  tegumentary  surface  or  to  some  special 
portion  of  it,  and  which  serves  to  convey 
definite  ideas  as  to  the  form,  size,  number, 
weight,  temperature,  hardness,  softness,  &c., 
of  objects  brought  within  its  cognizance. 
These  sensations  are  received  by  the  termina- 
tions of  the  cutaneous  nerves,  and  thence 
conveyed  to  the  brain.  The  sense  of  touch  Is 
distributed  over  the  surface  of  the  body,  but 
is  much  more  acute  in  some  parts  than  in 
others,  e.g.,  in  the  hand.  It  is  also  capable 
of  great  improvement  and  development ;  and 
the  blind,  who  have  to  depend  largely  on  the 
sense  of  touch  for  guidance,  acquire  extra- 
ordinarily delicate  and  accurate  powers  of 
perception  with  the  fingers;  difference  of 
form,  size,  consistence,  and  other  characters, 
being  readily  recognised  that  are  quite  inap- 
preciable to  those  who  possess  good  vision, 
without  special  education. 

(2)  Compar. :  The  lower  Anthropidaj  have 
both  the  hands  and  feet  thickly  set  with 
tactile  papilla;  (q.v.),  and  the  surface  of  the 
prehensile  tail  which  some  possess  is  furnished 
with  them  in  abundance.  Other  organs  of 
touch  exist  in  the  vibrissae,  or  whiskers,  of  the 
cat,  and  of  certain  rodents.  In  the  Ungulata, 
the  lips  and  nostrils  are  probably  the  chief 
seat  of  tactile  sensibility,  and  this  is  espe- 
cially so  with  the  Proboscidea.  In  Birds, 
tactile  papillae  have  been  discovered  in  the 
feet,  and  they  arc  also  present  in  some  lizards. 
A  papillary  apparatus  appears  to  be  absent 
from  Serpents,  Chelonians,  and  Fishes,  though 
in  many  of  these  its  want  is  compensated 
by  tentacles,  having  a  high  degree  of  sensi- 
bility. Descending  still  lower  in  the  scale  of 
animal  life,  organs  of  touch  are  found  in  the 
tentacles  of  the  Cephalopoda  and  Gasteropoda, 
the  palpi  and  antenna;  of  insects,  and  the  palpi 
of  the  Arachnids. 

6.  ShipbuiU. :  The  broadest  part  of  a  sldp's 
plank  worked  top  and  but 

H  1,  A  near  (or  elate)  touch  :  A  narrow  es- 
cape ;  a  close  shave.  (Colloq.) 

2.  To  btin  touch  with  others :  To  be  in  sym 


pathy  with  them,  so  as  to  understand  their 
feelings,  ideas,  &c. 

3.  To  keep  touch:  [KEEP,  U  (17)]. 

4.  To  late  touch : 

(1)  Mil. :  To  cease  to  maintain  communica- 
tion with. 

(2)  Fig. :  To  lose  knowledge  of  and  sympathy 
with. 

5.  To  maintain  touch  : 

*(1)  Ord.  Lang. :  To  be  steady  or  true  to 
appointment ;  to  fulfil  duly  a  part  or  function. 

(2)  Mil. :  To  maintain  communication  with 
each  other ;  to  keep  touch. 

•'There  were  frequent  halts  to  enable  the  regiments 
to  maintain  fcmcA.  -/>a«  Mali  Uautt,.  Sept.  ».  1MJ. 

6.  Touch  and  go :  A  phrase  used  either  as  a 
substantive  or  adjective,  and  denoting  some- 
thing, as  an  accident,    which    had   almost 
happened  ;  a  state  of  imminent  explosion  or 
danger  ;  a  close  shave. 

*7.  True  as  touch:  Completely  true.  Pro- 
bably with  a  reference  to  touchstone  (q.v.). 

touch-body,  i.    [TACTILIVCORPUSCLI] 

touch  down,  >. 

Foot-ball :  The  act  of  forcing  the  ball  behind 
the  line  of,  but  not  through,  the  goal-posts  uf 
the  opposing  side. 

•J  Touch-down  for  tafety :  A  touch-down  by  a 
player  behind  his  own  goal  of  a  ball  received 
from  his  own  team. 

touch  me  not,  «. 

Botany : 

1.  Impatient  Noli-tangen,  or  ttoli-me-tm- 
gere  ;  a  succulent  annual,  one  to  two  feet  high, 
with  thickened  nodes,  alternate  membranous 
and  glabrous  leaves,  oblong,  obtuse,  crenato- 
serrate ;    peduncles  one  to   three  flowered ; 
flowers  drooping,  pale  yellow,  dotted  with 
red.   Found  In  Europe.   It  derives  its  popular 
name  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  its  seed 
vessels  on  being  touched.    Called  also  the 
bellow  Balsam. 

2.  Cardamine    hirtuta,  which  also    shoots 
out  its  seeds  on  being  touched.     (Britten  t 
Holland.) 

touch-needle,  s. 

Assay. :  A  small  bar  composed  of  an  alloy 
of  gold  and  silver,  gold  and  copper,  or  of 
gold  alloyed  with  a  proportion  of  both  metals, 
employed  in  assaying  by  the  touchstone.  A 
number  are  employed  ;  one  being  of  pure  gold, 
a  second  composed  of  23  gold  and  1  copper, 
a  third  »f  22  gold  and  2  copper,  and  so  on  ; 
these  are  rubbed  upon  the  stone,  and  the 
color  of  the  streak  compared  with  that  made 
by  the  metal  to  be  tested.  A  further  means 
of  comparison  is  afforded  by  moistening  the 
streaks  with  nitric  acid,  or  by  heating  the 
stone.  Silver  is  similarly  tested  by  touch- 
needles  composed  of  lead  and  silver. 

•  touch-piece,  s.  A  coin  given  by  the  sove- 
reigns of  England  to  those  whom  they  touched 
for  the  cure  of  scrofula  or  the  king's  eviL 

"  Before  the  reiin  of  Charles  1 1.  no  coins  were  struck 
speclaly  for  toudi-pieca,  the  gold  'angel  baring 
been  used  for  the  purpose.  The  louck-pfecu  are  all 
similar  In  design.  Those  of  the  Pretenders,  however 
which  were  struck  abroad,  are  of  much  better  work 
than  those  made  in  England.  .  .  .  These  touch-pi**! 
(all  of  them  perforated)  a™  curious  relics  of  a  super- 
stition which  had  eiiited  for  manv  centuries,  and 
was  only  stamped  out  on  the  accession  of  the  Brans- 
wick  dynasty.  —Athmaum,  Oct.  24.  ISM. 

touch-warden,  «.  An  assay-warden  of 
the  goldsmiths. 

toii9h  (2),  «.  [A  corrupt,  of  Mid.  Eng.  tacht, 
tach  tasche,  tasshe,  or  tacche  =  tinder ;  remote 
etym.  doubtful]  For  def.,  see  etym. ;  obso- 
lete except  in  compounds. 

*  touch-box,  ».  A  box  withjllghted  tinder, 
formerly  used  by  cannoneers  to  light  their 
matches. 

touch-hole,  ».  The  priming-hole  or  rent 
of  a  gun. 

touch-pan,  s.  The  pan  of  a  gun  that 
holds  the  priming. 

touch-paper,  s.  Paper  saturated  with 
a  solution  of  nitrate  of  potash,  which  ignites 
at  once,  and  burns  without  flaming. 

touch  wood,  s.  A  soft  white  substance 
into  which  wood  is  converted  by  the  action  of 
such  fungi  as  Polyporus  igniarius.  It  is  easily 
ignited,  and  continues  to  burn  for  a  long  tim» 
like  tinder.  Called  also  Spunk. 


Mil,  bo?;  pint,  J<Swl;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sta.  as;  expect,  Xenophom,  exist,   ph  - 1 
•«taU>, -tlan  =  shan.    -tion, -aion  =  shun ; -lion, -jion  -  ihun.   -oioos.  -ttous,  -slous  =  shits,   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel>  del. 


4770 


touch— tourmaline 


(3),  tough'  -Ing,  s.    [A  corrupt,  of 
tutsan  (,q.v.).J    (See  etym.  and  compuuud.) 
touch  leaf,  touching-leaf,  s. 

Bat.  ;  Hypericum  Andros<emum,.  Welsh  chil- 
dren commonly  put  the  leaves  between  the 
pages  of  their  Bibles. 

tou9h  -a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  touch,  v.  ;  -able.]  Cap- 
able of  being  touched  ;  tangible. 

touch'  -er,  s.  [Eng.  touch,  v.  ;  -er.]  One  wlio 
or  that  which  touches  ;  often  used  in  the 
slang  phrases,  a  near  toucher,  a  close  toucher  = 
•>  near  shave,  a  close  shave. 

1  As  near  at  a  toucher  :  As  nearly  or  exactly 
as  possible. 

touch'  -i-l^V  adv.  [Eng.  touchy;  -ly.]  In  a 
touchy  or  irritable  manner  ;  peevishly,  tetchily. 

touch  I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  touchy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  touchy  ;  peevish- 
ness, irritability. 

"  My  friend*  reseated  It  M  a  motion  not  guided 
with  such  discretimi  us  the  tuuchint'st  of  tliose  titues 
require^."—  KingCharto:  Kikon  BarilVte. 

touch  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  prep.    [ToucH,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Affecting,  moving,   pathetic  : 
as,  a  touching  scene. 

C.  A»prep.  ;  Concerning;  asregards;  with 
regard  or  respect  to  ;  as  for. 

"lie  has  nlways  laughed  at  the  absurd  Cockney 
theory  touching  oatuieal  aa  *  fatWuar.  '  —  Daily  3ete- 
graph.  Aug.  ai,  1886. 

t  touching  line,  s. 
Geom.  :  A  tangent  (q.v.). 

tOU9h'-ing-ly,(«Ji>.  [Enr.  touching;  -ly.]  In 
a  touching  manner  ;  so  as  to  touch  or  move 
the  passions  ;  feelingly,  pathetically. 

"  Utterly  forgotten.  ;i*  he  touchingly  complained, 
by  those  (or  whose  Kike  lie  bad  endured  luureuiaii  Hie 
bltteroew  oC  ue*tti.  --Atacaulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  cti.  xvi 

toU9h  -stone,  s.     [Eng.  fouc7*  (1),  and  stone.] 

1.  Lit.&Min.  :  The  same  as  BASANITE  (q.v.). 

[TOUCH  -NEEDLE.] 

2.  F(gf  :  Any  test  or  criterion  by  which  the 
qualities  of  a  thing  are  tried. 

"  Is  not  this  their  rule  of  such  sufficiency,  that  we 
should  iiae  it  as  a  touchttonf,io  try  tbe  orders  of  the 
church  I  -—Booker:  Eccltt.  Polity. 

toii9h'-y,  *  touch  -ie,  a.  [Used  as  if  de- 
rived from  toucA,  but  really  a  corruption  of 
tetchy  (q.v.).]  Irritable,  peevish,  tetchy  ;  apt 
to  take  offence. 

"  In  South  Australia  he  Is  exceptionally  touchy,  and, 
in  particular,  you  muet  cot  interfere  with,  his  pipe."— 
Dttity  Teh-yrat>h.  Oct.  14,  1885. 

tough  (gh  as  f  ),  *  toughe,  a.  &  a.  [A.8.  (oft, 
—  tough  ;  cogu.  with  Dut.  taai  =  flexible, 
pliant,  tough,  clammy  ;  Low  Ger.  taa,  tone, 
tau  =  tough;  0.  H.  Ger.  tdhe,  zdch;  M.  H. 
Ger.  ztehe;  Ger.  tdht  zahc.] 
A*  A$  adjective  : 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  flexibility  without 
brittlenpss  ;  yielding  to  force  without  breaking. 

2.  Firm,  strong,  not  easily  broken  ;  able  to 
endure  hardship. 

"  No  works,  indeed. 
That  ask  robust,  tough,  nine**.' 

Cowper  :  Tank,  lit  405. 

3.  Not  easily  separated  ;  viscous,  clammy, 
tenacious  :  as,  tough  phlegm. 

*  4.  Stiff  ;  not  easily  flexible  ;  as,  a  tough  bow. 
5.  Hard,  severe,  difficult:  as,  a  tough  job. 


&  Difficult,  stubborn,  unmanageable. 
"  Obduracy  takes  place  ;  callous  mid  tough. 
The  reprobated  race  grows  judgment  proof." 

Cowptr:  Tabte-Talk.  458. 

*7.  Severe,    violent,    stormy:   as,  a  tough 
•Win.    (Colloq.) 
B.  As  subst.  :  A  rough,  s>  bully.    (Amer.) 

"  A  young  tough  called  Mike,  who  wants  to  mnke  a 
reputation  for  being  a  desperate  character.'*  —  Julian 
B'twthorne  :  A  Tragic  Uytttry,  eh.  xi. 

*  ^  To  make  it  tough  :  To  take  pains  ;  also, 
to  make  a  difficulty  about  a  thing,  to  treat  it 
aa  of  great  importance. 

lough'-en  (gh  as  f),  v.i.  *  t,    [Eng.  tough; 
-en.] 
A*  Intnviu.  :  To  grow  or  become  tough. 

"  Hops  off  the  kiln  lay  three  weeks  to  cool,  give,  and 
toughen."—  Hortimtr  ;  Hutbandry. 

B.  Trans.  ;  To  make  tough  or  tougher. 

tough'  -ened    (gh   as    f),  pa.  par.   or  a. 
[TOUGHEN.] 


toughened-  glass,  *.  Glass  rendered 
tough  or  less  brittle,  by  being  first  heated, 
and  then  plunged  into  a  hot  bath  of  oleaginous 
or  alkaline  compounds.  The  process  wus 
first  made  known  by  M.  Be  la  Bastie  in  1875. 
Called  also  Tempered  glass. 

tough  -ish  (gh  us  f),  a.    [Eng.  tough;  -ish.] 
Rather  tough  ;  somewhat  tough. 

"  I  whips  out  a  toughith  end  of  yarn." 

ffood  :  Sailor'i  Apology. 

tough'-ly  (gh  as  f),  adv.    [Eng.  tough;  -ly.] 
In  a  tough  manner. 

"Their  worka,  though  touyMy  laboured." 

Oonn*  :  To  -W  r.  J.  W. 

tough  -ness  (gh  as  f),    *  tuff  -ness,  s. 

[Eng.  tough;  *nesa.] 

1.  The  quality    or  state  of  being  tough  ; 
flexibility  without  brittleness  or  liability  to 
fracture. 

2.  Viscosity,  tenacity,  clamminess,  glutin- 
ousness. 

"The  toughneu  of  the  ground  which  constantly 
broke  the  messenger."  —  Coot  ;  Third  Voyage,  bk.  vl  , 
ch.  v. 

3.  Firmness,  strength,  durability. 

"  X  oonfcM  me  knit  to  thy  deserving  with  cables  of 
perdurable  toughneu."  —  Shake*  p,  :  Othello,  i.  3. 

4.  Severity,   hardness,  difficulty  :    as,    the 
toughness  of  a  task.    (Colloq.) 

*  tought  (ough  as  a),  a.     [TAUT.] 

tou  -lou-ron,  s.  [Native  Senegal  name.]  (See 
compound.) 

toulouron  oil,  *. 

Chem.  :  A  brown  train-on  obtained  from 
.  Paguru*  latro,  and  used  by  the  negroes  of 
Senegal  as  a  remedy  for  rheumatism.  (Waits.) 

toum'-bck  i,  tum'-bek-J,  s.     [Turk.]     A 

kind  of  tobacco  exported  from  Persia, 

toun,  toon,  s.    [TOWN.]    (Scotch.) 

toup,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Naut.  :  A  three-masted  Malay  lugger-boat, 
fifty  to  sixty  feet  long  and  ten  to  twelve  feet 
wide,  and  about  as 
much  deep.  It  is  a 
good  sailer,  and  car- 
ries a  large  cargo. 

ton  pee',  tou  pet 
(et  as  a),  *.    [Fr. 

toupei,  tUmin.  from 

O.   Fr.    toupe  =  a 

tuft  of  hair,  from 

Ger.  nopf—  a  tuft] 

[Top.]    A  kind  of 

fore-top;    natural 

or    artificial    hair 

dressed  in  a  parti- 

cular way  on  the  forehead:  a  small  wig  or 

upper  part  of  a  wig. 

"  In  toupee  or  gown."  Pop*:  Dunciad.  IT.  M. 

toupct  t  it,  .-. 

Ornith.  :  The  Crested  Tit,  Parus  tricolor. 

tour  (1),  s.     [Fr.,  for  tourn,  from  tourner  =  to 
turn  (q.v.);  Prov.  tors,  torn3  —  &  turn.] 
*  1.  A  turn,  a  revolution. 
"  To  solve  the  toun  by  heavenly  bodies  made." 

Blackmore:  Creation, 

*2.  A  turn,  a  shift:   as,  a  tour  of  duty 


3.  A  going  round  ;  hence,  a  journey  in  a 
circuit  ;  a  circuit,  a  roving  journey,  an  ex- 
tended excursion. 

"  The  Commodore  .  .  .  endeavoured  to  make  the  tour 
of  the  Uland."  —  Anton  :  Voyage*,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  v. 

H  Grand  tour:  A  continental  tour  through 
France  and  Switzerland  to  Italy,  and  back 
through  Germany.  It  was  taken  in  the  eigh- 
teenth and  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury by  most  young  men  of  aristocratic  fami- 
lies as  the  finishing  part  of  their  education. 

*4.  The  circular  flight,  as  of  a  bird  of  prey, 
in  rifting  to  get  above  its  victim. 

"  The  bird  of  Jove  stoop  d  from  bis  airy  four-, 
Two  birds  of  gay  eat  plume  before  him  drove." 

Milton  :  P.  L,,  xi.  IK. 

*5.  A  course  or  drive  for  horses  or  car- 
riages ;  a  ride  or  drive  in  such  a  course. 

"  The  sweetness  of  the  Park  is  »t  eleven,  when  the 
Beau-monde  make  their  tour  fben."—Cfiitlitire: 
Battft  Tail*,  i.  2. 

*  6.  Turn,  cast,  manner,  tenor,  import. 

'The  whole  tour  of  the  pauafti*  tbi*,"— 


*tour  (2),  «.    [TOWER,  *.] 


*  tour,  v.i.  &  t.    [TOUR  (i),  *.] 

A.  Intrant. :   To  make  a  tour ;  to  go  on  • 
tour.    [TOURING.] 

B.  Trans,  :  To  make  a  tour  or  circuit  of; 
to  travel  round. 

"  One  or  two  good  crewi  will  (our  the  whole  Uland." 
-Field,  Jau.  9, 1886. 

tOU-rac'-o,  s.     [Native  name.] 

OrnUh. :  The  genus  Curythaix  (q.v.).  Beau- 
tiful African  birds,  with  a  short,  rather  small, 
high  bill ;  both  mandibles  notched  and  finely 
serrated ;  short,  rounded  wings,  with  the 
three  first  quills  graduated;  along,  rounded 
tail,  and  short  strong  feet.  They  have  an 
erectile  crest  on  the  head.  Their  prevailing 
colour  is  green,  with  purple  on  the  wings  and 
the  tail.  They  feed  on  fruits,  and  perch  on 
the  highest  branches  of  trees. 

tour  bill -Ion  (1  as  y),  s.  [Fr.  tonrbillon  ±= 
a  whirlwind,  from  Lat.  turbo,  genit.  titrbinii 
=  a  whirlwind,  a  whirlpool.) 

Pyrotech. :  A  firework  consisting  of  a  paper 
case  tilled  with  inflammable  composition,  and 
having  holes  fur 
the  escape  of  the 
flame  disposed 
around  it  so  as 
tocau.setlieca.se 
to  rise  vertical- 
ly and  rotate  on 
its  axis  at  the 
same  time.  It 
has  wings  to  di- 
rect its  motion. 

tou    rclle,  *. 

[Fr.  dimiii.  of 
tour  =  a  tower.] 
Archceol.  :  A 
small  tower  at- 
tached to  a  castle  or  mansion,  and  generally 
containing  a  winding  staircase  leading  to  the 
differentstagesofthe  building.  [TUDORHSTYL«.] 

tour' -Ing,  s.  [Eng.  tour  (1),  s. ;  -ing.]  Travel- 
ling for  pleasure. 

"It  U  one  of  the  primary  conditions  of  profitable 
touring  that,  aa  far  an  possible,  you  do  not  »h«jot 
merely,  in  milway  ntyl.-,  from  one  terminus  to  nuo- 
ther."— Slackie :  Lay*  of  ffighlaruii  t  rilandt,  p,  irl. 

*  tour  -i^m,  *.    [Eng.  tour  (1),  s. ;  -ism.}    The 

going  ou  a  tour  ;  touring. 

"  Here  tourism  and  nothing  eUe."— Lord  Strang/ord  : 
Letters,  &c.,  p.  98. 

tour-ist,  *.  [Eng.  tour  (1),  s.  ;  -ist.]  One 
who  makes  a  tour ;  one  who  travels  for  plea- 
sure, stopping  at  different  places  to  examine 
the  scenery,  &c. 

TT  Used  also  adjectively :  as,  a  touritt  ticket, 
a  tourist  suit. 

*  t6nr-X0f-fo,  a.     [Eng.  tourist ;  -ic.]    Of  or 
relating  to  a  tour  or  tourists. 

tdur'-ist-ry,  *.  The  knowledge  or  practice 
of  touring. 

tour  ma  line,  s.  [From  the  Cingalese  turo- 
mali,  under  which  name  it  was  first  introduced 
into  Europe  in  1703.] 

Min. :  A  widely -distributed  mineral,  the 
transparent  coloured  varieties  being  used  as 
gem-stones.  Crystallization,  rhombohedral, 
hemimorphic,  prisms  often  triangular.  Hard- 
ness, 7  to  7'5;  sp.  gr.  2'94  to  3'3;  lustre, 
vitreous;  colour,  shades  of  black  the  most 
frequent,  but  also  blue,  green,  red,  often  o\ 
rich  shades,  sometimes  red  internally  and 
shades  of  green  externally,  crystals  sometimes 
varying  in  colour  towards  the  extremities, 
occasionally  but  rarely  colourless  ;  markedly 
dichroic  ;  transparent  to  opaque  ;  fracture, 
uneven,  sometimes  sub-conchoidal ;  pyro- 
electric.  Compos. :  very  variable,  the  oxygen 
mtio  for  the  proto-  and  sesquioxides,  and 
also  for  the  boric  acid,  varying  considerably 
Dana  distinguishes  the  following  varieties : 
(1)  Rubellite  ;  shades  of  red,  frequently  trar>. 
parent  (2)  Indicolite ;  of  an  indigo-blue 
colour.  (S)  Brazilian  sapphire  of  jewellers  ; 
Berlin  blue.  (4)  Brazilian  emerald,  Chryso- 
lite (or  Peridot);  green  and  transparent. 
(5)  Peridot  of  Ceylon ;  honey-yellow.  (6) 
Achroite  ;  colpurless.  (7)  Aphrtzite  ;  black. 
(8)  Columnar  and  black,  without  cleavage  or 
trace  of  fibrous  texture.  A  series  of  analyses 
and  sp.  gr.  determinations,  made  by  Basamel*- 
berg,  has  suggested  the  following  sub- 
divisions ;  (1)  Magnesia  tourmaline,  sp.  gr. 
8  to  8'07 ;  (2)  Iron-magnesia  tourmaline, 
mean  sp.  gr.  3'11  ;  (3)  Iron-tourmaline, sp.gr, 
3'13  to  3'25 ;  (4)  Iron-manganese-litliia  tour-  ; 


ffcte,  fat.  faro,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  hero,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
«r.  wore,  wol£  work,  wh6,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full:  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  oy  -    a;  an  =  k 


tourmalinite— toutie 


4771 


maline,  mean  sp.  gr.  3  '083;  (5)  Lithia  tounna- 
Knr,  int-an  sp.  gr.  3'041.  The  blowpipe 
reactions  vary  with  the  composition,  which  is 
Msentially  a  boro-silicate  of  proto-  and  sesqui- 
oxides.  Occurs  in  granites,  notably  the 
albitic  varieties,  schists,  and  dolomite.  Two 
remarkable  and  unique  specimens  of  the 
variety  Rnbellite  are  exhibited  in  the  national 
collection  in  the  Natural  History  Museum  at 
South  Kensington.  [TOUBMALINK-PI^TE.] 

tourmaline-granite,  s. 

Petrol.  :  A  granite  in  which  tonnna!ine(q.v.) 
is  a  prominent  constituent.  [LUXULIANITE.] 

tourmaline  granulite,  s. 

Pitroi.  :  A  variety  of  granulite  (q.v.)  in 
which  tourmaline  is  a  prominent  constituent. 

tourmaline-plates,  s.  pi 

Crystall.  :  Sections  of  crystals  of  tourma- 
line cut  parallel  to  the  axis.  Such  sections 
li.-ive  the  property  of  polarising  light,  an<i 
though  now  largely  superseded  by  Niml's 
pvNins,  are  still  convenient  for  some  purposes, 
in  spite  of  their  colour,  owing  to  their  large 
angular  field  of  vision. 

tourmaline  -rook,  s. 

P'.trol.  :  A  rock  consisting  principally  of 
tourmaline  and  quartz,  varying  much  in 
texture. 

tourmaline  -schist,  s. 
Petrol.  :  A  schistose  variety  of  tourmaline 
rock  (q.v.). 

tfiur'-ma-lin-ite,  s.   [Eng.  tourmaline;  suff. 
•ite  (Petrol.).^ 
Petrol.  :  Tourmaline-granite  (q.v.). 

tour  -ma  lite,  «.    [TOURMALINITE.! 


ITOUB  (!),«.] 

1.  Law:  The  turn  or  circuit  anciently  made 
by  the  sheriff  twice  every  year  for  the  purpose 
of  holding  in  each  hundred  the  great  court 
leet  of  the  county. 

"This  Is  the  origin  of  the  sheriff  a  tottrn.  which 
decided  in  all  affairs,  civil  and  criminal,  of  whatever 
Importance,  and  iroiu  winch  there  lay  no  appt-al  but 
ti>tlje  Witteiiagemute."—  Burka:  Abridgment  Engluh 
ffirtory.  bk.  11.,  ch.  vli. 

2.  A  spinning-wheeL 

tour  na-ment,  *  tor  ne  men,  *  tor  nc 
mi-en*,  *  tur-ne-ment,  s.  [u.  Fr.  tomuie- 
ment  =  a  tournament,  from  tournoier  =  to 
joust,  from  tomoi,  tornei  =  a  tourney,  a  joust  ; 
prop.=  a  turning  about,  from  torner  s=  to  turn 
(q.v.);  Ital.  tomeamento,  torniamento.] 

1.  An  encounter  between  armed  knights  on 
horseback  in  time  of  peace,  as  an  exercise  of 
skill  (which  was  rewarded  by  honorary  dis- 
tinctions), and  usually  an  adjunct  of  some 
great  event,  as  a  royal  marriage,  &c.  The 
tournament  was  one  of  the  most  cherished 
institutions  of  the  middle  ages,  furnishing, 
as  it  did,  an  exciting  show,  and  giving  the 
combatants  an  opportunity  of  exhibiting  their 
skill,  courage,  and  prowess  before  their  friends. 
flie  regulations  which  governed  these  displays 
were  propounded  by  the  sovereign  and  en- 
forced by  kings-at-arms  and  heralds.  They 
were  usually  held  by  the  invitation  of  some 
prince,  which  was  proclaimed  throughout  his 
own  dominions,  and  frequently  also  at  foreign 
court*,  so  that  parties  from  different  countries 
might  join.  They  differed  from  Jousts,  in 
that  the  latter  were  merely  trials  of  military 
skill  between  one  knight  and  another.  The 
anus  employed  were  usually  lances  without 
heads,  and  with  round  braces  of  wood  at  the 
extremity,  and  swords  without  points  and 
with  blunted  edges.  Occasionally,  however, 
the  ordinary  arms  of  warfare  were  used,  and 
it  not  infrequently  happened  that  angry  pas- 
sions were  aroused,  so  that  the  tournament 
ended  in  a  hostile  encounter.  Certain  qualifi- 
cations of  birth  were  required  for  admission 
to  the  tnnrnaments.  The  place  of  combat 
was  the  lists,  a  large  open  space  surrounded 
by  a  rope  or  railing,  and  having  galleries 
erected  around  for  the  spectators,  the  heralds, 
and  the  judges.  The  tilting  armour  was  of 
liglit  fabric,  and  generally  adorned  with  some 
device  of  a  lady^s  favour.  The  prizes  were 
delivered  to  the  successful  knights  by  the 
queen  of  beauty,  who  had  been  chosen  by  the 
ladies.  On  the  second  day  there  was  often  a 
tournament  for  the  esquires,  and  on  the  third 
a  mtlee  of  knights  and  esquires  in  the  lists. 
•  2.  Encounter  ;  shock  of  battle. 

"  With  cruel  toumanwnt  the  squadrons  Join." 
Mi/t'm  :  />.  i..  xi.  Ml 


3.  A  competition  or  contest  of  skill,  in 
which  a  number  of  individuals  take  part. 

"Th*  puueof  lawn  tennis  ha*  aUo  prospered  there, 
and  only  liwt  year  an  open  tournament  .  .  .  proved  a 
gveat  HMMk^-JUU,  Aug.  »,  1«7. 

tour  na- sin,  5.    [Fr.] 

Pottery:  A  knife  for  the  removal  of  super- 
fluous slip  from  the  baked  ware  which  has 
been  ornamented  by  the  blowing-pot. 

tour-nay ',  5.    [See  def.] 

Fabric:  A  printed  worsted  material  for 
furniture  upholstery,  so  called  from  Tournai 
in  Belgium. 

tour'-nS,  a.    [Fr.] 

Her. :  The  same  as  CONTOURNB  or  RE- 
GARDANT (q.v.). 

tour  no  for  -to-ae.  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  tourne- 
fort(ia)  ;  Lat.  fern.  jil.  adj.  sun",  -ecu.} 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Ehretiacese,  having  albu- 
minous seeds. 

tour-ne'-for'-ta-a,  *.  [Named  after  Joseph 
Pitton  de  Tournefort  (1656-1708),  a  French 
traveller  and  systematic  botanist.) 

Bot.:  The  typical  genus  of  Tournefortese 
(q.v.).  Ctirolla  salver-shaped  or  rotate,  with 
its  throat  naked ;  stamens  included  within  the 
tube  of  the  corolla ;  stigma  peltate ;  fruit  a 
drupe,  enclosing  two  nuts,  each  two-seeded. 
Known  species  about  fifty,  from'  the  warmer 
countries.  Taurnefortia  umbetlata  is  used  in 
Mexico  to  cleanse  ulcers,  to  allay  iuflarama- 
Ji'D,  and  as  a  febrifuge. 

*  tourn-  er  -  &  s.    [Fr.  t0urn«r=sto  turn.) 
Work  turned  on  a  lathe  ;  turnery. 

*tour-nSf,  s.  [A  dimin.  from  Fr.  tour  =  a 
tower  (q.v.).]  A  turret ;  a  small  tower. 

tour-nette',  «.    [Fr.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  spinning. 

2.  An  instrument  used  by  potters  in  shaping 
and  painting  delft  and  porcelain  ware. 

tour-ney,  *tour-naye,  *tur-ney,  s. 
[O.  Fr.  tornoi,  tornei,  tournay.]  A  tourna- 
ment (q.v.). 

"  I  tell  thee  this,  lertall  too  far 
Th«se  knights  urgt-  tourney  into  war." 

Ocott  ;  iiridal  of  rrit-rmam,  it.  20. 

*  tOUT'-ne^,  v.i.    [O.  Fr.  tournoicr.]    [TouE- 
NEY,  *.]    To  tilt ;  to  engage  in  a  tournament. 

"  But  first  was  question  made,  which  of  those  knight* 
That  lately  turntyd  bad  the  wager  womie." 
Spenter:  F. 

tdur'-nl-quet 

(quask).s.  [Fr., 
from  tourner  =  to 
turn.] 

Surg. :  An  Instru- 
ment for  compress- 
ing an  artery  in 
amputations.  The 
invention  of  Mo- 
relli,  1674,  modi- 
fied by  otherdistin- 
guished  surgeons. 
Also  used  in  com- 
pressing aneurisms 
and  tumours. 


TOUKNIQUET. 


Tf  Hydraulic    tourniquet :    The     same    as 
Barker's  MilL    [MiLL,  s.} 

tour-nois'  (nois  as  nwa),  a.  [Fr.,  so 
called  from  being  coined  at  Tours.  ]  An  epithet 
used  only  in  the  compound  term  livre  toumoi*, 
a  French  money  of  account  under  the  old 
regime,  worth  about  9|d.  sterling. 

*  tour'  nure,  s.  [Fr.,  from  tourner  =  to tum.] 

1.  Turn,  contour,  figure,  shape. 

2.  A  stiff1,  padded  bandage  worn  by  women 
fastened  round  the  loins  to  expand  the  skirt ; 
a  bustle. 

touse,  '  toa  en,  '  toose,  *  towze,  v.t.  ft  i. 
[Cf.  Low  Ger.  tusetn  ;  Ger.  sausen  =  to  touse.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  pull,  to  drag,  to  tear,  to  rend. 

"  We'll  t<nue  you  Joint  by  joint," 

fihakap. :  Measure/or  Jftature.  v. 

2.  To  worry. 

"  As  a  bear,  whom  angry  curt  have  touted," 

Spmttr :  F.  ^,  II.,  xL  S8. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  pull,  to  tear. 

"  She  .  .  .  strikes,  turns,  toutet,  spurns  and  •praiils." 
Drayton :  Fvlu-Olbion,  a,  7. 

touse,  s.     [TOUSE,  v.]     A  pulling,  a  pull,  a 
haul,  a  seizure,  a  disturbance.     (Prov.) 


TOUS-LRg-KOn  S 

Magnified  200  diameter*. 


to~uf'-er,  $.  [Eng.  (ou(«);  -er.]  One  who 
tuuses. 

tous'-e^t  o.    [TOUSE,  v.]    Rough. 

"A  Urge  touiey  dog,  t)mt  can  kill  singly  a  fox  or 
badger."— Field,  March  27,  1887. 

tou'-$le,  to"u'-zle,  v.t.  [A  freq.  from  toute, 
v.  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  pull  or  haul  about ;  to  put  into  dis- 
order;  to  rumple. 

"She  loot  Tain  totult  her  tap-knota."— Scott t  Old 
Mortality,  ch.  xi  v. 

2.  To  ransack. 

"After  they  had  tovded  oat  many  a  leather  poke- 
full  o'  papers."- Seott;  Antiquary,  cb.  Ix. 

tons  lea  mois  (as  to  la  mwa)t  5.  [Fr.  = 
all  the  months,  every  month.] 

Bot. :  Canna  edulis,  a  perennial  herb,  about 
three  feet  high,  a  native  of  Peru,  having  large 
tuberous  roots,  stems  coloured  at  the  base ; 
the  corolla,  which  is  red,  with  a  very  short 
middle  segment.  It  was  introduced,  into 
hot-huusfrt  in  1820. 

tous  Ics  mois  starch,  s. 

Chem. :  A  starch  extracted  from  the  tubers  of 
Canna  edulis,  imported  chiefly  from  St.  Kitts, 
and  sometimes 
called  French  ar- 
rowroot. The  gran- 
ules are  large  and 
exhibit  a  glistening 
appearance,  flat, 
broad,  and  ovate  in 
form,  and  slightly 
pointed  at  the  nar- 
row end.  The  ht- 
lum,  which  is  small 
and  circular,  is  sit- 
uated near  the  nar- 
row end  of  the 
granule,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  series 
of  fine,  regular,  and  distinctly -marked  rings. 
The  jelly  yielded  by  this  starch  is  said  to  be 
more  tenacious  but  less  clear  than  that  of 
arrowroot 

tout  (1),  v.i.  [TooT(2)f  v.}  To  toot;  to  play 
on  the  horn  or  pipe. 

to"ut  (2),   v.t.  &  (.     [A.8.   t6tian~to  project, 
to  stick  out,  to  peep  out.    Allied  to  I  eel.  tota 
•=.  the  point  of  a  shoe  :  tuta  =  a  ]>eak,  a  promi- 
nence ;  Sw.  tut  =  a  point.]    [Toor  (1),  v.] 
A*  Intransitive : 

1.  To  act  as  a  tout;  to  spy  or  watch  after 
the  movements  of  racehorses  at  training. 

"There  had  been  a  good  deal  of  before- breakfast 
touting  ou  the  Bury  side  of  the  town."— Field,  Oct.  8. 
1886. 

2.  To  seek  obtrusively  for  custom  ;  to  can- 
vas for  custom. 

"  Barristers'  clerks  touting  among  prisoner!  and 
proeecutora."— Law  Afngazin*  Review,  May,  1863,  p.  22. 

B.  Trans. :  To  watch,  as  a  tout. 

"The  gallops  .  .  .  are  less  liable  to  be  touted  than 
any  other  training-ground." — Field,  Sept.  4,  1886. 

tout  (3),  v.i.  |T5tym.  doubtful  :  perhaps  the 
same  as  tout  (2),  from  the  pouting  out  of  the 
lips.]  To  pout ;  to  be  ill-tempered.  (Scotch.) 

*t6Ht  (1),  «.  [Tour  (!),».]  The  sound  of  a 
horn. 

t6ut  (2),  «.    [TOUT  (2),  «.] 

1.  One  who,  for  a  fee,  watches  the  move- 
ments, trials,  &c.,  of  horses  in  training  for  a 
race,    and  supplies  information   for  betting 
purposes. 

"  Everybody  was  industrious,  the  professional  toutt 
being  outnumbered  by  the  amateurs."— Field,  Oct.  8, 

Ml 

2.  One  who  touts  or  canvasses  obtrusively 
for  custom,  as  for  an  inn,  a  line  of  convey- 
ances, &c.,  or  as  a  guide  to  any  object  of  in- 
terest, or  the  like. 

tout  (3),  *.  [Tour  (2),  v.]  A  huff,  a  pet,  a  fit 
of  ill-humour  or  of  idleness.  (Scotch.) 

tout  ensemble  (as  tot  an-sambl),  s.  [Fr. 

lit.  =  all  together.]  The  whole  of  anything 
taken  together ;  anything  regarded  as  a  whole 
without  regard  to  distinction  of  parts ;  spe- 
cifically In  the  fine  arts,  the  general  effect  of 
a  work  of  art  without  regard  to  the  execution 
of  details. 

tolit'-er,  *.  [Eng.  tout  (2),  v. ;  -er.}  One  who 
touts  for  custom ;  a  tout. 

t6H'-tfo.  o.  [Eng.  tout  (3),  v. ;  -i«  =  -».]  Lia- 
ble to  touts  ;  peevish,  irascible,  bad-tempered. 


bSU.  bo^;  ptfut,  Jo%l;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  $&*»;  ata,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist. 
-«Un,   Uan  =  sham,   -tton,  -eion  =  *han;  -flon,  -fton  =  £hun.   -clou*  -ttou%  -oiou*  =  snu».   -We,  -dU.  Ac.  =  feel,  deX 


4772 


touze— tower 


•tonze,  v.t.    [Tous».J 
ton  zle,  v.t.    (TOUSLE.)  . 

•o-vft-mi'-ta,  «.  [Altered  from  the  native 
name  votomite.] 

Bat.  :  A  gen  us  of  Clusiese.  Flowers  cymose  ; 
•epals  two  or  four,  the  outer  ones  the  larger  ; 
petals  four  or  eight  ;  stamens  indefinite  :  fruit 
four-celled,  four-valved,  four-seeded.  Known 
species  twenty-one  or  more.  The  bark  of 
Tommita  fructipendula,  a  tree  growing  in  the 
Andes  of  Peru,  is  used  for  dyeing  a  reddish- 
purple,  and  aUo  as  a  medicine. 

tow,  •  towe,  •  tow-en,  •  togh-en,  v.t.  or  i. 
[A.S.  tog,  stem  of  loom,  pa.  par  of  leohan,  teon 
=  to  pull,  draw  ;  O.  Fries,  toga  =  to  pull  about  ; 
Icel.  toga  =  to  draw,  pull  ;  tog  =  a  cord,  a 
tow-rope  ;  M.  H.  Oer.  zogen  =  to  tear,  pull  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  ziohan  =  to  draw  ;  Ger.  ziehen  ; 
Latrfuro.]  To  drag,  as  a  IK>«  tor  ship,  through 
the  water  by  means  of  a  rope.  Towing  is  per- 
formed by  a  tng,  a  boat,  another  ship,  or  by 
men  on  shore,  or  by  horses,  the  last  being 
generally  employed  on  canals. 

"  The  third  day  after.  we  we™  relieved  from  tht« 
uilety  by  the  Joyful  sight  at  the  long.boafs  uili 
upon  the  water  ;  on  whlcri  we  lent  tie  cutter  Imuie- 
diately  to  her  assistance,  who  towed  her  alongside  in 
a  (ew  hours."—  Anton  rotaaa.  bk.  1L  ch.  a. 

tOW  (IX  t.     [Tow,  v.t 

L,  The  act  of  towing  ;  the  state  of  being 
towed.  (Generally  in  the  phrase,  to  take  in 
tow.) 

"  Eight  of  these  vetaels  were  set  on  Br»  Several 
were  taken  In  tow.--Maca*la¥  .  HM.  Sng.,  ch.  ivlii. 

2.  A  rope  or  chain,  used  in  towing  a  vessel  : 
•  tow-line. 

"[The  Pbenlxl  .  .  .  kept  her  compiuiy  vnttl  the 
next  morning,  then  taking  in  a  •mall  cable  from  her 
for  a  towe.  —Hackluft  :  voyage*,  fli.  58ft. 

tow-boat,    . 

1.  Any  boat  employed  in  towing  a  ship  or 
vessel  ;  a  tug. 

2.  A  boat  that  is  being  towed. 

tow-nook,  ».  An  artilleryman's  hook, 
used  iu  unpacking  ammunition-chests. 

tow-lino,  ».  A  hawser  or  rope  used  in 
towing  a  ship  or  canal-boat  ;  a  tow-rope. 

"Th«  men  on  board  were  endeavouring  to  haul  In 
the  tofUnt.--aattt  Xem.  Aug.  X,  last 

tow-path,  «.    A  towing-path  (q.v.). 

*  **"  """"  "I"ler  ""  'ot*»>a<v  '-*«* 


tow-rope,  t.    A  rope  used  in  towing  ships 
or  boats  ;  a  tow-line. 


.  ,  *  tawe,  •  towe,  ».  [A.8.  tow  ;  cogn. 
with  O.  Dut.  touw  =  tow  ;  taunt  =  a  weaver's 
Instrument  ;  Icel.  to  =  a  tuft  of  wool  ;  Dan. 
taae  =  Bbre.  Closely  allied  to  tow  and  tew.} 
The  coarse  part  of  hemp  or  flax  separated 
from  the  finer  by  the  hatchet  or  swingle. 

'  "»"?!'  wnl«l>  to  utmost  and  neit 


nnt         k  '  «.  "i         «     e 

3a?dLl.  °'  •"•-'•  *•«•»«!••  mult.  bk. 

*  tow-beetle,  «.    A  hatchel  or  swingle. 

"I1"' 


ned  .  .  .  with  an 


to 


tOW,  O.      [TOOOH.] 

tow  age  (age  as  Ig),  ».   [Eng.  <o»,  T.  ; 

1.  The  act  of  towing. 

"The  MVTIW  ended  ai  flKy  per  cent  of  mch  under. 
taking,  usually  ao."-OaV,  J«7«>r«p\  Dec.  1°  188s 

2.  The  sum  paid  for  towing. 

"  tow-ail,  *  tow-allle,  «.    [TOWKU] 

tow'-an-ite,  ».  [After  Wheal  Towan,  Corn- 
wall, where  fine  crystals  were  raised  ;  sutT. 
•Ue  (Afin.).] 

Jkfin.  :  The  same  as  CHALCOPYRITK  (q.v.). 
tdW-ard,  toW-ards  (or  as  tord.  tords), 

prep.,  adv.,  &  a.  (A.S.  toweard  (a.)  =  future  • 
Uwearda  =  towards  (used  as  a  prep.,  with  a 
dative  case,  and  generally  following  its  case), 
from  to  =  to,  and  ward  =  becoming,  tending 
to,  from  weorthan  (pa.  t.  mardh)  =  to  become. 
if«ird  occurs  as  the  second  element  in  many 
A.8.  adjectives,  as  afvteard  =  absent,  tifem- 
veara  =  outward,  upward  =  upward,  &c.] 

A.  As  preposition  (Of  both  farm): 

1.  In  the  direction  of. 


2.  Often  used  to  express  destination  rather 
than  direction,  and  almost  as  equivalent  to  to. 

"  I  must  away  tbu  night  rowartf  Padua." 

Shakes?-  •'  Merchant  of  Penic*.  Iv.  1. 

3.  With  direction  to,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  with 
respect  to  ;  regarding. 

"  Hit  eye  shall  be  evil  (oiooni  hU  brother."—  fl«ul. 
irviii.  M. 

"  4.  With  a  tendency,  aim,  or  purpose  to  ; 
aiming  at  or  contributing  to. 

"  Doing  everything  safe  toward  your  love  and  honour." 
Shakesp.  .-  Macbeth,  L  4. 

*  5.  With  reference  or  respect  to  ;  as  regards. 

"I  will  be  thy  adversary  ttnfari  Anne  Page."- 
Shalteip.  .  Item  «•<•««,  11.  a. 

6.  Nearly,  about 

"  Tovmrdt  three  or  four  o'clock." 

Shaltap.  :  Ri,\ard  111.,  ill.  k 

*  I  It  was  sometimes  divided  by  tmesis. 

"Such  trust  have  we  through  Chrl.t  (o  God  nurd" 
—  S  C'jrintk.  til.  4. 

*  B.  At  adv.  (Of  both  form*):  In  preparation  ; 
near  at  hand. 

"  We  have  a  trifling,  foolish  banquet  Hnaardi." 

Shakttp.  :  Romeo  A  Juliet.  L  m. 

C.  As  adjective  (Of  the  form  toward,  pron 
to'-werd)  : 

1.  Yielding,  pliable,  docile,  obedient  ;  ready 
to  learn  or  do  ;  not  froward. 

"  Thel  be  taught  to  enstnicte  and  bringe  vp  ilche 
toverde  yonge  men  in  the  kuowlege  of  tongues  and 
worde  of  Ood."—  Jcyt:  Eiportcion  of  Danitl.  ch.  1. 

*  2.  Forward,  bold. 

"  That  U  epoken  like  a  toward  prince." 

Skalutp.  :  t  Stnn  rl.,  U.  1 

*  3.  Near  at  hand  ;  close. 

"  What  need  I  to  tell  what  a  mischiefe  U  tovard 
when  straw  and  drie  wood  U  caat  into  the  fire?"— 
P.  rtim  :  Jrutruct.  Chriuian  Woman,  bk.  t.  ch.  v. 

•  to  ward  U  ness,  ».  [Eng.  towardly;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  towardly  ; 
docility  ;  readiness  to  learn  or  do  ;  aptness. 

•  ".Slf  1«l"d  »•  MtainlliiMH,  nor  good  dlipoeition 
In  Catoe  son.  to  frame  himself  vertuous:  for  he  was 
of  ao  good  a  nature,  that  he  shewed  himself  willing  to 
follow  whatsoever  his  father  had  taught  him""— 
Jfort*  :  Plutarch,  p.  298. 

"  td'-ward-l*.  o.  [Eng.  toward;  -ly.}  Beady 
to  learn  or  do;  apt,  docile,  obedient:  com- 
pliant with  duty. 


"to    ward -ness,  •  to  -  ward    nesse,  s. 

[Eng.  toward ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  towardly  ;  docility,  towardliuess. 

"  Wonderfull  toteardneue  and  natural  Inelinadon  to 
vertue.  —L'dal:  Lute  iL 

to  w'-ards  (or  as  tords),  prep.  &  adv.    [TO- 
WARD.] 

tdw'-oock,  ».    [Chinese  tow-cok.] 

Bot. :  (I)  Dolichos  tinemis;  (2)  rtgna  tin- 

ensis. 

•  tow1-*!  (IX  «.    (TEWEL.)    A  pipe  ;  th«  fun- 
dament. 

tow--el  (2),  •  tow-all,  •  tow-allle,  *  tow- 
ell,  «.  [Fr.  touaille  =  a  towel ;  O.  Fr.  toaille 
toeille;  lav  Lat  toacula ;  Sp.  toalla;  Itol' 
tovaglia.  All  of  Teutonic  origin,  from  O  H 
Ger.  twahilla,  dwahilla;  M.  H.  Ger.  dwehele  '• 
Ger.  zwehle  =  a  towel,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  twahan  '• 
M.  H.  Ger.  dvahen  =  to  wash  ;  Icel.  thvd  (i« 
par.  Olveginn);  Dan.  toe;  A.S.  thwedn  (for 
tkwahan);  Goth,  thwahan  =  to  wash.  Cf 
Dut,  dwaal  =  a  towel ;  dweil  =  a  clout] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  cloth  used  for  wiping  the 
hands,  face,  &C-,  especially  after  washing; 
any  cloth  used  as  a  wiper  in  domestic  use. 

"  T0^  attendants  water  for  their  hands  supply  • 
And.  having  wash  d.  with  silken  rom-;.  dry5 

LT.  Ecclesiastical: 

1.  The  rich  covering  of  silk  and  gold  which 
used  to  be  laid  over  the  top  of  the  altar  ex- 
cept during  mass. 

2.  A  linen  altar-cloth. 

*  1  (1)  A  lead  towel :  A  bullet    (Slang.) 
"  Bnh  his  pate  with  a  pair  of  lead  toorit." 

Jamft  Smith. 

(2)  An  oaken  towel :  A  cudgel.    (Slang.) 


,         Sn  •Po^2«"  '"«»' 
(•«  .'  Bumpfref  CltnJur,  L  83. 

towel-gourd,  •. 

Bot.  :  Ln/a  agyftiaca,  orpentandra,  Momor. 
dim  Lv/a  (Linn.),  and  the  Louff  or  Lourfch  of 
the  Arabs.  [LorrA.]  Fruit  oblong,  round, 
smooth,  marked  with  longitudinal  Tines.  It 
is  from  one  to  three  feet  long,  and  about  three 
inches  in  diameter.  When  cleansed  from  the 


pulp  it  is  used  by  the  natives  as  a  sponge  ta 
nesn. rubber,  and  is  also  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  hats,  baskets,  gun -wadding  &c. 
Louffahs  are  now  largely  imported  into  Eng- 
land, and  gold  under  their  Arabic  name  as 
flesh-rubbers. 

towel-horse,  >.  A  wooden  frame  or 
stand  on  which  to  hang  towels. 

towel  rack,  s.  A  frame  or  rod  on  which 
to  hang  towels  to  dry. 

towel -roller,  s.  A  revolving  wooden 
bar  placed  horizontally  for  hanging  a  looped 
towel  on. 

trfw'-el,  v.t.  [From  the  phrase  "  to  rub  down 
with  an  oaken  towel."]  To  beat  with  a  stick : 
to  cudgel.  (Slang.)  [TOWEL,  ».,  U  (2).] 

t(Jw  ell-Ing,  ».    [Eng.  towel  (2),  g. ;  -ing.] 

I.  Coarse  linen  fabric,  such  as  huek-a-back, 
diaper,  &c. 

•2.  A  towel  (Bnvming:  Flight  of  the 
Duchess.) 

3.  A  thrashing,  a  scolding.    (Slang.) 

tow^er,  •  tour,  •  toure,  •  towre,  •  tnr, ». 

[O.  Fr.  tur  (Fr.  tour),  from  Lat.  turrem,  accus. 
of  turris  =  a  tower ;  cogn.  with  Gr.  riipo-it, 
rvppic  (fvrsis,  turris)  =  a  tower,  a  bastion. 
Cf.  Gael.  torr  =  a  hill,  a  mountain,  a  tor  (q.v.); 
Irish  Jor  =  a  castle;  Welsh  fwr  =  a  tower; 
A.S.  <orr  =  8  rock.] 

1.  Arch. :  A  structure  lofty  in  proportion 
to  its  base,  and  circular,  square,  or  polygonal 
In  plan,  frequently  consisting  of  several  stories. 
and  either  insulated  or  forming  part  of  a 
church,  castle,  or  other  edifice.  Towers  have 
been  erected  from  the  earliest  ages  as  memo- 
rials, and  for  purposes  of  religion  and  defence. 

1f  For  the  various  kinds  of  edifices  classed 
under  the  generic  title  of  u>wer,  see  CAM- 
PANILE, KEEP, >.,  MINARET,  PAOODA,  PEEL,*, 
PHAROS,  ROUND  TOWER,  SPIRE,  STEEPLE. 

*  2.  Ancient  War:  A  tall,  movable  wooden 
structure  used  in  storming  a  fortified  place. 
The  height  of  the  tower  was  such  as  to  over- 
top the  walls  and  other  fortifications  of  the 
besieged  place.    Such  towers  were  frequently 
combined  with   a    battering-ram,  and    thus 
served  the  double  purpose  of  breaching  the 
walls  and  giving  protection  to  the  besiegers. 

*  1  A  citadel,  a  fortress. 

"  Thou  hut  been  a  shelter  for  me,  and  a  stront 
tosper  from  the  enemy."—  Ptalm  Ixl.  a, 

*  4.  Any  building  for  defence  and  shelter. 

"  And  budlde  a  row.  and  hlride  It  to  erthe  tllleris  * 
wente  fer  in  pilgrimage."—  Wycliffc :  Matthew  xxL 

*  5.  Costume :  A  high  commode,  or  head- 
dress,   worn    by    females   in    the    reign   of 
William  III.  and  Anne.     It  was  composed  of 
pasteboard,  ribbons,  and  lace,  the  two  latter 
disposed  in  alternate  layers ;  or  the  ribbons 
were  formed  into  high,  stiffened  bows,  covered 
or  not,  according  to  taste,  by  a  lace  scarf  or 
veil  that  streamed  down  on  each  side  of  the 
pinnacle. 

"  Her  greatest  ingenuity  consists  in  curling  up  her 
Town,  arid  her  chiefest  care  iu  putting  it  on.  for  to 
make  It  fit  right  she  so  bedaubs  her  brow  with  gum 
and  powder  that  it  glistens  like  a  Woodstreet  cake,  or 
ice  dreg'd  with  snow."—  The  Ape-Gentle-teoman,  or  th» 
CkaracUrofan  E-xchange-vfnch  (1876),  p.  L 

'  6.  High  flight,  elevation. 


*  tower-capped,  a. 

tower  or  towers. 


Surmounted  by  4 


"  Yon  fower-c 


tower-clock,  3. 

tower  court,  >. 
interior  of  a  fortress. 


•pp'd  Acropolis." 
Byron  :  Siege  of  Corinth,  L 

[TURRET-CLOCK.] 

A  court  or  yard  in  tb* 


"  Without  the  tower-court  Is  a  mined  cbapel."- 
*o«:  B*e  of  St.  John. 

tower-cress,  s. 

Bot. :  Ambit  Turrita.  So  named  from  it* 
having  been  found  on  the  tower  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford  ;  it  is,  however,  only  natural- 
ized in  Britain.  The  canline  leaves  are  am- 
plexicaul,  the  pods  flat,  linear,  and  recurved, 
with  thick  margins,  and  cn*~*e,  longitudinal 
venation. 

•  tower  -  crowned,  o.  The  same  a* 
TOWER-CAPPED  (q.v.). 

"  He  reach  d  the  summit  of  his  toiser-cromml  hill'' 
Byron  :  Conair.  I.  It, 

tower  mustard, .- . 

501. :  Arabit  perfoliata  ;  called  also  Turritit 
glabra.  So  named  because  the  tapering  growth 
of  the  inflorescence  resembles  the  form  of  a 
Dutch  spire.  (Prior.)  Called  also  Towere- 


we 

or.  wore. 


w 

who. 


;  mute,  cub,  euro,  unite,  our.  rule,  Ittil;  try.  Syrian,    w,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  •;  au  =  kw, 


tower— township 


4773 


mustard,  Towers- treacle,  and  Towerer.  (Wi- 
thering.) It  is  an  annual  or  biennial,  two  to 
three  feet  high,  with  nearly  glabrous,  glau- 
cous, obovate,  sinuate  or  lobed,  radical  leaves, 
the  cauline  ones  amplexicaul,  entire,  and  an- 
ricled ;  the  petals  erect,  pale  yellow.  The 
name  Tower-mustard  is  also  applied  to  the 
genus  Turritis.  (London.) 

tower-Shell,  *.    [TURRITELLA.] 
t6"w'-er,"tonr,  *towre,v.i.&f.  [Towaa,*.] 

A*  Intransitive : 

I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  rise  aloft ;  to  rise  to  a  great  height. 

"The  hills  and  precipices  within  Und  towered  up 
coitsklerxhly  above  the  tops  of  the  tree*."— Anton  ; 
Yoyaget,  bk.  11.,  ch.  1. 

2.  To  rise  and  fly  high  ;  to  soar ;  to  be  lofty 
or  eminent. 

"  He  may  descend  into  profoundness,  or  tower  Into 
sublimity. *-ldler.  No.  1. 

H.  Falconry :  To  rise  like  a  falcon  or  hawk 
In  order  to  descend  on  its  prey  ;  hence,  to  be 
on  the  look  out  for  prey.  [PRIDE  (1),  s.t  I.  8.] 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  rise  aloft  into ;  to  soar 
into. 

"Yet oft  they  quit 

The  dark,  and  rising  ou  stiff  pennons,  towrr 
The  mid-a«rial  »kjr."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  vit.  441. 

to'w-ered,  a.     [Esg.    tower,  s.;    ~cd.}     Fur- 
nished, adorned,  or  defended  with  towers. 
"  My  tov'rtd  fane,  and  my  rich  clty'd  teat. 
With    villages,    »od    dorp*,    to   tnitke   me    moat 
compleat."  Drayton  :  Poly-Olbfon,  s.  21. 

to"w"-er-er,  «.  [Eng.  tower;  -er.}  [TOWER- 
MUSTARD.] 

*  to'w'-er-e't,  •  towr-et, *.  [Ens.  tower,  s. ; 
dimin.  suff.  -et.]  A  small  tower.  [TOURELLK.] 

"  It  was  dowbl*  walled  with  many  htghe  and  •trong 
towret*."—Joye :  Expoticion  of  Daniel,  ch.  I. 

to'w'-er-InK,  a.    [Eng.  tower;  -ing.} 

1.  Rising  or  soaring  aloft. 

"  There  from  the  chase  Jove's  torn  ring  eagle  bean. 
On  golden  wings,  the  Phrygian  to  the  stars." 

Pope :  Statiut ;  The  Bard,  640. 

2.  Rising  to  a  height ;  very  high. 

"  Lewis,  in  spite  of  highheeled  show  aud  a  towering 
wig,  hardly  reached  the  middle  height."— Macaulay  : 

But.  i'jij/..  ch.  xiu 

3.  Extreme,  violent,    outrageous,  furious. 
{Colloq.) 

"  Russell  went  Into  a  towering  passion— Jfocauiay  : 
But.  Eng,,  ch.  xxii. 

f  td'w'-er-le't,  *.  [Eng.  tower;  dimin.  suff. 
•Itt.]  A  small  tower  ;  a  turret. 

"  Our  guldlnn  star 
Now  from  its  towerlet  streameth  far." 

J.  ti'iiliie,  iu  Annandale. 

td*W"-er-w6rt,  ».     [Eng.  tower,  and  wort.] 
Bot.:  A  book-name  for  Arabia  perfolioto. 

[TOWER-MUSTARD.] 

•tol^-er-^,  a.  [Eng.  tower,  s. ;  -y.]  Having 
towers ;  adorned  or  defended  with  towers ; 
towered.  (Pope :  Homer ;  Odyssey,  vii.  103.) 

tow  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [Tow,  «.] 

A.  .V  B.  A3  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 

the  verb). 
C.  As  subst. :  A  mode  of  dragging  a  vessel 

through  the  water  by  a  rope  from  another 

vessel,  or  from  the  shore, 

towing-bridlo,  .1. 

Naitt, :  A  chain  with  a  hook  at  each  end 
tor  attaching  a  towing-rope  to. 

towing-net,  s.  A  net  to  be  towed  be- 
hind a  moving  ship  with  the  view  of  collect- 
ing specimens  of  marine  animals  and  plants. 
It  is  generally  made  of  bunting  or  similar 
material  sewed  around  a  wooden  hoop.  The 
cords  intended  to  keep  it  in  its  place  may  be 
held  in  the  hand,  but  are  more  frequently 
tied  to  some  portion  of  the  stern  of  the  vessel, 
which  will  keep  the  net  free  from  the  ship's 
wake. 

towing-path,  «.  The  track  on  the  berme 
of  a  canal  for  the  draft  animals. 

towlng-post,  to  wing -timber,  *.    A 

st'i'it  post  on  the  deck  of  a  tug-boat  to  fasten 
the  towing-line  to. 

towing-rope,  s.    [TOW-ROPE.] 

to*wn,  •  tonn,  *  towno,  *.  &  a.    [A.  8.  tun  = 

a  fence,  a  homestead,  a  village,  a  town,  from 
t$nan  =  to  enclose ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  tuin  —  a 
fence,  a  hedge;  Icel.  (iiu=an  enclosure, 
!  a  homestead,  a  dwelling-house;  O.  H.  Ger. 
"*•»=»  hedge;  Ger.  zaun;  cf.  also  Ir.  & 


Gael.  dun  —  &    fortress;    Wei.  din  =  a  hill- 
fort  ;  dinas  =  a  town.) 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  place  enclosed  or  fenced  in  ;  a  collec- 
tion of  houses  inclosed  within  walls,  hedges, 
or  the  like  for  defence ;  a  walled  or  fortified 
place. 

"  Seven  walled  totem  of  strength.' 

Shakes?. :  1  Henry  VI.,  ill.  1 

2.  A  collection  of  houses,  larger  than    a 
village.    (Used  in  a  general  sense,  and  in- 
cluding  city    or   borough.      Often    used    in 
opposition  to  country,  in  which  case  it  is  pre- 
ceded by  the  definite  article.) 

If  The  term  is  often  used  absolutely,  and 
without  the  proper  name  of  the  particular 
place,  to  denote  the  metropolis,  county-town, 
or  a  particular  city,  in  which,  or  iu  the  vicinity 
of  which,  the  speaker  or  writer  is  :  as,  To 
live  in  town.  To  go  to  town.  To  be  iu  town. 
In  this  usage  in  England,  London  is  the  town 
particularly  referred  to  iu  most  cases. 

3.  A  number  of  adjoining  or  nearly  adjoin- 
ing houses,  to  which  belongs  a  regular  market, 
and  which  is  not  a  city  or  the  see  of  a  bishop. 

"  Razeth  your  cities  nnd  subverts  your  town*," 
Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  VI..  ii.  3. 

4.  The  body  of  inhabitants  residing  in  a 
town ;  the  townspeople. 

"  The  town  will  rise."        Shaketp. :  Othello.  11.  8. 

5.  A  township ;  the  whole  territory  within 
certain  limits. 

6.  A  farm  or  farmstead  ;  a  farmhouse  with 

Its  outbuildings.    (Scotch.) 

"  The  door  was  locked,  as  la  usual  In  landward  town* 
In  this  country."— Scott :  Old  Mortality,  ch.  Till. 

IL  Law :  A  tithing,  a  vill ;  a  sub-division  of 
a  county,  as  a  parish  is  a  sub-division  of  a 
diocese.  (Blackstone:  Comment.,  Int.,  §  5.) 

B.  As  adj.  :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  character- 
istic of  a  town  ;   urban  :  as,  town  life,  town 
manners. 

TT  Town  and  gown:  [GowN,  *.]. 

*  town-adjutant,  s. 

MiL  :  An  officer  formerly  on  the  staff  of  a 
garrison,  and  ranking  as  a  lieutenant.  His 
duties  were  to  maintain  discipline,  &c. 

*  town-box,  ».     The  money-chest  of  a 
town  or  municipal  corporation ;  common  fund. 

"  Upon  the  confiscation  of  them  to  their  town-box  or 
exchequer."— Qauden :  Twin  of  the  Church,  p.  IL 

town  clerk,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  In  New  England  the  town- 
clerk  ia  an  officer  of  some  importance,  his 
duty  being  to  keep  a  record  of  all  votes  passed 
in  the  town  meetings,  and  of  the  names  of 
candidates  and  the  number  of  votes  for  each 
in  county  and  state  elections.    The  marriages, 
births,  and  deaths  in  the  township  are  recorded 
by  him,  descriptions  of  the  public  roads  are 
kept,  and  all  matters  of  town-record  attended  to. 
In  England  his  duties  comprise  the  keeping 
the  records  of  the  borough  and  the  lists  of 
burgesses,  and  the  taking  charge  of  voting- 
papers  at  municipal  elections,  Ac.    In  Scotland 
be  has  a  variety  of  duties  imposed  upon  him.  He 
is  the  adviser  of  Che  magistrates  and  the  coun- 
cil in  the  discharge  of  their  judicial  and  ad- 
ministrative functions,  attends  their  meetings, 
and  records  their  proceedings.      He  is  the 
custodian  of  the  burgh  records,  from  which 
he  is  bound  to  give  extracts  when  required. 

2.  Scripture :  The  translation,  in  Acts  xix. 
35  (A.  V.   &   R.V.),  of  Gr.   6  •ypa^tarevs  (ho 
grammateus)=t'\iQ  keeper  of  the  city  records. 

town-council,  *.  The  governing  body 
in  a  municipal  corporation  elected  oy  the 
people.  Their  principal  duties  are  to  manage 
the  property  of  the  municipalty,  impose  taxes 
for  public  purposes,  paas  by-laws  for  the  proper 
government  of  the  town,  for  the  prevention  of 
nuisances,  <&c.  In  maiiy  of  the  cities  of  the 
United  States,  as  in  those  of  Pennsylvania,  a 
double  municipal  legislature  exists,  consisting 
of  a  Select  and  Common  Council,  each  measure 
proposed  being  required  to  pass  both  chambers 
and  be  signed  by  the  mayor  to  become  effective. 
In  English  towns  the  council  is  a  single  legis- 
lative body. 

town-councillor,  ».  A  member  of  a 
town-council,  who  is  not  an  alderman. 

town-cress,  *. 

Bot. :  Lepidium  $ativum,  the  Garden  Cress. 

town-crier,  s.  A  public  crier ;  one  who 
makes  proclamation  of  public  meetings,  auc- 


ticns,  losses,  &c.,  generally  with  sound  of  A 
bell. 

"  If  you  mouth  it.  as  taany  of  your  players  do,  I  had 

m  lief  the   town-crUr  spoke  my  liues. "— ShaXetp.  : 
Hamlet,  iil.  L 

town-hall,  *.  A  large  hall  or  building 
belonging  to  a  town  or  borough,  in  which  the 
meetings  of  the  town-council  are  usually  held, 
and  which  is  also  frequently  used  as  a  place 
of  public  assembly  ;  a  town-house. 

"  These  cauie  together  iu  the  new  town-hall." 

Longfellow:  foet't  Tat* 

town-house,  s. 

1.  A  town-hall ;  an  hotel  de  vjlle. 

"  A  fmm-AoH  t*  built  at  one  end  will  (rent  the  cfamroh 
tbat  tUiids  at  the  other."— Additon :  On  Italy. 

2.  A  private  residence  or  mansion  in  town, 
in  opposition  to  one  in  the  country. 

town  meeting,  *.  The  mode  of  town* 
ship  government  in  vogue  in  New  £ngland, 
through  which  the  people  directly  govern 
themselves.  Annual  town-meetings  are  held, 
at  which  all  the  voters  of  the  township  are 
expected  to  be  present  and  to  vote,  while  any 
one  is  privileged  to  offer  motions  or  to  discuss 
those  offered.  Appropriations  for  the  town 
expenses  are  made,  town-officers  elected,  and 
measures  relating  to  town  affairs  adopted  or 
rejected.  The  institution  of  the  town-meeting 
has  not  been  widely  adopted  outside  of  New 
England.  It  is  the  most  complete  form  of 
democracy  now  existing,  the  people  directly 
governing  themselves.  ^The  aystem  could  not 
well  be  applied  in  large  cities. 

*  town-rake,  s.  A  man  living  loosely 
about  town  ;  a  rake. 

town-talk,    s.     The  common  talk   of  a 
town,  or  the  subject  of  general  conversation. 
"  Was  much  noised  abroad,  not  only  Iu  the  town 


where  he  dwelt,  but  also  It  began  to  be  the  town-talk 

in  some  other  place*."— B 

pti. 


—Runyun;    Pilgrim t  Progrett, 


*  town-top,  parish-top,  ».  A  large 
top,  formerly  common  in  English  villages, 
for  public  exercise.  It  was  whipped  by  seve- 
ral boys  at  the  same  time. 

town-weed,  s. 

Bot. :  Mercurialis  perennis.  From  its  growtk 
in  towns  aud  town  gardens.  (Pratt.)  More 
probably  M.  annua.  (Britten  £  Holland.) 

*to"wned,a.     [Eng.  town;  -ed.}     Furnished 

with  towns. 

"The  continent  is  .  .  .  very  well  peopled  and 
towned'—Hwkluyt  :  Voyaget,  hi.  254. 

*t6wn'-asn,  a.  [Eng.  town;  -ish.}  Pertain- 
ing to  or  characteristic  of  the  inhabitants  of  a 
town,  or  of  their  mode  of  life,  manners,  cus- 
toms, &c. 

"  Would  cedes  go  se  her  townUh  sisters  house." 

Wlitif :  of  the  Meane  t  Sure  Ettate, 

*  to'wn'-less,  a.    [Eng.  town;  -less.]    Having 
no  town  or  towns  ;  destitute  of  towns. 

*  to'wn'-le't,  *town-lette,  *.    [Eng.  (own; 

dim.  suff.  -let.}    A  small  town. 
"  The  poor  schoolmaster  of  a  provincial  toienlet."— 
Southey :  Doctor,  ch.  cxvlll. 

T6"wn'-ley,  *.   [Prop,  name.]  (See  compound.) 

Townley-marbles,  s.  pi  A  collection 
of  Greek  and  Roman  sculpture,  forming  a  por- 
tion of  the  gallery  of  antiquities  in  the  British 
Museum,  and  so  named  after  Charles  Townley, 
Esq.,  of  Townley,  Lancashire,  by  whom  the 
collection  was  made. 

*t<$wn'~scape,  s.  [Formed  from  town,  on 
analogy  of  landscape  (q.v.).]  A  view  of  a 
town. 

"  It  is  a  landscape,  or  rather  a  townicape."— Lord  & 
ffowwr ;  Figure  J'aintert  of  Holland,  p.  06. 

to'wns'-fdlk  (I  silent),  s.  [Eng.  town,  and 
folk.}  The  people  of  a  town  or  city  ;  towns- 
people. 

t<5wn  ship,  *  towne-shyp,  s.   [Eng.  town ; 
-ship.} 
L  Ordinary  Language  ; 

1.  The  corporation  of  a  town  ;  the  district 
or  territory  of  a  town. 

"  I  am  bat  a  poor  petitioner  of  our  whole  totoniMp." 
—Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  L  S. 

2.  A  territorial  district,  subordinate  to  a 
county,  into  which  many  of  the  states  are 
divided,  and  comprising  an  area  of  five,  six, 
seven,  or  perhaps  ten  miles  square,  the  in- 
habitants of  which  are  invested  with  certain 
powers  for  regulating  their  own  affairs,  such 


bffll.  IKfr;  p<at,  J<Swl;  cat,  cell,  ohorna,  9hln.  ben,*;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a, ;  expect,  Xenopnon,  ejtofc   ph  -  fc 
•clan.  -tUm  =  Shan.    -tlon.  -slon  =  shun ;  -flon,  -$lon  =  znun.   -clous,   tioua,  -sion»  =  ahia.   -ble,  -die,  4o-  =  bel,  del. 


4774 


townsman— toyman 


M  repairing  roada,  providing  for  the  poor,  and 
iimilar  duties. 

II.  law:  A  town  or  vill,  where  there  are 
more  than  one  In  a  parish. 

a  man.  s.    [Eng.  town,  and  man.] 

1.  An  inhabitant  of  a  town.    In  this  sense 
chiefly  used  in  contradistinction  to  Gowns* 
man,  1.  (q.v.). 

2.  One  or  the  same  town  with  another. 

"The  subject  of  debate,  itownrman  tlaJu." 

I'o»t:  Homer;  /Wad  xvtii.  578. 

3.  A  select  man  ;  an  officer  of  a  town  in  New 
England,  who  assists  fa  managing  the  affairs 
of  a  town. 

fcSwiif  -peo-ple,  s.pl.  (Eng.foim.andpaopte.] 

The  inhabitant*  of  a  town  or  city,  townsfolk  ; 
especially  in  distinction  from  country-folk. 

to*wn'~ward,  trfwn'-ward^,  adv.  [Eng. 
town  ;  'tmrd,  -wards.}  Toward  the  town  ;  in 
the  direction  of  the  town. 

"  Thin  he  «|*ke,  and  tnrn'd  the  oxen 

Toteiwnrdt  ;  Bad  tt.ey  went.  and  eluw. 
litackie  :  Lttyi  of  ttiyhJundi  A  Itiandt,  p.  16. 

•ttfwr'-et,  ».    [TOWERET.] 

T6*w$'-er,  *.  [Eng.  tow'XO.  v.  ;  -er.]  A  name 
frequently  given  to  a  dog,  originally  either 
from  its  rough  coat,  or  from  a  Itabit  of  worry- 
ing. Now  used  without  any  special  reference 
to  the  meaning  of  the  word.  [louse,  r.] 

t<!>W8'-Ie,  a.  [Eng.  fow(e)  ;  -i«  =  -y.J  Rough, 
shaggy.  (North  &  Scotch.) 

"  HU  breast  wu  white,  hi-  toxxii  back 
Weel  clad  wi'  coat  of  glowy  black." 

Burnt  ;  The  Two  Dogt. 

tOW'-J-  *  tOW-ie,  o.  [Eng.  tow  (2),  s.  ;  -y.] 
Consisting  of,  resembling,  or  of  tbe  nature  of 
tow. 

"  When  they  be  sufficiently  watered,  yon  shall  know 
by  the  ikiu  or  rind  thereof  if  it  be  loooe  and  readie  to 
depart  from  the  t-iwte  sulmtauce  of  ths  item.  '—P. 
Sotiand.  Piini*.  bk.  ziz.  ch.  1. 

t6x  as-ter,  «.     [Gr.  TO^O*  (taron)  =  a  bow, 

and  atr-njp  (astir')  =  a  star.] 

PalfKont.  :  A  genus  of  Echinoidea,  charac- 
teriutic  of  the  Lower  Neocomiau.    (Owen.) 

tte-fot  tdx'-fa-al,  o.  [Or.  TO£«OI>  (toxikon) 
=  (poison)  for  smearing  arrows  with,  from 
rofoy  (toxon)  =  a  bow.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
poison  ;  poisonous. 

"One  recipient  affirming  that  It  is  particularly 
rood  food,  tiiid  another  that  it  is  a  particularly  toxic 
poison."—  .Scri6ft«r'j  Magazine.  Aug.,  1880,  p.  686. 

tox  ic  ant,  s.  [Eng.  toxic;  -ant.]  A  term 
applied  by  Dr.  Richardson  to  a  poison  of 
a  stimulating,  narcotic,  anesthetic  nature, 
which,  when  habitually  indulged  in,  seriously 
affects  the  health. 

tOX-Ic'-I-ty,  *.  [Eng.  toxic;  -Uy.]  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  toxic. 

tdx-l-CO  log-Ic-al,  o.  [Eng.  toxicology  ; 
•ical.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  toxicology. 

to'x-jt-co'-lo'lr'-lc-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  toxico- 
logical;  -ly.]  In  a  toxicological  manner;  ac- 
cording to  the  principles  of  toxicology. 

tox  I  c6l'  o  gist,  *.  [Eng.  toxicology)  ;  -is(.] 
One  who  is  skilled  in  toxicology  ;  one  who 
treats  of  poisons. 


,  t.  [Gr.  Tofutfe  (foci*<m)  = 
(poison)  for  smearing  arrows  :  TO£OV  (tozon)  = 
a  bow  (in  pi.  Tofa  (toxa)  =  bow  and  arrows, 
sometimes  arrows  only),  and  Aoyoc  (logos)  =  a 
word,  a  discourse.]  That  branch  of  medicine 
which  treats  of  poisons  and  their  antidotes,  or 
of  the  morbid  and  deleterious  effects  of  exces 
live  and  inordinate  doses  and  quantities  ot 
medicine. 

toi'-ine,  tox  -In,  i.  A  ptomaine  produced 
by  cultivating  pathogenic  bacteria  in  broth  or 
other  nutrient  liquid. 

tox-o-cam'-pa,  ».  fGr.  lofov  (ta»n)  =  a 
bow,  and  «a^mj  (fcampe)  =  a  caterpillar.] 

Sntom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Toxocarapidae 
(q.v.). 

t6x  o  cim  -pl-d»,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  toxo- 
camp(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Noctulna.  Moths  of 
moderate  size,  the  thorax  smooth  with  a 
raised  collar;  abdomen  smooth,  somewhat 
flattened;  the  wings  not  dentate.  Larva 
anmoth,  elongate,  attenuated  at  each  end, 
with  sixteen  legs. 


t5x-&9'-er-as,  s.    [Gr.  r6£ov  (tomn)  =  &  bow, 
and  xcpoc  (keras)  =  a  horu.J 

Pdlceant. :  A  genus  of  AmmonitidEe,  having 
the  shell  simply  arcuate  or  bent  like  a  horn. 
Twenty  species,  ran gj tig 
from  the  Lower  Oolites 
to    the    Gault,   but    the 
genus    is    characteristic- 
ally Cretaceous. 

t6x  69 -er-us,  s.  [Toxo- 

TOXOCBKAS  ANN  CLARE 

Entom. :  AgenusofCol- 

leinbola,  with  three  species,  two  of  which 
(Toxocerus  plumbeu*  and  T.  niger)  are  British. 
(Lubbock.) 


>  of  a 


,  *.  [Or.  TO$OV  (toxon)  =  a  bow,  and 
o5ov?  (odoiw),  gen  it.  WoirosCodoTiios}—  atooth.] 
PdUvont. :  A  genus  of  Owen's  Toxodontia 
(q.v.).  They  were  about  the  size  of  a  Hippo- 
potamus ;  the  teeth  consist  of  large  incisors, 
very  small  lower  canines,  and  strongly-curved 
molars,  all  with  persistent  roots.  According 
to  Cope,  the  tarsal  bones  more  nearly  resemble 
those  of  the  Proboscidea  than  any  other  known 
Ungulates.  The  genus  was  discovered  by 
Darwin,  and  many  specimens  have  since  been 
found  in  Pleistocene  deposits  near  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  have  been  described  by  Owen, 
Gervais,  and  fiurmeister. 

tox  6  don  -ti-a  (ti  as  shl),  s.Pl  [Toxooox.] 
Palaont. :  An  order  of  Mammalia  founded 
by  Owen  for  the  reception  of  the  geuera  Tox- 
odon  and  Nesodon  (q.v.). 

tox  -oph  -I  lite,  s.  &  a,  [Gr.  rof  ov  (toxon)  = 
a  bow,  and  <£iA«'u>  (philw)  —  to  love.] 

A*  At  subst. :  A  lover  of  archery  ;  one  who 
devotes  much  time  to  exercise  with  the  bow 
and  arrow. 

B,  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  archery. 

"By  newer  and  fresher    toxophilite   data,"-/VW. 
July  16.  1987. 

*  A  Toxophilite  Society  was  established  in 
London  in  1781,  and  still  exists. 

*  t&X-OJph-a-Ut'-fo.  a.     [Eng.    toxopMlit(e) ; 
•ic.)    The  same  as  TOXOPHILITE  (q.v.), 

*  t6x-6ph -i-ly,  s.    [ToxopHiUTE.]   Archery. 

"  A  Terr  high  reputation  amongst  the  votaries  of 
toxopkUy.~t\etd,  July  18,  1837. 

tox'-O-tCS,  s.  [Gr.  -rofcmr;  (toxotes)  =  a  bow- 
man.] 

1.  Ichthy, :  A  genus  of  Squamipinnes  (q.v.), 
with  two  species,  from  the  East  Indies.   Body 
short,  compressed,  covered  with  scalt 
moderate  size ; 

snout  pointed, 
with  wide  lat- 
eral mouth  and 
S  rejecting  un- 
er  jaw  ;  one 
dorsal,  witli  flve 
strong  spines 
on  posterior 
part  of  the 
back ; anal  with 
three  spines. 
Toxotes  jacula- 
tor,  the  n»ore 
common  spe- 
cies, ranges  to 
the  coast  of 
Australia.  It 
owes  its  speci- 
fic name  to  its 
habit  of  throw-  TOXOTES  JACULATOR. 
ing  a  drop  of 

water  at  insects  which  it  perceives  near  the 
surface  in  order  to  make  them  fall  in,  and 
BO  bring  them  within  its  reach.  The  Malays 
keep  it  in  a  bowl  in  order  to  witness  this 
habit,  which  persists  in  captivity. 

2.  Palteont. :  From  the  Eocene  of  Monte 

Bate. 

t«5y  (1),  «.  &  o.  [Dut.  tuig=  tools,  utensils, 
implements,  trash ;  spteltuig  =  playthings, 
toys;  I  eel.  tyai  =  pear ;  Dun.  tai  =  stuff, 
things,  gear ;  Ugetoi  =  a  plaything,  a  toy,  front 
!«<;«  =  to  play;  Sw.  tyg=  gear-  staff,  trash; 
Oer.  seug  =  stuff,  matter,  material,  trash ; 
tpielzetig  =  toys,  from  spid-=-*  gfttne,  play; 
cf.  Dut.  tool  =  attire,  ornament ;  tooien  =  to 
adorn.] 
A.  At  ntbstantive : 

*  1.  A  nick-nack,  an  ornament,  a  bauble. 

"Any  silk,  any  thread,  any  toyt  for  your  head." 
-    -      ...    Winter  t  Tal*.  lv.%. 


*  2.  A  thing  for  amusement,  but  of  no  real 
value  ;  a  trifle.    (Shakap.  :  1  Henry  Vl.t\\.  1.) 
3.  A  cliild's  plaything. 
"  Hen  deal  with  life  M  children  with  their  play. 
Who  tint  mUuae,  then  cut  their  toy*  *»•»>-." 

CoMpcr  .   Hape,  128- 

i.  A  matter  of  no  importance  ;  a  tritte. 

"  Is  duty  a  lucre  iport,  or  an  employ  f 
Life  au  iutruateu  talent,  or  a  toy!" 


*  5.  Folly  ;  trifling  practice  ;  silly  opinion, 

"The  things  wltlch  so  loug  experience  of  all  aK«* 
hath  continued  Rtid  made  profltaMe.  l«t  ua  not  IT*. 
same  tu  condemn  as  fuliies  and  toi/t.~—H<}olur 
Polity. 

*  6.  Amorous  dalliance  ;  play,  sport. 

"  So  said  be.  au<!  forbore  not  gluure  or  lay 
Uf  amorous  intent."     Milton  :  P.  L.,  Ix.  1,034. 

*  7.  Au  old  story  ;  a  silly  tale. 

"  I  never  may  belicva 
These  untie  tablet,  nur  these  fairy  (vyt.~ 

Mhcteip.  /  MiUtumtiur  Mpttt  Drmtm.  T.I. 

*  8.  An  idle  fancy  ;  an  odd  conceit. 

"  The  very  place  put*  toyi  of  denperatlon. 
Without  more  motive,  into  every  hratn." 

Mtalutti.  :  B-mtltt.  L  4. 

*9.  A  slight  representation. 

"Shall  that  which  hath  alwAya  received  ttn-  con 
structlon,  tie  now  Uititcuised  with  a  toy  of  novel  t).'— 
Booker  :  Ecclet.  Polity. 

*  10.  The  same  as  TOV-MUTCH  (q.v.). 

"Enveloped  tii  a  tog.  from  under  th«  prote  •' 

which  aouic  of  tier  grey  tresses  liad  MCAped."~&off; 
Old  Xonality,  ch    zxxlx. 

1L  A  toy-dog  (H.V.). 

"In  tbe  Toyiequa]  first  went  to  tb*  well-known  w*t 
Flower  and  a  very  good  black-aud-tAii  called  LitU* 
Jem.'—  Field,  Jan.  H.  IUX. 

B.  -45  adj.  :  Made  or  used  as  a  toy  or  play- 
thing, not  for  actual  service. 

"  Whose  career  Is  not  (infrequently  brought  t  a 
close  by  tbe  bursting  of  a  toy  cauuou.*  —  Daily  Ttlt- 
yrap*.  Aujc.  U.  I88&. 

^  To  take  toy:  To  be  restive  ;  to  start 

"  Tbe  hot  horse,  hot  as  tire. 
Took  toy  at  this."         Two  A'oUe  Kintmen,  T.  4. 

toy-dog,  s.     A  toy-terrier  (q.v.). 

toy-match.  «.  A  close  linen  or  woollen 
cap,  without  lace,  frill,  or  border,  and  with 
flaps  covering  the  neck  and  part  of  the  shoul- 
ders, worn  by  old  women.  (Scotch.) 

toy-spaniel.  *.  A  breeder's  namp  for 
spaniels  (q.v.)  of  the  King  Charles  and  !31en- 
heim  breed.  (V.  Shaw:  Book  of  the  Don,  ch. 
xitii.) 

toy-terrier,  s.  A  pigmy  variety  of  the 
Black  -aud-tau  Terrier.  (See  extract.) 


"  lu-breediug  is  certain,  If  carried  too  fur,  to  stunt 
tbe  growth  of  any  animnl,  and  this  u.  without  any 
doubt.  HIM  meant  or  which  tbe  modern  r«|/-f  errier  wai 
first  orif  mated.  '—  v.  Maw.-  Book  of  the  Dog.  ch.  xiii 

*  to"y,  f.i.  &  (-    [Tor,  *.] 

A*  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  dally  amorously  ;  to  play,  to  sport. 

"  Whiles  thus  the  talked,  and  while,  tbtu  *b«  to**.' 
Center:  F.  Q..  JI.  n.  IL 

2.  To  trifle. 

"They  prophaue  holy  liaptisme  in  toying  foolishly, 
for  thnt  they  a*k  question*,  of  an  infiuit  which  cattoet 
answer.1'—  Booker  .  Erctet.  Polity,  bk.  v.,  J  M.  (Not*.) 

B.  Trans.  :  To  treat  foolishly, 

*  t6"y'-«rt  *.     [Eng.  toy;  -er.]    One  who  toys; 
one  who  Is  full  of  trifling  tricks  ;  a  tnrtcr. 

"  Wanton  Cupid,  idle  toger"          J.  Hurri*w. 

^-lAl,  o,  [Eng.  toy;  -MO-]  FoH  ^i 
trifling  play  or  dalliance  ;  sportive,  game-  ' 
some. 

"Itqulck'ned  next  a  toyful  »t>e." 

Donne.  Prvgr**  of  tin  &mL 

O^-ish.  •  toi-eah,  a.    [Eng.  toy;  -iM.] 

1.  Trifling,  wanton. 

2.  Of  tbe  nature  of  a  toy  or  plavtuiug  ;  fit 
for  a  child's  plaything. 

"  Away,  ye  toyith  reeds,  that  once  could  plMM 
Uy  softer  lips,  and  lull  my  care*  to  ---- 


Pom/ret  :  £HM  Sot 

8.  Small  ;  like  a  toy  dng. 

"  Richmond  Puzzle,  fourth  price,  is  at  present  smal  • 
',  Jan.  U  1M«. 

i 


*  to'y'-Ish-ly',  adv.     [Eng.  toyish  ;  -/y.]    In 
toyish  or  trifling  manner. 

*  toy;-Ish-n6ss,  s.    [Eng.  toyish;  -ness.]   Im- 

position to  toy  or  trifle  ;  wantonness,  triflii.f  I 

"Your  society    will    discredit  thmt  «o»W««i  - 

winton    fancy,   that   plays    tricks  with    words.  i»n 

frolick*  with  the  caprice*  ot  irotby  itoagi  urtion.    , 


,  *.     [Eng.  toy,  and  man.]    One  *n 
deals  in  toys. 

"Milliners,  toymen,  and  Jewellers  came  down  fro  , 
London.  --Macvulay  :  Hut   Em/.,  ch.  lit. 


Cite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  po- 
or, wore,  wpl£  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  njaite.  ear.  rale,  fall ;  try.  Syrian.    ao,G9  =  e;ey  =  a;au  =  lev. 


toyo— tracheata 


4775 


to*^   o,  s.    [Guianan.] 

Bot.  <*  Pharm.  :  An  unidentified  fragrant 
plant  growing  in  British  Guiana.  AD  infusion 
and  syrup  of  the  leaves  and  stems  are  em- 
pi'  iyed  as  a  remedy  in  chronic  coughs.  (Treas. 
of  Bot.) 

•to^-otis,  a.    [Eng.  toy;  -oiw.J    Trifling. 

"Against  the  hare  in  all 
Prove  tofoia."      Warner:  Albiont  England,  T.  ST. 

1 6^  shop,  s.  [Eng.  toy,  and  shop.]  A  shop 
where  toys  are  kept  for  sale, 

"  F'uis,  silks,  ribband*,  laces,  and  gewgAwg.  lay  to 
thio  >  together,  that  the  heart  wait  iiotluiitf  ei«e  but  a 
totjtti"}).  —  A  dditon, 

*to^-s6me,  a.  [Eng.  toy;  -tome.]  Disposed 
to  toy  or  trifle  ;  wanton. 

"Two  wr  three  tnytome  things  w«re  said  by  my  lord." 
— Richardton;  6ir  C.  dranditon,  v.  399. 

toyte,  t'.i.  [Of  totter.]  To  totter  with  or  as 
with  old  age.  (Scotch.) 

"  We've  worn  to  crazy  years  thegither  f 
We'll  toyte  (ibout  wf  aue  auither." 

Bit  rni :  To  hit  A  uld  Mart  Afaggte. 

toy'-wort,  s.  [Eng.  toy,  and  wort,  from  the 
reaamUanc*  of  the  seed-vessel  to  a  toy  purse.] 

Bot. :  Cctpsella  Bursa-pastoris. 

*  t  oze,  v.t,  [TousE,  TOWSE.]  To  pull  by  vio- 
lence. 

"  Think'tt  tli on,  for  that  I  Insinuate,  or  toze  from 
tliee  tby  business.  I  am  therefore  no  courtier?"— 
ftftaXetp. :  Wintert  Tale,  iv.  8, 

*to'-z&a.  [Towsv.J  Resembling  teased  wool ; 
•oft 

T  -plate,  s.    [The  letter  T,  and  plate.] 

1.  An   angle-iron  of  T-forin,   having  two 
branches. 

2.  A  carriage-iron  for  strengthening  a  Joint, 
such  as  at  the  intersection  of  the  tongue  and 
L*ross-l*r;  the  coupling- pole,  or  reach,  and 
the  hind  axle. 

•tra-bS-a,  «.    [Latl 

Roman  Antiq.  :  A  robe  of  state  worn  by 
kings,  consuls,  augurs,  &c.,  in  ancient  Rome. 

tra  be  at -ed,  a.     [Lat  traba,  genit  trabis 
=  a  beam.] 
Arch. :  Furnished  with  an  entablature. 

tru-be  a-tion,  *-    [TRABEATED.] 

Arch. :  The  same  as  ENTABLATURE  (q.v.). 

tra  bec'-n-la  (pi.  tra-bec'-u-l»),  trab  - 
e-oule,  s.  [Lat,  dimiu.  from  traba,  geuit. 
trdbi3  =  a  beam.] 

1.  Anat.  (PI):   Bars;    spec,  used  of   the 
tralwculse  of  the  cranium  ;  longitudinal  carti- 
laginous bare  in  the  embryonic  skull  enclosing 
the  Sella  turcica  (q.v.).    There  are  also  trabe- 
culae  of  the  lymphatic  glands,  the  spleen,  &c. 

2.  Bot. :  A  cross  bar  occurring  in  the  teeth 
of  many  mosses. 

tra  bee  u  late,  tra-bcc  u-lar,  a,    [Tit A- 

B8CULA.] 

Bot. :  Furnished  with  a  trabecula. 
tr.Vo'-S-cule,  *.    [TRABECULA.] 

tra9O  (1),  s.   [Fr.  =  a  trace,  a  footprint,  a  path, 
a  tract,  from  tracer  —  to  trace,  to  follow,  to  pur- 
sue ;  trasser  =  to  delineate,  to  trace  out,  from 
an  hypothetical  Low  Lat.  tractio,  from  Lat. 
*,  pa.  par.  of  traho  =  to  drag,  to  draw  ; 
cf.  Ital.  tracciare  =  to  trace,  to  devise;  Sp. 
tmzar  —  to  plan,  to  sketch.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  mark  left  by  anything  passing;  ft 
track. 

"  Streaking  the  ground  with  itmioo*  trac*." 

Milton:  P.  L.t  vil.  «1. 

2.  A  mark,  impression,  or  visible  appear- 
ance of  anything  remaining  when  the  thing 
itself  ia  lost  or  no  longer  exists;  a  visible 
evidence  of  something  having  been  ;  remains, 
token,  vestige,  sign. 

"  There  are  not  the  least  truest  of  It  to  be  met,  the 
greatest  part  of  the  ornaments  being  takeu  from  Tra- 
IHU'S  arch,  aud  act  up  to  the  couqu«ror. '— .4<*4Uon: 
On  Itnty. 

3.  A  small  or  insignificant  quantity.    (Lit. 

*!<„  ) 

"  But  there  wai  a  trace  of  truth  in  the  wortli ;  they 
Were  ^mart  M  well  u  silly."— fMd,  Aug.  ST.  1887. 

II.  Technically; 

1.  Fort. :  The  ground-plan  of  a  work. 

2.  Geom. :  The  intersection  of  a  plane  with 
one  of  the  planes  of  projection.    The  trace  on 


the  vertical  plane  is  called  the  vertical  trace, 
that  on  the  horizontal  plane  the  horizontal 
trace.  Since  two  lines  of  a  plane  fix  its  posi- 
tion, If  the  traces  of  a  plane  are  known  the 
plane  Is  said  to  be  known  ;  that  is,  a  plane  is 
given  by  its  traces. 

tra9e  (2),  *traice,  *trayce,  s.    [O.  FT. 

trays,  prob.  a  plural  form  equivalent  to  Fr. 
traits,  pi.  of  trait  —  a  trace.]  [TRAIT.] 

1.  Saddlery ;  A  strap,  chain,  or  rope  attached 
to  the  hames,  collar,  or  breast-band  of  a  set  of 
harness,  and  to  the  single-tree  or  othe r  part  of 
a  vehicle,  and  by  which  the  vehicle  is  drawn. 

2.  Angling  :  A  line. 
trace  buckle,  0. 

Saddlery:  A  long,  heavy  buckle  used  in 
attaching  a  trace  to  a  tug. 

trace -fastener,  0.  A  hook  or  catch  to 
attach  the  hiud  eud  of  a  trace  to  a  single-tree 
or  splinter-bar. 

trace  hook,  s.  A  hook  on  the  end  of  a 
single-tree  or  splinter-bar  to  which  the  trace 
is  attached. 

tra$e  (1),  v.t.  &  1.    [TRACK  (l),  «.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  follow  the  trace  or  tracks   of;  to 
track. 

"  Tracing  the  Eake  from  1U  touroe  till  U  Joins  the 
tea  at  MuMelburgh."— Scott :  Gray  Brother.  (Note.) 

2.  To  follow  by  some  mark  or  marks  left  by 
the  thing  followed  ;   to  follow  by  sigus  or 
tokens ;  to  discover  by  signs  or  tokens, 

"  The  gift,  whuse  office  it  the  giver's  praise, 
To  trace  him  in  hi»  word,  his  works,  his  wayt." 
Cottar:  Table  Tulk,  7*L 

*  3.  To  follow  with  exactness. 

"  That  servile  path  thou  nobly  dost  decline, 
Of  tracing  word  by  word,  and  line  by  UML 

Denfmm :  To  Kir  /iidiartl  f-'unthato. 

4.  To  draw  out ;  to  delineate  with  marks. 

"  In  this  chart  I  have  laid  down  110  laiid,  nor  traced 
out  any  abore  but  what  I  saw  my »«!£."— Cook:  Firit 
Voyage,  bk.  i.,  cb.  vi. 

5.  To  copy,  as  a  drawing,  engraving,  writing, 
&c.,  by  following  the  lines  and  marking  them 
on  a  sheet  superimposed,  through  which  they 
are  visible. 

6.  To  form  in  writing ;  to  write. 

"  The  signature  of  another  plainly  appeared  to  hare 
been  traced  by  a  hand  ahakiug  witli  emotion."— Jrfac- 
aultty :  Bltt.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

*  7.  To  walk  over ;  to  traverse. 

"  We  do  trace  thia  alley  up  and  down." 

Sfiakftp.  :  Much  Ado  About  A'othing,  11L  L 

*  8.  To  ornament  with  tracery. 

"  Deep-aet  window*  stained  and  traced*" 

Ten  n^ ton  :  Palace  of  Art,  49. 

9.  To  follow  step  by  step :  as,  To  trace  one's 
descent. 

*  B.  Intrattsitive : 

1.  To  walk,  to  traverse,  to  travel. 

"  Tracing  and  traversing,  now  here,  now  there." 

Upenter  .'/•.«..  IV.  »U.  M. 

2.  To  be  descended. 

(2),  v.t.    [A  variant  of  trice  (q.v.).] 
Ifaut. :  To  haul  and  make  fast  anything  as  a 
temporary  security.    (With  up.) 

trace'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  trace  (1),  T.  ;  -able.} 
Capable  of  being  traced. 

"  Here  traceable,  there  hidden,  there  again 
To  sight  restored,  and  glittering  in  the  ami." 

Wvrdttoorth :  Sxcurtion,  bk.  T. 

*trace'-a-ble-nfiss.  s.  [Bug.  traceable; 
•7Ksa.\  The  quality  or  state  of  being  trace- 
able. 

*  trace'-a-bl&  adv.  [Eng.  traceable);  -ly.] 
In  a  traceable  manner;  so  as  to  admit  of 
being  traced. 

trace'-lSss,  a.  [Eng.  trace ;  -less.]  That  can- 
not be  traced. 

"  Oil  traceltu  copper  sees  Imperial  heads." 

Wolcatt :  t'eter  Pindar,  p.  242. 

tra$'-er,  *.    [Eng.  trace  (1),  v. ;  ~er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  traces. 

"A  diligent  tracer  of  the  print*  of  nature's  foot- 
ftept.'—I/akeiffUl:  On  Providence,  p.  16*. 

2.  An  instrument  like  a  stylus  for  tracing 
drawings,  &c.,  on  a  superimposed  sheet  of 
paper,  &c. 

3.  A  simple  kind  of  pantograph  (q.v.). 

4.  Comm. :  A  form  of  inquiry  forwarded  from 
place  to  place  of  transfer,  to  ascertain  the  dis- 
posal of  (poods  previously  forwarded  by  freight, 
express,  or  mail.     ( U.  S.) 


r-Jr,  s.  [Eng.  trace;  -ry.] 
Arch, ;  The  species  of  pattern- work  formed 
or  traced  in  the  head  of  a  Gothic  window  by 
the  mullions  being  fonthmed,  but  diverging 
into  arches,  turves,  and  flowing  lines  enriched 
witli  foliations.  The  styles  varied  in  different 
a^ys  and  countries,  and  are  known  as  geo- 
metrical, flowing,  flamboyant,  &c.  Also  the 
subdivisions  of  groined  vaults,  or  any  orna- 
mental design  of  the  same  character  for  doors, 
panelling,  ceilings,  &c. 

"The  traceriei  nud  contraction  do  not  agree  with 
the  rude  arU  of  such  a  barbarous  and  early  period."— 
Warton:  Silt,  of  Kiddington,  p.  Ifi. 

track-,  tra-oh^-,  pref.  [Gr.  Tpa\u»  (*rac/iw«) 
=  rough,  harsh,  savage.]  A  pivtix  used  in 
natural  history  to  denote  roughness  or  hir- 
su  ten  ess. 

tra'-ohfi-a,  tra-cbe'-a,  *.  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
Lat.  trachia ;  Gr.  rpa^eta  (tracheia)  =  th,d 
windpipe.] 

1.  Anatomy: 

(1)  In  the   air-breathing    vertebrates   the 
windpipe,  the  air-passage  common   to  both 
lun^s.     It  is  an  open  tube  commencing  above 
the  larynx,  and  dividing  bslow  into  right  and 
left  bronchi,  one  for  each  lung.     In  man  it  is 
usually  from  four  to  four  and  a  half  inches 
long  by  three-quartern  to  an  inch  broad.     In 
front  and  at  the  sides  it  is  rendered  cylindri- 
cal, firm,  and  resistent  by  a  series  of  cartilag- 
inous rings.    These,  however,  are  absent  from 
its  posterior  portion,  which  is,  in  consequence, 
flattened    and     wholly    membranous.      Ths 
trachea  is  nearly  everywhere  connected  by 
loose    areolar   tissue,    abounding   in    elastic 
fibres,  and  readily  moves  on  the  surrounding 
parts.    (Quatn.) 

(2)  (PI.) :  The  air,  respiratory,  or  breathing 
tubes  ramifying  throughout  the  body  of  In- 
sects, Arachnida,  and  Myriapoda.     They  ace 
long  and  sub-cylindrical,   broadest  at  their 
origin    from   the    spiracles,  and    consist   of 
two  coats,  with  a  spiral  fibre  between  them. 
Sometimes  there  are  air-sacs  destitute  of  spiral 
fibre. 

2.  Bot.  (PI.):  [SPIRAL-VESSELS). 

3.  Entom. :  A  genus  of  Orthosidje.    British 
species  on«,    Trachea   piniperda,    the    Pine- 
beauty,  the  larva  of  which,  a  long,  smooth 
caterpillar  of  bright  colour,  feeds  on  fir  trees. 

trachea  forceps,  «. 

Surg. :  A  long,  curved  forceps  for  extracting 
articles  which  may  have  accidentally  intruded 
themselves  into  the  windpipe  or  throat. 

tra'-che-al,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  trachea);  Bug. 
adj.  suit',  'til.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  trachea, 
or  windpipe. 

*  tracheal  animals,  s.  pi. 

Entom,  :  Oken's  name  for  insects. 
tracheal-artery,  «. 

Anat. ;  An  artery,  or  rather  a  series  of 
arteries,  branching  off  from  the  inferior 
thyroid,  ramifying  over  the  trachea,  and  ana- 
stomosing below  withjtlie  bronchial  arteries. 

tra  che-a'-li-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat 
trachea  =  the  windpipe.]  [TBACHITIS.] 

* tra-che-ar-I-a,  a.  pi  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
trachea  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  A  sub-division  of  the  class  Arachntda, 
breathing  by  tracheal  tubes.  There  are  two 
orders,  Adelarthrosomata  and  Monomeroso- 
mata(q.v.). 

* tra-ohe-ar -I-an,  a.  As.    ITRACHEAEIA.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Trache- 
aria  (q.v.X 

B.  As  yubst.  :  Any  individual  of  the  T»< 
chearia  (q.v.). 

tra'-che-ar-y,  a.  &  «.    (TRACHEA.) 
A*  As  adjective : 

1,  Bot. :  Designed  as  air-passages. 

2.  Zool. :  Breathing  by  means  of  tracheae. 
B.  As  subst. :  An  arachnid  belonging  to  th« 

division  Trachearia  (q.v.). 

tracheary-vessels,  *.  pi.     [TRACHBH- 

CHYMA.J 

t  tra  chc  a  ta,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat 

trachia  =  the  windpipe.]    [TRACHEA.] 

Zool. :  A  group  of  Arachnida,  comprising 
those  which  breathe  by  tracheae.  These  are 
sometimes  merged  in  a  larger  group  of  the 


Wil,  b67;  po^t,  J6%1;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  £enophon,  eylst.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  sliaru    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -gion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  dej. 


4776 


traoheide— trachylobium 


Mine  name  comprising  Insecta,   Myriapoda, 
and  Arachnida. 

trach  -6-ide,  s.  [Lat  trachea,  and  Gr.  *t&* 
(eidos)  =  form.] 

Bot.  (PI.):  Pitted  cells,  furnished  with 
spiral,  reticulate,  or  annular  thickening  layers. 
They  occur  abundantly  in  the  yew,  the  lime, 
and  viburnum.  (Thomt.) 

tra-che-i'-tis,  s.    [TRACHITIS.] 

tra-che'-li-a,  s.  pi.    [TRACHELIUS.] 

Sntom. :  A  group  of  Heteromera,  founded 
by  Weatwood.  They  comprise  all  but  the 
Tenebrionidae  (q.v.),  and  are  distinguished  by 
the  head  being  exserted,  soft  integuments, 
and  varied  coloration. 

tra  chg-H-I-dje,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tro- 
cheli(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -wte.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Holotrichous  Infusoria, 
with  three  genera,  two  entirely  and  one  chiefly 
freshwater  in  habitat.  Animalcules,  free- 
•wimming,  ovate  or  elongate,  highly-elastic, 
Clliate  throughout ;  oral  cilia  slightly  larger 
than  those  of  the  general  surface  ;  oral  aper- 
ture at  the  base  of  an  anterior  prolongation. 

tra  chol -I-pod,  *.  [TRACHELIPODA.]  Any 
Individual  or  the  order  Trachelipoda  (q.v.). 

*  tra-che  -lip'-  6  da,  *.  pi   [Gr.  rpetoAoc  (tra- 

chtlos)  =  the  neck,  and  irous  (pous),  genit.  *ro6« 
(porfoa)=  the  foot] 

Zool, :  An  order  of  Hollusca,  established  by 
Lamarck,  and  divided  into  two  groups :  (1) 
Carnivorous,  (2)  Feeding  on  plants.  The  order 
was  approximately  equivalent  to  the  Proso- 
branchiata  (q.v.)  of  Milne  Edwards. 

*tra-che-lip'-6'-dous,a.  [Eng.  trackelipod  ; 
-ous.]  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  Trache- 
lipoda ;  having  the  foot  united  with  the  neck. 

tra-che'-ll-tim,  s.  [Gr.  T^^AO?  (trachelos) 
—  the  throat.  From  its  supposed  efficacy  in 
diseases  of  the  trachea.] 

£o£.  .-Throatwort;  agenusofCarnpanuhicese. 
The  species  are  from  the  Mediterranean  and 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Two  species,  both 
with  blue  flowers,  are  cultivated-  in  British 
gardens  in  borders. 

tra-  cho'-U-us,  «.  [Gr.  Tpa;rfAui  (trachelia) 
=  scraps  of  meat  and  gristle  about  the  neck  : 
offal.] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Tracheliidse  (q.v.), 
with  one  species,  from  bog-water. 

tra-che-lo-,  pref.  [Gr.  Tpa^rjAo*  (trachelos) 
=  the  throat  or  neck.] 

Anat. :  A  prefix  used  in  words  of  Greek 
origin,  and  meaning,  of,  belonging,  or  relating 
to  the  throat  or  neck. 

trachelo  mastoid,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  mastoid  pro- 
cess and  to  the  neck.  There  is  a  trachelo- 
mastoid  muscle. 

tra-che-l6-9er'-ca,  a,  (Pref.  trachelo-,  and 
Or.  KtpKtK  (kerkos)  =  a  tail.] 

Zool :  The  type-genus  of  Trachelocercidee 
(q.v.),  with  four  species.  TracJitlocerca  olor 
(=  Vibrio  proteus,  V.  olor,  V.  cygnus,  Miill.)  is 
from  pond-water,  T.  veraatilig,  T.  phaeni- 
copterus,  and  T.  tenuicolli*  inhabit  salt-water. 

tra-che-l6-9er'-9l-dse,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
trachelocerc(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Zool.:  A  family  of  Holotrichous  Infusoria, 
with  six  genera.  Animalcules  free-swimming, 
flask-shaped  or  elongate,  soft  and  flexible, 
ciliate  throughout ;  oral  aperture  terminal  or 
sab- terminal. 

tra-che  lo-mon'-as,  s.  [Pref.  trachdo-,  and 
Mod.  Lat,  monas  (q.v.).] 

ZooL :  Agenus  of  £uglenia(or,  as  the  family.is 
now  generally  called,  Euglenida;),  with  several 
species,  mostly  from  fresh  water.  Animalcules 
with  one  flagellum,  plastic,  and  changeable  in 
form,  enclosed  within  a  free-floating  sheath  or 
lorica ;  endoplasm  green,  usually  with  a  red 
pigment-spot  at  the  anterior  extremity. 

tra  chS-li-phyi-U-dae,  *.  pi  [Mod.  Lat 
tracheU>phyll(um) ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee,) 
ZooL  :  A  family  of  Holotrichous  Infusoria, 
with  three  genera.  Flask-shaped,  free-swim- 
ming animalcules ;  ciliate  throughout ;  oral 
aperture  perforating  the  extremity  of  the  an- 
terior region. 


tra-ch6  16-phyT  lum,  «.  [Pref.  trachelo-, 
and  Gr.  <^vAAof  (phullon)=  a  leaf.] 

ZooL :  The  type-genus  of  TrachelophyllidK, 
with  two  species,  from  pond  and  stagnant 
water. 

tri-chen  -chy-ma,  s.  [Pref.  trach(eo)-t  and 
Gr.  iyxvpa  (engchumd)  =  infusion.] 

Bot. ;  Vascular  tissue  consisting  of  simple 
membranous,  un  branched  tubes,  tapering  to 
each  end,  but  often  ending  abruptly,  either 
having  a  fibre  generated  spirally  in  the  inside, 
or  having  their  walls  marked  by  transverse 
bars  arranged  more  or  less  spirally.  It  is 
divided  into  three  kinds :  spiral,  annular,  and 
reticulated. 

tra-chS-d-,  pref.  [TRACHEA.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  trachea  or  tracheae. 

tracheo  branchlce,  s.  pL 

Biol. :  The  name  given  to  processes  in  the 
larvae  of  some  aquatic  insects,  projecting 
laterally  from  the  somites,  and  containing 
tracheae,  which  communicate  with  those  which 
traverse  the  body.  They  are  in  no  sense 
branchiae,  but  simply  take  the  place  of  stig- 
mata. (Huxley:  Anat.  Invert.  Anim.,  p.  252.) 

tra  che-o-cele,  s.  [Mod.  Lat(roc/«a  =  the 
trachea,  and  Gr.  lojAij  (We)  =  a  tumour.]  An 
enlargement  of  the  thyroid  gland,  bronchocele, 
or  goitre. 

tra -che-d-tome,  *.    [THACHEOTOME.] 
,     Snrg.  :  A  kind  of  lancet  with  a  blunt  and 
rounded  point,  used  for  making  an  opening  to 
remove  foreign  substances,  or  to  permit  the 
passage  of  air  to  the  lungs. 

tra  che-6t  -6-m&  s.  [Mod,  Lat  trachea  = 
the  trachea,  and  Gr.  TO^T)  (tome)  =  a  cutting.} 
Surg. :  The  operation  of  making  an  opening 
into  the  trachea  or  windpipe,  as  in  case  of 
suffocation.  The  operations  of  laryngotomy, 
tracheotomy,  and  bronchotomy  are  essentially 
similar,  the  terms  being  derived  from  the 
name  of  the  part  whose  walls  are  penetrated 
to  remove  foreign  bodies  or  permit  passage  of 
air  to  the  lungs. 

tracheotomy  tube,  s. 

Sury.  :  A  tube  to  be  placed  in  an  opening 
made  through  the  walls  of  the  trachea  to  per- 
mit passage  of  air  to  the  lungs  in  case  of 
stricture  of  the  larynx,  or  the  presence  of 
foreign  bodies  to  the  air-duct 

trach  Ichthys,  s.  [Pref.  track-,  and  Gr. 
tx#uc  (ichthus)  =a  fish.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Berycidae,  with  four 
species  from  New  Zealand  and  Madeira. 
Snout  very  short  and  obtuse ;  eye  large ;  a 
strong  spine  at  the  scapula  and  at  the  angle 
of  the  prseoperculum ;  scales  rather  small ; 
abdomen  serrated ;  one  dorsal,  with  from 
three  to  six  spines  ;  ventral  with  six  soft 
rays ;  caudal  forked. 

tra  chin1 -f-das,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat  trackings); 
Lat.  fern,  pi,  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

1.  Ichthy.  :    A   family    of   Acanthopterygii 
Cotto- Scombri  formes.      Body  elongate,  low, 
naked,  or  covered  with  scales ;  one  or  two 
dorsal  fins,  the  spiuous  portion  being  always 
shorter  and  much    less  developed  than  the 
soft ;  development  of  anal  like  that  of  soft 
dorsal  ;  ventrals  with  one  spine  and  five  rays ; 
gill-openings  more  or  less  wide.     The  family 
is  divided  into  five  groups,  widely  distributed : 
Uranoscopina,      Trachinina,      Pinguipedina, 
Pseud  ochrom  ides,  and  Nototheniina, 

2.  PaltBont. :  Three  fossil  genera  are  known  : 
Callipteryx,    scaleless,  from  the    Eocene    of 
Monte  Bolea;  Trachinopsis,  from  the  Upper 
Tertiary  of  Lorca,  Spain,  and  Pseudoeleginus, 
from  the  Miocene  of  Licata,  Sicily. 

tra-chln-i'-na,  s,  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  trachin(uf)  ; 
Lat.  neut  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 

Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Trachinidse,  with  nu- 
merous genera,  one  of  which,  Bathydraco,  is 
the  only  deep-sea  fish  of  the  family.  Eyes 
more  or  less  lateral  ;  lateral  line  continuous. 

tra  chtn  op*,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  trachin(u»),  and 
Gr.  u»J/  (dps)  =  the  eye,  the  face.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Plesiopina  (q.v.),  from 
the  coast  of  Australia. 

tra  chin  op  si«,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  trachin(us)t 
and  Gr.  o^t?  (opsis)  =  appearance.]  [TRA- 

CHINIDvC,  2.] 


tra  -chin  urn,  *.    [Mod.  Lat,  fromGr. 
(trachus)  =  rough.] 

Ichthy.  :  Weevers  ;  the  type-genus  of  Tra- 
chinina. Mouth-cleft  oblique;  eyes  lateral, 
directed  upwards  ;  scales  very  small,  cycloid  ; 
two  dorsals,  the  first  short  ;  ventrals  jugular, 
lower  pectoral  rays  simple  ;  villiform  teeth  in 
jaws,  on  vomer,  and  palatine  bones;  praeor- 
bital  and  praeoperculum  armed.  Several 
species,  common  on  the  European  coasts, 
absent  from  the  Atlantic,  but  re-appearing  on 
the  coast  of  Chili.  They  are  of  small  economic 
value,  and  are  armed  with  opercular  spines 
capable  of  inflicting  severe  wounds. 

tra-chl-tis,  *.  [Eng.  trachea;  suff.  -tti*, 
denoting  inflammation.] 

Pathol  :  Inflammation  of  the  trachea  or 
windpipe.  Called  also  Tracheitis  and  Trache- 
alia. 

tra-chle,  trau-chle,  r.{.  or  (.  [Cf.  draggle.) 
To  draggle;  to  exhaust  with  long  exertion; 
to  wear  out  with  fatigue.  (Scotch.) 


trachoma)  — 


tra  cho  -ma,  5.    [Gr. 

roughness.] 

Pathol  :  A  roughness  of  the  eyelids,  espe- 
cially on  their  inner  parts,  from  sirabs,  arising 
from  an  obstruction  of  the  sebaceous  glands. 
There  is  a  heaviness  in  the  eye,  a  swelling  of 
the  eyelids,  with  a  pain  and  itching  in  their 
corners  and  in  the  conjunctiva,  and  tlie  flow 
of  a  viscid  humour,  which  sometimes  agglu- 
tinates the  eyelids. 

tra  -  cho  -  me  -  du  -  see,  s.  pi.    [Gr.  rpaxvs 
(track  us)  =  rough,  and  Mod.  Lat  medusa.] 

Zool.  :  An  order  of  Hydrozoa,  sub-class 
Hydromedusae,  with  the  families:  Petasida, 
Trachynemidffi,  Aglaurida?,  and  Geryonidae. 
They  are  Medusae  related  to  Hydra,  and  have 
modified  tentacles  as  sense-organs.  No  hydra- 
form  stage  is  known  in  any  member  of  the 
group,  and  in  one  genus  (Geryonia)  there  ia 
direct  development  from  the  egg  into  the 
medusa  form. 

t  tra-chur'-iia,  s.     [Gr.  Tpa*"*  (trachus)  =. 
rough,  and  ovpd  (oura)  =  tail.) 

Ichthy.  :  An  old  genus  of  Oarangidee,  now 
generally  merged  in  Scomber  (the  type-genus 
of  Scombridffi).  Trachurus  trachurus  is  the 
Horse-mack  ereL  It  is  about  a  foot  long,  or 
about  the  length  of  the  common  mackerel,  and 
is  found  in  the  European  seas,  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  on  the 
coasts  of  New  Zealand  and  Western  America. 
It  appears  off  the  shores  of  Cornwall  and 
Devon  in  immense  shoals,  which  are  preye.I 
on  by  a  large  number  of  marine  birds.  It» 
flesh  is  far  inferior  to  that  of  the  common 
mackerel. 

tra  chy  Da-salt  ,  *.   [Pref.  trachy-,  and  Eng. 

basalt.] 

Petrol.  :  Boricky's  name  for  a  group  of 
basalts  which  he  regards  as  of  the  latest 
origin.  They  are  very  fine-grained  ;  colour, 
shades  of  gray  ;  and  contain  zeolitic  sub- 
stances resembling  those  occurring  in  the 
trachy  tic  phonolites  of  Bohemia. 

+  tra-chy-der'-ma,  s.     [Pref.  trachy-,  and 
Gr.  fe'pM"  (derma)  =  skin.] 

Palceotit.  :  A  genus  of  Annelida,  proposed 
by  Phillips  for  the  casts  of  membranous 
flexible  tubes  from  the  Silurian.  They  are 
transversely  wrinkled  or  plaited,  and  though 
the  tube  itself  has  disappeared,  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  they  were  made  by  Annelids. 

tra-chy    der-moch    el    ys,   s.       [Pref.    ; 

trachy-;  Gr.  Sippa  (derma)  =.  skin,  and  xe'Au*    • 
(chelus)  =  a  tortoise.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Chelonia,  with  one 
species,  from  the  Upper  Greensand. 

tra-chy-di'-dr-lte,  *.    [Eng.  trachy(te),  and 
diorite.] 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  to  a  trachyte  (q.v.) 
which  contains  hornblende. 

tra  chy  do'-ler-ite,   *.     [Eng.    trachy(te), 

and  dolerite.] 

Petrol  :  A  name  given  by  Abich  to  a  rock 
resembling  a  trachyte,  but  intermediate  in 
composition  between  trachyte  and  dolerite. 

tra  chy  lo  M  um,   *.      [Pref.   trachy;  and  ' 
Gr.  Aoj36s  (lobos)  =  a  lobe.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  CBesal  pi  niese,  akin  to  Hy- 
mensea  (q.v.X  [COPAL,  H  (l).j 


late,  fat,  fore,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father  ;  we,  wet  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  p6t, 
or.  wore,  wpll,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


trachynema— tract 


4777 


tra-chy"-  ne'-ma,  *.    [Pref.  trachy-,  and  Or. 
KTJfta  (tieiaa)  =  yarn.] 

Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Trachynemidse 
(q.v.X 

tra-chy-ne  -ml-d»,  s.  p?.     [Mod  Lat.  tra- 
chynem(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -idee.} 
Zool.  :  A  family  of  Trachomedusie  (q.v  ). 

tra-chy-no'-tos,  *.     [Pref.  trachy-,  and  Or. 
WTOS  (notos)  =  the  back.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Acronuridee,  with  ten 
species,  from  the  tropical  Atlantic,  and  Indo- 
Pacific.  Body  more  or  less  elevated,  covered 
with  very  small  scales  ;  mouth  rather  small, 
with  short  convex  snout;  opercula  entire; 
no  finlets  ;  first  dorsal  consisting  of  a  few  free 
spines.  To  this  genus  belong  some  of  the 
commonest  marine  fishes  ;  Trachynotus  ovatvs 
ranges  over  the  whole  tropical  zone. 

tra'-chy-ops,  ».    [Pref.  trachy-,  and  Gr.  6+ 
(ops)  =  the  face.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Vampyri  (q.\  .),  with  one 
species,  Tntchyops  cirrhosus,  from  Pernambuco. 
Muzzle  shorter  than  in  Vampyrus,  and  with 
numerous  conical  warts;  nose-leaf  well  de- 
veloped. 

tra-chyp'-o-go'n,  s.     [Pref.  frothy-,  and  Or. 


Bot.  :  A  synonym  of  Sorghum  (q.v.). 

tra-chyp-teV-I-dffl,  *.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  tra- 
chypter(u$);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  family  of  fishes  constituting 
the  division  Tteniiformes  of  the  order  Acan- 
thopterygii.  Body  ribbon-shaped,  with  the 
dorsal  extending  its  whole  length,  anal  absent, 
caudal  fin  rudimentary,  or  not  in  the  longitu- 
dinal axis  of  the  fish  ;  ventrala  thoracic, 
either  composed  of  several  rays  or  reduced  to 
a  single  long  filament;  coloration  generally 
•ilvery,  with  rosy  fins, 

tra-chyp'-ter-iis,  *.    [Pref.  trachy-,  and  Gr. 
rr*p6i/  (pterori)  =  a  wing,  a  fin.] 

Ichthy.  :  The  type-genus  of  Trachy  pteridse 
(q.v.),  Ventrals  consisting  of  several  more  or 
less  branched  rays.  Specimens  have  been 
taken  in  the  Mediterranean,  the  Atlantic, 
round  the  Mauritius,  and  in  the  Eastern 
Pacific.  Trachypterus  arcticiu,  the  Deal-fish, 
la  often  met  with  in  the  North  Atlantic,  and 
•pepimens  are  frequently  washed  ashore  on 
the  northern  coasts  of  Britain  after  the  equi- 
noctial gales. 

tra-chy-so'-ma,  s.     [Pref.  trachy-,  and  Gr. 

ffw/ia  (soma)  =  body.] 

Palaxmt.  :  A  genus  of  Macrurous  Crustacea, 
with  one  species  from  the  London  Clay. 

tra'-chyte,  *.  [Gr.  rpaxv«  (trachv*)  =  rough.] 
Petrol.  :  A  name  originally  given  by  Hatty 
to  a  light-coloured  porous  rock,  containing 
glassy-  felspar  (saiiidine)  crystals,  with  small 
amounts  of  other  minerals;  a  well-known 
type  being  that  of  the  Drachenfels,  Bonn, 
Rhine.  Subsequently  other  rocks,  having  a 
similar  mineral  composition,  were  referred  to 
the  original  type,  but  with  subordinate 
names.  These  were  designated  by  terms 
which  indicated  the  predominant  mineral 
constituent,  hence  sani  dine-  trachyte,  oligo- 
clase-  trachy  to,  &c.  With  the  exception  of 
the  rocks  of  a  few  localities,  this  word  is  now 
used  as  the  name  of  a  group  of  rocks  having 
Certain  physical  and  chemical  resemblances 
in  common,  but  differing  considerably  in  their 
mineralogical  composition.  For  their  min- 
eralogieal  composition,  structure  and  classifi- 
cation, see  Rosenlmsch,  Mikroskopisehe 
Physiographic  d.  massigen  Gesteine  (Stutgart, 
1877),  and  other  petrological  works. 

trachyte-porphyry,  *. 

Petrol.  :  The  same  as  QUARTZ-FELSITE  (q.v.X 

trachyte-tuff,  *. 

Petrol.  :  A  tuff  (q.v.),  consisting  of  either 
fragmentary  or  loosely-compacted  earthy,  vol- 
canic materials,  having  the  composition  and 
stricture  of  trachyte  (q.v.). 

tra-Chy-tel'-la,  «.     [Gr.  Tpaxvnp  (trachutts) 
=  roughness,    "bee  def.J 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Delimese.  Sepals  four  to 
five,  petals  four  to  five,  stamens  indefinite, 
carpels  one  or  two,  baccate,  many-seeded. 
The  leaves  of  Trachytella  Actosa  are  so  rough 
that  they  are  used  in  Canton  for  polishing 
both  wood  and  metal. 


tra-Ohyt'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  trachyte);  -fc.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling  trachyte. 

"  Her*  and  there,  a  trachytic  spur  projected  from 
the  hills."— CAamoerV  Journal,  Feb.  27.  1884. 

trac  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  5.    [TRACE  (1),  v.} 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  CK#.  ;  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  traces. 

2.  Course ;  regular  tract  or  path. 

3.  A  mechanical  copy  of  an  original  design 
or   drawing,    made    by    following    its    lines 
through    a    transparent     medium,    such   as 
tracing-paper  (q.v.). 

tracing-lines,  s.pl 

Nattt. :  Lines  in  a  ship  passing  through  a 
block  or  thimble,  and  used  to  hoist  a  thing 
higher. 

tracing-paper,  *.  A  tissue-paper  of 
even  body  treated  with  oil,  solution  of  resin 
or  varnish,  to  render  it  transparent 

track,  *  tracke,  s.  [O.  Fr.  trac  =  a  beaten 
way  or  path,  a  trade  or  course,  from  O.  Dut. 
treck ;  Dut.  trek  =  a  draught,  from  trekken  =•  to 
draw,  to  pull,  to  travel,  to  march ;  M.  H.  Ger. 
trecken  =  to  draw ;  O.  H.  Ger.  trechen,  trehhan 
=  to  scrape,  to  shove,  to  draw;  O.  Fries,  trek- 
fea=  to  draw.  Track  and  tract  were  formerly 
confused,  but  are  really  quite  distinct.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  mark  left  by  something  that  has  passed 
along. 

"  Wild  were  the  walks  upon  theme  lonely  downs, 
Track  leading  into  truck." 

Wordnoorth:  Xxcurtton,  bk.  111. 

2.  The  mark  or  impression  left  by  the  foot, 
either  of  a  human  being  or  of  one  of  the 
lower  animals  ;  a  footprint,  a  trace. 

"  Neither  track  of  beaat 
Nor  foot  of  man  " 

Beaum.  A  flat.  :  Sea  Voyagt,  lv. 

3.  A  road,  a  beaten  path. 

14  Nay,  friend,  be  ruled,  and  bear  thee  back : 
Behold,  down  yonder  hollow  trac*." 

Scott:  «ot*6y.  iv.  «. 

4.  A  course  followed  ;  a  path  in  general. 

"  From  the  Spanish  trade  In  tbe  South-seas  running 
fell  iu  one  track  from  north  to  south."— A  tuon ; 
Voyages,  bk.  L,  cb.  Ix. 

5.  A  course  or  line  generally. 

"  To  quit  the  beaten  track  of  life,  and  BOUT 
Far  as  she  finds  a  yielding  element." 

Wordneorth :  Xxcurtion;  bk.  Hi. 

6.  The   rails   on   which    the   locomotives, 
carriages,  &c.,  of  a  railway  run ;  the  perma- 
nent way  of  a  railway. 

7.  A  course  laid  out  for  foot-races,  bicycle 
races,  and  the  like. 

"  The  si i. -Up  grass  track  on  which  the  above  sports 
were  held."—  Held,  Aug.  80.  1887. 

»  8.  A  tract  of  land. 

"As  little  do  we  Intend  to  touch  on  those  small 
track*  of  ground,  tbe  county  of  Poole,  and  tbe  like."  — 
Fuller:  Worthiet;  General. 

IL  Paksont. :  A  collective  term  used  for  a 
number  of  markings  from  the  older  rocks, 
probably  made  by  Annelids.  They  are  often 
grouped  under  the  following  heads  :— 

(1)  Burrows  of  Habitation :  Shafts  or  bur- 
rows made  in  the  sand  or  mud  of  a  bygone 
age  between  tide-marks  or  in  shallow  water, 
and  communicating  with  the  surface.    Abun- 
dant in  the  Cambrian  and  Silurian. 

(2)  Wandering  Burrow* :    Long,   irregular, 
tortuous  burrows  beneath  the  surface,  such 
as  are  made  by  the  living  Arenicola  piscatorum. 
From  the  Palaeozoic  Rocks. 

(3)  Tracks  and  trails  :  Markings  formed  by 
the  animal  dragging  its  soft  body  over  the 
surface  of  wet  sand  or  ruud,  between  tide- 
marks  or  in  shallow  water. 

Authorities  are  not  agreed  as  to  the  Anne- 
lidan  character  of  all  these  vermiform  fossils. 
Mr.  Hancock  advocates  the  view  that  many 
of  them  were  formed  by  Crustacea,  and  Prin- 
cipal Dawson  suggests  that  Algae,  and  also 
land-plants,  drifting  with  tides  and  currents, 
often  make  the  most  remarkable  and  fantastic 
trails,  which  might  easily  be  mistaken  for 
the  tracks  of  Annelids. 

f  To  make  tracks :  To  go  away  in  haste ;  to 
leave,  to  quit,  to  depart,  to  start. 

"  On  Joining  my  friend,  we  at  once  mode  track*  for 
the  camp,  ready  for  what  was  to  follow."— Fi«ld,  Feb. 
28,  1887.' 

track-boat,  s.  A  boat  pulled  by  a  tow- 
ing-line, as  on  a  canal. 

"  I  remember  our  glad  embarkation  towards  Paisley 
by  canal  track-boa*.  —  Carlyl*:  Reminitoencft,  i.  13L 


track-harness,  s. 

Saddlery :  A  very  light  breast-collar  sing)* 
harness. 

track-layer,  *. 

RaU.-eng. :  A  carriage  provided  with  appa- 
ratus for  placing  the  rails  iu  their  proper 
positions  on  the  track  as  the  machine  ad- 
vances over  a  portion  of  the  track  already 
laid  down. 

track-rail,  s. 

RaU.-eng.  :  A  rail  for  the  trmd  of  the  wheel, 

in  contradistinction  to  a  guard -rail,  for  In* 
stance. 

track  -  raiser.  ».  A  lifting-jack  for 
raising  rails  which  have  become  sprung  below 
the  proper  level. 

track-road,  s.    A  towing-path. 

track-scale,  s.  A  scale  which  weighs  a 
section  of  railway-track  with  the  load  there- 
upon. 

track-scout,  s.    [TRACKSCOUT.] 
track-way,  *.     A  tramway  (q.v.). 

track (1),  v.t.    [TRACK,  s.} 
L  Ordinary  iMnguage: 

1.  To  follow,  when  guided  by  a  trace,  or 
by  the  footsteps  or  marks  of  the  feet. 

"  His  tawny  muzzle  tracked  tbe  ground, 
And  his  redeye  shot  fire." 

Scott .'  Lay  of  tfu>  Latt  Minstrd,  lii.  U. 

2.  To  follow  when  guided  by  signs  of  some- 
thing which  has  passed  along  ;  to  trace. 

"  It  was  often  found  1m  possible  to  track  the  robbers 
to  their  retreats."— Maeaulay:  But.  Sna.,  ch.  ill. 

H.  Naut, :  To  tow  or  draw,  as  a  vessel  or 
boat,  by  means  of  a  rope. 

"  The  bodily  training  obtained  by  rowing,  tracking, 
and  portaging."— Standard,  Nov.  18,  1885. 

11  track  (2),  v.t,  [For  tract,  v.  (q.v.).]  To 
protract,  to  delay. 

"  By  delates  tbe  matter  was  alwaies  tracked,  ft  put 
over.'1— Strn* ;  Ecclet.  Mem.  Benry  Yin.  (Orlg.l. 
No.  18. 

track  -age  (age  as  lg),  5.  [Eng.  track  (1),  v. ; 
-age.]  The  drawing  or  towing  of  a  boat; 
towage. 

track'-er.  s.  [Eng,  track  (1),  v. ;  -«-.]  One 
who  tracks  or  traces ;  one  who  pursues  or 
hunts  by  following  the  tracks  or  traces  of  a 
person  or  animal. 

"  A  staff  of  first-claw  black  trackert  ware  imported 
from  Queensland."— Leiture  Sour,  March,  1886,  p.  193. 

track  -less,  a.    [Eng.  track,  a. ;  -less.] 

1.  Having  no  track ;    unmarked  by  foot- 
steps or  tracks  ;  untrodden,  untravelled. 

2.  Leaving  no  trace ;  that  cannot  be  tracked. 

"  I  see  my  way,  as  birds  their  tracklen  way." 

A  Brooming :  Paracelnu,  L 

* track'-less-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  trackless;  -ly.) 
In  a  trackless  manner ;  without  a  track. 

•  track  -less  ness,  s.    [Eng.  trackless ;  -ness.} 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  trackless  or 
without  a  track. 

track' -man,  s.  [Eng.  track,  8.,  and  man.] 
A  man  employed  to  look  after  the  track  or 
permanent  way  of  a  railway. 

"  The  trackmen  on  the  railroads  constantly  find 
them  with  broken  necks  lying  along  the  track." — 
Bcribntr't  Magazine,  Aug.,  1887,  p.  «S. 

*  track'-scout,  '  track  scoute,  s.    [Hut. 

trekschuit,  from  trekken  —  to  draw,  and  schuit 
=  a  boat.]  A  boat  or  vessel  employed  on  the 
canals  in  Holland,  and  usually  drawn  by  a 
horse. 

"  It  would  not  be  amiss  If  he  travelled  over  England 
In  a  stage-coach,  and  made  toe  tour  of  Holland  in  a 
track»cout«."—ArbuthnottPope:  Mart imu  Bcriblerui. 

track -way,  s.  [Eng.  track,  s.,  and  way.) 
A  beaten  path  ;  an  open  track  or  road. 

"  Their  anxious  followers  commenced  to  ride  the 
broad  trackway*."— Field,  Jan.  38,  1886. 

tract  0),  *trackt,  *  tracte,  «.  [Lat 
tractus  —  a  drawing  out,  the  course  of  a  river, 
a  tract  or  region  ;  prop.  pa.  par.  of  traho  =  to 
draw.  Tract  was  often  confused  both  with 
trace  and  track;  it  is  really  related  to  the 
former  only.]  [TRA:T.] 

*  1.  A  protracting  or  extending. 

"  By  tract  of  time  to  wear  out  Hannibal's  force  and 
power. "-Jfarth:  Plutarch,  p.  163. 

*  2.  Continued  duration ;  process,  length, 

extent 

"  This  in  tract*  of  tyme  mad*  hym  welttiy."— 
Fabyan  :  ChronyeU,  oh.  Ivi. 


boy;  pout,  jowl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  9100,  bench:  go,  gem;  thin,  this :  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  cyist.   ph  =  t 
-oian,    tian  =  ahan.    -tion.  - sion  -  shun ;    Uon,  -sion  =  shun,   -olou*,    tious,  -sious  =  sh"s.    -ble,  -die*  &c.  =  bei,  del. 


4776 


tract— tractoration 


*  3.  Continuity  or  extension  of  anything. 

"Iu  tract  of  speech  a  dubious  word  is  easily  ku  .  wn 
by  the  coherence  with  the  re*t"—  Silder.  (Todd.) 

4.  Something  drawn  out  or  extended  ;  ex- 
tent, expanse. 

"  The  deep  tract  of  Hell"  Huta*  :  r.L..Lm. 

5.  A  region  or  quantity  of  land  or  water  of 
•mn  undefined  extent. 

*  6.  Course,  way. 

"  The  eyes  now  converted  are 
Prom  hit  [the  sun  sj  Low  truer." 

tihakeip.  :  Son**  7. 

*  7.  Course,  proceeding. 

"  The  tract  of  everything 
Would  by  a  good  dlscuurser  lose  aome  lint." 

Shakelp.  :  Henry  Ylll.,  1.  L 

*  8.  Track,  trace,  footprints. 

**  The  tractt  averse,  a  lyluz  notice  gave. 
And  led  the  searcher  backward  from  the  cave." 
Or,J*n  :  1'ireU  ;  JZntut  viii.  OT. 

*  9.  Traits,  features,  lineaments. 

"The  discovery  of  a  mau'a  aelf  by  the  tract  of  his 
•euntftiftiice  is  a  great  wealtuees.'—  Aac-on. 

^  (1)  Olfactory  tract  : 

Anat,  :  A  nerve-like  process  extending  from 
"the  front  of  the  anterior  perforated  spot  on 
the  cerebrum.  It  is  lodged  in  a  hollow  in  the 
under  surface  of  the  frontal  lobe,  close  to  the 
longitudinal  fissure,  and  ends  anteriorly  in  an 
oval  swelling  called  an  olfactory  bulb. 

(2)  Optic  tracts  :  [Opric  TRACTS! 

(3)  Rtspiraiory  tract  :  [RESPIRATORY-<:E!»TRK]. 

tract  (2).  s.     [An  abbrev.  of  tractate  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.   A  written  discourse  ordisser- 
tation,  usually  of  short  extent  ;  a  treatise, 
and  particularly  a  short  treatise  on  practical 
religion. 

"  She  must  needs  write  a  tract  about  certain 
miracles  that  were  or  were  not—  fur  111  nut  answer 
for  either—  performed  bra  saint  that  far  many  years 
back  Iiouody  had  l»lu  any  attention,  to."—  Liner: 
Do  id  Family  Abroad,  let  Ixvui. 

U  Frequently  used  adjectively  :  as,  a  Tract 
Society—  that  is,  a  society  established  for  t  lie 
printing  and  distribution  of  tracts  ;  a  tract 
•distributor,  otc. 

2.  Roman  Ritual  :  Verses  of  Scripture  said, 
Instead  of  the  Alleluia,  after  the  Gradual,  in 
all  masses  from  Septuagesinia  to  Holy  Satur- 
day.    Le   Brun  (Eiplic.  de  la  Hesse,  L   20i), 
says  that  the  name  meant  something  sung 
tractim—i.e.,  without  breaks  or  interruption 
•of  other  voices,  as  in  responsories  and  an:  i- 
t'hnns  —  by  the  cautoralone.  {Addis  &  Arnold.) 

\  For  the  difference  between  tract  and 
•tssny,  see  ESSAY,  >. 

1  (1)  Oxford  Tract!  :  [TRACTARIANISM]. 

(2)  Religious  Tract  Society  :  A  society,  founded 
In  1799,  for  the  purpose  of  uublishinirand 
circulating  religious  tracts  and  books  in  Eng- 
land and  •Isewhere.  This  society,  of  English 
origin,  has  been  very  active  In  its  operations. 
The  American  Tract  Society,  more  recently 
organized  for  similar  work,  has  been  equally 
active,  distributing  its  publications  widely  by 
means  of  paid  agents. 

•  tract  (1),  »•«.    [TRACT  (1),  «.] 

1.  To  draw  out,  to  protract,  to  delay. 

"  He  tracUd  time,  and  gave  them  leisure  to  prepare 
to  encounter  his  force.  —.Vortl*  :  Plutarch,  p.  47  i. 

2.  To  track,  to  trace. 

"  Aa  shepheardea  cnrre.  that  in  darke  eveoinges  shade 
Hath  tracted  forth  some  salvage  beastea  trade." 

Spmjer:  F.  «..  1L  vL  88. 

3.  To  trace  out. 

"The  man  who,  after  Troy  was  eaokt, 
•aw  many  towns  and  men,  and  could  their  manners 
tract.  StnJolUlM:  Soraee:  Art  of  foetrf. 

1  Perhaps  in  this  extract  the  meaning  is 
"discourse  on,  tell,  describe,"  in  which  case 
it  belongs  properly  to  TRACT  (2),  V. 

•tract  (2X  "traiot,  t>.i.  [TRACT  (2),  *,,  or 
Lat.  tracto  =  to  handle.]  To  treat,  to  dis- 
course. 

"  They  (raid  of  the  risinge  and  golnge  downe  of 
Dtanett*.  "-  tlfX:  Oo^nour.  bk.  i..  eh.  xv. 


-I-tJ,  5.  [Eng.  tractable;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tractable  or  do- 
cile ;  docility,  tractableness. 

"  Wilful  opinion  and  trartabilitie  makith  conatanee 
a  Textile."—  Klyot  :  Gytcrnour,  bk.  L.  ch.  xxi. 

tracf-a-ble,  a.  {Lat  iractabilis,  from  tracto 
=  to  handle,  frequent,  of  truho  —  to  draw  ; 
O.  Fr.  traicUible;  Fr.  traitaole  ;  ItaL  trattabill  ; 
8p.  tmtablc.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  easily  led,  managed,  or 
governed  ;  docile,  manageable,  governable. 

"The  vacant  seats  had  generally  been  ailed  by  per- 
aooa  leaa  tractabU."  —  Jf't'*ulaf  :  HiwL  EnQ..  eh.  li. 


•2.  Palpable  ;  such  as  may  be  handled. 

"The  other  measures  are  ol  continued  quantity 
visible,  and  for  the  most  part  tracltiblt ;  whereas 
time  ui  always  transient,  neither  tu  be  seen  or  felt."— 
Bolder:  Ult  Tint.: 

T  For  the  difference  between  tnctablt  and 
docile,  see  DOCILE. 

tract  a  ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tractable ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tractable ;  do- 
cility, tractabilicy. 

"  The  tractablineu  of  children."— LodM ;  Of  Educa- 
tion, i  84. 

tract'-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  tractable);  -ly.]  In 
n  tractable  manner  ;  with  docility. 

Trac  tar  -I-an,  s.  &  a.  [See  extract  under 
A.J 

A.  As  subst. :  Tlie  name  originally  applied 
to  the  leaders  of  the   Hiuli   Chun'li  revival 
which  commenced  iu  1S33,  and  specially  to 
the  authors  of  Tracts  for  tlie  Times.    [Tiuc- 
TARIAMSM.]      Afterwards   applied    to    their 
adherents  ;  one  who  accepted  the  teaching  of 
the  Ozford  Tracts ;  a  High  Churchman. 

"  The  name  Tractarian  was  given  to  the  writers  fof 
the  Oxford  TradH  hy  Dr.  Christopher  Benson.  Master 
of  the  Temple,  who  was  one  of  their  strongest  opj<o- 
lento."—  OicL  Religion  (ed.  Sfnham),  p.  1,031. 

B.  .4s  adj. :   Of  or  belonging  to  the  High 
Church   revival :    High  Church  :   Anglo-Ca- 
tholic. 

Tractarian -movement,  s. 
Church  Hist.:  The  same  as  TRACTARIANISM 
(q.v.). 

"  With  Mr.  Newman  •  secession,  the  Tractarian 
movement  terminated." — Cttainbert'  Encyc.,  Ix.  505. 

Trac  -  tar  -i-an-lsm,  s.  [Eng.  tractarian  ; 
•itm.] 

Citiirch  Hist. :  Tlie  name  given  to  the  Ca- 
tholic revival  in  the  Church  of  England  whicli 
commenced  at  Oxford  in  1833,  whence  it  is 
sometimes  called  the  Oxford  Movement.  Two 
influences  prepared  tU?  way  for  Tractarian- 
ism,  and  secured  for  it  a  measure  of  success  : 
(1)  the  tendency  to  Rationalism  brought 
about  by  the  study  of  German  theology,  (-2) 
the  perfunctory  way  in  which  a  large  number 
of  the  clergy  performed  their  duties.  From 
the  contemplation  of  these  dangers  sprang 
the  desire  to  revive  the  authority  of  the 
Church,  and  to  make  her  once  again  national 
in  the  widest  and  deepest  sense  of  the  term. 
The  leaders  of  the  movement  were  two  cele- 
brated Fellows  of  Oriel— John  KeMe  (1792- 
1886)  and  John  Henry  (afterwards  Cardinal) 
Newman  (b.  1801),  with  whom  were  joined 
Richard  Hurren  Froude  (lSOS-3<>),  Arthur 
Philip  Perceval  (d.  1S53),  Frederick  William 
Fabcr  (1814-63),  William  Palmer  of  Magdalen 
(1811-79),  and  William  Palmer  of  Worcester 
(c.  1800-85),  Edward  Bouverie  Pusey  (1800-82), 
and  Isaac  Williams  (1802-65) ;  and  one  cele- 
brated Cambridge  man,  Hugh  James  Rose 
(1795-1S38).  On  July  14,  1833,  Keble  preached 
an  Assize  Sermon,  entitled  the  National 
Apostasy,  at  Oxford,  which  so  moved  New- 
man, that  he  arranged  a  meeting  of  the 
clergy  named  above  at  Rose's  rectory  at 
Hadleigh.  Faber,  Pusey,  and  Williams  were 
not  present ;  but  Newman  broached  the 
idea  of  Tracts  for  the  Times,  which  was 
adopted,  and  urged  that  they  should  be 
supported  and  supplemented  by  higher  pulpit 
teaching.  Of  the  ninety  Tracts  published 
in  tiie  following  eight  years,  Newman  wrote 
twenty-eight,  including  the  famous  Tract  XC. 
(Remarks  on  Certain  Passages  in  the  XXXIX. 
Articles),  puWished  in  1841.  Pusey  con- 
tributed tracts  on  Fasting  and  Baptism,  and 
H.  E.  (now  Cardinal)  Manning  wrote  No,  3  of 
the  C&ltna.  Putrttm(Qnotl  semper.  Quod  uhiqiie, 
Quod  ab  omnibus  Traditum  at).  Tract  XC. 
raised  a  tremendous  storm  in  Oxford,  and 
was  censured  by  the  Heads  of  Houses ;  Dr. 
Bagot,  Bishop  of  Oxford,  wrote  to  Newman 
requesting 'that  the  series  should  coma  to 
ftn  end,  and  no  more  were  published.  In 
1843  Newman  resigned  the  incumbency  of  St. 
Mary's,  Oxford,  and  thechapLiincy  of  Little- 
more,  and  in  September,  1845,  was  received 
into  the  Roman  Church,  as  were  others  of  the 
tract-writers  about  the  same  time.  Witli 
Newman's  secession  Tractarianism  came  to 
an  enil,  or,  more  properly  .speaking,  developed 
into  a  Catholic  section  of  tlie  Anglican  Estab- 
lishment, with  which  Pusey  and  Keble,  who 
remained  in  the  Church  of  England,  were 
identified.  The  general  teaching  of  the 
Tractarians  Included  Apostoiic  Succession, 
Baptismal  Regeneration,  Confession,  the  Real 
Presence,  the  Authority  of  the  Church,  and 


the  value  of  Tradition.  The  effects  of  tin 
movement  were  (1)  a  revival  and  strengthening 
of  the  High  Church  sectiun  of  the  Establish- 
ment ;  (2)  an  increase  of  learning,  piety,  and 
devotedness  among  the  clergy  ;  (3)  the  estab- 
lishment of  sisterhoods  and  other  raligimis  ami 
charitable  institutions;  (4)  the  development 
of  ritual,  as  symbolic  of  Catholic  doctrine  ;  (5) 
the  revival  of  Gothic  architecture  ;  and  ((j)  a 
large  secession  of  English  clergy  and  laity  to 
Rome. 

•trac'-tato,  s.  [Lat.  lrnc(n(uj  =  a  handling, 
a  treatise,  a  tract,  from  tracto  =  to  handle, 
frequent,  of  tralio  —  to  draw.]  A  treatise,  a 
tract. 

"  Having  written  many  fr<icrafei  in  that  faculty."— 
f*?ler:  Worlhiet  ;  H'i/riA.V... 

"trac  ta-tlon,  s.  [Lat.  fr<Kta<io  =  a  han- 
dling.] [TRACTATE.]  Handling  or  treatment 
of  a  subject;  diseussiun. 

"Iu  my  rmetofina  of  aut1q,nlti«e.-—  OoKnaKrf  : 
Detcrlpt.  Marias)  ch.  i*. 

*  trao-tsV-tor,  s.  [Lat.]  [TRACTATE.]  A  writer 
of  tracts  ;  specifically,  a  tractarian,  one  who 
favours  tractarianism. 

"Talking  of  the  Iwtntort—  so  you  atlll  like  theli 
tone  1  so  do  I."—  Kinsley,  ill  Lift,  L  M. 

trac  ta  trix,  s.    [Lat] 

Geom.  :  The  same  as  TRACTKIX.     (THACTo*.) 

trao'-tile.  a.  [Lat.  tractus,  pa.  par.  of  traha 
=  to  draw.]  Capable  of  being  drawn  out  or 
extended  in  length  ;  ductile. 

"  The  consistencies  of  Imdles  are  very  divers  ;  fragile, 
tough;  flexible,  inflexible;  tractile,  or  to  be  ilrawn 
forth  in  length.  tutractile.~-.flacon  :  .Vat.  ait--..  \  83*. 


o-tfl'-I-t^,  s.  [Eng.  tractive)  ;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tractile  ;  duc- 
tility. 

"Sliver,  whose  ductility  and  tractility  are  much  In- 
feriour  to  thoae  of  gold.  '—D-rha'n. 

trao'-tlon,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tracttu,  pa.  pan. 
of  tralio  =  to  draw.) 

1.  The  act  of  drawing  ;  tlie  state  of  being 
drawn. 

"The  traction  of  the  annexed  muaclea"—  /'•law  . 
Natural  Tluologt,  ch.  x. 

2.  The  act  of  drawing  a  body  along  a  plane. 
lltually  by  the   power   of  men,  uninmla.  or 
«tram,  as  when  a  vessel  IB  towed  upon  tlie 
i  'irface  of  water,  or  a  carriage  upon  a  road  or 
'•ulway.    The  power  exerted  in  order  to  pro- 
duce the  effect  is  called  the  foi-ce  of  trat  tion  ; 
the  line  in  which  this  force  acts  is  called  the 
line  of  traction  ;   and  the  angle  which  tliis 
line  makes  with  the  plane  along  which  the 
tody  is  drawn  by  the  force  of  traction  is  called 
tlie  angle  of  traction. 

*  3.  Attraction  ;  a  drawing  towards. 

4.  The  adhesive  friction  of  a  wheel  on  the 
rail,  a  rope  on  a  pulley,  Ac.  The  fractional 
surface  of  a  driving-wheel  is  the  face  of  its 
perimeter. 

traction-engine,  s.  A  locomotive  en- 
gine for  drawing  heavy  loads  upon  rnmnioD 
roads,  or  over  arable  land,  as  in  agricultural 
operations.  Some  of  the  earliest  locomotive 
engines,  as  Murdock's,  were  designed  for  this 
very  purpose.  The  use  of  traction-engines 
upon  public  roads  is  only  permitted  under 
proper  regulations. 

traction-gearing,  s.  An  arrangement 
for  turning  a  wheel  and  its  shaft  by  means  of 
friction  or  adhesion. 

traction  wheel,  >.  Tbe  driving  wheel 
in  a  self-propelled  vehicle. 

trao'-tlpn-al,  a.  [Eng.  traction;  til]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  traction. 

trac  ti  tious.  a.  [Lat  tracto  =  to  handle.) 
Treating  of;  handling. 

trae'-Hve,  a,  [Lat.  tract(iis),  pa.  par.  o'lrala 
=  to  draw:  Eng.  suff.  -ive.}  Serving  or  era- 
ployed  to  draw  or  diag  along  ;  pulling,  draw- 
ing. 

trac'-tor,  s.  [Lat  tractus,  pa.  par.  of  rmAo  = 
to  draw.] 

1.  Ord.   Lang.  :    That  which  draws,  or  Is 
used  for  drawing. 

2.  Surg.  :  An  obstetric  forceps. 

IT  Metallic  tractors  :  [METALLIC-TRACTORS). 

•  trao-tor-a'-tion,  i.  [Eng.  tractor;  -olio*.] 
The  employment  of  metallic  tractors  (q.v.)  fu; 
t  he  cure  of  diseases. 


&te.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  Mr,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  W9lf,  work.  who.  >6n:  raute.  cub,  cure,  unite,  ear,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    s>,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «n  =  kw. 


tractrix— trade 


4779 


trie  trix,  triic  -tor-  jf,  ».  [Lat.  tractorua 
pertaiuiDg  to  drawing  ;  Fr.  tractoire,  tractrux, 
from  Lat.  tractut,  pa.  par.  of  traho  =  to 
draw.) 

Matt.  •  A  curve  whose  tangent  is  always 
equal  to  a  given  line.  It  may  Iwdescribed  by 
*  small  weight  attached  to  a  string,  the  other 
end  of  which  is  moved  along  a  given  straight 
line  or  curve.  The  evolute  of  this  curve  is 
the  common  catenary. 

trade,  •  tred,  '  trod,  >.  &  a.    [Originally  a 
path    trodden,  from  A.  3.  (redan  =  to   tread 
(q.v.).] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  A  path,  a  passage,  a  way. 

••  A  postern  with  abliude  wicket  there  WM. 
A  common  trade  ta  l>as»e  through  Priam's  home. 
Surrey:  yirgile  ;  .Kneii.  h.  M*. 

*  2.  A  track,  a  trace,  a  trail.    (See  extract 
under  TRACT,  v.  (1),  *•) 

*  3.  Way,  course,  path. 

"The  Jewes,  emong  whom  a]o'n«  and  no  moe.  God 
hitherto  seined  for  to  rei«ue.  by  reason  of  their  know. 
ledse  of  the  law.  and  of  the  autortte*  of  being  In  the 
right  trad*  of  religion."—  Cdal  :  Luke  xix. 

M.  Frequent  resort  and  intercourse;  re- 
tort 

"  Some  way  of  common  trade. 

Shaketp.  :  Richard  11..  111.  8. 

*  5.  A  particular  course  of  action  or  effort  ; 
effort  in  a  particular  direction. 

"  Lone  did  I  love  this  lady  : 
LODZ  my  travail,  long  my  trade  to  win  her. 

Jt.fMinaer. 

'  6.  Custom  ;  habit  ;  practice  of  long 
standing. 

"  Thy  sin's  not  accidental  hut  a  trade.' 

Skaketft.  :  Aleaiun  /or  Mtaait-t.  ill.  1. 

*  7.  Business  of  any  kind. 

'  "  Hav«  you  any  further  trade  with  us?" 

:  Sanaa.  111.  2. 


I.  The  business  which  a  person  has  learnt, 
and  which  he  carries  on  for  subsistence  or 
profit;  occupation;  particularly  employment, 
whether  manual  or  mercantile,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  liberal  arts  or  the  learned 
professions  and  agriculture  ;  a  handicraft. 
Thus  we  say  the  trade  of  a  butcher  or  baker, 
but  the  profession  of  a  lawyer  or  doctor. 

"  What  trnde  are  you  of  T  " 
Shakeif.  :  Healurtfar  J/eaiurt,  U.  I 

9.  The  act,  occupation,  or  business  of  ex- 
changing commodities  for  other  commodities 
or  for  money  ;  the  business  of  buying  and 
selling  ;  dealing  by  way  of  sale  or  exchange  ; 
commerce  ;  tratlic.    Trade,  in  the  commercial 
sense  of  the  term,  Includes  all  those  depart- 
ments of  business  which  relate  to  the  produc- 
tion and  exchange  of  commodities  embodied 
in  some  material  or  corporeal  product;  and 
exdudes  those  professions  whose  services  re- 
sult in  the  production  of  incorporeal  wealth. 
It  is  chiefly  used  to  denote  the  barter  or  pur- 
chase and  sale  of  goods,  wares,  and  merchan- 
dise, either  by  wholesale  or  retail.     Trade  is 
either  domestic  or  foreign.    Domestic  trade, 
also  called  Home  trade,  is  the  exchange  or 
buying  and  selling  of  commodities  within  a 
country  ;  foreign  trade  consists  in  the  expor- 
tation and  importation  of  commodities  to  or 
from  foreign  countries.     Wholesale  trade  is 
the   dealing   by    the   package   or    in    large 
quantities;    retail,   in    small    parcels.      The 
carrying  trade  is  that  of  transporting  goods 
from  one  place  to  another  by  sea,  &c. 

"  Here  ia  no  trade  of  merchandize  vsed.  for  that  the 
people  haue  DO  vse  of  money."—  ffackluyt  :  Voyayet,  I. 
837. 

10.  The  amount  of  business  done  in  any 
particular  place  or  country,  or  in  any  par- 
ticular branch. 

11.  Persons  engaged  in  a  particular  occupa- 
tion or  business  :  as,   Publishers  and  book- 
sellers speak  of  the  customs  of  the  trade, 

•12.  A  trade-wind  (q.v.). 

"  13.  Instruments  of  any  occupation. 

"  The  shepherd  beare 

His  house  and  household  L'oods.  his  trade  of  war, 
His  bow  and  quiver,  and  his  trusty  cur." 

Dryden:  Virgil;  Qeorg  ic  til.  KS. 

B.  As  adj.:  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic 
of  trade,  or  of  a  particular  trade. 

-  AD  aasociatioD  of  shipowner*  might  be  success 
folly  sued  fur  damages,  if  it  could  be  shown  that  their 
object  was  to  secure  a  trade  monopoly."—  neld,  Aug. 
U.  1887. 

T  The  leading  idea  in  trade  is  that  of 
carrying  on  business  for  purposes  of  jain. 
The  trade  may  be  altogether  domestic,  and 
betwixt  neighbours;  the  traffic  is  that  which 
goes  forward  betwixt  persons  at  a  distance  : 
in  this  manner  there  majr  be  a  great  traffic 
betwixt  two  towns  or  cities,  as  betwixt 


New  York  and  the  seaports  of  the  different 
countries.  Hence,  though  these  terms  are 
often  used  interchangeably,  traffic  has  a  more 
extended  meaning  than  trade. 

1.  Balance  of  Trade:  [BALANCE,  B.  6.]. 

2.  Board  of  Trade,  American :   In  the  United 
States  there  is  no  natioual  control  of  trade 
matters,  comparable  with   that  of  England, 
but  the  various  cities  of  this  country  nave 
organized  civic  Boards  of  Trade,  or  Chambers 
of  Commerce,   as   they  are   called   it   some 
instances,  their  purpose  being  to  consider  all 
questions  relating  to  the  commercial  and  other 
material  interests  of  the  respective  cities.    The 
earliest  of  these  was  organized  in  New  York 
in  1768,  followed  by  New  Haven  in  1794,  aud 
Philadelphia    in    1833.     All    the   other    large 
cities  of  this  country  and  many  of  the  smaller 
ones  have    since  then   organized   Boards   of 
Trade,    while   many   Enropean   cities   possess 
similar  institutions.    In  1868  a  National  Board 
of  Trade  was  organized  in  the  United  States, 
composed  of  the  Boards  of  the  various  cities. 
This  national  body  holds  annual  meetings. 

3.  Board  of  Trade,  EtiglM :  A  committee  of 
the  Privy  Council,  presided  over  by  a  member 
of    the    Cabinet,    and    divided    into    seven 
departments,  each  having  its  separate  staff : 
(1)  The  Harbour  Department,  which  exercises 
a  supervision  over  lighthouses,  pilotage,  fore- 
shoves,  wrecks,  quarantine,  &C.     Included  in 
this   department  are    the   standard  weights 
and  measures  offices.    (2)  The  Marine  Depart- 
ment, to  which  is  entrusted  the  supervUi'-n 
of  the  registration,  condition,  and  discipline 
of  merchant  ships;  the  superintendence  of 
mercantile  marine  offices,  and  the  prevention 
of  crimping ;  the  carrying  out  of  the  regula- 
tions with  regard  to  the  engagement  of  men  and 
apprentices  ;  the  examination  of  officers  ;  the 
investigation  into  cases  of  gross  misconduct 
and  wrecks,  and  generally  the  carrying  out  of 
the  business  imposed  on  the  Board  by  the 
various  Shipping  Acts.    (3)  The  Railway  De- 
partment, which  has  the  supervision  of  rail- 
ways and  railway  companies,  and  which  must 
be  supplied  with  notices  of  application  for 
railway  acts,  and  with  plans,  before  the  rela- 
tive bill  can  be  brought  before  Parliament. 
Before  a  line  is  opened  for  traffic  it  must  be 
Inspected  and  approved  by  an  inspector  of 
this   department,  and    the    consent    of  the 
Board  obtained ;  and  notice  of  the  occurrence 
of  any  accident  must  be  sent  to  the  depart- 
ment, when,  if  necessary,  an  enquiry  is  held 
into  the  cause  of  the  accident.    This  depart- 
ment has  also  to  keep  a  register  of  joint- 
stock  companies,  of  the  accounts  of  Insurance 
companies,  and  to  prepare  provisional  orders 
relating  to  gas,  water,  tramways,  and  electric 

Ighting.  It  also  deals  with  patents,  designs, 
•nd  trade-marks,  copyright,  art-unions,  in- 
dustrial exhibitions,  and  the  Explosive  Acts 
(1875).  (4)  The  Financial  Department,  which 
has  to  keep  the  accounts  of  the  Board,  con- 
trolling its  receipts  and  expenditure.  This 
department  has  also  to  deal  with  Greenwich 
pensions,  seamens'  savings  banks,  the  proper 
disposal  of  the  effects  of  seamen  dying  abroad, 
wreck  and  salvage  accounts,  and  the  accounts 
of  estates  in  bankruptcy.  (5)  The  Commercial 
Department,  whose  duty  it  Is  to  advise  the 
Treasury  and  the  Colonial  and  Foreign  Offices 
on  matters  relating  to  tariffs  and  burdens  of 
trade,  to  superintend  the  carrying  out  of  the 
Acts  relating  to  bankruptcy,  and  bills  of  sale; 
and  to  prepare  the  official  volumes  of  statis- 
tics periodically  issued,  and  also  special  statis- 
tical returns  for  the  information  of  Parliament, 
chambers  of  commerce,  aud  private  individu- 
als. (8)  The  Fisheries  Department,  to  which 
is  entrusted  the  carrying  out  of  the  various 
Acts  relating  to  salt  aud  freshwater  fisheries, 
and  the  pollution  of  rivers.  (7)  The  Establish- 
ment Department,  which  deals  with  establish- 
ment questions,  copying,  postage,  &c.,  and 
has  the  care  of  the  library  of  the  Board. 

4.  Fair  Trade  :  A  title  chosen  in  England  by 
those  who  object  to  the  Free  Trade  policy  of 
that  country,  and  desire  a  certain  degree 
of  protection,  particularly  against  imports  from 
protectionist  countries. 

H  Used  also  adjectively. 

8.  Free  Trade :   [FmE-TEADE.] 

trade  allowance,  «.  A  discount  al- 
lowed to  dealers  in  or  retailers  of  articles  to 
be  sold  again. 

trade-dollar,  «.  A  silver  dollar  of  4'20 
grains  (.900  fine),  formerly  coined  by  the 
United  States  Mint  for  employment  in  trade 


with    silver-using    countries.     It    was    never 
legal  tender. 

'trade-fallen,  a.  Fallen  cr  brongh, 
low  in  one's  trade  or  business. 

*  trade-ball,  t.  A  large  hall  in  a  city  or 
town  whei-e  manufacturers,  traders,  &C., 
meet ;  also  a  hall  devoted  to  meetings  of  the 
incorporated  trades  of  a  town,  city,  or 
district. 

trade-mark,  s.  An  arbitrary  symbol 
affixed  by  a  manufacturer  or  merchant  to 
particular  goods  or  classes  of  goods.  In  all 
civilized  communities  trade-marks  are  pro- 
tected by  law,  and  nearly  all  nations  have 
treaties  or  conventions  securing  reciprocity 
of  protection.  A  trade-mark  must  consist  of: 

(I)  A  name  of  an  Individual  or  firm  printed,  im- 
pressed, or  woven  in  some  particular  ana  distinctive 


word  or  word!  not  ill  common  use. 

!>  ury  oce  or  more  of  these  particulars  there 
may  be  added  any  letters,  words,  or  figures  ; 
but  no  trade-mark  must  be  identical  with  one 
already  registered  for  the  same  class  of  goods. 
In  the  United  States  copyright  is  not  granted 
upon  such  marks,  u[K>u  names  of  companies 
or  articles,  upon  an  idea  or  device,  or  upon 
prints  or  labels  intended  to  be  used  for  any 
article  of  manufacture.  But  protection  can  be 
obtained  for  such  names  or  labels  by  applying 
for  registry  at  the  Patent  Office,  the  fee  for 
registering  being  86.00  in  the  case  of  prints 
and  labels  and  $26.00  in  that  of  trade-marks. 
The  "  International  Convention  for  the  Protec- 
tion of  Industrial  Property,"  held  in  Paris 
in  1883,  which  formed  an  International  Union 
since  joined  by  many  countries,  extends  its 
protection  to  trade-marks,  an  applicant  for 
registration  in  any  of  the  countries  concerned 
being  protected  in  the  others,  if  applying  to 
them  within  the  fixed  limit  of  time.  The 
earliest  trade-marks  appear  to  have  been  those 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper,  and  now 
known  as  watermarks.  Under  English  law 
the  registration  of  a  person  as  first  proprietor 
of  a  trade-mark  is  to  be  taken  as  prima  facie 
evidence  of  his  right  to  its  exclusive  use,  aud 
after  a  number  of  years  as  conclusive  evidence 
to  that  effect.  The  Merchandise  Marks  Act, 
1887,  was  passed,  extended,  and  made  much 
more  stringent  to  protect  the  public  from 
being  defrauded  by  means  of  false  trade  descrip- 
tions or  trade-marks.  Every  person  guilty  of  an 
offence  against  this  act  is  liable  on  conviction 
on  indictment  to  imprisonment,  with  or  without 
hard  labor,  for  a  term  not  exceeding  two  years, 
or  to  a  fine,  or  to  both  imprisonment  and  fine. 
Also  to  forfeit  every  chattel,  article,  instrument, 
or  thing,  by  means  of  or  in  relation  to  which 
an  offence  has  been  committed.  No  proceedings 
can  be  taken  to  prevent  the  infringement  of  a 
trade-mark,  unless  such  trade-mark  has  beeu 
duly  registered  according  to  law.  [WAT1E- 
KABjfJ 

trade-name,  i  A  name  invented  or 
adopted  to  rpecify  some  article  ot  commerce, 
or  as  the  style  of  a  business  house. 

trade-price,  «.  The  price  charged  to 
dealers  in  articles  to  be  sold  again. 

trade-sale,  ».  A  sale  or  auction  of  good! 
suited  to  a  particular  class  of  dealers. 

trade-wind,  s. 

Meteor.  (Pi.):  Certain  ocean  winds  which, 
blowing  constantly  in  one  direction  or  very 
nearly  so,  can  be  calculated  on  beforehand  by 
the  mariner,  and  are  therefore  benelicial  to 
trade.  They  exist  on  all  open  oceans  to  a 
distance  of  about  30'  north  and  south  of  the 
equator,  blowing  from  about  the  north-east 
In  the  northern,  and  from  south-east  in  the 
southern  hemisphere.  Where  they  meet  they 
neutralise  each  other,  creating  a  region  of 
calm  north,  and  the  same  distance  south  of  the 
equator  Atmospheric  air  expands  by  heat, 
and,  expanding,  naturally  ascends,  its  place 
being  supplied  by  a  rush  of  colder,  and  con- 
sequently of  denser  air  beneath.  The  process 
is  continually  in  progress,  to  a  great  extent, 
everywhere  throughout  the  tropics,  but  es- 
pecially above  the  land.  If  the  globe  con- 
sisted solely  of  land,  or  solely  of  water,  and 
had  no  rotation,  the  cold  currents  would 
travel  directly  from  the  north  and  south  poles 
to  the  equator;  bnt  the  rotation  of  the 
earth  deflects  them  from  their  course.  The 


Mi,  bo} ;  PoTlt.  Jowl;  eat,  90!!,  chorus,  fhln.  Mno*.  go.  *•»:  thin,  fM.;  tto,  aj;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   -M*. 
— ,-tlan  =  8han.   -tion,  -Blon  =  mh.ua. ;  -flon.  -»lon  =  zttAn.    -cioca.  -Uous,  -sious  =  ahfis.   -We,  -die.  4c.  -  tool,  a« 


4780 


trade— tradition 


atmosphere  lags  behind  the  moving  planet, 
especially  at  the  equator,  where  the  rotation 
la  abont  a  thousand  miles  an  hour.  Neithe 
the  direction  nor  the  area  of  the  trade-wind 
remains  fixed.  Since  they  supply  the  place 
of  rarefied  air,  which  is  ascending,  they  must 
follow  the  movement  of  the  sun,  blowing  to 
the  point  of  greatest  rarefaction,  as  a  col< 
current  coming  through  a  keyhole  goes  to  the 
fire.  Hence,  the  area  of  the  trade-winds  ex 
tends  from  two  to  four  degrees  farther 
north  than  usual  when  the  sun  is  at  the 
Tropic  of  Cancer,  and  the  same  number  of 
degrees  farther  south  than  usual  when  he 
is  at  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn.  In  the 
former  case  the  south-east  trade-wind  declines 
further  from  the  east  from  its  northern  limit, 
sometimes  passing  the  equator,  while  the 
north-east  trade-wind  approaches  an  easterly 
direction,  more  than  at  other  times.  The 
region  of  calms  also  changes  its  position.  As 
the  difference  of  pressure  is  not  great,  the 
trade-wind  is  generally  moderate  in  strength, 
especially  in  the  opposite  hemisphere  from 
that  in  which  the  sun  is  at  the  time.  The 
trade-winds  were  not  known  till  Columbus's 
first  voyage.  They  are  most  marked  on  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans,  where  they  occur 
between  9°  and  30°  north,  and  between  4°  and 
22°  south,  in  the  former,  and  between  9s  and 
26',  north  and  between  4'  and  23'  south  in 
the  latter  ocean,  but  become  modified  in  the 
vicinity  of  land,  so  as  to  lose  their  distinctive 
character.  In  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  in  south- 
eastern Asia  they  become  altered  into  mon- 
soons. [  MONSOON.] 

"  A  constAnt  trade-wind  will  securely  blow, 
And  gently  lay  us  on  the  spicy  shore." 

hrydcn:  Annul  Mirabttit,  oeclr. 

trades-people,  >.  pi.  People  engaged  in 
various  trades. 

trades  union,  trade-union,  s. 

Hist. :  An  organized  body  of  workmen  in 
«ny  trade,  manufacture,  or  industrial  occu- 
pation  associated  together  for  the  promotion 
of  their  common  interests.  Specific  aims 
may  vary  in  different  unions ;  but  the  follow- 
ing extract  from  the  rules  of  the  Amalgamated 
Society  of  Engineers,  one  of  the  most  power- 
ful trades-unions  in  England,  will  give  a  fair 
idea  of  their  general  objects  :— 

"The  society  shall  be  s  trade  society,  and  the  objects 
for  which  it  is  established  are  :  by  the  provision  and 
distribution  of  funds,  and  by  the  other  means  here- 
after mentioned,  on  the  conditions  set  forth  in  these 
rules,  to  regulate  the  conditions  of  labour  In  the  trades 
Included  in  the  society,  and  the  relation  of  its  mem- 
bers  with  them  ;  to  promote  the  general  and  material 
welfare  of  its  members  ;  to  assist  them  when  out  of 
work  and  In  distressed  circumstances ;  to  support 
them  in  case  of  sickness,  accident,  superannuation, 
and  loss  of  tools  by  are  ;  to  provide  for  their  burial 
mud  the  burial  of  their  wives ;  and  to  aid  other  trade 
societies  having  for  their  objects,  or  one  of  them,  the 
promotion  of  the  interests  of  workmen." 

The  Trade  Union  is  the  lineal  descendant 
of,  and  legitimately  succeeds,  the  ancient 
guild,  particularly  the  craft  guild,  the  medi- 
aaval  form  of  workingmen's  associations. 
The  gradual  disappearance  of  the  guilds  was 
followed  by  a  tendency  to  form  workingmen's 
combinations,  which  was  strongly  frowned 
opon  by  the  authorities,  yet  grew  In  their 
despite.  After  the  establishment  of  the  factory 
system  of  industry  these  crude  combinations 
developed  Into  the  Trade  Union,  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  which  during  much  of  the 
earlier  portion  of  the  century  sustained  a 
severe  struggle  for  existence  against  the  hostile 
force  of  the  law.  In  the  United  States,  in 
England,  and  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  the 
history  of  the  Trade  Union  has  been  one 
of  combat  with  repressive  laws,  and  the  grad- 
ual passage  of  favoring  edicts,  until  now  they 
have  as  full  protection  under  the  law  as  any 
other  trade  corporations.  This  story  of  strug- 
gle particularly  applies  to  England,  in  which 
country  combinations  of  workmen  were  illegal 
previous  to  1824,  and  where  they  did  not 
obtain  full  legal  protection  till  1876.  At 
present  the  organization  of  Trade  Unions  in 
Great  Britain  is  superior  to  that  of  any  other 
country,  though  the  spirit  of  Trade  Unionism 
has  long  been  active  in  the  United  States,  and 
numerous  organizations,  of  greater  or  less 
scope,  have  been  formed.  At  present  the 
tendency  in  this  country  is  strongly  in  the 
direction  of  the  formation  of  great  combina- 
tions of  industry,  many  of  the  separate  societies 
having  united  to  form  the  Federation  of  Trade 
Unions,  while  the  Knights  of  Labor  is  an 
organization  made  up  of  members  from  all 
trades.  Efforts  are  being  made  by  the  leaden 
of  the  workingmen's  associations  to  combine 
all  the  artisans  of  the  United  States  into  one 


grand  association,  of  irresistible  power  in  tb. 
event  of  a  strike.    Though  these  efforts  do  no 
seem  likely  to  succeed,  the  strength  of  genera 
combination  is  annually  increasing.  The  Trade 
Union  associations  in  Europe  have  been  politi 
cal  rather  than  industrial,  their  efforts  being 
strongly  directed  towards  Socialism;  but  the 
International    Labor  Congresses  which  hav 
been  held  have  resulted  in  the  formation  o 
some  excellent  examples  of  the  modern  Trade 
Union  in  several  of  the  European  nations. 

trades-unionism,  s.  The  practices  o 
principles  of  the  members  of  trades-unions. 

trades-unionist,  >.  A  member  of  a 
trades-union  ;  one  who  favours  the  system  o 
trades-unions. 

"  It  is  gratifying  to  observe  that  the  tradei-ttnion 
iitt  are  under  uo  delusions  as  to  possible  remedies  fo 
the  existing  depression."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  9 

•  trades-woman,  s.  A  woman  engaged 
or  skilled  in  trade. 

*  trade,  pret.  of  v.    [TREAD,  ».] 

trade,  r.i.  &  t.    [TRADE,  «.] 
A*  Intransitive : 

1.  To  barter  or  to  buy  and  sell,  as  a  bus! 
ness  ;  to  deal  in  the  exchange,  purchase,  or 
sale  of  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  or  the  like 
to  carry  on  trade  or  commerce  as  a  business 
to  traffic. 

"  The  circulating  capital  with  which  he  trader."— 
Smith  :  Wealth  at  Kattotit,  bk.  ii..  cb.  it 

2.  To  barter,  buy,  or  sell  in  a  single  in 
stance  ;  to  make  an  exchange. 

"  In  the  mean  time  those  who  remained  In  tbe 
canoes  traded  with  our  people  very  fairly."— Coot 
Firu  Voyage,  bk.  11..  cu.  Ii. 

3.  To  engage  in  affairs  generally ;  to  deal  in 
any  way  ;  to  have  to  do. 

"  To  trade  and  traffic  with  Macbeth 
In  riddles  and  affairs  of  death." 

Shateip.  :  Macbeth,  111.  t. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  sell  or  exchange  in  barter  or  com- 
merce ;  to  barter. 

"They  traded  the  persons  of  men  and  vessels  of 
brass  In  thy  market."- £*s*M  xxvii.  U. 

*  2.  To  frequent  for  purposes  of  trade. 

"The  English  merchants  trading  those  couutreys." 
— BucMuyt :  fofagft,  1.  4M. 

*  3.  To  educate  ;  to  bring  up ;  to  train. 

"Euery  one  of  these  colleges  haue  in  like  inaner 
their  professors  or  readers  of  the  toonwand  seuerail 
sciences,  as  they  call  them,  which  dailie  trade  vp  the 
youth  there  abiding  prluatlle  In  their  bailee."— Botin- 
tked  :  Deterip.  Eng.,  bk.  ii.,  oh.  iii. 

*  4.  To  pass,  to  spend. 

\  To  trade  on :  To  take  advantage  of,  to  avail 
one's  self  of. 

"trad-ed,n.  [TRADE,  t>.)  Practised,  versed, 
skilled,  experienced. 

"  My  will  enkindled  by  mine  eyes  and  ears, 
Two  traittd  pilots  'twixt  the  dangerous  shore* 
Of  will  and  judgment." 

Shakeip  :  TrotliH  t  Crettida,  it  1 

•  trade  -ful,  o.    fEng.  trade,  s. ;  -Julff).']    Full 
of  trade  or  business  ;  engaged  In  trade  j  busy 
in  traffic ;  commercial. 

"  Through  the  naked  street, 

Once  haunt  of  tradeful  merchants,  springs  the  grass." 
Vfarton :  fteantret  of  Melancholy. 

*  trado   less,  o.    [Bug.  trade,  s. ;  -less.]    Des- 
titute of  trade  ;  not  busy  in  trade. 

"  O'er  generous  glebe,  o'er  golden  mines 
Her  beggsred.  famished,  tradeleu  nstive  roves." 
Young  :  The  Merchant,  strain  i. 

trad  -er,  «.    [Eng.  trade,  v. ;  -tr.} 

1.  One  who  is  engaged  in  trade  or  com- 
merce ;  a  merchant,  a  tradesman. 

"  All  the  rich  iradert  In  tbe  world  may  decay  and 
break:  but  tbe  poor  man  can  never  fail,  except  God 
himself  turn  bankrupt."— farrow.'  Sermoni,  vol.  I 
ser.  8L 

2.  A  vessel  employed  regularly  in  any  par- 
ticular trade,  whether  foreign  or  coasting  :  as, 
an  East  Indian  trader. 

trad-es  can  ti  a  (or  ti  as  shi),  s.  [Named 
after  the  elder  Joh'n  Tradescant,  apparently  a 
Dutchman,  appointed  gardener  to  Charles  I. 
in  1620.  The  younger  Tradescant,  son  of  the 
former,  was  also  a  botanist.] 

Hot. :  Spiderwort ;  an  extensive  genus  of 
Commelynaceee,  from  America  and  India. 
Sepals  three,  petals  three,  filaments  covered 
with  jointed  hairs,  capsule  three-celled.  About 
thirty  species  are  olteu  cultivated  iu  dower- 
gardens.  TradescaiUia  virginica  is  the  Com- 
mon Spiderwort.  It  is  an  erect  lily -like 
plant,  abont  a  foot  high,  with  lanceolate, 
elongated  smooth  leaves,  and  a  crowded  um- 


bel  of  sessile  and  pubescent  blue  flowers. 
In  Virginia  it  grows  in  shady  wood..  It  has 
been  given  for  snake  bite,  but  is  apparent!) 
only  an  emollient.  T.  malabarua,  boiled  iii 
oil,  is  taken  for  itch  and  leprosy.  In  Brazil 
the  rhizomes  of  T.  diuretira  are  given  in 
dysury,  strangury,  &c.  Plants  of  this  genui 
have  served  as  material  for  important  obser- 
vations on  the  physiology  of  plants,  Mr.  Robert 
Brown  having  observed  the  rotation  of  the 
cell-contents  in  the  hairs  of  the  stamens, 
though  they  have  since  been  discovered  in 
many  other  plants.  The  stems,  petioles,  4c. 
also  afford  beautifully  visible  spiral,  annular, 
and  reticulated  vessels. 

t  trades  folk  (I  silent),  ..  pi.  [Eng.  trade, 
s.,  and/ott-.)  People  engaged  in  trade ;  trades- 
people, 

"By  his  advice  victuallers  and  tradesfolk  would 
soon  get  all  the  money  of  the  kingdom  into  their 
hands.  —Sin  ft. 

trades-man,  a.    [Eng.  trade,  s.,  and  man.] 

1.  One  engaged  in  trade  ;  a  trader,  a  shop- 
keeper. 

"  A  soldier  may  be  anything.  If  brave. 
So  may  a  tradeiman.  If  uot  quite  a  knave." 

Cotpper :  Mope,  110. 

2.  One  who  has  a  trade  or  handicraft;  • 
mechanic.    (Scotclt  it  Amer.) 

tra-dllle,  s.    [See  def.]     The  same  as  TRI- 

D1LLE  (q.V.). 

"  How  far  it  [ombre]  agreed  with,  and  in  what 
points  it  would  be  found  to  differ  from  traditle."— 
Lamb:  Mrt.  Battle'i  Opinion*  on  Whin. 

trad  -Ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [TRADE,  «.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  adjective: 

1.  Engaged  In  trade ;  carrying  on  trade  or 
commerce  :  as,  a  trading  company. 

2.  Applied   in   a  disparaging   sense   to  a 
person  whose    public  actions  are   regulated 
by  his  interests  rather  than  by  his  principles ; 
bearing   the    character    of   an    adventurer : 
venal. 

*  trading-flood,  ».    A  trade-wind  (q.r.). 

"  They  on  tbe  tradiny-itood 
Ply,  stemming  nightly  toward  tbe  Pole  " 

Milton:  P.  L.,  tt.ua. 

tra  di-tlon,  •  tra-di-cl-onn,  «,  [Lat. 
traditio  =  a  surrender,  a  delivery,  a  tradition, 
from  trcuiitus,  pa.  par.  of  irodo=  to  deliver, 
to  hand  over;  Fr.  tradition;  Sp.  tradicion; 
Ital.  tradizione.  Tradition  and  treason  are 
doublets.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  act  of  handing  over  or  delivering 
something  in  a  formal  or  legal  manner :  de- 
livery. 

"  A  deed  takes  effect  only  from  this  tradition  or 
delivery. '— Slackftone :  Comment.,  bk.  It.  ch.  so. 

2.  The  handing  down  of  events,  opinions, 
doctrines,    practices,  customs,   or  the   like, 
from  father  to  son,  or  from  ancestors  to  pos- 
terity;  the   transmission   of  any  opinions, 
practices,  customs,  &c.,  from  forefathers  to 
descendants,  by  oral  communication,  without 
written  memorial. 

3.  That  which  is  handed  down  from  father 
to  son,  or  from  ancestor  to  posterity  by  oral 
communication  without  written   memorial ; 
knowledge  or  belief  transmitted  from  fore- 
fathers to  descendants  without   the  aid  of 
written  memorials. 

II.  Scripture  it  Chunk  History  : 

1.  A  doctrine  of  divine   authority,  orally 
delivered.    (See  1  Cor.  xi.  2  ;   2  Thess.  ii.  15  ; 
B.  V.) 

2.  The  oral  law,  said  to  have  been  given  by 
God   to  Moses   on  Mount  Sinai ;    in  reality 
based  on  Rabbinical  interpretations  of  the 
Mosaic  Law. 

"  Making  the  Word  of  God  of  none  effect  through 
yonr  tradition." —Mark  vlt  9. 

3.  A  term  used  in  Article  xxxiv.  of  the 
Anglican  Church  to  denote  customs,   rites, 
forms,  and  ceremonies  which  have  been  trans- 
mitted by  oral  communication.    Among  these 
are  the  mstom  of  bowing  in  the  Creed  at  the 
name   of  Jesus,  the  postures  customary  in 
various  church  offices,  and  many  other  mat- 
ters of  long  usage,  which,  though  unwritten, 
are  held  to  be  obligatory  as  standing  custom! 
of  the  Church. 

4.  In  the  Roman  Church  tradition  is  used 
In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1.     The  Council  of 
Trent (Sess.  iv. ,  de  Cantnicis  Scripturis)  teaches 
that  the  truth  of  Christ  is  contained  partly  in 


*te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
«r.  wore,  woll  work.  whd.  son ;  mute,  cab,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    <e.  OB  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  Q.U  =  kw. 


tradition— traffic 


4781 


the  sacred  writings  (thereafter  enumerated), 
and  partly  in  unwritten  tradition  received 
by  the  Apostles  from  Christ  or  from  the  Holy 
Ghost,  and  entrusted  by  them  to  the  Church, 
and  that  Scripture  and  Apostolic  tradition 
•re  alike  to  be  reverenced. 

5.  jtfuhammadanism  :  A  recital  containing 
a  sentence  or  declaration  of  Muhammad  re- 
garding some  religious  question,  either  moral, 
ceremonial,  or  theological. 

"  To  prevent  the  manufacture  of  spurious  tradttiom. 
a  number  of  strict  rules  were  laid  down."1—  Contemv. 
Review,  June,  1877,  p.  56. 

f  Tradition  of  the  Creed  : 

Eccles.  &  Church  Hist.  :  The  instruction  for- 
merly given  on  certain  days  to  the  catechu- 
mens upon  the  Creed  at  mass.  The  time  and 
place  varied  in  different  Churches.  In  the 
Mozarabic  Missal  it  still  retains  its  place  be- 
fore the  Epistle  on  Palm  Sunday,  At  Rome 
it  took  place  on  the  Wednesday  in  Mid-Lent. 

Tradition  Sunday,  s. 

Eccles.  £  Church  Hist.:  Palm  Sunday,  from 
the  fact  that  on  that  day  the  Creed  was  in 
many  places  formerly  taught  to  candidates  for 
baptism  on  Holy  Saturday. 

*tra-di'-tion,  v.t.  [TRADITION,  *.]  To  trans- 
mit or  hand  down  by  way  of  tradition. 

"  This  I  may  call  a  charitable  curiosity,  If  true  what 
Is  traditioned  ;  that  about  the  reign  of  king  Ueury 
the  seventh,  the  owner  thereof  built  It  In  a  dear  year, 
on  purpose  to  im  ploy  the  more  pour  people  thereupon.  " 
-fuller  :  \Vorthi*$;  Sumertetthirr. 

tra-di'-tion-al,  a.    [Eng.  tradition;  -al.] 

1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  handed  down  by 
tradition  ;  derived  from  tradition  ;  communi- 
cated or  transmitted  from  ancestors  to  pos- 
terity by  oral  communication  only,  without 
written  memorial  ;  founded  on  reports  not 
having  the  authenticity  or  value  of  historical 
evidence. 

"The  traditional  commentary  upon  tills  ballad."— 
Scott:  Ttu»mu  the  Rhymer.  (Note.) 

2.  Based  or  founded  on  tradition  ;  contain- 
ing or  consisting  of  traditions. 

"  We  shall  see  tt*  Importance  when  we  deal  with  the 
traditional  legends  of  drought  and  darkness,"—  C«  : 
Introd.  to  Mythology,  p.  110. 

*3.  Observant  of  tradition;  attached  to  old 
customs.  (Shakesp.  :  Richard  III.,  Hi.  1.) 

tra  di  tion  al-  ism,  *.     [Eng.  traditional; 

•ism,]      [TRADITION.  J 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  Adherence  to  tradition. 
"  Has  given  special  strength  to  what  was  previously 
the  weakest  side  of  the  Humanist  position,  its  tradl- 
Uonalitin."—Atheweum,  Dec.  SO,  1884. 

IL  Philos.  (in  this  sense  from  Mod.  Lat. 
traditionalismus)  :  A  system,  founded  by  De 
Bonald  (1754-1840),  a  French  statesman  and 
philosopher,  which  for  some  time  had  nume- 
rous adherents  in  France  and  Belgium.  So 
far  as  the  human  mind  is  concerned  tradi- 
tionalism reduces  intellectual  cognition  to  be- 
lief in  truth  communicated  by  revelation  from 
God,  and  received  by  traditional  instruction 
through  the  medium  of  language,  which  was 
originally  itself  a  supernatural  gift.  Accord- 
ing to  Ueberweg  {Hist.  Philos.,  Eng.  ed.,  ii. 
889)  "the  whole  philosophy  of  Bonald  is  con- 
trolled by  the  triadic  formula  :  cause,  means, 
effect.  In  cosmology  the  cause  is  God  ;  the 
means  is  motion  ;  the  effect  is  corporeal  ex- 
istence. In  politics  these  three  terms  become  : 
power,  minister,  subject  ;  in  the  family  :  father, 
mother,  child.  De  Bonald  applied  these  for- 
mulas to  theology,  and  deduced  from  them 
the  necessity  of  a  Mediator.  Hence,  the  fol- 
lowing proposition  :  God  is  to  the  God-man 
what  the  God-man  is  to  man."  Traditionalism 
was  condemned  by  the  Congregation  of  the 
Index  in  1855,  and  by  the  Vatican  Council 
(1870)  in  the  Constitution  Dei  Ftiius. 

tra  di-tion-al  1st,  s.  [Eng.  traditional; 
•ist.}  One  who  holds  to  tradition  or  tradi- 
tionalism. 

dition- 
alism 


tra  df  tion  al-l8t-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  trad 
alist  ;  -ic.J  Of  or  pertaining  to  tradition 
(q.v.). 


"  De  Bonald  was  the 


ii.  839. 


hief  of  the  so-called  tradi- 
Hi*.  Philot.  (Eng.ed.), 


L'-i-t^,  s.  [Eng.  traditional; 
•ity.}  That  which  is  handed  down  by  tradi- 
tion ;  tradition. 

"  Many  a  man  doing  load  work  in  the  world  stands 
only  on  some  thin  truditi<malilj/,  conventionality."— 
Carlyle. 

tra-di -tion-al-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  traditional; 
-ly.] 


1.  In  a  traditional  manner;  by  oral  trans- 
mission from  father  to  sou,  or  from  age  to  age. 

"  In  fragments  aud  pieces  traditionally  preserved  in 
subsequent  authors."— Hale :  Grig,  of  Mankind,  p.  136. 

2.  According  to  tradition. 

"Traditionally  related  by  Strabo."— Brown*:  Vul- 
gar Errourt,  bk.  vli.,  ch.  xviii. 

*  tra-dl'-tion-ar-l-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  tradi- 
tionary; -ly.]    In"  a  traditionary  manner  ;  by 
tradition ;  traditionally. 

tra  -di  -tion-a-ry\  a.  &  *.  [Eng.  tradition,  s. ; 

•ary.] 

A.  As   adj.  :   The    same   as    TRADITIONAL 
(q.v-)- 

"  That  contempt  for  traditionary  custom  .  .  .  which 
had  gone  far  to  bring  about  the  ruin  of  the  Roman 
empire."—  Gardiner  A  MuUinger:  Introd,  to  Kng. 
Uitt..  ch.  lit 

B.  As  subst. :  Among  the  Jews,  one  who 
acknowledges  the  authority  of  traditions  and 
explains  the  Scriptures  by  them. 

tra  di    tion   er,   *  tra-di -tlon-ist,   s. 

[Bug.  tradition,  s. ;  -er.]  One  who  adheres  to 
or  acknowledges  tradition. 

"To  ascertain  who  the  Hasorites  or  traditionistt 
were." — Pilkington  :  Kern,  on  Scripture,  p.  15. 

*  trad'-I-tive,  a.    [Fr.  traditif,  from  Lat.  tra- 

ditus,  pa.  par.  of  trado=  to  hand  down.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  tradition ;  based  on  tradition ; 
traditional. 

"  A  constant  catholic  traditive  Interpretation  of 
scripture,"—  Bp.  Taylor:  SpiKopacy  Auerted,  f  9. 

trad'-i-tor  (pi.  trad-I-tbV-es),  «.  [Lat.  = 
one  who  surrenders.]  One  who  gives  up  or 
surrenders  ;  a  traitor,  a  surreuderer.  Specif., 
in  church  history,  a  term  of  infamy  applied  to 
those  Christians  who,  in  the  early  ages  of  the 
church  during  the  persecutions,  handed  over 
the  copies  of  the  Scriptures  or  the  goods  of 
the  church  to  their  persecutors  to  save  their 
lives. 

"  There  wen  In  the  church  itselfe  tradtton,  content 
to  deliuer  vp  the  bookes  of  God  by  composition,  to 
the  end  their  owue  Hues  might  bee  spared.  —Booker : 
Ecclei.  Pot.,  bk.  v..  |  «. 

tra-duce',  v.t.  [Lat.  traduco  =  to  lead  across, 
to  derive,  to  convict,  to  prove  guilty,  from 
trans  =  across,  and  duco  —  to  lead ;  Fr.  tra- 
duire;  Sp.  traducir ;  Ital.  tradurre.] 

*  1.  To  translate  from  one  language  into 
another. 

"  Oftentimes  the  auetours  and  writers  are  dts- 
praised,  not  of  them  that  cau  traduce  and  compose 
workes  :  but  of  theitti  that  cannot  Tuderstaude  theim." 
—Golden  Boko.  (ProL) 

*  2.  To    continue   by    deriving   one   from 
another ;  to  propagate  or  reproduce,  as  animals ; 
to  distribute  by  propagation. 

"  Prom  these  only  tlie  race  of  perfect  animal*  were 
propagated  and  traduced  over  the  earth."— Jfale  :  Orig. 
of  Mankind. 

*  3.  To  transmit ;  to  hand  on. 

"  It  Is  not  in  the  power  of  parents  to  traduce  holi- 
nesee  to  their  children."— Bp.  Ball:  Contempt.;  The 
Angell  A  Zacharie. 

*  4.  To  draw  aside  from  duty ;  to  seduce. 

"  I  can  never  forget  the  weakness  of  the  traduced 
•oldiera."— Beaum.  Jc  Fletcher. 

*  5.  To  represent,  to  exhibit,  to  display  ;  to 
make  an  example  of. 

"For  meana  of  employment  that  which  Is  most 
traduced  to  contempt.  —Bacon.1  Advance,  of  Learn- 
ing, bk.  i. 

6.  To  represent  as  blamable ;  to  slander,  to 
defame,  to  calumniate,  to  vilify;  to  mis- 
represent wilfully. 

"  I  am  traduced  by  tongues,  which  neither  know 
My  faculties,  nor  person. 

Bhaketp.  :  Henry  VIII,,  i.  1 

\  tra-du^e'-me'nt,  s.  [Eng.  traduce;  -inent.] 
The  act  of  traducing ;  misrepresentation ;  ill- 
founded  censure ;  defamation,  calumny,  slan- 
der, obloquy. 

"  Twere  a  concealment 

Worse  than  a  theft,  no  less  than  a  traducement, 
To  bide  your  doings."      Shaketp.  :  Coriolanui,  i.  9. 

*  tra-dU9'-ent,  a.     [Lat.  traducenst  pr.  par. 
of  traduco.]    [TRADUCE.]    Slandering,  slander- 
ous, calumniating. 

tra-du9'-er,  s.    [Eng.  traduce);  -er.] 

*  1.  One  who  derives  or  deduces. 

2.  One  who  traduces,  slanders,  or  calum- 
niates ;  a  slanderer. 

"  He  found  both  spears  and  arrows  In  the!  mouths 
of  his  traducer*."—Bp.  Butt :  Balm  of  Gilead. 

t  3.  A  seducer. 

"  The  traducer  is  taken  back  ill  the  good  graces  of 
religion  when  he  is  found  to  have  made  the  mistake 
of  legally  nmrrying  the  girl  whom  he  thought  he  had 
only  StOMaTt-JAMMMMi  Dec.  8, 1647,  p.  742. 


t  tra-du'-cian,  B.    [TRADUCIANIST.] 

tra  -  du'-  clan  -  Ism,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  (ra- 
dycianismm,  from  tradux,  genit.  traducis  =  a 
vine-branch,  a  layer.] 

Church  Hist. :  The  doctrine  that  the  human 
soul,  as  well  as  the  body,  is  produced  by 
natural  generation.  St.  Augustine  seems  to 
have  inclined  to  this  belief,  without  commit- 
ting himself  to  it  or,  on  the  other  hand,  pro- 
nouncing in  favour  of  the  opinion  that  the 
soul  was  immediately  created  by  God  and 
infused  into  the  embryo  when  sufficiently  or- 
ganized. 

"  These  theses  seem  to  Involve  .  .  .  the  doctrine  of 
Tradiirianitm  to  which  Augustine  was  In  fact  In- 
clined on  account  uf  his  doctrine  of  original  sill."— 
Ueberweg:  Bitt.  Philot.  (Eng-  ed-).  i.  844. 

tra  du  -cian-ist,  tra  du^cian,  5.  [Eng. 
traducian(ism.)  ;  -ist.  ] 

Church  Hist. ;  One  who  held  that  souls  were 
transmitted  by  parents  to  their  children,  and 
that  the  stain  of  original  sin  was  transmitted 
at  the  same  time. 

"  The  orthodox  party  were  called  TraducianitU  by 
the  Pelagians,  iu  connection  with  the  doctrine  of  the 
transmission  of  original  tin."— Blunt:  Met.  SecU, 
p.  419. 

*  tra  du$'-i-t>le,  a.     [Eng.  traduce) ;  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  derived,  transmitted, 
or  propagated. 

"  Not  orally  traducible  to  so  great  a  distance  of 
ages."—  Bale:  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

2.  Capable  of  being  traduced. 
tra-du9'-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [TRADUCE.] 

*  tra-duy -ing-l;,',   adv.      [Eng.  traducing; 
-ly,]    In  a  traducing  or  slanderous  manner ; 
slanderously,  calumniously. 

*  trad    uct,   s.     [Lat.  traductum,  neut  sing, 
of  traduce  =  to  translate.]     [TRADUCE.]     A 
translation. 

"The  traduct  may  exceed  the  original. "—ffowetl : 
Lcttert,  bk.  it.,  let  46. 

*  tra  -duct',  v.t.    [TRADUCT,  *.]    To  derive, 

to  'deduce,  to  transmit,  to  propagate. 

"  For  how  this  newly-created  soul  Is  Infused  by 
Ood,  no  man  knows  ;  nor  how,  if  It  be  traducted  from 
the  parents,  both  their  souls  contribute  to  the  making 
up  a  new  one."— More :  Jmnwrt.  of  the  Soul,  bk.  ii., 
ch.  xiii. 

tra-diic'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  traductio,  from  tra- 
ductus,  pa.  par.  of  traduco.]  [TRADUCE.] 

*  1.  Translation  from  one  language  to  another. 

"  I  confess*  to  deserue  no  merltes  for  my  traduction 
or  any  fame." — Golden  Boke.  (Prul.) 

*  2.  Tradition ;    transmission  from  one  to 
another. 

"Touching  traditional  communication  and  tradtie- 
tion  of  truths  connatural  and  engraven,  I  do  not 
doubt  but  many  of  them  have  had  the  help  of  that 
derivation."— Bale:  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

*  3.  Derivation  from  one  of  the  same  kind ; 
propagation,  reproduction. 

"  If  by  traduction  came  thy  mind, 
Our  wonder  is  tbe  less  to  find, 
A  soul  so  charming  from  a  stock  so  good. 
Dryden :  To  the  Mem.  of  Mri.  A  nne  KUligrev,  28. 

4.  The  act  of  giving  origin  to  a  soul  by  pro- 
creation. (Opposed  to  infusion.)  [TRADU- 

CIANI8M.] 

"  There  may  be  perhaps  who  will  say,  that  the  soul, 
together  with  life,  sense,  ic.,  are  propagated  by  im- 
duclion  from  parents  to  children."—  WoU<t»ton:  Relig. 
of  Nature,  f  &. 

*  5.  Transition. 

"The  reports  and  fufrnes  have  an  agreement  with 
the  figures  In  rhetorick  of  repetition  and  traduction." 
—Bacon.  (Todd.) 

*  6.  Conveyance,  transportation ;   the   act 
of  transporting  or  transferring. 

"  Since  America  Is  divided  on  every  aide  by  consider- 
able seas  and  no  passage  known  by  land,  the  traduc- 
tion  of  brutes  could  only  be  by  shipping."— Hale :  Orig. 
of  Mankind. 

*tra-duc'-tlvef  a.  [Eng.  traduct;  -ive.] 
Capable  of  being  deduced  ;  derivable. 

"Taking  In  any  author  of  hia  traductive  power."— 
WoUatton :  Relig.  of  ffature,  S  5. 

t  tra-fal'-gar,  s.     [After  Cape  Trafalgar.] 

Print. :  A  large  size  of  type  used  for  hand- 
bills or  post-bills. 

traf '  -f  Ic,  •  tr&f  -f  Ick,  *  traf-fioke,  *  traf- 

nkc,  *.  [Fr.  trafique,  a  word  of  doubtful 
etymology.  Diez  compares  O.  Port,  trasfegar 
=  to  decant,  which  he  derives  from  Lat.  tra- 
(for  trans)  —  across,  and  a  supposed  Low  Lat. 
vico  =  to  exchange,  from  Lat.  vicia  =  change  ; 
Ital.  trafico,  trafico ;  Sp.  trajico,  trqfago  = 
traffic,  careful  management ;  Port,  trafico, 
traf  ego,] 


boll,  boy ;  p^t,  J6%1;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  ^em;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^cnophon,  eaplst.    ph  =  t 
-dan,  -tian  =  ^^n.    -tion,  -sion  —  «*«""  ;  -(ion,  -sion  -  «^"«,    -clous,    tioua,  -sious  —  aluia.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  del. 


4782 


traffic— tragic 


*  1.  Business  ;   a    matter   of  business ;   a 
transaction ;  subject. 

"  The  fearful  pumge  of  their  death-mark'd  tow  .  . 
I*  uow  the  two  hours'  trttjflc  at  our  stage." 

Sh-i '•.?.<},.  •  Kongo  *  Jmliit.    (ProL) 

2.  An  interchange  of  goods,  wares,  mer- 
chandise, or  property  of  anv  kind  between 
countries,  communities,  or  individuals  ;  trade, 
commerce. 

"  Truth  !•  not  low).  God  Alike  pervade* 
And  fills  the  world  of  traffic  atid  the  shades." 

Cmrpfr:  fietirement,  110. 

S,  Dealings,  Intercourse. 

4.  Goods  or  persons  passing  or  being  con- 
veyed to  and  fro  along  a  railway,  canal,  steam- 
boat route,  or  the  like,  viewed  collectively. 

"The  increasing  tri&c  on  the  road  .  .  .  ihowed 
that  they  were  appronchiug  tlie  royal  dwelling.'  — 
Lady  R.  BulUr  :  The  Prophecy,  ch.  11 L 

*  5.  Commodities  ;  articles  of  trade ;  com- 
modities for  market. 

"  You'll  Me  a  draggled  damsel  here  and  tlieri 
From  BUliiwiie  her  fistij  tmffiek  bear." 

Gay  :  Triwia.  U.  Id 

1f  For  the  difference  between  frujSc  and 
tradf,  see  TRADE. 

traffic  manager,  t.  The  manager  of 
the  traffic  on  a  railway,  canal,  or  the  like. 

traffic-return,  s.  A  periodical  state- 
ment of  the  recwipU  for  goods  and  passengers 
on  a  railway-line,  canal,  tramway,  or  the  like, 

"  Euglisi  railway!  closed  generally  i  to  4  lower,  the 
weekly  t r<ijflc-retunu  being  disappointing. — Evening 
Standard,  Aug.  31,  1887, 

traffic-taker,  *.  A  computer  of  the  re- 
turns of  traffic  on  a  particular  railway  line, 
canal,  tramway,  or  the  like. 

traf-fic,  -tr&r-fick.  *  traf-Ecke,  v.i.  & 

t.    [Fr.  trafiquer  ;  cf.  Ital.  tra^care^  trajicare  ; 
Sp.  traficare,  trafagar ;    Port,   frajlcar,  tntfi- 
quear.]    [TRAFFIC,  *.] 
A*  Intransitive: 

1.  To  trade ;  to  pass  goods  and  commodities 
from  one  to  another  for  an  equivalent  in  goods 
or  money  ;  to  carry  on  trade  or  commerce ;  to 
boy  and  sell  goods ;  to  deal. 

"  Ac  soon  M  he  came  on  board  he  pave  leave  to  his 
•object*  to  tnjlck  with  oa,"— JSumpier;  V  -yafet  Inn. 

2.  To  have  business ;  to  deal ;  to  have  to  do. 
[TRADE.] 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To    exchange  in  traffic;    to   trade,   to 

barter. 

"  We  shall  at  the  beat  bat  traffic*  toy i  and  bauble*  " 
—Or.  H.  Jforv. 

•2.  To  bargain,  to  negotiate,  to  arrange. 


*traf   fie  a  ble,    *  traf  fique-a  ble,   a. 

[Eng.  fmflfc,  v. ;  -able.]  Capable  of  being  dis- 
posed of  in  traffic  ;  marketable. 

"Money  ...  Is,  In  some  cttM.  a  traffiqueable  com* 
modlty."— Bp.  Ball :  Cote*  qfConictmce,  Dee.  L,  CAM  1. 

traf  fick  er,  '  traf  iq  uer,  s.  [Bng.  Irqffc, 
v. ;  -er.]  One  who  traffics,  trades,  or  deaks ; 
one  who  carries  on  trade  or  commerce  ;  a 
trader.  (Often  used  in  a  derogatory  sense.) 

"  Lest  these  to  some  fell  trafficker  in  ilav  ea 
We  «old.v  Glover:  Athen.iid,  bk.  xllt. 

*  traf  '-flo-less,  a.  [Eng.  traffic,  s. ;  -lets.] 
Destitute  of  traffic  or  trade. 

trag'-a-canth,  s.     [Lat.  tragacantkum,  ftom 

tragacuHtka ;  Gr.  Tpa.yajcdv0&  (trayacuHtha )  — 
Astragalus  crtticu»:  rpayos  (tragos)  =  t  gnat, 
and  axoLvQa  (akuntha)  —  a  thorn.  (See  def.)] 

1.  Bot.,  <fc. :  A  kind  of  gum  obtained  fi-om 
various  species  of  Astragalus.  Formerly 
Astragalus  Tragacantha  was  considered  the 
chief;  but  it  is  now  known  that  this  species 
yields  only  a  gummy  juice  employed  in  con- 
fectionery. Host  of  the  real  tragacauth 
comes  from  Astragalus  verus,  a  bush  about 
two  or  three  feet  high,  with  pinnate  leaves 
having  six,  seven,  or  eight  pairs  of  pointed 
leaflets.  The  midrib  of  the  leaves  terminates 
in  a sharp,  yellowish  point ;  the  flowers,  which 
are  yellow,  are  in  axillary  clusters,  with 
cottony  bracts.  It  is  a  native  of  northern 
Persia,  Armenia,  and  Asia  Minor.  The  gum 
exudes  during1  summer  in  tortuoug  streams, 
which  are  allowed  to  dry  on  the  plant  Other 
species  that  furnish  it  are  A.  cretictu  and  A. 
aristoftw,  from  Greece,  the  Alps,  and  the 
Pyrenees,  Ac.,  A.  gjunmtfer,  from  Mount  Le- 
banon and  Kurdistan,  and  A.  8trobil\fents, 
from  the  tatter  locality.  Senegal  Tragacanth 
is  obtained  from  Stcrculia  Tnumcantha,  called 
also  S.  pubesctns.  It  is  a  tree  about  thirty 


feet  high,  with  deciduous  leaves  and  reddish  - 
brown  dowers.  It  is  a  native  of  Sierra  Lome 
and  the  regions  adjacent.  It  was  introdiii  t-d 
into  Britain  in  1793  as  a  stove-plant.  Hog 
tragacanth  is  the  produce  of  Pruttiis  Amyyla- 
lwst  and  ia  imported  into  Bombay  from  Persia. 

2.  Ghent.,  Arts,  <*c.  :  When  the  true  Traga- 
cauth (that  from  the  genus  Astragalus)  r.-aches 
England,  it  presents  the  appearance  of  dull- 
white,   semi-ti-ansparent  flakes,  waved  con- 
centrically.    It  is    tasteless  and  inodorous, 
sparingly  soluble  in  water,  and  is  difficult  to 
powder   unless  raised  to  a  temperature    of 
120°.     It   contains  two  distinct  gums,  gum 
arable  and  bassorin.     It  is  used  in  tlie  arts  as 
a  glue.     Formerly  it  was  much  employed  in 
Britain  to  stiffen  calico,  and  in  France  to 
stiffen  and  glaze  silk.     Shoemakers  use  the 
inferior  kinds  to  glaze  the  margins  of  the  soles 
of  boots  and  shoes.     It  was  formerly  called 
Gum-dragon  (q.v.). 

3.  Pharm.,  etc.  :  Tragacanth  is  used  as  an 
emollient  and  demulcent  to  suspend  heavy 
powders,  the  water  containing  it  being  more 
viscous  than  if  gum  arable  were  employed. 
There  is  acoinpoundtragacanth-powder  which 
may  be  given  in  irritation  of  the  mucous 
membranes  of  the  gen  ito-uri  nary  organs,  pul- 
monary affections  with  tickling  cougii,  Ac,    A 
thick  layer  of  tragacanth  placed  over  burns  is 
useful  in  excluding  the  air. 

trag-a-can'-  thine,  s.  [Eng.  tragacanth; 
•int.]  A  generic  name  sometimes  applied  M 
guma  resembling  Tragacanth  (q.v.).  (hrande.) 


.  [Gr.  rpayo^  (tragos)  —  & 
he-goat.]  Goatishness  from  high  feeding  ; 
salacious  ness,  sensuality. 

tra-ge'-dX-an,  *.  [Fr  tragedies  from  Lat. 
tragcedus  ;  "Gr.  Tpayuoot  (tragndos)  =  lit.,  a 
goat-singer  ;  hence  a'  tragic  poet  and  singer  : 
rpayo?  (tragos)  =  a  he-goat,  and  o^o«  (<xios)t 
for  aot&k  (uoidos)  —a  singer  ;  <f&ii  (odi)  =a 
song,  an  ode  <q.v.)t] 
L  A  writer  of  tragedy. 

"  The  tint  tragedian*  (.mud  that  serious  style 
Too  grave  for  their  uncultivated  ivge," 

Jiotconunon;  Horace;  Art  of  Poitrjf. 

2.  An  actor    of  tragedy;   a  tragic   actor. 
(Sometimes  applied  to  an  actor  generally.) 

"  Tat.  I  can  counterfeit  the  deep  tragedian  ; 
Speak,  and  look  back,  and  pry  on  every  side." 

Shaknp.  :  Richard  III.,  UL  i. 

tra  ge  -di  enne,  5.     {Fr.]    A  female  actor 
of  tragedy  ;  a  tragic  actress. 

*  tra  ge  <U  ous,      *  tra  ge-dy  ous,    a. 
[Eug.  tragedy  ;  -out,}    Tragic,  tragical. 

"The  tragediout  tronbles  of  the   moat  chart  and 
Innoceut  Joaeph."—  Wood  :  Atfieme  Oxvn.,  vol.  L 


,  *trag-e-<Me,  *trag-e-dye,*. 

[Fr.  tragedie,  from  Lat.  tragcedia;  Gr.  Tp«yu>- 
6i'«  (tragodid)  —  lit.,  the  song  of  the  goat, 
from  rpayo«  (trngos)  =  a  he-goat,  and  y&rj  (ode), 
&  song,  an  ode.  Why  called  the  tong  of  the 
goat  is  uncertain,  '  '  whether  because  a  goat  was 
the  prize  for  the  best  performance  of  that  song 
in  which  the  germs  of  the  future  tragedy  lay, 
or  because  the  first  actors  were  dressed,  like 
satyrs,  in  goatskins,  is  a  question  which  has 
stirred  abundant  discussion,  and  will  remain 
unsettled  to  the  end."  (Trench:  Study  of 
Words,  lect  v.)  "A  third  theory  (yet  more 
probable)  Is  that  a  goat  was  sacrificed  at  the 
singing  of  the  song  ;  a  goat,  as  being  the 
spoiler  of  vines,  was  a  fitting  sacrifice  at  the 
feast  of  Dionysus.  In  any  case  th<  etymology 
is  certain."  (SkeaL)  Sp.  &  Ital.  tmgedia.] 

1.  A  dramatic  poem  representiug  an  im- 
portant event,  or  a  series  of  events,  in  the 
life  of  some  person  or  persons,  In  which  the 
diction  Is  elevated,  and  which  has  generally  a 
tragic  or  fatal  catastrophe;  that  species  of 
drama  which  represents  a  tragical  situation 
or  a  tragical  character.  Tragedy  originated 
among  the  Greeks  in  ttie  worship  of  Dionysus. 
Thespis  first  introduced  dialogue  in  the 
choral  odes,  and  made  one  entire  story  oc- 
cupy the  pauses  in  the  chorns.  His  first 
representation  was  in  B.C.  535.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Phrynichus  and  Chcerflus,  and 
is  said  to  have  written  150  pieces,  none  of 
which  has  come  down  to  us.  JSschylns 
(B.C.  525-456),  added  a  second  nctor,  dimin- 
ished the  jtarts  of  the  chorus,  and  made  the 
dialogue  the  principal  part  of  the  action.  He 
also  introduced  scenery,  and  masks  for  the 
actors,  and  is  also  sakl  to  have  introduced 
the  custom  of  contending  with  trilogies,  or 
three  plays  at  a  time.  In  his  later  >ears  he 


addwl  a  third  actor.  Sophocles  (B.C.  495-4fl6\ 
further  improved  the  scenery  and  c«>.- 
In  the  hands  of  Euripides  (ac.  -i.- 
tragedy  deteriorated  in  dignity;  one  of  his 
peculiarities  was  the  prologue,  or  introductory 
monologue,  in  which  some  god  or  hero  opens 
the  play,  telling  who  be  is,  what  has  alieady 
happened,  and  what  is  the  present  state  of 
affairs.  He  also  invented  tragi -comedy.  The 
first  Roman  tragic  poet  was  Living  Andronic'us, 
a  Greek  by  birth,  who  besran  t<«  exhibit  in 
B.C.  240.  He  was  succeeded  by  Xicvius  (died 
B.C.  204),  and  Ennuis  (ac.  239-l«ft).  The 
only  complete  Roman  tragedies  that  have 
come  down  to  us  are  the  ten  attributed  to 
Seneca  (A.D.  2-65.)  The  first  English  ti. 
is  Gorboduc,  or  Ferrex  £  Porrex.  acted  in  100''. 

[DRAMA.] 

2.  Tragedy    personified,    or  the   Muae  of 

Tragedy. 

"  Sometime*  let  gorgeous  Tragedy 
la  sceptred  pall  cuine  sweeping  by." 

MiUon  :  ft  > YwWro*>,  ST. 

3.  A  fatal  and  lamentable  event ;  any  event 
in    which  human  lives  are    lost  by  human 
violence,  more  particularly  by  unauthorised 
violence. 

"  I  look  Qpon  this  now  done  in  Engl.ind  ns  another 
act  of  the  1*100  tmgedy  wliich   wae  Intely  beiciui 
Scotland."— King  cttarltt: 


trag-el-a-phi  -nse,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  trag> 
elaph(us);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -ince.} 

ZooL:  Bovine  Antelopes;  a  sub-family  of 
Bovidse,  with  three  genera :  Oreas,  Tragela- 
phus,  and  Portax. 

trag-eT-a-phUS,  *.  Gr.  rpay*\.a$o<;  (tragefa' 
ph'/s)  =  the  g'-at-stng,  a  fabulous  animal  men- 
tioned by  Aristophanes  and  Plato.] 

Zool:  The  type-genus  of  Tragelaphirue 
(q.v.),  with  eight  species,  ranging  over  Aft  ica, 
from  the  tropics  southward.  Tlie  head  is 
peculiarly  elongated  and  narrow  ;  the  horns, 
which  are  smaller  in  the  female  than  in  the 
male,  are  turned  abruptly  backward  at  thrir 
tips,  after  having  been  directed  forwards  and 
upwards  in  a  lyrate  manner. 

*  traget,  *  trajet,  *  treget,  *.    [O.  Fr.  iro- 

ject.}  [TRAJEcr,  *.]  A  .juggling  trick  ;  an  im- 
posture. (Rom.  of  the  Rax.) 

"tragetour,  *tregetour,  *     [0.  Fr.  tm. 

j<ctoire=a  juggler;  one  who  leaps  through 
hoops.]  (TRAJECT,  «.)  A  juggler,  an  impos- 
tor, a  cheat. 

"  My  aonne  as  pyle  vnder  the  hat 

'With  slelghtt*  of  a  trrg«-<,nr 

I«hid."  P.  A..VL 

*tragetry,  "tregetry,  'tregettrle,  «. 
ITRAQcr.l  Trickei'y,  cheating. 

"  I  did  hem  a  trayttrji ; 

They  kuuw  not  all  my  trcyettr-ie.' 

trag'-I-a,   «.      [From  Tragus,  the    Latinised 
name  of  an  oltl  German  botanist,  Hit-ronvmia 
Bock.    Ger.  bocJfcand  Gr.  rpayo?  (/raf/«-M 
=  goat.] 

Bot.:  A  genus  of  Aealyphea?.  Herbs  vr 
nndershrubs,  often  climbing,  found  in  tAe 
Bub-tropicalparUof  both  hemispheres.  ! 
serrate  or  lobed;  male  flowers  uumei-otis,  with 
a  tripartite  calyx  and  three  stamens,  female* 
with  a  six-jmrtite  calyx  and  a  thre^-ciMled, 
three-seeded  ovary.  Somespecies  Ktiugalinsat 
like  nettles.  Trogia  inrolucrat'i,  m  shrubby 
twiner,  with  the  Bowers  in  Icaf-oppoatd 
racemes,  T.  cannabina,  with  hemp-like  ieavee, 
and  T.  Mercuriatis,  an  annual  erect  plant, 
named  from  its  resemblance  to  the  ix>g's 
Mercury  (q.v.),  are  Indian  specie*,  an<l, 
the  T.  volvbilig  of  America,  are  solvent,  dia- 
phoretic, and  diuretic.  The  root  of  T.  tnfo- 
lucrata  is  used  in  India  as  an  alterative  in 
venereal  diseases ;  the  fruit,  made  iu»  a 
paste,  is  applied  to  boils  to  promote 
ration. 

trag'-ic,  'tr&g'-Xck,   *trag-lk.  a.  & 

[Fr.  tragifjve,  from  Lat.  tragicus  ;  Gr.  rpay\    ' 
(tragikos)  =  goatish,  tragic;  from  rpd-yos  ( 
gos)  =.  a  goat ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  tragico.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  tragedy  ;  of  the 
nature  or  character  of  tragedy. 

"  There  never  yet.  on  tragic  stage, 
Wu  seen  no  well  a  ualuted  nyt 
A*  Uawald  showed.  Scott :  Rd'by,  n.  ft. 

2.  Characterired  by,  or  accompanied  will: 
bloodshed  or  loss  of  life ;  mournful,  lament- 
able, sad,  tragical. 

"  Noble,  valiant,  princes  .  .  .  have  had  a  mt 
fragile  endt."— Joye:  Expot.  of  Daniel,  ch.  vUL 


Otef  fftt,  &re,  amidst,  what,  talL  father;    we,  wet,  here,  camel,  Lcr,  tliero;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit. 
Or.  wore,  woll  work,  who.  son;  mate,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian-    se,  ce  ~  e;  07  — ft;  qn  =  kw. 


tragical— trail 


4783 


S.  Expressive  of  tragedy  or  the  loss  of  life. 
*  B.  As  substantive: 

1.  A  writer  or  composm*  of  a  tragedy. 

2.  A  tragedy  ;  a  tragic  drama. 

•tr.ig'-io-al,  a.  [Bng.  tragic;  -al.]  The  same 
a*  TRAGIC  (q.v.). 

41  Very  trapical  roirth.'" 

Midtiunnwr  jfight't  Dream. 

tragf-IC-al-l^,  adv.     fEng.  tragical;  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  tragic  or  tragical  munuer  ;  as  befits 
tragedy. 

"Juvenal's  genius  wan  sharp  and  eager:  and  as  his 
provocations  were  great,  be  h*a  revenged  them 
traetC'tnft.'—Oryden;  Juvenal,  (Dedlc.) 

2.  Mournfully,  sadly,  lamentably. 

"  Froceede  to  the  rest  of  our  voyage,  which  ended 
traffii-n!fff."—fffickiuitt:  Yoya-jet,  liL  1M. 

•trag'-ic-al-ness,  *.  [Eng.  tragical;  -ness.] 
The  qiinlity  or  state  of  being  tragical  *  sad- 
ness, moimif  illness. 

"  And  we  moralize  the  fable  as  well  in  the  trayical- 
ness  of  the  event,  ai  in  the  iuaoLeuue  of  the  under- 
taking."— Deaiy  (if  Piety. 

•trag-Ic-ljf,  *  tra?-Xok-iy,  adv.  [Bug. 
tragic;  -ly.]  Tragically,  sadly,  mournfully. 

*'  I  shall  sadly  sing,  too  tragickly  iiicliu'd," 

Stirling:  Aurora,  BOO,  103. 

tra?-if-c6m'-e-djf,  s.  [Eng.  tragi-,  tor  tragic, 
and  cmn&ly  ;  FT.  tragicotnedie.]  A  kind  of 
dramatic  poem  in  which  tragic  and  comic 
scenes  are  blended;  a  composition  partaking 
•{the  nature  both  of  tragedy  and  com&ly. 

**  8hakspear9  had  borrowed  from  Whetstone  the 
plot  y(  tlie  ituble  traatcoittottynt  .Venture/or  Manure." 
—JlMatUay:  Bist.  £iij..  ch.  v. 

•tra£-I-oom'-ic,  *tra£-I-oo'm'-Io-al.  a. 

[Ens.  tmgi-i  for  tragic,  find  comic,  comical  ;  Fr. 
tragicmniqve.]  Pertaining  to  tragicomedy; 
partaking  of  the  nature  both  of  tragedy  and 
comedy. 

"  The  whole  art  o(  the  tragicomical  faroe  lies  in 

teterweavimr  the  several  kinds  ot  the  drama."  —  9atf: 

WHat  a'y«  rail  It. 


'-Jc-al-l^,  a.     [Eng.  tragicomic 
col;  -ly.]    In  a  tragicomical  manner. 

"  Laws  my  Ptndarick  parents  uiattor'd  not, 
So  I  was  trayicomicully  got"  Brampton. 

•trag-I-com-I-pas-tbr-al,  a.  [Eng. 
tragic),  ctmtfc),  and  jxistora!.}  Partaking  of 
the  nature  of  tragedy,  comedy,  and  pastoral 
poetry. 

trag  -i^sus,  *.    [TRAGIC.] 

A  not.  :  The  Muscle  of  the  Tragus.    [TRAous, 

tras-Sc'-er-as,  «.  [Or.  rpayo*  (fragos)  =  a 
goat,  and  w'po*  (kertts)  =  a  horn.] 

Palcsont.  :  A  genus  of  Antelopes,  with  goat- 
like  horns,  from  the  Upper  Miocene  of  Greece. 


9.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  rpay6mv 
(tragopan)  =  a  Goat-  Pan,  a  fabulous  bird,  said 
to  inhabit  Ethiopia  (Plin.  x.  70.).] 

Ornitk.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
Certoniis,  a  genus  of  LophophorinEe.  The 
head  is  crested,  but  naked  on  the  cheeks  and 
round  the  eyes,  a  horn-like  caruncle  project- 
ing backwards  from  behind  each  eye,  and  a 
loose,  inflatable  wattle  hanging  beneath  the 
bill.  Tbe  tarsi  are  spurred  in  the  males. 
There  are  five  species  from  the  forests  of  the 
Himalayas,  from  Cashmere  to  Bhootan  and 
Western  China.  They  are  birds  of  beautiful 
plumage,  somewhat  resembling  pheasants, 
out  more  bulky  in  form,  and  with  rounded 
tails  of  moderate  length.  It  is  probable  that 
they  might  be  acclimatised,  and,  with  a  little 
care,  dumebticated  iu  America. 

trag-d-po'-gon,  a.  [Gr.  rpdyos  (tragos)  =  a 
goat,  and  vtayuv  (pogon)  =  a  beard.  Named 
from  the  beautifully-  bearded  fruit.] 

Bot.  :  Goafs-beard  ;  agenusofScorzonerese. 
Heads  solitary,  yellow  or  purple.  Involucre 
single,  of  right  to  ten  connected  scales; 
pappus  feathery,  receptacle  naked  ;  fruit, 
slender,  muricate,  with  a  long  beak.  Known 
speejps  about  twenty,  from  Europe,  North 
Africa,  and  Western  Asia.  One  species,  salsify 
cr  salsafy  ('£.  porrtfolbim)  ,  a  native  of  Europe, 
ib  cultivated  as  a  garden  vegetable  in  the 
United  States  and  elsewhere  for  the  sake  of 
its  root,  which  is  delicate  and  pleasant  in  its 
flavor,  and  cooked  in  a  certain  way  baa  a  taste 
resembling  tfaut  of  the  oyster,  whence  it  is 
popular  lyltnowu  as  Oyster  Plant.  The  root  is 
Ion*  and  tapering.  T.  pratenns,  the  Yellow 


Goat'ft  Beard,  \va*s  formerly  cultivated  in 
England  for  its  roots,  which  resemble  salsify 
in  quality.  [SALSIFY.] 

trig  ops,  j.  [Gr.  rpa-yoc  (troyos)  =  a  goat, 
and  bty  (ops)  =  the  eye,  J 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Whip-snakes  (q.v.).  with 
four  species,  ranging  from  b^-gal  to  China, 
the  Philippines,  Java,  and  Celebes.  Body  and 
tail  exceedingly  slender,  slightly  compressed  ; 
head  depressed,  very  long,  with,  the  snout 
long  and  pointed. 

tra-gu'-ll-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  tragul(us) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idee.] 

1.  ZooL:  Chevrotains ;  the  sole  family  of 
the  section  Tragulina,  intermediate  in  struc- 
ture between  the  Cervidie  aud  the    Buidte. 
Owing  to  the  absence  of  horns  and  the  pro- 
minence of  their  canine  teeth,  these  animals 
are  often,  wrongly,  called  Pigmy  Musk  Deer, 
though  they  have  no  musk -secreting  gland, 
nor,  except  the  trivial  characters  noted  above, 
any  special  affinities  with  the  genus  Moschus 
(q.v.),  with  which  tliey  were  formerly  grouped 
to  form  the  family  Moschidie.    Of  this  classi- 
fication Prof.  Flower  (Encyc.  Brit.,  ed.  9th, 
xv.   430)  says:   "There  has  scarcely  been  a 
more  troublesome  and  obstinate  error  in  zool- 
ogy than  in  this  association  of  animals  so 
really  distinct."  There  are  two  genera,  Tragu- 
Ins  (q.v.)  and  Hyomoschus.     [WATER-CHEV- 
ROTAIN.] 

2.  Palasont. :   Hyomoschus  crassus,  differing 
only  in  size  from  the  modern  species,  has 
been  found  in  Miocene  deposits  at  Sansan, 
Gers,  France. 

tr&g-u-li -na,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tragu!(us); 
Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 

ZooL. :  A  section  of  Selenodout  Artiodac- 
tyles.  Upper  canines  well-developed,  espe- 
cially in  males,  narrow  and  pointed;  four 
complete  toes  on  each  foot ;  no  frontal  ap- 
pendages. They  ruminate,  but  the  stomach 
has  only  three  distinct  compartments,  the 
manyplies,  or  third  stomach,  of  the  Pecora 
being  absent, 

trag'  -u-liU,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimln.  from  Gr. 
rpoyos  (tragos)  —  a  he-goat.] 

Zooi. :  The  tyj>e-genus  of  Tragulidae  (q.v.). 
They  are  the  smallest  of  the  recent  Ungulates, 
atid  in  outward  appearauce  resemble  the 
Agoutis  rather  than  the  rest  of  thd  order. 
The  best  known  species  are  Tragultis  javani- 
cus,  T.  napu,  T.  kanchU,  and  T.  stanleyanns, 
from  the  Malay  Peninsula,  or  the  islands  of 
the  Indo-Malayan  Archipelago ;  and  T.  mem- 
mina,  from  Ceylon  and  Hindustan. 

trag  -us,  «.     [Gr.  rpoy«  (tragos)  =  a  he-goat.] 

Anat. :   A     conical     prominence,     usually 
covered  with  hairs  in  front  of  the  concha  of 
the  external   ear,  and  projecting  backwards 
over  the  meat-it*  auditorius. 
If  Muscle  of  the  Tragus: 
A  nat :  A  flat  bundle  of  short  fibres,  running 
nearly  vertically,  and  covering  the  outer  sur- 
face of  the  tragus.    Called  also  Tragicus. 

"traic-tise,  «.    [O.  Fr.J    A  treatise  (q.v.). 

*  traie,  v.t.    [An  abbrev.  of  betray  (q.v.).] 

To  betray. 

"  Wban  tbat  she  saw  tliat  Demophou  her  friied." 
Chaucer :  Legend  of  Phillit. 

tratk,  v.  t.  [Sw.  trceka  —  to  walk  wi  th  d  i  ffl  culty .  ] 
To  wander  idly  from  place  to  place;  to 
lounge.  (Scotch.) 

"  Coming  trailing  after  them  for  their  destruction." 
— Seott:  a«art  <tf  Muliathiati,  ch,  xxiv. 


traik'-et,  a. 

bedraggled. 


[Eng.  tmik;  -et.] 
(Suotcli.) 


Fatigued  and 


T '-rail,  a.    [Eng.  letter  T,  and  rail.] 

Railway :  A  mil  having  two  flanges  above, 
which  form  a  wide  tread  for  the  wheels  of  the 
rolling  stock.  The  vertical  web  is  gripped  by 
the  chairs,  which  are  spiked  to  the  ties. 

trail,  *traile.  'trayl,  "trayle,  *trayl- 

Cv.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  traitler  =to  wind  yam,  to 
t  the  trail  of  a  deer ;  from  traa.il  ~  a  reel 
to  wind  yarn  on,  from  Low  Lat.  trahale  —  a 
reel,  a  sledge,  from  Lat,  traho  —  to  drag,  to 
draw  ;  (rtiAo,  tragula  =  a  sledge  ;  Low  Lat. 
traga  =a  harrow  ;  traha  =  to  harrow  ;  cf.  Fr. 
traille  —  a  ferry-boat  dragged  across  a  river 
by  help  of  a  rope  ;  Dut.  treylen  =  to  draw  or 
drag  a  boat  with  a  rope  ;  Sp.  trailla  ~  a  drag 


for  levelling  ground;  Port,  (ra/fta  =  a  drag- 
net] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  To  draw  or  drag  behind  and  along  thfl 
ground. 

"  The  wounded  band 

TraiCd  the  long  lauce  that  mnrk'd  with  bluod  th* 
sand."  POJJ<;  Homer ;  Iliad  xiii.  748. 

*  2.  To  drag  along  behind  one. 

"  Because  they  ahull  not  trail  me  through  their  street* 
Like  a  wild  btuut,  I  nm  content  to  K"-" 

Milton  :  aanaon  Agonittct,  1,4«. 

*  3.  To  tread  down,  as  grass,  by  walking  on 
it ;  to  luy  Hat. 

"  Our  little  life  la  but  ft  gtwt. 
That  lieijil*  the  branches  of  thy  tree, 
Aud  frailt  its  blossoms  In  the  dust." 

Ltjtijtfellow ;  Suipiriti. 

4.  To  hunt  or  follow  by  the  track  or  trail ; 
to  track. 

"  A  careful  pointer  will  show  signs  of  Rame,  and 
coiniuence  trailing  him,  for  the  eceat  hi  strung."— 
8crib»ert  Mrtgrtziiie.  Aug.,  1877,  p.  421. 

*  5.  To  interweave  ;  to  adorn. 

"  Trailed  with  ribbauds  divaraly  distrauffht* 

Spetuer:  f.  y..  V.  v.  i 

6.  To  quiz,  to  draw  out,  to  play  upon  ;  to 
take  advantage  of  the  ignorance  of.    (Prow.) 

"  I  prettently  perceived  she  wa«(what  Is  vernacularly 
termed)  trailing  Mrs.  Dent:  that  is,  plnying  on  l.er 
Ignorance;  her  trail  might  be  clever,  but  It  was 
decidedly  not  good-natured."— 0.  Brontf  ;  Jatte  Egrv, 
ch.  xvii. 

II.  Mil. :  To  carry,  as  a  rifle,  in  an  oblique, 
forward  position,  the  piece  being  held  in  the 
right  hand  in  front  of  the  breech  :  as,  To  trail 
arms. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  trailed  or  dragged  along  the  ground 
behind  anything. 

"  The  chariot  flies  and  Hector  traili  behiud." 

t'ujn:  ffoi'tfr  ;  /Ziudxxiv.  M. 

*  2.  To  saunter,  to  walk  idly  or  lazily. 

*'  He  fratfi  along  th«  street*." — Character  of  a  Tow*- 
Gallant  ( 1075),  p.  5. 

3.  To  sweep  or  be  drawn  over  a  surface. 
"  And  through  the  momentary  gloom 

Of  shadows  o'er  the  I.imlscaye  trnVlny." 

La>tgf*U<ne :  Golden  Legend,  lr. 

4.  To  fall  or  hang  down. 

"  Rending  her  yellow  locks,  like  wyrl*  gold 
About  her  shoulders  carelealie  duwue  triiiUni." 
Spentcr;  Kuinea  of  Time. 

5.  To  grow  to  great  length,  especially  when 
slender  and  creeping  upon  the  ground,  as  a 
plant ;  to  grow  with  long  shoots  or  stems,  so 
as  to  need  support. 

*  6.  To  extend,  to  stretch. 

"  Cape  Roxo  is  a  low  Cape  and  trailing  to  the  Ma- 
ward."—  Backiuyt:  Voyajet,  ill.  615. 

trail  (1),   "traile  (1),  "trayl,  *trayle,  s, 

[TRAIL,  v.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  A  vehicle  dragged  or  drawn  along ;  a 
sled,  a  sledge. 

"  They  frank  or  keepe  certain*  doRi  not  much  vullke 
WdlUM,  wliich  they  yoke  togither,  as  we  do  oxen  and 
horses,  to  a  «led  ortraile."~aai:Mujit :  I'oyaget.  111.  37 

2.  Anything  drawn  out  to  a  length. 

"  A  sodden  Star,  it  shot  through  liquid  air, 
And  drew  behind  a  radiant  trail  of  hair.*' 

fopg:  Rattf  qf  the  /,«c*,  v.  12T. 

3.  Anytliing  drawn  behind  in  long  undu- 
lations; a  train. 

"  Chaf'd  by  the  speed,  it  fir'd  :  and  HS  It  flew, 
A  trail  of  following  flumes  ascending  drew." 

Iiryd«>t:   I'irgil ;  ^neid  V.  6M. 

*  4.  A  moving  along  the  ground  ;  a  crawl. 

"  The  seppeutca  twine,  with  haeted  trailt  they  gild* 
To  PallaK  temple  and  her  towres  of  heigh te. 

:  I'irffili;  <Jteef<*  it. 


5.  Mark  or  track  left  by  anything  pursued  ; 
track  or  scent  followed  by  a  hunter. 

"  This  brafu  of  mine 
Hunts  not  the  trail  of  policy  BO  sure 
As  it  hath  used  to  do."  Shaketp,  :  ffumlet.  It.  S. 

6.  An  Indian  footpath  or  road ;  a  path  made 
by  Indians  travelling. 

7.  The  act  of  playing  upon  or  taking  advan- 
tage of  one's  ig- 

norance.    (See 
example  under 
TRAIL,  t).,  A.  I. 
6.)    (Prov.) 
U.  Technically: 

1.  Arch.:  A  run-  •-  '    '  '   '•**•'  '  '  » 
ning  enrichment                     TRAIL. 

of  leaves,   flow- 
ers, tendrils,  &c.,  in  the  hollow  mouldings  of 
Gothic  architecture. 

2.  Ordn. :    The  end  of  a  stock  of  a  gun- 
carriage,  which  rests  upon  the  ground  when  a 


boil, 


;  poftt,  jtftrl;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  &em;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xonophon,  exist,    -ing. 
ahan.   -Uon,  -aiou  -  shun  ;  -fion,  -aion  =  zhun.     cioua,  -tio  us,  -aious  —  shtta,   -ole,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


1784 


trail— trainer 


gun  It  u nlimbered,  or  in  position  for  firing. 
The  stock  proper  is  inserted  into  a  forked  iron 

Slate,  the  lunette,  having  a  loop  wrought  on 
a  outer  extremity,  which  is  passed  uver  the 
pintle-hook  of  the  limber  when  the  gun  is 
limbered  up. 

trail-board,  «. 

Shipbvild. :  One  of  the  curved  boards  on 
each  side  of  the  stem,  reaching  from  it  to  the 
figure-head. 

trail-oar,  i.    [See  TRAILIB,  «.,  3.] 

trail-net,  ».  A  net  drawn  or  trailed  be- 
hind a  boat ;  or  by  two  persons  on  opposite 
banks  in  sweeping  a  stream. 

trail(2),  -trailed),  ».  [Pr.  tr«ill»  =  trellis.] 
A  sort  of  trellis  or  frame  for  running  or  climb- 
ing plants. 

"  Out  of  the  praaM  I  me  withdrew  therefore, 
And Mt  me  downe  Alone  behind  a  traile, 
Full  of  leftuea,  to  aee  ft  great  meruaile." 

Chaucir :  La  Belli  Dam*  tara  ifrrcfc. 

trail  (3),  «.     [An  abbrev.  of  entrail  (q.v.).  ] 

Cook.:  Intestines  of  certain  birds,  as  the 
snipe,  and  fishes,  as  the  red  mullet,  which  are 
sent  to  the  table  instead  of  being  extracted  or 
drawn.  The  name  is  sometimes  given  to  the 
entrails  of  sheep. 

•  trail  bis  ton,  •  trayl-bas-ton,  >.    [O. 

Fr.  tray  (=  Lat.  trahe)  =  deliver  up,  take 
away,  le  def.  article,  and  baston  =  a  wand  of 
office.] 

Old  Lav :  One  of  a  company  of  persons  who 
bound  themselves  together  by  oath  to  assist 
one  another  against  any  one  who  displeased 
a  member  of  their  body.  They  were  so  called 
because  they  carried  (or  trailed)  sticks,  ami 
committed  acts  of  violence.  They  arose  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  and  judges  were  ap- 
pointed expressly  to  try  them. 

trail  -er,  «.     [Eng.  trail,  v. ;  •«•.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  trails. 

"  With  many  a  deep-hoed  bell-like  floi 
Of  fragnnt  traaert."         Tmnyttm  : 

2.  Specif. :  A  self-acting  brake  formerly  uaed 
on  inclined  planes. 

3.  A  car  attached  to  the  grip-car  of  a  cable 
line,  or  to  the  motor-car  of  an  electric  line. 

trail   ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TRAIL,  «.] 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  (See  the  verb). 
2.  Bot. :  Of  an  elongated  prostrate  habit  of 
growth. 

trailing  axle,  >.  An  axle  behind  the 
driving-axle  in  British  locomotives. 

trailing  spring,  s.  In  locomotives,  the 
•prings  fixed  on  the  axle-boxes  of  the  trailing- 
wheels  of  a  locomotive-engine,  which  bear 
•lightly  against  the  side  frames,  so  as  to  leave 
as  much  weight  as  possible  upon  the  driving- 
springs,  and  to  assist  in  deadening  any  shock 
which  may  take  place. 

trailing  wheel,  s.  One  of  the  wheels 
of  a  locomotive  not  concerned  in  the  driving. 

train. "  trayne,  v.t.  &  t.  [O.  Fr.  trahiner, 
trainer ;  Fr.  trainer  =  to  drag,  to  draw,  to 
trail,  fromO.  Fr.  trahin,  train  =a  train  of  men, 
from  Low  Lat  trahino  =  to  drag;  extended 
from  Lat.  traho  =  to  draw  ;  Ital.  trainare.] 

A*  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

•L  To  drag  or  draw  along ;  to  trail. 

"In  hollow  cube 
Training  hit  deTllUh  eUKinery." 

Milton:  P.L.,  TL  IW 

•2.  To  draw,  to  entice,  to  allure ;  to  attract 
by  persuasion  promise,  stratagem,  artifice,  or 
the  like. 

&  To  bring  up,  to  educate,  to  teach  ;  to  rear 
and  instruct. 

"Yon  hare  trained  me  like  a  peaaanf— OuOtap.  : 
At  rat  Lite  n.1.1. 

4.  To  form  to  any  practice  by  exercise  ;  to 
discipline,  to   drill;   to   practise  and  make 
perfect  in  any  exercise. 

"Abraiu  armel  hie  trained  servant*  born  in  hU 
hotue.  and  pnnued." — Oenetit  xi  v.  14. 

5.  To  break,  tame,  and  render  docile ;  to 
render  able  to  perform  certain  feats  :  as,  To 
train  dogs. 

6.  To  render  fit  and  capable  of  undergoing 
•nine  unusual    feat   of  exertion    by    proper 
regimen  and  exercise  ;  to  increase  the  power* 
of  endurance  of,  especially  as  a  preparative  to 
•ome  contest. 


II  Technically: 

1.  Hort. :  To  lead  or  direct  and  form  to  a 
wall  or  espalier ;  to  form  to  a  proper  shape  by 
growth  and  lopping  or  pruning. 

"With  pleuure  more  than  ev'n  their  trviU  afford  ; 
Which,  lave  himwif  who  train!  them,  none  can  feel." 
Co*fj*r:  Talk,  ill,  411. 

2.  .Win iiiy:  To  trace,  as  a  lode  or  vein,  to 
its  head. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  travel  by  train.   [DETRAIN,  ENTRAIN.] 

2.  To  go  into  or  be  in  training  for  some  feat, 
contest,  competition,  or  profession. 

5  To  train  a  gun  : 

Mil. :  To  point  it  at  some  object,  either 
before  or  aliaft  the  beam,  that  is,  not  directly 
transverse  to  a  vessel's  side. 

"  The  electrician  propoM*  to  train  and  fire  nearly  a 
doxeu  fmu  at  once.  If  there  should  be  ao  many,  and  to 
light  up  the  circumjacent  aea."— Daily  Telegraph, 
Dec.  21.  1915. 

train,  *  trayn,  *  trayne,  *  treine,  s.    [Fr. 
train  =  a   great  man's  retinue,  the   train   or 
hinder  part  of  a  beast;   trains  =  a  sled,  a 
sledge,  a  drag-net ;  O.  Fr.  trahiu,  train  =  a 
train  of  men.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
"1.  A  plot. 

"  80  that  I  Me  in  conclusion, 
With  her  fra.net  that  they  woll  me  •bend." 

Chaucer :  The  floure  of  Caurtetie, 

2.  A  number  or  body  of  attendants  or  fol- 
lowers ;  a  retinue. 

"  My  train  are  men  of  choice  aud  rarest  parts." 

Shatoip. ;  Liar.  L  4, 

3.  A  consecution  or  series  of  persons  or 
things  in  order. 

"  Though  'tis  a  train  of  stare,  that,  rolling  on, 
Rise  fu  their  turn,  and  In  the  zodiac  run." 

Dryden :  JF!«mora,  I4t. 

4.  A  consecution  or  succession  of  connected 
things. 

"Some  truths  malt  from  any  idea*,  as  »oon  u  the 

miml  puts  them  Into  proposition! ;  other  truthi  re- 
quire a  train  of  ideas  placed  in  order."— ioc*«. 

5.  A  company  in  order ;  a  procession. 

"  Forc'd  from  their  homes,  a  melancholy  train, 
To  traverse  clime*  beyond  the  western  main." 

Voldtmith:  Traveller. 

ft.  A  company. 

"  Which  of  thti  princely  train 
Call  ye  the  warlike  Talbot  t" 

Sftttk«tp. :  I  Benry  F/..  il.  l 

*  7.  (K.):  Troops,  army. 

"  Let  our  traint 
March  by  na."  Shakeip. ;  t  Henry  IV..  lv.  1 

"8.  Series,  consecution,  order. 

"  Pawing  In  train,  one  going  and  another  coming, 
without  intermission."—  Locke:  Human  Undent.,  bk. 
iL.ch,  vlL 

9.  State   of  procedure  ;   regular   method ; 
course,  progress,  process. 

"  If  things  were  once  in  this  train,  if  virtue  were 
established  as  necessary  to  reputation,  and  vice  not 
only  loaded  with  infamy,  bat  made  the  infallible  ruin 
of  all  men's  pretensions,  oar  duty  would  take  root  In 
our  nature.  —Swift. 

10.  That  which  is  drawn  or  dragged  along 
or  after,  as : 

*(1)  The  hinder  part  of  a  beast    (Cotgrave.) 
(2)  That  part  of  a  gown,  robe,  or  the  like, 
which  trails  behind  the  wearer. 

"  Train*  are,  it  is  true,  more  »  urn  than  they  used  to 
be,  but  are  by  no  means  the  necessary  adjunct  of  an 
evening  toilette." — Daily  Teleyr-iyh,  Jan.  14,  1886. 

*  (3)  The  tail  of  a  comet,  meteor,  or  the  like. 

"  Stars  with  train*  of  ftre" 

SHakeep. :  Samlet,  L  1. 

»(4)  The  tail  of  a  bird. 

"  The  train  steers  their  flight,  and  turns  their  bodies 
like  the  rudder  of  a  ship.  '—May ;  On  the  Creation. 

*(5)  The  rear  part  of  an  army. 

"  Followed  conertly  thehynderfrayneof  the  Beetles, 
•who  had  bones  so  charged  with  baggage,  y>  they 
might  scant  go  any  gret  pace."— Bernert :  Froittart ; 
Cronycle,  voL  1..  en.  Ikxvi. 

(6)  A  peculiar  kind  of  sleigh  used  in  Canada 
for  the  transportation  of  merchandise,  wood, 
&c.  (Fr.  traineau.) 

11.  A  trap  for  an  animal.    (Prow.) 

"The  practice  begins  of  crafty  men  upon  the  simple 
and  good ;  these  easily  follow  and  are  caught,  while 
the  others  lay  train*  and  pursue  a  game.*1— Temple. 

12.  Something  tied  to  a  lure  to  entice  a 
hawk.    (Prov.) 

13.  A  continuous  line  or  series  of  carriages 
on  a  railway  coupled  together  with  the  engine. 

"  Brakes  are  furnished  capable  of  bringing  the  train 
to  a  standstill  in  a  distance  of  sixteen  yards."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Sept  2.  1887. 

14.  A  line  of  combustible  material  to  lead 
fire  to  a  charge  or  mine. 

"Shall  he  who  gives  fire  to  the  train  pretend  t« 
wash  Ms  hands  of  the  hurt  that's  done  by  the  playing 
of  the  mine  t  "—L'Bttrange :  fabiet. 


•  15.  (See  extract.) 

"The  train  or  counter-tide  which  frequently  ran* 
there  with  great  rapidity."— Chapman :  Facti  *  Re- 
mark* fietative  to  the  Witham  *  fJw  Weltand  (ISOO). 
p.». 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Mack, :   A  set  of  wheels,  or  wheels  and 
pinions   in  series,  through  which  motion  is 
transmitted  in  regular  consecution :   as,  the 
(rain  of  a  watch  ;  the  wheels  intervening  be- 
tween the  barrel  and  the  escapement 

2.  Metall.  :  Two  or  more  pairs  of  connected 
rolls  in   a    rolling-mill  and   worked   as  one 
system. 

3.  Ordnance: 

(1)  A  certain  number  of  field  or  siege  pieces, 
organized    and   equipped  for  a  given  duty, 

[SlEGE-TRAIN.] 

(2)  The  trail  of  a  gun-carriage. 

train  band,  trained-band,  s.  A  band 
or  company  of  a  force  partaking  of  the  nature 
both  of  militia  and  volunteers,  instituted  by 
James  I.  and  dissolved  by  Charles  II.  The 
term  was  afterwards  applied  to  the  London 
militia,  from  which  the  3rd  regiment  of  the 
line  originated.  [BUFF  (2),  a.,  3.  (1).] 

"The  tratn-bandt  were  under  arms  all  night,"— 
Macaulay  :  Hitt  Eng.,  oh.  tt 

train-bearer,  «. 

1.  Ord.  Lang,  :  One  who  holds  up  a  train  I 
one  who  holds  up  or  supports  the  long  state 
robes  of  a  lady  or  public  officer. 

2.  Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  Hum- 
ming-bird of  the  genera  Lesbia  andCynanthus. 
The  tail  is  forked,  with  the  outer  feathers  ex- 
cessively elongate ;  bill  very  short  and  straight. 
Fou.-  species  have  been  described,  from  th« 
highlands  of  Colombia.  Ecuador,  and  Peru. 

train-boy,  *.  A  newsboy  on  a  railroad 
train.  ( U.  8.) 

train  mile,  *. 

Sail :  A  unit  of  work  in  railway  accounts, 
one  of  the  total  number  of  miles  run  by  all 
the  trains  of  a  system. 

train-road,  *.  A  construction  railway  ; 
a  slight  railway  for  small  loads. 

train-tackle,  *. 

Ordn. :  A  purchase  by  which  a  gun-carriage 
is  secured  to  a  ring-bolt  in  the  deck,  to  pre- 
vent running  out  while  loading. 

train-way,  s,  A  hinged  platform  which 
forms  a  bridge  leading  from  a  wharf  to  the 
deck  of  a  ferry-boat. 

train  (2),  *  traine.  s.  [O.  But.  t iwn=a  tear ... 
train-oil ;  Dut.  (roan  =  a  tear  .  .  .  train-oil; 
cf.  Dai.  &  Sw.  (ran.  =  train-oil,  blubber; 
Ger.  thran  =  train-oil ;  thriine  =  a  tear,  a  drop 
exuding  from  a  vine  when  cut ;  Low  Ger. 
traan  =  train-oil ;  trane  =  a  tear.  Train-oil 
is  thus  oil  forced  out  by  boiling.]  The  same 
as  TRAIN-OIL  (q.v.). 

train-oil,  *  traine-olle,  *  trane  oil, 
*  trayn-oil,  s.  Oil  procured  from  the  blub- 
ber or  fat  of  whales. 

"A  kind  of  cloth  which  they  weaue.  anil  sell  to  the 
merchants  of  Norwaie.  togither  with  their  butter. 
ftsb.  either  salted  or  dried,  and  their  traine-oil*.'- 
Holimhtd :  Detcript.  Brit.,  eh.  x. 

train -a-ble,    '  trayn  a  ble,  a.     [Sag. 

(rain,  v. ;  -able.]    Capable  of  being  trained  or 

educated. 
*  traine,  v.  &  $.    [TRAIN.] 

trained,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [TRAIN,  t».) 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Educated,  taught;  formed  by  training; 
experienced  by  practice  or  exercise. 

*  2.  Having  a  train. 

"  He  swooping  went 
In  his  train'd  gown  about  the  stage. 
Ben  Jonton  :  Horace'!  Art 


*  trained-band,  s.    A  train-band  (q.r.). 

"  So  artfully  managed  the  trained  l*i<i>i*.  that  th«j 
took  part  with  the  rebels,  and  quitting  the  dua« 
Joined  Wyat.--«<««  Triai:  1  Mart  (an.  «MI;  *• '• 


»  traln'-el,  «.    [O.  Fr.] 
net 


A  trail-net,  a  drag- 


train -er,  *,    [Eng.  train,  v.  ;  •«%] 

1.  One  who  trains  up;  an  instructor; 
specif.,  one  who  trains  or  prepares  men, 
horses,  Ac.,  for  the  performance  of  feats  re- 
quiring physical  qualities,  as  an  oarsniau  for  a 


Cote,  fit,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  bore,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
•r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  wbo,  son;  mate,  c4b,  cure,  nnito,  cur,  rule,  fftll ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  «  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


training— tralucency 


4785 


boat-race,  a  horse  for  racing,  a  pugilist  for  a 
prize-fight,  a  greyhound  for  coursing,  &c. 

•'  If  the  horses  had  the  least  fear  of  their  trainer  a 
Itampede  would  In  all  probability  result"— field. 
Aug.  27,  1187. 

2.  A  wire  or  wooden  frame  to  which  Bowers 
•r  shrubs  are  fastened. 

3.  A  militia-man  when  called  out  for  train- 
ing or  exercise. 

traln'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  (3.  >.    [TRAIN,  ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Educating,  teaching,  or  forming 
by  practice  or  exercise. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

\.  The  act  or  process  of  training  or  edu- 
cating ;  education. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  preparing  for  some 
unusual  feat  requiring  physical  qualities  by 
increasing  the  powers   of  endurance.      The 
main  requisite  in  athletic  training  is  to  get 
rid  of  all  superfluous  flesh,  which  consists 
chiefly  of  the  fatty  tissue  of  the  body.    This 
is  chiefly  effected  by  perspiration  induced  by 
violent  exercise  and  warm  clothing,  or  some- 
times by  the  use  of  the  Turkish  bath.     The 
length  of  time  during  which    the    training 
must  be  continued  depends  of  course  greatly 
on  the  condition  of  the  person  undergoing 
the  process. 

S.  The  state  of  being  in  a  fit  condition  for 
undertaking  some  feat  requiring  physical  exer- 
tion. 

4.  The  drilling  or  exercising  of  troops  :  as, 
The  militia  were  called  out  fo.  their  annual 
training. 

H,  Wort. :  The  operation  or  art  of  forming 
young  trees  to  a  wall  or  espalier,  or  of  causing 
them  to  grow  in  a  shape  suitable  to  that  end. 

training-bit,  s. 

Manege :  A  wooden  gag-bit  used  when  train- 
ing vicious  horses. 

training-college,  «.  The  same  aa 
HORMAL-SCHOOL  (q.v.£ 

training-day,  «.  The  day  on  which  the 
militia  are  called  out  to  be  reviewed.  (Amer.) 

training-halter,  a, 

Afaneje :  A  halter  made  in  the  same  manner 
as  a  riding-bridle,  with  the  exception  of  having 
short  instead  of  long  cheeks,  which  are  pro- 
Tided  with  rings  into  which  bit-straps  may  be 
buckled. 

training  level.  >. 

Ordn. :  An  instrument  for  levelling  or  train- 
ing guns. 

training-pendulum,  >. 

Ordn. :  An  instrument  having  a  pendulum 
and  a  level  member,  with  a  glass  and  bubble, 
used  in  training  guns  to  any  required  eleva- 
tion. 

training-school,  «. 

1.  A  school  for  practical  instruction  in  any 
art    (17.6.) 

2.  A  school  for  the  instruction  of  teachers ; 
a  normal  school.    In  England  termed  a  (raining 
college. 

training  snip,  >.  A  ship  provided  with 
instrutture,  officers,  &c.,  to  train  lads  for  the 
sea.  The  first  training  ship  was  placed  on 
the  Thames,  at  London,  England,  in  1786,  by 
the  Marine  Society  which  Jonas  Hanway  had 
founded  30  years  before.  The  first  In  the  United 
States  was  the  St.  Mary's,  established  by  the 
New  York  Nautical  School  to  train  boys  for  the 
merchant  service.  This  school  was  founded 
about  20  years  ago,  and  turns  out  about  thirty 
well-educated  young  seamen  each  year.  A  ship 
for  training  homeless  boys  for  the  navy  and  the 
mercantile  marine  was  stationed  on  the  Thames 
in  1866.  These  two  examples  have  been  fol< 
lowed  elsewhere,  and  much  benefit  has  resulted. 
Training  ships  also  exist  in  connection  v  ith 
the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis,  for  the  exer- 
cise of  the  students  in  naval  duty  and  discipline. 

training-stable,  >.  An  establishment 
where  horses  are  trained  for  racing. 

training-wall,  «.  A  -wall  built  np  to 
determine  the  flow  of  water  in  a  river  or  har- 
bour. 

t  train'-ist,  «.    [Eng.  train  (1),  s. ;  -irt.]    One 
who  travels  by  train. 

•  train'-y,  a.  [Eng.  (rain  (2),  i. ;  -y.]  Belong- 
ing or  pertaining  to  train-oil. 


traipse,  v.i.  [TRAPES.]  To  walk  like  a  »lut 
or  slattern ;  to  walk  carelessly. 

"  Lo,  next  two  slipshod  muses  traipie  along. 
In  lofty  madness,  meditating  song." 

Pop?  :  Dunciad,  ill.  Hi. 

trals,s.p(.  [Fr.<ratt».J  [TRACE(2),«.]  Traces. 

*  traise,  *  trashe,  v.t.    [0.  Fr.  traissant,  pr. 
par.  of  trair  —  to  betray.]    To  betray. 

"  Hacliog.  the  Scott«e  kyng.  that  wild,  thorgh  traitourie. 

Uaf  fruited  Edward  the  kyng.  that  in  the  north  was 

rife."  Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  61. 

trait  (or  as  tra),  >.  [Fr.  =  a  draught,  line, 
streak,  or  stroke,  from  (rai(  (0.  Fr.  (raid), 
pa.  par.  of  (mire;  Lat.  (raAo  =  to  draw.] 

[TRACE  (2),  «.] 

1.  A  stroke,  a  touch. 

"  By  this  single  fruit  Homer  marks  an  essential 
difference  between  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey."— Broom* : 
Jiotee  on  the  Odyltey. 

2.  A  distinguishing  or  peculiar  feature ;  a 
peculiarity. 

*  trait'-eur  (e  long),  s.    [Fr.]    The  keeper  of 
an  eating-house  ;  a  restaurateur. 

trait'  -  or,  *  trait  -  our,  "  trait  -  oure, 
•trat-our,  *trayt-or,  ftrayt-our, 
•  trayt-oure,  •  trait-ur, ».  &  a.  [O.  i.-. 
traitor,  tmtteur,  from  Lat  Iroditorem,  accus. 
of  traditor  =  one  who  betrays  ;  tradit-us,  pa, 
par.  of  trado  =  to  hand  over,  to  betray :  (rans 
=  over,  and  do  =  to  give  ;  Fr.  (rai(re ;  Sp. 
traidor;  Port,  traditor;  Ital.  traditore.] 
A*  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  violates  his  allegiance  and  be- 
trays  his  country ;   one   who   is   guilty   of 
treason  ;  one  who,  in  breach  of  trust,  delivers 
his  country  to  its  enemy,  or  any  fort  cr  place 
entrusted  to  his  defence,  or  who  surrenders 
an  army  or  body  of  troops  to  the  enemy,  un- 
less when  vanquished ;  one  who  takes  up  amis 
and  levies  war  against  his  country ;  one  who 
aids  an  enemy  in  conquering  his  country. 
[TREASON.] 

"  Forthwith  that  Edward  be  pronounced  a  traitor, 
And  all  bis  lauds  and  goods  be  confiscate." 

Shaketp.  :  3  Henry  >'/.,  iv.  6. 

2.  One  who  betrays  his  trust ;  one  who  is 
guilty  of  perfidy  or  treachery. 

•  B.  As  adj. :  Traitorous,  treacherous. 

14  False  traltour  squire,  false  squire  of  falsest  knight' 
Sptnier  :  f.  f).,  IV.  L  52. 

*  traitor-friend,  «.     One  who,   while 
pretending  to  be  a  friend,  is  really  an  enemy 
and  a  traitor. 

"  Par  the  blackest  there,  the  traitor-friend.' 

Dryden.   Palamon  *  Arcite,  ii.  667. 

t  traitor-hearted,  a.  Having  the  heart 
of  a  traitor  ;  false-hearted.  (Tennyson :  Morte 
d'Artnure.) 

•traitf-or,  v.t.    [TRAITOR,  «.J    To  act  the 

traitor  towards;  to  betray. 
"  Traitored  by  a  sight 
MostwofuL"     Drummond:  Dtiprat*  of  Beauty. 

*  trait  -or-ess,  *  trat-our-esse,  ».    [Eng. 
traitor;  -ess.]    A  female  traitor;  a  traitress. 

"  That  false  tratoureue  untrew." 

Komaunt  of  the  Role. 

*  trait- or -ie,  *trayt-er-ie,  s.    [Eng. 

(raitor,  s. ;  -y.]    Treachery,  treason. 

"Their  confessions  In  the  eare,  of  all  Smyterie  the 
fouutayue."—  Bale:  Image,  pt.  11. 

t  tralt'-or-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  (raitor ;  -ism.)  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  traitorous ;  treachery, 
treason. 

"  The  same  cause  of  treachery  and  traitoritm  to  the 
Interests  of  universal  humanity."— tf.  Jiicoll:  Great 
Mowemfntl,  p.  368. 

"  trait- or  -  ly,  » trayt-er-ly,  a.  [Eng. 
traitor;  -ly.]  Treacherous,  traiiorous. 

"But  what  talk  we  of  these  trailorly  rascals?"— 
Skakeep.  :  Winter  t  Tale.  iv.  a. 

trait'  or  ous,  *  trayt-er-ous,  o.  [Eng. 
(raitor,  s. ;  -ous.] 

1.  Acting  the  traitor ;  guilty  of  treason  ; 
treacherous,  perfidious. 

"  The  revenges  we  are  bound  to  take  upon  yonr 
traitorous  father."— Bnakeip. :  Lear,  111.  1. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  consisting  in  trea 
son  ;  implying  treason  ;  treasonable. 

"  What  means  that  traitorotu  combination  T" 

Dryden  :  The  Medal,  205 

tralf-or-ofis-ly,  *  trayt-er-ous-ly,  adv. 
[Eng.  (raitorou* ;  -ly.]  In  a  traitorous  or 
treacherous  manner ;  like  a  traitor ;  in  vio- 
lation of  allegiance  and  trust ;  treacherously, 
perfidiously. 

"Harmless  Richard  was  murdered  traitorouily." 
Shakeip. :  8  Qenry  r/.,  ii.  2. 


trait  or  oftsnSss,  s.  [Eng.  traitormat 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  traitor- 
ous or  treacherous ;  treachery,  perfidy. 

trait  ress,  «.  [Eng.  traitor ;  -ess.]  A  woman 
who  betrays  her  country  or  her  trust ;  a  female 
traitor. 

"  Traitress,  restore  my  beauty  and  my  charms. " 
Drt/den:  jturengtfbe,  V.  L 

IT  Formerly  used  adjectively  with  feminine 
nouns.  [TRAITOR,  B.J 

"  By  the  dire  fury  of  a  traitreu  wife." 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Odyuey  IT.  lit 

*  tra-Ject',  v.t.    [Lat.  trajectus,   pa.   par.  ni 
trdjicio  =  to  throw  over  or  across  :  trans  = 
across,  and  jacio  =  to  throw.)    To  throw  o» 
cast  over  or  through. 

"  Trojtcttd  through  a  glass  prism."—  Boi/Je  :  Warkt. 
L  691. 

*  tra.)  -ect,  s.     [O.  Fr.,  from  Lat  tmjediu  = 
a  passage  across,  from  trajectus,  pa.  par.  of 
(rajicio.]    [TRAJECT,  t).] 

1.  A  ferry  ;  a  passage  or  place  for  crossing 
water  in  a  boat. 

"  Bring  them.  I  pray  thee,  with  imagined  speed 
Unto  the  truject,  to  the  common  ferry 
Which  trades  to  Venice." 

Htuikap. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ill.  «. 

2.  A  trajectory. 

"  The  traject  of  comets."— Itaac  Taylor.    ( Webster.) 

3.  The  act  of  throwing  across ;  transporta- 
tion, transmission,  transference. 

*  tra-jec'-tlon,  ».    [Lat.  trajectio,  from  tra- 
jectus, pa.  par.  of  (rajicio  =  to  throw  over  or 
across.]    [TRAJECT,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  trajecting ;  a  casting  or  dart- 
ing through  or  across. 

"  The  colours  generated  by  the  trajection  of  light 
through  drops  of  water.  "—Bonlt :  Worki,  i.  689. 

2.  Transposition. 

"  For  there  seems  to  be  such  a  trajection  in  tbe- 
words." — Harrow :  Sermont,  vol.  lit,  ser.  39. 

tra-jSc'-tor-jf,  s.  [Fr.  trajectoire  =  casting, 
thrusting,  throwing,  as  if  from  a  Lat.  tra- 
jectorius  =  pertaining  to  projection,  from  *nu 
jeans,  pa.  par.  of  (rajicio  =  to  throw  across.] 

(TRAJECT,  V.] 

1.  Dynamics:  The  path  described  by  a  body, 
such  as  a  planet,  comet,  projectile,  &c.,  under 
the  action  of  given  forces. 

"They  were  Dot  likely  U>  be  low  in  comparison  with 
the  trajectorief  of  English  spiting  rifles." — field. 
Feb.  IS.  1886. 

'  2.  Geom. :  A  curve  or  surface  which  cut* 
all  the  curves  or  surfaces  of  a  given  system 
at  a  constant  angle. 

•tra-Jet,  «.    [TRAJECT,  ».]    Passage  over  01 

across. 

*  tra-Jet-onr,  «.    [TRAGETOOB.] 

*  tra-Jet-ry,  «.    [TRAOETRT.] 

*  tra-la'-tion,  s.    [Lat.  tralatio,  trunslaUo, 
from    (ransiotus,  pa.  par.   of   transfero  —  to 
transfer  (q.v.).]    A  change  in  the  use  of  a 
word,  or  the  use  of  a  word  in  a  less  proper 
but  more  significant  sense. 

"  The  broad  tralatlon  of  his  rude  Rhemlsts." — 
Bithop  Hall :  Honour  of  On  Married  Clew,  p.  SO. 

*  tral-a-tJ'-tlon,  ».    [TRALATION.]   A  change, 
as  in  the  use  of  words  ;  a  metaphor. 

•tral-a-tf-tious,  a.  [Lat.  (ra!a(«itM,  (rani- 
latilius.]  [TRALATION.]  Metaphorical ;  not 
literal. 

"  After  showing  as  accurately  as  possible  the  primary 
signification  of  a  word,  and  the  tralatttiouM  one  if  It 
has  a  Iralatitiout  meaning)  I  adduce  single  examples 
of  the  different  uses."—  Chrittit  1  Stienne  Dolet.  p.  237. 

•tral-a-tl'-tious-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tralatitious; 
•ly.]  Metaphorically  ;  not  in  a  literal  sense. 

"  Written  language  is  iralrfitiouily  so  called,  becaus* 
It  is  made  to  represent  to  the  eye  the  same  words 
which  are  pronounced.'  —Holder:  Element*  of  Speech, 

*  tra-lin'-e  ate,  v.i.     [Lat.   (ran*  =  across, 
and  linea  =  n  line.]     To  deviate   from   any 
direction. 

"  If  you  tralineate  from  your  father's  mind. 
What  are  you  else  but  of  a  bastard  kind  7" 

brydtn  :  r?(f«  qf  Bath.  396. 

*tra-lU9e',  v.i.  [Lat.  traluceo  =  to  shint) 
across  or  through.]  [TRANSLUCENT.]  To  shins 
through. 

"The  tralucitiy  fiery  element" 
Hyli'fiter :  Du  Sartat,  second  day,  first  week,  wo. 

*  tra-lu'-cen-jjf,  «.    [Eng.  tralv^emtf);  -ty.J 
The  same  as  TRANSLUCENCV  (q.v.). 

"The  primary  and  most  gemmary  affection  Is  it* 
train  e>icy." — Browne :  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  ii.,  oh.  i. 


boll,  boy;  pout,  ]6%1;  cat,  yell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  L 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tlon,  -slon  =  ihon;  -tlon,  -fton  =  zhun,   -cious,  -tious,  -Bious  =  BUU*.   -Die,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4786 


tralucent— trample 


•  tra-lu  -cent,  a.  [Lat.  traliuxtu,  pr.  par.  o 
traluceo—tu  shine  through  or  across:  tran. 
—  across,  through,  and  iuceo  =  to  shine. 
Transparent,  translucent. 

"  Look  tbou,  too,  in  this  tralucent  glass." 

Drayton  :  laeai ;  To  Tim*. 

tram  (1),  s.  [Orig.  meaning,  a  beam  or  bit  o 
cut  wood,  hence,  a  shaft  of  a  sledge  or  »art 
the  sledge  itself;  Sw.  dial,  tromm,  tr&mm 
tntmm;  O.  Sw.  trim,  trtim  =  a  piece  of  a 
large  tree  cut  up  into  logs ;  Low  Ger.  traam 
=  a  balk,  a  beam ;  O.  Dut.  dram  ;  O.  H.  Ger 
dram,  fraro  =  a  bean..]  (See  extract  under 
TRAM-ROAD.) 

L  The  shaft  of  a  cart  or  truck.    (Prm.) 

2.  A    four-wheeled    truck   for  carrying  a 
corve,  hutch,  or  basket  on  a  pair  of  rails  in  a 
mine,  or  in  carrying  the  coal  or  ore. 

3.  One  of  the  rails  of  a  tram-road. 

4.  A  tramway. 

5.  A  tram-car  or  tramway-car. 

•'  In  SUM  the  cars  are  hardly  as  large  ae  the  single- 
horsed  tramt  employed  on  gnme  of  the  less  important 
London  roads."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  2. 188;. 
1!  The   words  tram,  tramway,  tram-car,  tram- 
titif,  &?.,  are   distinctively    British,  and   are 
rarely,  it  ever,  used  in  America. 

tram-car,  t.  The  same  as  TRAMWAY-CAR 
tram-line,  8.    A  tramway. 

"  The  placing  of  several  rows  of  chairs  for  the  andi. 
enee,  the  tram-line  dividing  the  two."— Vail*  Ttte- 
graph,  Sept.  2,  1887. 

tram-plate,  ».  A  flat  iron  plate,  used 
AS  a  rail. 

tram-road,  s.  A  road  in  which  the  track 
for  the  wheels  is  made  of  timbers,  Hat  stones 
or  iron,  while  the  horse-track  between  is  left 
sufficiently  rough  for  the  feet  of  the  horses ; 
« tramway  (q.v.). 

"  About  A.D.  1800  a  Mr.  Benjamin  Outran]  made 
certain  Improvemeuta  in  connection  with  railways 
for  common  vehicles,  which  gave  rise  to  the  ullly 
fiction  (ever  since  Industriously  ciiculatedj  that  tram- 
road  la  short  for  Outram-road,  in  Ignorance  of  the 
fact  that  the  accent  alone  is  sufficient  to  show  tliat 
owrram,  if  shortened  to  one  syllable,  must  becomw 
Out  rather  than  ram  or  Cram.'— stoat :  Stum.  Diet.. 
l.v.  Tram. 

tram  stafl,  .«. 

Hitting :  A  miller's  straightedge. 

tram-wheel,  >.  A  wheel  used  on  the 
small  cars  employed  in  mining  and  excavat- 
ing operations,  and  which  run  on  what 'In 
England  are  known  as  tramways. 

tram  (2),  «.  [ItaL  trama,  from  Lat  trama  = 
a  weft] 

Silk:  A  thread  of  silk  formed  of  two  or 
more  singles  twisted  together  in  a  direction 
opposite  to  that  of  the  singles ;  used  tor  the 
shoot  or  weft  of  some  description  of  goods. 
Organzine  is  double-twisted  like  a  rope. 

tra'-ma,  «.    [Lat.=  a  weft] 

Bot. :  The  substance  which  separates  the 
two  surfaces  of  the  gills  in  an  Agaricus,  or  of 
two  contiguous  pores  in  Polyporus.  The  trama 
varies  so  greatly  in  character  in  different 
genera  as  to  afford  an  excellent  criterion  for 
their  distinction. 

tram'-ble,  ?  (.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Mining:  To  wash,  as  tin  ore,  with  a  shovel 
In  a  frame  fitted  for  the  purpose. 

tram'- mel,  "tram -el,  'tram-aylc, 
•tram -ell,  "tram -mell,  «.  [Fr.  tra- 
muil,  trenail  =  a  net  for  partridges ;  trameau 
=  a  drag-net,  from  Low  Lat  tramamla,  trama- 
gula  =  a  trammel ;  cf.  ItaL  tramaalio  =  a 
drag-net,  a  trammel;  Sp.  tramalla;  Port. 
trasmalho.  The  ultimate  origin  is  prob.  Lat 
tres  =  three,  and  macula  =  a  mesh.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

\.  Literally: 

*  (1)  A  net  for  confining  or  binding  np  the 

"  Her  t  olden  lockes  she  roundly  did  uptye 
In  breaded  tramflt,"      Sptnnr  i  f.  <(.'  II.  It  U. 

(2)  A  long  sweep-net  for  birds  or  for  fish. 
"The  soiij  of  the  ...  malgres  cause*  their  own 

s-  .tir  sic,."-.  "±'?Mh^:-^  «• 


pre.ence  , 

Wjture  them  in   their  t 


(3)  A  shackle  to  put  on  a  horse's  leg  to  teach 
mm  to  pace. 

(4)  A  hook  hung  In  a  chimney  for  support. 
Ing  pots,  kettles,  &c. 

2.  Fig.  :  Anything  which  hinders  activity, 


freedom  of  motion,  or  progress ;  an  impedi 

itient ;  a  shackle. 

"  At  thia  Godolphlu  rose,  laid  something  about  th 
trammeli  of  office  and  his  wish  to  be  reiekaed  froj- 
theiu."— Macaulav  :  JJuf.  Eny.,  ch.  xvli. 

IX.  Carpentry  ; 

1.  An  ellipsograph  consisting  of  a  cros. 
with  two  grooves,  which  form  guides  for  tw 
pins  on  a  beam  com* 

pass.  The  pencil  on 
the  beam  is  directed 
in  a  prescribed  el- 
liptical path  as  the 
pins  slide  in  the 
grooves.  Each  pin 
travels  in  its  own  THAMMFI 

groove,  and  makes 

four  strokes  for  each  revolution  of  the  pencil 
This  double  reciprocation  has  occasioned  its 
adoption  in  machines  which  require  speedy 
motion. 

••Many  mechanical  persons  near  me  ara  acqnalnted 
vitb^a  carpenter,  trammel."- Airy:  fop.  Jammmf. 

2.  A  beam-compass  (q.v.)t 
trammel-net,  ». 

1.  A  kind  of  net  for  sea-fishery,  anchored 
and  buoyed,  the  back-rope  being  supported 
by  cork  ropes,  and  tlie  foot-rope  kept  close 
to  the  liottxim   by  weights.     Called  also 
Tumbling-net 

2.  A  loose  net  of  small  meshes  between  two 
tighter  nets  of  large  meshes. 

trammel-wheel,  «.  A  wheel  having 
two  slots  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles 
and  forming  guides  for  two  sliding-blocks,  to 
which  a  pitman  is  connected.  The  rim  of  the 
wheel  is  not  an  essential  jiai  t  As  the  wheel 
rotates,  the  sliders  keep  in  their  own  grooves, 
crossing  each  other's  tracks,  and  the  pitman 
makes  two  up  and  two  down  strokes  for  each 
revolution  of  the  wheel.  It  is  used  for  opera- 
ting the  needle  of  a  sewing-machine,  or  for 
driving  a  saw  or  gang  of  saws. 

tram'-mel,  r.«.    [TRAMMEL,  *,J 

*  1.  To  wrap  np,  to  envelope,  to  bind. 
••The  One  cloth  of  tulns  and  velvet, rxirely  bound 

••• 


*  2.  To  catch,  to  Intercept 

"  If  th'  assassination 

-  g>"'J'™mm"uptheeoi»equenc«,«lKl  catch 

-  Vt  itli  nia  surcease,  success." 

£*o*e»  :  atacattlt,  t  T. 

3.  To  confine,  to  hamper,  to  shackle, 

•  4.  To  train  slavishly ;  to  inure  to  con- 
formity or  obedience. 

"  Hackneyed  and   trummtUia  la  the  ways  of  a 
court.  —Pope. 

tram'-melled,  pa.  par.  &  o.    [TRAMMEL,  ».] 

A.  Aspa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  AiadjecUte: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Caught,  confined,  shackled, 
hindered. 

2.  Manege :  Having  blazes  or  white  marks 
on  the  fore  and  hind  foot  of  one  side,  as  if 
marked  by  trammels.  (Said  of  a  horse.) 

tra  mon  ta'-na,  a;  [ItaL]  [TRAMONTANE.] 
A  common  name  given  to  the  north  wind  In 
the  Mediterranean.  The  name  Is  also  applied 
to  a  r>eculiar  cold  and  blighting  wind,  very 
hurtful  in  the  Archipelago. 

tram'-6n-tane,  a.  &  «.  [Fr.  tramontatn  •= 
northerly,  from  ItaL  tramontane*,  from  Lat 
transntontaniis  =  across  or  beyond  the  moon- 
tains  :  trans  =  across,  beyond,  and  montaniu  = 
pertaining  to  a  mountain ;  vwns,  genit  mantis 
=  a  mountain.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Lying  or  being  beyond  the  mountains  • 
that  Is,  the  Alps  (originally  applied  by  the 
Italians);  hence,  foreign,  barbarous.    After- 
wards applied  to  the  Italians  as  being  on  the 
other  side  of  the  mountains  from  France, 
Germany,  &c.    [ULTRAMONTANE.] 

"  That  to  suppose  a  scene  where  she  preside* 
Is  tramontane,  and  stumbles  all  belief." 

Cavptr:  Talk.  iv.  SSS. 

2.  Coming  from  across  or  from  the  other 
side  of  the  mountains. 

"That  side  of  the  dumb  which  facea  the  (mason. 
tant  »ilul~—Addiion  :  Opt  Hall  i  Mian. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  living  or  coming  from  beyond  the 
mountains;  a  stranger,  a  foreigner,  *  bar- 
barian. 

"  A  happiness  those  tramontane*  ne'er  tasted." 
"rand  Imke  of  Florence. 


2.  The  north  wind;  the  tramoutaua  (ij.v.). 

*  tra-mofin'-tain,  a.  [Lat.  (m,  for  trans  = 
across,  beyond,  andEng.  mountain.]  Tliesauia 
as  TRAMONTANE,  A.  (q.v.). 

"  The  Italians  Recount  all  tr/rmojintaln  doctors  bui 
apothecarie«."-f^(er.-  WortUe,;  HcrlfrraMrZ 

tramp,  s.    [TRAMP,  ».] 

1.  The  act  of  tramping;  an  excursion  on 
foot  ;  a  walk  ;  a  journey  ou  foot 

•  A  .  tramp  ol  some  twenty  *lght  miles  to  Artsato."— 
Blactie  :  Layl  of  Highland!  t  lilanat,  p  81 

2.  A  distance  walked. 

3.  The  sound  made  by  the  feet  in  commi 
In  contact  with  the  ground  in  walking  or 

"  Freeh  aod.  and  old  sepulchral  stone. 
Return  the  tramp  In  varied  tune." 

Sfott  :  ttokeby.  »i  aX 

4.  One  who  tramps  or  wanders  about  on 
foot;  a  tramper;  a  stroller;  a  vagrant-  a 
wandering  beggar  ;  a  workman  who  wanders 
about  from  place  to  place  in  search  of  work. 

fi.  An  iron  sole-piece  worn  beneath  the 
shoe  to  protect  the  foot  and  the  shoe  from  in- 
jury when  digging. 

6.  A  tool  for  trimming  hedges 

tramp-pick,  «.  A  kind  of  lever  of  Iron 
about  four  feet  long  and  one  inch  in  breadth 
and  thickness,  tapering  away  at  the  lower 
end,  and  having  a  small  degree  of  curvature 
there,  something  like  the  prong  of  a  done; 
fork,  used  for  turning  up  very  hard  soils.  It 
is  fitted  with  a  foot-step  about  eighteen  inches 
from  tlie  lower  end,  on  which  tlie  workman 
presses  with  his  foot;  when  he  is  pushing 
Into  the  ground. 


v  t"»™P-en,  •  tramp-yu,  v.t.  &  {. 
[Low  Ger.  &  Ger.  trtanpen,  trampeln  =  to 
stamp;  Dan.  trampe;  8w.  iramjxi  =  to  tread, 
to  trample  on  ;  corresponding  to  Low  Ger 
trappen  =  to  tread  ;  Sw.  trappen  =  to  tread 
upon,  to  trample  ;  Sw.  trapna  :  Ger.  Irevx  = 
a  flight  of  stairs  ;  Eng.  trip!] 

A.  Transit  h-e: 

1.  To  tread  under  foot  ;  to  trample.    (Fnn. 
as  Scotch.) 

2.  To  wander  over  ;  to  scour. 

"The  couple  bad  been  tramping  the  ooonby."— 
Call*  Chm&lt,  Nov.  15,  1887. 

3.  To  cleanse  or  scour  as  clothes,  by  tiuui- 
lug  on  them  in  water.    (&»*d>.) 

B.  Intmnsitire: 

L  To  stamp,  to  walk. 

"  Where  the  snow  fell  there  it  lay.  and  the  citiiens 
e'lffiT'  °U  "*  "'*''  >utlac<!-  "- 

2.  To  travel,  to  walk,  to  wander. 

"  Shoulderlmr  her  basket  of  hah  t 
away  towarue  tfairporL  --Scott.-  AMiquarttLvi 

tramp'-er,  ».  [Eng.  tramp,  v.  ;  •«•.)  One 
who  tramps  ;  a  tramp,  a  stroller,  a  scamp,  a 
vagrant  or  vagabond. 

"  NaetMng  elae  to  do  than  to  speak  wi'  ilka  idle 

''",  "11'  CM2el  abont  the  t" 
d-Lothian,  ch.  xxvi. 


tram'-ple,  •  tram  pel,  *  tram-pel-yn, 

v.t.  &  i.  [A  frequent  from  tramp,  v.  (q.v.); 
cf.  Dut  trampeUn;  Ger.  trampeln  =  to 
trample.) 

A.  Traiuitlre: 

1.  To  tread  under  foot  ;  especially,  to  tread  on 
In  scorn,  contempt,  or  triumph.   (Matt.  vil.  «.) 

2.  To  tread  down  ;  to  prostrate  by  treading  ; 
to  crush  with  the  feet 

"  Far  from  the  cows'  and  gpata*  Insulting  czew. 
That  tratnfJc  Oowu  the  loners,  auil  brush  the  dew." 
Drtfdfn  :  Virgil  ;  Seorfftc  iv.  18. 

S.  To  treat  with  pride,  contempt,  or  insult; 
to  crush. 

"  To  trample  nnder  foot  the  high  spirit  and  reputa- 
tion of  that  city."-i>.  HWa*d  r  flul'mh.  p.  Kit, 

B.  Inlraruritirn: 

*  1.  To  stomp  rapidly  with  the  feet 

"  So  at  last  whan  E.TJ-JI  a  Ilttil  wakid  wen 
He  trampelid  fast  with  h  is  fete,  aud  a)  Ur  tenhUan 
And  liis  visage  both,  right  as  a  wudemau.' 

l.".<i«£»r  (?J.  Tali  of  Bftyn. 

2.  To  tread  In  contempt,  scorn,  or  triumph. 

"Clitlat  after  liia  reeurrection  tittiiig  on  hli 
•uulchre,  Iramfliug  on  tlio  symbol  of  Deatf- 
Sevnotdt:  A  Journiy  toflandmt  JJotltttitL 

3.  To  walk  roughly  ;  to  tramp. 

"  Gathered  their  ananas  in  the  Indian  gardens. 
trampling  through  them  without  any  discretion."— 
tfacktutt:  I'oyayta,  111.  ffia. 

4.  To  act  insultingly  or  scornfnlly. 

"  For  religious  enthusiasm  .  .  .  places  its  chief  (dory 
III  violating  aud  trampling  u)xjn  human  peace."— 
Warbunon  :  Sermoiu,  voL  ix.  ser.  0. 


Ot*.  ttt,  tare,  amlttot,  whit,  fall,  lather;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
•re,  wolf,  work,  who.  •&>;  mote,  cub,  eiure,  nnit*.  our,  rftle,  fl.ll;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ,»  =  e:  ey  =  A;  o.u  =  *W. 


trample— transandine 


4787 


trim  pie,  s.    [TRAMPLE,  v.] 

1    The  sound  made  by  feet  coming  in  con- 
tact with  the  ground  In  walking  or  marching  ; 


. 

•  2.  The  act  of  treading  under  foot  in  scorn 
or  insult, 

."  The  trampl,  and  spurn  o(  .11  the  other  damned.  - 
Milton  :  Reformation  In  Knglaitd.  bk.  U. 

tram'  pier,  s.   [Eng.  trample),  v.  ;  -er.]   One 
who  tramples.  ^^ 

Thp  injurious  trimmer  upon  Nature  I  law, 
That  cum.  *-—  <g«rlf  JSJ5*S;  ,«. 

iram  pods  ,  tram  pous,  tram-pose,  ».i. 
ITiiAMP,  »:]    To  tramp,  to  walk,  to  lounge,  to 
wander  about.    (Amer.) 
••  i  had  i«n  down  city  «ii  d»;."-"™{T'7'  *.TeS 

where  .'must  to  sell  some  stock."—  tfaliourlim.    ra« 
Clodcmakir,  p.  387. 

trim-way,  s.    [Eng.  tram,  and  waj/.] 

1  A  wooden  or  iron  way  adapted  for  trams, 
that  is,  coal-wagons;  a  tram-road. 

2  A  railway  laid  along  a  road  or  the  streets 
of  a  town  or  city,  on  which  cars  for  passengers 
are  propelled  by  horses,  steam,  electricity  or 
other  mechanical  means.     [TRAM-BOAD.] 

"Little,  if  anything.  was  a.id«.to  the  suitability 
of  the  pier  lor  the  purpoM.  of  a  Iro7m.au.  —Daily 
Telegraph,  Sept.  »,  1S87 

f  The  tramway  of  England  is  known  under 
the  title  of  street  railway  in  the  United  States, 
where  its  first  development  took  place.  The 
earliest  example  was  in  the  stone  tramways  laid 
in  1830  in  the  Commercial  Road,  in  London, 
and  afterwards  in  other  streets.  The  iron  track 
tramway  or  street  railway  began  with  the 
Fourth  Avenue  Hallway  in  New  York  in  1831. 
In  1857  Philadelphia  and  Boston  established 
street  railways,  and  since  that  date  they  have 
rapidly  developed  until  they  are  now  possessed 
by  every  city  in  the  United  States,  the  tUal 
length  of  Unesbeiugoverl2,000miles.  Horses 
were  long  used  on  these  roads,  but  they  have 
been  partly  superseded  by  cable  power,  and 
now  are  being  rapidly  set  aside  In  favor  ol 
electric  traction,  while  the  railway  is  extending 
into  the  country  roads.  England  and  Europe 
were  slow  in  adopting  this  improvement,  and 
are  only  now  becoming  fully  aroused  to  its 
advantage  and  convenience.  Electric  trolley 
lines  seem  destined  to  a  great  future. 

tramway-car,  s.    A  car  or  carriage  for 
passengers  running  on  a  tramway,  a  tramcar. 
tramway-man,   t.      A  man  employed 
Upon  a  tramway  (q.v.)- 

••  The  itrike  of  trarmvaywn  «t  Barton  (TJ  8)  ha. 

ended  »u  arrangement  Laving  been  come  to  between 

Semin  »nd  tneir  employer..  '-St.  Jamai  Uaatte, 

Jail.  11.  1887. 

•tra-na'-tion,  ».  [Lat.  tnmatum,  sup.  of 
tram  =  to  swim  across  :  trans  =  across,  and 
no  =  to  swim.]  The  act  of  swimming  across 
or  over  ;  transnatation. 

trance,  "trannce,  "trauns,  ».  [Fr. 
trunse  =  extreme  fear,  dread  ...  a  trance  or 
swoon  from  O.  Fr.  transi  =  fallen  into  a  trance 
or  swoon,  astonished,  half  dead,  pa.  par.  of 
tramir,  from  Lat.  transeo  =  to  go  or  para 
over  :  trani  —  across,  and  to  =  to  go;  Ital. 
tnvmre  =  to  go  forth,  to  pass  over,  to  fall 
into  a  swoon,  to  die.] 
L  Ordinary  Lanytiagt  : 

1.  A  passage  ;  especially  a  passage  inside  a 
house.    (Scotch.) 

2.  An  ecstasy  ;  a  state  in  which  the  soul 
seems  to  have  passed  out  of  the  body  into 
another  state  of  being,  or  to  be  rapt  into 
Tisions  ;  a  state  of  insensibility  to  the  things 
•f  this  world. 

"  Impatient  of  restraint,  the  active  mind  .  .  . 
U.,,  iron,  ber  .cat.  as  ..ken  -™ 


1.  To  entrance ;  to  put  into  or  as  into  a 
trance  ;  to  deprive  of  consciousness. 

"  Twice  then  the  truui^t  sounded. 
And  there  I  left  him  franco."    Skatelp. :  Lear.  T.  3. 

2  To  affect  with  or  as  with  a  trance ;  to 
hold  or  bind,  as  by  a  spell ;  to  charm,  to  en- 
chant. 

"  Where  oft  Devotion's  tranced  glow.      __ 
Can  such  a  glimpse  of  Heaven  bestow. 

xcott  :  Jtarmton,  Tl.  4. 

"  tranee,  *traunee(2),  v.t.  to  i.    [Fr.  troiwir 
=  to    go    over,    to    cross ;     Lat.    Iranseo.] 

[TRANCE,   «.) 

A.  Trans. :  To  tramp ;  to  wander  over ;  to 
travel. 

"  Trance  the  world  over  you  shall  never  pune  so 
much  gold  as  when  you  were  In  England.  —  fleaumon* 
a  Fletcher. 


e. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  stamp. 


.  .  . 

"  The  ground  he  spurneth  and  he  tniunceth, 
His  large  homes  be  auaunceth, 
And  cast  hem  here  and  there  J^ute.  g  A    ,T 

trailed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    (TRANCE  (1),  n.) 

•  tranc'-iSd-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  tranced  ;  -ly.\  In 
an  absorbed  or  trance-like  manner;  like  one 
in  a  trance. 

"  Then  stole  I  op  and  trancedly 
Gazed  ou  the  Persian  girl  alone. 

Tennytan  ;  Arabian  Xightl. 

«  tr&n'-ect,  ».  [See  def.]  A  word  only  oc- 
curring iu  Shakesp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  iii.  4, 
for  which  is  now  generally  read  traject  (q.v.). 

tra-neen',  s.    [Irish.] 

Bot  •  Cynoiurus  cristatus,   called  mlso  Tra- 
neen-grass.    (Britten  A  Holland.) 
U  Not  worth  a  traneen  :  Not  worth  a  rash. 
traneen  grass,  s.    [TKASEES.] 

"tran-gram,  *tran-gam.  'trail-game, 

«.  [A  word  of  no  etymology.]  An  odd,  in- 
tricate contrivance;  a  nick-nack,  a  puzzle,  a 
toy,  a  trinket. 

-  What's  the  meaning  of  all  these  trangramt  and 
,lmcraikyT"-xSS»n,><.-  BiO.  Joan  B*U,Vi  li.,oh.  vL 

trank,  s     [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Glare-making:  An  oblong  piece  from  which 
the  shape  of  the  glove  is  cut  on  a  knife  m  a 
press. 
tran'-UeJ,  >.    [Native  name.)    Akindofboat 

used  in  the  Persian  Gulf. 
tran'-kum.   s,      [Shortened  from  trinkum- 
trankum  (q.v.).]     An  ornament  of  dress,  a 
fallal,  a  trinket. 

"Ths  shawl  must  be  had  for  Clara,  with  the  other 
,™S™*r  muslin  and  lace."  -  Scott  :  at.  Jlona,.'. 
HW,  ch.  mill. 

*  tran-lace',  v.t.     [Lat.  tmmi  =  across,  and 
Bng.  lace.}    To  transpose. 

"The  .am.  letter,  being  £*  me  tossed  .nd(™. 
loc«d  live  hundred  times."—  Puttenham  .  Xnff.  roette. 
bk.  11. 


8.  A  state  of  insensibility,  a  swoon. 
»  While  Hector  rose  recover^  from  the  trance- 
Pope  :  Homer ;  Iliad  XL  463. 

•  4.  A  state  of  perplexity  or  confusion  ;  be- 
wilderment, surprise. 
M  Both  stood,  like  old  acquaintance  In  a  (ranee. 

Met  far  from  home  wondering  at  other  a  chance. 
Shakap. :  Kape  of  Lucrece,  1.595. 

13.  Potto!.:  A  state  of  apparent  death,  with 
ghastly  pallor,  and  almost  entire  failure  of 
the  circulation  and  respiration.  Persons  in 
this  state  have  been  actually  buried  alive,  as 
subsequent  exhumations  have  shown. 


,  •  traunce,  r.t 


RANCE,  ».] 


tran'-nel,  >.  [TREENAIL.]  A  trenail,  or  tree- 
nail. 

••  With  a  small  trmnel  of  Iron,  or  a  huje  nail 
ground  to  aTbarn  point,  they  mark  the  bi'=k.  - 
M&xon :  Mechanical  KxerciMt. 

tran  quIL  "tran'-quffl,  a.  [Fr.  tranquill*, 
from  LaT  tranquillus  =  calm,  still,  quiet; 
from  (ram  =  beyond,  hence,  surpassingly, 
and  the  base  of  quiet  =  rest ;  quietus  —  quiet ; 
Sp.  tranquilo ;  Ital.  tranquillo.]  Calm,  peace- 
ful, quiet,  nndisturljed ;  not  agitated,  physi- 
cally or  mentally.  _  for  ever 

Farewell  th«  tranquil  mind ;  farewell  content." 

tran-auir-li'-ty,     *tran-qull-li-tee,   s. 

IFr  tranquillite,  from  Lat.  tranquillitatem, 
accus.  of  tranquillitas,  from  tranqmllui  = 
tranquil  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  tranguilidad  ;  Ital.  trn- 
quillita.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tran- 
quil •  calmness,,  peacefulness,  quiet;  free- 
dom from  disturbance  or  agitation. 

"  The  re<sta,bllshment  of  TJlysses  In  fttll  peace  and 
tranquiUUy.-'-Pope :  Bamer  ;  Odytttt-  (NoMl) 

tran-quil-li-za'-tlon.  tran-qun-I-za - 
tlonTs  [Eng.  tranquillize)  -atton..}  The  act 
of  tranquillizing;  the  state  of  being  tran- 
quillized. 

tran-quil-lize,  •  tran-qntl-ise,  ,tran- 
qull-lze,  v.t.  *  <•  [Eng.  tranquil ;  -««.] 

A.  Trans  :  To  make  tranquil,  calm,  or  quiet; 
to  soothe  ;to  allay  when  agitated  :  to  compose, 
to  calm,  to  make  peaceful. 
"  And  tender  Pe^je.  and  Joys  without  f.  name.     . 
That,  while  they  ravlsb.  tritnonilhie  the  nnna. 

Ttvrmtcm .  Cattle  of  Inaolence,  u.  w. 


B.  Intrant.  .-Togrowtranquil,  to  cool  down. 
••  I'll  try  M  I  ride  in  my  chariot,  to  tra*iuiUtof,"— 

Richardson :  Clariua,  V.  7». 

tran'-qun-li»-er,  i.  [Eng.  tntiuintUi^?) ; 
•er.}  One  who  or  that  which  tranquillizes. 

tran'-quQ-liz-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.  [TRAN- 
QUILLIZE.] 

tran'-quil-li«-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tranquil- 
lizing ;  -ly.]  In  a  tranquil  manner;  calmly, 
peacefully,  quietly. 

tran -quil-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tranquil ; -ly.]  In 
a  tranquil  or  undisturbed  manner;  calmly, 
peaceably,  quietly. 

tran'-quil-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tranquil;  -ness.) 
Th«  quality  or  state  of  being  tranquil,  calm, 
or  peaceful ;  tranquillity,  quiet. 
trans-,  pref.  [Lat]  A  Latin  preposition, 
lan-clv  used  in  composition  in  English  as  a 
pretix,  and  signifying  :  (1)  across,  beyond  :  as, 
Transalpine  =  across  or  beyond  the  Alps; 
(2)  through  :  as,  (ransllx ;  (3)  change  :  as, 
transform,  fraiisttgure.  Trans-  sometimes  be- 
comes tra-,  as  in  tradition,  Iraduce,  (ramnn- 
t*ne;  and  <ra«-,  as  in  tranquil,  transept, 
transpire. 

trano-aof ,  v.t.  &  I  [Formed  from  the  noun 
transaction  (q.v.).] 

A.  JVan». :  To  do,  to  perform,  to  carry 
through,  to  manage,  to  complete. 

"A  country  fully  .looked  In  proportion  tojj1  "'• 
business  it  had  to  tramacc."— SmUlt :  HfaUh  o/ 
If  attorn,  bk.  L.  ch.  it 

*B.  Intrans. :  To  do  business  ;  to  conduct 
matters  ;  to  treat,  to  act,  to  negotiate,  to 
manage. 

••  They  had  appointed  six  persons  of  their  ownbodj 
to  trannct  anil  ronclude  with  th.  lord.."-S<r,^i: 
KcOa.  Mm  Btnrt  V11I.  (an.  15W). 

trans-ao'-tton,  ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tranaac- 
tionem,  accus.  of  IraJisactto  =  a  completion, 
an  agreement,  from  tnmsactui,  pa.  par.  of 
traiwioo  =  to  drive  or  thrust  through,  to 
settle  a  matter,  to  complete  a  business  ;  trans- 
=  across,  through,  and  ago  =  to  drive ;  Sp. 
transaction;  Ital.  transo^ione.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1  The  act  of  one  who  transacts  ;  the  doing, 
performing,   or   carrying   out  of  anything; 
management  of  any  business  or  affair  :  as,  lo 
meet  for  the  transaction  of  business. 

2  That  which  is  transacted,  done,  or  per- 
formed ;  that  which  takes  place  ;  an  affair, 
au  action,  a  matter  of  business. 

"  This  I  was  sorry  for,  a.  I  wanted  to  make  her  a 
nreaenl  in  "turn  for  the  part  she  had  taken  in  ill 
SuV  trantaction,.  private  a,  well  as  pubHc.--Coot  .' 
Second  Voyage,  bk.  Iii..  oh.  ii. 

3  (PI )  •  The  reports  or  published  volumes, 
containing  the  papers  or  abstracts  of  papers, 
speeches,  discussions,  &c.,  relating  to  sciences 
or  arts,  which  have  been  read  or  delivered  at 
the  meetings  of  learned  or  scientific  societies, 
and  which  have  been  considered  worthy  of 
being    published    at    the    expense    of   such 
societies  :  as,  The  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

U.  Civil  Law:  An  adjustment  of  a  dispute 
between  parties  by  mutual  agreement. 


trans  ao -tor,  s.  [Lat.]  One  who  transacts; 
oue  who  manages,  performs,  or  carnes  out 
any  business  or  matter. 

••  God  .  .  .  Is  the  sovereign  director  Mid  traniactoT 
in  matter,  that  »o  com.  to  ^m.--Oe>*am :  CkrUto- 
Theology,  p.  21. 

•trail-lake,  v.t.  [See  def.]  A  corruption 
of  ransack  (q.v.). 

"They  traraate  the  botome  .  .  .  to  s«ke .out  n.r« 
an  halfe  peny."-Sir  T.  Hare:  Dialogue,  p.  U. 

tr&ns-al'-Pine,  a.  &  i.  [Lat.  tranaalptnut, 
fTorn  (rani-  =  across,  beyond,  and  alpinui  = 
pertaining  to  the  Alps.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Lying,  being,  or  situated  be- 
yo'nd  or  on  the  other  side  of  the  Alps,  gene- 
rally used  with  regard  to  Rome  ;  being  on  the 
further  side  of  the  Alps  from  Rome ;  pert»in- 
ing  to  nations  living  beyond  the  Alps. 


*  B.  As  nbst. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  » 
country  beyond  the  Alps. 
tranB-an'-dine.  a.     [Pref.  trans- ;  Eng. 
An.d(es),  and  sutf.  -int.]    Lying,  or  pertaining 
to  the  country  beyond  the  Andes. 

"[He]  «t  about  hto  Tra»,a**t«»  exploraUoM.  - 
Pall  Hall  !»»»- 


•4788 


tranaanimate— transcendently 


•  tr&ns-an'-I-mate,  v.t.  [Pref.  trans-,  and 
Ens.  animate  (q.v.X]  To  animate  by  the  con- 
veyance of  a  soul  to  another  body. 

"  Not  mm  ;  for  what  .park  o(  humanity  I  nor  dogs  : 
hot.  by  the  strangest  pirsp^wYsaVM  th«t  ever  wai 
feigned  by  poet.,  very  inc«rii«teil.  trani,mimale4 


*  trans  an  l-ma'-tion,».  [TRANSANIMATE.] 
The  conveyance  of  the  soul  from  one  body  to 
another. 

"I  forbeare  to  speake  of  the  erroneous  opinion!  of 
these  Jewish  muster*  concerning  that  Pythagoriau 
irnnnatmaten  or  passage  of  the  Mule  from  one  body 
to  another.  "-a,*  BauTritarimtimtatHtliamti,. 

trans-at-lant-lc.  o.  [Pref.  tram-,  and 
Eng.  Atlantic  (q.v.).] 

1.  Lying  or  being  beyond  or  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic  to  that  on  which  the 
speaker  or  writer  is. 

"  Thou  TramatlanHc  treasure!  sleep." 

Scott  :  Sotobf,  i.  n. 

2.  Crossing  or  across  the  Atlantic  :  as,  a 
Transal:lantic  cable. 

transatlantic  province,  ». 

Zool.  it  Geng.  :  One  of  the  provinces  esta- 
blished for  the  distribution  of  marine  mol- 
lusca.  Prof.  Edward  Forbes  divided  it  into 
two  divisions  :  the  Virginian,  from  Cape  Cod 
to  Cape  Hatteras;  and  the  Carolinian,  from 
Cape  Hatteras  to  Florida.  The  southern 
division  comprises  the  genera  Conns,  Oliva, 
Fasciolaria,  Avicula,  and  Lutraria  •  the 
northern  one,  Nassa,  Columbella,  Ranella 
Scalaria,  Calyptne»,  Bulla,  Area,  and  Solemya. 
Called  also  Pennsylvania  Province.  (Englith.) 

*  trans-  ca'-len-9Jf,  ».     lEng.  transcalen(t); 
•*».)    The  quality  or  state  of  being  transcalent 

*  trans  ca  lent,  a.    [Lat  tram  =  through, 
and  aliens,  genit.  calentis,  pr.  par.  of  calm  =  to 
grow  warm.)    Pervious  to  heat;  allowing  the 
passage  of  heat. 

tr4n  gfend,  v.t.  *  i.  [Lat  transcendo  =  to 
climb  over,  to  surpass  :  tram  =across  and 
tcando  =  toclimb,  whence  ascend,  descend  &c  • 
O.  Fr.  transcender  ;  Sp.  transcender.  trascender  • 
Ital.  transcendere.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  climb,  pass,  or  go  over. 

"  The  shore  let  her  rrvintrenrf.  the  promont  to  descry 

V'.'S  *""  the  e""  *  «"HSS$iSi 

that  fly.  Lratto,  :  Pal,.otUm,  i.  1. 

2.  To  rise  above  ;  to  surmount 

"Hake  disquisition  whether  the  unus 
umSr'™'?1™'    il?l™»i°°'    not    t 

Wt^eX*.  to  ta  r*°'"d  *moll«  «"" 

3.  To  pass  over  ;  to  go  beyond. 

"And  bid!  the  Christian  hope  snblf  me 
Tratuctad  the  bound,  of  Fate  and  Time." 

Scoa.  Aoto*».  rl.1. 


.     o».  r.. 

4.  To  surpass,  to  outgo,  to  excel,  to  exceed. 

«.>.  M  Wit  j  w°nd«ring  eyes  our  martial  band. 

Benolu  our  deeds  tranKendlng  our  command.  " 
_  .  .  P°P*  B°™*r  ;  lllaa  Hi.  SM. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  climb,  to  mount. 

tk"  T°H  Conc;u5«.  became  thing,  do  not  easily  .Ink 
"' 


2.  To  be  transcendent;  to  excel,  to  surpass. 

"  The  consistence  of  grace  and  free-will.  In  this 
•ense.  to  no  such  tran*,ndin,  mystery,  and  I  think 
there  is  no  text  in  scripture  that  sounds  any  thinl 
towards  making  It  so. "— Hammond. 

1  For  the  difference  between  to  transcend 
and  to  excel,  see  EXCEL. 

tran  S9cn-don9o,  tran-soen -den-cy, 

s.     [Lat  transcendentia,  from  transcendens  = 
transcendent  (q.v.).] 
1.  Superior  excellence ;  supereminence. 

.i..^**.!!?.!!!'.*1  me  '6"  s~tUnesse  of  death :  faith 


2.  Exaggeration  ;  elevation  above  truth. 

It  i.  true  greatneai  to  have  In  one  the  fralltr  of  • 
and  the  .ecurity  of  a  God  :  th>.  would  have  done 
'  ™  «re  more  al- 


fcwed  •~ 

tran  S9end-ent,  o.  &  ,.    [Fr.  tranxendant, 
from  Lat  transcendent,  pr.  par.  of  transcendo 

*  <q-v-);  8p-  *  iui-  tnn- 


A.  A  s  adjective  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Very  excellent  ;  superior  or 
supreme  in  excellence  ;  suri>assing  afi  others. 

™  ™"i*  ith.°  'l^7  1'  Pf  m™'  eminent  ai  they  were, 
2ufS  ?£  f  'n*5'  &  ""  '""vcWrM  lustre  of 
ne  Immortal  name."—  jiaeautai  :  Bio.  £na  ch.  lit 


2.  Metaphysics  : 

(1)  A  term  applied  by  Duns  Scotus  and  the 
Schoolmen  to  any  concept  of  wider  significa- 
tion than  the  categories  of  Aristotle,  and  conse- 
quently containing  them  under  it.     [CATE- 
GORY.] 

"  This  concept  [of  Being)  .  .  .  Ii  a  tmnlcendtM  con- 
cept. for  not  only  the  substantial  ft.  but  al»o  the  accl. 
dental  it  ;  in  like  manner  it  i.  more  general  than  the 
concept!  God  and  the  World,  for  bn.,a  is  a  predicate 
of  both."—  [/eoenoso.-  Bitt.  PUlai.  (Bug.  ed.l,  i.  455. 

(2)  Applied  by  Kant  to  that  which  goes 
wholly  beyond  experience,  or  deals  with  or 
treats  of  matters  wholly  beyond  experience. 

"  But  another  road  lead!  to  the  aame  traniamdtnt 
questions—  trantcetident  becauw  they  treat  the  foriiw 
of  human  thought  not  merely  as  logically  antecedent 
to  the  product*  of  experience,  but  because  tliey  ai.ply 
these  form!  to  problems  where  experience  wauti 
data.1  —  WaUact:  Sara,  p.  180. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.   Lang.  :    That  which  surpasses   or 
excels  ;  something  supremely  excellent. 

2.  Metaph,  :    A   transcendent   concept  ;   a 
transcendental  (q.v.). 

tran   S9en   denf-al,  o.  &  «.     [Eng.  tran- 
scendent; -oJ.) 
A.  As  adjective  : 
i  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Surpassing    all   others;    transcendent; 
supremely  excellent  ;  superemiueiit. 

"Though  the  deity  perceiveth  not  pleasure  nor  naln 
a.  we  do;  jet  he  must  have  a  perfect  and  frame,.,/. 
denial  perception  of  theae,  and  of  all  other  thlnir!  '— 
Grew/  C 


2.  Abstrusely  speculative;  beyond  the  reach 
of  ordinary  everyday,  or  common  thought  and 
experience ;  hence,  vague,  obscure,  fantastic 
extravagant. 

H.  Technically  : 

1.  Math. :  Applied  to  a  quantity  which 
cannot  be  expressed  by  a  finite  number  of 
algebraic  terms— that  is,  by  the  ordinary 
operations  of  algebra— viz.,  addition,  subtrac- 
tion, multiplication,  division,  raising  to 
powers  denoted  by  constant  exponents,  and 
extraction  of  roots  indicated  by  constant  in- 
dices. Transcendental  quantities  are  of  three 
kinds,  logarithmic,  exponential,  and  trigono- 
metrical. The  first  are  expressed  in  terms  of 
logarithms,  as :  log  i/  l-x,  a  log  z,  &c. ;  the 
second  are  expressed  by  means  of  variable 
exponents,  as :  a*,  eax,  ba*a>,  &c. ;  the  third 
are  expressed  by  means  of  some  of  trigono- 
metrical functions,  as  :  sin  x,  tan  V  2— & 
ver-sin  (ax  —  i>),  Ac. 
2.  Metaphysics: 

(1)  A  term  used  by  the  Schoolmen  in  the 
same  sense  as  TRANSCENDENT,  A.  2.  (1)  (q.v.). 

"Being  is  tranmxndtntal  ...  As  Being  cannot  be 
Included  under  any  genus,  but  transcends  them  all 
so  the  properties  or  affections  of  Being  have  also  been 


(2)  Applied  by  Kant  to  that  which  deals 
with  or  constitutes  a  category  or  categories  of 
thought, 

",*!  <ra'y!*™1?a«>  inquiry,  then.  U  an  Inquiry 
R?.  ""?  WPf  '?  ««neral,  or  any  particular  !ort  of 
thlngi,  but  iiilo  the  condition.  In  the  mental  const!- 
tntion  which  make  us  know  or  estimate  thing!  in  tue 
way  we  do."—  trallaet  :  Hunt,  pp.  u»,  i«o.  ' 

*  B.  As  substantive  : 

Metaphysics  : 

1.  The  same  as  TRANSCENDENTALIST  (q.v.). 

2.  A  concept  transcending  the  Aristotelian 
categories.     [CATEGORY.] 

"The  three  properties  of  Being  commonly  enumer- 
ated are  unum,  nrum.  and  bonum.  To  these  some  »dj 
ati,ua  and  ra;  and  theie.  with  ™.  make  thi  ill 
tranKtndentalt.  But  rti  and  aliquid  mean  only  tin 
same  as  „,.  The  flnt  three  are  properly  called  trart 
tcmdentall  a!  these  only  are  passions  or  atffrtions  of 
- 


transcendental-anatomy,  s. 

Anat.  :  The  highest  department  of  anatomy ; 
that  which,  after  details  have  been  ascer- 
tained, advances  to  the  consideration  of  the 
type  or  plan  of  structure,  the  relations  be- 
tween the  several  parts,  aud  the  theoretical 
problems  thus  suggested. 

transcendental-curve,  >. 

Math. :  A  curve  such  as  cannot  be  defined 
by  any  algebraic  equation,  or  of  which,  when 
It  is  expressed  by  an  equation,  one  of  the 
terms  is  a  variable  quantity. 

transcendental-equation,  >. 

Math. :  An  equation  expressing  a  relation 
between  transcendental  quantities.  [TRAN- 
SCENDENTAL, A.  II.  1.] 


transcendental-function, .. 

Math. :  A  function  in  which  the  reistioe 
between  the  function  aud  variable  is  expres»»xl 
by  means  of  a  transcendental  equation. 

transcendental-line,  &  A  line  WUOM 
equation  is  transcendental. 

transcendental-truths,  s.  pi. 

Philos. :  A  term  proposed  by  Stewart  for 
what  the  Scotch  philosophers  call  "principles 
of  common  sense"— the  moral  law  human 
liberty,  the  existence  of  God,  and  the  immor- 
tality of  the  soul.  (Reid:  Works  (ed.  Hamil- 
ton), note  A,  §  6.) 

tran-sce'n-de'nt'-al-Ism,  s.    [Eng.  tnn- 
scendental;  -ism.] 

I  Ord.  Lang. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
transcendental. 

IX  Technically: 

1.  Philosophy: 

(1)  A  term  applied  to  the  Kantian  philo- 
sophy from  the  frequent  use  of  the  term  tran- 
scendental by  Kant,  who  gave  it  a  meaning 
quite  distinct  from  that  which  it  till  then 
bore.  The  Transcendentalism  of  Kant  in- 
quires into,  and  then  denies,  the  possibility 
of  Knowledge  respecting  what  lies  beyond 
the  range  of  experience.  Kant  distinguished 
knowledge  into  a  priori  (not  originating  in 
experience)  and  a  posteriori  (derived  from  ex- 
liericnce),  thus  giving  to  the  phrase  a  priori 
knowledge  a  meaning  different  from  that 
which  it  had  borne  in  philosophy  since  the 
days  of  Aristotle  ;  and  he  applied  the  epithet 
transcendental  to  the  knowledge  that  certain 
intuitions  (such  as  Time  and  Space)  and  con- 
ceptions, to  which  he  gave  the  Aristotelian 
name  of  Categories  [KANTIAN-PHILOSOPHY], 
were  independent  of  experience.  Necessity 
and  strict  universality  are  for  Kant  the  sure 
signs  of  non-empirical  cognition.  Transcen- 
dental philosophy  is  a  philosophy  of  the 
merely  speculative  pure  reason  ;  fur  all  moral 
practice,  so  far  as  it  involves  motive,  refers  to 
feeling,  and  feeling  is  always  empirical. 

"  Hants  philosophy  describes  Itsell  as  Tranter*, 
dtntalam.  The  word  causes  a  shudder,  aud  siKuesta 
things  unutterable.  Not  less  terrible  is  the  term  i 
M-lorf.  But  in  either  caie  a  little  care  carries  the  stu- 
dent safe'*  put  these  lions  In  the  way.  He  must  urstol 
all  dismiss  the  popular  associations  that  cling  to  the 
words.'  —  Wallace:  Kant,  p.  1S9. 

(2)  Applied  also  to  the  philosophy  of  Schel- 
ling  and  Hegel,  who  assert  the  identity  of  the 
subject  aud  object    Their  transcendentalism 
claims  to  have  a  true  knowledge  of  all  things, 
material  and  immaterial,  human  and  divine, 
so  far  as  the  human  mind  is  capable  of  know- 
ing them.    [IDENTITY,  H  3.) 

(3)  Often  used  in  a  depreciatory  sense  of  any 
philosophy  which  the  speaker  considers  vague 
and  illusory. 

2.  Theol.:  The  name  given  to  a  religioni 
movement  in  New  England  in  18S9,  in  which 
Emerson  and  Channing  took  a  prominent  part. 
It  is  thus  described  in  the  Memoirs  of  Mar- 
garet Fuller  Ossoli  (ii.  181,  182) : 

"  Tranictndentalum  was  an  assertion  of  the  In. 
alienable  integrity  of  man;  of  the  hn  luaiience  <fl 
Divinity  in  Instinct  ...  On  the  somewhat  stints! 
.lock  of  Uuitariaiiism,  whose  characteristic  dogma 
was  trust  In  human  reason  as  correlative  to  Supreme 
Wisdom,  had  beeu  grafted  German  Idealism,  as  taught 
by  masters  of  most  various  schools-by  Kant  and 
Jacob!.  Flchte  and  Novalis.  Kchelling  and  HefeL 
Schlelrmacher  and  de  W.tte  ;  by  Madam,  de  SuS 
Cousin,  Coleridge,  aud  Carlyle;  and  the  result  wai  a 
vague  yet  exalting  conception  of  the  godlike  nature  of 
the  human  spirit  TrantccndtMaliim.  as  viewed  by 
•  """'P'".  »«••  pilgrimage  from  the  idolatrous 
world  of  creeds  and  ritual,  to  the  temple  of  the 
Living  God  In  the  souL" 

tran-scen-dent-al-lst,  a.  [Eng.  tran- 
scendental ;  -ist.]  One  who  believes  in  tran- 
scendentalism (q.v.). 

"  '.°if*"fIS°.tI",t.)'p'?"  tranvindmtaua  might  be 
a  sublimated  theist:  he  was  not.  In  any 
sense,  a  Christian.  He  believed  in  no  devil,  iniio 
nell,  lu  no  evil,  la  no  dualism  of  any  kind,  in  no 
spiritual  authority,  in  no  Saviour,  in  no  Church.  He 
was  humanitarian  and  optimist.  His  faith  had  no 
backward  look :  its  essence  was  aipiration.  not  con- 
trltion.  —aertog :  Reliy.  £ncyclop.  (ed.  Schaff),  111. 

*  tran  seen  den-tal  -J-ty,  ,.  [Eng.  tran- 
scendental ;  -ity.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
transcendental. 

tran  seen -dent  al  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tran- 
scendental; -ly.]  In  a  transcendental  manner 
or  degree  ;  suiwreminently,  preeminently. 

"The  law  of  Christianity  Is  eminently  aud  Iran- 
•ffndmlaUf  called  the  word  of  truth, •-"-•  tt .  Sir- 
mom. 

tran  -seen'-  dent  -If,  adv.  (Eng.  tran- 
scendent ;  -ly.]  In  a  transcendant  manner  or 


wn  >          -  '  ;      ae'  "•       +  «      •narneg.p 

who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    w.  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


transcendentness— transfer 


degree  ;   supereminently  ;  by  way  of  excel- 
lence ;  preeminently. 

"The  average  Englishman  Is  a  highly  Imaginative. 
delicately  iwthetic.  subtly  critical,  ami  trantcendently 
philosophic*!  being."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Jau.  2,  1886. 

•  tran  -sc6n   dent  -ness,  s.     [Eng.   tran- 

scendtnt;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
transcendent  ;  superior  or  supreme  excellence. 

"If  I  cannot  obtalne  the  measure  of  your  tran- 
tcendentneu*."-  Montagu  :  Appeate  to  Ceuar,  ch,  viii. 

ssend'-i-ble,  a.  [Eng.  transcend; 
•ible.]  Capable  of  being  climbed,  leaped,  or 
passed  over. 

"  U  appears  that  Romulus  slew  his  brother  because 

he  attempted  to  leap  over  a  sacred  and  inaccessible 

place,  and  to  render  it  trantcendikle  and  profane."— 

Plutarch'*  Moral*.  11.  854. 


*  tran-8$en'-sloil,  *.     [Lat.  transcensus,  pa. 
par.  of  transcendo  =  to  transcend  (q.v.).]    The 
Act  of  passing  ;  passage. 

"  An  echoing  valley,  many  a  fleld 
Pleasant,  and  wishfull.  did  his  passage  yield 
Their  sale  trantceniion." 

Ch-ipman  :  ffomer;  ffymne  to  ffermet. 

*  trans'-ci-late,  v.t.    [Lat.  trans  =  through, 
and  colo  —  to  strain.]    [COLANDER.]    To  strain, 
to  cause  to  pass  througli  a  sieve  or  colander. 


"  The  luugs  are,  unless 
to  Imbibe   and 
Contumption. 


pervious  like  a  spunge,  unfit 
late   the   air."—  Harvey  :    On 


•  trans-cd-la'-tlon,  *.    [TRANSCOLATE.]   The 
act  of  transcolating  or  straining, 

trans-c8n-tJ-nent'-al,  a.  [Pref.  trans-, 
and  Eng.  continental  (q.v.).]  Passing  or  g6ing 
across  a  continent. 

"  No  such  grant  KB  one  hundred  million  acre*  of 
fine  laud  was  ever  made  by  the  promoters  even  of  a 
tranicontinmtal  railway  within  the  confines  of  the 
United  State*.  --Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  11,  1866. 

*  trans-cor'-por-ate,   v.i.     [Pref.    irons-, 
and  corporate  q.v.).]    To  pass  from  one  body 
to  another. 

"The  Pythagorians  and  trantcorporatinff  phllo- 
•ophers."—  Brown*  :  Urne  Burial,  ch.  iv. 

*tran-scrfl>'-bler,  s.  [Pref.  trans-,  and 
Eng  scribbler  (q.v.).]  One  who  transcribes 
hastily  or  carelessly  ;  hence,  a  mere  copier  ; 
a  plagiarist. 

"Thirdly,  he  (Aristotle]  has  suffered  vastly  from 
the   trun*-rlot>leri,   as  all  authors  of  great  brevity 
lily  must,"—  Gray;  To  Dr.  Wharton.  Dec.,  1746. 


tran -scribe',  v.t.  [Lat.  transcribo,  from 
trans  :=  across,  over,  and  scribo  =  to  write  ; 
Fr.  transcrire;  Sp.  transcribir.]  To  write 
over  again,  or  in  the  same  words ;  to  copy. 

"  He  was  the  most  audacious  of  literary  thieves, 
and  transcribed  without  acknowledgment,  whole 
pages  from  authors  who  had  preceded  him."— Macau- 
lay  But.  Rug.,  ch.  xlx. 

K  For  the  difference  between  to  transcribe 
and  to  copy,  see  COPY. 

tran  scrib'-er,  *.  [Eng.  transcribe);  •er.] 
One  who  transcribes  or  writes  from  a  copy  ; 
a  copier  ;  a  copyist. 

"The  addition  of  a  single  letter  (and  that  a  letter 
which  transcriber*  have  been  very  apt  to  omit)  to  the 
word  that  now  occurs  In  the  Hebrew,  will  give  it  that 
plural  form  which  the  Seventy  have  expressed."— Bp. 
Mortify ;  Sermoni,  voL  it,  ser.  38. 

tran'-script,  s.  [Lat.  transcriptum,  neut. 
sing,  of  transcripts,  pa.  par.  of  transcribo  = 
to  transcribe  (q.v.);  Ital.  trascritto.] 

1.  A  writing  made  from  and  according  to 
an  original ;  a  writing  or  composition  con- 
sisting of  the  same  words  as  the  original ;  a 
copy  from  an  original. 

"Epi 

writtei 

cause  a  fair  trnn»<rript  . 

Letter  from  Synod  of  Dert,  Dec.,  1«18. 

*  2.  A  copy  of  any  kind  ;  an  imitation. 

*  Gaze  ou  creation's  model  In  thy  breast 
Unveiled,  nor  wonder  at  the  tranteriat  more." 

Toung :  Night  Thoughti,  Ix. 

Iran-scrip   tion,  s.     [Lat.  transcriptio,  from 
transcriptus,  pa.  par.  of  transcribo  —  to  tran- 
scribe (q.v.)  ;   Fr.  transcription;   Ital.   tran- 
torizione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  transcribing  or  copying  from 
an  original. 

"  Exempt  from  the  avocations  of  civil  life,  incapable 
of  literary  exertions  from  the  want  of  bonks  and 
opportunities  of  improvement,  they  devoted  tbe 
frequent,  intervals  of  religious  duty  to  the  trantcrip- 
(ion  of  authors  whom  they  often  little  understood."— 
Knox :  Euay,  No.  185. 

2.  A  transcript,  a  copy. 

"  By  their  tranicription  they  fell  Into  the  hands  of 
flthers.'—  Walton  :  Hfe  of  Booker. 


Euiscopius  replyed,  that  he  had  none  handsomely 
teti ;  If  the  synod  would  have  patience,  he  would 
e  a  fair  trtmtrri.pt  to  be  drawn  for  them," — Halt*  : 


II.  Music:  The  arrangement  or  modification 
of  a  composition  for  some  instrument  or  voice 
other  than  that  for  which  it  was  originally 
written. 

tran-scrip'-tion-al,  a.  [Eng.  transcription; 
-ai.J  Of  or  pertaining  to  transcription. 

"  [He]  flout*  at  trantcriptional  probability.''— Acad- 
emy, April  4,  1884,  p.  25*. 

*  tran  scrip'-tive,    a.      [Eng.     transcript; 
-ive.]     Done    as    from  a  copy  ;    having  the 
character  of  a  transcript,  copy,  or  imitation. 

"  Excellent  and  useful  authors,  yet  being  either 
trantcriptive,  or  following  common  relations,  their 
accounts  are  not  to  U  swallowed  at  large  or  enter- 
tained withouta)lciroum8pectiou."-firow/i8.-  Vulgar 
frrourt. 

*tran-scrlp'-tlve-l&  adv.  [Eng.  /ran- 
scriptive;  -ly.}  In  a  transcriptive  rnauner;  in 
manner  of  a  copy. 

"  Not  a  few  trantcrlptively  subscribing  their  names 
to  other  men's  endeavours,  transcribe  a!l  they  have 
written."— llroiene:  Vulgar  Erraurt,  bk.  i.,  ch.  vi. 

"trans-cur',    *  trans  -  curre,  v.i.    [Lat. 

transcurro  :  trans  =  across,  and  curro  =  to 
run.]  To  run  or  rove  to  and  fro. 

"  By  fixing  tbe  mind  on  one  object,  it  doth  not 
spatiate  and  trantcurre.  '—Bacon  :  Nat.  But,,  |  720. 

*  trans- cur' -ren9e,  *.     [Lat.  transcurrens, 
pr.    par.   of  transcurro*^.  to  transcur  (q.v.).] 
A  running  or  roving  hither  and  thither. 

*  trans -cur" -si  on,  s.     [Lat.  transcursio,  from 

transcursus,  pa.  par.  of  transcurro  =  to 
transcur  (q.v.).]  A  rambling  or  roving;  a 
passage  beyond  certain  limits  ;  a  deviation. 

"  Which  cohesion  may  consist  in  ...  trantcurtion 
of  secondary  substance  through  this  whole  sphere  of 
life  which  we  call  a  spirit,"— Jf"re:  Immort.  of  the 
Soul,  bk.  L,  ch.  vi. 

*  trans  -cur'-  slve,  a.     [TRANSCUR.]    Ram- 
bling. 

"  In  thU  trantcurttv*  ••portory."— froth* :  Lenten 
Stuff*. 

*  trans -dl'-a-lSct,  »•'•      [Pref.   trans-,  and 
Eng.  dialect' (q.v.).]    To  translate  or  render 
from  one  dialect  into  another. 

"  But  now  the  fragments  of  these  poems,  left  as  by 
those  who  did  not  write  in  Doric,  are  In  the  common 
dialect  It  Is  plain  then  they  have  been  traru- 
dialected."—  Warburton ;  Divine  Legation,  bk.  U.,  J  111. 

*  trans-duc'-tion,  ».    [Lat.  transductus,  pa. 
par.  of  transduco  =  to  lead  across  or  over : 
trans  =  across,    over,    and    duco  =  to    lead.] 
The  act  of  leading  or  carrying  over. 

*  transc,  s.    [TRANCE.] 

*  trans-earth',  v.t.     [Pref.  trans-,  and  Eng 
«rtAfa.v.).]    To  transplant. 

"  Fralts  of  hotter  countries  trantearthed  In  colder 
climates  have  vigour  enough  in  themselves  to  be 
fructuous  according  to  their  nature."— Feltham  : 
Retolvet,  19. 

*  trans  eT-e-ment,    *  trans-el'-e-mSn- 
tate,  v.t.     [Pref.  trans-,  and  Eng.  element.] 
To  change  or  transpose  the  elements  of ;  to 
transubstan  tiate. 

"  Theophylact  useth  the  same  word ;  he  that  eateth 
roe,  liveth  by  me ;  while  he  U  In  a  certain  manner 
mingled  with  me,  and  is  trantelemented  or  changed 
Into  mm."— Jeremy  Taylor;  Real  Pretence,  f 12. 

*  trans -el  e   men  ta'-tion,   s.     [TRANS- 
ELEMENT  ATE.]    The  change  of  the  elements  of 
one  body  into  those  of  another,   as  of  the 
bread  and  wine  into  the  actual  body  of  Christ ; 
transubstan  tiation. 

"  The  name  of  trantelementotion,  which  Theophy- 
lact did  use.  seems  to  approach  nearer  to  signify  the 
propriety  of  this  mystery,  because  It  signifies  a 
change  even  of  the  first  elements ;  yet  that  word  is 
harder,  and  not  sufficiently  accommodate:  for  it  may 
signify  the  resolution  of  one  element  into  another,  or 
the  resolution  of  a  mixed  body  into  the  element*."  — 
Jeremy  Taylor:  Real  Pretence,  I  12. 

tran-sen'-na,  s.  [Lat.  —  a  net,  reticulated 
work.] 

Christ.  Antiq. :  A  name  given  to  a  kind  of 
carved  lattice -work  or  grating  of  marble, 
silver,  &c.,  used  to  shut  in  the  shrines  of 
martyrs,  allowing  the  sacred  coffer  to  be  seen, 
but  protecting  it  from  being  handled,  or  for 
similar  protective  purposes. 

tran  sept,  *  tran-ss^pt,  s,  [Lat.  tran, 
for  trans  =  across,  and  septum  =  an  enclosure, 
from  septus,  pa.  par.  of  sepio  =  to  enclose ; 
scepes  —  a  hedge.] 

Arch. :  That  part  of  a  church  which  is 
placed  between  the  nave  and  the  choir,  ex- 
tending transversely  on  each  side,  so  as  to 
give  to  the  building  the  form  of  a  cross.  The 
transept  was  not  originally  symbolical,  but 


was  derived  from  the  transverse  hall  or  gallery 

in  the  ancient  basilicas,  at  the  upper  end  of  thi 

nave,  its  length  being 

equal  to  the  united 

breadth  of  the  nave 

and  aisles.    This  ac- 

cidental   approxima- 

tion to  the  form  of  a 

cross  was  perceived 

by   later   architects, 

who    accordingly 

lengthened  the  tran- 

sept on  each  side 

so  as  to  make  the 

ground   plan  of  the 

church  completely 

cruciform. 

•  "  The  pediment  of  the 

southern  trantept  is  pin- 

nacled, not  inelegantly. 

with  a  flourished  cross.4 

—  Warton  :  But.  of  Sid- 

dington,  p.  8. 


oRotino  PLAN  or  ST.  PAUL'I 
CATHBDRAL,  LOMDOM. 

*-  S0111*1  Transept  :B.  Nortt 
Tran8e[,t  .  c*  £hotr  ;  D 
Kave  ;  t  Dome. 


*  tr&Ti   anv1  ion     fx 

S     .        tPrrt 
as  kS0),    s.      [Pref. 

trans-  ;  Eng.  sex,  and 

suff.   -ion.]     Change 

from  one  sex  to  another.    (See  extract  under 

transfeminate.) 

*  trans  -fern'-  J-nate,    v.t.     [Lat.  trans  = 
across,  over,  and  /«mina  =  a  woman.]     To 
change,  from  a  male  to  a  female. 

"It  much  Impeacheth  the  iterated  transexlon  of 
hares,  if  that  be  true  which  some  physicians  affirm, 
that  transmutation  of  sexes  was  only  so  in  opinion, 
and  that  those  trantftminnted  persons  were  really 
men  at  first."  —  Browne:  Vulgar  Errourt. 

trans-  fer',  v.t.  [Lat.  transferor  to  trans- 
port, to  carry  across  or  over  :  trans  =  across, 
over,  and  fero  =  to  bear,  to  carry  ;  Sp.  trans- 
ferir,  trasferir  ;  Ital.  trantferire,  trasferire  ; 
Fr.  transferer,] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  convey  from  one  place  or  person  to 
another  ;  to  transport  or  remove  to  another 
place  or  person  ;  to  pass  or  hand  over.   (Gene- 
rally with  to,  into,  or  unto,  rarely  with  on.) 

"  Or  here  to  combat,  from  their  city  far, 
Or  back  to  llion's  walls  transfer  the  war. 

Pope:  Bomtr;  Iliad  x.  4SS. 

2.  To  make  over  the  possession,  right,  or 
control  of;  to  convey,  as  a  right  from  one 
person  to  another  ;  to  sell,  to  give  :  as,  To 
transfer  land,  To  transfer  stocks. 

IX  Lithog.  :  To  produce  a  facsimile  of  on  a 
prepared  stone  by  means  of  prepared  paper 
and  ink.  [TRANSFER,  8.,  II.  1.] 

"  In  Kuehn's  inode  of  making  pictures  by  transfer, 
the  different  colours  requisite  for  a  picture  are  printed 
on  sized  paper  and  successively  trantferred  to  a 
Japanned  plate."—  Knight  :  Diet.  Jtech.,  s.  T.  Transfer. 

trans'-fer,  s.    [TRANSFER,  v.J 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  removal  or  conveyance  of  a  thing 
from  one  person  or  place  to  another  ;  trans- 
ference. 

"  He  would  not,  however,  part  with  It  till  he  had 
the  cloth  in  his  possession,  and  as  there  could  be  no 
transfer  of  property,  if  with  equal  caution  I  had 
Insisted  upon  the  same  condition,  I  ordered  the  cloth 
to  be  handed  down  to  him."—  Coo*:  Firtt  Voyage. 
bk.  11..  ch.  11. 

2.  The  act  of  conveying  right,  title,  or  pro- 
perty, whether  personal  or   real,   from  one 
person  to  another,  by  sale,  deed,  or  otherwise. 

"  Cheques.  Bills  of  Exchange,  Prom  issory  Notes,  are 
all  trunifert,  as  they  all  transfer  a  right  due  to  one 
party  from  a  second  In  favour  of  a  third.  But  In  the 
money  market  and  Stock  Exchange,  the  term  has  a 
more  strictly  technical  meaning,  and  by  trantfer  Is 
understood  the  surrender  by  one  party  in  favour  of 
another  of  the  right  to  dividends,  annuities,  Ac., 
derived  from  the  shares  of  public  companies.  Govern- 
ment funds,  foreign  stocks,  and  the  like.  —Bithttt: 
Counting-home  Diet. 

3.  The  deed  or  document  by  which  right. 
title,  or  property  in  anything  is  conveyed 
from  one  person  to  another. 

4.  That  which  Is  transferred. 

5.  A  scheme  of  conveyance  from  one  trans- 
portation line  to  another,  for  passengers,  bag- 
gage, or  freight    (tf.S.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Lithog.  :  An  impression  taken  on  paper, 
cloth,  &c.,  and  then  laid  upon  an  object  and 
caused  to  adhere  thereto  by  pressure.     In  en- 
graving, a  tracing  may  be  made  in  pencil  and 
transferred  to  the  ground  by  running  through 
the  plate-  press. 

2.  Mil.  :   A  soldier  transferred   from   one 
troop  or  company  to  another. 

U  Transfer  of  Land  Acts  : 

Law  :  Various  enactments  designed  to  regn- 


-olan, 


^;  pout,  Jiftrl;  oat,  9ell,  chorus,  9htn,  bencn;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  «flrt.    ph 
-tlan  =  sham,   -tlou,  -«ion  =  ahun  ;  -flon,  -f  ion  =  *hun,    -oious,  -tious,  -siou*  =  anus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  d 


4790 


transferability— transformation 


late  change*  In  the  ownership  of  land.  Variou 
such  acts  nave  been  passed  from  time  to  tim 
by  the  legislatures  of  the  seTeral  states,  end 
state1  having  its  own  system,  so  that  consider 
able  diversity  of  method  exists.  Efforts  tc 
simplify  land  transfer  have  been  made,  will 
more  or  less  success,  the  most  radical  chang 
from  old  methods  being  that  adopted  in  eom 
of  the  Australian  colonies,  in  which  a  complete 
government  registry  is  kept  of  all  transfer 
and  charges  against  land,  so  that  a  sale  can  be 
consummated  without  the  labor  and  expense 
of  searches  and  a  clear  title  be  obtained  in 
tittle  time  and  at  a  small  cost  In  Englani 
improved  methods  of  transfer  have  been 
adopted  to  some  extent 

transfer -book,  ».    A   register  of  the 

f  property,  stock,  or  sliares  from 
one  person  t»  another. 

transfer-days,  s.  pi.  Days  fined  by  th< 
Bank  of  England  for  the  transfer,  free  o 
charge,  of  Consols  and  other  Governmem 
stocks.  These  clays  are  Monday,  Tuesday, 
Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday,  before 
three  o'clock.  On  Saturday  transfers  may 
be  made,  but  a  transfer-fee  of  2s.  fid.  is  then 
charged. 

transfer-paper,  >.  Prepared  paper  used 
by  lithographers,  or  for  copying  in  a  press. 

transfer-printing,  >.  A  name  applied 
to  anastatic  printing  (q.v.),  and  similar  pro- 


trans-fer-a-bU'-I-tf,  «.  [Eng.  transfer- 
able; -ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
transferable. 

trans  -fer  -a  -bio,  *  trans-fer  -ra-ole, 
•  trans-fer-rf-ble,  a.  [Bug.  transfer; 
-Obit.} 

1.  Capable  of  being  transferred  or  conveyed 
from  one  person  or  place  to  another. 

"  f*PV*  t*k™  »»"<«  '">  ">•  chanter  on  Judge- 
meut  of  the  LratttferraM*  nature  of  aaseut,  and  h«w 
K  passes  from  tbe  premise,  to  the  conclusion.-— 
SmnA:  Ufal  «/  Saturf,  »ol.  L.  pt  1L,  ch.  iviii. 


. 

2.  Capable  of  being  legitimately  passed  or 
conveyed  into  the  possession  of  another,  and 
conveying  to  the  new  owner  all  its  claims, 
rights,  or  privileges  :  as,  A  note,  bill  of  ex- 
change, or  other  evidence  of  property,  is 
transferable  by  endorsement. 

trans-fer  -ee",  trans  fer-ree',  i.  [Eng. 
transfer;  -«.)  The  person  to  whom  a  trans- 
fer is  made. 

trans-fer'  en9e,  t  trans-fer  -rence,  s. 
[Eng.  transfer  ;  -ence.] 

L  OnL  Lang.  :  The  act  of  transferring  ;  the 
act  of  conveying  from  one  person  or  place  to 
another;  transfer. 

•  By  the  lucre  trttniftrrtnct  of  th«  concerns  ot  Ton- 
qoiii.  along  with  those  of  Madagascar,  from  tbe  De. 
partuieut  of  the  Coli.nies  to  the  Department  of  Foreit-u 
Alain.-—  SttmOar*.  Jau.  U,  186A 

2.  Scots  Law:  That  step  by  which  a  defend- 
ing action  is  transferred  from  a  person  de- 
ceased to  his  representatives. 

•trans  for  ogra-phy,  «.  [Eng.  traxtfer; 
o  connect.,  ana  Gr.  ypaijua  (grapho)—  to  write.] 
The  act  or  art  of  copying  inscriptions  from 
ancient  tombs,  tablets,  oic. 

trans-  for1-  rer.  s.    [Eng.  tratufer,  v.  ;-er.) 

1.  One  who  transfers  ;  one  who  executes  a 
transfer. 

2.  A  base-plate  for  an  air-pump  receiver, 
which  enables  the  exhausted  receiver  to  be 
removed  from  the  air-pump. 

"trans-fer-rl-hiT-I-ty.  «.    [TBAmrre- 

ABILITY.] 

*  trans  fer'-ri-ble,  a.    [TRAKSFERABLE.] 
trans-fer  -ror,  a,    [Eng.  transfer;  saff.  -or  ] 

llKANSFERBEB.] 

low  :  The  person  who  makes  a  transfer. 

•  trans:f  ig  ur  ate,  •  trans  fig  u-rate, 

tU.    [Formed  from  (raju/iyuraiicm  (q.v.  X]   To 
traniflgure. 

trans-ftg-ur-iV-tlon,  trans-fjg-n-ra'- 
tlon,  •  trans  flg  ur-a-cl-on,  «.'  [Fr. 
transfiguration,  from  Lat  tmnsfgvrationem, 
accus.  of  transfiguratio  =  a  transfiguring,  from 
tnoufrtmittu,  pa.  par.  of  transfigure  =  to 
transfigure  (q.v.);  8p.  tramfffuraeion,  trot- 
figuration;  Ital.  tratufituratione, 
tioM.1 


*  1.  A  change  of  form. 

"  For  some  attribute  iinmorulttle  to  the  soult 
othem  devUe  a  ceruiue  transfiguration  thereof."—/1 
flo«««<<  •  Plixle.  bk.  TU..  ch.  It? 

•2.  Specif.,  the  supernatural  change  in  the 
personal  appearance  of  our  Lord  on  tbe  Mount 
(Matt  xvii.  1-9  ;  Mark  ix.  2-9.) 

"  We  are  told  by  St.  Paul.  that,  lu  the  future  st»te 
oar  rile  bodies  shall  be  transformed  Into  the  'like 
new  of  his  g'orlous  body.'  and  how  glorious  it  it  ii 
bent-en,  we  may  guess  by  what  it  was  at  bis  cmna&m 
ritflon  here  on  earth,  during  which  the  scripture  re 
late*,  'that  his  face  did  shine  as  tbe  sun.  and  1. 
raiment  waa  white  as  the  light.1"— «o»le;  M'orto.  • 

3.  A  feast  held  by  certain  branches  of  the 
Christian  Church  on  August  6,  in  commei 
oration  of  such  supernatural  change. 

trans-fig -ore.  *  tran-fyg-ure,  r.«.    [Fr 

transfigurer,  from  Lat.  transfigure  =  to  change 
the  figure  of :  trans  =  across  (hence,  implying 
change),  and Jifura  =  figure,  outward  appear 
ance;  Sp.  tnuuflfumr,  tratjigurar ;  Ital. 
transfigurare,  trasjiguran.} 

1.  To  transform ;  to  change  the  outward 
appearance  of. 

"  Tben  the  birda  again  Imtafna-nt, 
Heajvnjned  the  aliaiie  of  mortals. 

LansftQox :  ffiavatHa,  xii. 

•  2.  To  give  an  elevated  or  glorified  appear- 
ance or  character  to  ;  to  elevate  and  glorify 
to  idealize. 

trans-fix',  r.t    [Lat  transjixia,  pa.  par.  of 
tra>ujigo  =  to  thrust  through:  (ra/i»=throuah. 


1.  To  pierce  through,  as  with  a  pointed 
weapon. 

"  Quite  through  trvntjUtd  with  deadly  dart. 
And  in  her  blood  ret  Bt*emiug  Ireih  emh» •.-.]." 
Xpciuer:  f.  <j.,  11L  «i  2L 

2.  To  impale. 

"  The  butcher  Urd  tran^Lcet  iU  prey  upon  the 
•pike  of  «  thorn,  whilst  It  picks  ite  bones."— Paltu  ; 
Sat.  Theclofff.  ch.  rii. 

trans  fix  -ion  (x  as  ksh),  s.  [TRAVSPIX.] 
1.  The  act  of  transfixing  or  pierciug  tl>r->u.gh. 
2-  The  state  of  being  transfixed. 

"  Sixe  serenUl  UIBM  do  v«  flud  that  Christ  Aed 
Mood ;  In  bis  circumcialoii,  ID  his  BKOiiie  111  hla 
crowoing,  in  hi*  be*. urging,  iu  his  (Oflxi..n.  iu  hia 
."—Bp.  SaU:  Sermon  on  Oai.  It  10. 


trans-flu'-ent,  a.  [Lat.  trangjtuenx,  pr.  par. 
of  transjtuo  —  to  flow  across  :  (raw*  =  across, 
and  fluo  =  to  flow.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Flowing  or  running  across 
or  through. :  as,  a  tnmfiuent  stream. 

2.  Her. ;  A  term  used  of  water  represented 
as  running  through  the  arches  of  a  bridge. 

trans-flax',  «.  [Lat  rran^tu**,  pa.  par. 
of  tran*/luo.]  (TRANSFLI-E-.T.J  A  flowing 
through  or  beyond. 

•  trans'-fbr-ate,  v.t.  [Lmt  tmntfaratus,  pa. 
par.  of  tratisforo  =to  bore  or  pierce  through  : 
tro»«  =  through,  and  fan  =  to  bore.)  To  bore 
through,  to  perforate. 

trans  form ,  *  trans-forme.  *  trans- 
fourm,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  transformer,  from  Lat. 
tranifirrmo  =  to  change  the  form  of:  trant  = 
across  (hence,  implying  change),  and  jarma= 
form  ;  Sp.  trans/armar,  trutfomar ;  Ital.  troiu- 
Jormure,  traaformare.} 

A.  Tnuuitivt: 

L  Ordinary  Langv&gt : 

1.  To  change  the  form  or  appearance  of ;  to 
change  in  shape  or  appearance  ;  to  metamor- 
phose. 

"  A  strange  nervous  convulsion  which  aosuetimes 
trantformrj  bfa  couiiuwtnoe.  during  a  few  moBMsiU. 
Into  an  object  on  which  it  waa  Impossible  to 
without  terror.*— jrodunoy.-  at*.  £>«..  ch.  »UL 

2.  To  change  into  another  substance ;  to 
transmute  :  as,  To  transform  lead  into  gold. 

3.  To  change  ;  to  alter  to  something  else ; 
to  convert 

-  But  ah  I  by  constant  need  I  know. 
How  oft  tne  aaduess  that  1  show 
Tmntfvrrru  thy  smiles  to  looks  of  woe.* 

Coujxo-     To  Jtary. 

•  4.   To    change    in    nature,   disposition, 
character,  or  the  like. 

"  Be  ye  friins/ormasl  by  tbe  renewing  of  your  mind." 
—Romans  i  ii.  i 

*  6.  Amongst  the  mystics,  to  change,  as 
the   contemplative  soul  into  a  divine   sub- 
stanre  by  which  it  is  lost  or  swallowed  np  In 
the  divine  nature. 

IX  MaA. :  To  change  the  form  of :  as, 

(1)  To  change  the  form  of  a  geometrical 

figure  or  solid  without  altering  iu  area  or 

solidity. 


(2)  To  change  the  form   of  an  algebraic 

equation  without  destroying  the  equality  oi 
iu  members. 

(3)  To  change  the  form  of  a  fraction  without 
altering  its  value. 

*  B.   Intraiu.  :  To  be  changed  In  form  or 
appearance  ;  to  be  metamorphosed. 

"His  h»ir  t  rotuform  to  down,  his  fingers  meet 
In  skijiuy  nluie.  and  shape  his  oary  feet" 


.    {Toad.) 

trans  -form-  a  -ble,  a.  [Eng.  transform; 
-aofe.J  Capable  of  being  transformed. 

trans-for-ma'-tlon,  *  trans  -for-  ma 
ci-on,  s.  [Fr.  transformation,  from  Lat 
transformations,  accus.  of  trantformatio, 
from  traiisfarmatm,  pa.  par.  of  fraiLs/orao  =. 
to  transform  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  transformation,  trat- 
Jbrntacion;  Ital.  transformation*,  trazfortm- 
zioae.) 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  changing  the  form  or  appear- 
ance of  ;  the  act  or  operation  of  changing  the 
external  appearance  of. 

"  Upon  whose  dead  corpse  there  waa  such  ™i-t1ni 
Such  beastly  shameless  finmj'iii  IBMUJLIII. 
B)-  those  Wclchiueu  dwue,  as  uiay  not  be, 
Without  much  sb&uie.  retold  or  spoken  of." 

MaAetsv  -•  t  He*try  IV..  L,  L 

2.  The  state  of  being  changed  in  form  or 
appearance;  a  change  in  form,  appeaiance, 
nature,   disposition,  character,   or  the  like; 
metamorphosis. 

"  What  beast  couldst  thou  he.  that  were  not  subject 
to  a  beast  t  And  what  a  beast  art  thou  already  and 
seeet  not  thy  loss  in  trantfiarmation  t—skajcetf,.  :  Ttnum 

3.  The  change  of  one  metal  or  substance 
into  another  :  as,  the  transformation  of  lead 
into  gold  ;  transmutation. 

*  4.  A  conversion  from  siufulness  to  holy 
obedience. 

"  Thus  it  must  be  In  our  tratttfvrmation  onwards* 
the  Spirit  of  God  doth  thus  alter  us  through  grace 
whiles  we  are  yet,  for  essence,  the  auue."—  ap.  Hfll: 
7h«  Ettafe  o/  a  Christian. 

*  5.  The  change  of  the  soul  into  a  divine 
substance,  as  amongst  the  mystics. 

*  6.  Tbe  shape  or  appearance  to  which  one 
has  been  changed. 

"  My  transformation  hath  been  washed  and  cad- 
gelled.-—  Skatan.  Xrrr,  ITaa,  IT.  5. 

n.  Technically: 

L  BioL  :  The  series  of  changes  which  every 
germ  undergoes  iu  reaching  the  embryonic 
condition,  either  in  the  body  of  the  parent  or 
within  the  egg,  as  distinguished  from  those 
which  species  born  in  an  imperfectly  developed 
state  present  in  the  course  of  their  external 
life,  and  which  are  more  generally  known  as 
metamorphosis  (q.v.). 

2.  Chan.  :  A  term  applied  to  those  chemi- 
cal changes  whereby  an  entirely  new  set  of 
compounds  ix  produced,  as  when  sugar  is 
converted  by  the  aid  of  a  ferment  into  alco- 
hol and  carbonic  anhydride,  or  where  complex 
compounds  are  resolved  by  the  aid  of  de- 
structive distillation  into  simpler  substances, 
usually  called  transformation  products. 

3.  Math.  :    The   operation   or    process   ot 
changing  in  form  or  expression  :  as, 

(1)  The  change  of  a  given  geometrical 
figure  into  another  of  equal  area,  but  of  a 
ditlerent  number  of  sides,  or  of  a  given  solid 
into  another  of  equal  solidity,  but  having  • 
different  number  of  faces. 

(S)  The  operation  of  changing  the  form  of 
an  equation  without  destroying  the  equality 
of  its  members.  All  the  operations  performed 
upon  equations,  in  order  to  simplify  them  or 
to  solve  them,  are  transformations. 

(3)  The  operation  of  changing  the  form  of  a 
fraction  without  changing  iu  \alue.  The 
operations  of  reducing  to  simplest  terms,  of 
changing  the  fractional  unit,  &c.,  are  trans- 
formations. 

4.  Pathol.  :    The   morbid    change   of    one 
structure  into  another,  as  when  muscle  if 
transformed  into  fat,  or  ossification  of  the 
heart  takes  place. 

5.  Physinl.  :   The  change  which  takes  nlaof 
in  the  blood  in  its  passage  fruai  the  arterfa!  to 
the  venous  system.     This  change  is  of  three 
kinds  :  (1)  contributing  to  the  growth  of  non 
vascular  tissue  ;  (2)  contributing  to  the  growth 
of  the  organized    substance  of  the  various 
organs;   and  (S)  the  separation   of  mucus, 
urine,  bile,  *c.,  from  the  blood. 

6.  Theatre:  A  transformation-scene  (q.v.). 
transformation  myth,  t. 

Anthrop.  :  A  myth  which  represents  a  human 


fsUe.  Ctt,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fill,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e,oe  =  e;ey  =  a;qo  =  kw. 


transformative-  transient 


4791 


being  as  changed  into  an  animal,  a  tree  or 
plant,  or  some  inanimate  being. 

"The  ethnographic  student  finds  a  curious  Interest 
In  tran\fomuttion-myttu  like  Ovid's,  keeping  up  as 
they  do  vestiges  of  philosophy  of  Archaic  type."— 
Tyler;  Prfm.  Cult.  (M.  1873),  li.  220. 

transformation  of  energy, *. 

Physics :  (See  extract). 

"It  has  been  found  by  experiment  that  when  one 
kind  of  eueivy  disappear*  or  is  expended,  energy  of 
•ouie  other  kind  U  pradUMU  *JlJ  that,  under  i-ruper 
•ouditioua,  the  disapnearauoe  of  any  one  of  the  known 
kinds  of  energy  can  be  made  to  give  rise  to  a  greater 
or  less  amount  of  any  other  kind,  one  of  the  aim  plt^t 
Illustrations  that  can  be  given  of  thia  trautf urination 
of  energy  U  afforded  by  the  oscillations  of  a  i*ndulum. 
When  the  pendulum  is  at  rest  In  1U  lowest  pocitiuu 
it  does  Dot  poe*es*  any  energy,  for  it  hat  no  power  of 
setting  either  itself  or  other  bodies  in  motion  or  of 
producing  in  them  any  kind  of  change.  In  order  to 
set  the  pendulum  uaclllatintf,  work  must  be  doue  upon 
it,  and  it  thereafter  possesses  an  amount  of  energy 
corresponding  to  the  work  that  has  been  expended. 
When  it  lias  reached  either  end  of  Its  path,  the  pen- 
dulum is  for  an  instant  at  rest,  but  It  possesses  energy 
by  virtu**  of  its  position,  and  can  do  au  amount  of 
work  whilo  (ailing  to  its  lowest  position  which  is 
represented  by  the  product  of  its  weight  into  the 
vertical  height  through  which  ita  centre  of  gravity 
descends.  When  at  the  middle  of  its  path  the  pen- 
dulum is  passing  through  its  position  of  equilibrium, 
and  has  no  power  of  doing  work  by  falling  lower  ;  but 
it  now  possesses  energy  by  virtue  of  the  Telocity  which 
it  has  gained,  and  this  energy  is  able  to  carry  it  up  on 
the  second  aide  of  it«  lowest  position  to  a  height  equal 
to  that  from  which  it  has  descended  on  the  flist  side. 
By  the  time  it  reaches  this  position  the  pendulum 
has  lost  all  its  velocity,  but  it  has  regained  the  power 
of  falling :  this,  in  its  turn,  is  lost  as  the  pendulum 
returns  again  to  its  lowest  position,  but  at  the  same 
time  it  regains  it*  previous  velocity.  Thus  during 
every  quarter  of  an  oscillation,  the  energy  of  the  pen- 
dulum changes  from  potential  energy  of  position  into 
actual  energy  or  energy  of  m»tlon,  or  nee  vena."— 
Gatiot :  t'hyfitt  (eU.  Atkinson),  i  66. 

transformation  -  products,    *.   pi. 

(TRANSFORMATION,  II.  2.J 

transformation  scene,  5. 

Theatre :  A  gorgeous  scene  at  the  end  of  the 
opening  of  a  pantomime,  in  which  the  princi- 
pal characters  were  formerly  supposed  to  tie 
transformed  into  the  chief  characters  in  the 
harlequinade  which  immediately  follows.  The 
transformation- scene  still  forms  a  special 
feature  of  the  pantomime,  and  introduces 
the  characters  of  the  harlequinade,  but  there 
is  no  longer  any  change.  [RALLY.]  The  name 
baa  nothing  to  do  with  the  gradual  unfolding 
and  development  of  the  scene. 

•  trans-for'-ma-tlve,  a.    [Eng.  transform; 
•atiee.]    Having  the  power  or  tendency  to 
transform. 

trans-form' -ism,  ».     [Fr.  transf&rmiyme.] 

Biol. :  The  hypothesis  that  all  existing 
•pecies  are  the  product  of  the  metamorphosis 
of  other  forms  of  living  beings  ;  and  that  the 
biological  phenomena  which  they  exhibit  are 
the  results  of  the  interaction,  through  past 
time,  of  two  series  of  factors :  (1)  a  process 
of  morphological  and  concomitant  physio- 
logical modification  ;  (2)  a  process  of  change 
In  the  condition  of  the  earth's  surface. 

**  And  there  are  two  forms  of  the  latter  [evolution] 
hypothesis  ;  for,  it  may  be  assumed,  on  the  one  band, 
that  crayfishes  have  come  into  existence  independently 

thesis  of  gpon tnneous  or  eutii vocal  generation,  or  ablo- 
genesls;  or,  on  the  other  hand,  we  may  suppose  that 
erayttshes  have  resulted  from  the  modification  of  tome 
other  form  of  living  matter-  and  thia  is  what,  to 
borrow  a  useful  worn  from  the  French  language,  is 
known  as  tranrtormitm,"— Huxley :  The  Crayjith, 
p.  318. 

•trans -freight  (freight  as  If  at),  v.i.  [See 
def.]  A  corruption  of  transfrete  (q.v.). 

"They  arm,  and  trantfretaht ;  and  about  the  year 
M9  obtain  the  rule  over  us. — Waterhtmte:  Apology 
for  Learning,  p.  62.  (IMS). 

'  trans  freta-tion,  *.  [Lat.  transjntatio, 
from  tranafretatus,  pa.  par.  of  transfreto  =  io 
cross  the  sea;  8p.  transfretacion,  trasfretacion.] 
(TRANBFHETK.)  A  passing  over  or  crossing  a 
•trait  or  narrow  sea. 

**  She  had  a  rough  pusage  in  her  tramfrctation  to 
Dover  Castle. "— tfowU .  Lettert.  bk.  i.,  let.  22, 

*  trans-Ire  te',  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr.  transfrcter,  from 
Lat.  trans}  rtto,  from  trans  —  across,  over,  and 
/return.  =  a  strait,   the   sea ;    Sp.    Iransjretar, 
trasfretar.] 

A.  Trans.  :   To  cross  or  pass  over,  as   a 
•trait  or  narrow  sea. 

"  So  trantfreting  the  Illyrian  sea."        Locrlnt,  i.  l. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  pass  over  a  strait  or  narrow 

MB. 

**  Being  trantfretfd  and  passed  over  the  Hlrcanlan 
•ea.--Fr7t.Aarf;  RmMai*. 

-trans'-fuge,  *  trans-fu  -gi-tfve,  *.  [Lat. 
transfuga  =.  &  deserter,  from  trans  =  across, 
and  /u0io=to  fly.]  A  deserter;  a  soldier 


who  goes  over  to  the  enemy  in  time  of  war ; 
hence,  a  turncoat,  an  apostate. 

"  The  protection  uf  dgaerters  and  tranifuaet  U  the 
invariable  rule  of  every  service  in  the  worfd."— Lord 
Stanhope :  Mitcell.,  Second  Sfriet,  p.  18. 

*  trans  -  fund',  v.t.     [Lat.  transfundo  =  to 
pour  out  of  one  vessel  into  another,  to  trans- 
fuse ;   trans  =  across,  and  fundo  =  to  pour.] 
To  transfuse. 

"  Its  [gratitude!  best  instrument  therefore  is  speech, 
that  most  natural,  proper,  and  ea*i«  mean  of 
aation,  uf  signifying  our  conceptions,  of  conveying, 
and  as  it  were  trantfuttdwta  our  thoughts  and  our 
passions  into  each  other."— Burrow  :  Sermont,  vol.  i., 
ser.  6. 

trans-fuse',  v.t.  [Lat  transfusus,  pa.  par.  of 
transfundo  =  to  trausfuud  (q.v.);  Fr.  trans- 
/ww.J 

*  I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  To  pour  out  of  one  vessel  into  another ; 
to  transfer  by  pouring. 

"  Where  the  j  uices  are  in  a  morbid  state,  If  one  could 
suppose  all  the  unsound  juices  taken  away  and  sound 
juicea  immediately  tranjfuteit,  the  sound  juice*  would 
grow  u\ui\nti."—Afbu!hn<it. 

2.  To  cause  to  pass  from  one  into  another ; 
to  instil ;  to  cause  to  be  imbibed. 

"The  virtue  of  oue  generation  was  trantfuMsd.  by 
the  magick  of  example,  into  several :  and  a  spirit  of 
heroism  was  maintained  through  many  ages  of  that 
rot  union  wealth.'*—  Botinfbrok*  :  Study  of  JKXtry, 
let.  2. 

II.  Surg. :  To  transfer  from  the  veins  or 
arteries  of  one  animal  to  those  of  another. 

*  trans  -  f  us    I  -  ble,  a.     [Eng.   transfuse); 
•able.}    Capable  of  being  transfused. 

trans  -  fu  -  sion,  s.  [Lat.  transfusio,  from 
transfusus,  pa.  par.  of  trans/undo  =  to  trans- 
fuse (q.v.);  Sp.  transfusion,  trafusion  ;  Hal. 
transjusione,  trafusioiie.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  or  process  of  trans- 
fusing, or  of  pouring,  as  a  liquor,  out  of  one 
vessel  into  another ;  a  causing  to  pass  from  one 
into  Another  ;  the  state  of  being  transfused. 

"  It  is  with  languages  as  'tis  with  liquors,  which  by 
tratttfuti&n  use  to  take  wind  from  one  vessel  to 
another."— BowtU:  Lettvrt,  bk.  ii.,  let.  ft. 

2.  Surg, :   The    operation    of   transmitting 
blood  from  the  veins  of  one  living  animal  to 
those  of  another,  or  from  those  of  a  man  or 
one  of  the  lower  animals  into  a  man,  with  tlie 
view  of  restoring  the  vigour  of  exhausted  sub- 
jects.   The  idea  of  renewing  vital  power  by 
the  transfusion  of  the  blood  seems  to  have 
been  familiar  to  the  ancients,  and  is  found  in 
the  works  of  the  alchemists  of  the  Middle 
Ages,   who  imagined    that  it  might  be  the 
means  of  perpetuating  youth.    The  operation 
is  now  frequently  resorted  to  in  cases  of  ex- 
treme loss  of  blood  by  haemorrhage,  f  socially 
when  connected    with  labour.     Modern  ex- 
periments, particularly  those  of  Prevost  and 
Dumas,  show  that  the   blood  of  calves  or 
sheep  injected  into  the  veins  of  a  cat  or  rabbit 
is  fatal,  and  mammals  into  whose  veins  the 
blood  of  birds  is  transfused  die.    The  experi- 
ments of  Milne-Edwards  and  Lafond  indicate 
that  this  result  does  not  take  place  when  the 
animals  belong  to  nearly  allied  species  ;  thus 
an  ass,  whose  blood  was  nearly  exhausted, 
recovered  when  the  blood  of  a  horse  was 
transfused  Into  its  veins. 

"The  experiment  of  trantfution  proves,  that  the 
blood  of  one  animal  will  serve  for  another.  "—Paleu : 
natural  Theology,  ch.  xxv. 

*  trans-fa' -sive,  a.    [Eng.  transfuse);  -ive.] 
Tending  or  having  power  to  transfuse. 

*  trans  gan-get-io,  a.     [Pref.  trans-,  and 
Eng.  (Jangetic.]    On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Ganges  ;  pertaining  or  relating  to  countries 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Ganges. 

trans -gress,  *  trans-grease,  v.t.  &  i. 
[Lat.  tranttgrtssus,  pa.  par.  of  transgredior  — 
to  step  over,  to  pass  over :  (ran*  =  across, 
over,  and  gradior  =  to  step,  to  walk  ;  Fr. 
transgresser  (O.  Fr.  transgredir) ;  Sp.  trans- 
gredir, traagredir ;  Ital.  transgredire,  tras- 
gredirt.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  L  Lit. :  To  pass  over  or  beyond  ;  to  over- 
step. 

**  Apt  to  run  riot  and  traxifrest  the  jroal." 

Dryden.    (Todd.) 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  overpass  or  overstep,  as  some  law  or 
rule  prescribed ;  to  break,  to  violate,  to  in- 
fringe. 

"  Humane  law*  oblige  only  that  they  be  not  despised, 
that  10,  that  they  be  not  tranigreacd  without  a  reason- 
able cause."— Sp.  Taylor:  Jiiilt  ofContcientx,  bk.  iii., 
CO.L 


*  2.  To  offend  against;  to  thwart,  to  vux, 
to  cross, 

"  Why  give  you  peace  to  thia  intemperate  bewt 
That  hath  so  Ucg  trant-jrettcd  you  T" 

Aoaum.  *  Fl*t.     (  Webtttr.) 

B.  Intrans. ;  To  attend  by  violating  a  law 
or  rule  ;  to  siu. 

"  Achan  trantfreufd  tn  the  thing  accursed."— 
1  Chrnnidct  ii.  7 

IT  For  the  difference  between  to  transgress 
and  to  infringe,  see  INFRINGE. 

*  trans   gress -I -Die,  a.    [Eng.  transgress; 
•ibLe.\    Capable  of  being  transgressed  ;  liable 
to  be  transgressed. 

trans -grew'- ion  (ss  as   ah),  *  trans  - 

fres  -  ay  -  on,  s.     [Kr.   tranngrtssion,   from 
at.    transgressionem,    accus.    of  trannti 
from   transgrenaus,  i».   par.  of  tran»gredwr ; 
Sp.  transgresion,  trasgresion  ;    Ital.   trantgres- 
tione,  trasgressione.]    [TftANSaocss.] 

1.  The  act  of   transgressing  ;    the   act  of 
breaking  or  violating  any  law  or  rule,  moral 
or  civil,  prescribed,  expressed,  or  implied. 

"Bin  is  a  tran*gre**iini't  some  \v*."~Bp.  Taylor; 
Rute  Of  Conscience,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  i. 

2.  A  breach  or  violation  of  any  law  or  rule  ; 
an  offence,  a  crime,  a  fault,  a  trespass,  & 
misdeed. 

"Forgive  thy  people  all  their  trantgreuitmt."— 
1  A'im/«  viiL  60. 

*  trans  gress  -lon-al  (ss  as  sh),  a.    [Eng. 
transgression;  -at.]     Pertaining  or  relating  to 
transgression ;  involving  transgression. 

"Forgive  this  trantgrMtionel  rapture:  receive  my 
thanks  for  your  kiud  letter."— Bun*t :  JiUt.  Own 

*  trans -gresa'-Ive,  a.     [Eng.    trantgress; 
-iff.]    Inclined  or  apt  to  transgress  ;  faulty, 
sinful,  culpable. 

"Adam  perhaps  would  have  finned  without  the 
•ug^eatiou  of  ."-atan,  and  from  the  trau»gr«t*i*«  inf  r- 
mitlesof  himself  might  have  erred  aloue."— Brogue: 
Vulgar  Errmiri,  bk.  i..  eh.  x. 

*  trans -gresa-Ive-ly\  adv.    [Eng.  trans- 
gressive  ;  -ly.\    In  a  trausgreesive  manuer  ;  by 
transgression. 

trans-gress -or,  *  trans-gress-our,  s. 
[Fr.  transgresseur,  from  Lat.  tranxgrtssoreui, 
accus.  of  transgressor,  from  transgressus,  pa. 
par.  of  transgredior.]  [TRANSGRESS.]  One  who 
transgresses ;  one  who  violates  or  infringes  a 
law,  rule,  or  command  ;  a  sinner,  an  offender. 

"And  albeit  that  this  ryot  was  after  greuou-ly 
•hew  yd  agayue  the  commons  of  the  cytie,  yet  itpasayd 
vnponysshea,  for  the  great  nouiubre  of  the  trant- 
ffreuourt."—f'at>yan:  Chronicle  (an.  1180). 

*  tran  -  shape',  v.t.     [Pret  trans-  ~  across, 
hence  implying  change,  and  Eng.  shape.}    To 
alter  the  shape  or  form  uf ;  to  transform. 

"  By  a  gracious  influenced  tranthaped 
Into  the  olive,  pomegranate,  mulberry." 

Wtbtcer.    (1««S.) 

tran  Ship',  v.t.  &,  i.  [Pref.  trans-,  and  Eng. 
ship.]  .,„.,  t 

A.  Trans. :  To  convey  or  transfer  from  one 
ship  to  another. 

"Cargo  (pig  Iron)  being  tranikipptd  to  steamtr."— 
Daily  Jiemt,  Feb.  1,  1S66. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  pass  or  change  from  one 
ship  to  another. 

"  Transhipping  from  steamer  to  steamer."— /taf/y 

Telegraph.  Nov.  18,  1885. 

tran  ship'-ment,  s.  [Pref.  tran*-,  and  Eug. 
shipment.]  The  act  of  transliipping,  or  of 
transferring  from  one  ship  to  another. 

*  traits-hu'-man,  a.     [Pref.  trans-,  aud  Eng. 
human  (q.v.).  ]    Beyond  or  more  than  human ; 
superhuman. 

*  trans -hu'- man -ize,  v.t.    [Pref.  trans-, 
and  Eng.   humanize  (q.v.).]     To  elevate  or 
transform   to    something   beyond   or   above 
what  is  human  ;  to  change  from  a  human 
into  a  higher,  nobler,  or  celestial  nature. 

*  tran'-al-ence,  *  tran  si  en  jy  (or  si  en 
as  shen)t  a.     [Eng.  transien(t);  -ce,  -cy.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  transient; 

transientness. 

'*  Here,  from  time  and  transience  won, 
Beauty  has  her  charm*  resigned." 

0ro*«ff  :  An  Anthems 

2.  Something  transient,  or  not  durable  or 

permanent. 

"  Poor  sickly  trantirnctei  that  we  are,  coveting  w» 
know  not  wbaL"— CarlyU:  /;«mtnucvi*cM,  i.  sis. 

tran  si  ent  (or  ai-cnt  as  shent),  a.  &  s. 
[Lat.  transiens,  pr.  par.  of  tra'nsuo  =  to  go 


boil,  bo>;  poiit,  jowl;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  7**'*,  bench;  go,  gem ;  «*««,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist. 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,    tjion  -  zhun,     cious,    tious,    sious  -  shus.    -ble.  -die,  &c,  =  Del.  del. 


4792 


transiently— transition 


•cross,  to  pass  away  :  from  =  Mron,  »nd  to 
=  to  go.] 

A.  ^i  orf/wrm  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  Passing  on  from  one  to  another. 

"For  we  grow  sick  many  Umei  by  Incantelotuly 
conversing  with  tne  disease:  but  no  man  STOWS  weft 
by  accoro]«.nying  the  healthy  :  thus  ludeedit  i.  with 
the  heftjtlimess  of  th«  body:  it  hath  DO  trantitnt 
force  on  others.  but  the  strength  and  healthiness  at 
the  mind*  carries  with  it  a  gracious  kinds  ol  Infec- 
tion  :  and  common  experience  tells  us,  that  nothing 
profit*  evil  men  more  than  the  company  of  the  good 
—Satn:  Rmatnt;  Sermon  on  Bom.  xlv.  1. 

2.  Passing  over  or  across  a  space  or  scene 
in  a  short  period  of  time,  and  then  disappear- 
ing ;  not  stationary  ;  not  lasting  or  durable  ; 
transitory. 

"  How  BOOH  hath  thy  prediction.  Beer  blest. 
Measured  this  transient  world,  the  race  of  time. 
Till  time  Btaud  Axed."         Milton  :  P.  L..  xll.  5M. 

3.  Hasty,  momentary,  passing,  brief. 

••This  Tale  he  might  have  seen 
With  trttuitnt  observation." 

WoritmrOi:  Zrcur.i™.  bk.  vlL 

4.  Brief,  short 

"  At  length  hi*  transient  respite  part." 

Cowper  :  Castaway. 

II.  Music  :  Applied  to  a  chord  introduced 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a  more  easy  and 
agreeable  transition  between  two  chords 
belonging  to  unrelated  keys. 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  That  which  passes  away  in 
a  short  space  of  time  ;  that  which  is  tempo- 
rary or  transitory;  anything  not  permanent 
or  durable. 

"  For  before  it  can  fix  to  the  observation  of  any  one 
its  object  is  gone  :  whereas,  were  there  any  consider- 
able thwart  in  the  motion  :  It  would  be  a  kind  of  stop 
•r  arrest,  by  the  benefit  of  which  the  soul  might  have 
a  glance  ol  the  fugitive  transient,  "-etanrij;  :  1'anif* 
<y  Dogmatizing,  en.  Ix. 

transient-effect,  s. 

Paint.:  A  representation  of  appearances 
In  nature  produced  by  causes  that  are  not 
stationary,  as  the  shadows  cast  by  a  passing 
cloud.  The  term  accident  has  often  the  same 
signification. 

transient  modulation,  s. 
Music:    The    temporary    introduction    of 
chords  or  progressions  from  an  unrelated  key. 

•  tr&n'-sl  ent-1?  (or  si  eat  as  shent),  adv. 
[Eng.  transient;  -ly.]    In  a  transient  manner; 
in  passing  ;  for  a  short  time  ;  not  with  con- 
tinuance, permanence,  or  durability. 

"  Bat  the  greatest  and  the  noblest  object*  of  the 
human  mind  are  very  transiently,  at  best,  the  object 
of  theirs."—  Bolingbroki  :  £uay  i  :  Authority  on  Mat- 
ten  ttf  Rdigitm. 

tran  -si-ent  ness  (or  si-ent  as  shent),  ». 

(Eng.  transient  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  transient  ;  speedy  passage  ;  shortness 
of  duration  or  continuance. 

"It  were  to  be  wished  that  all  words  of  this  sort,  a* 

they  resemble  the  wind  In  fury  and  tmpetuousnes*. 

so  they  might  do  also  In  framiefttnstt  and  sudden 

•xplration.  —  /tecoy  of  Pitty. 

•  tran  sn  lattice,  •  tran  -sir  i-  en  -9?,  ». 

[Lat  transiliens,  pr.  par.  of  tranMio  =  to 
leap  across  :  trans  =  across,  over,  and  aalio 
=  to  leap.]  A  leap  or  spring  from  one  thing 
to  another. 

"By  an  unadvised  tnmtUlener  leaping  from  the 
effect  to  it*  remotest  cause,  we  observe  not  the  con. 
ruction  of  more  Immediate  cansalltles.'-ClanriU  . 
8etpni.ch.iU. 

•  trans   In   cor   por    a  -  tlon,  ...    [Pref. 
tram-,  and  Eng.  iticorporation  (q.v.).]  Change 
made  by  the  soul  into  different  bodies  ;  me- 
tempsychosis. 

"Curious  information  ...  on  the  fnuuineoraora- 
lion  of  souls."—  W.  Taylor  of  Harwich  (Memoir  11.  806). 

trios  -ir1-*,  «.  [Lat  =  to  go  through.  ]  [TBAN- 
SIENT.]  A  custom-house  warrant,  giving  free 
passage  for  goods  to  a  place  ;  a  permit 

tran  -sit,  «.    [Lat.  trantitut  =  a  passing  over, 
a  passage,  from  transeo  =  to  pass  over  ;  Ger. 
(comm.)  transit;   Fr.  (comm.)  transit;   Ital. 
transito.]    [TRANSIENT.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  passing  over  or  through  ;  conveyance  ; 
a  passage.    (Used  of  things  more  frequently 
than  of  persons.) 

"A  handy  gap  on  the  left  provided  a  rery  safe 
means  of  transit  for  the  dl  vlsion^-Kefd,  Feb.  18,  18S5. 

2.  The  conveyance  of  goods  ;  the  act  or 
process  of  causing  to  pass. 

'•Arrangement*  hare  been  made  for  tranlit  of  goods 
and  paaMBgers  to  and  from  the  docks  over  all  the 
lug  lines.  '-Dall* 


Jan.  it,  IBM. 

3.  A  line  of  passage  or  conveyance  through 
s  country. 


II.  Technically  ; 
1.  Astronomy  : 

(1)  The  passage  of  a  heavenly  body  over 
the  meridian. 

(2)  The  passage  of  one  of  the  inferior  planets, 
Mercury  or  Venus,  over  the  sun's  disc.    Mer- 
cury being  so  near  the  sun,  and  so  difficult  to 
observe  with  accuracy,  its  transits  are  not 
nearly  so  important  to  astronomers  as  those  of 
Venus.    In  1716  Dr.  Halley  published  a  j.aper 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  advising  that 
the  transits  of  Venus  over  the  sun's  discwhich 
would  occur  in  A.D.  1761  and  1769  should  be 
taken  advantage  of  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining the  sun's  distance  from  the  earth. 
Though  he  was  dead  long  before  these  dates 
arrived,  the  government  of  the  day  acted  on 
his  suggestion.    In  1769  the  celebrated  Captain 
Cook  was  sent  to  Otaheite  for  the  purpose  of 
noting  the  transit,  another  observer   being 
despatched  to  Lapland.    The  observations  of 
the  latter  being  erroneous  the  distance  of  the 
sun  was  exaggerated  by  about  three  millions 
of  miles.    In  1874,  when  the  next  transit  oc- 
curred, all  civilized  nations  sent  forth  scien- 
tific men  to  observe  it.    It  was  known  that  it 
would  be  invisible  at  Greenwich,  but  expedi- 
tions were  sent  out  by  the  British  Government 
to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  to  New  Zealand, 
Egypt,    Rodriguez,    and    Kerguelen    Island. 
Other  nations  occupied  other  stations,  and  the 
weather  proved  suitable  at  most  places  for 
accurate    observation.      Transits   of  Venus 
come,  after  long  intervals,  in  pairs,  eight  years 
apart ;  and  another  transit  took  place  on  the 
afternoon  of  Dec.  6,  1882.      In   the  British 
Isles  the  weather  was  generally  unfavourable, 
clouds  with  occasional  snownakes  obscuring 
the  sky  at  Greenwich,  and  through  nearly  all 
Great  Britain,  except  on  the  western  coast. 
At  Dublin,  partial  observations  were  obtain- 
able ;  and  of  various  British  expeditions  sent 
abroad,  complete  success  wasobtained  in  Mada- 
gascar and  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.    Ob- 
servers from  the  United  States  and  other  coun- 
tries were  also  successful.   The  observation  of 
the  distance  the  planet  moves  to  the  right  and 
left  of  the  sun,  in  describing  its  orbit,  enables 
an  astronomer  to  ascertain  the  relative  dis- 
tance of  the  two  luminaries.     The  relative 
breadth  «f  the  sun's  diameter  as  compared  with 
his  distance  from  the  earth,  is  also  easily  ascer- 
tained.   If  then  two  observers  on  the  surface 
of  our  sphere  take  their  stations  at  judiciously 
selected  points,  as  widely  apart  as  possible, 
and  note  a  transit  of  Venus,  the  planet  will 
have  a  lesser  line  to  traverse  at  the  one  place 
than  the  other,  and  will  do  it  in  a  shorter 
time.    From  accurate  notation  of  the  differ- 
ence in  time  taken  in  connection  with  the 
difference  in  length  it  is  possible  to  calculate, 
first  the  breadth  of  the  sun,  and  secondly  his 
distance  from  the  earth.    When  the  materials 
obtained  in  connection  with  the  two  transits 
were  worked  out,  it  was  found,  as  Hanaen 
had  suspected,  that  the  sun's   distance    hail 
been  ever-estimated,  and  it  was  reduced  from 
95,300,000  to  92,700,000.    The  scientific  import- 
ance of  Ihese  phenomena  can  scarcely  be  over- 
estimated.   The  next  transits  of  Venus  will 
occur  on  June  7, 2004,  and  June  6, 2012.    [Son.] 

' '  As  the  day  of  observation  now  approached,  I  deter 
mined  in  consequence  of  some  hint*  which  had  been 
given  me  by  Lord  Morton,  to  send  out  two  parties  to 
observe  the  transit  from  other  situations."— Coot: 
firtt  royuoe,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xlii. 

(8)  A  transit-instrument  (q.v.) 

2.  Engin,  :  A  portable  instrument  resembl- 
ing a  theodolite,  designed  for  measuring  both 
horizontal  and  vertical  angles.  It  is  pro- 
vided with  horizontal  and  vertical  graduated 
circles,  one  or  two  levels,  and  a  compass,  and 
is  mounted  upon  a  tripod-stand. 

transit- circle,  s.  An  instrument  for 
ascertaining  at  the  same  observation  the  right 
ascension  and  declination  of  a  heavenly  body 
at  its  transit  over  the  meridian.  It  unites 
the  functions  of  the  mural  circle  and  tie 
transit  instrument 

transit  -  compass,  «.  The  same  as 
TRANSIT,  ».,  II.  1.  (3)  (q.v.). 

transit-duty,  .-.  Duty  paid  upon  goods 
in  passing  through  a  country. 

transit-Instrument,  s.  An  instrument 
designed  accurately  to  denote  the  time  when 
a  heavenly  body  passes  the  meridian.  It 
consists  of  a  telescope  supported  on  a  hori- 
zontal axis,  whose  extremities  terminate  in 
cylindrical  pivots  resting  in  metallic  supports, 
shaped  like  the  upper  part  of  the  letter  Y 


and  licnce  termed  the  "T's,"  and  imbedded 
in  two  stone  pillars.  In  order  to  relieve  the 
pivots  from  friction  and  facilitate  the  turning 
of  the  telescope,  counterpoises  are  provided 
operating  through  levers,  carrying  friction- 
rollers,  upon  which  the  axis  turns.  When  the 
instrument  is  in  proi*r  adjustment,  the  tele- 
scope should  continue  in  the  plane  of  the 
meridian  when  revolved  entirely  round  upon 
its  axis,  and  for  this  purpose  the  axis  must 
lie  in  a  line  directly  east  and  west.  To  effect 
this  adjustment 
its  ends  are 
provided  with 
screws  by  which 
a  motion,  both 
in  azimuth  and 
altitude,  may  be 
imparted.  The 
telescope  has  a 
series  of  parallel 
wires  crossing 
its  object-glass 
in  a  vertical  di- 
rection. When 
a  star,  designed 
to  be  the  sub- 
ject of  observa- 
tion, is  seen  ap- 
proaching tlie 

STfoot 
at  the  hour  and  minutes  on  a  clock  placed 
at  hand  for  the  purpose.  He  then  notes 
the  passage  of  the  star  across  such  wire, 
listening  at  the  same  time  to  the  clock  beat- 
ing seconds.  The  exact  time  at  which  the 
star  passes  each  wire  is  then  noted,  and 
the  mean  between  the  time  of  passing  each 
two  wires  equidistant  from  the  centre  being 
taken,  gives  a  very  close  approximation  to 
the  truth.  The  transit-instrument  is  the 
most  important  of  what  may  be  called  the 
technical  astronomical  instruments.  The 
smaller  and  portable  kinds  are  used  to  ascer- 
tain  the  local  time  by  the  passage  of  the  sun 
or  other  object  over  the  meridian,  while  the 
larger  and  more  perfect  kinds,  in  first-clan 
observatories,  are  used  for  measuring  the 
positions  of  stars,  for  forming  catalogues; 
its  special  duty  being  to  determine  with  the 
greatest  accuracy  the  right  ascension  ol 
heavenly  bodies. 

transit-trade,  «.  Trade  arising  from 
the  passage  of  goods  across  a  country. 

*  tran  sit,  ».(.  [TKANSIT,  ».]  To  pass  over 
the  disc  or,  as  of  a  heavenly  body :  as,  Venui 
transits  the  face  of  the  sun. 

tran-sl -tlon,  ».  [Lnt  transitio,  from  (ran- 
silum,  sup.  of  transeo  =  to  pass  over  or  across; 
Fr.  transition;  Sp.  tranticim ;  Ital.  transi- 
tion*.] [TRANSIENT.] 

L  Ord.  Jjang. :  The  act,  state,  or  operation 
of  passing  from  one  place  or  state  to  another; 
passage  from  one  place  or  state  to  another; 
change. 

"Indeed  this  sudden  transition  from  warm,  mild 
weather,  to  extreme  cold  and  wet,  made  every  man 
In  the  shir,  feel  Its  effect*."— Coo*.-  Second  l'o»o»s, 
ok.  1..  ch.  11. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  The  period  between  one  style  and 
another. 

2.  iftwfc: 

(1)  A  modulation  (q.v.X 

(2)  A  passing-note  (q.v.). 

3.  Shet. :  A  passing   from  one  subject  to 
another. 

"  He  with  transition  sweet  new  speech  resumes.* 
Hilton:  P.  L.,  xli.e. 

H  Used  often  adjectively,  as  equivalent  to, 
changing  from  one  state  to  another,  transi- 
tional :  as,  a  transition  state,  a  transition 
stage,  Ac. 

transition-beds,  ».  pi. 

Geol. :  Certain  beds  constituting  the  passage 
from  the  Upper  Silurian  to  the  Devonian. 
They  are  about  350  feet  thick  near  Downton, 
in  Herefordshire,  and  are  associated  with  the 
Downton  sandstone  and  Ledbury  shales. 

*  transition  -  rocks,  *  transition  - 
strata,  s.  pi. 

Geol. :  An  exploded  geologic  term  intro- 
duced bjr  Werner,  the  founder  of  the  Neptu- 
nian school  of  geologists.  Erroneously  sup- 
posing all  rocks  to  have  been  precipitated 
from  water,  he  fancied  that  the  Primitive  or 
crystalline  rocks  were  first  laid  down.  Then 


fete,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  1&I1,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  .ir,  marine-  go  p*. 
or.  wore.  w9U  work,  who,  son;  mate,  oiib.  cure.  unit*,  our.  rule,  lull;  try.  Syrian.    «,  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


transitional— transliteration 


479S 


followed  strata  of  a  mixed  character,  partly 
crystalline,  and  yet  here  and  there  exhibiting 
marks  not  of  a  chemical  but  of  a  mechanical 
origin,  and  possessing  besides  some  organic 
remains.  These  rocks  constituting,  according 
to  this  hypothesis,  the  passage  between  th« 
primitive  and  the  secondary  rocks,  were  called 
transition  (in  German  iiaergang).  They  con- 
sisted chieBy  of  clay-slate,  graywacke,  and 
certain  calcareous  beds.  (Lyell:  Manual  of 
Geology,  ch.  viii.) 

transition-tint,  «. 

Polarization :  A  purplish-gray  tint  caused 
by  a  plate  of  quartz  of  a  certain  thickness 
when  examined  by  polarized  light,  which,  in 
a  certain  position  of  the  analyser,  gives  the 
tint  between  the  red  of  one  order  of  colours 
and  the  blue  of  the  next  Hence,  the  least 
variation  converts  the  tint  to  either  reddish 
or  bluish,  making  it  a  sensitive  test  in  the 
saccharometer. 

tran  si  tion  al,  *  tran-si -tion-ar-y.  a. 

[Eng.  transition;  -al,  -ary.]  Containing,  in- 
volving, or  denoting  transition  or  change  ; 
changing ;  in  process  of  passing  from  one  state 
or  stage  to  another. 

"  The  difficulty  is  not  to  conceive  of  Vhttranritional 
form,  but  of  the  tmmitional  mind.  ...  The  savage  is 
n  no  traniitloniU  state ;  the  mental  faculties  aw  dor- 
mant, not  undeveloped."-«rirtj»  «uarterl»  «erie», 
Ivii.  Ml.  11873.) 

tran'-sl-tlve,  a.  At  ».  [Lat.  transitivus,  from 
transitum,  sup.  of  transeo  =  to  pass  over  or 
across;  Sp.,  Port.,  At  Ital.  transitive;  Fr. 
transitif.) 

A*  As  adjective : 

*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Having  the  power  or  property  of  passing 
on,  or  of  making  transition  ;  passing  on. 

"Cold  is  active  and  trantittoe  Into  bodies  adjacent, 
as  well  as  heat."— Bacon  .-  Nat.  Hilt.,  |  70. 

2.  Effected  by,  or  existing  as,  the  result  of 
transference,  or   extension  of  signification  ; 
derivative,  secondary,  metaphorical. 

3.  Acting  as  a  medium. 

"An  Image  that  is  understood  to  he  an  image  can 
never  be  made  an  idol ;  or  If  it  can  it  must  be  by 
IrlawU"*  worship  of  God  pas-ed  through  It  to  God; 
it  must  be  by  being  the  analogical,  the  improper,  the 
tranlilim,  tne  relative  (or  what  shall  I  cafA  itlobject 
of  divine  worship."-*?.  Taylor:  Rule  of  Conscience, 
bk.  11,  ch.  U. 

H.  Gram. :  Taking  an  object  after  it ;  de- 
noting action  which  passes  on  to  an  object 
which  is  expressed  :  as  a  transitive  verb.  A 
transitive  verb  denotes  an  action  which 
passes  on  from  the  subject,  which  does,  to  the 
object  to  which  the  action  is  done. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  transitive  verb.- 
tran'-sl-tfve-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  transitive ;  -!».] 

*  1.  In  a  transitive  manner ;  not  directly ; 
indirectly ;  by  transference. 

"Vasquex,  and  I  think  he  alone  of  all  the  world, 
owns  the  worst  that  this  argument  can  Infer,  and 
thinks  it  lawful  to  give  divine  worship  relatively  or 
trantitieely  to  a  man."— Bp.  Taylor:  Rule  of  Con- 
Kfence,  bk.  11..  ch.  II. 

2.  As  a  transitive  verb;  with  a  transitive 
sense  or  force. 

"  Words  are  often  used  promUcaously.  and  evAoyciv 
taken  traniMtely  in  this  very  case  by  the  apostle.'— 
Walerland:  Worta,  vlL  M. 

tran -si -tlve -ness,  s.  [Eng.  transitive; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  transi- 
tive. 

tran'-Si-tor-I-ly.adv.  [Eng.  transitory;  -ly.] 
In  a  transitory  manner ;  with  short  con- 
tinuance. 

tran'-sl-tor-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  transitory; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  transi- 
tory ;  speedy  evanescence ;  shortness  of 
duration ;  transientness. 

"Heedful  observation  may  satisfy  a  man  of  the 
vanity  of  the  world,  and  the  tranlitorinea  of  external, 
and  eepeclally  slnfnl,  enjoyments."— Boyle:  Worta. 

vi.  791 

•  tran  si-tor'  !  -OUB,    *  tran-sy-tor-y- 

ouse,  a.    [Lat.  transitorius.]    The  same  as 
TRANSITORY  (q.v.). 

"  Saynt  Eanswyde,  abbesse  of  FolksUne  In  Kent, 
Inspyred  of  the  deuyll.  dyffyned  christen  in»rry»ge  to 
be  barren  of  all  vertues,  to  haue  but  travlytortiouit 
frutes,  and  to  be  a  fylthye  corruption  of  virginitie.  — 


, 
Halt  :  Una.  rotarief,  ft.  L 

tran'-sl-tor-y,  «  tran-sl-tor-le,  o. 


[Fr. 


trtinsitoire,  from  Lat.  transitorius  =  liable  to 
pass  away,  passing  away  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  A  Ital. 
trantitorio.]  [TRANSIENT.]  Passing  without 
continuance  ;  speedily  vanishing  ;  continuing 


but  a  short  time ;  not  durable ;  not  perma- 
nent ;  transient ;  unstable  and  fleeting. 

"  What  is  my  life,  my  hope!  he  said  ; 
Alas  I  a  tramitory  shade." 

Scott :  Rokeby,  i.  St. 

transitory -action,  s. 

Law :  An  action  which  may  be  brought  in 
any  county,  as  actions  for  debt,  detinue, 
slander,  or  the  like.  Opposed  to  local  action 
(q.v.). 

trans-lat'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  translate);  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  translated  or  rendered  into 
another  language. 

•  trans-laf-a-blo-ness,  *  trans-late'- 

?ble  ness,  s.     [Eng.  translatable  ;   -ness.] 
he  quality  or  state  of  being  translatable  ; 
fitness  or  suitability  for  translation. 

"  We  own  to  a  certain  scepticism  as  to  La  Fontaine's 
tramlateableneu."—Jitlunamm,  March  4.  1881 

trans-late',  v.t.  At  i.  [0.  Fr.  translator  =  to 
translate,  to  reduce,  to  remove,  from  Low  Lat. 
translate  =  to  translate,  from  Lat  translatus, 
pa.  par.  of  transfero  =  to  transfer  (q.v.) ;  Sp. 
translatar,  trasladar ;  Ital.  translatare.] 
A,  Transitive: 

*  1.   To  bear,    carry,  remove,  or  transfer 
from  one  place  or  person  to  another. 

"I  will  tranuate  the  kingdom  from  the  house  of 
Saul,  and  set  up  the  throne  of  David."— 2  Samuel  ill. 
10. 

2.  To  remove  from  one  office  or  charge  to 
another ;  specif.,  in  episcopal  churches,  to 
transfer,  as  a  bishop,  from  one  see  to  another, 
and  in  the  Scottish  Church,  to  transfer,  as  a 
minister,  from  one  parish  to  another. 

"  Fisher,  bishop  of  Rochester  when  the  king  would 
have  tramlated  him  from  that  poor  blshoprick  to  a 
better.be  refused,  saying.  He  would  not  forsake  bis 
poor  little  old  wife,  with  whom  he  had  so  long  lived." 
—Camden  :  Remain!. 

*  3.  To  remove  or  convey  to  heaven  without 
death. 

"  By  faith  Enoch  was  tramlated,  that  he  should  not 
see  death."— Hebrew  XL  B. 

*  4    To  cause  to  remove  from  one  part  of 
the   body   to   another:   as,    To   translate  a 
disease. 

*  5.  To  deprive  of  consciousness ;   to  en- 
trance. 

*  6.  To  change  into  another  form ;  to  trans- 
form. 

••  Bottom,  thou  art  tramlated."— Shakttp. :  ItUL- 
Kmmer  /fifht'l  Dream,  ill.  L. 

*  7.  To  alter ;  to  change. 

"  Now  no  dout,  yf  the  nrlesthod  be  tramlated.  then 
of  neceesyty  must  the  law  be  tramlated  also.  — 
Hebretee  vii.  U.  (««-) 

8.  To  render  into  another  language  ;  to  ex- 
press the  sense  of  In  another  language. 

"  That  speech  he  actually  prepared  and  had  It  tram- 
lated."~ifaoaulay :  Bin.  Kng.,  ch.  xxlv. 

*  9.  To  explain  ;  to  interpret 

"  There's  matter  In  theae  sighs ;  these  profound  heaves 
You  must  tramlate  i  tls  Bt  we  understand  them. 
Shakelp. :  Hamlet,  Iv.  1. 

10.  To  manufacture,  as  boots  or  shoes,  from 
the  material  of  old  ones.  (Slang.) 

"Great  Quantities  of  second-hand  boots  and  shoes 
are  sent  to  Ireland  to  be  tramlated  there."— Mayhe*  : 
London  Labour  tt  London  Poor,  1L  40. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  be  engaged  in  or  practise 
translation. 

trans  la  tion,  *  trans-la  ci-onn,  ».  (Fr. 
translation,  from  Lat  translationem,  accus.  of 
translatw  =  a  transferring,  removing,  from 
translates,  pa.  par.  of  transfero  =  to  transfer  ; 
Sp  translation,  traslacion;  Itel.  translaeione, 
traslazione,  tralazione.]    [TRANSLATE.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
'  1.  The  act  of  translating,  removing,  or 
transferring   from   one  place   or   person  to 
another;  transfer;  removal. 

*  2.  A  causing  to  remove  from  one  part  of 
the  body  to  another :  as,  the  translation  of  a 
disease. 

3.  The  removal  or  transference  of  a  person 
from  one  office  or  charge  to  another  ;  specif., 
in  episcopal  churches,  the  transfer  of  a  bishop 
from  one  see  to  another,  and  in  the  Scottish 
Church,  the  transfer  of  a  minister  from  one 
parish  to  another. 

"  The  translation  of  the  Archbishop  of  Toledo  to 
the  eee  of  Seville  was  announced.  "—Daily  Telegraph, 
Jan.  16.  IBM. 

*4.  The  removal  of  a  person  to  heaven 
without  being  subjected  to  death. 

"  Before  his  trantlation  he  had  this  testimony,  that 
he  pleased  God."— Hebrew  xl.  6. 

«J  Used  specially  of  Enoch  (Gen.  v.  24)  and 
Elijah  (2  Kings  ii.  1-11). 


5.  The  act  of  turning  Into  another  language; 
a  rendering  of  words  in  another  language. 

"  It  bad  been  In  some  of  the  former  sessions  deter- 
mined that  there  should  be  choaeu  six  divines  for  the 
truncation  of  the  Bible,  three  for  the  Old  Testament, 
and  three  for  the  New  with  the  Apocrypha."— Halee  : 
Letter  from  Me  Smod  of  Dort.  Nov..  1618. 

6.  That  which  is  produced  by  rendering  in 
another  language ;  a  translated  version.  [VER- 
SION.] 

"It  Is  by  means  of  French  rranjjafiotij  and  abstracts 
that  they  are  generally  known  in  Europe."— Oala- 
rmitfi:  Polite  Learning,  ch.  vili. 

7.  (See  extract).    (Slang.) 

" '  Translation,  as  I  understand  it  (said  my  inform. 
ant).  Is  thls-to  take  a  worn,  old  pair  of  shoes  or  bootj 
and  by  repairing  them  make  them  appear  as  if  left 
off  with  hardly  any  wear-as  If  they  were  only 
solled.'"-*oy«e» :  London  Labour  t  London  Poor. 
il.  40. 

•  II.  Bhtt. :  Transference  of  the  meaning  of 
a  word  or  phrase  ;  metaphor ;  tralation. 

U  Motion  of  translation :  Motion  of  a  body 
from  one  place  to  another  in  such  a  way  that 
all  its  points  move  in  parallel  straight  lines. 
It  is  opposed  to  a  motion  of  rotation  and  to  a 
motion  partly  of  translation  and  partly  of 
rotation. 

*  trans-la-tl'-tious,  a.    [Lat  tramlaticiut, 
tralaticiu's,  from  translatus,  pa.  par.  of  trans- 
fero =  to  transfer,  to  translate  (q.v.).] 

1.  Metaphorical ;  not  literal ;  tralatitious. 

"  We  allow  him  the  use  of  these  words  In  a  (ranslo- 
titiout,  abusive  sense."  —  Tranilation  of  Plutarch  t 
JNraUL 

2.  Brought  from  another  place  ;  not  native. 

"  I  have  frequently  doubted  whether  It  be  a  pure) 
indigene,  or  tranOatltiota."— trelfn :  Sflta.  bk.  i..  on. 
iv.,  fe. 

*  trans  -lat'-ive,   o.     [Lat.   translatiwt.] 
[TRANSLATE.]    Pertaining  or  relating  to  trans- 
ference of  meaning. 

"  If  our  feet  poetlcall  want  those  qualities  It  cannot 
he  aayde  a  foote  in  sence  trantlatfee  as  here.  —  Putten- 
kam  :  EnalM  Poaie,  bk.  11.  ch.  111. 

trans  lat  -or,  *  trans  lat-our,  ».     [Eng. 
translate);  -or.] 
i  Ordinary  Language : 
'  1.  One  who  translates ;  one  who  removes, 
transfers,  or  changes. 

"The  changer  and  tranOator  of  kyngedoms  and 
tymea/'Woyce :  Kxpot.  of  Daniel,  on.  v. 

2.  One   who   translates   or    renders    into 
another  language ;   one    who  expresses  the 
sense  of  words  in  one  language  by  equivalent 
words  in  another. 

"  To  the  great  task  each  bold  tnnaatorjxmeS^ 

3.  A  cobbler  of  a  low  class  who  manufac- 
tures boots  aud  shoes  from  the  material  of 
old  ones,  selling  them  at  a  low  price  to  second- 
hand dealers.    (Slang.) 

"  The  cobbler  Is  affronted  if  you  don't  call  him  Mr. 
Tranttator."—  T.  Brmfn :  Worlu,  111.  7s. 

4.  (PL):   Second-hand  boots  mended   and 
sold  at  a  low  price. 

"  To  wear  a  pair  of  second- hand  [boots]  or  translators 
.  U  felt  as  a  bitter  degradation."— Mayhe*  :  London 
Labour  A  London  Poor. 

U.  Teleg. :  An  instrument,  such  as  a  relay, 
for  repeating  a  message  upon  a  second  circuit 
when  the  line-circuit  of  the  former  circuit  is 
too  feeble  to  carry  the  signal  to  the  nltimate 
station. 

*  trans-la'-tor-jf,  o.  [Bug.  translate);  -ory.] 
Transferring  ;  serving  to  translate. 

"The  iranilaton  Isa  lie  that  transfers  themerUjol 
a  man's  good  action  to  another  more  deeerviug.  — 4r- 
butlmot. 

*  trans-la  -tress,  s.  [Eng.  translate);  -«•..] 
A  female  translator. 

"  The  compliment  to  the  tranilafrett  Is  daintily 
conceived."— C.  Lamb  :  Letter  to  Souther. 

*  trans-la-va'-tlon,  s.  [Lat.  Irani  =  across, 
over,  and"  lavatio  =  a  washing.]    (LAVE.)     A 
laving  or  lading  from  one  vessel  to  another. 

"  This  tranttavation  ought  so  long  to  be  continued 
ont  of  one  vessell  Into  another,  untill  such  time  as  it 
have  done  dieting  any  residence  downward ;  for  the 
sediment  that  renteth  111  the  bottom  Is  the  beet"— 
r.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  xxxi v.,  eh.  xviii. 

trans-lit -er-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  trans  =  across, 
over,  and  litera  =  a  letter.]  To  express  or 
write,  as  words  of  a  language  having  peculiar 
alphabetic  characters,  in  the  alphabetic 
characters  of  another  language  ;  to  spell  in 
different  characters  expressing  the  same 
sound  :  as,  To  transliterate  Greek  into 
English  characters. 

trans  llt-er-a- tion,  s.  [TRANSLITERATE.) 
The*  act  of  transliterating ;  the  rendering  of 


MB.  b6y ;  p6nt,  JAM;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  *em;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  «f*J>»** 
-tUn  =  8haB.    -tton,Uion  =  «hun;-tion,-sion  =  zhun.    -ctonm.  -ttotu,  -«lon«  =  shtt...   -We,  nlle.  *c-  =  Del,  del. 


4794 


translocation— transmitter 


the  characters  of  one  language  by  eqnivalen 
ones  in  another. 

«jT  ">«  '"•"•"""•'loii  oft«n  folk  to  convey  a  tm 
Idea  of  the  pronunciation.1  —  Jrs*«««m.  Oct.  14.  l&sa 

*  trans-lo  ca -tlon,  *.      [Pre!.   tiunt-,  an 
Eng.  ioaUi<m(q.v.).J    The  removal  of  thing 
rwCiprocsJly  to  each    other's    places:    inter 
change  of  place ;  substitution  of  things  fo 
each  other. 

_"T1>«  most  notable  of  then  office,  that  can  b, 
Mgltrd  to  the  aplrlt  of  nature,  and  that  aultauly  t 
hia  name,  fa  the  trantlocafuM  of  the  souls  of  beasta 
Into  auch  matter  aa  IB  njost  titling  for  UNO."*— Jfon 
/mmort.  </  UieSout,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  xfli. 

*  trans-luce',    ?.(.      [Lat.    «ra?is;«c«>,  froi 
trails  =  through,  across,  and  luceo  =  to  shine. 
To  shine  through. 

"  Let  Joy  irataluet  thy  Beauty's  blandishment." 
Davat:  Holy  Roodt.  p.  26. 

trans  lii   cen<je,    trans -lu'-cen-cy,   i 

[Eng.  translvren(l) ;  -ft,  -cy.] 

1,  The  quality  or  state  of  beingtranslucent 
the  property,  as  of  a  mineral,  ground  glass,  o 
oiled  paper,  of  allowing  rays  of  light  to  pass 
through,  but  not  so  as  to  render  the  form  or 
.  colour  of  objects  on  the  other  side  distingush 
able  through  it. 

••  I  have  lor  trials  lake  taken  lumps  of  rock  crystal 
and  heating  them  red-hot  ID  &  crucible  I  found  ac- 
cording to  my  exjieetatiou,  that  being  quenched  In 
fair  water,  even  those.  that  •eMbMfftal  seemingly 
entire  iumpe,  exchanged  their  traiulucetuy  for  white- 
nee»."—  Baile:  IforH.  L  7« 

*  2.  Transparency. 

trans  lu   cent,   a.      [Lat.    trmut-uami,    pr, 
par.    of    traimlwxo  =   to    shine    through. 
[TRANSLUCB.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Allowing  rays  of  light  to  pass  through, 
but  not  so  as  to  render  the  form  or  colour  ol 
objects  OD  the  other  side  distinguishable. 

2.  Transparent,  clear. 

"  The  uplifted  frame,  compact  at  every  Joint, 
And  overbad  with  clear  ira»tlttce»i  glass." 

Cowper  :  fait.  111.  485, 

II.  Min. :  So  nearly  opaque  that  objects 
are  scarcely  if  at  all  visible  through  it. 

•trans-lu'-9ent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  translucent ; 
•ly.]  In  a  translucent  manner;  so  aa  to  be 
partially  visible  through. 

"  Amber,  where  fliee  alighting  are  often  time*  trant. 
•aiontfhrimpriaolled."— Drayttm:  JMward  It',  to  tlit- 

*trans-lu'-9ld,  <r.  [Lat  trawlwidiu,  from 
trcuu  =  across,  through,  and  lucidm  =  clear, 
Incid  (q.v.).  J  Transparent,  clear. 

"  In  anger  the  spirite  ascend  and  wax.  ewer ;  which 
I*  «e«n  in  the  eyea.  because  they  are  triuulucu.-— 
Bacon  :  Sat.  Silt.,  I  872. 

•trans  lu-nar,  * tr*ns-ln'-nar-jf ,  a. 
[Pref.  tram-,  and  Eng.  lu-nar,  binary.]  Being 
or  situated  beyond  the  moon.  (Opposed  to 
tublunary.) 

"  Next  Marlow.  bathed  in  the  Thespian  Bpriogs. 
Had  In  him  thoae  brave  rmrutaarj,  thi.ija 
That  the  first  poeta  bad  :  his  raptures  were 
All  air  and  tire. "          Drayton:  Of  Pnettt  Potty. 

•trans  rna-rine',  a.  [Lat  trantmarinns, 
from  trant=  beyond,  across,  and  marinm  — 
marine  (q.v.).]  Lying  or  being  beyond  or 
on  the  other  side  of  the  sea ;  found  beyond 
the  sea. 

"  Indeed  tf  the  aft  were  Jnat  Him,  It  waa  »«ry  hard 
with  good  people  of  the  tranimarinf  chnrchea  ;  but  I 
have  nere  two  things  to  consider."— Bp.  Taylor :  £pitc. 
Asterted,  J  33. 

"trftns  me  a  ble,  'trans  mo  at-a-ble, 
a.  [TRANSMUTE.)  Capable  of  being  tnuu- 
meated  or  traversed.  (Ash.} 

•trans'  me-atc,  v.t.  [Lat  tranmeatus,  pa. 
par.  of  transmeo  =  to  go  through  or  across  : 
trans  =  across,  through,  and  meo  =  ta  go,  to 
pass-.)  To  pas*  over  or  beyond.  (Coles.) 

•trans  me-a-tion,  ».  [TRANSMEATE.]  The 
aet  of  t  ransmeating  or  passing  over  or  through. 
(UaUey.) 

•trans-mew  (ew  as  n),  *  trans-mcwe. 

*  trans  mno,  r.J.  &  i.    [Fr.  transmier,  from 
Lat.  (nuunttlo  =  to  transmute  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans. :  To   change,  to  transform,  to 
transmute. 

"  They  instead,  as  If  trammafd  to  stone, 

Marvell'd  he  could  with  such  iweet  art  unite 
The  lights  and  shades  of  manners." 

nonuon .-  Cattle  of  Indolence,  ii.  41 

B.  Intrant. :  To  change. 

*  Therewl  th  thy  eolom  woll  trmtmtw,  • 

Aontuunt  o/Ou  Kate. 


•trans -mi -grant,  •  trans  mi -gran 

a.  &  s,     [Lat.  transmigrant,  pr.  par.  of  trail* 
migro  =  to  transmigrate  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :  Passing  into  another  state  o 
country  for  residence,  or  into  another  form  o 
body ;  migrating. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  One  who  migrates  or  passes  into  anothe 
country  for  residence  ;  an  emigrant. 

"  Besides  an  union  in  sovereignty,  or  a  conjunct^, 
In  pacts,  there  are  other  implicit  confederatloua,  that 
of  colonies  or  IrutttmiyniiiU  towards  their  Inothel 
nation.  —  Bacon  :  Holy  War. 

2.  One  who  passes  into  another  state   o 

body. 

1  trans  mi  grate,  ».{.  [Lat.  transmigrntus 
pa,  par.  of  trunsmigro  =  to  migrate  across  o 
from  ons  place  to  another  :  trans  =.  across 
and  migro  =  to  migrate  (q.v.).  J 

1.  To  pass  from  one  place,  country,  or  juris 
diction  to  another  for  the  purpose  of  residence 
to  emigrate. 

"  Thia  complexion  Is  maintained  by  generation ;  so 
that  strangers  contract  it  not,  and  the  natives  whic 
trantmiyrat*  omit  It.    not  without  commixture/— 
Browne :  Vulgar  Srroun. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  body  into  another. 

"  Plutarch  himself  then  defends  the  mortality  o 
demons,  but  this  only  as  to  their  cor|.oreal  part,  taa 
they  die  to  their  present  bodies,  and  transmuml 
Into  others,  their  soula  in  the  wean  time  remainii] 
ilnmwrul  and  incorruptible."  —  CudworrA ;  l»ul, 
Sytttm,  p,  424. 

trans-mi  gra  tlon,  •  trans-mi  gra-cl 
oun,  *  trans-my-gra-ci-onn,  s.  [Fr 

transmigration,  from  Last,  transmigrationem 
accus.  of  transmigratio,  from  transmigrate 
pa.  par.  of  transmigro  =  to  transmigrate  (q.v.) 
Sp.  transmigration,  trasmiyracion ;  Ital 
transmiyrazwne.  ] 

*i  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  transmigrating 
passing  from  one  place  or  country  to  another 
for  purposes  of  residence  ;  emigration. 

"  Prom  David  to  the  trantmiffraetoun  of  Rabiloyne 
ben  fomtene  geuenciouiis.  and  from  the  Irantmiyrn 
cioun  of  Babiloyne  to  Crist  ben  fourtene  generaciouns.' 
-  llVlfe.-  MuOhrwi.  II. 

tt   Compar.  Beliij. :  Metempsychosis ;    the 
doctrine  of  the  passage  of  the  soul  from  one 
body  into  another.     It  appears  among  many 
savage  races  in  the  form  of  the  belief  that 
ancestral  souls  return,  imparting  their  own 
likeness  to  their  descendants  and  kindred 
and  Tylor  (Prim.  Cult.,  ii.  17}  thinks  that  this 
notion  may  have  been  extended  so  as  to  take 
in  the  idea  of  rebirth  in  bodies  of  animals.   I 
this  form    the  belief  has  no  ethical  value. 
Transmigration  firstappears  as  a  factor  iu  the 
gradual  purification  of  the  spiritual  part  of 
man,  and  its  return  to  God,  the  source  and 
origin  of  all  things,  in  the  religion  of  the 
ancient  people  of  India,  whence  it  passed  to 
the  Egyptians,  and,  according  to  Herodotus 
(ii.  123),  from  them  to  the  Greeks.   It  was  one 
of  the  characteristic  doctrines  of  Pythagoras, 
and  Pindar  the  Pythagorean  (Olytnp.  ii.,  antis. 
4)  lets  the  soul  return  to  bliss  after  passing 
three  unblemished  lives  on  earth.    Plato  in 
the  dream  of  Er  (Rtp.  x)  deals  with  the  con- 
dition and  treatment  of  departed  souls ;  and 
(Pltasdo,  vt  14)  extends  the  period  of  the  re- 
turn of  souls  to  God  to  ten  thousand  years 
during  which  time  they  inhabit  the  bodies  of 
men  and  animals.    Ennius  seems  to  have  in- 
troduced the  doctrine   among   the  Rouiaus 
(Lucretius :  de  Her.  Nat.,  i.  120-4).  Virgil  (JTn 
yi.  71S-15),  Persius  (vi,  9),  and  Horace  (Ep.,  II. 
i.  52),  allude  to  it,  and  Ovid  (Metam.,  xv.  15:i, 
«qq.)  sets  forth  the  philosophy  and  preexist- 
ences  of  Pythagoras.    Traces  of  it  appear  in 
the  Apocrypha  (e.g.  Tisd.  viii.,  20),  and  that 
at  least  some  Jews  held  it  in  the  time  of 
Jesus  seems  indicated  in  the  disciples'  ques- 
tion (John  ix.  2).   St.  Jerome  (Ep.  ad  Denetr.) 
alludes  to  the  existence  of  a  belief  in  transnii- 
grationamongtheGuostica,andOrigen  adopted 
this  belief  aa  the  only  means    of  explain- 
ing some  Scriptural  difficulties,  such  as  the 
struggle  of  Jacob  and  Esau  before  birth  (Gen 
xxv.  22)  and  the  selection  of  Jeremiah  (Jer.  i. 
5).     In  modern  times  Lcssing  held  it  and 
taught  it  in  his  essay  (Dass  mehr  als  fiinf 
Sinnefur  denltcnxhen  sein  konntn) ;  it  formed 
part   of   the   system    of  Swedenborg    (True 
Christian  Religion,  13)  and  Charles  Kingsley 
seems  to  have  written  his  Water  Babies  to  put 
on    record    his    belief    in     Transmigration. 
Figuier  deals  with  tin  subject  in  his  book,  Le 
fondemain  at  la  Mori,  of  which  there  is  an 
English  edition.  The  Day  after  Death:   Our 
Future  L\fe,  according  t»  Science.  (See  extract.) 
"  One  of  the  most  notable  points  about  the  theory 
of  tranrmipration  Is  its  close  bearing  upon  a  thought 


which  lies  very  deep  in  the  hietory  of  philosophy  the 
development  .  the.,  ry  of  or»»nic  life  In  im-«isive 
atatfoa.  An  elevation  from  the  vegetable  to  the  lower 
animal  me,  and  thetice  onward  timiuuh  the  higher 
animals  to  man.  to  any  nothing  of  superhuman  taint's. 
doea  not  here  require  even  a  succession  of  distinct  In- 
dividuals,  but  la  brought  by  the  theory  of  inetem- 
psycuoeii  within  the  couipsss  of  the  successive  vege- 

• 


..          . 

-or.]    One  who  transmigrates. 

"  Whenever  we  find  a  people  begin  to  revive  in 
literature,  it  w.™  owing  to  one  ..f  these  causes  ;  either 
to  aome  trantmiyratori  from  those  uarte  commit  ,:nl 
settling  among  them,  or  else  to  their  Koiritf  tl.'Mier  f-i 
instruction.'—  SUit:  IneaitOft  of  Maine  Tlunit, 
p,  122. 

•trans-nu'-gra-tor-y,  a.  [Eng.  tmnmi- 
grat(e~);  -ory.}  Passing  from  one  place,  state, 
or  body  to  another. 

trins-rais-si-bil'-I-ty,  «.  [Enp.  transmits- 
ible;  -i(i/.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
transmissible. 

"There  la  a  delightful  tTantmiuibilUu  of  blood  in 
all  his  heroes.-—  Crnmr,  Jaf»j,,mne.  June,  ISM.  p.  IX). 

trans  mis  -si-ble,  o.    [Fr.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  transmitted  or  passed 
from  one  to  another. 

2.  Capable   of  being   transmitted  through 
a  body  or  substance. 

trSris-miss'-i4n  (aa  as  sh),  «.  [Lat  trnnt- 
missio,  from  transmissus,  pa.  par.  of  trans- 
milto  =  to  transmit  (n.v.);  Fr.  transmission; 
Sp.  transmiiion,  trasmision;  Ital.  traimiifi»nt.] 

1.  The  act  of  transmitting  or  of  sending 
from  one  person  or  place  txi  another  ;  trans- 
mittal,  transference  ;  a  passing  on  or  over. 

"  In  the  experiment  of  trantmiuivn  of  the  sea- 
water  into  the  pits,  the  water  risetli  ;  but  in  tlie  ex. 
periuent  of  trmurniuion  of  the  wnter  thr^uxh  the 
vessels.  It  falleth."—  Boom:  Hat.  nut..  )  5. 

2.  A  passing  through,  as  of  light  through 
glass  or  other  transparent  body. 

"  Their  reflexion  or  trommiuion  dei>enda  on  th* 
constitution  of  the  air  and  water  behind  the  glass, 
and  not  the  striking  of  the  rays  upon  tue  iiarU  of  the 
s-lass.~-JV.vton  :  Gjjlicij. 

3L  The  act  of  passing  down  (physical  charac- 
teristics or  peculiarities)  from  a  parent  or 
parents  to  offspring. 

"Equal  Iranimiulatu  of  ornamental  characters  t» 
both  sexes.  -  Air  ».«  .•  naaM  of  J/a«  (ed.  2nd),  u.  6  a. 

*  trans-mis'-sive,  a.  [Lat  trantmusus,  pa. 
par.  of  transmitto=  totransmit(q.v.).]  Trans- 
mitted  ;  derived  from  one  to  another  ;  sent  01 
passed  on. 

"  To  the  mat  home  thy  favour  shall  be  sho 

The  fatUer  a  atar  cranttniuioe  to  the  SOIL" 

Prior  :  Carman  .Se 

trans  mif,  v.t.  [Lat.  transmit^  =  to  tend 
over  or  across,  to  despatch,  to  transmit  :  trant 
=  across,  over,  and  mitto=  to  send  ;  Fr.  trant- 
mettre  ;  Sp.  transmittir,  trasmitir  ;  Ital.  tras- 
mettere.] 

1.  To  cause  to  pass  over  or  through  ;  to  send 
or  despatch  from  one  person  or  place  to  an- 
other ;  to  hand  on  ;  to  pass  on  ;  to  hand  at 
pass  down:  as.  To  transmit  a  letter  through 
the  post     Light  is  transmitted  from  the  sun 
to  the  earth  ;  civil  and  religious  liberties  have 
been  transmitted  to  us  by  onr  ancestors   and 
we  ought  to  transmit  them  to  our  children. 

2.  To  suffer  to   pass    through:   as,  Glass 
transmits  light 

trans  mit'tal,  J.  [Eng.  transmit;  -of.]  The 
act  of  transmitting  ;  transmission,  transfer. 

"  Besides  the  traramM,,!  to  England  of  two.thhdi 
of  the  revenues  of  Ireland,  they  make  our  w.untrv  are- 
ceptacle  for  their  supernumerary  pretenders  to  offices." 

trans  -mlt'-tanoe,  «.  [Eng.  transmit; 
-once.)  The  act  of  transmitting  ;  the  state  of 
teing  transmitted  ;  transmittal. 

rans-mit'-ter,  s.     [Eng.  trmumit;  •«•.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :   Due  who   or   that  which 
transmits. 

"  He  lives  to  build,  not  boast,  a  generous  race  : 

No  tenth  trantmitter  of  a  foolish  face." 
_    _    ,  Satatt  :  Th*  Bauart. 

JJ.  Technically  : 

1.  Teteg.  :  The  sending  or  despatchinc  in- 
rtrument,  especially  that,  under  the  automatic 
system,  iu  which  a  paper  strip  with  perfora- 
tions representing  the  Morse  or  similar  alpha- 
bet is  passed  rapidly  through,  the  contact* 
being  made  by  metallic  points  wherever  a 
perforation  occurs,  and  prevented  where  th» 
paper  is  nnpiereed. 

2.  Tdeplumi  :  The  funnel  for  receiving  the 


Site,  tat,  are,  amidst,  whit,  lall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  woll.  work,  who,  son ;  mate.  cub.  cure,  unite,  ciir.  rule,  flill :  try,  Syrian,   w,  to  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  «.u  =  kw. 


transmittible— transparent 


4795 


Toice  and  conveying  the  waves  of  sound  upon 
the  thin  iron  diaphragm.  [TELEPHONE.) 

trAns -mlf-tl-ble,  *  trans-mit  ta-ble, 

a.    [Eng.  transmit  ;  -able.} 

L  Capable '  of  being  transmitted ;  trans- 
missible. 

*  2.  Capable  of  being  put,  thrown,  or  pro- 
jected across. 

••  A  trantmtttaKe  gallery  over  any  ditch  or  breach 
In  a  tJWii-wall.  Mill,  a  blind  and  parapet,  cannon, 
proof."—  \roneiter :  Century  of  Ineenttoni,  I  T3. 

trans  m«g  ri-«-«a -tlon,  «.    (Eng.  trma- 

maarify  ;  -cation.]  The  act  of  transmogrify- 
ing ;  the  state  of  being  transmogrified 

"  It  has  undergone  a  great  trantmogrificatton.*— 
Quit. 

trail?  mog  -rl  f  y,  'trans-mSg'-ra-pny, 

t'  (  '(First  element  tram;  etymology  of  second 
element  don'.itful.l  To  transform  into  some 
other  person  or  thing ;  to  change ;  to  meta- 
morphose. 

"  A'lK'istine  seems  to  have  hail  asmall  doabt  whether 

Apnleius  vva»  rei.lly  tranttnoyraplMt  into  an  ass.  — 

Jortin:  Scclet.  UM.,  i.  »*. 

•trans-move',  v.t.  [Pref.  trans-,  and  move.} 
To  transform,  to  change. 

"  Yet  love  is  sulleln.  and  Saturnlike  seeue. 
As  he  did  for  Erlgone  it  prove. 
That  to  ix  centaure  did  himselfe  transmote. 

Sptnter:  F.  «...  III.  xi.  48. 

trans-mu  ta-bll'-I-ty,  ».  [Eng.  trans- 
mntalile  :  -tty.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
transmutable ;  susceptibility  of  change  into 
another  nature  or  substance. 

trans-mi -ta-ble,  a.  [Fr.]  Capable  of  being 
transmuted  or  changed  into  another  nature  or 
substance ;  susceptible  of  change  into  a  dif- 
ferent nature  or  form. 

"The  Aristotelians,  who  believe  water  »nd  air  to  be 
reciprocally  tmnmutUbU,  do  thereby  fancy  an  affinity 
between  them,  that  I  am  not  yet  convinced  of.  — 
Bay'*:  Worto,  Hi.  MS. 

trans -mu'- ta-ble- ness,  ».  [Eng.  (rmui- 
mulable ;  -ness']  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
transmutable ;  transmutability. 

"Some  learned  moilem  naturalists  have  conjectured 
at  the  easy  Irant'nutaMrnea  of  water  by  what  nap- 
pens  in  gardens  and  orchards,  where  the' same  shoaers 
or  rain,  after  a  long  drought,  makes  a  great  number  nl 
differing  plants  to  flourish,"—  Boylt:  »  or*l,  ill.  69. 


« trans  mu'-ta-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  transmut- 
ttUle);  -la.}  Iii  a  transmutable  manner  ;  with 
capacity  i  if  being  changed  into  another  nature 
or  substance. 

*  trans'-mu-tate,  v.t.  [Lat.  iranemutatus, 
pa.  par.  of  transmitter  to  transmute  (q.v.).] 
To  transmute,  to  transform. 

"  Her  fortune  her  fair  face  first  tranmutated."— 
Tleart. 

trans-mu-ta'-tlon,"tr»ns-ntn-ta-el-on, 

s.  [Fr.  'transmutation,  from  Lat.  transmuta- 
ttonem,  accus.  of  transmutatio,  from  transmu- 
tattis,  pa.  par.  of  transmuto  =  to  transmute 

i  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  transmuting  or  changing  into 
a  different  form,  nature,  or  substance. 

"  The  principal  operations  of  nature  axe,  not  the 
absolute  annihilation  aud  new  creation  of  what  we 
call  material  subsUnues.  but  the  temporary  extinction 
and  reproduction,  or,  rather  in  one  word,  the  trant- 
mutation  of  forms."— Jonet :  Hymn  to  Duroa.  (Arg  ) 

2.  The  state  of  being  transmuted  or  changed 
Into  a  different  form,  nature,  or  substance. 

"  Am  I  not  old  Bly's  son,  by  birth  a  pedlar  by  edu- 
cation acardmaker.  by  (rajrnnniarton  a  bear  herd?  — 
Skakap. :  Taming  of  the  Sir.*..  (Induct.  2.) 

*  3.  Successive  change ;  change  of  one  thing 
for  another. 

"  The  same  land  suffereth  sundry  tmnmuraHanM  of 
owners  within  one  term.'—  flacon.-  Office  of  Aliena- 
tion. 

tt  Technically:  • 

1.  Alchemy:  The  changing  of  base  metals 
into  gold  or  silver. 

"The  <  'her  Is,  when  the  conversion  Is  Into  a  body 
meerly  u«w,  and  which  was  not  before;  as  If  silver 
should  be  turned  to  gold ;  or  Iron  to  copper :  and  this 
conversion  is  better  called  for  distinction  sake  trant. 
mutation,"— Bacon  :  Nat.  Hitt.,  {  836. 

2.  Bid. :  The  change  of  one  species  into 
another. 

"The  tranrmutattan  of  species  is,   In  the  vulgar 

e'jilosophy.  pronounced  Impossible :  and  certainly  it 
a  thing  of  difncultie,  and  requlreth  deep  search  into 
nature,"— ffocon .'  -Vnr.  Hut.,  |  52i. 

3.  Geom. :  The  change  or  reduction  of  one 
figure  or  body  into  another  of  the  same  area 
or  solidity,  but  of  a  different  form,  as  of  a 
triangle  into  a  square ;  transformation. 


transmutation-hypothesis,  s. 

Biol. :  The  most  generally  received  form  of 
the  doctrlneof  Evolution ;  transfonnism  (q.v.). 

"The  rrantmvt'ltlon  hypethrlit  considers  that  all 
existing  siiecies  are  the  result  of  tlie  modification  of 
pre-existing  species,  and  those  of  their  predecessors, 
by  agencies  similar  to  those  » Inch  at  the  pre.eut  day 
produce  varieties  and  races,  and  therefore  in  an  alto- 
gether natural  way  :  and  It  Is  a  prolaihle,  thi'Ugh  not 
a  necessary  consequence  of  this  hypothesis,  that  all 
living  beings  have  arisen  from  a  single  stock.  The 
tranrmutalian  Kypotkcttt  ...  is  perfectly  consistent 
either  with  the  conception  of  a  special  creation  "f  a 
primitive  germ,  or  with  the  supposition  of  its  Imving 
arisen,  as  a  modification  of  Inorganic  matter,  by  natu- 
ral causes."—  Buxley :  Lay  Kermont.  pp.  279-231. 

transmutation  of  energy,  s.  [TRANS- 
FORMATION OF  ENEBOY.] 

trans-mu-ta'-tlon-Ist,  ».  [Eng.  tranmu- 
Uition  ;  -ist.]  One  who  believes  in  the  trans- 
mutation of  metals  or  species. 

trans-mute',  v.t.  [Lat.  transmuto,  from  trans 
—  across,  over,  and  muto  —  to  change  ;  Sp. 
traiismutar,  traamutar,  tramudar ;  Ital.  tras- 
mutare,  tramutare.] 

1.  To  change  from  one  form,  nature,  or 
substance  into  another;  to  transform. 
"  Which  is  our  human  nature's  highest  dower. 
Controls  them  and  subdues,  tranrmutet,  bereaves 
Of  their  bad  influence,  and  their  good  receives." 
Wordtworth :  Character  of  the  Happy  Warrior. 

*  2.  To  alter,  to  commute. 

"Then  the  emperour  bauyng  compassion  of  the  fore- 
nainyil  Barnarde.  for  so  moohe  as  he  was  the  sone  of 
Pepjn.  last  kyng  of  Italy,  *  his  nere  kyuuesman 
traiilmutyd  the  sentence  of  deth  vnto  perpetuyte  of 
pryson,  ft  loaynge  of  his  syght."—  Fabyun :  Cbronyclf. 
ch.  clix. 

trans-mnt'-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [TRANSMUTE.] 

A.  As  pa.  ixtr. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Transformed  or  changed  Into 
another  form,  nature,  or  substance. 

2.  Her. :  The  same  as  COUNTERCHANOED  (q.v.). 

trans  mut'-er,  «.  [Eng.  transmute);  -er.] 
One* who  or  that  which  transmutes  or  trans- 
forms. 

*  trans -mu'-tu- al,  a.  [Pref.  trans-,  and 
Eng.  mutual  (q.v.).  J  Reciprocal,  commutual. 

trans-na-ta'-tion,  s.  [I^at.  transnalatio, 
from  transttatatus,  pa.  par.  of  transnato  —  to 
swim  across:  trans  =  across,  and  nato  =  to 
swim.]  The  act  of  swimming  across. 

«  trans -na'-ture,  v.t.  [Pref.  trans-,  and 
Eng.  nature  (q.v.).]  To  transfer  or  transform 
the  nature  of. 

"  For  as  he  sayth,  we  are  traueelemented.  or  rrant- 
natured.  and  changed  into  Christ*,  euro  m>.  ""dj!°"; 
otherwise,  wee  sale.  The  bread  1.  trause  eniented^  or 
oliangediutoCbristesbody.  — Jewell:  Kepfto  to'.M.  Bar. 
dingt.  p.  238. 

•trans-nor'-mal,  a.  [Pref.  trans-,  and  Eng. 

normal  (q.v.).]  "  Not   normal    in  character. 

(Applied  to  something  in  excess  of  or  beyond 

the  normal  or  usual  state.) 
trans  6-9c-an'-ic  (9  as  sh),  a.  [Pref.  trans-, 

and  Eng.  oceanic  (q.v.).] 

1.  Being  or  lying  beyond  the  ocean  ;  being 
on  the  other  side  of  the  ocean. 

"  The  administration  of  the  tratttoceanie  possessions 
of  France."— Observer,  Jan.  10, 1886. 

2.  Crossing  or  passing  over  the  ocean. 

•'  The  flual  statements  of  the  cable  companies  upon 
the  reduction  of  the  tariffs  for  Transoceanic  meesi 
—Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  11.  1885. 

tran'-som,  *tran- 
some,  *  tran  -  som  - 
mcr,  *tran-sum- 
mer,  "tran-son,  s. 

[Prob.  a  corrupt,  of  Lat. 
transtrum  =  a  transom 
(Skeafi,  from  trans  = 
across.  The  form  tran- 
tommer  is  due  to  Fr.  som- 
mier  =  a  piece  of  timber 
called  a  summer  (q.v.).] 
[BREST-SUMMER.] 

1.  Arch.:  A  term  ap- 
plied to  horizontal  stone 
bars  or  divisions  of  win- 
dows. They  seldom  occur 
previous  to  the  fifteenth 
century,  and  were  some- 
times embattled,  as  at 
Brasenose  College,  Ox- 
ford. At  Bloxham  Church,  Oxfordshire,  the 
transoms  of  a  large  Perpendicular  window  are 
decorated  with  a  row  of  the  Tudor  flower 
(q.v.).  (Btawm.) 


2.  Build.  :  A  horizontal  piece  framed  acrosi 
a  doorway  or  a  double-light  window.      The 
cross-bar  separating  a  door  from  the  fanlight 
above  it. 

"  But  onlie  franke  posts,  raisins,  beitmes,  pricks- 
posts,  groundsels,  summer  (or  dormant^)  trtmtomt, 
and  suoh  principals.  "—HalttulieJ  :  IXtcr.  Sna..  bk.  11.. 
cb.  xii. 

3.  Ordn.  :  A  horizontal  piece  connecting  the 
cheeks  of  a  gun-oarriage. 

4.  Skipbuild.  :  A  beam  bolted  across  th« 
stern  post, 

supporting 
end 


the  after  e 
of  a  deck 
and  giving 
shape  to  the 
stern.  Tho 
third,  se- 
cond,  and 
first  tran- 
soms are, 
referring  to 
them  in  the 
rising  order, 
below  the 
deck  tran- 
som. The 
wing  tran- 
som is  the 
sill  of  the 
gun  -  room 
ports  ;  the 
helm  tran- 


BTKRlf Or  SHIP.  SBOWMO  IKAF8OM 
1.  Upper  deck  transom  ;  2.  Helm  port 
tmnsom  ;  a.  Wing  port  transom  ;  4, 
Transoms :  5.  Rudder ;  6.  Stem 
post:  7.  Side  Counter  timber;  8. 
quarter  deck;  ».  Berthing;  10. 
Taflrail. 


som  is  at  the  head  of  the  stern-post,  and 
forms  the  head  of  the  ports. 

"  The  long-boat  at  this  time  moored  astern,  was  on 
a  sudden  canted  so  hish.  that  it  broke  the  Iranian  at 
the  commodore's  gallery,  whose  cabin  was  on  the 
quarter-deck.  '—Anton :  Voyagm,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  11. 

6.  Sum. :  The  vane  of  a  cross-staff. 
transom-knee,  s. 

ShiplmlW. :  A  knee  bolted  to  a  transom  and 
after-timber. 

transom-stern,  >. 

Shiptmild.  :  A  square  stern.     [TRANSOM,  8.) 

transom-window,  «. 

Building : 

1.  A  window  divided  by  a  transom. 

2.  A  window  over  the  transom  of  a  door. 

"trans'- pa -dane,  o.    [Lat.  trantpadanut, 
from  trans  =.  across,  beyond,  and  Padus  =  the 
Po.]    Beyond  or  lying  beyond,  or  on  the  side 
of  the  river  Po.    [CISPADANE.] 
"The  tranrpadvnf  republics/— Burke. 

H  Applied  to  Lombardy  a-nd  part  of  the 
Venetian  territories  when  formed  by  Nap«leon 
into  a  republic  in  May,  1796.  Next  year  he 
merged  it  in  the  Cisalpine  republic. 

•trans -pare',  v.t.  [Lat  tram  =  through, 
and  pareo  =  to  appear.] 

1.  To  appear  through. 

"  But  through  the  yce  of  that  vniust  disdains 
Yet  still  rrampares  her  picture  and  my  pains. 
Mrling:  Aurora,  xdz. 

2.  To  become  transparent. 

"  Oft  haue  I  wlsh't,  whilst  in  this  state  I  was. 
That  the  alabaster  bulwarke  might  trantpar*. 
Stirling:  Aurora,  IxxliL 

*  trans-par'-enee,  »•  [Eng.  transparent?) ; 
•ce.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  trans- 
parent f  transparency. 

14  'Mongst  which  clear  amber  Jellied  seemed  to  be. 
Through  whose  trantparence  you  might  easily  see) 
The  beds  of  pearl  whereon  the  gum  did  sleep 

Drayton  :  Man  in  tnt  Moon. 

trans -par'- en -9y,  s.    [Eng.  transparent); 

I  The  quality  or  state  of  being  transparent ; 
that  state  or  quality  of  bodies  by  which  they 
allow  rays  of  light  to  pass  through  them,  so 
that  the  forms,  hues,  and  distances  of  objects 
can  be  distinguished  through  them ;  dia- 
phaneity. 

••The  man  should  hold  forth  a  pnre  taper,  that  his 
wife  may,  by  seeing  tlie  beauties  and  trantpa-rtticy  of 
thatrtfystil.  dress  her  mind  and  her  bodyby  the 
light  of  so  pure  reflexions.  —  Bp.  Taylor:  atrmont, 
voL  I.,  ser.  18. 

2.  Anything  that  Is  transparent;  specif.,  a 
picture  painted  on  transparent  or  gemi-trans- 
parent  materials,  such  us  glass  or  thin  can- 
vas, to  be  viewed  by  the  natural  or  artificial 
light  shining  through  it. 

"Father  Ferry  and  I  took  trantparoneiet  of  the 
little  photos  he  took  of  my  station. '— Corbet :  I  enut 
atlhtltliof  llemlallm  (1BT4).  p.  104. 

trans  par  -ent,  a.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  trans  = 
through,  and  parens,  pr.  par.  of  pareo  =  to 


MU,  b*y;  p6nt,  J61T1;  cat,  cell,  choru*  ohin,  benoH;  Bo,  *«n ; 
Halan.-tl.vir=shan.   -tlon,  -slon  =  .Aun ;  -tlon.  -sion  =  »htln,   -4»oiw. -tlon., -.iou. 


=  Del,  0*1. 


479fi 


transparently— transplendently 


appear ;  Sp.  transparent,   trtupannte ;  IU 
traspartnU,] 

L  Literally: 

1.  Having  the  property  or  quality  of  trans 
mitting    rays    of   light,   so  that   the  form 
colours,  and  distances  of  objects  can  be  di 
tinguiahed  through ;  pervious  to  light ;  dia 
phauous,  pellucid. 

H  The  power  possessed  by  certain  solids  o 
transmitting  light  IB  a  remarkable  one,  o 
which  no  adequate  explanation  has  yet  bee 
given.  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  tin 
property  seems  in  a  measure  opposed  to  tha 
of  the  transmission  of  electricity,  no  tranaparen 
substance  being  an  electric  conductor,  whil 
the  best  conductors  seem  to  be  the  most  opaqu 
Bill-stances.  If  light  ia  transmitted  by  ethe 
only,  then  it  would  appear  as  if  in  trangparen 
eul stances  the  vibrations  of  ether  are  no 
disturbed,  while  in  opaque  substance*  they  arc 
absorbed  and  destroyed. 

2L  Admitting  the  passage  of  light;  havin 
Interstices  so  that  things  are  visible  througl 

"  And  heaven  did  tbu  trantparent  veil  provide, 

Becxu»e  she  had  110  guilty  thought  to  hide." 
Dryden :  On  the  Monument  <if  a  Fair  Maiden,Lady. 

*  3.  Bright,  shining,  clear. 

"The  glorious  iun  •  transparent  beami  " 

S*o*etp. .  2  Henry  VI..  lit  l. 

H.  Fig. :  Easily  seen  through  ;  not  suffl 
dent  to  hide  what  underlies  ;  evident,  plain 
as,  a  transparent  motive,  a  transparent  excuse 

transparent-colors,  «.  pi  Color 
that  transmit  light  readily.  Such  only  are 
used  for  painting  on  glass,  and  most  water 
colors  .  are  more  or  less  transparent  It  is 
sometimes  necessary  to  make  such,  colon 
more  or  less  opaque  by  the  admixture 
body  colon.  (Opposed  to  opaque  colors. 
which  only  reflect  light.) 


- , &t  «<*».     [Eng.  transparent 

-.jr.]    In  a  transparent  manner ;  so  as  to  be 
seen  through. 

trana-pjir'-ent-iiess,  5.  [Eng.  transparent, 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  trans 
parent ;  transparency. 

'  trans  -  pas*',  v.t.  &  i    [Pref.  trans-,  and 
Eng.  po«a(q.v.).] 
A.  IVan*. ;  To  pass  over. 

"The  riw  Hyphasis.  or,  a*  Ptolemy  callcth  it, 
Bijicsis,  Ira*  Alexander's  mm  ultra;  which  yet  he 
tnin»p<ii»*l,  mid  act  tip  altars  on  the  other  side."— 
Gregory:  Motet  on  Scripture,  p.  76.  (1884.) 

•B.  Intmns. :  To  pass  by  or  away. 
"  Thy  fortn  and  flattered  hue, 

Which  shall  to  aoou  trantptu, 

I*  far  more  fair  than  ii  thy  looking-glass." 

Daniel :  A  Description  of  Brauty. 

'  trails-pass -a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  transpass; 
•able.]  Capable  of  being  transpassed  or  passed 
over. 

'trans- pat -ron-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  (ran*-, 
•nd  Eng.  patronise  (q.v.).]  To  transfer  the 
patronage  ot 

"  To  trantpatroniv  from  him 
To  you  mine  orphan  muse." 

Warner:  Alb  to,*  England  Ix.  43. 

*  tran-Bpe'-cl-ate  (d  as  •hi),  v.t.     [Pref. 
trans-,  and  Lat  spetiaiiu  =  shaped,  formed 
from  species  (q.  v.).]    To  transform. 

"  I  do  Dot  credit  those  transformations  of  reason- 
able  creatures  Into  beasts,  or  that  the  devil  hath 
power  to  trantf>eciate  a  man  into  a  horse.  "—Browne  i 
Rrliyio  Medici,  pt,  i. ,  J  SO, 

"  tr&n-splc'-n-ofis,  o.  [Lat  tmntpMa  = 
to  see  through  :  trans  =  through,  and  specio 
=  to  look,  to  see.]  Transparent;  pensions 
to  the  sight  (.Milton:  P.  L.,  viii.  140.) 

•  trans  pierje',  v.t.    [Pref.  trans-,  and  Eng. 
pierce  (q.v.).]    To  pierce  through,  to  pene- 
trate ;  to  pass  through. 

"  Anttlocnas,  as  Tboon  turned  htm  round, 
Tramp>-rcfii  his  back  with  ft  dishonest  wound." 
Pope:  Somer;  Iliad  xiit.  091. 

trans-piy-a-Dle,  a.  [Eng.  trnnspirie); -able.} 
Capable  of  transpiring ;  capable  of  being  tran- 
spired. 

trans-pi'r-a -tlon,  s.    [Fr.]    [TRANSPIRE.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  or  process  of  tran- 
spiring ;  exhalation  through  the  skin  :  evapo- 
ration. 

"They  conceive  also,  that  the  ludlviduatlon  nud 
sameness  of  men's  persons,  does  not  necessarily  depend 
upon  the  numerical  identity  of  all  the  parts  of  matter 
because  we  never  continue  thus  the  same,  our  bodies 
always  flowing  like  a  river,  and  passim;  away  by  in. 
sensible  tranepiratto*."— CwiseortA .•  fntell.  Sfllem, 


1.  Bat. :  The  emission  of  watery  fluid  fron 
the  leaves  of  plants,  a  process  continual! 
going  on.  The  vapour  from  the  watery  con 
tents  of  the  cells  passes  from  them  into  th 
intercellular  adjacent  spacesand  canals,  thenc 
into  the  chambers  beneath  the  stomata,  final] 
reaching  the  external  atmosphere  either  b 
them  or  by  the  invisible  pores  of  the  ep 
derails.  The  vapour  is  in  most  cases  invisible 
but  sometimes  the  water  distils  in  drop 
large  enough  to  be  easily  seen.  The  amoun 
of  moisture  thus  given  off  depends  on  th 
amount  of  moisture  in  the  atmosphere,  th 
temperature,  any  concussions  to  which  th 
plant  may  be  subjected,  and  the  age  and  size 
of  the  leaves.  Transpiration  in  plants  i 
analogous  to  perspiration  in  animals. 

"  If  trantpiralion  Is  suddenly  stopped  In  branche 
wh  ch  ordinarily  transpire  strongly,  the  leaves  f»l 
while  plants  which  thrive  in  a  moist  atmuspher 
often  preserve  their  leaves  for  a  long  time  in  saturated 
air.  —Field,  Jan.  l,  1887. 

T  1.  Pulmonary  transpiration : 

PhysioL  :  The  exhalation  of  watery  vapou 
from  the  lunfjs.  It  becomes  visible  in  frostj 
weather,  and  condenses  on  the  beard  ant 
moustache.  It  varies  in  amount  according  t< 
the  proportion  of  water  in  the  blood  and  o 
aqueous  vapour  in  the  atmosphere. 

2.  Transpiration  of  gases :  The  motion  o 
gases  through  a  capillary  tube.    The  velocity 
of  transpiration  is  independent  of  the  rate  o 
diffusion.      Ganot :   Physics   (sd.    Atkinson) 
1 143,  gives  the  following  laws  on  the  subject 

(1)  For  the  same  gas  the  rate  of  transpiration  in 
creases,  other  things  being  equal,  directly  as  the 
pressure;  that  la.  equal  volumes  of  air  of  differeu 
densities  require  times  Inversely  proportional  ti 
their  densities. 

HI  With  tubes  of  equal  diameters,  the  volume 
transpired  in  equal  times  is  inversely  as  the  length 
of  the  tube. 

(I)  As  the  temperature  rises  the  transpiration  be- 
comes slower. 

(41  The  rate  of  transpiration  Is  independent  of  the 
material  of  the  tube. 

3.  Transpiration  of  liquids :  The  passage  of 
liquids  through  small  pores  or  capillary  tubes. 

"  trans  pir  a  tor-Jr,  a.  [Eng.  transpira- 
tion); -ory.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  transpira- 
tion ;  transpiring,  exhaling. 

trans-pure',  v.t.    [Fr.  transpirer,  from  Lat 

(rowrpiro-to    breathe     through :      trans  = 

through,  and  tpiro  =  to  breathe ;  Sp.  tran- 

spirar,  traspirar ;  Ital.  traspiran.] 

L  Literally: 

1.  To  be  emitted  through  the  excretories  of 
the   skin ;   to  be  exhaled ;    to   pass   off  in 
insensible  perspiration. 

"  Blood  and  fleshy  substance  .  .  .  nsetn  to  trantpire, 
breathe  oat.  and  waste  away  thro'  invisible  pores.  '— 
Bomll :  Letter*,  bk.  L,  let.  31. 

2.  To  exhale  or  emit  watery  vapour  from 
the  surface. 

"  Cut  branches  which  trantpire  slowly  abed  their 
Je»yes  even  when  lying  on  the  (round.-— field,  Jan.  I. 

H.  Figuratively: 

1.  To  escape  from  secrecy ;  to  becomt 
public  gradually ;  to  ooze  out ;  to  come  to 
light ;  to  become  known. 

"This  letter  foes  to  yon.  In  that  confidence,  which 
I  always  shall,  and  know  that  I  safely  may,  place  in 
you  ;-aud  you  will  not  therefore  let  one  word  of  it 
trantpire."— Lord  Meiterfield  :  To  S.  Dai/rollei,  Jan., 

*  2.  To  be  emitted ;  to  have  vent ;  to  escape. 

"  Pierced  with  a  thousand  wounds,  I  yet  survive : 
My  pangs  are  keen,  but  no  complaint  tranrpirei.' 
Covper  :  ficifritudei  in  Christian  Life. 

3.  To  occur,  to  take  place,  to  happen,  to 
come  to  pass. 

"  What  had  tranipired  during  his  absence  he  did 
not  know."— Jin,  Seedier  Stoue;  Bred,  ch.  xu. 

trans-place',  v.t.  [Pref.  trans-,  nud  Eng. 
place,  v.  (q.vT).]  To  put  or  remove  into  a  new 
place. 

tt  waa  tranifflaced  from  the  left  side  of  the  Vatican 


ring  plant,  v.t.  [Fr.  transplanter,  from 
Lat  transplant,  from  trans  =  across  (hence, 
implying  change),  and  planto  =  to  plant ;  Sp. 
trasplantar;  Port,  transplantar ;  Ital.  tras- 
plantare.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  remove  and  plant  in  another  place. 

','  y™**  *°lrty  ye»™  old  were  tranipla,,ted  from 
neighbouring  woods  to  shade  the  alleys.  — j/acautay  • 
Silt.  Eng..  ch.  xi. 

2.  To  remove  from  one  place  to  another. 

"  Of  light  the  greater  part  he  took 
Traniplantnt  from  her  cloudy  shrine,  and  plac'd 
In  the  sun  s  orb.  Jiilion  :  e.  L.,  vlL  MO. 


3.  To  remove  and  settle  or  establish  for 
residence  in  another  place. 

"  If  any  transplant  themselves  Into  plantations 
abroad  who  are  stlilsm»ticks  or  outlaws,  sucli  are  not 
fit  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  new  colony."— Bacon  : 

IL  Med. :  To  transfer  from  one  part  or 
person  to  another.  [TRANSPLANTATION,  II.  2.) 

"  The  doz  continued  [licking!  so  long  till  he  . 
perfectly  cured  the  sore,  but  had  the  swelling  (rani. 
planted  to  himself.  —Boyle  :  WorXt.  IL  167. 

trans    plan- tatlon,    «.      [Fr.]     [TRANS- 
PLANT.! 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  transplanting  or  of  removing 
and  planting  in  another  place. 

U  The  time  to  transplant  shrubs,  trees, 
«c.,  is  when  their  energies  are  in  abeyance 
at  the  fall  of  the  year.  November  is  a 
good  mouth  for  the  transplantation  of  seed- 
ling stocks  and  suckers  taken  from  the  roots 
of  the  pear,  plum,  quince,  &c.,  to  prepare 
them  for  receiving  grafts,  and  stocks  of  briars 
to  be  budded  with  garden  species  and  varie- 
ties. '  To  render  the  removal  of  a  tree  or  bush 
successful,  care  must  be  taken  not  to  destroy 
or  injure  the  spongioles,  these  tender  portions 
of  the  root  being  the  channels  through  which 
nutriment  is  taken  from  the  ground.  In 
placing  the  root  in  the  ground,  the  trench  or 
pit  intended  to  receive  it  must  be  of  sufficient 
breadth  at  the  bottom  to  allow  it  and  the 
branching  rootlets  to  occupy  their  natural 
position.  Water  should  be  freely  supplied, 
but  not  to  such  an  extent  as  to  saturate  the 
soil. 

*2.  A  removal  or  transfer  from  one  place  to 
another. 


„" II*  '"""P'o'rtiKIMi  Into  the  Greek  tongue."— 
More  :  rhiloi.  Cabbala ;  App. 

3.  The  removal  or  transfer  of  persons  from 
one  place  to  another  for  purposes  of  residence 
settlement,  or  the  like. 

"If  that  were  done  it  would  only  meet  the  local 
distress,  unless  you  engaged  in  a  grmt  traniUantalim 
of  labour  Into  the  di.trict  in  which  the  work  ias 
nndert»ken."-flai;y  Teltyrapk,  Feb.  U,  less. 

tt  Medical: 

1.  The  removal  of  a  part  of  the  human 
body  to  supply  a  part  that  has  been  lost,  as 
In  the  Taliacotian  operation  (q.v.). 

*  2.  An  old  pretended  method  of  curin- 
diseases  by  making  them  pass  from  one 
person  to  another. 

"  He  told  me,  that  he  had.  not  very  many  mouths 
since,  seen  a  cure  by  trantplantation.  performed  oa 
the  son  of  one.  that  was  wont  to  make  chyutica) 
vessels  for  me."— Bottle  :  Worlu.  ii.  167. 

trans.-plant'-er,  s.    [Eng.  transplant;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  transplants. 

"  Yet  the  planter  or  traniptanter,  nine  times  In 
ten.  neglects  this  necessity  of  suiting  his  trees  to  the 
soll."-Jo«r .-  Prate  World,  ill.  118. 

2.  A  machine  or  truck  for  removioeT  trees 


TRANSPLANTER. 


for  replanting;  also,  an  implement  for  re-' 
moving  and  replanting  Bowers,  bulbs,  &c. 

tran-splen'-den-cjf,  s.  [Eng.  (ran- 
splendent);  -q/.]  "The  quality  or  state  of 
being  transplendent ;  supereminent  splendour. 

"  The  supernatural  and  unltnltable  trantplendencti 
of  the  Divine  presence."— Vore  :  Antidote  against 
Idolatry,  ch.  ti. 

tr&n  splen  -dent,  a.  [Lat.  tram  =  through 
(hence,  denoting  excess),  and  splendens.  pr. 
par.  of  gplendeo  =  to  shine.]  Resplendent  in 
the  highest  degree. 

"  The  bright  trnntplendent  glasse." 

Wjfatt:  Complaint  of  Abtenae  of  Bit  Love. 

tr&n  gplen  dent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  <ro»- 
splemlent;  -ly.]  In  a  transplendent  manner 
or  degree ;  with  supereminent  splendour. 

"  The  divinity,  with  all  Its  adorable  attributes.  Is 
hypoBtAlcKlly,  vitally,  and  trantplendmtty  residing  in 
this  humanity  of  Christ."— More:  Antidote  ayatntt 
Idolatry,  ch.  ii. 


»Ste,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  Mr.  marine;  go.  pftt, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub.  euro,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    to.  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  on  =  kw. 


transpontine— transposition 


4797 


•  trins-pon  -tine,  a.  [Lat.  trans  =  across, 
beyond,  and  pons,  genit  pontis  =  a  bridge.) 

1.  Being  or   lying  on  the  other  side  of 
the  bridge;  specif.,  in  London,  on  the  south 
Bide  of  the  Thames. 

2,  Applied  to  any  melodrama  in  which  the 
characters  are  overdrawn  and  the  situations 
Improbably  romantic,  from  the  fact  that  such 
plays    were  formerly   very    popular    at    the 
Surrey  and  Victoria  theatres  ou  the  south 
aide  of  the  Thames. 

"  Even  the  thoroughgoing  transpontine  villain 
teems  to  be  guided  rather  by  clmnce  than  by  de- 
sign. "-St.  Janet's  Gazette,  Dec.  7.  1887. 

trans-port',  v.t.  [Fr.  transporter,  from  Lat. 
tnnisporto  =  to  carry  across  or  over :  •trans  = 
ovfi1,  across,  and  porto  =  to  carry  ;  Sp.  trans- 
portar,  trasportar ;  Ital.  transportare,  tras- 
portare.] 

I.  To  carry  or  convey  from  one  place  to 
Another. 

"  Our  shatter'd  barks  nuiy  yet  transport  us  o'er. 
Safe  and  inglorious,  to  our  native  shore." 

Pop* :  Burner ;  Iliad  II.  1T<X 

*  2.  To  bear  ;  to  carry. 

"  Her  ashes  .  .  . 

Transported  shall  be  at  high  festival! 
Below  the  ktuga  and  queens  of  France." 

Shakes?. :  1  Henry  K/..  L  fl, 

*  3.  To  remove  or  transfer  from  this  world 
to  the  next.    (A  euphemism.) 

"Out  of  doubt  he  Is  tr  (imported."— Shakesp, ;  Mid- 
tumm«r  fiight's  Dream,  IT.  t. 

4.  To  carry  or  convey  away   into  banish- 
ment, as  a  criminal.     [TRANSPORTATION.] 

"  Another  and  necessarily  highly  penal  offence 
against  public  Justice  U  the  returning  from  transpor- 
tation, or  being  at  large  In  Great  Britain,  before  the 
expiration  of  the  term  for  which  the  offender  wa* 
ordered  to  be  transported,  or  had  agreed  to  transport 
himself,  or  been  sentenced  to  penal  servitude."— 
Bla<-ktt»ne :  Comment.,  bit.  iv.,  ch.  10. 

5.  To  hurry  or  carry  away  by  violence  of 
passion ;  to  feel  beside  one's  self. 

"  You  are  transported  by  calamity 
Thither  where  more  attends  you." 

Shakeip.  :  CorioJanut,  L  L 

ft.  To  carry  away  or  ravish  with  pleasure  ; 
to  entrance  ;  to  ravish. 

"  Those  on  whom  Christ  bestowed  miraculous  cure* 
*«re  io  transported  with  them,  that  their  gratitude 
supplanted  their  obedience."— Decay  of  Piety. 

trans' -port,  3.    [TRANSPORT,  v.} 

1.  The  act  of  transporting ;  transportation; 
carriage. 

"  The  Romans  neglected  their  maritime  affairs  ;  for 
they  stipulated  with  the  Carthaginians  to  furnish 
them  with  ships  for  transport  and  war."— Arbuthnot: 
Off  Coint, 

2.  A  ship  or  vessel  employed  by  a  govern- 
ment to  carry  soldiers,  munitions  of  war,  or 
provisions  from  one  place  to  another,  or  to 
carry  convicts  to  their  destination. 

"  Some  damage  received  by  two  of  the  transports, 
who.  in  tacking,  run  foul  of  each  other."— Anton: 
Toyaget,  bk.  L,  ch.  L 

*  3.  A  convict  sentenced  to  transportation 
or  exile. 

4.  Vehement  emotion  ;  passion  ;  rapture ; 
ecstasy. 

"  Now  welcomed  Monmouth  with  transport*  of  Joy 
and  affection."— Macaulay:  Hitt,  Eng.,  ch.  v. 

transport-ship,    transport-vessel, 

;     f.    A  vessel  employed  in  conveying  soldiers, 
I     warlike  stores,  or  convicts ;  a  transport. 

trans-port-a-blr-I-t^,  *.  [Eng.  transport- 
able;  -itu,]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
transportable. 

trans  -port'-  a  -We,  a.      [Eng.    transport; 

I     -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  transported  or  conveyed 
from  place  to  place. 

"  The  use  of  the  electric  light  to  permit  nightwork, 
will  be  followed  in  a  transportable  shape  also  In  the 
hopflelds."— Field,  Jan.  16, 1686. 

2.  Implying  or   involving  transportation  ; 
•Objecting  to  transportation  :  as,  a  transport- 
able offence. 

*  trans-port -al,  s.      [Eng.   transport;  -al.} 
The   act   of    removing    from    one    place    to 
I    another ;  trans  portance. 

1  tr&ns-porf-ance,  «.      [Eng.    transport; 
!    -once.]    Conveyance  ;  transportaion. 

"  0,  be  thou  my  Charon. 

And  give  me  swift  transportance  to  those  fields." 
Shaketp.  -•  Trrflui  *  CnuWa,  Hi.  I. 

trins  port  -ant,  a.  [Fr.,  pr.  par.  of  trans- 
porter—to transport  (q.v.).]  Transporting; 
ravishing;  affording  great  joy  or  rapture. 

"So  raptnroua  a  joy,  and  trantportant  love."— More : 
Mystery  of  Oodlinest,  p.  227. 


against  the 

the  malig- 


trans porta'  -tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  trans- 
portal  iouem,  accus.  of  transportatio,  from 
transportatus,  pa.  par.  of  transporter  to  tnms- 

i  tort  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  transportation,  trasportacioii  ; 
tal.  trasportiizione.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  transporting,  conveying,  or 
carrying  from  one  place  to  another  ;  transport  ; 
carriage;  conveyance, 

"  If  the  countries  are  near,  the  difference  will  be 
smaller,  and  may  sometimes  be  scarce  perceptible; 
because  in  this  case  the  (roHMWrtatfM  will  be  easy."— 
Smith:  Wealth  of  Nations,  l)k.  L,  ch.  xi. 

*  2.  Transmission  ;  transference  from  one 
to  another. 

"  Some  were  not  so  solicitous  to  provide 
plague,  aa  to  know  whether  we  had  it  from 
nity  of  our  own  air,  or  by  transportation."—  Dryden. 
(Todd.) 

3.  The  banishing  or  sending  away  of  a  per- 
son convicted  of  crime  out  of  the  country  to 
a  penal  settlement,  there  to  remain  for  life  or 
for  the  term  to  which  he  has  been  sentenced. 
Transportation    grew    out    of    banishment. 
During  mediaeval  times  a  person   who   had 
committed  an  offence  was  in  certain  circum- 
stances permitted  to  "abjure  the  realm"  [AB- 
JURATION, I.  1.X  the  country  to  which  he  was 
to  go  not  being  indicated.    The  first  statute 
which  established  transportation  to   English 
colonies  waa  apparently  thp  Act  39  Ellz..  cap.  4. 
By  18  Chas.  II.,  cap.  3,  passed  in  1666,  the 
king   obtained  permission   to    sentence  cri- 
minals to   be    "transported  to  any  of  His 
Majesty's    dominions    in    North    America," 
where  they  were  given  over  to  the  settlers  as 
virtual    slaves.      When    negro    slavery  I  was 
introduced,   white   criminals    became    much 
less  welcome,  and  complaints  against  their 
being  sent  arose  ;  but  the  practice  continued 
till  the  commencement  of  the  War  of  Inde- 
pendence in  1775.    Then  Australia  was  util- 
ised, and  by  two  Orders  of  Council,  dated 
December  6,  1786,  Botany  Bay,  on  its  east- 
ern  shores,  with  the  adjacent  islands,  was 
selected,  to  which  the  first  batch  of  convicts, 
800  in  number,  waa  sent  out  in  May,  1786. 
Next  year  the  penal  settlement  was  estab- 
lished, and  became  the  nucleus  of  the  town 
of  Sydney  and    the  colony  of  New  South 
Wales.      Afterwards    Van    Diemen's    Land, 
Norfolk  Island,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Ber- 
muda. &c.,  became  receptacles  for  convicts. 
No  each  system  has  ever  been  adopted  in  the 
United  States,  and  transportation  no  longer 
exist*  in  England,  it  having  been  given  up  aa 
a  result  of  the  protests  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  colonies.     It  still  exists  in  some  European 
countries,  as  France  and  Russia,  in  the  latter 
to  a  large  extent,  Siberia  being   the    penal 
territory. 

4.  The  state  of  being  transported,  carried, 
or  conveyed  from  one  place  to  another. 

5.  The  state  of  being  transported  or  sent 
into  exile,  under  a  sentence  of  transportation. 

*  6.  Transport  ;  ecstasy. 

"  All  pleasures  that  affect  the  body  must  needs 
weary,  because  they  transport,  and  all  transportation 
la  a  violence.  "—South  :  Sermons. 

trans  -  port  -  ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.  [TRANS- 
PORT, ».] 

*  trans-  port'  -ed-lj^,  adv.  [Eng.  transported; 
-ly.}    In  a  transported  manner;  in  a  state  of 
rapture. 

"  If  we  had  for  God  but  half  aa  much  love  a«  we 
ought,  or  even  pretend  to  have,  we  could  not  but  fre- 
quently (if  not  trantportedly)  entertain  our  selvei 
with  his  leaves."—  Boyle  :  Works,  vol.  ii.,  p.  817. 

*  trans-port  -ed-ness,  a.  [Eng.  transported; 
-ness.]    The  state  or  condition  of  being  trans- 
ported ;  a  state  of  rapture. 

"  Without  any  such  taint  or  suspicion  of  tram* 
portvdness."—Bp.  Salt:  Ant.  afft.  Bishops  sitting  in 
Parliament. 

trans  -port'  -er,  s,  [Eng.  transport,  v.  ;  *tr.] 
One  who  transports  or  removes. 

"  The  pilchard  merchant  may  reap  a  speedy  beueflt 
by  dispatching,  saving,  and  selling  to  the  trans- 
porters. "—  Carets. 

trans-port'  -ing,  pr.  par.  &  a,  [TRANS- 
PORT, v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  ;   Ravishing,  enchanting,  ecs- 
tatic. 

*  trans-port'  -ing-1^,  adv.     [Eng.  transport- 
ing ;  -ly.]    In  a  transporting  manner;  ravish- 
ingly  ;  enchantingly. 

*  trans-porf-ive,  a.    [Eng.  transport  ;  >ive.] 
Passionate;  excessive. 

"Tb*Tolce  of  trantportive  tury."—  Adamt:  Works. 
li.SU. 


*  trans-port  -ment,  *.      (Eng.   transport ; 

-inent.] 

1.  The  act  of  transporting ;  conveyance  by 
ship. 

2.  Rage,  passion,  anger,  fury. 

"  He  attacked  me 

With  such  trantpartment  the  whole  town  had  rung 
ou't."  Lord  Digby  :  Elvira,  iv. 

*  trans  pos -able,  a.      [Eng.    transport); 
-able.]    Cabbie  of  being  transposed ;  allowing 
of  transposition. 

trans  pos'-al,  s.     [Eng.  transpose);  *aL} 

1.  The  act  of  transposing. 

2.  The  state  of  being  transposed. 

trans-pose',  v.t,     [Fr.  transposer,  from  (ran* 
=  across,  and  poser  =  to  place.]    [POSE,  v.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  change   the    place  or   order   of  by 
putting  each  in  the  place  of  the  other ;  to 
cause  to  change  places. 

"The  letters  of  Elizabeth*  regfua  transposed  thus, 
Angtias  Utra,,  beatti,  signify,  O  England's  sovereign  I 
thou  hast  made  us  happy."—  Camden  :  /iemaiits. 

*  2.  To  put  out  of  place  ;  to  remove. 

"  That  which  you  are  ray  thoughts  cannot  transport 
Angels  are  bright  still,  though  the  brightest  fell." 
SHaketp.  :  Macbeth,  iv.  S. 

II.  Technically: 

•  1.  Alg.  :  To  bring  a  quantity  from  one 
member  of  an  equation  to  the  other.  This  it 
done  by  simply  changi.ng  its  sign.  Thus  if 
we  transpose  the  quantity  b  in  the  equation 
a  +  b  =  c,  we  have  a  =  c  —  6. 

2.  Gram. :  To  change  the  natural  order  of 
words. 

3.  Music :  To  change  the  key  of ;  to  write 
or  play  in  another  key. 

"Attempts  have  been  made  at  various  times  to  con. 
•tract  a  pianoforte  that  would  enable  the  player  to 
transpose  the  key  of  the  music  that  might.  !«•  played 
upon  lt."—8cribn«r'l  itagaxine.  May,  1880,  p.  159. 

*  trans -pose',  *.     [TRANSPOSE,  v.}    Trans- 
position. 

"This  man  was  very  perflt  and  fortunate  in  thw* 
transpotes."—i'uttenftam :  Englisk  Poesie,  bk.  ii. 

trans-posed',  pa.  par.  &  a.    [TRANSPOSE,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Being  changed  in  place,  one 
being  put  in  the  place  of  the  other. 

2.  Her. :  Reversed  or  turned  contrariwise 
from  the  usual  or  proper  position  :  as,  a  pile 
transposed. 

trans-pos'-er,  *.  [Eng.  transpose);  -er.} 
One  who  transposes;  specif.,  one  who  trans- 
poses music  from  one  key  to  another. 

trans-pos  -Ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.  [TRANSPOSE,  v.] 

A,  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Having  the  quality  of  changing 
or  transposing  ;  specif,  applied  to  musical  in- 
struments which  do  not  play  the  actual  note* 
written  down,  but  others,  according  to  the 
modifications  in  the  instrument  itself. 

trans  po  si  tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  fran*. 
positionem,  accus.  of  trantpositio,  from  (ron»- 
positus,  pa.  par.  of  transpuno  =  to  change  in 
place, to  transpose,  to  transfer:  (ran*  =  acrosa 
(hence,  implying  change),  and  pono  —  to  place ; 
Sp.  transposicion,  trasjwsicion ;  Ital.  traspo- 
sizione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  transposing ;  the  act  of  chang- 
ing the  places  of  things,  putting  each  in  the 
place  previously  occupied  by  the  other. 

"At  last,  they  formed  a  double  circle,  as  at  th« 
beginning,  danced,  and  repeated  very  quickly,  and 
flOAlU  closed  with  several  very  dexterous  trantpoti- 
tions  of  the  two  circles. "—Coot  /  Third  Voyage,  bk.  If., 
oh.  T. 

2.  The  state  of  being  transposed  or  recipro*- 
cally  changed  in  place. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Alg. :  The  act  or  operation  of  bringing 
over  any  term  of  an  equation  from  the  one  1 
side  to  the  other.  This  is  done  by  changing 
the  sign  of  the  term  so  transposed.  The  ob- 
ject of  transposition  is  to  bring  all  the  known 
terms  of  an  equation  to  one  side,  and  all  the 
unknown  to  the  other,  in  order  io  determine 
the  value  of  the  unknown  terms  with  respect 
to  those  that  are  known.  Thus  if  2  x  +  4  = 
x  +  7  =  by  transposition  of  a;,  2  x  —  x  +  4=- 
7,  whence  x  +  4  =  7 ;  by  transposition  of  4, 
x  =  7  —  4,  whence  x  =  8.  The  transposition 
of  terms  is  the  first  operation  to  be  performed 
in  the  solution  of  a  simple  equation. 


bo^;  pd~ut,  J6%1;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,   ph  =  t 
-«Un,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clou*.  -tiOttft>    sious  =  anus,   -Me,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4798 


transpositional— transverse 


2.  Gram.  A  Rhet. :  A  change  of  the  natural 
order  of  words  in  a  sentence  ;  words  ehung*'d 
from  their  ordinary  arrangement  for  the  sake 
of  effect. 

3.  Med, :  The  same  aa  METATHESIS  (q.v.). 

4.  Music: 

(1)  A  change  of  key.    [TRANSPOSE,  v.,  II.  3.] 

(2)  An  inversion  of  parts  in  counterpoint 
«[  Transposition  ctflhevi&xra: 

Pathol. :  A  term  sometimes  employed  to  in- 
clude both  malposition  and  displacement  of 
the  organs  of  the  trunk.  The  abnormal 
condition  may  be  congenital,  or  caused  by 
(1)  strain,  as  in  the  case  of  movable  kidney 
and  hernia;  (2)  imperfect  attachment,  as 
sometimes  occurs  In  the  kidneys  and  intes- 
tines ;  (3)  abnormal  conditions  connected  with 
orifices  or  canals ;  (4)  pressure,  as  from  wear- 
ing tight  stays  or  a  belt ;  (5)  traction,  »s  in 
lateral  displacement  of  the  heart ;  (ti)  disease  ; 
(7)  excessive  action  of  the  muscular  coat, 
as  in  prolapse  or  hernia ;  or  (8)  prolonged 
•landing,  as  in  displacement  of  the  uterus. 

*  trans -p6- Si'- tlon-al,  a,  [Eng.  trans- 
position; -at]  Of  or  pertaining  to  trans- 
position. 

"The  most  striking  and  most  offensive  error  In 
pronunciation  among  the  Londoners,  I  confess,  lies  in 
the  trmmtfvittioiml  »»e  of  the  letter,  vand  *.  erer  to 
be  beard  when  then  U  any  potability  of  inverting 
them.  Thai  they  say  weal  instead  of  oeat :  vickecl,  fur 
wtc*td."—Pogy«  •'  A  ntcdotet  of  the  Ettgluh  Language. 


•  trans -pos-l-tive,  a.    [Eng.  transpose); 
-itive.]    Pertaining  to  transposition  ;  consist- 
Ing  in  transposition ;   made  or  effected    by 
transposing. 

"The  Italian  retains  most  of  tbe  ancient  trant- 
patitivt  character." — Blaif. 

•trans-poV-I-tdr.s.  [Eng.  transpose) ;  -itor.] 
A  transposer  (q.v.).    (landar,  in  Annandale.) 

•  trans-print,  v.t.    [Pref.  trans-,  and  Eng. 
print,  v.  (q.  v.).  J     To  print  in  the  wrong  place ; 
to  transfer  to  the  wrong  place  in  printing. 

•  trans  prose',  v.t.    [Pref.  trans-,  and  Eng. 


1.  To  transpose  prose  into  verse;  to  change 
from  prose  into  verse. 

"  Insttact  to  follows  and  no  further  knows, 
For  to  write  versa  with  him  u  to  rrunntroM.** 
:  Abtalam  *  Achttaphel,  fL  44S. 


2.  To  change  from  verse  into  prose.  (See 
the  quotation  given  under  TRANSVERSE  (2),  v.) 

*  trans  re   gion  ate,  a.     [Pref.  trans-,  and 
Eng.   region  (q.v.).*]     Of  or  belonging  to  a 
region  over  or  beyond  the  sea  ;  foreign. 

"There  .are  some  cockes-combes  here  and  there  In 
EugLiud,  leant  ing  it  abroad  as  ineu  traatreaia*at9." — 
Jfo&nAfri.-  Detcrtpt.  SngianO,  ML  in.,  cb.  *L 

*  trans  shape ,  v.t.    [Pref.  trans-,  and  Eng. 
shape,   v.  (q.v.).]     To  change  into   another 
shape  ;  to  transform,  to  distort. 

"  Thus  did  the  tr<tnt*l*ipt  thy  particular  virtue*."— 
Shrietp.  :  Jfuck  Ado  about  XoChinf,  T.  L 

trans-ship',  v.t.    [TRANSHIP.] 
trans-ship  -ment,  s,    LTBANSBTPIUHT.) 

trans  -tra,  5.  pi.    [Lat]    [TBANSOH.} 

Roman  Arch. :  The  principal  horizontal 
timbers  in  the  roof  of  a  building.  (Gwilt.) 

*  tran  -  sub  -  stan'  -  ti  -  ate  (ti  as  shi), 

*  tran-sub  stan-ci  ate,  v.t.  [Low  Lat 
transubstantiates,  (>a.  par.  of  transubstantio  = 
to  change  the  substance  of :  trans  —  across 
(hence,  implying  change),  and  substuntia  = 
substance  (q.v.) ;  Fr.  transubstantier ;  Sp. 
tranmbstanciar,  trasvbstanciar;  ItaL  tran- 
tustamiare,  trasustamiare.]  To  change  into 
another  substance.  [TRANSUBSTANTIATION. J 

tran  sub  stan  tra  tion(tiassh!),s.  [Fr., 
from  Low  Lat.  transuhstantiatioiiem,  acctis. 
of  transitbstaiitiatio,  from  transubstantiatus, 
pa.  par.  of  trtinsubstantio  —  to  transubstanti- 
ate (q.v.);  Sp.  transiistaneitKio*,  trasustan- 
eiacion ;  Ital.  tninsustanziazione.\ 
*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  Change. 

**  The  amell  of  autumn  wood*,  the  colour  of  dying 
fern,  may  turn  by  a  snbtle  trtnttabtttmtiatton  into 
pleasures  and  faces  that  will  iwver  co*m  again,"— 
Sfa^oo*  :  .VMB  Republic,  bk.  lit.,  eh.  IL 

2.  Chnreh  Hist. :  The  Roman  doctrine  of 
tie  Eucharist  The  Council  of  Trent  (seas. 
xiii. ,  e.  iv.)  declares  "  that  by  the  consecration 
of  the  bread  ami  wine  the  whole  substance  of 
the  bread  is  changed  into  the  substance  of  the 
bodv  of  Christ  and  the  whole  substance  of 


the  wine  into  the  substance  of  his  blood, 
winch  change  is  properly  and  fitly  called 
Transubstantiation  by  the  Holy  Catholic 
Church."  That  is  to  say,  the  accidents  of 
the  bread  and  wine  which  are  perceived  by 
the  senses  conceal  the  body  and  blood  of 
Christ,  and  not  the  substances  of  bread  and 
wine.  In  canon  4  (de  sac.  Euchar.  Sacrum.) 
the  Council  defines  "that  under  each  species" 
(i.e.,  of  bread  and  wine),  "and  under  each 
imrtiele  of  each  species,  Christ  is  contained 
whole  and  entire."  Roman  theologians  found 
their  proof  of  this  doctrine  on  the  discourse 
of  Jesus  after  the  miracle  of  the  loaves  and 
tislH'S  (John  vi.  32-71),  on  the  words  of  insti- 
tution (Matt.  xxvi.  26-29,  Mark  xiv.  22-25, 
Luke  xxii.  19,  20),  and  on  the  words  of  St. 
Paul  (1  Cor.  x.  16-21),  and  on  patristic  testi- 
mony, claiming  that  the  doctrine  is  apostolic, 
though  the  word  itself  only  came  into  use  in 
the  eleventh  century,  in  the  controversy  be- 
tween Berengnrius  and  Lanfranc,  in  which 
the  former  denied  and  the  latter  asserted  a 
change  of  substance  in  the  Eucharistic  ele- 
ments. Transubstantiation  implies  a  Real 
Presence,  though  belief  in  the  Real  Presence 
(of  Christ  in  the  Eucharist)  does  not  neces- 
sarily involve  a  1-elief  in  Transubstantiation. 
The  Lutheran  view  of  the  Eucharist  is  called 
Companatinn,  or  Con  substantiation,  and  ad- 
mits a  Real  Presence  without  a  change  of 
substance.  The  Calvinistic  view  is  that  the 
presence  of  Christ  depends  on  tbe  faith  of 
the  recipient.  Article  xxvm.  of  the  Anglican 
Church  is  apparently  Calvinistic,  and  con- 
demns Transubtitantiation  as  "repugnant  to 
the  plain  words  of  Scripture  ;  "  but  the  belief 
and  practice  of  a  large  number  of  her  clergy 
and  laity  is,  to  say  the  least,  much  the  same 
as  the  Lutheran.  [TRACTARiANiaM.)  Dr.  Puaey 
(Eirenicon,  p.  229)  goes  so  far  aa  to  say  that 
tbe  dispute  between  Anglicans  and  Roman- 
ists in  this  matter  ia  "  probably  a  dispute 
about  words." 

*  tran  sub  stan  -ti  a  -tor  (ti  as  shi),  s. 
[Eug.  truusubstaiUiat(e)  ;   -or.]    One  who  be- 
lieves in  or  maintains  the  doctrine  of  tran- 
substantiation  (q.v.). 

"  The  Roman  tramubgtantiatort  affirm  that  the 
body  of  our  Lord  is  here  upou  earth  at  otice  present 
hs  many  place*  (namely,  m  every  place.  where  the 
Host  is  kept,  or  tbe  Eucharist  i»  celebrated^.  '—  flu  r- 
rvw:  Sermon*,  vol  ii..svr.  81. 

tran  sn-da  -tion,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  trantu- 
datvs,  "pa.  par.  of  transudo,  from  trans  = 
across,  through,  and  svdo  =  to  sweat]  The 
act  or  process  of  transuding  ;  the  process  of 
oozing  through  membranes,  or  of  passing  off 
through  the  pores  of  a  substance,  as  water  or 
other  fluid. 

"  The  drops  proceeded  not  from  the  traruitdation 
at  UM  liquors  within  th»  gla«."—  Ooyt*. 

*  tran-Bii'-da-tdr-^,  a.     [Eng.  transude); 
atory.]    Passing  by  transudation. 

tran  sude  ,  v.i.  [Fr.  trannder,  from  Lat. 
transudo  ;  Ital.  transudare.]  [TRANsUDATroN.] 
To  pass  or  ooze  through  the  pores  or  inter- 
stices of  a  membrane  or  other  porous  sub- 
stance, as  water  or  other  fluid. 

"  The  water  which  hm  tranuuttd  from  the  tisvuw." 
;  fhnrg  fanning,  p.  viL 


*  tran-sume',   v.t.      [Lat.    transumo,    from 
traits  =  across,  and  sunio  =  to  take.]    To  take 
from  one  to  the  other  ;  to  convert. 

"  With  a  well-blest  bread  and  wine 
TramumU,  ami  tauglitto  turn  divine." 

Crathaw:  Symnfor  th»  Sacrammt, 

tran  sumpt  (p  silent),  *.  [0.  Fr.,  from  Low 
Lat.  transumptum  =  a  copy,  a  transcript, 
from  Lat.  transumptus,  pa.  par.  of  transuma 
—  to  take  from  one  to  another,  in  Low  Lat. 
to  transcribe.]  [TRANSUME.]  A  copy  of  a 
writing  ;  an  exemplification  of  a  record. 

"  Wherewith,  the  pretended  original  breve  was  pro- 
duced.  and  a  trantumpt  or  copy  thereof  (signed  by 
three  bishopa)  offered  them,  to  send  to  EuKUtnd.*— 
State  Trialt;  Henry  Vlll.  (an.  1638);  0i*.  of  0. 
Catherine. 

^  Action  of  transumpt  : 

Scots  Law  :  An  action  competent  to  anyone 
having  a  partial  interest  in  a  writing,  or  im- 
mediate use  for  it,  directed  against  the  cus- 
todier  of  the  writing,  calling  upon  biro  to 
exhibit  it,  that  a  copy  or  trantunipt  of  it  may 
be  made  and  delivered  to  the  pursuer. 

*  tran-sump  -tlon  (p  Bilent),  s.    [Lat.  fran- 
yumptio,  from  transitmptiis,  pa,  par.  of  trati- 
svmn.]    [TR*V-SOME.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  taking  from  one 
place  to  another. 


2.    Logic :    A  syllogism  by  concession   or 

i  it-lit  used  by  the  scnoolmeu.  where  a 
question  proposed  WHS  tniaslVire<t  to  anotner 
with  tlie  condition,  that  the  proof  of  the  latter 
should  be  admitted  for  a  proof  of  the  former. 

*  tran- Bump'-tive   (p   silent),  a.      [TRAM- 
SUMPTION-.]     Taking  from    one  to    another; 
transferred    from    one    to    another;    meta- 
phorical. 

'*  Hereupon  are  intricate  turn  inn,  by  a  truntitmp. 
five  and  uietoiiyittical  kind  of  speech.  called  meanders; 
fi>r  thin  river  [Meander]  did  so  »lnmj<eJy  path  iUelt, 
that  tLe  foot  seemed  to  touch  the  head.*—  Drat/Con; 
Annotationt  to  Katamond't  EiAttlm. 

*  trans  va  -sate,  v.t.     [Lat,  trans  =  across, 
and  vas  =  a  vessel.]    To  transpose  or  pour 
from  oue  vessel  to  another 

"  The  Father  and  SOD  are  not,  «s  tbcy  suppoM, 
trartnatat^d  attd  poured  out  one  into  another,  as  into 
au  empty  vessel."— Cudvorth:  tnt>l(.  Sytlrm.  p.  CI9. 

*  trans-va  sa -tlon,  s.  [TRASSVASATE.]  The 
act  or  process  of  trans  vasa  ting. 

*  trans-vec  -tion,  s.    [Lat.  transvectio,  from 
transvectus,  pa.  par.  of  tra)isveho  =  to  carry 
across  :  <ran.s  =  across,  and  veho  =  to  carry.] 
The  act  of  conveying  or  carrying  over. 

*  trans-ver'-ber-ate,  v.t.    [Lat.  (HUMS 
across,  through,  and  verberatus,  pa.  par.  of 
verbero  =  to  beat]   To  beat  or  strike  through. 

trans-ver'-sal,  *  trans-ver-saU,  a.  &  s. 

[Fr.,    from     Lat.    transversus  =.  transverse 

A.  As  adj. :  Transverse ;  running  or  lying 
across. 

"  Extend  the  other  foot  of  the  compass*  to  the  next 
part  of  one  of  the  trtnaocrtalt  Hues  iu  tlie  orieutall 
or  occidental  part. "—  Backhtyt  :  t'oyaffM,  i.  All 

B.  As  subttantive : 

Gtrnn. :  A  straight  line  which  cuts  several 
other  straight  lines,  is  said  to  be  a  transversal 
with  respect  to  them. 

*  tr&na- veV-sal-1^,  adv.     [Eng.  transversal; 
-ly.]    In  a  transversal  manner  ;  in  a  direction 
crosswise  ;  transversely. 

"  There  are  divers  subtile  enquiries  and  demonstra- 
tions, concerning  the  strength  required  to  I 
string  of  them,  the  several  proportions  ..f  swiftness 
and  distant*  it)  au  arrow  abut  vertically,  or  hori- 
zontally, or  tranrvenalff."—  M'UJrtm.-  ArcMmitm, 
cb.  rvik 

trans' -verse,  a.,  adv.,  &  s.     [Lat.  transrersut 
=  turned  across,  athwart  orig  pa   i«r  li*m    ; 
transverto  =•  to  turu  across:   trans  =  across, 
and    verto=tQ   turn;    Fr.    transvtrte;    Sp,    ! 
transverse,  trasverso;  Ital.  trasverso.} 

A*  As  adjective  : 

L  Ordinary  Lanffiutge : 

L  Lying  or  being  across  or  in  a  cross  direo- 
tiuu  ;  athwart 

"  How  they  agree  in  various  ways  to  Join 
In  a  franMrstt,  aitnught.  aud  crooked  line.™ 

Siackmore :  Creation,  vL 

*  2.  Not  direct ;  collateral. 

"  When  once  it  goes  t»  trie  ^-intetrtf  a;ia  collateral 
[line],  they  not  only  have  no  title  to  the  inherltanes,    j 
but  every  romov*  is  a  sttiy  to  tbe  losing  tliw  cugnatloa 
and  relation  to  tlie  chief  baas*."— tfp.  Tmtfltr:  Mult   , 
o/  Cotucitntx,  bit.  n  ,  cb.  111. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  A  not. :  Lying  across  other  parts.    There  j 
are  transverse  branches  of  the  busilar,  tiie 
cervical,  the    humeral,   and    other  arteries; 
transverse  ligaments  of  the  acetabuluin,  the 
metacarpals,  the  nietatarsals,  &c,  ;  and  trans- 
verse processes  of  the  vertebrae.  [TRANSVERSE-  , 
SINUS.) 

2.  Bot. :  Broader  than  long. 

•B.  As  adv.:  Across;  in  a  direction  aorou. 

"  His  rolant  touch 


C.  As  mbst.  :  Tliat  which  Is  transverse ; 
that  which  crosses  or  lies  in  a  cross  direction ; 
a  transverse  axis. 

*  If  0)  By  transverse :  In  a  confused  manner  -  ' 
reversed ly. 

"  All  thing!  towed  and  turned  »*,"*"£'•'.'' .. 

Spinier:  F.  y.,  V1L  vii.  It, 

(2)  Transverse  axis  or  diameter : 

Conic  Sections:  The  axis  which  passes 
through  tbe  foci  of  an  ellipse  or  hyper!«>la 
When  the  length  of  the  transverse  axis  is 
referred  to,  tbe  portion  included  between  the 
vertices  is  meant. 

transverse  dehiscence,  s. 

Bot. :  Debiscence  by  a  transverse  opening, 
as  in  the  fruit  of  AnagallisH  Hyoscyamiw,  and 
Alchemilla. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wet,  here,  eamel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir   marine;  90,  p6X 
or.  wore,  \7plt  work,  wnA,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciir«,  unite,  our,  rule,  foil;  try,  Syrian.    »,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


transverse— trap 


4799 


transverse-partition,  s. 
Bat.  (OfaJruU) :  A  partition  at  a  right  angle 
to  the  valves,  as  in  a  siliqua. 
transverse-planer,  & 

1.  H'ood-vxrrk. :  A  planing-ruaehine  ID  which 
the  cutters  "re  canard  to  move  across  or  at 
right  angles  to  the  material  being  planed. 

2.  Mctall.     A  shaper  or  planer  with  its  cut 
•cross  the  table. 

transverse-sinus,  s. 

Amit.  :  The  anterior  occipital  sinus  placed 
at  the  fore  part  of  the  basilar  process  of  the 
occipital  bone,  and  constituting  a  transverse 
connection  between  the  two  inferior  petrosal 
ainii 

transverse  strain,  s. 

Meek. :  Tim  strain  to  which  a  beam  is  sub- 
jects! when  a  force  acts  on  it  in  a  direction 
at  right  angles  to  its  length,  tending  to  bend 
it  or  break  it  across. 

transverse-tension,  s. 

Hot. :  Tension  exerted  by  the  bark  on  the 
wood,  and  vice  versd,  in  the  stem  of  a  tree, 
when,  after  its  growth  in  length  lias  ceased, 
a  permanent  increase  takes  place  in  its  thick- 
ness. 
•  trans-verse'  (1),  v.t.  &  I.  [TRANSVERSE,  a.] 

A.  'Trans. :   To   overturn,    to    change,    to 
thwart. 

"  Nothing  can  be  believed  to  be  religion  by  any 
people,  but  what  they  think  to  be  divine;  that  i  <. 
sent  immediately  from  God:  and  they  can  think 
nothing  to  be  so,  that  Is  In  the  power  of  mau  to  alter 
or  minswrse."— L'sl'if. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  transgress. 

"  Ac  treuthe  that  trespaesede  nevere,  ne  trantveried 
agens  the  lawe."  Ptert  flow***,  p.  241. 

•trans-verse'  (2),  v.t.  [Pref.  (ran*,  and 
Eng.  verse  (q.v.).]  To  turn  from  prow  into 
verse. 

"  I  take  a  book  In  my  hand,  either  at  home  or  else- 
where, for  that's  all  one ;  if  they  be  any  wit  In't,  as 
there  is  no  book  but  has  some.  I  ffWWMTM  it;  that  is 
U  it  be  prose  jiut  it  into  verse  (but  that  takes  up  some 
time),  and  il  it  bo  verae  put  it  Into  prose.— Metbluta, 
Mr.  Bayes.  that  putting  verse  into  proae  should  be 
call'd  transposing.— By  my  troth,  sir,  'tis  a  very 
good  nottun,  and  hereafter  It  shall  bt  Bo."—  Duke  of 
Buckingham  :  The  ftelteartol,  1. 1. 

trans-Verse' -IJT,  adv.     [Eng.  transverse,  a,  ; 
-ly.\    In  a  transverse  or  cross  direction;  across. 
"  Traninergelu  fixing  one  end  to  the  first  thread 
that  was  span.  —  ffoltirmitk  :  rhe  Set,  No.  IT. 

transversely  flexuose,  a. 

Bat. :  Waved  in  a  cross  direction.  (Paxton,) 

*  trans-ver'-slon,  s.    [TRANSVERSE  (2),  v.] 
The  turning  or  converting  of  prose  into  verse, 
or  of  verse  into  prose. 

•trans-Terf.o.f.  [Lat  transverto.]  [TRANS- 
vtRst,  a.]  To  cause  to  turnaerow ;  to  trans- 
verse. 

"  But  of  one  thing  I  wold  laroe  be  erpert. 
Why  mens  laugage  wol  procure  and  tremMfi'f 
Tile  will  of  WOHWU  and  virtues  innocent?' 

Ckauccr  :  Cruft  of  Loaert. 

*  trans- verf-I-ble,    a.      (Kng.    transvert; 
•aUe.\    Capable  of  being  transverted. 

•  trans-view1  (lew  as  u),  v.t.    [Fret  trans-, 
an.l  Kng.  view,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  see  or  look 
through. 

"  Trantwiew  the  obscure  things  that  do  remain." 
Daniel :  J/*rum  in  Modum,  p.  9. 

•  trans-vo-la'-tion,  s.    [  Lat  tram  =  across, 
beyond,  and  rolatum,  super,  of  folo  =to  fly.] 
The  act  of  flying  over  or  beyond. 

"Such  things  as  these  which  are  extraordinary 
egressions  and  tmnmot'ition*  beyond  the  ordinary 
course  of  an  eaven  piety,  God  loves  to  reward  with  an 
extraordinary  favonr:  and  gives  them  testimony  by 
an  eitraregular  blessing.'  —  fin.  Tafler:  Sermeiu, 
Tol.  ii.,  ssr.  4. 

•trans-volvo'  v.  (.    [Lat.  trans  =  across,  over, 

ami  ralvo  =  to  roll.]    To  overturn,  to  break  up. 

41  He  who  trannotoet  empires."— Uoteelt:  Parly  o/ 

Beaut,  p.  llj. 

trant,  «.*.     [Dnt.  tranltn  =  to  walk  slowly.] 
To  carry  about  wares  for  sale  ;  to  hawk. 

trant  -er,  s.  [Eng.  trant ;  -er.]  One  who  carries 
about  wares  for  sale ;  a  hawker,  a  pedlar. 

trap  (1),  *  trappe,  s.    [ A.S.  trtppe  =  a  trap 
cogn.  with  O.  Out.  trappe;  O.  H.  Oer.  trapo 
=  a  snare,  a  trap ;   Low  Lat.   truppa ;   Fr. 
trappe  ;  8p.  trampa.     From  the  same  root  as 
tramp  (q.v). ;  cf.   Dut.    trappen  =  to   tread 
frap=a  stair,  step;  Ger.  rrej>pe  =  a  flight  o: 
stairs  ;  Sw.  trappa  =  a  stair.] 


1.  An  instrument  or  device  for  ensnaring 
game  or  other  animals;  aanare;  a  contrivance 
that  shuts  suddenly,  and  often  with  a  spring, 
for  taking  game  and  other  animals. 

"  She  wolde  wepe  if  that  she  saw  a  inous 
Caughte  in  a  trappe,  it  It  war*  ded  or  bleclde. 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.t  Prol.  142. 

2.  Any  contrivance  for  catuhing  wild  animals. 

"  Theu  spake  againe  with  fell  and  spitefull  heart, 
(80  lion*  roar  euclua'd  in  traiue  ur  tr,i/,.\" 

t'aireftuc :  dott/rey  of  Bwlog**,  Ii.  89. 

IT  Darwin  (Descent  of  Man,  pt.  i.,  ch,  iii.) 
remarks  that  animals  "learn  caution  by  see- 
ing their  brethren  caught  or  poisoned." 

3.  An  ambush,  a  stratagem  ;  a  device  or 
contrivance  to  catch  one  unawares. 

"  God  ami  your  majesty 
Protect  mine  Innocence,  or  I  foil  into 
The  trap  is  laid  for  me." 

ShdrVrsp. .'  fffnry  nit.,  V.  1. 

4.  A  contrivance  applied  to  drains  and  soil- 
pipes  to  prevent  the  escape  of  effluvia ;  a 
drain- trap. 

5.  A  sheriffs  officer;   a  police -constable. 
(Slang.) 

"  Meantime  the  Kelly*  had  got  to  hear  tlsnt  the 
tra/'S  were  ill  search  ot  them."— Leivur*  ffour,  March, 
1SW£S  I*.  W2. 

*  6.  Sagacity,  acuteness,  cunning,  sharp- 
ness, penetration. 

"Some  cunning  penon  that  bad  found  out  hit 
foible  and  ignorance  of  trap,  first  put  him  in  (teat 
frigUL"—  Xarth:  Xxaineit.  p.  541. 

7.  A  familiar  name  for  a  carriage  on  springs. 
of  any  kind.    (See  extract.) 

"  The  old-fHsliiuued  gig  had.  under  the  neat,  a  sort  of 
boot  extaudlug  a  few  .lichee  beyuud  the  back  of  the 
seat  At  the  beginning  of  the  ceutury  gigs  were 
raised  upon  bigliur  wheels  than  at  present.  Uu  this 
raised  vehicle  the  boot  was  lengthened  behind,  holding 
a  brace  of  dogs  fur  iporthlf  purposes.  In  thew  'dug- 
o»rU'(thua  named  af  ter wards ( the  dogs  were  at  first 
placed  in  the  bout  at  the  front,  and  I  due  say  that  the 
*noble  sportsmen'  may  occasionally  have  had  their 
heels  or  their  oalTesl«tten  by  dogs  with  short  tem- 
pera, and  with  scant  liking  for  the  cGiinuemeut  of  the 
boot.  Thi*  led  to  a  great  improvement,  in  the  si,ai>e 
of  an  open  latticed  box,  which  was  attached  to  the 
back,  of  the  body  of  the  conveyance,  aud  provided 
with  a  trap-door  behind  for  tlie  admission  of  the 
dogs.  la  process  of  time  the  latticed  box  WHS  found 
very  convenient  for  the  carriage  of  other  things  be- 
•idea  dogs,  aud  aa  everything  conveyed  in  the  cart 
(chattels,  not  people)  had  to  be  put  in  through  the 
trap-door  (soon  curtailed  into  (rap:  compare  'bus 
for  omnibus,  '  cab '  for  cabriolet)  the  conveyance  itself 
was  eventually  termed  trap.'  —/lluttrated  London 
Jfeu>$,  Oct.  11.  1834,  p.  839. 

8.  A  game,  and  also  one  of  the  instruments 
used  in  playing  the  game,  the  others  being  a 
small  bat  and  a  balL    The  trap  is  of  wood, 
made  like  a  slipper,  with  a  hollow  at  the  heel 
end,  and  a  kind  of  wooden  spoon  working  on 
a  pivot,   in  which  the  ball  is  placed.     By 
striking  the  handle  or  end  of  -the  spoon  the 
ball  U  projected  up  into  the  air,  and  the 
striker  endeavours  to  hit  it  as  far  as  possible 
with  the  bat  before  it  falls  to  the  ground. 
The  opponents  endeavour  to  catch  the  ball, 
or  to  bowl  it  BO  ae  to  hit  the  trap.     Also 
called  Trap-bat  and  Trap-bat  aad  ball. 

9.  A  device  worked  by  trigger  and  spring  for 
throwing  pigeons,  glass-balls,  Ac.,  into  the  air 
at  shooting  matches. 

J  Up  t o  trap,  To  understand  trap  :  To  be  very 
knowing  or  wide-awake.  (Slang.) 

trap-boll,  *.    The  same  as  TRAP(!),  *.  8. 

trap-bat,  ».    A  bat  used  in  the  game  of 

trap  (q.v.). 

trap-out,  s.  A  mode  of  cutting  gems,  in 
which  the  facets  consist  of  parallel  planes, 
nearly  rectangular,  arranged  round  the  centre 
of  the  stone. 

trap-door,  *.  A  door  in  a  floor  or  roof, 
which  when  shut  is  flush  or  nearly  so. 

"  In  some  house*  there  were  tnttt-eto«r*  through 
which,  in  caae  of  clanger,  he  might  descend.'  — 
Macauiaj/  :  Silt.  Eng,.  ch.  v. 

Trap-door  spider : 

Zool :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
Mygalidte  (=  Territelarise,  Lutr.)  which  con- 
structs a  tubular  nest  in  the  earth,  closed  by 
a  more  or  less  perfect  door  or  doors.  Mog- 
gridge  (Harvesting  Ants  &  Trap-door  Spiders, 
p.  143)  enumerates  nearly  forty  species  from 
Europe  and  the  borders  of  tlie  Mediterranean 
The  United  States  possesses  numerous  species. 
He  divides  the  nests  into  six  separate  types, 
according  to  the  kind  of  door  present,  the 
straightness  or  divarication  of  the  tube,  and 
the  presence  or  absence  of  a  second  door  in 
the  tube  below  the  surface  of  the  earth. 
Atypus  sulzerii,  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  is 
found  in  the  south  of  England,  and  excavates 
a  more  or  less  cylindrical  gallery,  about  half 
an  inch  wide,  in  moist  ground,  at  first  in  - 


horizontal  and  then  in  a  vertical  direction. 
This  gallery  is  lined  with  a  tube  of  silk,  but, 
instead  of  closing  the  aperture  with  a  trap- 
door, the  spider  continues  the  lining  tube  be- 
yond the  mouth  of  the  gallery  for  some  dis- 
tance on  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Cteniza 
fallens,  common  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
closes  the  entrance  to  its  nest  (see  illustration) 
with  a  trap-door  composed  of  earthy  particles 
firmly  held  together  by  layers  of  silk.  Other 


TRAP-DOOR  SPIDER. 

species  make  more  elaborate  dwellings,  eithei 
by  constructing  a  second  door  in  the  vertical 
tube,  or  a  second  tube  branching  on1  from 
the  Brat  and  shutting  off  communication  by  a 
second  trap-door.  When  inside  theirdwelling, 
these  spiders  resist  the  opening  of  the  trap- 
door by  clinging  to  the  lining  of  the  tube 
and  to  the  inner  coat  of  silk  composing  the 
the  trap-door. 

trap-hole,  s.    [THOOS-DE-LOUP]. 

trap-net,  s.  A  fishing-net  in  which  a 
funnel-shaped  piece  leads  the  fish  into  a 
pound  from  which  it  is  difficult  to  return. 

trap-shooting,  «.  The  sport  of  shoot- 
Ing  at  pigeons,  balls,  fie,  projected  from  a  trap. 
[TJU.F,  «.,  9.] 

trap-stairs,  «.  Stairs  with  trap-door  at 
top. 

trap-stick,  ..  A  irlrk  used  in  the  game 
of  trap ;  something  resembling  such  a  stick  ; 
something  long  and  slender. 

trap-tree,  ».  An  unidentified  species  of 
Artocarpus,  which  furnishes  a  glutinous  gum 
used  as  birdlime  at  Singapore.  (Trcas.  o]  Bot.) 
The  species  of  this  genns  known  to  furnish  a 
kind  of  birdlime  are  A,  integrifolia  [JACK  (8)], 
and  A.  hirsuta. 

trap  valve,  «.    A  clack-valve  (q.v.). 

trap  (2),  «.  [8w.  <roppo  =  a  stair;  trapp  = 
trap-rock  ;  Dan.  trappe  =  a  st»ir ;  trap  = 
trap ;  Dut.  trap  =  a  stair,  a  step ;  Ger.  treppe 
=  a  Bight  of  stairs.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  kind  of  movable  ladder  or 
steps  ;  a  kind  of  ladder  leading  up  to  a  loft. 

2.  Petrol. :  A  name  originally  given  to  certain 
Igneoas  rocks,  of  great  geological  age,  occur- 
ring in  Sweden,  which,  partly  from  weather- 
ing  and  partly  as  the  result  of  successive  ex- 
trusions, presented  a  stair-like  aspect.    Sub- 
sequently this  name  was  loosely  applied  to 
any  ancient,  flne-grained,  igneous  rock  which 
had  undergone  a  certain  amount  of  alteration. 
Host  of  tlie  so-called  "traps"  have  since  been 
identified  as  varieties  of  dolerite  or  basalt. 

U  Trap,  in  this  general  sense,  is  widely 
diffused  and,  where  it  occurs,  it  exerts  much 
influence  in  determining  the  surface  configu- 
ration of  the  region.  When  it  decays  it  pro- 
duces rich  agricultural  soil,  so  that  a  trap 
district  is  generally  remarkable  for  its  fertility 

•trap-conglomerate,  ».    [TcrAciocs- 

CONGLOMERATE.^ 

trap-granulite,  .. 

Petrol. :  A  dark  variety  of  granutite  (q.v.), 
occurring  interlaminated  witli  the  normal 
grauulites.  It  sometimes  contains  augite  and 
hornblende. 

trap-tuff,  trap-tuta,  s. 

GeoL  :  Volcanic-ash,  volcanlc-iulf(,vV.X 

•trap  (3),  s.    [TRAPS.] 

"  trap  (4),  s.  [O.  Fr.  trap  (Fr.  drap)  =  cloth  ; 
Sp.  At  Port,  trapo  =  a  cloth,  clout,  rag ;  Low 
Lat.  trapus  =  *  cloth.)  Trappings;  orna- 
ments of  a  horse. 


•fill,  bo}:  pout,  J6*l;  oat,  oeil,  ohoru.,  9nin.  benoh;  go.  gem;  thin.  *nis;  Bin.  as;  expect,  Xdiopnon.  exist.   -O*. 
-dan.  -Man  =  sHam.   -Uoiv, -«ion  =  «l,un; -tion. -fion  =  ihun,   -clou*,  -ttons,  -Hon.  =  BUIIS.   -Die. -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  d*L 


4SOO 


trap— Trappist 


trip  (1),  *  trappe  (1),  v.t,  &  i.    [TRAP  (1).  «•! 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  catch  ID  or  with  a  trap ;  to  snare. 

"Tht  beaver  was  trapped  for  1U  fur  In  the  twelfth 
century  iu  th«  river  Tern."— ttiwAin*.-  Marly  Man  in 
Britain,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  J'iV- :  To  take  or  catch  by  stratagem ;  to 
Inanare. 

3.  linufbail :  To  secure  a  fly  ball  at  the  moment 
it  touches  the  ground;  an  unlawful  stratagem' 
to  effect  a  double  play. 

B.  Intrant:  To  take  game  or  other  ani- 
mals in  traps. 

"  Trapping  hat  been  there  so  long  carried  on,  that 
Inheritance  m»y  possibly  have  come  into  pl«y."— Oar- 
win  •  Detctnt  of  Man,  pt.  i.,  oh.  Hi. 

trap  (2),  •  trappe  (2),  v.t.  [TRAP  (4),  s.] 
To  adorn ;  to  dress  or  deck  out  with  orna- 
ments. (Generally  in  the  pa.  par.) 

"  Foure  great  horse*  fully  trapped  and  couered  do* 
lead  the  way."— Hackluyt ;  I'oyayet,  it.  61 

trap'-a,  s.  [An  abbreviation  of  Low  Lat. 
calcitrapa  =  a  caltrap  (q.v.).  Named  from 
the  spines  on  the  fruit.] 

Bot. :  Water  CaltrapH,  the  sole  genus  of 
Trapese  (q.v.).  Floating  plants,  with  the 
petioles  tumid  in  the  middle,  and  clustered 
leaves,  those  under  water  cut  into  capillary 
segments.  Calyx  superior,  four-parted;  petals 
four;  stamens  four;  ovary  two-celled,  each 
cell  with  one  pendulous  ovule.  Fruit  hard, 
indehiscent,  one-celled,  one-seeded ;  seed 
large,  without  albumen  ;  the  cotyledons  very 
unequal ;  the  kernel  of  the  fruit  largely  con- 
sists of  pure  starch.  Known  species,  four. 
They  are  found  in  temperate  Europe,  Siberia, 
India,  Cochin  China,  -fee.  Trapa  natans  has 
four  spines  on  its  fruit,  and  is  large  and  black. 
It  is  the  Tribulus  of  the  Romans,  and  the  nuts 
are  sold  in  the  markets  of  Venice  (where  they 
are  known  as  Jesuit's  nuts)  and  other  parts  of 
Italy  and  in  France.  They  are  made  into 
bread.  T.  bispinosa  has  only  two  spines  or 
horns  on  its  fruit.  It  is  found  in  tanks  and 

Cls  throughout  India.  Its  nuts  are  dark* 
wn  and  triangular.  Their  kernel  is  white 
and  sweetish,  and  is  eaten,  both  raw  and 
cooked,  and  made  into  cakes,  by  the  Hindoos. 
Many  of  these  plants  grow  on  the  Wular 
Lake,  a  large  sheet  of  water,  about  forty  miles 
In  circumference,  on  the  Upper  Jhelum,  in 
Cashmere,  the  old  traveller,  Moorcroft,  de- 
claring that  the  nuts  from  the  lake  furnish 
almost  the  sole  support  of  30,000  people  for 
five  months  of  the  year.  Moorcroft  and  Dr. 
Royle  say  that,  under  the  government  of 
Rungeet  Singh,  £12,000  of  revenue  was  raised 
from  the  trapa,  amounting  to  from  96,000  to 
128,000  ass-loads,  taken  from  the  lake.  The 
natives  consider  the  nuts  as  useful  in  bilious 
affections  and  diarrhoea,  besides  applying 
them  externally  as  poultices.  The  plant  is 
called  by  the  natives  Singhara  =  horned,  re- 
ferring to  the  fruit.  Another  less-known 
East-Indian  species  is  T.  qvadrispinosa,  intro- 
duced into  Britain  as  a  stove-plant  in  1823. 
T.  ticornis,  called  by  the  Chinese  Ling,  or  Linko, 
has  the  two  horns  recurved  and  very  obtuse. 
It  Is  cultivated  by  them  in  lakes,  ponds,  &c. 

*  tra-pan',  v.t.    [TREPAN,  v.]    To  ensnare,  to 
trap ;  to  catch  by  stratagem. 

"Havingsouieof  hU  people  frapannctfatBaldlvia." 
— Anton :  royaget,  bk.  L,  CD.  ix. 

*  tra-p&n',  s.    [TRAPAN,  v.]    A  snare,  a  trap, 
a  stratagem. 

"  Nought  but  glus  and  enures and  trapattt  for  souls." 
—South  :  Sermoni,  vol.  lit.,  ber.  4. 

*  tra-pan'-ner,  *.    [Eng.  trapan;  -er.]    One 
who  trapans ;  an  ensnarer. 

*  trape,  v.i.     [Of.  Dut.  &  Ger.  trappen  =  to 
tread,  to  tramp.]    To  trail  along  iu  an  untidy 
manner ;   to  walk  carelessly  and  sluttiahly ; 
to  traipes  (q.v.).  * 

"I  am  to  go  trapina  with  Lady  Kerry  and  Mrs. 
Pratt  to  we  tight*  all  this  day."— Swift. 

trap-e-se,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  trapia);  Lat  fern, 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -eee.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Halarogaceae,  with  a  single 
genus,  Trapa  (q.v.). 

trap  -c-lus,  *.  [Gr.  rpaireAo's  (trapelos)  = 
easily  turned.] 

Zool. :  A  genug  of  Agamidae,  with  five  spe- 
cies, from  Tartary,  Egypt,  and  Afghanistan. 
They  resemble  Agama,  but  the  scales  are 
small  and  spineless,  and  there  are  no  pores  on 
the  thighs. 


trapes,  t.    (TRAPE.] 

1.  A  slattern  ;  an  idle,  sluttish  woman. 
"  From  door  to  door  I'd  sooner  whine  and  beg, 

Thau  many  such  a  trapet." 

<?a**  What  fr*  call  it  t 

2.  A  going  about ;  a  tramp. 

"  It's  such  a  toil  and  a  trnpet  ti|>  them  two  pair  of 
stairs."— Mrt.  Wood:  The Channinai,  p.  47L 

trapes,  v.i.  [TRAPES,  s.]  'To  gad  or  flaunt 
about  in  a  slatternly  manner. 

"  He  would  not  be  found  trapesing  about  th«  con- 
stitu«Qcy."— Daily  Chronicle,  Oct.  14.  1885. 

trap-e-zate,  a.  [Eng.  trapezium);  sun*. 
•ate.]  Having  the  form  of  a  trapezium;  trape- 
ziform. 

tra  peze,   s.      [Fr.    trapeze,   from    Lat.  tra- 
pezium =  a  trapezium  (q.v.).J 
*  L  A  trapezium. 

2.  A  sort  of  swing  consisting  of  one  or  more 
cross-bars  suspended  by  two  cords  at  some 
distance  from  the  ground,  on  which  gymnasts 
perform  various  exercises  or  feats. 

tra-pe  -zl  an,  a.    [TRAPEZIUM.] 

Crystallog. :  Having  the  lateral  planes  com- 
posed of  trapeziums  situated  in  two  ranges 
between  two  bases. 

tra -pez-i- form,  a,  [Lat.  traptzi(um)  =  a 
trapezium,  and  forma  =  form.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  trapezium.  (Applied  in  Botany  to 
the  leaves  of  Popitln*  nigra,  &c.) 

tra  pe-zl  he  -dron,  *.    [TRAPEZOHEDRON.] 

tra-pe'-zl-um,  s  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  TpaW^o* 
(irdpezion)  =a  small  table  or  counter;  a  tra- 
pezium, because  four-sided,  like  such  a  table ; 
dimin.  of  rpdvt^a  (trdpezd)  •=  a  table ;  Sp.  (ru- 
pee io ;  Ital,  trapezia;  Fr.  trapeze.] 


TRAPEZIUMS. 

a.  Two  sides  equal,  but  none  parallel :  6.  Four  sides 
neither  equal  nor  parallel ;  c.  Two  short  sides  eqttnl 
in  length,  and  two  long  sides  equal,  but  none  paral- 
lel ;  d.  Two  tides  equal,  but  noue  parallel. 

1.  Geom. :  A  quadrilateral  figure,  no  two  of 
whose  sides  are  parallel  to  each  other. 

2.  Anatomy:  • 

(1)  The  outermost  bone  of  the  second  row  in 
the  carpus.    In  its  inferior  or  palmar  aspect 
it  presents  a  rhombic  form,  with  its  most 
prominent  angle  directed  downwards.    It  ar- 
ticulates with  four  other  bones,  the  scaphoid, 
the  trapezoid,  and  the  first  and  second  meta- 
carpals. 

(2)  A  set  of  transverse  fibres  opposite  the 
lower  portion  of  the  ports  varolii.    The  name 
trapezium   is  given  because,  in  most  of  the 
lower  vertebrates,  they  appear  on  lie  surface 
in  a  four-sided  form. 

•3.  Zool.:  A  synonym  of  Cypricardia  (q.v.). 

tra-pe'-zi-iis,  s.    [TRAPEZIUM.] 

Anat. :  A  trapeziform  muscle  reaching  from 
the  base  of  the  skull  to  the  middle  of  the 
back,  and  connected  with  the  clavicle  and 
scapula  on  each  side.  It  is  by  means  of  this 
muscle  that  the  scapula  is  moved. 

tra  pe  -  zo  -ho'-dral,  a.    [TRAPEZOHEDRON.] 

Crystal.  :  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  form 
of  a  trapezobedron. 

tra  pe  zo  he  dron,  s.  [Gr.  Tpoarffav  (tra- 
pezion)  =  a  little  table,  a  trapezium,  and  c6>a 
(hedra)  =  a  base.] 

Crystall.  :  A  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four 
equal  and  similar  trapezoidal  planes. 

trap'-e-zold,  a.  &  «.  [Gr.  rpeart^tov  (trape- 
zion)  —  a  little  table,  a  trapezium,  and  fl£oc 
(eidos)  =  form,  appearance.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Trapeziform  (q.v.). 

B.  As*til,$t.:  A  quadrilateral,  two  of  whose 
sides  only  are  parallel  to  each  other. 

trapezoid  bone,  s. 

Anat.:  A  bone  of  the  wrist,  of  which  the 


superior  surface  articulates  with  the  scaphoid 
bone,  the  external  with  the  trapezium,  the  in- 
ternal with  the  os  magnum,  and  the  inferior, 
with  the  second  metacarpal  bone.  It  is 
smaller  than  the  trapezium,  has  its  largest 
diameter  from  before  backwards,  and  it* 
posterior  surface,  which  is  much  larger  than 
the  anterior  one,  pentagonal.  (Quain.) 

trap-e-zoid-al,    a.      [Eng.   trapezoid;  -aJ.J 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Having  the  form  of  a  trape- 
zoid, 

2.  Jtfin. :  Having  the  surface  composed  o< 
twenty-four  trapeziums,  all  equal  and  similar. 

trapezoidal- wall,  s.  A  retaining  wall, 
vertical  against  the  bauk,  and  with  a  sloping 
face. 

trap-pe  -an,  a.  {Eng.  trap  (2),  s. ;  ~tan.\ 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  trap  or  trap- 
rock. 

trappean  ash,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  compact  or  earthy  rock,  consist- 
ing of  the  materials  of  a  trap  (q.v.). 

trap pean- rocks,  s.  pi. 

Petrol. :  A  name  sometimes  used  to  dis- 
tinguish the  older,  and  mostly  much  altered, 
igneous  rocks  from  those  of  later  date. 

trap -per  (1),  5.    [Eng.  trap  (I),  v. ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  One  who  traps  animals ;  one  who  §ett 
traps  for  animals,  usually  to  obtain  furs. 

"  According  to  somewhat  unreliable  report*  bsuJsd 
down  from  the  early  Hudson  Bay  trapper*  wbu  hvsd 
lit  this  now  populous  region. '— FMd,  Yvb,  17,  uar. 

2.  A  horse  used  in  a  trap.    [TRAP  (1),  ".] 

"  The  object  of  the  Spring  Show  Is  to  euc^unf* 
generally  the  breeding  of  sound  and  shapely  half-bred 
horses,  pomes,  nags,  trappert,  backs,  chargers,  hat- 
iteM-honee,  and  auutcrs.  —St.  James' t  (Jnzttle.  Feb.  X 
1M7. 

II.  Mining:  A  boy  in  a  coal-mine  who 
opens  the  air-doors  of  the  galleries  for  tb* 
passage  of  the  coal- waggons. 

trap  -per  (2),  «trap-por,  t.  [TRAP  (2),  «.) 
Trappings. 

"So  huge  a  noise  was  raised  by  the  sound  of  beta 
banging  at  their  trappert  and  cbarets."—  Holitutod: 
HUt.  Eng  ,  bk.hn,.  CO.  ziil. 

trap -pl-n6ss,  $.    [Eng.  trappy;  -ness.]    The 

quality  or  state  of  being  trappy  or  treacherou*. 

"  Onceover  this  there  were  broad  pastures  and  larn 

bauks   anil  ditches,   innocent  of    trappinett  for  tot 

.  most  part,  before  the  rider*.  —  fbU,  Dec.  W,  18U. 

trap  -ping,  *.  [TRAP  (2),  v.]  A  word  gene- 
rally used  in  the  plural,  to  denote  ornamental 
accessories  :  as — 

1.  The    ornaments    put  on  horses;  orna- 
ments appendant  to  the  saddle. 

"  Caparisons  and  steed*. 

Bases  and  tinsel  trapping*,  gorgeous  knights 
At  Joust  aud  tournament.'      Milton  ;  P.  L.,  ix.  tt. 

2.  External    and    superficial    decorations  j 
ornaments  generally ;  finery. 

"  His  virtues  were  hit  pride ;  and  that  one  riot 
Made  all  his  v  irtues  of  DO  price ; 
U«  wore  them  as  due  trapping*  fora  show." 

Covper:  Truth,  l*,\ 

Trap'-plrt.  *.  &  o.  [Fr.  Trappiste  (see  det 
A.).] 

A.  As  substantive : 

Church  Hist.  (PI.):  A  branch  of  the  Cistei^ 
cian  order,  following  the  reformed  rule  of  La 
Trappe,  an  ancient  monastery  in  the  heart  of 
La  Perche,  not  far  from  S«ez,  in  France,  founded 
as  a  Cistercian  house  in  1140  by  Kotron,  Count 
of  Perche.  The  reform  was  due  to  Arniand 
Jean  le  Bouthillier  de  Ranee  (1626-1700),  who 
had  held  the  abbey,  with  other  preferment*, 
in  commindam  for  many  years  before  his  ordi- 
nation (A.D.  1651),  by  his  uncle,  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Tours,  whose  coadjutor  he  hoped 
one  day  to  become.  For  some  years  after  h« 
became  a  priest,  de  Rai.ce  led  a  worldly  lira 
in  Paris ;  but  his  heart  being  touched  !>)'  » 
series  of  disappointme»ts,  he  sold  his  patri- 
mony, distributed  the  ».oney  to  the  poor,  and, 
fiving  up  all  other  b  netices,  retired  to  L» 
rappe.  Here  he  fouii'l  the  discipline  greatly 
relaxed,  but  by  bringi  ig  some  mouks  from 
a  neighbouring  monastery  he  reestablished 
the  rule  and  restored  regularity.  Still  I 
ideal  was  not  attained  i  he  sought  to  add  to 
the  purely  contemnlaU  ve  life  bodily  inortm- 
cation  and  separation  from  causes  of  distrac- 
tion. Animal  food,  e»  ept  in  cases  of  sick- 
ness, was  forbidden,  ami  manual  labour  wal 
strictly  enjoined.  Tht  monks  rose  at  t 
o'clock,  and  went  to  rest  at  seven  in  winter 


fate,  fit,  fare,  amidat,  what,  fall,  father:   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  ptarine;  go,  fit 
or.  wore,  wolC,  work,  who,  son;  muto,  cub,  core,  vnlte,  ear,  rile,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    ».  ce  -  e ;  ej  =  a ;  qu     kw. 


Trappistine— travel 


4801 


and  eight  in  summer.  From  two  till  half-past 
four  they  spent  in  prayer  and  meditation,  and 
then  retired  to  their  cells  till  half-past  five, 
when  they  said  Prime.  At  seven  they  went 
to  labour,  either  out  or  indoors ;  at  half-past 
nine  Tierce  was  said,  followed  by  the  Mass, 
Sext,  and  None ;  then  they  dined  on  vege- 
tables ;  at  one  o'clock  returned  to  work  for 
another  two  hours,  and  then  retired  to  their 
cells  till  Vespers  at  four  o'clock ;  this  was 
followed  by  a  collation  of  bread  and  fruit, 
and  spiritual  reading  till  six  o'clock,  when 
Compline  was  said ;  at  seven  they  went  to 
rest  and  slept  on  pallets  of  straw.  Absolute 
silence  was  enjoined  at  all  times,  and  they 
had  to  make  their  wants  known  by  signs.  In 
1790,  when  other  monasteries  were  suppressed 
in  France,  the  Trappists  took  refuge  in  the 
monastery  of  Val  Sainte,  in  Freiburg,  under 
Doni  Augustin  (de  Lestrange) ;  but  this  was 
destroyed  by  the  French  in  1798,  and  the 
monks  wandered  about  till  the  Bourbon  resto- 
ration, when  they  recovered  La  Trappe.  (See 
extract  under  B.) 

B.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Trappists  [A.] ; 
following  the  reform  of  La  Trappe. 

"  From  this  centre  Traopttt  filial  ions  spread  the 
austere  rule  of  the  order  into  Spain,  Belgium,  Pied- 
mout.  England,  and  Ireland.  MountSt.  Bernard,  in 
Leicestershire,  ami  the  Trappiitine  cotiveiit  of  Stape- 
bill.  in  Dorset,  are  their  houses  in  this  country ;  in 
Ireland  they  have  flourishing  monasteries  at  Mount 
Mclleray  and  Kwcrea.  —Addit  A  Arnold :  Cat*.  Diet., 
p.  804. 

Trip  pis  -tine,  s.  &  a.    [Fr.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.   Lang  :    A    liqueur   made    by   the 
monks  of  La  Trappe. 

2.  Church  Hist,  (PL):  An  order  of  nuns  fol- 
lowing the  reform  of  La  Trappe,  instituted  by 
Dom  Augustin  (t  1827).    [TRAPPIST,  A.] 

B.  As  adj. ;  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Trapptst- 
ines.    (See  extract  under  Trappist,  B.) 

trapp  -ite,  *.     [Eng.  trap  (2) ;  suff.  -ite.] 

Petrol. :  Decomposed  varieties  of  basalt 
(q.v.),  resembling  rocks  known  under  the 
name  of  trap. 

trap  -pous,  a.  [Eng.  trap  (2),  s. ;  -ous.]  Per- 
taining to  the  rock  known  as  trap ;  resembling 
trap  or  partaking  of  its  nature ;  trappy. 

•trap-pares,  'trap-pours,  a. pi.  [O.Fr.] 
Trappings  of  a  horse. 

'  With  clothe  of  gold,  and  furred  with  ermine 
Were  the  trappourt  of  their  8 ted  en  strong." 

Chaucer :  /Tour*  4  tht  Leaft. 

trap  -p?  (1),  a.     [Eng.  trap  (1),  B.  ;  -y.]     Of 

the  nature  of  a  trap  ;  treacherous. 

"  Thtj  fences  might  have  increased  in  site,  however, 
•without  being  made  trappy."  —  Daily  Telfffraph, 
Nov.  IS,  1881 

trap'-pjf  (2),  a,  [Eng.  trap  (2),  s. ;  -y.}  Trap- 
pous  (q.v.). 

traps,  s.pl.  [An  abbrev.  of  trappings  (q.v.).] 
Small  or  portable  articles  for  dress,  furniture, 
&c. ;  goods,  luggage,  things.  (Colloq.) 

"  As  soon  u  the  affair  was  over,  the  train  were 
packed  up  as  quickly  as  possible  and  the  party  drove 
•way.  "-£atiy  Tfieyrapk,  Sept  S,  1887. 

trash,  *.  [Icel.  tros  =  rubbish,  leaves,  and 
twigs  from  a  tree,  picked  up  and  used  for  fuel ; 
trassi  =  a  slovenly  fellow  ;  trassa  =  to  be  slov- 
enly ;  Norw.  (ro»=  fallen  twigs,  half-rotten 
branches  easily  broken  ;  Sw.  trasa  =  a  rag,  a 
tatter;  Sw.  dial,  (rase  =  a  rag;  trds  =  &  heap 
of  sticks,  a  worthless  fellow,  old  useless  bits 
of  fencing.) 

1.  Loppings  of  trees,  bruised  canes,  «tc.     In 
the  West  Indies  the  decayed  leaves  and  stems 
of  canes  are  called  Field-trash  ;  the  bruised  and 
macerated  rind  of  canes  is  called  Cane-trash ; 

•  and  both  are  called  Trash. 

2.  Any  waste  or  worthless  matter ;   good- 
for-nothing  stuff;  rubbish,  refuse,  dregs. 

"  Hence  all  that  Interferes,  and  dares  to  clash 
With  indolence  and  luxury,  is  troth," 

Cowptr  '  Progrvu  of  Jfrror,  438. 

*  3.  A  worthless  person. 

"  I  suspect  this  troth 
To  he  a  party  in  thia  injury." 

Shaketp.  :  Othello,  T.  1. 

4.  A  collar  or  leash  to  restrain  a  dog  in 
Coursing. 

"  &.  Hence,  a  clog  or  incumbrance. 
*6.  Money. 

"I  bid  him  provide  troth.'— Green* :  Jamtt  IV., 
tu.  1. 

f  Poor  white  trash :  A  term  applied  by  the 
negroes  in  the  Southern  States  to  the  poorest 
white  persons. 


trash-house,  s.  A  building  on  a  sugar 
estate  where  the  cane-stalks  from  which  the 
juice  has  been  expressed  are  stored  for  fuel. 

trash-ice,  s.  Crumbled  ice  mixed  with 
water. 

trash,  v.t.  &  i.    [TRASH,  s.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To    free    from    superfluous    twigs    or 
branches ;  to  lop,  to  crop. 

"  Whom  t'  advance,  and  whom 
To  troth  for  overtopping. " 

Shakup.  :  Ttmpeit.  i.  2. 

2.  To  maltreat,  to  abuse,   to  jade :  as,  To 
trash  a  horse.    (Scotch.) 

*3.  To  hold  back  by  a  leash  or  halter,  as  a 
dog  in  pursuing  game ;  hence,  to  retard,  to 
restrain,  to  encumber,  to  hinder. 

"  Which  truthing  the  wheel  of  rotation,  destroys  the 
life  or  natural  motion  of  a  commonwealth."— .ffarrijij;- 
ton:  Pop.  Government,  eh.  xii. 

4  4.  To  crush  or  humiliate ;  to  wear  out ;  to 
beat  down. 

*B.  Jntrans. :  To  follow  with  violence  and 
trampling. 

"  A  guarded  lack?  to  run  before  It,  and  pied  liveries 
to  come  trathiny  after  't." — The  Puritan,  IT.  1. 

*  trash'-er-jf,  s.    [Eng.  trash,  s. ;  -try,}  Trash, 

rubbish. 

"  Who  come*  In  foreign  trathery 
Of  tinkling  chain  and  spur." 

Scott  :  Bridal  of  Triermain,  II.  li.  M . 

trash'-a-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  trashy;    -ly.}    In  a 
trashy  manner. 

trash'-i-ness,  s.    [Eng.  trashy;  -ness.}    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  trashy. 

trash' -trie,    s.       [Eng.   trash;    -trie  =  - try.} 
Trash,  rubbish.    (Scotch.) 

"  Wl'  sauce,  ragouts,  and  sic  like  trtuhtrit, 
That's  little Tinort  o'  downright  wattrle." 

Burnt :  Two,  Dogt, 

trash' -j^,  a.     [Eng.  trash,  s.  ;  -y.]    Composed 
of  or  resembling  trash,  or  rubbish ;  rubbishy, 

useless. 

"  Who  riots  on  Scotch  collops  scorns  not  any 
Imipld,  fulsome,  frothy  miscellany," 

Armttniny :  To  a  Youny  Critic. 

Tr&sk'-ite,  Thraslt-ite,  s.    [Seedef.] 

Church  Hist.  (PI.) :  A  name  formerly  given 
to  the  Seventh-day  Baptists  (q.v.),  from  John 
Trask  or  Traske,  who  advocated  their  opinions 
in  the  seventeenth  century. 

trftss,  s.     [Dut.  tiros  =  a  cement.] 

Petrol. :  A  rock  of  volcanic  origin,  resem- 
bling a  tuff  (q.v.),  but  containing  abundant 
fragments  of  pumice,  and  also  fragments  of 
many  other  volcanic  rocks.  It  often  contains 
portions  of  carbonized  stems  and  branches  of 
trees  which  have  been  involved  in  the  flow  of 
the  mud-stream,  and,  when  pulverised,  forms 
a  useful  cement.  Called  also  Trassoite. 

trass'-6-ite,  s.    [Eng.  trass;  o  connect.,  and 

suff.  -ite  (Petrol.).]    [TRASS.] 

*  trast,  pret.  ofv.    [TRACE,  v.J 
*tra-SV,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  spaniel 

"  A  traty  I  do  keep." 

Xerrick:  ffetptridet,  p.  M4. 

*  trat,  *trate,  *tratte,  s.     [TROT,  *.]    An 
old  woman,  in  contempt ;  a  witch. 

*  trauT-Iam,  s.    [Qr.  TpauAto>io«  (traulismos) 
from  rpauAi^u  (tmulizd)  =  to  stutter,  to  stam- 
mer.]   A  stammering  or  stuttering. 

"  They  are    childish    and   ridiculous 
Dalgarno:  Deaf  &  Dumb  Marit  Tutor,  p.  133. 

*  tr an  -mate,  s.    [TRAUMATIC.]    The  same  as 
TRAUMATIC,  B.  (q.v.). 

trail-mat'- ic,   *  trail- mat- ick,  a.  &  s. 

[Gr.  rpavftoTcKoc  (traumatikos),  from  TpaC/^a 
(trauma),  genit.  rpav/xaros  (traumatos)  =  a 
wound ;  Fr.  traumatique.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  applied  to  a  wound. 

2.  Useful  for  wounds  ;  adapted  to  the  cure 
of  wounds ;  vulnerary. 

3.  Produced  by  or  arising  directly  or  in- 
directly from  wounds :   as,  traumatic  haemo- 
rrhage, traumatic  erysipelas,  tetanus.  &c. 

B.  As  svbst. :   A  medicine  or  preparation 
useful  in  the  cure  of  wounds. 

trau  ma -tlsm,  s.    [TRAUMATIC.] 

Pathol. :  The  condition  of  the  system  occa- 
sioned by  a  grave  wound. 

•traunoe,  «.    [TRANCE.] 


*  traunch,  v.t.  [Fr.  trancher  =  to  cut.)  To 
cut  up,  to  carve.  (Specif,  said  of  a  sturgeon.) 

"  Sturgeon  wu  to  traunched."  —  Kvening  Standard 
Sept  28.  1380,  p.  4. 

traunt,  v.i.  [Dut  tranten  =  to  walk  slowly; 
trant  =  a  walk.]  To  carry  about  wares  for 
sale  ;  to  hawk. 


"  [ 
T 


HeJ  had  some  traunting  chapman  to  his  ayre, 
hat  traufleiued  both  by  water  and  by  fin." 

Up.  Ball  :  Satira,  iv.  1 


traunt'-er,  s.     [Eng.  traunt;  -er.}    One  who 

hawks  about  wares  for  sale  ;  a  hawker,  a 
pedlar. 

traut'-win-ite  (an  as  oUr),  «.  [After  J.  0. 
Trail  twine  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).  ] 

Min.  :  A  microcrystalline  mineral,  occur- 
ring in  crystals,  the  system  of  which  has  not 
yet  been  determined.  Hardness,  1  to  2  ; 
colour,  green  ;  lustre,  dull  ;  streak,  light- 
gray.  Analysis  yielded:  silica,  21  -78  ;  sesqui- 
oxide  of  chromium,  38*39  ;  sesquioxide  of  iron, 
13'29;  alumina,  0'81  ;  lime,  18'58;  magnesia, 
7*88  ;  loss  on  ignition,  0'11  =  100'84.  Occurr 
on  chromite  in  Monterey  Co.,  California. 

tra-va'-do,  trav'-at,  s.  [Sp.]  Aheavysquall. 
with  sudden  gusts  of  wind,  lightning,  and 
rain,  on  the  coast  of  North  America.  Like 
the  African  tornado,  it  commences  with  a 
black  cloud  in  calm  weather  and  a  clear  sky. 

traV-ail,  *  trav  »yL  *  trav  -  all  ••  len. 
*  tra-veU,  *  trav-elL,  v.i.  &  t.  [Fr.  fro- 
vailler,  from  travail  =  toil,  labour.]  [TRA- 

VAIL, .-•„  1 

A,  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  toil  ;  to  labour  with  pain. 

"All  ye    fraucttm    and    Un    charged.  "—  ffycH/V  * 
Matt.  xLSB. 

2.  To  suffer  the  pains  of  childbirth  ;  to  b« 
In  labour  or  parturition. 

"  She  being  with  child  cried,  travailing  In  birth,  and 

pained  to  be  delivered."—  Revelation  xii.  2. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  harass,  to  trouble,  to  tire. 

"  What  truvfliit   [diteatett,    Bible,    1561  :    trouble*, 
A.V.]  thou  the  maystlr  ferther?"—  WVcliffe:  Mark  T. 

m 
traV-ail(i),   »trav-ayl,   *trav-el, 

*travell,  ..  (Fr.  travail  ~  toil,  labor, 
fatigue,  a  trave  for  horses,  from  Lat.  tro&em, 
accus.  of  trabt,  trabes  -=  a^beam  ;  .cf.  Ital.  tra- 
vaglio-  Sp.  trabajo  ;  Port,  trabalho  —  (1)  an 
obstacle  or  or  impediment,  (2)  toil,  labor;  O. 
Ital.  trauaglio  —  a  pen  for  cattle;  Wei.  trafail 
=  travail,  labor,  toil.  Travail  and  travel  are 
doublets. 

1.  Labor  with  pain;  aevere  exertion,  toil. 

2.  Bpecif,:  The  pains  or  childbirth  :  parturi- 
tion. 

travail  (2)  (pron.  tra-va'-ya),  «.  [Pr. 
PI.  travaux,  pron.  tra~vo'.]  An  Indian  contri- 
vance consisting  of  two  lodge  poles  united  by 
two  cross-bars,  for  the  conveyance  of  goods  or 
invalids.  The  poles  are  fastened  at  one  end  to 
either  aide  of  a  horse,  or  a  dog,  the  other  endi 
trailing  on  the  ground;  and  a  receptacle  for 
the  persons  or  things  to  be  conveyed  is  con- 
trived by  lashing  a  piece  of  canvas  or  lodge- 
akin  to  the  cross-bars. 

trave,  *  trewe,  *.  [O.  Fr.  traf=  a  beam  ; 
Fr.  tref,  from  Lat.  trabemt  accus.  of  trabt, 
trabes  =  a  beam  ;  Fr.  entraver  =  to  shackle  or 
fetter  the  legs  ;  entraves  =•  shackles,  fetters.] 
[TRAVAIL,  s.] 

*  1.  A  cross-beam  ;  a  beam  or  timber-  work 
crossing  a  building. 

"  The  ceiling  and  travet  are.  after  the  Turkiah  man- 
ner, richly  painted  and  gilded."—  Haundrell  ;  Transit. 

p.   125. 

2.  A  wooden  frame  or  stocks  to  confine  a 
horse,  or  ox  while  shoeing. 

"  She  sprong  at  a  colt  doth  In  the  trate." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  S.M1 

trav  -el,  *  trav-ail,  *  trav-ell.  v.i.  &  t 
[The  same  word  as  travail  (q.v.).] 
A*  Intransit  ive  ; 

*  1.  To  labour,  to  toil,  to  travail 

If  we  labour  to  maintain  truth  and  reason,  let  not 


2.  To  pass  or  make  a  journey  from  one  place 
to  another,  either  on  foot  or  horseback,  or  on 
any  conveyance,  as  a  ship,  carriage,  &c. ;  to  go 
to  or  visit  distant  or  foreign  places ;  to  journey. 

"  Like  a  thirsty  train 

That  long  have  travell'd  through  a  desert  plain." 
Dryden  :  Virgil :  Georgia  IT.  147. 

S.  Specif.  :  To  go  about  from  place  to  place 
or  to  make  journeys  for  the  purpose  of  solicit* 


boil,  boy ;  poftt,  jowl ;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon.  oyist.    ph  =  1 
-cian.  -tlan  =  sham.   -tion.    sion  =  shun:  -Uon,  -f ion  =  zhuu.    -oious,  -tious,    BJOUB  .-  shua.   -ble,  -die,  <tc.  =  bel,  del. 


4802 


travel— traverse 


uig  or  obtaining  orders  for  goods,  collecting 
•ceounts,  &c.,  lor  u  coninit-rcial  firm  :  as,  He 
trawl  $  for  such  and  such  a  Una. 

4.  To  proceed,  move,  pass,  or  advance  in 
any  way  ;  to  make  progress. 

"  Time  travel*  in  divers  paces  with  dlven  persons." 
—Shake*?. :  At  Tou  Lite  It.  iU.  2. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  jouniey  over ;  to  traverse. 

"Thither  to  arrive 
I  travel  thia  profound-"         Mtlnn;  P.  L.,  11.  980. 

*  2.  To  cause  or  force  to  journey. 

"There  are  other  privileges  i;ranted  unto  mnet  of 
the  corporations,  that  they  sha.ll  not  be  charged  with 
garrisons,  aud  they  shall  not  be  travelled  forth  of  their 
own  franchises." — Spenter ;  State  <tf  Ireland. 

trav'-el.  «.    [TRAVEL,  v.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Labour,  toil,  travail. 

"  The  teiiita  ye  kneel  to.  hear,  ajid  ease  your  travel*." 
Beaum.  A  Wet. :  The  PUgrim.  i. 

*  2.  Parturition  ;  tlie  pains  of  childbirth. 
"  A  woman  that  will  sing  a  cateh  iu  her  travel." 

Beaum.  *  flft.  :  Knight  of  Burning  Pottle,  il. 

3.  The  act  of  travelling  or  journeying ;  a 
Journeying  to  distant  or  foreign  places. 

"  Tnitel  in  the  younger  eort  ti  a  part  of  education." 
—Bac'in  :  Kttnyt ;  Of  Travel. 

4.  (PI.):   An  account  of  occurrences  and 
observations  made  during  a  journey ;  a  book 
descriptive  of  places  seen  and  observations 
made  while  travelling. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Steam  :   The  distance  which  ihe   slide- 
valve  travels  in  one  direction  for  each  stroke 
Of  the  piston. 

2.  The  length  of  stroke  of  any  object.    Also 
known  as  the  excursion. 

*  travel -soiled,  a.    Having  the  clothes, 
Ac.,  soiled  with  travelling. 

'*  All  dripping  from  the  recent  flood. 
Panting  and  travel -toiled  he  stood." 

Scott :  lady  of  the  Lake.  lit.  tL 

travel -Stained,  a.     Travel-soiled  (q.v.). 

"Their  travel-ttai»ed  garment*  are  all  laid  down." 
.Vary  Leslie  :  Gathering  Borne. 

*  travel-tainted,  a.  Fatigued  with  trav- 
elling. 

"I  have  foundered  nine  score  and  odd  posts:  and 
here  travel-tainted  as  I  am,  have,  in  my  pure  and  im- 
maculate valour,  taken  Sir  John  ColevUle."— SbaJctfp.  : 
S  Ilenry  {V..  iv.  3. 

travelled,  3x1.  par.  &  a.    (TRAVEL,  ».] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

L  Having  made  journeys  or  travels ;  having 
gained  knowledge  or  experience  by  travelling. 

"A  well  travelled  knight  and  well  kuowen."— fier- 
neri :  Fraiuart ;  Cronyat,  voL  li.,  ch,  clxviii. 

*  2.  Carried  to  distant  parts. 

"Our  troMU'd  banners  fanning  southern  climes.* 
young  :  0»  Public  Affairt. 

3.  Experienced,  knowing. 

traV-el-ler,  *traV-el-er,  *trav-all-ler, 
*  tra-vell-er,  «.    [Fr.  travailUur,]    [TBAV- 

EL,   P.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  travels ;  one  who  makes  journeys 
or  who  is  on  his  way  from  place  to  place ;  a 
wayfarer. 


"This  wa»  a  common  opinion  among  the  Gentiles, 
that  the  goda  sometimes  assumed  hmiiau  thane,  aud 
conversed  upon  earth  with  strangers  aud  travoUert."— 


Bentley:  Sermont. 

2.  A  bona-fide  traveller.    [BoNA-riDE.] 

3.  One  who  visits  foreign  countries ;  one  who 
explores  places  or  regions  more  or  less  unknow  n. 

^  In  1815  a  Travellers' Club  was  instituted 
in  London,  the  qualification  for  membership 
being  that  the  candidate  ir.ust  have  travelled 
five  hundred  miles  or  more  in  a  direct  line 
from  tlie  British  Isles. 
It  is  still  in  existence. 

4.  One  who  travels 
from   place   to   place 
soliciting  orders  for  a 
mercantile  house  ;    * 
commercial  traveller. 

IL  Technically: 
1.   Naut. :  An  iron 
thimble,  ring,  or  grom- 
met  adapted  to  slide 
on  a  bar,  spart  or  rope. 
•  A  large  ring  of  this  TRAVELLER. 

kind  is  fitted  on  the 

bowsprit  of  a  cutter,  the  jib  tack  is  hooked 
to  it,  and  it  is  hauled  in  or  out  to  suit  jibs  of 
various  sizea. 


2.  Mach.  :  A  travelling-i-rane  (q.v.). 

3.  Spinning:  A  small  open  ring  or  metallic 
loop  about  the  race  of  a  ring,  used  in  rin^ 
spinning-frames. 

*  K  To  tip  the  traveller;  To  humbug,  in  re- 
ference to  the  marvellous  tales  of  travellers. 

"Aba  I  dost  thou  tip  me  the  traveller,  my  boy?"— 
Bmnllett :  Sir  L.  Greavet,  ch.  vi. 

traveller's  joy,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Clematis  (q.v.),  spec.  : — 

(1)  C.   Vitalba.     Gerard  seems  to  have  in- 
vented   the    popular  name    to    indicate   the 
adornment  of  the  hedges  by  means  of  tht'sr 
flowers,   and  the  pleasure   thus  afforded   to 
travellers.    (Britten  &  Holland.) 

(2)  C.   Viorna,  a  North  American  species, 
climbing,    with    pinnate!  y-comp<>uud    leaves 
and  a  large,  solitary,  campanulate,  nodding 
flower  of  purple  or  violet  colour.     It  was  in- 
troduced into  Britain  as  a  garden  plant  in 
1730. 

traveller's  tree,  s. 

Bot. ;  Urania  spedosa,  called  also  Ravenala 
Madagascar  iensis,  the  Ravenala  of  Madagascar, 
In  the  foresta  of  which  it  grows.  It  is  a  kind 
of  plantain.  The  large,  fan-shaped  leaves  are 
hollowed  oat  at  their  point  of  insertion  into  a 
spacious  cavity,  in  which  water  is  caught  and 
retained,  so  as  to  be  available  to  quench  the 
thirst  of  the  passing  traveller,  whence  the 
English  name.  A  dye  is  made  from  the  cap- 
sules, and  an  essential  oil  is  expressed  from 
the  aril  of  the  seed. 

trav'-el-Ung,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  a.    [TRAVEL,  r.] 

A.  -4s  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  used  in  travel :  as,  a 
travelling  suit,  a  travelling  bag,  or  the  like. 

2.  Incurred   in    travel:   as,  travelling   ex- 
penses. 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  one  who  travels  or 
journeys ;  travel. 

"  TraweKinff  !•  a  very  proper  part  of  the  education 
of  our  youth."— ChftterjUld :  Common  Btrue,  No.  93. 

travelling-bag,  s.  A  Hatch  el  or  carpet- 
bag. 

travelling-belt  propeller,  s. 

Marine:  A  form  of  propeller  in  which  a 
belt  traverses  over  twin-wheels. 

*  travelling-carriage,  «.   A  large  four- 
wheeled  carriage  used  by  persons  of  distinc- 
tion for  travelling  before  tne  introduction  of 
railways. 

"The  Earl's  heavy  traveHtng-emrriage  at  length 
rolled  clattering  up  the  courtyard."—  Lytton:  Oodol- 
phin,  ch.  xvi, 

travelling-crane,  *.    A  crab  for  lifting 


TRAVELLING-CRANE. 


weights,  fixed  on  a  truck  which  moves  on 
rails,  on  top  of  a  frame  or  building. 

travelling-forge,  s.  The  waggon,  with 
its  tools  and  stores,  which  accompanies  a 
battery  of  field-artillery  for  the  purpose  of 
repairs. 

*  traV-ers,  adv.  &  5.     [Fr.]    [TRAVERSE,  a.] 

A.  As  adv. :  Across,  athwart. 

"The  eric  Lazaran  caused  foreates  and  hygbe  trees 
te  be  hewen  downe,  aud  layde  trauert  one  ouer 
another."— Bernert :  Froittart  ;  Croni/cle.  vol.  11., 
ch.  xli. 

B.  At  rubft. :  A  skeleton-frame  which  holds 
the  bobbins  of  yarn,  which  are  wound  there- 
from on  to  the  warp-frame. 

traV-ers-a-ble,  a.   (Eng.  traverse,  v. ;  -able,] 

1.  Capable  of  being  traversed  or  crossed. 

"  The  r&lna  are  then  over,  the  country  eaaily  travert- 
able  for  poniea,"— field,  Jan.  IB,  1886. 

2.  Capable  of  being  traversed  or  denied. 

"But whether  that  presentment  be t ravertable,  vide 
Stamford."—  Hale :  Heat  of  the  Crown,  ch.  xxvi. 

traV-erse,  *  trav-ers,  a.,  adv.,  &  s.    [Fr. 

travers  (m.),  traverte  (f.)  =  across,  crosswise; 
traverse  =  a  cross-way,  a  hindrance  ;  traveraer 


=  to  cross  or  pass  over,  to  thwart,  from  Ijifc 
transptrsus  =  laid  across:  trans  =  across,  ai*t 
versits,  pa.  par.  of  t«rto=  to  turu  ;  Sf.  traat- 
verso,  tras verso  ;  Ital.  /roscerso.] 

A.  -4*  atlj. :  Lying  or  being  across;  being 
in  a  direction  across  something  else. 

"O;ik.  HIK!  tlie  like  true  heartr  titu^rr,  heing  atrong 
In  all  |>ositii>iia,  may  be  better  trust-  il  in  vf./t*  aua 
trover*.-  work."—  Keliquia  H'ottvniame,  \>.  11. 

B.  As  adv.  :  Atliwart,  across,  crosswise. 

"  He  through  the  avuted  file* 
Dart*  hia  e\]«r;enc«t.i  .  .  ;rr« 

The  whole  ImtUli.-u  views  their  order  due." 

Milton  .-  P.  L.,  i.  MB. 

C.  As  substantive  : 

*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Anything  lying  or  being  across  some- 
thing else  ;  a  cross  or  transverse  jik-i-c. 

2.  Sniuetlii]i,t(  j'huvil  or  drawu  acioss,  as  • 
curtain  or  the  like  ;  a  sliding  screen. 

"  Men  driuken  ;tud  the  trueer*  tlniwe  anon  : 
Tlie  bride  is  brought  a-bed  «s  still  tut  stun 

Chanc'-r  .   C.  T.,  9,991. 

3.  Something  that  crosses,  thwarts,  or  ob- 
structs ;  a  cross,  an  impediment. 

"That  religion  IB  best  which  IB  incorporated  with, 
the  actions  aud  common  travertft  of  our  life."— fitt 
Taylor  tiule  <tf  Conscience,  bk.  L,  ch.  vi. 

4.  A  fetter. 

"After  that  he  (the  Devill)  bad  fettered  the  world 
In  the  travert  of  but  toils."— Fardle  of  Faeutnt.  v.  14, 

(Pruf.) 

5.  The  act  of  traversing  or  travelling  overt 
passage. 

"  In  the  first  of  ttiose  travertet  we  were  not  able  t» 
penetrate  BO  far  north  by  eight  or  ten  leaguea."'—  Cook: 
Third  lroyuge,  bk.  vi.,  ch.  L 

6.  A  turning,  a  trick. 

"  Many  shiftee  and  subtile  travenet  were  ove«. 
wrought  by  Uii»  occasion."  —  ProcettHnyi  ayainit 
Garnet  (16M\, 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch. ;  A  transverse  piece  in  a  timber 
roof ;  a  gallery  or  loft  of  communication  iu  A 
church   or 

other    large 
building. 

2.  Fort. :  A 
short   em- 
bankment 
of    earth 
thrown  up 
to  intercept 
an     en  ti  lad- 
ing    fire 
They  are 
placed   on 
the  terre- 
plein,   be- 
tween the 
guns  on  the 
banquette, 
in  the  cov- 
ered way,be- 


TRAVKRSE. 

A.  Traverse  constructed  of  earth,  B* 
vetted  with  guliii-ns,  fMcinee.  and1 
•mnd-bac>  ;  B.  Unl-ii'u  »ml  ffuoiu* 
rarrtiHfail ;  c.  Embranure ;  D.  Gun 
platform. 


"Covering  each  gate   to  a  tnivertf 
barbican,  of  the  same  o--- 
Standard,  Nov.  11,  1BSS. 


fore  the  door  of  a  magazine,  or  wherever  there, 
is  room  and  their  protection  is  necessary. 

each  gate  is  a  truxert*  or  crenellated 
the  same  construction  as  tlie  walU." — 
•jv.  11,  18H6. 

3.  Geom. :  A  line  lying  across  a  figure  or 
other  lines ;  A  transversal. 

4.  Law:   A  denial  of   what    the  opposite 
party  has  advanced  in  any  stage  of  the  plead- 
ings.   When  the  traverse  or  denial  comes  from 
the  defendant  the  issue  is  tendered  in  this 
manner,  "and  of  this  he  puts  himself  on  the 
country."     When  the  traverse    lies   on   the 
plaintiff  he  prays  "this  may  l«  inquired  of 
by  the  country.      The  technical  words  intro- 
ducing a  traverse  are  abstrue  ftoc  =  without 
this — that  is,  without  this  which  follows. 

"Theee  tntveritt  were  greatly  enlarged  aad  regu- 
lated for  the  benefit  of  the  »ubj«ct"— Bl*ettt<nu: 
Comment.,  bk.  iii  ,  oh.  17. 

5.  Naut. :  The  zigzag  line  or  track  described 
by  a  ship  when  compelled  by  contrary  winds 
to  sail  on  different  courses. 

6.  Ordn. :   The  horizontal  sweep  of  a  gun 
to  command  different  points* 

TI  Traverse  of  an  indictment : 

Law:  t 

1.  The  denial  of  an  indictment  by  a  plea  of 
not  guilty. 

2.  The    postponement  of  the  trial  of  an 
indictment  after  a  plea  of  not  guilty  thereto ;, 
a  course  now  prohibited  by  statute. 

traverse-board,  s. 

Naut.:  A  circular  board  marked  with  the 
compass-points,  and  having  holes  and  pegs 
to  indicate  the  course  by  which  the  ship  haft- 
been  sailing.  It  is  used  for  recording  the- 
courses  run  during  a  watch. 


Ate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  euro,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    ».o9  =  e;ey  =  a;qu-  kw. 


traverse— trawling 


4803 


traverse-circle,  *. 

L  yort. :  A  circular  track  on  which  the 
Chassis  traverse-wheels  of  a  barbette  carriage, 
mounted  with  a  centre  or  rear  pintle,  run 
while  the  gun  is  being  pointed  ;  the  arrange- 
ment enabling  it  ti>  be  directed  to  any  point 
of  the  horizon.  In  permanent  fortifications  it 
is  of  iron,  and  is  let  into  the  stone-work  ;  in 
field-works  it  is  frequently  made  up  of  pieces 
of  timber  mitred  together  and  imbedded  in 
the  earth. 

2.  Newt.:  A  metallic  circle  let  into  the 
Upper  dt-ck  of  a  war  vessel  for  the  wheels  of 
a  pivot-gun  carriage  to  traverse  on. 

traverse  drill,  *. 

1.  A  drill  for  boring  slots.     Either  the  drill 
or  the  work  has  a  lateral  motion  after  the 
depth  is  attained. 

2.  A  drill  in  which  the  stock  has  a  traverse 
motion  for  adjustment. 

traverse-sailing,  s. 

Naut.  :  The  case  in  plane  sailing  where  a 
ship  makes  several  courses  in  succession,  the 
track  being  zigzag,  and  the  directions  of  it 
several  times  traversing  or  lying  more  or  less 
athwart  each  other.  For  all  these  actual 
courses  and  distances  a  single  equivalent 
imaginary  course  and  distance  may  be  found, 
which  the  ship  would  have  described  had 
she  sailed  direct  for  the  place  of  destination ; 
finding  this  single  course  is  called  working 
or  resolving  a  traverse,  and  is  effected  by 
trigonometrical  computation  or  by  the  aid  of 
the  traverse-table  (q.v.). 

traverse-saw,  *.  A  cross-cutting  saw 
which  moves  on  ways  across  the  piece. 

traverse -table,  s, 

1.  Naut. :  A  table  by  means  of  which  the 
•difference    of   latitude  and  departure  corre- 
sponding to  any  given  course  and  distance 
may  be  found  by  inspection.    It  contains  the 
lengths  of  the  two  sides  of  a  right-angled 
triangle,  usually  for  every  quarter  of  a  degree 
of  angle,  and  for  all  lengths  of  the  hypotenuse 
from  1  to  100. 

2.  Sail. :   A  platform  on  which  cars  are 
shunted  from   one   track   to  another   in   a 
-station.    (Amer.) 

traverse-warp  machine,  a.    A  form 

of  bobbin-net  machine,  so  called  from  the 
warp  traversing  instead  of  the  carriages. 
Principally  used  for  spotted  lace,  blond  edg- 
ings, and  imitation  thread  laces. 

traV-erse.  v.t.  &  i.    [TRAVERSE,  a.] 
A.  Transitive : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  cross ;  to  lay  or   place  in  a  cross 

direction. 

*'  Myself  aud  such 

As  slept  within  the  shadow  of  your  putter, 
Hare  waiidared  with  our  traverid  arm*,  and  breathed 
Our  auffermice  vainly."  Shaketp- :  Timon,  V.  4. 

2.  To  wander  over ;  to  travel  over ;  to  cross 
or  pass  over  in  travelling. 

**  Cop»e«  they  traverse,  brooks  they  emu, 
Strain  up  the  bank  aud  o'er  the  moss.' 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Itlei,  v.  20. 

3.  To  cross  by  way  of  opposition ;  to  thwart, 
to  obstruct ;  to  bring  to  nought. 

"  The  sciuadroii  fitted  out  by  the  court  of  Spain  to 
attend  our  motions,  and  trarvrt*  our  project*."— 
Anton  :  roytiget.  bk.  i.,  ch.  ilL 

*  4.  To  pass  over  and  view ;  to  survey  care- 
inlly ;  to  review. 

"  My  purpose  Is  to  travertc  the  nature,  prlnoiplea, 
and  properties  of  thin  detestable  vice,  iugratitude."— 
South. 

5.  To  deny :  as,  To  traverse  a  statement. 
{II.  2.J 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  To  plane  in  a  direction  across 
the  grain  of  the  wood  :  as,  To  traverse  a  board. 

2.  Law :  To  deny  what  the  opposite  party 
has  alleged.    When  the  plaintiff  or  defendant 
advances  new  matter,  he  avers  it  to  be  true, 
and    traverses    what    the    other   party    has 
affirmed. 

"  It  was  the  duty  of  the  plaintiff  where  the  meaning 
was  traversed,  as  in  this  case,  to  prove  what  the 
meaning  was."— Daily  Telegraph,  March  14.  1887. 

3.  Qrdn. :  To  turn  and  point  in  any  direc- 
tion :  as,  To  traverse  a  gun. 

B,  Intransitive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  turn,  as  on  a  pivot;  to  move  or  tarn 
round  ;  to  swivel :  as,  The  needle  of  a  compass 
traverses. 


*  2.  To  walk,  to  pass,  to  move. 

"  They  watched  the  motions  of  eome  foe, 
Who  triuMrted  ou  the  plain  below." 

Scott  :  Marmion.  T!.  18. 
EL  Technically: 

•  1.  Fencing  :  To  use  the  posture  or  motions 
of  opposition  or  counteraction. 

"  To  see  thee  light,  to  see  tliee  loin,  to  see  thee 
tratertc."—  SAo*e»/\  :  JKtrry  Wive*,  ll  ». 

2.  Manege  :  To  walk  or  move  crosswise,  as 
a  horse  that  throws  his  croup  to  one  side  and 
his  head  to  the  other. 

H  (1)3*0  traverse  an  indictment:  [TRAVERSE. 

«.m- 

(2)  To  traverse  h  yard: 
Naut.  :  To  brace  it  aft. 

(3)  Traverse  of  an  office: 

Law:  Proof  that  an  inquisition  made  of 
lands  or  goods  by  the  escheator  is  defective 
and  untruly  made.  (Wharton.) 

traV-ersed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [TRAVERSE,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Crossed,  passed  over. 

2.  Her.  :  Turned  to  the  sinister  side  of  the 
shield. 

trav  -er-  sell    ite,  *.     [After  Travel-Bella, 

Piedmont,  where  found  ;  sun",  -ite  (Miw.).] 
Mineralogy  ;  . 

1.  A  variety  of  pyroxene  (q.v.),  containing 
little  or  no  alumina,  occurring  in  long,  trans- 
parent  crystals,   with    marked    longitudinal 
strife,    frequently   green    and    colourless   at 
opposite  ends. 

2.  A    leek-green    pyroxene  (q.v.),  opaque, 
with  a  fibrous  structure,  frequently  terminat- 
ing in  asbestiform  threads. 

trav'-ers-er,  s.    [Eng.  traverse),  v.  ;  -er.} 
L  Ord,    Lang.  :    One,    who    traverses  ;    a 

traveller. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Law  :  One  who  traverses  or  denies  a  plea  ; 
a  prisoner,  or  person  indicted. 

2.  RaiL-eng.  :  A  traverse-table  (q.v.)- 
trav'-ers-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.   [TRAVERSE,  v.} 

A.  A  B.  At  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst.  :  The  act  of  one  who  traverses. 
traversing  bed  planer,  s. 
Wood-work.  :  A  planer  in  which  the  bed 

carrying  the  work  is  caused  to  traverse 
beneath  the  revolving  cutters,  instead,  as  is 
usually  the  case,  of  the  work  being  advanced 
over  the  stationary  table. 

traversing  jack,  s. 

1.  A  jack  used  for  engines  or  carriages  upon 
the  rails. 

2.  A  lifting   apparatus,   the   standard   of 
which  has  a  movement  on  its  bed,  enabling  it 
to  be  applied  to  different  parts  of  an  object, 
or    used    for   shifting   objects    horizontally 
without  moving  the  bed. 

traversing  plate,  s. 

Ordn.  :  A  plate  at  the  hinder  part  of  a  gun- 
carriage,  where  the  handspike  is  applied  to 
traversing  the  piece. 

tr  aver  sing-platform,  s. 

Fort.  :  A  platform  provided  for  guns  which 
are  pivoted  so  as  to  sweep  the  horizon,  or  a 
part  of  it. 

traversing  -pulley,  *.  A  pulley  so 
arranged  as  to  traverse  upon  a  rope  or  rod. 
It  is  used  in  communicating  by  a  rope  between 
a  stranded  ship  and  the  shore  ;  in  conveying 
bricks  or  building  materials  on  to  a  scaffold 
or  building,  and  other  similar  purposes. 

trav'-er-tine,  s.     (A  corrupt,  of  tiburtine, 
the  lapis  tiburtinus  of  Vitruvlus  and  Pliny.] 

Min.  <t  Petrol.  :  A  cellular  calc-tufa,  de- 
posited by  waters  holding  much  carbonate  of 
lime  in  solution.  Near  Tivoli  it  occurs  of 
extraordinary  thickness. 

*  tra-vest',  v.t.    [TRAVESTY.]    To  make  a  tra- 
vesty on  ;  to  travesty. 

"  I  see  poor  Luean  trnveited,  not  apparelled  In  his 
R  mi.  in  toga,  but  under  the  cruel  sheen  of  an  English 
tailor."—  £mtlev  :  PhiMeutherut  Liptieniti,  |  M. 


trav  es  tie,  cu  &  $.  [Pr. 
travesti,  pa.  par.  of  se  travestir  =  to  disguise 
one's  self:  tra~  (Lat.  trans)  =  across  (hence 


implying  change),  aud  vestir  (Lat.  vestio)  =tO 
clothe.} 

*  A.  As  adj.:  Having  an  unusual  dress; 
disguised  in  dress,  so  as  to  be  ridiculous; 
travestied. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  A  literary  terra  used  to  denote  a  bur- 
lesque treatment  of  a  subject  which  has  been 
originally  handled  in  a  lofty  or  serious  style. 
It  differs  from  a  mrudy  in  that  in  travesty 
the  characters  and  the  subject-matter  remaim 
substantially  the  same,  while  the  language 
becomes   grotesque,   frivolous,    and    absurd, 
whereas  in  a  parody  the  subject- matter  and 
characters  are  changed,  and  the  language  and 
style  of  the  original  humorously  imitated. 

"  Accusing  him  in  very  high  and  solier  terms  of 
profaiifUCM  and  1  in  moral]  ty  on  a  mere  report  from 
Edni.  Curll.  that  tie  wa>  author  of  a  trai-ettie  on  the 
first  psalm."— Pol* :  llundad,  bk.  ii.,  Item,  ou  v.  268. 

2.  An    in  intentional  burlesque ;   a  misre- 
presentation so  gross  as  to  be  ridiculous. 

trav'-e's-t$f,  v.t.  [TRAVESTY,  a.]  To  make  a 
travesty  on ;  to  treat  so  as  to  render  ridicu- 
lous, as  something  that  has  originally  been 
handled  in  a  lofty  and  serious  style ;  to  bur- 
lesque ;  to  parody. 

"  It  need  not  be  said  that  it  went  Immeasurably 
beyond  the  facts,  which  it  absolutely  distorted  aud 
travfttifd." — Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  9,  1885. 

trav  -  is,  *  trav  eis,  s.    [TRAVK.] 

1.  The  same  as  TKAVE  (1). 

2.  The  same  as  TRAVE  (2). 

3.  A  partition  between  two  stalls  in  a  stable. 

trawl,  v.i.  [0.  Fr.  trauter,  troUer=.to  go 
hither  and  thither  ;  Fr.  troler—  to  drag  about.] 
To  fish  with  a  trawl-net. 

"  There  are  some  good  plaice  now  to  be  taken  In  oar 
bays  by  trawling."— Field,  Aug.  ft",  1887. 

trawl,  s.    [TRAWL,  v.] 

1.  A  long  line,  sometimes   upwards  of  a 
mile  in  length,  from  which  short  lines  witk 
baited  hooks   are    suspended,   used  in  cod, 
ling,  haddock,  and  mackerel  fishing. 

2.  A  trawl-net  (q.v.). 

trawl -beam,  s.  The  wooden  beam  by 
which  the  mouth  of  a  trawl-net  is  kept  ex- 
tended. It  is  usually  about  forty  feet  long. 

trawl-boat, «. 

Naut. :  Aboat  used  in  fishing  with  trawl-nets. 

trawl-head,  s.  One  of  two  upright  iron 
frames  at  either  extremity  of  the  trawl-beam, 
which  assist  by  their  weight  to  keep  the 
trawl-net  on  the  ground. 

trawl-net,  s.  A  net  dragged  along  the 
sea-bottom  to  gather  forms  of  marine  life.  It 
is  a  dredge,  and  is  made  of  heavy  and  coarse 
materials  for  oyster  men,  and  of  various  kinds 
and  sizes  for  naturalists. 

trawl-roller,  «.  A  roller  having  a  num- 
ber of  grooves  cut  in  its  periphery,  and  at- 
tached to  the  side  of  the  wherry  or  dory,  and 
over  which  the  trawls  are  drawn  into  the  boat. 

trawl-warp,  «.  A  rope  passing  through 
a  block  and  used  in  dragging  a  trawl-net. 

trawl -er,  *.    [Eng.  trawl,  v. ;  -er.) 

1.  One  who  trawls ;  one  who  fishes  with  ft 
trawl-net. 

2.  A  fishing  vessel  which  uses  a  trawl-net. 

"The  trawler*  on  a  few  occasions  have  delivered 
from  ilxty  to  a  hundred  dozen  hake.'  —  Field,  April  4. 
1885. 

'trawler-man,  s.  A  fisherman  who 
used  unlawful  arts  or  engines  to  catch  fish. 
(Cowell.) 

trawl -ing,  «.  [TRAWL,  v.]  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  fishing  with  a  trawl-net.  It  is  the 
mode  usually  adopted  for  deep-sea  fishing, 
the  fish  generally  caught  being  cod,  hake, 
whiting,  and  soles.  Trawling  is  only  adapted 
for  a  smooth  bottom,  as  a  rough  bottom  would 
destroy  the  net  The  term  is  also  applied  in 
Scotland,  to  a  mode  of  catching  herrings  with 
a  seine-net. 

«f  In  the  hank-fisheries  off  the  coast  of  New 
England  the  French  trawl  system  is  usually 
employed,  viz.:  by  the  use  of  a  Jong  line 
extended  along  the  bottom  of  the  ocean,  secured 
at  each  end  by  small  anchors,  which  are 
buoyed  by  means  of  buoy  lines  leading  to 
floating  kegs,  each  witti  a  short  staff  and  flag. 
Hooks  are  attached  to  the  trawl  line  five  fe«t 
apart.  These  trawls  are  from  500  to  1500  feet 
long,  and  are  left  set  from  12  to  24  hours. 


boll,  bo~y ;  po*ut,  jowl;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  (his;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
"daa,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -«ion  =  shun;  -fion,  -»ion-xnun.    -clous,  -tioua.  -siou*  =  shns,    -ble, -die,  &c.  =  bci.  del. 


4804 


tray— tread 


Trawling  with  gill  nets  is  also  practiced  to 
Borne  extent,  the  location  of  the  nets  being 
similarly  indicated  by  floats  bearing  flags.  In 
Britain  there  is  strong  objection  made  to 
trawling  inshore,  or  in  estuaries  or  land-locked 
bays,  as  destroying  the  spawn  of  food-fishes. 

tray  (1),  'trey,  •  trele,  *  treye,  «.     [A.S. 
treg  =  a  tray  ;  cogn.  with  troh  =  a  trough.) 

1.  A  small  shallow  trough  or  wooden  vessel, 
sometimes  scooped  out  of  a  piece  of  tiiul»T 
and  made  hollow  ;  used  for  various  domestic 
purposes,  as  kneading,  mincing,  44c.  ;  a  trough 
generally. 

"  A  gardener,  of  peculiar  taste. 
On  n  young  hoe  his  favour  plac'd. 
Who  fed  not  with  the  common  herd; 
His  trai  wai  to  the  hall  preferr'd." 

Bay:  ratle  t. 

2.  A  flat   receptacle    for  handing  glasses, 
dishes,  and  what  not.    Known  by  names  in- 
dicating  material    or   purposes,    as   papier- 
mache,  tin,  silver,  tea,  bread.    Also  known  as 
a  waiter,  or  salver. 

3.  (See  extract.) 

"I  have  heard  or  read  of  theM  'wicker  hurdles' 
being  called  'trayl.'bat  I  do  not  now  recollect  in  what 
district  I  do.  however,  remember  the  phrase.  •  the 
aheep  showed  well  in  the  trays.'  which  was  explained 
to  mean  the  small  square  pens  of  hurdles,  into  which, 
at  auctions  or  lambing  time,  small  lota  of  aheep  are 
separated."—  field,  Jan.  23.  1886. 

*  tray-trip,  s.  Some  kind  of  game  at 
dice,  not  now  understood. 

"Shall  I  play  my  freedom  at  frasr^rlp,  and  become 
thy  bond  slave  »"—  Skakeip.  :  Twelfth  xioht,  11.  6. 

tray  (2),  ».    [Fr.  trois  =  three.]    A  projection 
on  the  antler  of  a  stag. 

"  With  brow,  bay,  troy,  and  crocket*  complete."— 
W.  Blaet.  (Annandale.] 

*teaye,  *.    [A.8.freya  =  vexation,  annoyance.] 
Trouble,  annoyance,  anger. 

H  Half  in  trayt  and  tern:  Half  in  sorrow, 
naif  in  anger. 

•tre,  ».    [TREE,  «.] 

•treach'-er,  *  trea;h'-dur,  •  trech-our. 
"treceh-orr,  'tryoh-or.  «.     [O.  Fr. 

tricheor  ;  Fr.  tricheur  =  a  trickster,  from  O.  Fr. 
tricher,  trickier,  trecher  =  to  cheat,  to  cozen, 
from  M.  H.  Oer.  trechen  =  to  draw,  push,  en- 
tice ;  cf.  Dut.  trek  =  a  draught,  a  trick.] 
{TRICK,  «.]  A  traitor. 

"To  this  by  theym  wae  answered,  that  thej  myght 
Hat  come  to  the  counsayll  of  trnhaurl  and  guylefull 
men.  "-/•<!»»<•»  :  dtronfcle,  ch.  ccxL 

trgn,9h   er-ous,  *  trech-er  ous,  a.    [Eng. 
*  trencher  ;  -ous.] 

1.  Characterized  by  oractingwith  treachery; 
violating  allegiance,  traitorous  ;  betraying  a 
trust,  disloyal. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  Involving  treachery  : 
of  the  nature  of  treachery. 

"The  promontory.  .  .  I  named  Traitor's  Head,  from 
" 


3.  Having  a  good,  fair,  or  sound  appearance, 
but  worthless  or  bad  in  character  or  nature  ; 
deceptive,  illusory  ;  not  to  be  depended  on  : 
as,  treacherous  ice,  a  treacherous  memory. 

trea9h'  er-ous  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  treacherous; 
•ly.]  In  a  treacherous  manner  ;  by  violating 
allegiance  or  faith  pledged  ;  perfidiously,  faith- 
lessly, traitorously. 

"  Like  to  >  spaniell  waytinu  carefully 
Lest  any  should  betray  his  lady  tre<icnerouely~ 
Spatter:  f.  «.,  V.  »L  as. 

tr6a9h  er  ouB-ncss,  ».  [Eng.  treacherous; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  treacher- 
ous ;  breach  of  allegiance  or  faith  ;  faithless- 
ness ;  pertidiousness,  deceptiveness. 

rea9h'-er-y,  *  trech  -  er-le,  "trecch- 
er-ye.  'treoh-er-y,  *trlch-er-le,  s. 

[Fr.  tricherie,  from  {richer  =  to  cheat,  to  cozen  ] 
[TRExajER.]  Violation  of  allegiance,  or  of 
faith  u,  Confidence  ;  treason,  perfidy,  treacher- 
ous conduct. 

"  In  the  Gtbal  Itself  the  signi  of  disunion  and 
treacheri  began  to  appear."—  XacatOaf  .-  JIM.  Kno., 

•trgach'-et-our,  s.  [TREACHEB.]  A  traitor. 
(Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II.  x.  51.) 

trea  -de,  *  tri'-a-ole,  ».  [Fr.  triacle,  from 
theriairue,  from  Lat.  theriaca,  theriace  —  an 
antidote  against  the  bite  of  serpents  or  against 
poison,  from  Or.  »»piaicos  (thlriakos)  =  belong- 
ing to  wild  or  venomous  animals  ;  tr,piw 
(thtrion)  =  a  wild  beast  ;  (rnpioxi)  (Oimaki)  = 
»n  antidote  against  the  bite  of  poisonous 


animals.  Trench  says  it  was  made  of  viper's 
flesh,  and  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
viper  mentioned  in  Acts  xxviii.  5  is  called 
0»ptop  (therion).']  [THEBIAC.] 

*  1.  An  alleged  antidote  to  the  venom  of 
serpents  and  other  poisonous  animals,  made 
of  viper's  flesh. 

"  For  a  most  strong  treacle  against  these  venomous 
heresies  wrought  our  Saviour  many  a  marvellous 
miracle."— JtfDre:  Works;  Treatue  on  the  Pauion, 

2.  The  spume  of  sugar  in  sugar-refineries ; 
so  called  from  resembling  the  ancient  com- 
pound in  appearance  or  supposed  medicinal 
properties.     Treacle  is  obtained  in  refining 
sugar;   molasses  is  the  drainings  of  crude 
sugar.    The  terms,  however,  are  frequently 
used  as  synonymous. 

3.  A  saccharine  fluid,  consisting  of  the  In- 
spissated juices  or  decoctions  of  certain  vege- 
tables, as  the  sap  of  the  birch,  sycamore,  &c, 

4.  Pharm. :  In  doses  of  a  teaspoonful  and 
upwards  treacle   is  a  slight  laxative.     It  is 
often  given  to  children  in  combination  with 
sulphur. 

U  English  treacle  : 

Bot. :  Teucrium  Scordium. 

treacle-mustard,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  Clypeola,  a  cruciferous  genus 
(London,  <tc.).  (2)  Erysimum  cheiranthoides,  a 
British  crucifer,  one  or  two  feet  high,  with 
lanceolate  leaves,  yellow  flowers,  and  short, 
nearly  erect  pods.  It  Is  found  chieny  in  the 
South  of  England,  and  is  considered  by  Wat- 
son to  be  colonist.  So  named  because  it  was 
formerly  used  as  an  ingredient  in  Venice 
treacle,  a  vermifuge  once  much  in  vogue 
(Prior).  (3)  Thlaspi  anense  (Britten  it  Hol- 
land). [TREACLEWORT.] 

treacle-water,  s.  A  compound  cordial, 
distilled  with  a  spirituous  menstruum  from 
any  cordial  and  sudorific  drugs  and  herbs, 
with  a  mixture  of  Venice  treacle  or  theriac. 

treacle   worm-seed,  «.     [TREACLE- 

MUSTARD  (2).] 

trea'-cle-wort,  s.    [Eng.  treacle,  and  wort.] 
Bot.:  Thlaspi arnnje. 

trea'-cly.  o.  [Eng.  treacle);  -y.]  Composed  of 
or  resembling  treacle ;  of  the  nature  of  treacle, 

tread,  'trede  (pa.  t.  'trad,  *  trade,  trod; 
pa.  par.  » treden,  'troden,  trodden),  v.i.  &  t. 
[A.8.  tredan  (pa.  t.  trad,  pa.  par.  freden);  cogn. 
with  Dut.  treden ;  Oer.  treten  (pa.  t.  trot,  pa. 
par.  gelreten);  Dan.  trtxde :  Sw.  trada;  Goth. 
trudan  (pa.  t.  troth)  ;  Icel.  trodha  (pa,  t  tradh, 
pa.  par.  trodhinn).] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  set  the  foot  down  on  the  ground ;  to 
press  with  the  foot. 

"Triad  softly."  Shateip.  :  TempeH,  IT. 

2.  To  be  set  down  on  the  ground ;  to  press, 

"Every  place  wheraon  the  soles  of  your  feet  shall 

tread  shall  be  yours."—  Deut.  xl.  24. 

3.  To  walk  or  move  with  a  more  or  less 
measured,  stately,  guarded,  or  cautious  step. 

"[Ye  that]  stately  tread  or  lowly  creep. ' 

Milton:  P.  £,  v.JOl. 

4.  To  move,  to  follow,  to  act. 

"  Instead  of  treading  in  their  footstep*."— Reynold!  : 
Inicourtei,  vol.  L.  disc,  i 

5.  To  copulate.    (Now  said  only  of  the  male 
bird.) 

•  When  shepherds  pipe  on  oaten  straws ; 
When  turtles  tread." 

Shatelp.  :  Lmil  Labour'l  LM,  V.  «, 

B.  Transitive: 

L  To  step  on,  to  walk  on. 

"Tia  hostile  ground  von  tread." 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  x  r.  80ft 

2.  To  crush  under  the  foot;  to  stamp  or 
trample  on. 

"  Through  thy  name  will  we  trt'id  them  under  that 
rue  up  against  us."— Pialm  xliv.  s. 

3.  To  accomplish,  perform,  or  execute  with 
the  feet ;  to  walk,  to  dance. 

"  They  have  measured  many  a  mile 
To  tread  a  measure  with  you  on  this  grass." 

ShaJcetp. :  Love  I  Labour'l  Loft.  T.  1 

4.  To  put  in  action  by  the  feet. 

"They  tread  their  wine- presses,  and  suffer  thirst"— 
Job  xxiv.  11. 

5.  To  copulate  with;  to  cover.     (Said  of 
male  birds.) 

"The  cock  that  treadi  them." 

Shaketp. :  Pauionate  Pilgrim,  an. 

II  1.  To-  tread  down :  To  crush  or  destroy, 
u  by  walking  or  stamping  on. 

"  Tread  dtnm  the  wicked."  Wot  xl  IX 


2.  To  tread  on  (or  upon) : 

(1)  Lit. :  To  stamp  or  trample  on ;  to  set 
the  foot  on,  as  in  contempt. 

"  Triumphantly  tread  on  thy  country's  ruin. 
And  bear  the  palm."      Shakeip. :  Coriolanui,  V.  8. 

(2)  Fig. :  To  follow  closely. 

3.  To  tread  on  (or  upon)  the  hecli  of:  To 
follow  close  upon. 

**  With  many  hundreds  treading  on  ha  hstU.' 

Stalcelp.  .•  Sing  Joan.  ir.  f. 

4.  To  tread  out : 

(1)  To  press  out  with  the  feet  by  stamping. 
"Thou  Shalt  not  muzzle  the  ox  when  he  treadeth 

out  toe  corn.  —Deuteronomy  xxv.  t 

(2)  To  destroy,  extinguish,  or  put  out  by 
stamping  or  treading  on. 

"  A  little  fire  la  quickly  trodden  out." 

Shake!?.  :  a  Henri  I'/..  IT.  i. 

5.  To  tread  the  stage  (or  boards) :  To  act  as  s> 
stage-player  ;  to  play  in  a  drama. 

6.  To  tread  under  foot: 

(1)  Lit. :  To  tread  or  stamp  on. 

(2)  Fig. :  To  set  the  foot  on,  as  in  contempt; 
to  treat  with  contempt. 

7.  To  tread  water:  In  swimming,  to  move 
the  feet  and  hands  regularly  up  and  down, 
while  keeping  the  body  in  an  erect  position, 
in  order  to  keep  the  head  above  the  water,  an 
when  a  swimmer  is  tired  or  the  like. 

tread,  «.    [TREAD,  v.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  step,  a  stepping,  a  footstep ;  a  press- 
ing with  the  feet ;  walk. 

"  He  could  hear,  like  a  sentinel's  tread, 
The  watchful  night-wind." 

Longfellow.-  Landlord" I  Tale. 

2.  Manner  of  stepping  :  as,  That  horse  ha* 
ft  good  tread. 

*  3.  Way,  track,  path,  road. 

"Cromwell  Is  the  king's  secretary  ;  further 
Stands  in  the  gap  and  tread  for  more  preferment." 
.Iknkelp.  ;  Senn  fill..  V.  L 

4.  The  act  of  copulating  in  birds. 
6.  The  cicatrice  or  germinating  point  on  the 
yolk  of  an  egg. 

6.  That  part  of  the  sole  of  a  boot  or  shoe 
which  touches  the  ground  in  walking. 

7.  The  part  of  a  stilt  upon  which  the  fool 
rests. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  The  flat  part  of  a  step. 

2.  Fort. :   The  top  of  the   banquette,  on 
which  the  soldiers  stand  to  fire. 

3.  Lathe:   The  upper  surface  of  the    bed 
between  the  Deadstock  and  the  back  centre. 

4.  Railway: 

(1)  The  part  of  a  wheel  which  bears  upon 
the  rail. 

(2)  The  part  of  a  rail  upon  which  the  wheels 
bear. 

5.  Shipwright. :  The  length  of  a  ship's  keel. 

6.  Vehicles  :  Thebearingsurfaceof  the  wheel* 
of  a  carriage  or  of  the  runners  of  a  sled. 

•  tread-behind,  ».    A  doubling ;  an  en- 
deavour to  escape  by  doubling. 

"  Hla  tricks  and  tracks  and  treaA.beftir.iit." 

ffaylor :  Reynard  the  Fox,  p.  SO. 

tread-softly,  s. 

Bot.:  Cnidoscolus  stimulant;  a  euphorbia- 
ceous  plant  growing  in  the  Southern  States 
of  America.  It  has  palmately-lobed  leaves, 
with  spreading  hairs,  which,  when  trodden 
upon  by  the  bare  feet  of  the  negroes,  sting 
them  severely  ;  hence  the  English  name. 

tread -wheel,  «. 

A  wheel  turned  by  men 
or  animals,  either  by 
climbing  or  pushing 
with  the  feet  In  one 
form  employed  for 


THUD- WHEEL. 


raising  water  a  rope  is  wound  directly  around 
the  axle,  and  has  a  bucket  at  each  end  ;  these 


Sto,  t&t,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marina ;  go,  pot. 
•r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  ctib,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  lull;  try.  Syrian.    «,  09  =  e;  ey  -•;  qu  =  lew. 


treader— treasurer 


4805 


are  alternately  raised  ami  lowered  by  re- 
versing the  movement  of  the  wheel.  A  form 
of  tread-wheel  in  which  a  donkey  walks  inside 
of  a  lar^e  wheel  is  used  In  pumping  from  the 
deep  well  <>f  Citrisbrook  Castle ;  turn-spit 
dogs  were  formerly  used  in  turning  the  spit 
upon  which  meat  was  roasted  ;  and  dogs  are 
employed  in  some  dairies  to  turn  the  barrel- 
churns  or  agitate  the  vertical  dashers  of 
plunder-churns.  Like  the  modern  treadmill, 
the  tread-wheel  was  formerly  used  as  a  means 
of  punishment  and  prison  discipline. 

"  At  one  uf  the  provincial  prisons,  at  which  *  simi- 
lar use  of  the  trend-wheel  waa  made,  the  authorities 
recently  declared  that  they  could  buy  flour  chenper 
thau  they  could  grind  it."—  Dotty  Jfewi,  Feb.  21,  ls-7. 

tread' -er,  s.  [Eng.  tread,  v. ;  ~er.]  One  who 
treads, 

"  The  treadfn  shall  tread  out  no  wine  la  their 
presses."—  /MiaA  xvi.  10. 

tread  -le  (le  as  el),  *  trcd  die,  *  tred-yl, 
*.  {A.S.  tredel.]'  [TREAD.] 

1.  A  foot-1'jver  connected  by  a  rod  to  a 
crank   to   give  motion  to  a   lathe,  sewing- 
machine,  circular  saw,  or  other  small  mechan- 
ism.    A  treadle    is  distinct  from   a    pedal, 
whose  use  is  in  musical  instruments  to  raise 
a  damper,  open  a  valve,  work  a  bellows,  or 
what  not,  and  is  not  designed  to  produce  a 
rotary  motion. 

"  While  with  her  foot  on  the  treadle  she  guided  the 
wheel."  LonoftUou :  Mite*  stnmliib,  lit 

2.  The  albuminous  cords  which  unite  the 
yolk  of  the  egg  to  the  white ;  so  called,  because 
formerly  believed  to  be  the  sperm  of  the  cock. 

tread' -mUl,  s.  [Eng.  trend,  and  mill.]  A 
wheel  driven  by  the  weight  of  persons  tread- 
ing  upon  the  steps  of  the  periphery.  It  is 
usually  employed  in  prisons,  where  it  forms 
part  of  the  "  hard  labour "  of  persons  con- 
victed. The  usual  form  is  a  wheel  sixteen  feet 
long  and  five  in  diameter,  several  such  wheels 
being  coupled  together  when  necessary  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  prisoners.  The 
circumference  of  each  has  twenty-four  equi- 
distant steps.  Each  prisoner  works  in  a 


TREADMILL. 

•eparate  compartment,  and  has  the  benefit 
of  a  hand-rail.  The  wheel  makes  two  revolu- 
tions per  minute,  which  is  equivalent  to  a 
vertical  ascent  of  thirty-two  feet.  The  power 
may  be  utilized  in  grinding  grain  or  turning 
machinery.  The  treadmill  is  a  feature  of 
English  prison  discipline,  and  sometimes  is 
not  revolved  to  any  useful  effect,  a  brake 
being  simply  attached  to  the  axle,  forming  a 
seat  for  the  warder,  who  regulates  the  work 
or  speed  by  moving  toward  or  from  the  outer 
end  of  the  lever.  Its  use,  as  part  of  the 
machinery  of  "hard  labour"  in  prisons,  is  now 
greatly  restricted,  as  the  weak  and  the  strong 
*ra  by  it  compelled  to  equal  exertion. 

•treague,  s.  [Sp.,  Port.,  &  ItaL  tngua;  Low 
Lat.  treuga,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  trivwa;  Goth. 
triggva,]  [Taucz,  TRUE.]  A  truce. 

"  She  them  besought,  daring  their  quiet  treayue, 
Iiito  her  lodgings  to  repairs  a  while." 

Sptnter:  F.  Q.,  II.  1L  88. 

trcas  on,  •  trais -on,  *  trays-on,  *  treis - 
on,  *  treis-un,  *  trcs  on,  *  trcs-oun,  s. 

[O.  Fr.  traismi  (Fr.  trahisori),  from  Lat.  tradi- 
tionem  =  a  handing  over,  surrender,  from 
trado  =  to  hand  over  ;  O.  Fr.  trair  (Fr, 
traftir)  =  to  betray.]  [TRADITION,  TRAITOR.] 
A  letraying,  treachery,  or  breach  of  faith, 
especially  by  a  subject  against  his  sovereign, 
liege  lord,  or  chief  authority  of  a  state.  There 
were  a  number  of  different  species  of  treason 
against  the  sovereign,  according  to  English 
Statute  law  dating  from  the  time  of  Ed- 
ward III. 


1.  Compassing  or  imagining  the  death  of 
the  king,  of  his  queen,  or  of  the  eldest  son 
and  heir. 

2.  The  second  species  of  treason  is,  "  if  a 
man  do  violate  the  king's  companion,  or  the 
king's  eldest  daughter  unmarried,  or  the  wife 
of  the  king's  eldest  son  and  heir."    By  the 
king's  companion  is  meant  his  wife  ;  and  by 
violation  is  understood  carnal  knowledge,  as 
well  without  force  as  with  it ;  and  this  is  high 
treason  in  both  parties,  if  both  be  consenting. 
The  plain  intention  of  this  law  is  to  guard  the 
blood  royal  from  any  suspicion  of  bastardy, 
whereby  the  succession  to  the  crown  might 
be  rendered  dubious. 

3.  The  third  species  of  treason  is,  "if  a 
man  do  levy  war  against  our  lord  the  king  in 
his  realm."    And  this  may  be  done  by  taking 
arms,   not  only  to  dethrone   the  king,  but 
under  pretence  to  reform  religion,  or  the  laws, 
or  to  remove  evil  counsellors,  or  other  griev- 
ances whether  real  or  pretended. 

4.  "If  a  man  be  adherent  to  the  king's 
enemies  in  his  realm,  giving  to  them  aid  and 
comfort  in  the  realm,  or  elsewhere,  he  is  guilty 
of  high  treason."  This  must  likewise  be  proved 
by  some  overt  act,  as  by  giving  them  intelli- 
gence, by  sending  them  provisions,  by  selling 
them  arms,  by  treacherously  surrendering  a 
fortress  or  the  like. 

5.  "  If  a  man  counterfeit  the  king's  great  or 
privy  seal,"  this  is  also  high  treason. 

6.  The  next  species  of  treason  mentioned  in 
the  statute  is,"  if  a  man  counterfeit  the  king's 
money  ;  and  if  a  man  bring  false  money  into 
the  realm  counterfeit  to  the  money  of  Eng. 
laud,  knowing  the  money  to  be  false,  to  mer- 
chandise and  make  payment  withal." 

7.  The  last  species  of  treason  ascertained 
by  this  statute,  is  "if  a  man  slay  the  chan- 
cellor, treasurer,  or  the  king's  justices  of  the 
one  bench  or  the  other,  justices  in  eyre,  or 
justices    ef    assize,    and   all   other  justices 
assigned   to   hear  and   determine,  being  in 
their  places  doing  their  offices." 

Of  these  forma  of  treason  the  three  numbered 
6,  6,  and  7  are  not  now  regarded  as  such.  In 
the  United  States  treason  against  the  ruler 
cannot  exist,  the  people  in  their  collective 
capacity  being  sovereign,  and  the  President 
the  chosen  servant  of  their  will.  Treason  here, 
therefore,  is  limited  to  levying  war  against  the 
country  or  in  giving  aid  and  comfort  to  the 
enemies  of  the  state.  It  implies  the  assembling 
of  a  body  of  men  forthe  purpose  of  overturning 
or  resisting  the  government  by  force.  Treason 
was  formerly  punished  by  the  condemned 
person  being  drawn  on  a  hurdle  to  the  place 
of  execution,  there  hanged  and  disembowelled, 
and  afterwards  beheaded  and  quartered,  a 
conviction  being  followed  by  attainder  and 
forfeiture  of  lands  and  goods.  The  punishment 
for  treason  in  England  is  now  hanging  only. 
In  the  United  States  it  is  death,  or,  at  the 
discretion  of  the  court,  imprisonment  with 
hard  labor  for  not  less  than  five  years  and  a 
fine  of  not  less  than  $10,000. 

"  On  this  occasion  the  Parliament  supposed  him  to 
have  been  guilty  only  of  a  aingle  treason,  and  tent  him 
to  the  Guile  of  Edinburgh  "-ilacaulay:  Hist.  Eng., 
ch.  xxi. 

treason-felony,  s. 

English  Law:  The  offence  of  compassing 
or  devising,  or  intending  to  depose  or  deprive 
the  present  queen  from  ner  throne,  or  to  levy 
war  within  the  realm,  in  order  to  forcibly 
compel  her  to  change  her  measures,  or  to  in- 
timidate either  House  of  Parliament,  or  to 
excite  an  invasion  in  any  of  her  Majesty's 
dominions.  Treason -felony  was  defined  by 
the  Crown  and  Government  Security  Act, 
11  Viet.,  c,  12  (1848),  by  which  certain  trea- 
sons, till  then  capital  offences,  were  mitigated 
to  felonies,  punishable  with  penal  servitude 
for  life,  or  for  any  term  not  less  than  five 
years.  The  Fenians  in  Ireland  were  tried 
under  this  act  in  1865  and  1866. 

treas'-on-a-ble,  a,     [Eng.   treason;  -able.] 

Pertaining  to  or  involving  the  crime  of 
treason;  consisting  of  or  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  treason. 

"  In  these  dens  were  manufactured  trmtonabte- 
works  of  all  classes  and eizea."—  Macaulajt;  Hist.  Eng,, 
ch.  xvi. 

treas'-on-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  treasonable; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  treason- 
able. 

treas'-on-a-biy,  adv.  [Eng.  treasonable); 
•ly.]  In  a  treasonable  manner  ;  by  treason. 


*  treos  on-ous,  a.  [Eng.  treason ;  -out,] 
Treasonable. 

"  Were  it  a  draught  for  Juno  when  she  banquet*, 
I  would  not  taste  thy  treatonout  offer." 

Milton :  Comut.  701 

trcas  -uro  (a  as  zh),  *  trcs  or,  *  tres- 
OUT,  s.  [Ir.  tresor,  from  Lat.  thesaurumt 
accus.  of  thesaurus  =  a  treasure,  from  Gr. 
flno-aypos  (tkcsauros)  =  &  treasure,  a  store,  a 
hoard,  from  the  same  root  as  Tt'ffnjuu  (tithemi) 
=  to  place,  to  lay  up  ;  ItaL  &  Sp.  tesoro;  Port 
thesouro.] 

1.  Wealth  accumulated  or   hoarded  ;  par* 
ticularly,  a  stock  or  store  of  money  in  reserve 

"  An  inventory,  importing 
The  several  parcels  of  his  plate,  his  treasure. 
Rich  stuffs.  Shakap. :  Uenry  I'///.,  ill  I 

2.  A  great  quantity  of  anything  collected 
for  future  use. 

"  We  have  tr«cuurft  In  the  field,  of  wheat,  and  of 
barley,  and  of  oil,  and  of  honey."— Jeremiah  xli.  ft. 

3.  Something  very  much  valued  or  prized. 

"  Ye  shall  be  a  peculiar  treasure  to  me."—Exodut 
XlX.  5. 

*  treasure-city,  s.   A  city  for  stores  and 
magazines. 

"  And  they  bnllt  for  Pharaoh  treature-citie*,  Fithom 
and  Raamsea."—  Exodut  L  1L 

treasure-flower,  s. 

Bot. :  Gazania,  a  genus  of  Gorterieae. 

treasure-house,  s.  A  store  or  building 
in  which  treasures  are  stored  or  kept ;  a  place 
where  treasured  or  highly  valued  things  are 
kept. 

"  Honourably  effaced  by  debts 
Which  her  poor  trenturt-hoiue  is  content  to  owe." 
Wardtworth :  KxcurttonlVk.  vli. 

treasure-trove,  s.  [Eng.  treasure,  and 
O.  Fr,  trove  (Fr.  trouve)  =  found.] 

Law :  Any  money  or  coin,  gold,  silver, 
plate,  or  bullion,  found  hidden  in  the  earth  or 
other  private  place,  the  owner  thereof  being 
unknown.  In  the  United  States  treasure  trov* 
usually  belongs  to  the  individual  who  finds  it, 
although  in  Louisiana  it  is  dealt  with  under  the 
French  civil  code,  derived  from  the  rule  of  old 
Roman  law.  In  England  the  treasure  belongs  to 
the  Crown.  If  the  owner  is  known,  or  is  ascer- 
tained after  the  treasure  is  found,  he  Is  entitled 
to  it  Concealing  or  appropriating  treasure- 
trove  Is  an  indictable  offence,  punishable  by 
fine  and  imprisonment.  If  it  be  found  in  the 
sea,  or  upon  the  earth,  it  does  not  belong  to  the 
Crown,  but  to  the  finder,  if  no  owner  appears. 

treasure-vault,  *.  A  vault,  cellar,  or 
similar  place,  where  treasure,  stores,  &c..  are 
kept 

"  To  Bokeby  treaiure-multt  f  ~ 

Scott :  Kukeby,  Ti.  4. 

treas'-ure  (s  as  zh),  v.t.    [TREASURE,  >.] 

1.  To  hoard  up ;  to  lay  up  in  store  ;  to  col- 
lect and  hoard,  as  money  or  other  precious 
things  or  valuables,  either  for  future  use  or 
for  the  sake  of  preserving  them  from  harm  or 
damage ;  to  accumulate.    (Generally  followed 
by  up.) 

"  Tat.  faith  If  I  must  needs  afford 
To  spectre  watching  treasured  hoard." 

Scott;  Rokeby,  ill.  1». 

2.  To  retain  carefully  in  the  mind  or  heart. 
"  That  not  a  dram,  nor  a  dose,  nor  a  scruple  of  this 

precious  love  of  yours  is  lost,  but  Is  safely  treatur'd  In 
my  breast"— How*U:  Letter  ».  bk.  1.  lot.  11. 

3.  To  regard  as  very  precious  ;  to  prize, 

*  4.  To  enrich ;  to  make  precious. 

"  7V*<wure  thon  some  place  with  beauty's  treasure." 
SHaicetp. :  Sonnet  1 

trcas   ur-cr    (s   as   zh),    *  tres-cr    er, 

*  trcas  -  our    er,    *  threas  -  ur  -  er, 

*  thrcas  or  or,  *  treas  ur  or,  *.    [Fr, 
tresorier  ;  Sp.  tesorero  ;  Port,  thesoureiro;  ItaL 
tesoriere.]    On3  who  has  charge  of  a  treasur* 
or  treasury ;  an  officer  who  receives  the  public 
money  arising  from  taxes,  duties,  and  other 
sources  of  revenue,  takes  charge  of  the  same, 
and  disburses  it  upon  orders  drawn  by  the 
proper  authority  ;  one  who  has  the  charge  of 
collected  funds,  such  as  those  belonging  to 
incorporated  companies  or  private  societies. 

"  And  bad  vnto  his  treatourert, 
That  thei  his  treasour  all  about 
Departe  amoiige  the  poore  rout*" 

Oower :  C.  A.,  U. 

IT  *  1.  Lord  High  Treasurer:  Formerly  tht 
third  great  officer  of  the  Crown,  having  under 
his  charge  and  government  all  the  king's  re- 
venue, which  was  kept  in  the  exchequer ;  the 
office  is  now  abolished,  its  duties  being  per- 
formed by  commissioners  entitled  Lords  of  the 
Treasury.  (English.) 

*  2.  Lord  High  Treasurer  of  Scotland :  An 


boil,  bo'y ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  C 
-cian, -tian  -  shajL.    -Uon,  -slon  =  shun;  -fion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -lions,  -sious  =  shus.   -U*,  -die,  *c.  =  beJ,  del* 


4806 


treasurership— treatment 


officer  whose  duty  it  was  to  examine  and  pass 
the  accounts  of  the  sheriffs  and  others  con- 
cerned in  levying  the  revenues  of  the  king- 
dom, to  receive  resignations  of  lands,  and 
other  subjects,  and  to  revise,  compound,  and 
pass  signatures,  gifts  of  tutory,  Ac.  In  1663 
the  Lord  High  Treasurer  was  declared  preai- 
deut  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer. 

3.  OowUy  and  State  Treasurers :  In  the  I'nikM 
States  cacb  county  and  state  baa  its  treasurer — 
officers  elected  by  the  people,  and  whose  duty 
it  is  to  receive,  care  for,  and  disburse  the 
receipts  from  tuxes,  &c.  Each  state  has  its 
own  laws  concerning  these,  and  safeguards 
around  the  control  of  the  public  money.  The 
city  treasurer  has  the  same  duties  to  perform 
with  municipal  funds,  and  the  United  States 
Treasurerwith  national  funds.  In  England  the 
county  treasurer  takes  charge  of  county  funds, 
which  are  raised  by  rates  through  the  over* 
•eem  of  every  parish,  and  applied  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  police,  county  roads, 
bridges,  &e.  The  office  is  generally  filled  by 
a  lending  county  banker. 

tr eos -iir-er  ship  (9  as  zh),  *treas  ur- 
or  Ship,  s.  [Eng.  treasurer;  -ship.}  The 
office  or  dignity  of  a  treasurer. 

*'  Thomas  Bramliugham  bishop  of  Exeter  and  lord 
treaauror,  WM  discharged  of  Ms  office  of  treamror- 
«*!>."—  ffrtimhed:  Vhronycle;  Xich.  it.  (an.  lasij. 

•troa^-ur-eas  (9  as  zh),  *  trea*-our- 
esse,  s.  [Bug.  treasurer);  •ess.}  A  female 
who  has  charge  of  a  treasure. 

"  Too,  Lady  MUM,  whom  Jove  the  counsellor 
Begot  of  Memory,  wisdom's  treasuret».~ 

Davict :  Jmmort.  of  the  Soul. 

•  trSas'-ur-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  treasure);  -ous.] 
Worthy  to  be  cherished  and  prized  ;  of  great 
value. 

"  QoddeM  fu'I  of  grace, 
ADd  treainrout  angel  to  all  the  human  race." 

Chapman :  /Tomer ;  Hymn  to  SarA. 

treaa'-iir-y  (saszh),  *treas-ur-ie,*tres- 
er-ye,  *  tres-or-ie,  *  tres-or-ye,  *.  [Fr. 
tresorerie;  8p.  &  Ital.  tesoreria.] 

1.  A  place  or  building  in  which  treasure  is 
deposited ;  a   store-place  for   wealth ;   par- 
ticularly, a  place  where  the  public  revenues 
are  deposited  and  kept,  and  where  money  is 
disbursed  to  defray  the  expenses  of  govern- 
ment ;  also,  a  place  where  the  funds  of  an 
incorporated  company  or  private  society  are 
deposited  and  disbursed. 

2.  A  department   of  government,  having 
control  over  the  management,  collection,  and 
expenditure  of  the  public  revenue. 

1f  United  States  Treasury :  The  duties  of  this 
department  are  performed  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  the  second  In  rank  among  the 
members  of  the  President's  Cabinet,  and  in 
Borne  respects  the  first  in  importance.  The 
collection  of  the  revenue,  customs  and  Internal, 
and  the  financial  business  of  the  government 
generally,  fffll  under  his  control,  and  all  pay- 
ment of  moneys  from  the  Treasury  are  made 
under  his  warrant  His  other  duties  include 
the  superintendence  of  the  coinage,  the 
national  banks,  the  custom  houses,  the  marine 
hospitals,  and  life-saving  service,  and  the 
coast  survey  and  lighthouse  system.  One  of 
his  most  important  duties  is  the  management 
of  the  public  debt,  left  as  a  burden  upon  the 
country  by  the  Civil  War.  The  business  of 
the  department  is  an  enormous  one,  the 
'  disbursements  of  the  Treasury  in  the  ten  years 
from  1880  to  1890  having  been  more  than  seven 
billions  of  dollars. 

English  Treasury:  The  duties  of  this  depart- 
ment were  formerly  performed  by  the  Lord 
High  Treasurer  (q.v.),  but  are  now  entrusted 
to  a  board  of  commissioners  entitled  Lords 
of  the  Treasury.  The  commissioners  are 
five  in  number.  The  First  Lord  of  the 
Treasury  is,  as  a  rule,  the  Prime  Minister, 
or  head  of  the  government.  He  must  be 
a  member  of  one  of  the  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment. The  office  is  frequently  combi ued 
with  another  in  the  ministry  :  thus,  the  First 
Lord  at  times  holds  the  office  of  Secretary  of 
Btate  for  Foreign  Affairs.  The  virtual  head 
of  the  Treasury  is  the  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer, with  which  office  that  of  First  Lord 
Is  sometimes  united.  He  must  be  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  exercises 
complete  control  over  the  expenditure  of  the 
different  branches  of  the  service.  He  pre- 
pares the  annual  estimate  of  the  state  ex- 
penses, and  of  the  ways  and  means  by  which 
it  is  proposed  to  meet  them,  and  lays  this 
•tatement,  commonly  called  the  Budget,  before 


the  House  of  Commons.  The  three  remaining 
Lords  of  the  Treasury,  called  the  Junior 
Lords,  have  little  beyond  formal  duties  to 
perform.  Several  important  government  de- 
partments, as  the  Board  of  Inland  Revenue, 
the  Post-office,  Woods  and  Forests,  &c.,  are 
tinder  the  general  authority  or  regulation  of 
the  Treasury. 

3.  The  officers  of  the  Treasury  department. 
[2.J 

4.  A  repository,  storehouse,  or  other  place 
for  the  reception  of  valuable  objects, 

fi,  A  collection  of,  or  a  book  containing 
(generally  in  a  small  compass),  valuable  in* 
formation  or  farts  on  any  subject;  anything 
from  which  wisdom,  wit,  or  knowledge  may 
be  abundantly  derived :  as,  a  treasury  of 
botany,  a  treasury  of  wit. 

*  6.  A  treasure. 

treasury  bench,  t.  The  front  bench 
or  row  of  seats  in  the  House  of  Commons,  on 
the  right  hand  of  the  Speaker,  which  is  appro- 
priated to  the  chief  members  of  the  British 
ministry. 

treasury  hoard,  *.  The  five  Lords 
Commissioners  of  the  Treasury.  (English.) 

'treasury-note,  *.  A  demand  note  is- 
sued by  the  Treasury  and  payable  in  coin;  a 
lejpal  tender  for  all  debts  and  dues,  unless 
otherwise  stipulated  by  contract. 

treasury-warrant,  r  A  duly  signed 
and  countersigned  order  on  the  Treasury  for  a 
specified  •urn  of  money. 

treat,  «trayte,  *treate,  *  treat-en, 
*trete,  *  tret-en,  *tret-y,  to.  Ai.  [Fr. 
traiter  =  to  treat,  from  Lat.  tracto  =  to  handle, 
frequent,  from  traho  (pa,  par.  tracii«)  =  to 
draw.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  behave  to  or  towards ;  to  conduct 
one's  self  to  or  towards  in  a  particular  manner  ; 
to  act  well  or  111  towards ;  to  use  in  any  way. 

"At  vreseut  they  hare  but  little  Idea  of  treating 
others  aa  themselves  iwoold  wuli  to  be  treated,  but 
treat  them  as  they  expect  to  bo  treated."— Cook  : 
Second  Voyage,  bk.il.ch.  v. 

2.  To   handle   or  develop  in  a  particular 
manner,  in  writing  or  speaking,  or  by  the 
process  of  art. 

"  Zeuxls  Mid  Polygnotus  treated  their  nibjects  In 
their  picture*,  ai  Homer  did  in  his  poetry."—  Dryden : 
Dufretnoy. 

3.  To  manage  lu  the  application  of  remedies  : 
as,  To  treat  a  disease  or  a  patient. 

4.  To  subject  to  the  action  of:  as,  To  treat 
a  substance  with  sulphuric  acid. 

*  &  To  discourse  of ;  to  speak  of  or  on ;  to 
discuss. 

"  And  Uiet  earaen  to  Cafftrnaum  and  whanne  tbel 
wereii  lit  the  houa  he  axide  hem  what  tretitienyt  iu 
the  we^e  t "—  Wycliffe  :  Hark  ix. 

*  6.  To  negotiate,  to  settle. 

"  To  treat e  a  pence  at weue  both  prynoea,*—  /toJyan ; 

Chronyclf.  cli.  cciv. 

7.  To  entertain,    without  expense  to  the 
guest ;  to  pay  the  expense  of  an  entertain- 
ment, food,  or  drink  (especially  the  last)  for, 
as  a  compliment,  or  as  a  sign  of  goodwill  or 
friendliness. 

"  Our  generous  scenes  are  for  pure  lore  repeated. 
And  if  you  are  not  plisaaed  at  leant  you're  treated" 
Prior ;  Prol.  ipoken  in  Wettmintter  School  (1695). 

8.  To  look  upon  or  consider. 

**  The  Court  of  Rome  treatt  it  at  the  Immediate 
vuggMtion  of  Bell— open  to  no  forgiveness. "—  lit 
<t*incey;  Military  Jfun,  see.  v.,  p.  11. 

*  9.  To  entreat,  to  beseech,  to  solicit. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  discuss,  to  discourse  ;  to  make  dis- 
cussion or  discourse  of.    (Generally  followed 
by  of.) 

"  Now  wol  I  speka  of  othen  false  and  ([rete 
A  word  or  two,  as  olde  bookes  tretr.' 

Chaucer:  C.  T,.  I2,«a 

2.  To  discuss  terms  of  accommodation  or 
agreement ;  to  negotiate. 

"He  was  now  not  only  willing,  but  Impatient  to 
treat.*— Macautay  ;  tiiu.  Eng..  CO.  xvil. 

3.  To  come  to  terms  of  accommodation ;  to 

agree. 

"  He  sende,  and  to  betwene  hem  tweyue 
They  treaten  that  the  citee  all 
Wai  christned.-  Qower:  0.  A.,  11. 

4.  To  make  gratuitous  entertainment;  to 
pay  for  food,  drink,  or  entertainments  for 
another  or  others.    [TREATING,  C.  2.] 

H  To  treat  with:  To  negotiate  with ;  to  pro- 
pose and  receive  terms  for  adjusting  differ- 
ences. 


treat,  *.    [TREAT,  v.] 

11 L  Parley,  conference,  treaty. 

2.  An  entertainment  given  as  a  compliment 
or  expressiou  of  goodwill. 

"She  and  the  girl  were  attending  with  donkeys  at 
the  annual  treat  at  a  Convalescent  Home  fur  Chil- 
dren."— Weekly  Echo,  Sept  5, 1B88. 

3.  Something  given  at  an  entertainment; 
hence,  something  which  aftbixis  pleasure  or  is 
peculiarly  enjoyable  ;  an  unusual  pleasure  or 
gratification. 

"  We  don't  have  meat  every  day  .  .  .  and  it  is  a 
trrat  to  me  to  get  a  dinner  like  this."— Thackeray: 
Book  of  Snoot,  ch.  xxxv. 

IT  (1)  School  Treat :  A  treat  given  to  Sunday 
or  day  scholars  at  any  period  of  the  year,  but 
especially  in  summer,  when  it  generally  takes 
the  form  of  an  excursion  for  a  day  to  the 
country  or  to  the  sea-side.  It  has  become  a 
standing  institution  of  English  Sunday-school 
life, 

(2)  To  stand  treat :  To  pay  the  expenses  of  an 
entertainment,  &c.,  for  another  or  others;  to 
entertain  gratuitously  ;  to  treat. 

*  treat  -a  ble,  *  tret-a-ble,  a.     [Fr.  trait- 
able.]     ' 

1.  Moderate;  notviolent- 

"  The  henta  or  the  colds  of  Beanons  are  lees  treatable 
than  with  ua."—  Temple. 

2.  Tractable;  easy  to  manage  or  come  to 

terms  with. 

"These  lordes  fonnde  the  kyng  of  England^  BO  trtat- 
able-"—ftemtrs  :  froi4tan  ;  Cronycle,  vol.  i.,  cb.  coz. 

3.  Capable  of  being  treated,  discussed,  or 
handled. 

*  treat -a-biy,  adv.     [Eng.  treatable);  -ty.J 
Moderately,  tractably. 

*'  Leisurely  aiid  trratnbly,  as  became  a  matter  of  to 
great  importance."— Fuller ;  Worthiet ;  General. 

treat'-er,  *.    [Eng.  treat,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  treats,  handles,  or  discou 
on  a  subject. 

"  Speechee  better  becoming  a  senate  of  Venice,  win  _ 
the  treatert  are  perpetual  princes." — Wotton;  Re* 

2.  One  who  entertains. 

treat'-lng.  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.    [TREAT,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (8 
the  verb). 
G.  As  substantive ; 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  treats. 

2.  Specifically,  the  act  of  bribing  In  parlia- 
mentary or  other  elections  with  meat  or  drink. 
Every  candidate  who  corruptly  gives,  cause* 
to  be  given,  or  is  accessory  to  giving,  or  pays, 
wholly  or  in  part,  expenses  for  meat,  drink, 
entertainment,  or  provision  for  any  person, 
before,  during,  or  after  an  election,  in  order 
to  be  elected,  or  for  being  elected,  or  for  cor- 
ruptly inttn  jncing   any  person    to   give   or 
refrain  from  giving  his  vote,  is  guilty  of  treat- 
ing, and  forfeits  £50  to  any  informer,  with 
costs.      Every  voter  who  corruptly  accepts 
meat,  drink,  or  entertainment,  shall  be  in- 
capable of  voting  at  soch  election,  and  hi* 
vote  shall  be  void.  <pngli*h.) 

*  treating  house,  5.     A  restaurant. 

"  His  firat  jaunt  is  to  a  treating-houte."—Qena*m9* 
Inttructed,  p.  479. 

treat'- iae,  *  treat-yse,  *  tret-yae,  *  tret- 
Is,  s.  [O,  Fr.  traictis,  treitis,  tretis  =  well 
handled  or  nicely  made.] 

1.  A  written  composition  on  some  particular 
subject,  in  which  its  principles  are  discussed 
or  explained.  It  may  denote  a  composition 
of  any  length,  but  it  implies  more  form, 
method,  ana  fulness  than  an  essay. 

"  Wbeu  we  write  a  treatite,  we  eoiwider  the  mbject 
throughout.  We  strengthen  it  with  argumeuti-we 
clear  it  of  objections— we  enter  into  detalls-aud  la 
abort,  we  leave  nothing  unsaid  that  property  apiw 
talus  to  the  subJect/'-Ottpin :  Preface  to  ktrmont,  L 

*  2.  Discourse,  talk,  tale, 

••Your  treatite  makes  me  like  you  worse  and  worse." 
Shakfip. :  renut  A  Adontt,  774. 

"treat'-ls-er,  "treat -Is -or,  s.  [Eng. 
treatise);  -er.]  One  who  writes  a  treatise. 

'•  I  tremble  to  speak  It  In  the  language  of  this  black- 
mouthed  treatiter."—Featley:  Dippen  I>ipt,  J>-  «*. 
(1645.) 

treat  ment,  $.    [Fr.  traitement.]   [TREAT,  v.} 
1.    The  act  or  manner  of  treating  or  han- 
dling a  subject 

"Scarce  an  humour  or  character  which  they  hare 
not  umd!  all  comes  wasted  to  tu.  and  were  they  to 
entertain  thla  age,  they  could  not  now  make  such 
plenteous  treatment."— Dryden, 


fitte,  f^t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate  cab.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    a»,oe  =  e;  ey      a ;  qu  =  lew. 


treature— treckschuyt 


4807 


2.  ManaKt-nifiit,  manipulation  ;   manner  of 
mixing  or  combining,  of  ilecmnposing,  or  the 
like  :  as.  the  treatment  of  subjects  in  chemical 
experiments. 

3.  Tlie  act  or  manner  of  treating  or  apply- 
ing remedies  to ;  the  nude  or  course  pursued 
for  remedial  purposes:  as,  the  treatment  of  a 
disease. 

4.  Us,i2e ;   manner   of  treating  or  using ; 
behaviour  towards,  whether  good  or  bad. 

"  Hi*  'insurances  of  tlieir  future  security  anil  huuour* 
abla  tr&itmeiit."— Anton:  Voyage*,  hk.  if.,  ch,  v. 

*  ">.  The  act  of  treating  or  entertaining  ;  en- 
tertainment. 

'treat'-ure,  *.    [TRBAT,  v.]    Treatment. 

"All  erll.iy  kyn^s  may  know  that  theyr  power*  be 

vayne,  iunl  tntuoM  i*  worthy  to  lutue  the  name  of  a 

a    but  he  that   luil.li  nil    thyiigem  sutiiecte  to  bit 

hesu-s,  M  here  it  shewed,  by  worchynge  of  hU  treature 

by  this  water."— Fitbyan  :  Ckronyele,  ch.  ccvl. 

«reat  -y,  *  tret-ee,  s.     [O.  Fr.  traicte ;  Fr. 
•'•=»  treaty;    prop.   pa.    par.  of  O.  Fr. 
tniit-ter  ;  Fr.  trailer  =  to  treat  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  treating  or  negotiating  ;  nego- 
tiation ;  the  act  of  treating  f»r  ttw adjustment 
of  difference*,  or  for  forming  an  agreement: 
as,  To  try  to  settle  mattei-s  l>y  treaty. 

*2.  A  proposal  tending  to  an  agreement; 
an  entreaty. 

"I  must 

To  tbe  young  man  semi  bumble  treat  iet.  dodge 
An.l  iMlttf  in  the  depths  of  lownea*.' 

xhukffl*. :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  lit.  11. 

3.  An  agreement  upon  terms  between  two 
or  more  persons. 

"  Th«u  she  began  a  treaty  to  procure. 
And  stabltsh  terms  betwixt  b»th  their  request*.* 
3ptmter.-  f.  Q,,  II.  11   S3. 

4.  Specifically,  an  agreement,  contract,  or 
league  between  two  or  more  nations  or  so- 
vereigns, formally  signed  by  commissioners, 
•duly  accredited,  and  solemnly  ratified  by  the 
several  sovereigns  or  supreme  authorities  of 
each  state.    Treaties  include  all  the  various 
transactions  into  which  states  enter  between 
themselves,  such  as  treaties  of  peace,  or  of 
alliance,  offensive  or  defensive,  truces,  con- 
ventions, &c.    Treaties  may  be  entered  into 
for  political  or  commercial  purposes,  iu  which 
latter  form  they  are  usually  temporary.    The 
power  of  entering  into  and  ratifying  treaties 
is  vested  in  monarchies  in  the  sovereign ;  in 
republic*  it  is  vested  in  the  chief  magistrate, 
senate,  or  executive  council  ;  in  the  United 
•States  it  is  vested  in  the  President,  by  and 
with  the  consent  of  the  Senate.     Treaties 
nitty  be  entered  into  and  signed  by  the  duly 
authorized    diplomatic   agents    of    different 
states,  but  such  treaties  are  subject  to  the 

•approval  and  ratification  of  the  supreme  au- 
"thorities. 

1  The  moat  important  European  treaties 
-of  the  century  have  been;  tbe  Treaty  of 
.Amiens,  between  Great  Britain  on  the  one 
-part  and  France,  Spain,  and  Holland  on  the 
•other,  signed  March  25-7,  1802  ;  the  Treaty  of 
Paris,  between  France  on  the  one  part  and 
Austria,  Russia,  Great  Britain,  and  Prussia  on 
the  other,  signed  May  30,  1814 ;  the  Treaty  of 
Vienna  (which  long  constituted  the  basis  of 
the  public  law  of  Europe),  between  Austria, 
Spain,  France,  Great  Britain,  Portugal,  Prus- 
sia, Russia,  and  Sweden,  signed  June  9,  1815; 
the  Treaty  of  Paris,  between  Russia  on  the 
one  and  and  France,  Great  Britain,  Sardinia, 
and  Turkey  on  the  other,  March  30,  1806 ;  the 
Treaty  of  Villafranea,  of  which  the  prelim iiii 
aries  were  signed  between  France  and  Austria 
-on  July  12,  1859;  the  Treaty  of  Frankfort, 
-between  Germany  and  France,  signed  May  10, 
J871 ;  the  Treaty  of  San  Stefano,  l>etween 
'Russia  and  Turkey,  March  3, 1878  ;  the  Treaty 
•of  Berlin,  again  between  Russia  and  Turkey, 
with  the  assent  of  tbe  other  Europeau  Powers, 
,Aug.  3,  1878. 

f  The  Uuited  States  has  concluded  numerous 
treaties  wiilt  European  aud  uther  powers, 
•several  of  them  of  high  importance.  Anvog 
these  may  be  named  the  treaty  of  alliance, 
amity,  Av..,  with  France,  ID  1778;  the  treaty  ut 
peace  with  ti real  Britain,  in  1783;  the  treaty 
of  financial  adjustment  with  Great  Britain  in 
1794,  kiiuwn  as  Jay's  Treaty;  tbe  Washington 
reciprocity  treaty  with  Great  Britain  iu  1854, 
respecting  tbe  Newfoundland  fisheries,  com- 
merce, Ac.;  the  treaty  with  the  same  country 
of  1871  in  settlement  of  the  Alaltama  eMtau, 
the  payment  of  which  were  in  part  offset  by 
the  fishery  award  of  $5,500  000  made  to  Great 
Britain  in  1877;  and  treaties  with  the  same 
country  In  respect  to  the  relations  of  the  two 
nations  in  Central  America,  Ac.  Other 


important  treaties  were  those  made  with  the 
Unrbary  States  with  the  purpose  of  putting  an 
eml  to  piratical  attacks  upon  and  capture  of 
A  n*eri  can  nierchan  t  vessels  ;  the  treaty  of 
commercial  alliance  with  Japan  In  1854,  in 
which  that  country  gave  up  its  old  policy  of 
seclusion,  and  various  others  made  with  the 
nations  of  Europe  aud  America.  » 

treb'-J-US,  *.  [The  fictitious  name  of  a  de- 
pendent and  parasite  to  whom  Juvenal  (v.  19) 
offered  advice.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Caligldae.  Head  buckler- 
shaped,  with  no  sucking  disks  on  the  large 
frontal  plates  ;  thorax  three-jointed,  four  pairs 
of  legs  with  long  plumose  hairs,  the  fourth 
pair  slender,  two-branched  ;  second  pair  of 
foot-jaws  two-jointed,  not  framed  into  a 
sucking  disk.  Trcbius  caudal  us  is  parasitic 
on  the  skate.  The  male  is  much  larger  than 
the  female. 

treb  le  (le  as  el),  *  treb-ble,  a.,  adv.,  &  V. 
IO.  Fr.  treble,  ireibU  =  triple,  from  Lat.  tri- 
plum,  accus.  of  triplus  =  triple,  from  tret  =• 
three.  Treble  and  triple  are  doublets.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ord.  Lang.  ;  Triple,  threefold, 

"  But  to  speak  them  were  a  deadly  sin, 
Anil  for  having  but  thought  them  my  heart  within, 
A  treble  penance  most  be  done," 

Scott:  Lay  qf  the  Latt  Atinttrd,  11.  IS. 

II.  Music: 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  highest  vocal  or 
instrumental  part,  sung  by  boys,  or  played  by 
violins,  oboes,  clarinets,  or  other  instruments 
of  acute  tone. 

"It  is  evident,  that  the  percuMlon  of  tb*  greater 
quantity  of  air,  canseth  the  baser  sound  ;  and  the  less 
quantity  the  more  treble  sound."—  Bacon;  Jfat.  Sitt., 
int. 

2.  Playing  or  singing  the  highest  part  or 
most  acute  tone  :  as,  a  treble  voice,  a  treble 
violin,  Ac. 

*  B.  As  adv.  :  Triply,  trebly,  threefold. 

••  •  We  will  doubl. 

What  «Ter  Heunklrk  then  hath  jiroinU'd  Ihec" 
•  And  I'll  deierve         •'  " 


C.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  Three  times  as  much. 

IL  Music: 

1.  The  highest  vocal  or  instrumental  part, 
sung  by  boys,  or  played  by  violins,  flutes, 
oboes,    clarinets,    or   other    instruments   of 
acute  tone.    The  treble  or  soprano  voice  is 
the  most  flexible  of  all  vocal  registers:  its 
ordinary  compass  is  from  middle  C  upwards 
to  the  extent  of  a  twelfth,  its  exceptional 
range  a  fifteenth,  or  even  beyond  this. 

2.  A  soprano  voice,  a  soprano  singer. 


"  Come  good  wonder, 
Jogging  :  y 

watch         . 
t  Flat.  :  The  ChancM,  C  «. 


, 

Let  you  aild  I  be  Jogging  :  yonr  starved  trebble 
Will  waken  the  rude  watch  else." 


i 


*  3.  A  musical  instrument. 

"  Their  BOH  .  .  .  playing  upou  bla  trtbte,  M  be  calli 
it.  with  which  he  earn*  part  of  hit  living."—  Ptpyt  : 
Diary.  S0pt  IT,  1663. 

treble-barrel  pump,  «.  A  pump  having 
three  barrels  Connected  witna  common  suction- 

ipe.  The  pistons  are  operated  by  a  three- 
ihrow  crank,  the  cranks  being  set  at  angles  of 
120%  so  that  each  piston  is  always  at  a  differ- 
eut  i*rt  of  the  stroke  from  either  of  the 
others,  and  a  continuous  now  produced. 

treble-block,  s. 

Xnvt.  :  A  block  with  three  sheave*,  ordi- 
narily used  as  a  purchase-block. 

treble  clef,  ». 

Music  :  The  O  clef  on  the  second  line  of  the 
stave,  used  for  treble  voices  and  instruments 
of  high  and  medium  pitch,  such  as  flutes, 
oboes,  clarinets,  horns,  violins,  and  trumpets. 

[CLEF.] 

treble-cylinder  steam-engine,  & 

SUam:  An  engine  having  a  pair  of  large 
cylinders  for  the  continuation  of  the  expan- 
sion, one  at  each  side  of  the  small  cylinder. 

*  treble-dated,  a.    Living  thrice  as  long 
as  man. 

"  And  thoa.  trtMe4t*t*d  crow." 

Shntetg.  :  Puutooau  POyrtm.  17. 

treble  -  shovel  plough,  «.  A  plough 
having  three  shares  ;  a  form  of  cultivator. 

treble-tree,  a. 

Vehicles  :  A  whiffletree  for  three  horses  ;  an 
equalizer. 

treb  -le  (le  as  el),  v.t.  &  t.    (TREBLE,  a.] 


A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  thrice  as  much  ;  to  multiply  by 
three ;  to  make  threefold. 

"  A  volume  re-writteu.  trebled  in  size,  and  covering 
a  much  larger  area  than  the  original."— Field,  July  IB, 

*  2.  To  utter  in  a  treble  voice  or  key ;  to 
whine  out. 

"  He  outrageously 
(When  I  accused  him)  trebUd  his  reply." 

Chapman, 

B.  Intrant. :  To  become  threefold  or  thrioe 
as  nim-h, 

"Whoever  annually  runs  out,  as  the  debt  doublet. 
and  treble  u[K>n  him,  so  doth  his  Inability  to  pay  it. 
— Swift. 


trcb-ble  ness. 


*  treb'-le-ness  (le  as  el),  * 

t.    [Eng.  treble,  a.  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  treble  or 
threefold. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  treble  in 
sound  or  note. 

"The  Just,  and  measured  proportion  of  the  air  per- 
cussed, towards  the  baseness  or  treltbientn  of  tones.  Is 
one  of  the  greatest  secrets  in  the  contemplatiou  of 
rii.iimis ;  for  it  discovereth  the  true  coincidence  of 
tones  into  diapasons  ;  whlcb  is  the  rtturn  of  the  HUB* 
souiid."— Bacon  :  Jfat.  ffiit.,  |  183. 

treb  let,  s.    [TRIBLET.] 

treb'-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  treb(le\*.\  ~ly.}  In  a  treble 
manner ;  in  a  threefold  manner,  degree,  or 
quantity ;  triply. 

treb-u  phet,  treb-uc-ket,  s.  [Fr.  tre- 
bwcft«(  (O.  Fr.  trebuquet,  trabuqvet),  from  tre- 
bueher  =  to  stumble,  to  tumble;  O.  Fr.  tre~ 
buquier  =  to  overbalance,  to  bear  down  by 
weight,  from  Lat.  trans  =  across,  and  O.  Fr. 
owe  =  the  trunk  of  the  body  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
buk  =  the  belly.] 

•  1.  Archceol. :  A  warlike  engine  formerly 
used  for  hurling  stou.es,  A  heavy  weight  on 
tbe  abort  end  of  a  lever  was  suddenly  released. 


TBEBUCHET. 

raising  the  light  end  of  the  longer  arm  con- 
taining the  missile,  and  discharging  it  with 
great  rapidity.     It  was  used  by  besiegers  for 
making  a  breach,  or  for  casting  stones  and 
other  missiles  into  the  besieged  town  or  castle. 
"[A]  trtbucket  [is]  a  warlike  engine  of  the  Hiddl* 
Ages,  used  to  throw  stonex,  fiery  material,  aud  other 
projectiles  employed  in  the  attack  and  defence  of  forti- 
fied places  by  means  of  counterpoise.     At  the  long  end 
of  a  lever  was  fixed  a  sliug  to  hold  the  projectile  ;  at 
the  short  end  a  heavy  weight,  which  furnished  th« 
necessary  moving  force."—  Brandt  A  Cox. 

2.  A  kind  of  balance  or  scales  used  in  weigh- 
ing. 

3.  A  tumbrel  or  ducking-stool. 

4.  A  kind  of  trap. 

tre-$ent'-Ist,  *.    [TRECENTO.] 

Art :  (See  extract). 

"Antonio  Oeniri  (died  In  1828)  was  the  chief  of  th* 
Treetnttttt,  a  school  which  carried  its  love  of  th« 
Italian  autburo  of  the  fourteenth  century  to  atfecta- 
tiou."—/tipt«y  t  Dana.:  Am*r.  Cyclop.,  ix.  4M. 

tre-cen'-td  (e  as  9!!),  s.  [Ital.  =  three  hun- 
dred, but  used  for  thirteen  hundred.] 

Art:  A  term  applied  to  the  style  of  art 
which  prevailed  in  Italy  Jn  the  fourteenth 
century.  Also  called  sometimes  the  Early 
Style  of  Italian  art. 

tre-chom'-e  -ter,  «.  [Gr.  rpe'xw  (Vrtcho)  =  to 
run,  and  nirpov  (metron)  =  &  measure.]  A 
kind  of  odometer  or  contrivance  for  ascertain- 
ing the  distance  run  by  vehicles. 

*  treoh-onr,  *.    [TREACHKR.] 

trcck  schuyt  (uy  as  61),  *.     [Dat,  from 

trecken,  trekken  =  to  draw,  and  schuit  =  a  boat.] 
A  covered  boat,  drawn  by  horses  or  cattle, 


fcoil,  boy;  po'ut,  jb%l;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  09;  expect.  Xcnophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -siou  =  shun;  -tion,   ?ion  -  xhon.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die.  Ac.  =  bel«  del. 


4803 


treculia— tree 


and  fonnerly  much  nsed  for  conveying  goods 
fc&d  passengers  on  the  Dutch  and  Flemish 
canals. 

trS-cu'-lI-a,  s.  [Named  after  M.  Tretll,  an 
eminent  French  vegetable  anatomist.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  ArtocarpacesB.  Senegal 
trees,  having  a  globose  fruit  a  foot  or  more  in 
diameter,  full  of  small  elliptical  nuts,  with 
an  eatable  embryo. 

tred  die,  s.    [TREADLE.] 

L  The  same  as  TREADLE  (q.v.). 

*  2.  A  prostitute,  a  strumpet. 

3.  (PI.):  Dung  of  she"  ••>  or  of  hares. 

•trede-foule,  ».  [Mid.  £uj,.  tredi  =  tread, 
and  foule  =  fowl.]  A  treader  of  hens  ;  a  cock. 

•tre-dnie',  *tra-dllle',  *tre-drille,  «. 
[Fr.  trais;  Lat.  (res  =  three.]  A  game  at 
cards  played  by  three  persons. 

"  I  WAS  itlaving  At  eighteen-pence  trcdrtue  with  the 
Dueh»ss  of  Newcastle  and  Ljtdy  Brown."—  Walixjle: 
tauri.  Ill  M4. 

tree.  •  tre  (pL  •  treen,  •  Iren,  trea),  t.    [A.S. 

treo,  freow  =  a  tree,  dead  wood,  or  timber; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  (re;  Dan.  tree;  Sw.  tra  = 
timber;  trad  —  &  tree;  Goth,  tritt,  genit, 
triwis  =  a  tree,  a  piece  of  wood ;  Russ.  drew  = 
ft  tree  ;  Wei.  derw  =an  oak  ;  Ir.  darag,  darog 
wi  oak  ;  Or.  SpCs  (drus)  —  an  oak,  66ou  (dan) 
=  a  spear-shaft ;  Sansc.  dru,  =  wood.J 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  L 

*  (2)  Wood,  timber. 

"  Not  onell  vessels  of  gold  and  of  silver,  bat  also  of 
Ira  and  erthe."—  lljcij/s :  1  Timolki  11.  20. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  Something  more  or  less  resembling  a 
tree,  consisting  of  a  stem  and  stalk  or 
tranches. 

••  Vain  are  their  hopes  who  fancy  to  Inherit, 
By  tre<u  of  pedigrees,  or  fame  op  merit." 

*«pn.»:  Junnat,  Till  10. 

*  (2)  A  cross. 

*  whom  alto  thej  slew,  hanging  him  on  a.  trm"— 

Jrflx.  39.     (E.V.) 

(S)  The  gallows.  In  this  sense  usually  in 
composition,  or  with  an  adjective  as,  the 
fetal  tree,  the  triple  tree,  [GALLOWS-TREE, 
TYBDRN-TREB.] 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  Any  woody  plant  rising  from  the 
around,  with  a  trunk,  and  perennial  in  dura- 
tion ;  an  arborescent  plantas  distinguished  from 

•  shrub,  an  undershrub,  and  an  herb.  The  clas- 
sification of  plants  which  at  first  suggests  itself 
as  the  most  natural  one  is  into  trees,  shrubs, 
and  herbs.     This  is  still  the  popular  classi- 
fication as  it  was  that  of  the  oldest  observers 
(cf.  1  Kings  iv.  33) ;  but  It  violates  all  natural 
affinities,  and  has  long  since  been  abandoned 
by  botanists.    Trees  occur  in  many  orders, 
their  stems  varying  In  structure  according  to 
the  sub-kingdoms  to  which  they  belong.  They 
may  be  exogenous,  or  of  that  modification  of 
the  exogenous  stem  which  exists  in  gymnogens, 
or  may  be  endogenous  or  acrogenous.    [ACRO- 
OEN,  EXOOEN,  KNDOOEN,  QYHNOQEX.)  The  age 
of  certain  trees,  especially  of  Exogens,   is 
often  great,  and,  when  cut  down,  the  number 
of  years  they  have  existed  can  be  ascertained 
by  counting  the  annual  zones.    Von  Martins 
describes  the  trunks  of  certain  locust-trees 
in  Brazil  as  being  eighty-four  feet  in  circum- 
ference and  sixty  feet  where  the  boles  become 
cylindrical.    From  counting  the  annual  rings 
of  one,  he  formed  the  opinion  that  it  was 
of  about  the  age  of  Homer ;  another  estimate 
increased  the  age  to  4,104  years,  but  a  third 
one  made  the  tree  first  grow  up  2,052  years 
from  the  publication  of  Martius's  book  (1820). 
A  baobab-tree  (Adansonia  digitata)  In  Senegal 
was  computed  by  Adanson,  A.D.  1794,  to  be 
5,1.30  years  old ;  but  he  made  his  calculations 
from  the  measurement  of  only  a  fragment  of 
the  cross  section,  and,  as  zones  differ  much 
in  breadth,  this  method  of  computation  in* 
Tolves  considerable  risk  of  error.    Sir  Joseph 
Booker  rejects  the  conclusion.     Most  trees 
are  deciduous,   i.e.,  have  deciduous  leaves, 

•  few  are  evergreen.     To   the  latter  kind 
belong  those   coniferous   trees  which   form 
ao  conspicuous  a  feature  in  the  higher  tem- 
perate latitudes,  while  deciduous  trees  pro- 
Tail  in  lower  latitudes.    Many  of  the  wild 
trees     of    our     forests    have    inconspicuous 
flowers,  which  appear  so  early  that  the  un- 
observant fail  to  take  note  of  them  at  all ; 


the  fruit-trees  generally  have  conspicuous 
flowers.  The  planting  of  trees  designed  for 
timber  is  now  more  attended  to  than  for- 
merly, and  their  cultivation  in  the  squares 
of  cities  and  along  the  sides  of  wide  streets 
has  been  recently  recommended,  and  to  a 
certain  extent  commenced. 

2.  tlech. :  A  generic  name  for  many  wooden 
pieces  in  machines  or  structures,  as 

(1)  Vehicles: 

(a)  The  bar  on  which  the  horse  or  horses 
pull,  as  single,  double,  treble,  whiffle,  swingle 
trees. 

(Z>)  The  axle.    Also  known  as  axletree. 

(2)  Harness:    The  frame  for   a   saddle;   a 
saddle-tree,  harness-tree,  gig-tree. 

(3)  Shipbuild. :  A  bar  or  lieam  in  a  ship,  as 
chess-tree,  cross-tree,  rough-tree,  trestle-tree, 
waste-tree  (q.v.). 

(4)  Mill. :  The  bar  supporting  a  mill-spindle. 

(5)  A  vertical  pipe  in  some  pumps  and  air- 
engines. 

3.  PalfKobot. :  Parts  of  trunks  of  trees  are 
often  found  almost  as  they  grew  in  certain 
strata.    [DIRT-BED,  FOREST,  3.) 

IT  1.  At  the  top  of  the  tree:  Preeminent; 
having  attained  the  highest  position. 

2.  Boot-tree:  [BOOT-TREE]. 

3.  Genealogical-tree:  [GENEALOGICAL-TREE). 

4.  Tree  of  Chastity : 

Bat. :  Vitex  Agnus-castut.    [Aosrs-CASTUS.] 

5.  Tree  of  Heaven  : 

Bat. :  The  genus  Ailanthns  (q.v.),  and  spec. 
Ailanthu*  glaiululosa. 

6.  Tree  of  Knowledge : 

Script.:  A  tree  in  the  Garden  of  Eden, 
chosen  as  the  test  of  obedience  to  our  first 
parents  in  their  state  of  innocence.  Had  they 
abstained  from  eating  it,  they  would  have 
known  only  good  ;  eating  it,  they  for  the  first 
time  knew  evil,  and,  by  contrast,  knew  good 
more  perfectly  the  moment  that  they  lost  it 
for  ever  (Gen.  ii.  9-17,  iii.  1-24).  Tradition 
makes  the  Scripture  Tree  of  Knowledge  a 
species  of  Taberniemontana,  bat  there  is 
not  the  smallest  atom  of  evidence  on  the 
subject. 

7.  Tree  of  Liberty :  A  tree  planted  by  the 
people   of  a   country  to   commemorate   the 
achievement  of  their  liberty,  or  the  obtaining 
of  some  great  accession   to   their  liberties. 
Thus  the  Americans  planted  a  tree  of  liberty 
to  commemorate  the  establishment  of  their 
independence  in  1789,  and  several  were  planted 
in  Paris  after  the  Revolution  in  1848. 

&  Tree  of  Life: 

(1)  Script. :  (a)  A  tree  in  the  garden  of  Eden, 
eating  of  which  man  would  have  lived  for 
ever  (Gen.  ii.  9,  iii.    22);  (6)  a  tree  in  the 
heavenly  Jerusalem  (Rev.  xxii.  2). 

(2)  Hot. :  The  genus  Thuja  (q.v.). 

9.  Tree  of  Long  Life: 

Sot. :  Glaphyria  nitida.    [GLAPHYRIA.J 

10.  Tree  of  Sadness : 

Bot. :  Nyctanthesarbor-trittu.  [NYCTAHTHIS.] 

11.  Tree  of  the  Gods  : 

Bot. :  The  genus  Ailanthus  (q.v.). 

12.  Tree  of  the  Magicians : 

Bot.  :  A  Chilian  name  for  Lycioplesium  pubi- 
forum,  a  shrub  of  the  order  Solanacete,  with 
red  flowers. 

13.  Tree  of  the  Sun: 

Bot. :  A  rendering  of  Hinoki,  a  Japanese 
name  for  Kftinospora  obtusa.  So  called  be- 
cause dedicated  by  them  to  the  god  of  the 
Sun.  It  is  a  tree  belonging  to  the  Gupresseae. 
It  rises  to  the  height  of  eighty  or  ninety  feet, 
with  a  straight  trunk,  having  a  diameter  at 
the  base  of  five  feet,  and  yields  a  fine-grained 
timber.  Called  also  the  Japanese  Cypress. 

tree-beard,  s. 

Botany : 

(1)  Usnea  (q.v.),  a  genus  of  Lichens.     So 
named  from  growing  on  trunks  of  trees,  and 
for  the  same  reason  sometimes  called  Tree* 
hair  and  Tree-moss. 

(2)  A  South  American  name  for  Tillandsia 
vmeoidet.    [TILLANDSIA.] 

tree  boa.  f. 

ZooL :  Epicrates  angulifer,  from  Cuba  and 
Ha)  ti.  The  muzzle  is  covered  with  scales, 


those  of  tne  lips  pitted,  the  forehead  witfc 
symmetric  shields,  the  crown  scaly.  Called 
mom  fully  the  Pale-headed  Tree  Boa. 

tree  calf,  ,. 

Boolcb.:  A  brown  calf  binding  with  marking! 
resembling  the  limbs  and  foliage  of  a  tree. 

tree-celandine,  «. 

Bot. :  Bocconia  fruteuxnt.    [BocooniA.] 

tree-climber,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Andbas  scandena,  the  Climbing 
Perch.  Lieut.  Dindorf,  of  the  Danish  East 
India  Company's  Service,  told  Sir  Joseph 
Banks  that  he  had  taken  this  fish  from  a  moist 
cavity  in  the  stem  of  a  Palmyra  palm  grow- 
ing  near  a  lake.  He  saw  it  when  already  four 
feet  above  the  ground  struggling  to  ascend 
still  higher — suspending  itself  by  its  gill- 
covers,  and  bending  its  tail  to  tlie  left,  it 
fixed  its  anal  fin  in  the  cavity  of  the  bark, 
and  sought,  by  extending  its  body,  to  urge  itc 
way  upwards,  and  its  march  was  only  arrested 


TRKE-C  LIMBER. 

ft.  Head  of  Tre*  Climber,  with  the  armed  jtll-coTW 
removed  to  show  the  •uprahranchial  organ,  wliich, 
by  retaining  moisture,  enable*  this  flah  to  live  for 
•otue  time  out  of  water. 

when  seized.  Tennent (Ceylon,  \.  217)  says: 
*'The  motive  for  climbing  is  not  apparent, 
since  water  being  close  at  hand  it  could  not 
have  gone  for  the  sake  of  the  moisture  con- 
tained in  the  fissures  of  the  palm,  nor  could 
it  be  in  search  of  food,  as  it  lives  not  on  fruit 
but  on  aquatic  insects.  The  descent,  too,  is 
a  question  of  difficulty.  The  position  of  its 
fins  and  the  spines  on  the  gill-covers  might 
assist  its  journey  upwards,  but  the  same  ap- 
paratus would  prove  anything  but  a  facility 
in  steadying  its  journey  downwards.  The 
probability  is  that  the  ascent  which  was  wit- 
nessed by  Dindorf  was  merely  accidental,  and 
ought  not  to  be  regarded  as  the  habit  of  the 
animal. 

"  In  the  Tamoule  language  it  Is  called  Ptuielrl,  or 
Tree-climber:'—  Wood:  ttluM.  Jfat.  Etot.  iii.  Has, 

tree  coffin,  s. 

Anthrop. :  A  kind  of  box  hollowed  out  of 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  and  used  as  a  coffin. 

tree- coupling.  5.  A  piece  uniting  ft 
Single  to  a  double  tree. 

tree-crab,  *. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Birgus  (q.v.), 
tree-creeper,  s. 

Ornith. :  Certfiia  familiaris,  a  slender  bird, 
scarcely  so  large  as  a  sparrow,  with  a  long, 
curved,  sharp-pointed  bill,  and  stiff  tail- 
feathers  ;  plumage  on  upper  surface  shades  of 
brown,  wings  barred  with  pale  brown  and 
black,  and  nearly  all  wing-feathers  tipped 
with  white  ;  under-surface  silvery  white,  flanks 
and  vent  with  a  rufous  tinge.  Found  generally 
in  Britain,  and  in  Ireland  where  old  wood 
prevails.  It  is  an  excellent  climber,  running 
rapidly  by  jerks  in  a  spiral  direction  over  the 
bark  of  trees,  searching  for  small  insects 
which  lurk  in  the  crevices,  picking  them  out 
with  its  slender  bill,  occasionally  varying  it* 
diet  on  the  seeds  of  the  Scotch  fir. 

tree  crow, «. 

Ornith. :  Any  individual  of  the  Corvine  sub- 
flmrily,  DendrocittintB. 

treccultus,  s. 

Anthrop.:  Tree-worship  (q.v.). 

"The  whole  frve-cuKiu  of  the  world  must  by  DO 
mean*  be  thrown  indiscriminately  into  the  one  cate- 
gory."—JV>r;  Prim.  Cutt.  (ed.  1879).  ii.  22L 


fite,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  We.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Mr,  wore,  welt,  work,  whd.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  nnlt«,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e,e.  =  e;  ey  =  »;  an  =  kw. 


tree 


4809 


tree-deity,  >. 

Anthrop  :  A  tree  considered  either  as  a  god 
or  as  the  abode  of  some  god  or  spirit. 

"In  Actual  fact  a  tree-deity  is  considered  to  be  human 
enough  to  be  pleased  with  dolls  set  up  to  swing  in  the 
branches.1*—  Tylor:  Prim,  Cult.  led.  18T3).  11.  217. 

tree-digger,  s. 

Agric. :  A  kind  of  double  plough  employed 
in  nurseries  for  cutting  off  the  roots  of  trees 
which  have  been  planted  in  rows.  It  divides 
the  earth  at  a  certain  depth  below  the  surface, 
and  at  a  determinate  distance  on  each  side  of 
the  rows,  to  permit  the  tree  to  be  readily 
removed  from  the  soil. 

tree-duck,  ». 

Ornith. :  Swainson's  name  for  the  genus 
Dendrocygna  (q.v.). 

tree-dwelling,  a. 

Anthrop. :  A  rude  kind  of  hut  built  among 
the  branches  of  trees  by  some  races  of  low 
culture  as  a  protection  against  wild  beasts. 

'•  He  found  their  trfe^luttjlings  deserted  for  some 
years  past,  but  the  people  feared  they  might  have  to 
resort  to  them  again,  from  the  increase  of  tigers  and 
elephants  near  their  settlementa."— /ourn.  Anilirop. 
Intl..  x.  448. 

tree-fern,  s. 

1.  Bot.  :  A  fern  rising  to  the  elevation,  and, 
to  a  certain  extent,  having  the  structure  of  a 
tree.  The  trunk  is  really  a  rhizome,  consist- 
ing of  a  woody  cylinder,  of  equal  diameter  at 
each  end,  growing  only  at  the  top,  and  com- 
posed internally  of  loose  cellular  substance, 
which  often  disappears.  When  actual  wood 
is  present,  it  consists  almost  wholly  of  large 
scalariform  or  dotted  ducts  imbedded  in  hard 
piates  of  thick-sided,  elongated  tissue,  usually 
of  an  interrupted  sinuous  aspect,  though 
sometimes  constituting  a  complete  tube.  Ex- 
ternally, the  stem  has  a  hard,  cellular,  fibrous 
rind,  consisting  of  the  united  bases  of  leaves, 
«nd  is  thicker  below  than  above.  Many  Tree- 
ferns  belong  to  the  genus  Cyathea  (q.v.).  Tree- 
ferns  flourish  further  from  the  equator  in  the 
southern  than  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 
They  do  so  in  New  Zealand,  46  a  Lat. 

S.  Palmbot. :  [FERN,  2.J. 

tree-£r»g,  s. 

Zool. :  There  are  in  all  95  species  in  the 
typical  genus  Hyla,  of  which  much  the 
greater  number  belong  to  America,  the  United 
States  possessing  a  number  of  species.  There 
are  about  20  species  in  Australia  and  two  in  Asia, 
while  Europe  has  but  one,  Hyla  arborea,  which 
IB  common  in  the  central  and  southern  districts 
and  ranges  into  Asia  and  northern  Africa.  The 
Common  Tree-frog  of  the  United  States  (S. 
verticolor)  displays  in  a  remarkable  degree  the 
power  of  color  change  possessed  by  the  genus, 
its  color  varying  from  a  dark  brown  to  a 
lichen-like  gray  or  a  brilliant  green.  This 
ipecies  is  replaced  in  the  Southern  States  by 
H.  viridis,  the  Green  Tree-frog.  In  the  male  of 
the  common  tree-frog  the  skin  of  the  throat  is 
distensible,  and  may  be  swollen  into  s  resonant 
bladder,  to  whose  aid  are  due  the  somewhat 
annoying  vocal  powers  of  the  animal.  Tree- 
frogs  are  of  small  size,  and  of  brighter  colors 
and  more  active  habits  than  the  true  frogs. 
They  feed  on  insects  of  the  trees. 

tree-germander,  ». 

Bot. :  Teucrium  Scorodonia.  It  ia  ft  labiate 
plant,  one  or  two  feet  high,  with  downy  and 
much  wrinkled  leaves,  crenate  on  the  margin, 
and  yellowish-white  flowers.  It  is  frequent 
in  woods  and  dry,  stony  places,  flowering  in 
August  and  September.  It  is  very  bitter,  and 
has  sometimes  been  substituted  for  hops. 

tree-goose,  t. 

Ornith. :  The  Bernicle-goose  (q.v.). 

"  It  haa  also  been  called  trtt.yontc,  from  the  belief 
that  it  originated  from  old  and  decayed  treee."— 
lUptey  Jt  Dana:  Amer.  Cyclop.,  Till.  187. 

tree-grasshopper,  s. 

Entom. :  Meconema  va.no, 

tree  hair,  i. 

Botany : 

(1)  Cornieularia  j-ubata,  a  lichen  hanging  in 
dark,  wiry  masses  from  trees  In  iubalpine 
woods. 

(2)  [TREE-BEARD,  l.J 

tree-hopper,  t. 

Entom. :  A  popular  name  for  any  Individual 
of  the  genus  Membracis  (q.v.). 

"  Other  harvest-flies  of  the  same  family     .  -  Me  not 


IBruished  with  a  musical  apparatus,  but  tuwe  the 
faculty  of  leaping  a  distance  uf  five  or  six  feet ;  they 
are  more  properly  called  tr«*Aopjwr«." — Riplcv  m 
Dana  :  Amer.  Cyclop.,  vliL  602. 

tree-Irons,  >.  pi. 

Vehicles :  The  irons  connecting  single  to 
doable  trees,  or  the  latter  to  the  tongue  of 
the  vehicle.  Also  the  hooks  or  clips  by  which 
the  traces  are  attached. 

tree-Jobber,  s.     A  woodpecker.    (Prov.) 

tree-kangaroo,  s. 

ZooL:   Any  individual  of  the  genus  Den- 
drolagus  (q.v.). 
tree-like,  a. 

Sot. :  Dendroid  ;  divided  at  the  tip  into  a 
number  of  flne  ramifications,  so  as  to  resemble 
the  head  of  a  tree,  as  Lycopodium  dendroidenm. 
Generally  used  of  small  plants. 

*  tree-lizards,  s.  pi 

Zool. :  Tho  Dendrosauria  (q.v.)i 
tree-louse,  s. 

EiUom. :  A  plant-louse.    [APHI3.] 

tree-mallow,  t. 

Sot. :  The  genus  Lavaterft  (q.v.),  and  spec. 
L.  arborea. 

tree-molasses,  ».  Uolassas  made  from 
the  Sugar-maple-tree. 

tree-moss, «. 

Botany : 

(1)  Usnra  plioata.    So  named  from  its  grow- 
ing on  trees. 

(2)  The  genus  Usnea.    [TREE-BEARD.] 

tree-mouse,  s. 

ZooL  :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the  Den- 
dromyinBe,  an  African  sub-family  of  Muridae. 
The  ears  are  clothed  with  hairs ;  and  the  feet, 
which  are  ttve-toed,  are  fitted  for  climbing. 

tree-nymph,  s. 

Anthrop. :  A  dryad.    (See  extract.) 

"  The  Homeric  Hymn  to  Aphrodite  tells  of  the  tree. 
nym/.h.  long-lived,  yet  not  immortal— they  grow  with 
bigh.topped  leafy  pines  and  oaks  upon  the  mountains, 
but  when  the  lot  of  death  draws  mgh,  and  the  lovely 
trees  are  sapless,  .and  the  bark  rots  away,  and  the 
branches  fall,  then  their  spirits  depart  from  the  light 
of  the  sun.'— Ti/lor:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1878),  11.  tit. 

tree-onion,  s. 

Bot. :  Attium  proHfenim,  a  hardy  perennial, 
three  feet  high,  the  native  country  of  which 
is  unknown. 

tree-pie, ». 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  »ny  individual 
Of  the  genus  Deudrocitta. 

tree-pigeon,  >. 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  pigeon  of 
the  genus  Treron  (q.v.).  The  species  are  shy 
and  timid,  and  inhabit  the  woods  of  inter- 
tropical  Asia  and  Africa.  The  prevailing 
colours  of  the  plumage  are  green  and  yellow 
of  different  shades,  more  or  less  contrasted 
with  rich  purple  and  reddish  brown.  Their 
note  is  very  different  from  the  mere  cooing 
of  the  ringdove. 

tree  porcupine,  I. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
Synetherina  (q.v.).  They  are  of  considerable 
•uze,  measuring  from  sixteen  to  twenty  inches 
without  the  tail,  which  is  about  a  third  the 
length  of  the  head  and  body.  They  are  of 
lighter  build  than  the  Ground-porcupines, 
are  covered  with  short,  close,  many-coloured 
spines,  often  mixed  with  hairs,  and  their  tail 
is  always  prehensile.  They  are  nocturnal  in 
their  habits,  and  live  on  fruit  and  roots. 

tree  primrose, «. 

Bot. :  (Enothera  biennii.     [EVEN-INO-PRIM- 

R03E.J 

tree-purslane, «. 

Bot. :  Portulacaria  afra,  an  evergreen  African 
shrub,  about  three  feet  high;  with  purple 
flowers  in  its  native  country,  but  which  has 
not  (lowered  in  British  greenhouses  silica  A.D. 
1732. 

tree-rat,  s. 

Zool. :  Mus  arboreus,  about  seven  or  eight 
inches  long,  from  Bengal.  It  builds  a  nest 
in  cocoa-nut  trees  and  bamboos,  and  lives 
partly  on  grain  and  partly  on  young  cocoa- 
nuts. 

tree-runner,  «. 

Ornith.  (PI.):  Bwainson's  name  for  Anabat- 
inae,  which  he  makes  a  sub-family  of  Cer- 


thiadse.     Its  type-genus  is  Anabates,  founded 
on  Anabates  subcristata,  a  Brazilian  bird. 

tree-soraper,  s.  A  tool,  usually  a  tri- 
angular blade,  to  remove  old  bark  and  moss 
from  trees.  Also  used  in  gathering  turpen- 
tine. 

tree-serpent, ».    [TREE-SNAKE.] 

tree-snake,  tree-serpent,  t. 

Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Den- 
drophidae  (q.v.). 

"  Some  nocturnal  trte-snaket  have  a  prolonged 
snout."— Owen -•  Anat.  Vert. 

tree-sorrel,  s. 

Bot. :  Kumex  Lnnaria,  an  evergreen  plant, 
about  two  feet  high,  with  greenish  flowers, 
introduced  from  the  Canaries  into  British, 
greenhouses  in  A.D.  1690. 

tree-soul,  s. 

Anlhrop. :  An  animating  and  individuating 
principle  supposed  by  races  practising  tree- 
worship  to  reside  in  every  tree. 

"  Orthodox  Buddhism  declared  against  the  *re«- 
sou/1,  and  consequently  against  the  scruple  to  harm 
them,  declaring  trees  to  have  no  mind  nor  sentient 
principle."— r»tor ;  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  187S),  L  475. 

tree  sowthistlo,  s. 

Bot. :  Sonchut  arvensit.  (Britten  <t  Holland.) 
Boot  with  creeping  scions,  stem  simple, 
leaves  denticulate,  clasping  the  stem,  with 
short,  obtuse  auricles  ;  involucre  glandulose. 
hispid  ;  flowers  very  large,  yellow.  Frequent 
in  cornfields  in  Britain.  Called  also  Corn 
Sowthistle. 

tree-squirrel,  s. 

Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Sclurn» 
(q.v.),  as  distinguished  from  the  Flying  Squir- 
rels (Pteromys)  and  the  Ground  Squirrels 
(Tamias). 

tree-sugar,  i.  Sugar  made  from  the 
Maple-tree. 

tree-swift,  s. 

OrnitK. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Den- 
drochelidon. 

tree-toad, ». 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  several  of  the 
Hylidie.  Used  without  a  qualifying  epithet, 
it  is  equivalent  to  tree-frog  (q.v.).  With  • 
qualifying  epithet  it  is  limited  to  particular 
species.  Hyla  verstcolor  is  the  Changeable 
Tree-toad,  Trachycephalus  lithenatiu  is  the 
Lichened,  and  T.  marmoratus,  the  Marbled 
Tree-toad. 

tree-top, «.  The  top  or  highest  part  of  a 
tree. 

"  Reflected  in  the  water. 
Every  free-tow  had  its  shadow." 

ZMtj0*HD»:  Hiawatha,  xxll 

tree-wasp,  t. 

Entom. :  Any  wasp  that  makes  its  nest  in 
trees,  as  do  two  British  species,  Vespa  Ao{- 
KUtca  and  V.  britannica.  [VESPA.] 

tree-wool,  >.  The  same  as  FINE-NEEDLB 
WOOL  (q.v.). 

tree-worship,  «. 

Compar.  Selig. :  A  "  form  of  religion  .  .  . 
general  to  most  of  the  great  races  of  mankind 
at  a  certain  stage  of  mental  development." 
(Lubbodt :  Orig.  Civil.,  ed.  1882,  p.  294.)  It 
may  have  been  a  particular  kind  of  nature- 
worship,  or  have  arisen  from  the  animistic 
conception  prevailing  among  the  races  of  low 
culture  at  the  present  day,  that  trees  werp 
the  residences  or  embodiments  of  spirits  ot 
deities.  Tree-worship  was  a  peculiarly 
Canaanitish  cult,  as  is  proved  by  the  frequent 
mention  of  it  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  the 
stern  denunciations  of  it  show  that  the  Jews, 
from  time  to  time,  lapsed  into  the  nature- 
worship  of  their  neighbours  (Deut.  xii.  3,  xvi. 
21 ;  Judges  vi.  25 ;  1  Kings  xiv.  23,  xy.  13, 
xviii.  19  ;  2  Kings  xvii.  10,  xxiii ;  Isa.  Ivii.  5 ; 
Jer.  xvii.  2  ;  Ezek.  vi.  13,  xx.  28 ;  Hos.  iv.  13.) 
It  formed  an  essential  part  of  the  classic 
mythologies,  in  which  are  found  superhuman 
beings  attached  to  individual  trees,  and  sylvan 
deities— dryads,  fauns,  and  satyrs— roaming 
in  the  forest,  the  analogues  of  which  still  live 
in  folk-tales  as  elves  and  fairies.  [GROVE,  II.] 
Tree-worship,  in  Southern  Asia,  still  forms  an 
important  part  of  Buddhist  practice,  though 
it  is  not  recognized  by  Buddhistic  sacred 
literature.  The  famous  Bo  tree,  grown  from  a 
branch  of  the  tree  sent  by  Asoka  to  Ceylon 
In  the  third  century  B.C.,  till  its  destruc- 
tion in  October,  1887,  received  the  worship 
of  pilgrims,  who  came  in  thousands  to  do  it- 


boil,  bo^;  p6ut,  Jowl;  eat,  9011,  chorus,  fhln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e-flst.    ph  -  t. 
-elan,  -tian  =  -h^",    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -{ion,  -sion  =  zliun.   -eioua.  -tiou*.  -sious  =  sl.ua.   -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4810 


tree — tremandrace© 


reverence  and  offer  prayer  before  it.  (Cf.  Athen- 
<cum,  N'or.  12,  1837,  pp.  039,  640.)  Fergusson 
(Tree  A  Serpent  Worship,  passim)  also  shows 
what  a  large  place  tree-worship  held  in  early 
Buddhism,  and  that  it  was  then  closely  con- 
nected with  srrp<-iit-worsliijj.  On  this  subject 
Tylor  (/'rim.  Cult.,  ed.  161'j,  ii.  218)  remarks  : 
"The  new  philosophic  religion  serins  to  have 
amalgamated,  as  new  religions  ever  do,  with 
older  native  thoughts  aud  lites.  Powu  to  the 
later  middle  ages  tree-worship  lingered  in 
Central  Europe  ;  while  names  like  '  Holyoake  ' 
and  *  Holy  wood*  record  the  fact  that  at  no 
very  remote  j>eriod  holy  trees  and  groves 
existed  in  Britain ;  and  it  is  a  remarkable  fact 
that  a  sacred  linden-tree  in  the  paii^h  of 
Hvityard,  in  South  Sweden,  gave  a  name  to 
the  family  of  Linnwus.  At  the  present  day 
tree-worship  is  prevalent  among  native  races 
in  America,  Africa,  Asia,  and  Australia,  In 
Europe,  though  traces  of  it  still  linger  in 
folk-tales  and  popular  customs,  it  no  longer 
exists  as  a  cult,  except  among  the  people  of 
the  Chersonese,  who,  though  nominally  Greek 
Christians,  "  still  adhere  to  their  beliefs  in 
good  and  evil  spirits,  and  worship  them — the 
good  spirits  in  forest*  and  groves  where  coni- 
ferous are  mixed  with  foliaceous  trees,  and 
the  evil  spirits  in  purely  coniferous  forests. 
Every  god  Is  represented  by  a  special  tree, 
the  worship  of  which  is  provided  for  by  a 
separate  priest  chosen  by  lot"  (Nature,  March 
25,  1886,  p.  496). 

tree-worshipper,  *. 

Anthrop.  :  One  who  practises  any  form  of 
tree-worship  (q.v.). 

"  The  trau*f»ruMd  teacher  reproved  the  *r»Meor- 
iMwer  for  thus  addressing   himself   to  a 
thing."— Tyler;  Prim.  fu«.  Jed.  UTS),  ii.  Ill 

tree,  v.t.  &  i.    [TREE,  «.} 

A.  Traiusitit*: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  drive  to  a  tree ;  to  came  to  a&cend  a 
tree  or  trees. 

"  One  day  my  dog  treea  »  red  squirrel.  In  a  tell 
hickory."— Burrought:  Pepacton,  p.  2M. 

2.  To  plfcce  upon  a  tree ;  to  stretch  on  a 
tree  :  as,  To  trtt  biwts. 

H.  Pig. :  To  put  in  a  fix ;  to  drive  to  the 
end  of  oue's  resources, 

"  Y-»«  in  Crv*t,  »nd  yon  emn*t  help  joniwlt"— 
it  Simjiicg  :  \}*--ff>-y  Samtgn,  ck.  T. 

B.  Intransitive: 

I,  To   take   refuge   in  a  tree,  as  a  wild 

animal.    (Amer.) 

"  Besides  tr^mng.  the  wtld  c»t  wUl  Uke  sxlvwitwte 
«(  some  bole  in  the  ground."—  Thorpe:  Backtooodt,  lao. 

*  2.  To  grow  to  the  size  of  a  tree. 

H  To  tree  one's  »df:  To  conceal  one's  self 
behind  a  tree,  as  in  hunting  or  fighting. 
jAmer.) 

*  tree' -hood,  s.    [Eng.  tret,  a. ;  -hood.}   The 

quality,  state,  or  condition  of  a  tree. 

tree'-less,  a.     [Eng.  tree,  s. ;  -less.]    Destitute 
of  trees. 

"  A  quiet  trceltu  nook,  with  two  green  ftekts.* 
U-or4i,*ortk:  Excurn**.  bk.  IL 


_,  4k    [A,a    treowcn,   from   trtow  =  a 
tree.] 
L  Made  of  wood  or  tree  ;  wooden. 

"  Which  done,  or  in  doinge.  they  praised  and  wor- 
Kiipped  their  owne  golden,  syluery,  coper,  yerney, 
tretn  and  stony  goddU."—  Jof»:  XxpotteUn  if  ftm»itl, 

2.  Pertaining,  derived  from,  or  drawn  from 
trees. 

"IWjt    liqoon,   especially   that  of   the   date."— 


*  treen, 


[THEE,  *.] 


tree  nail,  tre'-naU,  tren'-nel,  trun'- 
nel,  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  treen  =  wooden,  and  Eng. 
•ML] 

Shtphuild.  :  A  cylindrical  pin  of  bard  wood, 
from  an  inch  to  an  incb  and  three-quarters  in 
diameter,  used  for  securing  planking  to  the 
frames,  or  parts  to  each  other. 

tree'-  ship,  s.    fEng.   tree,  s.  ;  -thtp.)    The 
state  or  condition  of  being  a  tree  ;  treehood. 
"While  thus  through  all  the  stares  thon  hast  poshed 
Of  trmhip—fint,  a  seedling  hid  in  grase  : 
Then  twig,  then  sapling."     Cowpur:  rardfay  Oa*. 

tre'-fal-low,  v.t.    [THRIFALLOW.] 

tre'-fle,  «.    (TREFOIL.] 

Fort.  :  A  mine  with  three  chambers  like  a 

trefoil 


tref  -lee,  a.    [Fr.  treJU  =  trefoil  (q.v.).] 

Her. :  An  epithet  applied  to  a  cross,  the 
arms  of  which  end  in 
tri  pie  leaves,  re  present- 
ing trefoils.  Bends  an 
sometimes  borne  trettee, 
that  is  with  trefoils  issu- 
ing from  the  .side. 

tref-SU,  tre  -foil, 
trey-foil,  s.   [O.  Fr.  tri> 
foil,  treffle,  frojn  Lat.  tri- 
folium  =  a    tHree- leaved 
plant,  as  the  clover,  from     CROSS  TKEFLEE. 
pref.  tri-  =  three  (allied 
to  tret  =.  three),  and  /oiiuw  =  a  leaf;  Fr.  trl- 
fie  ;  8p.  trtfolio  ;  Ital.  trtfoglio.] 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  The   genus   Trifolium,  spec,  Tr^oUum 
minus.    [CLOVER.] 

(2)  Medicago  lupulina. 

(3)  Stylosanthes  procujtibeM,  a  West  Indian 
species  of  Hedysarew,  with  yellow  dimorphic 
flowers. 

U    Great  Trefoil 
Is  Medicago  saliva. 

[BlRD'SFOOT  -  TRE- 
FOIL, WATER -TBi- 

FOIL.] 

2.  Arch. :  An  or- 
nament  used  in 
Gothic  architec- 
ture, formed  by 
mouldings   in   the 
heads   of  window- 
lights,  tracery,  TMTOIL. 
panellings,  &c.,  so 

arranged  as  to  resemble  the  trefoil  or  three* 
leaved  clover. 

3.  Her,  :  A  charge  representing  the  clover* 
leaf,  and  always  depicted  as  slipped,  that  is, 
furnished  with  a  stalk. 

*  tree  -  let,  s.    [Eng.  tree,  a. ;  dimin.  suff.  -let.} 
A  little  or  young  tree. 

**  Kurr.  saya  Ui»t  In  Burmah  ft  Is  sometimes  «  tredft 
fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high."— Journal  itf  Sotany.roL  r., 
No.  Al.  y,  1*0,  (188LI 

*  treget,  *.    [TRAJBT.J 

*  tregetour,  s.    [TRACE-TOUR.] 

*  tregetry,  *  tregettrie,  «.    [TRAOETRY.} 

tre-ha'-la,  «.     (Corrupted  from  tigala,  the 
native  name.] 

Chem. :  The  substance  from  which  a  pecu- 
liar sugar  [TREHALOSE]  has  been  obtained. 
It  Is  the  cocoon  of  a  beetle  from  Persia,  and 
not  properly  a  saccharine  exudation.  (Flucki- 
ger  A  Hanbury  :  Pharmacographia.') 

tre'-ha-lo^e,  *.   tEng.  freia2(a)tand(ffZuc)ow.] 

Chem,  :  CjoHaOij2H2O.  A  saccharine  sub- 
stance extracted  from  trehala  manna  by 
boiling  alcohol.  It  forms  shining  rhombic 
crystals,  soluble  in  water  and  in  boiling 
alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether,  and  melts  at  100'. 
Boiled  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  it  is  con- 
verted Into  dextro-glucose ;  with  dilute  nitric 
acid,  it  yields  oxalic  acid ;  in  contact  with 
yeast  it  passes  slowly  into  the  alcoholic  fer- 
mentation. An  aqueous  solution  of  trehaloee 
has  a  Dextro-rotatory  power  [aj  =  +  199°. 

*  treil'-lage  (age  aa  Ig),  «.    [Fr.,  from  treiUe 
—  an  arbour.] 

Hort. :  A  light  frame  of  posts  and  rails  to 
support  espaliers ;  a  trellis. 

"Contrivers  of  bowers,  grottoe,  tnOZagft,  and  cas- 
cades. "— Sptctator. 

treiUe,  *.    [Fr.] 

Her. :  A  lattice ;  it  dif- 
fers from  fretty  in  that 
the  pieces  do  not  inter- 
lace under  and  over,  but 
cross  athwart  each  other, 
and  are  nailed  at  the 
joint.  Called  also  trellis. 

trek,  r.i,    [Dut.  trekken 
~  to  draw,  to  draw  a 
waggon  ;  to  journey.]    To  travel  by  waggon  ; 
to  journey  as  in  search  of  a  new  settlement. 
(South  Afrioa.) 

"It  Is  quite  possible  that  they  might,  like  the 
Been,  trtk  once  more  beyond  the  reach  of  American 
laws."— Daily  TtUyraph,  Oct.  18,  1M1 

trelc,  «.    [TREK.  *•  1   A  journey  with  a  waggon  ; 
a  march*    (South  Africa.) 


trek  oxen,  s.  pi.  Oxen  used  for  drawing 
waggons.  (P.  GillvLore:  Ch-eat  Thirst  Land.) 

trek-rope,  s.    A  trek-tow  (q.v.). 

"  The  oxen  luueeiied  fiotu  the  ire*-r-y;.«." — ComhiU 
Magaxin*.  ilarch,  isb-i.  p.  --M. 

trek-tOW,  s.  A  Dutch  name,  in  Southern 
Africa,  for  strips  of  hide  twisted  into  rope- 
tiace-s,  for  oxen  to  draw  waggons  by. 

trcl'-Us,  *  trel  lice,  *  txel-llze,  *  tre-lys, 

i.  [Fr.  treiuis  —  &  trellis;  treiller  =  to  grate 
or  lattice,  to  furnish  or  support  with  crossed 
bars  or  latticed  frames,  frum  treille  —  an 
arbour  or  walk  set  with  vines,  &c.,  twining 
about  a  latticed  frame,  frmn  Lnt.  trichila, 
t rid  in,  triciea.  trtc&  =  a  bower,  arbour,  or 
BUininer-house.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  A  gate  or  screen  of  open-work ;  lattice- 
work either  of  metal  or  wood, 

2.  A  support  for  vines,  creepers,  or  espa- 
liers. Used  especially  for  grai*s,  hops,  and 
ornamental  clim  I -fug-plants. 

II  Her. :  The  same  as  TREILLE  (q.v.). 

trellis-work,  *.    Lattice-work. 

"  With  IAWIIB,  aud  beds  of  flowers,  aud  shades 
Of  fremi-tror*  in  long  arcades,p 

Wordtwartk:   »  hilt  Dot  4/£ytSfcme.  IT. 

trel'-lis,  "  trel-lize,  v.t.    [TRELUS,  s.]    To 

furnish  with,  or  as  with  trellis  or  lattice-work. 
"The  windows  are  large.  treUtzed,  and  neatly  carved." 
—fferbert :  Travel*,  p.  ail. 

tre-ma-bo-li'-tef,  s.  [Or.  r^/ui  (trema)  =  a 
hole  ;  poAjf  (bole)  =  a  thunder-bolt,  a  wound, 
and  suff.  -ties.} 

Pafaont :  A  gennsof  Meandrospotigidw,  with 
one  species  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  rotXs. 

tre  ma-dic-tjr-on,  5.  [Or.  rp^^a  (trama)^. 
a  hole,  and  &IKTVOV  (difctuon)  =  a  net.] 

Pakront. :  A  genus  of  Hexactinellid  8i*>nges, 
from  the  Upper  Jurassic. 

Trc-m&d'-oc.  t.    [WeL    See  def.] 

Geog.  :  A  small  town  situated  on  the  north 
side  of  Cardigan  Bay,  in  Carnarvonshire, 

Tremadoc  slates,  s. 

GeoL  ;  Sedgwick's  name  for  the  upj*r  beda 
of  the  Cambrian  formation,  corresi'oiiding  to 
part  of  Barrande's  Primordial  zone.  They  were 
first  met  with  at  Tremadoc,  and  next  traced 
to  Dolgelly.    Dr.  Hicks  found  and  carefully 
•  examined  them  at  St.  David's  promontory  ana 
Ramsey  Island,  in  South  Wales  ;  and  finally     : 
Mr.  Callaway  showed  that  the  Shineton  shale 
of  Shropshire  was  of  the  same  age.    They  are    j 
dark  earthy  flags  and  sandstones,   with  at    i 
least  eighty-four  foe*!!  species,  those  of  North    [ 
somewhat  differing  from  those  of  South  Wales. 
Many  new  genera  of  Trilobites  appear ;  Cri-    | 
noidea,    Asteroidea,   Lamelli branch iata,    and    ' 
Cephalopoda  are  met  with  for  the  first  time.    I 
In  North   Wales  there  are  nine   Pteropods.     | 
mostly  of  the  genus  Theca,  and  PhyUopod 
Crustacea  have  been  found. 

tre-man'-do,  «.    [Ttal.=  trembling.] 

Music :  One  of  the  harmonic  graces,  which 
consists  in  a  general  shake  of  the  whole  chord,    j 
and  is  thus  distinguished  from  tremolo,  whicn 
consists  in  a  reiteration  of  a  single  note  of  the    i 
chord 

tre-man'-dra,  «.      [Gr.  rpwu>  (trema)  = 
hole,  a  pore,  and  av^p  (aner\  genit.  acfipoc    , 
(andros)  =  a  man  ;  here  used  for  a  stamen.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genns  of  Tr*-inandrace«    . 
(q.v.).    Shrubs,  with  stellate  downy,  purple 
flowers  with  a   five-cleft  calyx,  five  j«-tali, 
ten  stamens,  and  two-celled  anthers.     Known 
species  two,  from  Western  Australia. 

tre  man  dra  -96-88,  «.  pi  [Mod.  Lat  tn- 
mandr(a)  ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sufl.  -aceos.] 

Bot. :  Poreworts ;  an  order  of  Hypogjniom 
Exogens,  alliance  Sapiudales.    Slender  heath- 
like  plants,  generally  with  glandular  hairs.    : 
Leaves    alternate,    or   whorled ,    exsti palate, 
with  axillary  one-flowered  pedicels;  flowers  hi 
most  species  large,  showy  ;  sepals  deciduous, 
fouror  five,  slightly  adhering  at  the  base,  equal,   , 
valrate    in    aestivation ;     petals    the    same   I 
number,  large,  decid irons,  involute  in  wstiva-  t 
tion ;  stamens  eight  or  ten ;  anthers  two  or 
four-celled,  opening  by  a  pore  at  the  ai>ex; 
styles  one  or  two;  ovary  two-celled,  each  ; 
cell   with    one  to   three    pendulous  ovules. 
Fruit  capsular,  two-valved,  two-celled  ;  seed* 


fete,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  w6t,  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit; 
«rt  wore,  wolt;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  otib,  ciire,  nnlte,  cur,  rule,  fall ;  try.  Syrian,    »,o9  =  e;ey  =  a:qii  =  kw. 


tremanotus— tremor 


4811 


with  a  hooked  appendage  at  the  apex.  Natives 
of  Australia.  Geuera  three,  specie*  sixteen. 
CLiiulUy.) 

tre  ma-no'-tus,  «.    [Gr.  TPW«  (Irema)  =  a 
hole,  and  KOTOS  (aatos)  =  the  back.) 

Pakeont. :  A  genus  of  Haliotidae,  witli  two 
speries,  from  the  Upper  Silurian  of  North 
America. 

t  trem-arc'-tos,  ».   [First  element  doubtful ; 
second.  Gr.  ipa-ros  (arWos)  =  a  bear.  J 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Ursidffi,  with  one  species, 
commonly  known  as  Ursui  ornaliu,  the  Spec- 
tacled Bear  (q.v.). 

tre  ma-tis,  «.    [TREMATODA.] 

Palamnt.  :  A  sub-genus  of  Discina,  with  four- 
teen species,  from  the  Silurian  rocks  of  North 
America  and  Europe. 

tre-ma-td-,  prtf.    [TREMATODA.]    Hollow; 
haviug'a  holluw  process  or  processes. 

tre   ma. -to'- da,  «.  pi.    [Gr.  ipijiui  (trlma), 
geiiit.Tpijno.TO!  (trenutte)  =  a  hole,  a  pore.] 

Zool. :  Flukes,  Suctorial  Worms ;  an  order 
of  the  class  Annelida,  with  two  groups,  Dis- 
tomaand  Polystoma.  Leaf-like  parasites,  for 
the  most  part  internal,  but  some  external, 
provided  with  oue  or  more  ventral  suckers,  a 
mouth  and  alimentary  canal,  but  no  anus  or 
body-cavity;  integument  of  the  adult  not 
ciliated;  sexes  generally  milted  in  one  indi- 
vidual. They  are  the  Sterelmintha  of  Owen, 
and  were  included  by  Cuvier  in  his  Parenchy- 
matoua  Intestinal  Worms.  The  intestinal  canal 
is  often  mnch  branched,  and  possesses  but  one 
external  opening,  usually  at  the  bottom  of  the 
anterior  suctorial  disc,  and  serving  both  as  an 
oral  and  anal  aperture.  A  water-vascular  sys- 
tem is  present,  consistiugof  two  lateral  vessels, 
generally  opening  on  the  surface  by  a  common 
excretory  pore.  The  nervous  system  consists 
of  two  pharyngeal  ganglia.  The  young  may 
be  developed  directly  into  the  adult,  or  may 
pass  through  a  complicated  metamorphosis, 
varying  in  different  cases  [REOIA]  ;  antPone  of 
the  early  stages  of  their  existence  is  often 
passed  in  the  interior  of  freshwater  molluscs, 
whence  they  are  transferred  to  a  vertebrate 
host.  In  their  adult  state  they  occupy  the 
moot  varied  situations.  The  majority  live  in 
the  intestines  or  hepatic  ducts,  the  eyes,  or 
bloodvessels  of  vertebrates;  a  few  are  ecto- 
parasitic,  and  live  on  the  skin  and  gills  of 
fishes,  crustaceans,  molluscs,  6tc.  The  genus 
Distoma  (q.v.)  may  be  taken  as  the  type  of 
the  order.  The  genus  Gynsecophorns,  in  which 
the  sexes  are  distinct,  occurs  abundantly  in 
the  bloodvessels  of  man  In  Egypt,  South 
Africa,  and  the  Mauritius,  and  its  presence 
has  also  been  detected  in  monkeys. 

tre  ma-tode,  a.  &  «.    [TREMATODA.] 

A.  '-ii  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Trema- 
toda  (q.v.). 

B.  Assuiist.:  Any  individual  member  of  the 
order  Trematoda, 

tre  rna  told,  a.    [TBEMATODA.]    The  same 
as  TRE'MATODK  (q.v.). 

tre-ma-to-sau'-rus,  s.    [Pref.  tremato-,  and 
Gr.  o-oCpos  (mums)  =  a  lizard.] 

Pcdmnt. :  A  serpentiform  genus  of  Laby- 
rintliodontia,  of  which  little  definite  is  known. 
Two  species  are  generally  recorded  by  taxono- 
mists :  Trema.losa.urvA  braunii,  and  T.  ooella, 
both  from  the  Buuter  Sandstone  of  Bern- 
burg. 

tre-ma-td-spiY-a,  s.     [Pref.  trmato-,  and 

Gr.  <r7«tpa (speira) "=a  coil.] 

Palcumt. :  A  genus  of  Splriferidse,  with 
•even  species,  ranging  from  the  Upper  Silu- 
rian to  the  Middle  Devonian  of  the  United 
States.  It  appears  to  be  closely  related  to 
Retzia.  [RETZIA,  2.] 

frem-be  -lor'-es,  trem-bloV-es,  ».  pL 

ISp.] 

Phyi.  Science;  The  name  given  in  South 
America  to  small  earthquakes,  consisting  ol 
a  series  of  rapidly  recurring  vibratory  move- 
ments, not  sufficiently  powerful  to  create 
damage.  (Milne:  Earthquakes,  p.  10.) 

•trem'-bla-ble,  o.    [Eng.  trembl(e);  -able.] 
Calculated 'to  cause  fear  or  trembling ;  fearful. 
"  But  what  is  trfmblablf  and  monstrous,  there  be 
some  who,  when  (Jod  smites  them,  ny  unto  a  witch." 
— O.  Beiuon.    (Artnanilitl*.} 


trSm'-ble,  v.i.  [Fr.  trembler,  from  Low  Lat. 
frcnuto  =  to  tremble,  from  Lat.  trmvlm  = 
trembling,  from  tremo=to  tremble;  Gr. 
TP«U,U>  (tmatt)  =  to  tremble.  The  6  is  excres- 
cent, as  in  number.] 

1.  To  shake  involuntarily,  as  with  fear,  cold, 
weakness,  or  the  effect  of  different  emotions, 
as  passion,  rage,  grief,  &e.  ;  to  shake,  to 
quiver,  to  shudder.  (Said  of  persons.) 

"  But  his  knees  beneath  hiiu  (runbl^i." 


2.  To  be  moved  or  shaken  with  a  quivering 
motion  ;  to  quiver,  U>  shake. 

"  Airs,  vernal  aiis  .  .  .  attune 
The  trembling  leaves.'  union  :  i:  L..  IT.  Me. 

3.  To  quaver,  to  shake,  as  sound  :  as,  His 
voice  trembled. 

trem'-ble,  s.    [TREMBLE,  v.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  trembling;  an  in- 
voluntary shaking  through  cold,  etc. 

*2.  Fear. 

"  The  housekeeper  ...  to  set  a  good  example,  ordered 
back  her(r<nmAi«aud  came  out  —Sluckmare  :  Clara- 

tOVKll,  Ch.  Xli. 

II  All  of  a  tremble:  In  a  state  of  shaking 
involuntarily,  as  from  fear,  cold,  &c. 

trem'  ble  ment,  s.    [Fr,  from  I  remoter  =  to 
tremble.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  tremor,  a  quivering,  a 
tremble. 

"Thrill!  In  leafy  tremblement." 

£.  B.  Brovtnlng:  Lott  Bauer. 

2.  Music:  A  trill  or  shake. 

trem  -bier,  «.    [Eng.  tremble),  v.  ;  -er.} 
1,  Ord.  Lang.  :  Oue  who  trembles. 

"  Not  oue  poor  trembler  only  (ear  betrays." 

Byron  :  An  Ofcaitorutl  Prologue. 

3.  Church  Hist.  (PI.)  :  The  name  given  to  an 
extreme  Protestant  sect  in  the  early  days  of 
the  Reformation  in  England. 

"  Al  thus  I  «trol'd  along  the  street. 
Such  gangs  and  parcels  did  I  meet 
Of  these  quaint  primitive  dtaMMbtan 
'  ' 


In  old  Queen  Beaa'8  days  call'd 
For  their  sham  shaking 


, 

and  their  shiverinf. 
Ward  :  Hudibrat  ««u  w>;u. 

trem'-bling,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  1.    (TREMBLE,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.:  Shaking,  as  with  fear,  cold,  or 

the  like. 

"  The  anxious  crowd,  with  horror  pale. 
All  tremblltta.  heard  the  wonihuus  tale. 

Scott  .'  Lay  of  the  Ltat  Minftrtl,  YL  tt. 

C.  At  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  shaking  involuntarily, 
as  from  fear,  cold,  in. 

M  Ah  1  then  and  there  was  hurrying  to  and  fro. 
And  ufttherina  tears,  and  trtmamOM  of  distress. 

Byron  s  CUlde  BaroU,  Hi.  24. 

2.  (PI.)  :  An  inflammatory  affection  in  sheep, 
caused  by  eating  noxious  food. 

trembling-poplar,  <. 

Sot.  :  Popuhis  tnnrnla,  the  Aspen  (q.v.). 
trembling-tree,  «. 

Sot.  :  Populus  trepida  ;  an  American  tree, 
about  forty  feet  high,  akin  to  the  Aspen,  of 
which  some  botanists  consider  it  to  be  only  a 
variety.  It  has  a  sub-orbiculate  leaf,  with  an 
abruptly  acuminate  point,  and  two  glands  at 
its  base  ;  young  leaves  silky  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, old  ones  glabrous. 

trem'-  bling-1^,  adv.  [Eng.  trembling;  -ly.] 
In  a  trembling  manner;  so  as  to  shake; 
tremulously. 

"  We  must  come  tremblingly  before  him."—  Sp.  Ball  : 
Devoute  soul,  f  22. 

trSm-blor'-es,  ».  pi.    [TREMBELORES.] 

*  trem-e-fac'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  tremefactus,  pr. 
par.  of  tremefacio  =;  to  cause  to  shake  or 
tremble  :  tremo  =  to  tremble,  and  facio  =  to 
make.]  The  act  or  state  of  trembling  ;  agita- 
tion, tremor. 

tre  meT  la,  ».  [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from  Lat. 
(re«o  =  to  'tremble,  to  shake,  to  quiver  ;  from 
the  quivering  of  the  gelatinous  mass  of  the 
plant.] 

BoS.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Tremellinl  (q.v.). 
It  consists  of  a  tremulous  gelatinous  mass, 
generally  more  or  less  waved  and  sinuated. 
free  from  papillae  and  tubercles.  They  vary 
greatly  in  form,  being  brain  -like,  club- 
shaped,  orbicular,  &c.,  and  in  colour,  being 
white,  yellow,  orange,  rose-coloured,  purple, 
Ac.  A  common  species,  Tremella  mesenterica, 
is  conspicuous  in  winter  in  hedges  from  its 
orange  tint. 


trem-ei-li-ni.  ».  pt  [Mod.  Lat.  trm*W.a); 
Lat.  masc.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inf.] 

Bot. :  An  order  or  sub-order  of  Hymeno- 
mycetous  Fungals,  the  species  of  which  are  of 
a  gelatinous  texture,  sometimes,  though  rarely, 
with  a  cretaceous  nucleus,  their  hymenium  in 
the  more  typical  genera  covering  the  whole 
surface  without  any  definite  upper  or  under 
side ;  sporophores  scattered,  often  lobed  or 
quadripartite  ;  spores  often  producing  second- 
ary snores  or  spermatia.  They  grow  upon 
branches  or  stumps  of  trees,  in  crevices  of 
the  bark,  or  on  the  dead  wood,  rarely  on  the 
ground.  Found  chiefly  in  tcmverat"  climates, 
though  some  are  tropical.  A  widely  distributed 
representative  is  the  Jew's-ear  (q.v.). 

trg-meT-lSJd,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  (remeHfa)  ;  suff. 
•oitl.] 

Bot.,  £c.  :  Resembling  the  genns  TremeUa  j 
gelatinous. 

tre-men'-dous,  a.  [Lat.  tremendut  =  that 
ought  to  be  feared,  fut.  pass.  par.  of  tremo  =  to 
tremble.] 

1.  Sufficient  or  calculated  to  excite  fear  or 
terror  ;  terrible,  dreadful,  awfuL, 

"  Fictions  in  form,  hut  In  their  substance  truth*— 
Tremendotu  truths  1 " 

Wordtuiort*  :  Kzcurlion.  bk.  Yl. 

2.  Such  as  may  astonish  by  magnitude,  «lze, 
force,  violence,  or  degree ;  wonderful.  (CMoq.) 

"  But  they  are  numerous  now  as  are  the  wave* 
AJid  the  tremendoui  rain." 

Byron  :  Heaven  *  Karth.  L.  3. 

tre-mSn'-dous-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  tremendous  ; 
•ly.]  In  a  tremendous  manner  or  degree ;  so 
as  to  terrify  or  astonish  ;  wonderfully. 

"  Atremcitdouily  strong  Indlctmeutcao  be  preferred 
by  civilised  society  againat  the  nit."— Daily  Telegraph, 
March  5,  1887. 

tre  men'- doiis  ness,  «.  [Eng.  tremendow; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tremen- 
dous, terrible,  or  astonishing. 

trem  en  heer'-ite,  s.     [After  Mr.  Tremen- 
heere ;  suff.  -ite  (M in.).] 
Jtfin. :  An  impure  variety  of  graphite  (q.v.). 

trera  oc'-to  pus,  ».  [Gr.  rpij^o  (i«i»o)  =  « 
hole,  and  Mod.  Lat.  octoput  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  A  sub-genus  of  Octopus  (n.v.),  with 
three  species,  from  the  Atlantic  and  Mediter- 
ranean. Some  or  all  ot  the  arms  are  webked 
half-way  up,  and  there  are  two  large  aquifer- 
ous pores  on  the  hack  of  the  head. 

trem  6  Ian'  do,  >.    [Ital.] 

Music :  The  same  as  TREMOLO  (q.v.> 

trem'  6-lant,  s.    [TREMOLO.] 

Music:  An  organ  and  harmoninm  stop 
which  causes  the  air  as  it  proceeds  te  the 
pipes  or  reeds  to  pass  through  a  valve  having 
a  movable  top,  to  which  a  spring  and  weight 
are  attached.  The  up-and-down  movement  of 
the  top  of  the  valve  gives  a  vibratory  move- 
ment to  the  air,  which  similarly  affects  the 
sound  produced.  On  American  organs,  a  fan- 
wheel  by  rotating  in  front  of  the  wind-chest 
causes  a  tremolo.  [TREMOLO,  3.] 

trem'-o-lite,  s.  [After  Val  Tremola,  Italy, 
where  it  wus  erroneously  stated  to  have  bean 
found  ;  sun".  -He  (AKti.).] 

Min. :  A  magnesia-lime  of  amphibole  (q.v.), 
containing  little  or  no  alumina,  and  occurring 
in  bladed  crystals  in  the  grannlar  dolomite  of 
Campo-longo,  St.  Gotthard,  Switzerland,  and 
numerous  other  localities.  Colour,  white, 
gray,  greenish. 

trem'-o  lo,  «.     [Ital.,  from  Lat.  tremulvt  = 
trembling.] 
Music : 

1.  A  chord  or  note  played  or  bowed  with 
great  rapidity,  so  as  to  produce  a  quavering 
effect 

2.  Vibration  of  the  voice  in  singing,  arising 
from  nervousness  or  a  bad  production,  or  used 
for  the  purpose  of  producing  a  special  effect. 

[SHAKE,  «.,  II.  2.] 

3.  A  pulsative  tone  in  an  organ  or  harmo- 
nium, produced  by  a  fluttering  valve  which 
commands  the  air-duct,  and  causes  a  varia- 
tion in  the  volume  of  air  admitted  from  the 
bellows.    Also  applied  to  the  contrivance  it- 
self. 

trSm'-or,  *  trem-onr,  ».  [Lat.,  from  tremo 
=  to  tremble ;  Sp.  &  Port  tremor ;  Ital 


bo^;  poUt,  J61W;  eat,  9011,  chorus,  9bln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylrt.   -InB. 
-dan,  -tian  =  Shan,     t ion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tlon.  -gion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  aliu*.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  dei. 


•1ST  2 


tremorless— trend 


L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  shaking,  quivering,  or  trembling  mo- 
tion. 

"  From  every  stroke  there  continues  a  tremor  la 
the  bell  —More  :  Immort.  of  the  Soul.  bk.  Ii..  ch.  it 

2.  An  involuntary  trembling;  a  shivering 
or  shaking ;  a  state  of  trembling. 

a..';,."  ;?<£?  £•  ™.r<*  a**™***  **»»*•.--** 


K  Mercurial  tremors  :  [MERCURIAL-PALSV]. 
IL  Phys.  Science  :  An  earth-tremor  ;  a  vibrat- 
ory motion  of  the  earth's  surface,  inappreci- 
able by  the  unaided  senses.  Tremors  may  be 
either  Natural  or  Artificial  :  natural  tremors 
are  due  to  the  attractive  influence  of  the  suu 
»nd  moon,  or  to  seismic  action  ;  artificial  tre- 
mors may  be  produced  by  various  causes,  as  a 
passing  train,  the  movements  of  a  crowd,  &c. 
"  Modern  research  has  shown  a  typical  earthquake 
to  consist  of  a  series  o(  small  tremor.,  succeeded  by  a 
shock,  or  series  of  shocks,  separated  by  more  or  less 
Irregular  vibrations  of  the  ground.  "—Milne  :  Earth- 
•notes,  p.  U. 

•  trem'  or-less,  a.  [Eng.  tremor;  -lest.}  Free 
from  any  tremor,  quivering,  or  shaking. 

"  He  sent  his  eyes  round  the  Jet-like  circle  and  found 
every  tip  of  radiance  in  It  tremorlen."—  Daily  Tele- 
traph,  Dec.  2s,  1881. 

•trem-u-lant,  •  trem  -u  lent,  a.  ft  a, 

I  Lat.  tremulus,  from  tremo  =  to  tremble.] 
A*  As  adjective  : 
L  Ord.  Lang.  :  Trembling,  tremulous. 

"  Hapless  de  Breie.  doomed  to  survive  long  ages.  In 
"M"  ™j'?'"I-  '"  thU  fr'nt  way  with  tremulenl 
«hIU  na.--farlfl,.-  fraiat  feKi.  pt.  L.  bk.  T., 

2.  Music:  Consisting  of  or  employing  tremu- 
lants. 

"  Stay  this  tremulant  epidemic  which  is  destroying 
Italian  vocalizstioij."-/>a«  Mall  Satette,  July  s.  isst 

B.  At  substantive  : 


1.  The  same  as  TREMOLANT  (q.T.). 

2.  The  same  as  TREMOLO  (q.v.). 

"  Patti  can  do  this  ...  with  hardly  a  quiver  or  a 
tremulant.'—  Pall  Mall  Batette,  July  8,  issi 

•  trim  u-la'-tion,  «.  [TREMULOUS.]  Trenra- 
lousness. 

"I  was  struck  with  such  a  terrible  tremulatim.-— 
T.  Broum  :   Fronts,  ii.  338. 

trem  -u-lous,  o.  [Lat.  tremulus,  from  tremo 
=  to  tremble:  8p.  tremulo,  Iremuloso;  ItaU 
tremolo,  tremulo,  tremoloso.] 

1.  Trembling  ;  affected  with  fear  or  timid- 
ity; timid. 

"The  tender  tremuloui  Christian  Is  easily  distracted 
and  amased  by  them.--fleoi»  of  Pietf. 

2.  Shaking,  quivering,  shivering,  trembling. 

"  Whereat  the  tremuloui  branches  readily 
Did  all  of  them  bow  downward  towards  that  side." 
IffgtOm  :  Puryatorio,  iivUi. 

8.  Trembling,  as  in  uncertainty. 

"  A  sober  calm 

Fleeces  unbounded  ether;  whose  least  ware 
Stands  tremuloia.'  Thornton  .•  A  utumn,  HI. 

4  Vibratory. 

"The  tremuloui  or  vibratory  motion  which  Is  oh. 
TiTu  lnh  tjgt  phenomenon."—  Coo*.-  rtnt  fofafe, 

trem'-n-loiis-l&  adv.  [Eng.  tremulous;  -ly.] 
In   a  tremulous   manner;   with   trembling, 
quivering,  or  trepidation  ;  tremblingly. 
••  They  heard  and  rose,  and  tremutotuly  brave, 
Bushed  where  the  sound  invoked  their  aid  to  save,* 
Bjfron  :  Lara,  L  u. 

trem  -u-loua-ne'sB,  «.  [Eng.  tremvimu; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tremu- 
lous ;  trembling,  quivering. 

tren,  a.  &  s.     (TREES.] 

*  A.  As  adj.  :  Wooden  ;  made  of  wood. 
B.  As  subst.  :  A  fish-spear. 

tre  -nail,  t.    [TREENAIL.] 

trench,  v.t.  &  t.   [O.  FT.  trencher  (Fr.  trancher) 
=  to  cut,  to  carve,  to  hack,  to  hew  ;  origin 
donbtfuL    Ital.  trinciare  =  to  cut  ;  8p.  trin- 
char  =  to  carve  ;  (riitcar  =  to  chop  ;  O.  Sp. 
trenchar  =  to  part  the  hair  of  the  head.] 
A.  Transitire: 
I  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  t.  To  cut,  to  hew. 

Treacled  In  ice."    Shatetp.  :  Tm  entlmen.  Ill  1 

2.  To  cut  or  dig  out,  as  a  ditch,  a  channel 
for  water,  or  a  long  hollow  in  the  earth  ;  to 
cat  or  dig  channels  or  trenches. 

"  II]  trenching  the  black  earth  on  every  side, 
A  cavern  form  'd,  a  cubit  long  and  wise.  ' 

Pope:  Earner;  Odfuei  it  28. 


3.  To  fortify  by  i-utting  a  trench  or  ditch, 
and  raising  a  rampart  or  breastwork  of  the 
earth  thrown  out  of  the  ditch  ;  to  entrench. 

"  Atlvanc'd  upon  the  field  there  stood  a  mound 
Of  earth  congested,  wall'd,  and  trench'd  around." 
Pope:  Earner  i  Iliad  xx.  17S, 

*  4.  To  enclose,  to  surround,  to  cover. 

"  I  spy  J  their  helms 
•Mid  brakes  and  boughs  treiuA'd  in  the  heath  below." 

Maton:  Carttctacui- 

II.  Agric.  :  To  furrow  deeply  with  the  spade 
or  plough ;  to  cut  deeply  by  a  succession  of 
parallel  and  contiguous  trenches  for  certain 
purposes  of  tillage  ;  to  break  up  and  prepare 
tor  crops  by  deep  digging  and  removing  stones. 


"  Trench  the  ground,  and  make  It  ready  tor  the 
spring."— Evelyn:  Kalendar. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  encroach.    (Followed  by  on  or  upon)  : 
as,  To  trench  on  one's  liberty  or  rights. 

*  2.  To  have  direction  ;  to  aim  ;  to  tend. 

*  t  To  trench  at :  To  form  trenches  against 
or  around,  as  against  a  town  in  besieging  it, 

"Like  powerful  armies  trenching  at  a  town. 
By  slow  and  silent,  but  relentless  sap.  - 

I'oung. 

trench,  *  trenche,  ».  [O.  Fr.  trenche*  =  » 
thing  cut,  a  trench,  from  frracAfr=to  cut; 
Fr.  tranche;  Sp.  trinchea;  ItaU  trincea.] 

[TRENCH,  D.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  A  ditch  ;  a  long,  narrow  cut  or  channel 
In  the  earth. 

—'l^tS  y?°  bav*  1°*  y°nr  wat*r  "P  to  the  highest 
part  of  the  land,  make  a  small  trench  to  carry  some  of 
the  water  in.  keeping  it  always  upon  a  level.-- Mor- 
timer :  BulAandry. 

*  2.  A  place  cleared  of  trees ;  a  hollow  walk ; 
an  alley. 

"  And  In  a  trenche  forth  in  the  park  goth  she.* 
_  Chaucer:  C.  T.,  10.701 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Agrie. :  A  ditch  or  drain  cut  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preparing  or  improving  the  soil ;  an 
open  ditch  for  drainage. 

2.  Mil,:  An  excavation  to  cover  the  ad- 
vance of  a  besieging  force,  or  to  interrupt  the 
advance  of  an  enemy.    It  generally  proceeds 
in  a  zigzag  form,  connecting  the  parallels  and 
advanced  batteries,  and  is  six  to  ten  feet  wide, 
three  feet  deep,  the  earth  excavated  forming 
a  parapet  on  the  side  exposed  to  the  fire  of 
the  fortress.    If  the  ground  be  hard  or  rocky, 
the  trenches  are  formed  by  piling  fascines 
bags  of  earth,  &c.,  in  a  line  on  it. 

"  Some  help  to  sink  new  trenchet-" 

Drfdm  :  rtrftt  ;  <Sneid  XL  W. 

If  To  open  the  trenches: 
MU. :  To  begin  to  dig  or  to  form  the  lines 
of  approach. 

trench-cart,  «. 

MU,:  A  cart  adapted  to  traverse  the 
trenches  with  ordnance,  stores,  and  ammuni- 
tion. 

trench- cavalier,  *. 

Mil. :  A  high  parapet  made  by  the  besiegers 
upon  the  glacis  to  command  and  enfilade  the 
covered  way  of  the  fortress. 

trench  plough,  .=. 

Agrie, :  A  kind  of  plough  for  opening  land 
to  a  greater  depth  than  that  of  tie  ordinary 
furrows. 

trench-plough,  r.t 

Agrie. :  To  plough  with  deep  furrows,  for 
the  purpose  of  loosening  the  earth  toa  greater 
depth  than  usual. 

trenph'-ant,  •  trenoh'-and.  a.     [O.  Fr. 

trenchant,    pr.    par.    of  trencher  =  to   cntl 
[TRENCH,  v.] 

1.  Sharp,  cutting. 

"  The  trenchant  blade,  Toledo  trusty 
For  want  of  fighting  was  grown  rusty." 

Suiter:  Budiorai,l.t. 

2.  Sharp,    keen,   unsparing,    severe:   as, 
trenchant  criticism. 

trench'- ant-l$r,  adv.    [Eng.  trenchant;  -ly.] 
In  a  trenchant  manner  ;  sharply,  severely. 

"Mr.  Gladstone's  action  and  position  with  regard 
to  Home  Rule  are  also  most  trenchantly  dealt  with  " 
—Morning  Poit.  Jan.  16,  isu. 

trench    er,    *  trench -our,  t.     [O.   Fr. 

trenchoir;  Fr.  tranchoir.    In  sense  1,  from 
Eng.  trench,  v. ;  tr.\ 

L  One  who  trenches  or  cuts. 

2.  A  wooden  plate  or  dish  on  which  meat 


was  formerly  eaten  at  table,  or  on  which  meat 
might  be  cut  or  carved. 

-  Hospitality  could  offer  little  more  than  a  conch  o« 
straw,  a  crmcA«r  of  meat  half  raw  and  half  burned. 
.ud  a  draught  of  sour  ruilk."—  Macaulay  :  Hiit.  £ng?. 

'  3.  Hence,   the  contents  of  a   trencher  • 
food  ;  pleasures  of  the  table. 

"It  could  be  no  ordinary  declension  of  nature  that 
could  bring  some  men.  after  an  ingenuous  «dn.-ation, 
to  iilace  their  tumuium  lonum  upon  their  Crunchen. 
and  their  utmost  felicity  iu  wine.*—  Sauih. 

4.  The  same  as  TRENCHER-CAP  (q.v  X 

arlD1*  »?"*!*  boyl    rai«e<1    "*''  're«c*«n."-Jft» 
Wood  .-  The  Channinyi.  p.  9L 

*  trencher-buffoon,  «.    A  wag  or  but* 

' 


at  a  dinner  table. 
Dedic.) 


(Danes:  Muses'  Sacrifict, 


trencher-cap,  ».  A  cap  having  a  flat 
square  t«p  like  a  hoard  set  on  it,  worn  at  the 
universities  and  many  schools. 

•trencher  -chaplain,  *  trencher  - 
chapperlaln,  s.  A  domestic  chaplain. 

*  trencher-fly,  s.  One  who  haunts  the 
tables  of  others  ;  a  parasite. 

mi!  H,"  M"?  wjl<?h  "j  """"  we™  Wenos,  and  whick 
only  ti-encftfr-.ftie4a.ua  spungers.  '—  L  Ettrange. 

A  sponger:  a 


•trencher-friend,  s. 

parasite  ;  a  sponge. 

"  Courteous  destroyers,  affable  wolves,  meek  bears. 
You  fools  of  fortune,  trencher.frienai.  time  i  flies.' 
Shaketp. :  Timon  of  Atheni.  lit  *. 

*  trencher  -  knight,  s.    A  serving-man 
waiting  at  table  ;  a  waiter.    (Shakesp. :  Love's 
Labour's  Lost,  v.  2. 

*  trencher-law,  ••     The  regulation  of 
diets ;  dietetics. 

"  When  spleenlsh  morsels  cram  the  gaping  maw 
Withouteu  diet's  care  or  trencher-lav  " 

Ball :  Satiree.  IV.  IT.  »L 

trencher-man,  s. 

1.  A  hearty  eater  or  feeder. 

"  He  is  a  very  valiant  irencAer-man ;  he  hath  an 
excellent  stomach,"— JAaieip. :  Much  Ado,  LI. 

'  2.  A  cook. 

"  Palladium  assured  him,  that  hs  had  already  been 
rnore  fed  to  his  liking  than  he  could  be  by  the  skll- 
fullest  trencher-men  of  Media."— Sidney. 

*  3.  A  table-companioii ;  a  trencher-mate. 

"  A  led-captaln  and  trencher-man  of  Lord  Stems." 
~snsflsBlsMB> 

*  trencher-mate,  >.  A  table-companion; 
a  parasite. 

"  These  trenchfr-matfi  frame  to  themselves  a  way 
mots  pleasant"— Boater:  teclei.  PoUtie. 

*  trenoh'-er-lng,  t,    [Eng.  trencher;  -ing.] 
Trenchers. 

trench  irig,  ».    [TRENCH,  «.] 

Agrie, :  The  act  or  operation  of  preparing 
or  improving  land  by  cutting  trenches,  or  by 
bringing  up  the  subsoil  to  the  surface  b> 
means  of  a  trench-plough. 

*  trench'-more,  ».t    [TSENCHMOBE,  $.]    To 
dance  a  treucnmore. 

*  Marte  be  doth  cnrtsie,  and  salutes  a  block. 
Will  seeme  to  wonder  at  a  weathercock, 
TrtncJimore  with  Apes,  play  muslck  to  an  Owls," 

Mitnton:  Pyomtilwn'i  Image.  II.  Us. 

*  trench' -more,    *  trench  -  moore,  «. 

[Etym.  doubtful.) 
Music: 

1.  An  old  English  country  dance  of  a  lively 
character. 

"  For  an  ape  to  friske  trtnchmoore  In  a  pair  of 
buskins  aud  a  doublet."— Holinihed  :  Itetcrtp.  Ireland, 
ch.  ii. 

2.  The  music  for  such  a  dance.    It   was 
written  in  triple  or  f  time. 

trSnd  (1),  •  trend-en,  «>.«.  &  t.  [From  the 
same  root  as  A.8.  trendel  =  a  circle,  a  ring  ; 
cf.  Dan.  trind  =  round ;  trlndt  —  around ; 
trindes  =  to  grow  round ;  8w.  trind  =  round  ; 
O.  Fries,  trind,  trund.]  [TRENDLE,  THUNBLI.] 
A*  Intran-ntive : 

*  1.  To  roll  or  turn  about 

.  "  I*t  hym  rollen  and  trenden."— Chttuctr.-  Boetheut, 
bk.  Hi. 

2.  To  extend  or  lie  along  In  a  particular 
direction  ;  to  run  ;  to  stretcfc 

"To  the  southward  of  the  cape,  the  land  trenai 
away.-— Coo* .-  «nt  Voyage,  bk.  IL,  ch.  v. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  bend  or  turn ;  to 
turn. 

"  Not  farre  beneath  f  th'  valley  as  she  trendi 
Her  sliver  strfanie.- 

Sroume:  SrttaHnial  Paitorali,  U. 

trend  (2),  v.t.    [Cf.  Dnt  &  Oer.  trennm  =  to 
separate.]    To  cleanse,  as  WOOL    (/Vou.) 


ftte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  «ir,  marine-  go   pos 
or.  wore.  w»lf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Sjrrian.    as.  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


trend— treronidro 


4813 


trend  (1),  *    [TBESD  (1),  «.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Inclination  In  a  particular 
direction.  (Lit.  dtjlg.) 

"The  whole  trend  of  public  feeling  lu  France  l«  not 
In  favour  of  sedentary  occupntiouti,  but  of  opeu-air 
pursuitC  —  Daily  Telefraph,  Jan.  16,  1U8G. 

II.  Techjiically : 

1.  Fort. :  The  general  line  of  direction  of 
the  side  of  a  work  or  a  line  of  works. 

2.  Nautical : 

(1)  The  thickening  of  an  anchor  shank  as  it 
approaches   the  arms.      It  extends  upward 
from  the  throat  a  distance  equal  to  the  length 
of  the  urn i. 

(2)  The  angle  formed  by  the  line  of  a  ship's 
keel  and  the  direction  of  the  anchor-cable, 

trend  (2),  s.  [TREND  (2),  v.J  Clean  or  cleansed 
wooL 

*  trend'-?!,  a.    [TRENDLE.] 

trend'-er,  *.    [Eng.  trend  (2),  v. ;  -«r.]    One 

whose  business  is  to  free  wool  from  its  filth. 
(Prov.) 

trend -Ing,  s.  [TREND  (1),  v.]  A  turn,  bend, 
or  inclination  in  a  particular  direction ;  a 
trend. 

"  The  ccuuta  and  trenilingt  of  the  crooked  shore.1* 
Dryden:  Virgil;  -Sntid  vli.  200. 

*  tren'-dle,  s.    [A.S.  trendel  =  a  ring,  a  circle,] 
[TREND  (1),  v.]     Anything   round   used   in 
turning  or  rolling ;  a  trundle. 

"  The  shaft  the  wheel,  the  wheel  the  trtndtt  turns.** 
Syleater, 

TrSnt,*.    [See  def.] 

Gtog. :  A  river  of  England. 

Trent-sand,  s.  A  fine  variety  of  sand 
found  in  and  near  the  river  Trent,  and  used 
for  polishing. 

*  trent,  v.i.    [TREND,  t*.]    To  trend ;  to  bend 
the  course. 

"The  valley  of  Gehiuimu  und  Jehosaphat ...  do 
trent  to  the  south."— Sandy* :  Traoelt,  p.  188. 

trSnt  al,  ».  [O.  Fr.  trentel,  trental  =  a  trental, 
from  trenU  =  thirty  ;  Low  Lat.  trentale  —  a 
trental,  from  Lat.  triginta  —  thirty,  from  tres  = 
three.] 

L  Roman  Ritual:  An  office  for  the  dead 
consisting  of  thirty  masses  rehearsed  f«r 
thirty  days  successively  afterthe  party'sdeath* 

"  Let  iiuuu  be  said,  and  trental*  read. 
When  thou'rt  to  cou vent  gone." 

Scott:  RaJteby,  r.fT. 

*  2.  A  dirge,  an  elegy. 

Trent  on,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  A  township  ia  the  state  of  New  York 
twelve  miles  north  of  Utica. 

Trenton-limestone,  «. 

GeoL  :  A  limestone  of  Lower  Silurian  age 
from  North  America.  (Murchison.)  It  is  di- 
vided into  the  Hudson  River  Group,  the  Utica 
Group,  and  the  Trenton  Group. 

tre-pan'  (1),  *tre-pane,  «.  [Fr.  trepan  ~  a 
trepan,  from  Low  Lat.  trepanum  (for  try' 
panum),  from  Gr.  rpviravov  (trupannii)  =  a 
carpenter's  tool,  an  auger,  a  trepan;  rpvwu 
(trupo)  =  to  bore ;  TpOn-a,  rpvmj  (trupa,  trupe) 
=  a  hole.] 

*  1.  Mil. :  A  war-engine  or  instrument  used 
In  sieges  for  piercing  or  making  holes  in  the 
walls  of  besieged  towns. 

**  The  Iiigiuers  have  the  trepan  dressed.™ 

T,  l/utit'ii  :  Judith,  lit  107. 

2.  Surg. :  A  crown  saw  used  principally  in 
removing  portions  of  the  skull.    The  trephine 
is  an  improved  form.    [TREPHINE.] 

"  I  began  to  work  with  the  trepan,  which  I  much 
prefer  before  a  trephine."—  Witeinan  :  Surgery,  bk.  v., 

cb.  ix. 

3.  A  workman's  name  for  the  steel  at  the 
foot  of  a  boring-rod.    Also  spelt  trepang. 

-  tre-pan'  (2),  *  tra-pan',  n.  [O.  Fr.  trappan  = 
a  sntre,  a  trap  for  animals,  from  frajjpe  =  a 
trap  (q.v.).J 

1.  A  snare,  a  trap,  a  trick. 

**  In  th  Interim  spare  for  no  1  repaint 
To  draw  her  neck  into  the  bairns." 

'      Butler :  Hudibrat,  ITL  11L 

2.  A  cheat,  a  deceiver,  a  trickster. 

tre  pan'  (1),  v.i,  &  i.     [Fr.  trepaner,   from 
tr*yun  —  a  trepan.] 
A.  Transitive: 

Surg. :  To  perforate  by  or  with  the  trepan  ; 
to  operate  on  with  a  trepan. 

"The  dura  muter  under  the  trepann'd  hone  In- 
carn'd."—  Wiieman  :  Surgery,  bk.  v.,  ch.  Ix. 


B.  Intrans. :  To  operate  with  a  trepan  ;  to 
perform  the  operation  of  trepanning. 

"The  native  surgeons  of  the  South  Sea  Inlanders 
trepan  by  laying  back  a  flav  of  the  scalp  andscraimiL,' 
snvtty  the  skull  until  an  inch  tu  diameter  of  the-  dura 
mater  is  exposed, '— Knight :  Diet.  Mechanict,  a.v. 
TVejAtne. 

tre-pan'  (2),  *  tra-pan',  i>.(.  [TREPAN  (2),  ».] 

To  auare,  to  trap,  to  enauare,  to  cheat. 

"  A  writing  wherein  his  maiu  intentions  were  com. 
prised,  so  to  trepan  him  into  hia  destruction," — 
fuller:  Worthiet;  Torkthirt. 

tre  pang  (1),  *.    [Fr.]    The  same  as  TREPAN 

(1),  s.,  3. 

tre-pang'(2),«.    [Native  name.] 

Zool.  &  Comm. ;  A  popular  name  for  several 
edible  tropical  species  of  the  Holothuroidea, 
especially  applied  to  Holotkuria  edulis,  and  to 
its  dried  flesh.  It  is  a  slug-like  animal,  from 
the  eastern  seas,  from  six  inches  to  two  feet 
in  length,  living  among  seaweed  or  in  sand  on 
mud,  and  moving  by  the  alternate  extension 
and  contraction  of  the  body.  The  trepang 
forms  an  important  article  of  food  in  China, 
About  thirty-five  varieties  are  enumerated  by 
traders,  but  only  five  or  aix  have  any  real  com- 


mercial value.  To  prepare  them  for  the  mar- 
ket the  viscera  are  removed,  and  the  animals 
boiled  for  about  twenty  minutes,  then  soaked 
in  fresh  water,  and  afterwards  smoked  and 
dried.  The  curing  process  occupies  about 
four  days,  during  which  the  trepang  must  be 
kept  very  dry,  for  it  readily  absorbs  moisture 
from  the  atmosphere.  The  final  product  is  an 
uninviting,  dirty-looking  substance,  which  is 
used  to  prepare  a  sort  of  thick  soup,  a  fa- 
vourite dish  in  China  and  the  Philippine 
islands.  Trepang  is  worth  from  eight  to 
thirteen  shillings  a  bushel,  according  to  the 
variety  and  the  perfection  with  which  it  is 
cured. 

'*  In  the  meantime,  unless  both  the  trepan?  and 
the  pearl  trades  are  not  to  be  overdone,  it  behoves  the 
Governments  concerned  to  nut  them  under  some  whole- 
some regulations.'  —Standard,  Nov.  23,  1885. 

*  tre'  pan-ize,  r.f.  [Eng.  trepan  (1);  -fee.] 
To  trepan. 

"  Some  liare  been  cored  by  cauterizing  with  fire,  hy 
•awing  off  a  member,  by  trapaniting  the  skull,  or 
drawing  bones  from  it." — Taylor  :  Contemplationtt  47. 

tre-pan'-ner,  *  tra-pan'  ner,  *.  [Eng. 
trepan  (2),  v. ;  -er.}  One  who  trepans ;  a 
cheat,  a  trickster. 

"  Not  long  after  by  the  Insinuations  of  that  old 
pander  and  trayamur  of  souls. "— South  ;  Sermont,  vol. 
vi.,  ser.  1ft, 

tre-pan'  ning,  a.    [Eng.  trepan(I),  v. ;  -ing.} 

1.  Surg. ;    The    operation    of   making    an 
opening  in  the  skull  for  relieving  the  brain 
from  compression  or  irritation. 

2.  Brush-making ;   The  operation  or   pro- 
cess of  drawing  the  tufts  or  bristles  into  the 
holes  in  the  stock  by  means  of  wire  inserted 
through  holes  in  the  edge,  which  are  then 
plugged,  concealing  the  mode  of  operation. 

trepanning-elevator,  s. 

Surg. :  A  lever  for  raising  the  portion  of 
boue  detached  by  the  trephine. 

« trcpeget, «.    [TREBtTCHBT.] 

tre-phine',  «.    [Fr.] 

Surg.:  An  improved  form  of  the  trepan 
(q.v.).  An  instrument  for  taking  a  circular 
piece  out  of  the  cranium.  It  is  a  cylindrical 
saw,  with  a  cross-handle  like  a  gimlet  and  a 
centre -pin  (called  the  perforator),  around 
which  it  revolves  until  the  saw  has  cut  a 
kerf  sufficient  to  hold  it.  The  centre-pin 
may  then  be  withdrawn.  The  saw  is  made  to 
cut  through  the  bone,  not  by  a  series  of 
complete  rotations,  such  as  are  made  by  the 
trepan,  but  by  rapid  half  rotations  alternately 
to  the  right  and  left,  as  in  boring  with  an  a#l. 
The  trephine  is  sometimes  worked  by  a  re- 
volving brace  like  that  of  the  carpenter,  and 
has  been  socketed  upon  a  stem  with  three 
legs,  and  turned  by  one  hand  while  the  socket 
is  held  by  the  other.  The  trephine  for  the 
antrnm  is  a  small  crown-saw  set  in  the  end 
of  a  handle.  It  is  used  for  entering  the  antrnm 
through  a  tooth-socket.  The  trephine  differs 


from  the  trepan  in  having  it»  crown  fixed 

upon  and  worked  by  a  common  transverse 
handle,  instead  of  being  turned  by  a  handle, 
liku  a  wimble  or  centre-bit,  as  is  the  ease 
with  the  trepan.  The  operation  of  trepanning 
is  resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of  relieving  the 
bruin  from  pressure  ;  such  pressure  nwy  be 
caused  by  the  depressiuti  of  a  portion  of  th* 
cranium,  or  it  may  be  produced  by  an  extra- 
vasation of  blond,  or  by  the  lodgment  of 
mutter  betwixt  tin-  skull  and  the  dura  muter, 
occasioned  by  a  blow  upon  the  head,  or  the 
inflammation  of  the  membranes  of  the  brain. 

trephine -saw,  s.  A  crown-saw  ;  a  cylin- 
drical saw  with  a  serrated  end,  t*>  make  a 
circular  kerf  l>y  the  rotation  of  the  saw  on  its 
longitudinal  axis. 

tre  phine',  v.t.  [TREPHINE,  *.]  To  i«rforate 
with  a  trephine;  to  operate  on  with  a  tre- 
phine ;  to  trepan. 

"trfip'-Id,  o.  [Lat.  trepidus,  from  an  old  verb 
trej>o  —  to  turn  round ;  cogn.  with  Gr.  rptina 
(trepff)  —  to  turn.]  Trembling,  quaking. 

"Look  at  the  yoor  little  trepid  creature,  pan  ting  and 
helpless  under  the  great  eyes.*—  Thackeray  Vir- 
ginian*, ch.  Ux. 

1  Now  surviving  in  its  opposite,  intrepid 
(q.v.). 

*trep  J  date.  v.L  [Lat.  trtpidatu*,  pa,  par. 
of  trepido.]  [TREPIDATION.]  To  tremble.  (Di 

Quincey.) 

trep-I-da'-tion,  «.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  trepida' 

tionein,  accus.  of  trepidatio  =  alarm,  a  trem- 
bling, from  trepidatus,  pa.  par.  of  trepido  = 
to  tremble,  from  trepidus  =  trembling,  trepid 
(q.v.);  8p.  trepidation;  Ital.  trepidazione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  involuntary  trembling ;  a  quaking  or 
shivering  as  from  fear  or  terror;  hence,  a 
state  of  alarm  or  terror. 

"  The  general  trepidation  of  fau  and  wickedneM."— 
Idler.  No.  46. 

2.  A  trembling  of  the  limbs,  as  in  paralytic 
affections. 

*  3.  A  state  of  shaking  or  being  in  vibra- 
tion ;  vibratory  motion. 

"  They  can  no  flrme  basis  hare 
Vpon  the  trepidation  ot  a  wave." 

Babington  :  Ctutara,  pi  It 

4.  Hurry ;  confused  haste. 

*  IL  Ancient  Astron. :  A  libration  of  the 
eighth  sphere,  or  a  motion  which  the  Ptole- 
maic system  ascribes  to  the  firmament,  to 
account  for  the  changes  and  motion  of  the 
axis  of  the  world. 

"  What  secret  hand  the  trepidation  weighs. 
Or  through  the  sodi»c  guides  the  spiral  pace? 

Brooke  :  Cnitiertal  beauty,  t 

*tr$-pW-I-t&  *.  [Lat  trepidus  —  trepid 
(q.v.).J  The  quality  or  state  of  being  trepid; 
trepidation,  timidity. 

trep-o-mo  nad  -i-d»,  «.  pZ.  [Hod.  Lat 
trepomonas,  gen  it.  trepomonadfa) ;  Lat.  fern, 
pi.  adj.  suff.  'idee.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Pantostomatous  Flagel- 
lata,  with  a  single  genus,  Trepomonas  (q.v.). 
Animalcules  naked,  free -swimming,  asym- 
metrical ;  two  fiagella  separately  inserted ;  no 
distinct  oral  aperture. 

trep  o-mon'-as,  «.  [Gr.  rpema  (trepti)  =  to 
turn,  and  Mod.  Lat  mono*  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Trepomonadid* 
(q.v.),  with  a  single  species,  Trepomonas  agilitt 
from  marsh  water  with  decaying  vegetable 
substances. 

trer'-on,  *.  [Gr.  rpw*»>  (trerdn)  =  fearful 
any,  used  as  an  epithet  of  the  dove ;  hence  n 
rpqfHtv  (hejtrerdri)  in  later  Greek  =  a  dove.] 

Ornith. :  Tree-pigeons ;  a  genus  of  Colum- 
bia.- (the  Vinago  of  Cuvier),  with  thirty-seven 
species,  ranging  over  tlie  whole  Oriental  region, 
and  eastward  to  Celebes,  Amboyna,  and  Flores,  • 
and  the  whole  Ethiopian  region  to  Madagascar. 
Formerly  made  the  type-genus  of  the  lapsed 
family  Treronidae.^ 

»tr5-ro"n'-X-d«,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat  (reran; 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -idee.] 

Ornith. :  A  family  of  Columbacei,  approxi- 
mately equivalent  to  the  genus  Treron  (q.v.). 
Bill  large,  strong,  compressed  at  sides,  tip 
very  hard,  hooked ;  nostrils  exposed ;  tarsi 
short,  partly  clothed  with  feathers'  below  tarsal 
joint ;  the  whole  foot  formed  for  perching  and 
grasping ;  claws  strong,  sharp,  and  semi- 
circular. 


b6H,  bo^ ;  poUt,  J61W ;  cat,  5011,  chorns,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a? ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lat.   ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tian  =  saan.   -tton,  -sloa  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -»ion  =  zhun.    -cious, -tious, -aioua  -  ahus.   -bio.  -die,  Ac.  =  bet  del. 


4S14 


tresayle— trevat 


*  treV-ayle,  ».    fFr.  trianieul  =  a  great-great- 
grandfather, from  Lat.  tris,  tres  =  three,  and 
anoiitt,  ants  -«  grandfather.] 

Law:  A  wiH  which  lay  for  ft  man  claiming 
aa  heir  to  his  grand  father's  grandfather,  to 
recover  lands  of  which  he  had  been  deprived 
by  an  abatement  happening  on  the  ancestor's 
death. 

tares'-pass,  r.f.  (O.  Pr.  trespasser  =  to  pass 
over,  from  trespas  =  a  passage,  a  sin,  from  Lat. 
trans  =  across,  and  passus=,  a  step  ;  Sp,  tres- 
paso  =a  conveyance  across,  a  trespass  ;  Ital. 
tra.fnjts.-io  —  a  (laasage,  digression.] 

*  1.  To  go  beyond  a  limit  or  boundary. 

2.  Specif.,  to  pass  over  the  boundary  of  the 
land  of  another;  to  enter  unlawfully  on  the 
land  of  another,  or  upon  that  which  is  the 
property  or  right  of  another. 

*  3.  To  depart,  to  go. 

"And  thus  seoue  after  thy*,  noble  Robert  de  Ernw, 
kyuff  of  totted,  tretpamed  out  of  this  vuoertayne 
worule,"— Btrnert ;  Fratuart ;  Crony&e,  vol.  1 .  ch.  xx 

4.  To  commit  any  offence ;  to  offend,  to 
*jransgress ;  to  do  wrong. 

"  For  it  Is  re*ou,  that  he  that  tretpaa«t\  by  his  fre« 
will,  that  by  his  free  will  be  confesse  bU  trespa*."— 
CAaueer:  Ptrtonet  Tata. 

5.  In  a  narrower  sense,  to  transgress  volun- 
tarily any  divine  law  or  command  ;  to  violate 
any  known  rule  of  duty  ;  to  sin. 

"Go  oat  of  the  sanctuar?,  for  thou  hut  trmpaaed," 
—1  Ckroniclet  xxvt  13. 

6.  To  intrude ;  to  go  too  far ;  to  encroach, 
to  trench  (followed  by  on  or  upon) ;  as,  To 
trespass  on  a  person's  good  nature. 

tres  pass,  *  tres  pas,  s.    (TRESPASS,  t*.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  trespasses  or  offends ; 
an  i  n.i  ury  or  wrong  done  to  another ;  an  offence 
against  or  violation  of  some  law  or  rule  laid 
down. 

-  One*  did  I  lay  In  am  bash  (or  your  life. 
A  trMpait  that  Joth  vex  my  grieved  sonL* 

£ho*4p. .'  Richard  If.,  L  L 

2.  Any  voluntary  transgression  of  the  moral 
law ;  a  violation  of  a  known  rule  of  duty ;  sin. 

*'  The  scape-goat  on  his  head 
The  people  a  trttpatt  bore.** 

Covi-tr :  Olney  ffj/mtu,  six. 

3L  Unlawful  entry  on  U  e  land  or  property 
of  another. 
IL  Law :  (See  extract), 

Tretpau,  In  its  largest  and  most  extensive  Muse, 
rigufftes  any  transgression  or  offence  against  the  law 
of  nature,  of  society,  or  of  tb*  country  la  which  we 
live ;  whether  it  relate*  to  a  man's  person,  or  bU  pro- 
perty. Therefore  I  fating  another  IB  a  tretpass;  for 
which  an  action  of  assault  ami  battery  will  He  :  taking 
or  detaining  a  mail's  goods  an  respectively  tretpauet ; 
for  which  the  actions  of  trover  aud  detinue  are  given 
by  the  law:  so  also  noil-performance  of  promises  or 
undertakings  is  technically  a  tretpatt.  upon  which  the 
action  of  aesumpait  Is  grounded  :  ajiJ,  m  general,  any 
misfeauoe  or  act  of  owe  uian  whertby  another  is  inju- 
riously treated  aud  damnified,  is  a  transgression  or 
tretp'iu  in  its  largest  sense.  But  lit  the  limited  and 
out) n ned  seuae  it  signifies  no  more  than  entry  on 
another  LUAII'B  ground  without  a  lawful  authority, 
ftu>.l  doing  some  dVuuage,  however  inconsiderable,  to 
his  real  property,  which  the  law  entitles  a  trespau  by 
breaking  his  close.  And  a  man  la  answerable  for  not 
only  hi*  OKU  trttpuM,  but  that  of  his  cattle  also :  for, 
If  by  his  negligent  keeping  they  stnvy  apon  the  laud 
of  another,  and  much  more  if  be  permits,  or  drives 
them  on.  aud  they  there  irwul  down  bis  neighbour's 
herbage,  and  spoil  his  corn  or  his  trees,  this  U  a  tret- 
p<(*«,  for  which  the  owner  must  answer  in  damages. " — 
Blackttone:  Comment,,  bk.  111.,  ch.  8. 

trespass  -  offering,  «.  An  offering 
amongst  the  Jews,  in  expiation  of  a  trespass. 
Heb.  D^£  (ashani\  fron  DtpM  (asham)  —  to 
commit  a  fault.  It  was  closely  akin  to  the 
sin-offering,  and  constated  of  a  ewe  lamb  or 
kid,  or  a  ram  without  blemish.  After  being 
killed  its  blood  was  *c  be  sprinkled,  the  fat 
burned  on  the  altar,  und  the  flesh  eaten  by 
the  priests  in  the  holy  place.  The  trespasses 
for  which  it  made  atonement  were  sins  of 
dishonesty,  falsehood  carrying  hurtful  conse- 
quences  to  others,  and,  combined  with  the 
trespass-offering,  compensation  was  to  be 
•  made  for  the  wrong  inflicted  (Lev.  v.  14-19 ; 
vi.  1-8;  vii.  1-7,  &c.) 

•  tres' -pass-ant,  a.    [O.  Fr.,pr.  par.  of  tres- 
passer =  to  trespass  (q.v.).]    Tres[>assing. 

"  T  wonld  wish  the  parties  treiptusnnt  to  be  made 
bond  or  sl.uies  vuto  those  that  recelued  the  luluria." — 
Bolinthcd  ;  Dctcrip.  Sag.,  bk.  it,  ch.  xL 

tres'  pass  er,  *  tres -pass -our,  s.  [Eng. 
trespass,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  trespasses ;  one  who  enters  un- 
lawfully on  the  land,  property,  or  rights  of 
another. 

"  Squatters  and  tretpnt$«rt  were  tolerated  to  an  ex- 
tent now  unknown."—  Macaulay :  Bin.  Eng.,  ch.  iii. 


2.  One  who  commits  a  trespass;  an  offender; 
a  sinner. 

"  Fur  ctrcamcbrioun  prontith  If  thou  kepe  the  lawe, 
but  if  thou  be  utmpaimur  agheu  the  laws,  tbl  cir- 
euiuclsiouu  is  maad  prepiicia,'— lt>c/yf«.  Momani 

tL» 

tress  (1),  'tresse.s.  [Fr.(r««,  from  Low  Lftt. 
tricia,  trica  —  a  plait,  from  Gr.  Tpt\a  (tricha) 
=  in  three  parts,  from  the  usual  method  <jf 
plaiting  the  hair  in  three  folds,  from  rpt'a 
(frto),  neut.  of  Tp«is  (treis)  =  three ;  Ital. 
treccia  =  a  braid,  a  knot,  a  curl ;  Sp.  trenza 
=  a  braid  of  hair,  plaited  silk.] 

1.  A  lock  or  curl  of  hair;  a  ringlet. 

"  Not  all  the  trctft  that  fair  head  can  boast 
Shall  draw  such  euvy  as  the  lock  you  lost.* 

Pope  :  Kay*  of  the  iodt,  r.  143. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  tress. 

"  There  stood  a  marble  altar,  with  a  trtt* 
Of  flower*  budded  newly." 

Hfus:  fndymlottt  L  60. 

"tress (2),  «.    [TBACE(IX«.]    A  trace. 

H  Ladtfs-tresses  :  [LADY'S-TRESSES]. 

tressed, «.    [Eng.  ««a(l);  -«d.J 

1,  Having  tressrs. 

2.  Curled  ;  formed  Into  ringlets. 

*'  Nor  hath  this  yonker  torn  his  tressed  locVs. 
And  broke  hLs  pipe  which  was  of  sound  BO  sweet' 
Dravtvn  :  J'a»turalt.  ecL  IL 

tres'-sel,  a.    [TRESTLE.] 

*  tress  -ful,  a.     [Eng.  tress  (1),  s. ;  •/&(!).] 
Having   an   abundance   of  tresses;    bavin? 
luxuriant  hair.    (Sylvester;  Magnificence,  734.) 

*  tres'-son.  «.     [Fr.]    Tlie  net-work  for  the 
hair  woru  by  ladies  in  the  Middle  Ages, 

*  tres'-sour,  *.    [0.  Fr.]    (TRESS  0),  «•]    An 
instrument  used  for  plaiting  the  hair ;  an 
ornament  of  Lair  when  tressed. 

tress'-nre  («s  as  «h), «.  {Pr.t  from  «re8wr= 
to  twist,  to  plait.]  [TRESS  (1),  *.] 

Her.;  The  diminutive   of  the   orle,  and 
generally  reckoned  one-half 
of  that  ordinary.    U  passes 
round  the  field,  following 
the  shape  and  fonn  of  the 
escutcheon, whatever  shape 
it  may  be,  and  is  usually 
borne  double.    When  orna- 
mented with  fleur-de-lis  on 
both  aides,  It  is  termed  a 
t ressu  re   Jlory-counter-Jlory, 
the  flowers  being  reversed  TREBSDBE  FLORY. 
alternately.  A.  treasure Jlory 
is  when  the  flowers  are  on  one  side  only  of  the 
treasure,  with  the  ends  of  them  inwards. 

**  Tb»  anas  are  a  lion  with  a  bonier,  or  tretture, 

adorned   with   flower-de-loce*"—  Warton :  But,  Jfny. 

Poetry,  ii.  263. 

tress  -ured  (ss  as  sh),  a.  [Eng.  treasure) ; 
-etl.]  Provided  with  a  tressure  ;  arranged  in 
the  form  or  occupying  the  place  of  a  tressure. 

"  The  tretsured  fleur-de-luce  be  clai  rns 
To  wreathe  hut  shield,  since  royal  Jame*." 

Soott :  Lat  of  the  tout  Jttiutrei,  ir.  8. 

•trgs'-B^t  a.  (Eng.  tress  (1),  s.  ;  -y.]  Per- 
taining to  tresses  ;  having  the  appearance  of 
tresses. 

**  Pendant  boughs  of  trtity  yew." 

Coleridg*  ;  ttwti. 

"treat,  a,    [TBCST.]    Trusty,  faithfuL 

"  Faithful,  secret,  trail,  aad  trew.*  Sylwter. 

tres  -tie  (tie  as  el),  *  treV-sel,  *  tres-el, 

*  tres -sell,  *  tres-tel,  *  tres-tyl, 

*  tres-tyUe,  *  trus-sel,  s.    [0.  Fr.  trestel, 
tresteau,  treteatt  (Fr.  treteau)  =  a  trestle,  a 
kind  of  rack ;  origin  doubtful.    Skeat  refers 
it  to  Lat.  transtiU'tm,  dimin.  from  trans/rum 
=  a  cross-beam.    Littr6  derives  it  from  Bret. 
tretistel,  trefistetil  =  a  trestle,  dimin.  of  trt&st 
—  a  beam.    Cf.  Wei.  trestyl  =  a  trestle,  trawst 
=  a  transom,  rafter ;  Dut.  driestal  =  a  three- 
footed  stool  or  settle ;  Lowland  Scotch  traist, 
trast  =  a  trestle,  from  0.  Fr.  traste  =  a  cross- 
beam ;  O.  Ital.  trasto  =  a  transom.] 

1.  Carpentry: 

(1)  A  beam  or  bar  supported  by  divergent 
legs.    It  is  commonly  used  by  carpenters  to 
support  a  board  while  being  sawed,  or  work 
while  being  put  together,  as  a  door ;  a  horse. 

"The»e  burgesses  sette  dowoe  the  lytter  on  two 
trettcU  til  the  inyildea  of  the  chainbre."— B*riur»  : 
froiuart ;  Cronycte,  roL  II.,  ch.  clviL 

(2)  The  frame  of  a  table. 

2.  Eng. :  A  road-bed  or  stringer  supported 
by   posts    or    pillars   and    framing    in    the 
intervals. 


3.  Leather:    The  sloping    hank   on   which 
skins  are  laid  while  being  curried. 

4.  Sfiipbuttd.  :  The  shores  or  supports  of  a 
ship  while  being  built. 

"  Then  they  launched  her  from  the  tmtdt, 
lu  theshi;>-vard  by  the  sea." 

Lonaffltovi  Jtiatcian*  Tale,  xlll. 

trestle-board,  «.  The  architwt's  de- 
signing-board. (Named  from  the  fact  that  it 
was  formerly  supported  on  trestles.) 

trestle-bridge,  *. 

Eng. :  One  in  which  the  bed  is  8iir. ported 
npon  framed  sections  which  rest  on  the  soil 
or  river-bed.  A  military  expedient,  or  one 
used  in  const  ruling  works  of  a  temporary 
character. 

trestle-trees, «.  pi. 

Nant. :  Horizontal  fore-and-aft  timbers, 
resting  on  the  hounds  and  secured  to  a  lower 
mast  or  topmast  on  each  side  below  the  head. 
They  serve  to  support  ttie  cross-trees  aud  the 
top,  if  any. 

trestle-work,  *.  A  vtadnet  or  scaffold 
supported  on  piers,  and  with  braces  and 
cross-beams;  the  vertical  posts,  horizontal 


THESTLE-WORK  BRIDGE. 

etrlngers,  oblique  braces,  and  cross-beams 
supporting  a  roadway,  railway,  truck,  &c. 
Trestle-work  Is  innch  used  in  America  for 
viaducts  and  bridges. 

*  trest-ler  (st  aa  0),  «.    {Eng.  trestle)  ;  -er.] 

A  trestle. 

14  They  took  tip  feet  of  trpttlrrt  and  chairs  which  the 
people  hud  overthrown  aud  broken,  minting  awny."— 
XerA:  Mutant,  p.  668. 

tret,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  perhaps  from  Fr. 
traite  =  &  draught,  a  transportation,  impost 
on  goods,  from  Lat.  tract  us,  pa.  par.  of  trafio 
=  to  draw.] 

Comm.  :  An  allowance  to  purchasers  of 
goods  of  certain  kinds  for  wear,  damage,  or 
deterioration  during  transit.  It  consists  of  a 
deduction  of  4  Ibs.  for  every  104  IDS.  of  snttle- 
weight,  or  weight  after  the  tare  has  been  de- 
ducted. The  practice  of  allowing  tret  is  now 
nearly  discontinued. 

*  tret'-  a-ble,  a,    [TREATABLE.} 

*  trete,  P.(.  or  t    [TREAT,  v.} 
*tret-ee,  a.    [TREATY.) 

tret-eu-ter-a'-ta,  «.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
Or.  rpfirof  (tretas)  =  perforated,  aud  cvrcpor 
(enteron)  =  an  intestine.] 

ZocA.  :  A  primary  group  of  Brachlopoda, 
consisting  of  those  in  which  the  intestine  is 
provided  with  an  anal  ajterture.  Under  this 
Bead  are  ranged  the  families  Lingulidie,  Pis- 
cinidee,  Gnmiadfe,  and  Trimerellidw. 

tret  cu'-ter-ate,  s.  [TRCTENTEEATA.]  Any 
individual  of  the  Tretenterata  (q.v.X 

"  In  the  opinion  of  Prof,  King,  the  absence  of  aa 
anal  vent  In  Cli»t*nt?rata  makes  them  Inferior  to  the 
uiiferuns  Tretgnteratet,"-~Eneye.  Brit.  (ed.BthX  fr.  18* 

•treth'-ing,  «.  [Low  Lat.  trethingt,  from 
Wei.  trtth  —  a  tax  ;  trethen  =  to  tax.]  A  tax, 
an  impost 

•tret-is,  *tret-ys,  a.    [TREATISE.] 

•tret  ise.  »tret-ys,  o.     [O.  Fr.  traictls  = 
long  and  slender,  from  traict  =  drawn  out, 
a.  par.    of  traire  (Lat.    traho)—to  draw.) 
lender  and  well  proportioned. 

trc'-to  -ster-  non,  s.  [Gr.  Tpirrfc  (trStos)  = 
bored,  pierced,  and  ortpvor  (ster  non)  =  the 
breast-  bone.] 

Palaant.  :  A  genns  of  Emydida,  from  tho 
Wealden  and  Purbeck  beds. 

trev'-at,  s.  [Fr.]  A  weaver's  knife  forcutting 
the  loops  of  velvet  pile. 


pa. 

Slen 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  po 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


trevet— trial 


4815 


treV-e't,  *.    [TRIVET.] 

1.  A  three-legged  stooL 

2.  A  movable  iron  frame  or  stand  to  support 
a  kettle,  Ac.,  on  a  grate  ;  a  trivet. 

'trewe,  a.  &  s.    [TRUE.] 

A.  As  adj.:  True. 

"  Accept!  th  tlmiine  of  us  the  trew*  eiitent, 
Tb»t  uevvr  yit  refmid  yume  heat," 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  8,00$. 

B.  As  sitbst.  :  A  truce  (q.v.). 

*  trewe-lufe,  s.    [TKUE-LOVE.] 

trew'-I-a  (ew  as  ft),  s.  [Named  after  C.  J. 
Trew,  of  Nun-tii  berg,  a  botanical  author.] 

Sot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Trewiacete(q.v.). 
Leaves  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules  ; 
floweis  dkeciuus,  males  in  long  racemes,  fe- 
males axillary,  solitary  ;  males,  sepals  three  to 
four,  stamens  many  ;  females,  calyx  three  to 
four-cleft,  style  four-deft;  drupe  five-celled, 
each  cell  witli  a  single  seed.  Knnwn  species 
one,  Trewianudiflora,a.n  Indian  deciduous  tret-, 
growing  in  the  sub-  Himalayas.  The  wood  is 
used  for  drums  and  agricultural  implements. 

*  trew-l-a'  -90-88  (ew  as  6),  s.  pt.  fMod. 
Lat.  treivi(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  auff.  -acece.] 

Hot.  :  An  obsolete  order  established  by 
Lindley,  now  merged  in  Crotoneae. 

trews  (ew  as  u),  s.  pi.    [Fr.  trousses  —  trunk- 
hose.  J   [TROUSERS.]  Trousers,  particularly  the 
tartan  trousers  worn  by  Highlanders. 
"  But  had  you  aeeti  the  phiUbens, 
And  skyrin  Urtan  er«w.  man. 

Burnt  :  Battle  of  Sheriff  Mulr. 

trewf  '-man  (ew  as  uX  *•  [Eng.  trews,  and 
man.]  A  Highlander,  more  especially  an 
islesmau  of  the  Hebrides,  so  called  from  his 
dress. 

trey  (e  aa  a),  •  treye,  «.  [O.  Fr.  trei,  treis  ; 
Fr.  troi*,  from  Lat.  (res  =  three.)  A  three  at 

cards  or  dice  ;  a  card  of  three  spots, 

"  Nay  then,  two  treyt,  an  if  you  grow  90  nice." 
&*O*M/>  .'  Lnoe't  Lubow  »  Lutt,  T.  1. 

tri-,  prtf.  [Fr.  &  Lat.  tri-  —  three  times,  from 
Lat.  (rio,  neut.  of  tres—  three  ;  Gr.  rpi  (tri-\ 
from  rpia.  (tria),  neut  of  rp««  (freia)  =  three.] 
L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  prefix  used  with  words  of 
Greek  and  Latin  origin,  denoting  three,  three- 
fold, thrice,  or  in  threes. 

2.  Ghtm.  :  A  prefix  denoting  that  a  com* 
pound  contains  three  atoms  or  three  radicals 
of  the  substance  to  winch  it  is  prefixed  :  thus 
trichloride  of  bismuth,  BiCI;j  ;  trioxide  of 
antimony,  SbaOj  ;  trietaylauiine,  (CsHofeN. 


txi'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng,  try; 

L  Capable  of  being  tried  ;  flt  or  possible 
to  be  tried;  capable  of  being  subjected  to 

trial  or  test. 

"For  the  more  easy  understanding  of  the  experi- 
ment* triable  by  our  engine,  I  limit  muted  that  notion, 
by  which  all  of  them  will  prove  explicable."—  Boyle, 

2.  Capable  of  undergoing  a  judicial  examina- 
tion ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  brought  under  the 
cognizance  of  a  court. 

"  Whosoever  sueth  in  them  for  anything  triable  by 
theconiiuuii  law,  shall  fall  iutoapreiuuuire."—  Bobbt: 
Lavt  of  England. 

tri'-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  triable  ;  -ntsi.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  triable. 

tri  a  can  thj  na,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat.  trfa- 
caiith(us)  ;  Lat.  neat.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ina.} 

1.  Ichtky.  :  A  group  of  Sclerodermi,  with 
three  genera,  having  the  range  of  the  family. 
The  skin  is  covered  with  small,  rough,  scale- 
like  scutes  ;  dorsal,   with  from  four  to  six 
spines  ;  a  pair  of  strong  movable  ventral  spines 
joined  to  the  pelvic  bone. 

2.  Palreont.  :    A  genus  from  the  schista  of 
Claris,  closely  allied  to  Triacanthus. 

tri-a  can  -tho-don,  s.  [Pref.  tri-;  QT\£JCOV~ 
0o  (akantha.)—&  spine,  and  suit'.  -o<!on.\ 

Pala>.ont.  :  A  genus  of  Marsupials  with  one 
species  from  the  Middle  Purbeck  beds. 

tri  a  can'  -thus,  s.  [Pref,  tri-,  and  Gr. 
aitavQa.  (nkaiUha)  —  a  spine.] 

Ichtky.  :  A  genus  of  Triacanthina,  with  five 
speni.-s  ranging  from  the  Australian  seas  to 
the  north  of  China.  Triacanthus  brevirostris, 
from  thi  Indian  Ocean,  is  the  most  common. 

tri-a-chse'-nl-tim,  tri-a-clie'-ni-tim, 
trl-a-ke'-ui-um,  *.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Mod. 
Lat  ackainium  (q.v.).] 


Bot :  A  fruit  having  three  cells  in  an  ache- 
nium  ;  a  kind  of  Cremocarp  (q.v.). 

tri'-a-9i£sf  s.    [Pref.  tri~,  and  Gr.  ojct«  (aJcis) 

=  a  poiut.] 

Ickthy. :  A  genus  of  Carchariidtt,  from  the 
Pacific  and  Indian  Oceans. 

*tri'-a-cle  (1),  s.  [TREACLE.]  A  medicine, 
substance,  or  preparation  which  serves  as  an 
antidote ;  an  antidote. 

"Is  there  no  triacle  in  Gileadf"—  WycHJfr;  J«r. 
Tiii.  22. 

tri-a-cle  (2X  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  kind 
of  carriage. 

"  Children's  shattered  carriagM,  spavined  old  breaks, 
a  rickety  triable  of  the  Portuguese  period. " — J.  Capper: 
Picturetfrom  the  Edit,  p.  84. 

tri-a-con-ta-he'-dral,  a.  [Gr.  Tpid*ovTa 
(trinkonta)  =  thirty,  and  e&pa  (hedra)  =  a  seat, 
a  base.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. ;  Having  thirty  sides. 

2.  CrystaU. :  Bounded  by  thirty  rhomb*. 

tri'-a-co'n-ter,  ».     [Gr.  TpiaKomjpjjs  (tria- 
kon'tcres),  from  rpiajcovra  (triakontct)  =  thirty.] 
Gr.  Antiq. :  A  vessel  of  thirty  oars. 

tri'-ad,  s.    [Fr.  triade,  from  Lat.  trios,  genit. 
triadis  ;  Gr.  rpias  (trios)  =  a  triad,  from  rpels 
(treia)  =  three.] 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  unity  of  three ;  three  united. 

"  True  th.it  the  triad  ot  scientific  statement*  have 
really  nothing  to  do  with,  the  fearlew  '  tag.*"—  /)aily 
Telegraph,  Feb.  H,  188T. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Chem. :  A  name  given  to  those  elements 
which  can  directl>  unite  with  or  replace  three 
atoms  of  hydrogen,  chlorine,  or  oilier  mona- 
tomic  element.     The  triads  are  boron,  gold, 
indium,  and  thallium. 

2.  Mvsic: 

(1)  A  chord  of  three  notes. 

(2)  A  common  chord  or  harmony,  because 
it  is  formed  of  three  radical  sounds  ;  a  funda- 
mental note  or  bass,  its  third  and  its  fifth 
triads  are  said  to  be  major,  minor,  augmented 
or  diminished. 

3.  LiUratu.rt :  Three  subjects,  more  or  less 
connected,  formed  into  one  continuous  poem 
or  subject :  thus  the  Creation,  Redemption, 
and  Resurrection  would  form  a  triad.     The 
conmiest  of  England  by  the  Romans,  Saxons, 
and  Normans  would  form  a  triad.    Alexander 
the  Great,  Julius  Geesar,  and  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte would  form  a  triad.      So  would   Law, 
Physic,  and  Divinity.     In  Welsh  literature 
applied  to  a  form  of  composition  which  came 
into  use  in  the  twelfth  century.  '  Triads  are 
enumerations  or  arrangements  of  events  con- 
nected together  hi  sets  of  three  by  some  title 
or  general  observation  under  which  they  were 
considered  to  be  included. 

T  Hindoo  Triad: 

Brahmanism :  The  three  leading  Hindoo 
gods— Brahma,  Vishnu,  and  Siva.  [TRIMURTI.] 
They  characterised  the  second  great  develop- 
ment of  Hindooism,  Brahma  not  figuring  at 
all  in  the  Vedic  hymns,  Vishnu  there  being 
only  the  god  of  the  shining  firmament,  while 
the  conception  of  Siva  was  evolved  from  that 
of  the  Vedic  Indra,  the  god  of  raging  storms. 

tri  a  del  phoiis,  a.  [Pref.  tri~,  and  Gr. 
afieAi^oj  (culelphos)  =  a  brother.] 

Bot. :  Having  the  stamens  in  three  brother- 
hoods, bundles,  combinations,  or  assemblages, 
as  in  Hypericura, 

tri-ad'-iC,  o.    [Eng.  triad ;  -i&] 

1.  Ord.  Lang, :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  triad. 

"  The  whole  philosophy  of  Bonnld  is  controlled  by 
the  (rmdie  formula :  cause,  means,  effect."— O6*rw«y.' 
Bitt.  I'hii^t,,  ii.  m 

2.  Chem.:  Trivalent (q.v.). 

tri  ad  1st,  s.  [Eng.  triad;  -ist.}  A  com- 
poser of  a  triad  or  triads. 

tri-»  -n$-d6n,  *-    [Gr.  TPMUK«  (triai-na)  =  a 

trident ;  suif.  -odon.} 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Carchariidae,  from  the 
Indian  Ocean. 

tri-seV-nopS,  a  [Gr.  rpi'oipa  (triaina)  —  a  tri- 
dent, ami  6t£«  (opsis)—  outward  appearance. 
Named  from  the  shape  of  the  nose-leaf.] 

Zool. :  A  genns  of  Phyllorhininse,  with  one 
species  from  Persia  and  another  from  East 
Africa.  Nose-leaf,  horseshoe-sliaped  in  front, 


tridentate  behind  ;  ears  without  a  distinct 
antitragus,  the  outer  margin  of  the  ear-conch 
arising  from  the  posteriors  of  the  eyelids, 

tri-a-ken'-I-um,  ».    [TIUACB-ENIUM.] 

tri'-9l,*tim-all,*try-al,«.  lEng.*ry;-oU 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  The  act  of  trying  or  testing  In  any  man. 
ner,  as— 

(1)  The  act  of  trying  or  testing  the  strength 
for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  its  effect,  or 
what  can  be  done. 

(2)  The  act  of  testing  the  strength  01  firm* 
ness  of;  probation. 

"  Before  thou  make  a  trial  of  her  love." 

Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  I"/.,  T.  5. 

(3)  Examination  by  a  test  or  experiments, 
as  iu  chemistry,  metallurgy,  or  the  like. 

"  Now  mnketli  he  a  trinfi  how  much  hta  disciplee 
fcaue  profyted  gliwtly."—  UUttt  :  Mark  viiL 

(4)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

(5)  Experience,  experimental  examination. 
*2.  A  combat  decisive  of  the  merits  of  a, 

cause. 


"  I'll  answer  thee  ID  any  Mr  d 
Of  knightly  trial."      Shake*?.  :  Richard  II.,  1.  1. 

3.  That  which  tries  ;  that  which  harasses 
or  bears  hard  on  a  person,  trying  his  charac- 
ter, principle,  patience,  or  flrmuess  ;  a  temp- 
tation ;  a  test  of  virtue,  firmness,  or  strength 
of  mind. 

"Wheu  we  speak  of  a  state  of  trial.  It  must  be  r*. 
meinhered  thut  characters  are  not  only  tried,  or 
proved,  or  detected,  but  that  t  hey  are  generated  also. 
•ud  formed,  bycircuiuatauceft.'  —  i'atey  :  A'aturnt  The. 
oiogy.  c*.  xxv£ 

4.  A    process    for     testing     qualification, 
capacity,  knowledge,  progress,  and  the  like; 
an  examination, 

"  Girl  after  girl  wa»  call'd  to  trial  :  each 
Diaclaiin'd  all  kuowlwlye  of  o»." 

TemnjtMn  :  t'rin^m,  IT.  809. 

5.  Tbe  state  of  being  tried  ;  a  having  to 
suffer  or  experience  something;  the  state  of 
experiencing  or  undergoing  ;  experience. 

"  Others  had  trial  of  cruel  uisckingiKidsoourjdngB.' 
—  Hebrews  xt  34. 

6L  Verification,  proof. 

"They  will  scarcely  believe  this  without  trial' 
Sh«k«u>.  :  Much  Ado  mtKtut  Nothing,  ii.  4. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Coursing:  A  single  course  between  two 
greyhounds. 

"  Paradyne  land  PerMpbon*  had  a  terrific  trial."— 
Field.  J.iii.  38,  1884. 

2.  Law;   The   examination  of  a  cause  in 
controversy  between  parties  before  a  proper 
tribunal.    Trials  are  either  criminal  or  civiL 
In  criminal  informations  and    indictments, 
wherever  preferred,  trial    must    take    place 
before  a  judge  or  judges  (or  other  presiding 
magistrate)  and  a  jury.     Minor  offences  may 
be    tried    and    disposed   of   summarily    by 
magistrates  without  a  jury.    Tlie  species  of 
trials  in  civil  cases  are  six  in  number  :  by 
record,  by    inspection    or   examination,    by 
certificate,  by  witnesses,  by  jury,  and  by  the 
court.     Trials  by  inspection,   \>y  certificate, 
and  Uy  witnesses  are  very  unusual,  but  they 
are  still  recognised  modes  of  trial  in  certain 
cases.    Civil  actions  are  now  tried  (1)  before 
a  judge  or  judges;  (2)  liefore  a  judge,  sitting 
with  assessors  ;  (3)  before  a  judge  and  jury  ; 
(4)  before  an  official  or  special  referee,  with 
or  without  assessors.     The  first  of  these  ia 
now  much  more  common  than  formerly.     In 
ancient  times  there  were  also  trials  by  combat 
and  by  ordeal. 

^[  (1)  New  trial  :  A  rehearing  of  a  cause 
before  another  jury,  granted  in  cases  where 
the  court,  of  which  the  record  is,  sees  reason 
to  be  dissatisfied  with  a  verdict  on  the  ground 
of  misdirection  by  the  judge  to  the  jury,  a 
verdict  against  the  weight  of  evidence,  ex- 
cessive damages,  the  admission  of  improper 
evidence,  the  discovery  of  fresh  evidence  after 
the  verdict  was  given,  &c. 

(2)  Trial  and  error  : 

Math.  :  A  method  of  mathematical  calcula- 
tion for  attaining  to  results  not  possible  by  a 
more  direct  process.  An  experiment  is  made 
ou  the  assumption  that  a  certain  number  is 
the  correct  oue.  Then  it  is  seen  how  much 
obscure  inaccuracy  this  hypothesis  introduces 
into  the  result,  ami  thus  materiHts  are  obtained 
for  a  new  calculation,  which  directly  leads  to 
the  truth. 

"  Here  we  can  only  go  on  a  method  of  trial  M4 
error."—  Ai~y  :  Pop.  Attron.,  p.  238. 

(3)  Trial  at  bar:  [B*R,  9.,  f  3  &]. 


poftt,  jtiH;  oat,  90!!,  chorus, 
-clan,  -tian  =  ahan.   -tion, 


bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sto,  a?;  expect.  Xenophon.  oyist, 
-{Ion.  -fion  =  zhim.   -clous,  -tious,  -sioua  =  aa.ua.   -tola,  -die,  ic.  =.-  bel 


del* 


4816 


triality— triangularly 


(4)  Trial  by  battle:  IBATTLE,  B.  1.J, 

(5)  Trial  by  jury:  [JURY], 

(6)  Trial  by  record  :  [RECORD,  «.  t  (*»)]• 
tidal  balance,  ». 

Book-keeping:  A  co-exhibit  of  debit  sod 
credit  ledger  balances. 

trial-bit,  *. 

Saddlery;  A  skeleton-bit  used  to  determine 
the  exact  width  of  the  horse's  mouth,  also  the 
breadth  as  well  as  the  height  of  the  port. 

*  trial-day,  *.    The  day  of  triak 

•trial -fire,  s.  A  fire  for  trying  or 
proving  ;  an  ordeal-fire. 

14  With  trial-Jtn  touch  me  his  finger-end." 

Shaketp. :  Merry  H'im,  T.  6, 

trial-jar,  «.  A  tall  glass  vessel  for  con- 
taining liquids  to  be  tested  by  the  hydro- 
meter. The  mouth  is  preferably  enlarged,  to 
prevent  capillary  adhesion. 

trial  list,  «. 

Law :  A  list  or  catalogue  of  causes  for  trial. 

trial-square,  5.    A  try-square  (q.v.X 

trial -trip,  s.  An  experimental  trip; 
•pecif.,  a  trip  made  by  a  new  vessel  to  test 
her  sailing  qualities,  rate  of  speed,  working 
of  machinery,  &c. 

•  tri-aT-i-ty;  *.     [Lat.  tria,   nent  of  tres  = 
=  three,]    The  quality  i 


three  united. 


;  quality  or  state  of  being  three ; 


tri-al'-lyl,  *.     [Pref.    tri-,  and   Eng.  allyl.} 
A  compound  containing  three  atoms  of  allyl. 

triallyl  sulphiodide,  *. 

Chem.  :  (CaB^I.  Obtained  by  heating 
allylic  sulphide  with  methylic  iodide.  It 
crystallizes  in  prismatic  crystals,  is  soluble 
in  water,  and  forms  an  alkaline  liquid  with 
silver  oxide. 


.  (Qr.  Tp€ly  (trcis),  rpia 
(trio)  =  three,  and  Aoyo«  (logos)  =  a  word,  a  dis- 
course.] A  discourse  by  three  speakers  ;  a 
colloquy  of  three  persons. 

"  Trialngue  between  T.  Bituey.  Hugh  Latlmer,  and 
W.  Reppa.  —  Wood  :  Athtnt*  Oxon.,  i.  2L 

tri-am'-yl,  a.     [Pref.  M-,  and  Eng.  amyl.] 
A  compound  containing  three  atoms  of  amyl. 

triamyl  glycerin,  s. 


Chem.  ;  C18H3803  =     j  O».   Obtained 

by  heating  a  mixture  of  arrolein,  amylic  al- 
cohol, and  acetic  acid  to  1103  for  twelve  hours. 
It  is  decomposed  by  dis- 
tillation. 

tri'  -an,  a.     [Lat  trio, 
neut.  of  tres  =  three.] 

Her.  :  Said  of  an  aspect 
neither  passant  nor  af- 
ronte,  but  midway  be- 
tween those  positions. 

ttri-an  -der,  *.    [TRIAN- 

DRIA.] 

Bot.  :  Any  individual  of  the  Linmean  class 
Triandria  (q.v.> 

tri  an'-dri  a,  *.  pL  [Pref.  tri-t  and  Or.  ianjp 
(antr\  dv&poi  (andros)  =  a  male.] 

Bot.  :  The  third  class  of  Linnteus's  Artificial 
System,  consisting  of  plants  with  three 
stamens.  Orders  :  Monogynia,  Digynia,  and 
Trigynia. 

tri  an   drl  an,  tri  an'-drous,  a.     [Tui- 

AMDRIA.] 

Bot.  :  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  Lin- 
nsean  class  Triandria;  having  three  distinct 
and  equal  stamens  in  the  same  flower  with  a 
pistil  or  pistils. 

tri'-an-gle,  tri  an'-gle,  *  try-an-gle,  s. 
(Fr.  triangle,  from  Lat.  triangtdum,  neut.  of 
trianguhts  =  having  three  angles  :  tria  = 
three,  and  angnhis  —  an  angle;  8p.  &  Port 
triangulo  ;  Ital.  triangolo.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  three-cornered  figure, 
plot  of  ground,  or  the  like.  [II.  5.] 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Astron.  :  [TRIANQULUM]. 

2.  Build.  :  A  gin  formed  by  three  spars  ; 
•  staging  of  three  spars. 

3.  Draughtsmanship  :    A    three  -  cornered 
rtraight-edge,  used  in  conjunction  with  the 


T-square  for  drawing  parallel,  perpendicular, 
or  diagonal  lines.  It  has  one  right  angle,  the 
two  others  being  each  of  45*,  or  one  of  30*  and 
the  other  of  60°. 

4.  Eccles.    Art:   A    symbol    of  the    Holy 
Trinity  represented  by  an  equilateral  triaugle. 
[TRINITY.] 

5.  Gtoni. :  A  portion  of  a  surface  bounded  by 
three  lines,  and  consequently  having  three 
angles.     Triangles  are  either  plane,  spherical, 
or  curvilinear.     A  plane  triangle  is  a  portion 
of  a  plane  bounded  by  three  straight  lines 
called  sides,  and  their  points  of  intersection 
are  the  vertices  of  the  triangle.  Plane  triangles 
may  be  classified    either  witli  reference  to 
their  sides  or  their  angles.     When  classified 
with  reference  to  their  sides,  there  are  two 
classes :  (1)  Scalene  triangles,  which  have  no 
two  sides  equal ;  (2)  Isosceles  triangles,  which 
have  two  sides  equal.    The  isosceles  triangle 
has  a  particular  case,  called  the  equilateral 
triangle,  all  of  whose  sides  are  equal.     When 
classified  with  reference  to  their  angles,  there 
are  two  classes  :  (1)  right-angled    triangles, 
which  have  one  right  angle,  and  (2)  oblique- 
angled   triangles,    all    of   whose   angles   are 
oblique;    subdivided    into   (a)   aeute-augled 
triangles,  which  have  all  their  angles  acute  ; 
and  (&)  obtuse-angled  triangles,  which  have 
one  obtuse  angle.    The  sides  and  angles  of  a 
triangle  are  called  its  elements ;  the  side  on 
which  it  is  supposed  to  stand  is  called  the 
base,  and  the  vertex  of  the  opposite  angle  is 
called  the  vertex  of  the  triangle ;  the  distance 
from  the  vertex  to  the  base  is  the  altitude. 
Any  side  of  a  triangle  may  be  regarded  as  a 
base,  though  in  the  right-angled  triangle  one 
of  the  sides  about  the  right  angle  is  usually 
taken.    The  three  angles  of  a  plane  triangle 
are  together  equal  to  two  right  angles,  or  180" ; 
Its  area  is  equal  to  half  that  of  a  rectangle  or 
parallelogram    having    the    same    base   and 
altitude  ;  in  a  right-angled  plane  triangle  the 
square  of  the  side  opposite  the  right  angle  is 
equal  to  the  sum  of  the  squares  of  the  other 
two  sides.    The  triangle  being  the  fundamental 
figure  of  plane  geometry,  the   investigation 
of  its   properties  is  held  to  be  of  primary 
importance,  and  the  geometry  of  the  triangle  has 
become  a  system  of  its  own.    In  the  discussion 
of  its  properties  the  geometer  considers  alike 
the  area  bounded  by  the  sides  of  the  triangle, 
and  the  outside  regions  of  ppace  marked  off  by 
those  rides  produced  to  infinity. 

6.  Mil. :  A  sort  of  frame  formed  of  three 
halberds  to  which  a  person  was  lashed  to 
undergo  military  punishment.  [HALBERD,  H.] 

7.  Music :  A  bar  of  steel  bent  into  the  form 
of  a  triangle,  having  an  opening  at  one  of  the 
lower  angles,  so  that  the  sides  are  of  unequal 
length.     It  is  suspended  by  one  angle  and 
struck  with  a  small  rod,  and  is  sometimes  in* 
troduced  in  brilliant  musical  passages. 

8.  Pottery :  A  small  piece  of  pottery,  placed 
between  pieces  of  biscuit  ware  in  the  seggar, 
to  prevent  the  adherence  of  the  pieces  wheu 
fired. 

9.  Surveying :  Since  every  plane  figure  may 
be  regarded  as  composed  of  a  certain  number 
of  triangles,  and  as  the  area  of  a  triangle  is 
easily  compute',  the  whole  practice  of  land- 
surveying  is  nothing  more  than  the  measure- 
ment of  a  series  of  plane  triangles. 

If  (1)  Arithmetical  triable:  A  name  given 
to  a  table  of  numbers  arranged  in  a  triangular 
manner,  and  formerly 
employed  in  arithmet-    \    l 
ical  computation.    It    i    s     i 
is  equivalent  to  a  mul-    1 
tiplication  table     The    \i    i    i      }    i 
first  vertical  column    i    «    u    »     u    •    l 
consisted  of  units ;  the     ARITHMETICAL  TKIAVOLE. 
second  of  a  series  of 

natural  numbers ;  the  third  of  triangular  num- 
bers ;  the  fourth  of  pyramidal  numbers,  and 

BO  OU.      [FiGURATE-NUMBERS-J 

(2)  Curvilinear  triangle :  A  triangle  whose 
sides  are  curved  lines  of  any  kind  whatever : 
as,  a  spheroidal  triangle,  lying  on  the  surface 
of  an  ellipsoid,  <fcc. 

(3)  Mixtilinear  triangle :  A  triangle  In  which 
some  of   the  lines  are   straight  and  others 
curved. 

(4)  Spherical  triangle :   Spherical  triangles 
take  the  names,  right-angled,  obtuse-angled, 
acute-angled,    scalene,    isosceles,    and    equi- 
lateral, in  the  same  cases  as  plane  triangles. 
A  spherical  triangle  is  birectangular,  when  it 
has  two  right  angles,  and  tri  rectangular,  when 
U  baa  three  right  angles.    A  trireciangular 


triangle  is  one-eighth  of  the  surface  of  the 
sphere,  and  is  taken  as  the  unit  of  measure 
for  polyhedral  angles.  Two  spherical  triang'es 
are  polar,  when  the  angles  of  the  one  are  sup- 
plements of  the  sides  of  the  other,  taken  in 
the  same  order.  A  spherical  triangle  is  quad- 
ran  talt  when  one  of  its  sides  is  equal  to  00° 
[SPHERICAL.] 

(5)  Supplemental  triangle :  [SUPPLEMENTAL j. 

(6)  Triangle  of  forces : 

Mech. :  A  term  applied  to  that  proposition 
which  asserts  that  if  three  forces,  represented 
iu  magnitude  and  direction  by  the  sides  of  a 
triangle  taken  in  order,  act  upon  a  point,  they 
will  be  in  equilibrium  ;  and,  conversely,  if 
three  forces  acting  upon  a  point,  and  in  e'qui- 
ilbrinm.  be  represented  in  direction  by  the 
siUes  of  a  triangle  taken  in  order,  they  will 
also  be  represented  in  magnitude  by  the  side* 
of  that  triangle. 

(7)  Triangle  of  ffesselbach: 

Anat. :  A  triangular  interval  at  the  part  of 
the  abdominal  wall  through  which  the  direct 
inguinal  hernia  passes. 

(8)  Triangle  of  Scarpa : 

Anat,  :  A  triangular  depression  between  the 
muscles  covering  the  outer  side  of  the  femur 
and  the  adductor  muscles  on  the  inner  side. 
It  affords  a  passage  for  the  femoral  artery. 

tri  au-glcd  (le  as  el),  a.  [Eng.  triangl(e)t 
•ed.] 

1.  Having  three  angles  ;  triangular. 

2.  Formed  into  triangles. 

tri  -  an'-gu-lar,  a.  [Fr.  triangulaire,  from 
Lat.  triangularis,  from  triangulus  =  Laving 
three  angles.}  [TRIANGLE.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  three  angles ;  having 
the  form  of  a  triangle ;  pertaining  to  a  tri- 
angle. 

"The  city  it  wife  in  forme  repreMnteUiK 
fleure.'— Uacktuyt:  Voyage*,  ill.  lie. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  (Ofalcaf):  Having  the  figure  of  a  triangle 
of  any  kind  :  as  the  leaf  of  Betula  alba. 

(2)  (Of  a  stem,  <frc.) :  Three-edged,  having  three 
acute  angles  with  concave  faces,  trigonal. 

triangular-compasses,  s.  Compasses 
having  three  legs,  two  opening  in  the  usual 
manner,  and  the  third  turning  round  an 
extension  of  the  central  pin  of  the  other  two, 
besides  having  a  motion  on  its  own  central 
joint.  By  this  instrument  three  points  may 
be  taken  off  at  once,  and  it  is  very  useful  in 
constructing  maps  and  charts. 

triangular-crabs,  s.  pi. 

Zool.  :  A  popular  name  for  the  family 
Maiadte  (q.v.),  from  the  shape  of  the  carapace. 

triangular -file,  a.  The  ordinary,  taper- 
ing hand-saw  tile  of  triangular  cross  section. 
Also  known  as  a  three-square  file. 

triangular-level,  s.  A  light  frame  in 
the  shape  of  the  letter  A,  and  having  a  plumb 
line  which  determines  verticality.  It  is  used 
in  levelling  for  drains. 

triangular-numbers,  s.  pi  [FIOURATB- 

KUMBERS.J 

triangular  prism,  s.  A  prism  having 
a  triangular  base. 

triangular -pyramid,  ».  A  pyramid 
whose  base  is  a  triangle,  its  sides  consisting 
of  three  triangles,  which  meet  in  a  puiut  at 
the  vertex. 

triangular-scale,  *.  A  scale  used  by 
draughtsmen  and  engineers  for  laying  down 
measurements  on  paper.  Each  edge  is  differ- 
ently divided,  giving  a  variety  of  scales  to 
select  from.  The  rule  being  laid  flat  on  the 
pap^r,  the  distances  required  to  be  laid  down 
can  at  once  be  pricked  off,  dispensing  with 
the  use  of  dividers.  They  are  commonly 
made  of  boxwood,  but  sometimes  of  metal 
— silver,  or  nickel  plated,  or  of  steeL 

*  tri-an-gu-lar'-l-ty,  *.     [Eng.  triangular; 
•ily.  ]   The  quality  or  state  of  being  triangular. 

"  We  my,  for  instance,  not  only  that  certain  tigum 
arc  triangular,  but  we  discourse  of  triangularity."— 
Bolinybroke :  Etttty  1 ;  On  human  Knawltdg*. 

*  tri-an'-gu-lar-ly^  adv.    [Eng.  triangular; 
•ly.]    In  a  triangular  manner;  after  the  form 
or  shape  of  a  triangle. 

"Their  further  enda  .  .   .  rtood   *riaiv«rf<irfy."— 

Da-mpier  :   Voynget  (AU.  1687). 


ffte,  fat.  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  w£t,  here,  camel,  h6r,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  ptffc 
or*  wore,  w^lt  work,  who,  sin ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.   «o,  co  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


trtangulary— tribe 


4817 


•tri-an'-gu-lar-y,  •tri-an-gu-lar-ie,  a. 

liSng.  triangular;  -y.]    Triangular. 

"The  two  fr*<in<mteri»  bones  called  sincipital."— 
Vrqultart :  Kuttlail,  bk.  I.,  ch.  Iliv. 

tri-an'-gu-late,  c.f.  &  t.    [Lat.  triangul(*s) 

=  three-angled  ;  Eng.  suff.  -ate.] 

A,  Transitive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  make  triangular  orthree- 
oornered. 

2.  Sure. :  To  divide  into  triangles ;  to  survey 
by  dividing  into  triangles. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  survey  by  the  method  of 
triangulation. 

••  Ei.niueers  were  often  compelled  to  trlMMM; 
from  he  oi.po.ite  side  to  mark  out  the  conr*.  of  the 
ro»d.'-Scri(>iier'l  Mayorim,  Aug..  187T.  p.  45S. 

tri-ah-gn-la'-tion,  s.    [TRIANGULATE.] 

•  1.  ard.  Lang. :  The  act  of  triangulating ; 
tlie  reduction  of  an  area  to  triangles. 

2.  Sun. :  The  operation  of  measuring  the 
elements  necessary  to  determine  the  triangles 
Into  which  the  country  to  be  surveyed  is  sup- 
posed to  be  divided.  The  term  is  principally 
used  in  geodesic  surveying.  [TRIANGLE,  9.] 

•tri-an'-KU-10^*'  "•  I1**-  MangiMfis)  = 
three-cornered,  and  Gr.  eloos  (eidos)  =  form, 
appearance.!  Somewhat  resembling  a  triangle 
in  shape. 

Tri-an'-gu-lum,  ».  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat. 
triangulus'=  a  triangle.) 

Astron. :  The  Triangle ;  one  of  the  forty- 
eight  ancient  constellations.  It  is  of  small 
size  and  is  situated  south-east  of  Andromeda, 
north  of  Aries,  and  west  of  Perseus.  The 
largest  star,  o.  Triauguli,  is  only  of  the  third 
magnitude. 

Triangulum  australe,  s. 

Astron. :  The  Southern  Triangle ;  a  southern 
constellation  of  small  size,  but  having  the 
three  stars  which  define  it  so  prominent  that 
they  are  sometimes  called  the  Triangle  stare. 
The  constellation  is  between.  Pavo  and  Cen- 
taur us. 

*  Triangulum-minus,  s. 

Astron.:  The  Lesser  Triangle;  an  obsolete 
constellation  of  small  size  between  Triangulum 
(q.v).  and  Aries.  It  was  established  by 
Hevelius. 

tri-a  -no-sper'-ma,  s.  [Gr.  rpiawp  (trianer) 
=  she  that  has  three  husbands,  and  trwip^a 
(sperma)  =  seed.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cucurbitese,  akin  to 
Bryonia,  but  having  only  three  seeds.  They 
are  climbing  plants,  with  tendrils  and  mo- 
noecious flowers.  Stamens  three,  ovary  three- 
celled  Fruit  globular,  fleshy.  Natives  of 
the  West  Indies  and  Brazil.  Trianotperma 
Jkifolia,  called  also  Bryonia  fcifolia,  is  an 
active  purgative,  and  said  to  be  a  purifier  of 
the  blood.  T.  Tayuya  is  given  In  Brazil  in 
email  doses  as  an  emetic,  and  in  large  ones  as 
a  purgative. 

tri  -  an'-the-ma,  ».  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  SxBm 
(anthos)  =  a  tlo'wer.  So  named  because  the 
flowers  are  generally  disposed  in  threes.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Sesuvese.  Sepals  oblong, 
coloured  on  the  inside ;  stamens  five  to 
twelve  ;  styles  one  or  two,  filiform  ;  capsule 
oblong,  truncate,  circumscissile.  Weeds  from 
the  tropical  parts  of  both  hemispheres  and 
the  sub-tropics  of  Africa.  Triantliema crystal- 
Una,  T.  monogyna  (T.  obcordata  of  Roxburgh), 
T.  pentandra,  aud  T.  decandria,  are  natives  of 
India.  The  tender  leaves  and  the  tops  of  the 
second  and  third  species  are  eaten  by  the 
natives ;  the  seeds  of  the  first  also  serve  as 
food  during  famine.  T.  pentandra  is  used  aa 
an  astringent  in  abdominal  diseases,  and  is 
said  to  produce  abortion.  The  roots  of  T. 
decandra  and  T,  monogyna,  the  latter  com- 
bined with  ginger,  are  given  as  cathartic*. 

tri-ar-chee,  a.    [Pref.  (ri-,  and  Eng.  an* 
(q.v.).]1. 

Her. :  Formed  of  three  arches ;  having  three 
arches. 

*  tri'-ar-cbjf,  «.    [Gr.  rptlt  (treis)  =  three,  and 
opx7?  (arche)  =  rule,   government.]     Govern- 
ment by  three  persons. 

"There  lye  betweeue  and  about  these  cittiee. certain 
trianhia,  containing  every  one  of  then,  as  much  a. 
an  whole  couutrey"'— P.  BoUand:  1'linir,  bk.  V., 
ekivlu. 

•  tri-ar-I-an,  a.    [Lat.  triarii  =  the  veteran 
Roman  soldiers,  who  were  stationed  in  the 


third  rank  from  the  front,  when  the  troops 
were  drawn  up  in  order  of  battle,  from  Ires  — 
three ;  the  other  two  were  known  as  hastati 
and  princtpes.)  Occupying  the  third  rank  or 
place. 

"  Let  the  brave  second  and  Triarian  band 
Firm  against  all  impression  sUud. 

CovAey :  Reiteration  of  Chart*  II. 

tri-ar'-thra,  s.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  ipOpov 
(artAroH)-=ajoint.) 

1.  Zool. :  A  genus  of  Rotatoria,  family  Hy- 
datinsea,  with  three  or  more  species.    Eyes 
two ;  frontal  jaws  two,  each  bidentate  ;  foot 
simply  styliform;  body  with  lateral  append- 
ages; movement  jerking. 

2.  Palteont.  :   A  genus  of   Conocephalidie, 
from  the  Upper  Cambrian  and  Lower  Silurian. 

tri' -&*,  s.     [Gr.  =  the  number  three.] 
Geol :  The  Triassic  System  (q.v.). 

tri  as  sic,  o.     [Eng.  trios;  -tc.]    Pertaining 
to,  found  in,  or  characteristic  of  the  Trias. 
[TRIASSIC-SYSTEM.] 
Triassic  period,  s.     . 
Geol. :  The  period  during  which  the  rocks  of 
the  Triassic  system  were  being  deposited. 
Triassic  system,  s. 
Geol. :   The   lowest   great   division  of  the 
Mcsozoic  rocks.    The  name  Trias  came  from 
Germany,  and  was  designed  to  imply  that  in 
the  south-west  and  north-west  portions  of 
that   country,  where  these  rocks  are   more 
fully  developed  than  they  are  either  in  Eng- 
land or  France,  they  are  naturally  divided 
into  three  series  of  beds :  the  Keuper  sand- 
stone above,  the  Muschelkalk  (a  marine  lime- 
stone) in  the  middle,  and  the  Buntcr  sandstone 
below.     The  Keuper  and  Bunter  are  repre- 
sented in  England,  the  intermediate  Muschel- 
kalk is  wholly  wanting.    The  Triassic-system 
it  well  developed  in  the  United  States  and 
parts  of  Canada,  as  iu  Nova  Scotia,  Prince 
Edward    Island,   and    British    Columbia.    In 
the  Eastern  States  it  extends  from  the  Connec- 
ticut Valley  and  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson 
River  to  Virginia  and  North  Carolina.    Strata 
believed  to  be  of  the  same  age  extend  from 
the  eastern  borders  of  the  Roiky  Mountains 
into  California,  aud  similar  strata   exist    in 
Alaska.    A  prominent  lithological  feature  of 
these  beds  is  the  abundant  presence  of  brick- 
red    saudstones   and   marls,  while,   like   the 
similar  rocks  of   Europe,  they    contain    few 
fossils.    Animal  tracks  and  footprints,  however, 
are  of  frequent  occurrence,  especially  in  the 
Connecticut  Valley.    This  absence  of  fossils  is 
not  the  case  in  the  Trias  of  California,  which 
yields  a  plentiful  marine  fauna.     Rocks    of 
Triassic  age  occur  also  in  South  Africa,  in 
Australia  and  India,  &c.    The  Tiiasoic  period 
was  one  of  abundant  life,  and  many  traces  of 
its  life  history  have  been  recovered.    The  pre- 
dominant plants  were  cycads,  horse-tails,  ferns, 
and   conifers.    The    animal    forms    included 
many  striking  reptiles  and  amphibians.    The 
foot-prints  of  Labyrinthodonts  are  abundant, 
and  lizard-like  reptiles  were  numerous,  while 
crocodiles  first  appeared  during  this  period. 
The  extinct  group  of  Dinosaurs  also  now  first 
appeared— terrestrial  reptiles  which  walked  on 
their  hind  feet.    These  being  three-toed,  their 
impressions  in  the  sandstones  were  long  taken 
to  be   those   of  gigantic   birds.    There  were 
other  remarkable  reptiles,  aud  the  Trias  is 
of  great  interest  as  having  yielded  the  earliest 
remains  of  mammals,  small  marsupial  creatures, 
with  some  affinity  to  the  Banded  Ant-eater 
of  Australia.     In  Great  Britain  the  Triassic 
fossils  are  few :  nine  genera  and  twelve  species 
of  plants  are  known,  including  Ferns,  some  of 
them  arborescent,  Equisetaceffi,  Coniferee,  and 
Cycaxlacese  •   of  animals  there  are,  according 
to   Etheridge,  thirty-five  foramiuifera,  eight 
actinozoans,  one  echinoderm,  five  crustaceans, 
of  which  the  most  abundant  is  Estheria  mimta, 
one  brachiopod,  sixty-seven   other   molluscs, 
thirty-five  fishes,  thirty-one  amphibians  and 
reptiles,  and  four  mammals.    In  the  Alpine 
regions  of  Europe  the  Trias  is  largely  developed, 
the    beds    attaining   a   thickness    of    many 
thousand  feet,  and  forming  ranges  of  moun- 


ocean  waters,  while  those  of  Northern  Europe 
seem  to  have  accumulated  in  inland  seas. 
In  England  there  are  many  outcrops  of 
Triassic  rocks. 

tri-at'-ic,  o.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    (See  com- 
pound.) 


triatic  stay,  s. 

Naut. :  A  rope  connected  at  its  ends  to  the 
heads  of  the  fore  and  main  mast,  and  having 
a  thimble  spliced  to  its  bight  for  the  attach- 
ment of  the  stay-tackle,  by  which  boats, 
heavy  freight,  aud  speck  are  hoisted  aboard. 

tri    a  -  torn  -  Ic,   a.     [Pref.  tri-,  and    Eng. 
atomic.]    Containing  three  atoms  in  the  ni"le 
eule.    [OZONE.] 
triatomie  alcohol,  s. 
Chem. :  An  alcohol  containing  three  atoms 
of  replaceable  hydrogen  in  the  oxatylie  por- 
tion of  the  radical. 

tri'-bal,a.  [Eng.  trib(e);  -oJ.)  Belonging  or 
pertaining  to  a  tribe;  characteristic  of  a 
tribe. 

"A  .ystem  ol  tribal  food-probibltioni-Tylor.' 
Prim.  Cult.  led.  1873),  il  235. 

tri'-bal  ism,  s.  [Eng.  tribal;  -ism.]  The 
condition  or  state  of  existing  or  living  in 
separate  tribes  ;  tribal  feeling. 

t  tri  -bal-ist,  t.    [Eng.  tribal;  -iff.}    One  ot 

a  tribe. 
tri  bas  -1C,  a.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  basic.] 

Chem.  :  A  term  applied  to  an  acid  in  which 
three  atoms  of  hydrogen  have  been  replaced 
by  a  metal  or  organic  radical. 

trib  -ble,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful] 

Paper-making:  A  large  horizontal  frame  In 
the  loft  or  drying-room  of  a  paper-mill,  having 
wires  stretched  across  it  for  the  suspension  of 
sheets  of  paper  while  drying. 

tribe,  s.     [Fr.  tribu,  from  Lat.  tribus  =  one  of 
the  three  bodies  into  which  the  Romans  were 
originally  divided,  from  tri-,  stem  of  tra  =« 
three  ;  Sp.  tribu  ;  Ital.  tribu.] 
I  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  of  the  three  bodies  into  which  the 
Romans  were  divided.    Originally  the  united 
people  was  divided  into  three  tribes,  which 
bore  respectively  the  names  :  (1)  Ratlines  or 
Ramnenses,  (2)  Titles,  Titienses,  or  Tatienses, 
(3)  Luceres  or  Lucerenses.    The  name  of  the 
first,  according  to  the  belief   of  the    later 
Romans,  was  taken  from  Romulus,  that  of 
the  second  from  Tatius,  and  that  of  the  third 
was  connected  with  the  Etruscan  word  Lu- 
cumo  (q.v.).     At  the  head  of  each  tribe  was  a 
captain,  called  Tribunus,  and  the  members  of 
the  same  tribe  were  termed,  in  reference  to 
each  other,  Tribules.     By  the  reorganization 
effected  by  Servius  Tullius,  the  whole  Roman 
people  were  divided  into  thirty  tribes,  twenty- 
six  of  these  being  Tribus  Rustical,  and  four 
Trttna     Urbante.       This    arrangement    was 
strictly  local ;  each  individual  possessed  of 
landed  property  being  enrolled  in  the  Rustic 
Tribe  corresponding  to  the  region  in  which 
his  property  lay,  and  those   who  were  not 
landowners  being  included  in  one  or  other  of 
the  City  Tribes. 

"  Have  you  collected  them  by  tribal" 

Shakap. :  Coriolanut.  ill.  9. 

2.  A  division,  class,  or  distinct  portion  of 
a  people  or  nation,  from  whatever  cause  the 
division  or  distinction  may  have  arisen. 

••  In  trUM  and  nation,  to  divide  thy  train." 

Pop* :  Bomar ;  Iliad  ii.  «L 

a  A  family,  race,  or  body  of  people  having 
a  particular  descent ;  a  family  or  series  of 
generations  descending  from  the  same  pro- 
genitor and  kept  distinct. 

"  CurMd  be  my  trOn, 
K  I  for*™  hlm/^  .  UaAaM  4  Tnlc,.  I.  ». 

4.  A  separate  body ;  a  number  considered 
collectively. 

5.  A  nation  of  savages,  forming  a  subdivi- 
sion of  a  race ;  a  body  of  uncivilized  people 
united  under  one  leader  or  government. 

••  The  aboriginal  trlba  «ere  friendly."— Jfacaulat  : 
Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xxlv. 

6.  A  number  of  persons  of  any  character  or 
profession  ;  a  term  used  in  contempt. 

"  Folly  and  vice  are  easy  to  describe, 
The  common  subject*  of  our  scribbling  mM. 
Soicommon. 

tt  Nat.  Science:  A  division  of  a  natural 
order ;  a  grade  in  the  classification  of  animals 
and  plants  immediately  below  an  order,  and 
in  most  cases  immediately  above  a  family, 
unless  the  grade  of  sub-tribe  require  to  be  in- 
tercalated. In  Zoology  it  has  various  termina- 
tions :  as  Dentirostres,  Tetramero,  &c.  In 
Botany  it  often  ends  in  -Uf :  as,  Lot«£.  The 
word  has  not  always  been  used  in  the  same 


MS.  b^;  ptflt,  J<RW;  oat.  ,611,  oho™,,  ,Mn.  *m,h;  go,  *em;  thin,  thl»  ;  In,  as  ;  expect.  *•*•**>*. 
-tion.  -«ion  =  •hfin  ;  -tion,  -}ion  =  zhun.   -OIOUB.  -tioua,  -MOIIB  =  sHus.    -ble,  -die, 


P*  -1 


4818 


tribe— tribute 


sense  as  now.  Liunaeus  (Syitem  Nnturtc,  \L  3 
employed  it  for  what  would  now  be  calle( 
a  sub  kingdom,  enumerating  three  trilws  o 
iblr-.  M'mocotyltfdones,  Uicotyledoues 
anil  Acotvleilones.  Some  other  naturalists 
have  made  a  tribe  a  division  of  a  family. 

*  tribe,  r.t  [TRIBE,  ».]  To  divide  or  diatri 
bute  into  tribes  ;  to  classify  by  tribes. 

"  Our  fowl.  fish.  Rlid  quailrupeds  are  well  tribfd  by 
Mr.  Willoughbj  and  Mr.  Ray.1  —  A'icvltvn  :  Kng.  Mitt 
Lib  ,  p. 

tribes  -man,  s.  [Eng.  tribe,  and  man.]  A 
member  of  a  tribe  or  clan  ;  a  clansman. 

"  The  ci.rls  anil  the  ealdurmen  coaid  >>at  lead,  they 
could  n.,t  (-•i.nstrain  the  will  of  their  fellow  rrtbej 
TO™.'  —  U'irdinrr  *  Multiuser  :  tntnxl.  to  £ny.  Bin. 
ch.  it. 

trib  let,  trib  -o-let.  trib  on-let,  «.    [Fr 

tribola.] 

1,  Forging  :   A  mandrel  used    ID    forging 
tubes,  nuts,  and  rings,  and  for  other  purposes 
The  nut  having  been  cut  from  the  bar,  the 
hole  is  punched  and  enlarged  by  the  triblet 
which  also  serves  as  a  handle  while  the  nut  i; 
being  finished  on  the  anvil.     In  the  case  of  a 
ring,  the  parts  having  been  joined,  the  ring  is 
fashioned  and  shaped  on  the  triblet. 

2.  The  mandrel  in  a  machine  for  making 
lead  -pipe. 

tri-bdm'-e-ter,  ».  [Gr.  Tpi0«.  (tribe)  =  to 
rub,  and  ^trpov  (m«£ron)=a  measure.]  An 
apparatus  resembling  a  sled,  used  in  esti- 
mating the  friction  of  rubbing  surfaces. 

tri  bo  nI  oph'-br-ttm,  *.  [Gr.  rpipuy  (trfbon) 
=  a  cloak,  and  £op<k  (pharos)  =  bearing.) 

Zool.:  A  genus  of  Limacids;,  with  three 
species,  from  Australia.  Mantle  small,  tri- 
angular ;  back  with  an  almost  imperceptible 
furrow  ;  teeth  with  wavy  edges. 

trlb'-ou-let,  ».    [Tunn-ir.] 

trib  -rich.  a.    [Lat.  tHbraduu,  from  Gr. 
Ppax^  (tribrachut),  from  tei-  («ri-)=  three, 
and  0oa\vt  (bracktts)=  short;  Fr.  tribraque.} 
Prat.  :  A  poetic  foot  of  three  ohort  syllables, 
as  mil  H  |  w. 

tri-br4c'-te-ate,  a.      [Pri-f.  tri,,  and  Eng. 
bracteate  (q.v.).] 
Bat.  :  Baring  three  bracts. 

trib  -u-al,  a.     [Lattr»*,  =  atribe,andEng 
soff.  -at.}    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  tribe  ;  tribal. 

"  For  which  he  propose*  and  define*  a  tritmal  cha- 
"rt  CHrenlcU. 


- 
Me.  w,  p.  at.    (1881.) 

[TRIBS.J    Of  or  pertaining 


•  trib  u  lar,  a. 
to  a  tribe  ;  tribal. 

trib  u  la  tion,  *  trib  n-la  ci  onn.  s. 
[Fr.  tribulation,  from  Lat.  tribulatioaem, 
accus.  of  tribulatio  =  distress,  affliction,  from 
tritmlatus,  pa.  par.  of  tribulo  =  to  press,  to 
oppress,  from  tribulum  =  BL  thrashing-sledge 
for  separating  grain  from  its  husk.  It  was  in 
tlie  form  of  a  wooden  platform,  studded  be- 
neath with  sharp  bits  of  flint  or  with  iron 
teeth.) 

1.  That  which  causes  affliction  or  distress  ; 
a  severe  affliction,  trouble,  or  trial. 

"  When  tribulation  or  persecution  ariseth  became 
of  the  word,  by  and  by  be  U  otfeuded."—  Matt.  xiit.  2L 

2.  A  state  of  severe  affliction  or  distress. 

tri-bn'-lS-se,  ».  pi.  [Lat.  trlbuKvi);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  ailj.  suff.  -see.] 

BoL  :  A  section  of  Zygophyllace*,  having 
the  seeds  without  albumen. 

trib'-u-lUS,  «.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  T»#OA<«  (trt- 
bolotf)  =  a  caltrap  (q.v.),  various  plants  with 
fruit  like  caltraps  ;  spec,  (1)  Trihnfus  temstris, 
(2)  Fagonia  mtiea,  (3)  Trajn.  natans  (q.v.).] 

Bat.:  The  typical  genus  of  Tribule«e  (q.v.). 
Calyx  five-parted  ;  petals  five,  spreading  ; 
stamens  t.  n  ;  style  short  or  absent  ;  stigma 
flve-rayed.  Fruit  of  five  capsular,  pentagonal 
carpels,  spin'  ms  or  tubercular  on  the  back  ; 
cells  five,  indehiscent  ;  seeds  many.  Tropical 
and  »uli-tro|.ical  regions.  Tribtilut  terratria 
(Linn.),  from  which  T.  lanvginonu  (Linn.)  is 
not  distinct,  is  a  trailing  annual,  about  nine 
inches  liTno;,  with  yellow  flowers,  found  in 
many  of  tlie  warm  countries,  including  India, 
the  south  of  Europe,  and  the  West  Indies. 
In  the  last-named  locality,  where  it  is  called 
Turkey  Blossom,  it  is  sometimes  cultivated 
In  gardens  fnr  its  fragrant  flowers.  In  pas- 
tures tlie  prickly  fruits  wound  the  feet  of  cattle. 


Fowls  feed  and  become  fat  upon  the  plant,  c 
which  they  are  very  fond.  In  India  its  fruit 
are  regarded  as  cooling,  diuretic,  astringent 
and  tonic ;  they  art*  given  in  painful  mictu 
rition,  calculus,  urinary  affections,  and  gonor 
rhoea.  Sometimes  the  fruit  and  root  ar 
boiled  to  form  a  medicated  liquid.  Anothe 
Indian  species,  T.  ulatius,  has  similar  quali 
ties.  The  South  American  T.  ciitoidei  is  an 
aperient  T.  terrestria  may  very  possibly  be 
the  "  thistle  "  of  Matt  vii.  16,  and  the  "  brier 
of  Heb.  vi.  8. 

tri-bu'-nal,  •  tri  bn-nall, «.    [Lat]    [TE 

BUNE.  J 

1.  The  seat  of  a  judge  ;  the  bench  on  whicl 
a  judge  and  his  associates  sit  for  administer 
ing  justice. 

"  This,  goddess,  this  to  his  remembrance  call, 
Embrace  uis  knees,  at  his  tribunal  fall'' 

FOJM:  Homer;  Iliad  i.  631. 

2.  Hence,  a  court  of  justice. 

"  The  ordinary  tribunals  were  about  to  resume  their 
functions."— Uacaulay  :  Uiit.  Eny.,  ch.  xi. 

3.. In  France,  a  gallery  or  eminence  in  a 
church  or  other  place  in  which  the  musica 
performers  are  placed. 

T.  Tribunal  of  Penance,  Tribunal  of  Con 
fession: 

Roman  Church :  The  internal  court  (forum 
iiiteruum),  in  which  the  Church,  through  her 
priests  acting  judicially,  remits  or  retains 
sins  ;  the  sacrament  of  penance. 

'•  Ceiisures  can  be  unposed.  according  to  theordin»ry 
law,  by  ecclesiastics  possessing  Jurisdiction  in  the  ex 
ternai  court*  (forum  rxterwm,  as  distinct  from  the 
internal  court,  or  tri'jsnsol  of  mxfan',a].'—Addi,  t 
ArnM:  Cat*.  Diet.,  p.  136. 

*  trib'-n-nar-^,  o.     [Eng.    tribute);  -ary. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  tribune  or  tribunes 
tribnnitial. 

*  trib    u  nate,  «.    [Lat  trOmnatut,  from  tri- 
buwu  =  a  tribune  (q.v.).]    Tribuueahip. 

"  Before  the  succession  of  the  iribitnate  and  manl 
fesLly  in  the  deceiUTirate."— .SsniEA :  CommosMMlftA, 
ch.  IT. 

trib  nne,  tri'-bnne,  *  tri  bun,  >.  [Lat. 
tribitnus  =  a  tribune,  prop.  =  the  chief  of,  or 
elected  by,  a  tribe,  from  bribut  =a  tribe  (q.v.) ; 
Fr.  tribm;  Sp.,  Port,  &  ItaL  tribune.) 

1.  Roman  Antiq. :  Properly,  the  chief  magis- 
trate of  a  tribe.  There  were  several  kinds  of 
"Ulcers  in  the  Roman  state  that  bore  the  title. 

(1)  The  plebeian  tribunes,  who  were  first  cre- 
ated after  the  secession  of  the  commonalty  to 
the  Mons  Sacer  (A.C.C.  200),  as  one  of  the  con- 
ditions of  its  return  to  tlie  city.    They  were 
especially  tlie  magistrates  and  protectors  of 
the  commonalty,  and  no  patrician  could  be 
elected  to  the  office.     At  their  first  appoint- 
ment the  power  of  the  tribunes  was  very 
small,  being  confined  to  the  assembling  of  the 
plebeians  and  the  protection  of  any  individual 
from  patrician  aggression ;  but  their  persona 
were  sacred  and  inviolable,  and  this  privilege 
consolidated  their  other  powers,  which,  in  the 
later  ages  of  the  republic,  grew  to  an  enor- 
mous height,  and  were  finally  incorporated 
with  the  functions  of  the  other  chief  magis- 
tracies in  the  person  of  the  emperor.     The 
nnmber  of  the  tribunes  varied  from  two  to 
ten,  and  each  of  these  might  annnl  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  rest  by  putting  in  his  veto. 

(2)  Military  tribunes  were  first  elected  in  the 
year  A.U.C.  810,  in  the  place  of  the  consuls,  iu 
consequence  of  the  demands   of  the  com- 
monalty to  be  admitted  to  a  share  of  the 
supreme  power.    This  measure  was  not,  how- 
ever, a  complete  concession  of  their  demands, 
but,  in  fact,  evaded  them  in  a  great  degree; 
for  the  tribunate  was  not  invested  with  the 
full  powers  or  honours  of  the  consulate,  not 
being  a  curate  magistracy,  and,  though  it  was 
open  to  all  the  people,  i*triciana  were  almost 
invariably  chosen.    The  number  of  the  mili- 
tary tribunes  was  sometimes  six  and  some- 
times three.    For  above  seventy  years  some- 
times consuls  were  elected  and   sometimes 
military  tribunes  ;  at  last  the  old  onler  was 
permanently  restored,  but  the  plebeians  were 
admitted  to  a  share  of  it    (3)  Legionary  tri- 
bunes, or  tribunes  of  the  soldiers,  were  the 
chief  officers  of  a  legion,  six  in  numl>er,  who 
commanded  under   the  consul,  each  In  his 
turn,  usually  about  a  month  ;  in  battle  each 
led  a  cohort 

"  These  are  the  tribunu  of  the  people. 
The  tongues  o'  the  common  month :    I  do  despise 
them.  SfcUeSB.  .-  Coriolamti.  II.  2. 

2.  A  bench  or  elevated  place ;  a  raised  seat 
or  stand.    Specif. : 
*  (1)  The  throne  of  a  bishop. 


(2)  A  sort  of  pulpit  or  rostrum  where  * 
speaker  stands  to  address  an  audience. 

"  She  had  scarcely  st«nt*d  off  the  rr*o.,*u  when  Mr. 
DeliHrry  entered,  and  tCere  was  a  commotion  whica 
made  her  wait"— Ueorffa  Eliot .  Felix  //->,(. 

trib  -une  ship,  tri '-bone-ship,  s.    [Eng. 
">.  ;  -shiji.]    The  ortice  or  post  of  a  tri- 
bune ;  the  period  during  which  one  holds  the 
office  of  tribune. 

"But  to  say  a  truth,  this  tribuncMp  having  taken 
originally  the  first  beginning  from  the  comuiun  1*01,1* 
„  ?,";!'  "-I"1  """'"y  '"  retard  that  it  in  pupular.11- 
f.  Upland:  flutan\  p.  T18. 

"  trib -u-nT- plan,  *  trlb-u-nl'-tlal 
(tl  as  sh),  •  trib-u-ni -tlons,  o.  [Lat. 
tribuniciiii,  tribunitiiix,  from  triliuHvs  =  *  tri- 
bune (q.v.).]  Pertaining  to,  befitting,  or 
characteristic  of  a  tribune  or  tribunes. 

'  O  happy  ages  of  onr  ancestors  1 
Beneath  toe  kings  ami  rribunitlil  powers. 
One  jail  did  all  their  criiniiuls  restrain  • 

br,d,n:  Juttaal.  Hi.  tM 

*  trfb'-IJ-tar-I-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  tributary;  -ly.] 
In  a  tributary  manner. 

•trIV-n-tar-1-aeM,  ».  [Eng.  tributary; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tributary. 

trib'-n-tar-^,  *  trtb-n-tar-ie,  o.  *  ».   [Fr. 

tributtiire,  from  Lat  tributariiu  =  paying  tri- 
bute,  from    tributum  =  tribute    (Q  v  )  •    bo 
Port,  &  ItaL  trUnttario.] 

A.  At  adjective: 

1.  Paying  tribute  to  another,  whether  under 
compulsion,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  sub- 
mission or  dependence,  or  voluntarily,  to 
secure  protection  or  for  the  purpose  of  pur- 
chasing peace. 

"  Viewed  a  Deliverer  with  disdain  and  hate, 
Who  left  them  still  a  tributary  state.' 

Cooper.  BiftMaHo*.  ill. 

*  2.  Subject,  subordinate. 

"  These  he,  to  trace  his  tributary  gods, 
By  course  commits  to  several  government*.' 

Milton :  Comut,  St. 

•  3.  Paid  in  or  as  tribute. 

"  At  this  tomb  my  tributary  tears  I  render." 

Sluitap.  :  Titui  Anuronieul.  I. 

4.  Yielding  supplies  of  anything ;  serving 
to  form  or  make  up  a  greater  object  of  the 
same  kind. 

"  Poor  tributary  rivers." 
6b>*** 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  An  individual  government 
or  state  which  pays  tribute  or  a  stated  sum  to 
another,  whether  as  an  acknowledgment  of 
submission  or  dependence,  or  to  secure  pro- 
tection, or  for  tie  purpose   of  purchasing 
peace. 

"But  whether  or  no  they  are  tributa'iH  to  the 
Russians,  we  could  never  find  out.'— Coo*.-  Third 
Yogayt,  bk,  vi.,  ch.  xi. 

2.  Geog. :   A  stream  which  directly  or  in- 
directly contributes  water   to   another;   an 
affluent 

trib'-nta,  *  trib-nt, «.  [Fr.  IriJwi,  from  Lai     I 
tributum  =  tribute,  prop.  neut.  sing,  of  fri- 
butut,  pa.  par.  of  tribuo  =  to  assign,  to  allot 
to  pay,  from  tritnu  =  a  tribe  (q.v.);  Sp..  Port. 
&  Ital.  IrOmto.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  annual  or  stated  sum  of  money  or 
otluT  valuable  thing  paid  by  one  prince  or    ! 
cation  to  another, either  asau  acknowledgment 
of  submission  and  dependence,  or  to  secure    i 
protection,  or  to  purchase  peace,  or  by  virtue 
of  some  treaty. 

••  Forbedynge  tritmta  to  W  f  ounn  to  the  emnerour 
and  seiynge  that  bimsilf  is  Crist  a  kyug."—  Wucliffe  • 

LltlM  XXiii 

2.  The  state  of  being  under  the  obligation 
to  pay  such  sum  ;  the  obligation  of  contri- 
buting :  as,  To  lay  a  country  under  tribute. 

'  3.  That  which  was  paid  by  a  subject  to 
the  sovereign  of  a  country  ;  a  tax. 

4.  A  personal  contribution;  something  given 
or  contributed  ;  anything  done  or  given  out  of    ; 
devotion  or  as  due  or  deserved  :  as,  a  tributt 
of  affection  or  of  respect 

IL  Mining: 

1.  Work  performed  in  the  excavation  of  ore    ! 
in  a  mine,  as  distinguished  from  tut-work, 
which  is  upon  the  non-metalliferous  rock,  a* 
in  sinking  shafts  and  the  driving  of  adits  and 
drifts. 

"  Some  twelve  men  are  now  working  old  dump,  con- 
cjntrating  on  Mean.  —  Jroiuy  Marts*  Keriew.  Auf. 

2.  The  proportion  of  ore  which  the  tributer 
or  workman  receives  for  his  labour. 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  »ir,  marine;  go,  pit 
•r.  wore,  wtjlf,  work,  who,  con;  mate,  oub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    n,  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tribute— trichina 


4819 


tribute-money,  «.  Money  paid  as  tri- 
Infe. 

"They  that  received  trilnite-maneil."—  Matt,  xvit  2. 

tribute-pitch,  s. 

Mining:  The  limited  portion  of  a  lode 
whk-h  is  set  to  a  company  of  tiibuters,  beyond 
whioli  they  are  not  for  the  time  bemg  per- 
mitted to  work. 

•  trlb'-nte,  v.t.    [TRIBUTE,  s.)    To  pay  as  tri- 
bute. 

"  TrltniHny  most  precloui  uumieuti  to  the  sceptre  01 
>  Ian.--  VMttt* :  *****  of  ">'  UnglaH. 

|rib-ut-er,  s.     [Bug.  tribut(e);  -er.] 

Mining:  One  who  excavates  ore  from  a 
mine  ;  one  who  works  on  tribute. 

"The<ri6u'«r«  v»ork  only  at  the  extimction  ol  ore. 


tri'-ca,  s.  [Probably  from  Lat.  Man(pl.)=  (1) 
trifles,  toys  ;  (2)  vexations,  perplexities,  from 
Trica,  an  unimportant  town  m  Apulia.l 

Bat. :  A  button-like  shield,  the  surface  of 
which  is  covered  witli  sinuous  concentric  fur- 
rows. It  occurs  in  Gyrophora,  a  genus  of 
Lichens.  Called  also  Oyroina. 

tri-cap'-su-lar,   o.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 

«tpjutar(q".v.).] 
Sot. :  Three-capsuled ;  having  three  capsules 

to  each  flower. 
tri-car-bal-lyl  -Ie,  a.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Bng. 

Wtotfyita]     [CABBAIJ.YLIC-ACID.] 

tri-oar'-pol-lar-y,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
carpellary  (q.v).J 

Bat.  (Of  a  pistil):  Consisting  of  three  car- 
pels. 
tri-car '-pel-lite,  «.    [TBICAEPKLLITKS.] 

Palceobot.  :  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Tricarpellites. 

tri-oar-pel-U'-tej,  s.  [Pref.  tri-;  Mod.  Lat. 
earpellus  =  a  carpel,  and  sulT.  -««.] 

Palceobot. :  A  genus  of  fossil  fruits.  Capsule 
three-celled,  three- valved,  three-seeded,  de- 
hiscence  septicidal.  Seeds  erect,  compressed 
from  back  to  face ;  hilum  a  little  above  the 
base  of  the  seed.  Placenta  central,  triangu- 
lar, angles  tumid  near  the  base.  Seven  species 
have  been  described  from  the  London  Clay  of 
Sheppey.  (Bowerbank:  Fossil*  of  the  London 
Clay,  pp.  76-84.) 

trice,  trise,  v.t.  [Sw.  <ras<»=a  sheave,  a 
pulley,  a  truckle  ;  triss  =  a  spritsail-brace  ; 
ban.  tridse  =  a  pulley  ;  tridee  =  to  haul  by 
means  of  a  pulley,  to  trice ;  Norweg.  tries, 
trisxl  =  a  pulley,  or  sheave  in  a  block.) 

1  Ord.  Lang. :  To  pull,  to  haul,  to  drag,  to 
tug.  (Chaucer:  C.  T.,  14,443.) 

2.  Nant. :  To  haul  or  tie  up  by  means  of  a 
small  rope  ;  to  hoist. 

"The,  ft*,  ape  ^^ggf^,^  m 

trice,  t.  [Sp.  iris  =  noise  made  by  the  break- 
ing of  glass,  a  trice,  an  instant ;  venir  en  un 
«ri»  =  to  come  in  au  instant;  so  also  Port. 
trw  =  the  sound  of  breaking  glass;  en  fcun 
triz  =  in  a  trice ;  cf.  Scotch  in  a  crack.]  A 
Tery  short  time,  a  moment,  an  instant  Now 
used  only  in  the  phrase,  in  a,  trice;  formerly, 
on  a  trice,  with  a  trice. 

"  In  a  trice  the  turnpike  men 
Their  iatc«  wide  opeu  threw 

Cowpvr :  Jofcn  GUpin. 

•  tri-een-nar'-I-ous,  a.  [Lat.  tricennium 
—  a  period  of  thirty  yenrs  :  <ri«7ti  =  thirty, 
»nd  annus  =  a  yenr. )  Pertaining  or  belonging 
to  the  period  of  thirty  years ;  tricennial. 

•tir-cen'-nl-al,  a.  [Lat.  tricennalii,  from 
truxnnmm  =  i  period  of  thirty  years.)  De- 
noting thirty,  or  what  pertains  to  that  num- 
ber ;  pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  term  of 
thirty  years ;  occurring  ouce  in  every  thirty 
years.  • 

tri  een'-ten-ar-y,  tn-98n-t8n'-ar-y,  i. 
It  a,    [Lat.  triceiM  =  three  hundred.) 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  That  which  consists  of  or  comprehends 
three  hundred  ;   the  space  or  period  of  three 
hundred    years.      [See   extract   under   TEK- 
CINTARY.) 

2.  The  commemoration  of  any  event  which 


occurred  three  hundred  years  before  ;  a  ter- 
centenary, as,  tLe  tricentenary  of  Shake- 
speare's birth. 

B.  As  adj. :  Relating  to  or  consisting  of 
three  hundred  ;  relating  to  three  hundred 
years  :  as,  a  tricentenary  celebration. 

tri'-ceps,  o.  &  s.  [Lat  =  three-headed  :  tri  = 
three,  uud  caput  =a  head.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Three-headed. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Anat.  :  A  muscle,  one  extremity  of  which 
is  composed  of  three  distinct  fascue.  The  tri- 
ms extensor  cubiti  occupies  the  whole  brachml 
region  •  the  fasciiv  unite  into  a  common  mass, 
the  tendon  of  which  is  inserted  into  the  pos- 
terior and  upper  part  of  the  olecranon,  a  buna, 
however,  intervening.  Applied  also  to  the 
triceps  cruris  extensor. 

tri-cer-a-ti-um  (or  tl  as  «&!),  «.  [Mod. 
Lat  from  Or.  Tpwcpanw  (trikenUos)  =  three- 
horned  :  pref.  tri;  and  Gr.  ««>«  (keras),  geuit. 
Kt'parof  (keratos)  =  a  horn.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Diatomacea?.  Prustules 
free,  valves  triangular,  areolar,  each  angle 
generally  with  a  minute  tooth  or  short  horn. 
Kutzing  describes  fourteen  species,  of  which 
Mr.  Smith,  author  of  the  British  Diatomacm, 
regards  three  as  British,  Triceratium  farns, 
T.  alternant,  marine,  and  T.  ttriolatvm  (f),  from 
brackish  water. 


tr  fob-,  pref.    [TBIOHO-.] 
trida-a-di'-nl-a,  ».    [Pref.  trich-,  and  Gr. 

a&iv  (aden)  =  a  gland.) 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Pangiaceee,  with  a  single 
species  Trichadenia  zeylanica,  the  Tettigiiha 
or  Tettigass  of  Ceylon.  It  is  dioecious,  with 
alternate  oblong  leaves,  and  panicles  of  pale 
green  flowers.  The  fruits  are  about  an  inch 
in  diameter,  and  contain  one  to  three  seeds, 
from  which  an  oil  is  obtained  useful  for  burn- 
ing and  applied  externally  in  the  «kin  dis- 
eases of  children.  (Treat,  of  Bot.) 


tri-chal'-cite,  »•  [Pref.  tri-;  Gr.  xaAxos 
(chalkoi)  =  brass,  copper,  and  suff.  -ite  (Min.). ] 
Jtfin. :  A  hydratod  arsenate  of  copper,  occur- 
ring in  radiated  groups  ou  tetrahedrite  at  the 
Turjinsk  mine,  Berebovsk,  Urals.  Hardness, 
2-5-  lustre,  silky;  colour,  verdigris-green. 
Compos. :  arsenic  acid,  8873 ;  phosphoric  acid, 
0-67  ;  protoxide  of  copper,  44-19  ;  water,  16-41 
=  100,  yielding  the  formula  SCuOAsOs+SHO. 

trioh'-Hs,  ».    [Gr.  TpiXa«  (trichas)  =  a  kind  of 
thrush  or  fieldfare.) 

Ornith. :  Yellow-throat ;  a  genus  of  Parinse, 
with  two  species.  Bill  somewhat  conic,  com- 
pressed, the  base  a  little  widened,  both  man- 
dibles equally  thick  ;  wings  short,  the  first 
and  second  quills  slightly  graduated,  tail 
rounded;  feet  large,  slender;  tarsus  long, 
middle  toe  shorter  than  the  tarsus,  lateral 
toes  equal.  Trichai  personalia  is  the  Mary- 
land Yellow-throat. 

tri-checli-I-dSB,  ••  J*.  [Mod.  Lat.  trichtcMus); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  a<$.  suff.  -i&e.) 

Zool  •  A  family  of  Pinnipedia,  with  a  single 
genus,  Trichechus  (q.v.).  In  many  respects 
this  family  is  intermediate  between  the 
Otariidse  and  the  Phocida:,  but  the  dentition 
is  abnormal.  The  upper  canines  are  deve- 
loped into  immense  tusks,  which  descend  a 
long  distance  below  the  undes  jaw  ;  the  other 
teeth,  including  the  lower  canines,  are  much 
alike,  small,  single,  and  with  one  root ;  the 
molars  with  flat  crowns.  [TEICBECBODON.] 

trlch'-e'-chine,  o.  [Mod.  Lat  trichech(us) ; 
Ena  suff.  -inc.]  Resembling  a  walrus  ;  of  or 
belonging  to  the  family  Triehechidas.  (See 
extract  under  OTARINE.) 


«.   [Mod.  Lat  trichech(<a)  ; 


varieties.  Head  round,  eyes  rather  small, 
muzzle  short  and  broad,  with  very  long,  stiif, 
bristly  whiskers  on  eacli  side ;  fur  very  short 
and  addressed  ;  external  ears  absent ;  tuil 
very  rudimentary;  toes  sub-equal.  On  land 
the  hiud  leet  are  turned  forwards  and  u*ed  in, 
progression,  though  less  completely  Vnan  in 
the  otariidte. 

2.  Palaont. :  Prom  the  Cromer  Forest-bed, 
and  the  post-Pliocene  of  North  America. 

trich-i-,  pre/.    [TRICHO-.J 

trich'-i  a,  s.    [Mod.  Lat,  from  »pif  (thrix), 
geuit.  Tp"iX°«  (triclios)  —  haiv.] 

Boi. :  A  genus  of  Myxogastres  or  Gastero- 
myuetous  Fungi,  having  a  stalked  or  .- 
simple,  membranous  peridium  bursting  st  Ilia 
summit;  spiral  threads,  which  carry  with. 
them  the  spores.  The  threads  and  spores  are 
often  bright  coloured.  Species  numerous, 
occurring  on  rotten  wood,  &c.  They  are  well 
represented  in  Europe. 

tri  chi  a  sis,  i.  [Gr.  rpcxiWi!  (trichiaisit). 
(See  def.5] 

Surg.  d  Pathol :  The  growth  of  one  or  more 
of  the  eyelashes  in  a  wrong  direction,  ulti- 
mately bringing  it  in  contact  witli  the  anterior 
portion  of  tlie  eyeball.  Sometimes  this  is  the 
natural  mode  of  growth,  but  more  frequently 
it  is  produced  by  a  disease  of  the  eyelid,  or  its 
inversion.  The  cure  is  slowly  and  steadily  to 
remove  each  eyelash  with  a  broad-pointed  and 
well-grooved  forceps,  and  then  repeatedly  ap- 
ply spirits  of  wine  to  the  place  to  destroy  the 
follicles. 

tri-ohld'-I-um,  t.  [Latinised  dimin.  from 
Gr.  Spif  (thrix),  genit.  rpix<«  (trichos)  =  a 
hair.] 

Bot. :  A  tender,  simple,  er  sometimes 
branched  hair,  which  bears  the  spores  of  cer- 
tain fungals,  as  in  the  geuus  Geastruin. 

tri-obll-I-a,  s.  [Gr.  rp«Xa (tricha)  =  in  three 
parts,  referring  to  the  ternary  division  of  the 
stigma  and  the  fruit.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Trichilleae  (q.v.). 
Trees  or  shrubs  with  nnequally  pinnate,  rarely 
trifoliolate  leaves ;  flowers  in  axillary  pani- 
cles ;  calyx  four  or  five  cleft ;  petals  four  or 
five  overlapping ;  stamens  eight  or  ten,  united 
into  a  tube ;  fruit  capsular,  three-celled ;  seeds, 
two  in  each  cell.  Known  species  about 
twenty  the  majority  from  America,  the  re- 
mainder from  Africa.  The  bark  of  Trichilia 
emetica,  called  by  the  Arabs  Roka  and  Elcaija, 
is  a  violent  purgative  and  emetic.  The  Arab 
women  mix  the  fruits  with  the  perfumes  used 
for  washing  their  hair ;  the  seeds  are  made 
into  an  ointment  with  sesamuin  oil,  and  used 
as  a  remedy  for  the  itch.  T.  cathartica  ii 
also  a  purgative.  T.  moschata,  a  Jamaica  plant, 
has  an  odour  of  musk  wood.  T.  Catigoa,  now 
Moschoxylon  Catigoa,  the  Caatigua  of  Brazil, 
stains  leather  a  bright  yellow. 

tri-ohn-I-e'-w, s.  pi,  [Mod.  Lat  trichUHa); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ere.} 

Sot. :  A  tribe  of  Meliacese,  having  the  em- 
bryo without  albumen. 

trl-obi-na,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  0pif 
(thrix),  genit  rpix«  (trichos)  =  a  hair.) 

Zoology: 

1  A  genus  of  Nematoidea,  established  by 
Owen  for  the  reception  of  the  minute  spiral 
flesh-worm,  Trichina  spiralis,  discovered  in 
human  muscle  by  Sir  James  Paget,  in  1835, 
when  a  student  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Ho»- 

S'tal.London. 
r.  Hilton,  of 
Guy's,  had 
previously 
noticed  gritty 
>articles  in 


- 

suff.  -odon.) 

Palaamt.  :  A  genus  of  Pinnipedia,  from  the 
Pliocene  of  Europe,  apparently  nearly  allied 
to  Trichechus  (q.v.). 

trIch'-8-ohus,  a.  [Gr.  T,H'X«  (trichei),  pi.  of 
Spif  (thrix)  =  hair,  and  ex"  (eclio)  =  to  have.) 
1  ZooL  :  Walrus  (q.  v.)  ;  the  sole  genus  of  the 
family  Trichechidffi  (q.v.),  with  one  species, 
Trichechvs  rosmarus,  from  the  the  northern 
circnmpolar  regions.  Some  zoologists  con- 
sider the  Walrus  of  the  North  Atlantic  to  be 
distinct  species  from  that  found  in  the  North 
Pacific,  but  they  are  more  usually  classed  as 


i; 


.inman  mus- 
cle, and  recog- 
nized them  as 
the  results  of 
parasites,  af- 
terwards 
shown  (by 
Owen)  to  be 
young  trichi- 
nte.  The  tri- 
chimB  met  with  In  human  muscle  are  minute 
immature  worms,  spirally  coiled  in  small 
oval  cysts,  scarcely  visible  to  the  naked  eye, 
measuring  A  incl'  in  lenKth  and  **»  ln  * 
in  breadth.  Sometimes  the  worms  are  not 


TRICHINA. 

m,  m.  Band,  of  niiucle ;  t.  Worm 
coiled  up  in  <ap«iile  or  cyrt. 


4820 


trlchlnal— trichoglossinro 


encysted,  and  measure  ,^  inch  in  length  and  , ^ 
inch  in  breadth.  The  mature  and  reproductive 
trichinse  inhabit  the  intestinal  canal  of  mam- 
mals, including  man,  and  live  for  four  or  five 
weeks,  attaining  ability  to  reproduce  on  the 
second  day  of  their  introduction.  The  male  is 
alout  f,  and  the  female  $  inch  long.  The 
eggs  are  hatched  within  the  female,  and  as 
soon  as  the  embryos  are  expelled  they  bore 
their  way  into  the  muscles,  and  there  in  about 
fourteen  days  assume  the  form  known  as  Tri- 
china spiratis,  often  setting  up  trichiniasis 
(q.v.).  Thus  the  only  way  in  which  trichina; 
can  get  into  the  human  system  is  by  being 
swallowed  alive  with  pieces  of  imperfectly- 
cooked  muscle  in  which  they  are  encysted. 
The  pig  is  the  great  source  of  infection  to 
man,  as  it  is  peculiarly  liable  to  the  presence 
of  encysted  trichinse.  Adult  trichina;  do,  or 
may,  infest  the  intestinal  canal  of  all  animals 
in  the  muscles  of  which  the  larval  forms 
have  been  found.  These  are,  besides  man 
the  pig,  dog,  cat,  rabbit,  rat,  mouse,  hedge- 
hog, mole,  and  badger. 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Trichina  [1] ; 
a  fleshworm.  (In  this  sense  there  is  a  plural 
form,  tri-chi'-na.) 

trl-chi -nal,  a.    [Mod.  Lat  trichina);  Eng. 

sun",  -at.)    Of  or  belonging  to  the  trichina  or 

to  trichinosis. 

"  Whilst  Vlrchow  was  the  first  to  rear  and  recognize 
sexually  mature  Intestinal  trichina;  la  a  do-Tit  yet 
remained  lor  Zenker  to  open  op  a  new  epocn  in  the 
records  of  trichiittil  discovery,  by  a  complete  diagnosis 
of  the  terrible  disease  which  these  parasites  are  cap- 
Able  of  producing  in  the  human  frame."— uuain  • 
Met.  Hoi  led.  18831,  p.  1.CM. 

trich  i  ru  a  sis,  trich  i  no -sis, ,.  [Mod. 
Lat,  from  trichina  (q.v.).]  , 

Pa*. :  Fleshworm  disease  ;  a  morbid  con- 
dition produced  by  the  ingestion  of  food  con- 
taining Trichina  spiralis  in  large  quantity. 
The  first  recorded  case  occurred  in  the  Dresden 
Hospital  in  1860,  but  the  disease  must  have 
existed  long  before,  though  its  cause  and 
nature  were  unknown.  The  first  symptoms  are 
prostrationandgeneralindisposition  ;  painand 
stiffness  of  the  limbs  follow,  commonly  with 
constipation,  but  in  some  cases  with  severe 
diarrhcea ;  then  in  favourable  cases  the  gastric 
symptoms  abate  and  the  muscular  pains  di- 
minish. In  unfavourable  cases  the  diarrhcea 
becomes  very  severe,  and  pneumonia  often 
supervenes.  Death  may  occur  as  early  as  the 
fifth  and  as  late  as  the  forty-second  day  of  the 
disease.  Epidemics  have  occurred  in  Ger- 
many; one  at  Hettstadt  in  1863  affected  158 
persons,  of  whom  twenty-eight  died.  A  slight 
outbreak  of  trichiniasis  occurred  at  New  York 
in  1864. 

tri  chi  nised,   o.      [Mod.    Lat   trlchinU); 
Eng.  snff.  -ited.]    Infested  with  trichina;. 


tri-cai'-nonB,  „.  [Mod.  Lat.  trichinla) ; 
Eng.  adj.  suff.  -out.}  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
nected with  trichina;. 

trich-  ite.  «.    [Or.  »fit  (thrix),  genit 
(tnchos)  =  a  hair ;  suff.  -it*  (Petrol.),  j 

Petrol. :  A  name  applied  to  certain  micro- 
scopic capillary  forms  of  uncertain  nature 
frequently  met  with  in  vitreous  or  semi- 
Titreous  rocks.  They  occur  curved  or  bent 
and  in  aggregated  groups. 

tri  chi  -tes,  «.  [Gr.  «p."f  (thrix),  genit  rpixo, 
(trichos)  =  hair ;  suff.  -Ues.] 

Paloxml. :  A  sub-genus  of  Pinna,  with  five 
species,  from  the  Oolite  of  England  and 
France.  Shell  thick,  iuequivalve,  somewhat 
irregular,  margins  wavy.  Full-grown  indi- 
viduals are  supposed  to  have  measured  a  yard 
across  ;  fragments  an  inch  or  more  in  thick- 
ness are  common  in  the  Cotteswold  Hills. 

trich-I-iir'-a,  «.    [TRICHIUROS,] 

Entom.:  A  genus  of  Bombycida;,  the  male 
with  pectinated,  the  female  with  ciliated  an- 
tenna?. The  abdomen  slightly  tufted,  that 
of  the  male  bifid ;  the  wings  in  both  sexes 
densely  clothed  with  scales.  Trichiura  cra- 
tegi  is  the  Pale  oak-eggar.  It  is  gray  with  a 
black  band ;  is  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter 
across  the  expanded  wings.  The  larva  feeds 
on  hawthorn,  sloe,  and  sallow.  Not  common 
in  Britain. 

brioh-I-ur-leh'-thys,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  trtchi- 
i/rfiwX  »nd  Gr.  ix«vt  (ichthiu)  =  a  fish.)  [TKI- 

CHIHRID*,  8.) 


trich-i-ur -I-dtB.  >.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  frWW- 
«r(uj);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idot.} 

1.  Ichthy.  :  The  single  recent  family  of  Tri- 
chiurifonnes  (q.v.),  with    nine  genera,   frmn 
tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas.    Some  of  them 
are  surface-fishes,  living  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
coast,    whilst    others    descend  to    moderate 
depths,  but  all  are  powerful  and  rapacious. 

2.  PaUeont.  :  The  family  is  first  represented 
In  the  Chalk  of  Lewes  and  Maestrlcht.    He- 
mithyrsites   and    Tricliiurichthys,    allied    to 
Thyrsites  and  Trichiums,  but  covered  with 
scales,  are  from  the  Miocene  of  Licata,  where 
a  species  of  Lepidopus  also  occurs. 

trioh-i-iir-I-for-mes,  5.  pL  [Mod.  Lat. 
trichiuna  (q.v.),  and  Lat  /brma  =  form,  ap- 
pearance.) 

Ichthy. :  A  division  of  Acanthopterygian 
Fishes,  with  two  families,  Trichiuridie"  and 
Palseorhynchida:.  Body  elongate,  compressed, 
or  band-like  ;  mouth-cleft  wide,  with  strong 
teeth  ;  spinous  and  soft  portions  of  dorsal  and 
anal  of  nearly  equal  extent,  long,  many-rayed, 
sometimes  terminating  in  (inlets;  caudal 
forked,  if  present 

trlch  i-tir -us,  «.  [Pref.  tricM-,  and  Gr. 
ovpa  (oura)  =  a  tail.} 

Ichthy. :  Hair-tails ;  the  type-genus  of  Trichi- 
undfe,  with  six  species,  belonging  to  the 
tropical  marine  fauna,  but  occasionally  carried 
by  currents  to  the  northern  temperate  zone. 
Body  band-like,  tapering  to  a  flne  point; 
dorsal  extending  whole  length  of  the  body 
ventrals  reduced  to  a  pair  of  scales  or  entirely 
absent,  anal  rudimentary ;  long  fangs  in  jaws 
teeth  on  palatine  bones. 

trich-4-,  trich-i-t  trich-,  pref.  [Gr.  «pt'{ 
(thrix),  genit.  rpixos  (tricAos)  =  hair.)  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  hair ;  having  processes 
more  or  less  resembling  hair. 

trich-6-9eph'-a-lus,  «.  [Pref.  tricho-,  and 
Or.  «<*aAi>  (kephali)  =  the  head.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Nematoidea,  comprising 
forms  in  which  two-thirds  of  the  body  is  fili- 
form, terminating  in  a  point.  Trichocephalui 
dispar  affects  man,  and  resides  chiefly  in  the 
c«cum,  but  rarely  causes  serious  mischief. 
It  varies  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two 
inches  in  length ;  the  male  is  smaller  than 
the  female,  and  has  the  tail  spirally  contorted. 
T.  affinis,  a  closely  allied  species,  infesting 
some  of  the  lower  animals,  has  been  known  to 
produce  serious  irritation  of  the  intestines. 

trich-i-oy'-clus,  ».  [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
xiucAot  (ktiklot)=  a  circle.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Tetrodontina,  having 
the  spines  elongated  like  bristles. 

trich'-4-cyst,  «.  fPref.  tricho-,  and  Eng. 
cyst  (q.v.).J 

Biol.  (PI.):  The  name  given  to  microscopic 
vesicular  bodies  in  the  internal  lamina  of  the 
cortical  layer  in  certain  of  the  Infusoria. 
They  are  capable  of  emitting  thread-like  fila- 
ments, probably  for  offensive  and  defensive 
purposes,  and  in  many  respects  they  closely 
resemble  the  thread-cells  of  the  Ccelenterata, 

(trlchodls)  = 


tri  cho'-des,  «.    [TRICHODA.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Tilluue.  Trichodet  apt. 
oriiw  (=  (Ciena  apiarius)  is  a  great  foe  of 
hive  bees.  It  occurs  in  Britain. 

trich  6-des   ma,  ».    [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gn 
oe<7>o$  (desmos)  =  a  bond.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Cynoglossea.  Corolla 
sub-rotate,  with  the  throat  naked;  anthers 
exserted,  with  pointed  awns  made  to  adhere 
together  by  means  of  hairs.  Plants  from 
India,  Egypt,  and  South  Africa.  An  infusion 
of  the  leaves  of  Trichodetma  indicum  is  give* 
in  snake-bites,  and  is  considered  a  diuretic, 
a  blood  purifier,  and  a  cooling  medicine.  This 
and  T.  zeylanicum  are  used  externally  as 
emollient  poultices.  The  leaves  of  T  afri- 
canum,  which  grows  in  the  I'unjaiib  and 
Scinde,  as  well  as  in  Africa,  are  diuretic. 

trlch-o-dSs'  -mi-urn,  s.     [Pref.  tricho-,  and 
Gr.  fco^jioy  (desniion)  =  a  bond.) 

Bot.  :  Sea-dust,  a  genus  of  Oscillatoride. 
Microscopic  algse,  the  short  threads  of  which 
are  collected  in  little  fascicles  which  float  and 
form  a  scum  upon  the  surface  of  the  sea.  Ehren- 
berg  and  Dupont  found  that  they  produced  the 
red  colour  over  large  tracts  in  the  Red  Sea. 
Darwin  and  Hinds  found  them  in  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  Oceans,  and  they  have  also  been 
observed  in  the  Chinese  Sea".  Ehrenberg  re- 
cognizes two  species,  Trichodesmmm  ehren- 
bergii  and  T.  hindsii.  Both,  when  young,  are 
blood-red,  though  the  first  becomes  green 
when  old.  Notwithstanding  this,  they  may 
not  be  specifically  distinct 


[Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from 
(trichos)  =  a 


tri-ch6;-da.  ..      [Gr.  .rvx__., 
like  hair,  hairy,  flne  as  a  hair.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Ophryoglenidse.  An 
ovate  furrow  leading  to  the  mouth,  with  a 
vibratile  flap  on  its  inner  wall.  Common  in 
putrid  infusions. 

trlch  6-deV-tes,  «.  [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr 
oij«n)«  (dektit)  =  a  biter ;  Sdxna  (dakno)=  to 
bite.] 

Entom. :  A  genns  of  Mallophaga,  family 
Philopteridae.  Known  species  ten,  parasitic 
upon  the  dog,  the  fox,  the  cat,  the  weasel, 
the  ox,  the  sheep,  deer,  and  the  horse. 
Trichodectet  lotus  is  common  on  puppies. 

trich-o-der'-ma,  «.  [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
o<ppa  (derma)  =  skin.] 

Bot. ;  The  typical  genus  of  Trichodermacea? 
(q.v.).  Peridinm  roundish,  composed  of  inter- 
woven, ramified,  septate  filaments;  spores 
minute,  conglobated,  then  heaped  together 
T.  viride  grows  on  fallen  trees. 

*  trich -6-der-ma'-ce-89,  ».  pi  fMod.  Lat 
trichoderm(,a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ocevz.) 

Bot. :  A  tribe  formerly  placed  in  Gastro- 
mycetes,  now  merged  in  Mncorini  (q.v.). 


trich-o'-di'-na,  s. 

Gr.   «p"  '  '    ' 
hair.] 

Zool :  A  genus  of  Urceolariidas,  with  five 
species  from  salt  and  fresh  water;  all  pai«- 
sitic.  Animalcules  free-swimming,  elastic, 
changeable  in  shape  ;  oral  aperture  terminal 
posterior  extremity  discoidal,  but  ciliated; 
contractile  vesicle  spherical,  near  termination 
of  pharynx. 

trioh-6-di'-*-don,  «.      rpref.    tricho-,  and 
Mod.  Lat  diodon  (q.v.).] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Tetrodontina,  having 
the  erectile  spines  on  the  body  reduced  to 
delicate  hairs. 

tri-cho  -dl-um,  «.    [TRICHODA.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-genus  of  Agrostis,  haviag  the 
upper  empty  glume  smaller  than  the  lower 
one,  and  the  palea  minute  or  wanting.  There 
are  two  British  species,  Aonatii  canina  and 
A.  setacea. 

trlch  -6-d6n,  •.  [Pref.  trtcho-,  and  Gr.  iioii, 
(odous),  genit  oidrrof  (odontos)  =  a  tooth.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Trachinina,  with  one 
species  from  Kamtchatka. 

trlch  6  gas  -ter,  «.  [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Or. 
yaiTTrip  (gaiter)  =  the  belly.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Labyrinthici,  from  the 
rivers  of  Bengal.  It  differs  from  Osnhro- 
menus  (q.v.)  in  having  the  ventral  fins  re- 
duced to  a  single  filament 

trich- 6-gastres,  a.  pi  [Pref.  tricho-,  and 
Gr.  yo:<mjp  (gaiter),  genit.  yocrrpos  (gastros)  = 
the  belly.) 

Bot. :  A  sub-order  of  Gasteromycetes.  The 
leathery  peridium  breaks  when  mature,  emit- 
ting a  pulverulent  mass  of  spores  and  fila- 
ments, without  a  central  column.  It  contain! 
the  Puff-balls  and  one  or  two  species  of  escu- 
lent fungi. 

trich -og'-en-ous,  o.  [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
ytfi-dia  (gennaff)  =  to  produce.)  Promoting 
the  growth  of  hair. 

trich  o-glos  si  dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat; 
trichogloss(us)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ornith. :  In  Reichenow's  classification,  a 
family  of  Psittaci  (q.v.).  Wallace  also  con- 
siders the  group  to  form  a  family,  and  makes 
it  consist  of  six  genera,  with  fifty  species. 
These  birds  are  exclusively  confined  to  the 
Australian  region. 

trich  -  6  -  glos  -  si'-  use,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
trichogloa(ui)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 

Ornith. :  Brush-tongued  Parrots ;  a  sub- 
family of  Psittacid»(q.v.).  This  group  differ! 
greatly  in  its  extent  in  various  classifica- 
tions. [NESTORID.S.] 


op.  wore. 


father:  w5'  ^  W"'  «-*.  M*.  t^re,  Pme,  pit. 
work.  who.  son;  mute,  eub,  euro,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    «.  ce 


K6. 
e  ;  ey  =  »;  p.u  =  ii 


trichoglossus— trichosanthes 


4821 


^ieir  plumage  is  very  beautifully  coloured, 
«nd  they  are  mostly  found  in  Australia  and 
the  Moluccas,  some  few  species  extending 
through  the  islands  of  the  Pacific. 

trich-6-glos  sus,  s.    [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 

yXwao-a  (glossa)  —  the  tongue.] 

Ornith.  :  The  type-pi-nus  of  Trichoglossidae 
or  Trichoglossiiia*,  with  twenty-nine  sprrirs, 
ranging  over  the  whole  of  the  Austro-Malay 
And  Australian  sub-regions,  and  to  the  Society 
Islands.  They  have  an  extensile  brush-tipped 
tongue,  adapted  to  extract  the  nectar  and 
pollen  from  flowers. 

trich  -6-gyne,  s.    [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr.  yui/TJ 
(gum')  ^a  woman.] 

Eot.  :  A  hair-like  cell,  to  which  the  anthero- 
rob'ids  in  the  Rose-spored  Algal.?  attach  them- 
selves and  transfer  their  contents. 

trich  6  lo£-Ic  al,   a.      [Eng.   tri  cholog(y)  ; 
-ical.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  trichology  (q.v.). 

"  There  la.  it  appears,  a  British  Trichological  Ai- 
•Gelation,  whose  president  delivered  the  address: 
and  there  is  going  to  be,  if  it  CHU  b«  gut  up.  a  bemlw 

for  the.  tri'Atment  of  hair  dise&sea."  —  Daily  jfetot, 
Oct.  28,  1887. 


$  gist,  s.    [Eng.  tricholog(y);  -ist.] 
One  who  makes  a  scientitic  study  of  hair. 

"  Yesterday  evening,  at  the  St.  James's  Restaurant, 
the  Tricholoffistt  met  for  the  second  time  iu  Council. 
It  is  necessary  to  explain  that  these  gentlemen  are 
not  interested  in  discovering  a  remedy  for  trichinosis 
<  In  pips,  but  for  balduen  in  human  kind."1—  Echo, 
Oct.  28,  1887. 


-g^,  «.  [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
(logos)  =  a  discourse.]  The  study  of 
human  hair,  with  a  view  to  the  prevention  of 
baldness. 

"  A  lecture  wu  delivered  last  night  in  St.  James's 
Hall  on  the  striking  subject  of  TricMogy  and  Bald- 
ness.* '  —Daily  Jfevt.  Oct.  28,  1887. 

trich-6-lo  -ma,  s.  [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr.  AWM* 
{16  ma)  =  the  hem,  fringe,  Or  border  of  a  robe.] 
Bot.  :  A  sub-genus  of  Agaricus.  Spores  white  ; 
the  point  of  attachment  of  the  gills  to  the 
stem  sinuated.  Tricholoma  gambosus  (=  Aga- 
ricus  gambosus)  is  the  St.  George's  Agaric, 
and  one  of  the  best  among  the  edible  species. 

trl-cho'-ma,  s.    [TBICHOME.] 

tri-chom  -a-nes,  s.     [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
pacoc  =  few,  scanty.] 
Botany  : 

1.  Bristle-fern  ;   a  genus  of  Hymenophyl- 
lese.    Sori  marginal,  axile,  or  terminal;  cap- 
sules upon  an  elongated  receptacle  within  a 
cylindrical  or  sub-urceolate  one-leaved  invo- 
lucre of  the  same  texture  as  the  frond,  and 
opening  above  ;  veins  forked.    Known  species, 
seventy-eight,  chiefly  from  warm  countries. 
One,  TricA0man«TW?ica?w,theRootingBristle- 
fern,  is  British.   The  rootstock  is  creeping  ;  the 
frond,  which  is  from  five  to  twelve  inches 
long,  is  twice  or  thrice  pinnatind.     Found  in 
Wales  and  in    Ireland,  near    Killarney  and 
Wickluw,  but  is  rare. 

2.  A  common  name  for  Asplenium  tricho- 
maiies, 

trich-6  man  -I-dee,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tricho- 
man(es);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 
Bot.  :  A  family  of  Jungermanniaceae. 

trich  o-mam-tes,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  tricho- 
man(e$);  suff.  -ites.] 

Palceobot.  :  A  genus  of  Ferns,  apparently 
•kin  to  Trichomanes.  From  the  Devonian  of 
Britain  and  North  America. 

tri  chom  a  tose,  a.  [TRICHOMA.]  Matted 
or  agglutinated  together  ;  affected  with  trich- 
oma.  (Said  of  hair.) 

trich'  --ome,  tri-cho-ma,  s.  [Gr.  rptx^o. 
{trichoma)  =  a  growth  of  liair.] 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  The  filamentous  thallus  of  Algals  like 
Conferva. 

(2)  (PI.)  :    Hairs    on    roots,    underground 
items,  the  bases  of  leaf-stalks,  &c. 

2,  Pathol.  :  Plica  Polonica  (q.v.). 

trich  6  mon  as,  s.    [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Mod. 

Lat.  moftos  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Trimastigidse  (q.v.).  En- 
dopiiiMsitic  animalcules,  free-swimming,  soft 
and  plastic,  ovate  or  subfusiform,  bearing  at 
the  anterior  extremity  two-  long  sub-equal 
flagelta,  a  supplementary  flagellum  depending 
from  the  posterior  extremity.  There  are 


three  species  :  Trichomonas  batrachorvm,  from 
the  intestinal  canal  of  the  common  frog  and 
toad  ;  T.  limacis,  from  the  intestinal  canal  of 
Limax  agreatis,  the  Gray  slug  ;  and  T.  m- 
gijuilis,  discovered  by  Dujardin  in  human 
vaginal  mucus. 

trlch-o-nrjrc'-ter-us,  s.    [Pref.  tricho-,  and 
Gr.  /tuKTijp  (mukter)  =  the  nose.  ] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Silurid&e,  sub-family 
O  pisth  optene.  They  are  small  South  American 
fishes,  and  many  of  the  species  are  found  at 
altitudes  up  to  14,000  feet  above  the  sea-level. 

trich  o-nc  -ma,  s.    [Pref.   tricho-,  and  Gr. 
yijua.  (nema)  =  thread,  yarn.] 

1.  Bot.  :  A  genusof  Iridacese.   Leaves  radical, 
slender;  perianth,  single,  petaloid,  deeplytleft 
into  six  segments,  the  tube  shorter  than  the 
limb.  Stamens  three,  filaments  hairy  ;  stigmas 
three,  slender,  bipartite  ;  capsule  ovoid,  three- 
lobed  ;  seeds  globose.   Known  species,  twt-i.ty- 
one,  chiefly  from  Southern  Europe.     One,  7'ri- 
chonema  Columrue,  asmall  bulbous  plant,  with 
a  single-flowered  scape  of  pale  bluish-purple 
and  yellow  flowers,  is  a  native  of  Dawlish, 
Guernsey,  and  Jersey.     Trichonema  edule  is 
eaten  by  the  natives  of  Socotra. 

2.  Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Trichonemidse 
(q.v.).      Animalcules    more    or    less   ovate, 
elastic,  and  changeable  in  form  ;  oral  aper- 
ture distinct,  at  the  base  of  the  flagellum. 
There  is  one  species,  Trichonema  hirsuta,  from 
fresh  water. 

trich-o-ne'-ml-dsB,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tricho- 
nem(a);  Lat.  feni.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idee.] 

Zool.:  A  family  of  Cilio-Flagellate  Infusoria. 
Animalcules  free-  swimming,  with  a  single 
terminal  flagellum,  the  remainder  of  the 
cuticular  surface  more  or  less  completely 
clothed  with  cilia.  There  are  two  genera, 
Trichonema  and  Mitophora. 

trich-6-no  -ti  dee,  ».  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  tricho- 
not(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Ichthy.  :  A  family  of  Acanthopterygian 
Fishes,  division  Elenuiiformes.  They  are 
small  carnivorous  fishes,  of  which  only  two 
species  are  known,  each  constituting  a  genus  ; 
Trichonotus  setigerus,  from  the  Indian  Ocean, 
having  some  of  the  anterior  dorsal  rays  pro- 
longed into  filaments,  and  Hemeroccetes  acan- 
thorhynchu*,  from  New  Zealand,  sometimes 
found  far  out  at  sea  on  the  surface. 

trIch-6-no  -tus,  *.    [Pref.  tricho;  and  Gr. 
(notos)  —  the  back.]    [TRICHONOTID,*.] 


trich  6  nym'-pha,    s.      [Pref.  tricho-,  and 
Lat.  nympha  =  a  pupa,  a  chrysalis.] 

Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Trichonymphidse 
(q.v.).  Animalcules  exceedingly  flexible  and 
elastic,  often  convolute,  mostly  separable  into 
two  distinct  regions,  consisting  of  a  smaller 
ovate  head-like  portion  and  a  larger  more  or 
less  inflated  body.  There  is  one  species,  Tri- 
chonympha  agilis,  endoparaaitic  within  the 
intestines  of  white  anta. 

trJch-i-njfm'-phl-dse,  ».  pi  [Mod.  tat. 
trichonympfi(a)  ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -id<e.] 
Zool.  :  A  family  of  Holotriehous  Infusoria, 
with  three  genera  :  Tricho  nymph  a,  Pyrsonema, 
and  Dinenympha.  Animalcules  freely  motile, 
but  rarely  swimming,  their  movements  being 
confined  to  twisting  and  writhing  motions; 
cuticular  surface  ciliate,  accompanied,  appa- 
rently, in  some  instances,  by  an  undulating 
membrane.  Occurring  as  endoparasites  in  cer- 
tain neuropterous  insects. 

trl-chSph'-or-um,  s.    [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
«f»opdf  (phoros)  =  bearing.] 
Bot.  :  The  stipe  of  certain  fungals. 


s.     [Pref.  trich-,  and  Gr. 
b^pvs  (ophrus)—  the  eyebrow.]  . 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Suctorial  Tentaculifera. 
Animalcules  without  a  lorica,  ovate  or 
elongate,  temporarily  affixed  in  a  sessile 
manner  to  various  objects  without  the 
medium  of  a  pedicle  ;  tentacles  suctorial,  va- 
riously distributed.  There  are  two  species  : 
Trichophrya  epistylidis,  living  on  freshwater 
plants,  and  T.  digitata,  parasitic  on  fresh- 
water Entomostraca. 

tri-ch6p'-ter-a,  s.pl.    [Pref.  tricho-,  and 
Gr.  'irrfpov  (pteron)  =  a  wing.  ] 

Entom.  :  Caddis-flie»  ;  a  group  or  sub-order 
of  Neuroptera,  with  close  affinity  to  the  Lepi- 
doptera,  through  some  of  the  lower  forms  of 


that  order.  They  are  grouped  in  two  divi- 
sions: (1)  Ineequipalpia,  with  three  families, 
Phrygaueidse,  Limnophilidee,  and  Sericostom- 
idpe;  (2)/Equipalpia,  with  four  families,  Lepto- 
ceridte,  Hydropsychid&e,  Rhyacophilida1,  and 
Hydrophilidae.  They  are  for  the  most  part 
moth-like  insects,  having  a  smallish  head, 
with  the  mouth  downwards,  and  usually  three 
ocelli  at  the  vertex;  antennae  bristle-shaped, 
generally  long,  the  first  joint  thicker  than  the 
rest,  and  more  or  less  hemispherical ;  hind 
wings  wider,  shorter,  and  more  rounded  than 
the  anterior,  neuration  comparatively  simple, 
surface  of  wings  generally  clothed  with  hairs, 
which  sometimes  simulate  scales.  In  the  males 
of  a  few  species  the  hinder  wings  are  rudi- 
mentary, and  in  one  genus,  Euoicyla,  the 
females  are  almost  destitute  of  wings.  Coxae 
large  and  conical,  meeting  i;i  the  middle  Hue 
of  the  body ;  tibiae  spurred  at  the  apex,  and 
generally  also  in  the  middle.  The  larvee  have 
well-developed  thoracic  legs  and  anal  hooks, 
but  no  pro-legs  ;  they  live  in  tubes  composed 
of  various  materials  by  different  species  ;  the 
pupa  lies  free  in  the  case,  or  sometimes  in  a 
special  cocoon,  and  is  only  active  just  before 
its  metamorphosis. 

tri  -chop' -ter-an,  s.  [TRICHOPTERA.]  One 
of  the  Trichoptera  ;  a  caddis-fly. 

tr!-chop'-ter-ous,  a.  [TRICHOPTERA.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Trichoptera  (q.v.). 

trf-chSp-ter-^&'-l-da,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
trichopteryx,  genit.  triciiopteryg(is) ;  Lat.  fem. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Necrophaga,  with  ten 
genera.  Oblong  or  oval  beetles,  pubescent 
or  polished  ;  antennse  with  eleven  joints,  the 
last  three  constituting  a  club ;  tarsi  three- 
jointed  ;  elytra  sometimes  short ;  wings  fea- 
ther-shaped, sometimes  rudimentary  or  absent. 

tri-cli6p'-ter-$far,  «.  [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
*re'pv£  (pterwc)  =  a  wing.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  family  of  Trichbptery- 
gida;,  with  twenty -seven  or  more  British 
species.  The  minutest  of  all  known  beetles, 
some  of  them  only  a  fifteenth  of  an  inch  in 
length.  They  are  found  in  decaying  vegetable 
matter,  the  litter  of  old  haystacks,  under 
manure  heaps,  &o 

trlch-o-pyr'-ite  (yr  as  ir),  s.   [Pref.  tricho-, 
and  Eng.  pyrite.  ] 
Min. ;  The  same  as  MILLERITE  (q.v.). 

tri'- chord.  *.  &  o.  [Pref.  tri-.  and  Eng.  chord 
(q.v.)O 

A.  As  substantive : 

Music :  An  instrument  with  three  strings 
or  chords. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Having  or  characterized   by 
three  strings  or  chords. 

trichord-pianoforte,  s.  A  pianoforte 
having  three  strings  to  each  note  for  the 
greater  part  of  its  compass. 

trich-o-san'-the?,  *.  [Pref.  tricho-,  and  Gr. 
avOos  (anthos)  —  a  blossom,  a  flower.  Named 
from  the  beautifully -fringed  flowers.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Cucurbitese.  Trailing  or 
climbing  plants,  with  twice-  or  thrice-cleft 
tendrils ;  cordate,  entire,  or  three  to  five- 
lobed  leaves,  and  moncecious  flowers,  the 
males  in  racemes,  the  females  generally  soli- 
tary. The  fruit  is  either  very  long  or 
roundish.  Trichosanthes  colubrina,  the  Ser- 
pent Cucumber,  or  the  Viper  Gourd,  from 
Central  America,  has  fruit  six  or  more  feet 
long,  when  half  ripe  streaked  with  green, 
when  fully  ripe  orange  yellow.  T.  anguina, 
a  native  of  India  or  the  Indian  Archipelago, 
resembles  it,  but  the  fruits  are  only  about 
three  feet  long.  It  is  cultivated  in  the  East 
for  the  fruit,  which  is  cooked  and  eaten  in 
curry;  its  seeds  are  considered  a  cooling 
medicine.  Most  of  the  other  species  have 
short  fruits.  Those  of  T.  cvcumerina,  wild 
in  India,  are  oblong  and  only  two  or  three 
inches  long  by  one  to  one  and  a  half  in  dia- 
meter. The  unripe  fruit  is  very  bitter,  but 
is  eaten  by  the  Hindoos  in  their  curries.  It 
is  used  medicinally  as  a  laxative,  its  seeds 
as  antifebrile  and  anthelmintic,  and  the  ex- 
pressed juice  of  the  leaves  as  an  emetic.  The 
fruit  of  T.  dioica,  is  eaten  in  India.  It  is 
also  used  medicinally.  The  large  tubers  of  T. 
cordata  are  considered  in  India  tonic,  and  the 
root  and  stem  of  T.  palmata&re  used  in  diseases 
of  cattle,  as  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  &c. 


boil,  bo^ ;  pout,  jowl ;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a? ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph      f. 
-clan.    tL'iu   -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhfin.    -oious,  -tions,    sious  -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4822 


trichosis— triclinate 


tri  cho   Sis,  s,      [Gr.  r 
making  or  being  hairy.] 


(trichosit)  =  a. 


Pothol.  :  A  name  (riven  by  Sir  Erasmus 
Wilson  to  Tinea  tonsurans, 

trich-os  -to  ma,  *.  [Pref.  tricho-t  and  Gr. 
orb/ua  (utoma)  —  the  mouth.] 

1.  Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Trichoptera.    Maxil- 
lary palpi  three-jointed  in  the  male,  the  ter- 
minal joint  stout  and  more  densely  clothed 
with  hair  at  the  apex  than  at  the  base. 

2.  Orntth.  :  A  genus  of  Timeliidse,  from  the 
Malay  Peninsula  and  Africa, 

trich-6  sto'-me'-i,  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat  tricho- 
stomum;  Lat.  masc.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ei.) 

£ot.  ;  A  tribe  of  Mosses.  Peristome  with 
thirty  filiform  teeth,  often  arranged  in  pairs, 
and  sometimes  twisted.  Found  in  Europe, 
often  in  high  latitudes. 

trich-  6V-  to-miim,  s.    [TRICHOSTOMA.] 

Bot.  ;  A  typical  genus  of  Trichostomei. 
Teeth  straight.  Known  species  nine.  They 
grow  on  the  ground  aud  on  stones. 

trich  6  thai  -a-mus,  *.  [Pref.  trtcho~t  and 
Or.  0oAa/io«  (tluilamos)  =  a  bed-  chamber.] 

Bot.  :  A  section  of  the  genus  Potentilla. 
Shrubby  species.  Petals  five,  orbicular,  yel- 
low; achenea  many,  hairy,  on  a  very  hispid 
receptacle.  One  European  species,  Fotentilla 
JruUcota. 

tri-chot  6  moua,  a.    [TRICHOTOMY.] 

Bot.  :  Having  the  divisions  always  in  threes. 

tri-ch6t  -6-my\  *.  [Gr.  Tpixa(trfeAa)=  three- 
fold, and  Topi)  (tom>j)  =  &  cutting.]  Division 
into  three  parts. 

"  Borne  disturb  the  order  of  uatun  bj  dichotomic*, 
triekotomitt,  seveua.  twelve*."—  WtttU. 

trich-otf-ro-pis,  «.    [Prcf.  frtcfto-,  and  Or. 

Tpojrts  (tropis)  =  a  ship's  keel.] 

Zool.  &  Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Muricidae,  with 
fourteen  recent  species,  widely  distributed  in 
Arctic  and  boreal  seas.  Shell  thin,  umbfli- 
cated,  spirally  furrowed  ;  the  ridges*  with 
epidermal  fringes  ;  eolumella  obliquely  trun- 
cated ;  operciilnm  lamellar;  animal  with  short, 
broad  head,  tentacles  distant,  eyes  in  the 
middle  ;  proboscis  long,  retractile.  One  fossil 
species,  from  the  Miocene  of  Britain. 

tri  chro  ism,  «.  [Gr.  rfxl*  (lrei*)  =  three, 
and  xpwi  (chroa)  =  colour.] 

Crystallog.  :  The  property  possessed  by  some 
crystals  of  exhibiting  different  colours  in  three 
different  directions  when  viewed  by  trans- 
mitted light. 

trich  -t  «,  «•  [Pref.  (rici-,  and  Gr.  fa  (Aw)  = 
a  swine.} 

Zool.  ;  A  genus  of  Hystricinse,  with  one 
species,  Tricky*  lipura,  from  Bornea  It  re- 
sembles Atherura  externally,  but  differs  in 
many  cranial  characters. 

trick,  '  tricke,  s.  &  a.    [Dut.  trek  =  a  trick, 
a   pulling,  a   tug,    from    the  same   root  as 
treachery  (q.v.);  ef.  Dut.  streek=&  trick,  a 
prank  ;  Ger.  ttnich  =  a  stroke,  a  trick.] 
A.  As  substantive: 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  An  artifice,  a  stratagem,  an  artful  device  ; 
especially  a  fraudulent  contrivance  for  an  evil 
purpose  ;  an  underhand  scheme  to  deceive  or 
impose  on  others. 

"  Some  trfckt,  some  quillet*,  how  to  cheat  tb«  devil." 
Skakesp.  :  Love'i  Labour  t  Lost,  I  v.  1 

2.  A  knack,  an  art  ;  a  dexterous  contrivance 
or  artifice. 

"  Knows  the  trick  to  make  my  lady  laugh,** 

Sbaketp.  :  Lwe't  Labour  t  Lott,  V.  1 

3.  A  sleight  of  hand  ;  the  legerdemain  of  a 
juggler.    (Shakesp.  :  Troilus  &  Crenida,  v.  2.) 

4.  A  particular  habit,  custom,  characteristic 
practice  or  manner. 

"Her  infant  babe 

Had  from  it*  mother  caught  the  trie*  of  grief, 
And  sighed  nmoug  it*  playthings." 

n'ordrworth  :  Excwrtbm,  L 

5.  A  personal  peculiarity  or  characteristic  ; 
•  trait  of  character;  a  touch,  a  dash. 

*'  He  bath  a  trick  of  Coeur-de-li  oil's  face." 

Shake*  j>.  ;  King  J<*n.  L  L 

6.  Anything  done  not  deliberately,  bnt  out 
of  passion  or  caprice  ;  a  vicious  or  foolish 
action  or  practice. 

"  It  wai  a  mad  fantastical  trick  of  him." 

Skakttp.  ;  Jttantrt/or  Me.imre,  til.  1 


7.  Anything  mischievously  and    roguishly 
done  to  cross  and  disappoint  another. 


8.  A  prank,  a  frolic,  a  joke.     (Generally  in 
the  plural.) 

"  At  South  wark.  therefore,  as  bis  trickt  he  showed. 

To  please  oar  masters,  and  his  f  needs  the  crowd." 

Prior:  Merry  Andrew. 

9.  A  feat  of  skill. 

"This  is  like  Merry  Andrew  on  the  low  rope,  copy- 
ing lubberly  the  name  trickt  which  his  matter  is  so 
dexUroualy  DsoJomlDf  on  the  high,"—  Drydtn  : 
Viryil;  .ffreid.  (Ded.) 

*  10.  A  toy,  a  trifle,  a  plaything. 

"  A  knack,  a  toy,  a  trifle," 

Shaketp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  IT.  8. 

•11.  A  knick-knack,  a  trifle;  any  little 
ornamental  article. 

"  But  it  stirs  me  more  than  all  yoor  court^urls,  or 
your  spangles,  or  yourtricto.'1— Btn  Jonton:  Poftatttr, 

*  12.  A  stain,  a  slur. 

"  If  her  conduct  has  put  a  (He*  upon  her  Tirtne."— 
Yanbrugh  :  Promtked  tVi/t,  v. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Cards:  The  whole  nnmber  of  cards  played 
in  one  round,  and  consisting  of  as  many  cards 
as  there  are  players. 

"  If  you  score  birds  to-morrow  u  faat  as  you've  m 

trickt  to- 111  cht.  I  m  thinking  our  bag  will  be  a  pretty 
considerable  on*  I "— Fitid,  Dec.  2ft,  1885. 

2.  Xaut. :  A  spell,  a  turn ;  the  time  allotted 
to  a  man  to  stand  at  the  wheel. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Neat,  trim. 

"  A  trifk  aud  bonuy  lasa 
As  in  a  summer  day  a  mail  might  eve." 

Sidney:  Arcadia,  Hi. 

(1)  The  whole  box  of  trick* ;  The  whole  ar- 
rangement ;  the  complete  thing. 

(2)  To  know  a  trick  worth  two  of  that :  To 
know  of  some    better   expedient;  a    phrase 
used  when  one  declines  to  do  what  is  pro- 
posed or  spoken  of. 

"  Soft ;  I  know  a  trick  worth  two  <tf  <hat."-Shak*»p.  ; 
I  ffenry  IV.,  ii.  \. 

"trick- madam,  s.    [TRIP-MADAM.] 

"  trick-track, '  trie-track,  s.  A  game 
at  tables ;  a  game  of  backgammon,  played 
both  with  men  and  pegs,  and  more  compli- 
cated. Also  called  Tick-tack. 

trick,  v.t.  &  i.    [TRICK,  a.) 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cheat,  to  deceive,  to  Impose  on,  to 
defraud. 

2.  To  dress  out ;  to  deck  ;  to  adorn  fantas- 
tically ;  to  set  off.    (Often  followed  by  o/,  out, 
orwp.) 

"  It  Is  much  easier  to  oppose  it  mm  ft  stands  tricked 
up  in  that  scholastic  form,  than  u  it  stands  iu  Scrip- 
tare."—  Wateriand :  Wnrki,  v.  53. 

3.  To  draw  in  ontline,  as  with  a  pen ;  to 
delineate  without  colour,  as  heraldic  arms  ; 
to  blazon. 

"They  forget  they  an  In  the  statute,  the  rascals ; 
they  air  blazoned  there ;  there  they  are  tricked,  they 
and  tb*lr  i *dtgree»,"—  Ben  Jonton:  Poetattir,  i.  L 

B.  Intrans. :  To  live  by  trickery,  deception, 
or  fraud. 

trick  -er  (1),  «.  [Eng.  trick,  v. ;  -er.)  One 
who  tricks ;  a  cheat,  a  trickster. 

*  trick'-er  (2),  «.    [TRIOOER,]    A  trigger. 

"  So  did  the  knight,  aud  with  one  claw 
The  tricktr  of  his  pistol  draw." 

Butler:  ffutiibrat,  L  111.  5M. 

tlick'-«P-^,s.  [Eng.  trick; -cry.]  The  practice 
of  tricks  or  cheating  devices ;  imposture,  fraud, 
cheating. 

"  Aa  Mtile  trickery  on  the  part  of  returning  officers. " 
— Jfocautay  :  ffitt.  Xng.,  ch.  xiii. 


C'-I-lj^,  adv.     (Eng.  tricky;   -ly.]     In  a 
tricky  manner. 

trick' -J-neas,  f.    [Eng.  tricky;  -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tricky ;  trickery. 

"  rricftffwa*  of  this  sort  is  not  Aft."- Standard,  Nov. 
21,  1886. 

*  trick' -ing,  a.  &  *.    [TRICK,  «.] 

A.  As   adj. :   Full    of   tricks ;    deceitful, 
cheating,  tricky. 

"  We  presently  discovered  that  they  were  mm  expert 
thieves,  and  as   tricking  in  their  exchanges,  as  any 
1        s  bad  yet  met  with."— Cook  :  Second 


bk.ll..  ch.  vii. 
B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Trickery,  tricks,  deceit. 

2.  Dress,  ornament. 

"  Go.  get  us  properties, 
And  tricking  for  our  fairies." 

:  Merry  Wiwm,  Iv.  «. 


trick  -ish,  a.    [Eng.  trie*;  -isk.]    Full  of  or 

Kiven  to  tricks  ;  given  to  deception  or  cheat* 
ing;  tricky,  knavish. 

•'  All  he  says  in  in  «o  loose  and  slippery  aud  trirkith  » 
way  of  reaouiiiiig."—  AUerbury  :  To  J'upe,  March  2fi,  1T2L 

trick  ~ish-lyf  adv.  [Eng.  tricktik;  -ly.]  In 
a  triekish  or  tricky  manner  ;  artfully, 
knavish  ly. 

trick  -ish-ness,  s.  [Eng.  trickisK  ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  «ir  state  of  being  tricky  ;  tricki- 
ness  ;  knavishm^.s. 

"  Branded  the  whole  tribe  with  charges  of  duplicity, 
management,  artifice,  aud  trickiihnstt,  appruRChii^ 
i  -  ihe  ImpotaUon  o£  arraut  knavery.  "—Knox:  It  intmr 
£t*nin#$,  Even.  34. 

tric'-kle,  r.i.  [For  strickle,  a  frequent,  of 
Mid.  Eu^.  ffrifcfcsto  flow,  from  AS.  &t  dean 
=  to  strike  (q.v.).  (Skeat.y\ 

1.  To  flow  in  a  small  gentle  stream  ;  to  flow 
or  ran  down  in  drops. 

"  Here,  however,  we  found  freth  water,  which 
trickled  dowu  frum  the  top  of  the-  rocka,"—  Cook: 
firit  Voyage,  bk,  lii.,  ch.  L 

*  2.  To  flow  gently  and  slowly. 

"  How  fluent  nom«n«e  trickles  from  his  tonga*  1  " 
Pope:  Dundad,  fll.  »L 

tric'-kle,  s.  [TRICKLE,  v.]  A  small,  gentle 
stream  ;  a  streamlet 

*  trie-  kle-  ness,    *  tric-kcl-ncsse,    «. 

I  Eng.  trickle;  -ness.]    A  state  of  trickling  or 
passing  away  ;  traiisitoriuesH. 

"  To  nilud  thy  flight,  and  thla  life's  trlcketnrue  " 
Liawiti  :   Wiltet  filfritaagf,  p,  O. 

trick  -let,  s.  [Eng.  trickle)  ;  dimiu.  suff.  -let.} 
A  little  stream  ;  a  streamlet. 

"  For  all  their  losing  themselves)  and  hiding,  and 
iiiteriutttiug,  their  picseuce  is  diatiuoUy  felt  on  a 
Yorkshire  moor;  one  sees  the  places  tliey  liave  been 
In  yesterday.  th»  wells  wbere  they  will  fl..w  after  Die 
next  shower,  and  a  tricklft  her*  at  the  bottom  of  a 
crag,  or  a  tinkle  there  from  the  top  of  It."—  Kutkin, 
in  St  Ja-m**t  Gazette,  Feb.  9,  1886. 

"  trick'  -  ment,  «.  [Eng.  trick;  -men/.] 
Decoration,  especially  an  heraldic  decoration. 

"  No  tomb  sbal)  hold  the* 

But  these  two  arms,  no  trlckmeittt  but  my  tears 
Orer  thy  hearse."      Staum.  <t  Ptet.  :  Jtad  Lmer,  L 

trick  -si  ness,  *.  [Eng.  tricksy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tricksy  or  tricky; 
tiickiness. 

"  There  was  none  of  the  Intent  fun  and  tricktinemt" 
—O.  Eliot  :  Daniel  Deronda,  ch.  vit. 

*  trick  -some,  a.    [Eng.  trick;  -some.]    Full 
of  tricks  ;  tricky. 

"I  have  been  a  tricksome.  shifty  vagrant"—  Lxtton: 
What  will  lu  do  mth  itt  bk.  x,  £  >? 

trick  -flter,  *.  [Eng.  trick;  -ster.]  One  who 
practises  or  is  given  to  tricks  or  trickery  ;  a 
knave,  a  cheat. 

"Another  of  these  trickttrrt  wrote  and  published 
a  piece  eatitle4  Th*  Aaseubly  Alan."—  Jtobwton; 
Tratufation  of  Claud*,  it  99. 

*  trick'-ster,  v.i.    [TRICKSTER,  a]     To  play 
tricks  with  or  in  collusion  with. 

"  I  like  not  this  lady's  tampering  and  trifkttfrina 
with  this  wine  Edmuiid  Tresailijui."—  Scott  ;  Jfentt 
worth,  ch.  xx.x  vL 


,  •  trick  -sie,  o.    [Eng.  tricks;  -y.} 

1.  Full  of  tricks  and  devices;  very  artful  j 
tricky. 

"  All  this  service  have  I  done  since  I  went. 
My  trickty  spirit.11  Shaketp.  :  Tempwt,  T. 

2.  Dainty,  neat  ;  elegantly  quaint 

"  There  wa«a  trickti*  glrle.  I  wot" 

Warner.  AlMoni  England,  bk.  -ri.,  eh.  xxxL 


'-*^.  a.    [Eng.  trick;  -y.] 

1.  Given     to     tricks;    practising    tricks; 
trickish,  knavish,  shifty  ;  not  to  be  depended 
on.    (Said  of  persons.) 

2.  Shifty  ;  not  to  be  depended  on.    (Said  of 
tilings.) 

"  The  wind  was  as  tricky  aa  ever,  while  at  one  tins 
rain  tell  heavily."—  Daily  Telegraph.  Sept.  T.  1686. 

3.  Given  to  playing  mischievous  pranks; 
mischievously  playfuL 

tri'-clftsV-ite,  «.  [Pref.  tri-  ;  Gr.  «A<tm  (Jfcfcww) 
=  a  cleavage,  and  suff.  Xtc  (Jtftn.);  Gcr.  Jrt 

klasit.} 

Min.  :  A  name  given  to  a  fahlunite,  from 
Fnh  Inn,  Sweden,  be  cause  of  its  three  cleavages; 
but  these  belonged  to  the  dichroite  from 
which  it  was  derived,  and  is  not  therefore  a 
specific  character. 

tri  din  ate,  .  a.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr. 
(kli,i6)-  to  bend.] 
Crystall.  :  The  same  as  TRICLINIC  (q.v.). 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;    we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pttt. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd.  son;  mate,  ciib,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rAle,  fto;  try,  Syrian.    »,  CB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tricliniary— trideoyl 


4823 


tri-clln'-l-ar-if.  «•     CL*4-  tridittiarit,  from 

triclinium  (q.v.).]     Fertaiuinx  to  a  triclinium, 
or  to  the  ancient  mode  of  reclining  at  table. 

tri-clin'-lc,  a-     (Pref.  '"-.  »nd  G*1-  •*''" 

(kliiio)  =  to  slop*,  to  incline.) 

Crystallog.  :  A  tenn  applied  to  one  of  the 

six  systems  of  crystallography,  in  which  the 

allogrtphic  axes  are  unequal,  and 

ied  at  angles  which  are  not  right  angles, 

so  that  the  furins  are  oblique  in  every  direc- 

,md  have  no  plane  of  symmetry. 

tri-Clin'-I-flm,  5.  [Lat.,  from  Or.  TpmMnor 
((rii/inion),  from  rpi-  ((ri-)  =  three,  and 
icAira>(Ui«o)  =  to  recline.) 

Horn.  Antiii. :  In  early  times,  the  whole 
family  snt  u«-ther  in  the  Atrium,  or  public 
!  but  when  mansions  were  built  upon  a 
large  scale,  oue  or 
more  spacious  ban- 
queting halls  com- 
monly firmed  part 
of  the  plan,  Mu-h 
ajurunent-s  being 
claasad  under  the 
general  title  of  Tri- 
clinia. The  word 
Triclinium,  how- 
ever, in  its  strict 
lication,  de- 
-  not  tlie  apart- 
ment, but  a  set  of 
low  divans  or 
couches  grouped 
round  a  table; 


PLAN  or  THICUW1UM. 
A.  Table ;  B,  c,  D.  Cbuehea.  Of 
tfceee.  B  was  reckoned  tLe 
fir»t.  or  bi«he«t ;  c.  tbe  «e- 
cund ;  and  D.  the  thin!.  At 
etch  couch  the  middle  place 
WBI  cuualdwed  the  nioet 
houountble. 


these  couches,  ac- 
cording to  the  usual 
arrangement,  being  three  in  number,  and  ar- 
ranged round  three  aide*  of  the  tahle,  the 
fourth  side  being  left  open  for  the  ingress  and 
«grosa  of  the  attendants,  to  set  down  and  re- 


TRICLIMIUH  (WITH   GfESTS   AT   TABLE). 


move  the  dishes.  Each  conch  was  calculated 
to  hold  three  persons,  although  four  might  be 
squeezed  in.  Men  always  reclined  at  tahle, 
resting  on  the  left  elbow,  their  bodies  slightly 
elevated  by  cushions,  and  thjir  limbs  stretched 
out  at  full  length. 

tti-cUn-o-lie'-drio,  o.     (Or.  rpt-  (tri-) 
three ;  /tAino  (klind)  =  to  incline,  and  topa 
(Aedra)  =  a  base.] 
CryslaU. :  The  same  as  TRICLIKIC  (q.T.). 

•tri-c6c'-$89,  s.  pi.    (Pref.  Iri-,  and  Gr. 
(JtoMos)  —  a  berry.] 

Bot. :  The  forty-seventh  order  in  LJnnseus's 
Natural  System.  Genera :  Gambogia,  Eu 
phorbia,  Cliffortla,  Sterculia,  &C. 

tri-coc'-covis,  a.    rrniooca«.) 

Bot.  (Of  a  fni() :  Consisting  of  three  •ocei. 
[Coccus,  2.] 

tri-coc'-ctts,  ».    [TRioooc*.] 

Sot. :  A  fruit  consisting  of  three  coed,  or 
elsstically  dehiscing  shells, 

tri'  c*  lor.  tri'-cA  lour,  ..*«.  [Tr. 
colon  (for  drapta*  tricolore)  —  the  three-colorKi 
(flae),  from  Lat  tri-  —  three,  and  cotormt 
acciut.  of  color  =  color.] 


1.  urd.  Lou. :  A  flag  or  banner  having  three 
colon;   specif.,  a   Hug    having   three   colors 
arranged    in   equal   stripes   or  masses.    Th 
present   Kuropean   tricolor  ensign*  are,  fur- 
Belgium,  black,  yellow,  red,  divided  vert 
cally  ;  France,  blue,  white,  red,  divided  ver 
tically;  Holland,  red,    white,  bine,  divide 
horizontally;  Italy,  green,  white,  red,  dividw 


vertically.  During  the  revolution  of  1788  in 
France,  the  revolutionists  adopted  a-s  their 
colors  the  three  colors  of  the  cily  of  Paris 
for  their  symbol.  The  three  colors  were  Bret 
devised  by  Mary  Stuart,  wife  of  Francis  II. 
The  white  represented  the  royal  house  of 
France;  the  blue,  Scotland;  and  the  red, 
Switzerland,  in  compliment  to  the  Swiss 
guards,  whose  livery  it  was. 

••  K  enr  l™>th  at  Brittoh  pie 

Stall  Uu  U»  rrfeefeur/ 
Scott .-  Sav  of  tot*  «>»««>•»»  "»*<  Dratovu. 

2.  Bot.:  Amaranthus  tricolor,  a  si*cies 
from  China,  with  bright  foliage,  but  insigni- 
ficant flowers. 

B.  As  adj.:  Having  three  colors;  tri- 
colored. 

tri'-cd-lo  red,  o.      [Tret    tri-,   and   Bug. 
colored  (q.v.).]     Having  three  colors. 

tri-con'-dy-la,  ».  [Gr.  rpi*ovSv>.<K  (tritom- 
dnloe)  =  with  three  knuckles  or  joints:  prof. 
Iri-,  and  Gr.  M».O<'A«  (tonduios).]  [CoMDYLE.] 
Extom. :  A  genus  of  Cicindelidfe,  with  very 
prominent  eyes.  From  Southern  Asia  and 
the  Malay  Archipelago. 

ri-co'-no  don,  s.  [Pref.  tri-;  Gr.  icwros 
(tones)  =  a  cone,  and  sun".  -odo».] 

Palojont. :  The  name  proposed  for  "»  small 
zoopbagous  mammal,  whose  generic  distinc- 
tion is  shown  by  the  shape  of  the  crowns  of 
the  molar  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw,  which  con- 
sist of  three  nearly  equal  cones  on  the  same 
lon"itudinal  row,  the  middle  one  being  very 
little  larger  than  the  front  and  hind  cone. ' 
(Owen.)  The  animal  was  marsupial,  and  the 
remains  are  from  the  Purbeck  dirt-bed. 

I-CO  -no-dont,  a.    [TRICONODON.]    Of,  be- 
longing to,  or  resembling  the  genus  Triconodon 
(q.v.) ;  having  molar  teeth  with  three  cones. 
"  The  fourth  preraolar  ot  TriacAnthodou  approaches 

the  tricmuxtont,  or  true  uiolar  ty pe.'  — Oiiar.  Jour. 

CM.  Sac..  Mil,  p.  171. 

tri'-oorn,  o.      [Let.  trimrnis,  from  Iri-  = 
three,  and  corn*  =  a  horn.] 

Anat  •  Having  three  hornt  or  horn-like 
prominences.  (Said  of  the  lateral  venticles  of 
the  brain.) 

tri-cor-nlg'-er-o&s,  a.  ILat  rrkontiper, 
from  tri-  =  tiiree ;  cornu  =  a  horn,  and  gen  = 
to  carry.]  Having  three  horns. 
tri-oor'-por-.a.tri-oar-por-mte.o.  [I*t. 
trioorpor,  from  tri-  =  three,  and  corpus,  gemt. 
corporit  =  a  body.] 

•  1.  Ori  Lang.  :  HaT- 
ing  three  bodies. 

2.  Her. :  A  term  applied 
when  the  bodies  of  three 
beasts  are  represented  is- 
suing from  the  dexter, 
sinister,  and  base  points 
of  the  escutcheon,  and 
meeting,  conjoined  to  oae 
head  in  the  centre  point 

t  ri  co»'  tate,  a.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Lat.  mttatiu 
=  having  "ribs  ;  cento.  -  a  rib.] 
Bot, :  Having  three  ribs  ;  three-ribbed. 

tri-cr*tr-,C,  «.      (Pref.   (ri-,  and  Gr.  .poroc 
(krotos)  =  a  sound  produced  by  striking.) 

Pkysiol.  (Of  a  pHlee):  Forming  in  Its  move- 
ments a  figure  having  one  primary  and  two 
secondary  crests,  three  in  all.  (boater.) 

tri-cns'-pld.  o.    (Lat  triaopit:  pref.  Iri-  = 
three,  and  cuspii,  genit  cmptdw  =  a  point.] 
Having  three  cusps  or  points. 
trlcuspid-murmur,  s. 
Physiol.  <£  Pathol. :  A  murmur  sometimes 
heard  in  tricuspid  valvular  disease. 

tricuspid-valve,  >. 

Anat.  :  The  valve  guarding  the  right  anri- 
cnlo-ventricnlar  opening  of  the  right  ventricle 
of  the  heart.  It  consists  of  three  triangular 
segment*  or  flaps. 

tricuspid  valvular  disease.  <. 

FolAol. :  A  morbid  stat«  of  the  tricnspid 
valve  leading  to  regurgitation  of  the  right 
aurioulo-ventricular  aperture.  It  is  rare. 

tri-cua  -pi  date,  o.    [TRICDBPUX] 
Bot. :  Having  three  point*. 

tri  -C^-ole,  s.     [Gr.  rpi-  (tri-)  =  three,  and 
«V«AOC  (kvklot)  =  a  circle,  a  wheel.]    A  three- 


TRICORPORA.L. 


wheeled  machine  for  travelling  on  the  mad. 
It  is  an  iuiprovement  on  the  old  velocipede, 
and  was  introduced  in  its  present  form  nbout 
1878.  The  earliest  patterns  were  rear^t-  <T- 
iug  [&TEERISO,  2],  but  were  s-v»n  super**>ied 
by  front-steering  machines,  the  latter  being 
steadier,  and  having  better  hill  -  climbing 
qualities.  Tricycles  were  first  worked  by 
levers  carrying  pedals,  which  were  connected 
by  chains  to  a  cranked  axle.  Tins  form 
of  machine  was  very  powerful,  but  tiring  to 
the  knees,  and  speedily  gave  way  to  the 
rotary  action,  which  consists  of  a  cranked 
axle,  the  pedals  being  fastened  on  it.  This 
axle  has  also  a  toothed  wheel,  sometimes 
placed  in  the  centre  and  then  called  central- 
geared,  sometimes  at  the  end,  UiU  wheel  in 
most  machines  catches  in  each  link  of  a  chain, 
and  the  chain  runs  over  a  corresponding 
toothed  wheel  fixed  on  the  axle  of  the  driving 
wheel.  The  various  types  are  now  merged 
chiefly  into  one  with  the  steering-wheel  in 
front,  steered  direct  by  its  fork  ;  but  some 
are  made  with  two  steering-wheels  »  breast  in 
front,  driven  by  a  single  wheel  behind. 
tri'-jjMsle,  f.i.  [TRICYCLE,  «.]  To  ride  or  , 
travel  on  a  tricycle. 

tri-9y-clist,  s.  (Bug.  tricycHe)  ;  .«.]  One 
who  rides  ou  a  tricycle. 

"  The  la»t  protege  of  the  British  Crown—  the  Khe- 
dive Tewnk-u.  we  luay  add.  a  tncjKlut  atoo.'—  fatt 
Jtall  a<aatt. 

tri-dac'-na,  J.  [tat.,  from  Gr.  Tpioura  (tri- 
dakna),  (torn  T(ji5a«i-os  ((ridaiBOs)  =  eaten  a* 
three  bites,  used  of  large  oysters  ;  pref.  Iri-, 
and  Gr.  o<uc»i  (dakno)  =  to  bite.] 

1.  Zoo!.  :  Giant-clam  ;  tlie  sole-genus  of  the 
family  Tridacuidte  (q.v.),  with  seven  species, 
from  'the  Indian  Ocean,  China  Seas,  and  the 
Pacific.  Shell  massive,  extremely  hard, 
calcified  until  almost  every  trace  of  organic 
structure  is  obliterated  ;  trigonal,  ornamented 
with  radiating  ribs  and  imbricating  tulutious, 
margins  deeply  indented  ;  byssal  sinus  in  each 
valve,  large,  close  to  the  unibo  in  front;  hinge 
teeth  1-1.  This  genus  attains  a  greater  size 
than  any  other  bivalve.  Trukuna  gigas,  from 
the  Indian  Ocean,  the  shell  of  which  often 
weighs  500  11*,  contains  an  animal  weighing 
about  twenty  pounds,  which,  according  to 
Captain  Cook,  is  very  good  eating.  Darwin 
(Journal,  p.  400)  says  of  this  species  :  "  We 
stayed  a  long  time  in  the  lagoon,  examining 
...  the  gigautic  clam-shells,  into  which  if  a 
nan  were  to  put  nis  hand,  he  would  not  as 
long  as  the  animal  lived  be  able  to  withdraw 
it."  The  Paphian  Venus,  springing  from  the 
sea  is  usually  represented  as  issuing  from  the 
opening  valves  of  a  Tridacna.  The  natives  ol 
the  Eastern  Archipelago  often  use  the  valven 
as  batiiiug-tulM  ;  in  London  they  may  occa- 
sionally be  seen  in  fishmongers'  windows,  and 
two,  measuring  about  two  feet  across,  are 
used  as  holy-water  stoups  in  the  Church  ol 
St.  Sulpice  iu  Paris. 

2.  Palaont.  :  A  few  species  from  the  later 
Tertiaries  of  Poland.  . 

tri-dac  -ni-dffl,  s.  pi.    (Mod.  Lat  (rwoo»(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*.  -iJie.] 

ZooL  :  A  family  of  Coucuiferous  Molluscs, 
group  Integro-pallialia  (Q.v.).  Shell  regular, 
equivalve,  truncated  in  front  ;  ligament  ex- 
ternal ;  sometimes  the  animal  is  attached  by  a 
byssus,  at  others  it  is  free.  One  genus  Tri- 
dacna (q.v.)  with  a  sub-genus  Bippopus  (q.T.). 

tri-dac  tyL    tri-dfce  -tyle.    tri-dae1- 

tyl  OUB,  o.  [Gr.  rp«-  itri-)  =  three,  and 
ooxruXos  (iiu*(«l<»)  =  a  Buger,  a  toe.)  Having 
three  toes  or  fingers  ;  three-fingered,  or  com- 
posed of  three  movable  parts  attached  to  a 
common  base. 
tri-dac'-tjl-iis,  s.  [TRIDACTYL.) 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Gryllidffi,  with  no  tarsi 
on  the  hind  legs,  but  iu  place  of  them  two  .,. 
more  pointed  movable  appendages. 

tride,  a.    [  Fr.  =  lively  (said  of  a  horse's  gait), 
from  Lat  Irittw  =  practised,  trite  (q.v.).J 

Wiinf  .  :  Short  and  ready  ;  fleet  :  as,  a  lrid» 
pace. 


tri  de'-cyl,  ».    [Pref-  tri-,  and  Eng. 
A  comi>ound  containing  thirteen   atoms  of 
carbon. 

trideoyl-hydride,  s. 
Cktm.  :  C^Hse  =  CaHvS,  Hydride  of  co- 
cinyL      A   hydrocarbon    of    the    niarsu-ga» 


boy;  pollt,  KJwl;  oat.  9elL  cHorns,  9liin.  bench;  go.  gem;  Oaln.  (hi.; 

-Uon.  -«ion  =  abun;  -tion.  -jion  =  «tiUi.   -«iou«.  -ttous, 


«**«*,  *">**"£ 
=  »liu».   -We.  -die. 


4824 


trident— triffoly 


series,  occurring  in  American  petroleum.  I 
boils  at  218%  has  the  odour  of  turpentine,  an> 
burns  with  a  smoky  name. 

tri  -dent,  s.  &  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tridentem 
accus.  of  trident  =  a  trident,  from  tri-  =  three 
and  dens,  genit.  dentis  =  a  tooth  :  Sp.  &  Ital 
tridente.} 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  An  instrument  of  the  fonn  of  a  fork 
having  three  prongs;  si  rif.,  a  three-pronge* 
fish-spear. 

"  Cuiut  thou  with  fisgiss  pierce  lilm  to  the  quick  » 
Or  in  hia  «kull  thybarned  trident  .tick  T  • 

Aandyt :  Job. 

2.  A  kind  of  sceptre  or  spear  with  three 
barb-pointed   prongs,  with    which   Poseidon 
(Neptune),  the  god  of  the  sea,  is  usually  re 
presented  ;  a  sceptre. 

"  Then  he,  whose  trident  shakes  the  earth,  began." 
Pope :  Homer;  Iliad  vl£  530. 

3.  Hence,  power,  sovereignty,  sway. 

"  Nor  dare  usurp  the  trident  of  the  deep.* 

PUt:  rirfU:  .KneidL 

TJL  Rom.  Antiq. :  A  three-pronged  spear 
formerly  used  by  the  retiarius  in  the  gladia 
torial  contests. 

•  B.  As  adj. :  Tridentate. 

trident-pointed,  a. 

Bot. :  Tridentate  (q.v.X 

tri-den-taL  a.  [Eng.  trident;  -al.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  trident ;  furnished  with  or 
bearing  a  trident;  an  epithet  of  Poseidon 
(Neptune). 

tri  den  tate,  tri  den  -tat-ed,  a.  [Fret 
tri-,  and  Eng.  drntate,  dentated.] 

1.  Ord.Lang.:  Having  three  teeth  or  prongs. 

2.  Bot. :  Having  a  truncate  point  with  three 
indentations,  as  the  leaf  of  PotentiUatridmtata. 

•tri'-dent-ed,  a.  [Eng.  trident;  -erf.]  Having 
three  prongs. 

Held  hia  indented  mace  upon  the  south." 

«uort« .  aut.  Jotu*.  f  «. 

*  tri  den-tif -er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  tridentifer, 
from  trident,  genit.  trideiitis  =  a  trident,  and 
fero  =  to  bear.  ]  Bearing  a  trident. 

Tri -den'- tine,  a.  &  t.  (Lat  Tridentum  = 
Trent,  a  city  of  the  Tyrol,  on  the  Adige.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Trent,  or  to 
the  celebrated  Ecumenical  Council  held  there 
A.D.  1545-1563. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  accepts  the  decrees 
of  the  Council  of  Trent.    [A.] 

Trldentine  creed,  s. 

Church  Hiit. :  The  profession  of  the  Triden- 
tine  faith,  published  by  Pope  Pius  IV.,  in 
1564.  It  originally  consisted  of  the  Nicene 
creed  (q.v.),  with  a  summary  of  the  Triden- 
tine  definitions,  to  which  is  now  added  a 
profession  of  belief  in  the  decrees  of  the 
Vatican  Council  (q.v.). 

tri-di  a-pa'^on,  «.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
diapason  (q.v.).J 
Music:  A  triple  octave  or  twenty-second. 

tri -di- men'- slop -al,  o.  [Pref.  tri-,  and 
dim««iOTwJ(q.v.).]  Having  three  dimensions. 

'  trid  -ing,  s.    [TRITHINO.] 

tri  do  dec-a-he'-dral,  a.  [Pref.  (rt-,  and 
Eng.  doriecahcdral  (q.v.).] 

Crystallog.:  Presenting  three  ranges  of  faces, 
one  above  another,  each  containing  twelve 
faces. 

*  trid'-u-an,  o.  [Lat.  triduanus,  from  triduum 
=  the  space  of  three  days  :  tri  =  three,  and 
dies  =  a  day.] 

1.  Lasting  three  days. 

2.  Happening  every  third  day. 

trid'-u-o,  s.  [Ital.,  from  Lat.  triduum  (q.v.).] 
Roman  Church:  Prayers  for  the  space  of 
three  days,  followed  by  Benediction,  as  a 
preparation  for  keeping  a  saint's  day,  or  a 
means  of  obtaining  some  favour  from  God  by 
means  of  the  intercession  of  one  of  his  saints. 

trld'-n-ttm,  «.    [Lat]    [TRIDUAII.I 

Rrxlesiology : 

1.  The  last  three  days  of  Lent. 

2.  Any  three  days  kept  In  a  special  manner, 


as  during  a  retreat,  or  as  a  preparation  for 
feast. 

trid  -ym-ite,  s.    [Or.  rpioVoc  (tridumaa)  = 
(a.)  triple,  (s.)  three  individuals  born  at 
birth;  suff.  -tie  (Jtfiii.).] 

Min. :  A  triclinic  form  of  silica,  presentin 
a  pseudo-hexagonal  aspect  through  the  twin 
Ding  of  three  individuals.  It  occurs  in  snial 
hexagonal  tables,  sometimes  in  gronps,  in 
cavities  of  trachytic  rocks.  First  found  a 
Cerro  St.  Cristoval,  near  Pachuca,  Mexico 
now  known  as  a  frequent  constituent  of  trach 
ytes  from  many  localities. 

*  trie,  v.t.    [TRY.] 

tried,  pa.  par.  4  a.     [TRY,  «.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Proved  ;  tested  and  found  faith 
fnl,  upright,  or  trustworthy  :  as,  a  tried  friend 

t  tri-e'-der, «.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  Slpa  (hedra 
=  a  seat.) 

Bot.  :  A  body  having  three  sides.  (Treat. 
<tfBot.) 

•tri'-ea-ly;  adv.  [Eug.  tried  ;  -ly.]  By  trial 
proof,  or  experience. 

"  That  thins  out  to  acme  no  newe  matter  vnto  you, 
whyche  wente  long  a  go  before  in  the  triedlv  pronec 
prophetes,  and  lately  in  Chriate."—  Udal :  Peter  IT. 

*  tri'-Sn,  s.    [Lat.  tret  =  three.] 

Her. :  A  term  used  by  some  heralds  In  the 
phrase  a  trim  offish  =  three  fish. 

•tri  en'-nal,  * tri-en-nel,  a.  &  ..  [Fr. 
triennul,  from  Lat  triennus,  from  tri  =  three, 
and  minus  =  a  year.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Lasting  three  years ;  occurring 
every  three  years  ;  triennial. 

B.  As  subst. :  An  arrangement  for  saying 
mass  for  a  departed  soul  during  a  period  ol 
three  years. 

••  Ac  to  trysten  apon  trienneU,  triweliche  me  thynketh 
Ta  nat  ao  syker  for  the  aaule.  certya  as  ys  Dowel  " 
Fieri  Plotman,  B.  vii.  179. 

tri-en'-nl-al,  *tri-en'-n.-all,  a.  [Lat. 
tnennium  =  a  period  of  three  years,  from  tri 
=  three,  and  anau*  =  a  year  ;  Eng.  adj.  suff. 
-al.} 

L  Lasting  or  continuing  for  the  period  of 
three  years.  (Used  in  this  sense  also  in 
Botany.) 

2.  Happening  every  three  years.  Triennial 
elections  and  parliaments  were  established  in 
England  in  1695,  but  were  superseded  by 
septennial  parliaments  in  1717.  [SEPTENNIAL.] 

41 A  bill . . .  was  sent  up  to  the  Lords  for  a  triennial 
parliament "— Clarendon:  Ci*U  Wart,  i.  209. 

triennial-prescription,  s. 

Scots  Law:  A  limit  of  three  years  within 
which  creditors  can  bring  actions  for  certain 
classes  of  debts,  such  as  merchants'  and 
tradesmen's  accounts,  servants'  wages,  house 
rents  (when  under  verbal  lease),  debts  due  to 
lawyers,  doctors,  &C. 

tri-en'-ni-al-yf,  adv.  [Eng.  triennial;  -ly.] 
Once  in  three  years. 

tri-ena,  s.  [Lat = the  third  part  of  an  as,  a 
third  part.] 

*  1.  -Roi..c>-*  Antiq. :  A  small  copper  coin, 
equal  to  one-third  of  an  as. 

2.  Law :  A  third  part ;  dower. 

tri  cn-ta'-Us,  «.  [Lat.  =  containing  B  third 
part  ;  triens,  genit.  Mentis  =  a  third  part.] 

Bot. :  Chickweed,  Winter-green,  a  genus  of 
Primulese,  or  Primulidae.  Slender,  low,  smooth 
perennials;  rootstock  slender,creeping.  Leaves 
elliptical,  in  a  single  whorl  of  five  or  six ; 
flowers,  solitary,  white ;  calyx  five  to  nine 
partite,  the  most  common  division  being  into 
seven  segments ;  corolla  rotate,  with  a  short 
tube  and  as  many  divisions  as  the  calyx; 
stamens  beardless,  five  to  nine,  often  seven  ; 
style  simple,  filiform  ;  stigma  obtuse  ;  fruitcap- 
sular,  globose,  bursting  transversely,  many- 
seeded.  Known  species,  six  or  eight;  from 
Europe,  Northern  Africa,  Temperate  Asia,  and 
South  America.  One,  Trientalis  europan,  four 
to  six  inches  high,  is  British,  being  abundant 
in  part  of  the  Scottish  Highlands,  and  rare 
in  the  woods  of  the  north  of  England,  but 
absent  from  Ireland.  T.  americana,  which 
may  be  distinguished  from  the  European 
species  by  possessing  narrow  lanceolate,  acn- 
minatf  (in  place  of  elliptical)  leaves,  and 
acuminate  petals,  is  found  in  mountainous 
districts  in  Canada,  Virginia,  *c. 


,  "  try-er,  s.    [Eng.  try,  v.  ;  -er.\ 
1.  One  who  tries,  examines,  or  tests  in  any 

(1)  One  who  makes  experiments;  one  who 
examines  anything  by  a  Wat. 


(2)  One  who  tries  judicially ;  a  judge  who 
tries  a  person  or  cause. 

(3)  Specif.,  in  law  : 

(a)  A  person  appointed  to  decide  whethei  » 
challenge  to  a  juror  is  just ;  a  trior  (q.v.). 

*  (i>)  An  ecclesiastical  commissioner  ap- 
pointed by  parliament  under  the  Common, 
wealth  to  examine  the  character  and  qualifi- 
cations of  ministers. 

"  He  established,  by  his  own  authority,  a  board  at 
coinmissioners,  called  triers."— jfacouJay.-  Silt.  Eng, 

2.  That  which  tries  or  tests  ;  a  test 

You  were  used 

To  say,  extremity  was  the  trier  of  spirits  • 
That  common  chances  common  men  could  bear  * 

Skakeip.  :  Coriotania,  Iv.  t 

tri'-er-arch,  s.  [Or.  Tpi>ipd>xr,s,  Tp.ijp<ipvot 
(trierarchis,  triirarchos),  from  rpirjpr/c  (trierls) 
=  a  trireme  (q.v.),  and  <"px<o  (<"'cho)  =  to  rule : 
t  r.  trierar  JIM  ;  Lat.  trurarchus.} 

Greek  Antiq. :  The  captain  or  commander 
of  a  trireme  ;  also  a  commissioner  who  wai 
obliged  to  fit  out  and  maintain  at  his  o.vn 
expense  ships  built  by  the  State. 

"The  trierar  A  struck  her  on  the  head  with  a  stick." 
-Farrar:  Xarlf  Dayl  afChrMian,:,.  ch.  Hi. 

:«  (***• 

1.  The  office,  post,  or  duty  of  a  triersreh. 

2.  Trierarchs  collectively. 

3.  The  system  in  ancient  Athens  of  forming 
a  national  fleet  by  compelling  certain  rich 
citizens  to  fit  out  and  maintain  at  their  own 
expense  ships  built  by  the  State. 

1  tri-S-teV-ic-al,  o.  [Lat.  trietericus,  from 
(*r.  TpirrnptKbc  (trieterikt*),  from  rpierr/pie 
(trutiris)  =  i.  triennial  festival:  rpi-  (tri-)  = 
three,  and  «TOS  (rfos)  =  a  year.)  Triennial; 
happening  or  kept  once  in  three  years. 

"The  trie/erica!  sports.  I  mean  the  orgla,  that  is.  the 
mysteries  of  Bacchua.  —  Gregory  :  Note*  on  Scripture, 

tri-fi-ter'-Ics,   *  tri  e  ter  ickes,  s.  pL 

[TRIETERICAL.]   Festivahi  or  games  celebrated 
every  three  years. 

"  The  Thpbau  wives  at  Delphoa  solemnise 
Their trietericltei."  Jfat:  iucan;  P*artoMa.v. 

tri-e-thyi-gly9'-er-ln, «.   [Pref.  tri-;  Eng. 
ethyl,  and  glycerin.} 

Chem,  :  C«Ha>Os  =  (§y5!  [  O3,  Triethylin. 
A  liquid  possessing  a  pleasant  ethereal  odour 
obtained  by  heating  to  100°  a  mixture  of 
acrolein,  alcohol,  and  acetic  acid.  It  is 
miscible  with  water,  has  a  sp.  gr.  -8955  at  15', 
and  boils  at  186*. 

tri-e'-thyl-in,  s.    [Pref.  tri- ;  Eng.  ethyl,  and 
suft  -i».J    [TRIETHYLOLYCEHIN.] 

tri-fa'-oi-al  (oi  as  shl),  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and 
Eng.  facial  (q.v.).] 

An  a'.:  Of  or  belonging  to  the  face  and  1m 
three  divisions. 

tritacial-nerves,  s.  pi. 

Anat.  :  The  fifth  pair  of  nerves,  which  arise) 
at  the  junction  of  the  medullary  processes  of 
the  cerebellum  to  enter  the  dura  mater  near 
the  point  of  the  petrous  processes  of  the  tem- 
poral bones.  There  they  leave  the  skull  in  three) 
great  branches  (whence  their  name)— the  first, 
highest,  or  ophthalmic  trunk  to  enter  the 
orbit,  the  second  or  upper  maxillary  nerve  to 
the  face  below  the  orbit ;  and  the  third,  or 
lower  maxillary  nerve,  to  be  distributed  to 
the  external  ear,  the  tongue,  the  lower  teeth, 
and  the  muscles  of  mastication.  Called  also 
Trigemini  or  Trigeminal  nerves. 

ri'-fal-ldw,  v.t.  [THRIFALLOW.]  To  plough, 
as  land,  a  third  time  before  sowing. 

"The  beginning  of  August  Is  the  time  of  trifullowinf. 
or  last  ploughing  before  they  sow  their  wheat* — 
Jtforffnter. 

tri-far'-I-OUB,  a.  [Lat  tryariu.  =  three- 
fold :  tri  =  three,  and  suff.  -farius.]  Arranged 
in  three  rows ;  threefold. 

trir-fo-ly,  «. 


site,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p«t, 
•r.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  onb.  cure,  onite,  onr.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e.  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a:  qu  =  kw. 


trifid— trigastrio 


4825 


tri'-fid,  o.     [Lat.  trifldus,  from  tri-  =  three, 
Aadflnda,  pa.  t.  fidi  —  to  cleave,  to  divide.] 
Bot.  :  Split  half-way  down  into  three  parts. 

*  tri-fl8'-tu-lar-&   o.      [Lat.    tri-  =  three, 
and  fistula  =  a  pipe.]    Having  three  pipes. 

"  Mftny  of  that  species  whose  trijistulary  bill  or 
crany  we  have  bebeld."—  Browne:  Vulgar  Krrourt. 

tai'-fle,     *tre-fle,    *tre-felle    *  tro-fle, 
*  tru  fie,  *  truy-fle,  *  try-fle,  *  try-rule, 

*.  {O.  Fr.  troffte,  truffle  —  mockery,  raillery, 
dimin.  from  truffe  =  a.  jest,  raillery.  Trifle 
and  truffle  are  doublets.] 

1.  A  thing  of  no  moment  or  value  ;  a  matter 
or  thing  of  little  or  no  importance  ;  a  paJtry 
toy,  bauble,  or  the  like  ;  a  silly  or  unimportant 
action,  remark,  or  the  like. 

"  Trijtet  magnified  into  importance  by  a  squeamish 
conscience."—  Macaulny  :  Bitt,  En>j.,  ch.  xiii. 

2.  A  dish    or    fancy    confection    made  of 
sponge  cake  or  crisp  pastry  soaked  in  sherry, 
over  which  a  layer  of  custard  and  cream  is 
placed,  the  whole  being  covered  by  a  delicate 
white  froth,  prepared  by  whisking  up  white 
of  egg,  cream,  and  sugar. 

tri  fle  (1),  "tri-fel-yn,  *  tru-flen,  *  try- 

fell,  v.i.  A  t.     [TRIFLE,  S.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  act  or  talk  without  serious- 
ness, gravity,  weight,  or  dignity  ;  to  act  or 
talk  with  levity  ;  to  indulge  in  light  amuse- 
ment or  levity.    (Shakesp.  :  Hamlet,  ii.  1.) 

B.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  befool  ;  to  play  or  trifle  with. 

"  Bow  dotbe  oure  bysshop  tryjte  and  mocke  n*."  — 
Bemeri:  Froiuart  ;  Cronycle,  i.  300. 

*  2.  To  make  a  trifle  of;  to  make  trivial  or 
of  no  importance.    (Shakesp.  :  Macbeth,  ii.  4.) 

3.  To  waste  in  trifling  ;  to  waste  to  no  pur- 
pose ;  to  spend  in  trifles  ;  to  fritter.    (Followed 
by  away.) 

"  Such  men  .  .  .  having  trifled  away  youth,  are 
reduced  to  the  necessity  of  trijting  away  age.  '  — 
BoUngbroke  ;  Retirement  t  Study. 

If  To  trifle  with  :  To  treat  as  a  trifle,  or  as 
of  no  importance,  consideration,  or  moment  ; 
to  treat  without  respect  or  consideration  ;  to 
play  the  fool  with  ;  to  mock. 

tri  -fle   (2),  v.t.     [A.S.    trifelian,   from    Lat. 
tribute.]    To  pound,  to  bruise.    (Prow.) 

tri'-fler,    s.     [Eng.   trifl(e);    -er.)     One   who 
trifles  ;  one  who  acts  with  levity. 

"  Improve  the  remnant  of  his  waited  span, 
And,  having  lived  a  Crijter,  die  H  man." 

Coieper  :  Retirement,  14. 

tri  -fling,   *  try-fling,  pr.  par.,  o.,  &  *. 
[TRIFLE,  v.} 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Acting  or  talking  with  levity  or  without 
seriousness  ;  frivolous. 

"  And  still  thy  trtfltng  heart  is  glad 
To  join  the  vain,  and  court  the  proud." 

Byron  :  To  a  youthful  Friend. 

2.  Being  of  little  or  no  value,  importance, 
or  moment  ;  trivial,  insignificant,  petty,  un- 
important, worthless,  frivolous. 

"  Blind  was  he  born,  and  his  misguided  eye* 
Grown  dim  in  trifling  study,  hliiid  he  dies." 

Covrper:  Charity.  80S. 

C.  As  subst.  :  The  act  of  one  who  trifles;  an 
acting  or  talking  without  seriousness. 

"  Using  therein  nothing  but  frijtingt  and  delate*."  — 
ffoiinthed  :  Chron.  Ireland  (an.  1579). 

•J  Trifling  and  trivial  differ  only  in  degree, 
the  latter  denoting  a  still  lower  degree  of 
value  than  the  former.  What  is  trifling  or 
trivial  does  not  require  any  consideration, 
and  may  be  easily  passed  over  as  forgotten. 
Trifling  objections  can  never  weigh  against 
solid  reason  ;  trivial  remarks  only  expose  the 
shallowness  of  the  remarker.  What  is  frivol- 
ous is  disgraceful  for  any  one  to  consider. 
Dress  is  a  frivolous  occupation  when  it  forms 
the  clnef  business  of  a  rational  being.  A 
frivolous  objection  has  no  grounds  whatever. 


g-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  trifling;  -ly.]  In  a 
trifling  manner;  with  levity  ;  without  serious- 
ness; with  regard  to  trifles. 

"  By  the  labours  of  commentators,  when  philosophy 
became  abstruse,  or  trijtinffly  minute.'—  Qctldtmith: 
Polite  Learning,  ch.  1L 

tri'  -fling-ness,  8.    [Eng.  trifling  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  trifling; 
levity  of  manners  ;  frivolity. 

2.  Smallness  of  value  ;  insignificance,  empti- 
ness, vanity. 

"  The  trijlitignett  and  petulancy  of  this  scruple  I 
have  reprinted  upon  its  own  proper  principles."— 
ap.  Parker:  lieheartal  Trntufrrotfi,  p.  39. 


*  tri-flbr'-al,  *  trl-flbr'-ous,  a.    [Lat.  tri- 
=  three,    and  flos,   genit.  floris  =  a    flower.] 
Having    or    bearing  three    flowers ;    three- 
flowered. 

*  tri  flue- tu-a'-tion,  «.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 

fluctuation  (q.v.).]  A  concurrence  of  three 
waves.  (Browne :  Vulg.  Err.,  bk.  vii.  ch.  xvii.) 

tri  fo-ll-ate,   tri-fo -ll-a-ted,   a.     [Lat. 

tri-  —  three,  and  foliatm  =  leaved,  from  folium 
=  a  leaf.]  Having  or  bearing  three  leaves  ; 
three-leaved.  (Harte :  Eulogius.) 

tri-fo-U-e'-tt.  f.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat  trifoli(um); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ecu.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Lotese.  Stamens  dia- 
delphous  ;  legume  one-celled  ;  leaves  typically 
with  three,  more  rarely  with  live  leaflets ; 
stems  herbaceous,  rarely  shrubby. 

tri-f6'-li-6-Iate,  a.     [Lat  tri-  =  three,  and 
*foliolum,  dimin  of  folium  =  a  leaf.] 
Bot.  :  Having  three  leaflets. 

tri-fd'-ll-um,  s.      [Lat.  -  trefoil :   pref.  tri-, 
and  folium  =  a  leaf,  from  its  three  leaflets.] 

1.  Bot.  :  Trefoil,  Clover;  the  typical  genus  of 
Trifolieae  (q.v.).     Low  herbs,  with  the  leaves, 
as  a  rule,  digitately  trifoliate  ;  flowers  capi- 
tate, spiked,  rarely  solitary,  with  red,  purple, 
white,  or  yellow  flowers  :  calyx  five-toothed, 
the  teeth  unequal ;    wings  united    by  their 
claws  to  the  obtuse  keel,  persistent ;  legume 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  one  to  four-seeded, 
indehiscent    Species  about  150,  chiefly  from 
the  northern  hemisphere.    The  clovers  particu- 
larly abound  in  Europe,  but  many  species  are 
natives  of  the  United  States.   The  true  cloven 
have  herbaceous,  not  twining  stems,  roundish 
heads  or  oblong  spikes  of  small  flowers,  the 
corolla  remaining  in  a  withered  state  till  the 
ripening  of  the  seed.   Of  all  the  species  the  most 
important  to  the  farmer  is  the  Common  Red 
Clover  ( T.  praterue).    This  is  a, native  of  Europe 
but  is  everywhere  naturalized  in  the  United 
States,  growing  freely  iu  meadows  and  pastures, 
and  widely  cultivated.     The  White  or  Dutch 
Clover  (T.  repent)  is  found  in  all   parts  of 
North  America,  and  is  a  common  native  of  most 
parts  of  Europe,  nearly  always  springing  up 
when  a  barren  heath  is  turned  up  with  the 
apade  or  plough.    The  flowers  of  this  species 
are  the  particular  delight  of  bees,  though  all 
clover   flowers   are    favored   by    them.     The 
Crimson    or    Italian    Clover    (T.   incamatum) 
bears  spikes  of  rich  crimson  flowers,  and  is 
much  cultivated  in  France  and  Italy  as  a  forage 
plant,  being  also  grown  as  a  decorative  garden 
annual.     Yellow  Clover,  or  Hop  Trefoil  (T. 
agrarittm),  is  very   common   in  parts  of  the 
United  States  and  Europe. 

2.  Agric. :   A  local  agricultural  name  for 
Trifolium  incarnatum.  (Britten  &  Holland.)  T. 
pratense  is  largely  sown  for  fodder  crops ;  the 
cultivated  is  larger  than  the  wild  plant,  and 
succeeds  better  on  heavy  than  on  light  soil. 
T.  medium,  called  the  Zigzag  Clover,  from  the 
bends  at  each  joint  of  its  stalk,  has  also  red 
flowers,  but  has  generally  more  pointed  leaves, 
while  the  white  spot  seen  on  T.  pratense  is,  as 
a  rule,  absent ;  its  seeds  are  not  always  ob- 
tainable.    T.  incarnatum,  also  wild,  was  cul- 
tivated on  the  continent  before  it  was  sown  in 
Britain.    The  tubes  of  T.  pratense  and  T.  in- 
carnatum do  not  differ  very  perceptibly  in 
length  ;  but  Darwin  (Orig.  of  Species,  ch.  iii., 
iv.)  shows  that  the  proboscis  of  the    hive- 
bee  is  too  short  to  sip  the  honey  of  the  former, 
while  it  can  obtain  that  of  the  latter  species, 
and  the  Common  Red  Clover  is  therefore  fer- 
tilized by  humble-bees  alone.     Humble-bees 
in  quest  of  honey  are  also  the  great  agents  in 
fertilizing  other  species  of  clover.    The  White 
Clover  (T.  repens)  and  the  Alsike  Clover  (T. 
hybridum)  the  latter  introduced  from  the  con- 
tinent, are  excellent  for  pasture ;  both  have 
white  or  pinkish  flowers.   Two  Yellow  Clovers, 
T.  procumbens  and  T.flliforme,  are  also  rulti- 
vated  on  pasture  grounds.      The  growth  of 
clover  is  greatly  promoted  by  a  sprinkling  of 
lime.    The  seeds  of  the  plant*  may  be  sown 
broadcast  from  February  to  May  and  from 
August  to  October.    Some  are  used  for  their 
ornamental  character  as  border- plants. 

*  trlf '-0-1&  *  trlf-f 6-lfc  s.    [Lat.  trifolium 
=  trifolium.]    Trefoil. 

"  She  was  crowned  with  a  chuplet  of  trt/oty." 

BenJontan:  Coronation  Entertainment. 

tii'-fb'r-Is,  s.    [TRIFORIUM.] 

Zool.  &  Palceont. :  A  sub-genus  of  Ccrithium, 
with  thirty  recent  species,  ranging  from  Nor- 


way  to  Australia.  Shell  sinistral ;  anterior 
and  posterior  canals  tubular ;  the  third  canal 
accidentally  present,  forming  part  of  a  varix. 
Fossil  in  the  Eocene  of  Britain  and  France. 

trl-fbY-i-um,    s.      [Lat.   (ri- =  three,   and 
fores  —  doors.] 

Arch. :  A  gallery  or  arcade  in  the  wall  over 
the  pier  arches  which  sejmrate  the  body  from 
the  aisles  of  a  church.    The  ar- 
cade is  not  in  general  carried 
entirely  through  the  wall,  but 
th«re  is  commonly  a  passage- 
way behind  it  which  is  often 
continued  in  the  thickness  of 
the  wall  round  the  entire  build- 
ing ;  in  some  cases,  however,  the 
arcade  is  entirely  open,  as  at 
Lincoln  Cathedral.    Sometimes 
the  triforium  is  a  complete  upper 
story  over  the  side  aisle,  having 
a  range  of  windows  in  the  side 
wall,  as  at  Ely,  Norwich,  Glou- 
cester choir,  Peterborough,  Lin- 
cola  choir,  Westminister  Abbey, 
&c.     In  some  continental 
churches  of  Decorated  and  later 
work,  the  aisle  roofs  are  kept 
entirely  below  the  level  of  the      TBIFORIUM. 
triforium,  and  the  back  of  it  Is 
pierced  with  a  series  of  small  windows,  cor- 
responding with  the  ornamental  work  in  the 
front,  thus  forming  what  is  sometimes  called 
a  transparent  triforium.    (Parker.)    The  cut 
shows  the  triforium  in  the  Priory  Church  of 
St.  Bartholomew  the  Great,  London. 

*  txi-form't  o,     [Lat.   triformta,   from  tri-  = 

three,  and  forma  =  form.  ]  Having  a  triple 
shape  or  form.  (Milton :  P.  L.t  iii.  730.) 

*  tori-form'- i-t#,  *.      [Eng.    triform;  -ity.\ 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  triform. 

t  tri -form' -ous,  a.    [Eng.   triform;    -on*.] 
Triform  (q.v.). 

"The  inscription  served  .  .  to  •how  the  Idea  enter- 
tained by  the  pagan  Egyptians  of  a  triformoui  \leity. 
'the  father  of  the  world,  whoaiauiued  different  names 
according  to  the  triad  under  which  be  was  repre- 
sented. —  WUkinton:  Manner*  vf  the  Sgyptiant  (ed. 
Birch),  ii.  514. 

tri  fur  cate,  tri  fur  cat  ed,  a.     [Pref. 

fri-,and  Eng.  furcate,  furcated  (q.v.).]  Having 
three  branches  or  forks  ;  trichotomous. 

trifurcated  hake,  s.    [TADPOLE-HAKE.] 


trig  (1),  v.t.    [Cf.  Dan.  trykke;  Ger. 
to  press.]    To  fill,  to  stuff. 

"By  how  much  the  more  a  man's  skin  Is  full  trig'd 
with  flesh,  blood,  and  natural  spirits.  '—More  :  Mystery 
<rf  Godlinw,  p.  105. 

trig  (2),  v.t.  [TRIGGER.]  To  stop,  as  the  wheel 
of  a  vehjcle,  by  putting  something  down  to 
check  it ;  to  skid,  as  a  wheel. 

trig,  s.  [TRIG  (2),  v.]  A  stone,  wedge  of  wood, 
or  the  like,  placed  under  a  wheel,  barrel,  &c., 
to  check  its  rolling  ;  a  skid. 

trig,  a.  &  s.  [Sw.  trygg ;  Dan.  tryg  —  safe, 
secure.] 

A.  As  adjective : 
*!.  Safe,  secure. 

2.  Neat,  spruce,  tidy.    (Prov.  &  Scotch.) 
"Fling  the  earth  into  the  bole,  and  m»k  a  thing! 

trig  agafu. "— Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxiv. 

3.  Well ;  in  good  health  ;  sound.    (Prov.) 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  A  coxcomb. 

*  trig'-a-mlst,  s.     [Eng.  trigam(y);  -is*.] 

1.  One  who  has  been  married  three  times. 

2.  One  who  lias  three  wives  or  three  hus- 
bands at  the  same  time. 

trig -a-mous,  a.    [TBIOAMY.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the 
nature  of  trigamy. 

2.  Bot. :  Having  three  sorts  of  flowers  (male, 
female,  and  hermaphrodite)  on  the  same  head. 

*  trlg'-a-m^,  s.     [Gr.  rpt-  (tri-)  —  three,  and 

yapoc  (gamos)  =  a  marriage.] 

1.  The  act  of  marrying  or  the  state  of  being 
married  three  times. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  having  three  wives  or 
three  husbands  at  the  same  time.  [BIOAMY,  II.] 

tri  gas'-tric,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  gastrie 
(q.v.).] 

Anat.  (Of  certain  muscles):  Having  three 
bellies  or  protuberant  portions. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  sell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    ph      t 
-tian  =  Shan,    -tion, -sion  =  shuu; -^ion, -sion     zfcun.      cious,    tious,    sious  -  shus.    -ble, -die,  «tc.  =  bel,  del. 


482u 


trigeminal— trigonia 


tri-gem  in  al.  a.  [M,«l.  Lat.  trigeauiuilis 
from  Lat.  tnyeouruu  (q.v.).j  (See  etyui.  & 
oompouuU.) 

trigeminal  nerres,  *.  pi. 

A*al.  :  The  trifacial  nerves  (q.r.X 

•tri  gem   in  ous,  a.     [TRIOEMINL] 

1.  Being  one  of  three  born  together ;  born 
vhree  at  a  time. 

2.  Threefold. 

tn  gem -in  us  (pi.  tri-gSm'-ln-i),  s.  [Lat 

=  three  at  a  birth ;  pref,  tri-.  and  geininus  = 
a  twin.) 
Anat.  (PL) :  The  trigeminal  nerves  (q.v.). 

tri  gen'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  tri-;  Gr.ytvva.t*(gennao 
=  to  produce,  and  Eng.  sun",  -ic.]  Containing 
organic  anhydride,  aldehyde,  and  ammonia. 

trigenlc  acid.  .«. 

Ckm. :  C4HrN;,02  =  (CNXiO'CaHjfNH^  . 
An  acid  containing  the  elements  of  cyanic 
anhydride  and  aldehyde  ammonia,  obtained 
by  passing  the  vapour  of  cyanic  acid  over 
aldehyde.  It  crystallizes  in  small  prisms, 
slightly  soluble  in  water,  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
When  slightly  heated  it  melts  and  carbonizes, 
giving  on"  alkaline  vapours  having  the  odoui 
of  chinoline. 

trig  ger,  -  trick -er,  «.  (Out  «™Hter  =  _ 
trigger ;  trecker  =  one  who  draws  or  pulls, 
from  Irtkken  =  to  pull,  to  draw.) 

1.  Firmrmt:  A  catch  which,  being  retracted, 
liberates  the  hammer  of  a  gun-lock;    hence, 
a  lever  or  catch  performing  a  similar  service 
in  a  trap  or  other   like  mechanism.     [HiiE- 

TaiOOEE.] 

2.  SJiipbuild. :  A  piece  of  wood  placed  under 
•  dog-shore  to  hold  it  up  until  the  time  for 
launching.    The  dog-shore  buts  against  cleats 
on  the  hilgcways,  and  is  knocked  away  when 
the  signal  is  given  for  launching. 

3.  f'thicta :  A  catch  to  hold  the  wheel  of* 
carriage  in  descending  a  hill. 

trigger  fish,  «. 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  for  the  genus 
Batistes,  from  the  fact  that  when  the  dorsal 
fin  is  erected,  the  flrst  ray,  which  Is  very 


A.  T*l<x>n.mi  Italian  aaOtatat.    m.  IXTULS 
or  DORSAL  mr. 

thick  and  strong,  holds  its  elevated  position 
•o  firmly  that  it  cannot  be  pressed  down  by 
any  degree  of  force  :  but  if  the  second  ray  be 
depressed,  the  first  immediately  falls  down 
like  the  hammer  of  a  gun  when  the  trigger  is 
pulled. 

*  trigger-line,  «.  The  line  by  which  the 
gun-lock  of  ordnance  was  operated. 

*  tri  gln'-tals,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  triginta  =  thirty.] 
Trentals;  the  number  of  thirty  masses  to  be 
•aid  for  the  dead. 

"  TrenUda  or  trigintal*  were  a  number  of  misses  19 
the  tale  of  thirty.  Instituted  by  Saint  Gregory."— 
Ayliffc. 

trig-la,  ».  [Mod.  Lat, ftom  Or.  tpi-yAij  (triple) 
—  a  mullet] 

1.  Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Cottidffi,  with  about 
forty  species,  from  tropical  and  temperate 
zones.  Head  parallelopiped,  with  the  upper 
surface  and  sides  entirely  bony,  the  enlarged 
infraorbital  covering  the  cheek;  two  dorsal 
fins ;  three  free  pectoral  rays,  serving  as 
organs  of  locomotion  as  well  as  of  touch  ; 
teeth  villiform.  Dr.  Ounther  refers  the  species 
to  three  groups  :  (1)  Trigla,  no  palatal  teeth, 
scales,  except  those  of  lateral  line,  exceed- 
ingly small ;  (2)  Lepidotrigla,  no  palatal  teeth, 
scales  of  moderate  size ;  (3)  Prionotus,  with 
palatal  teeth.  They  are  generally  used  as 
food,  being  caught  by  the  trawling  net,  or  by 
hook  and  line.  Most  uf  the  Gurnards,  as  the 


species  are  generally  called,  live  near  tb 
butti'Ui,  feeding  on  m"llu«,:s,  crustaceans,  an, 
small  lishes.  The  <»ray  Gurnard  { T.  ffurumrdua 
is  a  common  European  species,  as  also  T.  pint, 
the  Bed  Gurnard,  uhii.-b  is  mu<  h  used  a 
food.  The  Sanphirine  Gurnard  (T.  *ir»««to)  is 
a  rare  speciee,  its  pectoral  fins  of  a  beautifu 
blue  color. 

2.    1'alocont. :    Two   or   three   species  ar 
known,  from  the  Tertiary. 

tri'-glans,  I.      [Pref.    tri-,   and    glans  =*  tin 
nut-like  fruit  of  forest  trees,  an  acorn.] 

Bat. :  A  fruit  having  three  nuts  within  an 
involucre,  as  the  Spanish  Chestnut. 

tri  glo  -Chin,  ».      [Gr.  T/>iy\£Xi,  (triglochis) 


.     .       ng  point.    Named 
from  the  three  projecting  carpels.] 

Bot, :  Arrow-grass  ;  a  genus  formerly  called 
Juncago,  typical  of  the  order  Juncaginaceie, 
Saline  plants  ;  root  fibrous,  leaves  very  uar 
row  ;  flowers  in  a  naked,  straight  spike  or  a 
raceme  ;  perianth  of  six  erect,  concave,  de 
ciduous  leaves  ;  stamens  six,  anthers  nearly 
sessile,  stigmas  three  to  six,  sessile,  plumose 
capsules  three  to  six,  one-seeded,  united  by  u 
longitudinal  receptacle ;  albumen  none.  Known 
species  about  ten,  from  the  temperate  regions, 
Australia  being  a  favorite  habitat  Twe 
species  are  European,  Triglxhin  puliutre,  th< 
Marsh,  and  T.  maritimxm,  the  Sea-side  Arrow 
grass.  The  first  has  a  three-celled,  nearly 
linear,  the  latter  a  five-celled,  ovate  fruit  The 
flrst  occurs  in  marshy  meadows,  by  riversides, 
and  in  ditches  ;  the  latter  in  salt  marshes. 

trtg'-iy,  ads.     [Eng.  trig,  a. ;  -Zy.]    Neatly, 
sprucely. 

tri'-giyph,  *  try'-gljfph, «.  [Lat.  triglypliiu, 
from  Gr.  rpiy\v<t>os  (friglupnos)  —  thrice-cloven 
.  .  .  a  tri- 
glyph,  from 
rp.-  (tri-)  = 
three,  and 

ph5)  =   to 
carve.] 


. 

Ornaments 
repeated  at 
equal  inter- 
vals in  the 
Boric  frieze. 
Each  tri. 
glyph  con- 


ters  or  channels  cut  to  a  right  angle,  called 
glyphs,  and  separated  by  their  interstices, 
called  femora,  from  each  other,  as  well  as 
from  two  other  half-channels  that  are  formed 
at  the  sides. 

"The  IrtiftfU.  which  I  afflrtn'd  to  be  charged  on 
the  Doric  frieze,  it  a  niort  in9ei*rable  ornament  of  it. 
.  .  .  By  their  ti-uuipulRr  furrows.  or  gutters  rather. 
they  seem  to  me  as  if  they  were  meant  to  convey  the 
gutbe  or  drop,  which  liaug  a  little  under  them."— 
Evelyn  :  On  Architecture. 

tri-gljrph-ic,  tri  glyph  Ic-al.  o.  [Eng. 
tnglyph  ;  -ic,  -ical.] 

1.  Consisting  of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  triglvph 
or  triglyphs. 

S.  Containing  three  sets  of  characters  or 

sculptures. 

tlig'-new,  «.  [Eng.  trig,  ».  ;  .«»».]  Neat- 
ness, spruceness. 

tri'-g5n,  s.  [Fr.  trigont  ;  Lat.  trigonum,  from 
Gr.  rpiyiarov  (trigoHon)  =  a  triangle,  from  rpi- 
•vatyo!  (trigonos)  =  three-cornered,  from  rpi- 
(tri-)  =  three,  and  ywt'a  (gonia)  =  an  angle.] 

"I.  Ord. 
Lang.  :  A  tri- 
angle. 

"To     cot     Uieb 
way.  they  tu  a 
* 


(1)  A  kind  of 

triangular          IOVE,  WITH  TRIOOK. 
harp  or  lyre. 

(2)  A  game  at  ball,  played  by  three  persons 
standing  so  as  to  be  at  the  angles  of  a  triangle. 


2.  Attrolagy: 

(1)  The  junction  of  three  signs,  the 
being  divided  into  four  trigons,  named  re- 
spectively after  the  four  elements—  the  watery 
trigon,  including  Cancer,  Scorpio,  and  Pisces; 
the  earthly  trigon,  including  Taurus    Virgo 
and  Capricornus  ;    the  airy  trigon,  Gemini 
Libra,  and  Aqunrius  ;   and  the  fiery  trigon, 
Aries,  Leo,  aud  Sagittarius. 

"  The  wurrliw  iJnuet  wa>  eiuected  In  |«non.  and 
the  fiery  trifat,  seemi-a  to  give  the  alarm.-—  G.  Uar. 
»*».-  Ffer«  •  StifMtvroyatioit. 

(2)  Trine  ;  an  aspect  of  two  planets  distant 
120^  from  each  other. 

tri-go'-na,  *.    [TRICON.] 

1.  Entom.  :   A  genus  of  Social  Bees.     Small 
Apidie  forming    their   nests    witliin    holluw 
trees  or   the  cavities  of  rocks  in  America, 
Sumatra,  Java,  &c. 

2.  Zool.  t  Palaont.  :  A  genus  of  Veneridie 
(q.v.),  with  twenty-eight  recent  species,  fnun 
the    West     Indir-s,    .Mediterranean,    ^ 
Cape,  India,  and  the  west  coast  of  Amer.ra. 
Shell  trigonal,  wedge-sliaped,  sub-equilateral  ; 
ligament  short,  prominent;  hinge-teeth  3-4  ; 
pallial  sinus    rounded,    horizontal.      Found 
fossil  in  the  Miocene  of  Bordeaux. 


,  o.    [Eng.  trigon;  -al] 
"  L  Ord.  lang.  :  Triangular  ;  having  three 
angles  or  corners. 

"  A  spar  of  a  yellow  hue  shot  into  numerous  Mgtrnal 
pointed  shoots  of  various  sizes,  found  p-ov.  ing  to  un» 
side  of  a  psjnMUldlealar  flasure  of  a  stratum  of  free- 
stone. '—Woodtmri. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  :   A  term  applied  to  a  triangular 
space  on  the  fuudus  of  the  bladder. 

2.  Hot.  :  Three-cornered. 

tri-go'-ne,  s.    [TRiaoN.] 

Anut.  :  A  smooth,  triangular  surface  in  the 
bladder,  immediately  behind  the  urethral  open- 
ing, at  the  anterior  part  of  the  fundus. 

trig-i-mel'-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from- 
Gr.  Tpfyawot  (Iri^frTuu)  =  triangular.  So  named 
because  the  standard  is  flat  and  the  spreading 
alse  give  the  flowers  a  triangular  appearance.] 
Bot.  :  Fenugreek,  a  genus  of  Trifoliere. 
Leaves  trifoliolate  ;  calyx  five-toothed  the 
teeth  nearly  equal  ;  petals  distinct,  keel  ob- 
tuse ;  flowers  in  few  or  many-flowered  heads, 
or  in  short  racemes.  Legume  straight  or 
slightly  curved,  two-valved,  much  longer 
than  the  calyx.  Known  species  fifty,  all  from 
the  eastern  hemisphere.  One,  Trigoiulln 
ornithopodioiiUs,  the  Bird's-foot  Fenugreek, 
is  BritislL  It  lias  decumbent  stems,  two  to- 
five  inches  long,  obcordate  leaflets,  toothed 
at  the  end,  the  peduncles  bearing  about  three- 
flowers  ;  the  legumes  nearly  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  and  containing  about  eight  seeds. 
Found  in  dry,  sandy  pastures,  generally  near 
the  sea.  It  Sowers  in  July  and  August.  A 
decoction  of  it  is  used  as  an  emollient,  and  it* 
flowers  are  made  into  poultices  for  veterinary- 
use.  T.  F<enum  grcecum,  the  Fenugreek,  or 
FenugrsEc,  is  an  erect  annual,  one  or  two  feet 
high,  a  native  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 
and  of  the  Pnnjanb.  It  is  cultivated  in  India 
and  other  warm  countries,  and  occasionally 
in  England,  where,  however,  the  climate  is 
too  variable  to  render  it  a  profitable  crop. 
In  India  the  seeds  are  largely  used  as  a  condi- 
ment and  as  a  substitute  for  coffee;  they 
also  yield  a  yellow  dye.  Containing  the  prin- 
ciple coumarin,  which  imparts  the  pleasant 
sweet  smell  to  hay,  they  are  used  to  render 
damaged  hay  palatable  to  horses,  and  are  an 
ingredient  in  concentrated  cattle  food. 

"trig-o-nel-ir-tes,  s.     [Mod.  Lat,  dimin. 
from  trigoiM  ;  suff.  -i(«.] 

Palaont.  :  The  name  given  by  Parkinson  in 
1811  to  the  opercula  of  certain  species  of 
ammonites.  These  opercnla  are  divided  into 
two  symmetrical  pieces  by  a  straight  median 
suture,  and  were  mistaken  for  bivalve  shells. 

tri-go'-ni-a,  s.    [Mod.  Lat]    [TRIOOK.] 

1.  Bot.  :  The  single  genus  of  the  order  Tri- 
goniacese.     Tropieal  American  trees  with  op- 
posite, stipulate  leaves,  their  inflorescence  in 
panicles,  irregular  flowers,  and  long,  hairy 
seeds. 

2.  Zool.  it  Paheont.  :  The  sole  recent  gcnu» 
of  Triwniadie  (i|.v.),  with  three  species  (or 
varieties)  from  Australia.    Shell  almost  en- 
tirely nacreous,  thick,  t  iiberrul.it  ed,  or  orna- 
mented with  radiating  or    concentric   ribs; 


Ote,  fitt.  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine:  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  woll  work.  who.  aou;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    te.  09  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


trigoniacesB— trigorhina 


4827 


posterior  side  angular;  ligament  small  and 
prominent  ;  hinge-teeth  2-3,  diverging.  Ani- 
mal with  a  lung,  I'Ointed  foot,  bent  sharply, 
heel  prominent  ;  gills  ample,  the  outer  smaller 
than  the  inner,  united  behind  the  body  to 
each  other  and  to  the  mantle.  The  species 
«re  very  active;  one  taken  alive  from  the 
dredge  by  Mr.  Stutchbury,  and  placed  on  the 
gunwale  of  his  boat,  leapt  overboard,  clearing 


tliev  abound  in  some  parts  of  Sydney  Harbour. 
A  hundred  fossil  species  are  known,  widely 
distributed  in  space,  and  ranging  in  time  from 
the  Lias  to  the  Chalk,  but  almost,  if  not 
entirely  absent  from  the  Tertiary.  The  shell 
is  wanting  or  metamorphic  in  Limestone  strata. 

trigonia-grits,  «.  pi. 

Geol.  :  Two  grits,  an  upper  and  a  lower, 
characterized  by  the  presence  of  species  of 
Trigonia.  They  constitute  part  of  the  Upper 
Ragstones  of  the  Inferior  Oolite  at  Leck- 
hampton  Hill  and  Cleeve  Hill,  near  Chelten- 
ham. 

*  tri-g6-nl-a'-9e-«e,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tri- 
gonl(a,);  Lat.  fern  pi.  adj.  suff.  -OCWE.) 

Bot.  :  Von  Mirtius's  name  for  an  order 
which  he  separates  from  Polygalaeeie  (q.v.), 
on  account  of  its  opposite  leaves,  the  posses- 
sion of  stipules,  &C, 

trig-6-ni-a-das,  1  trf-g5n'-I-die,  ».pf. 
(Mod.  Lat.  trigonia;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
•<<)**•] 

1  Zoot.  :  A  family  of  Conchiferons  Mol- 
luscs, group  Integro-uallialia.  Shell  eqniyalve, 


Animal  with  the  mantle  open  ;  foot  long  and 
bent ;  gills  two  on  each  side,  recumbent ; 
palpi  simple.  [TRIGOMIA.] 

2  Palatont. :  Five  fossil  genera,  ranging  from 
the  Lower  Silurian  to  the  Tria*. 

1  trl-gon'-i-dio,  i.  pt    [TBIOONIAD*.] 

trig-on- 6-,  wt-     (TRioos.)     Triangular; 
having  a  triangular  process  or  processes. 

trig-on  6  car'-pSn,  s.  [Pref.  trigono.,  and 
Gr.  «of>ir«  (karpoi)  =  fruit.) 

Palaooot. :  A  genus  of  fossil  plants  founded 
on  three-  or  six-angled  nut-like  fruits,  com- 
mencing in  the  Devonian  and  abundant  in 
the  Carboniferous  Bocks.  The  exterior  of 
the  fruit  was  probably  fleshy.  It  was  once 
believed  to  be  a  palm  fruit ;  then  Sir  Joseph 
Hooker  considered  it  th«  solitary  fruit  of  the 
recent  Salisburia,  a  taxad,  though  Principal 
Dawson  believes  it  to  have  been  Sigillarioid. 
Known  British  Carboniferous  species  six,  from 
Lancashire,  Salop,  Somerset,  &C.  Two  species 
occur  in  the  Permian. 

trig-on-o-seph'-a-liis,  ».  [Pref.  trigono-, 
and  Gr.  ««poA>j  Qupha.ll)  =  the  head.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Crotalida?,  with  three 
species,  ranging  from  Mexico  to  Patagonia. 
Body  elongate,  fusiform,  back  slightly  com- 
pressed; head  large  and  distinct  from  neck, 
depressed,  triangular  ;  muzzle  prominent,  an- 
gular ;  tail  short,  tapering  to  a  point ;  crown- 
shields  small,  scale-like ;  eye  moderate,  pupils 
vertical ;  scales  keeled. 

trig-6  no9'-er-ous,  o.  [Pref.  trlgono-,  and 
Gr.  iccrpw  (teros)  =  a  horn.]  An  epithet  applied 
to  an  animal  having  horns  with  three  angles, 
as  some  goats  and  sheep. 

trlg-dn-o-grap'-tus, ».  [Pref.  trigono-,  and 
Gr.  ypai7Tos  (graptos)  =  painted.] 

PaJdont. :  A  genus  of  Graptolites,  with 
three  British  species  from  the  Lower  Silurian. 

trig-o-nom'-e'-ter,  s.  [TRIGONOMETRY.]  An 
instrument  for  plotting  angles  and  laying 
down  distances  upon  paper,  and  for  solving 
problems  in  plane  trigonometry  by  inspection. 
It  consists  of  a  semicircular  protractor,  with 
a  long  arm  carrying  a  T-square  and  graduated 
sliding-scale. 

trlg-i-no-mef-rlc.!!.  [Eng.  trigonometrfy); 
-ic.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  trigonometry ; 
trigonometrical. 

tlig-o-n6-m6t'-ric-al,  a.  [Eng.  trlgmo- 
metrlfj);  -ioni.)  Pertaining  to  trigonometry; 


performed  by  or  according  to  the  rules  of 
trigonometry ;  ascertained  by  or  deduced  from 
trigonometry. 
trigonometrical -coordinates,  s.  ;>(. 

Elements  of  reference,  by  means  of  which  the 
position  of  a  point  on  the  surface  of  a  sphere 
may  be  determined  with  respect  to  two  great 
circles  of  the  sphere.  Called  also  Spherical- 
coordinates. 

trigonometrical-curves,  s.  pi.  Curves 

whose  equations  are  respectively  y  =  sin  z, 
y  =  cos  x,  y  —  ver-sin  x,  y  =  tan  x,  y  =  cot  x, 
y  =  sec  x,  and  y  =  cos  x.  If  acirele  lie  conceived 
to  roll  upon  a  straight  line,  continuing  in  the 
same  plane,  and  at  the  point  of  contact  per- 
pendiculars to  be  erected  equal  to  the  sine, 
cosine,  versed  sine,  Ac.,  of  the  arc  from  the 
origin  of  the  arcs  to  the  point  of  contact, 
the  loci  of  the  extremities  of  these  ordinates 
will  be  the  curves  whose  equations  are  given. 

trigonometrical -lines,  t.  pi.  Lines 
which  are  employed  in  solving  the  different 
cases  of  plane  and  spherical  trigonometry, 
as  radius,  sines,  cosines,  tangents,  cotangents, 
secants,  cosecants,  &c.  These  lines,  or  the 
lengths  of  them,  are  called  the  trigonometrical 
functions  of  the  arcs  to  which  they  belong. 
When  an  arc  increases  through  all  its  values 
from  0'  to  360°,  the  sines  and  cosecants  are 
positive  In  the  first  and  second  quadrants, 
and  negative  in  the  third  and  fourth;  the 
tangents  and  cotangents  are  positive]  in  the 
first  and  third  quadrants,  and  negative  in  the 
second  and  fourth ;  the  cosines  and  secants 
are  positive  in  the  first  and  fourth  quadrants, 
and  negative  in  the  second  and  third,  and  the 
versed  sines  and  coversed  sines  are  positive 
throughout. 

trigonometric-series,  a.  pi  Infinite 
series  which  are  of  tlie  form  a  sin  *  +  b  sin 
2  *  +  e  sin  8  x  +  &c.,  and  o  cos  *  +  6  cos 
2x+c  cos  3  x  +  &c. 

trigonometrical-survey,  i.  A  survey 
of  a  country  carried  out  from  a  single  base 
by  the  computation  of  observed  angular  dis- 
tances ;  but  the  term  is  usually  confined  to 
measurements  oil  a  large  scale  embracing  a 
considerable  extent  of  country  and  requiring 
a  combination  of  astronomical  and  geodetical 
operations.    A  trigonometrical  survey  may  be 
undertaken  either  to  ascertain  the  exact  situa- 
tion of  the  different  points  of  a  country  rela- 
tively to  each  other  and  to  the  equator  and 
meridians  of  the  terrestrial  globe,   for   the 
purpose  of  constrocting  an  accurate  map,  01 
to  determine  the  dimensions  and  form  of  the 
earth  by  ascertaining  the  curvature  of  a  given 
portion  of  its  surface,  or  by  measuring  an  arc 
of  the  meridian.    The  most  minute  accuracy 
and  the  most  perfect  instruments  are  requirec 
in  all  the  practical  parts  of  such  operations 
and  regard  must  be  had  to  the  curvature  o: 
the  earth's  surface,  the  effects  of  temperature 
refraction,  altitude  above  the  level  of  the  sea 
and  a  multitude  of  other  circumstances  whicl 
are  not  taken  into  account  in  ordinary  survey 
ing.     In  a  trigonometrical  survey  the  whole 
area  to  be  surveyed  is  divided  into  a  system 
of  triangles,  commencing  from  a   carefully 
measured  base,  which  forms  the  side  of  thi 
first  triangle.    These  are  further  intersected 
by  a  network  of  smaller  triangulations,  which 
will  fix  all  the  secondary  points  on  the  sur 
face,  and  finally  the  details  of  the  ground  are 
completed  by  measurement  and  the  theodolite 
The  value  of  this  work  of  triangulation  lies  in 
the  exactitude  of  the  base-line  and  the  deter 
mination  of  the  true  position  of  the  starting 
point  at  one  of  its  extremities.    Extreme  car 
in  measurement  and  a  most  painstaking  repe 
tition  of  observations  are  essential ;  for  errors 
committed  at  this  period  of  a  surrey  are  no 
merely  continued,  but  increased,  as  the  wor 
proceeds.    Having  completed  the  determina 
tion  of  the  base-hue,  the  more  prominent  o 
most  central  and  convenient  points  are  flxe< 
for  the  greater  triangulation.    Powerful  theo 
dolites  are  used  for  this  purpose,  and  care  i 
taken  that  the  triangles  are  as  nearly  equ 
lateral  as  possible,  so  as  to  avoid  the  inaccu 
racy  which  taking  very  acute  angles  woul 
induce.    The  triangulation  proceeds  from  th 
base-line  in  a  series  of  gradually  increasin 
triangles,  and   these  are   repeatedly  taken 
their  means  carefully  calculated,  and  thei 
reduction  to  the  true  surface  completed  b 
mathematical  calculation.    When  the  greate 
triangulation  is  completed,  the  minor  points 
those  of  less  importance,  are  united  by 
series  of  smaller  triangles,  until  the  relativ 


positions  of  all  the  prominent  natural  and 
artificial  features  of  the  area  (the  whole  of 
which,  with  the  exception  of  the  liase-line, 
have  been  fixed  by  mathematically  corn 
trigonometrical  calculation),  can  be  finally 
marked  down  on  the  map.  The  remainder 
of  the  work  is  done  by  absolute  measurement 
with  a  chain,  a  snmil  theodolite  being  still 
usrd  for  correction  and  to  determine  the  bear- 
ilia's  of  the  points  with  regard  to  those  of  th* 
greater  triangles.  [ORDNANCE-SUKVEY.] 

trIg-4-n6-met-rio-al-l#,  «*>.  [Eng.  tri- 
goiumietricol ;  -ly.]  "lu  a  trigonometrical 
manner ;  by  means  of  or  according  to  the 
rules  of  trigonometry. 

trig-O-nSm'-e-trir,  «.  [Pref.  trigono-,  and 
Gr.  liirpaf  (nietron)  =  a  measure.)  In  its 
primitive  and  narrower  sense  the  measuring 
of  triangles,  or  the  science  of  determining 
the  sides  and  angles  of  triangles  by  mea»» 
of  certain  parts  which  are  givefi ;  but  in 
the  modern  acceptation  of  the  term  it  in- 
cludes all  theorems  and  formula  relative 
to  angles  and  circular  arcs,  and  the  lines 
connected  with  them,  these  lines  being  ex- 
pressed by  numbers  or  ratios.  Trigonometry  is 
divided  into  three  branches.  Plane,  Spherical, 
and  Analytical.  Plane  trigonometry  treats 
of  the  relations  existing  between  the  sides  and 
angles  of  plane  triangles.  The  principal 
object  of  plane  trigonometry  is  to  show  the 
methods  of  solving  plane  triangles;  that  is, 
the  method  of  finding  the  remaining  parts  of 
a  plane  triangle,  when  three  are  given,  one  of 
the  three  being  a  side.  Spherical  trigonometry 
treats  of  the  relations  existing  between  the 
sides  and  angles  of  spherical  triangles.  The 
principal  object  of  this  branch  is  to  show  the 
'  method  of  solving  spherical  triangles ;  that) 
is,  the  method  of  finding  the  remaining  parts 
of  a  spherical  triangle,  when  any  three  are 
given.  Analytical  trigonometry  treats  of  the 
general  relations  and  properties  of  angles,  and 
trigonometrical  functions  of  angles.  In  every 
plane  triangle  there  are  six  parts  or  elements 
—three  angles  and  three  sides.  When  any 
three  parts  of  a  plane  triangle  are  given,  one 
of  which  is  a  side,  the  remaining  parts  may  be 
found,  and  the  operation  of  finding  them  is 
called  Solving  the  triangle,  tlie  operation 
being  facilitated  by  rabies  of  sines,  tangents, 
secants,  Ac.  (See  these  words.)  Thus,  any 
triangle  ABC  may  be  solved  by  tlie  aid  of  the 
following  formnlie,  where  «  denotes  the  sum 
of  the  three  sides,  or»=a-rt>  +  e.  The 
capitals  denote  angles,  and  the  small  letters 
the  sides  opposite  to  the  respective  angles. 
sin  ^t  _  sin  B  _  sin  C  _. . 

a     ~  '     b     "     c     '  "       ' 

tan  XA  +  S)  _       cotjC  .  . . 

tan  i(A  —  If)  ~  tan  i(A  —  B)  '  '  v  '  • 


cos  1.4 

If  the  triangle  is  right  angled  at  A,  the 
formulae  used  in  the  solution  are  the  follow- 

sin  B  =  —  ;  cos  B  =  —  ;  tan  B  =  —  . .  (4) ; 

b  =  o  sin  B  =  c  tan  B  =  V  (a*  —  c«) 

=  ^(a  — c)  (a  +  c) (B> 

In  spherical,  as  in  plane  trigonometry,  there 
are  six  parts  in  every  triangle— three  sides 
and  three  angles.  When  any  three  are  given, 
the  other  three  may  be  found,  except  In  the 
particular  case  of  a  triangle  having  two  right 
angles.  In  that  case,  if  two  right  angles  and 
a  side  opposite  one  be  given,  each  given  part 
will  be  905,  and  the  solution  is  indeterminate. 

tri-go'-non, ».    [Gr.  =  a  triangle.], 

jV/usfc :  A  small  harp  or  triangular  lyre  used 
by  the  ancients.    [TElooN.] 

*trig'-6n-OU8,  o.    [TRIOOS.]    Triangular; 
trigonal. 


*  trig'-4n-*,  ».  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Or.  voVTj  (gone) 
=  a  birth.)    Threefold  birth  or  product. 

"  Han  ...  in  whom  be  three  distinct  souls  by  w»7 
of  Iritfeny."— ffoiMtl. 

trig-*-rhi'-na,  ».    [Pref.  (ri^no-),  and  Or. 
pit  (rAis),  genii,  pii^s  (ritnos)  =  the  snout.) 

Palaont.:   A  genus  of  Rajida?,  from  th« 
Tertiary  strata  of  Monte  Postale. 


Dffil,  DO?;  p6ut,  Joirl;  cat,  cell,  choru.,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin.  tni»;  .In,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e*ist.   -ing. 
-«tan,  -tlan  =  snan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flop-  -jion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -riou»  =  •nu*.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4828 


trigram— trilobation 


•  tri'-gram,  ».  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  >P»M« 
(gramma)  =  a  letter.]  The  same  as  TRIORAPH 
iq.v.). 

tri  gram-mat -ic,  tri-gram-mlc,  a 

[Eng.  trig/ram  ;  -atic,  -ic.]    Consisting  of  three 
letters,  or  three  sets  of  letters. 

tri  graph,  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  yo 
(;7m/./io)  =  to  write.]  A  name  given  to  three 
letters  having  one  sound ;  a  triphthong,  as 
eau.  in  beau. 

t  tri'-gjfn, s.    [TRIOYNIA.] 

Sot. :  Any  individual  of  the  order  Trigynia. 

tri-gjrn'-I-a,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  yvn 
(yuji«)  =  a  woman.] 

Bot. :  The  name  of  various  orders  in  the 
Linnean  system  of  classification.  They  have 
three  styles.  The  classes  Diandria,  Triandria, 
Pentandria.  Hexandria,  Ortandria,  Ennean- 
dria,  Decandria,  Dodecandria,  Icosandria,  aud 
Polyandria  have  each  an  order  Trigynia. 

tri-gyn'-I-an,  tri  -gjrn-ous,  o.  [Mod.  Lat. 
trigyni(a);  suff.  -an,  -ous.J 

Bot. :  Having  three  pistils  or  styles ;  having 
three  carpels. 

tri-he'-dral,  o.    [TRIHEDRON.]  Having  three 

equal  sides. 

trihedral  arseniate  of  copper,  s. 

Hin. :  The  same  as  CLINOCLASE  (q.v.). 

tri-he  driSn.  ».     [Pref.  tri-,  and   Gr.  Hp 
(««dra)  =  a  seat,  a  base.]     A  figure  having 
three  equal  sides. 

tri-hep-tyl -a-mine,  «.    [Pref.  tri-;  Eng. 

keptyi,  and  amitit.} 

diem. :  CpHuN  =  fCVHuOsN.  Tricenanthyl- 
amine.  A  liquid  obtained  by  heating  sulphite 
of  cenantbyl-ammonium  with  a  mixture  of 

Suicklirae  and  slaked  lime.  It  is  pale  yellow 
y  transmitted,  greenish  yellow  by  reflected 
light,  strongly  efflorescent,  and  turns  brown 
on  exposure  to  the  air;  insoluble  in  water, 
bat  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether.  Its  salts 
»re  all  deliquescent  and  form  oily  drops  or 
syrupy  masses. 

tri -hi- la  tw,  ».  pL  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Lat. 
hilum  =  a  little  thing,  a  trifle.] 

Bat. :  The  fiftieth  order  in  Linnasus's  Natural 
System.  Genera  :  Sapindus,  Malpigliia,  Be- 
gonia, Berberis,  &C. 

tri-hi  -late,  a.    [TBIHILXTA.] 

Bot. :  Having  three  apertures.  Used  of  some 
pollen  grains,  &c. 

•  tri  hor'-al,  o.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  Komi 
(q.v.).]    Occurring  once  in  every  three  hours. 

tri  ju  gate,  tri  ju-gous,  a.  [Gr.  rpifvyot 
(tmugot)  =  three-yoked  :  pref.  <rj-(  and  fvyor 
(zugon)  —  a  yoke.] 

Bot. :  A  term  used  when  the  petiole  of  a 
pinnate  leaf  bears  three  pairs  of  leaflets. 

t  tri- June' -tlon,  ».  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
junction.]  The  junction  of  three  things  at 
one  point. 

"To  have  the  Irijunalon  of  Tibet,  India,  and  Burma 
focuased  with  in  the  four  corners  of  ft  map." — AUitnaum 
Juj.  ».  1887.  p.  161. 

tn-labe,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Surg. :  An  instrument  used  In  extracting 
foreign  substances  from  the  bladder.  It  has 
three  fingers,  which  are  expanded  and  con- 
tracted after  the  instrument  is  in  situ. 

tri  lam'-In-ar,  a.  [Pref.  tri.,  and  Eng. 
iamin<zr(q.v.).J 

Physiol. :  Consisting  or  composed  of  three- 
fold laminse  or  layers  of  cells :  as,  the  tri- 
laminar  structure  of  the  blastoderm.  [Tai- 

PLOBLASTIC.l 

I  tri-lat  er-aL  a.  [Lat  trilatenu,  from  tri- 
=  three,  and  latut,  genit  laterts  =  a  side.] 
Having  three  sides;  three-sided,  as  a  tri- 
angle. 

I  tri-Iitt'-er-al-ly,  adv.  [Bug.  trilateral; 
•1V.}  With  three  sides. 

•  tri-laf-er-al-ness,  «.     [Eng.   trilateral; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  trilateral. 

tri-lSm'-ma,  ».  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  WJwia 
(lemma)  —  something  received,  an  assumption, 
from  A<uu/3a»u  (lambano)  =  to  take.] 


1.  Logic  :  A  syllogism  with  three  conditions 
propositions,  tile  major  premises  of  which  are 
disjunctively  affirmed  in  the  minor. 

2.  Hence,    generally,  any  choice   between 
three  alternatives. 

tri  let'  -to,  s.    [Ital.] 
.Vimc:  A  short  trill. 

tri-lln-e-ar,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  linear 
(q.v.).]  Composed  or  consisting  of  three 
lines. 

tri  lln'-gual,  tri-lin'-guar  (u  as  w),  o. 

[Lat.  tri-  =  three,  and  lingiui  =  a  tongue,  a 
language.]  Consisting  of  or  written  in  three 
languages. 

"  The  much  -Doted  Rosetta  atone  .  .  .  bean  upon  ita 
surface  a  trilingual  inscription."—  Taylor. 

tri-Ut-er-al,  o.  4  «.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
literal  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Consisting  of  three  letters. 

"  The  Arabick  roots  are  universally  Irilittral."—  Sir 
W.  Jontl  :  Fourth  jtnnivenary  biicwrtt. 

B.  As  tubst.  :  A  word  consisting  of  three 
letters. 

triliteral-  languages,  s.  pi.  A  term 
applied  to  the  Semitic  languages,  because 
every  word  in  them  consists,  in  the  Brst  in- 
stance, of  three  consonants,  which  represent 
the  essential  idea  expressed  by  the  word, 
while  special  modifications  are  produced  by 
certain  vowels  or  additional  letters. 

tri-ltt'-er-al-ism,    tri-Ut-er-iU'-r-ty. 

tri-lif-er-al-nesw,  «.    [Eng.  triliteml; 

-ism,  -ity,  -ness.}   The  quality  or  state  of  being 

triliteral  ;  the  condition  or  character  of  con- 

sisting of  three  letters. 

"  But  no  each  thing  is  at  present  practicable  for  the 
Semitic;  this  contains  two  characteristics—  the  tri- 
literality  of  the  roots  aud  their  inflection  by  internal 
change,  by  Tariatiou  of  vowel—  which  belong  to  It 
alone.-—  mutiny.-  Ufe  t  erotoli  of  Lanfuan  cb.xiL 

tri'-Utb.  «.    [Fr.  trilithe.] 

Archaol.  :  A  trilithon  (q.r.). 

"  Much  greater  mechanical  skill,  moreover,  was 
required  to  raise  the  superincumbent  masses,  and  fit 
them  Into  their  exact  position,  than  to  rear  the  rude 
atAndiiig-stone.  or  upheave  the  capstone  of  the  crom- 
lech on  to  the  upright  rritttA."—  VttMn  :  PrtkiKoric 
Annul!  of  Scotland,  It.  & 

tri-llth'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  trilith;  •<«.]  Of,  be- 
longing, or  relating  to  a  trilith  ;  consisting  of 
three  stones. 


tri'-llth'-on,  I.      [Gr.  TpiAifc*  (trilithos)  =  of 

or  with  three  stones  ;  TO  Tpi'XioW  (to  trilithon) 
=  a  temple  at  Baalbec,  with  huge  columns 
consisting  of  three  stones  each.] 

Archceol.  :  A  monument,  probably  sepulchral, 
either  standing  alone  or  forming  part  of  a 
larger  work,  and  consisting  of  three  stones  : 
two  uprights,  connected  by  a  continuous  im- 
post or  architrave.  The  best-known  examples 
of  trilithons  in  the  United  Kingdom  are  at 


TKIL1THONS. 

L  Sionebenge.  a.  Outer  circle  :  ft.  Trilithons  :  c.  Part 
of  inner  oval  of  upright  posts.  2.  Tomb  of  Isodorus 
U.D.  2221  at  Khatoura,  near  Aleppo,  a.  Trilithon  at 
Elkebltattf  Roman  TJ,  about  forty-five  milea  S.  K.  from 
Tripoli. 

Stonehenge,  on  (Salisbury  Plain.  In  the  tri- 
lii  honsstill  standing,  each  of  the  uprights  has 
a  tenon  nn  its  surface,  and  the  under  sides  of 
the  architrave  or  horizontal  piece  have  each 
two  mortices  Into  which  the  tenons  fit.  Ac- 
cording to  Olaus  Magnus  (de  Gent.  S*pt.,  p.  49) 
similar  monuments  were  formerly  erected  in 
Sweden  over  the  graves  of  nobles  and  other 
eminent  persons ;  and  Fergnsson  (Rude  Stone 
MmuTnents,  p.  101),  considers  that  the  trilithon 
"is  only  an  improved  dolmen,  standing  on 
two  legs  instead  of  three  or  four."  (See 
extract) 

"  We  must  Dot,  however,  attribute  too  much  1m. 
portaoce  to  the  similarity  existing  between  the  mega- 
Ilthic  erections  In  various  parts  of  the  world  Give 
any  child  a  box  o(  bricks,  aud  It  will  Immediately 
build  dolmens,  cromlechs,  and  tritithnru  like  those 
of  Stonehenge,  so  that  the  construction  of  these  re. 
markable  monuments  may  be  regarded  as  another 
Illustration  of  the  curious  similarity  existing  between 
the  child  and  the  savage.-  _  LtMmX:  freUaoric 
Timei  fed.  1878).  p.  1*3. 


trill,  «.    [Ital.  iriito  =  a  trill,  a  shake.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  warbling,  quavering  sound  ;  a  rapid, 
trembling  series  or  succession  of  sounds. 

"The  blackbird  pipes  In  Artless  trill- 

Ifarlon :  /ascription  in  a  Hermitaf*. 

2.  A  consonant  pronounced  with  a  trillini 
sound,  as  (  or  r. 

II.  Music: 

1.  The  same  as  SHAKE  (q.v.). 

"  I  hare  often  .  .  .  attributed  many  of  hie  trim  and 
Quavers  to  the  coldness  of  the  weather."— Taller 
BO,  222. 

2.  The  rapid  repetition  of  a  note  in  singing 
[VIBRATO.] 

trim  (1),  r.l.  &  i.     [Ital.  trillare  =  to  trill,  to 
shake,  to  quaver  ;  Dut.  trillen  ;  Ger.  trillern.] 

A,  Trans. :  To  utter  or  sing  with  a  quaver- 
ing or  tremulousness  of  voice.      (Thomson: 
Summer,  706.) 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To   shake,  to   quaver;  to  sound  with 
tremulous  vibrations. 

"  To  Judge  of  trilliny  notes  and  tripping  feef 

DrtJtn.    iTodd.) 

2.  To  sing  with  quavers  ;  to  pipe. 

trill  (2),  •  trU,  •  tryU,  v.(.  &  t    [Sw.  trilla 
=  to  roll ;  trilla  =  a  roller ;  Dan.  trille  =  to 
roll,  to  trundle.   The  same  word  as  Icel.  tkyrla 
to  whirl ;  Eng.  thrill,  thirl,  or  drill.] 
A,  Trans. :  To  turn  round  ;  to  twirl 
"  By  thundVlug  out  the  suudrie  aodalne  Binaries 
which  daily  chaunce  as  fortune  frilltt  the  ball.* 
eaicoiyne:  fruita  of  Warn. 

J3.  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  turn,  to  twlrL 

2.  To  flow  in  a  small  stream  or  in  rapid 
drops ;  to  trickle. 

"  But  through  his  flngere.  long  and  slight, 
Fast  trilled  the  drops  of  crystal  bright.7 
•Scoff .-  Lord  of  (As  Jtlet,  Iv. 

trH-lI-a'-ce-«B,  «.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat,  trillHun); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -aceos.] 

Bot. :  Parids ;  an  order  of  Dictyogens.  Herbs, 
with  tubers  or  rhizomes,  simple  stems,  and  ver- 
ticillate,  membranous,  netted  leaves  ;  flowers 
Urge,  solitary,  hermaphrodite ;  sepals  three, 
herbaceous ;  petals  three,  much  larger  than 
the  sepals,  coloured  or  herbaceous ;  stamens 
sir  to  ten  ;  styles  three  to  five,  free  ;  ovary 
three  to  five-celled,  ovules  iu  two  rows,  in- 
definite ;  fruit  succulent.  From  the  north 
temperate  zone.  Known  genera  four,  species 
thirty.  (Lindley.)  [PARIS.] 

*  trfl'-li-bub,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.)    A  cant 
name  for  anything  trifling  or  worthless. 

trill  -ing,  s.    [THREE.] 

*  1.  One  of  three  children  bom  at  the 
birth. 

2.  A  composite  crystal  composed  of  three 
individuals. 

trill  ion  (I  as  y),  «.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 

1  Arilh. :  The  product  of  a  thousand  raised  to 
the  fourth  power;  a  number  demited  by  a 
unit  followed  by  twelve  ciphers.  In  English 
notation  a  number  expressed  by  a  unit  fol- 
lowed by  eighteen  ciphers;  or  a  million  raised 
to  the  third  power. 

tril  -H-um,  I.  [Lat.  trttix  =  woven  with  three 
sets  of  leashes,  triple  ;  pref.  tri-,  and  licium  = 
the  ends  of  a  weaver's  thread.  So  called  be- 
cause of  the  ternary  arrangement  running 
through  the  calyx,  corolla,  styles,  and  leaves.] 
Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Trilliaceae.  Sepal* 
three,  herbaceous;  petals  three,  coloured; 
stigmas  three,  sessile ;  berry  superior,  three- 
celled,  many-seeded.  Known  species  seven- 
teen, all  from  North  America.  The  fleshy 
roots  of  Trillium  erectum  (=  T.  penslvlum), 
the  Beth-root,  Indian  Balm,  or  Lamb's  Quar- 
ters, is  used  as  a  tonic,  antiseptic,  &c.,  by  the 
Shakers.  It  is  about  a  foot  high,  with  rhom- 
boid leaves,  and  drooping,  fetid,  purple  flowers. 

trU -16.  s.    [Ital.] 

Music:  A  trill,  a  shake. 

tri  lo  bate,  tri  lo  bate,  tri  lobed,  a. 
[Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  lobate,  lobed.}  Having 
three  lobes. 

tri-lo-ba'-tion,  ».  [Eng.  trilobate) ;  -ion.) 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  trilobed. 

"  In  some  cases  ...  this  trilobntlon  is  only  obscurely 
marked."- JVicAoUon  .-  Falaont..  U.  SSL 


«te,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  oftb,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    *a,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «u  =  kw. 


trilobita— trim 


4829 


tri  -lo-bl-ta,  s.  pi.  [Mud.  Lat.,  from  Or. 
Tp«fc(frei«)  ==  three,  and  Ao/3os  (lobos)  =  a  lobe.] 
Paksont.  :  An  order  of  Crustacea,  to  which 
different  positions  in  the  class  have  been  as- 
signed, but  which  are  now  regarded  as  an 
early  and  more  generalized  type  from  which 
the  living  and  more  specialized  Isopoda  have 
arisen.  Body  usually  more  or  less  distinctly 
trilobate  in  a  longitudinal  direction  ;  there  is 
a  cephalic  shield,  generally  bearing  a  pair  of 
sessile,  compound  eyes  ;  the  thoracic  somites 
are  movable  upon  one  another,  and  vary 
greatly  in  number  ;  the  abdominal  segments 
coalesce  to  form  a  caudal  shield  (the  pygidium)  ; 
and  there  is  a  well-developed  upper  lip  (the 
hypostome),  formed  by  a  doubling  of  the 
head-shield.  The  Trilobita  are  exclusively 
Palaeozoic,  and  range  from  the  Upper  Cam- 
brian (in  which  the  Primordial  Trilobites  of 
Barrande  are  found)  to  the  Lower  Carboniferous 
of  Europe  and  America,  attaining  their  maxi- 
mum in  the  Silurian.  More  than  500  species 
are  known,  distributed  in  many  genera,  which 
are  arranged  in  about  twenty  families. 


,  S.      [TRILOBITA.] 

Pakeont.:  Any  individual  of  the  order 
Trilobita  (q.v.).  The  body  was  protected  by  a 
well-developed  chitinous  shell,  divided  later- 
ally into  three  regions  :  (1)  a  cephalic  shield  ; 
(2)  a  variable  number  of  body-rings  ;  and  (3) 
a  caudal  shield,  tail,  or  pygidium  —  commonly 
found  detached  from  each  other.  The  cephalic 
shield  (A)  is  usually  more  or  less  semicircular, 
with  an  elevated  portion,  the  glabella  (a), 
usually  grooved,  and  bounded  by  the  fixed 
cheeks  (Ji),  to  which  the  free  cheeks  (jfr)  which 
bear  the  eye  are  attached  by  what  is  known  as 
the  facial  suture  (/),  indications  of  which  are 
present  in 
Limulus. 
The  poste- 
rior angles 
(usually 
Called  genal 
angles)  of 
the  free 
cheek  are 
commonly 
prolonged 
into  longer 
or  shorter 
spines  («). 
The  eyes  (e) 
are  sessile, 
compound, 
and  consist 
of  an  aggre- 
gation of  TRILOBITE. 

facets,  co- 

vered by  a  thin  cornea.  The  number  varies 
greatly,  Barrande  having  found  as  few  as 
fourteen  and  as  many  as  fifteen  thousand 
facets  in  each  eye  in  different  types.  Behind 
the  cephalic  shield  comes  the  thorax  (B),  com- 
posed of  a  number  of  segments  (from  two  to 
twenty-six),  capable  of  more  or  less  movement 
on  each  other  ;  in  several  genera  this  freedom 
of  movement  was  so  great  that  species  could 
roll  themselves  up  into  a  ball,  like  a  hedge- 
hog. The  thorax  is  usually  trilobed,  each 
body-ring  exhibiting  the  same  trilobation, 
being  composed  of  a  central,  more  or  less 
convex  portion,  the  axis,  with  two  accessory 
portions,  the  pleura  (p).  The  tail  is  also 
composed  of  a  number  of  segments  (from  two 


TRANSVERSE  SECTION  OF  TRILOBITE. 

*'J)or?1  crust:  b-  Visceral  cavity ;  c,  e.  Legs  <re- 
nwed  •  d,  d.    EpipodlU ;  «,  e.  Spiral  gilts.    (En- 

hi  Sao  hirsuta  to  twenty-eight  In  rthe  genns 
tmphion),  anchylosed  or  amalgamated.  The 
extremity  is  sometimes  rounded,  but  maytbe 
prolonged  into  a  spine,  and  the  ends  of  the 
pleura  of  the  tail-segments  may  also  be  pro- 
duced into  spine-like  processes.  With  regard 
o  the  under-surface  and  appendages  of  the 
Trilobites  much  remains  to  be  discovered. 
The  first  structure  met  with  on  the  lower  sur- 
face was  the  hypostome,  a  broad,  forked 


plate,  situated  in  front  of  the  mouth  in  many 
species,  and  closely  resembling  the  lip-plate  of 
Apus,  a  recent  Phyllopod.  Next,  Woodward 
found  the  remains  of  a  maxillary  palp  in 
Asaphus  platycephalus  ;  and  in  another  indi- 
vidual of  the  same  species  Billings  found 
what  he  considered  to  be  the  remains  of  eight 
pairs  of  legs,  but  Dana  and  Verrill  believed 
them  to  be  the  arches  to  which  the  legs  were 
attached.  From  Walcott's  examinations  of 
sections  of  rolled-up  specimens,  it  appears 
that  the  thoracic  appendages  were  slender, 
five-jointed  legs,  in  which  the  terminal  seg- 
ment formed  a  pointed  claw,  and  the  basal 
segment  carried  a  jointed  appendage,  homolo- 
gous with  the  epipodite  of  many  recent 
Crustaceans.  On  each  side  of  the  thoracic 
cavity  was  attached  a  row  of  bifid,  spiral 
branchial  appendages,  and  appendages  serving 
also  as  gills  were  probably  attached  to  the 
bases  of  the  thoracic  limbs.  The  mouth  was 
situated  behind  the  hypostome,  and  bounded 
by  four  pairs  of  jointed  manducatory  appen- 
dages, the  basal  joints  of  which  were  partly 
or  entirely  modified  to  act  as  jaws.  Trilobites 
vary  greatly  in  size,  some  being  scarcely  larger 
than  a  pins  head,  while  species  of  Asaphus 
have  been  met  with  two  feet  in  length.  They 
appear  to  have  lived  on  muddy  bottoms  in 
shallow  water,  feeding  on  small  marine  ani- 
mals, and  probably  swam  on  their  backs,  as 
do  the  recent  Apus  and  the  larval  forms  of 
Limulus. 

trilobite  schists.  «.  yl 

Geol.  :  A  name  originally  applied  by  Mur- 
chison  to  the  Llandeilo  Flags,  from  the  fact 
that  trilobites  were  recorded  from  Llandeilo 
by  Lhwyd  as  early  as  1698.  (H.  B.  Woodward: 
Geol.  England  &  Wales,  p.  70.) 

trilobite  slates,  9.  pi, 

Geol.  :  A  name  given  by  the  Rev.  D.  Williams 
to  the  Pilton  beds,  from  the  fact  that  Phacops 
lattfrons  has  been  found  in  them.  (H.  B.  Wood- 
ward :  Geol.  England  &  Wales,  p.  129.) 

tn-16rblt'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  trilobite);  -ic.}  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  resembling  a  trilobite. 

tri-ldc'-u-lar,  a.    [TRILOCULINA.] 

Bot.  :  Having  three  cells.    (Used  of  fruits.) 

tri4oc  u-li'-na,  5.  [Pref.  tri-;  Lat  loculus 
=  a  little  place,  dimin.  of  locus  =  a  place, 
and  fern.  sing.  adj.  suff.  -iiia.  (See  def.)j 

1.  Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Foraminifera,  having 
the  test  partly  divided  into  three  chambers. 

2.  Palceont.  :  One  British  species  from  the 
Middle  Eocene,  and  three  from  the  Pliocene. 


^,  s.    [Or.  TptXoyta  (trilogia),  from  rpt- 
=  three,  and  Aoyos  (logos)  =  a  word,  a  speech.] 

1.  Lit.  &  Drama  :  A  series  of  three  dramas, 
which,  though  complete  each  in  itself,  bear  a 
certain  relation  to  each  other,  and  form  one 
historical  and    poetical  picture.     The  term 
belongs  more  particularly  to  the  Greek  drama. 
In  Athens  it  was  customary  to  exhibit  on  the 
same  occasion  three  serious  dramas,  or  a  tri- 
logy, at   first  connected  by  a  sequence  of 
subject,  but  afterwards  unconnected,  and  on 
distinct  subjects,  a  fourth  or  satyric  drama 
being  also  added,  the  characters  of  which 
were  satyrs.     Shakespeare's  Henry  VI.  may 
be  called  a  trilogy.    [TETRALOGY.] 

2.  Fig.  :  Any  literary  production  consisting 
of  three  parts  forming  a  connected  whole. 

11  His  doleful   trilogy  of    Nottingham   speeches."— 
fit,  Jumet't  Gazette,  Oct.  36,  1887. 

tri-loph'-d-dSn,  ».    [Pret.  tri-;  Gr.  AO>K 

(lophos)  =  a  crest,  and  suff.  -odon.] 

Palceont.  :  A  sub-genus  or  section  of  Mas- 
todon (q.v.),  in  which  the  molars  have  three 
ridges. 

tri-loph'-d-dSnt,  a.  [TRILOPRODON.]  Of 
or  belonging  to  the  sub-genus  Trilophodon  ; 
having  molars  with  three  ridges. 

*tri-lu  -min-ar,  *tri  lu-mm-ous,  a. 
[Lat.  tri  =  three,  and  lumen,  genit.  luminis  = 
light.]  Having  three  lights. 

trim,    "trym,    'trymme,    a.,   adv.,  &  s. 

[TRIM,  *.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Neat  and  in  good  order  ;  having  every- 
thing appropriate  and  in  its  right  place  ;  pro- 
perly adjusted,  snug,  neat,  tidy,  smart. 

"  Where  lies  the  land  to  which  yon  shin  most  go  f 
Festively  she  puts  forth  in  trim  array." 

Wordneorth:  Sonnets. 


*2.  I  n  good  or  proper  order  for  any  purpose; 
properly  equipped. 

"Thirteen*  trim  barker  througblie  furnished  and 
appointed  with  tjcHxle  mariners  aud  men  of  warn."- 
J/utiiuhed  :  Chronicle;  Edw.  III.  (an.  1372*. 

*  3.  Nice,  fine.    (Used  ironically.) 

"  There1!  a  trim  rabble  lat  in." 

Shaketp.  :  Benry  Till..  T.4. 

^B.  -4s  adv.  :  Neatly,  finely,  well. 

"  Youug  Adam  Cupid,  he  that  shot  so  trim, 
Wbeu  King  Cophetua  loved  tbe  beggar- maid." 

lihaketp. ;  Romeo  *  Juliet,  U.  L 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Dress,  garb,  ornament. 

"  The  calender  amazed  to  see 
His  neighbour  In  such  trim," 

Cowper :  John  Gilpin. 

2.  State  of  preparation ;  order,  condition, 
disposition. 

"  He  was  oat  of  trim  altogether,  owing  to  hie  having 
to  read  so  hard  for  tbe  exaua  i  nation. "— tWd,  July  1C, 
1887. 

3.  The  state  of  a  ship  or  her  cargo,  ballast, 
masts,  &c.,  by  which  she  is  well  prepared  for 
sailing. 

"That  done,  bears  up  to  th'  prize,  and  views  each  limb. 
To  know  her  )>y  her  rigging  and  her  trim." 

Dryden ;  Prol.  to  2  Congueit  o/  Granada, 

f  Trim,  of  the  masts : 

Naut. :  Their  position  in  regard  to  the  ship 
and  to  each  other,  as  near  or  distant,  far  for- 
ward or  much  aft,  erect  or  raking. 

trim,  trymme,  v.t.&i.  [A.S.  trymian,  trym- 
man  =  to  make  firm,  strengthen,  to  set  in 
order,  to  array,  to  prepare,  from  trum  =  firm, 
strong;  cogn.  with  Low  Ger.  trim.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  tbe  same  sense  as  II.  2.  (1). 

2.  To  make  trim  ;  to  put  or  set  in  due  order 
for  any  purpose  ;  to  adjust ;  to  make  neat  and 
pleasing  to  the  eye. 

"  Some  bound  lu  order,  others  loosely  strow'd. 
To  drew  thy  bower,  and  trim  thy  new  abode." 

Drydtn:  Virgil;  EcL  H.  M. 

3.  To  invest  or  embellish  with  extra  orna- 
ments;   to  decorate   or  ornament,  as  with 
ribbons,  lace,  or  the  like. 

"  It  Is  many  seasons— I  should  say  year*— since 
Jackets  made  of  velvet,  and  handsomely  trimmed, 
were  worn,"— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  29, 1887. 

*4.  To  provide  or  furnish  with  necessary 
equipment;  to  equip. 

"[Sir  Andrewe  Dudley]  being  but  single  manned. 
had  a  greate  conflicte  with  three  Scottisbe  ahlppea. 
beeyng  double  manned  and  trimmed  with  ordinaunce. " 
—Fabj/an :  Chronicle  (an.  1546). 

5.  To  dress  out ;  to  put  in  a  proper  state  u 
regards  clothes  ;  to  deck,  to  array. 

"  Our  youth  got  me  to  play  the  woman's  part, 
And  I  was  trimm'd  in  Julias  gown." 

8/iaketp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  IT.  4, 

*  6.  To  prepare,  to  dress,  to  treat. 

"There  han« down  cerUine  square  flap pes  com paoted 
of  a  kinde  of  strawe  which  is  made  rough  and  rugged 
with  extreme  heat,  and  Is  so  trimmed,  that  it  glit- 
tereth  in  the  sunne  beanies,  like  unto  aglasse.  or  an 
helmet  well  burnished."— Backluyt ;  t'oyaffei,  i.  Ill 

7.  To  bring  to  a  trim,  compact,  or  neat  con- 
dition by  removing  all  superfluous,  loose,  or 
straggling  appendages   or  matter;  hence,  to 
clip,  pare,  cut,  prune,  or  the  like. 

"  Had  neither  dressed  his  feet  nor  trimmed  hi* 
beard."— 2  Samuel  xlx.  24. 

8.  To  adjust  according  to  circumstances. 

"  Lord  Hartington  Is  not  the  sort  of  statesman  to 
trim  his  opinions  according  to  the  expediency  of  con- 
ciliating or  not  conciliating."— Daily  Teleyraph,  NOT. 

*9.  To  rebuke,  to  reprove  sharply,  to  beat^ 
to  chastise. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  To  dress,  as  timber ;  to   make 
smooth ;  to  fit  to  anything. 

"  When  workmen  fit  apiece  into  other  work,  the> 
say  they  trim  In  a  piece,"— Moxon:  Mechanical  Extr 

tmm, 

2.  Nautical:  " 

(1)  To  adjust,  as  a  ship  or  boat,  by  arranging 
the  cargo  or  disposing  the  weight  of  persons 
or  goods  so  equally  on  each  side  of  the  centre 
and  at  each  end,  that  she  shall  sit  well  in  the 
water  and  sail  well.    A  vessel  is  said  to  be 
trimmed  by  the  head  or  by  the  stern  respect- 
ively, when  the  weight  is  so  disposed  as  to 
make  her  draw  more  water  towards  the  head 
than  towards  the  stern,  or  the  reverse. 

"  In  order  to  trim  tbe  vessel  the  carts  were  movtd 
astern."— Daily  Chwnicle,  Oct.  1, 1885. 

(2)  To  arrange  in  due  order  for  sailing. 

"  So  they  rose  and  trimmed  their  wherry." 
Blackie :  Layi  of  BigMandt  A  Itlandt,  p.  «. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  hold   or  adopt  a  middle 


»iL  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  oat,  96!!,  chorus,  ^hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  eylst.    ph  =  t 
•dan,  -Uan  =  than,   -tion,  nHon  =  shun ;  -fion,  -*lon  =  shtta*  -clou*  -ttous,  -atone  =  ahu*.   -We,  -die,  tas.  =  bei,  del. 

27 


4830 


trimacular— trimurti 


course  between  parties,  so    as  to  appear  to 
favour  each. 

They   wanted    DO  such    aristocrats   or  trimming 
i«rs  for  that  constituency."— Jtaity  Ckrowclt,  Oct.  5, 

100J. 

Tf  *  1.  To  trim  away:  To  lose  or  waste  in 

fluctuating  between  parties. 

*  2.  To  trim  forth ;  To  trick  out,  to  dress 
out,  to  set  off. 

3.  To  trim  up:  To  dress  up ;  to  make  trim 
or  neat. 

"  I  found  her  trimming  up  the  diadem 
On  her  dead  mistress." 

Shttket;>. :  Antony  4  Clevpatra,  v.  2. 

•tri-mac'-a-lar,  a.  [Lat.  tri-  =  three,  and 
macula  —  a  spot.]  Marked  with  three  spots. 

tri  mas  ti&'-J  dw,  ».  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  tri- 
mattix,  genii.  trimastig(is) ;  Lat.  fera.  pi.  adj. 
Buff.  -idce.\ 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Flagellata  Pantosto- 
mata,  with  four  genera.  Animalcules  naked, 
free-swimming  or  temporarily  adherent ; 
flasella  three  in  number,  equal  or  sub-equal, 
inserted  close  to  each  other ;  no  distinct  oral 
aperture. 

tri  mrts  tlx,  5.  fPref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  uao-rif 
(mastix)  =.  a  whip.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Triraastigidae  (q.v.),  with 
one  species,  Triinastix  marina,  found  in  salt 
water,  with  decaying  vegetation.  Animalcules 
ovate  or  pyriform  ;  endoplast  with  contractile 
vesicle  conspicuous. 

tri  mem'  oral,  a.  [Pref.  tri-  =  three,  and 
Eng.  member;  ~al.]  Consisting  of  or  having 
three  members. 

trim'  er-a,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  rpt- 
jiep>j;  (tri)neres) =  tripartite.] 

Bntom.  :  One  of  the  sections  into  which 
Latreille  divided  the  Coleoptera.  The  tarsi 
have  only  three  true  joints,  the  joint  which  is 
apparently  the  analogue  of  the  third  joint  in 
the  Pentamera  being  rudimentary  at  the  base 
of  the  claw-joint.  The  section  comprises  two 
iamilies,  Endomychidae  and  Coccinellidse,  each 
•with  a  single  genus.  The  species  of  Coccinella 
are  familiarly  known  as  Lady-birds.  They  are 
found  everywhere,  sometimes  in  immense 
numbers. 

•trlm-S-rel'-la,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Gr.  Tptju.epjjs  (trimeres)  =  tripartite.] 

PalcBont. :  The  type-genus  of  Tri  mere!  lidse, 
(q.v.),  with  two  sjiecies  from  the  Lower  and 
Upper  Silurian  of  Canada. 

trim  e-rcl  H  dse,  B.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  trime- 
rtU(>i);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idtr.] 

Palaxtnt. :  A  family  of  Braehiopoda.  Shell 
Inequivalve,  calcareous;  beaks  usually  pro- 
minent, or  sometimes  obtusely  rounded,  aud 
either  massive  or  solid,  or  divided  by  a  parti- 
tion into  two  chambers.  There  is  a  well- 
developed  hinge-area,  and  a  wide  deltidium, 
bounded  by  two  ridges,  the  inner  ends  of 
which  serve  as  teeth,  though  true  teeth  are 
not  present.  Each  valve  is  furnished  with 
muscular  platforms.  The  genera  are  charac- 
teristic of  the  Upper  Silurian,  and  especially 
of  the  Guelph  Formation  of  North  America. 

trlm-cr  es'-u-rid,  «.    [TRIMERESURUS.] 

Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Trimer- 
•surus  (q.v.).  They  are  venomous  arboreal 
snakes,  in  colour  resembling  the  foliage  among 
which  they  live,  naturally  sluggish  until  dis- 
turbed, when  they  become  fierce  and  aggres- 
sive, drawing  back  the  head  and  anterior  part 
of  the  body  and  then  dashing  forward  with 
great  rapidity.  They  are  seldom  more  than 
two  feet  long,  and  their  bite  causes  fever, 
nausea,  and  vomiting ;  but  the  bite  of  larger 
specimens  causes  much  more  serious,  and 
sometimes  fatal  symptoms. 

4rim-er-  cs-iir'-us,  s.  [Gr.  rpificp^f  (tri- 
meres) =  tripartite,  and  ovpd  (oura)  =  the  tail.] 
Zool  :  A  genus  of  Crotalid»,  with  sixteen 
specie**  ranging  over  India,  Formosa,  the 
Philippines,  aud  Celebes*  Head  triangular, 
covered  above  with  small  scales,  except  the 
foremost  part  of  the  snout  and  above  the 
eyebrows,  body  with  more  or  less  distinctly 
keeled  scales ;  tail  prehensile. 

trim  cr  6  jfiph'-a-lus,   s.     [Gr.  rpt/j.ep7fc 
(trimeres}  —  tripartite,  and  ite^aA»j  (kephale)  = 
the  head.] 
Palftont. :  A  sub-genus  of  Phacops.     [PnA- 


trim-er-ous,  a.    [TRIMERA.] 

1.  Bat. :  Having  three  parts ;    having  the 
number  three  running    through   its  several 
organs.     Used  when  there  are  three  divisions 
of  the  calyx  or  three  sepals,  three  divisions  oj 
the  corolla  or  three  petals,  aud  three  stamens. 

2.  Entom. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Triinera 
(q.v.). 

•tri-meV-ter,  *.  [Fr.  trimestre,  from  Lat. 
trimestri*,  from  tri- =:  three,  and  mensis=a. 
month.]  A  term  or  period  of  three  mouths. 

*  tr  1-meV-tral,  *  tri-mes'-trf-al,  a.  [TRI- 
MESTER.] Of  or  pertaining  to  a*  trimester ; 
occurring  every  three  months ;  quarterly. 

trlm'-S-ter,  *.  &  a.  [Lat.  trimetrus,  from  Gr. 
Tpifj.*TpQs(trimetros)  =  consisting  of  three  mea- 
sures :  rpi-  (tri-)  =  three,  and  /xcVpoi/  (metron)  = 
a  measure.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  division  of  verse  consisting 
of  three  measures  of  two  feet  each. 

"  This  foot  yet.  In  the  famous  trimetcri 
OiDeciusaud  Euuius,  rare  appearea." 

Ben  Jonton:  Horace;  Art  cf  Poetrt*. 

B.  As  adj. :   Consisting  of  three  poetical 
measures,  forming  an  iambic  line  of  six  feet. 

tri-mSth'-yX  *.  [Pref.  fri-,and  Eng.  methyl.} 
A  compound  containing  three  atoms  of 
methyl. 

trimethyl-glycerin,  s. 


A  liquid  formed  by  heating  acroleln,  methylic 
alcohol,  and  acetic  acid  for  several  hours  to 
100°.  It  has  an  agreeable  odour,  sp.  gr.  '9433 
at  0',  is  soluble  iu  water,  and  boils  at  148°. 

tri-mSth'-yi-Xn,  s.  [Eng.  trimethyl;  -in.] 
[TRIMETHYL-QLYCERIN.] 

tri  met  -ric,  a.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  metric 

Cry  stall. :  The  same  aaORTHORHOMBic(q.v). 

tri  met'-ric-al,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
metrical  (q.v.).]  The  same  as  TRiMETER(q.v.). 

trim'-l&  *  trim-lie,  adv.  [Eng.  trim,  a. ; 
•ly.]  In  a  trim  or  neat  manner ;  neatly,  nicely ; 
in  good  order. 

"  Came  th«re  a  certain  lord,  neat,  trtmly  dress'!, 
Freeh  a*  a  bridegroom.  •  shake*?.  :  1  Henry  I  P.,  L  8. 

trim'-mer,  a.    (Eng.  trim,  v. ;  -«r.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  One  who  trims,  fits,  arranges,  ornaments, 
or  sets  in  order :  as,  a  coal-(rimm«r — that  is, 
a  labourer  who  arranges  the  cargo  of  coal  in  a 
ship. 

2:  One  who  chastises  or  reprimands;  a 
sharp,  shrewish  person, 

3.  A  person  or  thing  of  superior  excellence ; 
something  specially   good,    great,    or   note- 
worthy. 

"  In  the  last  round  [he]  met  with  a  trimmer  from 
No.  4  tr*p,  which,  fatally  wounded,  died  over  the 
fence. "—  Pitld,  July  16, 1887. 

4.  A  tool  to  pare  or  trim  :  as,  a  lamp-wick 
trimmer. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bricklay. :   Brick-trimmer ;   a  flat  brick 
arch,  turned  from  the  face  of  the  chimney  to 
the  timber-trimmer  to  support  the  slab. 

2.  Carp. :    A  joist   into  which  others  are 
framed  or  trimmed  ;  as  the  hearth -trimmer  of 
chimneys ;   stair-trimmers,    into    which    the 
rough-strings  of  stairs  are  framed ;  the  tail- 
trimmers,   which  receive  the  ends  of  floor- 
joists  on  the  side  of  the  chimney,  when  they 
cannot  be  inserted  into  the  wall  on  account  of 
flues. 

3.  rolitir*:    One   who    fluctuate!    between 
parties,  especially  political  parties. 

*  (1)  One  who  refuses  to  identify  himself 

with  any  party  of  extreme  views. 

"  A  trimmer  cried  (that  heard  me  tell  this  story) 
Fie,  Mi« tress  Cooke  !  faith,  you're  too  rank  a  Tory  I 
ffiah  not  WTUga  hanged,  hut  pity  their  hanl  cases." 
Dryden:  Eptlagu*  to  Dulu  of  (iuitA. 

(2)  A  time-server  or  turncoat,  who  shifts  his 
political  allegiance  to  advance  his  interests. 

"  He  WM  the  chief  of  those  politicians  whom  the 
two  (treat  parties  contemptuously  called  Trimmmi, 
Instead  of  quarrelling  with  this  nickuaine,  h«[  Halifax] 
assumed  It  as  a  title  of  honour,  and  vindicated,  with 
gnat  vlraclty,  th«  dignity  of  the  appellation.  Every. 
thing  good,  he  said,  trims  between  extremes.  The 
temperate  lone  trims  between  the  climate  in  which 
men  Me  ro«at«d  and  the  climate  in  which  they  are 
frozen.  The  English  Church  trims  hetweem  Ana. 
baptist  madness  and  the  Papist  lethargy.  The 
English  constitution  trims  hetween  Turkish  despotism 


and  Polish  anarchy.  Virtue  is  nothing  but  a  Just 
temper  between  propensities  any  one  of  which,  il 
Indulged  in  to  exoeas,  becomes  vice.  Nay,  lite  per. 
fectiou  of  the  Supreme  Belli*  himself  oomUte  in  the 
exact  equilibrium  of  attribute,  none  of  which  could 
preponderate  without  disturbing  the  whule  moral  nud 
physical  order  of  the  world.  Thus  !l*iifex  was  a 
JVimnnron  prUiciple."—  Sfacaulay  .  flirt.  £ ng.,  ch.  U. 
4.  Fishing:  A  dead  line  for  pike. 

"  Espying  a  trimmer,  1  teized  it  in  my  mouth,  and 
on  rvbjBdtaf  at  a  nmall  natural  pier,  lol  a  pike."— 
John  WiUon:  A'octet  Ambrotiana,  i.  47. 

trim'-mmg,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [TRnc,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <&  particip.  adj. ;  (Set 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive: 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  trims,  arranges,  or 
ornaments. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  one  who  fluctuates 
between  parties ;  inconstancy. 

3.  Ornamental  appendages  to  a  garment,  as 
lace,  ribbons,  &c. 

"  Narrow  bands  of  fur  are  to  be  the  favouriW 
trimming*  for  early  as  well  as  deep  winter. "—Imdm 
Telfffraph,  Sept,  29,  1887. 

4.  (PL):   The   accessories  to  any  dish   or 
article  of  food.    (Colloq.) 

"  A  aelect  company  of  the  Bath  footmen  present! 
their  compliments  to  Mr.  Weller,  and  requests  the 
pleasure  of  Ins  company  this  evening,  to  a  friendly 
swarry,  consisting  of  a  boiled  lego!  mutton  with  tht 
usual  trtmmiagt^— Didtnu .  Pickwick,  ch.  xxxvii. 

5.  The  act  of  reprimanding  or  chastising  ;  a 
.    beating.    (Colloq.) 

IL  Shipbuild.  :  The  final  shaping  of  ship- 
timhers,  &c.,  after  the  conversion  or  rough 
shaping  has  been  accomplished. 

trimming  Joist,  *. 

Carp. :  A  joist  into  which  a  timber-trimmer 
is  framed. 

trimming-machine,  s. 

1.  Metal-work. :  A  species  of  lathe  for  trim- 
ming the  edges  of  stamped  hollow-ware,  such 
as  sheet-metals  pans. 

2.  Boot-making:  A  machine  for  trimming 
the  edge  of  uppers. 

trimming-shear,  ».  A  machine  for 
trimming  wool  borders  on  coir,  sisal,  aud 
other  mats. 

trim  ming-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  trimming;  -ly] 
In  a  trimming  manner  ;  finely,  excellently. 

trim'  ness,  s.  [Eng.  trim,  a.  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  trim;  neatness, 
fineness,  good  order. 

tri  mor  phic,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  juop^n 
(nwrphe)  =  form.)  Having  three  distinct 
forms  ;  of,  or  pertaining  to,  or  characterized 
by  triiuorphism  (q.v.). 

tri'  morph-Ism,  a.  [Pref.  tri-;  Or.  M°/4>i 
(morphe)  —  a  form,  and  suff.  -i$m.} 

1.  Biol. :  The  existence  in  certain  plant. 
and  animals  of  three  distinct  forms.  <.sp> dally 
iu  connexion  with  the  reproductive  organs. 
In  trimorphic  plants  there  are  tlireu  forms, 
differing  in  the  lengths  of  their  pistils  and 
stamens,  in  the  size  and  colour  of  their  pollen  . 
grains,  and  in  some  other  respects ;  and,  as  i 
in  each  of  the  three  forms  there  are  two  sets 
of  stamens,  the  three  forms  possess  altogethea 
six  sets  of  stamens  and  three  kinds  of  pislilts 
These  organs  are  so  proportioned  in  length  or 
each  other  that  half  the  stamens  in  two  of  [ 
the  forms  stand  on  a  level  with  tlie  stigma  of 
the  third  form.    To  obtain  full  fertility  with  ; 
these  plants,  it  is  necessary  that  the  stigma  , 
of  the  one  should  be  fertilized  by  pollen  taken 
from  the  stamens  of  corresponding  height  in 
another  form.     Hence,  six  unions  are  legiti-  j 
mate,  i.e.,  fully  fertile,  and  twelve  are  lllegiti-  j 
mate,  or  more  or  less   unfertile.    (Darwin.  \ 
Orig.  of  Species,  ch.  ix.)    Wallace  has  shown  t 
that  the  females  of  certain  butterflies  from  ' 
the  Malay  Archipelago  appear  in  three  con-  j 
spicuously  distinct  forms  without  intermediate 
links. 

2.  Crystallog. :  The  occurrence  of  certain  ; 
forms  in  minerals  which  have  the  samecheimcal 
composition,  but  are  referable  to  three  system*  j 
of  crystallization. 

trf-mur  -ti,  ».  [Sansc.  tri  =  three,  and  miirti 
=  form.] 

Comparative  Religion : 

I.  The  later  Hindoo  triad— Brahma,  Vishnn,  • 
and  Siva— considered  as  an  inseparable  unity. 
The  Padraa  Purana,  which,  as  a  Purana  of  the 


Sate,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  p6V 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cab.  cure,  nnite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    »,o>  =  e;ey  =  a;Qa  =  kw. 


trimyarian— trinity 


4831 


tri'-ner-vate,  a.    [Pref.  tri-t  and  Mod.  Lat. 
nervatus.]' 
Bot. :  Trinerved  (q.v.). 

*  tri' -nerved.  *  tri' -nerve,  a.    [Pref.  tri-, 
and  Eng.  nerved,  nerve.} 

Bot.  (Of  a  leaf,  <frc.):  Three-ribbed;  having 
three  ribs  spriuging  from  the  base. 

trin'-ga,  «.  [Gr.  rpuyya*  (trunggns)  —  the 
Green  Sandpiper.  (Arist. :  H.  A.,  VIII.  iii.  13.) 
Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Six>lopacida;  (or.  in 
classifications  in  which  that  family  is  divided, 
of  Totaninee  or  *  Tringiiiie),  with  twenty  spe- 
cies, universally  distributed.  Beak  rather 
longer  than  head,  sometimes  decurved,  rather 
flexible,  compressed  at  base,  blunt  towards 
the  point,  both  mandibles  grooved  along  the 
sides;  nostrils  lateral,  in  the  membrane  of 
the  groove;  legs  moderately  long,  slender, 
lower  part  of  tibia  naked  ;  three  toea  in  front, 
divided  to  their  origin,  one  behind,  small,  ami 
articulated  to  the  tarsus ;  wings  moderately 
long,  pointed,  first  quill  the  longest. 


Vaishnavas,  assigns  to  Vishnu  the  highest 
i»nk,  thus  defines  the  Trimurti:  **  In  the 
beginning  of  creation  the  great  Vishnu,  desir- 
ous of  creating  the  world,  produced  from  tin- 
right  side  of  his  body  himself  as  Brahnui  ; 
then,  in  order  to  preserve  the  world,  he  pro- 
durtd  from  the  left  side  of  his  body  Vishnu  ; 
and  in  order  to  destroy  the  world  he  produced 
from  the  middle  of  his  body  the  eternal  Siva. 
Some  worship  Brahma,  others  Vishnu,  others 
Siva  ;  but  Vishnu,  one,  yet  threefold,  creates, 
preserves,  and  destroys;  therefore  let  the 
pious  make  no  difference  between  the  three." 
Trimurti,  therefore,  implies  the  unity  of  the 
fchreo  principles  of  creation,  preservation,  and 
destruction,  and  is  an  expression  of  philo- 
sophical, rather 
than  of  popular 
belief.  The  sym- 
bol of  the  Trt- 
mtirti  is  the  mys- 
tical syllable 


where  a  stands 
for  Brahma,  u  for 
Vishnu,  and  »i  for 
8iva. 

2.  A  representa- 
tion of  the  Hindoo 

triad.    It  consists  TRIMURTI. 

of   one    human 

body  with  three  heads  :  that  of  Brahma  in  the 
middle,  that  of  Vishnu  at  the  right,  and  that 
of  Siva  at  the  left. 

tri-my-ar'-I-aii,  a.  [Or.  rpi-  (frf-)  =  three, 
and  jius  (mits)  =a  muscle.]  A  bivalve  which 
presents  three  muscular  impressions. 

tri-na'-crite,  s.  [After  Trinacria,  the  ancient 
name  of  Sicily,  where  it  was  supposed  to 
occur;  suff.  -ii«(^fin.).] 

Min. :  One  of  the  hypothetical  compounds 
suggested  by  Von  Waltershausun  as  occurring 
in  palagonite  tuff;  but  palagonite  has  now 
been  shown  to  be  only  a  volcanic  glass,  and 
not  a  distinct  species. 

"trin'-al.  a.  [Lat.  trinus,  from  ires  —  three.] 
Threefold. 

"  That  ftr-Nmminff  blaze  at  majesty, 
Wherewith  he  wont  at  heav'u's  M|[h  council  table 
To  lit  the  midst  of  trinttl  unity. 
He  laid  aside."  Milton  :  Tht  Nativity, 

Trin  co-ma-lee ,  *.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  A  town  on  the  east  coast  of  Ceylon. 

Trincomalee  wood,  s. 

Cvmm. :  The  wood  of  Berrya  AmmonUla, 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  Massoola  boats 
of  Madras. 

trill  -die,  v.l  &  i.    [TRUNDLE.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  To  trundle,  to  roll. 

2.  To  allow  to  trickle  or  run  down  In  small 
•treams. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  trickle  ;  to  run  down  in  small  streams. 

2.  To  roll,  to  jog. 

"  French  cook,  wi  his  turnspit  doggie  trintUiny 
•hint  hira."-.Sfoff :  FKamtey,  eh.  xiii. 

trindle -tall,  i.  A  curled  tail;  an  animal 
with  a  curled  tail. 

trin  -die,  .. 

Bookbindiny :  A  piece  of  wood  or  metal  used 
to  flatten  the  edges  of  a  book  before  cutting. 

•  trine,  a.  A  «.    [Lat.  trinu$  =  threefold.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Threefold,  triple,  trinaL 

11  8.  D«nU  i»y«,  that  the  trin*  immersion  rignifiea 
the  Divine  essence  aud  beatitude  ot  God  in  a  trinity 
of  perrons."- Bp.  Taylor:  RuU  of  Con»ci*no«,  bk.  lit, 
ch.  iv. 

B.  As  substantive ; 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  triad. 

2.  Astral.:  The  aspect  of  planets  distant 
from  each  other  120°,  or  the  third  part  of  the 
cndiae.  The  trine  was  supposed  to  be  a 
benign  aspect. 

trine  immersion,  s. 

Eccles.  *  Church  Hist. :  The  name  giTcn  to 
the  practice  in  the  primitive  church  of  dip- 
ping a  person  who  was  being  baptised  three 
times  beneath  the  surface  of  the  water,  at  the 
naming  of  the  Three  Persons  of  the  Holy 
Trinity.  When  circumstances  rendered  bap- 
tism by  affusion  necessary,  the  affusion  was 
also  trine,  as  it  is  in  the  present  day. 


•trln-gi'-nre,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inae.} 

Ornith. :  A  lapsed  sub-family  of  Gray's 
Scolopacidaj. 

trih   gle,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  curtain-rod  of  a  bedstead. 
Z.  Arch. :  A  little  member  over  the  Doric 
triglyph. 

trin  glette,  s.  [TRINOLE.]  A  pointed  stick 
used  in  opening  the  cames  of  fretwork  and 
diamond-paned  windows. 

trin-go  I-des,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.  tring(a),  and 
Gr.  «iow  (eidns)  —  form,  appearance.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Scolopacidaa  (or  Tota- 
ninee),  with  sixspecies,  universally  distributed. 
Bill  rather  straight  above,  curved  at  tip,  groove 
extending  nearly  whole  length  of  bill;  tail 
rounded,  broad. 

tri'-ni-a,  ».  [Named  after  Dr.  C.  B.  Trinius, 
a  Russian  botanist,  author  of  Species  Gra- 
minum.} 

Bot. :  Honewort ;  a  genus  of  Ammineee 
or  Amminidie.  Dicecious  ;  calyx  teeth  obso- 
lete ;  petals  of  the  barren  flowers  lanceolate, 
with  a  narrow,  involute  point,  those  of  the 
fertile  flowers  ovate,  with  a  short,  inflected 
point ;  fruit  ovate,  carpels  with  five  prominent 
ribs  and  single  vittas  beneath  them.  Known 
species  eight,  from  Southern  Europe  and  Tem- 
perate Asia.  One  of  them,  Trinia  iitlgariz,  is 
the  Common  Honewort,  a  plant  with  a  fusi- 
form root,  a  deeply-grooved  stem,  three  to 
six  inches  high,  leaves  tripinnate,  with  linear, 
filiform  leaflets,  and  minute  flowers.  South- 
western counties  of  England ;  rare. 

trlij-I-tar'-I-an,  a.  &  «.  [Eng.  trinity); 
-arifin.} 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Ord.   Lang. :   Of  or   pertaining   to   the 
Trinity  or  to  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 

2.  Church  Hist. :   Of  or   belonging  to  the 
order  of  Trinitarians. 

"  At  the  dissolution,  there  were  eleren  Trinifaria 
bouses  In  England,  five  in  Scotland,  and  one  ill  Ire- 
land."— Addii  *  Arnold :  Cart.  Did.,  p.  all). 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  believes  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity. 

"If  the  trinttarian  be  still  farther  urged  to  shew  in 
what  way  this  divine  equality  exists— how  far  it  Is  an 
equality— or.  if  not.  what  degrees  exist  of  superiority 
or  inferiority,  he  answers  with  St.  Paul,  that  God  was 
manifest  in  the  flesh  ;  but  that  without  controversy, 
great  is  the  mystery  of  godliness."— Oilpin :  Sermont, 
vol.  ii.,  hintM. 

2.  Church  Hist.  (PI.) :  An  order  of  monks 
founded  at  Rome  in  1198  by  St.  John   ol 
Matha,  a   native  of   Provence,   and  an  old 
French  hermit,  Felix  of  Valois,  to  redeem 
Christian  captives  out  of  the  hands  of  the 
infidels.     The  order  was  sanctioned  by  Inno- 
cent III. ;  the  rule  was  that  of  St.  Austin, 
with  particular   statutes;    the   diet  was    of 
great  austerity  ;  and  the  habit,  at  least  in 
France,  was  a  soutane  and  scapular  of  white 
serge,  with  a  red  and  blue  cross  on  the  righl 
breast.    At  one  time  the  order  possessed  250 
houses,  and  it  was  estimated  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  that,  since  its  foundation,  i1 
had  been  instrumental  in  rescuing  more  than 
80,000  Christian  captives  from  what  was  prac- 
tically slavery.     A  reform  took  place  in  1599 
and  resulted  in  the  erection  of  the  congrega 


tirm  of  Diacalced  Trinitarians  in  Spain,  ill 
which  country  the  order  (reformed  and  un- 
reformed)  was  suppressed  in  the  reign  of 
Isabella  IL 

trin-i  tar'-I-an-Iam,  s.  [Eng.  trinitarian; 
-ism.]  The  doctrine  of  Trinitarians.  [TRINITY, 
II.  1.] 

tri-ni-tr6-9eT-lu-16se,  ».  [Pref.  tri-; 
nitro-,  and  Bug.  cellulose.}  [GUN-COTTON.] 

trln'-I-tjf,  "trln-1-tee,  s.     [Fr.  trinitt,  from 
Lat.  trinitatem,  accus.  of  trinitas  —  a  triad, 
from  tri nus  =  threefold;  Sp.  trinidad;  ItaL. 
trinita.} 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  triad  ;  a  number  or  set  of  three. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Script,  tt  Chvrch  Hist. :  A  term  used 
to  express  the  doctrine  of  Three  Persons  in 
one  Godhead,  which  is  held  alike  by  the 
Roman,  Greek,  and  Anglican  Churches,  and 
by  the  greater  number  of  Nonconformist  Com- 
munions. It  is  indicated  in  the  Apostles' 
Creed,  stated  more  explicitly  in  the  Nicene 
Creed,  and  set  out  at  length  in  the  Athanasian 
Creed.  The  First  Article  of  the  Church  of 
England  states  the  doctrine  in  terms  that 
would  be  accepted  by  sister  churches,  and  by 
orthodox  dissenters  generally  : — "  There  is  but 
One  Living  and  True  God.  .  .  .  And  in 
Unity  of  this  Godhead  there  be  Three  Persons, 
of  one  substance,  power,  and  eternity;  the 
Father,  the  Word,  and  the  Holy  Ghost.'  Pro- 
testant theologians  deduce  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity  from  texts  in  which  (a)  the  Unity  of 
God  is  affirmed  (Dent.  vi.  4  :  Isa.  xliv.  6 ; 
Mark  xii.  29-32  ;  Eph.  iv.  6)  ;  (6)  the  Divinity 
of  Christ  is  shown  from  the  fulfilment  of 
Messianic  prophecies,  or  directly  affirmed 
(1  Pet.  ii.  7,  8,  cf.  Isa.  viii.  IS,  14 ;  John  xii. 
41,  cf.  Isa.  vi.  1 ;  2  Pet.  iii.  18,  cf.  Isa.  xliii.  11 ; 
Rev.  xxii.  13,  cf.  Isa.  xliv.  6;  Matt.  xi.  10, 
cf.  Mai.  iii.  1 ;  1  Cor.  x.  9,  cf.  Ps.  Ixxviii.  18 
and  xcv.  9 ;  John  iii.  29,  cf.  Isa.  liv.  6 ;  Johu 
i.  1,  xiv.  11,  xx.  28 ;  Rom.  ix.  5,  2  Cor.  v. 
19,  20  ;  CoL  ii.  8,  9 ;  2  Pet.  i.  2,  1  John  v.  20) ; 
and  (c)  the  Divinity  of  the  Holy  Ghost  is 
affirmed  (Matt.  ix.  38,  cf.  Acts  xiii.  4 ;  John 
vi.  45,  cf.  1  Cor.  ii.  13;  John  xiv.  17,  cf. 
1  Cor.  xiv.  25  ;  Ezek.  viii.  1-3,  Matt.  xii.  28, 
Acts  v.  9,  1  Cor.  ii.  11,  2  Cor.  i.  3).  The  word 
"  Trinity  "  is  not  found  in  the  Scriptures,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  first  used  by  Theophilus, 
Bishop  of  Antioch,  in  the  second  century ;  but 
from  the  texts  quoted  the  early  Church  recog- 
nized that  the  Sacred  writings  taught  (1)  that 
there  is  One  God  ;  (2)  that  Christ  was  called 
God ;  and  (3)  that  the  Holy  Ghost  was  also 
called  God ;  and  from  the  combination  of  these 
truths  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  was  deduced. 
Moreover  it  was  considered  that  the  doctrine 
was  clearly  expressed  in  the  words  of  Christ's 
commission  to  his  disciples  (Matt,  xxviii.  19) 
and  in  the  Apostolic  benediction  (2  Cor.  xiii. 
14X  Early  heresies  with  respect  to  the  Trinity 
were  Arianism,  Tritheifim,  Sabellianism,  and 
Patripassianism  (see  these  words).  The  Coun- 
cil of  Nice  (A.D.  825)  by  affirming  the  divinity 
of  Christ,  and  that  of  Constantinople  (A.D. 
S81)  by  affirming  the  divinity  of  the  Holy 
Ghost,  while  insisting  on  the  Unity  of  God, 
declared  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  in  Unity 
to  be  the  doctrine  of  the  Church.  From  that 
time  it  was  never  called  in  question  except  by 
a  few  obscure  sects,  until  the  Reformation, 
when  Unitariauism  (q.v.)  became  one  phasa 
of  Protestantism.  [ARIANISM,  TRITHEISM.] 

2.  Eccles.  Art :  A  symbolical  representation 
of  the  mystery  of  the  Trinity  frequent  i» 
Christian  art.  The 
symbol  which  has 
endured  the  long- 
est is  the  mystic 
triangle,  which 
may  be  found  on 
the  tombs  of  the 
early  Christians. 
The  union  of 
the  three  persons 
in  one  Godhead 
was  also  symbol- 
ized by  a  Latin  in- 
scription, disposed 
in  geometric  lines, 
containing  at  each 
angle  the  names  of 
the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost,  each  eonm  ot 
ing  band  being  inscribed  with  the  words  non 
est.  In  the  midst  of  the  triangle  was  the  holj 


boil,  bo};  jxJut,  J61H;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -In«. 
-clan,  -tian  =  -fry,    -tion,  -*ion  =  shun ;  -tiou,  -sion  =  satin,   -clous,  -tious,  -mious  =  •bus.   -ble.  -die.  ic.  =  bfl,  del. 


4832 


triniunity— trionychid» 


name  of  God,  again  connected  by  bands  with 
those  of  the  Trinity,  each  of  which  bore  th> 
one  word  eft.  At  times  an  attempt  was  macl 
to  render  the  same  mystery  pictorially  visible 
by  three  heads  or  three  faces  on  one  neck,  the 
eyes  becoming  part  of  each  individual  face 
[TRIMURTI.]  An  equilateral  triangle,  or  a 
combination  of  the  triangle,  the  circle,  anc 
sometimes  the  trefoil,  was  also  used  for  the 
same  purpose. 

Trinity-house,  «.  An  institution  Incor- 
porated by  Henry  VIII.,  under  the  full  title 
of  the  Corporation  of  the  Elder  Brethren  o 
the  Holy  and  Undivided  Trinity,  and  intrusted 
with  the  regulation  and  management  of  the 
lighthouses  and  buoys  of  the  shores  and  rivers 
of  England.  The  corporation  is  now  em- 
powered to  appoint  and  license  pilots  for  the 
English  coast,  and 
has  a  general  su- 
pervision over  the 
corporations  which 
have  the  charge  of 
the  lighthouses  and 
bnoys  of  Scotland 
and  Ireland,  subject 
to  an  appeal  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  to 
whose  general  su- 
perintendence the 
Trinity-house  is 
also  subject  in  matters  relating  to  England. 
The  corporation  consists  of  a  master,  deputy- 
master,  a  certain  number  of  acting  elder  bre- 
thren, and  of  honorary  elder  brethren,  with 
an  unlimited  number  of  younger  brethren, 
the  master  and  honorary  elder  brethren  being 
chosen  on  account  of  eminent  social  position, 
and  the  other  members  from  officers  of  the 
navy  or  the  merchant-shipping  service,  who 
possess  certain  qualifications.  [TRADE,  s.,  U  2.] 

Trinity  Sunday,  >.  The  Sunday  next 
after  Whit-Sunday,  constituted  a  feast  of  the 
Trinity  for  the  whole  Church  by  Pope  John 
XXII.  in  1334. 

Trinity-term,  s. 

1.  Law  :  One  of  the  four  legal  terms.    It  be- 
gins on  May  22,  and  ends  on  June  12.      (Brit.) 

2.  Vniv. :   One  of  the  University  terms  at 
Oxford  (June  12-Jnly  10)  and  Dublin  (April 
15-June  30).     (BritM.) 

*  trin-i-n'-nl-t*,  ».  [Lat.  trinw  =  three- 
fold, and  Eng.  unity,]  Triunity,  trinity. 

trink,  t.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  A  kind  of  fishing- 
net  ;  an  old  apparatus  for  catching  fish. 

trink  er-ite,  s.  [After  J.  Triuker,  of  Lai- 
bach  ;  suff.  -ite  (Aftn.).] 

JVfin. :  An  amorphous  mineral,  occurring  in 
large  masses  in  the  lignite  of  Carpano,  Albona, 
Istria,  and  also  in  Styria.  Hardness,  1-5  to 
2 ;  sp.  gr.  1-025 ;  lustre,  greasy ;  colour, 
hyacinth-red  to  chestnut-brown  ;  transparent 
to  translucent.  Fuses  at  168-180° ;  onlyslightly 
soluble  in  alcohol  or  ether.  The  mean  of  two 
analyses  yielded,  carbon,  fcl-5 ;  hydrogen, 
11-05 ;  sulphur,  4-4 ;  oxygen,  3-05  =  100,  which 
approaches  very  closely  to  Uie  composition  of 
tasmanite  (q.v.). 

trin  -ket  (1),  *  trin-kette,  ».  [A  word  of 
doubtful  origin.  Skeat  considers  it  to  be  the 
•ame  as  Mid.  Eng.  trenket,  trynket  =  &  knife, 
a  toy-knife,  from  Fr.  trencher  =  to  cut.) 

*  1.  A  knife,  a  tool,  an  implement. 

"  What  husliandlte  husbands,  except  they  to  foolee, 
But  handsom  have  storehouse  for  trin*ttt»in\  tooles." 
Tuner :  BuMbandry. 

2.  A  small  ornament,  as  a  jewel,  a  ring,  or 
the  like. 

"  Hall  as  roach  as  lie  proposed  to  expend  in  covering 
hi*  wife  with  (rinAwts.-— Macautag:  Bitt.  Kny.,  eh.  iv. 

*  3.  A  thing  of  no  great  value ;  any  small 
article ;  a  trine. 

trin  ket  (2),  «.  [Fr.,  prob.  from  Lat  tret  = 
threo;  Sp.  trirupuiio  ;  Ital.  trinchetto.] 

Naut. :  The  royal  or  topgallant  sail ;  the 
Tipper  sail  in  a  ship. 

"  Suddenly  with  »  Brett  gust  the  trhila  and  the 
mlzen  were  rentasauder."—  MacUugt :  rr>yaya,  ill.  411. 

1  trin -ket,  v.i.  [Prob.  from  trinket  (1),  s.) 
To  bargain,  to  negotiate ;  to  hold  secret  com- 
munication ;  to  have  private  intercourse ;  to 
intrigue. 

M  In  the  court  of  Herod  by  their  tricks  and  trinJttt- 
tt*a  between  party  »ud  party.  »nd  tlielr  intriguing  it 
with  courtiers  mid  court  ladies,  they  had  upon  the 
matter  set  the  whole  court  together  by  the  Sis."— 
South  :  Sermon*.  ToL  ft.  eer.  & 


*  trln'-k«5t-er,  «.   [Eng.  trinket,  v.;  -«-.]   One 

who  trinkets  or  intrigues  ;  one  who  carries  01, 
secret  petty  dealing ;  an  intriguer,  a  trafficker 

*  trih'-kSt-r*,  ».     [Eng.  trinket  (1),  s. ;  -ry. 
Ornaments  of  dress  ;  trinkets  collectively. 

"  No  trtntcttry  on  front,  or  neck,  or  dress. " 

Soutliei:  Cum  o/Kehama.  xlii. 

*  trln'-kle,  v.i.     [A  frequent,  from  trinket,  v. 
(q.v.).]     To   tamper;   to   treat   secretly   01 
underhand  ;  to  trinket. 

'  tri-noc  -tlal  (tl  as  sh),  a.  [Lat.  tri  = 
three,  and  ttoz,  genit.  noctis  =  a  night.]  Com' 
prising  three  nights. 

*  tri  no   da,  ».    [Lat.  iri  =  three,  and  nodus 
=:  a  knot.]    An  old  land  measure  equal  to 
three  perches. 

*  trinoda-necessltas,  s.  A  term  sig- 
nifying the  three  services  due  to  the  king  in 
Anglo-Saxon  times  in  respect  of  tenure  of 
lands  in  England,  for  the  repair  of  bridges 
and  highways,  the  building  and  repair  of 
fortresses,  and  expeditions  against  the  king's 
enemies. 

tri  no   dal,  a.    [TRINODA.] 

Hot. :  Having  three  nodes  only.  Used  spec, 
of  a  peduncle  supporting  the  cyme  of  u  mono- 
cotyledon. 

tri-no'-mi-al,  o.  ft  «.  [Or.  rpi-  (tri-)  =  three, 
and  vow  (nomf)  —  a  division  ;  vipta  (nemo)  — 
to  divide,  to  distribute.) 

A.  As  adjective : 

Ala. :  Consisting  of  three  terms,  connected 
by  the  signs  +  or  —  :  thus,  a  +  b  +  c,  a?  + 
2xy  +  if  are  trinomial  expressions. 

B.  As  gubst. :  An  algebraic  expression  con- 
sisting of  three  terms. 

tn-nSm'-In-al,  «.  [Lat.  tri  —  three,  and 
nomm,  genit  nominis  =  a  name.]  The  same 
as  TRINOMIAL  (q.v.). 

tri-nu-cle'-I-dsB,  s.  pi.  [Hod.  Lat.  trinu- 
cle(ns) ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sufi*.  -itte.] 

Poteont. :  A  family  of  Trilobita(q.v.),  with 
four  genera,  fro«n  the  Lower  Silurian.  The 
head-shield  is  enormously  developed,  with  a 
wide  margin,  or  limb,  which  is  usually  per- 
forated by  rounded  pores ;  glabella  well 
marked,  eyes  generally  wanting,  facial  sutures 
sometimes  absent,  body-rings  reduced  to  five 
or  six  in  number,  with  grooved  pleune,  tail 
large  and  sub-triangular. 

tri  nu  -cle-us,  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Lat  nu- 
cleus.] 

Palcamt. :  The  type-genus  of  Trinncleidas 
(q.v.).  Body  distinctly  trilobed  ;  margin  of 
head-shield  composed  of  two  lamella?,  and 
perforated  by  numerous  foramina ;  genal 
angles  prolonged  into  conspicuous  spines, 
usually  single,  but  forked  in  Trinucleus  pon- 
gerardi  ;  glaliella  prominent  and  pear-shaped, 
with  mere  traces  of  lateral  grooves;  facial 
sutures  rudimentary ;  cheeks  tumid,  and 
generally  furnished  on  each  side  with  a  small 
tubercle  seemingly  representing  the  eyes ; 
body-rings  six  :  tail  triangular,  with  a  distinct 
axis,  and  having  its  margin  entire  and  striated. 

trt-0,  tri'-o, ».   [Ital.,  from  Lat  rrw  =  three.] 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  Three  united  ;  a  set  of  three ; 
a  triad. 

"  I  had  three  flies  on  the  east— a  light  bumble,  a 
black  gnat,  and  a  yellow  dun— and  whichever  of  the 
trio  sailed  over  a  rising  fish  was  at  once  grabbed."— 
FlOi,  Sept  21,  1&97. 

11  Music: 

1.  A  composition  for  three  voices  or  three 
instruments. 

2.  A  movement  in  J  time,  often  forming  a 
part  of  a  minuet  or  movement  in  minuet 
form. 

3.  The  performers  of  a  trio  or  three-part 
composition. 

"  tri-5b'-4-lar,  *  tri-Sl»'-4-lar- jf,  a.  [Lat. 
triobolaris,  from  tri-  =  three,  and  obolui  =  an 
obolus.  ]  Of  the  value  of  three  oboli,  or  three 
half-pence ;  hence,  mean,  paltry,  worthless. 

"Any  triobolarjf  paeqniller  .  .  .  any  sterquilinons 
rascal,  is  licensed  to  throw  dirt  In  the  faces  of  sove- 
reign priuces."— J7ov«U :  Letttrt.  bk.  it.,  let  48, 

tri  6c  ta  he  -draL  o.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
octahedral  (q.v.).] 

Crystall. :  Presenting  three  ranges  of  faces, 
one  above  another,  each  range  containing 
eight  faces. 


*  tri  60 -tile,  «.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  octiU.\ 

Astral.  :  An   aspect   of  two  planets  with 

regard  to  the  earth,    when  they  are   three 

octants  or  eight  parts  of  a  circle,  that  is  135 

degrees,  distant  from  each  other. 

trj-oc-to-he'-dral,  a.    (TRIOCTAHEDKAL.) 

tri-o'-dl-a,  s.  [Gr.  rpMovt  (triodous)  =  with 
three  teeth,  pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  oioiic  (udoui)  = 
a  tooth.) 

Dot. :  Heath-grass ;  a  genus  of  AveneK. 
Panicle  racemed ;  spikelets  few,  terete,  wita 
two  to  four  fertile  florets ;  upper  flower  im- 
perfect Flowering  glumes  convex,  three- 
toothed,  keeled,  three-nerved;  palea  ciliate; 
scales  broad,  fleshy  ;  stigmas  feathery  ;  ovary 
stalked.  Six  species,  from  the  old  world. 

tri  6  d8n,  s.  [Pref.  tri-, and  Gr.  6ooiic(odou»X 
genit.  OOOI/TOC  (odontos)—&  tooth.  Named 
from  the  tact  that  the  upper  jaw  is  divided  by 
a  suture  in  the  middle,  while  the  lower  jaw  ii 
entire,  the  fish  apparently  having  three  large 
white  teeth.) 

Ichthy.  :  The  sole  genus  of  Triodontina 
(q.v.),  with  a  single  species,  Triodon  bursariut, 
from  the  Indian  Ocean. 

tri  6-don  ti  -na,  i.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  IrioAw, 
genit.  triodont(is) ;  Lat  neut  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-ino.) 

Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Gynmodoutes.  Tail 
rather  long,  with  separate  caudal  fin  ;  abdo- 
men dilatable  into  a  very  large,  compressed, 
pendent  sac  ;  upper  jaw  divided  by  a  median 
suture,  lower  simple. 

tri-<B'-9i-t>,  ».  pi.    [Pref.   tri-,  and  Gr.  o!«o» 

(oikos)  =  a  house.) 

Bot. :  Plants  having  the  male  flowers  on  one 
individual,  the  females  on  another,  and  herma- 
phrodites on  a  third. 

tri  ce   clous,  a.    [TRICECIA.] 

Hot. :  Having  the  arrangement  of  flowers 
seen  in  the  Trioscia  (q.v.);  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Trioecia. 

tri-ce'-cious-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  triaxioxs;  -If.) 
Bot. :  After  the  manner  of  the  Trioicia  (q.v.), 

trlcociously  hermaphrodite,  <. 

Bot. :  Trimorphic. 

tri -03- nan -thyl  a -mine,  i.  [Pref.  tri-; 
Eng.  <enanthyl,  and  amine.]  [TRIHEPTTI/* 

AM1NE.) 

tri  -die,  «.    [Fr.) 

Music:  A  triplet. 

tri'-o-let,  tri  -6  let,  i.    [Fr.,  dimin.  of  trio.) 

1.  A  triplet ;  three  notes  played  in  the  time 
of  two  of  the  same  name. 

2.  A  poem  of  oight  lines,  on  two  rhymes, 
the  first  line  being  repeated  as  the  fourth, 
and  the  first  two  as  the  seventh  and  eighth. 

"  It  doee  not  appear  that  any  critic  has  noticed  that 
the  triolet  isa  condensed  rondel."— Cornhill  JVatftuiiw, 
J  uly.  1877.  p.  04. 

tri-o  -nej,  s.  pi.  [Lat  =  the  ploughing-oxeo ; 
hence,  the  constellation  of  the  Wain.) 

Astron. :  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the 
seven  principal  stars  in  the  constellation  Ursa 
Major,  popularly  called  Charles'  Wain. 


tri  6  nych  i  dse,  t  tri 
t  tri  6  ny9  i  dey,  *.  pi  [Mod."  Lat  tri- 
onyx,  genit.  trionyckit ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-idee,  or  masc.  &  fern,  -ides.] 

1.  ZooL  :    Mud   or  Soft  Tortoises,  Fresh- 
water Turtles ;  a  family  of   Chelonia,  with 
three  genera.    Shell  much  depressed,  covered 
with  soft  skin,  and  not  with  epidermic  plates ; 
digits  movable,  strongly  webbed,  each  foot 
with  only  three  sharp  claws,  belonging  to  th* 
three  inner  of  the  five  digits,  as  in  Crocodiles ; 
head  retractile  within  the  buckler.    The  jawa 
are  covered  with  fleshy  lips,  and  the  snout  Is 
produced  in  a  short  tube  bearing  the  nasal 
orifices,  and  enabling  the  animal  to  breathe 
while  the  rest  of  the  head  is  submerged  under 
water      The  species  are  thoroughly  aquatic 
and  3armvorous,  and  inhabit  rivers,  streams, 
and  arms  of  the  sea,  in  the  hotter  parts  of  Asia. 
Africa,  and  North  America.    They  are  usually 
light-coloured  beneath,   but  the  carapace  U 
generally  mud-coloured. 

2.  Paleeont. :    A  femur  from  the  Lias  hai 
been  referred  by  Owen  to  this  family. 


&te.  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine ;  go,  p«, 
«r.  wore,  woli  work,  whd.  sou ;  mate,  cub,  eiire.  unit*,  our.  rmlo.  full;  try,  Syrian.    *e,  «  =  ej  ey  =  »;  qu  =  kw. 


trionyx— tripetaloid 


4833 


tn-on -&X,  «•    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  3iw£  (onuz), 
genit.  ocvxof  (onuchos)  —  a  nail,  a  claw.] 

1.  Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Trionychida, 
with  seventeen  species,  having  the  range  of 
the  family.    Among  the  best  known  are  Tri- 
onyxferox,  the  Soft-shelled  Tortoise,  from  the 
United  States  and  Central  America  ;  T.  java- 
nicus,  the   Javanese,  and  T.   gangeticus,   the 
Gangetic  Trionyx  ;  and  T.  nUotims,  the  Nilotic 
Trionyx,  which  attains  a  length  of  three  feet, 
and  is  of  great  use  in  keeping  down  the  num- 
ber of  crocodiles  by  devouring  their  eggs  and 
young. 

2.  Palceont. :   Several    species  are   known, 
from  the  Eocene  onward. 

tri  -6-pa,  s.    [Gr.  rpioiris  (triopa)  =  an  ear- 
ring or  brooch  with  three  drops.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Doridse,  with  three 
species,  from  Norway  and  Britain,  ranging 
from  low-water  to  twenty  fathoms. 

tri'-or,  s.    [Eng.  try;  -or.] 

Law :  A  person  appointed  by  a  court  to 
examine  whether  a  challenge  to  a  panel  of 
jurors,  or  to  a  juror,  is  just. 

tri-os'-tc-iini,  s.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  ooWov 
(onteon)  =  a  bone.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Lonicereffi.  Hairy,  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  connate  leaves,  a  tubular 
corolla  swollen  at  the  base,  live  stamens,  and 
drupaceous  fruit,  generally  with  three  cells. 
Triosteum  perfoliatum,  in  small  doses,  is  a 
mild  cathartic,  in  large  ones  it  produces 
vomiting.  Its  dried  and  roasted  berries  have 
been  used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee. 

tri-ox-a-myl'-a-mine,  «.  [Pref.  (rt-;  Eng. 
ox(ygen),  and  amylamine.  ] 

Cheai. :  (CjHuOfeN.  A  base  obtained  by 
heating  anhydrous  valeral-ammonia  to  130° 
in  a  sealed  tube  for  eight  hours.  It  is  a 
colourless  viscid  oil,  having,  when  heated,  a 
pungent  odour,  is  slightly  soluble  in  water, 
soluble  in  alcohol ;  sp.  gr.  '879  at  22".  It  has 
a  strong  alkaline  reaction,  and  when  distilled 
is  partially  decomposed  with  evolution  of 
ammonia. 

tri-oV-ide,  s.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  oxide.} 

Ckem. :  A  term  applied  to  an  oxide  in  which 

one  atom  of  the  metal  is  combined  with  three 

atoms  of  oxygen,  thus :  Chrominm  trioxide, 

CrO3. 

trioxide  of  tungsten,  s.     [TUNOSTIC- 

OXIDE.] 

trI-5jE-jf-a-liz'-a-rIn,  s.    [Prefs.  tri-,  oxy-, 
and  Eng.  alizarin.}    [PSEUDOPUBPUBIN.] 

trip,  *  trippe,  *  tryp,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  lighter 
form  of  the  Base  trap,  which  appears  in  tramp; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  trippen,  trappen  =  to  tread 
under  foot ;  trippelen  =  to  trip,  to  dance  ; 
Low  Ger.  trippeln  =  to  trip ;  Sw.  trippa  ; 
Dan.  trippe  =  to  trip  ;  trip  =  a  short  step  ; 
0.  Fr.  triper  =  to  tread  or  stamp  on.] 
A*  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  run  or  step  lightly ;  to  move  with 
short,  light  steps  ;  to  move  the  feet  nimbly, 
as  in  walking,  dancing,  running,  &C. 

"  Many  Dymphg  came  tripping  by." 

Shakesp.  :  Sonntt  15*. 

t  Sometimes  followed  by  it.    [It,  6.) 

"  Come  and  trip  it  us  you  go. 
OD  the  light  fantastic  toe." 

Hilton:  LAllegro. 

2.  To  move,  progress,  or  advance  lightly  or 
evenly. 

"  Tripping  along  the  path  of  seeming  prosperity  as 
though  no  burden  rested  upon  Its  shoulders."— Daily 
Telegraph,  March  12, 1687. 

3.  To  take  a  journey  or  voyage  ;  to  make  a 
trip  or  excursion. 

4.  To  stumble  ;  to  strike  the  foot  against 
something  so  as  to  lose  the  step  and  nearly 
tall ;  to  make  a  false  step  ;  to  lose  the  footing. 

"  Cold  Punch  tripped  twice  in  the  run  up." — Fidd, 
Dec.  6,  1884. 

5.  To  make  a  false  move ;   to  stumble,  to 
err,  to  go  wrong  ;  to  offend  against  morality, 
propriety,  or  rule. 

"  Jenny  had  tript  in  her  time." 

Ttnnyton :  The  Grandmother. 

H  Sometimes  followed  by  on  or  upon. 

"He  sometimes  tripped  upon  hit  fact*."— Bvrroughl  : 
Ptfiacton,  p.  126. 
B.  Transitive: 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  To  cause  to  fall  by  striking  the  feet  sud- 
denly   from   under  a   person ;    to    cause    to 


stumble,  lose  the  footing,  or  make  a  false 
step,  by  striking  the  feet  or  checking  their 
free  action.  (Frequently  followed  by  up.) 

'•  It  sometimes  tripped  me  up  with  a  large  root  it 
sent  out  like  a  foot."—  Burrought  :  Pepacton.  p.  244. 

*  2.  To  cause  to  fail  ;   to  put  something  in 
the  way  of  ;  to  obstruct. 

"To  trip  the  course  of  law." 

2  Henri  IT..  T.  2. 


3.  To  catch  in  a  fault,  mistake,  or  offence  ; 
to  detect  in  a  false  step. 

"  These  her  women  can  trip  me  if  I  err." 

Shakap.  :  Cymbeline,  V.  6. 

IL  Naut.  :  To  loose,  as  an  anchor  from  the 
bottom,  by  its  cable  or  buoy-rope. 

"  We  could  not  trip  the  bower  anchor  with  all  the 
purchase  we  could  make."—  Coo*  :  Firtt  Voyage,  bk.  i., 
ch.  xz. 

trip  (1),  s.     [TRIP,  v.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  light,  short  step  ;  a  lively  movement 
of  the  feet. 

2.  Hence,  the  sound  of  such  a  step  ;  a  light 
footfall. 

3.  A  short  voyage  or  journey  ;  an  excursion. 

"  Tript  to  Ireland  are  inexpensive  and  by  no  means 
difficult"—  Da«»  CAnuuVM  May  25.  1885. 

4.  A  sudden  stroke  or  catch  by  which  a 
wrestler  supplants  his  antagonist. 

'•  Or  by  the  girdles  grasp  VI,  they  practise  with  the  hip, 

The  forward,  backward,  (alx,  the  mar,  the  turn,  the 

trip."  Drayton:  Poty-Olbion.  s.  1. 

5.  A  stumble  by  the  loss  of  foothold  ;  a 
striking  of  the  foot  against  an  object. 

6.  A  failure,  a  mistake;    a  false  step  or 
move  ;  a  slight  error  arising  from  baste  or 
want  of  consideration. 

"  They  then,  who  of  each  trip  th'  advantage  take. 
Fiud  but  those  fault*  whicli  they  want  wit  to  make." 


*  7.  A  moment,  a  twinkling. 


. 
(Todd.) 


"They'll  whip  it  up  ill  the  trip  of  a  minute."— 
Ctbber :  Provoked  Biaoand,  p.  69. 

tt  Naut. :  A  single  board  or  tack  in  flying 
to  windward. 

trip  hammer,  a.  A  hammer  tripped  on 
its  axis  by  the  contact  of  a  cam,  wiper,  or  tooth 
with  the  tail  of  the  helve  ;  a  tilt-hammer. 

trip-madam,  trick  madam,  s. 

Bot. :  Sedum  refumm,  a  stonecrop  with  re- 
flexed  leaves,  growing  in  Britain  on  rocks  and 
house  tops,  but  not  properly  indigenous. 
There  are  two  varieties,  one  with  bright  and 
the  other  with  pale  yellow  flowers. 

trip  shaft,  ». 

Steam-eng. :  A  supplementary  rock-shaft, 
used  in  starting  an  engine. 

trip  (2),  s.     [Prob.  allied  to  troop  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  number  of  animals  together;  a  flock 
or  herd.    (Prav.) 
•  2.  A  body  of  men ;  a  troop. 

tri-pa'-le-i-late,  o.  [Pref.  tri- ;  Eng.  paleola 
(q.v.),  and  suff.  -ate.] 

Bot. :  Consisting  of  three  pales  or  palese,  as 
the  flower  of  a  bamboo.  (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

tri  pang',  ».    [TKEPANQ.] 

tri  parde',  tri-pa-relle',  s.  [Fr.]  A  kind 
of  olive. 

tri-parf-Sd,  o.     [Pref. 
trC,  and  Eng.  parted.} 

1.  Bot.:   Parted  into 
three  segments. 

2.  Her. :   Parted  into 
three  pieces.  Applicable 
to  the  field  as  well  as  to 
ordinaries  and  charges : 

as,   triparted  in  pale,  »    CBOSS  TR1PAKTED. 
cross  triparted. 

*  tri-part'-I-ble,  a.     [Pref.  trt-,  and  Eng. 
partible  (q.v.).]      Partible  or  divisible   into 
three  pieces  or  parts. 

tri-par'-tl-ent  (tl  as  shi),  a.  [Lat.  tri 
=  three,  and  partiens,  pr.  par.  of  partior  = 
to  divide.]  Dividing  into  three  part*.  (Said 
of  a  number  that  divides  another  into  three 
equal  parts,  as  2  with  regard  to  6.) 

tri-part'-ite,  *  try-part-yte,  a.  [Lat.  tri 
=  three,  and  partitus,  pa.  par.  of  partior  =  to 
divide ;  pars,  genit.  partis  =  a  part ;  Fr.  tri- 

•  partit.] 

1.  Divided  into  three  parts ;  triparted. 

"The  division  then  of  conscience  in  respect  of  its 
object  is  trii»irtite.~—Bp.  Taylor :  Jtule  of  Comcience, 


El 

•ill 


TRI  PARTITE- LEAF. 


2.  Having    three    corresponding    parts    ot 
copies. 

"The  cirognipher  IB  hee  that  hath  the  writte  ot 
coueuaut  with  the  coucord  brought  vnto  him,  A  he* 
inaketh  indentures  tripartite,  whereof  two  are  de- 
liuered  to  the  mine  fur  whose  vae  the  due  is  acknow- 
ledged. Ami  the  third  part  is  reserued  with  him."— 
Smith;  Commonwealth,  bk.  li.,  ch.  xv. 

3.  Made  or  concluded  between  three  parties : 
as,  a  tripartite  treaty. 

tripartite-leaf,  5. 

Bot. :  A  leaf  divided 
nearly  to  the  base  into 
tliree  parts,  as  those  of 
Bulens  tripartita,  or  of 
Ranunculus  aquatilis, 
sub-species  tripartite. 

tri-part'-Ite-l^,  adv. 
[  Eng.  tripartite ;  -ly.  ] 
In  a  tripartite  manner ; 
by  a  division  into  three 
parts. 

tri  par  ti  tion,  s.  [Pref.  tri-t  and  Eng.  par- 
tilion  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  division  into  three  parts. 

2.  A  division  by  three,  or  the  taking  of  the 
third  part  of  any  number  or  quantity. 

*  tri   pas'    chal,  a.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 

paschal  (q.v.).]    Including  three  Passovers. 

tripe,  s.  [Irish  triopas  =  entrails;  Welsh  tripa 
=  the  intestines  ;  Bret,  stripen  =  tripe ;  rr. 
tripe;  Sp.  &  Port  tripa;  Ital.  trippa.} 

1.  The  entrails  generally ;  hence,  in   con- 
tempt, the  belly.    (In  these  senses  generally 
used  in  the  plural.) 

"  I'm  u  mwciful  u  any  on  'em— And  I'll  stick  my 
knife  la  hisrrtpei  as  says  otherwise."—  Sood ;  Tylne* 
Hall,  ch.  xxrv. 

2.  The  large  stomach  of  ruminating  animalf 
when  prepared  for  food. 

"  How  My  yon  to  a  fat  tript  finely  broi I'd  T  " 

ShakMp. :  Taming  o/  it*  Shrew,  iv.  a. 


tripe  de  roche,  ».  [Lit  =  rock-tripe.] 
A  vegetable  substance  furnished  by  various 
species  of  Gyrophora  and  Umbilicaria  belong- 
ing to  the  tribe  of  Lichens.  It  is  extensively 
used  as  an  article  of  food  by  hunters  in  the 
arctic  regions  of  North  America,  and  is  nutri- 
tive, but  bitter  and  purgative. 

tripe-man,  s.  A  man  who  prepares  and 
sells  tripe. 

tripe- rock,  s.    [TRIPE  DE  ROCHE.] 

tripe-stone,  «. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  anhydrite  (q.v.),  occur- 
ring in  masses  with  a  corrugated  and  contorted 
surface. 

*  tripe- visaged,  a.  Having  a  face  re- 
sembling tripe  ;  pale  or  sallow  ;  or,  perhaps, 
flabby  and  expressionless. 

"  Thou  . .  .  tripe-viiaged  rascal."— Shakeip.  :  2  ffenrt 
IV.,  ».  4. 

*  tri-pe  '-dal,  o.    [Lat.  tripedalis,  from  tri  = 
three,  and  pa,  genit.  pedis  =  a  foot.]    Having 
three  feet. 

trip-el,  «.    [TRIPOLI.] 

*  tri  pen  -nate,  a.    [TRIPINNATZ.] 

*  tri-pen-nat-I-part'-e'd,   a.     IPret.  trt-, 
and  Eng.  pennatiparted  (q.v.),] 

Bot.  {Of  o  feather-veined  leaf) :  Divided 
nearly  to  the  base  into  portions  which  are 
themselves  twice  again  similarly  divided. 

tri-pen-nat-i-sSct-ed,  a.    [Pref.  tri-,  and 

Eng.  pennatisected  (q.v.). 
Bot. :  Tripennatiparted  (q.v.). 

*  tri  per'-son-al,  a.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
personal  (q.v.).]    Consisting  of  three  persons. 

"The  tripertonal  Godhead."— Milton .•  Rtform.  in 

Ena..  bk.  ii. 

*  tri-per'-sin-al-ist.  «.    [Eng.  tripersonal; 
-ist.]    A  term  applied  to  a  believer  in  the 
Trinity ;  a  trinitarian. 

*  tri-per-sdn-Sl'-l-ty,  t.    [Eng.  tripersonal; 
-ity.}    The  quality  or  state  of  existing  in  three 
persons  in  one  godhead . 

"  Terms  of  trinity  trininnity,  co-essentiality,  trt. 
personality  and  the  like."— Milton:  Of  True  Ktliffion. 

*  trip'-er-y,   ».     [Eng.  tripe;  -rjf.]     A  place 
where  tripe  is  prepared  or  sold. 

tri    pet'    al- Sid,  o.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
petatoid  (q.v.).] 


bo^;  p*ut,  jo%l;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   ph  =  t 
-cian.  -tian  -  shan,    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -«lon  -  zhun.    -clous,  -Uons,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  &c,  =  bel,  deL 


4834 


tripetaloidese— triplex 


But.  :  Appearing  as  if  furnished  with  three 
petals  (London)  ;  consisting  of  six  parts,  an 
outer  and  an  inner  thrre,  the  former  green 
and  small,  the  latter  coloured  like  petals. 

*trl-pet-a-lol-de-»t  *.  pi.  [Pref.  tri-  ;  Gr. 
ircToAov  (l-etahn)  =•  a  leaf  ;  cl&o*  (euios)=  form, 
and  Lat.  fein.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -tte.\ 

Bot.  :  The  sixth  order  in  LinntpuVs  Natural 
System.  Geuera  :  Buloiuus,  Angina,  Sagit- 
taria. 

tri  pet-al  ous,   a.      [Pref.  *ri-,  and  Eng. 


Bot.  :  Having  three  petals. 

tri   phee-na,  try-phae  -no,  s.    [Gr. 
(trtt)  =  thrice,  and  <£><u»*>  (pitaino)  —  to  ap- 
pear.] 

Enton.  :  Yellow  Dnderwing  (q.T.),  a  genus 
of  -Vn'Uiidit-.  Antennae  of  the  male  sliglitly 
pubescent;  alidonien  not  crested,  flattened, 
terminating  iu  a  truncate  tuft  of  hair  ;  fore 
wings  elongate,  thick  ;  hind  wings  well  de- 
veloped. The  larva,  which  is  called  the 
Surface  grub,  thick,  larger  posteriorly.  It 
feeds  on  various  low  plants,  and  the  chrysalis 
is  subterranean. 

tri   phane,   *.      [Or.  rpt^ainfc  (triphanes)  -. 
appearing  thrice  or  three-fold.] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  SPODUMENE  (q.v.). 

tri-phon'-ite,  *.  [Eng.  triphan(e);  suff.  -iU 
(A/in,).] 

Min.  :   A  compact,  reddish    mineral    sub- 
stance, accompanying  large  crystals  of  anal- 
ciine  at  the  Kilpatrick  Hills,  Dumbartonshire  ; 
supposed  to  be  a  variety  of  cluthalite  (q.v. 
Compos,  undetermined. 

tri-pha,  -fl-a,  s.  [Gr.  TpuJ>o<7u>«  (triphasios) 
=  three-fold.  So  named  because  the  calyx 
is  three  toothed,  and  there  are  three  petals. 
(Poxton.)] 

Bot.  :  A  genns  of  Aurautiacese.  Stamens 
six,  ovary  stalked,  style  thick.  Reduced  now 
to  one  species,  though  three  others  were  for- 
merly included  in  it  Triphasia  Aurantiola 
(=  Lijtionia  trifoliata)  is  a  spiny  shrub,  the 
leaves  with  three  ovate  leaflets,  has  white, 
sweet-scented  flowers,  and  small  yellow  ber- 
ries, which  have  an  agreeable  orange  taste. 
It  is  a  native  of  southern  China,  but  is  now 
cultivated  in  the  East  and  West  Indies  and  in 
British  gardens. 

triph  thong  (or  ph  as  p),  «.  [Gr.  rpt-  (tri-)= 
three,  aud  4&>YY>?  (pkthongge)  =  a  sound.]  A 
combination  of  three  vowels  in  a  single 
syllable,  forming  a  simple  or  compound 
Bound  ;  a  group  of  three  vowel  characters, 
representing  combinedly  a  single  or  mono- 
syllabic sound,  as  tan  in  beau,  eye,  &c.  ;  a 
tri  graph. 

triph  thon'  gal  (or  ph  as  p),  a.  [Eng. 
triphthong  ;  -al.}  Pertaining  to,  consisting 
of,  or  of  the  nature  of  a  triphthong. 

triph  -y-line,  triph'-^-lite,  s.  [Pref.  tri-  ; 
Gr.  <£uAij  (pkule)  =  family  or  stock,  and  suff. 
•ine,  -Ue(Min.);  Ger.  tripJiylin.] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  of  somewhat  limited  dis- 
tribution. Crystallization,  orthorhombic  ; 
hardness,  5*0;  sp.  gr.  3'54  to  3-6  ;  lustre,  sab- 
resinous  ;  colour,  greenish  -gray,  sometimes 
bluish.  Compos,  :  a  phosphate  of  the  prot- 
oxides of  iron,  manganese,  and  lithium,  with 
the  formula  (Fep.MnO.LiO^POj.  Like  all 
minerals  containing  protoxide  of  manganese, 
ft  is  liable  to  alteration  by  oxidation  and 
hydration  ;  hence  the  minerals  heterosite, 
pseud  otri  pi  ite,  allnandite,  and  melanchlore. 

tri-phy  1  -lous,  a.    [Gr.  TfwfrwAAos  (MphvOos) 
=  three-leaved  ;  pref.  tri-,  and  4>v\\ov  (phul- 
Ion)=a  leaf.] 
Botany  : 

1.  Having  three  leaves. 

2.  Having  the  leaves  disposed  in  whorls  of 
three. 

tri  phys-ltes,  ».  pi.  [Pref.  tri-  ;  Gr.  *wer« 
(phusis)  —  nature,  and  Eng.  suff.  -tie,] 

Ch,  HieL  (PL):  The  name  given  to  those 
prelates  who,  at  the  councils  of  Toledo  (A.D. 
684,  688)  carried  their  opposition  to  the  Mono- 
physites  and  Moimthelites  to  such  an  extent 
as  to  profess  belief  in  a  third  nature  in  Christ. 
resulting  from  the  union  of  the  divine  and 
human  natures. 


tri  pin  -nate,  a,  [Pref.  tri-t  and  Eng.  pin- 
nate (q.v.).] 

Bot.  (Of  a  btpinnate  leaf):  Having  the  leaf- 
lets themselves  again  pinnate,  as  those  of 

Thalictrum  minus. 

tri-pln'-nate-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tripinnate;  -ly.] 
Bot. :  In  a  tripinnate  manner. 

tri  pin-nat  I-f  id,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
piniiatifid  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  Three  times  divided  in  a  pinnatifid 
manner. 

tri  pin  nat  -I-sect,  a.    [Pref.  (ri-,  and  Eng. 
piniiaiisect  (q.v.). j 
Bot. :  Parted  to  the  base  tripinnately. 

trip-it  -a-ka,  *.    [Pali  =  the  triple  basket.] 

Buddhism:  The  three  classes  into  which 
the  Buddhist  sucred  writings  arc  divided,  viz., 
the  Sutras,  the  Viuaya,  and  the  Abidharma. 

trip-lar'-e-8B,  *.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  triplar(is); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Polygonacese, 

trip  lar'-is,  *.  [Lat.  =  threefold,  triple,  from 
triplus  =  triple  ;  so  named  because  the  parts 
of  the  fructification  are  disposed  in  threes.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Triplareie  (q.v.). 
Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  shortly-stalked, 
entire  leaves,  with  short  ochres,  inflorescence 
racemose,  and  a  three  edged  nut  with  winged 
angles.  The  trunk  and  branches  of  Triplaris 
americano,  a  native  of  tropical  America,  are 
chambered,  and  serve  for  the  habitation  of 
ants. 

*  tri  pla  sian  (s  as  sh).  a.    [Gr.  TpiwAao-w 

(triplasios)  —  thrice    as     many.]      Threefold, 
triple,  treble. 

"  Being  triplatian  or  threefold,  according  to  th«lr 
theology."— Cudworth:  Intel!.  SyUem,  p.  289. 

trlp'-le  (le  as  el),  a.  &  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat 

triplus  —  triple,  from  tri-  =  three,  and  plus, 
related    to    plen us  =  full ;    Sp.   triple;    Itai 
triplo.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Consisting  of  three  united  ;  threefold. 
"  The  triple-dog  had  never  felt  liis  chain." 

Pope :  Homer ;  Iliad  Till.  M7. 

2.  Three  times  repeated  ;  treble. 

"If  then  the  atheist  can  have  no  imagination  of 
more  senses  than  five,  why  doth  he  Ruppose  that  a 
body  is  capable  of  more  t  If  we  had  double  or  triple 
aa  many,  there  might  be  the  same  suspicion  for  a 
greater  number  without  *ud."~Bentley. 

*3.  One  of  three;  third. 
"  Which  ...  he  bade  me  store  up  a*  a  triple  eye, 
Safer  than  mine  own  two,  more  dear." 

Skak&p.  :  AU't  Well  that  End*  Well,  11.  L 

*  B.  As  subst. :  The  treble  part  in  music. 

"  Againe  he  heard  that  wondrous  harmouie. 
Of  songs  and  sweet  complaints  of  louer's  klude. 
The  humane  voices  sung  a  triple  hie." 

Fairefax:  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  xrllL  M. 

Triple  Alliance .  a, 

History : 

1.  A  treaty  entered  into  by  Great  Britain, 
Sweden,  and  Holland  against  Louis  XIV.,  in 
1608. 

2.  A  treaty  between  Great  Britain,  France, 
and  Holland  against  Spain,  1717. 

3.  An  alliance  between  Great  Britain,  Russia, 
and  Austria,  against  France,  Sept.  26,  1708. 

4.  An  alliance  between  Germany,  Austria, 
and  Italy,  against  France  and  Russia,  in  1887. 

"  It  1*  impossible  to  suppose  that  he  can  meditate 
an  attack  on  Austria  while  the  Triple  aRlatx*  exists." 
—St.  Jamet'i  Oaxette,  Dec.  7,  1847. 

triple  counterpoint,  *. 

Music :  A  counterpoint  in  three  parts,  so 
contrived  that  each  part  will  serve  for  bass, 
middle,  or  npper  part  as  required. 

triple-crown,  s.  The  crown  or  tiara 
worn  by  the  popes.  [TIARA.] 

triple  -  crowned,  a.  Having  three 
crowns  ;  wearing  a  triple  crown,  as  the  Pope. 

triple-headed,  a.  Having  three  heads : 
as  the  triple-headed  dog,  Cerberus. 

triple-ingrain  carpet,  s.    [THREC-PLY 

CARPET.] 

triple  -nerved,  a. 
Bot. :  The  same  as  TRIPLE-RIBBED  (q.T.). 
triple-ribbed,  a. 

Bet.  (Of  a,  leaf):  Having  three  ribs,  of  which 
the  two  lateral  one«  emerge  from  the  middle 


one  a  little  above  its  base.  Akin  to  threft- 
ribbed,  in  which,  however,  the  three  ribs  are 
all  unconnected  aud  proceed  from  the  base. 

triple-salt,  s. 

Chein. :  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  salt* 
containing  three  different  bases,  such  as  mi- 
crocosmic  salt,  Na(NH4)HPO4.  (Watts.) 

triple-star, *. 

Astron. :  A  star  which,  under  a  powerful 
telescope,  is  resolved  into  three,  often  of  dif- 
ferent colours.  7  Andromedse  fs  a  triple  star. 
Its  principal  constituent  is  of  the  third  magni- 
tude, and  of  an  orange-yellow  colour.  The 
two  others  seem  like  a  single  one  between  the 
fifth  and  sixth  magnitude;  both  are  bluish. 
Of  double  stars  a  large  number  have  been 
discovered,  there  being  more  than  3000  on 
word.  Triple  stars  are  rare,  aud  quadruple 
stars  still  more  so,  though  eonie  are  known. 
Among  the  triple  stars  the  most  conspicuous  is 
one  in  the  constellation  Cancer,  while  Lyra 
yields  us  an  example  of  a  quadruple  star. 
The  stare  here  referred  to  evidently  revolve 
around  each  other  and  form  one  system, 
their  periods  of  rotation  having  been  in  some- 
cases  determined  with  a  degree  of  exactness. 

triple-time,  s. 

Music:  Time  of  three  beats,  or  three  times- 
three  beats  in  a  bar,  indicated  in  the  signature 
of  the  movement,  thus  £  =  three  minims  (or 
their  equivalent  in  time  value)  in  a  bar; 
$  =  three  quavers  (or  their  equivalents  in  time) 
in  a  bar;  with  the  less  usual  |,  f,  and  A 
signatures,  which  mark  what  is  usually  callea 
Compound  Triple-time. 

*  triple-tree,  «.  The  gallows,  from  the 
two  posts  and  crossbeam  of  which  it  was  com- 
posed. [TYBURN-TREE.] 

"  A  wry  mouth  on  the  triple-tree  pats  an  end  to  aU 
discourse  about  us."—  T.  Srovm  :  Work*,  Hi.  6S. 

".triple-turned,  a.  Three  times  faith- 
less; thrice  faithless.  (Shakesp. :  Antony  & 
Cleopatra,  iv.  12.) 

trtp'-le  (le  as  el),  v.t.  &  i.    [TRIPLE,  a.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  treble,  threefold,  or  thrice  a* 
much,  as  many,  or  as  great ;  to  treble. 

"  Tbe  rents  of  many  highland  estates  have  been. 
tripled  and  qu»drupled,"-Sm«A .  Wealth  of  Aationt, 
bk,  i.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  To  be  three  times  as  great  or  as  many. 

"  Their  losse  ...  did  triple  oun,  as  well  in  quality 
as  in  quantity. "—BacUuyt:  royagat,  1L  140. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  increase  threefold. 

trip  -let,  ».  A  a.    [From  triple,  as  doublet  from 
double.] 

A.  As  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  collection  or  set  of  three  things  of  & 
kind,  or  three  united. 

2.  One  of  three  children  at  a  birth.  (Colloq.) 
3-  (PI.) :  Three  children  at  a  birth. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Music:  A  group  of  three  notes  performed 
In  the  time  of  two.  The  triplet  is  generally 
indicated  by  a  slur  and  the  figure  3. 


2.  Optics:  Any  arrangement  of  three  lenaer 
in  combination,  either  as  eye-piece  or  objective 

3.  Poetry :  Three  verses  or  lines  rhyming- 
together. 

B.  As  adj. :  Triple  ;  consisting  of  three. 

"  I  frequently  make  use  of  triplet  rhymes,  and  for 
the  same  reason  because  they  bound  the  sense ;  and. 
therefore.  I  generally  join  these  two  licenses  together, 
and  make  the  last  rer«e  of  the  triplet  a  Pliidiiric,"— 
Drydt-n;  Virgil:  -Kite!,!.  (Dedic.) 

trip -lex,  s.   [Lat.=  threefold.]   [TRIPLICATE.] 

Music: 

L  The  name  originally  given  to  a  third  part 
when  added  t"  two  other  parts,  one  of  which 
was  a  canto  fermo,  the  other  a  counterpoint 
This  additional  part  was  generally  the  upper 
part,  hence  the  word  treble  or  triplex  came 
to  be  applied  to  the  canto  primo. 

2.  A  motet  or  other  composition  in  three 
parts. 

3.  Triple-time. 


"The  triplex  is  a  good  tripping  n 
A'iffht,  T. 


ftte,  fat,  fare,  amidst*  what,  fall,  father;  wo,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  welt  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  full;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  ce      c ;  ey  -  a ;  Q.U      kw. 


triplicate— tripping 


4835 


trip  -U-cate,  *  trlp-11-cat,  o.  *  «.  [Lat. 
MfrfiMMU.  pa.  par.  of  triplico  =  to  make 
threefold,  tr  treble,  from  triplex,  genit.  triphcis 
threefold,  treble,  from  tri  —  three,  and  plica 
o  to  fold,  to  weave.) 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Made  thrice  as  inuch  ;  trebled,  threefold. 

*  2.  Three  in  number. 

••  Which  brought  certain  expedltlonslrtpJtot ;  the 
one  unto  the  pJUhonutary  Gamoora,  the  other  m,to 
Oratory de  La»s.iH«.  and  the  third  unto  me.  —  Burnet. 
«,™rji  voU  L,  bk.  1L.  No.  4. 

B.  .4s  SM&start(ii>e: 

*  1.  Something  consisting  or  composed  of 
three  parts  or  divisions. 

"My  triplicate  of  pleasure  knows  dangerous  •*  well 
48  delightful  features. '—Scribner'M  Ma?(ttin»,  Aug., 
1867.  p.  507. 

2.  A  third  paper  or  thing  corresponding  to 
two  others  of  the  same  kind. 

triplicate-ratio,  >. 

Math. :  The  ratio  of  the  cubes  of  two  quan- 
tities :  thus  the  triplicate  ratio  of  a  to  b  is 

— .    Similar  volumes  are  to  each  other  in  the 
ratio  of  their  homologous  lines. 

triplicate  ternate,  «. 

Bot. :  Thrice  ternate  ;  triternate. 

trip-li-ca'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  triplimtio,  from 
triplicate,  pa.  par.  of  triplico  =  to  treble.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  trebling  or  making 
threefold,  or  adding  three  together. 

"  Triplication  of  the  same  diameter  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty."— Olanvill :  SceptiM. 

2.  Civil  Law :  The  same  as  SOR-BEJOINDER 
in  common  law  (q.v.). 

trl-pliQ'-I-tjf,  s.  [Pr.  triplicitt,  from  Lat 
triplet,  genit.  triplicia  =  triple.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
triple  or  threefold  ;  trebleness. 

••  Affect  not  duplicities  nor  tri,Ucitiei,  nor  any  cer. 
Uin  number  of  part*  in  your  division  of  things.  — 
Wutu  :  Logic. 

2.  Astrol. :  The  division  of  the  signs  accord- 
ing to  the  number  of  the  elements,  each  divi- 
sion consisting  of  three  signs.     [TR.IOON.) 

trip-ll-cos'-tate,  trip' -D(- nerved,  a, 

[Lat.  triplex,  genit.  triplicia  =  threefold,  and 
Eng.  costute;  nerveil.] 
Bot. :  Triple-ribbed  (q.v.)  ;  triply  ribbed. 

trip'-lite,  ».  [Gr.  rpiirAou?  (triplous)  =  three- 
fold ;  suff.  -ite(Min.) ;  Ger.  eisenpecherz,  triplit; 
Fr.  manganese  phosphate  ferrifere.] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  occurring 
only  in  imperfect  crystals.  Hardness,  4  to 
5-5 ;  sp.  gr.  3-44  to  3'8 ;  lustre,  resinous  to 
adamantine ;  colour,  shades  of  brown  to  black ; 
streak,  yellowish-gray  to  brown.  Compos.  : 
phosphoric  acid,  327  ;  protoxide  of  iron,  16-6 ; 
protoxide  of  manganese,  32'2 ;  iron,  6'4 ; 
magnesium,  1'8  ;  calcium,  1'5  ;  fluorine,  8'8  = 
100,  which  corresponds  with  the  typical  for- 
mula 3ROPO6  +  RF. 

trip-ld-'blas'-tlo,  a.  [Gr.  TpurAoCs  (triplous) 
=  threefold,  triple,  and  £Aaoros  (Wastes)  =  a 
sprout,  shoot,  or  sucker.) 

Embryol. :  Of,  belonging,  or  relating  to  the 
triple  division  in  the  blastoderm  outside  the 
yolk  in  the  ovum  of  mammals,  birds,  &C. 
Previous  to  segmentation  the  blastoderm  is 
single,  then  a  bilaminar  arrangement  arises  ; 
finally  it  separates  into  outer,  middle,  and 
inner  blastodermic  membranes :  the  ectoderm, 
mesalerm,  and  endorterm ;  called  by  Foster 
and  Balfonr  the  epiblast,  mesoblast,  and  hy- 
poblast.  (Quain.) 

trip  -16  clase,  s.    [Gr.  rpurAoSs  (triplous)  = 
triple,  and  «Aio-i5  (klasis)  =  cleavage  ;    Ger. 
triplaklas.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  THOMSONITE  (q.v.). 

trip-lo-i'-dite,  s.  [Eng.  triplite;  Gr.  e'Jos 
(eidos)  =  form,  and  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Min. :  A  monoclinic  mineral,  occurring  in 
distinct  crystals,  also  fibrous,  divergent,  mass- 
ive ;  crystals  with  vertical  striations.  Hard- 
ness, 4-5  to  5  ;  sp.  gr.  8-697  ;  lustre,  vitreous 
to  adamantine  ;  colour,  yellowish  to  reddish 
"brown,  wine-yellow,  hyacinth-red ;  streak, 
grayish  white  ;  fracture,  sub-concholdal.  Com- 
pos. :  phosphoric  add,  31  -91  ;  protoxide  of 
Iron,  16'18 ;  protoxide  of  manganese,  47-86 ; 
water,  4-05  =  100.  Formula, RaPsOs  +  H(OH)j., 
where  R  =  Fe,Mn.  Found  at  Branchfield,  1 


Fairfleld  County,  Connecticut,  associated  with 
various  other  minerals  new  to  science,  in  a 
vein  of  albite-granite. 

trip'-lo-pj,  «.  [Gr.  rpiirAoOs  (triplous)  = 
threefold,  and  oi|>  (ops)  =  the  eye.) 

Optics  *  Pathol. :  An  affection  of  the  eye 
which  causes  objects  to  be  seen  triple.  It  is 
much  rarer  than  diplopy  (q.v.),  and  the  third 
image  is  exceedingly  faint.  (Oanot.) 

trip  -1&  adv.    [Eng.   tripl(e),  a. ;  -ly.]    In  a 
triple  manner  or  degree  ;  trebly. 
triply-ribbed,  o.    [TRIPLE-RIBBED.) 

tri' -pod,  '  trl-pode,  a.  &  a.  [Lat.  tripus, 
genit.  tripodis,  from  Gr.  rpiirous  (tnpous), 
genit.  rpiVooos  (tripodos)  =  three-footed,  a 
tripod,  from  rpt-  (tri-)  =  tliree,  and  TTUUS  (POMS), 
genit.  iro5«  (podos)  =  a  foot ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  tri- 
pode.} 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  three-legged  seat  or  table. 

2.  A  pot  or  caldron  used  for  boiling  meat, 
and  either  raised  upon  a  three-legged  frame 
or  stand,  or  made  with  three  feet  in  the  same 
piece  with  itself. 

3.  A  three-legged  support  for  a  table,  chair, 
surveyor's  compass,  candelabrum,  brazier,  or 
other  object. 

IL  Class.  Antiq. :  A 
bronze  altar,  having 
three  legs  or  feet,  and  fre- 
quently also  three  rings 
at  the  top  to  serve  as 
handles.  A  tripod  was 
one  of  the  attributes  of 
Apollo,  and  originated  in 
the  custom  of  seating  the 
pythoness,  or  prophesy- 
ing priestess,  in  a  triple- 
footed  seat,  over  the 
vapour  which  ascended 
from  a  mystic  cavern  at 
Delphi,  and.  which  was 
believed  to  have  the 


TRIPOD. 

Caldron  of  thin 
bronze,  supposed  to 
increase  the  force  of 
the  prophetic  sounds 
which  came  from  the 
earth ;  6.  Flat  slab  on 
which  the  priestess 


power  of  <  producing  sa- 
cred inspiration,  and  the 
ability  of  foretelling 
future  events.  Highly 
ornamented  tripods  of 
similar  form,  made  of  pre- 
cious metals,  were  given 
as  prizes  at  the  Pythian 
games  and  elsewhere,  and  sat 
were  frequently  placed  as 
votive  offerings  in  the  temples. 

"  Within  the  circle  arms  and  tripodt  He." 

Dryden  :  Virgil ;  .£neui  V.  148. 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Having  three  legs  or  supports. 

"These  tripod  .  .  .  dolmens  .  .  .  never  had,  or  could 
have  had.  walla."— JW"**™  •'  Rude  Stone  Monuments, 
p.  15. 

2.  Three  feet  long. 

"  Its  tripod  sentences  tired  my  ear."— Miu  Zdfff- 
worth :  Helen,  ch.  vii. 

U  Tripod  of  life : 

Physiol. :  The  term  used  by  Bichat  for  the 
brain,  heart,  and  lungs. 

*  tri-po'-dl-an,  s.    [See  def.] 

Music :  An  ancient  stringed  instrument 
in  form  resembling  the  Delphic  tripod,  whence 
its  name. 

trip  '-4-d&  «.    [TRIPOD.] 

Pros.  :  A  series  of  three  feet. 

*  tri- point' -ed,  a.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
pointed.]    Having  three  points. 

"  The  tripotnttd  wrathfull  violence  of  the  dead  dart.1* 


trip'-o-lL  trfp'-o-llte,  ».  [After  Tripoli, 
in  North  Africa,  where  it  occurs  in  consider- 
able amount ;  Ger.  tripel.} 

1.  Jfitt.  *  Petrol. :  A  siliceous  deposit,  first 
shown  by  Ehrenberg  to  consist  almost  wholly 
of  the  cast-off  shells  of  Diatoms.    Sometimes 
found  in  deposits  of  considerable  thickness, 
and  extending  over  many  miles  of  country ; 
mostly  earthy,  but  sometimes  very  hard  and 
compact. 

2.  Geol.  <ft  Palaxmt. :  The  diatoms  in  a  stra- 
tum of  Tripoli  at  Bilin  in  Bohemia,  where  it 
Is  fourteen  feet   thick,  are   mainly  of  the 
genus  Gaillonella  (q.v.). 

3   Comm. :  Tripoli  was  first  imported  from 
Tripoli  itself,  but  has  since  been  found  in 


many  other  places.  It  is  employed  for  polish- 
ing  'metals,  marbles,  glass,  and  other  hard 
bodies.  [TRIPOLI-POWDER.) 

tripoli  -  powder,  «.  A  pulverulent 
substance  imported  from  Germany  to  be 
used  as  material  for  the  polishing  of  steel. 
Like  tripoli,  it  is  composed  mainly  of  dia- 
toms. 

tripoli  slate,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  tripolite  (q.v.)  which,  from  vary- 
ing causes,  has  assumed  a  laminated  or  slaty 
texture.  Sometimes  contains  much  clay,  cic. 

Trlp'-6-liiie,  o.     [See  def.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Tripoli,  a  state  and 
city  in  North  Africa. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  mineral  tripoli. 

Tri-poT-I-tan,  o.  Si  t.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :   Relating  or  belonging  to  the 
town  or  state  of  Tripoli. 

B.  As  subst. :   A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Tripoli. 

trip'-o-rjf, ».    [TRIPOLI.) 

tri'-pos.  «.    [TRIPOD.] 
*  1.  A  tripod  (q.v.). 

"  And  from  the  triuot  rushed  a  bellowing  sound." 
Dryden:  Viryil:  .Eneid  lii.  124. 

2.  In  Cambridge  University,  a  word  dating 
from  the  sixteenth  century,  and  used  succes- 
sively in  a  number  of  different  senses.  At 
first  it  was  applied  to  the  stool  on  which  the 
champion  of  the  University  sat  at  the  dispu- 
tations held  at  the  admission  of  bachelors  of 
Arts  to  their  degree  ;  then  it  was  transferred 
to  the  Bachelor  himself ;  still  later  to  the 
humorous,  or,  in  some  cases,  scurrilous,  speech 
with  which  "  Mr.  Tripos  "opened  the  proceed- 
ings, and  to  the  verses  of  the  Bachelors  at  the 
Acts.  The  honours-lists  were  printed  (about 
1747-8)  on  the  backs  of  these  verses,  and  so 
tripos  came  to  mean  an  honour-list,  and,  last 
of  all,  the  examination  itself.  Until  the  year 
1824  there  was  only  one  tripos,  the  Mathe- 
matical ;  and  up  to  1850  only  those  who  had 
obtained  honours  in  mathematics  were  ad- 
mitted to  the  Classical  examination.  The 
degree  was  not  given  for  that  examination  till 
a  few  years  later. 

"  Such  interest  as  la  now  attached  to  them  belongs 
,  rather  to  the  verses  than  to  the  list  of  the  several 
tripotet  (for  the  name  has  now  at  last  coine  to  signify 
degree  examinations)  which  have  been  circulated 
already  severally.''—*?.  Wordneorth :  Scftota  Acadt- 
mica,  p.  20. 

trlp'-pant,  o.  [TRIP,  ».] 
Her. :  A  term  applied  to 
beasts  of  chase,  as  passant 
is  to  beasts  of  prey,  &c. 
The  animal  is  represented 
with  the  right  foot  lifted 
up,  and  the  other  three,  as 
it  were,  upon  the  ground, 
as  if  trotting.  Counter  TRIPPANT. 
trippant  is  when  two  ani- 
mals are  borne  trippant  contrary  ways,  as  If 
passing  each  other  out  of  the  field. 

•trippe,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.)    A  small  piece 
(of  cheese). 

"  A  goddes  klchel.  or  >  tripvi  of  cheese.J'^ 

trip'-per,  s.    [Eng.  trip,  v.,  •«•.] 

1.  One  who  trips  or  walks  nimbly;  one 
who  trips  or  trips  up ;  a  dancer. 

"  Begone,  ye  sylvan  tripper*  of  the  green  _ 
Fly  after  night,  and  overtake  the  inoun. 

2.  A  street-railway  employee  who  works,  and 
lapaid,  by  the  trip.    (V.  S. Local.) 

3.  An  excursionist. 

^1  Often  in  the  compound  cheap-tripper. 
tripper-up,  ».    (See  extract.) 

"  Mr.  Wynne  E.   Baxter  has  probably  through  his 
vocation,  as  largi 


l  «c(iuain 


, 

vocaon,  a  t,u.ce  with  the  seamy 

side  of  metropolitan  life  as  mvst  peo,.le.  yet  even  he 
was  puzzled  when  a  witness  at  the  Eiwt  End  Inquest 
yesterday  alluded  to  'MmrM»'  as  though  everyone 
should  know  them  as  they  would  liakers.  butchers. 
Grocers  or  other  tradesmen.  To  the  Coroner's  per- 
plexsd'  question.  'What  is  that!'  lns|«rtor  Read 
answered:  'A  man  who  trips  you  np  and  robe  you. 
If  you  make  a  noiae  they  Jump  on  you.  —  Oail» 
Caromcte.  Nov.  18,  1M7. 

trip'-p6t.s     [TRIP.] 

Mack.  :  A  projection  Intended  to  strike 
some  object  at  regularly  recurrent  intervals. 
A  cam,  lifter,  toe,  wiper,  foot,  &C. 

trJp'-pmg,  pr.  par.,  a.,  it  s.    [TRIP,  «.] 
A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 


toil,  bo^;  ptat,  Jo^l;  oat,  fell,  choru..  911111,  bench;  go.  gem;  tUln.  this;  sin,  a?;  expect, 
-Uon,  HiloB  =  8litui;  -tlon.  -tlon  =  zHtui.   -oloiM,  -ttou»,  -Blons  =  »hti«. 


-die. 


4836 


trippingly— trisection 


S.  As  adjective: 

*  1.   Ord.    Lang.  :   Quick,    nimble,    lively 
(See  extract  under  TRIPLEX,  S.) 

2.  Her. :  The  same  as  TRIPPANT  (q.v.). 

C.  As  substantive: 

I.  The  act  or  state  of  one  who  trips. 

*  2.  A  light  dance. 

"  Here )»  without  duck  or  nod. 

Other  trip/Angt  to  be  trod." 
.    .        ,  Milton:  Comut,  ML 

tripping-line,  s. 

Naut. :  A  rope  used  in  lifting  a  spar  while 
disengaging  it  from  its  usual  attachments, 
previous  to  sending  it  down. 

tripping-Valve,  s.  A  valve  moved  re- 
currently by  the  contact  of  some  other  part 
of  the  machinery. 

trip  ping  ly,  *  trip-plng-lle,  adv.  [Eng. 
tripping;  -ly.]  In  a  tripping  manner;  with  a 
light,  nimble,  and  quick  step  ;  nimbly ;  with 
rapid  but  clear  enunciation ;  fluently. 

"And  this  ditty,  after  me, 

Sing,  and  dance  it  trippingly." 
Shatvsp  :  Midsummer  flight'l  Dream,  T.  2. 

»  trip'  pist,  s.  [Eng.  trip,  v.  ;  -««.]  One 
who  goes  on  a  trip  ;  an  excursionist  (Modern 
slang.) 

"  With  returning  appetite  came  the  desire  to  the 
convivial  ocean  trippittt  to  set  sail  again  for  the  Medi- 
terranean."— Modern  Society,  Jan.  16,  1886,  p.  117. 

tripp' -ke  ite,  s.  [After  Dr.  Paul  Trippke, 
the  mineralogist ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  of  uncertain  chemical 
composition,  occurring  in  small,  brilliant  crys- 
tals with  olivenite,  in  cavities  in  cuprite,  at 
Copiapo,  Chili.  Crystallization,  tetragonal ; 
colour,  bluish  green.  A  qualitative  examina- 
tion showed  that  it  was  essentially  an  arsenite 
of  copper,  with  the  suggested  formula  (nCuO, 
AsgOg) ;  but,  in  the  opinion  of  E.  S.  Dana,  it 
probably  requires  a  further  chemical  investi- 
gation. 

trip  -sa  cum,  s.  [Gr.  rptyic  (tripsis)  =  rub- 
bing, friction  ;  rp&io  (tribo)  =  to  rub.) 

Sot. :  A  genus  of  Rottboellese,  from  the 
wanner  parts  of  North  America.  Spikes  soli- 
tary or  three  together,  the  upper  male,  the 
lower  female;  male  glume  two-flowered,  female 
one-flowered.  Tripsacnm  dactyloides,  the 
Buffalo-grass  of  the  United  States  and  ^he 
Gama-grass  of  Mexico,  is  highly  valued  as 
fodder. 

trip  -818,  s.    [Gr.,  from  rpi/3u  (tribo)  to  rub.] 

*  1.  Ord.  iMng. :  The  act  of  reducing  a  sub- 
stance to  powder ;  trituration. 
2.  Med. :  The  process  of  shampooing  (q.v.). 

trlp'-ter-ous,  a.  [TRIPTERDS.]  Three-winged. 
(Said  of  a  leaf.) 

trip'-ter-US,  8.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  jrrepoV 
(pteron)  =  &  feather,  a  wing,  anything  wing- 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Fishes,  order  Sauro- 
dipterini,  with  one  British  species,  from  the 
Lower  Devonian  of  Orkney. 

trip-ter-yg'-I-uin,  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr. 
irTfpu'-yio"  ( pterugion)=  a  fin.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Blenniidie,  with  nume- 
rous species  from  tropical  seas,  the  Mediter- 
ranean, Australia,  and  New  Zealand.  There 
are  three  distinct  dorsal  fins,  the  two  anterior 
spinous. 

trip'-tlOh,  8.      [TRIPTYCH.] 

trip7tll'-l-4n,  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  irrtXoi- 
(pttton)  =  a  feather ;  so  named  from  the  three 
divisions  of  the  pappus.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Nassavieae.  Pretty  annual 
Composites,  sometimes  cultivated  in  English 
gardens.  They  are  used  in  South  America, 
on  account  of  their  dryness,  as  everlasting 
flowers. 

trip  tol-e-mse-a,  ».  [Named  after  Tpiir- 
ToXffiot  (Triptolemos),  an  Eleusiriian,  who 
spread  the  worship  of  Demeter,  and  was  said 
to  have  invented  the  plough.] 

Sot. :  An  old  genus  of  Dalbergiese,  reduced 
by  Bentham  to  a  sub-genus  of  Dalbergia. 
Known  species  three,  all  from  Brazil.  Trees 
or  woody  climbers,  with  unequally-pinnate 
leaves.  The  species  were  formerly  believed 
to  yield  the  rosewood  of  commerce.  Now  the 
greater  part  of  it  is  known  to  come  from 
Dalbergia  nigra. 


*  trip'-tots,  s.       [Lat.    triptotum,    from    Gr. 
rpinTiaTOf  (tri/itoton),  from  rpi-  (tri-)  —  three, 
and   rrriarot  (plotos)  =  falling  ;  irrao-is  (ptusit) 
=  a  grammatical  case  of  a  word.] 
Gram. :  A  noun  having  three  cases  only. 

trip'-tych,  *  trip'-tych-8n,  s.  [Gr.  TP.V- 
•nixpv  (triptuckon),  from  rpi-  (tri-)  =  three,  and 
irruf  (ptttx),  genit.  irri/xo!  (ptuchos)  =  a  fold,  a 
folding.] 

1.  A  writing  tablet  in  thrte  parts,  two  of 
which  might  be  folded  over  the  middle  part ; 
hence,  sometimes,  a  book  or  treatise  in  three 
parts  or  sections. 

2.  A  picture,  carv- 
ing, or  other  repre- 
sentation, generally 
on  panel,  with  two 
hanging    doors    or 
leaves,  by  which  it 
could  be  dosed  in 
front     Triptychs 
were  constructed  of 
various       materials 
and  dimensions ; 
ivory  and  enamelled 
triptychs  were 
adorned  with  sacred 
subjects    and    em- 
blems.    They  were 
frequently  used  for 

altar-pieces.  The  central  figure  is  usually 
complete  in  itself.  The  subsidiary  designs  nil 
either  side  of  it  are  smaller,  and  frequently 
correspond  in  size  and  shape  to  one-half  of  the 
principal  picture. 

t  trl-pu'-dl-a-r&  o.  [Lat  tripudium  = 
measured  stamping,  a  leaping,  a  solemn  re- 
ligions dance.]  Pertaining  to  dancing ;  per- 
formed by  dancing. 

"  And  Claudius  Pnlcher  underwent  the  like  suc- 
cesses, when  he  contemned  the  tripudiary  augura* 
tlona.  '—Browne:  Vulgar  Krrouri,  bk.  1.,  eh.  xi. 

t  tri  pu-di  ate,  v.i.  [Lat.  tripudiatum, 
sup.  of  tripudio  =  to  leap,  to  dance.]  To 
dance. 

*  tri-pu-dl-a'-tlon,  ».  [TRIPUDIATE.]  The 
act  of  dancing. 

"The  soule  of  man  .  .  .  dances  to  the  musical!  alres 
of  the  cogitatlous,  which  is  that  tripudiation  of  the 
nymphs.'  —Bacon ;  On  Learning,  bk.  11.,  eh.  ilit. 

tri-pyr'-a-mid,  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
pyramid  (q.v.).]  A  kind  of  spar  composed 
of  three-sided  pyramids. 

tri-que-tra  (pi.  tri  que -true),  «.     [Lat 

triquetra  =  a  triangle.] 

1.  Anat.  (PI.):  Small,   irregularly -shaped 
pieces  of  bone,  principally  in  the  occipito- 
parietal  suture.     First  observed  by  Wormius, 
whence  they  are  often  called  Wormian  Bones. 

2.  Arch. :  An  interlaced  ornament,  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  on  early  northern   monu- 
ments. 

triHiue'-trous,  *  tri-que -tral,  a.    [Lat 

triquftrns  =:  triangular.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Three-sided,  triangular ; 
having  three  plane  or  concave  sides. 

2.  Bot.  :  Having  three  sides  or  angles. 
Three-edged  (q.v.). 

tri  ra  di  ate,  tri  ra  di  at  ed,  a.  [Pref. 
<ri-,  and  Eng.  radiate,  radiated.]  Having 
thro  rays.  (Omen.) 

tri  rect  an  gu-lar,  o.  [Pref.  tri-,  and 
Eng.  rectangular.]  Applied  to  a  spherical 
triangle,  whose  angles  are  all  right  angles. 

ari'- rente,  s.  [Lat  triremis  -=  (s.)  a  trireme, 
(a.)  having  three  banks  of  oars  :  tri  =  three, 
and  remus  =  an  oar;  Fr.  trireme;  Sp.  &  Ital. 
trireme.  ] 

Class.  Antiq. :  A  galley  or  vessel  having 
three  ranks  or  benches  of  oars  on  each  side, 
a  common  class  of  war-ship  among  the  ancient 
Romans,  Greeks,  Carthaginians,  &c.  They 
were  also  provided  with  large  square  sails, 
which  could  be  raised  during  a  fair  wind,  to 
relieve  the  rowers.  When  two  ships  engaged, 
if  tolerably  well  matched,  the  great  object 
aimed  at  by  each  was,  either  by  running  up 
suddenly  alongside  of  the  enemy,  to  sweep 
away  or  disable  a  large  number  of  his  oars, 
or,  by  bearing  down  at  speed,  (o  drive  the 
beak  full  into  his  side  or  quarter,  in  which 
case  the  planks  were  generally  stove  in,  and 
the  "vessel  went  down.  But  if  one  of  the 
parties  was  so  decidedly  inferior  in  seaman- 


ship  as  to  be  unable  to  cope  with  his  an 
tagomst  in  such  manoeuvres,  he  endeavoured, 
as  lie  approached,  to  grapple  with  him,  and 


TRIREME. 

From  an  ancient  fresco  of  the  flight  of  Helen  and 
Paris,  discovered  early  in  the  eighteenth  century  u- 
the  Faruese  Gardens,  Koine. 

then  the  result  was  decided,  as  upon  land,  by 
the  numbers  and  bravery  of  the  combatants. 

"  Some  Indeed  fancy  a  different  original  of  these 
names,  as  that  In  the  trirftnel,  for  example,  either 
that  there  were  three  banks  one  after  the  other  on  a 
level,  or  three  rowers  sat  upon  one  bank  ;  or  else  three 
men  tuggeil  all  together  at  one  oar :  but  this  is  con- 
trary,  not  only  to  the  authority  of  the  elassicks,  hut 
to  the  nguresof  the  trirtmet  still  appearing  in  ancient 
monuments. '— Rennet :  Antlquitiet  of  Rome,  pt  il, 

tri  rhom  boid  al,  a.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
rhomboidal.]  Having  the  form  of  three 
rhombs. 

*  tri-sao-ra-men-tar'-I-on,  s.  [Pref.  tri-, 
and  Eng.  sacramentarian.] 

Church  Hist. :  A  controversial  name  given 
to  those  Reformers  who  maintained  that  the 
sacraments  of  Baptism,  the  Lord's  Supper, 
and  Penance  were  necessary  to  salvation. 
This  opinion  was  held  by  some  Lutherans  at 
Leipsic,  and  was  advocated  in  England  in  the 
Institution  of  a  Christian  Man.  published  in 
1536. 

tris  ag  -i  on,  s.  [Gr.  neut  of  rparayios  (tris- 
agios)  —  thrice  holy  :  rpi'c  (tris)  =  three,  and 
o'vioc  (hagios)  -  holy.]  One  of  the  doxok.gies 
of  the  Eastern  Church,  repeated  in  the  form 
of  versicle  and  responses  by  the  choir  in 
certain  parts  of  the  liturgy,  and  so  called 
from  the  triple  recurrence  in  it  of  the  word 
hagios  -=  holy. 

"  Hereto  agrees  the  seraphical  hym.  called  the  trlta- 

ffton.  Uoly.  holy,  holy,  Ac.,  that  used  to  be  sung  in  all 

churches  throughout  the  Christis 


H'orto.  lil.  968. 


istian  world."—  Sp.  Suit  : 


Tri-  sell'  -I-dee,  s.  pi.  [Eccles.  Lat,  from  Gr.- 
rpic  (Iris),  and  tr\i^  (schtefi)  =  to  cut.] 

Church  Hist.  :  A  sect  of  Sabellian  heretics, 
mentioned  by  St.  Augustine  as  maintaining 
the  opinion  that  the  Divine  nature  is  com- 
posed of  three  parts,  one  of  which  is  named 
the  Father,  the  second  the  Son,  and  the  third 
the  Holy  Ghost  ;  and  that  the  union  of  these 
parts  constitutes  the  Trinity.  (Blunt.) 

triae,  v.t.    [TRICE.] 

Naut.  :  To  haul  and  tie  up  ;  to  trice. 
"  Did  softly  trite  them  with  long  pulleys  fastened  to 
the  beams.  '—North:  Plutarch;  Eumenei. 

tri-seot',  v.t.  [Lat.  tri  =  three,  and  tectia, 
pa.  par.  of  seco  =  to  cut]  To  cut  or  divide 
into  three  equal  parts. 

"  Could  I  not  ...  by  adding  water  have  bisected  or 
truected  a  drop."—  De  Vuinoey  :  Opium«ater,  p.  12$. 

tn-sect'-ed,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [TRISECT.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  Hot.  :  Trifld  ;  triparted  (q.v.). 

tri-seo  -tion,  s.  [Lat.  tri  =  three,  and  nectia 
=  a  cutting,  a  section.]  The  division  or 
cutting  of  anything  into  three  parts  ;  specif., 
in  geometry,  the  division  of  an  angle  into 
three  equal  parts.  The  trisection  of  an  angle 
is  a  problem  of  great  celebrity  amongst  the 
ancient  mathematicians.  It  belongs  to  the 
same  class  of  problems  as  the  duplication  of 
the  cube,  and  the  insertion  of  two  geometrical 
means  between  two  given  lines.  Like  them, 
it  has  hitherto  been  found  beyond  the  range 
of  elementary  geometry  ;  but  it  may  be 
effected  by  means  of  the  conia  sections,  and 
some  other  curves,  as  the  conchoid,  quad 
ratrix,  <ic. 


ISte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pin«,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  con;  mute.  cab.  CUM,  unite,  cur.  rfile.  foil;  try,  Syrian,    w,  a  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lor. 


trisepalous— trithing 


4837 


tri-se'-pal-oiis,  a.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
eepaious.] 
Bot.  (Of  a.  calyx) :  Consisting  of  three  sepals. 

tri-seV-i-al,  tri-BeY-i-ate.  a.    [Pref.  tri-, 
and  Eng.  serial,  seriate  (q.v.).J 

Bot. :  Arranged  in  three  rows,  which  are 
not  necessarily  opposite  to  each  other ;  tri- 
farious. 

tri-se'-tum,  s.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Lat.  teta  =  a 
thick,  stitf  hair.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-genus  of  Avena.  Perennial 
grasses,  with  the  spikelets  compressed,  the 
Imv-'st  flower  bisexual ;  fruit  glabrous,  deeply 
furrowed,  free.  British  species  one,  Amna, 
(Trisetum)  flmexxus,  the  Golden  Oat  or  Yellow 
Oat-grass.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.)  It  is  common  in 
rich  pastures,  and  is  a  favourite  of  sheep. 

•  tris-hag'-I-on,  >.    [TRISAOION.] 

tri?'  -  mus,  s.     [Or.  Tpco>o!  (trismos)  =  the 
making  a  shrill  noise.] 

Pathol. :  Lockjaw,  a  variety  of  tetanus, 
marked  by  spastic  rigidity  of  the  muscles  of 
the  lower  jaw.  Two  kinds  are  usually  dis- 
tinguished :  Trisnius  nascentium,  which  often 
attacks  infants  soon  after  birth,  and  trau- 
matic trismus,  which  may  arise  from  a  cold 
or  a  wound,  and  attacks  persons  of  all  ages. 

tris-5c-ta-he'-dr5n,  s.    [Gr.  rp«  (tris)  = 
thrice,  and  Eug.  octahedron  (q.v.).] 

Geam. :  A  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four 
equal  faces,  three  corresponding  to  each  face 
of  an  octahedron. 

tri'-spast,  tri-spas'-ton,  s.    [Gr.  Tpi-  (fri-) 
=  three,  and  o-rrato  (spaG)  =  to  draw.] 
Mech.  :  A  tackle  with  three  blocks. 

tri-sper'-mous,  a.     [Pref.  (ri- ;  Gr.  o-ir«'pu,a 
(gperma)  =  seed,  and  Eng.  stiff,  -cms.'] 

Bot.  (Of  an  ovary,  a  frail,  or  a  cell) :  Having 
three  seeds. 

tri  splahch'  nic,  o.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
splanchnic  (q.v.).] 

Amit. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  sympathetic 
nerve,  which  distributes  its  branches  to  the 
organs  in  the  three  great  splanchnic  cavities, 
the  head,  the  chest,  and  the  abdomen. 

tri-spor'-io,  a.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  <nr6pot 
(sporos),  o-iropa  (spora)  =  a  seed.] 
Bot. :  Having  three  spores. 

•  trlst,  a.    [Fr.  triste,  from  Lat  tristis.]    Sad, 
sorrowful,  gloomy. 

"  Amazed,  ashamed,  disgraced.  Had.  silent,  tritt, 
Alone  ha  would  all  day  in  darknesse  Bit." 

Fairefax:  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  *ili.  »• 

tris-ta'-ni  a,  s.    [Named  by  Robert  Brown 
after  M.  Tristan,  a  French  botanist.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Leptospermese.  Leaves 
linear ;  flowers  yellow ;  petals  five  ;  stamens 
in  tive  parcels.  Australian  shrubs,  sometime* 
cultivated  in  greenhouses. 

•  triste,  >.    [THYST.J 

•  triste,  v.t.  &  i.    [TucsT.] 

tri-stem  ma,  s.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  oriVna 
(ptemma)  =  a  wreath,  a  garland.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Melastomese.  Tropical 
African  shrubs,  with  quadrangular  stems, 
Involuerate  heads  of  flowers,  and  a  four  or 
five-celled,  baccate  fruit.  The  berries  of  Tri- 
utemrrta  virusanum  are  given  in  the  Mauritius 
as  a  remedy  for  syphilis. 

•trist-ful,  a.     [Eng.  Irist ;   -fuV}).-\     Sad, 
sorrowful,  gloomy,  melancholy. 

"  His  tristful  visage  clearing  up  a  little  over  his  roast 
neck  of  Teal."— Lamb :  South  Sett  Hoiue. 

*trfat'-ful-l*,    adv.      (Eng.    tristful;    -ly.] 
Sadly,  sorrowfully. 

tri-stich  -I-us,  s.    [Pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  (rri' 
(stichos)  =  a  row,  order,  or  line.] 

Palfsont. :  A  genus  of  fossil  fishes.  Known 
species  two,  from  the  Coal  Measures  near 
Glasgow,  iu  Scotland,  and  Fermanagh,  in 
Ireland.  (Agassis.) 

trls-tl-ohop'-ter-us,   s.     [Or.  TpiVr. 
(tristichos)  —  in  three  rows,  and  irrepov  (p terori) 

=  afin.]     [TRI8TICIIOU8.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Holoptychiidse  (by 
some  authorities  placed  with  the  Rhizodon- 
tida;),  from  the  Old  Red  Sandstone. 


tris  tich  ous,  a.  [Pref.  fri-,  and  Gr.  ari'xos 
(stichos)  =  a  row,  order,  line.] 

Bot.  :  Arranged  on  the  stem  in  three  vertical 
rows.  Used  of  arrangement  or  pliyllotaxis  of 
leaves  on  the  stems  of  grasses.  If  measure- 
ment be  made  from  any  leaf  one-third  round 
the  stem,  a  second  leaf  is  just  above  the  point 
reached  ;  if  another  third  be  measured,  there 
will  be  a  third  leaf  above  ;  and,  if  the  remain- 
ing third  be  measured,  there  will  be  a  fourth 
leaf  just  above  the  first.  Thus,  when  there 
are  a  sufficient  number  of  leaves  to  show  the 
pliyllotaxis,  they  will  be  found  to  be  inserted, 
as  defined,  in  three  vertical  rows. 

*  tris-ti'-tl-ate  (tl  as  shl),  v.t.  (Lat.  tris- 
titia,  from  tristis  =  sad.]  To  make  sad. 

"Nor  is  there  any  whom  calamity  doth  so  much 
tristitiate  as  that  lie  never  Bees  the  flashes  of  some 
warming  Joy."—  f'eltham  :  lletolvet,  [it.  i.,  res.  41. 

tris  to  ma,  s.  [Gr.  TPIO-TOM.OS  (tristomas)  = 
three-mouthed  :  pref.  tri-,  and  Gr.  o-rd/jia 
(stoma)  =  the  mouth.] 

Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Tristomidee 
(q.v.).  Body  consisting  of  a  broad  and  flat 
disk,  having  behind  its  inferior  face  a  large 
cartilaginous  sucker.  Tristoma  coccineum,  a 
species  of  an  inch  or  more  iu  breadth,  and  of  a 
lively  red  colour,  is  attached  to  the  gills  of 
many  fishes  in  the  Mediterranean. 

trls-tom'-I-dse,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  tristom(a);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sufl'.  -ida.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Trematoda,  furnished 
with  three  suckers,  two  small  ones  at  the  an- 
terior extremity,  with  the  mouth  between 
them,  and  a  larger  one  at  the  posterior  ex- 
tremity. They  are  chiefly  parasitic  on  the 
gills  of  fishes. 

Tris'-tram,  >.    [See  def.] 

MythoL  :  A  Cornish  hero,  one  of  the  Knights 
of  the  Round  Table. 

Tristram's  book,  s.  Any  book  on  hunt- 
Ing  or  hawking. 

Tristram's  knot,  «. 

Bot.  :  Cannabis  sativa.    (Britten  *  Holland.) 

•trist'-jr1,  a.  [Lat.  tristw.]  Sad,  sorrowful, 
dejected. 

"  The  king  was  triity  and  heavy  of  cbeer." 

Alhmole  :  Theatrum  .Chemicum,  p.  2M. 

trt'-suL  tri-su-la,  s.    [Sansc.] 

Buddhism:  An  ornament  very  commonly 
occurring  in  old  Buddhist  sculpture,  on  old 
coins,  &c.  Its  meaning  is  not  ascertained. 
According  to  Remusat,  it  represents  the  tive 
elements  of  the 
material  universe, 
and  General  Cun- 
ningham comes  to 
the  same  conclu- 
sion, though  by  a 


, 

different  process. 
(See  extract.) 
"The  Trind  would 

be  the  emblem    of 

Buddha        himself. 

Jurt  as  the  cross  >> 

placed  on  the  altar 

of  the  Christian  Churches,  on  the  Babies,  and  every. 

where  about  the  building,  to  signify  Christ  or  Chris- 

tianity. so  this  emblem  may  have  been  used  to  signify 

the  founder  of  the  religion  at  a  time  when  personal 

representations  of  him  were  not  known."—  ferptutont 

Tree  t  Serpent  Worship,  p.  115. 

•tri'-sfilo,  *  tri'-  sulk,  ».  &  o.  [Lat.  tri- 
sulcrts,  from  tri  =  three,  and  sulcus  =  a  furrow.] 

A.  As  mbst.  :  Something  having  three  forks  ; 
a  trident. 

"  Consider  the  threefold  effect  of  Jupiter's  tritulk, 
to  bam,  discuss,  and  terebrate."—  Brown*  .-  Vulgar 
Errouri,  bk.  11.,  CO.  vi. 

B.  At  adj.  :  Three-forked  ;   having   three 
tinea  or  teeth. 

"Jupiter  confound  me  with  his  trltult  lightning."— 
Uryuhart:  llabel/iit,  bk.  ii..  cb.  xxxii. 

"tri  sul'-cate,  «.  [TBISDLC.]  Having  three 
forks  ;  tridentate. 

"That  huvis  the  bolt  trttulcate." 
Percy  :  Reliquet;  St.  George  for  England. 

tri-sjrl-lab'-Ic,  tri-stfl-lab'-Io-al,  a. 

[Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  syllabic,  syllabical.}  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  trisyllable  ;  consisting  of 
three  syllables. 

tri-sjr-l-lab'-lo-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  trtsyl- 
labiml  ;  -ly.)  In  the  manner  of  a  trisyllable  ; 
in  three  syllables. 

tri-syi'-la-ble,  «.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Bug. 
syllable  (q.T.X]  A  word  consisting  of  three 
syllables. 


trite,  a.  [Lat.  tritus,  pa.  par.  of  tero  =  to  rub, 
to  wear.]  Used  until  it  has  become  worn  out, 
and  so  lost  its  novelty  and  freshness  ;  hack- 
neyed, commonplace,  stale. 

"  To  many  perhaps  it  may  seem  vulgar  and  trite  i 
BO  that  discourse  tliureou,  like  a  story  otten  told,  may 
be  nauseous  to  their  ears."—  Barrow  :  Vermont,  vol.  lit, 
ser.  36. 

trlt-e-lei'-a,  trlt-e-le'-Ja  (J  as  y),  s. 

[Pref.  tri-  =  three,  and  re'Aeios  (teleios)  =  com- 
plete. Named  from  the  completely  ternary 
arrangement  of  the  parts.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  SciUese.  Perianth  salver- 
shaped,  the  limb  six-parted  ;  stamens  six,  in 
two  rows  ;  stigma  three-lobed  ;  seeds  many, 
American  liliaceous  plants,  with  blue  or  white 
flowers. 

trite'  -lyt  adv.  [Eng.  trite;  -ly.]  In  a  trite  or 
commonplace  manner  ;  stalely. 

"  I  grant  it  to  be  a  tritely  vulgar  laying,  but  It  hat 
everything  to  do  with  truth."—  Daily  Telegraph, 
Oct  14.  1885. 

trite  -ness,  s.  [Eng.  trite;  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  tit  being  trite,  commonplace,  or  hack- 
neyed ;  staleness. 

"Sermons  which,  while  they  preach  the  gospel  to 
the  poor,  diBgust  not  the  fastidious  ear  of  modern 
elegance  by  tritenett  or  vulgarity.  '—  H/ran^ftam  ;  Ser- 
mon*. (Pref.f 

tri-ter'-nate,  o.  [Pref.  fri-,  and  Eng.  Ur- 
nate  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  (Of  a  leaf):  Having  the  common  petiole 
divided  into  three  secondary  petioles,  each*  of 
which  is  again  sub-divided  into  three  ternary 
petioles,  each  bearing  three  leaflets,  as  the 
leaf  of  Epimedium  alpinum. 

tri'-the-Ism,  s.    [Eccles.  Lat.  tritheismia.] 

Church  Hist.  :  The  doctrine  which  teaches 
that  there  are  three  Gods,  instead  of  three 
Persons  in  the  Godhead.  According  to  Cyril 
of  Jerusalem  this  teaching  was  introduced  by 
the  Gnostics  in  the  second  century.  In  the 
sixth  century  a  philosophic  doctrine  of  Tri- 
theism  was  formulated  by  Ascusnages,  of  Con- 
stantinople, who  was  banished  for  his  heresy 
by  Justinian.  The  opinions  of  Ascusnages 
were  adopted  by  one  of  his  pupils,  Philoponus, 
who  founded  a  sect  called  after  him.  With 
Philoponus  was  associated  for  many  years  a 
bishop  of  Tarsus,  named  Conon,  who  differed 
from  his  friend  on  the  subject  of  the  resurrec- 
tion, and  like  him  founded  a  sect,  the  Conon- 
ites.  Tritheism  was  revived  by  Roscellinus, 
in  the  eleventh  century,  who  taught  that  the 
name  God  was  the  abstract  idea  of  a  genus 
containing  the  three  Persons,  the  Father,  the 
Son,  and  the  Holy  Ghost.  He  was  opposed 
by  St.  Anselm  in  his  treatise  de  Fide  Trini- 
tatis,  and  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Sois- 
sons  (A.D.  1092),  where  he  recanted.  In  1691 
the  heresy  was  again  revived.  Dr.  Sherlock, 
Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  published  A  Vindication 
of  the.  Doctrine  of  the  Holy  and  Ever-blessed 
Trinity,  in  which  he  maintained  that  "there 
are  three  infinite  distinct  minds  and  sub- 
stances in  the  Trinity,"  and  that  "the  Three 
Persons  in  the  Trinity  are  three  distinct 
infinite  minds  or  substances."  Dr.  South 
opposed  the  dean,  and  a  long  controversy 
ensued.  In  1695,  in  a  sermon  before  the 
University  of  Oxford,  the  preacher  maintained 
the  theory  of  Dr.  Sherlock,  which  was  con- 
demned by  the  heads  of  houses  as  "false, 
impious,  and  heretical."  A  controversy  fol- 
lowed of  so  serious  a  character  that  it  was 
suppressed  by  an  Order  in  Council,  and 
measures  were  taken  to  stop  the  publication 
of  Antitrinitarian  books,  which  had  been 
issued  in  great  numbers  during  the  contro- 
versy. [HUTCHINSONIANS.] 

tri  the  ist,  s.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  theM.} 
One  who  believes  in  three  distinct  gods  ;  an 
adherent  of  tritheism  (q.v.). 

tri   the  -ist  -ic,  tri-thi-Ist'-fo-al,  a. 

[Eng.  tritheist;  -ic,  -ical.\  Portaining  or  re- 
lating to  tritheism. 

"  The  tritheittical  argument  appears  then  to  be  M 
ancient  as  the  dithetstical."—  Bolingorolu  :  Euan  4. 

•  tri'-the-ite,  s.  [Gr.  rpi-  (tri-)  =  three,  and 
0iof  (thcot)  =  god.]  The  same  u  TBITHEIST 
(q.v.). 

•tri'-  thing,  «.  [A.S.]  One  of  three  divi- 
sions into  which  a  shire  or  county  wa« 
divided  ;  a  riding,  as  in  Yorkshire.  [RIDINO,  ».) 

When  a  county  la  divided  Into  three  of  tbese 
e  called  tritMnvi, 
trlthlng-reeve.  '— 


"When  a  county  la  divided  Into  three 
Intermediate  jurisdictions,  they  are  called 
which  were  anciently  governed  by  a  trlthlng 


bo^;  poUt,  ]6%1;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e?lst.   ph  =  C 
-dan,  -tlan  =  sham,    -tlon,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sions  =  shua.    -ble.  -die,  io.  =  bgL,  d?L 


4833 


trithionic— triumph 


*  trithing-reeve,  «.  A  governor  of  a 
trithing. 

fcri-thi-on'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  tri-  ;  Gr.  tftiov  (tkeion) 
=  sulphur,  and  stiff,  -ic.]  Containing  three 
atoms  of  sulphur  in  the  acid. 

trithionic  acid,  s. 

Chcm.  :  H^SgOg.  Sulphuretted  byposul- 
phuric  acid.  A  limpid,  inodorous  liquid, 
having  a  sour  and  somewhat  bitter  taste,  ob- 
tained by  gently  heating  an  aqueous  solution 
of  acid  potassie  sulphite  with  sulphur.  It  is 
permanent  in  the  dilute  state,  but  on  attempt- 
ing to  concentrate  it,  even  in  a  vacuum,  It  de- 
composes, sulphurous  oxide  being  evolved. 
The  s;jlta  are  oat  little  known,  and  are  very 
unstable. 

•  trft'-Ic-al,  o.     [Eng.   trit(e);  -too*.]    Trite, 

commonplace,  stale. 

"  He  appear*  from  a  trtticnl   philosophy  to  have 

carried   his    uncommon  credulity   Into   our   British, 
Roman,  and  D.uiu-Saxou  archaeology.  "—H'urfon.  Hut, 

[Fref.J 


•  trit'-Xe-al-iy.  adv.     [Eng.  tritical  ;  -ly.]    In 
a  trite  or  commonplace  manner  ;  tritely. 

•  trlt  -Ic-al-ness,  s.    [Eng.  tritical;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tritical  or  trite  ; 
triteness. 

"Where  there  Is  not  a  MtU'nltuu  or  mediocrity  In 
the  thought,  it  can  never  be  sunk  into  tlie  genuine 
•Ad  perfect  bathoa.  "—  Pvf*  :  Jlurtima  ticriblgru*. 

t  trit'-I-cin,  «.    [Mod.  Lat.  tritium);  -in.} 

Chem,  :  The  gluten  of  wheat. 

trlt  I  cum,  s.  [Lat.  =  wheat  ;  according  to 
Varro,  from  tritus,  pa.  par.  ottero  =  to  bruise.] 
Sot.:  Wheat,  Wheat-grass  ;  a  genus  of  Hordece 
or  Hnrdeacwe.  Spikelets  solitary,  sessile, 
distichous,  compressed  ;  the  sides,  not  the 
backs,  of  the  glumes  and  florets,  directed  to 
the  rachis,  mauy-flowered.  Empty  glumes, 
two,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  flowering 
glumes.  Flowering  glumes  herbaceous,  rigid, 
many-nerved  or  without  nerves.  Palea  with 
ciliate  nerves.  Scales  ovate,  entire,  ciliate  ; 
Btigmas  snbsessile  ;  ovary  hairy  at  the  top  ; 
fruit  grooved.  Known  species  twenty,  from 
temperate  regions.  Some  species  are  annual, 
others  perennial.  Many  botanists  limit  the 
genus  Triticum  to  the  first  section*  calling 
the  second  Agrupyrum.  Some  of  the  species 
are  widely  distributed,  that  kuowu  as  Couch 
Grass  (  T.  repens)  being  among  the  most 
common,  but  the  seeds  of  none  of  them 
except  Wheat  (T.  vvlgare)  are  of  any  value. 
The  native  country  of  wheat  is  not  known. 
It  has  been  generally  supposed  to  be  central 
Asia,  and  it  has  been  reported  as  growing  wild 
in  Mesopotamia  and  elsewhere,  but  these 
reports  lack  proof.  Of  the  other  species  T. 
canicum,  the  Fibrous-rooted  Wheat-grass,  is 
from  one  to  three  feet  high,  and  is  frequent 
in  woods  and  on  hanks  in  Western  Europe. 
T.  juncetim,  the  Rushy  Sea  Wheat-grass,  is 
found  on  sandy  sea  shores,  flowering  in  July 
and  August  It  bears  large  shining  apikelt  ts. 
Couch-grass  (T.  repent)  ia  a  troublesome  weed, 
its  creeping  root  stocks  rendering  it  difficult  to 
extirpate.  In  times  of  scarcity  its  roots  have 
been  employed  as  fnod,  and  also  have  been 
used  as  a  source  of  beer,  as  a  medicine,  Ac. 

•ri-td-ehbV-ite,  «.  [Gr.  rpin*  (tritos)  = 
third;  xupcw  (cA6rw)=to  follow,  and  suff. 
•ite  (Afin.).] 

Afin.  :  A  flbro-columnar  mineral,  having 
its  cleavage  parallel  to  the  direction  of  the 
fibres.  Hardness,  3'5  ;  sp.  gr.  6-25;  colour, 
blackish-  to  yellowish  -brown.  An  analysis 
yielded:  vanadic  acid,  24'41  ;  arsenic  acid, 
876;  protoxide  of  lead,  53  '90;  protoxide  of 
copper,  7'04;  protoxide  of  zinc,  11-06=  1W17, 
having  theapproximate  formula  RjVgOg,  where 
B=Pb,Cu,Zn.  It  is  related  to  eusynchite 
and  araeoxt'iu:  (q.v.). 

tn  to  ma,  «.  [Pref.  Jri-,  and  Gr.  TOj*iJ  (tome) 
—  a  cutting.] 

DM.  :  A  genus  of  Hemerocallese.  Fine  aloe- 
like  plants,  but  with  grassy  leaves  ;  their  in- 
florescence a  spike  of  red  or  orange  flowers, 
natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Three  or 
four  are  cultivated  in  English  gardens,  where 
they  continue  in  flower  till  late  in  autumn. 
In  winter  they  need  the  protection  of  a  frame. 

tri'-ti-mite,  s.  [Gr.  rpirono*  (tritom08)  = 
thrice-cut;  suff.  -&e(A/in.).] 

Jtftn,  :  An  isometric  mineral  of  tetrahedral 
habit.  Hardness,  5*5  ;  sp.  gr.  3*0  to  4*t>6  ; 


lustre,  vitreous ;  colour,  brown  ;  streak,  dirty 
yellowish-gray.  Compos,  doubtful,  analyses 
varying  much,  one  of  the  most  careful  yield- 
ing, 8iOo,  15-38;  SnOs,  074;  TaO5,ZrO2(?>, 
StiS;  CfeO3,  4-48;  AW)3,  1-61;  Fe2O3,  2-27; 
MnaOj,  0-49;  CeO,  10-tW;  LaO,DiO,  44-05; 
YO,  0-42  ;  MnO,  0'16  ;  CaO,  6'4l ;  BaO,  O'l!)  ; 
SrO,  071  ;  NaO,  0'56 ;  KO,  2'10  ;  HO,  5  63  = 
99-49.  Found  in  the  island  of  Lam6,  near 
Brevig,  Norway,  associated  with  leucophane 
and  mosaudrite  in  a  syenite. 

Tri-tin,  s.     [Lat,  from  Or.  Tpirw  (Triton)  = 
a  Triton.] 

1.  Class.  Mythol :  A  powerful  sea-deity,  son 
of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  by  Amphitrite,  or,  ac- 
cording to  some,  by  Sileno  or  Salacia.     He 
dwelt  with  his  father  in  a  golden  palace  on 
tli-  bottom  of  the  sea.    He  could  calm  the 
ocean,  and  abate  storms.    He  was  generally 
represented  as  blowing  a  shell,  and  with  a 
body  above  the  waist  like  that  of  a  man,  and 
below  like  a  dolphin.    Many  of  the  sea-deities 
were  called  Tritons  by  the  poets. 

"  The  hoarse  alarm  of  Tritoti't  sounding  •bell." 
Ccvtper :  Xature  Unimpaired  by  Tim*. 

2.  Zoology: 

(1)  A  genus  of  Salainandrinae,  with  sixteen 
species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and 
sub-tropical     regions.      Body    covered    witli 
warty  tubercles,  four  toes  on  anterior,  and 
five  on  posterior  limbs,  all  without  nails  ;  no 
parotids  ;  glandular  pores  above  and  behind 
the  eyes,  and  a  series  of  similar  pores  arranged 
longitudinally  on  each  side  of  the  body ;  male 
with  well-marked  discontinuous  crest  on  back 
and  tail ;  tongue  globular,  partially  free  at 
the  sides,  free  behind,  where  it  is  pointed. 
Sixteen    species   are    known,    found   in    the 
eastern  United  States,  California,  aud  Oregon, 
also  in  Europe,  nurth  Africa,  China,  and  Japan. 
They  are  known  under  the  popular  name  of 
Newt,  or  Eft,  the  Great  Water  Newt,  including 
the  Smooth  Newt  or  Eft,  the  Marbled  Newt,  Ac, 

(2)  A  genus  of  Muricidaa  (WoodwardX  ac- 
cording to  some  other  authorities,  of  Cassi- 
didie,  with  100  recent  species,  from  the  West 
Indies,  Mediterranean,  Africa,  India,  China, 
the  Pacific,  and  Western  Australia,  ranging 
from  low  water  to  ten  or  twenty  fethoms, 
and  one  minute  species  has  been  dredged  at 
fifty  fathoms.    The  Great  Triton  (T.  tritonis) 
is  the  conch  blown  as  a  trumpet  by  the  Aus- 
tralian and  Polynesian  natives.    Fossil  species 
forty-five,  from  the  Eocene  of  Britain,  France. 
and'Chili. 

(3)  Any  individual  of  either  of  the  genera 
described  above.    CO).  (2).J 

^T  A  triton  among  the  minnowt :  One  greater 
than  his  fellows.  (Cf,  Shakesp. :  Coriolanus, 
iii.  1.) 

tri  -tone,  *.    [Gr.  rpiropoc  (tritonos)  =  of  three 
tones.}    [TONE,  s.] 

Music:  An  augmented  fourth,  containing 
three  whole  tones.  The  use  of  the  tritone 
wasanciently  forbidden  in  harmonyor counter- 
point, as  it  was  regarded  in  the  light  of  what 
is  called  a  false  relation.  It  was  not  per- 
mitted to  be  employed  in  the  upper  note  of 
one  chord  and  the  lower  note  of  the  following. 
In  each  case  it  was  called  mi  contra  fa  (q.v.). 

tri-to'-ni-a,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  triton  (q.v.).] 

1.  Bot. :    A   genus    of    Iridareae.      About 
twenty-five  species,  all  from  Southern  Africa, 
are  cultivated  in  British  green  houses;  they 
have  yellow,  orange,  pink,  red,  blue,  or  green- 
ish flowers,  and  are  handsome  when  in  bloom. 

2.  Zool. :   The   type-genus  of   Tritoniadre 
(q.v.),  with  thirteen  species,  from  Norway  and 
Britain  ;  found  under  stones  at  low  water  to 
twenty-five  fathoms.    Animal  elongated  ;  ten- 
tacles with  branched  filaments ;  veil  tuber- 
culated  or  digitated  ;  gills  in  a  single  series; 
mouth  with  horny  jaws,  stomach  simple. 

tn-to-ni-a-dse,  'tri-ton'-3C-d«e,  s.  pi 
[Mod.  Lat.  iritonia;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 


Zool :  A  genus  of  Tecti  bran  chin  ta  (q.v.), 
with  nine  genera  (Woodward),  to  which  Tate 
adds  another,  Hero.  Animal  with  laminated, 
plumose,  or  papillose  gills,  arranged  along 
the  sides  of  the  back  ;  tentacles  retractile 
into  sheaths,  lingual  membrane  with  one 
central  and  numerous  lateral  teeth;  orifices 
on  the  right  side. 

•tri-tfo'-I-daB,  s.pL 
trf-tdr'-i-um,  s.    [TRITURIUM.] 


tri-tdx'-ide,  s.     [Pref.  tri-;  t  connect,,  and 

Eny.  oxide.} 

Chem,  :  A  term  formerly  used  to  denote  the 
thin!  iu  a  series  of  oxides,  the  first  and  second 
terms  of  whii-h  were  called  protoxide  and: 
deuioxide.  (Watte.) 

tri'-to-xd-O-id,  s.  [Gr.  T/M'TO*  (trttos)  =  third, 
and  Eng.  zooid.} 

Biol,  :  A  zooid  produced  by  fission  from  a 
deuterozooid  ;  a  zooid  of  the  third  generation. 

[ZOO  ID.] 

*  trit'-  U  -  ra  -  ble,    a.      [Fr.]      [TRITURATE.] 
Capable  of  being  triturated  or  reduced  to  a  fine- 
powder  by  pounding,  rubbing,  or  grinding. 

"  Triturablt  and  reduceable  into  powder."—  Browne  : 
Vulgar  Srrourt.  bk.  U..  ch.  1. 

trlt'-u-rate,  v.t.  [Lat.  trltnmtiu,  pa.  par.  of 
triluro  =  to  thrash,  to  grind  ;  trtiura  =  a 
rubbing,  chafing;  orig.  fein.  sing,  of  fut.  part. 
of  tero  =  to  rub.] 

1.  To  rub,  grind,  bruise,  or  thrash. 

2.  To  rub  or  grind  down  to  a  very  fine- 
powder,  finer  than  that  produced  by  pulveri- 
zation. 

"Where  the  ihore  ia  low.  the  Bolt  is  commonly 
sandy,  or  rather  cotupoaeU  of  triturated  coral."—  Cook  : 
Third  t'oyaffe,  bk.  11.,  ch.  Till. 

trft-n-ra'-tlon,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  trituratus, 
pa.  par.  of  trituro  =  to  triturate  (q.v.).]  The- 
act  of  triturating  or  reducing  to  a  very  fine 
powder  by  grinding  ;  the  state  of  being; 
triturated. 

"  In  jxmltry.  the  trtturation  of  the  gizzard,  and  the, 
wtrtc  juice,  conspire  in  the  work  of  digestion."— 
Patty  :  Jfatural  Theology,  ch.  x. 

*  trit'-1J-ra-ture,  s.     [Eng.  triturate);  -ure.]i 
A  wearing  by  rubbing  or  friction, 

*trit'-Ijre,  s.  [Lat  tritura.]  [TaiTURATE.] 
A  rubbing  or  grinding. 

tri-tiir'-l'-ftm,  tri-tbr'-X-iim,  «.    [Tni- 

TORATE.]    A  vessel  for  separating  liquors  of 
different  densities. 

trif-yl,  *.  [Gr.  rpfrof  (tritot)  =  third  ;  suff. 
-yl.}  [PaopTLj 

[Eng.  trityl;  -CM.}     [PRO- 


trit'-^l-ene,  *. 

PYLENE.] 


tri-ty'-li-don,  *.     [Prefs.  (ri-,  tylo-,  and  C 

wSoi's    (otlous),    genit.    ofidrro?    (odontos)  — 
tooth.] 

PalcEont. :  A  genus  of  Mammals,  with  on 
species,  Tritylcxlon  long&vus,  founded 
remains  transmitted  by  Dr.  Exton  from  U* 
of  Triassic  (?)  age  in  Thaba-chou,  In  Basuto 
land,  and  described  by  Sir  Richard  Owen 
Dentition  :  i.  2—2,  M.  6—6.  Its  nearest  allie 
are  Microlestes  (q.v.),  and  Stereognathu 
(Quar.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.,  xL  140-151.) 

tri-um-f6t'-ta,  *.    [Named  after  John  Trio 
fetti,  an  Italia'n  botanist  and  author.] 

Bot.:  A  genus  of  Grewidje.  Annuals  or  per 
nials  with  stellate  hairs.      Leaves  entire  «, 
palmately  lobed  ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  axillary 
clusters,   yellow;    stamens  ten,  rarely  five; 
fruit  prickly,  two-  to  five-relied.     The  fruit  <* 
Triumjftta  annua   is    called  iu  Jamaica  t' 
Parrakeet  Bur,  because  parrakeets  feed 
them.     In  India  they  eat  this  and  T.  pilo 
while  in  times  of  scarcity  T.  rfwmhnidea, 
third  Indian  aperies,   is    eaten  by  men. 
angulata  has  a  soft  and  glossy  fibre. 

tri   umph,  *tri-umphe,s.  [O.  Fr.  trivmpl ., 
Fr.  triomphe,  from  Lat,  triumphum,  nccus.  of 
triumphus  =  a  triumph  ;  cogn.  with  Gr.  Bpidft' 
/3o$  (ikriambos)  =  a  Jiymn  to  Bacchus,  sung  ia 
festal  processions  in  his  honour  ;  Sp.  &  Purt. 
triurtfo;   Ital.  trionjo.    Triumph  aod    trump 
are  doublets.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Pomp  of  any  kind. 

"  Whun  thou  didat  ride  in  triumph  through  the 
streets."  Sh>ri*tp. :  2  Uenry  VI. ,  ii.  4. 

*  2.  A  public  festivity  or  exhibition  of  any- 
kind  ;  as  an  exhibition  of  masks,  a  tourna- 
ment, a  pageant. 

"  Our  daughter. 

In  honour  of  whose  birth  these  triu>n/>\t  are." 
SJtaicelp.  :  Periclct,  1L 1 

3.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  Beforen  his  triumph*  waltoth  the 
With  gilta  chalnes  op  hire  necke  honglng." 

Chaucer:  0.  T.,  14,36V. 

4.  The  state  of  being  victorious. 

"  Hail  to  the  chief,  who  in  triumph  advances." 
Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  it.  If. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  KO,  pdt 
or,  wore*  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  euro,  unite,  cur,  rule,  lull ;  try,  Syrian,   w,  ce  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


triumph— triune 


4839 


6,  Victory,  achievement,  snccess,  conquest 

"Tliat  mingled  euvy  and  cutitempt  with  which  the 
Igllr.rnut  naturally  regard  Uie*riumjA*ui  knowledge. 
-.Waoiiu/ay:  Uitt.  Bna.,  ch.  xiL 

6.  Joy  or  exultation  for  success  ;  great  glad- 
ness or  rejoii'itig. 

••  Triton  Ills  trumpet  shrill  before  them  blew, 
For  goodly  *•««**  -gdinjat  grjSfHt^  ^ 

7.  A  trump-cant.    [TRUMP  (1),  1.] 

"Let  therefore  euerie  Christian  man  and  woman 
plfUe  at  these  u-*r.lB.  tlmt  they  may  baue  and  obtain* 
IhTtrfwffl  •*  '  y»u  must  marke  also  that  the  CriumpA 
must  ani'lie  to  fetche  home  viito  liim  all  the  other 
CHUI-S  wbatsouerwle  they  be  oL"-Lat  tawrv  S«rnw»w 
On  ''i«  Carti. 

*  8.  A  game  at  cards  ;  ruff. 

"The  gain*  that  we«  will  play  at,  shall  be  called  the 
•Hw»0ft!  which  if  it  be  well  played  at.  nee  thatdealeth 
aliall  *iuue;  the  plaiers  shall  likewise  wiune.  and  the 
tUmlenand  lookers  vpon,  shall  do*  the  same:  iuso- 
Biiu-he  that  there  is  n<>  man,  that  Is  willing  to  plate 
at  tlii*  trfumpfe)  with  these  cardes,  but  they  shall  l*e 
all  winners,  and  no  loosera."—  LaCimer  :  Sermon*  on 
tluCard. 

II.  Roman  Antiq.  :  A  grand  procession,  In 

•which  a  victorious  general  entered  the  city 
fey  the  Porta  Triumphalis,  in  a  chariot  drawn 
"by  four  horses,  wearing  a  dress  of  extraordi- 
nary splendour,  namely,  an  embroidered  robe, 
*n  under  garment  flowered  with  palm  leaves, 
*nd  a  wreath  of  laurel  round  his  brows.  He 
was  preceded  by  the  prisoners  taken  in  the 
war,  the  spoils  of  the  cities  captured,  and 
pictures  of  the  regions  subdued.  He  was 
followed  by  his  troops;  and  after  passing 
along  the  Via  Sacra  and  through  the  Fnrum, 
ascended  to  the  Capitol,  where  he  offered  a 
bull  in  sacrifice  to  Jove.  A  regular  triumph 
could  not  be  demanded  unless  the  following 
Conditions  had  been  satisfied  :  — 

1.  The  claimant  must  have  held  the  office  of  dictator, 
consul,  or  praetor. 

2,  The  success  upon  which  the  claim  was  founded 
must  hare  been  achieved  by  the  claimant  while  com- 
maii'l-r  In-chief  of  the  victorious  army;  or.  ii;  other 
wunld,  the  operations  must  have  been  performed  under 
his  nuspicia. 

M.  The  campaign  mast  have  been  brought  to  a  tar- 
n.Lii:itU'ii  *ml  the  country  reduced  to  such  a  state  of 
tranquillity  as  to  admit  of  the  withdrawal  of  the 
tr.«i(.s,  whoee  presence  at  the  ceremony  was  India. 


*B.  Trcmsitivt: 

1.  To  vanquish,  to  conquer,  to  prevail  over, 
to  subdue,  to  triumph  over. 

"  Uee  on  Libyan  coasts  arrlude  .  .  . 
Triumphed  Jugurtli's  spot  I'd  dominion. 

May  :  Lucan  ;  Phan-ilia,  1L 

2.  To  make  victorious;  to  cause  to  triumph 
or  prevail. 

"  He  bath  (Hum;**  the  name  of  Christ-"— Bp. 
Jc«*U  :  Wortu,  it.  933. 

iTi-iim'-phal,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  triumplialis,  from 
triumphus  ~  a  triumph;  Fr.  triumphal;  Sp. 
triunfal ;  Ital.  triunfale,  trionfale.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  triumph  ; 
cninimiinorating  or  used  in  celebrating  a 
triumph  or  victory. 

"  They  bore  him  aloft  in  triumphal  procession." 
LoHQfellow :  £ttangeHne,  U.  3. 

•B.  As  fiibst.  :  A  token  of  victory;  in- 
signia of  a  triumph.  (MUton:  P.  R.t  iv.  577.) 

triumphal-arch,  s. 

Architecture: 

1.  An  edifice  erected  by  the  Romans  in 
various  situations,  but  more  especially  at  the 
entrance  to  a  city,  at  first  in  honour  of  vic- 
torious generals,  and,  in  later  times,  of  the 
Emperors.  These  structures  were  originally 
of  brick,  but  afterwards  of  stone  or  marble  ; 
their  form  was  that  of  a  j-arallelopipedon, 
having  one  central  arch,  often  with  a  smaller 
one  ou  each  side.  They  were  decorated  with 
columns,  sculptures,  and  other  embellish- 
meuu,  tbe  whole  being  surmounted  with  a 


4.  Not  less  than  5,000  of  the  enemy  must  have  fallen 
In  one  engagement. 

5.  Some   positive  advantage  and  extension  of   do- 
minion  must  have  been  gained,  iiut  merely  a  disaster 
retrieved,  or  an  attack  repulsed. 

6.  The  contest  muat  have  been  against  a  foreign  foe. 
Under  the  Empire,  the  prince  being  sole 

com  man  der-in  -chief  of  the  armies  of  the  state, 
all  other  military  commanders  were  regarded 
merely  as  his  le^ati,  and  it  was  held  that  all 
victories  were  gained  under  his  auspicia, 
however  distant  he  might  be  from  the  scene 
of  action  ;  consequently  he  alone  was  entitled 
to  a  triumph. 

A  naval  triumph  differed  from  a  military 
one  only  in  being  on  a  smaller  scale,  and  in 
being  characterized  by  the  exhibition  of 
nautical  trophies,  such  as  beaks  of  ships.  An 
ovation  was  an  honour  inferior  to  a  triumph, 
the  chief  difference  being  that  in  the  former 
the  victorious  general  entered  the  city  on  foot, 
and  in  later  times  on  horseback.  The  senate 
claimed  the  exclusive  prerogative  of  granting 
or  refusing  a  triumph. 

"  To  folio*  Cwsar  in  his  triumph." 

Shaketp.  :  A  ntony  A  Vltaixitra,  tit  13. 

*  T  To  ride  triumph,  :  To  be  in  full  career  ; 
to  take  the  lead. 

"So  mauy  Jarring  elements  breaking  loose,  anc 
riding  triumph  in  every  corner  of  a  gentleman's  house.' 
—attrne:  Trittram  Shanty,  ill.  1S7. 

tri  umph,  v.i.  &  t.  [Fr,  triompher,  from  Lat. 
triumfitto;  Sp.  &  Port,  triunjar;  Hal.  trion- 
fn.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  obtain  victory  ;  to  be  victorious  ;  to 
prevail. 

"  He  may  triumph  in  love."       Bkaketp.  :  Bonnet  IB. 

*  2.  To  exult  upon  an  advantage  gained  or 
supposed  to  be  gained  ;  to  exult  or  boasf 
insolently. 

"  He  woxe  full  blithe,  as  he  had  gone  thereby, 
And  gan  thereat  to  triumph  without  vict»rle. 

Sftnter:  F.  «..  IV.  i.  50. 

3.  To    enjoy  a   triumph,  as   a    victoriou; 

Cieral  ;   to    celebrate   victory  with  pomp 
ice,  to  rejoice  for  victory. 

"  Weep'st  to  see  me  triumph!" 

Shaketp,  ;  Coriolanut,  It.  L 

*  4.  To  play  a  trump  or  winning  card  on 
Another  ;  to  trump. 

*&  To  shine  forth. 

"  Grace  and  majesty  you  might  behold 
Triumphing  in  their  faces." 

Kh'tkft)/.  :  Rapt  of  Lucrece,  1,8 


TRIUMPHAL  ARCH. 
[Arch  of  Tittu.} 

neavy  attic.  Under  the  Emperors  many  tri- 
umphal arches  of  costly  material  were  erected. 
The  oldest  in  Rome  is  that  of  Titus,  erected 
on  the  occasion  of  his  triumph  after  the  con- 
quest of  Jerusalem  (A.D.  70).  It  is  remark- 
able as  containing  a  representation  of  the 
golden  candlestick  of  the  Herodian  temple. 
[BAS-RELIEF.]  Of  modern  triumphal  arches 
the  finest  are  the  Arc  de  Trlomphe  or  Arc 
de  1'Etoile,  at  the  western  extremity  of  the 
Champs  Elysees,  Paris,  commenced  by  Napo- 
leon in  1806,  and  finished  by  Louis  Philippe 
thirty  years  later;  the  Brandenburg  Gate  in 
Berlin  (1789-93);  and  the  Arco  della  Pace,  in 
Milan. 

2.  A  temporary  arch  set  up  in  token  oi 
welcome  to  a  royal  personage  or  successful 
warrior,  &c. 

triumphal  column,  s.  An  insulated 
column  erected  by  the  Romans  in  commemo- 
ration of  a  victorious  general  to  whom  triumph 
had  been  decreed. 

triumphal-crown,  «.  A  lanrel  crown 
awarded  by  the  Romans  to  a  victorious  general. 

tri-iim'-phant,  *  tri-um-phaunt, '  try- 
urn  phauhtc,  a.  [l,at.  triumphans,  pr 
par.  of  trivmpho  =  to  triumph ;  Fr.  triom- 
phant ;  Sp.  triunfante;  Ital.  trionjante.] 

*  I.  Used  in,  pertaining  to,  or  commemo- 
rating a  triumph  or  victory  ;  triumphal. 

"  Hake  triumphant  fires. 

ShakMp.  :  Coriottmut,  T.  a, 

2.  Victorious  ;  graced  or  crowned  with  vie 
tory  or  success.    (Cowper:  Hope,  166.) 

3.  Rejoicing  or  exulting  for  victory,  or  as 
for  victory ;  triumphing  ;  exultant. 

"  Think  you,  but  that  I  know  our  state  secure, 
I  would  be  so  trlumwtutMt  as  I  am  t  " 

Shaketp. :  Richard  ///„  lit  3. 

*  4.  Noble,  notable. 

"  Wherof  kyng  Edwarde  .  .  .  gaue  to  tbe  sayd 
Bcottys  liatnyll.  &  of  them  had  tryumphaunU  vi 
torye."—  Fabyan  :  Cronycle  fan.  1S8U 

*  5.  Glorious ;  of  supreme  magnificence  an 
beauty.    (Shakesp. :  Antony  &  Cleopatra,  H.  2. 


rl-um'-phant-l^,  *  tri  um-phaunt-ly, 

adv.     [Eng.  triumphant ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  triumphant  manner  ;  in  the  manner 
of  a  victorious  conqueror ;  like  a  victor ;  M 
becomes  a  victor  or  triumph. 

"  ChrUt  aecended 
Triumphantly,  (ruin  sUtr  to  star." 

Lon-jfellvw  -  Golden  Legmt,  li. 

2.  With  insolent  triumph  or  exultation. 

"  Or  iliil  I  brnk'k'e  tuid  boast  tri tnnjihnu  fitly. 
As  who  ahould  saye  the  field  were  mine  that  duvet  * 
Qascui'jiie  :  I.""k>~*  of  a  Loner  formbm. 

3.  Festively  ;  with  rejoicing  or  exultation. 

"  Dance  In  Duke  Theseus'  house  triumphantly* 
Xhabap.  ;  MiUtu-mtner  Night's  Dream,  IV.  1. 

Tl'-timph-er,  s.    [Eng.  triumph;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  triumphs  or  rejoices  and  exalt* 
in  virlory ;  a  victor. 

2.  One  who  was  honoured  with  a  triumph ; 
one  who  returned  as  a  victorious  general. 

'*  And  enters  in  our  ear*  like  great  triitmphfr* 
lii  their  applaud  i  ui;  gates." 

Shakes?. :  Timon  o/  Athens,  T.  I 

tri'-umph-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TRIUMPH,  «.] 

*  tri-um'-phlng-iy,  adv.  [Enj,'.  triumphing; 
•ly.]  With  triumph  or  exultation;  triumph- 
antly. (Bp.  Hall:  Of  Contentation,  §  17.) 

ri-um'-vir,  s.  [Lat.  =  one  of  three  men 
associated  in  an  office,  from  trium,  virorum  = 
of  three  men  :  tres  =  three,  and  vir  =  a  man.) 

1.  Rom.  Antiq.  :  One  of  three  men  united  in 
office.     The  triumvirs  wtre  either  ordinary 
magistrates  (as  the  Triumviri  Capitales,  who 
were  police  commissioners,  having  charge  of 
the    ganls,  and    acting   as    magistrates,  the 
Triumviri  Monetalea,  who  were  commissioners 
of  the  mint,  and  had  the  charge  of  coining 
money),  or  they  were  extraordinary  commis- 
sioners appointed  to  jointly  execute  any  office. 
Specifically  applied  to  the  members  of  the 
two  triumvirates.    [TRIUMVIRATE,  l.J 

2.  Eng.  Antiq. :  A  tri  thing  man  or  constable 
of  three  hundred.    (Cowei.) 

tri -tim'- vir -ate,  *.  [Lat.  triumvirahu, 
from  triumvir  =  a  triumvir  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  coalition  of  three  men  in  office  or 
authority.  Specifically  applied  to  two  great 
coalitions  of  the  three  most  powerful  indi- 
viduals in  the  Roman  empire  for  the  time 
being.  The  first  of  these  was  effected  in  the 
year  B.C.  60,  between  Julius  Cfiesar,  Pompey, 
and  Craasus,  who  pledged  themselves  to  sup- 
port each  other  with  all  their  influence.  This 
coalition  was  broken  by  the  fall  of  Craasus  at 
Carrhse  in  Mesopotamia  ;  soon  after  which  the 
civil  war  broke  out,  which  ended  in  the  death 
of  Pompey,  and  establishment  of  Julius  Caesar 
as  perpetual  dictator.  After  his  murder,  B.C. 
44,  the  civil  war  again  broke  out ;  ami  after 
the  battle  of  Mutina,  B.C.  43,  Antony,  Octavius, 
aud  Lepidus  coalesced,  thus  forming  the 
second  triumvirate.  They  divided  the  pro- 
vinces of  the  empire ;  Octavius  taking  the 
west,  Lepidus  Italy,  and  Antony  the  east. 

"  Aud  instituting  a  triumvirate, 
Do  part  the  land  in  triple  government. 

Daniel:  Civil  Wart  IT. 

*  2.  A  party  or  set  of  three  men  ;  three  men 
in  comjany. 

"  Smouch  requesting  Mr.  Pickwick,  in  a  surly 
manner,  '  to  be  aa  alive  aa  he  could,  for.  It  was  a  busy 
time,' drew  up  a  chair  by  the  door,  and  sat  there  till 
he  had  finished  dressing.  8am  was  then  despatched 
(or  a  hwckney  coach,  and  in  It  the  triumvirate  pro-  ' 
ceeded  to  Colemnii  Htreet," — Oickint:  Pickwick,  ch.  xL 

*  3.  A  group  of  three  things  intimately  con- 
nected. 

"Theology,  philosophy,  and  science  constitute  a 
spiritual  triumvirate.  —  6.  U.  L*w<*:  History  qf  flU- 
losophjf,  i.  xvli. 

*  tri-iim'-vir-$r,    s.      [TRIUMVIRATE.)      The 

number  of  three  men. 

"  Thou  makMt  the  triumviry  the  corner-cap  of  so- 
ciety." ahaketp. :  Loves  Labour  t  Lost,  IT.  8. 

*  tri'-une,  o.     [Lat.  tri-  =  three,  and  units  = 
one.]     Three  in  one;  an  epitliet  applied  U 
God,  to  express  the  trinity  in  unity. 

"  Power,  wisdom  and  goodness  combined  In  the 
trittn*  Ueity."— A'HOX:  Chrittian  Philwphy.  (Not*.) 

H  In  the  ninth  century  a  controversy  arose 
about  the  application  of  the  word,  or  its  Latin 
equivalent  trinus,  to  Ihe  Deity.  Hinckmar 
objected  to  the  words  Trina  Deltas  in  a  hymn, 
ami  forbade  their  use  in  his  diocese.  The  Bene- 
dictine monks  took  the  opposite  view,  and 
soilid  Godeschalcus,  who  was  in  consequence 
accused  by  Hinckmar  of  tritheism  ;  but  the 
words  objected  to  retained  their  place  in  the 
hymn.—  Moshcim, :  Church  Hist.  (ed.  Reid), 
p.  316.  ' 


boil,  bo^;  pollt,  J6*l;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  $hia;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^clst.    -Ing. 
-clan.  -Uaa  =  ahan,    -  tion,  - sion  ~  shun ;  -tion.  -fion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tioufl.  -sious  =  shua.    -ble,  -die,  &c,  =  bel.  deL 


4840 


triunity— trochanter 


•tn-U'-nl-tjf,  ».  [Bug.  triun(e)  ;  -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  triune  ;  trinity  in 
unity. 

"The  triunity  of  the  Godhead."—  More. 

tri-ur'-e-8B,  i.  pi.    (Mod.  Lat  triur(is);  Lat 
fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -eu-.] 
Bot. :  The  typical  tribe  of  Triuridaceie  (q.v.). 

tri'-iir'-.d,  s.    [TRICRIDACE*.) 
Bot.  (PL):  The  Triuridacea!  (q.v.). 

tri-u-ri-da'-ce-ie,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  triuris, 
genit  triurid\is);  Lat  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
•acece.} 

Bot. :  Triurids ;  an  order  of  Hydrales.  Little 
perennial  sub-hyaline  plants,  with  a  creeping 
rhizome.  Stem  simple,  erect,  cellular  ;  leaflets 
minute,  alternate,  destitute  of  nervures ;  inflor- 
escence in  terminal  racemes  flowers  minute, 
generally  unisexual ;  perianth  hyaline,  with  a 
tube  and  limb,  the  latter  divided  into  three, 
four,  six,  or  eight  segments ;  stamens  few, 
anthers  quadrilocular ;  style  sometimes  lateral, 
smooth,  or  feathery ;  ovaries  numerous,  car- 
pels many,  drupaceous.  From  the  hotter  parts 
of  South  America,  Java,  Ceylon,  and  the 
Philippine  Islands.  Known  genera  five,  spe- 
cies eight.  (Lindley.) 

sri-ur'-ls,  t.  [Pref.  M-,  and  Or.  oipi  (mm) 
=  a  tail.) 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Triuridacese 
(q.v.),  with  only  one  known  species,  a  small 
Brazilian  herb. 

WiV-a-lent,  o.  [Pref.  «rt-,  and  Lat.  valens, 
genit.  valentis  =  powerful.] 

Chtm. :  Equivalent  to  three  unite  of  any 
standard,  especially  to  three  atoms  of  hydro- 
gen. 

trivalent-element,  s.    [THUD.] 

tri'-valve,  t.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng.  valve.] 
Anything  having  three  valves,  especially  a 
shell  with  three  valves. 

tri-vaT-vn-lar,  o.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Bng. 
valvular.  ]'  Three  valved  ;  having  three  valves; 
opening  by  three  valves,  as  the  fruit  of  the 
tulip. 

'triV-ant,  ».    [TEUANT.]    A  truant 

"  Thou  art  an  Idiot.  an  MM.  a  trifler,  a  irieant.  thou 
art  an  idle  fellow."—  Burton  :  Anat.  Melan.,  p.  la  (To 
tbe  Reader.) 

*  triV-ant-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  trivant ; -ly.]  Like 
a  truant. 

"  Him  that  by  reason  of  a  voluble  tongue,  a  strong 
voice,  a  pleasing  tone,  and  some  trivantly  Polyantheau 
helpes,  atealeB  and  glumes  a  few  notes  from  other 
men's  harvests. "—burton  :  Anat.  Melon.,  p.  138. 

triye.  v.t.  [See  del]  An  abbreviation  of  Con- 
trive (q.v.). 

tri-ver'-W-al,  a.  [Lat.  tri-  =  three,  and 
rerbum  =  a  word.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  certain 
days  in  the  Roman  calendar,  which  were 
juridical,  or  days  allowed  to  the  preetor  for 
deciding  causes:  so  named  from  the  three 
characteristic  words  of  his  office,  do,  dico 
addico.  Also  called  dics/atU. 

tri-ver'-te'-bral,  o.  [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng. 
vertebral.] 

Campar.  Anat. :  Consisting  of  three  vertebra. 
A  term  applied  by  Huxley  (Anat.  Vert  Anim., 
p.  341)  to  a  bone  in  Glyptodon  (q.v.),  formed 
by  the  anchylosis  of  the  last  cervical  and  first 
two  dorsal  vertebrae,  and  articulating  by  a 
movable  hinge-joint  with  ttie  remaining  dorsal 
vertebrae,  which  are  likewise  anchylosed  to 
form  a  kind  of  "  arched  bridge  of  bone." 

triV-et,  trev-et,  *triv-ette,  s.     [O.  Fr. 

tripled;  Fr.  trepied  =  a  trivet,  from  Lat.  tri- 
pecltm,  accus.  of  tripes  =  having  three  feet, 
from  trt  =  three,  and  p«  =  a  foot.  Trivet 
and  tripod  are  doublets.] 

1.  A  three-legged  arrangement  for  support- 
Ing  an  ol.ject,  as  a  pot  or  kettle ;  this  may  be 
effected  by  slinging  it  from  a  hook  suspended 
from  the  point  of  Junction  of  the  three  legs, 
or  the  legs  may  be  set  120°  apart,  straddling 
outward  from  and  supporting  a  ring  suffi- 
ciently large  to  receive  the  bottom  of  the  pot. 

U  Trivet  is  frequently  used  aa  a  proverbial 
Comparison  indicating  stability,  inasmuch  as 
having  three  legs  to  stand  on  it  is  never  un- 
stable :  as,  To  suit  one  to  a  trivet,  right  as  a 
trivet,  &c. 

2.  The  knife  wherewith  the  loops  of  terry 
fabrics  are  cut. 


*  trivet-table,  s.     A  table  supported  In 
three  feet 

"  The  trivet-table  of  a  foot  was  lame." 

Dryden  :  Ovid  ;  ifetamorphotet  vili. 

trlv'-l-a,  s.  [Abbrev.  from  trivia  (virgo)  — 
Diana,  from  often  having  her  temples  where 
three  ways  met.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-genus  of  Cypreea,  with  about 
thirty  species,  from  Greenland,  Britain,  the 
West  Indies,  the  Cape,  Australia,  the  Pacific 
and  the  west  coast  of  America.  Small  shells, 
with  striae  extending  over  the  back.  Trivia 
europwa  is  common  on  the  British  coasts. 

trfV-I-al,  *  trlv-1-all,  o.  &s.  [Fr.  trivial, 
from  Lat.  trivialis=  pertaining  to  cross-roads, 
common,  trite,  from  trivium  =a  place  where 
cross-roads  intersect  the  public  thoroughfare, 
from  tri  =  three,  and  via  =  a  road,  a  way.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Originally,  trite,  well  worn,  without  its 
being  implied  that  the  saying  so  denominated 
was  of  trifling  importance ;  everyday,  com- 
monplace. 

"These  branches  fuf  the  divine  life] are  three,  whose 
names,  though  trivial  and  vulgar,  yet,  if  rightly  un- 
derstood,  tl.ey  beur  such  a  sense  with  them,  that 
nothing  more  weighty  can  be  pronounced  by  the 
tuugue  of  meu  or  seraphims,  and,  in  brief  they  are 
these  :  charity,  humility,  and  purity. "-H.  More:  The 
Grand  Jtyrtery  of  GotUineu,  vol.  ii..  ch.  rii. 

2.  Trifling,  insignificant ;  of  little  value  or 
importance ;  inconsiderable,  sliglit. 

"  A  while  on  trivial  things  we  held  discourse, 
To  me  soon  tasteless." 

Wordtworth :  Excurtlon.  bk.  L 

*  3,   Occupying    one's    self  with   trifles ; 
trifling. 

"As  a  scholar 'he  was  trivial  and  incapable  of 
labour.'—^  t^utncejf. 

*4.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  trivium  ;  hence, 
initiatory,  rudimentary,  elementary.  [!RI- 
VIUM.] 

*  B.  As  gubst. :  One  of  the  three  liberal  arts 
which  constitute  the  trivium  (q.v.). 

"  Profiting  in  trivial*  to  a  miracle,  especially  in 
poetry."— ifood.-  Athena  Oxon.,  voL  ii. 

II  For  the  difference  between  trivial  and 
trifling,  see  TRIFLING. 

trivial  name,  8. 
Natural  history : 

1.  The  specific  name  (q.v.)  of  any  animal  or 
plant. 

"  Tbe  Index  to  this  volume (Ol&ndtka.  oeh  Goihl&ndtka 
aeia,  1746)  shows  tbe  nrst  eiui>loyment  of  trirmt 
nanut,"—Eti(ye.  Brit.  (ed.  »thj,  xlv.  678. 

2.  A  popular  name  for  any  animal  or  plant. 

"The  irfofel  Mom*  King,  a*  well  as  Tyrant  hat  been 
beatowed  on  this  bird  for  ita  extraordinary  behaviour 
and  the  authority  it  assumes  over  all  others  during 
the  time  of  breeding."—  Wood:  flliu.  fiat.  Hitt.,  11.850. 

'triv'-I-al-ijm,  s.     [Eng.  trivial;  -ism.]    A 
trivial  matter  or  mode  of  acting. 

tliv-i-al'-I-t^,  s.     [Eng.  trivial;  -ity.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being   trivial ; 
trivialness. 

2.  A  trivial  thing  or  matter ;  a  trifle  ;  a 
matter  of  little  or  no  value. 

"  Dinner  cards,  and  squares  of  stlk  for  fancy  articles, 
with  other  trivialities,  being  often  in  demand."— 
Barpvr'i  Magazine,  June,  1882.  p.  lit. 


-l-al-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  trivial;  -ly.] 
*  1.  In  a  trivial  manner  ;  commonly,  vul- 
garly, tritely. 

"  How  trivially  common  it  is.  that  Luther  was  the 
Bonne  of  an  Incubus,  the  disciple  of  the  divel].-— Aw. 
Hall  :  Chrittian  Moderation,  bk.  ii.,  |  10. 

2.  Lightly,  inconsiderably  ;  in  a  trifling 
manner  or  degree. 

"  Art  was  not  an  amusement-it  was  a  serious 
business  of  life,  aud  those  who  treated  it  trivitulu 
desecrated  their  pursuit  aud  did  injustice  to  theiu- 
aeivea."— Obeorver,  Sept  27.  188&. 

triv  i-al  ness,  s.  [Eng.  trivial;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  trivial ;  triviality. 

"  Tbe  pretended  trivial  nttt  of  the  fifth  and  sixth 
day's  work."— More :  Defence  of  the  Philot.  Cabbala. 
(App.) 

tPiV-I-um,  i.  [Lat  =  a  place  where  three 
roads  met,  or  where  they  diverged :  tri-  = 
three,  aud  ria  =  a  road,  a  way.]  The  name 
given  in  the  schools  of  the  Middle  Ages  to 
the  first  three  lil>eral  arts,  grammar,  rhetoric, 
and  logic.  (See  extract) 

"The  trivium  contained  Grammar,  Logic,  and  Rhe. 
toric;  the  Quadrivium,  Arithmetic.  Geometry  Music 
and  Astronomy,  as  in  these  two  lines,  framed  to  aasut 
the  memory  :— 

GBAJIM.  loquitur  ;  Du.  vera  docet ;  Knar,  rerba 
oilorAt  ; 

Mts.  canlt;    AJL  numeral;   Gso.  conderat;   ART. 

eolit  astra." 
ffatlam  :   Introd.  to  Literature  of  Europe,  *c.,  pt.  L. 

ch.  L.  i  8.    (Note.) 


tri'-week-ljf.  o.  4  a.     [Pref.  tri-,  and  Eng, 
weekly  (q.v.).J 
A*  As  adjective: 

1,  Occurring,  performed,  or  appearing  onct 
in  every  three  weeks. 

2.  Occurring,  performed,  or  appearing  three 
times  in  each  week  :  as,  a  triweekly  newspaper. 

B.  -4s  mbst.  :  A  newspaper  which  is  pub- 
lished three  times  in  each  week. 

trlx-a'-go,    s.      [Lat.   trixago,    triasago  =  a 
plant,  Teitcri-um  CKanuedrys  (Linn.).] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Euphrasiea?,  akin  to 
Bartsia,  but  with  a  fleshy,  oval,  globose  cap- 
sule, and  a  thick  trifld  placenta.  Traago 
vtecosa  is  the  same  as  Bartsia  viscosa. 


s.  pi,    [Mod.  Lat  trixis,  genit. 
trixid(is);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ea:.] 
Bot,  :  A  tribe  of  Nassaviacese. 

trix'-Is,  s.    [Lat  =  the  castor-oil  plant] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Trixidese.  Two 
species  are  cultivated  in  Britain,  one  in  gar- 
dens, the  other  as  a  stove  plant  Trifit 
braiiliensis  is  given  as  a  remedy  of  excessive 
menstruation. 

troad,  «.    [TRUDE.J 

troat,  u.i.  [THOAT,  s.]  To  cry,  as  a  buck  in 
rutting  time. 

troat,  «.  [From  the  sound.]  The  cry  of  a 
buck  in  rutting  time. 

tro'-oar,  tro'-char,  s.  [Fr.  troiscarre  = 
three-faced,  from  trois  =  three,  and  carre  =  ft 
square,  a  face.] 

Surg.  :  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  per- 
forator or  stylet  and  a  cannula.  After  the 
puncture  is  made  the  stylet  is  withdrawn 
and  the  cannula  remains  and  affords  a  means 
of  evacuating  from  the  cavity.  Used  in  case 
of  dropsy,  hydrocele,  &c. 

"  The  handle  of  the  (rocar  Is  of  wood,  the  cannula  of 
silver,  and  the  perforator  of  steel."—  Mar/)  .•  tiurgvry. 

tro-oha'-aO,  a.  &  «.  [Lat  trochaieui,  from 
troclueua  =  a  trochee  (q.v.).] 

A,  As  adjective  : 

Proi.  :  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  tro- 
chees :  as,  trochaic  verse.  The  trochaic  verse 
used  by  the  Greek  and  Latin  poets  most  com- 
monly consists  of  a  perfect  dimeter,  followed 
by  a  dimeter  wanting  the  last  half  foot 

B.  Ai  tubst.  :  A  trochaic  verse  or  measure. 

"  One  poem  conslsteth  only  of  hexameters,  and  an. 
other  was  entirely  of  iambics,  a>  third  of  trochaic*.'  — 
Drydm  :  Juvenal.  (Dedic.) 

*trd-olia'-Io-ai,<i.  [Eng.  trr^aic  ;  -al,]  The 
same  as  TROCHAIC  (q.v.). 

troch'-  al,  a.  [Gr.  fpo^of  '(troches)  =  a  run- 
ning,  a  wheel.]  Wheel-shaped  ;  specifically 
applied  to  the  ciliated  disc  of  the  Rutifera. 

tro-cham  -mi  na,  s.  [Pref.  troch(o)-;  Gr. 
ipfUMf  (umminos)  =  sandy,  from  iuuos  (am- 
mos)  —  sand.  ] 

1.  Zool.  :  Wheel-sand  ;  a  genus  of  Forami- 
nifera.    Shell  simple.  Hat,  coiled,  resembling 
smooth  sandy  plaster.    Sometimes,  however, 
It   is  twisted  and   constricted  at  intervals. 
One  species  is  called  Trochammina  gardialit, 
the  Gprdian  Knot,  which  it  resembles;  an- 
other  imitates  a  Rotalia,    [ROTALIA.] 

2.  Paloamt.:  From  the  Carboniferous  on- 
ward. 

trS-cJaan'-ter,  t.    [Gr.  rpoxavnjp  (trochanKr) 
=  a  runner,  a  runner  round  ;  rpox<>£u  (trochazo) 
=  to  run  along.] 
A  natomy  : 

1.  Human:  One  of  two  processes  of  tl:efemur 
(q.v.).    The  trocltaiiter  major  is  a  thick  tiun- 
cated   process  prolonged  upwards  in  a  line 
with  the  external  surface  of  the  shaft   of 
the  femur;  the   trochanter  minor,  a  conical 
rounded     eminence     projecting     from     the 
posterior  and  inner  aspect  of  the  thigh,  and 
giving  attachment  to  the  tendon  of  the  psoas 
«nd  iliacus  muscles.    The  troi-hanters  give 
insertion  to  the  muscles  which   rotate  the 
thigh. 

2.  Compar.  :  There  is  only  one  troclianter 
in  the  femur  of  the  elephant  while  there  are 
three  in  that  of    the  Perissodactyla.     The 
term  is  also  applied  to  the  portion  of  the  leg 
of  an  insect  which  unites  the  long  thigh  or 
femur  to  the  coxa.    The  trochanter  of  insects 
varies  greatly  In  form. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wvU  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fiUl;  tryt  Syrian.    fetoe  =  e;  ey-a;  qu  =  kw. 


trochanterian— troche-meter 


4841 


trS-chan-teV-I-an,    a.      [Eng.   trochanter; 
•ian.] 

Anat.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  greater  tro- 
chanter. (Dunglison.) 

trS-chan'-ter-Ic,  a.    [Eng.  trochanter;  -ic.) 

Anat.,  lie. :  Of  or  belonging  to  a  trochanter 
(q.v.). 

trochanteric  fossa,  s. 

Anat. :  A  fossa  at  the  base  and  rather  behind 
the  neck  of  the  trochanter  major.  It  gives 
attachment  to  the  obturator  and  gemelll 
muscles. 

tro-chan-tln'-I-an,  a.  [Eng.  trochan(ter); 
-inian.] 

Anal.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  lesser  tro- 
chanter. (Dunglison.) 

trd'-char,  s.    [TROCAR.] 

troch-a-teT-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Lat.  trochus  =  a  hoop.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-genus  of  Helicina,  with  the 
peristome  simple,  expanded,  and  the  shell  not 
callous  beneath.  Known  species,  twenty 
from  the  West  Indies  and  one  from  Venezuela. 

troche,  troche,  s.  [Or.  ipov<k  (trochos)  =  a 
running,  a  wheel.)  A  fonn  of  medicine  in  a 
circular  cake  or  tablet,  or  a  stiff  paste  cut 
into  proper  portions  and  dried.  It  is  made 
by  mixing  the  medicine  with  sugar  and  muci- 
lage, and  is  intended  to  be  gradually  dissolved 
in  the  mouth  and  slowly  swallowed,  as  a 
demulcent. 

tro'-chee, «.  [Lat.  trochtms,  from  Gr.  rpoxaTo? 
(<rocAaios)=(a.)running,  (s.)  a  trochee,  from 
rpoxos  (trochos)  =  a  running,  from  rp«x<o 
(trecho)  =  to  run.] 

Pros. :  A  foot  of  two  syllables,  of  which  the 
first  is  long  and  the  second  short :  as  inter, 
nation,  &C.  (—  I  o). 

trScli-S-i-do-scdpe,  s.  [Pref.  trochfo)- ;  Gr. 
eI5o«  (eidos)  =  appearance,  and  o-ieoir«a>  (skopeo) 
=  to  see.)  A  form  of  colour  top.  (Top.) 

tro-chSt-l'-a,  s.  [Named  after  M.  du  Trochet, 
a  French  physiologist.) 

Bat. :  A  genns  of  Dombeyes.  Leaves  entire  ; 
calyx  five-parted ;  petals  five,  deciduous; 
stamens  many,  combined  below  into  a  tube  ; 
capsule  five-valved,  five-celled.  Trochetta 
grandiflora,  a  native  of  Mauritius,  is  a 
splendid  stove  plant  with  snow-white  flowers. 

•  troch'-I-dee. ».  &.  [Mod.  Lat.  trocMus);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idte.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Gasteropoda  Holostomata, 
DOW,  merged  in  Turbinidse. 

troch'-l-form,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  trochut  and 
Lat.  forma  —  form.]  Resembling  Trochus  (q.v.) 
in  shape.  (Woodvard:  Mollusca  (ed.  Tate), 
p.  271.) 

troch'-U,  a.  [TROCHILUS.]  The  same  as 
TROCHiLua2(2)(q.v.). 

"The  crocodile  .  .  .  opens  hisohap  to  let  the  'rpcnrt 
In  to  pick  his  teeth,  which  gives  it  the  usual  feeding. 
—Sir  T.  Herbert :  Kttatiaat,  ic.,  p.  861. 

"tro-chfl'-lc,  o.  [Gr.  rpdxiAoc  (trochilos), 
from  Tpox<«(<roc/ios)  =  arunning ;  rptx"  (trecho) 
=  to  run.]  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
rotary  motion  ;  having  power  to  draw  out 
or  turn  round. 

"  I  am  advertised  that  there  IB  one.  which,  by  art 
tnchiltet.  will  draw  all  English  surnames  of  the  best 
families  out  of  the  pit  of  poetry;  as  Boucher  from 
Busyrls.  Percy  from  Perseus,  Ac."—  Camdan  :Kemain*. 

"trS-chfl'-Ics,  s.  [TROCHILIC.J  The  science 
of  rotary  motion. 

"  It  Is  requisite  that  we  rightly  understand  some 
principles  in  irockiffcts,  or  the  art  of  wheel  Instru- 
ments ;  as  chiefly,  the  relation  betwiit  the  parts  of  a 
wheel,  and  those  of  a  balance.-—  WUXbu  :  Dasdalul, 
ch.  xlv. 

trS-chfl'-I  dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  trodiiUus); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  a<lj.  suff.  -idm.] 

Ornith,  :  Humming-birds  (q.v.),  a  family  of 
Fissirostral  Picarian  Birds,  closely  allied  in 
•tructure  to  the  Swifts,  but  formerly  classed 
with  theTenuirostres.  ThefamilycontainsllS 
genera,  confined  to  the  New  World.  The  bill, 
though  always  very  slender,  is  very  variable  in 
shape  and  size  ;  tongue  long,  composed  of  two 
cylindrical  united  tubes,  and  bifid  at  the  tip  ; 
It  is  capable  of  being  protruded  for  some  dis- 
tance, the  tongue-bones  with  their  muscles 
being  prolonged  backwards  and  upwards  over 
the  back  of  the  skull ;  the  wings  with  ten 


primaries,  usually  narrow  and  pointed,  and 
set  in  motion  by  enormously-developed  mus- 
cles ;  sternum  deeply  keeled;  tail  of  ten 
feathers,  varied  in  shape,  and  in  many  in- 
stances highly  ornamented  ;  tarsi  and  feet 
particularly  small  and  feeble,  unfit  for  pro- 
gression on  the  ground.  The  species  conse- 
quently seldom  or  never  alight  on  the  earth, 
but  prefer  to  settle  on  a  bare  dead  limb  of 
a  tree  or  some  other  projection.  The  eggs 
are  oval  and  white,  and  always  two  in  number. 
According  to  Gould,  restlessness,  irritability, 
and  pugnacity  are  among  the  principal  char- 
acteristics of  the  Trochilidte ;  they  not  only 
fight  persistently  among  themselves,  but  they 
will  even  venture  to  attack  much  larger  birds. 
It  is  also  stated  that  they  have  a  great  dislike 
to  the  large  Hawkmoths,  which  they  them- 
selves somewhat  resemble  in  their  flight,  the 
vibration  of  the  wings  producing  in  both  a 
similar  humming  sound. 

trS-chlT-I-iim,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Lat.  trockiliu  =  a  small  bird,  the  golden- 
crested  wren.] 

Entom. :  Clear-wing ;  a  genus  of  .Sgeriida;. 
Antennas  simple,  or  in  the  males  ciliated  or 
pectinated,  terminating  in  a  slender  tuft  of 
hairs ;  fore  wings  generally  with  the  basal 
half  transparent ;  Jiind  wings  wholly  trans- 
parent. Abdomen  slender,  with  an  anal  tuft. 
The  caterpillar  feeds  within  the  stems  of 
currant  bushes,  the  birch,  the  oak,  the  apple, 
various  willows,  Ac. 

trfich'-fl-fis,  ».    [Lat.  trochttus  =  a  small  bird, 
perhaps  tlie    golden-crested  wren,  from  Gr. 
TpoxiAos  (trocfcite).]    [TROCHILIC.] 
1.  Arch.:  The  same  as  SCOTIA  (q.v.). 
3.  Ornitholoyy: 

(1)  The  type-genus   of    Trochilidse   (q.v.). 
Tail-feathers  poi  uted,  wings  short.  Two  species 
areknown— IVocAUtMCoiuirM,  inhabiting  North 
America  during  the  summer,  and  migrating  in 
winter  to  Central  America  and  the  West  India 
islands;  and  T.  alexandri,  from  California  and 
Mexico.     T.  colubris,  otherwise  kuown  us  the 
Buby-throated    Humming-bird,    is    the   only 
species  which  visits   the    United  Statea,  and 
is  remarkable  for  the  boldness  of  its  migratory 
flight  and  the  wide  extent  of  country  covered. 
It  is  found  in  summer  over  all  the  United 
States,  and  as  far  north  as  the  57°  of  latitude. 
It»  chin  and  throat  are  of  a  beautiful  ruby-red 
color,  ita  back  a  golden  green,  and  the  lower 
surface  whitish ;  the  wings  and  tail  purplish 
brown. 

(2)  Charadrius  melanocephalus,  a  native  of 
Kgypt.    It  is  about  ten  inches  long  ;  general 
hue  slate  colour ;  abdomen  and  neck  white, 
head  black,  with  two  white  stripes  running 
from  the  bill  and  meeting  at  the  nape  of  the 
neck  black  mantle  extending  over  the  shoul- 
ders to  the  tail,  wings  black,  witli  a  broad 
transverse  black  band. 

"  Herodotus  ML  «8]  enters  Into  a  detail  of  the  hablta 
of  the  crocodile,  and  relates  the  frequently-repeated 
story  of  the  rrocntlm  entering  the  animals  mouth 
during  Its  sleep  on  the  banks  of  the  Nile,  and  relieving 
it  of  the  leeches  which  adhere  to  Its  throat  The 
truth  of  this  assertion  is  seri  w 

recollect  that  leeches  d 


— iy  Impugned  when 

,  Abound  in  the  Nile :  and 

the"i>oTite 'understanding  said  to  subsist  between  the 
crocodile  and  the  bird  becomes  morelmproljable  when 
we  examine  the  manner  In  which  the  throat  of  the 
animal  Is  formed  ;  for,  having  no  tongue,  nature  has 
given  It  the  mean,  of  closing  Tt  entirely,  except  when 
In  the  act  of  swallowing :  and  during  sleep  the  throat 
IB  constantly  shut,  though  the  mouth  Is  open.  —  Wil- 
rcinmn :  Manner*  of  Out  EmM,ua  led.  Birch),  11. 
133,  184. 

"(S)  In  older  classifications,  trochilus  oc- 
curs as  a  trivial  name;  thus  Motacilla  tro- 
chilus (Linn.)  =  the  willow-wren. 

troch'-lng,  ».  [O.  Fr.  troche  =  a  bundle ;  Norm. 
Fr.  troche  —  a  branch.]  One  of  the  small 
branches  on  a  stag's  horn. 

•trS-chis'-cus,  '  tro  chisk,  "tro'-chist, 

«.  [Lat.  trochiscus;  Gr.  Tp6xi<r«os  (trochiskos)  ; 
Fr.  trochisijM.}  A  kind  of  tablet  or  lozenge ; 
a  troche.  The  first  form  is  still  used  in 
Pharmacy. 

"  There  should  be  trochWa  likewise  made  of  snakes, 
whose  flesh  dried  is  thought  to  have  a  very  opening 
and  cordial  virtue."—  Bactm  :  Jiat.  SiA,  I  966. 

»tr5oh'-lte,  ».     [Gr.  rpoxo?  (trochos);  suff. 
•ite.    Named  from  its  wheel-like  appearance.] 
Paltront. :  The  joint   of  the    stalk  of  an 
cncrinite. 

trSch'-le-a,  «.  [Lat.  =  a  pulley,  from  Or. 
Tpoxo?  (trochoa)  =  a  running  ;  rp«x»  (trecho)  = 
to  run.)  , 

1.  Mach. :  A  pulley 


2.  Anat. :  Anything  grooved  like  a  pulley. 
Specifically : 

(1)  The  trochlea   of    the    humerus ;    the 
internal  part  of  the  inferior  articular  surface  ol 
the  humerus.     It  articulates  with  the  ulna, 
and  is  grooved  down  the  middle. 

(2)  The  trochlea  of  the  orbit,  a  fibre-cartila- 
ginous ring  attached  to  the  frontal  bone, 

trSoh'-le-ar,  a.    [TROCHLKA.] 

1.  Ord.  Ijing. :  Resembling  a  pulley  ;  pulley, 
shaped.    (Rare,  except  in  botany.) 

2.  Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  trochlea. 
trochlear-nerve,  >. 

Anat. :  The  Pathetic  nerve  (q.v.) 
troch-lS-ar'-to,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.]   [TROCHLEA.] 
Anat. :  The  superior  oblique  muecle  of  the 
orbit. 
trSch'-lS-a-rjf,  a.    [Eng.  trochlear;  -y.] 

Anat.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  trochlea:  an, 
the  trochleary  muscle,  the  trochleary  nerve. 

troch'-le  ate,  a.   [Mod.  Lat.  trochleatut,  from 
Lat.  trochlea.] 
Bat. :  Twisted  so  as  to  resemble  a  pulley, 

tr8ch'-4-,pr«/.  [Or.  rpoxot  (*nx*o»)  =  awheel.] 
Circular ;  having  a  circular,  or  nearly  circular 
form. 

trSch-6-car-pa,  «.  [Pre£  trocho-,  and  Gr. 
«ap,r6s  (karpos)^  fruit.  Named  from  th« 
radiated  arrangement  of  the  cells  in  the  fruit.) 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Stypheliea;.  Australian 
shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  terminal  or  axillary 
spikes  of  white  or  yellow  flowers.  Trochocarpa 
kmrina  is  a  very  handsome  greenhouse  shrub. 

tro  01169  -er-08,  «.  [Pref.  trocho-,  and  Gr. 
xc'pac  (keras)  =  a  horn.  ] 

Poteonl. :  A  genus  of  Nautilidse,  with  forty- 
four  species,  from  the  Upper  Silurian  of  Bohe- 
mia. Shell  nautiloid,  spiral,  depressed  ;  som» 
of  the  species  are  nearly  flat,  and,  having  tlie 
last  chamber  produced,  resemble  LituitM 
(q.v.). 

trooh-o-oy-a-tha'-cg-iB, «.  jrf.    [Mod.  Lat 

trochocyatMtw);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -octal.} 
Palaxmt. :  A  sub-family  of  Turbinolidaj. 
Corals,  with  more  than  one  row  of  pali,  and 
with  an  abnormally  large  number  of  rows  of 
tentacles.  Largely  represented  In  the  Newer 
Secondary  rocks  and  in  the  Tertiary,  and  at 
present  in  the  deep  sea, 

trdoh-o^y'-a-thfis,  «.  [Pref.  trocho-,  and 
Lat.  cyatliia  =  a  cup.] 

Palo3ont, :  The  typical  genus  of  Trochocya- 
thaceae  (q.v.),  from  the  Jurassic  onward. 

troch-6  9ys-ti-te9,  ».  [Pref.  trocho-;  Gr. 
KVO-T.C  (kustis)  =  a  bladder,  and  suff.  -««.] 

Palmnt. :  A  genus  of  Cystoidea,  from  the 
Primordial  Zone  of  North  America. 

troch  -Old,  a.  k  ».  [Pref.  trocho-,  and  Gr.  eM« 
(eidos)  =  form,  appearance.1 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Geom. :  The  same  as  TROCHOiDAi(q.v.). 

2  Zool :  Conical  with  a  flat  base,  applied 
to  shells  of  certain  Foraminifera  and  Gastero- 
poda. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Geom. :  The  same  as  CYCLOID  (q.v.). 

2.  Anat.  :  A  trochoidal  articulation.    [Tao- 
CHOIDAL,  a.] 

trS-chold'-al,  a.    [Eng.  trochoid  ;  -al.] 

1  Ord.  Lang.  *  Geom.:  Pertaining  to  1 
trochoid  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  tro- 
choid •  as  the  trochoidal  curves,  such  as  the 
epicycloid,  the  involute  of  the  circle,  the  spiral 
of  Archimedes,  &C. 

2.  Anat.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  kind  of 
articulation,  in  which  one  bone  is  Inserted  in 
another  like  an  axle-tree,  so  that  there  can  be 
a  motion  like  that  of  a  wheel.  The  first  and 
second  vertebrae  of  the  neck  are  thus  articu- 
lated. 

ttr5ch-6-li'-te?,  »     [Pref.   trocho-,  and  Gr. 
Ai»o5  (lithos)  =  a  stone. 
Palceont. :  A  synonym  of  Lltuites  (q.v.). 

trS-ch6m'-S-ter, ».  [Pref.  trocho-,  and  Eng. 
meter  (q.v.).J  An  instrument  for  computing 
the  revolutions  of  a  wheel ;  an  odometer. 


b6H,  bo?;  potlt,  J61W;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln.  bench:  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  Bin,  a? ;  expect,  Xenophon,  •f*-«b  ~  * 
-clan, -tlan  =  shan.   -Uon.  Hiioi.  =  shui.;  -tion.  -^on  =  zhun.   -clou.,  -ttons,  -..Ion.  =  shus.   -We.  -die,  *e.  =  beL  deL 


4842 


trochosmilia— Troio 


troch-o-smi'-li-a,  s.    [Pref.  trocha-,  and  Gr. 
ir/itAi;  (smile)  —  a  knife.] 

Palaant.  :  The  typical  genns  of  Trocho- 
smiliacere  (q.T.).  Species  numerous,  ranging 
from  the  Jurassic  to  the  Tertiary. 

trdoh-o-snu-ll'-a'-ce-BB,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat. 

tncKosmiU(cL)  ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ace<e.] 
Palaant.:  A  sub-family  of  Astrajida;.     Soli- 
tary corals,  cup-shapeil,  and  with  the  internal 
dissepiments  well  developed. 

tro  chot   6-ma,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  trochus,  and 
ur.  jour/  (tome)  =  a  notch.] 

Palmnt.  :  A  genus  of  Haliotida,  with  ten 
species,  from  the  Lias  to  the  Coral  Bag 
Britain,  France,  &c.  Shell  trochiform,  slightl 
concave  beneath  ;  whorls  flat,  spirally  striatei 
rounded  at  the  outer  angles  ;  lip  with  a  sing! 
perforation  near  the  margin. 

troch'-us,  s.    [Lat.)    [TROCHO-.] 

1.  Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Turbinidse,  with  20 
species,    universally    distributed,    from    lov 
water  to  fifteen  fathoms,  the  smaller  specie 
range  nearly  to   100  fathoms.      Shell    pyra 
midal,  with  a  nearly  flat  base  ;  whorls  numer 
ous,  flat,  variously  striated  ;  aperture  oblique 
rhombic,  pearly  inside  ;   columella  twisted 
slightly    truncated  ;    outer  lip   thin  ;   oper 
culum  horny,  multispiral     Woodward  enume 
rates  ten  sub-genera,  to  which  Tate  adds  soui 
others. 

2.  Palaont.:  Fossil  species  381,  from  the 
Devonian  onward.    Found  in  Europe  North 
America,  and  Chili. 

trfck,  *  troke,  v.t.  [TRUCK,  v.]  To  truck 
to  barter  ;  to  do  business  on  a  small  scale 
(Scotch.) 

"  7>o*/n?and  communing  w*  that  Meg  Men-tile*."— 
Scott  :  Guy  Jt/annerhiff,  oh.  xi. 

tro'-co,  s.  [Sp.  trucot  =  trucks,  a  game  some 
what  resembling  billiards.  (Seaman  it  Ear- 
retti.)] 

Games:  An  old  English  game  revived 
formerly  known  as  "lawn  billiards,"  from 
which  billiards  is  said  to  have  had  its  origin. 
Troco  is  played  on  a  lawn  with  wooden  balls 
and  a  cue  ending  in  a  spoon-shaped  iron  pro- 
jection. In  the  centre  of  the  green  there  is 
an  iron  ring  moving  on  a  pivot,  and  the  object 
Is  to  drive  the  ball  through  the  ring.  Points 
are  also  made  by  cannoning.  [CANNON  (2),  «.; 

trdd,  fret.  A  pa.  par.  of  v.    [TREAD,  r.) 

t  trod,  trod'-den,  pa.  par.  ofv.    [TREAD.] 

•trode,  pnt.  d:  pa.  par.  ofv.    [TREAD,  ».] 

*  trode,  *  troad,  s.  [A.S.  trdd,  from  tredan 
-s  to  tread  (q.v.).]  Tread,  footing. 

"  In  humble  dale*  IB  footf  ug  fast. 
The  trwte  IB  not  so  tickle. 

:  Shepluardi  datadtr  ;  .*<;». 

[After  Herr  Troeger  ;  suff. 

Mm.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  thin,  tabular 
crystals,  with  walpurgite  and  other  minerals 
at  the  Weisser  Hirsch  mine,  Schneeberg, 
Saxony.  Crystallization,  monoclinic  ;  colour 
lemon-yellow.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated  arsenate 
of  uranium  ;  formula  5UaOj,2A8O5+20HO. 
trde'-ly,  i.  [TROOLY.] 

tro  gi'-nSB,  a.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  trot,  genit  tro- 
g(is);  Lat.  fem.  adj.  suit  -tjuz.] 

Enttm.:  A  sub-family  of  Scarabeidffi,  re- 
sembling the  Geotrnpinae  in  the  form  of  the 
head,  but  the  legs  are  not  adapted  for  bur- 
rowing. They  feed  on  animal  sultttance  on 
the  surface  of  the  ground  or  on  trees.  Tliose 
which  frequent  the  former  situation  are 
coloured  like  the  sandy  soil,  and  often  coated 
with  sand.  The  others  are  frequently  metallic, 
and  can  roil  themselves  up  like  a  ball. 

trog  -lo-dyte,  *  trog  -lo-dite,  «.  *  o.  [Fr. 
troglodyte,  from  Gr.  TOUYAOOWTTJS  (troglodulis) 
=  one  who  creeps  into  holes,  a  cave-dweller, 
from  rpaiqta  (troglt,  =  a  cave,  and  Win  (duo) 
=  to  enter,  to  creep  into.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

I.  Literally  : 

1.  (PI.):  The  name  given  by  the  anclont 
Greeks  to  various  races  of  low  civilization, 
who  either  excavated  dwellings  in  the  earth  or 
used  natural  caverns  as  habitations.  Accord- 
ing to  Strabo,  they  extended  as  Car  west  as 
Mauritania,  and  as  far  east  as  the  Caucasus  ; 
but  the  best  known  were  those  of  southern 


tro-eg'-er-ite,  «. 

•He  (Min.).} 


Efrypt  and  Ethiopia.  They  were  said  not  to 
possess  the  power  of  speech—  a  rhetoriral 
method  of  stating  that  their  language  dift'ered 
from  that  of  the  Greeks.  Community  of 
wives  existed  among  them,  and  their  general 
habits  were  rude  and  debased.  At  the  present 
time  the  mountainous  regions  of  Arabia  are 
tilled  with  caves  which  have  been  converted 
into  )>ermanent  habitations  by  half-savage 
tribes  of  Bedouins,  and  it  is  probable  that 
these  belong  to  the  same  race  as  the  troglodvtic 
population  of  Ptolemy  and  other  geographers 
It  was  formerly  thought  that  cave-dwellers 
were  peculiar  to  Africa  ;  but  recent  archaeo- 
logical discoveries  show  that  they  occurred 
also  in  Europe  and  America,  and  the  pre- 
historic men  of  Central  Europe  and  Britain 
were  to  a  great  extent  troglodytic.  An  interest- 
ing article  on  Troglodyte  Kemains  in  Southern 
Morocco  appeared  in  the  Times,  Sept.  22,  1887. 
"Some  authors  maintain  that  this  custom  [cannl- 
baUaml  and  that  of  human  sacrifice.  were  »Uelr 
ipread  among  the  trvjladttn  of  the  Stone  Age."— 
Ji.  Jolf.-  Man  it/or,  MelaU,  p.  DM. 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  Anthropoid  genus 
Troglodytes.  [TROGLODYTES,  2.] 

*  IT.  Fig.  :  One  who  lives  in  seclusion  ;  one 
unacquainted  with  the  affairs  of  the  world. 

B.  At  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  troglo- 
dytes ;  living  in  caves. 

"The  invertebrate  animals  did  not  attract  the 
attention  at  the  traglrtyu  «rtista.-_.Y.  J«,  :  Jfan 
bt/art  UetaU.  p.  SOU 

trd-glod'-y-tej,  s.    [TROGLODYTE.] 

1.  Ornith.  :  Wren  :  a  genns  of  Troglodytidffl 
or  Troglodytinse,  from  the  Neotropical,  Ne- 
arctic,  and  Patearctic  regions.  Bill  moderate, 
compressed,  slightly  curved,  without  notch, 
pointed  ;  nostrils  basal,  oval,  partly  covered 
by  a  membrane  ;  wings  very  short,  concave, 
rounded  ;   tail  generally  short  ;   feet  strong, 
middle  toe  united  at  base  to  outer  but  not  to 
middle  toe  ;  tarsus  rather  long  ;  claws  long, 
stout,  and  curved.   Troglodytes  panulta  (t  vul- 
garis),  the  Wren,  is  British.    [WREN.] 

2.  Zool.  :AgenusofSimiin»(q.v.).  Head  not 
produced  vertically  ;  arms  not  reaching  more 
than  half  down  the  shin  ;  ribs  thirteen  pairs  ; 
os  intermedium  absent  from  the  carpus  ;  no 
ischiatic  callosities  ;  hair  black,  dun,  or  gray 
The  genns  is  confined  to  the  West  African 
snb-region,  ranging  from  the  coast  about  12" 
north  and  south  of  the  eqnator,  from  the 
Gambia  to  Benguela,  and  as  far  inland  a»  the 
great  equatorial  forests  extend.    The  number 
of  species  is  not  accurately  determined  ;  three, 
however,  are  well   known,  and    have   been 
carefully  described  :   Troglodytes  gorilla,  the 
Gorilla  ;  T.  niger,  the  Common,  and  T.  calms, 
the  Bald  Chimpanzee.    There  are  probably 
other  species,   since    Livingstone    met  with 
what  he  supposed  to  be  a  new  species  in  the 
forest  region  west  of  the  Nile   [SoKO),  and 
another  has  been  described  by  Gratiolet  and 

Alix.      [KOOLAKAMBA.] 

trSg-l*-d*t-Io,  trog-lA-d#t-.c-al.  o. 

[bug.  troglodyte);  -ic,  -ical.]  Yerta.niug  or 
relating  to  the  Troglodytes,  their  manners 
or  customs. 

trd-glo-dyt'-I-dre,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  troglo. 
dyt(es);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ida.) 

Ornith.:  Wrens;  a  family  of  Passerine 
Birds,  with  seventeen  genera  and  ninety-four 
species.  They  are  rather  abundant  and  varied 
in  the  Neotropical  region,  with  a  few  species 
scattered  through  the  Nearctic,  Palasarctic 
and  parts  of  the  Oriental  region.  The  con- 
stitution of  the  family  is  by  no  means  well 
determined.  (Wallace.) 

ro-gl4-dy-ti'-njB,  *  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  troglo- 
dyttes);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  guff,  -inn:.] 

OrnUK.  :  A  sub-family  of  Timaliidte  (q.T.), 
distinguished  by  the  bill  beinglongand  curved, 
short  in  proportion  to  the  body.  [TROGLO- 
DYTES, 1.] 

tro'g'-lo'-dyt-Ism,  ».  [Eng.  troglodyte); 
-ism.]  The  state  or  condition  of  Troglodytes  ; 
the  state  or  custom  of  living  in  caves. 

"  Perhaps  we  shall  not  be  far  wrong  II  we  regard 
Troytodj/litm  as  the  primitive  state  of  all  or  the 
greater  part  of  mankind.11—  Chamb«rt'  fncitc.,  ir.  &67. 


tro'-gon,  «.    [Or.,  pr.  par.  o 
to  gnaw.] 
L  Ornithology: 


(tmgo) 


(1)  The  type-family  of  Trogonkla  (q.v.), 
with  twenty-four  species,  ranging  from  Para- 
guay to  Mexico,  and  west  of  the  Audes  in 
Eci  ' 


cuador. 


LONO-TAILED  THOGONS. 


(2)  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Trogon,  o» 
the  family  Trogouidte  (q.  v.). 

2.  Palcmnt. :  Remains  have  been  found  in 
the  Miocene  of  France.  At  that  exceptionally 
mild  period  in  the  northern  hemisphere  these 
birds  may  have  ranged  over  all  Europe  anil 
North  America ;  but,  as  the  climate  became 
more  severe  they  were  gradually  restricted 
to  the  tropical  regions,  where  alone  a  suffi- 
ciency of  fruit  and  insect-food  is  found  all  the 
year  round.  (Wallace.) 

tep-gan'-i-dee,  s.  pi     [Mod.  Lat.  trogon; 
Lat.  fem.  pL  adj.  suff-ttte.) 

OrnUK. :  A  family  of  Picarian  Birds,  with 
seven  genera  and  forty-four  species  They 
are  tolerably  abundant  in  the  Neotropical 
and  Oriental  regions  ;  and  are  represented  in 
Africa  by  a  single  genus.  Bill  short,  strong, 
with  a  wide  gape ;  tail  generally  long,  in  son?, 
species  very 
long;  feet 
small,  and 
often  fea- 
thered almost 
to  the  toes, 
two  of  which 
are  placed  in 
front  and  two 
behind.  They 
form  a  well- 
marked  family 
of  insectivor- 
ous forest- 
haunt  i  n  g 
birds,  of  small 
size,  whose 
dense  puffy 
plumage  exhi- 
bits the  most 
exquisite  tints 
of  pink,  crim- 
son, orange, 
brown,  or  me- 
tallic green, 
often  relieved 
by  delicate 
bands  of  pure 
white.  In  one 

Guatemalan  species,  Pharomacrus  mocinno 
the  Long-tailed  Trogon  or  Quesal  (q.v.),  the 
tail  coverts  are  enormously  lengthened  into 
waving  plumes  of  rich  metallic  green,  as 
graceful  and  marvellous  as  those  of  the  Birds 
of  Paradise.  Trogons  are  unable  to  use  their 
feet  for  climbing,  and  usually  take  their 
station  on  the  branches  of  a  tree,  dashing  u  pon 
insects  as  they  fly  past  or  upon  some  fruit  at 
a  little  distance  from  them,  and  returning  to 
their  seat  to  eat  what  they  have  secured. 

tro-gon-ther'-I-ttm,  s.  [Gr.  Tpiiyu>i> 
pr.  par.  of  xp<i-yo.((ro!;(j)  =  togiiawlau 
(thirion)  =  a  wild  beast.] 

Palieont. :  A  genns  of  Oastorlda;,  from  the 
Post-tertiary  deposits  of  Europe.  It  scarcely 
appears  to  be  geuerically  distinct  from  Castor 
(q.v.). 

tro  goph'-lce  US,  «.  [Gr.  rrf£  (trli),  genit 
rpoyyo?  (trugus)  =  a  caterpillar,  and  <£AOIOC 
(phloics)=  the  bark  of  trees.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Staphylinldffi,  with 
twelve  British  species. 

trd-go-si-ta,  8.  [Or.  rp^{  (trox),  genit 
T/xu-yo?  (IrSyos)  =  a  caterpillar,  and  trirof  (t,itos) 
=  wheat,  corn.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Trogositi'lae 
(q.T.X  Trngosita  nuiurit'inioa  is  often  found 
in  meal  bins,  feeding  on  their  contents. 

tro-go-M'-ti-dsa, s.pt.  [Mod.] 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -itlie,} 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Necrophaaa,  or  Clavi- 
cornia,  with  three  British  genera,  each  contain- 
ing one  species.  Lower  jaws  with  only  one 
lobe,  and  the  first  joint  of  the  tarsi  reduced  in 
size.  They  are  long  beetles,  with  the  body 
compressed,  often  of  metallic  colours.  About 
150  are  known,  mostly  feeding  on  wood. 

tro-go'-SUS,  «.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Gr.  rpif 
(trox),  genit  rpaiyot  (trogos)  =  a  gnawer.] 

Palannt. :  A  genna  of  Tillotheridre,  called 
by  Leidy  Anchippo'lus.  Founded  on  remains 
from  the  Eocene  of  Wyoming. 

trogue,  «.     [A.S.  troj;  =  a  trough  (q.v.).] 
Mining:  A  wooden  trough  forming  a  drain 

Tro'-Jc,  a.  [Lat  Traicus.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  ancient  Troy  or  the  Troas  ;  Trojan. 


Cite,  ISt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine;  go,  pdi, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule.  fiiUs  try.  Syrian.    «.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


troilite— trombone 


4843 


troi  -lite,  s.  [After  Dominioo  Troili  of  Modena, 
IUly,  suff.  -iK(Mi».).] 

A/tn. :  An  iron  sulphide  occurring  only  in 
meteorites,  in  disseminated  nodules.     Hard- 


mula  FeS. 

Tro  -Jan,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  Trojanus,  from  Troja 
-.  Troy.) 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  ancient 
Troy  :  as,  the  Trojan  war. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

L  Lit.  :  An  inhabitant  of  ancient  Troy. 

II.  Figuratively  : 

1  A  person  of  pluck  or  determination  ;  one 
who  fights  with  a  will  :  a  courageous  endurer  : 
as,  He  bore  the  pain  like  a  Trojan. 

*  2.  A  cant  name  for  an  aged  inferior  or 


'  3.  To  circulate  abroad  ;  to  spread  the 
name  or  fame  of. 

"All  tongues  shall  troule  you  In  utcula  snculorum." 
—Beaum.  f  flet.  :  PhUaiter.  v 

4.  To  sing  the  parts  of  in  succession,  the 
voices  succeeding  each  other  at  regular  in- 
tervals with  the  same  melody  ;  to  sing  in  a 
full,  jovial  voice. 

••  Will  you  troll  the  catch  ?" 

tf.  :  Tempeit,  ill.  2. 


"  With  patient  angle  trulli  the  fluny  deep, 

•  his  veufrous  ploughshare  to  the  steep, 
tf  oldsmith :  Traveller. 


*  S.  A  cant  name  for  a  person  of  doubtful 
character. 

••  There  »re  other  Trifanl  th«t  thou  dreamert  not 
of.  "—  OuOtnp.  :  1  8mm  If.,  U.  1. 

trdke,  v.l.    [TROCK.] 

trokc.  t.    [TROKE,  ».] 

1.  The  act  of  trucking;  exchange,  barter, 
dealings,  intercourse,  truck. 

2.  A  trinket  ;  a  small  ware. 

trSll  (1).  ».    [TROLL,  *.] 

•  1.  The   act   of  going   round  or   moving 
round  ;  routine,  repetition. 

••  The  traU  ot  their  table."—  Burke  :  fmclt  Ketol. 

2.  A  song,  the  parts  of  which  are  sung  in 
succession  ;  a  round. 

3.  A  reel  on  a  fishing-rod. 

4.  A  trolly. 

••  This  •  couch  '  I.  a  low  beach-cart.  used  In  the  con. 
Teyauce  at  the  flab  (rom  the  seaside  ;  it  Is  properly 
oafied  itroll.  ami  owe.  the  origin  of  i«  co.istnicUou 

,  tile  narrowness  o(  the  slreeU  aforesaid."—  /Kurt. 
London  .Vent.  Sept.  SS.  1S01.  p.  Ml. 

troll-plate,  ». 

Mac*.  :  A  rotating  disc  employed  to  effect 
the  simultaneous  convergence  or  divergence 
of  a  number  of  objects  ;  such  as  screw-dies  in 
a  stock,  or  the  jaws  of  a  universal  chuck. 

troll  (2),  trold,  trolld,  trow,  ..     [Old 

Norse  troll;    Sw.   troll  ;   Dan.   trold  =  giant, 
monster,  spectre,  unearthly  being.    (Grimm  : 
Dmt.  Mythol.  (ed.  Stallybrass),  ii.  627.)] 
Scandinavian  Mythology  : 

1.  A  comprehensive  term,  embracing  super- 
natural beings  of  widely  different  character. 

"We  come  acroes  numerous  approximation!  and 
overlapping*  between  the  giaut-letfeiid  and  (hose  of 
dwarfs  auJ  watersprites,  U  the  couiprehemlve  name 
troll  111  Scandinavian  tradition  would  ol  luell  nidi. 
cate.--0rin.rn.-  DM  JfjifaoMed.  Stallybraasl.  IL  652. 

2.  A  giant  or  giantess  endowed  with  super- 
natural powers. 

S.  A  witch,  a  sorceress  ;  a  nightoiding  hag. 
Sometimes  extended  so  as  to  include  the 
Valkyres. 

"I  «aw  thee  ride  on  the  hurdle,  loose-haired.  loose- 
nirt  in  trolVt  garb."—  Orhnm:  Deut.  MI/OK*,  (ed. 
Btallybnus),  ill.  l.OM. 


troll-flower,  s. 

Bot.  :  Trollius  ettropma. 

troll,  •  troolc.  *  troul,  •  troulc.  *  tro  wl, 
*  trowle,  v.l.  &  t.  [O.  Fr.  trolUr,  tmuler  = 
to  run  hither  and  thither,  to  range  or  hunt 
out  of  order;  Fr.  trOler  =  to  lead,  to  drag 
about,  to  ramble,  to  stroll  about,  from  Ger. 
trollcn  =  to  roll,  to  troll  ;  cogn.  with  O.  Put. 
trollea,  =  to  troll  ;  Low  Ger.  drulen  =  to  roll 
to  troll  ;  cf.  Wei.  trol  =  a  cylinder,  a  roll 
trolio  =  to  roll,  to  trundle  ;  trolyn  =  a  roller 
trorlli  =  to  whirl  ;  troell  =  a  whirl,  wheel,  reel 
pulley,  or  screw;  troawl  =  turning,  revolving 
tro  =  a  turn.l 

A*  Transitive  : 

*  1.  To  move  In  a  circular  direction  ;  to 
turn  or  roll  about. 

"  To  drees,  and  troU  the  tongue,  and  roll  the  eye." 
MUton  :  F.  l~.  It  MO. 

•  2.  To  circulate  or  pass  round,  as  a  vessel 
of  liquor  at  table. 

"  Give  me  a  man,  that  when  he  goes  hanging  cries 
tn,w*  the  black  bowl  to  me."—  Beaut*.  t  flet.: 
Knight  of  Burning  fettle,  ii. 


. 

*  5.  To  angle  for  ;  hence,  to  entice,  to  allure, 
to  draw  on. 

"He  ...  trotelt  and  baits  him  with  a  aobler  prey." 
—  I/ainmond  :  Sermone,  vol.  iv.,  ser.  vitL 

G.  To  angle  in  ;  to  fish  in. 

•With 

Or  an 
B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  go  round  ;  to  move  or  turn  round  ; 
to  roll  along. 

"  Where  glided  chairs  and  coaches  throng, 
And  Jostle  as  they  troiel  aloug." 

Smft:  Dan  Stitedley  I  Petition. 

*  2.  To  stroll,  to  ramble. 

*  3.  To  move  quickly  ;  to  wag. 

"  Fill  him  but  a  Ixmle,  It  will  make  his  tongue  troule." 
F.  Beaumont  :  Exaltation  of  Ale. 

4.  To  take  part  in  a  catch  dr  round,  the 
voices  succeeding  each  other  at   regulated 
intervals  with  the  same  melody. 

5.  To  angle  with  a  rod  and  line  running  on 
a  reel  (q.v.). 

••  I  vainly  trolled  lor  pike."—  Field,  Oct.  2s.  1887. 

troT-le-lte,  «,  [After  H.  O.  Trolle  Wacht- 
meister,  the  Swedish  chemist  ;  suff.  -itt 
(Jtftn.).] 

Itin.  :  An  amorphous  mineral,  with  com- 
pact texture.  Hardness,  below  6H>  ;  sp.  gr. 
8-10  ;  lustre,  somewhat  vitreous  ;  colour,  pale 
green.  Compos.  :  phosphoric  acid,  47-8  ;  alu- 
mina, 46'2;  water,  8-0  =  100,  corresponding 
with  the  formula,  AljOsPO.-l-  JAlsOo,3HO. 
Found  in  an  iron  mine  at  Westana,  Scania, 
Sweden. 

troll  er,  *.     [Eng.  troll,  v.  J  •«•.]    One  who 

trolls. 

tr51'-ley,  tr6i'-l&  «.    [TROLL,  ».] 

1.  A  form  of  truck  which  can  be  tilted  over 
by  removing   pins  which  attach   it   to  the 
frame. 

"The  train  consists  ol  three  cars  coupled  together 
and  a  trolley  lor  luggage  or  goods."—  Daily  Telegraph, 
Sept.  2,  18-7. 

2.  A  narrow  cart  which  can  be  either  driven 
by  the  band  or  drawn  by  an  animal. 

3.  [ELECTRIMROLLIY!  TROLLEY-RAILWAY.] 

trolley-car,  ».  [TROLLEY-RAILWAY.] 

trolley-line,  i.  The  railway  on  which 
electric  trolley  care  are  run. 

trolley-railway,  «.  A  system  of  elec- 
tric street  and  road  railways  which  is  now 
rapidly  being  introduced  in  the  United  States 
and  parts  of  Europe.  The  current  of  electricity 
is  conveyed  on  a  copper  wire,  usually  overhead, 
though  in  some  cases  underground.  In  contact 
with  this  wire  runs  a  Trolley,  or  small  revolving 
wheel,  which  is  connected  by  a  conductor  with 
the  electric  motor  in  the  car,  and  supplies  the 
current  necessary  to  the  motion  of  the  car. 
Great  speed  can  be  attained,  if  necessary. 
[ELBCTRIC-RAILWAY,  ELECTRIC-TROLLEY.] 

trolley-wire,  «.  [TROLLEY-RAILWAY.] 
troll  ing,  pr.  par.,  a,,  &  «.  [TROLL,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  far.  *  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  Mbst.  :  The  act  of  one  who  trolls  ; 
specifically  applied  to  a  method  of  fishing  for 
pike  with  a  rod  and  line  and  with  a  dead  bait, 
such  as  a  gudgeon,  spoon-bait,  &c. 

"  Trolling  with  a  dead  bait  or  spoon  may  result  In  a 
heary  trout,  11  not  a  pike."—  field,  Jan.  16.  1886. 

trol'-ll-tis,  ».      I.1*411"8611  froln  "*•  troU 
(q.v.).J 

Bot.  :  Globe-flower  (q.v.)  ;  a  genus  of  Helle- 
borese  (q.v.).  Erect  perennial  herbs,  with 
alternate  palmately-lobed  or  cut  sepals,  five 
to  fifteen,  coloured;  petals  five  to  fifteen, 
small,  linear,  flat,  with  a  pit  above  the  con- 
tracted base  ;  stamens  numerous,  follicles 
five  or  more.  Known  species  nine,  from  the 
North  Temperate  and  Arctic  zones. 

*  troll'-oX  ».t.  or  i.    [A  redupl.  of  troll,  v. 
(q.v.).]    To  troll  ;  to  sing  in  jovial,  rollicking 


trol' -lop,  s.  [Prob.  from  troll,  v.,  and  per- 
haps a  contraction  of  trill-about.}  [TEULL.) 

1.  A  woman  loosely  dresstvl  ;    a  slattern, 
a  drab,  a  slut,  a  woman  of  bad  character. 

"  Yet  the  virtuous  virgin  resolves  tt>  run  away  with 
him.  to  live  among  banditti,  to  wait  upi.n  his  trollop, 
U  she  had  no  other  way  ol  euJoyiiiK  hu  company.  — 
Lady  At.  W.  Montagu  :  Letter,  June  28,  1754. 

2.  A  loose  hanging  rag.    (.VnMi.) 

*  trol-lop-ee',  s.  [TROLLOP.]  A  loose  dresg 
for  femuU-s. 

"  There  goes  Mrs.  Roundabout  —  I  mean  the  lat 
lady  in  the  lute-etriug  trollopee."—Gulils//ii'/i:  The 
Bee,  No.  ii. 

tr61'-l6p-lBh,  a.  [Eng.  trollop;  -i*M  Like 
a  trollop  or  slattern  ;  slovenly. 

trol'-lop-y,  a.    [Eng.  trollop, ; -y.]   Slatternly, 

slovenly. 

"  A  rrottopy-looklng  maid-servant."— Jane  Auiten: 
jfaiajeld  Park.  cli.  xxvli. 

tr»V-ly\  «.      [TROLLEY.] 

«  tror-mjf-dames,  s.  [Fr.  erou-ma*mt«=» 
pigeon-hole  :  (rou  =  a  hole,  and  modem*  =a 
lady.]  An  old  English  game;  pigeon-holes ; 
nine-holes. 

"  A  fellow  I  have  known  to  go  about  with  trolmjf- 
damet  •  1  knew  him  once  a  servant  of  the  prince  — 
Skaketp.  :  Winter'i  Tale,  Iv.  2. 

trom  Wd  I-de?,  trom-bi-di'-l  de?,  t.pl 
[Mod.  Lat.  trombldium;  Lat  masc.  or  fem, 
adj.  sutf.  -ides.] 

Zoal. :  Harvest-mites ;  an  extensive  family 
of  Acarina.  Body  stout,  round,  or  oval, 
often  somewhat  colony,  frequently  broader 
before  than  behind  ;  sometimeBclenselyclnthed 
with  a  kind  of  pubescence  ;  the  two  hinder 
pairs  of  legs  far  removed  from  the  two  fore 
pairs  ;  eyes  two.  They  are  generally  of  «ome 
shade  of  red,  often  bright  vermilion,  some- 
times more  or  less  spotted  with  brown  or 
black.  There  are  several  genera,  some  of 
which  feed  on  the  juices  of  plants,  others 
attack  man  and  the  lower  animals. 

trom-Wd'-i-fim,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  Agas- 
siz  gives  rpo,A/3iio>)5  (trombodes)  =  timid.  This 
word  is  not  found  in  Liddcll  &  Scott ;  it  oci'urs 
in  Stephanus  (Thesaurus  Graxa  Lingua,  edd. 
Hase  &  Dindorf),  with  the  remark  that  it  is 
probably  a  miswriting  for  <rrpon£woii«  (strom- 
botles)  —  like  a  spiral  snail-shell.) 

Zool. :  The  type-jenns  of  Trombidides  (q.v.), 
with  many  iperk'S,  some  of  which  in  their 
larval  stages  are  parasitic.  The  genus  Leptus 
is  founded  on  the  larvre  of  several  species  of.1 
Trombidium.  [SCARLET-MITE.] 

trom'-bi-lite,  ».    [THROMBOLITE.] 

trom  bone',  s.  [Ital.,  augmentative  of  tnmtia 
=  a  trumpet  (q.v.).] 

1.  Music: 

(1)  A  large,  deep  and  loud-toned  instrument 
of  the  trumpet  kind,  the  name  being  an 
augmentative  of  tromba.  It  consists  of  two 
tubes,  so  constructed  that  one 
may  slide  in  and  out  of  the 
other,  and  thus  form  one  tube 
that  can  be  lengthened  at  will 
and  made  of  varying  pitch. 
There  are  three  kinds  of  trom- 
bones, called  after  their  com- 
pass the  alto,  tenor,  and  bass 
trombones.  Soprano  trom- 
bones have  also  been  made, 
but  they  are  rarely  used.  The 
alto  trombone  has  a  compass 
of  more  than  two  octaves  and 
a  half,  and  is  also  known  as . 
the  trombone  in  fib.  It  is 
written  in  the  C  clef,  third 
line.  The  tenor  trombone  is 
also  known  as  the  trombone 
in  B  P.  It  is  written  on  the  c 
clef,  fourth  line.  The  bass 
trombone  is  the  lowest  of  all 
in  its  range  of  notes,  and  is 
known  as  the  EP.  It  is  writ- 
ten  on  the  r  clef :  is  an  octave 
lower  than  the  alto,  and  a  fifth  lower  than  the 
tenor.  Some  of  these  instruments  are  fitted 
with  pistons,  whence  they  are  called  valve- 
trombones. 

(2)  A  powerful  reed  stop  In  the  organ,  ot 
eight  feet  or  sixteen  feet  scale  on  the  manuals 
and  sixteen  feet  or  thirty-two  feet  on  the 
pedals. 

2.  Ordn. :  A  form  of  blunderbuss  for  boat- 
service. 


boll,  b6y;  po^t.  Jowl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  aj;  expect.  Xenophon,  eyist.    -Ing. 
-elan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -alon  =  shun;  -{ion,  -jiou  =  ihun.   -oions,  -tioam,  -«ious  =  Bhua.   -We,  -die.  4c.  -  bel,  del. 


4844 


trommel— trope 


CROSS.  TROHCOKU  DE. 
MKMBR&. 


trone  (2),  s. 
(Prov.) 


[Etym.  doubtful]  A  small  drain. 


*  trone  (3),  *  trones,  >.  [Low  Lat.  trona  ;  O. 
Fr.  tronel,  troneau  =  a  balance,  a  weight,  from 
Lat.  trutina  =  a  balance.)  A  kind  of  steel- 
yard or  beam  formerly  used  for  weighing 
heavy  commodities. 

*  trone  weight,  s.  An  ancient  Scottish 
weight  used  for  many  home  productions,  as 
wool,  cheese,  butter,  Ac.  In  this  weight  the 
pound  differed  in  various  counties  from 
21  oz.  to  28  oz.  avoirdupois.  The  later  tron 
stone  or  standard  weight  contained  16  tron 
pounds,  the  tron  pound  being  equivalent  to 
1-3747  Ibs.  avoirdupois. 

troo'-ljf,  s.    [Native  name.) 

Bat.  :  Manicaria  sacci/era.    [MANICABIA.] 

trodp.  *  trip.  »  troope,  *  troupe,  ».  [Fr. 
troupe  (O.  Fr.  trope),  from  Low  Lat.  (ropiw, 
prob.  from  Lat.  turba  =  a  crowd  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
tropa;  O.  Ital.  troppa;  Ital.  truppa;  Dut 
troep;  Dan.  trap;  Sw.  tropp;  Ger.  trupp.] 


trom  meL  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

.Vetall.  :  A  form  of  huddle  or  machine  for 
separating  the  richer  portions  of  slimes  from 
the  worthless. 

tr*-m8m'-e-ter,  s.    [Or.  ipiMM  (tromos)=  a 

remblmg,  ta&iuhpar  (metron)  =  a  measure.] 

Physics:    An    instrument    for    measuring 

earth-tremors.     It  usually  consists  of  a  pen- 

dulum or  pendulums,  with  means  for  observ- 

ing the  oscillations  on  a  micromatic  scale 

(Wilne:  Earthquakes,  ch.  xix.) 

tromp  (1),  *  trompe  (1),  s.    [Fr.] 

Mctall.:  The  water-blowing  engine;  used 
as  a  furnace-blast  in  Savoy.  Carniola,  and 
some  i*rts  of  America.  Water  from  a  reser- 
voir flows  through  a  pipe,  which  is  contracted 
just  below  the  reservoir  to  divide  the  stream 
into  a  shower,  and  has  oblique  perforations, 
through  which  air  enters  and  is  carried  down 
by  the  water,  which  impinges  upon  a  plate  in 
a  drum,  separating  the  air  which  is  com- 
pressed in  the  upper  part  of  the  drum,  flow- 
ing through  a  pipe  to  the  blast-pipes. 

•  tromp  (2),  *  trompe  (2),  ».     [Fr.  trompe.] 
A  trump,  a  trumj>et. 

"  Wlthouteu  tromp  was  proclamation  made." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  u/  Indolence,  I.  38. 

«  trom'-pO,  ».     [0.  Fr.  trompille.]    An  aper- 
ture m  a  tromp.    (Webster.) 

'  tromp  our,  «.    [O.  Fr.)    A  trumpeter. 

"  The  trompouret  with  the  loud  minstralsie. 

tron,,.    [TRONE.J  "•-• 

1.  A  steelyard  balance. 

2.  A  wooden  air-shaft  in  a  mine. 
tro'-na,  ».    [An  Arabic  name.) 

Min.  :  A  monoclinic  mineral,  mostly  occur- 
ring fibrous  or  massive.  Hardness,  2'5  to  8  • 
•p.  gr.  2-11  ;  lustre,  vitreous  ;  colour,  grayish 
to  white  ;  translucent;  taste,  alkaline.  Com- 
pos. :  carbonic  acid,  40-2  ;  soda,  87'8  ;  water 
22-0  =  100,  which  yields  the  formula,  2NaO 
SCO2  +  4HO.  First  found  and  used  by  the 
Arabs  at  Suckenna,  Fezzan,  Africa. 

•  tron  age  (age  as  Ig),  ,.    [Eng.  tron(e)  (S); 
•age.]    A  toll  or  duty  paid  for  weighing  w»ol  • 
the  act  of  weighing  wool. 

•  tron'-a-tor,  s.  [Low  Lat.,  from  O.  Fr.  front 
=  a  steelyard.)    An  officer  in  London  whose 
duty  was  to  weigh  wool. 

•  tronch  oun,  s.    [TRUNCHEON.] 

•  tron'-co,  a.    [Ital.,  for  tronmto,  pa.  par  of 
troncare  =  to   cut   off,  to    suppress  •    Lat 
franco.) 

Music:  Cut  off,  made 
short  ;  a  term  directing 
a  sound  to  be  cut  short, 
or  just  uttered  and  then 
discontinued. 

trori    con    co  de- 
mem  bre,  «.    [Fr.] 

Her.  :  Said  of  a  cross 
or  other  bearing  cut  in 
pieces  and  separated, 
though  still  reserving 
the  form  of  the  cross,  or  other  bearing. 

•  trone  (1),  «.    [THRONE.] 


I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  collection  of  people  ;  a  crowd,  a  com- 
pany,  a  number,  a  multitude. 

"  A.  the  slow  beast,  with  heavy  strength  endued, 
la  some  wide  field  by  troopt  of  boys  pursued." 

Pope  :  Honor  ;  Iliad  il.  688. 

2.  A  body  of  soldiers.  (Generally  used  in  the 
plural,  and   signifying  soldiers   in    general 
whether  few  or  many,  and  including  infantry 
cavalry,  and  artillery.) 

"  Whether  yond  troops  are  friends  or  enemy." 

Shaketp.  :  Juliut  Cojtar,  V.  I. 

*  3.  A  company  or  assemblage  of  people. 

"  Before  the  merry  troop  the  minstrels  play'd." 

Dryden  :  Flower  *  Leaf.  352. 

*  4.  A  band  or  company  of  performers  :  a 
troupe. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Mil.  :  In  cavalry,  the  unit  of  formation, 
forming  the  command  of  a  captain,  consisting 
usually  of  sixty  troopers,  and  corresponding 
to  a  company  of  infantry. 

2.  Music: 

(1)  A  march  In  quick  time. 


wrh  """ilng  •  troop 
Oft  they  briskly  Bet"  Jie/oe. 

(2)  The-  second  beat  of  the  drum  as  the 
signal  for  marching. 


troop-bird,  s. 

(q.v.). 


The  same  as  THOOPUL 


*  troop-meal,  adv.  By  troops,  In  troops, 
in  crowds. 

"  So  troop-meal.  Troy  pursued  awhile." 

Chapman  :  Bomer;  Iliad  xvil.  Sit. 

troop-Ship,  s.  A  ship  for  the  conveyance 
of  troops  ;  a  transport. 

"Then  we  steer  close  alongside  of  her  Majesty's 
great  Iroop-thip  the  Crocodile,  full  of  time-expired 
and  invalid  soldiers."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Deo.  4.  lies. 

troop,  v.i.    [TROOP,  «.] 

1.  To  collect  in  crowds;   to  assemble  or 
gather  in  numbers. 

"  £.or'.wh"e  °"f  P'ck  them  "P  wl'h  busy  MIL 
The  little  trooping  birds  unwisely  scares." 

Thornton  :  Spring.  1M. 

2.  To  march  in  a  body  or  company. 

"  Nor  do  I  as  an  enemy  to  peace, 
Troop  In  the  throng  of  military  men." 

Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  1 1'.,  IT.  1. 

*  3.  To  march  in  haste.  (Generally  followed 
by  o/.) 

"  At  whose  approach  ghosts  .  .  . 
Troop  liome  to  chiircnyards." 

Shatetp.  :  Midtummer  Itighfl  Dream,  lii.  J. 

*  4.  To  associate. 

"  A  snowy  dove  trooping  with  crows." 

Shaketp. :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  L  5. 

troop -er,  «.    [Eng.  troop;  -er.} 

1.  A  private  soldier  in  a  body  of  cavalry ;  a 
horse-soldier. 

"His  old  troopert,  the  Satan*  and  Beelzebnbs  who 
bad  snared  his  crimes,  and  who  now  shared  his  perils, 
were  ready  to  be  the  companions  ol  his  flight"— Jiac. 
aubig  :  Hi*.  Bug.,  ch.  xiii. 

2.  A  troop-ship  (q.v.). 

-.'I??.'.  b.1|(b>  •wblt<  'Mel  °*  ""  trooper,  .warming 
with  lite."-0ailt  Telegraph,  Dec,  4,  1885. 

troo  pl-al,  ».  [Fr.  troupiale,  from  troupe-=& 
troop,  from  their  habit  of  assembling  in  large 
flocks.) 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  several  scecies 
of  the  genus  Icterus ;  often  extended  to  me 
sub-families  Icterinie  and  Agelainte.  All  the 
troopials  are  American,  and  in  some  respects 
resemble  the  Starlings  and  in  others  the 
Finches  of  the  Old  World.  In  the  Icterinie 
the  prevailing  colours  of  the  plumage  are 
yellow  and  black,  and  the  species  are  also 
known  as  Orioles.  The  Common  Troopial, 
Icterus  vulgaris,  is  about  ten  inches  long ; 
back  and  abdomen  yellow  ;  head,  neck,  breast, 
and  tail  black  ;  white  band  on  wings.  The 
Orchard  Troopial,  /.  spurius,  resembles  the 
Baltimore  Oriole  (q.v.)  in  general  appearance, 
but  is  slenderer  in  form. 

troop'-lng,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [TROOP,  t>.] 
U  Trooping  the  colours : 
MiL :   A  ceremony  observed  in  garrisons, 
when  the  whole  of  the  guards  are  paraded 

Previous  to  marching  to  their  respective  posts, 
hese  bodies  are  formed  in  line,  on  the  flank 
and  in  front  of  which  the  colour  is  placed, 
protected  by  sentries.  The  band  faces  it  on 
the  opposite  flank.  After  the  guards  are 
inspected,  Ac.,  the  band  advances  in  slow 
time  to  the  colour,  which  is  now  provided 
with  an  escort ;  and,  finally,  the  band,  escort, 
and  colour  pass  between  the  opened  ranks  of 
the  guards  in  a  series  of  single  files  until  the 


other  flank  of  the  line  is  reached.  The  colour.- 
are  saluted  by  presenting  arms,  and  the 
guards  march  jast. 

troosf-ite,  s.  [After  Prof.  G.  Troost,  of  Nash. 
ville,  Tennessee;  suff.  -ite  (Mm.).) 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Willemite  (q.v.),  occur- 
ring in  large  opaque  crystals,  which  are 
mostly  impure  from  the  presence  of  iron  and 
manganese.  Found  with  franklinite,  &c  in 
the  State  of  New  Jersey. 

tro-p«B-6-la'-9e-8D,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  tro- 
paxil(m.);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -aceos.} 

Bot. :  Indian-cresses ;  an  order  of  Hypogyn- 
ous  Kxogens,  alliance  Mai  vales.  Smooth  twist- 
ing or  twining  herbs  of  tender  texture  and 
acnd  taste.  Peduncles  axillary,  one-flowered 
Sepals  three  to  five,  generally  with  valvate 
aestivation,  the  upper  one  with  a  long  spur  • 
pefcils  normally  five,  yellow,  scarlet,  orange 
rarely  blue,  sometimes  reduced  to  two  or 
even  one,  convolute  in  (estivation;  stamens 
six  to  ten  ;  anthers  two-celled ;  style  one  • 
stigmas  three  to  five;  ovary  one,  three- 
cornered;  three  or  five  carpels;  ovules  soli- 
tary ;  fruit  indehiscent ;  seeds  large,  without 
albumen,  filling  the  cell  in  which  they  are 
Known  genera  five,  species  forty-three.  (Lind- 
ley.)  All  from  the  temperate  parts  of  America, 
The  order  was  formed  by  the  elevation  of  the 
tribe  Tropasolese  [1] ;  now  most  botanists  are 
reverting  to  the  old  arrangement 

trp-psB-o'-le-as,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tropax>l(um); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun".  -«*.] 

Botany : 

1.  A  tribe  of  Gcraniaceas,  the  equivalent  of 
the  order  Tropseolacete  (q.v.).    (Jussieu,  dx.) 
_  2.  The  typical  tribe  of  Tropasolacew,  having 
irregular  flowers  and  pendulous  ovules. 

trd-pSB-61-lo,  a.      [Mod.  Lat.   tmpml(um); 
•1C.]    Derived  from  tropajolum. 

tropaeollc-acld,  .-,. 

Cltem. :  An  acid  extracted  from  the  hert 
and  seed  of  Tropenolum  majits,  by  heating  with 
alcohol.  It  crystallizes  in  slender  needles  in 
soluble  in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 

tro-ps8'-<5  lum,  trop-avo'-lum.  s.    [Gr. 

rpoiraioi/  (tropaion)  =  a  trophy.    So  named 
from  its  peltate  leaves.] 

Bot. :  Indian-cress  or  Nasturtium;  the 
typical  genus  of  Tropseolaceas  (q.v.).  Calyx 
five-parted,  the  upper  lobe  spurred  ;  petals 
normally  five,  unequal,  the  three  lowest  small 
pr  wanting  ;  stamens  eight,  free  ;  carpels  three, 
kidney-shaped;  fruit  roundish,  furrowed,  in- 
dehiscent,  the  seed  large,  tilling  the  cell 
Climbing  plants  from  South  America.  About 
twenty-seven  species  are  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens. Those  best  known  are  TropaMum 
majus,  the  great,  and  T.  minus,  the  small, 
Indian-cress  or  Nasturtium.  The  leaves  of 
the  first  are  peltate,  nerved,  orbicular,  some- 
what lobed,  the  nerves  not  mucronate  ;  pe- 
tals obtuse.  It  was  brought  at  Drat  from 
Peru.  The  second  species  is  smaller  than  the 
last,  with  peltate  nerves,  orbicular  leaves, 
deep  yellow  flowers,  streaked  with  orange  and 
red.  The  berries  of  both  species  are  gathered 
when  green  and  made  into  a  pickle,  and  used 
also  as  a  garnish  for  dishes.  T.  tricolorum  is 
a  highly  ornamental  species,  having  the  calyx 
wavy,  scarlet,  tipped  with  black,  and  the 
petals  yellow.  T.  canariense  is  a  climbing 
variety  known  as  the  Canary  creeper.  Of  late 
years  florists  have  succeeded  in  obtaining  end- 
less varieties  of  colours  of  tropeeolum. 


tro-par'-I-on,  «. 


of  tropaeolura. 
[TROPERION.] 


trope,  s.  [Lat.  tropua  =  *  figure  of  speech,  a 
trope,  from  Gr.  rpoiros  (tropos)  =  a  turning,  a 
turn  or  fiKure  of  speech,  from  Tp«iro>  (Irene)  = 
to  turn  ;  Fr.  trope;  Sp.  At  Ital.  (ropo.J 

1.  Xhet.  :  A  figurative  use  of  a  word  ;  a  word 
or  expression  used  in  a  different  sense  from 
that  which  it  properly  possesses,  or  a  word 
changed  from  its  original  signification  to 
another  for  the  sake  of  giving  life  or  emphasis 
to  an  idea,  as  when  we  call  a  stupid  fellow  an 
ass,  or  a  shrewd  man  a  fox.  Tropes  are  chiefly 
of  four  kinds  :  metaphor,  metonymy,  synec- 
doche, and  irony  (see  these  words);  but  to 
these  may  be  added  allegory,  prosopopreia. 
antonomasia,  and  perhaps  some  others. 

"  Figures  of  words  are  commonly  called  tropft  and 
consist  in  a  word's  being  employed  to  shjuily  some- 
thing that  Is  different  from  it*  original  nnd  primitive; 
so  that  if  you  alter  the  word,  you  destroy  the  figure."— 
Blair  :  Rhetoric,  lecL  44. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  giro,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  wild,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ee,  a>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


troper— tropicoris 


4845 


*2.  Roman  Ritual:  The  name  given  to 
verses  sung  at  High  Mass,  before  or  after,  and 
sometimes  in  the  middle  of  the  Introit. 
Tropes  were  introduced  by  the  monks  as  early 
as  A.D.  1000,  but  were  removed  from  tlie 
Missal  on  its  revision  under  Pius  V.  (1566-72). 

trop'-er,  s.    [TROPERION.J 

tro-per'-I-o'n,  tro-par'~I-6n,  trop'-er,  *. 

[TROPE.] 

Roman  Ritual  :  A  book  containing  the  tropes 
[TROPE,  2.],  but  frequently  used  also  for  a 
book  containing  Sequences.  The  word  Tro- 
perinn  often  occurs  in  Church  inventories. 
(  Add  is  £  Arnold.) 

troph'-l,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  rpo^oc  (trophos)  =  one 
who  feeds  or  nourishes;  rpe'^w  (trepho)=to 
nourish.] 

Entom.  :  The  organs  about  the  mouth  in 
Insects.  These  are  of  two  types,  the  masti- 
catory and  the  suctorial,  which  are  sometimes 
modified  and  occasionally  combined.  The 
trophi  of  Masticatory  Insects,  such  as  Beetles, 
consist  of  (1)  an  upper  lip,  or  labrum  ;  (2)  a 
pair  of  mandibles,  for  biting  ;  (3)  a  pair  of 
maxillae,  for  chewing  ;  (4)  a  lower  lip,  or 
labium.  In  the  Suctorial  Insects,  such  as  the 
Butterflies,  the  labrum  and  mandibles  are 
rudimentary  ;  the  maxilla;  are  greatly  elon- 
gated, and  fonn  a  spiral  trunk,  or  antlia,  by 
which  the  juices  of  flowers  are  sucked  up. 

troph  ic,  *  troph'-Io-al,  a-  [Gr.  -rpo^tKo^ 
(trophikos)  =  nursing,  te'nding,  from  rpttyi} 
(trophe)  =  nourishment.]  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  the  direct  influence  of  nourishment 
or  nutrition. 

trophic-nerves,  s.  pi. 

Physiol.  :  Any  nerves  which  either  actually 
influence  nutrition,  or  have  been  supposed  to 
do  so  ;  as  the  fifth  or  trigemlnal  nerve,  which 
has  a  certain  influence  on  the  nutrition  of  the 
eye.  (Foster:  PhysioL,  ch.  v.,  §  5.) 

tro'-phled,  *  tro-phyed,  a.  [Eng.  trophy; 
•ed.}    Adorned  with  trophies. 

"  The  name  that  wont  the  trophy'd  arch  to  grace." 
Jtotoe:  Lucan;  Phartatia.  viii. 

troph  is,  s.  [Gr.  rpo*«  (trophis)-  well-fed, 
stout,  large.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Artocarpaceae.  Flowers 
dioecious,  spike  axillary,  males  with  four 
stamens,  females  with  a  single  ovule.  Fruit 
succulent  Natives  of  both  the  East  and  the 
West  Indies.  Trophis  americana,  the  Ramoon 
tree,  is  about  twenty  feet  high,  and  bears 
pleasantly  flavoured  drupes  about  the  size  of 
grapes.  It  is  a  native  of  the  West  Indies, 
where  the  leaves  and  twigs  are  eaten  by  cattle. 
The  milky  juice  of  T.  asper,  a  small  evergreen 
Indian  tree,  is  applied  to  cracked  heels  and 
sore  hands.  It  i*  astringent  and  septic,  and 
the  bark,  in  decoction,  is  used  as  a  lotion  in 
fevers  ;  the  rough  leaves  are  employed  to 
polish  wood.  T.  spinosa  is  another  Indian 
species  ;  its  fruit  is  eaten  in  curries. 


troph  -6n,  s.  [Or.  rpo$6v  (trophon)  =  that 
which  nourishes  ;  food.] 

Zool.  &  PaUeont.  :  A  sub-genus  of  Fusus, 
•with  thirty-eight  recent  species  from  the  Ant- 
arctic and  Northern  Seas,  the  British  coast, 
&C,  Fossil  in  Chili  and  Britain. 

Tro-pho'-nl-an,  a.  [See  def.)  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  the"  Grecian  architect  Trophonius, 
or  to  his  cave  or  his  architecture.  Trophonius 
is  said  to  have  built  the  celebrated  temple  of 
Apollo  at  Delphi.  He  had  a  temple  at  Le- 
Daileia,  and  was  worshipped  as  Jupiter  Tro- 
phoniu«.  In  this  temple  was  a  celebrated 
cave,  aid  those  who  descended  into  it  were 
said  to  speak  oracularly  on  their  return  ;  but 
the  impressions  produced  by  the  descentwere 
thought  to  be  so  saddening  that  the  visitor 
remained  a  victim  to  melancholy  the  rest  of 
his  life.  Hence  arose  the  proverb  applied  to  a 
serious  man  —  that  he  looked'as  if  he  came  out 
of  the  cave  of  Trophonius. 

*  troph'-o-pol-len,  s.  [Gr.  rpo^os  (trophos) 
=  a  feeder,  and  Lat.  pollen  (q.v.).] 

Bot,  :  Turpin's  name  for  the  septum  of  an 
anther. 

troph'-o-some,  s.  [Gr.  rpo^o*  (trophos)  =  a 
nurse,  and  aw^a  (soma)  —  the  body.] 

Zool.  :  A  term  proposed  by  Prof.  Allman 
for  the  whole  assemblage  of  nutritive  zob'ids 
of  a  Hydrozoon  (q.v.). 


trSph'-6"-8perm,    *  troph-i-sper'-ml- 

um,  s.     [Gr.  rpo<f>6?  (trophos)  =  a  feeder,  aud 
nrepfia  (sperma)  =  a  seed.] 

Bot.  :  A  name  used  by  Richard  for  the  pla- 
centa (q.v.). 


TKOPB t 


tro'-phjf,  *  tro-phee,  «.  [Fr. 
trophy,  the  spoil  of  an  enemy,  from  Lat. 
(ropceum=  a  sign  of  victory,  from  Gr.  rpotralov 
(tropaiari)  =  a  monument  of  an  enemy's  do 
feat,  a  trophy,  prop.  neut.  sing,  of  rpon-ouos 
(tropaios)  =  pertaining  to  a  defeat,  from  rpoinj 
(trope)  =  a  return,  a  put- 
ting to  flight  of  an  enemy 
by  causing  them  to  turn, 
from  Tp«'jrw  (trepo)  =  to 
turn  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  trofeo.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  monument  or  me- 
morial in  commemoration 
of  a  victory.  It  consisted 
of  some  of  the  arms  and 
other  spoils  of  the  van- 
quished    enemy,     hung 
upon  the  trunk  of  a  tree 
or  a  pillar  by  the  victors, 
either    on    the    field   of 
battle  or  in  the  capital  of 
the  conquered  nation.  If 

for  a  naval  victory,  it  was  erected  on  the 
nearest  land.  The  trophies  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  were  decked  out  with  the  arms  of  the 
vanquished  for  land  victories,  with  the  beaks 
of  the  enemy's  vessels  for  naval  engagements. 
[  ROSTRAL-COLUMN.]  In  modern  times  trophies 
have  been  erected  in  churches  and  other  pub- 
lic buildings  to  commemorate  a  victory. 

2.  Anything  taken  and  preserved  as  a  me- 
morial of  victory,  as  flags,  standards,  arms, 
and  the  like. 

"  No  hostile  standard  has  been  Been  here  bat  u  * 
trophy."—  Macaulay  :  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  ill. 

*  3.  A  memorial,  a  monument. 

"Worn   aa   A   memorable    trophy   of    predeceased 
valour."—  Shaketp.;  Henry  F..  v.  1. 

4.  Anything  that  is  an  evidence  or  memo- 
rial of  victory  or  conquest. 

IL  Arch.  :  An  ornament  representing  the 
stem  of  a  tree,  charged  or  encompassed  with 
arms  and  military  weapons,  offensive  and  de- 
fensive. 

trophy-cress,  s. 

Bot.  ;  The  genus  Tropieolum  (q.v.). 

*  trophy-money,  *.     A  duty  formerly 
paid  in  England  annually  by  housekeepers 
towards  providing  harness,  drums,  colours, 
&C.,  for  the  militia. 

trd'-phy-wort,  *.     [Eng.  trophy,  and  wort.] 
Bot.  :  The  genus  Tropseolum  (q.v.). 

trdp'-Jc  (l),  "trop-Iek,  "trop-lk,  «.  &  a. 

[Fr.  tropigue,  from  Lat.  tropicum,  accus.  of 
tropicus  =  tropical,  from  Gr.  TPQTTIKQS  (tropi- 
fcos)  =  belonging  to  a  turn;  6  TPOTTUCOS  Ku'xAos 
(ho  tropikos  kuklos)  =  the  tropic  circle,  from 
TPOTTOS  (tropos)  =  &  turn;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  ItaL 
tropico.}  [TROPE.] 

A*  As  substantive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

2.  (PI.)  :   The  regions  lying   between  the 
tropics  or  near  them  on  either  side. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Astron.  :  One  of  the  two  small  circles  of 
the  celestial  sphere,  situated  on  each  side  of 
the  equator,  at  a  distance  of  23°  28',  and  parallel 
to  it,  which  the  sun  just  reaches  at  its  greatest 
declination  north  or  south,  and  from  which  it 
turns  again  towards  the  equator,  the  northern 
circle  being  called  the  Tropic  of  Cancer,  and 
the  southern  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn,  from  the 
names  of  the  two  signs  at  which  they  touch 
the  ecliptic. 

"  Seven  times  the  run  has  either  tropic  vlew'd, 
The  winter  banish  'd,  and  the  spring  renew'd." 

Dryden;  Virgil;  *t!nridi.  1.064. 

2.  Geog.  :  One  of  the  two  parallels  of  ter- 
restrial latitude  corresponding  to  the  celestial 
tropics,  being  at  the  same  distance  from  the 
terrestrial  equator,  as   the  celestial  tropics 
are  from  the  celestial  equator.     The  one  north 
of  the  equator  is  called  the  Tropic  of  Cancer, 
and  that  south  of  the  equator  the  Tropic  of 
Capricorn.      Over  these  circles  the    sun    is 
vertical  when  his  declination  is  greatest,  and 
they  include  that  portion  of  the  globe  called 
the  torrid  zone,  a  zone  about  47a  wide,  having 
the  equator  for  a  central  line. 


B.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  tropic* ; 
tropical. 

"  Hurra,  burn  1    Our  watch  IB  done  1 
We  hall  ouce  more  the  tropic  BUU." 

Scott :  liri'lal  of  Triermain,  ill  U. 

^1  The  stars  are  brighter  in  the  tropics  than 
in  the  temperate  zones,  and  astronomical  ob- 
servation is  easier.  Cyclones  arise  within  the 
tropics.  The  characteristic  vegetation  of  the 
tropics  consists  of  gigantic  endogens,  as 
palms,  some  of  which  rise  to  a  height  of  from 
100  to  200  feet.  More  polypetalous  exogens 
are  arborescent  than  in  temperate  climes. 
The  Coniferie  exist  chiefly  on  mountains. 
Ferns  abound  in  tropical  islands,  and  deltas 
where  water  is  plentiful,  so  that  in  some 
localities  from  250  to  300  species  may  be 
gathered.  The  tropical  type  of  vegetation 
was  separated  at  a  remote  period  into  two 
portions,  one  in  the  Old  World,  the  other  in 
the  New.  Shells  are  brighter  than  in  lands 
where  the  sun  is  less  powerful,  the  birds  more 
numerous  and  of  gayer  plumage,  the  feline 
tribe  larger  and  in  greater  mimbers.  The 
Anthropidffi  have  their  appropriate  seat  in 
tropical  lands. 

tropic  bird,  s. 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Phaeton  (q.v.).  They  are  tropical 
sea-birds,  in  habits  and  general  appearance 
approaching  gulls  and  terns,  and  resembling 
the  latter  in  their  mode  of  flight.  Their 
powers  of  flight  are  great,  and  they  are  usually 
seen  at  considerable  distances  from  the  land, 
as  they  live  almost  entirely  on  the  wing,  and 
when  they  do  not  return  to  the  distant  shore 
to  roost,  rest  upon  the  surface  of  the  water. 
They  are  about  thirty  inches  long,  of  which 
the  long  tail-feathers  occupy  about  one-half. 
The  general  hue  of  the  plumage  is  white;  in 
two  species,  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  Phaeton 
aetherius  (or  candidus)  and  P.  flavirostris,  the 
tail-feathers  are  white;  in  the  third  species,  P. 
phcenicurus,  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  they  are 
red,  and  are  highly  valued  by  the  natives  of 
the  South  Seas  as  ornaments.  Tropic-birds 
nest  in  holes  in  cliffs  and  on  rocky  islands, 
the  female  laying  only  one  egg,  and  the  male 
sitting  in  a  hole  by  her  side,  both  with  heads 
inwards. 

trtfp'-io  (2),  a.  [Eng.  <a)*rop(tne);  -ic.)  De- 
rived from  atropine. 

tropic  acid,  ». 

Chem.  :  C9H10O3.  A  monobasic  acid,  ob- 
tained by  digesting  atropine  and  belladonna 
with  baryta  water.  It  crystallizes  in  needles 
or  plates  slightly  soluble  in  water,  and  melta 
at  117°. 

trop'-Ic-al  (1),  a.    [Eng.  tropic  (1)  ;  -al.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  tropics  ;  being  01 
lying  within  the  tropics. 

"Many  reasons  may  be  assigned  for  this,  beside  tb« 
accidental  ones  from  the  make  of  the  particular 
countries,  tropical  winds,  or  the  like."—  fiitmpier: 
Voyage*  (an.  1686). 

2.  Characteristic  of  the  tropics  :  as  tropical 
heat. 

3.  Incident  to  the  tropics ;  as  tropical  dis- 
eases. 

tropical  lichen,  *. 
Pathol. :  Prickly  heat  (q.v.). 

tropical-year,  *.  The  same  as  SOLAB- 
YEAR.  [YEAR.] 

trop'-ic-al  (2),  a.  Eng.  trop(e) ;  -ical.]  Figu- 
rative ;  metaphorical ;  of  the  nature  of  a  trope. 

"  This  ia  all  which  we  mean  besides  the  tropical  and 
figurative  presence."— Bp.  Taylor:  Real  Presence,  I  L 

•te*p'-fo-al-l&  adv.  [Bug.  tropical  (2);  -ly.] 
In  a  tropical  or  figurative  manner  ;  figura 
tively. 

"He  grant*  it  lu  plain  terms,  that  Christ's  bod> 
fa  chewed,  ia  attrlte  or  broken  with  the  teeth,  aud 
that  not  tropically  but  properly."— Bp.  Taylor:  fteai 
Pretence,  f  3, 

trop-fc-o-pdl'-I-tan,  a.     [Eng.  tropic,  and 
Gr.  iroAinj?  (polites)  =  a  citizen.]    Belonging 
to  the  tropics  ;  found  only  in  the  tropics. 
"  Troptcopolitan  groups."—  Wallace. 

trop-lo'-or-is,  s.  [Gr.  Tpoms  (tropis)  =  a 
ship's  keel,  and  *OJKS  (koris)  =  a  bug.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Scutata.  Tropicori* 
rufipes  is  the  Red-legged  Bug ;  the  sides  of  the 
prothorax  are  produced  into  broad  -  pointed 
processes ;  the  prevailing  colour  is  brown, 
with  many  large  black  punctures,  and  on  the 
tip  of  the  scutellum  a  reddish  spot.  Length, 
two-thirds  of  an  inch. 


boil,  bo^;  p6ftt,  J61W;  cat,  $ell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.   ph  =  1 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -(too,  -fioa  -  afcun.  -Clouo,  -tiott»>  -ftioiu  =  ohttfc  -We,  -die*  &c.  =  be!,  del. 


4S46 


tropidine— trouble 


trip'-a-diue,  i.  [Eng.  trap(ine);  suit  -id, 
-inc.] 

Chan.  :  CgHuN.  An  oil  obtained  by  heat- 
ing tropine  with  concentrated  hydrochloric 
acid,  or  with  Klacial  acetic  acid  to  ISO".  It 
has  the  odor  of  Conine,  and  boils  at  162°. 

trfp-i-do-,  prtf.  [Or.  Tjxjm!  (tropu),  late 
genit.  ipomSos  (Iropi<los)  =  a  keel.)  Having 
a  keel-like  process  or  processes. 

trdp-I-do-Iep'-to,  s.  [Pref.  tropido-,  and 
Gr.  Aeiri's  (Upis)  =  a  scale,] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Iguanidse,  with  fifteen 
•pecies,  ranging  over  the  greater  part  of  tropical 
America  and  north  to  California.  Back  not 
crested  ;  throat  with  a  fold  on  each  side. 

trop-1-do-lep-is  -ma,  ».  (Pref.  tropido-,  and 
Qr.  A«7rio>a  (Ifpisma)  =  that  which  is  peeled 
off.) 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Scinciiiae,  with  six  species, 
peculiar  to  Australia.  Tail  elongate,  round, 
tarring,  armed  ;  scales  three-  or  five-keeled, 
•lightly  tootlied  behind. 

trop-I-dd-lep'-tuB,  t.  [Pref.  tropido-,  and 
Gr.  Anrrw  (ttJAoi)  =  thin.] 

Pakmtt.  :  A  genns  of  Orthidie,  separated 
from  Strophomena  (q.v.),  with  two  species 
from  the  Devonian  of  the  United  States. 

trop-i-do-no'-tus,  s.  [Fret  tropido-,  and 
Gr.  imtK  (ttoftu)  =  the  back.) 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Colubrine  Snakes,  sub- 
family Natricinfe,  with  numerous  species,  very 
widely  distributed,  absent  only  from  Sooth 
America.  Body  stout  to  slender,  tapering  to 
head  and  tail,  belly  round  ;  head  distinct, 
crown  flat,  occipital  tract  broad,  snout  narrow  ; 
tail  tapering  to  a  point  ;  eye  moderately  large, 

Fill    round  ;    teeth    small  ;    scales    keeled, 
nted,  truncate,  or  emarginate    One  species 
British,   Tropidonatus  no/fir  (=  *  Matrix 
tonruata),  the  Common  Snake.    (SNAKE.] 


[Pref.  tropido-,  and 
Gr.  4>op6c  (phorw)  —  bearing.] 

ZooL  :  The  name  given  by  Troschel  to  the 
species  of  Cyclostoma  (q.v.)  which  have  the 
whorl  spirally  keeled.  They  are  found  in 
Madagascar  and  the  adjacent  islands  and  on 
the  *ast  of  Africa. 

trop-i  dopli-dr-ua,  s.    [TROPIDOPHORA.] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Scincida,  with  two  spe- 
cies from  Cochin  China  and  the  Philippines. 
Tail  with  four  gpiuous  keels  above,  and  its 
sides  smooth.  Pre-anal  plates  three,  large  ; 
the  central  one  triangular. 

trop-i  do-rhyn'-chus,  s.  (Pref.  tropido-, 
and  Gr.  pvyxot  (rhungchos)  =  the  snout.] 

Ornith.:  A  genus  of  Melipliagidie,  with 
eighteen  species,  ranging  from  Moluccas  and 
Lombok  to  New  Guinea,  Australia,  Tasmania, 
and  New  Caledonia.  [FRIAR-BIRD.] 

trop-i-do-ster  -niis,  t.    [Pref.  lropido-,and 

Or.  empvof  (sternon)  =  the  breast,  the  chest.] 

Entom.:   A  large  genus  of  Hydrophilida, 

from  North  and  South  America.     Some  are 

metallic,  others  with  yellow  stripes. 

trop'-ine,  «.    [Eng.  (a)tmfi*t  (q.v.).] 

Chcm.  :  C8H]5NO.  An  organic  base  ob- 
tained by  heating  atropine  with  a  saturated 
solution  of  baryta  water,  and  precipitating 
the  liaryta  with  carbonic-acid  gas.  It  has  a 
strong  alkaline  reaction,  is  soluble  in  water, 
alcohol,  and  ether,  melts  at  62°,  and  boils  at 
•2'-J\  From  its  ethereal  solution  it  crystal- 
lizes in  colorless  anhydrous  tables. 

•trop'-Iat,  J.  [Eng.  trop(e);  -tit.]  One  who 
deaU  in  tropes  ;  one  who  explains  the  Scrip- 
tures by  tropes  and  figures  of  speech. 

»  trop  -6-16g  -ic,    •  trop-6  log  ic-al,    o. 

[Eug.  tropolog(y);  -ic,  -iocil.]  Varied  or  cha- 
racterized by  tropes  ;  changed  from  the  ori- 
ginal import  of  the  words  ;  figurative. 

"When  it  IB  any  of  these,  although  we  ar»  not  to 
recede  frum  the  literal  reuse  ;  yet  in  «n  to  Uke  the 
•ccond  Hitfnincation.  the  tropoloficai  or  figurative."— 
Bp.  Taylor:  Sermon*,  vol.  lit.  eer  11. 

trop-6-15|r-Ic-»>l-ly,  odr.  [Eng.  tropolo- 
gicoJ;  •£».)  ti  a  trooological  manner;  flgu- 
ntively. 

"ThU  WM  the  tenenJ  opinion  concerning  the 
GreekUh  l»blea.  th.it  wue  of  them  were  physically. 
and  some  tropototrtcallti  allegorical."—  Cudaferr*  :  In- 
(•U.  Syttem,  p.  512. 


*  tr$-pdl'-6-gize,    r.(.      [Eng.    tropolocfo); 
-tec.]    To  use  in  a  tropological  or  figurative 
manner ;  to  change  to  a  figurative  sense  ;  to 
use  as  a  trope. 

"  If  Athena  or  Minerva  be  tropotoyutd  Into  prudence, 
then  let  the  pugana  shew  what  substantial  easence  it 
bath."— Cudworth  :  hilell.  Sylt.,  p.  &30. 

*  trS-pdl'-i-gy,  s.      (Gr.  rpom*  (tropos)  =  a 
trope  ;  suff.   -ology.}     A  rhet<  >rical  mode  of 
speech,  iucluding  tropes,  or  a  change  of  some 
word  from  the  original  meaning. 

"  Not  attaining  the  den  Urology  and  teoond  Inten- 
tion of  words,  they  omit  their  superconasnuences, 
liereneea,  figure*,  or  tropaloyiei,  and  are  not  penuw-' 
beyond  their  literaliae*,"— Browne:  ftdoar  fmur$, 
bk.  1.,  ch.  111. 

*  tr OSB'- era,  s.  pL    [Fr.  troussa.]    Trousers 
(q.v.). 

"  Yon  rode  like  a  kern  of  Ireland  :  your  French  hose 
off,  and  in  your  atrait  trotttrt."—  XhaXetp. :  B«nry  »'.. 

trot;  *  trotte,  v.i.  A  t.  [Fr.  trotter  (O.  Fr. 
troter),  from  Low  Lat.  tolvto  =  to  trot ;  Lat. 
tolutariiu  =  going  at  a  trot,  from  totattm=  at 
s  trot,  from  tollo  =  to  lift  (the  feet) ;  O.  But. 
tratten  =  to  trot ;  Welsh  trotio ;  Ger.  tratten. 
(Steal.)  Perhaps  onomato poetic.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  move  faster  than  in  walking,  as  a 
horse  or  other  quadruped,  by  lifting  one  fore- 
foot and  the  hind-foot  of  the  opposite  side  at 
the  same  time. 

"  When  «  hone  trott,  his  lees  are  in  this  position. 
two  in  the  air  uid  two  upon  the  ground,  at  tbe  lame 
tim«  croMwise;  that  Is  to  wy.  the  Dear-foot  before, 
and  the  off-foot  behind,  ai*  off  tbe  ground,  aud  the 
other  two  upon  it,  and  >o  alternately  of  the  other 
two."— Serenjwr :  Hitt,  A  Art  of  BortemataMp,  vol. 
It,  ch.  IT. 

2.  To  move  or  walk  fast ;  to  run. 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  trot ;  to  ride  at  a 
trot 

"  The  whips  trotted  the  pack  to  GraTel-nilL"— Daily 
Chronicle.  Oct.  25,  mi 

IT  To  trot  out:  To  cause  to  trot,  as  a  horse,  to 
show  his  paces  ;  hence,  to  induce  a  person  to 
exhibit  himself  or  his  hobby ;  to  draw  out ;  to 

bring  forward. 

trot,  5.    [TROT,  «.] 

1.  The  pace  of  a  horse  or  other  quadruped, 
more  rapid  than  a  walk,  but  of  various  de- 
grees of  swiftness,  when  lie  lifts  one  fore-foot 
and  the  hind-foot  of  the  opposite  side  at  the 
same  time. 

"  All  writers,  both  ancient  and  modern,  have  con- 
stantly asserted  the  trot  to  be  Uie  foundation  of  every 
lesson  yon  can  teach  a  home.'— Berenffer :  Hitt,  A  Art 
of  Uortffmanthip.  vol.  it,  ch.  ir. 

2.  A  term  of  endearment  used  to  a  child 
owing  to  its  short  trotting  gait. 

*  3.  An  old  woman.  (Used  in  contempt) 

'*  Put  ca»e  an  need  trot  be  somewhat  tough  ? 
If  coyne  shee  bring  the  care  will  be  the  lease." 
Turberrilc  ;  Antwerefor  TaJciny  a  \Vyfe. 

4.  (See  extract) 

"  Bottoiu-flfihiug  with  a  single  hook  and  jrround 
lead,  and  louK-limng  with  a  trot—*,  line  stretched 
along  the  bottom  with  hooka  at  Intervals."— Field, 
Dec.  H,  18S&. 

trot  co'-sle,  trot-<jd'-f  jf,  5.  [Prob.  for 
tkroa^cosy.]  A  warm  covering  for  the  head, 
neck,  and  breast  when  travelling  in  bad 
weather.  (Scotch.) 

"  He  roared  to  Hattie  to  air  his  trotco*«y.  to  have 
his  Jackboots  greased.  '—Scott;  Rob  Hoy,  ch.  xxvt 

troth,  a.     [A  variant  of  truth  (q.v.>] 

1.  Belief,  faith,  fidelity. 

"  Now,  by  my  life  1— my  sire's  most  sacred  oath— 
To  thee  I  pledge  uiy  full,  my  firmest  troth," 

Baron  :  A'iiut  A  Euryalut, 

2.  TratJa,  veracity,  verity. 

"  By  my  troth,  Nerissa,  my  little  body  is  a-weary  of 
this  great  world,*"— Shake*?.  ;  Merchant  of  Tenice,  i.  2. 

3.  The  act  of  betrothing;    betrothal;  the 
pledging  of  one's  word. 

"  The  troth  and  tbe  prayer  and  the  last  benediction." 
Long/enow, :  Miltt  Standith,  ix. 

*  troth  plight,  *  troth  plyte,  v.L    To 
betroth  or  alfianoe. 

"  Hecara  and  Hercules  were  sent  for :  the  king 
made  them  to  froU-ptyfct  each  other,  with  great  Icy  of 
both  parties.'-.tost'rucEton  of  Troy.  bk.  IL.  p.  25S. 

*  troth  plight,  «.  &  5. 

A.  As  adj.:  Betrothed,  affianced,  espoused, 

"This,  your  son-in-law, 
Is  tmkptlgkt  to  your  daughter." 

Ska*e*p. ;  W inttr't  Tat*,  i.  8. 

B.  As  svbst.:   The  act   of  betrothing   or 

plighting  faith. 

"  [My  wife)  deserves  a  name 
As  rank  u  any  flax-wench,  that  puts  to 
Before  her  troth-plight  " 

. ;  Winter1!  Tale.  L  1 


'troth-plighted,  a.      Having   fidelitj 
pledged ;  plighted. 

*  troth-ring,  «.    A  betrothal  ring. 
•  troth  -less,    *  troth-lease,    a.      [Errg 

troth;  -Uss.]     Faithless,  treacherous. 
tr6t'-llne,  *.    A  short  trawl  (q.v.)  ua«d  in 

river  or  lake  fishing.     { U.  S.  Local.) 
tr6t-ter,  ».     [Eng.  trot,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1,  One  who  trots;  specif.,  a  trotting  horw 
(q.v.). 

2.  The  foot  of  an  animal,  especially  of  a 
sheep ;  applied  ludicrously  to  the  human  foot 

trot' -ting,  pr.  par.  or  a,    [TROT,  v.] 
trotting-horse,  s. 

Zool.  £  Sport ;  A  horse  trained  to  trot  at 
high  speed  without  breaking  into  a  gallop 
Trotting  horses  are  of  two  distinct  races: 
(1)  the  Russian,  which  is  Arabian  on  a  Flemish 
stock,  attaining  high  speed,  but  with  bad 
knee-action  ;  (2)  the  American,  which  is  pro- 
bably both  Barb  and  Arabian  nn  an  English 
stock.  The  evolution  of  the  trotting  horse  has 
principally  taken  place  within  the  United 
States,  the  development  of  speed  in  trotters 
during  tbe  part  half  century  having  been 
remarkable.  The  trotting  etraius  of  Russia 
and  England  have  made  fair  progress,  but 
their  performance  is  much  inferior  to  that 
of  the  American  trotter.  The  best  early  record 
was  matte  at  Philadelphia  in  1810,  when  a 
Boston  horse  trotted  a  mile  in  2  minutes,  48^ 
seconds.  In  1844  Lady  Suffolk  reduced  the 
time  to  2'28.  From  that  time  forward  the 
speed  increased,  until  in  1884  Jay-Eye-See 
trotted  a  mile  in  2'10;  in  1885  Maud  S.  reduced 
the  time  to  2'08%;  aud  in  1891  Sunol  to  2-08V. 
The  introduction  of  the  pneumatic  tire  sulky 
has  enabled  the  speed  to  be  still  farther 
increased.  In  1892  Nancy  Hanks  made  a 
mile  in  2-<H,  and  in  1893  Ayers  P.,  harnessed 
with  a  running  mate,  reduced  the  time  to 
2-03K-  The  1894  record  Is— for  trotting,  Alix. 
2-03^;  for  pacing,  Kobert  J.,  2'02X-  These 
records  have  not  since  (1896)  been  lowered. 

*  trotting  paritor,  s.    An  officer  of  th« 

ecclesiastical  court  who  carries  out  citatioua. 
(bhakf*p. :  Love*  Labor'i  Lost,  Hi.  1.) 
*  trot  -ties,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Sheep's  dung. 

2.  Bot. :  Syntphytum  asperrimum. 

trot -toir  (oir  as  wftr).  s.  [Fr.]  The  foot- 
way on  each  side  of  a  street ;  the  foot-pave- 
ment. 

trou -ba-dour,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Prov.  trobador, 
trobaire,  prob.  from  a  Low  Lat.  troparius  or 
tropator,  from  Lat.  tropua  =  a  trope,  a  kind  of 
singing,  a  song;  Ital.  trovotore;  Bp.  trovotor ; 
Port,  /rotator,  trobodor ;  O.  Fr.  trover  (Fr. 
(rouwr);Prov.(ro6ar;Sp.  &  Port,  trovar ;  Ital. 
trovare  —  to  find  out,  to  devise.]  One  of  a  class 
of  poets  which  appeared  first  in  Provence,  in 
the  south  of  France,  at  the  end  of  the  eleventh 
century.  They  were  the  inventors  of  a 
species  of  lyrical  poetry  almost  entirely  de- 
voted to  romantic  and  amatory  subjects,  and 
generally  very  complicated  in  its  metre  and 
rhymes.  They  flourished  till  the  end  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  There  is  reason  for  sup- 
posing that  the  art  of  the  troubadours,  gene- 
rally called  the  gay  science,  was  derived  from 
the  East,  coming  into  Europe  through  the 
Spaniards,  and  the  troubadoui's  of  Provence 
learning  from  their  neighbors  of  Spain. 
Troubadour  poetry  was  cultivated  in  Provence, 
Toulouse.  Dauphine.  and  other  parts  of 
France  south  of  the  Loire,  as  well  as  in  Cata- 
lauia,  Arragnn,  aud  Valencia  in  Spain,  and  in 
the  north  of  Italy.  Troubadours  frequently 
attached  themselves  to  the  courts  of  king's 
and  nobles,  whom  they  praised  or  censured  in 
their  songs  ;  but  it  was  a  rule  that  some  lady 
was  selected,  and  to  her.  under  some  general 
or  fanciful  title,  love  songs,  complaints,  and 
other  poems  were  addressed.  The  "  love  ser- 
vice "  of  the  troubadours  was  often  nothing 
more  than  a  mere  artificial  gallantry,  but 
there  are  instances  on  record  where  it  became 
something  more  earnest.  The  poems  of  the 
troubadours  were  not  always  confined  to  sub- 
jects of  gallantry,  sometimes  they  treated 
of  the  conditions  of  society,  the  evils  of 
the  times,  the  degeneracy  of  the  clergy,  and 
other  subjects. 

troub  -le  (le  as  el),  *  trab-le.  r.f.  &  i.    [O. 

Fr.  tnibler,  trobler  (Fr.  troubler),  as  if  from  a 
Low  Lat.  turhido,  from  Lat.  turbula  =a  Qi»- 


&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   wo,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  aur»  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian-    «,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a ;  QU  -  few. 


trouble— trout 


4847 


orderly  crowd,  a  little  crowd,  dirain.  of  turbo. 
=  a  crowd  ;  Ur.  nipftr,  (turbi)  =  a  throng,  dis- 
order. 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  put  into  confused  motion  ;  to  agitate, 
to  disturb,  to  disorder. 

"  An  angel  went  down  at  a  certain  season  into  the 
pool  and  troubled  tile  waters." — fohn  v.  4. 

2.  To  annoy,  to  disturb,  to  molest,  to  inter- 
rupt, to  interfere  with. 

"  I  would  not,  by  my  will,  have  troubled  you." 
fihaknp.:  Tuelfth  Xlsht,  111.  S. 

1  To  agitate,  to  distress,  to  grieve. 

"Thou  didst  hide  thy  face,  and  I  was  troubled.'" 
Pialm  xxx.  7. 

4.  To  give  occasion  of  labour  to  ;  to  put  to 
some  exertion,  labour,  or  pains.  (Used  in 
courteous  phraseology  :  as,  May  I  trouble  you 
to  post  this  letter?) 

6.  To  affect,  90  as  to  cause  uneasiness  or 
anxiety. 

"  He  was  an  infldel.  and  the  head  of  a  small  school 
of  infidels  who  were  troubled  witl.  a  morbid  desire  to 
Binke  convert*"—  Mucaulay  :  BiA  Eng.,  ch.  xix. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  take  trouble  ;  to  take  pains ;  to  exert 
one's  self :  as,  Do  not  trouble  to  cull  again. 

*2.  To  become  troubled,  disturbed,  or 
thick. 

"If  the  bawme  be  fyn  and  of  his  owne  kynde.  the 
watre  schalle  nevere  trouble."— Maundeaille :  Travcll, 

•J  Trouble  is  more  general  in  its  application 
than  disturb ;  we  may  be  troubled  by  the  want 
of  a  thing,  or  troubled  by  that  which  is  unsuit- 
able :  we  are  disturbed  by  that  which  actively 
troubles.  Pecuniary  wants  are  the  greatest 
troubles  in  life  ;  the  perverseness  of  servants, 
the  indisposition  or  ill  behaviour  of  children, 
are  domestic  troubles  ;  but  the  noise  of  chil- 
dren  is  a  disturbance,  and  the  prospect  of 
want  disturbs  the  mind.  Trouble  may  be  per- 
manent ;  disturbance  is  temporary,  and  refers 
to  the  peace  which  is  destroyed. 

troub'- le  (le  as  el),  "  trow-ble,  a.  It  t. 

[TROUBLE,  V.]  * 

•  A.  As  adj. :  Troubled,  disturbed,  grieved, 
agitated.  (In  this  nse  pronounced  trub'-le.) 

••  Than  is  accidie  the  anguish  of  ft  trouble  herte."— 
Chaucer:  Parian  i  Tale. 
B.  As  substantive  : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  troubled, 
agitated,  perplexed,  annoyed,  or  distressed  ; 
a    state    of   worry,   distress,    perplexity,  or 
annoyance ;  vexation. 

"Is  It  your  dear  friend  that  is  thns  In  trouble!" 
Shaltetp.  :  Merchant  of  IVnio-.  ill.  2. 

2.  That  which  gives  or  occasions  trouble, 
annoyance,  anxiety,  or  worry ;  a  source  of 
grief,  anxiety,  agitation,  or  perplexity. 

•*  What  trouble  was  I  then  to  you  f  " 

Shaketp. :  Tempelt,  i.  i. 

S,  Pains,  labour,  exertion. 

"  Double,  double,  toll  and  trouble." 

Shaken:.:  Macbeth,  IT.  1, 

H,  Mining:  A  difflculty  in  a  coal-mine, 
arising  from  the  interposition  of  a  layer  of 
sandstone  dividing  the  seam  into  two  por- 
tions ;  a  fault,  or  the  gradual  closing  in  of  the 
strata  above  and  below,  terminating  the  seam. 
The  latter  is  called  a  Nip. 

H  (1)  To  get  into  trouble :  To  get  into  a 
difflculty  ;  to  be  detected  and  punished  for 
some  act.  (Collotj.) 

"He  would  have  got  into  trouble  If  the  old  people 
hadn't  helped  him  out  of  US—Daily  Telegraph 
Mov.  10,  1806. 

(2)  To  take  the  trouble :  To  be  nt  the  pains 
of ;  to  exert  one's  self ;  to  put  one's  self  to 
inconvenience  in  order  to  do  something. 

*  trouble-house,  s.    A  disturber  of  the 
peace  or  harmony  of  a  house  or  family. 

*  trouble -mirth,  s.    One  who  mars  or 
disturbs  enjoyment  or  mirth,  as  a  person  o 
morose  disposition  ;  a  spoil-sport. 

*  trouble-rest,  s.    A  disturber  of  rest  o 
quiet. 

*  trouble-state,  ».    A  disturber  of  th 
community. 


troub'-led    (led  as   eld),  pa.  par.  &  a 
[TROUBLE,  D.I 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Agitated,  disturbed,  perplexed 
annoyed,  worried. 

"  Tbe  aspect  of  the  whole  House  waa  troubled  an 
gloomy,  '—Mucaulay  :  Bat.  £tig.,  ch.  XV. 


troub'-  led  -l£  (led  «»  eld>.  adr-  IEnS- 
trounltd;  4y.]  In  a  troubled  or  confused 
manner ;  confusedly. 

troub  -le-ness  (le  as  el),  *  trob-il-nes, 

"  tur-ble-ncB,  s.  [Eng.  trouble;  -ness.]  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  troubled;  trouble, 
worry. 

"  In  your  graclouse  dayls  of  hertis  trobihiel 
I  had  nevir  kuowlech."      Chaucer :  Tale  of  Beryn. 

roub'-ler,  ».  [Eng.  tnmbUr),  v. ;  -er.\  One 
who  troubles,  disturbs,  afflicts,  or  molests; 
a  disturber. 

"  Tb«  innocent  troabler  of  their  quiet  sleeps 
In  what  may  now  l»  called  a  i*a«ful  grave." 

Wordsworth  :  JKxcurtiuii,  bk.  vU. 

roub'-le-some  (le  as  el),  o.  [Eng.  trouble ; 
-some.] 

1.  Giving  or  causing  trouble,  worry,  anxiety, 
vexation,  inconvenience,  emltarrassment,  or 
sorrow ;  annoying,  vexatious,  tiresome,  harass- 
ing, wearfaome,  irksome,  importunate. 

"  Ha  was  a  man  that  had  the  root  of  the  matter  In 
him  !  but  he  was  one  of  the  most  BMMMMme  pilgrims 
that  ever  1  met  with  in  all  iny  dajV— Bunt/an  :  Pil- 
grim's Progreu,  pt.  ii. 
*  2.  FuU  of  commotion  ;  tumultuous. 

"  There  aroee  in  the  ship  such  a  troubletonu  db- 
turbalice."-tfaciU«0F;  Voyaget.  ii.  111. 

troub'-le-Bome-lj?  (le  as  el),  adv.  (Eng. 
troublesome  ;  -ty.]  In  a  troublesome  manner  ; 
so  as  to  cause  trouble ;  vexatious!) . 

"Though  men  will  not  be  so  troubletomety  critical 
M  to  correct  us  ill  the  use  of  words."— Locke  :  Human 
Undent.,  bk.  iti..  oh.  X. 

troub'  -Ie-s6me-ness  (le  as  el),  *  trow- 
blo-som  ness,  s.  [Kng.  troublesome  :  -MM.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  troublesome  ; 
vexatiousness,  irksomeness,  uneasiness,  im- 
portunity. 

M  But  Jesus  [was]  offended  with  this  importunitie 
and  troublftomnet.  —  Uaal :  Matthew  xlu 

•  troub'- lous,  *  troub -louse,  a.  [Eng. 
trouble);  -ous.] 

1.  Full  of  commotion  ;  disturbed,  agitated, 
troubled. 

"  Where  three  swart  sisters  of  the  weird  band 
Were  muttering  curses  to  the  tnuUom  wind." 
Cooper:  Tomb  of  Shaketpsare. 

2.  Disturbing,  agitating,  troubling  ;  causing 
anxiety. 

"  Mr  troublout  dream  this  night  doth  make  me  sad.' 
MoArjp.  :  2  Henry  VI..  L  2. 

3.  Full  of  trouble  or  disorder ;  tumultuous, 
disorderly. 

••  The  street  shall  be  built  again,  and  the  wall,  «rea 
In  troublvut  times. '—  Daniel  ix.  25. 
t.  Restless,  agitated. 

"  Hl»  flowing  tongue  and  troublout  spright.' 

Spenier  :  F.  ({..  II.  ill  4. 

•troub'-lft  *trob-ly,  *trrib-ly,  a.  [Eng. 
trouble)  ;  -f  ]  Troubled  ;  di»turl>ed. 

"  Medle  with  manni*  Uwe  that  Is  trubly  water."— 
Wyliffc ;  Select  H'orkee.  i.  14. 

trough  (gh  as  f),«  trogh,  *  troffe,  «.   [A.8. 
trog,  troh  =  a  trough  or  hollow  vessel ;  coen. 
with  Out.  &  Icel.  trog  ;  Dan.  trug  ;  Sw.  trig  , 
Ger.  trog ;  M.  H.  Ger.  (roc.) 
t,  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  vessel  of  wood,  stone,  or  metal,  gene- 
rally rather  long  and  jiot  very  deep,  open  at 
the  top,  and  used  for  holding  water,  fodder 
for  cattle,  or  the  like. 

"The  unthrifty  sone  .  .  .  was  compelled  to  con 
the  hoggis  troffe  (or  hunger."— Joye  :  Expot.  of  Daniel 
eh.  Iv. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  trough  in  shape 
as  a  depression  between   two  ridges  or  be 
tween  two  waves  ;  a  basin-shaped  or  oblong 
hollow. 

"  It  now  Imports  beneath  what  sign  thy  hoe* 
The  deep  troug*  sink,  and  ridge  alternate  raise. 

GraStger :  Suaar  Cane,  L 

•  3.  A  kind  of  boat ;  a  canoe. 

••  Here  come  every  morning  at  the  break  of  da 
twentie  or  thirty  canons  or  troughet  of  the  Indians."— 
Hackluyt :  Voiaffet,  iil.  4M. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Chan. :  The  vat  or  pan  containing  wate 
over  which  gas  is  distilled. 

2.  Electricity: 

(1)  The  tray  or  Vat  containing  the  metalli 
solution  used  in  electroplating. 

(2)  The  array  of  cells  which  hold  the  solu 
tions  in  which  the  elements  are  placed,  if  i 
trough  form.     [GALVANIC-BATTERY.) 

3.  Metall.  :  A  frame,  vat,  buddle,  or  rocke 
in  which  ores  or  slimes  are  washed  and  sortec 
in  water. 


trough-battery.i.  A  com  pound  voltaic 
battery  in  which  the  cells  are  connected  in 
one  trough. 

trough-gutter,  s. 

Build. :  A  gutter  in  the  form  of  a  trough 
placed  below  the  eaves  of  buildings. 

trough-shells,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  family  Mactridse  (q  v.X 

troul,  t).  &  «.    [TROLL.) 

trounce,  'trounso,  *.(.  [O.  Fr.  tronduza 
a  piece  of  timber;  Fr.  (rone  =  a  trunk  ;  (ronfoi* 
=  a  truncheon.]  To  punish  or  beat  severely  ; 
to  thrash,  to  Hog,  to  castigate. 

"  We  threatened  to  fr"iine*  him  roundly  when  he 
got  sober.'  —Scribner't  Mtttjunne.  J  uly,  1887.  p.  283. 

•fl  Now  only  used  colloquially,  but  formerly 
used  by  good  writers. 

"  The  Lord  troanted  Sisara  and  all  his  charettea."— 
Judget  IV.  15.  (1611.) 

iroupe,  «.  [Fr.]  A  troop,  a  company  ;  espe- 
cially of  players  or  performers :  as,  an  operatic 
troupe. 

trdns  de  loup  («  ft  p  silent),  s.  pi.    [Fr.,  lit. 
wolf-holes :  trou  —  a  hole,  and  loup  —  a  wolf.) 
Fortif. :   Rows  of  pits  in  the  shape  of  In- 
verted cones  with  a  pointed  stake  in  each ; 
intended  as  a  defence  against  cavalry. 

trouse, 'trooze,  "trowse, «.  [Fr.  trousset.} 
[TROUSERS.)  Breeches,  trousers. 

"The  leather  quilted  Jack  serves  under  his  shirt  of 

mail,  and  to  cover  htsfroiueou  horseback."— Spenser; 

On  Ireland. 

"troHsed,  "trowzed,  a.  [Eng.  trous(e); 
id.}  Wearing  trousers  or  breeches. 

"The  poor  tromd  Irish." 

Drayton  :  Poly-Olbion,  a.  21. 

troTs'-sered,  o.  [Eng.  trouser(s) ;  -ed.]  Wear- 
ing trousers. 

"A  weird  commencement,  with  the  prospect  of  ft 
troutered  Jane  Kyra  for  hero."— St.  Jamett  Oaiette, 
Oct.  4,  1B86. 

trau'-ser-lng,  «.  [Eng.  trousers);  -ing.} 
Cloth  for  making  trousers. 

troti'-serf ,  troV-sers,  s.  pi  [For  trausset, 
from  Fr.  tronsses  —  trunk-hose,  breeches,  pL 
of  (ro«sse  =  a  bundle,  a  case,  a  quiver,  from 
trousser  =  to  truss,  to  pack,  to  tuck  or  girt  in  ; 
Gael,  triubhas ;  Ir.  trudhais,  trius,  triusan  = 
trousers.)  [TRUSS.)  A  garment  worn  by  men 
and  boys,  reaching  from  the  waist  to  the 
ankles,  covering  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk 
and  each  leg  separately. 

"  Gold  was  bis  sword,  and  warlike  trowtert  laced 
With  thongs  of  gold,  his  manly  legs  embrace d." 
Mickle :  Lutlad,  U. 

•ff  Trousers,  in  their  present  form,  were  in- 
troduced into  England  about  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  but  were  not  recognized 
as  "  dress  "  till  some  years  later.  The  Duke 
of  Wellington  was  refused  admission  to 
Almack's  in  1814  because  he  wore  black  trou- 
sers instead  of  breeches  and  silk  stockings, 
and  Capt.  Gronow  met  with  a  similar  repulse 
at  the  Tuileries  in  1816.  They  are  now  worn  uni- 
versally in  civilized  lands,  the  breeches  having 
disappeared  from  the  ordinary  male  costume. 

•trousse,  s.  [Fr.]  Loppings  from  growing 
timber;  trash.  The  word  is  still  used  in  tlib 
midland  counties  to  denote  the  dead  branches 
worked  into  a  newly-made  hedge. 

"Provided  that  they  he  laid  with  .  .  .  vine-cuttings 
or  such  triHMe,  so  that  they  be  half  a  foot  thick,  —P. 
Holland:  Fling. 

trfius-sean'  (eau  as  6),  «.    [Fr.,  dimin.  from 
trousse  =  a  truss,  a  bundle.)    [TRUSS.] 
*  1.  A  bundle.  (De  Quincey :  Spanish  Nun,  §  5.) 
2.  The  clothes  and  general  outfit  of  a  bride. 

trout,  «.  [A.S.  truht ;  Mid.  Eng.  tnmte,  trowte  ; 
cogu.  with  Fr.  tntite,  Lat.  tructa,  and  (pro- 
bably) Gr.  TpiiKTtjs  (troktis)  =  a  gnawer,  a  kind 
of  sea-fish.) 

Ichthy. :  The  popular  name  for  the  fishes  of 
the  group  Salinones  as  distinguished  from  the 
Salveiini,  or  Charr,  belonging  to  the  same 
family.  [SALMONID^.)  Trout  are  found  in 
almost  all  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  the  tem- 
perate and  colder  parts  of  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere. Like  Salmon  they  are  excellent  food- 
fishes  but  constantly  inhabit  fresh  water. 
The  Common  River  Trtmt  (Salmo  Jario)  is 
widely  diffused  in  the  eastern  hemisphere, 
and  abundant  in  the  British  Islands  and  the 
north  of  Europe.  A  specimen  weighing  twenty- 


boll,  btfy;  pout,  J<SM;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  jrem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  esfiJrt.   -in* 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -cion  =  •boa ;  -f ion,  -»ion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,   sious  =  shua.   -ble,  -die,  ie.  —  bel,  « 


4848 


troutful— truant 


nine  pounds  is  recorded,  but  such  a  size  is  ex 
tremely  rare,  and  trout  of  a  pound  or  a  poum 
and  a  half  in  weight  are  considered  flue  fish 
The  head  and  eye  are  large ;  general  fonc 
•ym metrical,  and  comparatively  stouter  thai 
that  of  the  salmon  ;  tail  slightly  forked,  ex 
cept  in  old  fish  when  it  becomes  almost 
atjuaie;  teeth  numerous,  strung,  and  curved 
Numerous  species  are  tuund  in  the  Unitet 
States  aud  Canada,  of  which  the  Cumin*  i 
Brook  Truut  <>r  Speckled  Trout  (tittlmo  fonta 
nalit)  differs  considerably  from  the  common 
trout  of  Europe.  It  i-  abundant  in  the  streams 
of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States  and  in 
Eastern  Canada,  and  grows  occasionally  to  a 
considerable  size,  one  weighing  10  11*.  havlnc 
been  taken.  Usually,  however,  it  is  niucli 
smaller.  This  trout  is  a  favorite  game  fish  in 
the  East.  A  much  larger  species,  the  Lake 
Trout  (Salmo  coM/mw)  inhabits  the  depths  of 
the  great  lakes,  where  it  is  sometimes  caught 
of  60  IDS.  in  weight.  It  is  a  sluggish  fish, 
affording  poor  sport  to  the  angler,  and  its 
flesh  of  poor  quality.  There  are  several  other 
species  of  lake  trout,  the  largest  and  finest  in 
quality  being  the  Mackinaw  Trout  or  Namay- 
cush  (S.  amethystus  or  namaiicuth)  of  Lakes 
Huron  and  Superior,  and  the  Canadian  lakes. 
Another  large  species  is  the  Siskiwit  Trout 
(S.  gucowet)  of  Lake  Suj«rior.  In  the  lakes 
of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  occurs  the 
Red-bellied  Trout  (S.  erythrogastei-),  which  is 
•ometimcs  two  and  a-half  feet  long.  The 
Pacific  slope  haa  its  own  peculiar  species,  the 
Oregon  Trout  (8.  oregonentis),  which  closely 
resembles  the  common  trout  of  Europe,  and  is 
very  abundant.  In  Europe  the  Great  Lake 
Trout  (S.  ferox)  is  found  in  the  lakes  of 
Scandinavia  and  in  some  of  those  of  the 
British  islands.  The  trout  Is  a  voracious 
fish,  and  devours  almost  any  kind  of  animal 
food.  It  is  active  in  pursuit  of  prey,  small 
trout  often  leaping  quite  out  of  the  water  to 
take  passing  flies,  and  its  avidity  to  take  the 
artificial  fly  and  its  active  play  afterwards 
renders  it  one  of  the  most  favorite  fish  of  the 
•killed  angler. 

trout-colored,  o.  White,  with  spots  of 
black,  bay,  or  sorrel :  as,  a  trout-colored 
horse. 

trout-stream,  «.  A  stream  in  which 
trout  breed. 

'  troftt'-ful,  a,  [Eng.troui;-/W(0.]  Abound- 
ing in  trout. 

"Clew  and  frerti  rlvuleU  of  troutful  water."— 
Fuller:  Worthiet;  Bantt. 

ir6*nt'-Ing,  $.  [Eng.  trout;  -ing.}  Fishing 
for  trout. 

"The  February  troufinff  has  not  been  Very  8»y  or 
profitable. --/•jaM,  Feb.  26,  1887. 

trout' -less,  a.  [Eng.  trout ;  -less.}  Without 
a  trout  or  trout. 

*H«  remained  troutlru,  whilst  I  wu  constantly 
running  fish."— fithtny  Gazette,  Jan.  20,  ISM. 

trd*ut-lSt,  s.  [Eng.  trout;  dimin.  suff.  -let.] 
A  small  or  little  trout. 

"Of  conn*  theae  infant  troutleti  had  never  Men  a 
Special  Fish  Coimnlssiouer  before."— Daily  Telegraph, 
Kov.  19.  1665. 

trout'-llng,  *.  [Eng.  trout;  dimln.  sutt  -ling,] 
A  little  trout ;  a  troutlet. 

"  By  the  dark  i>ool  where  the  troutlin# 
Glances  from  his  stony  bed." 

liltckie:  LayiofSiffhlandt.p.*. 

rr6u-vere',  •Trdu-veur',  *.  [Fr.frou«r=: 
to  find.]  A  name  given  to  the  ancient  poets 
of  Northern  France,  and  corresponding  to  the 
Troubadours  of  the  South.  Their  composi- 
tions are  more  of  an  epic  or  narrative  cha- 
racter. (TROUBADOUR.) 

fcxd'-ver,  *.  [O.  Fr.  trover  (Fr.  trouver)  —  to 
find.]  [TROUBADOUR.) 

Law :  Properly,  the  finding  of  anything  • 
hence — 

(1)  The  gaining  possession  of  any  goods, 
whether  by  finding  or  by  other  means. 

(2)  (See  extract.) 

"The  action  of  trover  and  conversion  was  In  It* 
irlgin  an  action  for  recovery  of  damages  against  such 
person  as  hail  found  another's  goods,  aud  refused  to 
deliver  them  on  demand,  but  convert**!  them  to  hit 
owu  aw;  from  which  finding  and  converting,  it  ii 
called  an  action  of  (rower  aud  conversion.  The  iree- 
ooin  of  this  action  from  wacer  of  law.  and  the  leaa 
Otfre*  of  certainty  requisite  in  describing  the  goods, 
gave  It  formerly  so  imsiderable  an  advantage  over 
ttwaction  of  dfltinueTthat  actions  of  (row  were  »t 
•tntth  permitted  to  be  brought  against  any  man.  who 
i»d  m  his  ixMsewfon.  by  any  means  whatsoever,  the 
personal  goods  of  another,  and  sold  them  or  used  them 
without  the  concent  at  the  uwutr,  or  refused  to  deliver 


them  when  demanded.  The  Injury  lies  In  the  conver 
sion  :  for  any  man  may  take  the  goods  of  auotiivr  lut 
his  possession  if  he  finds  them  ;  but  no  finder  1 
allowed  to  acquire  a  property  th^f-iii.  unless  the  owue 
be  for  ever  unknown :  aud  therefore  be  must  not  con 
vert  them  to  Lla  owu  use,  which  the  law  presume 
b  mi  to  do,  if  he  refuses  to  restore  them  to  the  owner 
for  which  reason  such  refusal  alone  is  pnma  fact 
sufficient  evidence  of  a  conversion.  The  fact  of  th 
rindiiu'.  or  trover.  Is  therefore  now  totally  Immaterial 
for  if  the  idaiutiff  proves  that  the  goods  are  his  pro 
perty.  aud  that  the  defendant  had  them  in  his  posses 
sioii.  it  in  sufficient  But  a  conversion  must  be  full' 
proved:  and  then  in  thia  actiuii  the  plaintiff  ahaf 
recover  damages,  equal  to  the  value  of  the  thing  con 
verted,  but  not  the  thiiig  Itself,  whicli  nothing  »ii 
recover  but  an  action  of  detinue  or  replevin."— BlucJc 
•lone :  Comment. :  bk.  iii-,  ch.  9. 

trow  (1),  s.  [Perhaps  the  same  as  TROUGH 
(q.v.).]  A  boat  with  an  open  well  between  the 
bow  and  stern  portions,  used  iu  spearing  fish 

trow  (2),  «.  [See  def.]  The  same  as  DROW  (1 
and  TROLL  (2),  *. 

trtfw.  *trowe,  r.i.  &  t.  [A.S.  tnowian, 
trywian,  tredivan  =  to  have  trust  in,  from 
triowa,  tr&wa  =  trust,  from  treowe  —  true 
(q.v.);  cogn.  with  Dut.  trouwen  =  to  marry, 
from  trouw  =(s.)  trust,  (a.)  true  ;  Icel.  trua  = 
to  trow,  from  trur  —  true ;  Dan.  troe  =  to 
believe,  from  tro  =  (s.)  truth,  (a.)  true  ;  8w. 
tro  =  to  trow ;  Ger.  trauen  —  to  trust,  to  marry, 
from  treue  =  fidelity  ;  treu  =  true.) 

A.  Intrans. :  To  think  to  be  true ;  to  believe, 
to  trust ;  to  think  or  suppose. 

"  Trowtt  thou  that  e'er  111  look  upon  the  world  T  " 
SHalcetp.  ;  3  Henry  !'/„  U.  4. 

B.  Trans. :  To  believe  to  be  true ;  to  believe. 
"Thluk'st  thou  be  trote'd  thine  omen  aught?" 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  iv.  10. 

T  I  trow,  or  simply  trow,  was  frequently 
added  to  questions,  and  was  expressive  of 
contemptuous  or  indignant  surprise,  or  nearly 
equal  to  /  wonder. 

"What  means  the  fool,  trotot'—Shakttp.  :  Much 
Ado,  iii.  4. 

*  trow  on-dlse,  >.    [TRIMS-DISK.] 
•trowe,  t>.i.  &(.    [TROW,  v.] 

tr<$w--el,  *tr<Jw--ell,  "tru-ell,  *  trulle, 

«.  [Fr.  truelle,  from  Low  Lat.  truella.  =  a 
trowel,  from  Lat.  trulia  =  a  small  ladle,  a 
scoop,  a  trowel,  dimin.  of  trua  =  a  stirring- 
apoon,  a  ladle.] 

1.  A  mason's  and  plasterer's  flat  triangular 
tool  for  spreading  and  dressing  mortar  and 
plaster,  and  for  cutting  bricks. 

"  Bat,  ala»,  moat  mean  An  their  monument*,  made 
ot  pl»i«ter.  wrought  with  «  tromU.'— Fuller:  Wor- 
thift ;  Durham. 

2.  A  tool  like  a  small  scoop,  used  by  gar- 
deners In  potting  plants,  &c. 

3.  Found. :  A  tool  for  smoothing  the  loam 
in  moulding. 

K  To  lay  on  with  a  trowel :  To  spread  thickly, 
as  mortar ;  hence,  to  natter  grossly. 

Well  »I<1 ;   that  wu  laid  <m  tattk  a  frowrf."— 
:  Al  rou  il*.  It.  L  S, 

trowel-bayonet,  ».  A  bayonet  resem- 
bling a  mason's  trowel,  used  as  a  weapon,  and 
as  a  light  intreiiching-tool,  or  as  a  hatchet 
when  detached  from  the  rifle. 


(1),  v.t.    [TBOWKL,  i.}    To  dress  or 
form  with  a  troweL 

trow'-el  (2),  r.i.    [TROLL,  «.] 

trowles'-  worth  -ite,  «.  [Named  from 
Trowlesworthy  Tor,  in  Devonshire,  at  the 
south-western  angle  of  Dartmoor,  on  which, 
as  a  loose  boulder,  it  was  found  by  Mr.  Worth  • 
suff.  -ite  (Win.).] 

Petrol.  :  A  rock  consisting  chiefly  of  reddish 
orthoclase,  purple  fluor,  and  black  schorl,  in 
intimate  connection  with  quartz.  It  appears 
to  have  been  formed  by  a  peculiar  alteration 
of  granite,  in  which  blacK  mica  has  been 
changed  into  tourmaline,  some  of  the  felspar 
has  been  replaced  by  schorl  and  quartz,  and 
the  original  quartz  constituents  by  fluor  spar. 
(Pro/,  ionruy:  Proc.  deal.  Soc.,  No.  448,  p.  7.) 

trow'-yery,  >.  pL    [TROUSERS.] 

trox,  $.  [Gr.  T(xif  (froz),  genit.  rpayif  (trSgos) 
—  a  gnawer,  from  i/xiyi»  (trogo)  =  to  gnaw.] 


. 

Ertiom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  sub-family 
me  (q.v.).    Three  species  are  British. 


Trogi 

trox-i'-tes,  t.     [Hod.  Lat.  tni,  and  tuft 
•ties  (Pal&oiit.).] 

Paliemt.  :  A  genus  of  Beetles,  akin  to  the 
recent  Trox,  with  one  species  from  the  Coal- 
measures. 


troj-,  troy-wSlght  (gK  silent),  «trole- 
welght,  s.  [Named  after  a  weight  used  at 
the  fair  of  Troyes,  a  town  in  France,  south- 
east of  Paris.  ]  A  weight  used  chiefly  in  the 
weighing  of  gold,  silver,  and  articles  of  jewel- 
lery. The  pound  troy  contains  12  ounces, 
each  ounce  contains  20  pennyweights,  and 
each  pennyweight  24  grains.  Thus  the  pound 
troy  contains  5,760  grains.  As  the  pound 
avoirdupois  contains  7,000  grains,  and  the 
ounce  437J  grains,  the  pound  troy  is  to  the 
pound  avoiidupois  as  144  is  to  175,  and  tlie 
ounce  troy  to  the  ounce  avoirdupois  as  192  is 
to  175. 

"tru'-age  (age  as  Ig).  «treu-age,  «.  [TRUE.] 

1.  A  pledge  of  truth  or  truce  given  on  pay- 
ment of  a  tax. 

2.  An  impost  or  tax. 

"  Qrete  Ireuage  thei  toke  ot  thlr  loud  here," 

Robert  d*  Brunne,  PL  T. 

3.  An  act  of  homage  or  honour. 

*  tru'-ag-er  (ag  as  ig),  *  treuw-ag-er,  t 

[Eng.  truag(e);  -or.]    One  who  pays  taxes  o» 
impost.    (Kobert  tie  Brunne,  p.  45.) 

tru'-an-$y\  s.    [Eng.  truant);  -ci/.]    The  act 
of  playing  truant  ;  the  state  of  being  a  truant. 
"  H«  »as  further  addicted  to  truandi.-—8crltmer'i 
Magaline,  Nuv.,  1878,  p.  86. 

*tru-and-ing,  i.  [TRUANT.)  The  act  of 
begging  under  false  pretences  ;  truandise. 

"  Th  m  may  he  go  a  begging  yeme 
Till  he  »oi,e  uther  emit  ciii  leme. 
Throuxh  which  without  truanding 
lie  may  la  trouth  bare  his  liviug. 

'm  uf  t 


•  tru'-and  Ise,  s.    [0.  Fr.]    A  begging  under 
false  pretences.    (Romaunt  of  the  Rose.) 

tru  -ant,  *  trcw-and,  "  trn-and,  a.  &  t. 

[Fr.  <niand=(s.)  a  beggar,  a  rogue,  a  lazy 
rascal,  (a.)  beggarly,  rascally,  from  Wei  tru, 
truan  =  wretched  ;  truan  =  a  wretch  ;  Gael. 
trm.ghan  =  a.  wretch;  Bret,  truant  =  a  vaga- 
bond, a  beggar.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic 
of  a  truant;  wilfully  absent  from  a  proper  01 
appointed  place  ;  shirking  duty  ;  idle,  loiter- 
ing.   (Lit.  <t  Jig.) 

"  Reluctant  to  be  thought  to  move 
At  the  first  call  of  truant  love." 

Scott  :  Lord  ojtiu  tile*,  vi.  I. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  One  who  shirks  or  neglects  duty  ;  an 
idler,  a  loiterer  ;  especially  a  child  who  stays 
away  from  school  without  leave. 

"A  timely  care  to  bring  the  truanti  back.*1 

Oryden:  YirgH;  Georgia  iv.  WO. 

*  2.  A  lazy  vagabond. 

"All  thyiigea  at  this  day  falleth  at  Rome,  except 
all  onelv  these  ydell  trewandet,  iestoure,  tumbleri. 
plaiers,  fuglers,  and  such  other,  of  whom  there  is  luon 
and  to  uiaiiy."—  Golden  Bake,  let.  12. 

H  To  play  truant,  To  play  the  truant;  To 
atay  away  from  school  without  leave. 

"  There  boyet  the  truant  play  and  leave  their  booke." 
Browne  :  Britannia*  PaUoralt,  L  2. 

truant  school,  «. 

Eng.;  A  certified  industrial  school  esta- 
blished under  the  Industrial  Schools  Act, 
I860,  but  used  exclusively  for  children  who 
have  been  sent  thereto  by  a  magistrate  undet 
sect.  9  of  the  Elementary  Education  Act, 
1876,  which  provides  that  if  either  — 

(1)  The  parent  of  any  child  above  the  age  of  fir* 
Tears,  who  is  under  this  Act  prohibited  from  being 
taken    into  full    time   employineut.   habitually  aud 
without  reasonable  excuse  neglecta  to  provide  efficient 
elementary  instruction  for  his  child  ;  or, 

(2)  Any  child  it  found  habitually  wandering,  or  not 
nnder  proper  control,  or  iu  the  company  of  rogue*. 
vagabonds,  disorderly  persons,  or  reputed  criminals  ; 

it  becomes  the  duty  of  the  local  authority, 
after  due  warning,  to  complain  to  a  magis- 
trate, who  may  order  the  child  to  attend 
some  certified  efficient  school  willing  to 
receive  him,  selected  by  the  parent  or  by  the 
court,  and  in  case  of  non-compliance  to  order 
the  child  to  be  sent  to  a  certified  day  indus- 
trial school,  or,  if  there  be  no  certified  day 
Industrial  school,  then  to  a  certified  indus-  * 
trial  school.  Truant-schools,  of  which  there 
are  about  a  dozen  in  England,  are  not  recog- 
nized by  law  except  as  certificated  industrial 
schools,  from  which  they  only  differ  in  the 
character  of  their  inmates. 

"On  Saturday  afternoon  the  North  London  Indus- 
trial Truant-tchuol  at  WalthauiBtow  WHB  publicly 
oiwned  by  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen.  The  school  has  been 
established  by  the  school  lx*vrds  of  Hornaey.  Totten- 
ham, and  Edmonton,  for  the  reception  of  persistent 
truant  boys  from  those  parUhes.  It  is  the  flr»t  school 
of  its  kind  erected  by  the  district  Mbool  boardi."— 
Pall  Mall  Qatette,  June  30,  1&84. 


l&t,  fere,  amidst,  what.  Call,  Cither ;   we,  w6t,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine ;  go,  p*t 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  whdf  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rulo,  lull;  try.  Syrian-    »,  oo  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


truant— truckle 


4849 


•  tru'-ant,  v.i.  &  t.    [TRUAST,  a.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  idle  away  time ;  to  loiter  or  be  absent 
from  employment. 

"  'Tis  double  wrong  to  truant  with  your  bed. 
And  let  her  read  it  in  thy  looks  at  board. 

Shatetp.  :  Comedi  o/  Srron,  ill.  t. 

2.  To  play  the  truant 

"  On  the  subject  ol  corporal  punishment  lor  truant- 
ing  and  the  subsequent  prosecution   ol   uareutfl. 
Daily  Telegrapli,  Nov.  13.  18M. 

B.  Trans. :  To  waste  or  idle  away. 

•  I  dare  not  be  the  author  ol  truanttng  tno  time.'— 
ford. 

•  tru'-ant-ljf,  adv.  it  o.    [Eng.  truant ;  -ly.] 

A.  ~As  ailv.:  In  a  truant  manner;  like  a 
truant. 

B.  As  ailj. :  Truant 

"  Trifling  like  untaught  boys  »t  their  books  with  a 
tncmtlu  spirit-  -Bf.  Taylor  s  SerauM,  voL  It,  ser.  (. 

tru'-ant -Ship,  «.  tEng.  truant;  -ship.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  a  truant ;  neglect  of 
duty  or  employment ;  truancy. 

"II  the  child  ...  have  used  no  truantthip.'— 
AKhntn:  ScholemaOer. 

•  trub,  s.    [Lat.  tuber.]    A  truffle  (q.v.). 
•trub'-tall,  «     [Etym.  of  first  elementdoubt- 

ful.)    A  short,  squat  woman. 
trU9e,    -treowes,   *  trewes,  •  trlwes, 

•  truwys,  '  trws,  >.     [Properly  a  plural 
form  from  <rew  =  a  pledge  of   truth;    A.H. 
treoiva,  <niu>a  =  a  compact,  faith,  from  treowe 
=  true  (q.v.).] 

1  Mil. :  The  suspension  of  arras  by  agree- 
ment of  the  commanders  of  the  opposing 
armies ;  a  temporary  cessation  of  hostilities, 
tor  negotiation  or  other  purpose;  an  armistice. 

"  Loud  came  the  cry, '  The  Bruce,  the  Bruce  1' 
No  hope  or  in  defence  or  truce. 

Scott:  Lord  of  tin  Itlet,  V.  St. 

2.  An  intermission  of  action,  pain,  or  con- 
test;  a  temporary  cessation,  alleviation,  or 

"There  he  may  find 

Truce  to  hln  restless  thoughts,  and  entertain 
The  irksome  hours. '  Jftlton  :  P.  L.,  1L  6OT. 

1  (1)  Flag  of  truce: 

Ma. :  A  white  flag  displayed  as  an  Invita- 
tion to  the  enemy  to  confer,  and  in  the  mean- 
time asanotification  that  hostilities  shall  cease. 

(2)  Truce  of  God :  A  suspension  of  arms 
which  occasionally  took  place  in  the  middle 
ages.  It  was  introduced  in  A.D.  1040,  when 
the  Church  forbade  the  barons  to  make  any 
attack  on  each  other  between  sunset  on  Wed- 
nesday and  sunrise  on  the  following  Monday, 
or  upon  any  ecclesiastical  fast  or  feast-day. 
It  also  provided  that  no  man  was  to  molest  a 
labourer  working  in  the  fields,  or  to  lay  hands 
on  any  implement  of  husbandry,  on  pain  of 
excommunication.  [PEACE  or  GOD.] 

truce -breaker,  «.  One  who  violates  a 
truce,  compact,  covenant,  or  engagement. 

"  tru9e'-less,  a.    [Eng.  truce;  -less.] 

1.  Without  truce  :  as,  a  truceless  war. 

2.  Granting  or  holding  no  truce ;  unforbear- 
ing,  relentless. 

"  Two  minds  In  one.  and  each  a  trucOea  guest." 
Brooke  :  Redemption. 

•truch'-man,  "trucne-ment,  •trudge- 
man,  s.  iDaAOOMAN.)  An  interpreter. 

"  M  ithridates  the  king  reigned  over  two  and  twentie 
nations  ol  diverse  languages,  aud  In  so  many  tamgurs 
gave  lawes  and  ministred  justice  unto  them,  without 
truckman."— f.  Holland  :  Plinie.  bk.  vii.,  ch.  xxlv. 

•  tru-5i-da'-tion,  ».     [Lat  trucidatia,  from 
trucidatus,  pa.  par.  of  trucido  —  to  kill]    The 
act  of  killing. 

truck  (1),  *  truk-ken,  r.i.  &  (.  [Fr.  troqiur 
=  to  truck,  to  barter,  to  exchange,  from  Sp.  & 
Port,  (rocor  =  to  barter,  a  word  of  doubtful 
origin  ;  O.  Fr.  troq  =  truck,  barter ;  Fr.  troc; 
Sp.  trueco,  trueque.  =  barter ;  Port,  troco  = 
the  change  of  a  piece  of  gold  or  silver ;  frroca 
=  barter.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  exchange  commodities ;  to 
barter ;  to  traffic  by  exchange  or  barter. 

"  Found  some  Spaniards  who  lived  there  to  truck 
with  the  Indians  lor  gold. "—  Dampler!  royaget  Ian. 
1081). 

B.  Trans. :  To  barter,  to  exchange,  to  give 
In  exchange. 

"  Having  truclid  thy  soul,  brought  home  the  lee, 
To  tempt  the  poor  to  sell  himself  to  thee. 

Covper .-  Expostulation,  874. 

IT  For  the  difference  between  to  track  and 
to  txctuinge,  see  EXCHANGE. 


truck  (2),  v.t.  [TRUCK  (2),  s.)  To  put  into  a 
truck  or  trucks  ;  to  convey  or  send  in  trucks. 

"  The  facilities  ot  trucking  canoes  by  railway  are 
good,  but  not  by  steamer,  '-field,  Feb.  u,  1»»7. 

»  truck  (3),  *  truk-kyn,  v.t.  [Sw  trycka; 
Dan.  trykke=to  press, squeeze ;  Ger.  arucken.] 
To  fold  or  gather  up  ;  to  tuck.  (Prompt.  Parv.) 

truck  (1),  *  trucke,  s.    [TRUCK  (1),  r.] 

1.  Exchange  of  commodities ;  barter. 

"  No  commutation  or  trucke  to  be  made  by  any  ol 
the  petit  merchants."— Backluyt :  Voi/affet,  i.  228. 

2.  Commodities  suitable  for  barter  or  small 
trade  ;  hence,  small  commodities  ;  specif.,  in 
the   United    States,    vegetables    raised    for 
market. 

3   Traffic ;  intercourse  ;  dealing  :  as,  I  have 
no  truck  with  him.    (Colloq.  &  Slang.) 

4.  The  practice  of  paying  wages  otherwise 
than  in  actual  coin,  whereby  the  employed  per- 
son was  sometimes  defrauded  of  part  of  the 
wage  he  had  contracted  to  receive  ;  or  of  wage- 
paying  at  long  intervals,  the  employer  making 
intermediate  advances  and  charging  very  high 
rates  of  interest      Truck  is  a  very  ancient 
evil.     It  was  rampant  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  one  of  the   Norman-French  statutes,  4 
Edward  IV.,  c.  1,  s.  5,  states  that  "  before  this 
time,  in  the  occupations    of  cloth-making, 
the  labourers  have  been  driven  to  take  a  great 
part  of  their  wages  in  unprofitable  wares," 
and  the  employers  were,  by  that  act,  required 
to  pay  in  lawful  money,  under  penalty  of  for- 
feiture to  the  labourer  of  treble  wages.    There 
were  further  enactments  in    the   reigns  of 
Elizabeth,  Anne,  George  I.,  George  II.,  and 
George  III. ;  but  these  were  all  partial  as  to 
trades,  and  failed  to  check  the  practice.    The 
Act  1  &  2  William  IV.,  c.  37  extended  the  law, 
and  prohibited  "the  payment  in  certain  trades 
of  wages  in  goods,  or  otherwise  than  in  the 
current  coin  of  the  realm."     The  number  of 
trades  were  largely  extended,  but  many  occu- 
pations were  omitted.  In  1870  th«  evils  of  the 
truck  system  were  forced  on  the  attention  of 
the  Legislature,  and  an  act  was  passed  au- 
thorising an  inquiry  by  commission  into  any 
offence   against  acts    prohibiting   the  track 
system  which  had  occurred  in  the  two  pre- 
ceding years.      The    commission   appointed 
under  the  Truck  Commission  Act,  1870,  made 
two  reports— one,  in  1871,  on  England,  Wales, 
and  Scotland,  showing  very  gross  evils  ;  and 
the  other,  in  1872,  on  the  curious  barter  system 
prevalent   in  Shetland    and  other  part*  ol 
Scotland  amongst  the  knitters,  fishermen,  and 
kelp-gatherers.    Similar  barter  practices  were 
said  to  prevail  in  parts  of  Cornwall  and  Devon 
amongst   knitters.      No   efficient  legislation 
followed  this  commission,  except  as  to  the 
Leicester,  Derby,   and    Nottingham   hosiery 
trade.     Mr.  Sheriff  Thorns,  Vice-Admiral  ol 
Zetland,  persistently  but  unavailingly  pressed 
on  Parliament  and  the  public  the  case  of  the 
Scotch  knitters ;  but  no  further  action  was 
taken  until  the  autumn  of  1886,  when  the 
Chief  Inspector  of  Factories  was  directed  to 
report  upon  the  truck  system  in  Scotland 
This  report,  made  in  January,  1887,  showed 
amongst  other  glaring  evils,  that  the  systen 
of  advances  and  poundage  was  ruinous  to  the 
men  ;  at  some  collieries  as  much  as  Is.  being 
charged  per  week  on  an  advance  of  ICs.,  no 
advance  being  in  any  case  made  until  thl 
wage  had  been  actually  earned.     By  50  I 
61  Victoria,  c.  46,  the  law  against  truck  and 
requiring  payment  of  wage  in  actual  com  i 
extended  to  all  persons  within  the  Employer" 
and  Workmen's    Act,  1875.     Wherever   ad 
vances  had  been  made  the  employer  is  foi 
bidden  to  withhold  like  advance,  and   pro 
hibited   from    taking    interest  or   discount 
Orders  given  for  goods  to  a  store  not  kept  b 
the  employer  are  made  as  illegal  as,  unde 
the  principal  act,  if  supplied  by  the  employer 
Any  condition,  direct  or  indirect,  as  to  wher 
wage  should  be  spent,  was  prohibited,  an 
dismissal  for  dealing  or  not  dealing  made  un 
lawful.    The  truck  system  has  extended  to  th 
United  States,  and  has  given  rise  to  mud 
dissatisfaction    among    workiupiien    and   t 
various  legislative  enactments  for  its  regula 
tion  or  suppression.     It  is  not  found  in  Ih 
large   manufacturing   cities,  but   in   smallc 
towns  largely  built  up  around  a  single  manu 
factiiring  establishment,  in  the  coal  regions  i 
connection  with  the  mines,  Ac.     It  usual! 
takes  the  form  of  a  company  store,  at  whic 
the  employes  are  expected  or  required  to  dea 
and  where  they  are  often  obliged  to  pay  mor 
than  the  ruling  rates  for  goods.    To  force  then 
to  do  this  in  some  cases  tokens  are  issue 


in  place  of  mousy,  which  are  only  taken  in 
the  company  store.  The  latter  process  has 
been  condemned  by  Act  of  Congress  as  an 
illegal  issue  of  money,  but  the  trucking 
system  still  continues  in  various  illegitimate 
ways.  In  Canada  the  same  evil  is  fell,  the 
lumbermen  of  that  country  and  the  fishermen 
of  Newfoundland  protesting  strongly  against 
it.  Protests  have  also  come  from  the  working 
classes  of  Mexico  and  from  the  Socialists  of 
Germany,  showing  that  the  evil  in  question  is 
very  wide  spread. 

*  truck-man,  s.  One  who  barters  <a 
trucks. 

t  truck-shop,  *.    A  tommy-shop  (q.v.). 
truck-system,  s.    [TKUCK  (1),  s.,  4.] 

ruck  (2),  s.  [Lat.  trochvs ;  Gr.  rpoxos  (trcxAos) 
=  a  runner,  a  wheel,  a  disc  ;  Tpe\u  (treclw)  = 
to  run.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  small  wooden  wheel,  not  bound  with 
Iron ;  a  cylinder. 

2.  A  low  two-wheeled  vehicle  for  conveying 
goods  and  packages.     The  hand-truck  is  an 
efficient  vehicle  for  removing  single  packages 
of  considerable  weight ;  the  curved  bar  in 
front  being  placed  under  the  box,  for  instance, 
which  is  then  tipped  so  as  to  balance  back 
slightly  against  the  bed,  in  which  position  it 
is  transported  upon  a  pair  of  heavy  wheels  of 
small  diameter.    The  term  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  certain  hand-carts  and  two-wheeled 
barrows. 

3.  A  waggon  with  a  low  bed,  for  moving 
heavy  packages. 

4.  A  low  platform  on  wheels  for  moving 
buildings,  heavy  stone  blocks,  safes,  &c. 

5.  (PL):  A  kind  of  game.    [Taucos.) 
H.  Technically: 

1  Mack. :  A  roller  at  the  foot  of  a  derrick 
or  gin  by  which  the  position  of  the  hoisting- 
apparatus  may  be  shifted. 

2.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  small  wooden  disc  at  the  extreme 
summit  of  a  mast.  It  may  contain  the  pulleys 
for  the  signal  halyards. 

(2)  A  circular  perforated  block  like  a  wooden 
thimble,  and  acting  as  a  fair-leader. 

3.  Ordn. :  A  small  solid  wheel  on  which  a 
certain  description  of  gun-carriage  is  based. 

4.  Bail.-engineeri7ig  : 

(1)  An  open  waggon  for  the  conveyance  of 
goods. 

(2)  A  swivelling  carriage  with  four  or  six 
wheels  beneath  the  forward  part  of  a  locomo- 
tive, or  supporting  one  end  of  a  railway 
carriage, 

f  The  long-car  supported  on  swivelling- 
trueks  is  one  of  the  peculiar  features  of 
American  railway  rolling-stock. 

truck-jack,  s.  A  lifting-jack  suspended 
from  a  truck-axle  to  lift  logs  or  other  objects 
so  that  they  may  be  loaded  on  to  a  sled  or 
other  low-bodied  vehicle.  The  calipers  that 
embrace  the  log  are  hooked  to  the  catch  on 
the  end  of  the  ratchet-bar.  The  bar  is  raised 
by  the  lever,  and  is  dogged  by  the  attendant 
pawl. 

truck-man,  ».  A  driver  of  a  truck ;  ft 
carman. 

«  truck'-age  (age  as  «!)  (1),  «.  tEng.  truck 
(1),  v. ;  -age.]  The  practice  of  trucking  or 
bartering  goods ;  truck. 

triiok'-age  (age  as  Kg)  (2), «.  [En*,  truck 
(2),  v.  ;  -age.]  The  cartage  of  goods ;  money 
paid  for  Jhe  conveyance  of  goods  on  a  truck ; 
freight, 

» truok'-er, «.  [Eng.  truck  (1),  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  trucks  or  barters;  a  barterer,  a  trader. 

"  No  man  having  yet  driven  >  saving  bargain  with 
thlsVreatTricterlor  souls,  bv  exchanging  guilts,  or  j 
barterhig  one  .in  lor  another/-****  <  Sermon*,  vol. 
vL,  ser.  9. 

truo'-kle,  s.  [Lat.  tnMea = a  little  wheel,  • 
pulley.] 

1.  A  small  wheel  or  castor. 

2.  A  truckle-lied  (q.v.X 

"  He  roni'd  the  squire,  in  tnuKe  lolling.™ 

Butler:  Budibrat,  117.  II.  M. 

3.  The  same  as  TEUCKLE-CHEE8E(q.v.). 

truckle-bed,  'troccle-bed,  *  trook- 
yll-bed,  >.  A  bed  running  on  castors,  and 


4850 


truckle— truffle 


capable  of  being  pushed  under  another;  a 
trundle-bed.  It  was  formerly  generally  ap- 
propriated to  the  servant  or  attendant,  the 
master  or  mistress  occupying  the  principal 

"  There's  his  chamber,  his   house,  his  castle,  liis 

truckle-cheese,  ».  A  small  flat  cheese. 
(frtn.) 

true  kle,  v.i.  &  t.  [From  truckle  =  truckle- 
betl,  to  ti-uckle  under,  having  reference  to  the 
old  truckle-bed  which  could  be  pushed  under 
smother  larger  one ;  and  the  force  of  the 
phrase  being  in  the  fact  thata  pupil  or  scholar 
slept  under  his  tutor  on  a  truckle-bed.  (Skeat.)] 
A.  Intrant. :  To  yield  or  give  way  obsequi- 
ously to  the  will  of  another ;  to  cringe ;  to 
submit;  to  act  in  a  servile  manner,  (Some- 
times with  under,  generally  with  to.) 
"  I  cannot  truckle  to  a  fool  of  state." 

Churchill:  i>ia  to  w.  fftyarth. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  move  on  rollers  ;  to 
trundle. 

"Chain  without  bottom,  van  trucUed  from  the 
middle  to  oue  end  of  the  room."— Mad.  ffArUay. 

true  kler,  «.  [Eng.  trw*l(e),  v.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  truckles  or  yields  obsequiously  to  the 
will  of  another. 

truo'-kllng,  o.  [TRUCKLE,  «.]  Given  to 
truckle ;  cringing,  fawning,  slavish,  eervile. 

tru'-OOi». «.  [8p.J  A  game  somewhat  resem- 
bling billiards.  [Tuoco.] 

truo'-u-Ience,  truo'-n-len-cjr,  ».  [Lat. 
truculentia,  from  trucuientus  =  truculent 

L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  truculent ; 
savageness  of  manner  ;  ferocity. 

"He  loves  not  tyranny :-the  truculmcy  at  the 
subject,  who  transacts  this,  he  approves  not  —  Water- 
home:  On  Fontftcu  (1663).  p.  184. 

2.  Fierceness  of  countenance. 

truc'-U-lent,  o.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  trucuientus 
=  cruel,  irom  trux,  genii,  trucii  =  fierce,  wild, 
•avage.J 

1.  Savage,  ferocious,  fierce,  barbarous. 

"  A  barbarous  Scythla,  where  the  savage  and  trucu- 
lent inhabitants  transfer  themselves  iiuin  place  to 
Place  in  waggons,  at  they  cau  find  pasture,  —^ay.- 


2.  Inspiring  terror ;  ferocious. 

"  The  trembling  boy  hU  brethren's  hands. 
Their  truculent  asi>ects,  aud  eervile  buids, 

Sandyt ;  ChrMi  Pauion,  p.  U. 

•  3.  Cruel,  destructive. 

"Pestilential  seminaries,  according  to  their  gross- 
Bewi  or  subtllity.  cause  more  or  less  truculent  plagues." 
—Survey:  On  the  Plague. 

truc'-u-lent-ly',  adv.  [Eng.  truculent;  -ly.] 
In  a  truculent  manner ;  fiercely,  ferociously, 
savagely,  destructively. 

trudge,  c.i.  [According  to  Skeat,  prop.  =  to 
walk  in  snow-shoes,  hence,  to  move  along 
with  a  heavy  step,  from  Sw.  dial,  truga,  trioga, 
tndja ;  Norw.  truga,  true,  tryge,  trjug  =  a 
mow-*hoe  ;  trygja,  tnijuga  =  to  provide  with 
snow-shoes  ;  Icel.  tKritga  —  a  snow-shoe.]  To 
travel  on  foot  with  more  or  less  labour  and 
fatigue  ;  to  walk  or  tramp  along  wearily  and 
heavily. 

"  Sat  one  of  them  wa>  observed  to  «op  and  look 
towards  us,  but  they  Imaged  along,  to  all  sp]>ear»i.ce 
without  the  leant  emotion,  either  of  curiosity  or  sur- 
prise."— Coot :  Ftrtt  I'oyaye.  bk.  ill.,  ch.  it 

*  trudge  -man,  «.    [TRUCHMAN.] 

true,  *  trewe,  a.  &  adv.  [A.  8.  triowe,  trywe 
=  true ;  treuw,  tryw  =  truth,  preservation  of 
a  compact ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  trauw  —  true, 
faithful ;  frame  =  fidelity ;  Icel.  trypgr,  trur 
=  true  ;  Dan.  fro  =  true,  truth  ;  Sw.  trac/en 
=  true  ;  tro  =  fidelity  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  triuwi  — 
true;  rHuwo=nde]ity ;  Ger.  trev—tnw;  Goth. 
trijyws  =  true;  lriggun  =  *  covenant;  trmian 
=  to  trow,  to  trust.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Firm  or  steady  in  adhering  to  promises, 
compacts,  friends,  one's  superior,  or  the  like  ; 
not  fickle  or  inconstant ;  faithful,  loyal,  con- 
stant. 

"  Through  the  poor  captive  •  bosom  paued 
The  thought,  ljut.  to  hi<  |mn«»e  tr.,«. 
He  Bald  not,  thonuh  t*  itikheu.  -  Adien  V  " 

Hoott:  Lord  </*»*  Ittet,  V.  25. 

2.  Honest ;  not  fraudulent ;  upright 

"Rich  prey  niakei  fru«meit  thieve*." 

Shakeip.  :  Venue  i  Aitonit,  754. 


3.  Free  from  falsehood  or  deceit ;  speaking 
truly,  not  falsely  ;  veracious. 

"  He  that  sent  ine  i*  tr*e.~^/o>m  vit  38. 

4.  Genuine,    pure,    real;    not   counterfeit, 
false,  or  pretended. 

"In   a  false  quarrel   there  Is  no  true  valour."— 
ahukeip. :  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  v.  L 

5.  Conformable  to  fact ;  being  in  accordance 
with  the  actual  state  of  things;  not  false  or 
erroneous, 

"All  things  that  John  spake  were  true." — rohn  X.  41. 

6.  Conformable  to  reason  or  to  rules ;  exact 
just,  accurate,  correct,  right. 

"  By  true  computation  of  the  time  " 

Shakeip.  :  ftickard  Iff.,  ill  I. 

7.  Conformable  to  law  and  justice'   legi- 
timate, rightful. 

"  To  conquer  France,  his  frw  Inheritance." 

Stai.ii/k  .-  a  Benri  fl..  L  1. 

8.  Conformable  to  nature  ;  natural,  correct. 

"  No  shape  so  true,  no  trnth  of  such  account" 
ShaiteMf.  :  Sonnet  GC. 

9.  Exact,  accurate  :  as,  His  aim  was  true. 
II.  Science :    Correnponding   to   a    certain 

type ;  possessing  certain  characteristics  in  a 
marked  degree.  Thus,  the  species  of  the  sul.- 
family  Tnrdime  (which  contains  the  type- 
genus,  Turdus)  are  called  True  ThRBbei, 
while  the  name  Thrushes  IB  applied  to  the 
family.  Used  in  an  analogous  sense  in  Patho- 
logy :  as,  true  leprosy,  Ac. 

B.  Ai  adv. :  Truly";  in  conformity  with  the 
trnth. 

"  It  Is  not  enough  to  speak,  bnt  to  speak  true.'— 
&ta*etp.  :  JffdtMtnmer  .tiottfi  Dream.  T. 

K  True  is  often  used  ellipticaUy  for  It  ft 
true. 

"  True,  I  have  married  her." 

Skatetp. :  OOetlo.  i.  >. 

•  true-anointed,  a.    Lawfully  anointed. 

"  England's  true-anointej  lawful  king.* 

Snatetp.  :  I  Benrtff.,  1IL  I. 

true  bill,  <. 

Law :  A  bill  of  indictment  endorsed  by  a 
grand  jury,  after  evidence,  as  containing  a 
well-founded  accusation.  [Biu.  OF  INDICT- 
MENT.] 

true-blue,  a.  k  «. 

A.  As  adj. :  An  epithet  applied  to  a  person 
of  inflexible  honesty  and  fidelity  ;  said  to  be 
from  the  true  or  Coventry  blue,  formerly  cele- 
brated for  its  unchanging  colour;  hence,  un- 
wavering, constant,  staunch,  loyal.     In  many 
parts  of  England,  true-blue  is  the  Tory  colour. 

B.  Assufist. :  A  person  of  Inflexible  honesty 
or  fidelity ;  specif.,  a  staunch  Presbyterian  or 
Whig. 

*  true-derived,  o.    Of  lawful  descent ; 
legitimate. 

"  A  lineal  trve-deriwed  conrsa." 

Skaletf. :  Richard  III.,  IIL  T. 

*  true-devoted,  o.    Full  of  true  devo- 
tion and  honest  zeal. 

"  A  true-devoted  pilgrim." 
Skateip.  i  Tm  gentlemen  of  Verma.  11 1. 

*  true-disposing,  o.     Disposing  or  ar- 
ranging  trulj  ;    making   provision   so   that 
truth  may  prevail. 

"O  upright.  Just,  and  true-aitpoebtn  God." 

~  !*•»)>. .'  Richard  III..  IT.  4. 


Skate,, 

.     *  true  -  divining,  a.     Divining  truly  : 
giving  a  correct  forecast. 

"  To  prove  thou  hast  a  true-dtvtnfny  heart." 

Sholteep. :  Titu,  Andronicui.  II.  4, 

'true -fixed,  a.  Steadily,  firmly,  and 
immovably  fixed. 

"  Whose  true-JLred  and  restlnfr  quality." 

Shotetp. :  Juliut  Ctuor.  111.  1. 

true-place,  s. 

Astron. :  The  place  which  a  heavenly  body 
would  occupy  if  its  apparent  place  were  cor- 
rected for  refraction,  parallax,  &c- 

*  true-telling,  a.    Veracious. 

1  true,   *.     [Proh.  a  corrupt,  of  Fr.  trous  = 
pigeon-holes;  cf.  Trolmyilames.]  (See  etym.) 

*  true-table,  a.    A  bagatelle  or  billiard- 
table. 

"There  Is  also  a  nowllntr-pltc 
ta&Ie."—£velyn:  Diary.  March 


e.  a  tavern,  and  a  rrw*. 
33.  164C. 


true,  ».fc  [TRUE,  a.}  To  make  true,  exact, 
or  accurate  :  aa,  To  true  the  face  of  a  grind- 

SI  '.UP. 

true'-born,  a.  [Eng.  true,  and  born.]  Of 
genuine  and  legitimate  birth  ;  having  a  right 
by  birth  to  a  title. 

"Though  banished,  yet  a  trueborn  Englishman.' 
.Sfutiov.  .'  Kichard  II..  L  1 


true'-bred,  a.    [Eng.  true,  and  bred.] 

1.  Of  a  genuine  or  riant  breed  or  descent ; 
thoroughbred. 

"  g>«  •   ••    heagle.    true-bred.'— Skejtetp.  :    TieelflH 

2.  Of  genuine  breeding  or  education  :  as,  a 
true-bred  gentleman. 

•true'- fast,  o.  [A.S.  treiiu-e-fest ;  ct  stead- 
Just.]  True,  sincere,  faithful,  loyal. 

"O  trustie  turtle.  fruff't*teft  of  all  trua* 

Ballade  (,|  Oonv  of  Our  Ladu. 

trne'-heart-ed  (ea  as  a),  a.  [Eng.  true. 
an  I  hearted.]  of  a  faithful,  honest,  or  loyal 
heart ;  true,  loyal,  staunch,  sincere. 

"  I  swear  he  is  Ir^eh^irted.- 

Shake*?. :  fffnry  rill.,  v.  a. 

true'-heart-cd  ness  (ea  as  a),  s.  [Eng. 
truehtarted ;  -jieis.)  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  trnehearted ;  fldelity,  honesty,  sincerity, 
loyalty. 

true' -love,  *  trn-lufe,  t.  &  a.  [Eng.  true, 
and  lorn.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  One  truly  loved  or  loving;  one  whose 
love  is  pledged  to  another ;  a  lover,  a  sweet- 
heart. 

2.  A  truelove  knot, 

"Trowlt  with  trulu/ee  and  tranest  betwme." 

jtnturt  <>/ Art  er.  xzvllt. 

II.  Bat. :  Herb  Trnelove,  Paris  tfuutlrifoiia 
[HERB-PARIS,  PARIS,  1.] 

U  Prior,  who  considers  that,  in  the  botanical 
flense  the  etym.  is  Dan.  trolovet=  betrothed 
[Tlll'E-LOVE-KXOT,  «I).  says  that  the  plant  is 
BO  named  fn<m  its  four  leaves  being  set  to- 
gether in  the  form  of  a  lovers  knot 

B.  As  adj.  :  AHectionate,  sincere, 
truelove  knot,  truelover's  knot,  «. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  kind  of  double  kuot,  made 
with  two  bows  on  eacli  side  interlacing  each 
other,  and  with  two  ends ;  an  emblem  of  in- 
terwoven affection  or  engagement* 

"Twenty  odd-conceited  trnetore-*>toti.' 

Viatotp. :  r«v,  «,„«.  >,„.,!.  II  7. 

U  Accordingto Palmer(/"oi*; Etymology, s.v.), 
fri(e/ove  in  this  use  is  a  corruption  of  Dan. 
trolate  =  to  betroth  or  promise  (tow),  fidelity 
(tro)  ;  Icel.  trulo/a. 

2.  Entom.  (Of  the  form  true-lover's  knot): 
A  British  Ni^ht-uioth,  .dgrolujwrjiAyrea,  about 
an  inch  in  expansion  of  wing.    The  fore  wings 
are  dull  dark-red,   with   blackish   lines  and 
streaks  and  whitish  sputa ;  kind  wings  |iale 
grayish  brown.  Not  unrammonou  heaths,  the 
caterpillar,  which  is  reddish  orange,  fuming 
on  Caihina  vulgar**. 

true  ness,  *  tren-nesse,  *  trew-nesse, 
*  true-nesse,  s.  [Eng.  true;  -ness.]  Th« 
quality  or  stite  of  being  true;  faithfulness, 
fldelity,  truth,  sincerity,  staunchness,  accu- 
racy, exactness,  correctness. 

"The  frunesMaud  vtsiWljtie  of  the  present  Roman 
church.  —  By.  Halt :  Th*  IteamcUer. 

*  true'-pen-n^,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Gene- 
rally explained  as  an  honest  felhw. 

"  Say  st  thon  so  f  art  thou  there,  truepenny  I 
Come  on."  Shakelu. :  Hamlet,  I.  5. 

H  In  Casaubon,  De  Qmititar  Liitgitii  Com- 
mentatio,  pars  prior  (1650),  p.  302,  Truejxnit 
is  dr lined  as  "  veteiator  vuler,"  that  is,  a  sly, 
cunning  fellow,  an  old  soldier. 

tru'-er,  «. 
tool  (q.v.> 

truff  (1),  *  truffe,  «.  [See  def.]  Turf  (a 
transposed  form  of  the  word  still  In  use  in 
Scotland  ;  cf.  thirst  and  thrift.) 

"  No  holy  truffe  was  left  to  hide  the  kes»l." 

Ji'ifiet :  llumoun ;  Heaven  on  Etirth,  p.  41. 

truff  (2),   «.     [Etym.    doubtful.)     A 
salmon.    (Prop.) 


[Eng.  eru(e),  v. ;  -er.]     A  truing- 


young 


aas  forwarde<I  me  a  s|*cimeu  of  the  'white 

flsh  of  the  [Wvonsuin  Dart  with  reference  to  ex- 
amining whether  it  is  a  yearling  peal  or  jointi;  of  the 
seatront.  as  tlic  truffnt  locally  termed,  or  a  hybrid.1 

trufiT,  r.t.  [Etym.  doubtfnl.)  To  «teaL  (Scotch.) 
truf'-fle,  ttrub.  *trubbe,  s.    [Fr.  tnfle; 

Ital.  tartu/ola,  illmin.   of  turtnfo,   from   Lat, 
terra;  tuber,  Pliny's  name  for  the  truffle.] 

Bnt.,  &c. :  Any  subterranean  fungal  of  the 
orders  or  sul>-or<lers  Hypopri  and  'lulwracel 
(q.v.),  and  specially  of  the  genus  Tuber  (q.v.). 
The  greater  part  of  the  English  truffles  belong 


tSte,  Kt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  wplt;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  o>  =  e :  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


truffled— trumpet 


4851 


to  the  species  Tatter  ttstii'um,  better  known 
as  T.  atari  um.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a  large 
walnut,  black  and  warty  externally,  and  has 
the  flesh  variously  marbled.  It  occurs  in 
Great  Britain  in  beech  and  oak  woods ;  it  is 
found  also  in  the  Kast  Indies  and  Ja]ian,  some- 
times ten,  twelve,  or  more  Indies  below  the 
ground  souii'times  neater  the  surface,  but 
with  nothing  to  indicate  its  presence.  Hence 
dogs  are  trained  to  tind  it  by  its  smell.  It  is 
eaten  boiled  or  stewed.  Another  English 
suedes,  Tuber  moschatum,  has. a  musky  odour. 
The  French  truffle,  T.  melunuaporum,  resembles 
the  English  species,  but  has  darker  spores. 
Tin  Piedmontese  truffle,  which  bears  a  high 
reputation,  is  smooth  externally,  while  the 
flvsl'  is  white  tinged  with  pink.  Pigs,  in 
place  of  dogs,  are  used  to  flnd  these  species. 
The  African  truffle,  Terjezia  Itonii,  is  abun- 
dant in  Algiers,  but  as  an  esculent  is  deemed 
Inferior  to  the  English  truffle. 

"  Happy  the  grotto'd  hermit  with  his  pulse.         H 
Who  wants  no  truffle,,  ricli  layouts— nor  Hnlse. 
Dr.  Warton:  Fatiuon. 

truffle-dog,  ».    Any  dog  trained  to  find 
truffles  by  their  smell 

" The  truO^doa  Is  nothing  more  nor  leas  than  a  bad 
•mall-surd  poodle,  and  Is  never,  or  very  rarely,  met 
with  milder  the  designation  tn^ffle-dog.  Its  cultlva. 
Uon  1«  due  to  the  existence  of  trntfl™.  which  It  is  em- 
ployed to  discover  when  they  are  lyniK  in  the  ground 
by  the  help  of  it*  acute  nose,1*—  V.  Htuut .'  Moot  of  the 
Dog,  p.  197. 

truffle- worm,  «. 

Enlom. :  (See  extract). 

-The  trnffle  la  subject  to  the  attack,  of  many  In. 
iects ;  a  .pet-ies  of  Uiode.  deposit*  It.  ova  In  it, ,  w hlcli 
In  the  pupastnte  feed  upon  the  substanceof  the  truffle  , 
In  this  state  they  are  called  (nttfle-nomss.  —  Kng. 
Cyclop.,  s.  V.  TubKi-aceot. 

truf  fled  ae  »s  el),  a.  [Eng  truffl(e) ; -ed.} 
Furnished,  cooked,  or  stuffed  with  truffles: 
as,  a  truffled  turkey. 

trug,  s.    FA  variant  of  trough  (q.v.).] 
1.  A  hod  for  mortar.    (BaiUy.) 

*  2.  A  measure  of  wheat,  as  much  as  was 
carried  in  a  trough,  three  trugs  making  two 
bushels. 

3.  A  kind  of  wooden  vessel  for  carrying 
vegetables,  &c.  (Prop.) 

*  4.  A  concubine,  a  trulL 

•  trng'-giag,  a~    [TRUO.]    (See  compound.)    . 

*  trugging-house,   5.    A  house  of  ill- 
feme;  aorothel.     [TRUO,  «,,4.] 

tru'-lng,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TRUE,  «./ 

truing  tool,  «.  A  device  for  truing  the 
fcce  of  a  grindstone,  or  any  other  surface  for 
which  it  may  be  adapted. 

tru-ish,   a.    [Eng.  tru(e);  -fa*.]    Somewhat 
or  approximately  true, 

-  Something  that  seems  truith  and  newish."— flou- 
den  :  Tear*  of  the  Church,  n.  Itt. 

tru'-lsm,s.  [Eng.  tru(e) ; -ism.]  An  undoubted 
or  self-evident  truth. 

••  It  has  become  almost  a  trulm,  and  needs  ecarcely 
tobestated  certainly  nottobe proved.  — Riigi Davtdt : 
aibbert  Lecture*  (IBID,  p.  8. 

•  tru-Is-m&t'-Io,  o.     [Eng.  truitm;  -otic.] 
Of  orpertaining  to  truisms;  consisting  of 
truisms. 

•  trukfce,  *  truk-kyn,  «•<•   [TRUCK  (s),  e.] 

•  trull,  *  trul,  ».    [Ger.  trolle,  trulle  =  a  frull. 
The  original  sense  was  a  merry  or  droll  com- 
panion; O.  Dut.  drol  =  a  jester;  Dan.  trold; 
§w.  &  Icel.  troll  =  a  merry  elf.]    [DROLL.] 

1.  A  lass,  a  girl,  a  wench. 

2.  A  low  strumpet ;  a  drab,  a  trollop. 

"  To  make  the  world  distinguish  Julia's  son. 
From  the  vile  offspring  of  a  trull,  who  siU 
By  the  town  wall.  Btfpney  :  Juvenal,  VUt. 

trull,  t'.i.   [Acontractoftnmdk.]  To  trundle, 
to  roll.    (Proi).) 

•  triil-li-xa'-tlon,  «.    [Lat  trnttissatio,  from 
trullisso  =  to  trowel,  from  trulla  =  a  trowel 
(q.v.).]    The  laying  of  coats  of  plaster  with 
a  trowel. 

tru  -1&  *  treu-ly,  •  tren-11,  *  trewe-ly, 

adv.    [Eng.  true;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  true  manner ;  sincerely,  faithfully, 
honestly,  loyally. 

"  We  have  always  truly  served  yon." 

Skatxtp.:   Winter  I  Tau\  II.  «. 

2.  In  accordance  with  that  which  is  true ; 


in  acc-rdance  with  the  true  facts  or  state  of 
the  ca^e. 

"  But  how  if  they  will  not  believe  of  ine 

That  I  am  trull  thine." 
Bunytin  :  Pilffrim't  Progreu.  pt  u.    llntrot] 

3.  Exactly,  accurately,  precisely,  correctly, 
justly. 

"  If  Plaanio  have  mapped  It  ("JUT- 

Shuketp. :  Cymbctine,  Iv.  L 

4.  In  reality,  not  in  appearance  ;  indeed,  in 
truth. 

*  To  be  truly  touched  with  love." 

shaketp.  I  Hue*  Ado,  HI.  2. 

5.  According  to  law  and  right;  rightfully, 
legitimately. 

"  His  Innocent  hnbe  truly  begotten." 

Shatap.  :    WtMer,  TuU,  111.  1 

6.  According  to  nature ;  naturally. 

"A  pageant  ft-u/y  played." 

ihaJtetp. :  Ai  fait  LOa  ",  111.  «• 

7.  Used  as  an  affirmation,  like  the  scriptural 
verily, 

"Triull,  treuH.  I  seye  to  thee  for  we  speken  that  we 
wlten.  and  we  wltne»seii  that  that  we  nan  neyii  i  aud 
ye  taken  not  oure  witnessing.  —  Wycltffe:  Jon  ill. 

H  Truly  is  often  used  ironically :  as,  A  fine 
deed,  truly  ! 

trump  (1),  *trumpe  (1),  «.  [A  corrupt,  of 
triumph  (q.v.).J 

1.  Any  card  belonging  to  the  same  suit  as 
the  turn-up.  A  truuip  can  take  any  card  of 
any  other  suit. 

"  Let  Spade,  be  trumptt  she  said,  and  (rumw  they 
wereT"  Pope:  ttape.  of  the  Lock,  lit  *6. 

•2.  An  old  game  with  cards,  of  which  the 
modern  whist  is  an  improvement. 

"  A  poetaster  for  playing  at  cards,  and  devising  the 
«an»  called  Mum!*,  or  trump,  is  broojht  before 
Apollo."—  Trantlation  of  Boccalitii,  ch.  xilL 

3.  A  good  fellow  ;  one  who  helps  in  time  of 
need.  (Cotloq.  or  slang.) 

"  You're    right  about  Lord  Howe  I  Lord  Howe's  a 
(rump."     S.  0.  Browning  :  Aurora  Leigh,  vliu 

*1T  To  put  to  one's  trumps:  To  reduce  to 
the  last  expedient,  or  to  the  utmost  exertion 
of  power  ;  to  reduce  to  the  last  extremity. 

"  Some  of  the  nobility  have  delivered  a  petition  to 
him  '  what's  iil't  I  know  not.  but  it  lias  put  him  to  hit 
Irani* .  be  has  taken  a  mouth's  time  to  answer  It 
— e«.ium.  4  FM.  :  CupUCl  Smnge,  Iv. 

trump  (2),  'trompe,  "trumpe  (2),  «.  [Fr. 
trompe  =  a  trump  or  trumpet,  prob.  by  inser- 
tion of  r  and  m,  from  Lat.  lute  =  a  tube,  a 
trumpet;  cf.  Sp.,  Port.,  4  Prov.  trompa;  Ital. 
tromta  =  a  trumpet ;  RUSH,  truba  =  a  tulie,  a 
trumpet ;  Lith.  trulM  =  a  horn.) 

1.  A  trumpet  (q.v.).     (Now  only  nsed  in 
poetic  or  elevated  language.) 

"  Thy  «*cred  song  la  like  the  trump  of  doom." 

Longfellow:  Dttnte. 

2.  A  Jew's  harp.    (ScoteA.) 
H  Tongue  of  the  trump: 

Lit. :  The  reed  of  a  Jew's  harp  by  which 
the  sound  is  produced  ;  hence,  fig.,  the  prin- 
cipal person  in  any  undertaking  ;  that  which 
is  essential  to  the  success  of  an)  thing.  (.ScoMi.) 

trump  (1),  ftfc  &  t.   [THUMP  (1),  «.] 

A.  Trans. :  In  card-playing,  to  take  with  a 
trump ;  to  play  a  trump  card  on  in  order  to  win, 
or  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  the  game. 

"  Z  has  shown  weakness  In  tramps  by  trumping  the 
spade."— Field.  Jan.  9, 1886. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  play  a  trump  card  when 
another  suit  has  been  led. 

•  trump  (2),    *  trompe,    'trumpe,   «.l. 

[TRUMP  (2),  ».]     To  play  upon  a  trump  or 
trumpet ;  to  blow,  or  sound  a  trumpet. 

"  And  the  drste  avmgell  (rumplda  [olaiudtl  and 
hall  was  maad."-!F»d<^:  Apocalipi  vfll 

trump  (3),  v.t.  [Fr.  tromper  =  to  deceive : 
orig.,  to  play  on  a  trump  or  trumpet,  whence 
the  phrase  se  tromper  de  qudtpi'un  =  to  play 
with  any  one,  to  amuse  one's  self  at  another's 
expense ;  Fr.  trompe  =  a  trump  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  To  trick  or  impose  upon  ;  to  deceive, 
to  cozen,  to  cheat. 

"  Fortune  .  .  . 

When  she  Is  pleased  to  trick  or  tramp  mankind. 
Sen  Jontoti :  Jtew  Inn,  1  1. 

*  2.  To  obtrude  or  impose  unfairly  or  falsely. 

"  Authors  have  been  trumped  upon  is.  Interpolated 
and  corrupted."  -Letlie:  Short  *  Earn  Method  UMh 
tbeDeUt. 

f  To  trump  up:  To  devise  or  make  up 
falsely ;  to  concoct. 

"The  charges  ...  had  been  trumped  up  against 
him  without  the  slightest  foundation.  —  Evening 
Standard,  Oct.  28,  ISao. 

•  trump'-er,  *  tromp-our,  s.  [Eng.  trump 
(2),  v. ;  -er.]  One  who  plays  upon  a  trump  ;  a 
trumpeter.  (Chaucer :  Flowrr  <fc  Leaf,  2,673.) 


trum'-per  -jf,  s.  *a.  [Fr.  trvmperie  =  a  c-raft, 
wile,  fraud,  from  tromper  =  to  cheat,  to  de- 
ceive.) [TRUMP  (3),  V.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

*L   Deceit,  fraud.     (Harrington:  Orlando 
Furioso,  vii.) 

2.  Something  calculated  to  deceive  by  false 
show;  something  externally  splendid  but  in- 
trinsically of  no  value  ;  worthless  tinery. 

••  The  trumpery  In  my  house,  go  bring  it  hither. 
Fur  stale  to  catch  these  thieves." 

M'lfcetp.  J  Tempett.  IV. 

3.  Things  worn  out  and  of  no  value  ;  useless 
matter ;  rubbish. 

••  What  a  world  of  fopperies  there  are.  of  crosses,  of 
candles,  of  holy  water,  and  salt,  and  ceusliiKS :  Away 
with  tnese  trumptria.-— lilt.  Uull :  Sermon  at  Extler, 
Aug..  1637. 

B.  A  s  adj. :  Trifling,  worthless,  useless ;  not 
worth  notice. 

"  Through  the  gate  on  to  the  road,  over  the  (n<m;,<tr» 
gap  staring  yon  lull  in  the  face,"-««W.  Dec.  28, 188S. 

trum'-pet,  ».     [Fr.  trompette;  dimin.  of  trompt 
=  a  truuip ;  Sp.  trompeta  ;    Ital.  trombata  ; 
Dut.    ot  Dan.   trompet;    Sw.  trumpet;  Ger. 
trompete.]    [TRUMP  (2),  «.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 
*  2.  A  trumpeter. 

"  He  wisely  de.ired  that  a  trumpet  might  he  first 
Bent  for  a  pass."— Clarendon:  Civil  H  ar. 

3.  One  who  praises  or  publishes  praise,  or 
is  the  instrument  of  propagating  it  (Colloq.) 


4.  An  ear-trumpet  (q.v.). 

5.  A  speaking-trumpet  (q.v.X 
IL  Technically : 

L  ilutic: 

(1)  A  metal  wind  instrument  of  bright  and 
penetrating  tone,  formed  of  a  single  tube  of 
brass  or  silver,  curved  into  a  convenient 
shape,  with  a  mouthpiece  atone  end,  the  other 
having  a  bell.  Its  part  is  usually  written  in 
the  key  of  c  with  the  treble  clef,  though  by 
means  of  crooks  or  lengthening  pieces  the 


ORCHESTRAL  TRUMPET. 

"Sounds  produced  may  be  in  various  keys.  The 
trumpet  required  for  a  piece  is  indicated  at 
the  commencement,  as  trumpet  in  B,  c,  D 
flat,  B,  r,  or  o.  The  modern  orchestral  or 
slide  trumpet  consists  of  a  tube  66}  Inches  in 
length  and  three-eights  of  an  Inch  in  diameter. 
It  is  twice  turned  or  curved,  thus  forming 


VALVE  TRUMPET. 

three  lengths  ;  the  first  and  third  lying  close 
together,  and  the  second  about  two  inches 
apart.  The  slide  is  connected  with  the  second 
curve.  It  is  a  double  tube,  five  inches  in 
leni?th  on  each  side,  by  which  the  length  of 
the  whole  instrument  can  be  extended.  Trum- 
pets with  pistons  or  valves  capable  of  pro- 
ducing every  chromatic  sound  within  their 
compass  are  sometimes  used,  but  the  tone  is 
by  no  means  to  be  compared  with  the  true 
trumpet  tone. 

(2)  A  stop  of  an  organ  having  reed-pipes 
tuned  ill  unison  with  the  open  diapason.  The 
octave-trumpet  or  clarion  stop  is  an  octave 
higher. 

2  Kail. :  The  flaring  mouth  of  a  railway- 
car  draw-head  which  directs  the  entering 
conpling-link. 

3.  Spinning : 

(1)  The  funnel  which  leads  a  sliver  to  the 
cylinders  of  a  drawing-machine,  or  which  col- 
lects a  number  of  combined  rovings,  and  leads 
them  to  condensing  cylinders. 

(2)  A  funnel-shaped  conductor  used  in  many 
forms  of  thread-machines  and  stop-motions  in 
knitting,  spinning,  and  doubling  machines. 

1  Feast  of  trumpets: 

Jewish  Anliq. :  A  feast  on  the  first  day  ol 


pat,  J4M:  ot,  cell,  ehoruB,  ehln.  l>enon;  go,  gem;  thin.  tnl»;  sin,  a?;  expect,  V***"*  *£* 
-tta£  =  Xn.   -ttoii.  Uion  =  rtiun;  -tton.  -fion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -«iou.  =  «i»U.   -We.  -die,  to.  -  bel. 


4852 


trumpet — truncheon 


the  seventh  month  (Tisri),  which  was  to  be  I 
kept  as  "  a  sabbath,  a  memorial  of  blowin- 
of  trumpets,  an  holy  convocation."  Xo  servile 
work  was  to  be  done  in  it ;  but  an  offering  of 
fire  was  to  be  presented  to  Jehovah  (Lev  xxiii 
23-25).  It  preceded  by  ten  days  the  Great 
Day  of  Atonement  (27).  In  Numbers  (xxix. 
1—6),  details  are  added  as  to  the  "  offering 
of  lire,"  which  was  to  include  a  burnt  offering, 
a  meat  offering,  and  a  sin  offering.  The  first 
of  Tisri  was  New  Year's  Day  of  the  civil  year. 
It  is  still  observed  as  a  Jewish  festival. 

trumpet-eall,  t.     A  call  by  sound  of 
trumpet. 

"  Then  loudly  rung  the  trumpa^M : 
ihuudereti  the  cuuiiou.from  the  wall." 

Scort  :  Marmfon,  L  31. 

•trumpet-clangor,  s.     The  sound  of 
trumpets. 

*"  There  roared  the  Ma,  and  Immpet^lnnoor  sounds  " 
SJoto :  3  ffenr,  tr.,  V.  4. 


trumpet-fish,  s.    [SNIPE-FISH.] 
.trumpet-flourish,'.    A  trumpet-call. 

"  For  shrill  the  trumpa-fiourW*  fell 
Dpon  hise*r,  like  passing  bell.' 

Scott :  Bridal  al  Trurmai*.  a.  SSL 

trumpet-flower,  s. 

Bot. :  Any  plant  with  larce  tubular  flowers  ; 
specially:  (1)  the  genus  Bignonia  (q.v.);  (2) 
the  genus  Tecoma  (q.v.> 

t  trumpet-fly,  s. 

Entom. :  The  Gray-fly  ((Estnu  cvis). 

trumpet-honeysuckle,  s. 

Bot. :  Caprifolium  sempervirens,  found  in  moist 
groves  from  New  York  to  Florida.  The  flower 
trumpet-shaped;  scarlet  without,  yellow  within. 

trumpet-major,  a, 

Mil.:  A  head-trumpeter  in  a  band  or  regi- 
ment 

trumpet-marine,  t. 

Music:  An  instrument  formed  of  a  trian- 
gular chest,  over  one  side  of  which  is  stretched 
a  thick  gut  string,  passing  over  a  bridge 
slightly  uneven  on  its  feet,  one  side  being 
fastened  and  the  other  free.  When  the  string 
is  set  in  vibration  by  means  of  a  bow,  the 
rapid  impact  of  the  loose  foot  of  the  bridge 
on  the  belly  slightly  checks 
the  vibration  and  causes 
the  sound  to  resemble  that 
of  the  violin. 

trumpet-shaped,  a. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   Shaped 
like  a  trumpet. 

2.  Bot. :  Hollow  and  di- 
lated at  one  extremity  like 
the  end  of  a  trumpet,  as 
the  corolla  of  Caprifoliu» 
sempcrvirens, 

trumpet-shell,  «. 

ZooL:  Triton  variegatvt 
from  the  West  Indies,  Asia, 
and  the  South  Seas.  The 
shell,  which  is  a  foot  or 
more  in  length,  is  white 
mottled  in  irregular  spiral 
rowf  with  ruddy  brown 
and  yellow,  deepening  into 
chestnut  at  the  point ;  inte- 
rior white;  lip  with  smooth 
white  ridge  on  a  black  ground.  It  is  em- 
ployed by  the  Australian  natives  and  the 
South  Sea  Islanders  as  a  trum|«t  To  flt  the 
•hell  for  this  purpose  a  round  hole  is  bored 
at  the  side,  about  one-fourth  the  length  from 
the  tip,  and  a  loud  hoarse  sound  is  produced 
by  blowing  across  the  hole,  as  a  performer 
plays  the  flute.  While  blowing,  the  right  hand 
is  placed  in  the  cavity  of  the  shell. 

*  trumpet  -  tongned,  o.  Proclaiming 
Jouaiy,  as  with  the  voice  of  a  trumpet 

"  «?i  n'"V  '1  SS  Bre"  °tthx- that  hta  "Irtuei 
Will  plead  like  angels.  Erumpet-conffual  agmltut 
The  deep  damnation  of  bis  taking  off." 

8*aXeip.  ;  HadOJt.  I  7. 

trumpet-tree,  trumpet-wood,  «. 

Bot. :  Cecropia  peltata,    [CECROPIA.] 

trumpet- weed,  s. 

Botany  : 

(1)  The  American  name  for  Rupatorinm 
purpurewn.  It  has  a  purple  stem  five  or  six 
feet  high,  leaves  petiolate  by  fours  or  flvrs, 
and  purple  flowers.  Found  on  low  grounds 
in  the  United  States,  flowering  in  August  and 
September. 


nunprr.sHA.ro 

FLOWER, 


(q.v.).  They  are  South  American  birds, 
allied  to  the  Crane,  inhabiting  the  forests, 
frequenting  the  ground  in  search  of  grain  for 
food,  and  often  betraying  their  presence  by 
their  loud  call,  whence  both  their  popular 
and  scientific  names  are  derived.  The  best 
known  species,  Psophia  crepitam,  is  very 
beautiful.  The  breast  it  adorned  with  bril- 
liant changing  blue  and  purple  feathers,  with 
metallic  lustre;  head  and  neck  like  velvet- 
wings  and  back  gray,  and  belly  black.  They 
run  with  great  swiftness,  and  are  capable  of 
domestication,  attending  their  master  in  his 
walks  with  as  much  apparent  affection  as  his 
dog.  They  have  no  spurs,  but  such  is  their 
high  spirit  and  activity,  that  they  brow- 
beat every  dunghill  fowl  in  the  yard,  and 
force  the  Guinea  birds,  dogs,  and  turkeys  to 
own  their  superiority. 

trum'-pet-ing, ».    [TRUMPET.) 

Mining :   A  small  channel  cnt  behind  the 
brickwork  of  the  shaft. 

t  trum'-p6t-rjf,  s.  [Eng.  tntmpet ; -ry.]  The 
sounding  or  sounds  of  a  trumpet ;  trumpets 
collectively. 


PnxJ'8l< 


l<m«  anntwlmgemiit.  chari 

5» 


'trump-like,  o.  [Eng»  trump  (2),  s.,  and 
like.]  Resembling  a  trump  or  trumpet 

.  . .     " .Abreastofbrane,  a  yoyee 

Infract  and  trumptate.  Chapman. 

trfin'-oaj,  a.  [Lat.  trnncus  =  the  trunk  : 
Eng.  ailj.  suff.  -oZ.]  Pertaining  to  the  trunk 
or  body. 

trnn-car'-i-a,  s.     [Mod.    Lat,   from   Lat 

truncus  =  maimed.] 

Zool.  <£  PalKont. :  A  genus  of  Buccinidte 
with  five  species,  from  sub-tropical  seas. 
Erected  for  species  of  Bnccinnm  with  a  trun- 
cated columella.  Fossil  in  the  Eocene. 

trun-cate',  v.t.  [TRUNCATE,  a.]  To  shorten 
by  cutting  abruptly ;  to  lop  ;  to  cut  short 


(2)  The  name  given  at  the  Cape  of  Good  I 
Hope  to  a  large  sea-weed,  Ecklonia  ouccinalis 
the  stems  of  which,  often  twenty  feet  long 
and  hollow  above,  are  used  by  native  herds- 
men as  trumpets  to  collect  the  cattle  toge- 
ther. They  are  also  employed  as  siphons. 

trumpet-wood, «.    [TEUMPET-TREI.] 
trum'-pet,  v.t.  &  i.    [TRUMPET,  i.) 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  publish  by  sound  of  trumpet :  hence, 
to  blaze  or  noise  abroad  ;  to  proclaim. 

"  lie  must  not  live  to  trumpet  forth  my  Infamy  " 
Shtikctp. :  Perlcltt,  L'L 

2.  To  praise  extravagantly. 

"  And  yet  their  oracle 
Trumpet  it  as  they  will,  is  but  the  same" 
HatOuw  Jmold  :  fmptdocla  on  Etrta,  1.  S. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  make  a  loud,  ringing  sound 
like  a  trumpet  (Used  especially  of  the  loud 
sound  made  by  an  elephant.) 

"From  time  to  time  .  .  .  Jumbo  frumprferf  loudly 

i  '". "if  v"'"  trial8  °'  bl>   we'Kht  »"d  streii(rth 

iTlgSi  <he  sides  of  his  av,."-Dail,  Tawafk,  Sift. 

trum'-pet-er,  *  trum-pet-ter,  s.    [Eng. 

trumpet;  -tr.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  sounds  or  blows  a  trumpet. 

•'  Heralds  and  trumpeter*  were  sent  to  summon  the 
Castle  in  form. '—  Jtacaulai :  Bia.  Kna..  ch.  xili. 

2.  One  who  proclaims,  publishes,  or  noises 
anything  abroad  ;  one  who  denounces  ;  often 
now  one  who  publishes  the  praise  of  himself 
or  another. 

"  The  trumpeteri  of  our  unlawful  Intents." 
n    „    .  Sliateip.  :  AU't  Wai.  IT.  «. 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Ichthy. :  Latrii  hecateia,  one  of  the  most 
important  food-fishes  of  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere.  It  ranges  from  thirty  to  sixty  pounds 
in  weight,  and  is  considered  by  the  colonists 
the  best  flavoured  of  any  of  the  fishes  of  New 
Zealand,    Tasmania,    and    South    Australia. 
Large  numbers  are  smoked  and  sent  into  the 
interior. 

2.  Ornith. :  Any  species  of  the  genus  Psophia 

T    V^  Tllow      Dm      flmi  +  h        A  ....*_:»_..        V; ,- 


2.  Bot.:  Terminating  very  abruptly,  as  if  • 
piece  had  been  cut 
off,   as  the  leaf  of 
theTulip-tree(q.v.). 

trun'-cat-ed,  pa. 
par.  &  a,  JTRUN- 
CATE,  «.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  : 
(See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 
i    Ord.     Lang.  : 

Cut  off  short  or  ab- 
ruptly. 

"  Those    who    wear 
thing  on    their 

bl*d 


<i:-  ""po-      our  friendi  at 

;  having  high  truncated  conic  a>™.  mate  o/ 
straw,  and  sometime,  of  wood,  resembt  iig  a 
" 


,  an     someme,  o    wood,  re 
bed   well  painted."-Coot.-   nir<t 


bk.   J, 


IL  Technically; 

1.  Min.  (Of  a  crystal) :  Having  a  plane  sip- 
face  where  a  solid  angle  might  theoretically 
have  been  expected.    But  the  term  truncated 
suggests  an  erroneous  idea;  the  solid  angle 
has  not  been  cut  off;  it  never  existed. 

2.  ZooL  :  The  same  as  DECOLLATED  (q.v.). 

truncated-cone  (or  pyramid),  s.  The 

portion  of  a  cone  or  pyramid  included  1»- 
tween  the  base  and  a  plane  oblique  to  the 
base  passed  be- 
tween   it    and  •;,!-!» 
the  vertex.                    .,:...    ,        "-  ..     . 

truncated- 
roof,  i. 

Arch. :  A  roof 
with  a  nearly 
level  top  sur- 
face and  canted 
sides. 

trun-ca-teT- 

la,  «.  [Hod. 
Lat.,  dimin. 
from  truncatui 


,  a.     (Lat  truncatvs,  pa.   par.  of 
trunco  =  to  cut  off,  to  reduce  to  a  trunk  • 
tnncu>=  a  trunk,  a  stock.)    [TRUNK.] 
1.  Ord.  Ia.ng.  :  Cut  short ;  truncated. 
"  The  centra  of  the  lumhan  are  more  truncate."— 
IVonl  Amtr.  PMla.  &>ci«,,  JliL  lit 


<•£  ,' '"  L9pP"1g-snail ;  a  genus  of  Littori.iids 
(Woodward),  of  Aciculida  (Tote),  with  fifteen 
species  widely  distributed.  Operculum  shelly 
with  erect  radiatini*  lamelte ;  aperture  o* 
shell  ovate  ;  last  whorl  separate,  peristome 
continuous,  expanded.  Widely  distributed 
on  shores  and  seaweed  between  tide-marks 
and  can  survive  many  weeks  out  of  water 
lliey  walk  like  the  Geomelric  caterpillars  by 
contracting  the  space  between  their  lip  ana 
foot  They  are  found  semi-fossil,  along  with 
human  skeletons,  in  the  modern  limestone  of 
Guadaloupe.  (Woodward.) 

truh-ca  -tlon,  ».    [Fr.  troncation,  from  Lat 

truncatwnem,  accus.  of  truncalio    from  trwn- 

cutus,  pa.  par.  of  JruTico  =  to  truncate  (q.v.).T 

1 1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  truncating   oi 

of  cutting  short ;  the  act  of  cutting  off. 

"  IVoreelrur   Judgment   of  death  or    rriuu-an'on  01 
membea.  -Prynn,.  Uuntln't  Braiate,  p.  18 

2.  Crystall:  A  term  used  to  signify  that 
change  in  the  geometrical  form  of  a  crystal 
which  is  produced  by  the  cutting  off  of  aD 
•njleoredge,  so  as  to  leave  a  face  more  oi 
less  large  in  place  of  the  edge  or  angle.  When 
the  face  thus  produced  does  not,  make  equal 
angles  with  all  the  contiguous  faces,  the  trun- 
cation  is  said  to  be  oblique. 

*H  Truncation  of  a  volcanic  cone :  [CONE,  a. 
II.  4]> 

trua-ca-ti-pen  -USB,  i.  pi  [Lat  tmncatta 
=  cut  short,  and  pi.  ol penna  =  a  feather  pi 
=  a  wing.) 

Entom. :  A  sub-division  of  the  family  Cara- 
bidse,  comprehending  those  which  have  the 
wing  cases  truncated  at  their  apex  It  In- 
cludes many  sub-families,  one  of  the  most 
notable  being  the  Brachininse.  [ARTILLERY 

BEETLE.] 

trunch,  «.  [O.  Fr.  tranche,  from  trone  =  • 
trunk  (q.v.).]  A  stake  or  small  post 

trim  cheon,  *  tron  chion,  *  tron  chon, 
*  tron  choun,  *  trun-chlon,  ».  [O.  Fr 

tronson,    tronchon  =  a  truncheon,    or   little 
trunk ;  Fr.  troncon,  dimin.   from  /rone  =  > 
trunk,  stock,  or  stem.)    [TRUNK.] 
*  1.  A  trunk  of  a  tree. 

"  A«d  the  bowls  grewen  out  of  stockts  or  rnme&oni 
tronrbnni  or  schaftis  grewen  out  of  the  roote.' 
It  alfrliind  :   H'orkt,  x*  21s, 


truncheon— trunk 


4853 


*  2.  The  shaft  of  a  broken  spear. 

"  And  the  epere  brake,  aiid  the  tronchion  stacke 
rtyll  in  the  squires  necke.  who  was  with  that  stroke 
wounded  to  d«jthe."—  Bernort  :  /Voiwart;  GronycU; 
Tot  t,  ch.  ccclxxiv. 

*  3.  A  shaft  of  a  spear  ;  a  pole. 

"  A  fancied  moss-trooper.  the  boy 
The  truncheon  of  a  spear  bestrode." 

Scott  :  Lay  of  the  Latt  Minstrel,  L  19. 

4.  A  short  staff;  a  club,  a  cudgel. 

"  Thy  hand  is  hut  a  finger  to  my  flat. 
Thy  leg  a  stick,  compared  with  this  truncheon. 
Shaketp.  :  3  Henry  VI.,  Iv.  10. 

6.  A  baton  or  staff  of  authority. 

11  Attendant  on  a  kiug-»t-arms, 
Whose  hand  the  armorial  truncheon  held. 
That  feudal  atrife  had  oft*n  quelled." 

Scott  :  Marinion.  IV.  8. 

6.  A  tree,  tlie  branches  of  winch  have  been 
lopped  off  to  produce  rapid  growth. 

triin'-cheon,  v.t.    [TRUNCHEON,  s.]    To  beat 
with  a  truncheon  or  staff  ;  to  cudgel. 

"An  captains  were  of  my  mind,  they  would  truncheon 
you  out.  for  taking  their  namea  upon  you  hefore  you 
have  earned  them.  .  '—  .  Shaken*.  ;  2  Henry  IV,,  ti.  4. 

trun'-cheoned,  a.     [Eng.  truncheon,  s.  ;  -ed.] 
Furnished  with  or  bearing  a  truncheon. 

•  trun-cheon-eey,  *  trun'-che6"n-er,  s. 

[Eng.  truncheon;  -eer,  -er.}    One  who  bears  or 
is  armed  with  a  truncheon. 

"  When  I  might  see  from  fur  some  forty  truncheon- 
*er*  draw  to  her  auccour."—  Shaketp.  ;  Senry  Vlll., 

V.  S. 

*  truncked.  a.    [Lat.  truncus  =  (a.)  maimed, 
mutilated,  (s.)  the  trunk  of  a  tree.]     Trun- 
cated ;  having  the  head  cut  off. 

"  The  truncked   beast  fast   bleeding   did   htm   fowly 
dight."  .  Spenter;  F.  &,  II.  v.  *. 

"Tun'-dle,    *  tren-dle,    *  tron  -del  -yn, 
*  tryn-dell,  v.i.  &  t.    [TRUNDLE,  *.] 

A.  Intransitive  ; 

*  1.  To  roll,  as  on  little  wheels  or  castors  : 
AS,  A  bed  trundles  under  another. 

2.  To  roll  or  bowl  along. 


"  Another  sung  to  a  plate,  which  he  kept  trundling 
on  the  edges  :  nothi  " 

Qohttmith  :  Euayt,  i. 


ing 


, 
s  now  heard  but  singing."  — 


*  3.  To  bowl,  flow,  or  run  along. 

"In  the  four  first  it  Is  heaved  up  by  several  spondees 
Intermixed  with  proper  breathing  places,  ami  at  last 
trundle*  down  in  a  continued  line  of  dactyls."—  Addi- 
ton:  Spectator. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  roll,  as  on  little  wheels  or  castors  :  as, 
To  trundle  a  bed  or  gun-carriage. 

2.  To  cause  to  roll  ;  to  roll  or  bowl  along. 
"For  as  touching  the  cube,  he  subtracteth  and  re- 

moveth  It  quite  away,  as  they  do  who  play  at  nine 
holes,  and  who  trundle  little  round  stones.  —  P.  Sol- 
land  :  Plutarch,  p.  1,069. 

trim  die,  *  tron  del,  *  tren  dyl.  *  trcn  - 
dyll,  *  trln-del,  •  trin-dle,  s.  &  a.  [A.S. 
trendtl)  tryndel  =  &  circle  ;  O.  Fris.  (rind, 
trund  =.  round  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  trind.  Prob. 
tliere  were  A.S.  verbs,  trindan  =  to  roll  (pa.  t. 
trand,  pa.  par.  trunden),  and  trendan  =  to 
cause  to  roll.]  [TREND,  TRENDLE.) 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  round  body,  a  little  wheel,  a  roller,  a 
eastor. 

2.  A  round  or  cylindrical  body. 

"  Whether  they  have  not  removed  all  i  mages,  candle- 
sticks, trindelt,  or  rolls  of  war."—  Crammer  :  Article* 
ttf  Vititatum. 

3.  A  lantern-wheel  (q.v.). 

*  4.  A  trundle-bed  (q.v.). 

5.  A  small  carriage  with  low  wheels  ;  a 
truck. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Shaped  like  a  trundle  or  wheel  ; 
curled. 

"Clapping  hi*  (rt/xfc-J  tail 
Betwixt  his  legs."     Bc-ium.  &  flet.  :  LOM'I  Cure,  111.  & 

*  trundle-bed,  s.    A  low  bed  on  small 
wheels,  trundled  under  another  in  the  day- 
time, and  at  night  drawn  out  for  a  servant  or 
Children  to  sleep  on  ;  a  truckle-bed. 

"My  wife  and  I  on  the  high  bed  in  oar  chamber. 
andWillet  [the  maid]  ID  the  trundle-bed."—  Pepys  : 
Dtary  (1M7). 

trundle-head,  s. 

1.  Naut.  :  The  head  of  a  capstan  into  whose 
peripheral  sockets  the  capstan-bars  are  in- 
serted.    The  trundle-head  is  from  three  to 
five  feet  in  diameter,  and  has  a  handspike- 
socket  for  each  foot  of  its  periphery.    The 
length  of  the  bars  is  nearly  three  times  the 
diameter  of  the  trundle-head,  say  from  eight 
to  fourteen  feet 

2.  Gear.  :  One  of  the  end  discs  of  a  trundle 
•r  lantern  wheel  (q.v.). 


trundle-shot,  & 

Project. :  A  bar  of  iron,  twelve  or  eighteen 
inches  long,  sharpened  at  both  ends,  and  a 
ball  of  lead  near  each  end. 

trundle-tail,  s.  A  curled  tail ;  a  dog 
with  a  curled  tall. 

"  Hound  or  spaniel,  brftche  or  lym. 
Or  bobtail  tike,  or  trundle-t.iil." 

Shiikesft. :  Lear,  HI.  6. 

trundle-wheel,  s.  Alautern-wheel(q.v.). 

trunk,  *  truncke,  *  trunke,  ».  [Fr.  tronc 
=  the  trunk,  stock,  stem,  or  body  of  a  tree, 
a  trunk,  a  headless  body,  a  poor-man's  box  in 
church,  from  Lat.  truncumt  accus.  of  truncus 
=  a  trunk,  stem,  trunk  of  the  body,  from 
truncus  •=  maimed,  mutilated  ;  O.  Lat.  troncus; 
Sp.,  Port,  &  Ital.  tronco.]  [TRUNCATE,  TRUN- 
CHEON.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  .* 

1.  The  woody  stem  of  trees,  as  of  the  oak, 
ash,  elm,  Ac. ;  that  part  of  the  plant  which, 
springing  immediately  from  the  earth,  rises  in 
a  vertical  direction  above  the  surface  of  the 
soil  and  forms  the  principal  bulk  of  the  indi- 
vidual, sending  out  branches  whose  structure 
is  similar  to  that  of  itself;  the  stem  or  bo<ly 
of  a  tree  apart  from  its  roots  and  limbs; 
stock,  stalk.  , 

2.  The  body  of  an  animal  apart  from  the 
limbs,  or  after  the  limbs  have  been  separated 
from  it. 

"  Who  trembled,  trunk  and  limbo,  like  some  huge  oak 
By  a  fierce  tempest  shaken." 

Wordnttorth  :  Bxcurtion,  bk.  vi. 

3.  The  main  body  of  anything  considered 
relatively  to  its  ramifications  or  branches  :  as, 
the  trunk  of  an  artery,  the  trunk  of  a  line  of 
railway. 

4.  The  proboscis  or  snout  of  an  elephant ; 
a  similar  or  analogous  organ  in  other  animals, 
as  the  proboscis  of  an  insect,  by  which  it  sucks 
up  the  blood  of  animals  or  the  juice  of  vege- 
tables. 

Leviathan  that  at  his  gills 
Draws  In,  and  at  his  trunk  spouts  out.  a  sea." 

Mtiton :  P.  L.,  vil  416. 

5.  A  tube,  usually  of  wood,  to  convey  air, 
dust,  broken  matter,  grain,  &c. :  as, 

(1)  An  air-trunk  to  a  mine  or  tunnel. 

(2)  A   dust-trunk    from   a   cotton-cleaner, 
smut-machine,  or  factory  floor. 

(3)  A    broken-material    trunk,    to    convey 
graded  coal  to  a  waggon   or   heap,  broken 
quartz  from  a  mill  to  the  stampers,  &c. 

(4)  A  grain-  or  flour-trunk  in  an  elevator  or 
mill,  up  which  the  said  articles  are  conveyed 
by  cups  on  a  travelling-band,  a  spiral  screw, 
or  an  air-blast,  or  down  which  they  pass  by 
gravity. 

*  6.  A  speaking-tube. 

*  7.  A  long  tube  through  which  peas,  pellets, 
&c.,  were  driven  by  the  force  of  the  breath ; 
a  pea-shooter. 

"  He  shot  sugar-plums  at  them  out  of  a  trunk, 
which  they  were  to  pick  up."—  BoweU. 

*  8.  (PL) :  Trunk-hose  (q.v.). 

9.  A  box  or  chest,  usually  covered   with 
leather  or  its  substitute,  used  for  containing 
clothes,  &c.  ;  a  box  for  carrying  clothes,  <fcc., 
about  when  travelling. 

"By  the  foreaayde  .place  or  shryne,  where  the  holy 
martyrs  bodyes  lay,  he  ordeyned  n  cheete.  or  trunke  of 
cleue  ayluer,  to  then  tent  yet  all  auche  iuellys  and  ryche 
gyf  tea  as  were  offryd  t«  the  holy  seyutis,  ahold  therein 
be  kepte  to  the  vseof  the  myiiatreaof  the  same  place." 
— f'abj/un  :  Chront/cle,  ch.  czzzi 

10.  A  box  in  which  certain  fish,  as  cod, 
plaice,  turbot,  eels,  &c.,  are  sent  to  market. 
A  trunk  holds  from  seventy  to  eighty  pounds 
of  fish. 

11.  Technically: 

1.  Anat. :  The  human  body  with  the  head 
and  limbs  omitted.      Its  axis  of  support  is 
the  vertebral  column,  its  framework  the  ribs, 
and  its  most  important  organs  the  heart  and 
lungs. 

2.  Bat. :  In  the  same  sense  as  I.  1. 

3.  Arch. :  The  shaft  or  body  of  a  column  ; 
the  part  between  the  base  and  capital.  (Some- 
times applied  to  the  dado  or  body  of  a  pedes- 
tal.) 

4.  Fishing :    An  iron  hoop  with  a  bag  to 
catch  crustaceans. 

5.  Hydr. :  A  flume  or  penstock  (q.v.). 

6.  Mining; 

(1)  A  flume. 

(2)  An  upcast  or  downcast  air-passage  in  a 
mine. 


(3)  The  box-tube  in  which  attle  or  rubbish 
is  sent  out  of  the  mine. 

(4)  A  wooden  spout  for  water  or  the  pipe  of 
the  draining-pump. 

7.  Pneumatic* :  A  boxed  passage  for  air  to 
or  from  a  blast  apparatus  or  blowing-engine, 
in  smelting,  or  ventilation  of  mines  and  build- 
ing ;  an  air-shaft. 

8.  Steam :    A  tubular  piston-rod   used    to 
enable  the  counec.ting-rod  to  be  jointed  di- 
rectly to  the  piston  or  to  a  very  short  piston- 
rod,   so   as    to  save  room  in  marine  steam- 
engines.     The  width  of  the  trunk  must  be 
sufficient  to  give  room  for  the  lateral  motion 
of  the  connecting-rod. 

*  IT  To  speak  in  or  through  a  trunk :  To  speak 
through  a  tube. 

"  And  this  fellow  waits  on  him  now  through  a  tube. 
In  tennis-court  socks,  or  sllppera  soled  with  wool ;  and 
they  tpeak  to  each  other  in  a  trunk.' — Ben  Jonton: 
Silent  Woman,  I.  L 

If  Cunningham,  in  a  note  to  the  passage 
cited  above,  quotes  Montaigne  : 

"There  are  a  people  where  no  onetpeakt  to  the  king 
except  his  wife  and  children,  but  through  a  trunk." 

trunk-back,  *. 

Zool. :  An  American  name  for  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Sphargis  (q.v.). 

"  Sea-turtlea  are  numerous  off  the  coasts  of  Florida. 
Trunk-backt,  or  Sphargis,  are  the  largest,"— Samuel 
Oarman :  Keptilet  *  Batrachian*  of  North  America, 
p.  iv. 

trunk-brace,  s.  The  guard  or  stay  which 
supports  a  lid  or  checks  its  backward  motion. 

*  trunk-breeches,  s.  plt    The  same  aa 
TRUNK-HOSE  (q.v.). 

trunk  engine,  s.  A  form  of  steam- 
engine  designea  to  obtain  the  direct  connection 
of  the  piston-rod  with  the  crank  without  the 
intervention  of  a  beam  or  oscillating  the  cylin- 
der. Attached  to  the  piston  is  a  tube,  or 
trunk,  which  is  packed  in  the  cylinder-heads, 
and  has  sufficient  interior  diameter  to  allow 
the  vibration  of  the  piston-rod  by  the  throw 
of  the  crank.  It  is  used  especially  for  marine 
and  propeller  engines. 

trunk  fish,  «. 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Ostracion,  from  the  fact  that  the 
body  is  clothed  in  an  inflexible  armour  of 
hard  plates,  the  tail,  fins, 
and  gill  -  openings  pass- 
ing through  holes  in  this 
coat  of  mail. 

*  trunk-hose,  s.  pi. 

A  kind  of  short,  wide 
breeches,  gathered  in 
above  the  knees,  or  im- 
mediately under  them, 
and  distinguished,  ac- 
cording to  their  peculiar 
cut,  as  French  (of  which 
there  were  two  kinds : 
one  wide,  the  other  close- 
fitting),  Gallic  (reaching 
to  the  knee),  and  Vene- 
tian (coming  below  the 
knee).  They  were  worn 
during  the  reigns  of 
Henry  VIII.,  Elizabeth, 
and  James  I. 

trunk-light,  *.  A  skylight,  sometimes 
at  the  upper  end  of  an  aperture  whose  curb 
or  lining  is  a  trunk  or  square  boxing. 

trunk-line,  s.  The  main  line  of  a  rail- 
way, canal,  or  the  like,  from  which  the  branch 
lines  diverge. 

"  Rumours  that  the  trunk-line*  had  agreed  to  a  new 
schedule  of  rates.'— Daily  Telegraph.  April  8,  1S8«. 

t  runic -nftll,  8.  A  nail  with  a  head  shaped 
like  the  segment  of  a  sphere,  so  as  to  make  a 
rounded  boss  when  driven.  Used  for  orna- 
menting trunks  and  coffins. 

trunk-roller,  «.  A  roller  journalled  in  a 
plate  which  may  be  attached  to  the  bottom  of 
a  trunk  or  the  like. 

*  trunk-sleeve,  *.    A  large,  wide  sleeve. 

trunk -stay,  s.  The  same  as  TRUNK- 
BRACE  (q.  v.). 

trunk-turtle,  .«. 

Zool. :  A  species  of  turtle,  Testudo  arcuate. 

*  trunk  -work,  s.    Concealed  work;  a 
secret  stratagem    (TRUNK,  ^.] 

"  This  has  been  some  stair-work,  some  frunt-wort, 
some  behind-door  work."— Shakeip.  :  Winter'*  Tal*, 

iii.a. 


TRUNK    HOSE. 


boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  05 ;  expect,  Xenophon,  c^ist.    ph  =  L 
-clan,  -tian  =  shaa.    - tion,    sion  =  shun;    tion,    sion  =  xhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel*  del. 


4854 


trunk — trust 


trunk,r.*.     [Lat  trunco  =  to  truncate  (q.v.).] 
*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  truncate,  to  maim,  to 
lop. 

"They  stood  as  trunktd  and  poled  ti#*'-Bolin- 
M04  :  ConyuMt  of  Ireland,  ch.  xiTi. 

2.  Mining:  To  separate,  as  the  slimes  of 
ore,  into  heavier  or  metalliferous  and  lighter 
or  worthless  portions. 

tr  onked,  a.    [Eng.  trunk,  s. ;  -ad.] 

1.  Ord.  fang.  :  Having  a  trunk. 

"She  in  thick  set  with  strong  and  well  trunk** 
treea. '-ffoNWtt. 

2.  Her.  :  A  term  applied  to  a  tree  which  is 
borne  couj>ed  of  all  its  branches  and  separated 
flvm  its  roots  ;  also,  when  the  main  stem  of  a 
tree  is  borne  of  a  different  tincture  from  the 
branches,  it  is  said  to  be  trunked  of  such  a 
tincture. 

trun'-nel  (1),  *.  [A  corrupt  of  trundle  (q.v.).] 
A  round,  rolling  substance ;  a  trundle. 

trun  -nel  (2),  *.  [A  corrupt,  of  treenail  (q.v.).] 
A  treenail ;  a  wooden  plug  or  pin, 

"The  carpenters  .  .  .  found  many  of  the  tntnnet*  so 
very  loose  and  rotten,  M  to  be  easily  drawn  out  with 
the  angers.'— Coot:  Third  Vo^agt,  bk.vt.ch.liL 

trun'-nidn  (i  as  y),  a.  [Pr.  trognon  =  the 
atock,  stump,  or  trunk  of  a  branchless  tree  ; 
dimin.  from  (ron  =  a  piece  of  anything,  a  trunk, 
a  stem  ;  shortened  from  (rone  =  a  trunk  (q.v.); 
cf.  Italian  troncone,  from  tronco  =  a  trunk.] 

t  L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  general  term  for  an  axis 
of  similar  character  to  II.  2. 

"  The  flukes  of  the  anchor  are  fixed  at  AD  angle  of  54* 
with  the  shank,  and.  being  part  of  the  head,  an  at 
liberty  to  move  freely  on  the  trunnion  of  the  shank." 
—FUtd,  Aug.  27.  1887. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Ordn. :  One  of  the  cylindrical  projections 
from  the  sides  of  a  cannon  or  mortar,  which 
rest  in  the  cheeks  of  the  carriage,  forming  sup- 
ports for  the  piece  and  an  axis  on  which  it 
turns  during  elevation  or  depression. 

2.  Steam-eng. :  One  of  the  hollow  axes  on 
which  the  cylinder  of  an  oscillating  steam* 
engine  reciprocates,  and  through  which  steam 
Is  received  and  exhausted. 

trunnion  plate,  s. 

Ordn. ;  A  plate  on  *  gun-carriage,  which 
covers  the  upper  part  of  each  side- piece,  and 
goes  under  the  trunnion. 

trunnion  ring,  s.  A  ring  around  a  can- 
non, next  before  the  trunnions. 

trunnion-valve,  s.  A  valve  attached  to 
or  included  in  the  trunnions  of  an  oscillating- 
cylinder  steam-engine,  so  as  to  be  reciprocated 
by  the  motions  of  the  cylinder. 

trun  -nioned  (1  as  y),  a,  [Eng.  trunnion ; 
-ed,]  Provided  with  trunnions,  as  the  cylin- 
der of  an  oscillating  steam-engine. 

*  tru'-slon,  s.    [Lat  trusu*,  pa.  par.  of  trudo 
=  to  push.]    The  act  of  pushing  or  thrusting. 
"  The  operation  of  nature  is  different  from  mechan- 
ism, it  doing  not  its  work  by  trusion  or  pulsiou."— 
Cudworth :  Intellectual  Syttem.  p.  IM. 

truss,  *  trns&e,  s.  &  a.  [Fr.  trousse  =  a  pack- 
age, a  bundle,  in  pL  =  trousers  (q.v.)] 

[TRUSS,  V.J 

A.  As  substantive  : 
X  Ordinary  Language  : 
•  1.  A  bundle,  a  package. 

"Osmtmde  .  .  .  made  a  preat  tnate  of  herbys  or 
grasfte,  wbereln  he  wrapped  the  childe.*1  —  Fatyan: 
ChrvnJK*>,  ch.  cbtxxvi. 

2.  A  bundle  of  hay  or  straw  tied  together. 
A  truss  of  hay  is  56  Ibs.  of  old  or  60  Ihs.  of 
new  hay,  and  thirty-six  trasses  make  a  load. 
A  truss  of  straw  varies  in  weight  in  different 
places. 

"  He  hfcd  not  been  able  to  get  one  fruw  of  hay  for 
hto  horses  without  going  five  or  six  miles."—  U*c- 
mul<iy  :  ffist.  of  f.'ny..  ch.  xil. 

3.  A  tuft  of  flowers  formed  at  the  top  of 
the  main  stalk  or  stem  of  certain  plants  ;  an 
umbel. 

"The  flowers  are  pure  white,  and  are  borne  In  truuet 
without  any  undue  crowding  — J¥«M.  Oat,  *,  US*. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Arch.:  An  ornamented  corbel,  serving 
to  support  an  entablature  or  balcony,  or  to 
conceal  the  ends  of  the  beams  which  really 
support  the  structure ;  in  the  latter  case  it  is 
frequently  made  of  galvanized  sheet  iron. 

2.  Carp. :  A  frame  to  which  rigidity  la  given 
by  staying  and  bracing,  so  that  its  figure  shall 
be  incajiable  of  alteration  l»y  the  turning  of  the 
bars  about  their  joints.  The  simplest  frames 


are  of  wood,  and  of  few  parts.  More  imposing 
structures  are  more  complicated,  the  parts 
being  employed  in  resisting  extension  or  com- 
pression. Composite  trusses  employ  both 
wood  and  iron  ;  in  fact,  few  of  any  import- 
ance are  destitute  of  bolts  aud  tie-rods.  In 
the  simplest  form  of  a  truss  the  tie-beam  is 
suspended  by  the  king-post  from  the  apex  of 
the  angle  formed  by  the  meeting  of  the  rafters. 
In  the  more  complex  form  the  tie-beam  is  sus- 
pended by  the  queen-poats  from  two  points. 

3.  Naut. :  The  iron  hoop,  stirrup,  and  clasp 
by   which   the    middle   of  a  lower  yard   is 
secured  to  the  mast.     It  consists  of  a  hoop 
on  the  mast,  tightened  by  means  of  screws, 
whose  open  heads  engage  the  eyes  of  a  stirrup, 
which  is  swivelled  to  the  hoop  on  the  yard. 

4.  Shipbuild. :  A  short  piece  of  carved  work 
fitted  under  the  taffrail ;  chiefly  used  in  small 
ships. 

5.  Surg. ;  An  instrument  to  keep  hernia  re- 
duce<l,  that  is,  to  retain  the  intestines  within 
the  abdominal  cavity.    The  essential  feature  is 
a  spring  or  bandage  resting  on  a  pad,  which  is 
kept  above  the  orifice  of  protrusion.    The  j«:l 
is  usually  kept  to  its  place  l>y  a  spring  winch 
reaches  around  the  body  terminating  opposite 
to  the  ruptured  part.   The  spring  ia  cushioned, 
and  sometimes  has  pads  to  give  it  bearing  on 
special  parts. 

*  B.  At  adj.  :  Bound  and  thick. 

'"lite  tiger-cat  is  about  the  bigness  of  a  bull-dog, 
with  short  legs  and  a  fruit  body,  shaped  much  like  a 
mastiff"— Dampifr:  royagtt,  an.  I«7«. 

truss  beam.  ?. 

Build. :  An  iron  frame  serving  as  a  beam, 
girder,  or  summer.  A  wooden  beam  or  frame 
with  a  tie-rod  to  strengthen  it  against  deflec- 
tion. This  trussing  may  be  done  in  two  ways  : 
(1)  by  inserting  cast-iron  struts,  thus  placing 
the  whole,  or  nearly  the  whole,  of  the  wood- 
work in  a  state  of  tension ;  (2)  by  wrought- 
iron  tension-rods,  which  take  the  whole  of 
the  tension,  whilst  the  timber  is  thrown  en- 
tirely into  compression. 

truss-bridge,  s.  A  bridge  which  de- 
pends for  its  stability  upon  the  application  of 
the  principle  of  the  truss.  Short  bridges  of 
this  class  may  be  formed  by  a  single  truss ; 
larger  structures  are  composed  of  a  system  of 
trusses  or  bays  so  connected  that  the  spaces 
between  the  abutments  and  the  piers  may 
each  be  regarded  as  a  single  compound  truss. 

trass-hoop,  «. 

1.  Cooper. :  A  hoop  placed  around  a  barrel 
to  strain  the  staves  into   position,  bringing 
them  together  towards  the  chine,  and  leaving 
the  bulge  at  the  middle  portion. 

2.  Naut. :  A  hoop  round  a  yard  or  mast  to 
which  an  iron  truss  U  fixed, 

truss  piece,  s. 

Build. :  A  piece  of  filling  between  compart- 
ments of  a  framed  truss. 

truss,  *  trnsse,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  trusser,  trosser 
(Fr.  trousser)  =  to  truss,  to  bind,  from  Lat 
tortus,  pa.  par.  of  torqueo  —  to  twist ;  Cf.  Ital. 
torciare  =  to  twist,  wrap,  tie  fast.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language 

L  To  put  or  make  up  into  a  truss  or  bundle ; 
to  pack  up.  (Frequently  followed  by  up.) 

"Ton  might  hare  trtw'd  him  aud  all  his  apparel, 
Into  tin  eel-ekin."-3*at«ip. :  2  Henry  />'.,  ill.  «. 

2.  To  seize  and  hold  firmly ;  to  seize  and 
carry  off  or  aloft.    (Said  especially  of  birds  of 
prey.) 

"  The  rigorous  hawk,  exerting  every  nerve, 

Truti'd  in  mid-air  bears  down  her  captive  prey.* 
Somerville  :  field  Kporn. 

*  3.  To  tie  up. 

"Cleopatra  .  .  .  csct  out  certain  chains  and  ropes. 
Ill  which  Antoiiius  was  trutied."—  Korth;  Plutarch, 
p.  781. 

4.  To  hang.    (Frequently  with  up.) 

"  When  for  a  sheepe  the  ignorant  are  trust." 

Wh-tttont :  Promoi  A  Cassandra,  11. 

5.  To  adjust  and  fasten  the  clothes  of ;  to 
draw  tight  and  tie  the  laces  of,  as  dress  ; 
hence,  specif.,  to  skewer,  to  make  fast,  as  the 
wings  of  a  fowl  to  the  body  for  cooking.     By 
extension,  to  truss  =  to  prepare  for  cooking, 
disembowel,  Ac. 

IL  P.nii'l.  :  To  furnish  with  a  truss  or 
trusses ;  to  suspend  or  support  by  a  truss. 

trussed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [TRUSS,  r.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :    Provided   with   a  trass   or 
trusses. 


trussed-beam,  *.  A  compound  beam 
composed  of  two  beams  secured  together  side 
by  side  with  a  truss,  generally  of  iron,  be* 
tween  them. 

trussed  roof,  s.  A  roof  in  which  the 
principal  rafters  and  tie-beam  are  framed  to- 
gether, so  as  to  form  a  truss. 

trus'-sel,  ».    [TRESTLE.] 

truss  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [TRUSS,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (See 

the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 
Build. :    The  timbers,  &c.,  which   form  ft 

truss. 

H  Diagonal  trussing : 

Shipbuild.  :  A  particular  method  of  binding 
a  vessel  internally  by  means  of  a  series  of 
wooden  or  iron  braces  laid  diagonally  on  the 
framing  from  one  end  of  the  ship  to  the  other. 

*  trussing-bed,  *.    A  bed,  of  the  Tudor 

times,  which  packed  into  a  chest  for  travel- 
ling. 

trussing  machine,  s. 

Cooper. :  A  machine  for  drawing  the  truss- 
hoops  upon  casks,  so  as  to  bring  the  ends  of 
the  staves  together  at  the  chines. 

trust,  'treat,  'trist,  *  trost,  'tryst, 
*  tryste,  s.  &  a.  [Icel.  traust  =  trust,  pro- 
tection, firmness,  confidence  ;  Dan.  &  iSw. 
trost  :=  comfort,  consolation  ;  Ger.  trost  =  con- 
solation, help,  protection;  Goth.  trau«ti  =  a 
covenant.]  [TRYST.  ] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  reliance  or  resting  of  the  mind  on  the 
integrity,  veracity,  justice,  friendship,  power, 
protection,  or  the  like,  of  another  ;  a  firm  re- 
liance or  dependence  on  promises,  laws,  or 
principles  ;  confidence,  faith. 

"  Whoso  putteth  his  trust  in  the  Lord  shall  be  safe.* 
— Pro9»rta  xxix.  24. 

2.  Confident  opinion    or  expectation  ;   as- 
sured anticipation;  dependence  upon  some- 
thing future  or  contingent,  as  if  present  or 
actual ;  faith,  belief,  hope. 

"  His  trutt  WM,  with  UT  Eternal  to  be  deem'd 
Equal  in  strength."  Jiilton:  P.  L.,  iL  44. 

3.  Credit  given  without  examination. 

"  Most  take  things  upon  trutt,  and  misemploy  tlieii 
assent  by  lazily  enslaving  their  minds  to  the  dictates 
of  others."— Lock*. 

4.  One  who  or  that  which  is  the  ground  of 
confidence  or  reliance ;  a  person  or  thing  con- 
fided in  or  relied  on. 

5.  The  state  of  being  confided  in  or  relied  or 

" Thou  shall  hare  charge  ami  sovereign  trust." 

Skaketp. :  1  Henrg  /I'.,  iii.  i, 

6.  The  transfer  of  goods,  property,  &c-,  in 
confidence  of  or  reliance  on  future  payment; 
exchange  without  immediate  receipt  of   an 
equivalent ;  credit :  as,  To  sell  goods  on  trust. 

7.  The  state  of  being  entrusted  or  confided 
to  the  care  and  guard  of  another. 

"  His  seal  d  oomniisflion  left  in  trtttt  with  me." 
Shaketji.  :  I'friclet,  L  B. 

*  8.  Care,  management,  charge. 

"  That  which  is  committed  to  thy  trutt."— I  Timothy 

TL  ao. 

9.  That  which  is  committed  or  entrusted  to 
one ;  something  committed  to  oue's  charge, 
care,  or  faith ;  a  charge  given  or  received  in 
confidence ;  something  which  one  is  bound  in 
honour  and  duty  to  keep  inviolate. 

"  To  violate  the  sacred  trutt  at  silence.'* 

Hilton  :  Samton  Ayoni*t«t,  428. 

10.  Something  committed  to  one's  care,  for 
use  or  safe-keeping,  of  which  an  account  must 
be  rendered. 

"  Although  the  advantages  one  man  posaeutli  uion 
than  Another,  may  be  called  his  property  with  respect 
to  other  men.  yet  with  r*speet  to  Qod,  they  are  only  a 
frujt"— Swift. 

'  IL  The  quality  or  state  of  being  reliablt 
or  trustworthy. 

"  A  man  he  1*  of  honesty  and  trutt." 

6Ao*«p. .  OttoUo,  L  S. 

IL  Law: 

L  A  confidence  reposed  by  one  person, 
called  the  truster,  or  celui  qiie  trust,  in  con* 
veying  or  bequeathing  property  to  another 
(called  the  trustee),  that  the  latter  will  apply 
it  for  the  benefit  of  a  third  party  (called  th« 
ce.^tui  tfue  trust  or  beneficiary),  or  to  some 
specified  purpose  or  purposes.  The  purposes 
of  a  trust  are  generally  indicated  in  the  in- 
strument, whether  deed  or  will,  by  which  the 
disposition  is  made.  Trusts  are  divided  gene- 


Ate,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  falL  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Sjrrian.    as,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


trust— trutinate 


4855 


rally  into  simple  trusts  and  special  trusts, 
the  corresponding  terms  in  Scots  law  being 
proprietary  trusts  uml  accessory  trusts.  Simple 
frusta  are  those  iu  which  Hie  trustee  holds 
the  legal  estate  subject  to  the  duties  implied 
by  law.  Special  trusts  are  those  in  which 
the  trustee  has  some  special  purpose  to  exe- 
cute or  carry  out.  Trusts  may  be  created  by 
the  voluntary  act  of  a  party,  or  by  the  opera- 
tion of  law.  [UsB,  s.] 

2.  The  beneficial  interest  created  by  such  a 
transaction  ;  a  beneficial  interest  in  or  owner- 
ship of  real  or  personal  property,  unattended 
with  the  legal  or  possessory  ownership  thereof. 

B.  Jts  adjective  : 
*  1.  Trusty,  faithful,  loyal,  true. 
"  The  erle  vnto  the  kyng  bare  him  sithen  so  wele, 
&  hii  sonnes  bothe  tille  him  war  Irott  His  atele. 

Kobrrt  <l*  Brunne,  p.  60. 

2.  Held  in  trust  :  as,  trust  money,  trust 
property. 

If  For  the  difference  between  trust  and 
belief,  see  BELIEF. 

III.  Comm.  :  A  comlrination  of  manufac- 
turers or  others  for  the  poriwae  of  securing 
a  monopoly  of  come  article,  or  of  controlling 
its  production  and  selling  price. 

trust-deed,  .<• 

C'irii  Lam:  A  deed  or  disposition  which 
conveys  property  not  for  the"  behoof  of  the 
disponee,  but  for  other  purposes  pointed  out 
in  the  deed,  as  a  deed  by  a  debtor  conveying 
property  to  a  trustee  for  payment  of  his  debts. 

trust  -  estate,  s.  An  estate  under  the 
management  of  a  trustee  or  trustees. 

trust,  *  trelst,  *  trlst,  "  triste,  *  troste, 
»  trust-on,  *  tryst,  v.fc  &  i.    [TBUST,  «.] 
A.  1  ransitive  : 

1.  To  place  trust  or  confidence  in  ;  to  rely 
upon  :  to  depend  upon  ;  to  confide  in. 

"  But  though  they  could  not  be  trugted,  they  might 
be  used  and  they  m'ight  be  uaeful."—  Macaulay  :  tiitt. 
int.,  ch.  xxll. 

2.  To  believe,  to  credit. 

"  Tnat  me.  I  was  going  to  your  home."—  Shatefp.  : 
Merry  Ifitft  of  Winutvr.  ii.  1. 

3.  To  put  trust  or  confidence  in  with  regard 
to  the  care  or  charge  of  something  ;  to  show 
confidence  in  by  entrusting  with  something. 
(Followed  by  with.) 

'•  I  will  rather  trutt  a  Fleming  with  my  butter."— 
Skate*/,.  :  .Verry  Wivet  of  Vfindtor,  ti.  i 

4.  To  commit  or  entrust  to  one's  care  or 
charge  ;  to  entrust. 

5.  To  leave  to  one's  »elf  or  to  itself  without 
fear  of  consequences  ;  to  allow  to  be  exposed. 

"  Fouled  and  beguiled:  by  him  thon,  I  by  thee, 
To  t~,l  the.  ft 


6.  To  give  credit  to  ;  to  sell  upon  credit  to, 
or  in  confidence  of  future  payment  from  :  as, 
To  trust  a  customer  for  goods. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  have  trust  or  confidence  ;  to  be  in- 
spired with  confidence  or  reliance  ;  to  depend 
to  rely. 

2.  To  be  credulous  or  trusting  ;  to  confide 
or  believe  readily. 

3   To  be  confident  ;  to  feel  sure  ;  to  expect 
confidently.    (Followed  by  a  clause.) 
"Ifnuserelonntochokethne." 

3»,it«lp.  .-  1  Benrt  VI.,  ill.  «. 

4.  To  practise  giving  credit  ;  to  sell  goods 
on  credit. 

H  For  the  difference  between  to  trust  and 
to  confide,  see  CONFIDE. 

1  (1)  To  trust  in  :  To  confide  ;  to  place 
trust  or  confidence  in. 

"  Trutt  in  the  Lord,  and  do  good."—  Pmlm  xxxvli.  8. 
(2)  To  trust  to  :  To  depend  on  ;  to  rely  on, 
"  The  men  of  Israel  .  .  .  (noted  to  the  lien  in  wait 
—Judge*  xx.  84. 

tru»  tee,  i.    [Eng.  trust;  -te.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  holds  lands,  tene 
ments,  or  other  property,  upon  the  trust  anr 
confidence  that  he  will  apply  the  same  for  th 
benefit  of  those  who  are  entitled,  according  t< 
an  expressed  intention,  cither  by  the  partie 
themselves,  or  by  the  deed,  will,  settlement 
or  arrangement  of  mother. 

2.  Aia.tr.  Law:  A  person  in  whose  hand 
the  effects  of  another  arc  attached  in  a  truste 
process—  that  is,  a  process  by  which  a  credito 
may  attach  goods,  efiVcts,  and  credits  below 
ing  to  or  due  to  his  debtor,  when  in  the  hand 


of  a  third  person  ;  equivalent  to  the  process 
known  in  English  law  as  foreign  attachment. 
K  Trustee  of  a  bankrupt's  estate :  The  same 
as  Assignee  in  bankruptcy. 

rus- tee  ship,  «.  [Eng.  trustee;  -ship.]  The 
oflice,  position,  or  functions  of  a  trustee. 

riist'-er,  s.    [Eng.  trust,  v. ;  -er.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  trusts  or  gives  credit ;  a  creditor. 

2.  One  who  trusts  in  anything  as  trne ;  a 
believer. 

"  Nor  shall  you  do  mine  ear  that  violence. 
To  make  it  Irutter  of  your  owu  report 
Against  yourself."  Shaketp. :  Samlet,  1. 1 

II.  Scots  Law :  One  who  grants  a  trust-deed  ; 
the  correlative  of  trustee  (q.v.). 

trust -ful,  a.     [Eng.  trust;  -fuK.I).'] 
1.  Full  of  trust ;  trusting. 
*  2.  Worthy  of  trust ;  trusty  ;  trustworthy. 

trusf-tul-ly,  adv.  lEng.  trustful;  -ly.}  In 
a  trustful  manner. 

trust  ful  ness,  s.  [Eng.  truOfnl;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  sute  of  being  trustful ;  faith- 
fulness, trustiness. 

"  Hush.  It  ia  true,  hss  Bhowu  himself  wanting  in  a 
generous  mutfufH««»."-PaH  Mall  eautte.  July  8. 
1884. 

« trus'-tl-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  trusty;  -ly.]  In  a 
trusty  manner ;  faithfully,  honestly  ;  with 
fidelity. 

trus'-tt-nSss,  "trus-tl-newe.  *tru»-ty- 
nes,  s.  [Eng.  trusty;  -ness.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  trusty  or  trustworthy  ;  fidelity, 
faithfulness,  honesty. 

••  Certainly  I  snye  vnto  yot  that  the  mai.ter  hailing 
«  triall  ot  hi.  rrii(i«eue.  will  be  bolde  to  trusU  him 
with  greatter  thingen.  and  wyll  make  hym  reweler 
ouer  all  his  goudes.  —  Vdal :  Matiheu,  xxtv. 

trust'-lng,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [TBUST,  ».] 

trust'-lng-lj?,  adv.  [Eng.  trusting ;  -ly.]  In 
a  trusting  manner ;  with  trust  or  implicit 
confidence. 

"Hervey  came  hither  for  the  draught*  in  which 
weakness  truttingly  sought  strength."— Daily  Tele- 
graph,  Sept.  1. 1886. 

trust' -less,  *  trust-lesse,  a.  [Eng.  trust ; 
4esi.\    Not  worthy  of  trust ;  not  to  be  relied 
or  depended  on  ;  unreliable,  faithless. 
••  The  mouse  which  once  hath  broken  out  of  trappe. 
Is  sildome  tysed  with  the  truith-ue  bayt*. ' 

Utticoigne  :  To  the  tame  Gentleunman. 

trust'- I6s»- ness,  ».  [Eng.  trustless;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  trustless  ;  un- 
worthiness  of  trust. 

trust'-wor-tW-ness,  «.  [Kng.  trustworthy; 
-ness.]  The  'quality  or  state  of  being  trust- 
worthy, or  deserving  of  confidence. 

trust  -wor-thy,  a.  [Eng.  trutt,  and  worthy.] 
Deserving  of  trust  or  confidence;  that  may 
be  trusted  or  relied  on  ;  trusty. 

trus'-ty, '  trus-tie,  o.    [Eng.  trust;  -y.] 

1.  That  may    be  safely  trusted  or   relied 
upon  ;  justly  deserving  of  trust  or  confidence; 
trustworthy,  reliable. 

"  Use  careful  watch,  choose  trutty  sentinels." 

Shakeip.  :  Richard  til.,  v.  S. 

2.  Not  liable  to  fail  a  person  in  time  of 
need ;  strong. 

"  In  which  I  bear  my  tnuty  sword 
When  I  do  exercise."        Cotfper  :  John  Gilptn. 

*  3.  Involving  trust  or  responsibility. 

"  Some  great  and  trusty  business." 
Shakttf.  :  AKl  Will  that  Endi  Well,  Hi.  «. 

Tf  For  the  difference  between  trusty  and 
faithful,  see  FAITHFUL. 

truth,  *  treuth.  *  treuthe,  •  trouth, 
trouthe,  s.  [A.S.  treavcdhu,  from  treo«x  = 
true  (q.v.);  Icel.  tryggdli.  Truth  and  troth 
are  doublets.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  trne ;  true- 
ness  :  as — 

(1)  Conformity  to   facts  or  reality,  as  of 
statements    to    facts,    words    to    thoughts, 
motives  or  actions  to  professions  ;  exact  axv 
cordance  with  what  is,  has  been,  or  shall  be. 

"  Those  propositions  are  true,  which  express  things 
as  they  are  :  or,  truth  is  the  conformity  of  those  words 
or  signs,  by  which  things  are  exprest.  to  the  things 
themselves."—  WoUaMton:  Religion  of  Nature,  S  1. 

(2)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  made  or 
constructed  true  or  exact ;  exact  adherence 
to  a  model ;  accuracy  of  adjustment ;  exact- 
ness. 


(3)  In  the  fine  arts,  the  proper  and  correct 
representation  of  any  object  in  nature,  or  of 
whatever  subject  may  be  under  treatment. 

"  Truth  is  the  highest  quality  in  art."—  fairholt, 

(4)  Habitual  disposition  to  speak  only  what 
is  true  ;  veracity  ;  freedom  from  falsehood. 

(5)  Honesty,  sincerity,  virtue,  uprightness. 

"  Even  so  void  is  your  false  heart  of  truth." 

.SAatosp.  .•  Merchant  o/  l"emc«,  v. 

(6)  Disposition  to  be  faithful  to  one's  en- 
gagements ;  fidelity ;  constancy. 

"  1  will  follow  thee  with  truth  and  loyalty." 

yitatMp. :  At  You  Lite  It.  ii.  8. 

•  (7)  The  state  or  quality  of  not  being 
counterfeited,  adulterated,  or  spurious  ;  gen- 
uineness, purity. 

"  She  having  the  truth  of  honour  in  her."— Shaketp.: 
Meaiurefvr  feature,  iii.  1. 
2.  That  which  is  true  :  as — 

(1)  Fact,  reality,  verity  ;   ths  opposite  to 
falsehood. 

"  For  thys  cause  was  I  borne,  and  for  thys  cause 
oame  I  into  the  world?,  ttiat  I  shoulde  beare  wytuease 
rnto  the  treuthe"— John  xviii.  38.  (1551.) 

(2)  That  which  conforms  to  fact  or  reality  ; 
the  real  or  true  state  of  things. 

"  Though  truth  and  falsehood  belong,  In  propriety  of 
speech,  only  to  irropositions ;  yet  ideas  are  oftentimes 
termed  true  or  false  {us  what  words  are  there  thiit  are 
not  used  with  grent  latitude,  and  with  some  deviation 
from  their  strict  and  proper  significations?)."— Lock*: 
Buman  Unaeritand.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xxxL 

(3)  A  verified  fact ;  a  true  statement  or  pro- 
position ;  «n  established  principle,  fixed  law, 
or  the  like. 

(4)  True   religion;    the   doctrines   of    the 
gospel. 

"The  law  was  given  by  Hoses:  but  grace  and  truth 
came  by  Jesus  Christ."— John  i.  17. 

^  (1)  In  truth :  In  reality,  In  fact,  in  sin- 
cerity. 

"  In  truth,  sir.  and  she  Is  pretty."— Shaketp. :  Mtrra 
Witel,  i.  t. 

(2)  Of  a  truth,  For  a  truth  :  In  reality  ;  for 
certain. 

"I  rnderstande  ye  purpose  to  go  to  Hanybont :  sir. 
kaoweArfnwM,  the  towueaud  tbecastell  ar  of  suche 
strength,  that  they  he  nat  easy  to  wynne."— Oernert : 
Froiuart ;  Cronycle,  vol.  i..  ch.  Ixv. 

*  (3)  To  do  truth :  To  practise  what  God 
commands. 

"  He  that  death  truth  cometh  to  the  light,  that  his 
deeds  may  be  made  manifest,  that  they  are  wrought 
in  God."— John  ill.  21. 

t  truth-lover,  *.  One  devoted  to  the 
truth.  (Tennyson :  Ode  on  Death  of  Welling- 
ton, 189.) 

t  truth-teller,  a.  One  who  tells  the  truth. 
(Specif,  with  the  def.  art.  applied  to  King 
Alfred  the  Great) 

"  Here  Alfred  the  Truth-teller 

Suddenly  closed  bia  bonk." 
Longfeliox:  IHtcoverer  of  the  Nort h  Oapt. 

"truth.  «.(.  [TRUTH,  «.]  To  affirm  or  declare 
as  true  ;  to  declare. 

"  Well,  1  have  lived  iu  ignorance :  the  ancients 
Who  chatted  of  the  golden  age.  feigned  trifles. 
Had  they  dreamt  this,  they  would  have  trulhed  It 
heaven. '  ford :  fanclci,  ii. ». 

truth'-ful,  a.     [Eng.  truth;  -ful([).~\ 

1.  Fnll  of  truth ;  loving  and  speaking  th» 
truth  :  as,  a  truthful  man. 

2.  Conformable  to  truth ;  true,  correct :  as, 
a  truthjul  statement. 

truth  -ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  truthful ; -ly.]  In 
a  truthful  manner;  iu  accordance  with  the 
truth. 

truth '-ful -ness,  ».  [Eng.  truthful;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  truthful:  as, 
the  truthfulness  of  a  statement 

« truth' -less,  •  trouth-les,  a.  [Eng.  truth; 
-less.} 

1.  Wanting  in  truth;  wanting  reality;  false. 

"  But  what  thyuge  that  is  trouthltt, 
It  inaie  not  well  be  shameles." 

fiomri  C.  X..  vii. 

2.  Faithless. 

"Cast  all  your  eyes 

On  this,  what  shall  I  call  her!  truthlrts  woman." 
Scaum.  i  Flet. :  Lau*  of  Candy,  V. 

*  truth'-less-ncss.  s.   [Eng.  truthless ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  truthless. 

*  truth'- ne«s,  s.    [Eng.  truth;  -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  true;  truth.  (Afareton,) 

*  truth'- j^,  a.    [Eng.  truth;  -y.]    Truthful; 
veracious. 

"  tru'-tl-nate,  v.t.  [Lat.  truttnatus,  pa.  p»r. 
of  trutinar  =  to  weigh  ;  trutina  =  a  balance.) 
To  weigh,  to  balance. 


boll,  b6y:  piut,  J6>1;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  »?;  expect,  ^enophon,  eylst.    -Ing. 
-tton.  -tUon  =  ..11611;  -tlon,  -flon  =  xhun,   -oious,  -tious,  -*iou»  =  »uu».  ,-ble.  -die,  fcc.  =  Del.  del. 


4856 


trutinati  on— tryst 


•  tru  tin  a-tion,  $.  [TRUTINATE.]  The  ao 
of  weighing ;  examination  by  weighing. 

"  Hen  may  mistake  if  they  distinguish  Dot  the  MUM 
of  levity  unto  theuuelve*,  and  in  regard  of  the  seal 
or  decision  of  trutination."— Brovtu:  Vulgar  Errourt. 

trut  ta  -ceous  (oe  as  sh),  a.  [Low  L»t 
tTutta  =  &  trout  (q.v.).]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  trout :  as,  flsh  of  a  truttactous  kind. 

try,  *  trie,  •  trye,  *  try-In, « try-yn,  v.t.  &  i 

E:  trier  =  to  pick,  to  choose,  to  cull,  from 
w  Lat  trito  =  to  triturate,  from  Lat  tritus 
pa.  par.  of  tero  =  to  rub,  to  thresh  corn  ;  Prov 
friar  =  to  choose  ;  tria  =  choice  ;  Ital.  tritare 
=  to  bruise,  to  grind  or  thresh  corn.)  (TRITE 
TRITURATE.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  separate,  as  that  which  Is  good  from 
what  is  bad ;  to  sift  or  pick  out  (Followed 
by  out.) 

"The  wylde  come,  beinge  In  shape  and  greatnesae 
lyke  to  the  good,  U  they  be  mengled.  with  great  diffl 
cnltie  wyll  be  trytd  ouL"—£lyot :  Uovernour,  bk.  ii. 
Oh.  xiv. 

3.  To  purify,  to  assay ;  to  refine,  as  metals 

"  The  6n  seven  times  tried  this  ; 
Seven  times  tried  that  judgment  is." 

ShaXctp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  IL  9. 

3.  To  examine  ;  to  make  experiment  on  ;  to 
test,  to  prore. 

"  Tboit  thlnkest  me  as  far  In  the  devil's  book  as 
thou  aud  FalsUff  for  obstinacy  and  persistency  ;  let 
the  end  try  the  ntt.n"—Stiakap.  :  3  Henry  IV.,  ii.  S. 

4.  To  put  to  a  trial  or  test ;  to  subject  to 
trial. 

"  His  lituntion  was  one  which  must  have  severely 
tried  the  firmest  nervea."— Jfaeau/ay :  ffitt,  Eng, 
ch.  xiiL 

5.  To  prove  by  a  test ;  to  compare  with  a 
standard  :  as,  To  try  weights  and  measures. 

6.  To  act  upon  as  a  test ;  to  prove  by  severe 
trial. 

"By  faith  Abraham,  when  he  was  tried,  offered  up 
lamac  ;  and  he  that  receive.;!  the  promises  offered  tip 
his  only  begotten  •on."— Hebretet  xL  17. 

7.  To  strain  :  as,  To  try  the  eyes  or  muscles. 

8.  To    examine ;   to   inquire   into    in   any 
manner. 

"  That'*  a  question,  how  shall  we  try  ft?" 

Shaketp. :  Comedy  of  Emm,  T. 

0.  Spec.,  to  examine  judicially ;  to  subject 
to  the  examination  and  decision  or  sentence 

I     of  a  judicial  tribunal. 

"  Guiltier  than  him  they  try." 

Shaketp. :  Measure  for  Meature,  11 1. 

10.  To  bring  to  a  decision ;  to  settle,  to 
decide. 

"  NIcauor  durst  not  try  the  matter  by  the  sword."— 
1  Maccabcct  xiv.  18. 

11.  To  essay,  to  attempt ;  to  entice  on  ;  to 
Undertake, 

12.  To  use,  as  a  means  or  remedy. 

"  To  eaae  her  cares,  the  force  of  sleep  she  Met! 
Still  waken  her  mind,  though  slumbers  seal  her  eyre." 
Swift. 

13.  To  incite  to  wrong ;  to  tempt. 

14.  To  experience ;  to  have  knowledge  of 
by  experience. 

14  To  thee  uo  reason,  who  know'st  only  good  : 
But  evil  hast  not  tried,  and  wilt  object 
His  will  who  bound  us."     MiUon;  P.  £.,  iv.  BM. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  find,  show,  or  prove  by  experience 
what  a  person  or  a  thing  is ;  to  prove  by  a 
test. 

2.  To  exert  strength  ;  to  make  an  effort ;  to 
endeavour,  to  attempt :  as,  I  do  not  think  I 
can  do  it,  but  I  will  try. 

H  1.  To  try  a  fall  vrith:  To  engage  in  a 
wrestling  bout  with ;  hence,  to  match  one's 
self  against  in  any  contest. 

2.  To  try  back:  To  go  back  as  in  search  of 
anything,  as  of  a  road  one  has  lost  or  missed  ; 
to  go  back,  as  in  conversation,  in  order  to 
recover  some  point  one  has  missed. 

3.  To  try  on : 

(1)  To  put  on,  as  a  dress,  to  see  if  it  fits 
properly. 

(2)  To  attempt ;  to  endeavour  to  effect :  as. 
Don't  try  it  on  with  him.    (Colloq.) 

try,  *  trie,  *  trye,  o.  &  *.    [TRY,  ».] 

*A.  As  adj. :  Picked  out;  choice,  select. 
"  With  sugar  that  is  trie." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  1S.TM. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  An  instrument  for  sifting;  a  sieve,  a 
•creen.  (Prow.) 

"  They  will  not  pus  through  the  holes  of  the  sieve. 
raddle,  or  try,  it  they  be  narrow."— P.  Holland:  Pitt- 
torch,  p.  84. 


2.  The  act  of  trying ;  an  attempt,  au  endea 
vour,  a  trial,  an  experiment. 

"This  breaking  of  his  has  been  but  a  try  for  his 
friends."— Shakvip.  :  Timon  of  Athetu.  v.  L 

IL  Football :  A  point  scored  in  the  Rugb1 
Union  game,  giving  the  right  to  a  kick  at  goal 

"  A  try  is  gained  when  the  player  touches  the  bal 
down  in  his  opponent's  goal.'—  Lavt  of  the  ilugbjt 
Union, 

try-cock,  B.    A  gauge-cock. 
try-plane,  A.    A  trying-plane  (q.v.). 
try- sail,  s. 

Naut.  :  A  storm-sail  of  strong  material  ant 
relatively  smaller  area.  A  fore-and-aft  sai 
set  with  a  boom  and  gaff  in  ships.  Similar 
to  a  spencer,  spanker,  driver. 

try-square,  s.  An  instrument  used  by 
carpenters  and  joiners  for  laying  off  short 
perpendiculars,  &c.  It  consists  of  a  thin 
blade  of  steel  about  six  inches  long,  let  into 
a  wooden  piece  of  similar  length  and  securely 
fastened  at  right  angles  thereto,  the  edges  of 
both  being  accurately  straight. 

*  try'-a-Me,  a.     [Eng.  try;  -able.]    Capable 
of  being  tried  ;  fit  or  liable  to  be  tried. 

"  The  party  tryabte,  as  I  am  now,  shall  find  hiinsel. 
In  much  wurse  case,  than  before  those  cruel  laws  stooc 
In  force."— St utt  TriaU :  1  Mary  (an.  liM)  J  Sir  fficho. 
7"A  rock>nart  en. 

*  try'-a-cle,  s.    [TRIARLK.] 

*  trye,  t>.  A  a.    [TRY.] 
try'-er,  s.    [TRIER.] 

try'-gim,  s.    [Gr.  rpvycur  (trugon)  =  a  kind  of 
roach  with  a  pricker  in  the  tail.) 

1.  Ichtky. :    Sting-ray ;    the   type-genus    of 
Trygonidse  (q.v.).    Tail  very  long,  tapering, 
armed  with  a  long  arrow-shaped  spine,  ser- 
rated on  both  sides ;  body  smooth  or  with 
tubercles ;    nasal    valves  coalescent   into    a 
quadrangular  flap;   teeth   flattened.     Some 
twenty-five  species  are  known,  chiefly  from 
the  tropical  parts  of  the  Indian  and  Atlantic 
Oceans,  though  some  are  from  the  fresh  waters 
of  eastern  tropical  America.     Trygon  pasti- 
nom,  the  Common  Sting-ray,  extends  from 
the  south  coast  of  England  and  the  east  coast 
of  North  America  through  the  Atlantic  and 
Indian  Ocean  to  Japan.    It  lives  on  shallow, 
sandy  ground,  rarely  takes  the  bait,  and  is 
commonly  caught  by  accident  in  nets.    The 
flesh  is  red,  and  is  said  to  have  a  rank  flavour. 

2.  Palteont. :  [TRYOONID/E,  2J. 

try-gon'-i-dso,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  trygon; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ute.] 

L  Ichthy :  Sting-rays  ;  a  family  of  Batoidei, 
with  five  genera,  from  tropical  seas.  Pectoral 
fins  continued  without  interruption  to  the 
snout,  where  they  become  confluent ;  tail 
long  and  slender,  without  lateral  longitudinal 
folds  ;  vertical  fins  absent,  or,  if  present,  im- 
perfectly developed,  often  replaced  by  a  strong 
serrated  spine. 

2.  Palmmt. :  The  family  is  represented  by 
two  genera,  Trygon  and  Urolophus  in  the 
Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca  and  Monte  Postale. 

try-gdn-o-rhi  -na,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  trygon, 
and  Gr.  pit  (rhis),  genit.  pii-os  (rhinos)  =  the 
snout] 

Ichtky. :  A  genus  of  Rhinobatidee,  allied  to 
Rhinobatus,  from  South  Australian  seas. 

try'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».     [TRY,  ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Adapted  or  calculated  to  try, 
or  to  put  U>  severe  trial ;  severe,  afflictive, 
difficult. 

"  They  were  doubtless  in  a  moat  trying  situation."— 
Macaulay:  Bia.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

C.  As  svbit. :  Testing,  proving,  proof. 

"The  trtfng  of  your  faith  worketh  patience,"— 
Jninet  L  & 

trying-plane,  s. 

Join. :  The  plane  used  after  the  jack-plane, 
which  prepares  the  surface.  The  trying-plane 
is  long,  and  levels  the  surface,  trying  it  for 
straightness. 

trying -square,  ».  The  same  as  TRY- 
SQUARE  (q.v.). 

trying  up  machine,  >. 

Wood-work. :  A  machine  for  planing  and 
trying-up  scantling,  with  revolving  cutters, 
driven  at  a  high  velocity. 


try -ma,  s.    [Gr.  rpO^a  (Imma)  =  a  hole.] 

Bat. :  A  compound  fruit,  superior  by  abor- 
tion, one-celled,  one-seeded,  with  a  two-valved, 
indehiscent  endocarp,  and  a  coriaceous  ot 
fleshy,  valveless  sarcocarp.  Example,  the 
fruit  of  the  walnut.  (LindUy.)  The  term 
has  been  deemed  superfluous,  and  it  has  been 
proposed  to  call  the  fruit  of  the  walnut  a 
magma,  or  even  a  drupe. 

"  tryne,  a.    [Lat.  trinus.]    Threefold,  trine. 

*  tryne  compass,  s.  The  threefold  com- 
pass  of  the  world— earth,  sky,  and  air. 

try-pa-nsB'-ua,  s.  [Gr.  Tptiirniw  (trupanm', 
=  a  borer,  an  auger.  (See  def.).] 

Entom.:  A  genus  of  Histeridse.  Small 
beetles,  with  a  triangular  head  and  a  mouth 
adapted  for  boring.  They  fix  themselves  on 
the  trunk  of  a  tree  denuded  of  its  bark,  and, 
revolving  after  the  manner  of  a  gimlet,  ban 
holes  into  the  wood.  All  the  species  are 
foreign. 

t  try-pan-oV-6-rax,  s.    [Gr.  rpuTraroi.  (fru- 
panon)  =  a  borer,  and  icopaf  (korax)  =  a ciow.) 
Ornith.  :    A  genus    of  Corvidas   separated 
from  Corvus  by  Kaup. 

••Some  ornithologists  hay«  broken  op  the  genus 
Corvus  still  further  thau  was  doue  »hin  the  Pis., 
Jays,  and  a  few  other  natural  groups  were  removed 
from  it ;  but.  as  regards  Its  European  members,  with 
no  great  success.  Thus,  the  Haven  being  left  as  the 
type-species,  the  Crow,  Rook,  and  Daw  have  been 
phioed  in  genera  respectively  called  CVjrone.  TVypano- 
contr.  and  CJasus.  all  the  invention  of  Kaup.''—  far- 
nU:  BrUM  Birdt  (ed.  8th).  a  304. 

try-pan-6-sd'-ma,  ».  [Gr.  Tpuiraiw  (tru- 
panon  =  a  borer,  aud  o-ijia  (soma)  =  the  body.] 
[TRYPANOSOMATA.] 

try-pan-OHSO'-ma-ta,  «.  pL  [Mod.  Lat, 
pi.  of  trypanosoma.  (q.v.).J 

Zool. :  An  order  of  Infusoria  Flagellata. 
Endoparasitic  animalcules,  flattened  or  lamel- 
late, one  or  more  of  the  lateral  borders  form- 
ing a  frill-like  undulating  membrane,  by  tlie 
vibrations  of  which  progress  is  effected  ;  one 
extremity  sometimes  attenuate,  and  somewl.at 
resembling  a  flagellum  ;  oral  or  ingestive  ar.  a 
undefined.  The  order  contains  a  single  genus 
Trypanosoma,  with  two  species  :  Trypanosomu 
sanguinis,  found  in  the  blood  of  frogs,  and  7 . 
cberthi,  from  the  intestines  of  domestic  poultry 
(Kent.) 

tryp'-an-chen,  s.  [Gr.  rpiwa  (<nipa)  =  a 
hole,  and  av\jjv  (auchen)  =  the  neck.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Gobiide,  with  three 
species,  from  the  coasts  of  the  East  Indies 
Body  elongate,  covered  with  minute  scales ; 
head  compressed,  with  a  deep  cavity  above 
the  operculum  on  each  side  (whence  the 
generic  name) ;  one  dorsal,  continuous  with 
anal  and  caudal,  ventral*  united. 

try-pe'-ta,  ».  [Gr.  Tpwmrr^s  (trupitis)  =  a 
borer.] 

Entom. :  A  very  large  genus  of  Muscide. 
Small  flies,  with  transparent  wings  covered 
with  dark  spots.  They  frequent  the  Com- 
posite ;  the  larvae  feed  on  the  substance  of  the 
plant,  often  producing  gall-like  excrescences. 

try  pe-the  -li-dw,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  trype- 
thel(ium);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idtr.] 

Bnt. :  A  family  of  Lichens,  tribe  Gastero-     i 
thalamese. 

try-pe-the'-U-fim,  ».  [Gr.  rpu'mj  (trupe)  = 
a  hole,  and  Gr.  BijAij  (thlU)  =  a  nipple.] 

Bat. :  The  typical  genus  of  Trypethelide 
(q.v.).  The  thallus  produces  a  number  of 
distinct  pustules,  with  uninerved  perithecia 
containing  a  gelatinous  nucleus  producing  , 
asci  and  sporidia.  Generally  from  tropical 
and  sub-tropical  climates. 

try  phte  na,  s.    [TRIPH/BMA.] 

ryrt,  *  trist,  *  tryste,  ».   [A  variant  of  trial 
(q.v.);  cf.  Icel.  (reys(a  =  to  confirm,  to  rely 
on,  from  traust  =  trust,  protection.] 
*  1.  Trust,  dependence,  reliance. 

"  I*dy,  in  you  is  all  my  trytte." 

Erf  of  Talma.  SO. 

2.  An  appointment  to  meet ;  an  appointed 
meeting. 

3.  A  market.    (Scotch.) 

"  My  first  guderaan  was  awa  at  the  Falklrk  fryrt."— 
Scott:  Antiquary,  ch.  rv. 

4.  A  rendezvous. 

J  To  bide  tryst :  To  meet  one  with  whom 


fate,  at,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  BIT,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  wbd,  son ;  mute,  ottb,  oiire,  unite,  oiir,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    «,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


tryst— tubaeform 


4857 


an  engagement  has  been  made  at  the  appointed 
time  and  place ;  to  keep  an  engagement  or 
appointment. 

tryst,  v.t.  &  t.    [TRYST,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  engage  a  person  to  meet  «ne  at  a 
certain  time  and  place  ;  to  make  an  appoint- 
ment with  one.    (Scotch.) 

2.  To  bespeak ;  to  order  or  engage  by  a 
certain  time :  as,  To  tryst  a  pair  of  boots. 
(Scotch.) 

B.  Intrnns. :  To  engage  to  meet  at  a  certain 
time  or  place  ;  to  make  an  appointment. 

tryst -er,  ».  [Eng.  tryst;  -«r.]  One  who  sets 
or  makes  a  tryst ;  one  who  makes  an  appoint- 
ment to  meet 

tryst'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [TRYST,  ».] 

trysting  day,  s.  An  appointed  day  of 
meeting  or  assembling,  as  of  troops,  friends, 
Ac. 

trystlng-place,  s.  An  arranged  meet- 
ing-place ;  a  place  where  a  tryst  or  appoint- 
ment is  to  be  kept.  (Byrtm:  Parinna,  iv.) 

tsan  t  Jan.  s.    [Chinese.] 

lut. :  A  seaweed,  Futus  cartilaginosui,  some- 
times used  in  China  as  a  substitute  for  edible 
birds'  nests. 

tsar,  s.    [CzAR.]    The  title  of  the  Emperor  of 

Russia. 
tsar-i'-na,  tsar-It -sa,  s.    [CZARINA.]    The 

title  of  the  Empress  of  Russia. 
tschak  meek  (t  silent),  s.    [CHAMECK.] 

tscheff'-kln-lte,  ».  [After  the  Russian 
General  Tsehevkin,  or  Tscheffkin;  suff.  -ite 
(Min.);  Qer.  tschewkinit.] 

Min. :  A  very  rare  mineral,  only  a  few 
specimens  being  known,  one  of  which  is  in 
the  mineral  collection  of  the  British  Museum 
(Natural  History).  Amorphous  ;  hardness,  5 
to  5-5 ;  sp.  gr.  4'508  to  4'549  ;  lustre,  vitreous  ; 
colour,  black  ;  streak,  dark-brown  ;  opaque. 
Compos.  :  a  silico-titanate  of  lanthanum, 
didymium,  cerium,  sesqui-  and  protoxide  of 
iron,  and  lime.  Found  in  the  Ilmen  Moun- 
tains, Urals,  Russia 

tBCheV-mak-ite,  s.  [After  Dr.  G.  Tschermak, 
of  Vienna,  mineralogist  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  massive  mineral,  shewing  two 
cleavages  inclined  to  each  other  at  an  angle  of 
94°.  Hardness,  6'0 ;  sp.  gr.  2-64  ;  colour, 
grayish  to  white  ;  lustre,  vitreous,  phosphor- 
escent An  analysis  gave :  silica,  66'57  ; 
alumina,  15'80  ;  magnesia,  8-00;  soda,  with  a 
trace  of  potash,  6'80;  water,  2'70=99'87,  which 
gives  the  formula,  3ROSiO2  +  Al2O3,2SiOo.. 
This  has  been  lately  shown  to  be  probably 
an  analysis  of  impure  material,  and  as  Des 
Cloizeaux  has  determined  the  optical  pro- 
perties to  correspond  with  those  of  albite,  the 
later  analysis  of  Pisani,  which  is  near  that  ol 
this  mineral,  suggests  that  the  substance  is 
but  albite. 

tscher'-mig-ite,  s.  [After  Tschermig,  Bo- 
hemia, where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).} 

Min. :  A  member  of  the  group  of  alums,  in 
which  the  potash  is  represented  by  ammonia. 
Crystallization  isometric,  occurring  in  octa- 
hedrons, and  fibrous.  Hardness,  1  to  2 ;  sp. 
gr.  1'SO;  lustre,  vitreous;  colour,  white, 
transparent  to  transluscent.  Compos.  :  sul- 
phate of  ammonia,  14'6  ;  sulphate  of  alumina, 
87'8  •  water,  47'6  =  100,  whence  the  formula, 
NH4OSO3+A12O3,3SOS+24HO.  Manufactured 
and  extensively  used  in  place  of  potash-alum. 

tschdt'-wert,  tsch5t'-vert, ».  [CBETVERT. 
ts$hu'-di,  s.     tS9hu  -die,  a.     [TCHUDI 

TCHUDIC.] 

Tsech,  Czech  (Ts,  Ci  as  Ch),  s.    [Slavic.] 
EHinol.  (PI.) :  A  branch  of  the  Slavic  race 

inhabiting  Moravia  and  Bohemia. 

tse'  hong,  *.  [Chinese.]  A  red  pigment  use< 
by  the  Chinese  for  painting  on  porcelain.  I 
consists  of  a  mixture  of  alumina,  ferric  oxide 
and  silica,  with  white  lead.  (Weale.) 

taet'-sS,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Entom.:  Glossina  morsitani,  a  dipterou 
insect,  slightly  larger  than  the  house-fly,  fron 
Africa,  ranging  from  18-24°  south  latitude 
It  is  brown,  with  four  yellow  transverse  bar 


on  the  abdomen,  beyond  which  the  wings 
project  considerably.  According  to  Living- 
atone— who  in  one  of  his  journeys  lost  forty- 
three  oxen  by  the  attacks  of  this  insect— its 
bite' is  almost  certain  death  to  the  ox,  horse, 
and  dog,  but  innocuous  to  man,  the  ass,  the 
mule,  and  wild  animals  generally.  The  head 
is  armed  with  a  proboscis  adapted  for  piercing 
the  skin,  and  the  fly  lives  by  sucking  blood. 
At  first  no  effect  is  perceived,  but  in  a  few 
days  after  an  ox  has  been  bitten,  the  eyes  and 
nose  begin  to  run,  the  coat  stares,  a  swelling 
appears  under  the  jaw,  and  sometimes  at  the 
navel,  emaciation  and  flaccidity  of  the  muscles 
ensue,  followed  by  purging,  staggering,  in 
some  cases  madness,  ami  finally  death.  On 
dissection  the  cellular  tissue  under  the  skin 
is  found  to  be  injected  with  air,  as  if  a  quantity 
of  soap-bubbles  were  scattered  over  it. 

tsing^-li  en,  ».  [Chin.)  A  red  colour  used 
for  porcelain  painting  in  China,  consisting 
chiefly  of  stannic  and  plumbic  silicates,  to- 
gether with  small  quantities  of  oxide  of 
copper,  or  cobalt  and  metallic  gold.  (Weale.) 

"-square,  i.  [The  letter  T,  from  the  shape, 
and  square.]  A  draughtsman's  ruler.  The 
blade  is  set  at  right  angles  to  the  helve,  and 
the  latter  slips  along  the  edge  of  the  drawing- 
board,  which  forms  a  guide.  The  helve  is 
made  of  two  parallel  pieces,  In  one  of  which 
the  blade  is  mortised.  The  other  portion  of 
the  helve  is  adjustable  on  the  set-screw  to 
any  angle,  so  as  to  rule  parallel  oblique  lines, 
or  to  form  an  oblique  base  for  the  triangles, 
which  are  the  usual  rulers  in  plotting  and 
projecting.  To  some  T-squares  is  attached  a 
shifting  member  on  one  side  of  its  tongue,  so 
as  to  give  the  latter  any  angle  with  the  base 
line  of  the  drawing.  The  tangent-screw  and 
protractor  admit  accurate  angular  adjustment. 

tu-a-te'-ra,  tu-a-ta'-ra, «.  [Native  name.] 
Zool. :  Sphenodon  punctatum,  a  large  lizard 
from  New  Zealand.  Olive,  sides  and  limbs 
with  minute  white  specks,  beneath  yellowish ; 
the  spines  of  the  nuchal  and  dorsal  crests 
yellow,  of  the  caudal  brown ;  the  scales  of 
the  back,  head,  tail,  and  limbs  small,  granular, 
nearly  uniform ;  with  irregular  folds  in  the 
skin,  which  are  fringed  at  the  top  with  a 
series  of  rather  larger  scales  ;  an  oblique  ridge 
of  larger  scales  on  each  side  of  the  base  of  the 
tail,  and  a  few  shorter  longitudinal  ridges  of 
rather  smaller  ones  on  eacli  side  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  tail.  (Dit/enbach :  New  Zealand, 
li.  204.)  Many  of  these  animals  have  from  time 
to  time  been  kept  in  the  gardens  of  the  Zoo- 
logical Society,  Regent's  Park,  London.  They 
are  apparently  carnivorous,  and  in  captivity 
were  fed  on  raw  meat,  living  frogs,  small 
lizards,  earthworms,  mealworms,  snails,  young 
birds,  or  mice.  In  the  New  Zealand  court  of 
the  Colonial  Exhibition,  held  in  London  in 
1886,  there  was  a  model  of  the  rocks  and  small 
caves  inhabited  by  the  Tuatera.  These  rocks 
and  caves  were  frequented  by  small  sea-birds, 
who  selected  the  same  places  for  breeding, 
and  there  is  little  doubt  that  the  lizards  fed 
on  the  eggs  and  young  of  these  birds.  The 
Tuatera  is  remarkable  as  being  the  only  liv- 
ing representative  of  the  order  Rhyncho- 
sauria  (q.v.),  and  it  was  in  the  Tuatera  that 
the  parietal  or  unpaired  eye  was  first  ob- 
served. [UNPAIRED-EVE.] 

tub,  *  tubbe,  s.    [Dut.  tobbe ;  Low  Ger.  tubbe 
Origin  doubtful.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An    open  wooden  vessel,  formed    with 
staves,  hoops,  and  heading;  a  small  cask 
half-barrel,  or  piece  of  cooper-work,  with  on 
bottom  and  open  above  :  as,  a  wash-tub,  meal 
tub,  raash-tufr,  Ac. 

"  Ygeten  us  these  knedlng  tubbtt  thre." 

Chmum- :  C.  T.,  8,6(0. 

2.  A  wooden  vessel  in  which  vegetables  are 
planted,  so  as  to  be  portal  >le  and  removable 
into  a  house  in  cold  weather. 

3.  Any  wooden  structure  shaped  like  or  re 
setnbling  a  tub ;  specif.,  a  certain  kind  o 

pulpit.      [TUB-DRUBBER.J 

4.  A  small  cask  or  barrel  for  holding  liquor 
specif.,  a  barrel  used  by  smugglers. 

5.  A  bath  :  the  act  of  taking  a  sponge  bath 
(Colloq.  or  slang.) 

"  A  good  tub  and  a  hearty  breakfast  prepared  us  fo 
the  work  of  the  day."— ««W.  Feb.  so.  18M. 

*  6.  Sweating  in  a  heated  tub.    (Fonnerl 
the  usual  cure  of  lues  venerea.) 

"  She  IB  herself  in  the  tub."— 8ha*etp.  :  iftalurefo 
ilivimre,  ill.  2. 


7.  A  kind  of  rowing-boat.    (See  extract) 

"  Practice  in  glg«.  or  more  technically  styled  «u»i 
(small  boats  to  hold  a  pair  of  oarmmen,  and  in  the 
stern  of  which  the  coach  steers  and  advises  th« 
rowers)."— Daily  Telegraph.  Feb.  ».  1887. 

8.  The    amount    which    a    tub    contains, 
reckoned  as  a  measure  of  quantity  :  as,  a  tub 
of  tea  (60  Ibs.),  a  (116  of  camphor,  &c. 

9.  A  term  of  contempt  for  an  old-fashioned, 
slow-sailing  vessel. 

"  I  laughed,  lor  1  knew  the  Ojeeoto— an  old  tub.  built 
in  Kant  Boston,  never  made  more  than  ten  knots  an 
hour.'  — Scrioneri  UagaAnt,  MOT.,  1878,  p.  81. 

II.  Mining : 

1.  A  corve  or  bucket  for  raising  coal  or  ore 
from  the  mine. 

2.  A  casing  of  wood,  or  of  cast-iron  section! 
bolted  together,  lining  a  shaft. 

3.  One  form  of  chamber  in  which  ore  01 
slimes  are  washed  to  remove  lighter  refuse. 

IT  A  tale  of  a  tub  :  An  idle  or  silly  fiction ; 
a  cock-and-bull  story. 

"You  shall  see  in  us  that  we  preached  no  lyes,  not 
talfft  of  tttbt.  but  even  the  true  word  of  God."— Oow- 
dale :  An  Exhortation  to  the  Crou.  (1654.) 

*  tub  -  drabber,  ».     A  tub-thumper ;  a 
ranting  preacher.     [TUB-PREACHER.] 

"The  famed  tub-drubber  of  Covent  Garden."—  T. 
Brian :  Wartt.  ill.  198. 

*  tub  fast,  «.    A  process  of  treatment  for 
the  cure  of  venereal  disease  by  sweating  in  a 
heated  tub  for  a  considerable  time,  during 
which  the  patient  had  to  observe  strict  absti- 
nence.   (Snakesp. :  Timon,  iv.  3.) 

tUb  fish,  !.      [SAPPHiniNE-OURNARD.] 

tub-man,    . 

Law :  A  barrister  who  has  a  preaudience  In 
the  Exchequer  Division  of  the  High  Court, 
and  a  particular  place  in  court.  [POSTMAN.] 

*  tub-preacher,  *  tub-thumper,  «. 

A  term  of  contempt  for  a  dissenting  minister ; 

hence,  a  ranting,  ignorant  preacher  or  speaker. 

"Our  thoroughfares  are  needed,  of  course,  to  serve* 

much  more  useful  class  of  people  than  the  oleaginous 

tub-thumper!."— Obtener,  Sept.  27,  1885. 

tub-saw,  ».  A  cylindrical  saw  for  cutting 
staves  from  a  block,  giving  them  their  trans- 
versely rounded  shape. 

tub -wheel,  «.  A  form  of  waterwhe«l 
which  has  a  vertical  axis  and  radial  spiral 
floats,  which  are  placed  between  two  conical 
cases  attached  to  the  axis.  The  water  is  pre- 
cipitated from  a  chute  upon  the  wheel,  and 
follows  the  spiral  canals  of  the  wheel  until  it 
is  discharged  at  the  bottom.  It  is  a  combina- 
tion of  the  horizontal  and  common  recoil 
wheel.  The  water,  having  exerted  a  certain 
percussive  force,  flows  downward,  and  passes 
out  as  in  the  downward-discharge  turbine. 

tub,  v.t.  t  i.    [ToB,  ».] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  phice  or  set  in  a  tub:  as,  To  t*i 
plants. 

2.  To  bathe  or  wash  In  a  tub. 

"  In  spite  of  all  the  tutbiaa,  nibWng.  icrubbln^r 

3.  To  practise  or  exercise  in  a  tub.    (ToB, 
«.,  I.  7.] 

"  Alexander  of  Jesus,  who  has  been  tubbed  ft  foot 
deal"— FieM,  March  5,  1887. 
II.  Mining :  To  line,  as  a  shaft,   with  • 
casing  of  wood. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  bathe ;  to  make  use  of  a  bath ;  to 
wash. 

2.  To  practise  in  a  tub.    [ToB,  *.,  I.  7.] 

"  No  other  work  in  the  eight  was  done  during  the 
day  but  some  tubbing  was  indulged  in  later  in  the 
afternoon."— Daily  TelegraiA,  Feb.  8,  1887. 

tu'-ba  (1),  «.    [Lat.  =  a  trumpet] 

1.  Music: 

(1)  A  brass  wind-instrument,  the  lowest  ai 
to  pitch  in  the  orchestra.    It  has  five  cylin- 
ders, and  its  compass  is  four  octaves. 

(2)  A  high  pressure  reed-stop  of  eight  feet 
pitch  on  an  organ.     Called  also  Tuba  mira- 
bilis,  Tuba  major,  Tromba,  or  Ophicleids. 

2.  Anat. :  [TUBE]. 
•3.  Bet.:  A  style. 

tu'-ba  (2),  i.    [Toon*.] 

tu  bw-form,   a.      [Lat.  tuba  =  a  trumpet, 
and  forma  —  form.] 
Bat. :  Trumpet-shaped.    Called  also  Tubate. 


boa,  b6y;  poUt,  Jtfwl;  oat.  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  eylst.   I*  -  «• 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -sion  =  shun;  -Jlon,  -sion  =  ihiin.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble.  -die,  &c.  -  Del.  del. 


4858 


tubal— tubercle 


tu'-bal,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  tnbalis,  from  Lat.  tuba 
=  a  trumpet.) 

Anat.,  Pathol.,  itc.:  Of  or  belonging  to 
tube  of  the  body. 

tubal-dropsy,  .<. 

PathoL  :  Dropsy  of  the  Fallopian  tube ; 
rare  disease. 

tubal  nephrite,  s. 
Palhol. :  Albuminuria  (q.v.). 

tu  -bate,  a.     [Mod.  Lat.  tubatut,  from  Lat. 
tuba  (q.v.).]     [TUB.EFORM.) 

tnb'-ber,  «.    [TUB,  v.] 

Mining :  A  sort  of  pickaxe.    Called  also  a 
BMU, 

tnbber-man,  s. 

Mining :  A  man  who  uses  a  tubber.  Called 
also  a  Beele-man. 

tub  blng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  ft  «.    [Tus,  ».] 

A.  H  B.  As  pr.  par.  t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
G.  At  substantive : 
i  Ordinary  language : 

1.  The  act  of  setting  or  placing  in  a  tub  or 
tubs  ;  the  act  of  bathing  or  washing  in  a  bath 
a  sponge-bath. 

2.  The  act  or  art  of  making  tabs  ;  material 
tor  tubs. 

a  The  act  of  practising  in  a  tub.    [Tus,  «., 

"  A  good  deal  of  ruoHn?  has  been  got  through  In  the 
mornings."—  ffcU.  March  6,  1887. 

IL  Mining:  Lining  a  shaft  with  casks  or 
cylindrical  caissons,  to  avoid  the  caving  in  of 
the  ground.  Especially  used  in  shafting 
through  qnicksand  or  porous  strata  in  which 
there  are  many  springs. 

*  tub  -bish,  o.    [Eng.  tub  ;  -is*.]    Like  a  tub ; 
tubby ;  round-bellied. 

"  Yon  look  for  man  wboae  heads  are  rather  ruAMaV 
IToIcott  .•  futr  Pindar,  p.  1M. 

tub -by,  a.    [Eng.  tub;  -y.] 

1.  Tub-shaped ;  round-bellied,  like  a  tub. 

"  We  had  aeen  him  coming  up  to  Oovent  Garden  In 

bis  green  chaise-cart  with  the  faUuboy  little  horae."— 
Dieeeiu  .'  Sketche*  by  Sot ;  jfonntoMfA  Street. 

2.  Having  a  sound  like  that  of  an  empty 
tub  when  struck  ;  wanting  elasticity  of  sound  • 
sounding  dull  and  without  resonance.    (Ap- 
plied to  musical  stringed  instruments  as  the 
violin.) 

tube  (1),  «.    [Fr.,  from  L«t.  tvbum,  accns.  of 
tubui  =  a  pipe,  tube,  akin  to  tuba  =  a  tram- 
pet  ;  Sp.  i  Ital,  (nfro.J 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  pipe ;  a  canal  or  conduit ;  a  hollow 
cylinder  of  wood,  metal,  indiarubber,  glass 
or  other  material,  used  for  the  conveyance  of 
fluids  and  for  various  other  purposes. 

"  T  adjust  the  flagrant  charge  of  a  short  race. 
That  fumes  beneath  his  nose." 

Cowper:  r«ae.  T.  S5. 

2.  A  telescope,  or  that  part  of  it  into  which 
the  lenses  are  fitted  and  by  means  of  which 
they  are  directed  and  used. 

"  There  lands  the  fiend,  a  spot  like  which  perhaps 
Astronomer  in  the  sun's  lucent  orb 
Through  his  glased  optic  tube  yet  never  saw  " 

Xiltm  :  f.  L..  lit  no. 

U.  Technically: 

1.  Anat. :  A  canal,  as  the  Enstachian  tube 
(q.v.).  Sometimes  it  has  the  Latin  form  Tuba. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  The  narrow,  hollow  portion  of  a  mono- 
petalous  corolla,  or  of  a  monosepalous  calyx, 
fo;  med  by  the  adherence  of  the  edges  of  the 
petals  or  sejnls  to  each  other,  so  as  to  consti- 
tute a  channel.    The  surface  of  such  a  tube  is 
called  the  throat.    A  tube  may  be  long  or 
short,  cylindrical  or  angular,  &c. 

(2)  The  staminiferous  body  formed  when 
the  stamens  adhere  to  each   other  more  or 
less  completely  by  their  filaments  or  their 
anthers,  or  both. 

3.  Chea.. :  [TEST-TUBE], 

4.  Ilydr. :  The  barrel  of  a  chain-pump. 

5.  Ordn. :  A  primer  for  ordnance ;  a  small 
cylinder  placed  in  the  vent  of  a  gnn,  and 
containing  a   rapidly  burning   composition, 
whose  ignition  fires  the  powder  of  the  charge. 

6.  Phyiiol. :  The  narrow,  lengthened  pipes 
or  laterally  enclosed  channels  by  which  the 
fluids  of  animals  or  vegetables  are  transmitted 
from  one  part  of  the  structure  to  the  other. 


7.  Stoarn:    A  pipe  for  water  or  fire  in 
steam-boiler.    It  would  be  well  to  call  water 
pipes  tubes  and  fire-pipes  fines  ;  but  the  prac 
tice  is  to  call  them  flues  or  tubes  according  t 
their  relatively  large  or  small  diameter  re 
spectively.    [TUBULAR-BOILER.] 

8.  Stir;. :  A  pipe  or  probe  introduced  ink 
the  larynx  by  the  mouth  or  nostrils  to  aid 
restoring  respiration  in  asphyxia. 

H  (1)  Lightning-tu.be:  (FuLOUBrre]. 

(2)  Pneumatic  tubes :  A  name  given  to  a  mean 
of  connecting  stops  and  keys  of  an  organ  wit: 
distant  soundboards  and  sliders  by  adlnittini 
a  sudden  puff  of  compressed  air  into  one  etii 
of  a  tube,  to  the  other  end  of  which  a  leatlie 
disc  is  attached,  which  is  immediately  forcec 
upwards,  and  acts  upon  any  necessary  me 
chanism. 

(3)  Tube  of  safety  :  [SAFETY-TUBE). 
tube-brush,  a.    [FLCE-BRUSH.] 

tube-cast,  s.  A  cast,  generally  micro 
scopic,  formed  within  some  capillary  tube  o 
the  body,  voided  with  the  urine  in  albu 
minima.  [BRIGHT'S  DISEASE.]  It  may  be 
bloody,  epithelial,  fatty,  ubrinous,  granular 
or  waxy. 

tube-damp,  s.  A  grab.   [GRAB  (1),  «.,  2. 
tube-cleaner,  s.    [FLUE-CLEAKEH.] 

tube-clip,  s.  A  kind  of  tongs  used  for 
holding  test  or  other  heated  tubes  in  chemical 
manipulations. 

tube-cock,  >.  An  indiarubber  tube  which 
is  fitted  into  a  pipe  and  compressed  by  a 
screw-valve  when  it  is  desired  to  stop  the 
flow  of  liquid. 

tube  -  compass,  s.  A  compass  having 
tnbular  legs  containing  sliding  extension- 
pieces  adjustable  to  any  required  length  by 
means  of  set-screws.  One  leg  carries  a  re- 
versible needle-point  and  pencil-holder,  and 
the  other  a  reversible  needle-point  and  pen. 

tube -condenser,  s.  A  bent  tube,  pro- 
vided with  a  stopper  at  each  end,  through 
which  a  small  tube  is  inserted,  used  in  obtain- 
ing solutions  of  ammonia  and  other  gases 
which  are  absorbable  in  water. 

tube-door,  s. 

Steam:  A  door  in  the  outer  plate  of  a 
smoke-chamber,  which  may  be  opened  to 
allow  the  tubes  to  be  examined  or  cleaned. 

tube-feet,  s.  pi. 

ZooL :  Ambulacra!  tubes ;  a  series  of  con- 
tractile and  retractile  tubes  by  means  of  which 
locomotion  is  effected  by  the  Echinoidea.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  similar,  but  not  homo- 
logous, organs  in  Star-fishes. 

tube  ferrule,  t. 

Steam :  A  short  sleeve  for  fastening  tubes 
in  tube-sheets. 

tube-filter, ,--. 

Wells :  A  perforated  chamber  at  the  end  of 
a  driven  well-tube  or  the  suction-tube  of  a 
pnmp,  to  prevent  gravel  or  other  foreign 
matters  from  getting  into  and  choking  the 
pnmp. 

tube-flower,  ••. 

Sot. :  Cierodendron  SiplumantKvs,  a  verbena- 
ceous  plant,  having  a  funnel-shaped  white 
corolla  and  a  long  tube.  Introduced  into 
Britain  from  the  East  Indies  in  17W. 

tube-flue,  s. 

Steam:  A  furnace-tobe  through  which  flame 


tube-makers,  s.  pi 
ZooL  :  The  Tubicolas  (q.v.). 
tube-packing,  t. 

Weilt :  A  bag  of  flai-seed  or  ring  of  rubber 
to  occupy  the  space  between  the  tube  of  au 
oil-well  and  the  bored  hole,  to  prevent  access 
of  water  to  the  oil-bearing  stratum. 

tube-plate,  s.    A  flue-plate  (q.v.). 

tube-plug,  - . 

Steam:  A  tapered  plug  of  iron  or  wood, 
nsed  for  driving  into  the  end  of  a  tube  when 
burst  by  the  steam. 

tube-pouch, «.  The  artillery-man's  leather 
pouch  for  carrying  friction-primers.  It  has 
two  loops,  by  which  it  is  fastened  to  the  belt. 
The  priming-wire  and  gunner's  gimlet  are 
carried  with  it. 


tube-retort,  «.    [RETORT,  ».,  s.) 
tube-sealer,  «.    A  flue-cleaner  (q.v.). 
tube-sheet,  «.    A  flue-plate  (q.v.). 

tube-well,  «.  An  iron  pipe  of  small 
diameter,  pointed,  and  having  a  number  of 
lateral  perforations  near  the  end,  driven  into 
the  earth  by  a  small  pile-driver  hammer  until 
a  water-bearing  stratum  is  reached.  Wi..-re 
the  deptii  exceeds  fourteen  feet,  two  or  inure 
sections  of  pipe  are  screwed  together.  A 
small  pump  is  attached  to  the  top.  The  de- 
vice is  said  to  have  been  originally  used  n 
America  for  obtaining  brine.  By  means  of  it 
water  can  be  obtained  very  quickly  from 
small  depths. 

t  tube  (2),  ».    [An  abbreviation  of  tuber  (q.v.).  } 
tube-root,  t  tuber  root,  s. 
Bot.  :  ColcHicum  autumnal*. 

tube.f.fc   [TuBE(l),«.]  To  furnish  with  a  tube 

or  tubes. 

"  While  the  too**  engine  feels  the  inspiring  blast" 
H'ordnmh:  raaxfcpiniw  ftfc.  yon.  18.  1811. 


tube'-form,  a.  [Eng.  tvbeQ),  and/orm.)  In  the 
form  of  a  tube  ;  tubular,  tuuifonn. 

tu'-ber,  j.  [Lat.  =  a  swelling,  a  protuberance. 
a  tumour,  frum  the  same  root  as  tumid,  tumour. 
&c.J 

1.  Anat.  :  A  knob,  a  tubercle,  a  knot,  an 
eminence,  a  swelling,  as  tuber  annulan  =  the 
pom  varolii  of  the  encephalon;  tuber  calcit. 
the  large  posterior  extremity  of  tue  heel. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  A  thickened,  annual,  succulent  under- 
ground stem,  covered  with  buds,  from  which 
new  plants  or  other  tubers  an;  produced.    In 
most  if  not  in  all  tubers  a  great  quantity  of 
amylaceous  matter  is  stored,  rendering  many 
of  them  highly  nutritious  as  food.    Example 
the  Potato. 

(2)  Truffle  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Tuberace« 
(q.v.).    Internal  parts  composed  of  interlacing 
branched  filaments,  forming  fleshy  convolu- 
tions with  serpentine  cavities  between  them. 
The  branches  of  the  filaments,  free  at  the  sur- 
face  of  the  lacunae,  bear  spherical  asci,  or 
sacs,  each  with  four  yellowish-biown  globular 
spores.      Tuber  cibdrium  or  (EStiwim  is  the 
Common  Truffle.    [TRUFFLE.] 

3*  Surg.  :  A  knot  or  swelling  in  any  part. 
tuber-root,  «.    [TCBE-ROOT.] 

tu-ber-iV-ce-SB,  tu-ber-a'-cS-i  «.  pi. 
(Mod.  Lat.  tuber;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  sutt 
-ana,  or  masc.  -acei.] 

Bat.  :  An  order  or  sub-order  of  Ascomycetes, 
growing  under  theground  or  upon  its  surface. 
Their  form  is  more  or  less  globular,  their  tex- 
ture solid  and  fleshy,  with  sinuous  cavities 
lined  by  asci,  containing  four  or  eight  finely 
reticulated  or  spinulose  spores.  Ultimately 
the  internal  substance  either  dries  and  be- 
comes hard,  or  rails  into  a  nocculent  powder. 

[TRUFFLE.] 

tu'-ber-at-Sd,  a.     [Lat.  tuberatus,  pa.  par.  of 
tubero  =  to  swell  out,  from  tuber  =  a.  bump  a 
swelling.]    [TUBER.] 
Her.  :  Gibbous  ;  knotted  or  swelled  out. 

tu'-ber-cle,  ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  tuberculum, 
double  dirain.  of  tubrr  =  a  swelling.]  [TUBER.) 

1.  Aunt.:   A  small  protuberance,  a  blunt 
eminence,  as  the  tubercles  of  the  ribs,  of  too 
tibia,  &c. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  A  very  small  ^tnber.    (Lindley.) 

(2)  Any  small  warty  excrescence. 

(3)  [TUBERCULUlf  (2).] 

3.  PathoL:  A  growth,  usually  taking  the 
shape  of  minute  rounded  masses  (whence  the 
name  tubercle  ;  see  etymology),  which  is  apt 
to  spring  up  in  the  lungs,  intestine.-,  mesen- 
teric    glands,    larynx,    4c.,    of    persons    of 
scrofulous  constitution.    It  is  found  in  two 
forms  :    gray    (miliary   or  true)  and  yellow 
tubercle.    The  former  consists  of  gray  granu- 
lations about  the  size  of  a  millet  seed.    It 
contains    lymphoid,    epitheloid,    and    giant 
cells,  with  free  nuclei  and  intercellular  sub- 
stance.   The  giant  cell  occupies  the  centre, 
and  it  is  found  also  in  other  products  than 
tubercle.      The    yellow    is   fonnd    in    larger 
masses  than  the  gray  tubercle;    it  is  softer 
and   more   friable,  and  presents  an  opaque 
yellow  appearance.  It  is  developed  by  osseout 


Ste,  »t,  fire,  amidst,  whit,  fill,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  W9H  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  sir,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.   «e,  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


tubercled— tubing 


4859 


degeneration  from  true  tubercle.  Koch  attri- 
butes the  production  of  tubercle  to  a  bacillus 
which  he  has  discovered  and  described. 
'PHTHISIS.] 

"  Evidence  for  the  prosecution  went  to  ihow  that 
the  lui  ««  of  the  cow  were  affected  with  luberd.  In  ail 
idiauced  «tage."-««W,  Dec.  u.  ISM. 

1  (1)  Omy  Tubercle  of  Rolando  : 

Anat. :  A  mass  of  gray  matter  approaching 
the  surface  of  the  medulla  obiongata  behind 
the  restiform  body  of  the  brain. 

(2)  1  ubercle  of  Lower : 

Anat  •  A  slight  projection,  better  marked 
in  the  quadrupeds  than  in  man,  between  the 
two  orifices  of  the  right  auricle  of  the  heart. 
Quain  considers  the  name  somewhat  mis- 
leading. 

tu'-ber-oled  Cle  as  el),  a.  [Eng.  tubercKf); 
-ed.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  tubercles ;  affected 
with  tubercles. 

2  Bat. :  Covered  with  little  excrescences  or 
warts,  as  the  steins  of  Cotyledon  tuberculata. 

tu-ber'-cu-la,  s.  pi  [PI.  of  Lat  tubercvlum 
(q.v.). 

Pathol  :  An  order  of  skin  diseases  in 
Willan's  classification,  characterized  by  the 
formation  of  small  hard  tumours  or  tuber- 
cles. 

tn-ber'-cu-l^r,  a.    [Eng.  tubemMe);  -or.] 

1.  Full  of  knobs  or  pimples;  tubercnlate. 

2.  Affected  with  tubercles ;  tubercalose ;  as, 
tubercular  phthisis. 

tn-ber'-cu-lste,  tu-beV-cij-lat-Sd,  o. 
(Bug.  tubercuUf);  -ate,  -afed.) 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Tubercular,  tuberculose. 

IL  Technically  :  ' 

L,  Bot. :  The  same  as  TPBEBCLED  (q.v.> 

2.  Zool. :  Warty,  covered  with,  small 
rounded  knobs.  (Owen.) 

tubercnlated-leprosy,  «. 

Pathol. :  A  form  of  Elephaiitiaslt  ffntca.  In 
which  the  morbid  action  chiefly  affects  the 
cutaneous  and  mucous  surfaces. 

tu  bor-cule, «.  [Lat  tubmulum=*  tubercle 
(q.v.).] 

Bot.  (PL) :  The  fleshy  lobes  constituting  the 
roots  of  some  plants,  as  terrestrial  orchids, 
dahlias,  &C. 

ta-ber'-cu-lln,  «.  A  liquid  preparation 
'from  attenuated  cultures  of  the  Bacillus  tuber, 
cnloiia,  proposed  by  Prof.  Koch,  of  Berlin,  in 
1890-91,  as  a  hypodermic  cure  for  tnlwrcnlosls. 
tu-ber-cu-li  za'-tion, ».  [Lat.  tuberculin)  ; 
"Eng.  sufT  -ization.] 

Pathol. :  The  act  of  morbidly  affecting  with 
tubercles ;  the  act  of  rendering  tubercular. 

"In  tuberculitatlon  ol  the  l>ronchl»l  gbjnda."— 
Tanner:  Pract.  of  Med.  [ed.  rtL).  V.  75. 

tu-ber-ou-lose.tu-ber'-OTj-lous.a.  [Fr. 
tubmulew,  from  tubercle  =  a  tubercle  (q.v.).] 
Tubercular ;  affected  with  tubercles ;  suffering 
from  tuberculosis. 

"  The  qne»tlon  ot  the  ri«k  Incurred  by  the  consump- 
tion of  the  meat  and  milk  of  tubtrcvlout  animala  is 
by  no  mean.  aatUfactorlly  determlned."-rt«I<i,  Deo.  19, 
1885. 

tu-ber-cn-lo'-sls,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat. 
tubenulum  (q.v.).] 

Pathol. :  Tubercular  disease,  often  heredit- 
ary, or  else  produced  by  any  cause  lowering 
the  vital  health,  such  as  bad  ventilation, 
Impure  air,  over-crowding,  dampness  of  soil 
and  atmosphere,  excessive  sexual  indulgence, 
mental  labour,  depressing  circumstances,  pro- 
longed lactation,  &C.  The  chief  seats  of  the 
disease  arc  the  brain,  intestines,  kidney,  liver, 
and  lungs.  It  is  akin  to  scrofula  and  the  stru- 
mous  diathesis.  Acute  tuberculosis  is  nearly 
always  fatal.  Cod-liver  oil,  iron,  and  tonics 
are  frequently  beneficial,  especially  quinine. 
It  also  affects  the  lower  animals. 

tu-ber-cu-Ws'-K-tft  »-  [Eng.  tuberculose) ; 
•ity.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tubercu- 
lose ;  a  swelling,  a  knob. 


tu-ber  cu-lum,s.    [Lat] 

1.  Science :  A  tubercle  (q.v.V    Used  In  ana- 
tomy, Ac.,  as  tuberculum  sellce  =  the  Olivary 
process. 

2.  Bot. :  A  convex  shield  without  an  ele- 
vated rim,  found  in  some  lichens,  as  Verru- 
caria.    Called  also  Cephalodium. 


tu-ber-If '-er-ous,  o.  [Lat.  tuber=&  tnber; 
i  connect,  and  fero  =  to  bear.]  Bearing  or 
producing  tubers. 

tn'-ber-J-form,  o-    [Lat  tuber  =  a  tuber ; 

i  connect,  and  forma  =  form.]    Sliaped  like  a 

tuber. 
*  tu'-ber-5n,  s.    [Sp.  tiburon.]    A  shark. 

"  A  ahark  or  tuberon  th»t  lay  gaping  lor  the  flying, 
nab  hard  by."— Jfutlu. 

tu'-ber-ose,  a.  &  s.  [Lat  tuberosus  =  full  of 
swellings,  from  tuber=a.  swelling,  a  tuber 
(q.v.).] 

A.  As    adj. :    Having  knobs   or  tubers ; 
tuberous. 

B.  As  substantive: 

Bot. :  Polianthes  tuberosa,   [POLIANTHES.] 

tu-ber-os'-a-tj,  s.    [Eng.  tuberose);  My.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tuberous. 

2.  A  swelling  or  prominence. 

II.  Ana*. :  A  broad  and  rough  eminence  on 
a  bone. 

"  Present*  an  overhvpping  articular  lace  between  the 
foJeroT»corre,l».ndt,,g  tlteroM,  ol  the  neck  of  the 
aatragalua."—  Tram.  jLmer.  Philotoph.  Societs,  tBt  "»• 

tu'-ber-oiis,  a.  (Fr.  tubereuz,  from  Lat. 
tuberotus  =  tuberose  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  prominent  knobs  or 
excrescences ;  tuberose. 

"The  ttmlami  optld.  nate..  testlcull.  and  the  other 
tuberoui  uartt  mi  «o  "UUiy  dlttiuct  harboura.  ol  the 
aidnlirlta,  mfnietering  to  the  wTeral  .peciM  ol  <enM 
and  phauoy."— orfw:  C'oimo.  Sacra,  bk.  i,  ch.  V. 

2.  Bot.  (Of  an  underground  stem):  (1)  Much 
swollen,  after  the  manner  of  a  tuber ;  (2)  bear- 
ing tubers. 

tu  -ber-ous-ncM,  «.  [Eng.  tuberma;  -nets.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  tuberous ;  tuber* 
osity. 

tub'-fuL  «.  [Eng.  tub,  and  .MO-}  As  much 
as  a  tub  will  hold ;  a  quantity  sufficient  to  fill 
a  tub. 

tu-bl-cau'-lls,  ».  [Lat  tubus  =  a  tube,  and 
caulis  =  a  stalk  or  stem.] 

Paloxbot. :  A  genus  of  Tree-ferns,  from  the 
Permian. 

•  tu-bi^-In-ate,  r.i.  [Lat  tublem,  genlt 
tubicinis  =  a  trumpeter,  from  tuba  =  a  trum- 
pet] To  blow  or  sound  a  trumpet. 

tu-blc-I-nil'-la,  ».  [Mod.  Lat,  dimln.  from 
"Lat  tubicen,  ge'nit  tubicinis  —  a  trumpeter : 
tuba  —  a  trumpet,  and  cano  (pert  cecini)  =  to 
sing  or  play.] 

Zool :  A  genus  of  Balanidse,  parasitic  on 
Cetacea.  Compartments  six,  of  equal  breadth 
shell  sub-cylindrical,  wider  at  top  than  at 
base,  and  belted  by  several  transverse  ridges 

tn-bIo'-4-l»,  i.  pi  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat 
'tuba  =  a  tube,  and  colo  =  to  inhabit] 

1.  Zoology: 

(1)  In  Walcknaei's  classification  a  group  o 
Spiders  enclosing  themselves  or  their  cocoons 
in  silken  tubes.    The  genera  are  included  In 
the  family  Tegenariidte  (q.v.). 

(2)  Sedentary  Annelids,  Tubicolous  Anne 
lids ;  a  sub-order  of  Annelida.  They  fabricate 
tubes  either  by  gluing  together  particles  o 
sand  and  shells,  or  by  secreting  a  chitmous  o 
calcified  shelly  substance,  into  which  thej 
can  withdraw  themselves  by  means  of  tufts  o 
bristles  in  the  sides  of  the  body.    Some  liv 
in  mud  or  in  holes  in  rocks,  and  others  drai 
their  tubes  after  them.    Head  indistinct,  pro 
boscis   short,   jaws   not   present;   branche 
either  absent  qr  limited  to  three  segments  be 
hind  the  head,  except  in  the  Lug-worm,  wher 
they  are  placed  on  the  median  segments.  The 
are  widely  distributed,  and  are  said  to  feed  o 
vegetable  matter. 

2.  Palceont. :  The  Tubicolous  Annelids  [1 
(2)]  are  known  from  the  Silurian  onwards. 

tU-bio'-4-lar,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  tuMa>Vaf>;  Eng 
adj.  suff.  -or.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  To 
— ~"  —  (q.v.). 

,ellde»  are  known  Irom  the  Silurian 
;  falaont.  (ed.  2nd).  1.  310. 


*  tu'-bi-oole,  s.  [TuBicous.]  Any  indivldua 
of  the  order  Tubicolie. 

•tfi-W-o8l'-.-d»,  ».  pi     [Mod.  Lat,  from 
Lat.  tuba  =  a  tube,  and  cola  =  to  inhabit.] 


Zool. :  A  family  of  Colichiferous  Molluscs, 
erected  by  Lumarck  for  tlie  genera  Aspergil- 
him,  Clavagella,  Kistulana,  Septaria,  Teredo, 
and  Teredina.  Tlie  family  has  uow  lapsed: 
Aspergilluni,Clavagella,audFistiilaiia(raerged 
in  Gastrochsena)  are  classed  with  the  Oastro- 
chaenidte ;  Septaria  is  merged  in,  and  Teredina 
is  made  a  sub-genus  of,  Teredo,  which  be- 
longs to  the  Pholadidai. 

u-bitf-i-lous,  a.  [Lat.  tubus  =  a  tube,  and 
colo  —  to  inhabit)  Inhabiting  a  tube ;  tu- 
Hooter. 

"  The  protecting  tube  of  tbe  Tublooltna  Annelldw.' 
— Stcholtan  :  PaUetmt.  led.  2nd),  i.  S10. 

•u'-bi-oorn,  «.  [Lat.  tubut  =  a  tube,  and 
cornu  =  a  horn.] 

Zool. :  A  ruminant  quadruped,  having  horns 
composed  of  a  horny  axis  enclosed  within  a 
sheath  of  the  same  material. 

tu-bif  -QT-$,  «.  pi     [Lat  tubut  =  a  tube, 
and  fero  =  to  bear.  ] 

Zool. :  The  fourth  order  of  Polypiaria,  In  the 
classification   of  Lamarck.      Now   approxi- 
mately the  same  as  Alcyonidse. 
tu'-bl-l&t,  «.    [Lat  <«6a  =  a  tube,  and  Jacio 
=  to  make.) 

Zool :  The  type-genus  of  Tubificidaj  (q.v.), 
formerly  classed  with  the  Naida?. 

tu-bi  f  Ij'-I-dSD,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  tubifex, 
genit.  tubijttfis);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -too;.] 
Zool :  A  family  of  Oligochaeta  Limicola, 
with  numerous  genera,  living  in  cylindrical 
tubes  of  mud  on  the  bottom  of  streams. 
Mouth  segments  united  and  often  lengthened ; 
skin  transparent,  appearing  of  a  deep-red  in 
the  water ;  the  part  within  the  tube  of  a  pale 
straw  colour ;  four  rows  of  recurved  seta;  pre- 
sent, either  simple  or  forked. 

tu'-bl-form,  o.  [Lat.  tubus  =  a  tube,  and 
forma  =  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  tube  ; 
tubular,  tubeform. 

tu-bl-n!»r'-e$,  s.  pi  [Lat  tuba  =  a  tube,  and 
nares  =  the  nostrils.] 

Ornith.:  Petrels;  an  order  of  the  class 
Aves,  named  from  the  character  prevalent 
throughout  the  group,  of  the  external  nares, 
which  are  prolonged  into  a  more  or  less 
lengthy  cylindrical  tube,  lying  usually  on  the 
dorsal  surface  of  the  beak,  and  opening  by 
one  or  two  apertures.  They  are  holorhinal, 


BEAKS  OF  TUBINARES, 

Showing  the  peculiar  uortrils.     The  Bpeelee  reare 
Ire:  f.  taSS  grallaria;  B.  Oceanite.  oceamcu.  ; 
Jr  ProcellarTapeUgk.;  D.  Oarrodla  Herein;  I.  Fela. 
godrorua  marina  ;  r.  Bulweria  columbiua. 

schizognathous  birds,  with  a  large,  broad,  de- 
pressed, pointed  vomer,  and  ti  uncated  man- 
dible •  anterior  toes  fully  webbed,  and  the 
hallux  either  very  small  and  reduced  to  one 
phalanx  or  absent;  with  a  tufted  oll-gl»nd, 
and  large  supra-orbital  glands  furrowing  t,he 
skull.  They  have  an  enormous  glandular  pro- 
ventriculus,  and  small  gizzard  of  unusual 
shape  and  position.  They  are  divided  into 
two  families,  Oceanitidse  and  Procellariidse. 
tU-W-nar-1-al,  o.  [Mod.  Lat  tublnar(a): 
Eug.  adj.  suff.'-ia!.]  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
Tubinares  (q.v.). 

"  One  branch  ol  thl»  itock  has  since  become  greatly 
modified  In  the  Tubinarial  direction."—  Report  v 
ClaUnwr  XxprtMon;  Z<nl»m.  ''•  •*• 


tub'  -Ing,  «-    [Eng.  tub(e);  -ing.] 


Q. -llig,    C.        ^"6-   «"*"\&/»     ""V'l 

1.  The  act  of  making  or  providing  with 
tubes. 

2.  A  length  of  tubes ;  a  series  of  tubes ; 
material  for  tubes :  as,  indiarubbcr  tubing. 


4860 


Tubingen— tubulifera 


Tu'-blng-en,  s.    [Ger.  Tuebingen,  Tubingen 
See  def.) 

Geog. :  A  small  town  on  the  Neckar,  eightee 
miles  from  Stuttgart. 

Tubingen  School,  t. 

Church   Hist. :   The   name   given   to    tw 
schools  of  theology  whose  chief  representa 
tives  were  connected  with  the  University 
Tubingen,  either  as  professors  or  students. 

I.  The  Old  School:  This  was  essential! 
orthodox.  Its  founder  was  Gottlob  Christki 
Storr  (1746-1805),  appointed  professor  of  ph 
losophy  at  Tubingen  in  1775  and  professor  o 
theology  two  years  later.  He  accepted  unre 
servediy  the  divine  authority  of  the  Scriptures 
and  sought  by  grammatical  and  historica 
exegesis  to  build  up  a  system  of  theology 
and  laid  especial  emphasis  on  the  evidentia 
value  of  miracles.  He  came  into  conflic 
with  Kant,  and  criticized  his  Religion  within 
the  Limits  of  Pure  Reason  somewhat  severely 
Storr's  theological  system  is  contained  in  hi 
Doctrino:  Christiana;  pars  theoretica  e  sacri* 
litteris  repetita  (1793).  Among  his  immediat 
followers  were  the  brothers  Johann  Friedricl 
(1759-1821)  and  Karl  Christian  Flatt  (1772- 
1843),  Friedrich  Gottlieb  Susskind  (1767- 
1829),  and  Ernst  Gottlob  Bengal  (1769-1826) 
•  grandson  of  the  great  commentator. 

2.  The  Modern  School :   The  principles  o 
this  school,  founded  by  Ferdinand  Christiai 
Baur  (1792-1860),  also  professor  of  theology  a 
Tubingen,  were  in  direct  opposition  to  those 
of  Storr.     In  1835  Baur  published  his  book 
on  the  Pastoral  Epistles,  in  which  he    at- 
tempted to  prove  that  they  were  the  work  of 
the  second  century ;  and  in  1845  he  denied  the 
authenticity  of  all  the  Epistles  attributed  to 
Paul,  except  that  to  the  Galatians,  1  and  2 
Corinthians,  and  Romans  (with  the  exception 
of  the  last  two  chapters,  the  genuineness  ol 
which  he  called  in  question).    He  considered 
that  Peter  and  John   were  Jewish  in  their 
•lews,  only  distinguished  from  their  brethren 
by  their  faith    in  Christ   as  the   promised 
Messiah.     Paul  maintained  a  doctrine  that 
the  Crucifixion  made  Christ  the  Saviour  of  the 
world,  and  elaborated  a  theory  of  justification 
which  to  them  was  strange,  and  of  religious 
freedom  which  to  them  was  abhorrent    For 
the  sake  of  peace  they  were  for  a  while  silent, 
but  the  animosity  broke  out  in  the  Apoca- 
lypse, which  referred  to   St  Paul  and  his 
teachings  when  denouncing  the  Nicolaitanes 
In  1844,  in  the  Theologixche  Jakrbitcher  (the 
organ  of  the  school),  and  in  a  book  on  the 
Gospels,  in  1847,   Baur  attempted  to  show 
that  the  fourth  gospel  was  not  genuine.    He 
maintained  that  it  was  written  for  the  purpose 
of  reconciling  Judaistic  and  Pauline  Christi- 
anity,  and   consequently    belonged    to   the 
second  century.     Among  the  allies  and  fol- 
lowers of  Baur  were  Zeller,  who  edited  the 
Theologitche    Jahrbiicher ;     Schwegler    (Pos<- 
Apostolic  Age),  Ritschl  (Gospel  of  Martian  and 
Gospel  of  Luke),  Kostlin  (Doctrinal  System  of 
John),    Hilgenfeld,  and    Holsten.     As  Baur 
grew  older  he  modified  his  views  greatly  and 
his  Christianity  of  the  First  Three  Centuries 
(1853),  is  a  more  conservative  work  than  his 
previous   writingn.      He    asserts    the    pure 
morality  of  Christianity,  while  he  denies  its 
miracles.     Since  the  death  of  Baur  some  of 
the  TUbingen  school  have  admitted  the  possi- 
bility of  miracles  as  a  necessary  deduction 
from  Theism,  and  the  judgment  concerning  the 
fourth  gospel  has  been  modified,  and  in  some 
respects  reversed.    [PAULINISM.]    The  Life  of 
Jems  of  Strauss  (1832),  was  the  outcome  of 
the  teachings  of  the  new  Tubingen  school 
The  object  of  the  book  is  to  show  that  the 
gospel  narrative  concerning  Jesus  is  a  philo- 
sophic myth— the  expression  of  an  idea  in  the 
form  of  an  imaginary  biography.    But  in  the 
New  Life  of  Jesus  (auth.  trans.,  1865,  p.  213) 
he  says,  "  1  have,  mainly  in  consequence  of 
Baur's  hints,  allowed  more  room  than  before 
to  the  hypothesis  of  conscious  and  intentional 
fiction."    According  to  Prof.  H.  Schmidt,  of 
Breslau,  the  historical  and  critical  studies  of 
Baur,  though  they  led  him  to  unsound  con- 
clusions, prepared  the  way  for  the  brilliant 
achievements  in  the  departments  of  Church 
history  and  doctrine  of  the  present  genera- 
tion, and  must  ever  be  a  starting-point  for 
the  history  of  early  Christianity. 

Tubingen-theology,  .• . 

Church  Hitt. :  The  teachings  of  the  Tubingen 
School  (q.v.).  It  is  a  term  of  wide  and  varied 
meaning,  sometimes  expressing  little  more 


than  Paulinism  (q.v.),  at  others  embracing 

extreme  Rationalism. 

"  A  strong  reaction  has  long  since  set  in  against 
these  negative  views,  even  in  Tubingen  iUelf.  so  that 
wbat  has  recently  been  known  a»  tbe  Tubinam  thei* 
•SC?.,.  'W  '"on  to  be  a  thing  at  the  past."— 
JtHlintoe*  1  strong:  Ci/dop.  Bib.  fu.,  x.  578. 


tu-bip'-or-a,  s.     [Lat. 
porus  =  a  passage.] 


=  a  tube,  and 


1.  Znol.  :   Organ-pipe    Coral;    a  genus   of 
Alcyonida;,  constituting  the  sub-family  Tulii- 
porinia    (sometimes    elevated    to    family    of 
Alcyonaria,  as  Tubiporida?).   There  are  several 
species  from  the   Red  Sea  and   the  Pacific 
They  increase  by  the  production  of  a  wall  of 
calcareous  spicules  and  a  kind  of  corallum. 

2.  Palceont.:  Etheridgechroniclesonc  species 
from  the  Lower  Jurassic. 

tu'-bi-pore,  ».    (TUBIPOBA.]    Any  member  of 
the  family  Tubiporidse,  or  Organ-pipe  coral. 

tU-bl-pdV-I-dsB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tubipor(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  SUIT,  -ida;.]    [TUBIPOKA.] 

tn-bip-4  rf-na),  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tubipor(a)  ; 
Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -inm.]    [TuBlPOHA.] 

tu-blp'-d-lite,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.  tubiporta); 
suff.  -ite.] 

PalasonL  :  A  fossil  Tubipora. 

tu-bl-te'-lie,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  tuba  =  a  tube,  and 
tela  =  a  web.] 

Zool.  :  A  synonym  of  Tegenariida;  (q.v.). 

tu  -bl-valve,  ».  [Lat.  tubus  =  a  tube  •  Eng 
valve.]  Any  annelid  of  the  order  TUBICOLID^S 
(q.v.). 

•  tub'-ster,  *.  [Eng.  tub,  s.,  I.  s.  ;  suff.  -ster.] 
A  tub-  preacher  or  tub-thuinper. 

"  H«  (UTS  the  tubuer)  that  would  be  rich  ...  must 
play  the  thief—  T.  Broun  :  Workt,  iil.  68. 

tub'-u-lar,  o.  [Lat.  tubulus.  dimin.  of  tubus 
=  a  tube.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Having  the  form  of  a  tube 
or  pipe  ;  consisting  of  a  tube  or  pipe. 

2.  Bat.  :  Approaching  a  cylindrical  figure 
and  hollow,  as  the  calyx  of  many  Silenes. 

tubular-boiler,  s. 

Steam  :  A  name  properly  applicable  to  a 
steam-boiler  in  which  the  water  circulates  in 
vertical,  horizontal,  or  inclined  pipes,  the 
fire  encircling  them. 

tubular-bridge,  s.  A  bridge  formed  by 
a  great  tube  or  hollow  beam,  through  the 
centre  of  which  a  roadway  or  railway  passes. 
The  most  remarkable  ones  ever  constructed 
are  those  across  the  Conway  and  the  Menai 
Straits,  on  the  Chester  and  Holyhead  line  of 
railway.  The  tubes  of  the  Menai  bridge  are 


COKWAY  TUBULAR  BRIDGE  IH  PROOM8 
OF  CONSTRUCTION. 

composed  of  wronght-iron  plates,  from  }  to  } 
of  an  inch  thick,  the  largest  being  about  12 
feet  in  length,  strongly  united  by  rivets,  and 
stiffened  by  angle-irons,  and  vary  in  exterior 
height,  which  is  30  feet  at  the  centre  of  the 
bridge,  diminishing  to  22  feet  9  inches  at  the 
abutments.  Their  exterior  width  is  14  feet  8 
inches,  or  IS  feet  8  inches  in  the  clear,  inside. 
The  first  locomotive  passed  through  it  in 
March,  1850. 

tubular-crane,  s.  A  crane  whose  hol- 
low jib  is  made  of  riveted  boiler-plate. 

tabular  fabric-loom,  s. 

Weaving:  A  machine  for  weaving  hollow 
goods,  such  as  bags,  skirts,  and  other  tubular 
fabrics. 


tubular-girder,  s.  A  hollow  girder 
of  any  shape  made  of  plates  secured  together 
The  tubular  bridge  is  but  the  largest  kind  of 
tubular  girder. 

tubular-glands,  s.  pi. 

Anat. :  One  type  of  glands  found  in  the 
mucous  membranes.  They  are  minute  tubes 
formed  by  recesses  or  inversions  of  the  base- 
ment membrane,  and  are  lined  with  epithe- 
lium. They  abound  in  the  stomach. 

tubular  nerve-fibres,  «.  pi. 

Anat. :  One  of  two  types  of  nerve-fibres, 
characterized  by  being  tubular.  They  are 
more  widely  diffused  anil  more  abundant  than 
those  of  the  other  type.  Called  also  White, 
Medullated,  or  Dark-bodied  Nerve-fibres. 

tubular-rail,  s.  A  railway-rail  having  a 
continuous  longitudinal  opening  which  serves 
as  (1)  a  duct  for  water,  or  (2)  a  steam-pipe  to 
prevent  the  accumulation  of  ice  or  snow. 

tu-bu-lar-i-a,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat 
tubulus  =  a  little  tube.] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Tubulariidse  (q.v  ); 
stems  simple  or  branched,  rooted  by  a  fili- 
form stolon,  the  whole  invested  by  a  poly- 
pary;  polypites  flask-shaped,  with  tilif,,™ 
tentacles  disposed  in  two  verticils,  the  oral 
short  and  surrounding  a  conical  proboscis, 
the  aboral  long  and  forming  a  circle  near 
the  base  of  the  body ;  gonophores  borne  on 
peduncles  springing  from  the  body  of  the 
polypite  between  the  two  circles  of  tentacles. 
containing  fixed  sporosacs. 

t  tu-bu-lar'-I-SB,  s.  pi.    [TUBULAR™.) 

Zool. :  Agassiz's  name  for  the  Corynida-Gym- 
noblastea,  or  Gymnoblastic  Hydroids  of  All- 
man. 

tu-bn-lar'-i-an,  a.  &  ».'   [TUBULARIA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Tuba- 
laria(q.v.). 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Tubularia. 


lari(a);  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ida.] 
Zool. :  A  synonym  of  Corynida  (q.v.). 

tu-bu-la-ri'-I-dsB.  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat,  tutu- 
larUa) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idas.} 

Zool. :  A  widely-distributed  family  of  All- 
man's  Gymnoblastea  (=  Corynida,  q.v.).  Poly- 
pites flask-shaped,  with  two  sets  of  filiform 
tentacles,  one  oral,  the  other  near  the  base 
of  the  body. 

t  tu-bu-la-ri'-na,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  tubu- 
far(ia);    Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 
Zool. :  Ehrenberg's  name  for  the  Corynida. 

[TCBULARIjE.] 

tu'-bu-late,  tu  bu  lat-ed,  o.  [Lat 
tubulus,  dimin.  from  tubus  =a  tube.] 

1.  Made  in  the  form  of  a  small  tube. 

2.  Furnished  with  a  small  tube. 

"The  teeth  are  tubulated  for  the  conveyance  or 
emission  of  the  poyson  into  th«  wound."— Derham  • 
I'ttylico-Tluiology.  bk.  i]t.,  ch.  i. 

tubulated  retort,  s.  A  retort  with  an 
opening  at  top,  closed  by  a  stopper. 

•tub-u-la'-tlon,  s.  [TOBULATE.]  The  act 
of  making  hollow  as  a  tube  ;  the  act  of  making 
a  tube. 

tu'  bu-la-ture,  s.  [Eng.  tubulate);  -are.} 
The  mouth  or  short  neck  at  the  upper  part  of 
a  tubulated  retort. 

tu'-bule,  8.  [Lat.  tubulus,  dimin.  of  tubut 
=  a  tube.]  A  small  pipe  or  flstular  body. 
Used  also  in  Anatomy,  as  Dentinal  tubules. 

"These  stones  haxl  then  Incorporated  with  them  tes- 
taceous l,,b,,l,,.  related  to  the  siphuneuli,  or  rather  the 
vertnlcull  marlnl.-—  Woodward:  On  FvM,. 

tu-bu-ll-bran'-olil-an,  s.  [TUBULIBRAN- 
CHIATA.]  Any  mollusc  of  the  order  Tubu- 
libranchiata  (q.v.). 

•  tu-bu-li-bran-ohl'-a'-ta.  s.  pi.  [Lat 
tubulus  =  *  little  tube,  and  Mod.  Lat.  bran- 
chiata  (q.v.).  j 

Zool. :  An  order  of  Gasteropodous  Molluscs 
in  Cuvier's  system,  now  merged  in  Proso- 
branchiata  (q.v.).  It  included  three  genera: 
Vermetus,  Siliquaria,  and  Magilus. 

tu-bu-llf'-er-a,  s.  pi.  [Lat  tubulu»  =  * 
little  tube,  and/ero  =  to  bear.] 


411*  ttt^ua^  W6>  W8t- hSre-  — * h5r- tt6re!  *•*  »*  •*••  *-  m^«"  «»•  * 

n;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    ».  03  =  6;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tubuliflorse— Tudor 


4861 


Entom. :  A  group  of  Physopoda  (q.v.),  in 
which  the  last  segment  of  the  abdomen  in 
both  sexes  forms  a  little  tube.  [THRIPS.] 

tu-bu-tt-flor'-W,  a.  pi  [Lat  tubulus  (q.v.), 
and^os,  genit  floris  =  a  blossom,  a  flower.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-order  of  Asteracese.  Herma- 
phrodite florets,  tubular,  with  five  or  rarely 
four  equal  teeth.  Tribes  :  Vernoniacete,  Eu- 
patoriacese,  Asteroideae,  Senecionideie,  and 
Cynarese. 

u'-bu-U-form,  a.  [Lat.  tubulus,  dimin.  from 
tubus^a.  tube,  and  /orma  =  form.]  Having 
the  form  of  a  small  tube. 

tu-bu-lip'-or-a,  s.  [Lat.  tubulus  =  &  little 
tubej  and  poms  ="  a  passage.] 

Zool.  &  Palceont.  :  The  type-genus  of  Tubu- 
liporidae.  Tubes  free  for  a  great  part  of  their 
length  ;  colony  attached  more  or  less  exten- 
sively by  its  base,  the  cells  radiating  from 
an  eccentric  point  From  the  Chalk  to  the 
present  day. 

tu-bu-ll-por'-j-dw,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tubuli- 
por(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool.  A  Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Cyclosto- 
matous  Polyzoa,  with  two  genera,  Tubulipora 
and  Alecto,  the  latter  of  which  appears  to 
have  commenced  in  the  Lower  Silurian.  The 
tubular  cells  of  the  polyzoary  are  more  or  less 
free  and  disconnected. 

*  tu-bu-lo'-sa,  s.  pi.  [Neut.  pi.  of  Mod.  Lat 
tubulosus  =  tubular,  from  Lat.  tubulus  (q. v. ).  ] 
Palceont. :  A  provisional  tribe  of  Zoantharia 
sclerodermata,  established  by  Milne  Edwards 
and  Haine.  Corallum  simple  or  compound, 
the  thecse  trumpet- shaped,  tubular,  or  pyri- 
form,  without  tabulte,  and  having  the  septa 
indicated  by  mere  s  trite  on  the  inner  surface 
of  the  wall.  Genera  two,  both  Palaeozoic. 
(Nicholson.) 

tu'-bu-ldse,  a.    [Lat.  tubulus  =  a  small  tube.] 

Resembling  a  tube  or  pipe  ;  fistular,  tubulous. 

tu  bu-lous,  a.    [Lat  tubulus  =  &  little  tube.] 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  Resembling  a  tube  or  pipe ; 
longitudinally  hollow ;  tubular. 

"  A  considerable  variety  of  corals ;  amongst  which 
are  two  red  sorts;  the  one  most  elegantly  branched, 
the  other  tubutout.' -Cook :  Third  Voyage,  bk.  il.. 
ch.  viil. 

IL  Botany:  [TUBULAR]. 

tubulous  boiler,  *.  The  same  as  TUBU- 
LAR-BOILER (q.v.). 

tu'-bu-lure,  ».  [Lat.  tubulus  =  a  little  tube.] 
A  tubular  opening  at  the  top  of  a  retort. 

tu  bu  lus  (pi.  tu'-bu-li),  8.  [Lat,  dimin. 
ottubus  =  &  tube,] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  little  tube  or  pipe. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  (PI.) :  Small  tubes,  as  Tubuli  «ri- 
niferi,  tubuli  of  the  stomach,  &c.   [TUBULE.] 

2.  Bot.  (PI.):  The  same  as  TUBI.    [TUBUS.] 

tu-bur-cln  -I-a,  ».  [Lat  tuburcinor  =  to 
eat  greed  ily.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Ustilaginei,  the  Cseomacei 
of  Corda.  Naked  spored  moulds  with  the 
spores  or  protospores  globose  or  conchiform, 
and  made  up  of  minute  cells.  Tuburcinia 
Scabies  produces  a  scab  (not  the  normal  one) 
on  potatoes. 

tn  -bus  (pi.  tu'-bi),  *.  [Lat  =  a  pipe,  a  tube.  ] 

Botany : 

(1)  PL:  The  pores  of  certain  fungals. 

(2)  (PL):   The  ringed  tubes  found  o: 
globule  of  Chara. 

*  Tu'-ean-us,  *.    [TOUCANA.] 

*  tu'-ce't,  s.    [TUCKET  (2).J    A  steak. 

"The  Cisalpine  tucett  or  gobbeU  of  condited  boll's 
flesh.' Weremy  Taylor:  Strmont,  p.  212. 

*  tuch,  s.    [TOUCH,  *.]    A  kind  of  marble. 

*tuck  (1),  *tucke  (1),  *.  [Fr.  «^oc  =  the 
•tock  of  a  tree  ...  a  rapier,  a  thrust,  from 
Ital.  stocco  =  a  truncheon,  a  short  sword,  from 
Ger.  stock  =  a  stump,  a  stock  (q.v.);  8p.  es~ 
toque;  cf.  also  Wei.  twca  —  &  knife;  twc  =  & 
cut,  a  chip;  Irish  tuca  =  &  rapier.]  A  long, 
narrow  sword  ;  a  rapier. 

"Dismount  thy  tuck,  be  yare  In  thy  preparation, 
for  thy  assailant   is  quick,  skilful,  and  deadly."— 
iketp.  :  Twelfth  Xight,  ill.  4. 


the 


tuck  (2),  *  tucke  (2),  ».    [TUCK,  v.} 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  A  pull,  a  pulling,  a  tug. 

2.  A  fold  in  a  dress  ;  a  horizontal  fold  or 
plait  in  a  skirt,  wide  or  narrow,  and  sewn 
throughout  its  length. 

*  3.  A  sort  of  head-dress  ;  a  turban. 

"And  vpon  his  head  a  goodly  white  tucke,  contain' 
Ing  in  length  by  estimation  fifteeiie  yards."—  Backluyt  : 
Voyage*,  »•  US. 

4.  A  tuck-net  (q.v.). 

"The  tuck  la  narrower  meshed,  and  therefore  scarce 
lawful  with  a  long  buut  In  the  midst."—  Carew. 

5.  Food,    especially  sweetstuff,  pastry,  or 
the  like.    (Slang.)     ' 

"The  (logger  looks  rather  sodden,  as  If  he  didn't 
take  much  exercise,  and  ate  too  much  tnck."—T. 
Bughft  :  Tom  Brovm'i  Schooldayt,  pi.  li,  ch.  T. 

IL  Shipbuilding  ; 

1.  The  after  part  of  a  ship,  where  the  ends 
of  the  bottom  planks  are  gathered,  under  the 
stem  or  counter.     Its  shape  gives  a  name  to 
the  build,  as  square-tuck  (q.v.). 

2.  The  square  stem  of  a  boat. 

tuck  creaser,  s.    [GREASER,  s.,  II.  4.] 
tuck  in,  s.    A  hearty  meal.    (Slang.) 

"  They  set  me  down  to  a  Jolly  goud  tuck-in  of  bread 
and  meat."—  Da  ily  Tetegraph,  Jan.  1,  1866. 

tuck-marker,  s.    [TUCK-CRKASKR.] 
tuck  net,  s, 

Fish.  :  A  landing-net  ;  one  for  dipping  fish 
out  of  a  larger  net. 

tuck-pointing,  *. 

Build.  :  Marking  the  joints  of  brickwork 
with  a  narrow  parallel  ridge  of  white  putty. 

tuck-shop,  s.    A  shop  where  sweetstufls, 
pastry,  &c.,  are  sold.    (Slang.) 

"  Sally  Harrowell'B  ;  that's  our  School-house  fucJfc- 
thop."—T.  Bughet:  Tom  Brown  i  tichooldtiyx,  pt.  i., 
ch.  vi. 

tuck  (3),  «.  [TUCKET  (1),  *.]  The  sound  pro- 
duced by  beating  a  drum  ;  the  beat  or  roll  of 
a  drum.  (Scott  ;  Rokeby,  iii  17.) 

tuck,  *  tuk-ken,  *  tuk-kyn,  v.t.  &,  i.  [Low 
Ger.  tukken,  tokken  =  to  pull  up,  to  draw  up,  to 
tuck  up,  to  entice,  allied  to  tuken  =  to  tuck  up, 
to  lie  in  folds,  as  a  badly-made  garment  ;  0. 
Dut.  tochen  =  to  entice  ;  Ger.  yucken  —  to  draw. 
up,  to  shrug.  Tuck  is  a  variant  of  tug  (q.v.).  j 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  thrust  or  press  in  together  ;  to  gather 
Into  a  narrow  compass.    (Generally  with  up.) 

"  Her  hair  was  In  curl-papers,  her  sleeves  tucked  up 
to  the  elbow."—  Dat/y  Telegraph,  Sept  IS,  1885. 

2.  To  thrust  into  a  narrow  or  close  place. 

"With  that  be  tucked  the  book  under  his  arm."— 
Daucll't  Saturday  Journal,  Sept  20,  1885. 

3.  To  inclose  by  pushing  the  clothes  close 
around.    (With  in  or  up.) 

"  To  have  his  maid  always  to  lay  all  things  In  print, 
and  tuck  him  in  warm."—  Locke  :  On  Education. 

*  4.  To  string  up  ;  to  hang.    (With  up.) 

"The  hangman  .  .  .  then  calmly  tucked  up  the 
criminal  "—  Richardton  :  Pamela,  i.  14L 

6.  To  full,  as  cloth.    (Prov.) 
6.  To  pack  in  barrels.    (Prov.) 

"  185  hogsheads  [of  pilchards]  were  tucked  on  Sun- 
day." —  Morning  Chronicle,  Aug.  28,  1857. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  contract  ;   to  draw  to- 
gether. 

"  An  ulcer  discharging  a  natty  thin  ichor  the  edges 
tuck  in.  and  growing  skinned  and  hard,  give  It  the 
name  of  a  callous  ulcer."—  Sharp:  Surgery. 

T  (1)  To  tuck  in  :  To  eat  heartily.  (Slang.) 
(2)  To  tuck  up:  To  put  in  a  fix  or  difficulty. 

*'  They  have  been  playing  the  old  game  of  skirting, 

eventually  to   find   themselves  fairly  tucked  up    by 
" 


wire-fencing."—  /VsW,  Feb.  H.  1886. 

tuck'  a  hoe,    tuck'  -a-  hod,    «.      [North 
American  Indian.] 

Bot.  :  A  vegetable  substance  of  doubtful 
affinity,  dug  up  in  various  parts  of  the  United 
States.  Fries  thought  it  was  a  fungus,  and 
placed  it  in  the  genus  Pachyma.  Berkeley 
considers  that  it  is  more  probably  the  altered 
state  of  the  root  of  some  flowering  plant.  It 
consists  almost  entirely  of  pectic  acid,  the 
chemical  substance  which,  occurring  in  cur- 
rants and  other  fruits,  renders  it  possible  to 
coagulate  them  into  jelly.  Tuckahoo  is  eaten 
by  the  North  American  Indians,  who  find  it 
a  nutritious  food. 

tuck'-cr,  *.    [Eng.  tuck,  v.;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  tucks. 

2.  An  ornamental  frilling  of  lace  or  muslin 


round  the  top  of  a  woman's  dress  and  descend- 
ing to  cover  part  of  the  bosom. 

"  There  Is  a  certain  female  ornament  by  some  c&lled 
a  tucker,  and  bj  others  the  neck-piece,  being  a  slip  of 
Jim:  linen  or  muslin,  that  used  to  run  in  a  small  kind 
of  ruffle  round  the  uppermost  verge  of  women's  sUy*. 
and  by  tbat  means  covered  a  great  part  of  the  shoul- 
ders and  bosom."—  Guardian.  No.  100. 

3.  A  fuller.    (Prov.) 

"  Tuckert  and  fullers,  weavers  and  cloth  -dressers." 
Money  Matter  i  all  Thing t,  p.  43, 

4.  Food.    (Slang.) 

"  Digger*,  who  have  great  difficulty  In  making  theb 
tucker  at  digging."— Morning  Chronicle,  Ang.  81, 1858. 

*  tuck'-e't  (1),  8.     [Ital.  toccata  =  a  prelude  ; 
toccato  =  a    touch,  from  toccare  =  to    toucb 
(^•V0*]    A  Hourish  on  a  trumpet;  a  fanfare. 

"A  tucket  sounds." 
Shakttp.  :  Othello,  it  1.    (Stage  Direction.) 

*  tuck'-e't  (2),  8.    [Ital.  tochetto^a.  ragout  of 
fish  or  flesh,  from  tocco  =  a  bit  or  morsel.]    A 
steak,  a  collop.    [Tuctcr.] 

*  tiic'-ket-so-nai^e,  s.    [Eng.  tucket  (1), 
and  sonance.}    The  sound  of  the  tucket. 

"  Let  the  trumpets  sound, 
The  tucketsonance  and  the  note  to  mount." 

Shakttp. :  ffenry  V.,  IT.  L 

tuck'-  Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    (TucK,  v.] 

tu'-cum,  s.    [The  South  American  name.] 

1.  Bot. :  Astrocaryum  vulgare,  a  South  Ameri- 
can palm  tree  of  medium  height,  having  its 
leaves  pinnate  and  dilate,  with  prickles.     A 
fine  fibre  or  thread,  obtained  in  Brazil  from 
its  young  leaves,  is  woven  into  bowstring*, 
hammocks,  and  other  articles  requiring  com 
bined  fineness,  lightness,  and  strength. 

2.  Comm. :  The  fibre  described  under  1. 

tu'-C^-tU-CU,  8.      [TliKOTUKO.] 

*tud'-nore,  *  tud-noore,  s.   [Etym.  doubt- 
ful.     Prior  took  the  name  from  Langham'a 
Garden  of  Health,  but  it  may  be  a  misprint.] 
Bot. :  Nepeta  GUchoma.    (Britten  A  Holland.) 

Tu'-dor,  a.  &  8.    [Welsh  Tewdyr  =  Theodore.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Of,  pertaining,  or  relating  to  the  English 
royal  line  founded  by  Owen  Tudor  of  Wales, 
who  married  the  widowed  queen  of  Henry  V. 
The  first  of  the  Tudor  line  was  Henry  VII.,  the 
last  Elizabeth. 

2.  Of,  per- 
taining,  or  re- 
lating to  the 
style  of  archi- 
tecture known 
as  Tudor :  as, 
a  Tudor  win- 
dow, a  Tudor 
arch.  [TUDOR* 

STYLE.] 

B.  Assubst. : 
One     of    the 

Tudor  line  or  TUDOR  ARCH. 

family.  (Bath  Abbey.} 

Tudor-arch.  *. 

Arch. :  The  four-centred  arch,  common  in 
the  Perpendicular 
style. 

Tudor- chim 
nled,  a.  Having 
ornamental  chini- 
ntes,  as  in  the  late 
Tudor  style. 

"A  Tudor-chim- 
•Mutt 

Of  mellow  brick. 

work." 

Tennytort :  Edward 
Morrit,  IV 

Tudor  Mower, 

Arch.  :    A    flat 
TUDOH-CHIMNIES.  flower,     or     leaf. 

Examples  of  the  time  of  Henry    placed  Upright  on 
VIII. :  a.  East  Bardbara  Manor    its      Stalk,      much 

Hon«:fc  Hampton  Court;  c.  used  in  Perpen- 
dicular  work,  es- 
pecially late  in  the  style,  in  long  suits,  as  a 
crest  or  ornamental  • 
finishing  on  cor- 
nices, &c.  (Gloss,  of 
Arch.) 

Tudor  style,  s. 

Architecture : 

1.  A  term  applied          TUDOR  FLOWER. 
to  the  Perpendicular 
style,  from  the  fact  that  it  attained  its  greatest 


b6y ;  p<mt,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    ph  =  £. 
-cian,  -tian  =  sham,   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -(Ion,  -sion  -  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die*  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 

28 


4802 


tue— tug 


development  under  Henry  VII.,  the  first  of 

the  Tudor  line. 

"  The  su\)erb  chapel  which  that  monarch  erected  at 
Westminster  is  the  beat  specimen  that  call  be  adduced 
for  giving  tlie  reader  a  protier  and  correct  idea  of  the 
Florid  or  Tudor  it  Hi  e.—U*rilt :  Sncyc.  Architecture 
<eu.  1-apworth).  i).  las. 

2.  A  term  applied  specifically  to  late  Per- 
IH-ndicular  work.    (Glass,  of  Ardi.) 

3.  lu    domestic   architecture    the    term  is 
applied  to  three  phases  of,  or  developments 
from  the  Perpendicular : 

(1)  The  Early    Tudor,  from   the  reign  of 
Edward  IV.  to  that  of  Henry  VII.  inclusive. 
Of  this  style  there  are  no  perfect  building*, 
and  only  few  truces  remaining,  as  at  Sudley 
in  Gloucestershire  [See  illus.  under  TOUHELI.E] 
and  Hurstmonceaux  in  Sussex.  The  Plaisanee 
tegtm  at  Greenwich  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI. 
and  completed  by  Edward  IV.,  and  the  palace 
of  Siiene,  huilt  by  Henry  VII.,  have  totally 
disappeared  ;  but,  according  to  the  Survey  of 
1649,  the  palace  at  Sheue  abounded  with  bay 
windows  of  capricious  design,  with  rectan- 
gular and  semi-circular  projections,  and  was 
adorned  with  many   octagonal  towers,  sur- 
mounted with  bulbous  cupolas  of  the  same 
plan,    having    their    angles    enriched    with 
crockets. 

(2)  Tudor,  in  vogue   during  the  reign    of 
Henry  VIII.   The  plan  of  the  larger  mansions 
of  this  period  was  quadrangular,  comprising 
an  inner  and  base  court,  between  which  stood 
the  gate-house.    On  the  side  of  the  inner  court 
facing  the  entrance  were  the  great  chamber, 
or  room  nf  assembly,  the  hall,  the  chapel,  the 
gallery  for  amusements,  on  an  upper  story, 


BEAD  OF  TUDOR  DOORWAY. 
(Veitrt  Door,  Adderbury  Church,  OxM.) 

running  the  whole  length  of  the  principal 
side  of  the  quadrangle,  and  the  summer  and 
winter  parlours.  The  materials  were  either 
brick  or  stone,  sometimes  both  combined. 
Moulded  brick-work  and  terra-cotta  were 
also  employed  for  decorative  purposes. 
Among  the  more  striking  peculiarities  were 
the  gate-houses,  the  numerous  turrets  and 
ornamental  chimneys,  the  large  and  beautiful 
bay  and  oriel  windows,  hammer-beam  roofs, 
and  panelled  wainscoting  round  the  apart- 
ments. 

U  The  term  Tudor  is  used  by  some  autho- 
rities to  include  (1)  and  (2). 

(8)  Late  Tudor,  or  Elizabethan.  [ELIZA- 
BETHAN-ARCHITECTURE.] 

tue,  s.     [A  corrupt,  of  tuyere  (q.v.).] 
tnc  iron,  s. 

1.  The  same  as  TUYERE  (q.v.). 

2.  (PI.):  A  pair  of  blacksmith's  tonga. 

Tu-e'-dl-an,  a.  [Seedef.]  Of  or  belonging 
to  the  region  adjacent  to  the  Tweed. 

Tuedlan-beds,  «.  pi. 

Geol.:  The  name  given,  In  1855,  by  Mr. 
George  Tate,  to  a  series  of  beds  underlying 
the  Carboniferous  Limestone  of  Northumber- 
land and  Durham.  They  consist  of  white,  or 
pale  brown  and  gray  sandstones,  and  greenish 
gray  shales,  cement  stones,  and  impure  lime- 
stones. Called  in  Scotland  the  Calciferous 
Sandstones.  (Ethtridge.) 

tue'  fall,  ».  [A  corrupt,  of  fo-/afl]  A  build- 
ing with  a  sloping  roof  on  one  side  only ;  a 
penthouse,  a  lean-to. 

•  tu  -el,  *  tu  -111,  «.    [Tswn,.] 

1.  The  anus. 

2.  The  straight  gut 

"An  al«o  to  helpe  the  providence  or  falling  downe 
tJOth  of  tutil  and  matrice.  and  to  reduce  them  againe 
Into  their  places.'— P.  Holland:  flinie,  ok.  ni..  oh. 
III. 

TUBS'  daj?,  *  Tewesnlay,  *  Tewls-day, 

i.  [A.S.  Tiwa  day  =  the  day  of  Tiw,  the 
Scandinavian  Mars,  or  god  of  war ;  Ic«l.  T$s 
rinjr  =  the  day  of  Tyr,  the  god  of  war;  Dan. 


Tlrs  dag ;  Sw.  Tisdag  ;  O.  H.  Oer.  Zies  lac  = 
the  day  of  Ziu,  god  of  war;  M.  H.  Ger. 
Zintag;  Ger.  Diemlag.]  The  third  day  of  the 
week. 

tu-e  -«ute,  ».  [L&t.  Tues(a)  =  the  river  Tweed, 
'where  found  ;  sun*.  -i(e  (Mm.).] 

Mix. :  An  indurated  variety  of  lithomarge 
(q.v.) ;  colour,  milk-white.  It  has  been  used 
for  slate  pencils. 

tu'-fa,  «.    [Ital.  tnfo  =  a  porous  stone.) 

}'rtrol. :  A  name  given  to  a  light,  porous, 
calcareous  stone,  sometimes  having  the  aspect 
of  a  sandstone,  at  others  earthy  and  enclosing 
the  decomposed  remains  of  vegetable  sub- 
stances. Compos. :  a  carbonate  of  lime ;  de- 
posited by  springs,  rivers,  and  heated  waters 
which  have  traversed  calcareous  rocks.  Some- 
times, though  incorrectly,  spelt  tuff. 

tu  f;i  COOUB  (o  as  sh),  a.  [TUFA.]  Pertein- 
"ing  tn  tufa  ;  consisting  of  or  resembling  tufa 
or  tuff. 

tufaceous  limestone,  ». 

Petrol. :  A  limestone  (q.  v.),  which  partakes 
of  the  characters  of  a  tufa  (q.v.). 

tu'-fa-ite,  '•    CB"8-  tuJW :  suff.  -ite  (Petrol.).'] 
Petrol. :  The  same  as  TUFA  (q.v.). 

tuff(l),  s.  [Fr.  iou/e.]  A  tuft,  (/'roc.)  [TUFT 
(1).  »•] 

tuff  (2),  «.    [TUFA.] 

Petrol. :  An  earthy,  sometimes  fragmentary 
deposit,  of  volcanic  materials  of  the  most 
heterogeneous  kind.  Sometimes  the  result  of 
the  deposition  of  ashy  volcanic  matter  by 
water  into  which  it  ha»  fallen  ;  at  others  from 
the  ejection  of  large  quantities  of  heated 
aqueous  mud  at  a  certain  phase  in  a  volcanic 
eruption.  In  the  latter  case  it  frequently  en- 
closes twigs  and  fragments  of  charred  wood 
overwhelmed  in  the  course  of  the  stream. 
The  words  tufa  and  tuff  are  often  incorrectly 
applied  and  confounded  together. 

*  tuf  foon',  s.    [TYPHOON.] 

tuff-t&f'-fi»-ty,  tfif  t&f '-fS-ta,  ».  [Eng. 
tuft,  and  ta/etn.] 

Fabric :  Tufted  taffeta  ;  a  shaggy  or  villous 
silk  fabric. 

tuft  (1),  *  toft,  "  tuflt,  s.     [Prop,  tuff,  from 
Fr.  timffe  =  a  tuft. ;  ef.  Ger.  zopf—  a  weft  of 
hair,  a  tuft,  a  pigtail ;  Welsh  twff  =  a  tuft. 
Tnji  is  thus  a  derivative  of  top  (q.v.).J 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  cluster,  a  clump. 

"  If  you  will  know  my  house, 
Tin  at  the  tuft  of  olive*,  here  hard  oy.- 

MaA-«/J. :  At  you  Like  It,  lit  D. 

(2)  A  collection  of  small  flexible  or  soft 
things  in  a  knot  or  bunch. 

"The  flowers  are  white,  and  stand  In  the  same 
manner.  In  sinsill  tufts  at  the  top  of  the  branches."— 
Cook :  Pint  f'jyagi.  bk.  L.  cb.  v. 

2.  Fig. :  A  young  nobleman,  entered  as  a 
student  at  a  university,  so  called  from  the 
tuft  or  gold  tassel  worn  on  the  cap.    (Univer- 
sity slang.) 

"  Hi  had  rather  a  marked  natural  indifference  to 
tuftt."—Carl]/le:  Life  of  Sterling,  pt,  ii.,  ch.  lii, 

IL  Botany: 

*  1.  A  head  or  cushion-like  mass  of  flowers, 
each  elevated  on  a  partial  stalk,  and  all  col- 
lectively forming  a  dense,  roundish  mass. 

2.  A  little  bundle  or  collection  of  leaves, 
hairs,  fee.,  or  anything  similar. 

tuft-hunter,  «.  One  who  courts  the 
society  of  titled  persons  ;  one  who  toadies  to 
men  of  title. 

tuft-hunting,  s.  The  practice  of  a  tuft- 
hunter. 

tnft-mookado,  s. 

Fabric :  A  mixed  stuff  of  silk  and  wool,  in 
imitation  of  tufted  taffeta  or  velvet. 

tuft  (2),  •'toft.s.  [Icel.  tovt,  tupt,  toft,  tuft, 
tomt  =  a  green  tuft  or  knoll,  from  tomt,  neut. 
of  tonvr  —  empty:  hence,  a  clearing;  Sw. 
tomt,  neut.  of  tarn  =  empty.]  (Toon.)  A 
knoll,  a  plantation. 
"  A  toure  ona  toft."  Piert  Plowman,  B.  14.  (Prol.) 

*  tiUl,  v.t.  &  i.    [TUFT  (1), «.]         ,« 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  separate  into  tufts. 


2.  To  adorn  with  or  as  with  a  tuft  or  tufta. 

3.  To  form  a  tuft  on  ;  to  top. 

••  Sit  beneath  the  shade 

Of  solemn  oaks,  that  tuft  the  swelling  uio'iuts." 
Thornton. 

4.  To  pass  over,  in,  or  among  the  tufts  of. 

"With  his  hounds 

The  labouring  hunter  tuftt  the  thick  unbarhed 
Where  narbour'd  is  the  hart. '  [grounds 

Drat/ton  :  Pol i/.Oloion.  s.  18. 

B.  Intrant.:  To  grow  in  tufts  ;  to  form  • 
tuft  or  tufts. 

"  tuf-taf-15-ta,  S.      [TUF1TAFFATY.] 

tuft'-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [Tun,  i>.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Adorned  with  a  tuft  or  tufts ;  flowering 
in  tufts.    (Milton:  Ijycicka,  143.) 

2.  Growing  in  tufts  or  chimps. 

"  A  gray  church-tower. 

Whose  battlements  were  aoretn'd  by  tufted  trees.* 
tt'ordiwarth:  Jixcurtion,  bk.  r. 

tufted  fabric,  s.  A  fabric  in  which 
tufts  are  set,  as  in  the  old  form  of  Turkish 
and  Persian  carpets,  in  which  tutts  are  set  in 
on  the  warp,  and  then  locked  in  by  the  shoot- 
ing of  the  weft  and  the  crossing  of  the  warps. 

tufted-quail,  & 

Orntth. :  The  genus  Lophortyjc  (q.v.). 
tufted-umbre,  s.    [UMHKE.J 

tuft'-er,  s.  [Ens.  tuft,  v.  ;  -«•.]  A  stag- 
hound  used  to  drive  the  stag  out  of  cover. 

"  The  ttift'-rt  are  laid  on  the  line  of  the  second  deer, 
and  the  first  is  left  to  pursue  his  way  unmolested."— 
Field,  Sept.  lu,  1887. 

tuft  ing,  s.  [TUFT,  ».]  The  finding  of  a  stag 
in  covert. 

"  Though  a  promising  youngster,  he  was  not  a 
warrantable  deer,  and  once  more  the  tufting  ptucesi 
was  proceeded  with."— Field,  Sept.  25,  is-iti. 

*  tuft'-y,  a.     [Eug.  tuft  (1),  s. ;  -j/.] 

1.  Abounding  with  tufu. 

"  In  the  tufty  frith  and  In  the  mossy  fell" 

Drv-i/ton  :  1'uiji  ulbit,*,  s.  IT. 

2.  Growing  in  tufts.    (Of  the  pineapple.) 

"  Let  me  strip  thee  of  thy  tnfiy  coat." 

ThoiMoit :  summer,  eat, 

tug,  *  togge,  v.t.  At  i.  [A  doublet  of  touch 
and  tow ;  of.  O.  Dut.  toge  =  a  draught  of  l*er; 
Icel.  loggia  =  to  tug,  tog  =  a  tow-rope,  from 
zug  =  a  pull,  tug,  draught.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  pull  or  draw  with  great  effort  or  with 
a  violent  strain ;  to  haul  or  drag  with  great 
labour  and  force. 

"  Swift  from  his  seat  he  leap'd  upon  the  ground ; 
And  tug  ad  the  weapon  from  the  Rushing  wound. 
fapt:  Uoiiur;  Iliad  V.  Ill 

2.  To  pull,  to  pluck. 

3.  To  drag  by  means  of  a  steam-tug ;  to 
tow  :  as,  To  tug  a  vessel  into  port. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  pull  with  great  effort. 

"  POT  six  yean 

Tug  at  an  our  i'  th'  gullies." 
Beaum.  A  flft. :  C'ro/om«/tA0  Country,  U.I. 

2.  To  labour,  to  struggle,  to  strive. 

"  Heerevpou  insnetl  cruell  warre.  in  su  much  that 
In  the  end  Veuutiua  became  eniujie  also  to  the  Bo* 
luaita.  But  tlrut  they  tuaged  toother  )>etwixt  them* 
mtam.m—aoHnHuti  :  Sitt.  £ng.,  bk.  lv.,  ch.  vili. 

tiig,  s.    [Tuo,  «.] 

L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  A  pull  with  great  effort  or  labour, 

"  Downward  by  the  feet  he  drew 
The  trembling  dastard  :  at  the  tug  he  fanV 
Dryden  :  Viryit :  .Kneid  ix.  7H 

2.  A  supreme  effort ;  a  struggle. 

"  When  Greeks  Joined  Ore,ks,  then  was  the  nwol 
war."  Lee:  Alexander  the  Qrent.  iv.  1 

3.  A  kind  of  carriage  used  for  conveying 
timber,  faggots,  Ac. 

4.  Eaw  hide,  of  which  in  old  times  plongi> 
traces  were  frequently  made.    {Scotch.) 

"  Thou  was  a  noble  fittie-Ian'. 
As  e'er  iiitug  or  tow  was  diawn." 
Burnt :  Auld  farmer  lohaAuU  Mfn. 

EL  Technically: 

1.  Hornets:   A  trace  by  which  the  draft 
animal  pulls  the  load. 

2.  Naut. :  A  tug-boat  (q.v.). 

3  Mining:  The  iron  hoop  of  a  corve  to 
which  the  tackle  is  attached. 

H  1.  To  hold  one  tug :  To  keep  one  busilr 
employed;  to  keep  one  at  work.  (Life  of  A. 
Wood,  July  18,  1687.) 


ttte,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  P* 
me,  wore,  woU  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


trigger— Tullian 


4863 


*2.  To  hold  tuff:  To  itand  «Ter«  hand 
Hng  or  hard  work. 

3.  Tug  of  war :  A  game  in  which  sides  are 
Chosen,  and  both  take  hold  of  a  rope,  each 
endeavoring  to  pull  the  other  over  a  Hoe; 
iipnre,  figuratively,  a  supreme  effort,  a  desper- 
ate struggle  for  supremacy. 

tug-boat,  5.  A  strongly-built  steamboat, 
nsetl  for  tugging  or  towing  sailing  or  other 
vessels ;  a  steam-tug. 

tug-carrier,  5.  AD  attachment  to  the 
back  strap  of  waggon  harness. 

tug-hook,  s.  A  hook  on  the  huine  for  the 
attachment  or  the  trace. 

tag-Iron,  ».  The  hook  to  which  a  trace 
IB  attached. 

tug-slide,  s.  A  metallic  substitute  for  a 
buckl",  in  which  the  tug  is  adjusted  as  to 
length. 

ti&g'-ger,  s.     [Eng.  tug,  v. ;   -en]     One  who 

tugs  or  pulls  witli  great  effort. 

tug'-ging,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [Tua,  *.] 

•tug'-glng-ly;  adv.  [Eng.  frigging ;  -ly.} 
With  a  tug  or  tugs  ;  with  laborious  pulling. 

tu'-l,  5.    [Native  name,] 

Ornith.:  The  Poe-bird 
(q  v.). 

•tuille,  *tufl-lette'  (u 

as  w),  s.    [Fr.  tuile,  from 
Lat.  tegula  —  &  tile.] 

Mil.  Antiq.:  One  of  the 
guanl-plates  appended  to 
the  teases,  to  which  they 
were  frequently  fastened 
by  straps.  They  hung 
flown,  and  covered  the 
upper  part  of  the  thigh, 
ami  were  first  introduced 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  V. 

toil  -zle  (z  as  y),  toil'- 
yie,  s.  [Prob.  from  O.  Fr.  toitiller  =  to  mix 
or  mingle  confusedly.]  A  quarrel,  a  broil. 
(Scotch.) 

"  NX  If  It  had  been  for  debt,  or  «'«n  for  a  bit  tail;!* 
#1'  the  t-Hii^er.  the  deil  o'  Nelly  McCaudlUh'a  toi^us 
ahoulcl  ever  ttae  wraiiged  him.  —Scott:  &uy  banner- 
ing, ch.  xxxiL 

tu-i-tion,  *  tu-i-cy-on,  *  tu-i-ty-on,  *  tu- 
yss-on,  s.  [Fr.  tuition  =  protection,  from 
Lat.  tuttionem,  accus.  of  tuitio  =  protection, 
from  tuitus,  pa.  par.  of  tueor=.to  watch,  to 
protect.] 

*1.  Defence,  protection,  keeping,  guardian- 
ship. 

"Were  appointed,  as  the  king's  nearest  friends,  to 
the  tnttton  of  hia  own  royal  pcnoa."— *>M  ;  Richard 
///.,  p.  M. 

*2.  The  particular  watch  and  care  of  a 
tutor  or  guardian  over  his  pupil  or  ward. 

3.  Instruction  ;  the  act  or  business  of  teach- 
ing various  subjects. 

*tu-!'-tion  ar-y,  o.  [Eng.  tuition;  -ary.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  tuition. 

tu  ko  til  ko,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool,  .*  Ctenomys  brasiliensis,  a  small  noc- 
turnal rodent,  about  the  size  of  a  rat,  from 
South  America.  It  is  named  in  imitation  of 
its  cry,  which  surprises  a  stranger  hearing  it 
for  the  first  time,  since  the  animal  is  con- 
coaled  in  its  long  burrow.  Its  food  consists 
chiefly  of  the  roots  of  plants,  in  its  search 
for  which  it  drives  long  galleries,  in  some 
places  completely  tunnelling  the  ground. 

tu'-la  (1),  *.  [Hind.]  A  native  cooking-place 
in  India. 

Tu'-la(2),  *.    [Seedef.]    A  town  in  Russia. 

Tola-metal,  a.    An  alloy  of  gold,  silver, 
and  lead,  forming  the  base  of  the  celebrated 
Russian  snuff-boxes,  popularly  called  platinum 
|     boxes. 

tu  la-si,  s.    [TOOLS!.] 

Sot. :  (I)  Basil  [TooLSi] ;  (2)  Michelia  Cham- 

PCLCtl, 

tiil-bagh  -i-a,  s.  [Named  after  Tulbagh,  a 
Dutch  governor  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.] 

Bo*. ;  A  genus  of  Llliacete,  allied  to  Antheri- 
cum,  with  a  rotate  perianth  and  a  three-valved 
capsule,  with  loculieidal  dehisceuce,  and  a 


smell  like  garlic.  Known  species  seven,  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  They  are  boiled  in 
milk  and  given  in  phthisical  complaints. 

tuloh'-an,  tulch  -in  (ch  guttural),  «.  [Cf. 
Gael.  &  Ir.  tulack  =  a  heap.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  (See  extract  under  TULCHAN- 
BISHOP). 

2.  Church  Hist. :  A  tulchan-bishop(q.v.). 

"Such  bishops  were  called  tulrfiant  by  the  \>eop!e." 
—UcClintock  *  Strong :  Cyclop,  ttib.  LU.,  x.  *7«. 

tulchan  -bishop,  s, 

Church  Hist.  (PI.) :  The  name  given  by  the 
people  to  the  bishops  appointed  in  the  Scotch 
Church  under  the  Concordat  of  Leith,  A.D. 
1572,  which  provided  for  the  restoration  of 
the  old  hierarchical  titles  under  the  control 
of  the  General  Assembly.  The  men  who  con- 
sented to  take  the  titles  bound  themselves, 
as  the  price  of  their  elevation,  to  receive  only 
a  small  part  of  the  revenues,  the  larger  por- 
tion going  to  Morton  and  his  colleagues. 

"A  'tulchau'  la.  or  rather  was,  for  the  thing  U  long 
•tnce  obsolete,  a  calfskin  stuffed  iutu  the  rude  simili- 
tude of  a  calf— similar  enough  to  deceive  the  Imper- 
fect perceptive  organs  of  a  cow.  At  milking  time  the 
tulcmui,  with  bead  duly  !>ent,  was  aet  as  it  tu  auck  ; 
the  fond  cow.  looking  round,  fancied  tlwt  her  calf  was 
busy  aud  that  all  was  right,  and  so  gave  her  milk 
freely,  which  the  cunning  maid  was  straining  in  white 
abundance  Into  her  pail  all  the  while.  Th«  Scotch 
milkmaids  in  those  days  cried, '  Where  la  the  tulchaji  r 
is  the  tultihan  ready?'  80  of  the  bishops.  Scotch 
Uirda  were  eager  enough  to  milk  the  Church  lauds 
and  tithes,  to  gat  reuts  out  of  them  freely,  which  waa 
Dot  always  easy.  They  were  glad  to  construct  a  form 
of  bishops  to  please  the  King  and  Church,  anil  make 
the  milk  come  without  disturbance.  The  reader  iiow 
knows  what  a  tulchan-biihoa  waa.  A  piece  of  me- 
chanism constructed  not  without  difficulty,  in  Parlia- 
uieut  mid  King's  Council,  among  the  Scots,  and  torn 
asunder  afterwards  with  dreadful  clamour,  and  scat- 
tered to  the  four  winds,  so  soon  as  the  cow  became 
awake  to  It  I "— cariyto ;  Cromweil,  i,  s& 

ttV-ld,  s.    [See  def.] 

Bot.  :  The  name  given  by  the  Mexican 
Spaniards  in  California  to  Scirpus  lacustris, 
the  Club-rush  or  Bulrush,  which  grows 
abundantly  in  certain  places  in  the  country  ; 
two  lakes  in  Upper  California  being  called, 
In  consequence,  the  Tule  Lakes.  In  addition 
to  its  uses,  mentioned  in  the  article  Scirpus 
(q.v.),  it  has  been  employed  as  a  material  for 
paper-  making. 

tu'-lip,  "tu'-H-pan,  *.  (Pr.  tulipe;  Ital. 
tulipano ;  Turk,  tiUbend,  the  vulgar  pronun- 
ciation of  dutbend  =  a  turban  ;  Pers.  dulband, 
wliich  Skeat  considers  to  be  from  Hindostanee ; 
Sp.  tulipa  —  a  small  tulip,  tnlipan  —  a  tulip  ; 
Port,  tulipa.  (So  named  because  the  gay 
colours  and  the  form  of  a  tulip  suggest  those 
of  some  turbans.] 

1.  Bot. :  The  genus  Tulipa,  and  spec.  Tulipa 
Gesneriana,  the  Garden  Tulip.  Stem  smooth 
and  one-flowered,  petals  and  filaments  also 
smooth  ;  flower  erect,  the  lobes  of  the  stigma 
decurrent  and  deeply  divided,  the  leaves 
ovate,  lanceolate,  glaucous,  and  smooth.  It 
was  brought  in  seed  from  the  Levant  to 
Augsburg  in  1559.  There  the  same  year 
Gesner  saw,  described,  and  figured  it ;  soon 
after  which  it  was  cultivated  throughout  Ger- 
many. When  it  reached  Holland,  the  future 
seat  of  the  Tulipomania  (q.v.),  is  not  known, 
It  was  introduced  into  England  from  Vienna 
about  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century.  Tulips 
flourish  best  in  rich  loam  and  sand.  More 
than  a  thousand  varieties  are  known,  and 
others  are  being  obtained  at  intervals  from 
seed.  The  most  valuable  kinds  should  be 
taken  up  after  they  have  ceased  flowering, 
and  dried  and  kept  till  autumn,  when  tkey 
should  be  replanted.  They  require  protec- 
tion against  continued  rain  or  hard  frost, 
which  are  apt  to  make  them  rot. 

t  2.  Gunnery:  The  increase  of  thickness  at 
the  muzzle  of  a  gun.  Only  occasionally  found 
in  modern  breechloaders. 

tulip-ear,  s.  An  upright  or  prick-car  in 
dogs.  (Vero  Shaw.) 

tulip  tree,  t. 

Bota  ny  : 

1.  This  tree  (Liriodmdron  tulipifera)  .fre- 
quently called  the  Tulip  Poplar,  is  a  native  of 
the  United  States,  and  one  of  tlie  most  beautiful 
of  American  trees.  It  belongs  to  the  natural 
order  Magnoliacete,  and  is  a  large  and  stately 
tree,  sometimes  from  100  to  140  feet  high,  with 
a  trunk  three  feet  in  diameter.  The  leaves  are 
ronudish,  ovate,  and  three  lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  truncated.  The  flowers  resemble  tulips 
in  size  and  appearance.  The  bark  has  a  bitter, 
aromatic  taste,  and  contains  a  bitter  principle, 
called  Liriodendrin,  which  has  been  used  as  a 


anUtitue  for  quinine.  [See  illustration  und*r 
ABRUPT.] 

2.  Paritium  elatum. 
tulip-wood,  s. 

Bot.  d  Comm. :  The  wood  of  Physocalymma 
floribunda. 
tu'-lip-a,  s.    [TULIP.] 

Bot.  :  Tulip ;  the  typical  genus  of  Talipes 
Bulb  of  few  thick  convolute  scales;  leaves 
radical  and  cauliue,  the  lower  ones  sheathing; 
flowers  usually  solitary,  rarely  two  on  each 
stem  ;  perianth  campanulate,  of  six  segments,, 
without  a  nectariferous  depression  ;  stamen* 
six  ;  anthers  fixed  by  the  base,  erect,  mobile,, 
linear,  bursting  inwards ;  stigmas  sessile,, 
three-lobed  ;  ovary  trigonous  ;  fruit  capsular, 
seeds  many.  Known  species  twenty,  from 
Kuropc  ami  the  North  and  West  of  Asia.  It 
lias  a  one-flowered,  somewhat  drooping  stem ; 
the  leaves  of  the  perianth  ovate,  fragrant, 
acuminate,  bearded  at  the  extremity ;  the 
flowers  yellow  ;  the  stamens  hoary  at  the 
b.ise,  the  stigma  obtuse.  It  increases  by 
throwing  out  a  long,  slim  fibre  from  its  root, 
at  the  extremity  of  which  a  bulb  and,  in  due 
time,  a  fresh  flower  appears.  T.  Gemeriana 
is  the  Garden  Tulip.  [TULIP.]  T.  Oculus-Solis, 
the  Agen  Tulip,  so  called  from  Agen  in  France, 
where  it  grows,  has  large  and  bell-shaped 
flowers  of  a  fine  scarlet  colour,  each  petal 
marked  at  its  base  with  a  broad  black  and 
yellow  spot.  It  is  wild  in  France,  Germany, 
Italy,  &c.  T.  suaveolens,  the  Early  Dwarf  or 
Vim  Thol  Tulip,  is  a  native  of  Southern 
Europe,  blooming  in  March  and  April.  T. 
Celsiaiia,  the  Small  Yellow,  and  T.  bijlora,  the 
Two-flowered  Yellow  Tulip,  the  latter  with 
fragrant  flowers,  are  wild  near  the  Volga,  &c. 
T.  Clusiana  is  the  Red  and  White  Italian 
Tulip.  The  bulbs  of  T.  stellata,  growing  in, 
the  Himalayas,  the  Salt  Range,  &c.,  are  eaten. 

tu-li-pa'-9e-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tvlip(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  sufT.  -acere.] 

Bot.:  »(1)  The  order  Liliacece  (q.v.);  »(») 
the  tribe  Tulipese  (q.v.). 

*  tu'-U-pant,  s.    [TURBAN.] 

tu-llp  e-ee.  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tulipfr);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  surf,  -eee.] 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Liliaceae  (De  Candolle, 
Lindlcy,  &c.),  merged  by  Sir  J.  Houker  in. 
Lilieee. 

*  tU-lip-Iat,  s.     [Eng.  tulip;  -itt.}    A  culti- 
vator of  tulips.    (Browne :  Urne  Buriall.    Bp. 
Ded.) 

tu  lip  6  ma'-m-a,  tu'-lip-ma-ny,  s. 

[Eng.  tulip;  o  connect.,  and  mania  (q.v.).! 
An  extravagant  passion  for  the  possession  of 
tulips  or  tulip-bulbs.  Tulips  were  introduced 
into  Holland  late  in  the  sixteenth  century,, 
and  the  soil  and  climate  being  favourable,  their 
cultivation  formed  an  important  branch  of 
industry,  and  the  plants  became  more  and 
more  in  request  as  they  increased  in  variety 
and  beauty.  The  Dutch  merchants  therefore 
made  the  purchase  and  sale  of  these  bulbs  a 
part  of  their  regular  trade,  and  supplied  other 
European  nations  with  their  importations. 
What  was  at  first  a  legitimate  trade  after- 
wards developed  into  the  wildest  speculation, 
which  rose  to  its  greatest  height  between 
1634  and  1637.  For  a  single  bulb  of  the 
species  Semper  Augustus,  13,000  florins  were 
once  paid,  and  for  three,  30,000  florins,  and 
equally  extravagant  sums  for  other  kinds.  Men 
then  dealt  in  bulbs  as  they  do  now  in  stocks 
and  shares.  At  length  the  fictitious  trade 
collapsed.  Many  persona  who  had  suffered 
ruinous  losses  broke  their  contracts ;  confi- 
dence in  the  ultimate  realisation  of  the  money 
which  tiit-  bulbs  were  supposed  to  represent 
then  vanished,  and  ruin  spread  far  and  wide. 

tu-l!p-6-mar-ni-ac,  s.  [Eng.  tulip;  o 
connect.,  and  maniac,]  One  who  is  affected 
with  tuiipomania  (q.v.). 

tulle,  a.     [Fr.] 

Fabric:  A  kind  of  thin,  open  silk  net, 
originally  manufactured  at  Tulle  in  France, 
in  narrow  strips,  and  much  used  for  ladies' 
head-dresses,  collars,  &c. 

*  tulle,  *  tuil,  v.t.     [ToLE.]     To  entice,  to 

allure, 

Tul'-tt-^n,  a.  [See  def.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  the  celebrated 
Roman  orator ;  Ciceronian. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo^l;  cat,  oell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect.  Xeuophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-«ian.  -Wan  =  shan.    -tiou,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhunu     cious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die,  &c.  i  bel,  del. 


4864 


Tuliy— tumor 


Tul'-lf .  *.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  A  township  in  the  State  of  New 
York  on  Onondaga  Creek. 

Tully  limestone,  *. 
Geol. :  A  limestone  of  Middle  Devonian  Age, 
developed  at  '1  ully. 

tu  16s  t£  ma,  *.    [Or.  rvAoc  (tulos)  =  a  knot 
or  callus,  and'oroua  (ftoma)  —  the  mouth.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Trichogastres.  Puff-balls, 
with  the  peridiura  paper-like,  distinct  from 
the  stem,  which  is  tall.  At  first  covered  with 
a  scaly  or  powdery  coat  or  veil  which  soon 
folia  away ;  then  an  orifice  gives  egress  to  the 
•pores.  Species  few.  Tulostoma  mammomim  IB 
found  in  Western  Europe. 

tu-lu-cu'-nln,  ».    [Mod.   Lat.  tulwun(a); 

-in  (CA«T».).] 

Chem. :  CaoH^O^  A  bitter  substance  ex- 
tracted from  the  bark  of  Carapa  tulucuna  by 
alcohol.  A  light  yellow,  amorphous  resinous 
mass,  slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  chloroform,  insoluble  in  ether. 
Turned  blue  by  sulphuric  acid,  and  by  oxalic, 
tartaric,  and  citric  acids  when  heated. 

tul'-war,  *.    [Hind.]    The  East  Indian  sabre. 

"  It  cannot  be  much  more  difficult  to  get  out  of  the 
way  of  an  Amb't  spear,  a  Zulu's  assegai,  or  a  Pathan's 
tul**r."— flatly  Telegraph,  Oct.  9,  1695. 

turn,  &    [Native  name.] 

Bot :  A  kind  of  mastic  obtained  from  Pis- 
tacia  atlantica,  an  apetalous  tree  ten  feet  high 
growing  in  Barbary. 

•  tumbe.   *  tombe,    v.i.     [AS.   tumMan,] 
[TUMBLE,  u.)    To  tumble.    (Trevisa,  iv.  365.) 

tlim  -b6k-t   5.      [TOUMBEKI.] 

turn  ble,  *  tom-ble,  *  tum-bel,  r.i.  &  *. 
[A  freq.  from  Mid.  Enp.  twm.be,  tombe,  from 
A.S.  tumbian  =  to  tumble,  to  turn  heels  over 
head  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  tuimelen  =  to  tumble  ; 
O.  Dut  tumelen,  tommelen ;  Ger.  taumeln, 
tummeln  =  to  stagger,  to  reel ;  Dan.  tumle ; 
Sw.  tumla  =  to  tumble.] 
A*  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  roll  about  by  turning  one  way  and 
the  other  ;  to  toss,  to  roll ;  to  pitch  about. 

"  Hedgehogs  which 
Lie  tumbling  in  my  barefoot  way." 

Shaketp. :  Tempett,  ii.  1 

2.  To  lose  footing  or  support,  and  fall  to 
the  ground ;  to  be  thrown  down ;  to  come 
down  suddenly  and  violently. 

"  He,  tombling  downe  on  Rround. 
Breathed  out  h  ii  ghost."    Sprnter :  f.  O...  II.  Till.  86. 

3.  To  play  mountebank  tricks,  by  various 
movements  and  contortions  of  the  body- 

4.  To  move,  pass,  or  go  roughly. 

"  W«  are  also  in  the  way,  that  came  tumbling  over 
the  wall."— Bunyan  :  PUyrim't  Proyreu,  pt  1. 

5.  To  understand,  to  comprehend.    (Slang.) 
B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  foil ;  to  throw  down ;  to  hurt 

"  They  began  to  aMalle  him  from  behind,  tumbling 
down  and  throwing  mighty  atone*  upon  hi*  head  and 
neck."— P.  Holland:  Plutarch,  p.  166. 

2.  To  torn  over  ;  to  turn  and  throw  about, 
ms  for  examination  or  search. 

"  They  tumbled  all  their  little  qoiren  o'er. 
To  chiue  propitious  ihafU."  Prior. 

3.  To  overthrow ;  to  throw  down ;  to  cast 
down  ;  to  make  to  totter  and  fall. 

"  He  whoas  nod 

Has  tumbled  feebler  deipots  from  their  iwrny." 

Byron  :  ChUde  Harold,  1.  W. 

4.  To  toss.    (Shakesp. :  Pericles.    ProL) 

5.  To  throw  Into  disorder;  to  disturb,  to 
rumple  :  as,  To  tumble  a  bed. 

*  ft  To  disturb. 

"  They  were  grf*tly  tumbled  up  and  down  In  their 
mind*."—  Bunyan  :  Pilyrim't  I'rogret*,  pt.  ii. 

7.  To  throw  by  chance  or  violence. 

IT  1.  To  tumble  home :  Said  of  a  ship's 
aides  when  they  incline  in  above  the  extreme 
breadth. 

2.  To  tumble  in : 

(1)  To  go  to  bed.    (Slang.) 

(2)  The  same  as  To  tumble  home  (q.v.). 

(3)  Carp. :  To  fit,  as  a  piece  of  timber,  into 
Lher  work. 

3.  To  tumble  to :  To  understand.    (Slo-ng.) 

turn  -ble,  s.    [TUMBLE,  v.}    A  fall ;  a  rolling 
over. 

"  The  play  wu  to  a  great  extent  affected  thereby, 
and  tumbUt  were  frequent,  '—fWd.  Dec.  6,  189*. 


othe 


tumble-bag*  tumble -dang,  *. 

Entom.  :  A  popular  American  name  for  any 
beetle  of  the  family  Scarabaeidse,  which,  after 
enveloping  its  eggs  in  dung,  rolls  the  mass 
thus  formed  to  a  hole  in  which  to  cover  it  up ; 
specifically  applied  to  Coprobius  volvens. 

tumble -down,  a.  In  a  foiling  state; 
ruinous,  dilapidated.  (Colloq.) 

"  They  came  so  low  ai  to  live  in  a  tumble-down  old 
house  at  Peckham."— Daily  T«leyrap\,  Nov.  16,  1SS5. 

tumble-home,  *. 

Naut. :  The  part  of  a  ship  which  fells  In- 
ward above  the  extreme  breadth. 

*tum-ble*-fl-ca'-tlon,  s.  [Eng.  tumble: 
suff.  -flcation.]  The  act  of  tumbling,  tossing, 
or  roiling  about. 

"  A  heavy  rolling  boat,  through  which  we  are 
carried  At  the  rate  of  nearly  three  hundred  miles  in 
twenty-four  hours,  cease*  to  be  the  sickening  tumblrjt- 
catton  which  the  moat  seasoned  amongst  ua  would  find 
It  in  a  full-rigged  ship,  with  her  course*  hauled  up," — 
Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  2S,  1885. 

turn  -bier,  ».    [Eng.  tumble),  v. ;  -er.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who   tumbles ;  one  who  performs 
the  tricks  of  a  mountebank,  such  as  turning 
somersaults,  walking  on  the  hands,  or  the 
like. 

"  An  uncouth  feat  exhibit,  and  are  gone, 
Heels  over  head,  like  tumblrrt  on  a  atafte." 

WordtvortK  :  Xxcvrtion.  bk.  vilL 

2.  A  drinking-glass  of  a  cylindrical  form, 
or  of  the  form  of  the  frustum  of  an  inverted 
cone ;  so  called,  because  formerly,  from  its 
base  ending  in  a  point,  it  could  not  be  set 
down  till  completely  empty  of  liquor. 

"  Mr  Stlggtns.  walking  softly  acroes  the  room  to  a 
well-remembered  shelf  in  one  corner,  took  down  a 
tumbler,  and  with  great  deliberation  put  four  lumps 
of  sugar  In  H»*HMM :  Pickwick,  ch.  HL 

3.  The  contents  of  such  a  glass. 

4.  A  variety  of  pigeon,  so  called  from  its 
habit  of  tumbling  or  turning  over  in  flight. 
It  is  a  short-bodied  pigeon,  of  a  plain  colour, 
black,  blue,  or  white. 

"The  little  tumb'er  flashing  downward  In  the  sun- 
light Is  something  to  watch  and  admire."— Daily  Tel* 
ffraph.  Nor.  17,  IMS. 

"  5.  A  variety  of  dog,  so  called  from  its  habit 
of  tumbling  before  it  attacks  its  prey.  It  was 
formerly  employed  for  catching  rabbits. 

"  The  ttimblrr  and  lurcher  ought  to  be  reckoned  by 
themselves."— Swan :  Speculum  JtuntU,  ch.  ix.,  J  L 

•6.  A  tumbrel  (q,v.). 

7.  One   of  the   religious   sect   known   as 
German  Baptists  or  Bunkers  (q.v.) 

"  They  are  also  called  Tumbler t  from  their  mode  of 
baptism,  which  Is  by  putting  the  person  whilst  kneel- 
ing head  first  under  water."— Riplw  t  Dana:  Amtr, 
Cyclop.,  vi.  318. 

8.  An  American  popular  name  for  the  larvae 
of  the  Culicidse. 

"  They  are  .  .  .  called  tumbteri  from  the  manner  In 
which  they  roll  over  and  over  tn  the  water  by  means 
of  the  fin-like  paddles  at  the  end  of  the  t*il"—Rtplfy 
4  Dana:  Amor.  Cyclop.,  Till.  51. 

*  9.  (PI.) :  A  band  of  roysterers  in  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  who  delighted 
in  offering  insults  to  unprotected  women. 

"  A  third  sort  an  the  tumblfr*.  whose  office  It  Is  to 
set  women  on  their  heads."— Sf«Z«  ;  Spectator,  No.  82*. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Found. :  A  vertically  rotating  case  for 
cleaning  castings  placed  within  it. 

2.  Locksmith. :  A  latch  engaging  within  a 
notch  in  a  lock  bolt,  or  otherwise  opposing 
its  motion  until  it  is  lifted  or  arranged  by  the 
key,  so  as  to  remove  the  obstacle. 

3.  Firearms :  The  piece  In  the  interior  of 
a  gunlock  by  which  the  mainspring  acts  on 
the  hammer,  causing  it  to  fall  and  explode 
the  cap. 

4.  Naut. :  One  of  the  movable  pins  with 
which  the  cathead -stopper  and  shank-painter 
are  respectively  engaged.    By  the  coincident 
movement  of  the  pins,  the  ends  of  the  anchor, 
which  are  suspended  from  the  cathead  and 
fish-davit  respectively,   are    simultaneously 
freed. 

tumbler  punch,  .<. 

Firearm*:  A  small  two-bladed  punch  used 
for  pushing  the  arbour  of  the  tumbler,  the 
band-springs,  &c.,  from  their  seats,  in  taking 
a  gun  apart. 

tum'-bler-ful,  s.  [Eng.  tumbler;  -AKO-] 
As  much  as  a  tumbler  will  hold  ;  a  quantity 
sufficient  to  fill  a  tumbler. 

*  tum'-ble-ster, «.   [Eng.  tumble ;  suff. 
A  female  tumbler. 


turn   bling,   -torn  bllnge,  '  tum-bel  - 
ynge,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [TUMBLE,  v.] 

tumbling-bay,  *. 

Hydraul.  :  A  weir  or  fall  in  a  canal. 

tumbling-bob,  s.  A  counterpoise  weight 
on  an  arm  to  cause  it  to  react  by  gravity  when 
the  Lifting  lever  is  withdrawn. 

tumbling-box,  s.    The  same  as  RUBIBLK, 
*.  5.  (q.v.X 
tumbling-home,  a. 

Shipbuild.  :  Said  of  the  sides  of  a  vessel 
when  they  lean  in. 

tumbling-net,  s.    A  trammel-net  (q.  v.) 
tumbling-shaft,  s.    A  cam-shaft  (q.v.). 

turn  -brel,  turn  bril,  *  turn-  brell. 
*  tun  brelL  s.  IO.  Fr.  tumbrel  ,  tumberel, 
tomberel  ;  Fr.  t  ombereau,  lit.  =  a  tumble-cart, 
a  two-wheeled  cart  which  could  be  tumbled 
over  or  overturned  to  deposit  the  manure  with 
which  it  was  laden,  from  tomber  =  to  fall.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  dncking-stool  (q.v.). 

2.  A  dung-cart  ;  a  sort  of  low  carriage  with 
two  wheels,   used  in  farm-work. 


Cock  &  Fox,  251.) 

3.  A  large  willow  cage  or  rack  for  feeding 
sheep  in  the  winter.    (Prow.) 

4.  The  cart  in  which    the  victims  of  the 
guillotine  were  carried  to  execution  in  the 
first  French  Revolution. 

"  Paul    endeavoured    to   prove   his   devotion,    like 

Landry  in  Tht  Dead  Heart,  by  taking  another  man's 

place  upon  the  tumbril  about  to  start  for  thegulllo- 

Une."—  Kefere*,  May  1,  IftST. 

IL    Ordn.  :  A  covered  cart  for  containing 

ammunition  and  tools  for  mining  and  sapping. 

tu  me  fac'-tion,  *.  [Low  Lat.  tumefactio, 
from  Lat.  tumefactus,  pa.  par.  of  tumefacio  = 
to  make  tumid,  to  swell.]  [TUMEFY.]  The 

act  or  process  of  swelling  or  rising  into  a 
tumour  ;  a  tumour,  a  swelling. 

"The  common  signs  and  effects  of  weak  fibres,  an 
paleness,  a  weak  pulse,  tumefaction*  in  the  wbol* 
boAy.'—Arbuthnot;  OnAlimmtt,  ch.  vi. 

*  tu'-me-fly,  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr.  tumtfier,  from  Lat. 

tumefacio  =  to  make  tumid,  to  cause  to  swell  : 
tumeo  =  to  swell,  and  facio  =  to  make.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  swell  ;  to  cause  to  swell  01 
become  tumid. 

"  I  applied  three  sraxll  canttick*  triangular  about 
the  tumejted  joint."—  Wiieman  :  Surgery. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  swell  ;  to  rise  in  a  tumour. 

*  tu  mes  -c$n9e,  «.     [Lat  tumescens,  pr.  par. 

of  tumesco,  incept,  from  tumeo  =  to  swell.] 
The  state  or  process  of  growing  tumid  ;  tume- 
faction. 

tu  -mid,  a.  [Lat.  tumidus,  from  tumeo  =  to 
swell  ;  from  the  same  root  come  tuber,  pro- 
tuberant, tumour,  tumult,  &c.  ;  Fr.  tumid*; 
tip.  &  Ital.  tumid  n.] 

I.  Being  swollen,  enlarged,  or  distended  • 
swollen. 

*2.  Protuberant;  rising  above  the  level. 

"  Their  tops  ascend  the  sky 
Bo  high  as  Ileav'n  the  tumid  hills." 

i/ttton  .-  f,  L..  Til.  188. 

3.  Swollen  In  sound,  pompous  ;  bombastic 
turgid. 

"  Shall  gentle  Coleridge  pan  annotloed  here. 
To  turgid  ode  and  tu  mid  staiiia  dear  t  " 

£ynm  .•  XnytuJt  Bard4  A  Scott*  JE*rf«w*r*. 

tu-mld'-J-t^,  *.  [Eng.  tumid;  -Uy.]  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  tumid  ;  a  swollen  state. 


-ljf,  adv.      [Eng.   tumid;    -ly.}    In  a 
tumid  manner  or  form. 

tu  -mid-ness,  s.  [Eng.  tumid;  -nets.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tumid  or  swollen  ,* 
tumidity. 

tum'-mals,  *.     [Perhaps  a  corrupt  of  Lat 
tumuliL$  =  a  heap.] 
Mining:   A  great  quantity,  a  heap,  as  of 


tu'-mor,  tu'-mdnr,  «.  [FT.  tumeur,  from 
Lat  tumorcm,  accus.  of  ttt7nor=a  swelling, 
from  (unwo=to  swell;  Bp.  tumor;  Itau 
tumore,] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 
*  1.  A  swell  or  rise,  as  of  water. 
"  One  tumour  drown 'd  another,  billows  strort 
To  outswell  ambition,  water  air  outdrove." 

B*n  Jonton :  MtuquM  at  Cowrt 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  p6 
•r,  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  oo  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  --  kw. 


tumored— tun 


4863 


"  On  the  round  bunch  the  bloody  tumowt  rise." 
Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  11. 

*3.  Affected  pomp;  bombast  ID  language; 
tumid  or  turgid  language  or  expressions. 

II.  Surg. :  Any  morbid  parasitic  growth, 
generally,  though  not  always  attended  by 
swelling.  Tumors  are  primarily  divided  into 
two  classes,  the  first  innocent,  including  uou- 
malignaut,  solid,  benign,  or  sareomatous,  and 
the  second  malignant  growths.  Tumors  of  the 
first  type  occur  in  comparatively  few  tissues, 
and  do  not  alter  the  adjacent  parts  unless 
the  tumor  produces  pressure  and  partial 
inflammation ;  they  have  no  tendency  to 
ulcerate  or  slough,  and,  if  extirpated  by  a 
surgical  operation,  they  do  not  grow  again. 
They  vary  considerably  in  structure,  being 
fatty,  cellular,  fibrous,  fibroid  or  tendinous, 
encysted,  vascular,  cartilaginous,  osseous,  or 
fibre-cartilaginous.  Fatty  and  cartilaginous 
tumors  often  reach  a  size  so  large  that  they 
weigh  many  pounds.  They  should  be  excised 
while  yet  they  are  email.  A  tumor  of  the 
second  type,  on  the  contrary,  may  arise  in 
almost  any  part  of  the  body,  although  some 
parts  are  more  liable  than  others  to  attacks. 
They  teud  to  propagate  their  morbid  action  to 
the  adjacent  parts,  or,  by  means  of  the  blood, 
even  to  spots  remote  from  their  formative 
seat;  they  go  on  to  ulcerate  or  slough,  and, 
when  extirpated  by  surgical  operation,  grow 
again,  fiLln-r  at  the  original  or  some  other 
place.  Tue  cancer  and  tubercle  are  leading 
types  of  malignant  tnmors.  A  third  type  of 
tumor,  the  semi-malignant,  is  intermediate 
between  the  first  two,  and  includes  some  forms 
of  sarcomic  and  of  melanotic  tumor,  the 
painful  subcutaneous  tumor  or  tubercle,  nsevi, 
polypi,  Ac.  Melanosis  is  commoner  in  horses 
than  in  the  human  subject,  and  chiefly  In 
white  or  gray  horses.  Various  tumors  are 
interthoracic,  affecting  the  heart,  the  lungs, 
Ac.  There  are  also  tumors  of  the  brain,  of 
the  liver,  the  rectum,  Ac.;  and  in  women  the 
uterus  and  the  vagina  are  specially  liable  to  be 
affected  with  tumor. 

*  tu'  -  mored,  *  tu'  -  moored,   a.     [Eng. 
(umour;  -ed.]    Distended,  swollen,  tumid. 

"Such  an  one  seldom  unbuttonshis  rumored  breast, 
bat  when  he  rinds  none  to  oppose  the  bigness  of  bit 
look!  and  tongue.' — Juniut :  Hin  Stigmatized,  p.  50. 

•tu'-mor-ous,  *  tu-mour  oils,  a.    [Eng. 

tumor;  *ous.} 

1.  Swelling,  protuberant,  swollen,  tumid. 

"To  MM  the  anguish  of  her  tumomut  spleen." 

firayton  :  Baront  Wart.  ill. 

2.  Vainly  pompous,  bombastic,  tumid. 

"  These  styles  vary ;  for  that    which   Is  high    and 


tump,  s.  [Welsh  twmp  =  a  round  mass,  ft 
hillock,  akin  to  Lat.  tumulus  =z&  mound,  a 
heap;  Eng.  tomb.}  A  little  hillock.  (Prov.) 

"  Huge  uncut  stones  were  .  .  .  covered  over  with 
•artb  or  smaller  stone*  BO  u  to  make  a  tump  or  bar- 
tow."—  K.  A.  Freeman  :  Old  Eng.  Jfiit.,  ch.  L 

tump  (IX  v.t.    [TUMP,  *.] 

Hurt.  :  To  form  a  mass  of  earth  or  a  hillock 
round,  as  round  a  plant  :  as,  To  tump  teasel. 

tump  (2),  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.  Prob.  Indian.] 
To  draw,  as  a  deer  or  other  animal,  home  after 
it  has  been  killed. 

tump-line,  *.  A  head-strap  by  which  a 
porter  steadies  a  pack  carried  on  the  shoulders 
and  back. 

turn'  -  turn,  *.  [Native  word.]  A  favourite 
dish  in  the  West  Indies,  made  by  beating  the 
boiled  plantain  quite  soft  in  a  wooden  mortar. 
It  Is  eaten  like  a  potato-  pudding,  or  made 
into  round  cakes  and  fried. 


*  tu'-mu-lar,  *  tu'-mu-liu*-^,  a.    [Lat. 
'      tumulus'  =  a  heap.]     Consisting  in  a  heap  ; 

formed  or  being  in  a  heap  or  hillock. 

*  tu  mu  late,  v.t.  &  i.    [Lat.  tumulatus,  pa. 
par.  of  tumulo  =  to  cover  with  a  mound,  to 
bury  ;  tumulus  —  a  mound,  a  heap.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  cover  with  a  mound  ;  to 
bury. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  swell 

"  His  heart  begins  to  rise,  and  hi*  pwstona  to  tumK* 
late  and  ferment  into  a  storm."—  WUMnt:  Natural 


Religion,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xvii. 

•tu-mu-l6s-i-t#, 

quality  or  state  of  bei 


s.     [Tun  CLOUS.]     The 
ing  tumulous. 


*  tu    mu-lous,  '  tu-mu   lose,  a.     [Lat. 
tumuloxus,  from  tumulus  — &  heap,  a  mound.] 
Full  of  mounds  or  hills.    (Bailty-) 

*  tu    mult,  *tu-multe,  5.    [Fr.  tumultc, 
from  Lat  tumultum,  accus.  of  tumultus  =  a 
restless  swelling,  a  tumult,  from  tumeo  =  to 
swell ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  tumulto.}    [TUMID.] 

1.  The  commotion,  disturbance,  or  agitation 
of  a  multitude,  generally  accompanied  with 
great  noise,  uproar,  and  confusion  of  voices : 

,  an  uproar. 

"  The  debate*  were  all  rant  and  tumult."—  Macaulay  : 
Silt.  Eng.,  ch.  xlL 

2.  Violent    commotion    or   agitation,   with 
confusion  of  sounds. 

"  What  can  be  nobler  than  the  idea  it  giTes  tu  of 
the  Supreme  Being  thus  raising  a  tumult  among  the 
elements,  and  recovering  them  outof  their  coufusion?" 
— Additun:  Spectator. 

3.  Agitation  ;  strong  excitement ;  irregular 
or  confused  motion. 

"The  tumult  of  their  minds  having  subsided,  and 
given  way  to  reflection,  they  sighed  often  and  loud."— 
Cook:  Pint  Voyage,  bk.  ii.,  ctul. 

*tu  -mult,  v.i.  [TUMULT,  *.]  To  make  a 
tumult  or  disturbance ;  to  be  in  a  great  com- 
motion. 

"  Why  do  the  Gentilea  tumult,  and  the  nations 
Muse  a  vain  thing."  Milton :  Ptalm  ii. 

*  tu'-mult-er,  *.     [Eng.  tumult;  -«r.)    One 
who  raises  or  takes  part  in  a  tumult. 

"Though  afterwarda  he  severely  pimish'd  the  tu- 
multert,  was  faiu  at  length  to  seek  a  dismission  from 
his  charge."— Milton:  Hist.  Eng..  bk.  ii. 

*  tu-mul'-tU-ar-I-ljf,  adv.     [Eng.  tumultu- 
ary ;    -ly>}      In  a  tumultuary  or   disorderly 
manner ;  turbulently. 

"  Arius  behaved  himself  so  seditiously  and  tumut- 
tuarily,  that  the  Niceue  fathers  procured  a  temporary 
decree  for  his  relegation, "—Bp.  Taylor;  Liberty  of 
(Kp.  I>ed.) 


*  tu-mul'-tu-ar-i-ne'ss,  *.     [Eng,  tumultu- 
ary;  -ness.}     The  quality  or  state  of  being 
tumultuary;  disorder,  tumultuousness,   tur- 
bulence. 

"The  tumulttt'trineu  of  the  people,  or  the  factious- 
ness of  presbyters,  gave  occasion  to  invent  new 
models."— Sitxm  Barilvt*. 

*tu-muT-tU-ar-J,  a.  [Fr.  tumultuaire,  from 
Lat.  tumultvarius,  from  tumultus  — &  tumult.] 

1.  Disorderly,  turbulent. 

"  The  tumultuary  army  which  had  assembled  round 
the  basin  of  Torbay.1'— Macaulay :  Bitt.  Eny..  ch.  xvi. 

2.  Promiscuous,  confused  :  as,  &  tumultuary 
attack. 

3.  Restless,  agitated,  unquiet 

"  I  have  pasa'd  the  boisterous  sea  and  swelling  bil- 
lows Of  tli is  tumultuary  lite."—f/ovell  :  Ltttert.  bk.  ii., 

Km 

*  tu  mill'- tu- ate,  r.i.     [Lat.  tumultuatus, 
pa.    par.    of   tumultuor,   from    tumvltus  =  a 
tumult  (q.  v.).]    To  make  or  raise  a  tumult. 

"  But  the  injury  being  once  owned  by  a  retribution, 
and  advanced  by  defiance,  like  an  opposing  torrent  it 
t>tmultutitt.s,  grows  higher  and  higher."— South:  Her- 
mom.  vol.  viii.,  ser.  T. 

*  tu  mul-tu-a'-tion,  s.    [Lai  tumultuatio.} 
[TUICULTUATE.]     Commotion ;  irregular,  dis- 
orderly, or  turbulent  movement ;  tumult. 

"That  In  the  sound  the  contiguous  air  receives 
many  strokes  from  tbe  particles  of  the  liquor,  seems 
probable  by  the  sudden  and  eager  tumultuation  of  its 
parts,"— Boyle. 

tu-mul'-tu-ous,  a.  [Fr.  tumultueux,  from 
Lat.  tumultuosus.  from  tumultus  —  a  tumult 
(q.v-).] 

1.  Full  of  tumult,  disorder,  or  confusion ; 
disorderly,  turbulent. 

"  A  tumultuous  council  of  the  chief  Inhabitants  was 
called. "-Muaaulay:  Bitt.  £ng.,  cb.  xlL 

2.  Conducted  with  tumult  or  disorder ;  noisy, 
uproarious,  boisterous. 

"  The  debate  was  sharp  and  tumultuout."— if acau- 
lay :  Bitt.  Sng.,  ch.  xiii. 

3.  In  disorder  or  confusion. 

"The  Trojans  rush  tumultunu*  to  the  war." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  Iv.  253. 

*4.  Agitated,  disturbed,  as  by  passion  or 
the  like. 

"  His  dire  attempt,  which  nigh  the  birth 
Now  rolling,  bolls  in  his  tumultuout  breast" 

Milton:  P.  L..  iv.  W. 

6.  Turbulent,  violent. 

"Furiously  running  In  upon  him  with  tumultuout 
speech,  he  violently  caught  from  his  head  his  rich  cap 
oi  sables. "—Knolltt:  Bitt.  Turkrt. 

*  tumultuous  petitioning,  5. 

Law :  The  offence  of  stirring  up  tumult  or 
riot  under  the  pretence  of  petitioning,  as  was 
considered  to  be  done  at  the  opening  of  the 


Parliament  of  1640.  By  13  Car.  II.,  I.  5,  it  is 
enacted  that  no  petition  to  the  House  ol 
Parliament  for  any  alteration  in  Church  or 
State  shall  be  signed  by  above  twenty  per- 
sons, unless  the  matter  thereof  be  approved 
by  three  justices  of  the  peace,  by  the  major 
part  of  the  grand  jury  (sixteen  men)  in  the 
country,  and  in  London  by  the  Lord  Mayor, 
Aldermen,  and  Common  Council,  and  that  no 
petition  shall  be  presented  by  more  than  ten 
persons  at  a  time.  The  penalty  was  not  to 
exceed  £100  fine,  or  three  months'  imprison- 
ment. By  1  Will.  &  Mary,  ii.  2,  it  was  declared 
that  the  subject  has  a  right  to  petition,  and 
that  commitments  and  prosecutions  for  such 
petitioning  are  illegal.  Since  then  there  has 
been  no  barrier  in  the  way  of  sending  to  the 
Legislature  petitions  with  as  many  signatures 
as  can  be  obtained.  (English.) 

tu-muT-tu-ous-lj^,  adv.    [Eng.  tumultuous; 
-ly.]    In  a  tumultuous,  disorderly,  or  turbu- 
lent manner ;  with  tumult  and  disorder. 
"  [They]  tread  tumultuoutlft  their  mystic  dance." 
Pitt :  CallimacHut  to  Jupiur. 

tu  muT  tu  ous  ness,  s.  [Eng.  tumultuout; 
'-ness.]  Ttie  quality  or  state  of  being  tumul- 
tuous ;  tumult,  disorder,  turbulence. 

"  This  Is  enough,  I  hope,  to  make  you  keep  down  this 
boiling  and  tumultuoutnext  of  the  soul,  lest  it  make 
you  either  a  prey,  or  else  companions  for  devils,"— 
Hammond  :  Workt,  iv.  Hi. 

tu-mu-lus  (pi.  tu'-mu-li),  t.     [Lat.  =  « 

mound,  a  heap.] 

Anthrop.  :  A  mound  raised  over  a  tomb,  or, 
more  rarely,  as  a  memorial  of  some  person  or 
event.  Tumuli  are  found  in  large  numbers  in 
all  parts  of  the  world.  Many  date  from  pre- 
historic times,  and  they  are  mentioned  in  the 
earliest  writings  of  the  human  race.  In  the 
Bible  three  instances  of  this  mode  of  burial 
occur  (Josh.  vii.  20,  viii.  29  ;  2  Bam.  xviii.  17) ; 
a  tumulus  was  raised  over  Patroclus  (II.  xxiii. 
255),  and  Dercennus,  King  of  Latium  (Mn.  xi. 
850)  was  interred  in  a  similar  manner,  there 
being  no  authority  in  the  poem  for  the 
"  marble  tomb  "  in  which  Dryden  makes  him 
lie.  This  method  of  interment  continued  down 
to  historical  periods,  and  is  still  practised 
amoi.^  savage  Yaces.  Not  improbably  some 
traces  of  it  linger  in  civilized  communities  in 
the  practice  of  throwing  earth  upon  the  coffin 
at  a  funeral.  In  size  tumuli  vary  greatly,  the 
larger  probably  marking  the  graves  of  chiefs 
or  persons  of  distinction.  Tumuli  are  very 
numerous  in  the  United  States,  the  work  of 
the  former  people  called  the  Mound  Builders, 
and  probably  to  some  extent  of  modern 
Indians.  Some  of  these  mounds  are  very  large, 
the  larger  ones  being  probably  intended  for 
other  purposes  than  burial.  The  largest  of 
these  is  at  Cahokia,  Illinois.  It  is  90  feet 
high  and  measures  700  by  500  feet  at  base.  At 
Upsala,  In  Sweden,  there  are  three  large  and 
high  tumuli  close  together,  popularly  sup- 
posed to  be  the  burial-places  of  Odin,  Thor, 
and  Freya.  Most  of  the  tumuli  in  Scandi- 
navia, where  they  are  extremely  numerous, 
consist  of  large  mounds,  in  which  there  is  a 
passage  leading  into  a  central  chamber,  round 
the  sides  of  which  are  placed  the  bodies  of 
the  dead.  These  tumuli  closely  resemble  the 
dwelling-houses  of  Arctic  people,  such  as  the 
Esquimaux.  In  England  there  is  very  rarely 
any  chamber,  tbe  mound  being  raised  over  a 
simple  stone  vault  or  chest.  Inside  the 
chambers  or  vaults  are  found  the  bones  or 
ashes  of  the  dead,  or,  possibly,  of  the  victims 
of  funeral  sacrifice  (Horn.. :  II  xxiii.  175,  Paut., 
iv.  2,  Herod.,  iv.  71,  Cats. :  de  Bello  Gal.,  iv.  19), 
together  with  stone  or  bronze  implements, 
pottery,  ornaments,  and  bones  of  animals, 
probably  the  relics  of  burial  feasts.  The  de- 
termination of  the  age  of  tumuli  Is  a  very 
difficult  problem  ;  as  a  general  rule,  where  the 
bodies  have  been  buried  in  a  sitting  or  con- 
tracted position,  the  tumulus  belongs  to  the 
Neolithic  Age  ;  where  the  body  has  been  cre- 
mated, to  the  Bronze  Age ;  and  where  the  body 
is  in  an  extended  position,  to  the  Iron  Age. 

tun,  *  tonne.  *  tunne,  *.    [A.S.  tunne  —  * 
barrel ;  Sw.  &  Icel.  tunna ;  Dan.  tbnde ;  Ger. 
tonne  =  a  cask ;  Low  Lat.  tunna,  tonna ;  Fr. 
tonneau ;  Gael,  tunna;   Irish  tunna,  tonna; 
Wei.  tynell.     Ton  and  tun  are  doublets.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  A  name  originally  applied  to  all  large 
casks  or  similar  vessels  for  containing  liquids 
or  the  like. 

"  And  ever  slth  hath  so  the  tappe  yronne, 
Til  that  almost  all  empty  is  the  tonne." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  *,8«. 


boll,  boy ;  pint,  Jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  aa ;  expect,  Xcnophon.  exist,    ph      t 
-clan,  -tian  =  sham,    -tion,  -a ion  =  shuu ;  -tto&»  -fioa  -  Chun,    -cious,  -tious,   eious  ~  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


486C 


tun— Tungusic 


J.  Hence,  a  certain  measure  or  quantity, 
•nch  as  might  be  contained  in  such  a  vessel, 
as  the  old  English  tun  of  wine,  which  con- 
tained four  hogsheads  or  262  gallons.  All 
higher  measures  than  the  gallon  are  now 
illegal  In  Britain.  The  Great  Tun  of  Heidel- 
berg, constructed  !n  1751,  is  capable  of  con- 
taining 800  hogsheads,  or  283.200  bottles,  but 
It  has  not  been  used  since  1769. 

*  3.  A  ton  weight  of  2,240  pounds. 

4.  A  certain  quantity  of  timber,  consisting 
of  forty  solid  feat  if  round,  or  fifty-four  feet  if 
•quare. 

*  5.  A  large  quantity. 

"  Draw  turn  of  blood  out  of  thy  country1*  breast' 
S/Kiiw.  •  Cortotanitt,  IT.  A. 

&  The  fermenting  vat  of  a  brewery. 

*  7.  A  drunkard. 

*  8.  A  Sue  ;  a  shaft  of  a  chimney. 

'  My  newe  bou  with  the  11)  tumv>  of  chlmneyt."— 
Bury  WMt,  p.  20. 

IL  ZooL:  A  popular  name  sometimes  applied 
to  the  shells  of  the  genus  Dolium,  from  their 
shape. 

•tun-bellied,  o.  Having  a  largo,  pro- 
tuberant belly. 

tun-belly,  *.  A  large,  protuberant  belly, 
like  a  tun. 

"  A  double  chin  and  a  ftm-fteHy.*1—  T.  Brown  :  rTorkt, 

*  tun  dish,  «.    A  funnel. 

"  Filling  »  bottle  »1U>  a  fun-d.**."— Slaitop. :  Xta- 
lure  for  Measure,  ill.  2. 

tin,  t>.<-    [Tim,  «.)    To  pnt  into  a  tnn  or  cask. 

"  If  ill  the  must,  or  wort,  while  It  worketh.  before 
it  be  tunned,  the  bums*  rtay  ft  time,  noil  be  oiteu 
chauged  with  freah.  It  will  make  ft  tovereigu  drink 
for  melancholy."—  Bacon. 

Cnn'-a-ble,  tune'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  tune; 
«HLj 

1.  Ca]iable  of  being  put  in  tune  or  made 
harmonious. 

2.  Harmonious,  musical,  cheerful,  melodious. 

"  The  breeu,  that  murmurs  through  yon  cauea, 
Rn..H*>it«  the  ear  with  tunable  delight." 

anr,  lit 


, 

*  tun'-a-ble-neSS,  «.     [Eng.  tunable;  -ness.] 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  tunable ;  har- 
mony ;  harmonious  ness  ;  melodiousness. 

*  tun'-a-bl&  adv.    [Eng.  *unoi(If); -tjr.]   In  a 
tunabfe  manner ;  harmoniously,  melodiously. 

"  Iu  summer  he  [merle  or  blackbird]  singeth  cleare 
and  rtirt'iVft.  in  winter  h«  utattetb  and  rtammereth." 
— F.  Holland :  PltaU,  bk.  *..  ch.  xxix. 

Tun -bridge,  «.  [See  def.J  The  name  of  a 
town  in  Kent,  England. 

Tun  bridge- ware,  9.  A  kind  of  small 
cabinet  work,  covered  with  a  peculiar  veneer 
made  by  glueing  together  long  strips  of  dif- 
ferent coloured  woods  into  a  solid  mass  longi- 
tudinally from  which  slices  are  taken  hori- 
zontally. 

Tollbridge  Wells  sand,  t. 

Geol. :  The  uppermost  beds  of  the  Hastings 
sand.  They  are  from  160  to  880  feet  thu-k, 
and  may  be  divided  Into  an  Upper  and  Lower 
Tanbridge  Wells  sand,  the  latter  associated 
with  OttckfielU  clay.  They  are  separated  by 
a  clay  called  the  Grinstead  clay,  which  Is  of 
fluviomarine  origin.  (Etheridge.) 

tund  -ing,  *.  [Lat.  tundo  =  to  beat.]  A  word 
used  in  Winchester  college  to  describe  a  pun- 
ishment there  administered  by  senior  pupils 
termed  prefects  or  praepostors,  and  consisting 
of  a  flogging  administered  between  the  shoul- 
ders with  a  ground  ash.  Wheii  any  grave 
offence  had  been  committed  the  punishment 
was  public. 

"  The  public  funding*  wen  almost  always  fairly 
conducted,  being  generally  adequate  but  not  eicee- 
«lve."— SchooUifi  at  Winchftter  foUegt. 

tnn'-dra,  s.  [Russ.}  A  term  applied  to  the 
immense  stretches  of  flat,  boggy  country,  ex- 
tending through  the  northern  part  of  Siberia 
and  part  of  Russia,  where  vegetation  takes  an 
arctic  character,  consisting  in  large  measure 
of  mosses  and  lichens.  They  are  frozen  the 
greater  part  of  the  year. 

tune,  *.    [Fr.  ton  =a  tune  or  sound,  from  Lat. 
tonum,  accus.  of  tonus  =  &  sound,  from  Gr. 
•ttvo*  (tonos)  =  a  tone  <q.v.).] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 
*  1.  A  sound,  a  tone. 

*  Nor  an  mine  «ax*  with  thy  tmin*'«  tune  delighted." 
Shaketp. ;  Sonnet  1. 


2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

3.  Correct  or  just  intonation  In  singing  or 
playing ;  the  condition  or  quality  of  producing 
or  of  being  able  to  produce  tones  in  unison, 
harmony,  or  due  relation  with  others ;   the 
normal  adjustment  of  the  parts  of  a  musical 
instrument,   so  as  to    produce  its  tones  in 
correct  key-relationship,   or  in  harmony  or 
concert  with  other  instruments. 

"  Oat  of  tune,  out  of  tune  on  the  strin.es. " 

tfuiketp.  :  Ttio  titiitlemen,  iv.  S. 

4.  Hence,  harmouy,  concord. 

"  A  continual  parliament  I  thought  would  but  keep 
ttie  oomrnou  weal  in  tune,  by  preservtne  Uws  lu  their 
due  execution  and  rigour.'  —  Ai«0  Chart**. 

5.  Frame  of  mind ;  mood  ;  temper,  for  th« 
time  being ;  hence,  to  be  in.  tune.  =  to  be  in  the 
right  disposition,  mood,  or  temper. 

"  It  ii  not  the  walking  merely,  it  is  keeping  yourself 
in  tune  for  a  walk.'  —Burrouffht :  Pepacton,  p.  218. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Music :  A  rhythmical  melodious  succes- 
sion or  series  of  musical  tones  produced  by 
one  voice  or  instrument,  or  1-y  several  voices 
or  instruments  in  unison  ;  an  air;  a  melody. 
The  term,  however,  is  sometimes  used  to  in- 
clude both  the  air  and  the  combined  parts  (as 
alto,  tenor,  bass)  with  which  it  is  harmonized. 

"  That  I  might  Ring  It  to  a  fune. ' 

Mut«p. .-  Two  Gentlemen,  I.  2. 

3.  PlvrenoL  :  An  organ  situated  above  the 
outer  part  of  the  eyebrow.  When  well  de- 
veloped it  enlarges  the  lower  and  lateral  part 
of  the  forehead.  It  is  supposed  to  enable  one 
to  appreciate  the  relations  of  sounds  which 
are  heard  by  the  ear.  Called  more  rarely  the 
organ  of  Melody. 

If  To  the  tune  of:  To  the  sum  or  amount  of. 
(Colloq.) 

tune,  v.t,  &  i,    [Tujre,  «.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  put  into  such  a  state  as  to  produce 
the  proper  sounds  ;  to  cause  to  be  in  tune. 

"  To  tune  bis  lute,  or,  if  he  will'd  it  more, 
On  toine*  of  other  times  ami  tongues  to  pore." 
Byron  :  Lara,  i.  SI. 

2.  To  sing  with   melody  or  harmony ;  to 
sing  or  play  harmoniously. 

"  The  little  birds  th.it  tune  their  morning'*  joy." 
Shakeip. :  /tape  of  Lucrrcc,  1,107. 

3.  To  give  a  special  tone  or  character  to ;  to 
attune.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  VI.  x.  7.) 

*  4.  To  put  into  a  state  proper  for  any  pur- 
pose, or  adapted    to    produce   a    particular 
effect ;  to  accommodate. 

"  Had  even  tuned  hla  bounty  to  «ing  happiness  to 
him."— Shake*?.  :  All't  Weil,  iv.  & 

*  B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  form  melodious  or  harmonious  sounds. 

"  Whilst  tuning  to  the  water' •  fall, 
The  small  birds  eaiig  to  her." 

Jtrayton:  Cyittftut. 

2.  To  utter  inarticulate  musical  sounds 
with  the  voice ;  to  sing  without  using  words  ; 
to  hum  a  tune. 

tune'-a-ble,  a.    [TUNABLE.] 

toned,  a.    [Eng.  tun(e);  -ed.]    Having  a  tune 
or  tone,  (Usuallywithaqualifyingadjective.) 

"  Mean-time  the  shrill  tund  bell  .  .  . 
Tinkles  far  off."  Warton :  Adi  t  Alcyoo. 

tnne'-ffel,  *  tune'-f&ll, «.  [Eng.  tune  ;-fuU.} 
Harmonious,  melodious,  musical 


•*  II] eren  to  myielf  never  • 
Bo  tuneful  a  poet  before." 

Cower:  CatKartna. 

6l-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  tuneful;  -ly.]  In  a 
tuneful,  melodious,  or  harmonious  manner ; 
melodiously,  musically. 

"  The  praliee  of  Ood  tunefully  performed.'— Alter, 
burg :  Sermoru,  TOl.  Iv.,  ser.  t. 

tune  ful-ness,  >.  [Eng.  tuneful ;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  tuneful ;  melodious- 
ness. 

tune  less,  *tune-lesse,  a.  [Eng.  How; 
-less.] 

1.  Unmusical,  inharmonious.  (Scott :  Rokeby, 
1.4.) 

2.  Not  employed  in  making  music ;   not 
giving  out  musical  sounds. 

"  In  hand  my  tuneleu  harp  I  take.' 

Spemer:  Sonnet  44. 

S.  Not  expressed  rhythmically  or  music- 
ally ;  unexpressed ;  silent ;  without  voice  or 
utterance. 

tnn'-er,  t.  [Eng.  tu*(t),  v. ;  -«-.]  One  who 
tunes ;  specif.,  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
tune  musical  instruments. 


tuhg,  «.    [Native  name.]    (See  compound.) 

tung-oll,  ». 

Chem. :  A  slightly  acrid  oil  expressed  front 
the  nuts  of  various  species  of  El&ococca,  a 
native  of  Japau.  In  Japan  it  is  used  as  an 
article  of  food ;  in  China  for  painting  boats, 
furniture,  ore.,  and  la  the  Mauritius  for  burn- 
ing. 

*  tun-greve,  *.  [A. 8.  lire  =  a  town,  and  (rr?ve 
=  areeve.)  A  town  reeve,  orbailiff.  (Coicrf.) 

tungs  tate,  ».    [Eng.  runj>((ic);  -at*,) 
Chvtn.  :  A  salt  of  tungstic  acid. 
U  Tungstate  of  iron,  tnngstate  of  iron  and 
manganese  =  Wolfram  ;   tungstate  of  lead  = 
Stulzite ;  tungstate  of  lime  =  Sclutlite. 

tfing'-sten,  s.  [8w.  tungsten  =  heavy  stone ; 
Ger.  schwersteinj 

1.  Chem. :  Wolfram.    A  hexad  metallic  ele- 
meut,  symb.,  W;  at.  wt.,  184;  sp.  gr.  17'4  ; 
found  as  ferrous  tungstate  in  the  mineral  wolf- 
ram, and  obtained  as  a  dark-gray  powder  by 
strongly  heating  tungstic  oxide  in  a  stream  <>i 
hydrogen.       It  Is  a  white,  nearly  infusible 
metal,  very  hard  and  brittle,  unaffected  by 
air  or  by  water  at  the  ordinary  temperature, 
insoluble  in  hydrochloric  and  dilute  sulphuric 
acids,  but  oxidized  by  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid,  and  by  nitric-acid.    It  forms  two  classes 
of  compounds,  in  which  it  is  quadrivalent  and 
sexvalent  respectively. 

2.  Min. :  The  same  as  SCHEELITE  (q.v.> 
tungsten  methyl,  t. 

Chem. :  W(CH3)4.  Obtained  by  heating  a 
mixture  of  tungsten  and  methyhc  iodide  at 
240°  in  a  sealed  tube  for  several  days.  It 
crystallizes  in  colourless  tables,  melting  at 
110'. 

tung - sten'- Ic,  a.  [Eng.  tungsten;  -ic.} 
Tungstic  (q.v.). 

tung  -stio,  a.  [Eng.  tungtHm) ;  -ic.]  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  tungsten  (q.  v.). 

tungstic  acid.  s. 

1.  Chem.  :  HjO'WO,.  Prepared  by  digesting 
native  calcium  tungstate  in  nitric  or  hylni- 
ciiloric   acid,  and  washing  out  the  soluble 
calcium  salt  with  water.     It  is  of  a  straw- 
yellow  colour,  is  insoluble  in  water  and  acids, 
but  dissolves  readily  in  solutions  of  the  Hied 
alkalis  and  in  ammonia. 

2.  Min. :  [TusosTiTK]. 
tnngstic  chloride,  >. 

Chem. :  WC1«.  Hexchloride  of  tungsten. 
Produced  by  heating  a  mixture  of  tungstic 
oxide  and  charcoal  in  a  current  of  chlorine. 
It  forms  dark  violet  scales,  having  a  bluish 
metallic  iridescence.  Its  vapour  has  a  reddish- 
brown  colour. 

tungstic  dichloride,  s. 

Chem.:  WC1S.  Obtained  by  heating  tnngstic 
chloride  in  hydrogen  gas.  It  is  a  loose,  gray 
powder,  destitute  of  crystalline  structure, 
and  readily  decomposed  by  water. 

tungstic  ochre,  *.    [TUNUSTITZ.] 

tungstic  oxide, «. 

Chem. :  VO3.  Trioxide  of  tungsten.  A 
yellow  powder  obtained  by  dissolving  tungstic 
acid  in  ammonia,  evaporating  to  di-.vne.ss,  and 
heating  in  contact  with  air.  It  is  insoluble 
in  most  acids,  but  soluble  in  alkalis. 

tung'-stite,  >.  [Sw.  tungst(en)  =  heavy  stone ; 
sutf.  -ite  (Jtfin,).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  mostly  as  an 
earthy  encrustation,  but  has  been  found  in 
distinct  cubic  crystals  at  St.  Leonard,  near 
Limoges,  France.  Colour,  bright  yellow  o- 
yellowish -green.  Compos.:  oxygen,  20'7  , 
tungsten,  79'3  =  100,  with  the  formula  WO3. 
Called  also  Tungstic  acid  and  Tungstic  ochre. 

tung  stous,  a.  [Eng.  tvngst(en) ;  -oui.J  Per- 
taining to  tungsten. 

tungstous-oxide,  >. 

Chem. :  WOj.  Dioxide  of  tungsten.  A 
brown  powder  produced  by  exposing  tungstic 
oxhle  to  hydrogen  at  a  temperature  not  ex- 
ceeding dull-redness.  It  is  insoluble  in  water 
and  acids,  and,  when  heated  in  the  air,  takes 
flre,  being  reconverted  into  tungstic  oxide. 

Tun-gus'-Io,  a.  [Turanian  native  name.]  A 
term  applied  to  a  group  of  Turanian  tongue, 
spoken  by  tribes  in  the  north-east  of  Asia. 


fete,  fftt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  «ir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who.  son ;  mate.  ouH,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    n,  o*  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


ttmhoof—  tunnel 


4867 


The  most  prominent  dialect  is  the  Manchu, 
spoken  by  the  tribes  who  conquered  China  in 
1644.  These  tongnes  are  of  a  very  low  grade 
of  development,  having  no  verb,  and  possess- 
ing no  distinction  of  number  and  person  in 
their  predicative  words. 

tun   hoof.  *  tun-hove,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Sot.  :  Nepeta  Gltchoma.    [ALEHOOF.] 

tu'  -  nic,  *  tu'  -  nick,  s.    [Lat.  tunica  =  an 
under-garment  worn  by  both  sexes;   Fr.  tu- 
•ni'pie;  A.S.  tunice,  tunece  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  tunica; 
It:tl.  tunica,  tunica.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  3. 

2.  A  kind  of  loose  garment  formerly  worn 
by  both  sexes  of  all  ages,  now  only  worn  by 
women  and  boys.   It  is  drawn  in  at  the  waist, 
and  does  not  reach  much  below  it. 

3.  A  military  coat, 
IL  Technically  : 

\.  A  not.  :  A  membrane  which  covers  some 
part  or  organ,  as,  the  abdominal  tunic,  the 
•tunica  of  the  stomach,  the  eye,  Ac. 

2.  Bot.  :    A    coat  ;  any  loose  membranous 
»kin  not  formed  from  epidermis,  spec  : 

(1)  The  outer  covering  of  one  kind  of  bulb. 
ITuNicATED  BL'LB.] 

(2)  The  outer  and  inner  integuments  of  a 
seed,  the  former  called  the  external  and  the 
latter  the  internal  tvinic. 

"Their  frnit  la  locked  np  all  winter  In  their  gems. 
and  well  fenced  with  uei*t  and  close  (wife**"—  Dtrnam: 
PhUitoi-Thtolon-  (Todd.) 

3.  Class.  Antiq.  :  A  very  ancient  form  of 
garment  in  constant  use  among  the  Greeks 
[CHITON],    and    ultimately    adopted    by    the 
Romans.    The  Roman  tunic  was  a  aort  of 
«hirt  worn  under  the  toga, 

and  buckled  round  the  waist 
by  a  girdle.  It  reached  an 
inch  or  two  below  the  knees, 
and  the  sleeves  were  so  short 
that  they  merely  covered  the 
shoulders  ;  for  although 
tunics  hanging  down  to 
the  ancles  (tunicas  to- 
lares),  and  with  sleeves  ex- 
tending to  the  wrists  and 
terminating  in  fringes  (tu/ti- 
cata;  matticatce  et  fimbriatte) 
were  not  unknown  towards 
the  close  of  the  republic, 
they  were  always  regarded 
.as  indications  of  effeminate 
foppery.  Senators  alone  had 
the  right  of  wearing  a  tunic 
with  a  hroad,  vertical  stripe 
•of  purple  (latiis  davus)  in 
front,  the  garment  being  hence  called  tunica 
while  the  tunic  of  the  Equites  was 


distinguished  b>  a  narrow  stripe,  and  hence 
called  tunica  angusticbivia. 
"  To  him  seven  talents  or  pure  ore  I  told 
Twelve  cloaks,  twelve  v»sti,  twelve  tuntcM  stiff  with 
gold."  J'ojie  :  Bomer  :  Odyuey  xxiv.  321. 

4.  Eccles.:  Thesameas  TUNICI.E,  2(q.v.). 

5.  Mil.  Antiq.:   A  military  surcoat;   the 
garment  worn  by  a  knight  over  hia  armour. 

6.  Zool.  :   Two  integuments,  the   external 
and  the  internal  tunic,  covering  the  Tunieata, 
the  former  is  generally  coriaceous  or  cartila- 
ginous, and  called  also  the  test  ;  the  latter  is 
of    muscular 

fibres.  (TuNl-  A, 

CAT*.) 

tu  nic  ar  y, 
l.  [Lat.'/liiu- 
ca  =  a  tunic  ; 
Eng.  snff. 
-art/.} 

Zool.  :  Any 
Individual  of 
the  Tunieata 
(q.v.). 

tu  ni-ca'-ta, 
t.  pi.  [Neut. 
pi.  of  Lat. 
tuniMtus,  pa. 

par.  Of  tunica 
=  to    clothe 

with   a  tunic 
»ltn  a  tuniC 

(q-v.).] 

Zool.  :  Sea-sqnirta  ;  a  group  of  animals  now 
usually  made  a  sub-kingdom,  with  one  class, 
Ascidiolda,  containing  three  sub-orders,  or 
families,  of  whtih  Ascidia,  Balpa,  and  Pyro- 
soraa  are  the  types.  They  are  all  marine,  and 


A.  WHamroniAi,  B.  TRAWBVERM, 

SKCTIOX  Or  A  TUNICATE. 
B  Atrlal  or  Excurrent  chamber;  ft 
Branchial  sac  ;  ?  Kili-iliU;  i  Bto 
tiuch  ;  f  Test ;  t  SluscuUr  co&t  or 
mantle.  The  arrow*  Inillnte  the 
direction  of  the  currenta. 


are  protected  by  a  leathery  elastic  integument, 
or  tunic,  which  takes  the  place  of  a  shell. 
None  attains  a  leugthof  more  thauafewinc'hrs, 
and  some  are  minute  and  almost  microscopic. 
They  have  no  distinct  head,  and  no  separate 
organs  of  prehension  or  locomotion.  They 
possess  an  alimentary  canal  suspended  within 
the  integument ;  tlie  mouth  opens  into  a  large 
chamber  which  usually  occupies  the  greater 
part  of  the  cavity  of  the  mantle,  and  which  is 
known  as  the  respiratory  sac,  or  branchial 
sac,  its  walls  are  perforated  by  numerous 
apertures.  This  sac  opens  into  the  oesophagus, 
which  is  followed  by  the  stomach  and  intes- 
tine coiled  upon  itself,  and  terminating  in  the 
cloaca,  which  opens  near  to  the  mouth.  The 
heart  consist*  of  a  simple  contractile  tube, 
open  at  both  ends.  The  nervous  system  con- 
sists of  a  single  ganglion,  situated  at  one  side 
of  the  mouth.  All  the  Tunieata  are  free  dur- 
ing the  earlier  portion  of  their  existence  ;  at  a 
later  period  most  are  fixed  ;  some  are  simple, 
while  others  present  various  degrees  of  com- 
bination ;  and,  with  few  exceptions,  the  sexes 
are  combined  in  a  single  individual.  They 
form  a  connecting  link  between  the  Vertebrata 
and  the  Invertebrate,  from  the  fact  that  many 
of  them  in  the  larval  state  are  furnished  with 
a  notochord,  which  atrophies  in  the  adult, 
Ray  Lankester  (Degeneration,  p.  41)  considers 
them  "degenerate  vertebrata,  standing  in  the 
same  relation  to  fishes,  frogs,  and  men,  as  do 
the  barnacles  to  shrimps,  crabs,  and  lobsters." 

tu'-ni-cate,  ».  4  a.    [TUKICATA.] 

A.  As  subat. :  Any  individual  of  the  order 
Tunieata. 

B.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  TUNICATED  (q.v.). 

tu  -ni-cat-ed,  a.    (TUXICATA.) 

But.  A  Zool. :  Having  a  tunic  or  coat ; 
covered  with  a  tunic. 

tunicatcd  bulb.  s. 

Sot. :  A  bulb  of  which 
the  outer  scales  are  thin 
and  membranous,  and 
cohere  in  the  form  of  a 
distinct  covering,  as  in 
the  hyacinth  and  onion. 

tu'-ni  9in,  5.    [Lat.  tuni- 

c(a)  —  an  under  garment ; 
guff,  -in.] 

Clam.  :    CfBlaO,.      A 
substance  extracted  from     TUNICATED  BULB 
the  mantle  of  the  Ascidia       AND  SECTION. 
by  successive  treatment 
with  water,  alcohol,  ether,  acids,  and  alkalis. 
It  is  a  colourless  mass,  and  exhibits  most  of 
the  characteristics  of  cellulose, 

tun'  i-cle,  s.     [O.  Fr.,  from  Lat.  tunicula, 
dimin.  from  tunica  =;  a  tunic  (q.v.).  ] 

1.  A  small  and  delicate  natural  covering  j  a 
fine  integument. 

"The  said  medicine  likewise  IB  good  for  to  extend 
and  dilate  the  tunictet  thiit  make  the  ball  or  apple  of 
the  uye."— f.  Holland:  ritnia,  Ijk.  xxv.,  eh.  xiii. 

2.  ificcfes. :  A  close-fitting  vestment  formerly 
worn  by  deacons,  now  worn  by  bishops  under 
the  dalmatic,  and  by  sub-deacons.    It  is  not 
so  long  as  a  dalmatic  and  has  narrower  sleeves. 
Sometimes  called  a  tunic. 

tun'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [TUNE,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  it  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subit. :  The  art  or  operation  of  adjust- 
ing a  musical  instrument  so  that  the  various 
sounds  may  be  all  at  due  intervals,  and  the 
scale  of  the  instrument  brought  into  as  correct 
a  state  as  possible. 

tuning  for k,  s. 

Music:  An  instrument  of  steel,  consisting 
of  two  prongs  branching  from  a  short  handle, 
which,  when  set  in  vibration,  gives  a  musical 
note.  It  was  invented  by  John  Shore,  Royal 
Trumpeter,  in  1811.  Though  the  pitch  of 
forks  varies  slightly  with  changes  of  tempera- 
ture, or  by  rust,  &c.,  they  are  the  most  accu- 
rate means  of  determining  pitch.  They  are 
capable  of  being  made  of  any  pitch  within 
certain  limits,  but  those  most  commonly  used 
are  the  notes  A  and  C,  giving  the  sounds  re- 
presented by  the  second  and  third  spaces  in 
the  treble  stave.  The  vibration-number  of 
the  not*  C  varies  from  618  (French  diapason- 
normal)  and  528  (Schelbler-medium)  to  640 
and  544  (Philharmonic). 

t.Ti^*ng-*ln-T»Tn*r,  tuning  -key,  a. 

ttutie :  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  shank 


of  metal  with  a  cross-handle  of  wood  or 
metal.  The  end  of  it  is  hollowed  so  as  to  flt 
on  the  ends  of  the  tuning-pins  of  pianofortes, 
harps,  &c.,  and  by  it  these  instruments  are 
tuned  by  increasing  or  decreasing  the  tension 
of  the  strings.  Called  also  a  wrauch  or 
wrest. 

tuning  pin,  «. 

Music:  A  movable  pin,  around  the  upper 
end  of  which  the  string  of  a  pianoforte,  harp, 
&c.,  is  twisted,  the  other  end  of  the  string 
passing  round  a  fixed  pin.  The  instrument  is 
tuned  by  turning  the  tuning-pins  with  a 
tuning-hammer. 

Tu-nls'-l-an,  a.  &  5.    [See  def.) 

A.  As  adj. :   Of  or  pertaining  to  Tunis,  a 
town  and  state  in  North  Africa,  or  its  in- 
habitants. 

B.  As  subsl. :   A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Tunis. 

tun'-ker,  s.    [Ger.  tunlcen  =  to  dip.] 

Church  Hut. :  Another  form  of  the  word 

Dunker.      [DUSXEBS.]  : 

tun'  nage  (ag  as  Ig),  «.    [TONNAGE.] 

U  Tunnage  &  poundage  : 

Hist. :  Duties  on  every  tun  of  wine  and 
pound  of  goods  either  imported  into  or  ex- 
ported from  England.  They  began  about  A.D. 
1348,  and  were  equivalent  to  the  present  cus- 
toms. They  were  granted  for  life  to  several 
kings,  beginning  with  Edward  IV.  It  was  one 
grave  cause  of  the  quarrel  between  Charles  I. 
and  his  subjects  that  in  1628  he  levied  tannage 
and  poundage  by  his  own  arbitrary  authority. 
They  were  abolished  by  27  Geo.  III.  c.  13, 
passed  in  1787. 

tun'  nel,  *  tun-nell,  s.  [O.  Fr.  tonnel  (Fr. 
toiiiuau)  =  a  tun,  a  cask,  dimin.  from  tonne  = 
a  tun  (q.v.) ;  cf.  Fr.  tonnellf  =  a  round-topped 
arbour,  an  alley  with  arched  top.] 

L  Ordinary  Langitage : 

1.  A  cask  or  similar  vessel. 

*  2.  A  funnel  (q.v.). 

"  In  the  midst  of  complication  and  intricacy.  M 
evident  and  certain,  as  Is  the  au|>aratus  of  cocks, 
pipes,  rttnnclt.  for  transierring  the  cider  from  on* 
vessel  to  another."— Paley :  Nat.  ThetA.,  ch.  XV. 

3.  The   shaft   of  a   chimney;    a    flue,   a 
chimney. 

"One  great  chimney,  whose  long  tunnel  thence 
Theamoak  forth  threw.       Sptnter:  f.  y.,  II.  ix.  2ft. 

4.  A  tunnel-net  (q.v.). 
IL  Technically : 

1.  Engin. :  A  horizontal  or  slightly  Inclined 
gallery  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground; 
generally  used  for  an  aqueduct  or  for  the 
passage  of  a  railway,  roadway,  or  canal.     In 
the  construction  of  railroads  it  is  frequently 
necessary  to  pierce  the  hills,  so  as  to  preserve 
a  line  of  road  as  nearly  level  as  practicable. 
The  method  of  proceeding  with  tunnelling 
depends  mainly  upon  the  kind  of  material 
to  be  excavated.    This  having  been  generally 
ascertained  by  borings  and  trial  shafts,  the 
work  is  commenced  by  sinking  the  working 
shafts,  which  must  be  sufficiently  capacious 
to  admit  readily  of  lowering  men  and  mate- 
rials, raising  the  material  excavated,  fixing 
pumps,  and  also  for  starting  the  heading  of 
the  intended  tunnel  when  the  required  depth 
is  reached.     Besides  the  trial  and    working 
shafts,  air-shafts  are  sunk  for  the  purpose  of 
effecting   ventilation    in    the    works    below. 
Tunnels  when  not  driven  through  solid  rock 
have  usually  an  arched  roof,  and  are  lined 
with  brickwork  or  masonry. 

2.  Mining:  A  level  passage  driven  across 
the  measures  or  at  right  angles  to  the  veins 
which  it  is  its  object  to  reach.    Tims  distin- 
guished from  the  drift  or  gangway,  which  is 
led  along  the  vein  when  reached  by  the  tunnel. 

tunnel  borer,  s. 

Engin. :  A  ram,  operated  by  compressed 
air,  for  making  excavations  through  rock. 

tunnel-head,  s.  The  cylindrical  chimne} 
at  the  top  ;  or,  as  it  is  often  called,  the  mouth 
of  the  blast-furnace. 

tunnel-kiln,  s. 

Hint-turn. :  A  kiln  in  which  lime  is  bural 
by  coal ;  as  contradistinguished  from  a  flame 
kiln,  in  which  wood  is  nsed. 

tunnel  net,  i. 

Fish.:  A  net  with  a  wide  mouth  and  nar- 
rowing in  its  length. 


*6U,  b6};  po~ut,  Jtfirt;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin.  thi»;  Bin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing. 
-«Un,  -tlan  =  Shan.   -tlon.  -slon  =  shun ;  -flon,  -aion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tlooja,  -sious  =  shiis.   -Me,  -die,  *o.  =  Del,  del. 


4868 


tunnel— turbillion 


tunnel  shaft,  tunnel-pit,  .-. 

Engin. :  A  shaft  dug  from  a  surface  to  mee 
a  tunnel  at  a  point  between  its  ends 

tun  -nel,  t>.(.  ft  i,    [TUNSEL,  «.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  To  form  cut  or  drive  a  tunnel  through  or 
under. 

2.  To  form    like  a  tunnel ;   to  hollow  in 
length. 

3.  To  catch  in  tunnel. nets. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  form,  cut,  or  drive  a  tunnel 
as.  To  tunnel  under  the  English  channel. 

;un  -ny,  «.    [THYNHUS.J 

Ichthy. :  Thynnut  thynnus,  the  best  known 
and  most  important  species  of  its  genus 
abundant  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  ranging 
to  the  south  coast  of  England  and  Tasmania 
Body  thick,  dark  blue  above,  grayish  beneath 
head  large  and  conical,  one-fifth  the  length  o: 
the  body  ;  pectoral  fin  long,  reaching  nearly 
to  end  of  dorsal,  the  spines  of  which  are 
rather  short ;  tail  so  widely  forked  as  to  be 
almost  crescentic.  Specimens  ten  feet  long, 
and  weighing  1,000  Ibs.,  have  Iwen  taken, 
but  fish  of  half  that  size  are  considered 
large.  The  flesh,  which  is  pink,  is  highly 
esteemed,  either  fresh  or  preserved,  and  the 
tinned  Ikon  marine  finds  a  ready  sale  in  Eng- 
land, where  the  fresh  fish  is  not  obtainable. 
Baited  tunny,  called  sainimrntum  was  much 
esteemed  by  the  Romans  (Hart.,  X.  xlviii.  12). 
Tunny  are  usually  captured  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  funnel-like  nets,  the  flsh  entering 
the  wide  mouth,  and  being  driven  to  the 
narrow  end,  where  they  are  killed  with  lances 
and  harpoons.  The  American  Tunny,  T.  x- 
amdo-danalw,  nearly  black  above,  silvery 
on  the  sides,  white  beneath,  and  somewhat 
larger  than  the  common  species,  is  found  on 
the  coasts  of  New  York  and  northwards  to 
Nova  Scotia.  It  is  commercially  important, 
not  only  as  a  food-fish,  but  for  the  oil  it 
yields,  twenty  gallons  being  often  obtained 
from  a  single  fish. 

tap,  s.    [Prob.  akin  to  top ;  cf.  Low  Ger.  tuppen, 
topper,  =  to  push,  to  butt.]    A  ram. 

"And  It  might  be  a  tup'i  head,  for  they  were  in 
season."— Scott :  Rob  Soy,  ch.  xxiv. 

tup-man,  «.  One  who  breeds  or  deals  in 
rams. 

tap,  t>.«.  *  t    [Tro,  (.] 

A.  Tranttiivt: 

1.  To  butt,  as  a  ram.    (Prat.) 
S.  To  cover,  as  a  ram. 

"An  old  buck  nun 
Is  tupping  yonr  white  ewe."     ghoietp. :  OtMOo,  L  1. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  butt,  as  a  ram ;  to  cover 
«wes. 

"And  while  thy  rams  doe  tup.  thy  ewes  do  twyn. 
Doe  thoo  in  i>eacefull  shade  ((roin  men  s  rude  dyn) 
Adde  pinyotu  to  thy  fame." 

Brutfnt :  To  Matter  W.  Brown*. 

tu'-pa,  ».    [The  name  given  by  the  Indians  of 
'  Chili  to  a  plant  of  the  genus  Tupa.] 

Sot. :  A  genus  of  Lobeleai.  Tall  herbs  or 
ondershrubs,  with  irregular  purple,  scarlet, 
yellow,  or  greenish  flowers.  Tupa  Feuitltei, 
a  Chili  plant,  yields  a  dangerous  poison.  The 
root  is  chewed  to  relieve  toothache. 

tu  pal  -a,  >.    [Latinised  from  Malay  name.) 

Zool. :  Ground-squirrel ;  the  type-genus  of 
Tupaikiae  (q.v.X  with  seven  species;  most 
abundant  in  the  Malay  Islands  and  Indo- 
Chinese  countries,  but  one  species  is  found  in 
the  Khasia  Mountains  and  one  in  the  Eastern 
Ghauts,  near  Madras.  The  species  closely 
resemble  each  other  in  general  appearance, 
differing  chiefly  in  the  size  and  the  colour  and 
length  of  the  fur.  Nearly  all  have  long  bushy 
tails  like  squirrels. 

tu   pai    i-dse,  s.  pi     [Mod.   Lat.  tupai(a); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -itte.] 

1.  Zool.  :  A.  family  of  Insectivora,  with  two 
genera,    Tupaia   and    Ptiloeercus,   to  which 
some    authorities    add   a   third,    Hylomys, 
Squirrel-like  shrews,  with  bushy  tails,  par- 
tially arboreal,  but  also  feeding  on  the  ground 
and  among  low  bushes.    Pataginm  absent; 
limbs  short  and  robust.    They  are  especially 
Malayan,  with  outlying  species  in  northern 
and  continental  India. 

2.  Palteont.:  Oxygomphus,  from  the  Ter- 
tiary deposits  of  Germany,  is  believed  to  be- 
long to  this  family  ;  as  is  Omomys,  from  the 
Pliocene  of  the  United  States. 


tu'-pS-lo,  >.    [Native  Indian  name.) 

Comm.  :  The  wood  of  the  trees  of  the  genu 
Nyssa  (q.v.)  and  the  trees  themselves.  Th 
wood  Is  difficult  to  split,  its  fibres  being  muc] 
interwoven.  It  is  of  little  value. 

tu  quo  quej,  phr.  [Lat.  =  thou  also.)  An 
answer  or  argument  in  which  the  person  as 
sailed  retorts  with  the  same  or  a  simila 
charge  upon  the  assailant.  Used  also  adjec 
tively,  as  a  tu  quoyue  argument. 

tor,  ».    [TooR.] 

tu-ra-9ine,  t.    [Mod.   Lat.  turac(o);  -in 


Chem.  :  A  red  pigment  found  in  the  wing 
feathers  of  the  Touracos.  [CORYTHAIX,  Tou 
RACO.)  It  is  extracted  by  means  of  dilute 
alkalis,  from  which  it  may  be  precipitatet 
by  acids.  It  differs  from  all  other  natura 
pigments  In  containing  copper  to  the  amoun 
of  5-9  per  cent.,  which  cannot  be  separated 
without  destroying  the  pigment.  The  spec 
trum  of  turaciue  has  two  black  absorption 
bands. 

tu  ra-ni  -ra,  «.  [Guianan  name.]  (See  com 
pound.) 

turanira  wood.  •.. 
Bot.  A  Comm.  :  The  wood  of  the   bastarc 
bully-tree  of  Guiana,  Bumelia  retusa. 

Tu-ra'-nl-»n,  o.    [From  Turan.}    [ARYAN.] 

1'hilol.:  A  term  applied  to  one  of  the  great 

classes  into  which  human  speech  has  beei 

divided.    It  is  also  called  Altaic,  Scythian 

Agglutinate,  and  Polysynthetic. 

"The  term  Turanian  must  be  confined  to  those 
Ugro-Altalo  languages  which.  HB  ft  seems  to  me.  have 
been  proved  by  Schott  and  others  to  he  related  to  one 
another  (extending  from  Finland  on  the  one  side  to 
Manchuria  on  the  other)."—  Sayce.-  Comparative  r 
toffv,  P.  21. 

ta'-r&tt,  «.    [Native  name.] 

Zool.  :  The  Hare  Kangaroo  (q.v.X 

tur'-  ban,  *  tol-i-bant,  "tu-11-bant, 
•tu-ii-pant,  •  tur  band,  "tnr-bant, 
"tur-ban-to,  *tur-rl-bant,  *tur-bond, 

».  (Fr.  turlmnt,  turban,  tolopan,  turban,  from 
Ital.  turbante  =  a  turban,  from  Turk,  tulbeml, 
vulgar  pron.  of  dulbend  =  a  turban,  from 
Pers.  dvlband,  from  Hind.  d«tiund  =  a  tur- 
band.]  [TULIP.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  wrapper  worn  round  the  head  by 
Orientals.  Turbans  are  an  extremely  ancient 
form  of  head-covering,  and  consist  of  long 
pieces  —  sometimes  several  yards  —  of  fine  linen, 
muslin,  silk,  taffeta,  or  flue  woollen  material, 
which  is  twisted  and  coiled  round  the  head  in 
a  cushion-like  form.  They  are  worn  by  all 
classes,  both  indoors  and  out  of  doors.  In 
Turkey,  turbans  vary  in  size  and  material 
according  to  the  occupation,  rank,  or  country 
of  the  wearer.  Learned  men  affect  a  full 
white  turban  ;  the  descendants  of  Muhammad 
always  wear  a  dark  green  turban,  and  the 
Christians  of  Lebanon  wear  a  gracefully  folded 
white  turban.  Some  of  the  Eastern  peoples 
adopt  striped,  coloured  silks,  with  fringes, 
placing  several  fezzes  one  over  the  other,  mak- 
ing a  cumbersome,  conical  mound,  and  round 
these  they  wrap  silken  scarves.  In  Turkey, 
the  red  fez,  with  a  tassel  of  dark-blue  silk, 
has  been  extensively  adopted,  especially  among 
the  upper  classes  and  on  the  sea-coasts.  In 
India,  the  use  of  the  turban  is  being  rapidly 
discontinued  by  the  higher  classes,  who  have 
adopted  in  its  place  a  brimless  cap,  which  is 
frequently  enriched  by  embroidery  of  gold, 
silver,  or  silken  threads  on  coloured  velvet. 

"  And  some  had  a  piece  of  white  or  leather-coloured 
cloth  wound  about  the  head  like  a  small  turban, 
which  our  people  thought  more  becoming."—  Coot.' 
Flra  raiafe,  bk.  1..  ch.  xx. 

*  2.  A  kind  of  head-dress  worn  by  ladies. 
tt  Zool.  :  The  whole  set  of  whorls  of  a 
shell.    (Goodrieh  <t  Porter.) 

"tur  ban-crowned,  n.  Wearingatnrban. 
turban-shell,  >. 

Zool.  :  A  popular  name  in  America  for  an 
echinus  deprived  of  its  spines.  (Dana.) 

turban-stone,  s.  A  carved  representa- 
tion of  a  turban,  usually  placed  over  tomb- 
stones in  Mohammadan  cemeteries. 

"A  headstone  which,  if  It  is  not  the  turban^tont 
that  is  usually  found  in  Turkish  tombs  of  modern 
date,  is  most  singularly  like  if—  ferffiaum  :  RMd* 
Stun*  Monument*,  p.  404. 


turban-top,  .•. 

Bot. :  A  popular  name  for  a  fungus  of  the 
genus  Helvetia. 

•  tur' -band,  s.    [TURBAN.] 

tur  -baned,  a.    [Eng.  turban  ;  -ed.)    Wearing 
a  turban. 

"  Where  Phidias  toiled,  the  turbantd  spoilers  brood. ' 
Prattt :  Athent. 

tur  ban  less,  a.    [Eng.  turban ; -las.)    De- 
stitute of  or  not  wearing  a  turban. 

.'IPT  f  !*.*!.  "  ""'""  "'  .*  brol">  'uroanla,  head 
at  the  back  of  the  veraud»h."-fi<.|<l,  Oct.  IS.  1887. 

tur -bar-?,   *tur  bar-Ie,   s.     [Low   Lat 
turbarw.]    [TURF,  s.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  place  where  turf  is  dug. 
"The animal  is  undoubtedly  found  in  the  ruroaries 

ot  Britaiu.>-£a«*t>u ..  Early  Man  in  Britain,  ch.  Till. 

2.  Law :  The  right  of  digging  turf  on  another 
man's  land. 

'*  Common  of  turbary  Is  a  liberty  of  digging  turf 
uP°n  another  man's  ground,  '— BlatXttone :  Comment., 
bk.  11.,  ch.  &. 

tur-bel-lar'-i-a,  t.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
turbo  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  An  order  of  Platelminthes ;  flat 
worms  of  low  organization,  ribbon-shaped, 
leaf-shaped,  oval,  broad,  or  long,  inhabiting 
fresh  or  salt  water,  or  damp  localities  on  land. 
The  smallest  are  not  larger  than  some  of  the 
Infusoria,  which  they  approach  in  appearance, 
while  the  largest  are  many  feet  long.  Only 
one  genus,  Alaurina,  is  divided  into  distinct 
segments,  and  the  outer  surface  of  the  body 
is  everywhere  beset  with  vibratile  cilia.  The 
aperture  of  the  mouth  is  sometimes  situated 
at  the  anterior  end  of  the  body,  sometimes  in 
the  middle,  or  towards  the  posterior  end  of  its 
ventral  face.  In  many  the  oral  aperture  is 
surrounded  by  a  flexible  muscular  lip,  which 
sometimes  takes  the  form  of  a  protrusile 
proboscis.  All  have  water-vessels,  opening 
externally  by  ciliated  pores,  and  pseud-haemal 
vessels  ;  most  possess  eyes,  and  some  have 
auditory  sacs.  Some  are  monoecious,  and 
others  dioecious  ;  in  most  the  embryo  passes 
by  insensible  gradations  into  the  form  of  the 
adult,  but  some  undergo  a  remarkable  meta- 
morphosis. The  Turbellaria  are  variously 
divided  by  different  authors.  Huxley  divides 
them  into  Aprocta  (having  no  anal  aperture) 
and  Proctucha  (having  an  anal  aperture).  The 
first  group  contains  the  Rhabdoeoela  and 
Dendroccela  of  other  authors ;  the  second  is 
equivalent  to  the  Khynchoccela  or  Nemertea 


tur-bei-lar'-l-an,  t.  da.    [TURBELLARIA.] 

A.  As  most. :  Any  individual  of  the  Turbel- 
laria (q.v.). 

B.  As  adj. ;  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Turbel- 
laria (q.v.). 

turbellarlan- worms,  ».  pi. 
.Zoo*. :  The  Turbellaria  (q.v.). 

tur  -beth,  >.    [TURPCTH.] 

tur-bld,  '  tur  bide,  a.  [Lat.  turbidut, 
from  turbo  =  to  disturb  ;  Sp.  turbido  ;  Ital. 
torbido.} 

1.  Having  the  lees  disturbed;  hence,  muddy, 
discoloured,  thick,  not  clear;  foul  with  ex- 
traneous matter. 

"  Whither,  thou  turbid  wave? 
Whither,  with  so  much  haste?  " 

Longfellow :  Tht  IT«M. 

2.  Vexed,  unquiet,  disturbed. 

"I  had  divers  fits  of  melancholy,  and  such  turbid 
Intervals  that  use  to  attend  close  prisoners. ~— /7oweH; 
Later,,  bk.  II.,  let  SO. 

"tur-bld'-I-tjf,  s.  [Eng.  turbid;  -tfy.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  turbid  ;  turbidness. 

tur'-bid-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  turbid;  -Jy.] 
1.  In  a  turbid  manner ;  muddily. 
•2.  Proudly,  haughtily. 

"A  person  of  small  merit  Is  anxiously  jealous  of 
Imputations  on  his  honour,  because  he  knows  his  title 
is  weak ;  one  of  great  merit  turbialy  resents  them, 
because  he  knows  his  title  Is  strong,  —rouna:  Esti- 
mation of  Human  Lijt. 

tur  -bid-ness,  >.  [Eng.  turMd ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  turbid  ;  muddiness, 
thickness. 

tur  btr  lion  (11  as  y),  >.  (Fr.  tourb-illon, 
dimin.  from  Lat.  turbo,  genit.  turbinis  =  a 
whirlwind.]  A  vortex,  a  whirl. 

"  Each  of  them  Is  a  son,  moving)  on  Its  own  axis.  In 

the  centre  of  its  own  vortex  or  turbaiien."—Stfrle: 

Spectator,  No.  473. 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p*t, 
or.  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  euro,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    a>,  ce      6  ;  cy      a;  qu      kw. 


turbinaceous— Turcoman 


4869 


*  tur  bln-a'-cc-ous  (or  900110  as  shus),  a. 
[Low  Lat.  turbo,  =  turf.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
peat  or  turf;  turfy,  peaty. 

"  The  real  turbinaceaut  flavour."— Scott:  St.  Ronarii 
Well.  i.  32ft. 

tur  -bin  ate,   tui'-bitn-at-ed,    a.      [Lat. 
turbo,  geiiit.  turbinis  =  &  whirlwind,  a  top.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Shaped  like  a  whipping-top. 

2.  Whirling  In  the  manner  of  a  top. 

"Let  mechanism  here  make  an  experiment  of  1U 
power,  and  produce  a  spiral  Mid  turbinattd  motion  of 
the  whole  moved  bod;  without  an  external  director." 
—aeritlt]/ :  Sermon  i. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  Having  the  figure  of  a  top.    [TOP- 
SHAPED.] 

2.  Zool. :   Resembling  the    shell  of  Turbo 
(q.v.) ;  spirally  conical,  with  a  round  bane. 

"  An  Irregular  contortion  of  a  rurbinatcd  shell, 
which  common  eyes  PASS  unregarded,  will  ten  times 
treble  it»  price  in  the  imagination  of  philosophers."— 
Idler,  No.  ,v>. 

tur  bina  ted -bones,  s.  pi. 

Anat. :  Spongy  bones,  having  many  air 
cavities,  so  as  to  give  them  a  spongy  appear- 
ance. They  are  found  in  the  interior  of  the 
nose,  have  an  oblong  figure,  sharp  at  the 
point,  and  constitute  the  superior  and  in- 
ferior parts  of  the  ethmoid  bone. 

*tur'-bln-atef  v.i.  [TURBINATE,  a.]  To  re- 
volve like  a  top  ;  to  spin,  to  whirl. 

•tur-bln-a'-tion,  a.     [TURBINATE,  v.]    The 

act  or  state  of  spinning  or  whirling  like  a  top. 

"They  had  a  most  perfect  acquiescence  in  that  their 
turbination."— Allettret :  Sermons,  pi.  i.,  p.  134. 

tur  -bine,  s.  [Lat.  turbo,  genit.  turbinis  =  a 
whirlwind,  a  top.] 

Mech. :  A  term  formerly  confined  to  horizon- 
tal water-wheels,  the  revolution  of  which  Is  due 
to  the  pressure  derived  from  falling  water,  but 
now  applied  generally  to  any  wheel  driven  by 
water  escaping  through  small  orifices  subject 
to  such  pressure.  The  turbine  was  invented 
by  Fourneyron  in  1823,  and  the  first  one 
was  made  in  1827.  In  the  original  form 
the  water  enters  at  the  centre,  and,  diverging 
from  it  in  every  direction,  then  enters  all  the 
buckets  simultaneously,  and  passes  off  at  the 
external  circumference  of  the  wheel.  The 
pressure  with  which  the  water  acts  on  the 
tuckets  of  the  revolving  wheel  is  in  propor- 
tion to  the  vertical  column  of  water,  or 
height  of  the  fall,  and  it  is  conducted  into 
these  buckets  by  fixed  curved  girders  secured 
upon  a  platform  within  the  circle  of  the  re- 
volving pan  of  the  machine.  The  efflux  of 


the  water  is  regulated  by  a  hollow  cylindrical 
sluice,  to  which  stops  are  fixed,  which  act 
together  between  the  guides,  and  are  raised 
or  lowered  by  screws  that  communicate  with 
a  governor,  so  that  the  opening  of  the  sluice 
and  stops  may  be  enlarged  or  reduced  in  pro- 
portion as  the  velocity  of  the  wheel  requires 
to  be  accelerated  or  retarded.  The  varieties 
of  the  turbine  are  very  numerous.  In  the 
Central  discharge  turbine  the  buckets  expose 
their  concavities  outward  to  receive  the  im- 
pact of  the  water  from  the  surrounding 
chutes.  In  the  Jonval  turbine  the  water  is 
received  above  and  the  discharge  is  down- 
ward, that  is,  parallel  to  the  axis  of  rotation. 
In  the  other  forms  the  water  is  introduced  at 
the  outside  and  takes  a  curved  course,  dis- 
charging downward  ;  or,  being  introduced 
from  the  centre,  is  curved  downward ;  or  a 
turbine  above  delivers  the  water  into  a  tur- 
bine below,  rotating  in  a  different  direction  ; 
or  several  turbines  on  one  shaft  receive  water 


from  a  series  of  chutes,  so  that  one  or  more 
wheels  may  be  used,  as  expedient.  Tbe  axis 
may  be  horizontal,  or,  the  axis  being  vertical, 
the  water  may  be  received  from  below.  Tur- 
bines are  divided  into  high  and  low  pressure, 
the  former  being  relatively  small,  revolving 
at  a  high  rate  and  driven  by  elevated  heads  of 
water.  The  low  pressure  turbines  are  rela- 
tively larger,  contain  a  larger  volume,  and 
run  at  a  slower  rate.  In  the  Black  Forest, 
turbines  are  running  with  heads  of  seventy- 
two  and  354  feet,  and  having  diameters  of 
twenty  and  thirteen  inches  respectively. 
Low  pressure  turbines  are  doing  good  duty 
with  large  volumes  of  water  having  only 
nine  inches  head. 

tur-bi-nei'-la,  *.     [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from 

Lat.  turbo  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  A  Pal&ont.  :  A  genus  of  Muricidse, 
with  seventy  recent  species,  widely  distributed 
in  tropical  and  sub-tropical  regions.  Shell 
thick,  spire  short;  columella  with  several 
transverse  folds  ;  operculum  claw-shaped. 
[SHANK-SHELL.]  Fossil  species,  seventy,  from 
the  Miocene  onward. 

tur-bin'-J-dae,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  turbo,  genit. 
turbin(is);  Lat  fern  pi.  adj.  suff.  'idee.} 

1.  Zool.  :  A  family  of  Holostomatous  Gas- 
teropoda, with  several  genera,  feeding  on  sea- 
weed,   and    widely   distributed,    mostly    in 
tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas.    Shell  spiral, 
turbinated,  or  pyramidal  ;  operculum  calca- 
reous and  paucispiral,  or  horny  and  multi- 
spiral.    Annual  with  a  short  proboscis,  eyes 
at  the  outer  base  of  long  and  slender  tentacles, 
head  and  sides  bordered  by  fringed  lobes  and 
filaments.    The  shells  of  nearly  all  the  species 
are  brilliantly  pearly  when  the  epidermis  and 
outer  layer  are   removed,  and  in    this  state 
many  are  used  for  ornamental  purposes. 

2.  Palceont.  :  The  family  is  of  high  antiquity, 
dating  back  to  the  Lower  Silurian.  [TURBO,  2.] 

*  tur;-b!n-itet  *  tur'-bite,  *.     [Lat.  turbo, 
genit.  turbin(is);  sutf.  ~ite.\    A  fossil  turbo. 

tur-bln-d'-li-a,  $.  [From  Lat.  turbineus  = 
cone-shaped.  ] 

Zool.  A  Paheont.  :  A  genus  of  Turbinolidee 
(q.v.).  Corallum  simple  and  conical,  with  a 
atyliform  columella,  but  without  pali  ;  costae 
very  prominent,  spaces  between  them  marked 
with  rows  of  dimples,  which  look  like  per- 
forations, but  do  not  penetrate  to  the  visceral 
chamber.  Most  of  the  species  are  fossil,  and 
are  characteristic  of  the  Eocene. 

tur  -bin  -6'  -II-  dw,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  ter- 

binol(ia)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool.  A  Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Aporosa, 
with  numerous  genera.  Corallum  simple  or 
compound,  but  never  possessing  a  coeiien- 
chyma  ;  septa  well  developed,  usually  regu- 
larly granulated  on  the  two  sides,  but  their 
free  edges  not  denticulated  ;  interseptal  loculi 
open  and  free  from  dissepiments  or  synap- 
ticulas  ;  costse  well-marked  and  straight  ;  wall 
imperforate.  The  family  appears  first  in  the 
Lias,  has  numerous  representatives  in  the 
Chalk,  and  attains  its  maximum  in  the  Eocene, 
after  which  it  begins  to  decline. 

tur  bin  6-  li  nee,  *.  &.  [Mod.  Lat  tur- 
binotfja);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Zool.  *  Palceont.  :  The  typical  sub-family  of 
Turbinolidte.  Hard  parts  cousisting  simply 
of  the  cup,  the  wall,  the  septse,  and  the  costae. 
The  recent  species  often  live  on  the  bed  of  the 
deep  sea. 

tur  bit  (1),  *.  [Prob.  a  corrupt,  of  But 
kortbek  =  short-  beak,  ]  A  variety  of  the  pigeon, 
remarkable  for  its  short  beak.  The  head  is 
flat  and  the  feathers  on  the  breast  spread  both 
ways. 

*  tur'-bit  (2),  *. 


'  tur'-bite,  9. 

tur'-blth,  *.    [TORPETH.] 


tur  -bo,  «.     [Lat.  =  any  violent  circular  mo- 
tion, a  whipping-top.] 

1.  Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  TurbinidBe(q.y.), 
with  numerous  species,  all  natives  of  tropical 
seas.  Shell  with  solid  convex  whorls  tapering 
to  an  apex,  often  with  furrows  or  tubercles, 
aperture  large  and  rounded,  shell  pearly 
within  ;  operculum  shelly  and  solid,  callous 
outside,  and  smooth,  grooved,  or  variously 
mammillated,  internally  horny  and  pauci- 


spiral ;  in  some  species  It  resembles  tufa  de- 
posited by  a  petrifying  spring.  Animal  with 
pectinated  head  lobes. 

2.  Patasont.  :  A  great  number  of  fossil 
species  have  been  described,  commencing  in 
the  Lower  Silurian,  but  there  is  considerable 
doubt  as  to  the  true  position  of  many  of  the 
older  forms.  (Nicholson.) 

tur'-bot,  *  tur'-bat,  *  tur'-be't,  *  tur  bote, 

*  tur'-but,  5.  [Fr.  turbot,  from  Lat.  turbo  = 
a  whipping-top,  a  spindle,  a  reel,  from  itt 
rhoraboidal  shape.  Cf.  Lat.  rhombus  =  (1)  a 
circle,  (2)  a  turbot ;  Low  Lat.  turbo  =  a  tur- 
bot ;  Irish  turbit  —  a  turbot,  a  rhomboid ; 
Gael,  turbard  ;  Welsh  torbwt.} 

fchthy. :  Rhombus  maximus,  the  most  highly 
valued  of  the  Pleuronectida,  or  Flat-fishes, 
for  the  table.  The  Turbot  is  a  broad  fish. 
scaleless,  with  numerous  flattened,  conical 
tubercles  on  the  upper  aide  ;  the  lower  eye  is 
a  little  in  front  of  the  upper  eye,  and  the 
lateral  line  makes  a  semicircular  curve  above 
the  pectoral  fin.  In  colour  it  varies  from 
gray  to  brown,  often  with  spots  of  a  darker 
hue.  Turbot  are  migratory  fish,  travelling  in 
companies  where  the  bottom  is  sandy.  They 
feed  chiefly  on  small  fish,  crabs,  and  shell- 
fish ;  but  the  bait  used  is  always  some  fish  of 
bright  colour  and  tenacious  of  life,  for,  though 
turbot  are  very  voracious,  they  will  never 
touch  a  bait  that  is  not  perfectly  fresh.  ThU 
species  is  wanting  on  the  coast  of  the  United 
States,  A.  macvlatut  being  the  only  American 
representative  of  the  genus.  It  ia  found  on 
the  coasts  of  New  York  and  New  England, 
but  is  of  little  value  for  food  from  its  extreme 
thinness  of  body,  which  has  gained  it  the 
popular  name  of  "window  pane."  It  is  rarely 
over  a  pound  in  weight  On  the  English 
coasts  turbot  usually  weigh  from  five  to  ten 
pounds,  though  large  fish  range  to  twenty-fire 
pounds,  and  one  of  double  that  weight  is  on 
record  as  having  been  taken  near  Plymouth. 
The  Turbot  was  known  and  prized  by  the 
Romans,  and  the  fourth  satire  of  Juvenal  cele- 
brates the  fact  that  Domitian  convoked  the 
Senate  to  decide  how  a  monster  turbot  that 
had  been  brought  to  him  should  be  cooked 
(ct  Mart.  xiii.  81). 

tiir'  bu  lence,  tur'  bu  -len-$&  «.  [Fr. 
turbulence,  from  Lat.  turbulentia,  from  tUfv 
bulentus  =  turbulent  (q.v.).]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  turbulent ;  a  state  of  disorder, 
tumult,  or  agitation ;  tnmultuousness,  dis- 
order, commotion,  agitation. 

"Since  the  turbulency  of  these  times,  the  nm« 
moderation  •hiites  in  you."— Howetl :  Letter*,  bk.  L, 
let.  64. 

tur  bu-lent,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  turbulentut, 
from  'turbo  =  to  disturb  ;  turba  =  a  crowd ; 
8p.  &  Port,  turbulento  ;  Ital.  turbolento.] 

1.  Disturbed,  tumultuous,  rough,  wild. 

"  It  hath  been  a  turbulent  and  stormy  night" 

Shakctp.  :  Pericla.  111.  1 

2.  Restless,  unquiet ;  disposed  to  insubor- 
dination and  disorder ;  riotous,  wild,  rough, 
disorderly. 

"  An  ally  of  so  acrimonious  and  turbulent  a  spirit" 
— ilacauluy  :  Hilt,  Eng.,  ch.  xxi. 

*  3.  Producing  commotion,  agitation,  dis- 
order, or  confusion. 


'  Nor  envied  them  the  grape, 
-•irbtttcnt  liquor  fills  wltli  fumes." 
Milton  :  Samton  Agrmittei,  tt& 


Whose  heads  that  turbulent  liquor  fills  win 


turbulent  school, «. 

Literature:  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
certain  German  novelists  who  wrote  between 
1780  and  1800  in  the  style  of  Mrs.  Radclifle. 
laying  their  scenes  chiefly  in  the  feudal 
ages.  The  best  known  are  Cramer,  Spiers, 
Schlenkert,  and  Veit  Weber. 

tur'-bn-lent-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  turbulent;  -ly.} 
In  a  turbulent  manner;  with  violent  agitation ; 
tumultuously,  refractorily. 

"  In  sorrow's  tempest  turbvjentty  tost" 

Smart :  Ode  on  St.  Cecil ia't  ttOjf. 

Turc'-ipn,  *.  [Eng.  Turk;  -ism.]  The  re- 
ligion, manners,  character,  or  the  like,  of  the 
Turks. 

'*  That  Irreparable  damage  to  Christianity  by  which 
Turcitm  and  infidelity  have  gotten  BO  much  ground." 
—Clarendon  :  Religion  A  Policy,  ch.  x. 

Tur'-c6,  *.  [TURK.]  The  name  given  by  the 
French  to  the  Arab  tirailleurs  or  sharpshooter! 
in  their  army 

*  tur'-cois,  a.    [TURQUOISE.] 
Tur  -co  man,  *.    [TURKOMAN.] 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  -  1 
,  -tlan  -  shan,   -tion,    aion  =  shim;  -flon,  -gion -  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -tloufi  =  shus.    -bio,  -die,  Ac.  =  feel,  del* 


4870 


Turcophil— Turin 


Tur'-cd-phil,  Tur  -IcA-phile,  *.     [En-. 

Turk,  and  Cir.  ^iAew  (pkiieti)  =  to  love.)  One 
who  is  on  the  side  of  the  Turks  in  their  efforts 
to  keep  the  Slavonic  Christiana  under  their 
domination. 

"  There  are  not  two  opinions  on  the  subject  even 

among    the  moat  enthusiastic    Turk^r$MUt,  —  Timei, 

Jane  16,  1876. 

Tur'-co-phil-ism,  «.  [Eng.  Turcophil;  -ism.] 
The  views  or  feelings  of  a  Turcophil  (q.v.). 

"Free  from  the  eu^gerated  .  .  .  Turcvphilitm  of 
England  iu  1S77. •'— .tcff-naum,  Feb.  10,  1S*T. 

turd,   *  toord,  *.     [A.8,  tord.}     Excrement, 

dung. 

"  And  he  answarlnge  selde  to  him.  Lord,  soffre  also 
this  veer:  til  the  while  I  delue  about*,  aud  seiiJe 
toord'U."-  Wycltfe  :  LuJce  nil. 

fcur-di-das,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  turd(us);  Lat 
fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idee,} 

Ornith. :  Thrushes ;  a  family  of  Passeres  or 
of  Turdiformes,  almost  universally  distributed. 
Bill  rather  strong,  sides  *  -mewbat  compressed  ; 
wings  long ;  tail  moderate.  The  family  is  of 
uncertain  extent,  varying  greatly  in  different 
classifications.  Wallace  makes  it  consist  of 
twenty-one  genera,  containing  205  species, 
while  other  authorities  divide  it  into  two 
snb-families  (Turdinse  and  Sylviina?),  which 
are  by  many  considered  to  be  entitled  to  rank 
as  families. 

tur  di-for  mes,  *.  pi-  [Mod.  Lat  turdus 
(q.v.X  &nd  forma  =  form.] 

Ornith. :  Thrush-like  Birds ;  a  sub-order  of 
Acmniyodi,  or  Singing  Birds  [PASSERES], 
chiefly  from  the  eastern  hemisphere.  Their 
distinguishing  characteristic  is  the  presence 
of  ten  primary  feathers  in  the  wing,  the  first 
of  which  is  markedly  reduced  in  size.  The 
sub-order  is  divided  into  two  groups,  Colio 
morpbte  (Crow-like  Passeres)  and  Cichlo- 
morphfe  (Thrush-like  Passeres). 

tur-di  -me,  a.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  turd(us);  Lat 

fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ims.] 

Ornith.  :  A  sub-family  of  Turdid*  <q.v.), 
containing  Turdus  and  closely  allied  genera. 
The  plumage  Is  completely  moulted  in  the 
first  autumn  before  migration,  so  that  the 
young  in  their  first  winter  plumage  differ  very 
•lightly  from  adults.  Bill  as  long  as  head  ; 
nostrils  open,  in  small  groove ;  wings  with 
first  qnills  very  short ;  tail  long  and  broad ; 
tarsi  long,  outer  toe  longer  than  inner,  rniited 
to  middle  at  base,  hind  toe  long  and  strong. 

tar'-dus,*.    [Lat] 

Ornith. :  The  type-genus  of  Turdidae  (q.v.), 
whose  species  are  universally  distributed. 
They  abound  in  the  PahBarctic,  Oriental,  and 
Neotropical  regions,  are  less  plentiful  in  the 
Nearctic  and  Ethiopian,  and  very  scarce  in 
the  Australian  region.  Bill  moderate,  straight, 
convex  above  ;  point  of  upper  mandible  com* 
pressed,  notched,  and  slightly  decurved ;  gape 
with  a  few  hairs ;  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  oval, 
partly  closed  by  a  membrane ;  wings  with  the 
first  feather  very  short,  second  shorter  than 
the  third  or  fourth,  which  are  usually  the 
longest ;  tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe,  outer 
toe  connected  with  middle  toe  at  base.  The 
genus  has  a  number  of  representatives  in  the 
United  States,  some  known  as  Thrushes,  others 
by  other  titles.  Chief  among  them  is  the 
Wood  Thrush  ( T.  mtMteitntu),  a  favorite  singer. 
All  the  Thrushes  are  esteemed  as  game  birds. 

tn  rcen ,  •  ter  recn',  •  ter-rine'.  t.  [Fr. 
terrine  =  &n  earthen  pan,  as  if  from  Lat  ter- 
rinus  =  earthen,  from  terra  =  earth.]  A  large, 
deep  vessel  for  holding  soup  or  other  liquid 
food  at  table. 

"  At  the  top  a  fried  liver  and  bacon  were  seen. 
At  the  bottom  was  tripe  in  a  swinging  tureen." 

ttotdimitJi:  ThtU'iuKckof  r*nuo*. 


torf,  *turfe,  *  tyrf  (pi.  turfs, 
*  torfcs,  *  turves),  $.  [A.S.  (wr/(dat  tyrf) 
=  turf,  cogn.  with  Dut  turf  —  peat ;  Icel. 
torf  =  a  turf,  sod,  peat;  Dmn.  torv ;  8w.  torf; 
O.  H.  Ger.  zurba;  Ger.  torf;  Fr.  tourbe ; 
fiansc.  darbha  =  a  kind  of  grass.] 

1.  The  surface  or  sward  of  grass  lands,  con* 
•latin g  of  earth  or  mould  filled  with  the  roots 
of  grass  and  other  small  plants,   so  as  to 
•dhere  and  form  a  kind  of  mat ;  a  piece  of 
earth  covered  with  grass,  or  such  a  piece  torn 
or  dog  from  the  ground  ;  a  sod. 

"To  preserve  it  with  turfe  and  moeae  against  the 
Jnlurie  of  rain  and  cold."—/".  Bo!l*nd:   fiimt,   bk. 

x vii.,  ch,  xi v. 

2.  A  kind  of  blackish,  fibrous,  peaty  sub- 


stance, cut  from  the  surface  of  the  ground 
and  used  as  fuel  ;  peat  (q.v.). 

IT  (1)  On  the  turf:  Making  one's  living  by 
running  or  betting  on  race-horses. 

(2)  The  turf:  The  race-course  ;  hence,  the 
occupation  or  profession  of  horse-racing. 

turf  -ant,  s. 

Entom.  :  Formica  flava,  the  Common  Yellow 
Ant  of  Britain. 

turf-built,  a.  Formed  or  composed  of 
turf. 

turf-clad,  o.    Covered  with  turf. 

"The  tur/.f!,id  heap  of  mould  which  coven  the 
poor  inane  grave."—  £nax:  i'aayt.  No.  M. 

turf-cutter,  a.    A  paring-plough. 

turf-drain,  a.  A  kind  of  pipe-drain  con- 
structed with  turfs  cut  from  the  surface  of 
thesoiL 

turf-hedge,  s. 

Husbandry  :  A  bank  around  a  field,  made  of 
turfs  or  sods. 

turf-nog,  a. 

Zooi.  :  Sits  palustris.  The  English  name  is 
a  translation  of  the  German  Torjsciiwein  of 
Rutiiiieyer.  There  appear  to  have  been  two 
races—  one  wild  and  one  domestic.  Remains 
are  found  in  the  Swiss  Lake  Dwellings. 

"  It  is,  therefore,  very  probable  that  it  [the  common 
hog]  wa*  domesticated  in  the  same  region  as  the  dog 
and  the  turf  -hog.  '—bavkint  :  £<iriy  Man  in  Britain. 


turf-house,  ».    A  hovel  made  of  sods. 

turf-ltnife,  *.  An  implement  for  tracing 
out  the  sides  of  drains,  trenches,  &c.  It  has  a 
scimitar-like  blade,  with  a  tread  for  the  foot, 
and  a  bent  iiandle. 

turf-moss,  ».  A  tract  of  turfy,  mossy, 
or  boggy  laud. 

turf-plough,  x.  A  plough  adapted  to 
remove  the  sods  from  the  surface  of  the 
ground  preparatory  to  deep  ploughing,  or  for 
destroying  grubs,  &c. 

turf-sheep,  s.  A  small  sheep  of  the 
Stone  period.  (Rossiter.) 

turf-spade,  *.  A  spade  for  paring  turfs 
or  soda. 

turf,  v.t.  [TcRF,  *.]  To  cover  or  line  with 
turfs  or  sods. 

"  AtUr  yoo  bare  new  turf«i  the  bank*."—  Starch  ; 
Light  of  Mature,  vol.  ii.,  pi.  L,  ch.  IT. 

*  turf  '-en,  a.  [Eng.  turf;  -*«.]  Made  of 
turf;  covered  with  turf;  turfy. 

turf-  1  -ness,  *.  [Eng.  turfy;  -nest.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  turfy. 

turf  '-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [TURF,  t>.] 

turfing  -iron,  *.  A  spade  for  catting 
sods. 

turfing-spade,  t.    A  turf-spade  (q.v.). 

turf'-ite,  «.  [Eng.  turf;  -ite.]  A  votary  of 
the  turf  ;  one  devoted  to  or  making  a  living 
by  horse-racing. 

"The  modern  tvrfUe,  to  use  ft  common  but  by  no 
means  elegant  expression,  ha*  quite  enough  to  do  to 
keep  himself  posted  in  the  most  recent  doing*  of  the 
honee  of  to-daj.'—  J^W,  Julj  16,  UB7. 


turf  'man,  ».    One  profesdonally  interested 
iii  or  identified  with  the  turf;  a  turfite. 

turf  -less,  a.    [Eng.   turf;   -lot.]    Destitute 
of  turf. 

tnrf  '-&  *  turf  fle,  a.    [Eng.  turf;  -y.] 

1.  Abounding  in  or  covered  with  turf  or 
short  grass  ;  turfed. 

"Thy  t*rfy  mountains,  where  UTS  nibbling  sheep." 
Shitketp.  :  Tfntfftt.  Iv.  L 

2.  Having  the  qualities,  nature,  or  appear- 
ance of  turf  ;  turf  -like. 

3.  Pertaining   to,  or   connected  with    the 
turf  or   horse-racing;   characteristic  of  the 
turf  or  horse-racing. 

tur-*en'-X-a,  «.     [Lat  turgeo^io  swell,  re- 
ferring to  ttie  fruit.  ] 

Bot.  ;  A  genus  of  Umbelliferae,  now  reduced 
to  a  snb-genus  of  Caucalis,  having  the 
secondary  ridges  with  two  or  three  rows  of 
spreading  spines.  No  wild  British  species 
but  Cavccdis  latifolia  is  a  colonist  or  alien. 

*  tur'-gent,  a.    [Lat  turgcns,  gentt. 
pr.  par.  of  turgeo  —  to  swell.  1 


1.  Swelling,  swollen,  tumid  ;  rising  into  9 
tumour  or  puffy  state. 

"  Perfection  breathes 
White  o'er  the  turytnt  til ju  the  living  dew." 

2.  Tumid,  turgid,  inflated,  bombastic,  pomp- 
ous. 

"  After  all,  be  rwomoensed  with  turgtnt  titles, 
honoured  for  his  good  service."—  Burton :  Anal 
Man,  (Pref.) 

•tur  gesce,  v.i.  [Lat  turgtoco,  incept  ol 
turgeo  =  to  swell.]  To  become  turgid  ;  to 
swell,  to  inflate. 

t  tur-geV-9ence,  ttur-ges'  9011-97,  t. 
[Lat  turgescens,  pr.  par.  of  turgesco.}  [Tun- 

OE8CE.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  swelling  ;  the  state  of 
becoming  swollen. 

"The  Instant  rwry«*vtic»  b  not  to  be  taken  off.  but 
oy  tu«diuiaes  of  a  higher  n»tur*."— Brvwne .  I'ulyar 
frrottrt,  L.K..  ii.,  oh.  vn. 

2.  Empty  pompousness  ;  bombast,  inflation,, 
turgidity. 

t  tur-ges'-oent,  a.    [Lat.  turgesccns,  pr.  par 
of  turgenco.}     Growing   turgid    or   inflated ; 
swelling. 

tur'-gid,  o.    [Lat.  turgidus,  from  turgec  =  to 

swell.] 

1.  Swelled,   swollen,    bloated,   inflated,  or 
distended  beyoud  its  natural  state  by  some 
internal   agent  or   expansive  force.      (Often 
applied  to  an  enlarged  part  of  the  body.)    In 
botany,  slightly  swelling. 

"The  tunjid  fruit 
Abounds  with  mellow  liquor."        Philip*  :  Cid*r. 

2.  Tumid,  pompous,  inflated,  bombastic, 

"  That  turus  to  ridicule  the  turgid  speech 
And  stately  tone  of  moralist*. ' 

Covper:  Tort.  T.  «*», 


d'-X-ty,  *.    [Eng.  turgid;  -ity.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  turgid  or 
swollen ;  tumidness. 

"  Ttie  forermiiiers  of  an  apoplexy  are  dtilue**.  alow. 
ness  of  si  e*cli,  vertlgos,  weakness,  weariness,  ai.ii  tur- 
giiiity  of  the  eyt*."—Art,uth»ol  :  On  Diet.  ch.  Ill 

2.  Hollow     magnificence ;     pompousness, 
bombast. 

"  A  simple,  clear,  harmonious  stfle  ;  wh>ch,  taken 
as  a  model,  may  be  followed  without  lexdlng  tin.1  in  u- 
date  either  Into  turyidUf  or  obscurity. pp— O«m**r. 
land:  Jfmoirt,  U.  462. 

tUT'-^Id-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  turgid;  -ly.}  lu  & 
turgid  manner ;  with  swelling  or  empty 
pomp ;  pompously,  bombastically. 

tur'-gid-ness,  s.     [Eng.  turgid;  -nets.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of   being    turgid, 
swollen,   or   d  is  t  ended    beyond    the    na  Ui  raj 
state  by  some  internal  force  or  agent ;  dis- 
tension. 

2.  Hollow    magnificence ;     pompousnesi, 
bombast,  turgidity. 

"The  turffidntti  of  a  young  scribbler  might  please 
his  niKgnineent  spirit  always  upon  the  stilts."—  War* 
burton:  To  Surd,  let.  M. 


1  tur'-fcld-OUS,  a.     [Lat   turgidw-. 
(q.v.).]    Turgid,  swollen. 


turgid 


tur'-gite,  *.  [After  the  Turginsk  copper- 
mine,  near  Bogoslovsk,  Urals,  where  first  ob- 
served ;  sufl.  -ite  (tfbk>J 

Min. :  A  common  iron  ore  frequently  mis- 
taken for  limonite,  to  which  it  bears  a  strong 
resemblance.  Occurs  in  fibrous  masses,  >ome- 
times  botryoidal  and  stalactitic,  also  earthy. 
Hardness,  5  to  6 ;  sp.gr.  varying  according  to 
texture,  but  ranging  between  S'56  and  4-681 ; 
lustre,  submetallic  and  satiny  when  seen  at 
right  angles  to  the  fibres,  also  dull  in  the 
earthy  varieties;  colour,  reddish-black  to 
dark-red ;  streak,  red ;  opaque.  Compos. : 
sesquioxide  of  iron,  947 ;  water,  5'3  =  100, 
which  yields  the  formula  2Fe2O3,HO.  Found 
frequently  associated  with  limonite,  but  is 
easily  to  be  distinguished  by  the  colour  of  its 
streak. 

Tu-rin ,  s.    [Lat  Torino.] 

Geog. :  A  city  of  northern  Italy,  capital  of 
Piedmont,  and  the  former  kingd mil  of  Sardinia, 
which  developed  iuto  that  of  Italy 

Turin-nut,  $. 

Geol. :  A  familiar  name  for  a  fossil  fruit,  re- 
sembling a  walnut  in  appearanc-e,  found  in 
the  Newer  Tertiary  deposits  near  Turin.  The 
ligneons  envelope  has  j>erished,  but  the  form  of 
the  surface  and  that  of  the  enclosed  kernel  are 
preserved  m  the  calc  spar  in  which  it  occurs.  ; 


Ate,  f&t,  fore,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go,  p5t. 
or.  wore.  w»lt  work,  wh*,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Sjrrian.    »,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «n  =  kw. 


turio— Turlupins 


4871 


tUT'-I-d,  i.     [Lat.  =  a  shoot,  a   sprout,    i 
tendril.] 

Bot. :  A  shoot  covered  with  scales  upon  its 
first  appearance,  as  in  the  Asparagus. 

tur-i-d-nif-er-ous,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  turio, 
genit.  turionis;  Lat.  Jero  =  to  bear,  and  Eng. 
suIT.  -ous.] 
Bat. :  Producing  turios.    [TuBio.] 

Turk,  ».   [Fr.  Turc,  from  Pers.  Tur*  =  aTurk.] 
1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Turkey. 
1 2.  Often    used    by  the  early  writers   as 
synonymous  with  Mohaminadan,  though  the 
Turks  constitute  but  one  section  of  the  Mus- 
sulman world. 

"  It  U  no  good  reason  for  a  man's  religion  that  he 
was  born  and  brought  up  In  It ;  for  then  a  Turk  would 
have  iw  much  reason  to  M  a  Turk  as  a  Christian  to  be 
a  Christian."—  Chillingworth  :  Religion  of  I'rotHtanti, 
pt.  i..  eh.  U. 

H  In  this  sense  it  occurs  in  the  Liturgy. 
The  prayer  for  all  "Jews,  Turks,  Infidels, 
and  Hereticks,"  in  the  third  collect  for  Good 
Friday,  is  intended  to  embrace  all  who  are 
not  Christians. 

3.    Applied  to  a  troublesome   destructive 
boy.    Chiefly  in  the  depression :  a  young  turk. 
U  *  To  turn  Turk :  To  undergo  a  complete 
change  for  the  worse. 

"  If  the  rest  of  my  fortune*  turn  Turk  with  me." 
Ouitttp-  ••  Bamla.  ill.  J. 

Turk's  cap,  Turk's  cap  lily,  s. 

Sot.  &  Hurt. :  (1)  Mclocactus  commnnit;  (2) 
lilium  Martagon  (MABTAGON]  ;  (S)  Aconitum 
Kttptlba.  [ACONITE.] 

Turk's  bead,  s. 

1.  Bot. :  Afelocactus  communis. 

2.  Naut. :  An  ornamental  knot,  like  a  tur- 
ban, worked  on  to  a  rope. 

8.  A  long  broom  for  sweeping  ceilings,  Ac. 
"  H«  law  a  great  Turk!  head  poked  up  at  hla  own." 
~Li/n<jn  :  My  .Vow;,  hk.  x.,  eh.  zx. 

•  Turk's  turban,  >. 

Bot. :  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ranunculus. 
(Goodriek.) 

•  Tur'-keis,  a.  44  «.    ffr.  turyuotoe.] ._ 

A.  At  ndj. :  Turkish. 

B.  As  tubst.  :  A  turquoise  (q.v.). 

•turk'-en,  «.(.  [O.  Fr.  torgi/er  =  to  twist; 
tnrc£iwtue  =  violent ;  Lat.  torqueo  =  to  twist.] 
To  turn  or  twist  about. 

"They  are  not  either  article*  of  his  own  lately 
devised,  or  the  old  newly  turkmtd.'— Rogvri:  On 
Thirty-Hint  Arttetet,  p.  24. 

«  Turk -688,  s.  [Eng.  Turk;  -at.}  A  female 
Turk. 

"  Give  her  the  crown,  Turkeu." 

Jfartowa  :  1  Taniburlaine,  Hi.  3. 

Turnkey,  turnkey.  «  Tur^-kie,  »  Tur-- 

ky,  s.     [Fr.  Turyu.it  =  Turkey,  from  Turc 
=  a  Turk  (q.v.).] 

1.  Geog.  (O/ the  form  Turkey) :  An  empire  in 
the  south-east  of  Europe  and  south-west  of 
Asia. 

2.  Ornith.  (Of  the  form  turkey):  Any  species 
of  the  genus  Meleagris  (q.v.X    It  arose  from 
the  misconception  that  these  birds,  which 
were  first   introduced   into   England   about 
1541,  came   from    Turkey,  instead    of  from 
Anu-rica,  as  was  really  the  case.    They  are 
the  largest  of  the  Game  Birds,  and  for  that 
reason  have  been  domesticated  for  a   great 
length  of  time.    All  the  species  have  the  head 
naked,  with  wattles  or  folds  of  bright  naked 
•kin,  which    becomes  much    more    brilliant 
when  the  bird  is  excited  or  angry,  and  a 
curious  tuft  of  long  hair  on  the  breast.    The 

S~  (image  is  always  more  or  less  metallic.  The 
iiu  mi  in  Turkey,  Meleagris  gallopaw,  is  brown- 
ish-yellow on  the  upper  parts  of  the  body, 
and  each  feather  has  a  broad  resplendenl 
black  edge,  hinder  portions  of  the  back- 
feathers  and  tail-coverts  dark  reddish-brown, 
Btriped  with  green  and  black  ;  breast  yellow- 
ish-brown, darkest  at  sides  ;  belly  and  sides 
brownish-gray;  rump-feathers  pale  black 
with  a  darker  edge ;  fore  parts  of  head  am 
throat  pale  sky  blue,  warts  on  face  brigh 
red.  They  often  weigh  from  twenty  to  sixty 
pounds,  and  measure  at  least  three  feet  in 
height ;  but  the  wild  birds  are  ranch  finer 
than  the  domesticated  race,  which,  contrar 
to  the  general  rule,  has  degenerated  under  th< 
care  of  man.  They  are  gregarious,  and  inhabi 
the  eastern  portion  of  North  America,  feedini 
on  grass,  grain,  insects,  fruit,  &c.  The  domes 


tioated  birds  may  be  seen  in  every  farm-yard, 
and  large  numbers  are  bred  and  fattened  for 
table  use,  it  being  the  favorite  bird  for  Christ- 
mas and  Thanksgiving  feasts  iu  the  United 
States.  The  Ocellated  Turkey,  M.  oceliuta,  a  very 
fine  and  brilliantly-colored  species,  having  eye- 
like  markings  on  the  tail-feathers  and  upper 
winu-eoverts,  is  found  in  Honduras  and  Yu- 
catan. The  other  species,  M.  mexiaana,  from 
Central  America,  Mexico,  and  the  table-lauds 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  closely  resembles 
M.  gidlopavo,  and  is  popularly  known  as  the 
Mexican  Turkey. 

Turkey-berries,  s.  pi. 

Hot. :  The  berries  of  various  species  of  Rham- 
nus,  used  for  dyeing.  [AVIGNON-BEBBY.] 

Turkey-berry  tree,  «. 

Sot. :  Cordia  Coltococca,  a  tree  about  thirty 
feet  high,  with  green  flowers,  growing  in 
Jamaica. 

turkey-bird,  s. 

Ornith. :  A  local  name  for  the  Wryneck 
(q.v.),  probably  from  its  habit  of  ruffling  its 
feathers  when  disturbed  or  captured. 

turkey-blossom, «. 

Bot. :  The  West  Indian  name  of  Tribulut 
cistoidcs,  a  species  with  yellow  flower*. 

turkey-buzzard,  turkey  vu»  cure,  s. 

Ornith. :  Bhinogryphus  (t  Catkartes)  aura. 
[RHINOOBYPHCS.]  Like  the  other  Vultures, 
they  feed  on  carrion,  but  their  habits  vary 
somewhat  with  locality :  in  the  southern 
United  States  they  act  as  scavengers  in  the 
towns,  in  Guatemala  and  throughout  South 
America  they  are  not  seen  in  flocks,  but  occur 
in  pairs  only  in  the  forests. 

"The  popular  name  of  TurKey-buauird  is  given  to 
the  bird  on  account  of  its  resembUuice  to  the  common 
turkey,  and  many  8  new  coiner  has  found  himself  an 
object  of  derision  because  he  has  shot  an  Aura  Vul- 
ture, taking  it  lor  a  turkey." — J.  O.  Wood:  Explan. 
Index  to  Watffrton'l  Wanderingl. 

Turkey-carpet,  >.  A  carpet  formed  of 
a  chain  and  weft  of  strong  linen  yarn  and 
tufts  of  worsted  tied  into  the  fabric  in  the 
course  of  manufacture. 

turkey-cock, '  turkle-cook,  *  tur  ky- 
oooke,  s. 

1.  Lit.  at  Ornith. :  A  male  turkey. 

2.  Fig.  :  Used  as  representative  of  foolish 
vanity  and  pride.  v 

"  Here  be  comes,  swelling  like  a  turkey-cock.' 

Sfatkctp. :  Henry  K..  T.  L 

Turkey  Company,  «.  pi.  A  company 
instituted  by  charter  received  from  Queen 
Elizabeth  in  1571).  Called  also  the  Levant 
Company. 

turkey  -  feather,  turkey  -  feather 
laver,  s. 

Bot. :  A  book  name  for  Padina  Pavonia. 
[PADINA.] 

turkey-hen  flower, «. 

Bat. :  Fritillaria  MeUagru. 

Turkey-hone,  s.    The  same  as  TURKEY- 

BTONE  (q.V.). 

Turkey-oak,  «. 

Bot. :  Quercus  Cerris  ;  common  in  the  south- 
east of  Europe.  It  has  deciduous,  short- 
stalked  leaves,  oblong,  deeply  and  unequally 
pinna  tind. 

turkey-pod,  >. 

Bot. :  Sisymiiritim  Thalianun.  Named  by 
Withering.  (Britten  &  Holland.) 

Turkey-red,  ». 

Chein. :  One  of  the  most  beautiful  and  mos 
durable  colours  which  has  yet  been  produce* 
on  cotton.  It  is  obtained  from  madder  by  a 
very  complicated  process,  the  theory  of  whicl 
is  not  perfectly  understood.  The  four  most 
essential  operations  are :  thorough  washing 
of  the  unbleached  calico,  impregnating  i 
with  an  oily  soap,  mordanting  with  alumina 
and  immersing  in  a  decoction  of  madder  con 
bulling  chalk  and  bullock's  blood. 

turkey-slate,  «.  The  game  as  TOEZET 
BTONE  (q.v.). 

Turkey-sponge,  «. 

Zool. :    Euspongia  offldnallt.     [SPONGE,  ». 
II.  &.] 
Turkey-stone,  «. 

Geol. :  Novaculite  (q.v.).  Called  also  Whet 
stone  slate,  or  Whetslate. 


turkey-vulture,  s.  The  same  as  TUBKET- 

BUZZARD  (q.V.). 

*  Turkey-wheat,  «.     Maize  or  Indian 
corn. 

"  We  saw  a  great  many  fields  of  Indian  com.  which 
got'-"  by  the  name  of  turktjf-teheat." — KmtUtlt :  franco 
A  /faly.  let.  viii. 

tur'-kis,  s.    [TURQUOISE.] 

tur-kis,   v.t.     [O.  Fr.  <orguer  =  to  twist.J 
[TuBKuN.]    To  twist,  to  alter. 

"  He  UUceth  the  snme  sentence  out  of  Esay  (some- 
what turlnied]  for  his  poesie  as  well  as  the  rest."— 
Bancroft :  Survey  of  rrttfrided  ffotf  Discipline,  p.  •. 

Turk'-Ish,  a.  &  ».    (Bug.  Turk, :  -ish.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Turkey  or 
the  Turks. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  language  spoken  by  the 
Turks,  the  Osmanli. 

Turkish-bath,  ».  A  hot  air  bath,  the 
temperature  varying  from  116°  to  165°.  The 
patient  may  remain  in  the  calidarium  from 
turty  minutes  to  an  hour.  The  bath  must  be 
taken  before  a  meal,  when  the  stomach  is 
empty,  and  should  be  avoided  altogether 
when  fatty  degeneration  of  the  heart  or 
vessels,  or  when  tendencies  towards  vertigo 
or  syncope  exist  A  Turkish  bath  clears  the 
pores  of  the  skin,  rendering  the  latter  healthy, 
induces  free  perspiration,  eliminates  noxious 
matters  from  the  blood,  increases  the  force 
and  rapidity  of  the  circulation,  and  imparts 
a  sense  of  elasticity  and  vigour  to  the  system. 
It  is  useful  in  many  cutaneous  affections,  as 
gout  and  rheumatism,  iu  albnminuria,  ueur- 
alula,  ic.  The  Turkish  bath  has  been  intro- 
duced into  most  of  our  cities. 

Turkish  dog,  $. 

Zool. :  A  variety  of  Canis  familiarlt,  from 
hot  climates,  and  distinguished  by  want  of 
hair  and  diseased  teeth,  which  the  animals 
lose  at  an  early  age.  Buflbu  imagined  that 
the  race  sprang  from  European  dogs,  which 
had  been  taken  from  a  temperate  climate  to 
one  considerably  hotter,  and  there  acquired 
some  cutaneous  disease. 

Turkish  grayhound,  >. 

Zool. :  A  small-sized  dug,  somewhat  resem- 
bling an  English  grayhound  in  shape,  but 
entirely  hairless,  or  with  only  a  few  hairs  on 
the  tail.  It  is  of  no  value  as  a  sporting  dog, 
but  makes  a  faithful  and  affectionate  pet, 

Turkish  hemlclactyle,  s. 

Zool. :  Hemidactylus  verntculatua.  a  Gecko 
from  the  hotter  districts  near  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea. 

Turkish-saddle,  s.    [SELLA-IUBCIOA,] 

Turkish-tobacco,  >. 

Bot. :  Nicotuttui  rustica. 

*  Turk'-aSh-ly,  ads.  [Bug.  Turkish;  -Z».) 
In  the  manner  of  the  Turks  ;  like  a  Turk. 

Turk  -ish  ness,  *  Turk-ish-nes, ».  [Eng. 
Turkish,;  -ness.]  The  religion,  manners,  cha- 
racter, or  the  like  of  the  Turks  ;  Turcism. 

"  Con twmuy  lute  of  knowledge  and  learning e,  Mttlnge 
at  nought,  aud  having  lor  a  fable,  God  and  his  hixue 
providence,  wilt  brinue  us.  1  say,  to  a  more  ungracious 
rurMihns*.  if  more  TurkiAnt*  can  be  than  this,  than 
If  the  Tnrkes  had  sworne  to  bryiigeall  Turltye  againsl 
us." — Alcham:  Toaophilut,  bk.  i. 

Turk'-man,  s.    [TUBKOMAN.J 
Tur'-kft,  «.    [TuBco.] 
» tur-kols,  s.    [ 

Tur'-ko-man,  s.  [A  corruption  of  TurM- 
mams  =  Turks  of  the  true  faith.]  [TuBK.] 
One  of  a  nomadic  Tartar  people,  occupying 
a  territory  stretching  between  the  Caspian 
Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Aral,  the  Khanates  of 
Khiva  and  Bokhara,  Afghanistan,  aud  Persia, 
They  do  not  form  a  single  nation,  but  aw 
divided  into  numerous  tribes  or  chins. 

Tnr'-ki-phile,  «.    [TURCOPHIL.] 
*  tur'-ky,  ».    [TURQUOISE.] 

Tnr'-lu-plns,  s.  pi.  [The  origin  of  the  word 
is  unk'nown,  though  it  is  thnmrht  to  be  con- 
nected with  woltish  or  predatory  habits. 
(Stunt.)] 

Church  Hist. :  A  name  applied  in  contempt 
to  the  Brethren  of  the  Free  Spirit.  They 
appear  to  have  had  their  principal  seat  in 
the  Isle  of  France,  where  they  were  exter- 
minated about  A.D.  1372.  [BBETBBEN,  U  4.] 


boil,  b6y;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  Shln.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.   -Ing. 
-oloo. -tian  =  slian.   -tlon, -sloa  =  shun ; -flon, -^ion  =  zhua.   -Clout,  -tiout,  -cloni  =  shua.   -ble, -die,  ic.  =  bel,  dpi. 


4872 


turm — turn 


"  turm,  *.  [TURMA.J  A  troop  or  company  of 
horse. 

*'  Legion*  and  cohort*,  turmt  of  hone  and  wings." 
Mtiton  ;  f.  A.,  IT.  M. 

tur  -ma,  *.    [Lat.J 

Roman  Antiq. :  A  company  of  cavalry,  con- 
sisting at  first  of  thirty,  afterwards  of  thirty- 
two  men.  Bach  turma  was  divided  into  three 
decuriae. 

tur'-ma-lin,  «.    [TOURMALINE.] 

*  tur-men  tille,  *.    [TORMENTIL.J 
frar  -ment  iae,  *.    [TORMENTISE.) 

lur -mer-ic,  «.  [Fr.  terre-meriU ;  Low  Lat. 
terra-merita  (lit.  =  excellent  earth) ;  probably, 
in  the  opinion  of  Skeat,  a  corruption  of  Arab. 
karkam,  kvrkum  —  saffron.]  [CURCUMA.] 

1.  Bot.  &  Comm. :  Curcuma  longa,  a  native 
of  Ceylon.    The  specific  name  is  given  from 
the  length  of  the  leaves :  about  a  foot    The 
spike  rises  from  the  midst  of  them,  and  pro- 
duces pale  cream-coloured  flowers.     It  is  ex- 
tensively cultivated  over  India,  the  crop  being 
a  very  profitable  one,  yielding,  according  to 
Atkinson,  after  all  expenses  are  paid,  about 
thirty-one  rupees  per  acre. 

2.  Comm,  d;  Pharm. :  The  rhizome  of  Cur* 
cuma  longa  [1].    The  best  is  in  small  short 
pieces,    externally   yellow,    internally    deep 
orange.     [TURMERIC-PAPER.]    It  is  used  as  a 
condiment  in  curry-powder.     It  is  not  em- 
ployed in  British  pharmacy,  but  in  Hindoo 
medicine  it  is  administered  internally  in  dis- 
orders of  the  blood,  and  is  applied  externally 
In  pain  and  bruises ;  the  juice  is  said  to  be 
anthelmintic ;  the  fumes  of  the  burning  root 
are  deemed  useful  in  coryza  ;  in  decoction  they 
are  applied  to  relieve  catarrh  and  purulent 
ophthalmia.    A  paste  made  of  the  flowers  is 
used  in  ringworm  and  other  parasitic  diseases. 

turmeric  paper,   . 

Chem. ;  Unsized  white  paper  dipped  into 
an  alcoholic  solution  of  turmeric.  It  is  a 
very  delicate  test  for  alkalis  and  their  car- 
bonates, the  yellow  colour  of  the  turmeric 
being  changed  to  a  brown. 

turmeric -tincture,  *.  A  tincture  con- 
listing  of  bruised  turmeric  and  proof  spirit. 

turmeric  tree,  s. 

Bot. :  An  unidentified  species  of  Zieria,  a 
raewort  from  Australia.  The  inner  bark, 
which  is  very  yellow,  yields  a  dye,  and  the 
yellow  close-grained  wood  is  valuable  for 
ornamental  purposes.  (Treat,  of  Bot.) 

tuV  mer  ol,  *.  The  result  of  the  treatment 
of  oil  of  turpentine  with  petroleum, 

tur  moil,  *  tur  moyle,  *.  [Etyro.  doubt- 
ful ;  perhaps  from  O.  Fr.  trenouille,  trameul 
the  hopper  of  a  mill,  as  being  always  in  mo- 
tion, from  Lat.  <remo  =  to  tremble.]  Harass- 
ing labour,  confusion,  tumult,  disturbance, 
commotion. 

"Calmly  she  gazed  around  In  the  turmoil  of  men." 
Longfellow :  Children  of  the  Lord'i  Supper. 

*  tur -moil,  v.t.  &  i,    [TURMOIL,  s.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  harass  with  commotion  ;  to 
disturb,  to  agitate,  to  molest. 

"  Bat  thus  turmoOd  from  oue  to  other  stoure 
I  wast  my  life,  and  doe  my  daiea  devoure 
In  wretched  anguUhe  and  incessant  woe." 

Spenter;  F.  Q.,  IV.  U.  39. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  disturbed ;  to   be  in 

commotion  or  agitation. 

torn,  *  tourne,  *  tourn  en,  *  tornc, 
*  turne,  *  turn-en,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  toumer; 
O.  Fr.  tenter,  turner  =  to  turn,  from  Lat. 
torno  —  to  turn  in  a  lathe,  to  turn,  from  tornns 
=  a  lathe,  a  turner's  wheel ;  cogn.  with  Or. 
Topi-os  (tamos)  =  a  carpenter's  tool  to  draw 
circles  with,  compasses ;  ropceuw  (torneuo)  = 
to  turn  work  with  a  lathe ;  Sp.  &  Port,  tornar  ; 
Ital.  tornare ;  A. 8.  tyrnan;  O.  Icel.  turna; 
O.  H.  Ger.  turnen ;  Irish  tour  =  a  turn  ;  Wei. 
turn;  Gael,  turna  =  a  spinning-wheel.  From 
the  same  root  come  tour,  tournament,  and 
tourniquet] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  move  round  on  a  centre  or 
axis,  or  as  on  a  centre  or  axis ;  to  make  to 
move  round  or  revolve  ;  to  cause  to  rotate  or 
revolve. 

"  Turn  the  giddy  round  of  Fortune's  wheel." 

Shaketp.  :  Rapt  of  Lucrcce,  952. 

2.  To  form  or  fashion  by  revolving  motion 
in  a  lathe ;  to  shape  or  fashion,  as  wood, 
metal,  or  other  substance,  to  any  figure,  by 
means  of  a  lathe. 


3.  Hence,  to  form,  fashion,  or  shape  in  any 
way. 

"  HU  whole  person  U  finely  turned,  and  M>eaki  him 
a  man  of  quality. "—TatUr.  (Todd.} 

4.  To  cause  to  go,  move,  aim,  point,  look, 
or  the  like  in  a  different  direction,  or  towards 
a  different  point ;  to  direct  or  put  into  a  differ- 
ent or  opposite  way,  course,  road,  path,  or 
channel ;  to  change  the  direction  or  course 
of;  to  cause  to  leave   a  certain  course  or 
direction. 

"But  could  they  persuade  any  to  be  of  their  opinion  t 
Tea,  they  turned  several  out  of  the  way."—  fiunyan; 
ftljfrimi  Progrett,  pt.  11. 

6.  To  shift  or  change,  with  respect  to  the 
bottom,  sides,  front,  back,  top,  or  the  like  ; 
to  reverse  ;  to  put  the  upper  side  downward, 
or  the  one  side  in  the  place  of  the  other ;  to 
invert. 

"  Make  mouths  upon  me  when  I  turn  my  back." 
Shaketp.  :  Midtummer  fiight't  Dream,  UL  2. 

6.  To  bring  the  inside  of  outwards. 

"  A  pair  of  old  breeches,  thrice  turned.'— Shaken.  : 
Taming  of  On  8hr*K,  iii.  2. 

7.  To  change  or  alter  from  one  purpose  or 
effect  to  another ;  to  apply  or  devote  to  a 
different  purpose  or  object ;  to  divert, 

"  Great  Apollo,  turn  all  to  the  best." 

.SA<U-«p..-  Winter'*  T<U«,  Ui  1. 

8.  To  apply,  to  devote,  to  direct. 

"  He  turned  his  part*  rather  to  hooka  and  conversa- 
tion, than  to  politic*. "—Prior.  (Todd.) 

9.  To  change  to  any  opinion,  side,  or  party ; 
to  change  with  respect  to  belief,  opinions,  sen- 
timents, or  feelings ;  to  convert,  to  pervert. 

10.  To  change  or  alter  the  state,  nature,  or 
appearance  of  in  any  way ;  to  transform,  to 
metamorphose,  to  transmute,  to  change. 

"Mountains  turned  Into  clouds." 
Sh<ike4p.  :  Midmmmer  A'iffhft  Dream,  iv,  L 

11.  To  give  a  different  form  of  expression 
to  ;  to  translate,  to  construe,  to  paraphrase. 

"To ...  turn  ft  wise  saying  of  some  ancient  sage  into 
the  terms  of  a  terse  English  couplet."— Blackie :  Self- 
Culture,  p.  IS. 

12.  To  pass,  go,  or  move  round. 

"Turning  a  corner  In  Lambeth  on  Saturday."— 
Daily  Chronicle,  Sept  7,  1885. 

13.  To  transfer  ;  to  put  or  place  in  different 
hands ;  to  hand  over. 

"  Our  inheritance  is  turned  to  strangers,  our  houses 
to  alien*,"— Lamentations  \.  z. 

*  14.  To  reverse,  to  repeal. 

"  God  will  turn  thy  captivity,  and  hare  compassion 
upon  thee.  and  will  return  and  gather  thee  from  all 
nations."—  Deuteronomy  xxx.  3. 

15.  To  bend  from  a  perpendicular  edge  ;  to 
blunt. 

"  Quick  wits  are  more  quick  to  enter  speedily,  than 
able  to  pierce  fur;  like  sharp  tool*,  whose  edges  be  very 
toon  turned." — Aicham. 

16.  To  revolve,  ponder,  or  agitate ;  to  re- 
flect or  meditate  on.  (Often  followed  by  about 
or  over.) 

"  Turn  these  ideas  af-out  In  yonr  mind."—  Wattt. 

17.  To    change    from    a   fresh,    sweet,    or 
natural  condition  ;  to  cause  to  ferment,  turn 
sour,  or  the  like ;  as,  Hot  weather  will  turn 
milk. 

18.  To  put,  bring,  or  place  in  a  certain  state 
or  condition. 

"  So  truly  turned  over  and  over  In  love." 

Shaketp.  :  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  v.  3. 

19.  To  make  suitable,  fit,  or  proper;  to 
adapt.    (Rare,  except  in  the  pa.  par.) 

"  However  improper  he  might  have  been  for  studies 
of  a  higher  nature,  he  was  perfectly  well  turned  for 
trade. " — A  dditon. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  have  a  circular  or  revolving  motion  ; 
to  revolve  or  move  round,  as  on  an  axis, 
centre,  or  the  like. 

"  The  world  turm  round." 
Shaketp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  r.  2. 

2.  To  move    the   body,   face,   or   head    in 
another  direction ;  to  direct  the  face  to  a 
different  quarter. 

"  From  the  one  side  to  the  other  turning." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  //.,  T.  I 

3.  To  change  the  posture  or  position  of  the 
body,  as  in  bed  ;  to  shift  or  roll  from  one  side 
to  another. 

"As  a  man  in  a  fever  turn*  often,  although  without 
any  hope  of  ease,  to  men  in  the  extreinest  misery  fly 
to  the  nrat  appearance  of  relief,  though  never  so  vain." 
—fbffift:  Intelligencer. 

4.  To  retrace  one's  steps ;  to  go  or  come 
back ;  to  return. 

"  Ere  from  this  war  thoo  turn  a  conqueror." 

fihaketp. :  Ricltard  III.,  iv.  4. 

&.  Not  to  fly ;  to  face  or  confront  an  enemy ; 
to  show  fight. 

"  rum,  slave,  and  fight" 

Shakmtp.  :  Troiiut  t  Creuida.  T.  T. 


10. 

(F> 


6.  To  change  direction  ;  to  take  an  opposite 
or  a  new  course,  direction,  or  line. 

"  Now  doth  it  turn  and  «bb  back." 

Shaketp.  :  3  J/tnry  jr.,  T.  S. 

7.  f  o  take  a  particular  direction,  course,  or 
line;  to  direct  one's  self;  to  have  recourse: 
as,  I  know  not  where  to  turn. 

8.  To  be  changed  or  altered  in  appearance, 
form,  orcondition  ;  to  be  transformed,  changed, 
metamorphosed,  or  converted. 

"  Iu  tome  springs  of  water  if  you  pat  wood,  it  will 
turn  into  the  nature  of  atone."—  Bacon. 

9.  To  be  altered  or  changed  in  character, 
nature,  inclination,   sentiments,  disposition, 
opinions,  use,  or  the  like  ;  to  be  converted  or 
perverted  ;  hence,  to  become,  to  grow. 

"Ton  will  turn  good  husband  now."—  SAo*«n..- 
Meaturefor  Jfeuurc,  Iii.  ». 

0.  Specifically: 

>  To  change  from  a  fresh,  sweet,  or  natural 
condition  ;  to  become  sour  or  spoiled,  as  milk, 
meat,  Ac, 

"  Asses'  milk  turneth  not  §o  easily  a*  cows'."—  Bacon, 

(2)  To  become  inclined  in  a  particular  direc- 
tion. 

"  If  the  scale  do  turn  but  in  the  estimation  of  a  hair.* 
Shaketp.;  Merchant  of  Venice,  iv.  !. 

(3)  To  become  giddy,  dizzy,  or  light  in  the 
head  ;  to  reel  ;  hence,  to  become  infatuated, 
mad,  or  the  like, 

"  I'll  look  no  more 
Lest  my  brain  turn."        Shaketp,  :  Ltnr,  iv.  6. 

(4)  To  change  from  ebb  to  flow,  or  from 
flow  to  ebb,  as  the  tide. 

"  My  uncontrolled  tide 
Tumt  not,  but  swells  the  higher  by  this  let" 

Shtketp,  ;  Rapt  of  Lucrece,  M6, 

(5)  To  become  nauseated,  qualmish,  or  sick, 
as  the  stomach. 

(6)  To  be  changeable,  fickle,  or  vacillating  ; 
to  vacillate. 

"She  is  turning  &nA  inconstant." 

Shdketp.  :  Henry  V.,  Iii,  «. 

11.  To  have  a  consequence  or  result  ;  to 
result,  to  terminate. 

11  Let  their  pride  set  them  on  work,  on  something 
which  may  turn  to  their  advantage."  —  Locke:  On 
Education. 

12.  To  change  one's  exercise  or  action. 

"Forthwith  from  dance  to  sweet  repose  they  rum.' 
Milton  :  P.  L.,  v.  630. 

13.  To  take  form  on  the  lathe  ;  to  undergc 
the  process  of  turning  on  the  lathe  :  as,  Ivory 
turns  well. 

T  To  turn  signifies  in  general  to  put  a  thing 
out  of  its  place  in  an  uneven  line  ;  we  turn  a 
thing  by  moving  it  from  one  point  to  another; 
thus  we  turn  the  earth  over  :  to  distort  is  to 
turn  or  bend  out  of  the  right  course  ;  tlius 
the  face  is  distorted  in  convulsions.  The  same 
distinction  holds  good  in  the  moral  applica- 
tion :  we  turn  a  person  from  his  design  ;  we 
distort  the  meanings  of  words  so  as  to  give 
them  an  entirely  false  meaning. 

^  1.  To  turn  about  :  To  turn  the  face  ii 
another  direction  ;  to  turn  round. 

2.  To  turn  adrift:  To  expel  or  drive  out 
from  some  safe  or  settled  place  or  position  ; 
to  cast  off;  to  throw  upon  one's  own  resources. 

3.  To  turn  again  :  To  return  ;  to  go  or  com« 
back. 

"Tarry  with  him  till  I  fwr»  again.* 

Shaketp.  :  Titut  Andrenicut,  T.  ft. 

4.  To  turn  against  : 

(1)  Transitive  : 

(a)  To  direct  towards  or  against  ;  hence,  to 
turn  or  use  to  one's  disadvantage  or  injury  : 
as,  His  arguments  were  turnedayainst  himself. 

(b)  To  render  unfavourable,  unfriendly,  hos- 
tile, or  opposed  ;  to  set  against  :  as,  1  was 
turned  against  him. 

(2)  Intrans.  :  To  become  unfavourable,  un- 
friendly,   hostile,   or   opposed  :  as,  All   hta 
friends  have  turned  against  him. 

5.  To  turn  aside  : 

(1)  Trans.  :  To  ward  off  ;  to  avert  :  u,  To 
turn  aeide  a  blow. 

(2)  Intransitive: 

(a)  To  leave  or  turn  from  a  straight  course  ; 
to  go  off  in  a  different  direction. 

(0)  To  withdraw  from  the  notice  or  presence 
of  others  ;  to  go  apart. 

"  Turn  atide,  and  weep  'or  her." 

Shaketp,  :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  L  S. 

6.  To  turn  away  : 

(1)  Transitive  : 

(a)  To  turn  in  an  opposite  direction  ;  to 
avert. 

"  She  t  urn*  atoay  the  face." 

Shaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  1,711. 


fate,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pttt, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  aon ;  mote,  cub,  euro,  unite,  ear,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


turn 


4873 


(6)  To  avert  ;  to  turn  aside. 

"A  third  part  of  prayer  IB  deprecation;  that  la. 
when  we  pray  to  God  to  turn  asm*  soiue  evil  muu 
•a."— 1>U*V  of  Man. 

(c)  To  dismiss  from  service ;  to  discharge, 
to  discard. 

"  I  most  turn  aval/  soms  of  my  followers.*— Sfco*«fp.  .' 
Merry  Win*  of  Wittdtor,  i.  3. 

(2)  Intransitive : 

(a)  To  turn  the  face  in  an  opposite  or 
another  direction  ;  to  avert  one's  looks. 

"  He  turn,  amy.-       Shakeip.  :  Coriolanut,  T.  ». 

(5)  To  leave  a  straight  or  former  course ;  to 
tarn  aside ;  to  deviate. 

"When  th«  righteous  man  tunueh  away  from  hifl 
wickedness,  "-iieiiel  xviii.  24. 

7.  To  turn  a  barrel  organ,  mangle,  or  the 
lite  :  To  put  into  work  or  action ;  to  work. 

8.  To  turn  a,  cold  shoulder  to  (or  on):  To 
treat  with  marked  neglect  or  coutetupt. 

9.  To  turn  a  penny  (or  the  penny) :  To  keep 
one's  money  in  brisk  circulation  ;  to  give  and 
take  money  more  or  less  rapidly  in  business ; 
to  increase  one's  capital  by  business. 

10.  To  turn  a  summersault :  [SOMERSAULT]. 

11.  To  turn  a  thing  vp:   To  give  it  np. 

(/Slang.) 

12.  To  turn  an  enemy's  flank,  line,  position, 
or  army :  To  manoeuvre  so  as  to  pass  round 
bis  forces,  and  attack  him  from  behind,  or  on 
the  sides  ;  hence,  fig.,  To  turn  one's  flank :  To 
attack  one  on  a  weak,  or  unexpected  point ;  to 
outwit  one. 

13.  To  turn  tack  : 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  cause  to  return  or  retrace  one's  steps ; 
hence,  to  drive  off  or  away. 
•(6)  To  send  hack ;  to  return. 

"  We  turn  not  back  the  silks  upon  tie  merchant 
When  we  have  spoiled  them. 

Shakap.  :  Trailut  i  Creaida,  ill.  Z. 

(e)  To  fold  back :  as,  To  turn  a  leaf  ixu*. 

(2)  Intrant. :  To  go  or  come  back  ;  to  re- 
turn ;  to  retrace  one's  steps. 

"Gentle,  my  lord.  turn  bae*.' 

Shakmp.  :  Meature/or  Measure,  It  1 

U.  To  turn  down : 

CO  To  fold  or  double  down. 

(2)  To  lower,  as  with  a  stop-cock  or  the 
like :  as,  To  turn  dawn  the  gas. 

(3)  To  decline,  suppress  or  ignore.     (Sltmg.) 

15.  To  turn  forth :  To  drive  out  or  away. 

"  I  am  the  turned  forth." 

Shakeep.  :  TUul  Anarwricul,  T.  8. 

*  16.  To  tarn  head :  To  stand,  to  meet  »n 
enemy  ;  not  to  fly. 

"  Turn  head,  and  atop  pursuit." 

SkaJutf. :  Eenrf  F..  U.  4. 

17.  To  turn  in  : 

0)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  direct  inwards  or  towards  each  other 
•I,  To  turn  the  toes  in. 

(6)  To  fold  or  double  in :  as,  To  turn  in  a 
•am. 

(c)  To  place  or  put  in  a  particular  place. 

"  To  purchase  and  turn  in  some  hundred  thousands 
Of  large  trout"— Weld.  Dec.  «.  1855. 

(2)  Intransitive: 
(a)  To  bend,  double,  or  point  inwards :  as 
Sis  legs  turn  in. 

(0)  To  enter. 

"  Turn  in,  I  pray  you.  Into  your  servant's  houee."— 
Small  zix.  i. 

(e)  To  go  to  bed  ;  to  retire  to  rest 

"We  were  thinking  of  turning  in  for  the  night"— 
afcritners-  Uaaatine,  Aug.,  1887.  p.  no. 

18.  To  turn  off: 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  deflect,  to  divert ;  to  turn  aside. 

"The  institution  of  sport*  wae  intended  by  all 
ffover  umeuta  to  turn  off  the  thought!  of  the  peopl 
from  hosying  themselves  in  matters  of  state."—  Add* 
tm  :  freeholder. 

(i>)  To  dismiss  or  put  away  with  contempt 
to  discharge,  to  discard. 

"Have  turned  off  9.  first  so  noble  wife." 

Skakeip.  :  Attl  Well  that  Endi  Wen,  T.  » 

(c)  To  give  over ;  to  resign. 

"  We  are  not  so  wholly  turned  off  to  that  reversion 
9m  to  have  no  supplies  for  the  present"— Decay  t 
fietf. 

(d)  To  accomplish,  to  perform,  to  complete 
to  turn  out :  as,  The  printers  turned  off  1,00 
copies. 

(e)  To  shut  off,  as  a  fluid,  by  means  of 
stop-cock,  valve,  &c.,  so  as  to  prevent  th 
working,  operation,  effect,  or  passage  of;  t 


stop  or  withdraw  the  effective  supply  of :  as, 
To  turn  of  gas,  steam,  water,  tic. 

*  (/)  To  hang ;  to  erecute,  as  a  criminal. 

*  (g)  To  marry.    (Slang.) 

(A)  To  give  a  different  meaning  or  effect  to  : 
as,  To  turn  off  A  joke. 

(2)  Intrans. :  To  be  diverted ;  to  deviate 
from  a  straight  course :  as,  The  road  turns  off 
to  the  left. 

19.  To  turn  on : 

(1)  Trans. :  To  open  a  passage  to,  or  admit, 
ss  a  fluid,  by  means  of  a  stop-cock  or  valve, 
so  as  to  allow  to  do  the  required  work,  or 
have  the  desired  effect :  as,  To  turn  on  water, 
gas,  steam,  or  the  like. 

(2)  Intransitive: 

(a)  To  show  anger,  resentment,  or  hostility 
by  directing  the  look  towards ;  to  confront  in 
a  hostile  manner;  to  become  hostile,  un- 
friendly, or  opposed  to  another. 

"  Turn  on  the  bloody  bounds." 

Shakap.  :  1  Henry  F/.(  IT.  2. 

(6)  To  depend  on ;  to  hinge  on :  as,  The 
whole  point  turns  on  this. 

20.  To  turn  one't  hand:  To  apply  or  adapt 
one's  self. 

21.  To  turn  one's  head  (or  train) : 

(1)  To  make  one  giddy  or  dizzy. 

(2)  To  make  one  insane,  infatuated,  wild,  or 
the  like  ;  to  deprive  of  reason  or  judgment ; 
to  infatuate. 

"There  is  not  a  more  melancholy  object  than  a  man 
who  has  his  head  turned  with  religious  enthusiasm. 
—Addiion. 

22.  To  turn  oat : 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  drive  out ;  to  eipeL    (Used  with  of 
before  an  indirect  object.) 

"Ill  turn  you  out  of  my  kingdom."-jS»otesj>.  .• 
Tempett,  iv. 

(b)  To  drive  or  put  out  of  office  or  power. 

"[They]  would  have  trooped  into  the  lobby,  and 
•npportea  them  rather  than  let  them  be  turned  out. 
—Mil/if  Chronicle,  June  26,  1S8S. 

(c)  To  put  out  to  pasture:  as,  He  has  turned 
out  his  cattle  and  horses. 

(d)  To  produce  as  the  result  of  labour  or 
any  process  of  manufacture ;  to  send  out 
finished. 

"  Hears. turn  out  somewhere  about  6,000  tons 

weekly."— field,  Feb.  19.  1887. 

(e)  To  bring  the  inside  of  to  the  outside ;  to 
reverse  ;  hence,  to  bring  to  view,  to  show,  to 
expose,  to  produce  :  as,  Turn  your  pockets 
out. 

(/)  The  same  as  To  turn  of  (1)  (e)  (q.v.> 

(2)  Intransitive: 

(a)  To   bend,   point,  or  be   directed   out- 
wards :  as,  His  toes  turn  out. 

(b)  To  come  abroad  ;  to  leave  one's  resi- 
dence ;  to  appear  in  public. 

"Of  the  eight  who  fumed  out  for  the  Autumn 
Handicap."— fla«»  ChronieU.  Oct  H,  1887. 

(c)  Specif.,  of  workmen,  to  throw  np  work 
and  go  on  strike. 

(d)  To  get  out  of  bed ;  to  rise  :  as,  We  turned 
tut  early.    (Colloq.) 

(e)  To  prove  in  the  result  or  issue ;  to  issue, 
to  terminate,  to  prove,  to  occur,  to  happen. 

"  Information  that  turn*  out  to  be  hardly  correct"— 
Field,  April  4, 1885. 

23.  To  turnover: 
(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To   change  trie   position   of  the   top 
bottom,  or  sides  of;  to  put  one  side  or  ent 
of  in  the  place  of  another ;  to  overturn  ;  to 
knock  or  throw  down  :  as,  The  seats  were 
turned  over  in  the  struggle. 

(b)  To  transfer;  to  put  into  different  hands 
to  hand  over :  as,  The  business  was  turned 
over  to  me. 

(c)  To  refer. 

"Tis  well  the  debt  no  payment  does  demand, 
You  turn  me  over  to  another  hand." 

llryden :  Aurmffzeic. 

(d)  To  do   business,  sell   goods,  or  dra 
money  to  the  amount  of :  as,  He  turns  ore 
£500  a  week.    [TUBS-OVER,  A.  I.  5.] 

(e)  To  open  and  turn  the  leaves  of  for  th 
purpose  of  examining. 

"  We  turned  o'er  many  books  together." 

Shaketp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  IT.  L 

*(/)  To  throw  off  the  ladder  for  the  pur 
pose  of  hanging. 

"  Criminals  condemned  to  suffer 
Are  blinded  first,  and  then  turned  oner" 

Butter:  Hudibrai. 


(2)  Intransitive : 

(a)  To  move,  roll,  or  shift  from  side  to  side, 
or  from  top  to  bottom. 

(b)  To  turn  the  leaf  or  leaves  of  a  book, 
manuscript,  &c. 

21.  To  turn  over  a  new  leaf :  [LEAF,  ».,H(2).] 
25.  To  turn  round : 

(1)  To  turn  so  that  the  front  shall  become 
the  back. 

(2)  To  take  an  opposite  view,  side,  or  party ; 
to  change  opinions  or  sides. 

28.  To  turn  tail :  To  retreat  ignominiously ; 
to  flee  like  a  coward. 

27.  To  turn  the  back :  To  turn  away ;  hence, 
to  leave  a  place  or  company  ;  to  flee. 

"  Turn  thy  oacJC,  and  run." 

Hhaketp.  :  Romeo  ±  Juliet,  i.  1. 

28.  To  turn  the  lack  on  (or  upon) :  To  with- 
draw one's  favour,  friendship,  or  assistance 
from ;  to  treat  with  disfavour,  auger,  resent- 
ment, contempt  or  the  like ;  to  desert ;  to 
leave  in  the  lurch. 

29.  To  turn  the  corner :  To  have  passed  the 
worst  part  of ;  to  improve. 

"  The  doctors,  hope  I  have  now  turned  the  corner, 
which  has  been  a  sharp  one."— St.  Jamet't  Gazette, 
Dec.  19,  1887. 

•  30.  To  turn  the  die  (or  dice) :  To  change 
fortune. 

31.  To  turn  the  edge  of:  [Tens,  v.,  A.  15.]. 

32.  To  turn  the  key:  To  lock  or  unlock  a 
door. 

"  Turn  you  the  key,  and  know  his  business." 

Shaketp. :  Measure  for  Measure,  i.  6. 

33.  To  turn  the  scale  (or  balance) :  To  make 
one  side  of  the  balance  go  down  ;  hence,  flg., 
to  decide  in  one  way  or  another;  to  give 
superiority  or  success. 

"A  mote  will  turn  the  balance." 
Shaketp. :  Midsummer  .Viyht'l  Dream,  T. 

34.  To  turn  the  stomach  of:  To  cause  nausea, 
disgust,  or  loathing  in;  to  make  qualmish, 
sick,  or  the  like. 

35.  To  turn  the  tables:  To  alter  the  supe- 
riority or  advantage  ;  to  give  a  formerly  suc- 
cessful opponent  the  worst  of  it ;  to  over- 
throw or  defeat  a  previous  conqueror  or  rival ; 
to  reverse  positions. 

36.  To  turn  the  trencher,  to  twirl  the  trencher : 
A  game  in  which  the  players  are  seated  in  a 
circle,  each  player  assuming  a  name  or  num- 
ber.    One   of  the   party   twirls   a  wooden 
trencher  upon  its  edge,  and,  leaving  it  spin- 
ning, calls  upon  the  name  or  numl>er  of  one 
of  the  circle,  who,  under  penalty  of  a  forfeit, 
must  prevent  the  trencher  from  falling.     It 
then  becomes  his  turn  to  twirL 

37.  To  turn  to: 

(1)  To  be  directed  or  move  towards :  as. 
The  needle  (urns  to  the  pole. 

(2)  To  apply  or  betake  one's  self  to ;  to 
direct  one's  mind,  attention,  or  energy  to. 

38.  To  turn  to  a  right : 

Law :  A  term  used  when  a  person's  posses- 
sion of  property  cannot  be  restored  by  entry, 
but  can  only  be  recovered  by  an  action  at  law. 

39.  To  turn  turtle :  To  torn  topsyturvy  ;  to 
turn  completely  over.  (Ametaphortakenfrom 
the  usual  method  of  taking  turtle— turning 
them  over  on  their  backs  and  rendering  them 
incapable  of  moving.) 

"  We  had  not  steamed  two  miles  from  that  berg 
when  it  split  in  three  portions  with  thunderous 
sounds,  and  every  portion  turned  turtle." — Daily  Tele- 
graph, Feb.  28, 1887. 

40.  To  turn  under:  To  bend,  double,  or 
fold  downwards  or  under. 

41.  To  turn  up: 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  bring  to  the  surface ;  to  bring  from 
below  to  the  top :  as,  To  turn  up  the  soil. 

(b)  To  bring  or  place  with  a  different  sur- 
face or  side  uppermost ;  to  place  with  the  face 
upwards. 

"The  deal  Is  completed,  and  the  tramp  card  turned 
up."— field,  Oct  17,  1886. 

(c)  To  tilt  up ;  to  cause  to  point  upwards  : 
as,  To  turn  up  one's  nose. 

(d)  To  refer  to  in  a  book  :  as,  To  turn  np  « 
passage. 

(2)  Intransitive : 

(a)  To  point  upwards :  as,  His  nose  turns  up, 

(b)  To   come   to   the   surface ;    hence,   to 
come  to  light;  to  transpire,   to  happen,  to 
occur,  to  appear ;  to  make  one's  appearance. 
(Colloq.) 


Mil,  bo^;  ixSat,  J6>1;  cat,  9011,  chorna,  fUa,  bencb;  go,  fcem;  thin,  rbis;  Bin,  of;  exppct,  Xenopbon,  e^ist.   pb  =  t, 
-tion,  -Biou  =  (HiLia ;  -faon,  -flon  =  cbaa.   -ttoott,  -ttoiu.  -cioiu  =  chfia.   -ble, -die.  &c.  =  b?!,  del. 


4874 


turn 


42.  To  turn  upon  : 

(1)  Tfane.  :    To    cause    to   operate    on    or 
•gainst  ;  to  cast  back  ;  to  retort  :  as,  To  turn 
the  arguments  of  an  uppoiieut  upon  himself. 

(2)  Intransitive  : 

(a)  To  lecoine  or  appear  hostile,  opposed, 
or  unfriendly  ;  to  turn  on. 

(b)  To  depend  on  ;  to  hinge  oa  ;  to  turn  on. 

turn-again  gentleman,  *. 

Sot.  :  LiLium  Martagon.   (Britten  &  Holland.) 

turn,  *  tourne,  *  turne,  a.    [TURN,  v.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  turning;  motion  or 
movement  about,   or  as  about  a  centre  or 
axis;  revolution,  rotation. 

2.  Movement  from  a  straight  line  ;  move 
ttent  in  an  opposite  direction  ;    change   of 
direction  :  as,  the  turn  of  tlie  tide. 

3.  A  point,  spot,  or  place  of  deviation  from 
a  straight  line,  course,  or  direction  ;  a  wind- 
Jug;  a  bend,  a  curve,  an  angle. 

**  Fear  misled  the  youngest  from  hit  way  ; 
But  Xiaus  hit  the  iurru." 

&rirf4n  :   Viryil  ;  *£**id  tx.  522. 

4*  A  winding  or  flexuous  course. 

5.  A  walk  in  a  more  or  less  winding  direc- 
tion ;  a  walk  to  and  fro  ;  a  stroll  ;  a  short 
•walk  or  promenade. 

"  Cuwe,  yon  and  I  must  walk  a  turn  together.  "* 
ry  VI  11.,  r.  L 


.  :  Henry 

6.  Alteration  of  course  or  direction  ;  new 
•direction  or  tendency  ;  change  of  order,  posi- 

tion, or  aspect  of  things  ;  hence,  change  gene- 
rally; vicissitude. 

"  O  world,  thy  slip)  «ry  turn*  f" 

sbaJcetp,  ;  Ceriolamu.  Iv.  4. 

7.  Successive  course;  opportunity  enjoyed 
In  alternation  with  another  or  others,  or  in 
due  rotation  or  order;  the  time  or  occasion 
•which  comes    in    succession    to   each    of  a 
number  of  persons,  when  anything  is  to  be 
h;td  or  done  ;  due  chance,  time,  opportunity, 
•or  order. 

"  Would  ling  her  •oog.  and  dauoe  her  t,,r»." 

Shaketp.  :  Winter*  t  Tale.  IT.  i. 

S.  Occasion  ;  incidental  opportunity. 

"An  old  doc,  fallen  from  hi*  speed,  was  loaden  at 
•very  turn  with  blows  and  reproaches."  —  L'JiMtraiige  ; 

MsW 

*  9.  Occurrence,  hap,  chance. 

**  All  SAT*  the  shepheard,  who,  for  fell  desplght 
Of  that  (liejileatture,  broke  his  bag-pipe  quigbt, 
And  rnatiti  great  uioue  for  that  unhappy  turn*.* 
Spmttr:  f.  V-,  VL  x.  18. 

10.  Incidental  or  opportune  aet,  deed,  office, 
•or  service  ;  an  occasional  act  of  kindness  or 
malice. 

"  Each  doth  good  turn*  now  unto  the  other." 

Skukeip.  ;  tsonnet  47. 

11.  Convenience,  purpose,  requirement,  use. 
•exigence,  advantage. 

"  If  yon  bar*  occasion  to  use  me  for  your  own  turn." 
iA&Jccifi.  l  J/«tuur«/0r  Measure,  iv.  2. 

12.  Prevailing  inclination  ;  tendency,  fashion. 

13.  Form,  cast,  mould,  shape,  manner,  cha- 
racter, temper. 

"The  very  turn  of  voice,  the  good  pronunciation, 
and  the  alluring  manner  which  some  teachers  hate 
attained,  will  engage  the  att«uUou.~—  \Vuttt. 

14.  Manner   of  proceeding  ;    change   from 
original  intention  or  direction. 

"While  this  flux  prevails,  the  sweats  are  much 
diminished:  while  the  matter  that  fed  them  takes 
another  turnS'—Slacfcmort, 

16.  A  piece  of  work  requiring  little  time  or 
•execution  ;  a  short  spell  ;  a  job.    (Volloq.) 

16.  A  nervous  shock,  such  as  may  l>e  caused 
by  alarm  or  sudden  excitement.    (CoUorj.) 

17.  The  manner  of  adjustment  of  the  words 
Of  a  sentence. 

"  The  turn  of  words.  In  which  Ovid  excels  all  poets, 
Is  sometimes  a  fault  or  sometimes  a  beauty,  as  they 
are  used  properly  or  improperly."—  ZWjrcfc-it. 

*  18.  A  fall  off  a  gallows  ladder  ;  a  hanging, 
execution;  from  the  practice  of  making  the 
criminal  stand  on  a  ladder,  which  was  turned 
over  at  a  signal,  leaving  him  suspended. 

"And  mak*  bfm  glad  to  read  hia  lesson. 
Or  take  a  turn  lor  '  t  at  the  sauiou." 

JiuJlvr:  ffudibrat. 

19.  A  single  round  of  a  rope  or  cord. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Law  :  The  same  as  TOURN  (q.v.). 

2.  Mfd.  (PI.):  Monthly  courses;  menses. 

3.  Mining  :  A  pit  sunk  in  a  drift, 

4.  Music:  An  ornament  in  music  formed  by 
taking  the  adjoining  notes  above  or  below  the 
principal  note,  according  to  the  position  of 
that  note  in  the  diatonic  scale.    Thus  the 


common  turn,  which  take 
in  the  change : 


t  higher  note  firs 


-^-r+rfl  should  be  performe 

The  back-turn  taking  a  lower  note  urst  in  the 
chungb • 


^>~pi^|]  should  be  performed  :P 

— -  • 

The  turn  must  be  performed  in  tlie  time  the 
uote  it  alter!!  would  occupy  without  it, 
H  1.  By  turns : 

(1)  One  after  another ;  alternately;  In  sue 
cession. 

"  Bjf  turn!  put  on  the  suppliant  and  the  lord." 

Prior :  Solomon,  iL  210. 
*(2)  At.  intervals. 

"  They  feel  by  turn*  the  bitter  change 
01  fierce  extreme* ;  extremes  by  change  mure  fierce." 
Milton:  P.  L.,  iU  598. 

2.  Done  to  a  turn :  Said  of  meat  cooked  to 
exactness ;  hence,  exactly. 

3.  In  tumt  In  turns:  In  due  order  of  suc- 
cession. 

4.  To  serve  one's  turn :  To  serve  one's  pur- 
pose ;  to  help  or  suit  one. 

"  I  have  enough  to  mrve  mine  own  (urn." — Shatetp. : 
Jlidtumtntr  Jfigftt'l  Dream,  iii.  L 

5.  To  take  turns :  To  take  each  other's  place 
alternately. 

G.  Tunt  and  turn  about:  Alternately,  by 
turns,  successively. 

7.  Turn  of  life:  The  period  of  life  in  women, 
between  the  ages  of  forty-five  and  fifty,  when 
the  menses  cease  naturally. 

*  turn-again,  a.  &  a. 

A*  As  adj. :  Applied  to  a  lane  closed  at  one 

end ;  a  cul-de-sac, 

B.  As  subst. :  A  taming  back;  change  of 
course  backwards. 

"The  manifold  water,  so  called,  bicause  of  the 
simUrie  ciinokUng  rills  that  it  receuietli.  and  tarn. 
a'j'.iin«i  that  it  selfe  sheueth  before  it  came  at  the 
I>ou.-— tiolinthtd  :  Vetcript.  nf  Britain*,  ch.  xv. 

turn-bench,  s.  A  small  portable  lathe 
used  upon  a  bench  or  desk  by  watch,  model, 
and  instrument  makers. 

turn-bridge,  «.    A  swing-bridge  (q.v.). 

*  turn-broach,   *  turn-br  oacher,   &. 
[Fr.  tournebrociie.}    A  turnspit. 

"A  turn-broachtr't  place  ia  the  kitchen."—  Earl. 
MitceU..  xii.  80. 

turn  buckle,  s. 

1.  Meek. :  A  form  of  shutter-fastening  having 
a  gravitating  catch. 

2.  Or<.ln, :  An  analogous  device  used  for  se* 
caring  the  free  ends  of  ttie  implement-chains 
in  a  gun-carriage  and  the  cover  of  tlie  ammu- 
nition-chest. 

3.  Naut.:  A  link  used  for  setting  up  and 
tightening  the  iron  rods  employed  as  stays 
for  the  smoke-stack  of  a  steamer  or  for  similar 
objects. 

turn-cap,  &. 

1.  Build, :  A  turning  chimney-top  or  cowl, 
always  presenting  its  mouth  to  leeward. 

2.  Bot. :  Lilium  Martagon, 
turn-coat,  a.    [TURNCOAT.] 

turn-cock,  s.  The  servant  of  a  water* 
company  who  turns  on  or  off  the  water  in  the 
mains,  attends  to  the  lire- plugs,  &c. 

turn-down,  a.  Folded  or  doubled  down, 
wholly  or  partly. 

"A  highly-developed  Byron ic  turndown  collar." — 
Kinfftlf*  :  Two  r«urt  Ago,  ch.  i. 

turn-file,  «.  A  burnfsher  used  in  throw- 
ing up  slight  burs  on  the  edges  of  the  comb- 
makers  tiles,  the  teeth  of  which  are  originally 
made  by  the  file  and  not  by  the  chisel.  Used 
by  workers  in  born,  tortoisesheU,  iron,  and 
bone. 

turn-out*  *. 

1.  The  act  of  coming  forth ;  specif.,  a  quit- 
ting of  employment,  as  of  workmen  who  oome 
out  on  strike ;  a  strike. 

2.  A  number  of  persons  who  come  out  on 
some  special  occasion,  as  to  see  a  spectacle, 
to  witness  a  performance,  to  take  part  ia  a 
contest,  meeting,  or  the  like. 

"There  was  a  good  turn-otu  of  members.-—  fW4, 


3.  That  which  is  brought  prominently  for- 
ward or  exhibited  ;  hence,  a  showy  or  well- 
appointed  equipage. 


4,  The  net  quantity  of  produce  yielded: 
the  out-turn  (q.v.), 

5.  A  rail  way  -sid  ing  for  enabling  one  train 
to  pass  another. 

turn-over,  s.  &  a. 

A*  As  subshintive  : 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  or  result  of  turning-over  :   an 
upset. 

2.  A  kind  of  apple-tart  in  a  semicircular 
form,  made  by  turning  over  one-half  of  a 
circular  crust  upon  the  other. 

*  3.  A  piece  of  white  liuen  formerly  worn 
by  cavalry  soldiers  over  their  stocks. 

4.  An    apprentice    transferred     from    one 
master  to  auuther  to  complete  his  apprentice- 
ship. 

5.  The  amount  of  business  done  or  money 
turned  over  or  drawn  in  a  business  in  a  given 

time. 

"  The  (wrn-ofer,  however.  Is  generally  very  light."— 
Daily  Chronicle,  March  31.  18»7. 

IL  Print.  :  Sufficient  copy  to  fill  a  column 
and  a  little  more. 

"Yet  do  the  dally  papers,  with  the  regularity  ol 
clockwork,  nnnoin  anno,  as  the  1st  of  October  appears, 
consider  it  their  duty  to  their  reader*  to  treat  them 
to  what  is  technically  called  ario-n-ow—  «.«.,  a  column 
aiid  a  bittock—  ou  the  topic  of  pheasant*  aiid  tlie  bat 
tue."—  Field,  Oct.  16,  1887. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Admitting  of  being  turned  01 
folded  over;  made  to  be  turned  or  folded 
over  :  as,  a  turn-over  collar. 

Turnover  boiler  :  A  form  of  boiler  in  which 
the  Hues  were  turned  over  the  lire-box  or 
furnace.  It  was  one  form  of  the  gradual  con- 
version of  the  old  Cornish  boiler  into  a  more 
compact  form, 

Turn-over-gear  : 

SavMnill  :  An  application  of  machinery  for 
hauling  up  togs  from  the  saw-mill  to  the  log- 
carriage,  or  turning  the  log  oa  the  carriage 
after  slabbing  one  side. 

Turn-over-table  :  A  table  whose  top  is  so 
fitted  to  the  supporting  block  or  pedestal 
that  it  can  he  turned  up  at  pleasure  ;  and 
thus,  when  out  of  use,  it  can  be  placed  against 
the  wall  of  the  room,  so  as  to  occupy  less 
space. 

turn-pin,  «.  A  plug  for  stopping  the 
flow  from  the  open  end  of  a  pipe  ;  a  tube- 
stopper. 

turn-plate,  *.    A  tarn-table  (q.v.). 

*  turn  -  poke,   «.     A  large  game-cock. 
(Arcticeologia,  iii.  142.) 

turn-screw,  s.  A  screw-driver;  a  screw* 
wrench. 

*  turn  -serving,  s.    Tlie  act  or  practice 
of  serving  one's  turu  or  promoting  private  in- 
terest. 

"  Aiid  though  now  since  choice  goeth  better,  both  in 
church  ami  commonwealth  ;  yet  money,  out!  turn- 
urging,  and  ciuiuing  cMJuimrs,  and  importunity  pro* 
vuil  too  much."—  ttacon  ;  Lvttert,  p.  12. 

turn-table,  *. 

1.  Railimy-cng.  :  A  platform  which  rotates 
In  a  horizontal  plane,  and  is  used  for  shifting 
rolling-stock  from  one  liue  of  rails  to  another. 
Devices  common  to  all  are  the  platform,  which 
has  one  or  more  trucks  of  rails  on  it*  upper 
surface  ;  rollers  on  which  it  turns,  gearing  for 
rotating  it,  a  central  pivot  on  which  it  rotates, 
a  circular  track  on  which  the  rollers  move, 
and  solid  foundations  for  this  track  and  for 
the  central  pivot.  One  common  form  con- 
sists of  a  platform,  centrally  supported  on  a 
series  of  Irusto-conical  rollers  turning  on 
arms  radially  projecting  from  a  collar,  which 
revolves  around  the  axis  of  the  table.  1  he 
apexes  of  the  cone  would,  if  they  were  Com- 
plete, meet  at  a  point  iu  their  axis.  They  are 
interposed  between  two  annular  castings  cor- 
respondingly bevelled,  the  lower  of  which  is 
fixed,  and  serves  as  a  track,  and  the  upper  is 
attached  to  and  turns  with  the  table,  Flanp-s 
on  the  inner  ends  of  the  rollers  prevent  their 
being  pushed  outwardly  by  tlie  pressure.  In 
a  modified  arrangement,  small  conical  rollers, 
turning  between  the  large  rollers  and  plates  on 
the  ends  of  the  anna  which  carry  them,  are 
substituted  for  the  flanges.  Adams'  turn- 
table noate  in  a  water-tank. 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  cornel,  bar,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot 
or.  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    CD,  «a  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qn  =  few* 


turnabout— turnip 


4875 


2.  Hum*. :  A  device  upon  which  a  slide  is 
beld  and  revolved  for  tracing  the  circular 
cement-cells  in  which,  objects  are  placed  for 
examination. 

*  turn-tippet,  ».    A  turncoat. 

"The  priests  for  the  most  part,  were  double-faced , 
turit-tipt>eu.  sml  flatterers."— Cranmtr:  Confutation 
tf  Cntcrttt«n  Yerttiet. 

turn-tree,  s. 

Mining:  A  part  of  the  drawing-stowce  or 
windlass. 

turn-up, & 

1.  An  unexpected  event  or  result,  especially 
of  a  favourable  nature.    (Slang.) 

"This  doubtless  caused  the  fielder*  to  take  a  firm 
gtand  on  the  chalice  of  a  rurri-wp."— flaj/y  Chrimirte. 
Dot.  19,  1865. 

2.  In  cards,  the  trump-card  which  Is  turned 
fact1  upwards  on  the  table. 

"  You  should  play  the  trump  next  In  value  to  the 
turn-up.'—  Field,  Dec.  13.  1885. 

turn-wrest  plough,  ». 

Husbandry  : 

1.  An  English  plough  of  large  size,  and 
withmit  a  mould-board,  adapted  to  be  drawn 
by  four  or  more  horses. 

2. 


2   A  plough  having  a  reversfble  share  and 
coulter,  so  as  to  work  both  backward  and  for- 


ward, and  lay  the  furrows  in  the  same  direc- 
tion. 
•turn'-a-b6ut,  s.    [Eng.  torn,  and  about.]  . 

1.  An  innovator. 

"Our  modem  turnabouts."—  Badut :  Life  o/  WC- 
Nanu.  1L  3D. 

2.  Giddiness. 

"The  turnabout  and  murrain  trouble  satteL* 

Sytoetttr :  T*e  Furwl,  elo. 

Turn-bull,  »•    tSee  def.]    The  name  of  the 

discoverer. 
Turnbnll'B  blue, «. 

Chem. :  Ferrous  ferrlcyanide  prepared  by 
precipitating  a  ferrous  salt  with  potassium 
ferrieyanide.  (Watts.) 

turn -coat,  «.  [Bng.  turn,  and  mat.]  One 
who  deserts  his  party  or  principles  ;  a  rene- 
gade, an  apostate. 

"The  Chief  Jiuttoe  himself  stood  aghast  at  the 
effrontery  of  this  venal  tumxat. "—  Maoaulai ;  am. 
Eng..  eh.  TilL 

turn'  dun,  «.    [Australian  name.] 

Anthrop.:  A  small,  fish-shaped  piece  of 
thin,  flat  wood,  tied  to  a  thong,  and  whirled 
in  the  air  to  produce  a  loud  roaring  noise, 
whence  it  Is  sometimes  called  a  bull-roarer. 
This  instrument  is  used  by  the  natives  of 
Australia  to  call  together  the  men,  and  to 
frighten  away  the  women  from  the  religious 
mysteries.  The  turndun  is  employed  for 
similar  purposes  in  New  Mexico,  South  Africa, 
and  Now  Zealand.  In  the  Mysteries  of 
Dionysos  the  ancient  Greeks  used  a  kind  of 
tnrmlun,  which  they  called  po>3os  (rhombos), 
probably  identical  with  the  "  mystica  vaunus 
lacchi"  (Virgil:  Georg.  1.  166). 

"  The  conclusion  drawn  by  the  ethnologist  IB  that 
this  object,  culled  Turndun  by  the  Australians  Is  « 
™r>  35  iavage  Invention,  probably  discovered  and 
aDDlied  to  religious  purposes  in  various  separate  cen- 
S.and  retaiSdlroEtn.  age  of  savagery  l.ntbemy,. 
tic  rites  of  Greeks  and  perhaps  ot  Romans."— Cornktlt 
Magazine,  Jan.,  1883,  p.  84. 

turned,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [TURN,  «.] 

<  To  be  turned.  To  hare  tuned  of:  To  be  ad- 
vanced beyond ;  to  have  passed  or  exceeded. 
(Said  of  age.) 

"  When  turned  of  forty,  they  determined  to  retire 
to  the  country." — Additon. 

turned  backwards,  a. 

Bat. :  Turned  in  a  direction  opposite  to  that 
of  the  apex  of  the  body  to  which  the  part 
turned  appertains.    [RETROEBE.] 
turned-house,  s. 

Mining :  A  term  used  when  a  level,  in  fol- 
lowing branches  of  ore,  is  turned  out  of  the 
original  direction. 

turned  Inwards,  a.    [INTRORSE.] 
turned  outwards,  a.    [EXTROBSE.] 
•tur'-ne'p,  «.    [TORNIP.] 
turn'-er  (1),  ».    [Eng.  turn,  v. ;  -tr.] 

1.  One  who  turns ;  specif.,  one  who  turns 
articles  in  a  lathe. 

"For  wool,  turrur-i  ware,  and  such  other  smsll 
things."— Strypt .-  Ecela.  Jf«m.  (an.  1HT*. 

2.  A  variety  of  pigeon. 


Turn'-er  (2),  «.  [See  def.]  The  name  of  the 
persou  who  first  prepared  the  cerate  and  pig- 
ment. 

Turner's  cerate, «.  A  cerate  consisting 
of  prepared  calauiine,  yellow  wax,  and  olive 
oiL 

Turner's  yellow,  «.    [PATENT-YELLOW.] 

tur'-ner-a,  s.  [Named  by  Linnieus  after 
Wm.  Turner,  Prebendary  of  York,  who  pub- 
lished a  New  Herbal  in  1561,  and  died  In  1568.] 
Sot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Tnrneraceee 
(q.v.).  Herbs  or  undershruba,  with  more  or 
less  deeply-divided  leaves,  each  with  two 
glands  at  the  base.  Flowers  generally  single 
ami  axillary,  rarely  racemose  and  terminal ; 
calyx  five-parted,  coloured  ;  petals  and  sta- 
mens live ;  capsule  one-celled,  with  three 
parietal  placentae,  bursting  into  three  pieces. 
From  the  West  Indies  and  South  America. 
The  herbage  of  some  species  is  aromatic. 
Turiura  opiftra  is  astringent,  and  is  given  in 
Brazil  against  dyspepsia.  T.  ulmijolia  is  con- 
sidered tonic  and  expectorant. 

tur-ner-a'-oS-se,  ».  pi  [Mod.  Let.  turner(a) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  ^luxce.] 

Bot. :  Turnerads ;  an  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Violates.  Herbs  tending  to 
become  shrubby,  with  simple  or  stellate  pu- 
bescence. Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate,  gene- 
rally with  two  glands  on  the  petiole.  Flowers 
usually  axillary,  then-  pedicel  sometimes  co- 
hering with  the  petiole ;  bractlets  two  ;  calyx 
inferior,  often  coloured ;  petals  five,  yellowish, 
rarely  blue,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the 
calyx ;  sUmeus  live,  similarly  inserted ;  styles 
three,  mere  or  less  cohering;  ovary  superior, 
one -celled,  with  three  parietal  placenta; ; 
ovules  Indefinite  in  number ;  fruit  a  eapsule, 
three-Talved,  one-celled,  opening  down  to  the 
middle;  seeds  reticulated.  From  the  West 
Indies  and  South  America.  Known  genera 
two ;  species  sixty.  (lAndley.) 

tur'-ner-ad,  «.    [Mod.  Lat  turnerta) ;  Eng. 
auff.  -tvl.\ 
Bot.  (PI.) :  The  Turneraceas.    (Lindley.) 

tur'-ner-ite,  s.     [After  C.  M.  Turner,  of 

Rooksnest,  Surrey  ;  suff.  -ite  (A«m.).J 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Monazlte  (q.v.)  occur 
ring  in  small  crystals  associated  with  adu- 
laria,  Ac.,  in  the  Dep.  de  1'Isere,  France,  and 
also  in  Switzerland.  Hardnesj,  above  4'0 ; 
lustre,  adamantine  ;  colour,  mostly  shades  oi 
yellow ;  transparent  to  translucent. 

Tur'-ner-ltes,  s.pl.    [SOUTHCOTTIANS.] 

turn'-er-j?,  s.    [Fr.  tournerie.] 

\.  The  act  of  turning  articles  In  a  lathe. 

2.  Articles  made  by  turning  in  a  lathe. 

"Tnnbridge  .  .  .  is  famous  for  its  excellent  tumery 
ware."—  AiJcin:  England  Delineated. 

3.  A  place  where  articles  are  turned  in  a 
lathe. 

tUT'-ne^,  »-    [TOUBNEY.]    A  tournament. 

"  And  If  aueht  else  great  bards  beside 
In  sage  and  solemn  times  have  sung, 
01  *»»»,,  and  o 


tur-nic'-I-dsa,  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.  turnix,  genit 
turnMis);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ornilh. :  Bush  Quails  ;  a  family  of  Gallin 
aceous  Birds,  ranging  over  the  eastern  hemi 
sphere,  from  Spain,  through  Africa  and  Maila 
gascar,  and  over  the  whole  Oriental  region  t< 
Formosa,  then  north  again  to  Pekln,  and 
south  to  Australia  and  Tasmania.  They  are 
small  birds,  with  slender  bodies,  moderate 
sized,  rounded  wings,  with  the  first  quil 
longest  or  the  first  three  of  equal  length ;  tai 
of  From  ten  to  twelve  feathers,  almost  con 
cealed  beneath  the  tail-coverts ;  beak  medium 
sized,  straight,  thin,  high  at  culmen  an 
slightly  arched  at  tip;  nostrils  covered  wit 
a  small  fold  of  skin;  tarsi  long:  toes  three 
sometimes  four. 

turn  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [TuRS,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  *  partieip.  adj. :  (Se 
the  verb). 
C*  As  substantive : 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  of  that  whic 
turns. 

"Th«  turning  of  a  weather  board  or  tin  eap  upon 
the  top  of  a  chimney."— fain :  Hot-  Tkeol.,  eh.  xx. 

2.  A  bend  or  bending  course ;  a  meander, 


flexure,  a  curve ;  a  deviation  or  divergence 
from  a  straight  line  or  course. 

"  We  discouered  32  islands  lying  al  neere  the  land. 
being  small  and  pleasant  to  the  view,  high  and  hauing 
many  tuminyt  and  windings  betweene  them."— Back- 
luyt:  roywe>.lU.SOO. 

3.  A  plr,  j  or  point  where  a  road  or  street 
diverges  from  another ;  also,  a  road,  lane,  or 
street  diverging  from  anotlu  r. 

"  Turn  upon  your  right  at  the  next  turning." — 
SJMJutp.:  Merchtint  <tf  Venice,  li.  2. 

4.  The  act  or  operation  of  giving  circular 
an'l  other  forms  to  wood,  metal,  bone,  iron,  of 
other  substances,  by  causing  them  to  revolve 
in  a  lathe,  and  applying  cutting  instruments, 
so  as  to  produce  the  form  required ;  or  by 
making  the  cutting  instrument  revolve,  whnn 
the  substance  to  be  formed  is  fixed.  (LATHE.) 
In  most  cases,  the  substance  to  be  formed  re- 
volves on  an  axis,  wliich  is  fixed. 

5  A  process  for  smoothing  thrown  pottery, 
consisting  in  taming  off  the  exterior  surface 
of  the  partially  dried  vessels,  which  are  in 
what  is  called  the  green  state.  The  moistened 
surface  of  the  vessel  adheres  to  the  top  of  the 
rotating  disk,  while  the  turner  removes  a  long 
ribbon  of  clay  by  means  of  a  cutting  tool. 
This  being  completed,  and  the  green  handle 
cemented  on  by  slip,  the  vessel  is  cut  loose 
by  a  wire,  and  sent  to  be  fired. 

6.  (PI):  The  chips  detached  in  the  process 
of  turning  wood,  &C. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Mil.:  A  manoeuvre  by  which  an  enemy 
or  position  is  turned. 

2.  Obstetrics:  [VERSION]. 


turning  -  bridge, 

(q.v.). 


s.     A  swing-bridge 


turning-carrier,  s.  [CARRIEB,  *.,  II- 
8.  (1).] 

turning-chisel,  «.  A  chisel  used  by 
turners  for  finishing  work  after  being  roughed! 
out  by  the  gouge. 

turning-engine,  >.    A  lathe. 

turning-gauge,  «.  An  instrument  to 
assist  in  setting  over  the  tail-stock  of  the 
lathe,  so  that  a  given  taper  in  a  given  length 
of  work  may  be  obtained. 

turning-ln,  s.  The  process  of  strapping 
a  dead-eye ;  that  is,  bending  a  rope  tightly 
around  it  in  the  score. 

turning-lathe,  a.    [LATHE.] 

turning-machine,  «.  A  machine  for 
turning  boot-legs  after  the  seams  have  been 
sewn  and  rolled. 

turning-mill,  s.  A  form  of  horizontal 
lathe  or  boring-mill.  It  has  a  compound 
slide-rest  and  boring-bar. 

turning-off,  ».  A  term  used  In  «oap- 
niakin",  when  the  soap  piled  in  the  ware- 
houses changes  colour  by  exposure  to  the  air. 

turning-piece,  «.  A  camber  top-board 
used  as  a  centring  for  a  discharging  arch. 

turning-plate,  >. 

1.  A  circular  plate  above  the  front  axle, 
where  the  bed  moves  upon  it  as  the  carriage 
turns  from  its  direct  course ;  a  fifth  wheel. 

2.  A  turn-table  (q.v.). 
turning-point,  ».    The  point  on  or  at 

which  a  thing  turns;  the  point  at  which 
motion  in  one  direction  ceases,  and  motion  in 
another,  either  contrary  or  different,  begins  ; 
hence,  applied  figuratively  to  the  point  oi 
state  at  which  a  deciding  change  takes  place 
as  from  bad  to  good,  or  from  decrease  to  in 
crease,  or  their  opposite. 

"This  Is  the  hour  of  yonr  trial,  the  turnlna-poiia  ol 
"" ' Longfellow :  Children  of  the  Lord~t  Supper. 

turning-saw,  s.    A  scroll-saw  (q.v.). 

turnlng-up,  ». 

Bookbind. :  Taking  the  round  out  of  the 
back,  while  the  fore  edge  is  cut. 
turning-white,  o.    [ALBESCENT]. 

•  turn'-lng-ness,  s.  [Eng.  turning;  -ness.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  turning ;  tergiversa- 
tion. 

"  So  nature  formed  him,  to  all  titminynett  ol 
sleights:  that  though  no  man  had  less  goodness,  no 
man  could  better  find  the  places  whence  arguments 
mi£bt  grow  of  goodness." — Sidney. 

tiir-nip,    "tur'-nep,   *tur-neppe,   » 

[Etym.  doubtful.    The  latter  element  is  evt 


4S76 


tnrnix— turpentine 


dently  A.8.  nikp  =  a  turnip,  from  Lat.  napus  ; 
cf.  Irish  &  Gael,  neip  =  a  turnip.  The  former 
element  is  probably  from  Fr.  tour  =  a  wheel, 
to  signify  the  round  shape,  as  if  it  had  been 
turned,  from  tourner  =  to  turn  (q.v.).J 

Hot.,  Agrie.,  Hart.,  <Sc. :   Brassica  Rapa,  or 
B.  Rapa  deprasa,  formally  made  a  distinct 
species  of  the  genus,  but  "reduced  by  Sir  J. 
Hooker  to  a  sub-species  of  B.  campestris.    It  is 
a  biennial  crucifer.    The  root  is  an  orbicular 
or  oblong,  fleshy  tuber;  the  radicle  leaves 
lyrate,  hispid,  not  glaucous;  the  lower  stem 
leaves  incised  ;  the  upper  cordate,  ovate,  acu- 
minate, amplexicaul,  smooth,  more  or  less 
toothed ;  the  flowers  yellow ;  the  valves  of 
the  pod  convex.    In  its  undeveloped  state  it 
U  found  wild  in  cornfields  in  various  parts  of 
Europe,  flowering  from  April  to  August    It 
has  been  cultivated  from   the   time   of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  and  the  great  develop- 
ment has  been  towards   increased   size   and 
fleshiness.    It  has  long  been  introduced  into 
the  United  States,  and  is  cultivated  in  fields 
and  kitchen  gardens,  but  is  not  an  important 
crop.    It  has  run  into  several  varieties,  one 
of  the  best  being  the  early  Dutch.    It  Is  used 
as  an  ingredient  in  soups,  broths,  and  stews, 
and  is  cut  into  figures  for  garnishing.    The 
early  shoots  may  be  boiled  as  greens,  and 
are  antiscorbutic.    Turnips  intended  for  feed- 
ing cattle,  from  December  to  February,  should 
be  sown  from  the  middle  of  May  to  the  end 
of  June  ;  if  they  are  designed  to  supply  food 
till  May,  they  are  not  sown  before  the  latter 
part   of  July  or  the  beginning  of  August 
They  should  be  sown  by  a  drill  machine, 
which  method  not  merely  economises  seed, 
but  produces  heavier  crops.     They  succeed 
best  in  light  soil,  consisting  of  a  mixture  of 
wnd  and  loam.    The  rotation  of  crops  pro- 
perly begins  with  turnips,  which  clear  the 
soil  of  weeds  and  furnish  it  with  manure  for 
other  agricultural  plants. 

turnip-cutter,  «.  A  machine  for  slicing 
roots  for  animal  feed. 

turnip-flea,  turnip  jack,  t. 

Entom.  :  Haltica  (or  Phyllatnta)  nemarum. 
It  owe*  its  popular  name  to  its  leaping  or 
skipping  powers,  but  is  really  a  very  small 
beetle,  with  long  and  strong  hind  legs  and 
ample  shining  black  wings,  with  two  yellow- 
ish stripes  down  the  wing  cases,  and  ochre- 
ous  legs.  It  commits  great  ravages  in  turnip- 
fields  by  devouring  the  seed-leaves  as  soon  as 
they  appear  above  ground.  The  female  lays 
her  eggs  on  the  under-side  of  the  leaf,  in 
which  the  larva  mines,  aud  makes  a  tortuous 
gallery. 

turnip-fly,  s. 

Entom. :  A  popular  name  for  two  insects 
which  are  quite  distinct,  and  belong  to  differ- 
ent orders,  but  are  both  destructive  to 
turnips.  (1)  Athalia  cent\folia,  a  bymenop- 


two-winged  fly  of  the  family  Muscidie.  The 
larva  live  upon  the  roots  of  the  turnip,  often 
doing  great  damage. 

turnip-Jack,  ».    [TORNIP-FL-JI.] 

turnip  moth,    . 

Entom.:  A  night-moth,  Agntis segetum,  the 
caterpillar  of  which  feeds  on  the  interior  of 
turnips.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  June  on  or  near 
the  ground.  The  caterpillar,  when  hatched 
attacks  not  merely  turnips,  but  other  culi- 
nary vegetables,  such  as  carrots,  cabbage- 
plants,  mangel  wurzel,  radishes,  and  many 
other  plants.  It  also  eats  garden  flowers,  as 
the  China  Aster.  The  mature  insect  has  the 
antennae  strongly  ciliated  in  the  male,  simple 
in  the  female ;  the  fore  wings  are  nearly  square, 
In  colour  pale  gray-brown  in  the  male,  darker 
in  the  female,  the  hind  wings  with  apotg  and 
(hades  of  brown. 

turnip  radish,  >. 

Bot. :  A  variety  of  Raphanut  tatimu.  [RA_  . 
ISH,  RAPHAHUS-] 

turnip  saw-fly,  - . 

Entom. :  Athalia  spinarum,  about  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  long,  of  a  reddish-yellow  colour. 
The  larvae  feed  on  leaves  of  turnips  and  other 
cruciferous  plants,  to  which  they  do  great 
damage. 

turnip-shaped,  a. 

Bot. :  Having  the  figure  of  a  depressed 
sphere;  napiform. 


turnip-tops,  s.  pL  The  young  leavi 
and  buds  of  the  turnip,  which  are  now  use 
in  many  places  aa  greens.  They  were  former" 
held  in  slight  esteem.  (See  extract.) 

"  Drowned  puppies,  stinking  sprau,  all  drenched 

umil. 

Dead  cats,  and  turn  ip-topt.  come  tumbling  down  th 
flood."  Steift :  DeKrift.  of  a  CUi  Slumer. 

tur'-nfcst.  i.    [From  Lat.  coturnix  (q.v.).] 

Oruitk. :  The  type-genus  of  TurnicidK  (q.v. 
with  twenty-three  species,  having  the  cha 
racteristics  and  range  of  the  family.  The 
frequent  open  plains,  stony  tracts  covere 
with  grass,  or  mountain  sides,  and  are  ex 
ceedingly  shy  except  at  the  breeding  season 
when  they  become  extremely  pugnacious,  th 
hens  being  as  jealous  and  combative  as  the! 
mates,  and  some  of  the  Asiatic  species  are 
trained,  as  fighting-cocks  were  formerly  i 
England.  They  nest  on  the  ground  under 
tussock  of  grass,  aud  the  female  lays  four 
pear-shaped  eggs. 

turn'-key,  s.    [Eng.  turn,  and  key.] 

1.  A  person  who  has  the  charge  of  the  key 
of  a  prison  ;  a  warder. 

"  The  mere  oath  of  a  man  who  was  well  known  t< 
the  turnkey!  of  twenty  gaols  was  not  likely  to  Injur 

*2.  A  tooth-key  (q.v.). 
3.  A  contrivance   for  drawing  stumps  o 
trees  from  the  ground. 

turn'-pike, «.  [Eng.  turn,  and  pike  ;  so  called 
because  it  took  the  place  of  the  oldhorizonta 
turnstile,  which  was  made  with  four  hori 
zontal  pikes  or  arms,  revolving  on  the  ton  of 
a  post.  (Skeat.y] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
*  1.  A  frame  consisting  of  two  bars  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles,  and  turning  on  a 
post  or  pin,  placed  on  a  road  or  footpath  to 
hinder  the  passage  of  beasts,  but  admitting  a 
person  to  pass  between  the  arms  ;  a  turnstile. 


2.  A  gate  set  across  a  road  to  stop  carriages, 
carts,  &c.,  and  sometimes  passengers,  from 
passing  till  the  toll  for  the  repair  of  the  road 
is  paid  ;  a  toll-bar;  a  toll-g.ite. 

wnBf  *??  *i"!  Vb*r  ""^reached  the  turnpOu  at 
Mile  End.  —  £ic**ns .-  /Hc*wic*.  cb.  xxiL 

S.  A  turnpike-road  (q.v.). 

"The  road  is  by  this  means  so  continually  torn  that 
it  is  one  of  the  worst  tumpiXee  round  London."— 
Defoe  :  Tour  Ou-tf  Great  Britain. 

4.  A  winding  stair ;  a  turnpike-stair. 
It  Mil. :  A  beam  filled  with  spikes  to  stop 
passage ;  a  cheval-de-frise. 

turnpike-man,  s.  A  man  who  collects 
the  tolls  at  a  turnpike. 

turnpike-road,  t.  A  road  on  which 
turnpikes,  or  toll-gates,  were  established  by 
law,  and  which  are  or  were  formerly  made  and 
kept  in  repair  by  the  tolls  collected  from  car- 
riages, carts,  wagons,  cattle,  4c.,  which  travelled 
on  them.  Many  turnpike  roads  in  the  vicinity 
of  cities  have  been  converted  into  common 
roads,  and  the  tolls  abolished. 

"  In  contemplation  of  a  turnpike-nod,* 

Covper:  Retirement,  soft. 

turnpike  -  stair,  s.  A  winding  stair, 
constructed  around  a  central  newel  or  post. 

>  turn'-pike,  v.t.  [TURNPIKE,  «.]  To  form, 
as  a  road,  in  the  manner  of  a  turnpike-road ; 
to  throw  into  a  rounded  form,  as  the  path  of 
a  road. 

turn  -sick,  o.  &  «.    [Eng.  turn,  and  «**.] 
*  A.  A>  adj. :  Giddy ;  vertiginous  ;  dizzy. 

"  If  a  man  see  another  turn  swiftly  and  lone  •  or  If 
be  look  upon  wheels  that  turn,  himself  waxeth  turn- 
tick."— Bacon. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  disease  of  sheep ;  gid  or 
sturdy. 

turn  -sole,  turn-sol,  "  torn-sole,  >.    [Fr. 

tournesal,  from  tourner  =  to  turn,  and  soteil  = 
the  sun.    Named  because  the  plant  was  sup- 
posed to  turn  its  flowers  towards  the  sun.] 
1.  Botany: 

(1)  Euphorbia  Hclioxopia,    It  is  an  annual, 
generally  glabrous  plant,  with  obovate  leaves, 
serrate  upwards,  an  umbel  of  five  principal 
branches,  trifld  or  bifid,  and  reticulated  and 
pitted   seeds.      Its   milky  juice  is  used  to 
destroy  warts. 

(2)  Crozophora  tinctorfa,  and  the  purple  dye 
made  of  its  inspissated  juice.    [CBOZOPHORA.] 


(3)  The  genus  Heliotropium,    (London,  &C.) 

(4)  The  genus  Heliauthus  (q.v.),  spec.  H 
annum.    [SUNFLOWER.] 

2.  Art :  A  blue  pigment  obtained  from  the 
lichen  BocceUa  (BocceUa  tinctoria),  also  called 
Archil. 

turn  -spit,  «.    [Eng.  turn,  and  spit  (IX  a,] 

1.  A  person  who  turns  a  spit. 

"  A  place  he  will  grow  rich  In, 
A  turntpit  In  the  royal  kitchen." 

Smft :  MuallanlM. 

2.  A  variety  of  dog,  allied  to  the  terrier, 
formerly  employed  to  turn  the  spit  for  roast- 
ing meat  in  a  kitchen,  for  which  purpose  they 
were  attached  to  or  enclosed  in  a  kind  of 
wheel.     (TREAD-WHEEL.)    The  breed,  which 
is  now  rare,  arose  from  a  cross  of  the  terrier 
with  larger  breeds ;  the  body  long  and  heavy, 
with  disproportionately  short,  aud  generally 
crooked  legs. 

turn'-stfle,  s.  [Eng.  turn,  and  itile  (2).]  A 
post  surmounted  with  four  horizontal  arms, 
which  revolve  as  a  person  pushes  by  them. 
Turnstiles  are  usually  placed  on  roads,  bridges, 
or  the  like,  either  to  prevent  the  passage  of 
beasts,  vehicles,  or  the  like,  while  admitting 
the  passage  of  persons,  or  to  bar  a  passage 
temporarily  till  toll  is  paid;  they  are  also 
frequently  placed  at  the  entrance  to  public 
buildings,  or  places  of  amusement,  where 
entrance  money  is  to  be  collected,  or  where 
it  is  desired  to  ascertain  the  number  of  par- 
sous  admitted. 

"  A  turnitUf  is  more  certain 
Than,  in  events  of  war.  dame  Fortune." 

antler:  ButWrrat,  L  B. 

turnstile -register,  *.  A  device  fot 
registering  the  number  of  persons  who  pass 
through  a  turnstile  at  the  entrance  to  a  toll- 
bridge  or  building,  and  serving  as  a  check  on 
the  collector. 

turn'-stone,  «.  [Eng.  turn,  v.,  and  ttone,  a.) 
Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
Strepsilatinte ;  specifically  applied  to  Strepsilat 
interpret,  from  its  habit  of  turning  over  small 
stones  on  the  sea-shore  in  search  of  its  insect 
food.  It  is  very  widely  distributed,  beint 
found  in  Dearly  every  part  of  the  globe,  its 
breeding  places  being  the  shores  of  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  in  America,  Asia,  and  Europe.  The 
total  length  is  rather  more  than  eight  inches ) 
upper  parts  chestnut-red,  with  black  spoto  • 
lower  parts  white,  part  of  neck  and  breast 
black. 

turn' -tall,   «.     [Eng    Juni,   and   tatt]     A 
coward. 

Tu-ro'-nl-an,  o.  &  t.  fFr.  Ttironien.  (Set 
def.)] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Turones, 
an  ancient  people  of  Celtic  Gaul ;  of  or  be- 
longing to  Touraine,  the    modern    name  of 
their  country,  Tours,  its  great  city,  or  the 
rocks  there  developed.    [B.] 

B.  As  substantive : 

GeoL :  The  French  equivalent  of  part  of  the 
English  Lower  White  Chalk  without  flints. 

ur  -pen-tine,  ».  [O.  Fr.  turbentine  =  turpen- 
tine, from  Lat  terebinthinus  =  made  from  the 
terebinth-tree  ;  Or.  Tep^iVSn-os  (te rebinthinos), 
from  Ttptpiv«es(ttrebinthos)  =  terebinth  (q.v.) ; 
Dut.  turpentijn  ;  Dan., 8w.,  &  Ger.  terpentin; 
Low  Lat  terbmtina.] 

Ord.  Lang.  o*  Chen. :  The  name  applied  to 
turpentine-oil,  and  to  the  crude  oleo-resinous 
juice  which  exudes  from  incisions  in  the  bark 
of  pines,  firs,  and  other  coniferous  trees.  The 
species  which  chiefly  furnish  common  tur- 
pentine are  Pinus  palustris,  P.  Tada,  and 
P.  Pinaster.  The  oleo- resin  Bowing  from 
them  has  the  consistence  of  treacle,  is  of  t 
pale-yellow  colour,  with  a  pungent  odour  an-i 
taste  peculiar  to  itself.  It  alters  much  with 
heat  and  exposure.  Straslmrg  turpentine  is 
from  A  tries  pcctinala.  [CHiAN-TURpuiTnn, 
VENICE-TURPENTINE.] 

turpentine  camphor,  t. 

Chem. :  A  term  applied,  sometimes  to  the 
solid  monohydroehlorate,  sometimes  to  th» 
solid  hydrate  of  turpentine-oil.  (Watts.) 

turpentine-oil,  s. 

1.  Chem. :  CjoHu,  The  volatile  oil  distilled 
from  crude  turpentine,  and  existing  in  the 
wood,  bark,  leaves,  and  other  parts  of  conifer- 
ous trees.  These  oils,  according  to  the  source 
from  which  they  are  cHained,  exhibit  con- 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit. 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  oure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    a.  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


turpentine  -  turreted 


4877 


sidsrable  diversities  in  their  physical  as  well 
as  in  their  optical  properties.  The  several 
varieties  when  rectified  are  colourless  mobile 
liquids,  having  a  peculiar  aromatic  but  dis- 
agreeable odour.  They  are  insoluble  in  water, 
slightly  soluble  in  aqueous  alcohol,  miscible  in 
all  proportions  with  absolute  alcohol,  ether, 
and  carbon  disulphide.  They  dissolve  iodine 
sulphur,  phosphorus,  also  fixed  oils  and 
resins.  The  two  principal  varieties  are  French 
turpentine -oil,  from  Pinus  maritima,  and 
American  turpentine-oil,  from  the  turpentine 
collected  from  P. palustrii,  of  the  Southern  States. 
The  former  has  a  specific  gravity  of  0'864,  boils 
at  101°,  and  turns  the  plane  of  polarization 
to  the  left.  American  turpentine-oil  has  the 
same  specific  gravity  and  boiling  point, 
but  turns  the  plane  of  polarization  to  the 
right  Both  oils  absorb  oxygen  from  the  air, 
and  acquire  powerful  oxidizing  properties 
from  the  probable  formation  of  an  organic 
peroxide,  CioH:4O4.  Turpentine  absorbs 
chlorine  with  such  energy  as  sometimes  to 
set  it  on  fire.  It  belongs  to  a  group  of  vola- 
tile oils  to  which  the  name  of  terpenes 
has  been  given.  They  are  derived  from  plants 
of  the  coniferous  and  aurantiaceous  orders, 
yielding,  for  example,  turpentine  and  lemon 
oils  respectively.  Turpentine-oil  is  of  great 
importance  in  the  arts,  and  is  specially  em- 
ployed for  giving  consistency  to  oil  paints  and 
varnishes,  conferring  on  them  drying  pro- 
perties. 

2.  Pharm.:  In  small  doses  it  is  absorbed 
and  acts  as  a  stimulant,  antispasmodic,  and 
astringent.  It  produces  diuresis,  and  com- 
municates to  the  urine  passed  a  smell  like 
that  of  violets.  It  can  arrest  haemorrhage  in 
the  capillary  vessels.  It  is  generally  ad- 
ministered as  an  enema  to  destroy  tenia, 
ascarides,  4c.,  in  the  intestines.  Applied  ex- 
ternally, it  is  a  powerful  rubefaeient.  (Garrod.) 

turpentine-shrub,  i 

Bot. :  Silphium  terebtnthacewn,  the  Prairie 
Burdock,  a  tall  herbaceous  plant  with  large, 
cordate,  radical  leaves,  and  bright  yellow 
flowers.  It  is  a  native  of  North  America, 
whence  it  was  introduced  into  Great  Britain 
to  1765. 

turpentine-tree,  *. 

Botany: 

1.  Pistacta  TereUnthui.   [TEREBINTH-TREK.] 

2.  Bursera  gummifera,    [BURSERA.] 

3.  Tristania  albicans.     (Loudon.)    It  Is  an 
Australian  shrub  of  the  Myrtle  order. 

turpentine-varnish,  s. 
(am. :  A  solution  of  resin  in  oil  of  turpen- 
tine. 
turpentine- vessels,  s.  pi. 

Bot.:  Tubes  formed  in  the  interstices  of 
tissue  in  the  Conifers,  and  into  which  turpen- 
tine or  other  secretions  naturally  drain  during 
the  growth  of  these  trees.  (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

*  tur'-pe'n-tine,  v.t.  [TURPENTINE,  »•]  To 
rub  with  turpentine. 

tur'-peth,  s.  [Fr.  turbith,  turUt ;  Sp.  turbit_ 
Pers.  turbed,  turbid;  Arab,  titrbund;  Hind. 
tarbud;  Beng.  terri;  Sansc.  trivrit,  triput.] 

Bot.  *  Pharm,  :  The  root  of  Ipomoea  Turpe- 
thum, which  is  found  wild  throughout  India 
and  Ceylon  to  a  height  of  3,000  feet.  The 
Sanscrit  writers  mention  two  varieties  of  the 
plant,  a  white  and  a  black  one.  The  first  is 
unidentified  ;  the  last  is  given  by  the  natives 
of  India  as  a  drastic  purgative  in  rheumatic 
and  paralytic  affections.  (Calcutta,  Exhib. 
Hep.) 

turpeth  mineral,  8. 
I. Chem.:  H"gSO4-2Hg2O.  Turbeth-mlneral. 
Basic  mercuric  sulphate.  A  lemon-yellow 
powder  obtained  by  boiling  mercuric  sulphate 
with  water,  or  by  adding  a  solution  of  sodir 
sulphate  to  a  hot  dilute  solution  of  mercuri* 
nitrate.  It  is  very  slightly  soluble  in  cold 
more  so  in  hot  water,  turns  gray  on  exposure 
to  the  air,  and  when  heated-  is  resolved  into 
mercuric  sulphate  and  mercuric  oxide. 

2.  Paint. :  A  pigment  of  a  beautiful  lemon 
yellow  colour,  but  so  liable  to  change  by  th 
action  of  light  or  impure  air,  that  notwith 
standing  it  has  bfeen  sometiraes  employed,  i 
cannot  be  used  safely,  and  hardly  deserves 
attention. 

tur  -  peth'  -  Ic,  a,  [Eng.  turpeth(in) ;  -lc. 
Contained  in  or  derived  from  turpethin  (q.v.j 


turpethic  acid,  s. 

Chem.. :  CsjHgoOig.  An  amorphous  yellow- 
ish mass,  produced  by  the  action  of  bases  on 
turpethin.  It  has  an  acid  reaction  and  bitter 
taste,  is  soluble  in  water,  and  resolved  by 
mineral  acids  into  glucose  and  turpethollc- 
acid. 

ur'-pe-thln,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.  (Ipomaa)  tur- 
peth(um) ;  -in.} 

Chem,  :  C^HsjOis.  A  purgative  resin,  ex- 
tracted from  the  root  of  Ipoiruea.  Turpethum 
by  alcohol.  It  has  a  brownish-yellow  colour, 
is  inodorous,  insoluble  in  water  and  ether, 
soluble  in  alcohol,  and  melts  at  183°.  In  con- 
centrated sulphuric-acid  it  slowly  dissolves, 
forming  a  red  solution. 

ur-pe-thSr-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  turpethin);  sntT. 
-ol,  -ic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  turpe- 
thin. 

turpctholic  acid,  s. 
Chem. :  CjgHsaO^  An  inodorous  substance 
prepared  from  turpethin  by  boiling  with 
mineral  acids.  It  crystallizes  in  slender  micro- 
scopic needles,  soluble  in  alcohol,  slightly 
soluble  in  ether,  and  melts  at  88%  decom- 
posing at  a  higher  temperature. 

tur'-pl-fy,  tur-pK-fie,  v.t.  [Lat.  turpis 
=  disgraceful,  audyocto  (pass.  /So)=to  make.] 
To  calumniate. 

"  Thus  turpifle  the  reputation  of  my  doctrine."— 
Sidney  :  Wanttead  Plan.  p.  620. 

;ur'-pin  8.  [A  corrupt,  of  terrapin  (q.v.).] 
A  freshwater  or  land  tortoise. 

tur-pln'-i-a,  s.  [Named  after  M.  Turpin,  a 
French  naturalist  and  artist] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Staphyleacese.  Inflores- 
cence in  terminal  panicles,  calyx  five-parted, 
petals  five,  inserted  on  a  ten-lobed  disk  ; 
stamens  five ;  filaments  awl-shaped ;  styles 
three ;  fruit  three-celled,  each  cell  with  two  or 
three  seeds.  Trees  or  shrubs  from  the  West 
and  East  Indies.  The  fruits  of  some  species 
are  eaten.  The  leaves  of  Turpinia 
are  used  in  India  as  fodder. 

tur'-pte  cau'-sa,  phr.  [Lat.  =  a  disgraceful 
cause.] 

Scots  Law :  A  base  or  vile  consideration  on 
which  no  action  can  be  founded.  This  would 
be  called  in  English  a  "  consideration  contra 
bonos  mores,"  or  against  public  feeling. 

tur'-pi-tude,  t.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  turpitudo  = 
baseness,  from  turpis  =  base,  disgraceful.] 
Inherent  baseness  or  vileuess  of  principle, 
words,  or  actions ;  foulness,  depravity. 

"The  turpitude  of  the  drama  became  such  as  must 
astonish  all  who  are  not  aware  that  extreme  relaxa- 
tion is  the  natural  effect  of   extreme  restraint.'  — 
.•  ma.  Enf..  ch.  ill. 


tur  quoise  (as  tur  -koise,  or  tur'-kwas), 
tur  kois,  *tur-koise,  "tnr-cas,  *tur- 
kys,  s.  [Fr.  turquoise  =  a  turquoise  or  Turk- 
ish stone ;  prop.  fern,  of  Turquois  =  Turkish, 
from  Ital.  Turchesa  =  a  turquoise,  from  Low 
Lat.  turchesia,  from  turcherins  =  a  turquoise, 
from  Turcus  =  a  Turk  (q.v.).] 

1.  Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral  occurring  in 
reniform  nodules  and  incrustations.  Hard- 
ness, 6-0 ;  sp.  gr.  2-6  to  2-83 ;  lustre,  waxy  to 
dull;  colour,  sky-blue,  bluish-green,  apple- 
green  ;  streak,  white  ;  rarely  sub-translucent, 
mostly  opaque.  Compos. :  phosphoric  acid 
32-6 ;  alumina,  46'9  ;  water,  20'5  =  100,  whence 
the  formula,  2A12O3PO0  +  5HO.  Probably 
.  the  Callais,  Callaina,  and  Callaica  of  Pliny 
A  gem-stone  much  used  in  ancient  times  ii 
Persia,  and  in  pre-historic  times  by  the  ancient 
Mexicans  under  the  name  of  chalchihuitl 
Originally  found  in  Persia,  where  the  bes 
stones  for  jewellery  purposes  are  still  ob 
tained,  although  the  locality  of  the  Mexican 
chalchihuitl  has  lately  been  discovered.  One 
of  the  largest  nodular  masses  preserved  i 
exhibited  in  th«  Mineral  Collection  of  th 
British  Museum  (Natural  History),  South 
Kensington,  which  was  obtained  from  th 
Emperor  of  China's  Summer  Palace. 

"Out  upon  her  I  It  was  my  turquoite:  I  had  It  whe 
1  was  a  bachelor."— Shakap. :  Merchant  of  rente, 
ill.  1. 

2.  Hart. :  A  kind  of  olive. 

turr  (1),  s.    [Native  name.) 

Music :  A  Burmese  violin  with  three  strings. 

*  turr  (2),  8.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot. :  Ulex  europxus.    (Brit.  A  Holland.) 


ur-rss'-a,  s.  [Named  after  Turra  of  Padua, 
an  Italian  botanist,  who  died  in  1607.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Melieee  (q.v.).  Calyx  five- 
toothed,  petals  five,  ligulate ;  stamens  united 
into  a  tube ;  style  one  ;  ovary  with  five,  ten, 
or  twenty  cells.  Ornamental  trees  or  shrubs 
from  Southern  Africa,  Madagascar,  Mauritius, 
and  the  eastern  parts  of  India. 

lur'-rSl,  8.  [Prob.  a  dimin.  from  Fr.  tour  =  t 
turn.]  A  tool  used  by  coopers. 

ur'-ret(l),  s.    [0.  Fr.  tourette;  Fr.  tovreta 
a  small  wheel.] 
Saddlery:  The  same  as  TERRET  (q.v.). 

"  Tlie  silvery  turrett  of  hi*  harness."— De  Quinctg: 
Snglith  Mail  Coach. 

tur'-ret  (2),  *tor-et,  *tonr-et,  "tur- 
rette,  s.  [O.  Fr.  tourette,  dimin.  from  tor,  tur 
(Fr.  tour)  =  a  tower  (q.v.).] 

1.  Arch. :  A  small  tower  attached  to  and 
forming  part  of  another  tower,  or  placed  at 
the  angles  of  a  church  or  public  building,  es- 
pecially in  the  style  of  Tudor  architecture. 
Turrets  are  of  two  kinds— such  as  rise  imme- 
diately from  the  ground,  as  staircase  turrets, 
and  such  as  are  formed  on  the  upper  part  of  a 
building  by  being  carried  up  higher  than  the 
rest,  as  bartizan  turrets. 

"  Now  like  a  maiden  queen  she  will  behold. 
From  her  high  turrett.  hourly  Bultors  coine. 

Drf/den  :  Annul  MirabUil. 

2.  Bot. :  Carer  caapitosa.    Perhaps  the  same 
as  Torret  in  White's  Nat.  Hist,  of  Selborne. 
(Britten  <t  Holland.) 

*  3.  Mil.  AnKq. :  A  movable  building  of  t 
square  form,  consisting  of  ten,  or  even  twenty 
stories,  and  sometimes  180  feet  high,  usually 
moved  on  wheels,  and  employed  in  approaches 
to  a  fortified  place  for  carrying  soldiers,  en- 
gines, ladders,  &C. 

4.  Kail.:  The  elevated  central  portion  of  » 
passenger-car,    whose  top   forms  an   upper 
story  of  the  roof,  and  whose  sides  are  glazed 
for  light  and  pierced  for  ventilation.    (Amer.) 

5.  Ordn, :  A  cylindrical  iron  tower,  rising 
above  the  deck  of  a  man-of-war,  and  made  to 
rotate,  so  that  the  guns  may  be  brought  to 
bear  in  any  required  direction.    Most  vessels 
of  war  of  any  size  are  constructed  on  the 
turret-system.   The  first  American  vessel  con- 
structed with  a  turret  was  Ericsson's  Monitor; 
the  first  English  were  the  Monarch  (1866)  and 
the  Captain  (1867). 

"  In  fact,  the  Captain  IB  best  described  as  a  Print* 
Albert,  with  two  turret!  Instead  of  four,  with  the 
masu  and  sails  of  a  full-rigged  ship,  aud  with  the 
lower  upper  deck  protected  from  the  sweep  of  the  sea 
by  a  forecastle  and  poop  at  either  end,  these  erections 
being  connected  by  means  of  a  narrow  platform  01 
flying  deck,  stretching  along  above  the  turratt.  It  if 
unnecessary  to  enter  further  into  details  beyond  the 
statement  that  the  Monarch'l  sides  bore  7-inch 
armour,  and  her  turret*  8-luch  and  10-Inch,  while  the 
Captain  had  8-inc'h  and  Much  Bide  armour,  with 
9-inch  and  10-Inch  turret  armour."—  Brit.  Quarterly 
Rerieu,  IvlL  114.  U»73.) 

turret-Clock,  s.  A  clock  adapted  foi 
an  elevated  position  in  a  church  or  other 
tower. 

turret-gun,  ».  A  gun  specially  adapted 
for  use  in  revolving  turrets  of  vessels. 

"Masta  must  be  supported,  and  the  supports  ob- 
struct the  fire  of  the  turret-gum  to  Borne  extent.  — 
Brit,  tuarterly  Review,  Ivii.  114.  (1878.) 

turret-head,  s.  The  top  or  summit  of  i 
turret 

••  Fair  Margaret,  from  the  turret-head. 
Heard,  far  below,  the  coursers'  tread." 

Scott:  Lull  oj  the  Laa  Minaret,  ULt. 

turret-lathe,  s. 

Metal-work. :  A.  screw-cutting  lathe,  having 
a  slide  provided  with  a  polygonal  Mock  or 
turret,  having  apertures  in  each  face  for  re- 
ceiving dies,  which  are  secured  therein  bj 
set-screws. 

turret-ship,  t.  An  ironclad  ship  of  war, 
with  low  sides,  and  having  its  armament 
placed  in  a  tower  or  turret  which  is  capable 
of  revolution,  so  as  to  bring  the  embrasure 
opposite  to  the  gun,  which  is  pointed  in  any 
direction  and  temporarily  unmasked  while 
firing. 

•'  Not  long  after  Captain  Cole*  was  authorized,  Is 
conjuuction  with  Messro.  Laird,  of  Birkenhead,  to 
design  another  vessel,  embodying  his  views  of  what  • 
sea-golug  turret-thij>  should  be,  ai.d  as  the  result  the 
Ul-fated  captain  was  ordered  to  be  built  Just  a  year 
after  the  Monarch  had  been  begun."—  Brit.  Quarter!) 
Rettm,  Ivii.  133.  (1871.) 

tur'-r8t-Sd,*tor'-ret-ted,a.  [Eng.  turret; 
•ed.] 
1.  Furnished  with  a  turret  or  turrets. 

"  A  turreted  manorial  hall." 

Wordlvorth  :  Kzcurtton,  bk.  T. 


boll,  b*y;  pint,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  pus;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^enophon,  e^lsfc   ph  =  1 
-clan,  -tlan  =  °M"     -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zfcun.    -clous,  -tious.  -sions  =  shus.   -Me,  -die,  tc.  •=  bel,  del. 


4878 


turribant— Tuscan 


»2.  Formed  like  a  turret;  rising  like  « 
tower. 

"Take  a  turnted  lamp  of  tin.  lu  the  fitnn  of  a 

square;  the  height,  uf  the  turret  l>.*hig  tlirie*  us  much 
as  tl]«  leuKth  of  the  tower  met,  irjureapm  the  lunjn 
ttaudeth."—  Aacon;  Aal.  fli«. 

•  tur -ri-bant,  *.    [TURBAN.] 

tfir-ritf-u-late,  tttr-rio'-u-lat-ed,  a. 

[Lat.  tnrrteula,  dimin.  from  turris  —  a  tower 
(q.v.).]  Resembling  a  turret ;  having  the 
form  of  a  turret :  as,  a  lurriculated  shell. 

ttr-ri-lep'-as.  ».  [Lat  turris  =  a  tower, 
and  Mod.  Lat.  lepat  (q.v.).] 

Palaont. :  A  genns  of  Lcpadlds,  from  the 
Upper  Silurian  rocks.  The  peunncle  was 
furnished  with  Intersecting  rows  of  plates, 
Which,  when  detached,  are  not  unlike  the 
sheila  of  certain  Pteropoda.  Barmnde  re- 
garded the  fossil  (to  which  he  gave  tlie  name 
Pluniulites)  as  the  capitulum  of  a  Lepadoid, 
In  which  tho  peduncle  is  wanting  or  rudi- 
mentary. 

tttr'-ri-lite.  ».  rTtnmiLrTES.J  Any  Indi- 
vidual of  the  genus  Tnrrilites  (q.v.).  (Wood- 
ward  :  Mollusca,  ed.  Tate,  p.  200.) 

tur-rl-ll'-tes,  i.  [Lat,  turrit = a  tower,  and 
Or.  Ai0oc  (litnos)  =  a  stone.] 

Pakeont. :  A  genus  of  Ammonitidre,  with 
thirty-seven  species,  ranging  from  the  Gault 
to  the  Chalk  of  Europe.  Shell  ginlstral, 
spiral,  whorls  in  contact ;  aperture  often  ir- 
regular. 

tur'-rft-Sd,  o.    [Eng.  tumt;  -tdj   The  same 

as  TUBEICULATE  (q.V.). 

tur  ri-tel'-la,  «.    [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from 

Lat.  turris  =  a  tower.) 

L  ZooL:  Tower-shells;  the  type-genus  of 
Turritellidse  (q.v.),  with  seventy-three  species, 
universally  distributed, 
rallying  from  the  lami- 
narian  zone  to  a  depth 
of  lou  fathoms.  Shell  TIIH»IT.I  ,.. 
turreted,  many-whorled, 
and  spirJly  striated;  aperture  small  and 
rounded,  peristoioe  thin ;  operculuiu  with  a 
tuubriated  margin. 

2.  Palaont.:  Fossil  species,  172,  from  the 
Neocomian  onward. 

tfir  ri-tcl-li-die,  «.  pi  (Mod.  Lat.  turri- 
Uil(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idte.} 

1.  ZooL  :  A  family  of  Holostomatous  Gas- 
teropoda, with  five  genera.    Shell  tubular  or 
spiral ;  npper  part  partitioned  off;  aperture 
simple;    operculum  horny,    many-wnorled. 
Animal  with  a  short  muzzle  ;  eyes  immersed 
at  outer  bases  of  the  tentacles  ;  mantle  margin 
fringed ;  foot  very  short ;   branchial  plume 
single. 

2.  Poteont;    They  appear  to  have  com- 
menced about  the  middle  of  the  Jurassic 
period,  abounding  In  the  Tertiaries,  and  at- 
taining their  maximum  in  existing  seas. 

tur-ri'-tis,  t.  [Lat  turritus  =  fortified  with 
towers ;  turrit  =  a  tower ;  because  the  leaves 
become  gradually  smaller  upwards,  so  that 
the  plant  assumes  a  pyramidal  form.] 

Bot. :  Tower-mustard ;  a  genus  of  Arabiilee 
(q.v.),  having  the  pod  elongated,  compressed, 
and  two-edged,  the  valves  nerved  or  keeled, 
the  calyx  nearly  equal  at  the  base.  Turritis 
tjlahra  (=  Arabia  perjolutia)  is  a  Crncifer,  with 
its  stem  one  to  two-and-a-half  feet  high,  with 
oblong,  lanceolate,  glaucous  leaves,  the  radical 
ones  toothed  or  sinuate  at  the  base,  the  caul  inu 
ones  sagittate ;  the  flowers  yellowish-white, 
the  pods  long  and  erect.  Found  in  Norfolk, 
fiuttolk,  and  some  other  parts  of  England, 
flowering  from  June  to  August 

tnr'-tle  a),  tur'-tur,  ..  [A.8.,  from  Lat. 
turt-ur  =  a  turtle-dove  :  a  word  probably  of 
Imitative  origin,  from  the  coo  of  the  pigeon  ; 
Oer.  turtel-taube  =  a  turtle-dove ;  Ital.  tortora, 
tortola;  Fr.  tourtre.]  The  same  as  TURTLE* 
HOVE  (q.v.X 

**  And  of  fain  Brlt<miart  ensample  take. 
That  was  as  trow  in  love  as  turtle  to  her  mate.* 
Oyenter  :  >-.«..  III.  XL  I 

turtle-dove,  >. 

1.  Omith. :  Turtur  communls,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Old 
World.  It  is  a  beautiful  oird,  of  somewhat 
slender  form,  a  summer  visitant  to  the  southern 
and  eastern  counties  of  England,  arriving  in 
May  and  departing  in  September.  The  male  is 


about  a  foot  long,  with  the  head  light  bluish- 
gray,  the  back  grayish-brown,  the  scapulars 
and  small  wing-coverts  black,  with  broad  rust- 
red  margins,  the  breast  pale  grayish-purple, 
the  neck  with  two  large  black  spots  barred 
with  white.  The  female  is  rather  smaller, 
with  similar  plumage,  but  of  duller  tints. 
They  feed  on  grain  and  vegetables,  often  fre- 
quenting fields  of  beans  and  peas.  They  make 
a  slight,  flat  nest  of  a  few  twigs,  in  which  two 
glossy,  creamy-white  eggs  are  deposited  about 
the  middle  of  May,  and  the  parent  birds  take 
turns  at  incubation,  sometimes  rearing  two 
broods  in  a  season.  The  note  is  a  soft,  mourn- 
ful "  coo,"  often  uttered  when  the  bird  is  on 
the  ground.  From  its  habit  of  pairing  for  life, 
and  its  fidelity  to  its  mate,  the  turtle-dove 
has  long  been  a  symbol  of  conjugal  anectiun. 
2.  Script. :  Heb.  ^vto  ((or),  an  onoraatopoetic 
name  from  the  cooing  of  the  bird,  generally  in 
connection  with  njV  (yonaK)  =  dove.]  Pro- 
bably either  Turtur  communis  or  T.  risorius. 
The  latter  bird  Is  about  ten  inches  in  length  ; 
tail  short;  general  colour  gray,  tinged  with 
red,  npper  parts  greenish  brown,  with  a  black 
collar  on  the  back  of  the  neck. 

tur -tie  (2),  I.    [A  corrupt,  of  Port,  tartaruga  ; 
£p.  tortvga  =  a  tortoise,  a  turtle.] 

1.  Zool. :  The  popular  name  for  any  species 
of  the  Cheloniidas.  They  may  be  distinguished 
by  their  long,  compressed,  fin-shaped,  non- 
retractile  feet,  with  the  toes  enclosed  in  a 
common  skin,  from  which  only  one  or  two 
claws  project.  The  carapace  is  broad  and 
much  depressed,  so  that  when  these  animals 
are  on  shore,  and  are  turned  over  on  tin  ir 
backs,  they  cannot  regain  the  natural  posi- 
tion. Large  interspaces  between  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  ribs  and  portions  of  the 
sternum  always  remain  cartilaginous,  so  that 
the  carapace  Is  far  lighter  than  In  the  Tor- 
toises. The  head  is  large  and  globose,  and 
cannot  be  retracted  within  the  shell ;  It  is 
covered  above  with  symmetrical  horny  shields, 
and  the  jaws  are  armed  with  sharp,  horny 
sheaths.  Turtles  are  marine  animals ;  their 
pinnate  feet  and  light  shell  render  them  ex- 
cellent swimmers.  They  sometimes  live  at  a 


OREEN  TURTLE. 

great  distance  from  land,  to  which  they  period- 
ically return  to  deposit  their  soft-shelled  eggs 
(from  100  to  250  in  number)  in  the  sand. 
They  are  found  in  all  the  inter-tropical  seas, 
and  sometimes  travel  into  the  temperate 
zones.  The  flesh  and  eggs  of  all  the  species 
are  edible,  though  the  Indian  turtles  are  less 
valuable  in  this  respect  than  those  of  the 
Atlantic.  The  most  highly  valued  of  the 
family  is  the  Green  Turtle  (Chelonia  viridis), 
from  which  turtle-soup  is  made.  It  attains  a 
large  size,  sometimes  from  six  to  seven  feet  long, 
with  a  weight  of  from  700  to  800  pounds.  The 
popular  name  has  no  reference  to  the  colour 
of  the  carapace,  which  is  dark  olive,  passing 
into  dingy  white,  but  to  the  green  fat  so  highly 
prized  by  epicures.  The  Edible  Turtle  of  the 
East  Indies  (C.  virgata.)  is  also  highly  prized  ; 
but,  according  to  Tennent  (Ceylon,  i.  IS'J),  at 
certain  seasons  they  "  are  avoided  as  poison- 
ons,  and  some  lamentable, instances  are  re- 
corded of  death  which  was  ascribed  to  their 
nse."  The  Bawk's-bill  Turtle  (C.  imiricata), 
which  yields  tortoiseshell  (q.v.),  is  also  prized  ; 
but  the  flesh  of  the  Loggerhead  Turtle  (q.v.) 
and  of  the  Leather-back  is  of  little  value. 
2.  Frequently  used  for  turtle-soup  (q.v.). 

"  Turtle  and  venison  all  his  thoughts  employ." 
Cotoper:  Proorea  o/  Error,  220. 

8.  Print. :  The  segmental  plate  In  which  a 
form  is  locked  up  In  a  rotary  press.  The 
column -rules  are  wider  at  the  top  than  the 
bottom,  to  hold  the  type  firmly,  and  are  se- 
cured byscrews.  The  edge  of  the  side-stick  has 


a  series  of  beveled  projections,  and  is  pressed 
against  the  forms  by  a  piece  having  similarly 
beveled  projections  and  worked  by  a  screw. " 

U  To  turn  turtle :  [TuBN,  ».,  t  86.]. 

turtle  back,  ».  The  roofing  or  cover  of 
a  deck,  curved  so  as  to  resemble  the  shell  of  a 
turtle  ;  a  hurricane-deck. 

"  Pitted  with  pUtforms  on  her  turtle-bacJu  fore  and 
aft"—  Haiti/  *•»».  Feb.  31.  IBS;. 

"  turtle-footed,  a.    Slow.footed. 

"  Turtle-footed  peace."  ford 

turtle-head,  s. 

Bat. :  The  genus  Chelone  (q.v.). 

turtle-shell,  s. 

1.  A  beautiful  species  of  Murex.  (Goodrich.) 

2.  Tortoiseshell. 

turtlersoup,  s.  A  rich  soup,  In  which 
the  chief  ingredient  is  (or  should  be)  the  flesh 
of  the  turtle.  It  is  always  served  at  state  and 
civic  banquets.  (MOCK-TURTLE.]  Sir  Henry 
Thompson,  In  a  paper  read  at  one  of  tin-  con- 
ferences connected  with  the  Fisheries  Exhibi- 
tion held  in  London  In  1888,  stated  that 
'*  conger  eel,  as  few  people  seem  to  l>e  mvare, 
is  the  source  of  all  turtle-soup  when  at  its 
best,  the  turtle  furnishing  only  the  garnish 
and  the  name."  This  statement  gave  rise  to 
much  correspondence  at  the  time. 

turtle-stone,  s. 

Ceal. :  A  popular  name  for  a  septarium  (q.v.). 

"  Septarja  have  been  polished  as  ninthle  .  .  In  Dor- 
•etshire,  where  they  have  been  locally  termed  turtle 
tttmei.  —Woodward:  Oeol.  England  Jt  Wolei.  p.  826. 

tur'-tle,  fl.i.    [TURTLE  (2),  «.]    To  fish  or  hunt 

for  turtles. 

"He  occasionally  goea  off  on  a  turning  expedition.* 

—field.  Sept  2i.  1S8J. 

tur'-tler,  a,    [Eng.  turtl(e\  v. ;  •«•.]    One  who 

fishes  or  hunts  for  turtles. 

"The  Jamaica  turtteri  visit  these  keys  with  good 
•access.  — lumpier:  Vuceurte  nf  Wind*,  ch.  ii-. 

tur'-tling, «.    [TURTLE,  ».]    The  act  of  hunt- 
ing lor  or  catching  turtles. 

•  tfir'-tnr,  «.   [Lat.] 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  turtle-dove. 

"A  peyre  of  tur-turii  or  twtie  culver  brlddta."— 

Wt/cHfa :  Luke  1L 

2.  Ornith.:  A  genus  of  Columbidse,  with 
twenty-four  species,  from  the  Palasarctic, 
Kthiopian,  and  Oriental  regions,  and  Austro- 
Malaya.  Bill  rather  slender,  tip  of  upjier 
mandible  gently  deflected,  nostrils  at  base 
covered  with  two  soft,  tumid,  lure  substances  ; 
tarsi  rather  shorter  than  middle  toe,  which  is 
longer  than  the  outer ;  tail  of  twelve  feathers, 
rather  long,  and  considerably  rounded  or 
graduated;  wings  rather  long  and  pointed, 

[TU&TLE-DOVE.] 

*  turve j,  i.  pi.    [TCRF,  ».] 

tur'-war,  ».    [Native  name.]    A  tanning  bark 
obtained  in  India  from  Cassia  auriculata. 

Tus'-ean,  o.  &  ».    [Lat  Tuscanui;  Ital.  Tot- 

cano  ;  Fr.  Toscan.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Tuscany  in 
Italy. 

B.  As  sv*eta.ntii'e : 

1.  Ord.  l,:n<j.:  A  native  or  Inhabitant  of 
Tuscany. 

2.  Arch. :  The  Tuscan  order  of  architecture. 

H  Tuscan  style  of  Architecture,  Tuscan  erdtT : 
A  style  of  architecture 
which  originated  in  the 
north  of  Italy,  on  the 
first  revival  of  the  arts 
in  the  free  cities,  and 
beyond  which  it  has 
never  yet  travelled,  ex- 
oept  in  some  examples 
which  were  introduced 
by  Inigo  Jones  in  the 
first  church  of  St.  Paul, 
Covent  Garden,  and  by 
Sir  Christopher  Wren  In 
porticoes  at  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral.  It  is  a  sim- 
pler variety  of  the  Doric  (q.v.),  with  minuted 
columns  and  without  triglyphs. 

Tuscan  shrew,  =. 

Zool. :  Crocidura  etrusca,  the  smallest  living 
mammal,  measuring  from  the  snout  to  the 
tip  of  the  tail  rather  less  than  three  inches. 
Fur  ashy  red  above,  light  ash-coloured  l*e- 
Heath,  tail  clothed  with  short  hairs,  with  rings 


tate,  at,  fere,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
•T,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


tuscor— tutiorist 


4879 


of  longer  white  hairs;  ears  moderate,  pro- 
jecting from  the  fur.  Found  in  the  extreme 
south  of  Europe,  from  France  to  the  Black 
Sea,  and  in  the  north  of  Africa. 

tus'-cor,  s.  [TUSK.]  A  tusk  or  tush  of  a 
bone. 

tush,  *  twish,  interj.  [From  the  sound.)  An 
exclamation  indicating  rebuke,  contempt,  or 
impatience;  pshaw!  pish  ! 

"Titah.  Bay  they,  how  should  God   perceive  it?  U 
there  knowledge  Lutti«Mo*tt  Highr'-/WiH  laxili.  ll. 

tush,.?.  [A  softened  form  of  l»*k(q.v.).]  A 
tang  potnrad  tooth ;  a  tusk;  applied  especially 
to  certain  of  the  teeth  of  horses. 

"  Strong  aa  tt  sea-beast's  tushes,  and  aa  white." 
.4.  C.  Swinburne :  Trtttram  of  Lyontstt,  I. 

*  tushed,  a.    [TUSKED.] 

tusk  (1),  *  tosch,  *  tosche,  *  tusch,  *  tux, 

s.     TA.S.  tusc,  tux;  co.yn.  with  (>.  Fries,  tusk, 
t(*eA ;   prob.  for  tinsc  =  with  the   untiun   of 
rfnuhle  tooth,  or  very  strong  tooth,  from  A.S. 
t  w  !.<  =  double.     (Skeat.)] 
I.  Ordinary  Languagt : 

I.  (PI.) :  Two  abnormally  long  teeth,  pro- 
truding from   the  mouth,  and    constituting 
offensive    weapons.      In    the    elephant,    the 
narwhal,    the    dugong,   &c.,    these   enlarged 
t*-*  tli  are  incisors,   whilst   in  the  boar,  the 
wixlrne,  the  hippopotamus,  &.C.,  they  are  ca- 
nines. 

"  This  beast  (when  many  a  chief  Us  ttttkt  had  slain) 
Great  Meleager  stretched  along  the  jilaiu  " 

Popt :  Homer ;  mad  Ix.  «1. 

*  2.  The  share  of  a  plough  ;  the  tooth  of  a 
harrow  or  the  like. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  The  bevelled  shoulder  on  the  back 
of  a  tenon  of  a  binding  joist,  to  strengthen  it. 

2.  Locksmith* :  A  sharp  projecting  point  or 
claw  which  forms  a  means  of  engagement  or 
attachment.     Us>-d  in  the  parts  of  locks  in 
which  bolts,  tumblers,  &c.,  are  thus  provided 
so  as  to  be  touched,  dropped,  raised,  &c.,  by 
the  key  directly  or  by  intermediate  devices. 

•tusl£(2),  a.    [TORSK.] 

» tusk,  v.i.  [TcsK  (1),  s.]  To  gnash  the  teeth 
as  a  boar  ;  to  show  the  tusks. 

"  Nay,  now  you  puffe.  ttuk.  and  draw  up  your  chin, 
Twirle  tb«  poor«  chain  you  run  A  feasting  In." 

Ben  Jonton  ;  Ejrigram  107. 

tus  kar,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  Icel.  torfskeri, 
from  tor/=  turf,  and  stem  =  tn  cut.]  An  iron 
instrument  with  a  wooden  handle,  used  for 
cutting  peats.  (Scotch.) 

tusked,  a.    [Eng.  tusk  (1),  8. ;  -ed.} 
L  Qrd.  Lang. :  Furnished  with  tusks. 
"  The  tanked  boar  oat  of  the  wood 
Upturns  it  by  the  roots." 

Milton:  PtaVm  lixx. 

2.  Her. :  Having  tusks  of  such  or  such  a 
tincture.    (Said  of  boars,  elephants,  &c.) 

tusk  er,  s.    [Eng.  (wsfc(>),  s. ;  -er.] 

1.  An  elephant  that  has  its  tusks  developed  ; 
one  of  the  males  of  the  Asiatic  species. 

"One  of  the  rtneat  tinker*  any  of  those  present  had 
erer  iwen."— Field,  Dec.  26,  1885. 

2.  A  wild  boar  with  well-developed  tusks. 

"  A  tusker  who  had,  however,  no  idea  of  running 
ftway."— £cho,  NOT.  26,  18sT. 

tusk-y,  a.  [Eng.  took  (1),  s.  ;  -y.}  Having 
tusks ;  tusked. 

"Tte  war  Indented  by  the  tutky  boar." 
I  Pope :  Homer;  Odyuey  iriv.  886. 

tus '-sac,  f.    [TussocK.J 
tiis'-seh,  3.    [TDSSER.] 

tus-ser,  tus  sore,  tiis'-seh,  $.  [Native 
Indian  name.]  The  silk  spun  by  the  Tiisser 
Silkworm  (q.v.).  The  centres  of  the  traffic  are 
in  Bengal,  the  Central  Provinces,  Berar,  and 
the  Nizam's  country.  There  are  generally  two 
crops  of  the  insect  during  the  year.  The  co- 
coons are  purchased  in  May  and  June  by 
the  roarers  from  those  who  have  collected 
them  from  the  jungle  ;  the  female  cocoons  are 
the  larger.  Tliwy  are  almost  perfectly  smooth, 
of  a  gray  colour,  with  darker  veins  across 
the  outer  surface.  When  mature,  the  largest 
are  about  two  inches  long  by  one  and  a-quarter 
broad,  those  of  average  size  about  a,n  inch  and 
a-half  long.  The  inner  layer  of  the  fibre  is 
quite  loose,  forming  a  soft  cushion  for  the 
insect  within.  The  silk,  when  obtained,  has  a 
glossy  or  vitreous  look.  It  is  now  manu- 


factured  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  India,  bei 
largely  ns*»d  for  cloaks  and  muntles  designed 
for  winter  wear.  No  kind  of  silk  so  closely 
imitates  seal-skin  or  is  so  durable.  It  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  Utrecht  velvet,  and 
has  the  rigidity  requisite  to  render  it  a  valua- 
ble material  for  carpets.  (Calcutta  Exhib. 
Keport.) 

tussersilkworm,  & 

Entom. :  Antfierea  mylitta,  a  common  Indian 
silkworm,  which  yields  a  rather  coarse-look- 
ing, but  very  durable  silk.  It.  is  wild  through- 
out the  low  hills  of  the  central  tableland  of 
India,  being  absent  from  the  Himalaya  moun- 
tains and  from  the  alluvial  plains.  It  feeds 
on  many  shrubs  and  trees. 

*  tus-sic'-U-lar,  a.    [Lat.  tnssicnlarts,  from 
tussis=z&  cough.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cough. 

tus  si  la-gm-e-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  tus- 
silago,  genit.  tutfSilayin(is);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj. 
si  iff.  -*>«.) 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Tubullflone.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, all  radial,  broad ;  outer  flowers  female, 
very  slender,  and  tubular  or  ligulate  ;  florets 
of  the  disk  tubular,  usually  bisexual ;  anther 
cells  not  tailed  ;  arms  of  the  style  connate, 
pubescent,  with  bilid,  cuuical  tips.  (Sir  J. 
Hooker.) 

tus  si  la  -go,  *.  [Lat  =  coltsfoot  (see  def.), 
from  tussis  =  a.  cough,  from  the  use  of  the 
plant  us  a  cough  medicine.] 

Bot.  :  Coltsfoot ;  the  typical  genus  of  Tussi- 
lagineae  (q.v.).  tit-ads  yellow,  solitary,  many- 
flowered  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  involucre  of  a 
single  row  of  equal,  linear  scales ;  florets  of 
the  ray  long,  narrow,  in  many  rows,  female ; 
those  of  the  disk  few,  male,  both  yellow ; 
pappus  pilose  ;  achenes  terete.  Closely  akin 
to  Petasites,  but  differs  by  the  pistillate 
flowers  having  a  (sometimes  minute)  ligule. 
Only  one  known  species,  Tussitogo  Farjuro, 
[COLTSFOOT.] 

*  tus'  sis,  s.    [Lat.l 

Pathol. :  A  cough,  a  catarrh. 

tus'  -sle,  *  tus'-sel,  *  tue  tie,  s.  [TUSSLE,  u. ] 

A  struggle  ;  a  contest ;  a  scuffle. 

"Does  he  wear  his  head? 
BecaoM  the  last  we  saw  here  hud  a  tttttl?.* 

Byron:  I'itian  of  Judgment,  xviiL 

tus  sle,  '  tus  tie,  » tuz'--  zlo,  v.i.  &  t.  [A 
variant  of  tousle  (q.v.). j 

A.  Intrans. :  To  struggle ;  to  scuffle. 

"  Did  turtle  with  red-ey'd  pole-cat." 

Percy  :  lieli'/ut* ;  St.  Q*oryefor  England, 

B.  Trans. :  To  struggle  with. 

'•  Mutzle  and  /uzai«  and  hug  the*. "—Centlivn :  Bu<ie 
Body  (1709),  p.  44. 

tu  s  -  sock,  tiis'  -  suck,  tus'  -  sac, ».     [A 

diuiin.  from  Dan.  tusk  =  a  tuft,  a  tassel ;  Sw. 
dial,  tuss  =  a  wisp  of  hay  ;  cf.  Welsh  tuswt 
tuswy  =  a  wisp,  a  bundle.]  * 

1.  A  clump,  a  tuft  or  small  hillock  of  grow- 
ing grass. 

"  Both  were  constructed  in  thick  tu*tnrfa  of  coarse 
gratia  or  rushes."— Scribner't  Magnzine,  Dec.  1878.  pi  170. 

2.  A  tuft  or  lock,  as  of  hair  or  the  like  ;  a 
tangled  knot. 

"  Such  laying  of  the  balr  In  tUMockt  and  tufts."— 
Latimer, 

3.  The  same  as  TUSSOCK-GRASS  (q.v.). 

4.  The  same  as  TUSSOCK-MOTH  (q.v.). 
tussock-grass,  *. 

Bot,,  &c. :  Vactylis  c(espitosa(=  Festucajlabel- 
Zo/a),  a  grass  forming  tufts  five  to  six  feet  high 
in  the  Falkland  Islands,  Tierra  del  Fuego,  the 
Straits  of  Magellan,  Cape  Horn,  &c.  It  was 
first  discovered  by  Commerson  in  the  Straits 
of  Magellan  in  1767.  Its  appropriate  habitat 
is  the  sea-shore,  where  it  will  grow  even  on 
sand  dunes.  Either  as  green  fodder  or  as 
hay,  it  is  said  to  be  unrivalled  as  food  for 
cattle,  horses,  &c.  Pigs  and  other  animals 
grub  up  the  sweet  roots,  which  they  eat 
eagerly.  It  forms  great  tufts,  remarkable  lor 
their  size,  being  sometimes  five  or  six  feet 
high,  while  the  long,  gracefully  curving  blades 
are  from  five  to  eight  feet  long  and  an  inch 
broad  at  base.  It  has  been  grown  with  success 
in  the  Orkney  Islands,  the  Hebrides,  and  other 
places  near  the  sea  where  there  is  a  peaty  soil. 
The  young  shoots  are  boiled  and  eaten  as 
asparagut.  The  inner  part  of  the  stem  above 
the  rout  is  soft,  crisp,  and  has  the  flavor  of  a 
hazel  nut.  It  is  often  eaten  by  the  Falkland 
islanders.  It  is  in  danger  of  being  exter- 
minated, from  the  avidity  with  which  it  is 


eaten  by  cattle  and  pigs,  and  is  now  confined 
to  local  patches  in  the  shore  regions. 

tussock-moth,  *. 

Entom. :  The  genus  Dosychira,  belonging  to 
the  family  Lipaiidae.  The  antennas  are  crenu- 
lated  in  the  female ;  the  fore  legs  are  very 
hairy.  The  larva  is  very  beautiful,  with  tufti 
of  coloured  hair  down  the  back. 

tus -sock-f  t  a.  [Eng.  tussock  ;  -y.]  Abound 
iug  in  or  resembling  tussocks  or  tufts. 

"  We  emerged  oil  tracts  of  tuuocky  grass,  Inter- 
Bperaed  here  tuid  there  in  pivrlc-like  fnahioii  with 
clumps  of  tree*."— Uaily  Telegraph*  March  »,  IWi*. 

tUS'-SUCk,  8.      [TD3SOCK.J 

tiis  sore',  s.    [TUSSEB.) 

tut,  interj.  [From  the  sound;  cf.  Pr.  trttt^ 
tush,  tut.]  An  exclamation  denoting  impa- 
tience, rebuke,  or  contempt  ;  tush  !  pish  I 

"  Tut,  this  was  nothing  but  an  argument" 

.•Outkitft.  :  2  Henry  VI..  i.  fc 

*  tut,  r.i.    [TuT,  inUrj.]    To  speak  contemp- 
tuously and  slightingly. 

"  Tutrititf  uvt-r  th«  glob*  or  the  sun."— Lyttm ;  OaM> 
font,  bit  via.,  ch,  in. 

*tiit,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  An  imperial  crown  of  a  golden  globe, 
with  a  cross  on  it ;  a  mouud.    (hailey.) 

2.  A  hassock. 

"  Paid  for  a  tot  for  him  tbat  drawn  the  hellowoi  of 
the  ortfaiiiea  to  sit  upon."—  Churchwarden?  Accuunti 
of  Cheiidie.  1637. 

*tu  tagc  (age  as  Ig),  *.  [Lat.  tutut=. 
safe.]  Tutelage  (q.v.). 

*  tu'  ta-mcnt,  s.      [Lat.    tutamentum,   from 
tutus  =  safe.]    Protection,  guardianship. 

"  The  holy  create  is  the  true  tutament." 

Da*ie»  :  Holy  Auud«,  ft  If. 

tu-ta'-nl-a,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful. ]    A  white 

alloy  for  tableware,  &c.  German  :  copper,  1 ; 

tin,  48;   antimony,    4.  Spanish:    steel,  1; 
tin,  24  ;  antimony,  2. 

tu'-tel-age  (age  as  *g),  5.  [Lat.  tittela.= 
protection,  from  tutus  =  safe  ;  tueor  =  to  pro- 
tect.] 

1.  Guardianship,  protection.  (Applied  to 
the  person.) 


"  He  submitted  without  reluctance  to  the  tutelage 
loKUieuteuaiit." 
—Mucauiay:  ffittt  Kng..  ch.  xvil. 


of  a  couucil  of  war  nomluated  by  the  lo: 


2.  The  state  of  being  under  a  guardian  or 
protector ;  care  or  protection  enjoyed. 

tu'-te"-lar,  tu'-te'-lar-fc  a.  [Lat.  tutefarls, 
from  tutela  =  guardianship,  tutelage  (q.v.); 
Fr.  tutelaire.] 

1.  Guarding,  protecting ;  having  the  charge, 
care,   or  protection  of  a    person   or  thing ; 
guardian. 

"  Where  wast  thoa  then,  sweet  CharltyT  where  then 
Thou  tutelary  friend  of  helpless  raeu  ?" 

Covtptr  :  Charity,  142, 

2.  Tending  to  guard  or  protect ;  protective. 
*tu'-tele,  «.    [Lat.  tutela.}    Tutelage. 

"  He  WM  to  have  the  tutnle  «nd  ward  of  his  children." 
—Bowetl :  Letters.  1.  2,  16. 

tu  ten  ag,  tu-t en-age,  *  tu-tan-age,  & 

[Hind.] 

1.  A  white  alloy,  of  copper,  50  ;  nickel,  19 ; 
and  zinc,  31,  used  for  table-ware,  &c.    It  re- 
sembles   Packfong,    Chinese    white    copper, 
albata,  and  German  silver.  The  alloy  has  vjiri- 
ous  names  and  proportions  of  the  ingredients ; 
a  small  quantity  of  lead  or  iron  is  added  la 
some  formulae. 

2.  Zinc  or  spelter. 

tu'-ti-Sr-Ism  (tl  as  shi),  «.  [Ecdes.  Lat. 
tutiorismus,  from  tutior,  compar.  of  Lat.  tutn$ 
=  safe.] 

Church  Hist.  £  Theology :  Mitigated  Rigorism  J 
the  doctrine  which,  while  holding  that  obedi- 
ence to  the  law  is  always  the  safer  and  better 
way,  allows  that  an  opinion  of  the  highest) 
intrinsic  probability  in  favour  of  liberty  may 
sometimes  be  followed.  [RIGORISM.] 

"The  arguments  adduced  by  Its  advocate*  TMJlf 
tend  to  Tutioriim,"— Addit  A  Arnold ;  Cath.  Diet.,  jx  80S, 

tu'  tl  or  ist  (ti  as  shi),  a.  &  t.  [Kng.  lu* 
tior(isjji);  -ist.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of,  pertaining  tn,  or  guided  by 
the  principles  of  Tutiorism  (q.v.). 

B.  As  substantive : 

Church  Hist.  &  Theology:  A  theologian  01 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist, 

-tion,  -Bio&  =  shun  f  -tion,  -sion  =^  ''hunt    -clous,  -tioujs,    Blom  —  f^iiffi    -bio,  -die.  &c.  =  beL  del* 


4880 


tntmoutbed— twang 


confessor  who  adopts,  and  is  guided  by  the 
principles  of  Tutlorism. 

"  We  may  also  dismiss  the  opinion  of  the  RigorisU 
or  TutloritU."—Addit  A  Arnold  :  Cot*.  Diet.,  p.  602. 

tut  -mouthed,  o.  [Mid.  Eng.  tote,  toot  ;  A.S. 
«(tan  =  to  project,  and  Eng.  mouthed.]  Having 
•  projecting  under  jaw. 

••  Broncut      Tul-mouthed,  gag.toothed."-iit««o>t.- 
Lot.  Diet..  S.V.  Oroncut. 

tut  nose,  *.    [TtTTMooTHED.)    A  snub  nose. 

Pm. 


til'  -tor,  *  tu'-tour,  «.  [Pr.  tuteur,  from  Lat, 
tvtanrn,  accus.  of  tutor  =  a  guardian,  from 
tutus  =  safe,  for  tuitus,  pa.  par.  of  tutor  =  to 
look  after,  to  guard:  Sp.  &  Port,  tutor;  Ital. 
MM] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  A  guardian  ;  one  who  has  the  care  or 
charge  of  a  person  or  thing. 

2.  One  who  has  the  charge  of  instructing 
another  in  various  branches  or  in  any  branch 
of  learning  ;  a  teacher,  an  instructor";  espec., 
A  private  instructor. 

"No  Klence  la  ao  speedily  learned  by  the  noblest 
fenius  without  a  tutor.'—  H.itu. 

3.  In  English  Universities,  one  of  a  body 
attached  to  the  various  colleges  or  halls,  by 
whom,  assisted  by  lecturers,  the  education  of 
the  students  is  chiefly  conducted.    They  are 
•elected  from  the  fellows,  and  are  also  re- 
sponsible for  the  general  discipline  of  the 
students. 

4.  In  American  Universities,  a  teacher  sub- 
ordinate to  a  fellow. 

IL  Scott  Law  :  The  guardian  of.  a  boy  or 
girl  in  pupilarity.  By  common  law  a  father 
is  tutor  to  his  children.  Failing  him,  there 
may  be  three  kinds  of  tutors  :  a  tutor-nomi- 
nate, a  tutor-at-law,  or  a  tutor-dative.  A 
tutor-nominate  is  one  nominated  in  a  testa- 
ment, &c.,  by  the  father  of  the  child  or 
children  to  be  placed  under  guardianship.  A 
lather  may  nominate  any  number  of  tutors. 
A  tutor-at-law  is  one  who  acquires  his  right 
by  the  mere  disposition  of  law,  in  cases  where 
there  is  no  tutor-nominate,  or  where  the 
tutor-nominate  is  dead,  or  cannot  act,  or  has 
not  accepted.  A  tutor-dative  is  one  named 
by  the  sovereign  on  the  failure  both  of  tutors- 
nominate  and  tutors-at-law. 

til  tor,  ».t    [TtrroR,  «.] 

*  1.  To    have   the   guardianship,   care,  or 
charge  of. 

2.  To  instruct,  to  teach. 

"  She  tutored  some  in  Dsedatas's  art, 
And  promised  they  should  act  his  wild  goose  part." 
C  wpper  :  Anti-Thelyphtftora. 

8.  To  train,  to  discipline,  to  correct. 

"Give  sorrow  leave  awhile  to  tutor  me 
To  thla  submission."        Slalutp.  :  Richard  II.  IT. 

•tn'-tor-age  (age  as  Ig),  s.  [Eng.  tutor, 
s.  ;  -age.]  The  office,  occupation,  or  authority 
of  a  tutor  or  guardian  ;  tutelage,  guardian- 
ship. 

"  Children  care  not  tor  the  company  of  their  parent* 
or  tutors,  and  men  wilt  care  less  lor  theirs  who  would 
make  them  children  by  usurping  a  tutorage."—  Govern- 
ment of  the  Tongue. 

*  tu'-  tor  -  ess,  s.    [Eng.  tutor,  s.;  -ess.]    A 
female  tutor  ;  an  instructress,  a  governess. 

"  Fidelia  sball  be  your  tutoress."   Moon:  foundling. 

tn-to'r'-i-al,  a.  [Lat.  tutorius,  from  tutor  = 
a  guardian.]  Pertaining  to  or  exercised  by  a 
tutor  or  instructor. 

"  The  head  has  no  active  tutorial  duties.  "—PaU  Man 
Oatetu,  July  16.  18M.  p.  S. 

*  tu'-tor-lsm,  s.    [Eng.  tutor,  s.  ;  -urn.)    The 
office,  state,  or  duty  of  a  tutor  or  tutors  ; 
tutorship. 

"  tii'-tdr-ly,  o.  [Eng.  tutor,  s.  ;  -iy.)  Per- 
taining to,  suiting,  or  like  a  tutor  ;  pedagogic. 

"The  Earl  .  .  .  was  not  a  little  tutortg  In  his 
Majesty's  affairs.-—  A-ort*  :  Stamen,  p.  US. 

tu  tor  Ship,  s.     [Eng.  tutor,  s.  ;  -ship.] 

1.  Guardianship,  charge,  care,  tutelage. 

"He  that  should  grant  a  tutnrthip,  restraining  his 
grant  to  some  one  certaiue  thinge  or  cause,  should  doe 
but  Idely."—  Booker:  Ecclet.  PoUty,  bk.  v..  I  90. 

2.  The  office  of  a  tutor  or  private  instructor  ; 
the  office  of  a  college  tutor. 

*  tn'-tor-jf,  *  tu  tor-le,  «.    [Eng.  tutor,  s.  ; 
-y.]    Tutorage,  instruction,  tutelage. 

"The  guardianship  or  CutoHe  of  a  king  expired 
sooner  than  of  another  priuate  person.'  —  Hotinthrd  : 
Bat.  Scotland  (an.  ISM). 


TTJT8AH  AMD  FRUIT. 


"  tu  tress,  •  tu'-trlx,  t.  [Eng.  tutor ;  -MS  , 
Fr.  tutrice,  from  Lat.  ttiti'icem,  accus.  of  tutriz 
=  a  female  guardian.] 

1.  A  female  guardian. 

2.  A  female  instructor ;  a  tutoress  ;  a  gover- 
ness.   (Lit.  A  fig.) 

'•  Rouen,  Geneva,  and  Pisa  have  l*en  tutrruei  of  all 
I  know/1— Rutkin.  In  &.  Jamei't  Oaxetu.  Feb.  ft,  1! 

tut'-san,  s.  [Fr.  ton- 
tesaine  =  all  heal, 
from  tout  (Lat.  talus 
—  whole)  and  gain 
(Lat  «jniM)=sound.] 
Botany : 

1.  Park  leaves ; 
Hypericum  Androsae- 
mum  =  Androscemum 
officinal*.    The  stem, 
which  is  about  two 
feet  high,  is  shrubby, 
compressed  ;  the 

leaves  large,  sessile,  ovate,  the  cymes  terminal 
with  large  flowers,  the  fruit  fleshy,  and  resem- 
bling a  berry,  especially  when  unripe.  Found 
in  hedges  and  shrubby  places,  especially  in 
Ireland  and  the  west  of  Scotland  ;  not  so 
common  in  England. 

2.  (PI):  The  Hypericaeese.    (Lindley.) 

"  The  healing  tutsan  then,  and  plantane  for  a  sore." 
Drayton  :  PalyJXbion,  s.  la. 

tnt'-ta,  a.    [Ital,  from  Lat.  totus  =whole.) 

It  tain :  All,  the  whole  ;  ditto  fana,  £he  full 
power  or  foice ;  ditto  ora>,  the  whole  length 
of  the  bow. 

tut-tt,  >.  &  a.    (Ital.) 

A.  As  substantive: 
Music: 

1.  A  direction  that  every  performer  is  to 
take  part  in  the  execution  of  the  passage  or 
movement.    (Opposed  to  solo  or  soil) 

2.  Inaconcerto,  a  direction  for  the  orchestra 
to  play  while  the  solo  instrument  is  silent. 

B.  As  adj :  Applied  to  a  passage  in  which 
all  the  voices  or  instruments  are  employed ; 
in  a  concerto,  used  of  a  passage  when  the 
solo  instrument  is  silent. 

Tut'-tle,  ».  [The  astronomer  who  discovered 
the  comet.]  (See  etym.  and  compound.) 

Tattle's  comet,  t. 

Astron. :  A  comet,  the  orbit  of  which  is 
identical  with  that  of  the  August  meteors. 

ttit'-ty,  e.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

1.  The  flower  of  Prunus  Cerasus.  (Chiefly 
in  Dorsetshire.) 

"A  phial  of   rose-water,  and   powder  of  cutty."— 

Taller.  No.  266. 

*  2.  A  nosegay. 

"  She  can  wreathes  and  tuttyet  make." 

J.  Campion,  in  Englith  Garner,  111.  363. 

tu-whlf  tu'-whoo', «.  [From  the  sound.) 
The  cry  of  the  owl. 

"  The  tuoniti  are  lulled  I  wot. 
Thy  tuvthoot  of  yesternight. 

Tftinyion  :  The  Out,  second  song. 

tut' -work,  t.    [Etym.  of  first  element  doubt- 
ful ;  second,  Eng.  work.] 
Mining :  Dead-work.    [DEAD,  B.  II.) 

tut   work-er,  s.    [Eng.  tutwork;  -er.] 
Mining :  (See  extract). 

"  The  labour  underground  Is  performed  by  two 
classes  of  men,  the  tutvxirkert  and  tribut*rs.  The 
former  are  those  who  execute  work  by  the  piece,  gene- 
rally calculated  by  the  fathom."— CosselTs  Technical 
Educator,  iii.  54. 

tut' -work-man,  s.    [Eng.  tutwork;  num.] 
Mining :  A  tutworker  (q.v.). 

tu-yere'  (or  as  twe  yare),  *.  [Fr.,  akin  to 
fuyau  =  a  pipe;  cf.  Dut.  tuit;  O.  H.  Ger. 
luda  ;  Dan.  tud  =  a  pipe.) 

MflaU. :  A  name  formerly  given  to  the  open- 
Ing  in  a  blast  furnace  to  admit  the  nozzle  of 
the  blast-pipe,  as  well  as  to  {lie  nozzle  itself, 
but  now  applied  to  the  blast-pipe.  A  tube 
having  a  conical  end,  with  its  appurtenances 
for  regulating  and  directing  a  current  of  air 
upon  the  metal  in  a  smelting  furnace  or  forge. 
The  tuyeres  of  the  Bessemer  converter  are 
perforated  blocks  of  flre-brick  set  in  the  floor 
of  the  retort,  and  affording  passage  for  the  air 
into  the  mass  of  liquid  metal  above.  1  WATKR- 

TtTYEHE.] 

*  tfia,  ».  [Cf.  tussock.]  A  lock  or  tuft  of  hair, 
or  the  like.  (Dryden :  Persius,  iv.  90.) 


•tuz-zl-muz-zi-o,  t.  [Cf.  tuz.)  Atui:  • 
tuft. 

"Another  commanded  to  remove  the  tuuimtaaat  of 
flowers  from  his  fuete.  and  to  uke  the  branch  of  life 
out  of  his  hand."—  ZYnmeste  of  the  Ckrittian  iMioiun, 

'  twa,  twae,  o.    [Two.]    (Scotch.) 

"  If  ye  gang.  I'll  gang  too ;  for  between  the  twa  o"  WL 
we  11  hae  wark  enough.  '— ico«  .•  A  ntiyuary,  ch-  Tli. 

twa-lofted,  a.    Two-storied.    (Sctich.) 

twad  die,  *  twat  -tie,  *  twa-tle,  v.t.  &  i. 
[A  variant  of  tattle  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trant. :  To  chatter  or  speak  unmean- 
ingly. 

"  No  gloating  fable  I  tvattle" 

Stanyhuru  :  riryil ;  .Cnrid  U. 

B.  Intrans. :    To    talk   unmeaningly,    it 
prate,  to  chatter. 

".Vaynelye  toe  tuattle." 

Stanyaurit :  Ffrjil;  .tnetdiv. 

twad  die,  •  twat -tie,  s.    [TWADDLE,  «.] 

1.  Unmeaning  talk,  silly  chatter,  nonsense. 
"  The    penny  cockney  bookseller,  pouring  endless 

volumes  of  sentimental  tmutdle."—Th<tc>cerar*  :  Eitg. 
lith  lluniuuriitt,  lect.  V. 

2.  A  twaddler. 

"The  devil  take  the  tmddlef-toctt:  SL  Asians 
Well,  ch.  xjtx. 

twad'-dler,  ».  [Eng.  twaddl(e),  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  twaddles ;  one  who  prates  or  talks  in  a 
weak  or  silly  manner  ou  commonplace  sub- 
jects. 

"A  laugh  at  the  style  of  this  ungnunmatical 
tmddler7—Dickeia  :  fidaOOt,  ch.  U. 

twad'-dling,  *  twat'-tling,  a.  &  t.  [TWAD- 
DLE, ».) 

A.  As  adj. :  Talking,  or  given  to  talkiug,  in 
a  silly  manner  ;  chattering  ;  prating. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  one  who  twaddles ; 
empty,  silly  talk  ;  nonsense. 

"Yon  keep  such  a  tutittliri'j  with  you  and  your 
bottling."— fiw(/Y :  To  Dr.  Sheridan. 

twain,  '  twaine, '  tuayn,  "twei,  "twele, 
*  t wei-en,  *  tweighc,  •  tweine,  *  twey, 
*twey-en,  'tweyn,  "tweyne,  n.  4  s. 

[Prop,  masculine,  while  two  is  feminine  and 
neuter;  but  this  distinction  was  early  dis- 
regarded. A.S.  tivegen,  masc.  nom.  and  ace. ; 
twegra,  genit.  ;  twdm,  dat. ;  cogn.  with  Dan. 
to,  tvende ;  Goth,  tuuim,  dat.  of  (wai  =  two; 
twins,  twos,  twa,  accus.  ;  Ger.  zween  =  two 
(masc.);  O.  H.  Ger.  zwene.]  [Two,  TWIN.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Two  (now  used  only  in  poetry^ 

"He  wot«  well  that  the  gold  Is  with  us  Hoeye.- 

Chauctr:  C.I.,  13, Jm 

B.  As  rnbit. :  A  pair,  a  couple. 

"  Tweyne  In  a  bed  the  toon  shall  be  taken  and  tat 
totber  left."—  Wyclife:  Jfatttev  xxlv. 

\   In  twain :  In  two,  asunder. 

"  When  old  winter  split  the  rocks  in  l*afn." 

Dryden  :  Virgil ;  Georgic  iv.  m 

twain  cloud,  s. 

Meteorol.  :    The    same  as  CUMULO-STBATUS 
(q.v.). 

twalt,  twalte  (I),*    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Ichthy. :   Alosa  finta.      [SHAD,   8,  TWAJTE- 

8HAD,  TWAITE.] 

twalte  (2),  s.  [THWAITE  (1),  ».]  Wood  land 
grubbed  up  and  converted  into  arable  laud. 

twal,  twall,  a.    [TWELVE.]  Twelve.  (Scotch.) 

"You  would  give  your  fair  bounds  and  barony  for 
a  square  yard  of  rock  that  would  be  dry  for  two! 
hours."— Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  vii. 

twal  -pen-nlefj,  «.  [Scotch  twal  =  twelve, 
and  Eng.  pennies.]  One  penny  sterling,  Equiv- 
alent to  twelve  pence  of  ancient  Scottish  cur- 
rency. (Scott:  Heart  of  Midlothian,  ch.  iv.) 

twal  pen  ny,  •  twal  pen  me,  o.  [TWAL- 
PENNIES.)  Worth  twelve  pence  of  ancient 
Scotch  currency. 

twalpennie  worth,  f.    A  small  quan- 
tity, a  penny  worth.    (Scotch.) 

"  And  whiles  twtlpennie-vortfi  o'  nappy 
Can  make  the  bodies  unco  happy.' 

Burnt :  Ttea  Dogt. 

twang,  *  twangue,  v.i.  &  t.    [Of  imitative 
origin  ;  cf.  tang  (i),  s.) 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  sound  with  a  quick,  sharp  noise ;  fc> 
make  the  ringing  sound  of  a  tense  string. 

"Toehow 
An  archer's  art,  and  boast*  his  ttninoing  bow." 

Ifryden :  Virgil ;  .Eneid  V.  «8». 

2.  To  be   uttered  with  a   sharp  or  nasal 
sound. 


ate,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  tor,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mote,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cor.  role,  full;  try,  Syrian,    n.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu     kw. 


twang— twelve 


4881 


S,  To  play  on  a  stringed  instrument. 

"  When  the  harper  twarigeth  or  siugeth  a  song,  all 
the  companle  must  be  whist."— Boliaihed:  Oeecrip. 
lion  of  Ireland,  ch.  vlli. 

4.  To  give  out  a  clear,  ringing  sound,  as 
that  of  a  trumpet. 
••  Hark !  tls  the  twanging  norn  o'er  ?£1?dj!^1jl<*£ 

B.  Transitive: 

1  To  cause  to  sound  with  a  sharp,  ringing 
noise,  as  by  pulling  a  tense  string  and  sud- 
denly letting  it  go. 

2.  To  utter  with  a  sharp,  shrill,  or  nasal 
tone. 

••  A  thousand  names  are  tossed  Into  the  crowd  :      w 
Some  «  hiipered  softly,  and  some  taangd  aloud. 

Cowper:  Charity,  518. 

•«l  To  go  of  twanging :  To  go  well  or  hap- 

"  Had  he  died. 
It  had  gone  off  twanging. 

Jtatnnger  :  Roman  Actor,  11.  3. 

twang  (1),  «.  &  inter].    [TWANG,  ».] 
A*  As  substantive : 

1.  A  sharp,  quick  sound,  as  of  a  string 
drawn  tense,  and  then  suddenly  let  go. 

"  The  sinew  forged  string 
Did  give  a  mighty  twang." 

Chapman :  Homer :  niad  Iv. 

2.  A  sharp  clear  sound  as  of  a  trumpet  or 
horn. 

"  A  cheer  and  a  twang  of  the  horn."— Keld,  Sept  25, 
use. 

3.  An  affected  modulation  of  the  voice ;  a 
nasal  sound. 

"  His  voice  was  something  different  from  the  human, 
having  a  little  twang  like  that  of  string-music.  — 
Search  :  Light  of  Nature,  vol.  it,  pt.  il.,  ch.  XJUii. 

B,  At  interj. :  With  a  sharp,  quick  sound, 
as  that  made  by  a  bowstring. 

"  There's  one,  the  best  In  all  my  quiver. 
Twang  I  thro'  his  very  lieart  and  liver. 

Prior:  Her  curt  t  Cupid. 

twang  (2),  >.     [TANO  (1),  «.)    After-taste ;  a 
disagreeable  flavour  left  in  the  mouth. 

"  Though  the  liquor  was  not  at  all  impaired  thereby 
In  substance  or  virtue,  it  might  get  some  noaiy  of 
the  vessel."— Search :  Light  of  Nature,  vol.  11.,  pL  11., 
ch.  xxiii. 

•  twan'-gle,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  frequent,  from  twang, 
v.  (q.v.).j 

A.  Intrans. :  To  twang. 

"  Sometimes  a  thousand  twangUng  instruments 
Will  hum  about  mine  ears." 

Shaketp. :  Ttmpelt,  ill.  1 

B.  Trans. :  To  twang. 

"The  yoang  Andrea  .  .  .  twanglet  his  guitar."— 
Thackeray:  ShabOl-Oenteel  Start,  on-  »• 

twan'-gle,  s.  [TWANOLE,  v.}  A  twangling 
sound ;  a  twang. 

twan'-gling,  o.  [TWANOLE,  v.]  Twanging, 
noisy. 

•twank,  s.    [TWANK,  «.]    A  twang. 

•twank,  v.t.  [A  word  imitative  of  a  sharper 
an.l  more  abrupt  sound  than  twang.}  To 
twang ;  to  cause  to  make  a  sharp  twanging 
sound. 

"  A  freeman  of  London  has  the  privilege  of  disturb, 
ing  a  whole  street  with  twankiag  of  a  brass  kettle.  — 
Additon. 

twan'-kay,  ».  [Chin.  =  lit.  beacon  brook 
A  sort  of  green  tea. 

twas.    [A  common  contraction  of  it  was.] 
*wa  some,  o.  * «.    [TWOSOME.]    (Scotch.) 

» twat'-tle  (1),  v.i.  &  t.    [TWADDLE.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  talk  much  and  sillily ;  to 
prate,  to  twaddle. 

"The  apostle  Paul  finds  fault  with  a  certain  sort  of 
women  who  were  prattlers,  which  would  go  from 
house  to  house  twarlliwj.  and  babbling  out  frothy 
speech  that  was  good  for  nothing."—  Whatelejf  :  Re- 
demption of  Time,  p.  IS.  (1834.) 

B.  Trans. :  To  talk  or  utter  idly. 

twat'-tle  (2),  v.t.    [Etym.  doubtful.)    To  pet, 
to  make  much  of.    (Prop.) 

•twaf-tle,  «.     [TWATTLE  (1),  »•]     Twaddle, 
nonsense. 

•twat'-tler,*.    [Eng.  twatWf)  (1),  v. ;  •«-.]  A 
twaddler. 

*  tway,  a.  Sj.  i.    [TWAIN.] 

'1  In  tway:  In  twain,  In  two,  asunder. 

"It  clove  his  plnmed  crest  In  twat~ 

Spenser:  /•.«..  II.  rt.  I. 

tway  blade,  twy  blade,    . 

Eat. :  Liitera  ovata,  a  British  orchid,  about 


a  foot  high,  having  two  ovate,  elliptic,  opposite 
leaves,  whence  its  popular  name.  Flowers  dis- 
tant upon  the  spike,  yellowish  green.  Found  in 
the  north  of  England,  *5C.,  in  woods  and  moist 
pastures.  The  allied  L.  cordata,  with  stems 
three  to  five  inches  high,  and  a  few  very  small 
spiked  greenish-brown  flowers,  is  called  the 
Lesser  Tway-blade.  It  occurs  on  mountain 
sides  and  on  heaths  in  Scotland  and  the  north 
of  England.  • 

tway  coned,  o.     Having  two  cones  or 
peaks. 

"I  would  scale  the  twaf-roned  Ben." 

Blackie:  Btghlandt  t  lilandl,  p.  »«. 

•tweag,  v.t.    [TWEAK.] 

•  tweag,  *  tweague,  ».  [TWEAO,  ».]  Dis- 
tress, perplexity. 

"This  put  the  old  fellow  in  a  rare  tweague."— Ar. 
buthit"t  :  Biit.  John  Bull,  pt.  ii. 

tweak,  *  tweag,  "twlok,  •twlkke,  v.t. 
[A.S.  twiccan,  ttwxian  (Somner);  cogn.  with 
Low  Ger.  twikken  =  to  tweak  ;  Qer.  zwidxn  = 
to  pinch,  to  nip  ;  zwick  =  a  pinch.  Twitch,  v. 
is  a  softened  form.]  To  twitch ;  to  pinch  and 
pull  with  a  sudden  jerk.  (Said  most  fre- 
quently of  the  nose.) 

"Quoth  he, 

Tweaking  hl«  nose,  'you  ale,  great  sir. 
A  self-denying  conqueror. 

liutler:  Budibrat,  pt,  i.,  o.  a. 

tweak,  •  tweag,  ».    [TWEAK,  ».] 
L  A  sharp  pinch  or  pull ;  a  twitch. 

"  No  passion  so  weak,  but  gives  It  a  tweak." 

*2.  Distress,  trouble,  perplexity. 

*  3.  A  prostitute. 

"Then 

Bushed  a  tweak  to  gesture  flaunting. 

Drunken  Barnaoj/. 

*4.  A  whoremonger. 

tweed,  3.  &  a.  [Usually  derived  from  the 
name  of  the  river  which  falls  into  the  sea 
at  Berwick.  It  is  said,  however;  that  some 
cloth  called  on  an  invoice  tweels,  or  tweeled, 
that  is,  woven  diagonally,  having  been  sent 
to  London,  the  word,  which  was  blotted  or 
imperfectly  written,  was  misread  Tweed,  and 
as  the  cloth  was  manufactured  in  the  valley 
of  the  Tweed,  and  the  designation  (weed  was 
consequently  an  appropriate  one,  it  was  al- 
lowed to  stand,  even  after  the  error  had  been 
detected.  (Weekly  Times,  Feb.  21,  1875.)] 

A.  As  substantive : 

Fabric:  A  light,  twilled  woollen  fabric  for 
men's  wear,  with  an  unfinished  surface.  Two 
colours  are  generally  combined  in  the  same 
yarn.  The  best  is  made  of  all  wool,  but  in 
inferior  kinds  shoddy  and  cotton  are  also  in- 
troduced. 

B.  As  adj. :  Made  of  the  cloth  so  called. 

"twee'-dle,  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful;  prob. 
allied-to  twiddle  or  twaddle  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  handle  lightly  ;  to  twiddle,  to  flddle 
with. 

2.  To  wheedle,  to  ca)ole. 

"A  ftddler  brought  in  with  him  a  body  of  lusty 
yonng  fellows,  whom  he  had  tweedled  Into  the  service. 
—Additon. 

twee'-dle,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful,]  A  sound, 
such  as  is  made  by  a  fiddle. 

twee  die  dee ,  «.      [TWEEDLE,  s,  TWEEDLE- 

DOM.J 

twee-dle-dum',  «.  [TWEEDLE,  ».]  A  word 
used  only  in  the  phrase,  the  distinction  between 
tweedledum  and  tweedledee.  The  suggestion 
is  that  the  only  difference  between  th )  two  is 
in  sound— a  distinction  without  a  difference. 
The  expression  arose  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, when  there  was  a  dispute  between  the 
admirers  of  Bononcini  and  those  of  Handel, 
as  to  the  respective  merits  of  those  musicians. 
Among  the  first  were  the  Duke  ofMarlborough 
and  most  of  the  nobility ;  among  the  latter 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  Pope,  and  Arbuthnot. 

"  Some  say,  compared  to  Bononcini, 
That  Mynheer  Handel's  but  a  ninny 
Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 
Is  scarcely  fit  to  hold  a  candle. 
Strange  all  this  difference  should  be 
Twlxt  Iweedledum  and  tweedledee." 

t  tweeg,  ».     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Zool. :  One  of  the  popular  names  used  in 
America  for  the  large  salamander,  Uenopoma 
aUeganimsit.  [MENOPOMA.] 

twecl,  r.t.    [TWILL.] 

tweeled,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [TWILLED.] 


'tween,  prep.      [See  def.]    A  contraction  oi 

between. 

tweer,  >.    [TUYERE.] 

*  twee^e,  *  tweeze,  ».    [TWEEZERS.]  A  case 
of  instruments. 

"  I  have  aent  you  ...  the  French  lever  and  tweet* 
yon  writ  for."— HeweU  :  IMteri,  ok.  L,  let.  1J. 

*  tweez'-er, ».    [TWEEZERS.] 

tweezer-case,  s.  A  case  for  holding  01 
carrying  tweezers. 

'•  There  heroes'  wits  are  kept  in  pond'rous  vases. 
And  beaux'  in  suutf-lioiee  and  r«wrnjr-c<M«. 

Pope:  Raft  of  the  Lack,  V.  lit. 

tweez'-ers,  ».  pi.  [The  word  does  not  now 
occur  in  the  singular.  A  tweeser,  or  liwezer,  was 
an  instrument  contained  in  a  tweese  (q.v.). 
Tweezers  is  thus  for  tweeses,  a  double  plural 
from  time,  from  O.  Fr.  eituy  (Fr.  ttui)  =  a  case 
of  instruments,  a  sheath.] 

1  A  delicate  kind  of  pincers  with  two 
fingers,  adapted  for  grasping  hairs.  Used 
among  almost  all  nations,  especially  among 
those  who  eradicate  the  beard. 

"And  there  bought  me  a  pair  of  tvteean,  cost  to* 
14s."— Ptpi/t :  ftiary,  1662. 

2.  A  surgeon's  case  of  instruments. 

"twel-fold,  o.  [Mid.  Eng.  «ioet=  two,  and 
fold.}  Twofold. 

"  twelne,  *  twey,  o.  or  i.    [TWAIN.] 
twelfth,  "twelfte,  a.  &  t.      [A.S.  tvelfla.) 

[TWELVE.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  The  second  after  the  tenth  ;  the  ordinal 
of  twelve. 

"  He  found  Blisha  plowing  with  twelve  yoke  ol 
oien.  and  b«  with  the  twel/lh"'-l  Kingt  xl*.  1». 

2.  Being  or  constituting  one  of  twelve  equal 
parts   into   which  anything   is   or   may  be 
divided. 

B.  At  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  of  twelve  equal  parts, 
toto  which  anything  is  or  may  be  divided. 

2.  Afwrto: 

(1)  An  interval  of  twelve  diatonic  degrees, 
the  replicate  of  the  fifth. 

(2)  An  organ-stop  tuned  twelve  notes  above 
the  diapasons. 

t  twelfth-cake,  s.  A  large  cake  into  which. 
a  bean,  ring,  or  other  article  was  introduced, 
prepared  for  Twelfth-iiiglit  festivals.  The 
cake,  being  cut  up,  whoever  got  the  piece 
containing  the  ring  or  bean  was  accepted  as 
kiug  for  the  occasion. 

t  twelfth-day,  twelfth-tide,  ».  The 
twelfth-day  after  Christmas-day ;  the  festival 
of  the  Epiphany  (q.v.). 

t  twelfth-night,  ».  The  evening  or 
Twelfth-day  (q.v.).  Many  social  rites  and; 
ceremonies  have  long  been  connected  with 
this  night. 

twelfth-tide,  s.    [TWELFTH-DAT.] 


twelve,  •  twelf,  «twolf,n. Sis.  [A.S.  I 
tuxlfe  '  cogn.  with  O.Fris.  twelef,  tvnlif,  twelf, 
tolef;  but?  twaalf;  Icel.  to(f;  Dan,  tolv ;  8w. 
(ol/;  O.  H.  Qer.  zweli/;  Qer.  zwb'lf;  Goth. 
twaHf.  From  (wo  and  a  root  lif=  lit:  Qr- 
S«u(deto);  Lat.  dwem=  ten  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :  The  sum  of  ten  and  two ;  twice 
six ;  ft  dozen. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  number  which  consists  of  two  and 
ten ;  a  dozen. 

2.  A  symbol  representing  twelve  units,  as 
12  or  xii. 

•J  In  twelves : 

Print. :  In  duodecimo. 

••  Little's  lyrics  sbine  In  hot 

liyr.it  :  Snglith  Barde 

(2)  The  twelve: 

Script. :  The  twelve  apostles. 

"  He  sat  down  with  the  twelve.'— Matt,  xxvi  30. 

(3)  Twelve-day  writ : 

Law :  A  writ  issued  under  the  18  &  19  Viet, 
c.  67,  for  summary  procedure  on  bills  of  ex- 
change and  promissory  notes.    (WluiTton.) 
twelve-mo,  s.    [DUODECIMO], 
twelve- month.   •  twelf  -  monthe.  «. 
A  period  of  twelve  months  ;  a  year. 
"  But  this  our  p 


b6H.b6y;p*nt.  J6wl;  oat,  cell,  choru*  chin.  ben,h;  go,  gem;  thin,  thl.; 
.haii.  --.on  =  .*ta-ioii,-ion  =  «hnn.  -«lou.»,  -tlon*. 


4882 


twenge— twilight 


twelve-pence,  s.    A  shilling. 
twelve-penny,  a. 

1.  Lit. :  Sold  for  a  shilling ;  costing  or 
worth  a  shilling. 

"  I  wot] Id  wish  uo  other  revenge  from  this  rbymini 
Judge  of  the  twelM-peniiy  gallery."— Orfden. 

*2.  Vig. :  Applied  to  anything  ofinsignifi 
Cant  value. 

"  Trifles  and  twelve-penny  matters."—  Hejilin. 

twelve-score,  a.  Twelve  times  twenty; 
two  hundred  and  forty.  Twelve-score  was  a 
common  length  for  a  shot  in  archery,  and 
hence  a  measure  often  alluded  to;  the  word 
yards,  which  is  implied,  being  generally 
omitted. 

"  I  11  procure  this  fat  rogue  a  charge  of  foot,  and  I 
know,  his  death  will  be  a  march  of  tutelve-tajre."— 
BhaXeip.  :  1  Henry  IV..  11  4. 

twelve  tables,  «.  pL  The  name  given 
to  the  earliest  code  of  Roman  law  (Lex  Duo- 
decim  Ttibularwn),  made  by  the  decemvir* 
451-449  B.C.,  and  covering  civil,  criminal 
and  religious  offences.  These  were  lookeii 
upon  as  forming  the  basis  of  all  Roman  law, 
anil  in  the  time  of  Cicero,  school  boys  were 
required  to  commit  them  to  memory.  They 
were  principally  derived  from  early  Roman 
legislation.  They  left  many  of  the  older  laws 
intact,  and  these  reappear  in  Justinian's  code 
Commentaries  were  from  time  to  time  added  to 
the  original  tables.  [TABLE,  ».] 

twelve-wired  bird  of  paradise,  ». 

Ornith. :  Seleucides  alba,  from  New  Guinea. 
Its  general 
plumage  ap- 
pears at  first 
sight  to  be 
velvety  black, 
but  on  closer 
examination  it 
is  found  that 
every  part  of  it 
glows  with  the 
most  exquisite 
metallic  tints 
— rich  bronze, 
intense  violet, 
and,  on  the 
edges  of  the 
breast-feathers, 
brilliant  green. 
An  immense 
tuft  of  dense  plumes  of  a  fine  orange-buff 
colour  springs  from  each  side  of  the  body,  and 
six  of  these  on  each  side  terminate  in  a  black 
curled  shaft  (Wallace.) 

*twenge,  ».(;.  [TWINGE,  ».]  To  press  lightly, 
to  tweak. 

"  He  ttrenyedf  am)  ecbok  hir  by  the  nose." 

Life  at  St.  Ihiiatan,  U. 

-twen'-tl-eth,  a.  &  s.  [A.8.  twentiyodha, 
twentogod'ka.]  [TWENTY.] 

A.  At  adjective  : 

1.  Next  in  order  after  the  nineteenth ;  the 
ordinal  of  twenty. 

2.  Bring  or  constituting  one  of  twenty  parts 
Into  which  anything  is  or  may  be  divided. 

B.  At  subst. :  One  of  twenty  equal   parts 
Into  which  anything  is  or  may  be  divided ; 
the  quotient  of  one  divided  by  twenty. 

twen'-tft  'tn-en-tl,  a.  *  ».  [A.8.  twentig, 
from  twegen  =  twain,  and  tig  —  ten  ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  twintig  ;  Ice!.  tuttuyu  ;  Goth,  twai- 
tigjiu;  Oer.  ztmnzig ;  O.  H.  Oer.  nuinmc; 
M.  H.  Ger.  tweinnic.) 

A.  Airutjective: 

1.  Twice  ten ;  as,  twenty  men. 

i,  Used  proverbially  for  an  indefinite 
number. 

"  Under  twmtit  lock*  kept  fast" 

Stviketp. :   Veniu  t  Adonit,  171. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  number  of  twice  ten ;  a  score. 

2.  A  symbol  representing  the  number  of 
twice  ten,  as  20  or  xx. 

twenty-fold,*.    Twenty  time*  as  many. 
twenty-fours,  <. 

Print. :  A  sheet  adapted  to  be  folded  into 
Z4  leaves,  48  pages.  In  the  trade  it  is  gene- 
rally written  24iuo. 

twj-bm,    •twl-Ml.     «twy -byl,  *twy- 
bill.   s.     [A.  8.  twibille,  twibill,  from  fwi  = 
double,  and  bill  =  a  bill.] 
1.  A  kind  of  double  axe ;  a  mattock,  of 


TWELVE-WIRED    BIRD  OP 
PARADISE. 


which  the  blade  has  one  end  like  an  axe,  th 
other  like  an  adze. 

"  She  learn'd  the  churlish  axe  and  Waybill  to  pre 
pare."  Dr nylon  :  Poly-Vlbum.  s.  18. 

2.  A  mortising-tool. 

3.  A  reaping-hook. 

•twi  -baled,  a.    [Eng.  twibiU;  -td.]    Armed 
with  a  twibill  or  twibiUs. 

twice,  •  twies,  *  £wyes,  adv.  [A.S.  twines,  a 
genitive  from  twi  =  double.]    [THRICE,  Two." 

1.  Two  times. 

"  The  having  done  it  iwtae  la  a  double  motive."—  Bf>. 
Bonley  :  Kermont,  VoL  II..  aer.  28. 

2.  Doubly  ;  in  twofold  degree  or  quantity. 

"  Thou  art  twice  her  love." 

.Ituikcrp. :  Lear,  rL  4. 

twice-told,  a.  Belated  or  told  twice  ; 
hence,  well-known. 

"  Life  Is  as  tedious  as  a  twice-told  tale." 

Shakeep.  :  Kitif.Julat,  111  4. 

*  twice- writhen,  s. 

Bot. :  Polygotfu/m  Bistorta.  [BISTORT.!  The 
English  name,  first  used  by  Turner,  was  simply 
a  translation  of  the  specific  one,  Bistorta. 
(Britten  dt  Holland.) 

twlch,  ».  &  v.    [TWITCH.] 

twid'-dle,  •  twi -die,  v.t.  *  i.     [Etym. 
doubtful,   prob.  the  same   word    as   tweedle 

A.  Trans. :  To   twirl  in  a  light  way ;  to 
touch  lightly  or  play  with ;  to  fiddle  with. 

"  Twiddling  their  thumbs  In  front  of  comfortable 
Urea."— Daily  Telegraph,  Jan,  IS.  1886. 

B.  Intransitive : 

L  To  play  with  a  tremulous  quivering 
motion. 

"  All  the  bugles  In  her  awful  head-drees  began  to 
twiddle  aud  quiver."  —  Thadcerau:  Sook  of  Xttooi, 
eh.  xxiv. 

2.  To  be  busy  about  trifles ;  to  quiddle. 
(Pror.) 


twier,  a.    (TCVERE.) 

*  twies,  *  twyes,  adv.    [Twics.J 

*  twi'-fal-low,   v.t.      [Mid.  Eng.  twi  =  two- 
fold, and  Eng.  fallow  (q.v.).]     To  plough  a 
second  time,  as  fallow  land ;  to  prepare  it  for 
seed. 

•twi  fold, a.  [A.S.  M/«aM  =  twofold  (q.v.). ] 
Twofold. 

twig.  •  tuyg,  *  twlgge,  «.  [A.S.  twig ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  twijg;  Ger.  zweig,  from  the  A.S. 
base  tun-  =  double,  because  orig.  applied  to 
the  fork  of  a  branch,  or  the  place  where  the 
stems  become  double.] 

1.  A  small  shoot  or  branch  of  a  tree  of  no 
definite  size  or  length ;  a  branchlet, 

"  They  .  .  .  love  life,  and  cling  to  It.  as  he 
That  overhangs  a  torrent,  to  a  twin." 

Covptr :  To*,  L  «84. 

2.  A  divining  rod.    (Usually  with  the  defi- 
nite article.) 

"  The  latest  revival  among  old  beliefs  Is  that  In  the 
divining  rod.  '  Our  liberal  shepherds  give  it  a  shorter 
name,' aud  so  do  our  conservative  peasants  calliuxthe 
•rod  of  Jacob'  the  'twig."— Cornhill  Magazine.  Jan. 
1883,  p.  83. 

1  (1)  To  hap  the  tvrig :  To  die.    (Slang.) 

"  He'd  make  you  hop  the  rung  In  a  guffaw."—/  Wil- 
ton: Noctet  Ambrot.,  u,  78. 

(2)  To  work  the  twig:  To  use  the  divining 

"  To  '  leork  the  twig '  Is  rural  English  for  the  craft  of 
Doustarswivel  in  the  Aniiqnjtry,  and  perhaps  from 
this  comes  our  slang  expression  to  'twig,*  or  divine 
the  hidden  nsatnjTig  of  another."— CornAitt  Jtaoazine. 
Jan.  isiw,  p.  03. 

twig-rush,  >. 

Bot. :  Cladium  Marisoits.  So  named  from 
its  tough,  twiggy  branching  growth.  (Prior.) 
[CLADIUM. J 

twig-withy, ». 

Bot. :  The  Osier,  Soli*  vimtnaUt:  (Britten  * 
Holland.) 

'  twig  (1),  •  twyg,  ».«.  [TWITCH.]  To  pull, 
to  tug. 

"  Not  one  kynge  hath  beue  In  Euglande  sens  the 
conquest,  but  they  have  twyqged  bym  one  way  or 
other,  and  had  theyr  false  flyuges  at  him."— Hale  : 
ApologU,  fot.  14S. 

twig  (2),  v.t.  &  i.  [Irish  tuigim  =  to  under- 
stand, to  discern  ;  Gael,  tutg  =  to  understand. 
(See  also  extract  under  Twio,  «.,  H  (2).)] 


A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  take  note  or  notice  of;  to  note,  to 
mark,  to  watch. 

"  'They  're  a-lvi^ln'  you.  sir.'  whispered  Mr.Weller. 
•Tingaing  me.  8»m  1'  replied  Mr.  Flokwujk  ;  'what 
do  yuu  mean  by  aaagin,j  me  r  Mr.  W«llet  replic-d  by 
pouitluiiwlth  his  thumb  over  his  shuulder:  and  Mr. 
Pickwick,  on  looking  up.  became  sensible  of  the 
pleasing  fact,  that  all  the  four  clerk*  with  couute- 
iiiinces  expressive  of  the  utmost  amusement,  and  their 
heads  thrust  over  the  wooden  screen,  were  minutely 
Inspecting  the  figure  and  general  appearance  of  the 
supposed  tnfler  with  female  lieaits.  aud  duturber  of 
female  happiness."—  Inckeni:  />ic*wtcJt,  ell.  xx. 

2.  To  understand  the  motives  or  meaning 
of;  to  apprehend,  to  comprehend. 

B.  Intrans.  :   To  understand,  to  compre- 
hend, to  see. 


I  Slang  in  all  its  souses. 

*  twig  -gen,  o.    [Eng.  tmg,  s.  ;  -en.] 

1.  Madu  of  twigs. 

"Others  take  and  lay  them  within  a  large  basket  of 
twigaen  i»nier.-—  p.  Holland:  Plinu,  bk.  xvii..  eh.  x, 

2.  Surrounded  or  encased  in  twitfs. 

"Ill  beat  the  knave  into  »  tttngytn  bottle." 

Shaken,.  :  OlMlo,  0.  «, 

•  twXg'-ger,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  A  weucher. 

2.  A  good  breeder.    (Tusscr:  Hvutoandn; 
January.) 


-gjf,  &     [Eng.  twig,  s.  ;  -».] 

1.  Of  or  pert;iining  to  a  twig  or  twigs  ;  being 
or  resembling  a  twig;  made  or  consisting  of 
twigs. 

"  To  eupi>ort  the  banks  of  Impetuous  rivers,  In  ane 
lor   all  wickee  and  tviagy  works.  '—Evelyn  :   Sytra, 

2.  Having  twigs  ;  full  of  or  abounding  with 
twigs. 

"  The  lowest  of  all  the  tviffoy  trees."—  Evelyn  .•  Sylttt 

*  twight    (pt  silent),  pret.  <*  pa.  par.  of  r. 
[TWITCH,  v.) 

'  twight  (gh  silent),  v.t.    [TwiT.]   To  upbraid, 
to  twit. 

"  Evermore  she  did  him  sharpely  tvight," 

Smuer:  /'.  V..V.  vi.lt. 

*twlg-s6me,  o.    [Eng.  twig,  s.  ;  -xme.\  Full 
of  or  abounding  in  twigs. 

"The  tieloioiiH  trees  by  the  road.slde."—  DictoMt 
Uncommercial  Traveler,  vU. 

twi  light  (gh  silent),  •  twye  lyghte,  s.  ft  o. 

[A.8.  liffi  =  double  (Icel.  tvi  ;  Dut.  tmet-;  Ger. 
zwie-),  here  used  in  the  sense  of  "  dnuhtful  " 
or  "  half,"  and  light  ;  cf.  Ger.  zwielicM  =  twi- 
light ;  O.  Dut.  twediM,  tv>yLuM.\ 

A*  As  substantive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  As  the  lu-ilii/M  begluneth,  you  shall  haue  atx*4 
you  two  or  three  hundred  foxes.  «  Inch  make  a  mar 
ueiloos  wawlijjg  or  huwljng."  —  aactuttgt  :  I'afuget 

(2)  A  dim,  faint    light  generally  ;   slight 
shade  or  gloom. 

"  Ash,  or  lime,  or  beech  distinctly  shine. 
Within  the  twilight  of  their  different  shiulea* 

Cvuper;  Tiut,  L  301 

•  2.  Fig.  :  A  dubious,  doubtful,  or  uncertain 
medium  through  which  anything  is  seen  or 
examined  ;  a  partial  revelation  or  disclosure. 

"  In  the  greatest  part  of  our  concernment  he  ha* 
afforded  us  only  the  tuiHaht  of  probability,  suiuuit 
to  our  state  of  mediocrity.  —Locke. 

IL  Astron.  :  The  faint  diffused  light  which 
appears  a  little  before  sunrise,  and  again  for 
some  time  after  sunset,  the  amount  and 
duration  of  the  light  varying  materially  in 
different  latitudes  and  at  different  seasurn. 
Popularly,  the  term  is  only  applied  to  the 
evening  twilight,  the  morning  twilight  being 
called  dawn.  Twilight  is  produced  by  the 
diffused  reflection  of  light  from  and  amongst 
the  atmosphere  after  the  direct  rays  of  thl 
sun  have  ceased  to  reach  the  earth.  When 
the  sun  descends  below  the  horizon,  Its  rays 
pass  through  the  atmospheric  strata,  and 
some  of  them  are  reflected  towards  the  earth 
and  illuminate  its  surface.  At  first  the  light, 
falling  on  the  lowest  and  densest  strata,  is 
reflected  in  great  abundance,  but  as  the  sun 
descends  to  a  greater  dislkjnce  below  the 
horizon,  the  rays  fall  on  higher,  and  there- 
fore rarer,  atmospheric  strata.  Consequent- 
ly fewer  rays  undergo  reflection,  and  as  the 
numlier  of  reflected  rays  diniinishjs  as  the 
sun  descends,  the  strength  of  the  twili^lit 
diminishes  in  the  same  proportion,  till  at 


Ate,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  whit,  fall,  lather;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  muto,  oub.  cure,  unite,  oiir,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    e.  oe  =  e;  «y  =  »;  .ju  =  kw. 


twilit— twine 


4883 


l«,t  the  solar  rays  fall  on  strata  so  rare  as 
™  be  incapable  of  reflecting  light,  and  the 
twilight  accordingly  disappears.  In  the  morn- 
Ine  the  change  from  darkness  to  light  ta, 
place  In  a  similar  manner,  but  in  inverted 
order.  , 

In  the  twilight  phenomena  the  effect  of 
refraction  must  also  be  taken  Into  considera- 
tion The  refractive  power  upon  the  rays  of 
lieht  possessed  by  the  atmontan  has  the 
effect  ofbindlng  these  rays  from  »  straight 
into  a  downward  curved  lino,  so  that  on  reach- 
ing the  eye  they  appear  to  como  from  a  point 
n  the  sky  higher  than  their  true  source. 
The  result  is  that  the  sun  when  actually  upon 
the  horizon  appears  to  be  several  degrees 
above  it,  and  its  last  rays  are  visible  to  us 
when  it  is  actually  some  distance  below  the 
horizon.  Refraction  thus  increases  the  apparent 
lencth  of  the  day,  hastening  the  morning  and 
retarding  the  evening  twilight.  As  the  polar 
.ones  are  approached  this  effect  increases,  until 
at  a  high  latitude  the  twilight  may  extend 
throughout  the  night.  A  striking  feature  of 
twilight  is  its  rich  color  effects  on  the  sky  and 
the  clouds,  due  to  the-  dispersal  of  the  more 
refrangible  rays  of  light,  and  the  V^VmOaf- 
ance  of  red  and  yellow  beams  in  the  light  that 
reaches  the  eye. 
B.  At  adjective  : 
i  Literally: 

1.  Not  clearly  or  brightly  illuminated  ;  ob- 
•cure,  gloomy,  shaded. 

"  When  the  sun  begins  to  fung 
His  flaring  beams,  me,  gi>dde»8.  bring 
To  arched  walks  of  tailiaM  grovel.  ' 

Milton  :  II  Penteroto,  188. 

•  S.  Seen,  done,  or  appearing  in  the  twi- 
light 

"On  old  Lycaraa,  or  Cyltene  hoar. 
Trip  no  more  In  twilight  ranks. 

Miliun:  dnada.it. 

*  II.  Ftg-  •'  Dim,  obscure  ;  not  clear  or  plain. 

"Philosophy  may  yield  some  nriHjW  glimmering! 
thereof."—  borrow  .'  Sermon*,  rot  ilL,  »«r.  45. 

•  twi  -lit,  a.    [TWILIGHT.]    Dimly  lighted. 

"The  cavern  .  .  .  wa»  convpaet  of  many  chambers. 
Mill  throwh  remote  ami  narrow  crevices  of  the 
CUtta,"—  H.  CaUliu:  TW>  «u»0«l/or  a  Pearl,  ch.  T. 

twill,  v.t.  [Low  Ger.  tiHUen  —  to  make 
double,  to  fork  into  two  branches,  as  a  tree  ; 
twill,  twille,  twehl  =  a  forked  branch,  any 
forked  thing.  From  the  base  twi-,  as  in  twig, 
twine,  twist,  &c.]  To  weave  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  produce  a  kind  of  diagonal  ribbed  ap- 
pearance upon  the  surface  of  the  cloth. 

twOl  (1),  *  tweal,  *  tweel,  >.  (TWILL,  v.] 
1.  A  diagonal  appearance  given  to  a  fabric 
by  causing  the  weft-threads  to  pass  over  one 
warp  thread,  and  then  under  two,  and  so  on  ; 
instead  of  taking  the  warp-threads  in  regular 
succession,  one  down  and  one  up.  The  next 
weft  thread  takes  a  set  oblique  to  the  former, 
throwing  up  one  of  the  two  deposed  by  the 
preceding  The  fabrics  thus  woven  are  very 
numerous—  satin,  blanket,  merino,  bombazeen, 
kerseymere,  &c.  When  the  threads  cross  each 
alternately,  in  regular  order,  it  is  called  plain 
weaving  ;  but  in  twill,  the  same  thread  of 
weft  is  flushed,  or  separated  from  the  warp, 
while  passing  over  a  number  of  warp-threads, 
and  then  passes  under  a  warp-thread.  Twills 
are  used  for  the  display  of  colour,  for  strength, 
variety,  thickness,  or  durability. 

2.  The  fabric  so  woven. 

twfll  (2),  s.  [Cf.  Sw.  dial,  ruin  =  to  tarn  round 
like  a  spindle,  to  become  entangled  as  thread  ; 
Norw.  tvilla  =  to  twist  into  knots,  as  a  thread  ; 
tvilla  =  a  twist  or  knot  in  a  thread,]  A  reed, 
a  quill  ;  a  spool  to  wind  yard  on. 

twilled  (1),  (i.  [TwiLL,  «.]  Woven  so  as  to 
present  a  kind  of  diagonal  ribbed  appearance 
on  the  surface  :  as,  twilled  cloth. 

*  twilled  (2),  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  word 
not  yet  satisfactorily  explained  ;  according  to 
•ome  =  hedged,  more  probably  =  covered  with 
reeds  or  sedges.  [TWILL  (2),  j.) 

"  Thy  banks  with  pioned  and  twilled  brims. 
Which  ti*mii  April  at  thy  best  betrims.' 

S\aHeip.  !  Temvett,  IT.  1. 

twll'-ly,  twfl'-ly-dev-U.  «.  [WILLOW.]  A 
form  of  cotton-cleaner. 


=  a  twin ;  Lith.  dwini  =  twins  ;  Ger.  will- 
ing =  a  twin.     From  the  same  root  as  two 

A.  As  adjective: 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Double. 

"This  t«*m«  seollthe."  Ormulum.  8.769. 

2.  Applied  to  one  or  two  born  at  a  birth : 
as,  a  (win  brother  or  sister. 

3.  Very  much  resemliling  something  else ; 
standing  in  the  relation  of  a  twin  to  some- 
thing else. 

"  An  apple  cleft  to  two  is  not  more  tarln 
Thau  these  two  creatures. 

Shatap.  ;  Taelfth  XigM.  V. 

TJ.  Technically : 

I  Bat. :  Growing  In  pairs  or  divided  Into 
two  equal  parts,  as  the  fruit  of  Oaliuin. 

2.  Crystallog. :  A  term  applied  to  certain 
compound  crystals  in  which  two  individuals 
are  so  united  that  one  appears  to  have  under- 
gone a  rotation  of  180°  around  a  common  axis 
which  is  called  the  twinning-axis  (Ger.  rani, 
linqsax\  and  which  is  either  perpendicular 
to  the  same  face,  or  parallel  to  the  same  edge 
of  the  two  crystals. 

B*  As  substantive: 

1  Lit. :  One  of  two  young  produced  at  a 
Wrth  by  an  animal  that  usually  only  bears  one 
at  a  time.    (Applied  to  the  young  of  beasts  as 
well  as  of  human  beings.) 

••  Oft  the  dam      _ 
O'er  her  weak  tvint  with  empty  udder  mourns. 

Dyer.'  rteeee,  1. 

2  Fig. :  A  person  or  thing  very  closely  re- 
semliling another ;  one  of  two  things  geiwrally 
associated  together. 

f  The  Twine:  The  constellation  and  sign 
Gemini  (q.v.). 

the  season  when  the  glorious  snn . 


twin  binary  star, ». 

Attrm.:  A  star  resolvable  under  a  very 
powerful  telescope  into  two  stars,  each  of 
them  double:  <  Lyra  is  of  this  character. 
(Dunkin.) 

twin-boat,  s.  A  boat  or  deck  supported 
on  two  parallel  floating  bodies,  which  are 
placed  at  some  distance  asunder.  The  floats 
are  usually  long,  pointed  at  each  end,  and 
circular  in  cross-section. 

twin-born,  a.    Born  at  the  same  birth. 


,T.]    (Pros.  <*  Scotch.) 

twin,  "twlnne,  a.  &  ».  [A.8.  getwinne  = 
twins  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  Mnnr,  tvennr  =  two 
and  two,  twin,  in  pairs;  (mu«<»  =  to  twine, 
to  twist  together;  Dan.  tvttling ;  8w.  tvUling 


twltt,  s. 


boil,  boy;  pout.  Jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench; 
-tton,-«ion 


twin-brother,  s.  One  of  two  brothers 
born  at  the  same  birth,  or  the  boy  when  the 
twins  are  of  different  sexes. 

••  Jvin-oroHerof  the  goddess  born  of  Jove." 

Cowper  :  On  the  Platonic  Idea. 

•fl  The  Great  Tmn  Brethren:  Castor  and 

"  These  be  the  Oreat  Taitn  Brethren 
To  whom  the  Dorians  pray. 
•Jtticomto-:  Battle  o?  Lola  *«(Mw,  li 

twin  digitate-pinnate,  a. 

But. :  Bidigitato-pinnate,  biconjugate-pin- 
nate  (q.v.). 

twin-flower,  >. 

Bat. :  An  American  name  tor  the  genus 
Liinuua  (q.v.). 

twin-graptolites,  s.  pi. 

Zoot,  :  The  genus  Didymograpsus  (q.v.). 

twin-leaf;  «. 

Sot.  •  Je/ersoneiatiphylla.  The  leaves,  which 
are  on  petioles,  are  binate  (whence  the  specific 
and  popular  names);  the  scape  oneTfoot  high ; 
the  flowers  solitary,  terminal,  white ;  the 
capsule  large,  coriaceous.  Found  in  fertile 
w<5ods  in  the  United  States.  Carrey.)  Called 
also  Rheumatism-root. 

twin-like,  o.  Closely  resembling ;  being 
very  like. 

*  twin-likeness,  s.  Close  resemblance. 
twin -screws,  s.  pi  A  pair  of  screw- 
propellers  on  separate  shafts,  and  having 
right-handed  and  left-handed  twists  respect- 
ively Being  turned  in  contrary  directions  m 
driving  ahead,  each  counteracts  the  tendency 
of  the  other  to  produce  lateral  vibration. 

twin-Sister,  s.  One  of  two  sisters  born 
at  the  same  birth,  or  the  girl  when  the  twins 
are  of  different  sexes. 


complete  in  their  parts,  are  associated  in  • 
single  effort. 

twin-steamer,  s.  The  same  as  TWIN- 
BOAT  (q.v.). 

twin-valve,  s.  A  form  of  valve  attached 
to  the  discharge  outlet  of  a  pump,  it  is  used 
for  making  a  double  connection,  one  with  the 
steam-boiler,  for  supplying  it  with  water,  and 
the  other  with  a  line  of  hose,  for  use  in  case  of 
fire,  or  for  conducting  water  wherever  desired. 

•twin,  "tnynne,  •  twinne,  v.i.  4*. 
[TWIN,  a.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  born  at  the  same  birth. 

"  We  were  as  Minn'd  lamlu,  that  did  f  I  isk  1'  th'  son. 
And  bleat  the  one  at  th'  other. ' 

Sfiakeip.  :  Wtnter  t  Tale,  t  & 

2.  To  bring  forth  twins. 

"  Ewes,  yearly  by  tvinning,  rich  masters  do  make. 
The  lamb  of  such  twinners.  for  breeder.  «>  take : 
For  twinlings  be  twlggers.  increase  for  to  bring. 
Though  some  for  thetr  t-teinB.  l.eccavi  may  stag. 
I'utter:  Husbandry ;  January. 

3.  To  bo  paired ;  to  be  suited  ;  to  be  like 

"  Friends  now  fast  swom. 
Whose  double  bosom  seems  to  wear  one  heart. 
Whoae  hours,  whose  bed.  whrae  meal  and  exercUe 
AreTlll  together:  who  (»i>.  las  'twere) HI  love. 
Unaeparabhs."  Shaloup-  '•  CorManut,  IV.  «. 

•J  Used  in  this  sense  of  the  twinning  of 
crystals.    [TWIN,  8.,  II.,  2.] 

4.  To  separate,  to  depart,  to  part. 

"  But  though  myself  begllty  In  that  slnne. 

Yet  o»  1  u»ken  other  ™*J££™'V..  11.1 
B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  part,  to  separate,  to  disjoin. 

"  The  sothe  Is.  the  lerinitliw  of  »s  twalne 

"""chaucer  :  Trottut  i  Crettida.  1». 

2.  To  strip,  to  deprive,  to  rub. 

"  Taint  monle  B.  poor,  <Jo»lt,  druksn  hash. 
0'  hauf  his  dayj."  Burnt:  Scotch  Orinfc 

twine,  v.t.  k  i.  [A.S.  twin  =  double  ;  hence, 
a  doubled  thread,  a  twisted  thread,  twine ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  twijn  =  twine,  twist ;  tiaijnen 
=  to  twine  ;  Icel.  tvinni  =  twine,  tvinna  =.  to 
twine,  (rinwr  =  twin  ;  Dan.  M.nde  =  io  twine  ; 
8w.  tvinna  =  to  twine,  teinntrtd  =  twiue- 
thread.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  twist ;  to  form  by  twisting  of  threads 
or  fibres. 

JJ^in^'wriirwiWaielo^-"^^ 

2.  To  wind  round,  to  encircle,  to  entwine, 
to  surround. 


3.  To  weave  or  form  by  interlacing  or  twist 

"  Who  would  not  twine  a  wreath  for  thee. 
Unworthy  of  hlsown.^, 

•  4.  To  mingle,  to  mix,  to  unite. 

«  Lumps  of  sugar  lose  themselves,  and  , 

Their  .notiresseuce  with  th.  soul  of  -jgf^^ 

•  S.  To  turn  ;  to  direct  to  another  quarter. 

"  She  shn*es.  and  taina  »way  her  edaignefull  eyei 


B.  intransitive  : 

1.  To  unite  closely  by  twisting  or  winding. 

2.  To  wind  round  ;  to  cling  by  encircling. 

" 


•  3.  To  make  aexures  ;  to  wind,  to  bend,  to 
twist,  to  turn. 

••  As  rlrers.  though  they  bend  and  («in* 
Still  to  the  sea  their  course  Incline. 

•  4.  To  turn  round,  to  whirl,  to  spin. 

••  As  she  some  web  wrought,  or  ^'^SSS.'aSSk  ) 

She  cherisht  with  her  song."       Ckupman. 

6.  To  ascend  or  grow  up  in  convolution* 
about  a  support. 


twine,  ».    [TWISE,  fl.] 

•LA  twist,  a  convolution,  a  turn. 
..  Not  Typnon 


J.  An  embrace  ;  the  act  of  twining  round. 

"  Everlasting  hate 

The  vine  to  Ivy  beal»,  but  with  am  rous  '^»« 
Clasps  the  tall  elm." 

3  A  strong  thread,  consisting  of  two  or 
three  smaller  threads  or  strands  twisted  to- 
gether, and  used  for  various  purposes,  as  for 
tying  parcels,  sewing  satin,  making  nets,  or 
the  like  ;  a  small  cord  or  string. 


twin  steam-engine.  ..  _Another  name 


for  a  duplex  engine  ;  one  in  which  two  engines, 


4884 


twiner — twist 


'  i  A  turning  round  with  rapidity. 

twine  cutter,  s.  A  blade  or  knife  on  a 
table,  stand,  or  counter,  to  cut  twine  when 
tjing  packages. 

twine-grass,  s. 
Bat.  :  Vicio.  Cracca  or  r.  hirsuta.   (Britten  <t 
Holland.) 

twine-holder,  s.  A  box  or  case  to  hold 
a  ball  of  twine  on  a  counter. 

twine  machine,  s.  A  spinning-machine 
for  small  hempen  or  cotton  string. 

twine-reeler,  «.  A  kind  of  mule  or 
spinning-machine  for  making  twine  or  twisting 
string. 

twin'-er,  a.  [Bng.  twin(e),  v.  ;  -er.]  A  plant 
which  twines  or  which  has  a  twining-stem 
(q.V.). 

"  Its  aerial  rootlet!  are  for  support  alone.  aa  is  the 
case  with  all  climben  that  ore  not  twineri."—Bur. 
rmtght  :  Pcpaclon,  p.  336. 

twinge,  "  twindge,  r.f.  &  i.  [p.  Fries. 
thwinga,  twiiiga,  dwinga  =  to  constrain  (pa.  t. 
twang,  twong,  pa.  par.  twongeri);  O.  Sax. 
tlimingan;  Dan.  tvinj/e  =  to  force,  to  compel, 
to  constrain  ;  8w.  tvinga;  Icel.  thvinga  —  to 
oppress  ;  Dut.  dwingm  =  to  constrain  (pa.  t. 
dwing,  pa.  par.  gedwongtn)  ;  Ger.  rwingen  (pa. 
t.  zwang,  pa.  par.  ywumnyen),  twingen  =  to 
press  tightly,  to  constrain.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  pain,  to  afflict,  to  harass. 

"  Whll  that  twinget  me  the  foe."—  Early  fug.  Platter. 
Is.  xil.  10. 

2.  To  affect  with  a  sharp,  sadden  pain  ;  to 
torment  with  pricking  or  sharp  pains. 

"  Ttoing'd  with  pain,  he  pensive  sita, 
And  mve».  and  prays,  and  swears,  by  flta." 

aay:  fabtti.ll. 

*  3.  To  pinch,  to  tweak,  to  pulL 

**  But  when  a  man  is  put  bis  sense. 
There's  no  way  to  reduce  him  theiice, 
Bat  rwinain?  him  by  th'  ears  or  nose." 

Butler  :  BtuOtrat,  pt  1IL.  c.  L 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  have  a  sharp,  sudden,  local 
pain,  like  a  twitch  ;  to  suffer  a  sharp,  keen, 
shooting  pain  :  as,  One's  side  twinges. 

twinge,  >.    [TWINGE,  v.] 

1.  A  sharp,  sudden,  shooting  pain  ;  a  dart- 
ing  local    pain   of  momentary  duration  ;   a 
twitch. 

"  He  felt  a  pain  across  Ills  breast, 
A  sort  of  sudden  twinge,  he  said." 

Moan:  The  Trial  of  Sara*,  tc. 

2.  A  pinch,  a  tweak. 

"How  can  yon  fawn  upon  a  master  that  gives  yon  to 
many  blows  and  twiagei  by  the  ears  »  -—L'Sitrange. 

3.  A  pang,  as  of  remorse  or  sorrow. 

"[He]  at  length  perpetrates  without  one  internal 
twinge  acts  which  would  shock  a  buccaneer."  —  Mao- 
twlay  :  II,  It.  fag.,  ch.  xviu. 

twin   Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.     [TWINE,  v.} 
twinlng-stem,  s. 

Bot.  :  A  stem  having  the  property  of  as- 
cending by  means  of  spiral  convolutions 
around  a  supporting  body.  Some  twining 
plants  twist  from  left  to  right  or  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  sun's  course,  as  the  hop;  some 
from  right  to  left,  or  opposite  to  the  sun's 
course,  as  Convolulus  septum.  (Lindlcy.) 

twin  -Ing-1  £  ,  adv.  [Eng.  twining;  -ly.]  In 
a  twining  manner  ;  by  twining. 

•twink(l),  •  twlnk  en,  *twlnk-ln,  v.i. 
[A  nasalized  form  of  A.  8.  twiccan  =  to  twitch 
(q.T.).  the  meaning  thus  being  to  keep  on 
twitching  or  quivering,  hence,  to  twinkle.] 
1.  To  twinkle.    (Prompt.  Pan.) 
i.  To  wink. 

"  Whan  that  I  trinkin  upon  the 
Luke  for  to  be  gon." 

Coke'  I  Tall  of  Oamtli/n. 

twihk  (2),  v.t.  [TWINGE.]  To  blame,  to 
abuse,  to  lind  fault  with. 

"  I  have  been  called  away  ten  times,  and  shall  be 
MaVUi  U  I  do  not  leave  you."—  t  Ui.  Carter  :  Letteri, 


^i.    [TwiNK,  ».]    A  twinkle,  a  wink. 

"The  chap  aaw  in  a  twin*  the  precious  greenhorn  he 
had  to  deal  with.'—  Sally  Telegraph,  Dec.  M,  ItM, 

•  twink-a-tion,  s.    [TwmK,  2.  ».]    A  finding 
fault  ;  blame. 

••  I  immediately  wrote  a  ttfinJtation  to  Mr.  Richard- 
ion  about  it"  —  Jfltt.  Carter:  Letter,,  i.  in. 

twin  kle,  •  twin  kel-en,  •  twin  clc,  v.i. 
[A.S.  twindian.]    [TWINK,  v.] 


1.  To  wink  ;  to  open  and  shut  the  eyes 
rapidly. 


2.  To  gleam,  to  sparkle.    (Said  of  the  eye.) 

"  His  eyen  twinkeled  in  bis  bed  aright, 
Aa  dun  the  sterres  in  a  frosty  night. 

Chaucer :  C.  T.  (ProL),  350. 

3.  To    sparkle ;  to  flash   at  intervals ;  to 
shine  with  a  broken,  tremulous  light ;  to  scin- 
tillate. 

"  A  solitary  light  which  twinkled  through  the  dark 
ness  guided  him  to  a  small  hovel."— Xacaulay  ;  Bitt. 
Eng.,  chap.  xiii. 

4.  To  sparkle,  to  gleam. 

"The  green  blade  that  twinklet  in  the  sun." 
Cowper 

twin  kle, '  twin-cle,  ».    [TWINKLE,  v.] 

1.  A  wink  ;  a  quick  motion  of  the  eye. 

2.  A  gleam  or  sparkle  of  the  eye. 

"  He  had  a  roguish  twinkle  in  his  eye." 

Thornton :  Cattle  qf  Indolence,  i  99. 

3.  The   time   or   duration   of  a   wink;  a 
twinkling. 

"Hast  not  slept  to-night f  would  not  (a  naughty 
man)  let  it  sleep  one  twinkle!"  —  Dryden  :  Troilut  A 
Creuida,  ill.  2. 

4.  A  short,  tremulous  light ;  a  scintillation. 

•twin'-kler,  ».  [Eng.  twinkl(e),  v. ;  -«-.] 
One  who  or  that  which  twinkles  or  winks ; 
an  eye.  (Colloq.). 

"  Following  me  up  and  down  with  those  twinklert 
of  yours."— JHarryat :  Snarleyyow,  ch.  vii. 

twin  kling,  *  twine  -kling,  pr.  par.,  o., 
&  *.  [TWINKLE,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C,  As  substantive : 

1.  Th«  act  of  one  who  or  of  that  which 
twinkles ;  a  wink. 

"  Much  twinkling  or  inordinate  palpitation  of  the 
eyes."—/-.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  xxiU,  ch.  x 

2.  The  time  taken  up  in  winking  the  eye  ; 
a  moment,  an  instant. 

"  And  ao  in  the  Tery  ticinckling  of  an  eye,  both 
ahip  and  men  were  all  cast  away,  —  Backluyt :  Voy- 
tioa,  I.  611 

H  Either  absolutely,  or  followed,  as  In  the 
example,  by  of  an  eye. 

*  twin '-ling,  «.  [A  dimin.  from  twin,  a.  (q.v.).J 

A  twin  lamb. 

"  Tvinlinffi  be  twiggera  increase  for  to  bring." 
Tutter  :  Hutbandry  ;  January. 

"twlEne,  v.t.  tti.    [Twin,  v.] 

*  twinned,  a.    [TWIN,  a.] 

1.  Produced  at  one  birth ;  twin. 

2.  Like  as  twins. 

"  The  twinned  stones  upon  the  number'd  beach.* 
Shakftp. :  Cymbeline,  t  I 

*  twin'-ner,  t.     [Eng.  twin,  v. ;   -er.]     One 

who    produces    twins.     (See   extract   nnder 
Twis,  ».,  A.  2.) 

*  twin'-ning,  pr.  par.,  or  o.    [TWIN,  v.] 

twlnnlng-aziB,  >.    [TWIN,  II.  2.] 

twinning  machine,  s.  A  machine  for 
cutting  two  combs  (twins)  from  the  single 
piece. 

twlnning-saw,  >.  A  saw  for  cutting 
the  teeth  of  combs. 

twin  -ter,  s.  [A.S.  twiwintre.]  A  beast  two 
winters  old.  (Prov.) 

*twire  (1),  r.i.  [Etym.  doubtful;  prob.  al- 
lied to  twitter  (q.v.).]  To  chirp,  as  a  bird  ;  to 
sing,  to  twitter. 

"Thllke  btrde  .  .  .  tvnrethe  [sllraa  dulcl  voce  so. 
eurrat]  desiring  the  woude  with  her  sweu  voiaa."— 
I'haucer:  Boedut,  bk.  ill 

•twire  (2),  ».i.  [Etym.  doubtful;  cf.  Prov. 
Ger.  zwteren,  zwiren  =  to  glance  sideways,  to 
take  a  stolen  glance.] 

1.  To  twinkle,  to  glance,  to  gleam. 

"When  sparkling  stars  tvire  not.  thon  gild'at  the 
«v«n."  Shaketp.  :  Sonnet  aa. 

2.  To  look  silly  askance  ;  to  wink,  to  leer, 
to  simper. 

"  I  aaw  the  wench  that  t  wired  and  twinkled  at  the*." 
Ittaum.  t  flet.  :  Women  Pleated,  IT.  L 

•twire  (3),  v.t.  [A. 8.  thwercm=sto  agitate, 
to  turn.)  To  twirl,  to  curl. 

"  No  sooner  doth  a  young  man  tee  his  sweetheart 
coming  but  he  twiret  his  beard,  Ac. "— Burton :  Anat. 
of  Meian&oly,  p.  «o. 

*  twire.  ».  [TwiRB  (3), ».]  A  twisted  thread 
or  u  lament. 


*  twuw'-pipe,  s.   [Bng.  twire  (1),  v.,  and  pipe.} 

A  vagrant  musician. 

"  Ye  are  an  ass.  a  tvrirepipe." 
Beaum.  t  Ftet. :  Momieur  namiu,  ML  L 

twirl,  •tori,  v.t.  &  i.  [A  frequent,  from 
twire  (8),  v.  ;  cf.  A.S.  thwiril  =  the  handle  of 
a  churn  ;  Dut.  dwarlen  =  to  whirl ;  M.H.Ger. 
dweren;  O.H.Ger.  dweran,  tweran=  to  turn 
round  swiftly,  to  whirl.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  move  or  turn  round  rapidly  ; 
to  cause  to  rotate  with  rapidity,  especially 
with  the  fingers  ;  to  whirl  round. 

"  If  a  man  in  private  chambers  ttrirtt  his  band- 
striugs  or  plays  with  a  rush  to  please  himself,  tia 
well  enough."— Selden  :  Table  Talk  ;  Poetry. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To   revolve   or   rotate   rapidly ;   to    be 
whirled  round. 
*  2.  To  twist,  to  twine. 

"  Around  the  foe  his  twirling  tail  he  flings." 

Additon:  Qeid;  Mttamorpnotet  iT. 

twirl,  «.    [TWIBL,  D  ] 

1.  The  state  of  being  twirled  ;  •  rapid,  cir- 
cular motion  ;  quick  rotation. 
3.  A  twist,  a  convolution. 

twirl'-ei-,  «.  One  who  twirls,  as  a  ball ;  spec., 
a  pitcher  in  a  baseball  game. 

twls-oar,  i. 

twist,  "twiste,  "twyst,  v.t.  &  t,  [A.8. 
tiaist  =  a  rope  ;  from  tivi  =  double  ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  twisten  =  to  quarrel,  from  twist  = 
a  quarrel  ;  Dan.  tviste  =  to  strive  ;  tvist  s= 
strife,  a  twist ;  Sw.  tvista  =  to  strive  ;  tvist  =a 
strife  ;  Ger.  zwist  =  a  twist,  discord  ;  fwistig 
=  discordant;  Icel.  tvisti  =  the  two  or  deuce 
in  card-playing.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  form  by  winding  one  thread,  filament, 
strand,    fibre,    or   other    flexible   substance 
round  another ;  to  form  by  convolution,  or 
winding  separate  things  round  each  other; 
to  twine. 

"  The  smallest  thread 
That  ever  spider  twitted  from  her  womb 
Will  strangle  thee."         Skaketp.  :  Sing  Jolat,  IT.  «. 

2.  To  form  into  a  thread  from  many  flu* 
filaments :  as,  To  twist  wool  or  cotton. 

3.  To  contort,  to  writhe,  to  crook  spirally, 
to  convolve. 

"  Either  double  it  Into  a  pyiamldlca],  or  noiat  U 
Into  a  serpentine  form."— Pop*. 

4.  To  interlace,  to  twine. 

"  And  these  meet  one  with  i£.other  In  the  spaoa 
between,  and  are  interlaced,  twitted,  and  tiwdto- 
gether."— P.  Holland;  PHttie.  bk.  x»ii,  ch.  xilll. 

5.  To  wreathe,  to  wind,  to  encircle,  to  en- 
twine. 

"There  are  pillars  of  smoke  twitted  about  with 
wreatha  of  flame."— Burnt* ;  Theory  of  tlie  Earth. 

*  6.  To  fabricate,  to  weave,  to  compose,  to 
make  up. 

"  Began  st  to  (Kilt  ao  flne  a  story." 

Shakttp.  :  Much  Ado.  1. 1.  1 

"I.  To  wind  in;  to  enter  by  winding;  to 
insinuate. 

11  When  avarice  tvittt  Itaelf.  not  only  with  the  prao. 
ttceof  men,  but  the  doctrines  of  the  church  ;  when 
ecclesiaaticks  dispute  for  Inouey.  the  mischief  seems 
JataL'1— Decay  of  Piety. 

8.  To  pervert ;  to  turn  from  the  right  or 
true  form  or  meaning :  as,  To  twist  words.  To 
ticist  a  passage. 

9.  To  cause  to  turn  from  a  straight  line: 
as,  To  twist  a  ball  in  cricket. 

*  10.  To  harass,  to  annoy,  to  trouble. 

Which  that  his  herte  twitt,  and  "fas? threst"     . 
Cltaunr;  Troika  t  Creuida,  Ir. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  be  contorted  or  united  by  winding 
round  each  other ;  to  be  or  become  twisted. 

"  Too  well  he  knows  the  twitting  strings 
Of  ardent  hearts  combined." 

foung:  Reiignatton. 

2.  To  move  with  a  rotatory  motion,  or  in  t 
curved  line. 

"The  ball  comes  skimming  and  twitting  along."— 
*-  Sugttet :  Tom  Brown' t  Uchool-dayt,  pb  U.,  en.  viti. 

If  To  twist  round  one's  Jinger  :  To  have  com- 
pletely under  one's  influence,  power,  or  cun- 
trol ;  to  make  submissive  to  one's  will. 

twist,  s.    [TWIST,  «.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  The  act  of  twisting ;  a  convolution,  • 
contortion,  a  flexure,  a  bending. 

"  And  aa  about  a  tree  with  many  a  tioiit 
Bitreiit  and  writhe  the  swet«  wodehimie, 
Can  eche  of  hem  in  annes  other  wtude  " 

Chaucer ;  Troilut  A  Crettida,  bk.  UL 


t»te,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father:   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woll,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  euro,  nnite,  oiir,  rtUe,  All;  try.  Sjrrtaa.    a*.  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kv. 


twiste-two 


4885 


t  Banner  of  twisting ;  the  form  given  by 

twisting. 

"Jack  shrunk  at  first  Bight  of  it:  be  fomid  fault 
with  the  length,  tbe  tbickliess,  and  the  Iwur.1'— Ar- 
IvUiux .  Hat.  J'Kn  Bull. 

3.  That  which  is  formed  by  twisting :  as — 

(1)  A  cord,  thread,  or  the  like  formed  by 
twisting  or  winding  separate  things  round 
•tch  other. 

"  Breaking  Us  oath  like  a  ttcitt  of  rotten  •ilk." 
SAoAefp. :  Coriolatiut.  V.  ft. 

(2)  A  kind  of  cotton  yam  of  many  varieties. 

(3)  A  closely-twisted  strong   sewing   silk, 
used  by  saddlers,  tailors,  Arc. 

(4)  A  kind  of  manufactured  tobacco,  rolled 
jr  twisted  into  the  form  of  a  thick  cord. 

(5)  A  small  roll  of  twisted  dough  baked. 

*  i.  A  branch,  a  twig. 

"Nor  tot*,  nor  twig  cut  from  that  aacreU  spring." 

*  5.  The  fourchure. 

"A  man  of  common  height  might  eullle  go  ruder 
his  tteitt  without  stooping."—  BotinAed :  Dtteript,  ftf 
Britmne.  ch.  V. 

&  A  drink  made  of  brandy  and  gin.  (Slang.) 

*  7.  Capacity  for  swallowing  ;  appetite. 
8.  A  sharp  pang  ;  a  twinge. 

tt  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  The  wind  of  the  bed-joist  of  each 
course  of  vousaoirs  in  a  skew  arch. 

2.  Baseball  <t  Cricket:   A  tarn  given  by  the 
pitcher  or  bowler  to  the  ball  in  delivering  it, 
causing  It  to  be  deflected  or  to  break  away  from 
a  straight  line. 

"Tbe  first  ball  of  the  over  Jack  steps  out  and  meets, 
•wiping  with  all  his  force.  If  he  had  only  allowed 
for  the  trill  i  but  he  hasn't"— Bv^het:  Tom  Brown  I 
BcAoot-dayt,  pt.  ii.,  ch.  vni. 

3.  Gv.ni  it  Ordn. :  The  spiral  in  the  bore  of 
a  rifled  gun.    It  is  spoken  of  as  a  j  twist,  &c., 
as  it  completes  that  much,  more  or  less,  of  a 
revolution  in  the  length  of  the  barrel. 

4.  Small-arms :  A  mode  of  construction  of 
gun-barrels  in  which  the  iron,  in  the  form  of 
a  ribbon,  is  heated  and  coiled  spirally  around 
a  mandrel. 

5.  Weav. :  The  warp-thread  of  the  web. 
•I  Twists  of  the  tmoels : 

Pathol. :  The  accidental  twisting  of  some 
portion  of  the  intestines,  generally  the  lower 
part  of  the  Ueum. 

twist  drill.  • 

lletal-mrrk. :  A  drill  having  a  twisted  body 
like  that  of  an  auger. 

*  twiste,  t>.(.    [TWIST,  r.]   To  twitch ;  to  pull 
hard.    (Chaucer.) 

twlst'-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    CTwisr,  «.J 

L  Ord  Lang. :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  Hot. :  Torsive  ;  spirally  contorted.  The 
tame  as  contorted,  except  that  there  is  no 
obliquity  in  the  form  or  insertion  of  tbe 
pieces,  as  in  the  petals  of  Oxalis. 

twisted-bit,  «. 

1.  Manege:  A  bit  having  a  mouthpiece  made 
with  square  sides  and  afterwards  twisted. 

2.  Carp.:  A  wood-boring  tool  adapted  to 
be  used  in  a  brace.    It  is  a  form  of  flat  bar 
twisted  into  a  spiral  form  and  provided  at 
the  ends  with  a  cutter  and  routing-table. 

twisted-month,  *.    [TWISTED-BIT,  1.] 
twisted-stalk, 

Bot. :  The  genus  Streptopus. 
twisted-surface,  s.  [WARPED-SCKTACI.] 

twist' -er,  s.    [Eng.  twist,  v.  ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  twists ;  specif.,  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  twist  or  join  the  threads  of  one 
warp  to  those  of  another  in  weaving. 

2.  AT-eel  used  in  twisting  yarns  or  threads. 
H.  Technically: 

L  Corp.  •'  A  girder. 

2.  BaKball  &  Cricket:  Jt  ball  delivered  with 
a  twist. 

3.  Manege :  The  inner  p»rt  of  the  thigh ; 
the  proper  place  to  rest  tfrj&  wien  on  horse- 
back. 

twist  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    (1  *"-»?,  «.] 

twisting-crook,  s.  An  agricultural  im- 
plement used  for  twisting  straw  ropes;  a 
throw-crook. 


twisting  machine.  5.  A  machine  for 
twisting  and  laying  rope  and  cordage. 

twisting-mill,  9.    A  thread-frame  (q.v.). 

twlsf-Ing-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  twisting;  -It/.)  In 
a  twisting  manner  ;  with  a  twist  ;  by  twisting 
or  being  twisted. 

twlst'-jf,  o.  [Eng.  twist  :  -y.]  Somewhat 
twisted,  curved,  or  crooked  ;  meandering. 

"  The  fox  made  bis  straight  point,  though  by  de- 
vious and  twisty  courses.  "—/Wo,  MOT,  26,  1887. 

twit,  »  twlgnt,  •  twhyte,  v.t.  [For  atwite, 
from  A.S.  tttwitan  =  to  twit,  to  reproach, 
from  at  =  at,  and  witan  =  to  blame.]  To  vex 
or  annoy  by  bringing  to  remembrance  a  fault, 
imperfection,  or  the  like  ;  to  taunt,  to  re- 
proach, to  upbraid. 

"Those  who  beld  this  language  were  ttfitted  with 
their  Inconsistency."—  Mactiulajt  :  Silt.  Eng,,  oh.  xix. 

twitch,  •  t  wicch  on.  *twikk-yn,  'twyoh- 

yn,  v.t.  &  i.    [A  weakened  form  of  tweak 

(q.v.)-] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  pull  with  a  sndden  or  sharp 
jerk  ;  to  pluck  with  a  short,  sharp  motion  ; 
to  snatch. 

"At  laat  he  rose,  and  twitched  his  mantle  blue  t 
To  morrow  to  fresh  woods,  and  pastures  new." 
Hilton:  Lscidat.  192. 

B.  fntrans.  :  To  be  suddenly  contracted,  as 
a  muscle  ;  to  be  affected  with  a  spasm. 

twitch  (1),  s.    [TWITCH,  ».J 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  A  pull  with  a  jerk  ;  a  sharp,  sndden  pull. 

"  80  crakt  their  backe  bones  wrincht 
With  horrid  tvitdtes." 

Chapman  :  Homer  ;  nitid  xxiii. 

2.  A  short,  spasmodic  contraction  of  the 
fibres  or  muscles. 

"  [Other  muscles]  ...  by  their  contractile  fwircA 
fetch  back  the  fore  arm  Into  a  straight  line."—  Paley  ; 
Xai  ncol.,  ch.  ix. 

3.  A  noose  attached  to  a  stock  or  handle 
and  twisted  around  the  upper  lip  of  a  horse, 
so  as  to  bring  him  under  command  when 
shoeing. 

IL  Mining  :  A  place  where  a  vein  becomes 
very  narrow. 

twitch-Tip.  *.  A  trap  for  birds,  consist- 
ing of  a  string  with  a  slip,  noose  at  the  end, 
hanging  from  a  bent  branch  or  twig. 

"[He|  bending  down  a  neighbouring  hickory  sap- 
ling, seta  a  ttaitcti-u/i.  with  a  slip-noose  at  the  end, 
made  of  a  string  pulled  oat  of  one  of  his  capacious 
pockets.  The  twiVcfc-up  being  well  watched,  is  sure 
to  catch  the  bird  or  drive  it  away."—  Scribtter'i  Jfaoa- 
tint,  Aug.,  188T,  p.  130. 

twitch  (2),  ».  [A  corrupt  of  qvltch  (q.v.).J 
The  same  as  TWITCH-ORASS  (q.v.). 


"  I  suppose  the  greatest  enemies  of  wheat  are  tvitfti 
and  black  grass,  tbe  latter  on  heavy  land  especially." 
—field,  Jan.  23,  1884. 

twitch-grass,  ». 

Botany,  Ac.  : 

(1)  Triticum  repent.  [COUCH-ORASS,  QOTTCH- 
GRASS,  TRITICUM.) 

(2)  Agrustu  mlgarit,  a  British  grass,  com- 
mon on  meadows,  pastures,  and  banks.    It  is 
from  six  inches  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  with 
purplish  panicles  of  flowers. 

twlt9h'-er,  «.    [Eng.  twitch,  v.  ;  -tr.} 

1.  One  who  twitches. 

2.  An  instrument  used  for  clinching  hog- 
rings.    (Tuner  :  Husbandrie,  p.  38.) 

twitch'  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  A  i.    [TWITCH,  «.] 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  *  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  At  sutiit.  :  A  ipaimodic  contraction  of 
the  fibres  or  muscles  ;  a  twitch. 

"A  troublesome  ttsitdtinff  in  his  muscUa."—  34afok: 
Litj\t  of  .V  attire,  vol.  L,  pt  U-,  ch.  xixiiL 

twite,  s.    [See  extract,] 

Ornith.  :  Linota  flavirostrit  (or  mmtiun).: 

[MoCNTAIN-LINNETj. 

•'  Our  blrdcatchers  Immediately  recognise  its  pres- 
ence among  a  flock  of  iu  congeners  by  its  shriller 
call-note,  the  sound  of  which  Is  considered  to  resemble 
that  of  the  word  '  twite,'  whence  the  name  by  which  it 
is  so  generally  known."—  Tamil:  Britith  Birdt  (ed. 
«h),  II.  163. 

twlf-ter,  *twit-er,  'twltre,  t.i.  *  fc  IA 
freq.  from  a  base  twit,  and  so  =  to  keep  on 
saying  twit  :  twit  is  a  weakened  form  of  twat, 
which  appears  in  twattle,  the  older  form  of 
twatldle  (q.v.)  ;  cf.  Ger.  awitschem  =  to  twitter  ; 
Dut.  kwetteren;  Dan.  quiddre;  S».  gvittra  = 
to  chirp,  to  twitter.] 


A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  utter  a  succession  of  short,  trernuloui, 
intermitted  notes  ;  to  chirp. 

"  The  swallow  twittering  on  the  straw-built  shed." 
tiruy  :  Elegy. 

*  2.  To  have  a  tremulous  motion  of  the 
nerves ;  to  be  agitated. 

*  3.  To  make  the  sound  of  a  half-suppressed 
laugh  ;  to  titter. 

" How  the  fool  bridles  i    How  she  ttoittm  at  him." 
Beaum.  i  Flet. :  Pilgrim,  111.  a. 

B.  Trans. :  To  utter  in  tremulous,  inter- 
mitted notes. 

"  The  linnet  twittered  out  his  parting 
Cowper:  AnH- 

twit-ter  (1),  I.  [Eng.  twit;  -tr.]  One  who 
twits,  taunts,  or  upbraids. 

twit'-ter  (2),  i.    [TWITTER,  «.J 

1.  A  small,  intermitted,  tremulous  noise  or 
series  of  chirpings,  as  the  sound  made  by  • 
swallow. 

2.  A  slight  trembling  of  the  nerves  ;  slight 
nervous  excitement  or  agitation ;  tremuluu*- 
ness. 

"Cat  whole  giauta  Into  fritters. 
To  put  them  into  amorous  twittm." 

Butler:  Budibrtu,  111  1, 

*  3.  A  titter ;  a  sound  as  of  half-s«ppressed 
laughter. 

twitter -bit,  >.  The  bottom  of  the 
countersink  which  receives  the  head  of  the 
screw,  uniting  the  halves  of  a  pair  of  scissors. 

*  twitter-boned,  a.    Shaking  or  shaky 
in  the  limbs. 

"  His  horse  was  either  clapp*d,  or  sprain'd.  or  greased, 
or  he  was  twitter.boned  or  broken-winded."— Sterne: 
Tristram  Mandy ,  i.  Sfl. 

•twitter-light,*.    Twilight (q.v.X 

"  Come  not  till  f  «i»rr-l wM."  MiddleKm. 

•twit-ter-a'-tion, ».  [TWITTEB.J.]  Aquiver, 
a  shaking. 

"  When  they  struck  up  our  blood^tlrriu*  national 
air.  tt  made  me  feel  all  over  in  a  ivitteration  as  if  I 
waa  on  wires  a'most.  considerable  martial."— SaU- 
ourton  :  Tke  Clockmaker,  p.  873. 

twif -ter-ing,  «.    [TWITTEE,  ».] 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  of  that  which 
twitters :  a  sjiarp,  intermitted,  chirping  uoisa ; 
a  chirp. 

"  To  learn  the  tntturt*g  of  a  meaner  bird." 

Cotrper  .•  Conversation,  448. 

*  2.  Slight  nervous  excitement ;  agitation, 
arising  from  suspense,  desire,  or  the  like. 

"  A  widow,  which  had  a  ticirterirta  towards  a  second 
husband,  took  a  gossiping  companion  to  manage  Ui» 
Job."— L'Jfftranffe. 

twit'-tlng,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [TwiT.] 

twif -ting-iy.  adv.  [Eng.  twitting;  -!y.)  In 
a  twitting  manner. 

"  He  tteittingljf  upbraided  them  therewith."— Cant- 
am  .'  aitt.  of  aiiatxtlt  (an.  1M»I. 

*  twit'-tle-twat-tle, «.  [A  redupl.  of  tioo«i« 
(q.v.).]  Tattle,  tittle-tattle,  gossip,  chatter. 

11  Insipid  tmtlletuattlet,  frothy  tests,  and  llnglinl 
witticisms,  inure  us  to  a  miauuderstanding  of  things. 
— L'Sttrange. 

twtxt,  prep.  [A  contr.  of  betwixt  (q.v.VJ 
Between,  betwixt.  (Used  poetically  and  col- 
loquially.) 

"  Underneath  the  skirt  of  pannel 
'Twixt  every  two  there  was  a  channel." 

Butler :  Hudibnu,  L  s. 

twd  (tw  as  t\  •  tuo,  *  twei,  *  twele. 
•  twey,  *  twa,  a.  ft  s.  [A.8.  twegen  =  twain 
(inasc.  nom.  and  accus.) ;  twa  (fern.  nom.  and 
accus.) ;  twa,  tu  (neut.  nom.  and  accus.) ; 
cogn.  with  Dut  twee ;  Icel.  tveir  (accus.  tea, 
(tw;  Dan.  to;  8w.  tvd,  tu;  Goth,  twai  (masc.), 
twos  (fern.),  (UM  (neut.);  Ger.  xwei ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
zwent,  fwa,  zwo,  ami;  Irish  da;  Gael,  da,  do; 
Wei.  dau,  dwy;  Buss,  dm;  Lith.  dvti,  dti  ,• 
Lat.  duo ;  Gr.  ovo  (duo) ;  Sansc.  dwa ;  Fr. 
deux;  Hal.  due;  Sp.  dot;  Port,  doue;  Eng. 
deuce;  A.S.  twi-  (pref.)  =  double  ;  Icel.  M- ; 
Dut.  twee- ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  tve- ;  Ger.  awei- ;  Lat. 
W- ;  Gr.  Si-  (<Ji-) ;  Sansc.  dtH-,  dwi-.]  [TwAis.l 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  One  and  one. 

"A  wondere  were,  ruo  watres  ther  er  tofrldlr  iron, 
*  tuo  kyngdames,  with  tuo  names,  now  er  oo." 

Robert  de  Rrurme.  p.  282. 

2.  Used  indefinitely  for  a  small  number,  in 
such  phrases  as,  a  word  or  (wo. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  number  consisting  of  one  and  one. 

2.  The  symbol  representing  this  number: 
as  2  or  ii. 


b6H,  bo^;  tvtfut,  Jowl;  eat,  9011,  chorns,  ?»<«".  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph-  C 
-elan. -tian     BHan.   -tton. -tUoi.  =  shllii j -fton, -flon  =  «1»UB,   -oioos,  -tioas,  -dons?  shus.   -Me,  -die.  *c.  =  bel,  del 


4886 


twofold— Tyburn 


H  (1)  In  two :  Into  two  parts ;  asunder :  as, 
To  cut  anything  in  two. 

*  (2)  To  be  two,  to  be  at  two :  To  be  at  vari- 
ance ;  as,  opposed  to  To  be  one  or  at  one. 

"  You  ami  she  are  two,  I  hew."— Swift:  Polite  Oon- 

(3)  Two  faces  under  tht  sun,  two.  faces  in  a 

Bot. :  Viola  tricolor.  (Britten  &  Holland.) 
H  Two  is  largely  used  in  composition  to 
denote  the  having  or  consisting  of  two  parts, 
divisions,  organs,  or  something  designed  for 
or  to  be  used  with  two  organs.  The  com- 
pounds are  usually  self-explanatory. 

two-banded  water-lizard,  s. 

Zool.:  The  Ocellated  Water-lizard  (q.v.). 

two  capsuled,  a.  Having  two  distinct 
capsules ;  bicupsular. 

two-celled,  a.    Having  two  cells;    bi- 

loculur. 

two-cleft,  a.  Divided  half  way  from  the 
border  to  the  base  into  two  segments  ;  bitid. 

*  two  decker,  s.    A  vessel  of  war  carry- 
ing guns  on  two  decks. 

two-edged,  a. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  two  edges,  or  edges 
on  both  sides. 

'*  Tm-tdffed,  trenchant  knives." 

Longfellow :  Mil  ft  StandM.  vU. 

2.  Bot. :  Compressed  with  two  sharp  edges, 
«s  the  stem  of  an  Iris, 

two  faced,  a. 

1.  Lit. :  Having  two  laces,  like  the  Roman 
Janus. 

2.  Fig.:  Deceitful,  Insincere,  treacherous, 

double-faced. 

two-fingered  sloth,  s. 

ZooL :  Cholcepus  didactylus.    [UNAU.] 

two-flowered,  a.  Bearing  two  flowers 
at  the  end,  as  a  peduncle. 

two-fold,  a.  &  adv.    [TWOFOLD.] 

two-foot,  a.  Measuring  two  feet :  as,  a 
two- foot  rule. 

two-forked,  a.  Divided  fcto  two  parts, 
somewhat  after  the  manner  of  a  fork ;  di- 
chotomous. 

*  two-hand,  a.    Two-handed. 

"Come  with  thy  two-band  sword." 

£A<I*MA  -•  8  /fenrjr  K/.,  U.  L 

two-handed,  >i. 

1.  Having  two  hands. 

*  2.  Large,  stout,  strong,  powerful,  as  if 
wielded  by  two  hands. 

"  With  huge  tioo-handtd  sway, 
Brandished  aloft,  the  uorrid  edge  came  down, 
Wide  wa»ting."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  *t.  261. 

3.  Used  with  both  hands;   requiring  two 
hands  to  grasp  or  wield. 

**  Two-handed  swcmli  they  wore, 
Ami  many  wielded  tuace  of  weight," 

Scott :  Mttnnion.  T.  2. 

4.  Using  both  hands  with  equal  dexterity 
or  readiness  ;  hence,  able  to  apply  one's  self 
readily  to  anything ;  dexterous. 

Two-handed  saw:  A  whip-saw  used  in  get- 
ting out  ship-timbers.  It  has  a  handle  at 
each  end,  one  fur  each  man. 

two-headed,  a.    Having  two  heads. 

"  Now,  by  two-headed  Jamis. 

Nature  bath  framed  strung*,  fellows  in  her  time." 
Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  i.  L 

two-horned  rhinoceros,  s.  [RHINO- 
CEROS, 1.  (!)(&).] 

two-humped  camel,  s.    [CAMEL,  I.  2.] 

two -leaved,  «.  Having  two  distinct 
leaven. 

two-line  letters,  «.  pi. 

Print. :  Capitals  which  are  equal  to  two 
bodies  of  any  specific  size  of  type :  as,  two- 
line  pearl,  two-line  brevier,  &c.  Used  for 
lines  in  title-pages,  the  large  letters  at  the 
beginning  of  advertisements,  &c. 

two-lipped,  a. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  two  lips. 

2.  Bot.:   The  term  us«d  when  a  tubular 
body,  as  a  calyx  or  a  personated  corolla,  is 
divided  at  the  orifice  into  an  upper  aud  an 
under  lip-like  portion. 

two  lobed,  a. 

Bot. :   Divided  into  two   lobes ;   partially 


divided  into  two  segments  ;  bi  lobed,  bilobate. 
Example,  the  leaf  of  Bauhiaia. 

two-masted,  a. 

Naut.  :  Having  two  masts. 

two-parted,  a.  Divided  from  the  border 
to  the  base  into  two  distinct  parts ;  bipartite. 

two-pence,  «.    (Usually  pron.  tup'-p^nge.) 

1.  Numismatic* : 

(1)  A  small  silver  coin,  formerly  current  in 
England,   equivalent  to  two-pence,   or  one- 
sixth  of  a  shilling.    Now  only  coined  annu- 
ally, to  be  given  by  the  sovereign  as  alms- 
money  on  Maundy-Thursday. 

"  Tou  all  show  like  gilt  tuo-pencet  to  me." 

skaJtftp.  :  3  Henry  IV.,  Jr.  S. 

(2)  Two  pennies. 

2.  Bot.  :  [TWOPENNY-GRASS]. 

two-petaled,  a. 

Bot. :  Having  two  perfectly  distinct  petals  ; 
dipetalous. 

two-ply,  a.  Having  two  strands,  as  cord, 
or  two  thicknesses,  as  carpets,  cloth,  &c. 

Two-ply  carpet :  A  carpet  having  a  double 
web.  [KIDDERMINSTER.] 

two-ranked,  a. 

Bot. :  Alternately  disposed  on  exactly  op- 
posite sides  of  the  stem,  so  as  to  form  two 
ranks.  (Asa  Gray.) 

two-seeded,  a. 

Bot. :  Having  two  seeds.  Used  of  an  ovary, 
a  fruit,  or  a  cell. 

two-speed-pulley,  a.  A  variable  speed 
arrangement,  consisting  of  two  fast  pulleys, 
the  shaft  of  one  being  tubular  and  sleeved 
upon  that  of  the  other.  One  connects  by 
large  and  small  wheels  to  the  lower  shaft,  and 
the  other  by  small  and  large  wheels,  the  differ- 
ence in  communicated  speed  being  very  ap- 
parent, and  the  belt  being  shifted  from  the 
loose  pulley  to  one  or  the  other  of  the  fast 
pulleys  as  may  be  required. 

two-throw  crank,  s.  A  device  for  con* 
verting  circular  into  rectilinear  motion,  or 
vice  versd. 

two-toed  ant-eater,  «. 

Zool. :  Cyclothvrus  didactylus^  one  of  the  tsro 
species  of  tlie  genus  Cyclothurna,  formerly 
included  in  Mynnecophaga.  It  is  about  the 
size  of  a  common  squirrel,  arboreal,  and  lives 
on  insects.  On  the  fore  limb  the  rudiments 
of  the  lir.st  and  fifth  digits  are  hidden  beneath 
the  skin,  and  the  second  and  third  digits  are 
furnished  with  claws;  the  feet  with  four  claws. 
From  the  forests  of  Costa  Uica,  Honduras, 
and  Brazil. 

two-toed  sloth,  s.    [UNAU.] 

*  two-tongued,  a.  Double-tongued,  de- 
ceitful 

"  I  hat«  the  two-tongued  hypocrite." 

Haiuljit:  1'talmi,  (X  M. 

two-toothed,  a.    [BIDENTATB.] 

Two-toothed  cachalot : 

ZooL :  Physeter  bidenst  first  obtained  !n  1300, 
off  the  coast  of  Elgin,  and  described  by 
Sowerby.  Now  made  a  species  of  Mesoplodon 
(q.v.). 

two  -valvod,  a.  Bivalvular,  as  a  shell, 
pod,  or  gluuiii. 

two-way  cock,  s.  A  form  of  cock  by 
which  the  water  may  be  distributed  to  each  of 
two  branches,  to  either  of  them  separately,  or 
be  entirely  shut  off. 

two  fold  (tw  as  t),  *  twi '-fold,  a.  &  adv. 

[A.S.  tmifeaidj  twigfeald.} 

A.  A*  adjective; 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Double,  duplicate ;  multi- 
plied by  two. 

"  Where  thoa  art  forc'd  to  break  a  twofold  truth." 
8hake*p. :  Sonnet  41. 

2.  Bot. :   Two  and  two  together  growing 
from  the  same  spot :  as,  twofold  leaves. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  double  degree ;  doubly, 
twice. 

"  Ye  make  him  twofold  more  the  child  of  bell  than 
yoimelve*."— Matt.  xxliL  16. 

*  two-ness  (tw  as  t),  s.    [Ena;.  two ;  -nes$.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  two ;  duplicity. 

twd'-pen-irjf  (usually  as  tHj/-pen~np),  a.  ft  t. 

[Eng,  (wo,  &nd  penny.] 
A.  As  adj. :  Of  the  value  of  two-pence ; 


hence,  common,  mean,  vulgar,  of  little  value. 

insignificant. 

"  He  think* a  whole  world  of  which  my  thought  it 
but  a  poor  two-pcnny  mirror. "-0,  Eliot :  Middlimarch, 
ok.  1.,  CD.  til. 

*  B.  As  subit. ;  Beer  sold  at  two-pence  a 
quart. 

"A  chopln  of  twopenny,  which  !•  a  thin,  y*»«ty 
b^erage  made  of  malt,"— Smollett:  ffumpUr^  din- 

twopenny-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  Lysimachia  Xummularia.  So  called 
by  Turner  from  its  pairs  of  round  leavet 
standing  together  on  each  side  of  the  atalk, 
like  pence.  [MONEYWORT.] 

twopenny-halfpenny,  a.     Worth  or 

costing  twopence-hallpenny ;  hence,   paltry, 
insignificant. 

"The  moderate  twopenny-halfpenny  Redistribution 
BUI  which  Mr.  t  Jliulntonc  intends  to  lutroduce.'1—  Pall 
Matt  Qaxettt,  July  17.  1884. 

two  -some  (tw  as  t),  a.  &  s.  [Eng.  two,  and 
suif.  -wine;  A.S.  same  =  together.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Applied  to  an  act,  as  a  dance, 
a  game  at  golf,  or  the  like,  performed  by  two 
persons. 

"  The  Mueaulinan'*  eye*  danced  twotom*  reels." 

Bood:  Miu  KilmanMffy. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  dance,  game,  or  the  like, 
performed  by  two  persons. 

*  twy'-bill,  s.    [TwiBiLL.] 

*  twy'-blade,  a.    [TWAYBLADB.] 
twy-er,  twy-ere,  s.    [TUVEBE.] 

twy  foil,  a.  &  s.  [A.S.  twi  =  double,  and  L*t 
folium  =a  leaf.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

Her. :  Having  ouly  two  leaven. 

B.  .-Is  substantive : 

Bot. :  The  Twayblade  (q.v.). 

*  twy  -forked,  a.     [A.S.  twi  =  double,  and 
Bug.  forked.}     Cleft  or  parted  iu  two,  like  a 
fork;  bifurcated. 

"  Her  flaming  head 
Tvyforktd  with  death." 

Vuarla;  Kmblfant  II.  xlli  lfc 

"  twy'-formed,  a.  [A.S.  twi  =  double,  and 
Eng.  formed.}  Having  two  forms ;  charac- 
terized by  a  double  shape,  or  by  a  form  made 
up  from  two  different  creatures  or  things ; 
twofold. 

"  This  huge  t«jtft*rmed  fabric  which  we  «»e." 

Dane*  :  A'umma  TotalU. 

*  ty'-all,  *.    [Eng.  tip  =  tie,  and  all.]     Some- 

tiling  that  ties  or  secures. 

Ty/-trarnt  i.  [EnglUh.]  The  place  of  exe- 
cution fur  criminals  convicted  in  the  county 
of  Middlesex  down  to  Nov.  7,  1788,  when  ft 
was  transferred  to  Newgate,  at  which  the  first 
execution  took  place  on  Dec.  9  in  the  same 
year.  The  name  Tyburnia  was  given,  about 
the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century,  to  the 
district  lying  between  Edgware  Road  and 
Westbourne  and  Gloucester  Terraces  and 
Craven  Hill,  and  bounded  on  the  south  by  the 
Bays  water  Road,  but  it  soon  fell  into  disuse. 

"The  name  1*  derived  from  a  brook  called  Tyburn, 
whiolkfioun-ildowii  from  Uampetead  into  tlieThauiea, 
— /.'.  Chambers  :  Book  of  Day*,  ii.  537. 

*1T(1)  To  fetch  a  Tyburn  stretch:  To  be 
hanged ;  to  come  to  the  gallows. 

"  Or  else  to  fetch  a  Tibourne^tretch 
A moug thereat."  Ttitter:  ffutbandrte,  p.  214. 

(2)  To  preach  at  Tyburn  Cross ;  To  be  hanged 

gn  allusion  to  the  speeches  made  by  con. 
•iimed  criminals  just  before  their  execution.) 

"  That  aoldiours  mUrve  nr  prnche  at  Tioonu  Grout." 

ti-rtcniyne  ;  Stifle  (Jt  it.  p.  U. 

*  Tyburn  pickadill,  s.    A  halter. 

M  Till  they  put  on  a  Tyburne.pickadUl ." 

Taylor:  J'rau--  of  J/emptud. 

*  Tyburn  ticket,  s.    A  ticket  granted 
(under  10  &  11  WilL  III.,  o.  23,  5  2)  to  prose- 
cutors who  had  secured  a  capital  conviction. 
This  ticket  exempted  the  prosecutor  "from 
all  manner  of  parish  and  ward  offices  within 
the  parish  wherein  such  felony  was  committed, 
whirh  certificate  shall  be  enrolled  with  the 
clerk  of  the  peace  of  the  county,  on  payment 
of  Is.  and  no  more."    This  Act  wus  repealed 
by  58  Geo.  III.,  c.  70,  passed  June  3,  1818. 
Tyburn-tickets  were  transferable,  and  often 
sold  for  a  high  price  (see  extract).    A  Tyburn- 
ticket  and  the  form  of  transfer  was  given  In 
Notes  £  Qiteries  (2nd  ser.,  xi.  395,  437). 

"  Ijwt  week,  uya  the  Stamford  Mertmrf  of  Ifaroh 
ST.  1818,  n  Tyburn-ticket  ww  sold  In  Maochcater  lot 
280*.  '—A'ottt  it  (Jucrie.t,  2nd  Mr.,  XI.  SM. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  s?j,  marine;  go.  ptff 
or,  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  sin ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.   <e,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


Tycnomc — tympanitis 


4887 


*  Tyburn-tiffany,  «•  •  A  halter.    (With 
•llnsion  to  Tyburn  as  a  place  of  execution.) 

"  Never  regarding  hangman's  feare, 
Till  TikurnJifany  he  i>«>re.- 

tii>ula>idi  :  Knan*  Qf  Heart*. 

*  Tyburn-tippet,  s.    A  halter. 

"He  should  have  had  a  Tlbvrnt-tipint,*  tmlfepemry 
kalttr."— Latimgr :  ft»rwwm».    (Nor«*.) 

*  Tyburn-tree,  s.    The  gallows. 

ry-ohon-le,  a.  [See  dof.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Tycho  Brahe  or  to  his  system  of  astronomy. 
Tycho  was  a  nobleman  of  Swedish  descent, 
•whose  grandfather  had  settled  in  Denmark. 
He  was  born  at  Knndsthorp  on  Dec.  14,  1546, 
three  years  after  the  death  of  Copernicus, 
carried  on  his  chief  observations  first  in  an 
observatory  of  Uniniberg,  built  for  him  on 
the  Island  of  Hven  or  Hoene  in  the  Baltic, 
and  on  losing  his  Danish  appointment,  near 
Prague,  where  he  died,  Oct.  13,  1801.  The 
leading  pointsof  the  system  were :  (1)  that  the 
fixed  stars  all  move  round  the  earth,  a  view 
existing  in  the  Ptolemaic  system  ;  (2)  that  all 
the  planets,  the  earth  only  excepted,  move 
round  the  sun,  an  opinion  beyond  that  of 
Ptolemy,  ami  to  a  large  extent,  though  not 
fully  adopting,  the  leading  tenet  of  the 
Copernican  system;  (3)  the  sun  with  its 
attendant  planets  revolves  round  the  earth ; 
(4)  that  the  orbits  'of  the  planets  cannot 
have  the  solidity  of  an  imagined  primum 
nubile,  since  they  are  intersected  in  various 
directions  by  the  orbits  of  comets. 

ty-ooon',  s.  [Jap.  taikun.  (See  def.y)  A 
title  assumed  by  the  Shogun,  or  generalissimo 
of  Japan,  between  1864  and  1868,  In  order  to 
impress  the  ambassadors  of  the  Western 
Powers  with  the  belief  that  he  was  the  real 
ruler  of  the  country. 

"  Prior  to  the  recent  revolntlon  [in  IMS]  the  foreign 
treaties  were  concluded  with  the  ministers  of  the 
BhoKun  at  Yedo.  under  the  erroneous  impression  that 
hi  was  the  Emperor  of  J.pan.  The  title  of  taikun 
(oft.-n  misspelt  tycoon)  waa  then  for  the  first  time 
ised ;  It  mean,  literally  the  'great  ruler,'  and  .'as  em- 
Dloyed  for  the  occasion  by  the  Tokugawa  officials  to 
convey  the  impression  that  their  chief  «as  in  reality 
the  lord  naramount."-«iK»c.  Brit.  led.  »th>,  Ilii.  m. 

•  tyde,  s.    [TIDE,  >.] 

*  ty-dy,  '•    [TroT,  ».]    Some  unidentified  kind 
of  singing-bird.    (Drayton:  Poly-Olbion,  s.  3.) 

*tee,  ii.t.     [Tm,  ».] 

tye,  s.    [TIE,  ».] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  tie,  a  bond,  a  fastening. 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Mining :  An  inclined  trough  for  separat- 
ing ore  by  means  of  a  flowing  stream  of  water. 
The  slimes  are  allowed  to  flow  in  a  thin  wide 
stream  upon  the  upper  part  of  the  trough,  then 
disturbed  by  a  broom,  and  collected,  accord- 
big  to  relative  weight  and  quality,  at  different 
pai'ts  of  the  length  of  the  trough.    The  sorts 
•re  known  ns  heads,  middles,  and  tails ;  the 
first  going  to  pile,  the  second  is  re-tyed,  the 
third  is  refuse. 

2.  Kant. :  A  rope  by  which  a  yard  is  hoisted. 
It  pauses  through  the  mast;  one  end  is  at- 
tached to  the  middle  of  the  yard,  and  the 
other  end  is  hooked  to  a  purchase  composed 
of  the  tye-hlock  and  fly-block,  by  which  the 
hoisting  is  effected. 

tye  block,  s. 

Naut. :  An  iron-bound  iwivelled  block, 
bolted  into  an  eye  in  the  hoop  round  the 
yard  ;  through  it  the  tye  for  hoisting  the  yard 
is  rove. 

•ty'-or,  s.    [Eng.  tye  =  tie;   -*r.]     One  who 

ties  or  unites. 


•ty'-gresse,  «.    [TIORESS.] 
*ty'-grisn,  o.    [TioBisH.] 

ty'-Kng.  s.    [TYE,  «.] 

Alining:  The  operation  of  waihing  tin  or 
copper  ores.  [TYE,  It.  1.] 

tyke,  «.    [TiKS.] 
1.  A  dog. 

"The  large  number  of  fn»  and  Independent  (»fe. 
who  scorn  iuast™hip.--fl,.illf  3VIWroA  D.C.S,  US* 

•  2.  A  low  fellow. 

3.  A  Yorkshireman.    (Slang  Diet.) 

tyle,  s.    [TIL*,  i.  (2).J 
tyle-berry,  ». 

Rot  •  Jatrvphti  multiflda.  An  American 
shrub  cultivated  in  Indian  gardens,  where 
it  is  known  as  the  Coral  plant,  the  flowers 
having  a  considerable  resemblance  to  coral. 

ty'-ler, ».    [TILER.] 

tV-l6-,  pref.  [Gr.  TiiAo?  (Mas)  =  a  knot  or 
callus,  a  knob,  a  protuberance.]  Having  a 
swelling  or  protuberant  process  or  processes. 

ty-l4-di'-na,  >.     [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  TVAOS 

(Mas).]     [TYLO-.] 

Zoo/.  <fr  Palaumi.  :  A  genus  of  Pleuro- 
branchiie  with  three  recent  species,  from  the 
Mediterranean  and  Norway.  Shell  limpet- 
like  depressed,  apex  sub-central,  with  a 
minute  spiral  nucleus.  One  fossil  species, 
from  the  Tertiary. 

ty-lo-don,  s.  [Pref.  tylo-,  and  Gr.  Mo« 
(odous),  genit.  OOOKTOC  (odontat)  =  a  tooth.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Viverridse,  from  the 
Eocene  Tertiary  of  Europe.  The  animals 
were  about  the  size  of  a  Glutton. 

ty-lSph'-or-o,  s.  [Pref.  tylo-,  and  Gr.  <f>op<K 
(pharos)  =  bearing  ;  named  from  the  ventn- 
cose  pollen  masses.] 

Sot  •  A  genus  of  Stapeliese.  Twining  herbs 
or  undershrubs,  with  opposite  membranous 
leaves  Corolla  five-parted  ;  the  corona  five- 
leaved  ;  the  leaflets  simple,  fleshy;  follicles 
smooth,  tapering  towards  the  apex,  com- 
pressed, somewhat  angular  on  one  side.  Ty- 
laphora  asthmatica  Is  an  Indian  twiner,  downy 
when  young,  with  opposite,  petioled,  linear 
leaves,  and  purplish  flowers.  The  roots,  which 
consist  of  fleshy  fibres  from  a  small  head,  are 
acrid  and  are  used  on  the  Coromandel  coast 
as  a  substitute  for  ipecacuanha.  Dr.  Rox- 
burgh the  botanist,  Dr.  J.  Anderson,  and 
others,  have  borne  high  testimony  to  its 
utility  in  this  respect.  The  dried  leaves  are 
emetic,  diaphoretic,  and  expectorant  Dy- 
mnck  says  that  T.  fasciata,  found  in  various 
Indian  hills,  is  used  as  a  poison  for  rats. 
ty-lSp'-i-do,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  tylo-,  and  Gr.  trout 
(pous),  genii.  iroSos  (polios)  =  a  foot.] 

Zool,  <t  Palceont. :  A  group  of  Selenodont 
Artiodactyles,  equivalent  to  the  family  Came- 
lidae  (q.v.). 

ty-lS-sau'-rtw,    «.     [Pref.   tylo-,    and   Gr. 
o-ovpos  (sauros),  croupa  (mum)  =  a  lizard.] 

Paheont. :  A  genus  of  Mososaurida?  from  the 
Cretaceous  rocks. 

ty-lo'-Bla,  J.    [Or.  TI!X«.O-«  (tvlosis)  =  a  mak- 
ing or  becoming  callous.) 

Sot. :  The  filling  up  of  punctated  vessels 
with  cellular  tissue. 


ty~fo6n',  s.    [TYPHOON.] 


•t*g,   ».     [Etym.  doubtful.]     Some  kipd   of 
Ihuking  vessel. 

"Three-handled  tya,  a  drinking  (rap  of  the  time  so 
kandled  that  three  different  persons  drinking  out  of 
It.  and  each  using  a  separate  handle  brought  their 
mouths  to  different  part*  of  the  rim.  —  Catalogue  of 
Specimen*  (Latham.) 

%  The  name  is  still  applied  in  Oxford  to  an 
ordinary  round  pot  with  three  handles,  much 
used  for  cups,  &c. 

ty'-ger,  ».    [TIOEB.] 

•1.  Ord.  Lang.:  A  tiger  (q.v.). 
2.  Her. :  A  beast  more  resembling  a  Hon 
than  a  tiger,  having  a  pointed  nose,  and  a 
tufted  mane,  legs,  and  tail.    It  is  seldom  used, 
and  is  condemned  by  good  heralds. 


ty-lSs'-to-ma,  s.    [Pref.  tylo-,  and  Gr.  o-rojio 
(stoma)  =  a  mouth.] 

1.  Zool. :  A  genus  of  Vampyri  (q.v.) ;  muzzle 
short,  nose-leaf  free  in  front  and  on  sides ; 
ears  large,  separate,  lower  lip  with  a  V-shaped 
space  in  front,   margined  by  warts;    wing- 
membrane  extending  almost  to  the  base  of 
the  toes,  Interfemoral  membrane  very  large, 
extending  beyond  the  feet.     There  are  two 
species  from  Brazil  and  Surinam. 

2.  Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Tomatellidaj  (q.v.), 
with  four  species,  from  the  Lower  Cretaceous 
rocks  of  Portugal.    Shell  ventricose,  smooth 
or  punctate-striate,  spire  moderate,  aperture 
ovate-lunate  ;  outer  lip  periodically  thickened 
inside  and  expanded,  rising  slightly ;  under 
lip  callous,  spread  over  body-whorl. 

t*tn'-bal,  !.    [Kr.  limbale,  from  Arab,  thabal 
a  tymbal ;  Ital.  tinballo,  tahaUo.] 
Music  :  A  kind  of  kettle-drum. 

"  A  tumbati  sound  were  better  than  my  voice/' 

Prior :  cimrwy. 


tymp,  s.    [TYMPANUM.]- 

Mftall. :   A  space  in  the  bottom  of  a 
furnace,  adjoining  the  crucible. 

tymp  plate,  s.  A  plate  in  front  of  th« 
hearth  of  a  blast-furnace. 

tymp  stone,  s.  The  stone  which  forum 
the  front  of  the  hearth  in  a  blast-furnace. 

tym'- pan,  "tlm'-pan,  'tlm-pane,  «. 

[Fr.,  from  Lat.  tymjtannm.]    [TYMPANUM.] 

1.  Arch. :  A  triangular  space  or  table  in  the 
corners  or  sides  of  an  arch,  usually  hollowed, 
and  enriched  with  branches  of  laurel,  olive, 
oak,  &c.,  and  sometimes  with  emblematical 
figures. 

*2.  Music:  A  drum,  a  kettle-drum. 

3  Print. :  A  rectangular  frame  hinged  by 
one  edge  to  the  carriage  of  a  printing-press, 
and  having  stretched  across  it  a  piece  of  cloth 
or  parchment.  The  blank  sheets  are  laid 
upon  the  tympan,  in  order  to  be  brought 
do wnnpon  the  forme  to  receive  the  impression. 
The  blank  sheet  is  fitted  upon  the  tympan- 
sheet  which  is  of  the  smne  size  as  the  paper 
to  be  printed,  and  forms  a  guide  for  placing 
it.  The  blank  sheet  is  held  by  the  frisket. 
The  inner  tympan  is  a  smaller  frame  covered 
with  canvas,  and  the  two  tympans  hold  the 
blanket  between  them. 

4.  A  framework  covered  with  some  tense 
material. 

"  In  my  present  invention  I  make  Dae  of  the  vibra- 
tions Biv.u  to  a  diaphragm  mtympa"  >*  speakmf 
Into  a  resonant  oaee.  —  Titnei,  March  29.  1886. 

tympan  sheet,  s. 

I'riut. :  A  sheet  of  paper  like  that  to  be 
printed,  laid  on  the  tympan  as  a  guide  for 
position  in  placing  the  sheets  to  be  printed. 

tym'-pan-al,  a.    [Eng.   tympan;  al.]     Th» 
same  as  TYMPANIC  (q.v.). 

tjm'-pan-i,  s.  pi.    [TYMPASO.] 
tym-pan'-Ic,  a.  &  t.   [Eng.  tympan(um);  -fc.) 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Like  a  drum  or  tympanum  ; 
acting  like  a  drum-head. 

2.  Anat. :   Of,  belonging  to,  or  connected 
with  the  tympanum. 

"The  tfmfanic  bone  is  produced  upwards  and  out- 
wards and  forma  a  tube  with  everted  hps.  —  TranM. 
Jlmer.  Phild.  Sociity,  xiii.  2U5.  (1873.) 

B.  As  substantive : 

Anat.  (PL)  :  The  bones  which  give  attach- 
ment to  the  memhrana  tympo.nl  of  the  ear  or 
its  homologue  ;  the  tympanic  ring  and  audi- 
tory process  with  the  post-glenoid  part  of  tb» 
temporal  bone. 

tympanic  bones,  s.  pi. 

Anat.  :  [TYMPASic,  B.]. 

tympanic  plate,  «. 

Anat. :  A  lamina,  the  surface  of  which 
forms  the  anterior  wall  of  the  external  audi- 
tory meatus  and  the  tympanum,  while  the 
posterior  one  looks  toward  the  glenoid  fossa. 
It  is  developed  from  the  outer  surface  of  tha 
tympanic  ring. 

tympanic-ring,  s. 

Anat. :  An  imperfect  circle  in  the  foetus, 
open  superiorly,  and  enclosing  the  tympanic 
membrane. 

tyin-pan-i'-tey,  ».  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  TV^OV- 
ITTJC  (tumpanitU)  =  the  disease  defined  in  th» 
article.] 

Pathol. :  Distension  of  the  parietes  of  th» 
abdomen,  remaining  unchanged  under  differ- 
ent positions  of  the  body,  not  yielding  readily 
to  pressure,  and  when  the  pressure  is  with- 
drawn, elastically  returning  to  its  former  state, 
while,  if  struck,  there  is  a  resonance  like  that 
of  a  drum.  The  distending  medium  is  air 
within  or  external  to  the  intestinal  canal. 
The  Greeks  and  Romans  considered  it  a  form 
of  dropsy  ;  afterwards  it  became  distinguished 
as  dry  dropsy.  It  is  sometimes  one  symptom 
of  hysteria. 


t*m-pan-it'-Ic.  a.  [Eng.  tympanites);  -ic.) 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  tympany  or  tympan- 
ites ;  affected  with  tympany  or  tympanites. 

"  Producing  a  tympanitis  action  in  that  organ."— 
:  tlavfnlhoe,  ch.  xii. 


tym  pan-i  ti»,  ».    [Gr.  Tunira 
=  a  Kettle-drum  ;  suff.  -His.} 

Pathol.  :  Inflammation  of  the  lining  mem- 
brane of  the  tympanum. 


4888 


tympanlze— type 


•  t#m'-pan-ize,  v.i.  ft  «.    [O.  Fr.  tympanixr  ; 
Lat.  tympanizo;  Gr.  TvuiraWfio  ((umpanuo).! 

(TYMPANUM.  1 

A.  Intrans. :  To  act  the  part  of  a  drummer. 
(Cola.) 

B.  Trans. :  To  make  into  a  drum ;  to  stretch 
the  skin  of,  as  on  a  drum. 

"If  this  be  not  to  be  sawn  asunder  as  Eeay,  atoned 
A*  Jeremy,  made  a  drum  or  tympaniMt,  as  other 
™?H  «•<«•"-<««»  /  £</«  O'  (TWoert,  M.  J.  b. 

tym-pan-o  (pi.  tym'-pan-!),  -tlm'- 
pan-o,  s.    [Ital.]    [TYMPANUM.] 

Music:   A  kettledrum   (said  especially  of 
the  kettledrums  of  an  orchestra). 


-.  pref.    [TYMPANDK.] 

Anat. :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  connected 
with  the  tympanum. 

tympano  hyal,  a.  &  «. 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  tym- 
panum and  the  hyoid  bone.     Used  in  the 
term,  the  tympano-hyal  bones. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  styloid  process  of  the 
temporal  bone,  the  stylo-hyals.    (Flower.) 

tym  pan-oph -or  a,  s.  [Gr.  TV^ITOIW 
(tumpanon)  =  a  kettle-drum,  and  Aopds  (phor- 
os)=  bearing.] 

Palmobot. :  A  genus  of  Fossil  Ferns  from  the 
Lower  Oolite  of  Yorkshire.  Known  British 
species  two. 

tym'-pan-um,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  nipirapov 
(tumpanon)  =  a  drum,  a  roller,  area  of  a  pedi- 
ment, panel  of  a  door,  from  rvnavov  (tupanon) 
=  a  drum,  from  Tvirru  (tuptS)  =  to  strike.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  drum,  a  framework 
covered  with  some  tense  material. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Anat. :  The  drum,  middle  ear,  or  middle 
chamber  of  the  ear;  a  narrow,  irregular 
cavity  in  the  substance  of  the  tempoval  bone, 
placed  between  the  inner  end  of  the  external 
auditory  canal  and  the  labyrinth.  Its  roof 
is  formed  by  a  thin  plate  of  bone  situated  on 
the  upper  surface  of  the  petrous  bone,  its 
floor  is  a  narrow  space,  its  outer  wall  is 
formed  mainly  by  a  thin,  semitransparent 
membrane — the  membrana  timpani— which 
closes  the  inner  end  of  the  external  auditory 
meatns  ;  its  inner  wall  is  uneven,  its  anterior 
extremity  is  narrowed  by  the  gradual  descent 
of  the  roof,  and  is  continued  Into  the  Ensta- 
chian  orifice,  and  its  posterior  one  has  at  its 
upper  part  a  large,  and  several  small  ojwnings 
leading  into  the  mastoid  cells.  The  tympan- 
am  receives  the  atmospheric  air  from  the 
pharynx  through  the  Ei-.stachian  tube,  and 
contains  a  chain  of  small  bones  by  means  of 
which  the  vibrations  communicated  from  with- 
out to  the  membrana  tympani  are  in  part  con- 
veyed across  the  cavity  to  the  sentient  part 
of  the  internal  ear.  (Quain.) 

2.  Architecture: 

(1)  The  triangular  panel  of  the  fastiginm 
or  pediment  of  any  building,  comprehended  be- 
tween its  corona  and  that  of  the  entablature. 


TYMPANUM. 
(From  Doorway,  Eutndine.) 

(2)  The  space  between  the  top  of  *  door 
•nd  the  arch  enclosing  it. 

(3)  The  die  of  a  pediment 

(4)  The  panel  of  a  door. 

3.  Bot, :  The  same  as  Epiphragm  (q.v.). 

4.  Hydraul.  Engin. :  An  ancient  form  of 
•wheel  for  elevating  water.    Its  original  form 
ivas  like  that  of  a  drum,  whence  its  name.    It 
was  a  cylinder  with  radial  partitions  and  small 
openings  in  the  periphery,  which  admitted  a 
certain  quantity  of  water  into  the  chambers 
thus  formed  as  those  portions  of  the  peri- 
phery came  in  turn  to  be  submerged.    As  the 
wheel  revolved,  such  portions  of  water  were 


carried  up  and  flowed  along  the  partition 
toward  the  axis  around  which  the  water  was 
discharged,  being  elevated  to  a  height  nearly 
equal  to  the  radius  of  the  wheel.  The  wheel 
was  driven  by  floats  on  the  periphery  or  side 
of  the  wheel,  or  by  means  of  animal  or  manual 
power,  and  had  several  modifications. 

5.  Uach. :  A  kind  of  hollow  tread-wheel, 
wherein  two  or  more  persons  walk,  in  orrler 
to  turn  it,  and  thus  give  motion  to  a  machine. 

6.  Music:  A  hand-drum  or  tambourine,  but 
covered  with  parchment,  back  and  front.    It 
was  used  in  conjunction  with  various  kinds 
of  harps,  lyres,  and  pipes,  cymbals  of  metal, 
the  straight  brass  trumpet  and  curved  brass 
horn,  the  castanets  of  wood  and  metal. 

"Ireland  [aalth  one!  uses  the  harp  and  pipe.  which 
he  calls  tympanum.'—  Drayten  :  faiy-Ollitoa,  a.  «. 

tym'-pan-jf,  *  tym-pan-ie,  s.    [Fr.  tym- 
innie,  from   Or.   ruii.-rra.vw   (tumpanias)  =  a 
kind  of  dropsy  in  which  the  belly  is  stretched 
tight  like  a  drum.] 
1.  Lit. :  The  same  as  TYMPANITES  (q.v.). 

..".So*n»*  a«  in  a  Isimpaay  their  very  greatness  wai 
their  disease,  —fuller:  Worthies;  Cambridgethire. 

*  2.  Fig. :  Inflation,  conceit,  bombast,  tur- 
gid ity. 

"  In  the  flrrt  leaf  of  my  defence.  I  fore-told  yon  ao 
much  ;  as  finding  nothing  in  that  swollen  bulk  but  a 
meer  unsound  tympanie.  instead  of  a  truly  solid  con- 
ception. '—  Bp.  Halt:  A  Short  Antteer.  (Pref.) 


«.  pi.     [Lat.  =the  sons  of 

Tyndarus  ;  Gr.  Twoaproc  (Tundareos),  *  TvV 
6opos  (Tundaros).     See  def.] 

1.  Class.  Mythol.  :   Castor  and  Pollux,  the 
sons  of  Tyndarus,  king  of  Lacedcemon  and 
husband  of  Leda. 

2.  Meteor:  One  of  the  names  given  to  two 
meteors  or  balls  adhering  to  the  rigging  of  a 
ship  during  certain  states  of  the  weather. 
More  generally  called  Castor  and  Pollux. 

*  tyne,  v.t.    [TINB,  ».] 

*  tyne  (1),  «.    [TINE,  «.] 

*  tyne  (2),  ».    [TEEN.]    Anxiety,  pain,  sorrow. 
"  ty'-njf,  o.    [TINY.] 

*  typ  -al,  o.    [Bug.  typ(e);  -al.}   Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  type ;  constituting  or  serving  as  a 
type  ;  typical. 

type,  *  tlpe,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  typum,  accus. 
of  typus  =  a  figure,  an  image,  a  type,  from  Gr. 
TVITOS  (tupos)  =  t\  blow,  a  mark,  a  figure,  a 
type,  a  character  of  a  disease,  from  rvirru 
(tupto)  =  to  strike,  to  beat ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  tipo.) 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Distinguishing   mark   or   stamp ;   sign, 
emblem,  characteristic. 

"  Thy  father  bears  the  t,pe  of  king  of  Naples.' 
Sltaicetp.     3  Henry  IV..  I,  4. 

2.  An  allegorical  or  symbolical  representa- 
tion of  some  object  (called  the  antitype);  a 
symbol,  a  sign,  an  emblem.    [II.  6.] 

"  Informing  them  by  ttipa 
And  shadows  of  that  destined  aeed  to  bruise 
The  seri>eut,  by  what  means  he  shall  achieve 
Mankind's  deliverance."  MUton :  P.  L.,  ili  1SS. 

3.  An  example  or  specimen   of  any  class 
which  is  considered  as  eminently  possessing 
or  exhibiting  the  properties  or  character  of 
the  class  ;  the  ideal  representation  of  a  group 
combining   its    essential   characteristics ;    a 
general  form  or  structure  pervading  a  number 
of  individuals.    (Used  especially  in  natural 
science.) 

4.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  6. 

"  He  who  wishes  to  trace  the  art  in  Its  gradual  pro- 
gress, from  the  wooden  and  immoveable  letter  to  the 
moveable  and  metal  type,  and  to  the  completion  of 
the  whole  contrivance,  will  receive  satisfactory  Infor. 
mation  from  the  annuls  of  the  elaborate  Mattalre."— 
Snrac :  Eaay  IK. 

IL  Technically: 
L  Art: 

(1)  The  original  conception  in  art  which 
becomes  the  subject  of  a  copy. 

(2)  The  design  on  the  face  of  a  medal  or 
coin. 

2.  Biology: 

(1)  A  common  plan  to  which  certain  groups 
of  animals  conform  ;  hence,  often  used  as 
equivalent  to  sub-kingdom,  or  the  first  great 
division  of  a  sub-kingdom.  To  Lamarck  is 
due  the  credit  of  a  great  advance  in  general 
morphology,  by  pointing  out  that  mammals, 
birds,  reptiles,  and  fishes  possess  one  essen- 
tial in  common— a  spinal  column  interposed 
between  a  cerebro-spinal  and  a  visceral  cavity, 


which  is  absent  in  all  other  animals.  Hence, 
he  classed  the  former  as  Vertebrata  and  the 
latter  as  Invertebrata,  The  labours  of  other 
naturalists  soon  established  the  fact  that  the 
Invertebrata  did  not  conform  to  one  common 
plan  or  type  ;  and  in  1795  Cuvier  showed  that 
at  fewest  three  morphological  types,  as  dis- 
tinct from  each  other  as  they  are  from  the 
Vertebrata,  existed  among  the  Invertebrata : 
Mollusea,  Articulata,  and  Radiata.  Von  Baer, 
some  years  later,  came  to  the  same  conclusion 
on  embryologicai  grounds.  [ZooLOOv.] 

"  Even  the  hiatus  between  the  Vertebrata  and  the 
Invertebrata  is  partly.  If  not  wholly,  bridged  over  • 
and  though  among  the  Invertebrata  there  is  no  diffi- 
culty m  distinguishing  the  more  completely  differen- 
tlateo  representatives  of  such  lypet  or  comiuon  ulans 
as  tboae  of  the  Anthropoda,  the  Annelida,  the  Mol 
lusca,  the  Tunicata,  the  Echinodermata,  the  Coelen- 
terata,  and  the  Porifera.  yet  every  year  brings  forth 
fresh  evidence  to  the  effect  that  lust  as  the'  [>lan  of 
the  plant  Is  not  absolutely  distinct  from  that  of  the 
annual,  so  that  of  the  Vertebrate  has  its  points  of 
community  with  certain  of  the  Invertebrates ;  that 
the  Arthropod,  the  Mollusk,  and  the  Ecbinoderm 
plain  are  united  by  that  of  the  lower  worms,  and  that 
the  plan  o[  the  fiuter  is  separated  by  no  very  great 
differences  from  that  of  the  Cceleuterate  and  that  of 
the  Sponge."— Buxley:  Anat.  Invert.  Anim.,  pp.  49,  JO. 

(2)  A  typical  representative.  (Applied  to 
an  individual,  a  species,  a  genus,  a  sub- 
family, or  a  family  having  the  characteristics 
of  the  group  under  which  it  is  immediately 
comprised. 

"The  tape  of  a  genus  should  be  the  species  which 
best  exhibits  the  characters  of  the  group  nut  it  is  not 
always  easy  to  follow  out  this  rule  ;  and  couNe-iuently 
the  first  on  the  list  ia  often  put  forward  as  the  type. 
—  H'orjduiard :  MollUKa  (ed.  Tate),  p.  49. 

3.  Chem. :  The  type-theory  assigns  the  con- 
stitution of  compounds  to  certain  simple 
bodies  such  as  hydrogen,  water,  ammonia, 
and  marsh  gas,  CH4,  and  proceeds  on  the 
assumption  that  the  hydrogen  of  the  type 
substance  is  replaced  by  the  element  or  com- 
pound radical  eutering  into  combination  with 
it.  In  this  view  the  alcohols  may  be  regarded 
as  belonging  to  the  water  type,  5  !•  O,  and  to 
be  formed  by  the  substitution  of  H  in  S  j-  O 
by  the  alcohol  radical — e.g.,  ethylic  alcohol  ia 
represented  as  C2g5  j  O.  In  like  manner  the 
whole  series  of  amines  and  amides  may  be 
referred  to  the  ammonia  type,  in  which  one 
or  more  atoms  of  H  are  replaced  by  radicals. 
Triethyl  amine  may  thus  be  regarded  as  being 
ammonia,  in  which  all  the  hydrogen  is  replaced 

by  ethyl  =  C^Hj  I N.  Oxamide  again  is  shown 

with  a  divalent  radical  replacing  two  atoms 
of  hydrogen  in  a  double  molecule  of  ammonia- 
oxamide  =  CagS  j-  N2.  The  type-theory  was 
systematized  by  Gerhardt  some  years  ago, 
but  it  is  now  largely  superseded  by  the  us» 
of  formulae  representing  a  more  accurate  ac- 
quaintance with  the  internal  constitution  of 
chemical  compounds. 

4.  Pathol. :  The  order  in  which  the  symp- 
toms of  a  disease  succeed  each  other.  The  type 
may  be  continued,  intermittent,  or  remittent. 

5.  Printing: 

(1)  A  parallelopipedon  or  square  prism  with 
a  raised  letter  on  the  upper  end,  used  in  print- 
ing.   [PRINTING.] 

(2)  Types    collectively ;    the    quantity    of 
types  used  iu  printing.    Types  must  be  of  a 
uniform  height,  and  jierfectly  true  in  their 
angles,  otherwise  they  could  not  be  locked  up 
in  a  forme  (q.v.).     The  parts  of  a  type  are 
known  as  body,  face,  shoulder,  nick,  groove, 
and  feet.  The  fine  lines  at  the  top  and  bottom 
of  a  letter  are  called  serifs  ;  the  parts  of  the 
face  of  some  letters,  such  as  j  and  k,  which 
project  over  the  body,  are  called  kerns.    Type 
Is  distinguished  by  names  indicating  the  size 
of  the  body  and  the  consequent  number  which 
will  go  in  a  given  space ;  by  the  different  sizes 
or  styles  of  face  on  a  given  body ;  by  the  case, 
as  upper  or  lower,  caps  or  small  letter ;  by 
peculiar  style  or  ornamental  characteristic. 

(a)  As   to  size :    Semi-nonpareil,   brilliant, 
gem,  diamond,  pearl,  ruby,  nonpareil,  emerald, 
minion,  brevier,  bourgeoise,  long  primer,  small 
pica,  pica,  English,  great  primer,  canon,  &c. 
[See  these  words.) 

(b)  As  to  face  :  Full,  heavy  or  fat,  light, 
condensed,  elongated,  compressed. 

(c)  As  to  case :  Caps  or  upper  case ;  small 
letters,  or  lower  case. 

(d)  As  to  style  :  Roman,  Italic,  black  letter, 
script,  German  text,  Gothic,  antique,  sans 
serif,  old  style,  hair  line,  to. 


ftte,  at,  &re,  amidst,  wliat.  toll,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p5t. 
or,  wore,  wgli;  work,  whd,  son;  mate,  oftb,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  lull:  try,  Syrian,    te.  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  o.n  =  kw. 


type— typhlonos 


A  fount  or  font  Is  a  complete  assortment  of 
any  given  kind  of  type,  the  number  of  each 
letter  being  In  proportion  to  the  frequence  of 
Ha  occurrence  in  printed  matter,  thus : 


a  ...  »."»> 
b  ...   t.ooo 

4.0WI 


..  ...  e.m 

I  ...  >.<"! 

j  ...  wo 

V  ...  »» 


1.000 
p    ...     J.WO 

q  ...      wo 

..    7.000 
8,0-x) 


«.*» 

...     1.MO 

...     1.100 




..     1.000 

1   "  'torn    m  '.'.'.   •'.m,   I    ".'..  »Sooo 

K    ...    i,ooo  I  n    ...    I.OOU 

A  complete  fount  of  ty|K!,  Including  roman 
and  Italic,  with  capitals,  figures,  points,  and 
'insists  of  226  different  characters. 

B.  Tkeol. :  An  object,  office,  institution,  in- 
rlivi'iual,  or  action  by  which  <:hnxt,  his  life, 
(l.:,th,  atoning  sacriflce,  was  prefigured.  [Tv- 

K  For  the  difference  between  type  and  Jlfurt 
see  PIOUBE. 

•J  In  type:  Set  np,  ready  for  printing; 
having  all  the  types  duly  arranged  so  that  an 
Imprison  can  be  taken  when  desired. 

type  block,  §.  A  block  having  upon  it 
raised  figures  representing  letters  or  numbers. 

type-casting.  «.     The   same  as  TYPC- 

FOUNDINO  'M.  '•'•>- 
type-casting  and  setting  machine. 

s      One  which  makes  Its  type  from  matrices. 
and  sets  them  In  a  row,  or  in  galley,  as  the 
letter-keys  of  the  machine  are  manipulated  in 
the  order  of  the  copy, 
typo  composing  machine,  i.    [Tvp«- 

•KTTINO   MACHINE.) 

type-dressing  machine,  >.  A  machine 
forming  a  substitute  for  the  usual  mode, 
which  Is  to  rub  the  type  liy  hand  upon  the 
plane  surface  of  a  stone,  using  as  an  auxiliary 
ft  scraper  or  file. 

typo  founder,  ».  One  who  cast*  or 
manufactures  types. 

type- founding.  «.  The  act,  art,  or  prac- 
tice of  casting  or  manufacturing  movable 
metallic  types  for  use  by  printers. 

type-foundry,  type-foundery,  i.  A 
place  where  types  are  manufactured. 

type-gauge,  «  A  stick  or  rule  having 
upon  it*  sides  or  edges  the  measure  of  the 
various  sizes  of  type,  so  as  to  readily  Indi'-ate 
the  number  of  lines  by  laying  it  alongside  a 
column  of  matter  or  proof,  or  the  ems  in  • 
line  by  placing  it  along  the  line. 

type  high,  a.  Of  the  height  or  length 
of  printed  type  =  ft  of  an  Inch. 

type-metal,  >.  A  white  alloy  for  cast  ing 
type,  composed  of  lead,  antimony,  and  tin. 
Large  type  has  the  largest  proportion  of  lead 
small  type  has  more  antimony  to  render  il 
harder  and  enable  it  to  resist  wear.  Type  Is 
sometimes  faced  with  copper  or  with  nickel, 
to  render  It  more  durable.  The  nickel  has  the 
additional  advantage  of  not  acting  on  or  being 
•fleeted  by  the  chemicals  In  the  Ink. 

"rnM-meMrf  lie]  the  eltor  of  lead  And  antimony 

In  outing  prinUr'i  typee,  the  ueaol  proportion!  being 
one  pert  of  utlmouy  to  three  o(  leed,  bat  »  enpertol 
anil  harder  kind  of  type  U  eomeUnue  nude  by  elloy 
Ing  two  nertt  of  leed  with  one  of  u.tlinooy«na  one  of 
tin.  Both  theee  elloye  teie  s  ehup  liopreeelon  (rom 
the  mould  or  matrix,  owing  to  their  ezpenilon  on 
solidification,  end  they  ert  herd  enough  to  lUnfl  the 
work  of  the  pnee,  without  being  brittle  or  lUble  to 
fracture."— Fronde  t  Co*. 

type-setter,  -.. 

L  On*  who  set*  op  type  ;  a  compositor. 

J.  A  type-setting  or  composing  machine 
(q.v.). 

type-setting,  «.  The  act  or  process  o 
setting  up  or  arranging  types  In  the  com 
posing-stick,  ready  to  be  printed  from. 

Type-letting  machine :  A  composing-machine 
tor  typ*.  There  are  several  varieties  o 
machines  for  this  purpose.  The  older  style 
have  separate  grooves,  receptacles,  or  galley 
for  each  sort,  and  the  mechanical  arrange 
ment  Is  such  that  on  touching  a  key,  ar 
ranged  with  others  like  the  key-board  of 
piano,  tlie  end  type  of  a  row  U  displaced,  an 
b  conducted  In  a  channel  or  by  a  tape  to 
composing-stick,  where  the  ty|*s  are  arrange 
In  regular  order  in  a  line  of  indefinite  length 
and  from  whence  they  are  removed  in  sncces 
sive  portions  to  a  justlfylng-stlck,  in  whic 
they  are  spaced  out  to  the  proper  length  o 
line  required.  Another  and  utter  machine  cast 
the  type  as  set,  assembling  the  same,  properl 
justified,  on  galleys.  It  act*  automatical!} 


working  from  a  perforated  roll  previously  pre- 
pared by  a  very  Ingenious  machine  somewhat 
resembling  a  type-writer.  The  term  Is  also 
improperly  applied  to  the  linotype,  a  mAcliir,'- 
which  casts  type  li  n««  from  assembled  matrices. 
Type-filing  telegraph  •'  A  form  of  telegraph 
in  which  the  message  at  th.  receiving  end  Is 
set  up  In  tyi*.  The  title  is  also  held  to 
mean,  but  do*-H  not  correctly  detinc,  the  in 
strtiment  In  which  certai  made 

ver  an  impression  In  consecution,  and 
so  spell  out  the  message. 

type-wheel,  ».  A  disk  having  raised 
letters  on  its  periphery,  employed  for  printing 
or  stamping,  and  In  some  forms  of  telegraph. 

type  -write,  «J.  To  write  with  a  type- 
writing machine. 

type-writer,  i. 

1.  A  mechanical  contrivance  for  super- 
seding the  use  of  the  pen,  and  by  which 
letters  are  produced  by  the  impression  of 
Inked  types.  Tyi«  writers  are  of  various 
kin.ls,  but  all  are  furnished  with  (1)  a  move- 
ment for  bringing  the  type  to  a  common 
printing  point ;  ('.!)  a  contrivance  for  Inkinx 
the  type  ;  (3)  a  movement  for  Impressing  tin 
type  on  the  paper ;  and  (4)  a  contrivance  for 
spacing  words  and  lines.  The  type-writers 
ordinarily  In  use  are  about  the  size  of  a 
sewing-machine,  and  are  worked  by  means  of 
keys,  each  communicating  with  a  lever  ter 
initiating  in  a  sort  of  transverse  bar  or  crutch 
head  which  carries  a  type  on  each  extremity. 
By  means  of  two  keys  at  opposite  ends  of  the 
board  the  paper  carrier  Is  moved  backwards 
or  forwards,  so  that  In  one  position  It  receives 
•  blow  from  one  end  of  the  transverse  bar, 
and  in  the  other  position  from  the  second  end. 
In  an  older  and  simpler  form  of  type-writer 
each  key  governs  a  lever  furnished  with  a 
single  character,  Instead  of  one  at  each  end. 
The  types  are  Inked  by  means  of  an  Inking- 
ribbon,  placed  directly  over  the  point  where 
all  the  types  strike  the  paper ;  it  is  made  to 
move  a  slight  distance  every  time  a  key  is 
struck,  so  that  every  type  touches  It  In  a 
fresh  place.  Th*  work  produced  by  a  type- 
writer is  as  legible  and  nearly  a*  uniform  as 
ordinary  printing,  and  the  average  speed  of  a 
good  operator  Is  from  fifty  to  seventy  words  a 
minate. 

2.  A  person  who  nse*  or  operate*  a  type- 
writing machine. 

typo-writing,  «.  4  o. 

A.  At  lukit. :  The  act  or  art  of  produdni 
letters  and  words  with  a  type-writer ;  the  work 
done  with  a  type-writer. 

B.  Aia#.:  Of,  belonging  to,  or  produced 
by  means  of  a  type-writer  (q.v.). 

type-wrltJst,  i.    One  who  type-write*. 

type  written,  a.  Produced  or  copied 
by  mean*  of  a  typo-writer  (q.v.). 

type,  r.(.    [TYPX,  ».] 

*1.  To  exhibit  or  represent  bj  a  typ*  o 
symbol  beforehand ;  to  prefigure. 

*2.  To  exhibit  an  example  or  copy  of;  t< 
represent,  to  typify. 

3.  To  reproduce  by  means  of  a  type-write 
(q.v.). 

type'  script,  i.    A  type-written  docnmen 
as  distinguished  from  manuscript. 

t  typh.  i.    (TYPHUI.)    (See  compound.) 
t  typh-fever,  ». 

Pathol. :  A  term  proposed  by  Dr.  T.  K. 
Chambers  for  any  variety  of  typhus-fever(q.v.; 

t  typh  poison,  «.    [TYPHIHC.] 

ty'-pha,  «.     [Lat  typka ;  Or.  TV*»  (tophi) 
cat's  tail.    See  def. ) 

Bat.:   Reedmace,  Cat'*   tail,  or   Bulrusl 
Spikes  cylindrical,  perianth  consisting  onl 
of    hairs,    stamen*   monadelphous,   anthers 
somewhat   wedge-shaped,    ovaries   stalked 
fruit  minate,  seed  cylindrical,  testa  striate 
Known  species  six  or  eight,  from  tempera! 
and  tropical  conntries.    One  of  these,  Typha 
lalifolia,  known  popularly  by  the  titles  abov 
given,  is  a  common  plant  in  the  United  Suites 
being  found  in  muddy  pools  and  ditches,  and  I 
the  shallow  edge*  of  stream*.    It  is  a  smooth 


4889 


i,  tall  plant  with  spikes  six  to  ten 
long,  composed  of  slender,  downy 
fluwi-rs,  packed  solid.  The  leaven  are  sword 
sha[*«]  and  orect.  The  plant  la  from  three  to 
six  feethlgh.  This  species  occurs  also  In  Europe 
and  Is  widely  spread  ovr  the  world,  as  i«  also  » 
smaller  species,  T.  wju'tifoli-t.  In  India  tho 
typhas  ar<>  us»l  for  inal-making  and  Htufflng 
chairs,  and  the  fibre  of  T.  imjuitifoliu  tins  been 
trie-!  successfully  for  paper-manufacture.  Kle- 
in: fond  of  an  Indian  speRi>:<,  7'.  «te- 
whence  the  name,  and  its  root*  bind 


,  , 

the  soil.  In  K'noj.':  th...  p.,  lien  of  the  Typhas 
Is  sometimes  used  like  tliat  of  Lycopodlnin  In 
tli'-  manufacture  of  fireworks.  Mixed  with 
water  it  forms  a  kind  of  bread  eaten  in  Mcin'le, 
Western  Australia,  and  New  Zealand.  Tin 
rhizomes  abound  In  starch,  and  are  used  in 
Kashmir  as  food.  They  are  somewhat  ustrtn- 
gi-nt,  aii'l  iliuretic,  and  are  given  In  Eastern 
Aunt  In  dysentery,  gonorrhoea,  and  lb* 
measles.  The  down  of  the  ripe  fruit  has 
been  applied  In  Imlia,  like  medicated  cotton- 
.  ulcers  and  wutiii'ls. 


ty-pha-oe-»»,  ».  pi.    (Mod.  L«t 

Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  snff.  -tuxa.} 

Bnt  •  Typhads  or  Bulrushes  ;  an  order  of 

us,  alliance  Arales.   Herbaceous  plant* 

•  in  marshes  or  ditches.     KooUtock 

'.,!,  stem  without  nodes,  leaves  rigid, 

eiiHiforra,  with  parallel  veins,  spathe  none. 

Flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes  or  heads,  monoe- 

cious, the  males  uppermost;  sepals  reduced 

to  three  or  more  scales,  or  even  to  a  tundl* 

of  hairs  ;  corolla  none.    Males  :  stamens  thres) 

or  six  :  filament*  long,  sometimes  monadelph- 

ons.   Females:  styles  short;  stigmas  simple; 

ovary  one-  rarely  two-celled  ;  fruit  dry,  in- 

dehiscent,  one-celled,  one-seeded,  made  an- 

gular by  mutual  pressure.    They  are  found 

chiefly  in  the  northern  hemisphere  and  th* 

temj>enite  parts.     Known  genera  two,  Typhft 

and  Sparganinin  (q.v.),  species  thirteen  (bind- 

ley),  twelve  (Str  J.  Hooker). 

ty-phad,i     [Lat.  lirpK");  Bng.  snff.  -ail 
Bot.  (K.)  :  The  Typhacee.    (Mndtey.) 

typh-1  a,  «.    [TYPHUS.] 

Pathol  :  Typhoid  fever  (q.T.). 

typh'  -in*,  «.    [Eng.  <OT>»(UJ);  -ine.] 

Med.  :  A  term  proposed  by  Dr.  William  Fan 
for  the  special  zymotic  principle  by  which  b* 
considered  typhus  fever  was  propagated. 

ty  phln  1  a,   i.     [Mod.  L»t,  from   typhvi 

(q.v.)]. 

Pathol.  :  Relapsing  fever. 
•  typh'  Is,  «.    [Or.  rwfrot  (tupKoi)  =  smoke.) 
Zool.  i  Pcdaont.  :  A  genns  of  Muricidss,  with 

nine  species,  from  the    Mediterranean,  West 

Africa  Cape,  India,  and  Western  America,  to 

a  depth  of  fifty  fathoms.    Shell  like  Marex, 

but  with  tubular  spines  between  the  varices, 

of  which  the  last  Is  open,  and  occnpied  bj 

the  excurrent  canal. 
typh-llch'-thys,  «.    [Or.  T»*Xe«  (tupUot)  = 

blind,  and  ixWt  (ichOatt)  =  a  flsh.) 
IrMhv  :  A  name  given  to  those  individuals 

of  the  genus  Amblyopsis  (q.T.),  in  which  tot 

ventral  fins  an  absent. 
typh-li'-na.  i.    [Tr-m-iK*.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Typhlopldss,  with  on* 

species,  TyphUna.  Uruata,  from  Java,  Sim**™. 

andPciiang.  Snout  covered  with  large  shields  ; 

lower  jaw  without  teeth. 

typh  li-ne,  t.  [Or.  n^xinrt  3*«  ((up»»n«i 
opM.)  =  a  kind  of  snake,  resembling  th» 
blind  worm.) 

Zooi.  :  A  genus  of  Typhloplda,  with  on« 
species,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hop*. 

typh-li  -tls,  «.  [Or.  rb  TV*A(OF)  (to  l«pW((w) 
=  the  cascum  ;  suff.  -iti*.] 

Pathol.  :  Inflammation  of  the  cascurn,  with 
pain  »nd  tenderness  in  the  right  iliac  fosna, 
constipation,  sometimes  going  on  to  perfora- 
tion, producing  perltyphlitis.  [Form*r«8£ 
nosls  of  the  disease  now  known  as  appendidtH 


typh'-l*-nti.5,  i.     [Or. 
blind,  and  mot  (oiuw)  =  a  sea-fish  mentioned 
by  Aristotle.) 

IcUhy.  :  A  genns  of  Ophidiid*;.  Head  Urge, 
compressed,  most  of  the  bones  cartilaginous  ; 
eye  not  visible  externally  ;  scales  thin,  small, 


bo>;  pout,  J<Swl;  cat,  cell,  chorns.  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin.  a. ;  expect.  Xenophon,  *#*-V* ^ L 
-tlan  =  sham,   -tlon,  -slon  =  shnn;  -tlon,  -f Ion  =  shun,   -clous,  -tious.  Hdous  =  shus.  -ble,  -Ole.  *x 


typhlophthalmes— typifler 


deciduous  ;  vlUifonn  teeth  In  jaws,  on  vorm 
and  palatine  bones.  A  deep-sea  flsh,  of  whic 
only  two  specimens  are  known  from  a  dent 
of  more  Uiaa  2,000  fathoms  in  the  Wester 
Pacific. 

•  typh-loph-thil'-mej,  ».  pi     [Mod.  Lat 
from  Or.  Tvtf^ik  (tuphlos)  =  blind,  and  i 
not  (opMAoMo«)=  the  eye.) 

ZooL  :  An  old  group  of  Scincida?,  with  tw 
genera,  Dibamus  and  Typhline  (q.v.).  The 
are  now  more  generally  ranged  under  Tvpl 
loptdft  (q.v.). 

typh-i6p-r-a»,  't 

(Mod.  Lat  tyiMoia; 
•via.] 


fern.  pi.  adj.  sun* 


Zool.  :  Blind  Burrowing  Snakes  ;  a  famil 
'!  innocuous  Snakes,  in  some  classification 
elevated  to  a  sub-order,  with  two  groups 
CatxKlontes  (having  teeth  only  in  the  lowe 
jaw)  and  Epanodontes  (with  teeth  only  i 
the  upper  jaw).  There  are  four  genera,  wit 
seventy  apecta,  distributed  in  tropical  am 
sub-tropical  regions.  Body  long,  cylindrical 
vermiform,  and  rigid  ;  vestiges  of  hind 
limbs  present  In  the  shape  of  roil-like  bones 
ey«a  present,  but  small,  and  covered  by  th 
more  or  less  transparent  ocular  and  pre 
ocular  shields  ;  scales  smooth,  imbricated  alik 
on  back  and  belly.  This  family  contain 
forms  which  are  most  remote  from  the  trui 
Ophidian  type,  and  which,  in  older  classitiea 
tions,  formed  the  group  Typhlophthalmes 
(q.v.).  They  live  under  ground,  their  rigid 
body  and  short  curved  tail  being  adapted  for 
burrowing.  After  rain  they  occasionally  ap- 
pear above  ground,  and  then  they  a 
agile  in  their  serpentine  movements.  The 
eye,  which  is  scarcely  visible  in  many  species, 
can  give  to  them  only  a  vague  and  indistinc' 
perception  of  light  They  are  oviparous,  anr 
feed  on  worms  and  small  insects.  The  tongue 
Is  forked,  and,  as  in  other  snakes,  frequeuth 
exserted. 

typh  16p«,  i.  [Or.  rv*A<it  («upWo»)  =  blind 
and  5*  (op->-=  the  eye.) 

Zoti.:  The  typical  genus  of  Typhlopidie 
(q.v.),  with  over  sixty  species,  having  approxi- 
mately the  range  of  the  family.  Body  long 
slender,  cylindrical  ;  head  depressed,  rounded  ; 
tail  short,  rounded  at  the  extremity,  and 
•nned  with  a  spine  ;  scales  small. 

typh-lo  sfta  -cus,  *.  [Or.  n+M,  (tuphlos) 
=  blind,  and  Mod.  Lat  Kinciu  (q.v.).] 

Zoo!.:  A  genus  of  Acontiad*,  with  one 
species  from  Ternate.  It  is  closely  akin  to 
Acontia  (q.v.). 

ty'-phoid,  o.  [Or.  ™*e*  (fti;*as)  =  smoke 
cloud,  stupor,  arising  from  fever  ;  .Mot  (rirfosi 
=  resemblance.  ]  [TYPHUS.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling  typhus  (q.v.). 

^  Often  used  snbstantively  =  Typhoid- 
fever  (q.v.). 

typhoid-fever,  a. 

j'alhal.  :  A  kind  of  continued  fever  which 
1»  known  by  many  names.  It  was  called 
"typhoid-  and  "abdominal  typhus"  from 
Its  supposed  resemblance  to  typhus  or  gaol 
fever.  It  Is  often  known  as  "  low  fever  "  and 

slow  fever,"  from  its  duration  ;  and  as 
"  autumnal  "  or  "  toll  "  fever,  from  the  time  of 
the  year  at  which  It  is  most  prevalent  The 
term  "  enteric  fever  "  was  applied  to  It  from 
the  fact  that  the  intestines  are  always  attacked 
in  this  disorder;  but  "gastric  fever"  is  a  mis- 
nomer, for  there  is  never  any  organic  disease 
of  the  stomach.  Typhoid  fever  results  from 
the  introduction  of  a  specific  poison  into  the 
system,  and  is  said  to  be  due  to  the  develop- 
ment of  a  specific  bacillus.  It  is  not  con- 
tagions, and  the  poison  appears  to  be  com- 
municable only  from  the  discharges.  The 
diffusion  of  the  disease  is  generally  due  to  the 
excrement  of  some  patient  finding  its  way 
Into  the  drains,  and  thence  into  wells  or 
into  streams  or  rivers,  the  water  of  which 
Is  used  for  drinking  purposes.  Hence  it  Is  of 
the  highest  importance  that  the  excreta  of 
patients  suffering  from  typhoid  should  be 
thoroughly  disinfected,  and,  if  possible,  bnried 
»t  some  distance  from  any  dwelling-house  • 
but,  as  in  large  towns  this  latter  precaution 
Is  impossible,  disinfectants  mnst  be  liberally 
nsed.  In  places  where  the  supply  of  water  is 
from  wells,  all  drinking-water  should  be  boiled, 
and  it  is  a  wise  precaution  during  an  epidemic 
to  have  the  milk  scalded,  as  the  prevalence  of 
typhoid  in  London  in  J873  was  clearly  traced 


to  the  contamination  of  the  milk  by  th 
excreta  of  a  man  who  had  died  of  tvphoid  o 
a  milk- farm.  The  period  of  incubation  usual! 
extends  over  two  weeks,  being  preceded  by  los 
of  appetite,  languor,  headache,  dizziness,  an 
bleeding  from  the  nose  in  many  cases  Froi 
the  tenth  to  the  twelfth  day  the  rash  usual] 
appears.  It  is  very  slight,  and,  unless  c  ire  i 
taken,  may  be  entirelj  overlooked.  The  spot, 
are  rose-coloured,  about  the  size  of  a  pin  - 
disappearing  on  pressure,  but  reappearing  a 
sonn  as  the  pressure  is  removed.  The  patiei 
suffers  from  debility  aud  diarrhuea  and  ther 
is  dulness  over  the  re-ion  of  the  spleen,  whie 
is  enlarged.  The  stools  are  of  a  pea-sou 
colour,  and  the  special  lesion  observed  is  en 
IKmnMBt  of  anil  deposit  in  Peyer's  gland 
and  the  minute  solitary  glands  of  the  smaller 
and  sometimes  of  the  large  intestine. 
times  the  mental  condition  is  irritable,  wit 
illusions  and  hallucinations,  and  put 
in  a  loud  voice  and  gesticulate  wildly.  In  th 
third  week  the  symptoms  continue  with  ur 
diminished  vigour,  and  sometimes  ll 
intensity,  with  stupor  to  such  a  degree  tha 
great  difficulty  is  experienced  in  ronsiii"  th 
latient.  In  favourable  cases,  in  the  fourt 
week  there  is  a  change  for  the  better-  tli 
temperature  fa!  Is,  the  symptoms  are  alleviated 
tlie  sleep  becomes  more  natural,  the  motion 
tinner  and  less  frequent,  and  the  appetite 
slowly  returns.  After  the  thirtieth  day,  ii 
the  majority  of  cases,  no  more  sj-ots  appear 
the  fever  is  at  an  end,  and  the  patient  passe 
slowly  into  a  stage  of  convalescence.  In 
typhoid  fever  relapses  are  common,  and  dan 
gerous  complications,  especially  of  the  lun-s 
may  ensue.  If  the  ulrcration  of  the  lutes 
tines  proceeds  so  far  that  they  are  perforated 
death  almost  invariably  follows,  and  in  al 
cases  the  mortality  is  high.  The  main  chance 
of  recovery  depends  on  careful  nursing,  under 
the  direction  of  a  skilled  uiedK-a]  man.  The 
chief  treatment  consists  in  reducing  the  tern 
perature,  usually  by  large  doses  of  quinine 
The  fever  produces  intense  thirst,  and  plenty 
of  fluid  should  be  given.  From  the  ulcerated 
state  of  the  bowels,  solid  food  must  be  strictly 
avoided,  beef-tea,  mutton  broth,  arrowroot, 
milk,  and  eggs  being  the  best  forms  of  nourish- 
ment. Stimulants  are  rarely  needed  in  the 
early  stages  of  the  disease,  but  may  be  used 
with  advantage,  under  medical  direction,  ii 
the  hearf  s  action  is  weak  and  the  pulse  inter- 
mittent. (TYPHUS.) 

ty-phoma  ni  a,  ».    [Gi.  ..,„, 
typhus,  aud  poVM  (mania)  ==  madness.] 

fqthol. :  The  low  muttering  delirium  which 
accompanies  typhoid-fever. 

ty-pho'-ni-nm,  t.    [Or.  TV,_. 
=  of  or  belonging  to  Typhon,  fatuous.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Dracuncnlese,  closely  aki.. 
to  Arum,  but  with  a  single  erect  ovule  in  the 
ovary,  and  a  more  sharply  pointed  spadix. 
The  very  acrid  roots  of  TypAonfcm  oriztme, 
a  native  of  Eastern  Asia,  are  used  in  India  as 
poultices. 

ty-phodn'.  •ty'-ii 


hodn'    •  ty'-phon,  s.    [Chin,  tai-fitng  = 
great  wind.    The  spelling  has  been  influenced 


by  comparison  with  Or. 
hirlwind.] 


Ituphon)  =  a 


Ucttor. :  The  name  given  to  a  type  of  storm 
common  on  the  coast  of  Tonquin  and  China 
as  far  north  as  Ningpo  and  the  south-east 
coast  of  Japan.  Typhoons  resemble  the 
storms  of  Western  Europe  in  their  general 
characteristics,  but  they  are  often  accom- 
panied by  a  high  wave,  which,  advancing  in- 
land, causes  great  destruction  of  lifts  and 
property.  Typhoons  occur  from  May  to  No- 
vember, but  are  most  frequent  in  July,  August, 
and  September.  (See  extract.) 

"Thechlef  point,  of  dinferwnoe  between  the  hurri. 
SShi^i  H?*J  "•"' "*  ttama  .nil  the  cyclone,  ot 

*  ,?  "fmnde.  •"  tbmoi-TroploU  cyclone.  «re  o( 
•miller  t Imenuona,  thaw  .teeuei  buoiuetric gKdlenti 
and  therefore  itranmr  whnU  «nd  .drwiee  tfmSawS 
r»t«  o"rthe  e»rth«  .urf.ce.  Another  Doint  of  differ. 
w£, toiU?t  *  UT  ""»>"  «  "»  hurrtauie.  of  the 
We.t  Indiee  «ud  the  «„.»«,«  of  Kutera  A»i»  fint 
pnnrae  .  westerly  coon*,  which  gradually  become. 

»rtn.«e«t«Tly.  ud  on  uriviuK  «t  .bout !«.  to"  they 


wejd*."— fncyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9thf.  xvi.  15$ 

ty'-phou*,  o.     [TTTHOS.)    Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  typhna  (q.v.). 

ty'-phua,  «.  [Gr.Tv*«(<«p«ia).]  [TYPHOID.] 
Patlat. :  Typhus-fever ;  a  contagious  fever, 
Jfuen  occurs  mainly  in  temperate  and  cold 
climates,  and  often  rages  is  an  epidemic  It 
is  also  known  as  "  spotted,"  "  epidemic,"  or 


contagious  "  fever,  aud  was  formerly  called 
camp  '  or  "gaol"  fever,  from  its  prevalence 
in  camps  and  prisons.  It  is  most  prevalent 
amongst  females  and  young  people,  but  the 
highest  rate  of  mortality  from  the  disease 
occurs  amongst  adult  males.  The  contagion 
is  communicated  through  the  air,  and  probably 
•Is  from  the  breath,  which  has  a  peculiar 
foul  smell.  It  is  not  communicated  from  the 
clothes  or  excreta,  and  consequently,  by  pro- 
perly isolating  the  patient,  the  spread  of  the 
fever  may  lie  prevented.  The  peri.Kl  of  incu- 
bation ,s  supposed  to  range  from  a  few  hours 
to  several  days.  The  earliest  symptoms  are 
heaviness  and  listlessness,  with  a  confusion  of 
ideas,  which  afterwards  develops  into  de- 
lirium ;  an  eruption  of  round,  dark,  reddish- 
brown  spots  then  makes  it*  appearance,  the 
temperature  is  high,  the  pulse  very  rapid  and 
je  patient  suffers  from  extreme  weakness. 
The  condition  of  the  Iwwcls  varies  in  different 
patients,  for  there  may  be  either  diarrhoea  or 
constipation.  The  duration  of  an  uncomrli- 
cated  case  of  typhus  varies  from  twelve  to 
twenty-one  days.  The  greatest  danger  is 
usually  during  the  second  week  of  the  illness, 
death  seldom  ensuing  before  the  seventh  dav 
The  treatment  of  typhus  consists  in  placing 
the  patient  under  the  best  possible  hvgienic 
conditions,  keeping  up  the  strength  with  beef. 
tea,  mutton-broth,  milk,  eggs,  arrowroot,  Ac 
and  in  alleviating  the  most  prominent  and 
distressing  symptoms,  such  as  relieving  thirst 
by  the  free  administration  of  cooling  drink/ 
controlling  sleeplessness,  headache,  and  deli- 
rium by  small  doses  of  opium,  keeping  the 
bowels  open  by  mild  laxatives,  4c-  Stimu- 
lants should  not  be  given  to  children,  aud 
many  adults  do  well  without  them  but 
alcohol  may  be  advantageously  used  in  the 
case  of  old  persons,  or  where  the  patient  lias 
been  accustomed  to  the  free  use  6f  stimulants 
When  recovery  takes  place,  it  is  generally 
very  rapid,  a  great  change  in  the  condition  of 
the  patient  olten  occurring  in  twenty-lour  or 
forty-eight  hours.  The  o.fly  complication  at 
all  common  is  a  form  of  pneumonia. 

typhus-fever,  «.    [TYPHUS.] 
*  typhus-icterodos  «. 

.  :  Yellow-fever  (q.v.). 


2.  Emlwtyiug  the  characters  ofa  group. 

" 


*  a.  Browning  :  Aurora  £«Vh.  I*. 

typio-fever.  s. 

Patltol.  :  A  fever  which  conforms  to  a  pir- 
ticular  type  ;  a  fever  which  is  regnlar  m  tt» 
attacks  as  opposed  to  one  which  is  erratic  in 
its  course. 

typ'-ic-ol,  o.    [Tvru-.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  (Can.):  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  type  ;  hav- 

ing the  nature  of  a  type. 

bdn  wu  »t  tku  time  not 
pTO  deducU^l  - 


2.  .Spec.  :  Typifying,  figurative,  emblematic, 
prefiguring. 

"Indeed  the  Manic  tiar  <nu  Intended  lor  »  al 
j>eople  wily,  who  were  to  be  ihut  In.  u  it  »««.  ( 
the  reet  o(  the  world,  by  >  fence  u(  let»l  rl 
- 


H.  NaLScUnix:  Emlwdyiug  the  characters 
of  a  group  :  as,  a  typical  family,  genus,  or 
species. 

yp-Io-ally,  adv.    [Eng.  Igpieal;  -ij,.J    In  a 
typical  manner;  by  way  of  image,  type,  or 

symlwl. 

-iChrUtj  Itill  b  d^red.  ttare  men  obecnnly.  b.r, 
more  cleu-ly.  b,it  yii  Mill  „„>„  tfpimu,.  or  hi  n«uA  " 
-gf.  Tatfor.  Diu.  from  foperj.pt  a*  bk.  ii.7T» 

typ'-io-al-new.   «.      [Eng.  typiml  ;   -nem.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  typical. 

I-fl-oi-tipn.  >.    [Eng.  typify;  •aaioit.J 
e  act  of  typifying. 


typ- 

The 

t£p' 

ty 


.•'-I-fi-er,  >.    [Eng.  typify ;  -«r.] 

iypifies. 

"A  modirn  ttpij'r.  who  de«l>  only  In 
wid  correspondences.'—  H'arburltm:  V-'ar 


One  who 


here> 


xe  -     '    - 

work,  who,  ion;  mute,  ottb,  euro,  unit*,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian. 


«.  03  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lew 


typify— tyrant 


4891 


typ'-I-fy.  f-«-    tEng.  tyre;  -M 

1.  To  represent  by  an  image,  emblem,  model, 
or  resemblance. 

••Our  Saviour,  who  wa,  fwj/W  *»*•,*"{,*•* 
wa*  ataln."—  ««""«  .'  •'Wjar  aVrou".  bk.  if.,  ch.  V. 

2.  To  exemplify,  to  type. 
typ'-ist,  i.    Same  as  TYPE-WRITER,  <.,  2. 
ty'-po,  s.     [See  def.J    A  contraction  of  typo- 

grapher (q.v.)  ;  a  compositor. 
>  tj^-p*  cos  my,  "  ty-po-cos-mlo.  s.  [Or. 
TWO*  (I«;«M)  =  type,  and  Ko-rpot  (fcosmos)  = 
the  world.]    A  representation  or  description 
of  the  world. 

"Some  books  of  (ypomnw  are  nothing  but  a  mass 
of  words  uf  »11  arta.  to  give  mei;  countenance.  - 
Aicon:  J.»»anc<™«Hlo/i<!urnMi<)r,  bk-  "*• 

ty-pog'-ra-pher,  ».  tEng.  typography);  -T.] 
A  printer.' 

"There  l«  »  very  indent  edition  of  this  work 
fJMIntMrt  Institutes!,  without  date,  place,  or  typo- 

yjESSIF-irSiSm:  at*.  EafiiA  i'°"rv  :  AMU*,,.. 


p.  189. 

ty  po-graph'  Ic,  ty-p6-graph'-Ic-al,  o. 

[Eng.  typography);  -ic,  -ical.) 
•L  Emblematic,  figurative,  typical. 
2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  typography,  or 
Hie  art  of  printing. 

"The  operation  of  that  providential  discovery,  the 
t»piraj/Eilart.--A-/.»2: '  n  inter  Eienm'JI.  even.  33. 

typographic-beetle,  «. 

Entom. :  Tomicus  typagraplmi,    [Toaicus.] 
ty-po-graph'-Io-al-ly,   adv.      [Eng.  ty,a- 
y.nphical ;  -ly.] 

'  1.  By  means  of  a  type  or  emblem ;  typi 
cally,  emblematically. 

2.  By  means  of  types  ;  after  the  manner  of 
a  printer. 

ty-pog'-ra-phy,  t  [Or.  TV™  (tujm)-  a 
type,  and  -ypioiu  (graphs)  =  to  write ;  Fr. 
ty/mgraphif.] 

'  1.  Typical,  figurative,  or  emblematical  re- 
presentation. 

2.  The  art  of  printing ;  the  art  or  operation 
of  impressing  letters  and  words  on  paper  by 
means  of  types, 

•  ty'-po-Ute,  «.    [Gr.  ruxn  (tvpos)  =  a  mark 
and  Aitfos  =  a  stone.]  An  old  name  for  a  stone 
or  I'oseil  which  has  on  it  impressions  or  figures 
resembling  plants  or  animals. 

*  ty-pSl'-o-gy,  s.  [Gr.  TVTTOS  (tupos)  =  a  type 
sufl'.  -aloft.] 

1.  A  discourse  on  types,  especially  those  o: 
Scripture. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  types.    A  department  o: 
theology  which  investigates  Scripture  types 
and  the  principles  applicable  to  their  inter 
pretation.     It  starts  from  the  position  thai 
the  leading  truths  of  revealed  religion  were 
the  same  under  the  Patriarchal,  the  Jewish 
«nd  the  Christian  dispensations.  These  truths 
Were,  however,  revealed  to  the  earlier  wor 
shippers  more  or  less  ohscnrely,.  being  ex 
pressed  by  symbols,  instead  of  stated  directlj 
in  words.    Each  type  employed  had  a  twofok 
meaning  and  purpose— it  was  a  symbol  o 
some  religious  truth  and  predictive  of  the 
antitype,  Christ.    [SACRIFICE,  II.  4.) 

t  ty-pd-theY-1-um,  s.  [Or.  ™,roc  (tupos)  =  a 
type,  and  flijpiW  (Iheriun)  =  a  wild  beast.] 

Palwmt. :  Another  name  for  the  genus  Me 
Otherinm  (q.v.). 

ty-pSth'-e-ta  (Pl  ty  pSth'-e  ta>),  . 
[Gr.  tapot  —  a  type,  and  thctit  —  to  lay  down.1 

1.  The  art  and  lore  of  typography. 

2.  A  member  of  an  association  or  guild  mad 
op  of  printers  and  publishers.     [T-.J 

3.  (PI.)  The  name  of  various  societiei  of 
printers  and  publishers.     [T-.] 

*  tyr'-an,  v.t.  (TYBAN,  ».]  To  act  the  tyrant 
to  tyrannize  over. 

"  What  glorie  or  what  guerdon  hast  thou  found 
In  feeble  ladlee  t  " 


*  tyr'-an,  *  tyr'-anne,  s.  i  a.  [O.  Fr.  tiran 
tirant,  tyran,  tyrant  (Fr.  tyran),  from  La 
tyrannum,  accus.  of  tyrnnnua  =  a  tyrant,  fron 
Gr.  Tvpaci'oc  (turannos)  =  a  lord,  an  absolul 
monarrh,  a  tyrant,  an  usurper :  root  uncei 
tain  ;  Sp.  tirano  ;  Port,  tyrano  ;  Ital.  tiranno 

[TVRANT.] 


As  subs 


nt. 


B.  Asatlj. :  Tyrannical  (q.v.) 

"  He  la  the  tyran  pike,  our  heart*  the  fry." 

Donne  :  Poena,  p.  40. 

« tyran-queller,  *  tyranne-queller, 

J.    A  tyrannicide. 

"  Uannodius  and  Arlstogiton  had  been  tyrannt- 
yuell«rt"—Cdal:  Apoph.  of  Eratmul,  p.  1M. 

tyr'-an-ess.  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  tym\.  =  o,  tyramt ; 
-ess.)  "A  female  tyrant. 

"  A  terrible  little  tuntniuH." 

Maitingcr :  Rentgado,  T.  8. 

y-ran'-nio-al,  * ty-ran'-nic,  a.  [Fr. 
tyranniijue,  from  Lat.  tyrannicits  ;  Gr.  Tvpav- 
HKOS  (turannit;os)=  pi-rt.iinin;:  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  a  tyrant;  Sp.  tiranico;  Ital.  tiran- 
nico.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  a  ty- 
rant ;  suiting  a  tyrant ;  despotic,  cruel,  arbi- 
trary. 

"They  Warn  Lewes  the  *i.  for  bringing  the  adml. 
nistration  royall  of  Pmunee,  from  the  lawfull  and 
regulate  ralgne.  to  the  absolute  and  tyrannical  power 
and  KMUerumeut."— SniitA.-  Conttnonuwalttt,  bk.  i.,  ch. 
vli. 

2.  Acting  like  a  tyrant ;  arbitrary,  cruel, 
despotic,  imperious. 

"[Tyrant]  by  the  mtient  Greeks,  wa.  applied  to  all 
Unix  u  well  the  ju»t  and  merciful,  «•  the  cruel,  and 
whom  we  now  call  tyrannical: '-PoUtr:  Antt^uitia, 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  s  li. 

y-ran'-nlo-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tyrannical ; 
-ly  )  In  a  tyrannical,  despotic,  cruel,  or  arbi- 
trary manner ;  like  a  tyrant ;  with  unjust  or 
arbitrary  exercise  of  power. 

••  Brutus  being  chosen  Consul  of  Borne  .  .  .  chased 
out  of  the  city  T.rquinius  Superbus,  who  reigned 
tyrannically."— P.  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p.  744. 

y-ran'-nlc-al  ness,  s.  (Eng.  tyrannical; 
•ness.  ]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  tyrannical ; 
tyrannical  disposition  or  practice. 

ty-ran-nl-ci'-dal,  a.  [Eng.  tyrannicid{e) ; 
-al.]  Pertaining  of  relating  to  tyrannicide,  or 
to  one  who  kills  a  tyrant. 

"  IU  blossom  sheathed  the  sheer  tyrarmidaal  swonl." 
A.  C.  Swinburne  :  Atkent. 

;y-ran'-nl-cide,  i.  [Lat.  tyrannwidium  — 
the  killing  of  a  tyrant;  t yrannlnda  —  one 
who  kills  a  tyrant,  from  tyrannin  =  a  tyrant, 
and  ccedo  (in  compos,  -cido)  =  to  kill ;  Fr. 
tyrannicide.  ] 

1.  The  act  of  killing  a  tyrant. 

"  Tyrannicide,  or  the  assassination  of  usurpers  and 
oppriive  princes,  was  highly  extolled  in  ancient 
times."— Hume:  Principle*  uf  Mor'ilt,  i  2. 

2.  One  who  kills  a  tyrant. 

"The  adulatory  verses  made  in  commemoration  of 
these  illustrious  tyrannicides  '  —  CiMHb«rl and :  Oa- 
leroer.  No.  49. 

t*-ran'-nl-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tyrann(us); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suft".  -ince.] 

Ornith.:  Tyrant-birds,  Tyrant  Shrikes;  a 
family  of  Passerine  Birds,  formerly  made  a 
sub-family  of  Muscicapidaj.  Bill  long,  broad 
and  flat  at  base,  sides  compressed  to  tip, 
which  is  hooked ;  nostrils  hidden  by  plumes 
and  bristles ;  wings  long  and  pointed  ;  tail 
moderate ;  tarsi  broadly  sealed  ;  outer  toe 
longer  than  inner,  united  to  middle  at  base 
claws  short  and  sharp.  They  form  an  ex- 
tensive and  characteristic  American  family 
ranging  over  the  whole  continent,  from  Pata 
gonia  to  the  arctic  regions,  and  are  found  in 
the  chief  American  islands.  Five  sub-families 
are  reckoned  :  Conophagin*,  Tainiopterina? 
Platyrtiyneliiiue,  ElaineinK,  and  Tyranninaj 
embracing  altogether  seventy-one  genera  and 
more  than  300  species. 

ty-ran-ni'-nra,  s.  pi.    [Mod. 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Ornithology : 

*1.  A  sub-family  of  Muscicapidffi.equivalen 
to  ths  modern  Tyranuidse  (q.v.). 

2.  The  typical  sub-family  of  Tyiannidse 
with  seventeen  genera  and  eighty-nine  species 
having  the  range  of  the  family. 

•tyr'-an-ning,  a.     [Mid.  Eng.  tyran  -- 
tyrant";  -ing.]   "Tyrannizing,  tyrannical. 

*  ty-ran'-ni-ous,  a.    [TYRANNOUS.] 

*ty-ran'-ni-ous-ly,   adv.     [Eng.  tyran 
nioui; -ly.]    Tyrannically. 

"  Manassea  then  his  wife  would  not  controule 
Tyranniovtly."  SutHon .  Judith,  iv.  234. 

» tyr'-an-nise,  *.     [TYHANNIZK.J    Tyranny 
oppression. 

"  So  that  there  be  no  tyrarrnit*. 
Whereof  that  he  his  people  greoe. 

(fewer :  C.  A.,  viii. 


tyr'-an-nisn,  *  tyr-an-nisshe,  a.   [Mid. 

Bug.  iaran,  =  a  tyrant ;  -M*.]  Like  a  tyrant  ( 
tyrannical. 

"  The  proude  (yranniMAe  Romeyne." 

Gower :  C.  A.,  TU. 

^r'-au-niBe,  v.i.  &  t.  [Fr.  tyranniter,  from 
Lat.  tvranniso,  from  Gr.  rvpowCu  (lurannizo) 
=  to  take  the  part  of  a  tyrant,  to  ai-t  as  a 
tyrant;  Sp.  tiranizar;  Ital.  tirannizare.) 

A.  Intrans,  :  To  act  the  tyrant ;  to  exercise 
tyrannical,  arbitrary,  or  despotic  power;  to 
rule  with  unjust  and  oppressive  severity  ;  to 
act  arbitrarily,  despotically,  imperiously,  or 
with  unnecessary  severity. 

••  My  poor  heart  knowi  only  how  to  love. 
And,  finding  this,  you  tyranniu  the  u.ore. 

Dryden .'  1  ConguiM  of  Granada,  IT. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  overrule  by  tyranny  ;  to 
tyrannize  over  ;  to  oppress. 

ti?r'-an-nous,o.  [Mid.  En*,  tvrait  =  a  tyrant ; 
-ma')   Tyrannical,  arbitrary,  severe,  despotic, 
cruel,  oppressive. 
"  Th'  oppreealon  of  a  lyrannoui  control 
Can  dud  no  werraot  there."  Comper.-  Tort.  vl.  451, 

*r'-an-nous-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  tyrannous ;  •!«/.] 
In  atyrannous  manner ;  tyrannically,  cruelly, 
oppressively  ;  like  a  tyrant. 

"Trappe  the  elmple  Innocent.,  and  shed  their  blodl 
ttran<unall/.--Jon>:  E*t**.  o/  /feuiief.  ch.  rtl. 

ty-ran'-nits,  «.    [Lat.  =  a  tyrant  (q.v.).] 

Ornith. :  The  type-genus  of  Tyranninte,  with 
eleven  species,  ranging  over  all  tropical  sub- 
regions  and  the  United  States  to  Canada, 
Bill  with  long  bristles  at  base  ;  nostrils  small 
and  rounded;  wings  shnrply  pointed;  tall 
slightly  forked  ;  tarsi  slender. 

tyr'-an-ny,  *  tlr-an-nye,  *  tyr-an-nie,  *. 

(Vr.' tyrannic,  from  Lat.  tyraniaa,  from  Gr. 
npavria  (turannia)  =  sovereign  sway  from 
Tupm-ms  Uurannos)  =  a  tyrant  (q.v.);  Sp. 
Urania;  Ital.  tirannia;  Port,  tyrannia.] 

*  1.  Absolute  power  or  sovereignty. 

"He  died  In  the  same  day  ou  which  piouyiltn 
assumed  tbe  tyranny.'— Donoldien :  Tltmlrt  of  KM 
Greek*,  p.  136. 

2  Arbitrary  or  despotic  exercise  of  power ; 
cruel,  arbitrary,  or  oppressive  government  or 
discipline. 

••Every  wanton  and  causeless  restraint  of  the  will 
of  the  subject,   whether  practised   by  a  taoDUm,  » 
nobility,  or  a  popular  a»»eiiibly,  i.a  degree  of  tyranny 
—BlOftUont:  Comment.,  bk.  1..  oo.  1. 

*  3.  Severity,  rigour,  inclemency. 

"  The  tyranny  o'  the  open  night 's  too  ronjh 
For  nature  So  eudnre.-          Jitaaw.:  Ltar,  1114 

*  4,  Cruelty,  harshness,  severity. 

"  The  tyranny  of  her  sorrow! 
Takes  all  livelihood  from  her  cheeks." 

Mhaketp. :  Allt  Weil,  1.1> 

tyr'-ant,  *  tlr-ant,  *  tlr-aunt,  ».    [O.  Fr. 

(imil,  tirant,  tyrati,  tyrant  (witli  excrescent 
t),  from  Lat.  tyrantmm,  accus.  of  tyrannus, 
frcmi  Gr.  rvpan-os  (turannoa),  a  word  first 
u?ed  by  Archiloclms,  about  B.C.  700.  For  the 
excrescent  t,  cf.  peasant,  pheasant,  &C.J 

[TYBAN,  S.] 

1,  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  Orig.,  one  who  usurped  the  chief  power 
without  the  consent  of  the  people,  or  at  the 
expense    of    the     existing     government;    a 
usurper;  an  absolute  ruler.     Such  a  ruler 
was  not  necessarily  oppressive  or  arbitrary ; 
(For  the  change  in  meaning  cf.  despot.) 

"  A  tyrant  they  name  him.  who  by  force  commeth 
to  the  monarchy  against  the  will  o(  tl.e  people."- 
Smitb :  Commonwealth,  bk.  L.  ch.  vil. 

2.  A  monarch  or  other  ruler,  who  uses  his 
power  to  oppress  those  under  him  ;  an  arbi- 
trary or  despotic   ruler;   one  who  imposes 
burdens  and  hardships  on  those  under  his 
control  without  the  authority  of  law  or  the 
recessities  of  government;  a  cruel  lord  or 
master ;  an  oppressor,  a  despot, 

II.  Ornith.:  Any  individual  of  the  family 
Tyrannida?  (q.v.). 

"  The  land  birds  comprise  a  dove,  a  tyrant,  and  • 
greeul«t."-^«"«»«i"".  N"v-  26>  18"'  P-  nr- 
H  Thirty  TyranU :  [THIRTY]. 

tyrant-bird,  tyrant-shrike, «. 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  Tyrannidae  (q.v.) ;  often  restricted  to  the 
genus  Tyrannus  (q.v.),  but,  when  used  with 
the  definite  article,  confined  to  Tyrannui  in- 
trepidut.  [KINGBIRD.]  The  popular  name  lias 
reference  to  the  resemblance  of  the  Tyran- 
nida  to  the  true  Shrikes  in  outwanl  appear- 
ance and  general  habits,  and  to  their  tierce 
and  bold  disposition,  especially  during  the 
breeding  season,  when  the  males,  in  their 


b6lL  06};  ptfut,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect, 
-dan.  -tlan  =  shan.   -tton.  -inon  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -jion  =  zhun.   -oioiu,  -Uoua,  -.ion*  =  shus. 


.  fee.  - 


,deL 


4892 


tyrant— uberty 


excessive  care  for  their  mates,  attack  without 
discrimination  any  Intruder  that  ventures 
near  their  nests. 

tyrant-shrike,  s.    [TYBANT-BIHD.] 

•  tyr'-ant,  r.i.    [TYRANT,  «.]    To  act  or  play 
the  tyrant  ;  to  tyrannize. 

"  ThU  encouraged  the  Irlili  grandeea  (their  O'i  and 
MM  i    to  rent  and  tyrant  it  in  their 
neuriea,--«<U«..-  tiartM 


(1),  ».    [Native  name.]    A  preparation  of 
milk  and  rice  used  by  the  But  Indiana. 

•  tyre  (2),  «.    [TIKE  (3),  «.] 

•  tyre,  v.t.    [TIBS  (1),  ».] 

ty-ree'-ite,  «.  [After  the  Island  of  Tyree 
or  Tyrie,  Scotland,  where  found  :  suff.  -He 
(Afin.).] 

Min.  :  A  powder  obtained  from  the  pink 
marble  of  Tyree,  Scotland.  It  was  found  by 
Heddle  to  be  composed  of  sesquioxide  of 
iron,  38-22;  alumina,  8-23;  protoxide  of  iron, 
8*16  ;  protoxide  of  manganese,  0-39  ;  mag- 
nesia, 29-94;  lime,  2-21  ;  water,  12-47  ;  phos- 
phoric acid,  4-71;  silica,  1-02  =  100-35.  As 
pointed  out  by  E.  8.  Dana,  no  name  should 
have  been  given  to  such  a  mixture. 

Tyr-I-an,  o.  *  ».    [Lat.  TVriut.} 

A.  At  adjective  : 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  ancient  Tyrt. 

2.  Being  of  a  purple  colour. 

B.  At  iubtt.:  A  native  or   Inhabitant  of 
Tyre. 

*  Tyr  Ian  cynosure,  «. 

Astron.  :  Ursa  Minor. 

•*  And  thou  Shalt  b«  our  lUr  of  Aready. 
Or  Ti/rian  c»i»turc.-  MMnn  :  Cotnut,  MS, 

Tyrian  purple,  ».  A  celebrated  purple 
dye  formerly  prepared  at  Tyre  from  shell-fish. 

[MUREX,  PCBPDBA.] 

tyr'-ite,  t.  [After  the  Norwegian  God  of 
War,  Tyr;  suff.  -ite  (Afwi.).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  pyramidal 
crystals,  embedded  in  orthoclase,  but  im- 
planted on  black  mica,  at  localities  near  Ham- 
p«myr,  Arendal,  Norway.  Hardness,  6-5; 
•p.  gr.  5-13  to  5-5«.  Compos.  :  essentially  a 
columbate  of  yttrium,  cerium,  and  iron.  It 
referred  by  most  mineralogists  to  Fereuson- 
ite  (q.v.). 

tyV-d,  «.  (Prop,  tiro,  from  Lat.  tin  =  a  recruit 
a  novice,  a  tiro  ;  root  doubtful.)  A  beginner 
In  learning  ;  one  who  is  engaged  in  learning, 
or  who  has  only  mastered  the  rudiments  of 
«ny  branch  of  knowledge  ;  a  novice. 

«  tjrr-6-9ln'-.-uni,  *  tyr--6-f  In-y.  ».  [Lat 
tirocinium  =  the  state  of  a  tyro,  from  Lat. 
«ro  =  a  tiro.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
a  tyro,  beginner,  or  novice  ;  novitiate,  ap- 
prenticeship. [Tmocraimi.] 

tyr-4-  glyph'-  us,  «.  [Gr.  TV/.O?  (turo>)  = 
cheese,  and  yAiicfxo  (glupho)  =  to  hollow.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Acaride,  separated  from 
the  original  genus  Acarus  (q.v.),  to  include 
the  Cheese-mites.  [CHEESE-MITE.] 

Tyr'-d-lese,  o.  &  t.    [See  def.] 

A.  At  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Tyrol  ;  as,  a  Tyrolese  air. 

B.  At  subtt.  (Sing,  or  PI.)  :  A  native  of  tne 
Tyrol  ;  the  people  of  the  Tyrol. 

Ty-rd-lI-Sane',  «.    [Fr.l 

Mutte  :  A  song  accompanied  with  dancing  ; 

•  popular  Tyrolese  song  or  melody,  especially 
one  in  which  rapid  alternation  in  melodic 
progressions  of  the  natural  and  falsetto  voice 
Is  introduced. 

tjf-ro'-lite,  j.  [After  Tyrol,  Austria,  where 
flrst  found  ;  sun*,  -ite  (Min.)  ;  Ger.  tirolit, 
kupferschaum.  ] 

Min.  :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occurring 
in  radiating  groups  of  thin  plates,  also  mas- 
ilve.  Hardness,  1-0  to  2'0  ;  sp.  gr.  8-02  to 
8-098;  lustra  on  cleavage  facet  pearly  ;  colour, 
pale  apple-  and  verdigris-green,  sometimes  in- 
clining to  blue  ;  translucent  to  sub-translu- 
cent ;  sectile.  Compos.  :  arsenic  add,  29-2  ; 
protoxide  of  copper,  50-3  ;  water,  20-5  =  100 
with  the  resulting  formula,  SCuO  As05  +  9HO  ; 
the  analysis,  however,  showed  13-66  per  cent, 
of  carbonate  of  lime,  probably  present  as  an 
essential  constituent,  in  which  case  I  he  fore- 
going formula  will  be  subject  to  modification. 


*  tyr'-dne,  ».  [Lat.  (tronem,  accus.  of  tir 
=  a  tyro  (q.  v.).  J  A  tyro. 

•tyr'-on-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  tyron(e) ; -im.}  Th 
state  of  being  a  tyro. 

tyr'-i-sine,  >.  [Gr.  rifot  (tum)  =  cheese 
-i?ie  (Chem.).] 

1.  Clew. :  CoHnNOj.    A  crystalline  nitr< 
genous  body  discovered  by  Liebig,  obtaine 
by  decomposing  albuminous  substances  sue 
as  casein,  &c.,  by  caustic  potash.    It  forn 
stellate  groups  of  long  slender  needles,  havin 
a  silky  lustre,  soluble  in  boiling  water  and  i 
alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether. 

2.  Pathol. :  Tyrosine  is  often  found  in  th 
urine  during  acute  atrophy  of  the  liver. 

tjfr  6  tdx'-  i  c6"n,  t.  [Gr.  («ro«  =  cheese 
and  toxikon  -=  poison.]  A  poisonous  crystallin 
ptomaine  contained  in  decayed  milk  or  mill 
products,  such  as  ice-cream,  Ac. 

Ty'-sou,  «.  [Dr.  Edward  Tyson  (1649-1708) 
F.R.S.,  an  able  comparative  anatomist,  dis 
coverer  of  the  glands.]  (See  compound.) 

Tyson's  glands,  >.  pi. 

Anat. :  Numerous  sebaceous  glands  rount 
the  cervix  penis  and  corona  glandis.  Callet 
also  Glamlulai  odorifera.  (Quain.) 

ty1  son  Ite,  t.    [After  S.  T.  Tyson ;  suff.  -Ue 

Afi». :  A  mineral  forming  the  central  por 
tion  of  certain  hexagonal  crystals,  the  exterioi 
of  which  consists  almost  entirely  of  bastnii 
site  (the  hamartite  of  Nordenskiold),  which 
has  been  derived  by  alteration  from  tysonite 
Hardness,  4-5  to  5;  sp.  gr.  6'12  to6'14;  lustre 
somewhat  resinous ;  colour,  pale  wax-yellow 
streak,  nearly  white.  Analyses  yielded,  ceri 
urn,  40-19 ;  lanthanum  and  didymium,  SO'37 
fluorine,  29-44  =  100,  which  corresponds  tc 
the  formula,  (Ce,La,Di)2F6.  Occurs  in  felspar 
at  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado. 

*  tythe,  i.    [TITHE.] 

*  tyth  -ing,  s.    [Tmiiso.J 
tzar,  s.    [CzAE.] 

tzar-i  -na,  tzar  it  -za,  «.    [CIABIHA.] 

tzet'-ze,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Music:  An  Abyssinian  instrument  of  the 
guitar  kind,  formed  of  a  long  carved  neck 
attached  to  a  gourd.  It  has  frets  and  one 
string  usually  made  of  the  tough  fibre  of  a 
palm-tree. 


u. 

0,  the  twenty-first  letter  and  the  flfth  vowel 
of  the  English  alphabet  It  is  one  of  the 
three  primitive  vowels,  from  which  the  various 
vowel  sounds  in  the  Aryan  languages  have 
been  developed.  Ite  true  primary  sound  was 
that  which  it  still  retains  in  most  of  the 
European  languages— viz. .  that  of  oo  in  cool, 
tool,  wood,  &«.,  corresponding  to  the  French 
ou,  as  in  cour,  four,  &c.,  the  sound  being  some- 
times short  (marked  in  this  book  U)  and  some- 
times long  (marked  u).  The  Anglo-Saxon 
long  u  (marked  with  an  accent)  has  commonly 
become  in  modern  English  the  diphthong 
Ott  or  ow,  as  A.  8.  thu  =  thou,  nu  =  now, 
muth  =  mouth,  4c.  After  r,  and  after  the 
sounds  sh  and  2*,  u  has  generally  retained 
its  old  long  sound,  as  in  rule,  truth,  &c. 
In  A.S.  rum  =  room,  brucan  =  brook  (v.)  the 
original  long  sound  is  retained,  though  the 
form  is  altered.  The  old  short  sound  of  u  is 
still  retained  in  bull,  full,  puU,  put,  Ac.,  but 
as  a  rule  this  sound  became  changed  (probably 
about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century) 
to  the  sound  heard  in  cut,  tun,  fun,  Ac. 
(marked  u),  a  sound  then  new  to  English, 
not  being  mentioned  by  any  writer  before 
1653.  This  sound,  which  is  very  similar  to 
that  of  the  unaccented  French  e,  is  character- 
istic of  English,  and  is  often  given  to  the 
vowels  o,  e,  when  unaccented,  as  in  cavalry, 
camel,  Ac.  It  is  also  given  to  the  vowel  o, 
even  when  accented,  as  in  money,  come,  honey, 
among,  &c.  A  modified  form  of  it  often 
occurs  before  r,  as  in  bur,  cur,  far,  4tc.,  and 
sometimes  before  rr,  as  in  knurr,  purr,  &c. 


(marked  u).    This  sound  Is  sometimes  given 
to  a,   i,   o,  and   y    before    r,   as   auricular, 
her,  fir,  work,  martyr.    In  the  sixteenth  or 
seventeenth    century  arose   the    practice  of 
using  gu  to  represent  a  hard  g  before  an  < 
as  in  guess,  a  French  practice,  borrowed  frniri 
qu ;  and  to  this,  and  the  wish  to  indicate  a 
long  vowel  by  a  final  e,  must  be  attributed 
plague,  vague,  fatigue,  rogue,  ic.     The  final 
•gue  does   not,  however,  always  indicate  a 
preceding  long  vowel ;  cf.  epilogue,  synagogue, 
tongue,  &c.     The  use  of  u  for  to  in  persuade, 
&c.,  is  modern,  also  imitated  from  its  use  in 
gu.    The  long  sound  of  u,  as  in  mute,  duke, 
confuse,  &c.  (marked  u),  and  modified  by  r 
as  in  cure,  pure  (marked  ii),  is  not  a  simple 
vowel,  an  i  sound  being  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly introduced  before  it,  or  fused  with  it 
The  corresponding   short  sound   is  heard  in 
unit,  unity,  &c.  (marked  u).    I  n  some  dialects 
and  in  America,  this  sound  is  also  sometimes 
given  to  u  after  r.     Duke  is  sometimes  vul- 
garly pronounced  with  the  same  sound    as 
dook.    The  original  sound  of  short  u  is  now 
only  retained  in  bury,  burial,  busy,  and  busi- 
ness.   The  long  sound  of  u  as  in  mute,  is  also 
represented  by  other  combinations,  as  by  -ue, 
in  due,  sue,  &c. ;  by  eto,  in  dew,  flew,  &c.  •  and 
by  ui  in  suit.     "  Ue  [is]  used  in  later  spelling 
as  a  final  u,  owing  to  a  rule  made  by  no  one 
knows  whom,  no  one  knows  why,  and  no  one 
knows  when,  that  no  English  word  can  end 
inu."    (Ellis:  Early  English  Pronunciation, 
ch.  vi.,  §  1,  p.  579.)    In  the  thirteenth  and 
fourteenth  centuries  ue  =  French  eu.     Vi  has 
several  sounds  :  (1)  =  u,  as  in  tuit,  fruit,  &c. : 
(2)  =  i,  as  in  build,  guild;  (3)  t,  as  in  guide; 
(4)  t,  as  in  mosquito  ;  (5)  tot,  as  in  anguish, 
languid.    In  buoy,  buy,  buyer,  buying,  kc.,  the 
u  is  silent,  as  also  in  plaguy.    (For  qu,  see 
under  Q.)     In  the    best    period  of   Roman 
literature  the  u  sound  was  expressed  by  the 
character  v,  a  character  which  did  not  exist 
in  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet,  its  sound,  when 
it  occurred  between  two  vowels,  being  repre- 
sented by  /,  or  occasionally  by  u.     In  later 
times  u  and  v  stood  indifferently  for  either 
sound,  the  capital  being  generally  written  V. 
In  this  respect  U  and  V  stand  to  each  other 
as  /  and  /.    In  almost  all  English  diction- 
aries,  up    to  a   comparatively  recent   date, 
words  beginning  with  U  and  V  were  combined. 
In  printing,  where  the  sheets  are  marked  by 
the  letters  A,  B,  o,  &c.  (standing  for  1,  2,  3,  Sic.), 
the  signs  J,  v,  and  w,  are  ignored,  so  that,  for 
this  purpose,  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  are 
only  twenty-three.    In  respect  to  its  order  in 
the   alphabet,  its  form,  and   its  history  in 
general,  D  corresponds  with  the  Greek  Y  or  u. 
Greek  words  containing  the  diphthong  OK, 
when  Latinised,  were  spelt  with  a  u;  while 
Greek  words  with  v,  when  Latinised,  were 
«pelt  with  y. 

I.  V  at  an  initial  is  used  for  United,  as  in 
U.K.=  the  United    Kingdom;    U.S.   United 
States  ;  U.S.A.  United  States  of  America ;  U.P. 
United  Presbyterian  (Scotch) ;  U.C.  or  A.  U.C. 
in  dates  belonging  to  Roman  history  is  a  con- 
traction for  Ab  urbe  condita  =  from  the  build- 
ing of  the  city  (of  Rome),  as  U.C.  400  =  in  the 
year  of  Rome  400. 

II.  U  CM  a  symbol  is  used,  in  chemistry,  for 
uranium. 

i  a  Ua'  ri,  *.    [South  American  Indian  name 
of  the  animal.] 
Zool. :  The  Scarlet-faced  Saki.    [SAKI.] 

u'-ar-an,  u'-ran,  «.     [Arab,  ouaran  =  the 
monitor  of  the  Nile.) 
Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Vaianue 

u-a-ra  nus,  «.    [VABANUS.] 
h>'-b4-nlte,  i.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  (PL):  The  followers  of  Ubbo 
Phillips,  who  formed  a  moderate  class  among 
the  Anabaptists  of  the  sixteenth  century 
Their  founder  eventually  entered  the  Reformed 
Church,  and  died  in  that  communion  in  1568. 

u'-ber-ous,  a.  [O.  Fr.  ubereux,  from  Low 
Lat  ubertus,  ubertosus,  from  Lat.  uber  —  fruit- 
ful.] Yielding  largely  or  copiously ;  fruitful, 
prolific,  productive. 

"Sion.  the  mother  of  na  all.  la  barren,  and  her 
ujeroiu  breaife  are  dry."-Oi«irt«t  .•  Juttgmtnt  t  J/«rt» 
of  Sion, 

u'-ber-ty',    *.      [Lat.  uoerfos,   from  ufter  = 
fruitful.]    Fruitfulness,  fertility,  proliflcness. 
"  They  en]oy  that  natural  ubtrty.  and  fruitfulneM." 
— fturto:  Trawlatitm  oj  J/ontalffnt  (1618),  p.  lot 


^:  ^f"-  ^the!i  W*'  ^  h£pe>  °am91'  h5r'  tt6re:  P"me-  Plt«  •*"•  '*•  —I"  '  « 
work,  whd,  sin  ;  mute,  ofib.  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall  ;  try.  Syrian.    ».  ce  =  e  ;  ey  =  a  ;  qn  = 


kw. 


ubication— uglines8 


4.5  i?3 


•  n-bi-ca'-tion,  s.    [Lat.  «M  =  where.]    The 
state  of  being  in  a  place  ;    local    relation  ; 
whereness. 

"Relations.  ubicationi,  duration,  the  vulgar  philo- 
sophy admits  to  be  something  ;  aiid  yet  to  enquire  ia 
what  place  they  are,  were  giow."  —Qlanvill  ;  Euays. 
Mo.  5. 

U-bl'-e'-t^,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  ubietas,  from  Lat. 
«6t=  where.] 

Philos.  :  The  presence  of  one  thing  with  re- 
gard to  another  ;  the  presence  of  a  tiling  in 
ptece;  the  state  or  condition  of  being  in  a 
place.  According  to  the  Schoolmen,  Ubiety 
might  be  : 

(1)  Circum  scripti  ve,  as  when  all  the  parts 
of  a  body  are  answerable  to  the  parts  of  space 
In  which  it  is,  and  exclude  any  other  body. 

"Thou  wouldst  hare  led  me  out  of  my  way  If  that 
had  been  possible—  if  my  ub/ety  did  uot  so  nearly  re- 
semble ubiquity,  that  in  Anywherenew  and  Every- 
whereues*  I  know  where  I  am.  and  can  never  get  lost 
till  I  get  out  of  Whereneas  itself  into  Nowhere."— 
South'-'y  :  The  Doctor,  ch.  cxciL 

(2)  Definitive,   as   when  a  human  soul  is 
limited  in  its  presence  to  the  same  place  as  a 
human  body. 

"  Notwithstanding  her  uncertain  tenure  of  ubiety 
.  .  .  she  patiently  yielded  to  her  lot."—  Bodton  :  Lift 
*f  Waterton.  p.  93. 

(3)  Repletive,  as  when  God  is  present  through 
every  portion  of   space.      This  last  form  is 
sometimes  called  Ubiquity. 

*  n-W-quar'-I-an,  a.    [Lat.  ubique-  =  every- 
where;  Eng.  suff.  -arum.]     Existing  every- 
where ;  ubiquitous,  ubiquitary. 

"  Hare  ye,  ye  sage  intendauta  of  the  whole 
A  uMauarian  presence  and  control?" 

Cooper:  Tirocinium,  3M. 

•^-W'-quJ-ous,  a.  [Lat.  ubique  =  every- 
where.]  Ubiquitous. 

"Thro*  stretch  ubigttiaut  measureless  expanse.  " 
Stfventon  :  Hymn  to  the  Deity,  p.  10.     (1789L) 

•  tNbl-qnlst,  «.    [Fr.  ubiqutete.]   [UBIQUITY.] 

Church  History  : 

1.  (PI.):  The  same  as  UBIQUITAHIAN,  2. 

"  All  the  Ubiauittt,  however,  are  not  agreed."—  RM»  : 
Cyclop.,  s.  v.  L'oiquitt. 

2.  A  term  applied  in  the  University  of  Paris 
to  such  doctors  in  theology  as  are  not  re- 
strained to  any  particular  house,  either  to 
that  of  Navarre  or  Sorbonne.    (Bees.) 

*  u-bi'-auX-tair,  *  u-W-qul-talre,  a.  [Fr. 
vbiquitaire,  from  Lat  ubique  =  everywhere.) 

Ubiquitary,  ubiquitous. 

"  Him  whom  earth,  nor  air, 
Nor  the  vaite  mould 
Of  Heaven  can  hold 
'Cause  he's  vbiquttatr." 

l  :  Letter*.  bk.  L  .  le  t  15. 

,  *.  A  a.    [Eng.  ubiqui- 
tary; -an.] 
A*  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  exists  everywhere  ; 
one  who  is  omnipresent. 

2.  Church  Hist.  (PL)  :   A  name  applied  to 
those  who,  confusing  the  two  natures,  taught 
that  Christ,  as  man,  was  omnipresent,  as  did 
the  Apollinarists  and  Eutychians  in  the  early 
Church.    Luther  re-asserted  the  ubiquity  of 
Christ's  body  in  his  controversy  with    the 
Zwinglians  as  to  the  reception  of  the  body  of 
Christ  in  the  sacrament,  and  in  a  sermon  of 
1527  (Quod  Verba  Stent),  and  in  the  Confessio 
Major  of  1528  declared  that  Christ's  body  was 
not  only  in  heaven  and  in  the  Eucharist,  but 
everywhere,  and  this  of  necessity.    The  Cal- 
vlnists,  Zwinglians,  and  Melanchthon  opposed, 
and  the  latter  pointed  out  that  the  doctrine  of 
ubiquity  led  to  a  denial  of  the  Real  Presence 
which  it  wa«  intended  to  support.   This  tenet, 
however,  r.as  inserted  in  the  Formula  of  Con- 
cord (A.D.  1577),  though  no  mention  was  made 
of  it  in  the  Augsburg  Confession  (A.D.  1530). 

"  It  is  Indeed  obvious  that  every  Lutheran  who  be- 
lieves the  doctrines  of  con  a  (instantiation,  whatever  he 
may  pretend,  must  be  ft  l.''>i'j"it>irian."—3fcClintock  A 
Strong:  Cyclop.  Bib.  Lit.,  x.  6M. 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Ord.  lang.  :  Omnipresent. 

2.  Church  Hist.  :   Of  or  belonging  to  the 
Ubiquitarians.     [A.  2.] 

"The  former  supporting  the  Ubiquitarian  theory." 
—  MeClintock  A  Strong  :  Cyclop.  Bib.  Lit.,  x.  623. 

•  U  bi  '-qui  -tar  i  ness,  s.  [Eng.  ubiquitary  ; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ubiqui- 
tary  ;  existence  everywhere  ;  omnipresence. 

"  Not  to  speak  of  the  ubiquitarinett  of  some  hands, 
the  same  being  always  present  at  all  petitions."— 
fuOer:  Church  Bitt.,  bk.  *.,  p.  34. 


. 

everywhere.] 


^,  o.  ft  «.    [Lat  ubique 


A.  As  adj. :  Existing  everywhere  or  in  all 
places  ;  omnipresent,  ubiquitous. 

"  She  .  .  .  manages  her  time  BI>  well  that  she  seems 
ubiquUary,"—/)r!/den  ;  Marriage  d-la-mode,  L  L 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  exists  everywhere  or  is  omni- 
present. 

"This  knight,  in  relation  to  my  book,  may  be 
termed  an  ubiquitary,  and  appear  amongst  statesmen, 
souldiera,  lawyers,  writ*™."—  Fuller:  Worthitt;  Kent, 
(air  P.  Sidney.) 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  sect  called  Ubi- 
qnists  (q.v.). 

n-hi-qnl-tes'^Snt,  o.    [Ens.ubiquti(out); 
-fscent.]     Becoming  ubiquitous. 

"Follow  the  trolley  track  (for  the  ubiquitetrfnt 
trolley  car  has  made  ita  appearance  here  too)."—  The 
[Phila.]  Call. 

U-bl'-qui-tlsm,  t.      [Eng.  vbiquit(y);  -ism.] 
'  The  doctrines  of  the  Ubiquitarians.      [UBI- 
QUITARIAN, 2.] 

*  y-bT-qnl-tifstp  *.     [Eng.  *biqait(y);  ~i*t.] 
The  same  as  UBIQUITARIAN  (q.v.). 

U-W-quX-totls,  a.     [Eng.  ubiquity);  -ous.} 
'  Existing  or  being  everywhere  ;  omnipresent. 


B-1&  adv.  [Eng.  ubiquitous; 
~ly.]  In  a  ubiquitous  manner ;  in  a  manner 
involving  real  or  seeming  omnipresence. 

U-bl'-quI-t^,  s.     [Fr.  ubiquite,  as  if  from  a 
"  Lat.  ubiquitatemt  accus.   of  ubiquitas,  from 
ubique  —  everywhere ;  Ital.  ubiquitd.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ubiquitous ; 
existence  or  presence  in  all  places  at  the  same 
time ;  omnipresence. 

"  The  reason  you  do  not  apprehend  ubiquity  to  be 
necessarily  connected  with  self-existence."— Cfarfre  : 
Antwer  to  Second  Letter. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  the  body  of  Christ  is 
present  everywhere  by  virtue  of  its   union 
with  his  divine  nature.     It  was  adopted  in 
1577  as  a  mode  of  explaining  the  Eucharistic 
Presence  by  those  who  composed  the  Formula 
of  Concord.    The  terra  soon  ceased  to  have  a 
definite  meaning,  some  divines  affirming  that 
Christ  during  his  mortal  life  was  everywhere 
present,  whilst  others  dated  his  ubiquity  from 
his  ascension  into  heaven. 

"  No  one  sequel  urged  by  the  apostles  against  the 
Oalatians  for  giving  circumcision  with  Christ  but  may 
be  as  well  enforced  against  the  Lutherans  holding 
ubiquity." —Walton  ;  Life  of  Soaker. 

*  3.  Locality,  neighbourhood. 
"  In  any  street  , 

In  that  ubiquity.'  Ben  Jonton.     (Todd.) 

IF  Ubiquity  of  the  king : 
Law :  (See  extract). 

"  A  consequence  of  this  prerogative  Is  the  legal 
ubiquity  of  the  king.  His  Majesty,  in  the  eye  of  the 
law,  is  always  present  In  all  his  courts,  though  he 
cannot  personally  distribute  justice.  His  judges  are 
the  mirrors  by  which  the  king's  image  Is  reflected. 
It  ta  the  regal  office,  and  not  the  royal  person,  that  la 
always  present  in  court,  always  ready  to  undertake 
prosecutions,  or  pronounce  judgment,  for  the  benefit 
and  protection  of  the  subject.  And  from  this  ubiquity 
It  follows  that  the  king  can  never  be  nonsuit,  for  a 
notisait  is  the  desertion  of  the  suit  or  action  by  the 
non-appearance  of  the  plaintiff  in  court.  For  the 
same  reason  also  in  the  forms  of  legal  proceedings,  the 
king  is  not  said  to  appear  by  his  attorney,  as  other 
men  do,  for  he  always  appears  in  contemplation  of  the 
law  in  his  own  proper  person."— Blackttone:  Com- 
ment., bk.  t,  eh.  T. 

lib' -I  su'-pra,  phr.  [Lat.  =  where  above.]  In 
the  place  or  passage  above  mentioned  ;  noting 
reference  to  some  passage  or  page  previously 
named  or  referred  to. 

Uc-ke  wal' -list  (w  as  v),  *.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  (PI.) :  A  sect  who  derived  their 
name  from  Uke  Walles,  a  native  of  Friesland, 
who  published  his  opinions  in  1637.  He  taught 
the  doctrine  of  Universal  ism,  and  held  that 
the  period  of  time  between  the  birth  of  Christ 
and  the  descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost  was  one  of 
deep  ignorance,  during  which  the  Jews  were 
deprived  of  divine  light,  and  that  therefore 
their  sins  would  not  be  visited  with  severity. 
His  followers  did  not  long  retain  his  name  as 
a  badge  of  separation,  and  became  merged  in 
the  Mennonites  (q.v.),  to  whose  doctrines 
their  founder  strictly  adhered. 

u'-dal,  a.  [Icel.  6dal  =  ancestral  possessions, 
allodium  (q.v.).]  A  term  applied  to  that 
right  in  land  which  prevailed  in  northern 
Europe  before  the  introduction  of  the  feudal 
system.  Udal  tenure  still  prevails  in  Orkney 
and  Shetland.  This  tenure,  which  was  com- 
pleted by  undisturbed  possession,  provable  by 
witnesses,  has  been  held  by  the  Court  of 
Session  to  be  the  same  as  allodial  (q.v.). 


u'-dal-ler,  lY  dal  man,  s.  [Eng.  udal;  -0r, 
-num.]  One  who  holds  property  by  udal  right ; 
a  freeholder  without  feudal  dependencies. 

"  The  Udallert  are  the  allodial  possessors  of  Zetland, 
who  hold  their  possessions  under  the  old  Norwt^ixn 
law,  instead  of  the  feudal  tenures  Introduced  Among 
them  from  Scotland."— Scott :  Pirate,  ch.  i.  (Xote.) 

ud  der,  *  ud'-dir,  *  ud-dyrf  *  Id-dyr,  *. 

[A.S.  ii<ier;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  uiler,  nyder  ; 
Dut.  -itijer  ;  Icel.  jugr  (for  judr)  ;  Sw.  jufver, 
jur ;  Dan.  yver  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  uter ;  Ger.  enter; 
Gael.  &  Irish  uttr ;  Lat.  uber  (for  udher) ;  Gr. 
oCOop (nuthar),  genit.  ovQaros  (outhatos);  Sansc. 
udhar,  udhan,;  North.  Prov.  Eng.  yure.] 

1.  The  glandular  organ  or  bag  of  cows  and 
other  quadrupeds,  in  which  the  milk  is  secreted 
and  retained  for  the  nourishment  of  their 
young. 

"  Sweet  milk 
Delieiou*,  drawn  from  uddert  never  dry." 

Cowper  :  Homer;  OdytHy  IT. 

*  2.  A  teat,  a  dug. 

"  A  lioness,  with  uddert  all  drawn  dry, 
Lay  couching  head  on  ground." 

Shaken:  :  At  You  Ltto  It,  IT.  & 

ttd'-dered,  a.  [Eng.  wider;  -erf.]  Furnished 
with  or  having  an  udder  or  udders. 

"  Marian,  that  soft  could  stroke  the  ttdder'd  cow." 
Oay :  Shepherd'i  Week  ;  Tueiday,  11. 

iid'-der-l&M,  a.  [Eng.  udder ; -lets.]  Destitute 
of  an  udder ;  hence,  figuratively,  deprived  of 
nourishment  from  a  mother  ;  motherless. 

"  All  ye  gentle  girls  that  foster  up 
Udderleu  lambs."          Read  :  Kndymion,  L 

tid-dS-V&T-lite,  s.  [After  Uddevalla,  or 
Uddewalla,  Sweden,  where  found  ;  suff.  -to 
(Jtfia.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Menaccanite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining about  10  per  cent,  of  titanium  and  70 
per  cent,  of  sesquioxide  of  iron. 

u  d6m'  e-ter,  ».  [Lat.  wJus  =  moist,  wet, 
and  Eng.  meter.]  A  rain-gauge  (q.v.). 

tiflT-gAr,  ttg'-ar,  tig'-odr,  titf-od-rop,  ». 

[Hind,  ugur ;  Sans,  uguru.] 

1.  Bot. :  AquUaria  Agallocha,  a  large  ever- 
green tree  with  alternate,  lanceolate,  stalked 
leaves,  a  top-shaped   leathery  calyx,  downy 
on  the  outside,   the  limb   divided  into  five 
segments,  refleied  ;    no  petals ;    ten  woolly 
scales  (sterile  stamens) ;  ten  fertile  stamens  ; 
a  two-celled  ovary,  and  each  cell  with  a  single 
suspended  ovule,  winged  on  the  side.    In  the 
interior  of  old  trees  are  found  irregular  masses 
of  harder    and    darker-coloured    wood,    the 
Eagle-wood  (q.v.)  of  commerce.    A  native  of 
Eastern  Bengal,  Burmah,  the  Malay  Peninsula 
and  Archipelago. 

2.  Comm, :    An   oil    derived   from  No.  1. 
Wood  chips  are  boiled,  and  the  water  thus 
impregnated  is  distilled  to  produce  the  oil. 
It  is  valued  as  a  perfume.     Orientals  burn  it 
in  their  temples  on  account  of  its  fragrance, 
and  Napoleon  I.  used  it  for  the  same  reason 
to  illuminate  his  palace.    It  has  been  given 
in  rheumatism. 

ugh  (gh  guttural),  interj.  [From  the  sound 
made.]  An  exclamation  or  expression  of  horror, 
disgust,  or  recoil.  (Usually  accompanied  with 
a  shudder.) 

*  tig'-le-s&me  fie  as  el),  a.      [Eng.  ugly ; 
•some.]    Ugly,  hideous. 

•'When  I  behold  the  ugletome  face  of  death,  I  am 
afraid."—  Ward:  Sermoru,  p.  47. 

*  ttg'-ll-fy,  *  tifiT-l^-fy.  ".(.   [Eng.  ugly ;  -M 

To  make  ugly  or  hideous  ;  to  disfigure. 

"She  uotijtet  every  thing  near  her."— Mad.  VArblay: 
Diary,  v.  813. 

*  ug"  like,  a.    [UGLY,  a.] 

tigr-lM^,  adv.  [Eng.  ugly;  -ly.}  In  an  uglj 
manner ;  with  deformity. 

"  Fouler  deaths  had  uglily 
Displayed  their  trayling  guts." 

Sidney :  Arcadia,  ill. 

u^-H  ness,  *  ug-li-nesae,  «.  [Eng.  ufily, 
•ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ugly ;  want 
of  beauty  ;  deformity,  hideousness. 

"  A  monstrous  dragon,  full  of  f earful  1  tifflineue. " 
Sptnicr:  F.  <f .,  VI.  vi.  10. 

H  Ugliness  has  been  said  to  consist  in  a* 
approach  to  the  lower  animals.  (Darwin: 
Descent  of  Man  (ed.  2nd),  p.  584.) 

2.  Moral  repulsiveness. 

"  Vice  in  lt«  own  pore  native  uglineu."       ffraftft* 

3.  Ill-nature,  crossness.    (Atner.) 

4.  Unpleasantness. 


^ ;  pout,  Join ;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-oian.  -tian  —  ?*"}",    - tion,  - sion  —  «^"n ;  -tion,  -gion  =  «hii»i.    -cioua,  -tious,  -sious  =  alms.    -ble.  -die*  &c.  =  bel,  del* 


4894 


ugly— ulexite 


fcg'-ljf,  *  ug-lle,  *  ng-llke,  a.  &  «.     [Ice 

uggl/gr  =;  fearful,  dreadful,  from  ugger  =  fea 
and  -ligr  (=  A.8.  lie)  =  like,   -ly  ;    cf.  ujwa 
to  fear  ;  ygliqr  •=  terrible  ;  for  =  fierce  ;  Got! 
09(171  =  to  fear  ;    ogjan  =  to  terrify  ;   ugii  = 
terror  ;  Icel.  agi;  Eng.  au-e.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Possessing  the  quality  contrary  and  oppo 
BiTt*  to  beauty ;  repulsive  or  offensive  to  th 
sixlit  ;   of  disagreeable  or  offensive   aspect 
deformed. 

"  The  monkles  that  are  in  these  part*  are  the  ugtiat 
I  ever  saw."—  Damper:  Foyagn  (s,u.  16T«). 

2.  Morally  repulsive  or  offensive  ;  hateful. 

3.  Ill-natured,  cross-grained.    (Amer.) 
"I'll  net  answer  her  back  when  she's  ugly  to  me."— 

Mtu  n-*,uhrrlii:  ne  LampUgMer.  p  110. 

4.  Unpleasant  to  think  of  or  mention. 

"  There  is  aa  uylg  rumour  afloat  that  certain  book 
makers  who  had  laid  heavily  are  directly  resiKHlaib! 
for  Monday's  outbreak."— field,  Sei't  34,  Ii87. 

*  B.  As  subet. :  A  kind  of  shade  worn  b 
ladies  in  front  of  their  bonnets  to  protect  thei 
Jhces  from  the  sun. 

H  (1)  An  ugly  customer :  An  awkward,  uu 
pleasant,  or  troublesome  person  to  deal  with 

(2)  Tlie  ugly  man :  A  name  given  to  the  om 
of  three  garotters  who  actually  committe 
the  crime,  and  whose  operations  and  escape 
were  covered  by  his  companions,  known  a. 
the  front-stall  and  the  back-stall. 

[STALL,  3.  I.  8.] 

•ttg'-iy,  v.t.     [Uotr,  o.]    To  make  ugly ;  to 

uglify. 

"  His  vice*  all  ugly  him  orer."'— Rtchardeon  :  Pa 
meta,  L  286. 

ug'-odr,  figT-odr-otj,  ».    [UOOTB.J 

u'-gri-an,  u'-grlc,  o:  [After  the  name  o: 
the  Uigurs,  a  Finnish  tribe.]  A  term  ap- 
plied to  a  Finnic  group  of  Turanian  people 
comprising  the  Finns,  Lapps,  Hungarians, 
and  some  other  tribes  ;  also  to  their  tongues. 

"  Of  these  branches  [of  the  Indo-European  family  of 
languages]  there  are  three.  The  frrst,  the  Fiuno 
Hungarian,  or  Ufrtan,  I.  chiefly  Euro|«an :  It  In. 
dndes  the  FUini,fi,  with  the  nearly  relatSlEsthoiiliui 
and  Livouian,  and  the  remoter  Lappish  iu  the  Scant 
nawlan  peninsula  :  th«  Hungarian,  an  isolated  dtalect 
In  the  south,  wholly  environed  by  Indo-European 
tongues,  but  of  which  the  intrusion  into  its  preaenl 
place,  by  immigration  from  near  the  southern  TJral 
has  taken  nlace  within  the  historic  period  ;  the  difilocts 
from  which  the  Hungarian  separated  itself,  the  Oitiak 
and  Vt  ognl.  iu  and  beyond  the  Cral :  and  the  toiwuej 
of  other  related  tribes  in  Eastern  Russia,  aa  the  Zir- 
yanlaiu.  Wotiaki.  Monlwlns,  etc.'— ITM»ie» .  Lift  t 
Onmh  o/  Lanfuage,  ch.  ill. 

•fig -some,  •ng-Bom,  a.  [UOLT.]  Ugly, 
hideous,  disgusting,  loathsome. 

"  In  every  place  the  itgt-ine  sights  I  saw." 

Surrey :  Viryil ;  .Kneid  it. 

*  ftg'-some  ness,  •  ng  som  nes,  s.  [Eng. 
ugsome  ;  -ness.]  Ugliuess,  repulsiveness, 
hideousness. 

"  Not  perceyiiynge  the  t?«cmwie«  of  sj  nue."-«rt«r  .- 
Beiten  Pxtlmet.  Ps.  xxxviii.,  pt.  ii, 

uh  -Ian,  *  u  -Ian,  s.  [Ger.  uhlan  =  a  lancer, 
from  Pol.  ulan  =  a  lancer,  from  Turk.  ogldn  = 
a  youth,  a  lad.]  One  of  a  variety  of  light 
cavalry  of  Asiatic  orgin,  introduced  first  into 
Poland  by  Tartar  colonists.  They  are  em- 
ployed in  the  Russian,  Austro-Himgarian,  and 
German  armies,  especially  in  the  latter,  for 
skirmishing,  reconnoitring,  and  scouring  the 
country  in  advance  of  the  main  body  of  the 
armies. 

u'-Ig-Ite,  s.  [After  Uig,  Isle  of  Skye,  where 
found  ;  suff.  -Ue  (Aftn.).] 

if  in. :  A  name  given  by  Heddle  to  a  mineral 
occurring  with  some  zeolites  in  an  amygda- 
loidal  rock.  Hardness,  5-5  ;  sp.  gr.  2'284 ; 
lustre,  pearly  ;  colour,  yellowish -white 
Compos. :  silica,  45-98  ;  alumina,  21-93  ;  lime, 
16-15;  soda,  4'70 ;  water,  11-25.  Dana  sug- 
gests that  as  its  structure  appears  to  resemble 
that  of  prehnite,  it  needs  further  investi- 
gation. 

n-In-ta-,  pref.  [From  Uintah,  a  county  and 
small  range  of  mountains  In  that  county, 
Wyoming. 

Paloxmt.:    Found  in  or  near  the  Uintah 

Mountains.    [Etym.] 

•d-in  ta-cri  -nua.  ».  [Pref.  ulnta-,  and  Or. 
«PIKOC  (krinos)  —  *  lily.] 

Patent. :  A  genna  of  Marsupitidse,  allied  to 
Marsupites,  but  with  ten  arms,  from  the  Chalk 
of  North  America. 

u-In  ta9'-jM>n,  s.  [Pref.  uinta-,  and  Gr. 
"tv'ux  (kuSn)  =  a  dog.) 


Pnlaont.:  A  genus  of  Carnivore,  from  the 
Middle  Eocene  of  Wyoming.  It  was  described 
iu  1S75  by  Cope,  who  is  of  opinion  that  it 
cannot  be  referred  to  any  existing  family. 

U-in-ta^ther-I-um,  s.     [Pref.  uinta-,  and 
Gr.  th)pioi<  (tkirion)  —  a  wild  animal.) 

Pakeont.  :  A  genus  of  Marsh's  Dinocerata 
from  the  Middle  Eocene  of  North  America. 

u-In-tor'-nis,  s.    [Pref.  uinta-,  and  Gr.  onus 
(or;iis)  =  a  bird.] 

Pateont.  :  A  genus  of  Picarian  Birds,  allied 
to  the  Woodpeckers,  from  the  Eocene  of 
Wyoming. 

u   kase,  i.    [Fr.,  from  Russ.  j*oy  =  an  ordin- 

ance, an  edict,  from  kfizate  =  to  show.]     An 

edict  or  order,  legislative  or  administrative, 

of  the  Russian  Government.    They  have  the 

force  of  laws  until  annulled  by  subsequent 

decisions  or  orders.  A  collection  of  the  ukases 

issued  at  various  times,  made  by  order  of  the 

Emperor  Nicholas  in  1827,  and  supplemented 

since,  year  by  year,  constitutes  the  legal  code 

of  the  Russian  empire.      An  edict  or  order, 

generally,  issued  by  some  competent  authority. 

"  If  the  French  bookmakers  persist  in  refusing  to 

bet  at  all  until  the  ttfcUfl  ag;iinrt  them  is  withdrawn 

victory  will  not  be  long  iu  declaring  itself  on  their 

side.'—  Daily  Teles/rap*.  Huron  13.  1887. 

Uk-S-war-Ust  (w  as  v).  i.    [UCKEWALIJST.] 
"  u   Ian,  s.    [UHLAN.] 

u-lar'-bu-ro'ng,  ».    [Malay  name.] 

Zool.  :  Dipsns  dendrophila,  a  tree-snake, 
from  the  Malayan  Archipelago. 

ur-9er,  ».  [Fr.  ulcere,  from  Lat.  ukerem,  accus. 
of  ulcus  =  an  ulcer  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  ulctra  ;  cogn. 
with  Gr.  fA*oc  (helkoi)  =  a  wound,  a  sore, 
an  abscess.] 

1.  Lit.  it  Med.  •  A  chasm,  a  solution  of  contin- 
uity, produced  in  some  external  or  internal  sur- 
face of  the  body  by  the  process  of  absorption, 
the  absorbents,  whether  lymphatics  or  veins, 
but  chiefly  the  former,  being  moreactivelv  con- 
cerned in  the  formation  of  such  chasm.  This  is 
corroborated  by  the  fact  that  when  old  sores 
break  out  afresh,  the  substance  forming  the 
bond  of  union  first  gives  way,  and  even  in 
the  case  of  old  fractures,  the  callus  is  removed, 
and  the  extremities  become  again  disunited, 
as  happened  amongst  the  crew  of  the  Centu- 
rion, in  Lord  Anson's  memorable  voyage. 
This  was  Bret  pointed  out  by  John  Hunter. 
While  the  ulcerative  process  is  going  on,  'the 
secerning  arteries,  which  in  health  bring  and 
deposit  new  materials  to  every  part  of  the 
body  as  the  old  are  removed,  lose  this  power, 
and  are  even  taken  away,  as  well  as  the  rest 
of  the  organisation,  including  the  absorbents 
themselves.  The  cicatrix  formed  by  the  heal- 
ing of  an  ulcer  is  then  a  substitute  for  the  old 
and  original  skin,  but  inferior  to  it  iu  vital 
power.  Ulcers  are  of  three  kinds  :  healthy, 
unhealthy,  and  specific.  The  flrst  Is  the 
simple  sore,  or  simple  purulent  ulcer;  the 
second  comprises  the  indolent,  irritable, 
phagedenic,  and  varicose,  with  others  de- 
pendent on  disorder  of  the  digestive  func- 
tions ;  and  the  third,  such  as  the  scrofulous, 
cancerous,  and  venereal.  The  great  object  in 
the  management  of  ulcers  is  to  keep  the  sur- 
rounding skin  clean  and  dry,  and  to  produce 
a  healthy  surface  on  the  sore  itself  :  the  latter 
object  is  now  frequently  obtained  by  skin- 
grafting,  with  permanently  favourable  results. 
2.  Fig.  :  Anything  which  eats  into  or  festurs 
in  any  body  ;  a  moral  sore. 

filler,   v.t.     [Lat.  ulcero=.io  make  sore.] 
[ULCER,  ».]    To  ulcerate. 

"  Thia  .  .  .  vlam  men's  hearts  with  profaneness."— 
fuller:  Holy  t  Profane  State.  V.  VL  S. 

ttl'-$er-a-ble,  "•    [Eng.  ulcer;  -able.]  Cap- 
able of  being  ulcerated. 


v.t.  A  *.  [Lat.  ulceratus,  pa.  par. 
of  utcero  =  to  make  sore,  from  ufciw,  gcnit. 
ulceris  =  an  ulcer.] 

A.  Tram.  :   To  affect  with  or  as  with  an 
ulcer  or  sores. 

"  A  tendency  more  deeply  to  M/cemto  their  minds  " 
—  Burkf  :  Letter  to  S»r  ff.  Lttngrith,  M.P. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  be  formed  into  an  ulcer  ; 
to  become  ulcerous.    (Lit.  it  Jig.) 

ul:9er-a'-tlon,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vlara- 
tionem,  accus.  of  ulcerntio,  from  ulceratus,  pa. 
par.  of  uicero  =  to  ulcerate  (q.v.).] 
1.  The  process  of  forming  into  an  nicer  ; 


the  process  of  becoming  ulcerated  ;  the  state 
or  condition  of  being  ulcerated,  as  numeration 
of  the  bowels,  the  heart,  the  intestines,  the 
larynx,  Ac. 

"The  part  hath  been  lone  affected  with  i*»™«o«.- 
—  H  ueman :  Surgery,  ch.  11. 

2.  An  ulcer. 

til'-9er-a-tlve,  o.    (Eng.  vlcmtft) ;  -ivt.} 

1.  Of  or  relating  to  ulcers. 

2.  Causing  or  producing  ulcers. 

"The  dregs  of  vinegre  must  of  necessity  be  much 
more  sharpe,  biting,  nnd  ulceratiee  than  wme  lees."-. 
P.  Haltatat:  flinie,  bk.  -cxlii..  ch.  ii. 

ulcerative -stomatitis,  «. 

Pathol :  [NoMA]. 

Ul'-9ered,  a.     (Eng.  ulcer,  s. ;  -ed.)    Having 
Income  an  ulcer ;  affected  with  an  ulcer  or 
ulcers ;  ulcerated,  ulcerous. 
"  Breathings  hard  dmwiie  their  ulcered  palates  teare." 
May :  Lucan  ;  Phartnlia.  bk.  iv. 

ul'-«5er-OU9,  a.  [Lat.  ulcerosw,  fron.  vlcia, 
genit.  «fc«Ti»  =  an  ulcer  (q.v.);  Fr.  vlierrux; 
Sp.  &  Ital.  ulceroso.] 

1.  Haying  the  nature  or  character  of  an 
ulcer  ;  discharging  purulent  or  other  matter. 

"  The  u/eeroM  barky  scurf  of  leprosy." 

Browning :  Paractlllu,  IT. 

2.  Affected  with  an  ulcer  or  ulcers ;  ulcer- 
ated. 

"  People 
All  swollen  and  uktrout.'    aha/teen.:  Jfacbetlt,  IT.  a, 

*ul'-9er-ous-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  ulcerous;  -ly.] 
In  an  ulcerous  manner. 

ul  -9er-ous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  ulcerous;  -nest.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  ulcerous  or  ul- 
cerated. 

*  ul'-cus-tjle,  '411-068-0010,  s.  [Lat.  ul- 
eusculiim,  diinin.  from  ulans  =  an  ulcer  (q.vAl 
A  little  ulcer. 

u'-le,  ».    [Mexican.]    The  Ule-tree  (q.v.).. 
ule  tree,  s. 

Bat. :  Castttloa  elastica  and  C.  Markhamiana, 
wliich  yield  caoutchouc.  They  are  Mexican 
trees,  having  male  and  female  flowers  alter- 
nating on  the  same  branch,  the  latter  consist- 
ing of  numerous  ovaries  in  a  single  cup. 

u-le'-ma,  «.  [Arab,  ulema,  pi.  of  olim  =  wise, 
learned,  from  alima  =  to  know.]  The  col- 
lective name  of  the  hierarchical  corporation 
of  learned  men  in  Turkey,  who  have  the 
advantages  of  freedom  from  military  service, 
and  who  furnish  judges,  ministers  of  mosques, 
professors,  and  have  charge  of  the  department 
of  the  government  relating  to  sacred  matters. 
This  body  is  composed  of  the  Imams,  or 
ministers  of  religion,  the  Muftis,  or  doctors 
of  law,  and  the  Cadis,  or  administrators  of 
justice. 

u  -lex,  t.  [Lat  =  a  shrub  resembling  rose- 
mary. ] 

Bat. :  Furze,  whin,  or  gorse ;  a  genus  of 
Cytisea?.  Very  thorny  shrubs,  with  leaves 
trifoliolate  when  young,  simple  when  old. 
Flowers  yellow  ;  axillary  calyx  two-partite, 
with  a  small  scale  or  bractea  on  each  side  of 
the  base ;  tiie  segments  nearly  entire,  or  the 
upper  one  with  two,  the  lower  with  three, 
teeth ;  standard  scarcely  longer  thau  the 
calyx,  bind;  keel  erect,  blunt;  legume 
scarcely  longer  tlian  the  calyx,  turgid,  few- 
seeded.  Known  species  twelve,  from  the 
west  and  the  south  of  Europe,  and  northern 
Africa.  Two  are  British,  Ulex  europHus,  the 
Common  Furze,  whin,  or  gorse,  and  U.  natius, 
the  Dwarf  Furze.  Tbe  former  has  the  ralyx 
somewhat  hairy,  the  hairs  slightly  spreading, 
the  teeth  nearly  obsolete,  the  bracts  large, 
ovate,  and  lax ;  the  latter,  besides  being 
smaller  in  all  its  parts,  and  flowering  later  in 
the  year,  has  the  pubescence  of  the  calyx 
adpressed,  the  teeth  lanceolate,  the  bracts 
minute  the  wings  about  the  length  of  the 
keel. 

U'-lSx-lte,  «.  [After  G.  L.  Ulex,  who  first 
correctly  analyzed  it ;  suff.  -ite  (MinA] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  roundish 
masses  or  nodules,  consisting  of  delicate 
fibres  or  capillary  crystals.  Found  at  various 
localities,  but  notably  in  Peru  and  Tarapnca, 
South  America,  associated  with  various  other 
species,  and  also  in  Nova  Scotia  in  massive 
gypsum.  Hardness,  I'd  ;  sp.  gr.  1-65 ;  lustre, 
when  first  broken,  silky ;  colour,  white. 
Compos. :  boric  acid,  45'63 ;  lime,  12'2B ;  soda, 


ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  TTO,  wi5t,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pft, 
or.  wore.  w9lt  work,  whd,  sin;  mute,  onb,  cure,  unite,  our.  *ule.  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  g.n  =  kw. 


uliginose— ulteriorly 


4895 


<r79;  water,  35-32  =  100;  whence  the  formula, 
(NaO2BO3+2CaO-2BO3)+I8aq.  Is  known  in 
Tarapaca  under  the  name  Tiza. 

•u-lig'-ltn-OSe,  a-  [Lat.  vliginotus,  from 
uligo,  genit.  utiginis  —  ooziness  ;  Fr.  uligi- 
neux;  Itat.  uliginoso.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :   Uliginous,    oozy,    muddy, 
slimy. 

2.  Bot.  :  Growing  in  swampy  places. 

"  U  -  llg'-  In  -  ous,  a.  [U  LIOINOBE.]  Muddy, 
oozy,  slimy. 

"  But  the  impure  and  uliffinou*.  as  that  which  pro- 
credos  from  Rtjuni*ted  places,  is  of  all  other  the  must 
viJe  and  peatileut."—  Bvtlgn  : 


ftl'-lage  (age  as  Jg),  s.  [O.  Fr.  eullii'jc,  mtil- 
la;ift  <:Killi<je  ("ceilliHje  (/«  vin  =  the  tilling  up 
of  le;iky  wine  vessels,"  Cotgrave),  from  euiller, 
euillier,  outlier,  fi-iller  —  to  fill  up  a  vessel  that 
b.is  leaked,  to  fill  to  the  bung,  prob.  from  eur, 
eure,  ore  —  the  border,  brim  of  a  thing,  from 
Lat.  ora  =  the  brim.] 

Comm.  ;  The  quantity  which  a  cask  wants 
of  being  full  ;  the  wantage  of  a  cask  of  liquor. 

till-nia'-nl-a,  s.  [Named  after  Ullman,  the 
discoverer  of  one  species.] 

Palceobot.  :  A  genus  of  Coniferte,  apparently 
s  Taxoid,  bearing  genuine  cones.  Known 
species  two,  Vllmannia  selaginoides  and  U. 
Brownii,  They  occur  in  the  Magnesian  Lime- 
stone of  Durham,  the  Middle  Permian  of 
Westmoreland,  and  the  Kupferschiefer  and 
Rothliegende  (Lower  Permian)  of  Germany. 

till  mann-ite,  s.  [After  J.  C.  Ullmann,  who 
discovered  it;  sun".  -ite  (Min.)  ;  Ger.  nickel- 
gpiesglaserg,  nicktlspiessfjlanzerz,  antimonnickel- 
glanz,  nickelantimonglanz,  antimon-arsenik- 
nickelglanz  ;  Fr.  antimoine  suljure  nickeltfere,] 
Min.  :  An  isometric  mineral  rarely  occur- 
ring in  crystals  ;  cleavage,  cubir.  Hardness, 
6  to  5-5  ;  sp.  gr.  6'2  to  6'51  ;  lustre,  metallic  ; 
colour,  steel-gray  to  silver-white.  Compos.  : 
nickel,  277  ;  antimony,  57'2  ;  sulphur,  15'1 
=  100.  The  antimony  is,  however,  sometimes 
partly  replaced  by  arsenic.  Formula,  NiSs-t- 
Ki(SbAs)i  Found  in  Nassau,  Siegen,  Prussia, 
Ac,,  and  lately  in  very  sharp,  bright  cubes  in 
Sardinia. 

til-lU'-CUB,   S.      [MBLLOCA.] 

til-ma  '-96-10,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  nimbus)  (q.v.)  ; 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot.:  Elmworts;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Rhamnales.  Trees  or 
shrubs,  with  alternate,  rough,  generally  de- 
ciduous leaves,  each  having  at  its  base  a  pair 
of  deciduous  stipules  ;  flowers  loosely  clus- 
tered, never  in  perfect  or  polygamous  catkins  ; 
calyx  membranous,  inferior,  campanulate,  ir- 
regular; petals  none;  stamens  definite  ;  stig- 
mas two,  distinct;  ovary  two-  celled,  each 
with  a  solitary  pendulous  ovule  ;  fruit  one-  or 
two-celled,  membranous  or  drupaceous  ;  seed 
solitary.  Natives  of  northern,  and  of  moun- 
tainous parts  in  southern  Asia,  of  Europe,  and 
of  North  America.  Known  genera  nine, 
species  sixty  (Lindley);  genera  three  or  four, 
species  about  eighteen  (Sir  J.  Hooker). 

til    ma'   90  -ous  (or  ceous  as  shus),  a. 

[ULMACEjE.] 
Bot.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ulrnaceae  (q.v.). 

til-mar'-ic,  a,  [For  etjra.  and  def.  see  com- 
pound.] 

ulmaric  acid,  «. 

Chem.  :  Salicylous  acid  obtained  from 
Spiraea  idmaria. 

uT-me-89,  s.  pL  [Lat.  vlm(us);  Mod.  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  snff.  -ece.] 

Bot.;  The  typical  tribe  of  Ulmace®  (q.v.). 
Ovary  two-celled,  ovules  anatropous. 

til  mic,  a.  [Eng.  ulm(in);  ~ic,]  Contained 
in  or  derived  from  ulmin  (q.v.X 

nlmic  acid,  s. 

Chem.:  C^HigOt).  A  body  isoraeric  with 
nlmin,  obtained  by  neutralizing  the  am 
moniacal  solution  of  ulmin  with  an  acid.  It 
is  precipitated  in  brown  gelatinous  flocks, 
soluble  in  pure  water,  but  insoluble  in  water 
containing  free  acid. 

til-mln,  *.      [Lat,  ulm(us)  =  an   elm;   -in 


Chem.  :   €24111809.     A  dark-coloured  sub- 


stance, obtained  by  boiling  sugar  for  some 
time  with  dilute  hydrochloric,  nitric,  or  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  washing  the  deposit  with 
water.  It  forms  black  or  brown  scales,  in- 
soluble in  water  and  alcohol,  partially  soluble 
in  ammonia. 

til'-motis,  a.     [Eng.  utm(in);    -out.]     Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  substance  containing  ulmin  or 
ulmic  acid. 
ulmous  substances,  5.  pi. 

Chem. ;  Humous  substances.  Names  given 
to  various  brown  or  black  substances  fonnd 
in  vegetable  mould,  peat,  &c.,  resulting  from 
the  putrefaction  of  animal  or  vegetable  sub- 
stances in  presence  of  air  and  water. 

til'- mils,  *.    [Lat.  =  an  elm.] 

1.  Bot. :  Elm  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Ulma- 
cefe(q.v.).   Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  persistent, 
campanulate,  or  conical  at  the  base,  with  three 
to  eight  divisions ;  stamens  five ;   filaments 
straight  in  aestivation ;  ovary  two-celled ;  seed- 
vessel  a  samara  winged  all  round.     Known 
species  about  thirteen.     Distribution  that  of 
the  order.    The  American  or  White  Elm  (  Ul- 
mtu  canericema)  is  a  ma^ni ficent  tree,  sonn'times 
100  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  GO  or  70  feet  high 
before  giving  forth  it«  long,  pendulous,  grace- 
ful branches.    The  Slippery  Elm  (  U.  fuha)  is 
also  common  in  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi. 
Its  bark  yields  an  abundant  mucilage,  of  value 
in  medicine.     The  English  Elm  (U.  campeetrit) 
is  a  large,  handsome  tree,  whose  timber  is  of 
much  value.    The  bark  of  f.  WaHichiana,  n  large 
deciduous  tree  from  the  North  Western  Him- 
alaya, contains  a  strong  fibre  especially  de- 
rived   from    the    flower  -  stalk.      An    oil    is 
expressed  from  U.  integrijolia,  another  large 
deciduous  tree,  a  native  of  the  Indian  and 
Burmese  hills .  _ 

2.  Chem.,  &c. :    Humus ;  decaying  wood. 
(Rassiter.)    [ULMACEOUB.] 

3.  Pateobot. :   The    genus   occurs    In   the 
Middle  Eocene  of  Bournemouth. 

til'-na,  a.    [Lat.,  from  Gr.  wA«V>r  (oJ«ne)=the 

elbow.] 

1.  Anal. :  A  long  prismatic 
bone,  at  the  inner  side  of  the 
forearm,  parallel  with  the  ra- 
dius, with  which  it  articulates. 
It  is  the  larger  and  longer  of 
the  two  bones,  and  consists  of 
a  shaft  and  two  extremities, 
the  upper  of  which  forms  a 
large  part  of  the  articulation 
of  the  elbow-joint.  At  the 
upper  extremity  behind  is  a 
large  process,  the  olecranon, 
and  a  smaller  one,  the  coro- 
noid  process,  in  front,  sepa- 
rated oy  the  sigmoid  or  semi- 
lunar  fossa,  or  olecranoid  cav- 
ity, which  receives  the  arti- 
cnlar  trochlea  of  the  humenie. 
The  ulna  diminishes  in  size 
from  above  downwards,  and 
is  very  small  at  the  lower 
extremity,  which  is  separated 
from  the  twist  by  an  inter- 
articular  nbro-eartilage. 

*  2.  Old  Law :  An  ell. 

ul  nad,  adv.  [Eng.  &c.,  w/n(a),  and  Lat.  ad 
=  to,  towards.]  In  the  direction  of  the  ulna ; 
towards  the  ulnar  aspect. 

*  til'  nage  (age  as  ig).  *.    [ALNAOB.] 
*ul'-na-ger,  *.    [ALNAOER,] 
til'-nar,  a.    [Lat.  ulna  —  the  elbow.] 
Anat. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ulna, 
ulnar  artery,  s. 

Anat.  :  The  larger  of  the  two  branches  Into 
which  the  brachial  artery  divides.  It  com- 
mences just  below  the  bend  of  the  elbow,  and 
runs  along  the  inner  side  of  the  forearm,  in  an 
arched  direction  and  at  varying  depth,  to  the 
hand,  where  it  forms  the  superficial  palmar 
arch.  It  gives  off  several  branches. 

ulnar  nerve,  s. 

Anat. :  A  branch  of  the  brachial  plexus, 
distributed  to  the  muscles  and  integument  of 
the  foreann  and  hand. 

ulnar  veins,  s.  pi. 

Anat. :  Two  veins  distributed  to  the  fore- 
arm :  (1)  the  posterior,  arising  from  the 
basilic  vein;  (2)  the  anterior,  arising  from 
the  median  basilic. 


or  AJLM 

AND  HAND. 

».  Hunienu  ;  ft. 
Radius ;<•.  Ulna; 
d.  CXrpua ;  «. 
MetAcnrptu  ;  /. 
Fbmltuiges. 


u-lo  den-dron,  *.  [Gr.  ouAij  (ouJ3)  =  a  scat 
from  a  wound,  and  Sev&pov  (dendron)  =  a  tree.J 
Palceobot. :  A  genus  of  Lepidodendreae. 
Trunk  simple  (?),  covered  with  the  rhora- 
boidal  scars  of  the  leaf-stalks ;  the  branches 
distichous,  with  densely  imbricated  leaves, 
and  strobiliform  fruit.  Eleven  species  from 
the  carboniferous  rocks  of  Britain. 

u-lo-rrha'-gl-a,  *.    [OULORRHAOY.] 

t  u-lfit'-rlch-an,  s.  [ULOTRICHI.]  Any  In- 
dividual of  the  Ulotrichi  (q.v.). 

U-lo't'-rfch-I,  *.  pi.  [From  Gr.  ovAoffpif 
(oulothrix),  genit.  ouAorpivos  (otdotrichos)  = 
having  crisp,  curly  hair  like  negroes :  oJAoc 
(ouloa)  —  crisp,  curly,  and  9pit-  (thrix)  =  hair.) 
Ethuol. :  One  of  the  two  primary  groups 
into  which  Bory  St.  Vincent  divided  man- 
kind. They  are  distinguished  by  crisp, 
woolly,  or  tufted  hair.  The  Ulotrichi  may  be 
further  subdivided  into  Dolichoeephali,  or 
Long-headed,  comprising  the  Bushmen,  Ne- 
groes, and  Negritoes  ;  and  Brachycephali,  or 
Short-headed,  comprising  only  the  Mincopies 
of  the  Andaman  Islands,  probably  the  result 
of  an  intermixture  of  stocks.  [LEJOTRICHI.] 

u-lSt'-rlch-otis,  a.  [Eng.  &c.,  ulotrichty; 
•ous.]  Having  crisp,  curly  hair. 

UT-ster,  s.  &  a.  [According  to  Chalmers  the 
original  Gaelic  name  was  Ulladh  (pron.  Vila), 
and  the  Scandinavians,  who  settled  in  this 
part  of  Ireland,  added  the  termination  -stadr, 
or  -ster,  then  forming  Ulla-ster  (Ul»ter).~\ 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  most  northern  of  the  four  provinces 
of  Ireland. 

2.  [ULSTER  KING-AT-ARMS]. 

3.  A  long,  loose  overcoat,  worn  by  males 
and  females,  and  originally  made  of  frieze 
cloth  in  Ulster. 

" produced  two  coats,  one  of  which  an  ulster. 

be  stated  was  pledged  by  the  defendant"— Evening 
Standard,  NOT.  13,  1885. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  pro- 
vince of  Ulster. 

Ulster-badge,  s. 

Her. :  The  badge  of  the 
province  of  Ulster,  a  sinis- 
ter hand,  erect,  open  and 
couped  at  the  wrist  (gules). 
This  "red  hand"  was  as- 
signed by  James  I.  as  a 
badge  to  the  baronets  who 
were  to  colonize  Ulster, 
and  is  now  borne  by  all 
baronets.  [BARONET.] 

Ulster-custom,  s.  The  same  as  TENANT- 
RIGHT  (q.v.), 

Ulster  king -at -arms,  s.  The  chief 
heraldic  officer  for  Ireland.  The  office  was 
created  by  Edward  VI.  in  1562. 

tilt.,  contr.    [ULTIMO.] 

ul- ten -ite,  *.  [After  Ultentlial,  Tyrol, 
where  found ;  suff.  -tie  (Aftn.).] 

1,  Min. :  A  name  suggested  forabronzite 
(q.v.),  found  associated  with  anthophyllite  in 
the  Ulten  Valley,  Tyrol. 

2.  Petrol. :    A  rock  consisting  of  garnet, 
kyanite,  and  mica,  found  in  the  Ulten  thai, 
Tyrol. 

til-teV-X-or,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  =  further,  compar. 
of  ulter  =  beyond  ;  Fr.  ulterieur ;  Sp,  ulterior; 
Ital.  ulterior*.]    [ULTRA.]' 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Being,  situated,  or  lying  beyond  or  on 
the  other  aide  of  any  line  or  boundary. 

2.  Not  at  present  in  view,  or  under  con- 
sideration;   in  the  future  or  in   the    back- 
ground ;  more  remote  or  distant. 

"  The  wWerfor  accomplishment  of  that  part  of  Scrip- 
ture, which  once  prumised  God's  people,  that  kings 
Bbould  be  Ita  nursing  father*. "—Boyle:  Style  of  Holy 
Scripture,  p.  311. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  The  father  side  ;  the  remote 
part. 

ulterior-object,  «.  An  object  beyond 
that  which  at  the  time  is  avowed. 

"  The  Jacobite  minority,  whose  ulterior  object!  were, 
of  course,  to  ujiaet  the  reiguiug  House." — !>aiiy  Chron 
id*,  Jan.  18,  1889. 


ULSTER-BAM! 


r-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  ulterior;  ~ly.]  In 
an  ulterior  manner ;  more  distantly  or  re- 
motely. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  e.ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    -ing. 
-ciao.  -tian  -  shan*   -tioa,  -siou  —  »t*a« ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tibus,  -sious  =  shus.   -blet  -die,  be.  ^  bcl,  d^L 


4896 


ultima— ulula 


uT-ti-ma,  a.&s.  [Lat.  fern.  sing,  of  ultimia 
=  last,  ultimate  (q.v.>] 

*  A.  As  adj. :  Most  remote  ;  furthest,  last, 
final.  [ULTIMA  THULE,] 

B.  As  substantive : 

Gram. :  The  last  syllable  of  a  word. 

ultima  ratio,  phr.  The  last  reason  or 
Argument. 

Ultima  ratio  regum :  The  last  reason  of  kings 
—resort  to  arms  or  war. 

Ultima  Thnle,  *.    [THULE.] 

61  ti  mate,  a.  [Lat.  vUimatus,  pa.  par.  of 
ultimo  =  to  come  to  an  end ;  to  be  at  the  last ; 
from  ultimus  =  last,  super,  of  ulter  =  beyond.] 
(ULTRA.  J 

1.  Farthest ;   most   remote   or  distant    in 
place  or  position. 

2.  Most  remote  in  time;  last,  terminating, 
final. 

"  I  would  be  at  the  worst ;  wont  U  my  port. 
My  harbour  and  my  ultimate  repose." 

Milton  :  P.  R.,  lit  JOT. 

3.  Last   in  a  train  or    progression  or  of 
consequences;  arrived  at  as  a  final  result; 
being  that  to  which  all  the  rest  is  directed, 
or  which  cannot  be  gone  beyond. 

"This  is  the  great  end.  and  ultimate  design  of  all 
true  religion."— Clark*  :  On  the  Evidences,  prop.  xlii. 

4.  Incapable  of  further  analysis  or  resolu- 
tion ;  not  admitting  of  further  division  or  sepa- 
ration :  as,  the  ultimate  elements  of  a  body. 

If  For  the  difference  between  ultimate  and 
l<  ',  see  LAST,  a. 

T  Prime  and  ultimate  ratios;  (RATIO,  T  6.]. 
ultimate-analysis,  s.  [ANALYSIS,  II.  6.] 

•uT-tl-mate,  v.t.  &  i.    [ULTIMATE,  a.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  bring  to  an  end ;  to  terminate,  to  end. 

2.  To  bring  into  use  or  practice. 

B.  Intrans.  ;  To  come  to  an  end;  to  ter- 
minate. 

ul  ti  mate  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  ultimate;  -ly.} 
As  an  ultimate  or  Anal  result ;  at  last ;  finally ; 
in  the  end  or  final  result. 

"In  that  our  knowledge  Is  founded  and  from  that 
It  ultimately  derives  itaelf."— Lockt :  Human  Under- 
Handing,  bit.  11.,  ch.  L 

*  ul-tl-ma'-tion,  s.    [ULTIMATE.]    A  last  or 
final  offer  or  concession  ;  an  ultimatum. 

"  Lord  Bolingbroke  was  likewise  authorised  to  know 
the  real  nU6nMMan  of  France  upon  the  general  plau  of 
peace."— Suift :  llitt.  Four  Latt  Yean  of  ijueen  Ann*. 

ul-tl-ma  turn  (pi.  ul-ti -ma -turns,  or 
ul-tl-ma'-ta),  s.  [Lat  neut.  sing,  .of  ulti- 
matus,  pa.  par.  of  ultimo  =  to  come  to  an  end, 
to  be  at  the  last.  ]  A  final  proposal,  statement 
of  conditions,  or  concession,  especially  in 
diplomatic  negotiations ;  the  final  terms  or 
offer  of  one  party,  the  rejection  of  which  may, 
and  frequently  does,  involve  a  rupture  of 
diplomatic  relations  and  a  declaration  of  war. 
"  Hedellvered  to  tbe  mediators  an  ultimatum.  Im- 
porting that  he  adbered  to  the  treaties  of  Westphalia 
and  Nimegnen,  and  accepted  of  Strasbourg,  with  1U 
appurtenances."— Smollett:  Hat.  Eng.,  bk.  i.,  ch.  v. 

•til-time,  a.  [Lat.  ultimus,  super,  of  ulter 
=  beyond.]  [ULTRA.]  Ultimate,  last,  final. 

"  Whereby  the  true  and  ultime  operations  of  heat 
are  not  attained."— Bacon :  Nat.  ffitt.,  S  W. 

*  Ul-tlm'-I-t$r,  «.     [Eng.  uUimte);  -ity.}     The 
last  stage  or  consequence. 

"  Alteration  of  one  body  Into  another,  from  crudity 
to  perfect  concoction.  Is  the  ultimUy  of  that  process. 
— Bacon  :  ffat.  Zft«t.,  §838. 

ul-tl-mo,  s.  [Lat  ultimo  (mense)  =  in  the 
last  (month).]  The  month  which  preceded 
the  present;  last  mouth  as  distinguished 
from  the  current  and  all  other  months. 
Generally  contracted  into  uU. :  as,  I  wrote  to 
him  on  the  20th  ult. 

*  ul  ti  mo  gen  -1  ture.    *.      [Formed    on 
analogy  of  primogeniture  (q.v.),  from  ultimus 
=  the    last,    and  genitus  —  born.]     A  name 
proposed  as  a  collective  term  to  include  all 
forms  of  Borough-English  (q.v.). 

"  The  extensions  of  the  custom  are  all  called 
'borough-English,  by  analogy  to  tbe  principal  usage, 
but  they  should  be  classified  under  some  more  general 
name.  It  Is  uot  easy,  however,  to  find  tbe  appropriate 
word.  We  have  a  choice  between  'ultimogeniture9 
the  awkward  term  proposed  by  tbe  Real  Property 
Commissioners  of  the  last  generation,  and  such  foreign 
forms  aa  '  Jungtten-Rechl'  and  '  Juoeigntri*,'  which 
can  hardly  be  excelled  for  simplicity;  so  one  must 
coin  a  new  phrase,  like  Juniority  or  junior  right."— 
Elton  :  Oriffint  of  Englith  ffiitory,  p.  155. 


ul'-ti-mus.  a.  [Lat., super,  of  wtter= beyond.] 
[ULTIMATE,  a.]  Last 

ultimus  hreres,  s. 

Law :  The  last  or  remote  heir.  Thus,  in 
cases  of  intestate  succession,  failing  relations 
of  every  kind,  the  succession  devolves  upon 
the  crown  as  ultimus  tueres. 

*Ul'-tion,  s.  [Lat  ultio,  genit  ultionis,  from 
ultus,  pa.  par.  of  ulciscor  =  to  take  vengeance 
on.]  The  act  of  taking  vengeance  or  retaliat- 
ing ;  revenge,  retaliation. 

"To forgive  oar  enemies  is  a  charming  way  of  re- 
venge ....  and  to  do  good  for  evil  a  soft  and  melting 
uition. "— Browne  :  Chrutmn  Mo  nil  t,  iii,  12. 

*  ft! -tra,  pref.,  a,,  &  s,    [Lat.  =  beyond  (adv. 
and  prep.),  orig.  abl.  fern,  of  0.  Lat.  ulter  = 
beyond  (adj.).     Ulter  is  a  comparative  from 
O.  Lat.  ulst  oul*  =  beyond  ;  Fr.  outre ;  Sp.  ultra : 
ItaL  oUra.} 

A.  As  prefix :  A  Latin  preposition  and  adverb, 
signifying  beyond,  and  used  as  a  prefix  in  the 
senses  of — 

(1)  Beyond ;  on  the  further  side ;  chiefly  with 
words  implying  natural  objects,  forming  bar- 
riers, boundaries,    or  landmarks :   as,  ultra- 
montane,  u//ramundane,  wttramarine. 

(2)  Excessively,  exceedingly ;  to  or  in  ex- 
cess; beyond  what  is    reasonable,   rational, 
right,  or  proper;  with  words   admitting  of 
degrees,  and  more  especially  in  political  and 
polemical  terms  :  as,  K^ra-conservative,  ultra- 
liberal,  tt&rtwsdioal,  and  the  like. 

B.  As  adj. :  Extreme ;   going  beyond  due 
limit;  extravagant. 

"  The  extreme  or  ultra  party."  —  JJilman  :  SUt. 
Latin  Christianity. 

C.  As  subst. :  One  who  advocates  extreme 
views  or  m  i-asures ;  an  ultraist. 

"The  UUrat  would  have  owned  him  for  theirleader, 
and  would  have  admitted  that  he  went  beyond  them 
In  uncompromising  consistency, '—Brougham  :  Sitt. 
Sketches  Ac. 

ultra  red,  a. 

Physics :  A  term  applied  to  the  rays  beyond 
the  red,  or  low,  end  of  the  spectrum  (q.v.). 
From  these  rays,  which  are  invisible  on  ac- 
count of  the  slowness  of  their  vibrations,  the 
greatest  heating  effects  are  obtained. 

ultra-violet,  a. 

Physics:  A  term  applied  to  the  rays  beyond 
the  violet,  or  high,  end  of  the  spectrum  (q.v.). 
The  vibrations  of  these  rays  are  too  rapid  for 
vision,  but  they  possess  greater  chemical 
activity  than  any  others. 

*  til'-trage  (age  as  ig),  s.    [OUTRAQK,  a.] 

Ul'-tra-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  ultra;  -ism.]  The 
principles  of  ultras,  or  of  those  who  advocate 
extreme  measures,  as  of  reform,  &c. 

til'-tra-ist,  s.  [Eng.  ultra;  -ist.}  One  who 
pushes  a  principle,  doctrine,  or  measure  to 
extremes;  one  who  advocates  extreme  mea- 
sures ;  an  ultra. 

ul-tra-ma-rine',  a.  A  *.  [Sp.  uUramarino  = 
beyond  sea,  foreign  ;  also,  ultramarine  (s.), 
from  Lat.  ultra  —  beyond,  and  marinus  = 
marine ;  mare  =  the  sea.] 

*A.  As  adj.:  Situated,  being,  or  lying 
beyond  the  sea. 

"  The  loss  of  her  ultramarine  dominions  lessens  her 
expenses  and  ensures  her  remittances."— flunks  :  State 
of  the  Nation. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Jjang. :  A  beautiful  and  unchangeable 
blue  pigment,  resembling  in  purity  the  blue  of 
the  prismatic  spectrum.     It  was  formerly  ob- 
tained by  grinding  the  mineral  known  as  lapis- 
lazuli,  calcining  it,  and  again  grinding  it  in  a 
mill,  or  with  a  porphyry  slab  and  muller.     It 
is  much  prized  by  artists  for  its  beauty  and  the 
permanence  of  its  colour,  both  foroil  and  water 
painting.      Lapis-lazuli  being  very  rare  this 
pigment  was  the  most  expensive  of  colours. 
Artificial  ultramarine,  which  appears  to  possess 
all  the  valuable  properties  of  the  native  ultra- 
marine, was  first  prepared  by  M.  Guimet,  by 
fusing  a  mixture  of  kaolin,  glauber  salt,  car- 
bonate of  soda  and  charcoal  in  a  closed  cru- 
cible,  roasting   the  green  substance  so    ob- 
tained with  the  addition  of  sulphur,  whereby 
its  colour  is  changed  to  blue,  and  pulverizing 
and  washing  the  powder.    The  native  ultra- 
marine appears  to  consist  of  silicate  of  alu- 
minium  with  sulphide  and  hyposulphite  of 
sodium. 

2.  Afiw.;  A  name  given  to  the  richer-coloured 
varieties  of  lapis-lazuli  {q.v.). 


ultramarine-ashes,  s.  pi.  The  residue 
of  lapis-lazuli,  after  the  chief  colour  had  been 
extracted,  was  used  by  the  old  masters  as  a 
middle  or  neutral  tint  for  flesh,  skies,  or  dra- 
peries ;  it  is  a  purer  and  tenderer  gray  than 
that  produced  by  mixture  of  more  positive 
colours.  (Fairholt.) 

ul-tra  mon  -tane,  a.  &  8.  [Fr.  ultramon- 
tain  —  beyond  the  mountains  ;  a  term  applied 
by  the  French  to  the  Italians  themselves,  aa 
being  beyond  the  mountains,  from  the  French 
side  ;  from  Ital.  oltramontanot  from  Low  LaL 
ultramontanus,  from  Lnt  ultra  =  beyond,  and 
mons,  genit.  mantis  =  a  mountain ;  Sp.  ultra- 
montano.]  [TRAMONTANE.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Being  or  lying  beyond  the  mountains ; 
transmontane ;  specifically,  lying  or  being  to 
the  south  of  the  Alps  ;  that  is,  beyond  the 
mountains  as  regard  the  countries  north  of 
the  Alps ;  Italian. 

2.  Lying  or  being  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Alps  ;  that  is,  being  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Alps,  with  reference  to  Italy  ;  tramontane. 

II,  Church  Hist. :  Of  or  belonging  to  Ultra- 
montanism  (q.v.).  * 

"  The  tntramontan*  tone  of  the  present  day  is  tar 
In  advance  of  the  Romanist  writers  of  the  Ittfurin*- 
tion  periud.1*—  Blunt :  Diet.  Sects,  p.  60i 

B.  .4s  substantive : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. ;  One  who  resides  beyond  or 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Alps  ;  a  foreigner. 

"  To  the  petition  of  the  Bannerets  of  Route  for  a 
promotion  of  Cardinals  he  (Pope  Urban)  avowed  hli 
design  to  make  so  large  a  nomination  that  the  Italians 
should  resume  their  ascendaucy  over  the  Ultramon- 
t<tnet."—lUilman  :  Latin  Christianity,  bit.  xiii.,  ch.  1. 

2.  Church  Hist. :  A  believer  in  or  supporter 
of  Ultramontanistn  (q.v.). 

"  The  Ultramontnnes,  such  as  Bellannine,  Baroniui, 
Ac.,  maintain  that  whatever  dogmatic  judgment  ot 
decision  on  a  doctrinal  point  the  pope  addressed  to  the 
whole  church  is  necessarily  correct."— McClintock  it 
Strong :  Cyclop.  Bib.  Lit.,  iv.  670. 

ul  tra  mon -tan  Ism,  s.  [Eng.  ultramon- 
tan(e) ;  -ism.] 

Church  Hist. :  A  name  improperly  given  by 
some  theologians,  north  of  the  Alps,  before 
the  Vatican  Council  in  1870,  to  the  generally 
received  opinion  of  the  Church  in  all  ages, 
that  the  Papal  utterances  ex  cathedra  on 
matters  of  faith  or  morals  are  irre  form  able. 
The  word  was  used  in  contradistinction  to 
Gallicanism,  which  attributed  infallibility 
and  supreme  authority  in  matters  of  faith, 
morals,  and  discipline  to  the  entire  Church, 
personified  in  a  General  Council.  Since  the 
definition  of  the  Vatican  Council  in  1870  con- 
cerning the  infallibility  of  the  Pope,  Galli- 
canism has  become  a  heresy.  [VATICAN- 
COUNCIL.] 

"  The  work  that  haa  done  more  than  any  other  to 
(five  a  scientific  character  and  a  lasting  influence  to 
Vltramontanitm  is  Mohler's  SgmbaUS,  which  first 
appeared  In  A.D.  1832,  and  has  since  spread  throughout 
Europe  and  America  In  rapidly  recurring  editions. "— 
Blunt :  Diet.  Sectt,  p.  604. 

ul  tra  mon'-tan-Ist,  s.  [Eng.  ultramon- 
tan(e);  -ist.]  One  of  the  ultramontane  party; 
one  who  upholds  or  promotes  ultrainoiitanism, 

*ul  tra-mun-dane,  a.  [Pref.  uJtra-,  and 
Eng.  mundane  (q.v.).]  Being  beyond  the 
world,  or  beyond  the  limits  of  our  system. 

"  We  need  not  fly  to  Imaginary  ultramundane 
•pace*."— Boyl*  :  Work*,  r.  140. 

ul  -tra  vir'-ef,  phr.  [Lat]  Beyond  one'* 
power;  especially  beyond  the  power  of  a  per- 
son, court,  or  corporation,  legally  or  constitu- 
tionally. 

*  ul-tro'-ne-oiis,  a.     [Lat.  ultroneus,  from 
ultra  —  of  one's    own  accord.]      Voluntary, 
spontaneous. 

"  Human  laws  oblige  to  an  active  obedience,  but  not 
to  a  s|M>ntaneous  offer,  and  ultroneout  seeking  of 
opportunities." — Jeremy  Taylor:  Ductor  Dubitanttum. 

*  ul  tro   ne-ous  ly,  adv.    [Eng.  ultroneous ; 
-ly.}     Voluntarily,  spontaneously,    of    one's 
own  accord. 

*  ul  tro  -ne  oiis-ness,  s.    [Eng.  ultroneoua; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ultroneous ; 
spontaneity ;  voluntariness. 

*  ul   u  la,  s.    [Lat  =  the  shrieker,  a  screech* 
owl.] 

Ornith. :  A  lapsed  genus  of  Strigidse  (q.v.) 
of  which  the  Linnsean  Strixflammea  was  the 
type. 


tate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    w,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw* 


ululant  —umbilical 


489? 


•ttr-U-lant,  a.  [Lat.  ululans,  pr.  par.  of 
uiulo  =  to  howl.]  Howling,  ululating. 

*uT-U-late,  v.i.  [Lat.  ululatum,  sup.  of 
ul'itio  =  to  howl,  from  the  sound  ;  Sp.  &  Port, 
ulular  ;  Ital.  uiulare  ;  O.  Fr.  huller;  Fr. 
vivter.]  To  howl,  as  a  dog  or  wolf. 

"  Troops  of    Jackalla   .    .    .    ululating  In  offensive 
noise*."—  3ir  T.  Herbert  :  Travel,  p.  113. 

*  ul  U-la-tion,  s.  [Lat.  ululatio.]  A  howl- 
ing, "as  of  adog  or  wolf;  a  wailing. 

"The  ululation  of  ven  geanee  ascended.  "—DeQuintxjt-' 
Murder  a*  a  fine  Art,    (Postscript  ) 

fil-va,  s.  [Lat.  -=  sedge,  and  various  other 
aquatic  plants.} 

Sot.  :  A  genus  of  Halymedidse  (Lindley)  ;  the 
typical  genus  of  Ulvacese  (Kutzing,  Berkeley, 
£c.).  Frnnd  plane,  simple  or  lobed,  formed 
of  a  double  layer  of  cells  closely  packed,  pro- 
ducing zoospnres.  It  is  distinguished  from 
Porpliyra  chiefly  by  its  green  colour,  while 
forphyra  is  roseate  or  purple.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  Ulva  bullosa,  most  of  the  species 
are  marine,  and  they  are  widely  distributed 
through  the  ocean.  U.  Lactuca  is  Oyster-green 
(q.v.).  This  species  and  U.  latissima  are  some- 
times called  Green  Laver,  and  are  eaten.  In 
Scotland  they  are  occasionally  bound  round 
the  temples  to  alleviate  headache.  U.  therma- 
lis  grows  In  the  hot  springs  of  Gastein  in  a 
temperature  of  about  117°  Fahr.  U.  compressa 
is  eaten  by  the  Sandwich  Islanders. 

tU-va'-9e-«,  s.pl.  [Lat.  «U<a);  fern.  pLadj. 
suff.  -acece.} 

Bot.  :  An  order  of  Green-spored  Algals, 
generally  marine,  rarely  freshwater,  or  grow- 
ing in  damp  places.  Fronds  membranous,  ex- 
panded, saccate,  tubular,  or  sometimes  Ali- 
form, composed  of  spherical  or  polygonal  cells 
firmly  united  into  single  or  double  layers. 
Reproductive  organs  consisting  of  roundish 

rres,  formed  from  the  whole  contents  of 
cells,  or  of  ciliated  zoospores  in  twos, 
fours,  or  a  greater  number.  Widely  distributed. 
British  genera  Dve. 

til'-yie,  ul  -rfe  (z  as  y),  s.  [Fr.  hvUe  =  oil.] 
Oil.  (Scotch.) 

"  Would  you  creeah  his  bonny  brown  hair  ID  your 
nasty  ulgie.'—  Scott:  Antiquary,  ch.  x. 

U'-ma,  s.    [Hind.] 

Hind.  MythoL  :  One  of  the  names  given  to 
the  consort  of  Siva. 


tim-bel,  •um-be'r-la,  *.  [Lat.  umbella  = 
a  little  shadow,  diinin.  from  umbra  =  a  shadow.] 
Bot.  :  A  kind  of  inflorescence,  in  which  the 
pedicels  all  proceed  from  a  single  point  like 
the  spokes  of  an  umbrella,  and  are  of  equal 
length  or  corymbose.  When  each  of  the 
pedicels  bears  only  a  single  flower,  as  in 
Eryngium,  the  umbel  is  said  to  be  simple  ; 
when  it  divides  and  bears  other  umbels,  as  in 
Heracleum,  it  is  said  to  be  compound.  In  the 
latter  case  the  assemblage  of  umbels  is  called 
the  universal  umbel,  and  the  secondary  um- 
bels the  partial  umbels;  or  the  universal  umbel 
is  called  simply  the  umbel  and  the  secondary 
ones  the  umbellules.  The  peduncles  support- 
ing the  partial  umbels  are  termed  radii. 

um-beT-lal,  a.    [UMBELLAR.] 

tm-bel-la'-les,  *.  pi.  [Fern.  pi.  of  Mod. 
Lat.  umbdlalis,  from  Lat.  umbella.]  [UMBEL.] 
Bot.  :  The  Umbellal  Alliance  ;  an  alliance 
of  Epigynous  Exogens,  having  dichlamydeons, 
polypetalous  flowers,  solitary  large  seeds,  and 
a  small  embryo  lying  in  a  large  quantity  of 
albumen.  Orders  :  Apiacese,  Araliacese,  Cor- 
nacese,  Hamamelidaceae,  and  Bruniaceffi. 

ttnvbel'-lar,  urn-bel'-lal,  a.  [Eng.  umbel; 
•ar,  -al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  umbel  ;  hav- 
ing the  form  of  an  umbel. 

•  tim-bel-la'-tse,  s.  pi.  [Fern.  pi.  of  Mod. 
Lat.  umbellatus,  from  Lat.  umbella  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  :  The  twenty-second  order  in  Linnteus's 
Natural  System,  corresponding  to  the  present 
Umbellifers  (q.v.). 

ttm-bcl'-late,  um'-bel-la-ted,  a.  [Eng. 
umbel:  -ate,  -ated.] 

1.  Bot.  :  With  the  inflorescence  in  the  form 
of  an   umbel  ;   bearing  umbels  ;    pertaining 
to  an  umbel. 

2.  Zool.  ;  Having  a  number  of  nearly  equal 
radii  proceeding  from  the  same  point 


iim -bel  let,  s.  [Eng.  umbel;  dim  in.  suff. 
•let.]  A  little  or  partial  umbel ;  an  umbel 
funned  at  the  end  of  one  of  the  rays  of  another 
umbel ;  an  umbellule. 

um-bel'-lic,a.  [Eng.umbell((ferone');  -ic,]  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  umbel  lifer  one  (q.v.). 

umbellic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  C»H10O4  -  CsH^OH^'C^-CO'OH. 
A  monobasic  aromatic  acid,  obtained  by  the 
action  of  sodium  amalgam  on  an  alkaline  so- 
lution of  um belli fe rone.  It  crystallizes  in 
colourless  granules,  difficultly  soluble  in  cold 
water,  and  melts  at  125°. 

um-bel'-ll-fer,  s.    [UMBELLIFER*.] 

Bot. :  Any  plant  of  the  order  Umbelliferse ; 
a  plant  producing  an  umbel. 

um-be'l-Uf'-er-se.  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
Lat  umbella,  and/ero  =  to  bear.]  [UMBEL.] 

Bot, :  Umbellifers  ;  the  name  given  by  Jus- 
sieu  in  1789,  and  still  extensively  in  use,  for  a 
large  and  easily  recognised  order  of  plants, 
having  their  inflorescence  in  the  form  of  an 
umbel  Lindley  called  them  Apiacese,  from 
the  genus  Apium,  and  placed  the  order  under 
his  Umbellal  Alliance  of  Epigynous  Exogens, 
The  flowers,  which  are  white,  piuU,  yellow,  or 
blue,  are  gene- 
rally surround- 
ed by  an  invo- 
lucre.  They 
have  a  superior 
calyx,either 
entire  or  five- 
toothed;  five 
petals,  five  sta- 
in e  n  s ,  two 
styles,  and  a 
two  -  celled  in- 
ferior  ovary, 
with  a  solitary 
pe  ndulous 
ovule  in  each 
cell.  Fruit  con- 
sisting of  two 
carpels,  separ- 
able from  a 


UMBELL1FER. 
(Angelica  archangeliea.) 


common  axis, 
to  which  they 
adhere  by  their  face.  Each  carpel  is  traversed 
by  elevated  ridges,  of  which  five  are  primary 
and  four  secondary.  The  Umbelliferse  abound 
in  temperate  climates  in  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, but  are  rare  in  the  tropics.  The  vege- 
tation of  some  —  as  hemlock,  fool's  parsley, 
and  others—  is  poisonous,  whilst  that  of  the 
garden  parsley  is  eaten.  Similarly,  the  stem 
of  the  celery  and  the  roots  of  the  carrot  and 
the  parsnip  are  wholesome  articles  of  food. 
Families  seventeen  —  viz.  : 

Hydroootyllda,  Mulinidse,  Santculldse,  Ammlnidas, 
Seaeliuidie,  Pftchypleuride,  Angel  kidae,  Peucedanldn, 
Silerldw.  Cuminidio,  Thapnidaj,  Daucldne,  Eleteoselin- 
Idoe.  Caucalinldse,  Scandictdse,  Smyrnidie,  and  Corlau- 
dridje. 

Genera,  267;  species,  1,500.  (Lindley.)  Genera, 
152  ;  species,  1,300.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.)  Thirty- 
four  genera  are  represented  in  Britain. 

um-bel-llf'-er-one,  *.    [Mod.  Lat  umbel- 
lifer(oe);  suff.  -one  (Chem.).] 


neutral  body,  obtained  1>y  the  dry  distillation 
of  various  resins,  chiefly  those  derived  from 
umbelliferous  plants.  It  crystallizes  in 
colourless  rhombic  prisms,  is  tasteless,  in- 
odorous, soluble  in  boiling  water  and  in  alco- 
hol, ether,  and  chloroform.  When  heated  it 
emits  an  odour  of  coumarin,  melts  at  240°  to 
a  yellowish  liquid,  and  volatilizes  without 
residue. 

um-bel-lif  :er-ous,  a,  [Eng.  umbeltifer; 
-ous.]  Furnished  with  an  umbel;  umbellate, 
umbellated. 

um-bel-lu-lar-I-a,  «.  [Mod.  Lat,  dimin. 
from  Lat  umbella  =  a  sunshade.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Alcyonaria,  sometimes 
separated  from  Pennatula  (q.  /.).  Body  elon- 
gate, slender,  with  a  lone  osseous  axis. 
Polyps  large,  terminal.  *7mbellularia  groen- 
landica  =  Pennatula  encrinus. 

um-beT-lu-lat-ed,  a.    [UHBELLULE.] 
Bot.  :  Disposed  in  small  umbels. 

um'-bel-lule,  s.  fAs  if  from  a  Lat.  umbellula, 
a  double  d'imin.  from  umbra  —  a  shade  ;  Fr. 
ombellulf*]  A  small  umbel;  an  umbellet  ;  a 
secondary  or  partial  umbel. 


um  ber  (1),  *  um'-bro  (bre  as  ber)  (IX  «.  * 

a.  [Fr.  ombre  (for  terre  d'ombre),  from  Ital. 
ombra  (for  terra  tfombra)  =  umber ;  lit.  =  earth 
of  shadow,  i.e.,  earth  used  for  shadowing,  from 
Lat.  umbra  =  a  shade  ;  cf.  Sp.  sombra  =  shade, 
umber;  Fr.  ombre  =  umbered  or  shadowed; 
Ger.  umber.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  well-known  pigment  of  an  olive-brown 
colour  in   its  raw  state,   but   much    redder 
when  burnt    It  consists  of  an  oehreoiu  earth 
containing  manganese,  is  durable,  has  a  good 
body,  and  is  useful  in  oil  and  water-colour 
painting.     It  occurs  either  naturally  in  vein* 
or  beds,  or  is  prepared  artificially  from  various 
admixtures.      That  which  is  brought   from 
Cyprus,  under  the  name  of  Turkish  umber,  is 
the  best.     It  is  of  a  brown  citrine  colour, 
semi-opaque,  has  all  the  properties  of  good 
ochre,  is  perfectly  durable  both  in  water  and 
oil,  and  one  of  the  best  drying  colours  we 
possess.     It  injures  no  other  good  pigment 
with  which  it  may  be  mixed. 

"  I'll  put  myself  In  poor  and  mean  attire. 
And  with  a  kind  of  umber  smirch  1117  fawe." 

SAaixip. :  At  1'ou  Like  It,  t  S. 

2.  A  variety  of  peat  or  brown  coal  occurring 
near  Cologne,  used  as  a  pigment  and  for  the 
adulteration  of  snuff.    (Brande.) 

IL  Min. :  A  clay-like  substance  of  varying 
shades  of  a  brown-colour,  consisting  essen- 
tially of  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina  mixed 
with  varying  proportions  of  iron  and  man- 
ganese oxides.  Used  as  a  pigment 

B.  As  adj. :  Olive-brown, 
umber-brown,  5. 

Bot. :  A  pure  dull  brown.  Nearly  the  same 
as  deep  brown. 

•fim'-ber  (2),  a.    [Fr.  ombre,  umbret  from  Lai 

umbra  —  shade.] 
1.  Ichthy. :  The  grayling. 

"  The  umber  and  grayling  differ  as  the  herring  and 
pilcher  do :  but  though  they  map  do  BO  in  other 
nations,  those  in  England  differ  nothing  but  lit  their 
names." — Walton.'  Angler. 

*  2.  Old  Arm. :  The  same  as  UMBRIERE  (q.vt). 
3*  Ornith. :  The  same  as  UMBBE  (2)  (q  v.). 

*  iim -ber,  *tim'-bre  (bre  as   ber),  v.t 
LUMBER  (1),  «.]     To  colour  with  or  as  with 
umber  ;  to  shade,  to  darken. 

"  To  dye  your  beard  and  umber  o'er  your  face. ' 

Ben  Jonton :  Alchemist,  T.  8. 

*  tim'- bored,  a.    [Eng.  umber  (1),   s.  ;  -ed.] 
Coloured  with  or  as  with  umber;  embrowned^ 
darkened,  dark,  dusky. 

"Thy  dark  cloud,  with  timbered  lower, 
That  hung  o'er  ditT,  aud  lake,  and  tower." 

Scott :  Jlarmion,  v.    (In trod.) 

*  ttm'-ber-y,  o.    [Eng.  umber  (l),  s. ;  -y.]    Of 

or  pertaining  to  umber  ;  dark,  dusky. 

um-bU'-Ic.  a.  &  s.    [UMBILICAL.] 

A.  As  adj. :  The  same  as  UMBILICAL  fq.r.V 

*  B.  As  subst. :  The  navel,  the  ceuire. 

"  Hell  is  the  umWirk  of  the  world,  circled  with  A 
thick  wall"— Mr  T.  Herbert ;  Travel*,  p.  829. 

um-bil' -Ic-al,  * um-bil-Ic  all,  a.  [Lat 
umbilicus  ="the  navel.]  Of  or"  pertaining  to 
the  navel ;  formed  in  the  middle  like  a  navel ; 
navel-shaped,  central. 

"The  chapter-house  IB  large,  supported  as  to  it* 
arched  roof  by  one  umbilictil  pillar."— Defoe:  Tour 
Thro'  Great  Britain. 

umbilical-arteries,  s.pl.  [UMBILICAL- 
VESSELS.] 

umbilical-cord,  s.    [FtmicuLus,  1. 1.] 
umbilical  fissure,  s. 

Anat. :  The  anterior  part  of  the  longitu- 
dinal fissure  between  the  lobes  of  the  liver. 

umbilical  hernia,  s. 

Pathol.  :  A  hernia  which  protrudes  through 
the  umbilical  opening  in  the  middle  line  at 
the  umbilicus.  It  is  most  commonly  met 
with  in  infanta  and  in  women  advanced  ic 
life,  especially  in  obese  subjects. 

umbilical-points, .--.  /•'. 

Geom.  :  The  same  as  Foci.     [Focus.] 

umbilical  region,  a. 

Anot.  :  The  middle  region  of  the  abdomen, 
in  which  the  umbilicus  is  placed ;  the  meso- 
gastrium.  [ABDOMEN.] 

umbilical- ring,  s. 

Anat. :  A  fibrous  ring  which  surrounds  th* 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jortl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph      t 
-clan,   tian  =  shan.    -tioo,    sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -gion  =  «*""    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble.  -Hie,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


489S 


nmbilicality— umbratious 


•pertnre  of  the  umbilicus,  and  through  which 
umbilical  hernia  occurs  ill  children. 

umbilical-vein, *.  [UMBILICAL-VESSELS.] 
umbilical-vesicle,  s.    [YOLK-SAC.] 
umbilical-vessels,  s.  pL 

1.  Anat. :  A  comprehensive  name  including 
the  two  umbilical  arteries  (continuations  of 
the  primitive  iliacs)  and  the  umbilical  vein  of 
the  human  foetus.    The  latter  arises  from  the 
placenta,  and  conveys  to  the  foetus  the  blood 
necessary  for  its  nutrition,  the  residuum  being 
carried  back  to  the  placenta  by  the  umbilical 
arteries.     As  soon  as  respiration  begins  the 
arteries  are  transformed  into  fibrous  cords, 
and  the  vein    becomes   the  round  ligament 
(ligamentvm  rotundum)  of  the  liver. 

2.  Bot. :  The  vessels  which  ]>ass  along  the 
nin bilious  or  funicle  to  transmit  nourishment 
to  the  cotyledons. 

•ttm-bn-I-cal'-I-ty,  t.  [Eng.  umbilical; 
•ity.)  Character  as  determined  by  an  um- 
bilicus. 

am  bil  it  car'-I-a,  ».     [Lat.  umbilimrit  = 
pertaining  to  the  uaveL] 
Bot. :  A  synonym  of  Gyrophora  (q.v.). 

tun  bil  -  i-cate,  um-bil'- I-cat-ed,  a.  [Lat 
umbilicus  =  a  navel.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  Navel-shaped  ;  depressed 
in  the  middle  like  a  navel. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :   Hollowed  like  the  navel.     The 
flame  as  PELTATE  (q.v.). 

2.  ZooL  :  A  term  applied  to  those  univalve 
shells  which  have  the  axis,  around  which  the 
whorls  are  coiled,  open  or  hollow.    The  per- 
foration may  be  a   mere  fissure,  as  in  the 
Lacuna ;  or  it  may  be  filled  up  by  a  shelly 
deposit,  as  in  many  species  of  Natica, 

ftm  bil'-I-oas,  «.  [Lat.  =  the  navel ;  allied 
to  Or.  ufA<$aA6s  (omphalos)  =  the  navel ;  Lat. 
umbo  =  a  boss  ;  O.  Fr.  umbilic  ;  I UL  vmbilico, 
ombelico,  bellico,  bilico;  Sp.  ombligo;  Port. 
umbign,  embigo  ;  Sansc,  ndblti  =  the  navel 
<qv.X] 

1.  Aiiat. :  The  navel  (q.v.). 

*  2.  A  ntiq. :  An  ornamental  or  painted  boss 
or  ball  fastened  on  each  end  of  the  sticks  on 
which  manuscripts  were  rolled, 

3.  Botany: 

(1)  The  same  as  HILPM  (q.  v.). 

(2)  A  genus  of  Crassuleea.     Leaves  fleshy, 
racemose,  white  or  yellow ;  calyx  five-parted ; 
corolla  campanula^ ;  stamens  ten,  inserted 
tn  the  corolla  ;  nectariferous  scales  live  ;  ear- 
pels  five.   Die  species  grow  in  dry  stony  places, 
and  are  sometimes  planted  in  rockeries.    Um- 
bilicus pendulinus  is  the  same  as  Cotyledon 
Umbilicus.    [CoTTLlDON,  I.  1.) 

4.  (horn.:  A  term  used  by  the  older  geo- 
meters aa  synonymous  with  focus ;  bat,  in 
modern  works,  a  point- on  a  surface  through 
which  all  lines  of  curvature  pass. 

&.  Zool. :  The  aperture  of  the  axis  near  the 
month  of  some  univalve  shells.  [UMBILI- 
CATED,  IL  2.] 

•ttm'-ble,  ».    [UuBLEs.] 

If  To  eat  umble-pie  (commonly  corrupted 
Into  la  eat  humble-pie) :  [HOXBLE-PIE,  If]. 

urn  -bles,  "hum'-bles,  ».  pi.  [For  numbles 
(q.v.).]  The  entrails  of  a  deer  ;  sometimes 
applied  to  entrails  generally. 

fern -bo    (pi.  um-bo'-nea).  .«. 
(Lat. ;  Fr.  umbon ;  ItaL  umbone.] 

1.  Old  Arm.  :  The  pointed  boss 
Or  protuberant  part  of  a  shield. 

"  Such  a bowl  ti peculiarly  well  adapted 
lor  the  umln  of  the  shield.'— JTWmw. 
6rwt  Sculpture,  ch.  ill. 

2.  Anat. :  The  deepest  part  of 
the  arched  membrane  of  the  drum 
of  the  ear,  corresponding  to  the 
termination  of  the  handle  of  the 
malleus  (q.v.). 

3.  Bot. :  The  boss-like  protuber- 
ance rising  upwards  from  the  centre  of  the 
pileus  in  an  Agaric,  4c. 

4.  ZooL :  The  embryonic  shell,  forming  the 
point  from  which  the  growth  of  the  valve  com- 
mences in  the  Conchifera.    The  umbones  are 
near  the  hinge  because  that  side  grows  least 
lapidly,  sometimes  they  are  situated  on  the 


margin,  but  they  always  become  wider  apart 
with  age.  They  may  be  straight,  as  in  the 
genus  Pecten  ;  curved,  as  in  Venus,  or  spiral, 
as  in  Isocardia  and  Diceras. 

fira'-bo-nal,  s.  [Lat  umbo,  genit  umoonfis); 
Eng.  adj.  sulf.  -al.]  Of,  belonging  to,  or 
situated  near  the  umbo  (q.v.). 

umbonal  area,  s. 

Zool. :  The  part  of  the  shell  of  the  Conchi- 
fera lying  within  the  impression  made  by  the 
margin  of  the  mantle. 

um  -bo  nate,  um  -bo  nat-ed.  a.  [As  if 
from  a  Lat.  umbonatus,  from  umbo,  genit, 
umbonis  =  a  boss.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Bossed ;  having  a  boss  or 
knob  in  the  centre. 

2.  Hot. :  The  same  as  BOSSED  (q.v.). 

um -bon'-u  late,  a.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  «m- 
bonula,  dimin".  of  umbo  =  a  boss.] 

Bot. :  Terminated  by  a  very  small  boss  or 
nipple. 

um'-bra,  «.    [Lat.  =  a  shadow.) 

•1.  Clues.  A  ntiq. :  Among  the  Romans,  a 
person  who  went  to  a  feast  as  a  companion  of 
one  invited,  whom  he  thus  followed  as  a 
shadow ;  a  parasite  whose  duty  it  was  to  laugh 
at  the  jokes  of  his  patron. 

2.  Astron. :  The  name  given  by  Dawes  to 
the  black  central  portion  of  a  sun-spot  (q.v.). 
He  limits  the  designation  nucleus  to  patches 
of  deeper  blackness  occasionally  noticed  in 
the  umbrae,  though  the  term  is  sometimes 
applied  to  the  whole  of  the  darker  area.    The 
fringe  of  lighter  shade  surrounding  a  sun-spot 
is  called  the  penumbra. 

"  flMM  of  an  umbra  without  a  penumbra,  and  the 
contrary,  are  ou  record." — 0.  f.  Ckambert ;  IMKriptti* 
Attronomy.  p.  A. 

If  In  senses  1  and  2,  there  Is  a  plural 
um'-bne. 

3.  Ichth]/.:Tbe  sole genusof  Umbridee  (q.v.), 
with  two  species:    Umbra  krameri,  a  small 
fish  three  or  four  inches  long,  from  stagnant 
waters  in  Austria  and  Hungary ;  and  U.  limi, 
rather  smaller,    locally   distributed    In   the 
United  States,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Dog- 
fish or  Mud-fish.    [  UM  BK  INA.J 

umbra-tree,  s. 

Sot. :  Pircunia  dioica,  an  arborescent  Phyto- 
laccad  from  Buenos  Ayres. 

*  um'-braced,  o.    [  VAMBRACED.] 

•  um'-bra-cle,  «.    [Lat,  umbraadum,  dimin. 
from  umbra  =  a  shade.]    A  shade ;  umbrage. 

"  That  Free,  that  Sonll-refreshiug  umbracU." 

tttmict :  U'An  Rood*,  p.  li. 

fim-brac-u-lif '-er-oiis,  o.    [Lat.  umbracu- 
lum  (q.v.) ;  fin  =  to  bear,  aud  Eng.  sun',  -otu. ] 
Bat. :  Bearing  an  umbraculum  (q.v.). 

um-brac'-u-ll-form,  a.  [Lat.  umbraculun 
=  a  little  shade,  and  forma  =  form.  ]  Forming 
a  shade ;  umbrella-shaped,  like  a  mushroom. 

um-br5c  u-lum  (pi.  um  brae  -u  la),  t. 
[Lat.,  dimin.  from  umbra  =  a  shade.] 

Bot. :  (1)  A  convex  body  terminating  the 
setae  of  Marchantia,  and  bearing  on  its  under 
side  the  reproductive  organs ;  (2)  Any  simi- 
lar structure, 

um'-brage  (age  as  Ig),  t.  [O.  Fr.  ombrage, 
umbrage  (Fr.  ombrage),  from  ombre  (Lat.  um- 
bra) :=  a  shade.  ] 

*  1.  A  shadow.    (SAotesp. :  HanUt,  T.  2.) 
"  2.  A  shade  ;  a  shadow  ;  obscurity. 

"  ID  the  deep  umbrage  of  a  green  hill's  shade." 

fiyron :  Childe  ffarotd.  Ir.  S2. 

3.  That  which  affords  a  shade ;  specif.,  a 
screen  of  trees  or  foliage. 

"  80  deep.  BO  dark,  BO  close  the  umbrage  o'er  Of, 
No  leaflet  stirred." 

CaterUgt:  T\e  .VijW  Some. 

*  4.  A  shadow  of  suspicion  cast  upon  a  per- 
son ;  slight  appearance  or  show. 

"  It  is  also  evident  that  8.  Peter  did  not  carry  him- 
•elf  to  as  to  give  the  least  overture  or  untbrag*  to 
make  any  one  suspect  he  had  any  inch  preeminence." 
— Bp.  Taylor:  fliuutitivefrom  f  apery,  pt.  L,  )  &, 

*  5.  Suspicion,  suspiciousness. 

"  I  say.  just  fear,  not  oat  of  umbrayet.  ligfak 
Jealoasies.  apprehensions  alar  tat  but  of  clear  1  oremight 
of  Imminent  danger."— ffacon :  War  mth  Spain. 

*  6.  A  bint  representation  or  appearance  ;  a 
glimpse. 

"  Too  rejoice  In  false  llghta.  or  are  delighted  with 
little  umbragetoT  peep  of  day."— Taylor:  Sermon  to 
ttr  of  Dublin. 


*  7.  An  adumbration  ;  a  shadowing  forth. 

"  Some  of  them  being  umbrage!  .  .  .  rather  lhaD 
re»hties."-/^«er.-  uJtyWar,  bE.  v..  ch.  xn-. 
8.   The    feeling    of   being    overshadowrd ; 
jealousy  of  another  as  standing  in  one's  way 
or  light;    suspicion  of   injury;  resentment, 
(Generally  in  the  phrase  To  take  umbrage  =  to 
be  offended.) 

"It  will  not  be  convenient  to  give  him  any  umbrag*.* 
ttryden:  Evening!  Love,  iv. 

urn  bra  -geoug,  *  om  bra  gious,  •  um- 
bra  gious,  a.  [Fr.  ombrugeiu;  =  shady 
from  ombre  —  shade.] 

1.  Shady  ;  forming  a  shade. 

"  Where  the  grove  with  leaves  umbrage™*  bends."        ( 
Pope:  Homer:  Odywy  vi.  149. 

2.  Shady,  shaded.    (Hilton:  P.  L.,  iv.  257.) 

*  3.  Obscure ;  dark  ;  not  easy  to  be  per- 
ceived. 

"The  present  constitution  of  the  court,  which  is  Terr 
umbrageous"—  tf'otton:  A'emai/u.  p.  iu. 

*  4.  Suspicious. 

"  At  the  beginning  some  men  were  a  little  umbra- 
geoue  aud  fttanluig.  —Donne :  Sermon*,  p.  M7  (16*0). 

*  5.  Apt  or  disposed  to  take  umbrage  or 
offence ;  feeling  umbrage  or  jealousy ;  taking 
umbrage. 

•  nm-bra'-geous-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  umbrageous; 
-ly.]     In  an  umbrageous  manner,  so  as  to 
furnish  abundant  shade. 

•  um  bra  geous-nesa,*  um  bra  -  gious- 
UCSS,   8.       [Kng.    umbrageous;    -ness.]      The 
quality  or  state  of  being  umbrageous  ;  shadi- 
ness. 

"  Small  creeks  and  overshadowed  by  the  maleficent 
um  el  uiieuiKneM  of  the  maueovre."— Daily  Telegraph. 

um'-bral,  o.  [Lat.  umbra  (q.v.) ;  Eng.  adj. 
sr.ff.  -al.J 

Geol. :  Shady ;  the  term  applied  by  Prof. 
H.  D.  Rogers  to  the  fourteenth  series  of  the 
Appalachian  strata,  corresponding  in  period  to 
the  Carboniferous  limestone  of  Europe.  Maxi- 
mum thickness  in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia, 
about  3,000  feet ;  in  the  Western  States,  about 
1,000  feet.  (Prof.  H.  D.  Sogen:  Otology  o] 
Pennsylvania^) 

um  bra  -na,  s.    [UMBRINA.] 

'  iim'-brate,  r.(.  [Lat.  itmbraiiu,  pa.  par.  of 
umbra  =  to  shade,  from  umbra  =  a  shade.]  To 
shade,  to  shadow,  to  foreshadow. 

"  The  Law's  types,  wherein  the  thing*  pertaining  to 
the  person,  omce.  ami  kingdom  of  the  Hessbu,  were 
umbrated.-— CMjttaii  Keillor,;  Appeal,  lib.  a,  p.  M. 

•  um-brat'-ed,  a.   [UMBRATE.]  Shaded  ;  dark 
in  colour. 

"  Those  enalgnes  which  are  borne  itmbratea," — floue. 
1MB.-  Work* of  Armorie.  p.  SS.  (15721 

•  um -brat  -ic,   *  um  brat  -ick,   *  um- 
brat'-io-al,   a.      [Lat.    umbraticus,   from 
umbra  =  a  shade.] 

1.  Being  in  the  shade. 

2.  Unreal,  unsubstantial. 

3.  Being  in  retirement ;  secluded. 

"  I  can  see  whole  volumes  dispatched  by  the  um. 
trattcai  doctor!  on  all  ildei'-Ae-n  Jouto*:  IX*. 
eoeeriM,  p.  167. 

4.  Typical,  figurative,   adumbrating,    fore- 
shadowing. 

"  By  virtue  of  our  Saviour's  most  tnie  and  perfect 
sacrifice,  those  itmbnitic  representations,  instituted 
of  old  by  God.  did  obtain  their  substance,  validity. 
and  effect." — Barrote :  Sermont,  vol.  ii.  aer.  17. 

•  ttm'-bra-tile,  *  nm-bra-tU.  *  fim- 

brat  -il  ous,  a.    [Lat.  umbratilw,  from  um* 
bra  =  a  shade.] 

1.  Being  in  the  shade. 

2.  Unreal,  unsubstantial. 

"  Bhadows  nave  their  figure,  motion. 
And  their  itmbratil  action  frum  the  real 
Postnre  and  motion  of  the  body's  act." 

Sen  Jonton  :  Magnetic  Lady,  lil  1 

3.  Typical,  figurative. 

"  This  life  that  we  live  dtajotned  from  God  Is  but  a 
shallow  aud  umtnait  Imitation  of  that."— Or.  B. 
Mart :  Song  of  Ou  Soul.  p.  13;.  (Notes.) 

4.  Secluded,  retired. 


"  Natural  hieroglyphicks  of  onrfugltlve  umbratll*. 
anxious,  and    transitory  life,"—  fveiyn  .•  ttylra,  bk, 

iv,  I  a. 

iim-bra'-tion,  «.    [Lat.  umbra  =  a  shade.] 
Her. :  The  same  aa  ADUMBRATION  (q.v.). 

*  nm  bra'-tlous,  a.   [Lat.  umbra  =  a  shade.) 
[UMBRAGE.]  Suspicions ;  apt  to  take  umbrage. 

"  Cmbratfaut  and  apprehensive.'— 5ir  ff.   Wottan. 
Remain*,  p.  1«7. 


fltte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  car,  rule,  fall :  try,  Syrian,   re,  ca  =  e  ;  ey  =  » ;  «a  =  lew. 


nmbre— umstroke 


4899 


«  um'-bre  (bre  as  ber)  (1),  s.  [UMBER  (1),  a,] 

urn  bre  (bre  as  ber)  (2),  «.    [Fr.,  from  the 

colour  of  the  plumage.] 
Oni&ology: 

1.  Scoput  anietta,  a   South   African  bird, 
called  also    the    Hammer-head,  and    Brown 
Stork.    The  body  is  about  the  size  of  that  of 
s  crow,  plumage  umber-coloured,  lighter  be- 
neath ;  the  male  with  a  larjie  crest  on  the 
back  of  the  head.  These  birds  prey  upon  frocs 
and  small  tish,  and  embellish  their  nests  with 
anything    bright   and    glittering    they   can 
pirk  np. 

-'.  (PL) :  The  Scopime  (q.v.). 

•  SnV-brel,  •  um-brel-lo, i.    [UMBBELLA.] 

urn  brel -la,  t.  [Ital.  umbella,  umbrella, 
onibr<ila  =  ti  fan,  a  canopy,  a  little  shade, 
diniin.  of  ombra  (Lat  umbra)  —  a  sliade.  The 
true  classical  Latin  form  is  umbella,  diniin. 
from  umbra.  Florio  has  "  Ombrella,  a  fan,  a 
canoi'ie,  also  a  testern  or  cloth  of  state  for  a 
prince ;  also  a  kind  of  round  fan  or  shadowing 
that  they  vse  to  ride  with  in  summer  in  Italy; 
•  little  shade  "  ( World  of  Words,  159S>] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  I.  A  shade,  a  cover,  a  cloak. 

M  Made  Religion  an  rmdrvtta  to  Impiety."— 0*6om.- 
SiKf  Jiuntt.  p.  «!.  (1678.) 

2.  A  light  frame  covered  with  silk,  cotton, 
alpaca,  or  other  fabric,  and  held  above  the 
head  as  a  protection  against    sun  or  rain. 
(PARASOL,  SUN-SHADE.]    The  use  of  the  um- 
brella came  to  us  from  the  East,  where  it  has 
been  in  use  from  remote  times,  and  where 
it  is  considered  as  a  symbol  of  royalty  or 
dignity.     As  a  defence  against  rain  it  was 
not  generally  used  in  England  till  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century.    (See  extract.) 

"  Aa  appears  by  the  nmmlt  rajtderof  Dec.  It,  1109, 
the  umtrOla  waa  only  designed  as  a  protection  be. 
tweeu  the  door  and  the  carriage.  Jonaa  Hauway, 
who  died  In  1786,  has  the  creditof  contemning  public 
opinion,  and  defying  the  coachmen  and  sedan-chair 
Bleu,  who  deemed  It  their  monupoly  to  protect  from 
lain.'— A'nifat.-  JIM.  ««*ama.  s.  T.  CmbreUa. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Zool. :  The  bell-shaped  swimming  organ 
of  the  Lucernarida,  «ktn  to  the  nectocalyx  of 
the  Medusidse,  but  without  a  velum  (q.v.). 

2.  Zool.  it  Pala*>Kt. :  Chinese  Umbrella-shell ; 
a  genus  of  Pleurobranchidae,  with  six  recent 
species,  from  the  Canaries,  Mediterranean. 
Iml  ia,  China,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Shell 
small,  depressed,  and  limpet-like,  marked  by 
concentric  lines  of  growth ;  inner  surface 
with  a  central  coloured  and  striated  disc, 
surrounded  by  a  continuous  irregular  mus- 
cular impression.  Animal  with  a  very  large 
foot,  deeply  notched  in  front,  gill  forming  a 
series  of  plumes  beneath  the  shell  in  front 
ami  on  the  right  side.  Fossil  species  four, 
from  the  Oolite  onward  of  the  United  States, 
Sicily,  and  Asia, 

H  Kiy  Oofet't  Umbrella :  The  state  umbrella 
of  the  King  of  Asliantee,  taken  at  Coomassie, 
Feb.  4,  1874,  and  deposited  by  her  Majesty  in 
South  Kensington  Museum* 

umbrella-bird,  s. 

vrnitn.  •  Cepkalopterui  ornaius,  from  Pern. 
It  is  about  the  size  of  a  crow,  with  deep  black 
plumage ;  the  head  is  adorned  with  a  large 
spreading 
crest,  which 
arises  from  a 
contractile 
skin,  and  ca- 
pable of  be- 
ing erected 
»t  will ;  the 
shafts  of  the 
crest-fea- 
thers are 
white,  and 
the  plumes 
glossy  blue, 
hair-like,  and 
curved  out- 
wards at  the 
tips.  When  the  crest  is  laid  back  the  shafts 
form  a  compact  white  mass,  sloping  up  from 
the  back  of  the  head  ;  when  it  is  erected  the 
shafts  radiate  on  all  sides  from  the  top  of  the 
head,  reaching  in  front  l<eyond  and  below  the 
beak,  which  is  thus  completely  concealed  from 
view.  A  long  cylindrical  plume  hangs  down 
from  the  middle  of  the  neck  ;  the  feathers  of 
the  plume  lap  over  each  other  like  scales,  and 
are  bordered  with  metallic  blue.  Umbrella- 
birds  associate  In  small  flocks,  and  live  almost 


1  Hffi 


UMBRELLA   BIRD. 


entirely  upon  fruits.  Their  cry,  which  resem- 
bles the  lowing  of  a  cow,  is  most  frequently 
heard  just  before  sunrise  and  after  sunset. 

umbrella  leaf.  .-•. 

Hot. :  Diphylleia  cymosa,  a  plant  belonging 
to  the  Nandinese,  growing  in  Japan  and  the 
Southern  States  of  North  America. 

umbrella-plant,  s. 

Bat. :  Saxi/raga  pellala.    (Treat,  of  Dot.) 

umbrella-shaped,  a. 

Bot. :  Resembling  an  expanded  umbrella, 
i.e.,  hemispherical  and  convex,  with  rays  or 
plaits  proceeding  irom  a  common  centre,  as 
the  stigma  of  Papaver. 

umbrella-tree,  *. 

Botany : 

(1)  Magnolia  Umbrella  and  31".  tripetala.    In 
the  latter  the  leaves,  which  are  from  twelve 
to  fifteen  inches  long,  and  five  or  six  inches 
wide,  narrowing  to  a  point  at  each  end,  are 
placed  at  the  end  of  the  branches  In  a  circu- 
lar manner,  whence  its  English  name.    The 
flowers  have  ten,  eleven,  or  twelve  large  ob- 
long white  petals. 

(2)  Tketpttia  populnea :  [THBSPESIA]. 

(S)  HibixusguinetTuis  ;  a  tree  about  twenty 
feet  high,  with  purple  flowers,  growing  in 
Guinea. 

(4)  Pandanus  odoratissimus.    [PANDANUS.] 

*  um-brer -la-less,  a.   [Eng.  umbrella;  -less.] 
Destitute  of  or  without  an  umbrella. 

"  lien  .  .  .  pallid,  unshaven,  clay-piped,  MntareUa- 
fam-'-Oatfy  TVejiMpa,  .Nov.  M,  IMS. 

um-brel  -la-wort,  «.    [Eng.  umbrella,  and 
wort.] 

Bot. :  Oxybaphus ;  called  also  Calymenia ; 
a  genus  of  Nyctaginaceee. 

'  mn-brere, «.    [UMBRIEBE.] 

TJm'-bri-an,  a.  ft  «.    [See  def.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Umbria, 
its  inhabitants,  or  language. 

"[He]  led  to  fight  bis  Pmbria*  powers." 

Jiacuttlajr :  BoratiuM,  xurli 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  native  or  Inhabitant  of  Umbria,  one 
of  the  ancient  principal  divisions  of  Central 
Italy. 

"  The  terror  of  the  Umbrian.' 

Macaulay  :  BoraOMt,  IIU. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Umbrians,  one  of 
the  oldest  of  the  Latin  dialects. 

^  Umbrian  School  of  Fainting :  The  Roman 
School  of  Painting.  [ROMAN-SCHOOL.] 

iim'-brl-dre,  >.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  umbr(a);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sun".  -id<z.) 

Ichthy. :  A  family  of  Physostomons  Fishes, 
with  a  single  genus,  Umbra  (q.v.).  Head  and 
body  covered  witi  scales ;  no  barbels  or  adi- 
pose fln  ;  stomaCH  siphonal ;  no  pyloric  ap- 
pendages ;  air-bladder  simple. 

Um'-brl-gl,  «.    [See  def.  1.] 

L  Mythol. :  A  gnome  or  spirit  of  earth  sup- 
plied by  Spleen  with  a  vial  full  of  sorrow  and 
tears.  (Pope :  Kape  of  the  Lock,  iv.  13.) 

2.  Astron. :  A  satellite  of  Uranus,  the  second 
in  point  of  distance  from  the  planet  Its 
mean  distance  from  the  centre  of  the  planet 
is  166,000  miles,  its  periodic  time  4,144,181 
days. 

*  um'-bli-ere,  i.    [O.  Fr.  vmbrlen,  ombriere, 
frum  Lat.  umbra  =  a  shade.]    The  visor  of  a 
helmet ;  a  projection  like  the  peak  of  a  cap, 
to  which  a  face-guard  was  sometimes  attached, 
which  moved  freely  upon  the  helmet,  and 
could  be  lifted  up  like  the  beaver ;  the  umbriL 

"  [She]  only  vented  up  her  soaeHere, 
And  so  did  let  her  goodly  visage  to  appears.' 

Spenur  :  r.  <f.  III.  1.  a 

*  um-brlf -er-ous,  a.    [Lat.  umbra  =  shade, 
and  /ero  =  to   bear.)     Casting,  causing,   or 
making  a  shade. 

*  um-brif'-er-ous-iy,  a.    [Eng.  wnMfar- 
ous ;  -ly.}    So  as  to  make  or  cast  a  shade. 

•fim'-brH,   s.     [UMBRIERE.]     The  movable 
part  of  a  helmet ;  the  umbriere,  the  visor. 

tim-bri'-na,  a.   [The  modern  Roman  name  of 

the  nsh.] 
Ichthyology: 
L  A  genus  of  Scianidie,  with  twenty  species, 


from  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Atlantis 
and  Indian  Oceans.  Snout  convex,  with  pro- 
jecting upper  jaw,  short  barbel  under  sym- 
physis  of  the  mandible  ;  tirst  dorsal  fln  with 
nine  or  ten  flexible  spines,  aual  with  one  or 
two.  Umlnrina  cirrhasa,  the  untbrine  or  ombn 
of  the  French,  and  the  corvo  of  the  Italians, 
was  well  known  to  the  Romans  by  the  name 
of  umbra.  It  is  common  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, ranging  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
sometimes  attains  a  length  of  three  fret, 
2.  Any  individual  of  the  genus.  [1.] 

"  The  drumming  of  the  umttnrtitt  in  the  European 
Mae  U  said  to  be  audible  from  a  depth  of  twenty 
fathoms ;  and  the  fishermen  of  Rocuelle  asaert  that 
the  male*  alone  make  the  noise  during  the  upawuiug 
time,  and  tunt  It  U  poeeible.  by  iuiiutlng  thi-m.  to 
take  them  without  bait."— Dantin :  Dtfcerit  of  J/an 
(ed.  2nd),  p.  347. 

*  iim  -brose,  a.    [Lat.  umbrosiu,  from  umbra 
=  shade.)    Shady,  umbrageous. 

«  um-brSs'-i-tj?,  s.  [UMBROSE.]  The  quality 
of  being  umbrose ;  shadiuess,  umbrageous- 
ness. 

"  Oily  paper  becometh  more  tnusparent,  and  admltt 
the  visible  rnys  witii  much  less  umfcrottU." — Sruu'ttt: 
Vulyar  Brroun,  bk.  1U.  ch.  1. 

*  um-gong,  a.    [A.S.  yw,  jrmo,  ««  =  round, 
and  <]<nvj-=  a  going.]    A  going  round,  a  cir^ 
cuit,  a  compass. 

"  Made  we  are  reprefe  to  our  negbbon ;  skoniinf 
and  htithiug  to  alle  that  In  our  umaona  are."— 
H'liclife :  fulm  Ixx v  ili.  «. 

u  mi  ak,  u   my  ak,  s.    [OOHIAE.] 

um'-lant  (an  u  6%),  t.  [Oer.,  from  prel 
tim-,  indicating  alteration,  and  laut  =  sound.] 
Philol. :  A  kind  of  assimilation  of  sounds ; 
the  change  of  the  vowel  in  one  syllable 
through  the  influence  of  one  of  the  vowels 
o,  i,  u  in  the  syllable  immediately  following. 
It  is  a  common  feature  in  several  of  the 
Teutonic  tongues.  In  German  umlaut  is  seen 
in  the  frequent  change  of  the  vowels  a,  o,  w, 
to  a,  a,  u.  In  Anglo-Saxon  it  was  also  com- 
mon. The  change  caused  by  a  is  called 
a-umlavt,  and  so  of  the  other  vowels. 

•um-pir-age  (age  as  ig),  «.  [Eng.  urn. 
pir(e);  -age.]  Th«  post  or  cilice  of  an  umpire; 
the  act  of  one  who  acts  as  umpire ;  the  deci- 
sion of  an  umpire  ;  arbitrament 

"St.  Auguftlues  wmpira£7«  and  full  determination 
of  tbia  whole  question.1— flp.  Morton:  DiKoMr*,  p.  1*4. 
(1635.) 

iim' -pure,  "nom-pcre,  "nom-peyr, 
•  noum-pere,  "owm-pere,  s.  [Prop, 
^umpire,  from  U.  Fr.  nompair  =  peerless,  odd, 
from  van  (Lat  van)  =  not,  and  per  =  a  peer, 
equal ;  Lat  par  =  equal.  An  umpire  is  thus 
the  odd  (or  third)  man  called  in  to  decide 
between  two  disputants.] 

1.  Ord.    Lang. :  A    person   to  whose  sole 
decision  a  controversy  or  question  between 
parties  is  referred ;  one  agreed  upon  or  ac- 
cepted as  a  judge,  referee,  or  arbiter  in  case 
of  conflict  of  opinions ;  a  person  chosen  to 
see  that  the  rules  of  any  game  (especially 
cricket)  or  contest   are   strictly  and  fairly 
carried  out. 

"And  I  will  place  within  them  as  aguide 
My  umpire.  Conscience."        Milton :  P.  L.,  lit  IBS. 

2.  Lena :  A  third  person  called  in  to  decide 
a  controversy  or  question  submitted  to  arbi- 
tration when  the  arbitrators  cannot  agree. 

um'-pire,  v.t.  &  i.    [UMPIRE,  s.] 

A.  TraruiHvi: 

*  1.  To  decide  as  umpire  ;  to  settle,  to  arbi- 
trate.   (South :  Sermons,  voL  vi.,  ser.  2.) 

2.  To  act  as  umpire  in  or  for. 

"The  various  competitions  were  vmpirtd  from  tbd 
bows  of  a  launch."— Fitld,  Aug.  IS,  1887. 

B.  Irttrun*. :  To  act  or  stand  as  umpire. 

um  pire  ship,  *  urn  pier-ship,  s.    [Eng 
umpire,  a. ;  -snip.] 
1.  The  office  of  an  umpire. 

*  2.  Arbitration,  decision. 

"  We  refuse  not  the  urbltrement  and  untXeraMn  ot 
tbe^Uoly  Ohoate. --Joed :  ntfrna  o/  «i  Afoiao^, 

um'-quhile  (qu  as  w),  a.  4  ».    [UMWBILE.] 

*  um'-8trdke,  s.  [A.S.  yn,  ymb,  um  =  around, 
round  about.]    The  edge  of  a  circle ;  edge. 

"  Sncb  towns  w  stand,  as  one  may  say.  on  tiptoes  on 
the  very  nm*froA-«.  or  ou  any  part  of  the  utmost  line 
of  any  map  (unresolved  in  a  manner  to  stay  out  or 
dime  in),  are  not  to  be  presumed  placed  according  to 
ei«ctnesa.  bnt  only  signify  there  or  thereabouts."— 
fulltr:  rtajo*  Siji,,  pt  L,  bk.  L.  ch.  liv. 


j ;  poiit,  J6>1 ;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  thin ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -jion  =  ihun,    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  beL  del. 


4900 


umwhile— unaccountableness 


ttm-  while,  adv.  &  a.  [A.S.  hwilum  = 
whilom  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adv. :  Formerly,  ci-devant,  late  ;  at 
a  former  period  ;  whilom. 

"  Sir  Isaac  Newton.  Knight,  and  umwhtfe  master  of 
his  niajest)Ts  uiiuV— Swti ;  Ouy  Mannering,  ch.  ilL 

B.  As  adj.  :   Whilom,  ci-devant,  late,  for- 
merly.   (Scotch.) 

"The  estate,  which  devolved  011  this  unhappy  wo- 
man by  a  settlement  of  her  umwhile  hubaud,"— Scott : 
Waverley,  eh.  x. 

ttn-d),  pref.  [A.S.  an- ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  on-; 
Icel,  u-  or  6-  (for  wn-);  Dan.  ut  ;  Sw.  o-; 
Goth,  un- ;  Ger.  un- ;  Wei. art-;  Lat.  in- ;  Gr. 
iv-,  a-  fan-,  a-);  Zeud,  ana-;  Sansc.  an- ; 
Pers.  ?io,  all  prefixes  denoting  negation;  cf. 
Lat.  ne-  =  uot ;  Gr.  \rt\  (ne) ;  Goth,  ni-  =  not ; 
Lith.  ne-  —  no  ;  Russ.  ne- ;  Gael,  neo-,  nega- 
tive prefixes.]  A  prefix  denoting  negation, 
used  chiefly  before  adjectives,  past  participles 
passive,  present  participles  used  adjectively, 
and  when  so  used  meaning  simply  not :  as, 
unfair,  untrue,  untold,  unforgiving,  Ac.  From 
such  words  adverbs  and  nouns  are  formed  :  as, 
unfairly,  unfairness,  untruly,  ttnforgivingly, 
unforgivingness,  &c.  Un-  is  also  prefixed  to 
some  nouns  to  express  the  opposite  or  absence 
of  what  the  noun  expresses :  as,  untruth,  un- 
rest, undress,  &c.  Before  many  words  of 
Latin  origin  un-,  in  the  sense  of  simple  nega- 
tion, becomes  in-  (q.v.) :  as,  uncomplete  and 
incomplete.  Negation  is  also  expressed  by 
turn-  or  dis- :  as,  non-elastic,  disreputable,  &c. 

fin-  (2),  pref.  [A.S.  un-,  only  used  as  a  prefix 
in  verbs,  as  in  und6n  =  to  undo,  unbindan  = 
to  unbind,  &c. ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  on/-,  as  in 
onMaden  —  to  unload,  from  laden  =  to  load  ; 
Ger.  ent-,  as  in  eni-laden  =  to  unload  ;  O.  H. 
Qer.  ant-,  as  iuanMuhhan  =  to  unlock ;  Goth. 
and-,  as  in  and-bindan  =  to  unbind.  It  is  the 
same  prefix  as  that  which  appears  as  an-  in 
Bng.  answer,  and  as  and-  in  A.S.  andswarian  ; 
and  it  is  cognate  with  Gr.  avri  (anti)  =  in  op- 
position to.] 

1.  A  prefix  used  with  verbs  to  imply  the 
reversal  of  the  meaning  of  the  simple  verb 
by  a  positive  act  not  a  simple  negation  of 
its  meaning.     Thus  unbind  means  a  positive 
ondoisg  and  removal  of  the  binding  which 
the  simple  verb  affirmed  to  be  fixed. 

2.  Prefixed  to  nouns  it  changes  them  Into 
Terhg,  implying  privation  of  the  object  ex- 
pressed by  the  noun  or  of  the  qualities  con- 
noted by  it:   as,  unman,  unsex— to  deprive 
of  the  qualities  of  a  man,  sex,  Ac.    In  this 
tense  sometimes  called  un-  privative. 

3.  More  rarely  it  is  almost  superfluous,  or 
at  most  adds  intensity  to   the  meaning  of 
the  simple  verb.    Thus  to  loosen  and  to  un- 
loosen do  not  differ  much  in  meaning,  though 
perhaps  unloosen   is,  to  a  slight  extent,  the 
more  forcible  word. 

4.  It  is  found  in  a  few  verbs,  chiefly  obso- 
lete, with  the  force  of  retraction  or  revo- 
cation :  as,  unsay  —  to  retract  what  has  been 
said,  unpredict  =  to  retract  or  revoke  a  pre- 
diction, to  unlearn  =  to  forget  what  has  been 
learnt,  &c. 

5.  Some  words  with  un-  prefixed  are  hardly 
used  unless  qualified  by  not :  as,  though  we 
should  not  speak  of  an  unstriking  view,  we 
should  not  hesitate  to  say  the  view  was  not 
unstriking. 

6.  In  the  case  of  past  participles  there  is 
an  ambiguity  in  the  prefix  un-,  which  may  be 
either  un-  (1)  or  un-  (2),  as  in  unrolled,  which 
may  mean  either  not  rolled,  or  unfolded  after 
having  been  rolled  up. 

IF  The  meanings  of  most  of  the  past  par- 
ticiples, adjectives,  adverbs,  &c.,  having  un- 
prefixed  are  so  obvious  that  a  large  number  of 
them  are  here  omitted. 

un  hidebound,  a.    Not  hidebound ;  not 
having  the  skin  fitting  closely,  as  is  the  case 
when    animals  are  swoln  and  full;    hence, 
hungry  and  with  empty  stomach. 
"  li;u  in  .  .  .  though  plenteous,  all  too  little  seems 
To  stuff  thia  maw,  this  vast  un-hidebound  corpse." 
Milton :  P.  L.,  x.  601. 

KT-na,  «.    [Lat.,  fern.  sing,  of  unus  =  one ;  ap- 
plied, as  a  proper  name,  to  the  personification 
of  Truth  in  the  Fairy  Queen.} 
Astron.:  [ASTEROID,  160]. 

"tin  a  based',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
abased.]  Not  abased  or  humbled. 

"  They  easily  preserved  .  .  .  the  reverence  of  reli- 
gion unabated."  —  Oauden:  Te-irt  of  the  Church, 
p.  274. 


un  a  bashed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  .Eng. 
atxistit-ii.}  Not  abashed  ;  feeling  no  shame  ; 
shameless. 

"  Earless  on  high,  stood  unubaih'd  Defoe. 
And  Tutchin  flagrant  from  the  scourge  below." 
Pope  ;  Danciad,  ii.  147. 

tin-a-bat'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
abated.}  Not  abated  ;  not  diminished  in 
magnitude,  force,  violence,  or  intensity  ;  un- 
dimiuished. 

"  The  conflicts  between  the  patricians  and  plebeians 
continue  with  unabated  force."  —  Leutu:  Cred,  £<irly 
Raman  Hist.,  ch.  xii. 

un-a-bat'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
abating.]  Not  abating,  not  relaxing  ;  not 
diminishing  in  magnitude,  force,  or  intensity  ; 
unabated. 

"  The  torrent  thundered  down  the  dell 
With  unnbatinff  haste." 

Wordtwrth:   Waterfatt  A  the  Eglantine 

*  un-a-blT-i-t&  *.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ability.]     The  absence  of  ability  ;    want  of 
ability  ;  inability. 

"  What  can  be  imputed   but  their  sloth   or  un- 

abtiily  t  '—liiUon  ;  Aret>fn*jirica. 

un  a  ble,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  able 
(q.v.).] 

1.  Not  able  ;  not  having  sufficient  power  or 
ability  ;  not  equal  to  any  task  ;  incapable. 
"  Lest  to  the  queen  the  swain  with  transport  fly, 
Unable  to  coutaiii  th1  unruly  Joy." 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyuty  x  vi.  481. 

*  2.  Weak,  helpless,  impotent,  useless. 
"  Sapless  age  and  weak  unable  limbs 
Should  bring  thy  father  to  his  drooping  chair." 

Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  FI.t  IT.  & 

*  un-a'-bled  (16  as  el),  a.    [Eng.  unable)  ; 
•ed.]    Disabled,  incapacitated. 

*  un  -  a'  -  ble  ~  ness,  s.   [Eng.  unable;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unable  ;  inability. 

"  Conslderynge  the  unableneae  of  HLldcricb  the 
kynge."  —  Fabyan  :  Cftronycto  (an.  1299). 

*  un~a  -ble-te,   s.     [Eng.  unable;  -ty.]    In- 
ability. 

"  '  If  for  th*  blyndnesse  of  the  preest,  or  for  other 
unnbltte.  he  that  U  repeii  taunt  wole  go  to  another 
preest  kunning  In  this  ghostly  office,  he  shal  not  do 
this  withouten  licence  axid.'  Kccletia  ftcgimr.i, 
written,  ai  it  seems,  before  ISM."—  Ifydtfii  .*  £d.  Pref., 
p.  ST. 

*  un  a  boT-  Ish-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  abolithatile.]  Not  able  to  be  abolished  ; 
not  capable  of  being  abolished,  annulled,  or 
destroyed. 

"That  law  prored  to  be  moral,  and  unabolithabfe 
fer  many  reasons  annext  thereto."—  Jfitton:  DotA.  4 
Mi.  of  Divorce,  bk.  ii.,  eh.  i. 

un  a  boT-Lshed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  OX  and  Eng. 
abolished.}  Not  abolished  ;  not  repealed  or 
annulled  ;  remaining  in  force. 

"The  number  of  needless  laws  unaboHihed.  doth 
weaken  tbe  force  of  them  that  are  necessary."—  Footer  : 

Scclet.  Polity,  bk.  Tilt 

un-a-bridged',  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
abridged.}  Not  abridges!  ;  not  curtailed  ;  not 
shortened. 


"  With  verdure  pare,  unbroken,  un. 

ilaton  :  Enylith  Garden,  bk.  L 

*  tin-ab-Bo'lv'-a-ble,  a.   [Pref.  u»-  (i),  and 
Eng."  absolvable.]    Not  capable  of  being  ab- 
solved ;  not  admitting  of  absolution. 

*  un-ab-sdlved'»  a.    [Pref.  wit-  (1),  and  Eng. 
absolved.]     Not  absolved;   not  solved;  un- 
solved. 

"  So  that  doubt  remaineth  not  unabtolaed."—  Stryp*  : 
Ecclet.  Mem.  ;  Henry  VIII.  (an.  1(21). 

*  tin-ah-surd',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
absurd.]    Not  absurd  ;  not  opposed  to  reason 
or  common  sense. 

"  What  less  than  Infinite  makes  unahturd 
Passion*,  which  all  on  earth  but  more  inflames?" 
Young  :  Night  Thought*,  vi  i.  51*. 

*  un-a-biin'-dant,  a.  [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng. 
abundant.}    Not  abundant  ;  rare  ;  not  plenti- 
ful. 

un-ac^nf  -Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
accented.]  Not  accented  ;  not  having  an  accent 
upon  it  ;  having  no  afccent. 

"It  being  enough  to  make  a  syllable  long  If  it  be 
accented;  and  short  U  It  be  unaccented.'—  Harrit: 
Phttolog.  Inquiries. 

un-ac  9ept  ~a  ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  acceptable.]  Not  acceptable  ;  not  wel- 
come ;  not  pleasing. 

"  By  force  Impossible,  by  leave  obtained 
Unacceptable."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  11.  »1. 

*un-ac-cept'-a-ble-ness,  *.    [Pref.  un- 


(l),and  Eng.  aeotftatlmim.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unacceptable  or  unwelcome* 
unacceptabi  1  ity  . 

"This  altvratioQ  arises  from  the  unacctptallenttt 
of  the  subject  1  am  upon."  —  Collier  :  On  Pridt. 

*  tin-access  -i-ble,  <fc    ^Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eug.  accessible.]    Not  accessible  ;  inaccessible. 

"  It  shall  be  found  unacceirible  for  any  euemie."— 
:  royaget.  Hi.  661. 


"  un  access  -i-ble  ness,  *.  [Pref.  U7i-(l), 
and  Eng.  accessiblenes$.  ]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  inaccessible  ;  inaccessibleness. 

"  Unacetttibleneu  to  them."—  Bale  ;  Orig,  of  Mun- 
kind.  p.  18. 

•un-ac  cdm-md  dat-6d,  a.  [Pref.  u»- 
(1),  and  Eng.  accommodated.] 

1.  Not  accommodated  ;  not  fitted  or  adapted. 

2.  Not  furnished  or  supplied  with  necessary 
conveniences  or  appliances. 

"  Unaccommodated  man  Is  no  more  than  such  a 
poor,  bare,  forked  animal  as  thou  art"—  SAuA«»p.t 
Lear,  Hi.  4. 

iin  ac  com  -mo  dat  Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l), 

and  Eng.  accommodating,}  Not  accommodat- 
ing ;  not  disposed  to  make  the  compromise* 
and  concessions  which  courtesy  demands; 
uncompliant,  unobliging. 

"  His  hauifhty  and  unaccommodating  temper  had 
giveu  so  much  disgust  that  he  bad  been  forced  to 
retire.*'  —  Macaulay.'  Hiit.  Eng.,  ch.  iv. 

iin  ac  com   pan  ied,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  accomy-anied.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Not  accompanied  ;  unattended  ;  not  with 
persons  in  attendance  on  one  ;  alone. 

"As  I  was  single  and  unaccompanied,  I  was  not 
permitted  to  enter  the  temple."—  Tutor.  Mo.  ISO. 

2.  Not  attended,  accompanied,  or  followed, 
as  with  a  certain  result  or  consequence. 

"Many  marks  of  favour  which  were  unaccompuxird 
by  any  indication  of  displeasure."  —  Jlacaulay  :  It-tt. 
Bng..  ch.  XT. 

IT.  Music:  Performed  or  written  without 
an  accompaniment  or  subordinate  instru- 
mental parts. 

un  ac  com   plished,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l  ),  and 
Eng.  accomplished.] 
1.  Not  accomplished  ;  not  finished  ;  incom- 

plete. 

"  The  gods,  dismayed  at  his  approach,  withdrew, 
Nor  durst  their  unaccomplished  crime  pursue." 
Dry-ten  :   Homer  ;  Iliad  L 

*  2.  Not  furnished  or  not  completely  for* 
nished  with  accomplishments. 

*un-ac  com-pllsh-me'nt,  *.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  accomplishment.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unaccomplished  ;  failure  in 
accomplishing. 

"  Custom  being  bat  a  meer  face,  as  echo  is  a  nicer 
voice,  reste  not  in  her  unaccompHthmtnt,"—  Milton  : 
To  the  Parliament  of  England. 

*iin-ao-cord'-gd,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and 
Eng.  accorded.]  Not  accorded  ;  not  granted 
or  agreed  on  ;  not  brought  to  harmony  or 
concord. 

"  Leaving  those  parcels  unaccorded  which  are  meet 
to  be  sent  and  confined  to  the  schools."—  Bp*  Ball: 
Peacemaker,  |  5. 

fai-ac-c6"unt-a-bil'-X-t&  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
anil  Eng.  accountability.} 

\.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  irre- 
sponsible for  one's  actions,  owing  to  extreme1 
youth,  the  overthrow  of  reason,  idiocy,  Ac, 

*2.  That  which  is  unaccountable  or  in- 
capable of  being  explained.  (Alad.  LfArblayT 
Diary,  iii.  252.) 

tin  ac-coUnt  a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  accountable.] 

1.  Not    accountable  ;    not    possessed    of 
powers  so  as  to  render  it  just  to  call  one  to 
account    for  deeds   done  ;    not   subject   to 
account  or  control  ;  not  responsible. 

2.  Not  to  be  accounted  for  by  reason,  most 
commonly  applied  to  conduct  not  easily  traced 
to  ordinary  human  motives  ;  not  explicable  ; 
not  reducible  to  rule  ;  inexplicable  ;  hence, 
strange. 

"Omission  of  some  of  these  particulars  Is  pretty 
strange  and  unaccountable."-  QlanvUl  :  Euay  6. 

*  3.  Not  to  be  counted  ;  countless,  innu- 
merable. 

"An  apprehension  of  their  unaccountable  nnmberi." 
—  WoUattnn:  Religion  of  Nature,  §  5. 

un  :>c  count  a  ble  ness,  *.    [Eng.  unox 

countable;  -nets.] 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  role,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  i ;  qu  =  kw. 


unaccountably — unafflicted 


4901 


1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unaccount- 
able ;  irresponsibility. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unable  to 
be  accounted  for ;  inexplicability. 

iin-ao-count'-a-bljf,  adv.  [Eng.  unoccounl- 
ui:([c);  -I]/.]  Not  in  a  way  to  be  accounted 
for ;  inexplicably,  strangely. 

"  Not  with  intent  to  im  ply  that  God  ever  acteth  u 
vxoitntabllt,  or  without   highest  I 


, 
Sermon*,  vot.  Hi.,  ser.  - 


reason."— Barrow. 


tin  ao  cred'-ft-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  «»- (I),  and 
Ki:'  u,v/T,Hf«J.]  Not  credited  ;  not  furnished 
with  satisfactory  credentials,  and  conse- 
quently not  received  ;  not  authorised. 

•  iin-ftC'-cu-rate,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
accurate.}  No't  accurate ;  inaccurate,  incor- 
rect, inexact. 

••  The  Utter  [Orlgen]  ha.  indeed,  in  an  miaccuraCe 
work,  or  perhaps  corrupted,  mentioned  the  distinc- 
tion!*— Waterland:  Workt.  iiL  178. 

"un-ac-cu-rate-ness,  J.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  accu'rateness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  inaccurate  ;  the  absence  of  accuracy  ; 
inaccuracy,  incorrectness. 

"There are  unttccuratenettetin  the  measuringof  e»ld 
by  weather-glasses."— ttoyk  :  Workl.  ii.  4»1. 

•fin-ao-cursed',  *  un-ao-curst',  a.  [Pref. 
un-  "'!),  and  Eng.  accursed,  accurst]  Not 
accursed;  not  having  a  curse  denounced 
against  one;  uncursed. 

"  Creeds  by  chartered  priesthoods  unnccurtt.' 
Campbell :  On  the  Departure  of  Emigrant*. 

un  ac  cus  tomed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  accustomed.] 

1.  Not  accustomed  j  not  used ;  not  habitu- 
ated or  fainiliarised. 

"  So  unaccuttom'd  to  the  yoke." 

Couiper  :  Olney  Hymnt,  xll. 

2.  Not     according    to    custom;    unusual, 
itrange,  extraordinary. 

"  Abashed  at  the  straunge  and  unaccuttomed  sight 
thereof,  they  sent  ambassadors  to  (Sesar  (or  peace.  — 
Qoldinge :  Caiar,  fol.  63. 

•fin-achieved',  *  un-at-chleved,  a.  [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  achieved.]     Not  achieved, 
not  accomplished. 

"  The  combat*  remained  unatchieved  and  unper- 
fect."— P.  Holland :  Plutarch,  p.  «6L 

*  un-aoh'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
aching.]  Not  aching ;  not  giving  pain  ;  pain- 
less. 

••  Shew  th«m  the  unaching  scars,  which  I  should  hide." 
Shaketp.:  Coriolanut,  11.  -' 

unac-knowl' -edged  (k  silent),  o.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  acknowledged.] 

1.  Not  acknowledged  ;  not  recognised. 

"The  fear  ol  what  was  to  come  from  an  unknown, 
at  least,  an  unacknowledged  successor  to  the  crown, 
clouded  much  of  that  prosperity."— Clarendon  :  Civil 
Wart,  \.  75. 

2.  Not  acknowledged,  owned,  or  confessed 
as  a  sin,  fault,  or  failing. 

*ttn-ac-kno'wT-edg-lng  (k  silent),  o. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  acknowledging.]  Un- 
thankful, ungrateful. 

"  Yon  are  almost  as  unadmowledging  as  your  sister." 
— J/n.  Lennox :  female  Quixote,  bk.  lit,  ch.  vii. 

*  un-ac-qualnt  -ance,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  anc 
Eng.'  acquaintance.']  The  want  or  absence  o 
acquaintance  or  familiarity  [with] ;  used  either 
of  an  individual  or  of  science,  literature,  the 
facts  of  a  case,  &c. 

"  Your  unactraaintance  with  the  original  has  no 
proved  more  fatal  to  me  than  the  imperfect  concep- 
tions of  my  translators."  —  Pope:  To  Racine  the 
founger  (1742). 

fin  ac  qualnt'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  acquainted.] 

1.  Not  acquainted ;  not  possessed  of  ac 
quaint-nice  with;  not  familiarised;  unac 
customed. 

"  They  are  so  unacquainted  with  man." 

Cowper:  Alexander  Selkirk. 

'  2  Unusual,  unaccustomed,  strange,  extra 
ordinary.  (Speiuer :  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  29.) 

"ttn-ac-Q.ualnt'-e'd-ness,  s.  (Eng.  unac 
guainted;  -ness.]  Want  of  acquaintance  o 
familiarity  with. 

"  The  saints'  unacoualntednea  with  what  II  don 
here  below."— South  :  Sermow,  vol.  xi.,  ser.  9. 

*  fin-ac-quir'-a-ble-neBS, «.  [Pref.  un-  (1 
and  Eng.  acquirableness.]  Impossibility  to  b 
acquired. 

"  As  to  the  unacyiilrableneu  of  virtue."— Tucker 
tight  ofXature,  ch.  icviiL 


n  ac  quired ,  a.     [Pref.  tin-  (1).  and  Eng. 

U'-'inin:l.\     Nut  acquired,  not  gained. 

"  Tlie  work  of  Oud  is  left  imperfect,  and  our  |»ersons 
iiii^n.a'ms.  and  our  ends  unacquired."—Bp.  Taylor: 
x<:-i:i,Ht,  vol.  t,  ser.  12. 

un  aot'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
.  ]     Not  capable  of  being  acted  ;  unlit 
fm  representation. 

un-act'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  acted.] 
Not  acted;  not  executed  or  carried  into  exe- 
cution.   (SlMkesp. :  Rape  ofLucrece,  527.) 
nn-ao'-tlve.  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  ami  Eng. 
attire.] 

1.  Not  active ;  inactive ;  incapable  of  action. 

"A  being  utterly  unactive."—  Wottatton:  teli'jitn 
of  Nature,  (4. 

2.  Idle  ;  not  with  any  employment. 

"  While  other  animals  unactioe  range." 

Hilton:  P.  L.,  Iv.  821. 

3.  Not  exercised  ;  not  put  into  action. 

"  Achilles  with  unactin  fury  glows." 

Pope:  Bomer;  Iliad  xt.  698. 

4.  Not  active   or   energetic   in    business ; 
slothful. 

"  inactive  and  Jealous  princes."—  Burke  :  Abridg. 
Ena.  //«(.,  bk.  i.,  ch.  iii. 

5.  Having  no  efficacy. 

"  In  the  fruitful  earth 
His  beams,  unactivt  else,  their  vigour  «nd.^ 

tin-ao'-tlve,  v.t.  [UNACTIVE,  o.]  To  ren- 
der inactive ;  to  incapacitate  for  action. 

"The  fatness  of  their  soil  so  stuck  by  their  sides,  it 
unuctioed  them  for  foreign  adventures.  —  Fuller  : 
Pitfah  sight,  bk.  Ii.,  j  10. 

fin-ac'-tive  ness,  s.  [Eng.  unactive ;  -ness.  ] 
The  absence  or  want  of  activity  ;  inactivity. 

"Teaching  peace  and  unuctieenett." — Bp.  Taylor: 
Rule  of  Conscience,  bk.  1..  ch.  iv. 

fin-ao'-tu-at-e'd,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
actuated.]  Not  actuated  ;  not  acted  upon. 

"The  peripatetick  matter  is  a  pure  unactuatfd 
power;  and  this  conceited  vacuum  a  mere  recepti- 
bility."— OlanviU :  Vanity  of  Dogmatizing,  ch.  xvl. 

*  un-ad-dl'-tloned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 
addition;  -ed.]  Without  a  title  ;  not  titled  ; 
not  being  mentioned  with  an  addition  or  title. 
(Fuller :  Worthies,  i.  465.) 

»  fin-ad'-Jeo-tlved,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 
adjective,  and  suff.  -id.]  Not  qualified  by  an 
adjective. 

"  The  noun  adjective  always  signifies  all  that  th« 
umdJeeHaeil  noun  signifies."—  Toolte :  Dinrtiont  of 
Purley,  ch.  viL 

un  ad-just  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 
adjusted.]  Not  adjusted;  not  settled;  not 
regulated. 

"We  find  the  following  point*  unadtutted."— Burke 
On  Out  Nabob  of  Arcot'l  Debit,  App.  7. 

un  ad  mired ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
admired.]  Not  admired ;  not  regarded  with 
admiration,  affection,  or  respect. 

"The  story  [Vlraill  was  entertaining,  but  the  die 
tion  and  the  sentiment,  the  delicacy  and  dignity 
passed  unadmired."-Knoac :  Liberal  Education,  S  21. 

un-ad-mlt'-ted,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

admitted.]    Not  admitted. 

tin-ad-mSn'-Ished,  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  am 
Eng.  admonished.]  Not  admonished;  no 
cautioned  or  warned  beforehand. 

"  Lest  wilfully  transgressing  he  pretend 
Surprisal,  unadmonith'd,  unforwarn  d.' 

Milton :  P.  L.,  r.  MS. 

» ftn-a-d8pf  a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  am 
Eng.  adaptable.]  Not  capable  of  being  adoptee 
or  used. 

"  Bad  prayers  found  inappropriate,  unadoptable 
were  generally  forgotten."— Carlyle :  Pott  A  Pretent 
bk.  11..  ch.  IVU. 

un-a-dbred',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and    Eng 
adored.]    Not  adored  ;  not  worshipped. 
"  Nor  was  his  name  unheard  or  unadorad 
In  ancient  Greece."  Hilton:  P.  L.,  i.  T88. 

un  a-dorned',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
adorned.]  Not  adorned ;  not  decorated ;  with 
out  decoration. 

"  Desert  and  bare,  unsightly,  unadorned." 

Milton:  P.  L.,  vii.  314. 

•f  The  aphorism  that  "Beauty  when  un 
adorned  is  adorned  the  most,"  is  an  adapta 
tion  from  Thomson : 

"  Loveliness 

Needs  not  the  foreign  aid  of  ornament. 
But  is,  when  unadorned,  adorned  the  moll. 

Thornton:  Autumn,  2tM — 6. 

un-a-diil'-ter-ate,    un-a-dul'-ter 

dt-cd,  a.     [Pref.  'un-  (1) ;  Eng.  adulterat 


-ed.]    Not  adulterated  ;  genuine,  pure,  unso- 
phisticated. 

••  Thine  unadulterate  manners  are  less  soft 
And  plausible  than  social  life  requires." 

Couiper :  Talk,  V.  4&S. 

un-a-dul'-ter-ate-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  un- 
>te;  -It/.]  In  an  unadulterated  manner; 
genuinely,  purely. 

"Inductions  fresh  and  unailulteratcly  drawn  from 
those  observations. "—uifberte:  To  Usher,  (leys.) 

un  ad  van   taged  (aged  as  igd),  a. 

[Pref.   un-  (1),   and    Eng.   advantaged.]    Not 

favoured  or  profited. 

"  I  have  not  met  with  a  more  noble  family,  mea- 
suring on  the  level  of  flat  and  vixtili'antaged  antt- 
quity."—  fuller  :  H'orthiel ;  Staffordshire. 

un-ad-ve'n'-tii-rous,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  "Eng.  adventurous. ]  Not  adventurous; 
not  with  constitutional  tendencies  tnwardi 
perilous  enterprises ;  not  bold  or  venturesome. 
"Irresolute,  uuhardy,  uiiadpenturout." 

Miltan  :  !'.  «..  ill.  Ml. 

in-ad-vis'-%-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  advisable.]  Not  advisable  ;  not  to  be 
recommended ;  inadvisable  ;  not  expedient 
or  prudent. 

"  Extreme  rigour  would  have  been  unadoltable  in 
the  beginning  of  a  new  reign."— Lovth :  Life  of  »>*• 
*am,  15. 

*  fin-ad-viaed',  o.    [Prof,  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
advised.] 

1.  Not  advised  ;  not  having  received  advice. 

2.  Not  prudent ;  not  discreet ;  ill-advised. 

"  Thou  unadvlted  scold.  I  can  produce 
A  will,  that  bars  the  title  of  thy  son." 

Shaketp. :  Xing  John.  U.  1. 

3.  Not  such  as  any  one  who  had  taken  good 
advice  would  have  carried  out ;  ill-advised. 

"  Now  In  this  place  Christian  had  double  sorrow, 
because  it  was  through  his  unadviled  baste  that  th»T 
were  brought  into  this  distress."— Bunyan :  Pilgrim  t 
Proyreu,  pU  i. 

un-ad-vis'-e'd-lj?,  *  un-ad-vls-ed-llo, 

adv. '  [Eng.  unadvised;  -ly.]  Imprudently, 
rashly ;  without  due  consideration ;  indis. 
creetly. 

"  A  strange  kind  of  speech  unto  Christian  ears  ;  and 

such  as,  Ihope.  they  themselves  do  acknowledge  utt- 

atlvuedly  uttered."— footer. 

*  iin-ad-vis'-Sd-ness,  *  un-ad-vls-ed- 

nes.'s.  [Eug,  unadvised ;  -ness.]  The  act  or 
state  of  acting  unadvisedly  ;  imprudence,  rash- 
ness. 

"The  Judge  of  the  expedience  or  unadrHedne*  >l 
them."—  Boile:  Warto.  it  41*. 

*  un-ar -fa-ble,  o.    (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
affable.]     Not  affable  ;  not  free  or  open  to 
converse ;    not  sociable ;    reserved,  distant, 
rigorous,  harsh. 

"  Law,  stem  and  unaffable.' 

Daniel :  To  Sir  T.  Xgerton. 

*  un-af-f  eared',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
a/eared.]      Not   scared   or   frightened;    un- 
daunted. 

"  File*  his  hand  undaunted,  unaffear'd." 

Daniel :  Civil  Wart,  ill. 

un-af-fSct'-Sd,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

affected.] 

1.  Not  influenced,  not  altered,  not  moved : 
as,  The  thermometer  was  unaffected. 

2.  Not  influenced ;  not  inspired  with  emo- 
tion ;  unmoved. 

3.  Not  showing  or  marked  by  affectation ; 
not  artificial ;  plain,  real. 

4.  Not  the  result  of  affectation ;  not  pre- 
tended ;   real,  genuine,  sincere ;   not  hypo- 
critical. 

••  Unconscious  of  her  power,  and  turning  quick 
With  unafected  blushes,  from  hi.  gaze. 

Thornton :  Autumn,  228. 

»  un-af-fSct'-e'd-ljf,  adv.  (Eng.  unafected ; 
-ly.]' Hot  in  an  affected  manner;  without 
pretence  or  affectation. 

"Truth  requires  no  more  than  to  be  fairly,  openly 
and  unaffectedly  exhibited."—  Enox  :  Eaayt,  No.  2S. 

•  un-af-f  eof -ed-n6ss,  ».    [Eng.  unafected  i 
-ness.]     The  quality  or  state  of  being  unaf- 
fected ;  freedom  from  pretence  or  affectation. 

ttn-af-f  Se'-tlon-ate,  a.  [Pref.  im-  (1),  and 
Eng.  affectionate.] '  Not  affectionate  ;  without 
affection  or  tenderness. 

"  A  helpless,  unaffectionate,  and  sullen  mass."— MO- 
ton :  Tetrachordon. 

*  tin-af-flict'-e'd.  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
afflicted.]    Not  afflicted  ;  free  from  trouble. 

"  Long  unajflicted,  undisimw'd, 
In  pleasure's  path  secure  I  stray  d. 

Cooper :  Olney  Hymni,  xxxvl. 


1)6)1,  b67 ;  p«5ut,  Jt5M ;  oat.  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  g«m ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a?  ;  expect,  yenophon,  e&st-   J* ' 
-tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -slon  -  zhiin.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  _  Dal,  a 


4902 


unafli-ighted— unanimating 


•ftn-af-fright'-gd  (gh  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un 
(1),  and  Bug.  affrighted.]  Not  affrighted  ;  no 
frightened  ;  not  affected  with  fright. 

"  Bit  still,  and  unaffriy'ued,  reverend  fathers." 

Hen  Jintiim  :  r-i'jitniu,  V.  10. 

*iln-a-fiJed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (I),  aud  Eng 
*o«<!(q.v.).J     Notdeliled. 
"  Hi»  herte  which  is  tinafUed."          Ootftr  :  0.  A.,  i. 

'  tin  a  frald.  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
afraid.]    Not  afraid  ;  without  fear. 
"  A  tiawy  place ;  where  free,  and  iinnfratd, 
Amid    the   flowering  brakes  eai-h   coyer  creature 
stray  d.  Tltomton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  U.  38. 

•  tin  ag  gres -sive.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  aggressive.]  Not  aggressive. 

"And  U  the  foreign  policy  of  the  Romans  hftd  been 
moderate,  equitable,  and  unaifori'Uive,  the  Senate  and 
people  might  have  ratttled  the  treiity.1'—  Leurlt :  Cred 
larly  Roman  Bitt.  (ed.  1SS6),  U.  «S. 

iin-a-gree  -a  ble,   o.     [Pref.   un-   (1),  and 

Eng.  agreeable.] 

1.  Not  agreeable  or  pleasing ;  disagreeable 
unpleasant. 

"A  man  .  .  .  not  unagreeable  to  any  of  both  tin 
parts."— Strype:  Xcda.  Han. ;  Edward  VI.  (an.  1H7I 

*  2.  Not  suited  or  consistent ;  unsuitable. 

"  Please  you,  gentlemen, 
The  time  I*  unagreeable  to  tliis  business." 

Shalceip. :  Timon  o/  A  them,  ii  1 

"  tin  a  gree'-a-ble-ncss,  ».  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  agreeablfness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  unagreeable  or  disagreeable;  dis- 
agreeableness,  unsuitableness,  inconsistency. 

"A  doctrine  whose  unaffreeableneit  to  the  gospel 
economy  rendered  it  suspicious."— Decay  of  Piety. 

•  tin-a-gree'  a-bly,  *  nn-a-gre-a-blye, 
adv.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  agreeably.]    Not 
agreeably,    disagreeably,    unsuitably,    incon- 
sistently. 

"  Which  thyng  hath  bene  hytherto  In  all  Englysh 
Chronicles,  iloubtfullie.  vnagreitblye.  yea. and  vntrulie 
treated.  '-Bale:  Enc/li*  rotarie,, *pt ii [Pref.) 

•  tin  aid  a  ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng.  aid, 
and  »uff.  -able.]    Not  capable  of  being  aided. 

"  That  labouring  heart  can  never  ransom  nature 
From  her  unatdattte  estate." 

Skaketp.  :  Alt,  Wett,  1L  1. 

tin  aid  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  aided.] 
Not  aided ;  not  assisted ;  not  helped ;  without 
aid  or  help ;  unassisted. 

"  At  one  blow. 

Unaided,  could  have  finUh'd  thee,  and  'whelm'd 
Thy  legions  under  darkness." 

Milton:  P.L.,tv.m. 

tin  ail  ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng.  ail- 
ing.] Not  ailing  ;  not  under  the  influence  of 
any  ailment ;  free  from  disease. 

*un  aim'-ing,  a.  [Pref..un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
aiming/.] 

1.  Not  aiming  at  anything  in  particular; 
without    any    particular    aim,     object,     or 
purpose. 

"  Your  charming  daughter,  who  like  love,  born  bllui], 
Unaiming  hits,  with  surest  archery." 

liryden  :  King  Arthur,  L  1. 

2.  Not  aimed  or  directed  at  anything  in 
particular. 

"  The  noisy  culverin,  o'ercharged.  let*  fly, 
And  burst*,  Unaiming,  In  the  rended  sky  " 
OranvUU. 

•  tin-aired',  *  nn-ayred,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  aired.]    Not  exposed  to  the  air. 

"  To  all  unayred  gentlemen  will  betray  yon  " 
^  Beaum.  t  f'let. :  ijucen  o/  Connlh,  U.  4. 

C-na-kaT-kay,  s.    [UNUKAIKAY.] 

•  ttn-ak'-ing,  a.    [UNACHINO.] 

tin  a-larmed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
alarmed,}  Not  alarmed,  not  frightened,  not 
disturbed  with  fear. 

"  I  pawed  them,  unalarmed." 

Wordtvortli:  The  fleclute. 

ftn-a-larm'-lng,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
alarming.]  Not  alarming ;  not  causing  or 
tending  to  cause  alarm. 

"  Breaking  the  matter  by  unalarmina  degrees. "- 
S.  Brooke  :  fool  of  QiuilUi.  U«O 

tin  a -II  en  a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and 

Eng.  alienable.]    Not  alienable;  incapable  of 
being  alienated ;  inalienable. 

"  Any  negro  slave  who  had  laid  claim  to  that  un- 
alten-iblf  right  —Jtacautay  :  Bitt.  Xng..  ch.  xvli. 

an-a'-ll-?n-«y-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  unalienab(le)  ; 
-ly.]  In  a  way  to  prevent  the  possibility  of 
alienation ;  in  a  manner  tbat  admits  of  no 
alienation, 

"  Heaven's  duration 
Unalterably  seal'd  to  this  frail  frame." 

Tounf:  JTIfH  Thouam  IT. 


,  - 

pareuts  were  framed,  unaliaycd  with  the  bad  on.- 
hey  hare  transmitted  to  us."—  Seeker  Utr 
mow,  vol.  it,  ser.  28. 


*  u  nal  1st,  3.     [From  Lat.  unui  =  one,  i 

imitation  of  pluralist.] 

Eccte*.  :  A  holder  of  only  one  benefice,  a 
opposed  to  a  plui-alist. 

"  I  do  deny  that  in  general  pluralist*  have  greate 
merit  than  unutiilt."—  JLHOZ  :  Spirit  o/  Deipotum,  j  .. 

•  un-al  layed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng 

allayed.] 

1.  Unalloyed;  not  mixed  with  alloy,  as 
metal  ;  pure, 

"  All  the  good  dispositions,  with  which  our  fli 
areuts  were  framed, 
which  they  hare  tran 
mow,  vol.  it,  ser.  28. 

2.  Not  diminished  in  intensity  ;  not  quieted 
as  a  storm  or  man's  agitated  feelings. 

t  tin-al-le'-vi'-at-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  am 
Eng.  alleviated.!  Not  alleviated  ;  not  miti 
gated. 

"  Unnttrttated  by  a  prospect  of  recompense  at  te 
death."—  Seeker:  Hermota,  vol.  V.,  ser.  8. 

«  un-al-li'  -a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1)  ;  Eng 
ally,  and  su«.  -able]  Not  able  to  be  allied  o 
connected  in  amity. 

"  We  look  upon  you  as  under  an  irreversible  out 
lawry  from  our  constitution—  ••  perpetual  and  u>i 
aUiable  aliens."  —  Burke  ;  Letter  to  Sir  Ben™ 
Langrithe. 

un  al  lied',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  allied. 

1.  Not  allied  ;  having  no  ally  or  relation. 

"  His  wretchedness,  and  his  resistance, 
And  his  sad  unaliied  existence." 

Byron  :  I'romrtheut. 

2.  Having  no  alliance  or  connection  ;   no 
related  or  connected. 

"  A  gravity  uit'illifd  to  dullness,  a  dignity  uncon 
nected  with  opulence."—  Knox:  Liberal  Education 
(Cone.) 

un  al  low  a  We,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  allowable.]  Not  allowable  ;  that  cannot 
be  allowed. 

"  But  to  affect,  or  even  permit,  beyond  what  sucl 
reasons  require,  either  friendships  or  lamiliaritic, 
with  habitual  transgressors  of  the  laws  of  God,  is  un 
many  accounts  unallowable."—  Seeker  :  Sermon*,  vol. 

un  al  loyed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug. 
alloyed.]  Not  alloyed  ;  used  : 

(1)  Of  metals. 

(2)  Of  pleasure,  thought,  &C. 

"  Mines  of  unauoy'd  and  stainless  thought." 

Byron  :  To  uenfvra. 

•tin-al-ter-a-bD'-I-ty,  «.  [Eng.  unalter- 
able; -ity.]  Unalterableuess,  unchangeable- 
ness. 

un  al  -ter-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
alterable.]  Not  alterable  ;  not  able  to  be 
changed  ;  not  susceptible  of  change  ;  un- 
changeable, inflexible. 

"  These  empty  accents  mingled  with  the  wind, 
Kor  uiov'd  great  Jove's  unalterable  mind." 

Pope  :  Homer;  Iliad  xU.  1W. 

un-al-ter  a-ble-n5ss,  s.  [Eng.  unalter- 
able ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unalterable  ;  unchangeableness,  inflexibility. 

"  The  unaUerablenett  of  the  corpuscles  which  con- 
stitute aud  compose  those  bodies."—  Woodvtird. 

un-al  -tera-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  unalterable); 
-ly.]  In  an  unalterable  manner;  unchange- 
ably, immutably. 

"His  resolution,  be  told  his  friend,  was  unalterably 
fixed.  —  J/ocauJoy.-  UUl.  £no.,t:h.  xv. 

ftn-Bl'-tered,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

altered.]  Not  altered,  not  changed,  unchanged. 

"Some  of  the  leading  Whigs  consented  to  let  the 

Test  Art  remain  for  the  present  unaltered.-—  M,ie- 

onlay  :  11  M.  Sag.,  en.  xi. 

•un-a  mazed',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
amazed.]  Not  amazed  ;  not  astonished. 

"  Not  unamat'd,  she  thus  In  answer  spake." 

Jjitton  :  P.  L.,  Ix.  662. 

tin-am-big'-n-otis,  o.  [Pref.  vn-  a),  and 
Eng.  ambiguous.]  Not  ambiguous  ;  plain, 
clear  ;  not  of  doubtful  meaning. 

"The  passions  are  competent  guides,  and  the  more 
violent  they  are.  the  more  umimMyuou.  their  dlrec. 
Uous.  —  Knox:  Suay  No.  23. 

in  am  bi-tious,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ambitious.] 

1.  Not  ambitious  ;  not  covetous  of  power  ; 
free  from  feelings  of  ambition. 

"  TilloUon  stood  aghast  ;  for  his  natnn  we.  quiet 
and  unamoitiout.  —Jtacaukiy  :  Bitt.  Bng.,  on.  xiv. 

2.  Not  (plendid  ;    humble,  cheap,  unpre- 
tending. 

"  Whilst,  alas  I  my  timorons  rouse 
Cnambittotu  tracts  pursues." 

Cotftey:  Praiit  of  Pindar. 


t  tin-am-bi'-tlou»-ly,  ailv.  [Bug.  unambi- 
tious; -ly.]  In  an  auibitious  manner;  witk 
out  ambition  or  show. 

*  un  a-mend  -a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1).  and> 
Eui?.  amendable.}    Not  amendable  ;  incapable 
of  being  amended. 

"  He  is  the  same  man  ;  so  is  every  one  here  tbat  yo» 
know:  mankind  is  Hnamendable.  — fupe:  To  Swift, 

t  un   a  mend    cd,     *  un  a- mend-id. 

a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  amended.]    Not 
amended,  not  improved. 

"  So  wryte  I  vuto  you  nowe  beyng  absent  .  .  .  also 

to  all  such,   a)  are  offenders,  yl  1  fynde  them  un- 

amended."— Udal:  'IVorttt.  xiii. 

nn-A  mer'  I  can,  ..  Not  American ;  con- 
trary to  ihe  characteristics  peculiar  to  t!:c 
United  States  of  America. 

*  un-a-mi-a-bil'-i-ty,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.   amiability.]     The  quality  or   state  of 
being  uiiamiable ;  repulsiveness. 

"  Dickens  baa  favoured  us  with  uuiueruus  personl. 
fications  of  ciat-hoii  iintnniattilitii.  suclj  tw  Air.  Murd- 
stone."—  Academy ,  Oct.  '2X,  1870. 

un-a  mi  a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
amiable.]  Not  amiable  or  lovable  ;  not 
adapted  to  conciliate  or  gain  anectiun  ;  re- 
pelling love  or  kind  advances  ;  repulsive. 

"  Poor  labouring  men.  deeply  Imbued  with  this  im- 
amifible  divinity/— Macaulay:  Biu.  Kng.,  ch.  Iv. 

tin-a'-ml-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  unamiab(le); 
-ly.]  Not  amiably  ;  repulsively,  unpleasantly. 

"Their  national  antipathies  were,  indeed  in  that, 
age.  unreasonably  and  unamiably  strong."— Mae- 
attlay :  Hit!.  KHg.,  ch.  ix. 

un  a-mufed,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
amused.  ]  Not  amuseil,  not  entertained  ;  not 
occupied  or  taken  up  with  amusement. 

"  They  fly  to  various  scenes  of  public  resort  in  the 
midst  of  amusements,  unammed.'1— Knox  :  Christian 
Philolophy. 

*  un-a-mu  -sivo,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
amusive,]    Not  amusive  ;  not  exciting  or  fur- 
nishing amusement. 

"  I  have  passed  a  very  dull  and  unamutioe  winter." 
— Shtmtane:  Letter*,  let.  83. 

*  un  an  a  log  -Ic  al,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  analogical.]    Not  analogical;  not  agree- 
ably to  analogy. 

"Shine  is  a  [substantive]  though  not  unanaloaical 
yet  ungraceful  aud  little  used."— Jofuuon,  In  v.  Mine. 

un  an  a  lys  -a-ble,  un-an  a  lyz'  a  bio, 

a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  aiialysable.]  In- 
capable of  being  analyzed. 

un  an  a-lyzcd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
analyzed.]  Not  analyzed  ;  not  resolved  into 
simple  parts. 

"Borne  large  crystals  of  refined  and  nn/in  ilytad 
nitre  appeared  to  have  each  of  them  six  flat  sides."— 
Boyle. 

*  un-an'-chor,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
anchor.]    To  loose  from  anchor. 

"  Free  elbow-room  for  unnnchoring  her  boat"— 
lie  Ifutacey  :  Spanlik  .Van.  |  6. 

*  un  a  nealed ,  *  un-a-neled',  a.     [Pref. 
un-  (IX  and  Eng.  antaled.]    Not  having  re- 
ceived extreme  unction. 

"  Unanetd  he  paased  away." 

Byron :  G'orinth,  xxvil. 

un  an  -gu-lar,  a.  [Pref.  -un  (IX  and  Eng. 
angular.]  Not  angular  ;  destitute  of  angles  ; 
having  no  angles. 

"  Soft,  smooth,  and  unangttlar  bodies."—  Burke  •  On 
the  Sublime,  ,  24. 

*  un  an'-I-mal-ized,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  animalixed.]  Not  animalized  ;  not  formed 
into  animal  matter. 

1  u- nan -I -mate,  o.  [Lat  unanimus  = 
unanimous  (q.v.).J  Unanimous  ;  of  one  mind. 

ttn-an'-i-mat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  animated.] 

1.  Not  animated  ;  destitute  of  vitality  ;  not. 
possessed  of  life  ;  lifeless. 

"  Be  what  ye  seem,  unanimated  clay  I " 

Pope:  Homer;  /Had  vlL  114. 

2.  Dull ;  wanting  vivacity  ;  spiritless. 

u-nan -I-mate-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unanimate; 
-ly.]  Unanimously.  f 

"To  the  water  foules  unanimately  tliey  recourse.'— 
fathe :  Lenten  Stufe. 

un-an'-i mat-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  i 
Eng.  animating.]  Not  animating  or  enliv 
ing ;  dull. 


and 

t.'ii- 


fete,  ttt,  tsire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wot,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  »ire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  woU;  werk,  wh6.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  fall j  try,  SJalan.    w,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


unanimity— unaptness 


4903 


i-na-nim'-I-ttf,  *u-na-nlm-i-tee,  s. 

[Fr.  v  iianiiiiitt,  from  Lat.  unanimitatem,  accua. 
of  u.uinimiftu,  from  WHM.ri.MM  =  unanimous 
(q.v.)-1  The  state  of  being  unanimous  or  of 
one  mind ;  agreement  of  a  number  of  persona 
in  opinion  or  determination. 

"An  honest  party  of  men  acting  with  muuttmitit, 
un  of  infinitely  greater  conseuueoce  than  the  aaiue 
party  aiming  at  the  eame  end  by  different  view*.  — 
AdUiton. 

a  nan  I  moils,  a.     [Lat.   unanimus,   from 
"  it /KM  =  one.  and  animus  =  mind.] 

1.  Being  of  one  mind  ;  agreeing  lu  principle 
or  opinion. 

"The  Iriah,  with  Tyrconnel  at  their  head,  were 
unanimous  Hgaiust  retreating."  —  JtacavJay ;  Sat. 
E>ig..  ch.  xiv. 

2.  Formed  by  unanimity  or  general  consent. 

"Such  was  the  almost  unmtimow  opinion  ol  the 
public."— Macaulay:  ffist.  Kiig.,  ch.  xix. 

fU-niin'-I-mo&S-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  unanimous; 
'  -ly.]     In  a   nnanimous    manner;    with   one 
mind  or  voice  ;  with  entire  agreement. 

"  By  the  EiiglUh  "tiles  he  was  Joyfully  welcomed, 
and  unaniin<,iaty  acknowledged  a*  their  head.  —  Mac- 
aui'iy :  ffitt.  Knj..  ch.  V. 

*  u  nin'-I-moii8-ne»s,  *.  [Eng.  unanimous ; 
-n&ss,} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unanimous 
or  of  one  mind ;  unanimity. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  formed   or  done 
unanimously. 

lin  an  nealed',  a.    [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 


Of  Glass,  Iron,  itc. :  Not  annealed;  not 
having  undergone  the  process  of  being  first 
heated  and  then  cooled  very  slowly. 

"  Colours  produced  by  compressed  or  by  unannealed 
glass."— 0  anot :  Physics  led.  3rd),  p.  HS. 

*  un-an  no^ed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
annoyed.] 

1.  Not  annoyed. 

2.  Unhurt,  uninjured,  unmolested. 

"  The  double  guard  preserved  him  unannoyed.' 

Covrper:  Bomer ;  /Modxlv. 

-fin-gr-noinf-Sd,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
anointed.] 
\.  Not  anointed. 
2.  Not  having  received  extreme  unction* 

"  Unhousel'd,  tmanointed,  unauel'd." 

Shaltfsp.  '  Hamlet.  L  ft. 

•ttn-an-swer-a-blT-I-t^  (m  silent), ».  [Eng. 
HuitiuaxrabU ;  -ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unanswerable ;  unanswerableness. 

"  The  precision  and  unannoerabijity  with  which 
they  were  given."— It.  A.Pat:  Marginalia,  cli. 

fin-an'-swer-a-ble  (w  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(l),  and  Eng.  answerable.]  Not  answerable; 
not  capable  of  being  satisfactorily  answered 
or  refuted. 

"  Reasoning  which  was  in  truth  as  unanswerable  aa 
that  of  Euclid."— Macaulay  :  Sift.  Eng..  ch.  XV. 

ftn-an'-swer-a-ble-ness  (w  silent),  s. 
(Eng.  unanswerable;  -ness.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unanswerable. 

"  How  can  we  but  hate  this  uuklnd  and  unjust  tm- 
ansaerablenesst"— Up.  Halt:  Sermon  on  JSph.  iv.  30. 

ftn-an'-swer-a-bly  ("' silent),  adv.  [Eng. «n- 
answerab(le) ;  -In.]  In  a  manner  not  admitting 
of  answer  or  refutation. 

"Whence  the  unlawfulness  of  resisting  Is  unan- 
swerably concluded."— Bp.  Taylor:  Jtult  <if  Conscience, 
bk.tiL.ch.  lit 

un-an  swcred,     *  nn-aun-swered    (w 

silent),  a.    [1'rrf.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  answered.] 

1.  Not  answered  ;  not  opposed  or  met  by  a 
reply. 

"This  pause  between 
Unanswered  lest  thou  boast"  Milton  :  F.  L..  vt  16S. 

2.  Not  refuted. 

"  After  the  unanswered  charge  of  Jnnlns  Brutus." — 
lewis  s  Crei.  Xfrly  Raman  Ilia.  led.  1865).  U.  102. 

*  3.  Not  suitably  returned,  repaid,  or  re- 

ouiteil 

••  I  must  die  obliged 
To  your  unanswered  bounty. ' 

Beaum.  *  Pies. :  Ou««n  of  Oortnth,  L  S. 

•  tin-an-tio'-i-pat-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.   anticipated.]    Not  anticipated   or  er- 
pected ;  unexpected. 

"He  was  boasting  of  his  new  and  wnanticipat 
objection."—  Warburton:  Divine  Legation,  bk.v.  (Api 

•  un  an  Jcious  (x  as  sh),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  anxious.]    Not  anxious  ;  free  from 
anxiety. 

"In  full  content  we,  sometimes,  nobly  rest, 
Vnanxioiu  for  ourselves." 
fauna 


"  iin-an'-xious-iy  (*•  «s  sn),  adv. 
uiMHiious;  -la.}    Without  anxiety. 


[Eng. 


•  We  can  safely  md  unanxiouslf  commit  to  the 

untiring  zeal  of  our  devoted  clergy  the  task  of  uerv. 
Ing  you  to  the  discharge  of  your  penitential  duties. 
— Card.  Wiseman :  Lenten  Pastoral,  1861. 


«  tin- 


fin-a-p5c'-ry-phal,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.*  apocryphal.}  "Not  apocryphal;  true, 
genuine. 

"And  yet  God  in  that  Knafwcrff>A.iI  vision,  said 
without  exception.  Rise,  Peter,  kill  and  eat"—  HUton: 
A  Teopayittcft- 

*  un-ap-os-tai'-ic,  •  urn-ap-os-toT-io-al, 
o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  aposlolie.apostolicul.] 
Not  according  to  apostolic  usage,  traditions, 
or  authority. 

unap  palled',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
apjnllrd.]  Not  appalled  ;  not  daunted  ;  un- 
daunted, unfrightened. 

"  Some  of  hid  It-mints,  unappalled 
By  (ear  ol  death  or  priestly  word." 

Longfellow :  Golden  Legend. 

*  fin-ap-par'-el,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
apparel.}    To  unclothe,  to  divest,  to  free. 

"And  by  these  meditations  refined. 
Can  unapparel  and  enlarge  my  mind. 

fionne  :  Obsequies  on  Lord  Harrington. 

*  un  ap-par   elled,  a.    [Pref.  «»-(!),  and 
Bug.' 'apparelled.}    Not  apparelled  ;  not  clad. 

"In  Pern,  though  they  were  an  unajrparelled  people, 
and  had  some  customs  very  barbarous,  yet  the  go- 
vernment of  the  Incas  had  many  parts  of  civility.  — 
Bacon ;  Holy  War. 

"  un  ap-par'-ent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
apparent.}  Not  apparent;  not  visible;  ob- 
acurc. 

"While  sad  on  foreign  shores  Ulysses  treads. 
Or  Elides  a  ghost  with  ttnapparenl  shades. 
*T~Z*.  Pope :  Boater  ;  Odiissetj  li.  m. 

•fin-wp-peal'-a-ble,  a.    (Pref.  wv-(l),  and 

Dng.  apptidalile.} 

1.  Not  appealable ;  Incapable  of  being  car- 
ried to  a  higher  court  or  tribunal  by  appeal. 

2.  Incapable  of  being  appealed  from  ;  not 
admitting  an  appeal  from. 


"  The  Infallible,  una 
delivered  in  the  writ 
vol.  v.,  ser.  3. 


. 

ealable  Judge  of  all  that  was 
word."—  South  :  Sermons. 


un-ap  peaf  a-ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  appeasable.} 

1.  Not  capable  of  being  appeased  or  satisfied. 

2.  Not  capable  of  being  satiated ;  implacable. 

"Thy  anger,  unappeasable,  still  rages." 

Milton  :  Samson  Agontstes.  M3. 

un-ap-peased',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
appeased.]  Not  appeased ;  not  pacified ;  not 
satisfied. 

"  Not  unappeased  he  enters  Pluto's  gate" 

Pope:  Homer;  ody*st>i/  xiv.  M7. 

un-ap-pey-oelved,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  appenxived,]  Not  perceived.  (Sower: 
BkoLl*) 

•  im  ap  plaus'  ~ive,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0).  and 
Eng.'  applausive.]  Not  applauding  ;  not 
cheering  or  encouraging,  as  by  applause. 

"The  oold,  shadowy,  uimpplausiff  audieao*."— 
0.  Eliot :  Jtiddlemanh,  ch.  xx. 

«  fin-ap'-plJc-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  »nd 
En(s.  applicable.]  Not  applicable ;  inap- 
plicable. 

"  Some  inconveniences  in  the  contrivance  of  them, 
nmke  them  unapplicable  to  some  purposes,  and  leas 
uroper  in  others —Boyle  :  Works,  lu  48ft. 

un  ap-plied',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  ap- 
plied.] Not  applied  ;  not  used  according  to 
the  destination ;  not  devoted  to  any  special 
object  or  purpose. 

tin-ap-pSint'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
appointed.]  Not  appointed. 

"An  interested  plebeian,  unappointed,  unauthor- 
ised, and  unoffeuded."—  Knox:  Essays,  No.  6. 

un-ap-pre-hend'-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and 
Eng.  apprehended.] 

1.  Not  apprehended  ;  not  taken  or  seized 
still  at  large. 

2.  Not  understood,  perceived,  or  conceived. 

"  They  of  whom  God  is  altogether  unapprehended 
are  but  few  in  number."— Hooter  :  Keoles.  Politie,  bk. 
v.,  1 1. 

•  Hn-ap-prS-llSn'-sHlle,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1) 
and  Eng.  apprehfiisible.  ]  Not  able  to  be  appre 
hended,  understood,  or  appreciated  ;  Inappre 
hensible. 

"Which  aasertlons,  in  spite  of  all  qnalifioatlons o: 
them,  leave  it  unapprehensible  what  place  can  rensou 
ably  be  left  for  addressing  exhortations  to  the  will.  — 
South :  Sermons,  vol.  v.,  ser.  ft. 


fin-ap-pre-hen'-»Ive,  o.   [Pref.  un-  Cl),  and 

Eng.  appreliensive.] 

1.  Not  apprehensive  ;   not  fearful  or  sus- 
pecting ;  unsuspicious. 

2.  Not  intelligent  ;  not  quick  of  apprehen- 
sion or  perception. 

"  The  same  temper  of  mind  makes  a  man  umtppr*- 
henstve  and  Insensible  of  any  misery  suffered  by 
others."—  South  :  Sermons,  vol.  v.,  ser.  s. 

*  un-ap-prS-hen'-Bive-neas,  s.    [Eng.  un- 
apprehensive; -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unapprehensive.   (Richardson  :  Clarissa, 
iii.  5.) 

un  ap-priaed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
apprimL]  Not  apprised  ;  not  informed  of 
beforehand. 

"  This  inconvenience,  which  the  doctor  seemed  to 
be  unapprised  of."—  Waterland  :  Work*,  ii.  827. 

un-ap-pr6a9b,'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  approachable.]  Not  approachable; 
not  admitting  of  approach  ;  inaccessible. 

"  God,  who  Is  said  to  inhabit  an  unupproachablt 
light,  which  human  speculations  cannot  penetrate.  — 
Boyle:  Worts,  V.  131. 

un  ap  proa9hed,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  approached.} 
1.  Not  approached. 

"  Celestials,  mantled  In  excess  of  light, 
Can  visit  unapproach'd  by  mortal  sight. 

Pope:  Homer  ;  Udytsey  xlx.  SS. 

*2.  Unapproachable. 

"  And  never  but  lu  unapproached  light 
Dwelt  from  eternity."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  111.  4. 

"  un-ap-pro'-prl-ate,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.'  appropriate,  a.) 

1.  Not  appropriate   or  suitable;  inappro- 
priate, unsuitable. 

2.  Not  assigned  or  allotted  to  any  particular 
person  or  thing. 

"  Goods  which  God,  at  first,  created  unappropriated* 
—  Warburton  :  Sermons,  ser.  Si. 

*  ftn-ap-pro'-pri-ate,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  'Kng.  appropriate,   v.)     To  render  free, 
common,  or  open  to  all. 

"  r/nappropriattnff  and  unmonopollsing  the  reward* 
of  learning  and  Industry."—  Milton:  Of  Reformation 
in  England,  bk.  ii. 

pro'-pri-at-Sd,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1), 


fin-ap-pro'-pri-at-Sd 

and  Eng.  appropriated,} 


1.  Not  appropriated  ;  having  no  particular 
application. 

"  Wandering  luto  RU  endless  variety  of  flowery  and 
unappropriated  similitudes."—  Wartor,  :  Essay  on 
Pope. 

2.  Not  taken  over  or  appropriated  by  any 
person. 

"  He  thence  surveys 
Begions  of  wood  and  wide  savanna,  vast 
Expanse  of  unappropriated  earth. 

Wordsworth  ;  Sfaatton,  bk.  III. 

3.  Not  applied,  or  directed  to  be  applied,  to 
any  specific  object,  as  money  or  funds, 

4.  Not  granted  or  given  to  any  person,  com- 
pany, or  corporation. 

un  ap  proved  ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 

approved.} 

1.  Not  approved  ;  not  having  received  ap- 
probation. 

"  Evil  Into  the  mind  of  God  or  man 
May  come  and  go,  so  unapproved,  and  leave 
No  spot  or  blame  behind.        Milton  :  P.  L.,  v.  118. 

"2.  Not  justified  or  confirmed  by  proof; 
not  corroborated  or  proved. 

•  un-ap-pr6V-ii.g,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 

Eng'  approving.]    Not  approving. 

•  un-apt',  o.    (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  apt] 

1.  Not  apt;   not  ready  or  inclined;    not 
prepense. 

"  I  am  a  soldier,  and  unapt  to  weep. 

Shakesp.  :  I  Henry  VI.,  T.  ft, 

2.  Dull  ;  not  quick  or  ready  to  learn. 

3.  Unfit,  unsuitable. 

"  The  scorching  heat  of  the  sun  In  summer  render! 
the  greater  part  of  the  day  unapt  either  for  labour  of 
amusement."—  Anton:  Voyages,  bk.  1L,  ch.  v. 

4.  Not  apposite  ;  inappropriate. 

"  No  unapt  type  of  the  sluggish  and  wavering  move- 
ment of  that  mind."—  Macaulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  oh.  xvli. 

un-apt'-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  tmapt;  -ly.}  Not  In 
an  apt  manner  ;  not  aptly  ;  inappropriately  ; 
unfitly. 

"  To  such  a  tract  the  history  of  our  country  during 
the  thirteenth  century  maynotunoplty  be  compared. 
—Macaulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  cb.  L 

•  un  apt  ness,  *  un  apt-nesse,  i.    [Eng. 
unapt;  -ness.] 


bffia,  1*»;  p*at.  J<fiH;  oat,  9ell,  chorus,  chin,  benoH;  go.  gem;  tUln.  tMs;  sin.  as;  expect.  *enopHoii.  "fist.    -«•«• 
Mdan.-tlan  =  sli.m.   -tlon.  -«aon  =  «liuil ;-»!«»,  -|ion  =  lUun.   -oloo..,  -tlons.  -.alous  =  «Wi».   -We, -die,  4o- =  bel.  del. 


4904 


unaquit— unattached 


1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unapt  or 
unsuitable ;  uusuitableness. 

"  Through  unaptneae  in  the  substance  found." 
Spcntrr:  Bymne  to  Beautie. 

2.  Want  of  apprehension  ;  dulness. 

3.  Want  of  will  or  ability ;  disinclination. 

"  An  unaptneu,  or  an  aversion,  to  any  vieorous 
attempt  ever  after."— Locke :  Conduct  of  the  Under- 

•  fin  a-qult',  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and   Eng. 
tufuit.}    Unrequited. 

"  Charitee  goth  unajuit."  Ooaer :  C.  A.,  II. 

•  nn  a  raced,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
arased.]    Not  torn  up  by  the  roots  ;  not  torn 
forcibly  away. 

"  F°JLi*  the  thl"8e9  thftt  !  baue  concluded  a  lytell 
f8    ™onl«,   ben   kept  hole  and  vnaraccd,  [incon. 
TU/saJ.  —Chaucer:  Boeciut.  bk.  iv. 

fin-ar'-gned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
argued,} 

1.  Not  argued  ;  not  debated. 

"  No  corner  of  truth  hath  lyen  uuaearched,  no  plea 
unargwxL"— Bp.  Ball:  The  Old  Religion  (Ep.  Ded.l. 

*  2.    Undisputed ;    unquestioned ;  not  op- 
posed by  argument. 

"  What  thou  bidst, 
Unaraued  I  obey ;  so  God  ordains." 

Jlilton:  P.L..  IT.  6M. 

3.  Not  censured. 

"  Not  that  bis  work  liv'd  in  the  hands  ol  foes. 
Cnargued  then,  and  yet  hath  fame  from  those." 
Sen  Jonton  :  To  Clement  Sdmondt. 

in-arlt,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2X  and  Eng.  ark,  s.] 
To  take,  lead,  or  bring  out  of  or  laud  from  an 
ark. 

"  S1^  Armenian  mount  of  safety.  Joy,  and  rest 
Vr  here  when  thou  art  thou  maist  tuyselfe  unark." 
Daviet :  Scourge  of  Folly,  p.  88. 

•  fin-arm',  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2X  and  Eng. 
arm,  v.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  deprive  or  strip  of  arms ;  to  disarm. 

"  Sweet  Helen,  1  must  woo  you, 
To  help  unarm  our  Hector." 

shakeip. :  Troilui  t  Crentda,  lit  1. 

2.  To  render  incapable  of  inflicting  injury. 

"  DUn  unarmed  the  javelin  as  it  flew." 

Dryden:  Ond;  Jtetamorphotel  vilL 

B.  Intrans. :  To  put  off  or  lay  down  arms. 

"  Cnarm,  unarm,  and  do  not  fight  to-day." 

Shakerp. ;  Troilui  A  Creaida,  r.  I. 

fin-armed', 

armed.} 

1.  Unprovided  with  arms  or  other  means  of 
defence ;  not  equipped. 

"  Drop  upon  our  bare  unarm**  heads." 

Shakeip.  :  l  Uenry  r/.,  11.  4. 

2.  Not   furnished   with    scales,    prickles, 
spines,    or  other   defence,  as    animals   and 
plants.    Also  in  botany,  pointless. 

nn-ar  moured,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
armoured.]  Not  protected  with  armour. 

"  The     advocates    of    unarmoured    ships."— Brit. 
Quarterly  Rene*.  I  vii.  96  (1878). 

ftn-ar  ralgned'  (g  silent),  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  arraigned.}  Not  arraigned ;  not 
Drought  to  a  trial. 

"  &  lawful  lord,  and  king  by  Just  descent. 
Should  here  be  Judg'd,  unheard,  and  unarraiffn'd." 
Daniel :  Civil  Wart,  1|L 

tin  ar-rayed ,  a. 

arrayed.  ] 


a.      [Pref.    un-  (IX   and   Eng. 


[Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 


1.   Not  arrayed  ;  not  drawn  up  in  line  of 
battle  ;  not  disposed  in  order. 
&  Not  dressed  ;  not  decked  out 

"  £*  ,"  !hu  Infant-world,  yet  unarray'd, 
Naked  and  bare.  In  nature's  lap  were  laid." 
Bryden  :  Indian  JSmperour.  L  L 

*  ttn-ar-re'st'  a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  arresluble.]  Not  capable  of  being  ar- 
resi«d,  stayed,  or  stopped. 

"  Diacontenl,  driven  from  the  surface,  will  reappear 

""  'opm  of  ~™t  ~ 


nn-ar-rest'-ed,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
arrested.}    Not  arrested,  stayed,  or  stopped. 
"  Escape  unarreitfd  more  In  such  manner  wise." 
Chaucer:  The  Uarchaundel;  Second  Tale. 

•  fin-ar-rived',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
amvtd.]  Not  arrived  ;  not  yet  come  ;  to  come. 

"  Monarchs  of  all  elaps'd,  or  unarrb'd." 

Touny:  Xight  nought*.  Ix 

•  fin-art-iSd,  o.     [Pref.  «»-  (i);  Eng.  art; 

1.  Not  acquainted  with  any  of  the  arts  ; 
Ignorant  of  the  arts. 

••  God  .  .  .  would  not  have  his  church  and  people 
letterless  and  unarzed."—  Waterhoum:  Apology  for 
Learning,  p.  19. 


2.  Not  prepared  with  much  art ;  simple  • 
plain. 

"  Vnarted  meats  kind  neighbourhood."— Feltham 
Ruotnei,  pt  1..  res.  ». 


1.  Not  artful  or  cunning ;  not  disposed  to 
practise  cunning. 

"  A  cheerful  sweetness  In  his  looks  he  has. 
And  iuuoceuce  unartful  iii  his  face." 

Ciinarepe :  Juvenal  It 

2.  Genuine,  open,  frank,  artless. 

"  I'm  sure  unartful  truth  lies  open 
In  her  mind.  Dryden  :  Tempett,  111. 

3.  Not  having  skill ;  unskilful. 

"  How  unartful  would  it  have  been  to  have  set  him 
in  a  cjmier,  when  he  was  to  have  given  1'ght  and 
warmth  to  all  the  bodies  around  him  1  '—Cheune  : 
Plluoiophtcal  Principles. 

*  fin-art'-ful-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  unartful ;  -ly.] 
In  an  unartful  manner ;  without  art ;  art- 
lessly ;  unskilfully. 

"Their  chiefs  went  to  battle  In  chariots,  not  unart- 
fully  contrived,  nor  unskilfully  managed."— Burke  • 
Aoriagmento/Enaliihlliltory.it.L.ce^a. 

*  fin-ar-«-f I'-clal  (el  as  sh),  o.    [Pref.  vn- 
(IX  and  Eng.  artificial.]    Not  artificial;  not 
formed,  by  art;  inartificial,  genuine,  simple, 
plain. 

"The  coarse,  unartijlcial  arrangement  of  the  mon- 
archy."— Burke:  French  Revolution. 

"un-ar-«-n'-clal-ly(elassh),adw.  (Pref. 
un-  (IX  and  Eng.  artijicially.]  Not  in  an  arti- 
ficial manner ;  not  with  art  or  skill. 

«,"im'  ?"  materl111  teing  only  turf,  and  by  the  rude 
multitude  unarufciall,  built  up  without  better  direc- 
tion, availed  them  little."— Jlilton:  Bio.  Britain,  ill. 

fin-ar-tfa'-tto,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
artistic.}  Not  artistic;  not  according  to  the 
rules  of  art. 

*  un  as  9en  da  ble,    "  un  as  9cn   di 
We,  n.    [Pref.  un-(\),  and  Eng'.  ascendable.  ] 
Not  capable  of  being  ascended. 

"High  and  unoKendaUe  mountains.*  —  Sandal: 
Travel*,  p.  171. 

*  fin-ac-cer-tain'-a-ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (l), 

and  Eng.  ascertainable.] 

1.  Not  cai«ble  of  being  ascertained  or  re- 
duced to  a  certainty. 

2.  Not  capable  of  being  certainly  known. 

"  un  as  9er  talned ,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ascertained.] 

1.  Not  ascertained  ;  not  reduced  to  a  cer- 
tainty ;  not  made  certain  and  definite. 

2.  Not  certainly  known. 

"The  only  part  of  the  Russian  empire  that  now 
remains  unascertained."— Cook:  Third  Voyage,  bk.  vi, 
ch.  Iv. 

*  un  as  cried ,  «  un  as  kryed,  a.    [Pref. 
un-  (IX  and  Eng.  asaried.}    Not  descried  or 


.  the  Frencbemen  shonlde  not  come  on 
™>*r*'d."-BaU:  Chronicle;  ttenry 


seen. 

"That  . 


'  un  a  served,  a.    [UNSERVKD.]' 
tin-asked',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  asked.] 

1.  Not  asked  or  solicited  ;  unsolicited. 

."All  unasked  his  birth  and  name  " 

Seott:  Lady  of  the  Lallf,  L  ». 

2.  Not  sought  by  entreaty  or  care. 

"  He,  as  we  see,  has  followed  ns  with  unacted  kind. 
nese.'—  Banyan  :  rUarimi  Proarett.  pt  li. 

•  un  as  pec   tive,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1)  ;  Eng. 
aspect,  and  suff.  -ive.]    Not  having  a  view  to  ; 
not  regarding  or  looking  to. 

"  The  Holy  Ghost  is  not  wholly  ttnatpectire  to  the 
custom  that  WHS  used  among  men."—  FelOutm  :  Re- 
tolvet,  pt.  if.,  res.  74. 

•  un  as  pi-rat-ed,   o.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
i-ng.  aspirated,]     Not  aspirated  ;   not   pro- 
nounced or  written  with  an  aspirate. 

"ThejEollc  verb  unalpirated."~^r.  Parr,  In  Brilith 
Critic,  ili.  111. 

•  un-as-ptr'-Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
aspiring.]     Not    aspiring;    not   ambitious; 
modest. 


"  To  be  modest  and  u 
one  another."— 


natpiring.  In  honour  preferring 

un  as  sall'-a  ble,    o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  assailable.] 

1.  Not  assailable  ;  incapable  of  being  as- 
sailed ;  proof  against  assault. 

"  And  eke  the  fastuease  of  his  dwelling  place. 
Both  wnauailaHe,  (sue  him  great  ayde."     ' 
Sfenter:  f.  <(..  V.  te.  6. 


2.  Not  to  be  moved  or  shaken  from  a  purv 
pose ;  immovable. 

"  Yet  In  the  number  do  I  know  but  one 
That  unavailable  holds  on  his  rank.' 

StuiketV.  i  Juliui  Cottar,  iii.  1. 

3.  Incontestable :  as,  an  unassailable  argu. 
ment. 

un-as-sailed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
assailed.]    Not  assailed  ;  not  attacked. 

"  To  keep  my  life  and  honour  unallotted.' 

Milton :  Coinut,  220. 

•  tin-as  sault  a  ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.    assaultable.]     Not   assaultable ;    Unas- 
Bailable. 

It'lU?'  *°Cke  '*  "la*M"'">M«-"— BacUuyt:  Voyage,. 

•  un-as  sault'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  assaulted.]    Not  assaulted. 

"  Leave  the  place  unauaulted.'— Idler.  No.  ao. 

frn-as-nayed',  'uu  as  saled,  a.    [Pret 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  assayed.) 
L  Untried,  unattempted. 

"  At  this  moment  unauayed  In  song." 

Camper:  Talk.  iii.  461. 

2.  Not  subjected  to  assay  or  trial. 

"And  what  is  faith,  love,  virtue  vnaitat/ed 
Alone,  without  exterior  help  sustained  T" 

J/ittim:  p.  L.,ii.aat. 

un  as-sta  U^t-^d,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  assimilated.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Not  assimilated  ;  not  made 
similar. 

2.  PKysiol :  Not  having  undergone  the  pro- 
cess of  assimilation  [ASSIMILATION,  2.] ;   not 
having  been  assimilated  to  the  substance  or 
textures  of  the  animal  or  plant  into  which 
it  has  been  taken. 

un  as-slst  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  fl),  and  Eng. 
assisted.]  Not  assisted  ;  not  helped  or  aided  • 
unaided. 

"  Bore  unatsitted  the  whole  charge  of  the  war  by 
seSL'  —Macaulat  :  But.  Sna.,  ch.  xix. 

un-as-slsf -Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
assisting.]  Not  assisting  ;  giving  no  aid. 

"  Nor  Uthenelus,  with  unauittina  bands 
Remained  unheedful  of  his  lord^s  couunands." 
Pope :  Homer  ;  Iliad  v.Sto. 

un  as  sum  Ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
assuming.]  Not  assuming;  not  arrogating  to 
one's  self  more  notice  than  is  due ;  not  ei- 
hibitiug  assumption  or  arrogance ;  not  arro- 
gant or  presuming ;  modest. 

"Comfort  have  thou  of  thy  merit, 
Kindly,  unauuminy  spirit !" 

Wordneorth  :  To  the  Small  Celandine. 

un-as-sured  (SB  as  ah),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  assured.] 

*  1.  Not  assured ;  not  bold  or  confident. 

"  The  ensuing  treatise,  with  a  timorous  and  unas- 
sured couutenjuice,  adventures  into  your  presence." 

Olantrill. 

*  2.  Not  to  be  trusted. 

"  The  fained  friends,  the  manured  foes." 

Spenler :  An  Bymne  to  Loue. 

3.  Not  insured  against  loss :  as,  unassured 
property. 

'  un  as  ton  ished,  •  un  as  ton  isht,  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng.  asta'iiiihed.}  Not  as- 
tonished. 

"  Unto  the  king  not  unaitonitht  said." 

faiuti/i :  Ond ;  3leta,norpho4ei  Till. 

"  tin  as  tro-nom  -Ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  astronomical.]  Not  versed  in  astro- 
nomy. 

"  Presenting  to  the  unaitronemtail  a  picture  at  at] 
comprehensible."—  Pot :  H'oritf  (1864),  ii.  127. 

*  un  at  9hieved ,  o.    [UNACHIEVED.] 

«  ftn-a-ton'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  atonable.] 

1.  Not  capable  of  being  atoned  for  or  ei- 
piated. 

2.  Not  to  be  reconciled  ;  not  to  be  brought 
into  concord. 

"It  serves  to  divorce  any  uutttnaMe  or  unatonable 
matrimony."—  ItUton:  Tetrachordon. 

tin-a-toned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
atoned.]  Not  atoned  or  expiated. 

"  Or  can  you  recollect  the  various  frauds  you  may 
have  been  guilty  of,  yet  unatoned  for  by  a  fair  restitu- 
tion? —Gilpin  :  Sermont,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  7. 

un-at-tached',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
attached.] 
1.  Not  attached,  fastened,  joined,  or  united. 

"True  philosophy,  unattached  to  names  of  parti- 
cular men."— A'™* .-  Spirit  of  Detjjotim,  f  34. 


H-to,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  w8t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  «ire, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ottb,  oiire,  unite,  our,  rule,  tall;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  ce  = 


sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
e;  ejr  =  a;  qu     kw. 


tmattaoked— unbalanced 


4905 


2.  Not  belonging  or  attached  to  »ny  par- 
ticular club  or  society. 

••  Falsified  their  predictions  by  attracting  to  He 
meets  the  unattached  canoeist*"—  fteM,  Sept.  17,  1887. 

3.  Specifically  : 

(1)  Law  :  Not  seized  or  taken  as  on  account 
of  debt  ;  not  arrested. 

••  A  cutuurse  to  a  throng.  when  he  hath  committed 
the  fact  winery  out.  stymaitm  take  heed  of  your 
Dnrses^and  be  that  is  pursued  »ill  cry.  Stop  thief, 
fhltby  this  means  lie  may  escape  uitottaetwi.  - 
Junita  :  Xtn  Sciymattiod,  p.  368. 

(2)  Afil  :  Not  belonging  or  attached  to  any 
one  company  or  regiment,  or  on  half-pay. 
(Said  of  officers.) 

(3)  Univ.  :  Not  belonging  to  any  college  or 
hall  ;  non-collegiate.    (Said  of  students.) 

jin-at-tacked',  a.    [Fret.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
attacked.]    Not  attacked. 

-  It  will  not  be  safe  lor  me  to  leave  it  behind  me 
°  omitti. 


I  -nan,  s.     [Native  name.) 

Zool. :  Chotepus  didactylus,  the  Two-toed 
Sloth.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  the  va- 
rieties of  this  species  (which  some  naturalists 
raise  to  specific  rank).  They  are  about  the 
size  of  large  monkeys,  and  range  from  Costa 
Rica  to  Brazil.  They  differ  greatly  in  the 
colour  and  length  of  the  hair,  which  varies 
from  a  dark  brown  to  a  whitey-brown  tint, 
and  some  individuals  have  a  kind  of  crest  on 
the  head. 

_^_, .  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 

.  s)  ;  -erf.]  Not  admitted  to  an  audience. 
"  Crue'l  to  send  back  to  town,  unaudience,! <"^": 
»  man  ol  his  business  and  Importance.'  —  Kicharaton . 
Ctariaa,  v.  183. 

un-au-spl'-cious,  a.  [Pref.  un-(l),  and 
Eng.  auspicious.)  Not  auspicious  ;  inauspi- 
cious, unfavourable. 


ftn-at-tain  a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  attainable.]  Not  attainable;  not  to  be 
gained  or  obtained. 

"  0  happiness  i  not  to  be  found,  a 
Unattainable  treasure,  adieu  I 

Cowper :  On  Peon. 

fin-at-taln'-a-ble-nSss,  ».  [Eng.  unattain- 
able; -ness.)  "The  quality  or  state  «  bein; 
unattainable  or  beyond  reach. 

"  Despair  Is  the  thought  of  the  unatMnabugu  of 
•ny  good7"-ioc*«.  Human  Undemanding,  bk.  ii., 
ch.  xx. 

Jin  at  tain ed,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  »nd  Eng. 
attained.}  Not  attained. 

••  The  principal  object  which  I  had  In*.1" 
a  great  measure,  unattained.  —Coot:  Third 
bt  ii..  ch.  il. 

•  fin  at  taint  -Sd,  a.  [Pref.  *n-  (1),  and 
Eng.'aWatTUed.) 

1.  Not  attainted. 

2.  Not  corrupted,  not  Infected ;  hence,  Im 
partial,  unbiassed. 

"  Go  hither,  and  with  vnattainted .eye 
Compare  her  face  with  sc    - 


The  quality  or  state  of  being  unavoidable; 
inevitableness. 

"The  Importunity  of  pain,  and  unon*taW«i«M  ol 
*;~is  _6Hon«tf. 


fin-at-tSmpf-Sd  (p  silent),  o.    [Pref.  «n- 
(l),"and  Eng.  attempted.] 
1.  Not  attempted  ;  not  essayed  ;  untried. 

"  Things  unatttmpted  yet  In  jr°>*°r  "JPj^J  ,,. 

•  2.  Not  tempted  ;  not  tried  or  proved,  as 
by  temptation. 

••  For  my  hand,  a. 


ttn-at-tempt  -ing  (p  silent),  a.    [Pref, ,  un- 

(1)7 and  Eng.  attempting.]    Not  attempting; 
unenterprising. 

••  And  many  have  been  too  cautions  and  unattempt- 
e^.^-Waterland :  Work!,  voL  Ti.,  p.  1«- 

ftn-at-tend'-fid,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
attended.] 

I   Not  attended ;  having  uo  retinue  or  at- 
tendants. ..Yonrconst^cT 


*  2.  Not  attended  to ;  not  dressed  :  as,  un- 
attended wounds. 

"fin-at-tend'-ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.' attending]  Not  attending;  not  atten- 
tive or  listening ;  inattentive. 

"  Nay.  gentle  shepherd,  111  Is  lost  that  praise 
That  is  address's  to  unattending  ears. 

•ttn-at-ten'-tlve,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng."  attentive.  ]    Not  attentive  ;  inattentive. 
"  Lonely  and  unattenttee."        Thornton :  Spring. 

•  fin-at-tSsf-e'd,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
attested.)    Not  attested;   having  no  attesta- 
tion, witness,  or  evidence. 

"Thus  God  has  not  left  himself  *nattetted.--Bar 
roie:  On  the  Creed. 

•  fin-at-tire',  v.l.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng 
attire.]     To  take  off  the  dress  or  attire ;  V 
undress. 

"We  both  left  Mr.  Bchwellenherg  to  unattire,  — 
Mill  Burner  :  Mar,,  v.  so». 

ftn-at-tiredf,   a.     [Pref.  un-  0),  »nd  Eng 

atJred.]    Not  attired,  not  dressed,  undressed 

"  Vnaltired  In  that  becoming  vest 
Religion  weaves  for  her." 

Cewpcr:  Table  Talk,  722. 

ftn-at-tract'-e'd,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
attracted.)    Not  attracted,  not  drawn  to. 

"The  tide  revertive,  unaltraaed.  leaves 
A  yellow  wave  of  idle  sands  behind. 

Thornton  :  On  Sir  Itaae  Xewton. 


•un-au-then'-tio.  •  fin-au-tnen'-ttc-al, 

«  un-au-ten-tic-all,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  authentic.]  Not  authentic ;  not  genuine 
or  true ;  apocryphal. 

"By  the  aactoritie  ol  any  sache  unai*f«ntica« 
bookes."—  VdM:  Joanixll. 

un-au-then'-t.-4Jat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  authenticated.]  Not  authenticated  ; 
not  attested  ;  not  shown  to  be  true. 

"The  Instances  themselves  are  unauthenttcated  by 
testimony."-™**  :  fat.  Theolomi,  ch.  ntii. 

«fin-4u'-thor-i«e,  " un-au-thor-yshe, 

v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  authorize.]  To 
disown  ;  to  treat  as  spurious. 

"He  hath  unauthorised his  own  natural!  kil.g 
Edward  the  Syxte.  notynge  hym  an  osurper.  -Bate. 
Declaration  of  Bonner't  JL  rticlel.  (Art.  ill.) 

fin-an'-thor-Ued.  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  authorized.]  Not  authorized ;  not  war- 
ranted by  proper  authority. 

"The  dedication  of  the  second  statue  was  an  •«- 
exaiorlted  act,"-J>»ri« .'  Cred.  farlt  Raman  BM. 
led.  UU).  ch.  xiL 

un-aTa-toy-i-tied,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eug. 
Tuthority,  and  sut.  -ed.]  Unauthomed. 
(Milton :  Animad.  on  Rem.  Dtf.  Pref.) 
n-a-vall'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and 
Eng.  available.}  Not  available ;  not  effectual ; 
vain,  useless,  unavailing. 

"Their  proofs  are  unavailable  to  show  that  Scrip- 
ture sfforSeth  no  evidence  for  the  Inequality  of 
pastors."—  Boater:  f octet.  Politle,  bk.  Til..  1 1U 

fin-a-vall'-a-ble-nSas,  ».  [Eng.  unavail- 
able; -nets.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
available. 

-  Doobting  the  umtailablenet,  of  those  former  In- 
conveniences."— Stndn  :  State  of  Religion.  L.  8. 

un-a-vall'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
availing.]  Not  availing,  not  effectual;  not 
having  the  desired  effect ;  useless. 

" The  w  of  M-ghrglg,,,  ^  L 

in-a-vall'-lng-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  unavailing; 
•lyi]  In  a  manner  to  be  of  no  avail ;  without 
avail.  (BuAordson.) 

fin-a-venged',  »  un-ad-venged,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  avenged.]  Not  avenged,  not 
punished ;  not  having  obtained  retaliation, 
revenge,  or  satisfaction  ;  unatoned  for. 

"  They  were  cruelly  butchered ;  ye' 
l/itton  :  Sift.  Eng.,  bk.  iv. 


lin.-a-void'-a-bly',  adv.  [Eng.  unavoidable); 
-ly']  In  an  unavoidable  manner;  inevitably  ; 
in  a  manner  precluding  failure  or  escape. 

"Must  unavoidably  torture  the  mindsof  the  vicious." 
—Seeker:  Sermont,  vol.  11..  ser.  19. 

un-ty-vad'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  a),  "d  En8- 

avoided.} 
\.  Not  avoided ;  not  escaped  or  shunned. 

"  Whose  unawided  eye  is  murderous." 

SkdlMf. :  Richard  111.,  Iv.  L 

•  2.  Unavoidable,  inevitable. 

"  And  unaioided  Is  the  danger  now." 

Khakeip. :  Richard  II..  11.  L 

tin-a-vtfiVed'.  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
avowed.}  Not  avowed  or  acknowledged  openly. 

"The  real    but  unavowed  cause."—  Levii:   Crtd. 
tarty  Raman  BM.  led.  185S).  1L  «». 

un  a-waked ,  ttn-a-wak'-.jned,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  awaked,  awakened.] 

1.  Not  awaked  or  awakened ;  not  roused 
from  sleep. 

2.  Not  roused  from  spiritual  slumber,  torpor, 
or  stupidity. 

«  Vruueakmed  dream  beneath  tbeblase     ^^^ 
Of  truth."  namton  :  On  Sir  I.  Kevton. 

ttn-a-ware',  a.  &  adf.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  aware.] 

A.  As   adj. :   Not   aware ;   ignorant ;   not 
heeding;  careless,  inattentive.     (Only  used 
predicatively.) 

B.  As  adv. :  Unawares,  suddenly,  ignorant- 
ly,  undesignedly. 

••  Deploring  Itylus.  whom  she  destroy_d 
(Ber 


un-a-warea',  adv.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
auiarc,  withadverbial  suff.  s,  as  in  betimes,  &c.) 
1.  Without  warning  given ;  suddenly,  un- 
expectedly. 


[Pref. 


*  nn-a-vl»ed,  *  nn-a-vysed,  a. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  atfiserf.] 

1.  Unadvised,  unaware. 

"And  when   they  sonnden  by  freeltee 
sodeuly."— Chaucer  :  The  I'ertonel  Tale. 

2.  Ill-advised,  rasli. 

"  Who  forsothe  Is  unanted  to  speksn  shal  felen 
euelia."—  Wycliffe:  Pro*.  xfiL  a. 

*  nn-a-vl»e-ly,  adv.    [UNAVISED.]    Rashly, 
inconsiderately.    (Wycliffe:  1  Timothy  v.  1.) 

u'-na  VO'-9S,  phr.    [I*t.]    With  one  roiee  ; 

unanimously. 
in-a-vold'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un.  (I),  and 

Eng.  avoidable.] 
1.  Not  avoidable  ;  not  able  to  be  avoided  ; 

inevitable. 

"  Bringing  themselves  Into  «»«<»*la*''J'n*  ™,nf 
cessary  troubles."— Bunyan  :  Pttgrim  j  Progress,  pt.  L 

*  2.  Incapable  of  being  made  null  and  void. 

fin-a-vold'-a-ble-nSss,  *  t"*:1*-*"*3;*: 

ble-ness,    >.     [Eng.  unavoidable;   -ness.] 


,. .'  »  Benr,  VI.,  Iv.  «. 

2.  Without  intention ;  undesignedly. 

••  It  Is  my  father's  lape, 

whom  m  thi.  «-**g.E£73!!™  •$££  5. 

*  U  At  unawares,  Al  unaware :  Unexpected- 
ly, unawares. 

"Who  presently  at  unavara  seized  upon  the  fert. 
—Camden  -'  BM~  O"*"1  Slixabeth  (an.  169«J. 

fin-awed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  awed.] 
Not  awed  ;  unrestrained  by  fear  or  awe. 

••  With  anxious  tremors,  yet  unateed  by  fear, 
The  faithful  pair  before  the  throue  jpnear. 

un  backed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
backed.] 

1.  Not  backed  ;  not  having  been  taught  to 
bear  a  rider ;  unbroken,  as  a  horse. 

'  "*«  •"*"=*•"  «'"••  ""'sS^.  ??!^S"lT. 

2.  Not  moved  back  or  backwards. 

3.  Unsupported ;  left  without  aid,  counte- 
nance, or  encouragement. 

••  Let  the  weight  of  thlue  own  Infamy       _ 
Fall  on  thee  unsupported  and lunkact  d. 

Daniel:  Ciml  wan,  IU. 

4.  Not  supported  by  bets. 

on-baf-fled  tie  as  el),  a.  (Pref.  un-  (IV 
and  Eng.  baffled.]  Not  baffled  or  defeated; 
not  confounded. 

"  frnbajted  powers  of  vision." 

™^^ ,*& ..  Excurnon,  hk.  IT. 


•  fin-bag',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  bag.] 
T?  allow  to  escape  from  a  bag :  as,  To  unbag 
a  fox. 

fin-bagged,  pa.  par.  &  a.  [In  sense  1,  from 
«nta<;:  vTfn  sense  2,  from  pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  bagged.} 

1.  Permitted  to  escape  from  a  bag ;  ejected 
from  a  bag. 

2.  Not  put  into  a  bag. 

*  fin-bail  -a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  »nd  Eng. 
bailable.)    Not  able  to  be  bailed ;  not  admit- 
ting of  bail. 

fin-baked',  o.  [Pref-  «*-  P),  »nd  Eos-  baked.] 
Not  baked  ;  hence,  immature. 

"  All  the  Mf»6o*ed  and  doughy  youth  of  a  nation.". 
Shakap.  :  Alt,  W,ll.  Iv.  t. 

un-bU'-anoed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
balanced.] 


4906 


unballast— unbegot 


1.  Not  balanced,  as  a  pair  of  scales  ;  not  i, 
equipoise. 

"  And  thou.  who  never  yet  of  human  wrong 
Left  the  unbalanced  scale,  great  Nemesis!" 

Byron:  Chtlde  Harold,  iv.  181 

2.  Not  balanced  ;  not  in  proper  snbordina 
tion  ;  unsteady  ;  easily  swayed  or  moved. 

"  Thoa  good  or  bad.  to  one  extreme  betray 
The  imtafcMMd  iniud,  and  snatch  the  man  away." 
Pope  :  Imitation  of  Horace,  ok.  i.,  ep.  d. 

3.  Not  brought  to  an  equality  of  duUt  am 
credit  :  as,  an  unbalanced  account. 

4.  Not  equal  or  balanced  in  power,  autho 
rity,  or  weight  :  as,  unbalanced  parties. 

"fin-bal'-last,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng 
ballast,  v.]  To  put  ballast  out  from;  to  dis 
charge  ballast  from. 

"  It  is  necessary  time  and  pains  that  is  riven  to  th 
imballaiting  of  a  ship."-i«to/i«on  .•  Com.  upon  1  Pater 

•  tin  bftl'-last,  •  un-bal  laced,  a.    (Pref 
«»•  (1),  and  Eng.  ballast,  s.J    Unballasted. 

"  The  unballast  vessel  rides 
Out  to  and  fro,  the  sport  of  winds  slid  tlilea,' 

Addtion  :  Ovid  ;  Mctamorphowt  ii.  187. 

tin  bal'-last-ed,  pa,  par,  &  a,  [In  sense  1. 
from  untxtllast,  v.  ;  in  sense  2.  from  pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  ballasted.] 

1.  With  the  ballast  discharged. 

2.  Not  furnished  with  ballast;  not  kept 
Steady  by  ballast  or  weight  ;  unsteady. 

"  What  wonder  is  it  to  see  unballatted  vessels  .  . 
to  be  toned  to  and  fro  upon  the  waves!"—  Britain. 
Spiritual  rertiao,  p.  76. 

•  tin   band'-  ed,  a.    [Pref.  utir  (1),  and  Eng. 
banded.]    Not  banded  ;  stripped  of  a  band  ; 
unfastened. 

"  Then  your  hoae  should  he  uugartered,  yonr  bonnet 
unbanded,  your  sleeve  unbuttoned."—  SAofejp.  :  At 

•  un-banlr/,  T.t.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  tent, 
v.]    To  take  a  bank  from  ;  to  open  by  or  as  by 
levelling  or  removing  banks. 

"  Unoank  the  hours 
To  that  soft  overflow."    Taylor.  Edmnthe  fair,  1.1. 

fin  bap  tized',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
baptized.]    Not  baptized  ;  not  having  received 
baptism. 
"Infantes  dyeng  vnbaptited."—  afore:  Worket,  p.  1.287. 

tin-bar',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  tar,  v.] 
To  remove  the  bar  or  bars  from  ;  to  unfasten. 
to  open. 

"  I  then  unbarred  the  gates, 
W  hen  I  removed  their  tutelary  fates." 

arta«n  :  Ofid  :  Metamorphau*  xlii. 

*  un  bar  -bar  ized,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 

Eng.  barbarized,]    Civilized. 

"  Lead  a  life  totally  unfaroaHsed."—  iltuon:  Trsvelt 
in  England  (ed.  Ozeil).  p.  ua 

fin  -  barbed',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (ix  and  Eug. 
barbed  (1).] 

*  1.  Ordinary  Language: 
>(1)  Lit.  :  Not  shaven  ;  nntrimmed. 

"  Must  I  go  shew  them  my  unbarbed  sconce?" 
Shaknp.  !  Oorioianta,  lu,  1 

(2)  Fig.  :  Unmown  ;  rough. 

"The  labouring  hunter  tufts  the  thick  unbarbed 
grounds."  Drayton  :  Poly.Olcion,  s.  la. 

2.  Bot.  6  Zcol.  :  Not  furnished  with  barbs 
[BARB  (IX  >.,  B.  LJ;  not  having  reversed 
points. 

•  tin  bar'-bered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
barbered.]    Unshaven,  unkempt. 

"  We  -d  a  hundred  Jews  to  larboard. 
Unwashed,  imcolnlxtd.  unbarbered." 

Thackeray:  IT  kite  Squall. 

fin-bark1  (1),  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  S,  and  Eng. 
bark  (2),  v.]  To  divest  of  bark  ;  to  strip  the 
bark  off  or  from  ;  to  bark. 

"  A  tree  being  unbnrkrd  some  apace  at  the  bottome." 
—  Bacon  :  Sat.  Sill.,  (  664. 

fin-bark'  (2),  *un-barke,  v.t.  [Pref.  un- 
(2),  and  Eng.  bark  (3X  s.]  To  disembark,  to 


(2),  a 
land. 


"  Wee  die!  vnbarlce  our  selues  and  went  on  lande."— 
Harkluyt:  Fotfaffet,  til.  448. 

*  ftn-bar-ri-oade',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  barricade.]    To  remove  a  barricade  or 
barricades  from  ;  to  open,  to  unbar. 

"  Fill  up  the  fosse,  unbitrricwte  the  doors."—  Sterne  : 
Sent.  Journey  ;  The  Patiport. 

•  tin-bar  rlca'-doed,  a,    [Pref.  v.*-  (1),  and 
Eng.  barricadoed.]   Not  barricadoed,  stopped, 
or  blocked  up  ;  open,  unobstructed. 

"The    unbarrlcadoed  streets."—  Burke:  Letter  to 
William  Elliot,  Etq. 

i          •fin-base',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  tote,  a.) 


Not  base,  mean,  or  disgraceful ;  not  low  o 
degrading. 

"  How  should  we  know  thy  soul  had  been  secured. 
In  honest  counsels,  and  In  way  unbate  I ' 

Daniel :  To  Uenry  Wriotheilg. 

*  fin  -  bash    fnl,  •  fin  -  bashed',  a.    [Pref 
un-  (1),  anil  Eng.  bashful,  bashed.]    Not  last 
ful ;  bold,  impudent,  shameless,  unabashed. 

"  Nor  (lid  not  with  unbathful  forehead  woo 
The  means  of  weakness  and  Uvbilit  v  " 

Shakeip. :  Ai  fou  Lite  It,  1L  8. 

*  tin-bat'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bated. 

1.  Not  diminished  ;  unabated. 
"  Where  la  the  horse  that  doth  uutread  again 
His  tedious  measure  with  the  unbated  lire 
That  he  dldjwce  them  first?" 

Shtlketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  U.  6. 

•2.  Not  provided  with  a  button  on  the 
point;  unblnnted. 

"  You  may  choose 
A  sword  unbated."        Shaketp.  :  Samlet.  Iv.  7. 

fin-bathed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  balked. 
Not  bathed ;  not  wet. 

"The  blade  returned  unbathed,  and  to  the  handle 
bent"  Uryden:  Cynton  A  Ifihigenia,  61W. 

tin-bat  -tered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
battered.]  Not  battered ;  not  bruised  or 
damaged  by  blows. 

"  Or  else  my  sword,  with  an  unbuffered  edge, 
I  sheath  again  undeeded."    ahatetu. :  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

•fin-bay,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  bay.] 
To  set  free  or  open  ;  to  free  from  restraint. 

"  I  ought  now  to  loose  the  reins  of  my  affections,  to 
unbay  the  current  of  my  passion,  and  love  on  without 
boundary  or  measure."— Norrit :  Jiuceilany. 

"tin-be",  v.l.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng.  IK.] 
Not  to  be  ;  to  become  another. 

"  How  oft,  with  danger  of  the  field  beset, 
Or  with  home  mutinies,  could  he  unite 
Hlmaelf  I  -  Old  Plat  in  Annandale. 

*  fin-bear1,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  bear.] 
To  take  the  bearing-rein  off.  (Said  of  a  horse.) 
"  Unbear  him  half  a  moment  to  freshen  htm  no."— 
Bicten, :  meat  Boute,  ch.  Ivi. 

tin  bear  -a-ble,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
bearable.]  Not  able  to  be  borne  or  endured  • 
unendurable,  Intolerable. 

"The  monotony  of  life  on  the  Island  became  so 
unbearable  sometimes  that  change  was  imperative.' 
— St.  Jamejt  Qatette,  Jan.  14, 1888. 

un-bear'-a-biy,  adv.  [Eng.  unbearatfU') ; 
-ly.]  In  an  unbearable  manner  or  degree ;  in- 
tolerably ;  insufferably. 

tin-beard  -ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
bearded.] 

L  Not  bearded ;  having  no  beard  ;  beard- 
less.   (Said  of  persons.) 

"TV  unbearded  youth,  his  guardian  once  being  gone. 
Loves  dogges  and  horses." 

BenJonton:  Horace;  Art  of  Poetry. 

2.  Not  bearded ;  having  no  beard  or  awns. 
(Said  of  grain.) 

"  A  sudden  storm  of  hail  aud  rain 
Beats  to  the  ground  the  yet  unbearded  grain  " 

Itryden:  Britannia  Kedtviva.  260. 

•fin-bear'-lng,  a.  [Pref.  tm-(l),  and  Eng. 
bearing.]  Not  bearing  or  producing  fruit; 
barren,  sterile. 

"  With  his  prnnlng-hook  disjoin 
Unbeariny  branches  from  their  head," 

Dryden  :  Horace,  Up.  U.  XL 

•fin-beast',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
beast.]  To  direst  of  the  form  or  qualities  of  a 
beast, 

"  Let  him  unbeatt  the  beast  (as  heretofore 
Phoronis)  and  her  wanton  shape  restore." 

Sandyt  :  Ovid  ;  Jletatnorphotet  li. 

un-beat'-en,  a.  [Pi-et  «••  (I),  and  Eng. 
beaten.] 

1.  Not  beaten  ;  not  flogged  ;  not  struck. 

••  And  even  for  conscience  sake,  unspurr'd.  unbeaten, 
Brought  us  six  miles."  Corbet :  Iter  Boreale. 

2.  Not  rendered  smooth  by  the  feetof  multi- 
tudes passing  along  it;  untrodden.     (Used 
also  figuratively.) 

"Through  paths  unknown,  unbeaten." 

Toung:  Letter  to  Mr.  TtdceU. 

3.  Not  beaten  or  surpassed. 

un-beau   tc-ous,  "fin-beau'-tl-ftil,a. 

[Pref.  un- (1),  and  Eng.  beauteous,  beautiful.] 
Not  beauteous  ;  not  beautiful ;  not  possessed 
of  beauty. 

"  A  lady  of  great  virtue,  though  of  a  very  unbrauti- 
ful  person."— Clarendon  .'  Religion  A  Policy,  ch.  vi. 

fin-bia'-vered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
beavercd.]  With  the  beaver  or  hat  off;  un- 
covered. 

"  Brethren  unbeavered  then  shall  bow  their  bead." 
Gay :  The  Ktpoulal. 


•un-bo-clovid-od,  a.  [Pjef.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  beclouded.] 

1.  Not  beclouded,  not  clouded,  not  dim  : 
as,  an  unbetioudfd  day. 

2.  Seeing  clearly. 

"  With  unbeclouaed  eyes."  WatU  :  Cynnt. 

*  un-be-eome',  f.i.  or  (.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  Itecume.]  To  misbecome ;  to  be  the  re- 
verse of  becoming. 

"  It  neither  unbeooma  God  nor  men  to  be  moved 
by  reason."— Bithop  Sherlock. 

fin-be-com'-inK,  ".  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
becoming.  ] 

1.  Not  becoming,  not  suitable ;  improper, 
indecent,  indecorous. 

"  No  thought  of  flight, 
None  of  retreat,  no  unbecoming  deed 
That  argued  fear."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  vt  S87. 

•  2.  Not  becoming  some  person  or  thing. 


g-ly,  adv.  [Rng.  unbecoming; 
.  .  In  an  unbecoming  manner ;  unsuitably, 
improperly,  indecently  :  as,  He  behaved  him- 
self unbecomingly. 

tin-be  com'-Irig-neBS,  «.  [Eng.  unbecoming; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unbe- 
coming; unsuitableness;  incongruity  with  one's 
years,  character,  profession,  or  position ;  im- 
propriety, indecorousness. 

"If  words  are  sometimes  to  lie  used,  they  ought  to 
be  grave,  kind,  and  sober,  representing  the  11!  or  un. 
becomingneu  of  the  fault."— Locke  :  Education,  i  77. 

•  tin  bed',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  bed.] 
To  raise,  rouse,  or  remove  frum  a  bed. 

"  Eels  unbed  themselves,  and  stir  at  the  voice  of 
thunder.  —Walton:  Anyler. 

•  tin  bed   ded,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 

bedded.] 

1.  Raised  or  roused  from  bed  ;  disturbed. 

2.  Applied  to  a  bride  whose  marriage  had 
not  been  consummated. 

"  We  deem'd  it  best  that  this  unbeddrd  bride 
Should  visit  Chester,  there  to  live  recluse  " 

Taylor:  Bd*in  the  fair.  111.  8. 

«  tin  be-dinned',    a.     [Pref.  un-  (I) ;  Eng. 
be-,  pref.,  and  dinned.]    Not  made  noisy. 
"  A  princely  music  unbedinned  with  drums  " 

Leigh  Bunt :  ffimini,  I. 

tin  beened',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng.  been, 
and  -ed.]  Without  having  been  or  existed. 

"  And  root  of  motion  unliv'd.  unbeen'd,  they  leave 
In  their  vain  thoughts." 
More  :  Song  of  the  Ooul,  pt.  1L,  bk.  i,  c.  L.  st.  1*. 

ftn-biS-flf-tlng,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
befitting.]  Not  befitting  or  becoming;  unbe- 
coming, unsuitable, 

"  Love  Is  full  of  unbcftttlng  strains." 

Shaketp.  :  Love'i  Labour  I  Lott,  T.  *. 

•  tin  bg-fool',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
befool.] 

1.  To  restore  or  change  from  the  state  or 
nature  of  a  fool. 

. J'JfT  th"  ™»veri  a  fool  must  flrst  unbtfool  him  to 
that  degree  as  to  persuade  him  of  his  folly."— South  • 
tfermont,  voL  vli.,  ser.  8. 

2.  To  open  the  eyes  of  to  a  state  or  sense  of 
folly. 

3.  To  undeceive. 

tin  be  friend  ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  befriended.]  Not  befriended ;  not  «np- 
ported  by  friends ;  having  no  friends ;  friend- 
less. 

ri',  J"'i  P»'ronage  of  the  poor  and  unbefriended."- 
Killingback :  Sermont,  p.  287. 

•tin-be-gef,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
beget.]  To  deprive  of  life. 

"  When  they  are  disobedient  tinoegct  "em." 
Beaum.  t  flet.  :  Uunumrout  Lieutenant,  Iv.  J. 

•  un-be  gilt',  a.     [Pref.   un-  (]),  and  Eng. 
begilt.]     Ungildol ;  unrewarded    with   gold. 
(Taylor:  Virgin  Widow,  v.  o.) 

fin-bg-gxn'-nlntr,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
ling,  beginning.]  Having  no  beginning.  (See 
extract  under  MIDLESS.) 

ftn-bg-girf,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
begirt.]  Not  encircled. 

"  A  finger  unbealrt  with  gold." 

rieeble,  lu  Daviet :  J/icrocomoe.  p.  lot. 

fin-b8-g8f.  ftn-be-g8t'-ten,  a,    [Pref.  vn- 

(1),  and  Eng.  begat,  begotten.] 

1.  Not  having  derived  existence  from  genera- 
tion ;  having  existed  from  eternity ;  self- 
existent;  eternal. 

"  Why  should  he  attribute  the  same  honour  to 
matter,  which  Is  subject  to  corruption,  as  to  the 
eternal,  unbegotten,  and  immutable  God  I  "—Stilling- 
feet. 


fate,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ; 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  wh6.  son :  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fall ;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
Syrian.   <e,  oe  =  e  ;  ey  =  a;  <JLU  =  li. w. 


unbeguile— unbeware 


2.  Not  yet  begotten  or  generated. 

"  Your  children  yet  unborn  uutl  unbegot." 

Skaketp.  :  Jtickarti  //..  UL  «. 

*  tin-be-guUe',  v.t.     [Pref.  wn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
beguile.]    To  undeceive  ;  to  free  from  the  in- 

fluence of  deceit. 

"  That  he  might  unbegtiiia  and  wla  them."—  Wal- 
ton :  Life  of  Booktr. 

tin-b£  guiled',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  be- 
guiled.] Not  beguiled  or  deceived  ;  undeceived. 

"  To  th'  intent  thou  Hue  wniw^utiarf."—  Golden  Bo*.', 
«h.  zlti 

ttn-be-gun',  *  nn-be-gonne,  a.   [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  begun.} 
1.  Not  yet  begun. 
*  2.  Having  had  no  beginning. 

"The  mighty  Ood  which  ttnbegonne 
fctoiite  of  hiinaelfe."  Uoweri  O.  A..  vlii. 

tin  b<$-neld',  n.  [Pref.  itn-  (1),  and  Eng.  6e- 
A«A/.l  Not  l-elield  or  seen  ;  not  visible  one's 
•elf. 

"  These  then,  though  unteftcM  !n  det-p  of  night" 
Milton  ;  P.  L.,  IT.  674. 

*  tin-be*  -hdv'-a-ble,  *  un-be-hove-ly,  a. 

y'ref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  behovatte  ;  behovely.\ 
ot  behovable  ;  not  fitting  ;  not  needfuL 

"  Whiche  of  his  kynde  Is  moist  and  cold*, 
Ami  vnbehovely  many  folde." 

dower:  C.  A.,lv. 

•tinbe'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
being.]  Nut  existing. 

"  Beings,  yet  unbeing."—  Brown*. 

*  tin  be-known'  (it  silent),  a.    [Pret  tin-  (1), 
and  Eng.  beknown.]    Not  known  ;  unknown. 
(Putyar.)    (Usually  followed  by  to.) 

"  1  was  there  unknown  to  Mia.  BardeU."—  JMctctu: 


un  be-lief  ,  *  un-be-leefe,  ».    [Pref.  wi- 

(1),  and  Eng.  belief.] 
L  The  withholding  of  belief;  disbelief. 
"  For  the  mind  doth,  by  every  degree  of  affected  un- 
Miff  contract  more  and  more  of  a  general  iudiapoai- 
Uon  towards  believing."—  Atterbury  .'  Sermon*,  vol.  1L. 
•er.  2. 

2.  Infidelity;  disbelief  of  divine  revelation. 

"  Their  unbeliefs  In  that  case  we  may  not  Impute 
veto  any  weakness  or  vnsufficiency  In  the  means." 
—Booker:  MectetiaXicaU  J'ulUie,  bk.  v..  I  U. 

3,  Disbelief  of  the  truth  of  the  Gospel  ;  dis- 
krust  of  God's  promises,  faithfulness,  &c. 

"  Take  heed  lest  there  be  in  any  of  you  an  evil  heart 
of  unbetief  in  debiting  from  ttie  living  God,"— 


•tin-be-lier-ful,  *  un-be-leve-ftil,  *un- 

bl  lee-ful,  a.  [Eng.  unbelief;  -full.]  Full 
of  unbelief  ;  unbelieving. 

"  He  that  ii  unbeleve/ul  to  the  suue,  sclial  not  se 
everlaitinge  lyf  ."—  Wycltfe  :  John  ill 

tin  -be-lief  '-ful-ness,  *  un-bl-licve  - 
fill-ness,  5.  [Eng.  unbelie/ul  ;  -ness.}  Un- 
belief, want  of  faith. 

"  And  anon  the  fadir  of  the  child  crlynge  with  teeris 

settle  Lord,  I  beleve,  help  Ihou  myii  vnbiline/ulncft." 

—  WneUffe  :  Mark  iz.  28. 

•  tin-be'-liev-a-ba'-i-1#,  s.  [Eng.  unbe- 
lievable;  -ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unbelievable  ;  incredibility. 

"Hypocrisy  and  unbelt  suability."—  Carlyla  :  Ufa  of 
Stertiny,  pt.  i.  ch.  xr. 

tin-be'-lleV-a-ble,  *  un-be-lev-a-ble,  o. 

[Pref.  un-  (l),"and  Bug.  believable.]  Not  to  be 
believed  ;  incredible. 

"  It  seemed  to  bee  a  thing  unbelevabl*  that  was  pro- 
mysed,1'—  Udal;  Dedit  viL 


*  tin-be-lieve',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
believe.] 

1.  Not  to  believe  or  trust;  to  disbelieve  ;  to 

discredit. 

"  As  I,  tli  us  wroug'il,  hence  unbeUeeed  go." 

SJtaketj).  :  Measure  for  Metuwrt,  v. 

2.  Not  to  believe  or  think  real  or  true  ;  to 
disbelieve  the  reality  or  existence  of. 

"  Through  seaa 
Uukaown,  and  itnbeliafd. 

Beaum.  A  Flel,  :  Woman'*  Frixe.  It  9. 

ftn-be-lieV-er,  nn  be-leev-er,  «.    [Pref. 

nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  believer,} 

*  1.  An  incredulous  or  unbelieving  person  ; 
one  who  will  not  or  does  not  believe. 

•'  Brother  goeth  to  law  with  brother,  and  that  be- 
fore the  unbeliever!."—  I  Cor.  vL  6. 

2.  Specif.  :  An  infidel  ;  one  who  discredit* 
revelation  or  the  teachings  of  the  Gospel, 

1  More  widely  extended  to  one  who  does 
not  believe  in  or  hold  a  particular  religion. 

"[They]  think  through  unbeliever*'  blood" 
Lie*  their  directed  path  to  heareu." 

Moore  :  Fire-  Worthtppert. 


un-b6-liev  -ing,    *  un-be-leev-lng,    a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  believing.} 
L  Not  believing  or  trusting  ;  incredulous. 

"  O  swain  of  unbelieving  mind  I" 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyttey  xlv.  <ai. 

2.  Infidel  ;  discrediting  divine  revelation 
or  the  mission,  character,  and  doctrines  of 
Christ 

un-be-liev'-ing-l&  a.  [Eng.  unbelieving; 
•ly.]  In  an  unbelieving  manner;  with  unbe- 
lief; incredulously. 

un-be-loved'f  a.    [Pret  un>  (1),  and  Eng.  be- 

loved.}   Not  beloved. 

**  Whoe'er  you  are,  not  wibdov'd  by  heaven." 
liryden  ;  Virgil;  -£'»«d  i.  SS6. 


-,  r.(.  [Fret  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
belt,  v.]  To  unfasten  or  undo  the  belt  of  ;  to 
ungird. 

"  Suatclicd  In  startled  haste  unbelted  brands.' 
Byron:  Lara,  1. 

iin  bend;  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  aod  Eng. 
bend.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  free  from  flexure  ;  to  make  straight  ; 
to  straighten. 

**  Their  strong  bows  already  were  unbent." 

Dntyton:  Battle  <tf  Afflncourt, 

2.  To  relax  ;  to  remit  from  a  strain  or  exer- 
tion ;  to  set  at  ease  for  a  time. 

**  A  laughing  wildiieus  half  unbent  his  brow  I  " 

Byron  :  Conair.-tt.  li 

IL  Nautical: 

1.  To  unfasten  from  the  yards  and  stays,  as 
sails. 

2.  To  cast  loose,  as  a  cable  from  the  anchor. 

3.  To  untie,  as  a  rope. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  become  relaxed  or  unbent. 

2.  To  rid  one's  self  of  restraint  ;  to  act  with 
freedom  ;  to  abandon  stiffness  or  austerity  of 
manner. 

"These  exhibitions  endeared  him  to  the  common 

Eople.  who  always  love  to  see  the  great  unbend,"— 
icaulay  :  Jfist.  £ng.,  ch.  Iv. 

un  bend  -ing,  o.     [Pret  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 

bending,] 

1.  Not  suffering  flexure  ;  stiff. 

"  The  short  unbending  neck  of  the  elephant  Is  com- 
pensated by  the  length  and  flexibility  of  hU  uro- 
bosclB."—  Paley  :  fat.  ThcuL,  cb,  xrt. 

2.  Unyielding,   resolute,  inflexible.     (Said 
of  a  person,  or  his  temper,  mood,  &c.) 

"A  haughty  and  unbending  spirit"—  Lewtt:  Ored. 
Early  Roman  ffitt.  (ed.  1  835),  it  165. 

3.  Unyielding,  inflexible.    (Said  of  things.) 

"  Taking  counsel  of  unbending  Truth." 

Wordsworth:  King  (tf  Sweden. 

4.  Given  up  temporarily  to  relaxation,  free- 
dom, or  amusement. 

"  I  hope  it  may  entertain  your  lordships  at  an  un- 
bending  hour."—  fiotoe. 

un-bend'-ing-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  unbending  ; 
~ly.]  In  an  unbending  manner;  resolutely, 
firmly,  obstinately. 

*  un  bend  -ing-ness,  s.    [Eng.  unbending  ; 
-ntss.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  unbend- 
ing ;  inflexibility,  obstinacy. 

iin-bfin'-e-ficed,  a.  [Pref.  tm-(l),  and  Eng. 
beneficed.]  Not  holding  or  possessed  of  a 
benefice. 

"  The  rest  unbcnefa'd  your  sect*  maintain." 

Dryden  :  Bind  A  Panther,  lit  134. 

*  tin-ben-4-fi'-clal  (el  as  sh),  a.    [Pret  un- 
(IX  and  Eng.  bemflcial.]    Not  beneficial  ;  not 
advantageous. 

tin-ben'-e-fit-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  benefited.]  Not  benefited  ;  having  re- 
ceived no  benefit  or  advantage. 

"  Unbtnrjited  by  the  foundations  and  ondigntfted 
by  the  graduation  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge."—  Knox  : 
Liberal  Xdttc.  (Appendix.) 

*  K«-f>&-iieg'-&-lenoe.   *.     [Eng.   vnbenevo- 

fon(t);  -«.]    Ill-will;  want  of  benevolence, 

"  Snch  markfl  of  unbenevolence."—  J.  Caltter  :  fiir- 
tK*r  Defenc*  qf  Ketuoni,  p.  7». 

'fcn-be-neV-6-lent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  »nd 
Eng.  benevolent.]  Not  benevolent. 

"  That  selftsh  narrowness  of  spirit  which  Inclines 
men  to  a  fierce  unbeneivlent  behaviour.'"—  Rogen. 

*  un-be-mght  -ed  (gh  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  benighted.]    Not  benighted  ;  not 
visited  by  darkness. 

"To  them  day 
Had  tmbmtgnted  shone."        Milton:  P.  L.,  z.  683. 


*  un  be  nign'  (g  silent),  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1), 

mid   Eng  lieiiiijn.]     Not  benign  ;   malignant, 
malevolent. 

'*  Pnbmfyn  averulmi  or  contempt." 

Wvrdsuorth  ;  Excurtion,  bk.  IT. 

tin-bent',  pa.  par.  or  a.    [UNBEND.] 

tin-be-numb'  (6  silent),  *tin-be-num',  v.t 
IPref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  benumb.]  To  relieve 
or  free  from  numbness;  to  restore  sensation 
to. 

"  Unbenumt  bU  sinews  and  his  flesh." 

fylvetter  ;  Bandit-  Craft*,  237. 

*  tin-bS-rea'-ven,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eug.  *  bereaveit.]    Not  bereft. 

"  Arms,  empty  of  her  child,  the  lift*, 
With  spirit  unbereaoen." 

E.  B,  Browning  :  Child's  Grave  at  Florence. 

*  tin-bo-reft',  a.      [Prefr  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
bereft.]    Not  bereft  or  bereaved  ;  not  taken 
away. 

"S«Ten,  vnbereft 

By  aeai  and  cruell  etormes,  xlonu  are  left." 
Sandyt;   Virgtt; 

*un-be-seem'f  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
beseem.] 

1.  To  do  anything  unbeseeming  to  ;  to  act 
in  a  manlier  unbecoming  or  unsuitable  to. 

"  Ah  1  mayest  thou  ever  be  what  now  thou  art, 

Nor  uiiliett'ein.  the  promise  of  thy  spring." 

Byron  :  To  lantht. 

2.  To  be  unbecoming  or  not  worthy  of. 

"  Uncivil,  rude  language,  unbetefmlng  the  modesty 
hear.  — 


, 

of  a  virgin  to 
3/ary  (an.  1S66). 


, 
.  —  Strype  :  Ecclet.  Mem; 


un  be-seem'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  beseeming.}  Unbecoming,  unseemly. 

"  These  ln*ts  were  unb«$«emi>ig  ev«i  their  forn  V 
condition  as  Jews  ;  but  much  more  unsuitable  to 
them,  aa  now,  Christiana."—  Leighton  :  Com.  on  1 
Pater  iv. 

iin  be-scem'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unbeseem- 
ing; -ly.]  In  an  unbecoming  manner;  unbe- 
comingly. 

"  Equity  doth  exact,  and  gratitude  requirath.  and 
all  reason  dictateth,  that  we  should  be  content;  or 
that  In  being  discontented  we  behave  ourselves  very 
unbeteemiti'jt.v  and  unworthily."—  tiarrow:  Sermon*. 
vol.  liL,  MIT.  6. 

*tin-be-8eem'-ing-nesst  s.  [Eng.  unbeseem- 
ing; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
beseeming ;  un  becoming!)  ess. 

"  The  unbeteemingneu  fur  her  person  aod  state."— 
Bp.  Hall  :  Contempt.  ;  Jeroboam't  Wife. 

un-be-sought  (ought  as  at),  «.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  besought.]  Not  besought  or 
entreated  ;  not  asked  or  sought  by  entreaty. 

"  And.  lest  cold 

Or  heat  should  injure  us,  HU  timely  care 
Hath,  unbetougM,  provided." 

Milton:  P.  L..  T.  1,057. 

*  un-be-speak',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-(2\  and  Eng. 

bespeak.]  To  make  void  or  put  off,  as  something 
spoken  for  beforehand  ;  to  annul,  aa  an  order 
or  engagement  for  a  future  time  ;  to  counter- 
mand. 

"To  vnbetpeak  his  dining  with  me  to-morrow."— 
Pepys:  Diary.  April  13,  1G69. 

*  un-be-spok'-en,   a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  bespoken.}    Not  bespoken  ;   not  ordered 
beforehand. 

"  Swift,  iinbespoken  pouiiK,  thy  steps  proclaim." 
Dryden  :  Absalom  A  AcJUtofifiel,  1.  243. 

un  be-6towed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng, 

bestowed.]  Not  bestowed,  not  given  away,  as 
in  marriage. 

"He  had  now  but  one  son  and  one  daughter  unte- 
ttowed."—  Bacon  :  Henry  VII.,  p.  21«. 

*  tin-bS-think',  v.i.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

bethink,]  To  change  one's  mind  ;  to  do  some- 
thing contrary  to  one's  usual  practice. 

"The  Lacedemonian  foot  .  .  .  wtbefkaught  them- 
selves to  disperse."—  Cotton  :  Montaigne'  t  JSuayi,  ch.  xi. 

"tin  be-tide',  v.i.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

betide.]  To  foil  to  betide  ;  to  fail  in  happening. 

"  That  the  prescience  wole  beforn  ne  mate  not  vnbe- 

tiden,   that  is  to    saiue,    that  thel  moten  betide."  — 

Chaucer  :  Boeciut,  bk.  v. 

fin-bg-trayed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  be- 
trayed.] Not  betrayed,  not  yet  betrayed. 

tin-be-wailed;  a.    [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng, 

Not  bewailed  ;  nnlamented, 
But  let  detennin'd  things  to  destiny 
Hold  unb-ieail'd  their  way." 

Shiiketp,  :  Antony  Jt  Cltopatra,  111,  1 

iu.  [PreC 
un-  (l)i  an<i    Eng.  beware.]      Unaware,  un- 

awares. 

"  Fulfyll  not  that  thou  hart  vowed  mft^warM."— 
BaU  ;  Aprtogie,  fol.  35.  • 


— ,  ~w>;  pint,  J6%1;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xcnophon,  eylst.    -Ing. 
-Clan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -olou  =  8hun;  -tion,  -flon  =  zhon.   -oioos,  -tloua,  -sioua  =  abas.   -We, -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4908 


*  fin-be  witch,  v.t.    [Fret,  un-  (-2).  and  Eng. 
bewitch.]       To    neutralize   the    influence    of 
imagined  witchcraft  over  ;  to  dissolve  a  spell 
or  fascination  which  holds  one  enthralled  ;  to 
free  from  fascination,  deception,  or  delusion. 

"  Ordinary  experience  observed  would  unbeteitck 
men  as  to  these  delusions."—  Oouth  :  Sermon*,  yoL  ix., 

*  un-bi'-as,  v.t.    [Pref.  un,  (2),  and  Eng.  bias, 
v.J    To  remove  a  bias  from  ;  to  set  free  from 
bias  or  prepossession. 

"The  truest  sen-ice  a  private  man  may  do  his 
country  is  by  tmMempn  tils  ,,,ind.  as  much  as  pos- 
sible, between  the  rival  powers."—  Swift. 

unbi-assed,   *  un-by-assed,   a.     [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Bug.  biassed.]  Not  biassed  ;  free 
from  bias,  prepossession,  or  prejudice:  im- 
partial. 

"The  humble  and  uitbiaaedunudfot  the  illiterate." 
-Secter:  Sermont.  vol.  ii.,  »er.  10. 

•fin-bi'-assed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unbiassed: 
-lH.)  In  an  unbiassed  manner;  without  bias 
or  prejudice  ;  with  impartiality. 

"  Never  (ail  to  Judge  himself,  and  Judge  unManedly. 
of  all  that  he  receive  from  others."—  Locke  .-  Conduit 
of  the  Underttmndiny,  f  8. 

•  un  bi  -assed  ness,    s.     [Eng.  unbiassed; 
-ness.]      The   quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
biassed ;  absence  of  bias,  impartiality. 

"In  the  close  of  his  tract  hu  unUauedneu  it  clearly 
professed.'—  Preface  to  Bp.  Bali;  Remain.  sign.  b.  i 
I1W0.0 

•  fin-bid'  (1),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bid 
0).  T-)    Not  having  said  prayers.     (Spenser  : 
f.  V->  I.  IX.  54.) 


A2^.,  [Pref-  un- 

Unbidden. 


-  and 


(2),  V.] 

"  Thorns  also  and  thistles  it  shall  bring  thee  forth 
tfnbid,  Hilton  :  P.  L.,  X.  2M. 

tin-bld'-den,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
bidden.) 

1.  Not  having  been  bidden  or  commanded ; 
unordered  ;  hence,  spontaneous. 

"  Unbidden  herbe  and  voluntary  flowers. 
Thick  new-born  violets  a  soft  carpet  spread  " 
Pope:  Bomer;  Iliad  xiv.  890. 

2.  Not  having  been  invited  ;  uninvited. 

"  Why— ay— what  doth  he  here?— 
I  did  not  send  for  him— he  is  unbidden." 

Byron  :  Manfred.  UL  4. 

«  fin-bide',  r.«.  [A.S.  onMdan.]  To  bide ;  to 
remain  or  stay. 

"JA°,d.tbe  ki"Qly  «t«°>  of  this  Uisse.  1s  In  soch  wil 
medled  to  unblde,  and  uedes  in  that  it  shuld  have  his 
kindely  beyng.  —Chaucer  :  Tettament  of  Love,  bk.  lii. 

nn-Wtr-ot-Sd,  fin-bIg--ot-tSd,  o.    [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bigoted.]  Not  bigoted :  free 
from  bigotry. 

"An  unbiootcd  Roman  Catholick."—  Addlfon  :  Spec- 

fin-bind',  *  un  byndc,  *  un  bynd-en,  v  t 

[Pret  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  bind,  v.]  To  untie 
what  was  before  fastened  ;  to  undo,  to  loose  ; 
to  cut  free  from  shackles. 

"  Those  cords  of  lore  I  should  unbind  " 

Scott:  Lady  of  the  Lake,  K. 

•fin-bird,'-ly.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i);  Eng.  bird; 
-ly.]  Unlike  or  unworthy  of  a  bird. 

*fin-bl8h'-6p,  v.t.  [Pref.  «n-  (2),  and  Eng. 
bishop.)  To  deprive  of  the  office  or  dignity  of 
a  bishop ;  to  deprive  of  episcopal  orders. 


unbewitch— unboastful 

un  blam -a  ble  ness,  *  uu  blame  a 
ble  ness,  s.  (Eng.  unblamable;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unblamable;  freedom 
from  fault  or  blame. 

"  ffnbltimeabtenet*  of  life  .  .  .  defends  the  person 
and  confirms  the  office. "— South  :  Vermont.  ToL  viL. 

un-blam'-a-bly,  •  fin-blame'-a-bly.odi'. 

[Eng.   unblamable);   -ly.]     Not  blamably  or 
culpably  ;  so  as  not  to  deserve  blame. 

"Ye  are  witnesses,  and  God  also,  how  holily,  and 
I'&fi'lo. """"""""   W1   b"h*ved  ourselves."- 

iin  blamed,  a.  [Pret  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
blamed.)  Not  blamed;  without  iucurrin  • 
blame ;  blameless. 

"  *"» *fa >»«dj  uninjured,  let  him  bear  about 

if  ordttmrth  :  Old  Cumberland  Beggar. 

un-blast-ed,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
blasted.)  Not  blasted  ;  not  caused  to  wither. 

"  The  unblatted  bay,  to  conquests  due." 

Peacham  :  Emblem. 

un-bleafhed ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
bleached.)  Not  bleached;  not  whitened  by 
bleaching  :  as,  unbleached  calico. 

*  un-blea9h -Ing,  a.     [Pret    un-  (IX    and 
Eng.  bleaching.)    Not  whitening  or  becoming 
white  or  pale. 

"  Blood's  wibtcaching  stain." 

Byron :  Childe  Harold,  L  88. 

*  fin-bleed'-lng,  a.    [Pref  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
bleeding.)    Not  bleeding  ;  not  suffering  from 
loss  of  blood. 

"  And  mix  unbleediny  with  the  boasted  slain." 
Byron:  Childe  Harold,  i.  »L 

*  un-blem'-Ish-a-ble,  a.     [Pret  un-  (i); 
Eng.  blemish,  and  suff.  -a&k.]    Not  capable  of 
being  blemished ;  not  admitting  of  blemish. 

"  That  midefloura  and  unbltmithable  simplicity  of 
tto>Gro,s»t."-MiUon:  Kealon  of  Church  Go*.,  bk.  ii, 

un  blem  -Ished,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
blemished.)  Not  blemished;  not  stained; 
free  from  blemish,  stain,  disgrace,  reproach, 
or  fault. 


*  ^?"Wr>  "'     [Pref  ""•  W-  and  E°8-  W.  «-] 
The  same  as  UNBITTES. 

"Unbit  by  rage  canine  of  dying  rich."          Young. 

fin-bit,  v.t.    [Pret  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  bit.) 

Kaut. :  To  remove  the  turns  of  from  the 
bits :  as,  To  un&tt  a  cable. 

*  fin-bit -ted,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
bitted.)    Not  restrained  by  a  bit ;  unbridled. 

"Our  carnal  stings,  our  unbilled  lusts."— Shaketp.  : 

*  fin-blade',  v.t.     [Pref.  «n-  (2),  and   Eng. 
blade,  s.]  To  take  out  of  the  number  of  blades 
or  roaring  boys.    (Special  coinage.) 

^  I  shall  take  It  as  a  farour  too. 

u  made  him  valiant. 


U  For  the  difference  between  unblemished 
and  blameless,  see  BLAMELESS. 

*  un  blem   ish-ing,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  blemishina.)    Without  receiving  blemish 
or  stain. 

"  "  at  most  they  leave  a  mote  behind,  it  ia  but  dead. 
and  with  the  next  fair  wind  unblenttMn,  bloVS 
away."—  Feltham  :  Sermon  on  Lute  xlv.  ao. 

*  un  blenghed  ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
blenched.)      Not    daunted    or  disconcerted! 
(According  to  some,  not  disgraced.) 

"  She  may  pass  on  with  unblrnch'd  majesty." 
Milton:  Comut.  430. 

un-blend'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
blended.)  Not  blended  ;  not  mixed  or  mingled  ; 
pure. 

'.'  I*  *"«"•  »o  where  in  unblended  proportions  on 
this  side  the  empyreum."—  OlanvUl  :  Sceptit,  ch.  vli. 


',   v.t.      [Pret  un-  (2X  and   Eng. 
bless.)    To  make  unhappy. 

"  Thou  dost  beguile  the  world,  unMett  some  mother." 
Shakeip.  :  Sonnet  9. 

fin-blessed',  fin-blest',  a,    [Pret  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  blessed;  blest.) 

1.  Not  blessed;  not  having  received  the 
blessing  of. 


ShtrJey:  Oametttr.  V. 

tin-blam  -a  ble,  •  un-blame  -a  ble,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  blamabU.)  Not 
blamable  ;  not  culpable  ;  not  chargeable  with 
a  fault  ;  innocent  ;  blameless. 

"  Some  lead  a  life  unblamable  and  Just" 
,  Cafper:  truth,  MS. 


With  life  that  cannot  die." 

Cooper:  Bill  of  Mortality  (i.D.  ITlt). 

2.  Not  blessed  ;  profane  ;  cursed. 

ni      i,     ... "Such  resting  fonnd  the  sole 

Of  unbleu'd  feet."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  L  J88. 

3.  Wretched,  unhappy. 

"  The  god  vindictive  doomed  them  never  more 
( Ah  fmen  unbHu'd  n  to  touch  that  natal  shore." 
Pope:  Bomer;  Odyuey  L  12. 

un-bless'-ed-ness,  ».  [Eng.  unblessed; 
-««.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
blessed j  exemption  or  exclusion  from  bliss. 

"  An  euerlastlng  supper  of  al  Mttemes  *  mUeued- 
net  wherof  they  maye  eate."—  Uda.1 :  John  xx. 

*  *n-bl«st'-ful,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
blest;  -ful]  Not  happy. 

"  Tbe  unbtettful  shore."         Syltetter:  ScMme.  la. 

un-blight  -ed  (gh  silent),  o.  [Pret  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  blighted.]  Not  blighted  or  blasted. 

"  In  such  a  world,  so  thorny,  and  where  none 
Finds  happiness  unbliohted.- 

Couper  :  Tort.  IT.  884. 


fin-blind,  v.t.  [Pret  an-  (•'),  and  Eng, 
blind,  v.]  To  free  from  blindness  ;  to  Eive  « 
restore  sight  to  ;  to  open  the  eyes  of. 


*  fin-blf1>d''  *  fin-blind'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  vn- 
(1),  and  Eng.  Wind  ,•  blinded.)  Not  blinded  • 
unclouded  ;  clear  ;  free  from  blindness. 

"  His  inward  sight  unNiiul." 

KeaU:  Birthplace  of  Bunu. 


. 

'  tin-blind'-fold,  r.«.      [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
d,  v.]    To  free  or  release  from  • 


- 

Lug  bUrntfold,    .  ree  or  reease    rom  • 

bandage  or  cover  which  obstructs  the  sight. 
"  He  bade  his  eyes  to  be  unbtindfold  both  " 

Xptiutr:  F.  «.,  IV.  vli  M. 


. 

T.  .j,.   .  4.  "  A  clear  undertone 

Thrilled  through  mine  ean  In  that  unbtisifi,!  clime  • 
Tennyion  :  Oream  of  fair  Women,  ixl 

*  fin-bl»6d  rf  d,  a.    [Pret  un-  (1)  ;  Eng.  blood, 
and  suff.  -«(.]  Not  marked  or  distinguished  by 
improved  blood  :  as,  an  unblooded  horse. 

*  iin  blood  -led,  *  un-bloud-led,  a.  [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bloodied.)    Not  marked  or 
stained  with  blood  ;  unbloody. 

"  And  'orc«l  '»•  brant,  and  yet  unbloodUd  steel 
To  a  keen  edge."  Covper  .-  Talk,  v.  sis. 


n  '         -d-y,  a.   [Pref  u«- 

(1),  and  Eng.  bloody.] 

1.  Not  bloody  ;  not  stained  or  marked  with 
blood. 


3.  Not  accompanied  with  bloodshed. 
no' 


unbloody-sacrifice,  «. 

1.  jinthrop.  i   Any  sacrifice  not  involving 
the  mactation  of  a  victim.    [SACRIFICE,  II.  1." 

2.  Roman  Church  :  The  sacrifice  of  the  Mass. 
[Mass,  (2),  s.  I.) 

'  un  bloss  6m-ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  blossoming.)  Sot  blossoming;  not  pro- 
ducing blossoms. 

Ka£na?r?'uay'.    "'Mamml'"  branch*"-  Jpwfy.  , 
Plotted]  "* 

1.  Not  blotted  ;  not  marked  with  blots  or 
stains. 

2.  Not  blotted  out  or  erased  ;  not  deleted. 
fin-blown',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  Maim.] 

1.  Not  sounded  by  means  of  wind,  as  i 
trumpet. 

"The  lances  nnlifted.  the  trnmpeta  unbtotm." 
Byron  :  Dettructlon  of  Sennacherib. 

2.  Not  blossomed,  as  a  bud  or  flower  j  not 
having  the  bud  expanded. 

"  Boyt  are.  at  best,  bat  pretty  buds  unblown* 

Courper:  Tirocinium.  444 

•  3.  Not  inflated  or  inflamed  with  wind. 

"A  fire  unblown  [shall  J  devour  his  race." 

Sandyi;  Job  XT.  30. 

•4.  Not  extinguished.    (Followed  by  out.) 

"  Prodigious  lamps  by  night  uuwet, 
And  uitblotpn  out." 

More  :  Life  of  the  Soul,  tl.  118. 

*  5.  Not  fully  grown  ;  not  grown  to  perfec 
tion. 

"  My  means  are  equal 
My  youth  as  much  unblotm." 

Beaum.  A  net.  .'  Lover'i  Pilgrimage.  IIL  1 

un-blunt':ed,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
blunted.)  Not  blunted  ;  not  made  obtuse  or  dull 
"  AA"orl1'  whose  weight  without  a  blow  might  slay. 
Able,  unblunted,  to  cut  hosts  away." 

Comity:  Darideii.tti 

iin-blfisli'-inK,  a,  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
blushing.)  Not  blushing  ;  destitute  of  shame  ; 
shameless,  barefaced,  impudent. 

.."The  most  dishonest  and  unbluihina  time-erven 
ch     '  i."  W        h°*  eTer  •°ea-"~  J''Kautay  :  Sift,  fna., 

un-bliish'-Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unblushing; 
-ly.]  In  an  unblushing  manner  ;  without  any 
manifestation  of  shame  ;  barefacedly,  impu- 
dently. 


"They  . 

unreluctan«.j,  n,lu  «  «„«<« 
the  honourable  object  of  the 
Snox  :  Kuay  8. 


1  ...  end  with  bankruptcy  as  naturally,  u 
antly,  and  as  unbluthingly  as  If  it  had  Men 

mrable  object  of  their  mercantile  pnrsuit."- 
IttayS. 

"  un  boast   ful,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
boastful.]    Not  boastful;  free  from  boasting 
or  assumption  ;  unassuming,  modest 
"  Oft  in  humble  station  dwells 
Pnboanful  worth,  above  fastidious  pomp." 

Thornton :  Summer,  9M. 


ttte,  ttt,  fere  Amidst,  what,  tall,  lather;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir   marine- 
«r.  wore,  well,  work,  who,  s6»;  mrite.  cub,  cure,  nnite.  our.  rule,  ftll:  try/Syrian.    ».  o 


pit, 


unboastfully— unbrained 


4909 


•  fin-boast  -Tul-l^t  adv.  fEng.  unboastful; 
•ly  J  In  an  unboastful  manner  ;  without 
boasting  ;  modestly. 

fin-bod  -led,  *  un-bod-yed,  a.    [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  bodied.] 

1.  X<">t  possessed  of  a  material  body  ;  in- 
corp<itral,  immaterial. 

"  Mke  a  shade  to  we«ue 
Cnbodied,  uasouSU  unhwinl.  ui 

$fH,uer:r.  V..VIL 

2.  Freed  from  the  body. 

"  All  things  are  but  altered,  nothing  diea  ; 
And  here  and  there  the  vnbodie<t  spirit  flies." 
Urydfn  :  Pythagorean 


t  fin-bod'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
boding  }  Not  anticipating  or  expecting. 

"  Unbolting  critic-pen." 

Tennyton  :  WUl  Waterproof.  <tL 

•un-bod-kined,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
bodkin  ;  -ed.  ]  Not  fastened  with  a  bodkin. 

•  fin-bSd'-Sf,  *  un-bfid'-Ie,  t'.i.  &  (.    [Pref. 
KB-  (2),  and  Eng.  body.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  quit  or  leave  the  body. 

"  The  fate  would  his  soule  should  uabodie 
And  sliapen  li'itl  a  meane  it  out  to  drive. 

Chaucer:  Truilui  A  Creiiida,  bk.  T. 

B.  7Yans. ;  To  cause  to  leave  the  body. 

"  Hereupon  followed  a  feuer  through  increasing  of  a 
flegtnatike  humor  bred  by  long  rest,  that  after  14 
tuuneths  space  mbodled  bia  ghost"— BoUnlhed :  BM. 
Scotland ;  Conuall. 

fin-boiled',  *  nn-bpyled,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  boiled.]  Not  boiled  ;  not  raised  to 
the  boiling  point. 

"  Oatmeal  In  a  quarter  of  a  pint  vnboylea,  will  arUe 
to  a  pint  boyled."—  Bacon :  Nat.  ffitt.,  1 927. 

•un-bok-el,  v.t.    [UNBUCKLE.] 

*  fin-bold',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bold.] 
Cowardly. 

"  Ebrew.  unbolde.  etlilr  cowardla. " — .Vo(«  in  Wy- 
diffet  Bible,  Judge!  Ix.  4. 

fin-bolt,  ».(.  oi  i.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  bolt.] 
A.  Trans. :  To  remove  a  bolt  from  ;  to  pull 
out  a  bolt  with  the  view  of  opening  it,  as  a 
door  or  gate  ;  to  undo  the  bolts  of. 

"  I'll  call  my  uncle  down, 
He  shall  unbolt  the  gates." 

S\aleip. .-  Troilut  t  Craiida,  IT.  J. 

"B.  Intrans.:  To  explain,  to  unfold,  (fty.) 

"I'll  unbutt  to  you."— Shaketp. :  Timon,  i.  L 

fin  bolt  ed  (1),  a,.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
W«  (1),  v.]  Having  the  bolt  removed  from  its 
sheath  ;  freed  from  fastening  by  bolts  :  as,  an 
unbolted  door. 

in  bolt  -ed  (2),  a.    [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and  Eng. 


1.  Lit.  :  Not  bolted  or  sifted  ;  not  haviug 
the  bran  or  coarse  part  removed  by  a  sifter  : 
as,  unbolted  meal. 

*  2.  Fig.  :  Gross,  coarse,  unrefined. 

"  If  you  will  give  me  leave,  I  will  tread  this  unbolted 
villain  Into  mortar."  —  Snaltetp.  :  Lear,  ii.  2. 

•tin  -bone',   v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and   Eng. 

bone,  v.) 

1.  To  deprive  of  its   bones,  as  butcher's 

meat. 

2.  To  fling  or  twist  about,  as  if  boneless. 

"Writhing   and    unboning   their   clergy    liiuba."  — 
Milton:  Apol.forSmectymnuut, 

Un  bdn  net,  v.i.  &  t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 

Eng.  bonnet.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  remove  or  take  off  the 
bonnet,  as  a  mark  of  respect  ;  to  uncover. 
(Scotch.) 

"They  hastened  to  bespeak  favour  by  hastily  un- 
bonneting."—  Scott  :  Kenilworth,  ch.  vii. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  remove  the  bonnet  from  ;  to 
uncover  :  as,  All  heads  were  at  once  unbon- 
MM. 

un-bon  -net  ed,   un  bon-net  ted,   a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bonneted.] 

1.  Having  removed  the  bonnet  or  cap; 
with  uncovered  head. 

"  Unbonneted  and  by  the  wave 
Sate  down  his  brow  and  band*  to  lave." 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  v.  17. 

*  2.  Without  taking  the  bonnet  or  cap  off. 

•  tin  -book  -Ish,  a.    [Pref  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ftfefcUL] 

1.  Not  enamoured  of  books  ;  not  addicted 
to  books  or  reading. 

"  It  is  to  be  wonder'd  haw  m  useless  and  unbvokith 
they  [the  Spartans]  were,"—  M  ilton  :  Of   Pnlicented 


2.  Ignorant,  unskilled. 

"  His  unbookiih  Jealousy  moat  construe 
Poor  Casaio's  smiles,  gesture*,  and  light  behaviours 
Quite  iu  the  wrong."  Shake*?. :  Othello,  iv.  1. 

*un-book'-learn-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1); 
Kng.  booklearned.]  Illiterate,  ignorant.  (Ful- 
ler: Church  Hist.,  VII.  i.  Si».) 

*  un  boot ,  t'.f.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  boot,  v.] 
To  deprive  of  boots ;   to  take  off  the  boots 
from. 

un  boot  ed  (1),  o.  [Prof,  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
booted.]  Deprived  of  boots  ;  stripped  of  the 
boots. 

un-boot'-cd  (2),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
booted.]  Not  having  boots  on ;  without  boots. 

*  tin-bore',  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Mid.  Eng. 
bore  =  born.]    Unborn. 

"  Of  thiuge  whiche  thea  was  unb-tre." 

Qourer :  C.  A.,  ri. 

un  born ,  *  un  borne,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  born.} 

1.  Not  yet  born  ;  not  yet  brought  into  life ; 
not  existing. 

"  Yet  such  hfi  acts,  as  Greece  unborn  shall  tell. 
And  curse  the  battle  w litre  tlieir  fathers  fell." 
Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  x.  61. 

2.  Future  ;  to  come. 

"  Neither  present  time,  nor  years  unborn, 
Could  to  my  sight  that  heavenly  (ace  restore." 

Wordt wort h  :  Sonneti. 

un-bor' -rowed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
borrowed.]  Not  borrowed  ;  genuine,  original, 
native. 

"  Any  interest 
Unborrovfd  from  the  eye." 
Wordtvorth  :  On  Xevuiting  the  Bank*  of  the  Wye. 

*  iin-bos'-9m,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
bosom.] 

1.  To  disclose  or  reveal  in  confidence,  as 
one's  opinions  or  intentions ;  to  display  gen- 
erally. 

"  The  gentle  neighbourhood  of  grove  and  spring 
Would  soon  unbotoin*}\  their  echoes  mild." 

Milton :  The  Pauion. 

2.  It  is  sometimes  used  reflexively. 

"  And  am  resolved  to  unbotom  myself  to  yen." — 
Steele :  Spectator,  No.  638. 

*  tin-bos' -6"m-er,  *.      [Eng.  unbosom;  -er.] 
One  who  unbosoms,  discloses,  or  reveals. 

41  AD  unboiomer  of  sec  ret*.  "—Thackeray  in  Annan- 
dale. 

*  unbtft -timed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
bottom;  -ed.] 

1.  Lit. :  Not  having  a  bottom ;  of  limitless 
depth ;  bottomless. 

"  The  dark,  unbottomed.  Infinite  abyss. " 

J/Uton:  P.L.,i[.4Q&. 

2.  Fig. :  Having  no  solid  foundation ;  having 
no  reliance. 

"  To  be  thus  unbottomed  of  ourselves,  and  fastened 
upon  God."—tlammond. 

un  bought  (ought  as  at),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Eng.  bought.] 

1.  Not  bought;  given  freely;  obtained  with- 
out money.   - 

"  And  unbought  dainties  of  the  poor." 

Dryden  :  Horace,  Epod.  2. 

2.  Not  bought  over ;  not  gained  over  by 
bribes. 

"  Unbribed,  unbought,  our  swords  we  draw." 
Scott :  War  Song  of  the  Edinburgh  Light  israffoon*. 

*  3.  Not  bought ;  which  have  not  found  a 
purchaser ;  unsold. 

"  The  merchant  will  leave  our  native  commodities 
unbought  upon  the  hands  of  the  farmer. "—Locke, 

fin-bound',  pret.  of  v.  &  a.    [UNBIND.] 

A.  As  pret.  of  verb :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Not  bound  ;   not  fastened  with  a  cord, 
chain,  or  the  like. 

"  Unbound  well  lead  him.  fear  it  not" 

Sco«  :  Lord  of  the  Itlet,  v.  M. 

2.  Not  bound  ;  wanting  binding  or  a  cover, 
as  a  book. 

"  A  bookseller  who  had  volume*  that  lay  unbound." 
—Locke. 

3.  Not  under  moral  bonds ;  not  bound  by 
obligation  or  covenant ;  free. 

*  un-bound'-a-bl^,  adv.     [Eng.   unbound; 
-ably.]    Without  bounds  or  limits  ;  infinitely. 

un  bound'-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
bounded.] 

1.  Not  bounded  ;  without  limits ;  limitless ; 
having  no  bound  or  limit. 
"  Meantime,  light  shadowing  all,  a  sober  calm 
Fleeces  unbounded  ether."     Thornton:  Autumn,  057. 


2.  Unrestrained  ;  not  subject  to  any  check 
or  control. 

"Several  yean  of  unbounded  freedom.  "~itacaulatf  ; 
Bitt.  Eng  ,  ib.  xix. 

IT  For  the  difference  between  unbounded 
and  boundless,  see  BOUNDLESS. 

un  -bound  -edly,  adv.  [Eng.  unbounded; 
•ly.]  la  an  unbounded  manner  or  degree; 
without  bounds  or  limits  ;  infinitely. 

"  The  friend  unboundedly  generous,  but  still 
esteemed."—  Byron  :  CliUde  Harold,  iv.  (Note  37.) 

*  un  bound'-ed-ness,  s.    [Eng.  unbounded  ; 
-ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  without 
bounds  ;  freedom  from  bounds,  limits,  check, 
or  control. 

"  Finitude,  applied  to  created  things,  imports  the 
proportions  of  the  several  properties  01  these  tilings 
to  one  an  ut  her.  Infinitude,  the  unboundednet*  of 
these  degrees  of  properties."—  Cheyn*  :  Phttot.  Prin- 
ciplet. 

*  un  bound  -en,  *  un  bound  un,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bounden.]    Unbound,  freed, 
set  loose. 

"  But  now  we  beu  unboundun  fro  the  lawe  of  deetb." 
—  \Yyctiffe  :  Romant  vii.  6. 

*  un-boun'-te-ous,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  bounteous.]  Not  bounteous  ;  not  liberal  ; 
grudging. 

"  Nny.  such  an  unbountcout  giver  we  should  make 
him.  as  in  the  Fables  Jupiter  was  to  Ixion.  "—Hilton  : 
Tetrachordon, 

*  un-bo*^,  v  t.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bow, 
v.]    To  unbend. 

"Looking  back  would  uribtna  bis  resolution."  — 
fuller:  Huty  War,  p.  lift. 

*  un-  bolV-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

butt-able.]    Incapable  of  being  bent  or  inclined. 

un-bo%edr,  a.   [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng.  bowed.} 

1.  Not  bent,  arched,  or  bowed. 

"  And  pasaeth  by  with  »ti  tf  unbowed  knee, 
Disdaining  duty  that  to  us  belongs." 

Shaketp.:  3  Henry  VI.,  111.  L 

2.  Not    subjugated    or   subdued  ;    uncon- 
quered,  uncrushed. 

"  He  stood  unbowed  beneath  the  ills  upon  him  piled" 
Byron  :  CMlde  Harold,  ill.  8ft. 

*  tin-bolt  '-el,  '  vn  -bow-ell,  v.t.    [Pref.  un- 

(2),  and  Eng.  bowel.]  To  deprive  of  the 
bowels  ;  to  eviscerate,  to  disembowel  ;  hence, 
fig.,  to  expose  the  inner  or  most  secret  parts. 

"  It  shall  not  bee  smisse  in  tbis  chapter  to  tmoowell 
the  state  of  the  question,  touching  the  world's  decay." 
-ffakewitt:  Apoloyie.  bk.  L,  ch.  ill. 

*  un-bdx  ,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  £ng.  box.] 
To  take  out  of  a  box. 


-,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  boy.] 
To  free  from  boyish  thoughts  or  habits  ;  to 
raise  above  boyhood. 

"  He  [Charles  I.]  began  to  say.  It  was  time  to  unboy 
the  Prince  [Charles  II.  J  by  patting  him  into  some 
action  and  acquaintance  with  business  apart  from 
himself."—  Clarendon:  But.  of  Great  Rebellion,  it 
Wit. 

*  fin-brace',  v.t.  &  i.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 

broxe.] 
A.  Transitive; 

1.  To  remove  the  braces  of;  to  free  from 
tension  ;  to  loose,  to  relax. 

"  The  zone  unbraced,  her  bosom  she  displayed." 
Pope:  Homer;  /Hodxxli.  114 

2.  To  relax. 

"  Laughter,  while  It  lasts,  slackens  and  unbracet  the 
u\\i\A."—Additon:  Spectator,  No.  249. 

B*  Intrant.  :  To  grow  flaccid  ;  to  relax  ;  to 
hang  loose. 

un  braced  ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  braced.] 
1.  Loosened,  un-irt,  unbuttoned. 

"  With  his  doublet  all  unbraced." 

Shaketp.  :  Hamlet.  11.  1. 

*2.  Freed  from  constraint  ;  unconstrained. 
*'  Unbraced  with  him  all  light  sinrts  they  shared." 
Ben  Jonton  :  Poetatter,  T.  1. 

*  tin-braid',  v.t.  [Pref,  un-  (2X  and  Bug.  braid, 
v.]    To  separate  the  strands  of;  to  unweave, 
to  un  wreathe. 

tin-braid'  -Sd,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

braided.]  Not  braided  or  plaited  ;  not  knitted 
or  wreathed  ;  disentangled,  loose. 

"  Her  unbraided  hair  escaping  from  under  her  mid- 
night  coif."  —  Scott:  Kentttoorth,  ch.  viL 

*un  brained,  a.    [Pref.  un~  (2),  and  Eng. 

brained.]    Not  deprived  of  the  brains;   not 
brained,     [BRAIN,  v.] 

"  Hast  tbon  ever  hops 
To  come  I*  the  same  rooroe  where  lovers  are, 
And-'soape  wibrained  wltb  one  of  their  velvet  slippers. 
Beaum.  A  Flft.  :   Wit  at  teveral  Weapon*,  IT. 


boH,  bo^;  p6ut,  J6>1;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  fhin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.    ph  =  l 
-tlan  =  ahan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -sion  =  xhnn.   -oious.  -tious,  -sioua  =  shus.   -ble.  -die.  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4910 


unbranching— uncabled 


tin- branch -Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un*(l).  and  Eng. 
branching.}  Not  branching ;  not  dividing  into 
branches. 

*  tin-br&nd'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

bnntdfd.]     Not   branded ;    not    marked    or 
stamped  as  disgraceful. 

"  LeW,  lile  conversation  un prohibited,  or  nnbrandeil, 
might  breathe  a  MVtUantuJ  murrain  into  tlie  othi-r 
iheep  "--Milton:  Animad.  upon  liemuntt.  Defence. 

*  tin-breast',  v.t.  iPref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 

breast.]    To  disclose  or  lay  open  ;  to  unbosom, 
to  reveal. 

"  To  whose  open  eya 
The  heart*  of  wicked  men  u»i6r<virt«f  He." 

«.  Fletcher:  Chritt'i  Triumph  after  Death. 

tin-breathed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
breathed.] 

1.  Not  breathed  :  as,  air  unbreathed. 
*  2.  Unexercised,  unpractised. 

"  [They  I  now  have  tolled  their  unbreathed  memories 
WiUi  this  same  play,  agaiust  your  nuptial." 

Shukftp.  :  Muttummer  A'i-jht't  Dream,  \.  1. 

*  tin-breath -ing,  a.    [Pref.  uu-(l),and  Eng. 

breathing.]    Not  breathing. 


1  From  lips  that 

Like  caverued  winds,  the 


not.  and  unbreathing  frame, 
the  hollow  accents  caine." 

Byron :  Saul. 

tin-bred',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bred.] 

1.  Unbegotten,  unborn. 

"  Hear  this,  thou  age  unbred, 
Rre  you  were  Born  was  beauty's  summer  dead." 

Shakeep. :  Sonnet  104. 

2.  Not  well  bred  ;  destitute  of  breeding ; 
rude,  coarse, 

"  Cnbred  or  debauched  servants."— Locke :  Of  Edu- 
cation, J  68. 

3.  Not  taught,  untaught. 

"  A  warrior  dame, 
Unbred  to  spinning,  in  the  loom  unskiU'd." 

Drydex :  Virgil ;  JF/ieid  Tit  1,05*. 

*  tin-breech',  v.t.     [Pret  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
breech.] 

1.  To  remove  the  breeches  of;  to  strip  of 
breeches. 

2.  To  remove  the  breech  of,  as  of  a  cannon, 
from  its  fastenings  or  coverings. 

"  Let  the  worst  come, 
I  can  unbreech  a  cannon." 

Bwtum.  A  Fief,  r  Double  .Varriaffe,  1L 

tin  breeghed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
breeched.]  Not  wearing  trousers  or  breeches. 

"  At  our  ceremonial  visit  to  the  governor,  our  cam  p- 
sergeant,  who  is  a  piper  in  the  92ud  Highlander*,  ap- 
peared in  all  the  splendour  of  an  unbreeched  Soot."— 
Time*,  March  28th,  1674. 

tin-brewed'  (ew  as  6),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  brewed.]  Not  brewed  or  mixed ;  pure, 
genuine. 

"They  drink  the  stream 
Unbrew'd  and  ever  full." 

Young:  Jfiyht  Thought*,  vli, 

*  tin-brib'-a-ble,  *  tin- bribe'- %-ble,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bribable.]    Not  able 
to  be  bribed  ;  incapable  of  being  bribed. 

"  And  though  it  be  cryM  up  for  impartial  and  un- 
•ibenlAf,  yet  1  tlo  not  nee  but  in  many  'tis  erroneous." 


If,  yet"l  do  not  nee  but"  in  many  'tis  e 
—  feltham  :  Ketolvet,  pt.  11.,  res.  83. 

tin-bribed',  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bribed.] 
Not  bribed  ;  not  influenced  by  money,  gifts, 
or  the  like. 

"  Paul's  love  of  Christ  and  steadiness  unbriVd." 

Covaper  :  ffope,  680. 

*  tin-bridged',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
bridged.]  Not  bridged;  not  bridged  over; 
not  spanned  by  a  bridge. 

"  Every  watercourse 
And  unbridged  stream." 

Wordsworth  :  The  Brother!. 

tin-bri'-dle,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
bridle.]  To  remove  tlie  bridle  from ;  to  set 
loose. 

"  Unbridle  all  the  sparks  of  nature." 

Shakeep.  :  Lear,  iii.  7.  (Quarto). 

un  bri  died  (le  as   el).   *  unbrldeled, 

a.    IPref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  bridled.] 

1.  Freed  from  the  restraint  of  the  bridle ; 
loose. 

"They  fell   on  running  like  unbridled   horses.*— 
Hacktuyt:  Voyagei,  iii.  31*. 

2.  Free  from  restraint,  check,  or  control ; 
unrestrained,  unruly,  licentious,  violent 

"  This  is  not  well,  rash  aud  unbridled  \toj, 

To  fly  the  favours  of  so  good  a  king." 

fthaketp. :  AU't  Well  thttt  Endt  Well,  iii  1. 

•un  bri'  died  ness  (le  as  el),  «.  [Eng. 
unbridled;  -ness,]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unbridled  ;  freedom  from  control  or  re- 
straint ;  licence,  violence. 

"The  presumption  and  unbridledneu  of  youth."— 
Letghton  :  Com,  on  1  Peter  r. 


tin  briz'-ed,  un-brla'-zed,  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  brized.}  Unbroken,  uubruis^d. 
(Scotch.) 

"  The  calJant  had  come  off  wi'  unbrizzed  banes."— 
Scott:  Antiquary,  ch.  viii. 

tin-broa9hed',  a.  [Pref.  «»-(!)>  flnd  Eiig. 
broached.]  Not  broached  ;  unopened. 

"  A  cask 
Unbroach'd  hy  just  authority." 

Young  :  Might  Thought!,  vlll. 

un  brok   en,   t  tin-broke',  a.     [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  broke,  broken.] 

1.  Not  broken  ;   not  smashed  ;  whole  and 
sound. 

"  Long,  long  afterwards,  la  an  oak, 
I  found  the  arrow,  still  unbroke. ' 

LongfeUow  ;  The  A  rrotc  *  the  Song. 

2.  Not  thrown  into  disorder  ;  regular. 
"The  allied  army  returned  to  Lambeque  unpursued 

andinunbrotcen  order."— Macaulay :  ffitt.  Kng..  ch.xU. 

3.  Not  broken  ;  not  violate;  inviolate. 

"  Or  plain  tradition  that  this  all  begun. 
Couvey'd  unbrutcen  faith  from  sire  t«  son." 

Pope :  Eunn  on  -Wan.  UL  229. 

4.  Not  broken;  uninterrupted. 

"  All  gazed  at  length  in  silence  drear. 
Unbroke."  Scott :  Jf.utnion.  Hi.  8. 

&  Not  weakened ;  not  crushed  ;  not  sub- 
dued. 

"  A  body  of  dragoons  who  had  not  been  in  the  battle 
and  whose  spirit  was  therefore  unbroken."— Jfacaultty  : 
Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiii. 

6.  Not  broken  in  ;  not  tamed  and  rendered 
tractable ;   not   accustomed    to   the   saddle, 
harness,  or  yoke. 

"A  heifer  that  shuns  unbroken  the  yoke's  unaccus- 
tomed weight"  Grant  Allen  :  Atyt. 

7.  Uninterrupted,  open,  not  intersected. 

"Of  each  hue 
Of  earth  nought  left  but  the  unbroken  bine." 

Byron  ;  Heaven  A  Kirth,  1.  3. 

8.  Not  opened  up  by  the  plough :  as,  un- 
broken ground. 

un-broth'-er-l^,  *  un-broth-er-like,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  brotherly,  brotherlike.] 
Not  like  a  brother ;  not  as  a  brother  might  be 
expected  to  act ;  not  becoming  a  brother. 

"Victor's  unbrotherlik'-  heat  towards  the  eastern 
churches,  fomented  that  difference  about  Easter  into 
a  schism,"—  Decay  of  Piety. 

un  bruised',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
bruised.}  Not  bruised  ;  not  hurt  or  damaged. 

"  Thou  art  too  full 

Of  the  war's  surfeits,  to  go  rove  with  one 
That's  yet  unbruit'd."     Shaketp. : Coriolatntt,  iv.  1. 

un  buc-klo,  *un-bok-el,  v.t.  [Pref.  un- 
(2),  and  Eng.  buckle,  v.]  To  unfasten  a  buckle 
and  disengage  an  article  of  dress,  or  any- 
thing else  wnich  it  has  confined  to  its  place  ; 
to  unfasten. 

"  Be  that  unbuckle*  this,  till  we  do  please 
To  dotf't  for  our  repose,  shall  hear  a  storm." 

ShaJci'tp.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  iv.  4. 

*  tin-bucll'-r^ined,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 
buckram,  and  suff.  -ed.]    Not  starched  or  stiff; 
not  precise  or  formal. 

"  Moral,  but  unbuckram'd  gentlemen." 

Cot  man:   I'uffariei  Vindicated. 

*  un-bud'-ded,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  bud, 
and  suff.  -ed.]    Not  having  put  forth  a  bud  ; 
unblown. 

"  The  hid  scent  in  an  unbudded  rose.* 

Keatt:  Lamia,  1L 

*  tin-build',  v.  t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  build.  ] 

To  throw  down  what  has  already  been  built ; 
to  demolish,  to  raze. 

"  To  unbuild  the  city  and  to  lay  all  flat." 

Shaketp.:  Coriolanut,  HL  1. 

un-buflt',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  built,] 
Not  yet  built,  not  erected. 

"  From  unbuilt  Babel  brought 
His  people  to  that  place." 

Krayton:  Poty-Olbto*.  s.  4 

11  tin-btin'-dle,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
bundle.]  To  open  up,  to  disclose,  to  reveal. 

"  Unbundle  your  griefs,  madam."  —  JarviM:  Don 
Quixote,  pt  11.,  bk.  ill.,  ch,  vi. 

iin-buoyed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
buoyed.]  Not  buoyed  ;  not  supported  by  a 
buoy ;  not  borne  up  or  sustained. 

tin-bur'-den,  tin-bur'-then,  v.t.  [Pret 
un-  (2),  and  Eng.  burden,  burthen.] 

1.  To  remove  a  burden  from,  to  disburden  ; 
to  free  from  a  load  or  burden. 

2.  To  throw  off,  as  a  load  or  burden. 

"  Sharp  Buckingham  unburthent  with  his  tongue 
The  envious  load  that  lies  upon  his  heart" 

Shakfup.  :  3  Henry  VI.,  Hi.  1. 

3.  To  remove  a  load,  as  from  the  mind  or 


heart ;  to  relieve  the  mind  or  heart  of,  as  by 
disclosing  what  lies  heavy  on  it. 

"To  shift  the  fault,  t'  unt/urthen  hi*  charged  heart." 
Daniel;  Civil  Wan.  Iii. 

*  4.  To  disclose,  to  reveal. 

"To  unburden  all  my  plots  and  purposes." 

Shaketp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  1. 1 

*  tin-bur '-den -some,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 

Eng.  burdensome.]    Not  burdensome. 

*  iin-buiM-a-ble  (u  as  g),  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1) ; 

Eug.  bury  ;  -able.]    Not  fit  to  be  buried. 

"  A  yet- warm  corpse  and  yet  unburiable.' 

Tennyton  :  O-irethA  Lynetle. 

un  bur'-ied,  *  un-bur'-y6d  (u  as  S),  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug.  buried.]    Not  buried  ; 
not  interred. 

"The  corpse  was  flung  out  ami  left  ttnburied  to  the 
foxes  and  crows."—  Macaulay :  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  ziT. 

tin-burned',  tin-burnt',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Kng.  burneit,  burnt.] 
L  Not  burnt ;  not  consumed  by  flre. 
"  Cnburrid,  unbiiry'd,  on  a  heap  they  lie." 

Ztryden :  Palamon  A  Arcite,  i,  85. 

2.  Not  injured  by  flre  ;  not  scorched. 

3.  Not  heated  with  flre ;  not  subjected  U 
the  action  of  tire  or  heat. 

"  Burnt  wine  Is  more  hard  and  astringent  than  wine 
vnburnt."—a>tcon:  A' at.  Uitt.,  \  btftt. 

4.  Not  baked,  as  brick. 

un-burn'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
burning.]  Is'ot  in  process  of  beiug  consume* 
by  flre. 

•'What  we  have  said  of  the  unbumAnff  flre  called 
light,  Btreamiug  from  the  flame  of  a  candle,  may 
easily  lie  applied  to  all  other  light  deprived  of  sen- 
sible heat"—  Digby;  Of  Bodtet,  ch.  vii. 

t  un-bur  nished,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  irurnis/ied.]  Not  burnished  or  brightened; 
uu  poli  shed. 

"Their  bucklers  lay 
UnburnUhed  and  defiled." 

Southey :  Joan  of  Are,  Til 

*  UU-bUT'-row,  v.t.     [Pref.  im-(2),  and  Eug. 

ordriv 
unearth. 


burrow.]    To  take  or  drive  from  a  burrovy  ;  to 


"  He  uau  bring  down  sparrows  and  unburrote  nb- 
bits."— Dicktni:  Uncommercial  Traveller,  x. 

un-bur'-then,  v.t.    [UNBURDEN.] 

*  tin-bur'-^  (u  as  8),  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 

Eng.  bury.] 

1.  Lit, :  To  disinter,  to  exliume. 

41  Unburyin'j  our  boneu,  and    burying  our    reputa- 
tious."— Jarvu  :  Don  Quixote,  pt  *u..  bk.  iii.,  ch.  v, 

2.  Fig. :  To  bring  to  light,  to  disclose, 
"  Since  you  have  one  secret,  keep  the  other. 

Never  utiburg  either."        Lytton:  Richelieu,  L  l. 

*  un  bus   led  (u  as  X),  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  busied.]    Not  busied  ;  not  employed. 

" These  tni'-uiit.d  pemins  can  continue  in  this  pUy* 
Ingidleneas."— Bp.  Rainbow;  Vermont  (1635).  p.  28. 

unbusinesslike  (as  iin  biz  ness  like,  a. 
[Pret.  un-  (1),  aud  Eng.  businesslike.}  Not 
businesslike. 

*tin-bus'-y  (n  as  1),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eug.  busy.]    Unoccupied,  at  leisure,  idle. 
"  You  unbuty  Taxu."—Kichardton  :  Clariua,  ft  &. 

tin-btit'-t6n,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
button,  v.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  unfasten  the  buttons  of;  to* 
disengage,  as  anythiug  fastened  by  buttons, 
by  detaching  them  from  their  holes. 

"Thou  art  fnt-wftted  with  drinking  old  sack,  aud 
unbuttoning  thee  after  supper."— 8ha,keti>. :  1  Henry 

iv.,  l.  a. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  undo  one's  buttons. 

*  un  biix  -6m,  *  vn  box-omc,  *  un-bux- 
ome,  a.     [PreC  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  Dugout.] 
Disobedient. 

"  For  if  that  thou  vnbuxome  bee 
To  loue.  I  not  in  what  degree 
Thou  shalte  thy  good  worile  acheue." 

Vower  :  C.  A*  L 

*  tin-bux'-6"m-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  unbuxom;  -ly.] 
Disobediently. 

"  Ener  unburmnltt  thel  j.leine. "         Gower  :  C.  A.,  i. 

*un-bux'-im-n€sBf  «.  [Eng.  unbuxom; 
-ness.]  Disobedience. 

"  I  me  confesse 
Of  that  ye  clepe  unbuxomnett."       Qowtr ;  0.  A.,  i. 

*ttn-ca'-bled  a«  as  9!),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  cahlcd.)    Not  fastened  or  secured  by 
a  cable. 

"  Within  It  shlp«  .  .  .  uncabled  ride  it-cure." 

Cowper :  Somer  ;  Odyliej  XUL 


o,  fat,  frirc,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  Eire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian.    »,oe  =  e;ey  =  »:au  =  kw. 


uncadenced— uncelestial 


iOll 


,  a.     [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng. 
cadenced,]    Not  regulated  by  musical  measure. 

tin  cage ,  v.t.  [Pref  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  cage, 
v.]  To  set  free  from  confinement  or  the  re- 
straints of  a  cage. 

"The  uncaged  soul  flew  through  the  air." 

Fanihato? :  Poem*  (ed.  1676),  p.  399. 

*  tin-cal'-cined,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
calcined.]    Not  calcined. 

"A  saline  substance,  subtler  than  sat  ammoulack, 
carried  up  with  it  uncaldned  gold  in  the  form  of 
subtile  exhalations.''— Boyle. 

tin-called',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  called.] 
Not  called,  summoned,  or  invoked 

"  The  Spirit  led  thee ;  thine  invincible  strength  did 
not  animate  thee  into  this  combat,  uneaited."~/Sp. 
ffatt :  Contcmpl.  ;  Ckritt  Tempted, 

uncalled-for,  a.  Not  needed,  not  re- 
quired ;  improperly  brought  forward  :  as,  an 
uncalled-for  remark. 

*tin-calm'  (I  silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng  calm,  v.]  To  disturb. 

"What  strange  disquiet  has  unco/med  your  breast, 
Inhuman  fair,  to  rob  the  dead  of  rest  T" 

Dryden,    (Todd.) 

*  tin  camp',  v.t.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  camp.} 
To  dislodge  or  drive  from  a  c«mp. 

"If  they  could  but  now  uncamp  their  enemies."— 
Milton:  Uitt,  Eng.,  bk.  ii. 

tin-can '-celled,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cancelled.}  Not  cancelled ;  not  erased ;  not 
abrogated  or  annulled 

"Their  accusation  is  great,  and  their  bills  uncan* 
ceUed.'~Bp.  Taylor:  Sermon*,  vol.  i.,  eer.  8. 

tin -can'*  did,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
candid.]  Not  candid  ;  not  frank,  open,  or 
sincere ;  not  impartial 

"  The  temper,  not  of  Judges,  but  of  angry  and  un- 
cantmd  advocates."— Xacaulay  :  ffltt.  Kng.t  ch.  L 

tin  can' -ny,  a.   [Pref,  un-  (1\  and  Eng.  canny.  ] 

1.  Dangerous  ;  not  safe. 

"  Now  this  would  be  an  uncanny  night  to  meet  him 
In."— &»tt :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxv. 

2.  Eerie,  mysterious ;   not  of  this  world ; 
nence,  applied  to  one  supposed  to  possess 
supernatural  powers. 

"  What  does  that .  .  .  uncanny  turn  of  countenance 
meant"— C.  Bronte:  Jane  Eyre,  eh.  xxtv. 

3.  Not  gentle  or  careful  in  handling ;  in- 
cautious, rash. 

4.  Severe.    (Applied  to  a  blow,  fall,  or  the 
like.) 

*T  Scotch  in  all  its  senses, 

•ftn  ca-non'-ic-al,  a.    [Pref.  an-  (1),  and 

En.?." canonical.]    Not  canonical;  not  agree- 
able to  or  in  accordance  with  the  canons. 
"  That  bishops  alone  were  punished  If  ordinations 

were  uncanonical."— Bp.  Taylor:  Epttcopaey  A a«rf«d, 

|  S3. 

uncanonical-hours,  s.  pi. 

Eccles. :  Hours  in  which  it  is  not  allowed  to 
celebrate  matrimony.  These  are,  in  England, 
before  8  A.M.  and  after  3  P.M.,  except  in  the 
case  where  a  special  licence  has  been  granted. 
[MARRIAGE- LICENCE,  1.] 

tin  ca  n6n'  ic  al-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uncanoni- 
cal ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
cannnical. 

"Here  WAJ  another  uneanonicalnefi.  which  was 
particularly  la  Chad's  ordination.' — Uiihop  Lloyd: 
Church  Government  in  Britain,  bk.  L,  |  4. 

tin-can'-on-ize,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 

Eng.  canonize.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  canonical  authority. 

2.  To  reduce  from  the  rank  of  a  canonized 
mint. 

ftn-can-on-ized,  a.     [Pref.   un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  canonized.]   Not  canonized  ;  not  enrolled 
among  the  saints. 

"  Mighty  signs  and  wonders  wrought  by  some  canon* 
Ized,  and  some  unc<inonaed."—Atterbury:  Sermon*. 
vol.  iii.,  ser.  L 

*  un- can -o -pled,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  canopied.]    Not  covered  or  surmounted 
by  a  canopy. 

"  Gladly  I  took  the  place  the  sheepe  had  given, 
Uncanopyed  of  any  thing  but  heaven.* 

Browne :  BrU<in,ri<u  fattaralt,  L  4. 

tin-cap'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

capable,]    Not  capable  ;  incapable. 

"  Philosophy  was  thought  unfit,  or  uncapable  to  he 
brought  Into  well-bred  comjtany." — Lock*:  Human 
Underttnnding.  (Ep.  Ded.J 

tin-cape',  v.t.  [Pref.  un*  (2),  and  Eng.  cape,  v.] 


Hawking :  To  prepare  for  flying  at  game  oy 
taking  oflf  the  cape  or  hood. 

IT  Of  the  word  as  used  by  Shakespeare 
(Merry  Wives,  iii.  S),  different  explanations 
are  given : 

"  I  warrant  well  unkennel  the  fox. 
Let  me  stop  this  way  first.    Ro  now  uncnpe." 

To  dig  out  the  fox  when  earthed  (Warburton); 
to  turn  the  fox  out  of  the  bag  (Steevens);  to 
throw  off  the  dogs  to  begin  the  hunt  (Nares); 
to  uncouple  the  hounds  (Schmidt). 

tin-capped',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
capped.]  Having  no  cap  on  ;  having  the  head 
uncovered. 

*  un-cap  -tious,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 

captious.]  Not  captious  ;  not  quick  or  ready 
to  take  objection  or  offence. 

"Among  uncaptiou*  and  candid  natures,  plainness 

and  freedom  are  the  preserves  of  amity."—  relthum: 

AMO/VM.  pt  IL.  rea.  43L    (Sichardton.) 

*  tin-car'-dln-al,   v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  cardinal]    To  divest  of  or  reduce  from 
the  rank  of  cardinal. 

"  Borgia  .  .  .  got  a  dispensation  to  uncardinal  him- 
•elf."— Fuller  :  Church  /list.,  V.  Iii.  2. 

tin-cared',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  oared.] 
Not  cared  for ;  uot  regarded ;  not  heeded. 
(With  for.) 

"Their  kings  .  .  .  left  their  owne, and  their  people's 
ghostly  condition  uncared  for." — Hooker;  Ecclet. 
PoUHt,  ML  v.,  |  L 

un  care-ful,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1)»  and  Eng. 
careful.] 

1.  Having  no  care  ;  free  from  care ;  careless. 

"  The  Bill  [Triennial  Act]  paaaed  In  a  time  very  un~ 
cartful  for  the  dignity  of  the  crown  or  the  security  of 
the  people. "—Chart*  II.  to  the  Parliament.  March, 
1684. 

2.  Producing  no  care  or  anxiety. 

3.  Careless ;  not  careful  in  acting. 

tin-car'-I-a,  *.     [Lat.  uncus  =  a  hook,  a  barb ; 
so  named  because  the  old  petioles  are  con- 
verted into  hooked  spines.] 
Botany: 

1.  A  genus  of  Cinchonidte,  now  generally 
reduced  to  a  sub-genus  of  Nauclea.    Climbing 
plants,  having  the  old  or  barren  flower-stalks 
converted  into    hard  woody  spines,  curved 
downwards,  so  as  to  form  barbs.      Uncaria 
or  Nauclea  Gambir  or  Gambler,  is  an  exten- 
sive scandent  bush  found  in  Ceylon,  Sumatra, 
Java,  and  the  Malay  Archipelago,  and  largely 
cultivated  at  Singapore.  It  furnishes  gambir  or 
gambler,  pale  catechu,  and  term  japonica.  The 
Calcutta  Exhibition  Report  states  that  the  ex- 
tract is  obtained  by  boiling  the  leaves  and 
young  shoots.     It  is  much  valued  for  tanning 
purposes,   imparting  a  softness    to   leather. 
[CATECHU.] 

2.  A  genus  of  Pedalese  containing  only  one 
known  species,  Uncaria  procumbens,  called  In 
South  Africa  the  Grapple-plant  (q.v.).    It  is  a 
prostrate  herb,  with  opposite  palmate  leaves 
and  purple  axillary  flowers. 

*  un  car'-nate,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1)  and  Lat. 
carnatus—  made  of  flesh.]  [INCARNATE.]  Not 
of  flesh  ;  not  fleshly ;  not  incarnate. 

"  Nor  need  we  be  afraid  to  ascribe  that  to  the  In- 
carnate Son,  which  Is  attributed  unto  the  uncarnate 
Father." — Browne:  Vulgar  Krrouri. 

*  tin  car'-nate,  v.t.     [UNCAENATE,  a.]     To 
divest  of  flesh  or  fleshliness. 

un  car'-pet-ed*  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
carpeted.]  Not  carpeted;  not  covered  or  laid 
with  a  carpet. 

"  The  floors  of  the  dining-rooms  were  uncarpeted."— 
Macaulay :  Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  ill. 

tin-cart',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  cart,  v.] 

1.  To  unload  or  discharge  from  a  cart.    (G. 
Eliot :  Amos  Barton,  ch.  it.) 

2.  To  allow  an  animal  to  escape  from  a 
covered  cart  (in  which  it  has  been  taken  into 
the  open  country)  for  the  purpose  of  being 
hunted. 

*'  Reaching  the  fixture  before  the  stag  was  un- 
carted."— Field,  Nov.  26, 1887. 

tin-case',  v.t.  &  4.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
case,  v.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  take  out  of  a  case  or  covering. 

*'  With  uncat'd  bow  and  arrow  on  the  string." 

Cowptr  ;  Homer  ;  Odyttey  xl, 

2.  To  unfurl  and  display,  as  the  colours  of 
a  regiment. 


*  3.  To  strip,  to  flay,  to  case. 

"  1  ':irtly  by  his  voice,  anil  partly  by  his  ears,  the  aM 
waa  discovered  ;  and  consequently  uncu«e4,  well  laughed 
at,  and  well  cudgelled."—  L  Ettrangt  ;  Fablet. 

*  4.  To  reveal,  to  disclose. 

"  He  uncated  the  crooked  conditions  which  he  had 
coaertlle  concealed."—  Xolinthed:  Hilt.  Eng.,  bk.  T., 
ch.  i. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  undress,  to  strip. 

"Do  you  uotaee,  Pompey  U  untatinff  for  the  combat?  " 
Sfaikeip.  :  Lotw't  Labour'i  Lotf,  V.  i. 

tin-cast,   o.     [Pref,  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  cast.} 
Not  cast  or  thrown. 

"  No  stone  uu  thrown,  nor  yet  no  dart  uttrnjf." 

Surrey  :  Vtrgile  ;  .A"»i-  i<  il. 

*  tin  -cas'-tle  (tie  as  el),  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Kng.  castle.]    To  deprive  of  a  castle. 

•    "  Re  unaistled  Roger  ot  Sarisbury."—  Fuller:  Church 
Sat..  III.  ii.  39. 

*  tin  -  cas  -  tied  (tied  as  eld),  *  nn-coa- 
telled,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  castled.] 
Not  having  the  distinguishing  macks  or  ap- 
pearance of  a  castle. 

"  The  first  of  these  [Kirbie's  castle]  is  so  uncattcUcd.'' 
—fuller:  Worthiet;  London, 

tin'-cate,  a.     [Lat.  uncatus  =  bent  inward, 
hooked.) 

Bot.  ;  The  same  as  UNCIFOKM  and  UNCINATK 
(q.v.). 

*  tin  cdt'-c  chised,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  catechised.]  Not  catechised  ;  not  taught  ; 
untaught. 

"So  unread  or  so  uncatechljd  In  story."—  Mitton  : 
Speech  for  UnHcent'd  Printing. 

*  un-cat'-e-chised-ness,  s.    [Eng.  uncate- 
chised;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
un  catechised  or  untaught. 

"What  means  the  uncatech'a*dJuu  .  .  .  prevailing?" 
—Qaudcn  :  Ttart  of  the  Church,  p.  619. 

tin-caught'  (gh  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Kug.  caught.]     Not  caught. 

"  Nor  In  this  land  shall  he  remain  uncauyht." 

tihiikftp,  :  Lear.  It  L 

*  iin-cau'-pon  a-ted,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  cauponated.]     Unadulterated. 

"  Drank  valour  from  uncauponated  beer." 

Smart  ;  Sop  Oardm. 

*  tin-caused',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
caused.]    Not  caused  ;  having  no  antecedent 
or  prior  agent  or  active  power  producing  OP 
effecting  it;  existing  without  an  author. 

"The  first  came  Is  absolutely  uncauied."—  Wattr- 
land  :  Workt,  i  v.  7ft. 

*  tin-c&u'-tel-otis,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Kng,  cautelous.]    Incautious. 

"Laid  gins  to  entrap  the  uncuutetotu."  —  ffalei.' 
iScrmon  on  2  Peter  iii.  is. 

*  un-cau'-tlous,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cautious.]  Not  cautious;  incautious,  careless, 
heedless,  unwary. 

"  Every  obscure  oruncautioui  ezpreuiou."  —  Wmttr* 
land:  wort*,  iii.  lie. 

*  un-cau'-tious-l$r,  adv.    [Eng.  uncautious  ; 
-ly,]    Not  cautiously  ;  incautiously,  carelessly, 
heedlessly. 

"  It  Is  very  uncautioutly  and  unaccurately  said.  '— 
Watertand:  Workt,  11.  813. 

*  un$Q  (1),  s.    [Lat.  uncia.]    An  ounce. 

"  Of  this  quikeilver  an  unce." 

Chaucer:  0,  T,,  1,304. 

*un9©  (2),  8.    [Lat.  uncus  =  &  hook.]    A  claw, 
a  talon. 

"  Horrid  crest,  blew  •kales  and  uncei  black.* 


*  iin  9easo  -a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-(i);  Bng. 
cease;    -able.]      Unceasing;    that    cannot   be 
stopped. 

"  Zealous  prayen  and  unceatuWi  wishes."     Dekker. 

tin-ceas'-ing.  «.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
ceasing.]  Not  ceasing,  not  intermitting;  in- 
cessant, continual. 

"  Let  oar  uncfating,  earnest  prayer 
Be,  too,  for  light—  for  strength  to  bear." 

LvngftUo*:  Qobtet  of  Ltf*. 

un-ceas'-Ing-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  unceasing;  -ly.] 
Without  ceasing  ;  incessantly,  continual. 

un  col  -e-brat  ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  celebrated.]  Not  celebrated  ;  not  sol- 
emnized. 

"  Nor  pait  uncelebrated  nor  unsung." 

Hilton  :  P.  I.,  vil.  258 

*  tin-cS-lSs'-tl-al,   a.      [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 

Eng.  celestial.]    Not  celestial,  not  heaveiily. 
"All  that  uneelettial  discord  there." 

foung  :  Might  Thouyhtt,  IX. 


boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  ay;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ins* 
-clan,    tiau  =  shan,    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -^lon,    f  ion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  Biius.    -We,  -die.  Ac.  =  tool,  del. 


4912 


uncensured— unchaste  ned 


on-9en  sured  (s  as  sh),  a.  [Pref  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  censured.}  Not  censured  or  blamed; 
exempt  from  censure  or  blame. 

"This  breach  ..f  the  law  for  a  time  pawed  uncen- 
tured."— Xacaulajt;  KM.  Kng..  ch,  VL 

*  un-9en'-tre  (tre  as  ter),  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 

and  Eng.  centre.)    To  throw  off  the  centre. 

"  Let   the  heart  be  uncentred  from    Christ,   It   is 
dead.'— Adams:  Work*,  ii.  258. 

on-9er  e  mo  -nl  ous,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1). 
and  Eng.  ceremonious.]  Not  ceremonious; 
not  using  ceremony  or  form  ;  familiar. 

"He  towk  the  unceremonious  leave  of  an  old  friend." 
— Macautay:  Mitt  Kng.,  ch.  \. 

un-9er-e-md'-n!-<>US-lyt  a<1v.  [Eng.  un- 
ceremonious; -ly.]  In  an  unceremonious  man- 
ner ;  without  ceremony  or  show  of  respect. 

"The  papers  which   they  had  sent  down  were  very 


un  9er '  tain,  *  un-cer-tayne,  *  nn-cer- 
teyn,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  certain.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Not  certain  or  certainly  known  :  doubt- 
ful. 

"Robertas  men  the!  slow*,  the  numhre  ntirerteyn." 
Robert  de  Bruntie,  p.  3W. 

2.  Ambiguous,  doubtful,  equivocal ;  not  to 
be  known  with  certainty. 

3*  Not  to  be  relied  on  with  certainty :  un- 
reliable. 

"  Oh-  low  this  spring  of  Ion  reeembleth 
Tho  uncertain  glory  of  an  April  day." 

ShaJcetp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  L  8. 

4.  Doubtful ;  not  having  certain  knowledge ; 
not  sure. 

"  These  servaunt««  because  they  be  uncertaync  of 
their  lordes  returning  home."—  UdtU  :  Mark*  xiii. 

5.  Not  sure  as  to  aim  or  effect  desired. 

"  Ascanius  young,  and  eager  of  his  game, 
Soon  bent  his  bow,  uncrrluin  In  hi«  aim." 

Drydm :   VirgU  ;  sSneid,  vii.  692. 

6.  Undecided,   wavering  ;    not  having  the 
mind  made  up ;  not  knowing  what  to  think 
or  do. 

"  The  people  will  remain  uncertain  whilst 
Twlxt  you  there's  difference." 

Xhuketp.  ;  Coriolanitt,  V.  0. 

7.  Not  fixed  certain  ;  not  steady. 

"As  the  form  of  oar  pnbtick  service  Is  not  volun- 
tary, to  neither  are  the  parti  thereof  uncertain."— 
Booker, 

8.  Liable  to  change  ;  tickle,  inconstant,  ca- 
pricious. 

"  Oh,  woman  1  In  our  hoars  of  ease 
Uncertain,  coy,  and  hard  to  please." 

Scott :  Marmion,  vi.  SO. 

II.  Hot. .  Having  no  particular  direction. 
H  For  the  difference  between  uncertain  and 

doubtful,  see  DOUBTFUL 

uncertain  moth,  ». 

Bntom. :  A.  British  Night-moth,  Caradrina 
oZsinw.  The  fore  wings  brown,  with  a  slightly 
reddish  tinge ;  the  hind  wings  whitish,  ochre- 
ous.  The  larva,  which  is  grayish  with  lateral 
streaks  feeds  on  dock,  duckweed,  plantain. 
&C. 

•  tin-ear  -tain,  v.t,    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
certain.]    To  make  uncertain. 

"  The  diversity  of  seasons  are  not  so  uneertatned  by 
the  sun  and  moon  alone,  who  always  keep  one  and  tlie 
same  course,  but  that  the  stars  have  alao  their  work- 
Ing  therein/'—  Raleigh :  ffitt.  World,  bk,  L,  ch.  L 

un-eer'-taln-ly,  *  un  cer-talne-ly,  adv. 
[Eng  uncertain;  -ly.] 

1.  In  an  uncertain  manner;  not  certainly, 
not  surely. 

2.  Not  distinctly ;  not  so  as  to  convey  cer- 
tain knowledge  ;  ambiguously,  equivocally. 

"  Here  she  folds  np  the  tenour  of  her  woe, 
Her  certain  sorrow  writ  uncertainly." 

Shaketp.:  Oape  of  Lucrwx,  1.S11. 

3.  Not  confidently. 

mcer- 
1*2. 

On-CoV-taln-ty,  s.    [Eng.  uncertain;  -ty,] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  uncertain  ; 
the  state  of  not  being  certainly  Itnown ;  ab- 
sence of  certain  knowledge ;  doubtfulness  :  as, 
the  uncertainty  of  a  result,  the  uncertainty  of 
the  duration  of  life, 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  in  doubt ;  a 
•tate  in  which  one  does  not  know  certainly 
what  to  do  or  think  ;  a   state  of  doubt  or 
hesitation  ;  dubiety. 

"Our  Indians  were  greatly  agitated  In  this  stato  of 
uncertainty.-— Cook:  Firtt  Voyage,  bk.  11.,  ch.  11 

3.  Something    not    certainly  and   exactly 


"The  prieste  .   .   .    muete   needes   wander 
tainely.— Jewel ;  Defence  of  the  Apoloyie.,  y.  162. 


known  ;  something  not  determined,  settled, 
or  established  ;  a  contingency. 

"  Until  I  know  this  sure  uncertainty 
TU  entertain  the  offered  fallacy." 

Shaketp. :  Comedy  o/  Krrort,  ii.  2. 

IT  Void  for  uncertainty  : 

Law:  A  phrase  used  when  the  words  of  a 
deed  are  so  vague  that  they  cannot  be  acted 
upon,  as  when  one  bequeaths  all  his  personal 
property  to  one  of  his  sons  without  indicating 
which. 

un-cer-tlf  '-I-cat-ed,  a.    [Pref.  «n-(l),  and 

Eng.  certificated.]  Not  having  obtained  a 
certificate  :  as,  an  uncertificated  bankrupt  or 
teacher. 

*  un  9<sr  -tl-f  led,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
certijied.]  Not  certified ;  having  no  certificate ; 

»  uncer  tinea  ted, 

"  The  mercy  of  the  legislature  In  favour  of  ex-Insol- 
vent debtors  is  never  extended  to  uncertified  bank- 
rupts taken  in  execution."  —  Smollett :  L.  Qreaoet, 
ch.  xx. 

*  un  9ess'-ant,  *  un- cess-aunt©,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  cessant.]    Not  ceasing;  in- 
cessant ;  unceasing. 

"His  uncettant  praying  extempore."— Com d#n  : 
Sut.  Q.  Elizabeth 

*  unless  -ant  ly,  *  un  cess  aunte  lye, 

adv.  [Eng.  uncessant ;  -ly.]  Without  cessa- 
tion ;  without  ceasing ;  incessantly. 

"Our  third  rule  must  be  to  redouble  our  stroke* 
unceuan(.ljt."—Jifj.  Hall;  St.  Paut't  Combat. 

unchain',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  chain, 
v.]  To  set  free  from  a  chain,  either  in  a 
literal  or  a  figurative  sense  ;  to  let  loose. 

"  Unchain  your  spirits  now  with  spelling  charms.* 
Shafcetp.  :  1  11  wry  VI.,  v.  a. 

un- chained',  a.  [Pref,  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
chained.} 

1.  Set  free  from  a  chain  or  chains  ;  loose ; 
at  liberty. 

2.  Not  chained,  confined,  or  restrained, 

"  Had  young  Fraiicesca's  hand  remained 
Still  by  the  church's  bonds  unchainvd" 

Byron  :  Siege  o/  Corinth,  viii. 

•un-9hal-len£e-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  «»-(!), 
and  Eng.  challengeable.]  Not  able  to  be  chal- 
lenged or  called  to  account  or  in  question. 
(Scott :  St.  Honan's  Well,  ch,  xxxii.) 

un  9hdl  lenged,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
challenged.]  Without  having  been  challenged ; 
not  called  in  question ;  unquestioned. 

"  Never  to  suffer  Irregularities,  even  when  harmless 
In  themselves,  to  pass  unchallenged,  lest  they  acquire 
the  force  of  precedents. "— Macanlay  :  ffitt.  Eng. ,  ch.  1. 

un  9han~9y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
chancy.] 

1.  Unlucky,  dangerous.    (Scotch.) 

"We  gang- there-out  Highland  bodies  are  an  un- 
cAnrioy  generation  when  you  speak  to  us  o'  bondage." 

—Scott :  Rob  Roy,  ch.  xxlii. 

2.  Inconvenient,  unseasonable,  unsuitable. 

*  un  Change -a-bU'-I-ty,  s.  [Eng.  unchange- 
-able ;  -ity.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unchangeable ;  unchangeableness. 

un  9hange'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  changeable.]  Not  liable  to  or  capable  of 
change ;  not  subject  to  change  or  variation  ; 
immutable. 

"  But  this  man  because  he  contlnueth  ever,  hath  an 
unchangeable  priesthood."— Bcbr em  vii.  34. 

1  un  Change -a  ble  neas,  s.  [Eng.  un- 
changeable; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unchangeable  ;  absence  of  all  tendency 
or  liability  to  change. 


un-change'  -a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  unchange- 
ab(le);  -ly.}  In  an  unchangeable  manner; 
without  change  or  changing;  immutably; 
without  liability  to  change. 

"These  are  unchangeably  what  they  are."— Seeker : 
Sermoni,  vol.  il.,  ser.  28. 

unchanged,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
changed,} 
1,  Not  changed  or  altered. 

"  Naught  do  I  see  unchanged  remain." 

Scott :  Marmion,  tv.  84. 

*  2,  Unchangeable. 

"  Dismiss  thy  fear. 

And  heaven's  unchanyed  ilecreea  attentive  hear." 
Dryden.     (Todd.) 

un  9hang'-Ihg,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


changing.]     Not  changing;    not  undergoing 
change  or  alteration. 

"  Thy  face  is.  vizor-like,  unchanging. 
Made  impudent  with  use  of  evil  deeds." 

Shakeip.  :  3  Henry  VI.,  i.  4. 

un  9hang-Irig-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unchanging; 
•ly.]  In  an  unchanging  manner. 

"  There's  a  beauty,  for  ever  unchangingly  bright. 
Like  the  long  sunny  laj'se  of  a  summer ~s  day's  li^ht.* 
Moore :  Light  of  the  Harem. 

*un-9hap'-laln,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  chaplain.]  To  dismiss  from  or  deprive 
of  a  chaplaincy.  (Fuller :  Worthies,  i.  J12.) 

*  un  Charge'  (1),  v.t.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
charge,  v.] 

1.  To  free  from  a  charge  or  load ;  to  unload. 

"There  thescliip  should  be  unchargtd."—  WyclUfei 
Dedit  xxi. 

2,  To  make  no  criminal  charge  or  accusa- 
tion in  connection  with  ;  to  acquit  of  blame. 

"  Even  his  mother  shall  uncharge  the  practice, 
And  call  It  accident."      Shaketp. :  Samlet,  iv.  7. 

uncharged,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
charged.] 

1.  Not  charged  ;  not  loaded,  as  a  rifle. 
«2.  Unassailed. 

"  Descend  and  open  your  uncharged  ports." 

Shakeip. :  Timmi  qf  Athent,  v.  &. 

un-9har~I-ta-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  charitable.} 

1.  Not  charitable ;   not  harmonizing  with 
the  great  law  of  Christian  love ;  harsh,  cen- 
sorious ;  severe  in  judging. 

"  Her  uncharitable  acts,  I  trust. 
And  harsh  uukindnesaea  are  all  forgiven.*' 

Wordtworth  :  £xcu>tion.  bk.  vi. 

2.  Not  charitable ;  not  disposed  to  alms- 
giving. 

"  Stone-hearted  men.  uncharitable, 
Passe  carelease  by  the  p..>ure." 

Browne ;  Britanniat  Pattorali,  L  4. 

un  9har  -I-ta-ble-ness,  5.  [Eng.  unchari- 
table; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
uncharitable ;  the  absence  of  charity,  either 
in  its  wider  sense  of  Christian  love  or  in  iU 
more  restricted  one  of  almsgiving. 

"What  virtue,  beyond  this,  can  there  be  found  of 
value  sufficient  to  cover  the  sin  of  uncharitable* en  I 
—Atterbury;  Sermons,  vol.  1..  ser.  2. 

im  9har-i-ta-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  uncharit- 
abl(e);  -ly.]  In  an  uncharitable  manner; 
harshly,  censoriously. 

**  Uncharitably  with  me  have  you  dealt." 

Shakew. :  Richard  II/.,  1.  S. 

*  im  9har  -I  ty,  *  un  char-i  tie, «.    [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  charity.]    Want  of  charity  ; 
uncharitable  ness  ;    harshness  or   severity  of 
judgment. 

"  His  religion  was  naught,  yet  bis  act  was  good  :  the 
priests  and  Levites  religion  good,  their  uncharitie  ill.' 
—Bp.  Ball :  Contempt  ;  Pool  of  Bethetda. 

*un-9harm,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
cAorm,  v.]  To  dissolve  the  spell  produced  by 
a  charm  ;  to  release  from  the  effect  or  power 
of  some  fascination  or  charm  ;  to  disenchant. 

"Stay,  J  am  uncharmed." 

titaum,  A  Flet. :  The  Captain,  IU.  4. 

*  un~9 harm'-Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-(i),  and  Eng. 
charming.]    Not  charming;  no  longer  able  to 
charm. 

"  Old,  uneharming  Catherine  was  remov'd." 

Dryden  :  Bind  t  Panther,  111 

*  un  ^har'-nel,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
charnd.]    To  bring  from  the    charnel-hous« 
or  the  grave ;  to  raise ;  to  call  up. 

"  WTiom  would'st  thou 
Vncharnell"  Byron  :  Manfred,  ii  4. 

un-9har-y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
chary.]  Not  chary,  not  frugal,  not  careful, 
heedless. 

"  I  have  said  too  much  unto  a  hencs  of  stone 
And  laid  mine  honour  too  uncharu  nut." 

Shake*?.  :  Twelfth  flight.  111.  4. 

un  Chaste,  '  un  chast,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l\ 
and  Eng.  chaste,]  Not  chaste,  not  continent, 
lewd,  licentious. 

"  Fair  as  the  soul  it  carries,  and  ti»ch>ut  never." 
Beaum.  A  Flet, ;  Faithful  Shepherdeu,  1. 

iin  9haste  ly,  *  un  chast  ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
unchaste;  -ly.]  In  an  unchaste  manner; 
lewdly,  licentiously. 

"  A  sin  of  that  sudden  activity,  as  to  be  alreadv 
committed  when  no  more  is  done,  but  only  look'a 
unchattely."—  Milton  :  Doctrine  of  Divorce,  11.  18, 

iin  9hast  -ened  ((  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Eng.  chastened.]  Not  chastened. 

"  Unchatten'd  and  nnwronght  minds."  —  MWiml 
Chitrrh  Government,  bk.  11.,  oh.  ill. 


fite,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  wef  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,ptt, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  »6n ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    w,  o»  ^  e ;  ey     a ;  qu  =kw. 


unchasteness  — unciform 


491b 


'  tin  -9haste'-  ness,  •  un  chaste  nes,  s. 

[Eng.  unchttste;  -ness.}    Unehustity,  inconti- 
nence. 

"  No  sinister  suspicion  ey  ther  couetousnes  or  of  tin- 
tkattenf*.  eyther  of  flatterie  or  of  crualtie."—  Wycliffo  • 


"un-chas-tis'-a-ble,  «.  [Pref.  un-(l),  and 
Enn.  chastisable.']  Xot  a'le  to  be  chastised; 
unfit  or  undeserving  to  bu  chastised. 

"  l/nch<utiteaN«  In  those  judicial  court*."—  Milton  : 
Tetra  cho  rdon. 

&n  9has  tised  ,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
chastised.} 
1.  Not  chastised,  not  punished. 

"  Ob  !  had'st  thou  left  me  unchnstiteA, 
Thy  precept  I  liaJ  still  despl^e.l." 

Cooper:  Olnny  //V»MIS,  xxxvi. 

*  2.  Not  profited  by  chastisement. 

ttn-ohsfer-tl-ty.  »un-chas-ty-te,.s.  [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  chastity.]  Want  of  chastity  ; 
lewdness,  incontinence  ;  unlawful  indulgence 
of  the  sexual  appetite. 

"  They  haue  in  confessions,  made  klnges  wives  and 
daughters,  to  make  vuwes  of  unchattyta  unto  them." 
—Bale  :  Apology,  fuL  143. 

*  un  9heck  -a  ble,    a.      [Pref.  un-(l),  and 
Eng.  checkable.]     Incapable  of  being  checked 
or  examined.    (North,  :  Ufe  of  Lord  Guilford, 
ii.  285). 

tin  checked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
checked.} 

1.  Not  checked,    restrained,    hindered,  or 
repressed  ;  unrestrained. 

"  But  apt  the  mind  or  fancy  la  to  rove 
Uncheck'd,  and  of  her  roving  la  no  end." 

Milton:  P.  L.,  Fill.  189. 

•  2.  Uncoutradicted. 

"  Yet  It  lives  there  unchecVd,  that  Antonio  hath  a 
•hip  of  rich  lading  wreck'd  on  the  narrow  seaa."— 
y\>iteip.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  lit  l. 

3.  Not  checked  or  examined. 

'tin-oheer'-ful,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cheerful.} 
L  Not  cheerful,  joyless,  cheerless,  dismal. 

"  In  vain  I  nil  at  Opportunity, 
At  time,  at  Tarquin,  and  uncheerful  night." 

XhakMp.  :  Rap*  of  Lucrece,  1,034. 

2.  Not  cheerful,  ready,  or  willing;  grudging. 

"  It  must  not  be  constrained.  uncheerful  obedience." 
—Levjhton:  Com.  on  1  Pet.  ill. 

On-  9hoer  -ful  ness,    *  un  -  checre  -  ful 

---  j  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and-  Eng.  cheerful- 
9.}    The  absence  of  cheerfulness  ;  depres- 
sion of  spirits;  cheerlessness,  sadness. 

"  Away  with  this  earthly  uncfuterfuln^ttf."  —  fip. 
Sail:  Art  of  Divine  Mediation,  ch.  ExU.  (Kichardton.) 

*  tin-eheer'-yt  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cheery.]    Not  cheery,  cheerless,  dismal,  dull. 

"  The  uncheery  houra  which  perpetually  overtake 
ua,"—  Sterne  :  Sermont,  vol.  L.ser.  2. 

an-9hewed  (e  w  as  6  ),  *  un  -chawed',  a. 
[Pref,  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  chewed.}  Notchewed, 
not  masticated. 

"  He  filli  his  famish'd  maw,  bis  mouth  rant  o'er 
With  uneheio'd  morsels,  while  he  churns  the  gore." 
Drtfden  ;  riryil  ;  .Encid  x,  1,03-1. 

*  fin-child',  v.t.      [Pref.  un-  (2),  and   Eng. 
child.} 

1.  To  bereave  of  children  ;  to  make  childless. 

"  Though  in  this  city  he 
"  Hath  widow'd  and  unchilded  mauy  a  one." 

Shakttp.  :  Coriolanut,  Y.  6. 

2.  To  divest  of  the  character  of  a  child  or 
children. 

"They  do  wilfully  unchitd  themselves,  and  change 
natural  affection  for  violent,"—  Bp.  Ball:  Contempt.; 
Qf  Samton't  Marriage. 

*  fin  9hild   Ish,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
childish,]   From  its  derivation  the  word  should 
mean,  not  having  the  characteristics  of  a  child  ; 
but  in  the  only  known  example  it  appears  = 
not  fit  for  children.     (Wtbbt:  Eng.  Poetrie, 
p.  45.) 

*  tin  chilled',    a.     [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
chitted.}    Not  chilled  ;  not  cooled,  or  destitute 
9t  or  deprived  of  warmth  or  heat. 

"  Unbent  by  winds,  vnchUTd  by  snows." 

Byron:  ffiaour. 

*  fin  Chi  rot  6  nlze,   v.t.     [Pref.    un-  (2); 

Gr.  \ctpoTovia  (cheirotonia)  =  voting,  suffrage  : 
jfttp  (cheir)  =  the  hand,  and  rtiwa  (teino)  = 
to  stretch.  J  To  depose,  deprive,  or  reject  by 
a  vote. 

"  As  If  Josephus  upon  that  of  Samuel—  they  have 
not  rejected  thee,  but  they  have  rejected  me  that  I 
should  not  reign  over  them—  had  not  said  of  the 


people  that  they  unchirotonttd  or  unvoted  God  of  the 
kingdom.  Sow  if  they  unchlrotoniid  ur  unvoted  Oud. 
of  the  kingdom,  theu  they  had  chirotouizd  ur  v.>tud 
Mm  to  the  Kingdom,"— Harrington  :  Oceana,  p.  25S*. 

*  un  chiv-al-rous,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  chivalrous.}  Not  chivalrous;  not  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  chivalry  ;  wanting  in 
chivalry  or  honour. 

"  So  thankless,  cold-hearted,  unchivatrom,  unfor- 
giving."— G.  BrontH:  Villette,  ch.  xxxv. 

*  un  chdl-er-Ic,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
choleric.  ]     Even-tempered.     (Carlyle :    Surtor 
Resartus,  bk.  ii.(  ch.  iv.) 

un-9hos'-en,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
chosen.} 

1.  Not  chosen  or  predestinated ;  rejected. 

"  And  that  euery  man  Is  either  chosen  or  unehnten. 
.  .  .  And  yf  we  bee  of  the  tMdiMM  aurte,  no  good 
dede  can  auail  vs."— Sir  T.  Mare:  Work?*,  p.  379. 

2.  Not  chosen  or  adopted  voluntarily. 

"  Beguile 
A  solitude,  uncAaten.  uii])rofess'd.M 

Wordsworth :  Excursion,  bk.  vti 

*  tin-fhrisf-en  (( silent),  v.t.    [Pref.  wt-(2), 

and  Eng.  christen.] 

1.  To  unbaptise ;  to  undo  the  ecclesiastical 
offices  of  baptism  of ;  to  annul  the  baptism  of. 

"To constrain  him  further  were  to  unchruttm  him, 
to  unman  him,"— Milton  :  Divorce,  bk,  li..  ch.  xxii. 

2.  To  render  unchristian  ;    to    deprive    of 
sanctity. 

"  But  this  king .  .  .  bath  as  it  were,  unhallow'd 
and  unchrUterid  the  very  duty  of  prayer  itself.'*— 
Milton  SHconotOattet,  }  1. 

ttn-christ -ened  (i  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-(i), 
and  Eng.  christened.}  Not  christened;  not 
baptised. 

"  Thote  iron  claspa,  that  Iron  band. 
Would  not  yield  to  unchrittentd  hand.'* 

Scott :  Lay  of  tfte  Last  Minttrel,  ill  9. 

fin  Christ'  I  an,* un  chris  tone, a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  Christian.] 

1.  Not  Christian  ;    not  belonging   to   the 
Christian  religion  ;  heathen  or  infidel. 

"  And  ere  that  faithless  truce  was  broke 
Which  freed  her  from  the  unchrittian  yoke." 

Byron':  Siege  of  Corinth,  6. 

2.  Inconsistent  with  the  laws  or  spirit  of 

Christianity ;  unchristianly. 

"  He  had,  from  bla  youth  up,  be«n  at  war  with  the 
Nonconformists,  and  had  repeatedly  assailed  them 
with  unjust  and  unchritti-in  asperity. "—Macaulay: 
ffUt.  Eng.,  ch.  vilL 

unchristian -like,  a.  Unchristianly  ; 
like  the  conduct  of  a  person  who  is  not  a 
Christian. 

*  un  Christ'- 1 -an,  v.t.      [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  Christian.]    To  deprive  of  Christianity ; 
to  make  unchristianly. 

"  Atheism  Is  a  sin  that  doth  not  only  unchristian 
but  uunuui  a  person  that  IB  guilty  of  it.  —South. 

un  Christ  -I -an-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  christianize.  ]  To  turn  away  from 
Christianity ;  to  cause  to  abandon  the 
Christian  faith  or  to  degenerate  from  the  be- 
lief and  profession  of  Christianity. 

*  un-ohrlst  -I-an-l&  a.  &  adv.    [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Etig.  christianly.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Like  the  conduct  of  a  person 
who  is  not  a  Christian ;  contrary  to  the  laws 
or    spirit    of    Christianity ;    unbecoming    a 
Christian. 

"  A  moat  unnatural  and  unchrittianly  yoke."— 
Milton  :  Of  Divorce,  bk.  11.,  ch.  xx. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  an  unchristian  manner ;  In 
a  manner  contrary  to  the  laws  or  spirit  of 
Christianity. 

"They  behaued  themseluea  most  unchrittianly to- 
ward their  brethren."— ffackiuyl :  Voyage*,  li.  309. 

*  un  Christ  I  an-ness,  s.     [Eng.  unchris- 
tian; -ness.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unchristian  ;    contrariety    to    the   spirit     of 
Christianity ;   absence  of  Christian  spirit  in 
the  conduct. 

"The  unchrittiannea  ot  those  denials  might  arise 
from  a  displeasure  to  see  me  prefer  my  own  divines." 
—King  Charlet :  Eikon  BatUUce. 

*  tin-Church',  v.t.     [Pref.  «n-  (2),  and  Eng. 
church.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  church  privileges ;  to  expel 
from  a  church  ;  to  excommunicate. 

"  To  unchurch  and  unchristian  them  that  are  Dot  of 
their  company."— Salt:  Dhcourteof  Religion,  ch.  i. 

2.  To  refuse   the   name   of  a  church  ;   to 
refuse  or  deprive  of  the  character,  designa- 
tion, rights,  or  standing  of  a  church. 

"  Tou  say— we  hereby  unchurch  the  reformed 
churchea  &bmul."—Water!ind :  Work*,  x.,  p.  I. 


Un'-cl,  s.  pi.  [PI.  of  Lat.  uncus  =  a  hook,  » 
barb.] 

Bot.  :  Hooks  of  any  kind  ;  specif.,  hooked- 
hairs  ;  hairs  curved  back  at  the  point,  as  thos^ 
on  the  nuts  of  Myosotis  Lappula. 

un'-cl-a,  s.    [Lat.] 

1.  Roman  Antiq.  :  The  twelfth  part  of  any- 
thing: as,  an  ounce,  as  being  a  twelfth  part 
of  the  as. 

*  2.  Math.  :  A  term  formerly  employed  to 
signify  the  numerical  coefficient  of  any  tena- 
nt' the  binomial  theorem. 

*  un'-c!-al  (O  as  sh),  a.  [Lat.  vncialia  =  be- 
longing *to  an  inch,  or  to  an  ounce,  from 
uncia  =  an  inch,  an  ounce;  O.  Fr.  oncial.] 
Pertaining  to  an  ounce  or  inch.  (Blount.) 

nn-ol-al  (c  as  sh),  a.  &  s.  [Etym.  doubt- 
ful ;  perhaps  the  same  word  as  *  UNCIAL,  a.  ; 
Shipley  thinks  it  may  be  a  corrupt,  of  Lat. 
(litterte)  initiates  =  initial  letters.  (See  also 
extract  under  A.).] 
Pakeography  : 

A.  As  adj.  :  A  term  borrowed  from  the 
Latin,  and  applied  to  Greek  writing  of  the 
larger  type  to  distinguish  it  from  that  written 
entirely  in  smaller  characters.  Uncials  differ 
from  the  older  capitals  in  being  composed  of 


(irpwrbi/  Kal  KOLW.) 

GREEK    UNCIAL  WRITING. 

curved  instead  of  straight  lines,  giving  » 
rounded  appearance  to  the  letters,  and  allow- 
ing of  their  being  written  with  greater  rapidity. 
The  oldest  Greek  uncial  MS.  in  existence  Is- 
probably  a  fragment  of  the  ttiad  (bk.  xviii.),. 
found  in  a  tomb  near  Monfalat  (Egypt),  and 
now  in  the  British  Museum.  Uncial  Ureek 
writing  began  to  decline  about  the  end  of  the 
sixth  century,  and  died  out  altogether  early 


(lis 


temporis 

LATIN  UNCIAL  WRITING. 


bona.  ) 


in  the  tenth  century.  Latin  uncial  writing 
(of  which  the  oldest  examples  now  in  exist- 
ence are  assigned  to  the  fourth  century)  was 
in  common  use  till  the  eighth  century,  but 
was  employed  still  later  for  special  purposes. 

"  St.  Jerome's  often  quoted  words,  '  uncialibut.  it 
vulgo  aiunt.  litterla.'  in  bis  preface  to  the  book  of 
Job,  hare  never  been  explained.  Of  the  character 
referred  to  as  '  uncini '  there  is  no  doubt,  but  the  de- 
rivation of  the  term  is  unknown."— Snegc.  Brit.  (ed. 
9th),  xvliL  14k  (Note  1.) 

B.  At  subst. :  An  uncial  letter.    [A.] 

"  In  Latin  majuscule  writing  there  exlat  both- 
capitals  and  uncial*,  each  class  distinct.  In  Greek. 
MSB,  pure  capital  letter- writing  was  never  employed 
(except  occasionally  for  ornamental  titles  at  a  late 
UmeJ."— Sncyc  Brit,  (ed  9th).  xvili.  l«. 

t  Half-uncial: 

Palceography :  A  style  of  writing  partaking 
of  the  character  both  of  the  cursive  and 
uncial,  and  apparently  forming  a  transition 


(Quamquam  primo        libra.) 

LATIN   HALF-UNCIAL    WRITING. 

from  the  earlier  to  the  later  style.  It  ap- 
peared about  the  end  of  the  fifth,  and  died 
out  about  the  end  of  the  seventh  century. 

"  We  have  a  series  of  MAS.,  dating  from  the  end  of 
the  5th  century,  which  are  clashed  as  examples  of  half- 
uncial  writing.—  fnryc.  Ilrit.  (ed.  9th),  xvilL  1.13. 

H  Used  also  substantively : 
"  The  text  Is  In  very  exactly  formed  half-unciatt.~ — 
Sncyc.  Brit,  (ed  9th),  xviil.  159. 

*  un-cl-a'-  tixn,  adv.   [Lat.]   Ounce  by  ounce. 

un''9i-form,  a.  [Lat.  uncus  =  a  hook,  and 
/orma=  form.]  Having  a  hooked  or  curved 
form ;  hook-like.  [HOOKED.J 

unciform  bono,  *. 

Anat. :  The  interior  bone  of  the  second  row 
of  carpal  bones.  It  is  sub-triangular  in  shape, 
is  readily  distinguished  by  the  large  hook-like 
process  projecting  forwards  and  slightly  out- 
wards on  its  anterior  surface ;  It  serves  for  the 
attachment  of  the  annular  ligaments  and  the 
muscles  of  the  little  finger.  The  unciform- 
bone  articulates  with  the  os  magnum,  the 
semi-lunar,  cuneiform,  and  fourth  and  fifth 
metacarpal  bones. 


W>il,  boy;  pout,  jo%l;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenopnon,  eyist-    P*  *  * 
-olan.  -tian  =  shaa«    -tion,   sion  =  shun ;  -(Ion,  -fion  =  zhun.     ciou»,  tious,  -aioua  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  -  bel,  del. 


4914 


uncinate— unclean 


unciform-process,  *. 

A  natomy  : 

1.  [UNCIFORM-BOXE.] 

2.  An  irregular  lamina  of  bone,  projecting 
downwards  and  backwards  from  the  inferior 
portion  of  each  lateral  mass  in  the  ethmoid 
bone.    Called  also  Unclnate-process. 

un  91  nate,  un  9i-nat  ed,  o.  [Lat.  un- 
cinatus,  from  uncux  =a  hook.] 

L  Anat.  £  Zool.  :  Beset  with  bent  spines 
like  hooka.  (Owen.) 

2.  Bot.  :  Hooked  at  the  end  like  an  awn. 

{HOOKED,  II.] 

uncinate  process,  s.     [UNCIFORM-PBO- 

CESS,   2.] 

*  un-9lhc'-tured,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cinctured.]  Deprived  of  a  cincture  ;  not  wear- 
ing a  cincture  or  girdle. 

"  Swpedon  uw 

Such  h»rock  Qudt  of  hla  uneiix-tur'd  friends," 
Cawper  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xvl. 

iin-^i'-ni,  s.  pi.  [Lat.,  pL  of  uncinus  =  a. 
hook,  a  barb.] 

Zool.  :  The  name  given  to  the  hook-shaped 
teeth  on  the  pleune  or  lateral  tracts  of  the 
lingual  ribbon  of  the  Mollusca.  They  are 
very  numerous  in  the  plant-eating  Gastero- 
pods. 

fin-cla'-i-a,  «.  [Lat.  uncinua  =  a  hook,  a 
barb  ;  named  from  the  hooked  awn  which  in 
the  fruit  becomes  hardened.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Caricese,  closely  akin  to 
Can.-x,  and  agreeing  with  it  in  habit.  Known 
species  twenty-nine,  chiefly  from  the  southern 
hemisphere. 

*  un  9!  -pher,  v.t.     [Pref.  u»-  (2),  and  Eng, 
cipher.]    To  decipher. 

"  A  letter  In  cipher*  .  .  .  now  unciptHrad."—  Ruth- 

•corr*.  am.  COM..  i>u  iv.,  vol.  i..  p.  491. 

un-9ir  -cum-9i§od,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  circumcised.]    Not  circumcised  ;  henoe,  in 
the  Bible,  not  of  the  Jewish  faith  or  race. 

"Who  Is  tbU  uncireumcitod  Philistine,  that  ht 
•houl'l  defy  the  armies  of  the  living  God  ?  "—  l  tiamutl 
rvil.  26. 

*  un-9ixM5um-cl'-sion,  *.  [Pref.  un-(l),  and 
Eng.  circumcision.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  absence  or  want  of  cir- 
cumcision. 

"God,  that  give*  the  law  that  a  Jew  shall  be  cir- 
cumdsed,  thereby  constitute*  unctrcwncition  an  ob- 
liquity."— aammtmd. 

2.  Script.  :   The  uncircumcised  portion  of 
the  world  ;  the  mass  of  the  Gentile  nations. 

"If  the  unetrcumditon  keep  the  righteousness  of 
the  laws,  shall  not  his  unctrcumcitton  be  counted  for 
drcumcirion  t  "—Roman*  ii.  28. 

*  tin-9ir'-cftm-scribed,  a.  [Pref.  un>(l),  and 

Eng.  circumscribed.]    Not  circumscribed  ;  not 
bounded  or  limited. 

"  As  yet  uncircumtcrWd  the  regal  power, 
And  wild  ami  vague  prerogative  reiuain'd." 

Thornton  :  Liberty,  Iv. 

*un  cir'-ciim-spect,  a.    [Pref.  un-(l),  and 

Eng.    circumspect.]       Not   circumspect,    not 
cautions  ;  incautious,  heedless. 

"  Could  he  not  beware,  could  he  not  bethink  blm, 
was  he  so  uncircumtpectl"  —  Milton:  ApoUfor  Smtc- 
tymnuus. 

*  uu-9ir'-cum-Bpe'ct-l&  adv.     [Pref.   un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  circumspectly.  ]    In  an  uncircum- 
sj»ect  manner  ;  without  circumspection,  heed- 
lessly. 

"When  they  had  ones  unctrcunupectlv  graunted 
hym  to  execute  Jostyce."—  Bale:  Jtaglun  Votariet. 
pt.  ii. 

•un  9ir-  cum  -Stan  -tial  (ti  as  gh),  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  circumstantial.] 

1.  Not   circumstantial  ;  not  entering  into 
minute  details. 

2.  Not  important  ;  trivial,  unimportant. 

"The  like  particulars,  although  they  seem  unrir- 
ettrrutanttal,  are  oft  set  down  in  holy  scripture."— 
Browne  :  Vulgar  Errovrt,  bk.  viL  ch.  1. 

tin  ci'-tes,  s.     [Lat.  unc(us)  —  a  hook  ;  suff. 


Palaont.:  A  genus  of  Spiriferidse,  from  the 
Devonian  of  Europe.  It  is  allied  to  Betzia 
(q.v.),  bat  the  beak  of  the  ventral  valve  is 
slightly  curved,  the  foramen  disappears  early, 
there  is  no  hinge  area,  and  the  shell  structure 
is  im  punctate. 

*  tin-eft'-?,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  city.] 


To  deprive  of  the  status  or  privileges  of  a 
city. 

"  Some  would    have  had  it   unoitied  because   mi- 
biahoi>ed    in   our   civil    wars."  —  Fuller  .'    Worthiet  ; 
er,  L  8W. 


un-9iV-fl,  "un-ctv-ill,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Eng,  civil.] 

*  1.  Nut  pertaining  to  a  settled  government, 
or  settled  state  of  society  ;  not  civilized. 

"  Men  cannot  enjoy  the  rights  of  au  uncivil  and  civil 
state  together."—  Burke. 

*  2.  Rough,  uncivilized.    (Of  persons.) 

"The  uncivil  kernes  of  Ireland  are  in  arms." 

Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  17..  UL  1. 

*3.  Uncivilized,  barl»arous,  savage. 

"  This  uaclon  for  al  their  uncivil  and  rude  mailer/ 
—Brende:  (juitttut  Curliut,  foL  23, 

*4.  Improper,  unusual,  extraordinary. 
"  With  midnight  matins,  at  uncivil  hours." 

Drytten:  Hind*  Panther,  111.  1,010. 

5.  Impolite,  discourteous,  ill-mannered. 
(Applied  to  persons,  speech,  or  conduct.) 

"  It  was  known  all  over  the  town  that  uncivil  things 
had  been  said  of  the  military  profession  In  the  Houae 
of  Oouimoua.11—  JJacaulay  ;  ffitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xxiii. 

iin-9iv'-il-izedf  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
civilized.] 

1.  Not  civilized  ;  not  reclaimed  from  savage 
life  or  manners  ;  barbarous. 

"  These  uncivilized  people  caring  for  little  else  than 
what  is  necessary.  "—  Dampier  :  Voyage*  (»"•  1681). 

*  2.  Coarse,  rude,  indecent. 

"  Several,  who  have  been  polished  In  Prance,  make 
nse  of  the  most  course,  uncivilized  words  In  our  lati* 
guage.  "—  A  ddtton. 

nn-civ'-U-l?,  adv*  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 
civilly.]  In  an  uncivil  manner  ;  discour- 
teously, impolitely,  rudely. 

"  I  follow'd  htm  too  close  : 

And  to  My  truth,  somewhat  uncivilly,  upon  a  rout." 
Dryden  :  King  Arthur,  t  L 

un-cldd'  (1),  a.  &  pret.  ofv,    [UNCLOTHE.] 

nn-elad'  (2),  *  un  klad,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  clad.]  Not  clad,  not  clothed. 

"  He  w»  uh.imed  to  approche  nygh  to  It,  beyuge  In 
so  syuiple  a  state  anil  unklad."-~Sir  T.  Elyot:  The 
Govcrtiour,  bk.  ii. 

fin-claimed',  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
claimed.]  Not  claimed,  not  demanded  ;  not 
called  for. 

"  No  peaceful  desert  yet  unclaimed  by  Spain." 

Johnson:  London. 

unclaimed-money,  s.  Money  result- 
ing from  suits  in  Chancery  or  at  Common 
Law.  The  rightful  owners,  having  either 
died  or  disappeared,  the  money  remains  in 
the  care  of  the  Court.  Lists  of  names  of 
those  entitled  to  such  monies  are  published 
from  time  to  time  by  private  firms  who  devote 
themselves  to  such  business.  (English.) 

im  clar  I  f  ied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
clarified.}  Not  clarified  ;  not  made  clear  or 
purified, 

"  One  ounce  of  whey  unclarijl«d  ;  one  ounce  of  oil  of 
vitriol,  make  no  apparent  alteration."—  Bacon:  Phyt. 
Remain*. 

un-clasp',  v.t.  A  i.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 

clasp.} 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  unfasten  the  clasp  of;  to  open,  as  a 
thing  fastened  with,  or  as  with  a  clasp.  (Lit. 


"  Thou  know'st  no  lees  but  all  ;  I  hare  u 
To  the*  the  book  even  of  my  secret  soul." 

Shake*?.  :  TiMlfth  XlgM,  L  i, 

*  2.  To  disclose,  to  reveal,  to  lay  open. 
"  In  her  bosom  I'll  unclmp  my  heart." 

.  .•  Muck  Ado,  1.  L 


*  B.   Intrans.  :     To    let    go    the    hands. 
(Shakesp.  :  Peridts,  Ii.  3.) 

*  un-claas'-a-ble.    a.     [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  clatsabU.]    Incapable  of  being  classed  or 
classified  ;  not  admitting  of  classification. 

t  un-claaw  -ic,  t  un-class  -lo-al,  a,   [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  classic,  classical.] 

1.  Not  classical  ;   not  resembling  the  com- 
positions of  the  classical  authors. 

"  Angel  of  dulness.  sent  to  scatter  round 
Her  magick  charms  o'er  all  uitctauiclc  ground." 

Pope  :  Vunri'id,  UL  U8. 

2.  Not  confined  to  or  including  the  classics. 

"An  education  totally  unclauical.'—  Knnx:  Liberal 
Education.  {  7. 

*  un-Class'-fo-al-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  unclaasical  ; 
•ly.]    Not  in  a  classical  manner  ;  not  in  the 
manner  of  the  classical  authors. 


iin'-cle,  *.  [Fr.  oncle,  from  Lat  avunculum, 
accus.  of  avunculus  =  a  mother's  brother, 
j»rop.=  little  grandfather,  Iwing  a  double 
diinin.  from  avua  =a  grandfather;  Ger.  onkel,] 

1.  Lit. :   The   brother  of  one's  father  or 
mother ;  the  husband  of  one's  aunt. 

2.  Fig. :  A  pawnbroker.    (Slang.) 

"  Cnele-i,  rich  M  three  golden  balls 
From  taking  pledges  of  imtions." 

I/'-od:  M,if  Kilmantcgg. 

TT  According  to  Brewer,  Uncle  in  this  sense 
is  a  pun  on  the  Latin  word  uncus  =  a  hook, 
which  pawnbrokers  employed  to  lift  articles 
pawned  before  spouts  were  adopted.  This, 
however,  is  rendered  doubtful  by  the  fact  that 
in  French  slang  ma  tante  (—  my  aunt)  has  a 
similar  meaning.  The  probable  allusion  is  to 
a  mythical  rich  relative. 

Uncle  Sam,  s.  The  jocular  or  cant  name 
of  the  United  States  government,  used  as 
John  Bull  is  with  respect  to  England.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  a  jocular  extension  of  the 
letters  U.S.  (United  Stutes),printed  or  stamped 
on  the  government  property. 

un  -  clean ,  *  nn  -  clcanc,  *  un  -  dene,  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  clean.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Not  clean  ;  foul,  dirty,  filthy. 

*'  Whoso  will  his  handes  lime, 
Thel  must  be  the  more  mi'-lm*.* 

(lower :  0.  A.,  1L 

2.  Morally  foul  or  impure;   wicked,  evil; 
hence,  lewd,  unchaste. 

"  Let  them  all  encircle  him  about. 
And,  fairy-like  too,  pinch  the  unclean  knight." 
Shakeip. :  Merry  Wivei  <tf  Windtor,  iv.  i 

II.  Comparative  Religions: 

1.  Ethtticism:    In   every  ceremonial  faith 
which  exists  or  has  existed,  distinction  exists 
between  what  is  ceremonially  clean  and  un- 
clean.   Food  cooked  by  a  Sudra  or  by  an  out- 
cast is  unclean  to  the  Brahmin,  and  it  is  at 
the  peril  of  his  caste  if  he  eat  it.     He  must 
also  avoid  unclean  persons,  as  the  Parian,  the 
Mahar,  and  other  outcasts. 

2.  Judaism:  Both  things  on  the  one  hand, 
and  persons  or  beings  on  the  other,  might  be 
ceremonially  unclean.  Regarding  things,  there 
were  unclean  places  (Lev.  xiv.  40),  but  the 
word  unclean  was  especially  applied  tu  cer- 
tain articles  of  food,  as  the  flesh  of  animals 
which  had  died  of  disease,  or  been  strangled 
by  man,  or  killed  by  beasts  or  birds  of  prey, 
certain   animals   in    all  circumstances  [UN- 
CLE AN-  AN  IMA  LsJ,  and  blood.    (Lev.  v.  2,  3 ; 
xi.  40,  41 ;  xvii.  10-16 ;  Acts  xv.  29.)    Regard- 
ing persons,  one  might  be  made  unclean  by 
touching  the  carcase  of  an    unclean  animal 
of  any   kind  (Ley.  v.  2;  xi.  26).     In  some 
cases  this  ceremonial  defilement  was  but  tem- 
porary, continuing  only  till  the  evening  (xi. 
25-28,  &c.).    Washing  the  clothes  was  often  an 
essential  step  towards  the  removal   of  the 
impurity.    A  woman  giving  birth  to  a  man- 
child  was  unclean  for  seven  days  (xii.  2),  and 
to  a  female  child  for  fourteen  days  (xii.  5), 
the  period  of  uncleanness  being  much  shorter 
than  that  of  net  purification  (xii.  4,  5).    The 
leper  was  unclean  till  the  priest  pronounced 
that  his  loathsome  malady  was  at  an  end. 
(Lev.  xiii.  1-59.)    [UNCLEAN  SPIRIT.] 

3.  Christianity:  Jesus  swept  away  the  doc- 
trine that  the  eating  of  certain  articles  of 
food,  deemed  ceremonially  impure,  involved 
sin,  by  his  sweeping  declaration  :  "Not  that 
which  goeth  into  the  mouth  defileth  a  man, 
but  that  which  cometh  out  of  the  mouth,  this 
deflleth  a  man"  (Matt.  xv.  11 ;  cf.  also  12-20; 
Hark  vii.  18) ;  and  with  regard  to   persons. 
St   Peter,  after  the  vision  of  the  sheet  let 
down,  would  no  longer  call  any  man  common 
or  unclean  (Acts  x.  28). 

unclean-animals,  s.  pi. 

Jewish  Antiq. :  Certain  animals  which  were 
regarded  as  ceremonially  unclean,  and  not 
therefore  to  be  eaten.  Most  animals  that 
"  chew  the  cud  "  might  be  eaten,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  camel,  the  coney  [HviiAX],  the 
hare,  and  the  swine,  only  tliu  first  of  which 
is  a  true  ruminant.  A  number  of  birds— 
the  "eagle,"  the  "ossifrage,"  the  "vulture," 
the  "kite,"  &c.— were  to  be  deemed  unclean 
and  abominable.  Much  difficulty  arises 
in  identifying  some  of  the  birds  referred 
to ;  but  one  oroad  fact  is  undoubted — thai 
the  Baptnres  were  deemed  ceremonially  im- 
pure, while  most  of  the  grain-feeding  birds 
were  allowed  as  articles  of  food.  Unclean  fishes 
were  those  which  had  not  fins  or  scales.  ' 
With  the  exception  of  what  would  now  be 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  falL,  father,  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p*t, 
or.  wore,  wpif,  work,  wlio,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cor,  role,  All;  try.  Syrian.    •,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  lew. 


uncleanable— uncollected 


4915 


called  the  Leaping  Orthoptera— locusts,  grass- 
hoppers, &c. — most  insects  were  unclean,  as 
were  most  creeping  things,  from  vertebrate 
reptiles  to  molluscous  snails.  Not  merely 
were  the  unclean  animals  to  be  rejected  as 
articles  of  food,  their  carcases  were  to  be 
avoided,  as  the  individual  touching  them 
would  be  unclean  (Lev.  xi.  1-47).  Apart  from 
thij  ceremonial  law,  the  flesh  of  the  prohibited 
animals  was  generally  less  wholesome  than 
that  of  those  allowed. 

unclean-spirit,  .-. 

New  Teat. :  A  demon,  a  wicked  spirit,  seiz- 
ing on  and  acting  through  men  (Matt.  x.  1; 
Mark  i.  27,  iii.  30 ;  v.  13,  vi.  7 ;  Luke  iv.  30 ; 
Acts  v.  16,  viii.  7 ;  Rev.  xvi.  13).  [POSSESSION, 
II.  3,  POSSESSION -THEORY.] 

•tin  clean'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
clean,  v. ;  -able.]  Not  capable  of  being  cleaned. 

on-clean'-li-ness,  *  un-clean  li  nes,  *. 

[Eng.  uncleanly;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  uncleanly;  want  of  cleanliness;  nl- 
thiness. 

»  "This  profane  liberty  and  uncteantintit  the  arch- 
bishop resolved  to  reform."— Clarendon. 

tin  -  clean  -ly,  "nn-clen-ly,  a,  [Pref.  un- 
(IX  and  Eng.  cleanly,  a.J 

1,  Not  cleanly ;  filthy,  foul,  dirty,  unclean. 

**  The  uncleanly  savours  of  a  sluuxh  ter-houiw.* 
ShaJcetp.  .'  King  John,  iv.  8. 

2,  Not  cleanly  In  a  moral  sense ;  indecent, 
unchaste,  lewd. 

"  Exhibiting  unto  them  shewes  to  gaze  upon  and  un* 
ctenly  players."—  Udal ;  Actftx.ii. 

tin -clean'- ness,  *  vn-clcn-ncs,  *un- 
den-nesse,  «.    [Eng.  unclean;  -ness.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unclean ; 
foulness,  fllthiness. 

"In  St.  Giles's  I  understood  that  moot  of  the  vilest 
and  most  miserable  house*  of  unclfannct*  were."— 
6rau»t ;  Bill*  of  Mortality. 

2.  Moral    impurity ;    defilement    by   sin ; 
lewdness,  obscenity. 

"God  hath  not  called  us  mito  uncleanneu,  but  unto 
holiness.*—!  Thettalonian*  iv.  7. 

n.  Compar.  Relig. :  Want  of  ritual  or  cere- 
monial parity ;  ceremonial  defilement  or  pol- 
lution. [UNCLEAN,  II.] 

•on-clear',  *un-clere,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  dear,  a.  ] 

1.  Not  bright  or  clear;  dark,  obscure. 

2.  Not  free  from  obscurity,  doubt,  or  un- 
certainty. 

"In  ttnrf'-ar  and  doubtful  things  be  not  pertina- 
cious. "—Leighton :  On  l  Peter  \li. 

Un  -  cleared',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cleared.] 

1.  Not   cleared,  as   land  overgrown  with 
weeds. 

"  Which  Is  more  than  can  be  said  of  any  other  un- 
Beared  country."— Coot  /  Pint  Voyage,  bit.  1.,  ch,  V. 

2.  Not  cleared;  not  vindicated  in  character ; 
not  freed  from  imputations  or  charges  hang- 
ing over  one. 

•  tin-clear  -ness,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
clearness.]  Obscurity,  want  of  clearness,  an- 
tiquity. 

"This  unclearneu  of  view  rests  upon  an  error."— 
W.  Kobertton  Smith.-  Old  Tett.  in  Jewish  Church 
p.  146. 

•tin -clench',  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  clench.]  To  open  or  force  open,  as  the 
clenched  hand. 

"  The  hero  BO  his  enterprlze  recalls ; 
Hta  flat  unclenchet,  and  the  weapon  falls." 

it<irth  :  Ditpetuary,  v. 

tin-cler'-ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
clerical.]  Not  clerical ;  not  befitting  or  be- 
coming the  clergy. 

"  Many  clergymen  are  seeu  to  take  delight  In 
vnrlerieal  occupations."— Knox ;  Winter  Evening*, 
ereii.  18. 

•tin-clerk'-like  (er  as  ar),  a.    [Pref.  un- 

(1) ;  Eng.  clerk,  and  -like.]  Unbefitting  a  clerk, 
clergyman,  or  educated  man ;  unclencaL 

"Binius  and  Baronius  pretend  the  text  to  be  cor- 
rupted, and  go  to  mend  It  by  such  an  emendation  as 
is  a  plain  contradiction  to  the  sense,  and  that  so  «n- 
ctorWifte.  vi/,.,  by  putting  in  two  word*,  and  leaving 
out  on*.'  —  Sp.  Taylor  :  Liberty  of  Prophetyiny,  f  «. 

ttiri  cle-shlp,  s.  [Eng.  unde;  -ship.]  The 
state  or  condition  of  an  uncle  ;  the  relation  of 
AD  uncle. 

**  Uncletfitp  there  in  family  circles  follows  the  cus- 
tom of  Brittany."— Athenaum,  Feb.  16,  1884,  p.  213. 


*  tin-  clew'  (ew  a3  6),  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  clew.]    To  unwind,  to  unravel;  hence, 
to  leave  bare,  to  ruin. 

"  If  I  should  pay  you  for  't  aa  *tis  extolled, 
It  would  uncleta  me  quite." 

Shabup. :  Timon  of  A  then*,  L  1. 

*  un  -clinch',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
clinch.]    To  unclench  (q.v.). 

*  un-oUng',  v.i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  ding.} 
To  cease  from  clinging,  adhering,  entwining, 
embracing,  or  the  like. 

"Which  perhaps  will  never  uncling,  without  the 
strong  abstersive  of  aome  heroic  magistrate."— Mil- 
ton: Tetrachordon. 

tin-clipped',  *un-cliped,  a.  [Pref,  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  clipped.]  Not  clipped  ;  not  cut ; 
not  diminished  by  clipping. 

"Cliped  and  uncUped  money  will  always  buy  an 
equal  quantity  of  anything  else." — Locke:  Considera- 
tion* on  Money. 

un-cloak',  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
cloak,  v.l 

A.  Trans. :  To  deprive  of  a  cloak. 

B.  Intrant. ;  To  take  off  one's  cloak. 

*  un-cloath,  v.t.    [UNCLOTHE.] 

tin- clog',  v.t.  [Pref.  un*  (2),  and  Eng.  clog.] 
To  remove  a  clog  from  ;  to  free  from  a  clog  or 
that  which  clogs,  encumbers,  or  obstructs ; 
to  disencumber,  to  free. 

"  It  would  unclog  my  heart 
Of  what  Hea  heavy  to*t." 

Shaketp.  :  Curio?  anut,  Iv.  3. 

*  un-clois'-ter,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
cloister.]    To  remove  or  release  from  a  cloister 
or  from  confinement ;  to  set  at  liberty. 

"  Why  did  not  I,  undottter'd  from  the  womb, 
Take  my  next  lodging  In  a  tomb?"  A'orrit. 

tin-dope',  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
close,  v.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  open. 

"  His  cautious  dame.  In  bower  alone, 
Dreaded  her  castle  to  uncloif." 

Scott :  Marmion,  ill.  3. 

2.  To  disclose ;  to  lay  open ;  to  reveal. 

B.  Intrans.  ;  To  open. 

"  With  quicker  spread  each  heart  uncloset." 

Moore  :  Light  of  the  Harem. 

*  tin-Close',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  close,  a.] 
Unreserved,  babbling,  chattering. 

**  Knowen  designs  are  dangerous  to  act. 
And  th«  uncloin  chief  did  never  noble  fact." 

Sylvester  :  The  Captainet,  1.075. 

tin-Closed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  dosed.} 

1.  Not  closed  or  shut ;  open. 

"  Fall'n  Hassan  lies,  his  undated  eye 
Yet  lowering  on  his  enemy." 

Byrvn ;  The  Giaour. 

2.  Not  shut  in  or  separated  by  enclosures  ; 
unenclosed. 

M  A  great  vyllageontheaeeaydeOTWtosrf."— Brrntn: 
Froiuart ;  Cronycle,  vol.  i.,  ch.  CCCCJLXX, 

*  3.  Not  finished,  not  concluded. 

tin-clothe ,  *  un  cloath,  v.t.  [Pret  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  clothe.] 

1.  Lit.  :  To  remove  the  clothes  from ;  to 
divest  of  cloches;  to  make  naked;  to  strip 
of  the  clothes. 

"  Thanne  knyghtia  of  the  Jnstlse  .  .  .  unclothiden 
bimaud  dideit  about  him  a  reed  mantel "—  Wydifft  : 
Matthete  xxvii 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  divest,  to  free. 

"To  uncloath  themselves  of  the  covers  of  reason,  or 
modesty." — Bp.  Taylor  :  Sermont,  vol.  L,  ser.  23. 

tin- clothed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

clothed.} 

1.  Not  clothed  ;  not  having  clothes  on. 

"The  women  labour  in  the  fields,  and  are  quite  un* 
clothed."— Darwin;  Descent  of  Man  (ed.  2nd),  cb.  zlx. 

2.  Stripped  of  clothing. 

"  Unclothed  to  the  shoulder  It  waves  them  on  ; 
Thus  in  the  fight  is  he  ever  known." 

Byron  :  Siege  of  Corinth,  xxvl. 

*  tin-clo*Ud',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
cloud.}    To  clear  away  the  clouds  from;  to 
free  from  obscurity,  gloom,  dulness,  sadness, 
or  the  like. 

"  Whose  broath  can  still  the  winds, 
Undoud  the  son."     Beaum.  A  Ftet.  :  PhUtuttr,  lr. 

tin-cloud  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
clouded.]  Not  clouded ;  not  obscured  by 
clouds ;  free  from  gloom ;  clear,  bright 

"  Tb'  unclouded  skies  of  Peristan." 

Moore :  Paradite  t  the  Peri. 

fin  -  cloud -cd- ness.  *.     [Eng.  unclouded; 

-ness.] 


1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unclouded 
in  a  material  sense  ;  brightness,  clearness. 

"The  greatest  unclouded  ntu  of  the  eye."— Boyle : 
Workt.  i.  264. 

2.  The  state  of  being  unclouded  in  a  mental 
or  moral  sense. 

*  un-cl6*Ud'-y\  «.     [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng. 
cloudy.}    Not  cloudy  ;  free  from  clouds  ;  un- 
clouded. 

"  Aud  twinkling  orbs  bestrew  th*  unclnudy  skies." 
6ay;  Kurai  Spirit,  i. 

*  un-Clov'-en,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l)t  and  Eng. 

cloven.]    Not  cloven,  not  cleft. 

u  My  skull's  uncloven  yet.  let  me  but  kill." 

Beaum.  A  net.  ;  The  Chancet,  It  1. 

*  tin-club' -ba-ble,  *  un  club -a-blef  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (l),"and  Eng.  clubbable.]    Not  club- 
bable, not  sociable. 

"  Sir  John  was  a  most  unclubable  man."— John~ 
ton.  In  Mad.  D'Arblay:  Diary.  L  41. 

*  un-clue',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  clue.} 
To  unravel,  to  unwind. 

"  These  feelings  wide,  let  sense  and  truth  undue." 
Byron:  On  the  Death  of  Mr.  Foot. 

*  tin-cltitfh',  v.t.     [Pref.  un>  (2),  and  Eng. 
clutch,    v.  ]      To    force    open,    as    something 
clutched  or  clenched  tightly. 

"  Tiie  terrors  of  the  Lord  could  not  melt  his  bowels, 
unclutch  his  griping  hand. "— Decay  of  l*iety. 

un'-co,  a.,  adv.,  &  s.  [A  contract,  of  uncouth 
(q.v.).  (Scotc*.)] 

A.  A*  adj. .'  Strange,  immense,  great,  much,, 
uncommon. 

"They  had  carried  him  In  his  easy  chair  up  to  the 

green  before  the  auld  castle,  to  lie  out  of  the  way  of 

this  unco  spectacle."— Soott;  Ouy  Bannering,  ch.  xi!f. 

B*  As  adv. :  Very,  remarkably :  as,  unco  glad. 

C.  ^s  substantive  ; 

1.  Something  new,  strange,  extraordinary,, 
or  prodigious. 

"  Each  tells  the  unco  that  he  sees  or  hears.1* 

Burnt :  C'otter't  Saturday  tfiyht 

2.  A  strange  person  ;  a  stranger. 

*  tin  cdafh',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
coach.]    To  detach  or  loose  from  a  coach  or 
other  vehicle. 

"  These  (here  arriv'd)  the  moles  uncoacht." 

Chapman :  Homer  ;  Odyisey  Ti. 

*  tin-c6-&Ct'-8d,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  En«. 
coacted.]     Not  driven    together ;  compelled,, 
strained,  or  forced. 

"All  homogeneall,  simple,  single,  pure,  previous, 
unknotted,  uncoacifd."— More :  Song  of  tin  Soul.  (To 
the  Reader.) 

un-cock',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  cock,  v.} 

1.  To  let  down  the  cock  of,  aa  of  a  fowling* 
piece. 

2.  To  open  or  spread  out  from  a  cock  or 
heap,  as  hay. 

tin-coT -fined,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
coffined.]  Not  provided  with  a  coffin ;  riot 
laid  in  a  coffin. 

"  Seemed  all  on  fire  that  chapel  proud, 
Where  R<*Un's  chiefs  uncoffmed  lie. 

Scott:  Lay  of  the  Latt  Mintirel,  vi.  24. 

*  tin  cog'-it  a  ble,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  cogitable.}     Not  capable  of  being  cogi- 
tated or  thought  of. 

"By  meanes  vncoyitablt  to  man.'—  Sir  T.  Mart: 
Worket,  p.  83&. 

*  tin-colT.  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  cotf) 
To  take  or  pull  the  coif  or  cap  off. 

*'  Yonder  are  two  apple-women  scolding,  and  Jost 
ready  to  uncoif  one  another."— Arbuthnot  A  Pope. 

tin-coifed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  cotfed.] 
Not  wearing  a  coif;  divested  of  a  coif. 
"  Uncoif' d  counsel,  learned  In  the  world  !" 

young :  Night  ThougMt.  Till. 

tin-coil',  *  un-coyl,  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  coil.]  To  unwind  that  which  is 
coiled,  as  a  rope  or  chain. 

"  The  sulrnl  air-vessels  (like  threads  of  cobweb)  a 
little  un<x>ified,"-2>erham  :  Pnytico-Theology.  bk.  x 

tin -coined',  a.     [Pref.    un-  (1),  and   Eng. 
coined.} 
1,  LU. :  Not  coined. 

"It  is  impossible  that  the  value  of  eoln'd  silver 
should  be  less  than  the  value  or  price  of  unooin'cL"— 
Locke  :  Further  Oonttderation*  on  Monty. 

*  2.  Fig.  '  Not  having  the  current  stamp- 
on  it ;  or,  not  counterfeit,  genuine. 

"  Dear  Kate,  take  a  fellow  of  plain  and  uncoined 
constancy."— ,SA«*e«/t.  ;  Henry  V,t  v.  2. 

tin  col  lect-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

collected.] 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo\Vl;  cat,  5011,  chorus,  9bln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a? ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
•oian, -tian  =  shan.    -tion, -sioa  =  shun ; -tion. -sion  =  zhiin.    -oious, -tious, -sioua  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del 


uncollectedness— uncompensated 


1.  Not  collected  together;  not  brought  to 
ane  place. 

"  Light,  uncollected.  through  the  Chaoa  urg'd 
Its  infant  way."  TUmntan:  Autumn. 

2.  Nut  collected,  not  received  :  as,  uncol- 


3.  Not  having  one's  thoughts  collected  ; 
not  recovered  from  confusion  or  bewilder- 
ment. 

"  Lest  those  often  Idle  fits 
Might  clean  expel  her  uncollected  wife." 

Browne  :  Britannia*  Pastoral*,  L  1. 

'•  un  col  lected  ness,  *.  [P'-ef.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  collected™**.]  The  state  of  being 
uncollected  or  confused. 

*  un  col-lect'-f-ble,  a.     [Pref.  ->n-  <1),  and 
Eng.  collectible.]    Unable  to  be  collected  ;  that 
cannot  be  collected. 

tin-col  -ored,     a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

colored.] 

1.  Not    colored,     aa   ft    painting;    simply 
drawn,    without   color     being   superadded; 
not  stained  or  dyed. 

"Through  pure  uncolaured  glass,  you  receive  the 
clear  light."—  Leighton  :  Comment,  on  1  Peter  L  22. 

2.  Not    colored,   as  a  narrative  ;  told  with 
the  simplicity  of  truth  and  with  no  effort  to 
'heighten  the  effect  by  exaggeration  ;  unvar- 
nished. 

*  3.  Unclouded,  clear. 

"  To  deck  with  clouds  the  uncolour'd  sky, 

Or  wet  the  thirsty  earth  with  falling  showers." 
Milton;  P.  L.,  V.  1». 

*  un-colt',  v.L    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  colt.] 
To  deprive  of  a  horse.    (Special  coinage.) 

"Tliou  Heat,  thou  art  not  colted,  thou  art  un- 
colted."—Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  IV.,  ii.  2. 

fin  combed  (&  silent),  a.    [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and 
Eng.  combed.]    Not  combed  ;  unkempt. 
"  Whose  lockes  vncombed  cruel)  adders  be." 

Spenter  :  Virgil  ;  Gnat. 

*  un  corn-bine  ,  v.t.  A  i.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 

Eng.  combine.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  sever  or  destroy  the  com- 
bination, union,  or  junction  ;  to  separate  ;  to 
disconnect  ;  to  break  up. 

"  When  out-  breaking  vengeance  uncombinei 
The  Ill-Jointed  plots."      Daniel  :  Civil  Wart.  bk.  iti. 

B.  Intratis.  :    To   become   separated,   dis- 
united,  or  disconnected. 

"The  rude  conjuncture  of  uncombinfng  cables  In 
the  violence  of  a  northern  tempest."  —  lip.  Taylor  : 
Sermon*,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  2. 

ftn-come-at'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1)  ;  Eng. 
come;  at;  -able.]  That  cannot  be  come  at; 
not  obtainable,  (i.'olloq.) 

"  He  hat  a  perfect  Art  In  being  unintelligible  In  dis- 
course, and  uncomedtable  in  business.  "  —  Tatter,  12. 

6n  come  -It  ness,  *  un-com-li  ness,  s. 
[Eng.  uncomely;  -ness.] 

I.  The  Quality  or  state  of  being  uncomely  ; 
absence  of  comeliness;  want  of  beauty. 

"  She  will  much  better  become  tbe  seat  in  the  native 
and  unaffected  uncomelinet*  of  her  person."—  Aacte  : 
Spectator,  No.  52. 

11  2.  Indecency. 

"  He  praised  women's  modesty,  and  gave  orderly 
-well-behaved  reproof  to  all  uncomelincu  .  —  Shaken).  : 
Merry  H'  f  vet.  ii.  L 

3.  Something  unseemly,  unbecoming,  or  in- 
decent. 

"  Christians  indeed  are  not  so  watchful  and  accurate 
in  all  their  ways  as  becomes  them  ;  but  stain  their 
holy  profession  either  with  pride  or  coveteousness,  or 
contentions,  or  some  other  such  like  uncvmelineu."  — 
Leighton  :  Com.  on  1  Peter  ii.  12. 

•un'-c6mc  -iy,  *  un-com-ly,  a.  [Pref.  un~ 
(1),  and  Eng.  comely.] 

1.  Not  comely  ;  wanting  in  grace,  beauty, 
or  elegance. 

"  A  man  could  wish  to  have  nothing  disagreeable  or 
uncomely  in  his  approaches."—  BudffeU  :  Spectator, 
No.  67. 

2.  Unseemly,  unbecoming,  unsuitable.  In- 
decent 

"  With  an  uncomely  silence  fails  my  tongue." 

Ben  Jonton  :  Horace,  bk.  iv. 

un  com'  for  ta  ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  comfortable.] 

1.  Not  comfortable  ;  affording  no  comfort  ; 
gloomy,  dismal. 

"  We  had  the  uncomfortable  prospect  of  ending  our 
days  on  some  desolate  coast."—  Anton  .-  Voy  asjei.lt*..  L, 
ch.  z. 

2.  Causing  bodily  discomfort  or  uneasiness: 
as,  an  uncomfortable  seat  or  position. 

3.  Receiving  or  experiencing  no  comfort  ; 
disagreeably  situated  ;  ill  at  ease  :  as,  He  felt 
very  uncomfortable  there. 


un  com  for  ta  Me-ness,  *.  [Eng.  u -.. 
comfortable;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  uncomfortable,  miserable,  or  disagree- 
able ;  uneasiness,  discomfort. 

"The  uncomfortablenet*  of  unbelief,  and  the  terrors 
of  conscience  after  a  wicked  life,  wilt  drive  most  of 
them  to  a  worae."— Seeker;  .Sermon*,  vol.  Hi.,  ser.  3t 

u^-c6mr-fdr-ta-bl$f'l  adv.  [Eng.  uncomfort- 
ab(Jie);  -ly.]  In  an  uu comfortable  manner  or 
degree  ;  so  as  to  cause  discomfort. 

"  Upon  the  flour  uncomfortably  lying." 

Drayton :  Legend  qf  Matilda. 

un  com  fort  ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
comforted.]  Not  comforted,  consoled  or  tran- 
quillized ;  disconsolate. 

"Awake  your  love  to  my  uncomforted  mother." 
Beaum.  A  ftet. :  Lawt-of  Candy,  lit 

un  com  mand  ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  commanded.]  Not  commanded,  ordered, 
enjoined,  or  required  by  precept,  order,  or 
law. 

"They  were  uncommanded  instances  of  virtue.1*— 
Atterbury :  Sermon*,  vol.  1.,  ser.  10. 

un  com  mend  -a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  commendable.]  Not  to  be  commended  ; 
not  worthy  of  commendation  ;  illaudable. 

"  Th«  uncommendable  licentiousness  of  practice."— 
Feltham :  On  Ecclet.  IL  11. 

un  com  mend  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bng.  commended.]  Not  commended,  praised, 
or  approved. 

"  Thou  must  have  uncommcnded  dy  d." 

Waller:  A  Song. 

'  un  com  men  su  rate,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  commensurate.]  Not  commensurate 
with  something  else  ;  not  of  the  same  measure 
or  dimensions  ;  not  adequate,  not  equal. 

"I  observed  before  that  our  senses  are  short,  im- 
perfect,  and  uncommenturate  to  the  vastness  and  pro- 
fundity of  things,  and  therefore  cannot  receive  the 
just  imaged  of  them."— QlanvUl ;  £*tay  L 

un  com  mer   cial  (ci  as  sh),  a.    (Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  commercial.] 

1.  Not  commercial ;  not  carrying  on  com- 
merce ;  not  travelling  to  solicit  orders  for 
goods  :  as,  an  uncommercial  traveller. 

*  2.  Not  according  to  or  consistent  with  the 
principles  or  rules  of  commerce. 

"Yon  did  not  think  it  uncommercial  to  tax  the 
whole  mass  of  your  manufactures,  and,  let  me  add, 
your  agriculture  too,"— Burke :  American  Taxation. 

un  com  miss  ioned  (ss  as  ah),  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  commissioned.]  Not  com- 
missioned ;  not  possessed  of  a  commission  ; 
not  entrusted  with  a  commission  ;  unau- 
thorized. 

"  We  should  never  hastily  run  after  uncommiuiontd 
guides." — Seeker  :  Sermon*,  vol.  i.,  ser.  L 

un-cdnvmlt-ted,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  committed.] 

1.  Not  committed ;  not  done. 

"  Havoc  loathes  so  much  the  waste  of  time, 
She  scarce  bad  left  AD  uncommitted  crime." 

Byron :  Corsair,  IL  IL 

2.  Not  referred  to  a  committee. 

3.  Not  bound  or  pledged  by  anything  said 
or  done  :  as,  He  is  uncommitted  to  any  course 
of  action. 

"un -com  mixed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  commixed  ]  Not  commixed  or  mingled  ; 
unmixed.  (Chapman:  Iliad  x.  369.) 

un  com  -mon,  a.  &  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  common.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Not  common,  not  usual ;  rare, 
unusual,  infrequent;  hence,  out  of  the  com- 
mon ;  remarkable,  extraordinary,  strange. 

"  Betweiie  us  lu  no  unlikeness,  or  any  thing  uncom- 
mon as  touching  our  higher  and  our  divine  nature."— 
I'dal:  John  zlv. 

B.  As    adv.  :    Uncommonly,    exceedingly, 
very  :  as,  uncommon  cheap.    (Vulgar.) 

un  com'  mon-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  uncommon ;  -ly.] 

1.  Not  commonly  ;    rarely,    infrequently ; 
not  usually. 

2.  To  or  in  an  uncommon  degree. 

"They  were  reported  to  be  gentlemen  sent  abroad 
to  make  observations  and  discoveries,  and  were  un- 
commonly qualified  for  that  purpose."— Coot :  Firtt 
Voyage,  bk.  L.  ch.  IL 

un  -  com  -  mon  -  ness,  s.  [Eng.  uncommon; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  uncom- 
mon ;  rareness  of  occurrence ;  infrequeucy. 

"  The  uncommonneu of  such  conversation."— Seeker : 
Sermon*,  vol.  v.,  ser.  9. 

*  im  com  mu -ni  ca  ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  communicable.  ] 


1.  Not  communicable  ;  incapable  of  being 
communicated,  transferred,  or  imparted. 

"The  peculiar  vncom»tunicabh  rights  ot  England. " 
— Burke  :  Speech  at  BrUtol. 

2.  Not  communicative  ;  reserved,  taciturn. 

un  com  mu  -nl  cat  ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  communicated.] 

1.  Not   communicated  ;   not   disclosed   or 
made  known  to  others. 

2.  Not  imparted,  bestowed,  or  shared. 

"  Supreme  power,  whether  coramuniciited  or  unco**- 
municiited,  is  supreme  power."—  Waterland :  \Yortt. 
vol.  ii.,  ser.  6. 

*un-com-mu'-nJ-cat-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  communicating.]  Not  communi- 
cating ;  uncommunicative. 

"  There  are  exterminating  angels  that  fly  wrapt  up 
in  the  curtains  of  ituiiiatrrUlity  and  an  unoommunt 
eating  nature."— Bp,  Taylor:  Sermon*,  vol.  Hi.,  ser.  ». 

*un-c6m-mu~nl-cat-ive,  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  communicative.] 

1.  Not  communicative  ;  reserved,  taciturn. 

"  It  is  a  striking  characteristic  of  deep  sorruw  that 
it  is  of  a  tacit  And  uncommunicative  nature."—  Cogan  • 
Cm  the  Patrion*.  pt  i..  ch.  ii. 

2.  Not  liberal ;  parsimonious,  stingy.  (Prob, 
with  reference  to  the  meaning  of  communi- 
cate (=give)  in  the  New  Testament)    (Cf. 
Heb.  xiii.  16.) 

"A  little  too  uncommunicative  for  their  great  cif^ 
cumstauce*."— Jlichardton  :  Claritta,  ii.  W. 

*  un-com  mu  nl-ca  tive  ness,  s.    [Eng. 
uncommunicative ;  -ness.]   The  quality  or  state 
of    being    uncommunicative ;    reserve,    taci- 
turnity. 

"  I  might  Justify  my  secresy  aud  uncommunicative- 
nett'-fiichardion:  ClarUta,  iv.  39. 

*  un  com  pact ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
compact,  a.]    Not  compact;  not  of  close  tex- 
ture ;  incompact. 

•'  Such  R  furrowed,  twtcomport  surface."— Addivm  ; 
On  Italy ;  rtturhu. 

*  iin -com   pact    ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-(l),  and 
Eng.   compacted.]    Not  compacted ;  not  firm 
or  settled, 

"Seems  to  unfold  an  uncompacttd  mind."—  fW- 
Viam :  Ketolvet.  pt.  IL.  n».  J3. 

*  un-com    pa   nied,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  companied.]    Not  attended  by  a  com- 
panion ;  unaccompanied. 

"That  brave  Ulysses  thence 
Depart,  uncomp<inied  by  God  or  itiau." 

Cowper:  Bomer ;  Odyuejtv. 

*  iin  com  pan   ion  a-ble  (ia.sy),u.  [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  companionable.]    Not  com- 
panionable ;  not  sociable. 

"  A  Mrs.  K.,  who  is  very  uncompanionable  indeed.' 
—Had.  ffArblay :  Diary,  i.  ili. 

*  un   corn   pan    ioncd  (1  as  y)(  a.     [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  companioned.]    Having  no 
fellow ;  unique,  peerless. 

"  She  is  the  mirror  of  her  beauteous  sex, 
Unparalleled  and  uncom/janioned." 

Machin :  Dumb  Knight,  i. 

*  un   com    passed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  compassed,]    Unlimited,  unbounded. 

"  Call  clouds  encompaese  Thy  uncompatt'd  greatness  !" 
Davie* :  Jfutet  Sacrifice,  p.  11 

*  iin  -  com  pass   ion   ate  (ss  as  sh),  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  compassionate.  ]    Not 
compassionate ;  deficient  in  pity  or  compas- 
sion. 

"  In  uncompaaionate  anger  do  not  so." 

Milton  :  Sam*on  Affonittet,  BIS. 

*  iin  com  pass  ioned  (ss  as  ah),  a.  [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  compassioned.]     Not  com- 
passionated ;  unpitied  ;  unsympathised  with. 

*un  corn-pat'  I  bly,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  compatibly.]  Not  in  a  compatible 
manner ;  incompatibly. 

un  com  pel  la  blc,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  compellable.]  Not  compellable ;  that 
cannot  be  bound,  driven,  or  compelled;  not 
admitting  of  compulsion. 

"  For  it  conquers  the  uncompellabte  mind,  and  dis- 
interest* ui.-iu  of  himself."— feltham  :  O,i  Luke  »iv.  20. 

un  com  polled ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  En^. 
compelled.]  Not  compelled  ;  free  from  or  with- 
out compulsion  ;  not  done  under  compulsion. 

"  Where  love  gives  law.  beauty  the  sceptre  sways, 
And,  uncompelled.  the  happy  world  olieys." 

Waller:  Triple  Combat. 

un  com  pen  sat-ed,  /.  [Pref.  un- (1),  and 
Eng.  compensated.]  Not  compensated. 

"  To  Join  together  tbe  restraints  of  an  universal,  In- 
ternal, and  external  taxation  is  an  unnatural  unlua 
of  perfect,  unrnmpetuated  slavery."  —  Burke ;  On 
American  Taxation. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go, 
or,  wore,  wpU;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    0,  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  L. 


uncompetitive  —unconditioned 


4917 


- 

plai 
bei 


[Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.     competitive.]      Not   competitive  ;    not 
competing  with  others. 

"The  commercial  square  .  .  .  consisted  of  uncumiir- 
tfttve  shops,  such  aa  were  needful,  of  the  native  wares. 
— fiuskin,  in  J#.  James's  Oautte,  Feb.  9,  18S&. 

tin- corn-plain' -Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  complaining.]  Not  complaining;  not 
murmuring. 

"  The  weak,  haplesa,  uncomplaining  wretch." 

Thomson :  Spring,  892. 

tin-COm  plain'-ing-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  uncom- 
plaining ;  -Iy.]  In  an  uncomplaining  manner; 
without  complaint  or  murmuring. 

•  tin-com-plaln'-ing-ness, ».  [Eng.  uncom- 

fotining;    -ness.]      line  quality  or   state    of 
eing  uncomplaining. 

•un-cdm-plais'-ant,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Enjj.  complaisant.]  Not  complaisant ;  not 
civil ;  not  courteous. 

"  It  is  hard  to  epeak  of  these  false  fair  ones  without 
saying  something  uncvmplaitant." — Additon:  Spec- 
tator, No.  tL 

1  tin-cdm-plais'-ant-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  un- 
complaisant ;  -ly.]  '  In  an  uncomplaisant 
manner ;  un/Mvilly,  discourteously. 

"As  our  male  law  givers  have  somewhat  uncom- 
plaisantly  expressed  it."— Blackitone :  Comment.,  bk. 

m..  uh.  ii 

•  tin-com-plete',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

complete,  a,]    Not  complete  ;  incomplete. 

"  The  uncwnplete  and  unfinished  parts  of  the  same 
action  and  fable."— Pope:  View  of  the  Epic  Poem,  S  4. 

tin-cim-plet'-e'd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  completed.]  Not  completed ;  not  finished ; 
unfinished. 

"  The  work  that  was  left  uncompleted." 

Longfellow:  Miles  Standish,  li. 

•  tin  com-pli'-ant,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  compliant.]    Not  compliant ;  not  yield- 
ing or  pliant ;  inflexible.    (Gauden :  Tears  of 
the  Church,  p.  305.) 

tin  com-pli-men'-ta-r^,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  complimentary.  ]  Not  complimentary ; 
rude ;  discourteous ;  as,  uncomplimentary 
language. 

t  ftn-cdm-ply'-lng.  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  complying.}    Not  complying;  not  yield- 
ing, conceding,  or  assenting. 

"  The  uncomplying  Jews  were  not  satisfied  with  re- 
jecting Christianity."— Atttrbu.ru:  Sermons,  vol.  L, 
•er.  3. 

•  tin-corn -pose'-a-ble,  o.     [Pret  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  composeable.]     Incapable  of  being 
composed ;  not  to  be  allayed  or  arranged. 

"  A  difference  at  length  flamed  so  high  as  to  be  un- 
componeable.'— North:  Examen,  p.  «8- 

ftn-com-pound  -ed,  a.    [Pret  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  compounded.] 

1.  Not  compounded  ;  not  mixed  ;  simple. 

'*  And  uncompaundtd  is  their  essence  pure." 

Milton;  P.L,  1.426. 

2.  Simple ;  not  intricate. 

"The  substance  of  the  faith  was  comprised  in  that 
uneompoundfd  style."—  Hammond :  fundamentals. 

•  ti.n-c6m-poiind'-ed-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  un- 
compoumled ;    -ly.]      In    an    uncompounded 
manner. 

"  He  is  all  these  abstractedly,  uncompoundedly 
rwlly.  infinitely."—  Bp.  Ball:  Remedy  of  Prophane- 
neit,  bk.  1.,  |  3. 

ftn-com-pound' -ed-nSss,  s.  [Eng.  un- 
compmtnded;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  uncompounded. 

," — Hammond:  Works 

v.t.     [Pref.   un-  (2) 
To  fail  in  corapre 


ToL  iv.,  ser.  5. 


1  un-c6m-pr6-nend', 

and  Eng.  comprehend.] 
bending. 

"  Or  this  nice  wit,  or  that  diBteroperance, 
Neglect,  distaste,  unoomprehond,  disdain." 

Daniel:  Mutophilta. 

fcn-«6m-pre-hen-sl-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) 

and  Eng.  comprehensible.]     Not  comprehen 
sible;  incomprehensible. 

"  It  is  vntoucheable,  and  vncomprthenttble  vnto  on 
senses."—  Jevell:  Defence  of  the  Aftoloyie,  p.  239. 

*  tin-cSm-pre-hen'-sIve,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) 

and  Eng.  comprehensive.] 

L  Not  comprehensive;  not  including  much 

2.  Unable  to   comprehend  ;   Incomprehen 

give. 

**  Some   narrow-spirited,  nncamprehentive   zealots 
who  know  not  the  world."—  South  :  Sermons,  vol.  1L 


tin-cin-oeiv'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  an 
Eng.  conceivable.]    Not  conceivable  ;  not  abl 


3.  Tliat  cannot  be  contained  within  limits  ; 
incomprehensible  (q.v.). 

"  Finds  bottom  In  the  unarm  prehensirv  deeps." 
.SAaJtei/j.  .•  Troilus  *  Cretnda,  ill.  3. 

un  corn-pressed ,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  compressed.]  Not  compressed  ;  free  from 
compression. 

"  Judging  from  the  uncompressed  fragments."— 
Darwin  :  v+yuge  Kound  the  World,  ch.  ili. 

un  com  prised ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  compriseii.}  Uncompreh ended  ;  or,  per- 
haps, unbounded. 

"  Whose  uncompleted  wisdom  did  foresee. 
That  you  in  marriage  should  lie  Hnk'd  to  me. 
Drayton :  Owen  Tudor  to  Queen  Catherine, 

un-com  pro-mining,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  compromising.]  Not  compromising ; 
not  given  to  making  compromises,  but  rigid 
in  carrying  out  one's  opinions  and  projects  ; 
not  ready  to  agree  to  terms ;  inflexible. 

"  The  uncompromising  patrician  spirit  character. 
Istic  of  the.  Ulaudian  fam ily.1'— Levrit :  Crtd.  Early 
Roman  Bist.  (ed.  1865),  li.  58. 

un-COU-ceaT-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  concealable.]  Not  able  to  be  concealed. 

"  With  slow  mutation  unconcealable." 

Wordsworth :  Excursion,  bk.  vl. 

in-concealed ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
concealed.]  Not  concealed ;  openly  shown, 

"  She  suffered  the  tears  to  stream  down  her  cheeks 
unconcealed."—  .Vacaulay :  Hist.  £.ng..  ch.  vL 

id 

.ble 

to  l>e  conceived,  imagined,  or  understood  ;  in- 
conceivable. 

"  Unconceivable  is  the  concurrent  lustre  and  glory 
of  many  1"— Bp.  Sail:  The  Woman'f  Vail. 

tin-co'n-celV-a-ble-ne'ss,  s.  [Eng.  uncon- 
ceivable; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
inconceivable ;  inconceivableness. 

"  The  unconceivaNenest  and  utter  Incomprehensible- 
ness  of  the  deity.'— More;  Immortality  of  the  Soul, 
bk.  1..  ch.  iv. 

un  con  ceiv  -a-bl3r,  adv.  [Eng.  uncon- 
ceivabW;  -ly.]  Inconceivably. 

"Of  uncnnnuMMy  small  bodies  or  a  torn*.'- ioc**  . ' 
Natural  Philosophy,  ch.  xiL 

un  con-oeived ,  a.    [Pref.  «n-  (IX  and  Eng. 

conceived.]    Not  conceived. 

"  Vaat  as  my  theme,  yet  unconctiv  d,  and  brings 
Untoward  words,  scarce  loosened  yet  from  things." 
Creech  :  Lucretius. 

tin-c$n-celv  Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  <1),  and 
Eng.  conceiving.]  Not  conceiving. 

"  And  In  the  unconenvtny  vulgar  sort." 

Daniel:  Civil  Wt»n,\. 

un-con-9ern',  *.  [Pref.  un  (1),  and  Eng.  con- 
cern.] Absence  of  concern,  anxiety,  or  solici 
tude  ;  carelessness  ;  freedom  from  concern  or 
anxiety. 

"  A  Uitles*  unconcern." 

Thornton:  Spring,  SOI. 

un-con-cerned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
concerned.] 

1.  Not  concerned,  not  anxious ;  free  from 
concern  or  anxiety. 

"  Heedless  and  unconcerned  remained. 
When  Heaven  the  murderer's  arm  restrained." 
Scott :  Jlokebff.  iv.  27. 

2.  Having  or  taking  no  interest;  not  in- 
terested, not  affected. 

"  As  unconcern'd  as  when  he  plants  a  tree." 

Wordsvnrth :  Excuriion,  bk.  T. 

•  3.  Sober. 

"  The  little  part  I  had  taken  in  their  gaiety  kept 
me  unconcerned."— Richardson  :  Clarissa,  viii.  809. 

un-con-$ern'-ed  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  uncon- 
cerned; -ly.]  In  an  unconcerned  manner 
without  concern  or  anxiety. 

"  Unconcernedly,  chearfully.  resignedly,  as  knowing 
that  w«  are  secure  of  his  protection. f—Atterbury 
Sermont,  vol.  i  v.,  ser.  10. 

tin -cin-^ern'-Sd- ness,  s.  [Eng.  uncon- 
cerned; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unconcerned;  freedom  from  concern, anxiety 
or  interest. 

"  An  unconcernedntu  for  any  particular  religion."— 
Bogle:  Works,  ii.  863. 

*  tin-cin-cern'-ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  an. 
Eng.  concerning. ]      Not  concerning,  not  in 
teresting,   not  affecting;    of  no    concern    o 
interest. 

"Lest such  an  unconcerrHntt  trifle  be  forgotten."— 
Bp.  Taylor :  fiiuuatioe  from  Popery,  pt.  L,  bk.  u. 

*  tin-cftn^ern'-m^nt,  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  an< 


Eng.  concernment.]  Absence  of  concern-. 
anxiety,  or  solicitude  ;  unconcernedness. 

"And  his  uncuHL-eriitnent  another  time  was  ai 
•ottisb,  when  he  past  on."— Ql&nviU- :  Est-iy  2. 

un  con-clud'-ent,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  condwient']  Not  coiu-lusive,  not  de- 
cisive ;  inconclusive. 

"  All  our  arguments  touching  them  feteruity  and 
Infinity]  are  inevideut  aud  unconcludent."— Hale  : 
Oriff.  of  Mankind,  p.  11R. 

tin-cdn-clud'-I-ble(  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
concluttet  and  sutf.  -<tble,]  Indeterminable. 

"  To  cootprub  md  aud  conclude  that  which  is  uncon- 
cludiole."— More:  Sony  of  the  tioul.  (Notes.) 

un-ccn-clud'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  concluding.]  'Not  decisive;  indecisive, 
inconclusive. 

"  He  makes  his  understand  ing  only  the  warehouse- 
of  other  men's  false  and  unconcluding  reasonings." — 
Loclce. 

nn-con-clud' -ing-ness.  «.  [Eng.  uncon- 
cluding;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being: 
inconclusive ;  inconclusiveness. 

"  The  uncondudingneu  of  the  arguments  brought  to- 
attest  It."—  Bp.  Taylor:  Liberty  offropheiyiny,  \  «. 

*  un-odn-clus -Ive,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l>,  and, 

Eng.  conclusive.]  Not  conclusive ;  inconclusive. 

"And  to  argue  negatively  f*  fine,  la  very  unconclu- 
tive  in  such  matters.  *-i6lanvat :  Ettttv  6. 

*  tin-c^n-c6ct'-Sd,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and- 
Eng.  concocted.] 

1.  Lit. :  Not  concocted  ;  not  digested. 

"  We  swallow  cherry-stones,  but  void  them  uncon- 
cocted."— Browne  :  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  Hi.,  ch.  xii. 

2.  Fig. :  Crude,  indigested. 

"  Very  uneven,  tmcatcoctcd,  roving,  often  repeated 
and  medley  stuff."—  Wood :  Athena  Oxon.,  vol.  li. 

*  un  con-cur  rent,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and. 

Eng.  concurr«n.(.l    Not  concurrent ;  not  agree- 
ing.   (Daniel;  Hist.  Eng.,  p.  49.) 

tin-con  demned'  (mn  as  m),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  condemned.] 

1.  Not   condemned,    as    a   criminal  ;    not 
judged  guilty. 

"This  would  have  killed  an  harmlesse  and  an  tm- 
condemned  peraoue."—  Ciial :  John  xvhi. 

2,  Not  disapproved  of. 

"Did  leave  behind  unrepealed  and  uncondemned 
the  doctrines  and  books  of  Parmenlde*,"— f.  UoUand  ^ 
Plutarch,  p.  919. 

*  tin-cim'-dlt-Sd,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng- 

oondit&l.}    Unseasoned. 

"  Aa  Insipid  M  cork,  or  the  uncondited  mushroom.1' 
—Bp.  Taylor  :  Sermon*,  voL  ill.,  ser.  «. 

un  con-di'  tlon-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and. 
Eng.  conditional.] '  Not  conditional  ;  not  de- 
pendent upon  or  limited  by  conditions  ;  abso- 
lute, unreserved. 

"  The  obligation  of  an  immediate  and  unconditional' 
payment,"— Smith  :  Wealth  of  Nations,  bk.  li.,  ch.  ii. 

tin-o6n-di'-tion-al-l^,  adv.-  [Eng.  uncon- 
conditional;  -ly.]  "in  an  unconditional  man- 
ner ;  without  conditions  ;  absolutely,  unre- 
servedly. 

"To  whom  those  promises  are  unconditionally  cou- 
Bigned."— B ammond  :  Sermont,  vol.  iv.,  ser.  6. 

*  un-con-di -tlon-ate,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),, 

and  Eng.  conditionate.]    Unconditional,  abso- 
lute. 

"  He  means  an  Infallibility,  antecedent,  absolute,. 

uncontlitioiiate."— Bp.  Taylor:   Dit.  from  Popery,  pt. 

li.    (Introd.) 

un-con-di  tioned,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  conditioned.] 

Philos.  :  A  term  employed  in  a  twofold  sig- 
nification :  denoting  (1)  the  entire  absence  of 
all  restriction  ;  or  (2),  more  widely,  the  entire 
absence  of  all  relation.  (Calderwood;  Philo*. 
of  the  Infinite,  p.  36.) 

H  The  Unconditioned : 

Philosophy : 

(1)  According  to  Kant,  that  which  is  abso- 
lutely and  in  itself,  or  internally  possible, 
and  is  exempted  from  the  conditions  circum- 
scribing a  thing  in  time  or  space. 

"  Within  the  sphere  of  the  phenomenal  there  exists 
no  unconditional  cause,  but  outaide  of  the  whole  cotn- 
iilex  of  phenomena  there  exists,  as  their  tramcei>- 
SentAl  ground,  the  Unconditioned"—  Ueberweg:  Bi*t. 
Philot.  (Eng.  ed.).  ii.  177. 

(2)  According  to  Hamilton,  the  highest  ex- 
pression for  the  common  element  in  what  is- 
properly  absolute  and  infinite  in  thought,  or 
as  these  can  be  understood. 

"The  Unconditioned  regarded  as  one.  or  thought  a» 
one,  does  imply  an  impossibility  alike  of  thought  and 
being."— J.  leitch :  Hamilton,  p.  231. 


o%  bo^;  p6ut,  jtf*l;  oat,  veil,  chorns,  chin,  bencn;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenopnon,  exist,   ph  - 1, 
-clan,  -tian  =  Bhan.   -tion,  -«ioii  =  shun ;  -flon,  -slon  =  zhnn.   -cious,  -Uous,  -sioua  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


491S 


unconducing— unconscionableness 


4n-c6n:dU9'-Ing,  a.  [Pref. tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
conducing.}  Not  conducing ;  not  conducive. 

"3o  uncondwXno  to  the  affairs  ot  the  spirit."— Bf. 
Tailor:  Rule  of  Commence,  bk-  L.  ct  IT. 

•fin-con-duot'-ed,  o.     [Pref.  tin-  (IX  snd 

tiiL'.  conducted.]    Not  conducted  ;  not  under 
guidance  or  direction. 

"An    undisciplined    tad    uncondueted    troop    of 
atom*.  —Barrou- :  Seratoia,  vol.  iL,  ser.  0. 

nn-cin-ferred',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
conferred.]  Not  brought  together  in  common  ; 
not  communed,  conversed,  or  discoursed. 
(Followed  by  with.) 

"  He  hath  not  forborn  to  scandalise  him.  uncon- 
rerrd  with,  unadniouiahu."— Miliun:   TetracAordon. 

un-con-fessed',  a.  [Pret  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
confessed.] 

L  Not  confessed  ;  concealed  or  denied. 
(Applied  to  sins  or  crimes.) 

2.  Not  confessed,  as  a  Roman  Catholic  who 
fails  to  appear  before  a  confessor  to  acknow- 
ledge his  sins  and  seek  absolution.  (Applied 
to  persons.) 

"  A  sinful  man  and  uncoiifeteea." 

Scan  :  llarmion.  L    (Introd.1 

•ttn-con-feBs'-Ing,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng- 
conjexsing.]  Not  confessing  ;  not  making  cou- 
fession  of  sins. 

"Vmai&mln,  and  nnmortifyM  sinnera"— t/llt-n  • 
ArUmad.  upon  the  Hem.  Defence. 

*  nn-cdn'-f I-dence,  ».  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Bag.  confidence.]  Want  of  confidence  ;  un- 
certainty, hesitation,  doubt  (Hoc/at :  Life  of 
Williams,  i.  124.) 

•on  con  f  in'-a-ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  cmfinable.] 

1.  Not  able  to  be  confined  or  restrained : 
nnrestrainable. 

*2.  Unbounded. 

"Thou  uncmfnaMe  baseness,  it  la  as  mnch  as  I  can 
do  to  keeptluMlenusof  my  honour precise."— £noi«>;>..- 

fin  con-fined',  o.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
confined.] 

1.  Not  confined ;  free  from  restraint  or  con- 
trol ;  free. 

"  The.  Fancy,  roving  unemfned. 
The  preaent  muse  of  every  pensive  mind  " 

Covper  :  Tirocinium,  2L 

2.  Not  having  narrow  limits ;  not  narrow ; 
wide  and  comprehensive, 

*uu-cdn-fin'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unmnflneil; 
-ly.)  In  an  unconnued  manner ;  without  con- 
finement, restraint,  or  limitation. 

"  One  so  pure,  so  unamfin'dli  spread/ 

Di-lrden :  Kind  A  Panther,  11.  «17. 

fin  con-firmed',  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (IX  and  Eng. 
confirmed.] 

1.  Not  confirmed ;  not  flrmly  established  ; 
not  possessed  of  its  full  measure  of  strength 
or  stability. 

2.  Not  confirmed  or  approved  of  in  a  posi- 
tion or  ofilce. 

"  Hys  dysttraded  abbottes  and  unconfirmed  prelates." 
— Bate  :  Englieh  Yotariet,  pt  it 

3.  Not  confirmed ;   not  strengthened    by 

additional  evidence. 

"  Nor  was  long 
His  wiUiees  ffumfffttf      Milton :  P.  «..  L  89. 

*  4.  Not  fortified  by  resolution ;  weak,  raw, 
inexperienced. 

"  In  the  unconfirmed  troops  mnch  fear  did  breed." 
Daniel :  Civil  Wart,  i  v. 

6.  Not  having  received  or  acquired  strength. 

"  With  strength  unpractised  yet  and  unconfirmed." 
Sowe  : 


6.  Not  having  received  the  rite  of  confirma- 
tion. 

*  un  con-form',  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
conform.]  Not  conformable;  unlike,  dis- 
similar ;  not  analogous. 

"  Not  unconform  to  other  shining  globes.* 

Milton:  f.  L.,  v.  K9. 

fin-con-fbrm-a-bJl'-I-ty,  ».  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Enj;.  conformability.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unconformable. 

"  That  the  subterranean  forces  have  visited  differ. 

nt  parts  of  the  globe  at  successive  periods  is  inferred 

chiefly  from  the  rtncon/ormabiHty  of  strata  beloiiKinc 

ehg2iLP"       d"Itewu  ages."— I#ett!  fri*.  ofOeologu, 

un  c6n  form'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  conformable.] 

1.  Ord.    Lang.:    Not    conformable;    not 
agreeable ;  not  consistent 

jj  Cl'Vl  t?ow  «™«»I  "I",  they  know  we  do  not 
defend  that  we  may  hold  anything \euonformtole.-- 
Sooker:  Aeries.  1'otitte,  bk.  iL,  J  77 


2.  Geol. :  The  term  used  when  one  series  o 
beds  is  so  place.!  over  another  that  the  su 
perior  beds  repose  more  or  less  on  the  edges 
instead  of  on  the  planes  of  the  inferior  series. 
Thus  on  the  borders  of  Wales  and  Surop 
shire  the  slaty  beds  of  the  Silurian  systei 
are  curved  or  vertical,  while  those  of  th 
overlying  carboniferous  shale  and  limeston 
are  horizontal.  To  produce  unconformiu 
three  series  of  events  have  generally  occurrec 
First,  the  Inferior  beds,  originally  laid  dow 
horizontally,  must  at  some  subsequent  tim 
have  been  tilted  up  by  a  force,  probabl 
igneous,  from  beneath.  Secondly,  in  nios 
cases,  the  upturned  ends  of  the  strata  mus 
have  been  more  or  less  acted  on  by  denuda 
tion,  which  has  rendered  them  a  nearly  hor 
zontil  plane  on  which  fresh  strata  can  easil 
rest.  Thirdly,  these  fresh  strata  have  beei 
actually  deposited.  Approximately  to  measur 
the  interval  of  time  which  these  changes  hav 
occupied,  intermediate  beds  must  be  sought  fo 
in  other  districts  or  regions,  or  failing  these 
note  must  be  taken  of  the  amount  of  altera 
tion  in  life  which  has  occurred  during  the  un 
known  interval.  This  may  be  determined  by 
comparing  the  fossils  in  the  lower  with  those 
in  the  upper  beds.  Unconformability  is  o 
since  in  fixing  the  date  of  ancient  seismic  or 
volcanic  action.  If  it  tilted  up  the  lower  and 
had  no  Influence  on  the  upper  strata,  the 
irresistible  inference  is  that  it  occurred  be 
tween  the  deposition  of  the  two. 

un- con- form -a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  uncon 
formab(le);  -ly.]  In  an  uuconformable  man- 
ner ;  not  consistently  or  agreeably. 

"In  such  cases  the  discordance  of  Inclination  be 

tween  the  superior  and  inferior  strata  la  expressed  or 

rm  unconformity,  and  tbe  upi«r  rock  is  said  to 

(ed.  1884),  L  78. 

•un- con -form'- 1st,  t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  conformist.]  A  nonconformist,  a  dis- 
senter. 


un-con-form'-I-ty,  ».     [Pret  «n-  (IX  and 
Eng.  conformity.] 

'  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Want  of  conformity  ;  in 
congruity,  inconsistency. 

"To  be  upbraided  wi tli  uiuKHi/pmeity  unto  the  pat- 
tern  of  our  Lord  and  Saviour's  estate."— footer :  Ecclet 
Polttle,  bk.  vil. 

2.  Geol. :  Absence  of  conformity  between 
strata  the  upper  of  which  rest  on  the  edges 
of  the  lower  beds.  (See  extract  under  UNCON- 
PORMABLV.) 

•un- con -found',  v.t.    (Pref.  on-  (1),  and 

Eng.  con,found.]    Not  to  mix,  mingle,  involve, 
or  confuse  ;  to  free  from  mixture. 

"  Where  they  could  remain  safe  and  uncen/ounihd 
with  the  natives."—  Warburton:  Dlnne  legation, 
bk.  fv.,  f  8. 

*  un-c6n-fu«ed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
confused.] 

1.  Not  confused  ;  free  from  confusion  or 
disorder. 

"  Intellective  memory  Is  more  distinct  and  uncon- 
ruled  than  tbe  sensitive  memory."— Sale:  Orig.  of 
Mankind,  p.  M. 

2.  Not  embarrassed ;  free  from  embarrass- 
ment 


d-lj?,  adr.  [Eng.  unamfused; 
-ly.]  Not  in  a  confused  manner ;  in  a  manner 
or  state  free  from  confusion. 

"  He  knows  them,  distinctly  and  unconfu*-dlv.  from 
one  another."— Locke ;  Human  Underttand.,  bk.  1L, 

»  un-oon-fuf-a-ble,  o.  [rtef.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  confuUMe,]  Not  confutable ;  not  ad- 
mitting or  capable  of  being  confuted,  refuted, 
or  overthrown. 

"  One  political  argument  they  boasted  of  aa  unco*. 
/utaMe.— Sprat :  Sermont. 

un-cin-fnt'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
confuted.]  Not  confuted  or  refuted. 

"  What  be  write*,  though  unconfutrtl,  must  there- 
fore be  miatrusted."— .Vtlton :  Tarach-n-dan. 

*  un-con-geal',  v.i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
congeal.]  To  thaw,  to  melt. 

"  When  meres  begin  to  unconfeal" 

Tennyvm :  Two  roices. 

un-cAn-geal  a  blc,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  congmlable.]  Incapable  of  being  con- 
gealed, frozen,  or  rendered  hard  by  cold. 
(SauOity:  Nondescripts,  Hi.) 

un-con-gcaled ,  o.    [Pref.  uit-  (1),  and  Eng. 


congealed.]     Not  congealed  ;    not  frown   or 
concreted  by  cold. 

"  Unseen,  unwept,  hut  uneanaealed 
And  cherished  moat  where  la»t  revealed.' 

Byron  :  Paruina,  rx. 

fin-eon-fce'-nl-al,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  congenial.]     Not  congenial. 

"And  small  the  lnt«rooune  I  ween, 
Such  uncongenial  souls  between." 

Scott  :  Ao*efrr.  IL  4. 

*  iin-con'-Ju-gal,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
conjugal.}    Not  suitable  to  matrimonial  faith- 
not  befitting  a  husband  or  wife. 

"  Falsehood  most  unconjugnL' 

Hilton  :  Sanuon  Ayoniue*.  Mft. 

*  iin-cin-Junc'-tive,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  »nd 
Eng.  conjunctive.]      Not   conjunctive:    that 
cannot  join  or  unite. 


.  .  "nconjun<*lae  are  unmarriable  to. 

get  her.  —Milton  :  Dort.t  Duc.of  Divorce,  bk.  i.,ch.  fr. 

fin-con-ngct'-ed,  a.     [Pref.   un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  connected.] 

1.  Not  connected;  not  united;  separate 
distinct 

2.  Not  coherent;   not  joined   by   proper 
transitions  or  dependence  of  parts;   loose, 
vague,  rambling,  desultory. 

"  The  fragments  broken  off  from  any  science  dia- 
persed  in  short  unconnected  diecoureea.'  —  Watte.  ' 

3.  Not  connected   or  united   by  interest 
friendship,  party,  or  the  like  ;  not  having  a 
common  interest. 

"  Now  he  was  altogether  unconnected  with  Spain,' 
—Macaulai:  Bitt.  fni,  ch.  ixiv. 


•  fin-con-neot'-ed-ly,  adi:      [Eng.  uncon- 
nected ;  -ly.]     In  an  unconnected    manner; 
disconnectedly. 

"  This  petition  therefore  comes  In  very  abruptly  and 
uncmneaedli.--Knox:  Com.  on  the  Lori,  Supper. 

•  un-con'-nlng,   "  un  con-nyng,  a.  &  ». 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  conning.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Ignorant,  unknowing. 

"  An  unconning  and  unprofitable  man,"— Chaucffi 

B.  As  subst. :  Ignorance. 

•  nn-con-niv  Ing,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  conniving.]     Not  conniving;  not  over- 
looking or  winking  at   (Milton :  P.  S.,  i.  863.) 

un-cdxY-qner-a-ble  (qu  as  k),  a.  [Pret 
«n-<l),  and  Eng.  conquerable.] 

1.  Not  able  to  be  conquered ;  incapable  of 
being   conquered,  subdued,  or  vanquished ; 
not  to  be  overcome  in  contest ;  indomitable, 
invincible. 

"AD  the  boldest  spirits  of  the  unconquerable 
colon}. -Macaulaf  :  aia.  En,.,  ch.  xvL 

2.  lucapable  of  being  subdued  and  brought 
under  control ;  insuperable, 

"The  Mackintoshes  were  kept  neutral  by  uncon. 
ouerable  aversion  to  Keppoch."  —  Macaulau  :  Sitt. 
Eng..  ch.  *m 

un  con  quer-a-bly  (qu  as  k),  a.  [Eng. 
unamquerab(U) ;  -ly.]  Invincibly,  iudomitev- 
biy,  insuperably. 

"  His  temper  acrimonious,  turbulent,  and  uncon- 
querably stubborn."— Macaulay :  Sitt.  Eng.,  ch.  vL 

un  con'-quered  (qu  as  k),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eug.  conquered.] 

1.  Not  conquered,  vanquished,  or  subdued ; 
unsubdued. 

"Their  hitherto  unconqutred  castle."— MaKiulai: 
Hia.  Eng..  ch.  ii«. 

*  2.  Unconquerable,  invincible,  insuperable. 

"  That  imperious,  that  itnconqtter'd  sonL" 

Pope:  Bomer;  Iliad  1.  378. 

un  con'  scion  a  ble  (sc  as  sh),  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (IX  and  Eng.  conscionable.] 

1.  Not  conscionable  ;  not  reasonable ;  ex- 
ceeding the  limits  of  any  reasonable  claim  or 
expectation;  inordinate. 

"  He  had  been,  he  aald.  a  most  uncontdonable  time 
dying."—  Macaulay  :  Sitt.  Sng.,  ch.  iv. 

*  2.  Not  guided  or  influenced  by  conscience ; 
nn  conscientious. 

"  Dluerse  uncnntcionable  dealers  bane  one  measnr* 
to  sell  by.  t  another  to  buie  »ithall."  —  SoliiaheaL: 
Deec.  England,  bk.  U.,  ch.  xvili. 

*  3.  Enormous,  vast 

"  Stalking  with  leas  uncomdotutMe  strides. 
And  lower  looks."       Milton  :  Samton  Aa 


n  con  -scion-a  ble-ness  (so  as  sh),  «. 
[Eng.  unconscionable;  -ness.']  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unconscionable  ;  unreasonable- 
ness. 

"When  need  meets  with  vnaontcionablentu.  all 
conditions  are  aaaily  swallowed."—  Bp.  aalt:  CtmL 
-aficoA  f  Idolatry. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
OP,  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full :  try,  Syrian.    a».a.  =  e:ey  =  a:qu  =  kw. 


unconscionably— uncontrite 


4919 


fin-con  -solon-a-bltf  (SO  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng. 
unconscionuHU) ;'  -ii/.J  In  an  unconscionable 
manneror  degree  ;  unreasonably,  inordinately. 

••  This  U  a  common  vice  :  tho'  all  things  here 
Are  sold,  and  sold  tmeontoianaNl  Ma. 

Dryden:  Jiteenal,  111.901. 

fin •  con'-  scious  (so  as  sh),  o.  [Pref.  un- (1), 
and  Eng.  conscious.) 

1.  Not  conscious ;  having  no  mental  per- 
eeption. 

"  Unwntciaut  nature,  all  that  he  surveys. 
Bocks,  groves,  and  streams,  must  K>in  him  In  his 
praise."  C"V>p<ir:  Bope.iu. 

2.  Not  conscious  to  one's  self;  not  know- 
ing; not  perceiving. 

"  Ifncantciout  we  these  motions  never  heed." 

Blackmore:  Creation. 

3.  Having  lost  consciousness  or  power  of 
perception. 

4.  Not  arising  or  resulting  from  or  produced 
by  consciousness  :  as,  unconscious  cerebration. 

*5  Not  acquainted;  not  knowing;  ignor- 
ant 

«  A  stalely  mole,  as  yet  by  toll*  unbroke, 
Of  six  years'  age,  ttMonMatw  of  the  yoke. 

Pope :  aomer  :  Iliad  xxUL  759. 

6.  Taking  no  cognizance ;  regardless,  heed- 

"  The  sire,  unamtciota  of  his  age, 
Pei«rted  promptly  as  a  page. 

Wordemrth:  White  Doe.fr. 

f  Philosophy  of  the  Unconscious: 

PMlos.:  A  system  introduced  by  E.  v. 
Hartmann  (born  in  Berlin  1840),  who  pub- 
lished his  Die  Philosophic  des  Unbemusten  in 
1869  He  assumes  that  there  is  in  nature  an 
unconscious  Will  and  Idea  (=  the  Substance 
of  Spinoza,  the  Absolute  Ego  of  Fichte,  the 
Absolute  Subject-object  of  Bclielling,  the  Ab- 
solute Idea  of  Plato  and  Hegel,  and  the  Will 
of  Schopenhauer)  as  a  pure  and  spiritual 
activity,  without  a  substratum  of  nerve  and 
brain  which  is  the  basis  of  consciousness. 
The  product  of  this  Will  and  Idea  is  the 
world. 

unconscious-cerebration,  s. 

Mental  PhysioL:  The  name  given  to  the 
doctrine  that  the  mind  may  undergo  modifi- 
cations, sometimes  of  very  considerable  im- 
portance, without  lieing  itself  conscious  of 
the  process,  until  its  results  present  them- 
selves to  the  consciousness  in  the  new  ideas, 
or  new  combination  of  ideas,  which  the  pro- 
cess has  evolved.  This  doctrine  has  been 
current  among  German  metaphysicians  from 
the  time  of  Leibnitz  to  the  present  day,  and 
was  systematically  expounded  by  the  late 
Sir  William  Hamilton.  (Carpenter:  Mental 
Physiol.,  ch.  xiii. ;  see  also  Macmillan's  Mag., 
Nov.,  1870,  p.  25.) 

un-con'-sclofis-ly  (so  as  sh),  artv.  [Eng. 
wvMnsciovx ;  -ly.]  Not  consciously;  in  an 
unconscious  manner ;  without  perception  or 
consciousness. 

un  con  scious- ness  (so  as  sh),  ».  [Eng. 
unconscious;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unconscious ;  absence  of  consciousness. 

MA  total  vnconictotaneia  of  doubt"—  Paleit: 
dencet  of  CkrutumUi,  pt  L,  oh.  xi. 

*  nn-cSn'-se-crate,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  consecrate.}   To  deprive  of  consecration 
to  desecrate. 

"To  unconaecrate  the  very  church  I  apeak  in."— 
SolrtA :  Sermons,  vol.  i  i..  ser.  U. 

•fin-con'-se-crate,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  an<: 
Eng.  consecrate.]  Not  consecrated;  nneon 
secrated. 

••She  was  houseled  In  sight  of  the  people  with  an 
host  uncomearate."— Sir  T.  More  :  Harlot,  p.  Ui, 

fin  con'-se-craf  -Sd,  a.    [Pref.  un-  OX  and 

Eng.  consecrated.]  Not  consecrated;  not 
sacred.  (Byron :  Parisina,  v.  19.) 

"un-con-sent'-e'a.a.     [Pref.   un-  0), 
Eng.  consented.]   Not  consented  to;  not  agreed 
to.    (Followed  by  to.) 

"80  long  at  they  are  natural  and  uncontented  to.*— 
Bp.  Taylor:  Of  Repentance,  ch.  vii.,  i  S. 

in-con-sent'-Ing.  a.  [Pref.  un-  OX  and 
Eng.  consenting.]  Not  consenting ;  not  agree 
fag  ;  not  giving  consent. 

"  Nor  unoonuntlng  hear  his  friend's  request" 
Pope  :  Homer ;  Odyuey  XV.  32U 

•  un-con-sg-qnen'-tlal  (tl  as  sh),  a.   [Pref 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  consequential.]  Not  conse- 
quential ;  not  following  as  a  necessary  con 
sequence. 

"  Some  applln-tlons  may  be  thought  too  remote 
\nconteyuetitial."— JoJmton  :  Life  of  Waller. 


fin-con  sld'-er-ate,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  considerate.]  Not  considering  with  due 
care  or  attention  ;  heedless,  careless. 

•'  Poor  uneontiderate  wights." 

Daniel  :  Chorut  to  Cleopatra. 

un-oon-Sid'-er-ate-ness,.'.  [Pref.  u»-(l), 
and  Eng.  tonsiderateness.)  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  uneousidewte  ;  inconsiderate- 
ness. 

"  Upon  conceit  and    uncontiderateneu."  —  Balel  : 
Sertnoru:  Matt.  xxvL  76. 

un  oon-sld  -ered,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  considered.)  Not  considered  ;  not  taken 
into  consideration  ;  not  regarded. 

••  A  snapper-up  of  unconilderetl  trl  fles." 

Shakap.  :  Winter's  Tale.  Iv.  S. 

un  con  sid'  cr-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  OX  and 
Eng.  considering.]  Not  considering  ;  void  of 
consideration  ;  heedless. 

un  con  soled',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
consoled.]    Not  consoled  ;  disconsolate. 
"  Therefore,  not  uncmuoled.  I  wait" 

Wordtaarth  :  fl'xcumwn,  OK.  IV. 

im-cSn'-sS-nant,  a.  fPref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
consonant.]  No't  consonant;  not  consistent  ; 
not  agreeing. 

"  So  uncontonant  to  what  was  about  him."—  Athen- 
aum,  Dec.  ».  1884. 

tin-con  spir'-lng,  o.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and 
Eng.  conspiring.]  Not  conspiring. 

••un-cdn-spir'-Ing-ness,  «.  [Eng.  uncon- 
spiring;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  beins 
unconnected  with  a  conspiracy  ;  absence  ot 
plot  or  conspiracy. 

••  The  riiiceri  ty  and  vncontptrinftteu  of  the  wrlUrs.  " 
:  Wortt,  li.  27«. 


"  tin-c5n'-stan-93f  ,  a,  [Prof,  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
constancy.]  Want  of  constancy;  fickleness, 
inconstancy. 

"  His  friends  put  all  on  the  account,  not  of  his  un. 
wtoncf  .  but  prudenoe."—  filler:  Vortltlei  ;  Uunfoia- 


« tin  con'-stant,    •  un-oon-staunte,     o. 

[Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng.  constant.]    Not  con- 
stant, inconstant,  unstable,  fickle,  changeable 
"  She  livee  to  tell  thee  thou  art  more  uneonttant, 
TliJtu  all  ill  wimifti  ever  were  together.' 

Seauia.  t  flet. .-  King  i  So  Sim.  IT. 

"ttn-cSn'-stant-iy,  adv.  [Eng  unconstant; 
•ly.]  Inconsistently. 

••  How  unronrtantly  names  have  been  settled."— 
Sobds :  Bumtm  nature,  ch.  v. 

«  un-o5n'-stant-n6ss,  ».    [Eng.  unconstant; 

•  iirsi.]    Inconstancy. 

"  Pnconttantnett  of  mynde."— «  Corinthtant  U  (1551.) 
(Note.) 

ftn-con-sti-tu'-tloil-al,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l\ 

and  Eng.  constitutional.]  Not  constitutional ; 
not  agreeable  to  the  constitution  of  the  coun- 
try ;  not  authorised  by  or  contrary  to  the 
principles  of  the  constitution. 

"  That  the  Declaration  of  Indulgence  was  uncomri- 
tutlonal  ls  a  point  on  which  both  the  great  Euchslj 
parties  have  alVays  been  entirely  agreed  "—  Matnulay 
ata.  Bng.,  ch.  viL 

tin-c8n-stl-tu-tlon-al'-l-t?,  s.  [Eng.  un- 
constitutional ;  -Uy.]  The  quality  of  being  un- 
constitutional. 

un-o5n-ati-tfi'-tlon-al-iy,  adv.  (Eng.  un- 
constitutional; -ly.]  In  an  unconstitutional 
manner. 

un-con-st rained',  «nn-oon-strelned,  a. 
IPref.  un-  (i\  and  Eng.  constrained.] 

L  Not  constrained ;  free  from  constraint  or 
compulsion  ;  free  to  act 

"The  notion  of  being  unconstrained  and  dl«en- 
gaged."— Meele  !  Spectator,  No.  284. 

2.  Not  done  under  compulsion ;  done  freely 
or  voluntarily. 

"God  delights  not  to  make  a  drudge  of  virtue 
whose  action,  must  be  all  elective  a»duricon.lraui«d. 
-Milton:  noa.  *  OiJC.  of  Oivoree.  ok.  11..  ch.  xx. 

3.  Free  from  constraint  or  stiffness ;  nol 
stiff,  easy. 

"  An  tmcmrtratned  carriage,  and  a  certain  openness 
Of  behaviour."— AMiton;  Spectator,  No.  110. 

fin-oon-straln'-Sd-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  uncon- 
strained ;  -ly.]  In  an  unconstrained  manner 
voluntarily,  freely. 

"  We«  did  unconttralnedlt  those  thlngi.'-Jroo*<r 
Soda,  rotate,  bk.  Iv..  I  7. 

»  tin-cto-Stralnf, «.    [Pref.  un- OX  and  Eng 

constraint.]    Absence  of  constraint ;  freedom 
from  constraint ;  ease. 

"  That  air  of  freedom  and  unconetrafnt.^—  feUon 
On  Ute  Claeticla. 


un-con-BUlt'-6d,  a.    [Pref.  un.-  (1),  and  Enj. 

consulted.  ]    Not  consulted. 

"  The  remonstrant  was  not  tincontulteii  with."— 
Milton:  Apology  for  BtHectymnuus. 

•  un-o6n-BUlf-ing,  a.     [Pref.    un-  (1),  and 
Bug.  consulting.]      Taking  no  advice;  rash, 
imprudent. 

"It  was  the  fair  Zelmaue.  Plexirtus's  daughter, 
whom  uncoiuultiiiil  alfec-tiou.  unfortunately  horn  to 
mewards,  had  made  burrow  so  much  of  her  natural 
modesty,  as  to  leave  her  mure  decent  raymeuts.  — 
Sydney :  Arcadi'i,  bk.  li. 

•  ttn-o6n-sume'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and 
Eng.  consumeable.]    That  cannot  be  consumed 
or  exhausted ;  inexhaustible.    (Sandys  :  Tra- 
vels, p.  127.) 

un  con  sumed',  n.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cansunted.  ]    Not  consumed. 

"  And  I  have  earn'd  those  tortures  well. 
Which  uncotuutned  ftre  atill  consuming. 

Byron  :  Heroifl  Lament. 

un-con-sum'-mate,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  consummate.] '  Not  consummated  ;  not 
fulfilled  or  accomplished. 

•*  Prom  Corythus  came  Acron  to  the  fleht. 
Who  left  his  spouae  betroth'd  and  unronlummate 
night. "  Drydvn:  Viryil ;  Aneid  x.  1.011. 

un-o6n-taln'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  «i»-(l),  and 
Eng.  containable']  Irrepressible. 

"  His  unconlfitn'ible  person  would  soon  bu«t  him." 
— Adamli  Worki,  i.  73. 

im  con-tarn  in  ate,  *  fin-c6n-tam'-i(n- 

at-ed,    o.      [Pref"  un-  (1),  and   Eng.  am- 
inate.]    Not  conteminate<l ;  unpolluted. 
"  The  pure  and  «/»con(rtmi/ia(^  blood. 
Holds  1U  due  oourte."  Cowper:  Talk,  vL  7»9. 

*  un-c*n-t8mned'  (mn  as  m),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  contemned.}    Not  contemned  or 
despised. 

"Which  of  thepeen 
"  Have  uncontemn-d  goue  byTiiml" 

Staletp.  :  Senrt  rill.,  Ul  «. 

*  un-oon-te'nd'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  contended.]  Not  contended  for,  not  dis- 
puted, not  contested. 

"  Permit  me,  chief,  permit,  without  defay. 
To  lead  this  uncftntcnded  gift  away. 

Druden:  firgil  :  Ixneidv.m. 

*  un-oin-tenf-Sd,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),   and 
Bug.  contented.]  Not  contented;  discontented. 

"  T  overlook  th*  Intricate  designs 


*  un-Con-tSnt'-gd-neSS,  ».      [Eng.  uncon- 
tented ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
uncontented  or  discontented  ;  discontented- 
ness  ;  discontent. 

••  Contentedness  Is  opposed  to  ambition,  covetons. 
ness,  injustice,  uncon  teiUettneu.  —Hammond:  Horlu, 
1.478. 

•  un-oon-tent'-Ing-nSss,  i.  [Pref.  un-  0)  ! 

Eng.  contenting,  and  sntf.  -ness.]     Want  of 
power  to  content  or  satisfy. 

"The  decreed  unconlenltoKneai  of  all  other  goods." 
—Boyle:  Work*,  L  281. 

*un-c<5n-t8sf-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and 
Eng.  conUstablt.i  Notable  to  I*  contested; 
indisputable  ;  incontestable. 

••  It  Is  an  tmcontettatle  maxim,  that  th«  value  of  » 
sacrifice  can  never  rise  higher  u'an  the  value  of  the 
aacrincera."—  ITaterland:  Iforlu,  via.  177. 

un  con-tesf-ed,  a.    [Pref.  «"-  OX  and  Eng. 

contested.] 

1.  Not  contested  ;  not  disputed. 

"  It  is  an  unoontetred  maxim,  that  they  who  ap. 
pro  "A*  Ktion.  wuulj  c«tt«luly  do  It  if  they  couli" 
Z-Additnn  :  Spectator,  No.  461. 

2.  Evident,  plain,  manifest 


•  un-c8n'-ti-nent,  •  nn-oon-ty-nent,  «. 
IPref.  un-(l),and  Eng.contiTWn*.]  Incontinent. 

"  Fals  blameiee,  \mamttnent,  nnmylda"—  Wycttffe  : 
S  Timothy  111. 

«  un-c5n-tra-dict  -a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l)  ; 

En",  contradict,  and  suff.  -oife.]  Not  possible 
to  be  contradicted  ;  not  admitting  of  contra- 
diction. 

fin-con-tra-dict'  -Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  OX  and 
Eng.  contradicted.]  Not  contradicted  ;  not 
denied  ;  not  disputed. 

"  He  that  will  not  give  faith  upon  current  testi- 
monies, and  umoMraaiaed  by  antiquity,  is  a  uiad- 
mau."—  Bp.  Taylor:  EpiKopttcy  Atterted,  3  18. 

*  fin-con'-  trite,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
contrite.]    Not  crntrite  ;  not  penitent. 

•  The  priest,  by  absolving  an  ,m,ontrUe  «lnn.r.can 
not  make  him  oontrito."—  Hammond  :  Worki,  i.  30. 


boll, 


J<S«;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hlti,  bench;  go.  gem;  trthis;  sin.  as;  expeot, 


-We,  -die, 


1*0, 


4920 


uncontriving— uncountenanoed 


tin-cdn-triV-Ing,  a.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  an 

Ni  ' 


Eng.  contriving.} 
in  contrivance. 


Sot  contriving ;  deflcien 


tin  con  troll  -a  ble,  *  un  con  troul  a 
We,  a.    [Pref.  wn-(l),  and  Eng.  controllable. 
1.   That  cannot  be  controlled  or  directed 
ungovernable ;  unmanageable. 

"  His  uncontrollable  Intent" 

Milton:  Samton  Ayontetet,  1.7M. 

*  2.  Indisputable,  irrefragable,  incontrover 
tible. 

"  The  pension  was  granted,  by  reason  of  the  king 
of  England  s  uncontroulaMe  title  to  England,"— flay 
ward. 

i  tin  -  con -trol- la  ble -ness,  *  un  con 
troul-a  ble  ness,  s.  (Eng.  uncontrollable t 
suff.  -ness.]  Inability  to  be  controlled. 

"  Have  a  strung  plea  for  their  anode  and  itncontroU 
ableneu."—&y.  Ball ;  The  Bloody  June  Heated, 

ftn-cSn-troll'-a-bly,  *  on-con- troul-a- 
bly,  *  un-con-trol-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng. 
uncontrollable) ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  manner  that  cannot  be  controlled, 
governed,  ruled,  or  managed ;  beyond  control. 

"  It  Is  the  will  of  him  who  is  uncontrollably  power- 
full,"— Barro*,.-  Sermont,  vol.  ill.,  ser.  4. 

*  2.  Indisputably,  incontrovertibly. 

"  Abundantly  and  uncontrolably  convincing  the 
reality  of  our  Saviour'*  death.'1—  Bp.  Jtall:  Cont.. 
Chritt  Crucified. 

An  con-trolled',  *  un  con  trouled,  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  controlled.] 

1.  Not  controlled,  ruled,  or  governed ;  with- 
out restraint. 

*'  Troy  soon  must  He  o'erthrown, 
If  uncontrolCd  Achilles  tights  alone." 

Pope;  Homer;  Iliad  XX.  88. 

*  2.  Not  yielding  to  restraint  or  control ; 
Uncontrollable. 

"  Do  not  I  know  the  unctmtrouTd  thought* 
That  youth  brings  with  htm  ?  " 

BeoMm.  <t  PlfC. :  Jl.iiiTt  Tragedy.  UL 

3.  Free,  voluntary. 

"  A  sudden  and  uncontrolled  choice  for  meeting  an 
tniforseen  danger."— Lewit:  Sarly  Roman  Bitt.  led. 
185ft).  ii.  45. 

*4.  Indisputable,  undoubted,  not  refuted 
or  disproved. 

"  I  sing  the  just  and  uncontroJrd  descent 
Of  dame  VeneUa  DJgby,  styled  the  fair." 

Ben  Jonton  :  Euphemt,  f  2. 

un- con -troll' -ed-ly,   *  nn -con -troul - 

ed-ly,  a.  [Eng.  uncontrolled;  -ly.}  In  an 
uncontrolled  manner  ;  without  control  or  re- 
straint;  freely;  voluntarily;  uncontrollably. 
"  No  reluctance  of  humanity  la  able  to  make  head 

against  it ;  but  it  commands  u'lcontroulvdly.'—JJtcaii 

of  Christian  Piety. 

*un-c6'n-tro-ver'-sSr-y\  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ; 
Eng.  controvers(y)t  and  suff.  -ory.]  Free  from 
controversy. 

"  It  yieldeth  DO  cause  of  offence  to  a  very  pope's  ear. 
as  only  alining  at  an  unrontroeertory  piety."— Bp. 
Batt  ;  Defence  of  Bumble  Bemonttrance,  J  2. 

*  un-cJSn-trft-vert'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.   un- 
(l),and  'Eug.controvertable.}  Incontrovertible. 

*  tin  con-tro  -vert'-a-bly,  adv.    [Eng.  un- 
controvertab(le) ;   -ly.}     Incontrovertibly,  in- 
disputably. 

"  It  is  vncontrovtrtably  certain  that  the  commons 
aevi    ' 
ing 
Alarm. 

ion  con'-tro  vert-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng,  controverted,}  Not  controverted  or 
disputed ;  undisputed  ;  indisputable. 

"  Nothing  hath  been  more  itncontrootrted  either  In 
ancient  or  modern  times."—  Warburton  :  On  Hum- 1 
Jfatural  Religion. 

4  un-c6'n'-tr6"-vert-e'd-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  un- 
controverted ;  -ly.]  lucontrovertibly;  indis- 
putably ;  beyond  all  controversy. 

"  Most  of  the  books  were  uncontrwertedly  written 
by  HIP  aiKwtles  themselves."—  Clarke.-  Evidencet  of 
Religion,  prop.  14. 

*  un  con  ven  -a  ble,  w.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  convenable.}    Unfitting,  unsuitable. 

"  There  was  nothing  more  unconvenable  for  a  per- 
fecte  good  capitaine  than  over  moche  bastlnge." — 
Vdal:  Apoph  of  Eratmut,  p.  286. 

*  un  con  ve'-nl  cnt,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  convenient.]    Inconvenient. 

"  Require  nothyng  hurtefull  or  unconr>«nii>nt  for 
oym  selfe."— Plther :  Qodlie  Treatite;  On  Prayer, 

*  tin-c6"n-ve'-nX-ent-ly\  adv.     [Pref.   un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  conveniently.]     Inconveniently, 
Improperly. 

"  Howe  vnconrenientty  the  cryme  .  .  .  was  Uled 
against  him."—  Vdal :  John  xix. 


it  ta  uncontrovertaoly  certain  that  the  commons 
never  Intended  to  leave  electors  the  liberty  of  return. 
ing  them  an  expelled  member. "— Johnton t  fate 


tin  con-vcn  -tion-al,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  conventional,]    Not  conventional, 

"  Their  arrangement  .  .  .  ought  to  be  graceful  and 
unstudied,  and  yet  not  too  unconventional."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Dec.  8,  1887. 

un-con-ven-tion-al'-i-ty,  «.  [Eng.  uncon 
ventional;  >ity,}  Freedom  from  established 
rules  or  precedents  ;  originality. 

"  There  Is  a  touch  of  welcome  unconventionalihi 
about  the  plot."— St.  Jamet't  Oaxtte.  Jan,  84,  1888. 

*  tin  con  vers'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  conversable.]    Not  free  in  conversation 
not  sociable. 

£  "  The  same ^unconvertable  temper."— Scott ;  Christian 

*  un  con'  vers  ant,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  conversant.]     Not  conversant;  not  fa- 
miliarly acquainted.    (Generally  followed  by 
with.) 

"  Persons  who  are  happily  unconvertant  in  dlsquUI 
tlons  of  this  kind."— Atadox ,-  £xchequer.  (Pref? 

*  un-con-vers'-Ing,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  conversing.}    Notable  to  be  turned  to' 
having  no  attraction  or  proclivity  to. 

"The  unconversing  Inability  of  mind,  so  defective 
o  the  purest  and  most  sacred  end  of  matrimony."— 
Hilton  Doctrine  and  DUc.  of  Mvorce,  bit.  1.,  ch.  ill. 

*  un-con-reV-sion,  s.     [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  conversion.]    The  state  of  being  uncon 
verted  ;  impenitence. 

tin-con-vert'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
converted.] 

1.  Not  converted  ;   not  changed  into  an 
other  substance  or  body. 

2.  Not  changed  in  opinion ;    specif.,    not 
turned  or  converted  from  one  faith  to  an- 
other. 

"  The  natural  man  St.  Paul  speaks  of  Is  one  uncon- 
'hT'^IL*0  CbriBtianity<"~  Taylor.-  Of  Repentance, 

tin-ein-vert'-X-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Bug.  convertible.]  Not  convertible  ;  that  can- 
not be  converted  or  changed  in  form. 

"  What  Is  he  gone,  and  In  contempt  of  science?  lit 
stars  and  unconvertible  ignorance  attend  him  1 "— Con- 
greve:  Love  for  Love,  ir. 

un-odn-vfc^ed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
convinced.}  Not  convinced  ;  not  persuaded. 

"If they  remain  still  unconvinced  with  regard  to 
ft  few  particular  difficulties."— Oilpin  :  Bintt  for  Her- 
man*, vol.  i.,  I  31. 

un-con-vinc'-ing,  o.  [PreC  un-  (1).  and 
Eng.  convincing.]  Not  convincing ;  not  suffi- 
cient to  convince. 

"To  heap  such  unconvincing  citations  as  these."— 
Milton:  Removal  of  ffirelinfft. 

un-co-quctt  -Ish  (qu  as  k),  o.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  coquettish.]  Not  coquettish; 
free  from  coquetry. 

"  So  pure  and  tmroqurttith  were  her  feeHnga,"— -Jane 
Autten:  Xorthanyer  Abbey,  ch.  vli. 

un-cord',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2)  and  Eng.  cord.} 
To  take  the  cord  away  from ;  to  loose  from 
cords  ;  to  unbind  ;  as.  To  uncord  a  trunk. 

*  iin-cor'-di  al,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
cordial.]    Not  cordial,  not  hearty. 

"A  little  proud-looking  woman,  of  uncordlal  ad- 
dress."-Jan«  Austen :  Seme  A  Senttttility,  cb.  xxxiv. 

tin-cork ,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  cork.] 
To  take  the  cork  out  of ;  to  extract  a  cork 
from  :  as,  To  uncork  a  bottle. 

un  cor'-pu  lent,  a.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  corpulent.]    Not  corpulent. 

*  tin  cor  rect ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
correct,  a.]    Not  correct;  incorrect. 

"  That  you  have  since  that  time  received  with  ap- 
plause as  bad  and  as  uncorrect  plays  from  other  men." 
—Dryden  :  Pref.  tc  tfttd  Gallant. 

tin  cor  rcct'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
corrected.} 

1.  Not  corrected ;  not   revised ;   not   ren- 
dered exact. 

*'  The  faulty  passages  which  may  be  met  with  In  It. 
will  perhaps  lie  charged  upon  those  that  Buffered 
them  to  pass  uncorreeted."—  Boyle  :  Work*,  L  244, 

2.  Not  reformed  ;  not  amended :  as,  life  or 
manners  uncorreeted. 

3.  Not  chastised. 

*  4.  (Of  a  field):  Unshorn;  unmown. 

"  Wanting  the  scythe,  all  uncomcted.  rank." 

Shaketp. :  Henry  V.,  v.  t, 

un  cor-rcs  pond-en  9V,  *.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  andEng.  correspondency.]  Thft  quality  or 


state  of  being  uncorrespondent ;  want  01 
absence  of  correspondence. 

*un-coT-res-po'ndy-ent,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  correspondent.]  Not  correspondent ; 
not  agreeing  ;  not  suitable,  adapted,  or  agree- 
able. 

"  Uncorrespondent  with  that  virtue."— Oauden : 
Teart  of  tfu  Church,  p.  W3. 

•iin-cSr'-rig-i-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  corrigible.]  Incapable  of  being  corrected  : 
Incorrigible. 

"  Tie  will  seeke  to  amende  hlmaelfe.  If  he  be  not  all 
together  incorrigible."— Outred:  Tr.  of  Cope  on  frw- 

un-cor-rdb'-^-rat-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (i\ 

and  Eng.  corroborated.}    Not  corroborated. 

un-cor-rupt',  *  un-cor-rupte,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  corrupt.]  Not  corrupt ;  not 
perverted ;  incorrupt. 

"  f  he  pretensions  which  pure  and  uncnrrupt  Chrl»- 
tlanity  has  to  be  received  iu>  a  Divine  revelaUou."— 
Clarke:  Evidences  of  Religion.  (Introd.^ 

un-oor-rupt-^d,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
corrupt&l.}  Not  corrupted  ;  not  vitiated  ;  not 
depraved. 

"  To  follow  her  true  and  uncorrupted  dlrectiona,"— 
Clarke :  Evidence*  of  Iteliyion,  prop.  8. 

un-cor  rupt'-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uncor- 
ntpted;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
uncorrupt  or  uncorrupted. 

"The  grace  of  infallibility  and  uncorruptednen,"— 
Milton:  Areopugittca. 

*un-cdr-rtip-t!-bU'-i-ty,    *  un-cor- 

rup-ti-bil-f-tie,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  corruptibility.]  Incapability  of  being 
corrupted;  ^corruption, 

"  In  uncorruptibHitie  of  quyete  or  pesiblt  and 
mylde  spirit."—  Wycliffe  :  l  Peter  Hi.  4. 

'un-cor-rup'-tl-ble,  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and 
Eng.  corruptible.]  Not  corruptible  ;  not  liable 
to  corruption ;  incorruptible. 

"  And  changed  the  glory  of  the  uncorruptible  God 
Into  an  image  made  like  to  corruptible  man."— So- 
manet  i.  23.  11640.) 

*  un-cor-rup'-tion.    *  nn-  cor- rap- oi* 

oun,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  corruption,* 
Incorrupti  on. 

"  Olorie  and  honour  and  unoorrupcioun  to  hem 
that  seken  euerlaatyuge  lyf."—  Wgclife  ;  Somatu  U. 

*  un-cor-rup'-ttve,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  anc 
Eng.  corruptive.}    Incorruptible. 

"  Those  other  climes  of  uncorruptlve  Joy." 

Qlover  :  Leoniaa*.  rlL  ««. 

*  tin-cor-rupt'-ly,    *  un-  cor  -  rupfr-  lye, 

adv.  [Eng.  uncorrupt;  -ly.]  In  an  uncorrupt 
manner ;  truly,  genuinely. 

"  I  shall  declare  uncorruptlye  the  sayings."— Brende  • 
Quintiut  Curtius,  foL  198. 

un-cor-rupt'-ness,  «.  [Eng.  vncorrupt ; 
-ness,]  Thequalityorstateofbeing  uncorrupt; 
freedom  from  corruption. 

"  Iu  doctrine  showing  iincorruptnett,  gravity,  sin- 
cerity, "-r/na  ii.  7.  (1840.) 

*  iin-CO»t'-l^,   a.      [Pref.   -un  (1),  and  Eng. 

costly.}    Not  costly  :  cheap. 

"A  man's  spirit  is  naturally  careless  of  baser  and 
uncottly  material*. •'—Bp.  Taylor:  Sermont,  voL  U, 
ser.  15. 

'  un  colin'  sel  la  ble,  a.  [Pref.  wn-(l),and 
Eng.  couiisellable.]  Not  able  to  be  counselled 
or  ad  vised;  inadvisable,  imprudent 

"It  would  have  been  uncountellable  to  have  marched, 
•nd  have  left  such  an  enemy  at  their  backs."— Claren- 
don; Civil  Wart. 

*  tin-coun -seiled,  » un-coun  sailed,  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  counselled.]    Not  coun- 
selled ;    not  having  counsel  or  advice;   un- 
advised. 

"Nothing  to  subdue  it  was  left  uneoumelled."- 
Burke :  Later  to  a  Jfoble  Lord  (1796). 

*  un  count'-a  ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
countable.]    Not  to  be  counted  ;  innumerable. 

"  Those  uncountable  glorious  bodies  set  lu  the  flrma- 
menu"— Raleigh  :  Hut.  World,  bk.  i.,  ch.  i. 

un  coTint'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
counted.]  Not  counted  or  numbered  ;  innu- 
merable. 

"  Surviving  comrade  of  uncounted  hours." 

Wordwirth:  Michael. 

un-coun'-ten  an9ed,  a  [Pref.  «n-(l),  and 
Eng.  countenanced.]  Not  countenanced  ;  not 
morally  supported  by  the  countenance  of 
others. 

"  Urged  unremittingly  the  stubborn  work 
Vuoeconded,  uncountenanced." 

Wordtworth:  Excurtion,  bk.  »i. 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6% 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


uncounterfeit— uncritical 


4921 


•un-ii6~un'-ter-felt,  *  un-coun-tre-feict. 

a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  counterfeit.]  Not 
counterfeit,  not  spurious ;  genuine. 

"  Uncounterfeit  tuist.rust  to  bar." 

Wyatt .'  The  faithful  Lower,  Ac. 

un  coup  le  (le  as  el),  v.t.  &  i.  [Fret  un- 
(•J),  andEng.  couple,  v.J 

A.  Trans.  :  To  set  free  what  before  were 
coupled,  as  two  dogs  previously  held  toge- 
ther by  a  couple,  cord,  or  chain ;  to  set  loose, 
U  disjoin. 

"Neither  life  nor  death  can  uncouple  vs."—  Udal  : 
John  \\v. 

t  B.  Intrans. :  To  loose  hounds  from  their 
couples. 

"  Uncouple  in  the  western  valley." 
Shakasp.  :  Midtummer  Night's  Dream,  Iv.  1. 

tin-coup'-led  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  coupled.]  Set  free  from  being 
coupled  ;  not  coupled,  not  united  ;  hence,  not 
wedded  ;  single. 

*  Uncoupled  bounds  beean  the  chase." 

Dryden;  Palamon  *  Arcite,  It.  H«. 

*  ttn-cdurt'-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
courted,] 

1.  Not  courted,  not  sought  after  ;  not  having 
court  puid.    (Daniel:  Civil  Wars,  ii.) 

2.  Not  courted,  not  wooed  ;  not  sought  in 
marriage. 

tin-cburt'-S-ous,  un-court'-e'-ous,  *  un- 

-CUT-teiB,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  cour- 
teous.] Not  courteous,  not  polite  ;  uncivil, 
un  polite. 

"The  Common*  thought  this  proceeding  unjustifi- 
able in  substance  and  nncourtnout  in  form."—  Mac- 
autay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

fin- court'- S-oiis-ly,  un-court'-e'-ons- 
1^,  *  un-cour-te-ous-lie,  *  un-curt- 
eis-ly,  *  un-court-es-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
uncourteous;  -ly.]  In  an  uncourteous  manner ; 
not  courteously  ;  discourteously,  uncivilly. 

"  He  now  without  all  sham«  most  vncourteouifte  de- 
manded to  be  to  him  restored."— Holinthed :  Bi»L 
Scotland;  Feryuard. 

ttn-court'-ier-llke  (1  as  y),  a.     [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  coiirtterlike.]    Unlike  a  courtier  ; 

hence,  not  flattering,  bland,  suave,  or  the  like. 

"  I    acted    bat    an    unoourtterlike    part."— Mad. 

D'Arblay  :  Diary,  in.  108. 

tin-courf-ll-ne'ss,  «.  [Eng.  uncourtly;  -ness.] 
Absence  of  courtliness ;  want  of  polish  in  the 
manners. 

"Notwithstanding  the  uncourtlineu  of  their 
phrases,  the  sense  was  very  honest"— Additon  :  Whiff- 

Krtiitnit'-r,  No.  6. 

un-cburt'-ly,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
courtly.] 

1.  Untrained  in  or  unused  to  the  manners 
of  a  court ;  hence,  not  suave,  bland,  flatter- 
ing, or  the  like  ;  blunt,  impolite,  unpolished. 

"The  uncourtly  courage  which  distinguished  him." 
— Mac'iulay :  Hint.  Eng..  ch.  iv. 

2.  Uncivil,  rude,  coarse,  plain. 

*  un'-COUS,  a.  [Lat.  uncut  =  a  hook.]  Hook- 
like  ;  hooked. 

fin-couth',  *un-kouth,  *  un-keth,  *  un- 

cooth,  a.    [A.S.  nucu<i/i=straiige,  unknown, 

from  un-  =  not,  and  ctldft,  pa.  par.  of  cunnan 

=  to  know.] 

*1.  Unknown. 

"  Uncuuthe.  unkiat. said theold famous poetChaucer; 

which  proverb  very  well  taketh  place  In  thia  our  iiew 

puet,  who  for  that  he  is  uncouth  (as  raid  Chaucer)  if. 

uukiat ;  and  unknown,  to  moat  men,  la  regarded  hut 

of  few."—  B.  JT.,  Eplttle  Dedicatory  prefixed  toSpenter't 

Shepheardt  Calender. 

*2.  Strange,  not  familiar;  hence,  suspicious, 
alarming,  startling. 

This  uncouth  dream. 

8.  Awkward,  clumsy,  odd,  strange. 
"  Marks  such  a*,  to  men  bred  in  the  courts  of  France 
and  England,  had  an   uncouth  and  ominous  appear- 
ance."— Jfacautay  :  Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  xiL 

un-couth'-ly,  *  un-cooth-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
uncouth;  ~ly.]  In  an  uncouth  manner  ;  oddly, 
strangely,  awkwardly,  clumsily. 

"Dancing  uncouthly  to  the  quivering  flame." 

Covper :  Task,  iv.  278. 

ua-couth'-ness,  a.  [Eng.  uncouth;  -ness. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  uncouth  ;  odd 
ness,  strangeness. 

"  Often  he  approaches  as  near  to  ft  good  effect  as  the 
unmuthnest  of  his  method  allows. "— Daily  Telegraph 
Sept.  10,  1885. 

*  nn-cov  -en  a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and 
Eng.  covenable.]  Inconvenient,  unsuitable. 

"  Eschewe  thon  uncouenable  fablis,  and  elde  wyi 
Bunubblti."— HVcf&b:  1  Timothy  iv. 


"  Nor  can  I  like 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  T.  98. 


un  cov  en  ant  ed,  a.     [Pref.  un~  (1),  and 

Eng.  covenanted.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Not  covenanted  ;  not  promised  by  co- 

venant ;  not  resting  on  a  covenant  or  promise. 
'*  I  will  cast  me  on  his  free  unrovenanted  mercy."— 
Hartley:  Sermon*,  vol   in.,  ser.  3«, 

2.  Not  bound  by  a  covenant,  contract,  or 
agreement  ;  not  having  joined  in  a  covenant. 

"Each  person  has  at  oiice  divested  himself  of  the 
first  luudainental  riffht  of  uncovenanted  man."— 
Burke  :  French  Revolution, 

II.  Hut.  :  Not  subscribing  to  the  Scottish 
Solemn  League  and  Covenant. 

"  A  few  fanatical  non-jurors  may  have  grudged  their 
allegiance  to  an  uncovenanted  king."—  7'.  £.  May: 
Const  it.  Hist.  England,  ch.  i. 

Uncovenanted  Civil  Service,  *.     A 

branch  of  the  Indian  Civil  Service,  whose 
members  (Europeans  or  natives)  are  subject 
to  no  entrance  examination,  nor  entitled  to 
promotion  or  retiring  pension,  and  also  may 
resign  their  office  at  pleasure. 

uncovenanted  mercy,  s. 

Theol.  :  An  expression  used  of  something 
not  promised  by  God  in  any  covenant,  and 
specially  in  the  covenant  of  grace  or  of  re- 
demption. [COVENANT,  ^  (a).J  For  instance, 
to  give  Eternal  Life  to  those  who  believe  in 
Christ  promised  by  God  (John  iii.  14,  15)  Is 
now  regarded  as  part  of  a  covenant  on  the 
part  of  Uod,  with  those  who  believe  in  Christ, 
to  extend  salvation  to  those  who  have  not 
had  opportunity  of  hearing  of  Christ,  is  held 
to  be  an  uncovenanted  mercy.  (Generally  in 
the  plural.) 

H  Used  also  familiarly,  in  the  sense  of, 
more  than  one  expects  or  deserves. 

"  Let  us  leave  him  [the  Duke  of  Argyle]  to  the  un. 

covenanted  merciei  of  Prof,   Huxley.  —Daily  ffewt, 

Feb.  6,  1888. 

tin-cov'-er,  v.t.  &  i.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
cover.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  take  a  cover  off,  as  the  cover  of  a 
basket  ;  to  remove  a  cover  or  covering  from  ; 
to  divest  of  a  covering,  as  of  a  veil,  cloth, 
roof,  or  the  like. 

"  [He]  tmcouered  his  face.  &  holding  vp  his  handes  to 
heaven  aald  :  O  you  gods  that  I  doe  worship,  I  requyre 
you  chiefly  to  establishe  thia  kingdotue  vato  my  selie." 
—  Brende:  Quintat  Curtiut,  fol.  82. 

2.  To  strip  bare. 

"  When  an  Indian  Is  about  to  worship  at  the  Moral, 
or  brings  his  offering  to  the  altar,  he  always  uncoven 
his  body  to  the  waist."  —  Cook  :  Firtt  Voyage,  ch.  xlx. 

3.  To  take  off  the  hat  from,  as  a  token  of 
respect. 

"  None  of  the  Eastern  people  use  the  compliment  of 
uncovering  their  heads  when  they  meet,  as  we  do."— 
Dumpier:  foyaget  (an.  1688). 

4.  To  disclose  ;  to  make  patent  to  view. 

"  In  vain  thon  striv'st  to  cover  shame  with  shame, 
Or  by  evasions  thy  crime  uncover'tt  more." 

Milton:  Samton  A-jonittet,  842. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  take  a  cover  or  covering  off  anything. 

"  Vncover,  dogs,  and  Up."      Shaketp.  :  Timon,  Ui.  «. 

2.  Specif.  :  To  take  off  the  hat  in  token  of 
respect. 

un  cov  -ered,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
covered.] 

1.  Divested  of  covering  or  clothing  ;  having 
the  cover  or  covering  removed. 

"  Thou  wert  better  in  thy  grave,  than  to  answer, 
with  thy  uncovered  body,  this  extremity  of  the  aides.' 
—ShaJcetp.  :  Lear,  Iii.  4. 

2.  Specif.  :  Having  the  covering  of  the  head 
removed  in  token  of  respect. 

"  Rather  let  my  head  dance  on  a  bloody  pole 
Thau  stand  uncover'tt  to  the  vulgar  groom." 

Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  iv.  1. 

3.  Unprovided  with  a  cover  or  covering 
open,  bare,  naked,  uprotected. 

"  Bycauae  they  saw  the  penthouses  of  our  tnrrettes 
burned  downe  and  that  oure  men  could  nut  with  ease 
go  vncouered  to  saue.them."—  Qoldinge  :  C'teiar,  fol.  192 

*  un-COV'-e't-e'd,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
coveted.]    Not  coveted  ;  not  longed  after. 

"  Uncoveted  wealth  came  pouring  in  upon  me."— 
B,  Brooke  :  Fool 


-',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  cowl. 
To  divest  of  a  cowl  ;  to  remove  a  cowl  from. 
"  I  pray  you  thirfk  ua  friends—  uneowl  your  face." 
Coleridge. 

*  un-co%led'.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
cowled.]  Divested  of  a  cowl;  not  wearing  a 
cowl  or  hood. 

"  Beyond  yon  Isle,  by  palmers,  pilgrims  trod, 
Hen  bearded,  bald,  cowl'd,  uncowl'd,  shod,  unshod.' 
Pope:  Dunciad,  iii.  114. 


un  oraf  '-t$,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng. 
crajty.]  Not  crafty,  cuuuing,  or  designing ; 
simple. 

"A  simple  aud  uncrafty  man  cannot  be  wise  unto 
salvation,  —  Bp.  Taylor ;  Rule  of  C&wcJenM.    (Fret) 

un-cr&n'-nled,  *  un-cr&n'-fed,  a.  [Pref 

un-(l);  Eng.  cranny,  and  suff.  -ed.]  Having 
no  cranny,  fissure,  chink,  or  opening.  (Lit.  J 
fi9>) 

"  To  whose  close  uncranied  breast 
W«  our  secret  thoughts  may  send." 

Drayton :  Shepherd^ t  Sirentt. 

*  un-crS-at-^-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  creatable,]    Not  able  to  be  created ;  im- 
possible to  be  created. 

*  tin'-cr5-ate,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
create.]    Not  created  ;  uncreated. 

"The  Father  uncreate.  the  Son  uncreate,  and  the 
Holy  Ghost  uncreate."— Athanatian  Creed. 

*  un-cre-ate',  v.t.    [Fret  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
create.]    To  blot  out  of  existence ;  to  auni- 
hilate. 

"  Who  can  uncreate  thee  thow  shalt  know." 

Milton  .  P.  L.,  v.  89*. 

un  cre-at'-od,  a.     [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

created.] 

*  1.  Annihilated  ;  blotted  out  of  existence, 
(In  this  sense  from  pref.  un-  (2).) 

"  Nor  will  I 
WUh  myself  uncreated  for  this  evil." 

Beaum,  *  Flet. :  Woman-hater,  ii. 

2.  Not  yet  created  ;  not  existing. 

"  Misery,  uncreated  till  the  crime 
Of  thy  rebellion."  Milton:  P.  L.,  vi.  MS. 

3.  Not  deriving  its  origin  from  creation; 
eternally  existing. 

"  Who,  light  himwlf.  in  uncreated  light 
Invested  deep,  dwells  awfully  retir'd." 

Thornton :  Summer,  17flL 

*  un-ore-at'-Sd-nSas,  s.     [Eng.  uncreated; 
-ness.]     The  quality  or  state  of  being   un- 
created. 

"  By  making  a  distinction  between  derivtAuncreated- 
neft,  and  undertved  uncreatednett."  —  Waterland: 
Work*,  ii.  826. 

*  un-cred  -!-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

credible.]  Not  credible ;  unable  to  be  believed ; 
incredible. 

"It  were  uncrcdibte  unto  euery  man  that  Dauid 
shulde  haue  the  victory."  —Fiiher:  Seven  Ptaimet, 
pa-vi. 

*  iin  cred  it,  v.t.    [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng. 

credit.]    To  discredit. 

"  Affirmations  are  apter  to  win  belief  than  nega- 
tions to  uncredit  ^em.f'—feltham :  Retolvei,  p.  38. 

*  iin-orSd'-It-a-We,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  creditable']    Not  creditable  ;  not  reputa- 
ble or  honourable ;  discreditable. 

"  Uncreditabte  or  unfashionable,  branded  or  disuMd, 
•ins."— Hammond:  Sermont,  voL  iv.,  ser,  7. 

*  un-cred'-it-a-ble-ne'ss, «.  [Eng.  uncredU- 

able;  -ness.]     The  quality  or  state  of  being 
discreditable  or  without  reputation. 

"To  all  other  dissuasive*,  we  may  add  this  of  th* 
uncreditablenett."— Decay  of  Piety. 

un-cre'd'-It-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
credited.}  Not  credited  ;  not  believed. 

"  It  sayeth  so  uncr edited." 

Warner:  Albion*  England. 

iin-cried',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  cried.] 
Not  called  ;  not  clamoured.  (Often  followed 
by /or.) 

"  I  rather  choose  to  thirst,  and  will  thirst  ever, 
Thau  leave  that  cream  of  nations  uncried /or." 
Ben  Jonion :  The  New  Inn,  L  2. 

tin-erip'-pled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  crippled.] 

1.  Not  crippled  or  lame ;  not  destitute  oz 
deprived  of  the  use  of  the  limbs. 

"  I  have  eyes  and  ears, 
Two  feet  uncrippled." 

Cowper :  Homer;  Odyttey  XI* 

2.  Not  having  the  power  of  motion,  action, 
usefulness,  Ac.,  impaired:  as,  The  ship  came 
out  of  action  uncrippled. 

*  un-oris'-ten-l^,  adv.   [Eng.  uncristen  ;  -ly.) 

In  an  unchristian  manner  or  spirit. 

"  Construe  nothing  uncrtitenly,  and  become  agaia 
my  good  lord."— Strype  ;  Kcdet.  Mem, ;.  Bp.  of  Salis- 
bury to  Orumwetl. 

t  un-^rff -Xc-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
critical.] 

1.  Not  critical ;  wanting  in  judgment. 

"Rud«  understand*™  or  uncritical  speakers.''— 
Gauden  :  Tear*  of  the  Church,  p.  24. 

2.  Not  according  to  the  just  rules  of  criti- 
cism :  as,  an  uncritical  estimate. 


boll, 


ft;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  e¥lst.   ph  -  fc 
-tlan  =  sham.   -Uon. -sion  =  Bhun; -tlon, -sion  =  zhun.   -cious,  -Uous,  -«iou»  =  attxa.  -We.  -die.  &c.  =  bel.  deL 


nncrooked— uncurrent 


•  un  crooked  ,  *  fin-crook  -ed,  a.  [Prek 
un-  (I),  and  Eng.  crooked.]  N«t  crooked, 
bent,  winding,  or  tortuous  ;  straight, 

"  Easle  and  obedient  waya,  uncrooked." 

Seaum.  A  Flet.  :  Loyal  Subject.  iil 

fin  cropped  ,  un-cropt't  a.  IPref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  cropped.] 

1.  Not   cropped,  as   land  ;    not   Bown   or 
planted. 

•  2.  Not  plucked  or  gathered. 

"  Thy  abundance  wanta 
nrtakexa,  and  uncrupp'd  falls  to  the  ground." 

Hilton  :  P.  L.,  iv.  7SL 

8.  Not  cropped  or  cut,  as  the  ears  of  a  dog. 

fin-crossed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and   Eng. 

crossed.] 

1.  Not  crossed  ;  not  set  or  placed  across 
each  other. 

*  2.  Net  crossed  out,  cancelled,  or  erased. 
"If  his  old  debt  stand  still  in  the  book  uncrown/, 

the  shopkeeper  may  sue  him  (or  it"—  Bunyan  :  fil- 
grim  t  ProyrfU,  p  t,  1. 

3.  Not  thwarted  ;  not  opposed. 


a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
crowded.]  Not  crowded  ;  not?  straitened  for 
want  of  room. 

"  And  held  uncrovdtd  nations  In  its  womb." 

Attdtton:  Letter  from  I  (alj/. 

tin  crc%n',  *  un  croun,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  crown,  v.] 

L  Lit.  :  To  deprive  of  a  crown  ;  to  pull  or 
take  a  crown  off. 

"Were  Demetrius  dead,  we  easily  might  uncrown 
This  swoln  imKwr" 


. 
Baa  urn.  A  Flet,  :  The  Coronation,  v. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  depose,  to  dethrone  ;  to  deprive 
Of  sovereignty. 

"  111  uncrown  him  ere't  be  long." 

ShoiMp.  •'  >  Smry  F/..  IT.  1. 

un   crowned',  *  un   crounedc,  a,    [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  crowned.} 
L  Invested  of  a  crown.    {Lit,  orjtg.) 
2.  Not  crowned  :  as,  an  uncrowned  king. 
8.  Unrewarded. 

"  Never  did  such  grace  goe  away  uncrmcned."—Bp. 
SaU  :  Contempt.  ;  The  Faithful  Canaanite. 

tin-crys  -tal-Hne,  a.    {Pref.  un-,  and  Eng. 
crystalline.  ] 

Min.  &  Petrol.  :  Not  crystalline.  Seeley,  in 
Phillips  (fieol.,  L  264)  considers  the  uncrys- 
talline  type  to  consist  of  a  volcanic  rock, 
originally  amorphous,  sometimes  glassy  like 
obsidian  or  tachylyte,  and  often  in  the  micro- 
felsitic  state.  There  is  a  complete  transition 
between  the  nncrystalline  and  the  semi-crys- 
talline rocks. 

uric  tion,  *  un-cl-oun,  *  unc  ci-oun,  s. 

[Fr.  onc*ion  =  an  anointing,  unction,  from  Lat, 
unctionem,  accus.  of  unctio,  from  unctua,  pa. 
par.  of  ungo  =  to  anoint.  ]    [UNQUKNT.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  The  act  of  anointing,  smearing,  or  rub- 
bing with  ointment  or  oil  :  as, 

(1)  A  symbol  of  consecration,  dedication,  or 
appointment  to  an  important  office. 

"  One  of  them  is  not  ashamed  to  tell  us  that  the  gift 
was  communicated  by  the  unction  administered  at 
the  coronation,"—  Macaulay  :  Sift.  Eng.,  oh.  xiv. 

(2)  For  medical  purposes. 

2.  That  which  is  used  for  anointing  ;  an 
Unguent,  a  salve,  ointment. 

TL  Figuratively: 

L  Anything  soothing  or  lenitive  ;  a  salve. 

"  Lay  not  tbat  flattering  unction  to  your  soul." 
SAoteip.  :  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

2.  That  quality  in  language,  tone  of  expres- 
sion, mode  of  address,  manner,  and  the  like, 
which  excites  strong  devotion,  'fervour,  ten- 
derness, sympathy,  and  the  like  ;  that  which 
melts  to  religions  fervour  and  tenderness. 

"  UU  Mrmons  wnnt  all  that  Is  willed  UMctfon.  and 
iometiuies  even  earnestness."—  Hallam  ;  Literature  of 
Europe,  iv.  W. 

3.  Sham  fervour,  devotion,  or  sympathy  ; 
factitious  emotional  warmth  ;  nauseous  senti- 
mentality. 

H  Extreme  Unction  ;  [EXTREME  UNCTION]. 

*  unc  -  tion  -  less,  o.    [Eng.  unction;  -leu.] 
Without  unction. 

*unc  -tious,  'unc-te-ous,  a.    [Fr.  onc- 
tueux.]    Unctuous. 

"Being  made  more  fat  and  unctions."—  Backluyt  : 
foy(tl/et,  lit  fti. 

*  unc'-tious-ness,  «.    [Eng.  unctious;  -ness.] 


The  quality  or  state  of  being  nnctious  ;  unctu 
ousness. 

"Aft  If  the  sappe  thereof  bad  a  fire-feeding  unctious 
nett  therein."—  Fuller  :   H'orthut  ;   WarwicJcihir*. 


t^,  *  unc-tu-os-i-tie,  *.  [Fr. 

onctuosite  ;  Ital.  uncuositit.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
nnctuous  ;  greasiness,  oiliness,  unctuousness  ; 
a  greasy  feeling  when  rubbed  or  touched. 

"  A  woman'*  flesh  conUineth  In  It  I  wot  not  what 
unctuotity  or   oylous  matter."—  P.  Holland;  Plini-. 

2.  Jfin.  :  The  quality  of  being  unctuous(q.v.). 

unc  -tu-ous,  a.    [Fr,  onctunix,  frotn  Low  Lat. 

vnctuofus,  from  Lat.  unctus,  pa.  par.  of  ungo 

=  to  anoint.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  Of  the  nature  of  or  resembling  an  un- 
gU'  ut  or  ointment  ;  greasy,  oily,  soapy. 

(2)  Having  a  greasy,  oily,  or  soapy  feeling 
when  rubbed  or  touched  with  the  fingers. 

2.  Fig,  :  Nauseously  bland,  suave,  tender, 
sympathetic,    fervid,  devotional,    emotional, 
or  the  like  ;  soothing,  fawning,  mollifying. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot.  :  The  same  as  GREASY,  II.  2. 

2.  3fin.  ;  Feeling  greasy  to  the  touch.   Pipe- 
clay is  somewhat  unctuous  ;  fuller's  earth  is 
nnctuous  ;  plumbago  and  soapstone  are  very 
unctuous.  (W.  Phillips.)  The  unctuosity  often 
arises  from  the  presence  of  magnesia. 

unctuous  sucker,  *. 

IcUhy.  :  L'yclopterus  liparis,  a  small  pale- 
brown  fish,  irregularly  striped  with  lines  of 
a  darker  colour  ;  from  northern  seas.  It  is 
about  four  inches  long,  and  the  surface  of  the 
body  is  soft  and  slimy,  whence  the  popular 
name.  Called  also  Sea-snail. 


_T „„  adv.    [Eng.  unctuous;  -ly.} 

In  an  unctuous  manner. 

unc'-tu-pus-ncss,  s.  [Eng.  unctuous;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unctuous ;  unc- 
taosity. 

un  -  CUCk'-  old-cd,  a.  [Pref.  tm-  (1),  and 
Eng,  cuckolded.]  Not  made  a  cuckold. 

"It  Is  a  deadly  sorrow  to  behold  a  foul  knave  un- 
cuclcolded.''—Sfiaketp.  :  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  L  2. 

*  un-cuit  -ed,  a.     [UNCUTED.] 

uri  -cu-lar,  a.  [A  humorous  formation  from 
Eng.  uncle,  on  analogy  of  avuncular  (q.v.).J 
Of  or  belonging  to  an  uncle. 

"HU  uncutar  and  rather  angular  breast,"— Zfc 
Quincey  :  SpaniA  A'.in,  |  vi. 

tin-culled',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  culled.} 

1.  Not  culled  ;  not  gathered. 

2.  Not  separated  ;  not  selected. 

"  The  green  ear  and  the  yellow  sheaf, 
Unculled,"  Milton  :  P.  £..  xt  4Mi 

*  tin-cul  -pa-blo,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
culpable.]     Not  culpable ;  not  blameworthy ; 
inculpable. 

"The  Jews  .  .  .  are  notwithstanding  In  that  respect 
unculvabie.'— Hooker  ;  Ecdei.  I'olitie,  bk,  iii.,  §  7, 

un-cult',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Lat  cultus, 
pa.  par.  of  cola  =  to  cultivate.]  Uncultivated, 
rude,  illiterate. 

t  tin-cnl'-ti-va-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  cultivable.}  Not  able  to  be  cultivated ; 
incapable  of  being  tilled  or  cultivated. 

tin-ctil'-tl-vat-e'd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

cultivated.} 

"L  Ltt. :  Not  cultivated,  as  land ;  not  tilled ; 
not  improved  by  tillage, 

"The  cause  of  the  land  remaining  uncultivated.*— 
Le*ri»:  Crcd,  Early  /tutnun  l/itt.i&L  IS&jJ.  U.  wi. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Not  practised,  fostered,  or  promoted  ; 
neglected. 

"The art  .  .  .  lleealtogetherunewHivafed.'*— Steete  • 
Spectator,  No.  384. 

2.  Not  improved    by  labour,  study,  care, 

exercise,  or  the  like. 

"  The  sun  aa  it  were  row  upon  some  part*  of  the 
commonwealth  of  learning,  and  cleared  up  many 
things;  and  I  believe  many  more  will  In  time  be 
cleared,  which,  whatever  men  think,  are  yet  in  their 
dark  and  uncultivated  state."—  WotfUtton :  Kclijion 
of  fiature,  }  *. 

3.  Not    instructed,    not    civilised ;    rude, 
rough ;  uncivilized. 

"  Tbese  are  instances  of  nations,  where  uncuUirnted 
nature  has  been  left  to  Itself,  without  the  aid  of 
letters."—  Locke, 


*  un  cul   tl  va  tod  ness,  s.    [Eng.  unculti- 

vated; -jiess.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
uncultivated. 

*  tin-ctil'-fcjre,  «.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ctittwre.]    Neglect  or  want  of  culture  or  at- 
tention. 

"Jdleneas.  Ill-husbandry  .  .  -    vnruliurf.   Ul<hoic* 
of  aeeOA.  "~Bp.  Hall:  Sertnont;  PB,  cviL  84. 

*UH-cul'-tnred,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

cultured.]    Uncultivated. 

"  BUekford  :  on  whnw  uncultured  breast, 
A  truant  boy,  I  sought  •  i 

Sc^tt:  Uarmion,  IT.  U. 

*  un  cum  bered,     *  un-  com  -  bred,     o. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  cumbered.}    Not  en- 
cumbered, not  hindered,  not  embarrassed. 

"  The  sunshine  of  uncttmber'd  ease." 

Tkamton  :  Castle  of  Indolence,  it  «. 

*un-cun'-ning,  *un-con-nlng,  *  un  cun- 
nyng,  *  un-cun-nynge,  a.  &  s.  tPref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  cunning.] 
A.  As  adjective  : 
1.  Ignorant,  illiterate. 

"  They  cxamyned  by  phyloeophen  and  doctours  of 

Snyayke. 
egradyd 
(an.  16). 


"  They  cxamyned  by  phyloeophen  and  doctou 

Snyayke.  HIK!  they  that  werefouiide  tincunnitNye, 
egradyd  of  theyr  preathode."—  Fabvan  :   Chro 


2.  Not  cunning  or  crafty. 
B.  As  subst.  :  Ignorance. 


"  To  make  this  dl  tie  for  to  seeme  lame, 
Through  mine  unconniny." 

Ljfdgatt:  Comp.  of  the  Black  KnlgM. 


Jiu-cun'-nlng-ly,  adv.     [Eiig.  uncunning; 
-ly.]    Ignorantly,  stupidly. 

"  If  thou  speak  uncunningly,  they  count  thee  dul 
•      ch'iif        - 


witt«d."— 
cb.  xli. 


. 

Intt.  <tf  a  Chrittian   Woman,  bk.  i 


*  un  cun  -ning  ncsa,     *  nn-kun-nyng- 

nesse,  s.  [Eng.  uncunning  ;  -nest.]  Ignorance. 

"  A*  tones  of  obedience  not  maad  )yk  to  the  former 
de&iria  of  youre  HnJcunnj/nyneue.'—  Wycliffe  :  1  Pet.  i. 

»  un-cur'-a  ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
curable.}  Not  able  to  be  cured  ;  not  capable 
of  being  cured  ;  incurable. 

"  The  phicysiuna  and  suryioua  of  France  jnged  liii 
malady  to  be  a  dropsy,  and  uneurable."—  Jtcrmrt: 
Froutart:  Croitycle,  vol.  i.,  ch.  ccxlv, 


y.ody.   [Eng.  uncurab(le) ; -ly.\ 
In  an  incurable  manner ;  incurably. 

"  WbenuUiemselfee  wer  euen  for  this  verai  poyuot     **• 
uncurably  wicked  euemiea  of  God."—  Udal :  Luke  v. 

*  iin  cur'b'-a  ble,  a.   [Pref.  tm-(l),  and  Biig. 
curbable.}    Not  able  to  be  curbed. 

"  80  much  uncurbable  her  garboiles.  Caesar." 

8h<iketp-  -'  Antony  t  Clcvputra,  il.  &, 

un  curbed,  a.      [Pref.   un-  (IX    and    Eng. 

curbed.] 

L  Lit.:  Not  curbed  ;  not  furnished  with  or 
wearing  a  curb. 

"  L'ncurot.1,  unreined,  and  riderless." 

Longfellow:  Burial  oft/te  MinnMnk. 

2.  Fig. :  Not  checked  or  kept  within  bounds; 
unrestrained,  unfettered,  unchecked. 

"  With  frank  and  uncurbed  plainneas." 

Sbateip. :  Henry  F.,  i  1 

uuHSured',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  cured,} 
Not  cured. 

"  Uncured  by  his  misfortanet  of  a  loose  generosity, 
that  flowt-d  indiscriminately  oil  all."*— Burke :  Abrida. 
of  Eng.  ant.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  iv. 

*  un  cur  -i-ous,  o.    [Pref.  itn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

curious.] 

1.  Not  curious  or  inquisitive  ;  indifferent, 
Incurious. 

"  I  have  not  been  so  uncuriout  a  spectator.  M  not 
to  have  seen  Prince  Eugene,"  —  Steele;  Spectator. 
No.  MO. 

2.  Not  curious ;  odd  or  stran-e. 

"  He  added  very  many  particulars  not  uncuriout.*' 
—Steele :  Spectator.  No.  546. 

tin-curl',  v.t  &-L     [Pref.  »«•  (1),  and  Eng. 
curl.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  put  out  of  curl ;  tostraiglitea 
out,  as  something  which  has  once  been  curled. 

"  The  lion's  foe  lies  prostrate  on  the  plain, 
He  sheath*  ills  paw,  uncurl*  hi*  angry  mane." 

Drydtn.     (Tvdd,) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  fall   from  a  curled  state, 
as  ringlets ;  to  become  straight 

"  My  fleece  of  woolly  hair  that  now  uncurb." 

:  TituM  Andronicut,  iL  S. 


un-curled',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  curled.} 
Put  out  of  cu|i  ;  deprived  of  the  curls  which 
It  previously  possessed. 

"  With  boneat  faces,  tho'  with  tmoitrrd  hair." 

Congreee  :  Juvenal,  xi 

un-cuV-rent,  a,     [Pref.  un-  (IX  »nd  En&- 


ftte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  w6t,  hbre,  camel,  her,  th6re;  pine,  pit,  dire,  sir.  marine;  go,  p«t, 
or,  wore,  W9lt  work,  whd,  son:  mate,  cub,  cure,  nntte,  cur.  rule,  fuM;  try,  Sj^lan.    CD.  oa  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


unourse—  undeck 


4923 


current.  1  Not  current ;  not  passing  in  com- 
mon payment. 

44  Shuffled  off  with  such  uncurrent  pay." 

Skatcetp. :  Twelfth  Sight,  lit  &. 

*  fin-curse',  v.t.      [Prat  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
curse.]    To  free  from  any  curse  or  execration  ; 
to  revoke  a  curse  on. 

44  Cncurte  their  souls ;  their  peace  Is  made." 

Saalcetf.  :  lOohard  11.,  ill.  t. 

fin  cursed',  fin-cursf,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
.nid  Eng.  cursed.}  Not  cursed  or  execrated ; 
free  from  a  curse. 

"  Heaven  sure  has  kept  this  spot  of  earth  uneitrtt." 
Waller  :  Battle  of  Vie  summer  Ithtnat.  48. 

un-cur'-tain,  v.t.  [Pref.  «n-(2Xand  Eng. 
curtain.]  To  I'-niove  or  witlidraw  a  curtain 
from  ;  to  disclose,  to  reveal. 

"I  will  myself  uncurtain  In  your  sight 
The  wonders  of  this  brow's  Ineffable  light" 

Moore:  The  Veiled  Prophet  of  Klioraimn. 

«tin-cfis'-t«$m-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
tn.L'.  customable.]  Not  subject  to  customs 
duties  :  as,  uncuatomable  goods. 

fin-ofis'-tfim-air-y,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Enj;. customary.]  Not  customary ;  not  usual; 
unusual.  (Carlyle :  MiscelL,  iv.  123.) 

•un-cus'-tomed  (1),  a.    [Pref.  u»-  (IX «nd 

Eng.  custortLett.l 

1.  Not  subject  to  customs  or  duty. 

2.  Not  having  paid,  or  been  charged  with 
custom  duties. 

*  fin  ous  tomed  (2),  a.    [Pref.  ««-  a),  «nd 
abbreviation  of  Eng.  accustomed.}    Unaccus- 
tomed. 

44  That  the  steeds  might  pass  with  ease. 
Nor  start  as  yet  unaatoaua  to  the  dead." 

Cowper:  Earner;  Iliad  X.  US. 

•fin-cut ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng.  cut.}  Not 
cut. 

"Therfore  the  souldiers  thought  good  that  It  should 
be  kept  whole  uncut."—  Udal :  John  xix. 

•fin-our-ed,*tin-ouif-ed,  o.  [Pret  un- 
(1);  Eng.  cuil  (2),  s.,  and  suit  -at]  Not 
mixed  with  cuit  or  sweet  wine. 

"Wines  that  seldom  come  unto  OS  uncattd."— 
Sandyt  i  Travel*,  p.  234. 

•nn-cntn,a.    [UscoorHj 

« fin-9y'-pher,  v.t.    [TJNCIPHEB.] 

•fin-dam',  v.t.  (Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  tarn, 
v.)  To  free  from  a  dam,  mound,  or  obstruc- 
tion ;  to  remove  a  stop,  obstruction,  or  hin- 
drance from. 

44  The  wary  ploughman,  on  the  mountain4!  brow, 
Undamt  his  watery  stores ;  h«Ke  torrents  flow. 
IJryden:  I'irail;  OeoryloLlM. 

un-dam'-aged  (aged  as  led),  a.  [Pref. 
«n-  (1),  and  Eng.  damaged.}  Not  damaged; 
not  injured. 

44  Plants  will  frequent  changes  try, 
C*du,maaod.~  PhiUpt:  Cider,  L 

fin-dammed',  o.  [Pref.  nn-  (IX  and  Eng. 
dammed.]  Not  dammed;  not  having  a  dam 
or  barrier  to  prevent  the  flowing  of  the  stream. 

44  Rivera  ran  undammtd  between  hills  unknown." 
Pot:  JionotJt  Una. 

*  fin-damned' (n  silent),  *  un  dampned, 

a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  damned.}  Not 
condemned  ;  uncondemned. 

"Thel  senten  us  men  of  Rome  Into  prtsoun  that 
wereu  betuu  openli  and  unaampnea."—  Wycli/e : 
SHMiSVl 

•fin-dam'-nl-fled,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  damnified,]  Uninjured ;  suffering  no  loss 
or  injury.  (Caiu>,  in  Eng.  Garner,  iii.  238.) 

fin-damped',  "  fin-dampf ,  a.    [Pret  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  damped.]  Not  damped  ;  hence, 
not  chilled,  not  dispirited,  disheartened,  or 
discouraged. 

44  By  tender  laws 
A  lively  people  curbing,  yet  undam/ted." 

Thornton:  Winter.  Hi. 

•fin-dan'-gered,  *  un-dann-ger-ld,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1);  Bug.  danger,  s.,  and  sutt,  -td.} 
Free  from  danger ;  out  of  danger. 

"  For  had  he  dwellld  within  yeur  sblppls,  and  nat  go 

them  among. 
Then  had  he  beeu  undfiunvcrtil." 

Chaucer  (?) .'  Tale  of  Beryn. 

"un  dan'-gcr-ous,  a.  [Pref.  u»-  (IX  and 
Eng.  dangerous.]  Not  dangerous. 

"  Then  cherish  this,  this  unexpenstve  power, 
Undanjeruut  to  the  publia" 

Thornton  :  Britannia,  205. 

•fin-dashed',  a,  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dashed.]  Not  dashed;  not  frightened  or 
alarmed ;  undaunted.  (Daniel:  Civil  Wars,  vi.) 


iin-daf-Sd  (1),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  »nd  Eng. 
dated.]  Not  dated;  having  no  date;  not 
having  the  time  given,  noted,  or  marked. 

44  Which  shall  not  be  undated,  since  thy  breath 
la  able  to  immortal,  alter  death." 

Diygt :  Blegy  on  Ben  Jonfon. 

*un'-dat-8d  (2),  a.  [Lat.  undatut,  from 
u)k/a  =  a  wave.]  Having  a  waved  surface; 
rising  and  falling  in  waves  toward  the  margin ; 
waved. 

*  nn-daugh'-ter-ljf  (gh  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  daughterly.}  Unbecoming  a 
daughter ;  unworthy  of  a  daughter. 

"Anything  undauohtertg,  unsisterly.  or  unlike  & 
kinswoman/— rticAardjon  /  Clariua,  vlL  41Z 


un  daunt' -a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  tm-  (1);  Eng. 
daunt ;  -able.]  Not  able  to  be  daunted. 

"  Ueroick  and  undnuntaole  boldness/*—  Backet. 

un  daunf-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
daunted.]  Not  daunted ;  not  subdued  or  de- 
pressed by  fear ;  fearless,  intrepid. 

"  f/ndaunted  still,  though  wearied  and  perplexed." 
Coaler:  Table  Talk,  866. 

t  un-dannV-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  undaunted; 
•ly.\  Not  as  if  daunted  ;  boldly,  intrepidly, 
fearlessly. 

"  We  feel  ourselves  undaunted!  n  bold  where  we  Are 
sure  of  uo effectual  resistance.'— Anew;  Uttay  17. 

t  un  daunt'-ed-ness,  ».  [Bng.  undaunted ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
daunted ;  fearlessness,  Intrepidity. 

44  Walking  on  towards  the  place  for  execution  with 
oalinness  and  uitdaunudnett.'— Boyle:  Worto.  v.  806. 

•  un-d&wn'-Ing,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
damning.}    Not  dawning;   not  snowing  the 
day ;  not  growing  light. 

14  A  prisoner  In  the  yet  nndatpninfr  east" 

Cooper:  Taatiy.  130. 

un  daz'-zled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pret:  tin-  (1), 
and  Eng.  dazzled.}  Not  dazzled. 

44  Undjrtled  with  the  glare  of  praise." 

H'ordttoorth  :  Sxcurtion,  bk.  V. 

un'-de,  tta'-dee,  fin'-dy,  o.  [Lat.  undo  = 
a  wave.)  [ONDE.J 

•  ttn-dSad',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  dead.} 
Not  dead ;  alive. 

"  Neither  did  any  one  of  so  great  a  noiimbre  remain 
wndead."—Vdal:  Johnvi. 

'  un  -dead'-li  ness,  *  un  deed  ly  nesse, 

s.  [Eng.  undetully ;  -ness.]  incapability  of 
dying ;  Immortality. 

"  Kyng  of  kyngls  and  lord  of  lordls  .  .  .  which 
alooue  hath  undeedlyneste.'—  WycUffe  :  1  Tim.  L 

•  un-d<$ad'-ly,  "tm-deed'-ll,  a.    [Pret 
«»-  (1),  and  Eng.  deadly.]    Not  subject  to 
death ;  immortal,  ever-living. 

44  To  the  king  of  worldis  undeedti  aud  un  visible  God 
sjoone  be  ouour  and  glorle." — Wycliffe:  1  Titn.  L 

»  un  deaT,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  deaf.] 
To  cure  of  deafness ;  to  restore  the  sense  of 
bearing  to. 

44  My  death's  sad  tale  may  yet  ttndeaf  his  ear." 
Bhaketp.  t  Richard  II*  U.  L 

un-de-based',  o.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
debased.]  Not  debased. 

44  But  the  heart  which  Is  thine  shall  expire  undebaied." 
Byron:  Stmatufor  Jlusic. 

un-de-bauched',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
debauched.]  Not  debauched  or  corrupted; 
pure. 

"Plain,  hospitable  kind. 
JauSfndeeaudied.-  Cowper:  Tails  111  7*4. 

un-dec'-a-gon,  9.  [Lat.  undecim  =  eleven, 
and  Gr.  yoivio.  (gonia)  =  an  angle.] 

Omm. :  A  plane  figure  having  eleven  sides 
or  angles. 

un-do'-cane,  0.  [Lat.  umis,  and  Eng.,  &c- 
decant  (q.v.) ;  cf.  Lat.  undecim  =  eleven.) 

Chem. :  CnH^.  One  of  the  series  of  paraffins 
obtained  from  American  petroleum.  It  has 
a  sp.  gr.  of  -765  at  10',  aud  boils  at  180°  to 
184s. 

fin-de-cay'-Ing,  a,  [Pref.  u»-  (1),  and  Eng. 
decaying.] 

1.  Not  decaying ;  not  suffering  diminution, 
decline,  or  decay. 

"  Some  chosen  plants,  disposed  with  nicest  care. 
In  underlying  beauty  were  preserved." 

Wordnoorth  :  Excursion,  bk.  Iv. 

2.  Immortal,  unending :  as,  the  undecaying 
joys  of  heaven. 

•  fin-dB-celv'-a-ble,*  nn-de-oeyv-a-ble, 

o.    (Pret  tin-  (i),  and  Eng.  deceivablt,} 


1.  Not  deceivable;  not   capable  of  b»ing 
deceived  ;  not  subject  or  liable  to  deception. 

2.  Not  deceiving  ;  not  deceitful. 

"A  mure  undeceinabte  calculation.  "—  Solder  :  On 
Time. 

un-dS-ceive',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
deceive.]  To  free  from  deception,  fallacy,  or 
mistake  ;  to  open  one's  eyes  ;  to  remove  a 
deception  practised  upon  one. 

No  pains  had  been  spared  to  uruteceioe  them."— 
:  JJUt.  Xrift.,  ch.  XX. 


tin-de-feived',  o.  [Pref.  un.  (1),  and  Emj, 
deceived.}  Not  deceived  ;  not  under  the  Uv 
ttuence  of  a  deception. 

"  Deliberately,  and  undeceived. 
Those  wild  men's  vices  he  received. 

Wordiutorth:  Rut\ 

*  fin-de'-cen-9y,  «.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng. 
decency.]  '  The  opposite  of  decency;  in- 
decency. 

"  A  great  signification  of  decency  and  n  ndecency.*— 
Bp.  Taylor:  Rule  of  Contcience,  bk.  U.,  ch.  L 


fin-dS-oSn'-na-ry,  n.     [Lat. 
eleven,  and  anu«<  =  a  year.]    Eleventh;  oc- 
curring once  in  every  period  of  eleven  years. 

un-dS-jSn'-ni-4!,!,  o.  [UNDECENNARY.]  Per" 
taining  or  relating  to  a  period  of  eleven  years ; 
occurring  or  observed  every  eleven  years,  or 
on  every  eleventh  year. 

*  un-de'-9ent,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

decent.]    Not  decent;  indecent. 

"  I  cast  It  from  me,  like  a  garment  torn. 
Bagged,  and  too  uitdecext  to  be  worn. 

Dryden  :  Conqiuat  of  Oranada,  L  L 

*  fin-de'-9ent-ly,  adv.    (Eng.  undectnt;  -ly.} 
Not  decently  ;  indecently. 

"  To  wear  their  hair  undece'itly  lout."— Laud  :  Bift. 
Act,  of  hit  ChanceUarlhif  of  Oxford,  p. «. 

*  fin-dS-^Sp'-tlve,  o.  [Pref.  «n- (1),  and  Eng. 

deceptive.}    Not  deceptive  ;  not  deceitful. 

"  un-dS-cid'-a-ble,  *  un  do  cide  a-blo, 

o.    [Pref.  un-"  (1),  and  Eng.  decidable.]    Not 
capable  of  being  decided,  settled,  or  solved. 

"There  Is  hardly  a  greater  and  more  undecidakU 
problem  in  natural  theology."— South :  Sermoiu,  vol. 
UL.ser.ll. 

*  fin-dS-ifide',  v.t.    (Pret.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
decide.}    Not  to  decide ;  to  reverse  a  decision 
concerning. 

44  To  undecide 
The  late  concluded  act  they  held  fur  valu." 

Daniel :  Civil  Wart,  vlL 

un-do-9id'-cd,  a.  &  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  decided.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

L  Not  decided ;  not  settled  or  determined. 

"Long  uiideciJed  bats  the  airy  strife." 

Philipt:  Blenheim, 

2.  Not  decided,  not  determined  ;  irresolute, 
wavering.  (Said  of  persons  or  things.) 

"  An  undecided  answer  hung 
On  Oswald's  hesitating  tongue." 

Seo«.-  Roteby.r.B. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Coursing :  A  course  In  which  the  greyhounds 
score  an  equal  number  of  points ;  a  drawn 
course. 

"  Night  Time  and  Hector  were  so  well  matched  that 
after  a  couple  of  umlecid'-tlt  the  Judge  was  unable  to 
say  which  was  best"—  field,  Dec.  6.  IBM. 

mole,  >.    [itiii.] 

Music :  A  group  of  eleven  notes  to  b»a 
played  in  the  time  of  eight  of  the  same  name. 

•fin-aS-ci'-pher-ar-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  decipherable.}  Not  decipherable ; 
not  able  to  be  deciphered. 

*  tin-dS-9i'-plier-a-bly,  adv.    [Eng.  unde- 
cipherab(Ie) ;  -ly.}     In  a  manner  that  cannot 
be  deciphered. 

fin-dS-91-phered,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (IX  an<£ 
Eng.  deciphered.}  Not  deciphered. 

"Nought  but  undeciphered  characters."—  JForour- 
ton:  Wortt,  vol.  x.,  dia.  29. 

*  fin-de-ci'-sive,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
decisive.}    Not  decisive  or  conclusive ;  indeci- 
sive. 

44  Two  nations  .  .  .  made  appeal  to  an  undecisive  ex* 
perlment."— QlanvtU. 

*  fin-deck',  v.t.    (Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  deck, 
v.  J    To  deprive  or  divest  of  ornaments. 

"To  undeck  the  pompous  body  of  a  king." 

Shakeep.  :  Richard  11.,  ir.  L 


*6H,  b«5y;  p^ut,  JfS\W;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  (Stem;  thin,  tnla;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  e-pat.   -Ing. 
-clan, -tlau  =  shan.   -tlon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -jion  =  zhun.   -cloua.  -ttons.  -«lOTa«  =  tihu*.   -We.  -die.  otc,  =  bel,  deL 


4924 


undecked— undemonstratively 


•  fin-decked',  a.     IPref.  un-  (1),  aod  Eng. 
decked.] 

I.  Not  adorned,  not  ornamented  ;  not 
decked  out. 

"  On  England  nee  the  best  that  she  can  bout 
Lie  tli us  ungrac'd,  undeck'ii,  mid  almost  lust  T" 
hnnul:  Civil  Wart,  T. 

8.  Not  famished  with  a  deck,  as  a  ship. 

in  de  dared ,  a.  [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
declared.}  Not  declared  ;  latent. 

"That,  which  kvnde  of  elect**  hvmselfe  meaneth. 
Tyndalle  leavech  undfclarcd*  and  will  we  shall  geuae 
at  hj-s  mynde."— Sir  T.  Mart :  JForii.  p.  577. 

ftn-de-clin'-a-blc,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  and 
Eng.  declinable.} 

1.  Not  capable  of  being  declined ;  specif., 
In  grammar,  not  variable  in  the  termination: 
as,  an  undeclinable  noun. 

*  2.  Not  possible  to  be  avoided. 

"The  offence  on  his  part  TAB  undeclinable.' — 
ffaclut :  Lift  of  William*,  p.  107. 

un  de  clined',  a,  [Pref.  un~  (1),  and  Eng. 
declined.] 

I.  Not  having  the  cases  marked  by  varia- 
tions in  the  termination :  as,  a  noun  un- 
declined. 

•2.  Not  deviating;  not  turned  from  the 
right  way. 

"  In  bis  track  tar  wary  feet  have  slept ; 
Hi»  tUwdecttnea  ways  precisely  kept." 

Sandyi:  Paraphrase  of  Job. 

tin  de-com-po^'-a-ble,  a.  [Pret  un-  fl), 
and  Ehg.  decomposable.]  Not  able  to  be  de- 
composed ;  not  admitting  of  or  liable  to  de- 
composition. 

fin-dec  -6r-at-ed,  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and 
Eng.  decorated. }  Not  decorated ;  not  adorned ; 
not  embellished ;  plain. 

•  tin  de-creed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
decreed.}    Not  decreed;  having  a  decree  re- 
versed ;  released  from  a  decree. 

"  A  »  i  f  eternal  doom 
Could  be  reversed,  and  undtcrted  tor  me." 

Dryden :  Staff  Arthur.  1IL 

fin-d5-9yl'-Ic,  a.  [Lat  wins;  Eng.  decyl 
(q.v.),  and  suff.  ~ic.}  Having  as  its  basis 
eleven  atoms  or  proportions  of  a  substance, 

n nde cylic- a cid,  $. 

Ctom.  :  CuH2aO2  =  CioH2i'CO-OH.  Ob- 
tained by  the  oxidation  of  methyl-nndecj-l- 
ketone.  It  melts  at  28-5°,  and  boils  at  212°  to 
^  813",  under  a  pressure  of  100  mm, 

fin-ded  -i-cat-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  dedicated.} 

1.  Not  dedicated ;  not  consecrated  ;  not  de- 
voted. 

2.  Not  Inscribed  to  a  patron;  without  a 
dedication. 

"  I  should  let  this  book  come  forth  undcdicated."— 
fioyl*  :  Worlu.  ii.  247. 

3.  (Of  a  road):  Not  given  over  by  those 
who  first  made  it  to  the  public  authorities. 
A  road  not  dedicated  is  maintained  at  the 
charge  cf  those  whose  private  property  it  is. 

•  tin-deed' -ed,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
deeded.} 

1.  Not  signalized  by  action. 

**  My  sword  with  an  on  twittered  edjte, 
I  sheathe  again  underded." 

fAaketp. :  J/acbet*,  T.  T. 

*  2.  Not  transferred  by  deed :  as.  undeeded 
land. 

tin  de  fa9ed ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
defaced.}  Not  defaced;  not  disfigured;  not 
deprived  of  its  form. 

"In  them  i»  involved  the  character  of  men  who 
preserve  the  divine  linage  undttfaced."—  Kmox  :  Ser- 
mon*. voL  vi.,  »er.  2ft. 

1  tin-de-fif-I-g%-ble,  a.  [Pret  wn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  defatigable.]  Indefatigable,  tireless. 

"Mean  while  tbe  lord  deputy  with  und«faHgabf« 
mlii*.  proeecutetb  Mac  Hugh.  — Camdent  Uitt.  of 
tfuem  Elitabetk  (an.  1W0). 

•  un  de  feaj  i  ble,    »  un-de  fels  i  ble, 
a.    [Pref.  un-  (\\  and  Eng.  defeasible.}    Not 

defeasible ;  indefeasible. 

"  The  aaid  victorie  consisteth  in  tbe  vndtfctunble 
•cripture  of  tbe  olde  and  newe  testament*.'  —  Cdal  • 
Luke  xxii. 

•.fin  def'-e-cat-ed.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  defecated,}  Not  defecated;  not  cleared 
from  dregs  or  impurities ;  thick,  unrefined. 

"  Pure,  simple,  itnd^KMtod  rage."— Oodvtn  :  Mandf- 
9tOi,  ii.  115. 


*un-de-f£n9ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
defence,  audsuS.-ed,]  Unprotected,  undefended. 

"  Her  weak  aide :  which  (scorned  uid  maliced) 
Lay  opeu  undefenced,'      ttjntel :  Civil  Wart,  vili. 

un  de  fend  -ed,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
defended.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Not  defended ;   not   protected ;  unpro- 
tected by  works  of  defence. 

"  Tbe  crow»  and  ravens'  rights,  an  undefended  prey.1 
Dryden :  Hind  *  Panther.  iiL  626. 

2.  Not  defended,  supported,  maintained,  or 
upheld  by  power  or  argument. 

"And  It  WM  left  undefended  even  by  the  boldest 
and  must  acrimonious  libellers  among  thenon.iarora.1" 
—Jiacaulay:  BHt.  Eng.,  ch.  XTiii. 

EL  Law: 

1.  Not  characterized  by  a  defence  being 
pnt  forward  :  as,  an  undefended  action. 

2.  Not    defended   by   counsel :    as,    The 
prisoner  was  undefended. 

tin-de-fied',  *  nn-de-nde,  *  un-de-fyed, 

a.     [Pref.    un-  (1),  and    Eng.t  defied,]     Not 
defied ;  not  set  at  defiance  ;  not  challenged. 

"  He  baaely  threw  it  at  him  undefytd." 

Dryden  :  1  Conyuett  of  Granada,  1. 

iin-de-f  iled',  *  un-de- fyled,  a.  [Pref.  -un- 
(IX  and  Eng.  defiled.}  Not  denied,  polluted, 
corrupted,  or  vitiated  ;  pure. 

"  Far  from  thee,  and  undeJUtd." 

Byron  :  Siege  of  Corinth,  xxviL 

-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  undejiled;  -ly.} 
In  an  undeflled  manner;  purely,  chastely. 

" Bat  I  wil  haae  matrimony  obwmed  more  holyly & 
ntdtfyledly  among  them,"—  Udal  ;  Matthew  v. 

un-de -fin'- a -ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  definable.} 

1.  Not  capable  of  being  defined  or  marked 
ont  or  limited. 

"Other  persona  meriting  u  little  at  they  do,  might 

be  put  upon  it  to  an  undcjlnable  amount,"—  Burke : 
On  Economical  Reform. 

2.  Not  capable  of  being  described   by  a 
definition;  indefinable. 

"That  undfjlriable  bnt  impmnlve  halo  which  the 
lapae  of  agee  throws  around  a  celebrated  spot."— 
Byron  :  Ckitde  Harold,  ill  (Not*  JJ 

*  un-d5-fine',  u.i.    [Pret  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
define,]    To  render  indefinite ;  to  confound  or 
confuse  definitions. 

"Their  application  to  logic,  or  any  other  subject,  U 
only  to  undejtne  and  to  confute,"— Sir  W.  Hamilton, 

tin-de-fined',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
defined.} 

1.  Not  marked  out  or  limited. 

2.  Not  defined  or  explained ;  not  described 
by  a  definition. 

3.  Not  clearly  marked  or  known;   inde- 
finite, vague. 

"  Ita  source  concealed  or  undefined." 

Scott:  Jtarmion,  [ii.    (Introd.) 

*  tin-de-flo^-er-ed,  *  un  de-floured,  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  deflowered.} 

1.  Not  deflowered  ;  not  polluted  or  robbed 
of  chastity. 

"They  leane  ...  no  wylde  beaate  vnchaaed,  nor  no 
tnaide  vndfjtoured,"— Golden  Boke,  let  2, 

2.  Not  vitiated  or  infringed ;  intact. 

"Much  more  may  a  king  enjoy  his  rights  and  pre- 
rogative* undrtoiired,  untouched."— Milton :  Reform. 
In  England,  bk.  Ii 

*  un-de*- formed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
deformed.}    Not  deformed ;  not  disfigured. 

"  All  the  pomp  and  glare  of  war,  yet  undeformtd  by 
battles,  may  possibly  invite  your  curiosity.  —Pope. 

*  un  de-fouled ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
defouled.}    Undefiled. 

"  By  the  grace  of  God,  onwemmed  and  undffoul&L* 
—Chaucer :  Boedut,  bk.  ii. 

*  un-d6-grad -ed,  a.     [Pref.  1/n-  (1),  and 
Eng.  degraded.}     Not  degraded,  debased,  or 
dishonoured. 

"The  Intention  of  a  founder,  fn  preserving  gram- 
mar studies  ittideffradett,  ought  to  be  held  aacred.  '— 
Knox :  Hem.  on  Grammar  School*. 

*  ttn-de'-I-f y,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
deify.}    To  reduce  from  th"  «tate  or  rank  of  a 
deity  ;  to  deprive  of  the  character  or  qualities 
of  a  deity ;  to  deprive  of  the  honour  due  to  a 
God. 

"An  Idol  may  be  undated  by  mimy  accidental 
causes.  —Additon :  Spectator,  No.  74. 

un-de  jected,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dejected.]  Not  dejected,  cast  dowu,  or  de- 
pressed. 

-  We  thall.  Indeed,  often  fall ;  but  l*t  us  rite  und* 
Jectsd.~—Knox  :  Kuayt,  No.  22. 


•  tin-de-lay'-%-We,  o.     [Pref.  un-  OX  «•* 
Eug.  delayable.}    Not  admitting  of  delay. 

"With  what  undelayable  heat  does  the  hiue-twig'd 
lover  court  a  deserving  beauty."— /le»Aam.  ActoJew, 
pL  L,  na,  22. 

•  fin-de-layed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
delayed.}    Jsot  delayed. 

•  tin-de-lay'-Sd-lj?,  *  un-de  lay-ed  lye, 

adv.    [Eng.  widelayed  ;  -ly.\    Without  delay. 
"Petw  than  decljuryug  ill  hymaelf  an  exuumple  of 
a  good  anepeaeard,  came  to  them  UHdelaitcdiv.  — 
Viol :  Actaii. 

•  un-de-lay'-Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
delaying.]    Not  delaying ;  without  delay. 

"  Pndotajrln?  each 
Compiled.'  Couj^r  :  Banter  ;  MaA  niii. 

»  tin-de-lecf-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  an* 
Eng.  delectable.]  Not  delectable  ;  not  pleasant. 
"  The  genial  warmth  watnot  undel*Xable.~—strrni : 
TriUram  Shandy,  iii.  300. 

t  ftn-del'-e-gat-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  delegated.}  Not  delegated  ;  not  dei'iited  i 
not  committed  to  another. 

"  Toor  assumption  of  undfltgatfd  power."— Burtoi 
French  Revolution. 

'  tin-dg-lKb'-er-ate,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  deliberate.]  Not  deliberate ;  not  inten- 
tional. 

"The  prince'*  coming  and  undetiberate  throwing 
himMlf  and  the  king's  hopes  into  that  sudden  engage- 
tnent." — Clarendon .'  Cint  War,  ii.  610. 

tin  de  lightf-ed  (gh  silent),  a.  [Pref.  «». 
(1),  and  Eng.  delighted.}  Not  delighted ;  not 
pleased  or  gratified. 

"  Saw,  uideligUrtl.  all  delight,  all  kind 
Of  lirtug  creaturea,"  MUtvn :  P.  L.,  IT.  186. 

•  un-de-lighf -fill  (gK  silent),  o.    Pref.  un. 
(1),  and  Eng.  ddigWul.}    Not  delightful ;  not 
affording  delight  or  pleasure. 

"  rndetiaWul  and  unpleanmg  to  God.-  —  Jfilnn : 
Soft.  4  Due.  o/  .Dfeore*.  bk.  L.  ch.  Ti. 

•  fin-de-Iight'-fill-iy  (gh  ailentX  adv.  [Eng. 
undelightful ;  -ly.]    Not  in  a  delightful  mau- 
uer  ;  without  affording  delight  or  pleasure. 

•  fin-dg-liv'-er-a-ble,  o.   [Pret  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  deliverable.]    Not  capable  of  being  de- 
livered, freed,  or  released. 

"Fix  thyself  In  Dandyhood.  undtttoerabit." —  Cat. 
lylt:  fun  t  Pre4en[.  bk.  ii..  ch.  rvu. 

tin-dS-Utv'-ered,  a.  [Pret.  un-  (l\  and  Bag. 
delivered.) 

1.  Not  delivered ;  not  freed  or  released. 

"Still  undeliver'd  from  the  oppressions  of  a  siroo. 
Dions  decimating  clergy."—  Milton  :  Removal  of  ffirv 
linga. 

2.  Not  handed  over. 

3.  Not  disburdened,  as  of  a  child. 

i.  Not  born ;  not  brought  forth,  as  a  child. 

"  The  mighty  burden  wherewithal  they  go 
Die*  undeliver'd,  perishes  unborn." 

Daniel:  Ci*U  tfarl.ii. 

fin-dS-lud'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
deluded.]  Not  deluded  or  deceived. 

•"  And  panting  for  the  truth  it  could  not  hear, 
With  longing  hreast  and  undeluded  ear." 

Byron  :  A  Sketch. 

•  un-del'-uged,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
deluged.]    Not  deluged  ;  not  overwhelmed  or 
overflowed. 

"  The  field  remains  undetutfd  with  your  blood." 
Covrper:  Burner ;  Odyuty  xxiv. 

•fin-delved',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
delved.}  Not  delved  or  dug.  (Southey:  Botant 
Bay  Ed.,  i.) 

fin-de  mol-ished,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Eng.  demolished.}  Not  demolished ;  not  de- 
stroyed or  ruined. 

"  Then  also,  though  to  foreign  yoke  Rubmi.««, 
She  undemolithd  stood."          Philip* :  Cider,  L 

un  dc  mon'-stra-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  G), 
and  Eng.  demonstrable.]  Not  deraonstratile ; 
not  capable  of  being  demonstrated  •  inde- 
monstrable. 

"  Oat  of  the  precept*  of  the  law  of  nature,  as  of  cer* 
tain  common  and  luidrmonarattli  principles."  — 
footer.-  Acclei.  fol..  hk.  v..  |  «. 

un-de-mon'-«tra-tlve,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (IX 
and  Eng. demonstrative.]  Not  demonstrative; 
not  given  to  eicited  or  strong  expressions  or 
exhibitions  of  feeling ;  reserved ;  without  show 
or  display  of  one's  self. 

"In  the  tone  of  undemomtrative  sincerity."  — C 
Bronte:  Jane  Eyre,  ch.  xxix. 

in-de-mon  -stra-tive  ly,  adv.    [Eng.  un- 


ttte,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woll,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    n,  <a  =  e;  ey  =  a;  ou  =  kw. 


undeniable— under 


4925 


demonstrative;  -ly.]    In  an  undemonstrative 
manner. 

un-de-ni'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
deniable.] 

1.  Not  deniable  ;  not  capable  of  being  de- 
nied ;  indisputable. 

"  A  man  should  allow  it  for  an  undeniable  truth."— 
Locke:  Hitman  ffnderitandina,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  xl. 

2.  Decidedly  and  unmistakably  good  ;  ex- 
cellent.   (CoUoq.) 

"  Uiuler  the  influence  of  moat  undeniable  claret.  **— 
Murray:  Land*  of  Slave  A  free,  voL  il..  ch,  vi. 

ttn-de-ni'-a-bl&  adv.  [Eng.  undeniable); 
•ly.]  In  an*  undeniable  manner;  so  that  it 
Cannot  be  denied  ;  indisputably. 

"It  rmint  be  undeniably  plain."  —  ffarburton:   Di- 
vine Legation,  bk.  i  v.,  |  «. 

un  do  nom  i  iia   tion  al,  a.     Not  de- 

nu  mi  national  ;  unsectarian. 

"un-de-part'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dcpartable.}  Not  capable  of  being  parted 
or  separated;  inseparable. 

"  No  mail  tie  may  do\.te  of  the  undepartable  pain  of 
•hrewes."—  CVi  juc«r  :  Boeciut.  bk.  IT. 

•un-de-pend-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  depending.}  Not  depending  or  depend- 
ent ;  independent. 

"They  are  thus  upheld  undepending  on  the  church," 
—Milton  ;  Removal  of  Hireling!. 

fin  de  phleg^mat-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  depJilegmaUd.}     Not  cleared  from 
phlegm  ;    not   purified   from    water   or   any 
similar  liquid. 
"Though  com 
—Boyle;  Workt,  L  763. 

•ttn-de-plbred',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
deplored.]  Not  deplored  or  lamented. 

"  Be  homely  and  be  peaceful,  undeplored 
For  tnj  dMtructive  charms." 

Byron  :  Child*  Sarvld,  iv.  43, 

fcn-de  praved',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
depraved.}  Not  depraved  ;  not  corrupted. 

"Knowledge  dwelt  In  our  undepraoed  natures  as 
light  In  the  iim."-e/anriH:  Scepsit,  ch.  iii. 

*  ttn-de'-pre'-cl-at-e'd  (or  o  as  sh),  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  depreciated.}     Not  depreci- 
ated or  lowered,  in  value, 

*  fin  -de  -pressed',  *  un-dc-prest',  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng,  depressed.] 

L  Not  depressed,  dejected,  or  cast  down. 
2.  Not  sunk. 

"One  hillock,  ye  may  note,  la  small  and  low, 
Sunk  almost  to  a  level  with  the  plain 
By  weight  of  time:  the  others,  itaduiraMsV 
Wordnwtk;  Jbccurtion,  bk.  ri 

un  de-prived',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
deprived.}    Not  deprived,  stripped,  or  dispos- 
sessed of  any  property,  right,  or  the  like. 
"He,  undeprived,  his  benefice  forsook." 

Dryden  :  Character  of  a  Good  Parton,  1X6. 

un'-der,  "un-dir,  prep-,  adv.,  a.,  &  pref.  [A.S. 
under;  cogn.  with  Dut  onder  ;  Icel.  undir; 
Sw.  &  Dan.  uTwier;  Goth,  undar;  O.  H.  Ger. 
ttnfar;  Ger.  unter.] 

A.  ^I«  preposition  : 

1.  In  a  lower  place  or  position  than  ;  so  as 
to  be  lower  than,  or  overtopped,  overhung,  or 
covered  by  ;  below,  beneath. 

**  There,  under  withered  leaves,  forlorn,  I  slept." 
Cowper  ;  Homer  ;  Odyaey  vit. 

2.  Denoting  a  state  of  being  loaded,  op- 
pressed, overwhelmed,  or  burdened  by. 

"To  groan  and  sweat  under  the  business.  * 

Shaketp.  :  Julius  Catar,  IT.  L 

3.  Denoting  inferiority  or  subordination  ; 
•nbject  to  the  rule,  government,  direction, 
guidance,  instruction,  or  influence  of. 

I  am.  air.  under  the  king  in  some  authority."— 
;  S  Henry  IV.,  T.  3. 

4.  Denoting  liability,  obligation,  or  limita- 
tion with  respect  to. 

"Were  I  under  the  terms  of  death." 

ShaXetp.  :  feature  for  Measure,  11  4. 

5.  Inferior  to  in  point  of  rank,  dignity, 
•ocial  position,  or  the  like, 

"  It  was  too  great  an  honour  for  any  man  under  a 
"— 


6.  Inferior  to  or  less  than  in  point  of 
numbers,  amount,  quantity,  value,  or  the 
like  ;  falling  short  of;  in  or  to  a  less  degree 
than. 

"There  are  several  hundred  parishes  In  England 
Under  twenty  pounds  a  year."—  Sieifl. 

7-  At,  for,  or  with  less  than  :  as,  It  cannot 
be  bought  under  twenty  pounds. 
8.  Comprehended  by  or  in  ;  included  In  ;  in 


the    same    category,    list,  division,  section, 
class,  Ac. 

'*  Under  this  head  may  come  In  the  several  contests 
and  wars  between  popea  and  the  secular  princes."— 
Leslie. 

9.  During  or  in  the  time  of :  as,  under  the 
Roman  emperors. 

10.  Bearing  or  being  in  the  form  or  style  of; 
with  the  appearance  or  shosv  of;  with  the 
character,  designation,  pretence,  or  cover  of. 

'*  He  doea  it  under  imme  of  perfect  lore." 

Shaketp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  iv.  JL 

11.  With  the  sanction,  authorization,  per- 
mission, or  protection  of. 

"  Cnder  the  countenance  and  confederacy 
01  Lady  Eleanor."          Shaketf>. ;  2  Henry  TL,  U.  1. 

12.  Being  the  subject  of ;  subject  to. 
"Capable  of  having  many  Ideas  under   view  at 

once,"—  Locke. 

13.  Not  having  reached  or  attained :  as,  He 
Is  under  twenty  years  of  age. 

14.  Attested  by. 

"Cftto  .  .  ,  has  left  us  an  evidence,  under  hla  own 
band,  how  much  he  was  versed  in  country  affairs."— 
Locke :  On  JMuctitton. 

15.  Under  the  form  of;  as  represented  by. 

"  Morpheus  is  represented  by  the  Ancient  statuaries 
under  the  Dgure  of  a  boy  aaleep." — Additun, 

B.  As  adverb: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  In  a  lower,  subject,  or  sub- 
ordinate condition,  or  degree. 

"I  keep  under  my  body,  and  bring  it  into  •abjec- 
tion."—! Corinthian*  ix.  27. 

2.  Cricket :  Underhand  (q.v.X 

C.  As  adj.  :  Ixiwer  in  degree,  position,  or 
condition  ;  subject,  subordinate :  as,  an  under 
officer,  an  under  servant. 

0.  As  prefix  : 

(1)  Denoting  literal  inferiority  of  place :  as, 
under-lip. 

(2)  Subordinate,  inferior, subject:  as,  under* 
sheriff,  it mier- butler,  u/ufer-gardener,  &c. 

(3)  Expressive  of  concealment,  secrecy,  or 
clandestiueness ;  as,  ttTukr-plot,  underhand, 
Ac. 

H  1.  Under  age :  Not  of  full  age. 

"Three  sous  he  dying  left  all  under-age* 

Center:  f.  y..lL  x.  M. 

2.  Underarms:  [ARMS  (:!)]. 

3.  Under  fire :  Exposed  or  subjected  to  the 
enemy's  fire ;  taking  part  in  a  battle  or  en- 
gagement. 

*4.  Under  foot:  Under,  the  real  value. 

™  Would  be  forced  to  sell  their  mean* . . .  far  under. 
*oot."— Bacon. 

6.  lender  one's  hand:  [HAND,  5.,  H"  17J, 

6.  Under  sail:  [SAIL,  s.,  ^  (4)]. 

7.  Under  the  breath:  [BREATH,  *.,  IIL  4.] 
&  Under  the  lee:  [LEE  (1),  ».,  f  (2)]. 

9.  Under  the  row:  [ROSE,  ».,  ^  (1)]. 

*:]  Amongst  the  ancients  the  rose  was  an 
emblem  of  silence,  and  it  was  customary  to 
suspend  a  rose  from  the  ceiling  of  a  banquet- 
room,  to  intimate  to  the  guests  that  nothing 
said  in  that  room  was  to  be  uttered  abroad. 
(Brewer.) 

10.  Under  the  top: 

Mining :  A  term  used  where  It  Is  necessary 
to  leave  part  of  the  coal  in  the  roof  of  a  gallery 
cut  into  the  form  of  an  arch. 

11.  Under  water :  Below  the  surface  of  the 
water. 

12.  Under  way,  under  weigh : 

tfaut. :  An  expression  denoting  that  avessel 
has  weighed  her  anchor,  and  is  making  proper 
.  way  through  the  water ;  hence,  having  started, 
making  progress. 

*  under-actor,  f.    A  subordinate  actor. 
under  agent,  s,     A  subordinate  agent. 

**A  factor  or  under-agent  to  their  extortion." — 
South  :  Sermon*,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  4. 

*under-branch,  s.    A  lower  branch. 

"  That  nnder-branchet  ere  can  bee 
Of  worth  and  value  as  the  tree." 

Spenser.  An  Elegiefor  Attrophtl. 

*  under-bred,  a.    Ill-bred,  unbred. 

"  An  under-bred,  fine  spoken  fellow  was  he." 

Gcrldtmitk  ;  Haunch  of  Veniton, 

*  under  -  builder,  *.      A   subordinate 
builder  or  workman  in  building. 

*  under-carved,  a.     Carved  or  graven 
below. 

"  Abore  your  under-carved  ornament*. " 

Ben  Jonton  :  To  Counter  of  Jutland, 

"under-chaps,  s.  pi.    The  lower  chaps. 

"  Stretched  the  skin  which  lies  between  the  under. 
cfiapt."—PfiUy:  A'atural  Theology,  cb.  xxiii. 


An  underground 


under  clay,  s.     A  layer  of  clay  under* 

lying  another  deposit ;  specifically  — 

1.  Agric. :  A  layer  of  clay  underlying  the 
tilled  soil. 

2.  Geology: 

(1)  Clay  or  Firestone,  generally  in  a  series  of 
beds,  each  underlying  a  seam  of  coal.    As  the 
Under-clay  abounds  in  Stigmarias,  which  are 
roots  [STIOHAKIA],  and  portions  of  flattened 
trunks  often  exist  in  the  cnal,  the  natural  in- 
ference is  that,  while  each,  seam  of  coal  re- 
presents the  re- 
mains of  an  old 

forest, the  under- 
clay  on  which 
it  rests  was  the 
soil  in  which  the 
trees  grew. 

(2)  Any    bed 
which  seems  to 
have  once    con- 
stituted surface 
soil. 

under-cliff, 
f.     A    terrace  i  NDERCLIFF. 

stretching  along 

the  sea-shore  at  the  base  of  a  higher  cliff, 
originally  washed  by  the  sea,  and  formed  by 
the  materials  falling  from  the  cliff  above.  One 
of  the  best  known  is  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight. 

under  clothes,   under-clothing,  *. 

Clothes  worn  under  others,  or  next  the  skin. 

"The  poor  women,  no  seamstresses  themselves, 
are  offered  under-clothing  ready  made." — St.  Janet'* 
Gazette,  Jan.  6,  1888. 

*  under  conduct,  s. 
or  subterranean  conduit. 

"All  dig  wells  and  cisterns,  and  other  under-con- 
duett  aim  conveyances,  for  the  suillatje."— Reliquiat 
Wottoniantf,  p.  19. 

*  under-craft,  ».    A  sly  trick. 

•*  Tls  an  under-craft  of  authors."— Stern*  :  Tristram 
Shandy,  ch.  six. 

* under-crest,  v.t.  To  wear  as  on  the 
crest ;  to  bear,  to  support. 

**  To  undi-n-rftt  your  good  addition, 
To  the  fairness  of  my  power." 

Shaketp. :  Coriotanut,  L  9. 

"  under-croft,  *.    (See  extract.) 

*'  It  was  supported  by  three  rows  of  massy  clustered 
pillars,  wit>  ribs  diverging  from  them  to  support  the 
solemn  roof.  This  was  the  pariah  church.  This  under' 
croft,  as  buildings  of  this  sort  were  called,  had  in  it 
several  ohauutries  and  monuiueuU."— Pennant :  Lon- 
don, p.  4H. 

*  under  dauber,  s.    An  Inferior  or  sub- 
ordinate dauber. 

"  This  new  mad-wall,  thrown  Into  a  dirty  heap  by 
M.  W.  and  his  under-dauber  M.S."— flp.  Taylor:  ZHia, 
from  Popery,  pt.  11..  bk.  L 

*  under-dealing,  s.   Underhand  or  clan- 
destine dealing. 

*'He  mentions  not  his  itnder-dsalinff  to  debauch 
armies  here  at  home."—  Milton:  EUconoklatte*. 

*  under-delve,  v.t.     To  dig  or  delve 
under  or  below  ;  to  undermine. 

"The!  han  undirdoiven  thine  anteris.**—  Wycliff* : 
Romani  \\. 

*  under  -  earthly,    a.     Subterranean. 
(Sylvester:  The  Arke,  2,817.) 

*  under-flame,  5.    A  name  below  or  In- 
ferior. 

"  We  should  not  need  warmth  from  an  under-jtfime." 
Jtleffjf  on  Dr.  Donne. 

*  under-fringe,  s.     A  lower  or  second 
fringe.    (In  the  example  it  appears  =  fringe.) 

"  Broad-faced,  with  under-fringe  of  russet  beard." 
Tennyton:  Enid,  1,366. 

*  under-god,  s.    An  inferior  deity. 

*  under  gown,  s.    A  gown  worn  under 
another,  or  under  some  article  of  dress. 

"An  w\dfr-yovn  and  kirtle  of  pale-green  silk."- 
Scotr. 

under  hangman,  s.  A  subordinate  or 
deputy  hangman. 

"  Comparative  for  yonr  virtues,  to  be  styled 
The  under-hangman  of  hia  kingdom.*' 

Shaketp. :  Vymbeline,  IL  8. 

*  under  -  hived,  a.    Provided  with  or 
placed  in  a  rather  small  hive. 

"  The  bees  may  do  well  enough  In  a  mtddle-stzea 
hive:  for  being  under-hived,  they  will  cast  somewhat 
the  sooner,  though  per;ul  venture  the  leu  warm."— 
0.  Butler:  Female  Monuments,  p.  86. 

*  under-honest,  a.    Honest  below  what 
one  ought  to  be. 

"We  think  him  over  proud, 
And  undtr-honest. " 

Drydtn  :  Troilut  A  Crestida,  UL  1. 


boy ;  pout,  Jowl ;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  911! n,  bench ;  go,  &em ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  yenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 
-<uan.  -tian  =  shan,    -tion,  -eion  =  shun ;  -|iou,  -gion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  siius.    -ble,  -die*  &c.  -  bel.  del* 


4926 


underact— undercurrent 


*    in   clearinu  the   ground  a  little." — 
i  Undent.    (fip.  to  tue  iUaider.J 


under -Jaw,  *.    The  lower  jaw. 

"  The  retired  under. jin>  of  a  swine  work*  In  the 
ground."— I'aley:  A'utmrut  TkeoU0y.  ch.  xii. 

under  keeper,   s.      A   subordinate   or 

assistant  keeper,  warder,  &c. 

"  An  J  so  much  favour  he  obtained  from  the  under* 
tteeper."—Xtrype :  Xcclet,  Mem.  (an.  1S35X 

*  under-kind,  «.     A  lower  or  Inferior 
kind. 

"  I  would  use  thee  like  an  unler-kin-i  of  chymist, 
to  blow  the  coals." — Dryden  ;  An  Kaening't  Low,  i.  1. 

under  kingdom,  s.  A  petty  or  subor- 
dinate kingdom  m  a  confederation  or  union. 

"  The  hundred  under-kin'jdnnu  that  had  sway." 
Tennyton:  r«*i<m.  481, 

under  laborer,  «.  An  Inferior  or 
assistant  laborer  or  workman. 

"  It  Is  ambition  enough  to  be  employed  as  _an 
Locke:  Uuma, 

under-lease,  s. 

Law;  A  lease  granted  by  a  lessee  of  his 
Interest  under  the  original  lease ;  a  sub-lease. 

under-ofncer,  «.  A  subordinate  or  in- 
ferior officer. 

*  under -peep,   *  under  -peepe,  v.t. 
To  cast  a  look  uuder. 

*  Bows  towards  her.  and  would  under-peep  her  lids." 
Shaketp. :  Cymoetine,  it.  2. 

f  under-peopled,  a.   Not  fully  peopled. 

•under-plain,  s.  A  plain  lying  under 
or  below. 

"  Upon  the  under.platnt 

&  hundred  springs,  a  hundred  wayes  should  swimme.** 
Browne  :  Brit,  Pastoral*,  IL 

under  -  possessor,  &  A  subordinate 
possessor  or  nolder. 

"  Annuities  and  greater  donatives  are  the  reserves 
of  the  miperior  right,  and  not  to  be  invaded  by  the 
rnnder-poueuort," — Bp.  Tmylor  :  Sermon*,  vol.  L.  ser. 

*  under-rate,  a.    Inferior. 

**  These  under-rate  mortals.*  — Gentleman  fnttructed, 
PL  60&.  ' 

*  under  reckon,  v.t.    To  reckon  or  cal- 
culate too  low. 

"Suidat  under-rfckfnt  It  by  seven  years."— Bp. 
Hall :  Sermon  to  Lordi  of  Parliament,  Feb.  18,  1634. 

*  under  -  recompensed,    a,      Insuffl- 
Ciently  recompensed. 

"  They  are  generally  under-recompented."— Smith  : 
WeattM  of  Jiatunu,  bk.  L.  ch.  x. 

under-reglon,  s.    An  inferior  or  lower 

region. 

under-roof,  *.  A  roof  under  another ;  a 
lower  roof. 

™  An  wnder-n>of  of  doleful  gray." 

Tennyeon  :  Dying  Swan.  4. 

•under-searching,  a.  Searching  or 
•ecking  below. 

"  The  under-*earchin>}  water  working  on." 

DunM;  Civil  Wan.  tik.  lit. 

under  secretary.  *•  A  subordinate  or 
•ssi  sta  ti  t-secretary. 

under  servant,  s.    An  inferior  servant. 

"  Afterwards  AH  imder-tenxtnt  In  th«  qneeu's 
•tables."—  Camden :  Hist.  y.  Elizabeth  (ao.  1&98JT 

*  under  service,  «.     Inferior  or  sub- 
ordinate  service. 

under  -sheriff,  *  under-  sherlffe, 

under-sherevo,  s.  A  sheriff  subordinate 

in   rank  to  a  sheriff  properly  so  called  ;   a 
sheriffs  deputy. 

"Sheriffs  and  wider-iherifft,  constables  and  turn- 
keys.  In  short,  all  the  ministers  of  justice  from  Holt 
down  to  Ketch." — Macaulay  :  Hat.  Sng,,  ch.  xviii. 

*  under-sheriffry,  *  under-shricve, 
*  under  sheriffery,  *.    The  office  of  an 
nnder-sheriff. 

"Many  times   tboM    tutder-Aerifferlet   doe    more 

good  ttuua  their  high  •peculations.'* — Bacon  ;  Ettnyt ; 
QfPraiie. 

"under -shrievalty,  «.  The  same  as 
UNDEB-BHERIFFRY  (q.v.). 

under-side,  *.  The  lower  side  of  any- 
thing. 

"These  being  hollowed  out,  on  the  under-tide,  like 
•  scoop."— Ptttey:  Jfatwral  Tkeotoyy,  ch.  X. 

under  skinker,  «. 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  An  under-drawer  or  tapster. 
QShakesp.  :  1  henry  IV.,  ii.  4.) 

2.  Xuut.:  The  assistant  to  the  purser's 
steward. 

Under-sklrt,  ».    A  skirt  under  a  dress. 

"  The  panel  on  the  under-tkirt  may  consist  of  black 
lace  flounces."— DeMy  Teiefraph,  Jan.  12,  188& 


under-  Sky,  s.     A  lower  sky;  the  lower 
pan  of  the  atmosphere. 

**  Floating  about  the  under-tky.m 

Tennyton  :  Oyiny  Swan,  tt. 

under-sparred,  a.     Not  having  suffi- 

cient spars  ;  undermasted. 

under  sphere,  «. 

1.  Lit.  :  A  sphere  t»eneath  another  one,  and 
moved  by  it. 

"  He  conquered  rebel  passions,  ruled  them  BO 
As  uiiitrr-tphtrei  by  the  flrst  mover  gu." 

Elegy  upon  l>r.  Donne. 

2.  Fig.  :  An  inferior  sphere  of  action. 
under-stated,  a. 

1.  Stated  beneath  the  truth,  or  what  la  right 
and  proper. 
*  2.  Having  too  low  or  small  an  estate. 

"Perceiving  himself  over-titled,  or  rather  under- 
Itattd."—  Fuller:   Worthiet;  tt 


under  -stocked,  a.  Not  sufficiently 
stocked. 

•'  A  new  colony  must  always  for  aome  time  be  more 
under-  ft  ijcked  ...  than  the  greater  part  of  other 
countries."—  Smitt.*  Wtaltk  of  Nation*,  bk.  L.  ch.  iz. 

under-snit,   *.     A  suit  worn  under  or 

beneath  another  suit. 

"  No  danger  of  catching  cold,  his  own  unde 
wassowellliued.*—  fuller:  Worths;  Uantthi 

under  sword-fish,  «. 

Ichthy.  :  [HEMIRAMPHUS.] 

under-taxed,  a.  Taxed  beneath  what 
they  can  bear,  or  below  the  proportion  of  the 
taxation  of  others. 

*  under  thing,  ».     A  lower  or  inferior 
thing.    (Beaum.  &  Flet.  :  Philaster,  i.) 

under-tow,  s.  A  current  of  water  below 
the  surface  running  in  a  different  direction 
from  that  at  the  surface  ;  the  backward  flow 
of  a  wave  breaking  on  the  beach. 

"  All  those  Becret  currents  that  flow 
With  such  resiatleaaund«r.toia" 

Longfellow:  Building  of  the  Ship. 

*  under  treasurer,  s.    One  who  trans- 
acted the  business  of  the  Lord  High  Treasurer 
of  England. 

*  under  -treated,  a.    Treated  with  too 
little  respect  ;  treated  slightingly. 

under-  water,  a.  Being  or  lying  under 
water  ;  subaquatic. 

"  Voltelus  found  this  undtr-water  train  e." 

J/ait  :  Lucan  ;  PftartaHa,  Iv. 

*  under-witted,  a.     Half-witted  ;  silly. 

"Cupid  is  an  under-witted  whipster.*  —  Sennet  : 
Eratmut  ;  Praise  of  Folly,  p.  19. 

under-world,  s. 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  sume  sense  as  II. 

2.  The  opposite  side  of  the  globe  ;  the  anti- 
podes. 

"  Fresh  M  UM  firs*  beam  glittering  on  a  sail. 
That  brings  our  friends  up  from  the  utnk-r-  world." 
Tennyton  :  rrinceti,  IT.  27. 

*  3.  The  lower  or  inferior  part  of  mankind. 
II.  Anthrop.  ;  The  abode  of  departed  spirits  ; 

Hades.  The  idea  that  the  souls  of  men,  after 
death,  went  down  to  a  region  beneath  is  very 
ancient  and  widespread,  and  is  commented  on 
by  Lucian  (De  Lucia,  2).  This  popular  notion 
finds  expression  in  one  article  of  the  Apostles' 
Creed,  "  He  descended  into  Hell." 

"In  the  ancient  Egyptian  doctrine  of  the  future 
life,  modelled  as  it  was  on  solar  myth.  Amenti.  the 
western  region  of  the  departed,  is  an  undrr-vorld,  or 
Had**."—  fytor:  Prtm.  Cult.  (ed.  1878),  ii.  67. 

*  un-der  act',  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
act.]    To  act  or  perform,  as  a  part  or  play, 
inefficiently  or  feebly. 

"  The  play  was  BO  underacted  It  broke  down."  — 
Macready, 

*  un  -  der  -  ac'~  tion,  •.    [Pref.  under*,  and 
Eng.  action.}    Subordinate  action  ;  action  not 
essential  to  the  main  fctory. 

"The  least  episodes,  or  underactions.  Interwoven  In 
It,  are  parts  necessary,  or  convenient  to  curry  on  the 
main  desiim."—  Drjfden;  Virgil;  *e*eit,  (Dcdic.) 

*  un-der-aid',  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
aid,  v.]    To  aid  secretly. 

"  Robert  .  .  .  Is  said  to  hare  uxdrraldtd  Ronl."- 
Daniel  :  Hist.  Eng.,  p.  28. 

un'-der-baclc,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
back,  a.]  The  vessel  placed  beneath  the  mash- 
tun  to  receive  the  wort  aa  it  flows  from  the 
hitter. 

*un  der-bearv,  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
bear,  v.) 


1.  To  support,  to  endure. 

"  Patient  underbeari-ia  of  his  fortune.* 

fifctCMVL  :  Richard  //.,  L  4 

3.  To  guard,  to  face,  to  trim,  to  line. 

"  The  duchew  of  Milan's  gown  .  .  .  untieroom*  with 
a  bluish  tinsel/  —  Shaketp. :  JfucA  A  do.  Hi.  4. 

lin-dcr-bear  cr,  s.  [Pref.  wndffr-,and  Eng. 
bearer.]  In  funerals,  one  who  supports  the 
corpse. 

un-der -bid',  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
bid,  v.]  To  bid  or  offer  less  than  another,  as 
at  an  auction  ;  to  offer  less  than  ;  to  offer  to 
execute  work,  supply  goods,  or  the  like,  at  a 
lower  price  than. 

*  un-der-bind',  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
bind,  v.]    To  bind  underneath. 

"  With  his  huge  weight  the  pagan  underbound." 
fair/ax :  Tauo,  xbt 

•un'-der- board,  adv.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  board.}  Secretly,  clandestinely.  (Op- 
posed to  aboveboard,  q.v.) 

"  The  receivers  of  much  will  plmy  tmderboard.*— 
Fuller  :  Boly  State,  IV.  v.  11 

*  un-der- borne',  pa,  par.  or  a.    [tJuDBB- 

BEAK.] 

*  un-der-bought  (ought  as  at),  pa.  par. 

or  a.    [UNDERBUY.] 

un-der-bra9e',  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
brace,  v.]  To  bind,  fasten,  or  tie  together  below 
or  underneath. 

"  The  broidered  band 
That  undrrbraced  hia  helmet  «t  tlie  chin." 

Cowprr:  ffomer;  FliadlU. 

un'-  dor-brush,  a.  [Pief.  under-,  and  Eng. 
brush,  s.)  Shrubs  and  small  trees  In  a  wood 
or  forest  growing  under  large  trees ;  brush, 
underwood. 

"  The  shores  on  either  side  were  steep,  and  very 
thick  with  underbruth." — Scrioner't  lluyazine,  Aug., 
1877.  p.  MO. 

*  un'-der-burn,     *  un  dor  brcnne,    v.t. 
[Pref.  -under-,  and  Eng.  burn.]    To  burn  up. 

"Y  shal  underlrenn*  th*  eartis,"—  Wydtf*-'  ffOr 
hum,  11.  13. 

*  iin-der-buy',  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
buy.} 

1.  To  buy  at  less  than  the  real  or  true  value* 

"  Klse  ye  underbuy  am." 

tieaum.  A  Flet.  :  Valentintan,  it  4 

2.  To  buy  at  a  lower  price  than, 

un-der-eham'-ber-lain,  9.  [Pref.  under-, 
and  Eng.  chamberlain.]  A  deputy  chamber- 
lain of  the  exchequer. 

un-dcr  $harse',  r.f.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
charge,  v.] 

1.  To  charge  less  than  the  fair  or  true  sum 
or  price  for. 

2.  Not  to  put  a  sufficient  charge  in  :  as,  To 
undercharge  a  gun. 

un-der  Charged',  a.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  charged.]  Not  adequately  or  sufficiently 
charged  ;  specif.,  applied  to  a  military  mine, 
whose  crater  is  not  so  wide  at  the  top  as  it  is 
deep. 

un'-der -coat,  s.    fPret  under-,  and  Eng 

coat,  a.] 

1.  A  coat  worn  under  another. 

2.  The  under  layer  of  hair.    [Coxx  (1),  $., 
A.  II.  1.] 

"The  dog  looked  fresh  and  well  .  .  .  though  Inciting 
undercoat. —Field,  Dec.  6,  188*. 

*  un'-der-creep,   *  un-dur-crepe,  v.i. 
[Pref.  under-,  and  Eng.  creep,  v.]    To  creep 
secretly  or  imperceptibly. 

"  B«  war  lest  pers.ii  en  tare  undervrep*  to  thse  * 
wtckid  thought."—  Wycltfe:  n™t.  XT.  8. 

*un'-der-cry,  *un-dlr-cry,  v.i.  [Pref 
under;  and  Eng.  cry,  v.)  To  cry  out. 

"And  thcf  undercrieden  rinclnraabunt]  and  seldeo, 
Crucine,  crucify*  him. "—  H'ydiffe  ;  Luke  xxilt 

iin'-der-cur-rent,  «.  &  o.    [Pref.  unt£*r-, 

and  Eng.  current.] 

A*  As  substantive  : 

L  Lit ;  A  current  running  nuder  another 
one, 

2.  Fig. :  Something  at  work  out  of  sfght, 
as  inflnence,  feeling,  or  the  like,  which  has  a 
tendency  opposite  to  or  different  from  what 
is  visible  or  apparent. 

"  The  undercurrent  of  agricultural  opinion."—  /W4 
April  i,  1886. 


fite,  fat,  Hire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
«r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  tin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  po"t, 
Syrian.    SB,  «e  =  e;  ey=  u;  qu  =  tw. 


i 


undercut— underhand 


4927 


•  B.  As  adj.  :   Banning  below  or  out  of 

•Jght  ;  hidden. 

"Some  dark  undercurrent  woe.* 

TcnngKm  :  Maud,  I.  ivlli.  83. 

un'-der-ciit.  a.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng.  cut, 
s.]  The  under  side  of  a  sirloin  of  beef;  the 
filet 

**  Then,  having  disembowel  led  him,  we  cat  off  strip* 
of  undercut.'  —Fteld,  Dec.  26.  1885, 

tin-der-cut,  v.t.  (Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
cut,  v.J  To  undersell. 

•  un-der-de-greed',  a.  [Pref.  tinder-  ;  Eng. 
degree,  and  suff.  -ed.}  Of  inferior  rank  or 
degree. 

"At  the  mercy  of  every  underdegrted  ainuer."— 
Richardton  :  ClaritM,  lv.  48. 

tin'  -dor-ditch,  v.t,  [Pref.  under-,  and  Bug. 
ditch,  v.J 

Agrio.  :  To  form  a  deep  ditch  or  trench  in, 
in  order  to  drain  the  surface, 

tin-der-do',  v.L  &  t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
do,  v.] 

A*  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  act  below  one's  abilities  ;  not  to  act 
Tip  to  one's  powers. 

"  You  overact,  when  you  should  underdo." 


2.  To  do  less  than  is  requisite. 

"  Nature  much  ofteuer  overdoes  than  underdo?*."  — 
Grew. 

B.  Trans.  .-  To  do  less  thoroughly  than  is 
requisite  ;  specif.,  in  cooking,  to  cook  insuffi- 

ciently. 

*  un-der-d6'-er,  «.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
doer.]  One  who  does  less  than  is  necessary, 
requisite,  or  expedient 

ttn-der-ddne',  a.  [Pref.  tinder-,  and  Eng. 
done.}  Insufficiently  cooked;  as,  The  meat 
IB  underdone. 

iin'-  der  -dose,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
dose,  s.J  An  insufficient  dose  ;  a  quantity  less 
than  a  dose. 

tin-der-dose',  v.i.  or  t.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  dose,  v.J  To  give  or  take  small  or  in- 
sufficient doses. 

un'-der-draln,  ».  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
drain,  s.J  A  drain  or  trench  below  the  surface 
of  the  ground. 

un  -der-  drain',  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
drain,  v.J  To  drain,  by  cutting  trenches 
under  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

tin  -der-  dressed',  a,  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  dressed.} 

*  1.  Not  well  or  sufficiently  dressed. 
2.  Underdone,  as  meat. 

un-der-es'-ti-mate,  «.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  estimate,  s.]  An  estimate  or  valuation 
at  too  low  a  rate. 

tin  der  es'-ti-mate,  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  estimate,  v.J  To  estimate  or  value  at  too 
low  a  rate  ;  to  value  insufficiently. 

•ttn'-der-fac-tion,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  faction,]  A  subordinate  faction  ;  a  sub- 
division of  a  faction. 

"Christianity  loses  by  contest*  of  undrrf  action*."— 
Decay  of  Piety. 

•un'-der-fac-til-t^,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  faculty.]  A  subordinate  faculty,  power, 
or  endowment. 

ttn'-der-farm-er,  ».  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
farmer.]  A  farmer  working  under  the  direc- 
tion of  another  one. 

*  un  der  feed,  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
feed,  v.J    To  feed  insufficiently. 

"The  fanatlcka  strive  to  underfeed  mid  starve  if— 
Qauden  :  Teart  of  the  Church,  p.  lioi. 

*ftn'-der-f6l-low,  *.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  fellow.]  A  mean  fellow,  a  sorry  wretch. 

"  With  much  more  business  than  those  underfeVowt 
had  showed."—  .SV/««y  :  Arcadia,  bk,  1L 

tin'-der-f  fll-ing,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
filing.]  The  lower  part  of  a  building.  (See 
extract  under  SUBSTRUCTION.) 

*  un-der-fol'-low,  v.t.     [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  follow.]    To  follow,  to  accompany. 

"  And  thl  mercy  sball  vnderfoUow*  me."—  B>cttifc.- 
Ptalm  xxiL  «. 


*  iin-der-f  5ng',  *  un  der-fonge,  v.t.  [A.S. 
under/angen  =  to  ix-i-five,  to    undertake,   to 
support;  under  =  under,  and  fangan  (pa.  t. 
fon'j)  =  to  take.] 

1.  To  undertake,  to  manage. 

"  And  looser  songs  of  loue  to  underfong.m 

Sj#tuer :  Shepheardt  Calender;  No*. 

2.  To  entrap,  to  ensnare. 

"  Thou.  Meiiftlcaa,  that  by  thy  treachery 
l>idst  undcrfong  my  lady  to  wexe  so  light." 

Hunter  :  OhrpheartLt  Calender    June. 

3.  To  receive. 

"  On  holy  church  Ich  thouhte 

That   underfonf   me   atte   fount,    for   on    of    Codes 
cuo*eu."  P.  Plowman,  p.  204. 

4.  To  support  or  guard  from  beneath. 

"  Mounts  underfonying  and  eufianckiug  them." — 
Jiatlit :  Lenten  Stvffe, 

iin  der  foot',  ado.  &  a.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  foot.] ' 

A.  As  adverb : 

I.  Ordinary  La7iguage: 

1.  Under  the  feet ;  underneath. 

J.  Beneath,  below  ;  in  or  into  subjection. 

H,  Naut. :  Under  the  ship's  bottom.  (Said 
of  an  anchor  which  is  dropped  while  the  ship 
has  headway.) 

*  B.  .4s  adj. :  Low,  bare,  abject. 

**The  most  dejected,  most  underfoot,  imu  down 
trodden  vassals  «f  perdition."— Milton :  Reform,  in 
£ng..  bk.  ii. 

*  iin  dor-foot',  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Bng. 
foot,  v.J    To  underpin  (q.v.). 

*  ira-der-fur'-nish,  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  furnish.]    To  furnish  insufficiently;  to 
supply  with  less  than  enough. 

"  GUI  we  suppose  God  would  vnderfwnnth  man  for 
the  stato  he  designed  him  t  "—Collier  :  On  Xindneu. 

un-der-fur'-row.  v.t.  [Pref.  under;  and 
Eng.  furrow.]  To  cover  with  a  furrow,  aa 
seed  or  manure ;  to  plough  in. 

un-der-fur'-row,  adv.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Bug.  furrow.]  Under  a  furrow. 

U  To  sow  underfurrow : 

Agric, :  To  plough-in  seed.  Sometimes  ap- 
plied to  other  operations  in  which  something 
is  covered  by  the  furrow-slice. 

*  un-der-get',  v.t.     [Pref.  under-t  and  Eng. 
get.]    To  understand. 

"  And  iiatheles  he  feynede  hym,  that  me  vnderget 
yt  liogf  Jlobtsrt  <tf  Qlowmter,  p.  109. 

*  un-der-gird',  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
ginl.]    To  gird  beneath  ;  to  place  girders  be- 
neath. 

"When  they  bad  taken  It  up,  they  used  helps, 
uiideryirdiitg  the  ship." — Actt  xxvii.  17. 

un-der-go',  *  un-der-goe,  v.t.  [Pref. 
under-,  and  Eng.  go,  v.J 

*  1.  To  go,  move,  or  pass  under  or.below. 

"That  day  the  §e»seem'd  moiuitalue'*  toppa  t' onflow, 
And  yielding  earth  that  deluge  t'  vndergue." 

May  :  Lucan;  Phartalia,  v. 

*  2.  To  undertake ;  to  take  upon  one's  self ; 
to  hazard. 

"  Who  found  unwillingness  to  undergo 
That  vent'rous  work.         Daniel:  Civil  Wart,  vili 

3.  To  bear  up  against ;  to  endure  with  firm- 
ness ;  to  sustain  without  fainting,  yielding, 
or  giving  way ;  to  pass  through :  as,  To  under- 
go pain  or  torture. 

4.  To  be  subjected  to ;  to  be  compelled  to 
pass  through. 

"  Tyrants  were  to  undergo  legal  sentence."— Milton  : 
Antv>tr  tu  Eikon  Basilike. 

6.  To  experience ;  to  pass  through. 

"  In  this  state  It  undtrffoet  a  fermentation."— Coo*  .* 
Krtt  Voyage,  bk.  i.,  cb.  xvll. 

*  &  To  partake  of ;  to  enjoy. 

H  To  undergo  such  ample  pence  and  honour." 

bhftketp. :  Meaturefor  Ateaiure,  L  L 

*  7.  To  suffer. 

**  I  had  rather  crack  my  sinews,  break  my  back. 
Than  you  should  such  dishonour  undergo." 

Shaketp.  :  Tempat,  Hi.  L 

*  ttn-der-go'-ing,  a.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
going,]    Enduring,  suffering,  patient,  tolerant. 

"  Which  raised  in  We 
An  undergoing  stomach,  to  bear  up 
Against  what  should  ensue." 

Shakesp.  :  Tempest,  L  ft, 

un-der-gone',  pa.  par.  or  a.    [UNDERGO.! 

*tin-der-gore't  v.t.  [Eng.  under,  and  gore, 
v.)  To  pierce  underneath. 

"The  dart  did  vndergor« 
His  eyelid,  by  his  eyes  dear  roots." 

Chapman:  Earner;  Iliad  ilv.  408. 


un  der-grad  -u  ate,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eug.  yra>iimU\  &.]  One  who  is  studying  at  a 
university,  but  has  not  yet  taken  a  degree. 

"The  uHtlvrgratlttatet  of  his  uuiveraity."—  J/uctm 
lay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  v. 

un  der-grad'-u  ate-ship,  s.  [Eng.  under- 
graduate^  s.  ;  -skip.  \  The  sute,  position,  or 
condition  of  an  undergraduate. 

*  iin  -  der  -  groan',  v.t.    [Pref.  under*,  and 
Eng.  groan,  v.J    To  groan  under. 

"  Earth  undergroaned  tlieir  hl^U  -raised  feet." 
Chap-man, 

un'-der-groujid,  s.,  adv.,  &o.   [Pref.  under-, 
and  Eng.  ground,  s.] 
A»  As  substantive  : 

1.  What  is  below  the  surface  of  the  grounds 
subterranean  space. 

*'  A  spirit  raised  from  depth  of  underground." 
f>h<lketp..-zaenryri..Lt. 

2.  An  underground-  rail  way.    (Colloq.) 

B.  As  adv.  :  Below  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

"Far  undfrgrnund  la  many  a  cave." 

Wordnoorth  !   WhiteDoeofKylttOtU.lv. 

C.  At  adj.  :  Being  below  the  surface  of  the 
earth  ;  subterranean. 

"  Put  into  certain  underground  depositaries  called 
^\\Mm."-Hyron  :  Childe  Harold,  IT.  (Note  «.) 

underground-nut,  s. 
Bot.  :  Arachis  hypogcea. 

nnderground-onion,  •. 

Hort.  :  Allium  Cepa,  var.  terrestris,  a  variety 
of  the  common  onion,  which  multiplies  ita 
bulbs  by  offshoots  below  the  ground. 

under  ground  -railroad,  «.  This 
term  was  applied  in  the  United  States  before 
the  abolitiun  of  slavery  to  the  organized  means 
for  assisting  fugitive  slaves  to  escape  to  the  free 
atatea  of  the  Union,  or  to  Canada. 

underground-railway,  «.    A  rail- 

way wholly  or  In  a  large  part  beneath  the  street 
surface  of  a  city.  London  is  now  tunnelled  by 
a  network  of  subterranean  railways,  extending 
to  the  suburbs,  and  it  is  proposed  to  construct 
similar  lines  in  New  York,  Chicago,  &c. 

underground-stem,  s. 

Bot.  :  An  organ  in  some  plants  popularly 
considered  a  root  because  during  the  whole 
of  its  existence  it  remains  below  the  ground, 
but  which  nevertheless  possesses  a  structure, 
showing  that  it  is  really  a^tein. 

*  un'-der-grove,  s.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
grove.]    A  grove  of  low-growing  trees  under 
others  taller. 

"  I  flat  within  an  undergrove 
Of  tallest  hollies." 

Wordnoorth  :  Poemt  of  the  Fancy, 

*  un-der-gTOW',  v.i.     [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
grow.]     To  grow   below  the    usual   size   or 
height. 

*un-der-grow-e,a.  [UNDEROROW.]  Under- 

grown  ;  below  the  usual  stature, 

"For  hardily  she  was  not  vndergrow*.11 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  154.    (ProL) 

un'-der-growth,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
grow*h.]  That  which  grows  under;  specif., 
trees  or  shrubs  growing  under  larger  ones. 


Of  shrubs  and  tangling  bushes  had  perplexed 
AU  path  of  man."  J/ito>*  .•  A  L.,  iv.  Ui 

un-der-grub't  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
grub,  v.]    To  undermine.    (Prov.) 

im'-der-hand,  adv.,  a.,  &  *.    [Pref*  under-, 
and  Eng.  hand,  s.] 
A*  A«  adverb: 

1.  By   secret    means  ;    in    a    clandestine 
manner;  not  openly.    (Now  generally  in  a 
bad  sense,  and  opposed  to  aboveboard,  q.v.) 

"  The  wondroTia  love  they  bare  him  underhand  /" 
Daniel  :  Civil  Wart,  1. 

2.  By  fraud  or  fraudulent  means  ;  fraudu- 
lently. 

"  Wood  Is  still  work  i  ng  underhand  to  force  his  half- 
pence upon  us."—  Swift  :  Drapier't  Lettert. 

3.  Cricket  :  Applied  to  a  style  of  bowling 
in  which  the  arm  is  not  raised  above  the 
elbow  :  as,  To  bowl  underhand,    (Opposed  to 
roundhand  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Secret,  clandestine.   (Generally  implying 
meanness  or  fraud,  or  both.) 

"  He  has  been  making  the  fortune  of  the  family  by 
an  underhand  marriage."—  I'anburgh  : 
lit  I. 


bo^J  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  $612,  cnorus,  chin,  bencn;  go,  gem;  thin,  ^hia;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    -!Afr 
Milan,  -tian  =  soan*   -tlon,  -«ion  =  01iua;  -flon,  -fton  =  zauo.   -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del* 


4928 


underhanded— underntide 


2.  OHcket:  Applied  to  bowling  in  which 
the  arm  is  not  raised  above  the  elbow ;  as, 
underhand  bowling. 

C.  A*  substantive : 

Cricket :  A  ball  bowled  underhand. 

fcn'-der-h&nd-ed,  a.     [Fret  -under-,  and 
£ng.  handed.} 

1.  Kept  secret ;  underhand. 

"  Covert,  sly,  underhanded  communications." — 
JRUtlBUL 

2.  Not  having  an  adequate  supply  of  hands ; 
short-handed  ;  sparsely  peopled. 

*"  It  [  Norway  j  Is  much  underhanded  now."    Coleridge. 

1  un-der-h^ng1,  v.t.  [Pret  under-,  and  Eng. 
hang.]  To  suspend. 

"  A  man  U  to  be  provided  either  of  wit  to  under* 
•land,  or  HM  of  a  with  to  undcrhang  himself."— P. 
Svlland :  l'lut>irc\.  p.  871. 

*  iin -dcr-head,  «.    [Prob.  for  dunderhead.} 
A  stupid  person ;  a  blockhead. 

"  Cnderheadt  '.tatty  itumble  without  dishonour." — 
Browne. 

*  iin -der- heave',   v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  hiave,  v.J    To  heave  or  lift  from  below. 

un  der  heW  (ew  as  u),  v.t.  [Pref.  under-, 
and  Eng.  hew,}  To  hew  less  than  is  proper 
or  usual ;  to  hew  a  piece  of  timber  which 
should  be  square  in  such  a  manner  that  it 
appears  to  contain  &  greater  quantity  of 
cubic  feet  than  it  really  does. 

un-der-hung1,  a.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
hung.} 

1.  Projecting  beyond  the  upper  jaw.    (Ap- 
plied to  the  lower  jaw.) 

2.  Having  the  under  jaw  projecting  beyond 
the  upper  jaw.    (Applied  to  persons.) 

"  He  being  very  much  underhung,'— Mitt  Autten: 
Penutuurn,  ch.  XT. 

fin  de-rived',  a.  [Pret  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
derived.}  Not  derived;  not  borrowed. 

"The  Immediate  operation  of  original,  absolute, 
and  ttnderiwcd  power."— dark*:  On  *A«  £ridtnce*, 
Prop.  i*. 

*  iin-der-join',  v.t.    [Pret  under-,  and  Eng. 
join.}    To  subjoin. 

"  He  rndfTioyneth  I  shal  teche  wicked  men  the  wales, 
and  vnpitons  men  to  thee  shul  be  couuertid." —  H>- 
d(/e  :  frvt.  to  J'talmt,  p.  787. 

*  un-der-keep',  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
kerp,  v.]    To  keep  under;  to  keep  in  subjec- 
tion ;  to  restrain. 

"  The  beast,  that  with  great  cruelty 
Bored,  aud  raged  to  be  vnderkept," 

Spenter  :  f.  Q/IU.  Til.  83. 

fin -der -laid',  a.     [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 

laid. }  Having  something  laid  or  lying  beneath. 

"This  addition  to  the  plate  springs  It  up  in  every 

part    underlaid.'— Scritmer'i    Magazine.    May,    1880, 

p.  48. 

un-der-lay*,  v.t,  &  t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
lay,  v.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  lay  or  place  something  under;  to  set 
something  beneath.    [UNDERLAY,  *.,  2.) 

"The  pressman  underlay*  the  plate,"— Scribner'i 
Magazine,  May,  1880,  p.  42. 

2.  To  support  by  setting  something  under. 

"  Our  souls  hare  trode  awry  in  all  men's  sight. 
Well  underlay  'em,  till  they  go  upright. 

Seaum.  A  J-'let. :  Loee't  Curt,  v.  S. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

Mining;  To  incline  from  a  perpendicular 

line. 

fcn-der-lay,  «.    [UNDERLAY,  t>.) 

1.  Mining ;  The  dip  or  inclination  of  a  lode 
or  vein  from  the  perpendicular. 

2.  Print. :  Paper  or  cardboard  pasted  under 
a  cut  to  make  the  impression  clearer. 

"Be  puts  a  proper  underlay  under  every  out,  or 
part  of  a  cut"— Scribner't  Magazine,  May,  1880,  p.  43. 

un  -der-lay-er  (1),  a.    [Eng,  underlay;  -er.} 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  that  underlays. 
2.  Mining :  A  perpendicular  shaft,  sunk  to 
cut  the  lode  at  any  required  depth. 

fai'-der-lay-er  (2),  *.  [Pret  under-,  and 
Eng.  layer.}  A  lower  layer. 

*un'-der-leaf,  s.  [Pret  under-,  and  Eng. 
leaf.}  A  kind  of  apple,  good  for  cider. 

"  The  umderltaf .whose  cyder  Is  best  at  two  yean.  Is 
a  plentiful  bearer. —Mortimer  :  Butbandry. 

nn-der-lef,   v.t.      [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 


1.  To  let  below  the  value. 

2.  To  sublet. 

tin  -der-lie,  $.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng.  lie,  v.] 
Mining;  The  same  as  UNDERLAY  (q.v.). 

un-der-lie',  v.t.  &  i.  [Pret  under-,  and  Eng. 
.*&*-] 

A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  lie  under  or  beneath  ;  to  be  set  or 
situated  under. 

"If  it  chance  to  be  the  bottom  and  underlie  the 
rest"—  Booker  :  Ecclet.  Politie,  bk.  riii. 

2.  To  be  at  the  botton,  basis,  or  ground  of  ; 
to  form  the  foundation  of  :  as,  This  principle 
underlies  the  whole  subject 

•3.  To  lie  under;  to  be  subject  to;  to  be 
liable  to  meet  or  answer  ;  to  meet 

"Commanded  to  nppeare  by  a  day  to  underlie  the 
lAW.'—Baiinthed:  Bitt.  .Kvtland  \*n.  1*52). 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  lie  or  be  situated  lower. 

"Thence  they  beheld  An  underlying  rale." 

Browne  :  Britannia*  Pattoralt,  U.  2. 

iin-der  line',  v.t.  [Pret  under-,  and  Eug. 
line,  v.) 

L  To  mark  underneath  or  below  with  a 
line  ;  to  underscore. 

"  A  note  of  Secretary  Cecyl'a  hand,  that  what  was 
so  underlined  was  to  be  put  ill  cypher."  —  titrype  :  £c~ 
ctet.  Mem.  Edw.  VI.  (an.  Ud2). 

*  2.  To  influence  secretly. 

"By  a  mere  chance,  in  appearance,  though  under- 
lined with  a  providence,"—  Ketiyuia  WotOnia,  p.  215, 

tin'-der-ling,  «.  [Eng.  under-  ;  dimin.  suff. 
•ling.}  An  inferior  person  or  agent  ;  a  minion, 
a  mean,  sorry  fellow. 

•*  Slaves  of  no  man,  were  ye,  said  your  warrior  poet; 
Neither  subject  uuto  man  as  underling*." 

A,  C.  Swinburne;  Atkent. 

un'-der-lock,  ».  [Pret  under-  and  Eng. 
lock  (2X  s.]  A  lock  of  wool  hanging  under 
the  belly  of  a  sheep. 

un'-der-look-er,  s.  [Pret  under-,  and  Eng. 
looker.}  A  functionary  whose  duty  it  is  daily 
to  descend  a  mine,  taking  note  of  the  ventila- 
tion of  the  mine  and  the  work  done  by  the 
men.  Called  also  an  Underviewer. 

"And  the  manager,  the  unaerlooker,  and  a  fireman 
descended  the  abaft  at  once,"—  St,  Jamet'i  Uatfttt. 
May  87.  1887. 

un-der-ly  '-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.   [UNDERLIE,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective; 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Lying  beneath  or  under. 

2.  GeoL  :  A  term  proposed  by  Mr.  Necker 
to  designate  the  granites  which,  though  they 
often  pierce  through  other  strata,  are  rarely 
seen  to  rest  upon  them.    The  name  was  sug- 
gested by  '*  overlying,"  applied  by  Dr.  Mac- 
Culloch  to  volcanic  rocks.    [GRANITE,  II.  i.J 

un'-der-mast-ed,  a.  [Pret  under-,  and 
Eng.  masted.}  Inadequately  or  insufficiently 
masted  ;  said  of  a  ship  when  the  masts  are 
either  too  small  or  too  short,  so  that  she  can* 
not  spread  the  sail  to  give  her  the  proper 
speed. 

"  But  she  waa  much  undermatted  and  undersailed." 
—  Backluyt  :  Voyage*,  1L  201. 

*  un'-der-mas-ter,  s.  [Pret  under-,  and  Eng. 
master,  s.]  An  inferior  or  subordinate  master. 

"And  so  tbe  lawe  was  our  vndirmattter  In  Crist 
that  we  ben  iustlned  of  bileue,"—  H>o/tf"«:  &aL  11LS6. 


*  tin'-der-match,  *.  [Pret  under-,  and  Eng. 
match  (2X  s.  ]  One  unequal  or  inferior  to  some 
one  else. 

"  He  was  ...  an  undermatch  to  Dr.  Hack  well."  — 
Fuller:  WortMet,  iL  689. 

'un'  der  meal,  *  un-der-meale,  *un- 
dcr-molc,  s.  [Eng.  ttndern.and  meal  (I),  s.} 

1.  The  meal  eaten  at  undern,  or  the  chief 
meal  of  the  day. 

"I  think  I  am  famished  for  Catherine  pears,  for 
one   under  meal.'—  Ben  Jonton:    aartholomew  Fair, 

lii.  1. 

2.  The  division  or  portion  of  the  day  which 
Included   undern  ;    originally    the    morning, 
but  afterwards  the  afternoon. 

"  Ther  walketh  now  the  limitmir  himself 
III  ttndermelet,  In  morweninges." 

Chaucer:  C.  f.,  6,4(7. 

3.  An  after-dinner  sleep  or  nap  ;  a  siesta. 
"The  forty  yemrs'  undermeale  of  the  seven  sleepers." 

—  ffaAe. 

un-der-me'n'-ttoned,  a.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  mentioned.}  Mentioned  or  named  below 
or  subsequently. 


[Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 


un  -der-mine  ,  *  un  der  myne,  v.t  [Pret 

under-,  and  Eng.  mine,  v.] 

1.  Lit.  :   To  dig  or  excavate  a  mine  under; 
to  render  unstable  or  cause  to  fall  by  digging 
or  wearing  away  the  foundation  of;  to  make 
an  excavation  beneath,  especially  for  the  pur- 
pose of  causing  to  fall,  or  of  blowing  up. 

"He  attempted  to  undermine  the  walls.  "—  Jfoo- 
auluy  :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xii. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  subvert  by  removing  the  foun- 
dations of  clandestinely  ;  to  injure  or  ruin  by 
underhand,  invisible,  or  dishonourable  meaua. 

*'  To  undermine  his  happy  state." 

\Yordneorth  :  Excursion,  bk.  Tt 

*  un-der-mine,  «. 

mine,  s.}    A  cave. 

"  There  are  many  undermlnet  or  caves."—  P.  Holland; 
Citmtten,  p.  660. 

un  der-min'-er,  «.    [Eng.  undermin(f)  ;  -er.} 

1.  Lit.  :    One   who  undermines  ;   one  who 
digs  or  forms  a  mine  or  excavation  under. 

2.  Fig.  ;  One  who  clandestinely  injures  or 
subverts;  a  secret  or  clandestine  enemy. 

"  To  pay  my  undermlnen  in  their  coin.  ' 

Milton  :  Samson  Agonittet,  1,9ft! 

*  iin  der-mln'-is  ter,  *  un-dir  my  n  ys- 
ter,    v.t.     (Pret  under-,  and  Eng.  minister, 
v.]    To  minister  to  ;  to  supply  the  wants  ot 

"  A]  the  bodi  bl  boondis  and  ioynyngis  togldre  uw- 
dirmv»tt>-id[tuf>minUtr,itum}&ud  maad,  wexitb  into 
encressyng  of  God."—  Wycliffc  :  Colouian*  li.  l». 

*  iin  der  min'-is-try,  s.    [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eug.  ministry.}    A  subservient  or  subordiuatd 
ministry. 

*  un'-der-mirth,  «.    [Pret  under-,  and  Eng. 
mirth.]    Concealed  or  suppressed  mirth. 

"  No  undermirth,  such  as  doth  lard  the  scene 
For  coarse  delight" 

Bcaum.  t  Fie*.  :  Coronation,    (ProLJ 

*  un-der-m6n'-Ied,  a.     [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  monied.]    Taken  by  corrupt  means  with 
money  ;  bribed. 


"  Whether  they  were  undermined  or  u 
It  is  not  decided,  —fnlter  :  Worthiet  ;  Suffolk. 

un'-  der-mdst,  a.     [Pret  under-,  and  Eng. 
most.] 

1.  Lowest  in  place  or  position. 

"We  drew  up  with  the  undermost  stons  a  much 
greater  weight.  —Boyle. 

2.  Lowest  in  rank,  state,  condition,  power, 
or  the  like. 

"The  party  Indeed  which  had  been  ttndermat  WH 
now  uppermost"—  Macaulay  :  Sift.  Eng.,  ch.  zJr. 

•tin'-dern,   *  un-derne,    *un-der-on, 

*  un  drcn,  *  un-  dron,  "  un-durne,  s. 
[A.8.  «rui*rti  =  the  third  hour,  i.e.,  U  a.m.; 
cogn.  with  I  eel.  undorn  —  mid-afternoon,  mid- 
forenoon  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  undern  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
untarn;  Goth,  undaumi.  The  original  mean- 
ing was  an  intermediate  time.  Cf.  Ger.  vntfr 
=  amidst,  amongst  ;  Lat.  inter  =  betwreii, 
The  word  still  exists  in  provincial  dialects,  as 
aandorn,  aunder,  orndorns,  doundrins,  don~ 
dinner,  &c.,  with  the  meaning  of  a  meal  be- 
tween dinner  and  supper.]  A  time  of  day, 
used  rather  vaguely.  In  Chaucer,  it  denote* 
some  hour  of  the  forenoon,  prob.  about  11  a.m.  ; 
in  the  Ancrtn  Riwle,  p.  24,  it  means  9  a.m. 

"  Betwixt  undtron  and  noon  was  the  (eld  all  woniiea." 
Robert  dr.  Brunne,  n  14. 

un-dcr-ncath',  *  un  der-nethe,  adv.  tt 
prep.    [Pret  under-,  and  Eng.  neath.] 

A.  As  adv.  ;  Beneath  ;  below  ;  in  a  lower 
phice. 

"  Sullen  Mole,  that  runneth  underneath," 

Milton  :  College  KxerctM. 

H.  As  prep.  :  Beneath,  below,  under. 

"  Underneath  the  grove  of  sycamore." 

:  Romeo  *  Juliet,  L  t 


*  un-der-niee'-nSss,  s.    [Pret  under-,  and 
Eng.  niceness.}    A  want  of  niceness,  delicacy, 
or  fastidiousness. 

"  Orernlcenees  may  be  undernicenets.'—  RiAardton: 
Claritia.  r.  8- 

*  un  der  nime,    *  un-der-neme,   *  un- 

der-nymc,  *  un  dir-nyme,  v.t.  [A.8. 
untlirnynuin,  from  under  =  under,  and  nyiruM 
=  to  take.] 

1.  To  take,  to  undertake. 

2.  To  blame,  to  reprove. 

"  Why  underneme  ye  not  your  brethren  for  tbeJf 
trespasse  after  the  law  of  the  gospel  f  '—Jack  Vptan*. 

*  un  der  nome,  pret.  &  pa.  par.    [UNDER- 
NIKE.] 

•un   dern-tlde,  «.    [A.S.  under-tid.}    Tb« 
same  as  UNDERN  (q.v.). 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    a>,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


underogating— undersign 


4929 


_,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  derogating.}  £<fot  derogating;  not  acting 
beneath  one's  rank  or  position. 

"  The  lord,  underogat ing  share 
The  vulgar  game  of  '  post  and  pair.'" 

ticott:  Jtarmion,  fir.    (Introd.) 

•tin-de-rSg'-a-tor-^,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  derogctiory.]  Not  derogatory;  not 
diminishing  or  degrading. 

"To  create  in  us  apprehensions  underogatory  from 
what  we  shall  possess.*— tfoyte;   Worto.  1.  388. 

Un'- der -part,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
part,  s.]  A  subordinate  or  inferior  part  or 
character. 

"  There  were  several  others  playing  underparU  by 
themselves."— Goldtmith  :  Esiay  i. 

un  der  pay,  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
pay,  v.]  To  pay  insufficiently  or  inadequately. 

•un-der-peeV,  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
peer,  v.]  To  peer,  peep,  or  look  under. 

"  Which  the  shrewd  boys  underpeering."— Putten- 
fctm :  Stiff.  Poerie,  bk.  iii . ,  ch.  vi, 

*  un  -  der  -  pight  (0fc  silent),  *un-der- 
pyght,  pret.  &  pa.  par.     [Pref.  under- ,  and 
Eug.  pight,  or  from  *  wnderpitcfc,  v.] 
A*  -^»  prrt. ;  Stuffed  under. 


"He  dranke  and  wel  his  gird  el  underpight  " 

Chaucer  :  C.  T..  5,8ia 

B»  As  pa.  par. :  Fixed  or  supported  under- 
neath. 

"  Nor  yet  repent  we  our  glory,  with  hope  whereof  we 
for  tills  present  ty  me  are  aduaunced  aua  vnderpyght." 
—  Utlal :  Romainei  v. 

tin -der -pin',  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
pin,  v.J 

1.  Lit. :  To  pin  or  support  underneath ;  to 
place  or  fix  something  underneath  for  support 
or  foundation,  when  a  previous  support  or 
foundation  is  removed  ;  to  underset :  as — 

(1)  To  support,  as  a  wall,  when  an  excava- 
tion is  made  beneath  it,  by  building  up  ft 
new  portion  of  a  wall  from  the  lower  level. 

(2)  To  support,  as  an  overhanging  bank  of 
earth    or   rock,   by  masonry  or   brickwork. 
[UNDERPINNING.] 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  support,  to  prop. 

"Victors,  to  secure  themselves  against  dispute*  of 
that  kind,  underpin  their  acquest  'jure  belli.'"— 
Half  :  Sift.  Common  Law. 

fen  der-pln  -nirig,  *.   [Eng.  underpin  ;  -ing.] 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  underpins ;  the  act 
of  supporting  or  propping  up  a  wall,  bank  of 
earth,  &c,,  by  introducing  masonry,  timbers, 
Ac.,  beneath. 

2.  Supports,  temporary  or  permanent,  in- 
troduced beneath  a  wall  already  constructed  ; 
undersetting. 

3.  A  system  of  sinking  brick-lined  shafts. 

un'-  der  -plain,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
plain,  s.]  A  plain  beneath  or  at  a  lower  level. 

".For  her  avail,  upon  the  itnderplninei 
A  hundred  springs  a  hundred  wayes  should  swim." 
Browne :  Britannia*  Paitoruli,  It 

fin-der-play,  v.i.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
play,  v.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :    To   play  in    an   inferior 
manner. 

2.  Whist :  To  play,  as  a  low  card,  in  place 
of  a  higher  one,  which  might  have  been 
played,  thereby  losing  a  trick  in  the  hope  of 
securing  a  future  advantage  ;  to  finesse. 

tin  -  der  -  pl6t,  *.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
plot,  s.] 

1.  A  plot  subordinate  to  another,  as  in  a 
play  or  novel. 

"  It  Is  a  sound,  good  comedy,  with  a  highly  comic 
Underplot."— Notes  4  Queries,  Dec.  26,  1886,  p.  627. 

2.  A    clandestine    or   underhand    plot   or 
scheme. 

"The  husband  is  so  misled  by  tricks,  and  BO  lost  ID  a 
crooked  intrigue,  that  be  still  suspects  an  underplot." 
—Addiion. 

*  tin  der-poi$e ,  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
poise,  v.]  To  weigh  or  estimate  below  what  la 
just,  fair,  or  due. 

"un-der-pos-^es  -sor,  s.    [Pref.  under-,  and 

Eng.  Assessor.]      A  subordinate   or  inferior 
possessor. 

"Are  the  reserves  of  the  superior  right,  and  not  to 

be  invaded    by  the  unUerposiettori."  —  Bp.   Taylor: 

Sermom,  voL  L,  ser.  17. 

'nn-der-prai^e',  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
praise,  v.)  To  praise  below  desert. 

"  In  underpraiting  thy  deaerta."        Dryden. 


"iin-der-prize'.  v.t.  [Pref.  ?<?id«r-, and  Eng. 
prize,  v.]  To  prize  insufficiently;  to  value  at 
less  than  the  true  worth. 

"  He  scorns  to  have  hia  worth  so  underprized." 

Ben  Jonion  :  Cote  u  Altered,  lit  S. 

un-der-prSp'f  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
prop,  v.]  Tn  prop  or  support  beneath  ;  to  set 
a  prop  undea ;  to  uphold,  to  sustain.  (Lit.  £ 


"  III  underpropping  vines,  the  forked  would  not  bee 
set  opposite  against  that  wind  to  hinder  the  blast 
thereof!."— P.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk,  xvii.,  cb.  ii. 

iin-der-prd-pdr'-tioned,  a.  [Pref.  under-, 
and  Eng.  proportioned.]  Having  too  little 
proportion ;  not  in  equal  or  adequate  pro- 
portions. 

"  To  make  scanty  and  underproportioned  returns  of 
civility."— Collier.  On  Pride. 

*un'- der -prop -per,  s.  [Eng.  underprop; 
•er.]  One  who  or  that  which  underprops,  sup- 
ports, or  sustains. 

"  No  propre  vnderpropper  of  ft  He."— Sir  T.  More  : 
Worker,  p.  126. 

*  nn-der-pulT,  v.i.     [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
pull.]    To  do  work  without  one's  agency  being 
visible  ;  to  work  secretly  or  invisibly. 

"  His  lordship  was  contented  to  nnderpull,  as  they 
call  It."— North:  Life  o/  Lord  (iuil/ord,  i.  85. 

*  un  -der-pull  er,  *.    [Eug.  underpull ;  -er.} 
One  who  underpulls ;  a  subordinate  puller, 

"These  underpulteri  in  destruction  are  such  Im- 
plicit mortals  as  are  not  to  be  matched."— Collitr. 

*  un-der-put,  v.t.     [Pref.   under-,  and  Eng. 
put.]    To  put,  set,  or  place  under. 

"  And  as  a  cauldron,  undtrrput  with  stone  of  fire,  and 

wrought 

With   boyliiia  of  a  well-fed   brawne,  up  leapes  his 
wave  aloft"        Chapman  :  Homer;  Iliad  xxl. 

un  der  rate ,  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
rate,  v.]  To  rate  too  low ;  to  rate  below  the 
true  or  real  value  ;  to  undervalue ;  to  under- 
estimate. 

"  To  overrate  present  evil,  and  to  underrate  present 
good."—  JUacauluy  :  Hitt.  £ng.,ch.  xl. 

*  un'-der-rate,  s.  &  a.    [UNDERRATE,  v.  ] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  price  or  value  less  than  the 
true  or  real  value ;  an  inadequate  estimate, 
value,  or  price. 

"  But  Dot  at  underrate!  to  sell.*' 

Cowl  ft/ :  The  Given  Love. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Inferior. 

"  These  underrate  mortals." — Gentletnan  Inttrurted, 
p.  508. 

tin -der -run',  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
run,  v.] 

Naut. :  To  pass  uuder,  as  for  the  purpose  of 
examining. 

If  (1)  To  underrnn  a  cable  or  hawser ;  To 
pass  along  it  in  a  boat,  the  cable  Iteing  lifted 
from  the  bottom  at  the  bow  of  the  boat  and 
passed  out  over  the  stern  as  she  proceeds,  in 
order  to  examine  it  or  for  the  purpose  of 
weighing  the  anchor. 

(2)  To  underntn  a  tackle :  To  separate  itf 
parts  and  put  them  in  order. 

*  un-der-sail',  •  nn-dlr-oail,  v.i.     [Pi*-. 
under-,  and   Eng.   sail,   v.]     To   sail    under 
shelter  of  the  land. 

11  We  undinailiden  to  Cipre  for  that  wlndU  weren 
contrarie.-—  Wycliffe:  Dedit  xxvii. 

*  un-der -sailed',  a.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
sail;  -eti.]    Insufficiently  provided  with  sails. 
(See  example  under  UNDER-MASTED.) 

*  un-der-Bat'-n-rat-ed,  a.    [Pref.  under-, 
and  Eng.  saturated.]    Imperfectly  saturated  ; 
not  thoroughly  saturated. 

*  un-der-say1,  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 

say,  v.]    To  say  by  way  of  derogation  or  con- 
tradiction. 

"  By  my  soule  I  dnre  vndertay 
They  neuer  set  finite  in  that  same  trode." 
Spenter:  Shepheardi  Calender;  September. 

*  tin-der-SCore',  v.t.     [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
score,  v.J    To  draw  a  line  or  mark  under  ;  to 
underline. 

"Cramner  undertcored  several  principal  passages  [in 
the  book]  with  red  ink."—  Tucker  :  Letter  to  Dr.  Kippit, 

un-der-selT,  v.t.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
sell,  v.]  To  sell  at  a  less  price  than  another 
person  does  ;  to  sell  under  or  cheaper  than. 

"  The  emulation  betwixt  these  owners  to  undertelt 
one  another."— fuller:  Worthies;  Forkihtre. 

*  un  der-aSt,  *  un-der-sette,  v.t.    [Pref. 
under-,  and  Eng.  set,  v.] 

L  To  support  by  a  prop  or  stay,  masonry, 


&c.,  set  under ;  to  underprop ;  to  underpin  ; 
to  prop  up. 

"  All  tbe  pillars  crush 'd  and  ruined. 
That  underlet  it"  Daniel:  CioU  Wart,  VfU. 

2.  To  underlet. 

"  Then  middlemen  will  underlet  the  land."-Jft«i 
Edgeumrth:  Ennui,  ch.  viii. 

un'-dcr-set,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng, 
set,  s.] 

Naut. :  A  current  of  water  below  the  surface 
in  a  direction  contrary  to  that  of  the  wind,  or 
of  the  water  at  the  surface. 

*  Un'-der-SGt-ter,  s.      [Eng.  underset;  -er.) 
One  who  or  that  which  undersets  ;  a  prop,  a 
stay,  a  pedestal,  a  support. 

"  Tbe  four  corners  thereof  bad  underlet  ten." — 
1  Kings  vll.  30. 

*  iin-der  sot- ting,  s.     [Pref,   under-,  and 

Eng.  setting.] 

1.  A  pedestal,  a  support. 

"  They  have  all  their  underletting*,  or  pedestals.  In 
height  a  third  part  of  the  whole  columne,  compre- 
hending the  base  and  capital."—  Religuia  Wottontana, 
p.  42. 

2.  The  operation  of  supporting  earth  in  a 
cutting  when  situated   beneath  rock.     A  re- 
taining-wall  is  built  against  the  face  of  the 
earth-bank. 

'  un  der  shap-en,  a.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  thapen.]  Undersized;  dwarfish. 

"  The  dwarf,  a  vicious  und*rih<t/i?n  thing." 

Temiyion  :  Enid,  411. 

*  un-der-shoot',  v.t.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
shoot,  s.]    To  shoot  short  of. 

"  They  overshoot  the  mark  who  make  It  a  miracle  I 
they  underihoot  it  who  make  It  maglck."— Fuller. 

un'-der-shdt,  a.  [Pref.  under;  and  Eiig.  thot, 
pa.  par.  of  shoot,  v.J 

1.  Moved  or  set  in  motion  by  water  passing 
under  it,  or  acting  on  the  lowest  part  of  it. 

2.  Underhung  (q.v.). 

"  Our  author  argue*  that  mastiffs  ahould  be  under* 
*ot."— Field,  Feb.  27.  188*. 

undershot-wheel,  *. 

Hydraul. :  A  water-wheel  moved  by  water 
passing  beneath  ;  in  contradistinction  to  the 
overshot,  in  which  it  is  received  above  ;  the 
breast-wheel,  in  which  it  la  received  at  or 
nearly  on  a  level  with  its  axis  ;  the  turbine, 
In  which  it  runs  through;  and  some  others. 
Poncelet's 
water-wheel 
has  buckets 
of  a  curvi- 
linear form, 
open  at  the 
back,  with- 
out  a  sole- 
plate,  to  se- 
cure ventila-  i 
tion.  The 
water  im- 
pinges upon 
each  bucket 
at  nearly  the 
lowest  point 

of  the  wheel,  UNDERSHOT-WHEEL. 

the     shuttle 

being  arranged  to  draw  upward  ;  and  as  the 
water  entei  s  it  follows  the  curve  of  the  bucket, 
rises  and  falls  over  into  the  next  in  succession. 
In  this  way  the  force  of  the  water  is  expended 
directly  upon  the  wheel,  instead  of  a  portion 
being  wasted  in  its  passage  along  the  sluice. 

iin'-der-shrub,  *.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
shrub.] 

Hot. :  A  plant  of  shrubby  habit,  but  scarcely 
attaining  the  dimensions  of  a  shrub.  A  woody 
plant  of  small  size  intermediate  between  a 
shrub  and  an  herb.  It  differs  from  the  former 
in  this  respect  that  the  ends  of  its  branches 
perish  every  year,  and  from  the  latter  by 
having  branches  of  a  woody  texture,  which 
in  some  cases  exist  more  than  a  year.  Ex- 
ample :  the  Tree-Mignonette  of  gardens.  A 
plant  resembling  an  undershrub  in  described 
as  Suflruticose  (q.v.). 

iin' -der  shut,  a.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
shut,  pa.  par.]  Shut  or  shutting  underneath. 
Applied  to  a  valve  placed  beneath  the  sole- 
plate  of  a  pump  or  other  object,  and  not  upon 
it;  shutting  underneath  by  an  upward  motion. 

un-dcr-sign'  (3  silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  under-, 
and  Eng.  sign,  v.]  To  sign  under  or  beneath  ; 
to  write  one's  name  at  the  end  or  fnot  of,  as  of  a 
letter,  or  any  legal  instrument ;  to  subscribe. 


bo&,  boy;  pout,  jo%l;  oat,  $cll.  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  &em;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-Clan,  -tian  =  than,    -tlon, -«ion  =  shun ; -{ion, -flon  -  zhun.   -clous,  -tlous,  -sloua  =  shus.   -bio, -die,  &c.  -  bel.  del* 


undersigned— undertake 


tin  der  signed'  (g  silent),  a.  [Pref.  under- 1 
and  Kng.  signed.}  Written  or  subscribed  at 
the  bottom  or  end  of  a  writing. 

H  The  undersigned :  The  person  or  persons 
signing  any  document;  the  subscriber  or  sub- 
scribers. 

tin'  der  sized,  a.  {Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
sized.}  Beneath  the  avenge  size  of  the  specks. 

"They  are  ID  general  uniiertixed,  HA  are  tii»  Muuga* 
Uana.'-Oo*:   Third  Voyage,  bk.  vi.,  ch.  vli. 

fin'-der-aleeve,  «.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
sleeve.}  A  sleeve  worn  under  another. 

"  The  tight-fitting  silk  under  sleeves."— Daily  Tele- 
graph, Jan.  IS,  1888. 

tin'-ddr-soil,  s.  [Pref.  -under-,  and  Eng.  soil, 
s.]  Soil  beneath  the  surface;  subsoil. 

tin  der  sold',  a,  [Pref.  vnder-,  and  Eng. 
tout.} 

1.  Having  goods  sold  by  others  at  a  rate  in- 
ferior to  that  which   one  is  asking  for  his 
wares.    (Applied  to  persons.) 

2.  Sold  at  a  rate  inferior  to  that  asked  by 
others.    (Applied  to  things.) 

*  tin'-der-song,  *.    [Pref.  under-t  and  Eng. 

1.  The  chorus,  burden,  or  accompaniment 
Of  a  song. 

"  All  the  rest  around 
To  her  redoubled  that  her  undertone 
Which  aaid,  their  bridale  diiy  should  not  be  long." 
Speruer:  Prothalamion. 

2.  A   subordinate  strain;   an   underlying 

meaning. 

"  The  unceasing  rill 

Murmurs  sweat  undernnny  'mid  Jasmin  bowers." 
Coleridge :  To  Mr.  J.  Cattle. 

•tin-der-spSnd',   v.t.     [Pref.   unaer~t  and 

Eng.  sj>end.]    To  spend  less  than. 

"  Underspending  him  ft  molty."— Fuller:  Worthiet; 
Lincoln. 

*  tin  -der  sphere,  s.   [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
tphere,  s.J    A  lower  or  inferior  sphere. 

"  He  conquer'd  rebel  passions,  rul'd  them  so, 
As  undersphvret  by  the  first  mover  go." 

Elegy  upon  Dr.  AWIWA. 

*  tin-derHBpdre',  v.t,  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
tpore,  a  variant  of  spar  (q.v.).]     To  raise  or 
support,  by  putting  a  spar,  stake,  or  post 
underneath. 

*  tin'-der  Stair,  a.  &  *.     [Eng.  under,  tad 
stair.} 

A*  As  adjective: 

1.  Lit. :   Of,   belonging  to,  or  proceeding 
from  the  sunk  area  containing  the  kitohen  in 
some  town  houses :  u,  understair  influence. 
(Cf.  BACKSTAIR.] 

2.  Fig. :  Subordinate. 

"  Living  in  some  iwuiwrtair  office." — Adamt:  Work*, 
L  600. 

B.  As  subst.  (PI):  The  sunken  story  con- 
taining the  kitchen.  [A.] 

tin- der- stand',  *  no-dor- stande,  *  un- 
der stonde,    *  un  dir  stonde    (pa.    t. 
*  understode,    understood,   pa.   par.   *  under- 
standed,  *  understanden,  understood),  v.t.  &  i. 
[A.S.  understandan.  from  under  =  under,  and 
ttandan  =  to  stand  ;  I  eel.   undirstanda ;   O. 
Fries,  understonda.} 
A.  Transitive: 
*  1.  To  stand  under.    (Used  humourously). 

"  My  staff  underitandt  me." 

'      >.:  Tux?  Gentlemen,  li.  8. 


2.  To  apprehend  or  comprehend  fully ;  to 
know  or  apprehend  the  meaning,  import,  in- 
tention, or  motive  of;   to  perceive  by  the 
mind  ;  to  appreciate  the  force  or  valne  of;  to 
Comprehend  ;  to  know  ;  to  have  just  ideas  of. 

"  I  nam'd  them  as  tb«y  pass'd,  aud  ttndarttood 
Their  nature."  Milton:  P.  L.,  viil.  361 

3.  To  be  informed  or  receive  notice  of;  to 
learn,    (flhakesp. :  As  You  Like  /(,  ii.  7.) 

4.  To  accept  or  hold,  as  signifying,  denoting, 
or  pointing  to  ;  to  attach  a  meaning  or  inter- 
pretation to ;   to  interpret ;  to  explain ;  to 
suppose  to  mean  or  refer  to. 

"The   moat  learned    Interpreters    underttood  th« 
Words  of  sin,  and  uot  of  Abel.  -Locke, 

6.  To  take  as  meant  or  implied ;  to  imply ;  to 
Infer;  to  assume.  (Milton:  P.  L.t  i.  «U.) 

6.  To  supply  or  leave  to  be  supplied  men- 
tally, as  a  word  necessary  to  fully  bring  out 
the  meaning,  sense,  or  intention  of  an  author; 
to  regard  as  following  naturally  without  the 
necessity  of  express  stipulation  :  as  in  the 
sentence,  All  are  mortal,  we  must  understand 
the  word  men,  creatures,  or  the  like. 


B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  have  the  use  of  the  Intellectual  facul- 
ties ;  to  be  able  to  comprehend  or  apprehend 
the  meaning,  import,  motive,  or  intention  of 
anything  ;  to  be  an  intelligent  and  conscious 
being. 

"  That  the  prophede  of  Yaaye  be  fulftllld  seiynge, 
with  b«ryiitf«  ye  scbulen  heere  &  ye  whuleu  not  un- 
derstuttdt."—  Wyclttfv  -.  Matthew  xiii. 

2.  To  be  informed  or  told  ;  to  hear,  to  learn, 

*'  MT  suit,  an  I  so  understand,  you  know." 

Hhakvsp. :  Airs  Well  that  Ends  Well,  v.  9. 

11(1)  To  give  to  understand,  to  let  under- 
stand, to  make  understand :  To  cause  to  believe 
or  know  ;  to  tell,  to  inform. 

"  If  you  give  me  directly  to  undertteuttt  yon  have 
prevailed."— Shakes?. :  CymbeUne,  i.  4. 

*(2)  To  have  to  understand:  To  learn;  to 
be  informed. 

"As  I  further  have  tn  underttand, 
IB  DOW  committed  to  the  Bishop  of  York." 

Shakes?  :  3  Uvnrn  17.,  iv.  i. 

(3)  To  make  one's  self  understood :  To  make 
one's  meaning  or  language  clear ;  to  speak  or 
write  so  as  to  be  understood. 

"  No  pains  were  taken  to  provide  the  conquered 
nation  with  instructors  capable  of  making  themteleet 
underitood.'-~Mactittlay  :  aist.  Eng.,  ch.  1. 

^  For  the  difference  between  to  understand 
and  to  conceive,  see  CONCEIVE. 

*  tin-der-stand-a  ble,  a.      [Eng.  under- 
stand; -able.}    That  can  be  understood  ;  cap- 
able of  being  understood ;  intelligible,  com- 
prehensive. 

"This  [training]  being  of  BO  thorough  a  nature,  it 
IB  quite  unttentandabie  that  the  horae.  having  a  re- 
tentive memory,  never  forgets  what  be  has  BO 
thoroughly  learned."— Fiild,  J  une  16,  1887. 

"  tin-der-stand'-er,  a.  [Eng.  understand ; 
-er.]  One  who  understands  or  knows  by  ex- 
perience. 

•  I  ftm  the  better  underttande.r  now." 

fiMum.  A  Flet. :  JJaid  in  the  JOU,  T. 

un  der  st&nd  -ing,  *  un-der  stand- yn, 
*  un-der-stond-mg,  *un-der-stond- 
yng,  *  un-der-stond-ynge,  pr.  par.,  a., 

S,  S.       [UNDBK.STAM'.  ] 

A.  A*  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.:   Knowing,  skilful,  intelligent, 

sensible. 

"Was  this  taken  by  any  underttandinff  pata  bat 
thi  ne  ?  "— ahaXttp. :  WinUr't  Tat*.  L  ft. 

C.  As  substantive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  understands,  com- 
prehends,   or  apprehends;    comprehension  ; 
the  perception   and    comprehension    of  the 
ideas  expressed  by  others ;  apprehension,  dis- 
cernment, 

44  Th*  children  of  Isaachar,  which  were  men  that 
had  u*der*(andmg  of  the  times."—  1  Chronicles  xii.  32. 

2.  Clear  insight  and  intelligence  in  practical 
matters ;  the  power  of  forming  wound  judg- 
ments in  regard    to  any  course  of  action; 
wisdom  and  discernment. 

"  It  IB  impossible  to  discover.  In  anything  that  she 
ever  did,  said,  or  wrote,  any  indication  of  superior 
under»tmndinff."—Macaulay:  Uitt.  Kng..  ch.  XT. 

*  3.  The  mind. 

"And  the  pees  of  God  that  passlth  al  witt  kepe 
ghoure  hertia  and  undintondymjtt  in  Crist  Jeeus.'  — 
Wydiffe :  Filipentii  IT. 

4.  Intelligence  between  two  or  more  minds; 
agreement ;  union  of  minds  or  sentiments  ; 
accord ;  something  mutually  understood  or 
agreed  upon. 

"Common  apprehensions  produced  a  good  under- 
ttanding  between  the  town  and  the  clan  of  Mackin- 
tosh."— Jtacautuy:  ffist.  Kng,.  ch.  xiii. 

6.  (Pi.) :  The  legs.    (Slang  or  CoUoq.) 

"  Economy's  underitandingt  baring  given  way  Boon 
after,  he  knew  the  Bilk  no  more.  "-/•<*&.  March  20, 1886. 

II.  Philos. :  A  term  used  in  different  signi- 
fications by  different  writers.  By  some  it 
is  made  synonymous  with  reason  [REASON,  s., 
II.  3],  others  confine  it  to  the  judgment.  (See 
extracts.) 

"  The  underitandlng  IB  the  medial  faculty,  or  faculty 
of  means,  as  reason,  on  the  otlier  hand,  is  the  source 
of  idea*  or  ultimate  end*.  By  rs&soti  we  determine 
the  ultimate  end ;  by  the  underttanding  we  are  en- 
abled to  select  and  adopt  the  appropriate  means  for 
the  attainment  of,  or  approximation  to,  thin  end, 
according  to  circumstances.  But  an  ultimate  end 
must  of  necessity  be  an  idea,  tlmt  Is,  that  which  is 
not  represeutable  l>y  the  aenseB,  and  hat  no  correflpou- 
dent  in  mrture,  or  the  wurld  of  the  «enaeB."—  Coleridge  : 
Jfotet  on  Knglith  Div..  11.  836. 

"  I  use  the  term  underttundiiyi,  not  for  the  noetic 
faculty.  Intellect  proper,  or  place  of  principles,  but 
for  the  diauoetic.  or  discuwive  faculty  In  It*  widest 
Biifinfiohtiuu.  for  the  faculty  of  relations  or  compari- 
sons ;  and  thus  in  the  meaning  in  which  Verttand  IB 
now  employed  by  the  Germans."— Hamilton  ;  Di»cu»- 
lions,  p.  4.  (Note.) 

*  ttn-der-stand'-!ng-l#;  adv.  [Eng.  under- 


TtawUng  ;  -ly.]  In  an  understanding  manner. 
Intelligently  ;  with  understanding  or  full 
knowledge  aud  comprehension  of  a  subject  or 
question. 

un  der  state',  v.t.  &  t 

A.  Tran*.  :  To  state  short  of  the  actual 
truth  or  in  a  half-hearted  manner. 

B*  Intrant.  :  To  make  a  statement  short  of 
actual  truth  or  lacking  adequate  toica. 

un'  der  state-ment,  5.  [Pret  under-,  and 
Eng.  statement.} 

1.  The  act  of  understating. 

2.  That  which  U  understated  ;  a  statement 
below  the  truth. 

*  un  der-stondo,  v.t.  &  i.    [UNDERSTAND.] 

un  dcr-stood',  pret.  &,  pa.  par.  <tf  v.  &  a, 
[UNDERSTAND.] 

un  -der-str&p-per,  «.  [Fret  under-,  and 
Eng.  strapper*}  An  inferior  or  subordinut* 
agent. 

*un  dor-  strap  ping,  a.  [UNDKRSTRAPPEB.] 

Subordinate,  subservient. 

"  That  undentrtii'ping  virtue  of  discretion,"  — 
Sterne:  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  202. 

tin'-der-Btra-tum  (pi.  iin'-der-stra-taV 

s.  (Pref.  under-,  and  Eng.  strtitum.}  A  KKD- 
stratum  ;  the  bed  or  layer  of  earth  on  whicU 
the  soil  rests  ;  subsoil. 

*  un-der-stroke  ,   v.t.     [Pref.  under*,  And 
strolie,  v.]    To  underline,  to  underscore. 

"Yon  have  understroked  that  offensive  word,  to 
Miow  that  it  IB  to  be  printed  in  italic."-  Xwtft:  To  tht 
Ducheu  <tf  <tueentou.ru,  March  SO,  1762, 

un'  dcr-stud-y,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Enp. 
study.]  An  actor  or  actress  who  studies  a 
part  allotted  to  another  performer,  so  as  to 
be  ready  to  undertake  it  in  case  of  necessity. 

un'-der-8tnd-&  v.t.  &  i.    [UNDERSTUDY,  ».] 

A.  Trans.  :    To    study  with    the   view  of 
being  ready  to  perform  if  necessary. 

"  It  was  arranged  thnt  she  should  ttndtritudt  the 
part,  and  be  ready  to  take  tlie  place  of  her  rival  it  for 
any  cause  site  could  uot  appear."—  PaU  Mail  Va»-ttt, 
April  89,  1683. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  study  a  part  allotted  to 
another  performer,  so  as  to  be  ready  to  under* 
take  it  in  case  of  necessity. 

"Now  here  I*  ft  good  example  of  undtrttiidytny, 
and  with  a  big  part,  too."—/teferee.  April  4,  18M. 

*  un  der-tak'  a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  undertak(e)t 
-able.}    Capable  of  being  undertaken. 

"  It  wa»  uiitlrrttiktii'te  by  a  man  of  very  mean,  that 
ii.  of  my  abi]itie*,"-C«UUti^wortA:  JteliyioH  of  /"">• 
tethintt.  (Dedlc.) 

iin-der-take'  (pa.  t.  *  undertok,  *  undertoktf 
vntlertook,  pa.  par.  *  undertake,  underttiken* 
*  undertake),  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  u«d«r-t  aud  Eng. 
take.} 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  take  upon  one's  self;  to  take  upon 
one's  self  formally;  to  lay  one's  self  under 
obligations  or  enter  into  stipulations  to  per- 
form or  execute  ;  to  pledge  one's  self  to  ;  to 
charge  one's  self  with. 

"  To  undertake  the  business  for  us." 

Shakeip-  •'  Winter's  Tale.  IT.  4> 

*  2.  To  take  upon  one's  self  ;  to  assume. 

"  Hit  name  and  credit  shall  you  undertake.' 

Shakesp.  :  Taming  of  the  Mtrew.  Iv.  t. 

3.  To  engage  in  ;  to  enter  upon  ;  to  begin 
to  perform  ;  to  take  in  hand. 

"  I  will  undertake  one  of  HerculeB*  labours.* 

£Ao**lp.-'  .VucfiJdo  About  A'<,t!n,.:j.  11.1. 

*4*  To  engage  with  ;  to  have  to  do  with. 

"  Yuu  *11  undertake  her  no  more." 

Shutaap.  :  Merry  Wires.  111.  Su 

*  6.  To  take  or  have  the  charge  or  care  of* 

"  Sir  Nicolas  Vaux. 
Who  undertakes  you  to  your  enJ." 

Shakasp-:  f/f-.'t  >  ///-.  It  1. 

*  6.  To  take  In  ;  to  hear,  to  understand,  tc 
know.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.t  V.  iii.  84.) 

*  7.  To  warrant  ;  to  answer  for  ;  to  gtiar  ^ 
antee.    (Shakeap.  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  iv.  2.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  take  up  or  assume  any  business,  pro- 
Tlnce,  or  duty. 

"  Dundee  undertook  to  settle  the  dispute.  "—  JtaO- 
aulay  :  lint.  Kng.,  ch.  xiii- 

*  2.  To  venture,  to  hazard. 

H  It  to  the  cowish  terror  of  bis  spirit 
That  dares  not  undertake." 

.  :  Lear.  Iv. 


3.  To  promise,  to  guarantee  ;  to  be  bound; 
to  warrant.    (Shakesp.  :  Titus  Andronicus,  i.) 


Otto,  lUt,  fiiro,  amidst,  what,  fSll,  father;  we,  w8t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p5t 
or,  wore,  wglt,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  euro,  unito,  oar,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    so,  oo  =  e;  ey  =  a;  <iu  =  lew. 


undertaker— undesevered 


4931 


tin  der  tak  er,  *.    [Eug.  undertake);  -«r.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  undertakes  or  engages  to  per- 
form any  office,  duty,  or  business;  one  who 
engages  in  any  project  or  business. 

"  And  yet  the  undertaken,  nay  performer*, 
01  such  a  brave  and  glurioua  enterprise- ' 

Beaum,  A  net. :  Double  .Varriayet  T. 

2.  One  who  stipulates  or  covenants  to  per- 
form any  work  for  another  ;  a  contractor. 

-  Should  they  bnlld  as  fvt  M  writ*. 
Twould  ruin  undertaker!  quite. 

Swift :  Mifc 

3.  Specif.,  a  tradesman  who  furnishes  every- 
thing necessary  for  funerals. 

"  His  appearance  lias  a  stronger  effect  on  my  spirits 
than  ait  undtrtator't  ihop,"— Ooldtmith :  Oood-ffa- 
tured  Man.  i. 

IL  History: 

1.  Eng.  (PL) :  A  name  given,  about  1610, 
to  certain  members  of  Parliament  who  pro- 
fessed to  understand  the  temper  of  Parlia- 
ment, and  undertook  to  facilitate  King  James's 
dealings  with  it  by  putting  their  knowledge  at 
his  service. 

2.  Scots:  A  name  given  to  one  of  a  party 
of  Lowland  adventurers,  who,  in  the  reign 
of  James  VI.,  by  authority  of  the  crown,  at- 
tempted to  colonize  some  of  the  Hebrides, 
and  so  displace  the  original  Celtic  population. 
(Scott.) 

ftn-  dor  tak'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».  [UNDER- 
TAKE.] 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  aot  of  one  who  undertakes  or  en- 
gages to  do  any  business,  office,  or  duty. 

"That  which  is  required  of  each  one  towardee  the 
fndfrtaJcinff  of  this  adueuture."— HacMuyt :  Voyage*, 

ULiat 

2.  That  whii'h  a  person  undertakes ;  a  busi- 
ness, work,  office,  or  project  which  a  person 
undertakes,  engages,  or  attempts  to  do ;  an 
•enterprise. 

"How  hard  an  undertaking  It  Is  to  do  justice  to 
Homer."— Pope.-  Homer;  Jliud.  (Postscript.) 

3.  A  promise,  an  engagement,  an  obligation, 
a  guarantee. 

4.  The  business  or  occupation  of  an  under- 
taker or  manager  of  funerals. 

ftn-der-ten'-an-9&  *•  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  tenancy.}  A  tenancy  or  tenure  under 
another  tenant  or  lessee  ;  the  tenure  or  posi- 
tion of  an  undertenant. 

tin'-der-te'n-ant,  «.  (Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
tenant.]  A  tenant  who  hires  and  holds  a 
house,  farm,  £c.,  from  another  tenant,  and 
not  directly  from  the  landlord. 

"Settle  and  wcure  the  undertenanti ;  to  the  eiid 
there  may  be  a  repose  aiid  establishment  of  every  sub- 
ject's estate."— Daeiet;  Hist,  of  Ireland. 

*iin   dor  tide,  '  un  der-time,  s.     [A. 8. 

undertid.]  [UNDERN.]  The  portion  or  divi- 
sion of  the  day  which  included  undern.  (Gene- 
rally used  of  the  after  part  of  the  day.) 

"  He,  coming  at  home  at  undertime,  there  found 
The  fairest  creature  tlint  he  ever  saw." 

Spenur:  F.  Q.,  III.  vil.  IS. 

un -dor-tone,  «.  [Pref.  utuler-,  and  Eng. 
tone. }  A  low  or  subdued  tone;  a  tone  lower 
than  usual. 

tin-der-took',  pret.  ofv.    [UNDERTAKE.] 

iin '-de r- tour,  ».  Tho  flow  of  water  running 
contrary  to  the  surface  current  at  the  bottom 
of  a  shallow  sea  or  a  surf-beaten  beach. 

iin-der-val-n-a'-tion,  *.   [Pref.  under-,  and 

Eng.  valuation.]  The  act  of  undervaluing ;  a 
valuation  at  an  amount  below  the  real  value. 

"  A  general  ttndrrn>i!witinn  of  the  nature  of  sin." — 
South  :  fterm,/nt,  vol.  vii..  eer.  6. 

un  der  val~ue,  v.L  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
value,  v.] 

1.  To  value,  rate,    or  estimate   below  the 
proper  value  or  worth. 

"  They  are  for  you,  sir ; 
And  undervalue  not  tlie  worth  you  carry." 
Benitm.  *  Flet. :  Cut/torn  of  Ota  Country,  Hi.  f. 

2.  To  esteem  or  value  lightly;  to  treat  as  of 
little  worth  ;  to  despise ;  to  think  little  of. 

"  Men  know  but  little  of  each  other'*  real  character 
and  merit.  .tml  frequt- ntljr  err  by  uniirrvaluing  and 
overvaluing  them."— Knox  :  Winter  Evening,  Even.  45. 

un  der-val-ue,  ».  [Pref.  wder-t  and  Eng. 
v<Utte,  s.)  A  value  below  the  true  or  natural 


value  ;  a  low  estimate  of  value  or  worth  ;  a 
price  less  than  the  real  worth. 

"  The  unskllfuluess,  cureleaiuess.  or  knavery  of  the 
traders,  added  much  to  the  undtrviltte  and  discredit 
of  these  commodities  abroad."—  Temple. 

Gn-der-val'-ued,  o.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
toluol.] 

1.  Estimated  beneath  the  proper  value. 
»  2.  Of    less  value    or  worth  ;  inferior   in 
value. 

"  Being  ten  times  undermined  to  tried  gold." 

Shakes?.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  iL  1. 

un-der-vaT-n-er,  «.      [Eng.  undervalu(e)  ; 
-er.j    One  who  undervalues  or  esteems  lightly. 

"  My  next  aud  last  example  shall  be  that  under- 
valuer  ot  money."—  W  alton  :  Angler,  pt  L,  ch,  L 

*  un'-der-verse,  *.    I  Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
verse.]    The  lower  or  second  verse. 

"  Willy  answereth  every  under  eerte. 
i  Calender; 


un'-der-view-er,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
viewer.]  An  underlooker  (q.v.). 

"The  defendants  undervimaer.  a  short  time  before 
the  accident,  told  the  men  they  must  use  more  tim- 
ber."— Daily  Chronicle,  March  18.  1887. 

*  fin'-der-wear,  *.     [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
wear,  s.] 

1.  A  wearing  under  the  outer  clothing  :  as, 
clothes  soiled  by  underwear, 

2.  The  state  of  being  worn   under  other 
articles  of  clothing. 

*  un-der-ween'-Ing,  s.    [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  weening.  \    Undervaluing. 

"  But  the  greatest  undtrweening  of  this  life  is  to 
undervalue  that  to  whlchiti*butexonliai."—  Browne: 

Chruti-.in  A/wait,  p.  8*7. 

un-der-went',  pret.  ofv.    [UNDERGO.] 

un  -der-wirig,  *.  [Pref.  under-,  and  wing,  s.] 
A  lower  or  posterior  wing. 

"  Hi*  gauzy  underwtngt.*       Southey:  TJtalaba,  liL, 

*tin'~<ier-wltch,  *.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Bng. 
witch.]  A  subordinate  or  inferior  witch. 

*  un'-der-wit-ted,   a.     [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  wilted.]    Half-witted,  silly. 

"  He  was  a  little  und*n*i(  ted."—  Sennet  :  Xramtu  ; 
Pruue  of  foily.  p.  1M. 

tin'-der-wood,  *.  [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
wood.]  Small  trees  and  shrubs  growing 
amongst  large  trees  ;  coppice,  underbrush. 

"  Nature's  unambitious  underwood." 

H'ordtiffordt  :  Xxcurtian,  bk.  vi. 

*  un'-der-work,  «.    [Pref.  under-,  and  Eng. 
work,  s.J    Subordinate  work  ;  petty  affairs. 

"Those  that  are  proper  for  war.  nil  up  the  laborious 
part  of  life,  and  carry  on  the  underwork  of  the 
nation."-^*  c 


un  der  work',  v.t.  &  i.     [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  work,  v.] 
A.  Transitive  : 

*  1.  To  work,  act,  or  practise  on  by  under- 
hand means;  to  undermine;  to  destroy  by 
clandestine  means.  ' 

"  Adonljah  .  .  .  will  underwork  Solomon."—  Bp 
ffaU;  Contempt.  ;  Adonijah  Defeated. 

*2.  To  put  insufficient  work  or  labour  on. 
3.  To  work  at  a  less  price  than  :  as,  One 
carpenter  underworks  another. 

*B.  Intrant.  ;  To  work  secretly  or  clan- 

destinely. 

"  He  ralseth  In  private  a  new  Instrument,  one 
Bertorius  Macro,  and  by  him  undertearketh."—Ben 
Jonton:  Bejanut.  {Argument.) 

un'-der-work-erf  *.     [Pref.   under',  and 

Eng.  -worker.} 

*  1.  One  who  underworks. 

2,  A  subordinate  worker  or  agent. 

"Bat  here  Indeed  Athanasius  guards  against  the 
notion  of  the  Son's  being  an  mtdrrworter,  lu  the  low 
Allan  sense."—  Waterland:  Work*,  ill.  820. 

iin  -der-  work-man,  s.  [Pref.  under-,  and 
Eng.  workman.]  A  subordinate,  inferior,  or 
lower  workman. 

"Nor  would  they  hire  underworibnen  to  employ 
their  parts  aud  learning  to  disarm  their  mother  of 
ail.'—  Letley. 

un-der-write',  v.t.  ft  i.     [Pret  under-,  and 

Eng.  write.] 
A.  Transitive: 
L  To  write  under  or  beneath  ;  to  subscribe. 

"She  xpoke.  or  at  least  writ,  English,  very  well,  as 
appears  hy  her  letter  itndcrun~itten.—Stri/pe  :  £cclet. 
Mem.  Edw.  VI.  (an.  1552). 

2.  To  subscribe  ;  specifically,  to  subscribe 


or  set  one's  name  to  a  policy  of  insurance,  M 
an  underwriter  (q.v.), 

"  Yea,  for  two  hundred,  underwrite  me,  do." 

Btn  JV,L*  .n:  Thf  Devil  it  an  Att,  ill.  I. 

*3.  To  subscribe,  to  submit  to  ;  to  put  up 
with. 

"  Underwrite  in  an  observing  kind 
Ilia  btunorotu  pndomliuujce.1* 

Shaketp.  :  Trail ut  A  Cretttda,  11.  S, 

B.  Intrans, :  To  follow  the  profession  of  an 
underwriter  (q.v.). 

iin'-der-writ-or,  *.  [Eng.  underwrite) ;  -«r.] 
Inmrance:  One  who  writes  his  name  at  the 
foot  of  a  policy  of  insurance.  On  some  policies, 
only  one  such  name  appears;  on  others  several 
names  are  added,  when  each  party  thus  enter- 
ing his  name,  is  said  to  "  take  a  lino."  In  the 
United  States  the  underwriter  is  usually  the 
president  or  vice-president  of  the  company, 
who  signs  bis  name,  with  the  sum  insured, 
which  is  attested  by  the  signature  of  the 
secretary, 

"Dangers  which  had  caused  many  sleepless nifhta 
to  the  underwritrrt  of  Lombard  Street"— J/aoauiojF. 
Misc.  Eng.,  ah.  xviiL 

un  der- writ' -ing,  t.     [Eng.  underwrite); 

-ing.\  The  practice  or  profession  of  an  under- 
writer. 

*  un-der-wrought'  (ought  as  4t),  pret.  & 
pa.  par*  <tf-o,\    [LNDEBWUHK,  v.] 

•un    der -yoke',   *  un-dur-yoko,   v.t. 

[Pref.  under-,  and  Eng.  yoke.}    To  bring  under 
the  yoke  ;  to  make  subject. 

his  tbenking  In 
sliulde  vnduryvke  to 


"  And  he  [Nabugodonosor]  seide  I 
hym  Lo  beo.  that  al  the  ertiie  he  suul 
hia  empire.  —  \Yyclijfe  :  Judith  li.  8. 


*  un  de-s9end-a-ble,   *  un-dc  S9end'- 

I-ble,a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  descendable.] 

1.  Not  capable  of  being  descended  ;  hence, 
unfathomable. 

"  The  undefendable  abysm." 

Tennyton  :  llarola.  L  L 

2.  Not  capable  of  descending  to  heirs. 

*  un-dSHScrlb'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  describabie.]      Not  capable  of  being  de- 
scribed; indescribable. 

"  Let  thei*  describe  th*  undeteribable," 

Utron:  Chiide  Harold,  Iv.  51. 

iin-de-scrlbed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
described.]  Not  described,  denned,  delineated, 
or  depicted. 

"  The  undeajriAedcoatt"—  Cook:  Third  Foyajw,  bk, 
IT.,  oh,  iv. 

un-  do-  scried',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
descried.]  Not  descried,  discovered,  or  seen. 

"  A  witness  undacried." 
Cotpper  :  The  t^ucen't  i'itit  to  London. 

*  un-dS-serve',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
deserve.]    Not  to  deserve. 

"  They  have  deserved  much  more  of  these  nation*, 
than  they  have  undeserved."—  Milton  :  Hupturet  <tf 
the  Commonwealth, 

iin  de  -served',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng. 
deterved.]  Not  deserved  ;  not  merited. 

Much  deserved,  and  some  undetected,  censure."  — 
Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 


-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  undeserved; 
-ly.}  Without  desert  or  merit,  whether  good 
or  ill. 

"One  of  those  athletic  brutes  whom  undeservedly 
we  call  heroes."—  Dryden  :  Paiamon  A  Arctic.    (Ded.) 

*  tin-dS-^erv'-Sd-neM,  «.  [Eng.  undeserved; 
-ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  undo- 
served. 

"But  the  r*Te*enc«  of  the  man,  or 
of  his  wrongs."—  Wood  :  Athena  Oxon,,  vol.  i. 

un-dS-aerv'-er,  *.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
deserver.]  One  who  is  not  deserving  or  worthy  ; 
one  who  has  no  desert  or  merit. 
"  To  sell  and  mart  your  offices  for  gold 
To  undetcrwen"        Ma*ei^.  :  Julius  Ctetar,  IT.  a 

tin   de-serV-Ing,  a.     [Pref.  un~  (1),  and 
Eng.  deserving.] 

1.  Not  deserving  ;  not  having  any  merit  or 
worth. 

"  Or.  mingling  with  the  suitors'  haaghty  train, 
Not  itndeterving  sume  NupOl  obtain.  ' 

Pupe:  ffomer;  Odjfuey  xv.  385. 

2.  Not  deserving,  not  meriting  (with  of): 
as,  He  is  undeserving  of  blame. 

t  ttn-d8-serv'-Jng-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  undeserv- 
ing; -ty.j    Undeservedly. 

*  un-dg-sSV-cred,  a.    [UNDISSEVERED.] 


boil,  b^y ;  p£ut.  Jowl ;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  tnis ;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist, 
-elan. -tian  =  ahan.   -Uon, -olon  =  shun ; -fion, -fion  =  zhun.   -clou*,  -tlou*,  -sioua  =  mhiU.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  deL 


4932 


undesigned— undiscernedly 


tin  de  signed  (g  silent),  a.  [Pref,  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  designed.]  Not  designed;  not  in- 
tended ;  unintentional, 

*'  An  example  of  undetiffntd  coincideuc*."—  Pale*: 
Xfidence*.  pt.  lit.  ch.  vi. 

tin  de  sign -ed-ly  (g  silent),  adv.  [Eng. 
undesigned  ;  -ly.}  In  an  undesigned  iiiainier  ; 
without  design  or  intention ;  unintentionally. 

"Those  who  undetignedly  perrert  scripture."  — 
Waterlant:  ffWti.  v.  UL 

fin  de  sign  ed  ness  (g  silent),  ».  [Eng. 
undesigned;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  undesigned  or  unintentional. 

"The  underiffnedne**  of  the  agreements  (which  un- 
dftiijnedn'-u  i»  gathered  from  their  latency. "— Paley  : 
Evidence*,  ch.  ML 

un-de  sign  Ing  (g  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  designing.]  Not  having  any  under- 
hand design  or  intention  ;  free  from  craft, 
fraud,  or  fraudulent  purpose ;  artless,  upright. 

**  I  live  as  undf*i'/niny 
And  harmless  MS  *  child." 

Cowper :  A.  CWW  of  God. 

un-dg-sir1  a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  desirable.]  Not  desirable ;  not  to  be  de- 
sired or  wished  for. 

"  It  will  proroke  the  better  part  of  their  inferior*  to 
tb.itlt  ill  of  them,  which  is  a  very  vndetirable  thing." 
— Seeker :  Sermon*,  rot  t,  Mr.  5. 

ftnd«  sired ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
desired.]  Not  desired;  not  wished  for;  not 
solicited. 

"  Not  undtuir'd  by  me 
They  came.*  Cowper:  Bonier;  Odyttey  x\\. 

un-de  sir  -Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
desiring.]  Not  desiring  or  wishing ;  careless. 

"  Affectionate  and  undetiring," 

Thornton:  Spring,  «7T. 

ttn-dg-sir'-ous,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
desirous.}  Not  desirous,  not  anxious. 

"  Underiroutot  distinction."— JTnoz .-  Winter  fven- 
ingt,  even.  56. 

*  tin-de-spalr  -Ing,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
fing.  despairing.}    Not  despairing ;  not  yield- 
ing to  despair. 

"  Alison,  with  steady  undetpairing  breast. 
EudnrVJ."  Dyer:  fleece,  IT. 

*  tin -d6-spSn' -dent,  a.    [Pref.  un-(l).  and 
Eng.    despondent.}      Not    despondent ;    not 
giving  way  to  despondency. 

*  un-des  -tlned,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
destined.]    Not  destined  or  predestined. 

*  un-de-«troy  -a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  destroyable.]   Not  destroyable ;  incapable 
of  being  destroyed  ;  indestructible. 

"  Looked  upon  by  moat  of  the  chemists  as  more  un- 
dettroyabte  thau  guld  itself."— Boyle:  Work*,  iiL  283. 

tin-dS-str^yed ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
destroyed.}  Not  destroyed,  not  annihilated. 

"  The  wish  is  impious  ;  i  nit,  oh  yc  ! 
Yet  undestray'd,  be  warned." 

Byron  :  Beaten  *  Mnrfk,  I  8. 

*  tin  de-ter  -mm  a  ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  determinate.]     Not  determinable ; 
incapable  of  being  determined  or  decided. 

"  Pertinaciooi  disputing  about  thlngm  TinoxccMiiirj. 
undeterminable,  and  unprofitAble."  —  Bp.  Tnylvr : 
Liberty  ttf  Prophetying.  (Ep.  Ded.) 

*un  dc-teV-mln-ate,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  determinate.]  Not  determinate;  not 
settled  or  certain  ;  indeterminate. 

"  Thus  would  not  he  admit,  or  leare  any  thing,  at 
far  forth  as  ponibly  might  otherwise  be,  infinite  and 
u>ideffrtninate."—P.  Holland;  Plutarch,  p.  680. 

*  un  de-ter'-mln-ate-nes«,  9.   [Eng.  unde- 
terminate;  -ness.]     The  quality  or  state  of 
being  uii'leterminate ;  indetermiuateness ;  un- 
certainty ;  unsettled  state. 

"  The  tdea  of  a  free  agent  IB  undeterminatemeet  to 
one  iiart,  before  he  has  made  choice." — More:  Div, 
Dialogue*. 

*  un-de  -ter-mln-a'-tion,  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  determination.]    The  absence  of  de- 
termination ;  indecision ;  uncertainty  of  mind. 

"  Left  barely  to  the  undetermtnation,  IncerUinty, 

and  unsteadiness  of  the  Deration  of  his  faculties."— 
Bale:  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  61- 

on  deter  mined,  a.     [Pref.  *iu  Q).  and 
Eng.  determined.} 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Not    determined;    not    decided;     not 
settled ;  undecided. 

"Bat  one  question  .  .  .  was  still  undetermined."— 
Maeaulay  :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  xviii. 

2.  Not  limited ;  not  denned ;  Indeterminate. 

"Yet  undetermined  or  to  live,  or  die." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  XT.  f" 


*  3.  Indefinite,  vague. 

"  Either  by  avoiding  to  answer,  or  by  general  anc 
undetermined  answers.'  —Seeker:  Sermon*,  vol.  iii. 
Mr  7. 

IX  Math. :  Not  actually  determined,  ascer- 
tained, or  known,  as  distinguished  from  in- 
determinate, which  cannot  be  known.  The 
two  terms  are  sometimes  confounded. 

un-de-terred',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (t),  and  Eng. 
deterred.]  Not  deterred ;  not  frightened  or 
daunted. 

"  Undeterred, 
Perhaps  incited,  rather,  by  these  shock*." 

'k:  Excursion,  bk.  T. 


un-de-test'-lng,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
detesting.]  Not  detesting;  without  a  feeling 
of  abhorrence  or  detestation. 

"Who  these,  indeed,  can  undeteMng seef 

Thornton  :  Liberty,  v.  291 

un-de'-vI-at-Jng.  a.    [Fret  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  deviating.]  Not  deviating  ;  not  wander- 
ing or  departing  from  a  rule,  principle,  or 
purpose  ;  steady,  steadfast,  regular. 

"  The  undeviating  and  uuuctual  sun." 

Cowper:  Ta*k,  ri.  IK. 

*  tin-dev'-H  (or  as  un-dgv'l),  v.t.   [Pref.  un- 
(2),  and  Eng.  devil.]    To  free  from  the  posses- 
sion or  influence  of  the  devil ;  to  exorcise. 

"  The  boy  .  .  .  would  not  be  undented  by  all  their 
exorcisms.  —FuUtr;  Church  Hitt.,  X.  iv.  M. 

un-de-vised',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
devised.}  Not  devised  or  bequeathed  by  will. 

*  un-de-vot'-Sd,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
devoted,}    Not  devoted  ;  having  no  devotion 
or  affection. 

"Two  popular  men,  and  most  ttndevoted  to  the 
Church."— Clarendon:  CirU  War,  L  117. 

*  tin  de-vo'-tion,  ».    [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
devotion.]    Absence  or  want  of  devotion. 

"The  negligence  and  vndevotion  of  the  people."— 
Je*el :  Seplle  mto  M.  ffardinge,  p.  It. 

tun-de-vo^t,  *  un  de  vowte,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (IX  and  Eng.  devout.]  Not  devout ;  irre- 
ligious ;  having  no  devotion. 

"  An  undevout  astronomer  Is  mad." 

Young  :  Sight  Thought*,  ix.  7TS. 

*  un-de^-v6ut'-lj^f  '  un  de  vot  lich,  adv. 
[Eng.  undevout;  -ly.}    In  an  undevout  man* 
ner ;  without  devotion. 

"Yoare  m*tynes.  and  meny  of  your  honres, 
Ann  doa  vndewttfc*."  Pier*  Plowman,  p.  7. 

•un-di-a-demed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  diadfmed.}  Not  crowned  with  a  diadem. 

tin-di-X] 

transparent  or  pellucid  ;  opaque. 

"  A  maat  undiapkatvnu  and  white."— Boylt:  Work*. 

fin-did',  prel.  oft.    [UNDO.] 

*un  dif  fer-en  9lng,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1); 
Eng.  diffcrenc(e);  -ing.]  Not  making  any 
difference. 


un-dig'-en-ous,  a.  [Lat.  unda-=*  wave, 
and  ffigno  (pa.  t.  genui)  =  to  produce.]  Gene- 
rated by  or  owing  origin  to  water. 

tin-dl-gest  -ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
digested.] 

1.  Lit. :   Not  digested ;   not  concocted  or 
acted  upon  by  the  stomach. 

"  This  boy  has  been  tampering  with  aomething  that 
lies  In  his  stomach  undigested.  —  Bunyan .-  Piitirim* 
Progrea,  pU  ii. 

2.  Fig. :  Not  properly  prepared,  arranged, 
or  reduced  to  order ;  crude. 

"His  reading,  too,  though  vndigetted,  was  of  im- 
mense extent  —  Macaulay  :  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  iiv. 

•  un-dl  gest  -I-ble,  *  un-di-gest'  a-ble, 
a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  digestible.}  Not 
digestible ;  indigestible. 

"  He  w«  be«ieged  with  continual  and  undigeitable 
Incentives  of  the  clergy."  —  Drayton  :  Poly-Olbion, 
s,  17.  {Note.) 

•iin-dighf  (^silent),  'nn-delglit,  v.t. 
[Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Bug.  dight,  v.]  To  put  off; 
to  lay  off  or  aside,  as  dress  or  ornaments. 

"  HU  mail'd  habergeon  she  did  ttndi'iht" 

Spewr:  f.  Q..  III.  T.  81. 

fin:dlg-nl  f  ied,  a,  [Pref.  un  (1),  and  Eng. 
dignified.]  Not  dignified  ;  not  characterized 
by  or  consistent  with  dignity ;  wanting  In 
dignity. 


di-aph'-a-nous,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.     diaphanous.]      Not    diaphanous ;    not 


*  fin-diked',  a.   [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng.  dilced.] 
Not  furnished  with  a  dike  or  fence. 

"Beyoud  the  dik.  and  tbe  itndtk'd  iMlei." 

ChapTnan:  Homer  ;  I:.  'id  iv.  HL 

•un-da-I-gent,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dillfHU.]    Sot  diligent,  assiduous,  or  perse- 


vering. 

"  A«  uucert«in  of  Christ,  yea.  M  uitdUiftta  after 
him.  —Layhtan  :  On  1  Peter  v.  19. 

"un-diV-I-gent-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  undiliijtnt; 
-ly.\    Without  diligence,  care,  or  perseverance, 

"  Commentiug  this  place  not  undiliyeHtly."—  Milton  . 
Tetr-ichor*tfm. 

un-dl-lut-ed,  o.     [Pref.  ««-  (1),  and  EDO. 
diluted.]    Xor,  diluted.    (Lit.  £  Jig.) 

"  Had  qujttrd 


- 
Cvtefitr:  Bomtr  ;  Odyttttte. 

•fin-dl-mln'-ish-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l\ 
and  Eng.  'liministiuble.]  Not  capable  of  being 
diminished,  lessened,  or  decrea-ed. 

"  Not  ouly  InimoveAhle.  but  undiminithtible  Vld  on. 
imf»\nb\e~—JI,jr,  :  ehiloi  Cuoio/a.    (App.) 

un  di-mm  -ished,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1)  and 
Ktig.  dimininied.]  Not  diminished,  limited 
or  decreased, 

"  Who«  popularity  hai  remained 
Maotuiaff  •  Uul.  ting-,  tu.  v. 

un-di  na,  Cn-di'-na,  ». 


1.  Paluant.  (Of  the  farm  undina) :  A  eeno» 
of  Ccelacanthiclae,  from  the  Li, 1.1. 

2.  Astron.(0fthcjorm  Undina)  :  [ASTEROIB, 

un  -dine,  i.    [Lat  undo.  =  a  wave.] 

Paractlsian  system :  A  water  nympli  •  an 
Imaginary  being  inhabiting  water,  possessing 
many  characteristics  in  common  with  Hie 
salamanders,  living  in  fire,  the  sylphs  living 

!S,  ,,<ur>  and  the  Bnomes  livi"g  in  the  earth. 
The  Lndmea  had  not  originally  a  soul,  but 
intermarrying  with  human  beings  they  ob- 
tained one,  and  became  liable  to  the  ordinary 
conditions  of  humanity. 

un  dint'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dinted.]  l«otdinted  ;  notiuipressed  by  blow*. 
__.  "  And  bear  back 

Oor  tarj«i  undtnttd. •    Shatnp. :  Ant.  t  Clmp. .  IL  «. 

un-di'-o-yesed,  o.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
diocesed.]  Not  holding  or  preferred  toa  dioucse. 

"  Cndiorftfil,  uiirevenu'd,  imlorded."— Milton :  A» 
form,  in  Anfflowi,  bk.  L 

fin-dipped',  *  fin-dipt',  a.  [Pref.  un-  {IX 
and  Eng.  dipped.}  Not  dipped  ;  not  sunk. 

"  Thou  hadat  a  wft  ^yntian  heel  un.ii,f>d  ' 
DrytUn :  Cletnnmet,  IT. 

*  fin-dl-reot',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
direct.)    To  misdirect,  to  mislead. 

"  Hake  falie  fire,  to  undirtcl  aeauieu  in  a  teuiimt* 
— fuller. 

*  fin  di  -rocf-ed,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
directed.] 

1.  Not  directed,  managed,  or  guided :  un« 
folded, 

"  Left  like  a  ship  In  a  storm,  ainldtt  nil  the  raying 
•urge*,  unruled,  undirected  of  any."— Spenatr :  MUM 
of  Tretand. 

2.  Not  having  a  direction  or  address  on ; 
unaildressed. 

"  In  the  same  month  of  September  there  was  a  lettar 
undirected,  but  I  auppoae  to  the  aforesaid  |jerBuiuue«." 
—Stryjx :  fcclef.  Hem. ;  EoM.  IV.  (an.  1&61J. 

"  fin-dl-r6cf -iy,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  directly.]  Not  directly  ;  indirectly. 

"Directly  or  ttndirtfly.  Becr«tly  or  openly.".— 
Stripe:  Ecclet.  Mm.  ;  Henry  I'///.,  tia.  tt. 

fin-dls-b&nd'-ed,a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
disbanded.]  Not  disbanded;  not  dismissed 
from  military  service. 

And  so  kept  them  unditbandfd  til!  very  neur  toe 
lereitl  that  r">»*"'""   hmka  forth." — Uiltnm 


month 
Eikonokltute*.  S  10. 


rebellion  broke  forth.  —JMU0IU 


*un  dis  cern'-a-ble  (o  as  z),  a.    [UxDis- 

CERMBLE.] 

un-dis  ccrned  (o  as  z),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l\ 
and  Eng.  discerned.]  Not  discerned  ;  not  ob- 
served ;  not  perceived  or  remarked. 

"  Truth*  unditcern'd  but  by  ti,»t  holy  light" 

Coutxr  :  Talk.  in.  341 

*  un  dis-oern'-ed-ly  (o  as  z),  ado.  [Eng. 
undixerned  ;  -ly.]  Not  in  a  manner  to  bo 
discerned,  discovered,  or  noticed  ;  so  as  not 
to  be  discerned  ;  imperceptibly. 

"  Death  hai    undiicernedli   itolen  upon  them."— 
Boyle  :  WorkM,  fi.  447. 


ate,  at,  f&re,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pft,  eire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.   SB,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


undiscernible— undissembling 


4933 


ttn-dls-cern'-I-ble,    *  un-dis-cern'-a-  \ 

ble  (c  us  z),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  aud  Bug. 
discernible.] 

1.  Incapable  of  being   discerned,  seen,  or 
discovered  ;  invisible,  imperceptible. 

"  Th.it  buUdiiiir  und,»c«r,tnole  by  morUll  eyes."— 
ffooker:  Of  Juttiflcation.  $  «3. 

*  2.  Not  to  bo  seen  through  ;  uot  to  have 
one's  deeds  perceived. 

"  To  think  I  can  »>e  undiicernible." 

SAiifceip.  :  Measure  for  feature,  T.  1. 

tin  dU-cern  -I-ble-ness  (o  as  z),s.  [Eng. 
undiiceriiL«U;  -u^s,*.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
LHM)].;  indiscernible. 

-  ll'elr  remoteness,  subtility.  mid  unditcerniole- 
n,-ss.  "-  Mli*  :  Knowledge  of  Divine  Thi»ut,  p.  8i. 

fin  dis-cern'-t-bly,   *un-dis-cern'-a- 

bly  (ca>  z),  &lv.  [Eng.  undi*cer>iib(le);  -ly.} 
In  an  undiscernible  manner  ;  invisibly,  im- 
penvptibly. 

"  While  one  Imlrit  lessens,  another  may  unditcern- 
fUy  iuei-ease."—  Taylor:  Id.  of  Repentance,  ch.  v..  >5. 

iin-dis-cern  -ing  (c  as  z),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i), 
and  Eii£.  'liv-rning.]  Not  discerning;  not 
making  just  distinctions;  wanting  in  or  not 
exercising  judgment  or  discernment. 

"  These  calumnies,  indeed,  could  find  credit  only 
with  the  unditeerning  multitude.'—  Jtaeaulay:  But. 
Eng.,  ch.  iv. 

tin  discharged',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


1.  Not  discharged;  not  dismissed  ;  not  freed 
from  obligation. 

"  Those  we  must 
Hold  still  tu  readiness  aud  undttctmrgtd.' 

Ben  Jonton  :  Xejanut,  v.  8. 

2.  Not  fulfilled  ;  not  carried  out  :  as,  a  duty 

undischarged. 

•  iin-dita'-9l-pUn-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  disciplinable.]  Not  able  to  be  dis- 
ciplined ;  not  susceptible  of  discipline. 

"Such  as  are  unductphnabte,  are,  after  some  yean 
of  probation,  sent  away."—  Ball  :  Oontetnp.  ;  Of  Self  • 
Denial. 

tin-dfe'-fi-pHned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  disciplined.]  Not  disciplined  ;  not  duly 
exercised,  trained,  or  taught  ;  not  brought 
under  discipline  ;  untrained,  raw. 

"AnundUctplined  army."—  MaeaiOay:  Hitt.  Kny., 
ch.  xxili. 

Un  dis  Close  ,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
disclose.]  Not  to  disclose  ;  to  keep  close  or 
secret. 

"  Whate'er  there  be  between  you  undltcloted." 
Byron  ;  Lartt,  i.  2S. 

•tin-dis-cdm'-flt-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bug.  discomfited.]  Not  dlscomtited,  defeated, 
or  routed. 

"And  so  helde  themseUe  unditcom/ltted  the  span 
of  1L  houres."—  Bernert:  Froitsart;  Cronycle,  vol.  i., 
eh.  ccxlix. 

*  tin-dis  cord  -ant,  a.  [Pref.  un~  (1),  and 
Eng.  discordant.}  Not  discordant. 

•tin-dis-oord'-ing,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  discording.  JNot  disagreeing,  discordant, 
or  dissonant. 

"  We  on  earth,  with  unditcording  voice, 
Hay  rightly  answer  that  melodious  nuise. 

Milton  :  At  a  Solemn  Mutic. 

•un-dis  cour  aged  (aged  as  Iged),  o. 

[Pref.  un  (1),  and  Eng.  discouraged.]  Not  dis- 
couraged ;  undismayed. 

"  Mr.  Banks  however  returned,  unditcourayed  by 
his  first  expedition."—  <7oct;  Pint  Voyage.  (Ititrod.) 

*un-dis  coursed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  discoursed,]  Not  discoursed  of;  not 
made  the  subject  of  discourse,  or  discussion  ; 
Bilent. 

"  We  would  submit  .  .  .  with  vnditcuurtfd  obedi- 
ence,"—  ffac**t:  Life  of  William*  i.  130. 

un  dis  cov  -er-a  ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Kng.  discoverable.]  Not  discoverable  ;  in- 
capable of  being  discovered. 

"  An  easy,  unditcoverabl*  <sh6*,i,~—Rogert.     (Todd.) 


-a-bl^,  adv.  [Eng.  undis- 
CQveralj(le)  ;  -ly.}  lu  an  undiscoverable  man 
ner  ;  so  as  not  to  be  capable  of  discovery. 

"  Secretly  aud  undincoverably  soliciting  my  soul  to 
sin  against  thee."—  Sale:  Meditation*  upon  the  Lord'* 
Pruyer. 

tin-dis-cov'-ered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Eng.  discovered.}  Not  discovered  ;  not  seen 
or  descried  ;  unknown  ;  not  found  out. 

"  Thou  opeiiest  the  mysterious  gate 
Into  the  future's  undixcowred  land.  " 

Longfellow  :  To  a  Chad, 


*  un  -dis  -creel.  *  un-dis-crete.  a.    [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  En^.  discreet.]    Not  discreet ;  in- 
discreet, imprudent. 

"  If  thou  be  among  the unditcr&t,  observe  the  time." 
—Ecclus.  xxvii.  12. 

iin-dls-creet'-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  undiscreet ; 
-ly.]  In  an  indiscreet  manner;  indiscreetly, 
imprudently. 

"  Though  what  thou  didat  were  vndi»cree-tlg  done, 
Twaa  meant  well."      Beaum,  *  Flet.  :  Philatter,  V. 

un-dis-creet -ness,  s.  [Eng.  undiscreet; 
•ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  indis- 
creet ;  indiscreetuess. 

"The    heddie   undltcreetnette   of    the   oratours."— 
Udai  :  Apoph.  of  Sratmus,  p.  328. 

un  dis  ere   tion,  •  un-dis  cre-ti-oun, 

s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  discretion.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  indiscreet ;  indiscre- 
tion. 

"  In  great  folly  and  undiicretimtn." 

Lydgate :  Story  of  Thebet,  pt.  Hi. 

in-dis-crim'-in-at-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-(l), 
and  Eng.  discriminating.}  Not  discriminat- 
ing ;  not  distinguishing  or  making  a  difference. 

"  Hurl  the  spear 
At  one*  with  unducriminaUng  aim." 

Cowper :  Burner ;  Odyuey  xiii. 

un-dis-cussed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  discussed,]  Not  discussed ;  not  argued 
or  debated. 

"  No  circumstance  remains  unducuued."— Bp.  Sail  : 
Chrtil  Trantflgured,  pt.  11. 

*  un  di  seased',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

diseased.]    Free  from  disease. 

"  The  vigorous  race 
Of  unditeated  mankind."       Byron :  Manfred.  111.  1 

*  ttn-dis-fig'-ured,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  disfigured.]  Not  disfigured;  free  from 
disfigurement. 

"  T«t  unduflgur'd  or  in  limb  or  face, 
All  fresh  he  lies,  with  every  living  grace. 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xxiv.  S09. 

un-dfo-grao«d',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

disgraced.  ]    Not  disgraced ;  free  from  disgrace. 

"  Bo  may  our  country's  name  be  undifffraced." 
Byron:  Child*  Harold,  lu  93. 

un-dls-guls'~a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  disguisable.}  Not  disguisable;  not  cap- 
able of  being  disguised. 

un-dis-guiaed ,  a.  [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
disguiaed.\  Not  disguised  ;  not  covered  or 
hidden,  as  with  a  mark  or  false  outward 
show  ;  hence,  open,  frank,  plain. 

"  The  very  truth  I  undi*ynit'd  declare." 

Pope  :  Homer;  Odyuey  xvii.  18. 

*  un-dis-hon    oured,  *  un-  dis  -hon- 
ored (h  silent),  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dishonoured.]  Not  dishonoured,  not  disgraced. 

"  Still  undithonour'd,  or  by  Word  or  deed, 
Thy  house,  for  me,  remains." 

Pope:  Homer;  Odyuey  xxtl.  350. 

*  un-di»-joined',  o.    (Pref.  un-  (l),and  Eng. 
disjoined.]      Not   disjoined ;    not   disunited, 
separated,  or  parted. 

"  While  yet  the  planks  sustain 
Thti  tempest  undisjoin'd*  I  will  abide." 

Coteper  :  Homer ;  Odyuey  T. 

un-dis-may^-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dismayabte.]  That  cannot  be  dismayed ; 
fearlesA. 

"HU  tinditmayable  cottrag*,"— Sidney :  Arcadia, 
bk.Ui. 

iin-dls-mayed'f  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dismayed.]  Not  dismayed  ;  not  terrified  ;  not 
disheartened  or  daunted. 

"  Ulysses,  undirmay'd, 
Soon  vrlth  redoubled  force  the  wound  repaid.'' 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Odyuey  xix.  (28. 

*  un-dis-missed ,  a.     [Pref.    un-   (1),  and 

Eng.  disnussed.]  Not  dismissed;  not  sent 
away  or  discharged. 

"  Their  valiant  band 
Still  unditmitt'd.  Achilles  thus  besitake." 

Cowper:  Homer;  Iliad  xxlli. 

*  ttn-dis-i-blig'-lng,  a.     [Pref.  un-  H),  and 
Eng.  disobliging.]    Not  disobliging ;  inoffen- 
sive. 

"  All  this  he  would  have  expatiated  upon,  with  con- 
nexions of  the  discourses,  and  the  most  easy,  undtt 
obliging  transitions." — Broome, 

*  iin-di8-pat9bed',  a.     [Pref.  wn-  (1),  anc 
Eng.  dispatched.]    Not  transacted,  completed, 
or  carried  through. 

"  [The  bill]  lay  unditpatched,  by  reason  that  sessions 
ended  wlthtn  two  or  three  days  after  It  came  before 
them."— Strype:  Bcclei.  Mem,  Edw.  VI.  (an.  IMS}. 

*  un-dis-pens'  a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dispensable.) 


1.  That  cannot  be  dispensed  with ;   India* 
pensable. 

"  Things  whereunto  everlasting,  luHimtable  unrfi*. 
pensabla  observation  did  beloug."~i/ooter;  Sccletk 
Pol.,  bk.  viL 

2.  Unavoidable. 

"  A  necessary  aud  undispt  usable  famine  in  a  camp. 
— fuller. 

3.  Excluded  from  dispensation. 

un  dis  pensed ,  a.  [Pref.  un*  (1),  and 
Eng.  dispensed.] 

1.  Not  dispensed. 

2.  Not  freed  from  obligation. 

un-dis-pens'-fog,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dispensing.]  Not  allowing  to  be  dis- 
pensed with. 

"  Such  an  undis>>ensiny  covenant  an  Hoaea  made."— 
Milton:  Doat.  of  Divorce,  bk.  ii.,  cb.  v. 

un  dis  persed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dispersed.]  Not  dispersed;  not  scat- 
tered ;  indispersed. 

"  We  have  all  the  redolence  of  the  perfumes  we  burn 
upon  his  altars;  the  smoke  doth  vanish  ere  it  can 
reach  the  aky ;  and  whilst  it  is  unduperted  it  bat 
clouds  it."—if»i/le. 

*  un-dis-pit'-e-ous,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dispiteous.]  Not  unfeeling;  not  heart- 
less or  cruel. 


*  un  dis  played  ,    a.     [Pref.  un-   (1),  and 
Eng.  displayed.]  Not  displayed  ;  not  unfurled; 
furled. 

"  Their  flashing  banners,  folded  still  on  high, 
Yet  unUitplvy'd:'        B*ron:  Hen^n  *  Earth.  1.  1 

un  dis-ploa^ed  ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  displeased.]  Not  displeased,  offended, 
or  angered. 

"  Unditpleated  he  of  time  past." 

Chaucer:  Itreme. 

iin  dis  pose',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
dispose.]  To  disincline;  to  make  indisposed. 

un  dis  posed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 

disposed,] 

*  1.  Indisposed  ;  having  the  health  some- 
what out  of  order. 

*2.  Not  disposed;  not  inclined. 

"  I  shall  break  that  merry  sconce  of  yours, 
That  stands  on  tricks,  when  I  am  unditpoted," 
Shakeip.  :  Comedy  of  Krrtrt,  L  i. 

3.  Not  disposed  of;  not  set  apart,  appro- 
priated, or  allocated.     (With  o/.) 

"  One  remained  unditpotodgf."—  Cook:  Third  Voyagt, 
bk.  it,  ch.  vii. 

*  un  dis-pos  ed-ness,  s.  [Eng.  undisposed; 
•ness.]    The  quality  of  being  undisposed  or  in- 
disposed ;  indisposition. 

*  un  dis-punged',  a,     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  dispunyea.]    Not  expunged. 

"The  defence  should  remain  undi5pun?«rf.l>—J7acM.* 

Life  of  Williatn*.  11.  120. 

*  un  dis-put  -a  ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dispwtaWe."]    Not  disputable  ;  not  able  to 
be  disputed  or  not  permitted  to  be  disputed  ; 
that  cannot  be  disputed,  questioned,  or  con- 
troverted ;  indisputable,  unquestionable. 

"  Some  of  the  most  arrant  unduputuble  blockhead!." 
—  Adiiit'jn:  Spectator.  No.  68. 

un  dis  put  -a  ble  u£ss,  s,  [Eng.  undisput- 
able  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  in- 
disputable or  undisputable  ;  iudi  sputa  blenesa. 

un-dls-put':ed,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
disputed.}  Not  disputed,  questioned,  contro- 
verted or  contested. 

"  His  abilities,  his  experience,  and  his  munificent 
kindness,  made  htm  the  undisputed  chief  of  th«  n- 
fugees."-J^acauiay.-  Hitt.  Eng.t  ch.  xiv. 


-ljft  adv.  [Eng.  undisputed  ; 
•ly.]    Indisputably,  unquestionably. 

*  un-dte-qui'-et-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  disgitie/ed.]  Not  disquieted,  discomposed, 
or  alarmed. 

"  If  you,  O  Parthlans,  unditquieted, 
I  ever  left."  May  :  Lucan  ;  Phartalia,  vill. 

un  dis  scm'-bled  (bled  as  beld),  a.  [Pret 
un-(l),  and  Eng.  tiissemWed.]  Not  dissembled; 
open,  undisguised,  unfeigned. 

"  Unditm-mbled  hate." 

Milton  :  Samton  Agonittet,  «a 

un  dis  Bern  bHng,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dissembling.]  Not  dissembling  ;  free 
from  dissimulation  ;  open,  honest. 

"  HU  undiuemblinff  henrt" 

Cowper  ;  Cunoerttition,  no. 


boll,  1>6^;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  96!!,  cnorus,  9hln,  bencn;  go,  gem;  thin,  W\B\  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  =  t 
-cUn,  -tian  =  snan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -{ion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tioua,  -«lons  =  snus,    -We.  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  deL 


4934 


undissevered— undoing 


•nn-dls-seV-ered,  *  un-dS-seV-ered, 

a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  ana  Eng.  dissevered.)  Not 
•everetl  or  divided  ;  united. 

"If  they  ilo  assail  ttndittcvertd,  no  force  can  well 
wittuUml  ttieui."—  fatten,  lu  £ny.  Ganitr.  Hi.  110. 

•  iin-dls'-si-pat-Sd,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  Jissijxitaf.]    Not  dissipated  or  scattered. 
"Such  little   vrim&ry  miuaes  am  oar  proposition 
mention*.  111115-  leinain  undisiipatKL'—Boifl*. 

»un-di9-$6lV-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dissolvable.] 

1.  Not  dissolvable ;  incapable  of  being  dis- 
solved or  melted. 

*  2.  Incapable  of  being  dissolved,  broken, 
or  loosened ;  indissolvable. 

"  That  holy  knot,  which,  ty'd  onoe.  nil  mankind 
Agree  to  hold  s.tcr«i  and  u "distal ruble." 

Rom :  Tamerlane,  lit 

ftn-dis-solved',  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dissolvetl.] 

1.  Not  dissolved  ;  not  melted. 

"  Tbe  siiowy  weight 
Lie*  undUtntved.'  Co»f>«r :  Tatk,  V.  W. 

2.  Not  dissolved,  broken,  or  loosened. 

"  That  firm  and  undiaolvcd  knot. 
Betwixt  their  ueij.'hb'ruiK  French  and  banTrtng 
Scot,"        Drayton  :  l^uetn  liabti  to  Mortimer. 

•ftn-dis  solv'-lng,a.  [Pref.  ««-(lXandEng. 

dinolving.}    Not  dissolving  ,  not  melting. 

"  Where  ttnd'utolvi»'j.  from  the  first  of  time, 
Snows  swell  on  mows  uucittl  to  Mf  sky. 

Thornton  :  Winter,  90t 

•tin  dis-tem  -pered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  distempered.}  Free  from  distemper, 
disease,  or  perturbation  ;  not  disorganized, 
disordered,  diseased,  or  disturbed, 

"  With  wnMttempered  and  unclouded  spirit" 

Wordnoorth  ;  Excunion,  bk.  v. 

*  ttn-dls-tlnof -Ive,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  distinctive.}  Making  no  distinctions; 
indiscriminating. 

*  tin-dls-tlnctf  -Itf ,  adv.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  distinctly.}    Not  distinctly;  Indistinctly, 
indefinitely,  indiscriminately. 

"  Equalling  untlittinctly  crime*  with  errours.'  — 
Booker :  Ecrtet.  PolHie,  bk.  v.,  f  63. 

*  un  dis  tin -guish-a-ble  (gu  as  gw),  a. 

(Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng.  distinguishable.}  Not 
distinguishable ;  notable  to  be  distinguished ; 
indistinguishable, 

"  An  Influence  Inscrutable,  and  generally  ttndit- 
tin-juithnWs  by  ut."—Palcy:  Mfidemcn  of  Christian- 
it  y\  pt.  i.L,  tn.  vi  11. 

•ttn-d!s-tIiV-guIsli-a-btf(gu  as  gw), 
adv.  (Eng.  undistingvisluib(le) ;  -ly.]  In  an 
undistinguishable  manner ;  so  as  not  to  be 
able  to  be  distinguished  or  known  apart;  in- 
discriminately. 

"  Huta  .  .  .  imdtitinguithnbly  worn  by  soldiers, 
esquires.  4c."— Tatirr,  No.  270. 

*n  dis  tin  -gulshed  (gu  as  gw)t  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (IX  and  Eng.  distinguished.} 

1.  Without  any  distinctive  mark  or  sign ; 
so  as  not  to  be  distinguished  or  discerned. 

"  All  undiitinytiiMhed  In  the  glade. 
My  sires'  glad  hom«  is  prostrate  laid." 

Scott :  Jtukeby,  v.  10. 

2.  Not  distinguished  ;  not  so  marked  as  to 
be  known  from  each  other ;  not  denned  or 
discriminated. 

"  From  pole  to  pole  ia  undittlngulihed  blaza." 
Thornton  :  Summer,  4W. 

*3,  Not  treated  with  any  particular  respect. 

"  Even  mighty  Pam  .  .  .  DOW  destitute  of  aid, 
Falls  undMinyuahed  by  tlie  victor  Spade  1" 

Pop«:  ftap*ofU*s  Lock,\\i.(A. 

4.  Not  separated  or  distinguished  from 
Others  by  any  extraordinary  quality  or  emi 
Hence  ;  not  eminent,  not  famous. 

"  I'mlis'inyuUhfd  from  the  crowd 
By  wealth  or  dignity ."  Cowper :  Ttuk,  I  ML 

*  6.  Incalculable,  unaccountable. 

"  0  undiainguithed  space  of  woman's  will  !" 

Shakes?.  :  Lear,  IT.  ft. 

un  dls-tln'-guish-Ing  (gu  as  gw),  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (l\  and  Eng.  distinguishing.]  Not 
distinguishing  or  discriminating ;  making  no 
distinction  or  difference. 

"Wit,  vndittinguiihlnff.  la  apt  to  strike 
The  guilty  and  not  guilty,  both  alike." 

Uuwper:  Table  Talk,  101. 

•un-dls-torf-Sd,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  distorted.}  Not  distorted,  twisted,  or 
wrenched. 

"The  undtttnrttd  suggestions  of  his  own  heart."— 
More  :  Song  of  the  XouL  (Pref.) 

un -dis- tract -gd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  distracted.}  Not  distracted  ;  not  per- 


plexed by  contrariety  or  multiplicity  of 
thoughts  or  decrees. 

"To  admit  him  to  a  yet  closer,  a  more  immediate 
and  more  undittracted  communion  with  himself."— 
Boyle  :  Workt,  L  270. 

•un-dis-tract-gd-l&  adv.  [Eng.  undis- 
tracted  ;  -ly.]  In  an  undistracted  manner; 
without  distraction  or  perplexity  from  con- 
trariety or  multiplicity  of  thoughts  or  desires. 

"  To  devote  themselves  more  undittractedly  to  God.  " 
—Boyle  :  Work*.  I  2M. 

un-dis  tract'~ed-ness,  *.  [Eng.  undis- 
tracted  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
free  from  distraction. 

"  To  disturb  that  calmness  of  mind  tindundistracttd- 
nett  of  thought  tliat  are  wont  to  be  requisite  to  happy 
•peculations."—  Boyle  :  Work*,  1.  3.  (To  the  Reader.) 

un-dis-tract'-ing.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  distracting.]  Not  distracting  ;  not  draw- 
ing the  mind  towards  a  variety  of  objects. 

"  It  were  good  we  used  more  easy  aud  un  distract  ing 
diligence  for  the  increasing  of  these  treasures."— 
Lelghton  :  Expo*.  Lect.  on  Ptalm  xi  x. 

un-dia-tressed  ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
distressed.]  Free  from  agitation,  anxiety,  or 
distress  of  miud. 

"  UndUtarb'd  and  undittretfd.1' 

\\ordtwrtk:   Wkite  Doe.  vtL 

un-dlS-tiib'-U-te'd,  a.     [Prcf.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  distributed.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Not  distributed. 

2.  Logic:  (See  the  compound). 
undistributed-middle,  s. 

Logic  :  A  fallacy  arising  from  a  violation  of 
the  rule  that  the  middle  term  must  be  dis- 
tributed (i.«.,  by  being  the  subject  of  a  uni- 
versal or  the  predicate  of  a  negative  proposi- 
tion) at  least  once  in  the  premises.  The 
subjoined  syllogism  exemplifies  this  fallacy  : 

Borne  animals  are  beasts  ; 

Some  animals  are  birds  ;  therefore 

Bom*  birds  are  beast*. 

iin-dis-turbed  ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
disturbed.] 

1.  Not  disturbed,  moved,  agitated,  or  thrown 
out  of  place  or  order. 

"  Which,  once  built,  retains  a  steadfast  shape. 
Alul  vnduturb'd  proportions." 

Wordtworth  :  Excurtion,  bk.  v. 

2.  Free  from  disturbance,  interference,  or 
interruption  ;  unmolested,  uninterrupted. 

"  His  Queen  retired  that  evening  to  the  nunnery  of 
Cbaillot,  where  she  could  weepaud  pray  undufuroetf." 
—  Muctmtaif  :  If  tit.  Eiiff.,  ch.  xxv. 

3.  Calm,  tranquil,  peaceful. 

"Where  dark  aud  unditturb'd  repose 
The  cormorant  had  found." 

Scott  ;  Lord  of  IA*  /«!*«.  Ir.  11. 

4.  Free  from  perturbation  of  mind  ;  calm, 
tranquil  ;  not  agitated. 

"To  be  undisturbed  in  danger,  sedately  to  consider 
what  ia  titteat  to  Lie  dou«,  aud  to  ext-cute  it  steadily, 
Uacouiptexideaof  au  action,  which  lu&yexlst"—  &oc&«. 

*tin-dis-turb'-Sd-l^t  adv.  [Eng.  undis- 
turbedly.} In  an  undisturbed  manner;  calmly, 
peacefully,  tranquilly. 

"  Ctidistarbedfjf  eujoyulng  the  accommodations  of 
their  state."—  /farrow:  Sen.iam,  vol.  L,  ser.  2. 

*tin-dis-turb'-ed-ncss,  s.  {Eng.  undis- 
turbed; -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
undisturbed  ;  calmness,  peacefulness. 

"  That  calnmass  and  unditturbednett,  with  which  yoa 
would  have  our  addresses  to  God  unaccompanied."— 
br.  Snape  ;  Letter  to  Bp.  aoadtif. 

*  un-dis-turb  -ihg,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  disturbing.}  Not  disturbing;  not  caus- 
ing disturbance. 

"  The  punctual  stars 

Advance,  and  In  the  firmament  of  heaven 
Glitter—  but  unditturbimj.  undisturbed." 

WordtKortk  :  gxcurtion*  bk.  vitL 

•ttn-^t-vers'-I-fl-cat-ed,  *  ttn-di-ver'- 
Si-fied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  diver- 
sify; -ctited)  or  divertiJteL}  Not  diversified; 
not  varied  ;  uniform. 

"The  Idea  of  a  men  undtitrtlfifd  substance."— 
More  :  Immort.  of  the  Sottt,  bk.  1..  ch.  ii. 

tin-dJ-vert'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
diverted.] 
L  Not  diverted  ;  not  turned  aside. 

"  These  grounds  have  not  any  patent  passages, 
whereby  to  derive  wuter  and  fatness  from  the  river, 
and  thereforeiuust  suffer  the  greatest  part  of  It  to  run 
by  them  undtvert9d.~—  Boyle  :  Workt,  li.  40& 

2.  Not  amused,  entertained,  or  pleased. 


d-tf.  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (I), 
Eng.  divested;  -ly.]  Free  from,  without. 
(Followed  by  of.) 

"  As  undivettedly  as  possible  of  favour  or  resent- 
menf—  Bichardton:  Cluriift,  ii.  64. 


un-dl-vid'-a-ble,  "  un-dl-vide'-a-ble,  a 

&  s.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  dividable.] 
A.  As  adj.  :  Not  dividable  ;  not  able  to  be- 

divided  ;    indivisible.     (Shakesp.  :  Comedy   of 

Errorst  ii.  2.) 
*B.  As  subst.  :  Something  which  cannot  be 

divided. 

"  Reducing  the  undioideaAtet  Into  money."  —  Jartii  • 
Don  Quixote,  pt.  ii.,  bk.  v..  ch.  i\. 

iin  dl-vid'~6d,  a.    .[Pref.  un-  0).  a»d  E"g- 
divided.} 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Nut  divided  into  parts;  nnt  separated, 
disjoined,  sundered,  or  disunited  ;  whole,  un- 
broken. 

"  Let  me  confess  that  we  two  mutt  be  twain, 
Although  our  undivided  love-*  are  one." 

.SA<U«/>.  ;  Sonnet  «. 

2.  Not  made  separate  and  limited  to  a  par- 
ticular sum  :  as,  To  own  an  undivided  share 
of  a  business. 

IL  Botany: 

1.  (Of  a  leaf);  Not  lobed,  parted,  cleft,  or 
cut  ;  entire. 

2.  (Of  a  stem):  Unbranched. 

*  un  di  vid-ed-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  undivided; 
-ly.}    In  an  undivided  manner. 

"Creation,  nature,  religion,  law  ami  policy,  iunke» 
them  uHttteidedlj/  one."—  Feltham:  On  Luke  xiv.  u. 


*  tin-di-vId'-^-al,  *  tin-di-vid'-u-all,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  au'j  Eng.  dividual.]     lncai>alil& 
of  being  divided  ;  indivisible,  inseparable. 

"  Indeed  true  courage  aud  c.  mrtesie  are  undivi'iutitt 
compaiiloua.1'—  fuller:  Worthiet  ;  Worcetterthire, 

*  un-dl-vm'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  divinabte.]    Not  divinable;  not  capable- 
of  being  divined  or  guessed, 

*  ttn-dl-vine',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1).  *nd  Eng. 
divine,  a.J    Not  divine,  not  godly. 

"  r«td<Mn«aud  unchristian."—  Berkeley:  AMphivn. 
dial.  v..  |  ia. 

*  liji-di-vine'-like,  adv.    (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Bug.  divinelike.}     Unlike  a  divine. 

"  How  undMiuWce  written.*—  Milton  :  Ant.  to  E  tto» 
Batitik*.  t  IT. 

*  un-dl-vIf'-X-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
divisible.]    Not  divisible,  not  capable  <.    being 
divided,  indivisible. 

"That  the  soule  Is  uiuHvMM*."—  «*•  T.  Moore: 
Worket,  p.  1.11L. 

*  iin-dl-vorjed',  a.    [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
divorced.}    Not  divorced  ;  not  separated. 

"  These  died  together. 
Uaupy  In  ruin  I  utulivorc'd  by  death  1" 

Young  :  A'ifflit  Tkouyhtt,  r.  l.OBT. 

iin-di-vulged',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
divulged.]    Not  divulged  ;  not  revealed. 

"The  noble  Lord  seemed  always  to  have  some  anony- 
mous bogey  or  uiiitieulged  mouster  on  baud.  '—  Fro/, 
t'avcrtt,  iu  Time*,  Julie  li  1874. 

un  do  ,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  do.] 

1.  To  reverse,  as  something  whu-h  has  been. 
done  ;  to  annul  ;  to  bring  to  nought. 

"  Undoing  past  events,  or  producing  contrary  ones."— 
&ardt  .•  Li<jtU  of  ffaturt,  vol.  it,  pi  i..  ch.  xiv. 

2.  To  unfasten,  to  untie,  to  unloose,  to  un- 
fix, to  loose. 

"  Undo  that  wicket  by  thy  side  J  " 

Scott  .  Jiokebtf.  r.  M. 

*  3.  To  find  an  answer  or  explanation  to  ; 
to  solve. 

"  By  which  time  our  secret  be  undone." 

.  :  Perielei.  i  1. 


4.  To  bring  ruin  or  destruction  upon  ;  to- 
ruin  ;  to  destroy  the  morals,  character,  ivim- 
tation,  or  prospects  of;  to  destroy,  to 

"  Why,  masters,  my  good  friends,  mine  honest  neigh- 
Will  you  undo  yourselves?  "  bours. 

BhaXetp.  :  Coriolanut.  1.  L 

*  5.  To  surpasH. 

"  Which  lames  report  to  follow  It,  and  tindoei  d«- 
•crlptiou  to  do  lt,"-^iut««p.  :  Winter  »  Tale,  v.  S. 

*  6.  Not  to  do  ;  to  leave  undone  or  unexe- 
cuted.   (In  this  sense  from  pref.  «n-  (1),  and 
do.) 

"  What  to  your  wisdom  seemeth  best. 
Do  or  undo,  as  if  ouraelf  were  here.  ' 

Shakes?.  :  2  ffenry  T/.,  111.  L 

un  d6ck  ,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  dock.} 
To  take  or  bring  out  of  dock. 

ttn-do'-er,  *.  [Eng.  uTtdo;  ~er.]  One  who 
undoes  or  opens  ;  one  who  reverses  what  ha» 
been  done  ;  one  who  ruins. 

un  do   Ing,    *  nn-do-ynge,  pr.  par.,  o., 

&8.      [UNDO.] 


fato,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    re,  oa  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


imdomestic— undulant 


4935 


*  A.  <fc  B.  At  pr.  par.  <t  por(icij).  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  --is  iitbstaiitiL't: 

1.  The  reversal  of  that  which   has   been 
done. 

2.  Ruin,  destruction. 

"HU  triumph  would  b«  hi*  undoing."—  Ifacaulay  : 
Site.  K"<1:  ch-  xxi 

«an-<to-m6s'-tlc,   o.      [Pref.  «n-   (1),    and 

K.I','.   1)0  nisfic.)     Not  domestic;  not  cariug 
for  home  life  or  duties. 

"  Th«  undomettif  AmaaoniMi  dame.1* 
Cumberland  :  Eplvgue  to  foou'l  llaid  of  Hath. 

«fin-d6-m68'-tl-cate,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
aiul  Kn,.'.  ilomestimte.]  To  render  imdomestic  ; 
to  estrange  from  home  life  or  duties. 

••  The  turn  our  Bex  tnk«  in  vnclomtiticatfng  them- 
«elve»."-/«o»<ir<'«»"  •'  Sir  C-  OnauHKn.  II.  11. 

•Sn-do-mes'-t.  cat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  liomesticated.] 

I   Not  domesticated  :  not  accustomed  to  a 
family  life. 
2.  Not  tamed. 

tin  done',  pa.  par.  &  ".  [UNDO.] 
A,  A3  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 
S.  As  adjective : 

1.  Not  done,  performed,  or  executed  ;  un- 
performed. 

"It  shows  you  whence  be  comes.  whitli«r  he  5001 ; 
Whnt  he  leaven  undone  ;  also  what  he  does. 

Bunyan :  Apotoglf. 

J.  Ruined,  destroyed. 

Indebted  aud  undone,  h»th  none  to  bring.'' 

Milton :  P.  L.,  ill.  238. 

^un-doomed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  »nd  EmJ- 
doomed.}  Not  doomed  or  feted. 

"Unfit  (or  earth.  uftAxm'd  for  hea»eu." 

Byron  :  The  Giaour. 

•tin  doubt'-a  l>le  (b  silent),  o.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  doubtable.}  Not  to  be  doubted; 
indubitable. 

"  To  shew  an  .ndoubtaH.  trueth  mto  them  all"— 
Udnl :  Luke  xxiv. 

•fin  doubt'-Sd  (6  silent),  o.  k  adv.    {Pref.  «n- 
(1),  and  Eng.  doubted.} 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Not  doubted  ;   not  called  in  question ; 
Indubitable,  indisputable. 

"Statute!  wMch  »«re  etlll  ot  undvutud  Talldlty."— 

J/acaulas/  '  &'*'•  Kn'J  '  ch-  v1' 

*  2.  Not  filled  with  doubt  or  fear ;  fearless, 
Confident. 


MW rf w  Yi.t  T.  y. 

«3.  Not  feared  for. 
"  Brave  Burgundy,  undoubted  hope  of  Fmnoe." 

ShaXetp.  :  1  Henry  I  /..  lit.  8. 

*4.  Not  being  an  object  of  doubt  or  sus- 
picion ;  unsuspected. 

"  Unquestioned  welcome,  and  undoubted  blest." 

*  B.  As  adv. :  Undoubtedly. 

"  Undoubted  it  were  moehe  better  to  be  occunyed 
in  honest  recreation  than  to  do  notbyng.  —  3ir  T 
Mlyot  ;  Qovernour,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xxvi. 

fcn  doubt'- ed-V£  (b  silent),  *  un-doubt- 
ed  lie,  adv.  (Eng.  undoubted ; -ly.]  Withoul 
doubt;  beyond  all  doubt ;  in  a  manner  thai 
cannot  be  doubted ;  of  such  a  character  that  it 
cannot  be  doubted  ;  indubitably, 

"  The  sovereign  was  undoubtedly  competent  to  remv 
penalties  without  limit "-JJacaulay :  Silt.  Eng. 
ch.  i. 

*  un-doubt  -fal/un-do^bt-fall  (b  silent) 
a.  IPrtrf.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  doubtful] 

1.  Not  to  be  doubted;    not   ambiguous 
plain,  indisputable,  certain. 

"And  Iitste  he  ijromlseth  very  true  and  undaubtful 
hoj*  to  by  in  sell  of  the  desire  th«t  be  wketh."— 
fisher:  $*ven  Ptaimei,  Ps.  11. 

2.  Not  doubting ;  harbouring  no  doubt  0 
•uspii'ion  ;  unsuspicious. 

"Our  liuiihAiidB  might  have  looked  li.toour  thought* 
and  n.Hde  themselves  itndoubtfuL"—  Btaum,  *  Flat. 

•&n  doubt -ing  (b  silent)  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1] 
and  Eng.  doubting.]  Not  doubting,  not  hesi 
tiling  respecting  facts;  not  fluctuating  o 
wavering  in  uncertainty  ;  confident. 

"  His  confluence  gives  him  credit.  The  company  1 
always  <lisp,,sed  to  listen  with  attention,  wheii  an 
ain.it  speaks  with  the  assurance  of  unttnubtlng  convic 
tiou."— Knox:  Winter  Eventnyt,  even.  11. 

•un-doubt'-ing-lj  (b  silent),  adv.    [Eng.  un 

doul'ting ;   -ly.\      In  an  undoubting  manner 
without  feeling  doubt. 

"  The  child  who  teachably  and  undoubtinfly  lintei 
*othe  instructions  ..f  his  elders  is  likely  to  impro' 
mpidly."—  Jtacaulay:  Mitt.  Eng.,  ch.  1 


un-doubt  -ous  (6  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (!)• 

and  Eiig.  d&ufjtoua.]    Uudoubting. 

"  Shall  haueu  been  steadfast  to  me  by  tmdoubtout 
fa.the."— Vhauctr:  Soeciut,  bk.  v. 

n  do^-ered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dvwered.]  Not  dowered  ;  not  possessed  of  a 
dower. 

n  drain'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  «»-  (1),  and  En^'. 
drainable.]  Not  drainable ;  not  capable  of 
being  drained  or  exhausted. 

"  Miut*  undraina&lt  of  ore."        Tennyton  :  ^Enont. 

iin-dra- mat' - !c,   *  un-dra-mat'-io-al, 

o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  'dramatic,  dra- 
matical.] Not  of  a  dramatical  character. 

un  drape',  v.t.  [Pref.  un~  (2),  and  Eng. 
drape.]  To  remove  drapery  or  covering  from, 
to  uncover. 

,"  Princess  Christian  undraped  the  rtatue. "— Stand- 
ard. Dec.  17,  1S8T. 

un  draped,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
draped.]  Not  draped  ;  not  hung,  invested,  or 
covered  with  drapery. 

"  The  large  expanse  of  undraped,  undecked  silk."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  12,  1888. 

*  tin-draw',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  3.,  and  Eng. 
draw.}  To  draw  aside,  back,  or  open. 

"  Angels  undrew  the  curtains  of  the  throne." 

roung. 

tin  drawn,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
drawn.] 

1.  Not  drawn,  pulled,  dragged,  or  hauled. 

"  The  chariot  of  paternal  deity. 
Flashing  thick  flamea.  wheel  within  wheel  undrawn: 

2.  Not  portrayed,  delineated,  or  described. 

"  The  death-bed  of  the  Just !  Is  yet  undrawn." 

young :  Jfight  ThtmghU,  ii..  «I6. 

3.  Not  drawn,  as  from  a  cask. 

"  And  beer  undrawn,  ftnd  besrda  unmown.  display. 
Your  holy  reverence  for  the  SaM>ath-dj»y. ' 

Byron :  BngliA  Bardt  *  Scotch  Kavineeri. 

un  dread  ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
dreaded.]  Not  dreaded  or  feared. 

"  At  midnight  or  th'  nndreadcd  hour 
01  noon."  Thornton :  Hummer,  1.208. 

un  dreamed',  un-dreamt',  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1)  and  Eng.  dreamed.]  Not  dreamt  or  thought 
of;  not  imagined.  (Generally  with  of.) 

•*  Recent  discoveries  have  opened  op  hitherto  un 
(ireunU  o/ sources  of  wast*."—  f'teld,  Aug  27,  1887. 

un  dr6nphed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  B«ig, 
drencfied.\  Not  drenched  with  water  or  other 
liquid. 

"  You  slowly  seeing  Cynosure,  suppow 
Her  undrenched  carre  into  the  ocean  goes. 

May:  Luean;  PHartaiia,  tz, 

un-dress',  v.t.  &  t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  »»d  Eng 
dress,  v.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  divest  of  the  clothes  ;  to  atrip. 

**  Undrets  you  now  anil  come  to  lied." 

MoAoi^.  :  Turning  of  the  Shrew,  Ind.  ti. 

2.  To  divest  of  ornaments  or  ostentation: 
attire  ;  to  disrobe. 

3.  To    take  the   dressing,    bandages,  &c. 
from  a  wound. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  take  off  one's  clothes  o 
dress  ;  to  strip  (partially  or  entirely). 

"  He  then  undrrucd  .  .  .  and  laid  his  bead  upon  th 
block."— J/acat<Ja# ;  But.  Eng.,  oh.  T. 

un'-dreaa,  *  uu-dress ,  s.  [Pref.  «n-  (i; 
and  Eng.  dress,  s.]  A  drees  of  a  homel> 
negligent  chaiucter;  ordinary  dress  as  op- 
posed to  full  dress  or  uniform. 

"  O  fairundr***/  hestdrtw!  it  checks  no  vein, 
Bot  every  flowing  limb  in  nl*««mre  drowiiB." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  of  tndoience,  \.  26. 

un  dressed,  a.     [Pref.   «»-  (1).  and   Eng 

dressed.} 

1.  Not  dressed ;  not  having  tbe  clothes  on 

2.  Divested  of  dress  or  clothes  ;  stripj»ed. 

3.  Not  prepared  ;  not  cooked ;  in  a  raw  o 
crude  state :   as,  undressed    meat,  undress® 
leather, 

4.  Not  trimmed,  not   pruned,    not  set  i 
order. 

"  Untrimmed,  undrttted,  neglected  now. 
Waaal.eyed  walk  and  orulwrd  bough." 

Scott :  /.'.'A.--'*.'/,  it  IT. 

5.  Not  set  in  order  ;  crude,  unpolished. 

"  You  catch  his  first  philosophy,  as  Butler's  two  d' 
Aristotle's  first  mutter.  MHriMMM  aud  without  a  n 
of  form."—  Wen-burton ;  Bolingbroke't  fhitotophy,  Ut 

tin-dried',  *un-dryed,  o.  [Pref.  «n-(i 
and  Eng.  dried.] 


1.  Not  dried  or  dried  up ;  moist,  wet. 

"  He  poured  around  a  veil  of  gathered  air. 
And  k«pttlie  iwrvm  undritd,  the  flesh  entire 

Pope:  Homtr;  Iliad  xxiit.  3*4, 

2.  Not  dried  up  ;  green. 

"  A  tree  of  stateliest  growth,  and  yet  undrffdV* 

Pope:  Homer;  Odysgey  ix.  381. 

un  drilled ,  a.  [Pref.  u  n-  (1),  and  Bug.  drilled.} 

Not  drilled. 
un-drihk-a  ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

drinkable.]  Not  drinkable  ;  not  tit  to  be  druuk  : 

as,  undrinkable  water. 

iin-drlv'-en,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
driven.]  Not  driven  ;  notcompelled  by  force; 
oot  constrained  to  act  by  force. 

"  When  maintenance  and  honour  calls  him,  hee  goes 
undrivm.'— Bp.Hall:  Contemp.  ;  Jfich,is  Idulatry. 

in-drodp'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
drooping.}  Nut  drooping  ;  not  sinking ;  not 
despairing. 

"  An  ample  generous  heart,  undroopittg  soul." 

Thornton:  Liberty. 

un  dros'-sy,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
drossy.)  Not  drossy  ;  free  from  dross  or  other 
impurity;  pure. 

"  Of  heav'u's  undroay  gold  the  god's  array 
Refulgent.'  Pope:  Somer ;  /UadviiL  58. 

un-drowned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
drowned.]  Not  drowned;  not  swamped  or 
deluged. 

"  That  sooii  shall  leave  no  spot  undrovm'd 
For  Love  to  rest  his  wings  upon." 

Moore  :  Light  of  the  Uaram. 

un-diibbed',  a.    [Pref.  un-,  and  Eng.  dubbed.} 
*  1.  Not  dubbed  ;  not  having  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood. 

"  I  know 

What  made  his  valour  undubbd  windmill  go 
Within  a  point  at  most."  l*mnf :  ^iat.  9. 

2.  Not  having  had  the  combs  and  gills  cut. 
[DuB,  v.t  A.  I,  8.] 

"  Except  when  shown  quite  as  cockerels,  an  ttndubbtd 
bird  in  pawed  over  by  Judge*."— ««W,  Oct.  3,  1885. 

tin-du'-blt^-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  dubitable.]  Not  dubitable  ;  indubitable, 
unquestionable. 

"  Let  that  principle,  that  all  is  matter,  ami  that 
there  U  nothing  else,  be  received  for  wrtaiu  and  un- 
dubitablo,  aud  It  will  lw  easy  to  lw  seen  what  cous^ 
queucea  It  will  lead  us  into.1—  Locke 

un-due'f  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  due,  a.] 

1.  Not  due;  not  owing;   not  demandable 
by  right  ;  as,  A  debt,  note,  or  bond  is  u-ndue. 

2.  Not  right ;  not  proper ;  not  lawful ;  im- 
proper. 

"  It  Hovel  delights  not  In  undue  disclosing  ol 
brethren's  failings?'- i«VW<m .-  OH  1  Peter  iv.  8. 

3.  Done  or  given  in  excess ;  excessive,  in- 
ordinate :  as,  an  undue  attachment  to  forms ; 
undue  rigour  in  carrying  out  the  law,  &c. 

undue  influence,  s. 

Law  :  A  phrase  used  specially  in  connection 
with  parliamentary  or  municipal  voting  or 
the  making  of  a  will.  In  the  first  case  it 
consists  of  any  force,  violence,  restraint, 
threat  to  inflict  injury  or  intimidation,  de- 
signed to  coerce  a  i»erson  into  voting  for 
a  particular  candidate,  or  abstaining  from 
voting  at  all,  or  as  an  infliction  because  of  his 
having  done  so.  The  perpetrator  exposes 
himself  to  a  legal  penalty;  and  if  he  can  in 
any  sense  be  considered  an  agent  of  the  can- 
didate the  election  is  rendered  void.  If  undue 
influence  is  proved  against  a  candidate  he  is 
disqualified  from  taking  his  seat  in  tbe  legis- 
lative body  to  which  he  may  have  been 
elected.  In  the  case  of  a  will,  undue  influence 
is  exerted  when  one  acquires  such  an  ascen- 
dency over  the  testator's  mind  as  to  prevent 
the  latter  from  being  a  tree  agent  If  he 
spontaneously  bequeath  money  to  one  whom 
he  esteems  or  Itivea,  tbe  esteem  or  affection 
do  not  constitute  undue  influence.  Impor- 
tunity does.  When  undue  inflnencg  is  proved 
the  will  becomes  void. 

*  un-due'-ness,  *.    [Eng.  wndvt  i -neu.]   The 

quality  or  state  of  being  undue. 

*  un-duke',  v.t.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  dut*.] 
To  deprive  of  dukedom  ;  t<>  degrade  from  th« 
rank  «f  a  duke.    (Special  coinage.) 

"The  kinv  hath  unduked  twelve  dukes."—  Pepyi: 
Mary,  Dec.  12,  1668. 

*  tin'-du-Iant,   a.    [Low  Lat.  untluians,   pr. 

par.  ofundulo  —  to  rise  and  fall  like  a  wave; 
undula  —  a  little  wave,  dimin.  from  Lflt.  undo 
=  a  wav«,J  Undulatory. 

"  Gliding  and  la|ttiii?  in  an  undulant  dmioe.' 

Sir  B.  Taylor ;  SI.  Clement  t  A'IV.  il- 1, 


;  pout,  J6*l;  cat,  90!!,  cnorus,  9hin,  ben$n;  go,  gem;  thin,  tnis;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenopnon,  exist,    -in* 
-tion,  -sion  =  anon  ;  -tion,  -»ioa  =  zhua.   -cioua.  -tious,  -sioua  =  snua.   -ble,  -die.  Ac.  =  beL  d«L 


-clan,  -tlan  =  stan. 


4936 


tmdulary— uneasily 


"  fin'-du-la-ry,  o.  [Low  Lat.  undu(o  = 
little  wave.]  Playing  like  waves ;  wavy 
coining  with  regular  intermissions. 

"  The  blaita  Kid  undulary  breaths  thereof  maintain 
no  certainty  In  their  course."  —  Broume :  Vulgar 
Xrroun,  bk.  viL.  eh.  xvii. 

un'-du-late,  a.  [Lat.  undulatus,  from  un- 
dula,  dnnin.  from  u?ida  =  a  wave.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Wavy ;  having  a  waved 
•nrface.  (Philips.) 

2.  Bol.  :  [UNDULATED]. 

•  fin  -du  late,  v.i.  & 1.    [UNDULATE,  a.) 

A.  Intrans. :  To  have  a  wavy  motion  ;  to 
rise  and  fall  in  waves ;  hence,  to  move  in 
arching,  curving,  or  bending  lines  ;  to  wave. 

"  Their  undulating  manes." 

Cotcfer:  Homer;  Iliad  xxlll. 

B.  Tram. :  To  cause  to  wave  or  move  with 
m  wavy  motion  ;  to  cause  to  vibrate. 

"  Breath  vocalized— i.e..  vibrated  and  undulare.1. 
may  in  a  different  manner  affect  tbe  lips,  or  tongue." 
—Bolder:  flfnanti  of  Speech. 

fin'-du-lat-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.   [UNDULATI,  ».] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  A$  adjective : 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Wavy ;  having  a  waved  sur- 
face. 

2.  Bat.  :  Wavy ;  having  an  uneven,  alter- 
nately convex  and  concave  margin  as  the 
leaf  of  the  holly. 

Un'-du-lat-lng,  pr.  par.  &  a.  [UNDULATE,  t>.] 

A.  Ai  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Waving ;  rising  and  falling  like  waves ; 
Titrating.    ( Thomson :  Summer,  982.) 

2.  Having  a  form  or  outline  resembling  that 
of  waves  ;  wavy  ;  having  an  arched,  curved, 
or  bending  outline.    (A  stretch  of  country  is 
•aid  to  be  undulating  when  it  presents  a  suc- 
cession of  elevations  and  depressions  resem- 
bling the  waves  of  the  sea.)    In  Dot.  the  same 
as  UNDULATED,  B.  2  (q.v.X 

"The  outline  remarkably  undulating,  smooth,  and 
flowing."— Xejinalai:  Journey  to  flanderi  t  Holland. 

tin  du-lat-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eag.  undulating ; 
-ly.}  In  an  undulating  manner;  in  the  man- 
ner of  waves. 

tin-du  la  -tion,  t.    [UNDULATE,  r.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  undulating ;  a  waving  or  wavy 
motion ;  fluctuation. 

"  Water-lilies  in  myriads  rocked  on  the  alight  undit- 
Hade  by  the  passing  oars."  [lotions 

Longfellow:  Eeangclinc,  iL  2. 

2.  A  wavy  form ;  a  form  resembling  that  of 
ft  wave  or  waves. 

••  The  root  of  the  wilder  sort  [is]  Incomparable  for  it* 
crisped  undutatiom'—KHlyn :  Sylwa,  blc.  ii..  ch.  IT., 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Pathol. :  The  movement,  as  ascertained  by 
pressure  or  percussion,  of  a  fluid  in  any  natu- 
ral or  artificial  cavity  of  the  body.     Called 
»lso  Fluctuation.    Used  spec,  in  sense  S.  (q.v.X 

2.  Phys. :    A  motion  to  and  fro,   up  and 
down,  or  from  side  to  side,  but  without  trans- 
lation of  the  particles  composing  any  fluid 
medium.    Called  also  a  Vibration  or  a  Wave- 
motion.    [UNDCLATORY-THEORY.] 

3.  Surg. :  A  certain  motion  of  the  matter  of 
an  abscess  when  pressed,  which  indicates  its 
fitness  for  opening. 

U  1.  Length  of  an  undulation: 

Acoustics :  The  distance  which  sound  travels 
during  a  complete  vibration  of  the  body  by 
which  it  is  produced. 

2.  Point  of  undulation :  [SINGULAR-POINT]. 

t  tin-du-la'-tlon-ist,  ».  [Eng.  undulation ; 
•ist.]  One  who  supports  the  undulatory 
theory  of  light. 

"tin'-du  lat-Ive,  a.  [Eng.  undulaKf);  -ive.} 
Undulating,  undulatory. 

ftn-dn-la-ti-,  prej.  [UNDULATE.]  Undulated, 
undulating,  waved  on  the  margin. 

undulato  rugose,  a. 
Bot :  Rugose  or  rugged,  waved.    (London.) 
undnlato-striate,  a. 
Bol. :  Having  elevated  lines  wavy  in  direc- 
tion. 

Un'-du-li-tor-y,  a.  [Eng.  undulate)  ;  -on/.} 
Having  an  undulating  character ;  moving  in 


the  manner  of  a  series  of  waves ;  rising  an 
falling    like    waves ;    pertaining   to   such 
motion. 

"The    undulatory   motion    pr»i«Kated   along   th 
body."— Puley:  Hat.  Theol.,  ch.  xvi. 

undulatory-theory,  s. 

Optics :  The  generally  accepted  theory  whicl 
traces  light  to  vibrations  set  up  and  trans 
mitted  as  waves  in  an  invisible  medium  termed 
the  luminiferous  ether.  This,  it  is  assumed 
is  (sensibly)  imponderable,  and  almost  infi 
nitely  elastic,  and  fills  all  space,  passing 
freely  through  the  pores  or  between  the  atoms 
of  bodies  as  the  wind  does  through  the  trees 
but  having  its  motions,  in  a  somewhat  analo 
gous  manner,  hindered  or  modified  thereby 
and  thus  accounting  for  the  retardation  which 
is  the  principal  factor  in  producing  Refraction 
(q.v.).  Luminous  bodies  are  believed  to  be 
(and  in  the  case  of  heated  luminous  bodies 
are  known  to  be)  in  a  state  of  intense  mole 
cular  vibration,  and  these  successive  impulses 
communicated  to  the  ether  give  rise  to  sue 
cessive  waves  of  radiant  energy,  whose  effects 
on  other  bodies  depend  upon  their  rate,  as  the 
pitch  of  a  sound  does.  The  slower  periods 
apparently  cause  heating  effects  only ;  more 
rapid  impulses  produce  luminous  and  chemica 
effects  as  well,  and  energetic  chemical  action 
is  exerted  by  waves  far  too  rapid  to  produce 
luminous  impressions.  Within  the  luminous 
range  each  rate  produces  on  the  normal  retina 
the  sensation  of  one  given  colour  only,  while 
a  proportion  of  all  periods  mixed  produces 
that  of  white.  In  the  phenomena  of  Reflec- 
tion, Refraction,  Dispersion,  and  ordinarj 
Interference,  there  is  nothing  to  define  the 
direction  of  the  actual  ethereal  vibrations; 
but  the  facts  of  Polarization  (q.v.)  demon- 
strate that  these  must  be  at  right  angles  to 
the  path  of  the  ray,  which  again  implies  that 
the  ether,  rare  and  subtle  as  it  is,  must  have 
the  chief  distinguishing  quality  of  a  solid,  or 
resemble  a  thin  but  solid  jelly  rather  than  a 
fluid.  This  is  believed  to  be  the  case,  and 
the  ether  is  also  believed  to  be  the  medium 
through  which  electricity  and  other  forms 
of  energy  are  transmitted.  The  Undulatory 
Theory  is  usually  ascribed  to  Huyghens,  but 
was  firmly  established  by  the  convincing  ex- 
periments and  reasoning  of  Young  and  Fres- 
nel.  Newton  adopted  the  Corpuscular  Theory, 
but  in  the  second  edition  of  his  Opticks  he 
added  "queries,"  showing  that  later  he  was 
very  strongly  disposed  to  adopt  the  other. 

*  tin-dull',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  dull] 
To   remove  dulness   or  obscurity  from ;  to 
clear,  to  purify. 

.  1  ?°e*rT ...  1"  a  most  musical  modulator  of  all 
Intelhgibles  by  her  inventive  variations  ;  undulling 
their  groesness."—  WhiOock :  Praent  Manner!  of  the 
English,  p.  477. 

*  tin -du-lous,  a.    [UJ.-DULATE.J    Undulating. 

"  The  undulvu!  readiness  of  her  volatile  paces."— 
Black-more:  Lorna  Doone,  ch.  Ixv. 

tin-du'-ly,  adi.  [Eng.  undu(e);  -ly.}  In  an 
undue  manner  or  degree ;  wrongly,  impro- 
perly, excessively,  inordinately. 

"  Subject  to  the  delusions  of  the  mind  when  unduly 
agitated  either  by  sensation  or  reflection."— War- 
burton  :  Sermoni,  vol.  x.,  ser.  27. 

•tin-dtimp'-Ish,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  dumpish.}  To  free  from  the  dumps ;  to 
remove  heaviness,  dulness,  or  sullenness 
from. 

"  He  [the  jester]  could  undumpuh  her  at  his  plea- 
sure."— fuller:  Worthia:  Stafordihtre. 

*  un-diir  -a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
durable.]     Not  of  a  durable  character;  not 
lasting.  (Arnway:  Tablet  of  Moderation,  p.  109.) 

*  un-diir'-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  undurab(le);  -ly.] 
In  an  undu'rable  manner  ;  not  lastingly. 

*  un  dust ,  v.t.    [Pref.  tin-  (2),  and  Eng.  dial.] 
To  free  from  dust ;  t«  clear. 

14  We  frequently  dress  up  the  altar  of  our  hearts, 
and  undutt  it  from  all  these  little  foulnesses."— Mon- 
tague: Devoule  Ettayi,  pt,  ii.,  treat.  6. 

*  Un-dn'-teS-otis,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
duteous.]    Not  duteous  ;  not  performing  one  s 
duties  to  parents  and  superiors  ;  undutiful. 

"  And  this  deceit  loses  the  name  of  craft, 
Of  disobedience,  or  unduteom  title." 

Shaketp.  :  Merry  Wivft,  V.  S. 

tin-du'-ti-f  ul,  »  tin-du-tt-full,  a.    [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  dutiful] 

1.  Not  dutiful ;  not  performing  one's  duty ; 
neglectful  of  one's  duty. 

••  Never  give  him  cause  to  think  them  nnkiud  or 
undutiful.  —  Macaulay:  Sift.  Eng.,  ch.  xxiv. 


2.  Characterized  by  disobedience  to  or  oca- 
led  of  one's  duty  ;  disobedient. 


Indeed  very  severe  against  such 

-  •• 


un-du'-ti-ful-ly,  adv.   [Eng.  undutiful;  -ly  ] 

la  an  undutiful  manner  ;  with  neglect  of  duty. 

"Charged  them  with  u,id,,t(fully  and  micratrfullT 

encroaching  oa  the  riuhu  uf  the  motuer  country  "- 

Moeaulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xix. 

tin  -dn'-tl-ful-  ness,  s.  [Bug.  undutiful; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unduti- 
ful ;  disobedience. 

"  UnduliSulneu  to  an  almighty  suo«rlor,  and  in. 
gratitude  to  a  gracious  benefactor,  such  a>  God  is."— 
-Sector  .•  Sermont,  vol.  iL,  ser.  18. 

•  un  dwel  -la-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  ana 
Eng.  dweUable.}  Uninhabitable  ;  not  capable 
of  being  dwelt  in. 

•  lond  •"• 


*  fin-dwelt,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  dwelt.] 
Not  dwelt  in ;  not  inhabited.  (Followed  by  in.) 
"  It,  like  a  house  undwelt  in,  would  decay  " 

Bravme :  Britannia'!  Paetorojt,   i.  1. 

tin'-dy,  o.    [UNDE.] 

un-dy'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  dying.] 

1.  Not  dying;    not    perishing;    immortal, 
indestructible. 

"  To  chains  of  darkness  and  the  undying  worm." 
Milton  :  P.  L..  vl.  7» 

2.  Unceasing :  never  ending  or  perishing  • 
imperishable. 

"  But  thou.  a  schoolboy,  to  the  sea  hadst  carried 
Undying  recollectious. " 
H'ordnaorlh  :  On  the  .Vaming  of  Placet,  No.  vi. 

undying -flowers,  s.  pi.  [EVERLAST- 
ING-FLOWERS.] (Paxton.) 

»  tin-eared',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  eared.} 
Not  eared  or  ploughed  ;  uuploughed,  untilled. 
(Lit.  ctftg.)  (6'Aote.p. :  Sonnet  3.) 

tin-earned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
earned.]  Not  earned ;  not  gained  or  merited 
by  labour  or  services. 

"  The  hour  of  supper  comes  unearnd" 

Hilton:  P.  L.,  Ix.  225, 

unearned  increment,  s. 

Polit.  Econ. :  The  increase  in  the  value  of 
land  produced  without  labour  or  expenditure 
on  the  part  of  the  owner  ;  as,  for  instance,  by 
the  growth  of  a  town  in  its  vicinity.  H^nry 
George  and  his  followers  contend  that  this 
increment  should  belong  to  the  nation. 

"  tin-ear'-nest,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
earnest.}  Not  earnest. 

"  Be  possessed  of  vs  after  an  vnearnett  sorte."— 
Idol :  Luke  xii. 

fin-earth',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  earth.} 
L  Literally: 
L  To  pull  or  drag  out  of  the  earth. 

"  To  unearth  tbe  root  of  an  old  tree." 

Wordtmrth :  Simon  Let. 

2.  To  drive  from  an  earth  or  burrow,  as  a 
fox,  badger,  &c.  ;  to  cause  to  leave  a  burrow. 

"  It  was  made  known  that,  when  that  time  had  ex. 
pired.  the  vermin  who  had  been  the  curse  of  London 
would  be  unearthed  and  hunted  without  mercy."— 
Jtacaulay  :  Hitt.  Eng..  ch.  xxii. 

tt  Fig. :  Tc  bring  to  light ;  to  reveal,  to 
discover,  to  find  out. 

"  Those  who  have  busied  themselves  in  unearthing 
the  early  history  of  curling,  have  lieel:  unable  to  dis- 
cover that  James  IV.  really  played  much  at  tbs 
game.'— Field,  Nov.  2«.  18S7. 

un-earth'-lj?,  o.     (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
earthly.}     J«ot  earthly;   not  of  this  world; 
hence,  supernatural,  not  like,  or  as  il  not  pro- 
ceeding from  or  belonging  to,  this  world. 
"  The  unearthly  voices  ceast." 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Laa  Hinttrel,  t  18. 

*  tin-ease',  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  ease.] 
Want  of  ease  ;  uneasiness,  trouble,  anxiety, 
dis  tress. 

"  What  an  uneuM  it  was  to  be  troubled  with  the 
humming  of  so  many  gnats."— Socket :  Life  of  H'il- 
liami,  pt  IL,  p.  88. 

fin-eased',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  eased.] 
Not  eased  ;  in  a  state  of  unease  or  anxiety  ; 
troubled,  anxious. 

un-cas'-i  ly,  *un-elB-y-liohe,  adv.  [Eng. 
uneasy ;  -ly.] 

1.  Not  easily  ;  not  readily;  with  difficulty, 
trouble,  or  pain. 


"  It  was  presently  counted  a  place  very  hardly  and 
uneO!ily  to  be  inhabited  for  the  greate  colde."—  Back, 
luyt:  royages,  ill.  54. 


fate,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  otib,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    re,  oe  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


uneasiness— unemployed 


4937 


t.  In  an  uneasy  manner  ;  with  uneasiness  ; 
restlessly  ;  like  one  uneasy  or  ill  at  ease  :  as, 
He  moved  uneasily  in  his  seat. 


,  s.  [Eng.  uneasy;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  uneasy  or  ill  at  ease  ; 
want  of  ease  or  comfort,  mental  or  physical  ; 
restlessness,  anxiety. 

•'  At  a  time  when  the  ascendency  ol  the  court  of 
Versailles  had  aroused  uneatiness.*—  Jfacaukty:  SM. 
Sny.,  eh.  T. 

fin-ea^'-y,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Kng.  easy.} 
I.  Feeling  some  degree  of  pain,  mental  or 
physical  ;   ul   at   ease  ;   restless,    disturbed, 


ies  the  head  that  wears  a  crown." 

Shakftp. :  3  Btnrjf  IV.,  111.  \. 

2  Not  easy  or  elegant  in  manner ;   con- 
•trained ;  ill  at  ease  ;  not  graceful ;  awkward. 

"In  conversation,  a  solicitous  watchfulness  about 
one's  behaviour,  instead  ol  being  mended,  will  be 
constrained,  uneow.  and  ungraceful."— Locke. 
3.  Causing  pain,  trouble,  discomfort,  or 
want  of  ease,  physical  or  mental ;  irksome, 
disagreeable. 

"  Upon  uneaty  pallets  stretching  thee." 

Shalutp. :  2  Bfnry  IV.,  UL  1. 

•  4.  Peevish  ;  difficult  to  please. 

"A  sour  uutractable  nature  makes  him  uneav  to 
those  who  approach  him."—Ad<li*irt  :  Spectator. 

•5.  Difficult;    not    easy   to   be   done   or 
accomplished. 

"  This  swift  business  I  mnst  uneaty  make." 

Khaketp. :  Tempat,  L  2. 

fin-cat'-a-fcle,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  eat- 
able.] Not  eatable ;  not  tit  to  be  eaten. 

"An  almost  uneatable  .  .  .  compound."— fMd. 
Jan.  14,  1888. 

ttn-eat  -en,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  eaten.} 
1.  Not  eaten. 

"  A  huge  brawn,  of  wbleh  uneaten  still 
Large  part  and  delicate  remain'd." 

Ctacper :  Homer;  Odsuet  Till. 

•2.  Not  destroyed. 

"Therefore  I  will  outwear  him  and  all  hit  fol. 
lowers,  that  this  is  ail  that's  left  uneaten  of  my 
•word."-«eau»».  *  FlO. :  King  i  Xo  King.  111. 

•ttn-eath',  "un-othe,  adv.  &  a.  [A.8.  un- 
eadhe  =  with  difficulty,  from  uneadhe  =  diffi- 
cult, from  un-  =  not,  and  eadh,  eadhc=  easy  ; 
cogn.  with  O.  8.  odhi  =  easy  ;  p.  H.  Ger.  odi 
—  desert,  empty,  easy  ;  Ger.  «te  =  deserted ; 
Goth,  auths,  authis  =  desert,  waste ;  IceL 
awltir  =  empty ;  Lat.  otium  =  ease.] 

A.  As  adverb  : 

1.  With  difficulty ;  not  easily  ;  scarcely. 

"  Unfuth  may  she  endure  the  filthy  strata." 

»8haketp.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  ii.  4 
S.  Almost. 
"Seeui'd  unenCA  to  shake  the  stedfast  ground." 
Spenter  .*•.«,  L  llL  4. 
B.  As  adj.  -.  Not  easy  ;  difficult,  hard. 
"  Vneath  It  is  to  tell." 

•lln-SblV-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tbbing.l  Not  ebbing,  receding,  or  falling  back. 

•Hn-e'-bri-ate,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tbriaU.] 

1.  Not  intoxicated. 

"  Forth,  uneirlate,  unpolluted,  he  came  from  the. 
argy."—Lytton :  My  Stnel,  bk.  vL,  ch.  XX. 

2.  Not  intoxicating. 

"There  were  .  .  .  uneftrtole  liquors."— Lytton: 
IKnel,  bk.  iv..  ch.  xvlL 

fin-ee-0a0-«i-&s'-tle-al,  a.    [Pref.  «n-  (1), 

and  Eng.  ecclesiastical.]    Not  ecclesiastical. 

•fin-Sch'-o-Ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
ecllaing.]  Not  echoing  ;  giving  no  echo. 

"  The  quick,  ardent  Priestess,  whose  light  bound 
Game  like  a  spirit  o'er  th-  unech->ing  ground. 

Moore  :  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorauan. 

ttn-e-ollpsed ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1(,  and  Eng. 
edified.}  Not  eclipsed,  not  obscured  ;  not 
dimmed  or  lessened  in  glory  or  brightness. 
{lit.  dtfig.) 

"When  between  G  and  H  la  very  small  space)  the 
satellites  will  pass  unreJijJied  behind  the  limb  of  the 
planet."— HerKbel :  Astronomy,  i  539. 

*  fin-edge',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  edge.' 
To  deprive  of  the  edge ;  to  blunt.    (Lit.  </tfig.', 

"  Pale  fear  unedge  their  weapons'  sharpest  points." 
Ford  :  jerkin  Warbeck,  Iv.  6. 

*  fcu-ed'-I-ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
Mible.}    Not  eatable. 

ftn-cd-1  fied,  *  nn-ed-i-iyed,  a.  [Pref 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  edified.}  Not  edifled. 

"Ti*  true,  there  be  a  sort  of  moody,  hot-braiu'd, 
and  always  unedifyed  conscience.."— Milton:  Eikono- 


fin-ed'-i-f  y-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
etlifying.]  Not  edifying ;  not  improving  to 
the  mind. 

"  Unmeaning  or  unedifying  forms  and  ceremonies." 
— Seeker  :  Sermon! ;  On  Confirmation. 

fin-Sd'-I-fy-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unedVying ; 
•ly.]    Not  in  an  edifying  manner. 

un  ed'-u  cate,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
eilucate(d).}  Uneducated,  ignorant. 

"  0  harsh,  uneducate.  illiterate  peasant." 

Solyman  i  Perteda  (1599). 

fin-ed'-u-oat-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
educated.}  Not  educated  ;  illiterate,  ignorant. 

"  By  an  exertion  of  the  same  almighty  power  light 
up  the  lamp  of  knowledge  in  the  minds  of  uneducated 
men."— Bortley :  Sermoni,  voL  !„  eer.  14. 

un-ef-faced',  o.     (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

effaced.}    Not  effaced  ;  not  defaced  or  erased. 

"  If  we  have  received  a  good  impression,  let  us  bear 

it  away  une/ace*  to  our  graves.  —Knoz ;  Svrmoni. 

TOL  vl.,  ser.  2. 

*  tin-Sf-fSo'-tu-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
effectual.}    Not  effectual ;  having  no  effect  or 
power ;  ineffectual ;  inefficacious. 

"  The  glow-worm  shows  the  matin  to  be  near. 
And  gins  to  pale  his  unefectiial  flre !" 

Shaketp.  :  Hamlet,  i.  6. 

*  tin-$-$est'-e'd,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
egested.}     Unvoided,   undischarged  from  the 
bowels.    (Adams :  Works,  ii.  476.) 

iin-6  l&b  or  ate,  "un-e^Ub'-or-at-ed, 

a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  elaborate,  elabor- 
ated.] Not  elaborate,  not  elaborated;  not 
worked  or  wrought  elaborately. 

"  An  un«,abt>rnte  stone." 

Wordnaorth:  Excurtion,  bk,  vii. 

un-e-Ias'-tlc,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 

elastic.]    Not  elastic  ;  having  no  elasticity. 

ft  Ti-Ji-1  &*-t.*n'  - f-ty ,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  elasticity.]  The  absence  or  want  of 
elasticity. 


r  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

elbowed.}      Not    pushed   aside,  as  with  the 
elbow ;  not  thrust  aside  or  crowded. 

"  We  stand  upon  our  native  toll, 
Undlxnifd  by  Buch  objects." 

Wordtworth  :  Excurtion.  bk.  Ix. 

*  tin-S-lectf -5d,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
elected.]    Not  elected  ;  not  chosen. 

"  Ton  •houlil  have  ta'en  the  advantage  of  his  choler, 
And  pass  him  uneiected," 

ShaJcetp. :  Coriolanut,  It  S. 

*  tin-^-lSc'-tive,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

elective.]    Not  choosing  or  electing;  without 
power  of  choice  or  election 

"An  Ignorant,  unknowing,  vTuUctioe  principle."— 
Bolt :  Oriff.  <tf  Mankind,  p.  374. 

*  un-el'-e'-gant,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

elegant.]    Not  elegant;  inelegant. 

"  You  meet  with  expressions  now  jrad  then,  which 
appear  uiieltga; 
ToL  iv.,  ser.  is. 


h  expressions  now 
:  and  singular."  — 


singular."  —  Seclur: 


•  tin-eT-«-gant-ly,  adv.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Eng.  elegantly.]  In  an  nnelegaut  manner ;  un- 
elegantly. 

"  Neither  seemeth  he  unelegantly  and  beside  the 
purpose  ...  to  have  expressed  as  much  In  this  verse. 
—P.  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p.  425. 

•  un-Sl'-Ig-I-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 

eligible.]    Not  eligible  ;  ineligible. 

"Both extremes,  above  or  below  the  proportion  ol 
our  character,  are  dangerous  ;  and  'tis  hard  to  deter- 
mine which  Is  most  uneligible."—/h>s/eri. 

un-Sm-b&r'-rassed,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  embarrassed.] 

1.  Not  embarrassed ;  not  perplexed  or  con- 
fused ;  free  from  embarrassment  or  confusion. 

"  With  minds  unembarrassed  with  any  sort  of  ter 
rour."— flurJke.'  Letter  to  Sir  B.  Lanffrlthe. 

2.  Free  from  pecuniary  obligations  or  en 
cumbrances. 

"  ['iifjnb'irraaed  In  business."  —  Daily  Telegraph, 
Jan.  26,  1888. 

*  un-cm  bar'-rass  mcnt,  s.   [Pref.  un-(l) 
and  Eng.  embarrassment.]    Freedom  from  em 
barrassment. 

"  My  feeling  waa  that  of  untmbarraument.'—Car 
lyje  :  Reminitcencet,  Ii.  21. 

*  un-Sm-bSl'-lished,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  embellished.]    Not  embellished,  adorned 
or  beautified. 

"If  truth  only  and  unemtotHatod  facts  are  plainly 
represented."— Knox:  Ettai/t,  Ma  46. 

un-cm-blf-tered,  a.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  am 
Eng.  embittered.}  Not  embittered  ;  not  accom 


panied  with  any  bitterness  or  pain ;  free  from 
pain  or  acerbity. 

*  There  rose  no  d»y.  there  roll'd  no  boor 
01  pleasure  unembitttr'd." 

liyran:  Allit  Vanity. 

iin-em-bod  -led,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 

embodied.] 

1.  Not  embodied  ;  not  collected  into  a  body : 
as,  unembmlied  troops. 

2.  Freed  from  a  corporeal   body;    disem- 
bodied. 

"  Then,  unembodifd,  doth  it  trace 
By  steps  each  i>lanet'«  heavenly  way."  ' 

Byron  :    When  C-itttnett  Wrapt,  *C. 

»  tin-e'm-bd^-'-ered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  embowered.]  Not  provided  with  bowers. 

And  naked  stood  that  lonely  i-arai.nage," 

Wordiworth  :  tijccuriion,  bk.  Tli 

t  tin-S-mo'-tlon-al,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  emotional]  Not  emotional;  free  from 
emotion  or  feeling;  impassive. 

"Thought  of  all  that  this  Inscription  •.Rnlfled  with 
an  unemotional  memory."— O.  Eliot :  Daniel  /Jerondo, 
Ch.  1  x  Ii. 

*  tin-e'-mo'-tloned,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1).  and 
Eng.  emotioned.]    Free  from  emotion. 

"In  a  dry,  sarcastic,  unemotioned  way."— Godwin : 
MandnUle,  til  M. 

un  cm-phat  Ic,  *  un-em-ph&t'-Ic-al, 

o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug.  emphatic,  tmphati- 
cal]  Not  emphatic  ;  having  no  emphasis  or 
stress  of  voice. 

*  tsm-Sm-phat'-lc-al-l^,  adv-    tBng.  unem* 
phatieal;  -ly.]    Not  in  an  emphatic  manner; 
without  emphasis. 

*  iin-Sm-pir'-Ic-al-l^,  adv.    [Pref.  un-  (IX 

,nd  Eng.  empirically.]    Not  empirically. 

"The  result  is  in  the  fullest  keeping  with  that 
which  I  have  reached  unempiricallyS-Po*:  Work*, 
IHS7. 

tin-em-plo^-a-Dle,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  employable.]  Not  capable  of  or  eligible 
for  employment ;  unfit  for  employment. 

"To  these  w«  must  add  a  still  larger  number  of 
persons  who  are  unemployed  because  they  are  wnentw 
playable."— St.  Jam^i  Uazett*.  Dec.  21,  1887. 

iin-em  pl6yed ,  o.    [Pref.  un*  (1),  and  Eng. 

employed.  ] 

1.  Not  employed ;  having  no  work  or  em- 
ployment ;  out  of  work  ;  at  leisure. 

"  Other  creatures  nil  day  long 
Eove  idle,  wivmploy'd,  and  less  need  rest. 

2.  Not  being  in  use :  as,  unemployed  CiipitaL 

3.  Not  associated  or  accompanied  with  la- 
bour or  employment. 

"To  maintain  able-bodied  men  in  unemployed  im- 
priaonment."— Froude  :  Mitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xvt 

H  The  Unemployed :  A  collective  term,  em- 
bracing all  persons  in  humble  circumstances 
who  are  out  of  employment.  These  may  be 
divided  into  three  classes  :  (1)  Those  who  are 
unable  to  work,  either  through  age,  accident, 
or  disease  ;  (2)  Those  who  are  willing  to  work 
but  cannot  find  employment ;  and  (3)  Those 
who  will  not  work  under  any  circumstances. 
The  unemployed  who  fall  under  the  third  cate- 
gory form  a  large  and  dangerous  class  in  all 
our  cities  and  in  the  country  at  large.  In  the 
latter  they  have  the  significant  name  of  tramp, 


the  most  dangerous  classes,  being  ready  to 
take  advantage  of  any  strike  or  popular  excite- 
ment, and  often  bringing  worthy  causes  into 
disrepute  by  their  illegal  acts.  Of  the  worthy 
unemployed  there  Is  always  a  considerable 
number  in  the  congested  eitios  of  modern 
times,  and  in  periods  of  business  depression, 
like  that  of  1893-94,  an  army  of  them  exists, 
who  unavoidably  become  a  heavy  and  dis- 
tressing burden  on  the  community.  Great 
sums  of  money  are  subscribed  by  the  generous 
for  the  alleviation  of  the  distress  on  such  occa- 
sions, but  in  all  such  cases  much  suffering 
unavoidably  results.  The  great  strikes  which 
are  now  becoming  so  common  form  another 
source  of  this  public  evil,  which  Is  undoubtedly 
added  to  greatly  in  the  United  States  by  the 
rapid  influx  of  umskilled  foreigners,  many  of 
them  from  the  normally  idle  class. 

"  Th«  unemployed  are  formed  from  many  different 
classes,  irorn  many  diverse  elements :  and  we  get  no 
nearer  to  understanding  their  coiiditiun.  to  say  nothing 
of  improving  it.  if  we  persist  in  treating  them  u 
tbough  they  were  all  of  a  single  type,  and  that  typ« 
one  which  lain  no  degree  representative,"— .»../«»»«* 
Gawtte.  Deo.  22.  1887. 


boil,  bo^;  ptfat,  Jtf*l;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  ay;  expect,  .Xenophon,  exist,   ph 
-cian, -tlan  ^  sham,   -tlon,  -sion  =  shun;  -(ion,  -fion  =  xhun.   -clou*,  -Uous,  -slous  =  fthu*.   -We,  -4-Ue,  Ac.  -  beJ,  d 


4938 


unemptiable— unequalled 


*  fen-emp'-ti-a-ble  (p  silent),  a.     (Pref.  «n- 

(1)  ;  Eng.  empty,  and  suff.  -able.]   That  cannot 
be  emptied  or  exhausted;  inexhaustible. 

"  A  drop  of  tlmt  unemptiable  fountains  of  wiadome  ' 
— Booker:  Ecclet.  Pol.,  bk.  ii.,  J  L 

fin-emp'-tie'd  (p  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Kng.  emptied.]  Not  emptied. 

"  With  Its  uiwmptt«d  cloud  of  gentle  rain." 

Byron  ;  Chitdt  Harold,  iv.  70. 

*  fin  en  a  -bled  (bled  as  beld),  a.   [Pret 
wn-  (1),  and  Eng.  enab/erf.]    Not  enabled  or 
empowered.     (Soiithey:  Thatabat  v.) 

*  un-e-nar'-ra-ble,  a.    [INENARBABLE.] 

*  un-en-ehant'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  enchanted.]    Not  enchanted  ;  that  can- 
not be  enchanted.    (Milton :  Comus,  895.) 

Un  en  closed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

enclosed.]    Not  enclosed  ;  open. 

"An  ancient  manor,  now  rich  with  cultivation, 
then  Uirreu  and  un^ncloti'd.  which  wn*  known  by  th« 
name  of  Hallamshire."— Macaulvy  :  ffnt.  Bng..  cb.il. 

*  tin-en-cum'-ber,  v.L    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  encumber.]    To  free  from  encumbrance ; 
to  disencumber. 

"  A  cloistral  place 

Of  refnge,  with  an  untinmmberd  floor." 
Woruneorth  :  Poem*  on  the  A'aminy  o/  Placet,  vL 

tin  ^n  cum'-bered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bog.  fnciunberrd.]  Not  encumbered  ;  having 
no  liabilities  on  it ;  as,  unencumbered  property. 

*  un  en  dan'-gered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  emlangered.]    Not  endangered. 

"  See,  rooted  to  the  earth.  Ita  kindly  bed. 
Th'  unendfinyer  d  myrtle,  deck'd  with  flowers." 

Wordtteorth:  Excurtitm,  tU. 

*tin-en-deared',  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l\  and  Eng. 
endeared.]  Not  endeared ;  not  much  or  greatly 
loved. 

"  Not  In  the  bought  smile 
Of  harlots,  loveless,  joyless,  MMtdMfM* 

Mtitm:f.JL.i<r.1m 

tin  end'  ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (\\  and  Eng. 
ending.]  Having  no  end  ;  endless. 

"  The  unending  circles  of  Uborioot  science."— felt- 
ham:  On  SodeM.  it  n. 

*  tin-end  ing  ness,   5.      [Eng.    unending ; 
-ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  unend- 
ing ;  everlastingness. 

"  The  theory  of  the  literal  unending***  °f  eren 
man]  perdition."— Brit,  (juart.  Review.  Oct.  1881,  p.  4ji/. 

•fin-end'-ljf,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng.  end, 
and  suff.  -ly.]  Having  no  end  ;  endless. 

"  Bent  to  uHtndly  revenge."— Sidney  ;  A  rcadia,  p.  224. 

fin  en- d owed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
endowed.  ] 

1.  Not  endowed  with  funds ;  not  having  an 
endowment. 

"Bequeathed  by  that  lady  to  this  unendowed 
charity.'— Tint**,  Nov.  4, 18T8.  (Adrt.) 

2.  Not  endowed;   not  furnished;   not  in- 
vested. 


3.  Having  no  dower  or  dowry. 

**  Reflect  what  truth  was  In  my  {Mission  shown, 
When,  unendowed,  I  took  tbee  for  mine  own.1* 
Pofte  :  January  *  May,  650. 

tin  en  diir'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  endurable.}  Not  endurable  ;  insutlerable, 
intolerable.  (Ltmqfellow:  Golden  Legend,  i.) 

un-en-  dur'-a-biy,  adv.  [Eng.  unendur- 
ah(le)  ;  *ly.\  In  an  unendurable  manner;  in 
a  manner  not  to  be  borne  ;  intolerably. 

*tin-en-dur'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  enduring.}  Not  enduring;  not  lasting  ; 
fleeting. 

"  Of  aeon  heaTen.  the  unsnduring  clouds." 

Wordtieorth  :  JExcurtion,  bk.  Ix. 

•un  en  fee'  -bled  (bled  as  beld),  a.  [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  enfeebled.]    Not  enfeebled  ; 
not  weakened. 

"The  eomelineafl  of  vnenfrebled  age." 

Wordtteorth  :  Xxcurttim,  bk.  Til 

tin-en-fran'-eblsed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  enfranchised.  ]  Not  enfranchised;  not 
having  the  franchise  or  right  to  vote  for 
members  of  parliament  [FRANCHISE,  «.,  II.] 

tin  en-gaged',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


1.  Not  engaged  ;  not  bound  or  pledged  by 
obligation  or  promise. 

"  Both  the  house*  of  parliament,  your  assembly,  and 
the  whole  kingdom,  stand  yet  free  and  unengaged  to 
any  part.1'—  fi&Aop  Hall  :  A  Modest  Offer. 


2.  Free  from  attachment  that  binda :  as, 
Her  affections  are  unengosjed, 

3.  Disengaged,    unemployed,    unoccupied ; 
not  busy ;  at  leisure :  aa,  He  is  unengaged. 

*  4.  Not  appropriated :  as,  unengaged  re 
venues. 

*  un  en-gagging,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
etigaying.}    Not  engaging ;  not  prepossessing. 

un-en-glish  (en  as  m),  a.     [Pret  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  English.]  Not  English  ;  not  after 
the  laws,  manners,  customs,  or  habits  of  the 
English ;  not  characteristic  or  worthy  of 
Englishmen. 

"  Less  unenglish  than  either  Mr.  Bridge  or  Mr. 
Raskin  seems  to  think."— Field,  Jan.  14.  1888. 

*  un-en  glished  (en  as  in),  a.     [Pref.  un- 
(l);  Eng.  engliskfd.}    Not  translated  or  ren 
dei-ed  into  English.    [ENGLISH,  ».] 

"  Whereto  I  am  110  whit  beholding  for  leaving  It  vn- 
englithed,"—Sp.  Bolt :  Honour  of  the  Married  Cleryie, 

un-en-16"3ted't  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
enjoyed.}  Not  enjoyed;  not  possessed;  not 
used  with  pleasure  or  delight 

*'  Each  day's  a  mistress  unenjoged  before." 

Dryden.     (Richardson,) 

*  un-en-Jo^-ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
enjoying.]    Not  enjoying ;  not  making  proper 
use  or  fruition. 

"  The  unenjoyinff,  craving  wretch  la  poor." 

Creech.    (Uichardton.) 

*  un  en  larged',  a.    [Prwf.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
enlarged.}    Not  enlarged ;  narrow,  contracted ; 
narrow-minded,  prejudiced. 

"These  unenlargod  souls  are  in  the  same  manner 
disgusted  with  the  wonders  which  the  microscope  has 
diatovered."—  Watts  :  Logic*  pt.  L,  ch.  xvL 

tin-en-light'-ened  (gh  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  enlightened.]  Not  enlightened  ; 
not  mentally  or  morally  illuminated. 

"  Let  oottagen  and  un*nUfkten«d  swains 
Revere  the  laws  they  dream  that  Heaven  ordains." 
Cowper:  Hope,  240. 

*  un-en-liv1  cned,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
enlivened.]     Not   enlivened  ;    not    rendered 
cheerful,  bright,  or  animated. 

"  Unadorned  by  words,  «n#n71«n«d  by  figures,"— 
Atterbury:  Kermont,  vol.  1.,  ser.  L 

*  un -en-slayed',  a.    [Pret  un-  (IX  »»d  Eng. 
enslaved.}    Not  enslaved  ;  free. 

"  She  sits  a  sovereign,  unenttawctt  and  free." 

Addiion. 

*  iin-en-tan  -gle,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 

entangle.}  To  free  from  complication  or  en- 
tanglement ;  to  disentangle. 

"0  my  God.  how  dost  thmi  unentangla  ma  In  any 
scruple  arising  out  of  the  consideration  of  this  thy 
fear.  '—Donne  ;  Devotiont,  p.  12a. 

un  en-tan'-gled  (gled  as  geld),  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  entangled.} 

1.  Not  entangled;  fiee  from  complication, 
perplexity,  or  entanglement. 

"  That  this  man,  wise  and  virtuous  as  he  was,  tmaaed 
always  unentanglrd  through  the  anare*  of  fife,  it 
would  be  a  prejudice  and  temerity  to  ararm."— John- 
•on  :  Liwet  of  the  PoeU ;  Colttnt. 

2.  Disentangled. 

un  en  - torcd,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
entered.] 
L  Not  entered  ;  not  gone  or  passed  Into. 

"  The  Intelligences  I  have  seen 
Round  our  regretted  aud  unenter'd  Eden." 

Byrvn  :  Cain,  ft  i. 

2.  Not  entered  or  set  down  in  a  list :  as, 
He  is  unentered  for  the  race. 

*  tin  -en  -tcr-ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
entering.}    Not  entering  ;  making  no  impres- 
sion.   (Southty :  Thalaba,  Ix.) 

*  un-en -tor  pri^-ing,  a.  [Pret  un-(l),  and 

Eng.  enterprising.}  Not  enterprising,  not  ad- 
venturous. 

"  He  was  a  timid  and  unenterpri§tng  commander." 
—Macavlay:  ffttt.  Kng.,  ch.  xvifl. 

tin-en-ter-taln'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  entertaining.]  Not  entertaining;  atford- 
Ing  no  pleasure  or  amusement. 

"The  labour  Is  long  and  the  elements  dry  and  «n- 
«ntertaininy."-&ra,i,  :  Letteri ;  To  We*,  let,  »  (1740). 

*  un-en-ter-tain'-ihg-nesa.  *.    [Eng.  un- 
entertaining;  -nea.]    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  nnentertaining. 

"Last  poet  I  received  a  very  diminutive  letter;  It 
made  excuses  for  iu  unmtertaingneu.  Tery  little  to 
the  purpose. "— tfray :  Letter  to  West  (1740.) 

tin  en-thralled',  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1).  and  Eng. 
enthralled.]  Not  enthralled,  not  enslaved. 


*  un  en  tire',  un-ln-titre,   a.     [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Bug.  entire.}    Not  whole. 

IT  To  make  unentire :  To  dissolve,  to  resolve 
Into  elements  or  constituents. 

"  To  make  me  vnenttrt.' 

Dan*,   Witten  PUffrimag*.  p.  U. 

*  un -6  n -tombed    (&  silent),  a.     [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eug.  entombed.]    Not  entombed,  not 
buried,  not  interred. 

"  Think'rt  thou  thus  unentomb'd  to  cross  the  flood  t" 
Drydent  Virgil;  *£,uiid,  vl.  608. 

*  iin-&a -tranced',   a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  entranced.]    Not  entranced  or  under  the 
influence  of  a  charm  or  spell  ;  disentraueed. 

"  Uls  heart  was  wholly  unentranced." 
Taylor .  PMUp  win  A  rteeelde  ( Lay  qf  Elena). 

un-gn'-vi-%-We,  o.  [Pref.  wn-(l),  and  Eng. 
enviable,]  ^fot  enviable  ;  not  to  be  envied. 

**The  same  propensities  whtch  afterwards;  in  a 
hfcher  post,  (tnlned  for  him  »n  unenviable  Immor- 
tality."— Muenulan;  BiV.  Kng..  ch.  Iv. 

un  dn'-vied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Bag. 
mried.]  Not  envied  ;  not  the  object  of  envy. 

"  Unenvied  there,  he  may  sustain  alone 
The  whole  reproach,  the  fault  wan  all  his  own," 
Cotcper:  Tirocinium, 

*  tin-en'-vi-OUS,    a.      [Pref.    (1),  and    Bog. 
envious.]    Not  envious  ;  free  from  envy. 

"  We  shall  be  far  surer  of  finding  these  upright,  un- 
entlvus,  considerate.  U-uevoIent,  cciupassIouHie  thati 
otliers,  who  have  not  equal  iiiducementa"— Seckert 
nermont.  voL  V.,  aer.  1L 

*  tin-Sn'-vJ-ing,  a.    [Pref.  «n-(l),  and  Eng. 
emyiny.}     Not  enving ;  free  from  envy  ;  un- 
envious. 

*  iin-ep'-I  l&gued,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  epilogu(e);  -ed.]    Not  furnished  or  pro- 
vided with  an  epilogue.    (Special  coinage.) 

"  Unepilogued  the  poet  waita  his  sentence." 

Goldsmith  :  Xfritoffu*  to  The  Sittert. 

"un-e-pis-cA  pal,  o.  [Pref.  u.n-  (1).  and 
Eng.  episcopal.]  Not  episcopal ;  without 
bishops. 

"  A  ny  sovereign  and  unepiicopal  Presbytery."  — 
Qauden :  Teari  of  the  Church,  p.  11. 

*  un  e   qua-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
equable.]    Not  equable,  not  uniform ;  change- 
ful, fitful,  changeable. 

"The  most  unsettled  and  vn«qunble  of  seasons  In 
most  countries  in  the  world."— Bentley ;  8ermo»t, 

*  iin  e'-qua-bly,  adv.   [Eng.  untguab(le) ;  -ly.] 
Not  equably  or  uniformly. 

"  We  behold  the  universe  as  a  splendid  space  Inter- 
eiwrsed  unequably  with  clusters."  —  foe:  Eureka. 
( Work*.  IWt),  i  L  180. 

un-e'-qual,  *  un-e -quail,  a.  A  t.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  aud  Eng.  equal.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  Unjust,  unfair,  iniquitous.  (In  thic 
sense  a  translation  of  Lat.  iniquus,  from  in-  = 
not,  and  cequus  =  equal,  fair,  just.) 

"  Ts    not  my  way  eqoal?  are  not  your  ways  us> 
- 


2.  Not  equal ;  not  of  the  same  size,  length, 
breadth,  width,  thickness,  volume,  quantity, 
strength,  station,  or  the  like. 

3.  Inadequate,  insufficient 

"  To  that  danger  'his  fortitude  proved  unequal"— 
Jfacaulay  :  ffl*t.  Eng.,  ch.  xxL 

*4.  Not  equable,  not  uniform;  unequal; 
as,  unequal  pulsations. 

II.  Bat. :  Not  having  the  two  sides  symme- 
trical, as  the  leaf  of  Begonia.  Applied"  speci- 
ally to  sepals  and  petals  of  unequal  size  and 
shape.  In  describing  a  corolla,  equal  and  un- 
equal have  sometimes  been  substituted  for 
regular  and  irregular. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  not  equal  to  another  In 
station,  power,  ability,  age,  or  the  like. 

"Among  unequal*  what  society  t" 

Milton :  P.  L.,  rill.  MS. 

unequal-Sided,  a.  The  same  as  UK- 
EQUAL  and  OBLIQUE  (q.  Y.). 

unequal-voices,  *.  pt, 
Music:  Voices  of  mixed  qualities,  those  of 
women  combined  with  those  of  men. 

*  un-e'-qual  a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
equal,  and  suit,  -able.]  Not  able  to  be  equalled!; 
not  capable  of  being  equalled,  matched,  or 
paralleled;  matchless,  peerless. 

**  Whose  love  to  God  Is  qnwtlonles*,  filial,  and  H» 
equalabU."  -  Bogle :  Worto,  L  Mi 

in  e'-qualled,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
equalled.^  Not  equalled  or  paralleled ;  on- 


»te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  we,  w€t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p*t, 
or.  wore,  woli;  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  oub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rmle,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  Jew. 


unequally— unexceptional 


4939 


paralleled,    unrivalled,    peerless.     (Used    in 
either  a  good  or  bad  sense.) 


l-e'-qual-ly',  adv.  (Eng.  unequal ; -ly.]  Not 
eciually  ; 'in  an  unequal  manner  or  degree ;  in 
unequal  or  different  degrees ;  irregularly,  un- 
syiuuietrically. 

••  The  area  of  the  Island  was  during  the  winter  ami 

«,rini"uot  annually  divided  between  the  contending 

liccs. ''-Xaeaula,,  :  Hitt.  fna-,  ch.  *vlL 

unequally- pinnate,  a. 

Bat.  (Of  a  leaf):  Pinnate  with  a  terminal 
leaflet;  imparii'innate. 

"  un-e'-qual-ness,  ».  [Eng.  unevjiioZ ;  -ness.] 
Th,-  quality  or  state  of  being  unequal ;  in- 
equality. 

••  The  unequalnea  and  unreasonableness  of  which 
all  lawyer,  "ill  deride.'-*.  Taylor!  Mute  of  Con. 
Kieace,  bk.  U.,  ch.  li. 

•  un-eqult-a-ble  (eqult  as  SK-k^tt).  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  equitable.]  Not  equit- 
able ;  inequitable. 

••  Measure,  which  they  think  too  unequitable  to  pres. 
upon,  a  murderer."— Decay  of  Piety. 

*  un-eqult-a-biy  (eqult  as  8k'-kwlt),  adv. 

[Eng.  etputaUfe) ;  -ly.]  Not  equitably  ;  in  an 
unequitable  manner. 

'  WS*?  W»"  W  »•  « 

hiequitableness,  iniquity,  injustice.  (Wy 
diffe  :  Rom.  iii.  5.) 

un-S-qnlV-A-oal,  a.    [Pref.  «»•  (1),  and 
Eng.  equivocal.] 

1.  Not  equivocal ;  not  doubtful ;  clear,  evi- 
dent, plain. 


ra^rJffiedlSward,  the'baulshed  l!uguenoui.--J(ac- 
aulay  i  Bin.  Eng.,  ch.  vL  ...      .„ 

2   Not  ambiguous  ;  not  of  doubtful  slgmn- 
cation  :  as  unequivocal  expressions. 


--cal-ly.  adv.    [Eng. 
-         In  an"  unequivocal,  clear,  or  plain 
manner  ;  clearly,  plainly. 


fiu-S-anIV-4-ool-nSBS,  «.  [Eng.  wuquivo- 
wlT^  ness.]  ThTT  quality  or  state  of  being 
unequivocal  ;  clearness,  plainness. 

•  fin-8-rad'-Ic-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1), 
and  Eng.  emdicoMe.]  Not  eradicable  ;  in- 
capable of  being  eradicated  ;  ineradicable. 


uii-ca-yuu"  T^~.y  (ew  as  u),  "un-es- 

ehu-a-bly,  adv.    [Eng.  unesctewab(U);  -ly.] 
Unavoidably. 

"The!    been    to  oomen    uneKhuably.'—  Chaucer : 
Boeciia,  bk.  ». 

*  un-8«WJUteh'-eoned,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  escutaheoned.]     Not  escutcheoued ;   not 
with  an  escutcheon. 

••  To  this  loved  cemetery,  here  to  lodge. 
With  uneKutch-mieit  privacy  interred. 

Wordsworth :  JUcunion,  bk.  TL 

*  un-eso, ».    [USEASE.] 

*  tin -8s -pied',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
espied.]    Not  espied  ;  not  seen  or  discovered  ; 
unseen,  undiscovered. 

"  Nearer  to  view  bin  prey,  and  unespfad.  „ 

To  mark  what  of  their  .tat.  be  inure  might  'earn. 

fin -6s -saved',  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
essayed.]  Nut  essayed;  not  tried;  untried, 
unatteiupte'l. 

••  Th.  reed,  no  sooner  touched  my  lip.  though  new. 
And  unemayrd  before,  than  wide  they  flow 

Covrper  :  Death  of  Ifamon. 

un-Ss-s8n'-tlal  (tlal  as  snal),  o.  & «.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eug.  essential.] 

A*  As  adjective : 

I  Not  essential ;  not  constituting  the  real 
essence ;  not  absolutely  necessary  ;  not  of 
prime  importance. 

"Those  who  differed  from  him  In  the  ... 
part,  of  Chrtitlauity."— Addieon:  Freeholder 

*  2.  Void  of  real  being. 

"  Prime  cheerer  Light ! 

Without  whose  vesting  beauty  all  were  wrnpt 
In  uneitentlal  gloom.''     Thornton :  Summer,  M. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1  Ord.  Lang  :  Something  not  constituting 
the' real  essence,  or  not  absolutely  necessary. 

2  Music  (PI.) :  Notes  not  forming  a  neces- 
sary part  of  the  harmony.   Passing,  auxiliary, 
or  ornamental  notes. 

un  es  sen'-tial-ljf  (tlal   as   shalX  adv. 

[Bug.  unessential ;   -ly.]    Not  in  an  essential 
or  absolutely  necessary  manner. 

*  un-Ss-tab'-lish,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  estalilish.]  To  nnlix,  to  disestablish ;  to 
deprive  of  establishment. 

"  The  narliament  demanded  of  the  king  to  unertab. 
Jirt  ufaCreUtlcal  government  .hioh'Ul  usurped 
over  us.-- UUton :  tStonatlaUel,  I  2,. 

•un-eth,  *un-ethes,  adv.    [UNEATH.] 

tun-e-van-gSl'-lo-al,  a.     [Pref.  tm- (l), 

•nd  Eng.  erangeltoaL]     Not  evangelical ;  not 
according  to  the  gospel. 

Whom  in  Justice  to  retaliate,  Is  not  as  he  supposes 
— .Villon:  Answer  to  Sixon  aatuiKe, 


2.  Want  of  uniformity  or  equableness ;  un 
steadiness,  uncertainty. 

"  ThU  unevennta  of  temper  and  irregularity  of  con- 
duct."— Additon ;  Spectator,  No.  162. 

*  3.  Turbulence ;  disturbed  state. 

"  By  rea«on  of  the  trouble,  and  unevenneu  tl  bit 
reign.  ~-Hale. 

4.  Want  of  smoothness  in  regard  to  style, 
or  the  like ;  rnggedness. 

"It  were  .trange  If  In  what  I  writ  there  did  not 
appear  much  of  unevcnnett.  —Boyle:  works,  11.  251. 

un-e-vSnt-ful,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
eventful.}  Not  eventful ;  not  marked  by 
events  of  any  importance ;  as,  an  uneventful 
journey  or  reign. 

•  un-Bv'-I-dent,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
evident.]  Not  evident,  clear,  or  plain ;  obscure. 

"  We  conjecture  at  untndent  things  by  that  which 

•  ttn-eV-It-a-ble,  o.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

evit'tttle.}    Not  to  be  escaped  or  avoided  ;  in- 
evitable. 

"  Whenfore  weying  and  forseelng  this  (as  I  may  we! 
terme  it)  calamity  and  unevitaole  danger  of  men.  — 
JfacUuyt :  1'iryaget.  U.  63. 

•  un-SV-I-tat-Sd,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Lat 

evitatus,  pa.  par.  of  evito  =  w  avoid.)     un- 
avoided,  unescaped. 

"  With  that,  th'  unerring  dart  at  Cycnus  flung. 


"to-err'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
erratic.]  Not  able  or  liable  to  err  ;  incapable 
of  erring  ;  infallible. 

"  The  umornlny  of  your  unerrable  see  la  discovered." 
-Sheldon:  Ulrrtnr  of  Antichrilt,  p.  1«1 

•Sn-Srr'-a-ble-nBss.o.  [Eng.  unerratU; 
-ness  ]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unable 
to  err  ;  incapacity  of  error  ;  infallibility. 

"The  many  Innovation!  ol  that  chnrch  wttneB  the 
danger  of  presuming  upon  the  unerraMeneu  of  a 
guide."—  Decay  of  Fifty. 

tin-err'-ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  err- 

1.  Committing  no  mistake;  incapable  of 
error  ;  infallible. 

"  As  Thy  unerrtna  precept.  teach." 
WordtaerOt  :  rkantugMng  Ode.  •>«•.  »!.  ul«- 

1  Incapable  of  missing  the  mark  ;  certain, 

:'  To  bend  the  bow,  and  aim  unerrinf  dart.." 

Pope  :  Somer  ;  Iliad  v.K. 

fa-err"-  tog-ljf,  ad".  [Eng.  unerring;  -ly.] 
In  an  unerring  manner;  without  error  or 
failure  ;  certainly,  infallibly. 

*  Thy  strong  shat  ta  pursue  their  path 


•Sn-SB-cap'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  escapaSie']  That  cannot  be  escaped  or 
avoided  ;  unavoidable. 

"  Eternal  flight  from  Dome  unafcopaote  enemy."— 
MaMon  :  De  ijulncey.  p.  OS. 

•to.-Ss-shew'-a-ble  (ew  ss  ft),  *nn-es- 
chu-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng.  es- 
ehewable.]  Not  able  to  be  eschewed,  avoided, 
or  shunned. 

g  by  an  umKliuabb  betldyng  toglther." 
Jo«duJ,  bk.  v. 


un-o'-ven,  o.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  even,  a.] 
1.  Not  even,  not  level,  smooth,  or  plain ; 
rugged,  rough. 

"  Thus  fallen  am  I  In  dark,  uneven  way." 

Shakeep. :  Jlidlummer  A'iffht't  Dream,  lit  i 

8.  Not  straight  or  direct ;  crooked. 

••  Uneven  is  the  course.  I  like  It  not." 

Shaketp.  :  Romeo  £  Juliet.  Iv.  1. 

3  Not  uniform,  regular,  or  well-matched. 

ii293£8S£iS  ^"Tx-vuT  "oaM  "ny 

4  Not  perfectly  horizontal  or  level,  as  the 
beam  of  a  scale  ;  not  on  the  same  height  or 
plain  ;  hence,  not  true,  just,  or  fair. 

"  Belial.  In  much  uneven  tmtirtff  "'*>*'''$  ._ 

All  others  br  thy«lf       UMon    P.  K..  U.  1V». 

"  5.  Ill-matched,  unsuitable  ;  ill-assorted. 

••  So  forth  they  traveled,  an  uneven  payre  .  .  . 
A  aalvag.  man  inatcht  with  a  ladyc  "^vre. 

6  In  Aritk. :  Not  divisible  by  2  without  a 
remainder;  odd;  as,  3,  5,  7,  Ac.  ;  unevenly 
unequal  numbers  are  those  which  being  dl- 
Tided  by  4  leave  a  remainder  equal  to  1,  as  5, 
9, 13,  &c. 

*7.  Difficult,  perplexing,  embarrassing. 

"  Uneven  and  unwelcome  news." 

Shalcetp. :  1  Benrf  If.,  L  1. 

n-e'-ven-l*,  adv.    [Eng.  uneven ;  -ly.]     In 
an  uneven  manner ;  nut  smoothly  or  regu- 

"Whoraver  ride,  on  a  l«me  horM.  cannot  hut 
move  ^nevenly'-Rp.  Baa:  Jfo  Peace  unth  Home,  S  ». 

un-e'-ven-ness,  s.    [Eng.  uiutven;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  uneven, 
rough,  or  rugged;  roughness;  inequality  ol 
surface. 

"The  ruggednem  and  une~nnett  of  th.  roada.  - 
'      l  On  the  Creation. 


ttn-8-vSlved'.  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

evolved.]    Not  evolved. 

*un-8r-act',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
exact,  a.]  Not  exact  or  accurate ;  inexact,  in- 
correct. 

•  un-8x-acf  -3d,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
exacted.]    Not  exacted  ;  not  taken  by  force, 

"  But  all  was  common,  and  the  fruitful^  earth 
Was  free  to  give  her  unexncied  birth. 

P     Drydtn :  ViroU;  Oeoroio  i.  Hi. 

un-Sx-ag'-ger-at-ed, «.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and 
EngT exaggerated.]  Not  exaggerated. 

*  un-S^-am'-in-a-Me,   a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  eramtnaiie.]    Not  exarainable  ;  not 
admitting  of  examination. 

"  The  lowly,  alwls.,  and  uitexamlnaole i  Intention 
of  Chrurt."— Hilton  :  Reform,  in  Knoland.  bk,  1. 

L'-lned,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1.  l,ot  otamined,  tested,  inrestigated,  «r 

tried. 

••  A  forward  condemnation  of  all  that  may  .tand 
ta  oTTcositiou  to  It,  unheard  and  unexaminrd  ;  which. 
wh?,t^V  it  but  pte]udlcel"-i<x*.:  Conduct  of  th. 
Undent.,  i  10. 

2.  Not  examined  judicially;  untried. 

"  And  yet  within  these  five  hours  Hastings  llT'd 
Untainted,  unexamirid.  free.  ^J^^^    y^  ^ 

3.  Not  explored  or  investigated. 

"  There  remained  neverthel.es  room  for  rery  large 
blairisln  ""ce»  uaexamined.--Coot:  Second  Voyage. 
bk.  1L,  ch.  vi. 

tin-8x-«m'-pled  (pled  as  peld),  o.    [Pret 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  exampled.]  Not  exampled  ; 
having  no  example,  precedent^  or  sirmlai 
case ;  unprecedented. 

"  To  mak.  «»m.  ygygffffgjf^  L 

un-8x-s8lled',  a.    [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng 

excelled.}    Not  excelled. 

"  Unrivalled  love.  In  Lycla  •"^""f4!..  - 
Cotoper:  Homer ;  Iliad,  T. 

un-8x-oSp'-tlon-a-ble,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1). 

and  Bug.  exceptionable.]    Not  exceptionable 
not  liable  or  open  to  any  exception,  objection, 
or  censure  ;  unobjectionable,  faultless. 

"  Men  of  clear  and  unexceptional  characters,"— 
Wattrland:  Worto,  v.  2»9. 

un-ex-c8p'-tlon-a-ble-n8ss,  >.  [Eng.  un- 
KcceptiJiiable;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unexceptionable. 


••  Other  nart.  of  his  eipo.ltion  of  ib**'*V|*uJLt^* 
had  the   like  "JJ^"",^'','™**-    -*""•    °" 

un-8x-e8p'-tlon-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  «nw- 
ceptionab(le):  -ly.}  In  an  unexceptionable 
manner. 

"Peraon.  «o  unexceptionable  qnalily'd    for  that 
purpos.."-aoui».'  Sermont,  vol.  v..  Ml.  «. 

*un-8x-c8p'-«on-al,  o.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and 
Eng.  exceptional.}  Unexceptionable.  (A  wrong 
use.) 

"  The  sHscourae.  are  I™ 

u  they  go."— SHi.  quarterly  1 


4940 


*  un-Sx-cep'-tlve,  a.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  exceptive.]    Not  exceptive  ;  admitting  no 
exception. 

un  exchanged ,  a.  [Pret  un-(l),  and  Eng. 
exchanged.)  Not  exchanged. 

"  But  contend  that  you  may 
vengeance  tho»  .ho  «£to  ^Si 
i-Kter  to  «W  SAerur  </  SrfjM  (17;;,. 

*  Hn-ex-cised',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
excise:  ^d.]    Not  excised;  not  subjected  or 
liable  to  excise  or  duty. 

"  And  beggar*  taste  thee  unexclt'd  by  kings." 

SMML 
'  un-ex-oluf-Jve.   a.      [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and 

ing.  exclusive.]   Not  exclusive  ;  general,  com- 
prehensive. 

"  un-ex-clus'-Ive-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unex- 
elusive  ;  -ly.)  Without  exclusion  of  anything  • 
so  as  not  to  exclude. 

•  ttn-ex-cogr-it-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  excogitabU.]  Not  excogitable;  not  able 
to  be  thought  out. 

••Wherein  can  man  be  said  to  resemble  his  mm. 

•• 


unexceptive— nnextinguishably 


•fin  ex  cus-a-ble,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  excusable.]  Not  excusable ;  inexcusable, 
unpardonable. 

"  It  was  a  perverse,  gross,  malicious,  and  unexcut- 
able  ignorance."— Hammond  :  Work,,  Iv.  642. 

•un-ex-cus-a-ble-ness,  «.  [Eng.  unex- 
cusable ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unexcusable. 

"  Rip  up  to  you  the  unexcittaWenea  of  the  heathen 
Ignorance  In  general."— Bammond:  Work,,  Iv.  813. 

Sd,  a.    (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

L  Not  executed  ;  not  performed  or  carried 
out. 

"The  decree  of  the  Senate  remained  unexecuted  " 
-Lean,:  Cred.  Earl,  Roman  Btu.  (185S),  ch.  ill. 

2.  Not  signed  or  sealed ;  not  properly  at- 
tested :  as,  a  deed  or  contract  unexecuted. 
'  3.  Unemployed  ;  not  put  into  practice. 

"  Leave  unexecuted 
Your  own  renowned  knowledge  " 

Statetp.  :  Anton,  t  Cleopatra,  lu.  7. 

*  fin-ex-6m'-plar-y,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  exemplary.]    Not  exemplary. 

*  fin  ex-em  -pli-f led,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Bug.  exemplified.]    Not  exemplified  ;  not  illus- 
trated by  example :  unexampled. 

"  Those  wonders  a  generation  returned  wit h  so  un- 
exemplified  au  ingratitude."— Boyle, 

*  fin  ex  empt'  (p  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (11 
and  Eng.  exempt.] 

1.  Not  exempt;  not  free  by  privilege  or 
right ;  liable. 

2.  Not   exempting  from,  or  depriving  of 
•orne  privilege,  or  the  like. 

"  Scorning  the  unexempt  condition 
By  which  all  mortal  frailty  must  subsist" 

Milton:  Conuu,eSi. 

*  fin  ex  empt'  ed  (p  silent),  a.     [Pref.  un- 
0),  and  Eng.  exempted.]    Not  exempted :  not 
free  by  privilege  or  right 

"To  require  an >  vnexempted  and  Impartial  obs, 
dience  to  all  her  decrees.--*UJon :  Ditorce,  ok.  11, 

I    II       Xlll. 

•fin-ex'  er-9ised,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  exercised.]  Not  exercised ;  not  practised 
or  trained. 

"Without  discrimination  or  election,  of  which  In. 
deed  our  tender  and  unixerciud  minds  are  not  cai>- 
able."—  Ulannll.  Euan,,  No.  8. 

*  fin  ex-erf -ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  E"ng. 
exerted.]     Not   exerted;    not    brought   into 
action. 

"Attend  with  patience  the  uncertainty  of  things. 
and  what  lleth  yet  unexerled  in  the  chaos  of  f  uturit?  " 
-Browne  :  ChriXian  Jloral,,  L  2i 

u n  ex  haust  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
exha  listed.] 

1.  Not  exhausted ;  not  drained  to  the  bot- 
tom ;  not  emptied. 

"As  the  low  bent  clouds 
Four  flood  on  flood,  yet  unexhuutted  still 
Combine.  Tlumuon:  If  Inter. 

2.  Not  worn  out :  as  unexhausted  strength. 

•fin  ex  haust  I-ble,  a.  [Eng.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  exhaustible.]  Not  exhaustible,  inex- 
haustible. 

"Unethauetible  by  all  the  successions  of  tlme."- 
fale  :  Coat ;  Med.  on  t\e  Lord;  Prater. 


*  un-ex-ist  -ent,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
existent.]  Not  existent,  non-existent. 

"Suspended  knowledge  of  what 
—Brovne:  chriutan  Moral,,  iii.  13. 

•ttn-ex-ist'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
existing.]  Not  existing  ;  not  existent 

•im-ex-pand-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
bug.  expanded.]  Not  expanded. 

"  With  sleeping,  unexmnded  issue  stor'd." 

Blackmore:  Creation,  VL 

"an-gx-pecf-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
ling,  expectable.]  Not  to  be  expected  or  an- 
ticipated. 

"'f*  J"™l«Id«  .  .  .  without  unexpectnble  mercy 
perlsheth  eternally."—  AdamT:  iror/t^U.  821 

•an-ex-pecf-ant,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  expectant.  ]    Not  expectant  ;  not  looking 
expecting,  or  waiting  for. 
^  With  bent,  untxptaant  faces."-S.  SUM  :  Komola, 

*  tin-ex-pSc-ta'-tion,  ».  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
i-ng.  expectation.]  The  absenceof  expectation  ; 
wautof  previous  consideration  or  forethought. 

"As  every  other  evill,  so  this  [loese]  especially  Is 

K.  "-""f"""^-^-  i««--  M 


fin-e'x-pecf-e'd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
expected.]  Not  expected;  not  looked  for. 

"  Your  unexpected  presence  had  ao  roused 
My  spinta,  that  they  were  being  bent  on  enterprise." 
Wordneortti  :  Excurrion,  bk.  UL 

iin-8x-pgot'-Sd-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  unexpected; 
-ly.l  In  an  unexpected  manner  ;  at  a  time  or 
in  a  manner  not  expected  or  looked  for. 

"The  court  determining  the  case  unexptcttily  In 
favour  of  his  .liwueut.  -(tow.miri:  Tin  Bet,  No*7. 

t  un  ex  peet  -ed  ness,  ».  [Eng.  unexpected  ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  beiun  un- 
expected. 

>..'  T^e  un«a^)«rte<(n«»  added  (If  not  to  the  pain)  to 
the  fright  thereof.  '—fuller:   Wortkiu;   WUtAire. 


fin-ex-plained',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bna. 
explained.]    Not  explained. 

"  Portentous,  unexampled,  unexplained.' 

Covprr :  TaOt,  II.  58. 

•fin-ex'-pll-cat-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i)  and 
Eng.  explicated.]  Not  explicated ;  unexplained. 

un-ex-plored',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug. 
explored.] 

1.  Not  explored  or  examined  by  travelling. 
n/J^Lf  had  left  scarcely  a  nook  of  the  kingdom  unex. 
plored.  —Ma&iulay :  But.  Sno.,  cli.  xlii. 

led  intellectually ;  not  invea* 

"  No  female  arts  or  aids  she  left  untried. 
Kor  counsels  unexplored,  before  she  died." 

Dryden:  firail ;  .eneid  iv.  800. 

1',  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  exposed  or  laid  open  to  view  •  re- 
maining concealed  or  hidden ;  hence,  not  held 
up  to  censure. 

"Suffer  the  little  mistakes  of  the  author  to  pan 
unexpaed.  —  Watu  :  On  the  Mind,  ch.  v..  5  8. 

2.  Not  exposed  ;  not  liable  or  o)*n. 

"  Existence  unexpoutd 
To  the  blind  walk  of  mortal  ncciilent " 

Wordnaorth  :  Btrurtion,  bk.  IT. 

3.  Covered,    shielded,    or   protected    from 
violence,  injury,  danger,  or  the  like  ;  shel- 
tered :  as,  The  house  stands  in  an  unexposed 
situation. 

isn-ex-pound'-Jd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  expounded.]  Not  expounded;  not  ex- 
plained or  treated  of. 


--,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
ing.  expedient.]    Not  expedient,  inexpedient. 


s'.  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

express.]    Informal,  casual. 

"  Th*  unexpreu  [»choolmMt«rl  for  good  or  «Tll    U 

•• 


——--  -i"uu  not  be  unexpedient  after  meat"— 
Milton:  On  Education. 

"fin-ex-pSn'-Bive,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 

ling,  expensive.]    Not  expensive ;  inexpensive  • 
not  costly. 

'  My  life  hath  not  bin  unexpenHve  In  learning,  and 


— m— -   -  r— yC,  8.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  experience,  s.J    Want  of  experience ;  in- 
experience. 

"  I  am  not  ashamed  to  recant  that  which  my  un«z- 
perience  hath  (out  of  hearsay)  written  In  praise  of 
French  «ducaUon."-fip.  Ball  /Quo  Yadte,  1 10\ 

tin  ex-per  -i-enced,  a.     [Pret  un-  OX  and 
Eng.  experienced.] 

L  Not  experienced  :  not  versed  or  skilled  • 
Inexperienced. 

"  The  wisest,  unexperienced,  will  be  ever 
Timorous  and  loth."  Milton:  P.  R,  IIL  «0. 

2.  Without  havi>-^    gained   knowledge   or 
experience. 

"Thoo  return  unexperienced  to  thy  grave."— 
MtoJcap.  :  Taming  oft\e  Slirev,  iv.  t. 

3.  Untried  ;  not  known  from  experience. 
(Said  of  things.) 

"fin-ex  per' -I-ent,  a.  [Pref.  «n-  aX  and 
Bug.  cxperient.]  Inexperienced. 

"  The  inexperient  gave  the  tempter  place." 

SJiafftp.  :  Complaint,  818. 

*  un-Sx-pSr-r-mgnt-al,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  experimental.]    Not  experimental. 

*  un  ex-pert',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
expert.]    Not  expert;  inexpert;  wanting  skill 
experience,  or  knowledge  ;  inexperienced. 

"  My  sentence  Is  for  open  war  :  of  wiles, 
More  unexpert,  I  boast  not.'     Milton,-  P.  L.,  11.  6t 

* un-ex-perf -Ijf,  adv.  [Eng.  unexpert;  -ly.] 
Not  expertly ;  in  an  unexpert  manner :  un- 
skilfully. 

un-ex-pired',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
expired.] 

1.  Not  expired ;   not  having  reached    the 
date  at  which  it  is  due  :  as,  an  vnexpired  bilL 

2.  Not  having  expired  ;  not  having  come  to 
au  end  or  termination  ;  still  to  run. 

"  Having  an  uneipired  term  of  seven  years  from 
Michaelmas  last  — rimej.  Oct.  80,  1874. 

*  un-ex-plain'--a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.    explainable.]       Not    explainable;    not 
capable  of  being  explained  ;  inexplicable. 


un  ex-pressed  ,  a,    [Pref.  un-  OX  and  Eng. 

expressed.]    Not  expressed  ;   not   mentioned, 
declared,  proclaimed,  or  uttered. 

"  Neit-for  some  gracious  service  unerpreued, 
And  from  Its  wages  only  to  be  guensed  " 


. 

'  fin-fix-priSss'-I-hle.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  expressible.]  Not  expressible  ;  not  able 
or  fit  to  be  expressed  ;  inexpressible. 

•'  When  wilt  thou  put  an  end  to  these  unexvreulbu 
miseries  l"-«p.  Half:  ne  P«K^not.r°  j  |«T  * 

*  fin  2x  press  -Jbiy,  ado.  [Eng.  unexprea- 
tX<«);  -ly.]  In  a  manner  not  to  be  ex- 
pressed ;  inexpressibly. 

.--*R  rat, 


un-ex-presa'-Ive,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  expressive.] 

1.  Not  expressive  ;  deficient  In  expression. 
"8.  Inexpressible,  ineffable. 

•'  And  bears  the  unexprettiff  nuptial  song  " 
- 


.. 

"un-ex-press'-Ive-ly,  ado.  [Eng.  unex- 
pressive;  -iy.]  Not  expressively  ;  without  ex- 
pression. 

*  fin  ex-pug  -na-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  0),  and. 
Eng.  expugnaUe.]    Not  to   be   beaten,  con- 
quered,  or  overpowered. 

"  Debonaire 
HOT  untxpuynable  to  Ic  ,-e.  " 

aanai,:  (Mid:  JtetamorpnoteizL 

*  fin-Bx  tend'-ed,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
extended.} 

1.  Not  extended  or  stretched  out. 

"From  these  weak,  struggling,  unextended  arms." 
Congreve  :  jfourninff  Bride.  Ul 

2.  Occupying  no  assignable  space  ;  having 
no  dimensions. 

"How  Inconceivable  Is  it,  that  a  spiritual.  I.e.,  an 
muxlrndrd  sul«t»nce.  should  represent  to  the  mind 
an  exteude.l  ene,  as  a  triangle  T-iocfa. 

*  fin-6x-tlnef  ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

extinct.]    Not  extinct  or  extinguished. 
"  Be  there  but  one  spark 
Of  flre  remaining  in  him  unrain.l.- 

AsosMs.  *  Flft.  :  love,  Curt.  IIL  1 

un-ex-tin-guish  a  We   (gu  as  gw),  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  extinguishal,le.\  In. 
capable  of  being  extinguished  ;  inextinguish- 
able. 

•  Pain  of  unextin?uUK,Me  Ore." 

Mut,m:  P.L..U.O. 

*un-gx-ttn'-gulsb.-a-Wy(gu  as  gw), 

adv.  [Eng.  unextinguishabUf)  ;  -ly.]  In  as. 
nuextinguishable  manner  ;  in  a  manner  that 
cannot  be  extinguished  ;  inextinguishably. 


.ate,  Ht>  f"e'  ^mldt.  what,  tall,  fother;  wi,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
•r,  wore,  won  work,  who,  son;  mute,  oub.  oiire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  lull;  try,  Syrian.    ».  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tmextinguished— unfashionable 


4941 


ttn  ex  tln'-guished  (gu  as  gw),  a.    [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  extinguished.} 

1.  Not  extinguished  ;  not  quenched  or  re- 
pressed. 

*'  The  friend  who  stood  before  her  sight, 
Herouly  unexttnguithed  light" 


*  2.  Inextinguishable. 

"  An  ardent  thirst  of  honour;  ft  soul  unsatisfied  with 
all  It  ban  dune,  and  an  unextiiiffuinhed  desire  of  doing 
toon."—  Dryden. 

*  ftn  wr-tir-pat-ed,  a.     [Prof,  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  extlrpat&l.}    Not  extirpated;  not  rooted 
out  ;  not  eradicated  or  exterminated. 

"Taking  offence  at  the  sin  which  remains  as  yet 
unextirpated."—  Bp.  Hortley  :  Sermon*,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  40. 

*  tin  ex-tort  -£d,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
txtoi-teti.]    Not  extorted  ;  not  taken  or  wrested 
by  force;  spontaneous. 

"  The  suul'a  affection  can  be  only  given 
Free,  unextorted,  as  the  grace  of  heaven." 

Cowper  :  To  fte!i>t. 

•tin-&K'-trIc-%-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  extricable,}  Not  extricahle  ;  inextricable. 

"Which  supposition  we  shall  ftnde  involved  in  un- 
ixtricttWe  difficulties."—  More:  Immort.  of  the  Soul, 
bk.  it.  ch.  ii. 

*  tin-eyed',  a,     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  eyed.} 
Not  seen,  viewed,  or  noticed  ;  unseen. 

**  A  pair  of  lips,  oh  that  we  were  uneyed, 
I  could  suck  sugar  from  'em  I  ' 
Bfium.  A  f'let.  :   \Vit  at  Several  Weapon*,  il. 

*  fin-fa'-bled  (le  as  el),   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  fabled.}    Unmixed  with  fable;  not 
constituting  a  fable  ;  historic,  true. 

"Plain.  unfabled  precept."—  Sydney  Smith  :  Work*. 

tm. 

•un-la9e',  v.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng.  fact, 
v.]  To  remove  the  face  or  cover  from  ;  to 
expose. 

"  Unfat*  these,  and  they  will  prove  aa  bad  cards  as 
any  in  the  pack.  —  Ruthworth  ;  Biitor.  Collection*,  pt. 

ii.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  917. 

*  un-fac'-tious,  a.    [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Bng- 
factious.}    Not  factious. 

"Provided  always  that  they  have  been  temperate, 
reiwoiiftble,  and  unfactiou*  lu  their  conduct."—  wither- 
force;  Life,  ii  17ft. 

*  un    fad  -  a  -  ble,   a.    [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
fa>  >('.'),  and  suff.  -able.}     Incapable  of  fading, 
withering,  or  perishing  ;  unfading. 

"A  crown.  incorruptible,  unfad-ible,  reserved  in 
heaven  for  htm."—  Bp.  Hall:  Contempt.;  Ahatuerm 
Flatting. 

-fad'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  Jaded.} 

1.  Not  faded  ;  not  having  lost  its  strength 
of  colour. 

2.  Not  withered,  as  a  plant 

M  A  lovely  flower, 
U'tfadfd  yet,  hut  yet  Qufed  below."  Dryden. 

*  un-fadg^ihg,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fadging.}    [FADGE,  v.}    That  will  not  fadge  or 
suit  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended  ;  un- 
suitable. 

"  Dash  the  un  fudging  clay  against  the  walls."  — 
Adamt:  Worts,  Iii.  1*22. 

tin  fad  -ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
/tiding.} 

1.  Not  fading  ;  not  liable  to  fade  or  lose  its 
strength  or  freshness  of  colour. 

"  To  gather  flowers 
Of  blissful  quiet  'mid  unfading  bowers." 

Wordtworth  :  Laodamia. 

2.  Not  liable  to  wither  ;  not  subject  to  de- 
cay ;  imperishable. 

"  Immortality  of  life,  an  unfadiny  crown  of  glory." 
—  Barrow:  Sermont,  vol.  Hi.,  ser.  88. 

un  fad  -ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unfading;  >ly.] 
In  an  unfading  manner;  imperishably. 

*un-fad'-irig  ness,  ff.  [Eng.  unfading; 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfading. 

"We  consider  the  ur\fadingne»t  ol  their  [the  Phoe- 
nicians') purple."—  Polwhele:  Bat.  Devonthire, 


Le,  a.  [Pref.  un-(l);  Eng./aiZ, 
v.,  and  surf,  -able.]  Not  failable  ;  incapable 
of  failing;  infallible. 

"A  confident  opinion  of  their  undoubted  safety, 
and  U'ifaif.ible  right  to  happiueas  l"-Bp.  Hall:  Ser- 
mon on  2  Peter  i.  la 

*  tin-fail  -a  ble  ness,  s.  [Eng.  unfailable; 
•Wits.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfail- 
able ;  infallibility,  certainty. 

"Tlie  veracity  and  it nfailableneu  of  the  sore 
mercies,  and  promises  of  the  God  of  truth/— Bp. 
Hall ;  Satan  t  Fiery  fiartt  Quenched, 

tin-fail' -Ing,  a.  [Pref/un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
failing.] 


death  and  the  sting  of  the  tirst,  U>  toe  unfailing  coin- 
fort  of  our  souls/— Bp.  Ball:  Bern 


1.  Not  liable  to  fail ;  incapable  of  being  ex- 
hausted. 

"  Hereby  are  we  freed  from  the  sense  of  the  second 
'    to  ttie  unfailing  com- 
Sermon  at   ffigham, 

2.  Incapable  of  failing  or  missing  its  aim  ; 
unerring,  sure. 

"  Some  god,  propitious  to  the  Trojan  foe, 
Haa,  from  my  arm  unfailing,  struck  the  bow." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xv.  Ml. 

3.  Not  liable  to  fail  or  come  short  of  what 
is  wanted. 

"  Maintains  it*  hold  with  such  unfailing  sway, 
We  feel  it  e'en  lu  age,  aud  at  our  latest  day. ' 

Cotoper:  Tirocinium,  818. 

4.  Ever  meeting  a  hope,  promise,  or  want ; 
sure,  infallible. 

"The  event  of  battles,  indeed,  is  not  an  unfailing 
test  of  the  abilities  of  a  commander."— Macaulay  ; 
Sitt.  Eng..  ch.  vii. 

un  fail -ing  ly,  adv.     [Eng.  unfailing ;  -ly.] 
In  an  unfailing  manner  or  degree  ;  infallibly. 

*  un- fail'- Ing -ne*ss,  *.     [Eng.  unfailing; 
-ness.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfail- 
ing. 

"  How  much  we  do  more  know  his  unfailingnttt,  his 
unchaugeablenesa. " — Bp  Ball :  Sermon  on  2  Peter  i.  10. 

*  tin-fain',  *  un  -fayn',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  fain,  a.]    Not  fain  or  glad ;  sorry,  dis- 
pleased. 

"  The  Soudan  Saladyn  he  was  fulle  unfayn, 
He  fled  with  mykelle  pyu  vnto  the  mountayn." 

Robert  de  lirunne,  p,  101. 

*  iin-f  aint  -ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fainting.]      Not    fainting ;    not   giving    way, 
sinking,  or  succumbing. 

"  And  oh.  that  I  could  retain  the  effects  which  it 
wrought  with  an  un/aintiiiff  perseverance  1 " — Sandj/t; 
Travelt,  p.  1ST. 

tin-fair',  *  un  faire,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 

Eng.  fair,  a.] 

*  1.  Not    fair ;    not    graceful,  elegant,  or 
neat. 

"  Attour  his  belte  his  liarte  lockes  lale, 
Feltred  unfair?,  over  fret  with  frostes  hoore." 

Chaucer :  Tett.  of  Creteide. 

2.  Not  honest ;  not  impartial ;  using  trick 
or  artifice. 

"  Sometimes  they  complain  of  me  as  very  unfair  to 
take  an  advantage  of  an  opinion  of  theirs."—  Water- 
land  :  Workt.  iv.  53. 

3.  Not   characterized    by  or    founded    on 
honesty,  justice,  or  fairness ;  dishonourable, 
fraudulent. 

"The  new  system  which  you  propose  would  there- 
fore evidently  be  unfair  to  the  Crown."—  Macaulay  : 
Ilitt.  Eng..  ch.  xrili. 

*  un  f  air ,  v.t.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  jWr,  v.] 
To  deprive  of  fairness  or  beauty. 

"  These  hours  .  .  .  will  that  unfair 
Which  fairly  doth  excel."       Shaketp. :  Sonnet  ft. 

un-fair'-ljf,  adv.     [Eng.  unfair;  -ly.]    Not 
fairly ;  in  an  unfair  manner. 

"  If  I  have  wrested  your  words  to  another  sense 
than  you  designed  tltem,  or  In  any  respect  argued  un. 
fairly,  I  assure  you  it  was  without  design."— Butler  : 
To  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,  let  1. 

*  un- fail" -ness,  *.     (Eng.  unfair;  -IWM.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfair ;  want  of 
fairness,  justice,  or  honesty ;   dishonest  or 
disingenuous  conduct  or  practices. 

"  By  this  aversion  to  baseness  and  unfairiteu." — 
Seeker ;  Sermont,  vol.  it,  ser.  4. 

t  tin-faith',  *.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  faith.] 
Want  of  faith  ;  distrust 

"  Unfaith  in  aught  is  want  of  faith  in  all." 

Tennyton :  MerHn  t  Vivien,  239, 

un   faith    ful,  *  un-felth-ful,  a.    [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  faithful.] 

1.  Not  faithful ;  perfidious,  faithless ;  vio- 
lating promises,  trust,  confidence,  or  vows ; 
treacherous,  disloyal. 

"  Thou  hast  already  been  unfaithful  lu  thy  service 
to  him  ;  and  now  doat  thou  think  to  receive  wages  of 
htm  ?  "— Bunyan  :  Pilgrim't  Progrett,  pt.  1. 

^  Applied  specif,  to  a  person  wh»  has  vio- 
lated the  marriage-vow. 

2.  Not  to  be  depended  on  ;  untrustworthy. 

"The  constituent  body  might  be  an  unfaithful  in- 
terpreter  of  the  sense  of  the  nation."— Macaulay : 
Hi*t.  Eng.,  ch.  xix. 

3.  Not  performing  the  proper  duty  or  func- 
tion. 

"  My  feet,  through  wine,  unfaithful  to  their  weight, 
Betray'd  me  tumbling  from  a  towery  height. " 

Pope.    (Todd.) 

*  4.  Not  possessing  faith  ;  impious,  infidel. 

"  The  lord  of  that  servaunt  schal  come  in  the  day 
that  he  hopith  not :  aud  in  the  our  that  he  wool  not, 
and  schnl  dejiarte  him  :  and  put  his  part  with  unfaith- 
ful men." —  Wycliffe :  Luke  x.iL 


*5.  Treacherous,  disloyal.  (Said  of  things.) 

"  Lyiutf.  or  craftiness,  and  unfaithful  usages,  rob  ft 
man  of  the  houuur  of  his  soul."— Bp.  Taylor:  Str* 
mvitt,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  23. 

tin -faith'- ful -ly,  adv.     [Eng.  un 


1.  In  an  unfaithful  manner;  in  violation  of 
promises,   vows,    or   duty;   faithlessly,  dis- 
loyally, treacherously. 

"He,  who  acts  unfaithfully,  acts  against  his  pro- 
mises."— IKotturtoii :  Religion  ../  Suture,  $  G. 

2.  Negligently,  imperfectly :  aa,  work  un- 
faithfully done. 

un-  faith'-  ful  -ness,   s.     [Eng.   unfaithful; 
-ncs-s.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  un  faith 

ful. 

"  Such  a  labourer  aa  shall  not  be  put  to  shame  for 
hi*  illueas.  or  his  unski  If  illness,  his  falseness  and  un- 
faUhfulnets.  '—Bp.  Taylor:  Sermont,  voL  iii.,  ser.  4. 

*  iin-f al'-cat-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
falcated.] 

1.  Not  falcated  ;  not  hooked  ;  not  bent  like 
a  sickle. 

2.  Not  curtailed ;    having   no  deductions. 
(Swift.) 

*  un-fal'-U-ble,  *  un  fal  ly  ble,  a.   [Pref. 

vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  fallible.}    Not  fallible  ;  in- 
fallible. 

"These  blesiiiiges  hathe  hys  eternal  truth  and  vn- 
fallyble  proniysse  iwrfourmed  vnto  your  hyghnes,"— 
Udal:  Luke.  (PrefJ 

un-fall'-en,  *un-faln»  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng./a//«t.]    Not  fallen;  in  the  original 
state  of  uprightness. 

"  Can  a  finite  spi  rlt  bear  such  excess  ?  The  pleasure* 
of  eternity  crouded  into  a  moment ;  did  unftifn  angels 
ever  know  such  another  T  " — Glanntl :  Sermont.  ser.  7. 

un  fal  lowed,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fallowed.]    Not  fallowed. 

"  Th'  unfallow'd  glebe 

Yearly  o'ercomes  the  granaries  with  stores 
Ofgoldeu  wheat."  I'hH,{*:  rider.  L 

iin  fals  -i-fied,  a.    [Pref.  (1),  and  Eng.  /afci- 
Jied.]    Not  falsified. 

"The  current  story  .  .  .  has  descended  from  them 
In  a  substantially  unfaltijicd  state."— Lewit :  Cred. 
Sarly  Rom,  Ilitt.  (IsftS),  ch.  Xiv. 

iin  fal'-ter  Ing,  a.    [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

faltering.}      Not   faltering,    not  failing,    not 
hesitating. 


Thornton  ;  Summer. 

un-fal'-ter-Jhg-l^  adv.  [Eng.  unfaltering; 
-ly.]  In  an  unfaltenng  manner ;  without  hesi- 
tation or  faltering. 

*un-famed'.  a.  [Pret  un-  (!)•  and  Eng. 
famed.]  Not  famous  or  renowned;  without 
fame  or  renown, 

"  Nor  none  so  noble. 

Whose  life  were  ill  Uestow'd,  or  death  unfamed." 
Shaketp. :  Trottut  A  Cretlida,  ii.  J. 

un  fa-mil  -iar  (lar  as  yer),  a.  [Pref.  u»- 
(1),  and  Eng.  familiar.] 

1.  Not  familiar  ;  not  well  acquainted. 

"  We  are  not  unfamiliar  with  the  difficulties  that 
arise  in  India  itself.  '—Timet,  Nov.  10, 1876. 

2.  Not  well  known  ;  strange. 

"  For  sometimes  he  would  hear,  however  nigh, 
That  name  repeated  loud  without  reply. 
As  unfamiliar."  Byron  :  Lara,  L  «f. 

*  tin-fa-mn-l-ar'-»'-t&  *.     [Pref.  un-  (IX 

and  Eng.  familiarity.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  unfamiliar;  absence  or  want  of  fami- 
liarity. 

"  Unfamiliar  by  disease,  and   unpleaslng  by  IMS- 
familin  rity.  "—Johnto/i. 

*  iin-fam'-oua,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fi.unotis.]     Npt  famous;  having  no  fame;  in- 
famous. 

un  finned',  a.  [Pref.  (1),  and  Eng.  fanned.] 
Not  fanned. 

"  Unquench'd  by  want,  unfann'd  by  strong deelre." 
Goidtmith:  Traveller. 

*iin-far'-dlef  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
fardle.]  To  unloose  and  open  as  a  fardle  or 
pack ;  to  unpack. 

*  im-far'-rowed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
farrowed.]    Deprived  of  a  farrow  or  litter. 

"  Returu'd  unfarroie'd  to  her  stye." 

Tenrtyion  :  Walking  to  the  MaU. 

un  fas'-9in-at-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  fascinated.]  Notfascinated  ;  not  charmed* 


im  fash' -ion-a  -ble,  a. 

Eug.  fashionable,} 


[Pref.  un-  (1),  and 


boil,  bop- ;  pout,  J 6wl ;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  fills ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  L 
-cian,  -tian  =  ahau.    -tion,  -sion  -  shuoi ;  -tiou,  -sion  =  zhiin.    -cious,  -tions,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  del* 


4942 


nnfashionableness— unfence 


1.  Not   fashionable  ;   not  according  to  the 
prevailing  fashion  or  mode  ;  out  of  fashion. 

"  All  tbe  actions  of  childishness,  and  unf<t»hivnuble 
carrlags,  and  whatever  time  and  age  will  of  Iteelf  be 
•ure  to  inform.  belug  la*  I  have  s*idl.  exempt  from 
the  discip'ine  of  the  rod.  there  will  not  u*  BO  much 
need  of  b«itiwg  children,  as  is  generally  made  use  ul" 
—Lock*  :  Of  K'lucntion,  {  12. 

2.  Not  complying  in  dress  or  manners  with 
tbe  prevailing  fashion. 

"  How  many  visits  may  a  man  make  before  he  falls 
Into  such  unfashionable  coitipnuv  T"—  Yanburgh  ;  A 
Journey  to  London,  1.  L 

*3.  Shapeless,  deformed. 

"  So  lamely  and  unfashionable, 
That  dogs  hark  at  me  a*  I  halt  by  them." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  III,,  1. 1. 

&n  fash'-lon-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unfash- 
ion  a  Me  ;  'ness,]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unfashionable;  deviation  from  or  opposition 
to  the  fashion. 

"  Natural  uiifathionablfnest  f«  much  batter  than 
apish,  affected  postures."— Lode*  :  Education,  f  197. 

un-fash'-ion-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  unfashion- 
ab(le) ;  ~ly.]  In  an  unfashionable  manner; 
not  according  to  the  fashion. 

un-fash  loned,  a.  [Pref.  un~  (1),  and  Eng. 
fashioned.] 

1.  Not  fashioned  by  art ;  amorphous  ;  shape- 
less. 

"  By  forms  unffuMorid  freih  from  Nature '•  hand." 
Ootdtmith:  Traveller. 

"2.  Unfashionable. 

*•  A  precis*,  itn/iuhion'd  fellow."— 3UeU. 

"3.  Rude,  coarse. 

"Oar  second  fanlt  it  Injurious  dealing  with  the 
•eriptureof  God.  as  if  It  contained  otwly  the  principal! 
poyiiU  of  religion,  some  rude  and  \utfiuhioned  matter 
of  building  the  church,  but  had  left  out  that  which 
belongeth  vnto  the  forme  and  fa.-hiou.of  ii."—JIooker : 
ie,  bk.  ill.,  f  X. 

t,  a.    [Pref.  un-(L),  and  Kng.  Jo*.] 
Not  fast ;  not  secure. 

dn  fas  ten  (t silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  im-  (2),  and 
Kng.  fasten.]  To  remove  fastenings  from;  to 
undo  the  fastenings  of;  to  loose,  to  unbind, 

to  unfix. 

"  Every  bolt  ainl  bar 
Of  mauy  Iron  or  solid  rock  with  eaM 
Uitf intent."  MUton  :  P.  L-,iL  879. 

•  tin-fast -ness,    ».      [Eng.    unfast ;    -nets.} 
Porousness. 

"The  iniolidHy  and  unfaMnftt  of  UM  tree." — 
Adam*:  Work*,  it  478. 

"un  fa-thered,  a  [Pref.  «n-(lX  and  Eng. 
fathered.] 

1.  Not  fathered ;  having  no  father ;  hence, 
produced  contrary  to  the  course  of  nature. 

"  Tet  this  abundant  issue  seem'd  to  ma 
But  hope  of  ori'baiuaiid  iinfutker'd  fruit." 

3Aa*etp.  .*  Sonnet  91. 

2.  Not  acknowledged  by  its  father;  illegiti- 
mate, bastard. 

11  Ay  1  Marian's  babe,  her  poor  KnfaUttrtd  child." 
K.  B.  Browning  :  Aurora  Leigh,  vii. 

tin  fa  ther-ly,  a.     [Pref.  (IX  and  Eng.  Ja- 

therly.]    Not  becoming  a  father  ;  unkind,  un- 
natural. 

"  Thou  canst  not  1    Nature,  pulling  at  thine  heart, 
Condemns  th'  unf utterly.  lh'  imprudent  part." 

Cowper :  Tirocinium,  SM. 

tin  fath'-om-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  fathomable.] 

1.  Lit. :  Not  fathomable ;  not  capable   of 
being  fatbomed ;  too  deep  to   be  fathomed, 
sounded,  or  measured. 

"  Which  the  leviathan  hath  lash'd 
from  his  unfathomable  home." 

Byron  ;  II taw H  A  Earth,  1.  t 

2.  Fig. :  Incapable  of  being  fathomed,  ex- 
plained, or  ascertained. 

"la  truth  the  depth*  of  this  mail's  knavery  were 
unfathomaoie.'-'-Macaulaif:  Hut.  Jfnff.,  ch.  xxi 

*un-fath-6m-a-ble-ness,  .=.  [Eng.  un- 
fatkamable;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unfathomable. 

"  A  sufficient  argument  of  the  unfat\omabl*ne*t  of 
thU  great  dispensation  of  mercy.'  —A'orrit:  On  th« 
Beatttudet,  p.  i.;;j. 

un-fath'-om  a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  unfatlivm- 
ab(le);  -ly.]  So  as  to  be  incapable  of  being 
fathomed. 

"  In  silent  pools.  unfatliomttbfy  deep.* 

Wordtworth :  Eiciirtivn,  bk.  vL 

tin  fath  omed,  a.  {Pref.  im-(l),  and  EHK- 
fathomed.}  Not  fathomed  or  sounded ;  in- 
capable of  being  fathomed. 

"  But,  like  an  ebbing  wave,  It  dashed  me  back 
Into  the  gulf  of  my  unfathomcd  thought" 

Byron:  JtttVrvd,  11.  2. 

•  tin-fa-tigue  -a-blo,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 


fatigue,  and  suff.  -able.]    Incapable  of  being 
fatigued;  tireless. 

"  Those  are  the  unfatiffwiable  feet," 

Sauthey  :  Huron  t  Addrett  to  t!n  Dead. 

un-fa-tigued',  a.  IPref.  un-  (1),  and  Enj;. 
fatiguel.)  Not  fatigued  or  tired;  unwearied, 
tireless. 

"  There,  unfntigued, 
His  fervtnt  spirit  labours."       Cvwper  :  Tatk,  vi.  W5. 

*  un-faul-ter-ihg,  a.    [UNFALTERING.] 

*iin-  fault'-*,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

faulty.}    Not  faulty  ;  free  from  fault  or  defect. 

"A  covenant  therefore  brought  to  that  pass,  is  on 
the  utifaulttt  aide  without  Injury  dissolved.  —Hilton  : 
Tftrachordon. 

un-fa'-vor-a-ble,  tin-ia'-vour-a-ble. 

a.    [Pref.  un-  G).  and  Kng.  favorable.']  ' 

1.  Not  favorabl*  ;    not  propitious  or  fortu- 
nate; inauspicious;  somewhat  prejudicial. 

"  lud'ntrloua  poverty  Is  a  state  *y  no  means  un- 
favowrubt*  to  virtue."—  Macautny:  Hitt.  Xn$..ch  xiv. 

2.  Not  favoring  or  in  favor    of  something; 
discouraging;  somewhat   opposed    to    some- 
thing. 

"  My  authority  for  this  unfavourable  account  of  the 
corporation  IB  an  epic  poem  entitled  the  '  Londeriad.'  " 
—Macaulay:  Hitt.  At?.,  ch.  xiL  (Note.) 

*8L  Ill-favored,    ugly- 

tun   fa    vor-a-ble-nosm,     ».    [Eng.  un- 

favorable;    -nus.}    The  quality  or  state   of 
being  unfavorable. 

"  The  extraordinary  unfavmirabltntst  of  the  seasons.  " 
—SmitH  :  Wealth  of  Jfationi,  bk.  i..  ch.  11. 


adv.  [Eng.  unfavurab(U)  ;  -ly.]  In  an  un- 
favorable manner  ;  so  as  not  to  countenance 
or  promote  ;  in  a  manner  to  discourage. 

"What   might    be   thought   unfavourably   of    the 
severity  of  th*  satire.  "-/'op*  ;  Sutir*.    (Plol) 

*  un  fa  -vored.     a.    [Pref.  u»-  (1),  »nd  Eng. 
favored.}  .      Wot  favored. 

"  There  was  a  time  when  these  unfnvourfd  children 
of  nature  were  tbe  peculiar  favourites  of  the  great." 
:  Animated  tiaturt,  a  25. 


un-feared,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  feared.] 
*  1.  Not  affrighted  ;   undaunted,  intrepid, 
fearless. 

"  Though  heaven  should  speak  .  .  . 

We  should  stand  upright  and  uitfeared.* 

Jten  Jonson  :  CatUtnt,  IT.  L 

1  Not  feared ;  not  dreaded. 

"  A  most  unbounded  tyrant,  whose  successes 
Makes  heaven  un/earfd." 

Two  .Voble  Kinsmen,  L  3. 

*  tin-fear'-ful,  •  un-feare-full,  a.    [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eug.  fearfiU.}    Not  fearful ;  unin- 
fluenced by  fear ;  undaunted,  fearless. 

"  Hake  you  sodatnly  unftarefull  preachers  of;  my 
nsMie'—Vdul :  John  xvi. 

*un-fear'-ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unfearful; 
-ly.]  In  an  unfearful  manner;  without  fear  ; 
fearlessly. 

•'Life  unftarfuUy  parted  with."— Sandys :  Travelt, 
p.s~a 

*  un-fear'-Ing,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Ens. 
fearing.}    Not  fearing  ;  fearless. 

un-fear'-lng-lj,  adv.  [Eng.  unfearing;  -ly.] 
Without  fear ;  fearlessly. 

*  im-feas'-I-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
feasible.]    Not  feasible ;  not  practicable  ;  not 
capable  of  being  effected  ;  impracticable. 

"  I  was  brought  to  a  despondency  of  spirit,  and  a 
despair  of  attaining  to  my  search,  as  being  fruitless 
and  uiif?'iiible.'—&p.  Richardson :  On  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, p.  313. 

un-feast'-like,  *  un-fest  licho,  a.   [Pref. 

im-(l)  ;  Eng.  feast,  and  suff.  -Like.]    Unsuit- 
able to  a  feast. 

**  Nor  on  the  morwe  unffttliche  for  to  see." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  10,680. 

*  un-feath'-er,  •uu-feth-er,  v.t.     [Pref. 
un-  (2),  and  Eng.  feather.]     To  deprive  of 
feathers ;  hence,  to  strip. 

"  In  the  meane  time,  he  had  so  handled  the  matter, 
that  he  had  vnftfhered  him  of  hia  beat  friends,  aids, 
and  helpa." — Holinshed  :  Ch-ron-  of  Ireland  (an.  16CTJ. 

un-f  eath'-ered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
feathered.}  Not  feathered  ;  having  no  feathers  ; 
unfledged. 

*'  Which  kindly  given,  may  serve  with  food 
Convenient  their  unfeaftered  brood.'* 
Cowper  :  Sparrotos  in  Trin.  Coll.,  Cambridge. 

*  un-feat'-ly,  •  un-feat-lye,  ado.     [Pret 

un-  (IX  and  Rng.featly.]    Unskilfully;  ill. 

**  And  certes  It  was  n  thing  not  vn/raCIy«  ne  mskyl- 
fnlly  spoken  in  the  prooelbes  of  the  Grekea."—  Udal  : 
Luke.  (Pref.) 


*  fin-feat'-ijred,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Enz 
featured.}  Wanting  regular  featured  ;  deformed, 
shapeless. 

"  Visage  rough, 
Deformed,  uii/enlured,  and  »  skiu  of  buft" 

itrgdi-ii  ;  Juvenal  x. 

*  iin-feat-^,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1)  ;  EnR.  feat,  and 
suff.  -y.]    Unskilful,  ill,  awkward 

"  He   never    saw    more   unfeaty  fellows."—  Sidnt* 


lin-fcd  ,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  fed.]    Not 
fed;  not  supplied  with  food  or  nourishment. 
"A  greedy  lion,  long  unftd." 

P.  fletchvr  :  i'un.lt  Ittand,  Xl 

iin-feed'.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  feed,  a.] 
Not  retained  by  fee  ;  unpaid. 

"  It  is  like  the  breath  of  an  uiifeed  lawyer  :  you  gav» 
me  nothing  for  't,"—£hakesp.  :  Lear,  L  4. 

un  feel  -ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
feeling,  a.] 

1.  Having  no  feeling  ;  insensible  ;  void  of 
sensibility. 

"  And  with  my  fingers  feet  his  hand  unfetliny." 

Xhaketp.  :  1  1teury  VI.,  iii.  t 

2.  Devoid  of  sympathy  with  others  ;  hard- 
hearted. 

'*  But  ehoiild  to  fame  your  hearts  unfeeling  be, 
If  right  1  read,  you  pleasure  all  require, 

Thornton.-  Castle  of  Indolent*,  11.  M. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  arising  from  hard* 
heartedness  ;  cruel. 

"  Economlflta  will  tell  yon  that  the  state 
Thrive*  by  the  forfeiture—  uV«rfin0  thought." 
WordtwoTlh  :  f-.xcurtion.  bk.  rUL 

tin-feer-ing-1^,  adv.  [Eng.  unfeeling;  -ly.} 
la  an  unfeeling  manner  ;  cruelly. 

"The  German  .  .  .  unftelinyly  resumed  bis  posJU 
tion."—  Sterne  :  3enl.  Journey  ;  The  Dwttrf. 

un  -  f  eel  T  ing  -ness,  *.  [Eug.  unfeeling: 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfeel- 
ing ;  hard-  hear  ted  ness. 

"  Compassion  and  unfeelingnttt  .  .  .  nre  continually 
taking  their  turns  in  his  mind."—  (M  pirn  ttermonM, 
vol.  t..  aer.  17. 

iin-fcigned'  (g  silent),  *  un  faincd,  *  un- 
fayned,  "  un  feined,  a.  [Pref.  un-  <l\ 
ana  Eng.  feiffned.]  Not  feigned,  counterfeit, 
or  hypocritical  ;  real,  true. 

"  Till  every  tongue  in  every  land 
Shall  offer  up  un/eiyti'd  applause.* 

UoldtmUk  ;  An  Oratorio,  11 

iin-feign'-ed-ly  (g  silent),  *  un-faln  ed- 

ly,  adv.     [Eng.  unfeigned;  -ly.]     Nut  feign- 
edly  ;  without  hypocrisy  ;  sincerely,  truly. 
"  I  most  uiifei'jittdljt  beHeech  your  lordship  to  uiftk* 

some  reservation  of  your   wrong*."—  ShttAtm.  :    All't 

Veil,  iL  ». 

un  feign'-ed-ncss  (g  silent),  *.  [Eng.  un- 
feigned; -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being; 
unfeigned  ;  truth,  sincerity,  reality. 

"The  sincerity  and  unfeignedneu  of  prayer."— 
Ltighton  :  On  1  i'eter  iv.  t. 

iin  feign  -ing  (gn  as  n),  a.     [Pref.  un-  (\\ 

and  Eng.  feigning.}    Not  feigning  ;  genuine, 
true,  unfeigned. 

"  He  then  convino'd 
Of  their  unfri>j  nin<j  honesty,  benwti." 

Cottper  ;  Homer  ;  Odyttty  zxL 

*  un  fel   low,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
fellow.]    To  separate  from  being  fellows,  of 
from  one's  fellows  ;  to  part,  to  disassociate. 

"  Death  quite  unfellowt  us."  K.  B.  Browning. 

*  tin-f  Sl'-lowed,  a.    [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Kng. 
fell&vxd.}    Not  fellowed,  not  matched  ;  having 
no  equal.    (Shakesp.  :  Hamlett  v.  2.) 

fin-felt',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  Jtlt,  a.J 
Not  felt,  not  perceived;  not  affecting  th* 
senses. 

"  An  amount  of  puMic  scorn  and  detestation  ai  I-AD. 
not  be  altogether  unfeft  even  by  the  most  cal.uus 
naturea,"—  Maeaula*  :  UM.  Kng.,  ch.  viL 

*  ftn-felt'-l^,  ndv.     [Eng.  unfelt;  Jy.}    Im- 

perceptibly, insensibly. 

"  Whose  strength  unfeltty  flows 
Through  all  his  vein*.'        Sylvitttr:  The  La**,  Iffl. 

un-fSm  -I-nine,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l).  »nd  Eng. 
feminine.]  Not  feminine  ;  not  agreeing  with 
or  suitable  to  the  female  character  ;  un- 
woraanlike. 

"  Two  brilliant  eyes,  the  lustre  of  which,  to  men  of 
delicate  taste,  seemed  fierce  and  wtfeminine."—Jt*+ 
onlay:  Sitt.  Jtng.,  ch.  vi. 

*  un-fen9e'f   v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and   Eng. 
fence.}    To  remove  a  fence  from  ;  to  strip  or 
deprive  of  a  fence  ;  to  lay  open  or  bare. 

"  There  Is  never  a  limb  ...  but  It  U  the  scene  and 
r*.'-:>fjwle  of  pain,  whensoever  It  shall  please  O<x)  t* 
Uti/eitce  it,"—  South  :  Vermont,  vol.  iv.,  scr.  4. 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pttfc 
or.  wore,  wgj£  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  03  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qu  =  kw. 


unfenced — unfledged 


4945 


4n  fen9ed',  *  un-fensed',  a.  [Pref.  «*-  (1), 

and  Eng.  fenced.] 

1.  Not  fortified,  unfortified  ;  having  no  pro- 
tection ;  defenceless. 

"Jedworth  [is]  a  towne  which  after  the  manner  of 
the  cuuntrie  fi  limited  and  unfeiuxd.  -Voluulud  : 
Hitt.  ofScullatid  (an.  15«l 

2.  Not  surrounded  or  inclosed  by  a  fence. 
"  Spreading  afar  luicl  unfrnad  o'er  UM  plain." 

Longtilloa:  Emmgtlme,  L  L 

ttn-fer-ment'-ed,  o.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
•I      Bug.  fermented.} 

1.  Not  fermented;  not  having  undergone 
fermentation. 

"All  Bnch  vegetable!  must  be  un/lrmeXxl."—  ^r- 
bnthnot  :  O/  Alimentt,  ch.  V. 

2.  Not  leavened  ;  not  made  with  yeast,  as 
bread. 

Tin  for  -tile,  o.  [Pref.  un-  0).  and  Eag.  fer- 
tile.] 

1.  Not  fertile,  not  productive  :  as,  unfertile 
land. 

•2.  Not  prolific;  not  producing  progeny, 
fruit,  or  the  like. 

••  Peace  Is  not  »uch  a  dry  tree,  euch  a  sapless,  un- 
fertile  tliinn.  i>ut  that  It  might  fructify  and  increase. 
—  Decay  of  L'hrittiiin  1'iety. 

•  fin-fer'-tile-ness,  s.  (Eng.  unfertile.  ;  -nun.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfertile. 

«ttn-fes'-tl-val,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
flstival.]  Not  "in  accordance  with  the  practice 
or  rites  of  a  festival. 

"  But  a  sacrifice,  where  no  God  is  present,  like  as  a 
temple  without  a  sacred  fawt  or  holy  banquet,  is  pro- 
faned imfetllmL-—  P.  Holland  !  Platan*.  p.  4SX, 

•  un  -fetched',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
fetched.}    Not  to  be  fetched  or  carried. 

M  Our  friends  by  Hector  slain 
(And  Jove  to  friend)  lie  H«*M*il  off 

Chatiman  ;  Boiner;  Iliad  xlx.  ««. 

un  let  ter,  •  nn-fet-erye,  *un-tot-tlr, 

u.fc    (Pref.  an-  (2),  and  Eng.  fetter.} 

1.  To  loose  or  free  from  fetters  ;  to  unchain, 
to  unshackle  ;  to  release  from  bonds. 

•  The  shlreve  tho  unfettarM. 
" 


2.  To  free  from  restraint,  to  set  at  liberty  : 
as,  To  unfetter  the  micd. 

fin-fst'-tered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
.Mi'nd.}  Not  fettered;  frea  from  restraint  ; 
unshackled. 

••  anfrtttred  by  any  limitation  as  to  time.'—  rimw. 
Nov.  80.  1876.  f 

•.fin-feu'  -dal-ize,  *  fin-feu'-dal-ise,  v.t. 
IPief.  un-  (i),  and  Bug.  feudalize.} 

1.  To  abolish  feudal  institutions;  to  free 
from  feudalism  or  feudal  rights. 

2.  To  divest  or  deprive  of  feudal  rights. 

*  The  Austrian  kaiser  answers  that  German  Prince* 
.  .  .  caimut  be  unfevdulttetl."—  Carlyle:  French  Ite- 
vol..  pt.  iU  bk.  v.,  ch.  v. 

•  fin-f  ighf-lng  (gn  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and    Kng.  fighting.}      Indisposed  to    light  ; 
cowardly. 

"  A  cheap  wiflgWnff  herd,  not  worth  the  victory." 
—  T.  Brawn  :  World,  Iv.  81. 

ttn-fig'-ured,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
figured.} 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Representing    no   animal   or  vegetable 
figure  or  form  :  devoid  of  figures. 

"  In  unAffured  paintings,  the  noblest  is  the  Imita- 
tion of  marbles,  and  of  architecture,  asaruhes.  freezes." 

~W'ltt  ill  •    I!"  "Intnl.  \>    57. 

*  2.  Literal  ;  devoid  of  figures  of  speech. 
1L  Logic:  Not  according  to  mood  and  figure. 

*  fin-file',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Bug.  file  (1), 
v.]    To  remove  from  a  file  or  record. 

•fin-filed'  (0,  »•  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  pa.  par. 
of  Eng.  Jile  (^).l  Not  rubbed  or  polished  with 
a  lile  ;  not  brightened  or  burnished. 

"  Be  was  all  arm'd  In  rugged  steele  unfilrd, 
As  in  the  smoky  forge  It  was  compiled." 

S^enier:  F.  «..  HI.  Til  80. 

-•fin-filed'  (2),  *un-fllde,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  pa.  pur.  of  Eng.  file  (3).  ]  Not  denied)  pol- 
luted, corrupted,  or  contaminated. 

"  By  faith  unfltd,  if  any  anywhere 
with  mortal  folk  remains." 

Surrey  :   I'irgtie  ;  Jtnetf  li. 

fin-f  Il'-i-al,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  filial.'. 
Not  fllial  ;  unbecoming  a  son  or  daughter. 
"  But  t.i  dismiss  her  rudely  were  an  act 

"          Cowper  i  ffomer  ;  Odyuey  XX. 


*  fin-fir-I-al-lj?,  adv.     [Eng.  unflial ;  -ly.] 

In  an  unfilial  manner  ;  in  a  manner  unbecom- 
ing a  child. 

un  fill-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  u,i-  (1);  Eng.j!«, 
and  suit',  -able.}  Incapable  of  being  filled ;  in- 
satiable. 

"The  proud  ey»  and  unftllaele  herte."—  Wydlft: 
Ptalmc.  5 

un  filled',  re.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  filled.] 
Not  tilled,  not  full ;  empty. 

"  A  false  conclusion  ;  I  hate  it  as  an  unfilled  can"— 
Shaketp.  •'  Tmtftk  Xiijlx.  ii,  a. 

un  fil'-let-od,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
filletet.1.]  Loose,  unbound.  (Coleridge:  The 
Picture.) 

"fin-fine',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  fine, a.] 
Shabby,  mean.  (Walpole:  letters,  ii.  302.) 

« tin-fin' -gered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
fingered.]  Having  mi  lingers. 

"The  twist 
The  spider  spins  with  her  nqtaffcrvd  list." 

Airicl :  The  AVIiuir,  p.  »U 

*  tin-fln'-Ish-a-ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
finM,  and  suit",  -able.}    Not  capable  of  being 
finished,  concluded,  or  completed. 

M  A  promise  of  that  unftnitfiable  adventure."— Jar. 
fit :  non  Quixote,  pt.  L,  bk.  L,  ch.  L 

un  fm'-Ished,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
finished.}    Not  finished,  or  not  brought  to  a 
completion  or  perfection ;   incomplete,    im- 
perfect ;  wanting  the  last  touch  or  hand. 
"  And  with  unfinuh'it  garlands  strew  thy  grave." 
Congrtvt:  T«ari  qf  Amarylla. 

un  f  in'-ish-Ing,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
finisliiiig.}  The  act  of  leaving  unlinished,  or 
nut  bringing  to  an  end ;  the  state  of  remain- 
ing still  unfinished. 

"  Noble  deeds  the  wyttrfaVn?  whereof  already  sur 
passes  what  others  beiore  them  have  left  enacted." — 
Milton:  Apology  fir  HMfctymnuiu,  i  8. 

*  un  fired',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  fired.] 
Not  fused  ;  not  heated  by  fire. 

14  A  pond'rous  spear  and  caldron  yet  tinflr'd." 

Cuvoper  :  Bomtr  i  OdyUfy  xxlii, 

•fin-firm',  'nn-flrme,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Eng.  Jim,  a.] 

1.  Not  firm  or  stable  ;  unstable,  unsteady. 

"How  tottering  and  unfrme  a  propp  his  pride 
Had  lean'd  upon." 

May  :  l.itcnn  ;  Pharmlia,  bk.  T. 

2.  Weak,  feeble,  unsteady. 

"  Now  tAke  the  time,  while  atigg'ring  yet  they  stand 
With  feet  unflrm  ;  and  prepossess  the  stmud. 

Dryden  :  Viryil  i  .Enetd  x.  Van. 

3.  Inflrm,  ilL 

"  80  Is  the  itnflrm  king 
In  three  divided."      Shutout*.  :  1  Sean  IT^LS. 

i.  Not  firmly  baaed  or  founded. 

"  For  without  it,  it  is  not  only  inauspicious  and  un. 
lucky,  but  Illegal,  uiijirm,  and  insufficient."— Up. 
Taylor  :  Rait  ofCotuciertee,  bk.  UL,  ch.  v. 

*  un-fir'-ma-ment-ed,  o.     [Pret  tin- 0); 
Eng.  firmament,  and  sulf.  -ed.]    Not  having  a 
firmament ;  unbounded,  boundless. 

"  In  the  watte  unjtrmamenfed  seas."—  Garlgla. 

*  fin-firm  '-ness,   «.     [Eng.   unfirm ;   -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  l»eiiig  infirm,  or  destl 
tude  of  firmness,  stability,  or  strength ;  in- 
stability. 

•tin-fist',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  fist.] 
To  uuhaud,  to  release. 

"  You  goodinau  Bimnuy  face,  unftft  her." 

Cotton  1  Scfti-ronidet,  p.  BS. 

fin-fit',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng.  fit,  a.] 

1.  Not  fit  or  fitting  ;  improper,  unsuitable, 
unbecoming. 

"  Counsels  are  unfit 
In  business."        Ben  Joiaon  :  Sijanu*.  II.  3. 

2.  Not  having   the  suitalile  or  necessary 
qualifications,  physical  or  moral ;  not  suitable, 
adapted,  qualified,  or  competent ;  unable,  in- 
competent, unqualified,  uusutted. 

"  Yet  no  limn  could  be  more  unfit  for  such  a  post"— 
Macaulay:  fftot.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

fin-fitr,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eug./«,  V 
To  make  or  render  unfit  or  unsuitable ;  to 
deprive  of  the  qualities  necessary  for  any  act, 
post,  or  the  like  ;  to  disqualify. 

"  Structure  by  which  all  organ  is  made  to  answer  one 
piin>"»e  necessarily  unfln  it  for  some  other  purpose.' 
— t'atcy  :  Natural  Tueol'igy.  ch.  xvl. 

fin-fit'-ljr,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.Jl«!/.. 
N"t  fitly,  not  properly,  not  suitably ;  im- 
properly. 

"  These  two  sorts  of  essences,  I  suppose,  may  not 
unftfly  be  termed,  the  one  renl.  the  other  noiiiina' 
-  '  -£o<*e:  ffitman  Undtraand.,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  ill 


fin-f  it'-neso,  ».    [Eng.  unfit ;  -ness.) 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfit,  im- 
proper, or  unsuitable. 

"  A  fitness  ur  ntijitn?a  of  the  application  of  uitTerent 
things  or  different  relations  one  W  another. "—Ct'irkt: 
On  UM  EtidtntM*.  ilnLrod.j 

2.  Want  of  necessary  qualifications ;  inconfc 
petenee. 

"  Sensible  of  my  own  uiifltneu  to  direct."— JedNr: 
Churyc  at  Oxford  (1T51>). 

fin-fit'-t§d,   o.       [Pref.    un-  (T),   and  Eng. 

Jilted.}    Not  fitted,  qualified,  or  suited  ;  unfit 

"A  post  for  which  he  was  altogether  uttflted."— 
M'icuuJai/  :  Hilt.  Sng.t  ch.  v. 

un-flt'-tlng,    a.      [Pref.    vn-  (1),   and  Eng. 
fitting.]    Not  fitting  or  proper  ;  improper. 

"  Alas,  poor  child  1  unfitting  part 
Fate  doomed." 

Sfill:  Lord  of  tftt  Inl'-t.  ill.  SL 

fin-f faf,  v.t.     [Pref.  l»re-  (-2),  and  Eng.  fix.] 

1.  To  make  no  longer  fixed  or  linn  ;  to 
loosen,  to  uns-'ttle,  to  di'titch. 

"That  transfer,  jost  or  uiiiu^t.  hnd  taken  place  M 
long  ago.  that  to  reverse  it  would  >>e  ti>  n.ijli  th« 
foundations  of  society."— Macaulay :  J/itt.  £ng.,  ch.  vl. 

•2.  To  melt,  to  dissolve. 

"  Xor  can  the  rising  nun 
Pnjtx  her  frosts  and  teach  them  bow  to  run." 

Oryilen.     (Todd.) 

fin-fixed,  •  fin  f  fart,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  fixed.] 

1.  Not  fixed  ;  loosened,  unsettled. 

"They  are  volatile  and  unfixt."~Hii.  Taylor:  Jtui* 
of  Cunacience,  bk.  iii..  ch.  UL 

2.  Wandering,  erratic,  inconstant. 

3.  Having  no  fixed  or  certain  view  or  pur- 
pose ;  irresolute,  unsettled. 

"  He  stands  so  high  with  so  ttnfxt  a  mind. 
Two  factious  turn  him  with  euch  blast  of  wind. 
firyttrn:  I  Cnnqttfit  of  unimiiiii.  111. 

4.  Not   flxed,   determined,    or   ascertained 
exactly ;  uncertain. 

"  The  first  Llvius  Dmsos,  whose  time  is  unfixed."— 
LewU:  Cred.  Early  Kom.  Hat.  I185&),  ch.  xU. 

•  fin-f Ix'-ed-ness,  t.    [Eng.  unfixed;  -ness.] 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfixed  or  un- 
settled. 

"  But  to  abide  fixed  (as  It  were!  lu  their  uryixet/rceta. 

And  steady  in  their  restless  motions."— Borrow.-  Ser- 

mont,  vol.  iL,  aer.  0. 

•  fin-f ixt',  o.    [UsnxED.] 

un-flagg'-ing,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
flagging.]    Not  flagging,  drooping,  or  failing. 

"That,  which  Is  carried  on  with  a  culitlned  ttHJl  iff- 
ffbta  vigour  of  expression,  can  never  be  .huught 
tedious/— ,*>uM  :  Sermonl,  voL  Iv.,  ser.  L 

•fin-flame',  o.C.     [Pref.   ««.-  (2).  and  Eng. 
flame.}    To  cool,  to  quench,  to  deaden. 

"Fear 
(ZniCanwf  your  courage  in  pursuit." 

Quartet:  EmbUnu.  iiu    (Introd.) 

•  fin-flanked',  •  un  flancked,  a.  [Pref.un- 
(1),    and    Eug.  flunked.}     Not  Hanked ;  not 
protected  on  the  flank. 

"  Should  invade  the  open  side  of  his  battail.  which 
lay  unJUuicKd  towards  them."  —  Brendt :  yuiiitiut 
Cartiut,  fuL  87. 

•  fin-flaf  -tered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
flattered.]    Not  flattered;  not  gratified  with 
servile     obsequiousness.       (Young:     XijlU 
Thoughts,  ii.  62S.) 

•  tin-flat'-ter-Ing,  o.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
flattering.} 

1.  Not  flattering ;  not  arising  from  or  cha- 
racterized by  flattery. 

44  In  whose  unflattering  mirror,  every  morn, 
She  counsel  takes  how  best  herself  f  adorn. 

Merhunte:  a-ionttcii. 

2.  Not  affording  a  favourable  prospect :  as, 
unflattering  weather. 

•  iin-flat'-ter-»ng-l*,  adv.    [Eng.  unfiatter 
ing;  -ly.]    Without  flattery. 

•  fin-fledge',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  fledge^ 

Uulledged. 

"  Those  which  be  taken  uiijledog  out  of  the  nest* 
and  are  nourished  by  Hum's  hand,  never  afterwards 
sing  so  well. '— P.  Holland:  rlutarrtt,  p.  469. 

fin-fledged',   a.      [Pref.  nn-  (1),    and  Eng. 
fled,je,L] 

1.  Lit.:  Not  fledged;  not  yet  furnished  witk 
feathers. 

"  Here,  then,  our  almost  unjled'ird  wings  we  try." 
Byrvn :  Orcajnonnl  Prologue. 

2.  Fig. :   Not  yet  having  attained  to  full 
growth  and  experience;  unripe,  immature. 

"  But  do  not  dull  thy  palm  with  entertainment 
Of  each  uew-hatch  d  unAedQ'il  comrade. 

. :  BamM.  L  i. 


•boil,  bo^;  pout,  J6\W;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9lnn,  bencu;  go,  gem;  tntn,  V&a;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenopnon,  exist,    -inc. 
-«ian.  -tian  -  abau.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -sion  =  zaun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  BIIUS.    -ble.  -die.  &c.  -  bel  del 


4944 


unflesh— unforsaken. 


•fin-flesh',  u.t    (Pref.  tin-  (2),  and 
To  deprive  of  flesh  ;  to  reduce  to  a  skeleton. 
lAnnandale.) 

•tin-fleshed,  a.  [Pref.  «*-  (1),  and  Eng. 
Jlcshtd.]  Not  fleshed  ;  not  seasoned  to  blood  ; 
on  trained. 

"  A  geoerotu  wiflcik'd  hound." 

Dryiltn  :  Cltonuna.  v. 

•fin  flSsh'-ljf,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
Jltskhj.]  Spiritual,  incorporeal. 

"  TboM  unflstMy  eyes  with  which  they  nay  the  very 
air  U  thronged."—  foatUt  Cloitttr  *  Uearfh,  oh.  1. 

•  ttn-flesh'-jf,    o.     [Pref.   un-  (1),  and  Bng. 
Bare  of  flesh  ;  fleshless. 


*  tin-fle'x'-I-ble,  o.    [Pref.  **-  (1),  and  Eng. 
flexible.]    Not  flexible;  not  easily  bent;   in- 
flexible.   (Lit.  A  Jig.) 

"  If  ever  man  gloried  In  an  untrxibl*  stiffness."— 
Milton  :  Antv*r  to  Eikon  BatUike,  \  18. 

un-fllnch'-Jn?,  «•  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
JltncAinj;.]  Not  flinching;  not  shrinking  or 
giving  way. 

foot  'gainst  foot  was  set" 
Scott  :  Lord  of  the  Hlet,  vt  M. 

fin-flinch'  -ing  l*y%  adv.  [Eng.  unflinching; 
-l>/.\  'in  an  unflinching  manner;  without 
flinching. 

"  Face  unflinchingly  a  whole  broadside  of  murder- 
ous missiles."—  Scribner't  Magazine,  Aug.,  1877,  p.  463. 

•tin-fld'w'-er,  v.t.  [Pref.  «n-(l),  and  Eng. 
ylouwr.]  To  strip  of  flowers. 

"  That  I  may  Boon  unjtarfr  yonr  fragrant  baskets," 
~G.  Flttrhtr  :  Chritt'i  Victory  A  Triumph. 

%un-flu'-ent,  o.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fluent.}  Not  fluent  ;  unready  in  speech. 

"  My  faint,  unjtuent  tongue."* 
Sylvetter  :  Du  Bartat,  si  xth  day,  flnt  week,  ». 

*tin  foiled',  a.  [Pref.  un-(lX  and  Eng./oifcd.] 
Not  foiled  ;  not  baffled  ;  not  defeated  ;  not 

vanquished. 

"  The  usurped  powen  thought  themselves  secure  In 
the  strength  of  an  unfoiled  army  of  sixty  thousand 
men,  and  in  a  revenue  proportionable.**  —  Tempt*. 

fin-fold',  v.t,  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  fold  (1), 
v.]  To  release  from  a  fold  or  pen  :  as,  To  un- 

fold  sheep. 

tin-fold,  v.t.  ft  i,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fold  (2),  V.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  open  the  folds  of;  to  spread  out;  to 
expand. 

"  See  her  bright  robes  the  butterfly  unfnld* 

Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence.  L  9. 

2.  To  lay  open  to  view  or  contemplation; 
to  discover,  to  reveal;  to  make  known  the 
details  of  ;  to  disclose, 

**  But  let  that  iwws  —  to  none  be  told 
Our  oath  ;  the  rest  let  time  unfold." 

Byron  :  Bride  of  Abydot,  L  11 

•  3.  To  show  ;  to  cause  or  allow  to  be  seen  ; 
to  display. 

.     "[Lightning!  that  In  a  spleen  unfold*  both  heaven 
and  earth,1* 

Skakap.  :  Mldtummer  Night*  Dream,  L  J. 

•4.  To  explain. 

*  What  riddles  this  ?  unfold  yourself,  dear  Robin.* 
hen  Jonton  :  Sad  Shepherd,  i  L  4. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  open  gradually  ;  to  be  expanded. 

"  The  g*te«,  unfolding,  pour  forth  all  their  train." 
Pop*!  Homer:  Iliad  ii.  978. 

2.  To  become  disclosed  or  developed  ;  to 
develop  itselt 

"  I  see  thy  beauty  gradoally  unfold." 

Tfiuiyton  ;  Eleanor*,  70. 

tin-fold'-er,  «.  [Eng.  unfdd  (2);  -tr.}  One 
who  or  that  which  unfolds. 

fin  fold  -ing,  a.  [UNFOLD  (2),  v.]  The  act 
of  revealing  or  disclosing  ;  disclosure. 

**  To  my  unfolding  leiid  a  gracious  ear." 

ShaJuxp.  :  Othdlo,  L  S. 

*  tin-fold'-resse,  s.      [Eng.  unfolder;  -ess.} 
A  female  who  unfolds  or  discloses. 

"The  mfoldrtut  of  treacherle,  lie."  —  HottntluA  ; 
DMcript.  Ireland.  (Ep.) 

un-fol'-ldwed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
foWnreA.}  Not  followed;  unattended,  nnac- 
eompanied. 

"  Po  w'rleei,  unfottaw'd  :  scarcely  men  can  spare 
The  necessary  rites  to  set  thee  oat." 

Daniel  :  MutopMliu. 

*  tin-fool  ,  '  un-foole,  v.t.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 

Kng.  fool.]     To  restore  from  folly  or  from  the 
•tote  of  one  fooled  or  beguiled  ;  to  make  satis* 


faction  to  for  calling  one  a  fool  ;  to  retract 
the  application  of  fool  to. 

"Have  you  any  way  then  to  unfoot  me  again*"*— 
Skakesv,  :  Merry  Wivet,  iv.  2. 

*  un  foot  -ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1)  I  Eng.  footed, 

pa,  par.  otfoot,  v.]    Untrodden,  un  visited. 

"  Until  It  came  to  souie  unfu»ttd  plains.** 

Ktati  :  JPndymfem,  L 

*  tin-for-bade',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
forbade.}    Unforbidden. 

*  iin-for-bear'-ing,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  forbearing.]    Not  forbearing. 

iin-fdr  bid'-dcn,  *fin-for-bld',  a.  [Pref. 
wre*  (1),  and  Eng.  forbidden,  forbid.] 

L  Not  forbidden  ;  not  prohibited.  (Applied 
to  persons.) 

"  If  unforbid  thoa  may'at  ttnfohl 
Wh.it  we.  not  to  exi.lore  the  secrets,  ask 
Of  His  eternal  empire,"  Milton  ;  P.  L.,  rll.  M 

2.  Allowed,  permitted,  legal.    (Applied  to 
things.) 

•tin-for-bld'-den-ness,  «.  I'Eng.unJbrbid- 
den  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
forbidden. 

**  Th«  bravery  you  are  BO  severe  to.  Is  uo  where  ex- 
pressly prohibited  in  scripture  :  and  this  unforbuiden- 
ttftt  they  think  sufficient."—  Boyle. 

un-  forced,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
forced.} 

1.  Not  compelled,  not  constrained  ;  not 
urged  or  impelled. 

"  Unforced,  by  wind  or  wave, 
To  quit  the  ship  for  which  he  died." 

tt'ordtworth  :  To  the  Daisy. 

*2.  Not  figured,  not  artificial  ;  natural. 

"Upon  these  tidings  they  broke  forth  Into  such  un- 
forced and  unfeigned  passions,  as  it  plainly  appeared 
that  good  nature  did  work  in  them.1*—  B  ay  ward. 

3.  Not  violent  ;  easy,  gradual. 

"  Doth  Itself  present 
With  such  an  easy  and  unforc'd  a*ce»t." 

Dmham  :  Cooper*  Bill,  41. 

4.  Not  strained  ;  easy,  natural. 

"If  one  arm  Is  stretched  out,  the  body  must  be 
snmewhat  bowed  on  the  opposite  side,  in  a  situation 
which  is  unforced."  —  Pryden, 

*tin-for9'-ed-iy,  adv.  {Eng.  unforced  ;  -ly.] 
In  an  unforced  manner  ;  without  force  or 
straining. 

"This  may  unforcedly  admit  of  the  former  Inter- 
ppetatiou."—  £andyt  :  Ovid  ;  Jtetamorphoitt  xiii. 


ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-(l\  and  Eng. 
forcible.]     Not  forcible  ;   wanting   force   or 

strength, 

"They  are  not  In  the  other  altogether  unforctblt.* 
—Booker  :  £cda.  Poiitie. 

t  ttn-fbrd'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fordable.]  Not  fordable  ;  incapable  of  being 
forded. 

"An  tmfardabte  stream    of    eloquence."—  W*tt*  : 
Ant.  to  Vanity  of  Dogmattim. 

*  iin-ford'-ed,  *  U-Ti-foord-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1)  ;  Eng.  /orrf,  s.,  and  suffi,  -fd.]    Not  forded  ; 
not  having  a  ford  ;  nnfordable. 

**  Unruly  torrents  and  unfordtd  streama,** 

tirgden;  Virgil;  Georgia  iii,  8M. 

*  tin-fbre-bod'-Ing,  a.    [Pref.  «»-,  and  Eng. 
foreboding.}     Not  foreboding  ;  not  foretelling 
the  future  ;  giving  no  omen, 

"  TJniiuniher'd  birds  glide  through  th*  aerial  way, 
Vagrants  of  air,  ana  unforeboding  stray." 

Pope:  Homer  ;  Odyuey  U.  212. 

*  iin-fore-knoW-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-Cl), 
and  Eng.  foreknoioable.]    Not  capable  of  being 
foreknown. 

un  -fore  known',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l\  and  Eng. 
foreknown,}  Not  previously  known  ;  unfore- 
seen. 


"  It  had  no  less  proved  certain,  u. 

MUton  :  P.  L*  lit  119. 

*  tin-f  ore-see',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  0).  and  Eng. 
foresee.]    Not  to  foresee  ;  to  have  no  previous 
view  or  foresight  of. 

"The  Lord  keeper  did  not  unfortiee  how  far  this 
cord  might  be  drawn."—  BacJeet  :  Life  of  William*,  i. 
171. 

*  un-fb're-see'-*a-blef  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1  )  ;  Eng. 
foresee,  and  -able.]    Not  capable  of  being  fore- 


"  By  such  unlikely  and  unfortoeabie  ways.*"- 
Sermon*,  vol.  v..  ser.  6. 

tin-fore-see'-ing,  a.  [Pret  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
foreseeing.]    Not  foreseeing,  not  prescient. 
"  Led  with  an  vnforttcing  greedy  mind.* 

Daniel:  Citil  Wart,  ri 


un-fore-seen',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug. 
foreseen.}  Not  foreseeu,  not  foreknown. 

"Of  the  greater  imrtof  these  uieaus  h«  was  speedily 
deprived  by  a  succession  of  unforeseen  calamities."— 
Macattlay  :  htit.  Eny.,  ch.  xlv. 

T  The  unforeseen;  That  which  Is  not  fore- 
seen or  expected. 

*  un-fore'-skinned,  o.    [Pref.  nn-(l);  Eng. 
foreskin,  and  suff.  -erf.]    Not  foreskhmed  ;  cir- 
cumcised.   (Special  coinage.) 

**  Won  by  a  Philistine  from  the  unforetHan'd  race." 
Milton:  Saituon  Agonitlex,  1.100. 

*  tin-fore  -thought'  (ought  as  at),  a.  [Pret 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  forethought,  a.)  Not  thought 
or  conceived  before. 

"  This  nnforethoiiff!tt  on  accident  confounds 
All  their  designs,  ami  f  rustmtes  all  tiieir  grounds  '• 
Daniel  :  Civil  Wart,  bk.  viL 

un  -fore  -told',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
foretold.}  Not  foretold,  not  predicted. 

un  fore-warned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and 
Eng.  forewurned.]  Not  forewarned  ;  not 
warned  beforehand  ;  without  previous  warn- 
ing. 

M  Whence,  all  unforevrarn'd, 
Tb«  household  lost  their  hoi«  and  soul's  delight* 
Wordnevrth:  Excursion,  bk.  viL 

un-for'-fcit-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

forfeited,}  Not  forfeited,  not  lost  ;  maintained, 
kept. 

"To  keep  obliged  faith  unfor/eited." 

SAakeip.  :  Merchant  of  I'enlef.  U.  «. 

un-for-get'-ful,  a,  [PreC  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
forgetful.]  Not  forgetful. 

*  iin-for-get  -ta-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.   forgettable.}     Incapable  of   being    for- 
gotten. 

"  He  describes  the  homesickness  endured  at  his  first 
school  as  unforgettable.'—  Atheneeum,  Oct.  4.  1884. 

tun-for-give'-a-ble,  *  un-for-giv'-a- 
ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  forgiveable.} 
Incapable  of  being  forgiven  ;  un' 


"  Favouritism  In  the  distribution  of  the  dishes  Is 
an  unforgivable  otT«uce."  —  Unity  Telegraph,  Julie  24, 

un-for-giv'-en,  o.  [Pre/.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
forgiven.]  Not  forgiven,  not  pardoned;  un- 
pardoned. 

*  iin-fdr-giV-er,  «.    [Pref.  un*  (1),  and  Eng. 
/wyitw.]   One  who  will  not  pardon  or  forgive  ; 
cu  implacable  person. 

"I  hope  these  unforgiwert  .  .  .  were  always  good. 
dutiful,  passive  children  to  their  parents."—  Oichu  rd- 
ton:  Clariua,  rii.  2«. 

un-fdrrglv'-lng,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
forgiving.}  Not  forgiving  ;  not  disposed  or 
ready  to  forgive  or  overlook  offences. 

**  Even  though  unforgiving,  never 
'Gainst  thee  shall  my  heart  rebel," 

Byron  :  Fa  re  Thee  Wett, 

*un-for-giv'-ing-nes8,  *.    [Eng.  unfoi- 

giving  ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unforgiving.    (Richardson  ;  Clarissa,  vii.  237.) 

un-for-gStr-ten,  *  un-for-g6f,  a.    [Pret 

un-  (1),  and  Eug.  forgottent  forgot.] 

1.  Not  forgotten  ;  not  lost  to  memory. 

"The  thankful  remembrance  of  sogrenta  benefit  re- 
ceived. shall  for  ever  remain  unforguttenS—Knollet  ; 
Bittern  qfthe  Turk*. 

2.  Not  overlooked  or  neglected. 

*  un-  form',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng./or7-t.t 
To  destroy,  to  unmake  ;  to  decomposa  or  re- 
solve into  parts. 

*  un-form'-al,  o.     [Pref.  «»-  (IX  and  Eng, 
formal.  I    Not  formal;  informal. 

"un  form'-al-Ized,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  formalized.}  Not  made  formal  ;  unre- 
duced to  forms. 

"  rnformalixai  by  scruples."—  <?.  BrtnU:  nUetU. 
eh.  xix. 

tin-formed',   a.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
formed.}      Not   formed  ;    not   fashioned  or 
moulded  into  regular  shape  ;  uncieated. 
-  Into  the  dawn,  which  lighted  uot  the  yet 
Unform'd  forefather  ,.(  mankind." 

ffvron  :  Heaven  e:  £artft,  i.  «. 

unformed-stars,  s.  pi. 

Astron.  :  Stars  which,  owing  to  the  Isolated 
position  which  they  occupy,  are  not  groui>ed 
into  any  constellation.  Called  also  Informed 
and  .Sporadic  stars. 

tin-fdr-sak'-en,  *.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  ana  Eng. 
forsaken.]  Not  forsaken  ;  not  deserted. 

"Bins  continued  in  or  unf  or  taken."  •   ~ 
Fundamental*. 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  *taiit  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p$ 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  ebb*  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  o»  =  e;  ey  ~  a;  qu  =  lew. 


unfortified— unfruitous 


4945 


on-for'-ti-fied,  *un-for-tl-fyed,  a, 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  fortified,] 

1.  Lit. :  Not  fortitieil ;  not  secured  or  pro- 
tected by  walls  or  fortifications  ;  defenceless. 

"Fourliig  clowii  upon  your  unfortified  frontiers  a 
fierce  and  irresistible  cavalry,"— Burke  :  Speech  on 
Cone,  with  America.  (1775.) 

2.  Fig. :  Not  strengthened  against  attacks  ; 
weak,  exposed,  defenceless. 

"A  heart  unfortifitd,  a  mind  impatient.- 

Sttaketp.;  Hamlet,  L  «. 

•  un-iTor'-tU-Iia-^.,  s.  [Eng.  unfbrtuna(te) ; 
-cy.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfortu- 
nate ;  ill-fortune,  misfortune. 

"  The  unfort unadet  of  his  reign."—  ffeylin  :  Life  of 
Laud,  p.  ::31. 

ttn-for'-tn-nate,  o.  &  «.  [Pref.  un~  (1),  and 
Eng.  fortunate.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Not  fortunate  ;  not  successful ; 
unlucky,  unhappy. 

"William  on  the  other  hand,  continued  to  place 
entire  confidence  in  hla  unfortunate  lieutenant."— 
Macaulay:  Uitt.  £nj,,  ch.  xiii. 

B.  A*   subst. :    One  who    is   unfortunate ; 
specif.,  applied  to  a  woman  who  has  lapsed 
from  virtue ;  a  prostitute. 

"Hopiug  I  might  see  some  unfortunate  ctai  herself 
from  the  Bridge  of  Sighs."— MaUock t  J/ev  Republic. 
bk.  111.,  ch.  ii. 

fin-for'-tU-nate-l&  adv.  [Eng.  unfortu- 
nate ;  -ly.}  In  an  unfortunate  manner ;  un- 
luckily, unhappily ;  by  ill-fortune. 

"  And  In  her  haste  unfortunately  spies 
The  foul  boar's  conquest  on  her  fair  delight. 

Shakeip.:  Venut&  Adonis.  1,029. 

ftn-for'-tu-nate-nfiss,  «.     [Eng.  unfortu- 
nate; -not*,]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unfortunate  ;  ill-fortune,  ill-luck,  misfortune. 
"  So  unfortunately,  that  it  doth  appall  their  minds. 
though  they  had  leisure :  and  so  mischievously  Unit 
it  doth  exceed  both  the  suddenness  ami  unfortmiate- 
ntu  of  It."— Sidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  v. 

tin-fSs  -sH-Ized,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  «"*  Bng. 
fossilized.]  Not  fossilized  ;  not  having  under- 
gone the  process  of  fossilization. 

ftn-ffe'-tered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fostered.} 

1.  Not  fostered  ;  not  nourished. 

2.  Not  countenanced  by  favour;  not  pa- 
tronized :  as,  a  scheme  unfostered. 

fin  fought  (ought  as  &t),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

aud  Eng.  fought.]    Not  fought. 

"They  used  such  diligence  iu  taking  the  passages, 
that  it  was  not  possible  they  should  escape  unfought 
with."— Knollet ;  Hist,  of  tM  Turks. 

fin-foiled',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  fouled.} 
Not  fouled  ;  not  polluted ;  not  corrupted ; 
pure. 

"The  humour  and  tun  idea  are  purely  transparent, 
to  let  in  light  uufouled  und  unsophisticated  by  any 
tincture."— More ;  Antidote  againtt  Atheitm,  bk.  ii., 
ch.  Mi. 

tin-found',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  aud  Eng.  found. 
a.]  Not  found  ;  not  met  with ;  not  discovered 
or  invented. 

"  So  easy  it  seemed  .  .  . 

Which  yet  unfound  most  would  have  thought 
Impossible."  Milton:  P.  L.,  vi.  500. 

tin-found-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
founded.] 

1.  Lit. ;  Not  founded  ;  not  built  or  esta- 
blished. 

"  With  lonely  steps  to  tread 
Th'  unfounded  deep."        Mil  ton :  P.  L.,  U.  82ft. 

2.  Fig. :  Having  no  foundation,   basis,  or 
ground;  baseless,  groundless,  idle. 

"After  Inquiry,  was  admitted  even  by  his  prose- 
cutors, to  be  unfounded,"— Macaulay:  Hist.  Eng,, 
ch.  T. 

* tin-f6und'-Sd-l&  adv.  [Eng.  unfounded; 
-ly.]  In  an  unfounded  manner;  without  any 
foundation,  ground,  or  basis. 

•tin-frac'-tnred,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fractured.}  Not  fractured  or  broken. 

"Its  huge  hulk  lies  »i»»/moi«re<i," — Defot:  Tour 
through  Or«tt  Britain,  i.  Slo. 

*  tin  fram  a  Me,  *  un  -  framo'-a  T>le,  a. 

[Pref.    un-   (1),    and    Eng.   framab'le.]     Not 
capable  of  being  framed  or  moulded. 

"Their  disposition  so  vnframaable  vnto  soctetl__ 
wherein  they  live."— Hooker :  Ecctet.  Politie,  bk.  L, 
H>. 

•tin-fram'-a  ble-ness,  *  tin-frame'-a- 
ble-ness,  ».  [Eng.  unframable ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unframable. 

"  The  unframeablrnesx  of  our  nature  to  the  doing 
of  anything  that  U  good."— Bp.  Sanderton,  in  Knox. 
Christian  ~  " 


11  in -frame',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
frame.]  To  destroy  the  frame  of;  to  take 
apart ;  to  undo. 

"  There  can  be  no  new  emergent  inconvenience  that 
may  unfratne  hU  resolutions?'— South :  Sermon*.  voL 
xi  ,  ser.  la 

•  tin-framed',  o.    [Pref.   un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
framed.]      Nut    framed  ;    not    formed ;    not 
fashioned ;  not  moulded. 

"Hefourmeth  &  fuahioneth  the  rude  and  enframed 
wltM  with  certain  principles. "—I/do! .'  John  vi. 

in-fran  -9hiscd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
franchised.]  Not  frauchised  ;  not  enfran- 
chised ;  disfranchised,  unenfranchised. 

•  un-fran'-gj-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-   (1),    and 

Eng.  frangible.]    Not  frangible ;  not  break- 
able. 

"  He  remaining  there,  and  being  whole  and  impas- 
sible, and  unfranoible."-.  Bp.  Taylor:  Of  the  Real  Pre- 
tence, 5  11. 

•  tin-frank'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
frank,  and  sun".  -aHe.l     Incapable  of  being 
franked  or  sent  by  public  conveyance  free  of 
expense. 

"  Tour  pencils  .  .  .  are  of  an  unfranXable  shape  and 
texture."— Southey:  Letter*,  lit.  106. 

« tin-fra-ter'-iial,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  fraternal.]  Not  fraternal ;  not  becoming 
a  brother. 

•  tin-fra-teV-nal-1?,  adv.     [Eng.  unfrater- 

tia.1;  -ly.]    Not  in  a  fraternal  manner;  not 
like  a  brother. 

"  A  medical  man  .  .  .  observed  unfraternally  and 
ungrammatically  at  the  same  time :  *  My  brother 
preaches  aud  I  practised "—  Daily  Chronicle.  Jan.  a, 

1888. 

•tin'- fraught  (gh  silent),  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  fraught.]    Not  fraught ;  not  loaded 
or  burdened  ;  freed  from  load  or  burden. 

"  Then  thou  dear  swain,  thy  heavenly  load  unfraufht.' 
P.  Fletcher:  Purfte  Mand,  VI. 

tin-free',  tin-freed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  free,  freed.}  Not  freed  ;  not  set  free. 

"  Shall  beauteous  Helen  still  remain  unfreed  I " 
Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  it.  US. 

•tin-freeze',  *nn-friese,  v.t.  [Pref.  un- 
(2),  and  Bug.  freeze.]  To  thaw. 

"  Love's  fiery  dart 

Oonld  never  unfrieie  the  frost  of  her  chaste  hart" 
audum:  Judith,  iv.  196. 

•  tin-fre'-quen-c#,  ».     [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  frequency.]    Infrequency. 

"  To  which  I  have  said  some  things  already,  when  I 
accounted  for  the  unfrequency  of  apparitions,  — ttfcjn- 
XII :  Suay  6. 

un-fre'-quent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
frequent.}  Not  frequent;  infrequent,  rare, 
uncommon. 

"  This  IB  the  good  man's  not  unfrequent  pang." 
Wordtworth  :  Excuriion.  bk.  V. 

«  un-fre-quent',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
frequent,  v.)  Not  to  frequent ;  to  cease  to  fre- 
quent. 

"  They  quit  their  thefts,  and  unfrenuent  the  Belds.- 
PMlipt:  Cider,  bk.  i. 

tin-frS-quent'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fretruented.}  Not  frequented  ;  seldom  resorted 
to  by  human  beings. 

"  I  sold  my  soldier's  clothes,  txraght  worse,  and.  in 
order  not  to  be  overtaken,  took  the  most  unfrequented 
roads  poasi me."— Goldtmith  :  Euayi,  No.  6. 

un-fre'-quent-l^,  adv.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
'    Eng   frequently.}      Not    frequently;   rarely, 
seldom. 

"  Not  unfrequently,  by  some  very  disagreeable  pecn- 
llarity."—  Cogan :  On  the  Patiiont.  pt.  i.,  ch.  it 

»tin-fref,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  fret, 
V.J  To  smooth  out,  to  relax. 

"  Until  the  Lord  unfret  his  angry  brows.* 

Greene  :  Lookina-Qlatt  fur  London,  p.  129. 

•tin-frett'-e'd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fretted.}  Not  frettted  ;  not  worn  or  rubbed. 

"  At  night  again  he  found  the  paper  unfretted."— 
Sotiniaed :  Ckronidet  of  Ireland  fan.  1682). 

*  tin-fri'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
friable.]  '  Not  friable ;    incapable   of  being 
crumbled  or  pulverised. 

"  The  elastic  and  unfriable  nature  of  cartilage." 
—Paley  :  Natural  Theology,  ch.  vili. 

*  tin'-frie'nd,  *  nn-frend,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (l) 
and  Eng.  /Mend.]    One  who  Is  not  a  friend 
an  enemy. 

••  Pnt  in  yr  heids  be  the  King's  Maties  unfrtndt. 
— iodae:  lUut.  of  Brit,  eta,;  Ben.  Y11I.,  No.  M. 

"ftn-frlSnd'-i5d,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng 


friend,  and  sutf.  -ed<]  Without  a  friend  Of 
friends  ;  unbefriendnl. 

"  And  can  ye  thus  unfriended  leave  me, 
Ye  Muse*  1  '  Wordtworth  :  Idiot  Boy. 

un-friend'-li-ness,  *.  [Eng.  unfriendly ; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
friendly ;  want  of  friendly  feeling  or  kindness. 

"Slight  instances  of  neglect  or  unfriendlineu."— 
Seeker  '  Sermons,  vol.  lit.,  ser.  iv. 

un-£riend'-l&   *  un-freude-ly,  a.  &  adv. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  friendly.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Not  kind  or  benevolent ;  not  friendly ; 
ill-disposed. 

"Qodolphin,  who  was  known  not  to  1«  unfriendly 
to  hUuld  master,  uttered  A  few  words  which  were  deci- 
sive,"— Macmday  :  Uitt.  Eng.,  ch.  x. 

2.  Not  favourable  or  kindly ;  unfavourable. 

"  Let  it  bo  understood  that  those  laws  and  liberties 
were  not  regarded  by  his  master  with  an  unfriendly 
eye."—Jfacaulay  :  Bitt  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

3.  Foreign,  strange. 

"  They  left  their  bones  beneath  unfriendly  skies." 
Cowper  :  Expoitulation.  524. 

B,  As  adv. :  In  an  unfriendly  manner ;  not 
like  a  friend. 

"  Nothing  surely  that  looks  unfriendly  upon  truth, 
or  Is  blameable,  in  it."—  WoUatton ;  Religion  of  Jfaturt, 
jvi. 

*  un-friend -ship.    *  nn-frend-shyp,   «. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  friendship.!  Want  01 
absence  of  friendship ;  unfriendliness,  ill- 
feeling. 

"  Even  so  a  Christian,  !f  he  assaye  to  have  f  rendshyp 

agayue  with  tlie  worlde.  doeth  utterly  receaue  u»- 
fren'tthjtp  with  Ood,  who  hnth  no  concord  withth* 
world.  '—LMal :  Jama,  ch.  IT. 

*  tin-fright'-£d  (gh  silent),   o.     [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  frighted.)    Not  frightened;  uu- 
frightened. 

"  But  they  unfrtghted  pass,  though  many  a  prlvle 
8i«ke  to  them  louder  than  the  oxe  in  Livle." 

Ben  J union  ;  Spiffranu,  bk.  IT. 

ttn-fright'-fiil  (gh  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  frightful.}  Not  frightful ;  not  terri- 
fying or  repulsive. 

"  Not  unfrightful  It  must  have  been."— C*rfjrf«  : 
/Venck  A'ec.,  pt  L,  bk.  vii.,  ch.  Iv. 

un -frock',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  frock.} 
To  take  the  frock  from ;  to  divest  or  deprive 
of  a  frock ;  hence,  to  deprive  of  or  reduce 
from  the  character  and  privileges  of  a  priest. 

"  Another  of  her  bishop*  she  [Queen  Elizabeth] 
threatened  with  au  oath  to  unfrock." — Bp.  Surd: 
Moral  A  Political  Dialogue. 

iin-froz'-en,  *  un-froze',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  frozen.}  Not  frozen,  not  congealed. 

"  The  unfroze  water*  marvellously  stood." 

J.  i'hUi/j*  :  Blenheim. 

*  iin-firiict'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Lat 
fructus  —  fruit.]    Having  no  fruit ;  unfruitful. 

*un-fructe-full,  a.  [UNFRUCTED.]  Un- 
fruitful. 

"  Ashamed  to  have  a  doe  with  the  unfructefuU 
work*  of  darknesse."—  Udal:  Ephes.  v. 

un-fruit'-ful,    *  nn-frute  -  ftill,     *un- 

frutte-ful,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Fug. 
fruitful.} 

1.  Not  fruitful ;  not  producing  fruit ;  barren : 
as  an  unfruitful  vine. 

2.  Not  producing  offspring ;    not  prolific ; 
barren  :  as,  an  unfruitful  woman. 

3.  Unproductive,  barren,  sterile. 

"  Lay  down  some  general  rules  for  the  knowing  of 
fruitful  and  unfruitful  soils."—  Mortimer :  Husbandry. 

4.  Not  productive  of  good. 

"  Have  no  fellowship  with  the  unfruitful  works  of 
darkness."—  Ephet.  v.  11. 

5.  Not  bringing  about  any  result ;  barren 
of  results  ;  vain,  fruitless,  useless. 

"  To  laugh  or  weep  at  Bin  might  idly  ahow 
Uubeeuful  passion  or  unfruitful  woe. 

Pope :  Sat.  8. 

tin-fruit'-ful-lfr.  adv.  [Eng.  unfruitful ;  -ly.} 
In  an  unfruitful  manner ;  fruitlessly,  use- 
lessly, un  productively  ;  to  no  purpose. 

"  I  bad  rather  do  anything  than  wear  out  time  so 
unfruitfuttv."—  Sen  Jonton  :  Silent  Woman,  v.  L 

tin-frfat'-ful-ness,  ».  [Eng.  unfruitfid; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unfruit- 
ful ;  barrenness,  unproductiveness,  infecun- 
dity,  sterility. 

"  The  natural  branches  were  not  spared,  because  of 
their  unfruitfulntu."—  Qtipin ;  lUuttrattont  by  St. 
Paul,  vol.  iv. 

•tin-f^it'-^fis.'un-flniyt-ouae.a.  [Pref. 
urt-(l);Eng./ru«;andsuff;-otw.]  Unfruitful. 

"  Nyle  ye  comyne  to  unfruytouu  worlds  of  dark. 
Denis."—  Wycl&e :  Ephtt.  T.  11, 


Doll,  bo^;  pint,  J6%1;  cat,  jell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   ph  =  t 
-cian, -tian  =  slian.    -tlon,  -sion  =  slxun;  -{Ion.  -sion  =  zbUH.   -clous,  -tloua,  -sious  =  shus,   -We.  -die,  *c.  =  bel,  del. 


4946 


unfrustrable— unghostly 


•  un-frfis'-tra-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  frustrable.]  Not  frustrable;  incapable 
of  being  frustrated. 

"An  irresistible,  or.  what  the  schoolmen  have  called, 
an  **fru*'rabu  power."  — dp.  Lorn:  Charge  to  the 


•fin-fu'-ellea,  o.     [Pref.  un-(l);  Eng.  fuel, 
and  suff.  -ed.]    Not  supplied  or  fed  with  fuel. 
"  Blazing  unfueUed  from  the  floor  of  rock 
Ten  magic  flames  arose." 


ftn-ful-filled',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fulfilled.]    Not  fulfilled ;  not  accomplished. 

"  To  the  eutent  that  he  would  leane  no  one  noynt 
of  humilitie  or  of  righteousness  un/i4lJtaed."—Vdal . 
Luke  ill. 

•  fin-full',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  full.] 
Nut  full  or  complete  ;  imperfect. 

"  Th'  unfull  harmony 
Of  uneven  hammers  beating  diversely." 
Svlretter:  B' 


•fin-fumed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
fumed.] 

1.  Not  fumigated. 

2.  Not  extracted  or  drawn  forth  by  fumiga- 
tion; undistilled. 

"  Then  strewa  the  ground 
With  rose  and  odour  from  the  shrub  un/itm'd' 

MiUm:  P.  L..  V.  349. 

fin-fund'-e'd,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
fvntietl.]  Not  funded  ;  having  no  permanent 
funds  for  the  payment  of  iu  interest. 

"The  unfunded  debt  [of  a  conn  try  I  la  often  called 
the  floating  debt,  and  constitutes  in  fact  ti.e  teal  debt 
of  the  nation.  It  arises  from  arrears  in  the  Govern, 
meut  accounts,  from  exchequer  bills,  and  treeaury 
tills,  upon  which  money  has  been  raised,  and  which 
are  supposed  to  be  paid  out  of  the  supplies  of  the  year 
following  tiieir  Issue.  It  is  thus  distinguished  bom 
the  funded  debt,  which  is  in  reality  no  debt  at  all, 
since  It  Is  already  paid  by  means  of  an  engagement  to 
grant  the  holders  of  It  an  annuity,  either  In  per. 
petulty,  or  for  a  term  of  >ean."~£ttAeU.-  Coumttng- 


fin-fort',  v.t.  &  t,  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng, 
furl,  v.] 

A.  Trandtiie: 

1.  To  loose  from  a  furled  state  ;  to  open  or 
spread  out  to  the  wind.  (Said  especially  of 
the  sails  of  a  ship,  a  Bag,  or  the  like.) 

"  The  freshening  breeze  of  eve  unfurled  that  lamier"! 
inaasy  fold."  Macaulay:  Armada. 

t  2.  To  expose  to  view  ;  to  disclose,  to  display. 

"  The  red  right  arm  of  Jove 
With  all  his  terrors  there  imfvrtd.' 

Byron:  Tratulation  from  Sefaee. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  be  spread  out  or  expanded  ; 
to  open  to  the  wind,  ' 

"  Aa  marks  his  eye  the  sea  hoy  on  the  maat 
The  anchor*  rise,  the  sails  unfurling  last." 

Brron:  Camlr,  1.  1«. 

fin  fur'-nlsh,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
furnish,  v.)  To  strip  of  furniture;  to  strip 
generally  ;  to  direst,  to  deprive. 

"  Bring  me  to  consider  that,  which  may 
Unjurnith  me  of  reason.' 

•  11-iiuvr'i  Tale.  T.  L 


fen  fur  -Dished,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i).  and  Eng. 
furnished.] 

1.  Not  furnished;  not  provided  with  fur- 
niture. 

'  I  I  i  ve  In  the  corner  of  a  vast  unfumUked  home."— 

•VeX 

2.  Unsnpplied  with  what  Is  necessary;  un- 
provided, unequipped. 

"  Thon  Shalt  not  go 
<i  and  unfriended  too." 
annum,  t  no.  :  epanoh  COTM*  IT.  1. 

3.  Unstocked,  empty. 

11  Her  treasury  was  empty  1  her  arsenals  were  MM. 
/lirr,Mfd.-—Maeextaf  •  Hi*,  fog.,  oh.  at 

iin-far'-rowed,  o.    [Pref.  «*-  (1),  and  Eng. 
furrowed.] 

1.  Not  ftarrowed  ;  not  cut  or  formed  Into 
furrows,  drills,  or  ridges. 

"  The  unseeded  and  unfurrowed  soil." 

Coteptr:  Bomeri  Orfavtsylx. 

2.  Smooth,  unruffled. 

"  The  sliding  creep  of  the  Uft/bmnmt  tide  upon  the 
beach."—  />*«»•  TttegrafA.  Jan.  TO,  18*. 

fin  fused',  a.    [Pref.  «n-  OX  and  TSvg.Ju.td,] 
Sot  tiweil,  not  melted. 


*  tin-fas  -I-ble,  a.     (Pref. 
fusible.]    Not  fusible. 


-  (I),  and  Eng. 


•fin-gain',    "  nn-gayne,   •  un-gein,  a. 

[A.  8.  un-  =  not,  and  ML  gegn  =  ready,  ser- 
viceable, convenient;  Agegn  =  ungainly,  un- 
g»ntle.l  Ungainly,  awkward,  clumsy. 

"His  person  was  aa  heavy  and  urtoatn,  aa  hla  wit 
was  alert  a,,d  annghtly.--Oi-a«n»er.-  Uf  Hr  f.  Pern. 
tenon; 


•  nn-galn'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref,  tin-  (1),  and  Eng 
ga  i  nahle.]    Not  gainable ;  not  capable  of  beim 
gained  or  won, 

"  The  better  protected  your  peace  will  be  from  the 
unoainable  enemies  of  each  extreme."— Dr.  Pierce 
Sermon  on  Ae  2*A  qf  Ma,,  p.  85.    U66L) 

un-gained,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
gained.]  Not  yet  gained,  or  won. 

"  Men  prlie  tbe  thing  ungahfd  more  than  It  In." 
Matet/.. :  TroUul  t  Creuida,  L  2. 

•  un-galn'-ful,  <r.    [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
gainful.]     Not  gainful ;  not  producing  gain  ; 
unprofitable. 

"Thou  dost  spend 
In  an  ungainfitl  art  thy  dearert  days." 

Daniel*  MUIOL 

•  iin-gain'-fnl-l¥,  ode.     [Eng.    ungainful; 
•ly.]    Not  gainfully  ;  unprofltably. 

fin-gatn'-U-ness,  ».  [Eng.  ungainly  (2); 
•ness.]  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  ungainly  ; 
awkwardness,  clumsiness. 

•  un  -  gain'  -  Ijr  (1),  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 
gain,  and  sun.  -Iu.]    Unprofitable. 

"Misusing  tlieir  knowledge  to  ungainlu  ends,  aa 
either  ambition,  auperatition,  or  for  satisfying  their 
curiosity."— Hammond  :  n'orki,  Iv.  650. 

un-gain'-ly  (2),  o.  &  adv.  [Eng.  ungain;  -In.] 
A.  As  adj.  :  Not  gainly ;  clumsy,  awkward, 
uncouth. 

"  He  was  rude  and  ungainly  in  hla  movements,  un- 
like all  respectable  citizens  in  his  habits."— Letctl  • 
BM.  J'hitot.,  L  128. 

•B.  At  adv.:  Awkwardly,  clumsily    nn- 

couthly. 

"  Why  dost  thou  stare  and  look  ao  ungainly  I* 

rimevrgh  :  Confederacy,  L  1. 

•  un-galn-said'  (ai  as  6),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  gainsaid.]     Not  gainsaid,  contra- 
dicted, or  denied. 

"  The  pope  may  aa  well  boast  hla  ungatntatd  autho- 
rity. —Milton:  Anint.  OM  fitment.  Defence,  I  L 

fin-gal-lanf,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
gallant.)  Not  gallant ;  not  courteous  to  ladies. 

•un-gislled'.o.  [Pref.un-(l),andEng.jna«i.J 
Unhurt,  uuwouuded. 


tikalcetp.  :  Bamlct,  III  1 

*  un-gar'-ment-ed,  a.     [Fref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  garmented.]    Unclothed,  nuked. 

"  Bound  her  limbs  MMfMrmented." 

Sou&ey  :  Joan  of  Are,  IT. 

•  un-gar'-nished,  o.     [Pref.  «n-  (i),  and 
Eng.  garnished.]  Notgarnialied,  notfurnished, 
not  adorned. 

"A  plain,  u*aar»l&-d  preient  ae  a  thank-offering 
to  tUtf—Ulm  :  Anim.  un  Kema*f.  Deftuce.  It. 

un-gar'-rf-soned,  a.  [Pref.  «»  (l\  and 
Eng.  garrisoned.]  Not  garrisoned  ;  without  a 
garrison  or  garrisons. 

"  It  waa  impoasible  to  leave  theee   places  Mufar. 
-—  i:  Btu.  £»g..  ch.  Ix. 


un-gar'-tered,  o,  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
gartered.]  Not  gartered  ;  not  invested  or 
secured  with  a  garter. 

"When   yon   chid  at  Sir  Proteos  for  going  am. 
ffantred.'—  SAofeMp.  .-  Ttoo  Oeiutewwn,  it  L 

un-gath'-ered,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l\  and  Enjj. 
gathered.}  Not  gathered,  not  collected,  not 
picked. 

"  Beaide  the  vngalhrrrd  rice  he  lay." 
' 


un-gangcd',  o.  [Pref.  «*•  0),  and  Eng.' 
gauged.]  Not  gauged ;  not  measured  or  cal- 
culated. (Young:  Night  Thoughts,  viii.  671.) 

fin-gear1,  r.t  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  gear.] 
To  strip  of  gear ;  to  throw  out  of  gear. 

tin-geld',  «.  [A.8.  «n-  =  not,  and  geld  = 
payment.] 

Feudal  Lain:  A  person  so  far  out  of  the 
protection  of  the  law  that,  if  he  were  mur- 
aered,  no  geld  or  fine  should  be  paid  or  com- 
position made  by  his  murderer.  (Cornell.) 

tin-gSn'-er-alled,  a.  [Pref.  tnt-  (2);  Eng. 
general,  a.,  and  snir.  -«*.]  Made  not  general ; 
localized.  (Special  coinage.) 

•  Theae  persons  may  be  ungenerafd.  and  Impaled 
in  their  particular  counties.  — fuller:  Wortltiet; 


nn-gen'-e'r-at-e'd,  a.  [Pref.  un.  0),  and 
Eng.  generated.]  Not  generated  ;  not  brought 
into  being. 

"  Millions  of  souls  must  have  been  unyenerated. . 
and  have  had  no  being."— Kulete*  :  II M.  World,  ok.  L, 
ch.  Iv. 


un-g«5n'-«5r-ous,  a.  [Pref.  un.  (1),  and  Knz. 
generous.]  Not  geurrous  ;  not  liberal  or  nobS 
iu  mind  or  sentiment;  illiberal,  Ignoble  uo 
kind. 

"  Honour  and  shame  th*  unatnrout  tbooght  recall  * 
f't^f  :  Homer  t  Iliad  xxiL  ISa 

fin-gen'  -er-ous-iy,  adv.  (Eng.  ungenerous  ; 
•ly.]  In  an  ungenerous  manner;  il'libeiallv 
unkindly. 

un-gen'-I-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
genial.]  Not  genial  ;  not  favourable  to  growth 
or  nature. 

"  Pngenial  blasts  attending,  cnrl  the  atream." 

Ctncfjfr  :  TabU  Ttt.k.  SIS. 

*  un-gen'-I-tured,  o.  [Pret  un-  (1)  ;  Eng. 
geuitur(e);  -cd.]  Wanting  the  power  of  pro- 
pagation ;  wanting  genitals  ;  iin|K>tent. 

"  This  uaaeniturrd  atieuf 

kh-ikrtp.  :  Jfttaurt/or  Manure,  ill.  t, 

un-gen-teel',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
genteel.]  Not  genteel;  not  polite;  rude. 
(SSaid  of  persons  or  things.) 

"  Who  <*>"ld  bear  to  live  with  the  epithet  of  iirun. 
teell  —  aTno*.-  Ettuyt  No.  ;t 

un-gen-teer-l«,  adv.  [Eng.  unvrnteel  ;  -ly.] 
Not  genteelly  ;  Impolitely,  uncivilly,  rudely. 

un-gen'-tle,  *  un-gen-till,  a.  [Pref.  un-, 
(1),  and  Eng.  gentle,  a,J 

•  1.  Not  of  noble  birth  or  descent  ;  ignoble. 

"For  some  man  hath  great  richesse.  but  he  la 
ashamed  of  liis  unyemiJi  linage.'*  —  C/muc«r*  A'lv.iju*. 
bk*  u. 

2.  Not  gentle  ;  harsh,  rude,  unkind,  rough. 

"It  was  indeed  111  suited,  in  more  ways  than  one,  to 
hla  uttaeutlt  nature."—  Jlucaulay  :  Hut.  A»w«  ch.  viti 

"  un-gen'-tle-man,  r.f.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 

Eng.  gentleman.]  To  deprive  of  the  clianuv 
teribtics  of  a  gentleman  :  to  render  rude  and 
clownish. 

"  Home-breeding  will  ungfntlcman  him."  —  Genlte. 
fnan  tnxrucied,  p.  M&. 

un-gcn-tle-man-like,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1\ 

and  Eng.  gentlemanlike.]  Not  gejtlemanlike; 
not  becoming  a  gent  leu,  an  ;  ungentleniHiily 

"Coarse  and  ungentltmanlUu  terma."—  JToeaufav. 
Bitt,  Eng^  ch.  xxiiL 

nn-gen'-tle-man-ll-nes8,  «.  [Eng.  u«- 
gentlemanly;  *ness.]  Tne  qtuilitj  or  Btate  ot 
being  ungentlernanly  ;  the  absence  of  geuUe- 
manliness. 

«n-g«n'-tle-man-iy,  o.  &  adv.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  gentlemanly.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Not  gentlemanly  ;  not  becom- 
ing a  gentleman  ;  low,  vulgiir,  coarse. 

"The  demeanour  of  those  nnder  Waller  waa  much 
more  unQnalematuy  aud  barbarous."—  fiartttdim. 

*  B.  Asaiiv.  :  In  an  nngentlemanly  manner; 
not  as  a  gentleman. 

"To  defraud  and  conaen  them  un^enr/afannfv  of 
their  parents  love,  whiclj  i»  the  greatest  and  f.-ilies. 
portion  of  their  inheritance.  '—  P.  Bella**  s  fiutarcjt, 

un:gen'-tle  ness,  •  nn-gen-tll-nesse,  j. 

[Eng.  ungentle  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  beirg  uugentU; 
rudeness  ;  coarseness  of  behaviour. 

2.  Harshness,  rudeness,  unkindness. 

"  Tonth,  you  have  done  me  much  vtiaentlmem, 
To  show  the  letter  that  I  writ  yon. 

tshutfip.  i  AI  rou  i.att  u.  v.  t. 
n-gSn'-tiy,  adv.    [Pref.  «»-  (1),  and  Eng. 
gently.]    Not  geutly  ;   rudely,    liarshly,    un- 
kindly. 

"  But 

arged        . 

It  aa  the  cause  required."—  Strype  .  Ecdet.  J/e 
VI.  (an.  1MW. 

"  un-ge-o-met'-rlo-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  OX 
and  Eng.  geometrical.]  Not  geometrical  ;  not 
in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  geometry. 

"All  the  attempts  before  sir  laaxo  Newtou  M 
explain  the  regular  appaaraucea  of  nature  weia  wa> 
geometrical.'  —  t'heynf. 

•fin-ggf,  f.(.  [Pref.  «n-  (2),  and  Eng.  frtj 
To  cause  to  be  unliegotteu. 

"  111  disown  yon.  I'll  disinherit  yon.  I'll  ungct  you." 
—  Sheridan  :  The  X*>aU. 

•  nn-ghoBf-lj?  (h  silent),  a.  [Pret  «»  (IX 
and  Eng.  t/kostiy.] 

1.  Not  spiritual. 

"Compare,  I  aaye.  theee  loyful  erylngea  with  the 
uneAOfrt*'  aocUinactona,"  —  Udtil  :  iiarke  xi. 

2.  Not  resembling  or  befitting  a  ghost  ;  sub- 
stantial. 

"  Revealed  ...  a  meet  unpa^erv-looklng  pair  at 
boota.  '—Daily  Telegraph,,  Jan.  26,  1888. 


"  But  even  as  they  vvpentlu  and  wltnout  rtp'^ 
charged  her.aoshe  [ifaj-yj  ouiitt*d  ao  fully  toai.. 
" 


fete,  fct.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  w«t,  here,  camel,  her,  there:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
«r,  wore,  won  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cnb,  oiire,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Sjrrlna.    te.  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


ungLxwarite— ungraciousness 


4947 


-r-ite  (w  as  v), «.  [After  Unghwar, 
or  Ungl-var,  Hungry,  where  fouud  ;  sull.  -ite 
(if-in.).] 
jUn. :  The  same  as  CHLOBOPAL  (q.v.> 

fin-gift' -e'd.o.   [Pref.  un-  (1 ),  and  Bug.  gifted.] 
1.  Not  gifted  ;  not  endowed  with  peculiar 
faculties  or  qualities. 
*  2.  Without  receiving  a  gift. 

"  Lest  thou  depart  the  coast 
tingifted."  Ct»op<r:  limner;  Odyueyxv. 

•  tin-gnd'-Sd,  *  ttn-gnt',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  gililnl,  gilt.}  Not  gilded ;  not  over- 
laid with  gold. 

••  You,  who  each  day  can  tlieatrea  behold. 
Like  Nero's  Dilute,  ihtnluff  nil  withhold. 
Our  mean  unalldfd  stage  will  scorn. 
Drydea  :  Prat,  at  Opening  of  Kim  I  Haute.    |1»«.) 

•fin-gflt'.  'un-gilte,  v.t.    [Pref.  un- (2), 

•nd  Eng.  gilt.}    To  deprive  <if  gilding. 
"  Bycame  that  there  was  none  yll  that  did  wngilte  if 
—aolUen  Boke.    (Pro!.) 

fa -tinned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  Bml  EnS- 
jiiineii.)  Not  treated  in  a  gin,  [Gin  (1),  v.] 

fin-gird',  v.t.  (Pref.  im-  (2),  and  Eng.  gird.] 
To  loose  or  free  from  a  girdle  or  band ;  to 
unbind;  to  divest  of  a  girdle  or  what  is 
girt  ou. 

"Tie  man  ungtrded  his  camels,  and  gave  them 
straw  aud  provender."— Geneva  xxiv.  32. 

•fin-girt',  *nn-gert,  •nn-Kurt,"nn- 
gyrde,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  girt.}  Not 
bound  with  a  girdle  ;  loose,  ungirded. 

••  Thy  tall  before  the  race  was  won, 

Thy  sword  unffirl  ere  set  of  sun. 

Scott  :  Lad u  of  the  Lake,  ri.  23. 

•  fin-give',  v.t.  &  «.  [Pref.  «n-  (2),  and  Eng. 
give.} 

A.  Traia. •  To  relax. 

••  He  couid  not  be  thawed  to  vnfftve  anything  of  the 
rlgidnesM  of  his  discipline,"— FuUerl  But.  Canto. 
Univ..  vii.  2. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  give  way  ;  to  relax. 

"That  religion  which  is  rather  suddenly  parched 
up  .  .  doth  commonly  uugive  afterwards.'— fuller* 
C«ur«*  fist..  II.  iu  W. 

•tin-glv'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  »nd  Eng. 
giving.]  Not  giving;  not  bringing  gifts. 

"  In  vain  at  shrines  th'  ungirtng  suppliant  stands  ; 
This  'tis  to  make  a  vow  with  empty  bauds. 

Dryden.    (Todd.) 

ting  ka  pu-tl,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool':  Hylobates  agilis,  the  Agile  Gibbon,  a 
native  of  south-eastern  Asia.  The  head, 
Bhoulders,  inside  of  the  arms,  forearms,  legs, 
thighs,  breast,  and  belly  of  a  deep  oofl'ee 
colour;  the  face  bluish-black,  the  hind  part 
of  the  head  and  back  blond,  the  cheeks  with 
wge  white  whiskers. 

"  in-glad ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  glad.. 
Not  gladdened  ;  sorrowful,  sad. 

*'  If  thou  my  soune  haste  ioye  had, 
Whau  thou  an  other  sawe  vnglitd 
Shriue  the  therot"  Qower  i  C.J..U, 

•  fin-glaze',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  glaze. 
To  deprive  of  glazing  or  of  glass. 

fin-glazed',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  glased. 

1.  Deprived  of  glass ;  not  furnished  with 
glass  :  as,  an  unglazed  window. 

2.  Not  having  glass  windows. 

"  Ob  now  a  low  ruined  white  shed  I  discern. 
Untiled  and  unglased."  Prior:  Av 

3.  Not    covered   with    glaze    or  Yitreoui 
matter :  as,  an  unglazed  vessel. 

•fin -gloomed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  0);  Eng 
gloom.;  -ed.\  Not  darkened,  overshadowed 
or  made  gloomy. 

••  With  look  unffloomed  by  guile.' 

Sre.ii ;  The  Spleen. 

•fin-glbV-.-fied,  a.  (Pref.  un-  a),  an 
Eng.  glorified.}  Not  glorified ;  not  honour* 
with  praise  or  adoration. 

"Yet  unglorijted.  I  comprehend 
All.  In  these  mirrors,  of  thy  way«  and  end. 

Donit«  -•  Obteq.  on  lord  Harrington. 

•fin-gttr'-f-fy,  v.t.  [Pref.  im-  (2),  and  Eng 
glorify.}  To  deprive  of  glory.  (Watts:  Item- 
nante  <{f  Time,  §  31.) 

•  fin-glor-I-ofta,  a.    [Pref. un-  (I),  and  Eng 

glorious.}    Not  glorious ;  inglorious. 

"  He  brhiiirth  the   preetii  of   hem  tmftorioue.'— 
Wycli/e:  Jolt  xii.  19. 

ttn-glive',  r.l.  (Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  glare 
To  take  off  the  glove  or  gloves  from. 

•"  Cnalovt  your  hand." 
Beaum.  A  rift. :  Lover'i  Progrtu,  li.  1. 


tin-Kloved',  a.    [In  sense  1  from  pref.  un-  (1), 
«n°  Eng.  gloved ;  in  sense  2  from  unglove,  v.J 

1.  Not  gloved  ;  having  no  gloves  on. 

••  He  stood  up.  holding  forth  hia  hand  unglmed.'— 
Bacon  :  .VYw  A  tlantit. 

2.  Having  the  gloves  removed. 
n-glue',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  glue,  v.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  separate  or  loose,  as  anything 
that  has  been  joined  with  glue  or  other  tena- 
cious substance. 

"Small  rains  relax  and  unglwi  the  earth,  to  give 
Tent  to  luflamed  atoms."-Jfart»»  .•  On  the  Plague. 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  separate  from  any  strong  or 
tenacious  attachment. 

"My  son.  ...  unglue  thyself  from  the  world."— 
So.  Ball:  Cnrtat  Hfttical,  S  21. 


(Pref.  11  n-  (1),  and  Eng. 


in-gliit'-ted,  a.     , 

glutted.]    Not  glutted;  not  satiated  or 
rated ;  not  cloyed. 

"  Seyd's  unglutted  eye 
Would  doom  him  ever  u>  iug-ue'er  to  die  I 

Byron  :  Cortair,  1L  8. 

fin-god',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  god.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  a  god  ;  to  cause  to  recognize 
no  god ;  to  make  atheistical  or  godless. 

"  Thus  men  ungoaded  may  to  places  rise." 

A-yden :  Bind  f  Panther,  111.  HI 

2.  To  divest  of  the  character  of  a  god  or 
divinity ;  to  deprive  of  the  divine  attributes 
or  qualities,  real  or  supposed  ;  to  undeify. 

M  Oh.  were  we  wakeu'd  to  this  tyranny 
T  unyod  this  child  again,  it  could  not  be 
I  should  love  her."  Bonne ;  Lovet  Deity. 

nn-gode-ly,  a.    [UNGODLY.] 

un-g8d'-like,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  god,  and 
iuf.  -like.\    Not  like  God,  spec,  in  character. 

"  The  other  ungf/dlika  giftuta  of.  our  poetry."— Fort- 
nightly  Ktfievr,  XJtvlii.  481. 

fin-go'd'-li(-lj?,  adv.    [Eng.  ungodly;  -ly.}   In 


an  ungodly  manner;  impiously,  wickedly, 

ill  esny  of  U 
very  gospel  ^o  irreverently 


"  Tie  but  an  111  essay  of  that  godly  fear,  to  use  that 
try  gospel  so  Irreverently  and  ui      ' 
ment  of  the  To: 

un-gSd'-H-ncss,    •  un-god-ly-neB,    o. 

[Eng.  ungodly;  -neat.]    The  quality  or  state 
of  being  ungodly  ;  impiety,  wickedness. 

••  How  grossly  do  many  of  us  contradict  the  plain 
precepts  of  the  gospel  by  our  ungodlineu  and  worldly 
lusts  I"—  Tulotton. 

un-god'-ly,  *un-god-lye,  ».     [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  godly.} 

1.  Not  godly  ;   impious,  wicked,  unholy 
•inful.    (Said  of  persons  or  things.) 

"  Ungodly  deeds."       llttton:  Samson  Agonlttet,  W8. 

2.  Polluted  by  wickedness. 

«  Let  not  the  hours  of  this  ungodly  day 
Waar  out  in  peace."      ShaXeep. :  King  John,  ui.  1. 

•  tin-good',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  good.] 
Not  good  ;  wicked,  ungodly. 

"  The  vice  of  them  that  ben  vngood 
Is  uo  repreefe  viito  the  good.' 

Oomr:  C.A.    (ProU 

•  fin-good'-ly,  a,     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

goodly.}    Wicked,  ungodly. 

-  Whlcbe  thyng  my  sonne  I  the  forbede. 
For  It  la  an  vngoodty  dede.  Qower  :  O.  A.,  V. 

fin-gored',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  gored. 
1.  Unwounded,  unhurt. 

"  I  have  a  voice  and  precedent  of  peace. 
To  keep  my  naiuu  wngored." 

3hakesp. :  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

S.  Unstained  with  gore  ;  unblooded. 

"Helms  of  gold 

ith  blood." 

Sylvester  :  The  Vacation,  p.  388. 

•fin-gorged',  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
gorged.}  Not  gorged,  not  filled,  not  sated. 

"  The  hell-hounds,  as  ungorg'd  with  flesh  and  blood 
Pursue  their  prey,  aud  seek  their  wonted  food. 

Dryden  :  Theodore  A  llonoria,  213. 

•  fin-gor'-gS-OU»,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

gorgeous.]    Not  gorgeous,  not  showy. 

"It  sweeps  along  there  in  meet  ungoraeout  pall."— 
Carlylt:  frenOt  Re*°L,  pt.  IL.  bk.  lv.,  ch.  Mil. 

•fin-g8s'-pel-like,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i);  Eng 
gospel,  and  suff.  -like.}  Not  like  the  gospel 
not  sanctioned  by  or  according  to  the  spin 
of  the  gospel. 

"  Carnal  tyranny  of  an  undue,  unlawful,  and  w 
gotpellike  Jurisdiction."— Milton :   Reason  of  Cfiurcn 
Government,  bk.  n. 

•fin-g5t',  *  fin-g8f-ten,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1 

and  Eng.  got,  gotten.] 
1.  Not  got  or  gotten ;  not  gained  or  acquired 

"  Hume  thyself  In  thine  unrest. 
Judging  ungotten  things  the  best. 

Daniel:  Cleopatra.    (Chorus.) 


2.  Not  begotten. 

M  Who  is  as  free  from  touch  or  soil  with  her, 
As  sh»  from  uue  ungot." 

Shaketp.  :  Measure  for  Measure,  V.  L 

n-g6v'-ern-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  gouemnble.] 

1.  Not  governable  ;  incapable  of  being  go- 
verned, rule  I,  or  managed  ;  refractory,  unruly. 

"The  meu  of  Kerry  reputed  the  fiercest  anil  most) 
ungovernable  part  of  the  aboriginal  population.  — 
Mitcaulay:  fliit.  Kng..  ch.  xviL 

2.  Licentious,  wild,  unbmlU-d. 

"He  desired  riches  with  an  ungovernable  aud  lu- 
aatiable  desire."—  Mactiulay  :  Sift.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

fin-gov'-ern-a-'ble-nSss,  ».  [Eng.  «n- 
governable  ;  -ness.]  Tlie  quality  or  state  ot 
being  ungovernable. 

un-goV-ern-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  ungoi-ern- 
aUle);  -ly.}  lii  an  ungovernable  manner  ;  so 
as  not  to  be  capable  of  being  governed  or 
restrained. 

"  He  had  recently  been  turned  out  of  office  in  a  way 
which  made  him  unyoternabty  ferocious.  —  Mac. 
aulay  :  Hat.  Eng.,  ch.  xi\. 

un  gov'-crned,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
governed.] 

1.  Not  governed  ;  having  no  government  ; 
anarchical. 

"  The  state  is  .«»«££'  ."XtorfflX.  U.  «- 

2.  Not  under   control   or  restraint  ;   nil- 
managed. 

"  And  short,  or  wide,  the  niyoswn'd  courser  drive." 
Pope  :  llomtr  ;  Iliad  xxili.  292. 

3.  Not  subject  to  laws  or  principles  ;  un- 
restrained, unbridled,  licentious,  wild. 

••  To  .arve  •»*»"«'" 


«un-go\vn.',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
gown.]  To  take  the  gown  off;  to  strip  of  a 
gowu  ;  to  unfrock. 

fin  -graced',  o.     [Pref.  un-  a).   and  ^8; 

graced.  J     Not   graced;    not   favoured;    not 
adorned. 


fin-grace'-ful.  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
graceful.}  Not  graceful  ;  wanting  in  grace  or 
elegance  ;  clumsy,  inelegant,  awkward. 

"Aped,  with  ignorant  and  ungraceful  affectation, 
the  patriots  of  Athens  and  Rome.  —  Jiacaulay:  Situ 
£ng.,  ob.  x. 

n-graoe'-fdl-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  ungraceful; 
-ly.]  Iu  an  ungraceful  manner;  inelegantly, 
awkwardly. 

"Sits  ungracefully  on  the  narrowed-soul  traa. 
soriber.-—  Steelet  Spectator,  No.  VO. 

fin-graee'-ful-nSss,  ».    [Eng.  ungraceful; 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  ungrace- 


-ness.)    ' 

ful ;  inelegance,  awkwardness. 


"  The  ungracefulnetl  of  constraint  and  affectation.* 
—I.mte:  Vf  Education,  |  «. 

un-gra'- clous,  *un-gra-clonBe,  *un- 
gra-tlous,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  aud  Eng.  gra- 
cious.] 

1.  Wanting  in  grace ;  rude,  unmannerly, 
brutal,  coarse. 

"The  gracious  words  were  accompanied  by  ungrar 
ctoui  acta."—  Macaulay:  Bat.  ffng.,  ch.  Tt 

*  2.  Offensive,  disagreeable. 

"  Shew  me  no  parts  which  are  ungracima  to  th» 
light,  as  all  pre-shortenings  usually  are."—  Drj/den. 

"  3.  Impious,  wicked,  ungodly. 

"But,  good  my  brother. 
Do  not,  as  some  ungrnciout  pastors  do. 

Shakap.  •'  Hamlet.  L  S. 

•  4.  Unacceptable ;  not  well  received ;  not 
In  favour. 

"  Anything  of  grace  towards  the  Irish  rebels,  was  aa 
ungracious  lit  Oxford  as  at  London."— clarendon: 
Civil  War. 

fin-gra'-oions-l#,  adv.  [Eng.  ungrozimu; 
•ly.} 

1.  In  an  ungracious  manner ;  without  kind- 
ness or  affability. 

"He  accepted  graciously  what  he  could  not  but  con- 
sider aa  unyracioully  given.  "—J/acaulay  :  Sit t.  JEng* 
ch.  xv. 

2.  With  disfavour. 

"Both  Dundee  and  Balcarras  swelled  the  crowd 
which  thronged  to  greet  the  deliverer,  and  were  not 
ungraciously  received. "—  Uacaulay  t  Bttt.  Eng^ 
ch.  XIIL 

•  fin-gra'-cloua-nSM, «.  (Eng.  ungradoui ; 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ungra- 
cious. 

"Aslnfm  hatred  is  a  state  of  ungractoutneu  with 
GooV'-Sp.  Taylor:  On  Repentance,  rh.  T»  IS. 


'boll,  bo*;  pout,  Jowl;  oat,  yO.  oHorn..  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  .in.  a?;  expect,  **™V*°*.  e*lst.   -iig. 
-Cl«.-tlftn  =  .Ui.-i.   -tion-.ion  =  »hun;-lon.-lon  =  «littii.   -clouis  -ttow,  -Blou.  =  ***   -We. -die.  4o.  =  Del.  del. 


4948 


tmgrammatical— unguilty 


un-gram  mat  -ic-al,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.   grammatical.]     Not  grammatical ; 
according  to  the  rules  of  grammar. 

"Some  [phrases]  are  ungrammaHatl,  othen 
— Dridat:  Troilui  t  Cruiida.    (Pret( 

fin  -  gram-  mat'-  lo-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  un 
grammatical ;  -ly.]  In  an  ungmmmatica' 
manner  ;  contrary  to  the  rules  of  grammar. 

"  Expressed  themselves  ungrammatically  and  vul 
garly  on  the  commonest  subjects."— Knox :  Winter 
Lrtninji,  even.  64. 

"  fin-granted,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
granted.]  Not  granted,  given,  or  conceded. 

**  This  ungrantfd.  all  rewards  are  vain." 

Dryden  :  t'irgil ;  .£neid  is.  877. 

* fin-grate, a.  &  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Let. 

gratus  =  pleasing.] 

A,  As  adjective : 

1.  Not  agreeable ;  not  pleasing ;  displeasing. 

2.  Ungrateful. 

B.  At  tubst.:  An  ungrateful  person;   an 
ingrate. 

in  grate  -ful,  *  un-grate'-fall,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  grateful.] 

1.  Not  grateful ;  not  feeling  thankful  or 
showing  gratitude  for  kind  offices  done ;  not 
making  returns,  or  making  ill-returns  for 
kindness. 

"  Ungrateful  to  God' a  clemency.™ 

Scott :  Rvkeby,  Iv.  *>. 

*2.  Un  pleasing,  disagreeable,  unacceptable. 

"  No  ungrateful  food."  J/iUon  ;  P.  L.,  V.  40T. 

•3.  Making  no  return  for  culture;  sterile, 
unfruitful. 

"  Fruits,  ungrateful  to  the  planter's  care." 

Pope  :  Euay  on  Man,  ii.  181. 

4.  Giving  no  return  or  recompense;  offering 
no  inducement. 

••To abate  hU«aI 
For  liii  ungrateful  cause." 

H-ordnnrth  :  Ezcurtton.  bk.  vi. 

fin -grate'- ful -ly\  adv.  [Eng.  ungrateful; 
-ly.]  In  an  ungrateful  manner ;  without 
gratitude. 

"  Our  deliverer  had  been  ungratefully  requited."— 
Macttulaf :  flitt.  £nff-,  eh.  xxv. 

fin-grate'- ful-neES,  «.    fEng. 

HMM.] 

1.  The  quality  or  sute  of  being  ungrateful ; 
ingratitude. 

"  Without  ths  detestable  stain  of  ungratefulnetL'— 
Kdney. 

*  2.  Disagreeableness,  ungraciousness. 

"  Considering  the  utigratefulneu  of  the  messsin."— 
Glanvill:  Sermons.  No.  9. 

fin-graf-J-fied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
gratified.]  Not  gratified  ;  not  satisfied, 

**  I  should  turn  thee  away  ungratilfed 
For  all  thy  former  kindness." 
Beaum.  at  fit*.  :  Honett  Man'9  fortune,  L 

•fin-grave'  (1),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
grave  (2),  v.J  Not  cut,  carved,  or  graven. 

"  Neither  grave  He  ungrate  of  gold,  ne  of  sulver  " 
Fieri  Plowman,  p.  70. 

•tin-grave'  (2),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
grave,  a.]  Not  grave  or  serious. 

"With  un?ras0gate  to  rnune  doe  Him  compell." 
liana:  Bolt  Soode,  p.  7. 

•  fin -grave',  v.t.    \fnt.  un-  (2\  and  Eng. 
grave  (2),  s.)    To  take  out  of  the  grave ;  to  ex- 
hume ;  to  disinter. 

"  Sent  his  officers ...  to  tmffrosv  him  accordingly.' 
—fuller :  Ckurcn  Hitt,  IV.  it  ML 

•fin -graved',  a.  [Pref.  un.  (1),  and  Eng. 
grave  (2),  v.J  Not  buried ;  un  buried. 

"  Ungraded  amid  the  sands." 

Surrey;  firfil ;  Jlmid  IT. 

•fin-grave'-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  ungrave  (2),  a. ; 
-ly.]  Without  dignity  or  seriousness;  in- 
decently. 

"His  present  portanee. 

Which  most  gibingly.  unynue/t/,  lie  did  fashion 
After  the  inveterate  hate  lie  bears  to  you." 

OhaJuip. :  Coriolanui,  It  8. 

•  fin-gre'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (:),  and  Eng. 
greable.]    Not  agreeable ;  disagreeable. 

•fin-green',  *nn-grene,  ».  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  green.]  Not  green ;  withered.  (Said 
of  leaves.) 

"  With  sere  branches,  blossoms  ungrene.' 

Romaunt  of  the  Rote,  4,752. 

fin -ground',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ground,  a.)  Not  ground,  bruised,  or  crashed. 
(Lit.  Jtfig.) 

"Shall  the  grists  of  my  h<>]**beungroundf 

Beaum.  t  net.  •  Maid  in  tit  MIU,  T.  1 

fin  ground -ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1\  and  Eng. 


grounded.]    Not  grounded  ;  having  no  ground 
or  foundation  ;  unfounded,  baseless. 

"  Regardless  of   ungrounded   suspicions."—  MUto*  : 
Doct.  £  Mtc.  o/  Divorce. 

*  tin  -ground'-  ed-ly,     adv.      [Eng.     un- 
grounded ;  -ly.]    In  an  ungrounded  manner  ; 
without  ground,  foundation,  or  reason. 

•*  That     putteth     in    here    ungroundedl*."—Bale  • 
Apoloffie,  fol.  86. 

•  un-ground'-ed-ness,  *un-ground-ed- 
nesse,  a.     [Eng.  ungrounded  ;  -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  ungrounded  ;  want 
of  ground,  foundation,  or  reason  ;  baseless- 
ness. 

"The  Injustice  and  ungnundeAiiae  of  that  bold 
'        A  a°U!  W*n<*ofXumt>le  Kemonaranu. 


tin-grown',  a.  [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and  Eng.  grown.] 
Not  grown  ;  immature  ;  not  arrived  at  mature 
growth. 

"  No  fisher  but  i  he  uncrown  fry  forbears." 

SAoAesp,  .-  I'enut  A  Jdotiil,  CM. 

un  grudged',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
grudged.]  Not  grudged;  not  grieved  or 
fretted  at. 

"  For.  when  that  cross  ungrudyed  unto  yon  sticks, 
Then  are  you  to  yourself  a  crucifix." 

Donne  :  Th»  Cross. 

un-grudg  -ing,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
grudging.]  Not  grudging  ;  giving  freely  ; 
liberal,  generous. 

"  These  handsome  and  ungrudging  tributes."-  Daft, 
Tetegrapll.  Nov.  »,  U7fc 

tin  grudg'-Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  ungrudging; 
•ly.]  In  an  ungrudging  manner  ;  cheerfully  ; 
with  liberality  of  feeling  ;  heartily,  freely  ; 
without  grudging. 

"  Receive  from  him  the  doom  ungrudlngly, 
Because  he  Is  the  mouth  of  Destiny." 

Donne:  Elegy  12. 

un-guaT  (gu  as  gw),  a.  [Lat  ungute  =  a 
nail,  a  hoof.)  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  nail 
or  hoof  ;  unguicular. 

ungual-bone,  <.    [LACHRYMAL-BONE.] 

ungual  phalanges,  s.  pi. 

Anat.  :  The  terminal  bones  in  the  digits  of 
the  hand  and  foot.  They  are  smaller  than  the 
other  phalanges,  and  of  a  sub-triangular  form. 
Those  of  the  hand  have  a  roughened  surface 
at  the  extremity,  which  supports  the  sensi- 
tive pulp  of  the  fingers  ;  those  of  the  foot  are 
smaller  than  those  of  the  hand,  with  a  broader 
base  and  expanded  extremity  to  support  the 
nails.  They  are  also  called  Terminal  Phalanges. 

•  un  guard'  (ua  as  a),  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  guard,  v.)  To  deprive  of  a  gnarrl  ; 
to  render  or  leave  unguarded  or  defenceless. 

"The  discarder  unguardt  oil*  of  the  queens  at 
random."—  Field,  Nov.  12.  1887. 

tin-guard  -ed  (ua  as  a),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  guardul,} 

1.  Not  guarded  ;  not  watched  ;  having  no 
guard  or  defence. 

•'  The  shaft  is  sped—  the  arrow  'a  in  his  breast  1 
That  fatal  gesture  left  the  unguarttftt  side." 

Bfron:  Lara,  0.  IS. 

2.  Careless,  negligent,  incautious  ;  not  at- 
tentive to  danger  ;  not  circumspect. 

"  Alarm  the  most  unguarded  mind." 

Cmfper  :  froffreu  o/  Error,  K. 

3.  Negligently  or  rashly  said  or  done  ;  said 
or  done  without  due  caution  or  consideration. 

"  Are  we  not  encompassed  by  multitudes,  who  watch 
every  careless  word,  every  unguarded  action  of  our 
lives?"—  Jtoger*. 

4.  Not  watched  or  looked  after. 

"  Took  a  fatal  advantage  of  some  unguarded  hour." 
—Macautay  :  ffitt.  t:ny.,  ch.  zv. 

un-guard'  cd  ly  (ua  as  a),  adv.  [Eng.  un. 
guarded;  -ly.]  In  an  unguarded  manner; 
without  caution  or  watchful  attention  to 
danger. 

"If  you  find  that  you  have  a  hastiness  In  your- 
temper,  which  unguardedly  breaksout  into  indiscreet 
sallies,  watch."—  Chetterjield. 

In-guard  -cd  ness  (ua  as  a),  t.  [Eng. 
unr/uarileil;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unguarded. 

in'-guent  (gu  as  gw),  s.  [Lat.  unguentum, 
from  unguent,  pr.  par.  of  ungo  =.  to  anoint.] 
[UNCTIOX.J 

1.  Ord.  Jjcmg.  :  Any  soft  composition  used 
as  an  ointment,  or    for   the  lubrication  of 
machinery;  ointment. 
"He  bathes  :  the  damsels,  with  officious  toll. 
Shed  sweets,  shed  unguent*,  ill  a  shower  of  oil." 
Pope:  Boner  ;  Odyssey  viii.  491. 


2.  Paarm. :  Many  unguents  (unguenta)  an 
used  in  pharmacy.  Garrod  enumerates  thirty- 
eight  as  employed  in  the  medical  pharma- 
copoeia. The  list  commences  with  Unguentum 
AconititS,  and  contains  among  others  U 
creatoti,  U.  hydrargyri,  U.  iodi,  U.  sulphurti, 
&C.  They  are  used  for  their  emollient  pro- 
perties to  soften  tense  or  hard  parts,  a  ad 
shield  those  in  which  the  skin  is  broken  from 
the  external  air. 

*un-guent'-ous,  "tin-guent-ar-y,  a. 
(gU  as  gw),  o.  [Ens.  unguent;  -mis.  -ary  j 
Like  unguent;  partaking  of  tbe  nature  of 
unguent. 

un-gnen'-tnm  (pi.  un-gnen'-ta,  u  as  w). 

s.     [Lat.]    Unguent,  ointment. 

•un-gueV-doned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  guerdoned.]  Not  guerdoned  ;  not  having 
received  a  guerdon.  (Scott :  Kokeby,  vi.  12.) 

tin-guessed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
guessed.]  Not  guessed;  not  conjectured  or 
suspected. 

",But  cause  of  terror,  all  ungu't»ed, 
Was  fluttering  in  her  gentle  breast" 

Scott:  Lay  of  the  Laa  Minaret,  r.  It. 

'  tin-gnest'-like,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 
guest,  and  suff.  -like.]  In  a  manner  unbecom- 
ing  a  guest. 

"[Herod]  cast  his  eve  unlawfully  and  uwuetrlit* 
upon  Herodiastbere."-jmto7,:  Tetrackordoii 

un'-gulc-al  (gn  as  gw),  a.  [Lat.  unguis  = 
a  ckw,  a  hoof.)  Pertaining  to  or  resemblng 
a  claw  or  hoof ;  ungual. 

uh-guic'-u-lar  (gu  as  gw),  a.  [Lat.  «»- 
guiculua  =  a  little  linger-nail ;  unguts  =  a  naiL 
a  claw.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  claw 
or  nail. 

2.  Bat. :  Of  the  length  of  a  human  nail ; 
half  an  inch. 

*  un-guic-u-la'-ta  (gu  as  gw),  «.pi.  [Neut. 

pi.  of  Mod.  Lat,  unguiculatus,  from  Lat.  un- 
guimlia  =  a  little  finger-nail ;  dimin.  from  1M- 
guis  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  Clawed  Mammals  ;  one  of  the  group* 
into  which  Linnaeus  divided  the  Mammalia. 
It  included  the  orders  Bruta,  Glires,  Primates, 
and  Ferae. 

tin -gulc'-u- late,     un-guic-u-lat-ed 
(gu  as  gw),  a.  &  s.    [UNOUICULATA.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1  Ord,  Lang. :  Having  claws,  clawed. 
IX  Technically: 

1.  Bof,  (Of  a  petal):  Having  a  claw.    [On- 
ova.] 

2.  Zool. :  Claw-shaped ;  a  term  applied  to 
the  operculum  of  certain  Gasteropoda,  when 
the  nucleus  is  in  front,  as  in  Turbinella  and 
Fusus. 

*  B.  At  tubst. :  A  quadruped  of  the  division 
Unguiculata(q.v.). 

•  un-guid'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
guidable.]    Incapable  of  being  guided. 

*  un-guid'-a-bly,  adv.    [Eng.  unguidab(U) ; 
•ly.]    In  an  unguidable  manner. 

un-guid'-ed,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
guided.] 
L  Not  guided ;  not  led  or  conducted, 

"  Cnguided  hence  my  trembling  steps  I  bend." 
Pope:  Homer i  (Miaef  xt  ML 

2.  Not  ruled  or  regulated. 

"The  blood  weeps  from  my  heart,  when  I  do  shape 
In  forma  Imaginary,  th'  unguided  days." 

Snaketp. :  3  Henry  IV.,  Iv.  4. 

•  un-guld'-ed-ly,  adv.   (Eng.  unguided  ;  -ly.] 

In  an  unguided  manner ;  without  a  guide  or 
guidance. 

tin-gulf  '-er-otis  (u  as  w),  a.  [Lat.  unguit 
—  a.  nail,  a  claw,  and  fero  =  to  bear.]  Pro- 
ducing, having,  or  supporting  nails  or  claws. 

un'-gul-form  (u  as  w),  u.  [Lat.  unguto 
(q.v.),  and/orma  =  form.]  Claw-shaped. 

un-guHf-i-ly,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  yuiltily.]  Not  in  a  guilty  manner ;  in- 
nocently. 


im-suni'-y,  *un  gilt-ie,  o.      [Pref.  u%- 
(1),  and  Eng.  guilty.]    Not  guilty ;  innouent 
"  Stay  here  thy  foot,  thy  yet  ungtMty  foot, 
That  canst  not  stay  when  thuu  art  further  in." 
Uaniei:  CifU  Wan.L 


fitb,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  w8t,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p»t, 
*f,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ctire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,   te,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  *••  kw. 


unguiltness— unhandsomely 


4949 


•tin-guilt-ness,  s.     [Eng.  unguitt(y) :  -ness.] 
Freedom  from  guilt ;  innocence. 

"  Oimlie  in  the  triall  of  gutltie  ana  unguUtnegie. "— 
Soli>tthed ;  Dctcrip.  Enylaittl,  bk,  iL 


1. 

"  Because  they  nre  so  fatty  and  unguinout.'— P.  Hol- 
land :  Plutarch,  p.  554. 

tin  gins  (gu  as  gw),  s.  [Lat.  =.  the  nail  of  a 
buniitn  linger  or  toe,  the  claw,  talon,  or  hoof 
of  an  animal.] 

.  I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  nail,  claw,  or  hoof  of  an 
animal. 
II.  Technically : 

1.  Bot. :  A  claw ;  the  narrow  part  at  the 
base  of  a  petal  which  takes  the  place  of  the 
footstalk  of  a  leaf,  of  which  it  is  the  modifica- 
tion. 

2.  Measures :  A  nail ;    half  an  inch ;   the 
length  of  the  nail  of  the  little  finger. 

tin   gu  la   (pi.  un   gu-lse),    s.     [Lat.  =  a 
•mall  nail  or  claw;  dimin.  from  w?i^nw  =  a 
nail,  claw,  or  hoof.] 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  hoof,  as  of  a  horse. 
U.  Technically : 

1,  Bot. :  The  same  as  UNGUIS  (q.v.). 

2.  (Ironi.;  A  segmeutof  a  solid.    An  ungula 
of  a  cone  or  cylin- 
der is  a  portion  of 

the  cnne  or  cylinder, 
included  between  a 
part  of  the  base  and 
a  plane  intersecting 
the  base  obliquely. 
A  spherical  ungula 
Is  a  part  of  the 
Bphere  bounded  by 
two  semi  -  circles, 
meeting  in  a  com- 
mon diameter,  and 
by  a  lune  of  the  UNOULA. 

surface  of  the  sphere. 

3L  Svrg. :  An  instrument  for  extracting  a 
dead  foetus  from  the  womb. 

*  4.  Zool. :  Pander's  name  for  the  genus 
Obohis  (q.v.).  [UNOULITE.] 

to-gn-la'-ta,  s.  pi.  £Neut.  pi.  of  Lat.  un- 
gulaivs  =  having  claws  or  hoofs,  from  unguis 
(q.v.).] 

1.  Zoology: 

(1)  A  provisional  group  of  Mammals,  the 
living  memlfers  of  whioh  correspond  to  'the 
Pecora  and  Belluae  of  Linmtus,  and  the  Ku- 
minHntia  and  Pachydermata  of  Cuvier.  The 
dentition  is  heterodont  and  diphyodnnt,  the 
milk-teeth  not  being  completely  changed  till 
the  animal  attains  its  full  development ;  the 
molars  have  broad  crowns  with  tuberculated 
or  ridged  surfaces  ;  clavicles  absent ;  toes  with 
broad,  blunt  nails,  or,  in  most  cases,  with 
hoofs,  more  or  less  enclosing  the  ungual 
phalanges  ;  scaphoid  and  lunar  bones  of  car- 


FEET   OF   UNGULATA. 

A.  Horse.  B.  Rhinoceros,  c.  Tapir,  r.  Radius  ;  11. 
Ulna;  c.  Carpus;  w»2,  mS,  m4,  m5,  Metiicarpals ; 
n.  in.  IT.  T.  Digits  ;  1,  2,  S.  Phalanges. 

pus  distinct.  The  group  is  usually  divided 
Into  two  minor  groups  :  Ungulata  Vera,  often 
called  simply  Ungulata  [(2)],and8ubungulata 
(q.v.).  All  the  species  are  eminently  adapted 
for  a  terrestrial  life,  and,  generally  speaking, 
for  a  vegetal  >le  diet.  Some  are,  to  a  greater 
or  less  extent,  omnivorous,  as  Sus ;  but  no 
genus  is  distinctly  predaeeous. 
(2)  True  Ungulates  ;  a  group  of  Mammals 


FEET  OF  HORSE   AMD  ITS 
ANCK-TOKS. 

l.  Anchithei'lum  with  three 
functional  digits;  B.  Ihp- 
parion  aud  c.  H«rse,  show- 
ing gradual  disappearance  of 
second  and  fourth  digits. 


classed  as  an  order,  or  as  a  group  of  the  wider 
Ungulata  [(!)].  Feet  never  plantigrade,  func- 
tional toes  never  more  than  four,  the  first 
digit  being  suppressed  ;  allantois  largely  de- 
veloped ;  placenta  non-deciduate ;  uterus  bi- 
cornuate  ;  mammae  usually  few  and  inguinal 
(as  in  Equus),  or 
many  and  abdo- 
minal (as  in  Sus), 
but  never  solely 
pectoral.  There 
are  two  divisions; 
Artiodactyla  and 
Perissoclactyla 
(q.v.),  first  indi- 
cated by  Cuvier 
and  established  by 
Owen,  who  pro- 
posed the  names 
now  in  general 
use. 

2.  PaUeont. :  The 
Ungulata  appear 
first  in  the  Eocene 
Tertiary,  in  which 
period  the  Artio- 
dactyla and  Perissodactyla  were  already  differ- 
entiated. [TKLEODACTYLA.] 

tin -gu -late,  a.  &  s.     [UNOOLATA.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Hoof-shaped  ;  shaped  like  the  hoof  of  a 
horse. 

2.  Having  hoofs ;  hoofed :  as,  an  ungulate 
animal. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  animal  of  the  order  Un- 
gulata (q.v.). 

tin'-guled,  a.     [Lat.  ungula  =  a  hoof.] 

Her. :  Having  hoofs  of  such  or  such  a  tinc- 
ture. (Said  of  the  horse,  stag,  &c.,  when  the 
hoofs  are  borne  of  a  different  tincture  from 
that  of  the  body  of  the  animal.) 

t  tin'-gru-U-grade,  o.  &  s.  [Lat.  ungula  =  a 
claw,  talon,  or  hoof,  wad  yradior  =  to  walk.] 

A.  A*  adj. :  Walking  on  the  tips  of  the 
hoofed  digits,  as  the  home. 

B.  As  subst. :   An  animal  walking  on  the 
tips  of  its  hoofed  digits.    (Modelled  on  the 
words  Digitigrade,  Plantigrade,  &c.    (Gloss,  to 
Huxley's  Classif.  of  Animals.) 

ftn-gn-ir-na.  *.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat  un- 
yiua  =  a  hoof.] 

Zool, :  A  genus  of  Lucinidw,  with  four 
species,  from  Senegal  and  the  Philippines, 
excavating  winding  galleries  in  coral.  Shell 
sub-orbicular,  ligament  short,  epidermis  thick. 

tin'-gn-lite,  s.    [Lat.  ungula);  suff.  -ite.] 

Geol. :  A  Lower  Silurian  rock,  occurring  in 
Russia,  having  in  it  an  abundance  of  the 
shell  called  Ungula  (q.v.). 

ungullte-grit,  5.    [OBOu-nt-oarr.] 

tin'-  £U-  lofts,  «•  [Lat.  ungula  =  a  hoof.]  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  a  hoof ;  ungulate. 

*  tin -gyve',  v.t.     [Pref.   un*  (2),  and    Eng. 
gyve.]    To  free  from  fetters  or  handcuffs. 

"Commaunded    hym    to   be    vngyued   and   set   at 
llbertie.1*— Elyot :  Oovemour,  bk.  il,  oh.  vi. 

*un  hab-ile,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
habile.]  Unfit,  unsuitable. 

"By  that  censure  be  IB  made  ttnhabite  and  unhapt." 
—Up.  Taylor :  Ride  of  Conscience,  bk.  i  ii.,  oh.  ii. 

*tin-  hab'-it-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  habitable.]  Not  habitable;  unfit  for 
occupation  by  inhabitants  ;  uninhabitable. 

"  Either  unhabitable,  or  extremely  hot,  as  the  an- 
cients fiinaied."— Ray  :  On  the  Creation,  pt.  11. 

*  tin-hab'-ft-e'd,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
habit  (2),  v.]    Uninhabited. 

"  For  the    most    part   desolate   and   vnhabitrd." — 
ffolinthed  :  Conquest  of  Ireland.    (Ep.  Ded.) 

tin -hacked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
hacked.}  Not  hacked;  not  cut  or  mangled; 
not  blunted  by  blows. 

"  With  unhacked  swords,  and  helmets  all  unlimised. " 
Shaketp. :  King  John,  iL 

tin- hack'- neyed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  hackneyed.]  Not  hackneyed  ;  not  worn 
or  rendered  trite,  stale,  flat,  or  commonplace 
by  constant  use  or  r«oetition. 

*  tin  -hailed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 

hail}    Not  saluted. 

*'  Unhalled,  unblessed,  with  heavy  heart  be  went." 
Rou-e  :  Lady  Jane  Gray,  ill. 


tin-hair',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  Aoir.J 
Tu  it-  move  the  hair  from  ;  to  deprive  or  divest 
of  hair  ;  to  strip  uf  hair. 

"  I'll  spurn  thine  eyes 
Like  balls  before  me  ;  I'll  unltair  thy  haad." 

Xhaketp.  :  Antony  A  Vleopatra,  ii.  L 

tin  hair'-Ing,  s.    [UNHAIR.] 

Leather  :  Tlie  process  of  removing  hair  from 
hides.  This  is  performed  by  the  action  of 
lime,  which  dissolves  the  hair-sheath  and 
combines  with  the  fat  of  the  hide  to  form  an 
insoluble  soap.  The  lime  is  susp«-'ii<led  in 
water  in  pits,  and  the  hides  placed  therein, 
being  occasionally  handled,  that  is,  taken  out, 
drained,  and  replaced  in  the  pit,  examination 
determining  when  the  process  is  com  pit-it:. 
The  hides  are  then  removed,  laid  over  a  beam, 
and  the  hair  and  epidermis  removed  by  a 
knife. 

*  tin-hale',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  hale.} 

Not  hale  ;  not  healthy  ;  unsound. 

*  tin  -hal'-lo  w,  *  unhalwe,  v.t.    [Pref.  «n- 
(*2),  and  Eug.  hallow.}    To  profane  ;  to  dese- 
crate. 

"  Shall  we  esteem  and  reckon  how  it  heeds 
Our  works,  th;it  his  own  vows  unhalloureth  t 

Daniel  ;  Musophttut. 

tin-hal'-lowed,  *  uiihalwed,  a.  [In  sense  1 
from  pref.   un-  (1),   and  Eng.   hallowed;   In 
sense  2  from  unhallow,  v.] 
1.  Not  hallowed  ;  unholy,  profane. 

"  Faith  more  linn 
In  their  unhallowed  principles." 

Wordsworth  :  Excurtion,  bk.  IT. 

*  2.  Deprived  of  sanctity  ;  desecrated. 

"  Acworth   chyrche  vnhahci-d  WHS,  tlieruor  hym  wm» 
wo."  Robert  of  Gloucester,  p.  «9. 

unhallowed  uses,  s.  pi. 

Eccles.  ;  A  term  used  in  the  consecration  of 
churches.  The  building  is  said  to  be  hence- 
forth separated  "  from  all  unhallowed,  ordin- 
ary, and  common  uaes." 

*un-halsed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
halse.}  Lit.,  not  embraced  by  the  neck; 
hence,  not  saluted  or  greeted. 

*  tin  -  ham'  -  pered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 

Eng.  hampered.]    Not  hampered,  hindered,  or 
restricted.  , 

tin  -hand',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng,' 
To  take  the  hand  or  hands  off  or  from  ; 


to  release  from  a  grasp  or  grip  ;  to  let  go. 

"  3U11  1  am  called  ;  unhand  me,  gentlemen." 

Shakeip.  :  Hamlet,  L  4. 

*tin-nand'-I-lf,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  haiutily.]  in  an  unhandy  manner;  not 
handily  ;  awkwardly,  clumsily. 

*  tin  -hand'  -i  -ness,  ».  [Eng.  unhandy;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unhandy  ;  awk- 
wardness ;  clumsiness. 

*tin-han'-dled  (died  as  deld),  o.    [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  handled.] 

1.  Not  handled  ;  not  touched  ;  not  treated 
or  managed. 

"  Left  the  cause  o*  the  king  unhandled." 

Shaketp.  ;  Henry  f'flL.  lit  *. 

2.  Not  accustomed  to  being  touched  ;  not 
broken  in  ;  not  trained. 

"  A  race  of  youthful  and  unhandled  colts," 

Shakeip.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  T.  1. 

tin-hand'  -some  (d  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  handsome.  ] 

*  1.  Not  convenient  ;  difficult,  awkward. 

"A  narrow  straight  path  by  the  water's  side,  very 
unhandsome  for  an  army  to  pass  that  way."—  JfortA: 
Plutarch  ;  Ltvet,  p.  317. 

*  2.  Unfortunate,  untoward,  unlucky. 

"  Tis  her  unhandiome  fate." 

Seaum.  A  Flet.  :  Jflght  Walker,  L 

3.  Not  handsome  ;  wanting  in  beauty  ;  not 
good-looking. 

"  Were  she  other  than  she  Is,  she  were  unhandMome." 
—Shakesp.  :  Much  Ado,  L  1. 

4.  Not  generous;  unfair;  not  high-minded  ; 
petty,  low. 

"  Conscious  of  a  bad  cause,  and  of  his  acting  an  un- 
handsome  paiV-  -  Waterland  :  Works,  v.  304. 

*  5.  Unpleasant,  disagreeable. 

"Then  the  Intermedia!  evil  to  a  wise  and  relicloua 
person  is  like  unhandsome  and  ill-tasted  physick."— 
Sp.  Taylor  :  Rule  of  Conscience,  bk,  i.,  ch.  T. 

un  hiind  -some  ly  (d  silent),  adv.  [Eng, 
unhandsome  ;  -ly.] 

I.  In  an  unhandsome  manner  ;  nngener 
ously,  illiberally. 

"Speak  utihnndtomfly  of  no  one,  whom  It  is  po» 
•Ible  any  other  person  may  respect.'1—  Sector  ;  Sermon  t> 
vol.  IT.,  ser.  IS. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  eat,  cell,  ehorns,  9hln,  bench;  go,  ^cm;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.   - tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -fion,   sion  =  zhtin.    -oious,  -Uons,    sious  =  shus.     bio,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  deL 


4950 


unhandsomeness— unheard 


2.  Inelegantly,  ungracefully,  awkwardly 
clumsily,  uglily. 

"  The  ruined  churches  are  so  unA/tndtomety  patched 

and  thaULed.  that  men  do  even  shun  the  place*  for 

the  uncumeliueM  thereof— Spenier;  State  of  Ireland. 

*  3.  Improperly,  unfitly. 

"  And  this  WM  not  unhandtom*?*  Intimated  by  the 
word  sometimes  used  by  the  Greek  church."— Btihoa 
ttwlw :  &€  Fvrm*  of  Ltturpi*.  |  W. 

un  hand  some -nesa  (d  silent),  9.     [Eng. 

unhandsome ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unhand- 
some,  ungenerous,  or   illiberal ;   ungrateful. 
ness, 

*'  We  have  done  all  the  dishonour  to  him  and  with 
all  the  MfcOMhvMMM  in  the  world,  —Bp.  Taylor. 
Sermon*,  vol.  L.  ser.  4. 

2.  Want  of  elegance,  grace,  or  beauty. 

*  tin- hand'- ?,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
handy.} 

1.  Not  handy;  not  dexterous;  not  skilful 
and  ready  in  the  use  of  the  hands ;  awkward, 
clumsy. 

2.  Not  convenient ;  awkward :  as,  an  un- 
Mindy  position. 

*  fin-hang',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hang.] 

1.  To  take  from  the  hinges. 

my  weather's  bell/ 

Browne :  xhephturdt  Pipe,  Eel,  L 

2.  To  divest  or  strip  of  hangings  ;  as,  To 
unhang  a  room. 

fin-  hanged',  tin-hting',  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  hanged,  hung.]  Not  hanged ;  not 
hung ;  not  punished  by  hanging. 

"There  live  not  three  good  men  unhanged  In 
land."— Shakctp. :  1  Henry  IT.,  ii.  4. 

*  tin- hap',  *  un-hape,  *.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  hap.]    Ill-bap,  mishap,  misfortune. 

"  Thy  great  unhap  thou  canst  not  bide." 

Wyatt :  Unhappy  Lover. 

im- hap -pled,   a.    [Eng.  unhappy;  -ed.] 
Hade  unhappy. 

"  A  happy  gentleman  in  blood  and  lineament, 
By  you  unhappied,"    SAeJu-jp.  :  Richard  II.,  ill.  L 

ttn-hap'-pl-l&  adv.    [Eng.  unhappy;  -ly.] 

1.  Not  happily ;  an  fortunately,  miserably  : 
as,  They  lived  unhappily  together. 

2.  By  ill-luck  ;  unfortunately,  unluckily. 

"  We  were  obliged  to  fire  upon  them  In  our  own 
defence;  four  were  unhappily  killed,"— Coo*:  Flr*t 
Voyage,  bk.  II.,  oh,  L 

3.  Mischievously,  evilly. 

"The  effect*  he  apeak*  of  succeed  unhappily."— 
Shaketp. :  Lear,  L  3. 

•fin  hap -pi -nesa,  *nn-hap-py-ncs,  s. 
[Eng.  unhappy;  -ness.] 

*  L  Wickedness,  evil. 

"  Alth'.mfh  they  were  inclined  to  all  unhappinett 
and  mischief. '— Elyot :  Oovemour,  bk.  ii.,  ch,  ilr. 

*  2.  MUfortune,  ill-luck. 

"It  Is  our  great  unhappineu  .  .  .  that  we  are  un- 
•wy  and  dis»tisned.--.3>cA6.  Wake. 

8.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unhappy  ; 
a  certain  degree  of  wretchedness  or  misery. 

"There  ii  to  every  wrong  and  vlctoni  act  a  suitable 
degree  uf  unhappinrt*  and  punishment  annext,"— 
WollaMton :  Keitff.  of  Nature.  J  6 

ttn-hap'-p&  *  un  hap-pio,  a.    [Pref.  tm- 
(iXaudEng.  nappy.) 
*L  Wicked. 

"  Such  school-fellows  as  be  unhappy,  and  given  to 
ibrewd  turns  ...  are  enonzh  to  corrupt  and  mar  the 
best  natures  in  the  world.  —P.  Holland:  Plutarch; 
Moral*,  p.  16. 

"2.  Unlucky,  unfortunate ;  not  having  good 
hap  or  luck. 

"He  being  accounted  an  unhappy  man."— Pepyt : 
Diary. 

3.  Disastrous,  calamitous,  ill-omened,  un- 
fortunate, unlucky. 

'•  But  for  this  unhappy  event,  it  ii  probable  that  the 
law  of  Scotland  coiiLeriiinj  torture  would  have  been 
1m mediately  asaimilAted  to  the  law  of  England."— 
Macaulay  :  Bit:  Eng..  ch.  xlii. 

*4.  Full  of  tricks  ;  mischievous, 

"A  shrewd  knave  and  an  unhappy." 

Shatetp. :  AlC»  Wetl.  IT.  i 

6.  Not  cheerful  or  gay ;  in  some  degree 
wretched  or  miserable. 

'*  Let  me,  unhappy  /  to  yonr  fleet  be  borne.* 

Pope:  Homer;  fluid  JL  Hi 

6.  Deplorable,  lamentable. 

"  Wake,  'mldat  mirth  and  wine,  the  Ian 

That  flow  from  these  unhappy  wan." 

Scott:  Lord  of  the  /tie*,  ii  10. 

•  7.  Riotous,  wild,  mischievous. 

"  The  laquays  and  pages  (who  are  more  unhappy 
here  than  the  apprentfae*  in  London!  broke  ui>  bis 
glt-ve.'1—  BowH .-  Letter*  (WW),  p.  98. 


*  fin-bar' -bor.     «.t    [Pref.  tin-  (2),  and  Eng. 
harbor.]     To  drive  from  harbur  or  *helter;  to 
dislodge. 

•'  Lrt  Hi  unMrfcur  tto  nraL'— roott  .•  />««  upon 
TVo  Sticift,  L 

*  un  bar" -bored,      a.    [Pref,  u»-  (i),  and 
Em:.  Aorfeored.]      Not  sheltered;   affording  no 
shelter;  exposed,  open. 

"  Trac*  hnffe  forests,  and  unharboiired  heaths.1* 

Milton :  Comut,  4tt. 

un-hard'-ened,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
hardened.] 

1.  Lit.  :  Not  hardened ;  not  made  hard  or 
indurated,  as  metal. 

2.  Fig. :  Not  made  obdurate ;  not  hardened, 
as  the  heart 

"Our  prime  cousin  yet  unhir<tfn,-i  in 
The  crime*  of  nature. "          Two  Noble  Kint-ntn,  i.  1 

tin- hard'- y,  a,  [Pref.  un~  (1),  and  Eng. 
hardy.] 

1.  Not  bold  or  courageous ;  timid,  irreso- 
lute.   (See  extract,  under  UNADVENTUROUS.) 

2.  Not  hardy ;  not  able  to  endure  fatigue. 

tin -harmed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
harmed.]  Not  harmed;  not  hurt;  not  in- 
jured ;  uninjured. 

"  Here  he  might  possibly  bare  remained  unharmed 
and  harmlett.'— .Vacaulay:  flitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xiii. 

*  un-harm'-lul,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
harmful.}    Not  harmful ;  innoxious,  harmless. 

"  Themselves  unharm/ul,  let  them  live  unharmed." 
Dryden  :  Bind  *  Panther,  L  2M. 

*  un -harm' -Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
harming.]  Not  doing  harm  or  hurt ;  harmless. 

"  Dangerous  tools  tbey  were  ;  without  the  workman 
they  may  rust  unharminff."— Lytton:  Jtienrt,  bk.  X. 
oh.  IT. 

un  har  mo  nl-otis,  a.    [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and 

Eng.  harmonious.] 

1.  Not  harmonious ;  not  having  symmetry 
or  congruity  ;  not  in  harmony  or  proportion. 

"  No  gross,  DO  unharmuniout  mixture  foul." 

MiUon  :  P.  L..  xL  51. 

2.  Discordant,  unmusical,  harsh ;  producing 
or  filled  with  discordant  aoinds. 

"  Groves,  if  unharmoniou*,  yet  secure 
From  clamour."  Copper  :  Tatt,  lii.  784. 

tin-har'-n&ss,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2%  and  Eng. 
harness.] 

1.  To  strip  or  divest  of  harness  ;  to  loose 
from  the  traces,  harness,  or  gear ;  to  take  the 
harness  off. 

"  He  wlpnd  the  sweat-drop*  from  hit  brow, 
1'nh^trneued  bin  hones  from  tli«  pluugU." 

Longfellow :  The  Saga  qf  King  Olaf,  vll. 

*  2.  To  direst  of  armour. 

"They  being  unham--ue,l  did  flfht  with  their 
•words,  —  Solinthed:  Conquettof  Ireland,  ch.  xlii. 

*  3.  To  set  free  from  work  ;  to  release. 

"An  unmerciful  day's  work,  of  sorrow  till  death 
unharneu  'em.'— Jfttton  •  Divorce,  bk.  ill.  ch.  xxL 

tin-hasp',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hasp.] 
To  loose  from  a  hasp ;  to  let  go. 

11  While  bolt  and  chain  he  backward  rolled. 
And  made  the  bar  unhatp  its  hold.*' 

SnU  :  Lady  of  the  L**+,  vi.  u. 

*  un-haat'-y,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and   Eng. 
hasty.]    Not  hasty,  rash,  or  impetuous. 

"  80  unhattif  and  wary  a  spirit,"— Jp.  Taylor:  Oer- 
mont,  voL  ii.,  ser.  is, 

*  tin-hat,  v.t.  &  i.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Bng. 
hat.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  remove  the  hat  from. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  take  off  the  hat 

"  Unfitting  on  the  knees  when  the  host  Is  carried 
by.  '—Herbert  UptiK-er.  (  A nnandale. ) 

in-hatched',   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
hatched.] 
1.  Lit. :  Not  hatched ;  not  having  left  the 

*  2.  Pig. :   Not  matured  and  brought  to 
light ;  not  disclosed. 

"  Some  unhatch'd  practice." 

StuJtetp. :  Othello.  lU.  4. 

*  un-hat'-tlng,  *.     [UKHAT.]     A  taking  off 
the  hat. 

"  Bows  and  ciirt««ys  and  unhatttnyt."  —  Berbert 
gpencer.  Unnmdale.) 

un  haunt  ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  *nd  Eng. 
haunted.]  Not  haunted ;  not  frequented  ;  not 
resorted  to ;  unfrequented. 

"  Parliament  to  hold  tn  some  unhiunted  place." 
Mirrourfor  Jfagittratet,  p.  US. 

un  naz  -ard-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


hazarded.]     Not  hazarded  ;   not  exposed  to 
hazard,  danger,  or  risk. 

"  Her*  1  should  still  enjoy  thee  day  and  night. 
Whole  to  myself,  unh-aardcd  abr»*d.  ' 

Milton;  liamt  -n  Agonittet,  80». 

*  un-haz  -ard-oiis,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  hazardous.]    Not  hazardous;  not  full  of 
hazard,  danger,  or  rink. 

"  Your  own  part  was  neither  obncttte  nor  unh-ttant- 
out."—  Dryden:  Duke  Q/  (iulte.    (EpU.  Dedic.) 

*  un  head  ,  v.t.  [Pref.  «n-  (2),  and  Eng.  head.} 
To  take  the  head  off  or  from  ;  to  remove  the 
head  of;  to  deprive  of  tiie  head  :  to  decapi- 
tate. 

"  Heads  undressed  and  bodies  unleaded."—  Jiorth' 
Examen,  p.  680. 


*  un 


,  *  un-heale,  v.t.    [UKHELE.J 


tin-heal'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
healabtf.]  Not  healable ;  not  capable  of  being 
healed  ;  incurable. 

"  Something  most  lucklen*.  most  UHhealable 
Has  taken  place."         Coleridge  :  Piccoiomini,  i.  7. 

tin-healed',  a.  [Pref.  im-(l),  and  Eng. 
heeded.}  Not  healed,  not  oured. 

"  The  wretches,  many  of  whom  were  still  tormented 
by  mth ei'ett  wounds,  could  not  all  lie  down."— Mac- 
aulay :  Uttt.  Eng-,  ch.  v. 

*  tin-health' -ful,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
hwlthful.]     Nut  healthful,  not  healthy ;  un- 
healthy, injurious  to  health,  unwholesome 
noxious. 

"  The  unhcntthful  east, 

That  breathes  the  spleen,  im-1  searches  every  bone 
Of  the  luQrm."  Cowper :  Tatk,  \\.  MS. 

*  tin-health'-fol-ly,   adv.     [Eng.  unkealth- 
ful;    -ly.]      In   an  unhoallliful  manner;    un. 
healtliUy. 

*  un  health  flil  ness,  s.     [Eng.  unhealth- 
Jul;   -nest.]     The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unhealthful ;  uuhealtliiuess,  insalubrity. 

"Experiment  aolitary.  touching  the  heal thf nines* 
or  unhtaltufulnett  of  tbe  souttiern  winds,"— Bacon 
.Vat.  Hitt.,  f  786. 

tin-hdalth'-I-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unhealthy;  -ly.} 
In  an  unhealthy  manner ;  uu wholesomely. 

"  Which  proving  but  of  bad  nourishment  .  .  .  pufft 
op  unhealthily  a  oeitaln  big  f.u»  of  i  r*t ended  learn- 
ing."— Milton:  Doct.  *  Ditc.  of  Divorce.  (Pref.) 

un-health-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unhealthy; 
-ness.] 

L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unhealthy  ; 
insalubrity  ;  uufavourableneB*  to  health  ;  un* 
wholesomeness. 

"We  were  sensible  of  the  vnheatthineu  of  tin 
climate."— Coo* :  Pirtt  Voyage,  bk.  HL.  cb.  xl. 

2.  Want  of  health  ;  habitual  weakness  or 
indisposition.    (Said  of  persons.) 

3.  Unsoundness ;  want  of  vigour.    (Said  of 
trees,  plants,  &c.) 

i.  Moral  unwholesome  ness. 

tin  health  -y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 
healthy.] 

1.  Not  healthy  ;  not  favourable  to  health  ; 
unwholesome,  insalubrious. 

"  Standing  pooles  aud  feus  ware  following 
UnhtaUky  fojrs." 

Srotone:  Britannia*  Paitorali.  1L 

2.  Not  having  good  health;   not  having  a 
sound  and  vigorous  state  of  body  ;  hal.itually 
weak  or  indisposed  :  as,  an  unhealthy  person. 

3.  Wanting  vigour  of  growth ;  as,  an  un- 
healthy plant 

4.  Abounding  with  disease;  causing  disease. 

"Wet  with  unhenlCty  dews.' 

Longfellow:  To-morrow. 

5.  Not   indicating   health ;    indicating   iU- 
health  :  as,  an  unhealthy  appearance. 

6.  Morally  unwholesome  or  injurious. 

tin-heard',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  heard.} 
L  Not  heard ;  not  perceived  by  the  ear. 
**  Cnheard  approached,  aud  stood  before  the  tent* 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xi.  7S9. 

2.  Not  admitted  to  audience. 

3.  Not  listened  to  ;  not  allowed  to  speak  or 
plead  for  one's  self. 

"Vet  It  was  thought  nnfnst  to  condemn  him  KM* 
ktard."—  Maeaulay :  ffitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xlx. 

4»  Not  known  to  fame. 

"  Yet  fact  they  fell.  u*h"ird.  forgot." 

&>aU  ;  Lordofl:,e  Hie*.  vL  *. 

unheard  oC  a. 

1.  Not  heard  of;  about  which  there  is  n* 
information. 

14  Does  yet  tbe  unhtard-of  vnitel  rlilA  the  wave  f 
Wordtworth  :  To  L 

2.  Unprecedented. 


•Ste,  fat,  lare,  amidst,  what,  faU,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wol*  work,  who,  »6n;  mute,  cub,  cure,  wnlte,  cur,  rule,  full;  fary,  Syrian-    «,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


unheart—  unhoped 


4951 


»nn-heart  (e  silent),  *.«.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  heart.]  To  dishearten  ;  to  discourage  ; 
to  depress.  ..TbMt.hU  HP. 

And  hum  at  good  Coinlmus.  uuuibjtnhntrU  mt. 

tin- heat -ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng. 
tieat&L]  Not  heated  ;  not  made  hot. 

"  The  narrow  pores  of  unseated  glass."— Boyle. 

*  tin-heaven  (heaven  as  hevn),  v.t.  [Pref. 
un-  (2),  und  En}.;.  *-*»».*.]  To  remove  froiu  or 
deprive  of  heaven. 

"  Unheav'n  yourselves,  ye  holy  CheruMns." 

Duvict :  Uvlit  Koode,  p.  «. 

•tin-heaven-1^  (heaven  as  hev'n). ,  a. 
[ijref.  wiv  (1),  and  Eng.  heavenly,]  Not 
lit-avenly;  not  pertaining  to,  characteristic 
of,  or  suitable  to  heaven ;  not  divine. 

•'  Tlie  mfuiy  evil  mid  wtheavenly  »pirit» 
Which  walk  the  valley  of  the  shade  u.  death. 

Byron:  Manfred,  ill.  L 

•tin-hedged',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
heii'ted  }  Not  hedged ;  not  surrounded  or 
•hut  in  with  or  ad  with  a  hedge ;  not  enclosed. 

"  Our  needful  knowledge,  like  our  needful  food, 
Unhedged,  liea  open  iu  life's  common  field. 

young:  Jfight  ThougMt,  v.  741. 

ftn  heed'- fid,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
heeded.  1  Not  heeded ;  disregarded,  neglected, 
unnoticed* 

"  Then,  nnconflned.  behold,  each  grazing  steed. 
TJuwatched,  unheeded,  on  the  herbage  leed 

Byron :  Jfilue  A  SuryalM. 

•tin-heed'-ed-lj?,  adv.  [Eng.  unheeded; 
•ly.}  In  an  unheeaed  manner;  without  being 
noticed  or  heeded. 

"An  earthquake  reeled  unheededly  •.•**?.' 

Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  i  v .  88. 

•un  heed  fill,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

heeilful.] 

1.  Not  heedful ;  not  cautious ;  inattentive, 
careless,  heedless. 

"Just  is.  O  Iriend  I  thy  caution,  and  addressed 

(Replied  th.  oliitll  to  no  u.theedful  l»«"t. 

Pope :  Bomer ;  Udyaty  ivti.  388. 

2.  Not  characterized  by  caution  or  care; 
rash,  inconsiderate. 

•tin -heed'- ful -Ifr  adv.  [Eng.  unheedful; 
•ly.]  In  an  unlieedful  manner;  without  care 
or  caution  ;  heedlessly,  carelessly. 

"Ay.  madam,  so  you  stumble  not  umheedfully."— 
Skukft/i. :  Turn  Gentlemen,  i.  ft. 

*  tin-heed'  -I-ljf,  adv.    [Bng.  unleedy;  -ly.] 
Unheedingly  ;  without  taking  due  heed. 

"  I  perceive  some  readers  have  unheedily  and  un- 

Ssttv  stun. bled  at  tills  proposition.'— Bp.  Ball:  Cer- 
ine  CalhoUko  Prof.,  la.    (Note.) 

tin  heed -Ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
htKling.}  Not  heeding;  taking  no  heed  or 
notice. 

**  All  silent  and  unheeding  now. 

Byron  :  ParMna.  X. 

*un-heed'-jf,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

heedy.] 

1.  Unheeding,  careless,  heedless. 

"  The  pride  o(  her  carnation  train, 
Plucked  up  by  some  unheedy  •«-•- 

2.  Precipitate,  rash. 

"  Wings  and  no  eyes  figure  unheedy  haste." 

Shakesp. :  Midtummer  Night  t  Dream,  i.  L 

*  nn-helred'  (h  silent),  a.   [Pref.  un-  (I) ;  Eng. 
heir,  and  sutf.  -ed.]    Without  an  heir. 

"To  leave  him  utterly  unheired,"— Chapman. 

*  un-hele',  *  un-heale,  v.t.   [A.8.  unhelian. 
To  uncover,  to  disclose.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II 
Xil.  64.) 

•ftn-hile',  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Mid.  Eng 
hde  =  health.]  Misfortune. 

*  tin-helm',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  helm. 

To  deprive  or  divest  of  a  helm  or  helmet. 

"I  have  dismounted  you,  and  now  I  will  unhelm 
you."— ."icort :  Ivnnhoe,  ch.  iL 

•tin-helmed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  hen 
•ed.}    Divisted   or  deprived  of  a   helm   o 
helmet ;  not  wearing  a  helmet. 

ftn -helped',   o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

helped.]     Not  helped  ;  unassisted  ;  unaided. 

*  Unhelp'd  we  stand,  unequal  to  engage 
The  force  ol  Hector  and  .Eneas'  ra.e." 

Pope:  Homer ;  Iliad  xvit  580. 

tin-help'-fuL  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

ktlpful.} 
\.  Not  helpful ;  affording  no  aid. 

"  Even  so  myself  bewails  good  Gloster's  CAM 
With  sad  unhelpful  tears." 

Shateir- :  «  Btnry  VI..  111.  1, 

2.  Not  able  to  help  one'«  self ;  helpless. 


un  hep  pen,  o.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Mis- 
suapeu,  ill-formed,  awkward,  clumsy.  (7'rou.) 

tin-hef-I-ta-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  heritable.  ]  Barred  from  inheritance. 

"  Justly  made  illegitimate  and  «m»«ri!«N«  to  the 
crown."—  ieiilin :  Htfarmalim,  It  M7. 

un-her'-d-lsm,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
herolim.]  That  which  is  not  heroic. 

"  Their  greedy  quaokerie.  and  unheroitm*."—  Car- 
lylt:  Oromaiell,  L  <&. 

tin-herse',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
herse.]  To  take  from  the  herse  or  temporary 
monument  where  the  knights'  arms  weie 
hung. 

"  Aud  himselfe  baffuld,  and  his  annes  untiertt." 
Speruar:  F.<t.,  V.  iii.  37. 

in-he?'-I-tat-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bug.  hesitating.}  Not  hesitating;  not  iu  doubt; 
prompt,  ready. 

in-hea'-I-tat-ing-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  unhesi- 
tating; -ly.]  In  an  unhesitating  manner; 
without  hesitation. 

tin -hewn',  •  tin -hewed'  (ew  as  u),  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  hewn,  hewed.]  Not 
hewn ;  rough. 

••  In  occasions  of  merriment,  this  rough-cast.  un- 
hewn poetry,  wss  unload  ol  stage-plays."— Itryden : 
Juvenal.  (Dedlc.) 

un- hid'  den,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
hidden.}  Not  hidden  or  concealed,  (ishaktip. : 
Uenry  K.,  i.  1.) 

tin-hide',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
hide,  v.)  To  disclose  ;  to  reveal. 

••  II  thoa  desirest  my  help,  unhide  the  sor.." 

P.  Fletcher :  Pucatory  Edoyuei.  T. 

•tin-hide'  a-ble,  o.  [Eng.  unkide;  suff. 
-able.]  Incapable  of  being  hidden  or  ob- 
scured. 

"  VnhideoMeiiy  envious  arrogance^ 


•  fin-high'  (0  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  MS/I.)    Not  high  ;  low. 

"  It  is  unhigh  and  low." 

Longfellow  :  The  Orave. 

un  hin'-dered,  *  un-hln-dred,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  hindered.}  Not  hindered  ; 
unimpeded. 

"  With  all  Ibi  lull  effects  and  oonaeqnenoe*  wt- 
UMred."-Clarlu  :  On  the  Attribula,  prop.  4. 

In  hinge  ,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hinge.} 
1.  To  take  from  the  hinges  :  as,  To  unhinge 
A  door. 

*  2.  To  displace  ;  to  unfix  by  violence. 

"  And  bills  unhing'd  from  their  deep  roots  depart" 
Blarkmore  :  Creation. 

3.  To  unsettle  ;  to  render  unstable  or  waver- 
ing'; to  disorder  ;  to  discompose. 

"B»t  time  VO.M-WH  all." 

Cowper  :  Boner  :  Iliad  iv. 

*  4.  To  put  out  of  sorts  ;  to  incapacitate  by 
disturbing  the  nerves. 

•  fin  hlnge'-mSnt,  ».  [Eng.  unhinge  ;  -tnent.} 
The  act  of  unhinging  ;  the  state  of  being  un- 
hinged. 

•  fin-hired',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  hired.} 

Not  hired. 

"And  who  unhird  will  be  to  hardy  a»  to  say.  that 
Abraham  at  any  other  time  ever  paid  him  tithe,  f 
—Milton  :  To  rmm  Btrelinf*  out  of  tht  Church. 

fin-hls-t8r'-io,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
historic.} 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Not  historic  ;  fabulous. 

"The  whole  story  U  unni«oric."—  Daill  TOtfraph, 
Feb.  3,  1888. 

2.  Anthrop.  :  A  term  applied  to  races  who 
have  no  history. 

"  The  study  alike  of  the  prehistoric  and  the  un- 
Kittoric  races  ol  America  is  replete  with  promise  of 
novi-i  truths."-ft  Wilson:  PrehittorteAnnoltaf  Soot- 
land,  1.  4. 

tin-hisV-tor'-Io-aJ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  historical.]  Unhistorie  (q.v.); 

"The  complex  traces  ol  the  wihlttorical  nations  ol 
Europe."—  Wilton:  Prehittorie  Jnnalt  of  Scotland, 

EMI 

fin-hit  ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hit.}  Not 
hit  ;  not  struck. 

"  Whilst  I.  at  whom  they  shot,  sit  here  shot-lree, 
And  a*  unhurt  ol  envy,  as  until.  ' 

Ben  Jomon  :  PonUMer  i  To  a*  Xtaaer. 

fin  hitch',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hitch.] 
To  disengage  or  loose  from  a  hitch;  to  set 
free;  to  unfasten. 

"  A  trace  was  unMtOud."—  rUli,  l*a.  T.  18M. 


*  fin-hive',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  AMU.) 

1.  To  drive  from  or  out  of  a  hive. 

2.  To  deprive  of  habitation  or  shelter. 

"fin-hoard',  v.t.  [Pref.  u»-  (2),  and  Eng. 
taunt.]  To  take  away  or  remove  from  » 
hoard  or  store. 

"  A  thief  bent  to  unhtiard  the  cash 
Of  some  rich  burgher."       Hilton  :  P.  L.,  Iv.  188. 

*  fin-hold',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hold, 
V.]  To  let  go  the  hold  of;  to  release,   (btway.) 

un-ho'-li-lj',  <K(O.  [Eng.  unholy,  ;  -ly.]  In 
an  unholy  manner. 

"  Leal  .  .  .  holy  things  be  handled  unholill/."—Bp. 
Taylor  ;  Rule  of  Conidtncf,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  til. 

fin-hO'-U-nSss,  J.  [Bug.  unholy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unholy  ;  want  ol 
holiness  ;  wickedness,  impiety,  profau.  m-sa. 

"There  cannot  choose  but  much  unholinea  abide," 
—  Milton  :  Tetrachordon. 

•fin-holp'-en,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
holpen.]  Not  holpen  or  helped  ;  uuhelped. 

••  Leaving  their  lathers  and  mothers  (  to  whom  thej 
were  chiefly  bound)  unholpe«."-tio<,iUiet  :  «/  (toot 
Wortet,  pt  ii. 

un  ho'-ly,  *nn-ho-lye,  *  vn-hoo-11,  o 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  holy.] 

1.  Not  holy  ;  not  sacred  ;  not  hallowed  or 
consecrated. 

"Doth  It  follow  that  all  things  now  iu  the  church 
are  unholy  which  the  Lord  hath  not  himself  precisely 
Instituted?  "—/footer. 

2.  Impious,  wicked.    (Said  of  persons.) 
"Disobedient  to   parents,  unthankful.  «,i4oi»."— 

t  Timothy  iii-  X 

3.  Impious,  wicked.    (Said  of  things.) 

"To  keep  me  Irom  a  most  unholy  match." 

.SaoJtwp.  .'  Ttfo  Umtlemm,  l¥.  I. 

4.  Not  ceremonially  purified  ;  unclean. 
"The  Jewes  cal  that  common  whtche  is  vnclean* 

and  mholi."-  DoM  :  Maria  ra 

«  fin-hSn'-e'st  (h  silent),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  honest.}  Not  honest;  dishonest,  dis- 
honourable. 

"  But  a  poor,  cold,  nnsphited,  unroannered, 
OnhoneO.,  unaffected,  undone  lool." 

Utatan.  t  flet.  :  Thierry  t  Theodora,  U. 

•  un-hon'-eBt-lir  (h  silent),  adv.  [Eng.  un. 
honest;  -ly.}  Dishonestly,  dishonourably. 

"Which  he  had  tolore  wUlully  and  unhontftly  lor- 
•akeu."  -  Uda.1  :  Lute*  XT. 


•fin-hSn'-est-*  (h  silent),   ».     [Eng.  «n- 
hontst;  -y.}    Uishonesty,  dishonourableness. 
Thennpro«t»bleneeseand  shainefull  u«fc»«e«»  oj 
" 


enn 

contention,  steife,  and  debat«."-«ot»iii«<  ;  Aaatntt 
Contention, 

•  fin-h8n'-or    (h  sUent),  «.(.    [Pref.  u«-  (2X 

and  Eng.  honor,  v.j      To  dishonor. 

••  I  honoure  my  Kaoir.  and  re  nan  unAonourid  me." 
-Wl/eiifft  :  John  rllL 

efin-hou-or-a-ble     (*  iilent),  «.    [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  honorable.]      .Dishonorable. 

"Such  company  as  should  not  be  unhunaurabU  to 
the  king."—  Surrey:  Let.  41  J  To  Cromvell. 

fin-hon'-bred  (*  silent),  o.  [Pret  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  honored.]  Uncelebrated  ;  not  re- 
garded with  reverence  or  honor. 

"And  scholars,  soldiers,  kings,  unhonoured  die." 
fioldtmith:  Traveller. 

fin-hood',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hood.] 
To  remote  a  hood  or  disguise  from  ;  to  de- 
prive of  a  hood. 

"  The  laloou  took  his  favourite  stand  .  .  . 
Dor,  though  unhooded,  sought  to  fly. 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  J.ala,  ii  U. 

un  hook',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hook, 
v.)  To  loose  or  disengage  from  a  hook  ;  to 
open  or  undo  by  disengaging  the  hooks  of. 

•fin-hooked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
hooked.}  Not  having  a  hook  ;  not  fixed  on  a 
hook. 

"Apt«rtoblt<jatsucb.uii»oo*e<l  baytes."—  SaMuyt  .• 
Voyage*,  Iii.  171. 

•  un-ho6p',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  hoop.] 
To  strip  or  divest  of  hoops. 

"  Unhoop  the  fair  sex,  and  cure  this  lAshionable 
tympauy  got  among  them."—  Additvn. 

fin-hoped',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng.  hoped.] 
1,  Not  hoped  for  ;  unlocked  for  ;  unex- 
cted ;  despaired  of.  (Followed  by  for.) 

" 


pe 


"These  ey«  at  last  behold  the  unhoped  for  coast" 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyaey  T.  6«. 

•2.  Having  lost  hope. 

"He  faltered  thanks  to  Heaven  for  Hie. 
Bedeemed,  unhoped,  from  desperate  strife. 

Scott  :  lAdtafthe  Late,  T.  IT. 


S) ;  v6d!t,  J.<wi;  oat,  cell,  choruB,  9liln,  Bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  09;  expect. 
HXton.  -tlan  =  Bhan.   -tlon,  -sion  =  sbun ;  -tlon,  -jlon  =  dxun.   -How*,  -tlou..  -.lous  =  s»hu».     ble.  -die. 


=  bel,d«l. 


4952 


unhopeful— unicorn 


tin-hope  -ful,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
hapejul.]  Not  hopeful;  having  no  room  ft 
hope  ;  hopeless. 

"  Benedick  it  not  the  unhoffffulltit  husband  that 
know."—  &tajcetp.:  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  u.  L 

tin-hop  -ing,  pr.  par.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  an 

fi»ng.  hoping.]    Not  expecting. 

"  Unhopina  the  success  of  their  schemes."—  Kichard- 
ton  :  Clariun,  Hi.  40. 

fin-horned',  a.     [Pref.  tin-  (i),  and  Eng 
horned.]    Not  horned  ;  without  horns. 
"  O  Liber  I  .  .  .  whom  all  perfections  grace  : 
And  when  unhorned,  thou  hut  &  virgin's  face.' 
bund**  :  Ovid  :  JreCamorpAofef  IT. 

fin-horse',  ».(.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  horse. 

1.  To  knock,  throw,  or  otherwise  reraov 
from  horseback. 

"ConaUntine  himself  fought,  unhoried  him.  ant] 
used  all  means  to  take  him  alive.-—  Litton  :   Bin 

2.  To  take  the  horses  out  of,  as  out  of  a 
vehicle. 

"  While  others,  not  so  satisfied,  unhorte 
The  gilded  equipage.'  Confer:  Task,  vt  70U 

*  fin-hosed',  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  hosed. 
Without  hose  or  greaves. 

"  Unhoted,  unheeded." 

SoiMey  ;  Joan  o/  .(re,  vil  140. 

*  nn-hos'-plt-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  hospitable.]    Not  hospitable;  iuhospit 
able. 

"  To  drive  out  these  unAotpttaMe  guests.' 

JCove;  Royal  Convert,  v. 

*  tin-hos'-pit-al,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
hospital.]    Inhospitable. 

•Azenus    .    .    .    which    signineth  unhctpitall."— 
Sandy*  :  rrartu,  p.  19. 

•un-hos-tile,  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (i),  and  Eng. 
hostile.]  Not  hostile  ;  not  pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  an  enemy. 

"By  unhoMle  wounds  destroyed." 

FMIift:  Ulenheim. 

•tin-house',  r.fc     [Pref.  un-  (2X  and  Eng. 

house.} 

1.  To  drive  or  expel  from  a  bouse  or  habita- 
tion ;  to  dislodge. 

"  Death  unawares,  with  bis  cold  kind  embrace, 
Dnhoiad  thy  virgin  soul.' 

MiUon    Dm*  o/a  fUr  Infant. 

2.  To  deprive  of  shelter. 

•un  housed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  Cl\  and  Eug. 

housed.] 

1.  Not  housed,  or  sheltered  by  a  house; 
having  no  house  or  home  ;  homeless. 

"  Cnhoui'd,  neglected.  In  the  public  war," 

/•ope:  Bomer;  Odyttey  xviL  8ST. 

2.  Deprived  of  or  expelled  from  a  house, 
home,  roof,  or  shelter. 

"Dismayed,  unfed,  unjuna'd, 
The  widow  and  tbe  orphan  stroll  around.* 

nUipt  :  Blenheim. 

•tin-nous  -elled,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  pa. 
par.  of  Eng.  house!  (q.v.).]  Not  having  re- 
ceived the  sacrament.  (See  extract  under 
I/ISAFPOINTED,  1.] 

•ftn-hu'-man,  o.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
human.]  Not  human  ;  inhuman. 


•un  hu-man-ize,  ».(.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  humanix.}  To  cause  to  cease  to  be 
human  ;  to  deprive  or  divest  of  the  nature  or 
characteristics  of  human  beings. 

"Purity  Is  ridiculed  and  set  at  nought,  aa  a  aour. 
unsocial,  unhumanaed  virtue."—  Porteut:  Sermont 
vol.  it.  ser.  6. 

»  fin-hum  -bled  (bled  as  beld),  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  humbled.]  Not  humbled, 
not  shamed  ;  not  having  the  temper,  spirit 
pride,  or  the  like  subdued. 

"  Cnhumblfd,  unrepentant,  unreform'd." 

tiatm  .  p.  A.m.  a». 

fin-hurtf,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  hurt.] 
Not  hurt  ;  free  from  hurt  or  injury  ;  un- 

injured. 

"  But  LuoMow  escaped  unhurt  from  all  the  machina- 
tions of  his  enemies.  —Macaulay  :  Bitt.  £ng..  ch.  xv. 

•  fin-hurt'-ful,  •  un  hurte  ful,  o.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  hurtful.]  Not  hurtful  or 
injurious  ;  harmless,  innoxious. 


"  You  imagine  me  too 
Shale*?.  .  llaaurtfor 


an  orttoalte."  _ 


ul-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  unhurtful; 
-(».]  In  an  unhurtful  manner  ;  without  hurt 
or  harm  ;  harmlessly. 

"To  laugh  at  others  as  innocently  and  aa  unfoirt, 
JUly.  as  at  ourselves.  "—Pope  :  To  ftHrt,  Sept.  1JM. 


*  tin-hurt  ful  ness,  *  nn-hnrte-fnl-nes, 

t.    [Eng.  unhurtjul  ;  -ness.]    Harmlessness 


tin  hurt -ing,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
hurting.]  Causing  no  hurt  or  harm  ;  harm 
less,  innoxious. 

"  ^Aft"  to  ber  kinde  (""hurting  elfel 
Did  bid  me  take  such  lodging  «.  hernetfe  " 

Browne :  Britanniat  Pastoral*,  i.  4. 

*  iinhns -band-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  an 
Eng.  husband;  -ed.] 

L  Not  husbanded ;  not  managed  with  care 
and  frugality. 

2.  Not  having  a  husband  ;  unmarried. 

3.  Deprived  of  or  having  lost  a  husband 
widowed. 

"  She  bore,  unhuibanded,  a  mother's  palni." 

Southey:  Hannah. 

*4.  Not  "married"  to,  or  supported  by 
an  elm.  (Said  only  of  a  vine.)  The  expres 
sion  is  derived  from  the  Latin  custom  (still  in 
vogue  in  Italy)  of  training  vines  on  elms. 

"  With  hanging  head  I  have  beheld 
A  widow  vine,  stand,  in  a  naked  held, 
Unhutoandad.  neglected,  all  forlorne/ 

Browne:  Britannia!  Pattoralt,  U.  t. 

•fin-hushed',  a.     [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  En< 
hushed.]    Not  hushed  ;  not  silenced. 

"  My  heart  u*A«*Vd— although  my  lips  were  mute." 
Byron  :  Cortuir.  L  11 

*  tin-husked',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
husked.]    Having  no  husk  or  cover. 

"  Could  no  unhutked  akorne  leave  the  tree. 
But  there  was  cbaleuge  made  wboee  it  might  bee." 
BfJ.  Ball :  Satiret,  ni.  1. 

n-nl-,  pref.  [Lat  «nu»  =  one.J  Having  one 
feature  or  character. 

U  -ni  at,  U  -ni-ate,  «.  [From  Lat.  wnu 
=  one.] 

Church  Hut. :  One  of  the  United  Greeks 
(q.v.). 

u-ni  au  ric  -u-late,  a.  [Pref.  uni-,  and 
Eng.  auriculate.]  Possessed  of,  or  in  form  re- 
sembling, a  single  small  ear. 

imiauriculate  animals,  s.  ft, 
ZooL  :  The  Gasteropoda.    (Rossiter.) 

u-  ni  ax'  al,  u-ni-ax  -i-al,  o.  [Pref.  uni-, 
and  Eng.  uxial.] 

1.  Biol. :  Developed  from  a  single  axis,  at 
is  the  case  with  all  vertebrate  animals,  some 
molluscs    and  annulosa,  and   some   plants. 
(Sossiter.) 

2.  Optia  <t  Crystall. :  Having  one  direction 
within  the  crystal,  along  which  a  ray  of  light 
can  proceed  without  being  bifurcated. 

"The  coloured  rays  of  uniaxial  and  biaxial  crystals  " 
—Proc.  ofThyt.  Soc.  London,  pt.  ii.  p.  a. 

^  The  crystals  of  Iceland  spar,  quartz,  and 
tourmaline  are  uniaxial.  Brewster  has  shown 
that  in  all  uniaxial  crystals  the  optic  axis 
coincides  with  the  axes  of  crystallization. 
When  the  ordinary  refractive  index  exceeds 
the  extraordinary  index  the  crystal  is  said  to 
be  negative,  when  it  falls  short  of  it  the 
crystal  is  said  to  be  positive.  Iceland  spar, 
tourmaline,  sapphire,  ruby,  &C.  have  negative, 
and  quartz,  ice,  titanite,  ore.  positive  uniaxial 
crystals. 

u'-nl-ber,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  The  face- 
guard  of  a  helmet.  (Ogilvie.) 

u-nio,  ».    [UNIQUE.] 

u  ni-cam  -or-al,  a.  [Lat  unwj  =  one, 
and  camera  =  a  chamber.]  Consisting  of  a 
single  chamber.  (Said  of  a  legislative  body.) 

u  ni  cap  -sn-lar,  o.    [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
capsular.] 
Bot. :  Having  but  a  single  capsule. 

u  m  car  -di-um,  ».    [Pref.  uni-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  cardium  (q.v.).J 

Paloxmt. :  A  doubtful  sub-genus  of  Corbis, 
having  the  shell  thin,  oval,  and  concentrically 
striated ;  the  hinge  with  an  obscure  tooth  or 
edentulous.  Known  species  forty,  from  the 
Lias  to  the  Portland  Kock.  (Woodward.) 

u-ni7car'-i  nate,  o.    [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
carinaU.}    Having  a  single  ridge  or  keel. 


-lar,  o.     [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
cellular.] 

Biol.  :  Consisting  of  a  single  cell  or  cellule. 
(Used  of  certain  algals  and  fungals  of  low  or- 
ganization, and  of  the  Protozoa.) 


•  n-ni9'-I-tjf,  «.    (Lat.  unui  =  one.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  unique. 

2.  The  state  of  being  in  uuity,  or  of  being 
united  into  one. 

t  u  m-cli'-nal,  a.  [Lat.  unus  =  one,  and 
Gr.  «AiW  (klino)  =  to  cause  to  bend,  slope,  or 
slant.] 

Geol. :  Having  but  a  single  dip,  inclination, 
or  direction.  Used  of  a  stratum  which  slan  t« 
only  in  one  direction;  opposed  to  synclinal 
and  anticlinal  (q.v.). 

u'-nl-corn,  *  n-nl-corne, ».  [Pr.  unicorn*, 
from  Lat.  unicornum,  accus.  of  unicornus  = 
one-horned,  from  unu«  =  oue,  and  cornu—t 
horn.] 

L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  An  animal  having  a  single  horn,  fre- 
quently mentioned  by  Greek  and  Latin 
authors.  Ctesias  calls  it  the  Wild  Ass,  and 
Aristotle  the  Indian  Ass.  Ctesias  describes 
the  Wild  Ass  as  being  about  the  size  of 
a  horse,  with  a  white  body,  red  head  and 
blue  eyes,  having  a  horn  on  the  forehead  a 
cubit  long,  which  for  thd  extent  of  two  palms 
from  the  forehead  is  entirely  white,  black  in 
the  middle,  and  pointed  and  red  at  the  ex- 
tremity. Of  the  horn  drinking  cups  were 
formed,  and  those  who  used  them  were  said 
not  to  be  subject  to  spasm,  epilepsy,  or  th« 
effects  of  poison.  Unicorns  were  said  to  be 
very  swift  and  strong,  not  naturally  tierce,  but 
when  provoked  they  fought  desperately  with 
horn,  heels,  and  teeth,  so  that  it  was  impos- 
sible to  take  them  alive.  Browne  (Vulg 
Errours,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  xxiii.)  enumerates  five 
kinds  of  unicorns :  "  the  Indian  ox,  the  Indian 
ass,  the  rhinoceros,  the  oryx,  and  that  which 
was  more  eminently  termed  monoceros  or  uni- 
cornis;"  and  in  the  same  chapter  he  quotes  de- 
scriptions of  this  mythical  animal  from  varioui 
authors.  Wilkin,  in  a  note  to  Browne  (tor.  sup 
nt.)  gives  a  statement  from  Riippell  that  the 
unicorn  exists  in  Kordofan,  where  it  is  known 
by  the  name  of  millekma.  He  describes  it  as 
of  a  reddish  colour,  of  the  size  of  a  small 
horse,  of  the  slender  make  of  a  gazelle,  and 
furnished  with  a  long,  straight,  slender  horn 


ORYX  GRAZING  (PfiOFTUB). 
A.  Head  of  Oryx. 

in  the  male,  which  is  wanting  in  the  female, 
iSiiine  added  that  it  had  divided  hoofs,  while 
others  declared  it  to  be  single-hoofed.  Three 
Arabs  told  R-appell  that  they  had  seen  the 
animal  in  question.  All  these  stories  have 
probably  some  foundation  in  fact,  to  which  a 
large  superstrnction  of  notion  has  been  added. 
An  antelope  like  an  oryx,  seen  in  profile 
would  appear  to  a  careless  observer  like  an 
animal  with  a  single  horn ;  and  hence  the 
mythical  tales  of  unicorns  probably  arose. 
(See  illustration.) 

*  2.  A  kind  of  insect  having  a  horn  upon 
Its  head. 

"  Some  unfeorw  we  will  allow  even  among  insects, 
as  those  uaaicornous  beetles  described  by  Muffetaa."— 
• Vulgar  Srrourt,  bk.  ill,  ch.  xxiii. 


3.  A  carriage  and  pair  with  a  third  horse  in 
front ;  also  applied  to  such  an  equipage. 

"  Let  me  drive  you  out  some  day  In  my  unicorrt.*- 
JfiH  Kdoeworth  :  Belinda,  ch.  zviL 

U.  Technically: 

L  Attron, :  [MONOCEROS,  1.1. 

2.  Her. :  A  fabulous  animal,  having  the  head, 
neck,  and  body  of  a  horse,  with  abeard  like  thai 
of  a  goat,  the  legs  of  a  buck,  the  tail  of  a  lion, 
and  a  long  tapering  horn,  spirally  twisted,  in 
the  middle  of  the  foreheai  Two  nnicorni 
were  borne  as  supporters  of  the  Scottish  royal 


at,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  Bire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pfit. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.   «.  ca  --  6  ;  ey  -  a ;  au  -  kw. 


unicornous— unilabiate 


4953 


mrma  for  about  a  century  before  the  union  of 
the  Crowns  in  1603  ;  and  the  sinister  sup- 
porter of  the  arms  of  the  United  Kingdom  is  a 
unicorn  argent,  armed,  crined,  and  unguled 
or,  gorged  with  a  coronet  of  crosses  patee  and 
fleurs  de  lis,  with  a  chain  affixed  passing  be- 
tween the  fore  legs  and  reflected  over  the  back 
of  the  last.  (See  illustration  under  REVERTED.) 

"  How  the  brave  boy,  in  future  war, 
Should  tame  the  Unicorn'*  pride." 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Latt  Minstrel,  1.  19. 

8.  Script ;  [REEM]. 

1"  x«i  -  unicorn  :  The  narwhal,  Monodon 
wtonoceros.  [MONODON,  NARWHAL.] 

unicorn-bird,  *. 

Ornith.  :  Palnmadea  cornuta.    [ANHIMA.) 

"The  horn  of  the  unicorne-bird :  in  Braslle  called 
Anhiiiia.  Described  by  Marggravlus  and  ViUughby 
out  of  him.  Hi§  principal  marks  are  these:  headed 
and  footed  like  the  dunghill  cock,  fcul'd  like  a  goose, 
horned  on  his  forehead  (with  some  likeness)  aa  the 
Uiiicorue  is  pictured  ;  8i>urd  on  bin  wings  ;  bigger  than 
*  awnu.  The  male,  say  Mnrggravlu*  and  Pino,  as  big 
again."— Grew :  Mittaum,  p.  65. 

unicorn-fish,  s.    [UNICORN,  H",] 
unicorn-plant,  s. 

Bot. :  A  popular  name  for  Martynia  (q.v.), 
said  to  refer  to  the  projecting  beaks  or  hooks 
of  the  capsule ;  but  the  name  is  inaccurate, 
as  there  are  two  horns  in  place  of  one. 

unicorn-root,  s. 

Bot. :  The  root  of  Helonias  dioica,  a  plant  of 
the  Melanthacese  or  Melanths,  one  or  two 
feet  high,  growing  in  North  American  bogs. 
It  has  a  leafy  scape,  spiked  racemes  of  white 
flowers,  with  linear  petals  and  exserted  sta- 
mens. In  infusion  the  root  is  anthelmintic, 
but  its  tincture  is  bitter  and  tonic. 

unicorn-shell,  s. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Monoceros  (q.v.).  Both 
the  scientific  and  popular  names  refer  to  the 
prominent  spine  on  the  outer  lip. 

unicorn's  horn,  s. 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A.  name  formerly  given  to 
the  horn  of  the  narwhal,  which  was  often 
preserved  in  museums  as  the  horn  of  the 
mythical  unicorn.  [UNICORN,  II.  1.] 

2.  Bot. :  Helonias  dioica.    [UNICORN-ROOT.] 

U-nf-COrn'-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  unicorn**.]  [UNl- 
CORN.J  Possessed  of  but  a  single  horn. 

"  Unicornout  beetle*,"— Brown*:  Vulgar  Srrourt, 
bk.  v.,  ch.  xix. 

6  m-cSs -tate,  o.  [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
costate  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  :  Having  but  a  single  midrib,  whence 
the  secondary  veins  or  nerves  diverge.  This 
is  the  typical  structure  of  Exogens  in  general. 

ii-nl-dac'-tj^le,  a.  [Pref.  uni-,  and  Or. 
Sa*Tt/Aos  (ddktulos)  —  &  finger  or  toe,  a  digit.] 
Having  a  single  functional  digit,  as  the  horse 
and  some  of  its  ancestors.  (See  illustration 
under  UNOULATA,  1.  (2).) 

"  In  the  Anchltherlum  and  Hlpparion  the  trans- 
formation from  the  tridactyle  to  the  nnidactyle 
Ungulate  is  accomplished."— U.  Schmidt :  Doctrine  of 
Detcent,  p.  274. 

*  un-i-de'-aed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  idea, 
and  suft1.  -erf."]    Having  no  ideas  or  thoughts  ; 
senseless,  frivolous. 

"He  [Bacon]  received  the  unldeaed  page  [VilHers] 
into  his  intimacy.11— Lord  Campbell :  Live*  of  the 
Chancellor*,  ii.  347. 

*  iin-i-de'-al,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

ideal.] 

1.  Not  ideal ;  real. 

2.  Not  having  ideas ;  destitute  of  ideas  or 
thoughts ;  senseless. 

"  They  [cards]  appear  to  me  too  dull  and  unideal  to 
afford  a  thinking  man  ...  an  adequate  return  of 
amusement."— Knox  :  Winter  Evtningt,  even.  1. 

*  nn-i'-dle,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  idle, 
a.]    Not  idle  ;  busy,  active. 

"  For  me,  I  do  nature  vnidle  know." 

Sidney  :  Attrophel  *  SteUa. 

u-nl-f a'-cial  (c  as  sh)t  a.  [Lat.  «ntw=one, 
And  fades  =  a  face.]  Having  but  one  face  or 
front  surface. 

*  u-nif '-ic,  a.    [Lat.  units  =  one,  and  facio  = 
to  make.]    Making  one  ;  forming  unity. 

*  u-nl-f  f-ca'-tion,  ».    [UNIFIC.]    The  act  ol 
unifying  ;  the  state  of  being  unified  ;  the  acl 
of  making  into  one. 

"  All  we  have  here  to  note  is  the  interdependence 
and  unification  of  functions  that  naturally  follow  the 
differentiation  ol  them."— B.  Spencer:  Induction*  of 
Biology. 


UJUJOL10LAT* 


U'-nl-fl-er,  *.    [Eng.  unify;  -*r.]     One  who 

unifies  or  makes  into  one. 

"  Biwnarck,  the  unifier  of  Germany."— Timet,  Dee. 

18,  1885,  p.  10. 

u-nl-fi  -lar,  o.  [Lat.  unus  =  one,  andjUum 
=  a  thread.]  Consisting  of  or  having  only 
one  thread ;  specifically  applied  to  a  magnet- 
ometer consisting  of  a  magnetic  bar  suspeuded 
by  a  single  thread. 

u-nif'-lor-ouB,   «.      [Lat  u»us  =  one,  and 

*  flos,  genit.  floris  =  a  flower.] 

Bot. :  Having  but  a  single  flower. 

u'-nl-f  oil,  s.    [Lat.  unus  =  one,  and  folium  = 
a  leaf.) 
Her. :  A  plant  having  only  one  leaf. 

u-nl-fd'-H-ar,  u-nl-fo -11-ate,  a,    [Pref. 
uni-t  and  Eng.  foliar,  foliate.} 
Bot. :  The  same  as  UNIFOLIOLATE  (q.v.). 

u-ni-f6'-lI-6-late,  a.    [Pref. 

uni;  and  Eng.  foliolate  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  Applied  to  a  compound 
leaf  consisting  of  one  leaflet 
only. 

u  ni  form,  *  u  -nl-forme,  a. 

&  s.  [Fr.  unijorme,  from  Lat. 
uniformem,  accus.  of  uniformi* 
=.  having  one  form  :  unus  =  one, 
and  forma  —  a  form  ;  Sp.,  Port, 
&  Ital.  un^forme.] 
A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Having  only  one  form ;  hav- 
ing always  one  and   the   same 
form ;    not   changing   in    form, 
shape,     character,    appearance, 
&c. ;  not  variable. 

"  He  !•  hlmselfe  vniforme.  at  saint  James  sayth, 
without  alteration."— Bp.  Gardner:  SxpHaatian;  Qf 
Catholic  faith,  f ol.  5. 

2.  Not  varying  in  degree  or  rate;  invariable, 
equable  :  as,  a  uniform  temperature,  uniform 
motion. 

3.  Consistent  at  Bll  times ;  not  different : 
as,  His  opinions  on  the  subject  have  always 
been  uniform. 

4.  Having  only  one  character  throughout; 
homogeneous. 

"Sometimes  there  are  many  parts  of  a  law,  and 
sometimes  it  is  uniform,  *ud  hath  in  it  but  onednty." 
— Bp.  Taylor :  Rule  of  Conscience,  bk.  Hi,  ch.  vi. 

5.  Conforming  to  one  rule ;  agreeing  with 
each  other ;  of  the  same  form  or  character  as 
others. 

"The  only  doubt  is  about  the  manner  of  their 
unity,  how  far  churches  are  bound  to  be  uniform  in 
their  ceremonies."—  Booker. 
B.  As  subst.  :  A  dress  of  the  same  kind, 
fabric,  fashion,  or  general  appearance  as  that 
worn  by  other  members  of  the  same  body, 
whether  military,  naval,  or  other,  by  which 
the  members  may  be  recognized  as  belonging 
to  that  particular  body.  (Opposed  to  plain 
clothes  or  ordinary  civil  dress.) 

"  The  uniform*  and  arms  of  the  newcomers  clearly 
indicated  the  potent  influence  of  the  master's  eye." — 
Jtacaulay  :  Hut.  Eng..  ch.  xv. 

*  u'-nl-fbrm,  v.t.    [UNIFORM.]    To  make  uni- 
form or  conformable  ;  to  cause  to  conform ; 
to  adapt. 

"Thus  most  I  uniform  my  apeech  to  your  obtuse 
conceptions."— Sidney:  Wanttead  Play.  p.  622. 

•u-nl-form'-al,  o.    [Eng.  uniform;  -o/.] 
Uniform,  symmetrical. 

"  Her  comelye  nose  with  uniformall  grace." 

fferrick :  Appendix,  p.  438. 

u-ttl-for-ml-tar'-I-aii,  s.  A  a.    [Eng.  uni- 
formit(y);  -arian.] 

A.  A3  subst. :  One  who  holds  the  geological 
hypothesis   or   theory   of  uniformitarianism 
(q.v.). 

"  The  one  point  the  catastrophists  and  the  «m- 
formitariant  agreed  upon  when  the  Society  was  founded 
»as  to  Ignore  it  [geological  speculation Y— Quart.  Jaurn. 
Oeol.  Soc.,  vol.  xxv.,  p.  xli. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Uniformi- 
tarianism (q.v.). 

u-nl-for-mX-tar'-i-an-i^m,  «.    [Eng.  un 

formitarian ;  -ism.] 

Geol. :  A  term  introduced  by  Prof.  Huxley 
to  express  the  view  strongly  advocated  by 
Button  and  Lyell,  that  there  is  no  need  for 
the  hypothesis  of  alternate  periods  of  repose 
and  convulsion  to  account  for  the  presem 
appearance  of  the  earth's  crust.  All  that  we 
see  might  be— and  they  believed  was— pro 
duced  by  the  operation  of  ordinary  causes 


continued  during  indefinitely  long  periods  of 
time.    [GEOLOGY.] 

"I  have  spoken  of  Uniformitarianitm  as  the  doe. 
trine  of  Huttoii  and  LyeU."— JTuaby  .*  Pret.  Addreu, 
in  Quart.  Journ.  Ge«t.  Soc..  vol.  xxv.  p.  xli. 


-ty,  *u-nl-form-l-tie, «. 

[Fr.  uniformiti,  from  Lat.  uniformitaten^ 
accus.  of  uniformitas  =  uniformity,  from  w«- 
formis  =  unifonn  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  uniform ; 
resemblance  to  itself  at  all  times  ;  the  quality, 
state,  or  character  of  adhering  to  one  plan  all 
through,  or  of  having  the  parts  similar. 

"But  for  vniformitie  of  building  .  .  .  the  towne  at 
Cambridge,  a*  the  newer  workmanship,  exceedeth  that 
of  Oxford."—  Bolinthed :  Deter.  England,  bk.  ii..  ch.  ill. 

2.  Consistency,  sameness. 

"Queen  Elizabeth  was  remarkable  for  that  steadi- 
ness and  uniformity  which  ran  through  all  her  ac- 
tions."— Addison. 

3.  Conformity  amongst  several  or  many  to 
one  pattern  or  rule  ;  consonance,  agreement, 
accord. 

"  The  unity  of  that  visible  body  and  Church  of  Chrirt 
consisteth  iu  that  uniformity  which  all  the  several 
person*  thereunto  belonging  have."— Booker, 

4.  Continued    or    unvarying   sameness   or 
likeness  ;  monotony. 

H  Act  of  Uniformity : 

Church.  Hist.  :  The  Act  18  A  14  Car.  IL, 
c.  4,  designed  to  regulate  the  terms  of  mem- 
bership in  the  Church  of  England  and  in  the 
colleges  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  Both  the 
Anglican  and  the  Puritan  parties  had  desired 
their  faith  to  be  that  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, and  Charles  II. ,  who,  as  a  step  to  ob- 
taining his  father's  throne,  wished  to  stand 
well  with  both  parties,  promised  at  Breda  to 
use  his  influence  to  bring  about  a  certain 
measure  of  comprehension.  But  the  Parlia- 
ment was  in  no  mood  to  vote  for  such  a 
scheme,  and  the  Act  of  Uniformity  required 
the  clergy  to  sign  the  Thirty-nine  Articles 
and  to  use  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer.  Th« 
enforcement  of  these  regulations  led  to  the 
secession  from  the  Church  of  England  of  up- 
wards of  2,000  clergymen,  and  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  modern  dissent.  The  Act  of  Uni- 
formity Amendment  Act,  passed  July  18, 1872, 
somewhat  modified  that  of  Charles,  as  the 
University  Test  Act,  passed  June,  1871,  had 
done  the  year  before. 

i  ni  form  ly,  *  u-ni-forme-lie,  adv. 
[Eng.  uniform;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  uniform  manner  or  degree  ;  without 
variation  ;  with  even  tenor. 

"  Uniformly  clear  of  clouds."— C.Brontt :  Jane  Eyre, 

ch.  xxif. 

2.  Without  diversity  of  one  from  another. 

"They  turne  it  often,  that  it  may  be  vniformtlit 
drie."—  Holimh*d:  Deter.  £*>ff.,  ch.  ft 

3.  With  consistency  throughout. 

*  u'-nl-form-ness,  *.  [Eng.  uniform  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  uniform ;  uni- 
formity. 

"  Rules  grounded  on  the  analogy  and  untformneu 
observed  in  the  production  of  natural  effects."— Berke- 
ley :  Of  Buman  Knowledge,  pt.  i.,  f 106. 

u'-n!-f!y,  *u-ni-fle,  v.t.  [Lat.  unus  =  one, 
and  facio  =  to  make.]  To  make  or  form  into 
qne ;  to  make  a  unit  of ;  to  reduce  to  unity  »r 
uniformity  ;  to  view  as  one. 

"Toriniplifieand  unifle  their  desire*."— Montague  : 
Devoute  Euayet,  pt  11.,  treat.  & 

*u-nl-gfin'-i-ture,  *•  [Lat.  unigenitus-= 
only-begotten,  fro'm  unus  =  one,  and  genituat 
pa.  par.  of  gigno  =  to  beget.]  The  state  of 
being  the  only-begotten. 

u-n5E-ge'n'-X-tns,  a.  [Lat.  =  only-begotten.) 
Ecelesiol, :  Used  to  denote  the  Bull  com- 
mencing Unigenitus  Dei  Filiua  (the  Only  Be- 
gotten Son  of  God),  issued  by  Pope  Clement  XI. 
in  1713  in  condemnation  of  101  propositions 
taken  from  Quesnel's  work,  The  New  Testament 
translated  into  French,  with  Moral  Reflections. 
[JANSENISM,  1.] 

*  u-nig'-Sn-otis,  a.  [UNIOENTTURE.  ]  Of  one 
kind  ;  of  the  same  kind. 

U-nrJ'-U-gate,   a.      [Lat.  unijugus  =  having 
"  one  yoke ;"  pref.  uni-  and  Lat.  jugum  =  a 
yoke,  a  pair.] 

Bot.  (Of  a  leaf):  Having  a  single  pair  of 
leaflets;  paired.  [CONJUGATE.] 

u-nl-la'-bl-ate,  a.    [Pref.  wnf-,  and  Eng. 

labiate.] 
Bot, :  Having  but  a  single  lip. 


boil,  bo"^ ;  poUt,  JolW ;  cat,  yell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  t&is ;  sin,  ay ;  expect,  Xenophon,  eytot.   ph  =  T. 
-clan,  -tian  =  ffhf>".     tion,  -siou  =  •*""  *  -tion,  -gion  —  «**«"-    -oious,  - 1 ious,  -sioua  =  anus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bei,  del. 


4954 


unilateral— unindifferent 


u-nl-lAt  -er-ol,  o,     [Pref.   «»*-,   and  Eng. 

lateral.] 

*  1.  Ord.  lang.  :  Having  but  a  single  side 
pertaining  to  one  side  ;  one-sided. 

2.  Bol.  :  Arranged  on  or  turned  towards  one 
ride  only,  as  the  rtowera  of  Antholyza. 

unilateral  contract,  s.  A  one-sidud 
contract,  that  is,  a  contract  which  binds  only 
one  party  ;  the  other  i>arty,  from  the  nature 
of  the  case,  not  needing  to  be  bound. 

•n-nl-lit'-er-al,  a.  [Pref.  «ni-,  and  Eng. 
literal.]  Onsisting  of  only  one  letter;  as,  a 
wiiliteral  word. 

•ttn-D-lumed',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
illume:!.  J  Nut  illuminated  ;  not  lighted  up. 

'  '  Her  lair  eye,  DOW  bright,  now  unitlumea." 

Coleridge  :  Destiny  tif  .Vtitic-nt. 

•fcn-n-lu-mJn-at-ed,  a.    [Pref.  «n-  (U 

And  Eng.  illuminated.] 

1.  Lit.  :  Not  illuminated  ;  dark. 

2.  Fig.  :  Ignorant. 


r-y,  o.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
illusory.]  Not  causing  or  producing  illusion, 
deception,  or  the  like  ;  not  illusory  ;  not 
deceptive. 

-Through  a  paii  -at  cold,  uaUtuurr  naroaclee."- 
Lytton:  My  Jfovel,  bk.  ilL,  ch.  xxii 

•  ttn-n-lfis-tra-ted,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  illustrated.]  Not  illustrated  with  draw- 
ings, cats,  engravings,  or  the  like. 

"By  aid  of  which  we  can  tench  roanr  subject* 
quicker  and  better  than  the  most  impressive  Terb=J 
detcriutiou.  uiiilluttnited,  could  ever  attain  to."— 
Cauelft  Technical  Educator,  pt  xi.,  p.  275. 

u-ni  loo  -u-lar,  o.  [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
locultir.} 

1.  Bat.  :   Having  bat  a  single  cell  in  the 
fruit. 

2.  Zool.  :  Possessing  a  single  cavity  or  cham- 
ber.   Applied  to  the  shells  of  Foraminifera 
and  MolliiM'ii. 

fin-I-mag'-in-a-We,  a.    [Pref.  ««-  (1),  and 

Eng.  imaginable.}  Not  capable  of  being 
imagined,  conceived,  or  thought  of;  incon- 
ceivable. 

"  0  thou  beautiful 
And  unimaginable  ether  1"       Byron  :  Cain,  ii.  1. 

"iin-I-magr-In-a-We-ness,  s.  [Eng.  un- 
imaginable;  -ness.)  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unimaginable  or  inconceivable  :  incou- 
ceivableness. 

"  The  lunmoffinafjlfneu  of  point*  and  smalleBt  par- 
ade*. -Jfor»-  /mmort.  ofOuSoul,  bk.  L.  ch.  vi. 

•  fin  -l-mag'-In-a-bly,  adv.     [Eng.  ttnimo- 
ginab(U),  :-(».]  Inconceivably.  ^Boyle  :  Works, 

Hi.  677.) 

"  un  i-mag  In  a  tive,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  imaginative.]  Showing  litUe  or  no 
imaginative  powers. 

"TheM  our  unimaginative  dan.*' 

Wardtvxirtlt  :  Mtcurtbm,  bk.  II. 

ftn-i  mag  Ined,  a.  [Fret  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
imagined.]  Not  imagined  or  conceived  ;  not 
formed  in  idea  ;  undreamt  of. 

"  Unlmagind  WUa."  Tnamian  :  Liberty. 

*fin-Im'-It-a-ble,  o.  (Pref.  -un-  (IX  and 
imiiahle.]  Not  capable  of  being  imitated  ;  in- 
imitable. 

"Thou  art  all  uaimUable."—  Beaum.  *  Ftet.:  Law* 
Of  Candy,  I.  i. 

ftn-Im-merged',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
immersed.]  Not  immersed;  not  sunk  below 
the  surface  of  the  water.  (Used  specific,  of 
submarine  torpedo-boats.) 

"  She  can  steam,  when  vnintmerited,  at  the  rate  of 
seventeen  knota  an  hour."  —  Globe,  Dec.  21,  1887. 

•fin  iin-mor'-tal,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  immortal.]  Not  Immortal  ;  mortal  ; 
liable  to  death.  (Uiltm:  P.  L.,  i.  611.) 

*  fin-lm-mured',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
immured.]       Unfortified  ;     without     walls. 
(Sanity*  ;  Traced,  p.  156.) 

fin  im  pair  -a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and 
Bug.  tmpaimble.]  Not  capable  of  being  im- 
paired, injured,  diminished,  or  weakened. 

"  Uodtminisbable  and  unimiiatrabJe'—More:  Off. 
PhiU*.  Cakbala,  ch.  Til. 

fin  Im  paired',  o.  [Pief.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
impaired.]  Not  impaired,  injured,  diminished, 
or  weakened.  (Covrper  :  Yardley  Oak.) 

'•fin-Im-parf-iSd,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),   and 


Eng.  imparted.]     Not   imparted,  shared,  or 
communicated. 

"  But  brave  Aclilllee  stiuc* 
Hia  rirtuea  close,  an  vnimparted  store." 

Cowper :  Il'jmer ;  fti,ia  I. 

un  im  pass-ioned  (ss  as  all),  a.  [Pref 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  impassioned.]  Not  inipas 
sioned  ;  not  moved,  actuated,  or  infjnencec 
by  passion  ;  calm,  tranquil,  quiet. 

"The  same  meek,  unoffending,  tailmfxutiim'd  man." 
— Jfilmaa:  latin  Cttriitiantty,  bk.  viiC.  ch.  vill. 

un-im-peafh'-a-ble,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1) 
and  Eng.  imptacluiUe.}  Not  impeachable 
not  capable  of  tieing  called  impeached,  ac- 
cused, censured,  or  called  in  questiun  ;  free 
from  guilt,  stain,  blame,  or  reproach ;  blame- 
less, irreproachable. 

"  Perfect  and  unimpeachable  of  blame." 

CowptT  :  Tait,  T.  M. 

im-irn  peash'-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  un- 
impeuchablt;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unimpeachable. 

"Insinuation*  .  .  .  against  the  untmpeiKh 
of  bis  motive.."— Oodvin:  JfandeviUe,  iu.  180. 

un- Im  pea9hed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
impeached.] 

1.  Not  impeached  ;  not  charged  or  accused. 

"  Unimpeacn'd  for  traitorous  crime." 

Byron :  Sieffe  of  Corinth,  L 

2.  Not  called  in  question  ;  undisputed. 
"  While  yet  my  regal  state  stood  unimpcach'd" 

KotM:  Tamerlane,  iv. 

nn-im-ped'-«Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
impeded.]  Not  impeded ;  unmolested,  open 
clear. 

"It* unimpeded  sky." 

Longfellow:  Sand  o/Ou  Devrt. 

•  un-im'-pli-cate,   a.      [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and 
Eng.  implioate(a).]    Not  implicated. 

"  She.  unimpeached  of  crime,  unintplicatt 
In  folly."  Broming:  Ring  t  Book,  xi.  1,289. 

•  tin-im-pllo'-lt,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
implicit.]     Not   entire,  unlimited,  or   unre- 
strained ;  limited,  guarded. 

"The  general  confirmation  of  unimplicit  truth/— 
Stilton  :  Of  Toleration. 

•  un  im-plored ,  a.    [Fret  «n-  OX  and  Eng. 
implored.]    Not  implored  ;  not  solicited  ;  un- 
solicited. 

"  Her  nightly  visitation  lorimptomi.- 

JlMon:  P.L.,iL.K. 

fin-im-pbrt'-anoe,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  importance.]  Want  of  importance,  con- 
sequence, weight,  or  value  ;  insignificance. 

un-im-port'-ant,  o.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and 
Eng.  important.] 

1.  Not  important  or  momentous ;  not  of 
great  moment. 

"The  unimportant   skirmish  of    Ban  try   Bay."— 
J/aruulay  :  1H«.  Eng..  ch.  xi». 

*  2.  Not  assuming  high  airs  of  dignity  ;  un- 
assuming. 

"A   free,    unimportant,  natural,  easy  manner."— 
Pope  :  To  3wt/t. 

•ttn-Im-port'-lng,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  importing.]  Not  Importing ;  not  of 
moment  or  consequence  ;  trifling. 

"  Matter  of  rite,  or  of  unimftorting  conaeqnence."— 
Bp.  Sail  :  St.  PauTi  Combat. 

un  1m  por  tuned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  importuned.]  Not  importnned  ;  not 
solicited  with  pertinacity  or  perseverance. 


[in-im 


"  Whoever  ran 

To  danger  unimportvn'd." 

Donne :  To  the  Lady  Carey. 


posed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
imposed.]  Not  imposed  ;  not  laid  on  or  ex- 
acted as  a  duty,  tax,  burden,  toll,  task,  ser- 
vice, or  the  like. 

"Those  free  and  vnimpoeed  expression*. *— 3filton : 
Apol.  for  Smectymnuut,  s  1L 

in  im-poy  ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
imposing.] 

1.  Not  imposing;  not  commanding  rever- 
ence or  respect. 

*2.  Not  obligatory ;  voluntary. 

"  Manly  submission,  untmpoeiny  toil." 

Tk'j'mton:  Liberty. 

un-im  pressed ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
impressed. ) 

1.  Not  impressed ;  not  moved  or  affected. 

2.  Not  marked  or  infixed  deeply. 

"  Thought*  nneontrolled  and  urttmpretted,  the  births 
Of  pure  election."      Toting :  night  Thought*,  v.  123. 

un  im-press'-l-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 


Eng.  impressible.]    Not  impressible  ;  Dot  sen- 
sitive ;  not  easily  moved  ;  apathetic. 

"Clara  wa  houest  and  q«iet ;  but  lienyy.  mlndles* 
untmvranole.  —C.  Bronte :  Jane  Lyre.  ch.  xxvli. 

un   im-press   l6n-a-Mc  (ss  as  «h),  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (\).  and  Eng.  imeiressimcMe.]    Not 
impressionable ;  unimpressible. 


— -C.  Bronte:  Jane  Eyre,  ch.  xxi, 

•un-fm-prfs-on-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  'unprisomibie.}  Not  capable  of  being 
imprisoned,  shut  up,  or  confined. 

"Those  two  moat  nnimpritonabie  things."— Milton: 
Antwtr  to  Eikon  BatiWce,  f  13. 

uu-im-  prov  -a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  improvable.] 

1.  Incapable  of  being  improved  oradvanced 

to  a  better  condition ;  not  admitting  of  im- 
provement or  inclination. 

"The  principal  facttlty  which  Is  wanting  In  such, 

and   by  teaching    tmpc.rat.to   and    unimprovable."— 

aam/nond :  Works,  iv.  677. 

2.  Incapable  of  being  cultivated  or  tilled. 

*  un-im-prov-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  un- 
improrable;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unimprovable. 

"  Their  ignorance  and  unimprovable  nen  in  matters 
of  Itiiowledge.'— Bammotui;   Works,  i.  «t». 

ianlm  proved ,  a.  [Pref.  un~  (1),  and  Eng. 
improved.] 

1.  Not  improved;  not  made  better  or  wiser ; 
not  advanced  in  manners,  knowledge,  excel- 
lence, skill,  &c. 

"Shallow,  unimproved  Intellects  are  confident  pra- 
tenden  to  certainty."— QlanriU*. 

2.  Not  used  for  a  valuable  or  useful  pur- 
pose ;  not  turned  to  good  use. 

*'  While  be  that  scorns  the  noonday  beam  (terrene 
Shall  nnd  tne  Mewing,  unimproved,  a  curse." 

Coif  per  :  Truth,  6M. 

3.  Not  tilled ;  not  brought  into  cultivation : 
as,  unimproved  land. 

un-Im-proV-ing,  a.  [Pret  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  improving.]  Not  improving  ;  not  ad- 
vancing in  knowledge,  manners,  excellence, 
skill,  or  the  like. 

"If  the  idle  were  to  lay  amide  such  ttnimprovina 
works.  —Knox :  Winter  Eveninyt,  even.  52. 

*un-im-pugn'- a-ble  (g  silent),  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  impugnable.]  Not  capabU 
of  being  impugned  ;  unimpeachable. 

"His  truthfulness  [must  bej  unimpuffnable," — W. 
A.  Ortg, 

t  u-ni  mus  -cu-lar,  a.  [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
muscular.] 

Zool. :  Having  only  one  muscular  impres- 
sion ;  monomyary  (q.v.). 

*  un-in-censed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
incensed.]    Not  incensed,  inflamed,  provoked, 
or  irritated. 

"  See'st  thou  unincenMrf.  these  de«ds  of  Marat" 
C'owper :  Bomer ;  Iliad  T. 

un-in-fl-dent'-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  incidental.}  Unmarked  by  any  inci- 
dents. 

"Times  of  fat  quietness  and  unindd-sntal  ease."— 
Bp.  Wilb-jrforoe,  in  Life,  it  ItH. 

un- in -closed',  o.  [Fref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
inclosed.}  Not  shut  in  or  surrounded  as  with 
a  wall,  fence,  or  the  like. 

"  In  waste  mod  unindoted  land*."— Smith  :  Writ* 
qfffattanl.  bk.  L,  ch.  xi. 

*  un-ln-cor'-por-at-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1)^ 
and   Eng.  incorporated.]    Not   incorporated; 
not  mixed,  united,  or  blended  into  one  body. 

"  Unincorporated  with  any  of  the  nations  of  tbs) 
earth."— Atterbury  '  Vermont,  vol.  111.,  ser.  o. 

*  un-in  creas  -a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  increasablt.]    Not  capable  of  being  in* 
creased  ;  admitting  of  no  increase. 

"  An  altogether  or  almost  vnincreatable  deration." 
—Boyle  :  Work*,  L  249. 

*  un-In  cum  bered,  a.    [UNENCUMBERED.) 

un-in-dent-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un- (1), and  Eng. 
indented.]  Not  indented  ;  not  marked  by  any 
indentation,  notch,  wrinkle,  or  the  like. 

"  The  rest  of  the  countenance  was  perfectly  smooth 
and  uninUenteti.  —Lytton :  fetham,  ch.  bdx. 

un-in-dif' -fSr-ent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  indifferent.]  Not  indifferent;  not  un» 
biassed  or  unprejudiced  ;  partial,  Massed. 

"Their  own  partial,  and  unindiffmnt  proceeding." 
—Booker :  £cclet.  Politic,  bk.  v.,  }  81. 


fite,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  lall,  father;  wef  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p*t, 
or,  wore,  wplf;  work,  wad,  sin;  mate.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  au  =  lcw. 


unindulgent— uninterruptedly 


4955 


•tin  In-ditt'-gent,  a.  [Prof,  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  indulgent.] "  Nut  indulgent  or  kind. 

"On  me  uut  ttnit*luly««l  fate 
Bestowed  a  rural,  cal  in  retreat. 

transit  :  Horace,  1L  16. 

•  nn-in-diis'-trf-OUS,  o.    [Pref.  UK-  (IX  and 

Bug.  indtiitriaus.}    Nut  industrious  ;  not  dili- 
gent in  labour,  study,  or  the  like ;  idle. 

"  Far  beyond  the  ordinary  ooune 
That  other  uninduttriout  age*  rail." 

D'tniel:  Mufptttlu*. 

•tin-In-dus'-tri-ous-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  unin- 
dustriaut;  -ly.]  Not  industriously  ;  without 
industry  or  diligence. 

"  Not  a  little  or  uninduttrioutly  solicitous."—  Soyle  : 
Work*.  L  2T8. 

*  un-an-dwell'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Kng. 
indwM,  and  suft.' -able.]    Uninhabitable. 

"A  vast  desert  to  all  but  Arabs  unindtcellable."~ 
Lane :  Selectiontfrom  the  Kuran,  p.  I  ~  (lutrod.) 

t  u-ni-ner'-vate,  a.  [Pret  uni-,  and  Bug. 
nervate.} 

Bat.  :  One-ribbed  ;  having  but  one  rib,  as  is 
the  case  with  most  leaves.    (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

Hn-ln-le'ct'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
infected.]  Not  infected ;  not  contaminated, 
polluted,  or  corrupted.  (Lit.  tflg.) 

"  The  uni nfecttd  part  of  the  community."—  Knox  : 
Spirit  of  Uetpotian,  I  -a. 

tin-In-fiamed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  »nd  ^K- 
inflamed.]  Not  inflamed  ;  not  set  on  flre  ; 
not  aglow.  (Lit.  or  fig.) 

"  Show  one  moment  unln/tamed  with  !»"•"  „ 
1'oung :  Fore*  of  Religion,  U. 

"tin-ln-fl&m'-ina-Me,a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  in/iawmaWe.]  Not  capable  of  being  in- 
flamed or  set  on  fire.  (Lit.  or  fig.) 

"The  uninjtammaole  spirit  of  such 
Boyle. 

un-ln'-nu-en<?ed,  o.    [Pret  ««-  (1).  and 

Eng.  influenced.] 

1.  Not  influenced ;  not  moved  by  others  or 
by  foreign  considerations  ;  not  biassed. 

"Chaste  hearts  uninthaitced  by  the  power 
Of  outward  change.  Wordttaorlh  :  Sonnet. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  influence,  bias,  or 
prejudice :  as,  uninfluenced  conduct. 

4  un-m-flu-en'-tial  (tl  as  sh).  a.  [Pref. 
tin-  (1),  and  Eng.  influential.} 

1.  Not  exerting  any  influence ;  inoperative. 

••  A  motive  which  was  unln/luaaial,  or  wa»  not  pro- 
ductive o*  the  correspondent  act"— Co™  •  RUueal 
Tre.itue,  dls.  2.  ch.  iv. 

2.  Not  possessing  any  influence. 

"  An  untnjluentiat  aqnire."— /"oB  Mall  Otaette,  Feb. 
T,  1S8S. 

tin-in  formed',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
informed.] 

1.  Not  informed,  Instructed,  or  tanght 
untaught 

"The  uninformed  and  heedless  souls  of  men." 
Cowper:  Tatk,  v.  884. 

«  2.  Not  animated ;  not  imbued  with  vitality. 
(Steele :  Spectator,  No.  41.) 

*  3.  Not  imbued :  as,  A  picture  uninformed 
with  imagination. 

tin-in  fringed',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
infringed.]  Not  infringed ;  not  encroached 
upon. 

••  Why  li  a  constant  struggle  necessary  to  preserv 
It  [the  Constitution!  uninf ringed  I" ~Kno*:  SjnrK  <i 


Inn-In-fring'-l-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  infringible.}  That  cannot  or  may  no 
be  infringed  upon. 

"An  unlnfringible  monopoly."— Sir  W.  ffamUton, 

•ftn-ln-ge-ni-ous  (1),  a,  [Pref.  un-  0) 
and  Eng.  ingenious.]  Not  ingenious ;  want 
ing  in  ingenuity  ;  not  witty  or  clever. 

"These    unlngentout    paradoxes   and    reveries."— 
Burke:  On  a  Late  State  of  the  Nation. 

•un-In-ge'-ni-ous  (2X  "•    [tfuiNOENuous.; 

•  un  in  g6n  -u  ous,   *  tin-ln-ge'-ni-oui 

(2),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  ingenuous 
ingenious.}  Not  ingenuous;  not  frank,  open 
or  candid ;  disingenuous. 

"Such  uningenuoue  proceedings."  —  fl;x  Taylor 
liberty  of  frophetying.  (Ep.  Red.) 

•  un-In-gen'-n-ous-ness,  «.     [Eng.  tmin- 
genvous  ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  bein 
disingenuous ;  disingenuousness. 

"  I  cannot  guess  what  could  be  further  added  to  prov 
the  Injustice  and  uningenuoutneu."—  ffnmmond 
Workt,  1  324. 


n-ln-hab'-lt-a-ble,  o.  [Prof.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  Inhabitable.}  Not  inhabitable;  not  fit 
for  habitation. 

"  The  castle  had  In  16M  been  almost  u»i«Ao&HaW«.* 
—Al,tc<iulay  :  Utsu  Kng.,  ch.  xli. 

tra-in-hab'-it-a-ble-ness,  «.    [Eng.  un- 

inhabitable; -7WJS.J    The  quality  or  state  of 

being  uninhabitable  ;  unfltnesa  for  habitation. 

"The  unlnhabUaolenett  of  the  Uirrid  «one."—  Boyle  : 

Workt,  I  311 

un  In-hab'-It-ed.  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
t«teWt«d.)  Not  inhabited  by  men;  having 
nu  inhabitants. 

"  But  uninhabited,  untilled.  unsown. 
It  lies."  Pope  :  Homer  ;  UUifUeif  U.  14S. 

ln-in-Jured',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
injured.]  Not  hurt  ;  unhurt. 

"This  communion  with  uninjured  minds." 

:  Mjccurnon,  bk.  U. 


un-in-Jur'-I-ous,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  injurious.]  Not  hurtful  or  harmful  ; 
harmless. 

"  Their  own  bosoms  will  be  calm  and  serene,  unin- 
jured and  uninjuriout."  —  Knox:  Sermont,  vol.  vi., 
ser.  U. 

un-in-Jur'-i'-oiis-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  uninjurt- 
ous;  -ly.]  In  an  uninjurious  manner;  without 
injury. 

"The  charging  [of  a  Faure  cell]  maybe  done  unin- 
JurioU4ly.~—Sir  W.  Thompton,  in  Time!,  Uept.  2,  I8S1. 

u-nl-no'-dal,  a.  [Pref.  unl-,  and  Eng.  nodai.) 
Bot.  (Of  a  peduncle):  Bearing  ouly  one  node. 
(Lindley.) 

'  un-m-quis'-i-tive,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  inquisitive.]  Not  curious  or  diligent  to 
search  into  and  investigate  things. 

"  Their  vninquMttoe  temper  keeps  them  In  a  total 
ignorance  about  secondary  causes.  "—Sit.  Hartley:  Her. 
mont,  voL  L,  aer.  1L 

tin  In-scribed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
inscribed.]  Having  no  inscription. 

"  Obscure  the  place,  and  untoucrfirf  the  stone.- 
Pope  :  Windsor  fvreil.  320. 

un-In-spired',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
i;wpired.] 

1.  Not  inspired  ;   not  baying  received  any 
supernatural  instruction  or  illumination. 

"  A  veneration  more  than  was  due  to  the  opinions 
of  any  untntpired  teacher.'—  Bp.  Hartley:  Sermont, 
vol.  L.  ser.  I. 

2.  Not  produced  or  written  under  Inspira- 
tion :  as,  ujfin^pired  writings. 

un-m-8truct  -ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  instructed.] 

1.  Not  instructed  or  taught  ;  untaught,  un- 
educated. 

"  Men  of  unhutrutted  minds  and  sanguine  tempers- 
—Macauiay  :  BUe.  Em.,  ch.  si. 

2.  Not  directed  by  superior  authority  ;  un- 
directed ;  not  furnished  with  instructions. 

"  ffrAnttructed  how  to  stem  the  tide," 

Dryden:  Dm  Sebatttan,  Hi.  1. 

*  un-in-Struot'-iTe,  a    [Pref.  nn-  (1),  anc 

Eng.    instructive.}       Not    instructive  ;    not 
serving  or  tending  to  convey  instruction. 

"  Captions  uninttrurttve  wrangling."—  Loeke  :  ffutn. 
VnaerOand.,  bk.  U.,  ch.  IO. 

»  un-in  tel  -Ii-gen9e,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

Eng.  intelligence.}    Want  of  intelligence  ;  stu 
pidity  due  to  ignorance. 

H  And  now  his  untnt*lH0enc*  was  not  more  ttrang 
then  l<is  misconstruction,"—  Bp.  nail:  Cent.;  John 
Baptiti  Beheaded. 

un  In  tel'-li-gent,  a.     [Pref.  «n-  0),  »nd 

Eng.  intelligent.] 

1.  Not  intelligent;   not  having  reason  o 
understanding  ;  stupid,  dulL 

"  A  gallant  soldier  and  a  not  untoaetttgene  officer.  "— 
Uaaaulay  :  Bin.  Una.,  eb.  ii. 

2.  Not   acting   by   intelligence   or  innat< 
knowledge. 

"  By  the  application  of  an  uniMenifatt  Impulse  to 
mechanism  previously  arranged."—  faley  :  Jiat*™ 
Theology  ,  ch.  ii. 

g-I-bll'-I-ty,  ».     (Eng.  unin- 
-ity.}     The  quality  or  state  o 
being  unintelligible  ;  unintelligibleness. 

"  If  we  have  truly  proved  the  unMettlaioauy  of  1 
In  all  other  ways,  this  argumentation  is  undeniable 
—Burnet  :  Thtory  of  the  Earth. 

fin-In-tel'-lIg-J-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  an 
Eng.  intelligible.}  Not  intelligible  ;  not  cap 
able  of  being  understood. 

"  Palae  notions  which  would  make  the  suosequen 
narrativsumnre/UpiUtfor  uuinstructive.  —  MacatUay 
Silt,  flay.,  oh.  ill. 


tin-in-tel-lig-I-ble-nSss,  «.  [Eng.  «n- 
intelligible;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
beins;  unintelligible;  incomprehensibility. 

"Sinn.-  im-ouveiiieuce  or  uninUUigiblenett  in  the 
one  more  than  in  the  other."—  Bit.  ff.  Croft:  On 
Burnett  Theory. 

n-In-tel'-Ug-I-biy,  adv.  [Eng.  unintelli- 
gih(k)  ;  -ly.}  In  an  unintelligible  manner  ;  so 
as  not  to  be  intelligible  or  understood. 

"This  art  of  writing  unlnfelli?l>>ty  has  been  VW7 
much  improved."—  BudyeU  :  Spectator,  No.  870. 

un  in-tend'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
intended.]    Not  intended  ;  unintentional. 

in-In-tfin'-tlon-al,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eu,^'.  irttentimtat.]  Not  intentional,  not  de- 
signed ;  not  done,  said,  or  happening  by  pre- 
meditation or  design  ;  unpremeditated. 

"  Unitttantlonal  laiiaes  In  the  duties  of  friendship." 
—Knox  :  Sttayt,  No.  26. 

n-in-t^il'-tion-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  unin- 
tentional ;  -In.}  Not  intentionally  ;  without 
design  or  premeditation. 

"  His  house,  and  those  of  his  brethren,  were  unin- 
tentionally consumed.'1—  CooJt:  Third  Voyage,  bk.  v., 
ch.  v. 

«  fin  In'-ter-essed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  interessed.]  Uninterested. 

"The  testimoiiy  is  general,  both  as  to  time  and 
pl:use  uninterened.°—Glanvia:  Ktsay  2. 

in-In'-tOT-est-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bug.  interested.} 

1.  Not  Interested  ;  not  having  any  property 
or  interest  in  ;  not  personally  concerned. 

2.  Not  having   the   mind   or  passions  In- 
terested or  engaged. 

"  Good  and  wise  persons,  unlntcreetea  In  the  oaee." 
—  Seeker:  Sermont,  vol.  1L,  ser.  V. 

un  in'-ter-cst-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  interesting.}  Not  of  an  interesting 
character  ;  not  capable  of  exciting  or  engaging 
the  mind,  passions,  or  attention  ;  dull. 

"  Pntntereerlng  barren  truths  which  generate  n» 
conclusion."—  fiurt*.-  On  a  Late  State  of  the  nation. 


tin-aii-ter-fered',   a.     [Pref.   un-  (1),  and 
Bug.  interfered.}    Not  interfered  (withX 

"Uncontrolled  and  uMMerftred  with  by  the  ob- 
structions raised."—  field,  Dec.  31.  1887. 


«  un-m-ter-miss'-l6n  (ss  as  shX  «. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  intermission,]    Absence  of 
intermission. 

tin-In-tcr-in.f  -tSd,  a.     [Pref.  «n-  (IX  and 

Eng.  intermitted.}  Not  Intermitted  ;  not  in- 
terrupted or  suspended  for  a  time  ;  continued, 
continuous. 

"An  untntermttted  conflict  of  ten   years."-  .KVio- 

aulay  :  Ilia.  Eng.,  ch.  ziL 

*  ftn-ln-ter-mlt'-ted-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  unin- 
termitted  ;  -ly.]      Without  intermission  ;   un- 
interruptedly. 

«  un-in-ter-mlt'-tlng,  o.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and 
Eng.  intermitting.]  Haying  no  intermission 
or  interruption  ;  continuing. 

*  fin  In-tcr-  mixed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  OX  and 
Eng.     intermixed.]       Not     intermixed,    not 
mingled. 

"  UninUrmUa  with  fictions  fantasies. 
I  verify  the  truth."  Daniel:  Ctott  Wan. 

*  iin-aai-ts3r'-pr6t-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  interpretable.]    Not  capable  of  being 
interpreted. 

un-in-ter'-pret-Sa,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  »n|i 
Eng.  interjireted.]  Not  interpreted. 

••  Vmnterpreted  by  practice."—  Setter  :  Sermont,  rtn. 
lii..  ser.  7. 

un-in-terred',  a.  [Pref.  -un  (1),  and  Eng. 
interred.]  Not  interred;  not  buried;  un- 
buried. 

"  Unwept,  nnhononr'd.  unlnterr'd.  he  lies." 

Pope:  Homer:  Iliad  xxiL  <H. 

tin-in-tiSr-rupt'-ed,  a,    [Pref.  un-  OX  an* 

Eng.  interrupted.] 

J.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Not  interrupted  ;  not 
broken  ;  unintermitted,  continuous  ;  free  from 
intermission  or  interruption. 

"  But  this  wonderful  prosperity  was  not  unlnttf- 
ruptea.'—M<ieaul<iy  :  But.  Kng.,  ch.  x  viii. 

IL  Bot.  :  Not  having  ite  symmetrical  ar- 
rangement destroyed  by  anything  local  ;  con- 
sisting of  regularly  increasing  or  diminishing 
parts,  or  of  parti  all  of  the  same  size  ;  con- 
tinuous. 

tin-in-ter-rtipt-id-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  u«(n- 


MIL  bi»-  pout.  US*1;  oat,  cell,  oHorus,  9nin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  ^enophon,  exist    -ing. 
, -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -«lon  =  »hun;  -tlon,  -^ton  =  antin.  •«!«»*  -tiouis  --iou»  =  •nua.   -We,  -tile,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4956 


uninthr  ailed— unionism 


tempted;  -ly.}     Without  interruption  or  in 
tarmission  ;  continuously. 

"  Tiie  national  wealth  has,  during  the  last  six  cen 

turies.    been   almost  unintrrruvtedlu    increasing  "  _ 

Macaulat  :  BM.  En,.,  ch.  111. 

•un-ln  thralled,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
En;;.  inthralled.]  Not  enthralled,  not  en- 
llaved. 

"  It  needs  must  be  ridiculous  to  any  iudgmenl 
unlMaraltd."  —  Hilton:  Anmr  to  Hilton  aSiiu., 
trretj. 

•  tin-ln-ti'-tled  (le  as  el),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  infilled.]    Not  entitled;  having  no 
claim  or  title.    (Usually  followed  by  to.) 

"  Unintitlcd  to  pardon  of  sin,"—  Secktr  :  Sfrmoru, 
TOL  ill.,  ser.  17. 

•tin-in-tombed'  (b  silent),  a.  [Pref.  tin  (1), 
»nd  Eng.  intombed.]  Not  intombed  ;  not  in 
terred  or  buried. 

•  un-in-trenched'.  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  intrenched.}     Not  intrenched  ;  not  pro- 
tected by  a  trench  or  the  like. 

"  It  had  been  cowzj-dice  in  the  Trojans,  not  to  hav« 


•ttn-«n;-trf-cat-ed,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  intricated.]  Not  entangled,  perplexed, 
or  involved  ;  not  intricate. 

"  Even,  clear,  unintricaud  desi«ns.-  —  Hammond: 
Woflu,  iv.  502. 

in-in-tr$-dU9ed',  a.     [Pref.  «n-  0),  and 

Eng.  introduced.]    Not  introduced;  without 
any  introduction  ;  obtrusive. 

"  Think  not  unintmduc'd  I  force  my  way.* 

roung  :  jngia  nmvu,,  T.  a. 

'  tin-Iu-ured',  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
inure  1.]  Not  inured  ;  not  hardened  by  use 
or  practice. 

"  The  rmce  exiguous,  uninur'd  to  wet." 

muip,  :  fall  of  CUot'l  Jordan. 

fin-in-vad'^Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
invaded.]  Not  invaded  ;  not  encroached  upon, 
assailed,  or  attacked. 

"  Leave  the  province  ol  the  professor  vninvaded.'— 
Jumotdl  :  Dtteouru  2. 

•  un-in-vent'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
invented.]  Not  invented  ;  not  found  out  or 
discovered. 

••  Mot  uninwf^ttd  that,  which  thon  aright 
Believ'st  so  main  to  our  success.  I  bring." 

JWlon.-  P.  L.,  VL470. 

»  tin-In-  venf-ive,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  inventive.]  Not  inventive  ;  not  having 
the  power  of  invention,  finding,  discovering, 
or  contriving. 

"Thon    sullen.    «mur«n(iw    companion."  —  Scott  : 


,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Bug.  incestigdble.]  Not  capable  of  being 
investigated  or  searched  out  ;  inscrutable. 

"  The  works  of  this  visible  world  being  uninMsffe. 
able  by  as."—  Ray  :  Creation,  pt.  1. 

•  iin-In-vite',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
invite,  v.]  To  countermand  or  annul  the  in- 
vitation of  ;  to  put  off. 

"  Hade  them  uninsitc  their  fnesU."—  Ptfaji:  /Mary. 

Sn-In-vit'-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
invited.]  Not  invited,  not  asked  ;  without 
any  invitation. 

"  A  guest  uninvited,  anwelcomed." 

Lonatetlax:  J/i(ej  Sandirt.  It 

un-in  vit  -ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
inviting.]  Not  inviting;  not  attractive  ;  not 
tempting. 

"  That  such  unlikely  men  should  so  successfully 
preach  so  uninviting   a  doctrine."  —  Boyle  :    Work*, 

un-m-voked',  o.  (Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tnroa-nZ.]  Not  invoked  ;  not  appealed  to. 

"The  powers  of  song 
I  left  not  utrinmtep 

Wardnportk  :  Kzcvrtion.  bk.  lit 

un-in-volTed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
involved.]  Not  involved,  complicated,  or  in- 
tricate. 

"  So  long  as  yon  preserve  your  own  finances  vnin. 
*olfd.-—£not:  To  a  roung  XMtman,  let  88. 

O'-nl-o,  «.    [Lai  =a  single  large  pearl.] 

i.  ZooL  :  River-mussel  ;  the  type-genus  of 
TJnionidaj(q.v.),  with  more  than  400  species, 
from  all  part*  of  the  world.  Shell  oval  or 
elongated,  smooth,  corrugated,  or  spiny,  he- 
coming  very  solid  with  age  ;  anterior  teeth, 
1-2  or  2-2,  short,  irregular  ;  posterior  teeth, 
1-2,  elongated,  laminar.  Animal  with  the 
mantle  margins  only  united  between  the 


aiphonal  openings  ;  palpi  long,  pointed,  later 
ally  attached.    [PEAKL-UUSSKL.] 


UNIO    VALDENBIS. 
(From  the  trc/ilden.) 

2.  Palrtont. :  Fossil  species,  fifty  from  the 
Wealden  onward. 

unio-beds,  s.  pi 

GeaL :  Tlie  name  given  to  certain  beds  in 
the  Purbeck,  characterized  by  the  occurrence 
of  species  of  Unio  (q.v.). 

un'-l6n  (1  as  y),  *  un-yon,  «.  [Pr.,  from 
Lat  unionem,  accus.  of  unio  =  (1)  unity 
(2)  a  union,  (3)  a  single  large  pearl  (Pliny  tin 
Elder :  It.  JV.,  IX.  xiv.  56),  in  which  various 
excellencies,  such  as  roundness,  smoothness, 
and  whiteness  were  united.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

•  1.  A  pearl  of  great  beauty  and  value. 

"  And  In  the  can  an  union  shall  he  throw. 
Richer  than  that  which  four  successive  kings 
In  Denmark's  crown  bave  worn." 

shuketp.  :  Hamlet,  v.  1 

2.  The  act  of  uniting  or  joining  two  or  more 
things  in  one,  thus  forming  a  compound  body. 

3.  The  state   of  being   united ;  junction, 
coalition. 

"To  effect  a  civil  union  without  a  religious  union." 
-Jracuu/a,.-  HiO.  Inf.,  ch.  xilL 

4.  Concord  ;  agreement  and  conjunction  of 
mind,  will,  affection,  or  interests. 

"  Union  the  bond  of  all  things,  and  of  man." 

Popt:  £uay  on  .Van,  iii.  ISO. 

5.  That  which  is  united  or  made  into  one 
body ;  a  body  formed  by  the  combination  or 
uniting  of  two  or  more  individual  things  or 
persons ;  the  aggregate  of  the  united  parts ;  a 
combination,  a  coalition,  a  confederacy  :  as 

(1)  A  confederacy  of  two  or  more  nations, 
or  of  several  states  in  one  nation:  as,  The 
United   States   of   America   are    called    the 
lotion.     This  state  of  union  was  accomplished 
by  means  of  the  United  States  Constitution, 
adopted  in  1787 ;  the  states  having  been  pre- 
viously practically  independent,  or  very  feebly 
combined.    After  the  Bevulutionary  War  they 
remained  associated,  but  by  a  slight  bond  that 
was  sure  to  cause  discontent,  aud  it  quickly 
became  evident  that  either  a  stronger  central 
government  must  be  organized,  or  the  several 
states  each   become  an  independent   nation. 
The  latter  expedient  was  so  dangerous  a  one, 
that  there  was  common  consent  to  the  formation 
of  a   strong    central    government,   and    the 
Constitution  was  adopted,  combining  the  states 
into  what  is  known  as  the  Union. 

(2)  Two  or  more  parishes  consolidated  into 
one  for  Administration  of  the  Poor  Laws.  (Eng.) 

*  (3)  (See  extract) : 

"  Uninn  Is  a  combining  or  consolidation  of  two 
churches  in  one,  which  is  done  by  the  consent  of  the 
bishop,  the  patron,  and  incumbent.  Aud  this  is 
properly  called  an  union;  but  there  are  two  other 
sorts,  as  when  one  church  is  made  subject  to  the 
other,  and  when  one  man  is  made  prelate  of  both,  and 
when  a  conventual  ia  made  cathedral.  Touching  union 
in  the  first  signification,  there  was  a  statute,  an.  37 
Hen.  VIII..  ch.  21,  that  it  should  be  lawful  in  two 
churches,  whereof  the  value  of  the  one  is  not  above 
six  pounds  in  the  king's  books,  of  the  first  fruits,  and 
not  above  one  mile  distant  from  the  other.  Union  in 
this  signification  is  personal,  and  that  is  for  the  life 
of  the  incumbent :  or  real,  that  is  perpetual,  whoso- 
ever is  incumbent."— CoweL 

(4)  A  trades-union  (q.v.). 

6.  A    contraction    of    onion  •  workhousf 

(WOBKHOUSE.1 

7.  A  kind  of  device  for  a  flag,  used  either  by 
itself  or  forming  the  upper  inner  comer  of  an 
ensign  ;  a  Hag  marked  with  this  device. 

"  Aa  the  patron  saint  of  England,  the  banner  of  St. 
George  ever  ranked  highly,  in  heraldic  language,  it 
was  'Argent,  a  cross  KUles.'  te..  a  white  nag  with  a 
plain  red  cruss  (the  Plantagwiet  colours,  white  aud 
red).  It  appears  to  have  been  very  early  adopted  as  a 
national  ensign.  Coins  and  seals  of  the  time  of 
Edward  III.  and  Henry  V.  are  impressed  with  the 
figure  of  a  ship  bearing  this  flag  at  tne  bow  and  stern 
and  the  portrait  of  the  'Great  Harry'  exhibits  it  at 
the  fore  and  uiizen.  The  national  fla?  of  Scotland,  or 
banner  of  .St  Andrew,  was  azure,  a  saltire  argent  1 1 
ft.  whit*  saltire  or  8t  Andrew's  Cross  on  a  blue  field. 


Co1  'bi*  "|"ltm  With  8cijt:*n<l  hl  UOT  these  flags  were) 
ardent,  that  is,  with  a  white  border  toThe  cross."^^ 

..d  upon  the  St  Andrew's  banner,  and  thus  iTJp  *^rs 
In  th.  portrait  of  the  •  Sovereign  of  tlie  seas'  nSVeVn- 
wich  Hospital  .  a  war  ,hi,,  ,,f  tint  period.  On  7l,e 
whl°h  I  lr/,  '  ""'ni-r "'  s{-  Patrick! 

which  Is  a  red  saltire  cross  on  a  white  field,  was  laid 

bRslJ  '  "'  *}•£"£•*'••  ™*  "P""  """  th.  to 
brUted  cross  of  SI  Ov.Tge-coinposiiiR  the  flaj  n~. 
known  to  us  as  the  r.no>.  Jack.  In  i;  r  the  r^on  at 
the  mam  became,  aud  remains  to  this  day  tt  -  dis- 
tinguishing flag  of  an  Admiral  of  the  Fleet.  It  Mas 
thus  carried  by  Lord  Howe  on  the  1st  of  Jmiell7-.U 
and  by  Earl  St.  Vincent  in  1SOO- and  1606  Merchant 
vessels  are  prohibited  from  carrying  this  fl: 
U "vtr  undera  peoalty  of  £.,  ..  —r,.ld.  Sept. 

"  But  I  had  better  give  the  words  of  the  heraldie 
blazon  contained  in  the  Order  of  the  King  ill  Council 
of  Nov.  &,  1800,  aud  announced  to  tlie  nation  by  the 
ProcUmation  of  Jan.  1.  Ifril.  which  presents  the 
form  In  which  the  national  flag  is  to  li  coustrac-ted? 
It  IS  ID  these  words :  '  The  Union  flag  shall  be  az.iVJ 
the  crosses  saltires  of  S;iint  Andrew  and  Saint  I'at 
rick,  quarterly  per  saltire,  counterdiangbd  ardent 
and  gules ;  the  Utter  filnbriated  of  the  second  »ur- 
mounted  by  the  cross  of  St.  George  of  the  third, 
flmbriaud  as  the  saltire,  ...  One  wild  more.  Your 
correspondents  must  not  call  our  national  flai-  the 
t-nfoii  Jack.  The  Jack  U  a, mall  fUw-n diminutive  of 
the  Cnifn— only  flown  from  the  j^ick  staff  on  the  bow. 
sprit  or  forepart  of  a  ship.  In  the  Koyal  Xavy  it  is  iJaiD. 
ID  the  merchant  service  it  mu.t  have  a  white  bcrdet 
»  hen  flown  from  the  mast  with  a  white  border  it  ta 
the  signal  for  a  pilot,  and  is  called  the  Pilot  Jack.  T™ 
no  other  flag  is  the  term  Jack  applied.  The  usine  of 
our  national  flag  is  the  C«lon.-—fMd,  Oct.  s.  16o7 
13.  Technically : 

1-  Brewing :  One  of  a  series  of  casks  placed 
side  by  side,  and  supported  on  pivots  or  trun- 
nions, in  which  fermentation  is  completed. 

2.  Fabric :  A  fabric  of  flax  and  cotton. 

3.  Hydr. :  A  tubular  coupling  for  pipes. 

4.  Ecclesiol. :  Various  small  religious  sect* 
adopt  the  word  Union  as  part  of  their  name. 
Places  of  worship  belonging  to  the  Union 
Baptists,  Union  Churchmen,  Union  Congre- 
gationalists,    the    Union    Free    Church,    Sc 
appear  in  church  returns. 

T  1.  Act  of  Union: 
English  History: 

(1)  The  Act  by  which  Scotland  was  united 
to  England  in  1707. 

(2)  The  Act  by  which  Ireland  was  united  to 
Great  Britain  in  1800. 

2.  Hypostatic  union :  [HYPOSTATIC]. 

3.  Union  down : 

Kaut. :  A  signal  of  distress  at  sea,  made  by 
reversing  the  nag  or  turning  the  union  down- 
ward. 

union-jack,  «.    [UNION,  I.  7.] 
union-joint,  «.    A  pipe-coupling. 

Union  Labor  Party,  $.  A  political 
organization  for  the  maintenance  of  the  rights 
of  labor.  (U.  8.) 

Union  Party,  «.  A  political  organiza- 
tion upholding  Union  as  against  Secession. 
(U.S.  Hi*.) 

union-pump,  >. 

Hydr. :  A  form  of  pump  in  which  the 
engine  aud  pump  are  united  in  the  same 
frame. 

union-workhouse,  >.    [WORKHOUSE.] 

u-ni-d'-m-dSB,  «.  (Mod.  Lat  unto,  genit 
union(is);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

1.  Zool. :    A    family   of   Conchifera,    with 
several  genera,  universally  distributed.    Shell 
usually  regular,  equivalve,  closed ;  structure 
nacreous ;   epidennis  thick  and  dark ;    liga- 
ment external,  large  and  prominent ;  margins 
even  ;  anterior  hinge-teeth  thick  and  striated, 
posterior  laminar,  sometimes  wanting.    Ani- 
mal with  mantle-margins  united  between  the 
siphonal  orifices,  and,  rarely,  in  front  of  the 
branchial  opening;  anal  oritice  plain,  bran- 
chial fringed  ;  foot  very  large,  tongue-shaped, 
compressed,    byssiferous    in    tiie    fry ;    gills 
elongated,  sub-equal,  united  posteriorly  to  tvch 
other  and  to  the  mantle,  but  not  to  the  liodv  ; 
palpi  moderate,  laterally  attached,  striated  in- 
side ;  lips  plain.    Sexes  distinct. 

2.  Palceont. :  The  family  commences  in  the 
Devonian. 

U-nl^O'-ni-form,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  unio  (q.v.), 
genit  wnionw,  and  forma  =  form,  appearance.) 
Having  the  shape  or  general  appearance  of 
the  genus  Unio  (q.v.). 

un'-lon-ism  (1  as  y),  «.  [Eng.  union  ;  -ism.) 
1.  The  principle  of  uniting  or  combining; 
specif.,  the  system  of  union  or  combination 
among  workmen  engaged  in  the  same  occupa- 
tion or  trade ;  trades-unionism. 


&te,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;   wS.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt;  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  foil;  try,  Syrian.    »,o»  =  e;ey  =  a;qn  =  kw. 


unionist — unit 


4957 


2.  The  doctrine  that  the  legislative  union 
between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  the 
supremacy  of  Parliament  over  any  form  of 
local  government  or  Home  Rule  granted  to 
Ireland,  must  be  maintained. 

"  The  Conservatism  and  Unionitm  of  the  electorate 
of  the  Universities  is  absolutely  in  harmony  with  tb» 
Conservatism  and  Cmonttm  oi  the  majority  of  the 
entire  electorate  of  the  country,  as  expressed  at  the 
last  General  Election.  -Olooe.  June  24,  1S87. 

un'-l6n-ist  (1  as  y),  «.  *  o.     [Eng.  union; 

-ist.] 

A.  A  s  substantive  : 

1.  Ordinary  Languagt: 

1  One  who  promotes  or  advocates  union  : 
specif.,  in  United  States  History,  ono  who 
opposed  secession  at  the  time  of  the  Civil  War ; 
a  Union  man.  Also,  in  English  History,  one 
who  is  opposed  to  the  granting  of  a  separate 
Parliament  to  Ireland  and  the  consequent  dis- 
ruption of  the  union.  [U-/] 

It  will  be  aeen  that,  down  to  the  close  of  yester- 
day's polling,  the  Crrioniaa  were  still  malntaininj 
their  lead  o!  more  than  one  hundred.  —Daily  TaU- 
gra/jfl,  July  6.  18H6. 

2.  A  member  of  a  trades-union  ;  a  trades- 
unionist. 

-  Prohibiting  the  reading  at  papere  devoted  to  the 
defence  of  tradeB-unioniam.  becauae.  whenever  the 
public  heard  of  the  unioniatt,  it  waa  generally  whou 
they  were  engaged  in  some  great  atruggle  with  the 
•m|>loyere."-flui!jf  Ttlegraph.  Sept.  9. 1885. 

II.  Ecclesiol. :  A  small  religious  sect  now 
having  registered  places  of  worship  in  Britain. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  union- 
ism ;  promoting  or  advocating  unionism. 

"At  the  commencement  of  yesterday's  pollinga  the- 
rm.irtiit  party  were  more  than  a  hundred  seats  ahead 
of  their  opponents. --Dailf  Ttlefraph.  July  8,  18M. 

•  un-ldn-Ist'-fo  (1  as  y),  a.  [Eng.  uniorcisf  ; 
-ic.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  unionism  or 
unionists  ;  pertaining  to  or  promoting  union. 

U'-ni[-6-nite,  >.  [After  Union(ville),  Pennsyl- 
vania U.  8.  A.,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite 
(Afin.).] 

3fin.  :  A  very  pure  zoisite  (q.v.),  occurring 
with  corundum  and  other  species. 

•u-nl-o'-noid,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  unto  (q.v.), 
genit.  tmion(w) ;  Eng.  suff.  -old.]  Onioui- 
form(q.v.). 

"  Unionotd  bivalves),  with  thick  ahelli."— «c»ol«on: 
rtil't'int..  i.  iW. 

IJ-nlp -ar-otis,  a.  [Lat.  unut  =  one,  and 
pario  ==  to  bring  forth.] 

1.  Biof. :  Bringing  forth  normally  but  one 
at  a  birth. 

"The  maatodonB.  megatheria.  gly  r-todons, and  Dipro. 
todona  are  uniparoia.'-Ovm :  Clau.  of  0<t  Ham- 
malia,  p.  K. 

2.  Bo(.  (Of  a  cyme,  &c.) :  Having  but  one 
peduncle. 

U'-nl-ped,  a.  A  «.  [Pref.  uni-,  and  Lat.  pes, 
genit.  pedis  =  a  foot.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Having  only  one  foot. 

B.  As  subst. :  An  animal  having  only  one 
foot. 

*  u-nl-pel-ta'-ta,  s.  pi.  IPref.  uni-,  and  neut. 
pi.   of  Lat.  peltatia  =  armed  with  a  small, 
light,  and  generally  crescent-shaped  shield.] 

Zoo!. :  Cuvier's  name  for  a  family  of  Stoma 
poda  consisting  of  the  modern  genus  Squilla 
(q.v.). 

•  n-nl-pel'-tate,  o.  *  s.    [UNIPELTATA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Uni 
peltata  (q.v.). 

B,  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Uni 
peltata  (q.v.). 

•  u-ni-peV-son-al,  a.    [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng 
personal.] 

1.  Ord.    Lang.  :    Having   but  one  person 
existing  in  one  person,  as  the  Deity. 

2.  Gram. :  Used  only  in  one  person ;  im 
personal.    (Said  of  verbs.) 

•u-nl-per'-son-al-Jst,  s.  [Eng.  unijwr 
tonal;  -ist.]  One  who  believes  that  there  i 
only  one  person  in  the  Deity. 

*  ti-nlph'-iJ-no&S,  a.     [Lat.  unus  =  one,  am 
Gr.  oVyij  (phone)  =  sound.}    Having  or  givin 
out  only  one  sound. 

"  That  unlphonoui  instrument  the  drum."—  Wu 
mintter  Hnitw,  Nov.,  1833. 

u-nip'-H-cate,  a.  [Pref.  uni-  —  one,  an 
Lat.  plimtus  =  folded.]  Consisting  of  o 
having  only  one  fold. 


-nl-pd'-lar,  «.    [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng.  polar.] 
Elect. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  one  pole  :  as,  a 
unipulur  dynamo,  in  which  the  conductors 
move  in  one  and  the  same  field. 

u  nique'  (quo  as  k),  a.  &  i.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
unicum,  arcus.  of  unicus  =  single,  from  unus 
—  one.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Having  no  like  or  equal ;  un- 
matched, unparalleled,  unequalled  ;  alone  in 
its  kind  or  excellence. 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  A  thing  unique  or  un- 
paralleled in  its  kind. 

"  An  unique  in  the  history  of  the  specie!.-— Pain  : 
£vU*nca  of  Chritttanity.  cb.  ix. 

u-nique'-l#  (quo  as  k),  adv.    [Eng.  unirrut ; 
'  -ly.]  In  a  unique  manner  ;  so  as  to  be  unique. 

u-nique'-ness  (quo  as  k),  ».  [Eng.  unique; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unique. 

•  u-ni'-qui-ty,  s.    [Eng.  uniqu(e) ;  -ity.]   The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unique  ;  uniqueness. 
"  Unlqitlty  will  make  them  valued  more."— B.  Wai- 
pole  :  Uttert.  iv.  477. 

n-nl-ra'-cU-at-iSd,  a.  [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
radiated.]  Having  only  one  ray. 

n-nl -Bop'-tato.  a.     [Pref.    vni-,  and   Eng. 
septate.  ] 
Bot. :  Having  only  one  septum  or  partition. 

u-nl-ser'-l-al,  u-nl-ser'-i'-ate,  a.  [Pref. 
mi!-,  and  Eng.  serial,  seriate.]  Having  a 
single  line  or  series. 

U-nl-ser'-l-ate-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  uniseriate ; 
-ly.]  In  a  uiiiseriate  manner ;  in  a  single  line 
or  series. 

-ni-sSx'-n-aJ,  o.    [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
sexual.  ] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  one  sex  only. 

2.  Bot.   (Of  a   plant):    Of  one    sex    only; 
having  stamens  and  pistils  in  different  flowers ; 
diclinous.     Used  of  a  monoecious  or  of  a 
dioecious  plant  or  its  flowers. 

u-ni  sir-I-cate,  «.  [Pref.  uni-,  and  Eng. 
silicate.] 

Min. :  The  second  sub-division  of  the  An- 
hydrous Silicates,  which  Dana  divides  as  fol- 
lows :  (1)  Bisilicates ;  oxygen  ratio  for  bases 
and  silica,  1:2;  (2)  Unisilicates ;  in  which 
the  ratio  for  the  bases  and  silica  is  as  1  :  1 ; 
(3)  Sub-silicates  ;  oxygen  ratio  for  bases  and 
silica,  1  :  j ;  sometimes  1  :  i  and  1  :  }. 

u'  nl  son,  *  u-nl-sonne,  s.  4  o.  [Fr.  unisson, 
from  Lat.  wiisonum,  accus.  of  unisonus  = 
having  the  same  sound  as  something  else: 
unus  =  one,  and  sonus  =  a  sound ;  Sp.  unison ; 
Ital.  unisono.} 

A,  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  language: 

*  1.  Lit. :  A  single,  unvaried  tone. 

"  While  the  long  eolemn  vniton  went  round." 

1'ope  :  Dunctad,  Iv.  G12. 

2.  F ig. :  Accordance,  agreement,  harmony. 

"It  la  the  more  tranquil  atyle  which  la  moat  fre- 
quently in  miiton  with  our  minds." — Knox :  Euay  28. 

II.  Music: 

1.  The  state  of  sounding  at  the  same  pitch 
accordance  or  coincidence  of  sounds  proceed 
ing  from  an  equality  in  the  number  of  vibra 
tions  made  in  a  given  time  by  a  sonorous 
body. 

2.  Music  in  octaves  for  mixed  instruments 
or  voices. 

B.  As  adjective : 

'  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Sounding  alone  ;  unisonous. 

"Tempered  aoft  tunings,  interinixt  with  voice 
Choral  or  ttnilon."  Hilton  :  F.  L.,  vii.  CM. 

2.  In  accord. 

"Something  of  peculiar  harmony,  or  rather  a  kin 
of  untam  correspondence  between  them."— South 
Bermoni,  vol.  vl.  eer.  1. 

II.  Music :  Sounded  together ;  coincidin^ 
in  pitch  or  sound  ;  unisonal :  as,  unison  pas 
sages. 

•  u  nis'-on-al,  a.    [Eng.  unison;  -al.]    Bein 
in  unison. 

"The  frequent  use  of  unifonai  paaeagee  for  th 

voices.'  -SKiniiaril,  Nov.  25.  1886. 

*  U  nis'-on-al-ly ,  adv.    [Eng.  unisonal ;  -ly 
In  unison. 

"Tenors  and  basaee  burst  In  \iniv>nallv"—C\urc 
Tima,  March  4, 1817. 


u~nis'-o-nanfe,  s.  [Eng.  unisomm(t) ;  -o«.l 
Tht-  quality  'or  state  of  being  in  unison  ;  ao- 
cordance  of  sounds ;  uuisim. 

u-nls'-d-nant,  a.  [Lat.  unus  =  one,  and 
sonans,  pr.  par.  of  sono  =  to  sound.]  Being  in 
unison  ;  having  the  same  degree  of  gravity  or 

acuteness. 

u  nis   6  nous,  a.    [UNISON.] 

1.  Sounding  alone  ;  without  harmony. 

"These  apt  notes  (to  sing  the  Paalma  withall)  * 
about  40  tuuea  of  one  part  only,  and  in  one  unitot 
key."— barton:  Bitt.  Eng.  Poetry,  L  171. 

2.  Being  in  unison  ;  having  the  same  sound 
or  pitch. 

i'-nit,  "U-nlte,  «.  [An  abbrev.  of  «ntt» 
(q.v.).] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  single  person  or  thing 
rt'ganled  as  having  oneness  for  its  main  attri- 
bute ;  a  single  one  of  a  number,  forming  the 
basis  of  count  or  calculation. 

II.  Technically : 

1.  Arith. :  The  least  whole  number  or  one, 
represented  by  the  figure  1.    Numbers  are 
collections  of  things  of  the  same  kind,  each 
of  which  is  a  unit  of  the  collection.    Thu» 
20  feet  is  a  collection  of  20  equal  spaces,  each 
of  which  is  equal  to  1  foot ;  here  1  foot  is  the 
unit  or  base  of  the  collection. 

2.  MatK.  &  Physics :  Any  known  determinate 
quantity  by  the  constant  repetition  of  which 
any  other  quantity  of  the  same  kind  is  mea- 
sured.   It  may  be  a  length,  a  surface,  a  solid, 
a  weight,  a  time,  as  the  case  may  be. 

•I  1.  Abstract  unit:  The  unit  of  numera- 
tion ;  the  abstract  unit  1  Is  the  measure  of 
the  relation  of  equality  of  two  numbers.  It 
is  the  base  of  the  system  of  natural  numbers, 
and  incidentally  the  base  of  all  quantities. 

2.  Decimal  it  duodecimal  units:  Those  In 
scales  of  numbers  increasing  or  decreasing  by 
ten  or  twelve  respectively. 

3.  Dynamic  units : 

(1)  Unit  of  force :  A  dyne ;  a  force  which, 
acting   for   one   second  on  a  mass   of  one 
gramme,  gives  to  it  a  velocity  of  one  centi- 
metre per  second. 

(2)  Unit  of  work  done :  A  watt  (q.v.) ;  the 
power  developed  when  44'25  foot  pounds  are 
doue  per  minute  =  one  746th  part  of  a  horse- 
power.   [FOOT-POUND,  KILOOKAMMETRE.] 

4.  Electric  units : 

(1)  Unit   of  /ruantlty:   A  coulomb.     The 
quantity    of    electricity   that    will    liberate 
•000162  grains  of  hydrogen  from  water,  or 
•005232  grains  of  zinc  from  a  solution  of  the 
metal.     In  this  unit,  rate  or  time  is  taken  DO 
account  of. 

(2)  Unit  of  current :  An  ampere  ;  a  current 
flowing  at  the  rate  of  one  coulomb  per  second, 
or  liberating  '000162  grains  of  hydrogen,  4to., 
per  second. 

(3)  Unit  of  electro-motive  force :  A  volt  (q.v.). 
The  foree  or  difference  of  potential  required 
to  produce,  through  a  wire  of  one  ohm  resist- 
ance, a  current  of  one  ampere. 

(4)  Unit  of  resistance:   The  legal  unit  of 
resistance,  as   settled   by  the  International 
Electrical  Congress,  at  Paris,  1884,  is  that  of 
a  column  of  pure  mercury  106  centimetres 
long,  1  square  millimetre  in  sectional  area  at 
0"  C.    The  name  ohm  is  now  confined  to  this 
unit,  but  was  formerly  used  to  denote  an 
older  unit  chosen  by  the  British  Association, 
which  is  to  the  legal  ohm  as  1-0112  to  1. 

(5)  I7ni<  of  capacity :  A  farad  (q.  v.).    A  con- 
denser has  a  capacity  of  one  farad  when  a 
potential  difference  of  one  volt  between  ite 
two  sets  of  plates  charges  each  of  them  witr- 
one  coulomb. 

(6)  Absolute  units:   The  absolute  electro- 
motive force  unit  is  a  force,  and  the  absolute  H 
unit  magnetic  pole  is  a  pole,  which,  when  J 
placed  at  a  distance  of  one  centimetre,  from  | 
a  similar  force  or  pole,  repels  it  with  a  force  ' 
of  one  dyne.     One  Tolt  =  10"  absolute  units. 

(7)  Unit  of  work  done:  The  watt(q.v.)  ;  the 
rate  at  which  electrical  work  is  done  is  mea- 
sured by  watts.     A  watt  is  the  power  de- 
veloped in  the  circuit  when  one  ampere  of 
current  produces  one  volt  difference  of  poten- 
tial at  the  terminals.     [H  3.  (2).] 

5.  Fractional  unit :  The  unit  of  a  fraction. 
Thus  in  the  fraction  }  there  is  an  assemblage 
of  three  units,  each  of  which  is  one-fourth  of 
the  whole  number. 

6.  Integral  unit :  The  unit  1. 


bSH,  b«Sy ;  p«5i.t,  J<{3H ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  fbln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  Bin,  as  ;  expect,  yenophon,  exist,    ph  =  L 
-ciau.  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shim ;  -tion,  -jlou  -  zhuii.    -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  shus.    -bla.  -«Ue,  &c.  =  bfl,  d«L 

o  1 


4958 


unitable— united 


I.  Military  unit:  Tho administrative  unit  is 
for  infantry  the  com  [any,  for  cavalry  the 
troop,  and  fur  artillery  the  battery,  and  fur 
the  three  arms  combined  the  division      The 
Itaticai  unit  is   the  battalion  or   regiment 
«iuadrou  or  regimcnt.and  batter)'  respectively! 

8.  Hifcifc-gravity  unit:  Fursolidsor  liquids 
one  cubic  foot  of  distilled  water  at  62*  F  =1  • 
of  air  and  gases,  one  cubic  foot  of  atmospheric 

9.  Unit  of  heat:  [TRERXAL-PNIT]. 

10.  Unit  of  illumination:  The  light  of  a 
sperm  candle  burning  120  grains  per  hour. 

lie  standard  for  gas  is  that  the  flame,  burn- 
ing at  the  rate  of  five  cubic  feet  per  hour 
shall  give  a  light  eqnal  to  the  light  of  14 
spi-mi  candles,  each  consuming  at  the  rate  of 
l'2Q  grains  per  hour. 

II.  Unit  0/manu-c:  The  unit  of  measure  of 
*ny  quantity  is  a  quantity  of  the  same  kind 
»lth  which  the  quantity  is  compared. 

12.  Unit  of  valut :  In  the  United  States  a  gold 
dollar,  weighing  2.V8  grains,  one-tenth  of  which 
is  alloy;  in  England  a  cold  sovereign,  weigh- 
ing 123-274  grains,  one-eleveuth  being  alloy. 

unit-jar, ». 

Elvi. :  An  instrument  devised  by  Sir  W. 
flnnw  Harris  for  measuring  definite  quantities 
of  electricity. 

•n-nir-a-Me,  "  u-nite'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng. 
«n«(e);  -able.]  Capable  of  being  united  ol 
joined  together  by  growth  or  otherwise. 

U-ni-tar'-I-an,  •.  &  o.    [Bceles.  Lat.  untfa- 
rim;  G«r.  uniiarier;  FT.  unitaire;  Ital.  unitti- 
ria;  Sp.  unUdria;  WeL  vndodwr,  undodiad.] 
A.  At  subttamttoe : 
1.  Theology  &  Church  Bittory : 
(1)  A  name  adopted  hy  those  members  of 
the  Christian  Church  who   cunceive  of  the 
Godhead  as  unipersnnal  and  regard  the  Father 
a»  the  only  God.    The  term  flrrt  appeared  in  a 
decree  of  the  Transylvanian  Diet,  Out.  25, 1600, 
and  was  adopted  by  the  Transylvanian  Uni- 
tarians, to  designate  their  church,  in    1638. 
This  body  now  forms  the  Hungarian  Unitarian 
Church,  with  about  GC,000  members.     Uuita- 
rianiam  has  made  some  progress  in  other  parts 
of  Europe,  and  has  at  the  present  time  about 
320  congregations  in  Great  Britain.    Unitarian 
tendencies  appeared  iu  the  American  Colonies 
early  in  the  eighteenth  century,  in  some  of  the 
Puritan  congregations  of  New  England ;  ami 
,  in    1783   the   Rev.  James   Freeman,   of  the 
Episcopal  Church  of  King's  Chapel,  Boston, 
expurged  from  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer 
all  allusion  to  the  Trinity,  or  to  any  Supreme 
Being  but  the  Father.    This,  therefore,  became 
the  first  distinctively  Unitarian  Church  in  the 
United  States.    At  the  same  time,  however, 
many  of  the  Congregational  Churches  were 
ceasi  ng  to  use  the  Trinitarian  formulae.  Among 
the  Unitarians  of  that  period  was  John  Adams, 
who  affirmed  that  many  of  the  clergy  and  the 
intelligent  laity  shared  his  views.    In  1794  the 
;  famous  Dr.  Priestly,  who  had  left  England  to 
escape  persecution  on  account  of  his  liberal 
religious  views,  came  to  Philadelphia,  and  gave 
a  coarse  of  lectures  on  "  The  Corruptions  of 
Christianity,"  the  outcome  of  which  was  the 
formation  of  an  Unitarian  society  in  that  city. 
In  1801  the  church  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  that 
established  by  the  Pilgrims  of  the  Mayflower, 
and  the  oldest  in  New  England,  declared  itself 
Unitarian  by  a  largo  majority  of  the  congrega- 
tion.   Daring  the  flrst  twenty  years  of  the 
nineteenth  century  there  was  a  rapid  growtli 
of  Unitaj  ianiBBi  in  Sew  England,  principally 
within  the  Congregational  Church.    In  1815 
Dr.  Cuauning  came  forward  as  an  Unitarian 
divine,  and  by  his  elevated  ethical  ideas  gave  a 
new  impetus  to  the  movement    His  Baltimore 
aerrnon   (1819)   marks  the  cleavage  between 
the   Unitarian  aud  orthodox  sections  of  the 
Congregational  body.    Since  that  period  Uni- 
tarianism   has   continued    to   grow   in    New 
England,  and  has  become  particularly  strong 
in  Boston,  which  possesses  more  than  25  out  of 
the  400  American  churches  belonging  to  the 
•ect     Harvard  College,  while  not  a  denomina- 
tional institution,  is  under  Unitarian  control 
Outside  of  New  England  Unitarianism    has 
no*  grown  rapidly.    The  Philadelphia  society 
organized  in  1794.  had  developed  into  but  two 
congregations  in  1894.    In  the  west,  however, 
there  is  considerable  growth.    In  addition  to 
the  Unitarians  proper  are  the  Hicksite  section 
of  the  Quakers,  the  Christians  (a  Baptist  body), 
and  the  Christian  Disciples,  all  more  or  less 
Unitarian  in  doctrine. 


(2)  A  general  term  for  all  non-Trinitarian 
Christians,  whether  they  have  themselves 
used  the  name  or  not.  Some  of  the  ante- 
Nicene  Fathers,  the  Sabellians,  Arius  and  his 
followers,  the  Photinians,  ic.,  have  been, 
included  in  this  designation.  At  the  Refor- 
mation period  Servetus  and  others,  aud  sul>. 
sequently  Faustus  Socinus  and  hia  school 
are  thus  described  by  later  writers.  In  Ban- 
land,  Bartholomew  Legate,  the  last  person 
burned  at  gmlthfield  (1612) ;  John  Biille,  who 
gathered  a  London  congregation  during  the 
Commonwealth  ;  Samuel  Clarke,  D.D  ,  who 


to  writers  like  Milton,  Locke,  and  Newton. 

(3)  Any  non-Christian  monntheist  The  Jews 
are  sometimes  called  Unitarians;  and  Wesley 
u.^es  the  expression  "Unitarian  fleud"  in  Ins 
Hymn  for  the  Mahometans. 

2.  PUIat.  (PI):  A  name  for  a  special  class  of 

"The  Realist*  or  Substantially  »rn  again  divided 
Into  Dualists.  and  into  Cnitartum  or  ISufiisti  aci'.nl 
Ing  as  they  are.  or  are  not.  .-outmtol  with  tie  testi. 
muti 


. 
mutiy  of  cpnvji 


. 

the  ultimate  duplicity  of 
"  MOa- 


B.  At  adjective: 

L  TheoL,  Cliurch  Hist,  &c.  :  Pertaining  to 
or  connected  with  Unitarians,  in  the  several 
senses  defined  above. 

2.  PMlot.  :  Holding  the  unity  of  subject 
and  object  in  perception. 

3.  Palit.  :  Favouring  a  plan  of  union.    In 
continental  politics  flrst  used  of  the  pnrtv  in 
favour  of  a  united  Italy  ;  thun  applied  in  'the 
cage  of  Germany,  the  Slavs,  &c. 

fj-nl-tar'-i-an-iujm,  s.  [Eccle«.  Lat.  &  Ger. 
unitaritmus  ;  FT.  Militarism*;  ItaL  unitar- 
ismo,  unitaretimo,  unUarianesino  ;  WeL  un- 
dodiaeth.] 

Theology  t  Church  Hutory  : 
L  A  collective  name  for  the  views  of  Uni- 
tarians. Unitarians  have  no  formulated  test 
of  membership,  and  have  always  shown  great 
varieties  of  opinion.  The  Arian  school  has 
little  influence,  except  in  Ireland.  ThaSocinian 
theology,  with  its  worship  of  Christ,  has  never 
been  completely  adopted  in  Great  Britain  or 
America,  Priestley's  Unitarianism  included  a 
determinist  philosophy  aud  a  strong  element 
of  supernaturalism.  The  return  to  a  spiritual 
philosophy  was  initiated  by  Channing.  JIany 
of  his  followers,  influenced  by  Emerson  and 
Parker,  have  done  their  best  to  relieve  Chris- 
tianity »f  its  supernatural  ingredients.  All 
own  a  spiritual  allegiance  to  Christ,  though 
varying  as  to  the  nature  and  extent  of  his 
authority.  Appealing  to  Scripture  as  a  witness 
for  their  views,  Unitarians  have  generally 
limited  revelation  to  the  communication  of 
spiritual  data.  They  reject  a  substitutionary 
atonement,  and  are  usually  advocates  of  a 
universal  restoration. 

2.  The  Unitarian  cause.  Umtarianisra  as 
an  organized  interest  has  never  taken  large 
proportions,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  estimate  its 
actual  strength.  It  has  produced  a  number 
of  influential  men,  far  in  excess  of  its  de- 
nominational importance  ;  and  the  stress 
which  it  lays  on  individuality,  while  checking 
its  progress,  has  added  to  its  power.  Bv  the 
Toleration  Act  (1689)  the  open  preaching  of 
Unitarianism  was  forbidden  in  Great  Britain, 
a  legal  disability  not  removed  till  1813. 

*  tT-nl-tar'-if-an-ize,  v.t.  or  t.  [Eng.  Uni- 
tarian ;  izr,.]  Tn  cause  to  conform,  or  to  con- 
form, to  Unitarianism. 


U'-nit-a-rJf,  a.    [Eng.  unit;  -ary.)    Pertain- 
ing or  relating  to  a  unit. 

unitary-theory,  s. 

Chem. :  A  term  applied  by  Gerhardt  to  the 
sys»em  of  chemistry  in  which  the  molecules 
of  all  bodies  are  compared,  as  to  their  magni- 
tude, with  one  unit  molecule — water  for 
example— and  all  chemical  reactions  are,  as 
far  as  possible,  reduced  to  one  typical  form 
of  reaction — namely,  double  decomposition. 

*U-nite',  «.     [UNIT.] 

1.  A  unit 

2.  The  same  as  LA  ran,  A.  1  (J)(q.r.). 

n-nite1,  *  n-nyte,  v.t.  &  i.    [Lat.  unit™,  r*. 
par.  of  unto  =  to  unite,  from  unut  =  one.] 
A.  Transitive: 


1.  To  combine  or  conjoin,  so  as  to  form 
into  one ;  to  make  to  be  one,  and  no  longer 
separate  ;  to  incorporate  into  one. 

"  Units 
Your  troops.-  Uiatap.  :  I  Bern*  rr.,  IT.  L 

2.  To  connect,  conjoin,  or  bring  together  by 
some  tie  or  bond,  legal  or  other;  to  join  in 
interest,   affection,  Mlowship,   or  the  like' 
to  associate,  to  couple,  to  conjoin. 

"Hymen  did  oar  hands 
Unite  commntuaL  zhaketp. :  a.imltt.  lit  1 

3.  To  cause  to  adhere ;  to  connect  or  join 
together;  to  attach. 

"The  perttouaum,  which  Is^a  dry  body,  may  be 

4.  To  make  to  agree ;  to  bring  into  a  state 
of  agreement  or  uniformity ;   to  render  uni- 
form. 

"  The  kins  proposed  nothing  more  than  to  un««  hl» 
Klugiioui  m  one  lurm  of  worship."— Clarendon. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1,  To  become  one ;  to  become  incorporated  • 
to  grow  together;  to  become  attache. I,  con- 
joined,   or    consolidated  ;    to    combine    to 
coalesce. 

2.  To  join  in  an  act ;  to  combine,  to  concur: 
to  act  in  union. 

"  U  you  wilJ  not  tmitt  In  your  complaints.- 

SJtaJttlp. :  Rfnrg  I7//.,  <il  J, 

•  U-mte',  o.    [UNITE,  u.J    United,  joint. 

" By un»M consent "—Wtbtutr.    [1631.J 

*  u-nite  -a-ble,  a.    [UKITABLK.] 
n-nit'-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [UNITE,  «.]    Joined 

together,  combined,  made  one ;  allied,  con- 
Joint,  harmonious ;  in  union. 


"The  men  who  follo 
to  be  not  lea,  numero 
' 


ed  hia  banner  were  supposed 
ual!liind 


aner  wer 

s  than  all  the  M«oduua 
otulai  :  ilia.  £,,.j.,  oh.  ilil. 

word  "United"  forms  part  of  the 
names  of  various  sects  appearing  in  the  Regis- 
trar-General's Return,  as,  the  United  Chris- 
tian Army,  the  United  Christian  Church,  the 
United  Evangelical  Church  of  Germany,  and 
the  Uuited  Free  Methodist  Church. 

United  Brethren,  «.  pi.    [MORAVIANS.] 

United  Greeks,  s.  pL 

Church  Hist.  :  A  comprehensive  name  in- 
cluding all  those  who  follow  the  Greek  rite, 
and  at  the  same  time  acknowledge  the  au- 
thority of  the  Pope.  These  are  (1)  the 
Iklchites  (q.v.)in  tho  East,  (2)  the  Eutheniaus 
(q.v.),  (3)  the  Greek  Catholics  of  Italy,  whose 
clergy  are  allowed  to  marry  when  in  minor 
orders,  and  continue  in  the  married  state 
after  they  are  priests,  but  are  forbidden,  under 
pain  of  deposition,  to  contract  a  second  mar- 
riage. ITiese  Greeks,  about  30,000  in  number, 
have  three  seminaries,  each  with  a  resident 
Greek  bishop  to  ordain  the  priests,  but  otliei- 
wise  they  are  subject  to  the  bishop  in  whose 
diocese  they  live.  (4)  The  Catholics  of  the 
Greoo-Boumaic  rite  in  Hungary  and  Sieben- 
biirgen,  who  number  about  900,000,  and  form 
an  ecclesiastical  province.  Their  secular 
«lergy  are  married. 

United  Irishmen,  s.  pL 

Hist.:  A  secret  society  formed  In  1701  by 
Theobald  Wolfe  Tone,  having  for  its  object 
the  establishment  of  a  republic  in  Ireland. 
Being  arrested,  and  sentenced  to  death  by 
a  military  commission,  he  committed  suicide 
(Nov.  1798). 

United  Kingdom,  ». 

Gfog.  £  Hiit.  :  The  name  adopted  on  Jan.  1, 
1801,  when  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  were 
United. 

United  Presbyterian  Church,  s. 

Ecdes.  <t  CAnrcA  Hist.  :  The  third  in  point  of 
magnitude  and  importance  among  the  Presby- 
terian denominations  in  Scotland,  the  two  in 
advance  of  it  in  point  of  numbers  being  the 
Established  and  the  Free  Churches.  It  was 
formed  by  the  union  between  the  Seeesslnr 
and  the  Relief  bodies  on  May  18,  1847.  Its 
tenets  are  essentially  those  of  the  Confession 
of  Faith,  with  modifications  needful  to  adapt 
it  to  the  views  of  its  ministers  as  to  the 
relation  of  the  civil  magistrate  to  the  church 
and  religious  toleration.  Nearly  all  its  office- 
bearers are  opposed  to  the  principle  of  esta- 
blishments, but  latitude  of  belief  on  the  sub- 
ject is  permitted,  and  a  minority  hold  the 
opposite  view.  In  May,  1876,  the  Uuited 
Presbyterian  Church  made  a  friendly  dissever- 
ance of  its  congregations  south  of  the  Tweed 
that  these  might  unite  with  the  English  Pres- 
byterian Church  to  constitute  the  Presby- 


iSte,  ttt,  faro,  amidst,  what,  iftn,  father;  we,  w*.  here,  camel,  her,  there:   pine,  pit,  sire.  air.  marine- 
o*.  wore,  won;  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  <a  =  e;  „  =  *;  «, 


Ba 


unitedly— universal 


4959 


terian  Church  of  England.  . 
B  1  At  the  end  of  1886  the  United  Presby- 
terian Church  consisted  of  32  presbyteries, 
646  congregations,  and  82.01)3  communicants, 
and  liad  a  revenue  of  £317,955  17s.  lid.  It 
has  foreign  missions  in  the  West  Indies,  m 
South  Africa,  ftc.,  in  India,  China,  and  Japan. 

United  Provinces,  s. 

Gmg.  <t  Hist.:  The  provinces  of  Guelder- 
land  Holland,  Zealand,  Utrecht  and  Fri^s- 
land,  which  united  in  1579,  and  became  the 
nucleus  of  the  Dutch  republic. 

United  States,  «.  r>'. 

Geog.  it  Hiit. :  The  forty-five  states  of  Horth. 
America,  composing  tin-  federal  republic  whose, 
official  title  is  the  United  States  of  America, 
and  which  comprises  in  addition  to  its  slates 
fuur  organized  territories,  the  unorganized 
Indian  territory,  and  the  federal  District  of 
Colnmbia.  The  United  Slates  is  the  largest 
republic  nud  one  of  the  largest  nations  in  tin 
•world.  It  embraces  nearly  out-half 
North  American  continent,  and,  tocMftiDg 
Alaska,  has  an  area  nearly  equal  to  that  of 
Europe.  The  total  aiea  is  3,557,009  square 
miles.  The  country  extends  (east  and  w-t  i 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Oceaais,  with 
an  extreme  length  of  about  2700  miles,  and 
(north  and  south)  from  Canada  to  Mexico 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  with  an  extreme 
width  of  about  1000  miles.  The  population  in 
1890  was  62,971,081.  It  is  at  present  (1K94) 
about  68,000,000.  In  1790  there  were  but 
13  states,  with  less  than  4,000,000  population, 
and  an  area  of  about  400,000  square  miles. 
The  progress  of  the  United  States  in  wealth 
has  been  equally  unprecedeuled,  and  it  is 
to-day  the  richest  country  upon  the  face  of  the 
globe.  Thrtragh  the  eastern  and  western 
sections  of  the  country  run  two  important 
mountain  systems,  the  Appalachian  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  between  which  lies  a  vast 
plain,  abundantly  watered,  and  remarkable  fur 
its  fertility  and  the  variety  of  its  productions. 
The  districts  bordering  the  oceans  are  equally 
prolific,  while  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region 
lies  a  vast  arid  district,  to  some  extent  reclaim- 
able  by  irrigation,  but  particularly  valuable 
for  its  richness  in  gold  and  silver.  The 
Appalachian  region  is  equally  valuable  for  its 
immense  stores  of  coal  and  iron,  while  copper, 
lead,  and  other  metals  arc  elsewhere  abundant. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  em- 
braces three  departments,  the  executive,  the 
legislative,  and  the  judicial.  The  executive 
comprises  a  President  and  Vice-President, 
elected  lor  four  years,  and  a  number  of  Cabinet 
officials,  or  Secretaries  of  Departments,  chosen 
by,  and  forming  the  advisory  council  of,  the 
President.  The  legislative  department  consists 
of  a  Senate  (embracing  two  members  from 
each  state),  and  a  House  of  Representatives. 
elected  by  popular  vote  to  represent  districts  of 
approximately  equal  population.  'The  judicial 
department  is  known  as  the  Supreme  Court, 
whose  function  it  is  to  decide  upon  the 
constitutionality  of  the  laws.  The  general 
government  has  control  of  commerce  and  all 
relations  with  foreign  powers,  of  the  army 
and  navy,  the  post-offices  and  the  coinage  of 
money,  and  has  the  sole  power  to  declare  war 
and  conclude  peace. 

The  separate  states  have  similar  organiza- 
tions, each  having  ita  own  constitution,  execu- 
tive, legislative,  and  supreme  court.  They  are 
divided  into  counties,  with  local  powers  of 
government,  and  these  again  into  townships, 
boroughs,  cities,  &c.  The  cities  largely  control 
their  own  affairs,  each  having  a  mayor  and 
a  law-making  body.  The  United  States  is  thus 
organized  on  the  principle  of  a  general 
government  for  general  interests,  and  succes- 
sively descending  state  and  local  governments 
for  state  and  local  interests.  The  other 
republics  of  America  are  organized  on  the 
same  general  principle,  having  taken  the 
United  States  as  their  model. 

^-nit-5d-l#,  adv.     [Eng.  united;  -Ij/.]    In  a 

united  manner;  in  union  ;  conjointly  ;  jointly. 

"The  eyw,  which  we  of  a  watery  nature,  oupht.  to 

be  rmich  \Hiliitetl,  and  unitedly  oil  their  lower  "•-*-  "— 

Dryii'-n :  Dufranoy. 

n-nit'-er,  >.    [Bng.  uni((e),  v. ; -er.]    One  who 
or  that  which  unites. 

"  Suppose  an  untlcr  of  a  middle  constitution,  that 
should  iMrUke  »f  some  of  the  qualities  of  both."— 
—      -      ill.  ch.  lit.  (8. 


•ttn-If-er-a-ble,  a.   [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
itcralili.]  That  cannot  be  renewed  or  repeated. 
"To  piny  away  an  untteroMe  life."— Brown* .'  Cftri*. 
lorati.ptllL.iU. 


u-nl'-tion, s.  [UNITE,  i).]  Theactof uniting; 
the  state  or  condit.on  of  being  united. 

"  Part*  MMmrated  and  disjoined  are  to  be  brought 
together  gently  and  equally,  that  they  majr  touch 
one  another,  and  to  be  prepared  for  mutton,  —Hue- 
man  :  Surgery,  bk.  T.,  ch.  i. 

U'-nlt-ive,a.  [Eng.w*tt(«),v.;-t«.l  Having 
the  power  or  quality  of  uniting;  oanshig  in- 
tending to  unite ;  producing  or  promoting 
union. 

"That  can  be  nothing  elw  but  the  wnitlve  way  of 
religion,  which  consists  of  tha  contain platiou  and  love 
of  OiKl."— Jforru. 

tt'-nlt-ive-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unitive;  -ly.]  In  a 
united  or  uuitive  mauner.  (Uud  worth.) 

*  u'-nlt-Ize,  v.t.  [Ens.  unit;  -ize.}  To  re- 
duce to  a  unit  or  to  one  whole ;  to  unify. 

u'-nlt-y,  "u-nl-te,  *  u-ni-tee,  *  n-ni-tie, 
*u-ny-te,  s.  [b'r.  unite,  from  Lat.  unitatem, 
accus.  of  unitas,  from  wjma=  one.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  The  state  or  condition  of  beins  one  ;  one- 
ness, singltmeaa,  as  opposed  to  plurality. 

"  The  unity  of  God  is  a  true  and  real,  not  figurative 
unity."— -Clurtui :  On  the  Attributes,  prop.  S. 

2.  Concord,  agreement,  harmony ;  oneness 
of  sentiment,  affection,  or  the  like. 

"  How  good  and  bow  pleasant  It  U  for  brethren  to 
dwell  together  lu  unity.  —  Ftulm  cxxxiii.  L 

3.  Uniformity,  harmony,  agreement. 

"To  the  avoiding  of  dtaaeutiou  it  avalleth  much 
that  there  be  amongst  tbeuiau  unity**  well  In  ceie- 
niouie^  aa  in  doctrine.'  — Hvoker. 

^  At  unity  :  At  one  ;  in  accord. 
**  The  King  and  the  Commons  were  now  at  unity." 
—J/<ICM  i«/a.</;  ilitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xi. 

4.  The  principle  by  whic.h  a  uniform  tenor 
of  story  and  propriety  of  representation  is 
preserved  in  literary  and  dramatic  composi- 
tions ;  conformity  in  a  composition  to  such 
principle  ;  a  reference  to  some  one  purpose  or 
leading  idea  in  all  the  pails  of  a  discourse  or 
composition.    In  the  Greek  drama  the  three 
unities  required  were  those  of  action,  of  time, 
and  of  place.    This  so-called  Aristotelian  law 
of   nnity  required  that  there  should  be  no 
shifting  of  the  scene  from  place  to  place,  that 
the  whole  series  of  events  should  be  such  as 
might  occur  within  the  space  of  a  single  day, 
and  that  nothing  should  be  admitted  irrelevant 
to  the  development  of  the  single  plot. 

"  The  unitiet  of  time,  place,  and  action  are  exactly 
observed."—  Drydtn:  All  for  Lot*.  (Prel.) 

*  5.  A  gold  coin  of  the  reign  of  James  L 

[UNITE,  S.,2.] 

II.  Technically : 

J.  Art. :  .That  proper  balance  of  composition 
or  colour  in  a  work  of  art  which  produces  a 
perfectly  harmonious  effect,  and  to  which  .all 
the  parts  of  the  work  conduce, 

2.  Law: 

(1)  (See  extract) 

"  Unity  of  possession  U  ft  joint  possession  of  two 
lights  by  several  titles.  For  example,  I  take  a  lease 
of  land  from  one  uv""  A  certain  rent ;  afterwards  I  >'»y 
the  fee-simple.  This  laan  unity  of  iwwessioti.  whereby 
the  Icaee  i>  extinguished  ;  by  rrasou  that  I.  who  bad 
before  the  occupation  only  for  my  rent,  am  become 
lord  of  the  same,  and  am  to  pay  my  rent  to  none."— 
tomt 

(2)  The  holding  of  the  same  estate  in  un- 
divided shares  by  two  or  more  ;  joint  tenancy. 

3.  Math.  :  An  entire  collection,  considered 
as  a  single  thing.    Thus,  20  feet,  considered 
as  a  single  distance,  is  unity ;  1  foot  is  the 
unit  of  the  expression.     The  number  1,  when 
unconnected  with  anything  else,  is  generally 
called  unity. 

U-niV-ft-lent,  a.  [Pref.  «7ii-,»nd  Lat.  valens, 
pr.  par"  of"wi/*o=  to  be  worth.] 

Chem. :  Equivalent  to  one  unit  of  any 
standard,  specially  to  one  atom  of  hydrogen. 

[MONAD,  II.  1.] 

u'-nf-v£lvet  o.  &  s.  [Pref.  wni-,  and  Eng. 
valve..  ] 

A.  As  adj. :  Having  only  one  valve,  as  a 
shell  or  pericarp. 

B.  -•!••>'  substantive : 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
Gasteropoda  (q.v.)  inclosed  in  a  univalve 
shell,  which  may  be  regarded  essentially  as  a 
oone,  the  apex  of  which  is  more  or  less 
oblique.  In  the  simplest  form  the  conical 
shape  is  retained  without  any  alteration,  as  is 
the  case  with  the  common  limpet.  In  the 
majority  of  instances  univalves  have  the 
conical  shell  considerably  elongated,  so  as  to 
form  a  tube,  which  may  retain  this  shape, 


spire 


but  is  usually  coiled  up  into  a  spiral,  And  thli 

latttT  form  may  be  regarded  as  the  typical 

shell  of   the  Gasteropoda.      In  some  (as  in. 

Yonnetus)  the  coils  or  whorls  are  hardly  in 

contact,    but    mure    commonly  they  are    so 

amalgamated  that  the  iuuer  side  of  each  con- 

volution is  formed  by  the  pre-existing  whorl. 

When  the  whorls  are  coiled  round  a  central 

axis  in  the  same  plane,  the  shell  is  said  to  be 

discoidal,    as 

in     Planorbis  A 

(q.v.);  but,  in, 

most  cases, 

they     are 

wound  ob- 

liquely round 

the  axis,  and 

the  shell  is 

termed  tur- 

reted,  tro- 

clioid,  or  tur- 

binated,  fusi- 

form, &c.  The 

animal    with- 

draws into  its 

shell  by  a  re- 

tractile   mus- 

cle,   which 

passes  into 

the  foot  or  is 

attached  to 

the  opercu- 

lum,  its  scar 

or  impression 

being  placed  in  the  Spiral  Univalves,  upon 

the  columella.    In  the  Marine  Univalves  two 

important  variations   exist  in  the  form   of 

the  mouth  of  the  shell.     In  one  group,  the 

Holostomata  (q.v.),  it  is  unbroken  and  entire, 

and  these  animals  live  for  the  most  part  on 

vegetable    food  ;    in   the    other   group,    the 

Siphonostomata  (q.v.),  -which  are  mainly  car- 

nivorous, the  aperture  of  the  shell  is  notched 

In  front.    The  shell  figured  is  fusiform  ;  the 

apex  (A)  inammillated  ;  the  whorls  (w}  ventri- 

cose,  strongly  ribbed  or  corrugated,  with  dis- 

continuous varices  (v),  and  distinct  sutures 

(sit}  ;  the  columella  (i)  is  denticulated  ;  the 

outer  lip  (o)  is  internally  plicato-dentate  ;  the 

body-whorls  (6  w}  are  large,  and  the  aperture 

(a)  ovately  elliptical  ;  a  c  and  p  c  mark  the 

anterior  and  posterior  canals  respectively. 

"This  clans  f  Gasteropoda]  Includes  all  those  mol- 
luscous animals  which  are  known  as  UniwIvKt,  such 
as  LamUnniln,  s^vanaHa,  '.Vhelks,  Limpet*,  *&"— 
Jficholton:  Pal&ont..  11.  1. 


CNTVALV 

(Skill  of  the  i/enut  Triton.) 


u'-nl-valved,  a.  [Pref.  wni-,  and  Eng. 
Having  only  one  valve  ;  univalve  ;  uni  valvular. 

U-nl-JV&l'-vu^lOT,  a.  [Pref.  -uni>and  Eng.wiJ- 
vular.]    Having*  but  a  single  valve  ;  univalve, 


universel,  from  Lat.  univervalis  =  pertaining 
to  the  whole,  from  universu'tn—  the  whole, 
prop.  neut.  sing,  of  universus  =  combined  into 
a  whole  :  units  =  one,  and  versus,  pa.  par.  of 
wrto  =  to  turn;  O.  Fr.,  Sp.,  &  P^rt.  u*i- 
versal.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  General  ;  pertaining  or  extending  to  or 
comprehending  the  whole  number,  quantity, 
or  space  ;    pertaining   to  or    pervading    the 
whole  ;  all-embracing,  .all-reaching. 

"  And  there  la  an  unioenal  obligation  upon  all  men 
to  obey  them."—  Leighton  :  Com.  on  1  Peter,  ii. 

2.  Constituted  or   considered   as  a  whole 
entire  ;  whole,  totaL 

"Sole  monarch  of  the  universal  earth." 

}-  :  Romeo  <t  Juliet,  ill.  t 


3.  Comprieing  all  the  particulars  ;  general. 

"  From  thiugs  particular 
She  doth  abstract  the  unieertal  kinds." 

Ditviet  :  Immort.  of  the  SowL 

TJ.  Logic  :  Comprising  particulars,  or  all  the 
particulars. 

"The  appellations  that  be  univrtal,  and  common 
to  iimny  tniugs,  are  not  always  ti  vcti  to  all  the  parti. 
culars,  —  Bobbt  :  Human  Nature,  oh.  T. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

*  L  Ord.  I/mg.  :  The  whole  ;  the  system  of 
the  universe. 

"  To  what  end  hail  the  angel  been  let  to  luep  the 
entrance  into  paradise  after  Adani'H  expulsion,  if  the 
u»it"-n<il  had  been  paradise?"—  RaMgh:  1IM.  <>}  th» 
World. 

IX  Technically: 

1.  Logic:  A  universal  proposition  (q.v.). 

"  As  for  ilngular  proi>o6ltton«  (viz..  thoM  whow  «uV 
Ject  in  either  a  proper  name,  or  a  common  trrra  with  a 
ftiiitcular  siyn)  they  are  reckoned  as  I'liivertx/t,  incanse 
in  them  we  apeak  of  tbe  whole  of  a  subject."— 
Whatelx:  Logic,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  ii..  i  2. 


VSO, 


;  po-at,  Jdirt;  oat,  9eU,  ebora.,  ^to,  ben?H;  go,  gem;  thin,  flU.;  Bin,  05; 

Uo«.  -rtous  = 


*•"»»'«>*•  •»«•*• 
-ble.  -die.  &c.  =  1*1, 


4960 


universalian— universality 


2.  Philos.  (PL) :  Universal  concepts  ;  gen 
•ral  notions  or  ideas  predicable  of  many 
concepts  embracing  that  which  by  its  natur 
has  a  titneas  or  capacity  to  be  in  many. 

(1)  Platonic  ideas ;  arrhetyjal  forms  eiist 
ing   in  the  divine  mind,   aud    forming   tli 
pattern  according  to  which  each  individua 
of  kind  has  been  created.    These  have  bee 
called  also  Metaphysical,  or,  in  the  langua^ 
of  the  Schools,  univcrsalia  ante  rein. 

(2)  Certain  common  natures  which,  one  i 
themselves,  are  diffused  among  or  shared  in  b 
many  ;  as  rationality,  which  is  common  to  a: 
men.  These  are  called  Physical  Universal.**,  o 
itniversalia  in  re.    [NOMINALISM,  REALISM,  3. 

(3)  General  notions  framed  by  the  intellec 
and  predicable  of  many  things  on  the  groum 
of  their  possessing  common  properties,  e.g. 
animal,  which  may  be  predicated  of  a  man,  i 
lion,  a  bird,  a  fish,  &c.     These  are  Logica 
Universals,  or  universalia  post  rcm. 

t  (4)  The  predicables.    [PREDICABLE.] 

"  AbeUrd  was  silent  until  thequestion  of  Uni 
was  brought  forward,  Mid  then  «u  Idenly  chMigin 
from  a  disciple  to  ail  ant'vgomst.  ha  harassed  the  o]i 
man  with  such  rapidity  and  unexpectedness  of  aasaul 
that  William  [ol  Champeaux]  confessed  himself  cle 
tested  and  retracted  his  opinion.*— A  ff.  Levtt :  SUt 
FM'o*.  led.  18101.  11.  16. 

U  For  the  difference  between  universal  anc 
general,  see  GKSEKAL. 

universal-agent,  ». 

Law :  An  agent  authorized  to  do  for  a  prln 
ci)iiil  all  the  acts  which  the  latter  can  law- 
fully delegate.  Such  devolutii  n  of  authority 
very  rarely  takes  place.  (Story :  Agency.) 

universal-chuck,  s.  A  chuck  having 
movable  dogs  on  a  face-plate  to  adapt  then 
to  grasp  objects  of  varying  sizes. 

Universal  Church,  *. 

Theol. :  The  Church  of  God  throughout  the 
world.  [CATHOLIC.] 

universal  compass,  >.  A  compass  with 
tabular  legs  containing  extension-pieces,  which 
may  be  drawn  out  to  strike  a  large  circle,  and 
fixed  at  the  required  length  by  screws.  The 
extension-pieces  are  also  tubular,  each  re- 
ceiving either  leg  of  a  small  bow-compass,  one 
having  a  plain  point  and  pen  and  the  other  a 
plain  point  and  pencil-holder ;  these  are  used 
as  parts  of  the  large  compass,  but  both  may 
be  withdrawn  and  used  independently  for 
drawing  small  circles. 

universal -coupling,  ».  A  form  of 
coupling  in  which  the  parts  united  are  capable 
of  assuming  various  angular  relations  to  each 
other.  A  gimbal-joiut  is  a  familiar  instance. 

universal-dial,  s.  A  dial  by  which  the 
hour  may  be  found  by  the  sun  in  any  part  of 
the  world,  or  under  any  elevation  of  the  pole. 

universal-Instrument,  .?. 

Astron. :  A  reflecting  instrument  invented 
by  Prof.  Piazzi  Smyth.  It  is  a  sort  of  reflect- 
ing circle,  in  which  a  spirit-level  with  a  very 
small  bubble  is  so  placed  that  by  means  of  a 
lens  and  a  totally  reflecting  prism  an  image 
of  the  bubble  is  formed  at  the  focus  of  the 
telescope,  and  the  coincidence  of  the  centre  of 
that  image  with  the  cross-wires  shows  when 
the  line  of  collimation  is  truly  horizontal. 

universal-Joint,  s. 
3focA. :  A  device  for  connecting  two  objects, 
••  the  ends  of  two  shafts,  so  as  to  allow  them 


PHIVEBSAL-JOINTS. 

1  Ball-aud-socket  Joint.  2.  Flexible  pipe-Joint 
S,  4,  ft.  8haft4xrapung. 

to  have  perfect  freedom  of  motion  in  every 
direction  within  certain  denned  limits.  There 
are  numerous  forms. 

universal  legacy,  >. 
Scott  Law :  A  legacy  of  all  one's  property 
given  to  a  single  person. 


universal-legatee,  >. 

Scots  Law :  A  legatee  to  whom  the  who] 
estate  of  a  deceased  person  is  given,  subjec 
only  to  the  burden  of  other  legacies  and  debts. 

universal-lever,  t. 

Meek. :  A  contrivance  by  means  of  whic 
the  reciprocating  motion  of  a  lever  is  made  t 
communicate  a  continuous  rotatory  motio 
to  a  wheel,  and  a  continuous  rectilinea 
motion  to  anything  attached  by  a  rope  to  th 
axle  of  the  wheel. 

universal  prime-meridian,  «. 

Astron.,  <tc.  :  The  meridian  of  Greenwich 
adopted  at  an  International  Conference  o 
scientific  men,  held  at  Washington,  D.  C 
in  1883.  Till  that  time  nearly  every  countr 
had  its  own  prime  meridian — that  of  England 
was  Greenwich,  and  that  of  France  Paris 
hence  an  English  and  a  French  ship,  meet 
ing  at  sea,  would  find  that  there  would  to  a 
difference  of  25  20'  between  the  records  o 
their  longitude,  since  Paris  is  2°  20'  east  o 
Greenwich.  The  conference  decided  that  tlii 
anomaly  should  be  abolished,  and  that  long! 
tude  should  be  reckoned  only  from  the  men 
dian  of  Greenwich,  and  that  it  should  coun 
180°  east  and  180'  west ;  so  that  in  future  al 
maps  will  be  constructed  on  this  principle 
and  ships  of  every  nation,  meeting  at  sea 
will  find  themselves  in  the  same  degree  o 
longitude.  [UNIVERSAL-TIME.) 

universal-proposition,  .<. 

Logic :  A  proposition  in  which  the  predicate 
is  said  of  the  whole  of  the  subject :  Thus 
All  tyrants  are  miserable,  is  a  universa 
affirmative  proposition  (having  the  symbol  A) 
No  miser  is  rich,  is  a  universal  negative  pro 
position  (having  the  symbol  O).  [See  also 
examples  under  UNIVERSAL,  II.  1.] 

universal-religion,  s. 

Compar.  Relig.:  A  missionary  religion  (q.v.) 
a  faith  intended  to  be  preached  to  all  men,  as 
distinguished  from  a  tribal  or  national  cult. 

"  Of  unfversoZ  religiom  there  are  at  most  only  three, 
and  Prof.  Kueneu  would  almost  seem  to  deny  the 
right  of  Islam  to  be  admitted  into  the  class."— 
Al>ie>nrurn,  Oct.  14.  1882.  p.  482. 

universal  successor,  t. 

Scots  Law:  An  heir  who  succeeds  to  the 
whole  of  the  heritage  of  a  person  who  dies 
intestate. 

universal-suffrage,  >. 

Hist. :  Suffrage  which  accords  a  vote  to 
every  man  in  the  community.  It  is  called  in 
France  Plebiscite  (q.v.).  It  exists  in  the 
United  States,  and  in  some  other  countries, 
being  confined  to  male  citizens.  Advocates  of 
women's  suffrage  contend  that  a  franchise 
confined  to  men  Is  not  universal. 

universal-time,  «. 

Astron.  itc. :  A  method  of  reckoning  time 
for  international  purposes,  agreed  on  by  the 
International  Conference,  held  at  Washington, 
in  1883.  Universal  time  is  reckoned  from 
mean  noon  at  the  universal  prime-meridian 
(q.v.),  the  day  commencing  at  midnight,  and 
being  divided  into  twenty-four  (instead  of  into 
two  portions  of  twelve)  hours  each.  Local 
time  is  still  used  for  local  purposes;  but  the 
method  of  fixing  it  is  changed.  Since  the 
earth  is  divided  into  360°  and  the  day  into 
24  hours,  every  16°  represents  the  difference  of 
an  hour  in  time.  The  meridian  at  Greenwich 
being  taken  as  the  zero  line,  or  the  centre 
of  the  zero  zone,  the  United  States  is  divided 
into  four  zones,  in  which  the  time  is  designated 
as  follows :  Eastern  time  (81%?  to  82%°  west 
longitude),  Central  time  (82%°  to  97%°), 
Mountain  time  (97%°  to  112%°),  and  Pacific 
time  (112%°  to  127%°).  'Within  each  of  these 
zones  the  time  changes  by  one  hour.  Thus 
when  it  is  12  o'clock  at  Philadelphia,  it  is  11  at 
Chicago,  10  at  Denver,  and  9  at  San  Francisco, 
and  the  same  at  any  point  within  the  respective 
zones.  This  system,  adopted  for  convenience 
in  making  railroad  time  tables,  has  proved  so 
advantageous  that  other  countries  are  following 
the  United  States  in  applying  Standard-time. 
Universal-time,  so  far  as  concerns  the  twenty- 
four  hour  day,  has  as  yet  made  little  progress, 
being  principally  confined  to  astrononu  re.  It 
is  used  in  Italy  and  some  other  countries,  and 
must  extend,  through  its  convenience  in  making 
railroad  time  tables,  etc.  [STANDARD-TIME.] 

universal-umbel,  .<. 

Bat. :  An  umbel  consisting  of  various  partial 
umbels. 


•n-nl-ver-sa'-U-an,  o.    (Eng.  universal; 
•ian.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  Universalism  (q.v.). 

U-ni-ver'-sal  Ism.3.  [Eng.  universal;  -im.] 
3.  Church  History : 

(1)  The  doctrine  held  by  large  numbers  of 
Christians  that  all  men,  and  also  the  devil 
and  fallen  angels,  will  be  forgiven  and  will 
enjoy  eternal  happiness.  This  belief  is  very 
ancient,  and  passages  implying  it  may  he  found 
in  the  works  of  Origen  and  his  followers,  Greg- 
ory of  Nyssa,  Chrysostom,  4tc.  It  is  also  said 
to  have  constituted  part  of  the  creed  of  the 
Lollards,  Albigenses,  and  Waldenses.  Among 
the  English  divines  who  have  held  some  form 
of  this  doctrine  are  Tillotson,  Burnet,  and 
William  Law,  and  more  recently  the  late  L'ro- 
fessor  F.  D.  Maurice.  All  Unitarians  hold  it, 
and  some  of  the  Universalists  agree  with  the 
Unitarians  in  rejecting  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity.  The  Universalists  ground  their 
reasons  for  their  doctrine  in  the  love  of  God, 
who,  they  say,  is  only  angry  with  sin,  not 
the  sinner,  and  therefore  if  the  sinner  repents 
even  after  death  his  repentance  will  restore 
him  to  God's  favour.  The  sovereignty  of  God 
will  be  finally  vindicated  by  the  ultimate 
harmony  of  the  moral  universe,  and  the  sub- 
mission of  all  things  in  heaven  and  earth  to 
His  righteous  will.  When  righteousness  is 
triumphant  peace  and  happiness  will  prevail ; 
until  then  pain  and  suffering  will  be  instru- 
ments to  work  out  the  will  of  Gixl.  They 
profess  to  prove  their  doctrine  from  Scripture, 
quoting  in  support  of  it  Matt.  xxv.  46,  John 
xvii.  3,  1  Cor.  xv.  22,  Phil.  ii.  10,  Eph.  i.  10, 
Col.  i.  19,  20,  and  1  Tim.  iv.  10.  Universalisra 
is  better  known  as  a  distinct  sect  in  America 
than  in  England.  In  1827  a  division  arose 
among  the  American  Universalists  concern- 
ing punishment  after  death,  some  asserting 
it  to  be  limited,  while  others  denied  it  altoge- 
ther. Some  separated  from  the  main  body 
and  called  themselves  "The  Massachusetts 
Association  of  Restorationists."  Most  of  them 
afterwards  joined  the  Free- Will  Baptists  cr 
the  Unitarians,  while  the  others  returned  to 
the  main  body.  In  1840  the  whole  sect  di- 
vided into  two,  the  Impartialists  and  the 
Restorationists.  But  Universalism  is  also 
held  by  many  members  of  other  sects,  and 
practically  by  all  Theists  strictly  so  called. 

(2)  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Arminianisra 
(q.v.),  because  it  maintains  that  Christ  died 
for  all  men,  not  merely  for  the  elect.    [CAL- 
VINISM.] 

(3)  The  doctrine  that  the  mission  of  Christ 
was  to  all  men,  not  merely  to  the  Jews; 
Paulinism  (q.v.). 

"  The  Fourth  Gospel  again  ...  Is  the  Gospel  ol 
PriiesrsaHsm  In  the  highest  degree."—  J/atttte*  Ar- 
nold :  Ood  A  the  Bible.  22». 

2.  Compar.  Rdig. :  The  state  or  condition  o* 
embracing  or  being  suited  for  the  acceptauce 
of  all  men.  [UNIVERSAL-RELIGION.] 

"  The  denial  of  true  unlwrsotont  to  Islam  Is  some- 
what contradicted  by  the  fact  that  it  is  at  the  present 
day  spreading  more  than  either  Christianity  or  Buddh* 
ism."— AAenemm,  Oct.  14,  1882,  p.  490. 

u-ni  veY-sal-Ist,  i.  &  o.     [Eng.  universal; 
ist.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  pretends  to  un 
•  derstand  all  statements  or  propositions. 

"  For  a  modern  free-thinker  is  an  unieerialttt  In 
speculation ;  any  proposition  whatsoever  he's  ready 
to  decide  ;  every  dny  de  quolihet  euto,  as  our  author 
here  professes."— Bentley :  On  Fret  Thinking,  f  a. 

2.  Church  History : 

(1)  One  who  believes  in  the  final  salvation 
of  all  rational  beings. 

(2)  An  Arminian  (q.v.). 

(3)  One  who  believes  that  the  mission  of 
Jesus  was  to  all  men ;  not  to  the  Jews  only. 

"The  advanced  Untveriatltt  means  to  Indicate  that 
the  multitudes  of  the  heathen  world  may  be  brought 
into  Christianity  without  any  such  disruption  of  the 
Christian  Church  as  to  hie  faint-hearted  predecessor 
had  seemed  inevitable." — Nullhno  Arnold  :  God  t  tin 
BittU,  p.  a». 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  any  form  of 
Universalism. 

u-nj  ver-sal  ist -Jc,  a.  [Eng.  universal; 
-iftif.}  Of,  relating  to,  or  affecting  the  whole; 
universal. 

"Egoistic  and  uniwtnalilUc  hedonism."— IVo/. 
Jevoru. 

-nl-ver-sal '-I-ttf.  *  u  ni-ver  sal-i-tie, 

*.  [Fr.  univerxUiti,  from  Low  Lat.  tiniverja* 
litatem,  accus.  of  univcrsalitas,  from  Lat.  wni- 
versalis  =  universal  (q.v.).]  The  quality  or 


fite,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fail,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  BIT,  marine;  go,  p5t, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work.  whd.  ton;  mate.  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  fall;  try,  SjrTian,    »,  o>  =  e;  ey  •  a;  au  =  kw. 


universalize— unjustifiable 


4961 


state  of  being  universal,  or  of  extending  to 
the  whole. 

•'  CiiivtrtaiUy  belong*  not  to  things  themselves, 
which  are  all  of  them  particular  la  their  existence. 
—Lock*:  Human  Under ttttnd,.  bk.  ill.,  ch.  iii. 

»  u-nl-ver'-sal-ize,  v.t.  [Kng.  universal; 
-ize.]  To  make  universal ;  to  generalize. 

u-nl-ver'-sal-l3f,  *  u-ny-ver-sal-ly,  adv. 
[Bug.  universal ;  -ly.}  In  a  universal  manner  ; 
with  extension  to  the  whole ;  without  excep- 
tion ;  so  as  to  comprehend  or  extend  to  all ; 
generally. 

"  The  consequence  w»»  that  he  was  more  unit>«r»ally 
detested  than  any  tuau  uf  hi*  time,  —aacaulay: 
Bitt.  Snff.,  ch.  xii. 

u-nl-ver -sal-ness,  5.  [Eng.  universal; 
-ness-}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  universal ; 
universality.  (Richardson.) 

u'-ni-verse,  s.  [Fr.  univers,  from  Lat.  uni- 
versum,  neut.  sing,  of  universus  =  all  together, 
the  whole.]  The  general  system  of  things  ; 
»ll  created  things  viewed  as  constituting  one 
system  or  whole  ;  the  world  ;  the  TO  TIO.V  (to 
•pan  =  the  whole)  of  the  Greeks,  and  the 
mundus  of  the  Latins. 

"  O  for  ft  clap  of  thunder  now,  as  land 
As  to  be  heard  throughout  the  unieeru* 

Sen  Jonton :  Catiline,  i.  1. 


y,  *  u-ni-ver-sit-e,  *u-ny- 
ver-Sit-ee,  a.  [Fr.  universite,  from  Lat. 
universitatem^&ccus.  of  universitas  =  the  whole 
of  anything,  the  universe;  later,  an  associa- 
tion, corporation,  company,  &c.  ;  from  uni- 
versus  =  universal  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  universidad; 
Ital.  universitd.] 

*  1.  The  whole  universe  ;  the  world. 

"  Oure  tuuge  la  fier,  the  unyuertitee  of  wickiduesse." 
—Wyctiffe  :  Jamet  iii.  56. 

*  2.  A  corporation,  a  guild,  an  association. 
3.  Now,  specifically,  an  establishment  or 

corporation  for  the  purpose  of  instruction  in 
all  or  some  of  the  most  important  sciences 
and  literature,  and  haying  power  to  confer 
certain  honorary  dignities,  called  degrees,  in 
several  faculties,  as  arts,  science,  medicine, 
law,  theology,  &c.     When  the  term  came  first 
to  be  applied  to  seminaries  of  learning  it  was 
used    to   signify    either    the  whole  body  of 
learners  and  teachers,  or  the  whole  body  of 
learners,  with  corporate   rights,  and  under 
by-laws    of    their    own,    divided    either    by 
faculty  or  by  country  (whence  the  division 
into  nations  in  the  Scotch  and  some  of  the 
European    universities),    or    both    together, 
the  particular  meaning  being  determined  by 
the  words  with  which  it  was  connected.  Such 
phrases  as  Universitas  magistrorum  et  audi- 
torum  (or  scholarium),  meaning  the  whole  body 
of  teachers  and  scholars,  are  met  with  at  the 
very    beginning    of  the  thirteenth  century. 
As  applied  to  Oxford,  such  an  expression  is 
found  in  a  document  belonging  to  the  year 
1301.      In  the  following  century  the   Latin 
term  universitas  acquired  a  technical  sense, 
and  came  to  be  used  by  itself  much  in  the 
same  sense  as  we  now  use  the  English  Uni- 
versity.    In  most  cases  the  corporations  con- 
stituting   universities    include    a    body    ol 
teachers  or  professors  for  giving  instruction 
to  students ;  but  this  is  not  essential  to  a 
university,  the  University  of  London  being 
simply  an  examining  body.     A  common  ides 
of  a  university  (founded  probably  on  the  word 
itself,  and  also  on  the  fact  that  the  best- known 
universities,  as  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  con- 
sist of  several  colleges)  is  that  a  university  is 
an  aggregate  or  union  of  several  colleges,  thai 
is,  a  great  corporation  embodying  in  one  severa 
smaller  and  subordinate    collegiate   bodies; 
but  such  is  not  necessarily  the  case,  as  some 
universities,  such  as  Dublin,  consist  of  but 
one  college.      The  three  oldest  universities 
are  those  of  Bologna,  Paris,  and  Oxford,  the 
first-named   having   already   acquired    greai 
celebrity  as  a  school  of  law  in  the  early  par 
of  the  twelfth  century.   The  practice  of  grant- 
Ing  degrees  originated  at  Paris  in  the  secom 
half  of  the  same  century.    The  earliest  divi 
sion  of  students  and  teachers  was  into  nations 
at  Paris   there    being  four  and  at  Bologna 
•eventeen  or  eighteen  nations.    The  division 
Into  faculties  did  not  arise  till  the  thirteenth 
century.    In  the  United  States  there  has  been 
considerable  looseness  in  the  application  of  th 
term,  the  titles  university  and  college  being 
applied  indifferently,  so  that  some  institution 
denominated  universities  are  little  more  than 
high  schools,  while  others  that  are  entitled  col 
leges  should  properly  be  called  universities.    In 
the  best  universities  of  this  country  the  coure 
of  study  will  bear  comparison  with  that  of  an; 


British  university.  These  include  Harvard, 
Yale,  Pennsylvania,  and  several  others.  Most 
of  the  states  have  state  universities  as  a  part  of 
the  educational  system,  these  being,  like  many 
of  the  colleges,  open  to  both  sexes.  Women 
have  also  been  admitted,  to  a  partial  extent, 
into  several  of  the  older  universities.  Elective 
and  post-graduate  courses  have  been  intro- 
duced into  several  of  the  larger  colleges,  and 
the  dividing  line  between  college  and  university 
has  become  difficult  to  distinguish. 

University  extension,  «.  The  name 
given  to  a  scheme  by  which  many  of  the  ad- 
vantages of  university  teaching  are  brought 
within  the  reach  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
principal  towns  of  the  United  States  and 
England.  Called  also  Local  Lectures  Scheme. 

1.  The  Cambridge  scheme:   In  1872  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  appointed  a  syndicate  to 
organize  lectures  by  university  men,  and  con- 
duct classes  in  suitable  places.    The  lectures 
are  of  a  similar  character  to  those  given  at 
Cambridge,  and  in  addition  to  being  largely 
attended,  have  led,  in  the  case  of  Notting- 
ham and  Sheffield,  to  the  establishment  of 
permanent  institutions  for  higher  education. 
There  were  100  courses  given  in  1887,  attended 
by  10,000  students. 

2.  The    American  scheme:    The    University 
Extension  system,  as  developed  at  Cambridge, 
and  later  at  London  and  elsewhere,  has  been 
taken  up  in  the  United  States,  and  particularly 
in    Philadelphia,  where  it   has   attained   an 
encouraging  development.    It  originated  there 
in    the    University    of    Pennsylvania,   under 
whose  auspices  were  established  several  local 
centres  and  others  in  neighboring  towns  and 
cities,  the  lecturers  being  University  professors, 
and  others  who  had  gained  a  reputation  in 
connection    with     the    English     movement. 
From  Philadelphia  the  movement  has  extended 
to  other    American    cities,  and   promises    to 
become  widely  developed,  as  an  aid  towards 
higher  education  for  those  who  cannot  take  a 
regular  university  course.      The  Chautauqua 
course  of  home  reading  and  study  is  a  move- 
ment in  the  same  direction.    The  course  is  a 
four  years'  one  and  post-graduate  and  special 
courses  may  be  taken. 

university-tests,  *.  pL  Tests  enforced 
npon  students  in  the  Universities  as  an  essen- 
tial to  their  obtaining  a  degree.  The  tests, 
till  recently  in  force,  were  those  prescribed  by 
the  Act  of  Uniformity  [UNIFORMITY]  ;  an  Act 
for  their  abolition  in  the  English  Universities 
became  law  in  June  16,  1871.  A  similar  Act 
for  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  was  passed  in 
May,  1873.  Tests  had  not  been  enforced  in 
the  Scottish  Universities.  (English.) 

»U-ni-Ver'-sit-y-lSss, o.    [Eng.  university; 

-less.]    Having  no  university ;  destitute  of 

university. 
t  u-ni-ver-sA-lftg'-Ie-al,  o.     [Eng.  univer- 

sot»g(y) ;  -ical.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  science 

of  universology. 

t  u-nl-ver-SoT-O-fclst,  s.  [Eng.  univers- 
olog(y) ;  -ist.]  One  who  makes  a  special  study 
of  uuiversology. 

t  U-ni-ver-soT-6-fey,  «.  [Eng.  univers(e) ; 
suff.  -ology.]  The  science  of  the  universe.  A 
science  intended  to  cover  the  whole  ground  of 
philosophy,  the  exact  and  physical  sciences, 
and  sociology. 

*  U-nIV-&-ca-9&  s.     [Eng.  univocaff);  -cy.] 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  univocal. 

*  U-nIV-6-cal,  a.  &  *.     [Lat.  univocus,  from 
WML*  =  one, "and  vox,  genit.  vocti  =  a  voice,  a 
sound ;  Fr.  univogue.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Having  only  one  meaning ;  having  the 
meaning  certain  and  unmistakable. 

"  Univocal  word*  are  such  as  signify  but  one  idea,  or 
At  least  but  one  sort  of  thing;  .  .  .  boose,  elepb  * 
may  be  called  unit-ocal  words,  for  I  know  not  1 
they  signify  anything  else  but  those  ideas  to  which 
they  are  generally  affixed."—  WatU :  Login,  bk.  i. 
ch.  Iv. 

2.  Having  unison  in  sounds ;  as  the  octave 
in  music  and  its  replicates. 

3.  Certain,  regular;  pursuing  always  one 
tenor. 

"This  conceit  .  .  .  conceive*  inequivocal  effects 
and  univocal  conformity  unto  the  efficient."— Brwm< 
Vulgar  Errouri. 

4   Certain,  sure  ;  not  to  be  doubted  or  mis 
taken. 

"  They  are  commonly  the  true  mother*,  the  unt- 
tocal  pnreutsof  their  production*."—^-  Taj/lor:  Kul 
o/  Conteimce,  bk.  11.,  oh.  iii. 


B.  As  subst. ;  A  word  having  only  on« 
meaning  or  signification  ;  a  generic  word,  of 
a  word  prediuable  of  uiauy  different  specie*, 
as  tish,  tree,  &c. 

u-nlv'-cfr-cal-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  univocal  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  univocal  manner;   in  one  sense; 
unmistakably,  unequivocally. 

"How  is  sin  unittoeatly  distinguished  Into  reniMl 
and  morUll.  if  the  veuiall  bee  no  siuuet" — Bp.  tiali: 
So  Peac*  with  Rome,  j  IS. 

2.  In  one  tenor. 

"  All  creatures  are  generated  univocaJly  by  parenta 
of  their  own  kind  ;  there  is  no  such  thing  as  sponta- 
neous generation."— A'ay  ;  On  the  Creation. 

n-niv-d-ca'-tion,  s.  [UNIVOCAL.]  Agree- 
inent  of  name  and  meaning. 

"The  unification  of  Tartar  cities  with  thoM  o* 
Israel."—  Whitton  :  Mam.  (1749),  p.  M8. 

"iin-Jar'-ring,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
jarring.]  Harmonious.  (Adams:  Works,  ii. 
294.) 

un-Jaun'-dtyed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  jaundiced.]  Not  jaundiced  ;  hence,  not 
affected  with  envy,  jealousy,  or  the  like ;  un- 
prejudiced. 

"  With  an  unjaundiced  eye." 

Cowper :  To  Dr.  Darwfn. 

•  un-Jeal'-oiis,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
jealous.]    Not  jealous  ;  free  from  jealousy. 

"The  gentle  and  unjeutoui  temper  of  the  king."— 
Clarendon:  Papal  Uturfiation,  vol.  i.,  ch.  x. 

•  un-Joln',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  join.] 

To  separate  ;  to  disjoin. 

•  un  joint',  v.t.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  joint.] 

To  disjoint. 

"  Unjointing  the  bonea."—  Putter. 

un- joint'- ed,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

jointed.] 

1.  Having  no  joints  or  articulations. 

"  They  are  all  three  immoveable  or  uw'ointed.  of  UN 
thickness  of  a  little  pin." — Grew:  Afuiaum. 

*  2.  Deprived  of  a  joint ;  disjointed ;  henot, 
disconnected,  incoherent. 

"  I  hear  the  sound  of  words,  their  sense  th»  air 
Dissolves  unjointed  ere  it  reach  my  ear." 

Milton:  Sanuon  Agoniitet,  177. 

l,   a.     [Pref.   un-  (1),  and   Eng. 
ul.}    Not  joyful ;  sad. 
"This  unjojtful  set  of  people."— Steel* :  Tatter,  No.  It 

*nB-J6*y'-OUS,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
joyous.]  Not  .joyous  ;  cheerless,  sad.  (Thom- 
son :  Winter,  740.) 

un  judged,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  a.nd  Enfr 
judged.]  Not  yet  judged ;  not  yet  judicially 
tried  or  determined. 

"Causes  unjudged  disgrace  the  loaded  file." 

Prior :  Solomon,  li.  7H 

*un-Jump'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
jump  ;  -able.]  Incapable  of  being  jumped  or 
leaped  over. 

"The  fences  appeared  to  me  unjumpabte."—  Field, 
Dec.  3,  1887. 

un  j  ust',  a.  &  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  just.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Not  just ;  not  conformable  to  law  and 

justice. 

"  Quarrel*  unjvtt  againat  the  good  and  loyal." 
Shakeip. :  Macbeth,  IT.  & 

2.  Not  acting  or  disposed  to  act  in  con- 
formity with  law  and  justice. 

3.  Not  conforming  to  the  divine  precept  or 
moral  law. 

"  He  aendeth  rain  on  the  Just  and  the  unjutt."— 
Matthew  v.  46. 

*4.  Dishonest. 

"Discarded,  unjutt  serving  -  men. "  — SAufcatp.  .•  1 
Binry  IV.,  iv.  SL 

*  5.  False,  faithless,  perfidious. 

"  O  pawing  traitor,  perjured  and  uvjutt." 

Shaketp. :  8  Benry  VI..  T.  L 

*6.  Not  according  to  or  founded  on  fact; 
untrue,  groundless. 

"  They  have  verified  unjutt  things." 

ShakZp.:  Much  Ado.  v.-L 

*  B.  As  subst. :  Injustice,  wrong. 

"  So  drive*  self-love  thro'  Just  and  thro'  unjtttt' 
Pope :  Euay  on  Man,  iii.  269. 

*un-jus'-ti9e,  *.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

justice.]    Injustice. 

"To  endeavour  to  free  .  .  .  hi*  Justice  from  seeming 
unjmtice  and  aeemUig  congrulty.  —  Batet ;  Strmon  <m 
Roman*  xiv.  L 

ttn-JUfl-tl-fi'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  a),  and 
Eng.  justifiable'.]   Not  justifiable;  that  cannot 


boll.  b6y;  po"ut,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  $hin,  bench;  go,  &em;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   pn  -  £ 
-oian.  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -flon,  -sion  =  thun.   -clous,  -tions,  -«ious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bei.  deL 


4962 


unj  ustiflableness— unknowing 


be  vindicated  01  defended  at  the  bar  of  ju 

tii-e  ;  uut  i-apable  of  being  justified  or  prove 
ri^'tit  ;  indefensible. 

.."  *  J>'ot  less  absurd.  but  cot  Ion  «n^iu«^,«We«galii 
the  rights  of  hi*  chUdlttO."—  Macaulag  :   Hut,  A'/ 

tin  jii»  tl-fi  -a-ble-ness,  «.  (Eng.  unjust 
fable;  -nets.}  The  quality  or  state  of  bein 
unjustifiable. 

-The  unjustlniblfnm  of  the  means  desecrate*  th 
means.  "_j.-,,rcAa,.<  .  ftfot.  ofeeraii,  xx. 

tln-Jus-ti-fi'-a-bly^  adv.  [Eng.  unjustifi 
«&(<«),•  -ly.}  In  an  unjustifiable  manner  ;  i 
»  manner  that  cannot  be  vindicated  or  de 

feuded. 

"This  people  has  acted  unwisely  and  unJuitifuM 
—  Surte  :  OH  the  fmtA  Kevolutian. 

Hn-jfisf-lj?,  o<2f.      [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng 

juMy.\    In  an   unjust  manner;  contrary  t 
justice  ;  iuiquitously,  wrongfully,  unfairly. 

"  We  an  make  complaint  of  the  iniquity  of  ou 
times;  Dot  unjutily  ;  for  the  days  are  euill."—  Boottr 
Hcatliauicall  Poluie,  bk.  U  I  10. 

fin  just  -ness,  t.  [Eng.  unjvtt;  -ness.]  Th 
quality  or  state  of  being  unjust  ;  injustice. 

"To  measure  the  Juitneca  or  unjuatteu  of  Una  de- 
ceit —Bale  CaM.  ;  O/  Doing  a,  tee  muld  In  tone  Ic. 

Hn'-kcd,  fin  kid,  un'-keth,  a.  [A  COP 
rapt.  of  uncouth  (q.v.X  J  (fro».) 

1.  Unusual,  odd,  strange,  uncouOi. 

••There  happened  many  snn.lrie,  «n*s«».  and  strangi 
tlghta.  —ll.Jinthtd:  Jfitt.  Scotland;  CcrorciJ  Gald 

2.  Lonely,  solitary. 

-  Weston  U  aadlj  tinted  without  you  '—  Co»pe>  .  T. 
Jfn.  Throckmortun.  March  S.  179ft 

Cn  kempt    (p  silent),    'un-kentmed,  a. 
(.Pref.  ua-  (IX  and  Eng.  kempt,  kemmed.} 
I*  Uncombed. 

"  Ladeu  she  Is  with  long  uniemmerf  hairs,' 

M-iH-  Lucan;  I'hartalia  ti 
&  Bough,  uupolisiied. 

"HUM  rime*  been  rugged  and  unfemi*." 
*ra«r.  Sht,ih,a.rdi  Calender  .  X  of  ember. 

fin  kenned  ,  nn-kenf  ,  o.  [Pret  un-  (1). 
and  Eng.  kenned.}  Lnknovm.  (Scotch.) 

"  The  plague  and  trouble  which  he  had  abort  Gillie- 
2!"vHl.  *°  ""*«"»  *  degree."—  Scon  :  Watcrlei. 

fcn  ken  -nel,    T.I.    [Pref.  «B-  (2),  and  Eng. 

1.  Lit.  :  To  drive  or  force  from  or  out  of 
4%  kennel. 


•2.  fig.  :  To  discover,  to  disclose,  to  reveal. 

"  U  his  occalt  gault 
D«  »ot  Uaell  vmt**»el  in  cm  speech." 

motor.:  Baatet.UL*. 
On-kent.  a.    ' 


fin-kept',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  kept.] 

1.  Not  kept,  not  retained,  not  preserved. 

2.  Not  sustained,  maintained,  or  tended. 

"  He  .  .     stars  ir.«  here  at  home  uxkfff." 

Jhaketp.  :  jtt  Tou  Lite  /(,  U.  L 

3.  Not  observed,  not  obeyed. 

"  Many  things  kept  generally  heretofore,  Rre  now  to 
like  sort  generaUy  HHMBl  audaboli  bed  everywhere  ' 
—  HaHter:  Ecctel.  PMtie.  bk.  lv.,  i  14. 

fin'-keth,  o.    [UNKED.] 

•  un-kill  a  ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1)  ;  Eng.  kill, 
and  suff.  -Mile.}  Incapable  of  being  killed  • 
that  cannot  be  killed. 

"  The  proverbially  unMHabte  mountain  mole."  — 
fWtl.  Feb.  17,  1887. 

Un-  killed',  a.  [Pret  «n-  (1),  and  Eng.  killed.] 
Not  killed,  not  slain. 

"  Take  away  kings  ...  no  man  shall  sleep*  In  his 
own*  house  or  bedde  taUnHed."~Uomuie»  :  of  ooedi- 
•wcw,  pt.  i. 

fen-kind',  'nn-kynd,  'un-kynde,  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug.  kind.} 

*  L  Violating  the  law  of  kind  and  affinity  : 
tmnaturaL 

'•  They  however,  shameful  and  unkind*. 
Tet  did  poaseas  their  horrible  Intent" 

Sperutr:  F.  V..  III.,  a  44. 

•2.  Not  recognising  the  duties  that  flow 
from  kinship. 

JP"*"""**  cursed,  without  affeedoon."—  Wyatfft  : 

3.  Wanting  in  kindness,  benevolence,  aflec- 
tion,  tenderness,  pity,  or  the  like:  harsh 
bard,  cruel. 

"  la  heav'n  unkind  to  man  and  man  alnne?" 

fopt  :  Eu'ig  on  Man.  i.  188. 

ttn-kind8  -ly,  a.  &  adv.    [UNKINDLY.] 


•  un  kin  -died  ae  as  el),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  kindled.}  Not  kindled,  not  inflamed. 
"  In'  unkindtcd  lightnings  in  his  hand  he  took  " 
fore  :  Burner  ;  Iliad  O.  139. 

un  kind'-U  ness,  s.  [Eng.  unkindly  ; -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unkindly  ;  un- 
kindness ;  want  of  kindness ;  harshness,  un- 
favonrableness. 

"Complaining  souutimes  again,  of  the  unkin-teli. 
neu  of  the  weather."— Bakewell :  Apoloyie,  bk.  If.,  S  a. 

fin- kind' -ly,  *  un-klnde-ly.  o.  4  adv. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug.  kiwHv.} 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Contrary  to  nature  ;  unnatural. 

"  'Oan  abhorre  her  brood's  unkindly  crime." 

Svenier     F.  «  .  IL  X.  S. 

2.  Not  kindly ;  not  characterized  by  kind- 
ness;  unkind,  harsh,  cruel.  (Applied  to  a 
person  or  to  an  action.) 

"  Your  rmf*  v 
Loads  me  with  injuries. ' 

R'*t:  Amtritioui  Stcpmotlur.  it 

*  3.  Unfavourable,  malignant. 

"  Unkindly  seasons  and  UBgrataf  ul  land." 

Dryden :  Pvlamon  i  Arctic,  itl  iu. 

B.  At  adverb : 

*  1.  In  a  manner  contrary  to  nature ;  un- 
naturally. 

"  All  works  of  nature. 
Abortive,  monstrous,  or  unkindly  inix'd. 


X.  In  an  unkind  manner. 

"  Far  be't  from  me  vnkindtv  to  upbraid 
The  lovely  Rosas  prose  in  masquerade." 

Huron  :  Enylith  Bardt  t  Scotch  foiritutrt. 

un  kind  ness,  *  un-kind-nesse,  •nn- 
kynd  -  nesse,   *  un  -  kynde  -  nesse,  s. 

[Eng.  unkind;  -ness.} 

*  I.  Want  of  natural  affection. 
'  Moste  displeasyd  Leir  the  twutr'ufnews  of  his  U. 

daughters."—  fabyan:  Chronicle,  ch.  xv. 

2.  Want  of  kindness,  benevolence,  or  good- 

*•  In  the  centre  of  a  world  whose  soil 
Ic  rank  with  all  unkindntts, 

WaraiutrOi  :  Excunkm.  bk.  rL 

3.  An  unkind  act  ;  disobliging  treatment  • 
disfavour. 

Not  tc  requyte  one  »ood  toume  for  another  Is 
' 


. 

*  4.  Ill-feeling,  ill-will. 

.  "  By  means  whereof  tmktndmate 
R.O'"*'         tbe  "Td'  "nke."-- 


"  un-kln'-dred,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
kindred.}  Not  kindred  ;  not  akin ;  not  of  the 
same  kindred,  blood,  rmce,  or  kind. 

"  And  conscious  o(  superior  birth,          , 
Despises  this  unkinitreil  earth  "  * 

Rot*  :  AmUtumi  &*fmetl*r,  itt 


mmm  M^^MbMT,  11L 

•  un  kin  dred  ly,  a.  [E.g.  unkuulred ;  -ly.} 
Unnatural. 

"Her  uitkindredlf  kin."— ffeaardioai.-  Marina,  vt 

un  kind-ship,  *  un  ky n  ghlp,  s.    (Eng. 
unkind;  -ship.]    An  unnatural  act. 
"  The  ciiilde  hie  owne  father  slough 
That  was  unkmdihif  enough.- 

Ootaer :  C.  A.,  bk.  vL 

un  king;,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eug.  king.} 
To  deprive  of  sovereignty  or  royalty  ;  to  de- 
pose. 

"  I  am  unktnad  hy  Bollnghroke.' 

Skakeep. :  Richard  II.,  T.  C. 

un-klng'-like,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
kinqlike.}  Not  like  a  king ;  not  becoming  or 
befitting  a  king. 

"  To  show  less  sovereignty  than  they,  must  needs 
Appear  unkinfflike.'     tihaketp.  :  Cynibetine.  lit  «. 

in- king' -ly1,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
kingly.}  Unbecoming  a  king, 

"Even  in  his  virtues  and  accomplishments  there 
•as  something  eminently  unkinoly."  —  Mucaulay  : 

fin-king'-flhfp,  s.  [Pref.  «n-  a),  and  Eng. 
kingship.}  The  quality  or  state  of  bcin?  un- 
kinged ;  abolition  or  cessation  of  monarchy 
or  royalty. 

"  Unlciniithip  was  proclaimed,  and  his  majesty's 
statues  thrown  down.''—  f wrtyn .•  Hiary,  Mayso.  UJI9* 

un-klss',  vJ.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  kiss.} 
To  deprive  of  the  obligation  or  advantage 
which  a  kiss  confirmed  ;  to  retract  or  annul 
by  a  kiss. 

"  Let  me  urMm  the  oath  'twixt  thee  and  me  " 
Slakefp. :  Hickard  II.,  T.  I. 

Ji  kissed ,  *  tin-ktot',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
»nd  Eng.  kitted.]  Not  kissed ;  without  a  kiss. 

"  I  will  depart  nnkiM.~-Sho.keip. :  Much  Adi,  ».  i 


•  un'-kle,  ».    [UscLt] 

sKkf  T  In  compounds,  as  In  primary 
words,  k  commencing  a  syllable  U 
silent  before  n. 

•  un-knead  -ed,  a.    [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
kneaded.}  JNot  kneaded  ;  not  beaten  or  pressed. 

"  Why  yet  dare  »e  not  trust, 

Though  with  luitnsoded  dough  tak'd  prMse.  thy  dustt  " 
Slew  on  Or.  Donne. 

•  ttn-knelled',  a.     [Pref.  im-  (1),  and  Eng. 
kndled.}     Untolled  ;  not  knelled;  having  no 
knell  tolled  lor  one's  death. 

"  DnknetCd,  unc<.»n'd.  and  unknown." 

Byron  :  Childt  Hnrofd.  lv.  17». 

un-knight'-ljr  (gh  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  knightly.} 

1.  N'ot  like  a  knight  ;  unbecoming  or  un- 
befitting s  knight    (Spenser  :  f.  Q.,  V.  x.  36.) 

2.  Not  acting  like  a  knight. 

"  Besides  the  anachronism,  he  UveryunJrniaA-/v  "— 
as)tlS8.-  (MsssUTsvMsl    (Pretl 

un  knit,  n.t  &  i.    [Pref.  un-  (2X  and  Bug. 

A.  Trans.  .•  To  undo  what  is  knitted  ;  to 
separate,  so  as  to  be  no  longer  knitted  to- 
gether ;  henw,  to  smooth,  to  open  out. 

"  Py,  fy  I  unknit  that  threat  niug  oukiud  brow  " 
Smaktte.  :  rummy  «/  tA,  Mrev,  T.  «. 

*  B.  liUrnnsitivt  : 

1.  To  become  loosened  ;  to  relax. 

"  Their  Joints'  nnktiir.  their  sinews  tuett  ftpace  " 

fkfnum;  Coat,  of  /ndotonoe,  I.  B. 

2.  To  separate. 

"Presently  they  la  swarm  of  beesl  begin  to  unknU 
and  to  begone.  —Butler:  Fiminiae  Monarch**,  p.  85. 

*  fin-knit',  a.    fPref.  uw-  (IX  »nd  Eng.  ijiil.' 
tuknitted,  relaxed,  loosened. 

"  Like  tender  unknit  joynta. 
again  together  ol  thensclves.- 
Bcaum,  4  f'iet.  :  Pair  Maid  e/  fie  Inn.  lit 

«  un-kn5f,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  knot.} 
To  take  out  a  knot  from  ;  to  free  from  knots  ; 
to  undo  the  knot  01  knots  in  ;  to  untie. 

*  un-knat'-ted.  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
knotted.}    Free  from  knots  ;  having  no  knots. 

"All  homogenenll,  simple,  alngle,  vuie.  pervious. 
the*Be«d<'  micollctl>d-'1—  ""  ' 


,  ange,  vuie.  pervous. 
•'  *"•  *  ""  *«'•     IT* 


*  un-knot-  ty,  •  un  knot  tic.  a.     [Pref. 
UK-  (1),  and  Eng.  knotty.)  Destitute  of  knots  - 
free  from  knoU. 

"  L'nkHtxtic  firrc.  the  solace  shs(lin«  planes." 

Sanavt  :  Ovid  ;  JNCaur»aV«M  X. 

*  un  kno  w  ,  *  nn-kaow-e,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IV 
and  Kng.  know.}    Unknown, 

" 


.  , 

"  For  French*  of  Palis  was  to  hre  nnsoKV. 

CAsmcar  .  C.  T,  at.    Ifni.} 

*  fin-know',  ».(.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  O),  and  Bug. 
knvx  ;  in  sense  A.  2.  from  pref.  tin-  (2).  J 

A.  Transitin: 

1.  Not  to  know  ;  to  have  no  knowledge  of 
or  acquaintauce  with. 

"  i'i/knoH>H"Jt  Ooddis  rightwysnesse."  —  Wvclifft  : 
Roman*  z. 

2.  To  lose  tlie  knowledge  of;  to  become 
ignorant  of  or  unacquainted  with. 

"Caul  iMOnoarit'"      Drfdm  :  Duke  of  GuiH,  v.  L 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  be  ignorant. 

"  I  nyle  that  ye  atnbtoirc  that  ofte  I  pnrposide  t» 
come  to  you/—  Wycli/e  :  Bama  nt  L 

t  iln-know-a-bn'-l-tj,  ».  [Eng.  unknow- 
able; -ity.}  Incapability  of  being  known. 

un-know'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
knowable.}  That  cannot  be  known  ;  too  diffl- 
cult  or  too  obscure  to  be  penetrated  by  human 
intellect. 

"Bat  out  of  physical  causes,  unknown  to  ns,  per. 
haps  unknoteabl',  arise  moral  dutlea."—  Burlu  :  Auveat 
front  1*.  A'«r  to  th,  ilia  H  kift. 

T  The  UnknmraUe  : 

Philos.  :  The  First  Cause  ;  God. 

"  By  coltinually  seeking  to  know,  and  being  con. 
rlnnally  thrown  back  with  a  deepened  cunvirtlon  of 
the  impossibility  of  knowing,  we  may  keel,  alive  the 
conscioDStieas  that  It  13  alike  our  highest  "isdoiu  and 
onr  highest  duty  to  regard  that  through  which  nil 
thinr»  exist  as  Hit  Cnknombtf.~—atrfirt  Spencer: 
rtr&  Principle!,  |  81. 


-i'r,  [Eng. 
-ity.]    Not  in  a  mancer  to  be  known. 

un  know  ing,  *  un-know-lnge,  a.  [Pref. 

wn-  (1),  and  Eng.  knowing.}    Not  knowing; 
Ignorant.    (Followed  by  of  before  a  subject.) 

"  Dryden'a  tnal,  '  vnJtnotring  what  he  Moiirht,' 
Hi!  hours  in  whistling  spent,  'for  want  of  thought." 
Byron  :   Vtrmt  found  in  a  AunnMr^ouM: 


s&te.  ISt,  fere,  amidst,  what.  tail,  father;   we,  wit.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  ore,  or,  marine;  go.  pdt, 
•t.  wore,  wvlt,  work,  who.  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  r&le.  fi.ll;  try.  Syrian,    w,  o»  =  e;  «y=  a;  o.a  =  kw. 


unknowingly — unleavened 


4903 


4n-kn6W-lng-ly,  adv.    [Pref.  un-  (U  and 

Kiy.  knowingly.]   Not  knowingly  ;  unawares  ; 
ixnorantly  ;  in  ignorance. 

••  There  Btood  he,  leaning  on  a  lance 
Which  be  had  gras|,ed  uHfcnornHglv." 

White  Dot,  U. 


*  tin-  knSwl'-edged,  a.  (Pref.  ««-  (1),  and 
Eng.  tatMbss.wxL]  Not  acknowledged  or  re- 
cognized ;  unacknowledged. 

••  For  which  bounty  to  us  lent. 
01  him  unknonleda'd,  or  unseat." 

Sen  Juiuou  :  The  Satyr. 

fin  known',  *  un-know-en,  o.    [Pref.  «n- 

(1),  and  Eng.  known.] 

1.  Not  known  ;  not  an  object  of  knowledge  ; 
not  recognized,  discovered,  or  found  out. 

"  Through  Beak 
Unknown.  and  unbeliev'tl. 

S«aum.  A  Flet.  :  WorMril  Prtie,  11.  3: 

2  Not  ascertained  with  regard  to  extent, 
dejrree,  quantity,  or  tl>e  like  ;  hence,  incal- 
culable, inexpressible,  immense. 

"  For  all  the  profound  lea 
Hide*  lu  unknown  fathoms." 

Shakeifj.  :  winter1  'I  Tale.  IT.  4. 

*  3.  Not  to  be  expressed,  made  known,  or 
sominunicated. 

"  For  divers  unknown  reasons,  I  beseech  you, 
Grant  tne  tliia  boon." 

Skakttf.  :  Rlfhard  lit..  L  I 

*  i.  Not  having  had  sexual  intercourse. 

••  I  am  yet 
Unknown  to  woman."       Shaktep.  :  MaebM*.  IT.  S. 

•I  Unknown  to:  Without  the  knowledge  ot 
(Cotfog.) 

"  Unknown  to  all.  he  should  regain  his  home." 
Cowper:  Homer;  Odifttey  il. 

unknown-quantity,  ». 

Math.  :  The  quantity  in  a  problem  or  equa- 
tion whose  value  is  not  known,  but  is  re- 
quired to  be  determined.  [EQUATION,  INDE- 

rERMISATI-EQUATIOH.] 

•  un-known  -niSss,  ».  [Eng.  unknmm;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unknown. 

"  The  great  remoteneu  ol  those  places  aiid  the  un- 
tmiSSJm  ol   that  ^.'-Canuten:   Bla.  at  tiutm 


in  la  -bored,  o.       [Fret  u»-  (IX  "»•!  Be- 

labored.} 
1.  Not  produced  by  labor  or  toil. 

"  Unlaboured  harvests  shall  the  fields  adorn. 
And  cluster-d  grap^  ' 


2.  Not  cultiyated  by  labor;    unfilled,  un- 

Not  11*  unlaoour'd.'         j'pKiHp4     Cider,  L 

8.  Spontaneous,  voluntary,  natural  ;  hence, 
easy,  free  ;  not  forced  or  strained. 


»  tin-la'- bor-.tt.8ti  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  laboring.}  Not  laboring  or  toiling 
along  with  great  exertion, 

"A  mead  ol  mild««t  charms  delays  the  vmlnbouring 
leef  Qoltrtdg*  :  To  CottU. 

^tin-l.j-bbr'-l'-otis,  a.    [Pref.  wi-  (1),  and 

Bug.  /afconmii.]     Nut  laborious;  not  toilsome 
or  difficult ;  easy. 

"  Whose  commands  perhap*  made  all  things  seem 
easy  and  ttnlaboriout  to  th»m."— Milton:  Areopagitica* 

tin  11*90',  *  vn-lase,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Bng.  lace,  v.] 

1.  To  loose  the  laces  or  lacing  of;  to  open 
or  unfasten  by  undoing  the  laces  of. 

*'  Young  Bloimt  his  armour  did  unlace." 

Scott:  Marmion.  vL  28. 

2.  To  loosen  or  undo  the  dress  of ;  to  un- 
dress. 

** *  Even  thus.'  qutith  the,  '  the  warlike  god  unlaced 
me.'"  Skaketp.  :  fattitmatf  I'ilgrim,  149. 

*  3.  To  expose ;  to  strip  of  ornaments ;  to 

disgrace. 

•'  What'B  the  matter. 
That  700  wnioc-f  your  reputation  thunt" 

Shak*tp. :  (JtheUo,  11.  & 

4.  To  loose,  to  free. 

"  However,  I  am  not  sure  If  they  do  not  sometimes 
unlace  that  part  ot  the  s.-nl  from  the  yard.1*—  Cook. 
&er«*d  Vnyn<je,  bk.  iii..  ch.  ii. 

*  5.  To  carve.    (Said  only  of  a  rabbit :  as, 
Fntoc*  that  coney. )    (Termes  of  a  Kerver.) 

•  Qn  lie  keyed,  ci.    [Pref.  un-  (l>f  and  Eng. 

lackeyed.}     iSot  attended  by  a  lackey.    (See 
extract  under  HACKNEY,  v.,  1.) 

tin  lade ,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Bng.  lade.} 
1.  To  unload  ;  to  discharge  the  cargo  or 
burden  from. 

"Thither,  let  all  tV industrious  bees  repair. 
Unlad*  their  thighs,  *iul  leave  their  honey  there." 
Cvngrne:  Mourning  Mute  <>f  Alex.t. 


2.  To  unload ;  to  remove,  u   a  cargo  or 
load  ;  to  discharge. 

"  They  moor  the  vessel,  and  unlade  the  stores.' 
Pope:  Bomer ;  Odjfteey  xvi.  375. 

in-lad-en,  a.  [In  sense  1,  from  pref.  un- 
(2),  and  Kng.  laden;  in  sense  2,  from  pref. 
un-  (1).] 

1.  Having  burden  or  cargo  removed. 

"  The  galleys  soon 
Unladen  ol  their  freight. 

Cotoper :  Homer ;  /7>aavll. 

2.  N«t  laden  or  loaded. 

tin-la  -dy-like,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  ""d  Eng. 
ladylike.]  Not  ladylike  ;  unbecoming  or 
nnbelitting  a  lady. 

fin  laid ,  *  un-layed,  *  vn-layd,  o.   [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  laid.] 
1.  Not  laid,  placed,  or  set ;  not  fixed. 

"The  first  foundations  of  the  world  being  as  yet  un- 
laid."— Ho-,k*r:  /Vc/««.  Politic,  hk.  V-.  ^  66. 

*  2.  Not  laid ;   not   exorcised  ;    not   sup- 
pressed. 

"  Bloe  meagre  hag,  or  stubboru  unlaid  ghost." 
Hilton:  Comu,  4M. 

•  3.  Not  laid  out,  as  a  corpse. 

"We  last  out.  still  unlaytd,' 

Ben  J onion  :  Petition  to  Charlet  //. 

tin  la-ment  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lamented.]  Not  lamented ;  not  deplored, 
grieved,  or  sorrowed  for. 

"  From  age  that  often  untammtrd  drops." 

Wa-dtwonh :  AVKU rsion.  bk.  Til. 

«  un-Ifind',  v.t.  (Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  land.] 
To  deprive  of  lands. 

"  One  bishop  morv  unlandtd  Llanilaff."— /W/er  : 
Worthiet ;  Monitwuth.  ii.  117. 

*  un-l&P',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  lap,  v.] 
To  unfold. 

"Being  unlapt  and  laid  open."— footer.-  Traverf 
Sup,  to  th*  CouncUL 

*  ftn-Iard-ed,  o.    [Pref.  im-  (I),  and  Eng. 
larded. i     Not  larded  or  dressed  with  lard; 
hence,    not    intermixed,    interlaid,  or   adul- 
terated ;  not  interlarded. 

"flpeak  the  language  ol  the  company  you  are  in; 
speak  it  purely,  and  unlarded  with  any  other.  — 
meXerjUld:  Letter!. 

un  lash ,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  lash.] 

Naut. :  To  loose,  unfasten,  or  separate,  as 
something  lashed  or  tied  down. 

*ttn-l&8hed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  n),  and  Eng, 
lashed.}  Not  lashed  or  chastised.  (Churchill: 
Rosciad,  500.) 

un  Iat9h ,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2X  and  En 
v.]    To  open  by  unfastening  or  raising  the 
latch.    (Drydtn:  ViryU;  jSntidvi.  702.) 

*  un-Iaugh  (as  un  laff ),  *  un-langhe,  r.  (. 
[Pref.  un-  (2).  and  Eng.  laugh.]  To  recall  laugh- 
ter  formerly  given  on  a  wrong  impression. 

"  At  what  tyme  hereafter  be  prove  himselfe  a  true 
prophete,  I  shall  vpoit  reasonable  warning  untaught 
agayn  it  all."— Sir  f.  lion  :  Worto,  p.  684. 

*  un-laur'-9lled  (an  as  »X  «•    IP"*-  un- 

(1),  and  Eug.  laurelled.]    Not  laurelled ;  not 
crowned  or  presented  with  laurel. 

"  But  thus  uNlaurelled  to  descend  in  vain. 
By  all  forgotten,  save  the  lonely  breast 

Btron :  Child*  Boa-old.  \.  M. 

un  liv"  ishcd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lavishetl.]  Not  lavished ;  not  thrown  away  or 
squandered  profusely. 

"  My  breast  unsullied  by  the  lust  of  gold, 
My  time  unlimited  in  pursuit  of  power." 

Shtratton* :  Elegy  zlx. 

*un-l»W,  "un-lawe,D.«.  [Pref.  un- (2),  and 
Eng.  law.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  character  or  authority 
of  law. 

"  But  the  kins  ...  for  remedy  win  unlav  the  lav.1 
—Xat.  Bacon  :  Bitt.  DiK..  pt.  ii.,  ch.  L 

2.  To  outlaw. 

"  Nyl  me  dude  him  unlatM." 

Robert  ofOIouceiter,  \t.  4*8. 

un-Iaw1,  t.    [Pr»f.  «»•  (1),  and  Eng.  law.} 
Scott  Law : 

1.  Any  transgression  of  the  law ;  any  injury 
or  act  of  injustice. 

2.  A  fine  or  amercement  legally  fixed  and  ex 
acted  from  one  who  has  transgressed  the  law 

«  un-lawed',   o.      [Pref.   «n-  (IX  <""!  Eng 
Notlawed.     [LAW,  v.] 


"They  whose  d»gs  shall  be  then  found  unliiwrd 
•hall  give  three  •hmiiigsfor  mercy."— Scott:  Ivanhoe, 
oh.  L  TNote.) 


un  liW-lul,'un-lau-full, 

a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  But;,  lawful.] 

1.  Notlawful;  not  permitted  by  law ;  against 
the  law,  human  or  divine. 

"  The  dangerous  art  of  associating  Images  of  unlaw- 
ful pleasure  witli  all  that  is  endearing  and  ennobling." 
—Micuulay :  Hat.  £ny.,  ch.  iii. 

•  2.  Begotten  out  of  wedlock  ;  illegitimate. 

"  All  the  unlawful  issue  that  their  lust 
Since  then  hath  made  bttweeu  them." 

yhaktup. :  Antonn  i  Cleopatra.  111.  «, 

unlawful-assembly,  s. 

Law:  Any  meeting  of  large  numbers  of 
people,  with  such  circnmstinces  of  terror  M 
to  endanger  the  public  peace. 

un-law'-ful-ly,  *  un-l»w-ful-llohe,  ado. 

IBng.  unlawful;  -ly], 

1.  In  an  unlawful  manner;  against  the  law 
or  right ;  illegally. 

"Judges  Incompetent 
To  judge  their  king  uiUtiu-/ul/y  »!•  um \1  " 

Oaniel .  Cioil  Wart.  111. 

•2.  Illegitimately  ;  not  in  wedlock. 

"  Give  me  your  opinion  what  part  I.  tieliiR  unltto- 
Jutty  born,  inay  claim  ol  the  mau's  affections  who 
begot  me." — Additon. 

un-laW-tUl-ness, ».    [Eng.  unlawful ;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unlawful ; 
Illegality. 

"  The  question  la  ol  the  lawfulness  or  unltiwfulneu 
<n  what  is  to  be  done."— Bp.  Tailor:  Kule  of  Coiacimof. 
bk.  t.  ch.  vii. 

2.  Illegitimacy. 

*  un-laW-like,  a.    [Pref  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  tow, 
and  Hiitr.  -like.]    Not  like  or  according  to  law; 
unlawful. 

••  To  ordain  a  remedy  so  slender  and  unlawfift*.'— 
Milton:  BikmoklaKet,  | «. 

*  un-lay ,  v.t.    [Pret  u»-  (2),  and  Eng.  lay.] 

Naut. :  To  untwist,  as  the  strands  of  a  rope, 
to, 

"  We  were  at  last  obliged  to  unlay  a  cable  to  work 
Into  running  rigging.  "—Anton  :  Voyage*,  bk.  u.,  ch.  U. 

un  learn ,  u.  t.   [Pref!1  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  learn.} 

1.  To   divest   one's   self  of  the   acquired 

knowledge  of ;  to  make  one's  self  ignorant  of ; 

to  lose  acquaintance  with  or  experience  in  ;  to 

forget  the  knowledge  of. 

"  We  have  time  enough  to  unlearn  our  own  dla 
clpline.'— jtacaulay  :  Bat.  Kng..  ch.  xi ii. 

*  2.  To  fail  to  learn  ;  not  to  learn. 

*  un-learn-a-bH-.-ty,  «.     [Pref.  »n-  a); 

Bhg.  learn,  a'nd  ability.]    Inability  to  learn. 

"  My  awkwardness  and  unlearnabililii."—Walpolel 
IMtea,  Iv.  85. 

un  learned,  "fin-learned,  a.  [Fret 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  learned.] 

1.  Not  learned ;   ignorant,  illiterate,  inex- 
perienced, untaught. 

"  A  poor  unlearned  virgin." 

Shaketp. :  All*  WeU,  1.8. 

2.  Not  learned  or   gained  by  study;    not 
known. 

"  They  learn  mere  words,  or  such  things  chiefly  as 
were  better  unleumed."—Miltnn  t  On  Kuucatioit. 

3.  Not  suitable  to  a  learned  man. 

"  I  will  prove  those  verses  to  be  very  utilearntd, 
neither  savouring  of  poetry,  wit,  or  mveutlou.  '— 
Bhaketp.  :  Love't  Labour  t  Loet,  Iv.  2. 

H  The  Unlearned  Parliament :  The  Parlia- 
ment summoned  by  Henry  IV.  at  Coventry 
in  1404.  So  named  because  lawyers  were  ex- 
cluded from  it.  Called  also  the  Illiterate,  the 
Lack  Learning  Parliament,  and  the  Parliament 
of  Dunces. 

tin-learn' -8d-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unlearned ;  -ty.l 
lu  an  unlearned  manner ;  so  as  to  exhibit 
ignorance ;  ignorantly. 

"  An  unlettered  man  in  ight  be  ashamed  to  write  M 
unlearntdly. "—More:  Worket.  p.  1.IU7. 

* nn  learn -ed-ne»8,  s.  [Eng.  unlearned; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
learned ;  illiterateuess,  ignorance. 

•tin-leash',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (3),  and  Bng. 
leash.]  To  free  from  or  as  from  a  leash ;  to 
let  go  ;  to  release. 

*  un  leave',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
leavers).]  To  strip  of  leaves. 

"The  good  gardlner  .  .  .  unleatet  his  boughes."— 
Puttenkm :  ingllla  Ponte,  bk.  ii  i..  ch.  IXT. 

fin  loav'-ened,  o.  [Pret  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
leavened.]  Not  leavened;  not  raised  by  leaven 
or  yeast  (q. v.). 

"At  even  they  shall  keen  it.  and  eat  with  *av 
liatened  bread  and  bluer  herba'-JVumters  U.  11. 


fcoll,  bc^;  ptSdt,  J«rt;  cat,  jell,  chorus,  fhln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xonopnon,  exist,    -ing. 
-clan, -tian  -  shan.    -tlon,  -slon  =  shun ;  -Horn,  -flon  =  zhun.    -cious, -tious, -sious  =  shus.    -ble, -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  deL 


4964 


unlectured— unlink 


unleavened-bread,  s. 

1.  Ord,  Lang, :  Bread  made  without  leaven 
or  barm. 

2.  Church  Hist. :  Unleavened  bread  is  used 
In  the  Roman  Church  for  the  celebration  ol 
mass  and  the  administration  of  the  Eucharist, 
while  the  Greeks  use  leavened  bread.     In  the 
English  Church  the  Rubric  directs  that  the 
bread  "shall  be  such  aa  is  usual  to  be  eaten," 
and  an  attempt  to  revive  the  use  of  unleavened 
bread  has  been  declared  illegal. 

^  Feast  of  Unleavened  Bread  : 

Judaism :  A  festival  so  connected  with  that 
of  the  Passover  that  the  two  are  all  but  iden 
titled  (Exod.  xii.  11, 17 ;  Ezek.  xlv.  21).  It  cele- 
brated the  fact  that  in  the  exodus  from  Egypt 
on  the  night  when  the  Passover  was  killed 
the  departure  of  the  Israelites  was  so  sudden, 
that  there  was  no  time  to  bake  bread  in  the 
usual  way  with  leaven  (Exod.  xii.  39).  The 
eating  of  unleavened  bread  annually  at  the 
festival  was  therefore  enjoined  as  a  religious 
duty,  and  neither  leavened  bread  nor  leaven 
was  to  be  within  the  houses  of  the  wor- 
shippers during  the  seven  days  that  the 
festival  continued.  (Exod.  xii.  14-20,  xiii.  a, 
7.)  [PASSOVER.) 

fin-lee  -tured,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
lectured.} 

1.  Not  lectured ;  not  addressed  in  a  lecture 
or  lectures. 

*  2.  Not  taught  orally  or  In  lectures. 

"A  science  yet  unlectured  in  our  schools." 

Yuuitg  :  Jfiffht  Thought!,  V.  618. 

fin-led',  a.     [Fret,  tin-  (1),  and  Eng.  ltd.]   Not 

led  ;    without  guidance.      (Sandys :    Travels, 
p.  66.) 

•fin-Wit',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  left.} 
Not  left. 

"  Yet  were  his  men  vnleft.' 

Chapman:  Burner;  Iliad  11.  623. 

•fin-lels'-nred  (leis  as  lezh  or  lezh),  o. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  leisured.}  Not  lei- 
sured ;  destitute  of  leisure ;  not  having  lei- 
sure ;  occupied,  busy. 

"  Her  uninsured  thoughts  Tan  not  over  the  ten  tint 
words."— Sidney .•  Arcadia,  bk.  il. 

•fin-  lets'-  ured-ness  (lels  as  lezh  or 
lezh),  i.  [Eng.  unleisured;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  uninsured  ;  want 
of  leisure  ;  occupation. 

"The  true,  though  seldom  the  avowed  cause  of  these 
men's  neglect  of  the  scripture.  Is  not  their  unleintred- 
neu,  but  their  pride."— Boyle  :  Work*,  ii.  813. 

<in  less ,  *  un-lesse,  *  on-les,  *  on-lessc, 

conj.    [Orig.  onlesse,  onlesse  that  =  in  less  than, 
on  a  less  supposition,  in  a  less  case.) 

1.  If  it  be  not  the  case  that ;  if  it  be  not 
that;  were  it  not  the  fact  or  case  that;  if 
.  .  .  not ;  supposing  that  .  .  .  not ;  except, 
excepting. 

"  Unlett  there  be  some  ancient  matron  grave 
Among  them."        Comber  :  Homer  ;  Odyssey  xix. 

•  2.  For  fear  that ;  in  case  ;  lest. 

"  Beware  you  do  not  once  the  same  gainsay 
Unleu  with  death  he  do  your  rashness  pay." 

Greene :  Alphontuf,  v. 

H  In  some  cases  unless  is  used  almost  as  a 
pre|K>sition,  a  verb  being  omitted :  as  in, 
''Here  nothing  breeds  vnlai  the  nightly 
owl "  (Shakesp. :  Titus  Andrmicw,  ii.  8), 
where  "it  be"  is  omitted  after  unless,  or  breed 
after  owl.  Except  and  unless  were  formerly 
commonly  used  as  conjunctions,  and  almost 
or  quite  interchangeably,  but  the  former  is 
now  seldom  used  as  a  conjunction.  UnJest, 
which  is  equivalent  to,  if  less,  if  not,  or  if  one 
fail,  is  employed  only  for  the  particular  case  ; 
but  except  has  always  a  reference  to  some 
general  rule,  of  which  an  exception  is  hereby 
signified  :  I  shall  not  do  it  unless  he  ask  me  ; 
no  one  can  enter  except  those  who  are  pro- 
Tided  with  tickets. 

•  fin  less -oned,  o.     [Pref.   un-   (1);   Eng. 
lesson,  and  sun*,  -ed.]    Not  lessoned ;  not  hav- 
ing had  lessons  prescribed  or  taught  to  one  ; 
untaught;  nninstructed. 

"The  foil  snm  of  me 

Is  an  unleuoned  girl,  unschooled,  unpractised,' 
Shakeip.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ill.  1 

•  ftn-letf -Sd,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  let, 
T.)    Not  let,  hindered,  or  prevented ;  unim- 
peded. 

"And  song  full  low  and  softely, 
Three  songs  in  her  harmony, 
Unlelted  of  every  wight"       Chaucer  :  Dreamt. 

fin-lit'- tered,  * un-let-tred,  "un  let- 


trld,  a.     [Pref.  «n-  (1),   and  Bug.  lettered. 
Illiterate,  ignorant,  unlearned. 

"  Still  let  him  prompt  the  unlettered  villagers 
To  tender  ntnues  and  pensive  thoughts." 

H'ordiwortti :  Old  Cumberland  Beggar. 

•  un-leV-el,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  lei-el.] 
Not  level,  even,  or  smooth. 

un-leV-elled,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
levelled.]  Not  levelled  ;  not  made  level,  even, 
or  smooth ;  rough. 

"  Where  all  unlefelled  the  gay  garden  lies." 

Tickell :  Kentinyton  Garden. 

'  un-llb-ld'-in-ofis,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  libidinous.)     Not  libidinous ;  not  lust- 
ful ;  free  from  lust  or  carnality. 
"  Love  unlibidinout  reigned."    Milton  :  P.  L.,  v.  44ft. 

unli  censed,  *  un-lT-censed,  n.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  licensed.] 

1.  Not  licensed;   done,    executed,  under- 
taken, or   maJe  without  or  in  detiance  of 
licence  or  authority ;   not    having   received 
licence  from  the  proper  authority. 

"An  act  had  been  passed  which  prohibited  the 
printing  of  unlicemed  books."— Macaulay :  But. 

2.  Not  having  a  licence  or  permission  from 
the  proper  authority  to  do  an  act,  or,  specif., 
to  execute  or  carry  on  any  business,  deal  in 
certain  commodities,  practise  a  certain  pro- 
fession, or  the  like. 

"  Ask  what  boldness  brought  him  hither 
Vnlicenird."  Milton :  F.  L.,  iv.  90S. 

*  fin-licked',  *  un  lickt ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  licked.]    Not  licked  or  brought  into 
the  proper  shape ;  from  the  popular  notion 
that  the  bear  brought  forth  shapeless  lumps 
of  flesh,  which  she  licked  Into  shape ;  hence, 
ungainly,  uncultivated,  rough,  rude. 

"  Thou  unlickt  bear,  dar'st  thou  yet  stand  by  my  fury  ?" 
Beaum.  t  flet. :  Fair  Maid  a/the  Inn,  111 

*  fin-lid',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  lid.] 
To  open.    (C.  Bronte:  ViUettt,  ch.  xii.) 

un-lift'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  Hfted.] 
Not  lifted,  raised,  or  elevated. 

"  The  lances  unlifted.  the  trumpet  unblown." 

Byron:  Dettruct.  of  Sennacherib. 

un-light'-ed  (ah  silent),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  lighted.]  Not  lighted  ;  not  lit. 

"  There  lay  a  log  unllahled  on  the  hearth." 

Drtden  :  (Hid  ;  Metamorphoeet  vlU, 

•  un  light  some  (gh  silent),  a.     [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and    Eng.  lightsome.]      Not  lightsome; 
dark,  gloomy  ;  wanting  light. 

"  A  mighty  sphere  He  framed,  tinlighttomt  fint" 
JfiUon:  P.  L.,  vii.  856. 

fin-like',  *nn-lyke,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  like.} 

1.  Not  like ;  dissimilar ;  not  having  resem- 
blance. 

"  Two  reddish  fish,  about  the  size  of  a  Urge  bream, 
and  not  unlike  them.  —  Coo*  :  Second  Voyage,  tk.  iii., 
ch.  iv. 

*  2.  Improbable ;  unlikely. 

••  Make  not  impossible  that  which  but  seems  unlike" 
Shaken*.  :  Meafurefor  Jteature.  v. 

unlike  quantitiss,  «.  pi. 

Math. :  Quantities  expressed  by  different 
letters,  or  combinations  of  letters,  or  by  the 
same  letters  with  different  powers :  as,  tx,  3x», 
1y,  axy,  myz. 

unlike-signs,  «.  ri. 

Math, :  The  signs  plus  (+)  and  minns  (— X 

un  like  Ii  hopd,  .  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
likelihood.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
likely ;  want  of  likelihood  ;  improbability. 

"The  extreme  unlikelihood  that  such  men  should 
engage  in  such  a  measure  as  a  scheme."— Paley :  Xvtd. 
Chriaianlty.  pt.  a,  ch.  vii. 

un  like  II  ness,   *  un-likc  11-ncsse,   s. 

[Eng.  unlikely ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unlikely  or 
Improbable ;  improbability. 

*2.  Unlikeness,  dissimilarity. 

"  Neither  wss  there  more  unltkelineu  in  their  dis- 
position."—^. Ball  :  Cunt.  ;  Chritt'l  Baptitme. 

"3.  The  quality  or  state  of  not  being  like- 
able or  loveable. 

"[line  dare  to  loue,  for  mine  vnlikclinene." 

Chaucer :  Troilia  t  Creuida,  bk.  i. 

in-like'-W,  o.  &  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and 
Eng.  likely.} 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Not  likely  or  probable  ;  improbable  ; 
such  as  cannot  reasonably  be  expected. 

"Unltkeli  wonders."       Shake*?. :  Richard  II.,  v.  6. 


2.  Not  holding  out  a  prospect  of  success  or 
of  a  desired  result;  likely  to  fail;  uuuru- 
mising. 

"Effects  are  miraculous  and  utrauge.  when  they 
grow  by  unliMy  meaua." — linker. 

*3.  Not  calculated  to  inspire  feelings  of 
love  or  affection. 

"  And  therwith  all  the  uniikrly  elde  of  me." 

Chauoer :  C.  T..  10,06*. 

B.  As  adv. :  With  little  or  no  likelihood  or 
probability  ;  improbably. 

"  The  pleasure*  we  arc  to  enjoy  In  that  conversation 
uatunUkrlv  may  proceed  tram  the  discoveries  each 
ihall  communicate  to  another. "— Pope. 

*  un-Uk'-en,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
like.]    To  make  unlike. 

"  Thanne  wnanne  she  (the  wljf  of  Jeroboam)  wj» 
""S'Vai1 '  "^ [vnltUatd  hireself  to  be  what she  waa," 
—  H'*c*</fa ;  8  Ktngi  xiv.  6. 

iin-like'-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unlike;  -new.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unlike  ;  dissimilarity  ; 
want  or  absence  of  similarity  or  resemblance. 

"  Ita  unMeneu  to  any  land  animal,"— Coo*  :  Third 
•  oyaye,  ok.  vi 

*  un-lim'-ber,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
limber,  a.]     Not  limber;    not    easily    bent: 
flexible  or  pliant. 

*'To  which  temper  more  septentrional  unlimbrr 
national  hnve  not  yet  beiit  themselves.'— Reliqui* 
n  >i(ti',.t<.ttiie,  p.  W6. 

un  lira  -bcr,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 

limber,  v.] 

Mil ;  To  take  off  the  limbers :  as,  To  un- 
limber  a  cannon.  [LIMBER,  s.  II.  1.] 

*  un-lim  -It-a-ble,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  limitable.]     Not  limitable  ;  not  capable 
of  being  limited  ;  illimitable,  boundless. 

"Ti»  unlimited  and  unlimitable."— Locke:  Of  Otv 
temment,  bk.  i,  ch.  IL 

un  Hm  -it-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
limited.] 

1.  Not  limited  ;  having  no  limit  or  bounds  ; 
boundless. 

2.  Undefined,  indefinite  ;  not  bounded  by 
proper  exceptions. 

"With  groM  and  popular  capacities,  nothing  doth 
more  prevail  than  unf.mtfBdgeiieralHie*."— ffootor. 

3.  Unconflned,  unrestrained,  unrestricted. 

"  Envoys,  with  unlimited  powers  of  treating,  should 
be  sent  to  the  accede™."— Levitt ;  Cred.  Early  A'o>nan 
I/itt.  (ed.  1855),  ii  67. 

unlimited  liability,  *. 

Law  A  Comm. :  Liability  to  be  called  on 
to  pay  a  proportionate  share  of  the  entire 
losses  of  an  imsticcessful  company  in  which, 
one  lias  shares.  Joint-stock  banks  were  once 
universally  constituted  on  this  basis,  but  the 
widespread  ruin  brought  in  certain  cases  on 
the  shareholders  led  to  many  of  them  bt'intr 
transformed  into  limited  liability  companies 

[LlMITBD  f  (2).] 

unlimited-problem,  *. 

Math. :  A  problem  which  admits  of  an  in* 
finite  number  of  solutions. 

* un-lim'~It-ed-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  unlimited; 
•ly.]  In  an  unlimited  manner  or  degree. 

"Many  ascribe  too  unlimitedljt  to  the  force  of  ft 
good  meaning,  to  think  that  it  is  able  to  bear  th* 
•trass  of  whatsoever  commUaious  they  shall  lay  upon 
it"— Decaf  qfChrittian  Piety. 

*un  lim-it-ed-ncss,  s.  [Eng.  unlimited; 
•nets.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
limited, unbounded,  or  undefined. 

"The  evil  .  .  .  swelled  Into  a  strange  unlimited, 
ntu. '—South. :  Strmotit,  vol.  x.,  ser.  ft. 

*  tin-line',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  tine.) 

To  take  the  lining  out  of ;  hence,  to  empty. 

" It  unliriet  their  pun-ea,"       Danes:  Bitnvtnu,  p.  9. 

*  iin-lln'-e'-al,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Em?. 

lineal,]    Not  lineal ;  not  coming  in  the  direct 
order  of  succession  ;  not  hereditary. 
"  They  put  a  barren  sceptre  in  my  gripe. 
Thence  to  be  wrench  d  with  an  unlintal  hand  " 
Ma*Mjj. ;  Ma-teth,  ill.  L 

*  nn-lln'-ger-lng,  a.    [Prpf.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

lingering.  ]    Hasty,  immediate.    (De  Quincey; 
English,  MaU-coadi.) 

in-lin-ing,  *.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lining. ]  [CUORISIS. ] 

un-link',  r.t.  &  i  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
link,  v.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  separate  or  undo  the  link.? 
of;  to  loose,  as  something  fastened  with  a 
link  ;  to  untwist,  to  disjoin. 

"  Seeing  Orlando,  it  [a  snake]  unlink  d  itself. 

Shakttp.  :  At  You  Like  It.  i  v.  a 


fete,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  woll,  work,  wno,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    a>.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


unliquefled— unmacadamized 


4963 


*  B.  Intrant. :  To  give  way  at  the  links ; 
to  fall  to  pieces. 

"  Your  typical  chain  of  king  and  priest  must  un- 
lint."— Milton :  Church  Uoirernmettl,  bk.  1.,  ch.  V. 

•tin  Il'-qu6-fied,    a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  liituejied.]    Not  liquefied,  not  dissolved. 
"  These  Huge,  unwieldy  lumi*  remained  .  .  .  rigid 
and  uiuiqueJled."—Addi«on:  On  Italy. 

fin-ll'-qul-dat-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

En;;,  liquidated.} 

1.  Not  liquidated,  not  settled:  as,  an  un- 
liquidated debt 

2.  Not  having  the  exact  amount  ascertained. 
unliquidated  damages,  «.  pi. 

Law :  Penalties  or  damages  not  ascertained 
in  money. 

*  fin-llq'-uored  (q  as  k),  *un-llc-oured, 

o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  liifuored.} 

1.  Not  having  been  supplied  with,  or  not 
h.iving  consumed  liquor ;  not  in  liquor ;  not 
intoxicated. 

"  Like  an  unlicour'd  Silenus."— Milton :  Apology  for 
Bmectymnuut. 

2.  Not  wetted  or  moistened. 

••  Hi.w  have  we  teen  churches  and  states,  like  a  dry 
unliquoreil  coach,  set  themselves  ou  nre  with  their 
own  motion."— £p.  Ball:  Vermont,  voL  v.,  ser.  33. 

un-list'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
listed.]    Not  catalogued,  not  entered  in  a  list. 
"  The  names  of  many  are  yet  unlieted."—  Qod  Ap- 
pearing for  the  Parliament  (16ft),  p.  6. 

*  iin-lls' -ten-Ing  (<  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  listening.]     Not  listening  ;  not  hear- 
in;;  ;  not  regarding. 

"The  vacant  brow,  the  uuliftenlna  ear." 

Scott .-  Lord  of  the  Itlet,  ii.  3. 

«  fin-live',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  live,  v.] 

1.  To  live  in  a  manner  contrary  to  ;  to  annul 
or  undo  by  living. 

"  We  must  unliue  our  former  lives."—  QlanvlU :  8cep- 
Ht.  ch.  Till. 

2.  To  deprive  of  life.    (Pron.  un-Kve1.) 

"  Where  ihall  I  live  now  Lucrece  is  unlived  t " 

Shaketp. :  Rape  of  Lttcrece.  1,7M. 

fin-llve'-U  ness,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lieelineu.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
lively ;  want  or  absence  of  liveliness. 

'•  Hide  all  the  unlivelineu  and  natural  sloth  "— 
Milton  :  Doct.  of  Divorce,  bk.  L,  f  8. 

tin-load',  v.t.  &  1.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
load,  v.] 

A.  Transitive : 
I.  Literally  : 

1.  To  discharge  the  load  or  cargo  from  ;  to 
relieve  of  a  load  or  burden  ;  to  disburden. 

"  Thou  bear'st  thy  heavy  riches  but  a  journey, 
And  death  unloaded  thee.' 

S'utketp. :  Measure  for  Meature,  111.  1. 

2.  To  remove  or   discharge,  as  a  load  or 
burden  from  a  vessel,  vehicle,  or  the  like. 

3.  To  withdraw  the  charge  (of  powder  and 
shot)  from  :  as,  To  unload  a  gun. 

II.  Figuratively: 

1.  To  relieve  from  anything  onerous  or  bur- 
densome. 

2.  To  remove  or  make  an  end  of  anything 
burdensome  or  troublesome. 

"  You  In  each  other's  breast  unload  your  care. 

Dryden  :  2  ConyueU  of  (iranada,  ill 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  discharge  a  cargo,  load,  or  burden. 

"  No  ship  conld  unload  hi  any  bay  or  estuary."— 
Macautay  :  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  xviii. 

2.  To  sell  or  get  rid  of  stocks,  shares,  or 
goods.    (Amer.  slang.) 

"  There  being  some  pressure  to  unload."— Daily  Tele- 
.  graph,  Jan.  8,  1888. 

tin-ld-cat'-iSd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  »"d  Eng- 
located.]  Not  located,  not  placed;  specif,  in 
America,  not  surveyed  and  marked  oft'. 

fin-look',  *  nn-loke,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  lock,  v.] 

1.  To  open,  as  anything  fastened  with  a 
lock  ;  to  open,  as  something  which  has  been 
locked ;  to  undo,  as  a  lock. 

"  By  Him  forbidden  to  tintoc* 
"These  adamantine  gates."         MiUon  :  P.  L.,  ii.  852. 

*  2.  To  free  from  bonds  or  fetters ;  to  loose, 
to  set  free. 

"  He  unloKd  youge  Gamelyn 
Both  hondis  and  eke  fete." 

Chaucer  (t) :  Cook'i  Tale. 

*  3.  To  open,  to  disclose ;  to  lay  open. 

"  No  pains,  no  tortures  shall  unlock  my  mind." 

Itryden  :  Conqueit  of  Mexico,  V.  1. 


•4.  To  disclose,  to  reveal,  to  make  known. 
"  Tbat  sweveu  hath  Dauiell  unloke." 

aawer :  O.  A.    (ProU 

*un-l6dge',   v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and    Bug. 

lodge.]    To  deprive  of  a  lodging  ;  to  dislodge. 

"  Now  that  these  heavenly  mansions  are  to  be  void, 

you  that  shall  hereafter  be  found   anlodged  will  be 

found  inexcusable."— Carew  :  Ceelum  Britunnicum, 

•  un  log  -ic  al,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
logical.]    Illogical ;  not  according  to  the  pre- 
cepts of  logic. 

••  Ills  unlojlcal  reasoning."  —  Fuller  :  Worthlel ; 
Kent.  i.  (87. 

•  tin-look', !).  (.    [rrcf  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  foofr.v.] 

To  recall  or  retract,  as  a  look. 

"  AJ  if  he  would  unlook  his  own  lookj."— Richard- 
ton  :  Clariua,  r.  216. 

f  Unlocked  for:  Not  looked  for;  unex- 
pected. 

"  By  importation  of  unlook'd-for  arts." 

Wordtworth  :  Exciirtion,  bk.  vilL 

•fin-looped',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
looped.}  Not  fastened  by  or  with  a  loop. 

"  With  bat  unloop'd.-  dag  :  Trivia,  1. 195. 

tin-loose',  t'./.  &  i.    [Pref.  un- (2),  3., and  Eng. 

loose,  v.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  loose  that  which  before  was  listened  ; 
to  unfasten,  to  untie,  to  undo. 

"  The  Gordian  knot  of  it  he  will  unloote." 

SfuUcetp. :  Henry  r.,  v.  1. 

2.  To  set  or  let  go,  or  free  from  fastening  or 
hold  ;  to  unbind  from  fetters,  bonds,  cords, 
or  the  like ;  to  set  at  liberty, 

"  Yon  cannot  be  tied  so  fast  but  the  pope  can  un- 
loole  you."— fip.  Tat/lor:  ffittualise  from  Popery, 
lit.  1..  ch.  111.,  I  3. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  fall  to  pieces ;  to  lose  all 
connection  and  union. 

"  Without  this  virtue  the  public  union  must  un- 
loote."— Collier. 

un  loos  en,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2)  3.,  and  Eng. 
loosen.]  To  unloose,  to  loosen. 

"  And  flints  unlootened  kept  their  lock." 

Byron :  llaieppa,  V.  ill. 

•fin-lord',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-(2),  and  Eng  lord.] 
To  reduce  from  or  deprive  of  the  rank,  dignity, 
or  privileges  of  a  lord ;  to  reduce  from  the 
rank  of  a  peer  to  that  of  •  commoner. 

"  The  unlordin?  of  bishop*"— Mttton  :  Etkonoklattet, 
!«. 

•  fin-lord' -ed,  o.      (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
larded.]     Not  raised  or  preferred  to  the  rank 
or  dignity  of  a  lord. 

"Uudiocest,  unrevenu'd,  unlordcd."  —  Hilton  :  Re- 
form, in  England,  bk.  L 

*un-lord'-l&  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lordly.]  Not  lordly,  not  arbitrary. 

"  Meek  and  tinlordly  discipline."— Milton  :  Reform, 
in  England,  bk.  ii. 

•  ttn-lds'-a-ble,  *  fin-ldse'-a-ble,  a.   [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  losable,  loseable.  That  cannot 
be  lost ;  incapable  of  being  lost. 

"  Ascribe  to  every  particular  atom  an  Innate  and 
unlovable  mobility.  —Boyle:  Worki,  L  445. 

•tin-lost',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng.  !os(.] 
Not  lost  or  forfeited. 

"An  Eden  this!  a  paradise  unlottr 

Young :  Night  Thoughu,  ix.  1,071. 

tin-l6V-a-ble,  fin-16ve'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  lovable.}  Not  lovable  ;  not 
possessing  qualities  calculated  to  attract  love 
or  affection,  or  possessing  qualities  tending  to 
excite  dislike. 

•  fin-l6ve',  v.  t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  lave,  v.] 

To  cease  to  love ;  to  hate. 

"To  unlouen  you  a  quarter  of  a  day." 

Chaucer :  Troilui  A  Creuida,  v. 

fin-loved',  a.  [Pref.  tm-(l),  and  Eng.  loved.] 
Not  loved. 

"  Miserable  most  to  love  unloved." 
Shakeip.  :  Mldlummer  Xighfi  Dream,  111.  ». 

fin-l$ve'-ll-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unlovely  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unlovely  : 

(1)  Unamiableness ;  want  or  absence  of  those 
qualities  which  attract  love. 

(2)  Want  of  beauty  or  attractiveness  to  the 
eye. 

"  Each  thing  else  that  might  help  to  countervail  his 
own  unloeeliiiiM." —Kidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  ii. 

fin-live'-lj?,  o.  [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng.  lovely.} 

1.  Not  lovely  ;  not  calculated  or  fitted  to 

attract  love  ;  possessing  qualities  which  excite 

or  tend  to  excite  dislike. 

"Putting  vicious  habits  into  a  more  contemptible 
and  unloeely  figure  than  they  do  at  present"— ratter, 
No.  205. 


2.  Not  beautiful  or  attractive  to  the  eye. 

"  A  beauty  which  on  Psyche's  face  did  throw 
Unlovely  blackuease."       Beaumont :  t'tycht,  p.  Uk 

nn-lov-en,  v.t.    [UNLOVE.] 

•  un  ItV-er  like,  n.    [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
lover,  and  like.]    Unlike  or  unbefitting  a  Low* 

"8p  u»L<,otrlike  a  speech. "— Jfi*l  Autten:  Seme  t 
Sensibility,  ch.  xxxix. 

fin-loV-ing,  '  un-lov-yng,  a.    (Pref.   un- 
(1),  and  Bng.  loving.]    Not  loviiig,  or  not  ol 
loving  character ;  not  fond  or  affectionate. 
"  Which  argued  thee  a  most  unloving  father." 

l*h<ik<-si,. :  3  Henry  r/.,  il,  1. 

•  un  lu-cent,    a.    [Pref.   un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lucent.]    Not  lucent,  not  bright  or  shining. 

"  A  combustion  most  fierce,  butuntueent."— Carlgl*: 
Fr.  Revol.,  pt  Ii.,  bk.  Hi.,  CO.  V. 

•  un-lfiok'-full,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  luck, 
and  sun*,  -full.}     Mischievous.     [UNLUCKY,  4.] 
(Udal:  Apoph.  Eras.,  p.  875.) 

un-lfiok'-I-iy.  adv.    [Eng.  unlucky;  -ly.] 

1.  In  an  unlucky  manner ;  unfortunately, 
unhappily. 

"  Things  have  fallen  oat,  sir.  so  unluckily." 

Shaletp.  .  Romeo  t  JuUel,  ilL  4. 

2.  By  ill-luck  ;  unfortunately. 

"Mr.  Locke  has  aomewhere  unludcUy  let  drop  that 
he  conceives  it  possible  the  faculty  of  thinking  may 
be  annexed  to  a  system  of  matter.'  —Search :  Light  of 
Nature,  vol.  L,  pt.  ii.,  ch.  iv. 

fin-lfiok'-I-neBS,  s.     [Eng.  unlucky;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unlucky  or 
unfortunate  in  one's  dealings. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unlucky  or 
inauspicious. 

•  3.  Mischievousness. 

"  Aa  there  is  no  moral  in  these  Jests  they  ought  to 
be  discouraged,  and  looked  upon  rather  as  pieces  of 
unluckinetM,  than  wit"— Additon :  Spectator,  No.  87L 

fin-lfick'-jf.  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  lucky.} 

1.  Not  lucky  or  fortunate ;  unfavoured  by 
fortune  ;  not  fortunate  or  successful  in  one's 
dealings  or  undertakings ;  subject  to  misfor- 
tunes ;  unfortunate,  unhappy. 

2.  Attended  or  followed  by  ill-luck,  misfor- 
tune, or  disaster ;  inauspicious,  ill-omened. 

"  The  nurse  said  to  me,  Tears  should  not 
Be  shed  upon  an  infant  s  face. 
It  was  unlucky." 

Wordtvorth :  Poemt  on  the  Affection*. 

3.  Not  resulting  in  or  accompanied  with 
success ;  resulting  in  or  attended  with  mis- 
fortune, disaster,  or  failure. 

"The  year  which  was  closing  had  certainly  been 
unlucky.  —  Macaulny :  Hiit.  Eng.,  ch.  xvL 

•4.  Somewhat  mischievous ;  mischievously 
waggish. 

"  Why,  cries  an  unlucky  wag.  a  leaf  bag  might  have 
served.'— L'Ettrange. 

•un-ln'-min-ofis,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  luminous.}    Not  luminous ;  not  throw- 
ing out  light ;  not  bright  or  shining. 

"A  tragical  combustion,  long  smoking  and  smoulder- 
Inn  unluminout."— Carlyle:  French  Revolution,  pt.  U., 
bk.  v..  ch.  ill. 

•fin-lfist',  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  lust.] 
Dislike,  disinclination. 

"  L'nluit  and  tediouaneas  to  do  good."—  Strgp* . 
Scclet.  Mem. ;  Original!  (an.  1555),  No.  U. 

*  tin-lfis'-trofis,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lustrous.]    Not  lustrous;  not  shining;  want- 
ing lustre. 

"  Base  and  unlnttraut  as  the  smoky  light 
That's  fed  with  stinking  tallow." 

Shaketp. :  Cymbellni,  i.  «. 

U  The  older  editions  read  illustrious. 

*  fin-lfis'-tft  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  lusty.} 

Not  lusty  or  strong ;  weak,  feeble. 

"  He  [the  hippopotamus]  waxeth  unlutty  and  slow." 
—P.  Holland :  Ammianut  J/arccllinui.  p.  213. 

*  fin-lute',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  lute, 
v.]    To  separate  things  luted  or  cemented  ; 
to  take  the  lute  or  clay  from. 

"Upon  the  untutiny  the  veasels.  It  Infected  th« 
room  with  a  scarce  supportable  stink."— Boyle :  Worki, 
i.  483. 

*  tin-ly-oan'-tlirip-ize,  v.  t.    [Pref.  un-  (2) ; 
Eng.  lycanthrope,  and  suff.  -ize.]    To  change  a 
lycanthrope  (q.v.)  back  to  his  original  shape. 

"She  is  ready  to  unfyctintftrovue  you  from  this 
wolfish  ahape."—JToweU:  Parly  of  BealU,  p.  114. 

*  un  mac  ad  am  ized,  a.    [Pref.   mi-  (1), 
and  Eng.  macadamized.]    Rough  ;  not  mac- 
adamized  (q.v.). 

"  The  street  In  it*  past  unmacadamized  tense." 
ttood:  Mia  Kilmantegg. 


boil,  b6J ;  poTlt,  J6%1 ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.   ph  -  t 
-elan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -{ion,  -}ion  =  zhun.    -oloua,  -tioug,  -aious  =  shua.   -ble, -die.  cte.  =  bel,  del. 


4966 


unmade— unmatched 


fin-made',  a.    fin  sense  1  from  pref.  KB-  (1), 
and  Eng.  node  ;  in  sense  2,  from  pref.  UR-(2).] 

1.  Not    made;    not   yet   formed    or   con- 
structed ;  unformed. 

"  Taking  the  measure  of  an  unmade  grave." 

Sfiakeep.  ;  Someo  t  Juliet,  lli.  8. 

2.  Deprived  of  its  form  or  qualities. 

„"  J»e  •"*  ••«''  was  perfectly  unmadt  again.  token 
»n  to  piece*,  aud  framed  anew.  "—  (t'oodeMrtf  .•  A'at. 


•  fin-mag'-Is-trate,  v  .t.  (Pref.  «n-(2),  and 
Bug.  magistrate.]  To  deprive  of  or  degrade 
fr-mi  tlie  office  or  position  of  a  magistrate 
(UiUon.) 

•fin-mai  den,  r.(.  tPref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
«ai<fen.]  To  ravish,  to  deflower. 

"He  unmatdeiud  Mi  sister  Juno.1'—  rrvuaort  .' 
Raoelait,  bk.  lii.,  ch.  xii. 

ftn-mil'-den-ly,  o.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
•oMmJy.]  Not  maidenly  ;  not  becoming  or 
befitting  a  maiden. 

"The  wanton  gesticulations  of  a  virgin  in  a  wild 
aasen.bly  .,f  plUlib,  warmed  wit»  wine.  could  be  no 
other  than  rifgish  alul  immaidml*."—  tip.  Bail  • 
Cortftmp*.  ;  John  Baptitt  Beheaded. 

fin-maimed',  o.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
maimed.]  Not  maimed;  not  disabled  in  any 
limb;  unmntilated  ;  complete  in  all  its  parts. 

"  An  interpreter  should  give  his  author  entire  and 
**matmed.<-Pope:Bomef;m*d.  (Prel.) 

fin  -mak'-  a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
«o*(e),  «nd  stiff.  -obit.}  Not  capable  of  being 
made. 

"If  the  principles  of  bodies  are  unalterable,  they 
are  also  mon-ifciWe  by  any  but  a  divine  power."— 
em.  .-  Coenologia,  bk.  1..  ch.  iL 


[Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 


t  fin  -make',  v.t. 
make,  v.  ] 

L  To  destroy  the  essential  qualities  of;  to 
annihilate  ;  to  cause  to  cease  to  exist  ;  to  un- 
create,  to  destroy  ;  to  deprive  of  form  or 
being. 

"  AholUb  Thy  creation,  and  unmala 
For  him,  what  for  thy  glory  thou  halt  made." 

.tfitto.1  .-  P.  L.,  lit  153. 

2.  To  leave  unmade,  unformed,  uncreated. 
or  unfashioned. 

3.  To  reduce  or  depose  from  a  position  of 
authority. 

"  Power  to  make  emperonrs,  and  to  tnm.ile  them 
lt*tue."-JtmU  .  A  Jirptle  unto  H.  Hardlngr.  p.  118. 

•tin  mal'-le-a-Me,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  malleable.]  Not  malleable  ;  incapable  of 
being  hammered  into  a  plate,  or  of  being  ex- 
tended by  heating,  as  a  metal.  (Lit.  ijlg.) 

"  Unmalleable  by  the  hammer  of  the  divine  threaten. 
ings."—  Spenter:  Prodigitt.  p.  ML 

fin-man',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  won.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  character  or  qualities 
of  a  human  being,  as  reason  or  the  like. 

"To  constrain  him  further  were  to  uuchrinten  him 
to  unman  him.'—  Milton  :  Dimrre.  bk.  11..  ch.  ixli.  ' 

2.  To  emasculate  ;  to  deprive  of  virility. 

3.  To  deprive  of  courage  or  fortitude  ;  to  i 
break  the  spirit  of;  to  dishearten,  to  cow. 

il'  TIS.  ""*  Prosl>ect  <*  »  dungeon  and  a  gallon 
altogether  unmanned  him."—  Macaulag  :  HitL  Eng.. 

4.  To  deprive  of  men  :  as,  To  unman  a  ship 
or  garrison. 

•fin-man'-a-cle,  v.t.  [Pref.  tin-  (2),  and 
Eng.  manacle,  v.]  To  loosen  or  set  free  from, 
or  as  from  bonds  or  chains. 

"  Unmanacled  from  bonds  of  aenae." 

Tennyfm  .•  TVo  Voiret. 

ftn-man'-age-a-ble  (age  as  Ig),  a.  [Prcf. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  manageable.]  Not  manage- 
able ;  not  capable  of  being  managed  or  con- 
trolled ;  not  under  control  ;  not  easily  con- 
trolled, regulated,  ordirected  ;  uncontrollable. 


*  ttn-man'-aged  (aged  as  Igd),  o.     [Pref. 
•a-  (1),  and  Eng.  managed.] 

1.  Not  broken  in  as  a  horse  ;  not  trained  ; 
not  undej  control. 


2.  Not  tutored  ;  not  educated. 


3.  Not  controlled  ;  unrestrained. 

"In  the  mart  uwmanaoed  terms.  "-«urt«  .•  ThnvhU 
on  French  Afiin  I1J911 

•fin-man'-fdl,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
manful.]    Not  manful  ;  not  manly  ;  unmanly. 


« fin-man'-fnl-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unmanful, 
•ly.]  in  an  unmanly  manner. 

"  Yet  so  they  dy'd  not  unmanfulli/." — Miltan  :  Hilt 
Eng.,  bk.  vi. 

•  fin-man -gled  (le  as  el),  a.    [Pref.  tm- 

(1),  and  Eng.  mangled.]  Not  mangled,  maimed, 
or  mutilated. 

"Sense  lor  sense  vnmangled  (aa  he  found  the  s 
written|."-aoiii,4»«(  .-  Ck'on.  England  (an.  anft. 

*nn-man-hode,  ».  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
nwjiA.jou.J  An  unmauly  act;  an  act  of 
cowardice. 

"  But  bothe  done  unmankode  and  a  alnne  " 

Chaucer;  Troilui  t  Creuida.  \. 

•  un-man'-like,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
manlike.] 

1.  Not  like  a  man  in  appearance. 

2.  Not  becoming  a  man  as  a  human  being  ; 
inhuman ;  unnatural. 

3.  Unbecoming  a   man,  as  opposed   to  a 
•woman    or    child  ;     unmanly,     effeminate 
childish. 

maif'thot  ?"f *"*"*  "'  ***  °*7'  "  ""*  tk°  Tolc*  °* 
cry."— Sidney. 

un-man  -11-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unmanly  ;  -ness.] 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  unmanly ;  effem- 
inacy. 

"  Von  and  Tours  make  piety  »  synonym  lor  unman- 
Utuat."— A'inpstey.  Yeaa,  ch.  ii. 

un-man'-ly,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
manly.] 

1.  Not  having  the  qualities  or  attributes  of 
a  man,  as  opposed    to  a  woman  or  child  ; 
wanting  the  strength,  courage,  or  fortitude 
which    becomes  a   man ;   effeminate,   weak, 
womanish,  childish. 

2.  Unbecoming  to  or  in  a  man  ;  unworthy 
of  a  man  ;  cowardly,  mean. 

"  Unmanly  outrages  to  defenceless  captives.'— J/oo- 
aulay ;  Uat.  Una,,  en.  xili. 

fin-manned',  a.    [In  senses  1  and  2,  from 
pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng.  manned;  in  sense  3, 
from  pref.  un-  (2).l 
L  Not  furnished  with  men. 

"  Turned  out  to  see.  In  a  ship  unmanned.'— Milton  : 
Hist.  Eng.,  bk.  i. 

*  2.  Not  accustomed  to  man ;  not  tamed.   (A 
term  of  falconry.) 

"  Hood  my  tmmann'd  blood,  hating  In  my  cheeks." 
Shaketp. :  Romeo  *  Juliet,  ill.  1 

3.  Deprived  of  the  qualities  or  attributes  of 
a  man ;  effeminate  ;  wanting  in  fortitude. 

"In  word.  In  deed,  imm  m»W." 

Byron  ;  ChUde  Harold,  11.  71. 

*  un  man'-nered,  o.    [ Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
mannered.]    Not  with  good  manners  ;  uncivil, 
rude,  coarse,  ill-mannered. 

••  Unmannered  dog  !    To  stop  my  sport 
Vain  were  thy  oaot."    Scott :  The  CAoat,  xxvll. 

un-man  -ner-li -ness,  t.  [Eng.  unmanner- 
lintss.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unman- 
nerly ;  want  of  good  manners;  incivility, 
coarseness,  rudeness. 

ba^k.S"-ff^«^T.-'Kc^.eLtlSI  *"d  dri-"U"«*t 

fin-man  -ner-ly,  o.  &  ode.  [Pret  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  mannerly.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Not  mannerly;  not  baring  good  manners; 
wanting  in  manners  ;  rude  in  behaviour ;  un- 
civil. 

"  Unmannerly  Intruder  as  tbou  art  1 " 

Xhnkeep.  :  Titut  Andronicul.  IL  & 

2.  Not  in  accordance  with  good  manners  ; 
rude,  coarse. 

"  An  unmannerly  jest  Is  frequently  aa  capital  as  a 
premeditated  murder."— Tatter,  No.  253. 

B.  As  adv. :   In  an   unmannerly  or    rode 
manner;  rude,  uncivilly. 

"  Forgive  me 
If  I  have  used  myself  unmannerly  • 

Shaketp.:  Henry  rill.  111  1. 

*  un-man'-tle,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
mantle,  s.]    To  divest  of  a  mantle  ;  to  take  a 
mantle  or  cloak  off  from  ;  to  make  Hare. 

"  With  her  unmanned  neck,  and  bosom  white  and 
bare.  Byrcm  ;  Childe  Barold,  Iv.  14$. 

fin  man  u  fac  turcd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  manufactured.]  Not  manufactured  ; 
not  wrought  into  the  proper  form  or  state  for 
nse  :  as,  unmanufactured  tobacco. 

un-ma-nured',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
manured.] 

*  1.  Uncultivated,  nnworked. 

"Asa  tat  soil     .  .  unmanured  brlngeth  forth  both 
herbs  and  weeds."— JTort h :  Plutarch'e  Lieee,  p.  18*. 


2.  Not  manured  ;  not  enriched  with  manure. 

un-marked,  o.  [Pref.  K»-  (1),  and  Eng. 
marlced.] 

L  Not  marked  ;  having  no  mark. 

2.  Not  noticed,  unnoticed,  unobserved. 

"  The  nameless  charms  unmarfd  by  her  alone." 
Byron  :  Bride  of  Abydot,  i.  a. 

un  mar-ket  a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  u«-  (i),  and 
Eng.  .marketable.]  Not  marketable;  not  tit 
or  able  to  be  disposed  of  in  a  market  ;  hence, 
unsaleable  ;  having  no  pecuniary  value. 

fin-marred',  a.  (Pref.  «n-  (IX  and  Eng. 
marred.]  Not  marred,  not  spiuled,  not  in- 
jured, not  obstructed. 

"Their  good  is  good  entire,  nnmixt.  unmarr"d  " 
young;  Stoht  ThouihU,  vtU  MO. 

•un-mir'-rj-a-ble,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and 
Kng.  marriable.]  Unmarriageable. 

"Two   persons  unconjunctive  or  unmarrt<ible  to- 
--  .-  Do*,  of  /MOT™,  hk.  il.  ch.  »v. 


un-  mftr  -riage  -a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  marriageable.}  Not  marriageable  i 
not  fit  to  be  married  ;  not  free  to  marry. 

un  mar  rled,  •un-mar-led,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  married.]  Not  married. 

"  That  die  unmnrrifd,  ere  they  can  behold 
th." 
inter'  t  Tale,  Iv.  t. 


, 

Bright  Fhotbus  In  his  strength." 
uip.  :   W  i 


r'-ry,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
marry.]  To  divorce  ;  to  dissolve  tlie  inurnage 
of. 

"  Ataw.  .  .  jiving  i-ennission  to  mm«n>  a  wile 
and  marry  a  lust.-— Hilton :  Doa.  t  Oiec.  of  Ditorct. 

"fin-mar -stalled,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bug.  marshalled.]  Not  marshalled;  not  ar- 
ranged, ranked,  or  set  in  order. 

"  To  cumliat  seuds  a  rnde.  unm>irthau'd  train." 

Lemit :  Statiue;  Th'bud.  xlL 

•  fin-mar'-tyr,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
martyr.]    To  degrade  from  the  standing   or 
dignity  of  a  martyr.    (Special  coinage.) 

"Scotus  was  mado  a  martyr  after  his  death,  but 
since  Baronins  hath  unmartyred  turn."  —  falter: 
Church  UUl.,  IL  Iv.  M. 

•  un  mar'-vel  lous,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Eng. marvellous.]  Not  marvellous orastonish- 
ing. 

"  Th'  unmarnllout  and  j4acid  scene." 

WolcoU  :  Peter  Pindar,  p.  1ST. 

« fin-mas' -cu-late,  v.t.  (Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eug.  masculate.]  To  emasculate. 

v  IP16.  •!?•   "'    ""  tautt'   unmatcutat*  northern 
bodies."— fuller. 

"  un  mas'-cu  line.  o.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  muKuline.]  Not  masculine  or  manly; 
effeminate. 

fin-mask',  v.t.  *  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
watt.] 

A.  Trant. :  To  remove  the  mask  from  ;  to 
strip  of  a  mask  or  any  disguise ;  hence,  to 
expose. 

"  Smile  on— nor  venture  to  unmtish 
Man's  heart."    Byron  :  To  Inet  (Childe  Barold,  L)t 

B.  Intrans. :  To  put  off  a  mask. 

"My  husband  bid.  me:  now  1  will  unnuiil." 

Shaketp. ;  Measure  for  Meature.  v.  L 

•  un-mas'-ter  a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  masteraJbU.]   Incapable  of  being  mastered 
or  subdued ;  unconquerable. 

"The  fcetor  may  discover  itself  aa  being  unmaiier. 
able  by  tue  art  of  man."— Broune :  Vulgar  £rroun, 
bk.  iv.,  ch.  ji. 

fin-mas'  tered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  »nd  Eng. 
mattered.} 

1.  Not  mastered;  not  subdned  or  conquered. 
•  2.  Not  capable  of  being  mastered  or  sub- 
dued ;  uncontrollable. 

"His  unmaitered  importunity." 

Hhakftp.  ;  Hamlet.  L  1 

"  fin-match'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i) ;  Eng. 
match,  and  suit',  -able.]  Not  capable  of  being 
matched ;  unparalleled ;  matchless. 

"Most radiant,  exquisite,  and  unmatchaole be»uty." 
—Shatetp.  :  Tteelfrh  t/igU,  I  i. 

•unmat5h  a-ble -ness,  s.  [Eng.  «n- 
matchable  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  be- 
ing unmatchable ;  matchlessness. 

"The  I'rrnninptlon  of  his  unmatchableneu.''—  gall: 
Epitttet,  dec.  iv.,  ep.  ii. 

fin-matched',  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng 
notched.]  Not  matched  or  equalled ;  un- 
paralleled, unequalled,  matchless. 

"The  flower  In  ripened  bloom  unmatched." 

Byron  .'And  Thou  Art  Dead. 


fate,  At,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  «ir,  marine-  go   p*t, 
or.  wore,  W9H  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  onto,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule.  1 fill ;  try.  Syrian.   «e.  09  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


anmatchedness — unminded 


4967 


*  nn-mat9hed'-nSss,  *.    [Eng.  unmatched ; 
-nets.]    The  state  or  condition  of  being  un- 
matched ;  ineomparableuess. 

"His  clear  nnm<ttrh«lnt>**  in  alt  uuum*n  ot  leara- 
tag."— Chapman  :  llvmer ;  Iliad.    |Pre(.) 

*  nn-mat'-Sd,  «-     H'ref.  un-  (l\  and  Eng. 
*tui>.M     N'wt   mated,    matched,    paired,    or 
Coupled. 

"  Here,  like  *  turtle  (mew'tl  np  in  a  cagt>) 
Unmatcd  1  convene  with  air  and  oaDa 

ford;  'Tit  Pity,  T.  L 

*  tin  -  ma  -  ter'- 1  -  al,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1)>  and 
Eng.  HflsteTwOL]     Immaterial. 

"  The  immaterial  fruits  of  shades. ' 


»  un-ma-trlc'-u-lat-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Ki'ig.  matriculated.]  Not  matriculated. 

"Their  yuiuig  wimatriculated  uovloas."—  Milton  : 
On  LdU'-ntt'tu. 

•tin  raa'-trdn-Uke,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
En-  matron.like.1  Unlike  or  unbecoming  a 
matron. 

"Thii  mmatnttlUBt  Jilt,"—  RHAarttem  :   Clarfua, 
T.  369. 

•  tin-maze',  v.t.  [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and  Eng.  maze, 
v.]  To  relieve  from  terror  or  bewilderment. 

"  This  poor  Arpln»tt  ... 
Unmaz'd  us,  and  toiA  iMiii*  for  ail  the  town." 

Stapylto*:  Juvenal,  viiL  312. 


0),  «»d  Eng. 


tin  mean'-ing,  a.    [Pref. 


1.  Having    no   meaning    or 
meaningless. 

•*  That  mighty  master  of  unrnwtnfnr*  rhyme. 
Byron  :  Knyl-tk  tiariU  &  i&otch  Iteoiau 

2.  Not  having  or  not  indicating  intelligence 
CUT  sense  ;  senseless. 

"  That  light,  unmeaning  thing. 
That  unites  with  all  mul  weepa  with  none. 

Byron  :  On*  Struggle  Mart. 

fin  mean  -mg-ncsa,  s.  [Eng.  unmeaning; 
•ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unmean- 
ing. (Mad.  UArblay:  Camilla,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  i.) 

•fin  -meant',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  meant.] 
Not  infant  ;  not  intended  ;  unintentional. 

"  But  Khteleiw  hapitened  on  a  death  imm+tnt." 
Urn  den  :   I'iryii  ;  *£neitl  z.  661. 

fin-meaa'-ur-a-ble  (9  as  zh),  a.  [Pref. 
tin-  (1),  and  Eng.  mensurable.]  Not  measur- 
able ;  not  capable  of  being  measured  ;  im- 
measurable, unbounded. 

"Th^t   I    hope    la   an    unm^aturablt)   distance."  — 
.  :  Merry  Wive*,  ii.  1. 


•un-meas'-ur-a-ble-neas   (s  as  zh),  a. 

[Eng.  «n/.teaswrab/e;  -TWSS.]     The  quality  or 
stale  of  being  un  measurable. 

"  Showing  the  unmeaturenblcneit  of  hi*  Godhed. 
4-Vyfft  .   D-ilt  made  by  him  (an   15-ii. 

ttn-meas'-ur-a-foly  (s  as  zh),  adv.  [Er\  _ 
wuwuwrub^);  --I/.]  In  an  unmeasurable 
manner  or  degree ;  not  measurably ;  immea- 
surably. 

"  The  value  of  gold  was  Hkely  to  advance  unrneatnr 
ably.~-Stryj>e  :  EcclW.  Mem. ;  Edward  \'l.  (au-  15«f. 

tin-mcas  ured  (s  as  ah),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Bug.  measured.] 

1.  Not  measured ;  not  dealt  out  by  mea- 
sure ;  infinite, 

"  Hi*  r«pld  rays. 

Themselves  unmfantred,  u.taisure  *ll  our  days." 
<  :,>u}»r :  Nativity. 

2.  Plentiful  beyond  measure ;  unlimited, 

*  3.  Not  subject  to  or  in  accordance  with 
any  musical  rule  of  measure,  time,  or  rhythm 
Irregular,  capricious. 

"  The  uimMawrwl  MtM  of  that  strange  lyre." 
Shelley. 

*un-mech  -an-ize,  v-t.  [Pref.  un-  (2X  and 
Kng.  mechanize.]  To  destroy  the  meehanisn 
Of;  tn  unmake. 

"  bm  hryotic    evils     that    conld  w-mtchanim  thy 
frame."— .Sterna :  Trittram  Shamiy,  iii.  167. 

tin  med  died  (le  a*  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1) 
an.l  Kng.  meddled.  \  Not  meddled  (with);  no 
interfered  (with). 

"  Ttie  flood-gate  .  .  .  continuing  other  ten  days  wn 
meddled  with.  -Cam:  Surety  of  Cornwall,  lot  105. 

*tin-med'-dllng,a.  [Pref.  tm-(l),  and  Eng 
med'iliii'i.}  Not  meddling ;  not  interferin 
with  the  affairs  of  others  ;  not  officious. 

•tin  med -dling-ness,s.  [Eng. nnmeddling 
-ness.  |  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un 
meddling;  freedom  from  meddlesomeness  o 
omtimusuess. 

"An  unm»(trningnr»i  with  thane  worldly  concern 
ments."—  Op.  Brill :  -Sermon  on  1  Peter  i  17 


tin  medi'-$in-a  Die  (i  silent),  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eug.  'medicinMe.]  lucurable  by 
medicine. 

"Thew.  .  .  physicians  may  recur*, 
Thou  yet  M.mrdcinubtt  still. 

Chapman:  ffotner  ;   Iliad  XVL  14, 

1  In  the  following  quotation  (Gentleman 
Usher,  iv.  1)  the  same  author  uses  tlie  word 
as  =  inefficacious. 

"  Away  with  his  unmed~cinable  bftlma" 

un-med -I-tat-ed,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  meditated.]  Not  meditated ;  not  pre- 
pared by  previous  thought ;  unpremeditated. 

"  Fit  strains  pronounced,  or  sung 
Unmeditated."  Mitton:  P.  L.,  T.  149. 

tin-meek',  *  un-meke,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1)» 
aud  Eug.  nieek.]  Nut  meek. 

"  An  unmeke  lord."— Chaucer:  Boeciut,  bk.  T. 

Un  meet',  *  un  mete,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  met,  a.]  Not  meet,  not  fitting,  not  suit- 
able ;  until,  unsuitable. 

"  Why  mention  other  thoughts  unmeet 
For  vision  so  OHMKMd  ami  sweet  T  ' 

Wordtworth  :   White  Doe,  L 

iin  meet'  ly,  *un-meete-ly,  * un-mete- 

ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unineet ;  -ly.}  Nut  meetly, 
not  ntly,  not  suitably  ;  unsuitably,  improperly. 

"  Upon  a  mangy  jade,  unmetcly  set." 

>>«-uer  ;  F.  y.,  VL  vi.  16. 

un  meet'-ness,  *.  [En^.  unmeet ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unmeet ;  unsuit- 
ableness,  untitness. 

"  A  perpetual  unnteetnrm  and  unwlllingnes*  to  §J1 
the  duUwof  help."— MUton:  Tetrachardon. 

tin-mSl'-ldwed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng. 
melloweil.]  Not  mellowed;  not  rally  ripened 
or  matured  ;  not  toned  down  or  softened  by 
ripeness,  length  of  years,  or  the  like. 

"  AJI  luconstaiit  aud  unmtUau'd  light" 

Wordttoorth :  Excurtion,  blc.  Yi. 

in-mg-16'-dX-oti»,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  melodious.]^  Not  melodious  ;  wanting  in 
melody  or  harmony  ;  harsh,  discordant. 

*'  Renew  their  unmrludioiu  ninnn." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolent*,  ii.  T9. 

*  un-mel'-o-dized,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  melodized.}    Not  rendered  melodious. 

"  Unlike  to  living  sounds  it  came 
Uumii'd,  unmtlodad  with  breath." 

Laiiyhurno :  Fablet,  XL 

*  tin-mSlt-Sd.  a.     [Tref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng. 
melted.]    Not  melted,  not  dissolved. 

"  That  snow  which  u»m*rted  lies." 

Waller:  Putrperittm. 

*  tin-mend'-a-We,  a.     [Pref.   un-   (1)>    anc 
Eng.  mendable.]   Notcapable  of  being  mended, 

"They  dream  of  patching  up  things  unm*ndabl«." 
—Matthew  Arnold  :  Lait  Eaay*.    (fni.) 

un-m5n'-tion-a-Dle,  a.  &  *.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  meiitionulile.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Not  mentionable  ;  not  fit  to  be 
mentioned  or  named. 

B.  As  sutst.  (PI.):  A  ludicrous  name  for 
trousers ;  inexpressibles. 

"  Fishing  itvuckliigs  full  of  water,  mnmmOonablet 
ditto."—  field,  Dec.  19.  1886. 

un-men'-tloned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  a^d  Eng. 
mentioned.]  Not  mentioned  or  named. 

"  Of  evils  yet  vnauntion'd." 

Cow^r  ;  Friendthip. 

un-mer'-98n-»-r^,  a,     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  mercenary'.]    Not  mercenary,  uotsoniid 
noftaking  or  seeking  payment,  hire,  or  wages 

"  Praise  Is  a  generous  aud  unr*ercenary  principle."— 
Ate*r6urv  :  Vermont,  vol.  L.  ser.  1, 

*  un-mer'-^hant-a-ble,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (l) 

and  Eng.  merchantable.]  Not  merchantable 
not  nt  for  the  market ;  unmarketable,  unsale 
able. 

"They  feed  on  salt,  unmerchantable  pilchard."— 
Carrie  :  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

*  un-mesf-^i-a-We,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  »nd 

Eng.  merciable'.]    Unmerciful. 

"To  loue  but  unmerctaofe."        Gowcr:  O.  A*  ilL 

*  un-mer'-9led,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1);   Eng 
mercy,  and  suff.  -ed.]    Unmerciful,  merciless. 

"  Out  flv  the  I  ri.-li.  and  with  aword  and  fire 
Unmercied  havock  of  the  EiiRlisli  niaile." 

Drayton  :  Mitmt*  of  (j.  Margaret. 

un-mer'-gl-ful,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

merciful.] 

1.  Not  merciful ;  not  influenced  by  feeling 
of  mercy  ;  cruel,  inhuman,  merciless. 

"  Perhaps  some  stop  inight  be  put  to  thi» 
ciful  prosecution.  '—Idler.  No.  14. 


*2.  Unconscionable,  exorbitant. 

"  Not  only  the  peace  of  the  honest,  uu  writing  sub- 
]ect  w»s  dally  militated,  hut  unmerciful  (it-uiainis 
were  uuwl«  of  bis  applnuse."—  Pop*. 

n-mer'-ci-ful-ly,  adv.  [Bug.  unmerciful f 
~Ly.]  In  an  unmerciful  manner  ;  mercilessly  ; 
without  mercy. 

"They  acted  unmcrdfuUjF,  unjuatly.  miwiiely."— 
XwtuU*:  UM.  Sng..  ch.  xii. 

tin-mer'-$I-tul-ne'ss,  s.  [Eug.  unmerciful; 
-ness.]  Thequality  or  state  being  unmerciful; 
mercilessness,  cruelty. 

"The  first  [hindrance  to  our  prayers!  Is  i 
««•."—/.>.  'Ait/lor:  Vermont,  vol.  L,  s«r.  4 

tin-mer'-^I-lesB,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  3.,  and 
Eng.  merciless.]  Mcrcilt-ss. 

"  t'»»i<fr<-il>-isf    niurther    and    ingratitude."— yo»« .* 
itf  Daniel,  ci».  T. 


un-mSr'-lt-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  meritable.]     Not  possessed  of  merit  or 


ng. 
desert  ;  undeserving. 


tin-iner'-it-Sd,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
merited.]  Not  merited,  not  deserved,  un- 
deserved. 

Such  consolation,  and  the  e 

' 


Of  au  unmerited  dl  -trew." 

tVorutaorrh:   White  Doe,  U. 

tin-mer'-it-ed-nSss,  ».  [Eng.  unmerited; 
-ness.]  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
merited or  undeserved. 

"The  Anntnuuis  own  the  freeness  and  unmerittir 
K«M  of  Gods  grace."— Boyle:  H  arkt,  i.  a73. 

unmer  -it-ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
meriting.]  Not  meriting  (anything)  ;  not 
possessed  of  merit  or  desert ;  undeserving. 

"  A  brace  of  uiimfrithtg,  proud,  v iuieut,  testy  nuf- 
iMzatea, '— Shaken*. :  Uurtoiun**,  ii.  L 

»  tin-mer'-ry,  *  un-mer-le,  *.     [Pref.  un- 
(1),  aud  Eug.  merry.]    Not  merry  ;  sorrowful. 

"  There  slepeth  aye  this  god  unrneHe." 

fKt  to  Che  H^utt  o/  fume.  74. 

*un-mes-ur-a-ble,  a.    [UNMEASURABLE.J 

un-met',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  met.} 
Not  met  with. 

"  Winds  lose  their  strength,  when  they  do  empty  fly, 
UiUMtul  woods  and  baildiugs.' 

Ben  Jonton:  Sytinut,  V.  L 

*un-mfit-a-ph6r'-ic-al,  a.    [Pret  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  inetapluyrical.]  Not  metaphoiical ; 
literal. 

"A  cold  unmetaphortcal  vein  of  Infamous  writing." 
— Sterne  :  Triitram  Skandy,  »i-  «^ 

*  tin-met'-Sd,   a.     [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

meted.]    U  n  measured. 

"  The  anxiety  I  felt  in  degree  so  unmetad. "—Mi* 
Bronte;  Villetto,  ch.  xxxix. 

*un-mSth'-6d-ized,  o.    [Pret  un-  (1),  and 

Eug.  methodized.]  Not  arranged  according 
to  method  or  order. 

"Unpolish'd,    unuumljer'd,    and    unmethadtt'eL"— 
Barrington :  ctceann.  p.  12. 

*  iin  mew  (ew  as  u),  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  mew.}     To  set  free  from,  or  as  from,  a 
mew ;  to  emancipate. 

"  Let  »  lortiou  of  ethereal  dew 
Fall  on  iny  h«ad  and  presently  unm«n» 
JUy  soul."  A'eoit .'  Endymton,  L 

•tin-might'-^  (JA  silent).  * un-mlght-ie, 

a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  »nd  Eng.  miyhty.\  Not 
mighty  or  strong  ;  weak. 

"Disarmen  the  ire  of  thilke  mmiahtt*  tinmnt."— 
Chaucer  :  Boectut,  bk.  L 

*  im-mild',  *  un-milde,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l\ 

and  Eng.  mild.\  Nut  mild;  hard,  crnel, 
severe. 

-  So  goth  this  proude  rice  vtmttd*, 
ThathediadBiguetha.ll.-we.- 

*  tin  mild' -ness,  ••*.      [^Qfr  unmild;   -ness.] 
The  quu.ity   or  state  of  Iteing  destitute  of 
mildness ;  harshness,  cruelty. 

"  The  unmiltines*  of  evangelic  grace  shall  turu  aer- 
TJiut."— Milton  :  Doct.  of  Divorce,  bit.  Ii..  ch.  vii. 

un-milked',   a.      [Pref.    101-  (1),  and   Bng. 
milked.\    Not  milked. 

"  The  ewes  still  folded,  with  distended  thigh*. 
Vnmillt'd."  Pope:  Homer;  odyttev  Ix.  818. 

tin  -milled',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  milled.} 
Not  milled  ;  not  stumped  in  a  mill. 

"There  are  two  kinds  of  coin  here,  of  the  same 
deuuminatum,  milled  and  unm'Jled.  — Cook:  t\rtt 
Voyage,  bk.  lit.,  ch.  xii. 

un-mind  -ed,  a.     [Pret  un-  (l\  and  Eng. 


bffll.  W»;  poftt.  Jfifl;  eat,  9811,  ehortis,  9Un.  benph;  go,  gem;  tnln,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  ^eaophen.  exist    -of. 
,  -tlan  =  shan,   -tlon,  -rton  =  sniin,  -tlon,  -Jion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  nslou.1  =  BhiU.   -bto.  -iHe,  4c.  =  bel,  del. 


4968 


unmindful— unmoved 


minded.]     Not  minded,  not  heeded,  not  re- 
garded. 

"  Sick  ID  the  world's  regard,  wretched  and  low, 
A  poor  unmitided  outlaw  tiiieaMng  home." 

Shaketp.  :  2  Utnry  IV.,  UL  8. 

tin-mind  -ful,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
mindful.]  Not  mindful,  not  heedful  ;  regard- 
less, heedless. 

"Troy  fled,  unmindful  of  her  former  fame,'1 

Po»«  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xvi.  425. 

fin-mind'  -fUl-l&  a<lv.  [Eng.  unmindful  ; 
•ly.]  In  au  unmindful  manner  ;  without  due 
remembrance  or  consideration  :  heedlessly, 
carelessly. 

*  un  mind  ful-ness.  s.    [Pref.  unmindful  ; 
•ness,]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  unmind- 
ful ;  heedlessness,  carelessness. 

*  un-min-gle,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
mingle.]     To  separate,  as   things  mixed  or 
mingled. 

"  It   will   unminale  the  wine  from  the  water."  — 
Bacon;  Nit.  Hist. 

*  un  mln  -gle-a-ble,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1)  ;  Eng. 
mingle,  and  sutf.  -able.]     Incapable  of  being 
mixed  or  mingled. 

"  Tbe  divers  and  unmingleable  oili  afforded  us  by 
human  blood."—  Boyle  :  Work*,  1.  536. 

im  mm'-gled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1), 
and  Eng.  mingled.]  Not  mixed  or  mingled  ; 
unmixed,  unalloyed,  pure. 

**  Theo  I  drank  umninyini  Joys." 
Covper:  The  ffeeeuity  of  Self  -Abatement. 

*  un  ml-rac   u-lous,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  miraculous.]    Not  miraculous  ;  not  mar- 

vellous. 

"  They  f  miracles]  do  not.  cannot,  more  amaze  the  mind, 
Than  thin,  called  itnmirnculo-'S  survey." 

Foung:  A'ight  Thoughts,  Ix.  1,264. 


'-^,  a.    [Pref.  «n-(I),  and  Eng.  miry.] 
Not  miry  ;  not  muddy  ;  not  fouled  with  dirt. 

"There  may'st  thou  paw  with  safe  unmirjf  feet" 
Gay:  Trivia,  ill.  187. 

un-  missed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
missed.]  Not  missed  ;  not  perceived  to  be 
lost  or  gone. 

"  Why  should  he  rVellinus]  not  steal  away,  unasked 
and  unmiuedf'—Gray  :  To  Mitton,  let,  27.     (1767.) 

un  mis-tdk  a  ble,  un  mis  -take-  a- 
ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (X),  and  Eng.  mistakabl'e.] 
Not  mistakable  ;  not  capable  of  being  mis- 
taken. 

"The  caw  Is  unmistakable."—  field,  Dee.  10,  1887. 

un-mis  tak  a  bly,  un  mis  -take  -a- 
biy.  adv.  [Eng.  unmistakable);  -ly.]  In  an 
unmistakable  manner  ;  in  a  manner  pre- 
cluding the  possibility  of  mistake. 

**  rSnmittakrably  of  the   'Broad  Chnrch'  school."— 
Brit.  Quarterly  Review,  IvU.  »0.     (187S.) 

•  un  mls-trust'-Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  mistrusting.]    Not  mistrusting;  not  sus- 
pecting; unsuspicious. 

"An  unmtitruttina  ignorance."—  Stern*  :  Trittram 
SUtandy,  v.  21. 

*  un-mlt  -1  ga  ble,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  mitigable.]    Not  mitigable;  not  capable 
of  being  mitigated,  softened,  or  lessened  ;  un- 
appeasable, implacable. 

"  And  in  her  moat  unmitigabl«  rage." 

&haketp.  :  Tempest,  L  2. 

un   mit-I-gat-ed,  a,     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  mitigated.] 

1.  Not  mitigated  ;  not  lessened  or  softened, 

"With    public  accusation,  uncovered   slander,  un- 
mitig'ii'tt  rancour."—  ShaJcetp.  :  Much  Ado.  iv.  i. 

2.  Unconscionable  :     as     an     unmitigated 
Scoundrel     (Colloq.) 

»tin-mi'-tre  (tre  as  ter),  *  tin-mi'-  ter, 

».(.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  mitre.]  To  de- 
prive of  a  mitre  ;  to  depose  or  degrade  from 
the  rank  or  office  of  a  bishop.  (Milton.) 


mingled,  unalloyed. 

"He  was  of  unmixed  English  blood."— Macaulay : 
Bin.  Eng.t  ch.  xix. 

•  un  mix  ed  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unmixed ;  -ly.] 
In  an  unmixed  manner ;  purely,  wholly, 
entirely. 

"  I'nmixcdly     noxious."—  Macaulay  :    ffitt.    £ng., 
ch.  L 

•un  moaned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
moatied.]  Not  bemoaned  or  lamented;  un- 
lam en  ted. 

•  *•  Fatherless  distress  was  left  nnmonned.- 

SJiatetp.  ;  Richard  III.,  ii.  1 


un- mocked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
mocked.]  Not  mocked  or  scoffed  at. 

"Here  we  may  bleed,  unmockfd  by  hymns." 

*  tin-mod'-ern-ize,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  modernize.]     To  alter  from  a  modern 
fashion  or  style ;  to  give  an  ancient  or  old- 
fashioned  form  or  fashion  to. 

"  Unm&lernue  a  poem  rather  than  give  it  an 
antique  air.  —  C.  Lamb,  quoted  in  A'otet  A  Queriet, 

*  tin-mo'd'-ern-ued,  a.    [Pref.  HH-  (l),  and 
Eng.  modernized.]    Not  modernized;  not  al- 
tered to  a  modern  fashion. 

"The  mansion  of  tM  squire  .  .  .  unmodemaed."— 
JaneAutten:  Pertitation,  cli.  v. 

*  tin-mo'd'-I-fi-a-ble,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  modifiable.]   Not  modifiable;  not  capable 
of  being  modified. 

*  un  mod -Mi-a-ble-ness,  s.     [Eng.  un- 
modlfiubU;    -ness.]    The   quality  or  state  of 
being  unmodifiable. 

"A  nature  not  of  brutish  unmodi&nbleneM."—O. 
Eliot :  Daniel  Der^nda,  ch.  Iviii. 

tin-mod' -I-fied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
modified.}  Not  modified  ;  not  altered  in  form ; 
not  qualified  iu  meaning  ;  not  limited  or  cir- 
cumscribed. 

"An  universal  unmodified  capacity."—  Burkt:  Letter 
to  Sir  a.  Langritht,  M.P. 

unmodified-drift,  s. 

Geol.  :  A  Canadian  glacial  deposit  laid  down 
while  ice  action  was  at  its  maximum  in  North 
America.  It  Is  believed  to  correspond,  or  at 
least  have  a  certain  relation,  to  the  till  of 
Scotland.  Called  also  Hardpan. 

*  tin-mod  Ish,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
modish.]    Not  modish;  not  fashionable;  not 
according  to  fashion  or  custom. 

"  The  princess  has  a  very  smal  1  party  in  so  unmodith 
a  se(»ratlon."— Pope :  Lettert  to  Lada  Montague, 
let.  xit 

*  tin  moist',  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  moist.] 
Not  moist ;  not  wet  or  humid  ;  dry. 

"  Volatile  Hermes,  fluid  and  unmout." 

J.  rhilipt :  Cider,  I.  834. 

tin  moi«t'-ened  (t  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  moistened.]  Not  moistened;  not 
made  wet ;  dry. 

"And  may'st  thon  dye  with  an  unmnittened  eye." 
Beaum.  A  f-'let.  :  Pauionate  Madman,  ii. 

tin-mo  lest'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
molested  ]  Not  molested  ;  not  disturbed  or 
obstructed  ;  undisturbed. 

"  D*Ussoa  .  .  .  marched  unmolested  to  Limerick."— 
JToeaKtajr .  Sitt.  Eng.,  ch.  XTU. 

*un  mon  eyed,  tin  mon  ied,  a.  [Pref. 
im*  (1),  and  Eng.  moneyed,  monied.]  Not 
moneyed ;  not  possessed  of  money ;  impecu- 
nious. 

"Apples  with  cabbage  net  y-covered  o'er. 
Galling  full  sore  th  unmon*.v«4  wiulit.  are  seen," 


,  . 

:  Schoolmistress. 

*  un  monk  -ish,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
monkish.]    Unlike  or  unbecoming  a   monk  ; 
not  given  to  or  sympathizing  with  monasti- 
cism.    (Carlyle:  Life  of  Sterling,  pt.  i.,ch.  iv.) 

*un-m6-nop'-6-lize,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  monopolize.]  To  recover  or  remove 
from  the  state  of  being  monopolized ;  to 
throw  open. 

**  VmnonopoHzing  the  rewards  of  learning  and  in- 
dustry."— Milton. 

im  moor ,  v.t.  &  f.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
moor,  v.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  loose  from  that  to  which  anything  is 
moored  ;  to  loose  from  anchorage. 

"Thon  speakest  sooth  :  thy  skiff  unmoor." 

Byron:  Giaour. 

2.  To  bring  to  the  state  of  riding  with  a  single 
anchor,  after  having  been  moored  by  two  or 
more  cables. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  loose  one's  moorings ;  to 
weigh  anchor. 

"  Look,  where  beneath  the  castle  grey 
His  fleet  unmoor  from  Arcs  buy  ! " 

Scott .  Lord  of  the  Met,  i.  11 

tun'-mor-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  gnd  Eng. 
moral.]  Without  morals;  having  no  concep- 
tion of  right  and  wrong.  [NON-MORAL.] 

"  Man  by  himself  Is  not  only  unprofrresalve,  he  Is 
also  not  so  much  immoral  ss  unmoral."— E.  Clodd  : 
Story  of  Creation,  p.  218. 

*  un-mor'-al-Ized,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 


Eng.  moralized.]  Untutored  by  moral.ty; 
not  conformed  to  good  morals. 

"  This  la  censored  as  the  mark  of  a  dissolute  and  un- 
moralized  tewi>eT."--Atorrit. 

* iin-mor'-rlsed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i);  Eng 
morris,  and  suff.  -ed.]  Not  wearing  the  dress 
of  a  morris-dancer. 

"Thus  to  api»ear  before  me  too,  ttnmnrriied." 

Beaum.  A  Flet. :  H'omen  Pleated,  IT.  I. 

*un-mor'-t^red,    *un-mor-tered,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng.  mortar;  -ed]  Not  joined 
or  cemented  with  mortar. 

"S<nt)e  loose  stones  that  lye  utn*nrttrfl  upon  th* 
battle laents."— Bp.  Ball :  Chriit  Nyitical,  j  7. 

un  mort  -gaged  («  silent,  a  as  I),  a.    [Pref. 

un-  (I),  ami  Eng.  mortgaged.]  Nut  mortgiiKud  ; 
not  pledged  or  staked  ;  free  from  charge  or 
debt 

"  The  least  umnortgag'd  hope." 

firyden  :  All  for  Love,  T. 

*  tin-mor'-ti-f ied,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.   mortified.]     Not  quelled,  subdued,  or 
destroyed. 

"His  lust  Is  stronger,  hl»  passions  violent  and  un- 
mortified,"— Bt>.  Taylor:  Sermont,  vol.  ii..  ser.  2. 

*  iin   mor-ti-f  ied -ness,    *  un  mor  ti- 
ricd  UC830,  s.     [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  morti- 
Jifl,  and  suff.  -ness.]    The  state  of  being  un- 
mortified.    (Lit.  dkjtg.) 

"This  argues  much  unmortifl,edntt$<>.  th«ugh  it  run 
not  mto  acts."— Goodwin:  TryaU  o/  a  Chri*tiari» 
drouth,  ch.  iii. 

*  un  mor-tlse,  v.t.     [Pref.  H7w(2),  and  Eng. 
mortise.]    To  loosen  or  undo,  as  a  mortise  ;  to 
separate,  as  a  joint  from  its  socket 

"  The  feet  unmorttied  from  their  ankle-bones." 

Tennyion:  Merlin  t  Vivien,  402. 

*un  md  sa-Ic,  a  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
Mosaic.]  Contrary  to  Moses  or  his  law. 

"By  this  reckoning  Moses  should  be  most  im- 
moHtic.'— Milton, 

'iin-moth'-ered,  a.  [Pref.  un-(i);  En8- 
mother,  and  suff.  -ed.]  Not  having  a  mother; 
deprived  of  one's  mother;  motherless. 

"  I'nmother'd  little  child  of  four  yean  old." 

S.  B.  Brotoning. 

un  moth  -er  ly.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
motherly.]  Not  motherly  ;  not  like  or  befitting 
a  mother. 

"tin-mould',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
mould,  v.]  To  change  the  form  of;  to  take 
away  or  destroy  the  form,  shape,  or  features  of. 

*  Unmoidding reason's  mintage."  Milton;  Cumut,  J29. 

*  un  mound'-ed,   o.     [Pref.  un-  (1);    Eng. 
mound,  and  suff.  -ed.]     Not  protected  by  a 
mound  or  fence. 

"  If  he  lyes  ttnmounded,  be  shall  be  sure  to  b* 
always  low.'  —  feltham  :  Retoloei,  pt  11.,  res.  68. 

un-mount-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1)  ;  Eng. 
mount;  -ed.] 

1.  Not  on  horseback ;  not  performing  duties 
on  horseback  :  as  unmounted  police. 

2.  Not  mounted,  as  a  drawing,  engraving,  or 
photograph. 

tin-mourned',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
•MntmatLJ  Not  mourned,  not  lamented  ;  un- 
lamented. 

"  Thy  gentle  care  for  him,  who  now 

Unmourn'd  shall  quit  this  mournful  seen*. 
Where  none  regarded  him  but  thou," 

Byron  :  tft'smftima  in  the  Haunt*  of  Men. 

tin-m6v'-a-ble,  un-mdve'-a-ble.   *un- 

mooye-a  ble,  a.  [Pref.  im-"(l),  and  Eng. 
movable.]  Not  movable;  incapable  of  being 
moved ;  immovable. 

"Stick  they  as  fast  and  unmet/table  as  they  will."— 
P.  Holland:  PHnie,  bk.  «xil.,  cb.  i. 

iin  mov-a-bly,   un  mo ve'-a-blf,  adv. 

[Eng.  unmovab(le);  -ly.]  In  an  itin-iovable 
manner;  so  as  not  to  be  capable  of  being 
moved;  immovably. 

"My  mind  is  flxt  utimoveabli/.' 

Surrey:  Virgil;  &neid\v. 

tin-moved',  a,   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  moved.] 

1.  Not  moved  ;  not  changed  or  transferred 
from  one  place  to  another. 

"  Her  eyes  unmoved,  but  full  and  wide, 
Not  ouce  had  tum'd  to  either  side." 

Byron :  Paritina,  I!T. 

2.  Not  altered  or  changed  in  appearance  by 
passion  or  feeling. 

"  The  king,  with  look  unmoved,  bestowed 
A  purse. '  Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake.  v.  14. 

3.  Not  changed  in  purpose  or  re-solution: 
unshaken,  firm. 

"  To  whom  the  Son  of  God,  tinmofed,  replied.' 

Milton  :  P.  A,   IT.  10*. 


fftte,  f&t,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p6 
or.  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son.-  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try*  Syrian.    a>,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


nnmovedly— unnerve 


4969 


4.  Not  affected  ;  not  having  the  passions  or 
feelings*  excited;  not  touched  or  impressed; 
calm,  linn. 

"  What  m^n  bat  I,  «o  long  unmov'd  could  bear 

such  Ggytto.^*e~~*.  iv.  «. 
5  Not  susceptible  of  excitement  by  passion 
of  any  kind  ;  cold,  apathetic, 

"  Who  moving  others,  are  themselves  a<  stone, 
Unmoved,  cold,  and  to  temi'tHtion  Blow. 

Shukelp. :  isonnet  94. 

•fin-mdv'-gd-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unmoved;  -ly.] 
In  an  unmoved  manner ;  without  being  moved 
or  affected. 

••Hyouintr»t,Iwillunmoj-<Uyhear" 

Beaum.  *  net.  :  Phllalter.  i. 

dn-moV-Ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
moving-] 

1.  Having  no  motion  ;  motionless. 

"The  celestial  bodies,  without  Impulse,  had  con. 
tlnued  unactive,  unmori/w  heaps  of  matter.  - 
Ctteyne:  Philotuphioal  PritKiptee. 

2.  Not  exciting  emotion  ;  having  no  power 
to  affect  the  passions ;  uuaffecting. 

fin-mown',  a.  [Pref.  vm-  (1),  and  Bng.  mown.) 
Not  mown  or  cut  down  ;  nut  cut,  clipped,  or 
shorn  :  as,  unmown  grass.  (See  example  under 
UNDBAWN,  3.) 

fin-muf  '-fle,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2X  and  Bng. 
muffle.}  To  remove  the  muffling  from  ;  to 
uncover  by  removing  a  muffler;  to  remove 
something  that  conceals,  covers,  or  deadens 
the  sound  or  light  of. 

••  r/nmnMe.  ye  faint  stars,  and  thou.  pale  moon  ... 
Stoop  thy  pale  Tisage."  JMton  .•  Comut.  831. 

•  fin-mfim'-mled,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 
mummy,  anil  surf,  -ed.]     Not  reduced  to  a 
mummy ;  not  made  into  a  mummy. 

"  The  mere  million's  base  unmummied  clay." 

Byron:  VititmofJudfment.il. 

•  in-nra-nJ'-tloned,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  munitioned.}    Not  provided  with  muni- 
tions of  war. 

"Cadiz  was  held  poor,  unmanned,  and  unniuni. 
tioned."—PeeJte,  In  Sng.  Garner.  1.  834. 

•  fin-mur'  -mured,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  murmured.)    Not  murmured  at. 

••  It  may  P-»=^»»^  ^^^lr,  lT. 

in-mur'-mur-Kng,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bug.  murmuring.}  Not  murmuring ;  not  com- 
plaining. 

-  stand  with  •^•SfiKEj-jgk  t «. 

fin-mur'-mur-tng-ly,  adv.  [Bng.  unmur- 
muring; -ly.}  In  an  unmurmuring  manner; 
without  murmuring  or  complaint;  uncom- 
plainingly. 

"  Troubles  are  borne  unmurmurlngly  till  they  are 
desperate."— Echo,  Dec.  2.  1887. 

•  fin-mfis'-oled  (le  as  el),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ; 
Eng.  muscle,  and  -ed.}     Having  the  muscles 
related ;  flaccid. 

"  Their  unmuKled  cheeks."— Mcnardlon  :  Clariua. 
IT.  862. 

fin-mus'-cu-lar,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
muscular.]  Not  muscular  ;  physically  weak. 
(Chas.  Reade :  Cloister  &  Hearth,  ch.  lii.) 

un-mu'-sic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
musical.] 

1.  Not  musical ;  not  harmonious  or  melo- 
dious ;  discordant. 

"  Let  argument  bear  no  unmuilcal  sound." 

/fen  /onion  .•  Ruletfor  Tavern  Academy. 

2.  Not  pleasing  to  the  ear. 

"  A  name  unmuiicof  to  the  Volsclans'  ears." 

Shakftp.  :  Coriolanut,  iv.  5. 

•  fin-mfis'-tered.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug. 
mustered.]     Not  having    performed  military 
service. 

"  Cato  misllked  his  unmuttered  person."— Sidney  : 
Defence  of  Peetie.  p.  M8. 

•  fin-mu'-ta-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
mutable.]   That  cannot  be  altered  or  changed ; 
immutable. 

"Which  thy  will  being  unmutoK*  hath  deter, 
mined."—  Vdal :  Luke  xxii. 

fin-mu'-til-at-e'd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Eng.  mutilated.]  Not  mutilated  ;  not  maimed 
or  deprived  of  a  part ;  complete  or  entire  in 
its  parts. 

"  The  parlement  had  ordered  It  to  be  sild  and  broke 
to  pieces  •  but  John  Rider  .  .  .  buried  it  unmuti- 
lated."— Pennant:  London;  Charing  Crou. 

Hn-muz-zle,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
muzzle.]  To  loose  or  free  from  a  muzzle  ;  to 


take  a  muzzle  off;  to  free  from  restraint  or 
anything  which  stops  the  utterance. 

"Ay  marry :  now  unmuale  your  wisdom."— Shakelp.: 
At  fou  Like  It,  L  2. 

"  un-mys-ter'-I-ous,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eug.  mysterious.]  Not  mysterious,  hidden,  or 
secret. 

"  Shall  mysteries  descend 
From  unm,iurlou.^;  ^^  ^^  ^  ^ 

« fin-mys'-ter-y,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  mystery.]  To  divest  of  mystery  ;  to 
make  clear  or  plain. 

"  He  hath  unmytteried  the  mysterie  of  Heraldry." 
—Fuller:  Worihiel;  Hereford,  i.  453. 

•  fin-nail',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  nail.] 
To  remove  or  take  out  the  nails  from  ;  to  un- 
fasten by  removing  nails. 

"  Joeevh  of  Arimathea  and  Nicodemus  unnaU  our 
Lord."— Evelyn:  Perfection  of  Painting. 

'  un  name  a-We,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  mmeable.]  Incapable  of  being  named  ; 
indescribable. 

"  A  cloud  of  unnomeaWe  feeling."— Foe :  Imp  of  the 

fin -named',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
named.] 

1.  Not  having  received  a  name. 
"Things  by  their  name  I  call,  though  yet  unnamed." 
Uillon  :  P.  L.,  xu.  HO. 

»  2.  Not  known  by  name  ;  anonymous. 
"  Pnnamed  accusers  In  the  dark." 

ayron.'  Siege  of  Corinth,  IT. 

3.  Not  named ;  not  mentioned. 

"Be  glad   thou  art  unnam'd: 'ta  not  worth  the 
owning."  fleaum.  *  net. :  falte  One,  11.  L 

•  fin-nap'-kined.  a.     [Pref.  un-  (I) ;  Eug. 
napkin,  s.,  anil  soft",  -ed.]    Unprovided  with  a 
napkin  or  handkerchief. 

"  An  unnapHn«d  lawyer's  greasy  flst" 

Beaum.  4  net.  ;  Woman-hater.  L  a. 

*  fin-napped',  a,     [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  nap, 
and  sulf.  -ed.]      Not  having  a  nap  :  as,  un- 
napped  cloth. 

«  un  na'-tJve,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
native.]    Not  native  ;  not  natural ;  foreign. 
"  This  unnattve  fear."       Thornton :  Britannia.  83. 

fin-nat'-n-ral,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
natural.] 

1.  Not  natural ;   contrary  to  the  laws  of 
nature  ;  contrary  to  the  natural  feelings. 

"The  foulest,  the  most  unnatural  Injustice."— Jfac- 
aulay:  But.  Eng.,  ch.  Till. 

2.  Acting  contrary  to  the  natural  feelings  ; 
not  having  the  feelings  natural  to  humanity  ; 
inhuman. 

"  Driven  from  his  palace  by  an  unnalurot  son."— 
Jfitcaulay.'  Bitt.  Xng..  ch.  ilv. 

3.  Not  in  conformity  to  nature ;   not   in 
accordance  with  the  ordinary  nature,  charac- 
ter, or  disposition  of  a  person. 

"  Thine  eyes  are  flashing  with  veinatural  light" 
Byron  :  Cain,  liL  L 

4.  Not  representing  nature;  forced,  strained, 
affected,  artiticial. 

"Glittering  trifles,  that  In  a  serious  poem  are 
nauseous,  because  they  are  unnatural  —Dryden. 

unnatural-offence,  >. 

Ord.  Lang,  at  Law :  The  crime  against  na- 
ture ;  sodomy.  (Wharton.) 

*  fin-nat'-n-ral-ize,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  naturalize.}     To  make   unnatural;    to 
divest  of  natural  feelings. 

"  He  strives  as  It  were  to  unmauraliie -himself,  and 
lay  by  bis  natural  sweetness  of  disposition.  —Balet: 
Sermon  on  Luke  xvltt.  1. 

•  fin-naf -n-ral-ized,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  naturalized.] 

1.  Not  naturalized ;    not   invested,    as    a 
foreigner,  with  the  rights  and  privileges  of  a 
citizen  ;  alien. 

"No  difference  between  them  and  bastards  un- 
naturalifed.'— Evelyn  :  State  of  franc* 

2.  Not  natural ;  unnatural. 

"Adorned  with  urmaturalifnt  ornament*."— Broth- 
vrayt :  A'aturei  Kmlauie.  (Dedic.) 

fin-nat'-U-ral-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unnatural ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  an  unnatural  manner  or  degree :  con- 
trary to  nature  or  natural  feelings. 

"  Both  the  clauses  are  placed  unnaturally."— Dry. 
den:  Kttay ;  Dramatic  Poetry. 

2.  Without  regard  or  respect  to  what  is  or 
would  be  natural  or  likely  ;  improbably;  with- 
out sufficient  grounds. 

"Not  unnnrur-iHy  think  it  strange."— Uacaulay : 
Silt.  Eng.,  ch.  xxiil 


fin-naf -n-ral-ness,  ».  [Eng.  vnnatv.nl; 
-ness.}  The  "quality  or  state  of  beiny  un- 
natural ;  contrariety  to  nature  or  natural  feel- 
ings. 

••  The  very  unn/iruralneu  itself  were  a  very  great 
matter."—/*/*.  Taylor :  Rtde  of  Commence,  bk.  U.,  ch.  L 

*  fiu-na'-ture,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Bng. 
nature.]    To  change  or  take  away  the  nature 
of ;  to  give  a  different  nature  to. 

"A  ri^ht  heavenly  nature  indeed,  as  It  were  Mft- 
naturina  them."— Sidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  111. 

*  fin-na'-ture,  s.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
nature.]     The  absence  of   nature  or  of  the 
order  of   nature;    the   contrary  of  nature; 
that  which  is  unnatural. 

"  Unnnture,  what  we  call  Cbaoa,  holds  nothing  In  it 
but  vacuities,  devouring  gulfs."— Carlyle. 

»  un-nav'-I-ga-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  navigable.]  Not  navigable  ;  incapable  ol 
being  navigated. 

"His  eternal  barrier  of  impervious  unnarifabtf 
Ice."— ftp.  Hartley  :  Sermont,  vol.  U..  ser.  17. 

*  un-nav'-I-gat-Sd,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  navigated.}      Not  navigated  ;  not  tra- 
versed by  ships  or  other  vessels. 

"They  have  discovered  seas  unmitigated  and  un. 
known  before."— Coo* '  Third  roi/age:  Infcrif.  to  Ue 
Memory. 

*  fin-near',  •  nn-neere,  prep.    [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eug.  near.]    Not  uear ;  at  a  distance 
from. 

"  rnne«r«  the  Ocean's  brim." 

:  jlutet  Sacrijtoe.  p.  U. 


un-ncc'-es-sar-i  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unneces- 
sary; -ly.]  in  an  unnecessary  manner  or 
degree ;  not  necessarily  ;  not  of  necessity ; 
needlessly,  superfluously ;  without  any  neces- 
sity. 

"No  writer  i  would  arbitrarily  and  unn<reeuarfl» 
have  thus  Gust  in  his  reader's  way  a  difficulty.  — 
Paley:  Eeidencei  of  Chrittianity,  pt.  1L,  ch.  111. 

fin-ne'o'-e's-sar-a'-ness,  ».  [Eng.  unneces- 
sary ;  -ness.}  '  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unnecessary,  needless,  or  superfluous ;  need- 
lessness. 

"  These  are  such  extremes  as  afford  no  middle  lor  In- 
dustry to  exist,  hope  being  equally  outdated  by  the 
desperateness  or  unnecoiarineu  of  an  undertaking. 
—Decay  of  Piety. 

fin-nSj'-Ss-sar-y,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  necessary.]  Not  necessary ;  not  abso- 
lutely required  by  the  circumstances  of  the 
case ;  needless,  unneeded. 

"There  should  he  no  unnecessary  bloodshed."— 
Macaulay :  Bitt.  Eng.,  cb.  zvi. 

*  fin-ne'-c5s'-sl-ty,  t.     [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Eng.  necessity.]     The  state  of   being  unne- 
cessary; something  unnecessary.    (Sir  Thos. 
Browne.) 

*  fin-neid'-ful,  *  fin-need' -full,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  needful.]    Not  needful ;  not 
necessary  ;  unnecessary. 

"The  captalue  made  the  more  haste  away,  which 
was  not  unneedfull."—Backluyt :  Voyages,  ill.  514. 

fin-nS-go'-cI-a-ble  (o  as  sh),  a.  [Pref.  u«- 
(1),  and  Eng. 'negotiable.]  That  cannot  be 
negociated  ;  not  negociable. 

"  A  portion  of  his  immovable  and  unneoodable  pro- 
perty.'—  Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  30,  187S. 

*  fin-nelgh'-bored     (gn  silent),  a.    [Pref. 
un-  (1) ;  Eng.  neighbor,  and  suff.  -ed.}   Having 
no    neighbors ;  living  away  from     neighbors. 

"  An  unnrtohboured  Isle." 

Cowfer  :  Bomer ;  Odyttey  vl. 

un-nelgh'-b5r-ly  to*  silent),  a.  &  adv. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  neighborly.] 

A.  As   adj. :   Not    neighborly ;     not  b«> 
coming  or  characteristic  of  &  neighbor. 

"  Tapir  unneiakbourly  deportment."— Qarth. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  an  unneighborly  manner ; 
not  like  a   neighbor;  not  neighborly. 

"  And  not  to  spend  It  so  iinneiffhbourly.* 

Sltakeif. :  king  John,  T.  «. 

«  fin-noV-vate,  a.  [USNEKVE.]  Weak,  feeble, 
enervate. 

"  Scaliger  calls  them  One  and  lively  In  Huwns  ;  but 
abject.  unnert»o*«,  and  uuharmomous  in  Homer.  — 
Broome 

fin-nerve',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  nerve.} 

1.  To  deprive  of  nerve,  strength,  or  power; 
to  weaken,  to  enfeeble,  to  unman. 

"  The  danger  which  had  unnerved  him  bad  roused 
the  Irish  people."— Macaulay  i  Uitt.  Eng.,  ch.  rjv. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  nerve  or  nerves ;  to  cut 
a  nerve  or  nerves  from. 

"  The  only  cure,  they  tell  me.  Is  to  unnerve  him."— 
field.  Dec.  «.  1884. 


boll, 


;  poTlt,  J6>I;  oat.  pll.  chorM,  9nin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  a,;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist    pt L  =  ! t 
-Uoo.  -.ion  =  .nun ;  -tlon,  -»lon  =  znim.   -clou.. -tious, -stous  -  shus.   -We. -die,  &c.  =  Del.  del. 


4970 


Unnerved— unona 


3.  To  deprive  of  power  or  authority;   to 
weakrn. 

"  (i.ivernment  was  unntrrtil,  confounded,  and  In  ft 
manner  appended."— Burke :  Letter  to  a  Noble  Lord 
(ITtfc). 

un-  nerved',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),   and  Eng. 
nervmL]    Deprived  of  nerve  or  power  ;  weak, 
feeble,  unrnatnn  >1. 
"The  unnerved  father  (alls."    Shttkttp.  ;  ffamlet,  ii.  Z. 

•ftn-nest',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  nest.] 
To  turn  out  of  a  nest ;  to  dislodge. 

"The  eye  un»nte<l  from  the  head  cannot  see."  — 

A'lunt :    Works,  ii.  268. 

*  un-nes  -tie  (tie  as  el),  v.t.    [Pref.  «n-  (2), 
and  Enx.  nettle.}    To  deprive  of  or  eject  from, 
or  as  from  n  m^t ;  to  dislodge,  to  eject. 

"  To  nnneetle  and  drive  out  of  heaven  all  the  gods." 
Urquhart.  JtabdaiM.  bk,  lit,  cb.  lii. 

*  un-netu,  un-nethes,  ode.    [UNBATH.] 

*  un  net -ted,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  »"d  Eng. 
netted.]    Not  inclosed  in  a  net  or  network ; 
unprotected  by  nets,  as  wall-fruit. 

"The«nn«tt«rfb]jLckhejirts  rijien  dark.* 

Tunny  tan:  ii!<tcf:bird. 

•un-ntg'-gard.&n-nlg'-gard-lSr.a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  niggard,  niggardly.]  Not 
niggardly,  parsimonious,  or  miserly ;  liberal 

"  Uureaerved  and  unniggardty  goodness 
Ltght  </  A'ature,  vol.  L.  pt  lit.,  ch.  xxvilL 

*  fin-no    Die,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 

a.]    Not  noble  ;  ignoble,  mean,  ignominious. 

**  A  most  umtobie  swerving." 

&.akt*p.;  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  HI.  J. 

*  fin-na'-ble-neso,  «.    [Eng.  unnoble;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  uimoble  ;  mean- 
ness. 

**  Ton  made  this  TOW,  and  whose  unnobltnett, 
Indeed  forget  fujjie-ss  of  good—." 

Beaum.  t  Flct. :  Loyal  Sutyect. 

Jb  adv.    [Eng.  unnob(le);  -ly.]    In 
an  ignoble  manner. 

"  Why  does  your  lordship  use  me  BO  unnobfy  f" 
Beaum.  Jt  Flet. :  Custom  of  the  Country,  iv. 

•tin-nooked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  nook ; 
•ed.]  Without  nook*  or  crannies ;  hence, 
open,  frank,  guileless. 

"  My  unnookeil  simplicity."  Jfartton. 

*  un  notched ,  *  iin~no9hf ,  a.    [Pref.  un~ 
(1),  and  Eng.  notched.]    Not  notched,  nicked, 
or  cut 

"And  ruffe  of  hears,  my  naylet  unnocht.  u  to  such 
seemeth  beat." 

Vneertaim  Altaian .'  The  Loner  Refuted,  *c. 

fcn-not'-ed,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  noted.} 
1.  Not  noted  ;  not  observed  ;  not  heeded ; 
unnoticed. 

"  Secure,  unnoted.  Conrad's  prow  passed  by." 

Byron  t  Cortiir,  i.  It. 

*  2.  Not  perceptible ;  imi*rceptible. 

"Su*ch  sober  »nd  unnoted  pawlon." 

Shake*?. .-  Timon  of  Athens.  111.  8. 

ttn-no'-tlced,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
noticed.] 

1.  Not  noticed ;  not  heeded  or  regarded ; 

having  no  notice  or  note  taken. 

" The  last  bishop  .  .  .  dropped  unnoticed  Into  the 
grave."— Jtacaulay:  ffitt.  £ny.,  en.  xvii. 

2.  Not  treated  with  kindness,  hospitality, 
or  respect ;  neglected. 

"Alone,  unnotire/i,  and  unwept" 

Wordneorth:   White  Doe,  v. 

*  tin-nd'-tf-f^-,  v.t.    [Pref.  im-  (2),  and  Eng. 
*w<i/i/.]    To    contradict,  as    something   pre- 
viously made  known,  declared,  or  notified. 

"I  notified  to  you  the  settlement  of  the  ministry, 
and  .  .  .  have  not  to  unnotjfy  it  again."—  Walpolt: 
To  Mann,  lit  SSL 

*un-nour'-ished,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.    nourished.]    Not   nourished,    fostered, 
cherished,  or  sustained. 

"  The  unnoMritAerf  strife  would  quickly  make  an  end." 
Daniel :  To  Sir  T.  Egerton. 

fin  num'  bered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
numbered.}  Not  numbered;  not  capable  of 
being  numbered  or  counted  ;  Innumerable. 

"  Full  ol  fresh  verdure  and  unnumbered  flowers." 
Thornton  :  Spring.  6ul. 

*  un  nii'  mcr-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  numerable'.]    Innumerable. 

"There  resorted  an  nnnumerablo  multitude."— 
ffdal:  Markvi. 

*  un-nun',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  nun.] 
To  depose,  dismiss,  or  release  from  the  condi- 
tion or  vows  of  a  nun ;  to  cause  to  cease  to  be 
a  nun.    (Special  coinage*) 

"  Many  did  quickly  unnun  and  dlafriar  themselves.* 
— fuller. 


*  un-nur'-tured,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
nurtured.]    Not  nurtured  ;  not  educated ;  un- 
educated, illiterate,  rude,  ignorant. 

"  Unnurtured  Blount  1  thy  brawling  cease." 
Scott:  Munition,  vL  « 

U'-no,  a.     [Lat  unut  =  one.]    One,  single. 

uno  rail,  s.  A  traction  system  for  ordi- 
nary waggons,  in  which  a  single  rail  is  luid 
for  the  locomotive,  which  has  nearly  hori- 
zontal wheels  to  grasp  the  rail.  The  waggons 
are  coupled  on  the  rear. 

*un-6-be'-dI-en9e,  5.  [Pref.  ««-  (l),  nnd 
Eng.  obedience.}  Want  or  absence  of  obe- 
dience ;  disobedience. 

"  We  han  redt  to  veuge  al  tutobedimce.'—  Wyeltfe 

*un-o-be'-di-ent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
En-,'.  obNHmft,]  Not  obedient ;  disobedient. 

"Tberben  inanye  unobedient  and  veyne  spekeris."— 
Wycltfe :  TUiu  i. 

un-o-beyed',  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
obeyed.]  Not  obeyed;  disobeyed.  (Milton: 
P.  L.,  v.  670.) 

*  un-ob-Ject'-e'd,  «•    rPref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
objected.]    Not    objected ;   not    brought    for- 
ward as  an  objection  or  contrary  argument. 

"  What  will  be  leave  tmoAjVcterf  to  Luther?-— Attir- 

un-6b-Jec'-tipn-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un*  OX 
and  Eng.  objectionable.]  Not  objectionable ; 
not  liable  or  open  to  objection ;  not  to  be 
objected  to  as  faulty,  false,  or  improper, 

"  Unotytctionabl*  In  principle." — Macaufay:  Bttt. 
Eng.,  ch.  xviiL 

*  iin-ob  nox'-tous  (x  as  ksh),  a.     [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  obnoxious.]    Not  obnoxious  ; 
not  liable  or  exposed. 

"  Unwearied,  unobnoxiout  to  be  pnlu'd 
By  wound."  Mitton  :  P.  L..  vL  404. 

un  ob-sciired',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
obscured.]  Not  obscured  ;  not  darkened, 
dimmed,  or  clouded. 

"  His  glory  wtobscur'd."         Milton  :  P.  /,.,  U.  268. 

•un-ftb-so'-qui-ous-ness,  s.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  obsequiousness.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  incompliant ;  want  of  compli- 
ance. 

"  All  unobtfguioutnftt  to  their  Incogitancy."— 
Browne:  Vulgar  Errourt. 

iin-ob-^erv'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and 
Eng.  observable.]  Not  observable  ;  incapable 
of  being  observed,  noticed,  or  detected ;  im- 
perceptible. 

"  Little  and  singly  unobxgnabl*  Images  of  the  lucid 
body."— Boyle  :  Workt,  L  702. 

*  iin-ob-ferv'-ance,  *.    [Eng.  unobservant); 
-«.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  unobser- 
vant ;  absence  or  want  of  observance. 

"The  universality  of  their  power,  and  yet  general 
unobtervance  ol  it,"—  Whitlock:  jfannert  of  the  £ng- 
lith,  p.  419. 

iin-ob-serv'-aiit,  a.  IPref.  «n-(l),  and  Eng. 
observant.] 

I.  Not  observant,  not  attentive;  heedless, 
careless ;  not  having  or  not  exercising  one's 
powers  of  observation. 

"An  unexperienced  and  an  unobtervant  man.'— 
Knoxi  Kttayt,  No.  90. 

*2.  Not  obsequious. 

un-ob-serred',  a.  [Pref  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
observed,]  Not  observed,  not  noticed,  not 
heeded ;  unnoticed. 

Home  to  his  mother's  house  pi  i  vute  retum'd." 

Milton:  f.  &,  iv.  63ft. 

u-ob-gerv'-edrl^.adjj.  I  Eng.  unobserved; 
•ly.]  Without  being  observed  or  noticed. 

"He  went  thitlier  secretly  and  unobsemdly" — 
Patrick:  On  Judge*  xvi.  i. 

tin-ob-serv'-ing,  a.  [Pi^f.  ««-  (IX  and 
Eng. observing.]  Notobserving;  unobservant; 
inattentive,  heedless. 

"They  grew  culpably  carelew  and  unobterving."-. 
Waterlanti;  Workt,  vi.  174. 

un-ob-striict'-cd,  a.  [Pi-ef.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  obstructed.]  Not  obstructed;  not  hin- 
dered or  stopped  ;  not  blocked  up  ;  open. 

"  The  amplest  range 
Of  unobtlructrd  prospect" 

Wordneorth :  Vttwfnm  Top  of  Black  Comb. 

un-6b~struct'-ive,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  obstructive.}  Not  obstructive  ;  not  rais- 
ing or  presenting  any  obstruction  or  obstacle. 

"Forward  mu  in  uniAttrnctine *ky." 

Blackmore  ;  Creation,  1L 


iin  6b-tained  ,  a,  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
obtained.]  Not  obtained;  not  acquired,  gained, 
held,  or  possessed. 


unrob-tru  -slve,  a.  [Pref,  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
obtrusive.}  Not  obtrusive  ;  not  forward  ; 
modest. 

"  Their  brief  and  umobtruttoe  history." 

Woiftvjorth:  Excursion,  bk.  Tt 

tin-ob-tru'-sive-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  i/noMrw- 
s-ive  ;  -ly.\  In  an  unobtrusive  manner;  mo- 
destly. 

*  tin-oV-vJ-otis,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  an.i  Eng. 
obrioits-1  Not  obvious;  not  plain,  cluai  or 
evident. 

"  Let  me  call  upon  yon  to  consider  a  few,  not  un- 
obvioits  tilings.  "—tioyla;  Work*,  iL  177. 

iin  6c'-cu  pied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
occupied.] 

1.  Not  occupied,  possessed,  or  held;  not 
taken  possession  of. 

"  To  take  possession  of  unoccttptod  terriUiries."— 
Jtacaulay  ;  flat.  Eng.,  ch,  ixlv. 

*2.  Not  used;  not  made  use  of;  unfre- 
quented. 

"This  way  of  late  had  been  much  unnecuiiied.  Hnd 
was  almost  all  yiuwii  over  with  gra^"—  Bun^n  : 
fitffrimt  frryreu,  pt  ii. 

3.  Not  employed  or  taken  up  In  business  or 
otherwise;  not  engaged. 

"  The  council,  or  cwiumittees  of  council,  were  neT«r 
•  k  moment  uwxr'tptrd  withanairsof  trade,'  -  Burkt  i 
Jtounamical  Reform.  (I78»ju 

iin  of  fend'  cd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
offended.]  Not  offended  :  without  ofit-uce 
offei-ed. 


un  of  fend'-mg,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
offending.]  Not  olt'endiug  ;  harmless,  iuuo- 
oent  ;  free  from  ofleuce,  sin,  or  fault. 

"Their  unoffending  commonwealth." 

Wordtwvrth:  Kxcuniun,  bit.  T. 

tin-o'f-fe'n'-Bive,  a.  [Pre£  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
oJTensive.]  Nut  oll'ensive  ;  giving  or  musing 
no  offence;  unoflending,  harmless,  inotl<  nsive. 

"  His  utniffuHtii'e  and  enutlous  return  to  tdoae  111- 
lald  demands."—  /'eU;  Lifts  <tf  Uammund,  |  L 

iin^or-fered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
offered.}  Not  offered  or  proffered  ;  not  brought 
forward,  presented,  or  proposed. 

"How  can  thew  men  presume  to  take  it  unnffere* 
first  to  God  T  "—  Milton  :  Con,  to  Ke-nooe  UireUngf. 

UH-6f-f£'-olal  (d  as  Bh),  a.  [Pret  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  official.}  Not  official. 

"  The  various  sources,  official  and  unofficial,"— 
Scribner't  Mayatine,  faept.  lora,  p,  31  a. 

un-oT-fi'-cial-l^  (cl  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng. 
unofficial  ;  -ly.\  In  an  unofficial  munner  ;  not 
in  an  official  capacity. 

"  Neither  unofficially  nor  officially  can  be  suie  of 
teacuing  the  landlords  wisdom."—  faU  Mutt  iiuiette. 
Feb.  23,  isss. 

*  un-6f-f  t  -clous,  o.    [Pref.  im-  0)»  and  Eng. 
officious.}    Not  otficious  ;  not  forward  or  over- 
busy. 

"  Sot  inin/ticivusto  administer  something."—  Mitto*  : 
Tetrai-hordon. 

*iin-or-ten  (t  silent),  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1% 
and  Eng.  often.]  Not  often,  seldom,  raielj  ; 
infrequently. 

"  The  man  of  gallantry  not  unoften  has  been  found 
to  think  after  thu  same  ui&tiuer."  —  Hurra:  Thrtt 
Treatise*,  pt.  u. 

*  im-oil',  v.t.    [Pret  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  oil,  v.) 
To  free  from  oil. 

**  A  tight  maid,  ere  he  for  wine  can  ask, 
Uneases  his  meaning,  and  uitoilt  the  il.sk.* 
Dryden  :  Ju 

un-oiled',  o.  [Pref.  ««-  (1),  and  Eng.  oiled.] 
Not  oiled;  not  rubbed  or  smeared  with  oil; 
not  anointed. 

"  AKunoiied  binge*,  queralously  shrill.  * 

ruung:  Love  of  Fume,  T! 

*  un-old',  *  un-olde,  v.t.    [  Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  old.]    To  make  young  again  ;  to  rejuve- 
nate. 

hat  can  unotde  a  man." 
inetter  :  The  tichume,  69T. 

U  -no'~na,  s.  [Lat.  uno  —  to  make  one,  to 
join.  So  called  becauae  the  stameus  ar« 
united  with  the  ovary.J 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Xylope*.  Sbmbs,  sood 
of  them  climbing  on  trees,  with  simple,  peJ« 
lucid,  dotted  leaves,  and  rather  large  flower*, 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  wtoo.  son;  mute,  cub,  euro,  quite,  our,  rulev  full;  try.  SJrriaa.    w,  o»=  e;  ey^=  a;  an  =  kw. 


unopened— unpaired 


4971 


with  three  sepals,  six  long,  thin,  Sat  petals 
In  two  rows,  sometimes  Ndnoad  to  a  single 
row  of  three;  numerous,  four-sided  stamens, 
and  many  carpels  constricted  between  the 
seeds  so  as  to  form  several  one-seeded  fruits. 
Kncwn  species  seventeen  or  eighteen,  from 
tropical  Asia  or  Africa.  The  Chinese  at  Hong 
Kong  make  a  tine  purple  dye  from  the  unripe 
fruit  of  Ultima,  discolor.  U.  A'arum  is  now 
Uvaria  Narum. 

Kn-d'-pened.  a.     (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
aliened.]    Not  opened  ;  closed,  shut. 

" 


un-o'-pen-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  ''"-'• 
opening'.}  Not  opening  ;  remaining  closed  or 
Bhnt. 

"  Curse  the  sav'd  candle,  and  unoptninv  door," 

fope  :  ilor.il  £tsal/i.  Hi.  1ft 

•  fin-«p'-er-a-tive,  o.  [Pref.  «*•  (1),  and 
En;:.  operative.]  Not  operative  ;  inoperative  ; 
producing  no  effect. 

"  For  a  the  lUe  o(  Christ  be  hid  to  this  world,  much 
more  is  his  sceptre  unoperative.  but  lu  spiritual 
things."-  UOUn:  Kefotrmetum  in  Sttalaad.  bk.  U. 

tin-i-per'-cu-late,  ttn-o-per'-cu-lat- 

ed,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng.  operculate.) 

[INOPEBCULATE.] 

tin-6p'-p6fed,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1).  and  E"K- 
closed.)  Not  opposed,  not  resisted  ;  meeting 
with  no  opposition  or  resistance. 

14  The  PiiDce  of  Orange  wan  marching  unopposed  to 
I»nuon."—  JrfacoiU'ty  :  tiat.  Jmtt.,  en.  xii. 


•  on  dp-press  -Ive,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 

Ens.  opirressive.)     Not  oppressive  ;  not  hard, 
burdensome,  or  severe. 

••  Yoo  would  have  had  an  unrpprealee  bnt  a  pro- 
ductive revenue,"— Burke  :  On  the  French.  Evolution. 

fin-or-dalned',  a.  [Pref.  tin-  0),  »nd  Eng. 
ordained.)  Not  ordained  or  ordered;  not 
commanded. 

"  Be  it  not  unordainfd  that  aolemn  rite.  . 
Shall  be  perfonuecl  at  pregnant  mtervaU. 

H'ordiworth  :  ThanktgMng  Ode,  Jan.  18, 1810. 

•  fin-or'-der,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
order,  v.)    To  counterorder,  to  countermand. 

"  I  think  I  must  unorder  thete*."— Mad.  LfArbtay 
Cecilia,  bk.  via.,  ch.  ill 


•  un-or  -dered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (I), 
order;   -ed.\     Not  arranged  or  disposed  in 
order. 


•nn-or'-der-ly,  a.  [Pref.  KB-  (1),  and  Eng. 
orderly.]  Not  orderly  ;  disorderly,  irregular  ; 
out  of  order. 

"  Their  reply  1>  childish  and  tuurderlt."—  Boater 
Icda.  fallti/. 

•  on-or'-din-a-ry,  o.      [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ordinary')    Not  ordinary  ;  notoomiaon 
extraordinary,  unusual. 

"  Kill  monstrous  births  (a.  we  call  them),  because  ot 
an  unardtxartttatee,"—  Locke:  Hum.  Cnd«r«.,bk.  UL, 
oh.  XL 

•  jSn-or'-dan-ate.'on-or-dlJi-At,  a.  [Pret 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  ordiuate.]    Inordinate,  dis- 
orderly. 

"  Riglitfulnease  of  the  lawe  refreynede  umirdinat 
manem."—  Wyrl&e:  Ecclu*.  xlv.  ».  (Note.) 

«  un  or'-din  ate-ly,  *  un-or-di-nat-ly 

adv.     [En8.  inordinate  ;  -ly.)    Inordinately 
disorderly. 

"  Ech  brother  wandrynge  tmordinatt  Jf  or  agen*  gooe 
oture."—  Wycltffe:  2  Thru.  111.  6. 

fin-or'-gan-ized,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng 
organized.]  Not  organized  ;  inorgauized,  in 
organic. 

"An  uniform,  unarganHtd  body.'  —  lacte  :  Bum. 
Vnderlt.,  bk.  IL.  ch.  XXX. 

un-6-rig'-in-al,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

original.} 

1.  Not  original,  derived. 
•2.  Having  no  birth  ;  not  generated. 

-  Unoriginal  Night  and  Cliaoi  wild." 

Jliluns  y.  i.,x.477. 

»&n-6-rlg'-In-at-ed,  o.  [Pref.  «»-  <1),  an 
Bug.  originated.]  Not  originated;  having  u 
birtli  or  creation. 

"  Belt-txlHtent,  underived.  unorWno**  Indepen 
dent"—  Watertand  :  Work*,  li.  348. 

•  ftn  6  rig'-In-at-ed-ness,  ».     [Eng.  un 
originated  ;  -ness.]     The  quality  or  state  c 
being  unoriginatad  orwithout  birth  or  creatioi 
••  Self-existence  or  uooriyiniiUdmn,'—  Waterland 
Work*,  Iii.  180. 


fin-i-ri^-in-ate-ly,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1); 
Eng.  originate^),  aud  sufi".  -ly.)  Without 
birth  or  origin. 

"  He  is  so  emphatically  or  untrriainatety."—  Water- 
land  :  U'orti,  ii.  a. 

fin-or-na-ment'-al.  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ornamental.)  Not  ornamental ;  plain. 

•The  simple,  unaffected,  unornamental  and .unos- 
tentatious manner  in  which  they  deliver  truths  so 
important"—  Wett  :  Resurrection  (no.  4th),  p.  855. 

un-or'-na-me'nt-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ornamented.)  Not  ornamented  ;  not 
adorned ;  plain. 

"  I  have  bestowed  «o  many  garlands  upon  your 
shrine,  which  till  my  time  used  to  staud  unorna- 
mented."— Coventry  :  PhiL  to  J/ifd.,  con.  5. 

fin-or'-th6-d8x,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
orthodox.)  Not  orthodox ;  heterodox ;  heretical. 

"  Ha  was  snre  to  be  unorthodox  that  was  worth  the 
plundering."— Decay  nf  Piety. 

tin-or'-tho-dox-y,  s.  [Pref.  «*•  (!)•  a.nd 
F.ug.  orthodoxy.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unorthodox ;  heterodoxy,  heresy. 

"  Calvin  made  roast  meat  of  Serrotns  at  Oenera  for 
ids  unorthodoxy."— T.  Brown  :  Workt,  ill  104. 

fin  os  ten-ta'-tious,  a.    [Pret  un-  (1),  »nd 

Eng.  ostentatious.) 

1.  Not   ostentatious ;    not   boastful;    not 
making  show  or  parade  ;  modest    (See  extract 
under  UNOBNAMENTAI*) 

2.  Not  glaring  or  showy :  as,  unostentatious 
colouring. 

fin-Ss-ten-ta'-tions-ly',  adv.  [Eng.  unos- 
tentatiously.) In  an  unostentatious  manner ; 
without  show  or  i>aradc  ;  modestly. 

"  Hels auentlyaudiinotfiMtotiowlir  happy."— Knox: 
Chriuian  PhiL,  i  40. 


fin-6s-ton-ta'-tlous-m,ss,  ».  fEi*  «™*- 
tentatiout;  -ness.)  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unostentatious ;  modesty. 

•  fin-outH.peak'-a-ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ; 
En"    out,  and  speaicable.)     Unutterable,  in- 
expressible.   (CoverdaU :  1  Peter  i.  8.) 

•  fin-o-ver-come',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 

overcame.)  Not  overcome  ;  not  be:it«n  or  con- 
quered. (Wydife :  2  Maccabees  xi.  18.) 

•  un-o-ver-pass'-a-ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ; 
Eng.  omr,  and  ptasable.)    Insurpassable,  in. 
vincible. 

"The  unoverpauabte  she  ouerpaned."  —  Wydife: 
Judith,  n.  602.   (ProU 

fin-o-ver-tak'-en,  a.  [Pref.  un-(l),  and 
Eng.  overtaken.)  Not  overtaken ;  not  come 
up  with. 

••  H!i  shadow  Is  still  uneeertaten  before  him."— 
Adamt  :  Worla,  U.  sol. 

fin-o-ver-trow'-a-ble,  o.    [Pret  »»•  0) 

Eug.  o«r,  trow,  and'suff.  -able.)  That  cannot 
be  suspected,  imagined,  or  believed. 

"Nyne  unotertroteable  thlngus  of  herte.  I  magne- 
Bede.  —  Wydiffti  Ectlui.  xxv.  ». 

fin-owed',  o.    [Pref.  v.n-  (1),  and  Eng.  owed.) 
1.  Not  owed,  not  due. 
•2.  Not  owned ;  having  no  owner. 

"  The  uno««lrnUa»t  of  prond^wellmg  state.' 

Sltaketp.  :  Ai'i'J  John.  Ir.  8. 

*  fin-own',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  aud  Eug.  own 

v.]    Not  to  acknowledge ;  to  disown. 

"Why  was  this  unovmttiff  of  the  playi 
Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  20,  1B87. 

fin-owned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  owned. 

1.  Not  owned ;  having  no  known  owner 
not  claimed. 

••  Onr  unoumed  sister."          Mttton  :  Coma,  407. 

2.  Not  owned  or  acknowledged;   not  ad 
mitted. 

fin-8x'-.-dized,  fin-5x--I-dat-Sd,  a 

'Pref  tin-  (1),  and  Eng.  oxidized,  oxidated. 
Not  oxidized ;  not  having  been  convert* 
into  an  oxide  by  being  combined  with  oxygen 
(LyM.) 

*  fin-pac'-I-fi-a-ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1)  an 
Eng.  pactjutble.)    Incapable  of  being  pacitiei 
soothed,  or  calmed. 

"  The  itnpactfl-ioie  madness  that  this  world's  mns 
puta  those  into.'— Adamt:  Workt,  11  409. 

*  fin-pa-cif-ic,*  fin-pa  9if'-ick,o-  [Pre 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  pacific.)  Not  pacific ;  no 
peaceful. 

"  Our  dlsnnited  aud  unpacijlc  ancestors."—  Warton 
SHt.ofKiddinat<m,t.n. 


n-pao'-i-f led,  *  un-pao-i-ftde, «.  tPtet 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  paaifled.)    Not  pacified;  not 
quieted,  calmed,  or  tranquillized. 

" It ranne  so  long  unpacif.de" 

Browne  :  Britannia*  I'attoralt,  i.  4. 

fin-pack',  *un-paoke,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2X 
and  Eng.  pact,'.] 

1.  To  open,  as  things  packed. 
"  None  of  our  said  subjects  shall   .  .   .    mpacXe.  in 
the  countreis  alioueaaide,  no  kind  of  wares."—  flock- 
luyt:  Vau«sl<*>  1310. 

*  2.  To  relieve  of  a  pack  or  bnrden ;  to  un? 
load,  to  disburden. 

"  Unpack  my  heart  with  words.* 

Shatttp.  :  Uatnlet.  11.  » 

fin-packed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
packed.] 

1.  Opened,  as  a  parcel  or  things  that  have 
been  packed.    (Camper:  Conversation,  309.) 

2.  Not  packed;  not  collected  by  unlawful 
means. 

"Justice, aod  an  unpacKd  iunr-" 

Butter:  ffudibrae. 

fin-paok'-er,  ».  [Eng.  unpack;  -er.)  One 
who  unpacks. 

"By  the  awkwardness  of  the  unpackrr  the  statues- 
thumb  waa  broken."— Mitt  Sdfteortk  :  Snnui.  oh.  ill 

fin-paid',  *un-payde,  *  un-payed,  o 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  aud  Eng.  paid,] 
L  Not  paid,  not  discharged,  as  a  debt 

"  She  would  that  duty  leave  unpaid  to  von. 
Which  daily  she  was  Ixninil  to  prnfler. 

Shaknp.  :  Cymbeline,  111  5. 

8.  Not  having  received  the  payment  dne. 

"If  her  armies  are  three  years  unpaid,  she  is  th« 
less  exhausted  by  expense."—  Burke:  On  a  late  State 
of  the  Nation. 

3.  Not  receiving  pay   or   salary;    acting 
gratuitously. 

"An  unpaid  Justice  of  the  peace."— Field,  Jan.  SI, 
ISM. 

U  fl)  Unpaid-far:  Not  paid  for ;  taken  on 
credit. 

"  Prouder  than  rustling  In  unpatd-for  "ilk." 

Shakeipeare :  Cymbeltne.  Hi.  8. 

(2)  The  Great  Unpaid :  A  term  applied  to  the 
body  of  unpaid  magistrates  or  justices. 

•fin-pained',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
pained.)  Not  pained ;  suffering  no  pain. 

••  But  theres  not  one  of  these  who  are  vm>ain'd.~ 
Ben  Jenian  ;  Cynthia'i  Retell,  v.  8. 

*  fin-pain'-ful,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
painful.)  Not  painful ;  causing  no  pain. 

"  An  easy  and  unpainfut  touch."—  Locke  :  Hitman 
Underttand.,  bk.  ii-,  ch.  iv. 

un-palnf,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
pttint,  v.]  To  efface  or  remove  the  painter 
colour  from. 

'  un-paint'-ed,  o.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
painted.]  Not  painted  ;  not  coloured  or 
covered  with  paint. 

"Sending  another  unpointed  cloth."— HomulM: 
Peril  of  Idolatry,  pt  il 

•fin-paired',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  En*. 
paired.)  Not  paired,  not  matched. 

"And  minds  unpair-d  had  better  thinkalooe.- 

Craboe :  Tale*  of  the  Baa,  b. 

unpaired-eye,  s. 

Biol. :  A  functionless  eye  formed  on  the 
Invertebrate  type,  and  filling  up  the  space 
between  the  brain  and  the  parietal  foramen. 
It  was  first  found  in  Sphenodon  (q.v.); 


UNPAIRED  EYE  OF  BPHKNODOlt 

further  investigation  led  to  its  discovery  in 
all  the  living  Laeertilia  hi  which  a  parietal 
foramen  exists  (.Spencer  in  Q.  Jour,  tlierot.  SOB., 
n.s.  xxvii.),  and  it  has  since  been  traced  in 
Fishes  by  Beard  of  Freilurg  (Nature,  July  14, 


ML  *&•  P«t,  Js$M-  oat,  c.11,  ctom...  oWn.  bench;  go.  *em;  tain,  this;  .rtn,  as;  expect.  Xenophon,  fixirt.   -Ins. 
^l'an^^  -^^n  =  8hun;-tion.^<m  =  zhfin.   -cious. -tioua. -Bious  =  Ixu.,.   -We,  -die.  &c.  =  bel.  deO. 


4972 


unpalatable— unpeaceful 


1887).  Thus  in  the  same  vertebrate  animal 
•re  eyes  developed  on  the  vertebrate  and  o 
the  invertebrate  type,  and  formed  from  th 
modification  of  the  walls  of  hollows  in,  an 
oat-growths  of,  the  brain.  In  Sphenodoi 
which  has  been  the  subject  at  most  of  tli 
investigations,  this  eye  has,  in  section,  th 
shape  of  a  cone,  the  base  of  which  fills  th 
foramen,  while  the  pineal 
stalk  (p.s.)  is  connected 
with  the  apex.  The  walls 
of  the  optic  vesicle  (o«.) 
are  divided  into  an  ante- 
rior and  a  posterior  part, 
the  first  forming  the  lens 
(0,  and  the  other  the  sensi- 
tive structures,  all  nour- 
ished by  a  bloodvessel 
(&.».).  The  lens  is  appa- 
rently directly  the  product 
of  the  brain -wall  itself 
The  retinal  elements  (r)are 
arranged  in  the  manner 
typical  of  Invertebrates— 
thi 


the  rods  lie  on  the  inner 
side,  bounding  the  cavity 
of  the  optic  vesicle,  the 


MODIFIED  ITS. 

SCALE 
Of  a  species  of  Igu. 


nerve  entering  posteriorly, 
;  out  in 


rent  cornea,  in 
middle    of    whtcl 
~.  --  y>        the  eye  U 

mnd  not  spreading  out  in 
front  of  the  rods.  In  all  living  forms  this 
eye  is  in  a  state  of  greater  or  less  degenera 
tion,  but  it  was  most  probably  functional  in 
the  Labyrinthodonts  in  which  the  parieta 
foramen  was  very  large,  and  had  its  sides 
corrugated,  as  if  for  the  attachment  o: 
muscles. 

unpaired-fins,  &  pU 

Ichthy.  :  The  same  as  VERTICAL-TINS  (q.v.X 

fin-pal  -at-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Kng.  palatable.] 

1.  Lit.:  Not  palatable;  not  acceptable  to 
the  palate  ;  distasteful. 

."  *£•  f°und  them  extremely  tough   and  unptijat. 
oN*"—  Ataon  :  Voyaga,  bk.  1L.  ch.  TilL 

2.  Fig.  :  Not  acceptable  to  the  feelings  or 
to  the  intellect  ;  not  such  as  to  be  relished  ; 
disagreeable. 

"To  return  thanks  for  this  unpalatable  counsel."— 
Uaeaulay  :  Biu.  fnf.,  ch.  ix. 

•  fin  pinged',  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

panged.]    Not  pained  or  distressed. 

"  When  could  grief 

Cull  forth,  as  unpanotd  judgement  can.  ntfst  tlm« 
For  best  solicitation."       Two  jeobte  Kintmen,  i.  L 

•fin-pan'-nel,  v.t.  [Pref.  tin-  (2),  and  Eng. 
pannel.]  To  take  a  panuel  or  saddle  off;  to 
unsaddle. 

"Bared  as  the  trouble  of  unpannetlina  Dapple."— 
JarrU  :  Dm  Quixote.  pt  1,  bk.  E.  oh.  it 

•un-par'-a-dlse,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  paradise.]  To  deprive  of  happiness  like 
that  of  paradise  ;  to  render  unhappy. 

"And  quite  unparadtle  the  realms  of  light" 

founff:  Jflght  Thought!,  i.  180. 

•  tin-par  '-a  goned,  a.    [Pref.  un.  (1)  ;  Eng. 
paragon,   and   suff.    .«,.]     Unequalled,   un- 
matched, unparalleled. 

"Enblesspiparajoned,-    Shatev.  :  CfmteUne,  U.  1 

•  fin-par'  al-lel-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  a); 
Bng.   parallel;   -able.]     Incapable  of  being 
paralleled  ;  unequalled,  matchless. 

"The   unpar'itlrlabte    glory  of  this  church  and 
nation."—/!/).  Ball  I  Ep.  by  Diftne  Right,  pt.  11L,  |  8. 

on-par'-al-leled,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  paralleled.]  Not  paralleled  ;  not  matched 
or  equalled  ;  without  any  parallel  or  equal  ; 
unequalled,  unprecedented. 

"A  deity  so  unparalleled.'        Hilton:  Arcade,,  25. 

•  fin  panned',  a.    [Pref.  un-  used  augmen- 
tatively.  and  Eng.  parched.]    Perished  or  de- 
stroyed by  heat  ;  withered,  dried  up. 

I  "  My  tongue  unjirtrched  " 

Cramhatf;  Ptalt*  187. 

fin  par'-don-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  pardonable.]  Not  pardonable  ;  that 
cannot  be  pardoned,  forgiven,  overlooked,  or 
remitted. 

"  It  seemed  to  the  editor  unpardonable'-Sentt  : 
s  the  Rhy  mer.    (Note.) 


y,  adv.  [Eng.  ttnpardm- 
ab(U);  -ly.]  Not  in  a  pardonable  manner  or 
degree  ;  beyond  pardon  or  forgiveness. 

"  Luther  most  have  been  trnpardonably  wicked.*— 
Atterbury. 

ftn-par'-ddned,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pardoned.]    Not  pardoned  or  forgiven  ;  not 


having  received  pardon  or  forgiveness ;  un 
forgiven. 

"  (HeJ  died  unpardoned.'       Byron :  Manfred,  IL  L 

un- par -don -ing,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  an 
Eng.  pardoning.]  Not  pardoning;  unfor 
giving,  relentless. 

"  Whom  Pallas  with  unptirdrmlny  fury  flrtd." 
Pope :  Homer  ;  Odyuey  XX.  SSL 

*  fin-par-lla  men-tar-I-ness,  t,    [Ens 
unparliamentary  ;  -ness.]   The  quality  or  stat 
of  being  unparliamentary  or  contrary  to  th 
rules  or  usages  of  parliament. 

"  Reprehending  them  for  the  unparllamrntarmr*, 
of  their  remonstrance  in  print'— Clarendon.-  Civ 
n  or,  i.  m. 

fin-par-Ua-men'-tar-y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1) 
and  Eng.  parliamentary.]  Not  parliamentary 
notagreeable  to  the  procedure  or  the  etiquet't 
observed  in  the  Houses  of  Parliament. 

"They  could  not  consent  to  anything  so  unparlia. 
i**ntary.'l—Maeaulay  :  Hut.  Eng..  ch.  xxlr. 

"fin-par'-rot-te'd,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1);  Eng 
parrot,  and  suff  -ed.]  Not  repeated  by  rote 
like  a  parrot, 

"  Her  sentences  were  unparrotted  and  unstudied." 

Godwin  i  Mandenlle.  L  207. 

"  un-part'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng 
portable.]  Incapable  of  being  parted;  in 
divisible,  Inseparable. 

"The  soul  Is  a  life  of  Itselfe,  a  life  all  in  one,  unpart- 
oNa.  —Tretcneese  of  Chrutian  Religion,  p.  S72. 

*  un  -part'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
parted.]     Not  parted ;   not  dissevered ;  not 
divided. 

"One    being    imparted    from    another."— forth 
Plutarch,  p.  208. 

*  un  par  -tial  (U  as  sh),  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1% 
and  Eng.  partial.]    Not  partial;  impartial, 
unbiassed. 

"The  impartial  Judging  of  this  business.* 

Xhaketp. :  Henry  »•///„  IL  1 

*  fin-par'- tial -ly1  (ti  as  shX  adv.    [Eng. 
unpartial;   -ly.]    In  an    impartial   manner; 
Impartially. 

"Deal  impartially  with  thine  own  heart.*— BMop 
Bolt :  Bill* <tf  GUead,  f 11 

•fin-par-tiej'-I-pant,  o.  [Pret  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  participant.]  Not  participating  or 
sharing ;  not  taking  a  share  or  part, 

"  L  strictly  unpartlripant.  sitting  silently  apart.* 
—Carlyle:  tteminiKencet,  i.  asi 

*  fin-par-tfy'-J-pat-Sd,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.   participated.]    Not  participated; 
not  shared. 

"  Vnpartldpaud  solitude  1*          Byron  :  Catm,  i  V, 

*  un-pass'-a-ble,  o.   [Pref.  un-  (IX  »nd  Eng. 

passable.] 

1.  Not  passable ;  not  allowing  passage :  Im- 
passable, 

"  Unpauable  for  men."— Either  XYL  H. 

2.  Not  current ;  not  suffered  to  pass. 
"Mitke  all    money,  which  is  tighter  than  that 

standard,  unpayable.-—  Locke. 

*  fin-pass'  a-ble-ness,  *  un-pass'-l-ble- 
ne&s,  a.  [Eng.  unpassable ;  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  impassable. 

"The  unpauibleneu  of  the  ocean."— Swelyn  :  Soft, 
gation  A  Commerce. 

*  un  pass  -ion  ate,    *  un  pass'-ion-at- 
ed  (ss  as  sh),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Ens.  pat- 
tionate;  -ed.] 

1.  Free  from  passion  or  bias;  impartial, 
dispassionate. 

"Absurd  to  an  unpfi'lionited  reason." — ulanvitt: 
Vanity  of  DoomatMng.  ch.  xL 

2.  Free  from  passion  or  anger ;  not  angry. 

"The  rebukes,  which  their  faults  will  nuke  hardly 
to  be  avoided,  should  not  only  be  in  sober,  grave,  and 
myatttonate  words,  but  also  alone  and  In  private."— 
Locke  :  On  Education. 

fin-pass'-ldn-ate-ly  (ss  as  shX  adv. 

(Eng.  unpassionale ;  -ly.]  Dispassionately, 
impartially,  calmly. 

"Hake  ns  un;vi  jtf»nirv  v  to  see  the  lljht  of  reason 
and  r.ligion.--A-|w  Charlet:  Eikon  Batitike. 

un-pass;  ion-cd  (ss  as  sh),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  patsianed.]  Free  from  passion  ; 
dispassionate,  unimpassioned. 

"  0  you  unpaesloned  peaceful  harts  1 " 

Daviet :   Wittei  Pilgrimage,  p.  48. 

fin-pas'-tor,  v.t.  [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
poster.]  To  deprive  of  or  reduce  from  the 
office  of  a  pastor. 

fin-pas'- tor-al,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


paitoral.]    Not  pastoral ;  not  consistent  with 
the  manners  or  thoughts  of  shepherds. 

"This  very  oniwthetic and  unposforo! Idea."—  (Tar. 
Ian:  Homey  Enquiry,  p.  96. 

•  fin-pas' -tnred,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

pastured.]    Not  pastured  ;  not  provided  with 
pasture. 

"  Go,  go,  my  lambs,  unpostured  as  ye  an.* 

Confer :  Death  of  Damen. 

•  fin-pathed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  path. 
and  suff.  -ed.]    Unmarked  by  passage ;  untrod 
den,  pathless. 

"  UnpatKd  waters.*      Shakeep.  :  Winhn'i  Tale,  Ir.  4. 

•  un-pa-thet-Ic,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  En* 
pathetic.]    Not  pathetic  ;  wanting  in  or  desti 
tute  of  pathos  or  feeling.    (See  extract  undel 
UNPASTOKAL.) 

•tin-path'-wayed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l);Eng 
pathway,  and  suff.  -ed.]  Having  no  path; 

pathless. 

"  Along  the  smooth  unpalhway'd  plain." 

Wordtaorth:  H'aggoner.lr. 

•  un-pa'-tien9e  (tl  as  sh),    •  un-pa  oi 
ence,  >.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  patience. ) 
want  of  patience ;  impatience. 

"  Lest  any  thlnke  that  these  my  wordes  are  spoket 
either  of  hastyues  or  of  unpaci«nc«.-—  Coal  :  Sola 
thlanll. 

•  un-pa'-tient  (tl  as  sh),  "  un-pa-cy-ent, 
a,    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  patient.]    Impa- 

"  More  unpat lent  they  are  and  fearfnll  of  winter.*— 
P.  Holland  leiinie,  bk.  xlx..  ch.  nil. 

fin-pa-trf-Sf-rc,  *un-pat-rl-8t-lo, 
*  un-pa-tri-ot  -io-aL,  '  un  pat  rl  ot  - 
ic-al,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug.  patriotic, 
patriotical.]  Not  patriotic. 

"Begardlug their  action  as  unpatriotlcS—St.  Jam*,; 
Oaiette,  Jan.  10,  less. 

•  fin-paf -ron-ized,  o.     [Pref.  un-  0),  ano 
Eng.  patronized.]      Not  patronized ;   not  fa 
voured  or  supported  by  friends. 

and  therefore  little  known." 

Cowper  :  Tirocinium,  674. 

•  fin-paf -terned,  o.    [Pret  un-(l).  and  En* 
patterned.]    Not   having  a  precedent  or  ei 
ample ;  unexampled. 

"  Should  I  prize  you  less,  vnpattern'd  sir?" 

Beaum.  t  net.  :  Thierry  t  Theodore!,  11L 

fin-paved',  o.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  paved.) 
1.  Not  paved ;  not  laid  down  or  covered 

with  stone,  or  the  like. 

"  The  streetes  of  the  city  lying  then  unpaMoV- 
Bakevill :  Apoloate,  p.  1SL 

•  2.  Castrated,  gelded. 

"  The  voice  of  unpaged  eunuch. " 

IssastsVI .-  CymbMne.  IL  «. 

fin-pawned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pawned.]  Not  pawned  ;  not  pledged  or  given 
In  security. 

"  Where  yet,  unpawn'd,  much  learned  lumber  lay." 
Pope:  Dunciad  (ed.  17S9I,  L  lit. 

fin-pajr1,  t>.t    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  pay.) 

1.  To  annul  by  payment ;  to  make  undone. 

"  Unpay  the  vlllsny  you  have  done  her  "—Shaken^  • 
tBenryir..U.t. 

2.  Not  to  pay  or  compensate.    (Only  csed 
In  the  pa,  par.)    [UNPAID.] 

fin-pay'-a-We,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng 

payable.]      Not  payable;  incapable  of  being 
pud. 

The  debt  of  a  thousand  t-ilents  .  .  .  utterly  tut 
— "*  — *u»  i  Sermon*.  ToL  x.,  ser.  i 

fin-payed',  *un-payd,  o.    [USPAID.] 

un-pea9e',  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  peace.] 
Want  or  absence  of  peace. 

"M  ««P««c«  sometime  relgne."— Chaucer:  Teet.  of 

fin-peaee'-a-ble,    -nn-pes-a-ble,  o 

[Pref.  u?i-  (1),  and  Eng.  peaceable.]  Not  peace- 
able, quarrelsome, 

"  A  tumult,  or  any  unpeaeeaole  disorder.*— Sou£» 

Serrtvint,  vol.  x.,  ser.  9. 

un-pea9e'-a  ble-ness,  i.  [Eng.  unpeact- 
able ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  lieiug  un 
peaceable  ;  quarrelsomeness,  disquiet. 

"  Doth  not  the  Holy  Spirit  ascribe  all  our  unneoos 

ahlfneu  to  "urcnpidltler" — Mountague:  Den.  Ettayet. 

pt.  IL,  tr.  viil. 

un-pcace  -ful,  a.  [Pref.  un-  OX  "id  Eng. 
peaceful.]  Not  peaceful,  not  pacific,  unqniet 

leath  their  choice." 
Thornton  :  Liberty,  iv.  879. 


ISste,  at,  fire,  amidst,  what,  lall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pft,  sue,  nip,  marine :  go,  pSt, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  whd.  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,   w,  «  =  e;  ey  =  a;  <iu  -  itw. 


unpedantic— unpick 


4973 


» ftn-pe-dan'-tic,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  pedantic.}  Not  pedantic;  free  from 
pedantry. 

"  An  unpedantic  moral." 

Scvtt :  Marmion.  T.    (lutrod.) 

"tin-pe'd'-I-greed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i);  Eng. 
pedigree),  and  sutf.  -ed.]  Not  with  or  having 
a  pedigree.  (PoUok.) 

*  tin-peeled',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  S,,  and  Eng. 
peeled.}    Stripped,  pillaged,  desolate. 

"To  let  yon  enter  his  unveiled  house. " 
Shatetp.  ;  Love't  Laoourr»  Lott,  Ii,    (Quarto.) 

*  un  peer ed .  •  iin-peer'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref. 

un-  (1);   Eng.  peer,  and  sulf.  -ed,  or  -able.] 
Having  no  peer  or  equal ;  unequalled. 

**  Unfjtertd  excellence,"— Jfartton, 

*  un-peg',  *  un-pegge,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2), 

and  Eng.  peg.]     To  open  by  loosing  or  un- 
fastening a  peg. 

"  Unpeg  the  basket  on  the  house's  top." 

Shaketp. :  Hamlet,  lit  t 

*  iin-pen',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  pen, 
v.J    To  release  from  being  confined  or  penned 
up  ;  to  set  free  from  a  pen  or  confinement. 

*•  Ii  a  man  unpeni  another's  water."—  Blackstone. 

*  ftn-pen'-^Hled,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pencilled.]    Not  described  or  delineated. 

"An  unpettciUed  face."— Feltham  t  Ketolves,  pt  L» 
WLU 

* iln-pen'-e'-tra-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  penetrable.]  Not  penetrable;  impene- 
trable. 

"  The  akin  or  h  ide  of  hl-s  [river-horse]  backe  unpene- 
trable."—P.  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  viiL,  ch.  xxv. 

*  iin-p6n'-l-tent,  a.    [Pref.  un>  (1),  and  Eng. 
penitent.]    Not 'penitent ;  impenitent. 

"  God  will  not  relieve  the  unpenitent." 

Sandy* :  farapturate  of  Job. 

un-pen'-sioned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pensioned.] 

1.  Not  pensioned  ;  not  having  or  receiving 
a  pension. 

"  Unplaced,  unpensioned,  no  man'*  heir,  or  slave," 
P ape :  imitation  qf  Horace,  bk.  ii.,  sat.  1. 

2.  Not  kept  or  held  in  dependence  by  a 
pension. 

"  [He]  being  unpentioned,  made  a  satire." 

Byron:  Maxeppa,  Iv. 

«  un-peo'-ple,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
le.]  To  empty  of  people;  to  deprive  of 
.bitants ;  to  depopulate, 

"  Desptae  his  bulwarks,  and  unpeople  earth." 

Cowper :  Retirement,  72. 

un-peo'-pled  (le  as  el),  a.  [In  sense  1  from 
pref.  wit-  (2),  and  Eng.  peopled;  in  sense  2 
from  pref.  un-  (1).] 

1.  With    the   inhabitants  destroyed;    de- 
populated. 

2.  Not  yet  filled  with  people ;  uninhabited, 
desolate. 

*'  To  roam  at  large  among  unpeopled  glens." 

WordttoortH  t  AjKurtion,  bk.  iv. 

*  nn-pSp'-pered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
pepjiered.]  Unspiced,  unseasoned.  (Lit.  dkfig.) 

"  Plain  Nature's  least,  unpeppered  with  a  ghoat." 
Cutonan  :  Yagariei  Vindicated,  p.  203. 

ftn-per-9eiv'-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un>  (1),  and 
Eng.  perceivable.]  Not  perceivable ;  incapable 
of  being  perceived ;  imperceptible. 

"Seemingly  Incredible  and  unperceioabl*."— Pear- 
ton  :  On  the  Creed,  art,  3. 

iin-per-selved',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
perceived.]  Not  perceived ;  not  noticed  ;  not 
heeded,  unnoticed. 

*  By  slow  degrees,  so  unpereetfd  and  soft 
That  it  may  seem  no  fault." 

Dryden  :  Marriage  aJa-mvae,  iiL  1. 

*iin-per-9eiv'-ed-l&  adv.  [Eng.  unper- 
ceived;  -ly.]  So  as  not  to  be  perceived;  im- 
perceptibly. 

"To  convey  unperceivedly  .  .  .  lentlments  of  true 
piety."—  Boyle  :  Warto,  v.  2SO. 

*iin-per-9eiv'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-(l\  and 
Eng.  perceiving,]  Not  perceiving ;  not  having 
or  exercising  powers  of  perception. 

"  Very  alow  and  unptrceiving."—  Waterland  :  Workl, 
ill.  till. 

•  ftn-per-cSp'-tf-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  perceptible.]  Not  perceptible;  imper- 
ceptible. 

"  VnperceptibU  by  the  seMe.*— P.  Holland;  Plu- 
tarch, p.  asd. 

1  tin-per-e'-gal,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng: 
"   Unequal.  (Chaucer:  Boecius,  bk.  Hi., 


•  fin-per-fSet,  "  un-par-fyt,  * un-per- 
flt,  a..    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  perfect.]    Not 
perfect  or  complete  ;  deficient. 

"Shee  hath  nuule  nothing  unperfect."~P.  Sol- 
land:  flinie.  bk.  xxli..  ch.  xxiv. 

"fin -per' -feet,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug. 
perfect,  v.]  To  make  imperfect  or  Incomplete  ; 
to  leave  imperfect,  incomplete,  or  unfinished. 

"  Unperfect  her  perfections."  —  Sidney :  Arcadia, 
bk.  ili. 

*  un-per'-lSct-Sd,    "un-par-fyt-ed,    o. 

[Pref.  un-  (i),  and  Eng.  perfected. ]    Not  per- 
fected ;  not  completed  ;  not  brought  to  an  end. 

"  The  hostes  were  desevered.  and  ye  ende  of  ye 
warre  unparftted.--Fa.buan  :  PhO.  de  Yaloil  (an.  81. 

fin-per'-fSet-Sd-ness,  ».  (Eng.  unperf/xt- 
ed;  -ness.]  Imperfection,  imperfeetness. 

"  One  unperfectednett  shows  me  another,  to  make 
me  despise  myself— Shaketp. :  Othello,  ii.  8. 

*  un  per-fcc'-tion,  *  un-per-leo-cl-oun, 

s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  perfection.]  Im- 
perfection, imperfectneas. 

"He  schal  ourne  the  mperfecdmm."—  Wyclife : 
Eccltu.  xxxviii.  31. 

*  un-per'-fSct-l*.  adv.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  perfectly.]    Imperfectly. 

»  un-per1 -feet-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unperfect; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  imper- 
fect ;  imperfeetness,  imperfection. 

"  Being  for  my  unperfectnett  unworthy  of  your 
friendship."— Sidney:  Arcadia,  bk.  L 

fin-per-formed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
performed.] 

1.  Not  performed ;  not  executed,  done,  com- 
pleted, or  fulfilled. 

"  He  oonoelvea  the  promise  given  by  ServUlus  to 
have  remained  unperformed."— Lewlt ;  Cred.  Karly 
Roman  HM.  led.  18S6).  ii.  6L 

2.  Not  represented  on  the  stage ;  unacted. 

"  A  hitherto  unperformed  oomedy."— Daily  Tele- 
graph, Feb.  21.  1888. 

»  fin-per-form'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  performing.]  Not  performing;  not  ful- 
filling, acting,  or  carrying  anything  out. 

"  The  unperforming  promises  ol  others."  —  Oold- 
tmtth  t  Euay  No.  3. 

•  un-peV-il-ofis,  o.    [Pref.  un-  a),  and  Eng. 
perilous.]    Not  perilous,  not  dangerous ;  free 
from  peril  or  danger. 

"In  the  most  unperiloue  channel. "—Peltham :  tte- 
Klee  xUL 

•  ftn-pef-ish-a-ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  perishable.]    Not  perishable  ;  imperish- 
able ;  not  liable  to  perish  or  decay. 

"  By  rust  unperithable  or  by  stealth." 
Cowper  :  In  Memory  of  the  Late  J.  Thornton,  Ely. 

«  un-per '-Jshed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  p),  and  Eng. 
perished.]  Not  destroyed  ;  not  killed. 

"  Or  hardy  fir  unperith'd  with  the  rains." 

Pope:  Homer  ;  Iliad  xxiiL  402. 

»  fin-per '-fah-ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
perishing.]  Not  perishing ;  notliable  to  perish ; 
imperishable. 

"  Of  that  unpertthtng  wealth." 
Cowper  :  Ode  JLddreuud  to  Mr.  John  Route. 


un-per'-Jured,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
perjured.]  Not  perjured,  not  forsworn;  free 
from  the  crime  of  perjury. 


11  Beware  of  death  :  thou  canst  not  die  unperjurd, 
And  leave  an  unaccotupnali'd  love  behf  ad.' 

Dryden,    (Itichardton.) 

*  un-per'-ma-nent,  a.     [Pref.  wn-(i),  and 

Eng.  permanent.}     Not  lasting  or  permanent ; 
transitory. 

"So  impermanent  ft  pleasure."— Richardton  :  Cla- 
rUta,  tv.  86. 

*  un-per-plex',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
perplex.]      To  free,  relieve,  or  deliver  from 
perplexity  or  doubt. 

"  This  ectasy  doth  vnperplex 
(We  saidj  and  tell  ua  what  we  love." 

Donne :   The  Ectaty. 

t  ttn-per-plSxed',  a.      [Pref.   un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  perplexed.] 

1.  Not  perplexed,  embarrassed,  or  confused 
not  in  perplexity. 

2.  Free  from  perplexity  or  complication 
plain,  simple. 

"Simple,  unperplez'd  proposition."— Locke  t   Cond 
of  Understanding,  \  32. 

*  iin-peV-seJ-cut-e'dt  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  an. 

Eng.  persecuted.]    Not  persecuted ;  free  fron 
persecution. 

UrifxrMcuted  of  slanderous  tougues. "  —  Milton 
'      i/or  Smectymnuut. 


iin-per'-son-a-We,  a.  [Pref.  (l),  and  Eng. 
personable.}  No't  handaome;  not  of  good  ap- 
pearance. 

un  per  spir'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eug.  perspirable.}  Not  perHpirable  ;  not  cap- 
able of  being  passed  off  in  perspiration. 

"  Bile  Is  the  most  unpertpirabla  of  animal  fluids."— 
A  rbuthnot. 

In-per-8Uad'-a-ble  (uasw),a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  persuadable.]  Not  persuadable; 
incapable  of  being  persuaded ;  not  to  be  re- 
moved by  persuasion. 

"  Hie  sister's  unperiuadabte  melancholy."— Sidney : 
Arcadia,  bk.  L 

*  iin-per-suad'-a-blo-ness  (u  as  wX  ». 

[Eng.  unpersuadable ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unpersuadable ;  resistance  to 
persuasion. 

"  Resentment  and  unpcrtuadablenett  are  not  natural 
to  you."— Kichardton;  Clariua,  ii.  64. 

fin-per-suad'-ed  (u  as  w),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  persuaded.]  Not  persuaded. 

"  And   in   your  mynde  departed  unpwtuaded."— 
More:  Workat,?,  1,2*2. 

*  un-per-aua'-ji-ble-ne'ss  (u  as  w),  «. 

[Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng.  persuasibleness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  not  being  open  to  per- 
suasion ;  resistance  to  persuasion ;  unj»er- 
suadableness. 

"  We  are  children  of  disobedience,  or  unpcrittotiW*- 
nt'.-t.'—L'ighton;  Comment,  upon  1  Peter  u. 

*  un-per-sua'-slon  (u  as  w),  s.    [Pief.  un- 
(1),  and  Eug.  persuasion.]    The  state  of  being 
uu  persuaded. 

' "  The  word  here  used  for  disobedience  signing*  pro- 
perly unjxirtuatiOH."— Leighton  :  On  i  Peter  ii, 

*tin-per-suaa'-Xve  (u  as  w),  a.     [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  persuasive,]  Not  persuasive ; 
unable  to  persuade. 

"  I  bit  my  unperruaiive  Up*."— Richardson  i  Ctariua, 
V.  216. 

*  iin-per-tiirbed',  a,      [Pref.  un-  (1),   aud 
Eng.  perturbed.]    Not  perturbed  or  disturbed ; 
undisturbed. 

"  Unperturbed  by  the  wrongs  and  sorrows  of  mortals." 
Lun-/f allow  ;  Evangeline,  i  ft. 

un-pc  rused',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
perused.]  Not  perused;  not  read  through; 
unread. 

i    "  His  letters  we  have  sent  you  here  unporuttd  bj 
us."— Strype  :  Scclet.  Mem.  (an.  1658.    No  8.) 

un-per-vert'f  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng 
pervert.]  To  reconvert;  to  recover  from  beiiiK 
a  pervert. 

"  His  wife  could  never  be  unperverted  again,"  - 
Fuller  :  Church  ffitt.,  X.  iv.  6i, 

un-per-vert'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
perverted.]  Not  perverted  ;  not  wrested  or 
turned  to  a  wrong  meaning  or  use. 

un-pet'-rl-f  led,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
petrified.]  Not  petrified  ;  not  converted  into 
stone. 

"  Some  parts  remain  unpetrifled."— Browne  :  Vulgar 
Errourt,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  v. 

fin-phll-o-soph'-lo,  «  un-phll-o-Bdph'- 
ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug.  philosophic, 
philosophical.]  Not  philosophical ;  not  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  or  principles  of  sound 
philosophy. 

"  The  principles  they  go  upon  are  found  to  be  very 
arbitrary  aud  vnphitotophical"— UlanviU:  Euay  e. 

tfin-phfl-S-soph'-lo-al-iy,  ado.  [Eng. 
unphilosophical;  -ly.]  In  an  unphilosophical 
manner. 

"Talking  very  unplftxopWcaHy."— S««r<*  :  LleM 
at  S<au.rt,  vol.  L.  pt.  11.,  ch.  xivilL 

*un-phU-o-s8ph'-Jo-al-nSss,s.  [Eng. 
unphilosophical ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  unphilosophical,  or  contrary  to 
sound  philosophy. 

"IbeunpmaKphioalneuot  this  their  hypothesis.  • 
— Norrit. 

'  fin-phil-8s'-6-pnIze,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  philosophize.}  To  degrade  from  the 
character  of  a  philosopher. 

"  Our  Interests  flow  In  upon  as.  and  unphilotopMz. 
us  into  mere  mortala. "—Pope.    (Johnion.) 

•  un-phys-Ioked,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  physicked.]  Not  physicked  ;  not  haviug 
had  physic  administered. 

"  Free  limbs,  unpltyOcHtd  health,  dne  appetite." 
KM :  ra-ia :  Pref.  u  Lttttri. 

fin-pick',  »un-plko,  v.t.    [Pref.  «m-  (2),  S., 

and  Eng.  pick,  v.J 


b6H,  bo^;  pout,  JoiW;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  -  fc 
•clan. -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon.  -slon  =  »hun ;  -tlon,  -slon  =  Jtbun.   -oious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.   -ble.  -<lle.  4c.  =  bel,  del. 


4974 


unpickable— unpliable 


*  1.  To  pick  ;  to  open  with  a  pointed  in 
•trument. 


"  With  hi*  craft  the  dore 

4  To  undo  by  picking  out  the  stitches  of 
to  take  to  pieces. 

"The  nrpllee,  which,  after  mpicHng  and  cutting 
off  edging.,  he  bad  .aabed."  - /,*»  :  Man  «*»  a 
Skadote.  ch.  xlviL 

•  fin-pick -a-We,  i.  [Pret  •»>  0) :  Eng 
pic*;  -able.}  Incapable  of  being  picked,  or 
of  being  opened  with  a  pointed  instrument. 

Baaut*.  f  Flat.  :  r*a  Coxcomb,  it 

fin-picked',  o.  [In  senses  1,  2,  and  3  from 
pref.  uu-  (1),  and  Eng.  picked  ;  in  sense  4  from 
ttnpick,  v.] 

1.  Not  picked  ;  not  chosen  or  selected. 
"Shells  or  shrub*  unpicJttd,  onehoeen."— HOttm 


2.  Sot  plucked  or  gathered  ;  hence,  not 
enjoyed. 

••  Now  ouue*  In  the  iwe»te*t  morwri  of  the  night. 
and  we  tijmi  hence,  and  leave  UuniActaf-guSr.. 
1  Henri,  ft'.,  ii.  4. 

3.  Not  picked  or  opened  with  an  Instru- 
ment, as  a  lock. 

4.  Baring  the  stitches   picked   ont;   nn 
stitched. 


•  fin  pic  tu-resque  (qne  as  k), 
«n-  (1),   and   Eng.   picturesque.] 


turesque. 
"it* 

wort*/  jtbtfHttt,  co.  vi. 


«.    [Pref. 
Not  pic- 


•  un-pleree -a  We,  a.    fPref.  tm-  OX  and 

Eng.  piereeoMe.)    Not  plerceable ;  incapable 
of  being  pierced 


" la  be  then  ttmpttfvtable t  qnoth  she. " 

fair/ax :  Qod/rtu  qj  &o*l*g*e.  xx.  40. 

fin -pierced',  a.  [Pref.  m-  (i),  and  Eng. 
pierced.)  Not  pierced  ;  not  penetrated. 

"  Woere.  nplereed  by  frort,  Ute  cavern  eweata,* 

r*otwe« :  J  utem*.  642. 

•fin-piked',  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
piked. }  Not  dressed  or  decked  out. 

"  He  brought  them  forth  nukembed  aud  unptiu*," 
—  Udal:  Apotfk.  o/.Craaniia.  p.  90. 

•fin-pa'-lared,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l\  and  Eng. 
pillared.]  Not  furnished  with  or  placed  upon 
a  pillar  ;  destitute  or  deprived  of  pillars. 

"  See  the  cirque  fall*  1  the  unpetartd  temple  nod*  I" 
fop*:  tenc*»<l,  iii.  1«T. 

•un-pUled',  a.  [Pret  *«-  OX  «nd  Eng. 
pilled.]  Not  pillaged  or  plundered. 

"  f7n;*f <rf.  nmpoilrd.  and  anteken  by  pUwtM,"— flr. 
De*.  in  KngliA  Oanrr.  U.  «. 

fin  pi! -lowed,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  0),  and  Eng. 
piUoyed.]  Wanting  or  destitute  of  a  pillow 
or  support.  (Milton :  Camus,  365.) 

•  fin-pi  -lot-ed,  a.  [Pref.  m-  0),  and  Eng. 
piloted.]  Not  piloted  or  guided  ;  nnguided. 

"Ton  see  me  .  .  .  unpUaud  by  principle  or  faith.' 
-O.  fr*MI:  Jam*  Sir*,  eh.  int. 

fin-pin'.  •  un-pyn,  r .(.  [Pret  un-  (2),  and 
En;;.  pin,  v.)  To  remove  the  pins  from  ;  to 
nn<lo  or  unfasten  what  is  held  or  fastened 
together  by  pins  ;  to  loose  from  pins. 

••The  bank  employe  wa*  tmrtmtnf  the  two  billa,-— 
Au/jr  Ckronlcfe,  Jan.  1.  IMS. 

•fin -pin -Ion  (1  as  yX  tU.  [Pref.  un-  (2X 
and  Eng.  pinion.]  To  loose  from  pinions  or 
manacles ;  to  free  from  restraint. 

•tin  pin  I6ned  (1  as  yX  a.  [Pref.  «n-  OX 
and  Eng.  piaioaed.]  Not  pinioned  or  tied 
down. 

"  While  the  work*  uf  other*  fly  Ilk* 


fin  -pinked',  a.  [Pref.  ««-  (IX  and  Eng. 
pintef.)  Not  pinked;  not  pierced  with  eye- 
let-holes. 

"Gabriel.  pump*  were  .11  *»pinJU4  In  the  h«L" 
' 


.  .  .      .    . 

•ftn-pIt;-«5-«ns-ly,  ode.  [Pref.  «»-  (IX  and 
Eng.  rriteouly.]  In  an  unpitying  manner  ; 
nnpityingly. 

fin  pit  -led,  o.  [Pref.  tm-(l),  andEng.  pKiei] 
1.  Not   pitied  ;  not   compassionated  ;  not 
sympathized  with  ;  unregretted. 

"  Dnmplted,  mtiMiM,  nnreprlend.- 

•2.  PIHlesa,  unmerciful.'*'1' 

"Ton  *h»ll  h»re  .  .  .  vour  4elirennoe  with 
«•«  w--  - 


•  un  pit '-I -Iii,  o.    iPi-ef.  ttn-  (1),  and  Eng 
pitl/ul.] 

1.  Having  no  feeling,  or  showing  no  pity 
pitiless,  unpitving. 

2.  Not  exciting  or  arousing  pity. 

"  filth  grace*  *och  unpisiful  ahottld  prore.  • 


•  fin-pit  -i-fal-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  «»p«i/w  ;  -ly. 
In  an  uupitifiU  or  unpitying  manner  ;  piti 
lessly,  mercilessly;  without  pity  or  oompas 
sion. 


•  nn-plt   I  fil-nesa,  s.     [Eng.  unp 
u.]    The  absence  of  pitif  ulness  or  pity. 

"-1  ".reining 


•un-pl-tous,  o.    [Pref.  «n-  OX  and  Bug. 


1.  Unpitiful,  pitiless. 

2.  Impious,  wicked. 


*  un-pi-tous-ly.  adv.    [Bng.  unpitma:  -I,.] 
Impiously,  wickedly. 

"Who  foraothe  troaUth  In  hi*  thoehti*  r-trlftwrfg  * 
—  Wirllf*:  Pro*.  Tii.  i 

'  un  pt-tous  nes«,  «.  fEng.  vnptanu , ;ius»: 
Impiety,  wickedness.    (Wycitfe :  Lee.  itx.  7.) 

•un-pi-tous-ty,*un-pi-tous-te,».  [Eng. 
unpitous;  -tg.]    Impiety,  wicked. 

"To don  awey  the •npitou*£« of  the folc."— 
JpecfttA  xlvi.  n. 

•  un-pi-ty,  •  un-pl-tee,  o.    [Pret  tut-  OX 
and  Eng.  pity.)    Impiety. 

«..it~aodwickedn«a.olthei»«n.-- 

a*l 


fin-pit-y-ing,  a.  [Eng.  unplty;  -(a?.]  Having 
or  feeling  no  pity  ;  displaying  no  pity  or  com- 
passion ;  pitiless. 

He  nU*ed  hi*  hand*  to  the  unpityinj  *kr  • 


un-placed',  a.  [Pret  <m-  0),  «nd  Eng. 
placed.} 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Not  placed  ;  not  arranged  or  disposed  in 
proper  place  or  places ;  con/used  or  jumbled 
together. 

2.  Not  holding  any  place,  offlce,  or  employ- 
ment under  government.  (See  extract  under 

UN  PENSIONED,  l.J 

U  facing :  Not  amongst  the  first  three  in 
the  finish  of  a  race. 

"  U*pl«e»d  In  the  Sefton  Steeplechaae.  •-«*)*, 
Xtoc.  s,  ISST. 

•  fin-plagued',  o.    [Pref.  «n-  OX  «nd  Bng. 
plagued.}     Not   plagued,  not  harassed,  not 
tormented. 

"  Ladle,  that  have  yocr  bet 
U*m\*t*ti  with  oorii*  " 

4i*xUctn.  :  JEOWMO  t  Jmliet.  L  T. 

•  fin-plain'.  •  un-pleine,  a.    [Pret  nn-  OX 
and  Eng.  plain,  a.  J     Not  plain ;  not  simple, 
clear  or  open  ;  insincere. 

"  He  that  1*  to  troath  unpMiu.'       9n**r:  C.  4..\. 

•fin-plained',  •un-playned,  a.  [Pret 
tia-  (1),  and  Eng.  plain,  v.]  Not  deplored, 
lamented,  or  mourned, 

"  Unpitied,  taflfnt'd  of  foe  or  friend." 

Spftuer:  Cottn  Clout. 

un-plant  -ed,  o.  [Pret  tin-  OX  «nd  Kng. 
planted.] 

1.  Not  planted ;  of  spontaneous  growth. 

"Fit*  there  upiantai  thrown  the  field* do  grow." 
Waller  :  Battli  o/  Summer  litamU,  SL 

2.  Not  settled  or  colonized. 

"Ireland  I*  a  country  wholly  umflanud.'— ^Mr4» : 
On  Popery  JLoeM. 

•  un-plaus -I-We,   a,     [Pref.   ««-  OX  «nd 
Eng.  plautible.]    Not  plausible  ;  not  having  a 
plausible,  fair,  or  specious  appearance. 

"Con»i*tlng  of  *ncb  mnplm**fN«  propovtUoaa  aad 
precept*.'— Harrow.  Sermoiu.  voi.  UL.  *er.  4a. 


fin-planjj'-I-My,  adr,.  [Pref.  Bn.  fix  and 
Eng.  plausibly.]  Not  in  a  plausible  manner  ; 
not  plausibly. 

"** 


fin-plauf'-lve,  n.  [Pref.  un-0),  and  Eng. 
pUiusipe.]  Not  plausive,  not  approving  ;  not 
applauding  ;  disapproving. 

"  Hell  qne*tloo  me 
Wnr  inch  mipLnui**  rye*  are  beof 

Shalugp:  Trnlut*  Crettid*.  UL  1 


fin-play'-a-ble,  o.  [Pret  »n-  (1),  and  Eng 
playable.]  Not  playable;  incapable  of  being 
played  at  or  on. 

"And  It  wa.  no  fanlt  of  tbein  that  the  men  wae 
vnp[>iy<Mt.~—Pitld,  Jan.  33,  lau. 

fin-plead'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pUadable.}  Not  pleadable  ;  incapable  of  beiug 
pleaded  or  put  forward  as  a  plea. 

"  Ignorance  wa*   here  r-ffrmffi>f*.'    teiifa  :   Srr. 
nont,  »oL  U,  eer.  «. 

fin  plead' -ed,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  OX  "id  Eng. 
pleaded.] 

1.  Not  pleaded ;  not  advanced  or  nrced  as  a 
plea. 

•  2.  Not  defended  by  an  advocate.    (Olitau. 
la  Annaiidale.) 

•  un-pleag  a  ble,  o.  rpref.  «n-0),»ndEng. 
plecaable.]  Incapable  of  being  pleased. 

"  To  pleaae  my  wmriffataN*  daughter." 

*-••••-"  •  hfirftt.  il  1, 


xrgojriH  :      rirrtt.         . 

un-pleaf '-ant,  a.  [Pret  tut-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pleasant.)  Not  pleasant ;  not  affording  plea- 
sure  or  gratification  ;  unpleasing,  disagreeable. 

" The  situation  of  the  prune  mluliter  wa*  minta;! 
•»«.•— Xucjulat :  Sin.  fitj..  oh.  «»i. 

.  nn-pleas'-ant-isb.  a.  IEng.  unpleasant  s 
•uk.]  Rather  unpleasant 

"In  truth,  tl*  rather  an  tatflfaaatlA  lab.' 

Bood  :  Etching  Muralbei. 

un-pleas  -ant  -ly,  •  un-pleas-aunt-ly, 
adv.  [Eng.  unpleasant;  -ly.)  In  an  unplea- 
sant manner  or  degree ;  unpleasiugly,  di*- 
agreeably. 

"We  dont  lire  unpUataiOlf."— Pop*, 

un-pleas -ant-nesm,  ».  -[Eng.  uapUatant; 

HUSVj 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unpleasant  • 
disagreeableness. 

**  of  the  nrrt  commend 
df—  Dry***:  Euet  on  m. 

2.  A  slight  disagreement  or  falling  out  as 
between    friends,    as:    This   caused  an  «n- 
pleasantness  between  them.    (Colloq.) 

•fin-pleas'  ant-ry,  t.  [Pret  tut-  OX  and 
Eng.  pleasantry.} 

1.  Want  of  pleasantry ;  absence  or  the  op- 
posite of  cheerfulness,  good  humour,  or  gaiety. 

2.  An  unpleasantness ;  a  slight  quarrel  or 
falling  out. 

"If.  ..tberearetwognehhnpCTlonsanddomlQeeriaff: 
•plriu  in  a  family,  unplcatantriet  of  conne  will  ariaa? 
— TJMGUrag  :  .Vtwcoma,  ch.  zzxiii. 

3.  A  discomfort. 

"The  minor  miptnixiiefrla  attending  a  kattr 
toilet.  --Cluml*rt  J<mr*al,  Oct.  I,  use,  ^sw. 

fin-pleased',  a.  [Pret  nn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pleased.)  Not  pleased  ;  displeased. 

"  Cnpl*ud  and  pmsi  re  hence  he  take*  hi*  way." 
Drydfn  :  /'alamort  *  Ardtc.  L  »79. 

un-pleas  -ing,  a.  [Pref.  «»-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pleasing.]  Not  pleasing ;  displeasing,  dis- 
agreeable, unpleasant. 

"Each  a  law.  Indeed,  would  hare  been  poelMrely  mr 
tileoawv  to  bin.-— Uajatul*i!  Bui.  £*.j..  ch.  In 

ftn-pleas'-Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vnpleaiing; 
Wy.J  In  an  unpleasant  manner ;  unpleasantly. 

"Xecexarily  delivered  ai.d 
-tp.  H*U  :  CMU. ,-  Ontlt  o/ 

un-pleas -Ing  ness,  «.  [Eng.  unpleating; 
-MM.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  nn- 
pleasing ;  unpleasantness. 

"  To  have  her  unplauinfruu  and  other  conceal- 
ment, budiad  .p  aud  down.--Jf M<m  :  rxa.  t  Hit*. 
tf  Dtoarc*,  bk.  li..  ch.  "i. 

un-pleas':Ive,   o.     [Pref.   tin-  (1);  Eng. 
p(«u(eX  ""<!  sua  -ivc.}    Not  pleasing,  unplea. 

"  Grief  Is  never  but  an  tatpteaUft  paailon.*— J* 
Ball:  ttrmmt  on  fplta.  tr.  KL 

un-pleas'  ur-a-ble  (f  as  ah),  a.  [Pret 
nil-  (IX  and  Bng.  pleanrable.]  Xot  afforuing 
pleasure.  (Coleridge.) 

•fin-pleat,  «.«.  [Pref.  on-  (2),  and  Eng. 
p>eat.\  To  smooth.  (Dariet:  Edojtu,  p.  19.) 

fin-pledged,  a.  [Prtf.  un-  OX  sod  Eng. 
pledyld.} 

1.  Not   pledged;   not  placed  or  given  ill 
pledge  or  pawn. 

2.  Not  bonnd  by  a  pledge  ;  not  plighted. 

fin-pli  -a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  OX  ai.d  Eng. 


.*te,  lat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  taU,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mote,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule.  All;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  tore,  tor,  marine;  go,  pit, 
Syrian,    se,  co  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


unpliant— tmprayed 


4976 


.     Not  pliable;  tough  ;  not  yielding  or 
conforming  ;  nut  easily  bent. 

••  Their  stiifnese  and  uxjMalde  disposition."—  P.  Sot- 


•  an  pli  -ant,   a.     [Fret  iw  (1),  and  Eng. 
pliant.] 

1.  Sot  pliant;  not  easily  bent  ;  stiff,  tough. 

-Working  upon  »  un^iant  stuff."—  Woaa*  :  £f 
mnini.  p.  w. 

2.  Sot  readily  yieldiug  the  will  ;  not  com- 

pliant. 

»  fin-plight1   (.<?»    silent),   *un-plite,    «.l 

[PreFTn-  (2),  Eng.  flight  (2),  v.J    To  unfold, 
to  explain. 

"It  is  a  wondre  that  I  desire  to  tell,  and  tberfore 

Tuneth  may  1  riii-iicen  my  aeutence  with  wordes.  — 

C»juc«r.-  Saeeiia.  bk.  UL 

fin-ploughed  (<;*  silent),  t  un-pl6%ed  ,  a. 
[Pref.  u»-  ID,  and  Eng.  pioujAed,  liauxd.]  Sot 
ploughed  ;  not  tilled,  or  turned  over  with  the 
plough. 

-  Tbe  earth  mtpfouirtVf  »h»l!  yield  her  crop.' 

i™  JOFUC«  .-  Subttn  J««  Kttord. 

In-plucked",  a.  [Pref.  «?t-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pi  acted.]  Not  plucked  or  gathered  ;  not  torn 
or  pulled  away. 

"  Crwluck'a  of  all  bat  mniden  ban  A' 

Crafroe:  7V»i«t  c/c*e  ffaB.  vUL 

«  fin  plumb1  (ft  silent),  c.f,  [Pret  tra-  OX  »nd 
Lat.  Dumdum  =  lead.J  To  deprive  of  lead  ;  to 
plunder  of  lead. 

-  They  unjJunii.  tbedead  (or  bullets  to  assassinate 
tbe  living."—  Burto:  Letter  1M  a  S»«Ular*.  41!*&t 

«  fin-plumb'  (6  silentX  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  plumb,  a.]  Not  pluinb,  not  perpendicular, 
not  vertical. 

•  fin-plumbed'  (b  silent),  o.    (Pret  «•»-  (IX 

and  Eng.  piumiied.)     Not  plumbed  or  mea- 
sured with  a  plumb-line  ;  unfathomed. 


•  fin-plume',  r.t  [Pret  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
pfraK.J  lottripof  plumes  or  feathers  ;  ueuue, 
to  degrade,  to  humble. 

••  To  shame  coondauce,  and  ufiptente  dognis-tflhlg.'' 
—•tassels, 

im-po^t'-le,  •un-pd^t'-Ick.ill.-po-e.'- 

ic-al,  a.      [Pref.  «»•  (1),  and  EIUJ.  poetic; 
paetlcaL] 

1.  Sot  poetical  ;  not  possessing  or  exhibit- 
ing poetical  qualities. 

••  I  III  nxxt  umpottieal  worka  do  credit  to  hu  heart," 
—  fnax:  Eaatea. 

2.  Not  proper  to  or  becoming  a  poet. 

"  Bit*  off  jour  m/oetfct  nalle." 

UUT6M  .•  Doatlt  of  9.  Ann*. 


fin-pS-St'-io-al-ly,  «ir.    [Eng. 
-/y.J    In  an  unpoetieal  manner. 

••  How  ttrtvoetieaUy  and  baldly  bad  this  been  trans- 
lated."— Drfden  ;  t'irjni.  (Note.) 

fin  point-ed,  a.    [Pref.  »»•  (IX  and  Eng. 
pointed.} 
L  Literally: 

1.  Nut  having  a  point  or  tip. 

2.  Xot  having  marks  by  which  to  distinguish 
•en'-nces,  numbers,  and  clauses  in  writing  ; 

But  punctuated. 

3.  Not  having  the  vowel  points  or  marks  : 

as,  an  unpointed  manuscript  in  Hebrew. 

IL  Fig.  :  Wanting  point  or  definite  aim  or 
purpose. 

"  Which,  ceding  here,  would  bare  sbowa  dull,  flat, 
•ad  l»m»«*sr«4,"—  den  Jonton:  Magnetic  Lady.  iv.  S. 

unpointed-at,  a.    Not  pointed  at;  not 
out. 


r  them  not  to  pa 
Ecrlee.  Jl*m.:  A 


ee  by  TOO  vtrpswirtea*  at.'— 
AraUfttfJtM  PMpot. 


fin-poised',  a. 


[Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
(Thomson: 
of 


1.  Not  poised,  not  balanced. 
liberty,  ii.  150.) 

2.  Unweighed ;  unhesitating ;  regardli 
consequences. 

•un-pois-on,  p.t    [Pret  un-  (2X  and  Eng. 
poison.]    To  remove  or  exi>el  poison  from. 

-  rupeijuins"  their  perverted  minds."— .SowiA :  Ser- 
mons. vuL  T..  aer  L 

•  fin  pol  I-cied,  a.    tPret  ma.  (IX  and  Eng. 


L  Not  having  civil  policy  or  a  regular  form 
Of  government. 
2.  Void  of  policy ;  impolitic:  stupid. 

"That  1  might  bear  thee  call  (Treat  Onar.  an 

-  '  itonir  *  CtoojMUr*.  T.  S. 


un  pol  ish,  tU.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
jw/isi,  v.]    To  deprive  of  politeness  or  polish. 
"  How  anger  unpattsAof  the  most  polite."— Richard- 
ton  :  CiarUta,  V.  £36. 

un-pdr-Ished,  a.     [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

polished.] 

1.  Lit. :  Not  polished,  as  a  weapon;  not 
made  smooth  and  bright  by  rubbing. 

*•  Tbeae  loose  groves,  rough  as  th'  unpotith'd  rocks." 
Crattuif :  A  Keiijiouf  Bvitte. 

2.  Fig.:  Not  refined,  as  a  person 'smanusrs; 
rnde,  coarse,  plain. 

••  Dedicating  my  vnpfAtt'ted  lines  to  your  lordship.* 
—Sl*ik*tp.:  t'muMtAdonu.  {Uedic.} 

fin-po-lite',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  polite.] 
Not  polite ;  not  refined ;  rude,  uncivil,  im- 
polite. (Applied  to  persons,  speeches, 
writings,  etc.) 

-  Which is  very  unpoliu.-— Tatter,  Xo.  MO, 

•  fin-pS-lite'-ly,  ado.     [Eng.  unpolite ;  -ly.] 
Not  politely  ;  impolitely,  rudely,  uncivilly. 

•  un-po-lite'-ness,  ».  [Eng.  unpolite  ;  -not.] 

1.  Want  of  polish  or  refinement;  coarse- 
ness. 

"  Sad  outcries  are  made  of  the  unprfuvnttf  of  the 
style. "—  Bladneall :  Sacred  Clattice  Defended. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unpolite; 
want  of  politeness  or  courtesy;   incivility, 
rudeness. 

•  fin-R5a'-I-«o,  a.    [Pret  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
politic,]    Not  politic ;  impolitic. 

•  fin-poT-I-tio-ly.  •un-pdl'-l'-ttck-tf, 

adv.    [Eng.  unpolitic;  -la.]    In  an  impolitic 
manner ;  against  good  policy. 

"  A  sport  lately  vsed  of  our  English  yontbea,  but 

now  m,',liticklt  discontinued,"  —  Wama-1    Altowa 
Bntlaetd,  bk.  IL  (AddluunJ 

un-polled,  o.  [Pret  .«-  OX  and  Eng. 
poUtd.] 

1.  Not  polled ;  not  having  one's  vote  regis- 
tered. 

-  2.  Unplundered,  nnstripped. 

-  Either  than  •<  >,poUd 

Arabian  wealth."  fantkam  t  Poenu.  I167&J 

fin-pol-lut'-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
polluted.]  Not  polluted ;  not  corrupted,  de- 
filed, or  desecrated  ;  not  fouled. 

-  anpalluud  purity  of  heart."— Knax  :  fsujr  Ml 

•un-pope1,  V.L  [Pret  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
pope.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  character,  dignity,  o? 
authority  of  a  pope ;  to  take  from  one  the 
popedom. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  pope. 

••  Borne  will  never  so  far  u«p«pe  henelt  as  to  part 
with  her  pretended  supremacy.  —/V4er. 

fin-pop'  -u-lar,  a.  [Pret  «»•  (IX  and  Eng. 
papular.]'  Not  popular;  not  having  the 
public  favour;  not  likely  to  secure  the 
public  favour. 

A  more  unpoemlar  man."—  Jfoeosrioji  1  Six.  £«».. 


Ch.ITU. 

fin-pSp-n-lir'-I-ty,  «.  [Eng.  unpopular; 
-tty.J  The  quality  cristate  of  being  un- 
popular ;  absence  of  popularity. 

"James  bad  perhaps  Incurred  more  uRDOputartiy 
byeutorcing  it.  —  Mactudog-'  But.  Eng~  eh.  liii. 

un-p6p'-u-lar-l3^,  adv.  [Eng.  unpopular; 
•ltj.\  In  an  unptipular  manner. 

•  un-pop'-n-lous.  o.  [Pref.  «n-  OX  and 
Eng.  potmloui.]  Not  populous  ;  not  thickly 
inhabited. 


-IneereinoUaiidi 
—Field,  Dec.  24,  18eJ. 


jjepwta 


oltbeoomrtry." 


•  fin-port'-ev-ble,  a.  [Pret  ««j- OX  and  Eng. 
poruiote.] 

L  Not   portable;  not   capaMe  of   being 
carried. 

"  Had  their  cables  of  Iron  chains  bad  any  great 
length,  they  bad  beeu  Mitj-ortuM*,"— Maleiy* :  0M. 
Harld. 

2.  Insupportable,  unbearable. 

-Sothely  tbel  bynden  to  greuouse  cbargla,  and  un. 
onrtiMe  or  that  mown  not  be  born." —  Wttdiffe: 
Matt.  uilL  t 

•  fin-por'-tloned,  o.   [Pref.  uit- (1),  and  Eng. 
portiftnfd.]    Not  portioned ;  not  endowed  with 
a  portion  or  fortune. 

-  Has  virtue  charms ?  T  grant  her  heavenly  fair ; 
But  if  vnjjorttonrd,  all  will  Interest  weo  • 

rouse.  X*a>  noswete.  vli. 

•  fin  pdr  tu  nate,  n.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
I^t.  (ofi)j»rfu*««  =  fit,  convenient :    ob  = 


or  before,  and  porru»  =  a  port,  a  harbour.} 
Inopjiortune,  troublesome,  importunate  (q.v.X 
"  Than  auiong  so  tuauy  »njxtrtnmtu*  wyndea  and 
vmtaUe  watera?  —Tl*  a<Mm  Bate,  ch.  iliil 


•un-por'-tu-ofis,  a. 
port;  and  suit,  -nous.) 
harbours. 


[Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
Having  no  ports  or 


"  Hiid  the  west  of  Ireland  beeu  an  un/wrruouj  coeat, 
the  French  naval  power  would  have  been  undone."— 
Burke:  On  a  Seyidtte  Peace,  let.  3. 

un-pos-sess',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2X  and  Eng. 
possess.}    To  give  up  possession  ot 

"  The  hold  that  is  given  over 
I  tmpoMeu."        U'l/ut  :  Of  Ll.sui'pointMi  Purpose. 

un-pos-sesscd',  a.    [Pret  u»-  (1),  and  Eng. 
possessed.] 

1.  Sot  possessed  :  not  held  ;  not  occupied. 

"  The  treasury  that's  w*i*  netted  of  any." 

DaHiel  :  Comjjt'iint  Q/  RotameMi. 

2.  Not  having  possession  ;  not  in  posses- 
sion,   (Followed  by  of.) 

"Tbe  mind,  unfaaetad  if  virwe."—  Km*:  OkHs. 


•un-poj-fess'-ing,  o.     [Eng.  unposteu; 
•ing.]    Having  no  possessions. 
"  Thou  tatpfmurinff  bastard."    Stmketp.  :  Lear,  U.  L 

•un-p6s-si-Ml  -1-ty,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Eng.  possibility.]    Impossibility. 

"  It  would  be  a  matter  of  utter  !«•*••*•«•«"—  Pot: 
King  Pelt;  Workt  (IS**),  IL  S71 

*  un-poar-si-ble,  a.    [Pret  un-  0),  and  Eng. 

possible.]    Not  possible  ;  impossible. 

"  It  is,  I  say,  wtpouMe-'—Backtuyt  :  Fofayei,  UL  S5a 

ItPref.  un-  0),  and   Eng. 
vmg  a  nxed  post,  station,  or 


posted.]    Not  i 
situation. 


potable.] 
1  un-p6\.f'-er,  *. 


•We,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
ot  potable ;  not  drinkable. 


[Pret  un-  0),  and    Eng. 


**And  uat  of  tbe  unpover  of  God.  that  be  uys  ful  of 
myghta."  Pier,  Pltnrm**,  p.  Kt. 

•un-iMRfr'-er-ful,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  powerful.]  Weak,  impotent. 

-And  euvyed  him  a  king's  unpovxrful  hate." 
Cartel  :  DafUeU.1. 

•un-prac'-tlc-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  aX 
and  Eng.  practicable.]  Not  practicable  ;  not 
feasible  ;  not  capable  of  being  done  or  carried 
into  practice  ;  impracticable. 

Metaphors  and  phrases,  and  vftpntctteuMe  fan- 
*t»7. 


•iin-pr&c'-tlo-al,  o.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  projctieal.]  Not  practical  ;  giving  atten- 
tion to  speculation  and  theory  rather  thar 
to  action,  piactice,  or  utility. 

-In  a  most  unpractical  maooer."—  Held,  Dec.  n 
1887. 

tin  pr&c'-tised,  o.  [Pref.  tm-  (1),  and  Eng 
practised.] 

I.  Not  taught  by  practice;  unskilled,  on- 
skilful,  inexj-erienred. 

"1  still  am  unpr'ic'iMfd  to  varntah  tbe  truth  " 
Bfra*  :  To  Ote  Ken.  J.  T.  Hector. 

*  2.  Not  known  ;  not  familiar  by  use. 

•nn-pr&c'-  Used-ness.  ».  [Eng.  unprao- 
tised  ;  -nest.]  The  qnality  or  state  of  being 
unpractised  ;  want  of  practice. 

••  He  attributes  all  hoomtle  to  an  unpractiMdnetM 
U  the  world."—  £orle  ;  MteroeotmograrMf. 

•fin-praise',  r.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2X  and  Eng. 
praise.]  To  deprive  or  strip  of  praise  or  com- 
mendation. 

un-  praised',  *nn-pn.jr.»».l,  *tin-prel»- 

ed,  a.   [Pret  un-  (1).  and  Eng.  praised.]   Not 
praised  ;  not  celebrated  or  extolled. 

-The  deed  becomes.  mpralied- 

Jt.lt  -I  :  P.  «-,  111.  lot. 

*  nn-pray",  «.«.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  prvy.] 

To  revoke,  recall,  or  negative  by  a  subsequent 
prayer. 

••  Made  him,  as  It  were.  «»proii  what  he  had  befori 
prayed."—  Bp.  Sail  :  Contempt.  ;  Christ  Crucified. 

•  un-  pray-  a  -Me,    •  nn-prel-a-ble,   :. 

[PrefT  un-  (1)  ;  Eng.  pray,  ana  sutf.  -able.  1    In- 

capable of  Ifeing  moved  by  prayer  ;  inexorable. 

"Therefore  tbou  art  nnpreiabi«."~Wi/cliff':  Lam. 

BL4 

•fin-prayed',  'nn-praled.  o.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Kng.  prayetl.]  N"t  soup-lit  in  prayer. 
(Followed  byjor.  j  (Sir  T.  More  :  Wnrku,  p.  os«.) 


boil.  bo»;  poUt,  Jo^l;  cat,  oell,  chorus,  oHin,  benph;  «o,  gem;  thtn.  tins;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    -in» 
-oiaa, -tian  =  siian.   -tion,  -oion-snan;  -{Ion.  -fion^zaaa.   -eloas,  -Uons,  -sious  =  abus.   -We,  -Ole,  ow.  =  bel,  del. 


4976 


unpreach— imprinted 


'  fin-preach',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
preach.]  To  preach  Uie  contrary  of;  to  re- 
cant in  preaching. 

"  Unpreackfd  their  non-resisting  cant" 

Defoe>  ;  True-born  Entjlitkinan,  i>t.  It 

•  fin  -  preach'-  ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  preaching.}    Not  in  the  habit  of  preach- 
ing. 

"  The  devill  hath  set  un  a  state  of  unpreacJtiny  pre- 
lacy."— Latimer  :  Sixth  &rmon  before  Edward  VI. 

'  un  pre-car'-i-ous,  a.  {Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 
En;:.  precarious.]  Not  precarious;  not  un- 
certain ;  settled,  fixed. 

•'  Unprecariout  lighL"       AlocJbmor*:  Creation,  1L 

ttn-prey-e-dent-ed,  a.  fPref.  «n-  (1),  »nd 
Eng.  precede  nted.}  Not  precedented  ;  having 
no  precedent  or  example  ;  unexampled. 

"A    lenity  unprecedented   In  the   history  of   our 
country."  —  J/iicau/'w.1  Hi  ft.  Eng.,  ch.  xvL 

dn-pre9'-e-dSnt-Sd-lytac?v.  lEng.  un- 
precedented; -ly.}  In  an  unprecedented  manner 
or  degree  ;  not  according  to  precedent  ;  with- 
out previous  parallel  ;  exceptionally. 

"  Allotlng  an  unprecedented??  large  Bum  in  relief  of 
local  taxation."—  Standard,  Dec.  17,  1387. 

•  ttn-prg-cise',  a.    [Pref.  vn-  0),  and  Eng. 
precise.}     Not  precise;  not  exact,  accuiate, 
or  formal. 

"  Chattertoij  gave  a  very  unprectte  explanation  from 
hit  own  head."—  Warton  :  Rowley  enquiry,  p.  47. 

•ttn-pre-dlcf,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
OT-etTict.J  To  gainsay  or  contradict  what  has 
been  predicted. 

*'  Menus  I  must  use.  thou  sayrt,  prediction  else 
Will  unprftlict,"  Milton:  P.  £.,  111.  895. 

•fin-pr<$-ferred't  a.      [Pref.  *n-  (1),  and 

Eng.  preferred.] 

1.  Not  preferred  ;  not  received,  chosen,  or 
taken  in  preference  to  something  else. 

2.  Not  put  or  brought  forward. 

3.  Not  having  received  preferment  or  pro- 
motion ;  unprompted. 

"To  make  a  scholar,  keep  him  under  while  h*  1* 
young,  or  unyreffrred.  —  Collier:  On,  Pride, 

••  un  pr  og'-nant,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pregnant.} 

1.  Not  pregnant  ;  not  with  young. 

2.  Not  quick  of  wit. 

"This  deed  uuahapes  me  quite,  makes  me  unpreynant." 
Snakefp.  :  ileaturefor  feature,  ir.  4. 

3.  Indifferent,  careless. 

"  Like  John-anJ  reams,  unpreynant  of  my  cause." 
.  ;  Samlet,  U.  t 


"  tin-pre'-Ju'-dl-cate,  *  tin-pre-Ju'-di- 

cat-cd,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  aud  Eng.  prejudi- 
xite,  prtjudicated.]  Not  prepossessed  by 
settled  opinions  ;  unprejudiced. 

"The  heart*  of  all  judicious  and  unprejudicat* 
reader*."—  Bp.  Ball  :  A  Modest  offer. 

'  un  pro  ju  -dl-cate-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vn- 
prejudicate;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unprejndicate.  (Hooker  :  Eedes,  Politic.) 

'in-prej'-n-dijed,  o.  [Fret  itn-  OX  »nd 
Eng.  prejudiced.} 

1.  Not  prejudiced,  not  biassed  ;  free  from 
prejudice  or  bias  ;  impartial,  indifferent. 

"  To  convince  unprejudiced  readers  of  the  falseness 
of  their  supposition.'  —  Locke:  Human  Understand., 
bk.  L.  ch.  It 

2.  Not  proceeding  or  arising  from  prejudice 
or  bias  :  as,  an  unprejudiced  judgment. 

*  un-prej'-u-d^ed-ness,  s.     [Eng.  unpre- 
judiced ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unprejudiced  ;  freedom  from  prejudice  or  bias. 

"  That  simplicity  aud  unprrjiidtcednett  of  mind."— 
Knot  :  Christian  PhOotopHy.  \  29. 

"  ttn-prST-at-e'd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (2);  Eng. 
prelate),  and  suit',  -ed.}  Deposed  from  the 
episcopacy. 

••This  man  was  unpreiated,mr-ffacJtet  ;  Life  o/ 
William*,  it  120. 

'•  un-prS-laf  -Ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  prelatical.]  Not  prelatical  ;  not  accord- 
ing to  or  consistent  with  the  character  or 
dignity  of  a  prelate. 

"  Vnprrinticat,  Ignominious  argument*."—  Ctarm* 
Am  ;  CM  War,  I  3S7. 

-  4n-pre-med  it  a-ble,  o.     [UNPROCEDI- 

FATE.] 

L  Not  to  be  premeditated. 
2.  Unlocked  for,  unforseen. 

**  A  capful!  of  wind  .  .  .  with  such  ttnpremeditaole 
~~L"  —  titerne  .'  Bent.  Journey  ;  The  Fragment. 


Tin  pre-mcd  i-tat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eug.  premeditated.] 

*  1.  Not  premeditated  ;  not  previously  pre- 
pared In  the  mind. 

"  Fuur'd  forth  bis  unpremeditated  strain.** 

Thomson  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  L  «. 

2.  Not  premeditated  or  done  by  design  ; 
unintentional,  undesigned. 

"  This  unpremeditated  slight,  "* 

n'ordivorth:  £xcurtian,  bk.  ix. 

*  un-pre'p-ar-a'-tlon,  s.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  preparation.]  The  act  of  being  unpre- 
pared ;  want  of  preparation  ;  uiipreparedness. 

"  Our  cowardliness,  our  unprepamt  ion  is  hie  advan- 
tage.1'—  Hate  :  J/oly  Ooterwatioia,  {  77. 

un-pre  -pared',  o.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
prepared.} 

1.  Not  fitted  or  made  suitable,  tit,  or  ready 
for  use. 

2.  Not  prepared  ;  not  in  a  right,  proper,  or 
suitable  condition  in  view  of  any  future  event 
or  contingency  ;  specifically,  not  ready  or  fit 
for  death  or  eternity. 

"  He  Is  unprepared  to  rise." 

WordtKortA:  White  Doe,  L  1 

un-pre-par'-ed-ness,  «.  [Eng.  unpre- 
pared; •ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unprepared,  unready,  or  unfitted  ;  want  of 
preparation. 

"Its   vnprtparednctt  forj  any  great  w.m—  Daily 
Telegraph,  Sept.  W»  1885. 

*tin-pr6-par'-ed-l&  adv.  [Eng.  unpre- 
pared; -ly.}  In  an  unprepared  manner  or 
condition  ;  without  preparation. 

"If  bee  die  suddenly,  yet  he  dies  not  unpreparedly.* 
—  Bp.  HaU  :  JiedU.  *  Fuwei,  |  iti. 

iin-pre-po^-sessed',  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  prepossessed.]  Not  prepossessed  ;  not 
biassed  by  previously  formed  opinion  ;  unpre- 
judiced. 

petent  and  unprepmttetted  lodge."—  Boylt  : 


iin-prc  pos-sess'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1). 
and  Eng.  prepossessing.]  Not  prepossessing  ; 
not  having  a  prepossessing  or  winning  ap- 
pearance ;  not  attractive  or  engaging. 

tin-pre-scribed',  a,  [Pref.  un-  (i)  and  Eng. 
prescribed,}  Not  prescribed  ;  not  directed  or 
laid  down  previously  by  authority. 

"I  have  grated  upon  no  man's  conscience  by  ... 
any  unpretcrited  ceremony."—  Bp.  Ball  :  Letter  from 
(A«  Tower. 

un-pre-sent'-a-ble,  «•  [Pref.  nn-(l)»  «nd 
igng-  presentable.}  Not  presentable  ;  not  fit 
to  be  presented  or  introduced  into  company 
or  society. 

un-pre-^ent'-ed,  a,  [Pref.  «7t-(l),  and  Eng. 
presented.}  Not  presented  ;  not  exhibited, 
declared,  or  shown. 

"Leave  unpretented  those  that  ye  may  know  to 
have  offended."—  Strypt  :  Eccle*.  Mem.  (Intt.  given  bjf 
EAw.  VI.  to  hit  Comm.}. 

iin  prc-scr'-va-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  preservable*}  Not  capable  of  being  pre- 
served. 

*  The  detached  eplcu'.es  were  those  of  calclsponges, 
until  recently  supposed  to  be  unfrretervabte  in  the 
fossil  state."—  froc.  GeoL  Soc.,  No.  4M,  p.  57. 

un-pressed'(  a.      [Pref,  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pressed.] 
*  L  Not  pressed. 

"  Have  I  my  pillow  left  unprett  d  In  Rome.4 

Shake*?.  :  Antong  4  Cleopatra,  lit.  11. 

2.  Not  enforced. 

"They  left  not  any  error  !n  government  unmen- 
tioned,  or  unpretted  with  the  sharpest  and  must 
pathetlcal  expressions.  '—Clarendon. 

un-pro-gum'-iftg,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1).  and 

Eng.  presuming.]     Not  presuming;  not  for- 
ward ;  modest,  humble,  retiring. 

"  To  the  entire  exclusion  of  modest  and  vnpretuming 
men."—  K.  nox  :  Letter  to  a  Young  ffoblvman, 

*un  prc-sump'-tu-oiis  (mp  as  m%  a. 
[Pref.  «n-  (1).  and  Eng.  presumptuous.}  Not 
presumptuous  ;  not  presuming  ;  humble,  sub- 

missive, 

"  Lift  to  heaven  an  unprf.ntmptuoui  eye.** 

Cotfper  :  Talk,  r.  7«. 

iin-prc  tcnd'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1).  and 
Eng.  pretending.  }  Not  pretending  to  or  claim- 
ing any  distinction  or  authority  ;  unassuming, 
modest. 

"  The  honest  and  unpretending  part  of  mankind."— 
Pope. 

un-prS-ten'-tlous,  a.     [Pref.  ttn-  (1), 


Eng.  pretentious.}     Unassuming,  modeat,  uu 
pretending. 

"You  imagine  your  unpretentiout  little  shootlni 
literally  swarms  with  game."—  field.  Dec  24,  1867. 

*  itn-pret  -ti  ness  (e  as  I),  s.    [Pref.  tin-  (l\ 
and   Eng.  prettiness.]     Want  or   absence  ol 
pretMness;  uncomeliness. 

"  She  says  It  is  not  pretty  in  a  yonng  lady  to  sich ; 
but  where  is  the  utiftrettineu  of  itf  — flteftordjm*  : 
Sir  C.  tirandit-M.  iii.  6. 

11  fin-pref -t^  (e  as  I),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  pretty.}  Not  pretty,  ugly. 

"  His  English  is  bluoderiug.  but  not  u»}irctty."— 
Mad.  D'Arblajf  :  Diary,  11.  15&. 

un-pre-vail'-Ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  0)i  and 
Eiig.  prevailing.]  Not  prevailing  ;  having  no 
force ;  unavailing.  (Shakesp  :  liamittt  i.  2.) 

*  fin-prev'-a-lent,  a.      [Pref.  «n-  (i),  and 

Eug.  prevalent.}  Not  prevalent ;  not  prevailing. 

"  The  formerly  unprevalent  desires."— Boyle :  World, 
V.  606. 

*tin-prS-var'-I-:cat-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  prevaricating.]  Not  prevaricating; 
not  acting,  speaking,  or  thinking  evasively  or 
indirectly. 

"  Tkeunprnarifatinff  dictates  of  A  clear  conadence." 
— Knot;  Sermoni.  vol.  VL,  aer.  8. 

un-pre-vent'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  prevented.] 

*  1.  Not  preceded  by  anything. 

"Thy  grace 
Comes  unprtvented.-          Milton.-  P.  L.,  lit  BL 

2.  Not  prevented,  hindered,  or  obviated. 
**  A  pack  of  sorrows,  which  would  press  yon  down. 

Being  unpreventrd,  to  your  timeless  grave." 

tihaketp.  :  Two  Vcntlemen.  ill.  L 

t  un-pri9cd',  o.  [Pref.  ttn-  (1),  and  Eng 
priced,}  Priceless. 

41  Thine  ngeless  walls  are  bonded 
With  amethyst  unpriced." 
Jf«al*  :  Kliythm  of  Bernard  of  Xorlaix. 

*ftn-prid'-ed,o,  [Pref.un-(2);  Eug.prid(e\ 
and  suff.  -ed.]  Stripped  or  divested  of  pride 
or  self-esteem. 

"  Be  content  to  be  unprid9d."—feltham :  Rtsolvei. 
pt-  L,  ree.  83. 

*  tin-priest ,    v.t.     [Pref.   un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
priest.}    To  deprive  or  divest  of  the  character 
or  position  of  a  priest ;  to  unfrock. 

"Leo  ...  only  unprietU  him.- Jftttcm .  Marti* 
Bucer  on  Divorce,  ch.  xxi  v. 

t  un  prlest'-ly,  a.  [Pref.  «n-  0),  and  Eng. 
priestly.]  Unsuitable  to  or  unbecoming  a 
priest. 

"  Enraged  at  hi*  unprtettly  conduct."— Pennant : 
London. 

•tin-prim'-l'-tlve.   a.      tPref.  un>  (1),  and 

Eng.  primitive.]    Not  primitive  or  original. 

"  So  unprimitiec  a  aacriflce."—  H'aterland  :  Work*, 
vili.186. 

*  fin-prinye',  v.t.     [Pref.  vn-  (2),  and  Eng. 
prince.]    To  deprive  or  divest  of  the  dignity 
or  rank  of  a  prince. 

"  Queen  Mary  .  .  .  would  not  unprince  herself  to 
obey  bio  Holiness."  —  fuller:  Worthiet  ;  Warwick, 
U.  408. 

t  tin-prlnce'-ljf,  o.  [Pref.  «n-  (1).  and  Eng. 
princely.]  Not  like  a  prince;  unbecoming  a 
prince. 

"Not  forgetting  the  unprtnctty  uaage.-—  Mil  to*  : 
Answer  to  SOcon  SatilUce,  S  9. 

*  tin-prin'-^i-ple,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Bag.  principle.}    To  destroy  the  moral  prin- 
ciples of ;  to  corrupt. 

"  They  have  been  .  .  .  unprincipled  by  such  tutors." 
—A  Brooke:  Foot  o/ QualU y,  L  111. 

tin-prfn'-yl-pled  (le  as  f  1),  a,  [Pref.  «n- 
(1),  and  Eng.  principled.] 

1.  Not  having  good  moral  principles;  desti- 
tute of  principle  ;  unscrupulous,  immoral. 

"An  unprincipled  minister  eagerly  acoei>ted  the 
services  of  these  mercenaries." — Hacaulay :  Sift.  l'n-jn 
ch.  xv. 

*  2.  Not  having  settled  principles. 

-Souls  so  unprincipled  In  virtue."  —  Mttton:  Of 
Sduration. 

3.  Not  resulting  from  or  baeed  upon  good 
principles;  immoral. 

"  This  unprincipled  cession."- flurt«  ;  On  a  RegWU 
Peace,  let.  a. 

un  print -ed,   a.     [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
printed,] 
1.  Not  printed,  as  a  book. 

"  The  private  acts  being  not  so  commonly  known, 
because  unprinted."— Strype  ;  Socle*.  Met*,  (an.  1MT) 


Cite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  s'ire,  air,  marine;  go*  pot, 
or.  wore,  W9lt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    as,  oe  =  €;  ey  =  a;  on  =  kw. 


imprison— unprovide 


4977 


J.  Not  stamped  with  figures  ;    white  :  as, 
imprinted  cotton. 

*tin-pris'-6n,  v.t.  [Pref.  tm-  ('2),  and  Eng. 
prison.y  To  release  or  deliver  from  prison  ; 
to  set  free. 

"  Themselves  unpriton'd  were  and  purlfy'd." 

Dunne :  Let.  to  the  Count eu  of  Huntington, 

tin-privM-leged  (eg  as  Ig),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  privileged.]  Not  privileged; 
not  enjoying  a  particular  privilege,  liberty, 
or  immunity. 

11  Unadorned  and  un}>rivilpged  by  their  country."— 
fin-jx  ;  Letter  to  a  young  Nobleman. 

*  tin-priz'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
prizeable.}  "Not  capable  of  being  valued  or 
estimated. 

(1)  As  being  above  all  price ;  invaluable, 
UHMtiniHble. 

"  Your  brace  of  unpriuible  estimations."— Shaketp. ; 
Cymbeline,  I.  5. 

(2)  As  being  below  any  price  ;  valueless. 

*'  For  shallow  draught  and  bulk  unprixable." 

Shaketp.  :  Twelfth  Might,  v.  I. 

*  fin-prized',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
prized.]    Not  prized. 

fl)  As  being  above    all  price ;  invaluable, 
priceless. 
(2)  Valueless,  despised. 

"  This  unprized  precious  maid." 

8hake$p. :  tear.  I  I. 

*  tin-pro*  b'-a-bl&  adv.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Bug.  probably.] 

1.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  approved  of;  im- 
properly. 

"  Being  able  to  diminish  .   .  .  things  unjustly  and 
tutprvbauly  crept  In."— Strype  :  A'cclet.  Mem.  (an,  15*1). 

2.  Improbably. 

tin  pro -claimed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  proclaimed.]  Not  proclaimed  ;  not  pub- 
licly declared  or  notified, 

"  HI*  graces  revealed  and  unproclaim'd.* 

Wordfwarth  :  Sxcurtion,  bk.  1. 

*  tin-pro'-cur'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-(l),and 

EHQ.  procurable.']   Not  possible  to  be  procured. 

"  A     price     that     Is     now     unprocurable."— -Daily 
Chronicle,  Feb.  1888. 

*  fin-pro-cured',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
procured.]     Not  acquired,  attained,  or    ob- 
tained. 

"  Unprocured  desiring*  or  lusting  after  evil  things." 
— Bp.  Taylor :  Of  Repentance,  ch.  Till.,  |  8. 

tin-pro-dtic'-tive,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  productive.] 

1.  Not  productive  ;    not  producing  large 
crops ;  barren,  sterile ;   uot  making  any  re- 
turn for  labour  expended. 

"An  unproductive  slip  of  ragged  ground." 

W  orunoorth  :  Ezcurtion,  bk.  L 

2.  Not  producing  profit ;   not  bringing  in 
any  return  :  as,  unproductive  capital. 

3.  Not  producing  goods  or  articles  for  con- 
sumption :  as,  unproductive  labour. 

4.  Not  producing  any  effect  or  result.    (Fol- 
lowed by  of.) 

"  Unproductive  of  wiy  real  effort  to  improve."—  Bp. 
Bortley  ;  Sermons,  vol.  It,  ser.  27. 

un-pro-dtio'-tifre-ness,  *.  [Eng.  unpro- 
ductive ;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unproductive. 

*  tin  pro-faned',  *  tin-pro -phaned', 

[Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng.  profaned.]     Not  pro- 
faned, polluted,  desecrated,  or  violated. 

"Surely  that  stream  WM  unprofaned  by  slaughters. 
Byron  :  Child*  J/aroht,  iv.  66. 

fin-pro- fessed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
professed.]  Not  professed  ;  not  having  taken 
the  vows. 

*'  As  yet  a  novice  unprofeufd, 
Lovely  and  gentle,  but  distressed." 

Sc-,tt  :  Marmlon,  11.  5. 

tin  pro  fess'  ion  al  (ss  as  sh),  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  professional.] 

1.  Not  pertaining  or  relating  to  one's  pro- 
fession. 

2.  Not  becoming  or  befitting  a  professional 
man  :  as,  unprofessional  conduct. 

3.  Not  belonging  to  or  engaged  in  a  pro- 
fession. 

"  On  moat  subjects  for  the  unprofestiimal  reader  ii 
is  not  very  plain  reading."— Field,  Jan.  14, 1688. 

*tin-pr$-flc'-ien-9y  (c  as  sh),  a.  [Fret 
un-(l),and  Eng.  proficiency.]  Want  or  absence 
of  proficiency  or  improvement. 

"  To  deplore  one's  wnprojlciency  in  piety."—  Boyle 
Worki,  ii.  409. 


un-pr6f'-It,  s.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Erig. 
profit.}  Uselessness,  inutility.  (See  extract 
under  UNSADNESS.) 

tin  prof '-It-a-ble.    *  un-prof-yt-a-ble, 

a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  profitable.}  Not 
profitable;  bringing  or  producing  no  profit, 
gain,  advantage,  or  improvement ;  serving  no 
useful  purpose  or  end  ;  profitless,  useless. 

"  A  rude  unprofitable  mass."     Cowper  :  Task,  vi.  91 

an-proT-it-a-ble-ness,  s.  [En^.  unprofit- 
able;  -ness.]'  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unprofitable  ;  uselessness,  inability. 

"The  defects  and  unproJttaMenett  of  the  national 
way."— ftianvtU :  Euay  X 

fin-prof '-It-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.*npnj^o6(fo); 

-/j/.J  In  an  "unprofitable  manner;  without 
producing  or  bringing  profit,  gain,  or  advan- 
tage ;  to  no  good  purpose  or  end. 

"  Our  wasted  oil  vnprofltably  burns." 

Cowper  ;  Convertation,  857. 

tin-proT -It-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
profited,]  Profitless,  unprofitable. 

"  Make  unprofited  return." 

Shaketp. :  Twelfth  A'iytit,  i.  4. 

tin- pr6f- It-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  }>TQJiting.  JNot  bringing  profit  or  advan- 
tage ;  unprofitable. 

"  When  Mill  first  came  to  court,  the  unprofltirtg  foole, 
Was  dull."  Hen  Jonton  :  Epigram  fiO. 

un-pro-hlb'-It-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  prohibited.]  Not  prohibited  or  for- 
bidden ;  lawful,  allowed. 

"  His  conversation  unprohibited  or  unbranded 
might  breathe  a  pestilential  murrain  into  the  sheep." 
— Mi/tun  :  A  nimad.  on  Remonstrant's  Defence. 

*  tin-prd-Ject'-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
projected,}  Not  projected,  planned,  or  in- 
tended. 

"  Upon  some  slight,  trivial,  unprotected  occasion,"— 

South  :  Hermoni.  vol.  Iv.,  ser.  8. 

tin-pri-llf-ic,  *fin-prft-llf'-fok,  a. 

[PrefTun-at,  and  Eng.  prolific.]  Not  prolific; 
not  productive ;  barren,  unproductive,  un- 
fruitful. (Cowper;  Task,  vi.  138.) 

tin  prom'-ise,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
promise,  v.]  To  revoke,  as  something  pro- 
mised. 

"  Thy  promise  past,  unpromite  it  againe." 

Chapman  :  All  /Wei,  it  1. 

un-prSm  -ised,  *  fin-prSm'-fcrt.  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (I),  and  Eng.  promised.}  Not  promised, 
pledged,  or  assured. 

"  Leaue  nought  vnpromitt  tbat  may  him  perswade." 
Spenter;  f.  $.,  V.  v.  49. 

tin  prom'  is  Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
promising.]  Not  promising;  not  affording  01 
exhibiting  promise  of  success,  excellence, 
profit,  improvement,  or  the  like. 

"  He  crept  along,  unpromitinff  of  mien." 

Thomtun  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  ii.  S3. 

un  prompt  -cd  (mp;is  m)«.  {Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  prompted.}  Not  prompted;  not 
dictated  ;  not  urged  or  instigated. 

"  My  tongue  talks,  unprompted  by  my  heart.1* 
Congreve  :  To  Cynthia. 

un-pr6-nd"nn9e'-a-blef  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Eng.  pronounceable.] 

1.  Not  pronounceable  ;  not  able  to  be  pro- 
nounced. 

"A  class  of  sounds  unpronounceable  by  our  organs.' 
— Beamti :  Comp.  Gram.  Aryan  Lang.,  i.  231. 

2.  Unfit  to  be  pronounced,  named,  or  men 
tioned  ;  unmentionable  in  good  society. 

uu-pr6-n6*un9ed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  pronounced.]  Not  pronounced ;  not 
sounded  ;  not  uttered  ;  not  spoken. 

"Imperfect  words  with  childish  trips. 
Half  unpronounced."        Milton:   Vacation  ExerciM. 

*  tin-prSp'-er,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
proper.] 

1.  Not  fit  or  proper  ;  improper. 

"  Million*  nightly  lie  in  those  unproper  beds." 
Shaketp.  :  Othello,  Iv.  1. 

2.  Not  proper,  confined,  or  restricted  to 
one  person ;  not  peculiar. 

*  tin-prSp'-er-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  unproper;  -ly.\ 
In  an  improper  manner ;  improperly. 

"  I  kneel  before  thee,  and  unproperly 
Shew  duty."  Shakesp. :  Coriolanut,  v.  8. 

un  pro  phet  -ic,  tin-pro  phct-ic-al,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  prophetic,  prophetical.' 
Not  prophetic  or  prophetical ;  not  predicting 
or  presaging  future  events. 

"  Wretch  that  he  was  of  unprophttic  soul." 

J'vpe:  Bvmtri  Odyuey  xxll.  1*. 


tin  -  pro  -  pi  -  tlous,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  propitious.]  Not  propitious  ;  not  lavour- 
abie ;  unfavourable,  inauspicious. 

"  (,'npropitinut  Jove  .  .  . 
Involved  ua  lii  discussion  yet  again." 

Cwper:  Homer;  Odyttey  til. 

tin-prd-pbr'-tion-a-ble,  a.  tPref.  un* 
(1),  and  Eng.  proportionable.]  Not  projior- 
tionable  or  proportionate ;  wanting  propor- 
tion ;  unsuitable. 

"  To  bestow  an  unprojwrtlonable  part  of  our  time  of 
value,"— Uovernment  of  the  Tvnyue,  p.  147. 

*  tin  pro  pbY  tion-a-ble-ness,  s.    [Eng. 
unproportionable  ;  ~ness.}    The  quality  or  stat* 
of  being  unproportionable ;  unsuitability. 

"These  considerations  of  the  unproportionablcnett 
of  any  other  Church  government. '— Uauden :  Tear* 
of  the  Church,  p.  586. 

*  tin-pro-por'-tion-ate,  a.    IPref.  un-  (1), 
anil  Eng.  proportionate.]    Not  proportionate  ; 
disproportionate,  unfit. 

"  Unproportionate  to  the  power  of  any  finite  agent." 
— Pearton  :  On  the  Creed,  art.  v. 

*  tin- pro -por'- tioned,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  proportioneti.]    Not  proportioned; 
disproportioned,  unsuitable. 

"Give  thy  thoughts  no  tongue, 
Nor  any  unproportiuned  thought  his  act" 

Shaketp.  i  Hamlet,  1.  S, 

tin- pro  -posed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
proposed.]  Nut  proposed  ;  not  set  out  or  put 
forward  for  acceptance,  adoption,  decision,  or 
the  like. 

"The  means  are  unpropoied."  Dryden. 

iin  propped',  *tin-pr6pt',  a.  [Pref.  un~ 
(1),  and  Eng.  propped.\  Not  propped  up ;  not 
supported  or  upheld. 

"  Must  stand  unpropped,  or  be  la(d  down." 

Wordtworth :  To  Liberty. 

*  fin-pros'-e'-lyte,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  .proselyte.]     To  prevent  being  made  a 
proselyte  ;  to  win  back  from  proselytism. 

"This  text  happily  unprotf.fi/ted  some  inclinable  to 
his  opinions."— Fuller:  Church  Bitt.,  X.  Iv.  8. 

tin-prds'-per-ous,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  prosperous.]  Not  prosperous ;  not  at- 
tended or  meeting  with  success. 

"  The  early  part  of  the  campaign  is  unvroiperou*.' 
—Lewit :  Cred.  Early  Roman  Hut.  (ed.  IS55),  ii.  Safi. 

*  tin-prSs'-per-ofts-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  unpros- 
perous ;    -ly.]    In  an  unprosperous  manner; 
unsuccessfully,  unfortunately. 

"  Jackson  and  Pett  .  .  .  sought  as  unprotpfroutty 
to  dlac<iver  a  nearer  way  to  the  Eaat  Indies." — Vain- 
den  :  lint,  of  (fueen  Elizabeth  (an.  1580). 

*fin-pros'-per-otia-n6ss,  s.  [Eng.  un- 
prosperous;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unprosperous ;  ill-fortune,  ill-success. 

"  The  unprosperovtnett  of  the  aim  of  flesh."—  Ham- 
mond :  Work*,  iv.  4Q2. 

iin-pr6-tect'-6d,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
protected.}  Not  protected  ;  not  defended ;  un- 
defended. 

"  For  England's  war  revered  the  claim 
Qi  every  unprotected  name." 

Scott :  Rokeby,  L  ». 

11  tin  prot'-cs-  tant-izc,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2), 

and  Kng.  protestantize.]  To  lead  or  drive  away 
from  Protestantism  ;  to  divest  of  a  Protestant 
character ;  to  change  from  Protestantism  to 
some  other  religion.  (Special  coinage.) 

"To  Romanize  the  church  fa  not  to  reform  It:  to 

ttnprotettanttie  it  is  not  to  reform  It."— C'.  Minfftley: 

Life,  i.  204. 

tin-proV-a-ble,  tin-prdve'-a-ble,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  provable.}  Incapable 
of  being  proved,  demonstrated,  confirmed,  or 
established. 

"  A  religion  that  depends  only  upon  nice  and  poo** 
uncertainties  and  unproeeable  supposals."—  lip.  //oil: 
Duiuttttve  from  Popery. 

un- proved',  a.  [Pret  un~  (1),  and  Eng. 
proved.] 

1.  Not  proved ;  not  known  by  trial ;  not 
tried ;  not  essayed. 

"  Philip  leftnothingim/woped or  undone. "—Brende: 
Qitintitt  Curtiut.  p.  30. 

2.  Not  established  as  true    by  argument, 
demonstration,  or  evidence. 

"There  U  much  of  what  should  be  demonstrated 
left  unproved  by  those  chy mical  experiments. "—Boyl*. 

*  un  pro  vide',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
provide.]  To  divest  or  deprive  of  what  w 
necessary  ;  to  unfurnish  ;  to  deprive  of  reso- 
lution. 

"HI  not  expostulate  with  her,  lest  her  hotly  and 
beauty  unprovide  my  mind  agaiiu"— Shafceip. :  Othello, 
Iv.  1. 


b6U  bo^;  po^t,  J»SiW;  cat,  9011,  chorns,  9hin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  $hia;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  cacist.    ph  =  C 

-clan,  -tian  =  fthnn.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -\\QIL,  -sion  =  **""     -cious,    tious,  -sious  —  sliiis.    -ble,  -die,  ic,  =•  bel,  del. 


•4978 


•unprovided— unquestionable 


ftn-pro-Yid'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  »nd  Eng. 

prui-ided.] 

\.  Not  provided  ;  not  furnished  ;  not  sup- 
plied. (Now  followed  by  with,  but  formerly 
•Iso  by  <y.) 

"  He  WM  uot  altogether  unprovided  vUh  the  U1MIU 
of  oonciliitiuj  them."—  Hacaulai  :  Hi*.  JTnjr.,  ch. 

*Tii. 

*  2.  Not    having   made   any   preparation  ; 
unprepared. 

"  Let  them  tut  trod*  TI  unprouuM.-  —  Bcrnm  : 
Fruutart  ;  Cronyclt,  TOL  U.,  ch.  muii. 

*  3.  Unforeseen. 

*  fin-prov;-!-den9ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I); 
Eng.  providence),  and  stiff.  -ed.]  Not  favoored 
by  providence  ;  unfortunate. 

"  Unfortuiiiite  (which  I  to  th»  trne  me»ning  of  the 
word  must  interpret  unpro^dmeea}.~—FttUw:  War- 
thut;  Uenml. 

••fin-prov'-i-dent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  «nd  Kng. 
provident.]  Not  provident  ;  improvident. 

*•  Who  for  thyself  kit  to  unprotrUenf." 

ShaJfap.  :  Sonnet  10. 

«  fin-prdv'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  ait-  (1),  and  Eng. 
proving.]  Not  proving  anything  ;  not  con* 
elusive. 

"  Thi.  on.  litlgioo.  and  Knprortw  texf-flu  Sttt  : 
Xpttawaei  0»  Cinn«  mala,  ft.  UL.  1  1 

un  pro-voked',  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (IX  and  Eng. 
provoked.] 

1.  Not  provoked  ;  not  incited  ;  not  insti- 
gated ;  having  received  no  provocation. 

••  The  dbfuUed  urnling  «M_jr  ---  U  the  more 
wicked  u  he  U  unprorotoi'-  Sfclur:  Sermon!.  vol.  L. 

^  2.  Not  arising  or  proceeding  from  provoca- 
tion or  just  cause. 

"Rebellion    K  de.troctire,  and  n 


*  un  pro- volt-Ing,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Kng.  provoking.}    Not  provoking;  not  giving 
provocation. 

"I_stabbed  him.  a  stnmger,  wtprovottng,  inoffen. 

*  tin-pru'-dence,  *.    [Prpf.  un-(l)»  and  Eng- 
prudencr.  ]    Want  of  prudence ;  imprudence, 
improvidence. 

"The  vn/rudtnce  at  foolis  (is)  erring.*—  Wydiffe : 
Pro*.  xlv.  18. 

*  tin-pru'-dent,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng. 
prudent.]    Imprudent,  foolish. 

"  Hake  the  unkunnyiigneea  of  unprudmt  men  to  be 
doumbe."—  Wyd&e:  1  i'ttenL 

*  un-pru-den'-tial  (ti  as  sh),  a.     [Pref. 

n»-  (U  and  Eng.  prtldentiaL]  Nut  prudential ; 
not  prudent;  imprudent 

"  The  most  unwise  and  mot t  tmpmdftUJal  act  as  to 
civlJ  government' — Hilton.    (Todd.) 

•fin -pruned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
pruned.}  Not  pruned  ;  not  cut ;  not  lopped. 

**  Deep  in  the  unpruned  forest," 

Bynm  :  Child*  Uarotd,  lv.  M. 

*tin-pftV-lIc,*tin-pub'-lI<sk,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  public.]  Not  public ;  not 
generally  seen  or  known ;  private,  secluded, 
retired. 

"Virgins  must  be  retired  and  unpubHA"— Btohop 
Taylor  :  H<A*  Linn-j.  ch.  1 1. .  f  a. 

tin  pub  Ushed,  a.  [Pref:  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
published.] 

*  1.  Not  published ;  not  made  public  ;  kept 
secrtt  or  private. 

-  All  you  lutpuMUfcai  Tlrtnes  of  the  earth.' 

Ohnketp.  :  Lear,  IT.  4. 

2.  Not  published,  as  a  manuscript  or  book. 

*tin-puck'-er,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
pucker,  v.]  To  smooth,  to  relax. 

"  His  month  .  .  .  vnpu>-k*nd  itself  intoa  free  door- 
way."— Carole  :  Sartor  Jtaortut.  bk.  i..  ch.  iiL 

*tin-puff%  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. puff. 
v.J  To  humble. 

•*  We  might  unpi^cmr  heart." 

• :  Du  Bartai.  fourth  day.  first  week.  5W. 


*  un  pulled',  a.  [Fret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pulled.}  Not  pulled  or  plucked. 

"  A  fruit 
Been  and  desired  of  all,  while  yet  unfilled.* 

Orudm  :  L«9»  Triumf&ant,  UL  L 

*tin-pnnc-tir-I-OU8,  a.  [Pref.  un*  (1),  and 
Eng,  punailwus.}  Not  punctilious  :  nut  i«r- 
ticular. 

H  Lonn  are  the  we&kert  people  In  the  world,  and 
people  of  pmictiJio  the  must  unvunctilivu*."—  fttchard- 
ton  :  Sir  C,  QraniUton,  lit.  2;.7. 

i  un  puric  -tn-al,  a,   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


punctual.]    Not  punctual;   not  exact,  espe- 
cially in  regard  to  time. 

"  If  they  are  unpunctuat  or  idle.'— Daily  Telegraph, 
Dec.  2.  1887. 

t  un-punc-tu-ar-I-ty, » un-pnnc  -tu-al- 
il ess,  s.  [Eug.  unpuiict uai ;  -Uy,  -ness.}  Want 
of  punctuality. 

"  1'niA.nctuaiity  of  doctors,"— fidko.  Oct.  38.  IS87. 

*  un  pun  -ish-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.    punishable.]      Not     punishable  ;     not 
capable  or  deserving  of  being  punished. 

"  Where  all  offend,  the  crime's  unj<u/uV'O««." 
Mag  •   Lucuti ;  fhurtniui,  V. 

*  tin-pun'-Ish-a-bly,  ariv.   [Eng.  unpunish- 
al^U) ;    -ly.]      Without    being   or    becoming 
liable  to  punishment. 


un-pun  -ished,  a.  [Pref.  un-  OX  and  Eng. 
puni#kcd.\  Not  punished;  free  frutn  punisn- 
uieut  ;  allowed  to  go  or  paas  without  puniah- 
mmit. 

"  Your  •on  •  commit  the  unpunUhfd  wrong.'1 

Pvpe:  Homer  ;  Vdyuty  li.  87. 

un  pur  -9ha»ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
purchased.]  Not  purchased  ;  not  bought  ;  un- 
bought. 

"  Unpwr^uutd  plmty  our  fall  Ubles  load*' 

Ijettham  :  U/  Old  Jtge*  625. 

*  fin-pure',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng,  pure.} 
Nut  pure  ;  impure,  foul,  unclean. 

"That  no  ms.ii  should  take  meat  with  impure 
band**."—  UdaL:  MatLkfw  zv. 

*  un-pure'-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  impure;  -lg.}  Im- 

purely. 

"The  preates  haue  swerued  from  the  lordee  tewta- 
ment.  A  with  j-oluied  i.erte  nud  h»udec  to  their  office 
vnpurely."  —  Bait:  £ngtith  t'otanct,  i-t.  ii. 

*un-  pure'-  ness,  a.  [Eng.  unpvre;  -ness.] 
Impurity,  uncieai.ness. 

**  For  what  poynt«  of  rnpurm**  could  that  woman 
haittT"—  Uttai;  LuJH  iL 

un-  purged',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
puryed.} 

1.  Not  purged,  cleansed,  or  purified. 

**  With  grow  \tnpurged  ear."       Milton  :  A  rradet,  71. 

2.  Not  purge*],  satisfied,  or  atoned  for:  as, 
an  unpurgett  offence. 


^  i-f  ied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
purified.]  Not  puritied  ;  not  inade  pure  ; 
hence,  not  cleansed  from  sin. 

"  The  condolence  yet 

" 


*  un  pur  -po^ed,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
purposed.]    Not  purposed  ;  not  intended  ;  not 
designed  ;  unintentional,  undesigned. 

"  Accidents  vnpttrpotfd." 

iJtaJce*p.  ;  AtUong  *  CUopatra,  Ir.  li. 

*  tin-pursed',  a.    [PreC  un-  (2)  ;  Eng.  purate). 
and  SUIT.  -ed.\ 

1.  Robbed  of  a  purse  or  money. 

2.  Taken  out  of  a  purse  ;  expended. 

"  finer  was  the  golde  wnpurt*L"      tiowar  :  G.  A.t  T. 

tin-pur-sued',  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
pursued.]  Nut  pursued;  not  followed.  (Mil- 
ton: P.  L.,  vi.  1.) 

*iin-pur'-veyed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  a),  and 
Eng.  purveyed.!  Not  provided  ;  unprovided. 

"  Vnp*ruen«d  of  strength  of  kuyghty*  to  reaUte  hU 
fader.  —Fubyan  :  Chronicle,  p.  88. 

*  un  put  ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  put.} 

Not  put. 

"  Fin*  being  here   and    there   negligently   ttrtput 
out."—  Sattia;  Toot**;  Motor*,  p.  M. 

*  iin-jra'-triS-fled,  *un-pu'-trl  fled,  o. 

IPref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng.  putrefied.]    Not  putre- 
fied ;  not  mtteu  ;  not  corrupted, 

"Preserved  unputrifad  for  MTeral  y«*m.~—  Boyle  : 

Work*,  i;.  74. 

t  un-quaifed'  (ua  aj»  a),  *    [Pref.  un-  (l), 

and  Eng.  quaffed.}    Not  quaffed  ;  uot  drunk. 

"  If  not  the  goblet  ]««•  ttnqua/ed, 
It  is  not  draiiwd  to  bwakb  care> 

ttj/run  ;  Jiauntl  of  Men. 

•tin-quailed',  a.  [Pret  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
quaiied.]  Not  quailed  ;  not  daunted  ;  un- 
daunted. 

•*  Snpprest,  ttnqnaiM  «t  length,' 

Bmteme:  Britannitu  t'tMomU.  L  4. 

*  un-qua  -ker  like,  c.    [Pret  un-  (1)  ;  Eng. 
quaker,  and  -Like.\     Unlike  or  unbecoming  a 
quaker. 

"A  noet  •tnTuob'rlilv  exnrewtnn  at  mirth  to  her 
tya."—  Atmagm  :  J;eub.-n  MMrtt.  bk.  L.  ch.  iii. 


*  tin-qual'-I  f I-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l\  an4 
Eng.    quttlijiabie. J      Unable    to    qualify    (for 
office). 

"Coiumii-iont  to  persons  unauaitjtitbla.''— Jforth' 
Life  of  Lord,  UuO/ord,  U.  2^8. 

un  qual  -i-fied,  a.  [Pref.  un~  (1),  and  Eng. 
qualified.} 

1.  Not  qualified;  not  tit;  not  having  the 
proper  or  necrssaj-y  qualifications,    ability 
talents,  or  the  like. 

2.  Not  qualified  ;   not  possessing    the   re- 
quisite talents,  abilities,  or  aecuitplislmients ; 
uulitted,  uDsuited. 

"  I  wunld  dioiulss  those  utterly  ungu'iOjled  for  their 
employiueuu"— UoldtnutA  .  The  Aec,  No.  6 

3.  Not  qualified  legally  ;  not  possessing  the 
IBM]  qualitication ;    specitically,  not  having 
taken  the  requisite  oath  <ir  oaths  ;  not  liaving 
passed  the  utcessary  exaiiiiuatiou  and  received 
a  diploma  or  licence. 

"  No  ujf/wo/t/fed  person  was  removed  from  any  civil 
or  military  wffl.-e."—  Jtacaultty  ;  tint.  A>iy..  t-h  "U. 

4.  Not  qualified,  modified,  or  restricted  by 
conditions  or  exceptions  ;  as,  unqualified  com- 
mendatiun. 

*  iin-qual  -I  f  i-ed-1^,  adv.    [Eng.  unquaU- 
fad;  -ly.\    In  an  unqualified  manner;  with- 
out limitation  or  niouiUcati'm. 

"I  unifH'iiiRtdJy  witlidraw  the  expression."— Proa. 
J>hv*.  it-o.  Lvtuivn,  pt.  tL,  p.  11. 

* nn-qual'-I-f i-cd-ness,  8.  [Kng.  unquali- 
fied ;  -JiKsa.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unqualified. 

"  The  advertency  and  ungualijUdneMi  of  copiers."— 
&'ii>i»  jf  A«ca  tiibltca,  L  6i, 

*  ttn-qual'-l-f  y,  r.t.     [Pref.  «»-(•:),  and  Eng. 
9«o'4fjF.J      To  deprive  of   qualifications;  to 
disqualify. 

"Hatred  and  revenge  .  .  .  unqualify  us  for  the 
offices  of  devotion."—  tfattrland  :  tferwMms,  vol  ix^ 
ser.  i. 

*  un-qual'-X-tied,a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
qualtitetl.}      Without  qualities;    deprived  of 
one's  character  and  faculties. 

"  He  is  unquaJMed  with  very  shame. * 

jj*akap.  :  Antvny  t  C'le-f.-utra,  lit  ft. 

* tin-quar'-rel-la-ble,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (l); 
Eng.  (juarrel,  and  su.l,  ~able.]  Not  to  be  quar- 
relled with,  impugned,  or  objected  to. 

"  No  such  satisfiictory  aud  u>i<ju.-irrcll  >t>te  reasoos.' 
— Browne  :  Yuiyar  Hrrourt,  bk.  vj.,  ch.  *. 

*  un-queen',  v.L      [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
queen.]    To  remove  from  the  position  or  rank 
of  a  queen. 

"  Then  lay  me  forth  ;  although  unquettt'd," 

ahuAftjj.  •  Umry  I'll  I.,  iv.  l 

*  un- quelled',  a,     [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
quelltxl.]    Not  quelled  ;  not  subuued. 

"  She  gives  the  hunter  hune,  unuuell'd  by  toiL" 
''*• —  .   Liberty. 


un-quench'-a-ble,  *  un  qucnche-a  ble, 
o.  [fref.  un-\l),  and  hiiig:  qucucitatAe.}  In- 
capable of  iH-ing  quenched,  extinguished, 
allayed,  or  the  like. 

"  ItiteiiK     and     ur«/ttrnchabt«     uiiiuaaity."—  Jfoo- 
auinjt  :  J/at.  Ln-j.,  cu.  viL 

*  un-qucnph'-a-ble-ncss,  .«.    [Eng.  un- 
qvenchubie:    -HA-S.]     The  ({uaiity  or  suite  ol 
being  unquenchable;  in.ibuity  to  bequeuciied 
or  extinguished. 

"  See  the  tiH-ju.-nchabtetu*  of  this  tln" 
Apotoyte,  bk.  iv.,  I*. 

*  un-qucnph  -a-bly,  adv.    [Eng. 

a  \ie);  -ly.\     In  ;iu  uuqtienchablu  manner  ;  so 
as  uot  to  tie  capable  of  be  ing  quenrlied. 

"  That  1*111(1  sbaJl  buru  un<fu4r,cbtMv  " 

acutt  :  Lag  <tf  (A*  LaM  Mnutrei^  ii  U. 

un  quenched,  *  un-qiiencht',  o.     [Pret 

un-  (1),  and  hug.  quttitdi»^.\ 
i.  Nut  qU'-iK-he-l,  fxtingnished,  or  allaxed. 

"  If  any  spark  fruiu  heav'ii  rciuaiu  u»yu-->n-h,d 
V>  itiiiu  ber  i.rc.i»t.'        ttowt:  Futr  ft.tia.mt,  U. 

*2.  Uuquem-hable. 

"Sadness.  orgn»u]oy.  equally  dln4|i«te  the  BpiribL 
and  iiijiu.-ii-  ate  exercise  iu  hot  air.  with  untf«e'tc**d 

tllllnt.*  —  A  tt>utiin-rt. 


-a-bll'-I-ty  (1  as  yX  *, 

uJjie  ;  -ity.\  The  quality  or 
state  of  tteing  unquestionable  ;  that  «uich 
cannot  be  que 


'  Onr  religion  is  ...  A  great  henTen-hfgh  - 

tion<ttol4tf."-Citrlvle  :  Pail  *  Prwttt.  bk.  1L,  ch.  vt 

tin  -quest  '-ion-  a-  ble  (i  as  y),  a    [Pref.  un- 

(l),  and  Eng.  questionable.  J 

1.  Not  questionable;  not  capable  of  being 
questioned  or  doubted  ;  not  capable  of  being 


fite,  fit,  fare,  amldrt,  what,  fall,  lather;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go. 
cr.  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  as  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  k 


unquestionably— unreasonable 


4979 


•lied  In   question  ;    indubitable,  incontro- 
vertible. 

11  An  uniju'ttioimkle  title  to  the  royal  favour."— 
HacaulHV  :  I/at.  E'iy.,  ch.  vl 

•  2.  Averse  to  being  questioned  ;  averse  to 
conversation. 

"  AD  unQuetlionabU  spirit."— Shaketp. :  At  You  Like 
It,  ill.  2. 

fin-quest' -Ion  a-blj?  (i  as  y).  adv.  (Bng. 
MnguaUomHfe); -lyj  in  an  unquaitlonable 
manner ;  beyond  all  question  ;  assuredly, 
certainly:  without  doubt ;  incontrovertibly. 

"Of  mortal  power  unquestionably  sprung." 

Wordtwunh :  i'xcurtion,  bk.  lit. 

fin-quest  -idned  (I  as  y),  a.  [Pief.  »»-  (1), 
and  Eng.  questioned.! 

1.  Not  questioned  ;  not  called  in  question  ; 
not  doubted  or  impugned. 

"  And  gives  us  wlcii  o'er  earth  unquettton'd  away." 
Th  -itttvn  :  Cattle  "/  hntoltitcc.  u.  47. 

2.  Not  questioned  or  interrogated ;  having 
no  questions  asked. 

"  And  from  MB  deadliest  foeman'8  door 
DnqueftioH'd  turn." 

So.lt  :  Ladl  of  Oil  Lai*.  I.  39. 

•3.  Not  examined  Into. 

11  It  prefers  Itself,  and  leaves  unquevtion'A 
Matters  of  needful  value.  ' 

Xh.tkett>.  :  JI.-<i>ureSor  Measure,  i.  1. 

•  4.  Not  to  be  opposed,  Impugned,  or  dis- 
puted. 

"Heaven's  urv/ues'ion'd  will." 

Pope  :  Homer;  I  Had  xxlv.  743. 

in  quest  -ion-ing  (1  as  y),  a.  [Pref.  tm- 
(l),  and  Eng.  i[Ue.-.tioii.ing.]  Not  questioning, 
not  doubting ;  implicit. 

fin-quest'-ion-ing-ly  (iasy),  adv.  [Eng. 
unquestioning  ;  -ly.}  In  an  unquestioning 
manner;  without  raising  any  question  or 
objection. 

"Accepting  thus  unqumtimtinffly  the  circumstance." 
-Scrioner'l  M,tgatine,  May.  18SO.  p.  7. 

*  fin-quest'-ion-lng-ness  (i  as  y),  s.  [Eng. 
unquestioning ;  -net.-.}    The  quality  or  state 
of  being  unquestioning. 

"  Cordial  unque.tlimiin?neM.''—acribner'i  ifagogine, 
Hay.  18PO.  p.  a, 

*  fa  quest' -Ion-less  (i  as  y),  a.    [Pref.  un- 
(2),  3.,  and  Eng.  questionless.}     Unquestion- 
able. 

••  Yonr  knowledge  is  as  tinqrtertionlen  as  your  In. 
tegrity."—  Burgojine.  :  The  Ben-em,  v.  L 

•ftn-qnlck'.o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  quick.] 

1.  Not   alive ;    dead,    motionless,    unani- 
matetl. 

••  His  senses  droop,  his  steady  eye  unqulck ; 
Aud  much  he  alls,  and  yet  he  U  notelck." 

Utiniel:  Clou  Wan,  Hi. 

2.  Not  quick  ;  slow. 

An    quick' -enod,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1\  and 

Eng.  <iutckened.l    Not  quickened  ;  not  having 
received  life. 

"  Num'rons  but  unyuicknfd  progeny." 

ttliickmore :  Creation,  vL 

un-qui'-et,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
quiet,  a.] 

1.  Not  quiet ;  not  still ;  restless,  uneasy, 
agitated. 

"  In  a  few  days  he  began  to  be  unquiet."— Jfacaulai  .- 
But.  K»g.,  ch.  ix. 

2.  Not  calm,  not  tranquil,  not  peaceful. 

"  Sbe  linger'd  in  unquiet  widowhood." 

Wordnoorth:  excursion,  bk.  1. 

*  fin-qui'-et,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
quiet,  v.)  To  deprive  of  quietude  ;  to  disquiet, 
to  disturb,  to  agitate. 

"  They   were  greatly  troubled  and  unqitieted." — 
Herbert:  Henry  flit. 

fin-qui'-et-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unquiet ;  -ly.]  In 
an  unquiet  manner  or  state ;  in  a  state  of 
agitation. 

•'  One-minded  like  the  weather,  most 

Unquirtly."  Shakes?. :  Lt.ir,  Hi.  1. 

fin-qui'-et-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unquiet ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unquiet,  dis 
turbed,  or  agitated  ;  restlessness,  disturbance, 
inquietude,  uneasiness. 

"  In  strange  unquietnea." 

Shateip. :  Othello,  til.  4. 

*  fin-qni'-et-ude,  «.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
quietude.]    Want  or  absence  of  quietude  ;  un- 
rest, inquietude,  disquietude. 

"  A  kind  of  imquietud*  and  discontentment."—  Re- 
Uquta  Wottoniana.  p.  57. 

*  fin-qnlz'-za-ble,  a.     [Pref.  nn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  trtdi ;  '-able.]     Not    open  or  liable  to 
fidicule ;  correct. 

11  Most  exact  and  unqutcnble  uniform."— SluryMt , 
frank  Mildmay,  ch.  xv. 


un  quod',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  quod,  \ 
v.]  Untold. 

"  Moved  with  the  irnquod  manner  ol  crueltle."— 
Udal:  Affofth.  of  Erutmu*.  V-  289. 

tin-racked',    a.      [Pref.   «n-  (1),  and    EnS. 
racked.]   Not  racked  ;  not  frc-ed  from  the  lees. 
"  Pour  the  lees  of  the  racked  vessel  into  the  un- 
racked  vessel."-  Bacon  :  Nat.  HM.,  $  JW6. 

un  raised ,   *  un-reysed,  a.     [Pref.   un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  raised.} 
1.  Not  raised  ;  not  lifted  up  or  elevated. 

"  The  flat  unrated  spirit." 

M,>ikett>.  :  Hffnry  Y,  (Prol.) 

*  2.  Not  raised ;  abandoned. 

"The  siege  shulde  nat  be  unrated.'— Bernm  : 
Froittart ;  Chronicle,  vol.  i.,  ch.  cccxxxviii. 

tin-raked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  raked.] 
1.  Not  raked,  as  soil. 

*  2.  Not  raked   or   drawn   together ;  not 
raked  up. 

"  Where  area  thou  find  at  unrated." 

8nake*p. :  Merry  Wivet,  IT.  L 

*  3.  Not  sought  for  by  low  means. 

"  To  make  good  his  promise*  of  maintenance  more 
honourably  unask'd,  unrak'd  tor."— Milton:  Removal 
of  Hirelings. 

un  -ran'  sacked,    •  un    ran    saked,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  ransacked.] 
1.  Not  ransacked  ;  not  searched. 

"  I  will  for  none  hast  levc  any  comer  of  the  matter 
unrantttcked.'— Sir  T.  More :  Work*,  p.  187. 

*  2.  Not  pillaged  or  plundered. 

"  Neither  house  nor  corner  thereof  unrantaked."— 
Kiiollt'i:  ffitt.  Turket, 

un-ran'-somed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ransomed.}  Not  ransomed,  redeemed,  or  set 
at  liberty  on  payment  of  a  ransom. 

"  Safe  and  unrantomed  sent  them  home." 

Scott :  Rokeby,  IT.  6. 

*  fin-rap'-tured,  a.  [Pref.  un-  p),  and  Eng. 
raptured,]  Not  enraptured  ;  not  inspired  with 
rapture. 

"  Unraptured.  un  in  flamed." 

Young  :  Night  Thuughti,  IT.  268. 

t  tin-rav'-aged  (aged  as  igd)f  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(IX  and  Eng.  ravaged,}  Not  ravaged  or  ran- 
sacked. 

"  Few  collections  are  more  varied  .  .  .  than  under- 
ground and  unravaged  Cyprus."— St.  Jamet'l  Qatette, 
Feb.  il.  1888. 

un-raV-el,  v.t.  &  i.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
ravel.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  disentangle ;  to  untwist ;  to  nnknot ; 
to  separate,  as  threads  that  are  knit,  inter- 
laced, interwoven,  or  the  like. 

"  Instead  of  darning  hi*  stocking,  he  was  busily  en. 
gaged  ill  unravelling^."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  6, 1888. 

2.  To  free  from  complications  or  difficulty  ; 
to  unriddle,  to  unfold,  to  solve. 

"  Leave  uothiug  undone  to  unravel  thin  problem,"— 
Daily  Chronicle,  Sept.  SS,  188S. 

3.  To  unfold  or  bring  to  a  denouement;  to 
clear  up,  as  the  plot  of  a  play. 

"  The  discovery  or  unravelling  of  the  plot"—  Dry- 
den  ;  Kuau  on  Dramatic  Poetie. 

4.  To  separate    the  connected   or    united 
parts  of ;  to  throw  into  confusion  or  disorder. 

"  Unravelling  almost  all    the  received  principles 
both    of   religion  and   resaou."— TUlotton  :  Sermi 
vol.  I.,  ser.  L 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  be  unfolded  or  opened 
tip ;  to  be  evolved. 

"  What  webs  of  wonder  shall  unravrl  there ! " 

Young :  Night  Thought*,  vi.  168. 

un-rav'-el-ler,  s.  [Eng.  unravel ;  -er.]  One 
who  unravels,  explains,  or  unfolds. 

"  MiKhty  nnravellert  of  the  fables  of  the  old  Eth- 
iiicl.fl.-r.  Brown:  Workt,  liL  87B. 

*  tin -razed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and   Eng. 
razed.}    Not  razed  or  destroyed. 

"Only  three  towers  .  .  .  heleftunrrt«d."— Sandyt  : 
TraoclM,  U.  155. 

*  tin  -  ra'  -  zored,  a.     [Pref.   un-  (1);    Eng. 
razor;  -ed.\    Not  subjected  to  the  operation 
of  a  razor ;  unshaven. 

"  As  smooth  as  Hebe's,  their  unrazor'd  lips." 

Milton:  Comug,  290. 

iin-reached',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reached.]  Not  reached  ;  not  attained  to. 

"  The  unreach'd  Paradise  of  our  deapatr." 

Byron  :  Child*  Harold,  Iv.  128. 

un-rSad',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  read.} 
1.  Not  read  ;  not  perused. 

"  The  names  unknown, 
Which  lay  unread  around  IL" 

Byron  :  CfcureMiTt  Ornvt. 


2.  Unlearned,  illiterate. 

"  The  wi»e  and  fool,  the  artist  and  unnaa..' 

Shakes?.  :  Trutiut  A  Crttsida,  L  I. 

tin-read'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng 
readable.  ] 

L  Not  readable  ;  not  capable  of  "being  read 
or  deciphered ;  illegible. 

2.  Not  suitable  or  fit  for  reading;  dull, 
dry. 

un  read  i-ness,  *  un-red-i-nes,  8.  [Eng. 
unready,  a. ;  -tiess.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unready; 
want  of  readiness,  promptness,  or  dexterity. 

"This  impreparation  and  unreadim-tt  when  they 
find  in  us,  tliey  turn  it  to  the  soothing  up  of  them- 
selves In  that  aocuwed  fancy."  —  Hooker:  £cclu. 
Foliti*. 

2.  Want  of  preparation. 

"  Fiutliiig  more  contentment  in  his  owu  quiet  appre- 
hension of  these  wants  then  trouble  in  that  unread*- 
ncu.'—B)>.  Uall :  Contempt. ;  Of  Cuntentation,  t  20. 

fin-read'-y,  *  un-read-ie,  *  un-red-y,  a, 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  ready.} 

1.  Not  ready ;  not  prepared  ;  not  fit ,  not 
in  readiness. 

"An  unr«d»and  dlspurueyed  boost  for  thevarr*.^ 
—Fabyan  :  Chronicle  (an.  HJiet- 

2.  Not  prompt;  not  quick. 

"  Bring  either  aconscientioua  man  or  an  u«r«ady 
man."—  Chamber*' Journal.  Feb.  1888,  p.  US. 

*  3.  Not  dreseed  ;  undressed. 

"  Enter  several  ways.  Bastard,  Alencon,  Eelgnler^ 
kali-ready,  and  half-u«r*«d#. "— Shaken*. :  1  Utttrg  »7.r 

*  4.  Awkward,  ungainly. 

"  Like  an  unready  horse,  that  will  neither  stop  nor 
turn."— Bacon. 

H  The  epithet  Unready,  applied  in  ninny 
popular  histories  of  England  to  Elhelred,  doe* 
not  mean  unprepared,  but  is  a  misunderstand- 
ing of  the  Old  English  redeles ;  A.S.  rcedled* 
=  devoid  of  raid  or  counsel,  improvident 

"It  WM  hii  indifference  to  their  rede  or  counsel 
that  won  him  tlie  name  of  ^Ethetred  the  Redelet.  — 
Green  :  Bttt.  Knglith  People,  vol.  L 

*  un-rfiad'-y,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Bng. 
ready.]    To  undress.    (Sidney.) 

un-re'-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  real.) 
Not  real ;  unsubstantial ;  having  appearance 
only ;  imaginary. 

"  Gay  vlaloia  of  unreal  bliss." 

Thornton ;  Spring,  988. 

fin-re'-al-i^ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
realised.}  Not  realised. 

"The  curtain  falls  on  expectation  unreaUted"— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  Si,  1888. 

un-re-aT-I-tjf,  *•  [Pref-  un'  (0*  and  En8* 
reality.} 

1.  Want  or  absence  of  reality  or  real  exis- 
tence. 

2.  That  which  has  no  reality  or  real  exis- 
tence. 

*  un-re'-al-ize,  v.t.  &  i.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  realize.} 

A.  Trans. :  To  divest  of  reality ;  to  present 
in  an  ideal  form. 

"  An  attempt  to  unreali^e  every  object  in  nature."— 
Taylor:  Philip  I'an  Artevelde.  (Fret) 

B.  Intrans. :  Not  to  become  real. 

•• A  ""•"•*  »J=s«*ftS.;U  * 


fin-reaped',  *  un-reapt',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Bug.  reafed.]  Not  reaped  ;  not  gathered 
or  collected. 

"  That  place  which  only  they  had  left  unreap'd  of 
all  their  harveat."-*««»i .'  llitt.  Eng.,  bk.  II. 

»  un-reas'  on,  ».  [Pref.  uit-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reason,  s.)  Want  or  absence  of  reason ;  folly, 
unreasonableness,  absurdity. 

"  Will  and  unreaton  briugeth  a  man  from  the  bliss* 
of  grace.™— Chauixr :  Teit.  of  Love,  bk.  ill. 

TI  Abbot  of  Unreason :  [ABBOT]. 

*  un-reaB'-on,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
reason,  v.]  To  prove  to  be  against  reason  ;  to- 
disprove  by  argument. 

"To  unreaton  the  equity  of  God's  proceedings."— 
South :  Sermons,  vol.  XL,  ser.  10. 

fin-reas'-An-u-ble,  *  nn-res-on-a-ble. 
*  nn-reB-oun-a-ble,  a.  [Pnef.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  reasonable.} 

1  Not  reasonable  ;  exceeding  the  bounds 
of  reason ;  exorbitant,  immoderate,  extrava- 
gant. 

"The    pretence    was    unreaKnaHt."— 
Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xvi. 


Mil.  boy;  p6nt,  JtWrt;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  fhln,  bencn;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing. 
-dan, -tiau- shan.   -tion.  HSlon  =  shun ;  -Jlon,  -slon  =  zhfin.   -clous,  -tious,  -sions  =  shfis.   -ble, -die.  Ae.  =  bel,  «( 


4980 


unreasonableness— unreferring 


2.  Not  according  to  reason  ;  absurd. 

"The  Dear  neighbourhood  of  unreatontible  HbA 
practicable  virtue."— Macaulajf :  Hut.  Eng..  ch.  xi 

3.  Not  listening  to  or  acting  according  to 
reason. 

"  Never  did  they,  even  when  moat  angry  and  un- 
retuonable,  fail  to  keep  his  secret*."— ilacaulay ;  Bitt, 
Xng.,  ch.  xvl. 

*  4.  Not  endowed  with  reason  ;  irrational. 

"  Unreawnable  creatures  feed  their  young. " 

Ohaketp. :  3  Benry  VI..  il.  1. 

fin  reas  -6n-a-ble  ness,  *  un  res  on  a- 
ble-neSS,  s.  [Eng.  unreasonable;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unreason- 
able ;  unwillingness  to  listen  to  or  act  accord- 
ing to  reason. 

"The  malignity  of  Its  enemies,  the  unre-uott'ible* 
*MM  of  it*  friends."— Macautat/ :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  XT. 

2.  Exorbitance,  extravagance. 

3.  Inconsistency  with  reason ;  absurdity. 

un  reas  -on  a  bly,  *  un  res  on  a  bly, 
adv.  [Eng.  unreasonable);  -ly.]  In  an  un- 
reasonable manner  or  degree;  excessively, 
extravagantly,  immoderately,  foolishly. 

"  Unreasonably  Incredulous  about  plots."— ifacau- 
Io*  :  Silt.  Eng.,  ch.  xriil. 

•  un  reas  oned,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reasoned.] 

1.  Not  reasoned  or  argued. 

2.  Not  derived  from  or  founded  on  reason ; 
unreasonable. 

"Old  prejudices  and  unreasoned  habit*.''— Burke: 
French  Rcvoution, 

on  reas  -dn-ing,  a.  [Pref.  «n-(l),  and  Eng. 
reasoning.] 

1.  Not  reasoning;    not    haying    reasoning 
faculties  ;  acting  without  consideration. 

2.  Characterized  by  want  of  reason ;  foolish. 

•fin -reave',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
reave.}  To  unravel,  to  unwind,  to  undo. 

"  The  work  that  she  all  day  did  make. 
The  same  at  night  she  did  unraaw." 

Spenser :  Sonnet  28. 

"  tin  -  reaved',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reared.]  Not  taken  or  pulled  to  pieces. 

' '  Tight  and  unrea ved."— Bp.  Hall :  Balm  of  Giltad, 

*  un-re-bat'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
rebated.]    Not  blunted  ;  sharp. 

"Fighting  with  unrelated  sword*."—  P.  Holland: 
Pliny,  hk.  IXXT.,  ch.  Tit 

•un-rS-buk'-a-ble,  *  tin-re-buke -a- 
ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  rebukabl'e.] 
Not  liable  or  open  to  rebuke  ;  not  deserting 
of  rebuke  or  censure  ;  blameless. 

"Be  wythout  spot  *    mrf  buyable '  —  I   Timothe, 

tin-re-buked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
rebuked.]  Not  rebuked  or  censured. 

"  To  suffer  whoredome  to  be  vnrebuked."-BomUie> ; 
Against  Adultery. 

*  tin  r6-call  a  ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  recallable,]    Incapable  of  being  recalled, 
revoked,  annulled,  or  recanted. 

"That  which  is  done  la  vnrtcallable."—Felt\am: 
Retolwt.  pt  i.,  re*.  89. 

tin-re  called,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
recalled.]  Not  recalled  ;  not  called  back  or 
restrained. 

"And  give  us  op  to  license,  unrecalled, 
Unmarked."  I'oung  :  Sight  Thougktt,  IL  MO. 

•  tin  -  re  -  call'- ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  recalling.]      Not  to  be  recalled  ;  past 
recall. 

"  And  ever  let  his  unrecnMng  crime 
Hare  time  to  wail  the  abusing  of  his  time." 

Shaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  998. 

•  fin-re-ceived't  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
received.]     Not   received  ;   not   taken  ;   not 
come  into  possession, 

"The  selfe  none  substance,  whiche  the  Father  hath 
of  himself*,  unreceiurd  from  any  other.*— Booker: 
K-cln.  Politic,  ok.  v.,  {  M. 

*  tin-recked',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
recked.]    Not  heeded  or  cared  for  ;  unheeded, 
unnoticed,  disregarded. 

"  Unmarked,  at  least  unrertod  the  taunt* 

Scott  :  JHarmhm,  L  IT. 

•tin-rec'  kon- a -blo,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1); 
Bug.  reckon,  and"  suff.  -able.]  Incapable  of 
being  reckoned  or  counted;  innumerable, 
immeasurable,  infinite, 

ftn-rec  koned,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


reckoned.]    Not  reckoned  ;  not  counted  ;  not 
computed;  not  summed  up. 

"A  long  bill  that  yet  remains  unrtrkoned." 

Drjfden;  Don  Sebastian,  Hi.  i. 

un  re-claim  -a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bug.  recUtimable.]  Not  reclaimable  ;  incapable 
of  being  reclaimed,  reformed,  tamed,  or  cul- 
tivated ;  irreclaimable. 

"  Careless  ami  unrepairable  sinners. "— Bp.  Ball: 
Sermon  on  2  Peter  L  10. 

un- re -claim '-a -bly,  adv.  [En<?.  unre- 
claimable);  -ly.]  In  an  unreclaimable  or  ir- 
reclaimable manner ;  irreclaimably. 

"  Pertinaciously  and  unreel 'aim-ibly  maintain  doc- 
trines destructive  to  the  foundation  of  Christian  re- 
ligion."— Bp.  Ball :  Peacemaker,  (  8. 

un  re  claimed',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reclaimed.] 

1.  Not  reclaimed;   not  tamed;    untamed, 
MVBffft. 

**A  savagenees  In  unreclaimed  blood. 
Of  general  assault."       Shaketp. :  Bamt-'t,  IL  1. 

2.  Not  reformed;   not  brought  back  from 
vice  to  virtue. 

3.  Not  brought  into  cultivation :  as,  unre- 
claimed land. 

iin-re^clln'-lng,  a.  [Pref.  «*•(!),  and  Eng. 
reclining.]  Not  reclining. 

"  Therefor*  the  Joyless  station  of  this  rock 
Unsleeping,  unreel  ininy,  atialt  thou  keep.** 

Potter:  ,£tchylui;  Prometheut  Chain' d. 

un-rgc'-dg-niz-a-ble,    a.     [Pref.  (1),  and 

Eng.  recognizable.]      Not  recognizable;    not 
capable  of  being  recognized  ;  incognizable. 

un  rec  -6g-mzed,  tin-rue  og-nised,  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug.  recognized.]  Not  re- 
cognized ;  unknown. 

"  He  himself 
Unreeognited,"          Wordnoorth :  Excursion,  bk.  1. 

un-rec-om-mend'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  recommended.]  Not  recommended ;  not 
favourably  mentioned ;  not  declared  worthy 
of  favour,  trust,  honour,  or  the  like. 

"  Unreeammrnded  by  the  solicitation  of  friends. **— 
Knox :  Euay  1U. 

un  rec'-om-pensed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  recompensed.]  Not  recompensed;  not 
rewarded ;  not  requited. 

"  Heaven  will  not  see  so  true  a  love  unrccomptnt'd," 
Beaum,  A  Flet.  ;  Wiid  Ooote  Chase,  iv.  f. 

un  rec  on  91!  a  ble,  •  tin-rec-6n~9ile'- 
a  ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  reconcil- 
able.] 

1.  Not  reconcilable ;  not  capable  of  being 
brought  into  friendly  relations ;  implacable, 
irreconcilable. 

*2.  Characterized  by  implacable  animosity. 

"  Main  tame  an  unrecondteabte  warre.*1— Bp.  Ha.ll: 
Jfo  Peace  with  Kome,  J  21. 

3.  Not  capable  of  being  reconciled  or  made 
consistent ;  incapable  of  being  brought  into 
harmony. 

"  The  unrecondleable  principles  of  the  original  dis- 
cord."— Burke  :Ona  Late  State  of  the  Nation. 

un  rec  on  91!  a-bly,  *  tin-rec' -6n~9ile- 

a-bljf,  adv.     [Eng.  unreconcilable) ;  -ly.]    In 
an  unreconcilable  manner;  irreconcilably. 

"  How  much  lease  shall  be  the  God  of  mercies,  bee 
unreconcHeably  displeased  with  hU  owne  ;  and  suffer 
bU  wrath  to  burne  like  a  are  that  cannot  be 
quenched  ?"—  Bp.  Ball:  Contemp. :  Abtalom't  Returne. 

un  rec  on  9ilcd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  reconciled.  ] 

1.  Not  reronciled ;  not  restored  to  a  state 
of  friendship  or  favour;  still  at  enmity  or 
opposition. 

"  And  everything  unreconciled.' 

Wordnpoith:  Olen-Almai*. 

2.  Not  made  consistent 

*  3.  Not  atoned  for ;  unatoned  for. 

"Any  crime 
Unreconciled  as  yet  to  Heaven  and  grace." 

Shaketp. :  Othello,  v.  ». 

*4.  Irreconcilable,  implacable. 

"  I'm  even  he  that  once  did  owe  unreconcffd  bate 
to  you,"—  Beaum.  <t  fief. :  Woman  Better,  iil  i 

*  tin-rScHin-9ll'-i-a-ble,  a.  [UNBECONCIL- 
ABLE.]  Not  capable  of  lieing  restored  to  peace 
and  friendship ;  unreconcilable.  (Shakesp. : 
Antony  £  Cleopatra,  v.  1.) 

un  re  cord  -ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
recorded.] 
1.  Not  recorded ;  not  registered. 


Recovering." 


'  Unrecorded  facts 

C-jwper  :  Tardlev  Oak, 


2.  Not  kept  in    remembrance ;    not    com- 
memorated,   (ttyron;  Cftilde  Harold,  iii.  49.) 

*  tin-re-count'-gd,    a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Bug.  recounted.]    Not  recounted ;  not  related ; 
not  recited. 

"  To  some  ears  unrecounted." 

Shaketp. :  Henry  r/Tf.,  ill.  i 

*  tin-re-cdv'-er-a-ble,  a.   [Pref.  UK-  (1),  and 
Eng.  recoverable.  ] 

1.  Not  recoverable ;  incapable  of  being  r«. 
stored  or  recovered  ;  irrecoverable. 

"  The  very  loate  of  minutes  may  be  unrecoverable.' 
—Bp.  BaU :  Cant. ;  Jehu  *  Jehoram. 

2.  Not  capable    of  recovering ;   incurable^ 
irremediable ;  past  recovery. 

*  tin-rS-c6V-er-a-bl&  adv.     [Eng.  unrecov- 
erab(le);  -ly.]    In  an  unrecoverable  manner; 
incurably. 

*'  Long  sick  and  unrecoverable,"— Bp.  ffaU  :  M«d.  A 
Vowet,  cen.  2,  $  46. 

tin-rfi-cov'-ered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
recovered.] 

1,  Not  recovered  ;  not  found  or  restored. 
*2.  Irrecoverable. 

"  To  turn  from  Greece  fate's  unrfcovered  hour." 

Chapman:  Bomer;  Iliad  in.  247. 

*  un-re-cruit'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  recruitable.] 

1.  Not  recruitable;   not  capable  of  being 
recruited;  incapiible  of  regaining   a    supply 
of  what  has  been  lost,  wasted,  or  the  like :  as, 
unrecruitable  strength. 

2.  Incapable  of  receiving  or  obtaining  re- 
cruits or  fresh  supplies  of  men,  as  an  army,  &c. 

"  Empty  and  unrequitable  colonels  of  twenty  men 
In  a  company. "—JJitcon:  Of  Education. 

*  un-re-cruit'-e'd,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

iffd.]    Furnished  with  fresh  oradditional 
supplies,  as  of  men,  &c. 

"  Yet  unrecrititfd  with  additional  strength. "— All- 
far  .•  Worthiet;  Cheshire. 

*  un-rS-cum'-bent.  a,     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  recumbent.]     Not  recumbent;  not  lying 
down.    (Cowper:  Task,  v.  29.) 

"tin-re-ciir'-ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Mid. 

Eng.  recure  —  recover.]   Incurable  ;  past  cure. 

"  That  hath  received  some  unreciiring  wound." 
Shaketp,  :  TituM  Andronicut,  iii.  L 

un  re  deemed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
redeemed.] 

1.  Not  redeemed,  not  ransomed. 

"  A  carnal,  unredeemed,  unregenemte  person. "—Jp. 
Ball :  Sermon*.  voL  iii.,  ser.  2. 

2.  Not  taken  out  of  pledge  or  pawn. 

"  Pawnbrokers  lose  on  an  average  10  per  cent  on 
unredeemed  jtooda,"— Echo,  Jan.  14,  1688. 

3.  Not  recalled  into  the  treasury  or  bank 
by  payment  of  the  value  in  money :  as,  unre- 
deemed bills,  notes,  &c. 

4.  Not  redeemed  ;  not  counterbalanced  01 
alleviated  by  any  countervailing  quality. 

"  Disgraces,  unredeemed  hy  a  single  brilliant  scliiere 
ment."— Macaulay  ;  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

5.  Not  redeemed  or  fulfilled,  as  a  pledge  or 
promise. 

un  re  dressed ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
redressed.] 

I.  Not  redressed ;   not   relieved  from  In- 
justice. 

"  He  sorrow'd  vnredretted." 

Pope  ;  Bomer ;  Iliad  xvill.  630. 

*  2.  Not  removed  ;  not  reformed  ;  not  com- 
pensated for  or  requited. 

"  The  insult  went  not  unrfdretted." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Met.  IT.  16. 

*  un-re-du$ed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug. 
reduced.]    Not  reduced  or  subdued. 

"  The  earl  divided  all  the  rest  of  the  Irish  countries. 
unreduced,  into  shires. "—Daviet :  Ireland. 

*  un  re  du9'  I  ble  ness,  a.    [Pref.  u*-  (l\ 
and  Eng.  reducibUneas.}     The  quality  or  state 
of  not  being  reducible. 

"  Their  strangeness  and  unreditribtfntu  to  the  oouv 
mon  methods  and  observations  of  nature."— .SbulA 
Sermont,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  6. 

tin -reeve',  v.t.     [Pref.   un-  (2),  and   Eng. 
reeve,  v.] 

Naut. :  To  withdraw  or  take  out  a  rope 
from  a  block,  thimble,  Ac. 

*  un-rS-feV-rlng,    o.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  referring.]     Without  reference;  not  re 
ferring. 

"  Unreferring  to  any  of  his  former  achievements.  "- 
Putter:  Ch.  BM.,  IIL  ix.  ft. 


i&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full:  try,  Syrian,    w.  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  au  =  kw. 


unrefined— unremembering 


4981 


tin -re-fined',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
refined.] 

1.  Lit. :  Not  refined  ;  not  purified. 

"  Muscorada.    as    we   call    our   unrefin'd   sugar."— 

Dampittr :  1'oyages  (ail.  1699). 

2.  Fig. :  Not  refined  or  polished  in  manners, 
taste,  or  the  like  ;  coarse. 

"  Those  early  and  unrefined  ages."— Burke :  A  Vindi- 
cation of  iVaturnl  Society. 

*  tin-re  flSct'-Sd.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reflected.]    Not  reflected,  as  rays  of  light 

"  The  next,  all  unrejtected,  shone 
On  bracken  green  and  culd  grey  8tone. 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  v.  10. 

tin-re"-flect'-lng,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reflecting.}  Not  reflecting  ;  unthinking,  heed- 
less, thoughtless. 

"  From  unreflecting  ignorance  preserved." 

Wordiworth :  £xcurtion,  bk.  IT. 

*  tin-re-fonn'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  reformable.]    Incapable  of  reformation  ; 
not  capable  of  being  reformed  or  amended. 

"The   lust   extinguish  men  t  of    unreformable  per- 
sons."-.ffo0**r:  Eccle*.  Politie,  bk.  vii.,  ft  24. 

*  ftn-rSf-dr-ma'-tion,  s.    [Pref.  «n-(i),  and 
Bug.  reformation.]    The  state  or  condition  of 
being  unreformed  ;  want  of  reformation. 

"  Added  to  their  unreformation  an  impudence  in 
tinning."— Bp.  Ball:  Sermon  A'rcZ.  iii.  4. 

tin-re-formed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reformed.] 

1.  Not  reformed  ;  not  reclaimed  from  vice 
to  virtue. 

"  Every  vicious  habit  or  unreformed  sin."—  Bp. 
Taylor :  Sermon*,  vol.  i..  ser.  12. 

2.  Not  corrected  or  amended ;   not  freed 
from  defects,  inaccuracies,  blemishes,  faults, 
or  the  like. 

"  Leave  those  frightful  anomalies  to  be  unrefurmed." 
—evening  Newt,  Feb.  20,  1838. 

3.  Not  elected  under  the  provisions  of  a 
Keform  Bill.    [REFORM  ACTS.] 

"  The  more  congenial  arena  of  an  uniformed  Par- 
liament"—&.  James*  Qatette, Feb.  14,  1888. 

tin-re-fraof -€d,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
refracted.}  Not  refracted,  as  rays  of  light. 

"  The  son's  circular  Imagn  is  made  by  an  unrefracted 
beam  of  light  "-Newton  :  Optic**. 

tin-re-freshed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
refreshed.]  Not  refreshed;  not  comforted, 
cheered,  or  relieved. 

"  Unrefrethed  with  either  food  or  wine." 

Cow  per ;  Homer;  Odyssey  I*. 

*  tin-re'-fftnd'-Ing,  a.     [Pref.   un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  refunding.]     Not  refunding,  restoring, 
or  returning. 

"  On  that  enormous,  unrefunding  tomb 
How  lust  this  verse,  this  monumental  sigh  ! 

Young  ;  Night  Thoughtt,  vii.  88. 

*  tin-rg-fus'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l) ;  Bug. 
refuse,  and  -able.}     Not  capable  of  being  re- 
fused ;  reasonable,  just. 

"  The  most  unrefusabl.  demand."— Car ?^te. 

tin-re-f  us'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
refusing.}  Not  refusing ;  not  denying  or  re- 
jecting. 

"  There.  ttnrefuiinq,  to  the  harnesa'd  yoke 
They  lend  their  shoulder." 

Thornton  :  Spring,  88. 

*  tin-rS-gain'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.    regainable.]     Incapable    of   being   re- 
gained or  won  back. 

"Wild  struggles  and  clutchlngs  towards  the  un- 
attainable, the  unregainable."—  Carlyle:  Reminis- 
cences, i.  281. 

•tin-re'-gard'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (I), 

and  Eng.  regardable.]    Not  worthy  or  deserv- 
ing of  regard  or  notice. 

"Unproving  illustrations  and  unreyardable  testi- 
monies."—  Bp.  Sail:  Remont,  Defence,  S  13. 

*tin-rg-gard'-ant,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  »n( 

Bng.   regardant.}    Taking  no  notice ;  unno- 
ticing. 

"  An  unreftardant  eye. 

Southey  :  Don  Roderick,  zlv. 

tin-re-gard'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
regarded.]  Not  regarded;  not  heeded;  un- 
noticed, unheeded,  neglected,  alighted. 

"  Guileless  I  wander,  unregarded  mourn. 
While  these  exalt  their  sceptres  o'er  my  urn. 

Pope  :  Thebais  of  Statiut,  108. 

tin-r5-gen'-er-a-$&  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bng.  regeneracy.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unregenerate  ;  want  or  absence  of  re- 
generacy. 

"  We  an  still  in  the  condition  of  unregeneracy  and 
death  and  though  we  thus  seek  we  shall  not  enter."— 
"I :  Sermon*.  No.  L 


in  -  re  -  ggn'-  er  -  ate,  tin-re-gen'-er-at- 

ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  regenerate, 
regenerated.]  Not  regenerate  ;  not  regener- 
ated ;  not  renewed  iu  heart ;  in  a  state  of 
nature  ;  not  brought  to  a  new  life. 

"In  or  by  their  natural  unregeiierat*  st*t«.''— 
Watarland :  Works  ix.  483. 

un-re-gen-er-a'-tion,  «.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  regeneration.}  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  unregenerate. 

"  A  state  i>f  carnality,  of  unrrgeneration,  that  Is,  of 
sin  and  death."— Bp.  Ball :  Of  Repentance,  ch.  vili.,  i  4. 

tin-reg'-is-tered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Bug.  registered.}  Not  registered;  not  re- 
corded. 

"  Unregistered  In  vulgar  fame." 

bhakesp, :  A  ntony  A  Cleopatra,  til.  11. 

tin-rS-gret'-ted,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  regretted.]  Not  regretted  ;  not  lamented, 
grieved,  or  bewailed  over. 

"  And  unrtgrctted  are  soon  snatched  away." 

t'owper :  Retirement,  167. 

un-re  hearsed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
rehearsed.}  Not  rehearsed  ;  not  prepared 
beforehand. 

"  An  episode  occurred,  which,  though  dramatic,  waa 
unpremeditated  and  unrehearsed. '—  Julian  Haw- 
thorne :  A  Tragic  Mystery,  ch.  xviii. 

*  tin-rein',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  rein, 
v.]  To  give  the  rein  to ;  to  loosen  the  reins  of. 

tin-reined',  n.  [Pref.  wn-(l),  and  Eng.  reined.] 
1    Lit. :  Not  reined  ;  not  restrained  by  the 
bridle. 

"This  flying  steed  unreined.''    Milton:  P.  Z...TU.1B, 

2.  Fig. :  Not  held  in  proper  restraint  or 
subjection. 

"This  wild  unreined  multitude." 

Daniel :  Civil  Wart.  Ti. 

tin-riS-jol^ed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
rejoiced.}  Not  rejoiced  ;  not  made  joyful  or 
glad. 

"Not  unrejoicfd  I  see  thee  climb  the  sky." 

Wordsworth  :  Ode  for  General  Thanksgiving. 

in-rS-J 6i§ '-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
rejoicing.}  Not  rejoicing ;  not  joyful  or  glad; 
sad,  gloomy,  dull. 

"  Here  Winter  holds  his  unrejoMng  court." 

Thornton  :   Winter,  895. 

iin-re  lat'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bag. 
related.} 

1.  Not  related  ;  not  connected  by  blood  or 
affinity. 

"  Let  others  unrelated  to  him  write  his  character." 
—Putter:  Worthies;  London. 

2.  Having  no  connection  or  relation ;  uncon- 
nected. 

"  A  certain  matter  of  tact  not  wholly  unrelated  to 
the  question."— Burke :  American  Taxation. 

*  tin-reT-a-tlve,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
relative.}  "Not  relative;  having  no  relation; 
irrelative. 

"  The  events  we  are  witnesses  of,  in  the  coarse  of  the 
longest  life,  appear  to  us  very  often  original,  unpre- 
pared, single,  and  unrelatiee,  if  I  may  use  «uch  an  ex- 
presfliou."— Oolingbroke ;  Study  of  History,  let.  ii. 

*  tin-r6l'-a-tive-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  unrelative; 
-ly.]     Not   relatively ;   without   relation    to 
others ;  irrelatively. 

"  They  saw  the  measures  they  took  singly  and  un- 
relatively  or  relatively  alone  tu  some  immediate  ob- 
ject."— Bolingbroke  :  Study  of  History,  let.  it. 

tin-re  laxed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
relaxed.]  Not  relaxed,  slackened,  or  loosened. 

"  Vnrflaxfd,  like  this,  resist 
Both  wind  and  rain,  and  snow  and  mist." 

Congreve :  Impossible  Tiling. 

tin- re-lax' -ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
relaxing.]  Not  relaxing ;  not  giving  way  or 
slackening. 

"  The  malady  that  griped 

Her  prostrate  frame,  with  unrelaxing  power." 
Wordsworth :  Excursion,  bk.  vi. 

un-re-lent'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
relenting.]  Not  relenting;  not  being  or  be- 
coming mild,  gentle,  merciful,  or  the  like ; 
relentless,  pitiless,  severe,  inexorable,  hard- 
hearted. 

"  The  feet  of  unrelenting  Jove." 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Iliad  zvll.  286. 

tin-re'-lent'-ing-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  unrelenting, 
-ly.]  In  an  unrelenting,  pitiless,  or  .relent- 
less manner. 

*  tin-r8 -lent '-ing-ness,  ».  [Eng.  unrelent' 
ing  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
relenting ;  implacability. 

"Such  in  its  unrelentingnett  was  the  persecntlon 
that  overmastered  ine."—£)e  (juincey:  Autob.  Sketches 
LM 


tin-rS-li-a-bil -i-t&  s.  [Eng.  unreltobU; 
-ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unreli- 
able ;  unreliable ueas. 

tin-re-li-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reliable.]  Not  reliable  ;  that  cannot  be  relied 
or  depended  on.  [See  extract  under  RELI- 
ABLE, 1.] 

ion  re-la  a-ble  ness,  s.  [Eng.  unreliable; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unre- 
liable. 

un-re-lieV-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  relievable.]  Not  relievable  ;  incapable 
of  being  relieved,  succoured,  or  alleviated. 

"As  no  degree  of  distress  ia  unrelieeaole  by  his 
power,  ao  no  extremity  of  it  is  inconsistent  with  his 
compassion."— Boyle:  Works,  i.  258. 

tin-re-lieved',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
relieved.] 

1.  Not  relieved  ;  not  succoured,  alleviated, 
aided,  or  assisted. 

"The  especial  object  of  discretionary  bounty  goat 
unrelieved."— Bp.  fforsley :  Sermons,  vol.  ill.,  ser.  86. 

2.  Not  relieved  from  attack  or  blockade  : 
as,  a  garrison  unrelieved. 

3.  Not  freed  from  tediouaness,  monotony, 
or  tiresomeness. 

"  Unrelieved  by  that  minute  and  philosophic  analysis 
of  bourgeois  character."— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  30. 
1887. 

*  tin-re-llgr-ious,    a.       [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bug.  religious.}    Not  religious,  not  godly,  not 
pious,  not  holy  ;  irreligious. 

"Such  persones  as  serve  the  mlndesof  unrdigiou* 
bishops."—  Udal:  Luke  xxli. 

*  tin-re-lin'-quish-a-bl^,  adv.    [Pref.  un- 
(1);  Eng.  relinquish,  "and  suff.  -ably.]    So  as 
not  to  be  relinquished,  forsaken,  or  resigned. 

"To  clog  a  rational  creature  to  his  endless  sorrow 
unrelinquishably."—  Hilton  :  Divorce,  bk,  it.  ch.  it 

im  re  lirY  qnishcd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  relinquished.}  Not  relinquished,  for- 
saken, or  abandoned. 

"  At  heart  sin  unrelinquish'd  lies." 

Cowper:  Conversation,  VIZ. 

9  uu-rel'-ish-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
relishing.]  Not  retaining  or  not  having  a 
pleasing  taste  or  savour.  (Lit.  &fig.) 

"  All  things  that  are  uueasie  and  unreltthing  at  the 
best"— QlanriU:  Sermon  «. 

tin-rS-ltio'-tant,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (!)•  and 
Eng.  reluctant.]  Not  reluctant ;  not  un- 
willing. 

"  Reai([n'd  and  unrelurtant,  see 
My  every  wish  subside." 

Cowper  ;  Perfect  Sacrifice. 

*un-r8-ltio'-tant-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  unrt- 
luctant ;  -ly.]  In  an  unreluctant  manner ; 
without  reluctance  or  hesitation. 

"  Submitted  to  as  a  burden  unrrlucttintly."— Search  .* 
Light  of  A' at ure,  vol.  11.,  pt.  ii..  ch.  xxili. 

un-re  mark  a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  remarkable.] 

1.  Not  remarkable  ;  not  worthy  of  or  call- 
ing for  particular  remark  or  notice. 

"  Nor  is  this  unremarkable."— Sandys  :  Ovid ;  Meta- 
morphoietxi.  (Notes.) 

•  2.  Not  capable  of  being  observed. 
"This    fleeting  and  unremarkable   superficies."— 
Dtgby  ;  On  Bodies. 

*  tin-re- me'-di-a-ble,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 

Eng.  remediable.}'  Not  remediable;  not  cap- 
able of  being  remedied  ;  incurable,  irreme- 
diable, 

"  The  miseries  of  ati  unremediable  disappoiatment." 
— Bp.  Hall :  Contentation,  S  20. 

tin-rSm'-e-died,  a.  [Pref.  im-  (1),  and 
Eng.  remedied.]  Not  remedied,  not  cured. 

"The  unrcmedied  loneliness  of  this  remedy."— 
Jtilttm  :  Doct.  *  Disc,  of  Divorce.  (To  the  Parliament.) 

"  im  re  mcm'-bcr  a  ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-(l), 
and  Eng.  rememberable.]  Not  to  be  remem- 
bered ;  not  memorable. 

"  The  whole  Past,  uu remembered  and  unremember 
able."—Carlnle  :  Cromwell,  i.  6. 

un-re-mem  -bcred,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  remembered.}  Not  remembered  ;  not 
retained  in  the  memory  ;  forgotten. 

"  Unremember'd  by  the  world  betide." 
Byron :  Lines  Written  in  the  Churchyard  of  S 'arrow. 

*  un-re-mSm'-ber-Jng,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  remembering.]    Not  remembering  ; 
forgetting,  forgetful 

"  Unrememb'ring  of  tta  former  pain, 
The  soul  may  suffer  mortal  flesh  again." 

Dryden  :  Virgil ;  .tineid  vi.  1.01». 


;  po^t,  jtitt;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bengh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  f. 

;  -{.inn,  -yian  =  ghtin.    -cioua,    tioua, -sious -^  shus.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4982 


unremembrance — unresented 


un-re  mem  -brance,  *.  [Fref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  remembratu*.  \  Want  or  absence  of 
remembrance ;  forgetfuluess. 

"  Amnesty,  an  unrcmembrnnce.  or  geueral 
-  Watt*  :  Lo-jicit,  pt  11.  ch.  iv. 

un-re-mlt'-ted,  a.  [Fret,  un-  (1),  aud  Kng. 
remitted.} 

1.  Not  remitted ;  not  forgiven  :  as,  a  fine 
•MmtttteA 

2.  Not  relaxed. 

"  The  subject  of  unremitted  aniiety."— Coot  :   /Vr*t 
fojfit'jf,  bk.  ii..  ch.  x. 

un-re-mlt  -ting,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
r*»i'i'ti/ij;.j  Not  remitting;  not  relaxing  for 
a  time  ;  incessant,  continued. 

Nor  bodies  cruah'd  by  unremitting  tolL" 

Wordsworth ;  Excurtion,  bk.  ii. 

UH-re-mit -tlng-ly\  adv.  [Eng. unremitting; 
-ly.]  In  an  unremitting  manner;  without 
relaxing  for  a  time  ;  incessantly. 

"  Urged  unremittingly  the  stubborn  work." 

It'vrUtiovrth  :  Excurtion,  bk,  ri 

*un  re  morse  ful,  a.  [Pref.  tm-  (1),  and 
Bug.  remorseful.]  Unsparing,  remorseless, 
pitiless. 

"  VnrtmarteSbl  fate." 
Jfteeolt  :  Sir  T.  Overbuy'*  I'iiion.    (1«16.) 

•  iin  re  morse -less,  a.     [Pref.  «T^  (2),  3., 
and  Bug.  remorseless.]    Remorseless,  pitiless, 
unsparing. 

"  His  mellifluous  breath 
Could  uot  at  all  charm  uxremortebu  death." 

Covtey  :  Eleyy  on  Mr.  Richard  Clarke. 

iin-re  mov"  a-ble,  *  un  re-mo ve'-a-ble, 

a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  remo  cable.]  Not 
removable  ;  incapable  of  being  removed  ; 
fixed,  irremovable. 

"  Unremovable  by  skill 
Or  force  of  man."         Coirper  :  let  Iilandi. 

v  iin-re  mov'-a-ble-ness,  a.  [Eng.  unre- 
movable ;  -ness.  ]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unremovable ;  irremovableness. 

"  The  .    .    .    vnrtmoveabltmett.  of   that  \o*d.'—Bp. 
Bail  :  Contempt. ;  fleturrection. 

*  Un-r6-m6vj-a-biy\  adv.      [Eng.  unremov- 
ab(le) ;  -ly.]     In  an  unremovable  manner ;  so 
as  not  to  be  capable  of  being  removed  ;  irre- 
movably. 

"  His  discontent*  are  unremnvabljf 
Coupled  to  nature."        Hhatetp. :  Timon,  r.  S. 

iin -re-moved',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

removed.] 
1.  Not  removed  ;  not  taken  away. 

"The  board  stood  unremovU" 

Cowper  ;  Homer  ;  Iliad  xxiv. 

*2.  Not  removable  ;  firm,  unshaken. 

"  With  unremo*e&  constancy." 

Drayton  :  Elegy  <m  the  Lady  J.  8, 

^n-re'-mu'-ner-a-tlve,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (i), 

and  Eng.  remunerative.]  Not  renuiuerative  ; 
not  profitable. 

"The  Botany  branch  continues  to  be  Inactive  and 
also  unremunerative."—  Timet,  Jan.  W,  1889. 

»  un  re  nav'-ig-a-ble,  o.  [Preto.  un-  (1), 
re-,  and  Eng.  navigable.]  That  cannot  be 
sailed  back  or  repassed  in  ships. 

"The  unrenavigah!*  Stygian  sotmd." 

Xandjft :  Virgil  ;  ,£neit,  vl. 

un  re  newed  (ew  as  u),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  renewed.] 

1.  Not  renewed,  not  renovated  ;  not  made 
new  again. 

2.  Not  regenerate ;  unregenerate. 

3.  Not  renewed ;  not  made  anew. 

"  The  corruption  of  a  man's  heart,  unrenewed  by 
grace."— Soiitt  :  Sermon*,  vol.  ix,.  ser.  2. 

*  UH-renf,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng.  rent,  a.] 

Not  rent ;  not  torn  asunder. 

" The  Mill  that  shake,  although  unrent." 

Byron  :  Siege  of  Corinth,  xxxlll. 

un-re-paid',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
repaid.}  Not  repaid,  not  compensated,  not 
recompensed,  not  requited. 

"  My  wrong*  too  unrepaid." 

Byrtm :  Cortair,  ill.  8. 

•  un  re  pair  -a  ble.  a.     [Pret  un-  (1),  and 

Eng,  repairable^]  Not  repairable  ;  incapable 
of  being  repaired;  irreparable. 

"The    unrepairable     braaohe*     abroad.-- Daniel ; 
BUL  Bng.,  p.  48. 

ftn  re  paired ,' un  re  payred,  i  [Pref. 
««-  (IX  and  Eng.  repaired.]  Not  repaired, 
amended,  recompensed,  or  requited. 

"Thougii  a  divine 
Low.  remaini  yet  aa  unrepaired  aa  Mitne." 

Bat  Jonton  ;  Execration  upon  t'utcan. 


*  un-re-peal  -a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Kug.  rtpeaiable.l    Not  mpeatable  ;  uot  capable 
of  being  repealed. 

"  Ancient  Hini  uttri-pralable  statute." — Milton  :  fit- 
form,  in  England,  bit.  ii. 

iin  re  pealed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
repealed.]  Not  repealed;  not  revoked;  not 
abrogated  ;  remaining  in  force. 

"And  judgment*  unrepealed." 

Wordsworth  :  0<tc,  Jan.  !£.  18«. 

un-re-peat'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l\  and  Eng. 
repeated.}  Not  repeated  ;  uot  retold. 

"The  further  mention  .  .  .  might  have  slept  with 
him  unrelated."— Milton  :  Anneer  to  Eikon  Sasilike. 
(Pref.) 

*  un-re  pent-an9e,  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1).  and 
Eng.   repentance.]     The  quality  or  state   of 
being  unrei^ntant  or  impenitent ;  absence  of 
repentance;  impenitence, 

"  The  ootward  unrepfntance  of  his  death."— Covtey  : 
Government  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

un  re-pent  ant,  •  un-re-pent-aunt,  a. 

[Prt-'f.  un,-  (1),  and  Kng.  rejientant.]  Nut  re- 
pentant;  not  repenting;  not  penitent;  im- 
penitent 

"  So  unrepentant,  dark,  and  passionless." 

Byron  :  Lara.  11.  19. 

un  re-pent  :ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
repented.]  Not  repented  of. 

"  To  every  unrepented  act  of  evil." 

Itvwc :  /loyal  Convert,  v. 

un  re-pent'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (l),and  Eng. 
repenting.] 

1.  Unrepentant,  impenitent 
*  2.  Unrepented  of. 

"  In  unreptntting  ain  she  died." 

Drytten ;  Theodore  A  tionarta,  l«8. 

un-rS-p€nf-in«-lj^,  adv.  [Eng.  unrepent- 
ing f  -ly.]  In  an  unrepenting  manner;  not 
like  one  penitent 

*  un  re  pined',  a.    fPref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
repined.]    Not  murmured  or  complained  at. 
(Followed  by  at.) 

"  To  continue  those  [taxational  he  found  unrepined 
at."— tip.  Halt:  Contempl.  ;  Sekemiak't  Rodretring. 

un-re-pin'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
repining.}  Not  repining ;  not  peevishly  mur- 
muring or  complaining. 

"  Yet  silent  still  she  passed,  and  unrepining." 
Itvwe  :  Jane  Shore,  T. 

*tin-rfi-pln'-lng-l&  adv.  [Eng.  unrepin- 
ing;  -ly.]  In  an  unrepininj,'  manner  ;  without 
peevish  murmurs  or  complaints  ;  without  re- 
pining. 

"HI*  (indisputable  will  must  be  done,  and  unre- 
piningly."— Reliquiae  Wottoniana,  p.  S22. 

un-re-plen'-ished,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  replenished.]  Not  replenished  ;  not  filled ; 
not  fully  supplied. 

"  Some  air  retreated  thither,  kept  the  mercury  out 
of  the  unrepfenithed  space."— Boyle. 

*  tin  re  pli   a  ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
reply,  aud  sutl'.  -able.}    Unanswerable. 

"  By  moet  unrepli-ibte  dem^nstrntiona  from  the  law 
of  Nature  aud  Nation*,' — Oauden;  Tear*  of  the 
ChurcA,  p.  >2fl. 

*  un  re-plied',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
replied.]    Not  replied  (to) ;  not  answered. 

"His  letter  has  remained  unrepliod  to."— Lever : 
Dodd  Family  Abroad,  ch.  Ii. 

iin  rep  re-sent  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  represented.} 

1.  Not  represented  by  a  delegate  or  agent 
acting  on  one's  behalf. 

"The  prisoner  was  then  unrrpretcnted  by  a  soli- 
oitor."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  17.  1<W&. 

2.  Not  yet  put  on  the  stage. 

"A  single  performance  of  hitherto  unrepresented 
»orka,"— DaUy  Telegraph,  Feb.  13,  1888. 

3L  Not   represented    by  an  individual    or 
specimen. 

"  What  forms  are  at  present  unrepresented."—  Field, 
Detxtt.  1887. 

iin -re-pressed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
repressed.]  Not  repressed  or  kept  back. 
(Tennyson:  Arabian  Nights,  74.) 

"tin-rS-priev'-a-ble,  a.  [Pret  «n-(i); 
Eng.  reprieve,  and  suff.  -able.]  Not  repriev- 
able  ;  not  capable  of  being  reprieved. 

"An  unrfprievablt  ctiudemned  blood." 

Xh'ifo-tj,,  :  King  John,  v.  7. 

un-re-prieved  ,  *  un  -re  preevcd,  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng.  reprieved.}  Not  re- 
prieved ;  not  respited. 

"Uniwpttad,  onpitfed,  uni  eui  toted." 

Milton  :  P.  l^  U.  186. 


*  un  re-proa9h  -a-blet  o.    [Prtf.  «n-  (i), 
and    Eng.  reproachable, }     Not  reproachable; 
not  liable  to  be  reproached  ;  irreproachable. 

'•To  continue  still  equally  unreproachaoie. "— Seeker: 
Sermons,  vol.  iil.,  aer.  9. 

un-r6-prda5hed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  reproached.]  Not  reproached  ;  without 

*  reproach. 

"  Sir  John  Uotham,  unreproached.  uncun^d  by  any 
Imprecation  of  mine,  pays  nis  bead."—  Hmg  th'irlet. 

un-rS-pr6v'-ar-l>le,  un-re-prove  -a-ble, 

a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  ami  Eng.  rej/roraMe.'l  Not 
reprovable ;  not  calling  for  or  deserving  re- 
proof ;  uot  liable  to  reproof  or  censure. 

"To  present  you  holy.  unbUmeabte,  aud  unreprove- 
able  tn  his  BigliC'-lotcxfiaru  1.  22. 

un-re-proved',  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

reproved.} 

1.  Nnt  reproved  ;  not  censured, 

*  2.  Not  liable  or  open  to  reproof  or  cen- 
sure ;  u  n  re  provable. 

"  In  beauty  of  holinew,  with  ordered  pomp, 
Decent  aud  unrrprvivd." 

\Vordtiforth :  Excurtion,  bk.  vl 

*  3.  Not  disproved. 

"  The  unrtprr/ved  wi turaae  of  those  men's  actions."— 
ffiuMujft  :  I'oyayet,  lii.  684. 

•un-r^-prov'-lng,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  reproving.]  Not  given  to  chiding  or 
reproof. 

"  Here  dwells  kind  Bane  and  unreproving  Joy." 
Thornton ;  Cattle  of  Indolence.  L  88. 

*  iln-re-pug'-nant,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  repugnant'}    Not  repugnant ;  uot  con- 
tradictory or  opposed. 

"  Hake  laws  wnrepugnant  unto  them."— Booker. 

*  iin  re  puls'-a-ble,  a,    [Pref.  nn-  (!)  I  Eng. 
repulse),  and  suff.  -able.}   Not  to  be  repulsed  ; 
persistent. 

"He,  H»r?pttltab??.  was  peraistent  in  both.'— Mitt 
Aitttcn:  Mantfteld  Purk,  ch.  xxxlii. 

*  ftn-re-puls-ing,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.    repulsing.]     Not    repelling  ;    yielding 
passively. 

"I  kissed  her  unrepulting  hand.--fff<*onl*ofi: 
Claritsa,  iv.  2M. 

*  un-rep'-n-ta-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  reputable.]     Not  reputable;   disreput- 
able. 

"  We  are  convinced  that  piety  La  no  tinreputabte 
qualification. " — Roger  t. 

un  re  quest,  r.t.  [Pref.  vn-(-l\  and  Eng. 
request,  v.]  To  withdraw  a  request  for. 

"  I  thought  it  good  to  ttnrequeet  that  again."— 
Sooper  to  Cecil.  1552, 

un  re  quest -ed,  a.  [Pref.  «n-(l),  and  Eng. 
requested.]  Not  requested;  not  asked;  un- 
asked. 

"He  ...  offers  the  cure  unre<iuetted."—/lp.  Sail. 
Cont.;  Widouft  Son  Raited. 

*  iin-re-quired',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
retired] 

1.  Not  required  ;  not  sought. 

"Clearest  promise  ...  is  given,  not  only  wire- 
quired  bat  being  refused  )>y  that  profane  king."— 
Leighton :  Comment,  on  1  Peter  ii. 

2.  Not  requisite  or  uecessary. 

unrequisite  (asun-rek'-wiz-It),  a.   [Pref. 

t'n-(i),  and  Eng.  requisite.]  Not  requisite  or 
necessary  ;  unnecessary. 

"Much  which  it  hath  taught  become  ttnreqttitlte.'- 
Booker :  Ecde*.  Politic,  bk.  ill.,  f  1L 

un-re-qnit  a  ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  re'iuitnble.]  Not  requitahle  ;  notcapable 
of  being  requited. 


un  re  quit'-ed,  o.  fPref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng. 
re (rti Ued. J  Not  requited  ;  not  recompensed; 
not  repaid. 

"  Like  early  unrequited  Love." 

Hyron  :  Bride  of  A  bydoi,  11.  U. 

*  un-re  sear 9h'-a-ble,  *  un~re-ser«h-a- 

ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  research,  and 
suff.  -able.]  Incapable  of  being  searched  into, 
examined,  or  investigated. 


"  Hys  hygbe  goodnea  and  unretercheable  wlsedonir" 
-     i ;  Worket.  p.  »L 


—Sir  T.  More  : 

un-re  -£ent'-cd,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
resfnt&i.]    Not  resented;  not  met  with  feel 
ings  or  acts  of  indignation,  anger,  nr  th«-  H^P. 

"TrespKH,  merely  as  trespa«,  wns  coimn.-iil}  -nf 
fend  tu  paw  uai-eeented."  —  Jt'tcaubit/ :  «•*.  Kng. 
ch.  xvilL 


fite,  fat,  fin,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  m  irine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wplt  work,  who.  eon;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  ear,  rale,  full;  try,  Syrian,    «,  CB  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  q«  =  km 


unreserve— unrewarding 


4983 


ftn  re  serve',  ».  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  re- 
terve,  s.]  Want  or  absence  of  reserve  ;  frank- 
ness ;  freedom  of  communication. 

"  He  lived  in  the  freedom  of  social  uwrsssrw."  — 
Warton .  Life  of  Sathurtt,  \>.  86. 

nn-re-served',  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  reserved ;  not  restricted ;  not  limited ; 
full,  complete. 

"  Pull  ami  unreserved  power  to  conclude  the  same." 
—B.-nry  VIII.,  To  H>ott,  App.,  I  17. 

2.  Open,  frank;  free  in  communication ;  not 
retired. 

••  John's  was  a  life  of  austerity  ;  his  [Jesus]  more 
fret  and  imwrved.  "—Oilpin  .  SennonM,  vol.  iv.,  uer.  20. 

3.  Nut  having  a  reserve  placed  upon  the  lots. 

"  Important  and  vnrrx*rved  sale  of  459  casks  of 
sheny.  now  lying  at  London  Docks."—  Ttmet,  Nov.  4, 
167.x  (Advt.) 

un-re-serV-ed-ly,  ado.    [Eng.  unreserved; 

1.  In  an  unreserved  manner ;   fully,  com- 
pletely ;  without  reservation. 

2.  Frankly,  openly,  freely. 

They  corresponded   assiduously  and  most  tmr* 
-    •     "  •.  BUt.  £na.,  ch.  Ii. 


*tin-re-serv'-6d-ne88,  s.  [Eng.  unreserved; 

-ness.]  The  quality  or  stateof  being  unreserved; 

openness  ;  frankness. 
1  fin  re  ijist  -01196,  s.     [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and 

Eng,  resistance.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being 

unresisting. 

"How  do  they  [dumb  creatures]  bear  our  stripes 
with  a  trembling  unntittancc  1"  —  Bp.  ffutl  :  Solilo- 
fulri,  S  6S. 

tin-rS-jist'-ed,  a.    IPref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 

•riOT.] 

1.  Not  resisted  ;  without  resistance  offered  ; 
unopposed. 

"  Mackay  marched  urtreritted  from  Perth  Into  Loch- 
aber."—  Jtaonulag:  BM.  Kng.,  ch.  xvt 

*  2.  Resistless  ;  incapable  of  being  resisted  ; 
irresistible. 

"  Yield  to  the  force  of  unretisted  fate." 

Poja*  /  Boiner  ;  OUyt»«y  xliL  352. 

•tin-Te'-^ist'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Bug.  unre«sted; 
•ly.}  Without  resistance. 

"These  paw  unrctittettty  through  the  pores  of  all 
aolld  bodle*."—  Boyle:  Workt,  111.  685. 

•tin-re-fl»f-l-1»le,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bug.  resistible.]  Incapable  of  being  resisted  ; 
irresistible. 

"  By  custom  unrttittible." 
Beaum.  A  Flit.  :  Ciutom  of  the  Country,  L 

ttn-re-ftfet-lng,  a.  [Pref.  ««-(!),  and  Eng. 
misting.]  Not  resisting;  offering  no  resist- 
ance ;  submissive,  humble. 

"  You  gaily  drag  your  unresisting  prize  * 

Thornton  :  Spring,  43«.    • 

*  ttn-re-BSlV-a-We,  a.    [Pref.  war  (1),  and 
Kng.  resolmble.}     Not  resolvable;  incapable 
of  being  resolved  or  solved  ;  insoluble. 

"  For  could  any  thing  be  Imagined  more  monstrous, 
and  by  all  rational  principles  unraol  tablet"—  South: 
tormoiu,  voL  v.,  ser.  9. 

*  tin-re-§6lve',  v.i.    {P«f.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
resolve.}    To  change  or  give  up  a  resolution. 

"  Lort  by  contrary  thoughts,  the  man 
Reaolv'd  and  vnntalvd  again." 

Ward:  Eng.  Reform..  IT.  887. 

fcn-ro-f  Sired',  a.  [Pref.  no-  (1),  «nd  Eng. 
resolved.] 

1.  Not  resolved;  not  determined. 

2.  Not  to  have   taken  a  resolution;  not 
determined  or  settled  in  mind. 

"  Unretoltfd,  the  son  of  Tydetre  standi." 

/'(./'<•'  H'xiH'r;  lli>tttx.&'JZ. 

SL  Not  solved  ;  not  cleared  ;  unsolved. 

Mine  Ignorance,  or  rather   unreKtvtd   doubt."— 
' 


, 
d  :  L'hrvnyclct  (an.  HTfl). 

*  4.  Not  reduced  to  a  state  of  solution. 
*  ttn-re-golv'-ed-ness,  «.    [Eng.  unresolved  ; 
•ness,]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  unre- 
solved or  undetermined  ;  irresolution. 

**  The  apparent  unrvialvfdnfU  ...  of  mauy  of  the 
English  electurs."—  ftUl  MaU  Gazette,  Feb.  34,  1888. 

•tin-rS-aolv'-iug,  «.  [Pref.  un-(l).andEng. 
resolving.]  Not  resolving  ;  nndetennined  ;  ir- 
resolute, 

"  Shifting  the  prize  In  unrefoJvhig  hands." 

Conprfvt:  Mourning  Bride,  L 

•tin-re-spect',  *.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
respect.]  Want  of  respect;  disrespect,  dis- 
esteem. 

To  eomplalne  of  ace  and  unretpect."  —  Bp.  Ban  : 
i  Jotiak't  K  formation. 


*  iin-re-spect'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Etig.  respectable.]    Not   respectable,  disreput- 
able, dishonourable. 

"  Let  thow  of  the  respectable  men  who  are  without 
sin  cast  the  flr«t  atone  at  the  MnMfjMKDaN*.  — A  Kingi- 
ley:  Alton  Locke,  cb.  JUL 

ttn-rS-spSof-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
respected.] 

1.  Not  respected  ;  not  treated  or  regarded 
with  respect. 

"  From  loveleM  youth  to  unr«p«rt«rf  tge." 

Pope :  Moral  Evtuyt,  H.  125. 

2.  Unnoticed,  unregarded,  unheeded. 

"  For  all  the  day  they  view  things  unreipfCted." 
MakKtp. :  Sonnet  8. 

*  tin-rS-spect'-Ive,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (:),  and 

Eng.  respective.] 

1.  Devoid  of  respect   and    consideration ; 
regardless,  heedless,  unthinking. 

"  I  will  convene  with  Iron-wltted  fooU. 
And  unresucctiee  boys." 

£&oie<p. :  Richard  111..  IT.  2. 

2.  Used  at  random  ;  unheeded,  common. 
"  The  remainder  vinnds  we  do  not  throw 

In  unreajMctioe  sieve." 

ShulMp. :  TroOui  i  Crosida.  It  I 

*  iin-r8s'-plt-cd,  a.    [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
respite;.  ]   Not  respited ;  nnintermitted.    (See 
extract  under  USEEPBIEVED.) 

*  un-re  spdns  al,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bng.  nsponsal.]    Irresponsible. 

"Carried  .way  by  force  by  unrtlpomal  men.'— 
Badt.it  :  Lift  «f  H'UUaml.  L  lot. 

*  ttn-rS-BpSns'-I-Me,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  responsible.] 

1.  Not  responsible ;  irresponsible. 

2.  Not  to  be  trusted  ;  untrustworthy. 

•'  His  unrsspfmitbte  memory  can  make  us  no  satls- 
faction."— fuller:  WarMa ;  Baa.  i.  no. 

*  fin-rS-spSns'-K-ble-ness,  >•    [Kng.  unre- 

tpontibU  ;  -ness.\  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
Irresponsible  ;  Irresponsibility. 

•'  That  unrvpaniiblenca  to  any  other."— Oauden  : 
ffifraijiirtfi,  p.  849. 

un-r£sft  ».  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  rest.] 
Absence  of  rest  or  qniet ;  disquiet ;  want  of 
tranquillity ;  uneasiness,  unhappiness. 

"  Unrett  and  long  resistance." 

Longfellow :  Kpimftneul. 

*  Sn-r8«t'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (2);  Eng.  rest ; 
sutf.  -ed.\    Thrown  ont  of  the  rest.    [BEST,  ». 
II.  1.) 

"Perceiving  his  rival's  spear  unreited."— Smollett  : 
Sir  L.  Oreava,  cb.  xix 

•fin-r&rt'-tftl,  *«n-r8«f-«4ll,  o.  [Eng. 
unrest;  -Jul(I).]  Not  at  rest;  restlass,  un- 
quiet, disturbed. 

"Such  inquiete  and  unratfutt  wretch**"— Wr  T. 
Jfefft  .•  Work*,  p.  061. 

*  un  rest  fui-ncss,  * nn-rest-fnl-nesse, 

s.  [Eng.  vnrtstful;  -ness.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unrestful ;  restlessness,  dis- 
quietude. 

"Whiche  not  the  said  Tortlger  to  great  uttmOU- 
n«M&"—  Fabyan  :  Chronyde,  cb.  IxxxlL 

un-rest'-ihg.  o.  [Pref.  un-  n\  and  Eng. 
nating:]  Nut  resting ;  continually  in  motion  ; 
unceasing. 

"  Let  unreatttff  charity  believe 
That  then  my  oath  with  thy  intent  agreed." 
Daniel:  C'ipii  H'ar*,  i. 

* fiu-rSst'-ing-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unresting; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unrest- 
ing ;  restlessness  ;  absence  of  repose  or  quiet, 

"The  Hnmtingneu  of  this  man's  life."— D.  Quincfy  : 
Roman  Meal*. 

un-re-Btitred',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
restored.] 

1.  Not  restored ;  not  given  back ;  not  re- 
turned. 

"  gome  shipping  nnrestored. 

SooJbMp.  :  Antony  t  Cleopatra.  111.  «. 

2  Not  restored  to  a  former  state  or  condl* 
tion. 

"  The  Bncentanr  lies  rotting  unrcttortd. 
Neglected  garment  of  her  widowhood. 

Byron  i  Chllde  Harold.  IT.  It 

3.  Not  cured. 

"  If  tmrettoi'd  by  this,  despair  yonr  core." 

Young:  Night  Thought*.  1L  637. 

tin-re-strained',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
restrained.] 

1.  Not  restrained,  not  controlled ;  not  under 
control  or  restraint. 

"To  deliberate  unretlraintd  by  his  presence."— 
Jiacaul'iy  :  Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 

*  2.  Licentious,  loose. 


•  iin-re-8traint',  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 
restraint.]    Freedom  from  restraint. 

fin  ro-strict'-<5d,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  restricted.]  Not  restricted  ;  not  limited' 
or  confined. 

"  Range  unrestricted  aa  the  wind." 

Wor<li»orth:  White  Dot.  Iv. 

•  Sn-rJSsf  -y,  *  un  rest  ie,  a.   [Eng.  unrest ; 
-y.]    Unquiet,  restless. 

"  You  write  I  mine  unreitie  sorowes  sore 
Frum  day  to  day." 

Chaucer:  Troilut  A  Crestida,  r. 

•  un-re-tard'-ed,   o.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  and 

Eng.   rttarded.]    Not  retarded,  not  delayed ; 
not  hindered  or  impeded. 

"  Cnretarded  by  those  who  say  that  our  fears  are 
groundless. "—Knox:  Letter  to  a  1  oung  A'ooltman. 

ttn-rS-ten'-tlve,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
retentive.]  Not  retentive :  as,  an  unreteiitive 
memory. 

nn-rS-traot'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug. 
retracleil.]  Not  retracted ;  not  withdrawn  ur 
revoked. 

"  Malevolence  shown  In  a  single,  outward  act,  «nr#- 
tracted.'— C'vllier  :  On  friendthip. 

*un-rS-turn'-a-ble.  o.     [Pref.  un-  0),  and 

Eng.  returnable.] 

1.  Not  returnable;   Impossible   to  be  re- 
turned or  repaid. 

"  The  obligations  I  had  laid  on  their  whole  family 
.  .  .  were  ,mrel*rnable."—  RiOttraton  :  Sir  C.  Orandl- 
ton,  Iv.  807. 

2.  Incapable  of  being  returned  or  delivered, 
back. 

un-re-turned',  o.  [Pret  «»-  (1),  »nd  Bn8- 
returned.]  Not  returned,  not  repaid,  not  re 
quited. 

"BuperoUioui  looks,  anretumtd  aiullee."— FatUr. 

un-rS-turn'-Ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
returning.]  Not  returning. 

"  Grieving,  If  aught  inanimate  e'er  grieves, 
Over  the  it iirf turning  brave." 

Byron  :  Childe  BaroWL.  11L  27. 

un-re-vealed',  *  un-re-veled,  o.  [Pref. 
un-  (i),  and  Eng.  revtaled.]  Not  revealed, 
not  disclosed,  not  discovered.  (See  extract 
nnder  UNPKOOLAIMED.) 

iln-re-venged',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
revenged.]  Not  revenged ;  not  avenged. 

"  While  unrmtng'd  the  gnat  Sarpedon  falls." 

Pope:  Bomfr;  Iliad  xvhi  IBB. 

tin-rS-venKe'-fal,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  revengeful.]  Not  revengeful;  not  In- 
clined to  revenge. 

•nn-rSV-en-ued,  a.  [Pref.  ««-  a);  Bng. 
revenue,  and  suff.  -ed."\  Not  revenued  j  nor 
possessed  of  revenue. 

"Undlocest,  unremnu'a.  unlorded."— MOIa* .-  X+ 
form,  in  England,  bit.  L 

•tin-rSV-er-ence,  ».  [Pref.  un-  (IX  »n<« 
Eng.  reverence.]  Want  of  reverence  ;  irre- 
verence. 

"un-reV-er-end.  o.     [Pref.  it*-  (l),  and 

Eng.  reverend.] 

L  Not  reverend ;  not  worthy  to  be  revered. 
2.  Disrespectful,  irreverent. 

"  This  tongue,  that  runs  so  roundly  to  thy  head, 
Should  run  thy  head  from  thy  unrmertnd  shoulders. 
Shaketf.  :  Rwhard  //„  ii.  1. 

•iin-reV-er-ent,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reverent.]  Not  reverent ;  irreverent,  disre- 
spectful. 

"Too  wirewtrmt  boldness. 

Beuum.  A  flet.  :  Coronation,  11. 

•  un-reV-er-«nt-ly,  *  nn-rev-er-ent-Ue, 

adv.   [Eng.  unreverent ;  -ly.]   Not  reverently; 
not  with  reverence ;  irreverently. 


. 

Who  wake  lor  theo.  though  thon  snore  to  thyself. 
Ben  Jonson  :  Catiline,  ill.  2. 

Hn-re-versed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
reversed.]  Not  reversed,  not  revoked,  not 
annulled,  not  repealed. 

"A  legal  sentence,  passed  in  due  form,  and  still  1M. 
nreried.-- JVocuubtir :  HM.  Una.,  ch.  xlil. 

•  un-rS-vert'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reverted.]  Not  reverted.  (Wordsworth.) 

un  ro-vokcd',  a.  [Pref.  ««-(!).  and  Kng. 
revoked.]  Not  revoked,  not  recalled  ;  not 
annulled. 

-  Hear  m,  decree,  which  «*«*<**  £?^ 

•tin  rc-wird-ing,  a.     [Pref.  i»«-  (D,  »nd< 


bt>y;  poftt,  Jorrt;  eat,  eeH,  chorus,  ehin,  bench,  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  yenophon,  eyist.    -ing. 
-clan.  -Han  =  -h-V'     -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -jion  =  zhun.    -ciou»,  -tious,  -aioua  =  slius.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


4984 


unrewarded— unruled 


Kng.  rewarding.]    Not  affording  or  bringing  a 
reward  ;  unprofitable. 

"  He  finds  it  an  unrewarding  Interest."—  Bft.  Taylor: 
Sermon*,  vol  1..  ser.  li. 

un  re  ward  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
reunnfea.)  Not  rewarded  ;  not  compensated  ; 
without  a  reward. 

"  Wit  shall  not  go  unrewarded  while  I  am  king  of 
the  country."—  Shaketp.:  Tempest,  IT.  1. 

*  un  nde'-a-ble,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
rideable.]    Not  able  or  fit  to  be  ridden  over 
or  on  ;  not  fit  for  riding  over  or  on. 

"The  country,    It   was  said,  being  unrideable  all 
day.  "—  field,  Dec.  19,  1885. 

*  tin-ride  '-a-biy,   adv.     [Eng.  unrideab(le)  ; 
•ly.]    So  as  not  to  be  rideable. 

"  Brought  him    for   half    his  value  as  ttnridrabty 
vicious.  "-C.  Xingtity:  Teati,  cfa,  t 

tin-rld'-dle,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
riddle.]  To  read  the  riddle  of;  to  penetrate 
the  enigma  of;  to  solve,  to  interpret,  to  ex- 
plain. 

"  PanblM  which  It  was  not  difficult  to  unriddle."— 
Macaulay  :  Bitt.  fug.,  ch.  xvi. 

*  fin-lid'-dler,    ».      [Eng.    unriddl(e);    -«r.] 

One  who  unriddles  ;  one  who  solves  or  ex- 
plains a  riddle  or  mystery. 

"  Ye  aaf«  unriddlert  of  the  stars." 

e  :  Lucatta  ;  To  Mr.  X.  R. 


•  fin-ri-dlc'-n-lofis,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  ridiculous.]  Not  ridiculous  ;  not  ex- 
citing ridicule. 

"If  an  indifferent  and  unridicutmu  object  could 
draw  th  Is  nu»  terenesa  Into  a  smile.  "—Browne  :  Vulgar 
Errottr*.  bk.  viL,  ch.  i  vi. 

fin-ri'-  *led  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng  .ijled.]  Not  rifled,  not  robbed,  not 
plundered. 

"  They  cannot  longer  dwell  upon  the  estate,  hat  that 
remain*  unrift?d,"—Bp.  Taylor  :  Sermont,  vol.  i.,  Mr, 
19. 

fin-rig',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  rig,  v.J 

1.  Naut.  :  To  remove  the  rigging  from  ;  to 
atrip  of  rigging  or  tackle. 

"  We  instantly  unrigged  and  dismasted  the  ship*.* 
—Burke  :  On  the  Policy  of  the  Alliet.  (  17V3.) 

*2.  To  deprive  of  clothing;  to  strip,  to 
plunder. 

"  Lect  he  should  he  stolen,  or  unrigg*d  as  Man  was." 
I          —Diyden  ;  Juvenal,  Itv.     (Note  24.) 

fin-rigged',  a.  [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng.  rigged.] 
Deprived  of  the  rigging  ;  without  rigging. 
"  Still  unripg'ti  his  shatter'd  Teasels  lit.' 

Pitt:  Virgil  ;  Jht«id\v. 

•  fin-right'  (gh  silent),  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  right.]    To  make  wrong. 

**I  ahnld  all  bis  love  unright."       Gower:  C.  A.,  U. 

•fin-right'  (gh  silent),  a,  &  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  right.] 

A*  As  adj.  :  Not  right,  just,  or  fair  ;  wrong, 
unjust 

"  All  though  It  were  unright. 
There  Is  no  petne  for  him  (light.™ 

Gower:  C.  A.,  IL 

B.  As   subst.  :   That   which   is    unright  ; 
wrong,  fault. 

"Xo  fawlt  or  imrtjrtrcoude  the!  fynde  in  him."— 
Joye  :  fxpoticion  of  Daniel  xii. 

nnrlghteons  (as  fin-iit'-yfis),  a.    [Pref. 

tin-  (1),  and  Eng.  righteous.]  Not  righteous  ; 
not  just  ;  not  upright  and  honest  ;  evil, 
wicked.  (Applied  to  persons  or  things.) 

"  Angry  Neptune  heard  the  unrighteous  prayer." 
Pope  :  Bonier  ;  Odyuey  li.  630. 

unrighteously  (as  un  -rit'-yus  ly),  adv. 
[Eng.  unrighteous;  -ly.]  In  an  unrighteous 
manner  ;  unjustly,  wickedly,  sinfully. 

"  Prosecute  most  unrighteoutly  ...  to  the  Ohris- 
tlan  faith  and  natural  piety.  —  Seeker  :  Sermon** 
vol.  ill,  ser.  18. 

unrighteousness  (as  fin-rit'-yfis-ness), 

*  un-ryght-eous-nes,  *  un-right-wis 
ncsse,    s.     [Eng.   unrighteous;  -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unrighteous  ;  want 
of  rectitude  or  righteousness  ;  a  violation  of 
the  divine  law  or  of  justice  and  equity  ;  wrong, 
Injustice. 

"All  unrighteoutneu  Is  sin."—  1  John  T.  17. 

•  fin-righf  -ful  (gh  silent),  *  nn-ryght-ful, 

*  un-  right-  full,  a.   [Pref.  «»-  (1),  and  Eng. 
rightful.]   Not  rightful  ;  not  just  ;  illegitimate. 

"To  plant  unrightful  kings." 

SHaJcetp.  :  Jt&ard  //..  T.  1. 

•fin-righr-fol-1*  (gh  silent),  adv.  [Eng. 
unright/ul;  -ly.}  Not  rightfully  ;  wrongfully, 
unjustly. 

"Enn«.y«ig  folke  treden  (and  that  unrightfully)  on 
the  ueckes  of  holy  men."—  Chaucer:  Soeciut,  bk.  i. 


•tin-  ringed',  a  [Pref  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ringed.]  rfot  having  a  ring,  as  in  the  nose. 

*'  Be  forced  to  impeach  a  broken  hedge. 
And  pigs  unrinyed  at  vis.  franc,  pledge." 

Butler:  Budibr.it,  IL  IL  810. 

*  tin-ri'-Ot-e'd,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng.  riot. 
and  suff.  -ed.}  Free  from  rioting;  not  disgraced 
by  riot 

"A  chaste  unrioted  house," 

May :  Lucan  ;  Phartalia,  ix. 

fin-rip',  r.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  3.,  and  Eng.  rip.] 
To  rip  ;  to  cut  open, 

"  Unripd'it  the  bowels  of  thy  sovereign's  son." 
Shaketp.  :  Richard  III.,  L  4. 

un-ripe',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  ripe.] 

1.  Not  ripe ;  not  mature ;  not  come  to  a 
state  of  perfection  or  maturity. 

2.  Not  fully  prepared  cr  matured  :  as,  an 
unripe  scheme. 

*  3.  Not  seasonable ;  not  yet  proper  or  suit- 
able. 

"  Resolved  his  unripe  vengeance  to  defer." 

Itryden :  Sigitmonda  i  Guitcardo,  254. 

*4.  Too  early  ;  premature. 

"  Dorllaus.  whose  unripe  death  doth  yet,  so  many 
yean  since,  draw  tears  from  virtuous  eyes."— Sidney. 

un-rip'-ened,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ripened.]  Not  ripened  ;  not  ripe ;  not 
matured. 

"  Thou  knoweet  the  errors  of  unripened  age." 

Pope  :  Bomer ;  Iliad  xxiii.  671. 

un-ripe' -ness,  J.  [Eng.  unripe;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unripe  ;  absence 
of  ripeness ;  immaturity,  unreasonableness. 
(Bacon;  Essays;  Of  Delays.) 

*  fin-Hp'-pled  (le  as  el),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  rippled.]    Not  rippled;  free  from 
ripples ;  smooth. 

"  Bat  it  was  unrtppted  as  glass  may  be." 

Byron ;  Siege  of  Corinth,  zlx. 

*  fin-ri'-val-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 

rim?,  and  sutf,  -able.]     Incapable  of  being 
rivalled ;  inimitable. 

"The  present  unique,  unrivalled,  and  unritalablt 
production. " — Southey :  Doctor,  ch.  I.,  A.  L 

fin-ri'-valled,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
rivalled^ 

1.  Not  rivalled ;  having  no  rival  or  com- 
petitor. 

2.  Having  no  equal ;  unequalled,  peerless. 

"His  own  claims   were   unrivalled."— Macaulay  : 
But.  Eng.,  ch.  zlT. 

fin-rfv'-en,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  riven.] 
Not  riven  ;  not  split ;  not  rent  asunder. 

"  The  last  sole  stubborn  fragment  left  unriven." 
Moore  :  Veiled  Prophet  o/  Khorattan. 

"tin-rlV-e't,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
rivet,  v.]  To  take  the  rivets  away  from ;  to 
loosen  the  rivets  of ;  to  unfasten. 

"  Their  culrates  are  unriveted  with  blows." 

Drayton  :  Battle  of  Agincourt. 

un-roast'-ed,  *  nn-rost-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  roasted.]  Not  roasted. 

"Which  they  disdained  to  eate  unrobed." -ffaclt- 
luyt :  Voyaget,  lit  61 L 

"un  robbed,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

robbed.]    Not  robbed  or  plundered. 

"That  yon  escape  unrobbed  of  the  slaTea.**—  ffadt- 
luyt :  royaget,  li.  338. 

fin-robe',  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
rode,  v.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  disrobe  ;  to  take  off  a  robe 
or  robes  from  ;  to  undress. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  undress  ;  to  take  off  one's 
robes.    (Lit.  A  Jig.) 

"  On  their  exit,  souls  are  hid  unrobe." 

Young:  Might  ThoughU,  lv.  4S. 

fin-robed',  a.    [Pref.  un-(l\  and  Eng.  robed.] 

1.  Deprived  of  robes  previously  won. 

2.  Not  robed  ;  having  no  robe  or  robes  on. 

"  He  gave  his  assent  In  form  to  several  laws  un> 
robed.  ~—  Macaulay  ;  Hitt.  Eny.,  ch.  xv. 

*un- roiled',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
roiled,}  Not  roiled  ;  not  turbid  ;  clear. 

fin-roll'.  *fin-r6T,  v.t.  &  i.    [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  roll,  v.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  unfold,  as  a  roll,  or  something  rolled 
np. 

"  The  flrrt  letter  which  William  unrolled  i«em«d  to 
contain  only  florid  compliment*."—  Macaulay  :  But. 

h'.i:  !.,  Ch.  XV. 

2.  To  display,  to  lay  open. 

"  A  flag  uiirnUi  the  stripes  and  stars.* 

Longfellow :  Building  of  the  Ship. 


*3.  To  strike  off  a  roll,  list,  or  register. 
"  Let  me  be  unrolled  and  my  name  vut  lu  the  book 
of  virtue."— Shateip.:  Winter1!  Tale,  iv.  J. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  unfold,  to  uncoil. 
"  As  an  adder  when  she  doth  unroll" 

Moteip. .-  Jitu*  Andronicu*,  It  1 

un-ro-man-ized,  a.  [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and 
Eng  romanizal.] 

1.  Not  Romanized  ;  not  subjected  to  Roman 
arms  or  customs. 

2.  Not  subjected  to  the  principles  or  usages 
of  the  Roman  Church. 

un  ro-man'-tic,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

romantic.]    Not  romantic;  not  characterized 
by  romance. 

"It  is  a  ban  unromanticA  spirit  not  to  wait  Ob 
you," — Swift. 

fin-roof,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  roof.] 
To  deprive  of  its  roof ;  to  strip  the  roof  off. 

"The  rabble  should  have  first  unro-ifd  the  city." 
Shaketp.;  Coriolanm,  L  L 

*  un  roost  -ed,  a,    [Pref.  «n-  (2),  and  Eng, 
roosted.]    Driven  from  the  roost  or  place  of 
rest. 

"  Thou  dotard  I  thou  art  woman-tlr'd,  unrootted." 
Shaketp. :   Winter't  Tote,  it  1 

fin-root,  v.t.  &  i.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Bog. 

root,  v.] 

A.  Trans. ;  To  tear  up  by  the  roots ;  to  up- 
root, to  extirpate,  to  eradicate. 

"  To  feed  the  nres,  unroot  the  standing  woods." 
PUt :   I'inrit ;  *£neid  vl 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  be  torn  up  by  the  roots. 

"  Make  their  strength  totter,  and  their  topless  fortune! 
Unroot  and  reel  to  mine." 

Beuum,  A  Flet. :  Bonduca,  111  1 

*  fin-rSt'-ten,    a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
rotten.]     Not  rotten,  not  putrefied,  not  cor- 
rupted.   (Lit.  &fig.) 

"  Every  friend  unrotten  at  the  core." 

Young  ;  Sight  Thoughts,  ii.  Mi. 

*  un-rofigb.'  (gb  as  f),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  rough.]   Not  rough  ;  smooth,  unbearded 

"  Many  unrough  youths."     Shakeip. :  Macbeth,  v.  S. 

iin-round-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eiu 
rounded.]  Not  rounded  ;  not  shaped  or  formal 
to  a  circle  or  sphere. 
"  Negligently  left  unrounded."      Donne  :  Elegy,  ill. 

un-rout'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
routed.]  Not  routed,  not  defeated;  not  put 
to  flight 

" Stand*  firm  and  yet  unrouted." 

Beuum.  i  Flet. :  Propheteu,  lv.  ft. 

*fin-r6^'-al,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

royal.]    Not  royal;  not  regal  or  kingly  ;  un 
princely. 

"He  sent  them  with  unroyal  reproaches  to  Musi 
dorus."— Sidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  ii. 

'  *  fin-rude',  a.  [In  sense  1  from  pref.  vn-  (1), 
and  Eng.  rude;  in  sense  2  from  pref.  un-, 
(2),  3.] 

1,  Not  rude  ;  polished. 

"A  man  unrudr,"         Uerrick  :  ffeiperidct,  p.  1*4. 

2.  Excessively  rude. 

"  Se«  how  the  unrude  rascal  backbites  him."— AM 
Jonion  :  Every  Man  out  of  hit  Humour,  lv.  l. 

*fin-rfir-fle,  t?.t  [Pref  un-  (2),  and  Eng, 
ruffle.]  To  cease  from  being  ruffled  ;  to  sub- 
side to  smoothness. 

"  The  waves  unruffl--,  and  the  aea  snbaldea," 

Drydtn  :  Virgil ;  .Sneid  L  ZH 

un  ruf-  fled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  rujjled.] 

1.  Not  ruffled ;  smooth,  not  agitated. 

"The  waters  of  the  unruffled  lake  " 

Wordncurth  ;  Excunion,  bk.  TL 

2,  Calm,  tranquil ;  free  from  agitation. 

*  And  all  unruffled  was  his  face." 

Scott  :Lay  of  the  Latt  MinXrel,  IL  U. 

*  fin-rtt'-in-^r-ble,    o.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  ruinable.]    Incapable  of  being  ruined  or 
destroyed. 

"  May  the  unruinnblf  world  be  bat  my  portion. "— 
tt'attt :  Remnant*  of  Time,  Essay  B. 

*  tin-ru'-in-at-^d,  a.    [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng. 
ruinated.]    Not  ruined  ;  not  brought  to  ruin. 

"  There  Is  a  tower  of  Babel  unruinated."—Bp.  Baff. . 
Apologia  againtt  Brovnittt.  |  30. 

*tin-ru'-lned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  OX  and  Eng. 
ruined.]  Not  ruined,  not  destroyed. 

"  It  hath  ontstood  so  many  blustrlng  blasts, -thus 
long,  utterly  unruined."—  Bp.  ffaU  l  Balm  of  GueaA, 
HO. 

*tin-rnled'f  *un-ml-yd,  o.     [Pret  «»- 

(1),  and  Eng.  ruled,] 


fato,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolt;  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  car,  rule,  fall;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
Syrian.    SB,  00  =  e:  ey  =  »;  qu  =  kw. 


unrulily— unsavory 


4985 


1.  Not  ruled,  not  governed  ;  not  directed 
by  superior  power  or  authority. 

"  Like  a  ship  in  a  storm  .  .  .  unruled  and  undi- 
rected of  any."— Spenter:  State  of  Ireland. 

2.  Unruly. 

"Theyse  vnrulyd  company  gatheryd  vnto  them 
great  multytude  of  the  commons."— fabyan  :  Chron- 
»c<«.n,MO. 

"  un-ru'-U-lj?,  *  un-ru-li-lye,  adv.  [Eng. 
unruly;  -ly.]  In  an  unruly  manner;  law- 
lessly. 

"Ye  .  .  vnrulijye  haue  ruled,  where  ye  listed  to 
oomiaaund."— Sir  /.  Cheelce  :  Burt  of  sedition. 

•  fin  ru'-H-ment,  s.    [Bug.  unruly;  -rnent.] 
Unruliness. 

'•  They  breaking  forth  with  rude  unruliment.'' 

un-ru'-ll-ness,  s.  [Bug.  unruly  ;  ->i«s.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unruly ;  inability 
to  be  ruled  ;  violation  of  rule  ;  neglect  of 
legitimate  authority ;  turbulence. 

"  Plenty  bad  pampered  them  into  such  an  unruM- 
new  and  rebellion."— South  :  set-mom.  voL  v.,  ser.  1. 

in-ru'-ltf,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng.  rule,  and 
sutf.  -ly.]  Not  able  to  be  ruled  ;  lawless ;  not 
submitting  to  restraint ;  turbulent,  ungovern- 
able, disorderly. 

"That  capricious  and  unruly  body."—  Macaulay  : 
Bitt.  Eng.,  en.  xvi. 

•  un-rul-yd,  a.    [UNRULED.] 

iin  rum  -pie,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
rumple.  1  To  remove  the  folds  from ;  to  free 
from  rumples  ;  to  spread  or  lay  out  even. 

"  Vnrumple  their  swoln  buds,  and  show  their  yellow 
bloom."  ^rfdison:  Virgil ;  Qeorgic  iv. 

•  iin  sacked,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sacked.]    Not  sacked  ;  not  pillaged. 

"  Yonder  turrets  yet  un»ac*«rf." 

Daniel :  Civil  Wart,  vL 

•  fin-sac'-ra-ment,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  sacrament.]    To  deprive  of  sacramental 
virtue. 

MDoth  untaorament  Baptism  itself."— fuller:  Holy 
t  Pro/in*  State,  V.  11. 

un-sac-rl-lT-cIal  (oi  as  sh),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  sacrificial.] 

Compur.  Relig. :  Not  including  sacrifice  in 
its  ritual ;  not  having  the  nature  or  efficacy 
of  a  sacrifice. 

"The  untacrifdal  nature  of  Buddhist  worship."— 
Athenaeum,  Oct.  23,  1886,  p.  (28. 

•un-sad',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sad.] 
Unsteady,  fickle. 

"  0  stormy  peple,  unjod.  and  ever  untrewe." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  8,873. 

•fin  sad' -den,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
sadden.]    To  remove  sadness  from  ;  to  cheer. 
"Music    untaddent  the    melancholy."—  Whitloclt: 
Mannert  of  the  Englith,  p.  483. 

un  sad  die,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
saddle.]  To  remove  the  saddle  from  ;  to  take 
the  saddle  off. 

"Like  as  draught  horses,  when  they  be  out  of  their 
seeres  and  hackneis  untaddled."— P.  Bolland:  Plinie, 
lik.  xviL,  ch.  ill. 

*  un  sad  ness,  *  un-sad-nesse,  ».   [Eng. 
unsad;  -ness.]    Infirmity,  weakness. 

"  The  untadnette  [inflrmitasj  and  unprefy  t  of  it. " — 
—  Wycliffe:  Ebrevntvli. 

on-safe ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  safe,  a.] 

1.  Not  safe  ;  not  free  from  danger  ;  not 
affording  or  accompanied  by  complete  safety ; 
perilous,  dangerous,  risky,  hazardous. 

"It  was  untafe  to  Insult  Lewis."—  Macaulay :  Hltt. 
Xng..  ch.  xxiv. 

2.  Not  to  be  trusted  to  or  depended  on. 

"  False  in  many  things,  and  therefore  untafe  In  all 
questions.1'— Up.  Taylor:  Hule  of  Conscience,  bk.  11., 
ch.  lit. 

3.  Not  free  from  risk  of  error. 

fin-safe'-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.   unsafe;  -ly.]    Not 
safely;  not  in  a  safe  manner;  not  without 
danger  ;     dangerously,     riskily.      (Dryden : 
'     SUonora,  368.) 

*  tln-safe'-ty^  s.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and   Eng. 
safety.]     The   absence   or   want   of  safety; 
danger,  risk,  insecurity. 

"The  untaMi  and  vanity  of  these,  and  all  external 
things."— Leighton  :  Com.  on  1  Peter  ill. 

*  tin-sage',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sage, 
a.)    Not  wise  ;  not  sage  ;  foolish. 

"  With  wlckeo.  hands  and  words  untaffe." 

lladtan:  Judith  V.  806. 

fin  said'   (a  as   e),  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 


Eng.    said.)     Not   said ;    not  spoken ;   not 
uttered ;  unspoken. 

"  Thus  (nought  unsaid!  the  much  advising-aace 
Concludes."          Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xxui.  428. 

*  un-salT-a-ble,  " un-saile-a-ble,  o. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  satiable.]    Not  Bail- 
able; not  navigable. 

"  The  sea  untaileabl*  for  dangerous  windes." 

May:  Luzon;  Phartaliaf. 

*  fin-saint',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  saint.] 
To  deprive  of  saintship  or  the  reputation  of 
it ;  to  deny  sanctity  to. 

un  saint -ly,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
saintly.]  Not  saintly  ;  not  like  a  saint. 

"What  can  be  more  untaintly  t  "—aauden  :  Teart  of 
the  Church,  p.  309. 

*  un-sal'-ar-ied,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
salaried.] '  Not  receiving  a  fixed  salary ;  de- 
pendent on  fees. 

un-sale'-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
su.lea.ble.]  Not  saleable  ;  not  meeting  a  ready 
sale  ;  not  in  demand. 

"  Weanling  calves  are  utterly  untaleable."— Field, 
Deo.  26,  1885. 

un  salt  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
lalted.]  Not  salted  ;  not  pickled ;  fresh,  un- 
seasoned. 

"  They  eate  good  meate,  but  all  untalted,"— Back, 
luyt ;  Voyaget,  ili.  212. 

un  sa  lut'  ed,  a.    [Pref.  uti-  (1),  and  Eng. 
saluted.]    Not  saluted  ;  not  greeted. 
"  And  the  most  noble  mother  of  the  world 
Leave  untainted."       Bhaketp. :  Coriolanut,  V.  «. 

*  un  salved'  (I  silent),  or  "  un  salved  ,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug.  salved.]    Not  molli- 
fied, assuaged,  relieved,  aided,  or  helped. 

"  They  put  off  the  verdict  of  holy  text  untalv'd."— 
Milton  :  Of  Prelatical  Epitcopacy. 

*  un  sanc-ti-f  I-oa'-tlon,  ».    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  sanclification.]    The  quality  or  state 
of  being  unsanctifled  ;  the  absence  of  sancti- 
fication. 

iin  sane  ti  fled,  *  un  sane  tl  fyed,  a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sanctified.] 
1.  Not  sanctified ;  unholy,  profane,  wicked. 

"  Vntancttfy'd  and  polluted."- Milton:  On  the  Ke- 
moval  of  Birelingt. 

*  2.  Unconsecrated. 

"She  should  in  ground  untanctilted  have  lodged." 
Shateip. :  ffamlet,  v.  1. 

un-  (1),  and 

=    .     .  ,-  -     _.  not  im- 
parting sanctity. 

"The  sanctity  of  their  profession  has  an  un*<i 
tlfying  Influence  on  them.  —  Macaulay :  Bitt.  Ej 
en.  xxiv. 

ttn-sanc'-tioned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sanctioned.]  Not  sanctioned  ;  not  authorized 
or  ratified.  (Camper  :  Task,  ii.  524.) 

*  un-san'-dalled,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sandalled.]    "Not  sandalled  ;  not  wearing  san 
dais. 

*  un  sane',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sane.] 
Not  healthy  ;  unhealthy. 

"  A  man  begotten  by  an  untane  body."—  Trantlation 
of  PlutarcKt  Morale. 

*  tin-san'-gulne  (gu  as  gw),  a.    [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  sanguine.]     Not  sanguine;  not 
ardent,  animated,  or  hopeful.   ( Young :  Ocean, 
xxi.) 

*  un-san'-i-tar-y,   o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sanitary.]     Not  sanitary;    unhealthy 
paying  no  attention  to  sanitation. 

"Any  grim  street  of  that  untanitary  period."— 
O.  Eliot:  Mlddlemarch,  ch.  xxiii. 

*  ttn-san'-I-tat-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sanitated.]    Not  made  healthy  or  whole- 
some ;  unsanitary. 

"  Dealing  with  untanitated  workroom!,  or,  as  he 
called  them,  sweating  dens."— Daily  Telegraph,  March 
6,  1888. 

*  iin  sapped',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
sapped.]     Not  sapped;   not   undermined  or 
secretly  attacked. 

"  Untapped  by  caneaei."— Sterne :  Sent.  Journey 
Act  of  Charity. 

*un-sat'-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
sated.]  Not  sated  ;  not  satisfied. 

"  Admiration,  feeding  at  the  eye. 
And  still  untated."  Cmfper :  Tatt,  L  1U. 

*  un-sa-tl-a-bil  -i-ty,  *  un-sa'-tl-a-ble- 
ness  (ti  as  Shl),  >.     [Eng.  unsatiable;  -ity 


un-sano'-ti-fy-ing,  a.    [Pref.  un- 
Eng.  sanctifying.]    Not  sanctifying ; 


•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  insatiable  ; 
insatiability,  insatiableuess. 

"  Uruatiabltneu,  being  never  contented."—  Btrypt  : 
Kcelet.  Mem.  (an.  1&«8). 

un  sa  ti  a  ble  (ti  as  shi),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Kng.  satiable.]  Not  satiable  ;  not  capable 
of  being  satiated  ;  insatiable. 

"  Fulfill  their  Hntati:ibl*  lusts."—  rivet:  Instruct,  of 
Chrittian  Woman,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xiL 

iin-sa'-ti-a-blj  (ti  as  shl),  *  un  sa-ty- 
a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  unsatiab(le)  ;  -ly.]  lu  an 
uusatiable  manner. 

"That  he  unsatyaoly  brent  In  her  concuplscens."— 
Bale:  Englilh  faUriei,  pt.  IL 

*  un-sa'-ti-ate  (ti  as  shl).  a.    [Pref.  »»-  (1), 

and  Eng.  satiate.]  Not  satiate  or  satiated; 
insatiate,  unsatisfied. 

"  Vntatiate  i>f  my  woe  and  thy  desire." 

Wyat  :  The  Lover  fortaketh  hit  unkind  Lovo. 

un  sat  Is  fac'  tlon,  ».  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  satisfaction.]  Want  or  absence  of  satis- 
faction ;  dissatisfaction  ;  unsatisfactoriness. 

"Their  transitoriness.  unxatitf  action,  danger."—  Bp. 
Hall:  Of  Cotttentation,  1  16. 

un-sat-ls-fao'-tor-l'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  un- 
satisfactory; -ly.]  In  an  unsatisfactory  man- 
ner. 

"  The  system  of  tolls  acted  very  umatiifactorilj/."— 
Brit,  quart.  Kevievt,  Ivii.  (1873).  p.  1»T. 

un-aat-Is-fao-tor  I  ness,  ».  [Eng.  «»- 
satisfactory;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unsatisfactory  ;  failure  to  give  satis- 
faction. 

"  The  unjatd/'aceorineM  and  barrenness  of  the  scbool- 
philosoiihy.  -Boyle:  ICor*»,  Ul.    (Pref.) 

un-sat-is-foo'-tor-y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  satisfactory.]  Not  satisfactory  ;  notalford- 
ing  satisfaction. 

"The  maritime  operations  of  the  year  were  more 
unjattof  actor  y  itill.  —  Xacaulay  :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

fin-sat  -is-f  i-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  satisfiable.]    Incapable  of  being  satisfied. 
••Unsatisfied  and  uraatitfiable  passions."  —  Paloy  : 
Nat.  Theol.,  ch.  xxvi 

un-s&f-is-f  ied,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
satisfied.] 

1.  Not  satisfied  ;  not  gratified  to  the  full  ; 
not  having  enough. 

"The  restless,  untatitfled  longing." 

Longfellow  :  EtHinoolino,  U.  t. 

2.  Dissatisfied,     discontented  ;     not    co»- 
tented. 

'  "  He  was  still  untatiifled."—Macaulay  :  Bitt.  Sng., 
ch.  xviii. 

3.  Not    fully    informed    and    settled    In 
opinion  ;  not  convinced  br  fully  persuaded. 

"  Report  me  and  my  cause  aright 
To  the  umatufled."  Hhatetp.  :  Samlet,  v.  i. 

4.  Not  paid  ;  unpaid. 

"That  one  half  which  Is  utitatufied.' 

Shaketp.  :  Lovei  Labourt  Lost,  it  L 

•un-sat-ls-fied-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unsatis- 
fied;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unsatisfied  or  discontented. 

"To  give  you  an  account  of  our  untatitjiediieu"— 
Boyle:  Worki,  U.  se. 

un  -  sat'-  to  -  fy  -  Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 

Eng.  satisfying.]  Not  satisfying  ;  not  afford- 
ing full  gratification,  as  of  appetite,  desire, 
&c.  ;  not  giving  content  or  satisfaction. 

"  Nor  Is  fame  only  untatitfyiny  in  ItaeU."—  Addt- 
ton  :  Spectator,  No.  36& 

«  un-sat'-to-ly-lng-ness,  s.  [Eng.  un- 
satisfying; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unsatisfying. 

"That  they  do  so  understand  also  the  vanity  and 
the  untatitfitinanett  of  the  things  of  this  world.  —  Bp. 
Taylor:  Sermont,  voL  iL,  ser.  18. 

Un-sa'-v6r-I-l&  adv.  (Eng.  mtavory; 
-ly.]  In  an  unsavory  manner. 

"So  often  and  so  untavourily  has  It  been  repeated." 
—  Milt<jn:  Animad.  on  Remonttrant't  Defence. 


.  [Bng.  unsavory; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
savory. 

"  A  national  unlawmrtnew  In  any  people."—  Browne. 
Vulgar  Brrourt,  bk.  iv.,  ch  X. 

-ua--,   *  tin-sa'-v6nr-J.  *  un-sa- 

vour-ie,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.    tavonj.} 

1.  Not  savory  ;   not  pleasing  to  the  palate  ; 
tasteless,  insipid. 

"  fntnmury  food."  Milton  :  F.  L.,  T.  «L 

2.  Having  an  ill  smell  ;  fetid. 

"Some  may  emit  an  untavoury  odour."—  Brownti 
Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  lv^  ch.  X. 


boH,  b6y;  pout.  J<5^rl;  cat.  9011,  chorus.  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  -  fc 
-clan,    tian  •  fhan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -|ion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious.  -slous  =  shus.    -ble,  -«Ue,  SK.  -  Bel.  del. 


4986 


unsay— unseaworthiness 


3.  Unpleasing,  offensive,  disgusting. 

"  Thou  liut  the  most  Ktuaiw«ry  eimiles,"—  Aaftwp.  : 
1  Mem?  jr.,  i.2. 

tin-say',  v.t,  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  say.] 
To  recant,  recall,  or  withdraw  (what  has  been 
•aid)  ;  to  retract. 

"  You  can  say  aud  un*a.v  things  at  pleasure." 

(Soldtmith  :  Site  Stuart  to  Conquer,  v. 

tin  seal'  a-ble,  fin-  scale'  -a-ble,  o.  [Pref. 
UTI-  (1),  and  Bug.  sooJaWe.]  "  Not  scaliiblu  ; 
not  possible  to  be  scaled. 

"Divided  by  untcalable  mountain*,"—  Daily   Tele- 
.  24.  1886. 


*  un  scale  ,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  scale 
(1),  s.]    To  remove  scales  froui  ;  to  divest  of 
scales  ;  to  clear. 

"  Purging  and  tinxcaltng  her  long-abused  sight."— 
Milton:  AreopagUica. 

*tin-Mal'-y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
jcuiy.J  Not  scaly  ;  free  from  scales. 

"  The  iuinted  lobster  nod  uuiealit  wwUe." 

Gay:  Trivia,  11.  411. 

*iin  scanned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
acu/ijift/.  ]  Not  scanned;  not  measured.;  not 
computed. 

"The  harm  of  untrnnn^ci  swiftness." 

Skeiketp.  :  Coriolanut.  tit  1. 

'  tin-  scant'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
scanted.  ]  Not  curtailed,  shortened,  or  abridged. 

"  Ginranted  of  her  part*."        Daniel  :  Mutophiliu. 

*  un  soap  -a-ble,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1)  ;  Eng. 
*»;«,  and  suff.  -aW«.]    Impossible  to  be  es- 
caped from  ;  inevitable. 

••  (bucapoAfe,  or  that  might  not  be  fled."—  Wydiffe: 
Wtictom  xvii.  !«. 

tin  scared,  a.  [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng.  scared.] 
Not  scared  ;  not  frightened  or  terrilled. 

"  Untcartd 
By  drunken  bowlings."       Ctnoper:  Tatk,  IT.  561. 

tin  -scarred,  a.  {Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
acarrai.]  Not  marked  with  a  scar  or  scars  ; 
hence,  onwounded,  unhurt. 

"Flank*  unscarred  by  sparer  rod." 


tin  scathed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1)  -11"5  Eng. 
tcuthed.}  Not  scathed;  not  injured;  not 
hurt  ;  uninjured. 

"  And  honest  thou  hsnce  tinjcarted  to  go  T  " 

&•/«;  Marmitm,  vi.  14. 

tin-scat  -tered,  a.  [Pref.  im-  (1),  and  Eng. 
•oo/tererf.]  Not  scattered,  dispersed,  or  dis-  , 
seated. 


*  tin-scep'-tered,  o.    [Pref.  •*»-  (1),  and  Eng. 

xxvtered.]    Not  bearing  a  sceptre  ;  deprived 
of  his  sceptre  ;  dethroned,  unkinged. 

"  The  tuuceptired  LMT 
Heaved  the  loud  sigh." 

Poetry  t>fthe  Anti-jacobin,  p.  188. 

*  un-achol'-ar,  *  un-schoi  er,  a.    [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Kng.  scholar.}    Not  a  scholar ;  no 
scholar. 

"  I  toll  yon  plainlye,  scholer  or  utachoIer.'—Atcham : 
ToxophUu*,  p.  33. 

tin  schol  -ar-1^,  a.    [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng. 

ichoiarly.]    Not  scholarly  ;  not  scbolarlike, 

"tin-scho-las-tic,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  scholastic.]  Not  scholastic  ;  not  bred  to 
literature. 

"It  was  to  the  untcholattic  statesman  that  the 
world  owed  their  peace  and  liberties.  —Locke. 

tin-schooled',  a.  [Pref.  an-  (1).  and  Eng. 
schooled.]  Not  schooled  ;  not  taught ;  un- 
educated, illiterate. 

"They  were  (Paul  excepted)  thereat.  Ignorant,  poor, 
simple,  unscttooicd  and  unlettered  men."  —  Booker  • 
£cc/,'t.  Politie,  bk.  i  v.,  f  u. 

*  tin-s^i'-ence,  s.    [Pref.  wt-  0).  and  Eng. 
science.}     The  absence  of  science  or  know- 
ledge ;  ignorance. 


un-»ci-en-t!f'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  ««-  (1),  and 
Eng.  scientific.]  Not  scientific  ;  not  according 
to  the  rules  or  principles  of  science. 

'•The  one  refen  to  the  teaching  of  arithmetic, 
which  us  laid  down  by  the  Code  is  thoroughly  un- 
•cientiftc."-Xature,  April  19,  1888.  p.  578. 

•tin -self- sored,    * un-scis'-sared,   a. 

[Pref.  un-  (1);    Eng.  gctwor,  and  suff.  -ed.] 
Not  cut  or  clipped  ;  unshorn. 

"  Vntcittor'd  shall  this  hair  of  mine  remain." 

Sl,aXe*i>.  :  Pfricli-t,  111.  & 

fin-scorched',  *  un-skorcht.  a.    [Pref.  vn- 


(1),  and  Eng.  scorched.]    Not  scorched;  not 
touched  or  affected  by  tire. 

"  His  hand  .  .  .  remained  uwvweVd " 

SAaketp. :  Juiius  Ctttmr,  i.  I. 

un  scoured,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sc»urtd.\  Not  scoured  ;  not  cleaned  by  rub- 
bing. 

"  Like  uKSCourd  armour." 

Shaketp. :  Measure  for  Measure.  L  8. 

un-scratched',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
scratched.]  Not  scratched  ;  not  torn. 

"  To  save  untcratch'd  yoor  city's  threaten'd  cheeks." 
Skakesp.  :  King  John,  li.  1. 

tin-screened',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
screened.] 

1.  Not  screened  ;  not  covered  ;  not  sheltered 
or  hidden. 

"  Exposed,  unscreened,  to  the  sun's  refulgent  beams." 
—Boyle. 

2.  Not  passed  through  a  screen  ;  not  sifted. : 
as,  unscreened  coal. 

un- screw  (ew  as  u),  'un-scrue,  v.t. 
[Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  screw.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  draw  a  ecrew  or  screws  from ; 
to  unfasten  by  untwisting  the  screws  of. 

*  2.  Fig.  ;  To  loosen ;  to  open. 

"They  can  the  cabinet*  of  kings  vnserue." 

ffoieeU:  Verses,    i  Pref.  to  Lot.) 

ftn-scrip'-tu-ral,  o.  [Pref.  itn-(l),  and  Eng. 
scriptural.]  Not  scriptural ;  not  agreeable  to 
the  Scriptures;  not  warranted  by  the  autho- 
rity of  Holy  Writ ;  contrary  to  the  teaching 
of  Scripture. 

"  Manifestly  vnsrriptu rctl,  fslso.  and  groundless."— 
Watertand :   Works,  li.  6L 


l-I^,  adv.  [Eng.  unscrip- 
tural;  -ly.]  In  an  unscriptural  manner;  not 
according  to  Scripture. 

*  un-scrue  ,  v.t.    [UNSCREW.] 

un  scru  pu-loiis,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  scrupulous,]  Not  scrupulous  ;  having  no 
scruples  of  conscience;  unprincipled. 

"  An    enlightened    adviser    and   an    urucrupu/oui 
":  Btit.  Eng.,  ch.  ir. 


tin-scru'-pn-lous-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  unscru- 
pulous  ;  -ly.]  In  an  unscrupulous  manner; 
without  scruple  or  principle. 

un  scru'-pu-lous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unscru- 
fulmu;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unscrupulous  ;  want  of  principle. 

"The  umerupvloutneu  of  the  enemy."—  Standard, 
Jan.  13,  18B8. 

*  un-scru  -ta-ble,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  scrutable.]    Inscrutable. 

*  un-sciilp'-tu-ral,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.    Kutptttral.]      Not    conforming    to    the 
canons  of  sculpture  (q.v.). 

"  Some  of  his  sculptures  are  very  effective,  bat  un. 
KUlptural.'—Athenaum,  Jan.  27,  1883,  p.  138. 

*  un-scut9h  -eoned,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  scute  heoned.}   Not  soutcheoned  ;  deprived 
of  or  not  having  a  scutcheon  ;  not  having  a 
coat  of  arms. 

tin-seal',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  seal,  T.] 
1.  To  remove  a  seal  or  seals  from  ;  to  open 
by  breaking  the  seals  of. 

"His  letter  was  un*taled."—Macaulay:  Hitt,  Sng.. 
eh.  xiii. 

*  2,  To  open  generally. 

"  Tardy  of  aid,  unteal  thy  heavy  eyes." 

Dryitn.-  Cock  A  Fox,  147. 

*  3.  To  disclose  ;  to  reveal. 

"  Secret  grief  unua.lt  the  fruitful  source." 

Pope:  Bomer;  Od#M«yzlx.  IM. 

un  sealed  ,  *  un-seel-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Eng.  sealed,] 

1.  Not  sealed  ;  not  stamped  with  a  seal  : 
hence,  not  ratified,  not  confirmed,  not  sanc- 
tioned. 

"  Your  oaths 
Are  word*,  and  poor  conditions,  but  unteaTd," 

Sbikatp.  .-  AU't  Will,  IT.  «. 

2.  Having  the  seal  or  seals  broken. 

*  ti&-8eam't  v.t.      [Pref.   un-    (1),  and    Eng. 
seam.]    To  take  out  a  seam  ;  to  opeii  by  un- 
doing the  seams  of  :  hence,  to  rip,  to  cut 
open. 

"  He  twuMm'd  him  from  the  nape  to  the  chops." 
Shaketp.  :  Macbeth,  L  3. 

un-search'-a-ble,   *  un  -serch  -a   bio, 

a.  &  ».     [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  searchable.] 
A.  As  adj.  :  Not  searchable  ;  incapable  of 


being   searched  out ;   not   to  be  traced    or 
searched  out ;  inscrutable,  mysterious. 

"  Vnttarctitible  and  dark  to  humati  eye."  " 

Rove .'   L'/yuts,  IT. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  That  which  is  unsearchable 
or  inscrutable. 

"We  spend  too  much  of  onr  time  «nd  pains  among 
Infinites  and  unsearchable*."—  Wattt :  Logic,  pt  L, 
ch.  vi.,  )  L 

un-search  -a-ble-ness,  «.  [Eng.  unwarch- 
-abie  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unsearchable. 

"The  KfiwnnAaMemw  of  God'a  ways."— SramAaH ; 
A  nstoer  tu  Hobbs. 

un-sear9h'-a-bly,  adv.  [Bug.  unsearch- 
abUe) ;  -ly.]  iu  an  unsearchable  manner  ;  in- 
scrutably. 

tin-searched',  *un-searcht,  a.  [Pref.  ttn- 
(1),  and  Eng.  searched.]  Not  searched;  not 
explored  ;  not  closely  examined. 

"  His  house  in  reason  cannot  pass  unsearcht." 
Beaum.  A  Flet, :  Lot-era  Progress,  IT. 

*  un  -  sear 90- ing,    a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  searching.]    Not  searching ;  not  inves- 
tigating ;  not  examining  closely. 

"  Their  now  uwtarchtug  spirit." 
Daniel :  Mus 

*  un  seas  -on,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
season.]    To  strike  or  affect  unseasonably  or 
disagreeebly. 

un  seas -on  a-ble,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1).  and 

Eng.  MMMSfML] 

1.  Not  seasonable ;  not  such  as  might  be 
eipected  at  the  particular  season ;  nut  ac- 
cording to  the  season  or  time  of  year. 

"U ii lease  ummauoTtabte  weather  drive  him  tolt"— 
P.  Bottittid:  flinie,  bk.  xvtii.,  ch.  vi. 

2.  Not  being  at  the  proper  season  or  time ; 
ill-timed,  untimely. 

"At  any  unseasonable  buUnt  of  the  night."— 
Shakesp. :  Much  Ado.  ii.  2. 

3.  Not  suited  to  the  time  or  occasion ;  ill- 
timed  ;  out  of  place. 

"  These  reproaches  .  .  .  were  unseasonable."—  Mac- 
aulny :  ffist.  Kng.,  ch.  xiv. 

4.  Not  in  season ;  taken,  caught,  or  killed 
out  of  season,  and  therefore  unfit  for  food, 

"The  salmon  was  unseasonable."— Daily  Chronicle, 

5.  Acting  or  interfering  at  improper  or  un- 
suitable times. 

"Such  Immodest  and  toueojcmaAfe  meddlers."— 
Barrow  :  Sermons,  vol.  ill.,  ser.  S. 

un  seas  on  a  ble  ness,  s.  [Eng.  vnsta- 
sonable;  >ne»s.']  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unseasonable  or  out  of  season. 

"  The  ttnMAsrmu£f«neM  *  moistnre  of  the  w«atbei.~ 
—Halititted  :  Jtctcr.  Jtmfflumd,  bk.  iii. 

un-seas  -6n-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  itnseason- 
ab(le);  -ly.]  In  an  unseasonable  manner; 
not  seasonably ;  at  an  improper  time ;  not 
agreeably  to  time  or  season. 

"Seriousness  does  not  come  In  wttecuonably."— 
Addison:  Spectator.  No.  5'.>8. 

tin-seas' -dned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Bug. 
seasoned.] 

1.  Not  seasoned ;  not  made  fit  for  use  by 
keeping :  as,  unseasoned  wood. 

2.  Not  inured  ;  not  accustomed  by  use  or 
habit. 

3.  Not  qualified  by  use  or  experience ;  nn- 
ripe,  inexperienced. 

"  Tis  an  unseasoned  courtier." 

&iakai>. :  All's  WeU.  L  L 

M.  Unseasonable,  untimely,  ill-timed. 

"  These  unte<itoned  hours." 

lieaum.  &  Fief. :  Philatter.  li 

5.  Not  sprinkled  or  impregnated  with  sea- 
soning or  reliah  :  as,  unseasoned  meat. 

*  6.  Irregular,  intemperate,  inordinate. 

"  In  such  unseasoDable  and  unseasoned  fashion."— 


, 

tin-seat',  r.«.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  seat,  v.J 
To  remove  from  or  deprive  of  a  seat :  as, 

(1)  To  throw  from  one's  seat  on  horseback. 

"At  once  the  shock  unseated  him.' 

Cotvper .   Teak,  vi.  S60. 

(2)  To  deprive  of  a  seat  in  the  House  of 
Commons. 

"It  might  he  necessary  to  unseat  him;  bat  tbt 
whole  Influence  of  the  opposition  should  be  employed 
to  procure  his  re-election."— Jfacau/ay:  But.  £«f-, 
ch.  vi 

iin  sea-wor-thi-ness,  a.  [Eng  vnse& 
worthy;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unsea  worthy. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  whdf  son;  mute,  ctib,  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  full;  try,  Syrian.    a»,ce  =  e;ey  =  a;qu  =  le 


tmseaworthy— unsettle 


4987 


fin-sea-wor'-thy,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
seaworthy.]  Not  seaworthy ;  not  sufficiently 
equipped,  strong,  and  sound  in  every  part  to 
be  sent  to  sea. 

"The  sli ip  having  been  sent  to  sea  In  an  unteavwthy 
condition."— Pull  Mull  Gazette.  Feb.  9,  1883. 

f  On  March  4,  1873.  Mr.  Samuel  Plimsoll, 
M.P.  for  Derby,  moved  for  a  Royal  Commis- 
sion to  inquire  into  the  state  of  the  British 
Shipping  Interest  as  regarded  the  safety  of 
mariners.  A  report  justifying  his  apprehen 
sions  was  drawn  out  in  Septemt>er.  A  bill 
which  he  subsequently  introduced  on  the  sub- 
ject was  rejected  on  June  24,  1874,  but  his 
eoruestncss  led  to  the  introduction  of  a  tempo- 
rary measure,  proposed  by  Sir  C,  Adderley, 
giving  further  powers  to  the  Board  of  Trade 
to  stop  unseaworthy  ships.  Similar  legislation 
to  prevent  the  sending  to  eea  of  tinseawortby 
vessels  has  been  passed  in  the  United  States 
and  other  countries.  The  evil  is  one  calling 
fur  stringent  regulations  and  strict  inspection, 
both  as  to  the  condition  of  vessels  and  the 
character  of  the  food  provided  for  seamen. 
The  greed  and  inhumanity  of  ship-owners  have 
caused  much  suffering  and  loss  of  life  In  the 
directions  here  indicated,  and  legislation  is 
still  needed  in  the  interests  of  uiariuers. 

*  un-sec'-ond-ed,   a.     [Pref.    IM-  (l)b  and 

Eng.  seconded.} 

1.  Not  seconded,  not  supported,  not   as- 
sisted, (See  extract*  under  UNCOCNTENANCED.) 

2.  Not  exemplified  a  second  time. 

"Strange  and  wueconded  shapes   of    wormi  100- 
ceeded.  "— Browne. 

*  tin-se'-cret,  a.     [Pref.  Un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
secret,  a.]    Not  secret,  not  discreet,  not  close, 
not  trusty. 

"  We  an  so  unsecrrt  to  ourselves." 

Shakes?.  :  Troiiu*  A  Oessida,  ill.  2. 

*  tin-se'  cret,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
secret.}     To    deprive    of  the  character  of  a 
secret ;  to  disclose,  to  reveal. 

"The  unxecretiny  of  their  affairs  cornea  not  from 
themselves,"— Bacon:  £t$ay$ ;  O/ L'ountet. 

ttn-sec-tar'-i-an,  a.      [Pref.   un-  (1),  *»»<* 

Eug.  sectarian.}  Not  sectarian  ;  not  intended 
or  used  to  promote  any  particular  sect ;  not 
characterized  by  peculiarities  or  narrow  pre- 
judices of  any  sect. 

"  Hia  services  to  middle-class  schools  and  untectarinn 
elementary  education."— Pall  Mall  Gazette,  Feb.  1, 1888. 

Tf  Some  religious  bodies  figure  in  the  Regis- 
trar-General's returns  as  Unseetarian.  They 
do  not  constitute  a  separate  sect. 

tin  sec-tar -I -an-ism,  s.  [Eng.unseetarian; 
•ism.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unsec- 
tarian  ;  freedom  from  sectarianism. 

*  un-sec'-u-lar,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
secular.]    Not  secular;  not  worldly. 

*tin-sec'-u-lar-izer  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  secularize.]  To  render  unsecular ;  to 
detach  from  secular  things  ;  to  alienate  from 
the  world ;  to  devote  to  sacred  uses. 

•tin-se-cure',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
secure,]  Not  secure,  not  safe  ;  insecure. 

"To  settle  first  what  was  unsecure  behind  him."— 
:  Bitt.  Eng.,  bk.  It. 

un-se-cured',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
secured.]  Not  secured  ;  not  protected  or  pro- 
vided for  by  security. 

"  Showing  twteeund  liabilities  £5,847  Trtc  iod,  and 
assets  nlL"—Patt  Mull  Oasette,  Feb.  1,  1888. 

«un-sed'-«n-tar-&  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sedentary.]  Not  sedentary ;  active,  busy. 

"The  unsedert'ary  master's  hand 
Was  buaier."         Wordsworth:  £xcurston,  bit,  li, 

un-se"-du9ed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

seduced.]  Not  seduced;  not  drawn  aside  from 
the  path  of  virtue  ;  not  corrupted. 

"  Unshaken,  unreduced,  an  terrified.'* 

Wordsworth ;  excursion,  bk.  ri, 

*  tin  seed -ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
seeded.} 

L  Not  seeded,  not  sown  with  seed  ;  unsown. 

"The  unseeded  and  uufnrrow'd  soil." 

Cowper  :  Homer;  Orfywy  ix. 

2.  Not  having  or  bearing  seed,  as  a  plant. 

*  tin-see -ing,  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
seeing.]    Not  seeing ;  wanting  the  power  of 
vision ;  blind. 

"  When  to  unseeina  eves  thy  shade  shines  so.* 

Shakesp. :  Sonnet  48. 

*  tin  seel,  v.t.     [Pref.  un  (2),  and  Eng.  seel.] 


To  open,  as  the  eyes  of  a  hawk  that  have  been 
seeled  t  to  lighten  ;  to  restore  sight  to. 
**  Are  your  eyes  yet  un*eefd  t  * 

lien  Joiuon  :  Catiline,  L  L 

*  tin-seem',   v.i.     [Pref.  un-  (IX   and    Eng. 
teem.]    Not  to  seem. 

•*  So  unseeming  to  confess  receipt." 

Shalutp-  •'  Lotn'i  Labour  i  Lost,  L  1 

•  tin-seem'  Ins,  *  un-sem-ynge,  a.   [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  seeming.]  Unbeseeming, 
unbecoming;  unseemly. 

"  Cutte  out  of  the  mynde  superfluous  and  vraemynge 
deayrej."—  Udal  ;  Romaine*  rii. 

tin-seem  -li-ness,   *  un  seme  li  nes,  s. 

[Eng.  unseemly;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  stale 
of  being  unseemly  ;  uncomeliness,  impro- 
priety, indecorum,  indecency. 

"With  euamele*  crauiuges  &  vntemeline*."—  Udal  : 
ill. 


tin-seem'  ly,  *  un  serae-ly,  *  un  sem  ly, 
a.  &  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  seemly.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Not  seemly  ;  not  such  as  be- 
seems the  person,  time,  or  place  ;  unbefitting, 
unbecoming.    (Longfellow:  Hiawatha,  xit) 

B,  As  adv.  :   In  an  unseemly  manner;  un- 
becomingly.   (Milton:  P.  L.,  x.  155.) 

tin  seen',  *un-seyne,  a.  [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and 
Eng.  seen.} 

1.  Not  seen,  not  discovered. 

41  Be  Yarrow  stream  unseen,  unknown." 

Wordsworth  :  Yarrow  Unetsited,  1801. 

2.  Invisible,  in  discoverable. 
"3.  Unskilled,  inexperienced. 

"  ITe  was  not  unsem  la  the  affections  of  the  court 
but  had  not  reputation  enough  to  reform  it.'  — 
Clarendon. 

*[f  The  unseen:  That  which  is  unseen  ;  spe- 
cifically, the  world  of  spirits  ;  the  hereafter. 

'tin-seize',   v.t.     [Pref    un-  (2),  and    Eng. 

seize.}    To  release  ;  to  let  go  of. 

"  He  at  the  stroke  unteizd  me."  —  TuJce  :  Advent,  of 
Five  ffourt,  id. 

tin-seized',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  seized.] 

1.  Ord.  I^ang,  :  Not  seized,  notapprehended, 
not  taken.    (Dryden:  Absalom  £  Achitophd. 
258.) 

2.  Law  :  Not  possessed  ;  not  put  in  posses- 
sion ;  as,  unseized  of  land. 

tin  scl  dom,  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
seldom.]  Not  seldom;  not  infrequently;  not 
rarely  ;  sometimes. 

un-scl'-fish,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
selfish.}  Not  selfish  ;  not  influenced  by  or 
arising  from  selfishness., 

"The  personal  benefit  and  present  reward  of  kind 
un*e//liA  benevolence."—  Daily  Chronicle,  Jan.  16.  1898. 

*  tin  so  -H  ness,  *nn-se-li-ness,  s.   [Eng. 

unsely  ;  -ness.}    Misery,  wretchedness. 

"What  unseliness  Is  established."—  Chaucer  :  Bot- 
diu.lv. 

*un-se'-ljf,a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sely.] 
Unhappy,  unlucky.  \ 

"  Thllke  unsely  Jolife  wa"  Oover:  C.  A.,  L 

*  un-sem'  in-ared,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Lat. 

semen,  genit.  setninis  =  seed.]  Destitute  of 
seed  or  sperm  ;  destitute  ordeprived  of  virility  ; 
impotent,  castrated.  (Shakesp.  :  Antony  & 
Cleopatra,  L  6.) 

vun  sensed',  *un-senccd,  a.  [Pref.  im- 
(1);  Eug.  sens(e),  and  sutf.  -ed.]  Destitute  of 
sense  or  meaning  ;  senseless,  meaningless. 

"They  tell  you  the  scripture  Is  but  a  dead  letter, 
untertcfd  character,  words  without  seuce  or  uwanctti.  " 
—Bp.  Taylor:  Diuuariwfrom  Popery,  pt  it  bk.  1.,  52. 

*  tin-sons'-i-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng. 
sensible.  ]    Not  sensible  ;  not  capable  of  feel- 
ing ;  insensible. 

"  A  aacramentell  eygne  wis«n*iblt."  —  Sir  T.  Mart  : 
Workes,  p.  1,382. 

"un  scn-su-al  ize  (or  su  as  shu),  v.t. 
[Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  sensualize.  ]  To  purify  ; 
to  elevate  from  the  dominion  of  the  senses. 

By  sensual  wants, 

ilizcd  the  mind." 

Coleridge:  RfUffiffut  Muting* 

tin-sent',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sent.] 
Not  sent,  not  despatched,  not  transmitted. 

"  He  should  send  for  all  the  council  thai  remained 
untent  abroad."  Strype  :  Ercles.  Mem.  ;  Edward  VI., 
bk.  1..  cb.  xxL 

TJ  Unsentfor:  Not  called,  invited,  or  com- 
manded to  attend. 

"  Somewhat  of  weighty  consequence  brings  701  hen 

so  often,  and  unfnt  for.  —Jiryit-en. 


tin-sen' -ten9ed,  a.  [Pref.  UH-  (1),  and  Eug. 
sentenced.] 

1.  Not  sentenced  ;  not  under  sentence. 
*  2.  Not  definitely  pronounced. 

•'The  dirorce  being  yet  unientenctd. '  —  ffeyUtt  : 
Reformation.  iL.  |  1. 

*tin-sen'-tient(tassh).  a.  [Pref.  un-Q\ 
and  Bng.  sentient.]  Not  sentient;  not  having 
feeling,  sense,  or  perception. 

"  We  may  admit  a  sentient  composed  of  uutentient 
parU"—S«arcA.-  Light  of  S,iture,  vuL  IL,  pt.  L.  ch.  vt 

*  un-sen-ti  ment'-al,  o.    [Pref.  ««-(!),  and 
Bug.  sentimental.}    Not  sentimental ;  matter- 
of- tact. 

*  un-sep'-ar  a-ble,     *  un-sep  er-a-ble, 

a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  separable.]  Not 
separable  ;  not  incapable  of  being  separated  ; 
inseparable. 

"  Friends  now  fast  sworn, 
Who  twine  as  'twere  in  love 
Utiseparaole. '  Shatesp. :  Coriolanut,  lr.  4. 

*  un-8Gp'-9.r-a-bl^,ady.  [Eng.  inseparable); 
•ly.]    Inseparably. 

"  Joining  them  un  separably." — Milton :  Tetrachordon. 

*  un-sep'-ar  at-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eug.  separated.]    Not  sepitrattd,  not  parted. 

"  Tu  retain  th'  untvpurated  soul." 

Pope  :  Homer;  Odyttey  t.  58k 

t  un-scp'-ul-  cbrod  (re  as  er),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  se pulckred. ]  Not  sepulchred; 
not  buried  in  a  sepulchre  ;  unburied. 

"  Uittepuluhred  they  roaui'd." 

Huron:  Child*  Harold*  11L  88. 

*  tin-se-ques  -tered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sequestered.}     Not  sequestered;  not  re- 
served ;  frank,  open. 

"  His  unsequtntered  spirit  so  supported  him."— 
Fuller  ;  Church  History,  XI.  ill.  4. 

*  tin-served',   o.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

served,  J 
L  Not  served  ;  not  worshipped. 

"  The  law  IB  love,  and  God  unnerved." 

Gavter:  C.  A.,  111. 

2.  Not  attended  to ;  not  duly  performed. 

"  Leave  the  sacramentes  unterved." — Sir  T.  Mart : 
Worket,  p.  4»& 

*  un-ser'-vlce,   «.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
service.]    Want  of  service  ;  idleness,  neglect. 

"Too  tax  us  for  unterviee," — Matsinyer:  Parl.  oj 

L'.re,  1.  5. 

tin  sdr'-vi9e  a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
pjng.  serviceable.]  Not  serviceable;  not  fit 
for  service  ;  not  bringing  advantage,  use, 
profit,  or  convenience ;  useless. 

"  A  most  unwilling  and  unserviceable  accomplice.**— • 
Macaulay:  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  iL 

*  un-sey-vice-a-ble-ness,  s.    [Eng.  •unser- 
viceable ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unserviceable  ;  uselessness. 

"  Mind  ing  ns  of  Its  Insufficiency  and  un»ert>iceablt- 
ness  to  the  felicity  of  a  mortal  creature."— Barrow: 
Sermons,  vol.  ill.,  ser.  14. 

*  un-ser'-vi$e-ar-bly;  adv.    [Eng.  unservice- 
ub(ie) ;  -ly.]    Not  in  a  serviceable  manner. 

*'  Lie  idly  and  unsgrriceabfy  there."--  Woodwavd: 
Natural  History. 

tin-set',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  set.] 

1.  Not  set ;  not  placed. 

"Nothing  unset  down."  —  Hooker;  Ei-clct.  Politic, 
bk.  lit.  I  llf 

2.  Not  planted. 

"And  many  maiden  gardens,  yet  unset." 

Shakesp. :  Sonnet  19, 

3.  Not  set,  as  a  broken  limb. 

"  An  unset  bone  is  better  than  a  bone  so  111  set  thai 
it  must  be  broken  again."— Fuller  :  Worthies;  GentnA 

*  4,  Not  sunk  below  the  horizon. 
*5.  Not  settled,  fixed,  or  appointed. 

"  For  all  day  meteu  men  at  unset  steven." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  l.tM. 

UD-Set'-tle,  v.t.  &  i.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 

settle.] 

A.  Transition: 

1.  To  change  from  a  settled  state ;  to  make 
no  longer  fixed,  settled,  established,  or  steady ; 
to  make  uncertain  or  fluctuating;  to  unhinge, 
to  shake,  to  disturb. 

"  rwttUng  the  faitli  of  Ingennooe  youth."— JSt*. 
'      quarterly  Retritw,  Ivii.,  p.  £8  (1378). 

*  2.  To  move  from  one  place  to  another ;  to 

remove. 

•' An  M?  an  he  was.  dM  there  need  any  great  matter 
to  unsmUle  him  ?  "—L'Ettranfft, 

*3.  To  disorder,  to  derange,  to  make  mad. 


boil,  b6y;  pout,  Jtffcl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  obin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin, 
-cUn,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -ston  =  shan;  -$ion,  -sion^zhun,    -cioum,  -Uous,  -sioun 


expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.    -1 
siius.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  b^l.  d 


4988 


unsettled— unshod 


*  B,  Intrans.  :  To  become  unsettled ;  to 
give  way ;  to  be  disordered. 

"  His  wits  to  begiu  to  unsettle," 

tAakaf.  :    Lear.  lit  1 

tin -set'- tied  (le  as  el),  *unsetled,   a. 
[Pref.  tm-(l),  and  Eug.  settled.] 

1.  Not  fixed  in  resolution  ;  not  determined ; 
not  decided  ;  unsteady  or  wavering,;  unde- 
cided, hesitating. 

"To  all  of  this  unsettled  character.'- Seeker :  Ser- 
mon*, vol.  ii.,  ser.  IS. 

2.  Unhinged,  disturbed,  troubled,  agitated; 
not  calm  or  composed. 

"The  beat  comforter  to  an  unsettled  fancy." 

Shakesp. :  Tempett,  v. 

S.  Disturbed  ;  not  peaceful  or  quiet. 
"The  Kovernmeut  of  th*t  kingdom  hud  .  .  .  be«n 
In  an  unsettled  state."— Atacautay :  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  xix. 

4.  Displaced   from   a  fixed  or  permanent 

position. 

5.  Not  having  the  lees  or  dregs  deposited  ; 
muddy,  loily  :  as,  unsettled  liquor. 

6.  Having  no  fixed  or  permanent  place  or 
abode. 

"To  behold  the  arke  of  the  Lord's  couenant  wn» 
lettedS-Booker  ;  Ecdes.  Politie,  bk.  ii.,  |  «. 

7.  Having  no  inhabitants ;  not  occupied ; 
uncolonised  :  as,  unsettled  lands. 

8.  Not  adjusted  ;  not  liquidated ;  unpaid : 
as,  an  unsettled  account. 

9.  Not  arranged  ;  not  adjusted ;  not  accom- 
modated :  as,  The  dispute  is  still  unsettltd. 

10.  Unequal ;  not  regular ;  changeable, 

"  The  most  unsettled  and  unequable  seasons  in  most 
countries." — Bentley:  Sermon*. 

*  un-set  -tled-ness  (le  as  el),  s.    [Eng.  un- 
tettled ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unsettled  ; 
irresolution,  indecision,  uncertainty. 

"  By  the  ignorance  and  Instability  or  untettledneu 
of  foolish  [people." — Bishop  Taylor:  IHuuaiite  from 
Popery,  pt.  ii.,  {  2. 

2.  Want  of  fixity  ;  changeable  ness. 

"For  all  their  unstttledntst  the  sun  strikes  them 
with  a  direct  and  certain  beam."— 8out A. 

*  un-set'-tle-ment  (le  as  el),  s.    [Eng.  un- 
tettte;  -ment.] 

1.  The  act  of  rendering  unsettled. 

2.  The  state  of  being  unsettled. 

"There  is  a  great  unsetttfment  of  mind  and  corrup- 
tion of  manners. "—Barrow .•  Sermons,  vol.  L,  ser.  17. 

*  tin-seV-en,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
seven.]    To  make  no  longer  seven  ;  to  reduce 
from  the  number  of  seven  to  a  less  number. 
(Special  coinage.) 

"To  untertn  the  sacraments  of  the  Chnrch  of 
Rome."—  fuller :  Church  Sist.,j£l.  ii.  9. 


*  ftn-s5-vere',  a.    [Pref.   un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
severe.]    Not  severe  ;  not  harsh  ;  not  cruel. 

"A  lew  prudent  and  untevere  refreshment." — Bp. 
Taylor;  Sermon*,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  22. 

fin-sev'-ered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
tevered.]  Not  severed,  parted,  or  divided. 

"  Like  untnrred  friends.'* 

&fet*«tp. :  Coriolamu,  111.  I. 

tin  -  sew'  (ew  as  o),  *  tin  -  sow',  v.t,  [Pref. 
«n-  (2),  and  Eng.  sew.]  To  undo,  what  is 
•ewn ;  to  unstitch,  to  unseam ;  to  rip  a  cover- 
ing from  or  off. 

"  Vntmeed  wag  the  body  soone. 
Aa  he  that  knewe,  what  was  to  doone." 

6owr:  C.  A..  rllL 

dn  sewn  (ew  as  6),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  sewn.]  Unstitched. 

"  The  Inner  flap  had  become  unjetm  at  the  bottom." 
— Daily  Chronicle,  Jan.  11,  1888. 

on  Bex',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  sex.] 
To  deprive  of  sex  or  of  the  qualities  of  the 
sex  to  which  one  belongs  ;  tu  transform  in 
respect  of  sex ;  usually  to  deprive  of  the 
qualities  of  a  woman  ;  to  unwoman. 

"  AH  yon  spirit* 

That  tend  on  mortal  thought*  unsex  me  her*." 
bhaketp.  :  Macbeth.  i.  & 

*  tin-shac'-kle,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
shackle.]    To  set  free  from  shackles;  to  un- 
fetter ;  to  loose  from  bonds ;  to  set  free  from 
restraint. 

"A  laudable  freedom  of  thought  unthaeklet  their 
miuds.  *— A  dditon. 

un-shac  kled  ae  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  shackled.]  Not  shackled  ;  free  from 
restraint 

"  To  perceive  bis  own  vn&ackled  life." 

Wordtworth:  Excurtion,  bk.  IIL 

un-shod'-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shaded,] 


1.  Not  shaded  ;  not  darkened  or  overspread 
with  shade  or  gloom. 

"  Kaiie  a*  unthtitled  light,  or  aa  the  day 
In  iU  first  birth."  Danenant  :  To  (Ae  Quten. 

2.  Not   haying    shades   or    gradations    of 
colour,  as  a  picture. 

*tin-shad'-6w-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1); 
Kng.  siiadow  ;  -able.]  Incapable  of  being 
shown  even  in  shadow. 

"Absolutely  inimitable  and  unthadotfable."—^. 
Reynold*. 

tin  -shad'  -owed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  shadowed.] 

1.  Lit.  :  Not  shadowed;  not  clouded,  dark- 
ened, or  obscured. 

"Unscanted  of  her  part*,  uruhadoioed 
In  any  darkened  point."        Daniel  :  Mutophitut. 

2.  Fig.  :  Free  from  gloom  or  unhappiness. 

"  Give  himself  up  to  unthadowed  enjoyment-"  — 
CaueU'*  Sat.  Journal,  Har.  10,  1888. 

un  shak  -a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
shakable.]  "incapable  of  being  shaken.  (Lit. 
orjig.) 

"Ha  great  individual  peculiarity  waa  unthakable 
determination."—  Dally  Teiegra.fb,  Dec.  25,  1885. 

"un  staked,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shaked  =  shaken.]  Unshaken. 

"  Keep  unstated 
That  temple."  Shaketp.  :  Cymbeline,  11.  1. 

un  shak  -en,  *  un-shak  -ened,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  shaken;  shakened.] 

1.  Not  shaken  ;  not  agitated  ;   not  caused 
to  shake. 

"  Which  now,  tike  fruit  unripe,  stick*  on  the  tree  ; 
But  fall,  unthaken,  when  they  mellow  be." 

Shaketp.  :  Hamlet,  lit  2. 

2.  Not  shaken  or  moved   in    resolution; 
firm,  steady. 

"A  firm,  unAaken,  nncorrupted  soul." 

Thornton  :   Winter,  SL 

*  un-sha  kle,  v.t.    [UNSHACKLE.] 

*  tin-shale',  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and   Eng. 
shale.]    To  strip  the  husk  or  shale  of;  hence, 
to  expose,  to  disclose. 

"  I  will  not  uniAofe  the  jeet  before  It  be  rip*."— 
Martton. 

*  tin-shamed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shamed.]     Not  shamed;    not  ashamed;   un- 
abashed.  (Dryden:  Palam&n  <&  Arcite,  iii.741.) 

*  un  shame   fa$ed,  *  un  shame-fast,  a. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  shamefaced,  shame- 
fast.]    Not  shamefaced  ;  wanting  in  modesty  ; 
impudent. 

"  67  vehemencle  of  affection  be  made  unthamefatt." 
—Sir  J.  Chctke  :  The  Bun  of  Sedition. 

*  un   shame  -faged   ness,  *  un  shame 
fast  nes,     un   shame   last    nesse,  s. 

[Eug.  unshamefaced,  unshamefast  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unshamefaced  ;  im- 
pudence. 

"  For  the  lacke  of  manen  In  the  state  of  a  lord  In- 

gendreth  unihamefoMnettc  in  him."  —  Golden  Boke. 

ch.  xlv. 

"  un  shame  -  fast  ly,  *  un  schame  fast 
11,  adv.    [Eng.  unshamefast;   -ly.]     Without 
shame  ;  boldly. 

"  A  wlckld  man  maketh  md  his  cheer  untchame- 
fattli."-  WycWTe  :  Proterbe  xxi.  ». 

*  tin-shape',  v.t.      [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
shape.]    Tb  deprive  of  shape;   to  throw  out 
of  regular  form  ;  to  disorder. 

"  Thit  deed  unthnpei  me  quite." 

Sfaiketp.  :  Measure  for  Measure.  IT.  4. 

*  tin-shaped',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
shaped.]    Having  no  shape;  shapeless,  form- 
less, confused. 

"  The  unihnped  use  of  It  doth  mere 
The  hearera."  Shatkeip.  ;  ffamlet.  IT.  5. 

un-shape  -ly,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shapely.]  Not  of  regular  shape  ;  deformed, 
misshapen. 

*  un-shap'-en,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ihapen.] 

1.  Misshapen,  deformed,  shapeless. 

"  This  un*hapen  earth  we  now  Inhabit,  is  the  form 
It  was  found  fn  when  the  waters  had  retired."—  Bur- 
net  :  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

2.  Uncreated. 


der—  urtthapen  son  if." 
Afhanatian  Creed,  in  Bickei  Thetauru*.  L  234. 

tin-shared',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
tkared.]  Not  shared;  not  participated  in  or 
enjoyed  in  common. 

14  T*  Impart  a  Joy,  Imperfect  while  unthared.' 

Wordtvorth:  Excursion,  bk.  iz. 


un  sharp  -ened,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sharpened.]  Nut  sharpened  ;  not  mad«  acute 
or  sharp. 

"  L'ntharpened  by  nrenge  and  fear." 

Scott :  Ookeby,  L  &. 

un-shat -tercd,  o.  (Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shattered.]  Not  shattered  or  broken  to  pieces. 

'•  How  can  that  brittle  stuff  escape  uwhatteredl"— 
Bp.  Hall ;  Ser.  on  ft.  Irviii.  aa 

un  shav'-en,  a.      [Pref.   «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
(.]     Not  shave-1 ;    not  cut.     (Browtie. 
Vulgar  Errours,  bk.  v.,  ch.  xxi.) 

un  sheath',  un  sheathe',  v.t.  [Pref-u/i-(2X 

and  Eng.  sheuth.] 

1.  To  take  or  draw  from  its  sheath  or  scab- 
bard. 

"  He  who  ne'er  unsheathed  A  sword." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Itlet.  Iv.  1>. 

*  2.  To  set  free  from  or  as  from  a  case, 

"  A  harmful  knife,  that  thence  her  soul  uiuheath'd 
Of  that  polluted  prison  where  it  breath  d." 

Shakttp,  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  1.724. 

T[  To  unsheathe  the  sword  :  To  make  war. 
un  Shed',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  shed.] 
1.  Not  shed  ;  not  spilt 

"  Charged  with  unthed  tears."    Byron :  Dream,  V. 

*  L  Not  parted  ;  uncombed. 

"  Uncomb'd,  uucurl'd.  and  carelessly  unthed," 

Spenter:  F.  $.,  IV.  vii,  40. 

*  tin  -Shell',  vt.      [Prtt   un-  (2),  and  Eug. 
shell.] 

1.  To  take  out  of  the  shell ;  to  deprive  of  a 
shell ;  to  shell. 

2.  To  give  birth  to. 

"None  .  .  .  that  ever  Yarmouth  utuhetled  or  In- 
gendred." — .rathe :  Lenten  Stuffe. 

3.  To  release. 

"There  I  remained  [concealed]  till  the  housemaid's 
sweetheart,  who  WH*  a  carpeut«r,  unthclled  me.'  — 
Mckem :  tiketcitet  by  Boz ;  Watkim  Tattle. 

*  tin-Shelled',  a.    [Pref.   un-  (1),   and  Eng. 
shelled.]     Not  protected  or  covered  with  a 
shell ;  newly  hatched. 

"  O'er  her  unihelled  brood  the  murmuring  ring-dove 
sits  not  more  gently." — Sheridan  ;  Pi*arro,  i  v.  L 

un  shcl  tered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sheltered.]  Not  sheltered  ;  not  screened  ;  not 
protected  from  danger  or  annoyance ;  unpro- 
tected. 

"  From  the  barren  wall's  unAelter'd  end." 

Wordtvorth  ;  Evening  Walk. 

*  iin-shent ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  shent.} 
Not  shent,  not  ruined,  not  destroyed,   not 
spoilt,  not  disgraced. 

"  We  scape  un*he»t,  if  they  were  dune  in  lore." 

baeict:  Boly  Roode,  p.  26. 

*  un-sher  ifif,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  <2),  and  Eng, 
sheriff.]    To  remove  from  the  office  of  sheriff. 

"He  was  soon  untheriffed  by  the  king's  deaUk"— 
fuller:  WortMet;  Kent, 

*  un  shette,  v.t.    [UNSHUT.] 
tin-shewn'  (ew  as  6),  a.    [UNSBOWN.] 

*  un-shield'-ed,  a,    [Pref.  un>  (1),  and  Eng. 
shielded.]     Not  shielded  ;   not  covered,  pro- 
tected, or  defended. 

"[He]  scornful  offer' d  his  unthielded  side." 

l>rydai;  Ovid;  Metamorphotet  xfL 

'•tin-shift-a-ble,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (l);  Eng. 
shift;  -aUe.]  Shiftless,  helpless. 

"  How  unihiftab!e  are  they." —  Ward  :  Sermon*,  p.  <T. 

tin-ship',  '  nn-shyp,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  ship.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  take  out  of  a  sliip  or 
other  watercraft. 

"Tyll  al  hys  cartage  was  unthypped."  —  Bemerti 
Froiaart;  Cronycte,  voL  1..  ch.  ccxviii. 

2.  Naut. :  To  remove  from  the  place  where 
It  is  fixed  or  fitted. 

"Should  often  require  to  unthip  the  mast."—  Field, 
Dec.  17,  1887. 

un  shiv'-ered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shivered.]  Not  shivered ;  not  broken  into 
shivers. 

"Our  glasse  can  never  touch  uruftfwed." 

Bp.  Ball :  Satire*.  T.  S. 

iin  shocked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shocked.]  Not  shocked,  not  disgusted,  not 
offended. 

"Who  can,  unthock'd,  behold  the  cruel  eye?" 

Thornton:  Liberty. 

un  shod ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  shod.] 
Not  shod ;  having  no  shoes. 

-  With  unthod  feet  they  yet  i««curely  tread." 

Cowper:  To  an  Afflicted  Protettant  Lady. 


fate,  l&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there; 
or,  wore,  wol(  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  oure,  unite,  our,  rAle,  full;  tryt 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6l» 
w,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a:  an  =  lew. 


I 


unshoe— unskilled 


4989 


fin-shoe',  t  nn-shoo,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  shoe,  v.)  To  deprive  of  a  shoe  or  shoes. 

unshoe-the  horse,  s. 

Botany : 

1.  Moonwort  (Botrychium  Lunarid). 

"  Moutiwort  la  an  herb  which  they  a»y  will  open 
locks  and  untkoo  such  horses  aa  tread  upou  it."— 
Culpeper  lu  Britten  A  Holland. 

2.  Hippocrepis  comosa.     The  English  name 
was  given  because  the  legumes  are  shaped 
like  a  horseshoe,  and  were  popularly  believed 
to  be  able  to  unshoe  horses.    (Prior.) 

•fin-shook',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shook,]  Not  shaken  ;  unshaken. 

"  Thou  stand'st  unthooJt  amidst  a  bunting  world." 
/'<>pe:  Satire*,    (fiol.) 

"  fin-shored',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shore  (*2\  v.]  Not  shored  or  propped  up  ;  un- 
supported. 

fin-Shorn',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  shorn,] 
Not  shorn,  not  sheared,  not  clipped.  (Scott : 
Lady  of  the  Lake,  i.  26.) 

un  short  -ened,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shortened.]  Not  shortened ;  not  made  shorter. 

fin-Shot',  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  $hot>  a.} 

1.  Not  shot ;  not  struck  or  hit  with  a  shot. 
(Waller:  Night  Piece.) 

2.  Not  discharged,  as  a  shot. 

*  fin -shot',  v.t.    [Pref.  «n-(2),  and  Eng.  shot,  v.] 

To  take  or  draw  the  shot  or  ball  out  of:  as, 
To  unxhot  a  gun. 

*  fin-shout',  v.t.      [Pref.  un-   (2),  and  Eng. 
shout.}    To  recall  what  is  done  by  shouting. 

"  C'nthout  the  noise  that  banUbed  Marclua." 

Shakeip.  :  Coriolanut,  V.  4. 

*  tin  Bho%  -ered,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
showered.]    Not  watered  by  showers. 

"  UnAowtrtd  grass."  Milton  :  Nativity. 

fin-Shown',  a.  [Pref.  un*  (1),  and  Eng.  shown.} 
Nut  shown  ;  not  exhibited.  (Shakesp. :  Ant. 
&  Cieop.t  iii.  6.) 

*  fin-Shrined',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shrined.}    Not  enshrined  ;  not  deposited  in  a 
shrine. 

Un  shrink  -Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shrinking.}  Not  shrinking;  not  recoiling; 
not  falling  back  ;  undaunted. 

*'  With  unshrinking  crest™ 
Moore:  Veiled  Prophet  of  KJiorattan. 

fin-shrlV-en,  *  un  shrive,  a.    [Pref.  un- 

(1),  and  Eng.  shriven.]    Not  shriven. 

"  Though  all  ther  parlshe  die  unthrive." 

Plowman' t  Tale. 

•iin-shroud',  v.t.  [Pref.  un- (2),  and  Eng. 
shroud.]  To  remove  the  shroud  or  covering 
from ;  to  uncover,  to  unveil,  to  disclose. 

"At  length  the  piercing  sun  his  beamea  unthroudt." 
P.  Fletcher  :  Purple  Island,  xii. 

*  fin-shrubbed',    a,      [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
shrub,  and  suff.  -ed.]  Not  planted  with  shrubs ; 
bare  or  destitute  of  shrubs. 

"  My  bosky  acres  and  my  unshrubbed  down." 

SJiaketp,  :  Tempest,  iv.  L 

'  *  un-shun'-na-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
shun,  and  suff.  -able.]  Incapable  of  being 
shunned  or  avoided  ;  inevitable. 

"  Tl»  destiny  unthunnable,  like  death." 

Skates?. :  Othello,  111.  8. 

t  *  tin  shunned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
shunned.] 

1.  Not  shunned  or  avoided. 

2.  Unshnnnable,  inevitable. 

"  AD  unshunn'd  consequence."—  Shaketp. :  Measure 
far  Steature,  Iii.  2. 

in-shut',  o.  [Fret  un>  (1),  and  Eng.  shut.] 
Not  shut  ;  open. 

"  Sail  and  udl  with  unshut  eye 
Bound  the  world  for  ever  ami  aye." 

M.  Arnold:  forsaken  Merman, 

fin-shut',  *un-shette,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  shut,  v.]  To  open ;  to  throw  open. 

"  He  the  dore  unthette."  Sower:  O.  A.,  vi. 

;  *tin-shut'-te>,  v.t.  [Pref.  «n-(2),  and  Bug. 
shuiter.]  To  take  down  or  put  back  the 
shutters  of. 

"He  unbuffered  the  little  lattice-window."  —  T. 
Hughes :  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  ch.  xvii. 

*  fin-shy',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  shy,  a.] 

Not  shy;  confident.    (Richardson:  Clarissa, 


*  fin-sick',  *  un-slcke,  a.    [Pref.  wn-(l),  and 
Eug.  sick.]    Not  sick,  ailing,  diseased,  or  dis- 
ordered. 

"  Hole  and  uniifce,  right  wet  at  ease," 

Chaucer  :  Dreme. 

un-sic-ker,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Kin,'. 
sicker.]  Not  sure  ;  unsure,  unsteady.  (Scotch.) 

"  Oh  1  flickering,  feeble,  and  untir.ker" 

Burnt:  Poem  on  lAfe. 

fin-Sift -ed,  a.    {Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug.  sifted.) 

1.  Not  sifted ;  not  separated  by  a  sieve. 

"  Grist  unsifted."  Covrper :  Talk,  vi.  108. 

*2.  Not  tried,  untried,  unproved. 

"  t'ttsifttd  lu  such  perilous  circumstance." 

Shaketp. :  Samlet,  1,  8 

un  Sighed  (gh  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sighed,}  Not  sighed  (for). 

"  The  put  unsiyh'd  for,  and  the  future  sure." 

Wordsworth :  Loadainia. 

fin-sight  (gh  silent),   o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  sight.]  Without  sight;  not  seeing  or 
examining.  Only  occurring  in  the  phrase, 
"  unsight,  unseen  "  =  unseen  :  as,  to  buy  a 
thing  untight,  unseen  =  to  buy  it  without 
seeing  it. 

"  To  subscribe,  untifffit,  unseen." 

Sutler:  Uudibrut.  I.  111.  626. 

*  tin-Sight'-a-ble  (gh  silent),  a.     [Pref.  un- 
fa) ;  Eng.  sight,  and  suff.  -able.]     Invisible. 
IWycliffe.) 

un  sight  ed  (gh  silent),  o.    [Pref.  un-  (I), 

and  Eng.  si<jhtt'<.l.\ 

*  1.  Not  sighted ;  not  seen  ;  invisible. 

"  Still  present  with  us,  though  unrighted." 

Suckling :  Song, 

2.  Having  lost  the  sight  or  view  of  any- 
thing.   (Coursing.) 

" getting  unsighted  at  a  hedge,  was  beaten." — 

Field,  Deo.  24,  1887. 

fin-sight' -ti-ness  (gh  silent),  s.  [Eng.  un- 
sightly; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  oeing 
unsightly  ;  unpleasantness  to  the  sight ;  ugli- 
ness, deformity. 

"  The  unsvjht  lines*  in  the  legs  may  be  helped  by 
wearing  a  laced  stocking."—  Witeman  :  Surgery. 

Un-Blght'-iy  (gh  silent),  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  sightly.]  Unpleasant  to  the  sight ; 
ugly,  deformed.  (Cowper:  Hope,  426.) 

*  fin-slg-nif '-I-cant,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Rug.  significant.]  '  Not  significant ;  having  no 
meaning  or  importance ;  insignificant. 

*'  A  kind  of  voice,  not  altogether  articulate  and. 
unttffn&cant."—P.  Holland:  Plutarch,  p.  527. 

•fin-sig-nlf'-I-cant-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  unsig- 
nificant;  -ly.]  Insignificantly;  without  any 
meaning  or  signification. 

"  The  temple .  .  .  might  now  not  unsiynijlcantly  be 

set  o\*m."—Muton :  Areopagitica. 

*  un  sim   pie,  a.    [Pref.    un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
simple.]    N  ot  simple ;  not  natural ;  affected. 

"  Such  profusion  of  unrimple  words."  —  Joanna 
Bailtie. 

*  un-sfan-pttc'-a'-t&  *.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  simplicity.]    Want  of  simplicity ;  artful- 
ness, cunning. 

"In  hi&Bimpleuntlmplicity.'—Singtley:  Wettward 
Bo  I"  ch.  iv. 

*  fin-Sin',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  sin.] 
To  deprive  of  sinful  character  or  nature;  to 
cause  to  be  no  sin. 

"  When  a  sin  Is  past,  grief  may  lessen  it,  but  not 
itmin  ii.~—Fetcham  :  Ketoloei.  pt.  1.,  res.  89. 

iin  sin'-cere,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sin- 
cere.} 
L  Not  sincere  ;  not  faithful ;  insincere. 

"And  can  I  doubt,  my  charming  maid, 
As  untincere,  what  you  have  said?" 

Cowper  :  To  Delia, 

*2.  Not  genuine ;  impure,  adulterated. 
"  Cbymtcal  preparations,  which  I  have  found  un- 
tineere. "— Hoyle. 

*  3.  Not  sound ;  not  solid. 

"  Th«  Joy  was  urm'ncere." 

Dryden  :  Ovid ;  Metamorphote*  z. 

*  tin-sJn-ogr'-l-t^,    *  fin-sin-cere'-ness, 

s.  [Eng.  unsincere ;  -ity;  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  unsincere  ;  want  of  sincerity  ; 
insincerity ;  impurity. 

"  A  spirit  of  sea  salt  may,  without  any  vntincerity, 
be  so  prepared  as  to  dissolve  the  body  of  crude  gold."— 
Boyle:  Workt,  p.  860. 

*  fin-  sfn'-ew  (ew  as  u)t  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  sinew.]    To  relax  the  sinews  of;  to 
deprive  of  strength,  might,  firmness,  energy, 
or  vigour. 

"  This  skill  wherewith  you  have  so  cunning  been." 
Vntinewt  all  your  pow'rs."    Daniel :  Mutophilut. 


*  un  sin  -ewed  (ew  as  u),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eug.  sinewed.]     Deprived  of  strength  01 
force  ;  weak,  nerveless,     (tihakesp.  :  Hamlet. 
iv.  7.) 

*fin-sln'-ew-$f  (ew  as  u),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Eng.  sinewy.]  Weak,  nerveless.  (Lit.  & 
fa) 

"  Form  leas,  untinewy  writings."  —  Strype  :  Scclei. 
Mem.,  £dward  VI. 

*  fin-Sing',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  sing.] 

To  recant  what  has  been  sung. 

"  Unting  their  thanks,  and  pull  their  trophies  down." 
Defoe  :  True-born  Englithman,  pt.  It 

fin-singed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  singed.]    " 
Not  singed  ;  not  scorched.     (Browne:  Vulg. 
Err.,  bk,  viii.,  ch.  x.) 

*  un-sin'-gled  (le  as  el)t  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  singled.]  Not  singled  ;  not  separated. 

"  Stags  ...  In  herds  unsingl-ed." 

Dryden  :  Virgil  ;  *£nffid  IY.  22L 

un-sink'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sinking.]  Not  sinking ;  not  settling,  subsid- 
ing, or  giving  way. 

"A  smooth,  unsinking  Mild."          Additon  :  Italy. 

\  iin  sin  -ning,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

sinning.]    Not  sinning;  committing  no  sin; 
impeccable. 

"A  perfect  utuinning  obedience."— Rogert. 

*  un-sis-ter,  v.t.     [Pref,  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
sister.]     To  destroy  the  sisterly  relation  be- 
tween ;  to  remove  from  the  position  or  rela- 
tionship of  a  sister. 

"  To  sunder  and  untitter  them  again." 

Tennyton  :  Queen  Mary,  i.  It 

t  un  sis'-ter-ly,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sisterly.]  Not  sisterly ;  not  becoming  a  sister. 

"Anything  uiidaughterly,   unsitterly,   or  uulike  a 
ItiMVOMO.  —  Kichardton:  Clarista,  vii.  412. 

•un  sit' -ting,  *  un-syt  tyng,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sitting,]  Not  becoming; 
unbecoming. 

"  To    speake    imtyttyng    woordes,"— Sir  T.   More  : 
Worket.  p.  872. 

un  siz  a  ble,  *  fin-size'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sizable.]    Not  sizable ;  not 
of  a  proper  size,  magnitude}  or  bulk. 

untteeable  pike."—    , 


"Prosecute   the   poasessors 
field,  Dec.  U,  1087. 


fin-sized',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sized.] 
Not  sized,  not  stiffened. 

"And  pierced  Into  the  sides  like  an  unsized  camlet." 
— Conyrcee :  Way  of  the  World,  i  v. 

fin:skll'-ful,  *  un  skyl-ful,  a,  [Pref.  w»- 
(1),  and  Eng.  skilful.] 

1.  Not  skilful;  wanting  in  the  skill,  know- 
ledge,  or  dexterity  acquired  by  practice,  use, 
experience,  or  observation. 

"To  trust  In  unskilful  physicians." — Up.  Taylor; 
Sermons,  vol.  1L,  ser.  13. 

*  2.  Destitute  of  discernment. 

"  Though  It  make  the  unskilful  laugh."— Shakesp.  : 
Hamlet,  Si.  2. 

*3.  Ignorant  ;  without  knowledge  or  ex- 
perience. 

"  Striken  with  dread,  unskilful  of  the  place.* 

Surrey  :  Virgil  ;  ^E/teit,  U. 

1-1&  adv.    [Eng.  unskilful ;  -ly.} 
1.  In  an  unskilful  manner ;  without  skill  or 
dexterity. 

"  She  was  clumsy  in  figure,  and,  to  appearance,  urn 
skilfully  managed."— Coot ;  Third  Voyage,  lik.  vi., 
ch.  xi. 

*2.  Without  knowledge  or  discernment; 
stupidly. 

"You  speak  unskilfully."  —Shakesp.  :  Measure  fo* 
Measure,  iii.  2. 

un-skil  -ful-ness,  *.  [Eng.  unskilful ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unskilful ;  wan*1 
of  skill,  art,  dexterity,  or  knowledge. 

"The  untkilfulnets  of  that  rude  people."— Boyle  • 
Works,  1L  KM. 

*un  skill',  *  un  skllle,  s.    [Pref.  wn-(l),  and  t 
and  Eng.  skill.]    Want  of  skill ;  ignorance. 

"Reave  him  the  skill  his  untkilt  to  agnlze." 

Sylvester :  Eden,  p.  377. 

fin-skilled',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
skilled.] 

1.  Wanting  in  skill ;  destitute  of  readiness 
or  dexterity  in  performance ;  not  skilful ;  un- 
skilful. 

"  In  fingering  some  vntkitt'd,  but  only  us'd  to  sing.** 
Itrayton ;  Poly-Qlbion,  «.  4. 

2.  Destitute  of  practical  knowledge. 

"  Thy  youth  u  then  In  sage  debates  untkUTd." 
Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  Ix.  MS. 


boy ;  pout,  J6%1 ;  oat,  cell,  choras,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  Rcm ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  t 
-cian.    tian  --  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  snun ;  -tion,  -fion  —  xhfin.    -clous,  -tioust    sioua  =  shus.    -ble,    die.  &c.  —  beL  doL 

33 


4990 


unskirmished— unsorted. 


unskilled-labor,  >.  Labor  not  requir- 
ing special  skill  or  training;  simple  manual 
laboB 

*  fin  skir -mished,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
skirmish,  and  suff.  -td.]   Not  fought  in  skirm- 
ishes ;  not  engaged  in  slight  conflicts. 

"  He  scarce  one  day  unMrmish'd  with  dutb  go." 

Ijrayton  :  Battle  of  Afinoourt. 

un-Bl&ck'-ened,  a.  [Fref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
slackened.]  Not  slackened;  not  made  slow 
or  slower. 

un  slain ,  a.  [Pref.  urn-  (1),  and  Eng.  tlain.] 
Not  slain,  not  killed.  (Lit.  dtftf.) 

"One  Bin,  unslain,  within  my  breast." 

Covtter  :  Ulney  Hymns,  IrL 

fin-slaked',  «  un-slakt,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1), 
and  Kng.  slaked.] 

1.  Not  slaked  ;  not  quenched. 

"  Unfound  the  boon— unslaked  the  thirst" 

Byron  :  Child*  Saruld,  Iv.  124. 

2.  Not  mixed  with  water,  so  as  to  form  a 
true  chemical  combination. 

"  Pnstakt  lime,  which  never  bet.it  till  you  throw 
water  upon  it."—ffalet  :  Sermon  on  Luke  xviil.  I. 

fin-slaneh'-tered  (gh  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  slaughtered.}  Not  slaughtered  ; 
not  slain. 

"  Hovering  o'er 
Th'  unslauakter'd  host," 

foung  •'  Par.  on  Job,  T.  290. 

tin  sleek',  o.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Eng.  tletk.] 
Not  sleek  or  smooth  ;  rough,  dishevelled. 

(Tennyson  :  Elaine,  811.) 

fin  sleep  -Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
tleeeiring.]  Not  sleeping  ;  ever  wakeful. 

"  Unsleeping  eyes  of  God."       Hilton  :  P.  £*  T.  «47. 

*  nn-slekked,  a.    [UNSLAKED.] 

*  fin-stepf ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  skpt] 
Not  having  slept ;  having  been  without  sleep. 

"  Pale,  u  man  long  unslept."        Chauosr  :  Dreaine. 

fin-Cling1,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  sling.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  loose  from  a  sling. 

"  The  bo.tle  to  utalitta  ri&tf. "-Field.  Jan.  7, 1888. 

2.  Naut. :  To  put  out  of  a  sling ;  to  take 
off  the  slings  of,  as  of  a  yard,  a  cask,  &c. 

*  fin-sllp'-ping,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  »"d  En8- 
tlipping.}    Not  slipping  ;  not  liable  to  slip. 

"  An  unsUpptng  knot." 

SAo-Vejp.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  ii.  1 

*  fin-Slow',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng.  stow.] 
Not  slow  ;  active. 

"  11  foreothe  wuloa  tbou  sbul  be."—  Wyolifs  :  Pre- 
terit TL  U. 

•fin -810190',  ».(.  IPref.  »»-  (2),  and  Eng. 
tluice.]  To  open  the  sluice  of;  to  open;  to 
let  flow. 

••  Ail  ages,  all  degrees  vntluice  their  eye*." 

Dryaen:  Ofid  ;  Jietamcrfhostt  rill. 

un  slum'-ber-Ing,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  slumbering.]  Not  slumbering;  sleep- 
less, wakeful,  vigilant. 

«un  slum-brous,  o.  [Pref.  «n-  (1).  »nd 
Eng.  tJuwiwrou*.)  Not  slumberous ;  not  in- 
viting or  causing  sleep. 

"  By  a  foreknowledge  of  unshtmbrosa  Bight" 

trots :  XMfmion,  i.  812. 

*  fin-Sly',  *  un-slelgh,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  sly.]    Unwary. 

"  Whom  untletffk  she  eeeth  she  ahal  tlen."—  Wy- 
cliffe :  froeerbi  xxilL  88. 

fin-smirched',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
smirched.}  Not  smirched ;  not  stained  ;  not 
soiled  ;  not  blackened. 

"The  chute  and  untmirched  brow." 

Shakoep. .'  Samlet,  IT.  I. 

fin-smlt'-ten,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tmitten.}  Not  smitten  ;  not  beaten. 

••  [I J  railed  unsmitten."    Tame  :  XW  Thouohu,  IT. 

fin -smoked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  OX  »n<l  Eng. 
sjufes&j 

1.  Not  smoked ;  not  dried  by  smoking. 

2.  Not  used  in  smoking,  as  a  pipe. 

*  3.  Smoked  out ;  emptied  by  smoking. 

"  His  ancient  pipe  hi  sable  dyed. 
And  half  urwmGtod,  lay  by  hia  side." 

Svnft :  Cattinta  *  Peter. 

•fin  smooth',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
smooth,  a.]  Not  smooth ;  not  even ;  rough. 
(Uilton:  P.  L.,  Iv.  «S1.) 

*  fin-smote',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Elf?-  "note. J 

llnsmitten.    (Byron:  Dest.  of  Sennacherib.) 


•fin-smoth-er-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0): 
Eng.  smother,  and  sun",  -able.]  Incapable  of 
being  smothered,  suppressed,  or  restrained. 

••  To  the  unsmotktraole  delight  of  all  the  porttra."— 
Dickens :  Pickwick,  oh.  xxvlii. 

*  un-smut'-tjf,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
smutty.]    Not  smutty  ;  not  obscene. 

"  The  expresaion  was  altogether  untmutty."—CoUitr: 
fnglish  Stage,  p.  M. 

•fin-soaped',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
soaped.]    Not  washed  ;  unwashed. 
*U  The  Unsmped:  The  Unwashed  (q.v.). 

"  The  vntofiped  at  Ipswich  brought  np  the  rear."— * 
DiOcent:  «c*»ic*.  ch.  xxlv. 

*  fin-so'-ber,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and   Eng. 
sober,  a.]    Not  sober ;  wild,  extravagant. 

"  Her  eyes,  her  talke,  her  pase,  all  were  utttobtr?' — 
Bale:  Snyiith  Fotariet,  pU  it 

*  un-so'-ber-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  unsober;  -ly.] 
Wildly,  extravagantly. 

"  Cntobtrly  to  reason  and  dispute."  —  Bomiltet ; 
Ayairitt  Contention. 

« un-so-ol'-a-bil'-l-ty'  (or  9  as  sh), ».  [Eng. 
unsociable;  -ity.]  Uusociabluness. 

••The  untociaiilitr  of  the  Christian  faith."—  War- 
burton  :  Divine  Legation.  (PreU 

un  so  -cia-ble  (e  as  sh),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  sociable.] 

L  Not  sociable ;  not  suitable  for  society ; 
indisposing  for  society. 

"  A  severe,  distant,  and  unsociable  temper."— fatter, 

No.  143. 

2.  Not  inclined  for  society ;  not  free  in 
conversation ;  reserved,  unsocial ;  not  com- 
panionable. 

"  And  be  again,  who  is  too  sober  and  abstinent  alto- 
gether, beconimeth  unpleasant  and  tmtociablf,"  —  P. 
Bolland :  Plutarch,  p.  5S4. 

fin-so'-el-a-ble-ness  (o  as  sh),  ».  [Eng. 
unsociable;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unsocial. 

un-BO  -cia-bljr  (o  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng.  un- 
sociab(le) ; -ly.]  In  an  unsociable  manner. 

"Theae  are  pleased  with  nothing  that  U  not  unso- 
ciably  *o\lr."-L'£ltranve. 

fin  so  -clal  (o  as  shX  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  social.]  Not  social;  not  adapted  to 
society. 

"  The  too  often  nnamlable  and  untocial  patriotism 
of  onr  forefathers."—  Jfacaulag :  Bin.  Eng..  ch.  XT. 

*  fin-sod',  *  un  sod  -den,  a.    [Pret  «n-  (1), 
and  Eng.  sod,  sodden.]    Not  sodden,  seethed, 
or  boiled. 

"  Unrosted  or  UMod."    Beaum.  a  Flet. :  Sea^ojtage,  11 

•fin-soft,  a.  &  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  »'«1  E'«- 
sofl.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Not  soft ;  hard. 

"  His  herd  itiuqft."          Chaucer  :  C.  T*  T.  MB. 

B.  At  adv. :  Not  softly. 

"  Great  numbers  fall  untiift." 
Spenier:  nkepkeardt  Calendar;  Jtttf. 

fin-soft'-ened  ((  silent),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Kng.  softened.]  Not  softened,  touched, 
or  affected. 

"  Cnto/tenfd  by  all  these  applicationa."— Atterbury  : 
Oermont,  ToL  ili.,  aer.  6. 

fin  soiled',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  toiled.] 
Not  soiled  ;  not  stained ;  unpolluted,  un- 
tainted, unspotted,  pure.  (Lit.  it  fig.) 

"  My  umoilfd  name,  the  austereneee  of  my  life." 
Bhaketp. :  Meatnrefor  Measure,  ii.  4. 

fin-sold',  "  un-solde,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sold.]  Not  sold  ;  not  transferred  or  dis- 
posed of  for  a  consideration. 

"They  left  their  boose  and  shop  with  some  wares 
therein  unsold*."— H acktuyt :  Voyages,  ii.  267. 

*  un  sftl'-der,  r.(.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
solder.]    To  separate,  as  something  that  has 
been  joined  with   solder;  to  dissolve;   to 
break  np. 

"  The  sequel  of  to-day  unsotdfn  all 
The  goodliest  friendship  of  famous  kulghta." 
Tennyson:  MortetC  Arthur. 

*  tin- sold'- lered  (1  as  y),  *nn-sonld- 
iered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  soldier,  and 
-td.}    Not  having  the  qualities  or  appearance 
of  a  soldier ;  not  soldierlike. 

"  So  raggedly  and  loosely,  so  unitulditrfd.'' 

Beaum.  i  Fist. :  Loyal  Huojsct,  1.  S. 

fin-sold'-ler-like  (1  as  yV  o.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  soUlierlike.}  Not  like  a  soldier ; 
not  characteristic  of  or  becoming  a  soldier. 

"  Faults  eminently  unsolaierlike.  ~—Macauiar  :  Bltt. 
Eng.,  ch.  xlv. 


fin-sold'-ler-lj?  (1  as  y),  «.  [Pref.  u»-  (l\ 
and  tug.  soldierly.]  Uusoldieruke ;  unl«- 
coming  a  soldier. 

"So  unmldierly  an  action."— Rymer  :  On  Tragedy. 
p.  131. 

*  un-sol'-emn  (mn  as  n),  a.    [Pref  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  solemn.} 

1.  Not  solemn ;   not   sacred,    serious,    or 
grave, 

2.  Not  accompanied  by  due  ceremonies  or 
forms ;  not  regular  or  formal ;  legally  informal. 

"Obligations  by  untolemn  stipulation*."— flp.  Tay- 
lor :  Rule  o/  Conscience,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  L 

*  un-s6l -em-nizo,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  solemnize.]    To  divest  of  solemnity. 

*  nnsolempne,  o.    [UNSOLEMN.] 

un-86-li9  -it-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 

so?  idled.] 

1.  Not  solicited  ;  not  applied  to.    (Said  of  • 
person.) 

••  Unsolicited 
I  left  no  reverend  person  in  this  coart." 

Stattip. :  arnry  rill.,  U.  a 

2.  Not  asked  for  or  besought,    (Said  of  a 
thing.) 

*  un  so-ll9  -Jt-ous,   *  nn-sol-llo-lt-ons, 

a.     [Fref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug.  solicitous.] 

1.  Not  solicitous  ;  not  anxious  ;  not  deeply 
concerned. 

"  UntollieUma  to  conceal  It"— Search:  Light  of 
Nature,  vol.  li..  pt  ii..  ch.  xxilL 

2.  Not  marked  or  occupied  by  care,  anxiety, 
or  solicitude. 

"Many  unsolicitous hours. "—Idler,  No.  8. 

*  un-Bol  -id,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  solid.] 

1.  Not  solid ;  hollow,  liquid,  gaseous,  fluid. 

"The  continuity  of  utuoiui.  iitse|tarable,  and  un- 
moveable  part*,"— Locke :  Human  Understand.,  bk.  li, 
ch.  iv. 

2.  Having  no  solid  foundation  or  basis; 
not  sound,  Arm,  or  substantial ;  empty,  vain. 

" Those  tuuoUd  hopes."     Thomson:  Wtnur,  I.OH. 

*  un  SOT  Id  ness,  s.    [Eng.  unsolid;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unsolid ;  empti- 
ness, vanity. 

11  The  vnsofitlneu  of  other  comforts  and  privileges." 
—LeiQhton  :  1  Peter  ii. 

*un-solV-*v-ble,*an-s61V-I-ble,a.  [Pref. 
un-  (IX  aud  Eng.  wimble.]  Not  capable  of 
being  solved. 

"If  unsolsible  otherwise,  there  Is  still  the  more 
aasurauce  of  undeniable  demonstration. "—More  :  On 
the  Seven  Churches,  ch.  x. 

fin  solved ,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng.  solved.] 
Not  solved  ;  not  explained  or  cleared  np. 

"  Virvil  propounds  a  riddle,  which  he  leaves  ttn- 
soiled.  —  Dryden:  rirfU.  (Liedic.) 

fin-sou' -s^,  o.    [Pref.  ««-(lXlu>dEng-«)Mn'-l 

1.  Not  sonsy  ;  not  buxom,  plump,  or  good- 
looking.    (Scotch.) 

2.  Bringing  or  boding  ill-luck;  unlucky, 
ill-omened. 

*  Un-BOOt,  O,      [UNSWEET.] 

un- soothed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  a»'l  Eng- 
soothed.}  Not  soothed,  assuaged,  calmed,  or 
tranquillized. 

••  Thence  the  wretched  ne'er  unfoothed  withdrew." 
Byron  :  Lara,  11.  S. 

*  iin- so  phis'- tl-cate,  un  so  phis  tl- 
cat-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sophisti- 
cate, tophistimted.] 

1.  Not  sophisticated  ;  not  corrupted,  adul- 
terated, or  perverted  by  art ;  pure,  unmixed, 
genuine. 

"  Nature,  unsophisticate  by  man." 

Cotaper  :  Conversation,  411 

2.  Simple,  artless. 

"  Having  obtained  money  under  false  pretences  froa, 
several  unsophisticated  persons."—  Daily  Telegraph, 
Jan.  26.  Isss. 

«un  so  phis-ti  cat-ed-ness,  s.  [Eng. 
unsophisticated;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  statf 
of  being  unsophisticated  ;  genuineness. 

"  This  oertlflcate  of  tLe  president's  unsophitticatsd- 
~    ,  Nov.  6,  1685. 


•  fin-sor' -rowed,  o.   [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng.  . 
sorrowed.}    Not  sorrowed  or  grieved  for ;  un- 
lamented,  unregretted. 

"  Die  like  a  fool  unsomnted." 

Beaum.  *  Fist. :  Monsieur  Thomas,  U.  4, 

tin    sort- ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sorted.] 
L  Not  sorted,  arranged,  or  distributed  In 


fate,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  son:  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian.    a>,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


unsought— unspleened 


4991 


order ;  not  classified ;  not  arranged  or  dis- 
tributed in  classes. 

-Their  idwu ...  lie  in  the  brain  tuworted.*-.  Watts  : 
On  the  Mind,  ch.  xix. 

*  2.  Unsuitable,  unfit. 

"The  friends  you  have  named,  uncertain  ;  the  time 
ItMlf  unsorteiLT—Shaketp. :  I  Henry  /»'.,  it  a. 

fin-sought'  (ough  as  a),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  sought.\ 

1.  Not  sought  for ;  not  searched  for ;  un- 
solicited. 

-  AM  If  all  needful  thing*  would  come  utuouaht  * 

Wordsworth;  Resolution  A  independence. 

*  2.  Not  examined  or  explored. 

*'  To  leave  untottglU. 
Or  that,  or  an;  place  that  harbours  men." 

Xhakrsp.  :  Comedy  of  Errors,  L  L 

*  tin-  soul',  v.t.    (Pref.  un-  (2X  and  Eng.  soul.] 
To  deprive  of  the  soul,  mind,  or  understand- 
ing. 

*  un  souled',  a.     [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eug. 
aouled. } 

1.  Having  no  soul  or  life  ;  deprived  of  the 
soul. 

•*  Unbodied,  untouled,  unheard,  twaeene. 

Spenser:  F.  y..  VII.  vii.  «. 

2.  Having  no  spirit  or  principle. 

"  What  unsouted  creatures  they  be."—  Skelton:  Bitt, 

Don  Quixote,  i>t,  iv.,  ch.  v. 

tin  sound',  a.  &  adv.    [Fret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sound,  a.] 
A*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Not   sound ;    not   firm,    solid,   or  un* 
decayed ;  weak,  decayed,  rotten. 

"Of  all  that  is  unsound  beware.- 

Longfellow:  Buitding  qfthe  Ship. 

2.  Not  sound  or  healthy ;  diseased ;  affected 
with  some  disease ;  not  robust. 

"  Huutera  and  hacks  have  been  held  to  be  wuound." 
—Field,  Deo.  24.  1887. 

3.  Not  founded  on  tnie,  firm,  or  correct 
principles  ;  ill-founded,  incorrect,  erroneous, 
fallacious  ;  not  valid  or  orthodox. 

"  Cannot  be  unsound  or  evil  to  hold  still  the  came 
assertion."—  Hooker. 

4.  Not  close,  firm,  or  compact. 

"Some  lauds  make  unsound  cUees*,"— J/ortimert 
Husbandry. 

5.  Not  sincere ;  not  genuine  or  true ;  un- 
principled. 

"  If  there  be  anything  weak  and  unsound  ID  them 
[they]  are  willing  to  have  it  detected."— Lock* :  Con- 
duct of  Undemanding,  f  41. 

*  B.  As  adv. :  Not  soundly ;  unsoundly. 

"The  king  ...  still  muaes;  sleeps  unsound." 

Daniel.    (Todd.) 

unsound-life,  s. 

Insurance :  A  life  not  likely  to  reach  the 
average  length,  and  which  therefore  it  is 
inexpedient  to  insure* 

unsound-mind,  ».  A  mind  moreorless 
insane.  If  this  be  proved  in  the  case  of  one 
making  a  will  it  vitiates  the  instrument ;  but 
the  evidence  required  from  the  individual 
Impeaching  the  will  must  be  very  cogent,  or 
it  will  fctiL 

*  un-soHnd'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  noun  liable.]    Incapable  of  being  sounded ; 
unfathomable,  profound. 

"Deep  and  untoundable  by  VOL"—Letyhton:  Com, 
on  1  Peter  11. 

*  un  sound'-ed  (1),  a.    [Eng.  unsound;  -ed.] 
Made  unsound,  unhealthy,  or  diseased ;  marred. 

"His  greeYons  hurts,  bts sore* eke unsounded' 
Lydgate;  Storie  <tf  Thebet,  pt  U. 

&n-sound'-ed  (2),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sounded.}  Not  sounded  ;  not  tried  with  or  as 
with  a  sounding-line  ;  not  examined,  tried,  or 
tested. 

"  Oloster  Is  a  man 
Unsounded  yet."         shakesp.  :  2  Henry  F/.,  111.  1. 

on  sound' -Ijr,  adv.  [Eng.  unsound;  -ly.]  In 
an  unsound  manner ;  not  soundly. 

"  Unsoundly  taught  and  Interpreted."  —  Booker: 
Zccbs.  Politie.  (Pref.) 


h     [Eng.  unsound;  -ness.} 
_•  of  being  unsound  : 


on  aound'-nSss, 

The  quality  or  state 

0)  Want  of  strength  or  firmness ;  weakness, 
rottenness  ;  as,  the  unsoundness  of  Umber. 

(2)  Infirmity ;  mental  weakness. 

"That  strange  untoundnest  of  mind  which  made 
his  courage  and  capacity  almost  useless  to  his  country." 
—Maeaulay ;  ffist.  £nj.,  ch.  vL 

(3)  Want  of  soundness,  healthiness,  or  vigour ; 
physical  weakness  or  infirmity;  the  state  of 
being  affected  by  some  disease. 

"Tbesnbjectof  hereditary  utuoundneu  is  discussed.*1 
—field.  Uec.  17,  1887. 


(4)  Erroneousness,  defect!  veness,  fallacious- 
ness. 

"  The  danger  and  the  untvuridiiau  at  the  doctrine." 
—  Times,  Jua.  19,1888. 

(5^  Incapacity  of  mind;  weakness  of  in- 
tellect. 

tin-soured',   "  un-sowred,  a.    [Pret  un- 
(1),  and  Eug.  soured.] 
L  Nut  made  sour  or  acid. 
"Meat  and  drink  l-tst  longer  unpatrefied  and  un- 
toured  In  winter.  "—  Bacon  :  A'  at.  Hist,,  f  an. 
2.  Not  made  morose  or  crabbed. 

Youth  unsouroA  with  sorrow." 

i  Horace,  hk.  L.  od*  ft. 


*  tin-sow',  v.t.    [UNSEW.] 

*  iin-sowed'  (1),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sowed.]    Unsown. 

•*  Earth  uuww'rf,  untill'd,  brings  forth  for  them 
Ail  fruit*."  Cvwper:  Homer;  Qdifiteylx. 


*  tin-sowed'  (2),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

sowed.\    Unsewn. 

**  Their  pillow  was  unsolved." 

Spenser:  F.  Q.,  VI.  Iv.  11 

tin-gown',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sown.] 

1.  Not  furnished  or  planted  with  seed. 

"The  ground  Is  untllted  and  unsown."  —  Strype.' 
Xedes.  Mem.    (Bp.  of  Rochester  to  Charles  II.) 

2.  Not  scattered  on  land  for  growth,  as 
seed. 

3.  Not  propagated  by  seed  scattered. 

"Mushrooms  come  tip  hastily  In  a  night,  and  yet 
are  unsown."—  Bacon. 

*  tin-spar',  "un-spere,  v.t.    [Pref.  «»-r(2), 
and  Eng.  spar.]     To  withdraw  the  spar  or 
spars  from  ;  to  open.    (Scott  :  Marmion,  1.  4.) 

un-  spared',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
spared.] 

L  Not  spared  ;  not  saved  for  future  use  ; 
not  saved  from  destruction,  ruin,  death,  or 
the  like  ;  not  treated  with  mildness.  (Milton; 
P.  /*,  x.  606.) 

*  2.  Indispensable. 

"  Unspared  Instruments  to  their  several  purposes." 
—Adams  :  Works.  L  SSL 

un-spar'-ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sparing.] 

1.  Not   sparing  or   parsimonious;  giving 
freely  ;  liberal,  free,  profuse. 

*'  Th«  Lord's  unsparing  hand." 

Cowper  :  Olney  Hymns,  IxlL 

2.  Given  or  done  unsparingly  ;  unmerciful. 

"  To  make  unsparing  use  of  thfl  booL'—JfacauItty  .* 
Hist.  Kng.,  ch.  vL 

un-Spar'-ing-lSr,  adv.  fEng.  unsparing  ;  -ly.} 
la  an  unsparing  manner  ;  Dot  sparingly. 

"  The  Lord  unsparingly  hath  swallow'd 
All  Jacob's  dwellings.* 

Donne  :  Lamentations  1L 

*  tin-sparred',  a.    [UNSPAR.]    Not  closed  or 
made  fast  ;  open. 

**  The  door  unsparr  ed,  and  the  hawk  without." 

Surrey  ;  H'hetter  Liberty  by  Loss  qfL\fe.£c. 

"  tin-speak',  *  un-speake,  v.t.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  speak.]  To  retract,  as  something 
spoken  ;  to  recant  ;  to  unsay. 

**  Untpeak  mine  own  detraction." 

.  :  Macbeth  IT.  8. 


tin-speak'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
speakable.]  Not  capable  of  being  described 
by  speech;  incapable  of  being  spoken  or 
uttered  ;  beyjnd  the  power  of  speech  to  de« 
scribe  ;  unutterable,  inexpressible,  ineffable. 

"For  In  It  lurks  that  nameless  spell, 
Which  speaks,  itself  wupeakable?1 

Byron:  Giaour. 

tin-Speak'-a-biy,  adv.  [Eng.  unspeakable); 
-ly.]  In  au  unspeakable  manner  or  degree; 
beyond  the  power  of  speech  ;  unutterably,  in- 

expressibly. 

"  A  state  unspeakably  anx£cS4  and  uncomfortable,  ' 
-Boyle:    (Tor**,  ii.  380. 

*  iin-speakMing;  a.  [Pref.  ««•  (IX  and  Eng. 
speaking.}  Wanting  the  tower  of  speech  or 
utterance. 

"  Hla  dMcnvUcm 
Proved  us  unspeaktn^  r..Li." 

Shakesp.  :  Cymbeline,  V.  6. 

un-spef'-J-fied,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
specified.]  Not  specified  ;  not  particularly 
mentioned. 

"  It  had  not  passed  untpecijted."—  Browne  :  Vulgar 
Erroun,  bk.  vlCcKL 

*un-specked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
specked.]  Unspotted,  blameless,  irreproach- 
able. (Cowper:  Truth,  281.) 


tin-spec' -ta  -cled  (le  a.s  el),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Bug.  spectacled,]  Not  wearing  spec- 
tacles. 

"Many  a  now,  spectacled  and  unspectucled,  was 
popped  out  o(  tlie  fuljumiug  window."—  Scott  :  St. 
ftonans  Well,  ch.  xiv. 

un-spec'-u-La-tive,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  speculative.]  Not  speculative  ;  notgiven 
to  speculation  or  theory ;  practical. 

"  Some  untpeculsttii*  men  may  not  have  the  skill 
to  examine  their  Mutton*.**  —  Government  of  th* 
Tongue, 

*  tin-sped',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  sped.} 

1.  Not  having  succeeded  or  prospered ;  un- 
successful. 

**  He  was  come  ageyn  untped,"      Qotoer  :  C.  A.t  viiL 

2.  Unperformed,  unfulfilled. 

"  tfnsped  the  service  of  the  common  cause." 

Oarth:  Ovid;  Metamorphoses rtr. 

*  un-speed'-ful,  *  un  spede-ful,  a.   [Pret 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  speedful.}    Unfortunate,  un- 
successful, unprospering. 

"  Untpedefvl  ne  without  etfecte." — Chaucer  :  Astro, 
taoie, 

*  tin-speed' -y,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng. 

speedy.]    Not  speedy  ;  slow. 

"  A  mute  and  unspeedy  current,"— Sandy*:  Travels, 
p.  117. 

*  un-spelT,  v.t.    fPref.  un-  (2),  and  Eug.  apeU.} 
To  release  from  the  influence  of  a  spell  or 
charm ;  to  disenchant ;  to  deprive  of  power  as 
a  spell. 

'*  Allow  me  to  unspell  these  charms.* — TuJce  :  Afo. 
<tf  Five  Jfours,  v. 

tin-spent',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  spent.} 

1.  Not  spent ;  not  used,  expended,  or  wasted. 
"  There  are  leaft  seven  haakettea  fall  of  broken 

toeate,  unspent."—  Udal:  Marke  vili. 

2.  Not  exhausted  :  as,  umpent  strength. 

3.  Not  having  lost  its  foroe  or  impulse  :  as, 
an  unspent  ball. 

*  un-sperde,  a.    (UKSPABEED.] 

*  tin-sphere',  v.t.      [Pref.  un-(2),  and  Eng 
sphere.]    To  remove  from  its  sphere  or  orb. 

"  Though  you  would  seek  t*  vntphere  the  ntars  with 
oaths."  Shaketp.  :   Winter's  Tale,  i.  2. 

*  un-spl'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  m  ;  Eng.  spy ; 
-able.}    Incapable  of  being  spied,  or  searched 
out. 

"  Unsptable.  nnapeakabl*  by  man." 

Sylvester  ;  Du  Bartat,  Iv.  681.    (Latham.) 

tin-spied',  *un-spyed,  a.  [Pref.  un-(l\ 
and  Eug.  spied.} 

1.  Not  spied  or  narrowly  examined  ;  unex- 
plored, unaearched. 

"  No  corner  leave  untpied"       Milton  :  P.  L.,  IT.  KM. 

2.  Not  espied,  not  seen,  not  observed. 

*'  Resolv'd  to  find  some  fault,  before  unspy'd," 

Tickell  :  The  Fatal  Curiosity. 

tin-Spike',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Bng.  spike.} 
To  remove  a  spike  from,  as  from  the  vent  of  a 
cannon. 

tin-spilt',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  spiU.] 
1.  Not  spilt,  not  shed, 

*'  That  blood  .  .  .  thy  great  grandalrA  shed 
Had  teen  untpitt."         flenbam  :  Cooper's  BWt  ML 

*2.  Not  spoilt,  not  marred,  not  lost. 
**  Then  have  of  yonr  own,  without  tending  unspitt.* 
Tuner  :  September's  Husbandry. 

*un-Spin',  v.t.    [Pref.  1*71-  (2),  and  Eng.  spin.} 
To  undo,  as  something  that  has  been  spun. 
•*  Ob.  eraell  fates  1  the  which  so  foona 
His  vltall  thred  mwpome." 

Xolinthed  :  Ilut.  Soot.  fan.  1577). 

*  tin-SpIr'-ftt  v.t.      [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
spirit.]    To  depress  in  spirit;  to  dispirit,  to 
deject. 

*  To  untpirlt  him  so  much,  as  not 
To  fly  to  lier  embraces." 

/ieaum.  A  Flet. .'  Coronation,  lit. 

tin-splr'-lt-u-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
spiritual.]  Sot  spiritual  ;  carnal,  worldly. 

14  An  unsplritval  and  unsauctlfied  man."— Bp.  Tay- 
lor l  Sermons,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  1. 

*  tin-splr'-lt-u-al-ize,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2), 
and  Eng.  spiritualize.}    To  render  unspiritual ; 
to  deprive  of  spirituality. 

"Indispose  and  ttrnplrltwiltse  the  mind."— South: 
Sermons,  v-il.  vi.,  ser.  * 

*  un  spleened',  a.     [Pref.    un-    (1);   Eng. 
spleen;  -ed.]    Deprived  of  the  spleen;  desti- 
tute of  spleen  or  a  spleen  ;  not  splenetic. 

"  Yet  the  villainy  of  words  may  be  such  as  would 
make  any  unspleened  dove  choleric." — Ford :  'Tis 
Ptty.i.*. 


boll,  boy;  pout,  joSVl;  oat,  cell,  ohorus,  obln,  benoh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as. ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
*elan,  -tlan  =  snan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -§ion  =  znun.   -clous,  -tious,  -  sious  =  shus.    -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  b^l,  del. 


4992 


unspoil— unstinting 


*  un-sp6ir,r.(.     [Pref.  un- (2),  and  Eng.  spoil.] 
To  correct  the  injury  done  to  by  over-indul- 
gence. 

"  Von  must  smtpoU  me,  Esther." — Mitt  Edgcvrorth: 
Helen,  ch.  xliii. 

*  fin-spolr-a-ble,   o.      [Pref,  un-  (1).  and 
Eng.  QMitoMi.]     Incapable  of  being  spoiled. 

•un-spoil'-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unspoil- 
able  ;  ~ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
spoilable. 

"  A  prevalent  style  uf  furniture  and  decoration 
should  have  this  character  of  what  may  be  called 
untpoilabltnett,"— Daily  A'ewt,  Oct.  1.  188L 

un  spoiled ,  *  un-spoyled,  a.     [Pref.  un- 
(1),  andEug.  spoiled.} 
L  Not  spoiled;  not  corrupted ;  not  ruined. 

"  An  uittfjoiltd  boy  at  a  classical  »cbooL"—  Knox  : 
Mtmarkt  on  Grammar  ScAoolt. 

*  2.  Not  plundered  or  pillaged. 

"  They  left*  nothing  Hntpoyled."— Brandt :  Qutntu* 
Curltio,  fol.  62. 

fin-spok'-en,  *un-spoke,  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  spoken,  spoke.}  Not  spoken,  not 
said,  not  uttered  ;  untold. 

"  A  tardiness  In  nature. 
Which  often  leaves  toe  history  itiitpoJcf." 

Shatetp. :  Lear,  L  1. 

'  tin-spdn-ta'-ne-ous,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  spontaneous.]  Not  spontaneous ;  not 
voluntary ;  forced,  artificial. 

*'  Untpontaneout  laughter  loud." 

Cawper:  Bomer ;  Ody«tejrxx. 

*  tin-sport -fol,  a.     [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng. 
sportjul.]    Not  sportful,  gay,  or  merry;  sad, 
depressed. 

"Dry.  husky.  vmportfuZ  laughs.*  —  Carlyle;  Fr. 
RnoL.  pt.  it,  bk.  IT.,  ch.lv. 

fen-sports  man-like,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Eng.  sportsmanlike.}  Not  sportsmanlike ; 
unbecoming  a  true  sportsman, 

"In  connection  with  which  no  v-ntporttmanlik* 
deed  is  ever  winked  at."— fitld,  April  4,  1885. 

un  spot  -ted,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug. 
spotted.] 

I.  Lit :  Not  spotted  or  stained  ;  not  marked 
with  spots  ;  free  from  spots. 

II.  Figuratively : 

1.  Free  from  ceremonial  nncleanness ;  un- 
blemished. 

"  By  the  sacrifice  of  an  untpotted  lamb*."—  Udat: 
Market*. 

2.  Free    from   moral   spot  or  stain;   un- 
blemished, immaculate. 

" An  untvotted  life."—  Bunyan  :  Pilgrimt  Progreu, 
pt  1L 

3.  Free  from  faults  or  inaccuracies ;  fault- 
less, perfect. 

"  The  untpotted  proprietle  of  the  Latin  tongue,"— 
Atcham  :  Scfioolmatter. 

*  un  spot'-ted-n^ss,  s.     [Eng.    unspotted ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unspotted; 
freedom  from  moral  blemish  or  stain. 

"  Tia  charity  and  untpottednette  that  U  the  pun  and 
nndenled  religion."— feltham  :  fietolva,  pt  i£,  res.  S. 

*  fin  spread',   a.     [Pref.  wn-  (1),  and  Eng. 
spread.]    Not  spread  :  not  diffused. 

"  TJnqulckened,  ttntpread, 
My  fin  dropt  down.**       Jfr*.  Brotminy:  Confetlion, 

fin-squared',  o.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
squared.] 

1.  Lit. :  Not  worked  into  a  square  shape  or 
form. 

"An  other  untyuarcd  piece  of  tyraber.*—  Udat:  1 
Cor.vlli, 

*  2.    Fig. :   Not   properly   formed  or  pro- 
portioned ;  irregular,  unsuitable. 

"  "Tii  like  a  chtme  a-mendlng ;  with  terms  umguar'd, 
Which  .  .  .  would  seem  hyperboles." 

Shaketp. :  Trotiut  *  Cremida,  1 1. 

fin-squeezed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
squeezed.]  Not  squeezed  or  compressed;  not 
deprived  of  juice  or  other  valuable  properties 
by  compression ;  hence,  not  pillaged  by  op- 
pression. 

"  Rich  as  umqutcJd  favourite." 

Thornton  :  Liberty. 

*  fin-squire',  r.f.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
squire.]    To  deprive  or  divest  of  the  rank  or 
privileges  of  an  esquire  ;  to  degrade  from  the 
rank  of  an  esquire. 

"  A  (treat  cumber  of  my  fraternity,  as  well  as  my* 
•elf,  who  must  all  be  untguired,'— thrift  t  Letter  to 
the  King-at'Armt. 

tin  sta'-ble,   a.      [Pref.    un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
stable,  a.] 
1.  Not  stable,  not  fixed,  not  firm,  not  fast. 


2.  Not  steady  or  firm  ;  irresolute,  wavering, 
fickle. 

"  He  had  always  been  unttaM'',  and  he  was  now  dis- 
contented,11— J/ocowfoy  :  Bitt.  En-j..  ch.  xiii. 

unstable  -  equilibrium,  *.  [EQUILI- 
BRIUM, II.  2.J 

unstable-peace,  s. 

Hist.  :  The  peace  between  the  Huguenots 
and  the  French  Roman  Catholics,  March  20, 
1568,  and  proclaimed  three  days  later  in  the 
edict  of  Longjumeau.  It  was  broken  almost 
immediately. 

*  un-sta'-blcd  (le  as  el),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

Eng.  stabled,]    Not  put  up  in  a  stable. 

"The  unttabled  Rostuante."—  C.  Brontf:  Villette, 
ch.  xxxlx. 

*  un-sta'-ble  -ness,  s.  [Eng.  unstable  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unstable  ;  in- 
stability, fickleness.  (Chaucer;  Boecius,  bk.  ii.) 

•un-staok',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
stack.]  To  remove  or  take  down  from  a  stack. 

"  In  wnttackiny  some  timber  yesterday."—  Fall  Mall 
Gazette,  Feb.  13,  1883, 

un-staid;  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  staid.] 
Not  staid  ;  not  steady  in  character  or  judg- 
ment ;  volatile,  fickle. 

"  Wholesome  counsel  to  his  unttaid  youth." 

.  ;  Richard  //..  U.  L 


*  iin-staid'-ness,  s.    [Eng.  unpaid  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unstaid  ; 
fickleness. 

2.  Uncertain  motion  ;  unsteadiness. 

"  The  oft  changing  of  his  colour,  with  a  kind  of 
shaking  untt'iidnett  over  all  hU  body."—  Sidney  : 
Arcadia,  bk.  i. 

fin-stained',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
stained.} 

1.  Lit.  :  Not  stained,  not  dyed,  not  coloured. 

-  Vnitaincd  with  hostile  blood." 

Milton  t  JfatMt*. 

2.  Fig.  :  Free  from  stain  or  blemish  ;  un- 
blemished, unsullied. 

"  H«  had.  In  spite  of  many  provocations,  kept  his 
loyalty  unttained,"  —  M  acaulay  ;  ffUt.  Kng,,  ch.  i  v. 

fin-Stamped',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),.  and  Eng. 
stamped.]  Not  stamped  ;  not  having  a  stamp 
impressed  or  affixed. 

"The  following  signed,  but  undamped  agreement."* 
—  Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  26.  1988. 

'tin  stanch'  a  ble,  'un-stanche-a  ble, 
un  staunch'e-a  ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1); 
Eng.  stanch,  and  sufl".  -able.]  Incapable  of  be- 
ing stanched  ;  inexhaustible. 

fin-stanched',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
stanched.] 

L  Not  stanched,  not  stopped,  as  blood. 
*  2.  Not  satiate  ;  incapable  of  being  satisfied. 

"  The  villain,  whose  unrfancfed  thirst 
York  and  young  Rutland  could  not  satisfy.* 
SHoJutp.  :  a  Henry  VI.,  ii.  «. 

*  un-Staroll'(  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
starch.  ]    To  take  the  starch  oat  of  ;  hence,  to 
free  from  starchness.  stiffness,  reserve,  for- 
mality, pride,  or  the  like. 

"  He  cannot  urutarch  his  gravity."  —  Ktnntt  :  Era*. 
mut  ;  Praitt  </  Folly,  p.  35. 

iin  star  -tied  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  startled.]  Not  started  or  alarmed  ; 
calm.  (Coleridge:  Destiny  of  Nations.) 

*  un-state',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  state.] 
To  deprive  or  divest  of  state  or  dignity. 

"  I  would  unttate  myself,  to  bt  in  a  doe  resolution.* 
—Shakeip.  :  Lear,  L  2. 

*  iin  sta'-tloned,   a.      [Fret  «n-  (I),    and 
Kng.  stationed.]   Having  no  fixed  or  appointed 

station. 

"Fell  Into  the  hands  of  urutationed  privateers."— 
Juhntton*  :  Chrytal,  L  23. 

*  un-stat  -ut-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  statutable,]    Not  statutable  ;  not  agree- 
able or  according  to  statute  law. 

"  That  plea  did  not  avail,  although  the  lease  were 
notoriously  unttatutable"—  Swift  ;  Power  o/  Ww 
Biihopt. 

*  un  Staunched  (au  as  a),  a.  [UXSTANCHED.] 

*  fin-stayed;  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
stayed.]    Not  supported.   (See  example  under 
UNSTEADFAST,  2.] 

*  un  stead  -  fast,  *  un-stede-fast,  "  un- 
stcd  fast,  '  un  stide-fast,  a.    [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  steadfast.] 


1.  Not  steadfast ;   not  adhering  to  a  pur 
pos*  ur  resolution  ;  fickle. 

"  Al  rmsou  reprovetb  such  iimiartU  puple 
A»d  Oalt  them  \tnttedefatt." 

1'ien  Plowman,  p.  67. 

2.  Timid ;  irresolute. 

"  L'nttead/ati,  by  a  blasted  yew  upstny'd." 

W  urdnevrtk  :  Detcriptivt  Kketcf\9t. 

3»  Insecure,  unsafe. 

"  All  men's  stale,  alike  unstedSaxt  be." 

Sf^f itter ;  Daphnaida, 

*  iin-stead'-fast-lj',  adr.  [Eng.  unsteadfast 
•ly.]    Not  in  a"  steadfast  manner ;  unsteadily 

*  im-stcad  -fast  ness,  *  mi-stead  fast- 
nesse,    *  un-sted-fast  -nesse,    '  un- 

stide  fast-nesse,  s.  [Eng.  unsteadfast; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unstead- 
fast ;  want  of  steadfastness  or  security, 

"The  unqnietnesaand  vntteadfattnfu  of  some  dla> 
positiuiia."— A'i'/ip  J a/net ;  Proc.for  Uniformity. 

*  fin-stead'«^ed,  a.     [Pref.  vn-  (I),  and  Eng. 
steadied.]    Not  steadied  ;  not  made  steady. 

*'  By  books  unsf- 

W'ordtworth  :  Xxeurtlon,  bk.  viL 

fin-Stead'-l-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unsteady;  -ly.\ 
In  an  unsteady  manner ;  without  steadi- 
ness, firmness,  or  consistency ;  inconsistent* 
ly;  changeably. 

un  stead  -i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unsteady;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unsteady  ;  want 
of  steadiness,  firmness,  stability,  fixedness, 
or  resolution ;  instability ;  fickleness  ;  un- 
settledness. 

"  The  unttwdinttt  and  faithlessness  of  Charles."-* 
Ma.cau.lay  :  Hut.  o/  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 

fin-stead'-y,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
steady.  ] 

1.  Not  steady ;  not  flrm  ;  shaking,  stagger- 
ing, reeling,  trembling,  wavering,  fluctuating. 

"  Her  sleepy  feet  are  so  unsteady.* 

Longfellow  :  Golden  Legend,  11. 

2.  Not  steady  or  constant  in  mind  or  pur- 
pose ;  unstable,  unsettled,  fickle,  wavering,     , 
changeable. 

**  The  wild  and  unsteady  energy  of  a  half  barbaroo* 
people."— Macaulay  :  Sift.  Eng.,  ch.  xlv. 

3.  Not  regular,  constant,  or  uniform;  vary-     I 
ing,  changeable. 

"  A  ship  driven  by  unsteady  winds."— Locke. 

4.  Of  irregular  life ;  loose,  dissipated. 

*  5.  Uncertain,  ambiguous,  doubtful,  vary- 
ing.   (Locke:  Hum.  Under.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  ir.) 

*  6.  Not  firmly  established  or  settled. 

*'  And  strongly  fix  the  diadem  of  France, 
Which  to  this  day  unttcady  doth  remain." 

Dray  ton  :  Battle  of  Ayincourt. 

*  fin-steer,  v.t.     [Pref.    un-  (2),  and    Eng.    ; 
ntf  el.]    To  disarm,  to  soften. 

"  Why  should  pity .  .  .  untteel  my  foolish  heart  T"—     > 
Kichardmm:  Claritta,  T.  810. 

fin-steeped',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bug.  ; 
steeped.]  Not  steeped,  not  soaked. 

"  Other  wheat  was  sown  unsteeped,  but  watered 
twice  a  day."—  Bacon  :  A  (if.  llitt. 

•fin-stick',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  I 
stick,  v.]  To  loose,  to  disengage,  to  extricate.  | 

"  Btreted  .  .  .  beyond  the  possibility  of  untticltinf    i 

Itself."— Richardton  :  Claritta.  vii.  880. 

*  tin-sti'-fled  (le  as  el),  a.     [Pref.  un-  (11  | 

and  Eng.  stifled.]  Not  stified,  not  smothered, 
in.it  suppressed. 

"  Nature's  voice  unttyttd." 

Foung:  A'igM  Thoughts,  11. 131. 

un-stlg'-ma-tiied,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  ! 
Eng.  stigmatized.]  Not  stigmatized  ;  without  , 
a  stigma. 

:';</"<"    

Wordnoorth  :  Excursion,  bk.  vIL 

un-stlm'-U'lat-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  i 
Eng.  stimulated.]  Not  stimulated,  urged,  in-  I 
cited,  or  provoked. 

"  His  own  .  .  .  unstlmulated  coursers." 

Cowper:  Btmer;  Iliad  xxllL      1 

*  un  sting',    v.t.      [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Ens. ,) 
stin'j.]    To  disarm  of  a  sting;  to  deprive  o* 
the  power  of  giving  pain. 

"  He  has  disarmed  his  afflictions,  unstung  bis  mi»»  ' 
rieB."— South  :  Sermont. 

un-stint-e'd,  a,     [Pref.    un-  (1),  and  Eng.  j 

ttintul.]    Not  stinted,  limited,  or  begrudged.    , 

**  No  I  search  romantic  lands,  where  the  near  sun 
Gives  with  unstinted  txjon  ethereal  flame." 

Scott:  Don  Roderick,  Ix.  (Introd.) 

un  stint'-lng,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng.  I 
stinting.]  Unstinted,  unbegrudged,  free,  full 

"  The  fullest  and  most  unttintiny  credit"— Dailt 
Telegraph,  Dec.  22,  1887. 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot» 
Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


unstirred— unsuccessful 


4993 


fin-stirred',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
stirred.]  Not  stirred,  not  agitated. 

"  Other  men  may  seem  clear  aa  long  aa  they  are  un- 
»tirred."—L«isthton  :  Com.  on  I  Peter  11. 

*  un-stir  -ring,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
gtirring.]    Not  stirring;  idle,  lazy. 

"A  slothful,  unttirrinff  Hie."— Leiyhton:  Comment, 
on  1  Peter  Iv. 

Un  stltgh,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
stitch.]  To  open,  by  unpicking  the  stitcliutj 
or  seams. 

"  Cato  well  observes,  though  ,  i  the  phrase  of  a 
taylor.  friendship  ought  not  to  be  unripped,  but  un- 
ttitciiett." -Collier, 

*  tin-Stock',  v.t.       [Pref.   un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
9tot:k.]    To  remove  or  deprive  of  that  which 
sticks,  fixes,  or  holds  fixed  or  fast,  or  by 
which  anything  is  held  fixed  or  fast. 

"  To  unstot-fc  .  .  .  high  rigged  ships," 

Surrey:   Virgile;  Jlnettlv. 

un  stock  -inged,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  stockinged,]  Destitute  of  stockings ; 
bare. 

"  Her  little  feet  uttstockinyed.'— Scott :  Kenitworth, 
ch.  vii. 

*  un-sto'-I  9190,  v.t.     tPref.  un-  (2);   Kng. 
stoic;  -ise.]    To  deprive  of  stoicism. 

"  This  is  a  new  scheme  .  .  .  and  It  will  unttoictte 
you  delightfully,"— EUx.  Carter:  Lettert,  ii.  205. 

*  un-stoop'-Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
stoopitig.]     Not  stooping,  not  bending,  not 
yielding. 

"  Th'  utittoopinff  firmness  of  my  upright  soul." 
Shafceip. :  Richard  II.,  t  L 

fin-stop',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  stop.] 
L  To  free  from  a  stopper ;  to  take  a  stopper 
out  of. 

"  After  that  vnttop  the  quill  that  goes  down  into 
the  first  dog's  Jugular  vein.  —  Boyle:  Workt,  iiL  I«. 

2.  To  free  from  any  obstruction  ;  to  open. 

"  The  eyes  of  the  blind  shall  be  opened,  and  the  ears 
of  the  deaf  unttopped,'  —Itaiah  xxx  v.  5. 

un  stopped',  *  iin-stopt ,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  stopped.] 

1.  Not  stopped,  hindered,  delayed,  or  re- 
tarded. 

"  The  flame  unttopp'd  at  first  more  fury  nine.** 
Drydtn :  Virgil ;  .Sneid  v.  8ML 

8.  Not  having  a  stopper ;  open. 

"  There's  many  a  cranny  and  leak  unttopt  In  your 
conscience."— Congreve:  Love  for  Love,  v. 

*  un  stormed ,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (\\  and  Eng. 

stormed.]  Not  stormed,  not  assaulted,  not 
taken  by  storm. 

"  The  doom 
Of  town*  unttorm'd  and  battles  yet  to  come." 

Additon  :  To  Lord  Keeper  Somert. 

*  un  storm  ^,  a.     [Pref.  un>  (1),  and  Bng. 
stormy.]    Not  stormy ;  calm. 

"A  calm,  unitormy  wave.1*    Byron:  Age  of  Bronte. 

*  un -stout',  *  un-stoute,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  stout.]    Not  stout  or  strong ;  weak. 

''  They  knowe  neyther  stoute  nor  unttoute."— 
AxAam:  ToxophUut,  p.  75. 

*  un-stowed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
•towed.]    Emptied,  as  the  hold  of  a  ship. 

"  When  they  found  my  hold  unitowed."— Smollett  ; 
Roderick  Random,  ch.  zli. 

*  fin-strain',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
strain,  v.]    To  relieve  from  a  strain ;  to  relax. 

"  'Leas  they  could  the  knot  unttrain 
Of  a  riddle."    Ben  Jonton :  Love  Freed  from  Folly. 

fin  strained',  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
strained.] 

*  1.  Not  strained  ;  not  put  under  exertion ; 
unexercised. 

"  A  mllk-wbite  boll,  untt rained  with  the  yoke  " 
Drayton :  Poly-Otbion,  a,  9. 

*  2.  Not  strained  or  forced ;  easy,  natural. 

"  By  an  easy  and  unitrained  derivation  it  implies 
the  breath  of  Qod."—ObkevriU  :  On  Providence. 

3.  Not  strained ;  not  purified  by  straining : 

as,  unstrained  oil. 

un  strait -ened,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  straitened.]  Not  straitened;  not  con- 
tracted, narrowed,  or  limited. 

"The  measures  of  an  vnttraitened  goodneam."— Glan- 
vill :  Vanity  of  Dogmatism,  ch.  i. 

tin-strat'-i-fied,  a.   (Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

ttratified] 

Geol. :  Not  deposited  in  strata,  beds,  or 
layers. 

unstratified  drift,  n. 

Geol. :  Bonlder  clay,  till.     [DRIFT,  II.  2.] 


unstratlfied-rocks,  5.  pi 

Geol.  :  Rocks  not  deposited  in  strata,  beds, 
or  layers,  but  occurring  in  masses,  sometimes 
breaking  through 
or  overlappin 
the 
rock 


p 
(q 


the  ';^*Wtegz*rf.,-~m:- 

,nkg  $$~$l 


comprehend 
volcanic   a 
lutonic 
;q.v.). 

*  un  -  strength', 

(1),  and  Eng. 
strength.]  Weak- 
ness, infirmity.  SECTION  SHOWING 

(Ancren  Riwle,  p.         A.  Stratified  rocks;  B.  Un. 
232.)  stratified  rock. 

un-strength'-eued,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  strengthened.] 

Not  strengthened ;  not  supported ;  not  as- 
sisted. 

"  Unttrengthned  .  .  .  with  authorltie  from  above." 
—Booker:  Bccles.  Politie,  bk.  v.,  j  8. 

*  un  strewed  (ew  as  6),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX 
and  Kng.  strewed.] 

L  Not  strewn  about ;  not  scattered. 

2.  Not  covered  with  things  strewn  about. 

"  Unttrewed  with  bodies  of  the  slain." 

Cowf/er ;  Bomer;  Iliad*. 

un-stri'  at-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
striated.}  Not  striated ;  not  marked  with 
strise  or  fine  lines.  [NON-STRIATED.] 

un  string ,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  string.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  a  string  or  strings. 

2.  To  loosen,  to  untie,  to  open. 

"  His  garland  they  untiring,  and  bind  his  hands." 
Dryden.    (Toad.) 

3.  To  take  from  or  off  a  string :  as,  To  un- 
string beads. 

4.  To  relax  or  untune  the  strings  of. 

"  But  fear  unttringt  the  trembling  lyre." 

Congreve:  Ode  to  Queen  Anna. 

5.  To  relax  the  tension  of;  to  loosen,  to 
relax. 

"  He   hat  disarmed   Ma  affliction*,   unttrung   his 
miseries."— South  :  Sermont,  vol.  11.,  aer.  12. 

*  fin-Stringed',  a.     [UNSTRING,    v.]     Not 
stringed ;  deprived  or  destitute  of  strings. 

"  An  unttringed  viol  or  a  harp." 

Shakerp. :  Richard  //.,  L  1 

on-Stripped',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
stripped.]  Not  stripped ;  not  peeled. 

"Still  unttripped  from  stalka."— field,  Jan.  7,  isaa. 

*  un-strohg1,  s.  (A.S.  unstrang.]  Weak,  feeble. 
(Ancren  Riwle,  p.  6.) 

*  un  struck',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
struck.]  Not  struck ;  riot  smitten ;  not  greatly 
impressed. 

"  Unttrack  with  horror  at  the  sight" 

1'hilipt:  Blenheim. 

un-Strung",  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  strung.} 
L  Not  strong ;  having  the  strings  relaxed 
or  untuned. 

"  Unttrung,  untouched,  the  harp  most  stand." 
Byron:  Otcar of  Alva. 

2.  Relaxed  :  as.  His  nerves  were  unstrung. 

un  stud  led,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
studied,] 

1.  Not  studied  ;  not  made  a  subject  of  study 
or  investigation. 

2.  Unpremeditated,  extempore. 

"  Unttudied  wit  and  humour  ever  gay." 

Thornton  :  winter,  &«. 

3.  Not  laboured  or  forced  ;  easy,  natural. 

"  It  is  a  circumstance  which  increases  its  grace  that 
It  appears  to  be  quite  mutudied." — Knox:  Kisay  9, 

*4.  Not  having  studied ;  unacquainted,  un- 
skilled. 

"  Not  10  unstudied  in  the  nature  of  councils."— fl p. 
Jewell. 

*  5.  Not  devoted  to  or  occupied  in  study  ; 
not  passed  in  study. 


im  stuffed ,  *  tin-stuff,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  stuffed.]  Not  stuffed ;  not  crammed 
or  crowded. 

"  Unbrulsed  youth  with  unttuffed  brain 
Doth  couch  hia  Urn !».  there  golden  sleep  doth  reign." 
Shakeip.  :  Borneo  Jk  Juliet,  ii.  3. 

1  un-sub  du'-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 


Eng.  subduable.]   Incapable  of  being  subdued  ; 
invincible. 

"Steru  patience,  unsubdmtblf  by  palu." 

Soulhey  :  Jfehama,  xviit.  5. 

iin-sub-dued',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
subdued.]  Not  subdued  ;  not  brought  into 
subjection  ;  un  conquered. 

"  Immediately  marches  against  the  witubdued 
Latm  towns.'1—  Lewit:  C'red.  Early  Itvmtin  Jltit.i&L 
185S),  11.  109. 

*un-sub'-ject,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

subject.}    Not  subject;  not  liable;  not  sub- 
ordinate or  subservient. 

"  Though  no  manner  of  person  or  cause  be  iinnubject 
nto   the    king's    power.  —Hooker:   A'cclei.    Politie. 


*  un-sub-miss  -I  ve,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.   submissive.}    Nut  submissive  ;    disobe- 
dient. 

"A  stubborn  untnbmitsipe  frame  of  spirit."  —  South: 
Sermoni.  vol.  x.,  aer,  5. 

*  im-sub-mit'-ting,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  submitting.]  Not  submitting;  not  readilj 
yielding  ;  unbending,  unyielding. 

"  Wiae,  strenuous,  arm,  of  untubmitting  soul."  ' 

Thomson;  Summer,  1.514.     • 

*  un-sub  -or  -din-ate,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  subordinate.]    Not  subordinate;  not  in 
ferior  in  rank,  dignity,  class,  or  order. 

"  Insubordinate  to  the  crown."  —  Afilton:  Reform. 
in  England,  bk.  ii. 

*  un-snb-orned',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
suborned.]    Not  suborned  ;  not  procured  by 
persuasion,  allurement,  or  bribery. 

"The  true,  uniuborned,  unsophisticated  language  of 
genuine  natural  feeliug."  —  Burke  :  On  a  fieffiatde 
Peace,  let.  8. 

un  sub-scribed  ,   a.      [Pref.  un-   (1),  and 

Eng.  subscribed.] 
*  1.  Not  subscribed  ;  unsigned. 

"  Makes  me  leave  my  paper  untutMcribed."—  Richard- 
ton  ;  Sir  0.  &randuon,  vl.  883. 

2.  Not  subscribed;  not  contributed;  un- 
contributed. 

un  sub  stan'  tial  (ti  as  sh),  a.  [Pref.  UK- 
(1),  and  Eng.  substantial.} 

1.  Not  substantial  ;  not  solid  ;  not  palpable. 

"  Her  shadowy  omiprlug,  vniubttantial  both.* 

Milton:  P.  «..  iv.  391>. 

2.  Not  substantial,  solid,  or  strong. 

"  Through  thU  untubttantial  nettlug."—  field,  F»b 
4.1SB8. 

3.  Not  real  ;  not  having  substance. 

"  An  umubttantial.  fairy  place." 

H'ordtworth  :   To  the  Cuckoo. 

4.  Not  giving  substance  or  strength  ;  weak  ; 
not  strengthening  or  invigorating. 

"  Like  them  [cocoa  nuts]  probably  they  yield  a 
nutriment  that  Is  watery  and  untubstantiat."—  Cook  : 
fint  Voyage,  bk.  iit,  ch.  ix. 

*  un  sub  stan  ti-al  i  ty   (ti  as  shi),  s. 
[Eug.  unsubstantial;    -ity.]     The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unsubstantial  ;  absence  of  sub- 
stantiality;  want  of  real  or  material  exis- 
tence. 

"  Something  of  untnb*tnntinlity  and  uncertalntj 
had  beset  my  hopes."—  C.  Bronte":  Jane  Jlyre,  ch.  TX!T. 

'un  sub-stan  -tial  ize  (ti  as  sh),  v.t. 
[Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  substantialize.]  To 
render  unsubstantial.  (Wordsworth,:  Excur- 
sion, bk.  ix.) 

un  sub-stan'-  ti-at-ed  (ti  as  sbl),  a.  [Pref. 

un-  (1),  and  Bug.  substantiated.]     Not  sub- 
stantiated ;  not  confirmed. 

»un  sub-stan  ti  a  tion  (tiassh),  s. 
[Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  substantiation.]  A 
depriving  of  substantiality. 


cknowledgment,  as  a  sufficient  i 
tiation  of  matter.'1—  .1.  C.  Frater:  Berkeley,  p.  201. 

un-suc-eeed'-a-ble,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1)  ; 

Eng.  succeed  ;  -able.]  Not  capable  of  succeed- 
ing or  of  bringing  about  the  desired  effect  or 
result  ;  not  likely  to  succeed. 

"  Nor  would  his  discretion  attempt  BO  untucceedable 
a  temptation."  —  Browne:  Vulgar  Srrovrt,  bk.  i., 
ch.  1L 

un  suc-9ecd'-ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  succeeded.]  Not  succeeded  or  followed  ; 
having  no  successor.  (Milton  ;  P.  L.t  v.  821.) 

un  success',   #.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
success.]    Want  of  success  ;  failure. 

"  Untucceti  .  .  .  disqualifies  you." 

Browning  ;  King  4  Book,  xL 

un  success  ful,  a.     [Pref.    un-   (I),    and 

Eng.  successful.] 


;  po*nt,  J6^i ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  fhln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  &f ;  expect,  £enophon,  exist,   ph  •*  t, 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,    sioa  -  -  xhun.    -cious,  -  tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble.  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


4994 


unsuccessfully— unsurrounded 


1.  Not   successful ;   not  producing  or  at- 
tended with  the  desired  result ;  not  fortunate 
In  the  issue. 

"It  was  almost  certain  to  be  untwxenful."—JttK- 

emiaff  ma.  B*>,  oh.  ii. 

2.  Not  meeting  with  success  ;  not  fortunate. 
"  Bad  Portiue  lieen  the  untuccettfitl  lover." 

Addieon:  Goto. 

fin-suc-cSss'-fal-ly,  adv.  [Bng.  uiwuccess- 
ful ;  -ly.  ]  In  an  unsuccessful  manner ;  with- 
out success. 

"Inviting  untiifettfully  a  Dutch  and  an  English 
minister."— Seeker  :  WorJu,  vt  457. 

fin  8uc-c6ss'ful  ness, ».  [Eng.  unsuccess- 
ful ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
successful ;  want  of  success. 

"The  uMucrwfulnrn  of  that  treaty."  —  Jfltton  : 
Antwer  to  Sikon  niuilikr.  5  is. 

*  fin-BUC-cesS'-ive.  a.      [Pref.  un-  OX  and 

Eng.  successive.  ]  Not  successive  ;  not  pro- 
ceeding by  succession  of  parts. 

"The  uniiuTtuiv*  duration  of  God  with  relation  to 
himself."—  Bolt :  Orig.  of  ManUnd. 

*  un-suc -cour-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-   0), 
«nd  Eng.  succoufable.  ]     Incapable  of  being 
succoured,  relieved,  aided,  or  remedied. 

"  Do  an  unsuccourable  mischief.''— Sidney  :  Arcadia, 
bk.iT. 

fin-sue  -ooured,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
succoured,]  Not  succoured,  relieved,  or  aided. 
^pmser:  F.  Q.,  IV.  viii.  51.) 

fin  -  sucked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sucked.)  Not  sacked ;  not  drawn  or  drained 
by  the  mouth. 

"The  teati  .  .  . 
UntucKd  of  lamb  or  kid."         Milton  :  P.  L.,  Ix.  5SS. 

*  fin-sued',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  rued.] 
Unasked,  unsought. 

-  GilliM  .  .  .  rewarded  desert*  umued  \o."—Adamt  : 
Worn.  L  483. 

*  fin-sfif '-fer-a-ble.  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  swferabte.]       Not  sufferable ;  insuffer- 
able, intolerable. 

"  Hell  heard  the  unniffer/Mc  noise." 

Hilton-  P.l.,rise>. 

fin-sfif'-fer-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  unsu/er- 
ab(le);  -ly.]  In  a  manner  not  able  to  be 
borne ;  Insufferably,  Intolerably. 

"  ThU  wench  doe*  look  so  unmftrabln  ngly." 

ranburgh:  Proved  Mfv,  i. 

*  fin-sfif -fer-Ing,  a.  &  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  suffering.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Not  suffering ;  free  from  suf- 
fering. 

"  Him  untuffering  kingdom  yet  will  come." 

Thornton  :  A  Hynm. 

B.  As  subst. :  Incapability  of  enduring  or 
of  being  endured. 

"  For  itntuffryng  of  stynke.*—  JFycHfe :  2  Maccabea 
ix.  10. 

*  ftn-sftf-lio'-lence,  *  fin-«af-ritf-len-cy 

(o  as  sh),  ».  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  EUR. 
sufflcience,  sufficiency- 1  The  quality  or  state  <  if 
being  unsufficient  or  insufficient;  want  of 
sufficiency ;  insufficiency. 

"  The  error  and  unmMcience  of  the  arguments."— 
Hooka-:  Kcclet.  Palme, bk.  Ti. 

•in-sfif-flc'-lent  (c  as  sh),  "  un-stif-fy- 
cy-ent,  a,  [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng.  sufficient.] 
Not  sufficient ;  insufficient,  inadequate. 

"They  be  found  untitfflcient  to  attalne  unto  that 
end."— Hooter  :  Kcclei.  Politle,  bk.  11L,  1 10. 

*  fin-suf-f  Io'-lent-l#  (c  as  sh),  adv. '  [Eng. 
unsufficient;   -ly.]      Not  sufficiently,  insuffi- 
ciently. 

"Abeolvtng  of  unsufficiently  disposed  penitents."— 
ffooJcer  :  Accl«.  rilitit.  bk.  vi. 

*ftn-sfif-fi'-ctng-ne»s,  ».  (Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  sufficingness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  insufficient ;  insufficiency. 

fin  sug'-ared  (S  as  sh),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sugared,  ]  Not  sugared  ;  not  sweetened 
with  sugar.  (Boom:  Nat.  Hist.,  §  833.) 

*  fin  sug-gesf-Ive,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  suggestive.]    Not  suggestive. 

"  It  most  uot  be  Inferred  that  Mr.  Goschen'i  speech 
was  absolutely  umugyeaite."—  Daily  OavMale,  March 
I,  IMS. 

•fin-suit',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  suit, 
v.]  Not  to  suit ;  to  be  unsuitable  to. 

"  Both  unlutt 
My  nntnned  fortunes.- 

quarlet  •  Emblem,  IV.  XT.  4. 

nn-tralt-a-bfl'-l-t*,  s.  [Pref.  «B-  (1),  and 
Eng.  suitability.]  Unsnitableness. 


un  suit  -a-ble,  *  un-snte-a-ble,  a.  [ivf. 

•n- (11  ad  Eng.  suitable.]  Not  suitable  ;  uot 
nt ;  not  adapted  ;  unbecoming,  nusnited,  un- 
fit, Incongruous,  improper. 

"  It  would  be  very  unsuitable  to  my  Intended 
brevity."— Boyle :  Work*,  v.  13S. 

fin-suit' -a-ble-nS»s,  s.  [Eng.  unsuitable ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unsuit- 
able ;  unntness,  incongruity. 

"There  is  a  fitness  or  suitableness  of  certain  circum- 
stances to  certain  perc  in*,  and  an  unsuitable/no* 'A 
others."— Claris  :  Eeidencet,  Prop.  L 

fin-suit -a-bl*.  adv.  (Eng.  untuitab(U) ;  -ly.] 
In  an  unsuitable  manner  or  degree ;  unfitly, 
inadequately,  improperly,  incongruously. 

"To  employ  them  uiuu«oW».-— Sector:  Sermons, 
vol.  v.,  charge  6. 

un  suit  -3d,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
suited.] 

1.  Not  suited  ;  not  accommodated  or  pro- 
vided with  what  one  wants, 

"  Bo  that  no  const! tntion-faucier  may  go  uniulted 
from  his  shop."— Burke  :  Letter  to  a  Noble  Lord. 

2.  Not  suited,  not  fitted  ;  unsuitable. 

"A  blind  tary.  which  perhaps  Is  not  unmlted  to 
barbaruuis."-i«ic<s.-  Cred.  Earlf  Bom,  Hist,  led.  1845), 
11343. 

*  tin-suit -Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
suiting.]    Not  suiting  ;  unsuited,  unsuitable, 
unbecoming. 

"  A  paaeion  most  uniitifi"-r  such  a  man." 

Sbaluip. :  Othello,  IT.  1. 

un-sul'-Ued,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
sullied.] 

*  1.  Lit. :  Not  sullied,  not  stained,  not 
tarnished. 

"  [An]  ample  charger,  of  unsuUied  frame," 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Iliad  xxill.  1,046. 

2.  Fig. :  Free  from  imputation  of  evil ;  un- 
tarnished, unblemished. 

"  Toor  honour  and  that  of  the  nation  an  uniittlitd." 
—Jlacaulay  :  Sift.  £na.,  ch.  xiz. 

*  fin-summed',  a.     [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
summed.}     Not  summed  up ;  not  counted  or 
reckoned  in  one  amount  or  total. 

"  With  expense  untunmed." 

Maton  :  Sngluh  Barden.  i. 

fin-sfim'-moned,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
summoned,]  Not  summoned,  called  upon,  or 
cited. 

"  Sor  leare  muuasmoned  one  of  all  the  train," 

Covper  :  Bonier ;  Odyfley  xxll. 

fin-suns',  a.    [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sung.] 

1.  Not  sung;   not  recited  musically,  as  a 
soug. 

"  Half  yet  remains  tinjtuw."     Mitton  :  P.  L.,riLtL 

2.  Not  celebrated  in  verse. 

"  Nor  OebalOB,  shalt  thou  be  left  uneuno." 

Btydtn  :  r trail ;  J:,uij  Mt  1.014. 

*  fin-sfink',  •nn-sunoke.o.    [Prpf.  -un-  (i), 
and  Eng.  sunk.]    Not  submerged  ,  uut  settled 
down. 


"  Where  rain  In  winter  stood  long  time  l —   - 

Browne  :  hritanmat  I'attoraU.  II.  4. 

"tin -sunned',  a.    [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
sunned.] 

1.  Lit. :   Not  snnned ;  not  shone  npon  by 
the  sun. 

"  Down  In  the  tmtvnned  depths  Ues  so  much  trea- 
•nre.™—  Dotty  Tdtyraph,  Jan.  s,  1888. 

2.  Fig. :  Not  cheered. 

••  His  Inward  hoard 
Of 


*  fin-sun'-ny,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
sunny.]    Not  sunny  ;  gloomy. 

"  Wearing  this  unfunny  face." 

Tennyion  :  Pelleai  A  Sttare. 

*  fin-sn-p45r'-flu-ofis,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Bug.  superfluous.]     Not  su]>ernuous ;  not  in 
excess ;  not  more  than  enough. 

"  In  wuuperjtuou*  even  proportion." 

MiUon  :  Comui,  773. 

*  fin-su-per-seribed',  a.     [Pref.  un-  (I), 
and  Eng.  superscribed,]    Not  directed  or  ad- 
dressed. 

"  The  letter  was  unsealed,  and  uiuupencribed  also. ' 
—Richardton  :  Clariua,  L  181. 

*  un  supped',  »  nn-sonp-id,  o.    [Pretun- 
(1);    Bug.  sup;   -ed.]    Not  having  supped; 
without  supper. 

"  The  kynge  went  awele  In  to  his  house  tHUoupid."— 
Wydiffe  :  Daniel  vi.  18. 

•fin-sfip-plant-ed,  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (IX  <">'! 
Eng.  supplanted.]  Not  supplanted ;  not 
tripped  up. 

-  Untnf planted  feet"  Philip*  •  CUer.  u. 


•  un  sup -pie,  a.     [Pref.  un    (1),  and  Eng. 
supple.]    Not  supple  ;  not  bending  or  yielding 
easily. 

"  Those  untupple  sinews  wnnld  not  bend." 

Sandyt  :  Ovid ;  Metamorphotet  11. 

*  fin-sup-pli  -a-ble,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1);  Bug. 
sui>flu,  aud  sulr.  -able.]    Not  capable  of  being 
supplied. 

"The  untupplioAle  defect  of  any  necessary  ante- 
oedent.'— CliUliny 


fin-SUp-plied'.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1)>  a»d  Enu. 
supplied.}  Not  supplied  ;  not  famished  wrcb 
what  is  necessary. 

"  The  pangs  of  hunger  untuppHed." 

Covper  :  TheSaltuL 

*  un-siip  port  -a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  aupporfcibte.]    Not  supportable  ;  in 

to  be  supported;  insupportable,  intolerable. 

"The  very  courtesy  of  the  law  was  jugum,  an  i*>»- 
tupfxtrtable  yoke." — Bp.Balt:  Sermon  on  Valatiun* 
v.  L 

*  un-sup-port'-a-ble-ness,  *.     [Eng.  tm- 
supportabte ;    -ness.}     The  quality  or  state  ot 
being  unsupportable. 

"The  umttpportablenets  of  this  guilt."—  Wttkint  : 
Xat.  Religion,  bk.  1L,  cli.  vii. 

"  un-sup-pb'rt'-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  itnsvp- 
portab(le)  ;  -ly,]  In  an  unsupportable  manner 
or  degree ;  not  in  a  manner  that  can  be  borne  ; 
iusupportably, 

"  lie  shall  he  Infinitely.  uiwtpportaMy  miserable."— 
South  :  Herman*,  vuL  ii.,  KT.  6. 

tin-sup-port  -ed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and,  Eng. 
supported.} 

1.  Not  supported ;  not  upheld ;  not  main- 
tained ;  not  sustained. 

"It  Is  unsupported  by  truth."—  Jfoeaulay  ;  ffitt. 
F.nj  .  ch.  v. 

2,  Not  supported,  assisted,  or  countenanced. 

"  Unsupported  by  and  \nunilted  with  the  state." — 
Warburton  :  Dit,nc  Legation,  bk.  11,  i  6. 

un- sup-pressed',  a.  [Pref.  im-  (1).  and 
Eng.  suppressed.]  Not  suppressed  ;  not  held 
or  kept  under ;  not  subdued,  not  quelled  ;  not 
put  down. 

"  Simple  manners,  fwlinga  untuppreti'd.' 

Wordsworth :  Excuriion.  bk.  T. 

*iin-8ure'(s  as  sll),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sure.]  Not  sure,  not  fixed,  nut  certain ; 
uncertain,  insecure. 

"  What  la  mortal,  and  unsure." 

Shakftp. :  Hamlet,  ir.  4. 

* tin-sured  (sassh).a.  [Eog.w»WMT(f);  -ed.\ 
Not  made  sure  ;  nut  securely  established ; 
made  uncertain  or  unsafe. 

"  Thy  now  untur'd  auuranc*  to  the  crown." 

MtaXisp.  :  King  John,  IL  1 

*un-siire'-l^  (s  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng.  unsure ; 
-ly.]  In  an  unsure  manner;  inaecurely,  un- 
safely, uncertainly. 

"  The  vanity  of  greatness  he  had  try'd. 
And  how  uiitwely  sUuid»  the  foot  of  pride." 

Daniel :  Civil  Wart,  IL 

*  un-siire  -ty  (s  as  sh),  s.   [Eug.  unsure ;  -ty.} 

Uncertainty,  insecurity. 

"  Thou  ctnde  at  Christendom  In  doubt,  and  ui»- 
turety.'— Mr  T.  Hore:  Works,  p.  810. 

*  un  surg'-mg,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 
surging.]    Not  mounting  or  rising  in  waves. 

"  Up  and  down  on  the  unmrging  Bean." 

Drnyto*:  Legend  of  Matilda  the  Fair. 

ttn-sur-md*unt'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),. 
and  Eng.  sumwuntabte,]  Not  surmountable: 
not  capable  of  being  surmounted ;  insur- 
mountable. 

"  Another  unttirmountnble  source  of  discord."  -~ 
Anton:  Vogaget,  bk.  ii.,  en.  iii. 

un  sur  pass'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  furpassable.}  Not  capable  of  being  sur- 
passed, excelled,  or  exceeded. 

un-sur-pass  -a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  unsurpats- 
ab(le);  -ly.]  In  an  unsurpassable  manner  01 
degree.  (Ruskin.) 

un-sur-passed ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
surpassed.]  Not  surpassed,  excellcit,  ex<-e«-ded, 
or  outdone.  (Byron :  Ctiilde  Harold,  iv.  3d.) 

*  un  sur-ren'-dered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l\  and    , 
Eng.  surrendered.]      Not   surrendered;   not    i 
given  up  or  delivered. 

"  Helen  is  mine,  an  wuurrmdfr'd  prize 
For  ever."  Cowper:  Homer  ;  Iliad  rU 

*  un-SUT-ro^nd'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  surroundeii.]     Not  surrounded,  encom*   j 
passed,  or  environed. 

"  Ketreatinf  itntv.rrou.nded." 

Byron  ;  fttrge  qf  Corinth,  XIT. 


fete,  »t,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  tather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  role,  fall;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


unsusceptible— untalked 


4995 


tin-8US-9ep'-tl-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  susceptible.]  Not  susceptible;  not  open 
or  liable  to  ;  not  capable  of  admitting ;  insus- 
ceptible. 

"  By  no  means  unsusceptible   of  religious  impres- 
sions.*— Maeaulay:  Htit.  Eng.,  oh.  it 

*  tin-sus-pect',  a.      [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
suspect.}     Unsuspected. 

"  Author  vntmpect, 
Friendly  to  man."  Milton :  P.  L.,  lx.  771. 

*  tin-sus-pect'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  suspectable.f  Not  liable  to  be  suspected  ; 
not  open  to  suspicion.    (H.  More :  Mystery  of 
Godliness,  p.  323.) 

tin  sus-pect'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  «7i-(l),  and  Eng. 
MOW.]    Not  suspected  ;  not  looked  upon 
as  likely  to  have  done  an  evil  act ;  not  an 
object  of  suspicion. 

"  Unseen  and  urwugpected  arts," 

Cmoper :  Progrett  qf  Brror,  8. 

*  tin-stis-pect'-ed-ly;   adv.       [Eng.  unsus- 
pected; -ly.]    Not  in  a  suspected  or  suspicious 
manner;  without  raising  suspicion. 

"More  Impartially  and  wuuspf drily.*  —  Jtilton: 
Removal  of  uirelingt. 

*un  sus-pect-ed-ness,  *.  [Eng,  vnsus- 
pected  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unsuspected. 

"  By  the  atrangeneas  of  the  act,  and  tinntitf>refedneu 
of  the  actor*."— Fuller :  CAureA  ffirt.,  X.  Ii.  27. 

tin-sus-pect'-irig,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eug.  suspecting. }  Not  suspecting,  not  sus- 
picious ;  unsuspicious  ;  free  from  suspicion. 

"  The  boat  lie  down 
Sudileii  before  some  MMMiMoftwi|r  town.* 

Pope.    (Todd.) 

tin-8US-p£ct'-ing  ly",  adv.  [Eng.  unsuspect- 
ing; -ly.}  In  an  unsuspecting  manner;  with- 
out suspicion. 

"  Wbat  the   world  believed  BO   untutpectinyJy."— 
Bp.  Taylor;  Dent  Jiutijicatut,    (Ep.  DeU.) 

*  un  sus  pend'-ed,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  suspended.}    Not  suspended  ;  not  held  or 
kept  in  a  state  of  rest  or  suspense ;  not  ceasing 
fruin  action  or  motion. 

"The  unnttpmded  attention   of  a  day."—  Snoz : 
f  titty  L 

*  un  sus-pic'-ion  (c  as  sh),  *.    [Pref.  un- 
(1,),  and  Eng.  suspicion.]    Want  of  suspicion  ; 
freedom  from  suspicion  ;  nnsuspiciousness. 

"  Through  their  own  lieedlessnem  and  unnapicion." 
—Dickent.    (Annttndate.) 

un  sus  pi  cious,  a.  [Pref.  ttn-(l),and  Eng. 
suspicious. } 

1.  Not  suspicious  ;  not  inclined  to  suspect 
or  imagine  evil  ;  unsuspecting. 

**  Untutpiciout  of  a  snare." 

Covper :  Secret  of  Divine  L&e*. 

2.  Not  raising  or  tending  to  raise  suspicion. 

3.  Not  passed  in  suspicion ;  free  from  any- 
thing likely  to  cause  suspicion. 

"  But  farewell  now  to  untut/'idoui  nlghta." 

Cowper :  Ta»k,  ir.  Wfi. 

tin-aus-tain'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sustainable.}  Not  capable  of  being  sus- 
tained, maintained,  supported,  or  upheld. 

"  Whose  impression  is  altogether  Inevitable  and  un- 
*tttainable."-Uarro*;  Sermon*,  vol.!.,  ser.  18. 

tin-sus-tained',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

sustained.}    Not  sustained,  maintained,  sup- 
ported, or  upheld. 

"  All  wuuttained  between  the  waves  and  sky." 
Pope ;  Bomer ;  Odyuey  xii.  61T. 

*  tin-swad'-dle,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
noaddle.]     To  remove  a  swaddle  from  ;   to 
unswathe. 

"  Puppy  has  scarce  unneaddled  my  leg*  yet." 

Ben  Jfinton :  Tata  of  a  Tub,  i.  2. 

*un-swathe',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
swathe.]  To  free  from  a  swathe  ;  to  unband- 
age  ;  to  take  bandages  off. 

"  In  the  morning  an  old  woman  oame  to  wuvratJte 
m*."—Additon  :  Spectator,  No.  90. 

fin -away"- a -We,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
sway,  and  suff.  -able.]  Not  capable  of  being 
swayed,  governed,  or  influenced  by  another. 

"  To  be  rongh,  untioayaKt,  and  free." 

SHaketp.  :  Cortolamu,  v.  8. 

iin  swayed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
swayed.} 

L  Not  swayed  ;  not  wielded. 

"  !•  the  chair  empty  T  is  the  sword  untwayed >" 
Sfuiketp. :  Xichard  III.,  Iv.  4. 

2.  Not  biassed,  moved,  or  influenced,  as  by 

passion,  ambition,  &c. 


*  UH-SWay -ed-ndss,   s.      [Eng.   unswayed; 
•ness.]     The  quality  or  state  of  being    un- 
swayed ;  steadiness,  firmness,  consistency. 

"  That  constancy  and  unt&ayedneu  in  our  live*."— 
ffalet :  Remains,  p.  246. 

*  tin -swear',  v.t.  St,  i.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 

Eng.  swear.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  recant  or  revoke,  as  something  sworn 
to  ;  to  recall  or  retract  by  a  subsequent  oath ; 
to  abjure. 

"  Untweur  faith  sworn.''  Shaketp, :  King  John,  ill.  L 

2.  To  deny  by  oath. 

"  No  more  than  he'll  umwear." 

Shaketp. :  Othello,  iv.  1. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  recant ;  to  recall  an  oath. 
(Spenser.) 

"un-sweaf,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
sweat.}  To  remove  or  reduce  the  sweating  of; 
to  ease  or  cool  after  exercise  or  toil. 

"The  Interim  of  untweating  themselves  regularly." 
Milton:  On  Jatucnttim. 

*  tin  sweat'-Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-(l),  and  Eng. 

sweating.]    Not  sweating  or  perspiring. 

"  In  frost  and  snow.  If  you  complain  of  heat. 
They  rub  the  uniweatiny  brow,  and  swear  they 
•weak."  Drj/dcn:  Juvenal,  ill. 

*  tin -sweet',    a.     [Pref,   un-  (1),  and    Eng. 
sweet.]    Not  sweet ;  disagreeable,  unpleasant. 

"MaketbeUfeunMwet."    Spmier:  F.  O.,  IL  Til.  14. 

*  tin-swell',   v.t      [Pref.  un-  (2),  and   Eng. 
swell.}    To  sink  from  a   swollen   or   turgid 
state ;  to  subside. 

"  But  tho  began  his  herte  a  lite  vnmctU." 

Chaucer  ;  Troilut  A  Crtttida,  V. 

tin-swept',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  sicept.] 

1.  Not  swept ;  not  cleaned  by  having  a 
brush,  broom,  or  besom  passed  over  it* 

"  When  fires  toon  fliid'st  unrak'd  and  hearth*  wn- 

ttc«f>t, 
There  pinch  the  maids  as  blue  as  bilberry.'* 

Shateetp. :  Merry  Wives,  v.  K. 

2.  Not  cleaned  up  or  removed  by  sweeping. 
"  The  dust  on  antique  time  would  He  unwept." 

Shaketp. :  Coriolanut,  it.  2. 

3.  Not  moved  or  passed  over  with  a  sweep- 
ing motion  or  action. 

"  The  wave*  roll  nmltitadlnmu,  and  the  foam, 
Unwept  by  wand'riug  gu«U,  nils  all  the  air. 

Cottrper:  ffomer;  Iliad  xL 

tin-swerv'-ing,  a.  fPref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
swerving.]  Not  swerving  or  deviating  from 
any  rule  or  standard  ;  undeviating,  unwaver- 
ing. 

tin-swerv'-ing-ly',  adv.  [Eng.  unswerving; 
-ly.]  In  an  unswerving  manner;  unwaver- 
ingly. (Gary:  Dante;  Par.  viii.  142.) 

*  tin  -swilled',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

swilled.} 

1.  Not   swilled ;  not  swallowed  down  in 
large  draughts. 

2.  Not   emptied  by  swilling   or  greedily 
drinking. 

"An  un*»CI«d  hogihead."—  Milton:  Divorce.  (Post) 

tin-SWOrn',0.   (Pref.  tm-(l),  and  Eng.  sworn.] 

1.  Not  sworn  ;  not  bound  by  an  oath  ;  not 
having  taken  an  oath. 

"  You  are  jet  unworn." 

ShakMp.  :  Meatmre/or  Meature,  i.  4. 

2.  Not  solemnly  pronounced  or  taken. 

"  Her  solemn  oath 
Untteorn  remained."       Cowptr :  Somer;  Odyuc*  x. 

*  iin-syl  la-bled  (le  as  el),  a.    [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  syllabted.}    Not  syllabled;  not 
articulated,  uttered,  or  pronounced. 

*  un-syl-lo-gist'-Xc-al,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  syllogistical.}    Not  syllogistical ;  not 
according  to  the  logical  rules  of  syllogisms. 

"This    unsyllogtottcal  syllogism."— ChiUing*art\ .' 
Religion  of  Protettantt,  en.  vL,  |  14. 

un-sym-bol'-Ic,  a.     [Pref.    un-  (1),   and 

Eng.  symbolic.]    Not  symbolic. 

11  Infantine  speech  Is  unsymbolic."  —  Karl*  :  Philology 
of  Engtith  Tongue,  {  245. 

un  syxn  met'-rlc-al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  symmetrical.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Not  symmetrical ;  wanting 
In  symmetry  or  due  proportion  of  parts. 

IL  Botany : 

1.  (Of  a  leaf) :  Not  of  the  same  breadth  on 
the  opposite  sides  of  the  midrib.    Example; 
tbe  leaf  of  Begonia, 

2.  (Pfajlower) :  Not  having  a  close  relation 


in  number  between  the  divisions  of  the  calyx, 
those  of  the  corolla,  and  the  stamens.  Ex- 
ample :  the  Crui'ifene,  in  which  the  sepals 
are  four,  the  petals  four,  but  the  stamens  six. 

tin-sym-pa-thet'-iet  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  sympathetic.]  Not  sympathetic  ;  not  in 
sympathy. 

"Tliia  precocious  flowering  doea  sot,  occur  every 
year,  aud  it  seems  curiously  untymiiuthetio  with  th« 
seasons,  —evening  Standard,  Jan.  17,  1888* 

*  un-sym'-pa-thy\  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng    sympathy.]    Want  or  absence  of   sym- 
pathy. 

"How  true  the  xruymparfcy  as  well  as  the  Bymuatn* 
of  nature."—  Wilberforce,  ia  Life,  ii.  SOk 

tin-sys-tem-at'-ic,    un  sys  tern  at'-ic- 

al,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  systematic, 
systematical.]  Not  systematic;  not  having 
regular  order,  distribution,  or  arrangement  of 
parts  ;  not  done  systematically. 

"TJusupimrted,  desultory,  uri«yf(f7/iatic  endeavour*.' 
—Burke:  On  the  Present  biscontentt. 

un-sys'-tcm  a-tized,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
En*:,  systematized.]  Not  systematized  ;  not 
reduced  to  a  system. 

"  Kelther  GugllBh  nor  Germans  apply  the  word 
[PhllOBophy]  to  unsyttrmatized  knowledge."—  Herbert 
Spencer  :  firtt  Principle!,  i  Se. 

tin-took',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  tack.] 
To  undo,  as  something  that  has  been  tacked  ; 
to  disjoin  ;  to  draw  or  remove  tacks  from  ;  to 
loosen. 

"  I'ntack  our  m!nds  and  affections  from  this  world." 
—Harrow:  Sermon*,  vol.  ii.,  aer.  iii. 

*  tin-t&o'-kle,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
tackle.]    To  unharness.    (Tusser  :  HusbandriL 
p.  62.) 

*un  tagged',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tagged.]  Not  tied  or  fastened;  not  having 
tags. 

"  Untagrfd  points  and  comiiters." 

Beaum,  A  /Vet.  :   Woman'i  I'rite,  iv.  *. 

tin  taint-ed  (1),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tainted.} 

1.  Not  rendered  impure  by  admixture  ;  fr*e 
from  foul  matter  ;  pure. 

"  Th'  untainted  wind*  refuse  th*  tufvetlng  lead" 


2.  Not  rendered  unsavoury  by  putrescence; 
not  rotten  or  corrupted. 

"  Untouoh'd  by  worms,  untainted  by  the  air." 

Pope  :  Bomer  ;  lUad  x  x  i  v.  CM. 

3.  Not  sullied  ;  unsullied,  unblemished. 

"  Ills  morals  had  escaped  untainted."—  J/natutay  : 
BUt.  Eng.,  ch.  vL 

*  un-taint'-cd  (2),  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
(nt)tu  inted.}  Not  charged  with  a  crime  ;  not 
accused. 

"  Untainted,  tiiiexamla'd,  free  at  liberty." 

Shaketp.  :  Ritfuird  III.,  la  & 

*un-taintf-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  untainted; 
-ly.]  In  an  untainted  manner;  in  a  mannel 
free  from  taint,  stain,  or  blemish. 

"A  school  so  untaintedlif  loyaL"—  South  :  Sermon^ 
vol.  v.,  aer.  L 

'  un  taint  ed  ness,  s.  [Eng.  untainted; 
-nets.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
tainted ;  freedom  from  taint,  stain,  or  blemish. 

"  Purity  and  untatntedneu.  In  reject  of  any  mix- 
ture  of  corruption."—  Bp.  Ball;  Sermon  on  1  Joint 

un  tak'  en,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  taken.} 

1.  Not  taken  ;  not  seized,  captured,  or  ap 
prehended  ;  not  made  prisoner. 

"  Dispose  already  of  the  untaken  spoIL* 

Waller  :  Battle  of  Summer  hi  finds,  108. 

2.  Not  reduced  by  siege  or  assault  ;   not 
captured. 

3.  Not  swallowed  or  taken,  as  a  medicine 
or  the  like, 

TT  (1)  Untaktn  away  :  Not  removed. 


(2)  Untaken  up :  Not  occupied  ;  not  filled. 

"The  narrow  limits  of  this  discourse  will  leave  no 
more  room  untakeii  up  by  heaven."— Boyle. 

tin  tal'-ent-cd,  a.    [Pref.  vn~  Q),  and  Eng. 
talented.]  Not  talented;  not  gifted;  not  clever. 

"The  sort  of  poor  stuff  you  must  be  satisfied  with 
from  a  poor  untalented  glrL" — Rtctutrdton ;  Sir  0. 
Granditon,  v  i  i.  tx 

tin-talked  (I  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and 
Eng.  talked.}    Not  talked  ;  not  spoken. 

^  Untalked  of:  Not  mentioned ;  not  talked 
or  spoken  about. 

"  Leap  to  these  arms,  untalk'd  of  and  unseen." 

:  Romeo  t  Juliet,  Iii.  S. 


bSil,  boy ;  pout,  jrfwl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing, 
-clan,    tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  rhnn,    -clous,  -tious,  -dons  =  shtis.    -ble,  -die.  &c,  =  beL  deL 


4996 


untamable— unthankfulness 


On-tam'-a-ble,  un-tame  -a-ble,  a.  [Fref. 
ur-  (1),  and  Eng.  tamable.]  Incapable  of 
being  tamed,  domesticated,  subdued,  or  sub- 
jugated ;  not  capable  of  being  rendered  tame, 
docile,  or  serviceable  to  man  ;  incapable  of 
being  brought  or  softened  from  a  wild,  savagt, 
rude,  or  violent  state. 

"  As  wild  and  as  untameable 
AM  the  rude  mountains  where  they  dwell." 

ScoH  :  Lady  o/  the  Lake.  vt  (. 

*  tin  tame',  <i.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  tame,  a.] 
Not  tame  ;  wild,  savage. 

"  Ida  .  .  .  Dune  of  beasts  untame." 

Chapman :  Homer ;  Iliad  Till  41. 

fin-tamed',  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  tamed.} 

1.  Not  tamed ;  not  domesticated  ;  not  re- 
claimed from  wilduess  :  as,  an  unta-med  beast. 

2.  Not  subdued  or  subjugated ;  not  brought 
under  control ;  unsubdued. 

"There,  untamed,  th'  approaching  conqueror  waits." 
Moore  :  Veiled  Prophet  of  Shorauan. 

*  3.  Not  brought  under. 

"  A«  men  by  fantiug  starve  th1  untamed  disease." 
brgden  :  Theodore  t  Bonoria,  267. 

•tin-tarn' ^id-ness,  s.  (Eng.  untamed ; -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  untamed. 

"  Pride  and  the  untamedneu  of  our  nature."— 
Leiyhton  :  Comment,  on  I  Peter  V. 

«  un-tan'-gle,  "•*•  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
tangle.]  To  disentangle;  to  free  from  en- 
tanglement or  intricacy  :  hence,  to  free  from 
embarrassment,  doubt,  ambiguity,  or  uncer- 
tainty ;  to  explain  ;  to  clear  up. 

"  O  time,  thon  must  untangle  this." 

Skaketp.  :  Twelfth  Xiaht.  11.  1 

fin-tanned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
tanned.]  Not  tanned  ;  not  prepared  by  tan- 
ning ;  raw. 

"  To  wear  rude  socks  of   untanned  hide."— Mao. 
H:  Sift.  Eny.,  ch.  xiii. 


*  fin-tap'-plce,  v.t.  A  i.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and 
Eng.  tappice.] 

A.  Tram. :  To  turn  game  out  of  a  bag,  or 
to  drive  it  out  of  cover ;  hence,  to  reveal,  to 
disclose,  to  discover. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  come  out  of  concealment. 

"  Now  I'll  untappice.      (Come*  forward  with  the 
battle.)"— Jtaainger:  Vert  Woman,  iii.  i. 

in  tar  mshed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tarnished.]  Not  tarnished;  not  stained;  not 
soiled ;  unblemished.  (Lit.  £  jig.) 

fin -tasked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tasked.]  Not  subjected  or  liable  to,  as  a  task 
or  labour ;  free  from  labour ;  unoccupied, 
idle. 

"  To  paai  the  remnant  of  his  dayi  untrafd." 

Wordtworth :  Excurtion.  bk.  L 

*  fin-taBte',   v.t.      [Pref.    un-  (2),  and    Eng. 
taste.]    To  take  away  a  taste  from  ;  to  cause 
to  feel  disgust  or  distaste  for. 

"  Could  not,  by  all  means  might  be  devis'd. 
Untaute  them  pf  this  great  disgust" 

Daniel:  Ciril  Wart,  Till. 

fin  tast'-6d,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tasted.} 

1.  Lit. :  Not  tasted ;  untried  by  the  taste 
or  tongue. 

"The  dishes  were  removed  untatted  from  the  table." 
—Ifccaulay :  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

2.  Fig. :  Untried ;  not  experienced  or  en- 
Joyed. 

"  From  hlias  untatted  torn  away. 

Coif  per .  To  Charier  Deoaati. 

*  fin-tast'-Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tasting.]     Not  tasting ;   not  perceiving  any 
taste. 

"  whose  balmy  juice  glides  o'er  th1  unlatring  tongue." 
Smith.    (Todd.) 

On-taught'  (gh  silent),  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  taught.} 

1.  Not  taught ;  not  instructed ;  uneducated, 
unlettered,  illiterate. 

"  The  rustic  boy,  who  walki  the  fields  untaught.' 
Wordnonrth :  Excurtian,  bit.  ix. 

2.  Not  having  learnt  by  experience  ;  igno- 
rant 

"  Untaught  that  soon  such  anguish  must  ensue.™ 
ffor.iti.wrth  .-  Female  Vayrnnt. 

*  3.  Unskilled  ;  not  having  use  or  practice. 

"  TT«'d  to  command,  untaught  to  plead  lor  favour." 
Shaketp. :  3  Henry  VI..  iv.  L 

*  4.  Not  made  the  subject  of  teaching  or  in- 
struction ;  not  communicated  by  teaching. 

"  Wild  and  untaught  are  terms  which  we  alone 
Invent,  for  fashions  differing  from  our  own." 

Dryden :  Indian  Emperor.  1. 1. 

',  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  taxed.} 


1.  Not  taxed  ;  not  charged  with  or  liable  to 
taxes 

'  Thome  untaxed  people  were  actually  subject  to 
the  payment  of  taxes."—  Burke  :  Conciliation  teith 
America. 

2.  Not  charged  with  or  accused  of  any  fault, 
crime,  or  oflence. 

"  Common  apeech  which  leavesiio  virtue  untaxed." 
—Bacon  :  Of  Learning,  bk.  i. 

*  im  tea£li  ,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  teach.} 

1.  To  cause  to  forget,  disbelieve,  or  give  up 
what  had  been  previously  taught. 

"  Will  this  unteueh  us  to  complain?" 
Byron:  Oh!  Snatch'd  away  in  Beauty't  Bloom. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  forgotten  ;   to  make  to 
cease  from  being  acquired  by  teaching. 

"  But  we,  by  art,  untcnch  what  nature  taught." 
lrryd.cn  :  Indian  AV./«rur,  I.  1. 

fin-tea?  h'-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
teachable.  ]  Not  teachable  ;  not  able  to  be 
taught,  either  from  mental  mcajacity  or  from 
want  of  docility  of  spirit  ;  incapable  of  receiv- 
ing instruction. 

"The  obstinate  and  unteachable  Pharisees."—  Ittt. 
ton  :  Duct.  A  Due.  o/  Divorce,  bk.  it,  ch.  xiv. 

*  fin-team',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  team.] 
To  unyoke  a  team  from  ;  to  deprive  of  a  team. 

"  As  soon  as  the  sun  unteamed  his  chariot."  —  J. 
Taylor  :  Great 


fin-tech'-nic  al,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
technical.]  Not  technical  ;  free  from  techni- 
calities or  technical  expressions. 

"  The  author  has  treated  it  in  as  untechnicat  a  way 
M  possible."—  field,  Dec.  24,  1887. 

*  tin-tell'  -a-ble,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tellable.]      Incapable   of    being   told  ;    inde- 
scribable. 

"  Untenable  vertues."—  Wycliffe:  Xcdui.  xxv.  9. 

*  fin-teni'-per,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
temper,  v.]  Todeprive  of  thetemperordiiede- 
gree  of  hardness,  as  metals  ;  hence,  to  soften, 
to  mollify. 

"  Soften  and  tinttmper  the  courages  of  men."  —  Cot- 
ton :  Montaigne'  t  Euavi.  xix. 

*  nn-tfim'-per-ate,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  temperate.}  "Not  temperate;  intemperate. 
"  Untemperate  knave,  will  nothing  quench  thy  appe- 

tite f  •         Beaum.  i  Flet.  :  Woman  Pleated,  i.  1 

fin  tern   pered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tempered.] 
L  Not  tempered  ;  not  duly  mixed  for  use. 

"  Others  daubed  It  with  untempered  mortar."— 
Ezekl'l  xiil.  10. 

•  2.    Not  built   with   properly   tempered 
mortar. 

••  Smite  the  untemper'd  wall."     Ootrper  :  Hope,  627. 

3.  Not  brought  to  the  proper  degree  of 
hardness  :  as,  untempered  steel. 

*  4.  Not  brought  to  a  'fit  or  proper  state; 
not  regulated,  moderated,  or  controlled. 

"  Let  us  not  .  .  .  condemn  him  with  itntemperfd 
toverity."—John*m:  LieeioSthe  Poett;  Waller. 

tin-tempt'  -6d  (p  silent),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  tempted.]    Not  tempted  ;  not  put  to  the 
trial  or  test  ;  not  tried  by  allurement,  entice- 
ment, or  persuasion  ;  not  allured  or  enticed. 
"  Unttmpted.  or  by  wager  or  by  price." 

Cotton  :  On  Oie  Peak 

*  un  tempt   er  (p  silent),  s.    [Pref.  un.  (1), 
and  Eng.  tempter.]    Not  a  tempter. 

"Sotheli  God  is  untempter  ol  yvel  things."—  Wy. 
dipt  :  Jamet  L  13. 

fin-ten'  -a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tenable.] 

1.  Not  tenable  ;  incapable  of  being  held  in 
possession  ;  incapable  of  being  defended. 

"  White's  game  seems  untenable."—  Field.  Dec.  SI, 
•B. 

2.  Incapable  of  being  defended  or  main- 
tained by  argument  ;  indefensible. 

"  Their  main  scheme  .  .  .  appearing  so  untenable." 
—  Waterland:  Worti.  voL  1».  (lntrod.1 

tin-ten'  -a-ble-nesg,  ».  [Eng.  untenable; 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  untena- 
ble or  indefensible. 

"The  utter  untenablenett  of  Mr.  B  -  's  material. 
istic  atheism.  "—Brif.  Quart  Review,  Oct..  1S81.  p.  SOS. 

*  un-ten  ant,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2X  and  Eng. 
tenant.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  a  tenant  or  tenants  ;  to 
expel  the  tenant  or  occupant  from. 

"  Untenanlino  Creation  ef  its  God." 

Coleridge  :  Dealnt  o/  .Vortoiu. 

2.  To  evict,  to  dislodge. 

"  Whence  all  the  power  of  man  cannot  untenant 
him."—  Adami  :  Work*,  i.  202. 


ttn-ten'-ant-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (i),  and 
Eng.  tenantable.]  Not  tenantable ;  not  tit  for 
a  tenant  or  occupier;  not  in  suitable  condition 
for  a  tenant ;  not  capable  of  being  tenanted  or 
inhabited. 

"  Frozen  and  untenantable  regions." — WhevteH. 

fin-ten -ant -6d,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  En-. 
tenanted.]  Not  tenanted  ;  not  occupied  bj  a 
tenant;  uninhabited. 

"  All  silent  now— for  liow  are  still 
Thy  bowers,  untcnutit^l  llowhill!' 

Scott :  Marmion,  li.    (lutrod.) 

un-tcnd  -ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  En-. 
tended.]  Not  tended ;  not  taken  care  or 
charge  of. 

"  Go,  go,  my  lambs,  unfunded  homeward  fare." 
Cotoper:  On  the  Heath  of  Damon. 

fin-ten'-der,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

tender,  a.j 

1,  Not  tender,  not  soft. 

2,  Wanting  sensibility  or  affection ;  unkind, 
ungentle. 

"  Why  tender's!  thou  that  paper  to  me,  with 
A  look  untenderl "       Shakegp. :  Cyinbeline,  iii.  4. 

«  un  ten  -dered,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tendered.]  Not  tendered  ;  not  offered  ;  un- 
paid. 

"  A  tribute  .  .  .  which  by  thee  lately 
Is  left  untender'd."          Shaketp. :  Cymbeline,  ii.  L 

'  tin-tgnf,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  tent 
(1).]  To  deprive  of  a  tent ;  to  bring  out  of  a 
tent  (Shakesp. :  Troilus  *  Cressida,  ii.  8.) 

*  fin-tent  -ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  tent  (S), 
and  suff.  -ed.]    Not  to  be  probed  by  a  tent; 
not  dressed  ;  incurable. 

"  Th'  untented  woundings  of  a  father's  cars*." 

Sftaketfj. :  Lear,  L  4. 

fin-t8nt'-y,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  tent  (2), 
and  sun",  -y.)  Incautious,  careless.  (Scotch.) 

•  fin-ter-reV-trl-al,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  terrestrial.]     Not  terrestrial;  spiritual, 
unearthly. 

"  No  pain  assailed  his  uuterrettrial  sense." 

Shelley:  <jueen  Uab.  vil. 

«  nn-t8r-rlf -Ie,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eug. 
terrific.}  Not  terrifying,  not  appalling. 

"  Not  unterrUc  was  the  aspect.'— Carole :  Sartor 
Seiartut,  bk.  ii..  ch.  iii. 

un-ter'-ri-fied,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
terrified.]  Not  terrified  ;  not  affrighted  ;  not 
daunted. 

"  Incensed  with  indignation.  Satan  stood 
Unterrifed."  Jtilton  :  F.  L.,  ii.  70«. 

«nn-thank',  •  nn-thonke,  ».  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  thank.]  Ingratitude,  ill-will. 

"  Thus  shall  I  have  unihonke  on  every  side." 

Chaucer  :  Troilue  *  Crruiaa.  T. 

U  Used  also  adverbially  :  as,  his  (her)  un- 
thank  =  no  thanks  to  him  (them),  in  spite  of 
him  (them). 

fin  thinked',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
thanked.] 

1.  Not  thanked  ;  not  repaid  with  thanks  or 
acknowledgments. 

"  Th'  all-giver  would  be  untnanJc'd.' 

Hilton  :  Comtil,  73. 

2.  Not  received  with  thanks  or  thankful- 
ness. 

"  Unwelcome  freedom,  and  unthanfd  reprieve." 

Drydeit.    ( Todd.) 

un-thank'-fiU,  a.     [Pref.  u«-  (1),  and  Eng. 

thankful.] 

1.  Not  thankful,  not  grateful ;  not  making 
acknowledgment  for  good  or  benefits  received  ; 
ungrateful. 

"  A  thankful  man  owes  a  courtesy  ever :  the  un- 
thankful but  when  he  needs  it  —  Ben  Jotuon: 
Poetatter.  (Ded.) 

*  2.  Giving  no  return  ;  unproductive. 

"  The  husbandman  ought  not.  for  one  unthankful 
year,  to  forsake  the  plougL"-«en  Joraon  :  Bartholo- 
mew Fair.  iii.  1. 

3.  Not  acknowledged  or  repaid  with  thanks ; 
not  thankfully  received  or  welcomed. 

"One  of  the  most  unthankful  offices  in  the  world.' 
—Qoldimith  :  The  Bee,  No.  8. 

un-thank'-ful-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  unthankful; 
-ly  }  In  an  unthankful  orungrateful  nuiiim-r  ; 
without  thanks.  (Elyot:  Governour,  bk.  iii., 
ch.  ii.) 

un  think  rtl  ness,  ».  [Eng.  unthankful; 
-ne$e.  ]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unthank- 
ful ;  ungratefulness,  ingratitude. 

"  The  wonderfull  unkyndenesae  and  too  much  un- 
thankfulneue  of  man.'— Fillier  :  On  Prater.  |To  th« 
Reader.  I 


fikte,  at,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try, 


pine,  pit,  •ire,  sir,  marine;  BO.  pit, 
Syrian.   IB,  oj  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «u  =  kw. 


unthawed— untimely 


4897 


tin-thawed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  aud  Eng. 
thawed.]  Not  thawed  ;  not  melted  or  dis- 
solved, as  ice,  snow,  itc. 

"  The  river  jet  unthait'o." 

Pope  :  Horace ;  Sat.,  bk.  1L.  sat,  1 

*  ftn-the-8-l5g'-io-al,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
EIIK.  tluvlogical,]     Not  theological;  not  ac- 
cording to  sound  principles  of  theology. 

"  To  argue  from  Scripture  negatively  in  thinira  of 
this  nxture  IB  somewhat  uttiheoloyicaL  —  Bp.  Hall  : 
On  the  Obi.  of  Chritfi  nativity. 

•  un  think',  *nn-thlnke,  v.t.      [Pref  un- 
(2),  and  Eng.  think.]    To  retract  in  thought ; 
to    remove   or   dismiss   from    the    mind    or 
thought ;  to  think  differently  about. 

"  To  unMin*  your  speaking." 

Shakeip.  :  Henry  fill.,  U.  4. 

tn-thlnk'-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
thinkable.]  "That  cannot  be  made  an  object 
of  thought ;  incapable  of  being  thought ;  in- 
cogitable. 

"  The  annihilation  of  matter  Is  unthinkable,  for  the 
game  reason  that  the  creation  of  matter  Is  unthink. 
able."— Herbert  Spencer  :  Firtt  Principle*,  I  53. 

fin-think  -er,  3.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
thinker.]  A  thoughtless,  inconsiderate  person. 
"  Thinkers    and    unthinkert    by    the    million."— 
Carlyle  :  fr.  Ketot.,  pt.  i.,  bit.  lv..  ch.  i. 

tin  think  -Jhg,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
thinking.] 

1.  Not    thinking  ;    not   taking   thought  ; 
thoughtless,  inconsiderate  ;  heedless,  careless. 

"  The  unthinking  king  showed  some  signs  of  con. 
ecru.'—llacaul«y  :  Uta.  fna..  ch.  111. 

2.  Not    indicating    or    characteristic     of 
thought  or  consideration. 

"  With  earnest  eyes  and  round  unthinking  face." 
rope  :  Rape  qf  the  Loci,  lv.  1J5. 

3.  Thoughtless  ;    done   or   acted   without 
thought  or  care. 

"  Youth's  unthinking  glee." 

Seott  :  Lord  v/ the  Itltl,  V.  33. 

tin-think'-Ing-Mf,  adv.  [Bng.  unthinking; 
-ly.]  In  an  unthinking,  thoughtless,  or  heedless 
manner  ;  without  thought ;  thoughtlessly, 
heedlessly,  recklessly. 

«  ftn-think'-Ing-n«5ss,  s.  \TZng.unthinktng; 
-nets.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unthink- 
ing or  thoughtless  ;  thoughtlessness,  care- 
lessness, recklessness. 

"  This  kind  of  Indifference  or  unthinkinffneu."— 
Lord  Halifax. 

fin  thinned',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
thinned.]  Not  thinned  ;  not  made  thinner. 

"  The  ranks  unthinn'd  though  slaughter^  still." 
Byron  :  Siege  of  Corinth,  xxlx. 

"fin-thirst'-y.  a~  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
thirsty.]  Not  thirsty. 

"  With  an  unthirity  Infant's  appetite."— Cibber  : 
Love  Hotel  a  Man.  11. 

*  tin-thorn'-y,  a.     (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
thorny.]    Not  thorny  ;  free  from  thorns. 

"A  paradise,  or  unthorny  place  of  knowledge."— 
Browne  :  Vulgar  Krrourt,  bk.  1.,  ch.  V. 

fin  thought  (ought  as  at),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  thought.]  Not  thought;  not 
imagined,  considered,  or  conceived.  (Gene- 
rally followed  by  of.) 

"  A  strength  unlhought  o/  heretofore." 

Wordiworth:  Matron  of  JtdburgK. 

f  Formerly  followed  by  on. 

"  The  unthought-on  accident  la  guilty." 

Shaketp. :  Winter" I  Tale,  lv.  8. 

"tin-thought- ful,  *  tin  -thought-  full 

(OUgh  as  a),  a.     [Pref.   un-  (1),   and  Eng. 

thoughtful.]     Not  thoughtful ;  not  exercising 

thought  or  reflection  ;  unthinking,   careless, 

thoughtless. 

'•  Unthoug  htfutt,  with  the  reckelesnesse  of  the  father, 
and  wantonness  of  the  mother,  leave  the  Juste  travaile, 
and  take  unjust  idleuea."— Golden  Boke,  ch.  xxxviL 

"  un  thought'-ful  ness  (ough    as   a),  s. 

[Eng.  unthoughtful ;    -ness.]    The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unthoughtful ;  thoughtlessness. 
"  A  constant  equable  serenity  and  unthoughtfulnet* 
In  outward  actions."— Felt:  Life  of  Hammond,  f  2, 

•  un  thought  -like  (ough  as  a),  a.    [Pref. 
un-  (1);  Eng.  thought,  and  sun",  -like.]     Not 
like  a  thought. 

"  Unthouahtlike  thoughts"  Pot:  Worttl,  U.  142. 

tin-thread',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
thread.} 

1.  To  draw  or  take  out  a  thread  from  :  as, 
To  unthread  a  needle. 

*2.  To  relax  the  ligaments  of;  to  loosen. 

"  Hs  with  his  bare  wand  can  unthread  thy  Joints." 
Milton:  Comut, 614. 


*  3.  To  find  one's  way  through. 

"  They  soon  unthreaded  the  labyrinth  of  rocks."— 
FM  Quincey:  Spaniih  .Vuii,  S  16. 

*  un-threat -ened,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  threatened.]    Notthreatened  or  menaced. 

"  Unreproached  and  untArcatened,  by  any  Ian- 
guage  of  mine."— King  Charle*:  Sikon  Bagilike. 

fin  threshed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
threshed.]  Not  threshed. 

"  The  humid  atmosphere  which  penetrated  the 
unthrethed  stacks.  "—Daily  Chronicle,  Feb.  4,  1888. 

*  fin-thrift',  s.  &  a.     (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

thrift.} 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Want  of  thrift ;  prodigality,  unthriftiness. 

2.  A  prodigal ;  an  unthrifty  person  ;  a  spend- 
thrift. 

"  A  great  multitude  of  tintfiriftt  and  cut  throtes." — 
Gotdlnge :  Cottar,  fol.  76. 

B.  As  adj. :  Unthrifty,  profuse,  prodigal ; 
good  for  nothing. 

"  [She]  with  an  unthrift  love  did  run  from  Venice." 
Shaketp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  v.  L 

«  tin-thrift'-fuHy,  ado.  [Pref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 
thrift;  -ful;  -ly.]  Unthriftily,  wastefully. 

"  An  other  no  lease  is.  that  such  plentle  of  vittayle. 
as  was  aboundauntly  in  every  quarter,  for  the  reliefe 
of  us  all.  Is  now  all  waatfullyand  unthrift  fully  iverA, 
In  maiuteyning  you  nnlawfulle  rebelles."  —  Sir  J. 
Cheek*:  Hurt  of  Sedition. 

•fin-thrift'-I-hopd,  •un-thriiT-i-hSd,  s. 

[Eng.  unthrifty;  -hood.]    Unthriftiness. 
"  Unquiet  care  and  fond  unthriftihed." 

Spenter  :/•.«..  Ill  ill.  25. 

t  un-thrift'-I-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  unthrifty;  -ly.] 
In  an  unthrifty  manner ;  wastefully,  lavishly, 
prodigally. 

"  Part  with  them  here  unthrlftUy.' 

Ben  Jonton :  Epigram  7. 

t  un-thrlft-I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  unthrifty;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unthrifty : 

*(\)  The  state  of  being  to  an  unthriving 
condition. 

"  Staggering,  non-proflctency,  and  unthriftineu  of 
profession  Is  the  fruit  of  self.'— Kogert  :  xaaman  the 
Syrian. 

(2)  Want  of  thrift ;  prodigality,  profusion, 
wastefulness. 

fin-thrtft'-y,  *  un-thrlft-ye,  o.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  thrifty.] 

*  1.  Not  thriving ;  not  profiting ;  unthriving. 

"  Wiiat  [1s  It]  but  this  self  and  presuming  of  our- 
selves causes  grace  to  be  unthrifty  and  to  hang  down 
the  head?"—  Roger*:  Xaaman  the  Syrian,  p.  144. 

*  2.  Good  for  nothing. 

"  Can  no  man  tell  of  rny  unthrifty  son  T " 

Shaknp.  :  Richard  //..  v.  3. 

3.  Not  thrifty ;  wasteful,  prodigal,  profuse. 

"  Buie  the  lands  of  unthriftie  gentlemen."  —  ffotin. 
Ihtd.:  Dncrtpt.  qf  England,  bk.  II..  ch.  vL 

*4.  Preventing  thrift  or  thriving  ;  impover- 
ishing. 

"  Unmanly  murder  and  unthrifty  scath." 

Spenter:  f.  «.,  L  IT.  U. 

*  nn-thriv'-Jng,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

thriving.]    Not  thriving,  not  prospering. 

"  Dwarfes  which  are  unthriving  and  stand  at  a 
stay."— Bp.  Hall :  Meditationt  t  I'owet,  cent.  1.,  No.  44. 

•tin-throne',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
throne.]  To  dethrone;  to  drive  or  depose 
from  a  throne. 

"  Him  to  unthrone  we  then 
May  hope."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  11 281. 

fin-thrown',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 
thrown.]  Not  thrown,  cast,  or  flung. 

"  No  stone  unthrovn,  nor  yet  no  dart  uiicast." 

Surrey  :   t'iryil ;  .Sneid  1L 

•tin-«o'-ltled  a«  as  el),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  tickled.]  Not  tickled. 

"  There  is  not  an  ear  In  the  whole  county  uiititkled." 
—Chesterfield :  Fogg'*  Journal,  No,  877. 

fin-ti-dl-ljf,  od».  [Eng.  untidy  ;-ly.}  In  an 
untidy  or  slovenly  manner. 

un-ti'-dl-ness,  s.  [Eng.  untidy ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  untidy  ;  want  of  tidi- 
ness ;  slovenliness. 

fin-ti'-djf,  *  un-ty-dye,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l), 
and  Bug.  tidy.} 

*  I.  Out  of  proper  time ;  unseasonable,  un- 
timely. 

"  With  nntidy  tales  he  teonede  ful  ofU 
Conscience  and  his  company.' 

f.  Plowman,  p.  898. 

2.  Not  tidy  or  neat ;  slovenly. 
fin-tie',  v.t.  &  i.   [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  tie,  v.] 


A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  loosen,  or  undo,  as  a  knot. 
"This  knot  will  be  quickly  untied."— 

Keliff.  of  Jfature,  I  V. 

2.  To  unbind ;  to  free  from  any  bond  or 
fastening  ;  to  loose,  to  liberate. 

"  My  train  obey'd  me,  aud  my  ship  untied." 

Pope :  Homer  ;  Odyuey  Ix.  208. 

*  3.  To  loosen  from  coils  or  convolutions. 
"  Her  snakes  untied,  sulphureous  waters  drink." 

Pope:  Statiut;  Thebaid,  1U. 

4.  To  free  from  hindrance,  impediment,  or 
obstruction  ;  to  set  loose. 

"  All  the  evils  of  an  untied  tongue  we  put  upon  bht 
accounts  of  drunkenness." — Taylor. 

5.  To  dissolve  ;  to  break  up. 

"  It  untiet  the  Inward  knot  of  marriage."—  Viltm , 
Duct.  Jt  Discipline  of  Divorce,  bk.  i..  ch.  ix. 

*  6.  To  resolve  ;  to  unfold ;  to  lay  open. 

"They  quicken  sloth,  perplexities  untie." 

Denham :  Qf  Prudence.  215. 

B.  Intrans. :    To    become    untied   or   un- 
fastened :  as,  This  knot  will  not  untie. 

*fin-tighf-en  (gh  silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2X 
and  Eng.  tighten.}  To  make  less  tight;  to 
loosen. 

fin-tfl',  "fin-till,'  "on-til,  prep.  [A  substi- 
tuted form  of  unto,  by  the  use  of  til  for  to. 
Till  (til)  is  of  Scandinavian  origin,  to  of 
Anglo-Saxon.)  [TILL,  prep.] 

1.  Till,  to.    (Used  of  time.) 

"  Unta  the  break  of  day.' 
Shakrsp. :  Midiummer  Night*  Dream,  T. 

*  2.  To.    (Used  before  material  objects.) 

"He  roused  hlmseU  full  blithe,  and  hastened  then 
until.'  Spenter  :  /•.  y.,  I.  xl.  4. 

3.  Before  a  sentence  or  clause  =  till   the 
time  that,  till  the  point  or  degree  that. 

"  Dnttt 
Twelve  died  In  conflict  with  himself  alone." 

Courper :  Homer :  Iliad  XT. 

•fin-tile',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 'tile.] 
To  remove  or  take  the  tiles  from ;  to  uncover 
by  removing  the  tiles. 

"  You  may  untile  the  house,  'tis  possible." 

aeaum.  A  Plet. :  Woman'*  Prite,  1.  8. 

*  fin-tiled',  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  tiled.} 
Not  tiled  ;  not  covered  with  tiles.    (See  ex- 
tract under  UNOLAZED,  2.) 

*  fin-till',  prep.    [UNTIL.] 

*  fin-tfll'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tillable.]   "Incapable  of  being  tilled  or  culti- 
vated ;  unfit  for  cultivation. 

••  Portions  of  the  untillable  land."— Century  Maga- 
zine, June,  1888,  p.  816. 

un-tilled ,  »  ftn-tUd',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  tilled.]  Not  tilled  ;  not  cultivated;  not 
brought  under  cultivation. 

"Many  thousand  acres  of  unfilled  land."— /teW, 
Dec.  81, 1887. 

t  fin  tint -bered,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
timbered.] 
\.  Not  furnished  with  timber ;  weak. 

"  Weak  untimbered  sides." 

Shttkeip. :  Trotlut  t  Oretfida.  1.  8. 

2.  Not  covered  with   timber  or  growing 
trees ;  not  wooded. 

»  fin-time',  adv.  &  ».    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

time.] 

A.  As  adv. :  Not  in  time. 

'•  Tithing  com  him  untime,  Sir  Lowrys  dede  he  fond." 
Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  227. 

B.  As  subst. :  An  unfit,  improper,  or  un- 
seasonable time. 

"  A  man  shall  not  ete  In  untime.'— Chaucer  :  Per. 
lone*  Tale. 

tin-time'-lI-neSS,  ».  [Eng.  untimely  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  untimely ;  un- 
seasonableness. 

"  The  unUmelinett  of  temporal  death."— Bp.  Taylor  t 
To  Bithop  of  Kochetter. 

fin- time'- ly,  o.  4  adv.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  timely.] 
A.  At  adjective : 

1.  Not  timely  ;  not  seasonable ;  not  oppor- 
tune ;  unseasonable,  ill-timed,  inopportune. 

"By  no  untimely  Joyousuess." 

Wordturortn:  Matron  of  Jedburffn, 

2.  Not  done   or   happening  in   the   right 
season ;  unseasonable. 

"  Untimely  storms  make  men  expect  a  dearth." 
Shaketp.  :  Slchari  HI.,  II.  «. 

3.  Happening  before  the  natural  time ;  pre- 
mature. 

"A  bone  of  a  fish  has  brought  many  to  an  untimely 
grave."— Knox :  Antipolemut. 


boll,  bfiy ;  ixSut,  J6%1;  cat,  ?ell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.    ph  _  £ 
-dan,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -»ion  =  shun ;  -{ion,  -ffion  =  zhon.    -clous,  -tioua.  -sious  =  shun,    -ble,  -die,  4c,  =  bel,  deL 


untimeons— untrampled 


•B.  AMI:,;  ...  n*tuml  tliii' 

maturely,  unseasonuMy. 

"Tb*  Trolftlu  tm  tb«  y<iutb«  unJfmWydU." 

Honuri  IIU4  II.  111. 

•fin  time  on*,  ».    i  I'M  i.  ii  H.  (i),  and  Ki«. 

UmO/UX.)          IJlltlrillllV,    Illl    .'-'l-l'lll.!!!!      . 


-  Ill*  .11.  v.  I..ULHH.I  uNUnMoiu  JotiiiUrlty.*—  *»«  .• 

OluUI-,  /<urwinl,  I.  HH. 

•fin  time  ou»  1?.  (uf«.  (Kng.  unlimwu-; 
-ty.)  In  un  tiiitiiimoua  manner  ;  untimely. 

"It  until.  IM  .1  .inn  ].nr  I  li.iw  i  «||H  tint*  li«r  if  I'M*  In 
motl.iu  tliluui.liiit».M^j(."—  Otxitl:  A-nUl-urU,  ill.  xv. 

•tin-tlno  -tnred,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (i),  nn.i  tag. 
Mnoturul.)  '•  ,  ii  .t  h:.  •»!. 

mlxod,  in'  li. 

fin  tlnfted,  n.  (  Prof,  un-(l),  and  Kng.Hnged.] 

1.  Nut  tinged  ;  not  stained;  not  colom..!  ; 
Mtdl 

*•  lu  »  d«rkMi«l  ruom  It  m»y  »l>ptAr  what  u-ain. 

•n  .»«-«-*  -».„(•  il-wiiT  7*5. 

2.  Not  Infected  i  not  Imbued. 

-N.IU.rl.  Bollngl>rok.»iUfcv«lwlUllt.*--n</".- 
IV  Day.  July  10,  ITU. 

fin  I  ir   a  bio.  •  un  tyre  a  bio,  a.    [Prof. 
tm-  (1);   Bug.  (In,  v.,  Kinl  iiilf.  -able.]     In- 
capable of  being  tired  ;  Indefatigable,  tireless. 
"Au  «n/<raM.  and  oontlnuaU  goodiM-a* 

/Uil»*M^  •'  riifMK  q/  .m«nj.  L  t 

fin  fired'.  •  nn  tlrdej,  a.  (Prof.  un-  (1), 
and  Kug.  llnd.)  Not  Ural  ;  not  wearied  ;  un- 
wearied. 

"  WIUl  u-J/r-J  iplrlU  i  <d  formal  tmiiUner,* 
-AiUwy.  :  jatm  Omar,  U  L 

fin-tlr'-Inff.  a.     (Pn>r.  tin-  0),  «>d   Eng. 

in  'ii.  /.|     Not    Urhm;     not    Iwuoiuliig    Und, 
weaned,  or  oxhauaUid. 

"  Dar  Mid  night  th»  Miilou.  iniuUr 

Al  liU  lull  untirmi/  wruu^ut" 

LanafttloH  :  Hiupar  AKWrro. 

fin  fir  Irig  Itf,  m/i'.  [Eng.  untiring:  -iy.) 
In  an  iiuluiuu  manlier;  without  tiring. 

"  Al  •UMlfutly  mul  tinlirinyltt  u  All*.  ol  uld."— 
/tally  r-bvi-iip*.  Munb  IJ.  llli. 

•ttn  ti  tied  Oo  M  fl),  a.     [Pref.  itn-  0). 

au.l  linn.  lll(*/| 
L  Not  tit  1ml  ;  having  no  title. 


ri/MrflM,.  .•  >.  V  .  V.  IE.  41 

2.  Having  no  title,  claim,  or  right;  Illo- 
gltlmaUi. 

"  Aa  unfttM  tyrant"      Afcump  .-  Jfoo«.fA.  IT.  S. 

fin'  to,  prep.  |  Tnr  u  ml  (11,  from  »iu( ;  O.  Frlen. 
um/,  on!  ;  0.  Wax.  undcs  unto  ;  Uotll.  uni/  as 
unto,  until,  lint  Is  shortened  for  utul-tt  — 
unto,  when  Is  a  A.tt.  W  j»  to,  The  word 
oeours  ID  Anglo  Saxon  only  In  the  inodlllwl 
form  AIA  (for  im<Hi>  For  tlio  loss  of  n  of.  A.8. 
louVl  -a  Ontll.  tunthut  =  tootll  (q.V.).]  [To.) 
1.  To.  (Only  used  now  In  scriptural,  solemn, 
or  elevated  sty  la.) 

'*  And  I  bun  limit  brlllf  Auruti  Mid  till  miu  MMo  tbo 

dmir  of  tlm  UlM<riiMil(v~— A>mJuJ  xl.  11. 


•  2.  Until,  till. 

"  AlluUjlity  qu-MI*.  mild  thll  y-r-  h»  dona* 

1'A.iwr.r ;  AMfmtilv  iif  fwfltt. 

•fin-tolled',  a.  (Prof,  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
lollrtl.l  Unworked,  untllled. 

"  It  lo-tth  to  grow  In  roiifb  >ud  unloltal  ptawi,*— 
/•  KnUowl.-  Itlau,  bk.  Iir..  oh.  T. 

•fin  toil'  Ing,  a.  H'r-f.  un-  OX  »"''  Kng. 
loUlna.j  Not  tolling  ;  without  toll,  labour,  ur 
axe-lion. 

"III.  of  TftllltUMI  11111.1  vulll. 

To  Uill  for  wliHt  VIMI  Imr.  unr.iUJiii;  nmy  obtain." 
namttm :  Cuttl*  o/ /Hrfofmo.,  I.  ux 

fin  told',  a.    I ivr.  «n-  OX  «n<l  i'"K.  '"'•'•  I 

1.  Not  told  ;   not  related  ;   not  ruvealed ; 
not  communicated. 

"  To  h-ar  tbo  ml  ur,l,.W."    m  u  trot  :  /VHolM,  T.  a. 

2,  Not  numbered  ;  not  counted. 

"  llrlliiliin  I  "bat  trta-nn  wM-W 
HialdK  In  tbat  huannly  wi.r.1!" 
;  x)t»iii»ir 


•  ttn  t6l  or  a  ble,  a.     (Prof.  «n-  (IX  and 
Kng.  <W»ni)i;«.J    Not  tolerable;  Intolerable. 

"Th«  pi>|>*  hlntMlf*  U  Dow* 


•  ttn  tomb  (h  .ll-nt),  r.f.  I  l'r,.f.  nn-  <•.:>.  and 
Eng  .  tom/1.1  To  illiontoinb  ;  to  take  out  of  tlm 
tomb;  tuilli.intiT. 

"  Th»  wouilfi  lul  cort»  of  Ant*nil  untOfito*<  ft  tbot). 
•uid  r~r»  «(l«r  In.  dnlli.  '-ATO-M  .•  mi|Mr  A'r- 
•«•-..  bk.  Til.,  oh.  >Tllt. 

•fin  tAmbed',   •  nn  tnmbed.  o.     (Pref. 

«M-(lXaml  Kng.  Itmbrd.]    Not  Interml. 
•*  Tb«  pro|tt.r  lm»««  of  eorp-  Mnrw 


•fin-tonod,   o.      [Pref.  un-   (1),  an<i 
toned.]     llnlaxwl  ;  put  out  of  I 

"O'«  tbla  «'i('i'i'J  friua*.*  Tht  HulcitU. 

•fin  tAnguo.  v.l.     (I'ref.  vn-  (2),  anil  Kn^. 
(NIII/IIC.J    Tu  doprlve  of  a  tuiiguo  or  voice  ;  to 

Kll.IIIl'D. 

"  Un  uuxbt  to  unfiinpiM  It  from  Ulklny  to  liU  prt- 
lwllot.*-^7"ull-r:  Cnturdk  Hut.,  XI.  It  77. 

•ttn  tooth',  ».(.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and   Eng. 
tuuth.]    To  deprive  ol  i  li- 

"  A*  man  unf<xi(A  H  pig  jilU'rlng  the  ooru.* 

CotfiMr:  Hamfri  Odj/un  x-Ut 

•  fin  tooth   n6mo.   *  nn  touth  some,  a. 

.  mi-  (I),  unil  Kng.  tool/uomt.\  Not  toolh- 
aolne  ;  not  [iiiliitabli.. 

"  Tin  lu.i.y  of  Hi.  Uliind  lit  r,,nli»  of  ill  i.thrr  U 
niiihti  .1  ini.it  uiilili'iuiuit  anil  UHt.jotlutint*."—!'.  II"!- 
Jand  I  ruulM.  lik.  xlll.,  ou.  Ir. 


•  un  tooth   s6rao 

I'lii'  i| 
unpal 


i.     \\'.iv..  untaoth- 


KOU;  -nut.]      I'lii'  i|uulity  or  atate  of  being 
unUiothminie  or  unpalatable. 


mi  IbnldM  Hi. 
"—  Aj«.  J/uU 


mi  tin 
• 


"  Tin 
pun 

fin  tor-mfinf  6d,  u.  (Prrf.  un-  (1),  ami 
Eng.  tarmentid.]  Not  tormented;  not  tor- 
tured ;  not  twlfltetl. 

"  Unfxhloo'd.  unlummud  Into  uiui.* 

rouni;  :  tttfU  T^:ua>ai.  vll.  771. 

tin  torn',  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng.  torn.] 
Not  torn  or  rent  ;  whole. 

"Ktuuted  him  to  kMp  hli  ikla  u»«..™."--W<l. 
B-o.  17,  un. 

tin  tor  tured,  a.  [Pref.  un-  OX  "'"'  II:I|K. 
lorfund.]  Not  tortured  ;  without  being  tor- 
tured. 

**  Thy  nuki  oonlit  K|V«  tht«  but  to  know 
Tb»  praab.  wlilO,  I,  uManurnt,  >b»w.* 

-eott  :  Rolubi,  Tl  U. 

•  fin-ton9h'-«>  bl«,  a.  [Prat  un-  (1)  ;  Kng. 
touch  ;  -al>U.]  Not  oapablu  of  being  touched  ; 

lutaiigllilo,  uiiaanailablii. 

"  VHtoucttaU*  H  to  urejudlot."—  /WrAam;  A**u<-w. 

|.L  U.,  rr..  IA 

ftn  toflohod,  a.  (Prer.  un-  OX  and  Eng. 
iHHMi) 

1.  Not  touched  ;  not  handled  ;  not  reached  ; 
Dot  hit  ;  not  meddled  with. 

"  (/Monotai,  Uu  b*rp  lx»»n  to 
JM 

2.  Uninjured,  unhurt,  nnaffected. 

•"Hi.  .lilil.lnj.  wrxtb.  th.«uil»iuk<1lliock. 
H«r»  left  iifuondb'if  b.r  hcuur  rook.  * 
- 


. 
n  .-  Mv  «/  OwftHH,  I. 

8.  Kot  touched  on  ;  not  mentioned  ;  Dot 
treated  of. 

*'TboM  matUra  of  dennlMmm  war.  f»ln  to  I.AVB 
tb«iii  [.liniiltt  Idvu]  tintoufttfd."  —  Loclet:  JIUIIUIH 
Vn,U,u..  bk.  Ill  .  ob.  IT. 

4.  Not  moved  ;  not  affected. 

"  Urn,  not  untourKd  wltli  pttr." 


uii  to  w.-ird,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
toward,  u.  | 

1,  Froward,  pervene,  refractory  ;  not  easily 
guldud  or  taught. 

"  Flytiilo  Uio  bwu*U«  of  inctiii.  .]i>iitlifully  dnggrux. 
•  Ttt»[ly  uiKonint.'-  tfdal  :  Lutt  I. 

*  2.  Inconvenient,  troiiMuaome,  vexatloua. 
"  Which  afUrwitrd.  b.  t.,tin.l  u-ita-nni 


3.  Unlucky,  nnfortunat(\  nufnvourable. 

"  In  •lilt*  of  tuAiir  M  ri'iigh  HrUoward  blaat* 

MnB3MI  :  An-nlon,  bk.  T. 
•  4.  Awkward,  ungraceful. 

"The  (Moi-am  nuuiu-r.  *-*»<«. 

•  ttn  toW  »rd  (or  ai  fin  tordX  'fin-tow- 
ardo,  ;>rrj'.  [Hug.  unto;  -ward,]  Toward, 
towarda. 


I  «m  my  l«illi>  fro. 
And  thyuko  uiKmuni*  blr  dmw-.* 


a  w*.,  IT. 

fin-to  w^rd  1^,  iiili'.  &  a.  [Bng.  untouurd, 
a.  ;  -(y.l 

A.  Atatlp.:  In  an  untoward  manner  ;  por- 
Teneljr,  frowardly,  unluckily,  awkwardly. 

M  How  tMKotMnf/y  h.  rrturiu  tbe  •Alut«.*—  />ryoVn  ; 
Mr  .K.irfl,i  «ar-Hi/).  II. 

B.  Xa  oil).:   IVrvone,  froward,  awkward, 
iDconventcnt. 

"  Tm-elllnii  h  it  nil  time.  >*rjr  «Mo«nOy  lo  nu.* 
—Cnrtyl*  :  LftlfT.  P.b.  n.  1AM. 

fin  to'-ward-nitw,  a,  (Bng.  tmfciimni,  a.  ; 
-w.«.  )  The  quality  or  fltAte  of  being  untoward  ; 
pervera-noai,  awkwardnnu,  unfavourable- 

IH'ns. 

"  Tbnuigh  tutt  *>mrttnMi  ol  fr»U.* 

Jfct  *>»'«  Onm. 


•  fin  to%'-erod,  a,     (Prvf.  un.  (1),  and  Eng. 
tuuwmf.1    Not  having  towcia  ;  not  ih-femlcd 
by  tovvr*. 

•  fin  tra^o   »  ble,   a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Kng.  truueabu.]     Not  traceable  ;  not  capable 
of  being  traced  or  truck-'il. 

"  Tliniimli  ftll  hU  winding*  and  (othtfwlM  wuroo*. 
oil.)  lnlijrlntb..  "-««»;.!   lfor»«,  U.  ML 

fin  traced',   a.      [Pref.   un-   (I),   and    Eng. 
traced.} 

1.  Not  traced  ;  not  tracked  ;  not  followed. 

2.  Not  marked  by  fooUtepa, 

"  Tbroogti  untnufti  w»yi  and  airy  j*tb«  I  fly." 
ttmham:  Co.,;..  •(•',  // 

3.  Not  marked  out,  aa  with  any  kind  of 
piuito^iuph  (q.v.). 

fin  triickod  ,  •  fin-tract',  a.    [Pref.  «n-  (i), 

and  KllK.  fmrAy/.j 

1.  Not  trafked  ;  uot  followed  or  traced  by 
the  fooUtepa. 

2.  Not  marked   by   fooUtepn  ;    truck  Irss, 
pathleM. 

••  Tn'  w  Id.  KMnof  air.*  £o-»  :  PIjuiM.  Ill 

3.  Not  traverutid  or  t 


"  It  la  uitlmataf  and  uutrodd-n."—  Aju  UaUl  tiott- 
toyuUl,  Mil.  M. 

•  un  -tract',  o.    [UnrnACKitD.l 

•  fin-trn,o-ta  bll  '-l-tf,  «.   \Kng.untractabte; 
•ity.]    Untnictableneiitf. 


"  HI«[Cx.iiilori-.tlu,i(r.iiy-i6i«fii.  .  .  pn»v«nt«d  tli 
imrt  uf    tin-   armugaineut."  —  *ur*.  ;    Thttuffktt 

fin  trao'-ta-blo,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 


1.  Not  tractable  ;  not  docile;  not  yinliling 
to  discipline  ;  stubborn.  Indocile,  perverse, 
Intract&ble. 

"Tbtfr.  anfvw  p*opl«ioKn<ra«<iU«.*—  »'at«rland: 

•vrmufM,  TOl.  Is..  Mr.  L 

*  2.  Incapable  of  being  reduced  to  rule  or 
•yntein  ;  not  to  be  made  regular  ;  unmanage- 
able. 

*  8.  Rough,  ungentle,  harsh. 

*  II.  pnU  on  a  rlf  Id.  rougb.  -.ml  tmtroftaftlf  oxr- 
rlAt-."-*ata:  »>r.  -«  1.OU  Kill.  L 

•  4.  Bongh,  dlfflrnlt. 

"  Fore'd  to  rld« 
Til'  tuvtraotaol*  ftbyM.*  ItiUa*  :  P.  L..  T.  471 

6.  Not  yielding  to  heat  or  to  the  hammer  ; 
refractory,  aa  an  ore. 
6.  Not  yielding  to  treatment. 

"  Blo-n  unlnictiiM.  Ill  Ui-  ltd.*—  ArtuOutM    0» 

Ms> 

•  fin-trao'-ta-ble-ness,  «.  [Fnu.  untract- 
obit;  -not.}  The  quality  or  state  of  l><ing 
untractable  ;  perveraeneas,  refractxn  iuess, 
stubbornness,  Indoclllty. 

"  Th.  KMn»t>iM«iMi  and  vrodlrl-w  *tit»i(tb  at 
Uu  bua>10M.--<ta*.-  TkM  I^IM.  bk.  TL.  ob.  i. 


*  fin-trad'-id,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1)  ;  Eng.  tmli  ; 
-«*.) 

1.  Not  resorted  to  or  frequ-nted  for  pur- 
poses of  trade. 

"  Tin  Hr>t  I>l-Mln-  of  an  fiOradtd  pUc*.*—  Book. 
feyl  .'  I'u^'VM,  lli  0-2. 

2.  Unpractised,  Inexperienced. 

A  Moplt  not  TtUrll.  wntredtd  or  vneiiUrrd  In  lik 
' 


S.  Not  used  In  common  practice  ;  not  hacls- 

nevfd. 

Hock  nut,  thiii.  1  din*  tli  .- 

-  :  mum  »  iv-uiaa.  IT.  I, 


•  ttn-trad'-Ing,  o.    [Prof,  un-  (I),  mid  Eng. 
trading.]     Not  trading  ;  not  engaged   in  or 
accu.itumed  to  trade  or  commerce. 

-  M.n  lotr.  <»UU<  to  tb-U-  chlUUni  In  luid.  u  not 
to  llftbl.  In  nuuiUtlM  M  uiuiwy  In  uturudltm  Mini  nil- 
ikllful  luuidi.-—  LodU. 

•  fin-traJT-Io,  •  un.-tra.r-  lo  al.  a.    [Pr-f. 

un-  (IX  and  Eng.  tragic,  tragual.\  Not  I 
hence,  comic,  ludicrous. 

"  ltn>bl«ii»  not  »  f-w  of  tb«  tnvlo  Mid  u»'i<yM 
•orl-"-l'.ir<,/«.-  m*ek  Knot.,  pt.  11.,  bk.  T.,  eh.  lit 

fin-trained',  n.     [Prof,  ttn-  OX  and  Kng. 
traineti.] 

1.  Not  trained,  not  dlHclpllned,  not  edu- 
cated, not  tnstrncted,  not  Mkilful. 

"  If  y  wit  ««miin'i<  111  «ny  kind  of  art.' 

Slultnii.  :  1  llfnrt  II,  L  1 

*  2,  Irregular,  ungovernable. 

••Oiul  not  -hrond  »t-vrry  qnr«t  luvl  call 
Of  «B  ttntratHfd  bop.  or  |«M|OII." 

fin  trim  ple-d  (le  as  »1X  a.    [Pref.  un-  OX 


flUa,  flkt,  tiro,  amldtrt,  what,  flill.  lather ;  wo,  wit,  hero,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  «iro,  tor,  marine ;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  woU  work,  whd,  ion;  mute,  cnb,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    -e,  ot  =  6;  ey-  a;  qu  =  kw. 


tmtranquil— untruth 


«IK!    Eng.    trampltd.]     Not    trampled,    not 
trtx  I 

••  Befura  her  but  vtttramptfl  ulirlii"  1" 

Jfoor..  r*ittre  M-onalniom 

•  on-trU'-anll,  a.    U'ref.  mi-  (IX  ami  Bug. 

n.\    Unquiet,  disturbed, 

••  \,,i,vlil  lll.lll-  il.Kl  Mltfu«  Ul«n  the 

.-^.twoLiUa."  A«"». 

fin  trilnB-rer-a-blo,  n,    (IVer.  UN-  (1),  and 
I     Not  touufembut    to- 

bit  .if  IIIMIII;  Irau.slt-rred  <ir  pnsso.1  fnnu 

I,,  I   !,»•!'. 

in.  hi.  •till  entire  rail 
vair,,,,if.  i-  "»'••  1"  llio  lirllii-c."—  HatMll:  er+tmiu"xrt 

un  tran»-lat'-»>-ble.  ft.    [Pref.  «n-  0),  •"'! 

I       Snt    translatable;    In- 
iile  of  being  translated;  uutit  for  tniu- 

••  IV  mo  they  appear  ««rm»«/a(afti«."—  «nMT.-  I* 
ir«f  (April.  17131. 

•  fcn-tr&ns-lat'-a-Mc-nSM.  «.    (Eng.  «»• 
(mini  "t-y  or  «tul»  of 

,  I  ilo.    (Coto-Wye.) 

fin  trans  lat  ed.  a.  (Prof.  «n-  OX  «no- 
Knit.  t™naliitr:t.\  Not  translated;  la  the 

:  il  language. 

"  I  lulBht  Inilit  Mint  the  terra  I  r«n>l«t<-d  '  arerlaiit. 
to*:  ought  to  be  iimervad  »»lra.ul,.<«t"-Ji«irc»  .• 
i6»l<ii^Vo^•l•e.  vol.  IU.  lit.  UJ..  oh.  xxx. 

•ftn-trans-muf-a-ble.  o.    [Pref.  «*•  OX 

ami  KIIK-  (raiiamiitoMe.]    Incapable  of  being 
tnunuimu-'l. 

"  Each  character  .  .  .  «pp»aei  «o  me  In  r*»otlo« 
pretty  .lurnUo  aud  BHlPMMIlMllft  ^RHM 

•  fin-tron»-par'-«nt.  a.    (Pref.  un-  (IX  »nd 
Kng.    tmiuiartnt.}     Not  tamptOMI    not 

•-iianous;  opaque. 

••They  inhibited  MI  taaritntoaront  blua,"—  Aojrte  .- 

IPonb.l.  7U. 

•ttn  tr&n»-pas»'-%-ble,  o.  [Pref.  «»•  OX 
and  Bug.  (rait»;»ia*iW«.)  Not  tmiwpa&aable  ; 
in  it.  possible  to  DO  passed  or  gone  over. 

•'  The  vntr<tntttnitnbte  ban 
Tint  limit  i>rule  eo  uliort.* 

OnnU  :  Omoatra. 

fin  triV  -filed,  a.    (Fret,  tut-  (IX  aud  Bog. 

ol) 

1.  Not  travelled  ;  not  trodden  or  journeyed 
over  by  passenger*. 

-Tt.  deep  a*ade  at  theee  *Mnu*u*a  wifcto.- 

ir.irdjwrtA  :  JtrctMVfcm,  bk,  *1 


2.  Not  baring  seen  foreign  countries  ;  not 

having  travel!,  il  abroad. 

••An  manmBod  Kngllihinau  ouinot  reltah  all  th» 
btntiituo  at  IWllau  uliturea,"—  AoMtox  :  SlMMvr. 
Nu  iu7. 

•  tin-traV-ors-a-ble.  a.  [Pref.  «»•  (IX  "'"I 
Km;.  (mmrmWe.)  That  cannot  be  traversed 
or  travelled  over.  (Aiwiriu.) 

•fin-tread'.  ».f.  (Pref.  «»•  OX  »«•>  Ins- 
lir.nJ.]  To  tread  back;  to  go  back  In  the 
mime  Bte)»  ;  to  retract'. 

-  We  will  «nrrra<l  U»  rtei*  of  dninunl  ntchf 
;.  :  A  in»  Ju*«.  V.  «. 


•  fill  trcB'paM  Ing,  a.    [Pref.  unr  (IX  and 

Wilt!/.]      Not    tivaiuuuillig  ;    not 
retaing* 

"Iu  the  iiii.l.t  of  ui  uMraiaMw  honettr."—  Utt- 
ton:  .Jpofcvy/^ra'NMatiniMMUJ,  I  U 


•  ttn-tr6a»'-ure  (•  a»  «hX  nt  (P™f.  un-  (2X 
and  Eng  tmuun.)  To  bring  forth,  as  trea- 
sure ;  to  set  forth :  to  display. 

"The  qualntneai  with  whloh  lie 
•tone  of  hU  uioiuoty."— J.  HU/ard. 

•fin-treas'-ured  (a  as  in),  a.  (Pref.  «»- 
(-J),  nnil  Kng.  trauurod.)  Deprived,  as  of  a 

tiv  tsnnt,  dejioslted. 

"They  found  the  bud  iintrfnntrna  of  tlu-lr  wUtreea" 

—•-••—  •  it  rou  LUU  it,  u,  a. 


«fin-treatr-B-ble,  •nn-tret-a-ble.  a. 

IPref.  un-  (l),'and  Kng.  treattMe.) 

1.  Not  able  to  be  treated ;  not  treatable ; 
Intractable. 

"A   uemree    and    toHroalatlt   temper."— tee* .- 
CltrUlan  ill-.,  lA  L.  oh.  IU. 

2.  Impracticable. 

•im  trcm-bllne,  o.  (Pret  «n-  OX  B»(1 
Butt,  trrmlillng.l  Not  trembling ;  not  shaking 
or  shuddering ;  free  from  tremor. 

V  mouth  the  limvt 
lil'iir 


,  a.    (Pret    «»-  OX  and 

Not  tremulous  ;  steady,  uu- 


•  ttn  -trim' 

Knx.  (reiiiu/iiiw.  ) 
shakinR. 

"  Hera  <nu  the  Ml.  round,  full,  iteftlr  arappid  by 
"  ttl:   ViUett*.  oh.  xiL 


trdnphod',  o.    [Pref.  wn-  OX  and  Eng. 
Not  trenched  tin  ;  tntae.t 


•  tin-tressed',  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1) ;  Kng.  trr«r  ; 
-n..|  Not  lu  ti-esaes;  not  tied  In  a  tresa  or 
troaiaa, 

"  Ulr  heen.  ban  thay  keiu|it  tli.Uay  «n(r»«»i^ 

•un-trot-a-ble,  a.    [UNTBEATABLB.] 

tin -tried',  'un-trldo,  •un-tryed,  ». 

ll'ivf.  uii-  (1),  ind  K.in.  tried.) 
L  Not  tried  ;  not  ut1,eiii],U-<l. 

••To  revenge  would  Uwvi*  no  wayi  wittm**" 

Kaattt :  turuiu  Wan. 

2.  Not  felt;  not  experienced:  as,  untrtel 

sutterings. 

8.  Not  yet  brought  or  sahjected  to  trial. 
-  The  borrthle  colli  In  whloh  nn/rfcrf  prlamien  an 
detalneiL"—  f*U  Jt<tU  UOMIU,  Fob.  ft,  ItfSH. 

4.  Not  heaitl  and  determined  In  a  court  of 
law  :  as.  The  case  Is  still  untried. 

8.  Not  subjected  to  trial;  not  tested  or 
proved ;  not.  hliowing  capabilities  or  qualities 
by  pioof  givi-ii. 

"  Keen  to  prove  Iili  untrlrd  blade." 


*  6.  Uuoxaiulued,  unnoticed. 

•tin-trr-fllng,  o.  [Pref.  u»-  OX  «<><«  Bng. 
trifling-]  Not  tilnlng;  not  Indulging  iu 
levities.  (Savage.) 

iin  trimmed',  o.    [Pref.  «»-  OX  «nd  Bhift. 

In  i>itiuid.} 

1.  Not  trimmed  ;  not  pruned  ;  not  dipped  ; 
not  put  Iu  order. 

••  Yon  uxlrtmnuxi  lamp.'      Scott  i  Kattbf.  L  a. 
'  2,  Btrlpped  of  oriuuucutal  drcna. 

"  Iu  Ukeuen  ol  >  new  HnMnnxl  bBo>." 

Sltatetp.  .  A'liw  J'**.  ttt  I 

•nn-trlst,  •na-trtota.  ».t    [Pref.  «»-  OX 

and  Mid.  Bng.  trial  =  trust.)  To  distrust,  t>> 
mistrust, 

•  nn-trlst,  *,    [HIITEO.T.) 

•nn-tri'-umph-B-blo.*.    [Pref.  «n-  0); 

Eng.  triumph,  and  null'.  -oHe.)  AiluiiUIng 
or  allowing  no  triumph;  not  an  object  of 
triumph. 

"  VMrt*mi*aN*  bay.*       tutltr  :  BmUbHU,  1  1 

"  tin  tri  iim'-pbant,  a.  [Pret  m-  OX  "'"' 
Kiig.  iriu»yjAuiU.j'  Nut  trlauiphant  (C'arlyle.) 

•  un-tri  -timphod,  a.    [Pref.  KB-  (1);  Eng. 

tr'ui  m  I'lt;  •«'•)  Not  trluuiplied  over;  not 
coliquoretl  or  subdued. 

"  I  eufTeretl  you  only,  when  1  conquered  all. 
To  gue  UMtriumt'knL" 

Jfoy  .•  Luoan  ;  /Vmnuflo.  vUL 

ttn  trSd  ,  ttn-tr8d'-den,  o.    [Pret  «*•  OX 

unit  Kug.  trod,  t  mlilen.}  Not  trodden;  not 
passed  over  or  marked  by  the  feet. 

••  Moi-uliiK  dew  uiK»u  the  untrodttm  luead." 
WonUwarth  :  Ode/or  a 


"tin  trolled',  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (IX  and  Bng. 
trolled.]  Not  trolled;  not  turned  or  rnuved 
round  or  about. 

••  Hard  fate  I  «n<™«VJ  U  now  the  ohariirhiB  dye.- 

.  U. 


[Pret 


•iin  trow  »  bio.  a.     [Pivf.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
trine,  v.,  and  null'.  -iiWi-.|    [noradlUa, 

.-«    ol 
MaflLUi 

fin-true',  •  un-trewe,  a.  A  udv. 
(I),  anil  Kng.  true.} 

1.  Not  true;  not  in  accordance  with  th» 

facts  ;  f;iNe. 

"It  Ucli-iirlv  Hnrrutt  that  no  other  ttllnu  In  theraby 
ilgm  .  i'k.  »ll™  •  1L 

2.  Not    faithful    to    annther;    inc.  mutant, 
false;  nottolKtiu  '•-«,  disloyal, 

-  When  to  my  good  lord  I  linive  nnrnie.- 

.-  /i. !(«(«..-  Cimoeltou.  L  I. 

3.  Inconstant,  as  a  Invt-r. 

"The  men  Innlortoue  knlnlit..  the  latllea  all  ""MM." 
<i :  flutter  4  Lonf,  aM. 


•ftn-tronb'-le  a«  as  «;1X  «.t  [Pret  «»- 
(•2),  awl  E"g.  trouble.)  To  free  from  trouble  ; 
to  dlaabusa. 

•Art   Ihoo    tumbled  with    lean.    «nmle>.   and 
awreet  »prtro«6/«  tlir~lf  o<  that,lurn.  U  wit*  U»»- 
t  Com.  on  1 


•1.  False,  Inoorreot. 

-  lle.irj  .-hiuityeeil  the  olde  imlrmw  meiuiira.  aad 
made  a  yanln  i,f  the  lenul.li  of  hli  ovu  aim..-— 
/'u&yim  .-  CArvn#ol«.  «h.  oc&xvL 

•B.  Xsmii'.  :  Untruly,  TulHoly. 
"  You  for  lo«e  nwk  well  of  me 


•  ftn-tru'-tam,  a,     (Eng.  untnu;  <4<»v]   A 
false  Ktahiuicnt.    (Sptciol  orina  ge.  ) 

I'laUtmlM.    trutama,    and   untruitmt."—  TnOcft! 
Joww-fl,  eii.  »L 


"  sui-li  u  in*  v  fttAud  wl  th  an  wit  ranck 
—Ad'tint.    lfor*J.  II.  eeT. 


tin-t  roub'-led  (1°  as  (1),  a.    [Fret  «»•  OX 

and  Bng  trtrub/ea.] 

1.  Not  troubled  ;   not  disturbed  by  cnre, 
trouble,  anxiety,  sorrow,  or  business  ;  free 
from  trouble,  agitation,  or  worry  ;  calm,  nn- 
ruined,  tranquil. 

"Prlenrtehlp  .  .  . 
Should  aweeteu  1>I>  MBulM  life." 

Cowyxf  .  BOJM.  on. 

2.  Not  disturbed  or  raised  Into  wnvas  or 
ripples  ;  calm. 

*  3.  Not  foul,  not  turbid  ;  olear,  transparent 

"  Bodtw  olear  and  untroubtftL'—  Bacon. 

•ttn-troub'-led-nSu  (le  a»  el),  a.  (Bug. 
vntroubltd;  •not.)  T\ie  quality  or  state  of 
being  untroubled  ;  freedom  from  trouble. 

"  1  1  In  ludlnerenoe  and  wilnniAleiliuo,'—  llammmit  : 

li-.,,  «.  Iv   1:11. 

*  un  trouth,  «.    [UNTRUTH.] 


fin-tru-iy,  ado-  [Eng.  untru(e):  -ly.)  Ini» 
untrue  manner;  in>t  truly;  contrary  to  the 
truth  or  reality  ;  (alauly. 

•un-truni'-pSt-Sd.  o.  [Pret  «»•  OX  and 
J^iig.  trunej«*M.j  Nut  famed  or  made  lunch  of. 

"They    lived    untrunq*!**  ami    died   unsung."— 
Utaitt  ;  ClMUr  t  UtarOk  OB.  t 

•  un  tritnkod',  o.    (Pret  ««-  OX  «•"»  ^"8- 
Cut  olf  from  la*  trunk. 

"From  «t,,,ok  iintmiilc«d. 


•  ttn-trtteur.  •  »m-U  lUajQ.  txt   [Pref.im-(2X 

ami  ling,  triul,  v.) 

1.  To  untiu  or  uufaaten  ;  to  loose  from,  or 
as  from,  a  trnw  ;  to  let  out  ;  spuciflcally,  to 
loose  or  let  down  the  breeches,  by  untying 
the  points  by  which  they  were  held  up. 

"  Un  win  about  townrrWMulsllulllU.'*—  MoHi 
Jttu.  enytitnd,  l>lc.  iv.,  cli.  udL 

2.  To  undress,  to  strip. 

"Quick,  quick.    ii'irruM   me."—  Staum.  1 
r.  Iv.  i. 


*  tin  truss',  «•    [UNTiuisa,  r.]    An  untrussor. 

••  Tlwu  uratid  aoourge,  or  aeooud  untruu  of  the 
time."—  4~i  Jimu*:  iwr»  lUmtuttflttiHumimr, 
ILu 

•un  trutwod'.  a.     [Pret  wf  OX  and  Bug. 
liiuaal.l    Not  trussed  ;  not  tied  up. 

-  Wuowannee  lialfv  naked  1  lookee  unfrtutt**  liee," 
AUryavc  .  Uo4frr,  o/  tfoulwne.  xvuL 

•  on-trfiss'-er.  *.    [Bng.  «ntr«s»,  •-«•.]    On* 
who  uniniHHes  ;  one  who  prepares  for  whip- 
ping by  nut  running. 

"Tha  wumuera  or  whlppan  ot  the  •§•."—  «•» 
^o>uim  :  /•iMfiuMr,  v.  L. 

*  fin  trust',  a.    [Pret  ti  »-  OX  "i"1  E  "U-  trust.] 

Ihstrust,  mistrust. 

"Itgrowethof  eotl* 
Ot  looe,  and  autudeln  of  MmnMl"      fioejer.'AJ.,*, 

•  uit  trust-ful.  u.     [Pref.  un-  OX  "»''  Bug. 


1.  Not  trustful  ;  not  trusting. 

2.  Not  to  be  trusted;  not  trusty;  not 
trustworthy. 


[Bng.  untrutt*;  - 
The  quality  or  stale  of  being  untruaty  or  un- 
truntworthy. 

"Under  pretenoe  ol  pavlty.  [he  loomed  mndi  •» 
IrutUaat  il  b«irt."-//.w»ani  .-  Uf'  of  MiUmt  r). 


ttn-trnsr--wrdr-tnI-nS»»,  ». 
uvirtAy  ;   -1UM.)     The   quality  of  being  un- 
tmstwortliy. 

••  It  la  I'lluy  who  inakee  the  autoiut'nt.  aud  for  »» 
of  aUtuuieitt  lie  MutiKit  eaaUy  beaaf. 
w  -  ala.  of  FHUoiopHi/.  I  SU. 


.    [Pref.  •*•  OX  «n4 

Kng.    triatKorlAii.]     Not  trustworthy  ;    not 
deserving  of  trust  ;  not  to  be  trusted. 


},  "nn^trust-lo.  a.  [Pref.  «•> 
(1),  anil  Bag.  triisi.u.\  Not  trusty ;  not  trust- 
worthy ;  not  to  be  trusted. 

-  Win  David  knowee  Haul  not  to  be  more  kinds 
than  vntrujty."— fljk  fait ;  Cmt  I  Haul  •>  Dmttt 
Ciift. 

un  trutb .  "  un-tronth.  s.     [Pref.  tw-OX 

and  Kng.  truth.} 


AStt.  bo^;  pint,  J6%1;  oat.  9011,  ohoruB,  9nln.  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  tnl«:  »ln,  ««j;  export,  ^enophon.  e^tet.    -In« 
-clan, -tian  =  shan.   -tlon,  -»lon  =  •ban ;  -flon.  -}lon  =  znim.    -olou»,  -tloac,  -Blotu  =  anus.   -We,  -die,  Ao.  -  b«l.  del, 


5000 


untruthful— unvaluable 


1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  untrue; 
contrariety    to   truth   or   reality  ;    want    of 
veracity  ;  falseness. 

"  Displeased  with  the  duke  of  Brttaine  for  his  great 
untruth  aucl  dissimulation."—  Bolinshed  i  Chron.  of 
England  (an.  1380). 

2.  Treachery  ;  want  of  fidelity  ;  faithlessness. 

"  The  aigni  ticam  ice 
Of  her  untrouth."       Chaucer  :  TroiL.  A  Ores.,  bk.  v. 

3.  A  false  statement  or  assertion  ;  a  false- 
hood. a  lie.    (In  this  sense  there  is  a  plural. 


*  Whom  want  Itself  can  force  untruths  to  toll." 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyssey  xiv.  160. 

IT  Untruth  is  an  untrue  saying  ;  falsehood  is 
*  false  saying  :  untruth  of  itself  reflects  no 
disgrace  on  the  agent  ;  it  may  be  uninten- 
tional or  not  :  a  falsehood  is  an  Intentional 
fctse  saying  ;  an  -untruth  is  not  always  spoken 
for  the  express  intention  of  deceiving.  Some 
persons  have  a  habit  of  telling  falsehoods  from 
the  mere  love  of  talking.  Children  are  apt  to 
speak  untruths  for  want  of  understanding  the 
value  of  words;  travellers  from  a  love  of 
exaggeration  are  apt  to  introduce  falsehoods 
Into  their  narrations.  Falsehood  is  also  used 
in  the  abstract  tense  for  what  is  false.  Falsity 
Is  never  used  4nt  in  the  abstract  sense,  for 
the  property  of  the  false.  The  former  is 
general,  the  latter  particular  in  the  applica- 
tion ;  the  truth  or  falsehood  of  an  assertion  is 
not  always  to  be  distinctly  proved  ;  the  falsity 
of  any  particular  person's  assertion  may  be 
proved  by  the  evidence  of  others. 

ttn-truth'-ful,  a.     [Pref.  un-  0).  and  Eng. 
truthful,}    Not  truthful  ;  wanting  in  veracity. 
14  Witness  then  found  out  that  the  prisoner  was  un- 
truthful."— Daily  Telegrcph,  Jan-  37.  1888. 

tin-truth'-ful-ness,  «.  [Eng.  untruthful; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  untruth- 
ful ;  want  of  veracity. 

*'  He  will  be  forced  to  show  his  Ignorance  or  hi*  un- 
truthfulneu."—  Daily  Telegraph,  J*a.  27,  1888. 

tin-tuck',  v.t.  (Fret  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  tuck.] 
To  unfold  or  undo,  as  a  tuck  ;  to  release  from 
a  tuck. 

"  For  some,  untuck'd,  descended  her  sheaved  hat" 
Shaketp.  :  A  Lover's  Complaint,  81, 

tin-tuc'-kered,  a,  [Pref.  «n*  a);  Eng. 
tucker,  and  suff.  -«*.]  Not  tuckered  ;  having 
or  wearing  no  tucker.  (Addis<>n.) 

*  un  tu-mur-tu-at-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  tumultuated.]    Undisturbed,  quiet. 
calm.    (Young:  Night  Thoughts,  ix.,  1,118.) 

"Their  free  votes  and  unrumnituated  suffrages."— 
Gauden  :  Tear*  of  the  Church,  p.  107. 

*  tin  -tii-mul'-tii  -oiis,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  tumultuous.]     Not  tumultuous  ;  quiet, 

tin-tun'-a-ble,  *  tin-tune  '-a-ble,  a.  [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  tunable.] 

1.  Incapable  of  being  tuned  or  brought 
Into  the  proper  pitch. 

M  Or  be  their  pipes  untunatde  and  craesle.** 

Spenser  :  Colin  Clout'*  Com*  Home  Againe. 

*  2.  Unhannonious,  discordant,  unmusical. 

"The  note  wa«  very  untune<tblf,"—8hakesi>.:  At 
Ton  Like  It.  V.  3. 

*  tin  tun'-a-ble-nesa,  «.    [Eng.  untenable  ; 
•ness.]     The  quality  or  state  of   being   un- 
tnnable  ;  want  of  harmony  or  concord  ;  dis- 
cordant. 

*  fin-tun  -a-bly;  adv.  [Eng.  untunab(te)  ;  ~ly.] 
In  an  untunable  manner  ;  discordantly. 

"A  cow  untowardly  and  untunabty  crying."  —  Pt 
Holland:  Plutarch,  p.  W6. 

•fin  tune',  v.t.    [Pref.«»-(2),  and  Eng.  tune.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  tune  ;  to  make  incapable 
Of  harmony  ;  to  make  discordant. 

"  On  other  occasions  we  have  drawn  two  words  Into 
one.  which  hi*  likewise  very  much  untuned  our  lan- 
guage."— Additon:  Spectator,  No.  136. 

2.  To  disorder  ;  to  confuse. 

fin-tuned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  tnneiL] 
Not  tuned  ;  not  in  tune  ;  discordant,  unhar- 
monious. 

"  Untitn'd  my  lute,  and  silent  Is  my  lyre." 

Pope  :  Sappho  to  Phaon,  229, 

*  tin  tiir'-baned,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tvrbaned.}     Not  turbaned  ;   not  wearing  a 
turban. 

"  Unturban'd  and  unsandall'd  there 
Abdaldar  stood."  Southey:  Thalaba,  11. 

*  tin-turn',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  turn, 
T.]    To  turn  back. 

"  Thlnk'st  thou  he  nanght  but  prison-walla  did  tee. 
Till  BO  unwilling  thou  untum'dtt  the  key." 

Ktatt:  The  Day  Leiyh  Hunt  Left  Prison. 


tin-turned',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  turned.] 
Not  turned. 
U  To  leave  no  atone  unturned :  [STONE,  a.]. 

un-tu  -tbred,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
tutored,] 

1.  Un  instructed,  untaught. 

**  rjntutor'd  by  science,  a  stranger  to  fear." 

Byron  :  When  /  Roved  a.  Young  Highlander. 

2.  Rude,  raw,  crude. 

"  The  worth  of  my  untutored  Hues.*— Shakesp.  : 
Rape  of  Lucrece.  (DedicJ 

*  un  twain',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  3.,  and  Eng. 
twain.]    To  rend  in  twain;  to  rend  asunder. 
(Garland  qfLaurell,  1,445.) 

tin-twine',  v.t,  &  £.  [Pret  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
twine,  v.J 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  untwist;  to  open  and  separate,  as 
something  that  has  been  twined  or  twisted. 

*'  There  end*  thy  glory  1  there  the  Pates  untwine 
The  last  black  remnant  of  BO  bright  a  line." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xvi  960. 

2.  To  separate,  as  that  which    clasps   or 
winds ;  to  cause  to  cease  winding  round  and 
clinging. 

*•  And  let  the  stinking  elder,  grief,  unfwt»« 
HU  perishing  root.        Shaketp. :  Cymbelint,  IT.  2. 

•  3.  To  explain ;  to  solve, 

"  This  knot  might  be  nnttrined  with  more  fuel  title 
thus."— J7o?i  HiA*ci :  Sundrie  Invasions  of  Ireland. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  become  untwined  or  un- 
twisted. 

*'  His  silken  braids  untwine,  and  slip  their  knots." 
—Milton  :  Divorce,  bit.  L.  ch,  vL 

un-twistf,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
twist,  v.J 

A.  Transitive; 

1.  Lit. :  To  separate  and  open,  as  something 
which  has  been  twisted ;  to  turn  back  from 
being  twisted  ;  to  undo. 

"  Untwisting  all  the  chains  that  tie 
The  bidden  soul  of  harmony." 

Milton  :  V Allegro. 

2.  Fig. :  To  solve ;  to  disentangle ;  to  ex- 
plain. 

"  By  her  means  he  came  to  untwist  this  riddle.* 
Beaum.  4  Flet. :  Woman  Pleated,  v.  1. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  become  untwisted  or  un- 
twined ;  to  separate  and  open. 

*  nn-ty»  v.t.    [UNTIE.] 

U  nu  kal'  kay,  Un  a  kal  -kay,  &  [Cor- 
rupted Arabic  (?).] 

Astron. :  The  chief  star  of  the  constellation 
Serpens  (a  8eri>entis).  It  is  between  the 
second  and  third  magnitude,  and  of  a  pale 
yellow  colour.  Called  by  mediaeval  astrolo- 
gers Cor  Serpent  is. 

*  iinun'-der  stood,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  understood.]    Not  understood  ;  not  com- 
prehended. 

"[English]  was  utterly  ununderttood." — fuller ; 
Church  SOL.  IX.  L  50. 

*  un  u  m  form,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
uniform.]    Not  uniform ;  wanting  uniformity. 

M  An  ununiform  piety  is  In  many  so  exactly  appor- 
tioned to  Satan's  interest." — Decay  of  Piety. 

*  tin-u-nl-form'-i-t&  *>    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  uniformity.]    Want  of  uniformity. 

"  An  annular  hand  was,  therefore,  whirled  off,  as 
twice  before,  which  011  rupture,  through  ununiformity 
became  consolidated  into  the  planet  Saturn. — Poe  : 
Eureka  ( Workt,  1864.  ii.  166). 

*  un-u'-ni-form-ness,  *.  [Eng.  ununiform ; 
-ness.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being  unuui- 
form  ;  want  of  uniformity. 

"  A  variety  of  parts,  or  an  uttun^formnfu,'1— Clarke  .• 
Answer  to  Sixth  Letter. 

*  un  u-mt'-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

united.]    Not  united  ;  disunited. 

"Separated,  compound,  ununited  parts." — Clarke; 
Anneer  to  Sixth  Letter. 

*tin-u-nI-ver'-8X-ty,  v.t.  [Pref.«n-(2),  and 
Eng.  university.]  To  deprive  of  a  university ; 
to  reduce  frum  the  rank  of  a  university. 
(Special  coinage.) 

"Northampton  was  univertitied."  —  Fuller:  Bin. 
Camb.  Univ..  I  M. 

*  tin-urged',  a.   [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and  Eng.  urged.] 

Not  urged ;  not  pressed  with  solicitation ;  un- 
solicited. 

"  A  voluntary  seal  and  an  \tnurrjed  faith." 

Shaketp. :  King  John,  T.  I 

*  un-u^'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l)t  »"d  Eng. 


usable.]     Incapable  of  being  used ;  unflt  fctt 
use. 

"  It  is  true  that  old  and  unstable  books  have  been 
forwarded."— Afar,  March  19. 18*8. 

*  un-us  -ago  (age  as  Ig),  s.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 

and  Eng.  usage.]    Want  of  usage. 

"For  defaulte  of  ununtyt  and  entercommunfngol 
merchandize." — Chaucer:  Boeciui,  hk.  it,  p.  7. 

iin-used',  "un  usde,  «.    [Pref.  un-(V),  and 

Eng.  used.] 

1.  Not  put  to  use ;  not  employed  ;  not  ap- 
plied ;  disused. 

"  Death  Urea  where  power  lies  uniude." 

Hackluyti  royaget.  111.  GQ. 

2.  That  has  never  been  used. 

3.  Not  accustomed. 

**  Cnuted  to  wait,  I  broke  through  her  delay." 

Conareve  :  Mourning  Bride,  i 

*un-us'-ed  ness,  s.  [Eng.  unused;  -ness.] 
Unwontedness,  unusoalness. 

"  Comparing  the  umtsednets  of  this  act  with  th« 
nnripeueas  of  their  age."— NiJ/iey ;  Arcadia,  tile.  vii. 

*  tin-use'-ful,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  use- 
JuL ]    Not  useful ;  useless  ;  serving  no  purpose. 

"  Your  gift 
**  Is  not  vntue/ltl  now." 

Beaum.  *  Flet,  :  Thierry  *  Theodoret,  IT. 

iin-ua'-n-al  (s  as  zh),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eug.  usuaL]  Not  usual,  not  general,  not 
common  ;  rare,  infrequent,  unaccustomed, 
unwonted. 

H  The  voyage  waa  performed  with  unutual  speed."— 
Maoaulay  :  Hist.  £ng.t  ch.  v. 

*  tin-us-n-al'-I-t^  (s  as  zh),  *.    [Eng.  un- 
usual; -i'mj.]    Unwonted  ness,  eccentricity. 

"  His  umttuality  of  expresaion."— Poe .'  Jfarginatfa, 

Mb 

ttn-us'-n-al-iy  (s  aszh),  adv.  [Eng.  unusual; 
•ly.]  In  an  unusual  manner  or  degree  ;  not 
commonly ;  rarely,  nnwontedly. 

"'An  unntunlly  violent  fit  of  seal  for  his  religion." — 
Jfacauiay:  tiitt.  Eng.,  ch.  vt 

*  un-us'-u-al-nesa  (9  as  zh),  s.    [Eng.  un- 
usual; -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unusual ;  rareness,  uncommonness,  unwonted- 
ness. 

"  The  unutitalnftse  of  the  revelation*."—  Up.  Ball  : 
Contemp, ;  Oideorit  Calling. 

un-u'-tll-iscd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
utilised.]  Not  utilised ;  not  applied  to  some 
valuable  or  profitable  use  or  purpose. 

"  Forces  running  about  the  world  ...  unutilised." 
—Svening  Standard,  Jan.  2S,  1888. 

*  tin-ut~ter-a-bIT-I-t&  s.    [Eng.  unutter* 
-able;  -ity.]  ' 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unutterable. 

2.  Tliat  which  cannot  be  uttered. 

"  They  come  with  hot  vnutterabilltlet  In  their 
heart."— Carlyle:  fr.  devolution,  pt.  ii..  bk.  L,  ch.  ill. 

tin-tir-ter-a'-ble.  a.  [Pref.  un-(\),  and  Bug. 
unutterable.]  Not  utterable  ;  not  able  to  bo 
uttered ;  unspeakable,  ineffable. 

"  And  in  their  silent  faces  did  he  read 
Unutterable-  love. " 

Wordsworth  :  Excursion,  bk.  L 

un-titf-ter-a-bljr,  adv.  [Eng.  unutterable); 
'ly.]  In  an  unutterable  manner  or  degree  ; 
unspeakably,  ineffably. 

"  The  life  of  Cowper  . . .  was,  nt  certain  times,  un 
vtternbly  woefuL"  —  Knox:  Ketnarks  on  trammaf 
Schools. 

tin-tif-ter-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
uttered.]  Not  uttered  or  spoken, 

"  The  accents  untttffred 
Died  on  his  lips.**       Longfellow  :  £t>angelin«,  1L  6, 

un-vac'-9ln-at  cd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eug.  vaccinated.]  Not  vaccinated. 

"The  larve  number  of  cases  belonged  to  the  vaccin- 
ated instead  of  the  unenccinated  as  stated."—  /.VAo, 
Jan.  25,  1888. 

*tin-v£c'-H-lat-Ing,  a,  [Pref.  un-  0),  and 
Eng.  vacillating.]  Not  vacillating ;  not  wa- 
vering; steady. 

"Finn  and  unvaciUtUing  steps.**— Scott .'  Kenilwrth, 
ch.ivii. 

*  un  val-ewd,<t.    [UNVALUED.] 

*  tin-val'-n-a-ble,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  »nd 

Eng.  valuable.] 

1.  Not  valuable ;  of  no  value ;  valueless. 

"  If  Nature  deny  health  .  .  .  how  unvaluable  arc 
their  riches."— Adams  :  Works,  L  4S4. 

2.  Invaluable  ;  beyond  all  value  or  price. 

"A  good  name  Is  unfaluaNe."— South :  Sermons 
Tol.  ii.,  ser.  ». 


&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt;  work,  who,  BOIL;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  our,  role,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  03  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  lew. 


unvalued— unwaked 


6001 


nn-viU'-ued,  *  un-val-ewd,  a.    [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  valued.} 
*  1.  Invaluable. 

"  Chryses  the  priest  came  to  the  fleet  to  buy. 
For  present*  of  unvalued  price,  las  daughters  liberty. 
Chapman  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  i. 

2.  Not  valued,  not  prized;  neglected,  de- 
spised, valueless. 

"  He  may  not.  as  unvalued  persons  do." 

Shakrtp. :  Hamlet,  L  S. 

3.  Not  having  had  the  value  estimated  or 
get  upon  it ;  not  appraised. 

•  tin  van'-quish-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  «n-  (1), 
ami  Bug.  vanquishaele.]  Not  able  to  be  van- 
quished; that  cannot  be  vanquished,  con- 
quered, or  overcome. 

"Toll  and  unvanquithable  penury." 

Shelley  :  Queen  Mob,  IIL 

fin-van'-qnlslied.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  vanquished.}  Not  vanquished,  conquered, 
or  subdued. 

"  The  Getule  town  behold  I 
"  A  people  bold,  unvanqutihed  in  war." 

Surrey  i  t'irgii  :  -*n«ii  iv. 

•nn-van'-taged  (ag  as  Ig),  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Bng.  vantaged.]  Not  aided,  assisted, 
benefited,  or  advantaged. 

"  Yet  even  thus.  unvantag'd  and  on  foot, 
Superior  honour  I  that  day  acquired. 

Cowper:  Somer  ;  Iliad  xL 

•tin-var'-i-a-ble,  o.  rPref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
variable.]  Not  variable ;  notchangeable ;  un- 
changing ;  invariable. 

••  If  man  would  he  unvartaWe 
He  must  be  ao».  or  like  a  rock  or  tree." 

Donne  :  Immort.  of  the  Soul,  1 9. 

•tin-var'-l'-ant,  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
variant.}  Unvarying,  unchanging. 

"  His  mind  unvartant  doth  stand." 

a:  rirgtt  i  JBnetd  Iv.  472. 


un-vax'-led,  *  un-var-yed,  o.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  varied.]  Not  varied,  not  diver- 
sified, not  altered. 

"  Triea  their  echoes  with  unvary'd  cries." 

U.hUmllh  :  Deterted  Village. 

•tin-var'-i-e-gat-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  tin-  (1),  and 
Eng.  variegated.}  Not  variegated,  not  diver- 
sified. 

ttn-var'-nlshed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

varnished.} 

1.  Lit. :  Not  covered  or  spread  with  varnish. 

2.  Fig. :  Not  brightened  up  with  any  exag. 
gerated  or  untruthful  statements  designed  to 
make  a    narrative    more  attractive;  plain, 
simple. 

"  I  will  a  round  unvamiih'd  tale  deliver." 

Shabap.  :  Othello,  L  & 

un-var'-y'-lng.  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
varying.]  Not  varying ;  not  changing  or  al- 
tering ;  uniform. 

••  Pass  my  dull,  unvarying  days." 

Byron :  The  Giaour. 

fin-veil',  v.t.  &  i.     [Pret  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
veil.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  remove  a  veil  or  covering  from, 

"  Princess  Christian  unveiled  ...  a  statue  of  the 
Queen/— Standard,  Dec.  17, 1887. 

2.  Fig. :  To  reveal  what  was  before  hidden 
or  but  dimly  visible. 

"  Pallas  and  the  Muse  unveil  their  awful  lore." 
Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  U.  M. 

•B.  Intransitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  come  forth.  In  brightness. 

••And  eager  faces  as  the  light  unvctlt, 
Gaze  at  the  tower.'  Longfellow:  LlgMhouw. 

2.  Fig. :  To  become  known  or  public ;  tx 
come  to  light. 

"  This  mystery  of  iniquity  has,  through  five  genera- 
tions, been  gradually  unveiling."— Macaulay :  Bitt. 
Eng..  cb,  xvil 

tin-veiled',  pa.  par.  or  a.    [TJrtv  EII»] 

*  an-vdiT-e'd-ly',  adv.    [Eng.  unveiled ;  -ly. 
With  no  veil  upon  the  face ;  hence,  plainly 
without  disguise ;  openly. 

"  Not  knowing  what  use  you  will  make  of  what  hi 
been  unvefledty  communicated  to  you."  —  liable 
World,  Iv.  18. 

fin- veil' -er,  *  nn-vaiT-er,  ».  [Eng.unmrf! 
-er.]  One  who  unveils ;  one  who  exposes  o 
expounds. 

"  For  these  [the  divine  books]  want  not  excellencies, 
hot  only  skilful  unvaileri'— Boyle  :  Wortte,  iv.  18. 

•  nn-ven-cus-a-ble,  *  un-ven-ku»-a- 
ble,   o.    [Pret  un-  (1),  Mid.  Eng.  venkusen 
venquisten  =  vanquish.]    Unvanquishable. 

"  He  shal  take  the  sheeld  unvenkuiable  equite.1 
!  Wiidom  V.  SO. 


fin-ven-er-a-ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  twuraUtO  Not  venerable ;  not  worthy 
of  veneration ;  contemptible. 

M  Unvenerable  be  thy  hands." 

Stales?./  Winter1!  Tale,  li.  8. 

un-ven'-omed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
venomed.]  Not  venomous,  not  poisonous. 

"  If  thon  may'st  spit  upon  a  toad  unvenomed."—  Bp. 
Bolt :  Satiret.  (Postscript) 

fin  ven'-o-mous,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Bug.  venomous.]  Not  venomous,  not  poison- 
ous. 

"  The  sting  of  their  ichisms  [Is  not]  either  soft  or 
blunt  or  unuenomout.'— Gauden  :  Teari  of  the  Church, 

ttn-venf-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
vented.]  Not  vented;  not  opened  for  utter- 
ance or  emission,  (Beaum.  &  t'let.:  Mad 
Lover,  II.) 

un-ven'-til-at-od,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1).  »nd 

Eng.  ventilated.]  Not  ventilated ;  not  fanned 
by  the  air ;  not  puritied  by  a  free  current  of 
air. 

"  A  close,  unvmtilated  <xtt."—  P all  MaO  Bafttte, 
Jan.  80,  1888. 

un-ve-ra'-olouB,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  veracious.]  Not  veracious ;  not  given  to 
speaking  the  truth  ;  untruthful. 

un-vS-rac'-I-ty, ».  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 
veracity.}  Want  of  veracity  or  truthfulness. 

"A  man  of  sufficient  unveracity  of  heart"—  Carlyte: 
Cromwell,  L  62. 

*  fin  veV-dant,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
verdant.}    Not  verdant,  not  green. 

•*  A  leafless  tree  or  an  unverdant  mead." 

Caurper  :  Ovid  ;  Art  of  Love,  111. 

»  un-vSr'-H-a-ble,  a,  [Pret  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  veritable.}  Not  veritable,  not  true. 

"  All  these  proceeded  upon  unveritable  grounds."— 
Browne:  Vulgar  Errouri,  bk.  vil,  ch.  X. 

fin-versed',  o.  [Pret  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
versed.}  Not  versed;  not  skilled;  not  ac- 
quainted ;  unskilled. 

"  A  mind  in  all  heart-mysteries  unoerted." 

Wordtvorth :  Excurtion,  bk.  TL 

*  tin-vgs'-sel,  v.t.     [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
vessel.]    To  cause  to  be  no  longer  a  vessel ;  to 
empty. 

*  fin-vexed',  *  tin-vexf ,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  vexed.]     Not  vexed,  not  troubled, 
not  molested. 

"  How  blest  is  he,  who  leads  a  country  life, 
Unve^d  with  anxious  cares,  and  void  of  strife  1 
Dryden  :  To  J.  Uryden,  Ktq. 

*  tin-vlb'-ar,  v.t.    [Pret  «n-  (2),  and  Eng. 
vicar.}    To  deprive  of  the  position  of  a  vicar. 

"  If  I  had  your  authority  I  would  be  so  bold  to  l*n- 
pfcar  him."— Strype  :  Cranmer.  bk.iL.ch.  vii. 

*  un-vIot'-maUed  (c  silent),  *  fin-vif - 
tailed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  victualled. 
Not  supplied  or  provided  with  food. 

"  Vnuittaued,  vnfurnished,  Tnprepared,  for  so  lonj 
a  siege.'— Sir  J.  Cheeke  ;  The  Burt  of  Sedition. 

*  un-vlg'-or-ous-ly^  adv.     [Pref.  un-  (1) 
and  Eng.  vigorously.]    Not  vigorously ;  with 
out  vigour  or  energy. 

"  The  man  that  St.  Paul  forewarns  us  of,  bnt  no 
unvigoroutly."— Milton:  Real,  of  Church  OoA,  bk.  L 
ob-v. 

*  tin-vi'-i-la-ble,  o.     t^ref.   un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  violaUe.]   Not  to  be  violated ;  inviolable. 
(Shakesp.  :  Richard  III.,  11.  1.    Quarto.) 

un-vi'-o-lat-Sd,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
violated.} 

1.  Not  violated,  not  Injured. 

"  So,  westward,  tow'red  the  unvlolattrd  woods." 
Wordsworth:  Jcxcurtion,  bk.  iiL 

2.  Not  broken;  not  transgressed:  as,  an 
unviolated  vow. 

*  un-vir'-tn-ous,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

virtuous.]  Not  virtuous ;  wanting  or  destituti 
of  virtue. 

"  The  poor  unvirtuoul  fat  knight."  —  Bhaketp. 
Merry  ll.wi,  IT.  2. 

*  tin-vta'-I-ble,  *  nn-vys-1-ble,  a.    [Pre 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  visible.]    Invisible. 

'•  Alle  thlngia ...  visible  and  unvytit/le."—  WycU/e 


',  adv.     [Eng.  unviail>(le) ;  -ly 
Invisibly. 

"  Adore  the  same  flesh  In  substance,  «Hho'  u»ri»K 
In  the  sacrament"—  Bp.  Oardner:  Ser.  at  funeral 
Queen  Mary. 


n-vls'-at-Sd,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng, 
vitititL}  Not  visited ;  not  frequented  bj 
travellers ;  not  resorted  to. 

"  Until  at  length  I  came  to  one  dear  nook 
Onoitited."  Wordivorth :  Nutting. 

un-vi'-tal,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  vital] 
Not  vital ;  not  essential  to  life  ;  hence,  fatal. 

•'  The  dimorphous  air  consists  of  pure  or  vital,  and 
of  an  uavital  air,  which  he  thence  called  azote.  — 

ptaHB, 

iln-vif-I-at-«d  (it  as  Ish),  o.  [Pref.  u» 
(1),  and  Bug.  vitiated.}  Not  vitiated  ;  no 
corrupted ;  pure. 

••  Your  niece  a  virgin  and  iinvitiated." 

Ben  Jonton  :  Magnetic  Lady,  Iv.  8, 

fin-vit'-ri-f  I-a-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  vitriflable.}  Impossible  to  vitrify,  or 
make  into  glass. 

-  The  alkali  acts  as  a  flux,  and  facilitates  the  vitrt- 
flcation  of  the  earthy  particles,  which  separately  ari 
ur,i.,lr(/ioH«.'-e<Mieir.  Technical  Educator,  pt  lU. 
p.  838. 

fin-vlt-tailed,  a.    [UNVICTDALLED.] 

un-viz  -ard,  *  un-via'-ard,  v.t.  [Pref. 
un-  (2),  and  Eng.  vizard.}  To  divest  of  a 
vizard  or  mask  ;  to  unmask,  (liilton :  AiA- 
mad.  on  Hem.  De/.,  §  1.) 

"  un-vo'-caJ,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
vocaL]  Not  vocal;  not  modulated  by  the 
voice  ;  unsuitable  for  the  voice. 

•*  So  formidable  is  the  predominance  of  the  orches- 
tra nowadays,  that  there  is  some  dauger  of  vocal 
music  when  associated  with  It.  becoming  thoroughly 
un«K»t"-ito«»  Telegraph.  Feb.  20. 1888. 

tin-voiced',  a.   [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng.  voiced. } 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Not  spoken  ;  not  uttered ; 
not  articulated. 

2.  Phonetics:  Not  uttered  with  the  voice, 
as  distinct  from  breath, 

*  fin-vSid'-a-ble,  o.   [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

voidable.]    Not  voidable  ;  Irreversible. 

"He  will  pronounce  that  unmidtble  aenteuce,"- 
Bailey  :  ColloquieM  of  Sramui.  p.  178. 

"itn-vSr-un-tar-Jf,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  voluntary.}  Involuntary.  {Fuller.) 

*  un-vS-lup'-tu-ons,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  voluptuous]   Free  from  voluptuousness ; 
not  sensuous. 

"He  had  written  stanzas  as  pastoral  and  unvolup* 
tuoiu."—Q.  Eliot:  Middleman*,  ch.  xxiii, 

*  fin-vote',  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  vote.} 
To  revoke  or  recall  by  a  vote. 

"  Voted  and  unvoted  again  from  day  to  day."— /*«•*• 
net:  uam  Time  Ian.  17111. 

»un-vo%ed',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
vowed.}  Not  vowed;  not  consecrated  by 
vow  or  solemn  promise. 

"If  unvoiced  to  another  order."— Sandy t :  Travel*. 
p.  229. 

« tin  -v6y  -age  -a-ble  (age  as  Ig),  a.    [Pret 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  voyagetwle.] 

1.  Not  voyageable  ;  unnavigable. 

2.  Impassable,  untraversable. 

"  Here  standing  with  the  unooyageaMe  sky 
In  faint  reflection  of  infinitude." 

Wordtworth  :  Excuriion,  bk.  T. 

•un-vfil'-gar,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (y,  and  Eng. 
vulgar.}  Not  vulgar ;  not  commbn  or  low. 

"  Pathetical  and  unvulgar,  words  of  worth,  excel 
lent  worda."— Martton :  Antonio  t  Revenge,  iiL  2. 

ttn-vul'-gar-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  vulgarize.]  To  divest  of  vulgarity ;  to 
make  to  be  not  vulgar.  (National  Keview.) 

*  un-vul'-gar-ljr,  adv.    [Eng.  unvulgar;  -ly; 
or  perhaps  from  pref.  un-  (2),  3.,  and  so  =  in 
a  very  vulgar  manner.]     In  an  uncommon 
manner  or  degree ;  extraordinarily. 

"I  have  taken  a  murr,  which  makes  my  nose  ram 
most  uneulaarly.'  —  Martton :  Antonio  t  Revenge, 
IiL  2. 

*  un-vul'-ner-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  vulnerabk'.]    Not  vulnerable;  invulner- 
able. 

"To shame unntnerable"  Shatetp.:  Coriolanui, v. a. 

un-wait'-cd,  a.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
waited.]  Not  waited ;  not  watched  or  at- 
tended. (With  Jar  or"0it.) 

"To  wander  np  and  doWB  untaaittd  on." 

Beaum.  t  net.  :  Mad  Lover,  U. 

•on- waked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
vMked.]  Not  wakened  ;  not  awake ;  asleep. 

"She  unwaked 
A-bedde  laie."  Sower :  0.  A.,  Til. 


bfiil,  b6y ;  pint,  Jo^rl;  oat,  9ell.  chornB.  ohln,  bench;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a, ;  expect,  Xenophon.  e^lrt.   pfc i  =  t. 
•clan. -ttan  =  •Han.  -tlon,  nrion  =  slinn ;  -Jlon,  -jion  =  zhuzv.  -olous,  -tlons,  -slous  =  sniis.  -We, -«Ue.  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


5002 


unwakened— unweariednesa 


fin-wak'-ened,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 

wakened.]    Not  wakened;  not  roused  froi 
or  as  from  sleep. 

"To  Bud  unwaltened  Bve 
With  tresses  decomposed."         Milton:  P.  i 

'  fin-walk1  a-blo  (Ik  as  k),  o.    [Pref.  un~ 
(IX  and  Eng.  mlkaUe.]    Unfit  for  walking. 

"  This  eternal  unwoffci&fe  weather. "—dfod.£MrUai 

M'trp,  viL  7. 

•un-walk'-ing  (I  silent),  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1 

and  Eng.  walking.]    Not  given  to  walking. 

"  I  am  BO  antealkiny  that  prospects  an  more  sgre 
«We  to  me  »hen  frMned  and  glazed,  and  I  look 
tUKUi  through  a  window."—  tv~i.~j-  .  i-,,~  —  \..   . 


,  ,-,  1Prcf-  "*•  0)-  and 

milled.]  Not  walled  ;  not  surrounded,  secured 
or  fenced  in  by  walls. 

"  A  fit  and  uncalled  temple.* 

Syron  :  CMlde  Barold.  111.  41. 

•  ftn-  wal'-let,  r.l.  [Fret  «m-  (2),  and  Eng 
wallet.]  To  take  out  of  a  wallet 

"  The  lacquey  .  .  .  vnmlleted  hii  c 
Bon  Quixote,  pt.  11..  bk.  lv.,  oh.  xiv. 

•un-wan'-der-Ing,  o.  [Pret  un-  (1),  am 
Eng.  wandering.]  Not  wandering  or  moving 
from  place  to  place. 

"  Unmndertng  they  might  wait 
Their  lord's  return,        Cowper:  H<,,mr;  Mad  xiiL 

•fin-wan'-lng,  o.  (Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Bng. 
waning.]  Not  waning,  fading,  or  diminish- 
ing. 

•  Hope  sprain  forth  like  a  fnll.born  Deity  .  . 
With  light  unuraninp  on  her  eyes.* 

Coleridge:  To  Wordlworfk. 

•fin  want'-ed.  o.  (Pref.  un-  OX  »nd  Eng. 
wan  ted.]  Not  wanted;  not  needed;  not  re- 
quired or  sought  for. 

"A  lesson  on  this  subject  could  not  have  been  un. 
rained  by  them."-«Wjiii>  .•  Ditcouria.  vol.  IT.,  hint  a. 

•fin-wap'-pered.  a,  [Pret  tin-  0).  and 
Eng.  wappered.]  Not  caused,  or  not  having 
reason,  to  tremble  ;  not  made  tremulous  ; 
hence,  fearless  through  innocence. 

"We  come  towards  the  gods 

Young,  and  tmioapperej.  not  halting  under  crimes 
Many  and  state.-  IW  Kobli  'itinmen,  vTt 

•fin-  ward'-  60,  a.  fPref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
irani,  and  guff.  -ed.]  Onwatched,  unguarded. 

"Tlriotes  .  .  .  escaped   by  a  gate  that  wa«  *n- 
warded?—  Brende  :  Ifulnt.  Curt.,  to}.  81. 

•ttn-ware',  o.  &  adv.    IPref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 

ware.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Not  aware  ;  off  one's  guard  ;  unaware. 

**  For  be  so  sodenllche  unware 
Beheld  the  beantee  that  she  ban.*  Cover:  O.  JL.  T. 

2.  Unforeseen,  unexpected. 


B.  A»  adv.  :  Unawares,  unexpectedly. 

"  Thus  bryngeth  he  many  a  meschlefe  In 
Vnware.*  G  ulcer  :  c.  A^lv. 

•ftn-ware'-ljf,  *  un-  ware-lye,  adv.  (Eng. 
unware;  -ly.]    Uuawares,  unexpectedly. 

"  For  elde  Is  ootnen  uniearely  upon  me."—  CAauoer.* 

*  fin-  war  e'-nSss.*un-  ware  -nesso,  «. 

[Eng.  unware;  -nets.]    Unwariness. 

*  rnwarime*ewlthgreatt«  ignominious  shame  hath 
onerthrowen  them."—  eeldex  Hot*.  let.  4. 

•tin  -wares'.  adv.     [UWWARK,  USA  WARES.] 
Unawares,  unexpectedly.     (Frequently  with 


fin-war'-I-ljfc,  adv.  [Eng.  unwary;  -ly.']  In 
an  unwary  manner;  without  vigilance  and 
caution  ;  heedlessly,  incautiously. 

"  Unwarily  trusting  the  Indian  with  his  firelock."— 
Anton:  royayss.bk.lll.,  en.  IL 

fin  war--I-ness,  *.  [Eng.  v*warv;  -««R.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unwary  ;  heed- 
iessnt-ss  ;  want  of  caution  ;  carelessness. 

"The  same  temper  .  .  .  naturally  betrays  us  Into 
No!  fflj  ""warlneaet."—  Addlion:  Spectator. 

un  war'-like,  a.  [Pref.  nn-  0),  and  Eng 
«>arHte.]  Not  warlike;  not  fit  for  war  ;  not 
used  to  war. 

"  If  the  consols  were  stmmrCOx,  why  was  not  a 

'- 


•ftn-  warm',  v.i.    [Pret  ttn.  (2),  and   Eng. 
«wrm.J    To  lose  warmth  ;  to  become  cold. 


"With  borrki  chill  P 


*  tin-warmed',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
warmed.]  Not  warmed ;  not  moved  wit 
passion. 

"To  gaze  on  Basset  and  remain  unifnrmed.' 

1'ove:  Bauet  Tattle. 

fin-warned',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
warned.] 

1.  Not  warned ;   not  cautioned ;   not  ad 
mouished  of  danger. 

That  he  would  surely  perisli."  yn*i 

Coteper  :  ffomer  ;  Odyney  L 

*  2.  Of   which  no  previous  warning   hai 
been  given. 

"  Makes  .  .  .  unlearned  Inroads  Into  the  adloynln 
country."— Bp.  Hall:  Sermon  on  Ptalm  xlvi.  8. 

"tin-warn'-ed-ly;  ads.  [Eng.  unwarned 
-'•• '  Without  warning  or  notice. 


•un-warp',  ti.fc  [Pret  «n-  (2),  and  Eng 
warp.]  To  reduce  from  the  state  of  beini 
warped. 

"  When  the  bark  [of  the  cork-tree]  Is  off,  they  »n 
warp  it   below  the  are.'—  BMun:   Sulto.    bi.  ii 


un-warped',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng 
warped.]  Not  warped,  not  biassed,  not  pre 
judiced. 

"  Honest  teal,  wnearp'd  by  party  rage." 

Thomson  :  tiprinff,  92% 

fin-war'-rant-%-ble,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  warrantable.]  Nut  warrantable,  not  de 
feasible,  not  justifiable;  unjustifiable. 

"  Or  that  you  see  good  people  to  beguile 
With  things  mtSaSrSSSi,.- 
Sunitan  :  PUffrim'i  Progrut,  pt  11.    (Introd.) 

tin-war-rant-a-We-ne-M,  $.  [Eng.  un- 
warrantable; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  o] 
being  unwarrantable. 

"The  vnwarrantablmou  of  lay  presbytery.*— 
Sail  I  Am.  to  I'inJuation  of  Smearmnuia.  I  a. 

fin-war'-rant-a-blj?,  adv.     [Eng.  ummr- 
rantati(U);  -ly.]    In  an  unwarrantable  man- 
ner; unjustiiiably,  indefensibly. 
"  Having  In  former  times  been  very 
KOtudtaS-aKtor:  Sermmu. 

iin-war-rant  ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  warranted.] 

1.  Not  warranted,  not  authorized. 

"Governed  with  an  unlawful   and   unwarranted 
equality."—  Bp.  Taylor:  Epitcopacy  Auerted,  |  9. 

2.  Not  justified  ;    unwarrantable,  unjusti- 
fiable. 

"  The  Turks  consent  sren  to  accept  this  assistance, 
*.yc    WRs  Interpreted  as  unwarranted  interference? 

3.  Not  warranted  or  guaranteed  ;  not  as- 
Bured  or  certain. 

"Upon  hops  of  an  taaeamnted  conquest  *—  Bacon. 

4.  Not  guaranteed  as  good,  sound,  or  of  a 
certain  quality  :  as,  an  unwarranted  horse. 

un-war'-f  ,  a.    {Pret.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  wary.] 
1.  Not  wary,  not  vigilant  against  danger  ; 
not  cautious,  unguarded,  careless,  heedless. 

"  Full  on  the  helmet  of  the  uiwrtry  knlgb  U" 

Dryam:  Palamon  t  ArciU,  Hi.  Mi. 

•2,  Unexpected. 

**  All  In  the  open  hall  anuued  stood 
At  suddenness  of  that  unwary  sight* 

Spenur  :>.«..  L  zll.  X, 

tin-nraahed',  o.  [Pref.  uu-  (1),  and  Bng. 
masked.]  Not  washed  ;  not  cleansed  by  water  ; 
filthy,  unclean,  vulgar. 

"  JJ*^S  n.°J,P°5r  wlth  h*nd*  •«•«*•<  to  JOT. 

The  rich  libation."      Cowper  :  Bomer  ;  Iliad  Tl 

T  The  Unwashed,  the  Great  Unwashed  •  The 
lower  classes  generally  ;  the  mob,  the  rabble. 
The  term  was  first  applied  by  Burka  to  the 
artisan  class. 

un-wash  -en.  a.     [Pret  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 
washen.]    Not  washen  ;  nnwashed. 

"The  Pharisee  fnnds  fault]  with  u*ieatJtm  hands.* 
—Bp.  ffall  :  PJtariiaum  A  ChriitiamtM. 

un-wasf-ed,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (l\  and  Eng. 
wasted.] 

1.  Not  wasted,  not  consumed  In  extrava- 
gance ;  not  lavished  away  ;  not  dissipated. 

2.  Not  consumed  or  diminished  by  time, 
violence,  disease,  or  other  means. 

**  A  whole  unvaried  man." 

Oomu    Prograt  oftlte  Saul.  L 

3.  Not  devastated  ;  not  laid  waste. 

"Themnet  southerly  of  the  unwilled  provinces,"— 
Burke  :  Maltob  of  A  rcot't  Deoti.  (  178*.  > 

Sn-wasf  -ing,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Bng. 
waiting.]  Not  wasting  away  ;  not  diminishing. 

"  Purest  lore's  vnuaM*t  treasure." 

Pope:  Chorut  to  Jrillm. 


un-wat^hed  ,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

watched.]     Not  watclied,  not  guarded  •  not 
carefully  attended  to  or  looked  after. 

"  MaJness  lu  treat  ones  uiust  not  tumturlfd  go." 
SJuiJtrtp.  :  Hamlet,  lu.  L 

•  ftn-wat9S,-rul,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  und  Eng. 
watchful.}    Nut  watchful  ;  not  vigilant 

"They  are  cold  In  their  religion  .  .  .  ui.«WcVui  In 
thelr^ciroumstauces,"—  Bp.  Tailor:  Sermom.  vbL  1L, 

*  un-watch'-ful-ness,  «.     [Eng.  unwatch- 
fid;  .ness.\    The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
watchful  ;  want  of  watchfulness  or  vigilance. 


'    tSred*  "•    'Pref'  **"  M-  and  En8 


1.  Not  watered  ;  not  wetted  with  water 
cot  soaked  in  water. 


2.  Not  mixed  or  diluted  with  water :  as, 
unwatered  spirits. 

*  *n"w^'^*r"-f»  *  ™*-wa-trl,  o.    [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  water;/.]    Not  watered ;  dry. 

"  In  to  wrathe  the!  stlrlden  hym  in  unwatri  '.la^e.* 
—  Wvdiffe:  Pt.  IxjEvii.  40. 

un-wa'-ver-ing.  a.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

wavering.]     Not  wavering,  not  fluctuating, 
not  unstable ;  steady,  steadfast,  firm. 

"  How  unwavering  she  continued  In  her  .  .  .  pup, 
pose.  —Strype  :  Ecclet.  Mem.  ;  Kdward  VI.  (an.  1M1). 

*  tin- wax1,  *  un-wexe,  v.i.    [Pret  un-  m, 
and  Eug.  wax.]    To  decrease. 

*  un-wayed'  (1),  a.    [UNWEIOHBD.] 

•un-wayed'  (2),  a.    [Pret  un-  (1);  Eng. 
icay,  and  sun:  -id.] 

1.  Not  used  to  travelling ;  not  accustomed 
to  the  road. 

Its  that  are  itittKWM.  and  will  not  go  at  all."— 


2.  Having  no  roads  ;  pathless. 


•  un-wiak  -ened,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
weakened.]    Not  weakened  ;  not  enfeebled. 

"  The  uniceakcnfd  pressure  of  the  external  air.*— 

•tin-weal'-thy,   o.    [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
wealthy.]    Not  wealthy ;  poor. 

"An  tmveoKAy  mountain  benefice  " 
Wordt "  -   " 


un- weaned',  a. 

weaned.] 

L  Lit. :  Not  weaned. 


tA  :  Excvrtion.  bk.  ». 

tin-  (1),  and  Eng, 


"My  unvtfaned  son." 

Byron  :  Heaven  t  KarOk.  1  1 


yron  :  Heaven  t  KarOk. 

2.  Fig.  :  Not  withdrawn  or  disengaged. 

1' 


•  un-weap'-oned,  a.     [Pret  un-  (1) ;  Eng. 
weapon,  and  sutf.  -ed.]    Not  bearing  a  weapon 
or  weapons ;  unarmed. 

"The  *nweaponed  multitude.*,—  ffoHmlMd:  Be- 
KTlpt.  of  Ireland,  ch.  la 

•  tin-wear'-I-a-ble,  o.   [Pret  tin-  (l),  and 
Eug.  weariable.]    Not  weariable ;  not  capable 
of  being  wearied ;  indefatigable. 

"  Actuated  by  the  unweartable  endeavours  of  oar 

worthy  and    never-enough    jvitnm.mH.fi    T>ii™;i]s."— 
C,:  Hall:  Peaee-malcer^f,. 

•  un-wear'-i-a-bly,  adv.     [Eng.  unwearia- 
K}e) ;  -ly.]    In  an  un  weariable  manner ;  inde- 
fatigably. 

"  Let  as  earnestly  and  unweartaoly  aspire  thither.1* 

in  wcar'-Ied,  o.  [Pret  tin-  (1),  and  Eng. 
wearied.] 

1.  Not  wearied ;  not  tired  ;  not  fatigued. 

"  The  Creator,  from  his  work 
Desisting,  though  unwearied,  up  return tt" 

union  :  p.  L..  vll  SOL 

2.  Indefatigable,  assiduous,  nnweariable. 

"An  uitwea-Hed  devotion  to  the  service  of  God  re- 
eommendsd  the  gospel  to  the  world."— Kogert :  Ser- 
mon. 

un-wear'-ied-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  unwearied; 
-ly.]    In  an  unwearied  manner ;  indefatigably. 

"Thus  they  labour  vnvearledl*  the  ruin  one  of 
another."— Ofdur  t  Sermotu,  vol.  v.,  ser.  14. 

n-wear'-Ied-ngsa,  ».  t^ng.  unwearied; 
•ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  on- 
wearied. 

"  The  Indefesslbleness  or  mwrarledncu  at  the  prtn 
clple  of  thought*— Baiter:  OK  Oe  Soul,  i.  to. 


ate.  fitt.  tore,  amldBt,  what,  fall,  fether;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  piae.  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p«t, 
or.  wire,  wolC  work,  wh6,  son:  mute,  cub,  onre,nnlte,  cur.  rule,  fiOl;  try,  Syrian,    ».  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


unweary— unwit 


5003 


•fin-  wear'-*,  a.    [Pref.  un-  CO,  and  Bll6- 
vxary  a.)    Not  weary  ;  not  fatigued. 
"  Her  face  all  palo  h™"  "atca'"1  lov»>  u"!  «"«»<"* 
lore  .he  bore  blm.-fl  ^^^  .  O)W)er,.  emw- 


•  fin-wear'-if,  »•<•    lpref-  "*•  <2>-  and  Eug- 
™  rjl,  vT]     fo   refresh   after  weariness   or 

fatigue. 

••  It  u.iiwart"  and  relre.be.  mor.  Uuul  any  thing." 
—Tempt*. 

•  tin-weave',  «.«.     [Pref.  «*•  (2),  and  EnS- 
WOM.1    To  undo,  as  something  that  has  been 
WOTen;  to  take  out  the  marks  of  what  is 
woven  |  to  resolve  what  is  woven  into  the 

threads  of  which  it  was  made. 

.  *o.  *. 


tin-wept',  a.     [Pref.  un-  0),  and  En8-  weP'-l 
Not  wept  for  ;  not  lamented,  not  mourned. 

"Aloue,  uunoticed.  and  wivept.- 

White  Dot,  bk.  »L 


fin-webbed',  a.  (Pref.  «rc-  (1),  and  Eng. 
^6^7]  1  Not  furnished  with  a  web  or  mem- 
brane. Used  of  the  tarsi  of  land  birds. 

•  fin-wed',  o.  IPref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  wed.) 
Unmarried. 


"  Neither  too  young,  nor  ye 

Mafcwp.  .'  rtiuionate  Pilgrim,  xvL 

lin-wed'-ded,  a,     [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 

vxi-lded.) 
1.  Not  wedded  ;  unmarried. 

«  Aid  matron,  and  unaeddcd  slater,  old." 

Ifordiwort*  :  JCrcurHoH.  bk.  T. 

4  Not  joined  or  united.  [UNHCSBANDED,  4.) 


•nn-werred,  a.  [Pref.  «"-  0):  Mid.  Eng. 
1(,erre=war7andsn£f.-«i.]  Not  waiTed  upon, 
assailed,  or  invaded. 

"Thelleftenothyngeltonde 
Utnofrred.-  <">«•'  :».J..Ul 

•  un-wSff.  a.  [Pret  un-  (I),  and  Eng.  wet.] 
Not  wet,  not  moist,  dry. 

"[Shel  treads  with  utiwet  feet  the  boiling  wmvw. 
iiavmorf>*»i*  ilv. 


"  un-wet-lng,  a-    [USWEETINO.] 

•  un-wet-lng-ly,  adv.    [UswErnsaLT.] 

tin-whipped  ,  tin-whlpf,  a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Bug.  whipped.)  Not  whipped,  not 
flogged,  not  punished. 

"  FnwAip*  ot  Justice."       Shuteip.  :  Lw,  UL  fi. 

•  tin-whirled',  a.     Pref.  un-  (1),  end  Bng. 
whirled.}     Not  whirled  or  hurried.    (Special 
coinage.) 

"The  flnt  Bhandy  unwWrtrf  about  Europe  In  > 
postchaiHe."—  Slcr/m  :  iTilCram  8\andt/,  111.  237. 


•  ttn-wedge'-a-ble,  *  tin-wSdr-a-ble,  o. 

[Pref.  un-  (I)  ;  Eng.  wedge,  and  -able.]    Not 
capable  of  being  split  open  with  wedges. 

••  The  uni0<rf<7<«»"«  and  gnarled  «*•" 

"StSji.  :  Jf«J«ure/or  Jf«uur«.  IL  S. 

fcn-weed'-ed,  o.  [Pref.  «»-  (D,  and  Eng. 
wmted-1  Not  weeded  ;  not  cleared  or  freed 
from  weeds. 


*  tin-whole  (w  silent),  "  tin-hole',  a.  . 

un-  (1),  and  Eng.  whole.]    Not  whole,  not 

sound  ;  infirm. 
tin-whole'-some  (w  »Uent),   "ttn-hole'- 

some,  a.    IPref.  un-  (1),  aud  Eng.  wholesome.] 
1    Not   wholesome;    unfavourable   or  in- 
jurious to  health  ;  insalubrious,  unhealthy. 

••  The  air.  imurlson'd  also,  clow  and  damp, 
*,.A*om.  draoght.       . 


tin-will'-Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unwilling  ;  -Ijl.] 
Not,  willingly  ;  not  in  a  willing  manner;  not 
with  goodwill;  against  one's  will  or  inclina- 
tion. 

"I  reason  Tery  unvUUnffltl,  and  not  without  a  oer- 
tain  awe.-— Bolingbroke:  XiruUa  of  &W/'.  i  "• 

tin  -WOT-  ing-  ness,  ».  [Eng.  unwilling ; 
-ness.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unwil- 
ling ;  reluctance,  disinclination. 

"  His  unurflllngntu  to  offend  the  Anglican  Church." 
— J/aca«4ay  •'  Sift.  Kng.,  ch.  xlii. 

t  tin-Wl'-iy,  a.  [Pref-  «»-  O).  and  Eng.  wily.] 
Not  wily,  free  from  guile  or  cunning.  (Eclec- 
tic Sea.,  in  Annandalt.) 

tin-wind',  v.t.  &  \~    [Pref.  «*•  (2),  and  Eng. 
wind,  v.) 
A.  Transitive: 

1   To  undo,  as  something  that  has  been 
wound;  to  wind  off;  to  loose,  to  separate. 

•  2.  To  disentangle ;  to  free  from  entangle- 
ment. 

••I  would  roll  myself  for  this  day.  In  troth    thev 
should  not  unwind  me."— Ben  Jonton:  Stlfnt 
U.2. 

*  3.  To  set  free  or  loose. 

He  from  those  band,  i 


B.  Intrant.  :  To  become  unwound  ;  to  ad- 
mit of  being  unwound. 


•SSSWifif  S  ^f  o*r 

dropping  tears. 

-  The  d»tb-d»y«  of  ^SSS^tS^aMmm. 
Draxton  :  Dvkkt  Humphry  to  Klenor  Cooharn. 

•  tin-weet-ing.  o.    [Pref.  un-  (l),  and  Eng. 

met™  Sot  knowing;  ignorant,  unwitting. 
(UUton:  Coma,  639.) 

•  tin-weet'-ttg-ly,  ad".    [Bng.  nnweeting; 
-ly )    Unwittingly,  ignorantly ;  in  ignorance. 
(Milton:  Samson  Agonistes,  1,680.) 

•fin-weighed' (gh  silent),  -tin-wayed'  a. 
[Pref.  Mft-  (1),  and  Eng.  weighed.) 

1  Not  weighed  ;  not  having  the  weight  as- 
certained.   (Dryden :  Hfe  oj  Yirgti.) 

2  Not  deliberately   considered  and   exa- 
mined ;   not  considered,  inconsiderate  ;  uu- 


2,  Unfit  or  unsuited  for  human  food:  as, 
unwholesome  meat. 

*S   Not   sound  ;    diseased,   tainted,    im- 
paired.   (Skakesp.:  Hamlet,  iv.  6.) 

4.  Hurtful,  injurious. 
-  To  swell  on.  blo»tedUr. 


tin-whdle'-s6me-nSs«  (w  silent),  ».  [Eng. 
unwholesome;  -nes,.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  unwholesome  ;  insalubrity,  unhealthi- 


•tin-winged',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
winged.]    Not  winged  ;  not  having  wings. 

"And«odldshe(as.h«whodothnotso| 
Conjecture  T  o 


•  un-wink'-Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
ainking.]  Not  winking;  not  shutting  th8 
eyes  ;  ever  watchful  or  vigilant. 

"All  your  unwinMw  vigilance  to  preserve  you  from 
your  ere»t  »dvereary.'-i»«*  •'    Swmoni.    vol.   v!., 


-  What  an  vnvelgktd  behaviour  hath  thi.  Flemish 
drunkard  plcked.--S»ute»J». :  H*rr»  Mva.  1L  1. 

•fin-weigh'-ing  (gh  silent),  a,  [Pref.  «n- 
0),  and  Eng.  weighing.)  Inconsiderate, 
thoughtless. 

••A  «7«,»^flr^p15i'°(^"u."l<*w"*Wl0"'  ~~ 

fin-wel'-come,  o.  [Pref.  «n-  (1),  and  Eng. 
welcome.)  Not  welcome ;  not  well  or  gladly 
received ;  not  pleasing,  not  acceptable. 


•tin-wei'-cdme-ly,  a<!».  [Eng.  ""'•j'a1"8  •' 
-lj(.)  In  an  unwelcome  manner;  without  a 
welcome. 

••QMdo  U  oom«  uuwsloomrflf  npon  her."-j;  flafllta. 

•«n-wer-o6me-neB8,  «.  [Eng.  onteelcome  ; 
-nws.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  unwel- 
come. 

"To  «l]eTi»t»  the  vnvtlcomentu  oj  It.  —  *>»«  • 
ITOTto,  vL  «. 
tin-well',  a.    CPref.  »»-  O),  »nd  Eng.  MeZJ,  8.J 

1.  Not  well  ;  sick,  Indisposed. 

2.  Used  euphemistically  to  signify,  111  from 
menstruation. 

•un-well'-nSss,  ».  [Eng.  unmU;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unwell.  (Chester- 


IT.  (NottiT.i 

•  tin-wleld'-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  unwieldy ;  -!y.] 
In  an  unwieldly  manner ;  so  as  not  to  be  easily 
wielded. 

-  u«**a*,  they  wallow  **£fS?pMi 

tin-wield'-i-ness,  «.  [Eng.  unwieldy  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  unwieldy ;  diffi- 
culty of  being  moved;  clumsiness,  heaviness. 

••  The  wiwitldllruu  of  wlnp  sufficiently  large  to 
L?cl  *i™  ""* 

«tin-wleld'-s6me,  o.  [Pref.  un-  0).  and 
Eng.  wieldsome.)  Unwieldy. 

-  HI.  army  w«  Tery  heavy  and  um.toW.om.  to  re- 
move."— North  t  Plutarch,  p.  682. 

tin-wield'-y,  *  nn-wleld  e,  •  nn-wleld- 

le,  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  wieldy.)  Not 
able  to  be  easily  wielded;  huge,  clumsy; 
difficult  to  move  on  account  of  its  great 
bulk  or  weight ;  balky,  ponderous  clumsy. 

"  Drag  some  vast  beam,  or  ma.f»  """'""•IfPf'S" 
Popt :  Somer  :  IHtul  ivu.  834. 

•  tin-wild',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  wild.] 
To  tame. 

"  Abel  .  .  .  tauciUtt  the  gentle  sheep. 
Sslmtter:  »«»<i'«.On 


. 

•ttn-wemmed',  "  un-wetnbed,  "nn- 
wemrnydT  a.  '  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
wemmed.)  Unspotted,  unstained;  spotless, 
pure. 

too.  hath  CrUt 


•tin-wn'-fftl,  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
wilful  ]  Not  wilful ;  unintentional. 

••  Th.  perhaps  not  <m»iirul  .lights."-  KtOiardion  , 
Clariua.  L  8. 

«tin-wiU',  v.t.  [Pref.  tin-  (2),  and  Eng.  wffi.] 
To  will  the  reverse  of  ;  to  reverse  one  s  will  m 
regard  to. 

"He  ...  who  untcrillt  what  he  has  willed.  —Long- 

•  tin-willed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1).  and  Eng. 
willed  ]  Deprived  of  volition  ;  relaxed. 

" YoM  ^JtffJSSSfi***,  *.». 

tin-will'-ing,  a-  [Pref,  un-  (i),  and  Eng. 
willing.} 

1.  Not  willing;  not  ready;  not  inclined; 
not  disposed. 

••  He  was  not  unwttUne  to  sell  for  a  high  fM* 
.canty  lueMure  of  lustice."-*ocoi^aif  .•  BM.  fng.. 

»2   Undesigned;  involuntary.    (Shaketp.: 
•    '  'mis,  1,051.) 


tin-win'-nlng,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

winning.]    Not  winning;  unconciliatory. 

"Pride    being    an    unvrinning   quality."— fWtort 
ClurOt  BIO..  IL  U.  7. 

fin-wiped',  a.  [Pret  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  wiped.} 
Not  wiped  ;  not  cleaned  by  wiping. 

"  Their  dagger,  which,  unviptd,  we  found." 

SJwktip-  .*  Macbeth,  11.  8. 

•fin-wis'-dom,  ».  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
wisdom!)  Want  of  wisdom;  folly,  foolish- 
ness, stupidity. 

"The  umoUton  that  prompt,  a  man  to  bum  a 
candle  at  both  end!,'  -field,  Dec.  U.  1887. 

tin-wise',  "nn-wis,  *un-wys,  'un- 
wyse;  o.  [Pref.  «"-  (D,  and  Eng.  wise.] 

1.  Not  wise ;  deficient  or  wanting  in  wisdom 
or  judgment ;  foolish. 

"  So  heartless  and  unwite  In  their  council*"— MUton: 
Wai  to  BUabllA  a  frm  ComnxmiwoK*. 

2.  Not  characterized  or  dictated  by  wisdom- 
Injudicious  ;  Imprudent. 

"  Be  not  taken  tardy  by  unwite  delay." 

Shakap. :  KifHant  111..  IT.  L 

un-wlse'-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  unwise ;  -ly.]  In  an 
unwhVe  manner;  not  wisely;  imprudently, 
injudiciously,  foolishly. 

"  The  command  of  the  fort  was  most  nnnj/lrty  »l»en 
to  Elphinstone."-Jfocauto»  :  BM.  Una-  ch.  T. 

«  fin-wish',  ».«.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  with, 

^.J    To  wish  away ;  to  make  away  with  by 

wishing.  „ 

"  Why,  now  then  hart  """ggj^?  ^HmrTr.,  IT!  s! 


*  tin-Wist,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 

1.  Not  known,  thought,  understood,  per- 
ceived, or  conceived. 

"  Thither  come  to  us  un*M." 

ffroume  :  Sheplierdt  Pipl,  Eel.  1. 

2.  Not  knowing,  ignorant. 

"  He  shall  the  ese  tonoia  of  it  himselve." 

Cluiucer!  Twvtlut  *  OreuU*.  u.  !,«». 

•tin-wif,r.(.    [Pref.  «n-  (2),  and  Eng.  wit.} 
To  deprive  of  understanding. 


•tin'-wit    «.    [Pref.  «*•  0).  an*  BnS-  wi(-' 
Want  of  wit  or  understanding  ;  ignorance, 

'°    y'       Mta«««w«tbateaerlclambe«)hle." 

Chaucer:  Com.  of  Men  4  tenut. 


8004 


un  witch— unwrite 


•fin-  witch',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng 
wiicA.]  To  free  from  the  effects  or  influent 
of  witchcraft  ;  to  disenchant. 

"I  will  I*  unvitched  and  revenged  by  Uw."— 
Jonton  :  S*ry  Han  in  Ml  Humour,  lii.  ;. 

*  fin  -with  -draw-  ing,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1) 
and  Eng.  withdrawing.]    Not  withdrawing 
continually  liberal. 

"  A  full  and  vnwUharawtno  hand.* 

Milton  :  C'jtnuM,  TIL 

un-  with  -ered,  a.  [Pref.  vn-  (1),  and  Bug 
withered.]  Not  withered  ;  not  faded. 

"  The  yet  unwifhered  blush." 

Beaum.  &  Flet.  :  Coronation  v 

fin  -  with'-  er-  Ing,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  withering.]  Not  withering;  not  liable 
to  wither  or  fade. 

"The  sptry  myrtle  with  unwlthertng  leaf." 

Cowper:  Talk.  ill.  B70. 

•  iin-wlth-held  ,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
withheld.)     Not  withheld  or  kept  back,  re- 
tained, or  hindered. 

"  All  unwilhhfjd.  Indulging  to  hit  friend! 
The  vast  uuborrow'd  treasures  of  his  mind.* 

Thomson  :  To  Sir  I.  Xewtam, 

*  fin  -With-stood  ,  a.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
withstood.]     Not   withstood  ;   not  opposed  ; 
not  resisted. 

"  Vigour  unvrithttood.* 

nutpt:  Pilfer,  L 

fin  -  wlf-nessed,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
witnessed.] 

1.  Not  witnessed  ;  not  seen  ;  not  recognized. 

"  With  complaint* 
By  thee  unwUneued.  - 

Cowper:  ffomer  ;  OdyHey  X. 

2.  Not  attested  by  witnesses;  having  no 
testimony. 

"  Lest  their  teal  to  the  caoie  ihould  any  way  be  un- 
wUnetted."—  Soaker. 

*  fim-wlf  -tt-iy.  adv.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
wittily.}    Not  wittily  ;  without  wit 

"  Cnwttttty  and  ungracefully  merry."  —  Cowlfy. 

•  fin-  wlf  -ting,  •  nn-wyt-tjrnge,  o.  4  ». 

[Fret  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  witting.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Not  knowing;  unconscious, 
Ignorant. 

"  Made  me  to  feare  an  answer  unwitting* 

Bfaum.  t  Flet.  :  Bo>**t  Man's  fortune,  11, 

B.  As  subst.  :  Ignorance. 

"  And  now.  bretheren.  I  woot  that  by  unwutinoe  ye 
diden."—  WfcHfe:  Dedlt  lii.  17. 

fin-wlt'-tlng-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  unwitting  ;  -ly.  ] 
Not  wittingly  ;  not  knowingly  ;  without  know- 
ledge or  consciousness  ;  ignorantly,  inadver- 
tently. (Sco«:  Afarmion,  v.  18.) 

ftn-wlf  -t^,  '  un-wlt-ti,  a,    [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  witty.] 
'  1.  Foolish,  ignorant 

••  I  am  maad  unwUti.~—  VyeHfi  :  1  Corinth.  xil.  It, 

2.  Not  witty  ;  deficient  ia  wit. 

•fin  -wived',  a,  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
wived.}  Having  no  wife  ;  unmarried  or  ren- 
dered a  widower. 

••  My  Orgilni  had  not  been  now  umrfnoV 

fora:  Broken  Start,  1L  t, 

•  fin  worn  an,  v.t.    [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
woman.]    To  deprive  of  the  qualities  or  cha- 
racteristics of  a  woman. 

"  She  whoae  wicked  deeds 
Unwoman'd  her."  Sandyi:  Ovid;  Metam.  IL 

fin-wom'-an-lj,  o.  &  adv.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  ' 


A.  At  adj.  :   Not  womanly  ;  not  befitting 
or  becoming  a  woman. 

"  Offering  me  most  unwomanly  disgrace." 

Daniel:  Complaint  of  Kotamond. 

H.  As  adv.  :   In  a  manner  unbecoming  a 
woman. 

"  Do  not  eo  unwomanly  cast  away  yourself."—  Bun- 
Van  :  Ptigrtm't  Progreu,  pi  IL 

*  fin-wdn'-der,  v.t.    [Pref.  «n-  (2),  and  Eng. 
wonder.}    To  explain,  as  something  wonder- 
ful or  marvellous. 

"  Unwondtr  me  this  wonder."—  fuller  :  ant.  Camo. 
Unit.,  L  18. 

•  ftn-wAn'-der  ing,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and 
Eng.  wondering.]    Not  wondering. 

"  The  unwondering  world.* 

Wolcott  :  Peter  Pindar,  p.  tM. 

Kn-wont'-Sd,  "  nn-wonf  ,  o.  [Pref.  tin-  (1), 
and  Eng.  wanted,  wont.] 

1.  Not  wonted  ;  not  accustomed  ;  not  com- 
mon ;  unusual,  extraordinary,  rare,  infrequent. 

••  Unwonted  lights  along  my  prison  shine." 

Byron:  Lament  of  Tauo,  Till. 


*2.  Unaccustomed,  unused;  not  made  £»- 
miliar  by  practice  or  use. 

"  All  iwtwont  to  bid  In  vain." 

Soott ;  Lady  of  tk«  Lake,  11.  T. 

tin-WOnf  -£d-ljr%  adv.  [Eng.  unwonted  ;  -ly. 
In  an  unwonted  manner  or  degree ;  unusually 
strangely. 

un-wont'-ed-ness,  5.  [Eng.  unwonted 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un 
wonted,  unusual,  or  out  of  the  common ;  un 
commonnesa. 

"The  chief  thing  that  moved  their  naaaion  and 
prejudice  WM  but  ttnwmtednrtt  and  tradition."— Bp 
Tij/lor:  Artificial  Handtomencu,  p.  121. 

un-wooed',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  wooed. 
Not  wooed ;  not  courted ;  not  sought  it 
marriage. 

*  tin-worded,  a.    [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
worded.]    Not  worded;  not  spoken,  told,  or 
mentioned. 

"  You  should  hare  found  my  thanks  paid  In  a  smile 
If  I  bad  fell  unufir.tr,i." 

B«aum.  4  Flet.  :  .Vie*  Valour,  11 

*  fin-Work',    v.t.     [Pref.  tin-  (2),  and  Eng. 
work,  v.]    To  undo. 

"  If  they  light  In  the  middle  or  bottom  of  a  dead 
hedge,  your  beat  way  is,  softly  to  untoork  the  hedge 
till  you  come  to  them."— C.  Butter ;  Fern.  Jftm..  p.  «. 

tin -work'- 9 -ble,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (l),  and 
Eng.  workable.]  Not  workable;  not  capable 
of  being  carried  out ;  unmanageable. 

"  Excellent  In  theory,  hat  unworkable  In  practice."— 
St.  J-imet'i  Qaxett*.  Feb.  15,  1880. 

*  tin-work'-Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
working.}    Not  working ;   living  without  la- 
bour. 

"Lazy  and  ununrkiny  ahopkeepera,*—  Locke:  On 
Lowering  Interttt  <tf  Monty. 

un-work'-man-Uke,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 

Eng.  workmanlike.]     Not  workmanlike  ;  not 
such  as  bents  or  is  worthy  of  a  good  workman. 

un- world -11 -ness,  *.  [Eng.  unworldly; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  un- 
worldly ;  freedom  from  worldliness. 

"  Mr.  Alcott'a  vnworldltntu  appealed  to  Emanon'l 
magnanimity."— AOutuntm,  March  24,  1888,  p.  371 

tin-world'-iy,  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
worldly.]  Not  worldly ;  not  influenced,  by 
rorldly  or  sordid  motives. 

*  tin-wormed',  o.   fPref.  un-  (1) ;  Eng.  worm, 
and  suff.  -ed.]    Not  having  the  worm-like  liga- 
ment cut  from  under  the  tongue.    (Said  of  a 
dog.) 

"  A«  mad  at  erer  unworm'd  doe  waa,* 

Beawn.  A  Flet. :   Women  Pltiued,  IT.  S. 

*  un  worm -wood-ed,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1); 

Eng.  wormwood,  and  suff.  -ed.]  Not  mixed 
with  bitterness. 

"  Vmwrmwoodtd  jerti  I  like  welL"—  JWttmm  .•  Mt- 
Mte*.  pt.  L,  re*.  *>, 

tin-worn',  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  toorn.] 
Not  worn ;  not  impaired  or  decayed  by  use. 

"  Unimpaired  in  it*  beauty,  unworn  In  1U  parta,"— • 
flat-row .-  Dermont,  vol.  IL,  Mr.  6. 

*  un-w6r -ship,  «.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
worship.  ]    Di  sgrace. 

"  It  were  ttnwortlUp  In  a  kynge."    Qowtr:  C.  A.,  TU. 

tin -wor'- ship,  *  un  -  wor  -  schip,  v.t. 
[Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng.  worship.]  To  dis- 
honour ;  to  treat  with  dishonour. 

"  Thou  th»t  hast  glorie  in  the  lave,  unwortcMpiit 
Qod  bl  brekyng  o(  the  lawe."—  Wy&ifft:  Romant  ii.  28. 

*  un  w  or  -  ship  f  ul,  *  un  wor-shyp  -fu  U, 
a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  worskipJuT.]    Not 
worthy  of  adoration  or  reverence. 

**  Nero  .  .  .  yafe  whilome  to  the  reuercnt  •enatoun 
the  unwirthyvfull  »eatee  of  ilignitie*."  —  CA^ucer  : 
Boeciut,  bk.  liL 

iin-wor'-shipped,  a.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  worsh,ipped.\  Not  worshipped ;  not 
adored. 

"  He  retolv'd  to  leave 
Unworthipp' d,  nnobey'd,  the  throne  •upreme," 

Milton:  P.L.,  T.  «7a 

tin-worth'   *  nn-worthe,  a,  &  «.    [Pref. 
un-  (1),  and  Eng.  worth.] 
A.  As  adj. :  Unworthy ;  little  worth. 
"Many  things  might  be  noted  on  this  place  not 
ordinary,  nor  uin.ro.-tA  the  noting."—  Miltaii:  Tetnt- 
cAortton. 

B-  As  subst. :  Unworthiness. 

"  Reverence  for  worth,  abhorrence  for  uttMfortA."— . 
Carly!* ;  Pott  *  Prtttnt,  bk.  ii.,  eh.  U. 

ftn-wor'-thl-l.^-  adv.  [Eng.  unworthy  ;  -.y.] 
Not  worthily;  in  an  unworthy  manner;  not 


according  to  desert  or  deserving ;  either  aboTr, 
or  below  merit. 

"Thinking  ...  too  unworUai.-  of  them  that  rnder. 
took  this  Jonmey."— Backlutt:  Yo,aga.  U.  uf 

un-wor-thi  ness,  "  un-wor'-thy-nes,  8 

[Eng.  unworthy  ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state; 
of  being  unworthy  ;  want  of  worth  or  merit 

"  And  much  she  read,  and  brooded  feelingly 
Upon  her  uwn  unworthineu." 

Wordtwortn :  Excurtion,  bk.  vi. 

fin-wor'-thj?,  o.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  But 
worthy.] 

1.  Not  worthy,  not  deserving,  undeserving. 
(Usually  followed  by  of,  which  is,  however, 
sometimes  omitted.) 

"  Cnworthyof  his  care." 

Cmeper :  Olney  Hymnt,  xU. 

2.  Not  worthy,  not  becoming,  not  benttiniL 
unbecoming,  beneath  the  character  of.    i  With 
or  without  of.) 

"  Unworthy  the  high  race  from  which  we  came." 
Pope:  Uomeri  Iliad  u.  If 

3.  Wanting  merit ;  worthless,  vile. 

"*  A  poor,  unworthy  brother  of  yours." 

Shakeep.  :  At  you  Like  It,  i.  L 

*  4.  Unbecoming,  shameful,  disgraceful. 

"  Mov'd  with  unworthy  uaage  of  the  maid." 

Drsden  :  Theodore  t  Bonoria,  Uf. 

5.  Not  having  suitable  or  requisite  qualities 
or  qualifications. 

"  Nor  he  unworthy  to  command  the  host " 

Pope  :  Bomer ;  Iliad  ii.  Ml 

*  6.  Not  deserved,  not  justified. 

"  Didst  unworthy  slaughter  upon  others.* 

Shaxctp. :  Richard  H !„  L 1 

fin-Wound',  pret.  d  pa.  par.  of  v.     [UNWIND.) 

fin-wonnd'-ed,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
wounded.] 

1.  Not  wounded,  not  hurt,  not  injured. 

"  Our  yet  unwoundtd  enemies." 

2.  Not  hurt  or  offended. 

"  We  may  hear  praises  when  they  are  deserved, 
Oar  modesty  unwounded." 

Beaum.  i  flet. :  Spanuh  Curate,  L  L 

tin-wov'-en,  •  fin-wove',  pa,  par.    [U» 

WEAVE.] 

8®-  wr  asr. 

un-wrap',  *  un  wrappe,  v.t.  [Pref.  «»- 
(2),  and  Eng.  wrap.] 

L  Lit. :  To  open  or  undo,  as  something  that 
has  been  wrapped  or  folded  up. 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  disclose,  to  reveaL 

"To  unwrappe   the  bidde  causes  of    thlnges,"— 
Chaucer:  BoeciUM,  Iv. 

*  fin-wwath'-rol-l*.  adv.   [Pref.  un-  (1),  and 
Eng.  wrath/ully.]    Without  wrath  or  anger; 
patiently,  calmly. 

"The  n ombre  of  thlnges   unwrnt\fully  and  pm> 
Gently  doeu." — i'dal :  Apoph.  of  Eratmut.  p.  816. 

*  ftn-WTMr',   r.f,     [Pref.  un-   (2),  and  Eng. 
wray.]    To  take  the  clothes  off;  to  uncover, 
to  unwrie. 

*  fin-wreaked',  a.    [Pref.  un-  (I),  and  Eng. 

wreaked.]    Unavenged,  not  avenged. 

"  80  long  mwreaked  of  thine  enemy." 

Spinier  :  f.  «.,  IIL  xi.  «. 

*  fin-wreath',  •  fin-wreathe',  v.t.    [Pret 
un-  (2),  and  Eng.  wreath,  wreathe.]    To  un- 
twist,   to   undo   or  untwine,  as   something 
wreathed. 

"  The  beards  of  wild  oats  .  .  .  continually  wreath 
and  unwrtath  themselves."—  Boj/te. 

'  fin-wricked',  a.  [Pref.  un-  0),  and  Eng. 
wrecked.]  Not  wrecked,  not  ruined,  not  de- 
stroyed. 

"  Escape  nndrown'd,  unurrecVd." 

araifton:  Lady  Aiton't  Departure. 

*  fin-Wlie',  v.t.    [A.8.  unwrihan,  unt-rton.1 
To  uncover,  to  nnwray.    (Chaucer :  Troilta  i 
Cressida,  880.) 

fin-wrln'-kle,  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng. 
wrinkle.]  To  reduce  from  a  wrinkled  state; 
to  smooth* 

fin-wrin'-kled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Pref.  «•• 
(1),  and  Eng.  iorinW«iJ 

1.  Not  wrinkled ;  not  marked  with  wrinkle* 
or  furrows. 

"  The  face  .  .  .  with  years  u-nwrlnkled." 

Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  iv.  Us. 

*  2.  Smooth,  flowing,  even. 

"  A  clear  unterinklfd  song  " 

Craihaw  :  Mutick'l  Dwm. 

fin-write',  v.t.  [Pref.  un-  (2),  and  Eng- 
write.]  To  cancel,  as  something  written;  to 
erase. 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wplf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  ofib,  cure,  unite,  ciir,  riUe,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  au  =  kw. 


unwriteable— upas 


5008 


•  ftn-write'-a-ble.  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1);  Eng. 
write,  and  stiff.  -abU.]     That  cannot  be  ex- 
pressed in  writing. 

"  Both  tbeM  words  have  an  evident  resemblance  to 
the  unvrrite,ible  sound  that  a  clock  really  make*.'  — 
Tutor  :  Kuril  HM.  Mankind,  oh.  iv. 

*  tin-writ'-Ing,  a.    [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng. 
m-iting.]     Not   assuming   the  character   or 
office  of  an  author. 

"The  peace  of  the  honest  unteriting  subject  was 
daily  molested."—  Arouthnat. 

in-writ'-ten,    *  un-wry-ten,  o.     [Pref. 

TIII-  (1),  and  Eng.  written.] 

1.  Not  written  ;  not  reduced  to  writing  ; 
oral,  traditional. 

"  It  [the  Brehon  lawl  is  a  rule  of  right,  unwritten 
lot  delivered  by  tradition."—  Upenter:  View  of  the 
Slate  of  Ireland. 

2.  Not  distinctly  expressed,  laid  down,  or 
formulated,  but  generally  understood  and  ac- 
knowledged as  binding. 

"  The  fair  unwritten  rule  that  the  game  started  is 
the  quarry  of  the  gun  nearest  to  it"—  Field,  Dec.  17, 
1887. 

3.  Not  written  upon,  blank  ;  not  containing 
writing. 

"A  rude,  unvritten  blank."  —  Soul*  :  Sermont. 
(Toad.) 

unwritten-law,  «. 

Law:  Lex  non  scripta;  the  common  law; 

law  not  formulated  in,  or  inculcated  from, 

written  documents. 

"  This  unwritten  or  common  faw  is  properly  dis- 
tinguishable into  three  kinds:  1.  General  customs  ; 
which  are  the  universal  rule  of  the  whole  kingdom. 
and  form  the  common  law  In  its  stricter  signification. 
J,  Particular  customs  ;  which  for  the  most  part  affect 
only  the  iuhabiUnts  of  particular  districts.  S.  Certain 
particular  laws  :  which  by  custom  are  adopted  by  par- 
ticular courts."—  Blackuone  :  Comment.,  bk.  L  (In- 
trod.,  |i) 

•  tin-wrok'-en,  a.    [UNWBEAKED.] 

un  wrought'  (ongh  as  a),  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1), 
and  Eng.  wrought.]  Not  wrought  ;  not  worked 
up  ;  not  manufactured  ;  raw. 

"  They  usually  pay  him  uiwroutfM  gold."—  Dam- 
pier  :  Voyaget,  voL  1L,  ch.  vii. 

fin-wrung',  o.      [Pref.    un-   0),  and   Eng. 
wrung.}    Not  wrung,  not  pinched,  not  galled. 
••  Our  withers  are  umeruna."—  Sluiketp.  :    Hamlet, 
ULl 

fin  yield'-5d,"un-yeeld-ed,a.  [Pref.  un- 
(1),  and  Eng.  yielded.]  Not  yielded;  not  sur- 
rendered ;  not  given  up.  (Dryden  :  Palamon 
t  Arcite,  iii.  661.) 

tin  yield  -Ing,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 

yielding.] 

L  Not  yielding  to  force  or  persuasion  ;  un- 
bending, stiff,  firm,  obstinate. 

••  For  Spain  Is  compass  'd  by  unyielding  foes." 

^irott-  Child*  Harold,  L  n. 

2.  Unceasing. 


zealous.}    Not  zealous;  devoid  of  zeal,  ardour, 
fervour,  or  enthusiasm. 

••  Snperstltlon.  tealous  or  unnalout."— Milton  :  Am. 
to  Eikon  Balilike,  I  9. 

*  tin-zoned',  o.  [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Eng.  zoned.] 
Not  zoned,  not  provided  with  a  zone  or  girdle ; 
ungirdled,  unciuctured. 

"  Full,  though  umon'd.  her  bosom  rose." 

Prior :  Solomon,  it  167. 

tip,  adv.,  prep,,  &  *.  [A.S.  vp,  upp  =  up  (adv.)  ; 
cogn.  with  Dnt.  op;  Icel.  upp;  Dan.  op;  Sw. 
Mj>p  •  Goth,  ivp ;  O.  H.  Ger.  uf;  Ger.  avf; 
allied  to  Lat.  sub  =  under  ;  Gr.  uirb  (hupo)  = 
under ;  Sansc.  upa  =  near,  on,  under.] 
A.  As  adverb : 

1.  To  a  higher  place  or  position  ;  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  place ;  in  the  direction  of 
the  zenith  ;  indicating  movements  of  the  most 
general  kind  resulting  in  elevation. 

"They  presumed  to  go  up  unto  the  bill-top."— 
Humbert  xi v.  14. 

2.  In  a  high  place  or  position ;  aloft,  on 
high. 

"  Up  ou  high."  SHaketp. :  KicJuird  II.,  v.  6. 

3.  Denoting  a  state  or  condition  of  being 
raised,  elevated,  erect,  or  upright ;  not  in  a 
recumbent  position. 

(1)  Ofpersont: 
(a)  Out  of  bed. 

••  Era  I  was  up."      Sltakap.  :  "ape  of  Lucrece,  1.JH. 

(6)  Standing,  as  if  prepared  to  speak ;  on 
one's  legs. 
(r)  Mounted  ;  in  the  saddle. 

"  When  Fordham  was  up  those  who  were  Interested 
In  a  horse's  success  felt  confident"— Standard,  Oct. 
IS,  1887. 

(2)  Of  things: 
(a)  Raised,  erect 

"  He  wore  his  beaver  up."       SMiketp. :  Samlet,  L  1 

(i>)  (Of  streets):  Under  repair. 

"  Streets  that  are  up"—  Daily  Sena,  Oct.  14.  l«8i 

(3)  Games:  In  billiards  =  as  a  total,  in  all: 
as  The  game  is  2,000  up.    In  cricket  =  on  the 
telegraph-board  :  as,  He  is  10  up.     Used  also 
in  this  sense  in  racing. 

4.  Used  eUiptically  for  rise  up,  get  up,  rouse 
np,  or  the  like. 


•tin-yield'-  Ing-  news,  *  un-yeeld-lng- 
nesse,  ».  [Eng.  unyielding;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  unyielding  ;  firmness, 
obstinacy. 

"  The  unyeeldinyneue  of  King  Malcolm."—  Itaniel  : 
UiK.  Kan-  P-  «• 

fin-yoke',  •  nn-yoak,  r.t  4  i.    [Pref.  un- 

(2),  and  Bug.  yoke.] 

A,  Transitive: 

1.  Lit.  :   To  loose  from  the  yoke  ;  to  free 
from  a  yoke. 

••  The  chief  himself  unyoket  the  panting  steeds." 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xitil.  696. 

*  2.  fig.  :  To  part,  to  disjoint. 

"  Unyoke  this  seizure,  and  this  kind  regret  ' 

Shaketp.  :  King  John,  1U.  t. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  give  over,  to  cease. 

14  Ay.  tell  me  that,  and  unyoke."—  Shaketp.  :  Samlet, 
T.  L 

•  in-yoked',  o.    {Pref.  UTI-  (1),  and  Eng.  yoked.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  Not  yoked  ;   freed  or  loosed  from  the 
yoke.    (Congreve  :  Ovid  ;  Art  of  Love,  iii.) 

*  2.  Never  having  worn  a  yoke. 

"Seven  bollocks  yet  unyok'd  for  Phosbus  chose." 
ttryden.    (Toad.) 

*IL  Fig.  :  Licentious,  unrestrained. 

"  The  unyoked  humour  of  jour  idleness." 

Skakap.:  \Bmryir..  Li. 

*nn-y  old-en,  a.     [Pref.  un-  (1),  and  Mid. 

Eng.  yolden  =  yielded.]    Unyielded,  ungiven. 
(Chaucer:  C.  T.,  2,644.) 

•  tin-zeal  -ous,  o.    [Pref.  un-  (IX  and  Eng. 


5  Used  eUiptically,  and  followed  by  with, 
it  =  raise  up,  erect,  set  up,  or  the  like. 

"  rp«rft»my  tent!"       Oiakelp.  :  Kichard  111..  V.  J- 

5.  In  a  state  of  action,  commotion,  excite- 
ment, tumult,   revolt,    insurrection,  or  the 
like;  inarms. 

"  In  twenty-four  hours  all  Devonshire  was  up."— 
llaeaulay :  BM.  fnf.,  ch.  »L 

U  Under  this  may  be  classed  such  colloquial 
expressions  as  What  is  up  >=  What  is  going 
on?  what  is  the  matter?  Is  there  anything 
up?  &c. 

6.  In  process  of  being  carried  on. 

"  The  hunt  Is  up." 

Shaketp. :  Atul  Andnmlau,  U.  I. 

7.  Above  the  horizon.    (Judges  ix.  88.) 

8.  In  a  state  of  being  higher  or  more  ad- 
vanced  generally ;    higher  or  advanced  in 
rank,  position,  social  standing,  price,  4c. 

"M'Lawlay  ...  got  down  with  a  One  put.  and 
stood  again  one  up."— field,  Sept.  »,  188S. 

9.  Reaching  a  certain  point  measured  per- 
pendicularly ;  as  far  or  as  high  as. 

"  Up  to  the  ears  in  blood." 

Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  IV.  Iv.  1. 

10.  To  a  certain  poiut  or  time  ;  as  long  or 
as  far  as. 

"  We  were  tried  friends  :  I  from  my  childhood  up 
Had  known  him."     WordneortA  :  Excurrion,  bit.  L 

11.  To  a  higher  altitude  or  stature ;  to  a 
more  mature  condition  or  age. 

"Train  up  a  child  in  the  way  he  should  go."— 
Proverb!  xxii.  6. 

12.  To  or  in  a  state  or  position  of  equal 
advance  or  of  equality,  so  as  not  to  come  or 
fall  short  of;  not  below  or  short  ot    (Fol- 
lowed by  to.) 

"  We  most  not  only  mortify  all  these  passions  that 
solicit  os.  bot  we  must  learn  to  do  well,  and  act  up  to 
the  positive  precepts  of  our  duty."— llogert :  Sermont. 

13.  Denoting  approach  to,  or  arrival  at,  a 
place  or  person. 

"  Bring-  up  your  army."     Hhakeip.  :  CorManut,  L  1. 

14.  Denoting  a  state  of  due  preparation  and 
readiness  for  use. 

"  He's  winding  up  the  watch. ' 

Siakap. :  Tempett,  1L  1. 

15   Denoting  a  state  of  being  deposited  in 
a  place  where  a  thing  is  kept  when  not  used. 
"  Pot  thy  sword  up."          SItakelp.  :  Tempett,  L  3. 


16.  Denoting  a  state  of  being  contracted, 
drawn,  or  brought  together  into  order,  into 
less  bulk,  into  concealment,  Ac. 

"  Tie  my  treason  up  in  silken  bags." 

Siaketp. :  Periclel,  111.  1 

17.  In  a  state  of  being  able  to  understand 
or  do  ;  in  a  condition  of  fitness,  capacity,  or 
ability,  or  of  being  acquainted  with.    (Fol- 
lowed by  to :  as,  He  is  up  to  all  the  tricks  of 
the  trade.)    (Colloq.  or  slang.) 

18.  Denoting  adjournment  or  dissolution : 
as,  The  House  is  up. 

B.  As  preposition: 

1.  From  a  lower  to  a  higher  place  or  point 
on ;  along  the  ascent  of ;  toward  a  higher 
point  of ;  at  or  m  a  higher  position  on. 

"  A  voice  replied  far  up  the  height." 

Longfellow:  Sxcehior. 

2.  Towards  the  interior  (generally  the  more 
elevated  part)  of  a  country ;  in  a  direction 
from  the  coast  or  towards  the  head  or  source 
of  a  stream  :  as,  To  go  up  country,  To  sail  up 
the  Thames. 

C.  As  subst. :  Used  in  the  phrase,  Ups  and 
downs  =  rises  and  falls,   alternate  states  of 
prosperity  and  the  contrary  ;  vicissitudes. 

"  To  see  a  man's  life  full  of  upt  and  douml'—ielt*- 
ton:  Comment  on  1  Peter  1. 

J  Up  is  frequently  inflected  as  a  verb  in 
vulgar  speech. 

"  She  upi  with  her  bimwny  arm,  and  gave  Susy  ... 
a  douse  on  the  side  ol  the  head."—  B.  Brooke :  fool  of 
Vitality,  i.  n. 

*}  1.  All  up :  All  over  ;  completely  done  for 
or  ruined. 

2.  To  come  up  with :  To  overtake ;  to  catch 
up. 

3.  To  go  up : 

(1)  To  return  to  one's  University :  as,  When 
do  you  go  up'    (Chiefly  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge.) 

(2)  To  sit  (for  an  examination). 

4.  To  have  (or  pull)  one  up :  To  bring  before 
a  magistrate  or  justice. 

5.  Vp  and  down: 

(1)  Here  and  there;  hither  and  thither;  in 
one  place  and  another. 

"  Abundance  of  them  are  scattered  up  and  down, 
like  so  many  little  islands  when  the  tide  U  low.  — 
Addtton. 

*  (2)  In  every  respect ;  completely. 

6.  Up  a  tree:  Done  for;  ruined.     (Slang.) 

7.  Vffticla:  Pack  up  and  go.     (Slang.) 

S.  Up  to  muff:  Knowing,  cunning,  acute, 
sharp.  (Slang.) 

9.  Up  to  Hit  kxocker  (or  door)  :  Good,  capital, 
excellent.     (Slang.) 

10.  Of  to:  About;  as  what  are  you  up  tot 
(CbUoj.l 

np  lino.  >. 

Ran. :  The  line  of  a  railway  which  leads  to 
the  metropolis,  or  to  a  main  or  central  ter^ 
minus  from  the  provinces-  (English.) 

up-to-date,  a.    Abreast  of  the  times. 
u-pitn'-iBh-tid,  s.    [Sans.  =  a  sitting.] 

Hindoo  Sacred  Lit.  (PL):  Vedic  speculative 
treatises  occupied  with  attempts  to  solve  prob- 
lems connected  with  the  universe  and  th« 
nature  and  destiny  of  man.  They  are  108  or 
more  in  number,  each  Veda  having  a  certain 
number  of  Upanishads  connected  with  it. 
They  constitute  part  of  the  Brahmanas  or 
commentaries  belonging  to  the  Veda,  present- 
ing the  Vedic  doctrine  in  a  comprehensive 
form  and  being  of  a  more  dogmatic  character 
than  the  rest  of  the  Brahmanas.  They  vary  in 
date  like  the  Brahmanas,  which  extend,  ac- 
cording to  Max  Mailer,  from  800  to  600  B.O. 
[BRAHMANISM.]  All  Indian  philosophers  and 
various  sects  profess  to  derive  their  belief 
from  the  Upanishads.  [VEDA.] 
u  pas,  s.  [Malay  upas  =  poison.)  The  Up»». 
tree  (q.v.). 
upas  tloute,  s. 

Toiicol.  £  Bot. :  The  poison  of  Strychnot 
Tieute,  a  climbing  shrub  growing  in  Java. 
The  natives  use  it  to  poison  their  arrows,  lt» 
deleterious  effects  being  produced  by  the  pre- 
sence of  strychnine, 
upas  tree,  s. 

Bot.:  Antiaru  toxtcaria,  a  large  tree  grow- 
ing in  Java.  Stem  naked  for  the  first  sixty, 
seventy,  or  eighty  feet  of  its  height ;  leaves 
alternate,  stipulate,  entire,  unequal  -  sided, 
subcordate,  costately  -  veiued  ;  flowers  in 


-  nn-zeal  -OU8,  a.    ir rei.  un-  {if,  aim  J^ug.  i  • 

boU.  b6y;  poTH,  JAM;  cat,  cell,  chorus.  9hln,  benph;  go.  gem;  thin,  thta :  -In,  a, ;  expect.  Xenophon.  •*«•* ^ t. 
•oton.  -tlan =  shan.   -tlon,  ^lon  =  shtin ; -tlon, -9ion  =  zhun.   -oious.  -tious,  -aious  =  .nu».   -We.  -die,  ic.  =  H*  del. 


6006 


upaventure— upHang 


•Millar}'  or  lateral  drooping  peduncles, 
moncecious ;  males  numerous,  enclosed  in 
a  hairy  involucre,  calyx  with  three  or  four 
divisions,  anthers  sessile,  three  or  four ; 
females  solitary,  calyx  in  several  divisions 
witlj  a  long  bi]«rtite  style,  and  ultimately 
bearing  a  succulent,  drupaceous  fruit.  The 
Inspissated  juice  of  the  upas-tree  consti- 
tutes a  virulent  poison  called  by  the  natives 
antjar,  which  owes  its  deleterious  character 
to  the  presence  of  strychnine.  The  smallest 
wound  by  an  arrow  tipped  with  this  poison 
is  fatal.  Towards  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century  a  Dutch  sur- 
genn,  Foersch,  circu- 
lated in  Europe  vari- 
ous myths  with  regard 
to  the  upas-tree.  It 
was  said  to  be  so 
deadly  that  the  poison 
was  collected  by  cri- 
minals condemned  to 
death,  who  obtained 
their  pardon  if  they 
brought  away  the 
poison,  which  was, 
however,  found  fatal 
to  eighteen  oat  of 
every  twenty  who 
made  the  attempt  T.TA.S-TB 

It  was  destructive  to 
all  vegetable  life  but  its  own,  and  grew  in 
the  midst  of  a  desert  which  it  had  made. 
Is  it  now  known  that  the  upas-tree  was 
credited  with  the  destruction  of  animal  life 
really  attributable  to  the  escape  of  carbon 
dioxide  from  a  vent  or  vents  in  a  valley  sur- 
rounded by  volcanoes.  It  has  been  seen 
growing  with  other  trees  in  forests,  and  in 
1844  was  introduced  into  British  hothouses 
with  no  deleterious  effect. 

•ftp'-a-vSn-ture,   conj.     [Eng.   up,  and 
avcnturc.]   In  case.   (Sale:  Select  World,  p.  66.) 

•  ftp-bar',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  bar,  v.] 

1.  To  lift  np  the  bar  of;  to  nnbar. 

"  He  noting  down,  the  gate  to  him  upbard.- 

Spenter:  f.  0...  IV.  ix.  •. 

2.  To  fasten  with  a  bar ;  to  bar  up. 

•ftp-bear',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  tear,  T.] 

1.  To  bear,  carry,  or  raise  aloft ;  to  lift ;  to 
elevate.    (Sower:  C.  A.,  viii.) 

2.  To  sustain  aloft ;  to  support  aloft  or  in 
an  elevated  position. 

Himself  upbean,  which  separateliirtb  from  Hearen." 
Cotfper:  Homer;  Udtaey  i. 

&  To  sustain,  to  support. 

"  Which  two  upbear 

Like  mighty  pillonrs.  this  (rule  life  of  man." 
Spenter:  F.  Q.,  II.  Til.  «. 

•ftp-bind',  v.t.    [Eng.   up,  and  bind.]    To 

bind  or  listen  up.    (Collins :  Ode  to  Peace.) 

•ftp-blaze',  v.i.    [Eng.  up,  and  Wait,  v.J    To 
blaze  or  flash  up. 

"  Now  It*  wavy  point 
Upblatiny  rose.'  Boutheg:  Thalabi,  vi. 

ftp  -block,  ».     [Eng.  up,  and  block,  B.]    A 
horseblock  (q.T.)i 

•ftp-blow1,  v.t.  4  «.    [Eng.  up,  and  Mow,  ».] 

A.  Trans. :  To  blow  np  ;  to  inflate. 

" His  belly  was  upblovme  with  luxury." 

Spenter:  r.  «..  iir.«L 

B.  Intrans. :  To  blow  np  from. 

"The  watry  south-wiude  from  the  aee-bonl  cost 
Vpblowing.'  apenter  :  F.  O..,  IIL  iv.  18. 

•ftp-bore',  pret.  ofv.    [UPBEAB.] 

•  up  borne',  *  ftp-born',  pa.  par.  Ha.    [Up- 

BEAR.] 

A.  At  pa,  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Sustained  or  supported  aloft. 

"  By  the  light  air  upborne."      Thornton  :  Summer. 

ftp-braid',  *  up  breide,  *  up  -  br  eyd,  v.  t.  & 

i.  IA.S.  vpp  —  np,  and  bregdan,  bredan  =  to 
braid,  to  weave,  to  pull,  to  draw.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cast  some  fault  or  offence  in  the  teeth 
of ;  to  charge  reproachfully ;  to  reproach. 
(Followed  by  with  or  for  before  the  thing 
charged  or  imputed.) 

"  To  upbraid  them  for  transgressing  old  establish. 
jtuatt-'—JHOon  :  tikonoUattet,  i  19. 

•I  (1)  Sometimes  used  with  to  before  the 
person  charged,  and  of  before  the  offence 
charged. 

"  May  they  not  lastly  ttt  oar  crimes  upbraid. 
Shortness  of  night?"  Prior :  Solomon,  i.  398. 


(2)  Sometimes  used  without  any  preposition 

"  He  upbraid*  lago.  that  he  made  him 
Brave  me  opon  the  watch."  shaketp. :  Othello,  v.  2. 

2,  To  reprove  with  severity. 

"He  began  to  upbraid  the  cities  wherein 
hi*  mighty  works  were  done."— Matthew  xi.  f- 


to. 


*  3.  To  bring  reproach  on ;  to  be  areproacl 

"  How  much  doth  thy  kindness  upbraid  my  wicked 

*  4.  To  treat  with  contempt. 

"  That  name  of  native  sire  did  foul  upbrai,l  ' 

Spenter.    (Todd.1 

B.  Intrans. :  To  utter  npbraidings  or  re- 
proaches. 

"  The  man  who  acts  the  least,  upbraid*  the  most." 
Pope :  Bomer;  Iliad  ii.  SIL 

*  ftp-braid',  *  np-braide,  s.    [UPBRAID,  t>. 
Tne  act  of  upbraiding  ;  reproach,  abuse. 

"  How  cleane  I  am  from  blame  of  thU  upbraide." 
Spenter:  F.  V-,  V.  xi.  4t. 

up  braid -er, ».  [Eng.  upbraid ; -er.]  One 
who  upbraids,  reproaches,  or  reproves. 

"  Yet  I  »ill  listen,  fair  unkind  upbratdrr- 

Kowe:  Tamerlane  i. 

up  braid' -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,&s.  [UPBRAID,!'. 
A.  &  R.  As  pr.  par.  ct  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  sutist. :  The  act  or  words  of  one  who 
upbraids  ;  severe  reproofs  or  reproaches. 

H  With  suppliant  gestures  and  upbraiding*  stern." 
Wordiworth :  Hart  Leap  Well. 

tip-braid'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  upbraiding; 
-/.'/.}  In  an  upbraiding  manner;  with  up- 
braidings  or  reproaches. 

"  He  Is  upbraidlnylt  called  a  poet,  as  If  It  were  » 
contemptible  nick-name."— Ben  /onto 

*  ftp-bray1,  v.t.    [UPBRAID.]    To  upbraid,  to 
reproach,  to  abuse. 

"  Scudamour,  hi*  foe  for  lying  so  long  upbraye*.' 
Spenter  i  F.  Q.,  IV.  i.  42. 

*  ftp-bray',  •  up-braye,  a,     [UPBRAT,  v.] 
Upbraiding,  reproach,  abuse. 

*  After  long  troubles  and  unaweet  upbrafe*.' 

Bpenter:  F.  It-.  111.  vi.  So. 

*  ftp-break',  ».i   [Eng.  up,  and  break,  v.J    To 
break  or  force  a  way  upwards;  to  come  to  the 
surface ;  to  appear. 

&p  -break, ».  [UPBREAK,  ».]  A  breaking  or 
bursting  up  ;  an  upburst. 

*  up  breathe',  v.t.     [Eng.  up,  and  breathe.} 
To  breathe  np  or  out ;  to  exhale. 

*  ftp-breed',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  breed,  v.]    To 
breed  up ;  to  train  up ;  to  nurse. 

"  Being  both  borne  and  upbreed  In  a  forren  conn, 
trie."— BoUntked:  ma.  Scotland;  Oouranul. 

*  tip'-brlng-lng,  ».    [Eng.  up, and  bringing.} 
Tne  process  of  bringing  np,  nourishing,  main- 
taining, or  training ;  education. 

"Let  me  not  quarrel  with  my  upbringing.' — Car. 
lyle:  Sartor  Retartut,  pt  ii.,  bk.  ii. 

*  uprbrought'  (ough  as  a),  a.    [Eng.  up, 

;  educated,  nursed, 

"  Long  in  darksome  Stygian  den  -ipbrought* 
tspenter:  F.  V-.  VI.  vt  9. 

*  up-buo"y-an9e,  ».     [Eng.   up;  buoy,  and 
-a,rux.\    Support ;  lifting  up. 

"  With  your  wings  of  upbinyance." 

Coleridge:  Firit  of  the  Oodi. 

tip-burst,  ».  [Eng.  up,  and  burst.]  A  burst- 
ing np  or  through  ;  an  uprush :  as,  an  upburst 
of  lava. 

ftp'-by,  fip'-bye,  orf«.  [Eng.  up,  and  by, 
oye.]  A  little  way  further  on  :  up  the  way. 
(Scotch.) 

"There's  three  good  piece*,  and  yell  want  siller 
upby yonder."— Scott :  Brideof  Lammarmoor, ch,  xviiL 

ftp-cast',  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  cast,  v.]  To  cast 
or  throw  up. 

"At  Ephesus  the  sea  upcait 
The  coffin,  and  ail  that  was  therein.1* 

ffoieer :  C.  A..  Till. 

ftp-casf ,  a.  &  s.    [Eng.  up,  and  cast,  a.] 
A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Thrown,  turned,  or  directed  upwards. 

"  Beast*  with  upcatr  eyes  forsake  their  shade." 
Dryden:  State  of  Innocence,  ii.  • 

2.  Cast  up ;  a  term  in  bowls. 
B.  As  tubstantive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  taunt,  a  reproach. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  being  overturned. 
(Scotch.) 


and  brought.]    Brought  up ; 
nurtured. 


EL  Technically : 

1.  Bowie :  A  cast,  a  throw. 


2.  Geol. :  The  same  as  UPTHROW  (q.v.). 

3.  Mining :  The  shaft  or  pit  which  the  air 
ascends  after  ventilating  the  mine ;  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  downcast. 

upcast-pit,  upcast-shaft,  s. 

Mining:  The  same  as  UPCAST,  s.,  B.  II.  S. 
"  The  force  of  the  explosion  went  In  the  direction  of 
the  uixatt.a>aft."—Tima,  If  arch  »,  1S96. 

*ttp-caughf  (gK  silent),  a.    [Eug.  up,  and 
caught.]    Caught  or  seized  up. 

"  With  every  mouth 
She  bean  upcauaht  a  manner  away." 

Courper:  JJomer;  Odyuey  III. 

*  up-sheer1,  *  up  shear",  v.t.   [Eng.  up,  and 
cheer,  v.]     To  cheer  up,  to  encourage,  to  in- 
spirit, 

"  Who,  coming  forth  .  .  . 
Sir  Oalydor  upcheard."       Spenter :  F.  0.,  VL  1 44, 

*  ftp-Climb'  (b  silent),  v.t.  or  i.    [Eng.  up,  and 
climb.]    To  cliuib  up,  to  ascend. 

"  Cpdimb  the  shadowy  pine." 

Tennyton :  Lotot  Eaten,  18. 

*  Up-c6iT,  v.t.  or  {.    [Eng.  up,  and  coil.]    To 
coil  up ;  to  make  or  wind  up  into  a  coil. 

*  ftp-curl',  v.t.  or  i.    [Eng.  up,  and  curt.)    To 
curl  or  wreathe  upwards. 

"  Thro'  the  leaves  of  floating  dark  upciirfd  " 
Tennyton :  The  Poet. 

*  tip-dive',  v.i.    [Eng.  up,  and  dive.]    To  rise 
to  the  surface. 

"  Thence  make  thy  fame  updite." 

Daoiei:  liicrocomot,  p.  8L 

*  ftp-draw', «...    (Eng.  up,  and  draw,  v.] 

L  Lit. :  To  draw  np,  to  raise,  to  lift    (Utt- 
ton :  P.  L.,  ii.  871.) 
2.  Fig. :  To  train  or  bring  up. 

"  A  knight,  whom  from  chlldhode 
He  had  updrawe  into  mjmhode." 

Hotter:  C.  A.,  T. 

n-pe-ng-Ich  -thys,  «.    [Mod.  Lat.  vpen^ui), 
and  Gr.  i^tos  (ichthut)  =  a  fish.)    [UPENEUS.] 

n-pe-ne-61'-des,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.  upene(us), 
and    Gr.    elfios    (eidos)  =  form,    appearance.] 

[UPENEUS.] 

u-pe   ne-us,  «.     [Gr.  virnnj  (Itupine)  =  the 
moustache,  but  often  used  for  the  beard.] 

Jchthy.:  One  of  the  sub-gtuera  into  which 
the  genus  Mullus  (q.v.)  is  sometimes  divided 
on  account  of  slight  modifications  of  the 
dentition.  Upeneus  has  two  close  allies: 
Upeueichthys  and  Upeneoides. 

*  ftp-fill',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  fill.]    To  fill  up; 
to  fill  completely. 

"  I  most  up/itl  this  osier  cage  of  OUTS." 

Sltalteip. :  K  ,„>•:,  Jt  Juliet,  11  8. 

*  up-floW,   v.i.      (Eug.  up,  and  flow.]     To 
ascend  ;  to  stream  up. 

"  No  eye  beheld  the  f.juut 
Of  that  upfoainl  name."        Southey  :  Thalaeek  U. 

•ftp-gath'-er,  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  gather.]  To 
gather  up  ;  to  contract ;  to  curl  or  coil  up. 
••  Himself  he  close  vpgather'd  more  and  more 
Into  his  den."  Spenter  :  Jluiopotmot. 

*  ftp-gaze',  «.i.     [Eng.  up,  and  gaze,  ».]     To 
gaze  up. 

Our  menials  eye  our  steepy  way." 

Scon  :  Bridal  of  Trlermain.  it    (Cone.) 

*Up-gr6W,  v.i.     [Eng.  up,  and  ffroK.]     To 
grow  up.    (UUton :  P.  L.,  Iv.  137.) 

*  up-grown',  pa.  par.  or  a.  [Uponow.]  Grown 
up. 

"  So  standing,  moving,  or  to  height  ww 


,  ,  . 

The  tempter,  all  impassion  'd.  thus  Wgait." 

n  :  e.  L, 


. 

is.  en. 
ip'-growth,  s.    [Eng.  «P,  and  growth.]    Th6 

Srocess  of  growing  up  ;   rise  and  progress  ; 
evelopment. 

"  The  new  and  mighty  upgrowth  of  poetry  111  Italy." 
-V.  /;.  Oreen. 

*  up-haC  pret.  of  v.    [UPHEAVE.] 

ftp-hand,  a.    [Eng.  up,  and  hand.]    Lifted 
by  both  hands. 

"The  nphand  sledge  i*  used  by  onder-workmen."— 
Mofon  :  Mechanical  fiercilel. 

up-hang',   v.t.     [Eng.   up,  and  hang.]    To 
hang  up  ;  to  suspend. 

"  Soone  on  a  tree  uphano'd  I  aaw  her  spoyle." 

Spenlrr  :  t'iiiont  of  Bellay. 


,   Cite,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  talL  lather;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  thSre;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  won  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


upnasp—  upon 


5007 


fin-hasp'.  v.t.     [Eng.   up,  and  hasp.}     To 
hasp    or    fasten  up.      (Stanyhurst  :    Virgil; 


,  iv.  254.) 


UP  hand',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  Scotch  haud  = 
hold.)    To  uphold,  to  maintain.    (Scotch.) 

"  It's  Jamie  Martingale  that  furulshes  tlie  naigs  o 
ODD  tract.  Mid  w  JiAtiud*  them."—  Scott:  .iHdwacn. 


up-haud-en,  a.    [UpHAtiD.]    Upholder!. 

•up-heaped',   o.      [Eng.   up,  and   heaped.} 
Heaped  up,  piled  up. 

"Repaye    al   with    upheaped  mesure."—  Udal :    1 

iip-heav'-al,  s.    [Eng.  uphear(e) ;  -al] 

1.  crd.  Lang. :  Tlie  act  or  proress  of  heaving 
up,  or  the  state  of  being  heaved  up.    (Lit. 
a  Fig.) 

"Prior  to  that  great  religious  upheaval  the  monks 
were  the  principal    professors  of  ueutUtry.'-BaiJ* 

2.  Genl. :   The  sudden  elevation  of  land,  or 
its 'slow  iisi-  through  volcanic  or  earthquake 
action.      Tni3   elevation  is    popularly  attri- 
buted, as  it  was  by  tlie  early  geologists,  to  a 
recession  of  the  sea ;  no  portion  of  which, 
however,  could  recede  without  producing  a 
universal  fall  in  the  level  of  the  ocean.     No 
known  natural  cause  could  produce  such  a 
phenomenon,  and  the  popular  hypothesis  is 
embarrassed  by  the  necessity  of  explaining 
what  has  become  of  the  water  which  has  dis- 
appeared, aud  why  certain  strata  are  not  hori- 
zontal, but  slanted  at  all  angles  or  disposed 
in  curves.       These  difficulties  do  not  arise 
when  it  is  held  that  the  permanent  recession 
of  the  ocean  is  only  apparent ;  the  water  has 
remained  at  its  own  level,  and  it  is  the  land 
that  has  risen.    This  rise  of  the  land,  though 
often  very  extensive,  is  still  in  each  succes- 
sive case  only  a  local  phenomenon.     [UP- 
THROW.] 

"  The  evidence  of  upheaval  In  the  atoll  regions  of 
the  Pacific. "—nature,  Ap.  36. 1888,  p.  604. 

up-heave',   v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  heave.]    To 
heave  up  ;  to  lift  up  from  beneath  ;  to  raise. 
"  Upheave  the  piles  that  prop  the  eolld  walL" 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xlL  807. 

up-held',  pret.  &  pa.  par.  aj  v.      [UPHOLD.) 

Held  up. 
u  pher,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Ann, :  A  fir  pole  used  for  scaffoldings,  and 

sometimes  for   slight  and   common   roofs ; 

hence,  any  similar  pole.    (Gwilt.) 

"up-heve,  v.t.    [UPHEAVE.] 

•up-hild,  a.    [UPHELD.] 

up' -hill,  a.,  adv.,  &  i.    [Eng.  tip,  and  AUZ.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Lit. :  Leading  or  going  up  a  hill  or  rising 
ground  :  as,  an  uphill  road. 

2.  Fig. :  Difficult,  severe,  hard,  fatiguing. 

"Our  Government  is  engaged  in  a  very  uphill  task." 
—D"illl  Telegraph,  Sept.  1.  1885. 

B.  As  adv. :  Up  an  ascent ;  upwards. 

C.  As  tubst. :  Rising  ground ;  ascent ;  up- 
ward slope. 

••  The  countrey  is  full  of  uphOlet  and  downhllles."— 
Udal:  Luke'M. 


r,  r.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  httt.]   To  plunge 
In  up  to  the  hilt. 

"  Hla  blayd  be  with  thrusting  In  his  old  dwynd  carcat 
uphilted."       Stanyhuru:  rinrB.--fnoid.il.  H7. 

•ftp-hoard',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  hoard,}   To 
hoard  up ;  to  store. 

"  Tliou  hart  ttphaarded  In  thy  life, 
Extorted  treasure  in  the.  w,,mb  of  earth." 

Shaketp.  t  aamlet.  L  J. 

I          fin-hold',  *  up-holde,  v.t.     [Eng.  up,  and 

haltl,  v.] 

1.  To  hold  up ;  to  raise  or  lift  on  high ;  to 
elevate  ;  to  keep  raised  or  elevated. 

"  Upholding  the  scales  In  his  left  hand.* 

I.;iiHfMi.m  :  EmngeUne,  i.  «. 

2.  To  keep  from  sinking  or  falling ;  to  sup- 
port, to  sustain,  to  maintain. 

"  He  whose  Spirit,  and  whole  word, 
Vpholdl  the  seven  atara" 

Covpcr  :  Otncy  ffymnt.  zxL 

*  3.  To  support,  to  maintain. 

••  Many  younger  brothern  have  neither  lands  nor 
menus  to  uphold  themselves."—  Raleigh. 

4.  To  maintain,  to  approve. 

*'  The  conviction  could  not  be  upheld."— field.  Dee. 
H1S87. 

tip-hold'-er,  *  vp-hold  ere,  s.    [Eng.  up- 
hold; -er.l 


I.  One  who  upholds,  supports,  or  sustains ; 
a  supporter,  a  defender,  a  maintainer. 

••  The  great  Maker  and  Oft«W-r  of  It  [the  worldj" 
— Leight'.n :  Comment,  on  1  Peter  Hi. 

•J  In  Hist  the  same  as  UNDERTAKER,  II.  1 

(q.v.). 

*2.  An  undertaker;  one  who  provides  for 
or  carries  out  funerals. 

"  The  ,ii>hf,hler.  rueful  harbinger  of  death. 
Waits  with  impatience  for  the  dyinf  breath. 

Qay  :  Trivia,  11.  469. 

•3.  A  broker;  a  dealer  in  furniture,  an 
auctioneer. 

••  Under  the  direction  of  an  upholder  from  London." 
— Smollett :  Humphrey  Clinker,  ii.  180. 

"  up-hol'-ster,  s.    [Eng.  uphold;  -ater.] 

1.  A  broker,  an  auctioneer. 

"  Euerard  the  upholster  can  wel  atoppe  a  mantel 
hooled."—  C'oxton  :  Sookefor  Traveller*. 

2.  An  upholsterer  (q.v.). 

"  Thus  Nature,  like  an  ancient  free  uphtjtter, 
Did  furnish  ua  with  bedstead,  bed,  and  bolster." 
John  Taylor  :  Pennileu  Pilgrimage. 

up-hol'-ster.  r.t.  [UPHOLSTER,  s.l  To  fur- 
nisli  with  upholstery  ;  to  finish  off  with  op- 
holsterer's  littings. 

"  ffpholttered  in  figured  green-gold  plash."— Century 
Magazine,  Dec.  1S75,  p.  606. 

fip-hdl'-ster-er,  t.  [Formed  from  Eng.  up- 
kolsUr,  with  the  needless  additiou  of  -er.  The 
upholster  was  a  broker  or  auctioneer,  so  that 
the  name  may  have  arisen  from  his  holding 
vp  wares  for  inspection  while  trying  to  sell 
them.  (6'A«i(.)J  One  who  supplies  beds,  cur- 
tains, carpets,  covers,  cushions,  &c.,  for  the 
furnishing  of  houses. 

"  They  were  placed  in  an  handsome  apartment  at 

an  uphaltterera  in  King  Street,  Oovent  Garden. 

—rotter.  No.  171. 

upholsterer-bee,  ».    [POPPY-BEE.] 

Up-hdT-ster-y\  s.    [Eng.  upholster;  -y.] 

1.  The  business  of  an  upholsterer. 

2.  The  articles  or  furnishings  supplied  by 
upholsterers, 

••  Too  often  forgotten  human  nature  in  the  nicetle* 
of  uphoUUry,  millinery,  and  cookery."— Euajl  on  Drf 
den. 

uph'-roe,  s.    [EUPHROE.] 

»  up-hurt',  *.(.  [Eng.  up,  and  hurl.}  To  hurl 
or  cast  up. 

"  Tbea  wals  god  Neptune  with  mace  ttree-forcked  up. 
hurlethS       Stanyhui-tt :  Virgil ;  *£neid  iii.  683. 

*  up'-keep,  s.  [Eng.  up,  and  keep.}  Support, 
maintenance. 

•'  They  ceased  to  give  sufficient  to  pay  for  the  up- 
keep."—field,  Jan.  16.  1884. 

up  land,  ».  &  a.    [Eng.  up,  and  land.} 

A.  As  substantive  : 

L  The  higher  grounds  of  a  district;  ele- 
vated ground ;  slopes  of  hills  ;  heights. 

14  Ita  upland*  sloping  deck  the  mountain's  side." 
GokUmith :  The  Traveller. 

2.  The  country,  as  distinguished  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  towns  or  populous  districts: 
hence,  often  inland  districts. 

B.  As  adjective : 
1.  Literally: 

(1)  Pertaining  to  uplands  or  higher  grounds ; 
situated  on  the  uplands. 

"Great  loss  of  slock  must  occur  on  the  upload 
farms.-—  Pall  Mall  llatettf,  Jan.  80.  1888. 

*  (2)  Pertaining  to  the  country  as  distin- 
guished from  the  towns  ;  country. 
"  Sometimes  with  secure  delight 
The  upland  hamlets  will  invite. 

Milton:  L'Aueffro,yz. 

*2.  Fig. :  Rude,  rustic,  countrified;  savage, 
uncivilized. 

"  This  heap  of  fortitude. 
That  «o  illiterate  was,  and  upland  rude." 

Chapman.    ( Toad] 


>  to- 
wn*: 


_    -land-er,  s.     [Eng.  upland;  -er.]    One 
who  dwells  in  the  uplands. 

*  iip  land  ish,  *  up-land-lshe,  a.  [Eng. 

upland  ;  'ish.] 

1.  Lit. :  Pertaining  to  the  uplands  or  coun- 
try districts ;  upland . 

"  He  caused  fifteen  miles'  space  of  uplandlth  ground, 
where  the  sea  had  no  passane,  to  be  cut  »iid  dinged 
up."—  More:  Utopia  (ed.  tlobiiivm).  bk.  it,  cb.  L 

2.  Fig. :  Rustic,  rude,  countrified,  boorish, 
uncultured. 

••  His  presence  made  the  rudest  peasant  melt. 
That  in  the  vast  uplanduh  country  dwelt. 

Marlove:  Hero  i  Leander,  sest.  1. 

•  up-lay',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  lay.] 


1.  To  lay  up,  to  hoard  up. 

"  We  are  but  farmers  of  ourselves ;  yet  may. 
If  we  cau  stock  ourselves  aud  thrive,  up/ay. 

Donne:  Annunciation  t  Patnon. 

2.  To  overturn. 

14  Thee  castel  of  Ilion  ttiitay'd." 

.1ta.nl/tturit :  Viryil ;  ^neid  ii.  648. 

*  iip  lead',  v.t.    lEng.  up,  and  lead,  v.)    To 

lead  up  or  upward. 
"  Cplea  by  thee."  Union  .•  P.  L.,  viL  U. 

*  up  leau'-ing,  «.     [Eng.  up,  and  leaning.} 
Leaning,  resting. 

"  This  sheplieard  ...  vplranlng  on  his  Ijatt." 

tipenter  :  Ytrgll't  Qnat. 

tip-Uft',  v.t.    [Eng.  tip,  and  lift,  v.J    To  lift 
up,  to  raise  up,  to  elevate. 

"  Uplifting  it  with  ease." 

Cowper :  Homer;  OdjrMsy  ix. 

up-liff ,  a.  &  s.    [UPLIFT,  ».] 
*  A.  As  adj. :  Uplifted,  raised. 

"  With  head  uplift  above  the  wave.' 

B.  Aisubst.:  Upheaval.    (Pron.  np'-Ofl.) 

*  up-l5ekr,  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  lock,  v.)   Tt 
lock  up, 

••  Hl>  sweet,  uplock'd  treasure." 

OtoJseti:  :  Sonnet  51 

*  fip-look',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  look,  v.)    To 
look  up,  to  gaze  up. 

*  up'-ly-ing,  a.    [Eng.  up,  and  lying.}    Up- 
land. 

"  The  favourite  haunt  of  the  wild  strawberry  is  an 
uplying  meadow."— tscrioner't  Xagaiine.  Aug.  1877, 
p.47» 

*  up'-most,  a.    [Eng  up,  and  most.]  Highest 
uppermost,  topmost. 

"  When  he  once  attains  the  upmost  round." 

Shakeip. :  Jtttiut  Cauar,  ii,  L 

iip -on',  prep.  &  adv.  [A.S.  uppon,  uppcmi 
Irom  upp  —  up,  above,  and  on,  an  =  on ;  eogn. 
with  Icel.  «pi,  uppd  =  upon ;  8w.  pa  (foj 
uppS)  =  upon  ;  Dan.  poo.) 

A.  As  preposition :  On ;  resting  upon ;  at 
or  in  contact  with  the  upper  surface  or  outer 
part  of;  used  in  connection  with  words  ex- 
pressing or  implying,  literally  or  figuratively, 
a  ground,  foundation,  standing  place,  depend- 
ence, aim,  end,  and  the  like.  Upon  is  used 
in  all  the  senses  of  on,  with  which  it  may 
consequently  be  said  to  be  interchangeable : 

1.  Denoting  contact  with. 

"  The  earth  he  lies  upon." 

Shakeip. :  Tempett,  ii.  t 

2.  Placed  before  that  by  which  a  thing  if 
borne  or  supported. 

"  I  escaped  upon  a  butt  of  sack."— Shaketp. :  Templet, 
0.1. 

3.  Applied  to  articles  of  dress  covering  the 
body  or  part  of  it,  and  to  things  of  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  dress. 

"  Look  how  well  my  garments  sit  upon  me." 

Shuh'ip. :  Tempett,  U.  1. 

4.  Used  to  eipreas  the  ground  or  occasion 
of  anything  done. 

"  Upon  this  promise  did  he  raise  his  chin." 

Shakftp.  :  Venus  i  AAoniM,  86. 

5.  In  consequence  of ;  as  a  result  of. 

"  She  died  upon  his  words." 

Shaketp. :  Much  Ado,  iv.  L 

6.  With  respect  to ;  concerning. 

••  The  king's  servant*,  who  were  sent  for,  were  ex 
amlned  uponallquestious  proposed  to  them. "—Dryden, 

7.  On    the  occasion    of;  at  the  time  of; 
noting  the  time  when  an  event  came  or  is  to 
come  to  pass. 

•*  You  shall  hence  upon  your  wedding  day." 

.      Shalutp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  lit  i. 

8.  Noting  collateral  position  ;  on  the  side  OL 

"  Till  she  had  kindled  all  the  world 
Upon  the  right  and  party  of  her  son." 

Shaketp. :  King  John,  L 

9.  Noting  contiguity  or  neighbourhood. 

"  The  enemy  lodged  themselves  at  Aldennaston, 
and  those  irom  dewberry  aud  Reading  iu  two  other 
villages  upon  the  river  Kennet,  over  which  he  was  to 
paxe."— Clarendon. 

10.  Noting  the  direction  given  to  an  action. 

•'  To  turn  thy  hated  back  upon  our  kingdom." 

Shiikejp. :  Lear,  L  L 

*  11.  Used  to  denote  an  advantage  gained 
over  another ;  over. 

"  I  never  had  triumph'd  upon  a  Scot." 

Shakeip.;  1  Henry  IV.,  T.S. 

12.  Denoting   a   business,    occupation,  ot 
design  in  which  one  is  employed. 

"  We  are  convented 
Upon  a  pleasing  treaty." 

Shateep.  :  Coriolanut,  11  t, 

13.  Denoting  multiplicity  or  addition. 

"Jest  upon  lest"        Shakeip.:  Uuch  Ado,  li.1, 


bofl,  btfy;  pint,  Jo^rl;  oat.  eell,  ehorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  fU.;  In,  •?;  expect, 

-  -  =  shnfc   - 


-dan,  -ta 


-tion. 


;  -Jlon,  H»lon 


zl.un.   -clou%  -ttow.,  -*ions  = 


-ble, 


« 
Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


VK-9 


upper— uproar 


14.  USL  i  in  asseverations  and  observations. 
"  ~po*  my  •001.  •  Ue.  a  wicked  li*.' 

Slkatap.:  CtteOo,  T.  i 

•  15.  By  the  means  or  agency  of  ;  by. 

-  To  die  upo*  the  hand  1  lorn]  10  well" 
«»«*«,«.  .•    llidaanncr  X.gUl  Bream,  U.  I. 

•16.  According  to;  after. 

"  It  wa.  upon  this  fuhion  haroeatned  me.- 

£bU<rj>.  .-  JTiK*  J  Jo,  L  1 

*  17.  Amounting  to  ;  at. 

"  FBOH  <«  near  the  rate  of  thlrlj  thousand." 

akUeap..-  1  £«tr»  ""..  IT.  L 

18.  Noting  assnmption  :   as,  He  took  the 
office  upon  himself. 

19.  Noting  security. 

"We  have  borrowed  money  for  the  •ing'i  tribute. 
and  that  wen  omr  hod.  acd  rtMj^cu.^j'dk—  *U 

•B.  ^lodwrd: 

1.  On. 

"That1.  huculped  »*•.*•.• 

Shoiew.  .•  Jr^^oiU  ^  rotee,  1L  T. 

S.  Expressing  direction. 

~  Strike  all  that  look  i.,«m  w-:;o  marvel- 

SklieW  •   TMeSl  TuJe.  T.  a. 

S.  Expressing  progreos  or  approach  in  time. 

"  The  boor  prefixed.  .  ,  jomea  tut  upon." 

ft.r.iji.  .-  rroBiu  *  OeatUo,  iv.  I 

ftp  -per,  a.  &  «.      [A  comparative  from  «p 

(q-'OO 

A.  At  adjective  : 
L  Higher  in  place. 

2.  Superior  in  rank  or  dignity. 

B.  ^i  MM.  .-    The  part  of  a  boot  or  shoe 
above  the  sole  and  welt  and  forward  of  the 
ankle-seama. 

t  On  one'  t  upper,:  Poverty-stricken  ;  redoced 
t;>  want;    worn-oat  (as  an  old  shoe).    (U.  B. 

*  Upper-Bench,  •  . 

£119.  Hist  :  The  name  given  to  the  Court  of 
King's  Bench  during  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

Upper  Cambrian,  •. 
Gtoi.  :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  connected  with 
the  upper  division  of  the  Cambrian  Rocks. 
Used  also  substantive!)-.    (CiMBRiix.] 

"We  now  come  to  the  Cpptr  Camtrin  rock.  of 
fMgwiek,  the  Lower  Silurian  of  Morchi«m  ...  For 
thle  eerie*  Prof.  C.  Lunworth  la  U7»  propoeed  the 
fcrm  Ordotician.  from  the  name  of  the  BntUh  tribe 
OnioTioee.  The  term  ie  eomettmee  corrupted  Into 
OrdoTian.-—  a.  B.  ITouiheuil.-  SeoL  .Avtae.*  BUsi, 


upper-case,*. 

Print. :  The  case  rued  by  compositors  to 
hold  capital  letters,  reference  marks,  and 
other  less-used  type.  [CASE(I),  «.,  H.  L.] 

upper-crust,  *.  The  upper  circles  of 
society ;  the  aristocracy.  (Slang,  and  orif. 
American.) 

upper-hand,  ».    Superiority,  advantage. 

"The noble. thu. attained  O»uppiri>end.--lucU4: 
«*.  CMHauton.  ™L  1L,  ch.  liL 

Upper-House,!.  The  Senate,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  Lower  House,  or  House  of 
Representatives.  In  England,  the  House  of 
Lords  as  distinguished  from  that  of  Commons. 

upper-leather,  ».  The  leather  for  the 
Tamps  and  quarters  of  shoes. 

tipper  lip,  • . 

Bot.  (Of  the  Labiate,  Scrophulariacea,  cte.)  : 
The  upper  division  or  divisions  of  an  irregular 
flower. 

5  To  keep  a  ttif  upper  lip :  To  keep  up  one's 
courage. 

,  T/od.   Tom:  be.  «  ««r 


Upper  Silurian,  ».  (SILCBIAS  SYSTO.] 
•upper-stocks,  i.pl.    Breeches. 

•Thy  upptTMada  be  they  .tuft  with  illk  or  flock*  • 
fqrwood.  lyiframt. 

npper-  story,  $. 

1.  Lit.  :  A  story  above  the  ground-floor. 

2.  Fig.  :  The  head.    (Slang.) 

npper  ten  thousand,  s.  The  higher 
circles  ;  the  leading  classes  of  society  ;  the 
aristocracy.  Originally  applied  by  N.  P. 
Willis  to  the  wealthier  or  more  aristocratic 
persons  in  New  York,  as  amounting  to  some- 
thing about  that  number.  (Often  contracted 
to  The  Upper  Ten.) 


l  reformer,  nrre  that  the  mothen  of  the 
""""  """"Id  put  their  nuwrie.  under 
control    of  .  euperior  nurwa.'—  Atltmmim.  SorM 
IMS,  n.  71*. 


upper-world,  *. 

1.  The  ethereal  regions  ;  heaven. 

2.  The  earth,  as  opposed  to  the  lower  o 
infernal  regions. 

•up- peak',    r.t     [Eng.  up,  and  peak.]     To 
rise  in  or  to  a  peak. 

'  fip'-per-est,  o.      [Bag.  upper;  -at.]     Up- 
permost, topmost,  highest. 

"  Climber  from  the  nethereet  litter  to  the  ypper* 
— Cki»eer.-  Bateau,  bk.  L 

up  -per-most,  a.    [Eng.  upper,  and  moit] 
I.  Highest  in  place. 


2.  Highest  in  power   or  authority;  most 
powerful  ;  predominant 

tie  aide  which  waa  uppn-ma*.-  —  MueSLi:  Sttt 
Jfnff..  ch.  xlv. 

•  np-per-ten'-dom.  s.  [Eng.  upper;  ten,  and 
suff.  -4am.]    The  higher  or  wealthier  classes 
the  npper  ten.    (Slang.) 

tip-pile',  ».t    [Eng.  up,  tad  pile,  v.]    To  pile 
or  heap  up. 

"  A  (Ren  mountain  rarlonaly  upptUd.' 

OottrUf,.-  He  •  rout*  friend. 

up  -pish,  *  np'-ish,  o.    [Eng.  up;  -uk.] 

1.  Proud,  arrogant 

*zs?jszst£ti  •*•*•  «••-*-  ™** 

2.  Aiming  to  appear  higher  than  one's  true 
social  position  ;  putting  on  airs  ;  stuck-up. 

*  3.  Tipsy. 

•  v"  K<*  •S,*™1*  I  >>°P«.  *«t  that  he  can  driv.  n.  1 
•Tejyee,  *»dam.  he  drIVe.  beat  when  he.  a  little 
•»**.  —  roiianw* .-  Jour**t  to  Lo*4m,  L  1. 

up  -plsh-ness,  s.  [Eng.  uppitk ;  -WM.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  uppish  :  arrogance. 

-  -^—  (»*  ailentX  r.t  [Eng.  up,  and 
,--,—]  To  plough  up;  to  tear,  as  by 
ploughing. 

"  The  upplmtilted  heart,  all  rent  and  tore." 

6.  flacoter.  enroll  rieory. 

up-pluck',  T.f.    [Eng.  up,  and  pluck.]    To 
pluck,  pull,  or  tear  up. 

"  And  yon  rweetflow^,  that  in  tbU  garden  grow. 
TourarfTe.]^^^^uUtohi.Sneralhie.J 

*  np-pon,  prep.    (Uros.) 

up-pricked',  a.     [Eng.  up,  and  pricked.] 
Pricked  up,  erected,  pointed. 

"  Hi.  ear.  uppriafd.' 

Outap.:  reww  i  Jldata.  in. 

*tip-pr»p',  ».(.  [Eng.  up,  and  prop.]  To 
prop  up ;  to  sustain  by,  or  as  by,  a  prop. 

"  Himeell  be  [elephant]  uppropt.  on  him  rellea.' 
&ntH€  :  frogrttt  c/  Oe  Soul,  a.  L 

up-put-ting,  «.  [Eng.  tip,  and  putting.] 
Lodging ;  entertainment  for  man  and  beast. 
(Scotch.) 

tip-raise',  «.t  [Eng.  up,  and  raise.]  To  raise 
up  ;  to  lift  up.  (Lit.  <tfig.) 

"Ourjoy.pr.ife.-  MUU*  :  P.  L,  IL  171 

•up  rals-er,  *up-rels-er,  ».  [Eng.  tip, 
and  raixr.]  One  who  raises  up  or  elevates. 

reading,  myn  up- 
-'    nrxxia. 


"The  horn  of  inyn  heelth  (v»r.  r, 
reieerl;  and  my  refute.-—  WfsU/t:  1  1(iv< 


*  up  rear1,  r.t.     [Eng.  up,  and  rear,  v.J    To 
rear  up  ;  to  raise  ;  to  elevate. 

-  Then  rtraijbt  command.,  that  at  the  warlike  eottud 
Of  trumpet,  load  and  .*i"«~if  be  uprvar  d 
Htamifhty.tand.rd.-  MUM  :  r.  L..  1.  WL 

•  tip  -ridge',  r.J.    [Bng.  up,  and  ridge.]    To 
ridge  up  ;  to  raise  op  in  ridges  or  extended 
lines. 

"  Many  a  billow,  then 
Cprulfd.  ride*  turbulent  the  aoundlng  nood.- 

Ctnrprr  :  Sam*r  ;  Iliad  Oil. 

up'-  right,   np-right   G7»   «llentX    'np- 
ryght,  a.,  ode.,  &  <,    [Eng.  up,  and  right.] 
A.  ^4*  odjectiM  : 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Erect,  perpendicular. 

"  CprlfU  a.  the  palm.bM.'W.reiMa*  z.  I. 

2.  Erect  on  one's  feet. 

"  Stand  mprngkt  on  thl  fete."—  JctM  ir.    (USL) 

3.  Erect,  as  a  human  being  ;  not  crawling 
or  walking  on  four  feet 

"  Whoever  tarted.  Ion  hu  uprie 
Hu 
•  4,  Straight  ;  lying  stretched  out 

"  He  lav  «J»V« 
Slepyng.*  Cio«eer.-  c.  T.,  lt. 


5.  Erected  ;  pricked  up. 

"With  chattering  t*«:h.  aiid  briatling  hair  ui^nakf.' 
l*TT*e*:  Tlmdvr,  t  Hm-,r,a    lt» 

6.  Adhering   to    rectitude;   not   deviating 
from  correct  moral  principles  ;  high-principSr 
of  unbending  rectitude. 


7.  Conformable  to  moral  rectitude. 

"  Lire  an  upri>j\t  Ufe.' 
S***ap.  :  Merd^M  <f  Tnta.  Ul  i. 

U  Technically: 

L  Sl«ii»  :  A  term  synonymous  with  ver- 
tical, as  applied  to  a  boiler  whose  height  U 
greater  than  its  width,  and  to  a  steam-engine 
in  which  the  stroke  is  perpendicular. 

2.  Wood-wort:  A  terra  applied  to  a 
moulding-machine  whose  mandrel  is  nert)eu- 
dicular. 

*r"    8traigbt 


erect> 


"  Anon  he  rear. 


upriyU,  enrvete  and  l 
Aotop.  .•  renti  i  ^l 


C.  .w 

*  1.  arc*.  :  The  elevation  or  orthography  of 
a  building. 

"  Ton   hare  the  orthography  or  HJII  (pal  of  thia 
gTonnd-j,l,t.--J»«ron    ^licluinuai  ItjKSci 
2.  Building: 

0)  A  perpendicular  piece  of  timber  placed 
vertically  to  support  rafters  ;  a  pillar,  a  post 


(2)  The  newel  of  a  staircase. 

*  uprighteously  (M  «p-rit  -,      . 

[Eng.  up,  and  righteously.]    Righteously,  up- 
rightly  ;  in  a  just  and  honourable  manner. 
"  Ton  may  moat  uprifU^ul,  do  a  poor 

-  • 


np-rlghtes,  adv.    [Eng.  upright;  adv.  suit 
-a.]    Upright,  uprightly. 

"  So  >Uct  there  nothyng  an  uprlfUa.- 

6o-«r.  c.  J.    (ProL) 

fip'-right-l^  to*  -UentX  *  up-rlght-Iye. 
adv.     [Eng.  tipriyW;  -In.] 

1.  In  an  upright  or  perpendicular  manner  : 
perpendicularly. 

2.  With    strict   observance    of    rectitude: 
honestly;  in  accordance  with  high  principles 


.  w 

tip'  -right  -ness  to*  silent),  *up-rtght- 
nesse,  s.    [Eng.  vpriyht;  -««] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  upright  or 
perpendicular. 

"  The  uprifkna,  of  the  pUarter.--«-«oi  ,  An*  !». 

2.  Integrity  in  principleand  practice  ;  strict 
observance  of  rectitude. 


Up-riae  ,  tr.i.    [Eng.  up,  and  rut] 

1.  To  rise  up  ;  to  rise,  as  from  a  bed  or  seat 

"  To  whom  the  atcrn  Teleinaebna  uprt*f.~ 

Pipe  :  Bamsr  ;  OdfMrji  zviii.  *BO. 

2.  To  rise  above  the  horizon. 

"  The  enn'a  face  uprix*g* 

l0*tftUam:  Btatrla. 

3.  To  ascend,  as  a  hill  ;  to  slope  or  rise  up- 

^  -   ;-. 

up  -rise,  np-rife',  ».   [Eng.  up,  and  ri*,  a.) 
*  1.  A  rising  up  ;  uprising. 

-Sweet  tiding,  of  the  .un.  upHtf.  - 

.-  riftu  Antirentcut,  UL  L 


2,  Rise  and  development 


ip-ris'-Ing,  «.    [Eng.  up,  and  rising.] 

1.  The  act  of  rising,  as  from  a  bed  or  seat, 
or  above  the  horizon. 

"  Thon  knoweet  my  downaitting  and  my  Mpriauu." 
—ffal'n  f^t^rjr  3. 

"2,  An  ascent,  a  slope,  a  rising. 

"The  eteep  upritinf  of  the  hill.- 

SluJkar.  :  XoeeV  Labour,  LoO,  ir.  V 

•  3.  A  riot,  a  rising ;  a  rebellion. 

"  Vexed  with  euch  tumult,  and 
oallie  procured."—  BottMiHd  :  Crow.  J 

fip-risf.  a.    [CPKISE,!.]    Uprising,  rising. 

"  And  In  the  gardln  at  the  aoone  xpriat" 

Ounuxr:  C.  T,  1.0M. 

np-rtst',  pret.  oft.    [UPRISE,  r.]    (Chaucer: 
ip'-roar,  "up-rore,  «.     [Dut  oproer=an 


ttte,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father:   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
•r.  wore,  wolt  work,  who.  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  car,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    **,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


uproar— upsyturvy 


5009 


uproar,  tumult,  sedition,  from  op  =  np,  and 
nerea,  =  to  stir,  to  move ;   cogn.   with  bw. 
rr)r  _  revolt,  sedition  ;  Dan.  opror  =  revolt ; 
Oer.  aufruhr  =  tumult,  from  au/=up,  and 
ruhre*  =  to  stir  ;  Sw.  rtim  ;   Dan.  rore;  Icel. 
hmra;  A.S.  hreran  =  to  stir.) 
*  L  Excitement ;  disturbance. 

"  His  eye  ... 
Unto  a  greater  uproar  tempts  his  Telns. 

Siakap. :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  «S7. 

2.  A  noisy  tumult ;  violent  disturbance  and 
noise  ;  bustle  and  clamour. 

"Who   whilst  be  BtAid,  kept  in  a  gay  uproar  t. 

Our  maddeu'd  Castle  all.  tbe  »l «le  of •jeepno m°re. 
Tkomeon  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  L  65. 

•  up-roar',  v.t.  k  i.    [UPBOAB,  s.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  throw  into  confusion  or  an 
nproar;  to  disturb. 

"  rproar  the  -ggfjjf^ji.,,,  „.  ,. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  make  au  uproar  ;  to  cause 
•  disturbance. 

"To  actor  uproar  for  his  own  safety.'-Cariy!.  : 
Tr.  Xefol.,  pt  ill,  bk.  Ti..  ch.  iL 

an-roar-I-ous,  a.  [Eng.  uproar;  -ious.] 
flaking  or  accompanied  by  an  uproar  or  great 
noise  and  tumult ;  noisy,  tumultuous,  notous. 

••  Voroariaut  laughter.  Boral  tribute*  and  ringing 
eheera:--fti«»  Chronicle,  Feb.  tf,  1888. 

io-rbar'-.-OUS-ly.  adv.  [Eng.  uproarious; 
Jy.]  In  an  uproarious  manner  ;  tumultuously ; 
noisily. 

up-roar'-i-otiB-nSss,  s.  (Eng.  uproarious ; 
HuS.3  The  quality  or  state  of  being  up- 
roarious ;  noisiness,  tumult. 

«  tip-roll',  •  up-rowl,  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and 
roll.)  To  roll  up. 


Ai  drop,  on  dust"        Hilton :  P.  L..  Til.  S». 
So-root,  v.t.    (fret,  up,  and  root,  v.]    To  root 
V:   to  tear  up  by  or  as  by  the  roots  ;  to 
eradicate,  to  exterminate;  to  remove  utterly. 

"  The  plant,  uprooted,  to  his  weight  g»Te  "ay." 
Pope:  Bomer  ;  mad  u*i-  »». 

un-r6use',  v.t.     [Eng.  up,  and  rouse.]     To 
rouse  lip ;  to  stir  up ;  to  bestir,  to  arouse. 

"  Again  uprouted,  the  timorous  prey  . 

SSor.  moss,  and  moot,  andhol  ^J^  „„. 

•ftp-run',  f.i.  [Eng.  up,  and  run.]  To  run, 
ascend,  or  mount  up. 

••  Like  a  thriTlng  plant 
Vpran  to  manhood."       Cowper :  Bomer;  Iliad  XTiU. 

°tip-rusn',  v.i.     [Eng.  up,  and  rush,  v.]    To 

rush  upwards. 

"  The  upruiMTijj  wind 
Inflates  the  wings  above. ' 

Soutkcy :  Thalaba,  xii. 

•ttp'-see  Dutch,  *tip-sey  Dutch.  «•«. 
[Out.  op-ryn-DeWji  =  with  Dutch  fashion.] 
In  the  Dutch  fashion;  Dutch-like;  as,  to 
drink  ilpsee  Dutch  =  to  drink  in  the  Dutch 
fashion,  i  e.,  to  drink  deeply.  So  upset  Freeze 
—  in  the  Frisian  fashion.  The  phrase  was 
also  used  to  denote  intoxication : 

"  I  do  not  like  the  fulness  of  your  eye ; 
It  hath  a  heavy  cast,  'tis  upleeDu^.     ..  , 
Bfn  Jonton  :  Alchemut,  IT  4. 

That  is,  looks  like  intoxication. 
•tip-seek',  v.i.    [Eng.  up,  and  seek.]    To  seek 
or  strain  upwards. 


"tip-sees',  adv.  [Seedef.]  Upsee-Dntch  (q.v.). 

"  Yet  whoop.  Bamaby !  offwith  thy  liqnor 
Drink  upiia  out,  and  a  ng  for  the  Ticar  1 " 

Scott  :  Ladt  of  Oie  Late,  vi.  S. 

'tip-send',  v.t.     [Eng.  up,  and  send.]     To 

•end,  cast,  or  throw  upwards. 

"  Uptendi  a  smoke  to  Heav'n.'' 

Cmeper  :  Bomer  ;  niad  xriiL 

ftp'-s8t',  v.t.  &  i.    [Eng.  up,  and  set.] 
A.  Transitiw  : 
*  L  To  set  or  place  up. 

"With  saile  on  roast  upiefie." 

Hubert  de  Brunne,  p.  70. 

2.  To  overturn,  to  overthrow,  to  overset,  as 
•  carriage. 

3.  To  put  out  of  one's  normal  state  ;   to 
discompose,    to   overcome  ;    to  put  out   of 
temper.    (Colloq.) 

"  The  wolfs  nerves  were  »  much  upert,  that  at  every 
blast  from  the  born  he  stopped  short.  —Daily  Tele- 
frapk,  Feb.  IS.  1888. 

4.  To  shorten  and  thicken  by  hammering, 
«s  <•.  piece  of  metal.    [UPSETTING.] 

6.  To  disappoint ;  to  make  wrong. 

"Cissy  upset  the  calculation  at  backer!."— field, 
July  30, 1887. 


6.  To  annul,  to  nullify  ;  to  make  void. 

"  We  do  not  see  why  Me*srs 's  custom  .  . .  should 

upset  one  ol  the  best  rules  of  gambling,  —rteia,  !«<.. 
31.  1887. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  be  overturned  or  upset. 
"Then    if  yon  do  not  upret.  the  sail  geta  in  the 
water."—  ««ld,  Feb.  «.  less. 

up-set,  a.  it  s.    [UPSET,  v.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Set  up,  fixed,  determined. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  upsetting,   over- 
throwing, or  discomposing ;  the  state  of  being 
upset  or  overthrown. 

"A  fascinating  and  thrilling  ride  without  a  single 
upiet."-3cr>»tier'<  Xagaane,  Aug.,  1877.  p.  We. 

upset-price,  s.  The  price  named  by  an 
auctioneer  when  he  exposes  an  article  for  sale  ; 
the  lowest  price  at  which  any  subject,  as 
lauds,  tenements,  4tc.,  will  be  sold  by  auction. 

"  After  »  solemn  pauae  IfGloesin  offered  the  upiet- 
prii-e  for  tbe  landY  and  barony  at  Bllangowan.  — 
Scott  .'  Out  Mannerinff,  ch.  xiv. 

up-set'-ttng,  s.  &  a.    [UPSET,  ».] 

A.  As  subst. :  The  act  or  process  of  contract- 
ing a  heated  metallic  object  by  blows  delivered 
on  the  end. 

B.  As  adj. :  Assuming,  conceited,  uppish. 
(Scotch.) 

•up'-sey  Dut9h,  ».    [UPSEE  DUTCH.] 

*up-8ho6t',  v.i.    [Eng.  up,  and  sAoot.]     To 
shoot  upwards. 

"The  trees  uptHMinf  hie." 

Spenter  :  F.  «.,  II.  *»-  W. 

up  -shSt,  «.    [Eng.  up,  and  sAof.]   Final  issue 
result,  conclusion,  end. 

••  The  upakol  upon  comparing  these  pleasures."—  Vol. 
latton :  Kdig.  of  Mature,  i  9. 

up  -side,  s.  [Eng,  up,  and  »id«,  s.]  The 
upper  side,  the  upper  part, 

•}  To  be  upsides  urith :  To  be  even  with  ;  to 
be  quit  with. 

" Ise  be upeidei  vf  him ae day."— .Scot* :  Antiquary 
CO.  Hi. 

upside-down,  adv.  Overturned  so  tha 
the  side  formerly  the  highest  is  now  lowest, 
and  vice  versa;  hence,  in  complete  disorder  or 
confusion. 

"tip'-slt-tlng,  s.  [Eng.  up,  and  sitting.]  The 
sitting  up  of  a  woman  after  her  confinement 
to  see  her  friends ;  a  feast  held  on  such  an 
occasion. 

••  We  will  haTe  a  lying-in,  and  such  a  <*r£'«"i°S ' 
such  uptittim  and  gossiping."— Broome :  Jofial  Crea, 
U. 

*  up  -skip,  s.    [Eng.  up,  and  skip.]    An  up- 
start. 

"  Put  all  to  the  hearing  of  velvet  coats  and 
aa  he  termed  them."— Strype .  Scdes.  Mem. ; 
VI. 

•up-snatch',  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  snatch.]  To 
snatch  or  seize  up. 

"Snap  the  tipsUfle  came  and  uj>tnaK»e<i  him.'— 
gdmrdt :  Damon  t  Pithiat. 

*  tip-soar7,  v.i.    [Eng.  up,  and  soar.)    To  soar 

up  or  aloft ;  to  mount  up. 

*  np-so-down,   *  up-so-doun,  "np-so- 
doune,   *  np-so-^downe,  adv.    [Eng.  up, 
8fi  =  as,  and  down.]    Upside  down. 

"  The  londe  waz  tourned  upeodovme." 

Sower :  u,  A.,  u. 

*  up-spear',  *  np-speare,  ».i.     [Eng.  up, 
and  spear.  ] 

L  To  shoot  upwards,  like  a  spear, 

"  Coarser  grass  u. 


up-Staid',  pret.  ofv.    [UPSTAY.] 
tp  -stairs,  a  &  adv.    [Eng.  up,  and  stairs.] 

A.  -4s  adj. :    Pertaining  or  relating  to  an 
upper  story  or  flat. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  or  towards  an'iipper  story. 

"  Had  literally  to  be  carried  upnairt."— Pall  Hall 
Gazette,  Feb.  1, 1888. 

lip-stand',  v.i.  [Eng.  up,  and  stand,  v.]  To 
stand  up  ;  to  rise  up  ;  to  be  erected. 

"  At  once  upaood  the  monarch,  and  uprtood 
The  wlae  Ulyneee."          Cowper .  Bomer .-  Iliad  Tit 

*  up-stare',  v.i.  [Eng.  up,  and  stare,  v.]  To 
stare  or  stand  on  end  ;  to  be  erect  and  con- 
spicuous. 

"  The  king's  son.  Ferdinand. 
With  hair  upttarina."        SAafcelp  .'  Tempat.  L  3. 

up  Start/ ,  v.i.  [Eng.  up,  and  start.]  To  start 
or  spring  up  suddenly  ;  to  jump  up. 

"  And  nine,  the  noblest  of  the  Grecian  name. 
Upaarted  fierce.-       '•ope.'  Bomer;  Iliad  TiL  ItT. 

up   start,  s.  &  a.    [UPSTART,  v.] 
A.  As  substantive : 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1  One  who  suddenly  springs  from  a  humble 
or  poor  position  to  one  of  wealth,  power,  or 
consequence  ;  a  parvenu. 

"They  had  a  common  speech  at  Eome.  to  call them 
upstarts    that   were    no  gentlemen   boru.'-Aortt: 


2.  To  root  up  ;  to  destroy. 

-  Adam  by  hys  pryde  did  Paradyse  upepeare." 

Bale:  interlude  of  Jokn  Baptitt.    (1SS8.) 

•  up-spolif,  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  spout,  Y.]  To 
spout  or  cast  up. 

"  Uptpouted  by  a  whale  in  air." 

Covper  :  tfueen't  YuU  to  London. 

•  tip'-sprlng,  s.    [Eng.  up,  and  spring,  ».] 

1   A  spring  up  ;  a  leap  in  the  air ;  a  kind 
of  dance.    (Chapman:  Alphonsus.) 
2.  An  upstart. 

"The  swaggering  uptprina  "e's.- 

Shaketp. :  Bamlet,  1.  *. 

•tip-spring',  v.i.    [Eng.  up,  and  spring,  Y. 
to  spring  up. 

"  He  struck  his  hasty  foot,  his  heels  up«prun». 

Pope:  Bomer ;  Iliad  IT.  780. 

•  tip'-spurn-er,  s.     [Eng.  up,  and  tpurner. 
A  spurner,  a  scorner,  a  despiser. 

••  Pompelus.  that  uptpurner  of  the  erth."— Jot* 
of  Daniel,  ch.  IT. 


*  2.  One  who  assumes  a  lofty  or  arrogant 
tone. 

IL  Bot. :  Colchteum  autumnale.  So  named 
because  its  flowers  start  at  once  from  the 
ground,  before  the  leaves  appear. 

B.  As  adj. :  Suddenly  raised  to  prominence 
or  consequence. 

"  It  was  not  to  be  eipected  that  they  would  imme- 
diately transfer  to  an  uptlart  authority  the  homage 
which  theyhad  withdrawn  from  the  Vatican.--.ifao. 
aulay:  Bat.  Eng.,  ch.  i. 

•  tip-Stay',  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  stay,  Y.]  To 
sustain,  to  support. 

"The  tenth  on  bended  knee 
His  mas«y  spear  upttaid."        MOton  :  P.  L.,  Tt  MS. 

•tip'-stir,  *np-stirre,  «.  [Eng.  up,  and 
»tir,  s.]  A  commotion,  a  tumult,  a  rising. 

"  Better  redresse  wss  entended.  [lien  your  upttlrrel 
and  unquletnesse  coalde  obUlne."-C»eet..-  Burt  of 
Sedition. 

tip  -Stroke,  «.  [Eng.  up,  and  strot-e.]  An 
upward  line  made  by  a  pen  or  pencil  in 
writing. 

tip-sty",  "up-stey,  v.i.     [Eng.   up,  and 
«ty(2),v.]    To  rise. 

"  Leeue  me.  forsothe  now  opdeyOA  the  morewetMe. 
—  Wiclife :  Ben.  xiiiii.  M. 

•  tip-sty'-Ing,  *  up-sty-enge,  s.    [UPSTY.J 
Ascension. 

"  For  grate  wonder  that  the  lower  aungelles  had  ol 
his  upstjew."— Tke  feaieal  (15281  fo.  ill 

•  tip'-sun,  s.     [Eng.  up,  and  sun.]    The  time 
during  which  the  sun  is  above  the  horizon  ; 
the  time  between  sunrise  and  sunset. 

•tip-stip',  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  sup.]  To  sip, 
drink  up,  or  absorb. 

"  The  tears  berain  my  cheeks  of  deadly  hue  1 
The  which  as  soon  as  Bobbing  sighs,  alas  | 
TJptupped  have,  thus  I  my  plaint  renew. 

Surrey .'  A  Priioner  in  Wtndtor  Costta 

*  up-swal,  pret.  of  v     [UPSWELI..] 
up-swarm',  v.t.  4  t.    [Bng.  up,  and  simrm.l 
A.  Trans. :  To  raise  in  swarms ;  to  cause 
to  swarm  up. 

14  You  .  .  -  aaainst  the  peace  of  heaven  and  hi 


B.  Intrans.:  To  rise  in  swarms  ;  to  swarm 

"  Uptuarminff  8how*d 
On  tbe  high  battlement  their  glilfring  BJ**j* •„ 

*  tip-sway1.  «.«.    [Eng.  up,  and  sway,  v.]    To 
sway  or  swing  np  ;  to  brandish. 

••  That  right-hand  Giant  'gan  his  club  upiway. 
Aa  one  that  startles  from  a  heavy  sleep. 

Scott :  Don  Roderick,  zn. 

•tip-swell',  v.i.    [Eng.  up,  and  swell,  v.]    To 
swell  up,  to  rise  np. 

"  Our  Orate  foe,  the  serpent  Sathanaa, 
v,.. ... i dsayde*  p  **>•"*"'  T»HI«.  a 


*tip'-sy-tur-vy,  adv.    [TOPSYTOBVY.]     Up- 
side down ;  topsyturvy. 

"  There  found  I  all  " 


6010 


uptails  all— uralite 


•tip'-tallsj  all,  phr.    [Eng.  up;  tails,  and  all.} 

1.  Confusion  ;  high  jiuks. 

"  Love  he  dotli  call 
For  his  uvtnuet  aU."       fftrriplt  :  ffetperiaet,  p.  Mi. 

2.  Good  fellows  ;  revellers. 

"  Feel,  my  uptaiU  on,  feel  my  weapon." 

IMcker  i  Satironuuttx. 

3.  An  old  game  at  cards. 

"  Bun*,  slam,  whisk,  uptatU  at!,  new  cut" 

Poor  Kooin  (1757). 

•fip-take',  r.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  take.] 
L  To  take  up  ;  to  take  into  the  hand. 

"  He  hearkened  to  his  reason  mid  the  child 
tfotattni."  Spenter  :  F.  «.,  IL  U.  IL 

i  To  succour,  to  help. 

Wgcli/e  :  Itaialt  xli.  10. 

fip'-take,  s.    [UPTAKE,  v.] 

L  On(.  Lang. :  Conception,  understanding, 
apprehension.  (Proti.) 

"  Bverybody's  no  sae  gleg  at  the  uutoju  u  ye  an 
yonrseu.  uiither."— .-icutt :  Old  Mortality,  cu.  vii. 

2.  Uteam. :  The  upcast  pipe  from  the  smoke- 
box  of  a  steam-boiler  furnace,  lading  to  the 
chimney  or  stack. 

•ttp-tak'-er,  «.  [Eng.  uptake);  -«r.]  A 
heliier ;  a  supporter. 

"Thou  art  uiy  fadir.  and  the  tptalcerol  tnyheelthe.- 
Wvcliffe  :  ft.  Ixxiviul 

ip  tear1,  v.t.  [Eng.  np,  and  tear,  v.J  To 
tear  up  ;  to  pull  or  pluck  np. 

"  The  rest .  .  .  the  neighbouring  hills  uptore." 

Hilton  ;  P.  L^  VL  era, 

ftp-throw,  «.    [UpTHitow,  «.] 

Geol. :  Essentially  the  same  as  UPHEAVAL 
(q.v.X  but  used  chiefly  in  describing  the  dif- 
ference of  level  on  the  two  sides  of  a  fault, 

••tip-throw1,  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  throw,  v.) 
To  throw  up  ;  to  cast  or  hurl  up. 

"  And  soon  the  tempest  so  outrageous  grew, 
That  it  whole  hedgerows  by  the  roots  upthrevj." 
Drat/ton  :  The  Moon-Calf. 

'•  np-thun'-der,  v.i.  [Eng.  up,  and  thunder,  v.] 
To  send  up  a  noise  like  thunder. 

"Central  nrec  through  nether  seas  uptjiunderina  " 
Coleridge  t  To  the  Depariinf  rear. 

*  tipple',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  tit,  v.]    To  tie  or 
twist  up  ;  to  wind  up. 

"  Having  all  his  band  agalne  uptfde. 

Upeiaer  :  t.  If.,  VL  Iv.  M. 

flp'-td%n,  o.  [Eng.  up,  and  town.]  Situated 
in,  living  in,  or  belonging  to  the  upper  part  of 
a  town :  as,  uptown  people.  (Amer.)  Used  also 
adverbially. 

*  up  -tra9e',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  trace,  v.)    To 

trace  up ;  to  follow  up ;  to  investigate. 

•tip-train',  v.t.  [Eng.  up,  and  train,  T.)  To 
train  up  ;  to  bring  up  ;  to  educate. 

"  Three  fair  daughters  that  wen  w«ll  uptrttined.- 
Bpenter  :  f.  £.  IL  j,  ». 

*  tip-trill',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  triU.}    losing 
or  trill  in  a  high  voice. 

"  The  lung-br.  ath'd  singer's  uptrUlrd  strain." 

Coleridge :  In  a  Concert-Soon. 

Hp-turn',  v.t.    [Eng.  up,  and  turn,  T.] 
1.  To  turn  up ;  to  direct  upwards. 

"  Her  hands  wen  clssp'd— her  eyes  upturned." 

Moore  :  The  Fire-  VPortiuppen. 

9.  To  overturn  ;  to  throw  up  ;  to  turn  over. 

"  Boreas  and  Cascias  and  Argestes  loud 
Arid  Thrasclas  rend  the  woods  and  seas  upturn." 
Milton:  P.  L,  x.  700. 

ilp-turned',  a.    [Pref.  up-,  and  Eng.  turned.} 
Turned  so  that  the  bottom  becomes  the  top. 
"  To  make  a  seat  of  an  upturned  bushel  basket."— 

n'  pu-pa,  ».  [Lat.,  connected  with  Gr.  Imnli 
(epops)  =  the  hoopoe  (q.v.).] 

Ornitk  :  The  sole  genus  of  Upnpidae  (q.v.) 
with  bill  long,  slender,  slightly  arched,  sharp, 
and  much  compressed ;  nostrils  basal,  oval, 
partly  concealed  by  feathers  ;  tongue  very 
short  and  heart-shaped ;  head  with  an  erectile 
crest  of  oblong  feathers,  set  regularly  in  pairs 
for  the  whole  length  ;  wings  moderately  long, 
very  broad,  with  ten  primaries ;  tail  of  ten 
feathers,  almost  square  at  the  end  ;  feet  with 
»ne  tarsi  scutellated  behind  as  well  as  before  ; 
three  toes  before,  one  behind,  outer  and 
middle  united  as  far  as  first  joint ;  claws  but 
slightly  curved.  The  Hoopoes  are  nearly 
related  to  the  Hombills,  but  are  strongly 
contrasted  to  the  latter  in  appearance,  through 
their  grace  of  figure  and  carriage  and  the 
beauty  of  their  crest.  Their  central  locality  is 


In  the  Ethiopian  region,  but  they  are  found  in 
southern  and  centra]  Europe  and  Asia,  A 
desert  co"  "try  is  best  suited  to  them,  and  there 


TJPtTPA   EPOPS, 

With  crest  erected  and  depressed. 
they  are  protected  from  observation  by  their 
sand-colored  plumage.  The  Hoopoe  or  Upuia 
derives  its  name  from  its  frequent  repetition  of 
the  sound  Aoo-Aoo-Aoo  which  it  produces.  At 
each  note  it  puns  out  its  neck  and  hammers 
the  ground  with  its  till. 

u-pu'-pl-daj,  ..  pi.     [Mod.  Lat  upup(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ornith.  :  A  family  of  semi-terrestrial,  In- 
sectivorous Picarian  Birds  whose  nearest 
affinities  are  with  the  Hornbills.  It  contains 
a  single  genus,  Upupa  (q.v.),  characteristic  of 
the  Ethiopian  region,  but  extending  into  the 
south  of  Europe  and  into  all  the  continental 
divisions  of  the  Oriental  region,  as  well  as  to 
Ceylon,  and  northwards  to  Pekin  and  Mon- 
golia. (Wallace.)  The  Wood-hoopoes  (q.v.) 
were  formerly  placed  in  this  family,  but  now 
more  generally  constitute  the  family  Irriso- 
ndte,  with  the  single  genus  Irrisor. 

tip-  waff  -gd.  a.     (Eng.  np,  and   vafled.] 
Wafted  upwards  ;  carried  up  or  aloft. 
"  Mingled  his  taint  with  every  breath 
UpwoJteA  from  the  innocent  flowers  !' 

Moore:  Paradite  *  the  Peri 

tip'-ward,  *  up-warde,  •  nppe 
up-pard,  adv.,  adj.,  &  «.    [Eng 
•ward.] 

A.  As  adverb: 

1.  Towards  a  higher  place  or  position  ;  up- 

wards. 

"All  bis  sad  companions  upward  raze, 
Fixed  ou  the  glorious  scene  in  wild  amaze.' 

Pope  :  Statiut  ;  Thebavt  1.  64*. 

*  2.  With  respect  to  the  upper  or  higher 
part  or  parts. 

"  Damn,  sea-monster  :  upward  man, 

And  downward  fish.fc         Milton  :  f.  L.,  L  Ml 
3.  More.    (Used  indefinitely.) 
"  I  am  a  very  foolish,  fond  old  man, 
Fourscore  and  upward,  not  an  hour  more  or  lees." 
Skuketp.  :  Lear.  Ir.  7. 

*  4.  Toward  the  source  or  origin. 

"  Thence  your  maxims  bring, 
And  trace  the  mnses  upward  to  their  spring." 

Pope  :  Euay  on  Criticism,  in. 

5.  Noting  progress  or  advance  in  years  or 
life  ;  on. 


-warde, 

[Eng.  up,  and 


£.  As  adjective : 

1.  Directed  or  turned  upwards. 

"  Titinlus'  face  is  upward." 

ShaJretp. :  Juliui  Oatair,  v.  8. 

2.  Towards  the  source  or  origin. 

*'  Eulinly  arresting    their  upward  migration."—. 

3.  Towards  a  higher  price  or  value. 

"  Feeding  materials  of  sll  kinds  are  unusually 
reasonable  just  now,  although  an  upward  tendency  is 
apparent. --«*«.  Oct.  «.  UK. 

*  C.  As  subst. :  The  top,  the  summit 

"  E10™  ""  •rtnmeet  upvard  of  thy  head 
To  the  descent  and  dust  below  thy  foot" 

SkaJretp.  :  Lear,  T.  ff. 

•  IT  Upward  of:  [Upwards  of). 

"tip'-ward-lf.  adv.      [Eng.  upward;  jy.j 
In  an  upward  direction  ;  upwards. 


up  -wards,  adv.    [UPWARD.] 

1.  Towards  a  higher  place  ;  In  an  upward 
5  direction.    (Opposed  to  downward.) 

"  She  shall  t»  turned  with  her  face 
Ma*tf*]BL  :  Jfuek  Ado,  iii.  t, 

2.  Towards  the  source  or  spring. 


3.  More. 
• 
••AMii 

1  Upvxirds  of:  More  than  ;  above  ;  In  ex- 
cess of :  as,  He  has  been  here  upwards  of  ten 
years. 

up-whirl',  v.i.  &  t.    [Eng.  up,  and  wliirl.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  rise  upwards  in  a  whirl ;  to 
whirl  upwards. 

B.  Trans. :  To  raise  upwards  in  a  whirling 
direction. 

"  All  these  upwhirVd  atoft 
Plj  0  er  the  backside  of  the  world  " 

Stilton  :  p.  L..  ia  491. 

flp-wind",  v.t.  [Eng.  «p,  a,,d  wind,  v.]  To 
wind  up ;  to  roll  up  ;  to  involve.  (Spenser: 
f.  Q.,  I.  L  15.) 

up'-wind,  adr.  [Eng.  up,  and  wind,  8.1 
Against  or  in  the  fa.-e  of  the  wind. 


tip-w6tlnd',  pa.  par.  or  a,    [Upwnro,  v.] 

•up-wreath',  r.i.    [Eng.  up,  and  u-reath,  T.l 
To  curl  upwards. 

"  Around  it  columns  of  smoke  upurreathina  ~ 

Lonfffellote.  Building  oStlte  SAtp. 

iir  -a-chus.  ».     [Gr.  oB/xw  (tntron)  =  urine, 
and  «Xu  (echo)  =  to  have,] 

Anal. :  A  fibrous  cord  connecting  the  sum- 
mit of  the  bladder  with  the  anterior  abdo- 
minal wall,  passing  upwards  between  the 
tinea  alba  and  the  peritoneum  to  the  umbili- 
cus. In  foetal  life  the  urachus  connects  the 
bladder  with  the  allantuis. 

n-r.ic-o  nite,    u-rac'-6-nise,   ».     [Eng. 
uro(nium),  and  Gr.  nrit  (Jfcoiti«)=  dnst.] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  of  undetermined  crystal- 
line form,  occurring  in  exceedingly  minute 
scales,  or  earthy,  on  nraninite  (q.v.),  at  Jo- 
achimsthal,  Bohemia.  Colour,  lemon-yellow, 
sometimes  orange.  Compos. :  essentially  • 
bydrated  sulphate  of  tae  sesquioxide  of  ura- 
nium. 

V-raB'-ml-a.  «.     [Gr.  otpov  (ouron)  =  urine, 
and  oW  (haima)  =.  blood.] 

PathoL  :  A  disease  caused  by  the  retention 
of  urea  and  other  noxious  substances  in  the 
kidneys  and  bladder,  followed  by  blo.id 
poisoning.  It  is  produced  by  any  cause  which 
prevents  the  periodical  excretion  of  the  urine, 
and  is  a  most  dangerous  malady.  It  take« 
three  forms:  stupor,  followed  by  coma  con- 
vulsions of  an  epileptic  type,  or  coma  and 
convulsions  combined.  [ALBUMINDEIA.] 


• ,   —     [Mod.    Lat.   urrKm(1a.) ;   Eng. 

suff.  -ic.J  Of  or  Iwlonging  to  uremia  :  as, 
ttrtentie  coma,  urcemic  intoxication,  urasmio 
poisoning. 

ttr'-al,  «.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  The  name  of  a  range  of  mountains 
about  1,250  miles  long,  constituting  the  north- 
eastern boundary  of  Europe. 

Ural  Altaic,  a. 

Philal. :  The  same  as  TURANIAN. 

y-ra'-U-an,  a.  [See  def.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Ural  Mountains,  in  Russia. 

y-ral'-Ic,  a.  (See  def.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Ural  Mountains  ;  specifically  applied  to 
the  languages  of  the  Finnic  tribes,  frum  it 
being  generally  supposed  that  the  original 
seat  of  such  tribes  was  in  the  Ural  Mountains. 

iir'-al-lte,  t  [After  the  Ural  Mountains, 
where  it  was  first  observed ;  suff.  -tie  (Min.1  • 
Ger.  uralU.l 

Min.:  An  altered  form  of  Augite  (q.v.l 
where  the  exterior  form  of  the  crystal  Is  pre- 
served, but  the  cleavage  is  that  of  hornblende. 
The  crystals  appear  to  be  comixised  of  a 
number  of  minute  prisms  of  hornblende. 
First  made  known  by  H.  Rose,  as  occurring 
in  a  green  porphyritic  rock  in  the  Urals,  but 
It  has  since  been  found  to  be  very  abundant 
in  many  rocks. 

uralite  porphyry,  s. 
Petrol.:  A  porphyry  in  which  the  mineral 
uralite  is  a  prominent  constituent. 

uralite  syenite,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  variety  of  syenite  (q.v.),  occur- 
ring near  the  village  of  Turgojak,  in  the  Ural 
Mountains,  which  contains  uralite. 


fate.  ISt,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fan,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pft,  .ire.  sir,  marine-  go,  pSt, 
or.  wore,  won  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full  j  try,  Bfrlan.   »,  ce  =  d ;  ey  =  a ;  <iu  -  kw. 


5011 


, 
colour,  pitch-black. 

n-ram'-H,  «•    [Bug-  »ron<ic).  and  omU.)    [Di- 

ALURAUIDE.] 

nramn-io,  a.    [Eng.  «ra»B;-ie.]  Derived 
fro'm  or  containing  uramiL 

uramilic  acid,  s. 

Cliem  •  CaHinNsO?  (?).  Dialuramic  acid.  O 
JneTb'v  liu  ng Violation  of  dialuramide  in 
*lphurie  aSd.  V  crystallizes  in  transparent 
four-aided  prisms  or  in  silky  needles,  soluble 
in  water  and  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids   in- 
Soluble   in   alcohol   and    ether       With   the 
alkalis  it  forms  crystallizable  salts. 
n-ran',  >•    [See  def.]    A  contraction  of  Uran- 
ium (.q.v.). 

uran  mica,  s. 

Min. :  The  same  as  URANITE  (q.v.> 

ur7  an-ate,  ».    [Eng.  nran^ic) ;  -ate.] 

Chem.  (PI.) :  Compounds  of  the  uranic  oxide 
with  basic  metallic  oxides.    (Watts.) 


dissolving   pulverised  pitchblende  in  nitric 
acid    evaporating  to  dryness,  adding  watti, 
mteringrand  allowing  filtrate  to  crystallize. 
It  is  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 
uranio-oxlde,  s. 

Chem  •  UO,.  Uranyl  oxide.  A  chamois- 
veil™  powder  obtained  by  heating  uranic 
nitrate  in  a  glass  tube  to  250'.  It  dissolves  in 
acids  forming  the  uranic  salts. 
uranic-oxychlorlde,  ». 
Chem,  •  UO2C12.  Uranyl  chloride.  Ob- 
UineT  as  an  orange-yellow  vapour,  which 
soudineste la  yellow  crystalline  mass,  when 
dry  chlorine  is™  passedover  red-hot  uranous 
oxide  It  is  soluble  in  water,  and  forms 
double  salts  with  the  chlorides  of  the  alkali 
metals. 

ur-a-ni-I-dSB.  >.  pi.     (Mod.  Lat.  urani(a), 
Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -Has.} 

Entom  •  Pages ;  a  family  of  Lepidoptera 
now  Seved  to  be  Hawk  Moths  but  const, 
tutine  the  transition  to  the  tribe  of  Buttei 
mes  with  which  they  were  formerly  placed 
They  are  large,  havejon^slendei-  antenn* 
and  fly  by  day. 


cut.] 
Afin. :  The  same  as  UHANIN. 

n-ra-nS-»,  ».  pt    (Mod-  Lat.  uran(io);  Lat 

fern.  pi.  ailj.  suff.  -ecu.] 

Rot  •  A  tribe  of  Musacea.  Seeds  numerous 
in  each  cell  •  fruit  berried,  or,  if  capsalar, 
bursting  through  the  cells.  (LinMey.) 

'("ra.Jtafl'the  Hwenly  on™  Ute  regarded 
as  the  muse  who  presides  over  astronomy.] 
1   Classic  Mythology  : 

(1)  The  muse  of  Astronomy,  usually  repre. 

tracing  out  some  figure. 

(2)  A  surname  of  Venus i  =  Celestial.     She 
was  said  to  be  the  daughter  of  Uranus  or 
Stems  by  the  Light,  and  was  supposed  to 
preside  over  beauty  and  generation 

2.  Astran. :  [ASTEROID,  30.]. 
«    Knt  •  The  typical  genus  of  Uraneie  (q.v.) 
Only  known  species,  D&-  *»«*<«*  I *>«*»" 


oil,  and  the  capsules  a  dye. 

4   Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  UranmliE 
fo  v  )     Splendid  lepidopterous  insects,  often 
Kt  three  inches  across  the  wings,  wmc 
^transversely  banded  with  black  and  green 
the  hinder  pair  terminating  Posteriorly  in 
long  tail,  sometimes  edged  with  white.    A 
the  species   are    South    American.      D-rnTU 
Julgmi  migrates  in  large  flocks  across  tl 
Isthmus  of  Panama. 
O-ra'-ni-an  (1),  a.    [Eng.  t7rani(o);  -an.] 

JMkoL  :  Of  or  belonging  to  heaven  ;  hea 
venly  cek-stial.  Used  of  Venus  when  re- 
garded as  the  patroness  of  heavenly  or  chase 
fove.  Or  it  may  refer  to  her  being  the 
daughter  of  Uranus.  [URANIA,  1,  (2).J 

>  scroll. 


Khweruranerz ;  Pr.  wa 

Min  •  A  mineral  crystallizing  in  th 
Isometeic  or  cubic  system,  mostly, however 
occurring  massive.  Hardness,  5'5 ;  sp.gr 
dull;  colour  velve 


nranlum-  carbonate,  t. 

VOGLITE. 


[LIEBIGITI 
[URANIN,  URASI- 


a  few  other  localities. 
ur-a-nis-cA-nT-tfa,  ».    [Gi ;.  oip«w<m>« 

(o,,f<miSto.)  =  the  palate;  suff.  •««.] 
PathoL  :  Inflammation  of  the  palate. 


(ifcos)  =  forming,  from 
form,  to  mould.) 

Sura  •  The  operation  of  engrafting  In  case 
of  deficiency  of  the  soft  palate. 

ur-a-nls-o8r'-a-ph#.  «.    [Or. 
=  the  palate,  an 


nranlum-oxlde, 

KITE.) 

uranium  -phosphate,  «.     [UBANITK, 

AUTUNITE.J 

uranium-sulphate,  s.  [JOHAKNITI!, 
URANOCHALCITE,  MEDJIDITB,  ZIPPEITE,  VooLi- 
ANITE,  UKACONITE.] 

ur-a-no-,  pref.    [URANIUM,  URANUS.] 
1.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  sky. 
2    Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  uranium 
(q.v.). 

u-ran-o-chal'-clte,  s.  [Pref.  unmo-,  2.;  Or. 
'  Xaiu69  (chalkos)  =  brass    copper,  and  suff. 
-ite  (Min.)  ;  Ger.  umnachalzil.] 

Min.  •  A  name  given  to  a  mineral  occurring 
in  small  velvety  nodules  formed  of  radiating 
en  •!??1-  fibres.  Hardness,  2  to  2'6  ;  colour  and 
streik  grass-  to  apple-green.  Compos.  :  pro- 
Sy  suTphuricac'ill,  21-1  ;  oxide  ><fu™. 
83-5  ;  oxide  of  copper,  7'0  ;  lime,  9  8  ,  water, 
28-5  =  99-9. 

ur-an-o'-chre  (chre  as  ker)  «.     [?«'• 
uran<o)-,  2.,  and  Eng.  ochre.] 

Min.  :  The  same  as  URACONiTE(q.v.). 
u-ran-6-cir-cite,  s.   [Pref.  urano-,  2.  ;  L»t 
"  circus  =  a  circle,  and  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min  •  An  orthorhombic  mineral  strongly 
resembling  autunite  (q.v.),  for  which  it  had 
teen  long  ?  mistaken.  Sp.  gr.  3'63  ;  colour, 
yellowish-grevn.  Compos.  :  Phosphorc  acid, 
14-0  •  sesquioxide  of  uranium,  5B-75  ;  baryta, 
15-07-  water,  14-18  =  100,  thus  being  au 
autunite  (q.v.'),  in  which  baryta  replace*  .the 
lime.  Found  in  veins  in  the  granite  of  Saxon 
Voigtland. 

u-ran-ft-graph'-ic,  u-ran-o^graph'-Ja. 
'aLa.     IKng.   iiraiwgraph(y)  ;   -K.-lcal.)    OI 

or  pertaining  to  uranography  (q.v.). 
ur-an-og'-ra-phlst,  ».  [Eng.  uranograph(y); 
-id.]    Oue  who  is  versed  or  skilled  in  urano- 
graphy. 

ur-an-8g'-ra-phy,  «.  [Pref.  UTO.W-,  1.,  and 
Gr'  vpi*"  (g™pM)  =  to  write,  to  describe.]  A 
description,  chart  or  orrery  of  the  heavens  ; 
that  branch  of  astronomy  which  consists  m 
the"  domination  of  the  relative  situations 
of  the  heavenly  bodies  and  the  construction 
of  celestial  maps  and  globes,  &0. 


1  si"6;  The  operation  of  suture  in  the  case 
of  cleft  palate. 

e.   «.     [Eng.  uranium);   «uff.    -ite 

iwM  «w  Ger-  " 


O-ra'-nl-an  (2),  «.    [Mod.  Lat.,  &c   uranu, 
(q  v.),  i  connect.,  and  Eng.  suff.  -on.] 
Astnn.  :    Of  or  belonging  to  the  planet 


p.  169. 

n-ran'-Ic  (1),  a.    [URANOT.]    Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  heavens ;  celestial,  astronomical. 

"On  I  know  notwh»t  telluric  oruronfc  principle*." 
— CarlJ/l*. 

n-ran'-Jo  (2),  a.    [Eng.  umn(lum) ;  -te.]    Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  uranium  (q.v.). 

uranic  acid,  s. 

Chem.:  The  name  given  to  uranio  oxide 
when  in  combination  with  bases. 
nranlc-nltrate,  s. 

Chem. 


I  A  tetragonal  mineral  occurring  in  square 
tablet  or  plates  with  bevelled  edges,  occasion- 
ally in  square  octahedrons  j  cleavage,  basal 
micaceous.  Hardness,  2  to  2-6 ;  sp.  gr.,  3  4 
™  3  6 i ;  lustre  of  cleavage  laces,  pearly,  of 
others,  sub -resinous;  colour  and  streak, 
various  shades  of  green  ;  transparent .to  sub- 
tianslucent.  Compos. :  a  hydrated  phosphate 
of  the  Suioxide  of  uranium  and  protoxide 
of  copper?  The  finest  varieties  of  this  mineral 
have  been  hitherto  found  in  the  mines  of 
Cornwall. 
2.  The  same  as  AUTONITE  (q.v.). 

iir-an-It'-Io,  a.    [Bng.  «raiu((e);  -fc.]    Per- 
taining to  or  containing  uramte. 

n  ran'-i-um,  ».    [Named  by  the  discoverer 
after  the  planet  Uranus  (q.v.).] 


th 


Prepared  by 


metal  is  "adily  obtained 


.IS-iMSS  f.  K-S=&>^=af' 

Attronomu,  I  2»4. 

i  rS.n'-6-lite  ».  [Pref.  urano-,  1.,  and  Gr. 
'  Aw2?  (Wtef=a  stone.]  A  meteoric  stone; 
an  aerolite. 


of  the  heavens. 


n.ent  of  the  heavens. 

Mtono!ry"-Sr?'T'S.dxxI?!r'p.™'2i"r8"8T 

u-ran-o-ni'-o-bite,  ».  [Pref.  «rono-,  2.,  and 
Kng.  niabite.] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  The  same  as  SAMABSKITE  (q.v.). 
2   The  same  as  URANIN  (q.v.). 

»*£&»£  ££&£& ind  * 

-     •       Me  mineral  occurring 


drated   silicate  of  sesquioxide  of  uranium, 
alumina,  and  lime. 
n-ran-o-phyll'-ite,  «.   [Pref.  «rono-,  2.,  and 

Eng.  phyUite.] 

Min. :  The  same  as  URANITE  (q.v.> 
u-ran-*-8c6-pr-na,«.p!.  [Mod..Lat.»rono- 
•  scorns);  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -tmt.\ 

Irhthv  •  A  group  of  Trachinida,  containing 
sevemlgenerr  The  eyes  are  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  head,  directed  upwards ;  lateral 
line  continuous. 


a-.iTOWWw.  "— "     -          z_- •      aa..^H!m^.y^.PM.^».-B.. 

55^g5a^»^aJBaaB3su.  **-» » 


6012 


uranoscopy— urbicolous 


«6iros  (rmranoskopos)  =  Uranoscopua   icaber. 
(See  def.)] 

Ichthy.  :  Stargazer.  A  genus  of  Uranosco- 
pina  (q.v.),  with  eleven  species  from  the 
Indo-Paciflc  and  Atlantic,  and  one,  Urano- 
xnpus  sorter,  known  to  the  ancients,  from  the 
Mediterranean.  Head  large,  broad,  and  thick, 
partially  covered  with  bony  plates;  mouth- 
cleft  vertical ;  scales  very  small ;  two  dorsal 
Llf?.  velltrals  Jugular,  pectorals  branched  ; 
villiform  teeth  in  jaws,  on  vomer,  and  palatine 


TJKANOSCOPU3  8CABER. 

bones ;  a  long  filament  usually  present  before 
and  below  the  tongue  ;  gill-cover  armed.  The 
eyes,  which  are  very  small,  can  be  raised  or 
depressed  at  will.  The  species  are  small,  in- 
active fishes,  rarely  a  foot  long,  generally 
lying  hidden  at  the  bottom  between  stones 
watching  for  their  prey.  The  filament  attached 
t»  the  bottom  of  their  mouth,  and  playing  in 
the  current  of  water  passing  through  the 
mouth,  serves  to  allure  small  marine  animals 
within  reach. 

nr-an-ds'-co-pjf,  ».  [Pref.  urano-,  1.,  and  Gr. 
•moirio  (sfcope5)=to  see,  to  observe.]  Con- 
templation of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

iir-a-EO-BO-,  prtf.  [Mod.  Lat.  uranonu  = 
tiranous  (q.  v.).] 

Chem. :  Uranous  (q.v.). 

iiranoso-uranic  oxide,  >. 

Chem. :  U3O«  =  UO2-2UOs.  The  chief  con- 
stiruent  of  pitchblende,  obtained  artificially 
by  igniting  uranous  oxide  in  contact  with  air. 
It  forms  a  dark-green  velvety  powder ;  sp.  gr. 
7-1  to  7-3,  hardly  acted  upon  by  dilute  acids, 
but  dissolving  without  alteration  in  concen- 
trated hydrochloric  and  sulphuric  acids. 

n-rAn  o-sphaer  -ite  (JBP  as  er),  s.  [Pref. 
urano-,  2,  and  Eng.  sphanrtte  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  semi-globular 
groups  of  microscopic  crystals,  with  radiated 
and  concentric  structure.  Hardness,  2  to  3 ; 
sp.  gr.  6-36  ;  colour,  orange-yellow  to  brick- 
red  ;  lustre,  greasy.  An  analysis  of  perfectly 
pure  material  yielded :  sesquio'xide  of  uranium, 
50-88;  teroxide  of  bismuth,  44-34;  wattr, 
4-75  =  99-97,  which  gives  the  formula 
BiO32U;q3  +  3HO.  Found  at  the  Weisser 
Hirsch  Mine,  Schneeberg,  Saxony. 

n  ran-o-spin'-ito,  a.  [Pref.  urano-,  2. ;  Lat. 
spina,  =  a  thorn,  and  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  scales  with 
rectangular  contours.  Crystallization  ortho- 
rhombic  ;  hardness,  2  to  3 ;  sp.  gr.  3-45 ;  colour, 
siskin-green.  An  analysis  by  Winkler  gave : 
arsenic  acid,  19-37 ;  sesquioxide  of  uranium, 
69-18;  lime  5-47;  water,  16-29  =  100-31,  which 
is  approximately  equivalent  to  the  formula 
CaO,U2O3AsOis+  8HO.  Found  at  the  Weisser 
Hirsch  Mine,  Schneeberg,  Saxony. 

n-ran  6  tan -tal  ite,  ».    [Pref.  urano-,  2., 
and  Eng.  tantalite:  Ger.  uranotantal.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  SAMARSKITE  (q.v.). 

n-ran -6-thall -ite,  ».  [Pref.  urano-,  2.,  and 
Eng.  thallite.] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  aggregates  of 
minute  crystals  or  grains  as  encrustations  on 
uranium  ores.  Hardness,  2-5  to  3-0 ;  colour, 
and  streak,  siskin-green ;  lustre,  vitreous,  on 
cleavage  faces  pearly.  Compos. :  a  hydrated 
carbonate  of  uranium  and  lime.  Found  at 
Joachimsthal,  Bohemia. 


u-ran-o-thor'-ite,  c. 

Eng.  thorite.] 


[Pref.  urano-,  2,,  and 


Min. :  A  variety  of  thorite(q.v.),  containing 
nearly  10  per  cent,  of  sesquioxide  of  uranium. 
F.icmd  in  the  Chainplain  iron  region,  New 
York,  U.S.A. 

n-ran'-o-til,  s.    [UBANIDM.] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occurring 
in  radiating  or  stellar  groups  of  acicular 
crystals.  Sp.  gr.  3'95  ;  colour,  lemon-yellow. 
The  mean  of  three  analyses  gave  :  silica,  13-78 ; 
sesquioxide  of  uranium,  66'75 ;  alumina  and 
sesquioxide  of  iron,  0-51 ;  lime,  5-27 ;  phos- 
phoric acid,  0-45;  water,  12'67  =  99-43,  which 
resembles  the  composition  of  uranophane 
(q.v.). 

ur-a-nous,  a.    [Eng.  uranium);  -on*.]    De- 
rived from  uranium. 

uranous-chloride,  s. 

Chem. :  UC14.  Formed  by  burning  uranium 
in  chlorine  gas,  or  by  igniting  uranous  oxide 
in  hydrochloric  acid  gas.  It  crystallizes  in 
dark-green  deliquescent  octahedrons,  soluble 
in  water  with  a  hissing  noise,  forming  an 
emerald-green  solution.  When  boiled  it  gives 
off  hydrochloric  acid,  and  deposits  a  finely- 
divided  brown  powder. 

uranous-oxide,  s. 

Chem. :  UOj.  Obtained  by  heating  uranoso- 
uranic  oxide  in  a  current  of  hydrogen.  It  is 
a  brown  crystalline  powder,  soluble  in  acids, 
and  forming  greenish-coloured  salts. 

ttr'-a-nus,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  oupo^ 
(ouranos)  = heaven,  spec,  the  celestial  vault.] 

L  Greek  Mythol. :  The  most  ancient  of  all 
the  gods.  He  married  Terra,  or  Earth,  by 
whom  he  had,  first,  the  children  called  the 
hundred-handed,  Briareus,  Cottus,  and  Gyges ; 
secondly,  the  Cyclopes,  Arges,  Steropes,  and 
Brontes  ;  thirdly,  the  Titanes,  Oceanus,  Cceus, 
Saturnns,  &c- ;  and  lastly,  the  Giants.  He 
was  dethroned  and  mutilated  by  his  son 
Saturnus,  and  from  his  blood  sprang  the 
Furies,  Alecto,  Tisiphone,  and  Megsera, 

2.  Aitron. :  One  of  the  superior  planets  be- 
tween Saturn  and  Neptune.  It  was  not 
known  to  the  ancients.  When  Sir  William 
Herschel,  after  the  construction  of  his  great 
reflecting  telescope  [TELESCOPE)  was  syste- 
matically examining  with  it  all  the  stars  above 
a  certain  magnitude,  he,  on  March  13,  1781, 
found  in  the  constellation  Gemini  astar  which 
he  recognized  as  having  a  disk  which  the 
others  had  not.  He  took  it  for  a  comet,  and 
other  contemporary  astronomers  held  the  same 
view.  Some  months  afterwards,  as  its  mo- 
tions were  traced,  the  opinion  arose  that  it 
was  a  planet,  and  in  January,  1783,  La  Place 
laid  before  the  Academy  of  Science,  at  Paris, 
calculations  relating  to  its  elliptic  orbit 
which  established  beyond  a  doubt  that  this 
opinion  was  correct.  The  discovery  led  to  the 
appointment  of  Herschel  as  Astronomer- Royal, 
and  the  establishment  of  the  observatory  at 
Slough.  Uranus  had  been  noted  down  by 
Flamsteed  as  a  fixed  star,  in  his  Historia 
Codestis  Britannica,  published  in  1725,  and 
he  had  measured  its  place  four  or  five  times 
between  1690  and  1715.  Lemonnier  had  ob- 
served it  nine  times  without  identifying  it  as 
a  planet.  Bradley  and  Tobias  Mayer  had 
done  so  at  least  once.  Its  diameter  is  about 
81,700  miles— about  four  times  that  of  the 
earth,  its  bulk  about  sixty-four  times  as  great ; 
but  being  of  light  material  its  weight  is  only 
fifteen  times  as  great.  It  has  been  reasoned 
out  from  analogy  rather  than  proved  by 
actual  observation  that  it  rotates,  but  the  time 
of  this  rotation  is  wholly  unknown.  Its  dis- 
tance from  the  sun  is  about  1,800,000,000  of 
miles,  and  it  travels  once  round  the  orbit  in 
about  eighty-seven  years.  It  receives  only 
about  one  three-thousandth  part  of  the  light 
and  heat  from  the  sun  which  fall  upon  the 
earth.  It  is  attended  by  at  least  four  satellites 
—Ariel,  Umbriel,  Titania,  and  Oberon.  Their 
orbits  all  lie  in  the  same  plane,  and  are  at 
right  angles  to  the  path  of  the  planet  itself— a 
circumstance  not  known  in  the  case  of  any 
other  planet.  Called  also  Georgium  Sidus 
and  Herschel  (q.v.). 

n-ran'-n-tan,  s.    [OITOANO-OUTANG.] 

tir-an-vit'-ri-ol,  ».     [Eng.  uranium),  and 
vitriol.] 

Min. :  The  same  as  JOHANSITE  (q.v.). 
iir'-a-nyl,  ».    [Eng.  uran(ium);  -»J.] 

Chem. :  Ua02.    The  hypothetical  radical  of 
the  uranic  compounds. 


uranyl-  chloride, 

CHLORIDE.] 


>.      [URASIO-OIT- 


uranyl-oxlde,  s.    [URANIO-OXIDE.] 

•      [A  name  given  by  the  native  in- 
habitants to  a  deposit  in  a  lake  near  Nerida. 
Columbia,  South  America.) 
Min.  :  The  same  as  TRONA  (q.v). 

ur-ap-ter-yg'-I-das,  s.  pi,  ur-ap-tir- 

JrX,  s.    [OUHAPTERYD.S,  OORAPTERVX.J    (A'eio. 

man.) 

A-IW'-ri,  S.      [CtJRARI.] 

U-rar'-l-a,  s.      [Mod.     Lat.,  from    Gr.  ovpi 
(oum)  —  a  tail,  which  the  bracts  resemble.) 

But.  :  A  genus  of  Hedysareas  .  Papiliona- 
ceous plants  with  pinnate  leaves,  having 
generally  three  leaflets,  purple  or  yellow 
flowers,  and  nearly  sessile  legumes  contracted 
between  the  seeds.  Uraria  lagopoides,  an 
Indian  species,  is  considered  by  the  Hindoos 
to  be  alterative,  tonic,  and  anticatarrhal,  and 
is  an  ingredient  in  some  of  their  medicine*. 
The  fruit  of  U.  pitta,  another  Indian  species, 
is  applied  to  the  sore  mouths  of  children,  and 
the  plant  itself  is  deemed  an  antidote  for  the 
bite  of  a  Southern  Indian  snake  (Echit 
carinata). 

n-ras'-ter,  «.     [Pref.  ur(o)-,  and  Gr.  i<mip 
(aster)  =  a  star-fish.) 

Zool.  :  A  synonym  of  Asterias  (q.v.X  [STAB- 
FISH.] 

tr-ras-ter-ei'-la,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin  from 
•uraster  (q.v.).] 

Paloxmt.  :  A  genus  of  Star-fishes,  having 
the  ambulacra!  grooves  margined  by  a  row  o} 
ambulacral  plates  only.  Found  in"  the  Silu- 
rian. Called  also  Stenaster. 

iir'-ate,  ».    [Eng.  ur(ie);  -ate.] 

Chem.  :  A  salt  of  uric  acid. 
urate  of  ammonia,  s. 

Chem.:  CsHaCNHJNjOa.  A  salt  frequently 
found  in  urine,  and  prepared  by  adding  am- 
monia to  uric  acid.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in 
water,  insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

ur  ban,  a.  [Lat.  urbanus  =  pertaining  to  • 
city  ;  urbs,  genit.  urbis  =  a  city.) 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  city  or  town: 
living  or  situated  in  a  city  or  town. 

"The  gradual  removal  of  urban  rookeries."~ft«4J» 
Ttlcgrafh,  Sept.  29.  1885. 

*2.  Urbane  (q.v.). 

nr-bane',  a.  [Lat.  urbanus  =  urban  (q.v.).] 
Courteous,  pojle,  suave,  elegant,  renned. 
polished. 

"  Raising,  through  Just  gradation,  savage  life 
To  rustic,  and  the  rustic  to  urbane." 

WordtworA:  Excursion,  bk.  vUL 

Ur   ban-ist,  «.    [See  def.  II.  1.  2.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  sort  of  dessert  pear  of  the 
highest  excellence. 
H,  Church  History  (PI.)  : 

1.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  those  of  the 
Poor  Clares  (q.v.)  who  accepted  the  reform  of 
Pope  Urban  IV.  (1291-65). 

2.  The  adherents  of  Pope  Urban  VI.  (1378- 
89),  in  opposition  to  whom  Clement  VII.  was 
afterwards  elected.    The  latter  held  his  court 


at  Fondi,  in  the   kingdom  of  Naples,  and 
afterwards  at  Avignon. 

"  A<  Clement's  party  drew  back,  the  Urbantott  took 
op  tlie  cry."—  JfUman  :  Latin  Christianity,  viii.  5L 

ur-b&n'-I-ty,  •  ur-ban-i-tie,  «.  [Fr.  ur- 
banite,  from  Lat.  urbanitatem,  accus.  of  i»r- 
banitas,  from  urbanus  =  urbane  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  lieing  urbane  ; 
civility  and  courteousness  of  manner  ;  refine- 
ment, suavity,  polish,  politeness. 

"  The  grace  and  urbanity  of  bis  manners."—  ifoo- 
aulay  :  HiU.  Eng..  ch.  vi. 

*  2.  A  polished  humour  or  facetiousness. 

"Moral  doctrine,  and  urbanity,  [says  CasaubonT  or 
well-mannered  wit,  are  the  two  things  which  constl. 
tnte  the  Roman  satire."—  Drydtn  :  JuetnaL  (Dedic.) 

*  ur-ban  Ize,  ».«.    [Eng.  urban(e);  -be.]    To 
render  urbane. 

"Refined  nations,  whom  nature  and  knowledge  did 
first  urbanize  and  polish.-—  SoweU;  Inttructiont  for 
Trawl,  p.  0.  {1643.) 

*  ur-blc'-d-lous,  a.     [Lat.  urbs,  genit.  urtni 
=  a  city,  a  town,  and  cola  =  to  cultivate,  to 
inhabit.)    Inhabiting  a  c."y  or  town;  urban. 
(Eclec.  Rev.,  in  Annandate.) 


fite,  eat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wore,  woU  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  ottb,  ciire,  nnite,  oiir,  rule,  fill ;  try,  Syrian,    n,  oa  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


urceola— uretic 


5013 


=  of  or 


4r-ce'-6-la,  «•    [Lat-  urceolus . . 

1  Bot  -A  genus  of  Plumierea).      Named 
from  the'form  of  the  corolla.     Leaves  oppo- 
site, ovato-oblong  ;  flowers  small,  greenish,  in 
terminal   cymes;   calyx    five-cleft ;    coro  la 

tcher-shared,  hairy,  with  five  erect  teeth ; 
stamens  five,  with  sagittate  anthers  ;  ovaries 
two  developing  into  fruit  the  size  of  oranges. 
Urr'eola  e(Jti«?  of  Roxburgh  (=  V.  escultnta 
of  Bentham)  is  an  extensive  woody  climber  in 
the  forests  of  Teliasserim  and  Pegu.  Mr.  B. 
W  Strettell  believes  that  it  may  be  utilized 
tor  supplying  caoutchouc.  (Calcutta  ialiio. 
Keport.) 

2  Ecdesiol :  A  pitcher  for  containing  water 
tor  ritual   use    in    the    Eucharist*    service, 
•whether  for  washing  the  minislraiit  3  hands  or 
for  cleansing  the  vessels.    (Smith :  CftrMUm 
Antiquities.) 

fir-ge-o-lar'-I-a,  ».    [Lat.  uneolari* 
belonging  to  a  small  pitcher.) 

1  Bot  •  A  genus  of  Limboridee,  cloeely  akin 
to  Lecanora,  and  named  from  the  form  of 
the  shields.  The  spermogonia  arffl  scattered 
over  the  thallus,  sometimes  an.  the  border  ot 
the  apothecia.  They  are  inconspicuous  on 
account  of  their  pale  colour.  Urccolarm  scru 
vosa  and  U.  cinerea  are  Crustaceous  Lichens, 
used  in  dyeing.  The  former  is  the  more  com- 
mon, growing  on  heaths,  walls,  and  rocks. 

2.  Zool  •  A  genus  of  Urceolariidse  (q.v.), 
•with  a  single  species,  parasitic  on  Planana 
torva  Free-swimming,  highly  elastic,  change- 
able in  shape  ;  sucking-disc  provided  with  a 
simply  striated  horny  ring ;  the  anterior  re- 
gion usually  alternate,  and  with  the  peristome 
obliquely  set. 

fir-co-6-la-ri'-I-d»,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  urceo- 
iori(o);  lit.  fern.  pL  adj.  suft*.  -idol.] 

Zool.  •  A  family  of  Peritrichous  Infusoria, 
with  four  genera,  from  salt  and  fresh  water ; 
all  parasitic  or  commensal.  Animalcules  free- 
swimming  or  adherent  at  will,  discoidal,  tur- 
binate  or  hourglass-shaped  ;  anterior  border 
more  or  less  circular,  with  a  spirally  convolute 
ciliary  wreath,  the  right  limb  of  which  de- 
scends into  the  oral  aperture ;  oral  system 
consisting  usually  of  a  widened  anterior  en- 
trance (the  vestibulum),  and  a  somewhat  pro- 
longed pharyngeal  passr-ge;  posterior  border 
cup-ahaped,  adhesive,  ciliated,  and  generally 
itrengthened  internally  with  a  horny  ring, 
•which  in  some  cases  is  simple,  and  m  others 
set  with  tooth-like  processes. 
ur'-ce-4-late,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  urceolatui,  from 
Lat.  urceolus  (q.v.).J 
Bot. :  Pitcher-shaped  (q.v.). 

ur-oe  -4-ltts,  ».  [Lat,  dimin.  from  urceiw  = 
a  water-pitcher.] 

Bot.  (Of  a  cnrez):  The  tube  made  by  two 
bracts,  which  becoming  confluent  at  their 
edges,  enclose  toe  pistil.  Called  also  Peri- 
gynium. 

nr'  chin,  *fiiy-oli6n,  *  ur-chone,  *lr- 
ehon,  *  ar-gln,  '  yrc-heon,  s.  &  a.  (O. 
Fr  irefon.  hericon,  ericon  ;  Fr.  herisson  —  a 
iedgehog,  as  if  from  a  Lat.  eridonem,  accus.  of 
•ncti  for  ertctjw  =  a  hedgehog ;  cogn.  with 
Or.  xip  (cMr)  =  a  hedgehog.] 

*  JtL.  As  substantive : 

*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

J.  A  name  given  to  the  hedgehog. 

"  Round  as  a  ball,  skinned  like  an  vrchfon  or  hedge- 
Bog."— ffotinihed :  Detcript.  Scotland,  ch.  (« 

2.  A  sea-urchin  (q.v.). 

"  The  urchin*  of  the  sea  called  echini."— P.  Holland : 
fUnif,  bk.  i«.,  ch.  »xl. 

*  3.  An  elf,  a  fairy,  from  its  being  supposed 
1o  take  at  times  the  shape  of  a  hedgehog. 

'•  Like  urchint,  ouphes  and  fairies." 

Shateip. :  Merry  If  (<*«  of  Wmdlor,  iv.  i 

4.  A  familiar,  half  chiding  name  sometimes 
fiven  to  a  child. 

"  There  stood  the  urchin,  as  you  will  divine." 

tYordlwortn :  Michael. 

U.  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  The  key  of  the  ash-tree.     (ffa!!i- 
vxll.)    More  probably  the  fruit  of  the  horse- 
chestnut,  jSsculus  Hippocastanum.   (Britten  it 
Holland.) 

2.  Carding:  One  of  a  pair  of  rapidly  re- 
volving small  card-cylinders,  arranged  around 
the  periphery  of  a  large  card-drum. 

B*  As  adjective : 

L  Prickly,  stinging,  rough.    (IfiUon.) 


2.  Trumpery. 

"  How  easie   it  wa*   to  stride  over  such   urcMit 
articles."— Saclut :  Lye  of  WUliamt,  U.  »L 


*  ur'-ohdn,  *  ur-chone,  ».    [URCHIN.] 

ur-dee.  ur'-d^,  a. 
[Fr.  urdie.] 

Her.  :  Pointed.  A 
cross-urdee  is  one  in 
which  the  extremities 
are  drawn  to  a  sharp 
point  instead  of  being 
cut  straight. 

urd'-ite,  s.  [After 
Urda,  of  Scandinavian 
mythology;  suff.  -it> 


TRDEI 


Min  :  A  name  given  by  D.  Forbes  to  a 
monazite  occurring  in  large  crystals  in  the 
granite  of  Notero,  near  Arenodal,  Norway. 

Ir'-dU,  i.  &  a.  [Hind,  urdti  =  (1)  an  army,  a 
camp,  a  market,  (2)  the  language  denned  in 
the  article.] 

A.  As  subst. :  The  Hindustani  language  as 
spoken  by  the  Muhammadan  population  of 
India.  It  is  a  lingua  franca,  which  became 
the  medium  of  communication  between  the 
Muhammadan  conquerors  of  India  and  their 
Hindu  subjects.  It  is  really  the  Hindi  lan- 
guage, which  is  of  the  Aryan  family  with  a 
number  of  Persian,  Arabic,  and  Turkish  words 
introduced  into  it,  though  the  inflections  o 
nouns  and  verbs  remain  unaltered.  Many  con- 
sider Urdu  a  distinct  language  from  Hindi,  but 
Beames  regards  this  as  a  great  error  in  philo- 
logy. It  is  now  the  language  most  largely 
used  by  Europeans  in  their  intercourse  with 
the  natives  of  India.  It  has  a  literature, 
chiefly  historic,  which  arose  under  the  Mog ul 
emperors,  commencing  with  Akbar  (1550-1  .u,>). 

"Bv  •  curious  caprice  Hindi,  when  it  uses  Arabic 
words  is  asVumed  £o  become  a  new  language,  and  Is 
Sled  by  iTnew  name- Prdu ;  but  when  Punjabi  or 
Slndhidothesame.theyarenotsotreated.  —Beamet. 
Comp.  (tram.  Aryan  Lang.,  L  89. 

B.  At  adj. :  Pertaining  to  the  language  so 
called. 

*  lire  (1)   »•    [0.  Fr.  eure,  mvre ;  Fr.  ceuvre  — 
work.    Cf.  manure,  inure.]    Use,  practice. 

"  For  in  the  time  that  thieving  was  hi  — - 
The  gentl 


secondary  state  of  other  Fungals,  but  there, 
are  Uredinei  which  appear  genuine.    All  weie 
formerly  included  under  Uredo  (q.v.). 
u-re'-do,  s.  [Lat.  =  a  blast  or  blight  of  plants ; 
uro  =  to  burn.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Uredinei  (q.v.), 
Protospores  brown  or  yellow,  composed   o. 
several   layers    of   cells,   each    containing   a 
spore. 
ur'-S-ide,  ».    [Eng.  ««(<.);  -««.] 

Chem.  (PI.):    Compounds    containing   tl 
elements  of  a  urea-salt,  minus  water ;  tl 
alloxan  is  a  monuride  of  mesoxahc  acid,  belllg 
a  compound  of  that  acid  with  one  atom  of 
urea  minus  2H.jO. 

u-re'-ini-a,  n  re'-mlo,  «.    [See  URJEMIA, 
'  UHJEMIC.] 

n-re'-na,  «.    [From  uren,  the  Malabar  name 
of  the  s'pecies  defined.] 

Bot.  •  The  typical  genus  of  Ureneie  (q.v.).  In- 
volucre and  calyx  five-cleft;  style  divided  above 
into  ten  portions  ;  carpels  five,  prickly  at  the 
top.  Urena  lobata,  a  shrub  commonly  occur- 
ring with  the  mango  and  bamboo  in  Bengal 
and  throughout  India,  and  U.  sin-uata,  a  small 
Indian  shrub,  have  strong  fibres,  probably 
well  adapted  for  the  manufacture  of  sacking 
and  twine.  (Calcutta  Exhib.  Report.)  In  Brazil 
a  decoction  of  the  root  and  stem  of  U.  lobata 
is  employed  as  a  remedy  in  windy  colic,  and 
the  flowers  are  given  as  an  expectorant  In 
dry  and  inveterate  cough. 

iir'-et,  «.    [UREA.] 

Chem.  :  This  name  has  been  applied  to  the 
group  CH2NO,  which  by  substitution  for  one 
atom  of  hydrogen  in  ammonia,  may  be  silp- 
posedto  form  nrea,  Cg'NO  }»,  and  by  sub- 
stitution for  two  atoms  of  hydrogen,  biuret, 


*  nre  (2),  «.    [O.  Fr.  eiir  =  lot,  chance,  from 
™t  augurium  =  augury   (q.v.).J     Chance, 
destiny,  fortune. 

"  So  pitously  gan  cry 
On  his  fortune  and  on  lire  also. 
ll/dgate:  Complaint  of  the  Black  Xnifht. 

•  tire  (3),  «•    [URus.]    A  wild  bull ;  the  urus. 

"  The  third  kind  is  of  them  that  are  named  wr«."— 
Goldioye :  Cottar,  fol.  168. 

•lire,  ».(.  [URE  (1),  ».]  To  inure;  to  ac- 
custom by  use  or  practice. 

iir'-e-a,  «.  [Latinised  from  root  of  urino  = 
urine"(q.v.).J  {jg2 

Chem. :  CH4N2O.  =  C  =  O.  The  chief  organic 

KH2 

constituent  of  urine,  first  obtained  in  an  im- 
pure state  by  Rouelle  the  younger,  in  1799. 
It  is  readily  obtained  by  evaporating  urine  to 
drvness  on  the  water-bath  and  exhausting  the 
residue  with  alcohol ;  or  it  may  be  prepared 
synthetically  by  the  action  of  ammonia  upon 
carbonic  oxychloride.  From  a  pure  aqueous 
solution  it  crystallizes  in  long,  flattened 
prisms  without  terminal  faces,  is  soluble  in 
water  and  alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether,  melts 
at  120°,  and  decomposes  at  a  higher  tempera- 
ture. The  synthesis  of  urea,  discovered  by 
Wohler  in  1828,  was  the  first  instance  of  an 
undoubtedly  organic  body  being  obtained  by 
artificial  means. 
»iired,o.  [URE  (2),  «.]  Fortunate. 

"  In  my  body  I  was  well  ured. 

C%auctr:  Dream. 

(q.v.),   genit/  ured'irt(is) ;   Lat.   fern.   pi.  adj. 
suff.  -acete.) 
,     Bot. :   The  same  as  CONIOMYCETES   (q.v.). 

(Lindley.) 

ur-e-dln'-S-i,  *•  pi-     (Lat.  uredo,  genit.  ure- 
din(is);  Lat.  masc.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -et.) 

Bot  •  A  section  of  Pucciniasi.  Protospores 
not  septate,  and  disposed  in  regular  son,  or 
the  species  have  two  kinds  of  fruit.  Some 
alleged  species  are  undoubtedly  only  the 


U  This  term  was  formerly  used  as  an  affix 
indicative  of  combination;  thus  sulphuret 
now  sulphide ;  phosphuret,  phosphide,  &c. 

n-re'-ter,   s.     [Gr.  ovpirnjp   (oure«r)  =  the 
urethra  ;  oiiaiu  (oureo)  =  to  pass  urine.) 

Anat  (PI.):  Two  tubes  which  conduct  the 
urine  from  the  kidneys  into  the  bladder,  one 
entering  at  each  side  near  the  base.  They  are 
from  fourteen  to  sixteen  inches  long,  and 
about  the  width  of  a  goose  quill. 

n-re-ter-i'-tls,  s.  [Eng.  ureter ;  suit.  •««•.] 
Inflammation  of  the  ureter. 

iir'-e  thane?,  s.  pi.    [Eng.  ur(tc),  and  ethane.} 

[CARBAM1C-ETBERS.] 

n-re'-tbra,  «.    [Gr.  oip^9pa  (oure(Aro).] 

Anat. :  "A  membranous  tube  running  from 
the  bladder  first  directly  downwards  and  then 
forwards  beneath  the  arch  of  the  pubes.  I 
is  the  excretory  passage  for  the  urine,  serving 
also  in  the  male  for  the  ejaculation  of  the 
semen. 

a-re'-thral,  a.  [Eng.  urethr(a);  suff.  -al.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  urethra  :  as,  urethral 
abscess. 

nr-e-thri'-tito,  s.  [Eng.  urethr(a);  suft 
-itis  (q.v.).] 

Pathol. :  Inflammation  of  the  mncous  mem- 
brane lining  the  urethra  [GONORRHEA],  or  of 
the  urethra  itself. 

u-re   thro -plats' -tic,  a.      [Eng.    «re(Aro- 
"  plas^y);  -ic.] 

Surg. :  Of  or  relating  to  urethroplasty. 

n-re-thro-plas'-tj,  ».     [Gr.  oipij»pa  (our*. 
thro.)  =  the  urethra,  and  irAao-o-o>  (plasso)  — 
mould.] 

Surg. :  An  operation  for  remedying  defect* 
in  the  urethra. 

u-re'-tlir6-tdme,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.  urethra, 
'  id  Gr.  T0f«!  (tome)  =  a  cutting.  ] 

Surg  :  A  knife  used  in  urethrotomy  (q.v.). 


--, . 

Surg. :  The  operation  for  urethral  stricture. 

ur-ii'-tlifl-ane,  «•    [En8-  «><fcK  ethvl>  and 
suff.  -ane.]    [METBTLIO-OARBAMATE.] 

n-rSf -10,  a.     [Gr.  avmrrixk  (ourUikos)  =  per- 
"  taining  to  urine  (q.v.).] 

Med. :   Of  or  relating  to,  or  promoting  the 
flow  of  urine. 


5014 


urge— urine 


urge,  v.t.  &  i.  [L»t.  urgeo  =  to  urge,  to  drive ; 
cc.fii.  with  Or.  ilfyu  (eirgo)  =  to  repress,  to 
restrain.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  force  or  drive  onward. 

"  From  stage  to  stage  the  licensed  earl  may  run 
The  senator  At  cricket  w*y»  the  ball."^^ 

Pope:  Vitneiad.  iv.  Ml. 

*  2.  To  hasten  or  push  forward  with  exer- 
tion and  vigour. 

"  Now  urge  the  course  where  swift  Sc&njaader  glides.' 
Pop*:  B'mer;  /liad^ii.  :u. 

3.  To  press  the  mind  or  will  of;  to  serve  as 

•  motive  or  impelling  cause ;    to  impel,  to 
constrain,  to  stimulate. 

4.  To  press  or  ply  hard  with  arguments, 
entreaties,   or  the  like;    to    importune;   to 
solicit  with  more  or  less  earnestness. 

"  And  he  urged  him  to  Uke  it."— 3  Singt  V.  16. 

5.  To  press  upon  attention  ;  to  put  forward 
or  advance  in  an  earnest  manner  ;  to  press  by 
way  of  argument ;   to  plead    earnestly  ;    to 
insist  on. 

"  Theac  arguments  .  .  .  were  donbtleee  urged  with 
force  by  Dauby."—  Macaulav:  But.  Eng.,  ch.  I. 

"6.  To  press  closely  on ;  to  follow  closely. 

"  Heir  una  heir,  Uke  w»ve  Impelling  wave." 

Pope  :  Satire*,  vi.  253. 

*  7.  To  ply  hard  in  a  contest  or  argument : 
to  attack  briskly. 

"  Though  every  mail  have  •  right  in  dispute  to  uree 
a  false  religion.-— nOaUon. 

'  8.  To  demand ;  to  insist  on. 

"  She  urged  conference."— SHoJcetp.  :  At  Tou  Like  It, 

*  9.  To  incite,  to  stimulate,  to  promote,  to 
encourage. 

"  Urging  the  carnage,  and  eyeing  with  pleaaure  all 
the  horrun  of  war."—  BoSjr  Telegraph,  Sept  11,  1886. 

*10.  To  provoke,  to  irritate,  to  exasperate. 

"  Til  In,  to  urge  his  hatred  more  to  Clarence." 

£fci**»A  •'  Bichard  111.,  L  L 

IS.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  press  onward. 

Strive!  to  urge  upward,  aud-hii  fortune  raiae." 

2.  To  incite ;  to  stimulate. 

"  The  combat  urget,  and  my  sonl'i  on  fire  " 

Pope  :  Homer  i  lltmd  vL  4M. 

3.  To  make  a  claim  ;  to  insist,  to  persist. 

"  Urg'd  extremely  for  it"        Bkajtefp. :  Timon,  iiL  I 

4.  To  produce  arguments ;  to  allege  proofs, 
aa  an  accuser. 

"  That ...  my  accvatn 
May  itand  forth  face  to  face 
And  freely  urge  ae>inst  me." 

Skateip. .-  Henri  rill,  T.  «. 

urge,  a.    [Fr.  orgc  =  barley.)    Barley. 

*  urge-wonder,  ».    A  variety  of  barley. 

"  ThU  barley  i»  called  by  aome   urge-wonder  '— 
Mortimer. 

*  urg  -enoe,  ».    [Lst.  urgent  =  u 
Urgency. 

"  Hia  tnutneta  craves  dispatch, 
And  11  of  serious  urgence." 

Aeie  Trifle*  to  Cheate  tie  DtfeU 

y,  «.    [Eng.  urgent);  -cy.] 
L  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
urgent :  as— 

1.  Importunity ;     earnest    solicitation    or 
pressing. 

"  At  length  he  yielded  to  the  urgency  at  friends.'— 
Macaulay  :  11 M.  Eng..  ch.  r. 

2.  Pressure  of  necessity. 

...ystoa&e.  r?  i*  •"  "•"  •""•••-***«•  •• 

H.  Parliament :  The  voting  by  a  majority 
of  three  to  one  in  a  house  of  not  less  than 
three  hundred  members,  that  a  certain  mea- 
sure or  resolution  is  urgent  in  the  interests  of 
the  state,  in  which  case  it  takes  precedence 
of  all  other  business. 

-,  a.  [Fr.,  from  LaL  urgent,  pr.  par. 
of  urgeo  =.  to  urge  (q.v.).] 

*  L  Oppressive. 

liLM?"  he"  U    TeIT  ****•"— B*cthtm    ravage,, 

2.  Pressing,    cogent ;   necessitating  imme- 
diate action  ;  demanding  early  attention. 

"  He  will  send  to  borrow  so  much  money,  pretendim 
urgent  occaaioni  for  it. '-Dampier :  roj-ijralanTlewg 

3.  Pressing  or  soliciting  with  importunity ; 
importunate. 

*•  The  Egyptian!  were  urgent  upon  the  people  that 
tiny  might  aend  them  ont  ii  ha.ti/'-EtoliW.  st 

rft'-ent-iy,  •  urg  ente-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
urgent;  •!».]  In  an  urgent  manner;  with 
pressing  importunity  ;  pressingly,  forcibly 


urg'-er,  ».  [Eng.  urg(e);  -er.]  One  who 
urges  ;  one  who  importunes  ;  an  inciter. 

"  Few  .  .  .  admonlshers,  but  urgert  of  your  action  " 
heaum.  A  flet.  :   falentinian.  i.  a. 

ur-gln'-e-a,  ».  [Named  bySteinheil,  in  IS."-!, 
after  Ben  Urgin,  a  tribe  of  Arabs  near  Bona. 
Algeria,  in  whose  territory  he  first  collected 
a  species  of  the  genus.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Scillea:,  akin  to  Scilla,  but 
with  a  more  spreading  perianth  and  more 
numerous  seeds.  Urginea  maritima  (U.  i'ctUa 
or  SciUa  maritima)  is  the  Squill  (q.v.).  (/. 
indica,  found  on  the  sandy  shores  of  India  is 
sometimes  given  aa  a  substitute  for  the  offl- 
cmal  squill,  to  which,  however,  it  is  much 
inferior  in  value.  It  is  chiefly  nsed,  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Ainslie,  for  horses  in  cases  of 
strangury  and  fever. 

UT'-l-a,  s,     [Lat.  urinar  =  to  dive.] 

Ornith.  :  Guillemot ;  a  genus  of  Alcids,  with 
eight  species,  from  the  Arctic  and  north  tem- 
perate zones.  Bill  of  moderate  length,  strong, 
straight,  pointed,  compressed,  upper  inaudible 
slightly  curved  near  the  point,  with  a  small 
notch  in  the  edge  on  each  side ;  nostrils 
lateral,  basal,  concave,  pierced  longitudinally, 
partly  closed  by  a  membrane,  which  is  itself 
partly  covered  with  feathers ;  feet  short, 
placed  behind  the  centre  of  gravity  in  the 
body  ;  legs  slender  ;  feet  with  only  three  toes, 
all  in  front  aud  entirely  webbed  ;  wings  and 
tail  short.  There  are  several  species  which  are 
common  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  Among 
them  Vria  traiU  is  seen  at  times  on  the  coasts 
of  New  York,  and  U.  grylle  breeds  as  far  south 
as  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  The  eggs,  are  used  in 
Britain  for  clarifying  wine,  also  as  food. 

iir'-ic,  a.    [Eng.  ur(ea);  -fc.)    Contained  in 
or  derived  from  urea  (q.v.). 

uric-acid,  i. 

Chem. :  C,H4N4O^  Formerly  called  lithic 
acid.  A  general  constituent  of  the  Vertebrata, 
and  usually  prepared  from  serpents'  excre- 
ments or  from  guano,  by  boiling  with  dilute 
potassic  hydrate,  and  decomposing  by  hydro- 
chloric acid.  It  forms  a  glistening,  snow- 
white  spongy  crystalline  powder,  tasteless 
and  inodorous,  slightly  soluble  in  water,  in- 
soluble In  alcohol  and  ether.  By  destructive 
distillation  it  yields  cyanic  and  hydrocyanic 
acids,  carbon  dioxide,  and  ammonium  car- 
bonate. It  is  readily  identified,  even  in  minute 
quantity,  and  by  dissolving  in  nitric  acid,  eva- 
porating the  solution  to  dryness,  and  adding 
excess  of  ammonia,  a  beautiful  deep  red 
colour  (murexide)  is  immediately  produced 
It  forms  salts  called  urates. 

ttr'-Im,  A  pi,    [Heb.  o>-yw  (urtm),  pi.  of  TIN 
(«r),  the  same  as  -\in  (or)  =  light] 

Hebrew  Antiq. :  Literally,  lights  ;  but  the 
Septuagint  translators  make  it  apparently  a 
plural  of  excellence,  in  which  case  it  would 
signify,  light.  Used  specially  in  the  com- 
pound term  Urim  and  Thummim  [THonfiu], 
believed  to  mean,  light  and  perfection.  Many 
conjectures  have  been  hazarded  as  to  their 
nature,  but  the  subject  still  remains  very  ob- 
scure. They  were  to  be  put  "on  the  breast- 
plate of  judgment,"  and  on  or  over  the  heart 
of  the  high  priest  when  he  specially  entered 
into  the  presence  of  Jehovah  (Exod.  xxviii. 
SO  ;  Lev.  viii.  8).  On  the  return  from  the  Cap- 
tivity the  Tirshatha  (governor)  forbade  certain 
sacerdotal  pretenders,  or  perhaps  the  whole 
body  of  Aaron's  descendants  (for  the  words 
seem  ambiguous),  to  eat  of  the  most  holy 
things  till  there  should  stand  up  "a  priest 
with  Urim  and  with  Thnmmim  "  (Ezra  ii.  63  ; 
Neh.  vii.  65).  In  one  place  the  order  of  the 
two  words  is  reversed  (Dent,  xxxiii.  8).  If 
by  Urim  in  two  other  passages  is  meant  Crim 
and  Thummim,  then  they  seem  to  have  con- 
stituted an  oracle  to  or  by  which  applications 
might  be  made  to  Jehovah  for  counsel  (Numb 
xxvii.  21 ;  1  Sam.  xxviii.  6.) 

ur'-an-al,  ».    [Fr.,  from  urine  =  urine  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  vessel  for  containing  urine,  specifically 
a  vessel  or  reservoir,    with  conductor,   used 
in  cases  of  incontinence  of  urine. 

"  Eke  thyu  urtnal*  and  thy  Jordanea." 

Chaucer:  C.  T^  1J.MO. 

2.  A  convenience,  public  or  private,  for  the 
accommodation  of  persons  wishing  to  nasi 
urine. 

*  3.  A  bottle  in  which  urine  was  kept  for 
inspection. 

"  These  folliee  shine  through  yon  like  the  water  In 
an  urifsts/."— AAUtp. :  Two  &entlemen,  ii.  1. 


•  iir-ta-al-Ist,  s.  [Eng.  urimil;  -itt.l  One 
who  professed  to  be  aUe,  by  inspecting  the 
urine,  to  discover  from  what  disease  a  sick 
person  was  suffering. 

"  My  urmalia  .  .  .  Uft  i»  arttry 
Ulistretcht  upun  the  telitan." 


Match  Me  in  London,  Ul 

ur'-in-ant,  a.      [Lat  urinant,   pr.  par.  of 
urinor  —  to  duck  or  dive  under  water.] 

Her. :  A  term  applied  to  the  dolphin,  or 
other  fish,  when  borne  with  the  heed  down- 
wards, and  the  tail  erect,  exactly  in  a  contrary 
position  to  what  is  termed  Haurient 

iir'-ln-ar-ft  o.  &».    [Eng.  unn(e);  -arj/.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of,  pertaining  to,   containing, 
deposited  from, 'or  affording  passage  to  urine  • 
as,  uriimrn  calculi,  urinary  deposits,  the  uri- 
nary passage. 

B.  At  substantive : 

1.  Arrric. :  A  reservoir  or  place  for  the  re- 
ception of  urine,  &c.,  for  manure. 

*  2.  The  same  as  URINAL,  2. 

urinary  bladder,  s. 

A  not. :  A  hollow  membranous  and  muscu- 
lar receptacle  receiving  the  urine  poured  into 
it  through  the  ureter,  retaining  it  for  a  longer 
or  shorter  period,  and  finally  expelling  it 
through  the  urethra.  In  the  male  it  is 
situated  in  front  of  the  rectum  ;  in  the  female 
it  is  separated  from  the  rectum  by  the  uterus 
and  the  vagina.  When  completely  distended 
with  urine,  it  rises  above  the  brim  of  the 
pelvis  and  becomes  egg-shaped,  the  larger 
end  constituting  its  base,  or  inferior  fundus, 
and  being  directed  towards  the  rectum  in  the 
male  and  the  vagina  in  the  female,  and  its 
smaller  end,  or  summit,  resting  against  the 
wall  of  the  abdomen.  In  front  of  the  base 
is  the  cervix  or  neck  connecting  the  bladder 
below  with  the  urethra. 

urinary-fistula,  t. 

Pathol. :  An  abnormal  communication  be- 
tween the  urinary  passages  and  the  external 
surface,  through  which  the  urine  finds  an  out- 
let in  greater  or  less  quantities. 

urinary-organs, «.  pt 

Anat. :  A  collective  term,  including  (1)  the 
kidneys  which  secrete  urine  ;  (2)  the  ureters 
which  convey  it  to  (3)  the  bladder ;  and  (4) 
the  urethra,  by  which  it  is  evacuated  from 
the  body. 

urinary-vesicle,  >. 

Anat.:  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  the 
allantois  (q.v.),  because  from  a  dilation  on  its 
pedicle  the  mammalian  bladder  is  produced. 

"  ur'-ln-ate,  c.i.  [UBINE.]  To  discharge  urine. 

"  ur-In-a'-tion,  «.  [URINATE.]  The  act  of 
passing  urine ;  micturition. 

"Uf'-In-at-aTe,  a.  [Eng.  urln(e);  -atlve.] 
Provoking  or  promoting  the  discharge  of 
urine  ;  diuretic. 

i  HiM'<J'iC'M'  "i""""  d°  »<*  »ork  by  rejection  and 
Indlgeetlon.  as  aoluUve  do.  —Bacon  :  Jfal.  Bitt.,  i  U. 

*  ur'-ln-it-or,  s.  [Low  Lat,  from  urinatut, 
pa.  par.  of  «rtnor=  to  dive  or  duck  under 
water.]  A  diver;  one  who  searches  nnder 
water  for  something,  as  for  pearls. 

•  •  The  precious  things  that  grow  there,  u  pearl,  mar 
be  much  more  easily  fetched  up  by  the  help  of  this 
tbsu  by  any  other  way  of  the  urlnatort.-—  WOMni : 
Matheinatual  Maffick. 


».  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vrina  =  urine; 
cogn.  with  Gr.  oCpoi/  (ouron)  =  urine  ;  Sans. 
fdri,  fdr  =  water  ;  Icel.  tir  =  drizzling  rain  : 
w  =  the  sea  ;  A.8.  wer  =  the  sea.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang,  it  Chen.:  The  secretion  of  the 
kidneys,  the  chief  fluid  excretion  of  man  and 
of  the  higher  animals.  (Watts.)  Healthy 
human  urine  is  a  transparent  light  amber- 
coloured  liquid,  having  a  saline  taste,  a  pecu- 
liar aromatic  odour,  an  acid  reaction,  aud  a 
density  varying  from  1-010  to  1'025.  Its  chisf 
constituents  are  urea,  uric,  lactic  and  hip- 
puric  acids,  and  creatine,  together  with  cal- 
cium and  magnesium  sulphates,  chlorides 
and  phosphates,  alkaline  salts,  certain  im- 
perfectly known  principles,  and  a  colouring 
substance.  The  urine  contains  the  liquid 
portion  of  useless  and  noxious  residuum  left 
after  the  assimilation  of  whatever  is  useful  to 
the  structure.  [UE^EMIA.] 

2.  Pathol.  :  Morbid  states  of  the  urine  occur 
—  the  aqueous,  the  subaqueous,  the  lithic,  the 
phosphatic,  the  pnrpurio,  the  albuminous, 


«r.  wore, 


f-  «*«:   we,  wet,  here,  cameL  ner,  ther,:   pine,  pit,  »re,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot. 
work.  who.  son  .  mut*.  cub.  oiir*,  wUte.  cur.  rule.  ItlU  :  try.  Syrian.    ».  «  =  e  .  ey  =  a  ;  qn  =  kw. 


urine — uroleptus 


5015 


..id  the  saccharine.  Aqueous  urine,  with  a 
diminution  in  its  solid  contents,  is  passed  in 
large  quantity  by  nervous  and  hysteric  per- 
sons  especially  when  they  approach  old  age. 
Subaqueous  urine,  in  some  respects  the  oppo- 
site of  the  ttr»t,  .-arries  off  an  unduly  large 
proportion  of  solid  matters,  and  exists  chicly 
PnTcline  of  the  bodily  powers,  which  it  tends 
to  accelerate.  Lithic  urine  deposits  a  pink 
or  purple  sand  or  "gravel,"  consisting  of  lithia ; 
its  ultimate  tendency  is  to  produce  hthw 
calculi.  Phosphatic  urine  contains  an  excess 
of  phosphatic  salts,  and  deposits  a  white 
earthy  or  <-halky  powder.  Purpunc  urme 
deposits  a  hiteritious  sediment.  Albuminous 
urine  deposits  albumen;  sometimes  {*»•" 
unimportant,  but  at  others  a  very  formidable 
disease.  [ALBOMINURIA.]  Saccharine  urme 
Is  »n  attendant  on  diabetes  (q.v.). 

8.  Physial. :  The  mechanism  by  which  the 
urine  is  secreted  is  apparently  of  a  double 
kind  •  (1)  uriniferous  tubules,  which  seem  to 
be  actively  secreting  structures,  and  (2)  the 
Malpighian  capsules,  which  appear  to  act 
rather  as  a  filtering  apparatus. 

•tir'-ine.  v.i.  [Fr.  uriner;  Sp.  urinar.]  To 
pass  mine;  to  make  water.  (Bacon:  Nat. 
Jjisf.,  §  835.) 

tfr-in-if-er-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  urina  =  urine, 
and  Jen  =  to  hear.)  Bearing  or  affording  pas- 
gage  to  urine. 

nrlniferous-tubes,  i.  pi. 

A  not. :  Small  tubes  or  ducts  opening  on  the 
surface  of  the  several  papillae  into  the  interior 
of  the  calices  of  the  kidneys. 
fcr-in-ip'-ar-ons,  a.     [Lat.  urino  =  urine, 
and  pario  =  to  produce.) 

Aiiat    A  PhyM. :   Producing  or  secreting 
nrine.    Used  of  certain  tubes  in  the  cortical 
portion  of  the  kidney. 
UT-Jn-i-gSn'-I-tal,  a.    [UBOOENITAL.] 

iir-in-«m'-*-ter,  s.  [Lat  urina—  urine,  and 
Gr.  fiirpo»  (metron)  =  a  measure.] 

Physics:  An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
specific  -ravity  of  nrine.  It  is  constructed 
on  the  principle  of  the  hydrometer,  and  vari- 
ations in  the  density  of  nrine  as  detected  by 
it  are  of  great  importance  in  the  treatment  of 
disease. 

Hr'-In  oils,  *  iir-in-ose,  a.  [Eng.  «Hn(«)  ; 
-oiis  -use.]  Full  of  urine,  emanating  from,  im- 
pregnated with,  or  smelling  of  urine.  Used 
specially  of  an  odour  of  urine  in  the  breath, 
the  perspiration,  or  in  vomited  matter. 

"  Conveying  the  urinate  particles  to  the  pelrti  and 
tinten.'— &»> :  On  <««  CrtaHon.  pt.  U. 

iir  itha,  s.  pi.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  bind- 
ings of  a  hedge.  OP rov.) 


•  urle,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Sot. :  The  tare  (Kicta  KUiva). 

nrn.  *nrne,  s.     [Fr.  urne,  from  Lat   «rna; 
prob.  from  uro  =  to  burn,  urns  being  used  for 
containing  the  ashes  of  the  dead.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1    A  vessel,  enlarged  in  the  middle  and  pro- 
vided with  a  foot  or  pedestal ;  specifically,  a 
vessel  in  which  the  ashes  of  the  dead  were 
formerly  preserved  ;  a  cinerary  urn.   (Browne : 
Uydriotaphia,  ch.  iu.)    [UHS-BURIAL.) 

2.  A  vase  or   vessel,  for   holding  water  ; 
hence,  a  vessel  generally. 

"Ten  thousand  rivers  pour'd  at  bis  =')mm«5f___.  _ 
Prom  urni  that  never  fail.'     Oxal^r:  Sairmunt.  n. 

3.  The  same  as  TEA-CRN  (q.v.). 

4.  A  ballot-box. 

"The  Keartlonarles  broke  Into  the  votingJh aU; :  .  .  . 
duns  the  traditional  'urn'  out  of  the  irindow.  - 
OailH  Ttltfrapk.  May  I.  1888. 

•5.  A  place  of  burial ;  a  grave.    (Ft?.) 
"  Lay  these  bonee  in  an  unworthy  urn." 

ShaJuup-  •'  Benrg  Y..  L  2. 

•8.  A  Boman  measure  for  liquids,  contain- 
ing about  three  gallons.  One  urn  was  four 
times  the  congius  and  half  the  amphora. 

ft  Bat. :  The  spore-case  of  any  moss  belong 
Ing  to  the  Bryaceaj.  [URNMOSS.] 

*H  Inthturn:  Unknown,  undiscovered.  (A 
reference  to  the  urn  of  destiny  ;  cf.  Vvrg.  Mu. 
vi  482,  nor. :  Od.  III.  i.  10). 

"  A  large  part  of  the  earth  la  still  tn  <*«  »«s  to  ui" 
—Browne:  ffydrlotapMa,  ch.  L 

urn  burial,  i. 

"-"•-•"homas 


Browne  as  a  sub-title  to  his  HydriotapKia,  and 
employed  to  denote :  (1)  the  deposition  of  hu- 
man ashes  in  a  cinerary  urn  after  cremation  ; 
(2)  less  commonly,  actual  interment  of  a  corpse 
in  an  urn.  Both  methods  were  practised  by 
the  ancient  Greeks,  and  afterwards  spread 
westward.  The  »tfoc  (pitlws},  which  re- 
sembled in  size  and  shape  the  large  oil-jars 
of  southern  Europe,  was  used  as  an  urn  1 
contain  burnt  human  ashes;  and  two  si 
jars  placed  mouth  to  mouth  sometimes  served 
as  a  rude  coffin,  and  thus  arranged  they  are 
not  unfrequently  found  in  the  tombs  of  the 
Troad.  (Dennis :  Cities  *  Cemeteries  of  Etruna, 
vol.  i.,  p.  cvii.) 

•urn,  *nrne,  v.t.  [URN,  ».]  To  inclose  in 
or  as  in  an  urn.  [INUEN.] 

"  He  will  not  suffer  us  to  burn  their  bones. 
T«  urn  their  ashes."       Tun  KM*  Ktntme*.  L  1. 

•urn'-ai,  a.  [Eng.  urn;  -al.]  Pertaining  to, 
resembling,  or  done  by  means  of  an  urn  :  as, 
urnal  interment 

••  rm»l  Interments  and  burnt  relicks  lie  not  in 
fear  of  worms.--«roion« .  /fydriotopM".  ch.  III. 

urn'-fiU,  s.  [Eng.  urn,  ». ;  -/uJ(!)-]  As 
much  as  an  urn  will  hold. 

urn -moss,  s.    [Eng.  urn,  and  moss.] 
Bot.  (PI.) :  The  Bryacese.    (Lindley.) 

ur-nu-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from  vrna, 
=  an"  urn  (q.v.).] 

Zoo!  •  A  genus  of  Tentaculifera  Suctona. 
Animalcules  bearing  a  single  retractile,  simple 
or  sparsely-branched,  filiform  tentaculate  ap- 
pendage ;  excreting  and  inhabiting  a  mem 
branous  lorica.  They  multiply  by  the  pro 
duction  of  free-swimming  ciliated  embryos 
and  by  the  sub-division  of  the  entire  bod) 
mass  into  sporular  elements  There  is  bu 
one  species,  Vrnula  eputyMu,  which  live 
attached  to  the  branching  pedicle  of  bputylu 
plicatilis. 

tir-d-.pre/.  [Or.  oipi(o»ro)  =  atail.]  Tailed 
having  a  tail  or  a  tail-like  process  or  processes 

iir-o-a'-S-tiis,  s.  [Pref.  uro-,  and  Or.  acres 
(aetos)  =  an  eagle.] 

Ornitn. :  A  genus  of  Aquilinee,  with  one 
species  from  Australia  and  Tasmania. 

iir-i-cen'-trilin,  a.     [Pref.  «ro-,  and  Lat 

centrum  =  a  sharp  point] 

Zool.  •  A  genus  of  Peritriehous  Infusoria, 
family  Gyrocoridae,  with  one  species,  rjrocea- 
trum  turbo,  from  salt  and  fresh  water.  Free- 
swimming,  ovate  or  pyriform,  persistent ; 
body  with  one  or  two  circular  girdles  of  cilia , 
a  caudal  appendage  produced  from  the  pos- 
terior region  ;  endoplaat  and  contractile  vesicle 
conspicuously  developed. 
ur-o-9er--I-da»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat«rocer(us); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -itte.) 

Entom. :  Tailed-wasps  ;  a  family  of  Phyto- 
Dhaita.  Antennae  filiform,  of  uniform  thick- 
ness, having  from  eleven  to  twenty -four 
joints  middle  lobe  of  the  mesonotnm  reach- 
ing to  the  scutellnm,  and  separated  from  it 
by  a  transverse  line ;  abdomen  elongated, 
usually  nearly  cylindrical,  of  nine  segments  ; 
ovipositor  long;  tibte  with  only  a  single 
spine  at  the  apex  ;  larva?  like  those  of  beetles, 
with  six  thoracic  legs,  often  rudimentary, 
and  generally  no  prolegs.  The  species,  which 
are  chiefly  from  Europe  and  North  America, 
are  not  numerous.  Called  also  Sincidne. 

[SiREX.] 


present,  may  be  regarded  as  having  a  distinel 
locomotory  function. 

fir-o-oor'-d^-aus,  s.    [Pref.  uro-,  and  Or. 
KopSiiAr]  (kordule)  =  a  club,  a  cudgel.] 

Palteont. :  A  genus  of  Laliyrintliodonta. 
Skull  triangular,  truncated  behind,  with  a 
rounded  snout ;  teeth  small,  slightly  curved  ; 
ventral  armour  consisting  of  scutes  in  a 
chevron  pattern,  reversed  behind.  From  the 
British  Coal-measures. 

iir-o-or^p'-tus,  «.      [Pref.  uro-,  and  Gr. 
KpvirTO!  (kruptos)  =  hidden.) 

Zoo!. :  A  genus  of  Bats,  now  merged  in  Sae- 
copteryx  (q.v.). 

\  u-r&y-J-on,  «•    IP"*-  ur°--  and  Gr-  *"u* 


Zoo!. :  A  genus  of  Canida,  with  two  species  : 
Vrocyon  virginianvs  (toe  Gray  Fox)  from 
the  Atlantic  States,  and  U.  IMorald  (the  Coast 
Fox)  from  California.  (Gray :  Proc.  /oo..  ioc., 
1868.) 

iir-o-de'-la,  >.  pi.    [Pref.  uro-,  and  Gr. 
(delos)  =  visible,  manifest] 

1  Zooi. :  A  division  of  Huxley's  Amphibians, 
often  called  Tailed  Amphibians,  from  the  fact 
that  the  larval  tail  persists  in  adult  life.  The- 
skin  is  naked,  and  an  exoskeleton  is  rarely  pre- 
sent. The  body  is  elongated  posteriorly  to  form, 
a  compressed  or  cylindrical  tail ;  dorsal  verte- 
brae biconcave,  or  concave  behind  and  convex 
in  front,  ribs  short  and  attached  to  the  trans- 
verse processes.  The  radius  and  ulna  in  the- 
fore  limb,  and  the  tibia  and  fibula  iu  the  hind 
limb,  do  not  grow  together  so  as  to  form  a 
single  bone.  Most  of  them  have  the  four 
limbo  well  developed,  but  in  some  the  posterior 
limbs  are  wanting.  The  Urodela  are  divided, 
into  two  sub-orders,  Salamaudrinae  and  Ich- 
thyoidea. 

2.  Paitemt.  :  From  the  Permian  onward. 
[SALAMANDER.] 

U-rod'-e-lan,  ».    [Mod.  Lat.  wrodeHa.);  Eng. 
suff.  -an.JAny  individual  of  the  Urodel» 

(q.v.X 

"  The  former  ...  Is  believed  by  Ua  discoverer  to  b» 
a  urodtlan.-— X idWum :  Palvant..  It  OT. 

ir'-o-dele, a.  its.    [URODELA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Urodela. 

••  The  world's  surface  may  be  divided,  according  to- 
lt»  Urodel*  population.  Into  turee  regions.  -Xitart . 
T».  Cm«mo«  frot.  p.  «. 

B  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Uro- 
dela (q.v.). 

"The  largest  ralsting  <Tr«U't.  .  •  J«  tmai  to 
Japan.  •— JfiVart  :  r»«  Common  Frog,  p.  «. 


>,  and  Gr.  xepac 

(keras)  =  a  horn.] 
Bntom. :  An  old  synonym  of  Sirex  (q.v.) 

urT-6-chord,  a.  [UROCHORDATA.]  Any  indi 
vidual  of  the  Urochordata  (q.v.). 

'•  Amnhloxus  baa  no  external  skeleton,  nor  havi 
tho^XJSord.t"t  are  tailed  through  UIe.--«di 
Camp.  Anat.,  p.  S13. 

gr-O-obor-da'-ta,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  fron 
Gr  oip«  (ouro)  =  the  tail,  and  x"P*>?  (««««!« 
=  a  string,  here  =  the  notochord.) 

ZooJ. :  A  name  given  by  some  anthora  to  th 
Tunicata  (q.v.).    The  group  is  divided  into 
Perennichordata,  in  which  the  notochord 
found  in  the  tail  only,  and  is  retained  throup 
life-  and  (2)  Caducichordata,  in  which  th 
caudal  notochord  is  present  in  the  larva  onl 
or  is  never  developed.    The  notochord,  whe 


r--n-.-.       ----,    . 

[Formed  from  Bug.  urine,  and  genital]  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  urine  and  genital  products  ; 
chieflv  used  of  the  urogenital  or  urinogemtal 
passage,  of  which  the  male  urethra  is  an 
example. 


ur  6-gle  -na,  ».     fPref.  uro-,  and  Gr.  • 

(glini)  =  an'eyebalt) 

Zoo!  •  A  genus  of  Flagellata-Eustomata, 
family  'Chloromonadida?.  Animalcules  en- 
closed socially  within  a  sub-spheroidal  ma- 
trix •  flagella  two  ;  endoplasui  enclosing  two 
distinct  lateral  colour-bands,  and  usually  or 
or  more  eye-like  pigment-spots.  There  is  one 
species,  Uroglma  volwa,  from  pond  water, 
formerly  regarded  as  an  imperfect  or  transi- 
tional form  of  Volvox  (q.v.). 

iir-6-»m'-nfi8,   s.      [Pref.    uro-,   and   Or. 
YU/»K>!  (gumnos)  =  naked,  unarmed.  1 

Ichthy  •  A  genus  of  Trygonidse  (q.v.).  Tail 
lone  flnless  and  unarmed  with  spines  ;  body 
thickly  covered  with  bony  tubercles  ;  teeth 
Battened.  Uroffymnm  cuperrimus,  about  four 
or  five  feet  long,  from  the  Indian  Ocean,  is 
the  only  species.  Its  skin  is  used  for  cover- 
ing shields  and  the  handles  of  swords  an* 
other  weapons,  its  rough  surface  affording  « 
firm  grip  to  the  hand. 

iir-4-l8p'-tiis,  «.    [Pref.  uro-,  and  Gr.  X^irroe 

(llptos)  =  peeled.] 

Zoo!.  :  A  genus  of  Oxytrichidffi,  with  seven 
species,  all  from  fresh  water.  Animalcules 
free-swimming,  elongate,  highly  elastic,  but 
maintaining  the  same  general  contour;  pos- 
terior extremity  usually  produced  in  an  at- 
tenuate tail-like  manner  ;  ventral  surface 
with  three  or  four  anterior  or  from  'ie», 
and  usually  two  lines  of  »et«. 


6016 


urology — ursidse 


»j-r8l'-d-gy,  ur-on-6T-6-gy,  s.  [Gr.  Oup0v 
(ouron)  =  urine,  and  Aoyot  (logos)  =  a  word  a 
discourse.] 

Mud. :  That  branch  of  medicine  which 
treats  of  urine. 

n-rol'-o-phus,  s.     [Pref.  wo-,  and  Gr.  AoAos 

(lophos)  =  a  crest.) 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Trygonidse,  with  seven 
small  species  from  tropical  seas.  Tail  of  mo- 
derate length,  with  a  distinct  rayed  terminal 
fin,  armed  with  a  barbed  spine ;  rudimentary 
dorsal  sometimes  present. 

iir-i-mas'-tix,   *.      [Pref.   uro-,   and  Gr 
(loTTif  (masta)  =a  whip.] 

ZooL:  Thorn-tailed  Agamas ;  a  genus  of 
Agaimdas,  with  flve  species,  fronrthe  south  of 
Russia,  northern  Africa,  and  Central  India. 
Body  covered  with  small  scales ;  tail  with 
rings  of  large  spiny  scales. 

iir-o-ne'-ma,  s.    [URONEMUS.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Pleuronemidie  (q.v.),  with 
one  species,  Uronemamarinum,  from  vegetable 
infusions  in  salt  and  fresh  water.  Animalcules 
free-swimming,  oval  or  elongate,  persistent  in 
shape ;  oral  aperture  ventral ;  body  ciliated 
setae  at  posterior  extremity. 

ur-d-ne'-mus,  s.     [Pref.  uro-,  and  Gr.  rt^a 
(nima)  =  a  thread.]    [PHANEROPLEDRON.] 

•  iir-o-nyc'-ter-ls,  ».    [Pref.  uro-.  and  Gr 
tvmpi;  (nukteris)  =  a  bat] 

Zool. :  A  genus  or  section  of  Bats,  erected 
by  Gray  (Proc.  Zool.  Sac.,  1862,  p.  262)  fir 
uynopterus  ulbiventer,  which  is  now  merged 
in  Harpyia,  under  the  name  of  H.  cephalotes. 


Judgment  of  diseases    by  inspection  of  the 
urme  of  the  patient.     [  URINALIST.  ] 

"In  thia  work,  attempts  will  exceed  performances- 
It  being  cuuiu-sed  by  snatches  of  time,  «.  lueuicai 


.--«    •      •          o-     <••  »">- 
peU(u);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zaol. :  Rough-tail  Snakes,  Rough-tailed 
Bum-owing  Snakes;  a  family  of  Innocuous 
Colubnform  Snakes,  with  flve  genera  and 
eighteen  species,  strictly  confined  to  Ceylon 
and  the  adjacent  parts  of  southern  India- 
Body  cylindrical,  head  sharp  and  pointed  tail 
short  and  truncated,  with  a  naked  terminal 
plate,  which  is  sometimes  replaced  by  keeled 
scales  ;  teeth  in  both  jaws.  They  sometimes 
burrow  to  a  distance  of  four  feet  below  the 
surface. 


-.  -ur-"^  *•     [Pref-  VTO-I  and  Or. 
(pelte)  =  a  shield.) 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Uropeltidas,  with 
one  species,  from  Ceylon. 

f  ur-o-plan'-l-a,  ».  [Gr.  oZpo^(ouro»)  =  nrine, 
and  irAoitj  (plane)  =  a  wandering ;  Fr.  uro- 

PathoL :  The  transport  of  urine  to  some 
part  of  the  body  where  Its  presence  is  ab- 
normal. 

9-rop-A-da,  t.     [Pref.  «ro-,  and  Gr.  «vs 
(pous\  genit.  irotot  (podaa)  =  a  foot.] 

ZooL:  A  genus  of  Gamasidaj.  Palpi  and 
rostrum  inferior;  dorsal  shield  of  a  single 
broad  circular  or  oval  piece;  legs  nearly 
equal.  Urvpoda  vcgelaru  is  a  small  mite, 
parasitic  upon  beetles,  to  which  these  pests 
themselves  by  a  cord  believed  to  consist  of 
their  excrement. 

t>-rSp'-«fle,  i.    [UROPSILOS.]   Any  individual 
of  the  genus  Uropsilus  (q.v.). 

g-rop'-sl-lti»,  «.     [Pref.  uro-,  and  Or. 
(psilos)  =  Stripped  of  hair,  bare.] 

Zool. •  A  genus  of  Mygalidas,  closely  allied 
to  the  Shrews.  [SHREW-TOOTED  UHOPSILE.] 


--,  a.  (UROPYOIOX.)  Of.  be- 
longing to,  or  connected  with  the  nropygium. 
Specifically  applied  to  a  peculiar  sebaceous 
gland  developed  in  many  birds  in  the  skin 
covering  the  coccyx.  It  secretes  an  oily  fluid 
which  the  bird  spreads  over  its  feathers  by 
the  operation  of  preening.  The  fluid  passes 
out  by  one  or  two  apertures,  commonly 
ajtuated  upon  an  elevation,  which  may  or  may 
not  be  covered  with  feathers. 


--,    .     [Or.  'appoirfyiov  (OTTO- 
puyan)=  the  rump  of  birds  in  which  the  tail- 


AnaL  :  The  coccyx  (q.v.). 

9-r8»'-«4-p#  «.    [Qr.  oSpov  (ourm)  =  nrine, 
and  arxatta  (skopeff)  =  to  see,  to  observe.)  Th« 


-r .  s-     [Pref.   uro-,  and  Gr.  aitnv 

wMn)  =  a  wedge.) 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Fistulariidas,  from  the 
Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca.  The  cylindrical 
body  terminates  in  a  large  wedge-shaped  fin 
whence  the  generic  name. 

iir-6-stIo  -te,  «.    [Pref.  uro-,  and  Gr.  (rr.^s 

(stiktos)  =  spotted,  dappled.] 

OrnitK.  :  A  genus  of  Trochilida,  with  two 
species,  from  Ecuador.  Bill  straight  and 
longer  than  the  head  ;  nostrils  not  covered 
f»  It  j1  •  Win8s  pointed  ;  tail  slight, 

iir-d-sty'-la,  s.    [Pref.  uro-,  and  Gr.  orvAot 

(stiuos)  =  a  pillar.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Oxytrichidse,  with  four 
species  from  fresh  water.  They  have  the 
general  character  of  the  family,  but  the  ventral 
setae  are  developed  in  great  abundance. 

n-rot'-rlcll-fi8,  s.  [Pref.  uro-,  and  Gr.  Bait 
(Winx),  genit.  rpixos  (trichos)  =  hair.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Mygalida;,  intermediate 
between  the  Desmans  and  the  Moles,  and 
agreeing  with  the  Shrews  in  having  only  two 
incisors  in  the  lower  jaw.  Nose  elongated 
into  a  snout,  with  nostrils  at  tip  ;  tail  stout 
covered  with  long  hairs.  Two  or  three  species' 
from  Japan  and  North  America. 

*  iir'-dx,  t.    (AUROCHS.) 

UT-Sx-an'-Io,  o.  [Eng.  ur(ic);  (alQoxan, 
and  suff.  -tc.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
uric  acid  and  alloxan. 

uroxanic  acid,  ». 

Chem.  :  C,sN4H10Ofr  A  dibasic  acid  ob- 
tained by  boiltog  uric  acid  with  strong  potash 
ley,  allowing  the  solution  to  remain  in  con- 
tact with  the  air  for  several  months,  and 
decomposing  the  resulting  salt  with  hydro- 
chloric or  sulphuric  acid.  It  crystallizes  in 
colourless,  transparent  tetrahedrons,  slightly 
soluble  in  cold  water,  insoluble  in  alcohol 
On  boiling  with  water  it  is  decomposed,  car- 
bonic anhydride  being  given  off. 

uroxanic  anhydride,  .-•. 

Chem. :  C5N4H8O5.  Uroxil,  Uroxyl.  A  yel- 
lowish hygroscopic  substance  obtained  by 
heating  uroxanic  acid  at  130°,  till  the  weight 
of  the  residue  becomes  constant. 


•  T, ,1.  «•     [Eng.    urox(anic); 

-"I  -»'•!       [UROXANIC-ANHVDRIDE.] 

U-rox'-in,   «.    [Eng.  urox(anic);   -in.]     [AL- 

LOXASTIN.) 

fif -pgth-ite,  ».  [After  the  Urpeth  Colliery, 
where  found  ;  suft  -ite  (Min.) .] 

Min. :  A  member  of  the  Paraffin  group  of 
hydrocarbons ;  soft,  like  tallow ;  sp  er 
•8?5  ;Jc<50?r'  yellowish-brown.  An  analylis 
yielded  Johnson  :  carbon,  85-83 ;  hydrogen, 
I*'1' =  lO*.  Separated  from  the  ozocerite  of 
the  Urpeth  Colliery  by  its  ready  solubility  in 
cold  ether. 

fir;-rjf,  ».  [Cf.  Gael.  utrtacA  =  mould,  dust  1 
A  sort  of  blue  or  black  clay,  lying  near  a  vein 
or  co&i.  \PTOV.) 


It  is  much  like  a  plough,  and  is  often  called 
the  Plough,  the  rectangle  constituting  ita 
body  and  the  three  projecting  stars  its  handle. 
To  other  mmds  it  suggests  a  veliicle,  whence 
it  has  been  called  the  Car  of  David  and  verv 
commonly  in  England  Charles's  Wain  or 
Waggon.  The  four  stars  standing  together 
are  the  wheels,  and  the  three  behind  arc  the 
shaft.  Another  name  is  the  Dipper  But 
astronomers  cling  to  the  old  classical  concep- 
tion of  a  bear,  of  which  the  four  stars,  «,  a  „  4 
UTS*  Maions,  are  the  hind  quarter,  and  the 
three  the  tail.  The  remaining  portions  of  the 
aimnal  are  marked  out  by  sundry  small  star, 
of  the  third  and  fourth  magnitude  The  Bear 
was  supposed  to  require  "a  w:u-d  or  keener 
[ARCTfRfs.J  The  Arabs  gave  the  seven  con- 


URSA    MAJOR    AND    URSA    MINOK. 
(The  Great  Bear  and  the  Little  Bear.) 

apicnous  stars  names,  some  of  which  are  still 
in  use.  They  are  called  a  Ursa?  Majoris  or 
?S5f  ;  ^' Merak  :  Y,  Phecda  ;  a,  Megrez  ;  ,, 
Alioth  ;  (  Mizar  ;  and  r,,  Alcaid,  or  Benetnasch. 
The  first  two  are  called  Pointers,  because  a  line 
drawn  from  B  through  a,  and  coi.tinued  for 
about  flve  times  as  far  as  the  distance  be- 
tween them  will  reach  the  pole-star  Ursa 
Major  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Draco  and 
Camelopardalis,  on  the  south  by  Leo  Minor 
on  the  east  by  Canes  Venatici,  and  on  the 
west  by  Lynx  and  Camelopardalis.  It  is  too 
near  the  pole  ever  to  set  in  the  latitude  of 
London ;  in  its  revolutions  it  turns  over 
but  never  disappears.  At  11  p.m.  in  the 
month  of  April  it  is  directly  overhead  ;  at  the 
same  hour  in  September  it  is  in  the  north  and 
low  down  ;  in  July  it  is  in  the  west;  and  at 
Christmas  in  the  east.  Of  the  seven  stars 
six  are  of  the  second  magnitude,  the  remaining 
one  ({)  being  at  present  between  the  third 
nnd  fourth  ma, — :1— J-  "'  '"  -  -  -- 


Mizar  (f)  is  a  double 
show  that    the 


er      g  a    lue  »rbl«kclay. 
et  near  the  col,  commonly  called  urrf.  which 
'  "d  5  J«1P"P"  'or  hot  Und,,  £ 
grouua.  —  Mortimer :  Hutbandry. 


Astron. :  The  Bear;  the  first  word  in  the 
name  of  two  constellations. 

Ursa  Major,  >. 

Astron. :  The  Great  Bear.  The  most  con- 
spicuous of  the  twenty  ancient  northern  con- 
stellations, its  seven  leading  stars  attracting 
notice  all  the  more  conspicuously  that  there  is 
*  certain  absence  of  visible  heavenly  bodies  in 
the  adjacent  parts  of  the  sky.  The  Semitic 
conception  of  the  constellation  was  that  it  re- 
sembled a  bier  with  mourners  walking  behind 
[ARCTURDS,  BENETNASCH],  and  it  has  some- 
times been  called  specifically  Lazarus's  bier, 
the  four  stars  constituting  a  four-sided  figure 
being  the  bier  and  the  other  three,  Mary 
Martha,  and  Mary  Magdalene,  the  mourners! 


— 0  jitude. , 

star.  Powerful  telescopes  s,,u»  ulau  ,,,,„ 
ureat  Bear  is  made  up  of  many  th"<isand 
other  stars. 

Ursa  Minor,  s. 

Aslrm. :  The  Little  Bear  ;  one  of  tne  twenty 
ancient  northern  constellations,  bounded  by 
Draco,  Camelopardalis,  Cassiopeia  and  Per- 
seus. Its  contour  is  marked  out  by  seven 
stars.  The  curvature  of  the  tail  is  in  the 
contrary  direction  to  that  of  the  Great  Bear  • 
and  at  its  tip  is  a  star  of  the  second  magni- 
tude, a  Ursa:  Minoris,  called  Polaris,  or  the 
Pole  Star  (q.v.),  midway  between  Cassiopeia 
and  the  Great  Bear.  Next  in  brightness  are 
ft  Ursae  Minoris,  called  by  the  Arabs  Kokab, 
and  y  Ursa;  Minoris.  The  two  are  sometimes 
designated  the  Guards  of  the  Pole,  or  simply 
the  Guards.  Kokab  is  of  the  second,  and  the 
other  of  the  third.  The  remaining  stars  an 
smaller. 

ur--Bal,  s.    [URSTO.] 

ZooL :  The  Ursine-seal.    (Annandale.) 

UT-ri-dw,    <r.  pi.      [Mod.  Lat.  urn(ui);  Lit. 
Tern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idoj.) 

1.  Zool. :  Bears  ;  a  family  of  the  Carnivorm, 
group  Arctoidea  or,  in  older  classifications 
Plantigrada  (q.v.).  Claws,  five  on  each  foot, 
large,  strong,  and  curved,  non- retractile: 
tongue  smooth  ;  ears  small,  erect,  and 
rounded ;  tail  short ;  nose  forming  a  mov- 
able truncated  snout ;  cii-cuni  absent.  Though 
ranged  with  the  Carnivora,  many  of  the  Ur- 
sidse  live  entirely  or  partially  on  vegetable 
diet,  and  their  teeth  are  modified  accordingly 
They  are  widely  distributed,  but  are  entirely 
absent  from  the  Australian  and  Ethiopian 
regions,  and  only  one  species,  Ursvs  (or  Trem- 
arrtos)  ornatus,  from  the  Andes  of  Peru  and 
Chili.  Wallace  reckons  fifteen  species,  which 
have  been  grouped  into  as  many  as  five  genera 
(Ursus,  Thalassarctos,  Helarctos,  Melursua 
or  Prochilus,  and  Tremarctos) ;  Mivart  (Proa. 


.  thfire;  pine,  pit,  «re,  «r.  m.iriae;  «* 
.  ce  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qr,  = 


ursiform— urusite 


5017 


Zool  Sac.,  1885,  p.  395)  makes  two  genera 
(Ursus  and  Melursus) ;  and  Prof.  Flown 
(Encyc.  Brit.,  ed.  9th,  art.  Mammalia)  in- 
cludes Ailuropus,  an  annectant  form  connect- 
ing Ursus  with  Ailurus  (q.v.). 

2.  Pateont.:  The  family  appears  first  in 
the  Miocene. 

fir '-si-form,  a.  [Lat.  ursi«  =  a  bear,  and 
far:,M  =  form.]  Having  the  form  or  shape  of 
a  bear  ;  resembling  a  bear. 

ur-sine.  a.  [Lat.  ursinta,  from  ursw  =  a 
bear.]  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling  a  bear. 

ursine  dasyure,  s. 

Zool. :  Dast/urus  ursinus,  the  Native  or  Tas- 
manian  Devil.  In  outward  appearance  it 
somewhat  resembles  a  small  bear  with  a  long 
tail  ;  the  body  is  about  two  feet  in  length ; 
general  onlnnr,  •  brownish-black,  with  a  broad 
white  baud  across  the  chest,  and  another 


UBSINE- DASYURE. 


over  the  back  close  to  the  tail.  They  com- 
mit great  havoc  among  sheep  and  poultry, 
and  are  a  match  for  an  ordinary  dog.  In 
confinement  they  appear  to  be  untameably 
savage.  They  are  true  Marsupials,  and  have 
the  jaw  inflected,  but  in  dental  characters 
and  in  general  habits  they  resemble  the  Car- 
ni  von.  Found  only  in  Tasmania. 

ursine  howler,    . 

Zool.:  Mycetea  ursinus,  a  large  monkey  from 
South  America.  The  body  is  about  three  feet 
loiij;,  and  the  tail  slightly  longer;  colour, 
rich  reddish-brown. 

ursine-seal,  ».    [NORTHERN  FTJR-SEAL.] 

fir  si-tax  -us,   «.     [Mod.    Lat.  urtut,   and 
bums  (q.v.).] 

Poloxnt. :  A  genus  of  Melidne,  allied  to 
Mellivora  (q.v.),  from  the  Sivalik  Hills.  [81- 

VALIK-STRATA.] 

fir  -son,  »•    [Prob- trom  Lat-  UTnw  (l-T*] 

Zool. :  Erythizon  dorsatum,  a  North  Ameri- 
can species  of  Tree-porcupine.  When  full- 
gmwn  it  is  about  two  feet  long,  covered  with 
w.i. illy  hair  mixed  with  long,  coarse,  dark- 
brown  hair,  with  white  or  yellowish  points. 
It  is  distributed  almost  universally  over  the 
Eastern  United  States,  and  north  through 
Canada  till  the  limit  of  the  trees  is  reached. 
Called  also  the  Canadian  Porcupine. 

fir  -snne,  ».    [Mod.  Lat  (Antostaphylos  uva-) 
«rs(i);  -one  (CTiem.).] 

Uhm. :  C10H16O  (?).  A  resinous  body,  ob- 
tained by  treating  the  leaves  of  the  red  bear- 
berry  (Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi)  with  ether  in 
a  displacement  apparatus,  and  purifying  by 
crj  stallization  from  alcohol.  It  forms  slender, 
colourless  needles,  having  a  silky  lustre, 
tasteless,  inodorous,  insoluble  in  water, 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  190°  to 
200°,  and  solidifies  again  in  the  crystalline 
form  on  cooling. 

Cr'-su-line,  a.  &  s.  [Named  after  8t  Ursula, 
a  famous  British  virgin  and  martyr,  who  is 
said  to  have  suffered  at  Cologne,  with  11,000 
companions,  in  the  fourth  century.  The 
enormous  number  of  St.  Ursula's  companions 
has  been  since  explained  as  originating  in  a 
mistake  of  the  early  copyists,  who  found 
mine  such  entry  as—"  Ursula,  et  xi.  M.  V., 
which  (taking  M  for  millia)  they  read  as 
"  Ursula  and  11,000  virgins,"  instead  of  "  Ur- 
•nla  and  eleven  martyr  virgins."  (Smith: 
Christ.  Biog.,  iv.  1071.)] 
Church  Hitlary : 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  congre- 
gations described  under  B. 

••  In  the  Milanese  alone  there  were  eighteen  Prtu- 
line  houses  at  the  death  of  St.  Charles.  —  Adtlu  * 
Arnold :  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  827. 

B.  As  subst.  (PL):  An  order  of  nuns  devel- 
oped from  a  society  founded  by  St.  Angela 


I  Merici  of  Brescia  (1470-1540)  in  1537,  under 
the  Invocation  of  St.  Ursula  (see  etym).  The 
objects  of  the  institution  were,  nursing  the 
sick,  the  education  of  girls,  and  the  sanctitt- 
cation  of  the  lives  of  the  members  ;  and  the 
foundation  was  confirmed  by  Pope  Paul  III. 
in  1544.  Till  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth 
century  the  vows  were  simple,  but  in  1612  a 
bull  was  obtained  from  Pope  Paul  V.,  making 
the  congregation  a  religious  order,  with  strict 
enclosure  and  solemn  vows,  a  fourth— that  ot 
instructing  the  young-being  added  to  the 
usual  three.  Sim-e  that  time  several  distinct 
congregations  have  been  formed. 

ur'-sus,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  bear.) 

1  Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Ursidse  (q.v.), 
with  the  range  of  the  family.  Dental  formula, 
l  3  c  t,  PM.  },  M.  j.  Milk  teeth  comparatively 
small,"  and  shed  at  an  early  age  ;  body  heavy  ; 
feet  broad,  and  completely  plantigrade;  the 
five  toes  on  each  foot  all  well  developed,  and 
armed  with  long,  cqmpressed,  moderately- 
curved,  non-retractile  claws  ;  palms  and  soles 
naked  ;  tail  very  short ;  ears  moderate,  erect, 
rounded,  hairy ;  fur  generally  long,  soft,  and 
shaggy.  Prof.  Flower  groups  the  species  m 
the  following  sections : 

(1)  Thalassarctos.      Head    comparatively 
small,  molar  teeth  small  and  narrow,  soles 
more    covered   with  hair  than  in  the  other 
sections.      Urtia    maritimus,   the    Polar    or 
White  Bear. 

(2)  Ursus  proper;  U.  arctot,  the  Common 
Brown  Bear  of  Europe  and  Asia,  is  regarded 
by   some    naturalists   as   identical    with    the 
American  Black  Bear  (V.  ammauuu).     The 
Grizzly  Bear  of  the  Western  States  (  U.  korribilu 
orferox)  is  one  of  the  largest,  and  the  strongest 
and  fiercest  of  the  family.    There  are  several 
species  in  Asia  which  are  perhaps  but  variations 
from  the  Black  or  Brown  Bear. 


(3)  Helarctos.  Head  short  and  broad, 
molars  comparatively  broad,  tongue  long  and 
extensile,  fur  short  and  smooth.  U.  malay- 
anus,  the  Malay  or  Sun  Bear. 

2.  Paloxnt. :  [BEAR  (1),  «.,  I.  1.  (2).] 

ur  -tl-oa,  s.  [Lat.  =  a  nettle,  a  stinging  nettle ; 
uro  =  to  burn.) 

Bot. :  Nettle ;  the  typical  genus  of  Urticaeeas 
(q  v  ).  Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  stinging 
hairs  and  a  tenacious  inner  bark.  Leaves 
opposite,  with  stinging  hairs;  calyi  four- 
partite;  males  with  four  stamens  and  the  rudi- 
ments of  an  ovary ;  females  with  a  subsessile, 
penicillate  stigma;  fruit  an  achene.  Known 
species  thirty-seven,  from  temperate  and  tropical 
climes.  Some  species  sting  strongly.  Urtica 
urmtimma,  called  in  Timor  the  Daoun  Setan 
(the  Devil's  Leaf)  is  said  by  the  natives  to  pro- 
duce effects  continuing  about  a  year,  or  even  to 
cause  death.  U.  (=  Laportea)  crmulata,  an  In- 
dian species,  is  also  formidable.  [LAPOHTEA.] 
V  stimulana  of  Java  is  less  violent.  The  fibres 
of  U.  tenocitsima,  called  in  Sumatra,  Caloose, 
can  be  manufactured  into  very  tough  cordage ; 
those  of  V.  cannabina  may  be  similarly  em- 
ployed. The  tubers  of  U.  tuberosa  are  eaten 
raw,  boiled,  or  roasted  by  the  natives  of  India. 
U  rimensis,  the  Sama  of  Abyssinia,  though 
acrid,  is  eaten  in  that  country.  The  leaves 
and  the  seeds  of  V.  membranacea,  an  Egyptian 

Slant  are  considered  emmenagogue  and  aphro- 
isiac.  Flogging  with  nettles  was  formerly 
practiced  for  arthritis  and  paralysis.  The 
old  U.  helerophylla.,  the  Neilgherry  Nettle,  is 
now  Girardinia  heterophylla.  [GlRAEDlNlA]. 
Australia  produces  a  tree  nettle  (U.  gigas) 
abundant  in  some  parts  of  New  South  Wales. 
Ordinarily  it  is  from  25  to  60  feet  high,  but 
sometimes  attains  the  imposing  proportions 
of  120  to  140  feet,  with  a  trunk  of  great  thick- 
ness, and  very  large  green  leaves,  which  sting 
violently  when  young.  Of  American  species 
may  be  named  V.  canadmK,  whose  fibre  is 
used  in  rope  making.  The  roots  of  some  species 
of  nettles,  boiled  with  alum,  yield  a  yellow  dye, 
and  a  green  dye  has  been  obtained  from  the 
juice  of  the  stalks  and  leaves. 

ur-tl-ca'-cS-SB,  *  ur-tlo'-S-re, «.  pi.  [Mod. 
Lat.  urtica) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*,  -octal, 
•eve.} 

Bot. :  Nettleworts  ;  an  order  of  Diclinous 
Exogens,  typical  of  the  alliance  Urticales. 
Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  never  milky,  Leaves 
alternate,  usually  covered  with  asperities  or 
stinging  hairs;  stipules  membranous,  often 
deciduous;  flowers  small,  green,  unisexual, 
scattered,  clustered,  in  catkins  or  in  close 


heads  ;  calyx  membranous,  persistent — in  the 
males  it  is  four  or  five-parted,  with  four  or 
five  stamens  inserted  into  its  base  opposite  to 
its  lobes  ;  females  with  a  tubular,  four  to  five- 
cleft  calyx,  three  to  five  staminodes,  the  style 
simple  or  wanting,  the  stigma  simple,  fringed, 
the  ovary  superior,  sessile,  one-celled,  with  a 
singleerectovule ;  thefruitasimpleimlehiscent 
nut  surrounded  by  the  calyx.  Nettlewortl 
are  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  flourish- 
ing both  in  hot  and  in  cold  countries,  and 
often  following  the  footsteps  of  man.  There  are 
ci^ht  tribes,  or  sub-onl.'is,  inclniling  Artocar- 
racew  (Bread-fniittroe).i  '.ninal>inac«B  (Hemp), 
M.iracoie  (Mulberry),  Ulmacen  (Kim),  Urtica- 
ce«o  (Nettle,  Fig,  4c.),  and  others  of  no  interest. 

ur-ti-ca  cc-ous  (or  ccous  as  gb.ua),  a. 
[UKTICACE/E.]  Having  the  character  of  a 
nettle  ;  belonging  to  the  Urticacese. 

ur'-tl-cal,  a.    [URTICALES.] 

Bot.  ;  Of  or  belonging  to  the  genus  Urtioa 
or  to  the  order  Urticacese.  (Lindley.) 

ur-ti-ca'-les,  «.  pi.  [Masc.  or  fern.  pi.  of 
Mod.  Lat.  urticalis.]  [UHTICA.] 

Bot. :  The  Urtical  Alliance  ;  Llndley's  nine- 
teenth alliance  of  Exogenous  plants.  Diclinous 
Exogens,  with  scattered  monochlamydeous 
flowers,  single  superior  carpels,  and  a  large 
embryo  lying  in  a  small  quantity  of  albumen. 
Orders  :  Stilaginacese,  Urticacete,  Ceratophyl- 
lacese,  Cannabinacete,  Moracese,  Artocarpacew, 
and  Platanacese. 

ur-tl-car'-I-a,  «.  [Fern,  of  Mod.  Lat.  urti- 
carius  =  stinging  like  a  nettle,  from  Lat  urtica 
(q.v.).] 

Pathol:  Nettle-rash;  a  non-contagious 
eruption  on  the  skin,  producing  prominent 
patches  or  wheals,  accompanied  by  great  heat 
and  itching.  It  may  be  acute  or  chronic, 
continuing  for  months  or  even  for  years.  It 
is  often  caused  by  derangement  of  the  diges- 
tive organs,  by  over  fatigue,  or  by  mental 
anxiety.  Steel,  cold  or  tepid  baths,  and  a 
simple  diet  will  often  do  it  good. 

•  ur'-ti-cate,  «.«.  or  t.    [UHTICA.) 

A.  Intrant. :  To  act  so  as  to  annoy  or  Irri- 
tate. 

"  He  not  only  urticalet,  he  hurt*."— Q.  A.  Oat*: 
America  RnMUd,  L  971. 

B.  Trans. :  To  annoy,  to  irritate. 

"  While  he  urtlcat*  yon.  he  uttert  a  low  crooning 
murmur."— S.  A.  Sola  :  America  Rwltited,  i.  370. 

ur'-tl-oat-Ing,  pr.  far.  or  a.  [DHTICATE.] 
Stinging  like  a  nettle ;  pertaining  to  Urtica- 
tion. 


urticating  -  cells,  ».  pi.  Thread-cells. 
[CNID*.] 

•  ur  ti  ca  -tlon,  «.  [Lat.  urtica  =  a  nettle.) 
The  stinging  of  nettles,  or  a  similar  stinging ; 
the  whipping  of  a  benumbed  or  paralytic 
limb  with  nettles  to  restore  its  feeling. 

"  The  sense  ot  actual  urticationl  and  violence).'— 
Bp.  Taylor :  Of  Rtpmtanot,  ch.  T. 

A-ru'-bu,  «.    [Native  name.] 

Ornith. :  Catharta  iota  (or  atrata),  from 
the  Southern  States  of  the  Union  and  Cen- 
tral South  America.  It  is  often  confounded 
with  the  Turkey-buzzard  (q.v.),  from  which, 
however,  it  may  be  readily  distinguished  by 
the  nbsence  of  the  ring  of  feathers  round  the 
throat.  General  colour  black  ;  head  and  naked 
part  of  neck  bluish-black  with  warts  and  a 
few  hair-like  feathers.  Called  also  Black 
Vulture  and  Zopilote. 

ur'-us,  s.    [Lat.    See  def.] 

Zool.  ct  Palaxmt. :  A  kind  of  ox,  the  Bot 
urui  of  Caesar  (Df  Bella  Gallico,  vi.  28),  now 
called  Bos  primigenius.  It  differs  from  the 
Aurochs  (q.v.)  in  its  larger  size,  the  double 
curvature  of  its  horns,  4c.  It  existed  from 
the  Pleistocene  almost  to  historic  times,  al- 
ways diminishing  in  size,  and  Prof.  Boyd 
Dawkins  thinks  it  may  not  be  specificallv 
distinct  from  Bos  tanrus.  (Quar.  Jour.  GeoL 
Sac.,  xxiii.  392-401.]  [Bos,  Ox,  BEEM.] 

"  It  proves  that  the  urul  was  living  in  Britain  at 
late  as  tlie  Bronze  Age."— Davkini :  Early  Man  «n 

Britain,  ch.  X. 

u  ru  shi,  s.  [See  def.]  The  Japanese  name 
of  the  varnish  or  lacquer  tree,  Shus  vernix,  or 
wrnteifera, 

ur'-tiB-tte,..  [After  the  Urns  plateau,  Tsche- 
leken  Island,  Caspian  Sea  ;  sun.  -ite  (Mi».).J 


.  ^ 

^;  poat,  J<S*l;  cat.  cell,  chorn*  chin,  benph;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  ?<»°phon. 
-tlan  =  snan.   -tlon.Ulon  =  shun;  -flon.  -6ion  =  zhun.    -oiou.,  -tlou..  -.Urns  =  shus.   -We. -die. 


ph  =  C 
bcLdcL 


6018 


nrva— use 


Mm. :  A  hydrated  sulphate  of  soda  and 
•esquioxide  of  iron,  probably  related  to  sidero- 
natnte  (q.v>,  hot  needing  further  examina- 
tion. 

iir'-va,  i.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  native  name.] 

loot,  :  Crab-Mungoos;  a  sub-genus  of  Her- 
pestes,  with  one  species,  Uroa  cancrivora,  from 
India.  It  is  nearly  three  feet  in  length  of 
which  the  tail  occupies  about  a  third.  A  nar- 
row stripe  of  white  hairs  runs  from  the 
ahouUers,  contrasting  very  decidedly  with 
the  grayish-brown  tint  of  the  fur  ;  there  are 
•ome  very  faintly  marked  darker  bars  on  the 
body,  and  the  tail  is  marked  with  three  or 
four  faint  transverse  bars;  feet  and  legs  of 
uniform  dark  tint.  Its 
habits  are  aquatic,  and  it 
feeds  on  frogs  and  crabs. 

Ul'-vant,  ur'-vgd,  a. 

[Etym.  doubtful.) 

Her. :  Turned  or  bowed 
upwards. 

fa-voer-tf-ite    (•> 

long),  s.  [After  Urvolgy,  OHVANT 

the  Hungarian  name  for 
Herrengrund,  where  found  ;  snff.  -tie  (J/in.).] 
Min.:  A  mineral  occurring  in  semi-spherical 
aggregations  of  thin  hexahedral  plates,  as. 
sociated  with  malachite  and  other  minerals  in 
a  conglomerate.  Hardness,  2'S;  sp.gr.  3-132' 
lustre,  vitreous  to  pearly;  colour,  shades 
of  emerald-  to  bluish-green.  Compos.  :  a 
hydrated  sulphate  of  copper  and  lime  but 
as  Dana  suggests,  it  "  needs  further  examina- 
tion on  the  chemical  side."  More  frequently 
known  under  the  name  of  Herrengrnndite. 

ur-zel'-la, «.  [West  African  native  name  of 
the  plant.] 

Bot.  &  Comm. :  SmxUa  fufiformis,  a  dye- 
lichen  exported  from  Western  Africa. 

US,  *  ous,  *  ows,  prm.  [A.8.  Us  (dat),  us, 
USK,  ussic  (accus.  pi.);  cr>gn.  with  Dnt  ons; 
Icel.  MB  (accus.  &  dat.);  Sw.  OM;  Dan  os  • 
Ger.  uns;  Goth,  uns,  unsis.]  The  plural  of 
the  tirst  personal  pronoun.  Used : 

(1)  As  the  accusative,  or  direct  object,  of  we. 

"  l«ad  ut  not  Into  temptation."— Matt.  vi.  la. 

(2)  As  the  dative,  or  indirect  object,  of  vie. 

"  Olve  m  this  day  our  dally  breed."- .s/aa.  vt  11. 

u?  a-ble,   "  use'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  tu(e); 
•able.}    Able  to  be  used  ;  fit  to  be  used. 

"  If  It  be  neither  uteakle  nor  beneficial!.  It  will  toon 
have  ending.-—  Time  I  Storehouse,  p.  TM, 

us -age  (age  as  ig),  s.    [Fr.] 

1.  The  mode  or  manner  of  using  or  treating  • 
treatment ;  an  act  or  series  of  actions  per- 
formed by  one  person  towards  another. 

•*  This  most  cruel  usage  of  your  queen  " 
'      «. .'  Winter  I  T  ~ 


pl 
lo 


aop..-          tsr'i  IVlift  it  1. 

2.  Custom  ;  practice  or  use  long  continued  : 
customary  way  of  acting. 

8t"ke*ley  of  London  .  .  .  wae  very  earnest  with 
him  tor  the  maga  at  the  church."  —  tXrtue:  KcOet. 
Mem.  (HU.  1538). 

3.  Established  or  customary  mode  of  em- 
loying some  particular  word  ;  current  use  or 

locution. 

"A  certain  community,  at  a  certain  time,  used  loch 
and  such  a  sign  thai  and  so;  and  hence,  by  tola  mid 
that  lucceealon  of  partly  traceable  historical  changes 

Tf,  TSJ^Xf  *f  come  *°  be  ""«'  "  ••••—  inSHji 

Ufe  t  QroHrtk  of  Language,  eh.  Till. 

*  4.  Manners,  behaviour. 

*"  £$  which  his  uncon  th  guise  and  utaoe  qnalnt 
The  Prince  did  wonder  much." 

Spetaer:  r.  Q.,  IV.  vli.  45. 

Tl  Usage  is  what  one  has  been  long  used 
to  do  ;  custom  is  what  one  generally  does  • 
prescription  is  what  one  is  prescribed  to  do. 
The  usage  acquires  force  and  sanction  by  dint 
of  time  ;  the  custom  acquires  sanction  by  the 
frequency  of  its  being  done  or  the  numbers 
doing  it  ;  the  prescription  acquires  force  by 
th«  authority  which  prescribe!  it  Custom 
vary  in  every  age,  utage  and  pracription 
•upply  the  place  of  written  law. 

•  us'  ag  er  (ag  as  ig),  «.    [Fr.] 

1.  One  who  has  the  use  of  anything  in  trust 
for  another.  (Daniel  :  Civil  Wan,  iii.) 

8.  ANonjnror(q.v.).  [NONJUBOB'S-UBAOES.] 
Uf  an?e,  «.  [Fr.) 

*L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Use,  nsage,  employment,  treatment. 

"This  discriminative  tuance  or  Banctlacatlon  at 
talog.  sacred.  --jr.*,  .•  Matrix.  p.  £** 


2.  Custom,  usage,  practice. 

"  It  waa  that  tyme  suche  usance." 

Bower  :  C.  A.,  Tt 

a  Usury;  interest  paid  for  the  loan  of 
money. 

"%£.£  «]£££•*""••  *od  br"'«'  *""" 

nlKiteili.  :  Merchant  of  Venice.  1  1. 

IX  Comm.  :  The  time  allowed  by  us;,i;c  and 
custom  for  the  payment  of  a  bill  of  exchange. 
Ine  length  of  usance  varies  greatly  in  ditfe- 
rent  countries  ;  long  usance  is  felt  to  be  very 
objectionable,  and  merchants  are  making 
efforts  to  reduce  usance  within  narrower 
limits.  In  England  usance  always  means  the 
usual  time,  and  must  not  be  confounded  with 
usury.  (Bithell.) 

*     '°-  *"•••]     Using,  accustomed, 

,  us'-beck,  ».  [See  def.]  A  member 
of  a  Turkish  or  Tartar  tribe  scattered  over 
Turkestan  in  Central  Asia. 

ii»e,  «  us,  s.    [Ft.  us  =  use,  usage,  from  Lat 
usum,  accus.  of  utus  =  use,  from  usus,  pa.  par 
of  u<or=to  use.] 
L  Ordinary  Laiiguagc  : 

1.  The  act  of  using  or  employing  anything 
for  any  purpose  ;  the  state  of  being  used  o? 
employed  ;  employment  in  or  conversion  to  a 
purpose,  especially  to  a  profitable  purpose  • 
application. 

"  I  know  not  what  use  to  pat  her  to." 

atateep.  .-  Cornea,  <tf  Ernn,  11L  s. 

2.  The  quality  which  makes  a  thing  useful 
or  proper  for  a  purpose  ;  usefulness,  utility 
service,  convenience,  advantage,  pront. 

"  God  made  two  jreat  lighta,  ereat  for  their  UK 
To  """>•  JllHon  :  F.  L.,  vli.  SM. 

3.  Present  possession  ;  usufruct.    [IL  8.] 

"  He  will  let  me  have  the  other  half  ia  tue 
To  render  It,  upon  hi.  death,  unto  the  gentleman." 
mtttftp,  :  Merchant  of  Fenfct,  IT.  1. 

4.  Occasion  or  need  for  employing  :  neces- 
sity, exigency,  need. 

"  Here  ttuotae  for  gold." 

SAafttf.  .•  rtmm,  IT.  a 

5.  Continued  or  repeated  practice  or  em- 
ployment;  usage,    custom,   practice,  wont; 
habitual  exercise. 

"  It  hath  not  been  my  MM  to  pray." 

<MerUfe  :  Paint  «f  Sleep. 

6.  Common  occurrence  ;   ordinary  expe- 
rience. 


•  *    /m»     ,  .-u*,mar,.I. 

w  7.  (.rl.)  :  Manners,  customs,  ways. 

"  Si"  T*"7'  "ff1"'  "*'•  •"*  "nprootable 
Seem  to  me  all  the  tuei  of  thii  world.' 

Skatotp..'  Samtel.lt. 

W8.  Interest  for  money  ;  usury. 

"The  Jews  were  forbidden  to  take  tue  one  of 
another;  but  they  were  not  forbidden  to  take  It  of 
other  natlons.--*Wni.  Tabte-Talt  ,  PturrT 

*9.  The  practical  application  of  doctrines  ; 
t  term  particularly  affected  by  the  Puritans 
and  consequently  ridiculed  by  the  dramatists. 

" 


Sen  Jeruon.'  Magnetic  Lady  iii  1. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Ecclfs.  d»  Church  Hist. :  The  different  cus- 
toms which  prevailed  in  different  dioceses  as 
to  ritual,  especially  in  the  celebration  of  mass. 
In  former  times  bishops  had  the  power  of 
making  changes  in  the  liturgy,  and  these  cus- 
toms or  uses  in  time  took  the  name  of  the  dio- 
cese where  each  prevailed.  [SARUM-USE.]  At 
the  present  day,  in  Ritualistic  churches,  where 
the  seasons  are  marked  by  the  use  of  different 
colours,  some  follow  the  Roman,  others  the 
Sarnm  use. 

HlvAlid  'DCT"V  heretofore  there  hath  been  great 
diversity  in  Mymg  and  Mugiug  in  churches  within 
this  Bealm ;  some  following  Salisbury  toe,  some  HenS 
ford  use.  and  some  the  use  of  Banger  some  of York? 
some  of  Lincoln  ;  now  henceforth  all  the  whole  realm 
shall  have  but  one  iu«.-_Soot  of  Common  PrLe?. 
(Prat ;  Concerning  the  Service  of  the  Church.) 

2.  Forging :  A  slab  of  iron  welded  to  the 
side  of  a  bar  near  the  end,  to  be  drawn  down 
by  the  hammer  in  prolongation  of  the  length 
of  the  bar.    One  mode  of  building  up  heavy 
shafts  for  paddle-wheels,  i  c. 

3.  Law:  The  benefit  or  profit  of  lands  and 
tenements  that  are  in  the  possession  of  another, 
who  simply  holds  them  for  a  beneficiary    He 
to  whose  use  or  benefit  the  trust  is  intended 
enjoys  the  profits,  and  is  called  the  cestui  mte 
use.    The  term  trust  is  now  commonly  used  to 
denote  the  kind  of  estate  formerly  signified 
by  use.    [TRUST,  ».,  II.)    Uses  apply  only  to 


land  of  inheritance  ;  no  we  can  subsist  of 
leasehold. 

vtfi(1)  ^"f  0/  ^ff  i  The  ^tute  27  Henry 
VIII  c.  10,  also  called,  in  conveyances  and 
pleadings,  the  statute  "for  transferring  uses 
into  possession."  The  statute  thus  necutea 
the  use,  as  our  lawyers  term  it  ;  that  is  it  con- 
veys the  possession  to  the  use,  and  transfers  the 
use  into  possession  ;  thereby  making  cestui 
qt'e  ti«  complete  owner  of  the  lands  and  tene- 
ments, as  well  at  law  as  in  equity.  (English.) 

(2)  Contingent  toe  :  [CONTINGENT]. 

(3)  Executed  use  :  (EXECUTED). 

m*\F'v'l{'  **"  The  8*me  **  CoBTINGEST 

(5)  Resulting  tut:  [REsui/ntro]. 

(6)  Secondary,  or   Rifling   me  :  That  use 
which,   though  executed,    may  change  from 
one  to  another  by  circumstances. 

n  W  Springing  use  :  The  same  as  CoNrreaENT 

(8)  Use  and  occupation  :  The  form  of  word» 
usual  in  pleadings  in  an  action  for  rent  against 
a  person  who  has  held  and  enjoyed  lands  not 
under  a  written  deed. 

*  (9)  Use  and  wont  :  Common  or  customary 
practice.  (Tennyson  :  In  ilemoriam,  xxix  11.1 

*(10)  In  use: 

(o)  In  employment  ;  being  employed:  as. 
The  book  is  in  use. 

(ft)  In  customary  practice,  observance,  or 
employment  :  as,  Such  rites  are  still  in  use. 

(11)  To  Aaue  no  use  for:  Not  to  need  ;  not 
to  be  able  to  make  profitable  or  advantageous 

(12)  To  make  use  of:  To  employ  profitably 
or  to  a  good  purpose. 

"  *!*«!««  o/  time." 

Aotalp  ;  remixt  Aianlt,  la 

nje,  ».«.  &  «.  [Fr.  user,  from  Low  Lat.  KM, 
from  Lat.  vsus  =  use  (q.v.).J 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  employ  or  make  use  of. 

fl)  To  employ  with  the  hands  ;  to  handle 
hold,  or  move  forsome  purpose  ;  toavail  one's 
self  of  ;  to  act  with  or  by  means  of 


(2)  To  expend,  consume,  utilise,  or  exhaust 
by  employment;  to  employ:  as,  To  a*  water 
for  irrigation. 

(3)  To    practise    customarily  ;  to  make  a 
practice  of. 

"  Uu  hospitality  one  to  another."—!  Peter  Iv.  ». 

(4)  To  practise  or  employ  in  a  general  war  : 
to  do,  exercise,  *c. 

"  r««  careful  watch."       Slalcetp.  :  JHctard  ///„  T.  a. 

3.  To  act  or  behave  to  ;  to  treat. 

"  How  Tarquin  must  be  «a«i  " 

Shakap.  :  Rape  (if  Lvcrece,  1,1»«. 

3.  To  have,  possess,  occupy,  or  enjoy  for 

A  tin  16. 


. 

4.  To  accustom,  to  habituate,  to  inure  ;  to 
render  familiar  by  practice  or  use.  (Most 
commonly  in  the  pa.  par.) 

"  He  that  lutond.  to  gain  th  Olyinplck  prlie, 
Must  toe  himself  to  hunger,  heat'and  TOld." 
/totcommon. 

•S.  To  behave,  to  comport,  to  demean. 
(Used  reflexively.) 

"  Forylve  me,  if  I  have  ute<l  myself  unmannerly  " 
Huittap.  •  Henry  rill..  111.  L 

6.  To  frequent  ;  to  visit  often  or  habitually 
(CoUoq.) 


B.  Intransitive : 

•  1.  To  deal,  to  dispose. 

"I  ...  brought  him  hither 
To  twe  as  yon  think  needful  of  tbe  man." 

fViaktt/t.  :  Tititi  Androntcitt,  v.  L 

2.  To  be  accustomed ;  to  practise  custom- 
arily ;  to  be  in  the  habit.    (Generally  in  the 
past  tense,) 

"  Where  Adon  tiled  to  cool  his  spleen." 

Skakaip.  :  Pavtoti'ite  Pilfrtm.  76. 

3.  To  be  wont ;  to  be  customarily. 

" .Feats  tue  to  be  represented  In  such  an  Imaginary 
fashion,  aa  they  rather  dazile  men's  eyes  than  open 
them.  —  Bacon. 

*  4.  To  be  accustomed  to  go  ;  to  frequent. 

"  U  'alleys  low,  where  the  mild  whispers  ate 
Ofuhades."  Milton:  Lfcidcu,  at. 

T  To  use  up : 

1.  To  consume  entirely  by  nslng  ;  to  nse 
the  whole  of :  as,  It  used  up  all  my  money. 


o 

or. 


'      >        -  -         :  "-"•       •-•  •     -rf-; 

work,  wnd,  son;  mute,  ofib,  onre.  unlt«.  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    «.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  q 


qu 


useable— usure 


5019 


J.  To  exliaust,  as  the  strength  or  power*  of  ; 
to  wear  out. 

••  We  hare  u*d  up  no  fewer  tn«n  ill  jlrlsh  Secre. 
tarie.  in  little  more  than  »  mauy  »•«»•  —  ""<» 
h  5,  1887. 


nae-a-ble,  o.  [Eng.  use,  v.  ;  -oofe.)  Capable 
of  bein"  used  ;  flt  to  be  used. 

"  Rendering  the  cut  harnea,  »«iN«.--«»<<«.  Sept 
11.  1836. 

UBe--ful,<i.  [Eng.  use;  -JWO-1  Full  of  use, 
Mvanti.'e  or  profit  ;  valuable  for  use  ;  proflt- 
aHetoa~nyenrcnnducive  or  helpful  to  any 
purpose;  producing  or  having  power  to  pro- 
Sura  good;  beneficial,  profitable,  advanta- 
geous. 


ush'-er,  v.t.  &  t.   [USHER,  s.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  act  as  an  usher  to ;  to 
attend  on,  as  an  usher ;  to  introduce  ;  hence, 
fig.,  to  introduce  as  a  forerunner  or  haroingei. 
(Followed  by  in,  forth.  Ac.) 


. 

<H  Society  /or  (to  Di/mion  o/  Use/uZ  Know- 
W«:  A  society  formed  in  London,  in  1825 
byLord  Brougham,  Mr.  Charles  Knight  and 
others.  It  commenced  to  publish  its  .library 
in  1827  and  the  Penny  Magazine  and  Penny 
Cvdtrpidia  were  issued  under  its  auspices. 
Tnesepubllcation.  Sreatly  aided  m  dlffl!s'n» 
knowledge  among  the  masses  The  operations 
of  the  society  came  to  an  end  In  1840. 

iUe-ful-ljf.  adv.  [Eng.  useful;  -Jy.l  In  • 
useful  manner;  profitably,  beneficially,  ad- 
vantageously. 

"  Without  it  [lndu.try]  •">  cannot  in  «ny  "tote  act 
decently  or  uwfMf"  -Bam*:  Sei-moiu.  vol.  111., 
MI.  19. 

iise-fal-ness,  ..  [Eng.  useful,  :-»«».]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  useful,  profitable, 
or  beneficial  ;  conduciveness  to  any  end  or 
purpose. 

"The  magnlncence  of  Rome,  under  the  emperors, 
was  rather  E  ostentation  than  any  real  twvWiuu.  - 
Addiion. 

nsc  less.  o.  [Eng.  use;  -!««.]  Having  no 
use  ;  not  useful,  profitable,  or  advantageous  ; 
serving  no  useful  end  or  purpose;  answering 
no  valuable  purpose  ;  not  advancing  the  end 
proposed.  -p.**,  .r.  all  word* 


*  B.  Intrant. :  To  go  before  or  in  advance  J 
to  precede. 

••  So  .he  follow,  not  uAer  to  her  lady1"  plea.ure.~~ 
Bm  Jontm  :  SUM  Woman,  IT.  I. 

•fish'-er-an9e,  s.    [Eng.  usher,  s. ;  -once.] 
Introduction. 


ase  less  Ijr,  a*"-  tEng.  useless ;  -ly.)  In  a 
useless  manner ;  without  profit  or  advantage ; 
to  no  purpose  ;  unprofltably. 

••  To  be  to  Idle  and  lUriWlf  eninloyed."-i«c*.  :  On 
Hitman  Undenland..  bk.  ii.,  en.  1. 

iise'-lSss-neBS,  >.  [Eng.  useless ;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  useless ;  inutihty, 
unserviceablenesa. 

"The  concluding  book  .  .  .  —  ~ 
and  consequently  of  Mttutntu. 
voL  vL.  aer.  81. 

fif'-er,  s.    [Eng. )«(«);  -«••] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  uses,  employs,  or 
treats  ;  one  who  makes  use. 

"They  may  cbance  to  prove  th.  tape  of  th.  bold 
uttr  ol  lhem."-Sout» :  Ssrmoiu,  voL  vL.  aer.  U. 

2.  Law:  Bight  of  user.    [II.] 
1  Right  of  user: 

"  An  own  ipac*  in  which  th*  public  h*§  *n  unm- 
taTrMuteiirlflfe  o/  ttJ«i"  (or  purpose*  of  public  meet 
ing."— ,"<itf  Jfoil  amttt*,  Feb.  29,  1888. 

ttBh'-er,«nsch-ere,  »nssh-«r.  ».    [O.  Fr. 

ussier  nissier,  huissier ;  Fr.  huissier,  from  Lat. 
osiiariiim,  accus.  of  ostiarius  =  a  doorkeeper, 
from  odium  =  a  door,  an  entrance,  from  o«  = 
a  mouth.) 

1  A  doorkeeper ;  an  officer  or  servant  who 
has' the  charge  or  care  of  the  door  of  a  court, 
hall,  chamber,  or  the  like. 

"  That  dore  can  none  twVr  shette. 


vol.  ill. 

*ush-er-ddm,  s.     [Eng.  usher,  s. ;  -dm.} 
The  functions  or  powers  of  ushers;  ushers 
collectively. 
*ii8h'-er-l68»,  a.     tEng.  usher,  ft. ;  -IeM.] 

Destitute  of  an  usher. 

ttsh'-er-shlp,  s.    [Eng.  usher,  s. ;  -ship.}   The 
office  or  post  of  an  usher. 

"  Hi.  year,  ol  uAtrtotp  had  been  the  mo.t  wretehed 
ol  hUUIe."-Co«»  Xem.  Aug.  1, 1881. 

iis'-ty,  »•    IS86  def-l    A  contraction  of  Usque- 
baugh (q.v.). 

us   ne-a,  «.    [Arab,  achneh  =  a  lichen.] 

Hot  •  The  typical  genus  of  Usneidae  (q.v.). 
Thallus  round,  branched,  and  generally  pen- 
dulous, with  a  central  thread  ;  apothecia  tei 
minal  orbicular,  and  peltate,  of  the  substance 
and  colour  of  the  thallus.  The  species  are 
brizht  green  while  they  are  in  moist  places, 
but  become  brownish-black  when  exposed  to 
the  rays  of  the  sun.  Usnm  plicata  can  be 
used  for  a  dye. 

us-ne-I-da>,  ».  pi.    (Mod.  Lat.  ume(.a);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  snff.  -tote.] 

Bat. :  A  family  of  Hymenothalameee.  Disc 
from  the  first  open,  thallus  generally  vertical 
and  shrubby,  hypothallus  none. 

us  nlc,  a.    IMod.    Lat.  um(ea);  Eng.  »nlT. 
.«.]    (See  compound.) 
usnic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CiaHinO?.  Csnin.  Found  in  all 
members  of  the  genns  Usnea,  and  in  many 
other  lichens,  and  obtained  from  them  by 
treatment  with  warm  lime-water.  It  crystal- 
lizes in  yellow  leaves  or  prisms,  insoluble  in 
water,  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
and  melts  at  202°.  It  dissolves  in  the  alkalies, 
but  the  solutions  soon  take  up  oxygen  from 
the  air,  and  become  brown. 

us'-nln,  s.    [Mod.    Lat.  usiujm) ;  Eng.  snff. 

-171.]     [USNIC-ACID.1 

us  quo-baugh  (gh  silent),  -usquebeatlia, 

.  [Irish  &5ael.  uisgebentha  = usquebaugh, 
whiskey,  lit.=  water  of  life  (cf.  Lat.  aqua, 
vita!:  Fr.  eau  de  vie),  from  uisge  =  water, 
whiskey  (q.v.),  and  teatha  (cogn.  with  Gr. 
fjios  (Mas),  and  Lat  vita)  =  life.] 
1.  Whiskey. 


contains  the  various  kinds  of  smut  so  de- 
structive to  corn,  to  reed-beds,  &C.  [SMUT, 
II.  1.] 

•  tUt'-lon  (1  as  y),  s.  [Lat.  ustio,  from  ustum, 
sup.  of  uro  =  to  bum.]  The  act  of  burning  ; 
the  state  of  being  burned. 

•fis-tor'-I-oils,  a,  [Usxios.]  Having  the 
quality  of  burning. 

"The  [lower  ol  a  burning  Bias.  1.  by  an  uMorlou" 
quality  in  the  mirror  or  glass.  —  Watti. 

us'  tu  late.  a.     [Lat.  ustulntus,  pa.  par.  »f 
ustula  ="  to  -wrn  a  little,  to  scorch,  draun.  of 
uro  —  to  burn.] 
Bat. :  Blacikened.    (Paxtm.) 

tis-tU-la'-tiOn,  S.      [USTULATE.] 

»L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  burning,  scorching,  or  singe- 

"It  »em.  to  lie  In  a  kind  of  .indglng  and  uMu/a- 
tion."-ra',,  ia  SpraC,  But.  Royal  Socie'v.  p.  297. 

2.  Ardent  lustful  passion  ;  concupiscence. 

"  They  choae  uttidatton  before  marriage."—  Bp.  Tar 
lor :  OS  ftepeiaantx,  eh.  v.,  1  8. 

IL  Technically: 

1  Metall. :  Tlie  operation  of  expelling  one 
substance  from  another  by  heat,  as  sulphur 
and  arsenic  from  ores,  in  a  muffle. 

2.  Pharmacy: 

(1)  The  roasting  or  drying  of  moist  sub- 
stances so  as  to  prepare  them  for  pulveriza- 
tion. 

(2)  The  burning  of  wine. 

n'-su-al  (8  as  zh),  •  u-sn-all,  a.  tLat 
usualis  from  utiu  =  use  ;  Fr.  usuel.}  In  com- 
mon use ;  such  as  occurs  commonly  in  ordinary 
practice,  or  in  the  ordinary  course  of  event*  ; 
customary,  habitual,  ordinary,  frequent. 

"  A  thing  utuall  and  common."—  Baettui/t :  Vovagei. 
B.H 

usual  terms,  s.  pL 

Law  •  An  expression  in  common  law  prac- 
tice which  means  pleading  issuably,  rejoining 
gratis  and  taking  short  notice  of  trial 
(Wharton.) 

U'-»n-al-l*  (?  as  zh),  adv.  [Eng  usual ;  -ly.\ 
According  to  the  usual  or  common  cour*>; 
commonly,  ordinarily,  customarily. 

••  UntaUl  when  they  wereneMwit  to  them,  they  did 
mo.t  pluck  up  their  .pirita,--flun»«''.  FUfrml 
Prafnu,  pt.  1C 


u  su  al  ness  (s  as  zh),  •-  [Eng.  usual; 
ws's.}'  The  quality  or  state  of  being  usual; 
commonness,  frequency. 

"  "Ti.  only  «iual««si  or  unuBualnes.  that  makes  th. 
distinction." — Clarke :  Evtd«nca9  of  Religion,  prop.  i*. 


2.  An  officer  whose  business  it  is  to  intro- 
duce strangers,  or  to  walk  before  a  person  of 
rank. 

3.  An  nnder-teacher  or  assistant  to  a  school- 
master or  principal  teacher. 

"Authority  [i.]  given  to  the  said  Bovernors  to  ap- 
DOlnt  the  schoolmaster  and  u,Vr  thereof.  -Strypt . 
5ccl«.  Hem. ;  Kduard  VI.  (an.  15501. 

^T  In  some  of  the  old  foundation  schools 
of  England  one  of  the  assistant  masters  is 
still  styled  the  n-hcr. 

«I  (1)  Gentleman  Usher:  [GENTLEMAN-OTHER]. 
(2)  Usher  (or  Gentleman  Usher)  of  the  Black 
Bod:  [BLACK-BOD]. 

(S)  Usher  of  the  Green  Rod :  An  officer  of  the 
Order  of  the  Thistle,  who  attends  on  the 
sovereign  and  knights  assembled  in  chapter. 
There  are  also  ushers  doing  similar  duties  in 
the  Orders  of  the  Bath,  St  Patrick,  &c. 


2   A  strong   compound    cordial   made   of 
brandy  or  other  spirits,  raisins,  cinnamon, 
'    cloves,  and  other  ingredients. 

••  Pewter  ba.ln.  ol  o»»u«6<iiw*  and  brandy  blaied  all 
I  lit  iu  the  tent.." — ifacaulait:  Hist.  Snff.,  on.  xvl. 

•is'-sSlf,  *  us -Silt;  pron:     [Eng.  us,  and 
self.}    Ourselves. 

"If  we  demvden  wlseli  uuW.  we  schulen  not  b. 
demed."—  Wycliffe:  1  CorintMant  ii.  81. 

•sitB^^SSiKifS 

Bo*. :  A  tribe  of  Fnngals,  order  or  sub- 
order Puccinssi.  The  species  grow  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  ovaries,  anthers,  and  other  organs 
of  flowering  plants,  producing  deformity,  ab- 
sorption of  the  internal  tissue  and  its  re- 
placement by  the  pulverulent  spores  of  tl 
Funzals,  constituting  a  dark-coloured  and 
fetid  powder.  The  protospores  are  produced 
from  very  delicate  branching  tissue,  or  from 
closely  packed  cells. 

tta-tl-la'-go.  s.     [Lat,  =  an  unidentified 
plant,  called  also  carduus  sylmticus.} 

Bot.  •  The  typical  genns  of  Ustllaginet 
(Berkeley),  a  genus  of  Cajomacei  (Lindley). 
The  spores  are  simple,  with  a  simple  coat.  II 


B-u-oap'-tion,  «.  [Lat.  usvmpHa,  from  usui 
,  use,  and  capita  =  a  taking  ;  capio  =  to  take.) 
Civil  Law :  The  acquisition  of  the  property 
of  a  tldng  by  the  uninterrupted  possession 
and  enjoyment  thereof  for  a  certain  term  of 
years  prescribed  by  law.    It  is  equivalent  to 
prescription  in  the  common  law. 
'-u-la-aot,  *  ns-u-frulte,  s.    [Lat.  utu- 

fructus,  from  usus  =  use,  and  fructus  =  fruit ; 
Fr.  umfruit.) 

Law  •  The  temporary  use  and  enjoyment  ol 
lands  or  tenements,  or  the  right  of  receiving 
the  fruits  and  profits  of  hind,  or  other  things, 
without  having  the  right  to  alienate  or  change 
the  property. 

"Th.  hu.band   .hall   haue  «».»«''"•¥«-?.'.  ber 
'.-  CommonataUl,.  bk.  1U..  ch.  Till. 


na-u-fHio-tu-a-rjf,  «.  &  a.    [UBOTROOT.] 

A.  As  subst. :  One  who  has  the  usufruct,  or 
use  and  enjoyment,  of  property  for  a  time 
without  having  the  title  or  property. 

••  The   laufrurtaar*  ha.  a  temporary,  or  United 
property.'-  WoUaOon:  RMo.  of  Satwt,  ,  «. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  relating  to  usufruct ;  of 
the  nature  of  a  usufruct. 

•  n-su-rar'-a-oas  (?  as  zh),  a.    [Lat.  usu- 
rarius.]    Usurious. 

"  He  doubt,  concerning  all  uturariom  contract*.  — 
Sp.  Tuylar  :  Ra>*  of  Coniciemx.  bk.  L,  en.  T. 

*  u'-?u-ra-rf  (?  as  zh), «.    [Lat.  umrarius.} 
Usurious. 

"  Odiou.  and  severely  Interdict^  usunsnr  contiacta, 
-Bp.aalt:  B-orti.vu.S78. 

»  u'-jnre  (9  as  zh),  «.    [Fr.  usure,  from  Lat. 
«urara.)    Usury. 

"  Uturt  of  gowle.    r/suro."— Prompt.  Part. 


6020 


usurer — utilitarian 


-su- 

rius, 


ir-su-rer  (s  as  zh),  *n-ser-er,  *u-» 
rere,  s.  [Fr.  vaurier,  from  Lat.  usurari 
from  usura  =  usury  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  One  who  lent  money  at  interest  without 
ra  being  implied  that  that  interest  was  ex- 
orbitant. 

"On  the  other  side  the  commodities  of  usury  are  • 
first,  that  however  usury  in  some  respects  hiudereth 
merchandizing,  yet  in  some  other  It  ejvanceth  it :  for 
it  is  certain  that  the  greatest  part  of  trade  Sdrlnsi 
by  young  merchants  upon  borrowing  at  Interest  •  so 
ae.  if  the  umrer  either  call  in  or  keep  back  his  money 
ea<£n  -. BuO^,"  freKaa*  '  ST***  "•a*  of  trade."— 

2.  One  who  lends  money  at  exorbitant  in- 
terest ;  a  money-lender  who  exacts  exorbitant 
or  excessive  interest  for  his  money. 

"  Jh*"*ought«  when  tourer  Alphlus.  now  about 
To  turn  mere  fanner,  had  spoke  out." 

Ben  Jonton:  Praitet  a/  a  Country  Life. 

•  u'-sur  ing  (s  as  zh),  a.  [Mid.  Eng.  usure 
=  usury.)  Practising  usury ;  usurious. 

"  You  should  not  need  to  fear  me,  madam, 
I  do  not  love  the  uturing  Jew  so  welt  " 

B-,iu,a.  t  flet.  :  Sight  trailer,  IT. 

9-fur-i-ou«  (S  as   zh),    a,      [Eng.   usury; 

1.  Practising  usury ;   exacting   exorbitant 
Interest  for  money  lent. 

..."  '.. "{"  ""«  to  your  usurious  cannibals,  or  such 
Uke.  —  Ben  Jonton:  Keert  .Han  out  of  Bit  Bumour, 

2.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  ac- 
quired by  usury. 

"  Holding  any  increase  of  money  to  be  Indefensibly 
>aurkaa.-—Bladatone :  Comment.,  bk.  it.  ch.  30!^ 

IJ-lfiir'-a-OUS-l?  (?  as  OQt  ad^  (Bng  ^^ 
ous;  -ly.]  In  an  usurious  manner. 

u-sur  -I  ous  ness  (s  as  zh),  ».  (Eng.  usuri- 
ous ;  -ness.]  The  quality  of  being  usurious. 

fj-surp ,  *  u-surpe,  v.t.  *  i.  [Fr.  usurper, 
from  Lat.  usurpo  =  to  employ,  to  acquire,  to 
usurp ;  prob.  for  usurapio  =  to  seize  to  one's 
own  use :  usut  =  use,  and  ropto  =  to  seize.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  seize  and  hold  possession  of   as  of 
•ome   important   or  dignified   place,    office, 
power,  or  property,  by  force  or  without  right  • 
to  appropriate  or  assume  illegally  falsely  or 
•gainst  right 

"  Who  thus  usurp 
Dominion  here."          Caterer:  ffomer  •  Odguey  U. 

*  2.  To  counterfeit. 

"  An  usurped  beard."        Shaterp.  :  Othello.  L  8. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  be  in  or  enter  into  a  place  contrary 
to  right ;  to  encroach. 

"  Death  may  ulurp  on  nature  many  hours." 

Shu/cap.  :  Periaa,  Hi.  2. 

2.  To  be  or  act  as  an  usurper ;  to  commit 
Illegal  seizure  or  appropriation. 

•  ^-surp'-«>nt,  a.    [Fr.]    Usurping. 

"Some  factious  .  .  .  ventured    to   be   extravacant 
and  uturpant.  '— Gauden  :  Tears  of  the  CaurcA,  p%7s. 

ii-sur  pa  tion,  *  u-sur-pa-cl-on,  s.  [Fr. 
usurpation,  from  Lat.  usurpationem,  accus.  of 
usurpatio.]  [UsoBP.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  usurping ;  the  act  of  seizing 
and  holding  possession  of  some  place  power 
functions,  title,  property,  or  the  like,  of 
another  without  right ;  specif.,  the  unlawful 
seizing  or  occupation  of  a  throne. 


. 

*  2.  An  encroachment,  an  intrusion  (in  or 
upon). 

*  3.  Use,  usage. 

n.  Law  :  The  presentation  to  a  Church 
benefice  by  a  stranger,  who  has  no  right  to  do 
so,  of  a  clerk,  who  is  thereupon  admitted  and 
instituted.  Anciently  such  an  act  deprived 
the  legal  patron  of  his  advowson  ;  but  it  is 
not  so  now,  as  no  usurpation  can  displace  the 
estate  or  interest  of  the  patron,  nor  turn  it  to 
•  mere  right  ;  but  the  true  patron  may  present 
npon  the  next  avoidance,  as  if  no  such  usurpa- 
tion had  occurred.  (Lee  :  Glossary.) 

•  n-surp'-a-tor-y,  a.     [Eng.  usurp;  -alary.) 
l/haracterized  or  marked  by  usuration  usur- 


usurps a  throne,  or  other  dignity,  functions 
property,  or  an  advantage  to  which  he  is  not 
rightfully  entitled. 


ing. 


. 
ked  by  usurpation  ;  usurp- 


• n-surp  -a-ture,  ».     [Eng.   usurp;  -oture.1 
Usurpation. 

"  Sflit'Sii  )0S  •hln!n«  "•  '*"  ">>"•  ««*  1°<I««« 

Palled  beneath  man  s  uiurpature  - 

R.  Browning  :  Matter  Suguet  of  Saxe-GoOa. 

tj-furp'-er,  ».    (Eng.  usurp;  -er.]    One  who 


U-S  urp'-Ing,  a.     [Eng.  usurp;  -ing.]    Acting 

as  an  usurper  ;  characterized  by  usurpation. 
"It»  sanctuary  the    while    the    tmrpiw    Moslem 
prayd.  Buron  :  Child*  Harold,  iv.  IKt 

*  n-sfirp'-llVg-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  usurping  ;  -ly.] 
In  an  usurping  manner  ;  after  the  manner  of 
an  usurper  ;  by  usurpation.    (Shakesp.  :  King 
Jonn,  i.) 

*  u-surp'-ress,  ».    (Eng.  usurper;  -ess.]    A 
female  usurper. 


"  She  i»  a  double  uiurprcttf." 
ffoteell  :   Dodona'M  Or 


e.  p.  19. 


u-«n-ry  (s  as  zh), '  u-su-re,  'u-su-rle, 
*U-su-rye,  *u-se-rie,  s.  [Fr.  usure  = 
the  occujiation  of  a  thing,  usury,  from  Lat. 
usura  =  use,  usury,  from  usurus,  fut.  par.  of 
trfor  =  to  use.] 

*  1.  Any  premium  or  interest  paid,  or  stimu- 
lated to  be  paid,  for  the  loan  of  money  with- 
out any  insinuation  that  the  interest  asked 
was  exorbitant. 

"  Wherefore  then  gavest  thou  not  my  money  into 
the  bank,  that  at  my  coining  I  might  nave  required 
mine  own  with  umruf-LuA  xix.  Is. 

2.  An  excessive  or  exorbitant  interest  or 
premium  paid,  or  stipulated  to  be  paid,  for  the 
loan  of  money. 

3.  The  practice  of  lending  money  at  in- 
terest;   the  practice  of  taking   interest  for 
money  lent;  specifically,  the  practice  of  taking 
exorbitant  or  excessive  interest  for  the  loan 
of  money ;  the  practice  of  exacting  interest  in 
an  exorbitant  way  from  needy  or  extravagant 
borrowers. 

H  In  the  ancient  world,  interest  was  always 
usurious  as  it  is  in  the  East  at  the  present 
day.  The  Mosaic  Law  prohibited  taking  in- 
terest from  Hebrews  (Exod.  xxii.  25 ;  Levit 
xxv.  35-37;  Deut  xxiii.  20);  and  Christ's 
words,  "Give  to  him  that  asketh  thee," 
(Matt.  v.  42)  seem  to  be  of  still  wider  ap- 
plication. The  Fathers  regarded  interest  as 
usury,  and  therefore  as  a  species  of  robbery  • 
and  this  opinion  prevailed  in  the  Church  till 
the  sixteenth  century,  and  numbered  Luther 
and  Melanchthon  among  its  defenders.  Cal- 
vin appears  to  have  been  the  first  theologian 
who  propounded  the  modern  distinction  be- 
tween interest  and  usury. 

At,  s.    [See  det] 

Music:  The  name  given  to  the  first  or  key 
note  in  the  musical  scale  of  Guido,  from  being 
the  first  word  in  the  Latin  hymn,  "  Ut  gveant 
Taxis,"  &c.  Except  among  the  French,  it  has 
been  superseded  by  do  (q.v.).  [GAMUT.] 

u -tab  ite,  s.  [After  Utah,  where  found- 
suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Jfin. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  minute  mi- 
caceous crystals  as  an  encrustation  upon  a 
quartzite  in  the  Eureka  Hill  mines,  Juab 
County,  Utah.  Crystallization,  rhombohedral  j 
lustre,  silky;  colour,  brownish  -  yellow. 
Compos. :  sulphuric  acid,  28-45 ;  arsenic  acid 
3-19;  sesquioxide  of  iron,  58-82;  water  9'35  = 
"'fi'  whicn  yields  the  formula  3Fe263,SSOs 
-r-  4HO. 

n'-tis,  ».    (Una.] 

u-teii-sn,  -u-ten-sllo,  ».  [Fr.  utensile, 
from  Lat.  utensilis  =  fit  for  use ;  utensilia 
(neut.  pi.)  =  utensils.  For  uUntilit,  from 
utens,  pr.  par.  of  Mtor  =  to  use.)  An  imple- 
ment, an  instrument;  more  particularly,  an 
instrument  or  vessel  used  in  the  kitchen  or 
in  domestic  or  farming  work. 

"  The  housewife  hung  a  lamp 
An  a«d  itfmsil.  which  had  perform fd 
service  beyond  all  others  of  its  kind." 

H-ordtmrtl, :  Michael. 

n'-ter-ine,  o.  [Lat.  ulerinus  =  born  of  the 
same  mother,  from  uterus  (q.v.).] 

1.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  uterus  or  womb. 

2.  Born  of  the  same  mother,  but  bv  a  dif- 
ferent father. 

"Walter  Pope,  uterine  brother  to  Dr.  Job  Wilklna." 
—  IFoodV  Athena  Oxon.,  vol.  II. 

u-tt5r-4>-,  pref.    [Lat.  uterus  =  the  womb.] 

Anat.,  PKysiol.,  6tc. :  Of,  belonging  to    or 
carried  on  within  the  womb. 

u-t«5r-o  ges  ta'  -tlon,  ».  [Pref.  utero-,  and 
Eng.  gestation.] 


Biol. :  The  development  of  the  fecund»trxl 
ovum  within  the  uterus.    [PBEONANCI.] 

U'-ter-titj,  a.    [Lat.] 

I.  Orel.  Lang. :  The  womb. 

II.  Technically: 
1.  A  natomy : 

(1)  Compar. :  A  dilatation  in  the  walls  of 
the  oviduct  for  the  preservation  or  develop- 
ment of  the  ova.  In  Birds,  although  the  ova 
are  developed  externally,  the  term  rierus  is 
often  applied  to  that  cavity  where  the  eggs  re- 
ceive the  shell.  In  most  of  the  Viviparous 
*  ishKi,  and  in  the  Viviparous  Lacertilia  and 
Ophidta  the  ova  develop  within  the  uterine 
cavity  without  any  assistance  or  nourishment 
from  the  mother.  In  the  Prototheria  ( = 
Ornithodelphia  =  Monotremata)  the  oviducts 
according  to  some  authorities,  have  no  dis- 
tinct uterine  or  Fallopian  portion,  but  open 
directly  into  a  cloacal  chamber.  Gegenbaur 
however,  calls  the  lower  end  of  each  oviduct 
a  uterus.  In  the  Metatheria  (=  Didelnhia  = 
Marsupialia)  each  of  the  oviducts  is  differ- 
entiated into  uterine  and  Fallopian  tracts, 
opening  into  a  long  and  distinct  vagina.  In 
the  Eutheria  (=  Monodelphia,  including  all 
other  Mammals)  the  uterus  is  variously  modi- 
fled.  In  the  Primates  it  is  norma'.iy  single, 
though  instances  of  a  double  uterus  occasion- 
ally occur;  it  is  two-horned  in  the  Ruminan. 
tia,  Pachydermata,  Equidse,  and  Cetacea,  and 
is  said  to  be  divided  when  it  has  only  a  very 
short  body,  which  speedily  divides  externally 
and  internally,  and  is  continuous  with  the 
oviducts  (as  in  most  of  the  Carnivore  and 
Edentata,  and  some  of  the  Rodentia) ;  it  is 
actually  double  in  some  of  the  Edentata  and 
in  most  of  the  Rodentia,  including  the  mouse 
and  the  hare,  each  oviduct  passing  into  an 
intestimfbrm  uterus,  which  lias  two  com. 
pletely  distinct  openings  lying  near  to  each 
other  within  the  vagina. 

(2)  Human :  A  hollow,  muscular  organ  with 
very  thick  walls,  situated  in  the  pelvic  cavity 
between  the  rectum  and  the  bladder  Ths 
virgin  uterus  is  about  three  inches  long  two 
broad,  and  one  inch  thick  at  its  upper  ex- 
tremity. The  middle  part  is  called  the  body, 
the  upper  the  fundus,  and  the  lower,  opening 
into  the  vagina,  the  neck.  Its  chief  function  is 
to  receive  the  ovum  from  the  Fallopian  tubes 
»nd  to  retain  and  support  it  during  the  de- 
velopment of  the  foetus,  which  it  expels  by 
muscular  contractions  at  parturition  Luriui 
uterogestation  the  uterus  becomes  greatly  en- 
larged and  undergoes  important  structural 
changes. 

2.  PathoL :  The  uterus  is  liable  to  many  af- 
fections and  diseases,  as  tumours,  ulceration. 
catarrh,  tenesinus,  hemorrhage,  &c. 

uterus  masculinus,  s. 

Compar.  Anat. :  The  prostatic  vesicle  It 
varies  considerably  in  size  :  in  man  it  is  small, 
m  the  rabbit  it  is  of  considerable  extent  It 
Is  developed  from  the  same  portion  of  the 
embryo  as  the  female  uterus.  [UTERUS,  II.) 

ut'-gard.  s.    [Icel.  =  out  yard.) 

Stand.  M ythol :  The  uttermost  borders  of 
the  habitable  world,  where  antiquity  fixed  the 
abode  of  giants  and  monsters ;  hell.  (Grimm ' 
Deut.  Uythol,  ed.  Stallybrass,  i.  245.) 

*U'-tHe,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  utilis,  from  utor 
=  to  use.]  Useful,  profitable,  beneficial. 
(Levins.) 

n-^Q-t-tar'-if-an,  o.  &  j.     [Eng.  ntiliKy); 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  utility. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  utilitarianism. 

vi"11!?  fu'h™o' 'hl»  easay  has  reason  for  behevlnj; 
himself  to  be  the  flrst  person  who  brought  the  ...rj 
"'J'a?3°>'.  ,lnto  ""'  He  di<1  »»'  tnVentit  bS 
adopted  it  from  a  passing  expression  in  Mr  *;i«lt> 
Annals  of  the  Parish.'  A"(ter  "using  it  as  ?  des^u.. 
tiou  for  several  years,  he  and  others  abandoned  it 
from  «  growing  dislike  to  anything  resembling  . 
badgeorwatchwordofsectariandlstlnction  But  asa 
name  for  one  single  opinion,  not  a  set  of  opinions-to 
denote  the  recognition  of  utility  as  a  standard  not 
any  Particular  way  of  applying  lt-the  term  supplies  a 
it  lu  the  language,  and  offers  In  many  cases  a  con. 

venlent  mode  of  avoiding  tiresome  circumlocution." 

J.  H.  Mill:  PHUturiaattm.  ch.  IL    (Note™ 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  upholds  the  doctrine 
of  utilitarianism. 

rt'i,^lth5'1*1'  ™"*»*"»  hold  that  good  and  nil. 

right  and  wrong  are  properly  determined  by  a  calci!: 
miun  of  the  consequences  aa  regards  human  happi. 
ness,  they  do  not  all  maintain  that  past  or  existing 


utilitarianism— utter 


5021 


s.    [Eng.  utilitarian 

Ethics :  A  word  coined  by  J.  Stuart  Mill  t 
denote  that  system  which  makes  the  happ 
ness  of  mankind  the  criterion  of  right.  I 
is  thus  more  extensive  than  Epicureanisn 
which  constituted  personal  happiness  a  cr 
terion  for  the  individual,  leaving  the  happ 
ness  of  others  out  of  the  question.  Th 
system  owes  its  origin  to  Bentham  (1745 
1832),  was  attacked  by  Macaulay  in  the  Edit 
burgh  Review,  and  is  thus  defined  by  J.  fc 
Mill  :  "  The  creed  which  accepts,  as  the  foun 
dation  of  morals,  Utility,  or  the  Creates 
Happiness  Principle,  holds  that  actions  ar 
right  in  proportion  as  they  tend  to  promot 
happiness,  wrong  as  they  tend  to  produce  th 
reverse  of  happiness.  By  happiness  is  in 
tended  pleasure,  and  the  absence  of  pain  ;  b 
unhappiness,  pain,  and  the  privation  of  plea 
sure.  '  To  give  a  clear  view  of  the  mora 
standard  set  up  by  the  theory  much  mon 
requires  to  be  said  ;  in  particular  what  things 
it  i7icludes  in  the  ideas  of  pain  or  pleasure 
and  to  what  extent  this  is  left  an  open  ques 
tion.  But  these  supplementary  explanations 
do  not  att'ect  the  theory  of  life  on  which  this 
theory  of  morality  is  grounded — namely,  tha 
pleasure  and  freedom  from  pain  are  the  onlj 
things  desirable  as  ends ;  and  tliat  all  desir 
able  things  (which  are  as  numerous  in  the 
utilitarian  as  in  any  other  scheme)  are  desir- 
able either  for  the  pleasure  inherent  in  them- 
selves, or  as  means  to  the  promotion  01 
pleasure  and  the  prevention  of  pain." 

n-tlr-i-t*,  *u-til-i-te,   *  u-til-1-tie,    «. 

[Fr.   utilite,  from   Lat.  utilitatem,  accus.  of 
utilitas  =  usefulness,    from    utilis  =  useful 
from  utor  =  to  use  ;  8p.  utiUdad;  Ital.  utilita.', 

1.  The   quality  or  state  of  being  useful  ; 
usefulness ;  the  quality  of  being  serviceable 
or  conducive  to  some  desirable  end  or  pur- 
pose ;  use,  advantageousness,  serviceableuess. 

"  etility  is  that  quality  in  things  in  virtue  of  which 
they  afford  satisfaction  and  enjoyment  to  those  who 
possess  them,  or  create  a  desire  in  persons  to  get  pos. 
session  of  them.  Utility  is  the  source  of  value  In  all 
valuable  things.  Anything  that  is  useless  for  any 
purpose  whatever,  is  without  any  value.  Neverthe. 
less,  utility,  like  value,  is  not  a  quality  inherent  in 
things  themselves,  but  arises  from  the  fact  that  things 
sore  desired,  and  only  so  far  ai  they  are  desired."— 
Bithell :  Counting-Houte  Diet. 

2.  The  greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest 
number ;  the  fundamental  principle  of  Utili- 
tarianism (q.v.). 

"  A  perfectly  just  conception  of  Utility  or  Happi- 
ness, considered  as  the  directive  rule  of  human  con- 
duct"—/. S.  Mill :  Utilitarianitm,  ch.  ii. 

9-tH-l-za'-tlon,s.  [Eng.tiMiiz(«);-o«<m.]  The 
act  of  utilizing  or  turning  to  some  useful  ac- 
count ;  the  state  of  being  utilized. 

n'-tfl-ize,  u'-tll-ise,  v.t.  [Fr.  utiliser,  from 
utile  =  useful.)  [UTILE.]  To  turn  to  some 
useful  or  profitable  account ;  to  make  useful 
or  profitable ;  to  save  from  waste  or  loss  by 
making  use  of. 

"  In  the  Edinburgh  Review  for  1809  .  .  .  exception  is 
taken  to  ...  utilize."—  Fitzedward  Sail. 

fi'-ti  pos  si-de'-tis,  phr.  [Lat.  =  as  you 
possess.] 

1.  Civil  Law :  An  interdict  as  to  heritage, 
ultimately  assimilated  to  the  interdict  utrubi 
as  to  movables  whereby  the  colourable  pos- 
session of  a  bond  fide  possessor  is  continued 
until  the  final  settlement  of  a  contested  right. 

2.  International  Law :  The  basis  or  principle 
of  a,  treaty  which  leaves  belligerent  parties  in 
possession  of  what   they  have  acquired  by 
their  arms  during  the  war. 

•u'-tls,  u'  tas,  *  ou  tas,  s.  [From  a  Norm. 
Fr.  word  corresponding  to  O.Fr.  oitaues,  oi- 
teves,  pi.  of  oitauve  =  octave  or  eighth  (day), 
from  Lat.  octava  (dies)  =  the  eighth  (dav)  i 
[OCTAVE.] 

1.  The  octave  of  a  legal  term,  saint's  day 
or  other  festival ;  the   space  of  eight   days 
«ft«r  it ;  also  the  festival  itself. 

"  To  assemble  the  Mat  of  saint  George  at  Westmyn- 
•ter.  —  Berneri:  Froittart;  Cronycle,  vol.  ii.,ch.xcii. 

2,  Merriment,  festivity,  jollity,  stir,  bustle. 
'Then  here  will  be  old  uttt :  It  will  be  an  excellent 

stratagem."— Shaltetp. :  1  Henry  IT.,  11.  4. 

"nt-la-rjf.-ut'-law-ry,  «.  [A  corruption 
of  outlawry.)  Outlawry. 

"Where  processse  of  iMawry  Ueth."  —  Camden  : 
Semamet;  Oil-names. 

"ttt-lS-ga'-tlon,  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  ut  =  out; 
Lat.  lex,  genit.  legit  =  law.]  The  act  of  out- 
lawing ;  outlawry. 


'  Ut-mer,   a.     [Mid.  Eng.  ut  —  out ;  mer  = 
more.]    Outer. 

"  Be  east  out  into  utmer  darknesses."  —  WycHffc 
Mntihew  viit  12. 

tit  most,   *  oute-meste,    *ute-meste 

*  ute-mseste.  *  ut-mest,  a.    [A.S.  t/tetne, 
ytmest,   from    ut  =  out.       Utmost  is  thus 
doublet  of  outmost.)    [OUT.] 

1.  Being  or  situated  at  the  furthest  point  „ 
extremity  ;  furthest  out ;  extreme  ;  most  dis 
tant ;  furthest. 

"  Thou  shall  see  but  the  Mmott  parts  of  them.'— 
JVum.  xxiii.  13. 

2.  Being  in  the  highest  degree  or  quantity 
greatest ;  extreme. 

"  Six  or  seven  thousand  is  their  ut-mott  power." 

Shakelp. :  Richard  111.,  V.  J. 

II  Utmost  is  frequently  used  substautively 
preceded  by  the,  a  possessive  pronoun  or  noun 
or  other  word  of  a  like  limiting  force,  t< 
signify,  the  most  that  can  be ;  the  greates 
power,  the  highest  degree,  the  greatest  effort 
or  the  like. 

"Though  he  perform  to  the  utmost  of  a  man." 

Shakenp. :  Coriolanut,  L  I. 

C-to'-pi-a,  s.  [The  weight  of  authority  is  in 
favour  of  the  generally  accepted  derivation 
from  Gr.  oil  (ou)  =  not,  and  TOJTOC  (topos)  =  i 
place,  hence  Utopia  =  nowhere  (Cf.  Scotch  ken 
naquhair;  Ger.  Weissnichtwo,  used  by  Carlyle 
in  Sartor  Resartus).  Another  derivation  is  from 
Gr.  rf  (eu)  =  well  (in  comp.  =  happy,  for 
tnnate,  blessed),  and  roiros  (topos)  =  place 
when  Utopia  would  =  a  happy  place,  a  lam 
of  perfection.  (See  Notes  &  Queries,  7th  ser. 
v.  101.)] 

1.  A  name  coined  by  Sir  Thomas  More,  and 
used  by  him  (in  his  celebrated  work  so  called, 
published  in  1513),  to  signify  an  imaginary 
island,  where  everything  is  perfect— the  laws, 
the  morals,  the  politics,  &c. ;  the  evils  and 
defects  of  existing    laws   being  shown   by 
contrast. 

2.  A  place  or  state  of  ideal  perfection, 
tj-to'-pl-an,  a.  &  s.    [UTOPIA.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 
Utopia ;  founded  on  or  involving  ideal  or 
imaginary  perfection  ;  ideal,  imaginary. 

"  They  would  like  strangers  greet  themselves,  seeing 

then 
Utopian  youth  grown  old  Italian." 

Donne  :  Let.  to  Sir  Henry  Irotton. 

*  B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  An  inhabitant  of  Utopia. 

2.  One   who    forms   or    favours  Utopian 
schemes  ;  an  ardent  but  unpractical  political 
or  social  reformer. 

"  Such  subtile  opinions,  as  few  but  Utopian*  are 
likely  to  fall  into."—  Booker :  Ecclet.  Polity. 

"V-td'-pI-an-Is-er,  s.  [Eng.  Utopian  ;-ieer.] 
A  former  of  an  Utopia,  or  of  Utopian  ideas  or 
schemes.  (Southey  :  The  Doctor,  ch.  cclxi.) 

J-td'-pI-an-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  Utopian;  -ism.] 
The  views  or  schemes  of  an  Utopian  ;  ideas 
founded  upon  or  relating  to  ideal  social  per- 
fectibility. 

y-to'-pi-an-lst,  s.  (Eng.  Utopian  ; -ist.]  An 
Utopian  ;  an  Utopianiser. 

"  The  sentimental  Utaptaniiti  and  8o«ialists  who 
hope  tor  a  millennium  of  State  Intervention  "—Duiiu 
Telegraph,  Dec.  28, 1885. 

tr-tcp'-ic-al,  o.      [Bug.    Utop(ia); 
Utopian. 

"  Let  no  idle  Donatlst  of  Amsterdam  dream  hence 
of  an  Utopical  perfection."—  Sail:  Beauty  a!  Unity  of 

U'-to-plst,  «.  [Eng.  Utop(ia);  -ist.)  The 
same  as  UTOPIAN,  2.  (q.v.). 

"  Like  the  utopiat  of  modern  days.  Plato  has  de- 
veloped an  a  priori  theory  of  what  the  State  should 
be.  —Lewet  :  Binary  of  PLiloiophy  (ed.  1880),  i.  278. 

J'-tra-quist,  «.  [Lat.  utraque,  fern.  sing,  of 
uterque  =  both.] 

Church  Hist.  (PL) :  A  name  given  in  1420  to 
the  Calixtines  because  they  received  the 
Eucharist  in  both  kinds. 

U'-tri-ole,  s.  [Lat.  utriculus  =  a  small  skin,  a 
leather  bottle.] 

1.  Anat. :  Anything  shaped  like  a  small  bag. 
There  is  a  utricle  of  the  male  urethra,  and  one 
of  the  vestibule  in  the  ear. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  Gen. :  A  little  bottle  or  bladder. 

(2)  Spec. :  A  simple  fruit,  one-celled,  one  or 
few  seeded,  superior,  membranous,  and  fre- 


UTRICr/LARIA 
INTERMEDIA. 


quently  dehiscing  by  a  transverse  incision. 
Examples :  Amaranthus  and  Chenopodium. 

u-tric'-u-lar,  a.    [Lat.  utrieul(us);  suff.  -or.] 
Sot, :  Bearing  utricles. 

u-trie-u-lar'-I-a,   s.     [Lat.   utriculus.] 
[UTKICLE.]    (See  def.) 

Sot. :  Bladderwort ;  a  genus  of  Lentibulari- 
aceie.  Slender  herbs,  often  floating  in  water. 
Leaves  of  some  species  multifid  with  floating 
bladders  ;  calyx  bipartite,  the  upper  lobe  en- 
tire, the  lower  often  notched  or  bidentate; 
corolla  personate  ;  style  generally  wanting,  if 
present  filiform  and  persistent;  stigma  two- 
lipped  ;  capsule  globose, 
bursting  irregularly;  seed 
oblong  or  peltate,  striated, 
pitted,  or  hairy.  Known 
species  120  (Sir  J.  //.„;,,  r), 
widely  dimmed.  The  Com- 
mca  Bladderwort  (L'lricu- 
laria  vulgaris)  is  a  rootless, 
floating  plant,  which  in 
summer  becomes  conspicu- 
ous f  corn  its  handsome,  gold- 
hued  flowers  raised  in  stalks 
Bix  inches  above  the  water, 
Its  floating  bladders  are 
modified  leaf-organs  which 
form  simple  but  effective 
insect  traps.  They  form  hollow  vesicles, 
entered  by  a  door  or  trap  which  opens  inwards 
only.  Minute  crustaceans,  perhaps  attracted 
by  the  slight  mucilage  within,  push  through 
this  valve,  and  are  entrapped,  escape  being 
impossible.  This  plant,  therefore,  belongs  to 
the  class  of  Insectivorous  Plants. 

n-tric'-u-late,  a.     [UTRICULUS.]    The  same 
as  UTRIOULAH  (q.v.). 

n-trtc'-u-li-form,  a.     (L»t.  utriculus,  and 
forma  =  form.] 

Bot. :  Shaped  like  a  bottle. 

u-tiic'-u-loid,  a.     [Lat.  utricuVus);  -aid.) 
Shaped  like  a  bladder ;  utricular. 

U  -  trie  u- lose,  a.     [Lat.  utricuKus) ;  Eng. 
sutf.  -ose.] 
Bat. :  Bearing  many  utricles. 

u-trlc'-u-lus  (pi.  u-tric'-u-ll),  s.  [Lat. 
utriculus  =  a  small  skin  or  leather  bottle  • 
dimin.  otuter  =a  leather  bottle.]  [UTRICLE,  2.j 

ttf-ter,  a.     [A.S.  utor,  ««or  =  outer,  utter,     • 
compar.  of  u(=out  <q.v.).     Utter  and  outer 
are  thus  doublets.] 

*  1.  Being  on  the  outer  or  exterior  side ; 
situate  or  being  outside. 

"  To  the  Bridge's  utter  gate  I  came." 

Spenter:  f.  O,,  IV.  X.  11 

*  2.  Situate  or  being  on  the  extreme  limit* 
of  something  else  ;  outside  of  any  place  or 
space  ;  remote  from  the  centre. 

"  Drive  them  out  .  .  .  into  the  utter  deep  " 

Milton:  P.L.,vLn*. 

3.  Complete,  total,  perfect,  entire. 

"  The  utter  loss  of  all  the  realm  of  Prance." 

Shaketp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  T.  4. 

4.  Peremptory,     absolute,     unconditional, 
unreserved. 

"The  utter  refusal  of  the  auxiliary  regiment*  of 
London  and  Kent  to  march  farther."— Clarendon. 

utter-barrister,  s.    [BARRISTER.] 

ut'-ter,  *  out  rcn,  *  ut-tren,  v.t.  [A  freq. 
from  Mid.  Eng.  outen  —  to  put  out,  to  out 
with,  from  A.S.  utian  =  to  put  out,  to  eject, 
from  li(  =  out.] 

*  1.  To  put  out  or  forth  ;  to  eipel,  to  eject, 
to  emit. 

"  How  hragly  it  beginnes  to  budde 
And  utter  nis  tender  head." 
Spenter :  Shepheardt  Calender;  Starch. 

*  2.   To  expose  ;  to  set  forth,  to  disclose 

to  exhibit.  f 

"The  godhed  which  than  and  never  before  uttred 
Itself."—  Udal :  Luke  xvil.  j 

*  3.  To  expose  for  sale. 

"  No  man  shall  bargaine,  sell ...  or  conuelgh  of  any 
other  sise  to  be  Mired  or  sold."—  Faoyan  •  thrortvrle 
(an.  IMS). 

4.  To  dispose  of  to  the  public  or  in  the 
way  of  trade  ;  to  put  into  or  offer  for  circula- 
tion, as  money,  notes,  base  coin,  &c.    (Now 
applied  more  especially  to  the  last.) 

5.  To  disclose ;  not  to  keep  secret ;  to  give 
expression  to. 

"  My  tongue  shall  utter  all." 

Shaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  1,OM. 


^;  pout,  J6%1:  eat,  jell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this :  sin,  as ;  expect,  ^enophon,  ezlat.   ph  =  t 
-ntan. -tlaa  =  «nan.   -tton.  -Bion  =  shun ;  -jton.  -ston  =  «huii.   -dou*.  -tloua,  -sioua  =  «hus.   -Me,  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  del. 

00 


6022 


utterable— V. 


6   To  speak,  to   pronounce.     (Sometimes 
followed  by /orUi.) 

"  Uttering  foolish  things." 

&>aknp. :  K<tpe  oj  Lturerf,  1,613. 

•  uf-ter-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  utter,  v. ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  beiug  uttered  or  expressed. 

"When  his  woe  became  utterabto.'— Had.  ffArblaif  : 
Cetilia,  bk.  x..  cli.  viiL 

•ftf -ter-an?e  (1),  s.    [Eng.  utter,  v. ;  -once.) 

*  1.  The  act  of  uttering,  putting  forth  in 
public,  or  circulating. 

2.  Emission  from  the  mouth ;  vocal  expres- 
sion ;  expression. 

M  Or  from  the  soul— «J  impulse  to  herself ;    n 
I  would  give  utterance  in  numerous  verse. 

WanUwarlk :  Beclute. 

3.  Power  of  speaking ;  speech. 

"God  has  not  bestowed  on  them  the  Rift  of  utter. 
<inee."— Dryden:  Aurung-Sebe.    (Ep.  IJedlc.) 

4.  That  which  is  uttered  or  spoken  ;  speech , 
words. 

"  Assuming  a  reference  to  himself  and  his  {table  to 

be  embodied  iu  the  veiled  utterancet  of. .  —Fu&l. 

Jan.  21.  1*34. 

•  fit'-ter-ance  (2),  *ut-tr»nnoe,  «.    [A 

corrupt,  of  Fr.  outrance.]  The  last  or  utmost 
extremity  ;  the  end ;  death.  (Only  In  the 
phrase  at  utterance,  at  uttraunce  (=  Fr.  a  on- 
trance.) 

••  When  he  s«we  his  malster  almost  at  uXnmnee  he 

was  sorie."—  Bfrnen:  Frtnaart;  Onmiicle,  vol.  ii.. 

ch.  xxiv. 

ttf  -ter-er,  «.  [Bng.  utter,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
utters :  as, 

(1)  One  who  utters  or  puts  into  circulation  : 
as,  an  utttrer  of  base  coin. 

(2)  One  who  pronounces,  speaks,  discloses, 
or  publishes. 

"  ctteren  of  secrets  he  from  thence  debarred.1 
Spenur:  F.  «..  IL  if.  25. 

•  ttt'-ter-est,  •  Tit-ter-este,  a.  [Fug.  titter, 
a. ;  -eat.]  Uttermost,  utmost. 

"  Whose  worke  I  labour  In  to  the  vtcerett  of  my 
power."—  W ydfjTe .'  ttomant  XT. 

•ttt'-ter-leM.  a.  [Eng.  utter,  v. ;  -loi.]  That 
cannot  or  may  not  be  uttered  or  expressed  in 
words ;  unutterable,  inexpressible. 

"  To  endure  »  clamouring  debate  of  utterlest  things." 
— Milton  :  DocL  *  Due.  of  divorce,  bk.  iL.  ch.  xxl. 

ttt'-ter-ljf.  "ut-ter-lle,  adv.  (Eng.  utter, 
a. ;  -ly.]  To  the  full  or  utmost  extent ;  com- 
pletely, totally. 

"  He  removed  them  vtterHe  from  his  presence."— 
Jfcltnatert:  Ckrtni.  of  England ;  Richard  1.  Ian.  11»). 

•it-ter-more,  o.  [Eng.  utter,  a.;  -more.} 
Outer,  further. 

"The  uttermore  «tand  not  farre  off"— P.  Bottani: 
Camden,  p.  701. 

Uf-ter-moBt,  a.    [Eng.  utter,  a. ;  -most.] 

1.  Farthest  in  distance  ;  most  remote  ;  ex- 
treme. 

"I  shsJl  give  thee  ...  the  uttermost  part,  of  the 
•arth  for  thy  possession."— Piolm  ii.  a. 

2.  Utmost,  extreme. 

••  Bringiiif  in  tottrmot  haste  a  message  of  argent  1m. 
portauce."          lonofelto*  :  Milei  ttandtiA,  Iv. 

f  Uttermost  is  also  used  substantively  in 
the  same  way  as  utmost  =  the  most  that  can 
be  done ;  the  utmost ;  the  greatest  power, 
degree,  or  effort. 

M  They .  .  .  seemed  resolved  to  defend  their  coast  to 
the  uttermott:  -Cook:  Firit  Vogoge,  bk.  iiL.  ch.  i. 

*  Ut-traunce,  s-    [UTTERANCE  (2).  J 
f  ik'-va  (pi.  u'-Vffl),  «.    [Lat  =  a  bunch  or 
cluster  of  grape3'! 

1.  Bat. :  A  succulent  indehiscent  fruit,  with 

•  central  placenta  and  a  very  thin  outer  peri- 
carp.   Examples  :  the  fruit  of  the  vine,  that 
of  solanum,  ftc.    Deemed  by  most  botanists 
an  unnecessary  term. 

2.  Pharn.    (PL):   Raisins;    used   only  to 
•weeten  preparations. 

t  uva  ursi,  ». 

Bot.  <S  Pharm. :  Tourneforf  s  name  for  the 
genus  now  called  Arctostaphylos  (q.v.). 
The  name  is  still  retained  as  a  convenient 
abbreviation  in  pharmacy,  bear-berry  leaves 
being  called  Uvosurri  folia.  [BIAR-BERRY.] 

jj-var  -i  a,  «.  [Lat.  u«»  =  a  bunch  of  grapes, 
which  the  fruit  resembles.] 

a*. :  A  genus  of  Xylopeee,  Flowers  her- 
maphrodite, petals  equal,  stamens  flattened, 
ovaries  linear,  cylindrical,  inserted,  as  are  the 
stamens,  into  a  flat  receptacle.  Natives  of 


tropical  or  sub -tropical  countries  in  the 
eastern  hemisphere.  The  rooto  of  Umria 
Karum.  a  large,  woody,  Indian  climber,  yield, 
by  distillation,  a  sweet-scented,  greenish  oil, 
used  in  various  diseases  in  M;il;il>ar.  The 
aromatic  root  is  also  employed  medicinally. 
The  bruised  leaves  smell  like  cinnamon.  The 
bark  of  U.  tripetaloideu,  when  tapped,  yields 
a  viscid  and  fragrant  gum.  The  leaves  of  U. 
triloba  are  applied  to  languid  abscesses  to 
bring  them  to  a  head.  The  fruit  of  U.  febri- 
fuga  is  regarded  by  the  Indians  of  the  Ori- 
noco as  an  excellent  febrifuge. 

u-vate,   s.     [UVA.]     A  conserve   made   of 

grapes.    (Simmonds.) 

u'-ve-a,  ».    [UVA.] 

Anat. :  A  covering  of  dark  pigment  at  the 
posterior  surface  of  the  iris. 

u'-ve-oiis,  a.    [UVA.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Resembling  a  grape  or  a 
bunch  of  grapes. 
2.  Anat.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  uvea(q.v.). 

il'-vlc,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  derived  from 
grapes;  as  uvic  acid,  CTHB(V 

U-vit'-lo,  a.  [Lat.  m<o)  =  a  grape ;  Bng.  snff. 
-Uic.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  derived  from 
grapes. 

uvitlc-acid,  «. 

Chan.:  C9H804=C6H3(CHS)(CO-OH)2.  A 
dibasic  aromatic  acid,  obtained  by  tailing 
pyroracemic  acid  with  excess  of  baryta  water. 
It  crystallizes  in  fine  needles,  difficultly 
soluble  in  water,  more  readily  in  alcohol  and 
ether,  and  melts  at  287".  Heated  with  lime 
to  350°,  It  yields  calcic  carbonate  and  meta- 
tolnate,  at  a  higher  temperature  yielding 
toluene. 

u-Va-ton'-Ie,  a.  Derived  from  grapes;  as 
uvitouic  acid,  C9H,t07. 

u'-vro'il,  n'-vrow,  *.    [EUPHROI.] 
ii'-vu-la,  «•    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  Lat.  urn 
- 


Anatomy: 

1.  Gen. :  Any  projecting  portion ;  as,  the 
uvula  of  the  bladder  or  of  the  cerebellum. 

4  Spec. :  A  prolongation  of  the  soft  palate 
at  the  back  of  the  mouth.  It  is  a  small  cylin- 
drical body  which  hangs  at  the  middle  of  the 
posterior  margin  of  the  soft  palate.  It  pos- 
sesses some  minute  glands,  and  can  be  elevated 
and  shortened  by  a  muscle,  the  azygoi  uvula 
A  relaxed  sore  throat  is  mainly  produced  by 
an  enlargement  of  the  uvula  with  a  certain 
amount  of  oedema ;  if  unusually  long  it  is  f  re 
quently  necessary  to  cut  it.  [ToNSiu] 
ii'-vn-lar.  a.  [UVULA.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the'uvula  :  as  the  uvular  glands. 

u-vn-lar'-8-»,  »•  J><-   lMod-  L"*- 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*.  -ta.} 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Melanthacese, 

u-vu-lar--I-a,  «.     [Mod.  Lat,  from 
(q.v.).] 

Hot  •  The  typical  genus  of  Uvularea?  (q.v., 
Leaves  sessile,  amplexicaul ;  flowers  solitarj 
drooping,  like  those  of  Polygonatum,  bu 
having  the  style  three-cleft,  and  the  fruit  dr 
and  three-celled.  The  species  are  astringent 
and  the  bruised  leaves  of  Uvularia  grnndiflor 
are  a  popular  remedy  in  the  United  States  fc 
the  bite  of  the  rattlesnake. 

•u'-vu-lar-l&adu.  [Eng.  uvular  ;-ly.}  With 
thickness  of  voice  or  utterance,  as  when  th 
uvula  is  too  long. 

ii-vn-la-wort,  «.  [Mod.  Lat  uvula,  an 
Eng.  wort.} 

Bot. :  Campanula  Trachelium,  the  Nettle 
leaved  Bell-flower.  Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate 
hispid,  coarsely  doubly  serrate;  peduncle 
generally  few  flowered;  racemes  panicled 
corolla  bluish  purple.  Found  in  woods  an 
copses  in  England.  So  named  because  it  wa 
supposed  to  be  of  use  in  swelling  and  pain  o 
the  throat  [THROATWOET  (1).] 

u-wa'-ro-wite  (w  as  v),  ».  [After  th 
Russian  Minister  Uwarpf,  Uvarof,  Uvanr 
Uwarow ;  Russ.  ouvarovit.] 

Jfin. :  A  variety  of  garnet  (q.v.)  of  a 
emerald-green  colour,  in  which  a  part  of  th 
alumina  is  replaced  by  sesquioxide  of  eliro 


mium.  Originally  from  the  Ural  Mountains, 
but  now  fouml,  though  sparsely,  in  several 
other  parta  of  the  world. 

&y-or'-I-al,  a.    [Lat.  iwor=-  a  wife.) 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  wife  or  married 
woman. 

"The  beauty  of  wives,  the  tutorial  beauty."—  Lytlo* : 
MU  Hotel,  bk.  Iv..  ch.  i. 

2.  Related  to  or  connected  with  one's  wife. 
"  All  your  uxorial  connections  living  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood."— Bf.  Wllberforct,  la  il'e.  i.  105. 

3.  Uxorious. 

••  Melted  into  absolute  uxoricZ  imbecility."— i 
Mr  .Vote!,  bk.  viiL,  ch.  ill. 

tUf-6r'-I-9ide,  ».    [Lat.  uxor  =  a.  wife, 
coda  (iu  compos,  -cido)  =  to  kill.) 

1.  The  murder  of  a  wife  by  her  husband. 

2.  A  husband  who  murders  his  wife. 

ix-dr'-I-oiis,  a.  [Lat.  uxwitts,  from  itxors: 
a  wife.]  Excessively  or  foolishly  fond  of  a 
wife  ;  doting  on  a  wife. 

"  But  lie's  an  ass  that  will  be  so  uxoriout  to  tie  his 
affections  to  one  circle."— Sen  Jonton  :  Silent  Woman. 
iv.  L 

y-or'-i-otiB-iy,  adv.  (Eng.  uxorious;  -ly.] 
In  an  uxorious  manner ;  with  foolish  or  fond 
doting  on  a  wife. 

"  If  thou  art  thus  uxvrioiuly  inclin'd." 

Dryden  :  Juvenal,  VI.  291, 

ix-or'-I-ous-ness,  «.  [Eng.  uxorious  ;  -nat.\ 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  uxorious ;  foolish 
or  fond  doting  on  a  wife. 

"The  carnality  and  uxortoumett  of  the  Jews."— 
Hare  :  Jtnterf  of  Oadllnm.  p.  100. 

a-zo-ma,  «.  [Native  word.)  A  linear  mea- 
sure in  'the  Binnan  Empire,  equal  to  about 
twelve  statute  miles. 


V. 

V  tbe  twenty-secflnd  letter,  and  the  fifteenth 
consonant  of  the  English  alphabet,  represent* 
a  labial  or  labio-dental  consonant  sound,  and 
is  produced  by  the  junction  of  the  lower  lip 
and  upper  teeth,  as  in  or,  eve,  vain.  The 
sound  of  «  differs  from  that  of  /,  which  is 
produced  in  the  same  way,  in  being  voiced, 
while  that  of  ./'  is  breathed.  Both  v  and 
/  are  also  continuous  consonants,  and  also 
belong  to  the  class  of  the  spirants.  V  in 
Middle  English  is  commonly  written  u  in 
MSB.,  and  conversely  u  sometimes  appears 
as  V,  most  frequently  at  the  beginning  of 
words,  and  especially  in  the  words  vs,  vse,  if, 
vnto,  under,  and  vn-,  used  as  a  prefix.  A* 
noted  under  U,  u  and  v  were  formerly  the 
same  letter,  and  iu  dictionaries  and  alpha- 
betical lists  words  beginning  with  U  and  V 
were,  up  till  a  comparatively  recent  date, 
combined.  [U.]  The  Latin  v,  or  rather  con- 
sonant «,  was  probably  pronounced  as  w :  as 
in  veapa  =  wasp.  A  very  large  proportion  of 
the  words  which  begin  with  v  are  of  French 
or  Latin  origin,  only  vane,  vat,  mneu-etl,  and 
vixen  being  English.  The  letter  »  dhl  not 
exist  in  Anglo-Saxon,  its  sound  beinK  repre- 
sented by/,  as  in  hcofon  =  heaven,  o/=  of  (on 
[F.]  By  this  may  be  explained  the  change  of 
consonant  in  the  plurals  of  such  words  as 
thief,  pi.  thines,  wo!/,  pi.  vxilves,  &«.  V  fr 
quently  replaces  f,  as  in  vat  =  Mid.  Eng.  fat  ; 
re«c*«=Mid.  Eng.  fetches  (&t  the  present  day 
so  pronounced  in  the  Midland  counties),  4c. 
In  the  dialects  of  the  South  of  England  v 
still  commonly  used  when  other  dialerts  had 
/:  as  vo  =  foe,  vinger  =  finger,  &C.  V  in  sc  une 
Romance  words  represents  pK,  as  vial  =  phial  , 
Mid.  Eng.  visnomy  =  physiognomy,  &C.  I 
has  been  changed  to  (1)  w  i"  periwinkle  = 
Vfrvenche,  Lat.  perimnca ;  (2V  to  711  in  malm- 
sey =  Mid.  Eng.  malvesie,  O.  Fr.  malmisie.  In 
vulgar  speech,  especially  of  Londoners,  •  to 
sometimes  used  for  to,  and,  conversely,  1C  fo 
v;  as,  veil  for  well,  viery  for  very.  V  never  • 
appears  as  a  final  letter  in  English  (though 
a  final  v  sound  often  occurs),  nor  is  it  ever 
doubled. 
V  as  o  symbol  it  uted : 

1.  X»_o  numeral :  For  5,  and  with  a  dish 
over  it  (V)  for  5,000 

2.  In  Chem. :  For  the  element  Vanadium. 

3.  I»  Her. :   For  vert,  in  the  tricking  <* 
arras  with  a  pen  and  ink.    (TRICK,  v.,  S.) 


Pit, 


fcte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there 
•r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go. 
Syrian.    «e,  ce  =  e ;  ay  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


va— vaccination 


5023 


A.  7n  Law,  <tc. :  For  versus  (Lat,  =  against) : 
aa,  Jobu  Doe  v.  Richard  Roe. 

"The  popular  comparison  of  Free  Trade  n  Protec- 
tion to  the  Big  loaf  v.  Little  loaf."—  Daily  Chronicle. 
April  9,  ISttS. 

6.  In  Physics,  <&c. :  For  velocity. 
6.  In  Music :  As  an  abbreviation  of  trtoiino, 
violini,  voce,  voltat  &c. 

W*,v.i.    IltaLJ 

-IfKsic:  Go  on  :  as,  va  crescendo  =  go  on  in 
creasing  the  power;  va  rallentando  =  go  on 
dragging  the  time. 

vaafg'-mar,  *.    [Icel.  vdg-mert  =  wave-mare.] 
Ickthy. :    Trachypterits   arcticus,    from    the 
Northern  seas.    The  body  is  extremely  com- 
pressed, whence  it  is  also  called  the  Riband- 
shaped  Vaagniar  and  Deal-tish. 

TaaT-ite,  s.     [After  the  Vaal  River,  South 

Africa;  snff.  -tte(Afin.).j 

Min. :  A  inonoclinio  mineral,  occurring  in 
hexagonal  prisms  in  an  altered  enstatic  rock 
and  in  the  "blue  ground"  of  the  diamond 
mines  of  South  Africa.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated 
silicate  of  magnesia,  alumina,  and  sesqnioxide 
of  iron.  On  heating,  it  expands  to  six  times 
its  ordinary  size.  Probably  an  altered  mica. 

•vac-a-bond,      vac-a-bound,  o.  &  «. 

(VAGABOND.] 

Va'-caji9e,  ?.  [Fr.  =  vacancy(q.v.).]  Vacation; 
the  recess  of  a  court  or  school ;  holidays ;  es- 
pecially harvest  or  summer  holidays.  It  is 
generally  treated  as  a  plural.  (Scotch,) 


-9&  *  va  can-cie,  «.  [Fr.  w*mnc«, 
from  Lat.  vacans  =  vacant  (q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port. 
vacaneia;  Ital.  vacanza.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vacant, 
empty,  or  unoccupied  ;  as— 

*  (1)  Emptiness. 

(2)  The  state  of  being  unoccupied  or  un- 
filled. 

"  The  vacancy  of  the  throne  being  ooce  established." 
—  Kackttone  :  Comment.,  bk.  1.,  oh,  a, 

*(3)  Freedom  from  employment;  leisure. 
Idleness. 
•(4)  Liatlessness  ;  emptiness  of  thought. 

"  All  dispositions  to  idleness  or  vacancy,  even  before 
they  lire  habita,  are  dangerou*."—  Wotton:  ttematni. 

2.  That  which  is  vacant,  empty,  or  unoccu- 
pied ;  as— 

(1)  Empty  space  ;  vacuity  ;  outward  space 
conveying  no  impression  to  the  eye. 

"  You  do  bead  your  eye  on  vacancy." 

Shaketp.  :  HamM,  111.  4. 

(2)  A  space  between  objects  or  things  ;  au 
Intermediate  space,  a  gap,  a  chasm. 

"The  reader  Audi  a  wide  KManc*.  and  knows  not 
how  to  transport  his  thoughts  to  the  next  particular, 
lor  want  of  some  connecting  idea."—  Watt*  :  Logic, 

*(3)  An  intermission;  an  interval  of  time 
not  devoted  to  the  ordinary  duties  or  business 
of  life  ;  hence,  unoccupied  or  unemployed 
time;  leisure,  vacation,  relaxation. 

•*  If.  sometimes,  each  other's  eyes  we  meet, 
Those  little  vacancies  from  toil  are  sweet" 

Dryden.    (Todd.) 

(4)  An  unoccupied,  unfilled,  or  vacant  post, 
position,  or  office  ;  a  post,  position,  or  office 
destitute  of  a  person  to  fill  it. 

"For.  If  th«  throne  be  at  any  time  vacant.  the  right 
of  disposing  of  this  vacancy  seems  naturally  to  resul  t 
to  the  L<>rus  and  Commonn,  the  trustees  arid  repre- 
sentatives of  the  nation."—  Blactatortt:  Comment.,  bk. 
i  .  .  eh.  3. 

va'  cant,  *va-caunt,  a.     [Fr.,  from  Lat 
vacans,  pr.  par.  of  vaco  =  to  be  empty,  to  he 
devoid  of  something,  to  be  at  leisure  :  Sp., 
Port,  &  ItaL  vacente.l 
L  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  Having  no   contents:   unfilled,  empty. 

Void. 

"  Filling  a  space  less  meant.* 

Wordtwarth  :  JUxcurtion,  bk.  IT. 

*2.  Devoid,  destitute,  wanting. 

**  Being  of  those  virtues  vacant.* 

StMtetp.  :  Benry  F///,  r.  1. 

3.  Not  occupied  or  filled  by  an  Incumbent, 
possessor,  or  official  ;  unoccupied. 

"  The  pope  had  accursed  the  English  people.  b!cans« 
they  RUfred  the  bishops'  sees  to  be  vacant  so  long  a 
time.  '—ffoUmtktd:  Slit.  England,  bk.  vL,  ch.  xviit 

*  4.  Not  engaged  or  occupied  in  business  or 
care  ;  unemployed,  unoccupied,  leisure,  free. 

"At  snch  vacant  times  as  they  lie  not  In  camp."— 
n       ;  Stat*  of  Ireland. 


5.  Free  from  thought  ;  not  given  to  thought, 
•tody,  or  reflection  ;  thoughtless,  listless. 

"  With  a  body  flll'd,  itnd  vacant  mind." 

ShalcMp.  t  Benry  1*.,  Ir.  1. 


II.  Law :  Abandoned  ;  having  uo  heir : 
vacant  effects. 

vacant-book,  s.    (See  extract.) 

"Huiue  of  the  unions,  for  example,  du  part  of  the 
work  of  the  state  bureaux  of  Uhoar— *eeplug  la  l-ir.u 
towns  a  txicant-Aooft,  recording  the  names  uf  in- 
waut  work  and  of   masters  who  waut  workmen." — 
S'ltetT*  L'yclofxedM  (1886).  B.V.  Trade*  Union. 

vacant-succession,  *.  A  succession 
which  is  claimed  by  no  one,  or  the  heir  to 
which  is  unknown. 

va-cato',  v.t.     [Lat.  vacatus,  pa.  par.  of  vaco 
=  to  be  vacant  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  make  vacant ;  to  cause  to  be  empty  ; 
to  quit  the  occupancy  or  possession  of;  to 
leave  empty,  unfilled,  or  unoccupied. 

"  The  prospects  of  sport  in  the  countries  now  about 
to  be  imcatea,  will  be  regarded  as  promising. "—  field, 
Jan.  91.  180. 

2.  To  annul ;  to  make  void ;  to  deprive  of 
validity  or  authority. 


»  3.  To  defeat ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

"He  vacate*  my  revenge."        Uryden.    (Todd.) 

va-ca'-tion,  *  va-ca-ci-on,  *  va-ca-<sy- 

on,  s.     [Fr.  vacation,  from  Lat.  vacations mt 
accus.  of  vacation. leisure,  from  vacatus,  jvi. 
par.  of  vaco  =  to  be  vacant  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  ruru- 
don  ;  Ital.  vacazione.] 
1.  The  act  of  vacating : 

(1)  The  a<;t  of  leaving  vacant  or  unoccupied  : 
as,  the  vacation  of  an  office. 

(2)  The  act  of  annulling;  the  act  of  making 
vacant,  void,  or  of  no  validity ;  invalidation, 
abrogation. 

*  2.  Time  not   occupied   or  disposed   of ; 
leisure  time. 

*  3.  A  space  of  time  or  a  condition  in  which 
there  Is  an  intermission  of  a  stated  employ- 
ment or  procedure ;  stated  interval  In  a  round 
of  duties ;  intermission,  rest. 

"  Benefit  of  peace,  quiet,  and  vacation  for  piety." — 
ffammond:  Fundamental*. 

4.  Hence  specifically : 

(1)  Temporary  cessation  of  Judicial  proceed- 
ings ;  the  interval  between  the  end  of  one 
term  and  the  beginning  of  the  next ;  recess, 
non-term. 

*  As  these  clerks  want  not  their  full  task  of  labour 
during  the  open  term,  so  there  is  for  them  wherwuiiuii 
to  be  occupied  in  the  vacation  only."— Bacon:  Office  of 
Alienation. 

*|  in  the  Higher  Law  Courts  there  are  four : 
the  Christinas,  the  Easter,  the  Whiten n,  and 
the  Long  Vacations.  (English.) 

(2)  The  intermission  or  temporary  cessa- 
tion of  the  regular  studies  of  a  college,  school, 
or  other  educational  institution,  when  the 
pupils  have  a  recess ;  holidays. 

6.  The  time  during  which  an  office  Is  vacant 
or  unoccupied,  especially  the  time  during 
which  a  see  or  other  other  spiritual  dignity  is 
vacant. 

vacation-sittings,  s.  pi. 

Law  :  Sittings  of  a  judge  during  vacations. 
It  is  permissible  to  take  up  any  cases  which 
may  arise  or  may  remain  for  settlement,  but 
the  custom  is  to  dispose  only  of  those  stand- 
ing for  argument  or  judgment  Called  also, 
Sittings  after  term. 

vac-car'-i-a,  s.  [Lat  twcea  =  a  cow.  (See 
def.)] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Silenece,  akin  to  Saponaria, 
but  with  a  five-augled  calyx  enlarged  after 
flowering.  Vacoaria  vulgaris  has  been  found 
as  a  weed  in  cornfields  in  England,  but  it  is 
not  indigenous.  It  is  said  to  increase  the 
secretion  of  milk  of  cows  fed  upon  it 

*  vac'-car-y,  *  vac'-char-y,  *.  [Low  Lat 
vaccarium,  from  Lat.  raeea  =  a  cow.]  A  cow- 
house, dairy,  or  cow-pasture.  (Prov.) 

vao-ci-na,  «.    [VACCINIA.] 

vao-cln'-al,  o.    [Eng.  vactin(e);  -al]    Of  or 
belonging  to  vaccine  matter,  or  vaccination. 
vaccinal-fever,  *. 

PatJwl. :  A  slight  fever  often  arising  be- 
tween the  sixth  and  ninth  day  after  vaccina- 
tion. Sometimes  there  is  an  eruption  of 
vaccine  lichen  or  roseola,  continuing  about  a 
week. 

Vac'-cl-xtate,  r.t.      [As  if  from  s  Lat   rac- 

cinatus,  pa.   par.  of  taarino  =  to  Inoculate, 
from  Lat.  vawinus  =  pertaining   to  cows  ; 


wzcca  =  acow.J  To  inoculate  with  the  cow- 
pox  by  means  of  vaccine  matter  or  lyropu 
taken  directly  or  indirectly  from  the  cow,  for 
the  purpose  of  procuring  immunity  from 
small-pox,  or  of  mitigating  its  attack. 

Vac-9in-a'-tlon,  s.    [Eng-  voccinoi(e);  -ion: 
Fr.  vaccination.} 

1.  PathoL:  The  act  or  art  of  vaccinating; 
the  introduction  of  vaccine  matter  into  the 
human  frame  with  the  view  of  protecting  it 
against  small-pox,  or  rendering  thatdiscase  less 
formidable.  It  was  at  tirst  supposed  that  the 
cow-pux  (q.v.)  had  arisen  by  the  transmission 
to  the  cow  of  a  disease  in  the  horse  called 
"grease,"  the  purulent  matter  of  which  was 
largely  employed  by  Jenner  and  others  for 
vaccinating  purposes,  at  tirst  after  it  had 
been  passed  through  the  cow,  and  after- 
wards by  direct  transmission.  Its  employ- 
ment has  long  since  been  abandoned.  The 
cow  •  pox  is  not  produced  in  the  human 
frame  by  effluvia;  actual  inoculation  is  re- 
quired. When  vaccine  lymph  is  introduced 
into  the  arm  of  an  infant,  by  one  or  more 
punctures  of  a  lancet,  no  noticeable  effect 
is  discernible  for  two  days.  Then  a  slight 
papula  arises,  which,  on  the  fifth  or  sixth 
day,  becomes  of  a  bluish  colour  and  vesi- 
cular, with  a  raised  head  and  a  central 
cup.  On  the  eighth  day  it  reaches  full  de- 
velopment, and  an  inflammatory  areola  ap- 
pears, which  spreads  with  the  extension  of 
the  vesicle  for  two  more  days.  Then  a  cnist 
or  scale  is  produced  in  the  centre  of  the 
vesicle,  and  gradually  extends  till  it  covers 
it  in  every  part.  On  the  fourteenth  or 
fifteenth  day  the  scale  becomes  hard  and 
brown;  it  next  contracts,  dries,  and  blackens, 
until,  between  the  twentieth  and  the  twenty- 
fifth  day,  it  falls  off,  leaving  a  permanent 
circular,  depressed,  and  foveated  cicatrix. 
Unless  it  possess  all  these  characters,  and 
specially  unless  foveation  be  present,  vac- 
cination is  imperfect,  and  cannot  be  relied 
on  as  a  prophylactic  against  small-pox.  It  has 
been  established  also  that  four,  or  at  least  two, 
such  cicatrices  are  essential  for  protection, 
and  that  the  operation  should  be  repeated  in 
ten  to  twelve,  or,  at  most,  in  fourteen  years. 
[REVAC'ciNATioN.J  Various  objections  have 
been  brought  forward  against  vaccination  ; 
the  only  one  to  which  importance  is  attached 
by  medical  men  is  that  a  danger  exists  of 
introducing  syphilis  into  the  fiame  by  the  us« 
of  infected  lymph.  Dr.  Farr  deduced  from 
the  statistics  of  the  small-pox  epidemic  of 
1871,  that  if  100,000  vaccinated  persons  be 
exposed  to  certain  risks  of  contagion,  100  will 
be  attacked,  ten  of  which  will  die ;  while  if 
100,000  unvaccin&ted  people  be  exposed  to 
the  same  risks,  at  least  000  will  be  attacked, 
of  whom  270  will  die.  The  English  Commis- 
sion of  1873  settled  the  question  in  the  minds 
of  legislators,  as  all  statistics  have  since  done. 
The  German  Vaccination  Commission  of  1884 
came  to  the  following  conclusions : 

"With  rare  exceptions,  one  survived  attack  of  small- 
pox confers  immunity  against  subsequent  attacks. 
Vaccination  exerts  a  similar  protection.  The  duration 
of  the  protection  varies  within  wide  limits,  hat  Is,  on 
the  average,  ten  years.  At  least  two  well-developed 
vaccine  vesicles  are  necessary  to  ensure  an  efficient 
protection.  Revaluation  is  necessary  ten  years  after 
primary  vaccination.  The  v;tcciuated  condition  of 
the  community  increases  the  relative  protection  against 
•mall-pox  acquired  by  the  individual  and  hence  vac- 
ciimtiou  is  beneficial  not  only  individually  hut  gen- 
erally. Vaccination  may  have  an  injurious  effect 
under  certain  circumstances.  Tn  the  use  of  human 
lymph,  the  danger  of  transferring  syphilis,  however 
slight,  cannot  be  entirely  excluded.  Any  other  bad 
effects  are  apparently  only  due  to  the  consequences  of 
the  wound,  9.9.,  erysipelas,  Ac.  Atl  these  dangen  may 
by  precaution  bo  reduced  to  such  a  minimum  as  to 
make  the  benefit  of  vaccination  infinitely  outweigh 
them.  Since  the  introduction  of  vaccination,  no 
scientifically-proved  increase  of  any  particular  disease 
or  of  the  general  mortality  lias  occurred.  Mince  the 
dangers  to  health  aud  life  (vaec  i  nation  -syphilis,  4c  ) 
occasionally  connected  with  the  use  of  human  lymph 
can  be  avoided  hy  the  use  of  animal  lymph,  and  since 
vaccination  with  animal  lymph  has  been  recently  so 
perfected  as  almost  to  equal  vaccination  with  human 
lymph,  the  latter  is  to  be  gradually  superseded  by 
an ii ital  lymph," 

2.  The  vaccination  process  has  raised  strong 
opposition,  auti-vaccinationists  alleging  that 
the  process  rather  tends  to  Increase  than  to 
decrease  small-pox,  and  causes  a  large  increase 
in  the  number  of  children  afflicted  by  euch 
inoculable  diseases  as  scrofula,  syphilis,  skin 
diseases,  Ac.  To  this  it  is  replied  that  these 
statements  are  based  on  incorrect  returns,  and 
that  statistics  properly  and  broadly  considered 
tell  a  very  different  story.  Such  danger  aa 
exists  cornea  from  vaccination  with  human 
lymph,  and  is  likely  to  be  completely  over- 
come throngh  the  use  of  pur«  animal  virus 
Since  1880  the  use  of  lymph  from  the  calf  baa 


boil,  bo^;  poilt,  jo*l;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thiu,  this;  sin,  05 ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing 
-oian.  -tlan  =  shan.   -tton,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -fioa  =  Zhou,   -eiona.  -Uous.  -«ions  =  sfcus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  =  Del.  £91. 


6024 


vaccinator— vaouole 


Tery  greatly  increased.  ID  Berlin  the  law 
permits  only  the  use  of  this  lymph,  and  it 
Is  genet-ally  employed  throughout  Germany. 
The  use  of  lymph  irom  cow  pox  began  in  the 
United  State*  in  1870,  and  this  now  baa  almost 
superseded  human  lymph,  with  very  beneficial 
results.  In  France  its  use  is  general,  and  it  is 
being  adopted  in  Britain.  A  calf  yields  suffi- 
cient lymph  to  inoculate  400  or  600  children. 
Compulsory  vaccination  is  the  law  in  some 
countries,  as  in  England,  though  considerable 
opposition  to  it  exists  there.  In  the  United  States 
it  is  being  required  in  the  public  schools  of 
certain  cities,  pupils  being  refused  admission 
unless  vaccinated.  Vacillation  is  not  otherwise 
compulsory  in  this  country.  [ANTIVACCISA- 

T10NIBT.] 

V&c'-fin-a-tor,  ».    [Eng.  vaccinaXe);  -or.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  vaccinates. 

2.  Surg. :   An   instrument  for  introducing 
vaccine  virus  beneath  tha  skin. 

T&o'-fine,  a,  &  t.  [Lat.  vaccinia,  from  roon 
=  a  cow.) 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  cows ;  de- 
rived or  obtained  from  cows. 
Bt  At  ntbtt. :  [VACCIHE-LYMPH.] 

vaccine-farm,  >.  A  place  where  heifers 
are  inoculated  and  kept  for  the  cultivation  of 
vaccine  virus. 

vaccine-lichen.  >. 

PathoL  ;  A  kind  of  lichen  sometimes  appear- 
tog  in  connection  with  Vaocinal  Fever  (q.v.). 

vaccine-lymph,  vaccine  matter,  s. 

iled. :  A  pure  pellucid  liquid  taken  directly 
or  indirectly  from  the  udder  of  a  cow  suffering 
from  cow-pox.  [VACcrsATioN.] 

vaccine-roseola, «. 

PathoL  :  A  variety  of  roseola  occasionally 
arising  in  connection  with  vaccine  fever  (q.v.). 

vac-fin  I-a,  vao-ci'-na,  *    [Mod.  Lat, 
from  wKca  =  a  cow.] 
Pathol. :  Cowpox  (q.v.). 

vao-ota-I  a  -96-88,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  mcd- 
ni(um);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  <uxcc.] 

Bat. :  Cranberries ;  an  order  of  Epigynons 
Exogens.  alliance  Cinchonales.  Much- 
branched  shrubs  or  small  trees  often  ever- 
green, sometimes  parasitic.  Leaves  alternate 
entire,  often  with  glandular  notches,  exstipu- 
late ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  racemes;  calyx, 
superior,  entire,  or  with  four  to  six  lobes. 
Corolla  monopetalous,  with  the  same  number 
of  divisions  as  the  calyx,  imbricated  in  esti- 
vation ;  stamens  inserted  in  an  epigynous 
disc,  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla ; 
anthers  two-horned,  two-celled,  bursting  by 
pores.  Ovary  inferior,  with  four  to  ten 
cells,  each  with  one  or  many  minute  seeds. 
The  species  occur  in  temperate  regions,  in 
swamps,  or  subalpine  districts.  They  are 
widely  diffused  over  both  hemispheres.  Their 
bark  and  leaves  are  astringent,  their  berries 
pleasantly  subacid.  Known  genera,  fourteen ; 
species,  two  hundred  (iindtej/.)  [VACCINI 

vac-cln'-Ic,  a.  [Lat  mccinfvt)  =  of  or  be- 
longing to  a  cow ;  Eng.  stiff,  -ic.  J  Contained  in 
or  derived  from  cow's  milk. 

vacclnlc-acld,  ..-. 

Chtm.:  Lerch's  name  for  an  acid  he  obtained 
by  the  saponiflcation  of  butter  from  cow's 
milk.  It  appears  to  have  been  a  mixture  of 
butyric  and  cnprio  acids. 

vac-cin-J-e'-se, «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  mcdni<um); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -tcr..\ 

Bat. :  A  sub-order  of  Ericacea;,  having  the 
buds  clothed  with  scales,  the  stamens  epigy- 
nons,  and  the  ovary  inferior.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.) 
It  is  equal  in  extent  with  the  order  Vaecini- 
ace*  (q.v.). 

vac-cIn'-l-lSr,  ».  [Eng.  vaccine,  and  Lat. 
/era  =  to  bear.]  One  from  whose  body  lymph 
is  taken  for  the  purpose  of  vaccination. 


•vac'-cln-lst,  «. 

vaccinator. 


[Eng.  va<xin(f);  -I*.}    A 


vac-cIn'-X-ftm,  *.    [Lat.  =  the  whortleberry 
(facciniumMyrtUhu).    See  def.) 

1.  Bat. :  Whortleberry  ;  the  typical  gennsof 
Vacciniacese  (q.v.).  Shrubs  with  alternate 
and,  as  a  rule,  evergreen  leaves ;  calyx  tube 


VAOCIsnjM  MTKTI1XUI  AjrD  FaUTT. 


short,  limb  four  or  five-toothed  ;  corolla, 
urceolate  or  campanulate,  four  to  five  cleft  ; 
stamens,  eight  to  ten  ;  berry  globose,  four  to 
five-celled,  iriany-seeded.  Known  species, 
about  a  hundred,  from  America,  Europe,  and 
Asia.  The  Common  Whortleberry,  or  Bilberry 
(  I'iu-ciiiium  niyrtiilut),  is  found  in  the  northern 
United  States, 
.  and 

Europe.  It 
bears  dark 
purple  berries, 
covered  with 
a  mealy 
bloom,  which 
are  sweet  and 
agreeable, 
and  are  used 
as  table  fruit, 
also  for  jellies 
and  tarts.  The 
fruits  of  sev- 
eral species  of 
Vaccinium 
are  known  in 
the  United  States  as  Blueberries.  The  Huc- 
kleberry of  this  country  is  the  fruit  of  several 
species  of  Gaylussacia,  formerly  Vaccinium. 
The  Cowberry  (V.  orycoma,  uow  Oxycocait 
palustris)  is  a  wide-spread  plant,  found  in  many 
localities  of  North  America,  Great  Britain,  the 
north  of  Europe,  and  Siberia.  V.  Letchenaultii^ 
growing  on  the  mountains  of  southern  India 
and  Ceylon  from  4,000  to  8,000  feet  high,  bears 
an  edible  fruit. 

2.  PaUeobot.  :  A  species  occurs  in  the  Mio- 
cene and  one  in  the  Pleistocene,  (Etheridge.) 

vao-ci-no-,  ynj.  [VACCINE.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  consisting  of,  or  produced  by  vaccine 
matter. 

vaccine-syphilitic,  a. 

Potto!.:  Of  or  belonging  to  inoculation 
partly  vaccinio  partly  syphilitic.  [VACCINA- 
TION.] 

va-9hel'-ll-a,  ».  [Named  after  Eev.  G.  H. 
Vachell,  residing  in  China.  ] 

Bot.  :  An  old  genus  of  Acaciea,  now  reduced 
to  a  sub-genus  of  Acacia,  or  altogether  merged 
in  that  genus.  Vachellia  Farntsiana,  now 
Acacia  farnaiana  is  a  large  shrub  or  small 
tree,  with  bipinnate  leaves  having  four  to  eight 
pinnae,  each  with  ten  to  twenty  pairs  of 
narrow,  blunt  leaflets.  The  flowers,  which  are 
in  little  globular  heads,  are  the  Cassie  flowers 
of  commerce,  which,  macerated  in  fine  olive 
oil,  yield  a  perfume  like  that  of  violets. 
The  tree  seems  to  be  indigenous  only  in  the 
tropics  of  America,  but  it  is  now  cultivated 
in  most  hot  countries,  and  has  extended  even 
to  the  south  of  Europe. 

va'-cher 

vacca)  =  . 

on  the  prairies  of  the  south-west.    (Amer.) 

va'-cher-y',  «.  [Fr.  mOarie,  from  racht  =  a 
cow.] 

1.  A  pen  or  inclosure  for  cows. 

2.  Adairy. 

3.  A  place-name  for  farms 
U  Provincial  in  all  its  uses. 

•va9'-H-lan-e&  ».    [Lat.  mdUu.ru.  pr.  par. 
of  vacillo  =  to  vacillate  (q.v.Vl      The  state 
of  vacillating  or  wavering  ;  vacillation,  wav 
ing,  inconstancy. 

"  I  deny  that  all  mntaDillty  Implies  Imperfection. 
though  some  does.  Mthat  tacillancy  In  human  souls." 
—Mart  1  Dinn,  Dialnyua. 

•vac'-fl-lant,  a.  [Lat.  vacillant,  pr.  par.  of 
twctUo.]  Vacillating;  wavering,  inconstant. 

vac'-Q-late,  o.i.  [Lat-  vacillatus,  pa.  par.  of 
mcillo  —  to  sway  to  and  fro,  to  reel,  to  vacil 
late.  Prob.  allied  to  Eng.  woj(q.v.).] 

*L  Lit.:  To  reel;  to  sway  to  and  fro  ;  to 
stagger,  to  waver. 

"It  la  alwayi  liable  to  shift  and  vacillate  from  one 
axis  to  another."—  Falty  :  .fatural  TjMoloffir,  ch.  xxil. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  fluctuate  in  mind  or  opinion  ;  to 
waver  ;  to  be  inconstant  or  unsteady  in  opinion 
or  resolution. 

vac'-iH-lat-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    (VACILLATI.) 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adjective  : 

1.  Lit.  :  Swaying  to  and  fro  ;  reeling. 

2.  Fig.:  Fluctuatingorwaveringin  opinion; 
unsteady  in  opinion  or  resolution  ;  inconstant. 


a'-cher  (er  as  a),  s.    [Fr.,  from  taeht  (Lat 
vacca)  =  a  cow.]    The  stock  or  cattle-keeper 


vac'-ll-lat-Ing-lj?,  adv.     [Eng. 
•ly.}    In  a  vacillating  or  wavering  manner; 
unsteadily. 

va9-fl-la'-tlon,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  vacUl» 
twnem,  aceus.  of  rocif/aiio,  from  vacillatut, 
pa.  par.  of  vacillo  =  to  vacil  late  (q.v.).] 

•  1.  Lit.  :  The  act  or  state  of  vacillating, 
reeling,  or  swaying  to  and  fro  ;  a  reeling,  a    • 
staggering. 

"  Put  In  motion  by  e»ery  Blip  or  vacillation  of  the 
hody."  —  ralty  :  .Vat.  Theology,  cb.  XL 
2.  fig.  :  Vacillating  conduct,  fluctuation,  or   .- 
wavering  of  mind  ;  inconstancy  of  opinion  or 
resolution. 

"  Vacillation  ciuinot  be  considered  as  a  proof  of 
dishonesty."—  Macuulay  :  But.  Eny.,  ch.  li. 

*va9'-il-la-t6r-y,  a.    [Eng.  vacillate)  ;  -ory.]   ! 
Inclined  to  vacillate  or  waver  ;  vacillating, 
unsteady. 

"Such  vacillatory  accounts  of  affairs."  —  f>'ort\t 
Examen,  L  26. 

va-co'-a,  va-cou'-a,  ».  [Fr.  DOOM,  vacua, 
vacoua.  (LU*re.)] 

Bot.  :  Pandanut  utllis.  It  grows  wild  in 
Mauritius,  &c.,  and  is,  moreover,  cultivated 
for  its  leaves,  which  are  made  into  square 
bags  for  the  reception  of  sugar  for  export. 

•  vac'-u-ate,  r.f.  [Lat.  vacuatus,  pa.  par.  of 
vacua  =  to  empty,  from  vactnts  =  empty.]  To 
make  empty,  to  evacuate,  to  empty,  to  annul. 

"  Like  the  Pharisees'  Corbau,  under  the  pretence  of 
an  extraordinary  service  to  God.  fn-ttatf*  all  duty  to 
man."—  Secular  1'riett  Expoud.  p.  27. 

•vac-u-a'-tion,  «.  [VACCATE.]  The  act  of 
emptying  ;  evacuation. 

"vac'-u-lst,  s.  [VACUUM.]  One  who  holds  the 
doctrine  of  a  vacuum  in  nature  ;  opposed  to  a 
plenist. 

"  It  would  also  appear  that  there  may  be  a  much 
subtiler  body  than  common  air,  and  as  yet  unobserved 
by  the  eacuilti.'—  Soylt  :  Workt,  liL  251. 

va-cu'-I-ty,  •  va-cu-i-tle,  ».  [Fr.  vacuiti, 
from  Lat  vacuitattm,  accus.  of  racuitas,  from 
vacuus  =  empty.] 

*  1.  The  state  of  being  vacuous,  empty,  or 
unfilled  ;  emptiness. 

"  Hunger  is  such  a  state  of  vanitty,  as  to  require  • 
fresh  supply  of  aliment"—  Arbuthnot. 

*  2.  The  state  of  being  devoid  or  destitute 
of  anything. 

"  Men  are  at  first  without  understanding  or  know- 
ledge at  all.  Nevertheless  from  this  vacuitie  they 
grow  by  degrees  till  they  come  at  length  to  be  even  as 
the  angels  themselves  be."  —  Hooker  :  Ecclet.  falitit, 
bk.1.,  16. 

3.  Freedomfrom  mental  exertion  ;  rest  from 
brainwork;  vacancy. 

"  Teaching  his  brain  to  repose  with  a  wise  faculty." 
—Bl'fki*-  layt  of  Highland*  t  filandt,  p.  »8. 

4.  Absence  of  intelligence  in  look  or  coun- 
tenance ;  expression  showing  want  of  thought 
or  intelligence  ;  vacancy,  listlessness. 

*5.  Space  unfilled  or  unoccupied,  or  occu- 
pied with  an  invisible  fluid  only  ;  a  vacuum. 

"  In  filling  up  vacuitifi.  turning  out  shadows  and 
ceremonies.  —  Hammond  :  Fwulamentalt. 

*  6.  Want  of  reality  ;  inanity,  imbecility. 

-Their  expectations  will  meet  with  mcu»r  and 
emptiness."—  QlanvUU. 

*  7.  A  thing  of  no  import  or  sequence  ;  an 
idle  nothing. 

"  No  sad  9acuitia  his  heart  annoy." 
Wordnoorth  : 


vac'-u-o-lat-ed,  a.    [Eng.  mcvalff);  -attd.} 
Full  of  vacuoles,  or  small  air-cavities. 

vac  n-o-la'-tion,  «.    [Eng.  vacuoUe)  ;  -otion.] 
Biol.  :  The  multiplication  of  vacuoles  in  th« 
germ  development  or  in  that  of  animal*  low 
in  the  scale  of  being.    [VACUOLE.] 

vao'-n-61e,  «.    [Mod.  Lat  vacuolum,  dimln. 
from'Lat  vacuum  (q.v.),] 

Bio!.  :  A  cavity,  chiefly  that  formed  In  the 
Interior  of  a  mass  of  protoplasm  by  the  tiller- 
ing into  it  of  drops  of  water.  It  is  used  in 
this  sense  of  the  blood-corpuscles  which  are 
destitute  of  granules,  but  may  be  filled  with 
water.  The  term,  however,  is  chiefly  applied 
to  the  apparently  empty  spaces  in  the  proto- 
plasm of  the  Rhizopoda,  Infusoria,  &c.  These 
spaces  are  of  two  kinds—  water-spaces  com 
paratively  persistent,  and  fopd-vacuole 
formed  temporarily  around  particles  of  fo 
generally  enveloped  in  a  drop  of  water. 
[PoLYOASTBlCA.]  The  term  vacuole  a  use< 
also  of  the  cells  which  occur  in  the  proto 
plasm  of  plants. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  woli,  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  oar,  rule,  fall;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt 
Syrian.    «e,crt  =  e;ey  =  a;<iu  =  kw. 


vacuous— vaginal 


5025 


V&c-u  ous,  a.    [Lat.  vacuua  —  empty,  from 
vaco  =  to  be  empty.]    [VACANT.] 
1,  Ord.  Lang, :  Empty,  unfilled, 

"  Boundless  the  deep,  because  I  AM  who  OH 
Infinitude  ;  nor  cat-wot**  the  apace." 

Milton:  /'./,.,  Vii.  100. 

*2.  Biol. :  Used  when  an  organ  does  nol 
Contain  what  normally  belongs  to  it;  thus 
bracts  are  called  vacuous  when  they  contaii 
no  flower,  although  they  occupy  sucli  a  situa- 
tion as  to  suggest  that  they  are  flower- bearing. 

*vac'-u-ous-ness,  3.    [Eng.  vacuous;  -ness.} 

STlie    quality  or  state   of   being  vacuous  or 
empty ;  emptiness. 
"In  their  vacuoutneu  the  winds  and  vapours  ol 
tediousuess  and  dUnUoMlfM  rise."— Jtountapue :   De- 
VK'tt  tittayes,  pt.  i.,  treat.  9,  j  5. 

vac'-u-um  (pi.  vac'  u  urns  orvac'-u-a), 

*.    [Lat.  neut.  sing,  of  vacuus  =  empty,  from 
vaco  =  to  be  empty.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  void,  a  vacuity. 

2.  Physics:    A    space    which    contains    no 
material  substance.    The  general  way  of  ob- 
taining a  vacuum  is  to  pump  the  air  out  of 
a  closed  space  by  means  of  an  air-pump;  but 
the  vacuum  which  can   be  obtained  by  an 
ordinary  air-pump  is  not  very  perfect    Much 
better  results  are  obtained  with  the  mercury- 
pump,  of  which  there  are  several  forms,  in  all 
of  which  the  air  is  caught  by  a  falling  column 
of  mercury,  and  carried  down  a  long  tube 
out  into  the  surrounding  air.  Another  method 
of  obtaining  a  vacuum  is  the  chemical  method, 
which  consists  in  filling  a  space  with  carbonic 
acid  jjas,  and  afterwards  introducing  some 
caustic  potash,  which  absorbs  the  gas.    Such 
a  thing  as  a  perfect  vacuum  has  never  been 
obtained,  and  probably  never  will  be.obtained. 
Even  as  practically  meant,  it  is  always  under- 
stood that  the  vacuum  only  extends  to  matter, 
and  that  the  space  is  still  filled  by  ether. 
(TORRICELLIAN.] 

vacuum  brake,  «. 

Rail. :  A  form  of  steam-brake,  In  which  the 
power  employed  is  the  pressure  of  the  atmo- 
aphere  produced  by  creating  a  vacuum. 

vacuum  gauge,  «. 

Steam-eng. :  An  instrument  for  indicating 
difference  between  the  external  atmospheric 
pressure  and  the  pressure  inside  a  partially 
exhausted  vessel ;  such  as  a  steam-boiler 
which  has  become  cold  and  in  which  the 
•team  has  condensed  ;  a  condenser  in  which 
the  steam  from  the  cylinder  is  condensed  ; 
the  receiver  of  an  air-pump. 

vacuum  pan,  «. 

Sugar-manuf.  :  A  vessel  for  boiling  sac- 
charine juices  in  vacuo  in  the  process  of 
making  sugar.  Its  form  is  usually  nearly 
spheroidal,  and  it  is  made  in  two  segmental 
nearly  semi-globular  portions,  united  at  the 
equator  by  exterior  flanges.  At  the  top  is  a 
dome,  into  which  the  vapour  rises,  and  from 
which  it  is  drawn  either  by  a  pump  or  a  con- 
denser. The  peculiar  feature  of  the  vacuum- 
pan  is  that,  by  the  exclusion  of  the  air,  the 
quality  and  quantity  of  the  crystallizable 
•ugar  are  increased,  a  smaller  proportion  of 
grape-sugar,  or  molasses  being  obtained. 

vacuum  pump,  s. 

Steam-engine : 

1.  A  pump  used  for  withdrawing  the  air 
jom  a  boiler  or  chamber,  in  order  that  it 
may  be   filled  with  water  forced  in  under 
atmospheric  pressure.    It  is  employed  in  con- 
nection with  marine  engines. 

2.  A  pump  in  which  the  condensation  of 
steam  is  made  use  of  to  produce  a  vacuum 
for  the  purpose  of  raising  water, 

vacuum  tubes,  5.  , ./. 

Physics:  Tubes  blown  and  twisted  into  dif- 
ferent shapes,  and  hermetically  sealed  with 
two  platinum  wires  or  electrodes  fused  with 
them  for  the  passage  of  an  electric  current  or 
spark.  Previously  to  sealing  they  are  ex- 
hausted, with  the  exception  of  a  very  small 
quantity  of  air  or  other  gases.  Under  these 
circumstances  electric  discharge  causes  vari- 
ous phosphorescent  glows  (according  to  the 
gas  employed  in  the  tube)  which  may  assume 
peculiar  forms,  as  of  layers  or  strata.  Some- 
times phosphorescent  glass  is  employed  for 
the  tubes  themselves,  which  is  illuminated 
by  the  glow  in  the  gas.  Called  also  Gassiot 
or  Geissler  tubes,  from  the  inventor  and  chief 
Investigator.  Another  distinct  class  of  these 


tubes  is  prepared  with  extremely  high  vacua 
ranging  to  one  ten-millionth  of  an  atmo 
sphere,  and  with  various  contained  appara 
tus.  In  such  vacua,  the  mean  free  path  01 
the  gaseous  molecules  is  vastly  iiH-n,^t<L 
and  many  phenomena  occur,  which  were 
discovered  and  mainly  investigated  by  Mr, 
William  Crookes,  who  considers  them  to  re 
present  a  fourth  state  of  matter,  as  distinct 
from  the  ordinary  gaseous  form  as  that  is 
from  the  condition  of  a  fluid. 

vacuum-valve,  *.  A  reversed  safety- 
valve,  opening  inwardly  to  the  pressure  o; 
the  atmosphere  when  there  is  a  negative 
pressure  in  the  boiler. 

rude,  v.i.     [A  weakened  form  of  fade  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  fade,  to  wither. 

"  His  summer  leaves  all  vaded." 

Shake*}/. :  /{ichard  If.,  I  2. 

2,  To  go,  to  vanish  ;  to  pass  away ;  to  depart. 

" Her  power,  disperst,  through  all  the  world  did  oad«.' 
Sftenier:  iluinet  of  lluine,  xx. 

va'-de  me'-cum,  s.  [Lat.  =  go  with  me/ 
A  book  or  other  thing  that  a  person  carries 
with  him  as  a  constant  companion ;  a  manual ; 
a  pocket  companion. 


!»-&  *•     [Lat.  vadimonium,  from 
vas)  genit.  vadis  =  a  surety,  a  bail.] 

Old  Law :  A  bond  or  pledge  to  appear  before 
a  judge  on  a  certain  day. 

Va'-dl-um,  *.  [Lat  vas,  genit.  vadis: 
surety,  a  bail.] 

Scots  Law:  A  word,  a  pledge,  or  surety. 

vadium-mortuum,  *.    A  mortgage. 

vadium-vivum,  s,  A  living  pledge. 
vie,  s.  [VoE.] 

*  va'-frous,  a.     [Lat   vafer^sly,  cunning.] 

Cunning,  crafty,  sly. 

"He  that  deals  with  a  fox  may  be  held  very  simple 
It  he  expect  not  his  vafrout  tricks."— feltham:  He- 
loiiKt,  res.  42. 

*  vag  -a  bond,  v.i.    [VAGABOND,  o.]    To  play 
the  vagabond ;  to  wander  about  in  an  idle 
manner ;  to  vagabondize. 

"  Vagabonding  it  out  yonder.*— C.  Rtadt :  CloiKtr  4 
Hearth,  ch.  Ivi. 

vag'-a-hdnd,  'vac    a    bond,  '  vac    a- 
bonde,     vac  a  bound,  '  vac  o  bond, 
*  vac  a  bund,  *  vag-a  bund,  *  vag  a 
bunde,  a.  &  «.     [Fr.  vagabond,   from   Lat. 
vagabundus  =  wandering  about,  from  vagor 
=  to  wander.] 
A*  As  adjective: 

1.  Wandering  about  without  having  any 
settled  habitation. 

"  Doubtlea  the  author  of  this  llbell  was  some  vaga- 
bond huckster  or  pedler.1'— ZfocWuyC  Voyage*,  i.  686. 

2.  Floating  about  without  any  certain  direc- 
tion ;  driven  to  and  fro. 

*'  By  en vioim  winds 
Blown  vagabond  or  fnutrate."    J/ilton :  P.  L.,  xi.  W. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  vagabond  or  worthless 
stroller. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  One  who  wanders  about,  not  having 
any  settled  home;  a  wanderer,  a  vagrant. 
(Not  necessarily  in  a  bad  sense.) 

"The  question  WM  whether  he  and  his  posterity 
should  reign  on  an  ancestral  throne  or  ihould  be 


2.  An  idle,  worthless  stroller  from  place  to 
place,  without  fixed  habitation  or  means  of 
living;   hence,    in    law,   an    idle,   worthless 
vagrant      Now  in  law  used  chiefly  in   the 
phrase,  A  rogue  and  a  vagabond.    [VAGRANT, 
B.  II.] 

"To  vacobondyt  and  other  that  lokyd  for  pylfry 
and  ryfflynge,  it  was  a  great  occasyon  &  atyrynge."— 
fabyan  :  Chronycto  (an.  1456). 

3.  An  idle,  worthless  fellow;  a  scamp,  a 
rascal.    (Colloq.) 

"  What  a  brainsick  vagabond  art  thou  ! " 

Cowper  :  ffomer ;  Qdyttey  xviii. 

v&ff-a-bond-age  (age  as  Ig),  vatf-a- 
bond-ism,  a.     [Eng.  vagabond;  -age,  -ism.] 
1.  The  state,  condition,  ways,  or  habits  of 
A  vagabond. 

"  Olven  over  to  vagabondage  and  deeds  of  raac&llty." 
~8cribner't  Magazine,  Much,  1880,  p.  769. 

8.  Vagabonds  collectively. 

"To  increase  the  vagabonditm  of  the  neighbour- 
hood."— Mayhevt:  London  Labour  A  London  Poor, 
Ui.  832. 

vag'-a-bond-ism,  *.    [VAGABONDAGE.] 


vag-a-bond  ize,  vag -a-bond  Ise,  v.i. 
[Eng.  vagabond;  -ize,  -ise.\  To  wander  about 
as  a  vagabond. 

"  Afterwards  vagabonditing  for  a  couple  of  yean."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Jau.  26,  1BB8. 

*  Viig'-a-bdnd-ry,  s,     [Eng.  vagabond  ;  -ry.) 
Vagabondage. 

vag-a-buu'-dse.  s.  pi.  [Fern.  pi.  of  Lat 
vagabundus  =  strolling  about,  vagabond.] 

Zool.  :  A  sub-tribe  of  Spiders,  tribe  Di- 
pneumones  or  Dipneumoneee  (q.v.).  Ocelli 
usually  in  three  rows.  The  species  wander 
about,  spinning  no  webs.  Families,  Salti- 
cid«  and  Lycosidae. 

*  va'-  gse,  s.  pi.     [Fem.   pi.   of  Lat.  vagus  = 

strolling  about,  wandering.] 

Bot.  :  The  sixty-eighth  order  in  Linnseus's 
Natural  System.  It  was  only  provisional, 
and  contained  all  his  doubtful  genera. 

va'-gal,  a.  [Mod.  Ltit.  vag(us) ;  Eng.  suff.  -oJ.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  vagus  (q.v.). 

*va'-gan-9$r,  «.  [Lat  wgaiis,  pr.  par,  of 
vagor  =  to  wander.] 

1.  Vagrancy. 

2.  Extravagance. 

"A  thousand  vaganciei  of  glory  and  delight."— 
Milton  ;  Church  Government,  ch.  1. 

*va'-gant,  *va- gaunt,  a.  [Fr.  vagant.) 
Wandering,  vagrant. 

"  Fro  thi  face  I  shal  be  hid,  and  I  ahal  be  vaoaunt.' 
—  Wycliffe:  Genetit  iv.  14. 

t  va-gan'-tea,  s.  pi.  [PI.  of  Lat  vagans,  pr. 
par.  of  vago  =  to  wander.] 

Zool.  :  A  group  of  Walcknaer's  Araneidw. 
They  are  the  same  as  his  Laterigrade  (q.v.). 
The  name  Vagantes  was  given  because  these 
spiders  lead  a  wandering  life,  except  during 
oviposition. 

*  va-ga-rant,  a.    [VAGRANT.] 

* va-gar-I-ous,  a.  [Eng.  vagary;  -out.} 
Having  vagaries ;  whimsical. 

"The  names  of  the  wandering  Jew  are  characteris- 
tically various,  not  to  say  vttgariout."—i/.  D.  Conway 
Wandering  Jew,  oh.  x. 

*  va' -gar-lab,  a.    [VAGARY.]    Wandering. 

"His  eyes  were  often  vagarith." 

Wricott:  P.  Pindar,  p.  901. 

va-gar'-jf,  *  va-gare,  *  fi  gar  y,  «.    [VA- 

GARY,  V.J 

*  1.  A  wandering ;  a  strolling. 

"The  people  called  Phrenlces  gave  themselves  to 
long  vagariet  and  continual  vlage*  by  WML"—  Barnaby 
Rich. 

2.  A  wandering  of  the  thoughts;  a  wild 
freak  ;  a  whim  ;  a  whimsical  purpose. 

"  Straight  they  changed  their  minda, 
Flew  off.  and  into  strange  vngariet  fell." 

Ailton    P.  L..  vLtti. 

*va-gar'-jft  v.i.  [Lat.  vagor  =  to  wander; 
Fr.  vaguer;  Ital.  vagare.]  To  wander  about; 
to  wind. 

"  The  three  riven  that  vagary  up  to  her."— JFatUt: 
Lenten  Stuffe. 

*  va-ga'-tlon,  «.    [Lat  vagatio,  from  vagor  = 
to  wander.]    A  wandering ;  a  roving  about. 

*  va'-gi-ent,  a.  [Lat  vagiens,  pr.  par.  of  vagio 
=  to  cry  like  a  child.]    Crying  like  a  child. 

"  The  cradle  o^the  Cretan  Jove, 
And  guardians  of  his  vagieiit  Infancy." 

More  :  Song  of  the  Soul,  Hi.  4.  41 

va-gi'-na,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  sheath,  a  scabbard.] 

1.  Anatomy.: 

(1)  Comp. :  A  special  canal  in  the  female  for 
the  reception  of  an  intromittent  organ,  or  tha 
deposition  of  sperm-cells. 

(2)  Human :   A  dilatable  membranous  pas- 
sage extending  from  the  vulva  to  the  uterus, 
the    neck  of  which  it   embraces.     It  rests 
below  and  behind  on  the  rectum,  and  sup- 
ports the  bladder  in  front. 

2.  Arch. :  The  upper  part  of  the  shaft  of  a 
terminus,  from  which    the    bust   or   figure 
seems  to  issue  or  arise. 

3.  Bot, :  A  sheath,  as  of  grasses. 
va-gi-nal.  a.    [VAGINA.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
a  sheath  :  as,  a  vaginal  membrane. 

2.  Anatomy,  Pathology,  <*c.  ; 

(1)  Of  or  pertaining  to  anything  shaped 
like  a  sheath  or  scabbard  :  as,  the  vaginal 
process  (q.v.). 


boil,  bo^;  po'ut,  jowl;  cat,  5ell,  chorus, 
-CUn,  -tian  =  afaan.   -Won,  -«ion  =  sbnn  ;  - 


bench;  go,  gem;  tnin,  this;  aln,  a?;  expect.  Xenopbon,  eyiat.    pb  = 
-alon  =  iliaa.   -cious,  -tious,  -sioua  =  anus.   -We,  -die.  &c.  =  b?L  d^L 


602fi 


vaginales— vailable 


(2)  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  vagina  (q.v.) : 
M,  the  vaginal  artery.  The  term  is  frequently 
used  in  Patholu^y  :  as,  vaginal  catarrh,  cys- 
tocele,  enterocele,  hyperesthesia,  &c. 

vaginal-artery,  a. 

Anat. :  A  brand]  of  the  internal  iliac  artery. 
vaginal-catarrh,  or  leucorrhaaa,  s. 
Path.:  [ViGisiTis). 

vaginal-plexus,  ». 

Atmt. :  The  lower  part  of  the  pelvic  plexus, 
whence  the  vaginal  nerves  disperse  without 
again  entering  into  a  plexiforni  arrangement. 

vaginal-process,  ». 

Anat. :  The  lower  margin  of  the  tympanic 
plate,  which  constitutes  a  sharp  edge  partly 
surrounding  the  front  of  the  styloid  process. 

•vag-In-a  -ley,  s.  pi,  [Fern.  pL  (with  Lat. 
flanta  =  plants,  understood)  of  Mod.  Lat. 
m<juialis  =  ot,  belonging  to,  or  possessed  of 
a  sheath.] 

Bat. :  The  twenty-seventh  order  in  Lin- 
meus's  Natural  System.  Genera,  Poljrgonum, 
Laurus,  £c. 

•va8-In-a-Us,s.    [Seedef.] 

Ornilh. :  Gmelin's  rendering  of  Pennant's 
name  (Sheathbill)  for  the  genus  Chionis, 
named  by  Forster,  and  which  therefore  has 
priority.  [SHEATHBILL.) 

va- gin'  ant,  a.     [Mod.  Lat.  mginans,  genit. 
vaginantis.    (See  def.)] 
Bot.:  Sheathing  (q.v.). 

•vag-I-na'-ta,  s.pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  vagina 
(q.v.).] 

Zoo!. ;  Lamarck's  name  for  Polypes  enve- 
loped in  a  sheath  formed  by  a  calcareous  or 
horny  polypary,  as  Corals,  the  Sertularidae, 
Ac. 
va-gi'-nate,  o.  &  «.    fVAoraA.) 

A*  A»  adjective : 

Bot. :  The  same  as  VAOISATED  (q.v.). 

B.  As  rubtt. :  One  of  the  Vagiuata  (q.v.). 

va-gi  -nat-ed,  a.    [VAOIHA.) 

Bot. :  Sheathed,  inserted  iu  a  sheath,  as  a 
stalk  in  a  sheath  formed  by  the  base  of  a 
petiole. 

vag  I  nel  -la  (pi.  v&g-.-nSl'-laj),  *.  [Mod. 

Lat.,  dimin  from  vagina  (q.v.).] 
Bot. :  The  same  as  RAMENTA  (q.v.). 

Tag-I-ner'-vose,  o.  [Lat.  vague  =  wander- 
ing, and  nervosus  =  full  of  sinews.] 

Bot.  (Of  the  veins):  Not  running  in  any 
fired  directions. 

vag  I  nlc'-o  -la,  s.  [Lat.  vagina  =  a  sheath, 
and  colo  =  to  inhabit] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  the  sub-family 
Yaginicolina,  with  several  genera  from  salt 
and  fresh  water.  Animalcules  elongate,  sub- 
cylindrical,  enclosed  singly  or  in  pairs  within 

•  a  vase-shaped  sheath,  to  the  bottom  of  which 
they  are  affixed  directly,  or  by  means  of  a 
pedicel ;  oral  and  ciliary  system  as  in  Vorti- 
cella  (q.v.). 

vag-I-nic-o-li -na,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  m- 
ginicol(a);  Lat.  neut.  pL  adj.  sun",  -lira.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-lauiily  of  Vorticellidfe,  with 
eight  genera,  from  salt  and  fresh  water. 

vag  In  is  -mus,  s.    [VAGINA.) 

Pathol.:  The  name  given  by  Dr.  Marion 
Sims  to  the  involuntary  spasmodic  closure 
and  over-sensitiveness  of  the  mouth  of  the 
vagina.  It  requires  an  operation  for  its  re- 
moval. 

Vag-i-ni'-tls,  s.    [Lat.  rwjrln(a) ;  stiff.  -tHi.] 

Pathol.  :  Inflammation  of  the  vagina.  It 
may  be  acute  or  chronic.  The  former  is  some- 
times produced  by  the  poison  of  scarlatina  ; 
the  latter  is  called  also  Vaginal  catarrh,  Va- 
ginal Leucorrhoja,  simply  Leucorrhoea,  and 
popularly  the  Whites. 

va-gi  no-pen  nous,  * va-gin-ni-pen'- 
nous,  a.  [Lat.  vagina  =  a  sheath,  and 
penna  =  &  wing.]  Sheath-winged;  having  the 
wings  covered  with  a  hard  case  or  sheath,  as 
•ome  insects. 

"All  witjinttipennout  or  sheath-winged  liKecta,  ae 
bMtles  uid  dorrs."— Srotnu  :  Vulgar  Krrourt,  bk.  ill., 
eh,  XT. 


va  gln-u-li -na,  *.     [Mod.  Lat.,  a  double 

dinnn.  from  vagina  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  <t  Palosont. :  A  genus  of  Lagenida;,  with 
a  series  of  chambers  laterally  compressed. 
From  the  Trias  onward. 

va  gin'-u-lus,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Va;xM(q.v.).] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Onoidiadse,  with  twenty 
species  from  the  West  Indies,  South  America, 
India,  aud  the  Philippines.  Animal  clou- 
gated,  slug-like,  covered  by  a  thick,  leathery 
nruitie,  under  which  the  head  is  retracted  at 
will ;  tentacles  four,  eyes  on  upper  pair  ;  sexes 
united.  TUe  species  are  found  in  decayed 
wood,  and  under  leaves. 

*va'-gous,    o.     [Lat.    vagus.]     Wandering, 
vagrant,  unsettled. 

"Such  u  were  born  and  begot  of  a  single  woman, 
through  a  vag  mi  lust,  were  called  Sporli."— Ayliffe. 

va'-gran-cy,  s.    [Eng.  vagran(t) ;  -en.] 

1.  The  state  of  wandering,  without  having 
a  settled  home.    (Not  necessarily  in  a  bud 
sense.) 

"Therefore  did  he  spend  hie  days  in  continual 
labour,  in  reetleaa  travel,  in  endless  vayrancy,  going 
about  doing  good." — Harrow :  Scrmont,  voL  ill,  ser.  *. 

2.  The  life  or  condition  of  a  vagrant.    [VA- 
GKAST,  a.,  B.  II.] 

"  He  shall  by  office  prosecute  them  for  the  offences 
of  idleness,  drunkenness,  quarrelling,  gaming,  or 
vagrancy,  in  the  supreme  court."—  Burke :  £*etcA  of 
thf  Jfeyro  Cod*. 

va -grant,  •  va'-gar-ant,  o.  &  t.    [From 
vagary,  v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Wandering  about   from   place  to  place 
without  having  any  settled  home. 

"The  people  remained  in  the  woods  and  mountains 
tag.irant  and  dispersed  like  the  wild  beast*."— Put. 
UtAam:  Znyluh  Poetry,  bk.  i..  th.  iii. 

2.  Pertaining  to   one  who   wanders   from 
place  to  place  ;  unsettled. 

"(He]  had  ever  since  led  an  Infamous  and  vagrant 
lifer— Jfocau/ay  :  Bitt.  £ttg.,  ch.  il. 

*  3.  Moving  without  any  settled  or  certain 
direction. 

*  4.  Unsettled,  unsteady,  inconstant. 

"The  offspring  of  a  vayrant  aud  ignoble  love."— 
itficautay :  Hilt.  Eny.,  ch.  r. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 
1 1.  A  wanderer ;  one  who  has  no  settled 
home  or  habitation. 


2.  An  idle  wanderer  or  stroller ;  a  vagabond, 
a  tramp. 

"The  civil  war  expelled  all  sturdy  vagranti  from 
the  city."— BlackMtonc  :  Comment.,  bk.  lv..  eh.  13. 
IL  Law :  In  law  the  term  vagrant  is  mueh 
more  comprehensive  than  in  ordinary  lan- 
guage, and  the  idea  of  wandering  is  almost  lost. 
Vagrants  are  divided  into  three  grades  : — 

(1)  Idle  and  disorderly  persons,  or  such  as, 
while   able  to    maintain  themselves  and  fa- 
milies, neglect  to  do  so ;  unlicensed  pedlars 
or  chapmen,    beggars,  common  prostitutes, 
Ac. ;  .ill  of  whom  are  liable  to  a  muiit  h's  im- 
prisonment with  hard  labour. 

(2)  Rogues  and  vagabonds,  or  such  as  having 
been  convicted  of  being  idle  and  disorderly 
persons,  have  been  found  guilty  of  a  repeated 
offence ;   fortune-tellers  and    other  like    im- 
postors, persons  gambling  or  hettingin  public, 
persons  having  no  visible  occupation  and  un- 
able to  give  a  satisfactory  account  of  them- 
selves ;  all  of  whom  are  liable  to  three  months' 
imprisonment  with  hard  labour. 

(S)  Incorrigible  rogues,  or  such  as,  having 
been  convicted  as  rogues  and  vagabonds,  are 
found  guilty  of  a  repetition  of  the  offence ; 
persons  breaking  out  of  legal  confinement, 
ic. ;  all  of  whom  are  liable  to  twelve  months' 
imprisonment  with  hard  labour,  whipping  being 
added  at  the  option  of  the  judge.  (Englith.) 

*  va -grant  ly,   adv.      [Eng.  ragrant;    -ly.] 

In  a  vagrant,  wandering,  or  unsettled  man- 
ner ;  like  a  vagrant. 

•va'-grant-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vagrant ; -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vagrant ;  va- 
grancy. 

*  va  -grSm,  a.     [See  def.]     An  intentional 
missioning  of  Vagrant  (q.v.).  (Shakeip. :  JtfucA 
Ado,  iii.  8.) 

vague,  a.  &  s.    [Fr.  vague ;  Sp.,  Port,  &  Ital. 
[VAOUi,  «.] 


A.  As  adjective: 

*  1.  Wandering,  vagrant,  vagabond. 

"  Gray  encouraged  his  men  to  set  upon  the  vagv* 
villains.  ~—  U:t.*w<i>-u. 

2.  Unsettled,  as  reyai-ds  meaning,  scope,  or 
the  like;  unfixed,   hm>  tiniU',   ui;.s>.'Uied  ,  not 
clear  ;  uncertain,  doubtful,  ambiguous. 

"  Neither  lo.«ely  rayue 
Nor  wordy."        Covftr     //oiner;  Iliad  ill. 

3.  Proceeding  from  no   known  authority; 
uncertain  :  as,  a  vague  report. 

*  B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  wandering. 

"So  as  the  Scots  had  some  laasure  to  plaie  tlietl 
•dffuej,  and  follow  their  accustomed  manner."— 
BMiulud :  Bitt.  Scotland  (an.  1M3I. 

2.  A  vagary. 

3.  Vagueness.  (Masson :  De  Quincey,  p.  196.) 

•vague,  v.i.  [Fr.  vaguer,  from  Lat.  ragor, 
from  vagus  =  wandering.]  To  wander,  to- 
roam. 

'•  She  [the  souleldoth  eagu€  and  wander  aa  banislied." 
— P.  Satlatid  :  Plutarch,  p.  231. 

vague'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vague,  a.;  -ly.]  In  a 
vague  or  uncertain  manner  ;  iudetiuitely  ;  not 
clearly ;  ambiguously. 

vague'-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vague,  a. ;  -ness.)  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  vit^-iie,  Indefinite,  un- 
settled, or  uncertain  ;  indetiniteness,  ambfgn- 
ousness. 

"  Objections  of  some  writers  to  the  vagueneu  of  th» 
language."— Jiadtintoth :  Lav  of  Jfature,  p.  8- 

va-gus,s.  [Lat.  =wandering,  vagrant.  Named 
from  its  wandering  course.] 
Anat. :  The  Pneumogastric  nerve  (q.v.). 

va'-he-a,  >.  [From  voua-here,  the  Madagascar 
name  ol  Yahea  HiadagascurieHsiii.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  (JarisM'ic.  Tall  climbing 
shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  leave.s,  dense 
terminal  cymes  of  white  flowers,  and  round 
fruit.  Known  species  four,  all  African. 
V.  madagascariensis  and  V.  g-ummiferu,  both 
growing  in  Madagascar,  yield  a  kind  at 
caoutchouc. 

vaik,  v.i.  [VACANT.]  To  become  vacant ;  to 
be  vacant ;  to  be  unoccupied.  (Scotch.) 

•vail  (!),».    [VEIL,*.] 

*  vail  (2),  ».  [VAIL  (2),  r.]  Submission,  descent, 
decline. 

vail  (3),  *  Vale,   ».      [For  avail  =  profit,  ad- 
vantage. ] 
*  1.  Profit,  proceeds,  return. 

"The  cave  where  the  youiu  outlaw  hoards  tht 
stolen  wOs  of  his  occupation."— Chapman. 

*2.  An  unlocked  for  or  casual  acquisition; 
a  windfall.  (Tooke.) 

3.  Money  given  to  servants  by  visitors, 
(Generally  in  the  plural.) 

"Tu  give  extravagant  srtUs  at  every  country  bouas 
which  they  visited."— jfacaulay :  Bi»l.  Eng.,  ch  xxiu. 

*  Vail  (1),  v.t.     [VEIL,  ».] 

*  vail  (2),  *  vaile,  *  vale, «.  Lit.    [For  aooO 
or  avale,.  from  Fr.  avaler  =  to  let  or  put  down, 
from  Lat.  ad  =  to,  and  vallii  =  a  vale,  a 
valley.) 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  let,  cast,  or  put  down  ;  to  lower ;  to 
let  fall ;  to  put  off. 

"She  vailed  her  eyelids. " 

Shakftp.  :   IVnus  A  Adonit.  9K. 

2.  To  lower  or  let  down  in  token  of  respect 
or  submission. 

••  To  puile  their  bonnets  for  the  queene  of  EuglasMt* 
— aadciuyt:  Voyaaa.  (Kp.  Ued.) 

3.  To  let  sink,  as  through  fear. 

"  Douglas  gau  9itil  his  stumach." 

ShakeiiJ. :  2  Henry  /P..  I  L 

B,  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  bow ;  to  show  respect  by  bowiuy  or 
uncovering. 

"  All  the  gallant*  on  the  stage  rise,  mail  to  me.  kiss 
their  baud.'1— fieaunu  A  fM. .  Woinam  JftiUr.  Li  J 

2.  To  give  place ;  to  yield ;  to  give  way. 

Thy  convenience  must  va«  to  thy  ueUjhbwmr's 
ity."— Aottf  A. 

"vail  (3),  "vayle,  v.i.  [VAIL  (3),  «.]  To 
profit,  to  avail,  to  advantage. 

•  Throogh  thU  science  fphysikel  It  Is  full  sought 
Which  tailed*  and  whlcli  vaittrlt  nought 

Oower;  C.  A..  vU. 

*  vall'-a-ble,  *  vaile-a-ble,  o.    (Eng.  wU 
(3),    v.;    -able.]       Profitable,  advauta 
effectual.     (Smith:    Comma nweult/i,    i 

ch.  iv.) 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  P*»» 
or,  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  otib,  euro,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    ».  oj  =  e :  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  X*, 


vailer— valencianite 


5027 


•vall'-er,  ».  [Eng.  rail  (2),  v.  ;  -er.]  On 
who  vails  ;  oue  who  shows  respect  by  vailhij 
or  yielding. 

"  If  be  finds  not  a  good  store  of  vailen,  he  comes 
home  •tiff."—  'J(K-r&<«>  .-  CAararttrrj,  K.  5,  b.  (1627J. 

•  var-mure,  »va-mure,  s.    [VAUNTMORE. 

rain,  *  vaine,  "vayn,  'vein,  "veyn.  a 

[Fr.  vain,  from  Lat.  va>ium,  accus.  of  vanu. 
=  empty,  vain  ;  prob.  from  mcuus  =  empty. 
1.  Producing  no  Rood  result  ;  fruitless,  in 
effectual,  useless  ;  destitute  of  force  or  e:~ 
caey;  powerless. 

"  Give  us  help  iu  the  time  of  trouble  ;  for  wain  i 
toe  help  ol  man.  '—  Ptufm  Ix.  11. 

*2.  Powerless,  weak. 

"  How  these  nils,  weak  naihi  may  tear  a  passage." 
Snakes?.  :  Kiclulrd  II..  V.  5. 

3.  Having  no  real  value;   empty,   unreal 
Unsubstantial,  idle,  worthless,  unsatisfying. 
"  rain  pomp  aud  glory  of  this  world,  I  hate  ye  !" 
ShfUtetti.  :  Henry  rill.,  Iii.  X 

*4.  Unwise,  foolish,  silly. 

"  A  vain,  giddy,  shallow,  humourous  youth." 

Skakeep.  :  llertry  V.,  it  4. 

•  5.  Fallacious,  deceitful,  false. 

"All  hope  is  vain."          Snakerp.  :  Coriolan**,  v.  1. 

6.  Proud  of  petty  things  or  of  trifling  at- 
tainments ;  elated  with  a  high  opinion  of 
one's  own  self,  or  of  one's  own  accomplish- 
ments, or  of  things  more  showy  than  valua- 
ble ;  having  a  morbid  craving  fo'r  the  admira- 
tion or  applause  of  others  ;  conceited,  puffed 
op,  inflated. 

"  Sir  Plume,  of  am  her  snuff-box  Justly  vain." 

Pop*  :  Rape  of  the  Lock,  iv.  1M. 

•  7.  Showy,  ostentatious. 

••  Load  some  vain  church  with  old  theatiick  state.* 
t'ope:  Moral  Euayt,  iv.  89. 

IT  Vain  and  fruitless  are  both  applied  to 
our  endeavours;  but  the  term  twin  is  the 
more  general  and  indefinite.  What  we  aim 
»t,  as  well  as  what  we  strive  for,  may  be  train; 
but  fruitless  refers  only  to  the  end  of  our 
labours.  When  the  object  aimed  at  is  general 
In  its  import,  it  is  common  to  term  the 
endeavour  vain  when  it  cannot  attain  this 
object  ;  when  labour  is  specifically  employed 
for  the  attainment  of  a  particular  object,  it  is 
usual  to  term  it  fruitless  If  It  fail. 

U  *  1.  For  vain  :  To  no  purpose  :  fruitlessly, 
Idly,  in  vain. 

"  Which  the  air  beats  for  »ain.' 

Shakerp.  :  Measure  for  MeOMttre.  I!.  4. 

3.  In  rain  :  To  no  purpose  ;  ineffectually. 

"  In  vain  they  do  worship  me."—  Jfeutev  IT.  «. 

3.  To  tola  in  vain  :  [TAKE,  r.,  H  29]. 

•valn'-full,  a.  [Bug.  vain;  -full.]  Vain. 
empty.  (Tuner:  Husbandrie,  p.  10.) 

valn-glor'-l'-ous,  *  vaine  -glor  y  ous,  a. 
[Eng.  vainglory;  -o»s.] 

1.  Feeling  vainglory  ;  vain  to  excess  of  one's 
own  accomplishments  or  achievements;  boast- 
ful, vaunting. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  proceeding  from  vain- 
glory ;  founded  on  or  prompted  by  vanity  : 
boastful.    (Rackluyt:  Voj/ages,  ii.  169.) 

•  valn-glor  -I-otis-ly'.a*;.  [Eng.  vainglori- 
0*3;  -ly.]  In  a  vainglorious  manner;  with 
vainglory  or  vaunting. 

"Let  It  no  more  enter  Into  your  hearts  to  thiuke 
with  your  selves  vainaloriouilyS—irdal  :  Luke,  ch.  111. 

valn-gl6V-y,  *  vaine  -glor-ie,  "veln- 
gloir-e,  *  veyn-glor-y,  s.  [O.  Fr.  vein 
alorie,  from  Lat.  vana  gloria  =  vain  or  idle 
boasting.)  Glory,  pride,  or  boastfulness  that 
is  vain  or  empty  ;  tendency  to  unduly  exalt 
one's  self  or  one's  own  achievements  ;  exces- 
sive vanity  ;  vain  pomp  or  show. 

.  "  If  Hector  break  not  his  neck  1'  the  combat,  he'll 
'"  ia'ai''l"a^'-~-shata'>--  TroU"t  * 


Taln'-ly,  »  veyn-U,  adv.    [Eng.  win  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  vain  manner;  to  no  purpose;  in 
vain,  ineffectually,  uselessly,  fruitlessly. 

"  Our  cannons'  malice  vainly  shall  be  spent" 

Shaketp.  :  King  John.  1L 

2.  Inavain,  arrogant,  or  conceited  manner; 
proudly,  conceitedly. 

*  3.  Idly,  foolishly,  unreasonably. 

"  Supplies  beyond  necessity  of  th«  present,  am  apt 
to  make  us  either  rai.rfj,  ,,rolnse.  or  ninly  conndeuL5 
—  Bale  :  Cont.  ;  Lords  Prayer. 

*  4.  Falsely,  erroneously. 

"  Which  vainly  I  supposed  the  Holy  Laud." 

Shakesp.  :  1  Henry  IV.,  Iv.  B. 

rate'  -ness,  •  vaine  nesse,  a.   [Eng.  vain; 


VAIH. 


1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vain,  use 
less,  or  ineffectual;  inefflcacy,  fruitlessuess 
uselessness. 

2.  Vanity,  empty  pride. 

"  Free  from  vainttea  aud  self-glorious  pride.  • 

SftaJcap.  :  Senry  V.,  v.  (Chorm). 

*  3.  Foolishness,  folly. 

"  O  Imw  great  vamtnMIe  ia  It  then  to  acorne 
The  weake."        Hperuer:  World't  t'anitie,  Tl 

*  i.  Falseness,  falsehood,  deceit. 

"  I  hate  ingratitude  more  In  a  man 
Than  lyiug  wtinucM.  IwbbliiiK  drunkenness." 
Shakeep.  :  Twelfth  .Vigftt,  iii,  4. 

valr,   "velr,  s.     [Fr.  fair  =  a  rich  far  of 
ermines,    &c.,   from    Lat. 
varius  =  variegutt-d.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  kind 
of  fur. 

2.  Her. :  One  of  the  furs, 
composed  of  several  pieces, 
silver  and  blue  (argent  and 
azure),  cut  to  represent  lit- 
tle shields  or  (it  is  said) 
the  flower  of  the  campan- 
ula, and  opposed  to  each 
other  in  rows.  When  of 
different  colours,  these  are  specified  and  de- 
scribed, vaire  or  vairy :  as,  vairy  argent  and 

Vert.     [COUNTEB-VAIR.) 

valr'-iS,  valr'-y,  *var-ry,  *ver-ry,  a. 

[Fr.  vaire.] 
Her. :  Chequered  or  charged  with  valr  (q.v.). 

Vai-se'-shi-ka,   >.     [Sans.    misesha  = 
atom.] 

Hindoo  Philoi. :  One  of  the  six  leading 
systems  of  Brahmanic  philosophy.  At  first 
only  three  of  the  six— viz.,  the  two  Mimansas 
and  the  Nyaya— were  considered  orthodox ; 
but  ultimately  the  three  rejected— the  Vai- 
seshika, the  Sankhya,  and  the  Yoga— were 
exempted  from  the  ban  of  heresy.  The 
founder  of  the  Vaiseshika  system  was  kan.ida, 
whose  exact  date  is  unknown,  but  it  may 
be  vaguely  conjectured  as  about  600  B.C.  The 
system  assumes  or  establishes  that  all  material 
substances  are  composed  of  atoms  mechanic- 
ally united.  These  atoms  it  regards  as  eternal 
in  their  duration.  The  combinations  of  them 
which  form  the  present  world  are,  however, 
but  transitory  ;  so  also  is  the  present  system 
of  things.  The  Vaiseshika  philosophy  is  gene- 
rally connected  with  the  Nyaya  or  Logical 
school  of  Gautama,  of  which  it  la  supposed 
to  be  a  modification. 

Vaish'  na-va,  s.    [Sansc.,  Ac.) 

Hindooism  (PI.) :  A  primary  religions  sec- 
tion of  the  Hindoos,  who  adore  Vishnoo  in 
preference  to,  if  not  to  the  exclusion  of,  the 
other  persons  of  the  Hindoo  Triad.  To  carry 
individual  preference  to  this  extent  is  not 
considered  orthodox,  and  many  of  those  who 
do  so  have  united  themselves  into  monastic 
bodies,  which,  drawing  their  devotees  from 
various  castes,  virtually  merge  them  in  a  new 
one  —  that  of  the  Sectarian  brotherhood. 
Horace  Hayman  Wilson  divided  the  Vaish- 
navas into  the  following  sections :  (1)  Rama- 
nujas,  Sri  Sampradayis,  or  Sri  Vaishnavas ; 
(2)  Ramanandis,  or  Ramavats ;  (3)  Kabfr 
Panthis;  (4)  Khakis;  (5)  Maluk  Dasis;  (6) 
Dadu  Panthis ;  (7)  Raya  Disl»  ;  (8)  Senais ; 

(9)  Vallabhacnaris,  or  Rudra   Sampradayis; 

(10)  Miri  Bils  ;  (11)  MadhwacharS,  or  Brahma 
Sampradayis;    (12)    Nimavats,    or   Sanakadi 
Samprayaddyis ;  (13)  the  Vaishnavas  of  Ben- 
gal;   (14)  Radha  Vallabhis;   ()5)  the  SakM 
Bhavas ;  (16)  Charan  Dasis ;  (17)  Harischandis ; 
(18)   Sadhni  Panthis;   (19)   Madhavia;  aud 
(20)  Sannyaais,  Vairagis,  and  Nagas. 

Vais'-ya,  s.    [Sansc.] 

Hindooism :  The  third  of  the  primary  Hin- 
doo castes  in  the  order  of  dignity.  Nominally 
it  contains  the  merchants  and  shopmen. 
[CASTE.] 

vai'-vode,  «.    [WAYWODE.] 

va  keel',  ».  [Hind.,  io.  wakH.]  In  the  East 
Indies  an  ambassador  or  agent  scut  on  a 
special  commission,  or  residing  at  a  court ;  a 
native  attorney  ;  a  native  Indian  law-pleader. 

'a'-la,  ».    [A  female  name  (?).] 

Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  131,]. 

val'-a-ite,  s.  [After  M.  Vila ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Sfin. :  A  mineral  belonging  to  the  group  of 

Resins,  occurring  in  small,  hexagonal  tables 

and  massive,  associated  with,  hatchetti  te  (q.v.), 


val'-an9e  (l),  val'-enoe,  »  val'  -lance 
*  val-lens,  s.  [From  Valence  in  France, 
south  of  Lyons,  where  silk  is  still  made.] 

1.  Fringes  of  drapery  ;  specif.,  the  drapery 
hanging  round  a  bed,  coucli,  &c. 

"  ralance  of  Venice,  gold  of  needlework  " 

M,iketp.  :  Taming  of  the  threw,  U. 

2.  The  drooping  ledge  at  the  parting  of  • 
trunk. 

*  val'  an90  (2),  ».    [O.  Fr.  mUence,  valence.'} 
Valour,  bravery,  worth. 

"  Aud  there  the  valance  of  men,  la  denied  In  riches 
out  bra*—  CAmMr:  Tut.  of  Loue,  bk.  ii, 

•  vaT-ance,  v.t.    [VALANCE  (1),  «.]   To  furnish 
or  decorate  with  a  valance  orfringe  ;  to  fringe; 
hence,  fig.,  to  decorate  with  a  beard. 

"  Thy  face  is  valanc'd  since  I  saw  thee  laat  ;  corn's) 
tnou  to  beard  me  I  —  SAaJtcfp.  .-  Hamlet,  Ii.  it. 


*  va-lanche',  ».  [AVALANCHE.]  Anavalanche. 

"  Tlie  great  danger  of  travelling  here  .  .  .  proceed* 
from  what  they  call  thevaJajscAe*?1—  snotletc  : 


*  Italy,  let.  xxxviii. 

*  val'-au-c^,  *  var-lan-9jr,  «.  &  o.    [Eng. 

vaianc(e);  -y.} 

A.  As  snbst.  :  A  large  wig  that  hides  the  face. 

B.  As  adj.  ;  Hiding  the  face. 

"  Critics  iu  plume  and  white  valiancy  wig." 

Dry  ten:  £f.UI. 

val  den'-8l-an,  a.  Si  «.    [WALDENSIAN.] 

*  vale  (1),  «.    [VAIL  (3),  ».] 

vale  (2),  *  val,  «.    [Fr.  val,  from  Lat.  mllm 
accus.  of  vallis  =  a  vale,  a  valley.  J 
I.  Literally: 

1.  A  tract  of  low  ground  between  hills  ;  • 
valley.    (Dryden  :  Ep.  iii.) 

U  Valt  is  more  commonly  used  in  poetry, 
valley  in  prose. 

2.  A  little  trough  or  canal  :  as,  a  pump  volt 
to  carry  off  the  water  from  a  ship's  pump. 

*  II.  fig.  :  A  state  of  decline  or  wretched- 
ness. 

"  I  am  declined  Into  the  tale  of  years." 

8kaleti>.  :  Otkello,  ill.  «. 

*  va'-lfi  (3),  «.    [Lat,  taper,  sing,  of  twi»  =  t« 
be  well.]    A  farewell  ;  an  adieu. 

"  I  dropt  a  tear  and  wrote  my  fate." 

fraea.    (AnnantMt.) 

*  vale,  v.l.    [VAIL,  v.]    To  descend. 

"  Here  valet  a  valley,  here  asoeuds  a  mountain." 
Sylvener:  Du  Bartai;  Seventh  day,  first  week.  Ml 

*  Val  -CCt,  I.     [VALBT.J 

vai:e-dio'-tlon,  i.  [As  if  from  a  Lat.  tub- 
dictio,  from  vaiedictus,  pa.  par.  of  valedico  =  to 
say  farewell,  from  vale  —  farewell,  and  dio>  = 
to  say.]  [VALE  (3),  «.]  A  bidding  faiewell  ;  s 
farewell  ;  an  adieu. 

"  He  alwayes  took  thl»  solemn  valediction  at  UK 
fellowea.'-/Win-.-   WortMet;  Skroplhire. 

val-e-dlo-tbr'-I-aii,  ».  [Eng.  valedictory; 
-an.]  In  American  colleges,  the  student  who 
pronounces  the  valedictory  (q.v.> 

val-eHUo'-top-y,  o.  4  ».    (VALEDICTION.) 

A.  As  adj.  :   Bidding  farewell  ;   pertaining 
or  relating  to  a  farewell  or  adieu;  of  the 
nature  of  a  farewell  ;  farewell. 

"  To  pay  to  their  popular  chief  governor  every  vat* 
dietary  hQU<iur."—CuinberlanU  :  Memoirt. 

B.  As  rubst.  :  In   American   colleges,  an 
oration  or  address  spoken  at  the  annual  com- 
mencement by  one  of  the  class  whose  mem- 
bers receive  the  degree  of  B.A.,  and   take 
tlwir  leave  of  the  college  and  of  each  other. 

val  -en9e  (1),  ».    [VALANCE.] 
vaT-enf  e  (2),  t.    [VALISE.] 

Va-lg&'-cl-a  (o  as  sh),  ».    [See  det  2.J 

1.  [VALENTIA.] 

2.  A  province  on  the  east  coast  of  Spain, 
and  a  city,  the  capital  of  the  province. 

3.  (PL):  Raisins  grown  in,  and  exported 
from  Valencia. 

va  len'  91  an  ite,  ».    [After  the  Valeneian* 
mine,  Mexico,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (4«n.).] 
If  in.  :  A  variety  of  orthoclase,  much  resem- 
bling adularia,  associated  with  quartz. 


b6"y;  pofit,  Jtfel;  cat,  9elL  chorus,  9Hln,  beneh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing, 
•wan, -tlan  =  soan.   -tion, -sioa  =  sliun; -Jion, -jion- ztmn.    -cious, -tious,  HBIOUS  -  shus.   -Me,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


602S 


Valenciennes— valerianacere 


ral-en-ci'-ennes,  s.  [See  def.]  A  term  ap- 
plied to  a  variety  of  lace  whose  meshes  are 
of  the  form  of  ai.  irregular  hexagon.  It  is 
formed  of  two  threads,  partly  twisted  and 
plulled  at  top  of  the  mesh.  The  pattern  is 
worked  in  the  net.  Named  after  Valenciennes, 
•n  France,  where  it  is  made. 

val-en-9l-en-ne-sl-a,  a.  [Mod.  Lat. ; 
from  M.  Valenciennes,  a  French  professor  of 
the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century.] 

Paloont. :  A  genus  of  Limneidse,  with  one 
species,  from  a  Tertiary  deposit,  near  Kertch, 
Crimea.  The  shell  resembles  a  gigantic 
Aneylus  (q.v.) ;  apex  much  incurved,  concen- 
tric markings  on  surface. 

va'-len-cy,  s.    [Lat.  valens,  pr.  par.  of  valeo 
=  to  be  worth,  to  l>e  strong.) 
Chem. :  Atomicity  (q.v.). 

vaT  ene,  <.  [Eng.  valeric) ; -ene.]  [VALERONE.] 

va-len'-tl-a  (t  as  ah),  s.  [Etym.  not  appa- 
rent.] 

Fabric:  A  stuff  made  of  worsted,  cotton, 
and  silk,  used  for  waistcoats. 

ral-en-tme,  s.    [See  def.] 

•  1.  A  sweetheart  or  choice  made  on  St. 
Valentine's  day. 

:*  To-morrow  Is  Bt  Valentine's  day, 
All  in  the  morning  bet  I  me  ! 
And  I  a  timid  »t  your  window, 
To  be  your  Fatmtint." 

Shaketp. ;  Hamlet,  IT.  ft. 

5  According  to  the  legend,  St.  Valentine 
was  beheaded  on  February  14,  at  Rome,  under 
Claudius.  The  old  notion  was  that  birds  be- 
gan to  couple  on  that  day,  and  hence  arose 
the  custom  of  young  persons  of  both  sexes 
choosing  each  other  as  "  valentines  "  for  the 
ensuing  year  by  a  species  of  lottery,  and  of 
•ending  love  missives  to  each  other. 

2.  A  letter  or  other  missive  sent  by  young 
persons  of  both  sexes  to  each  other  on 
Valentine's  day;  a  printed  missive  of  an 
Amatory  or  satirical  nature,  generally  sent  by 
post  anonymously.  Some  valentines  are  highly 
ornamental  and  artistic,  while  others  are 
caricatures,  designed  to  reflect  on  the  per- 
sonal appearance,  habits,  character,  &c.,  of 
the  persons  to  whom  they  are  addressed.  The 
practice  of  sending  valentines  appears  to  be 
diminishing  year  by  year.  Postal  returns  indi- 
cate a  great  falling  off  in  the  numbers  of 
valentines  sent  during  the  past  decade,  one 
large  office  showing  a  decrease  from  117,000  to 
45,000  within  five  years.  The  sending  of  carica- 
tures has  equally  decreased,  and  the  veiled 
insults  thus  frequently  offered  have  been 
creditably  reduced.  The  sending  of  valen- 
tines is  a  harmless  folly,  which  is  dying  out. 

V&l-en-tin'-I-aiis,  *.  p*.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist. :  The  followers  of  Valentinns, 
an  Egyptian  gnostic,  whose  sect  arose  at 
Borne,  then  rooted  itself  deeply  In  Cyprus, 
aii'l  finally  spread  throughout  a  great  part  of 
southern  Europe,  western  Asia,  and  northern 
Africa.  He  supposed  that  in  the  Pleroma 
(q.v.)  there  were  thirty  male  and  as  many 
female  eeons  united  in  wedlock,  with  four  un- 
married, these  latter  being  Horus,  Christ, 
the  Holy  Spirit,  and  Jesus.  The  youngest  teon, 
Sophia  (Wisdom),  brought  forth  a  daughter, 
Achamoth,  whence  sprang  the  Demiurge,  who 
created  mankind.  This  Demiurge,  becoming 
puffed  up  with  pride,  aspired  to  be  regarded 
as  the  only  god,  and  led  many  angels  into  the 
game  error.  To  repress  his  insolence,  Christ 
descended,  Jesus,  one  of  the  highest  a-mis, 
joining  him  when  he  was  baptised  in  Jordan. 
The  Denvarge  had  him  crucified  ;  but,  before 
his  death,  both  Jesus  the  Son  of  God  and  the 
rational  soul  of  Christ  had  separated,  leaving 
only  the  sentient  soul  and  the  ethereal  body 
to  suffer.  The  Valentinians  were  divided  into 
the  Ptolemaitic,  the  Secundian,  the  Heracleo- 
nite,  the  Marcosian,  and  many  other  sects. 

Va  lon'-tin-ite,  s.  [After  Basil  Valentine, 
an  alchemist,  who  discovered  some  of  the 
properties  of  antimony ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  occurring 
mostly  in  crystals,  but  occasionally  massive. 
Hardness,  2'5  to  3;  sp.  gr.  6'566;  lustre, 
adamantine  to  pearly ;  colour,  white,  peach- 
blossom  red,  ash-gray  ;  streak,  white  ;  trans- 
lucent to  sub-transparent.  Compos. :  oxygen, 
16-44 ;  antimony,  83'56=  100,  whence  the  for- 
mula SbO3.  Results  from  the  decomposition 
of  various  antimonial  ores. 


va-ler-a-cSt-c^ni'-trile,  s.    [Eng.  valeric), 
and  acetonitriU.] 

Chem. :  CjgH^g^Og.  A  mobile,  colourless 
liquid  found  in  the  neutral  oil  produced  by 
distilling  glue  with  potassium  eliminate  and 
sulphuric  acid.  It  has  an  aromatic  odour,  is 
very  inflammable,  burning  with  a  faintly 
luminous  flame,  moderately  soluble  in  water, 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether;  sp.gr.  0'79  at 
15";  boils  between  68°  and  71°. 

va-ler'-al,  s.    [Eng.  vdUr(ic),  and  al(dehyde).] 
Chem.  :    C&SWO  =    £  ^3>CH'CH2'CHO. 

Valeraldehyde,  valerianic  aldehyde,  valeryl- 
hydride.  A  mobile,  colourless  liquid,  dis- 
covered by  Dumas  and  Stas.  Obtained  by 
oxidizing  amylic  alcohol  with  nitric  or 
chromic  acid,  or  by  distilling  fusel-oil  with 
sulphuric  acid.  It  has  a  burning,  bitter  taste, 
asuffocating  apple-like  odour,  exciting  cough- 
ing, is  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  all 
proportions  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  volatile 
oils  ;  sp.  gr.  -8057  at  17°,  and  boils  at  96"  under 
ordinary  atmospheric  pressure.  It  is  very  in- 
flammable, burning  with  a  bright  blue-edged 
flame.  When  exposed  to  the  air  it  is  grad- 
ually converted  into  valerianic  acid. 

valeral  ammonia,  a. 

Chem. :  C5HlnO-XH3  =  CsHgCNH^O.  A 
crystalline  body  prepared  by  addingammonia 
to  valeral  mixed  with  a  thousand  times  its 
bulk  of  water.  It  is  almost  insoluble  in 
water,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts 
when  heated,  but  re-crystallizes  on  cooling. 

va-ler-al'-de-hyde,  *.    [Eng.  valer(ic)t  and 
aldehyde.]    [VALERAL.] 

val  er-al   dide,  s.    [VALERALDEHVDE.] 
Val -er-al  -dine,  *.    [Eng.  valerald(ide) ;  -int.] 
Chem.  :  CisHjiNSj.     A  viscid  oil  obtained 
by  passing  sulphydric  acid  into  valeral  am- 
monia suspended  in  water.     It  has  an  alkaline 
reaction,  a  strong  unpleasant  odour,  does  not 
solidify  at  —20°,  is  insoluble  in  water,  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether,  and  volatilizes  without 
decomposition. 

val-er-am'-ic,  o.     [Eng.  vaUr(ic),  and  amic.] 
Derived  from  valeric  acid  and  ammonia. 

valeramlc-acid,  s. 

Chem. :  C5HnNO2  =  CsH^NHsXV  Amido- 
valeric-acid,  valeramidic  acid.  Discovered  by 
Qornp-Besanez  in  the  pancreas  of  an  ox,  and 
prepared  artificially  by  the  action  of  ammonia 
on  an  alcoholic  solution  Of  bromovaleric  acid. 
It  crystallizes  in  colourless  leaves,  somewhat 
sublimable,  is  slightly  soluble  in  water  and 
alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether,  and  unites  with 
acids  and  bases  to  form  crystallizable  com- 
pounds. Heated  in  the  air,  it  burns  with  a 
bluish  flame  ;  heated  in  a  glass  tube,  it  melts 
and  sublimes,  giving  off  alkaline  vapours  hav- 
ing the  odour  of  herring-pickle. 

va-leY-a-mide.s.  [Eng.  valeric),  and  amide.] 
Chem.':  C5HUNO  =  CftH9O'H2N.  The  pri- 
mary amide  of  valeric  acid,  produced  by  the 
action  of  strong  ammonia  on  ethylic  valerate. 
Insoluble  in  water,  melts  at  1003,  subliming 
at  a  somewhat  higher  temperature,  and,  when 
boiled  with  alkalis,  gives  off  ammonia. 

va-ler-a-mld'-ic,  a.    [Eng.  valeramid(e) ; 
-ic.]    [VAT.ERAMIC.] 

val-er-am'-ine, *.  [Eng.  wZer(«),andamin«.] 
Chem. :  Wurtz's  original  name  for  amylamine. 

val-e'r-an'-n-lde,  s.     [Eng.  valer(ic)  ;  anil- 
(ine);  and  suff.  -ide.] 

Chem.:  CnH15NO  =  C8Hip(C«H5)NO. 
Phenyl-valeramide.  A  crystalline  body,  ob- 
tained by  the  action  of  valeric  anhydride  on 
aniline.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  115°,  and  distils 
unaltered  at  220°. 

val  er'-ate,  *.    [Eng.  valeric) ;  -ate.] 

Chem.  :  A  salt  of  valeric  acid. 

valerate  of  potassium,  5. 

Chem. :  C5HaKO2.  Obtained  by  saturating 
valeric  acid  with  potassium.  It  is  an  amor- 
phous, white,  deliquescent,  saline  mass,  solu- 
ble in  water  and  in  strong  alcohol,  melts  at 
140°,  and  decomposes  at  a  higher  temperature, 

val'-er-ene,  *.    [Eng.  valeric) ;  -ene.]    [AKY- 

LENK.] 

va-ler'-I-an,  «.    [VALERIAN A.) 


Botany  : 

1.  The  genus  Valeriana  (q.v.). 

2.  PoUmonium   ctenileum  (Britten   <t  Hol- 
land.)    [GREEK  -  VALERIAN,     BED- VALERIAN, 

SPUR- VALERIAN.] 

valerian-oil,  ••. 

Chem. :  A  pale  yellow  or  greenish  oil,  ob- 
tained by  distilling  valerian  root  with  water. 
It  has  the  odour  of  valerian,  an  aromatic 
taste,  an  acid  reaction ;  sp.  gr.  0-90-0'93 ; 
boils  at  200° ;  becomes  viscid  at  -15°,but  does 
not  solidify  completely  even  at  -40.  It  ap- 
pears to  be  a  mixture  of  several  substances. 

valerian  pug,  .--. 

Entom. :  Eupithfcia  valerianata  ;  a  rare 
British  geometer  moth,  with  ashy-brown 
wings,  the  caterpillar  of  which  feeds  on  the 
common  valerian. 

va  ler-i-a  -na,  *.  [From  Lat.  valeo  =  to  be 
stpmg;  so  named  from  the  powerful  medi- 
cinal qualities  of  some  species.] 

Bot. :  Valerian;  the  typical  genus  of  Va- 
lerianaceaa  or  Valerianese.  Herbs,  generally 
perennial,  with  radical  leaves  crowded,  those 
of  the  stem  opposite  or  whorled,  entire  or 
pinnatifid  ;  flowers  cymose,  with  bracteoles  ; 
corolla  five-cleft,  gibbous  at  the  base,  stamens 
three;  fruit  crowned  with  a  feathery  pappus. 
Known  species  about  130,  from  the  North 
Temperate  Zone  and  from  South  America, 
The  Common  Valerian  ( Vederiana  ojficiimlit) 
is  abundant  in  ditches,  moist  woods,  Ac.,  in  all 
parts  of  Europe  and  in  northern  Asia.  ID  the 
United  States  it  is  a  cultivated  plant.  The 
root  is  fleshy,  the  leaves  pinnatifid,  th«  stalk 
two  to  four  feet  high,  the  flowers  pa)«  flesh- 
colored.  The  root,  which  is  warm  and 
aromatic,  is  a  well-known  medicine,  particularly 
so  when  the  plant  is  grown  in  dry  hilly 
ground.  It  yields  a  volatile  oil,  in  which 


VALERIANA   OFFICISALIS. 

L  riAitt ;  -'.  Flower  ;  8.  Leaflets 
valerianic  acid  is  developed  on  exposure  to 
the  air.  Some  of  the  salts  of  tliin  acid  are 
specially  valuable  medicinally.  The  root  ia  used 
in  pharmacy  in  spasms,  hemicrania,  hysteria, 
chorea,  epilepsy,  hypochondrJasis,  and  as  an 
auxiliary  to  tonics  in  intermittents.  Baths 
of  valerian  have  been  found  of  much  us« 
in  acute  rheumatism.  In  excessive  dosrs  it 
produces  headache  and  mental  excitement 
It  is  highly  attractive  to  rats,  and  also 
to  cats,  hence  it  is  called  Cats'  Valerian  ;  and, 
being  much  used  by  the  poor  as  an  appli- 
cation to  fresh  wounds,  is  named  also  All- 
heal. V.  Pyrenaica,  which  has  very  large. 
cordate,  deeply-toothed  leaves,  is  a  native  of 
the  Pyrenees.  It  grows  in  woods  in  Scotland, 
but  is  not  indigenous.  The  winged  seeds 
have  been  carried  by  the  wind  from  adjacent 
gardens  in  which  it  is  cultivated.  V. 
and  V.  Saliunca,  natives  of  the  mountains 
of  Austria,  are  used  in  the  east  of  Europe 
to  aromatize  baths.  The  roots  of  V.  <•• 
V.  ojficinalis,  and  V.  Phu  are  tonic,  bitter, 
aromatic,  spasmodic,  vennifugal,  and  perhaps 
febrifugal.  V.  sitkensis,  Dioscoridis,  &c.,  are 
powerful  stimulants.  The  strong-scented 
roots  of  V.  Hardvrickii  and  V.  Wallithii,  Hima- 
layan species,  are  used  in  India  medicinally. 

va-ler-I-a-na'-9e-88,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat. 
valeriana,  and  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot.  :  Valerianworts ;  an  order  of  Epigy- 
nous  Exogens,  alliance  Campanales.  Annual 
or  perennial  scented  herbs,  occasionally  twin 
Ing.  Leaves  collected  in  rosettes  at  the  root, 
or  distributed  upon  the  stem,  opposite,  entire, 
or  pinnately-dlvided.  Flowers  in  cymes ;  calyi 
superior,  the  limb  membranous  or  resem- 
bling feathery  pappus ;  corolla  monopetalom. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rule,  fall ;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian.    »,  O9  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


valerianate— valetudinary 


6029 


tabular,  inserted  in  the  top  of  the  ovary,  two 
or  three-lobed,  regular  or  irregular,  sometimes 
with  a  spur  ;  stamens  one  to  five,  inserted 
into  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with 
its  lobes  ;  ovary  inferior,  one-celled,  sometimes 
with  two  other  abortive  cells  ;  seed  one,  pen- 
dulous. Chiefly  in  temperate  climates.  Known 
genera  twelve  ;  species  185.  (Lindley.) 

V»-ler'-i-sn-ate,  s.   [Eng.  valerian(ic)  ;  -ate.) 

1.  Chem.  :  A  salt  of  valerianic  acid  (q.v.). 

2.  Pharm.  :  Valerianate  of  zinc  is  a  nervine 
tonic,  an  antispasmodic,  and  an  anthelmintic. 
Valerianate  of  iron  and  that  of  ammonia  act 
somewhat  similarly  ;  valeriauate  of  soda  acts 
like  valerian  root  ;  valerianate  of  quinine  is 
useful  in  intermittent  and  spasmodic  neur- 
algic affections. 

Va-ler-I-a-nel'-la,  *.    [Dimin.  from  Mod. 
Lat.  Mariana  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  ;  Corn-salad  ;  a  genus  of  Valerianacet-e. 
Small  annuals,  dichotomously  branched, 
Flowers  small,  bracteate,  solitary  or  cymose 
in  the  forks  of  the  branches  ;  corolla  regular, 
funnel-shaped;  stamens  three;  fruit  two  to 
three-celled,  one-seeded.  Known  species  about 
fifty,  chiefly  from  the  north  temperate  zone. 
Three  of  them  are,  Vaterianella  olitoria  (~ 
Fedia  olitoria),  Common  Corn-salad  or  Lamb's 
Lettuce  ;  V.  Auricula  (—  F.  Auricula),  the 
Bharp-  fruited  Corn-salad  ;  and  V.  dentata  (= 
F.  dentata),  the  Smooth  Narrow-fruited  Corn- 
aalad.  The  first  is  from  three  inches  to  a 
foot  high  ;  has  pale  blue  or  rarely  white 
flowera,  in  terminal  compact  heads  and  later- 
ally compressed  oblique  fruit,  crowned  with 
the  remains  of  the  calyx.  It  grows  on  banks 
and  in  corn-fields,  especially  in  a  light  soil. 
and  is  often  cultivated  as  a  salad.  The  second 
lias  lax  cymes  and  an  ovate-acuminate  cap- 
sule, and  is  rare.  The  third  has  flesh-coloured 
flowers  in  panicled  cymes,  and  ovate  flattish 
capsules  ;  it  is  not  very  common.  V.  carin- 
ata,  naturalised  in  England,  may  be  a  variety 
of  the  first  species.  V.  eriocarpa  is  stated  to 
be  a  casual  in  Worcestershire. 

r-Ier-I-in'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  valerian  ;  ~ie.\  Per- 
taining to  or  derived  from  valerian. 

valerianic-acid,  a.    [VALERIC-ACID.] 
valerianic  aldehyde,  s.    [VALERAL.] 

t  ler  -i-an-wort,  *  [Eng.  valerian,  .and 
wort.] 

Bot.  (PI):  Lindley's  name  for  the  Valerian- 
aeese  (q.v.). 

ler'-ic,  a.     [Eng.  vater(lari);  -fc.j     Con- 
Lned  in  or  derived  from  valerian-root. 


•»a  ler'-. 

uined  1 

vale 

Chem. 

acid;    1 

V-II->T;-.I 


valeric-acid,  *. 


.     Delphinio 

id  ;  Phocenic  acid  ;  Butylcarbonic  acid  ; 
*alerianic  acid.  A  monobasic  acid,  first  ob- 
tained by  Chevreul,  in  1817,  from  the  fat  of 
Delphinum  phoccena,  but  found  widely  diffused 
throughout  the  vegetable  kingdom,  in  valerian 
root,  angelica  root,  and  in  many  plants  of  the 
composite  order.  It  is  prepared  artificially 
by  oxidising  amylic  alcohol  with  a  mixture  of 
strong  sulphuric  acid  and  acid  potassic  chro- 
mate.  When  pure,  it  is  a  colourless,  mobile 
oil,  having  a  sour,  burning  taste  ;  sp.  gr.  O'fl37 
at  16*  ;  slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether  and  in  strong  acetic  acid  ; 
does  not  solidify  at  -16a,  and  boils  at  184°. 
With  the  bases,  it  forms  salts  called  valerates, 
none  of  which  is  of  any  importance. 

valeric-aldehyde,  s.    [VALERAL.] 
valeric-anhydride,  5. 


Chem.  :  Ci0 

Valeric  oxide  ;  Valeric  valerate.  A  colourless, 
mobile  oil,  prepared  by  distilling  valerate  of 
potassium  with  oxychloride  of  phosphorus, 
washing  the  distillate  with  sodic  carbonate, 
dissolving  in  ether,  and  evaporating.  It  has  a 
faint  odour  of  apples;  *p.  gr.  0'984  at  15"  ;  is 
soluble  in  ether,  and  boils  at  215°.  Water 
slowly  absorbs  it,  converting  It  into  valeric 
acid  ;  with  alcohol  it  forms  ethylio  valerate. 
[VALERIC-  ETHERS.] 

valeric  chloride,  s. 

Ckem.  :  CjHgOaCl.  A  colourless,  mobile, 
raining  liquid,  produced  by  the  action  of 
phosphorous  chloride  on  valeric  acid.  It  has 
ft  sp.  gr.  of  1-005  at  6°,  boils  at  117",  and  is 
easily  decomposed  by  water  into  hydrochloric- 
*nd  valeric-acids. 


valeric-ethers,  s.  pi. 

Cheju.  :  Prepared  by  distilling  sodium  valer- 
ate with  sulphuric  acid  and  the  corresponding 
alcohols  :  (1)  Methylic  valerate,  C^^CS3)O-,, 
is  a  colourless  liquid,  with  an  odour  of 
valerian  and  wood  spirit;  sp.  gr.  0*SSI>9  at 
15";  boils  at  116°.  (2)  Ethylio  valerate. 
CsH^CjHjiXJj,  is  a  colourless  liquid,  of  a  fruity 
odour  ;  slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in 
alcohol  ;  sp.  gr.  0-800  at  15°  ;  boils  at  133°. 

valeric-oxide,  valerio-valerate,  >. 

[VALERIC-  ANHYDRIDE.] 

val'-er-In,  s.  [Eng.  mUr(ic),  and  (sfycer)m.] 
Chem.  (PL.)  :  A  series  of  glycerides  obtained 
by  heating  valeric  acid  with  glycerin  :  (I)  Mono- 
valerin,  C8Hi6O4  =  (C3H5)-'"(HO>2-(C5H9O2). 
An  oily  neutral  liquid  produced  by  heating 
valeric  acid  with  excess  of  glycerin  to  SOU3 
for  three  hours.  It  has  a  faint  odour  ;  sp.  gr. 
1-100  at  15°;  mixes  with  half  its  bulk  of 
water  to  a  clear  liquid,  but  separates  on  the 
addition  of  more  water,  and  is  decomposed  by 
alcohol,  even  in  the  cold.  (2)  Divalerin, 
CisH240!=(C3H5)"--HO-(C5H?O2)2.  Aneutral 
oily  liquid,  obtained  by  heating  valeric  acid 
and  glycerin  to  275°.  It  has  a  disagreeable, 
fishy  odour  ;  sp.  gr.  1-059  at  15°,  solidifies  at 
—40°,  and  does  not  mix  readily  w  ith  water.  (3) 
Trivalerin,  Ci8H32O6  =  (C3H5y"  -(CjHpOs),.  A 
neutral  oily  liquid,  produced  by  heating  diva- 
lerin  to  220°,  with  ten  times  its  weight  of 
valeric  acid.  It  has  an  unpleasant  odour,  is 
insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and 
ether. 

val-er-l}'-i(o,  a.  [Eng.  valerik'):  Or.  to-os 
(isos)  =  the  same  as,  and  Eng.  suff.  -ic.J  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  valeric  acid. 

valerlsic-actd,  >. 

Chem.  (PI.)  :  Laurent's  name  for  the  sub- 
stitution products  of  valeric  acid,  in  which 
three  atoms  of  hydrogen  are  replaced  by 
chlorine  or  other  radicles,  e.g.,  chlorovaler- 
isic  acid,  0511701302.  In  like  manner,  those 
products  in  which  four  atoms  of  hydrogen 
are  thus  replaced,  are  called  valerosic  acids. 

viil-er-6-di-chlbr  hy'-drin,  «.  [Eng. 
valero(l),  and  dichlorhydrin.] 

Chem.  :  <^H14O^=(CfeH^-<C,,H90)0-Cl?. 
A  mobile  liquid,  produced  by  heating  epi- 
chlorhydrin  with  valeric  chloride  to  1003.  It 
smells  like  amylic  acetate,  has  a  sp.  gr.  of 
1-149  at  11°,  and  boils  at  245°. 

val-er-6-gly9'-er-al.    s.      [Eng. 

glycerin),  and  sun*,  -of.] 


s5 

Chem.:  C8H15O,=      H        VOj.    A  liquid 
(C5H10y 


val-er-dT,  ».    [Eng.  valerian)  ;  -oil 

Chem.  :  CgHioO  ?  Produced  by  rapidly  dis- 
tilling- valerian  oil  In  a  stream  of  carbonic 
anhydride.  It  crystallizes  In  colourless, 
transparent  prisms,  slightly  soluble  in  water, 
soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  volatile  oils, 
melts  at  20°,  and  then  remains  liquid  at  or- 
dinary temperatures. 

val-er-4-lao'-ttc,  o.  [Eng.  mleroQ),  and 
tactic.]  Contained  in  or  derived  from  valeric 
and  lactic  acids. 

valerolactic-acld,  t. 

Chem.:  CjHioOj.  Produced  by  heating 
bromovaleric  acid  with  silver  oxide  and  water. 
Its  zinc  salts  crystallize  readily. 

val'-er-one,  ».    [Eng.  valeric);  -one.} 


Chem..:   C9H,8O  = 


Q.      Valene,   ya- 


leryl-butyl,  valeroyl-butyloxide.  A  trans- 
parent, colourless,  mobile  liquid,  obtained  by 
the  dry*distillation  of  calcium  valerate,  mixed 
with  one-sixth  of  it*  weight  of  lime.  It  is 
lighter  than  water,  has  an  etherial  odour  and 
burning  taste,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
sp.  gr.  0-823  at  20°,  and  boils  at  181°. 

val-er-6-ni-trile,  ».     [Eng.  mUro®,  and 
nitrite.  ] 

Chem.:  C«H9N  =  C4H9-CN.  Butylio  cyanide, 
A  colourless  oil,  produced  by  heating  valeric 
acid  with  potassic  sulphocyanate.  It  has 
the  odour  of  bitter  almonds,  sp.  gr.  0*8164  at 
0°,  and  boils  at  140". 


VaT-Sr-ft-nyL,  ».     [Eng.  mleron(e) ;  -yl] 

Chem. :  Lo wig's  name  for  the  hydro-carbo* 
C4H9.  (Watts.) 

val-er-bV-yl,  ».  [Eng.  valer(ic);  oz(aty9; 
•yl.]  [VALEKVL.] 

vfii'-er-6yl,  s.    [Eng.  valen(ne) ;  -»!.] 

Chem. :  A  name  applied  to  the  hydro-carbon 
C5Hg,  according  to  which  denomination  vm- 
lerene  may  be  designated  as  hydride  of  v»- 
leroyl,  C5H9H  ;  valerone  as  valerovl  butyk 
oxide,  C5H,,*C4H9O,  &c.  (Watts.) 

val'-er-yl,  s.    [Eng.  mler(ic);  yf.) 

Chem. :  C5H9O.  Valeroxyl.  The  radicle  of 
valeric  acid  and  its  derivatives,  obtained  In 
the  free  state  by  the  action  of  sodium  on 
ethylic  valerate. 

valeryl-butyl,  >.    [VALERONE.] 

valeryl- chloride,  «.  [VALERIC-CHLO- 
RIDE.] 

valeryl-hydride, ».    [VALEHAL.] 
valeryl  protoxide,  t.    [VALEKIC-ANHT- 

DRIDE.] 

val'-er-yl-ene,  «.    [Eng.  valeryl;  -ene.] 

Chem. :  C5Hg.  A  colourless,  mobile  liquid, 
homologous  with  acetylene,  obtained  by  heat- 
ing amylene  bromide,  with  a  concentrated 
alcoholic  solution  of  potash,  to  140°  for  several 
hours,  washing  the  resulting  product  with 
water,  distilling,  and  collecting  the  liquid 
which  passes  over  between  44*  and  46*.  It 
has  a  pungent  alliaceous  odour,  is  insoluble 
in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol,  boils  at  463,  and 
has  a  vapour  density  of  2*356. 

*  v-il'-ct,  v.t.    [VALET,  >.]    To  attend  on,  ax  a 

valet. 

"  Some  dandy  old  Brown,  whom  he  had  vo-«f«t  In 
the  middle  i»f  the  last  century."— T.  Bug**:  fom 
Bromil  Schootdayl,  pt  L,  oh.  11. 

val-et  (or  as  vil'-e),  *  vai-ett, «.  [Fr.iwW 
=  a  groom,  a  yeoman.  The  same  word  ai 

VaRLET(q.V.).] 

1.  A    man-servant    who    attends    on    hin 
master's  person ;  a  valet-de-chambre.     Valet* 
or  varlets  were  originally  the  sons  of  knighU, 
and  afterwards  of  the  nobility,  before  they 
obtained  the  age  of  chivalry. 

"The  king  made  him  his  valrtt  (eaulvklent  to  wh»* 
Afterward  WM  called  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber).* 
—Fuller t  Worthiet;  farkthire. 

2.  Mantge:  A  kind  of  goad  or  stick  armed 
with  a  point  of  iron. 

valet-de-chambre,  *.  The  aame  aa 
VALET,  s.  (q.v.). 

"  No  great  man  ever  appeared  great  In  the  eye*  ol 
hit  valet-dc-chambre." — Knox;  Euayi,  Ko.  S2. 

*  v.^  6  tu-dm  ar'-I-an.  o.  &  *.    [Eng.  vale- 
tudinary; -an.] 

A.  As  adj. :   Sickly ;   In  a   poor  state  of 
health  ;  infirm ;  seeking  to  recover  health. 

"  Great  benefit  to  the  valetudinarian,  feeble  part  at , 
mankind."— Dcrham :  Phyitro-Thenlogy,  bk.  lit.,  ch.  IT. 

B.  As  subst.:  A  person  of  weak  health  or 
infirm  constitution ;  an  invalid ;  one  who  U 
seeking  to  recover  health, 

"  That  aichly  tribe  who  are  commouty  known  by  the 
name  of  valetudinarian*." — Additon :  Spectator,  No.  3L 

'vftl-S-tu-din-ar'-i-an-I.jm,  *.  [Eng 
valetudinarian ;  -ism.]  The  state  or  condi- 
tion of  a  valetudinarian;  a  weak  or  sickly 
state  of  health. 

"  At  an  age  when  moat  men  are  condemned  to  ml* 
tudinariani*m,"-Daiiy  Telegraph,  March  11,  1887. 

*  val-e-tu'-dln-ar-i-ness,  s.    [Eng.  valetu- 
dinary; -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
valetudinary  ;  valetudinarianism. 

"  Habitual  thinness,  leanness,  tenderness,  and  mfe 
tudinarineu."—Chcyne  :  Method  of  Cure,  pt  H.,  ch.  Ir 

*  val  e-tu-din  ar'-I-ous,  a.    [Eng.  valet* 
dinary  ;  -ous.]    Valetudinary  (q.v.). 

"  About  the  beginning  of  January  he  begaii  to  b« 
very  valttudinanom,"— Cotton  Mather:  JfemorabU 
Providence*  (ed.  1689).  p.  65. 

*  viU--6-tu'--*.n-ar-^f  a.  4  *.    [Fr.  valetit- 
dinaire,   from   Lat.   valetudinarius  =  sickly, 
from  valetudo,  genit.  valetudinis  =  health,  good 
or  bad,  esp.  ill-health,  from  rateo  =  to  be  in 
good  health.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  (Of  persons) :  In  weak  or  ill-health;  In- 
firm, delicate. 

"  He  became  valetudinary  for  want  of  exerelM.*— 
Gentleman'!  Magaxine,  Aug.,  1767,  p.  859. 


boy;  p6ut,  jov-rl;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  911111,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  ft 
-tion,  -«iou  =  «Hdn;  -tloa,  -fion  =  xnua.   HUOUA, -Uous, -aioua  -  »bu*,   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  dfL 


6030 


valetudinouB— vallisneria 


1  (Of  things):  Delicate. 

•It  renders  the  habit  of  society  dangerouely  ml*- 

tudinary."— Burke:  Reflection*  on  Ktvol.  in  Frond. 

B.  As  aubst. :  One  who  is  in  weak  or  ill- 
health ;  a  valetudinarian. 

•val-e-tu'-din-ous,  a,  [VAUTHDISABY.] 
Sickly,  weak. 

••Affrighted  with  the  vuletudtnout  erudition  of 
Klin  Edward.'— fuller:  ma.  Cam*..  Til  St. 

Tal-haT-la,  s.  [Icel.  valholl,  genlt.  valhal- 
lar  =  the  nail  of  the  slain,  from  valr  =  slain, 
slaughter,  and  boll,  hall  =  a  hall.] 

1.  Sccmd.  Myth. :  The  place  of  immortality 
tor  the  souls  of  heroes  slain  In  battle,  where 
they  spent  their  time  in  feasting  and  c1  -inking. 

2.  Fig. :  Any  edifice  which  is  the  final  rest- 
ing-place of  many  of  the  heroes  or  great  men 
Of  a  nation  ;  specif.,  applied  to  the  Pantheon 
Or  Temple  of   Fame,   built   by  Louis  I.  of 
Bavaria  at  Donanstauf,  near  Ratisbon,  and 
consecrated  to  all  Germans  who  have  become 
renowned  in  war,  statesmanship,  literature, 
science,  or  art. 

•  vaT-lance,  *  val'-Ian-9y  (1  "»  y).  "val- 
i-aunce,  s.    [O.  Fr.  vaillance,  vallence,  val- 
ence; Fr.  taillmut,  from  Lat.  valmtia,  from 
•Miens,  pr.  par.  of  valeo  =  to  be  strong,  to  be 
worth.)    [VALIANT.]    Valour,  bravery. 

"•To  let  him  weet  hie  doughty  mttiune** 

spoiler:  f.  <!„  II.  lii  It, 

vn.1  lant  (i  as  y),  "vaHaimt,  *  valyant, 
o.  &'t.  [Fr.  vaillant,  volant,  pr.  par.  of  raloir 
s=  to  profit,  serve,  be  good  for,  from  Lat.  valeo 
=  to  be  strong,  to  be  worth ;  Sp.  talicntc ; 
Port,  ft  Ital.  tnlente.] 
A.  AiculjKtiTt: 

*  1.  Strong ;  vigorous  ill  body ;  strong  or 
powerful  generally. 

"The  scent  thereof  Is  somewhat  valiant."— fuller: 
Worttoet:  Cornwall,  L  306. 

8.  Brave,  courageons,  intrepid,  puissant. 

•  GiKll  ike  Achille..  r«H,int  if  thou  art." 

Covper:  Bomer ;  Iliad  L 

3.  Performed  with  valour  or  bravery ;  heroic, 
intrepid. 

"  To  celebrate  the  memory  of  inch  a  taUemt  com- 
tat."—  Xtlion. 

4.  Noted  for  valour  or  bravery. 

"  For  though  be  bore  a  valiant  name, 
HU  heart  waa  of  a  timid  frame." 

WoritworOt:  WUte  Dot.  lit 

*  B.  As  snbst. :  A  valiant  or  brave  person. 

"  Four  bat  t  leu  .  .  .  wherein  four  valianU  of  David 
•lay  fonr  giants."— ISamtulxxl.  (Heading.) 

"  val'-iant-ise  (1  as  y),  *  val-yant-lse,  «. 

[Eng.  valiant ;  -ise.]  Valour,  bravery,  courage. 
"  Picks  quarrels  for  to  show  his  valianti*!.' 

Bp.a«U:  SaOrei.  IT.  4. 

ral'-Iant-ly  (1  as  y),  adv.  [Eng.  valiant; 
-ly.)  In  a  valiant  manner;  with  valour  or 
bravery ;  bravely,  courageously. 

"To  fight  wiHa^tlg  in  defence  of  their  religion."— 
Additftn  :  Spectator,  No.  WJ. 

•ral-iant-nesa  fl  as  y),  •Tal-lant- 
nesse,  «.  [Eng.  valiant;  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  valiant ;  valour,  bravery, 
intrepidity,  courage. 

"A  zuan  of  great  reuowme  and  eaItantit«sM.n— 
ffotintked  :  Citron.;  Edteard  III. 

•val-1-aunce, «.    [VALIABCE.I 

val-id,  a.  [Fr.  valide,  from  Lat.  mlidut  = 
strong,  from  valeo  =  to  be  strong ;  Sp.,  Fort, 
&  Ital.  vaJido.] 

*  L  Strong,  powerful,  efficient. 

"  Perhaps  more  valid  armes. 
Weapons  more  violent,  when  next  we  meet. 
May  serve  to  better  us.'      HUtm  :  P.  L.,  •ii.  OS. 

2.  Supported  or  grounded  on  actual  fact; 
well-grounded,  sound  ;  capable  of  being  justi- 
fied or  defended ;  not  weak  or  defective  ;  well- 
based  :  as,  a  valCd  argument,  a  valid  excuse. 

8.  Having  sufficient  legal  strength  or  force : 
good  or  sufficient  In  point  of  law ;  Incapable 
Of  being  lawfully  overthrown  or  set  aside ; 
executed  with  the  proper  formalities ;  binding 
in  law. 

"  Bonds  of  resignation  on  demand  have  been  de- 
clared by  the  temixiral  judges  *Md.-— Sector:  Oarat 
to  the  Clergy  (an.  1747). 

•  val'-I  date,  v.t.    [Low  Lat.  validaha,  pa. 
par.  of  valido  =  to  make  strong,  from  Lat. 
validus  =  strong.] 

1.  To  make  or  declare  valid ;  to  confirm. 

"  All  the  elections  are  tatlduud."— Standard,  Nor.  11, 
VIM. 

2.  To  test  the  validity  of :  as,  To  validate 
Totes. 


*  val-I-da'-tion.  ».    [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  mil- 
tititus,  pa.  p«r.  of  valido  =  to  validate  (q.v.).] 
The  act  of  giving  validity. 

"  The  validation  of  the  elections.*—  DoMy  TfUgraph, 
Nov.  11,  1889. 

va-Ud'-,-ty,  *  va-lid-i-tle,  a,  [Fr.  mlidM, 
from  Lat.  ivliditatem,  accus.  of  validitas,  Irom 
talidui  =  strong,  valid  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  strong  ; 
strength,  power. 

"  Purpose  ia  but  the  elave  to  memory 
Of  violent  birth,  but  poor  validity? 

Slntap.  :  Hamlet,  111.  i. 

2.  Strength  or  force  derived  from  resting  on 
or  being  supported  by  fact ;  soundness,  just- 
ness, validness  :  as,  the  validity  of  an  argu- 
ment. 

3.  Legal  strength  or  force;  sufficiency  in 
point  of  law. 

"Making  inquiry  Into  the  validity  of  their  assumed 
titles.--n»* :  Third  Vos/age.  bk.  li.,  ch.  vL 
•i.  Value. 

"  No  less  in  space,  validity,  and  pleasure. 
Than  that  conferred  on  GonerlL" 

SJwketp.  :  Lear,  1. 1. 

vaT-id-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  valid;  -ly.]  In  a  valid 
mauuer ;  so  as  to  be  valid. 

val'-id-n8ss,  s.  [Eng.  valid;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  valid  ;  validity. 

va-linch',  vS-linche',  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.] 
A  tube  for  drawing  liquors  from  a  cask  by  the 
banghole. 

va-lise',  *  val-lles,  *  yal-Use,  >.  [Fr.  talix, 
a  word  of  doubtful  origin  ;  Sp.  valija ;  Ital. 
mtigia.]  A  small  leather  bag  or  portmanteau 
to  hold  a  traveller's  equipment  for  short 
journeys,  &c. ;  a  portmanteau. 

••  Sealed  up 

ny  trust,  locked  close  for  ever." 
Bin  Jotutm :  Tale  of  a  Tub.  li.  1. 

Val'-kyr,  Val-kyr'-I-a,  *.  [Icel.  valkyrja, 
from  i-dlkr  —  the  slain.] 

Scand.  Myth*  (Pi.):  One  of  the  twelve 
nymphs  of  Valhalla.  They  were  armed  and 
mounted  on  fleet  horses,  and  in  the  thick  of 
battle  they  selected  those  whom  the  Fates 
had  destined  to  be  slain,  and  conducted  them 
to  Valhalla,  and  served  them  with  mead  and 
ale  in  the  skulls  of  their  enemies.  [Wisn- 

HAlDBKa.] 

"The  roOyrt  an  choosers  of  the  sudn:  a  destiny 
Inexorable,  which  it  is  useless  trying  to  bend  Krsofteu. 
has  appointed  who  la  to  be  slain."— Carlyle  •  fftroei, 
lectt 

Val-kyr'-I-an,  o.  [VALKYR.]  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  the  Valkyrs  (q.v.) 

"  Ourself  have  often  tried 
YalXi/rlan  hymns."       Ttnni/ton :  Prtnceu.  Iv.  121. 

*Yal'-lan-$y,  s.    [VALAUCT.] 

«Val'-lar,  a,  &  «.  [Lat.  vaUarit,  from  vallum 
=  a  palisaded  rampart,  from  vallui  =  a  stake.  ] 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  rampart 
or  palisade. 

B.  As  tubit. :  A  vallar-crown  (q.v.% 

"  Oarlandes,  vaUaret,  and  muralles."—  Udai:  Afoph. 
QfEratmue,p.  284. 

vallar-crown,  «. 

Roman  A  ntiq. :  A  crown  of  gold  presented 
to  the  soldier  who  first  surmounted  a  vallum, 
and  forced  an  entrance  into  an  enemy's  camp. 

Val-lar'-ls,  ».  [Lat.  vaUaris  =  pertaining  to 
a  rampart ;  vallum  =  a  rampart.  So  named 
because  one  species  is  used  in  Java  for  fences.] 
Bat. :  A  genus  of  Parsonseai  (q.v.).  Twining 
Indian  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  dicho- 
tomotis  interpetiolar  peduncles,  salver-shaped 
corollas  and  follicular  fruit. 

*  val'-lar-y,  a.    (Lat.  vattaris.}    The  same  as 

VALLAB(q.V.X 

*  val'-la'-tlon,  «.    [Lat.  vallum  =  a  palisaded 
rampart.]    A   rampart,  an  entrenchment,  a 
fortification. 

"The  vaUatlon  south-west  of  Dorchester  in  this 
county."—  Warton  :  Bitt.  Xiddington,  p.  Jo. 

•val'-la-tor-^,  o.  [VALLATIOM.]  Of  or  per- 
teining  to  a  rampart  or  vallum.  (See  extract 
under  SCBIPTORY,  2.) 

val'-lS-a,  s.  [Named  by  Mutis  after  Robert 
Valle  of  Rouen.) 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  EhEOcarpeas  (q.v.).  Peru- 
vian trees,  with  entire  cordate  leaves,  large 
leafy  stipules,  five  overlapping  petals,  many 
stamens,  and  a  rauricate  capsular  fruit. 


VRl-ldo'-n-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  =  Class.  L»t. 
vallicula  (q.v.).] 

Anat. :  A  deep  fossa  separating  the  hemi* 
spheres  of  the  cerebellum.  (^«ai».)  Called 
also  a  Valley. 

T&l-ler  -i-ite,  «.  [After  the  Swedish  mineral- 
ogist Vallerius  ;  sun*,  -tte  (A/in.).] 

Min. :  A  miueral  of  very  complex  composi* 
tiou,  occurring  as  noilular  masses  in  a  dark- 
greenish  limestone  at  Nya  Kopparberg,  Wti •in- 
land, Sweden.  Soft,  yielding  to  the  nail,  and 
marking  paper  like  graphite ;  sp.  gr.  3'14  ; 
colour  resembling  that  of  pyrrhotite;  lustiv 
metallic.  From  several  analyses  the  formula 
2CuSFe..iS3  +  SMgFe^Oj  +  4HO  is  deduced, 
which,  as  Dana  suggests,  appears  to  be  a  very 
doubtful  compound. 

ral'-ley,  "vale,  *val-eie,  «.  [O.  Fr.  valee; 
Fr.  vallee,  from  ratf  =  a  vale  (q.v.) ;  Ital.  val- 
lata.l 

i  Ord.  Lang. :  A  hollow  or  depression  in 
the  surface  bounded  by  hills  or  mountains, 
and  generally  traversed  by  a  stream  or  river, 
which  receives  the  drainage  of  the  surround- 
ing heights ;  a  vale. 

"On  the  3rd,  Mr.  Bunks  Ret  out  early  In  the  morn- 
Ing  with  some  Indian  guides,  to  trace  our  river  up 
the  valley  from  whence  it  issues,  and  examine  how  far 
Its  bank*  were  inhabited."— Coo*;  t'iru  I'wage.  bk.  i. 
ch.  xvi. 

H  A  level  tract  of  great  extent  and  tra- 
versed by  two  or  more  rivers  is,  properly 
speaking,  not  a  valley,  but  a  plain  ;  deep,, 
narrow  river-courses  are  more  correctly  desig- 
nated as  gorges,  glens,  ravines,  i.c. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  A  nat. :    [VAIAECTJLA]. 

2.  Arch. :  The  internal  angle  formed  by  the- 
junction  of  two  inclined  sides  of  a  roof. 

3.  Geal. :  A  long  depression  or  hollow  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  margined  by  ground 
more  or  less  high.    It  may  be  on  a  vast  scale 
of  magnitude,  as  the  bed  of  an  ocean  would  be 
if  upheaved  sufficiently  to  become  land    or 
it  may  be  comparatively  small  but  broad  as 
•  Scottish   strath ;  or  narrow,   as  what    is 
called  in  that  country  a  glen  pr  a  deep  gorge, 
called  by  the  Spanish-Americans  a  cation. 
It  may  be  surrounded  by  hills,  or  may  con- 
stitute a  depression  crossing  a  country  from 
sea  to  sea.    Valleys  of  stratification  are  pro- 
duced by  the  decay  and  removal  of  shale 
or  other  soft  rocks,  while  the  less  destruc- 
tible hard   rocks  remain.      Thus  the  lime- 
stones of  the  Oolite  cross  England  diagonally 
in  parallel  lines,  while  the  intervening  shales 
and  clays  have  left  valleys  in  their  place, 
Other  valleys  have  been  excavated  by  rivers 
alone.    Many  valleys  on  low-lying  plains  ad- 
jacent to  the  sea  have  originally  constituted 
river-beds  and  banks,  then  throogh  a  depres- 
sion of  the  laud  the  ocean  has  gained  access 
to  them,  constituting  them  estuaries ;  then 
again  upheaval  has  made  them  land-valleys. 
Other  valleys  have  constituted  the  beds  ot 
old  lakes.     Valleys,  resembling  troughs,  on 
table-lands  are  in  nuiny  cases  produced  by  the 
flexure  of  strata  laterally,  so  as  to  constitute 
a  series  of  elevations  and  depressions.     A 
small  number  of  valleys  occurring  high  up 
mountain-sides  may  constitute  old  craters  of 
eruption. 

ralleyqf  death  tree: 
Bat. :  The  Upas-tree  (q.v.). 
valley  board,  s. 

Arch. :  The  board  fixed  upon  the  valley- 
rafter  for  the  leaden  gutter  to  lie  upon. 

valley-rafter,  valley  piece,  «. 
Arch,:    The    rafter   which   supports    the 
valley. 

« val'-ley-let,  «.  [Eng.  ratfoy;  dimin.  snff. 
-let.]  A  little  valley. 

"Stream  and  valley,  streamlet  and  vjailryM."— 
Greenwood:  Sain  4  Kit-en  (1864),  p.  188. 

val-lic'-u-la, «.  [Dimin.  from  Lat  valli*  =  a 
valley.] 

Bat. :  One  of  the  intervals  between  the  ribs 
of  the  fruit  of  Umhellifers. 

val-li»-neY-e-as,  val-H*-ner-l-a'-oe-w, 

s.  pL     [Mod.  Lat.  vaUisiieria;  Lat.  fern.  pL 
adj.  suff.  -ece,  -ace<e.] 

Bat. :  A  tribe  of  Hydrocharidacete,  having 
the  ovary  one-celled. 

val-lls-ner'-I-a,  ».  [Named  after  Antonio 
Vallisneri  (1601-1730),  F.R.8.,  medical  pro- 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot,  i 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  oub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fulLj  try,  Syrian.    «e,  OB  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


Vallombrosian— valvseform 


5031 


fctaor  in  the  University  of  Padua,  and  an 

eminent  Italian  botanist.] 

Hot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Vallisnerete  (q.v.). 

!i-water  plants,   with    dkecious  flowers. 

Males  on  a  spadix,  corolla  monopetalous,  with 

!-  segment*.     I'Vmales  singly  in  a  spathe, 

on  ;i  spiral  peduncle ;  calyx   monophylluus, 

!  i    i » >]  v i .etaloua,    capsules    one-celled, 

f   -  St  t-.li-il, 

;«-eds   at- 

t;u-li"d  tO  :i  pn- 

ni'tal  placenta. 
Ii,)th  sexes 
grow  at  the 
I -.-I  i"in  of  run- 
ning water, 
mid  to  effect 
fertilization 
the  spiral  |»e- 
duncle  of  the 
fennle  flower 
elevates  it  to 
the  surface  of 
the  stream  as 
the  male  flow-  VALLISNERIA  SPIRALIS. 

ers  are  floating    i.  Female  Flower.    3.  Mule  Flowar. 

past.  There  are 

two  species,  one,  Vallisneria  spirali$,  found  in 
various  warm  or  hot  countiies,  including  the 
south  of  Europe;  the  other  Australian.  The 
leaves  of  the  first  are  beautiful  objects  for 
the  microscope,  as  they  exhibit  the  move- 
ments of  the  fluids  within.  V.  alternifolia 
(Roxburgh),  a  sub-species  of  V.  spiralis,  is  one 
of  the  plants  used  in  India  mechanically  to 
supply  water  to  sugar  when  it  is  being  refined. 

Yal-lom-bro'-sl-an,  ».    [Named  from  Val- 
lombrosa  in  the  Apennines.] 
Church  History  (PI.) : 

1.  A  branch  of  the  Cluniacs  founded  at 
Vallombrosa  in  the  eleventh  century  by  St. 
John  Gualbert,  and  confirmed  by  Pope  Victor 
II.  iu  1055. 

2.  A  reformed  congregation  of  Benedictine 
nuns  established  iu  1153. 

V&l  lum,  *.  [Lat.,  from  vallus  —  a  stake.]  A 
rampart;  a  palisaded  rampart;  a  line  of  en- 
trenchment ;  specif.,  the  rampart  with  which 
tii'  Unmans  surrounded  their  camps.  It  con- 
aisteil  of  two  parts,  the  agger  or  mound  of 
earth,  and  the  svdes  or  palisades,  which 
were  driven  into  the  ground  to  secure  and 
strengthen  it. 

-The  vallum  or  ridged  bank,  twining  a  vicinal  way, 
If  not  a  rampart,  croutug  the  I keni Id-street  within 
two  mile*  of  Eu-.-leme  and  uear  Nuffield,  la  called 
Grimesditch."—  WarCon:  ffitt.  of  Kiddinytan,  p.  55. 

o'-ni-a,    *.  [The  Italian  name  for  Quercus 
'From  Mod.  Or.  jSaAavia  (balania), 
vi&a  (M/anidia)  =  the  Holm  Oak  or  Scar- 
let Oak.     (ATo/in.)] 

1.  Hot. :  A  genus  of  Hydrogastridse  (Lindley\ 
the  typical  genus  of  Valoniacese  (Berkeley). 
It  forms  irregular  masses  of  large  cells,  or 
repeatedly  constricted  sacs,  which  might  be 
mistaken  for  the  eggs  of  a  mollusc. 

2.  Bot.  A  CoTtim.  :  A  commercial  name  for 
the  large  acorn-cups  of  Quercus  Mgilopa. 

^16-ni-a'~ce-«,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  vctioni(d); 
'  .  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ocece.} 

Bot.:  An  order  of  Qreen-spored  Algae.  Frond, 
consisting  of  large  bladder-like  cells  filled 
with  a  green  watery  endochrome.  Found  in 
the  warmer  seas.  (Berkeley.) 
•val'-6r,  val'-our,  s.  (O.  FT.  valor,  valnr, 
tw/eur— worth,  value,  worthiness,  from  Lat. 
valorem,  accus.  of  valor  =  worth,  courage, 
from  valco  =  to  be  strong,  to  be  worth.] 

*  1.  Value,  worth. 

"  The  valour  of  a  peny."— Sir  T.  Murt :  A  Jftry  Jtit. 

2.  Personal  bravery ;  that  quality  which 
enaiiles  a  man  to  encounter  danger  with  finn- 
.  ness  ;  courage,  especially  as  regards  fighting  ; 
intrepidity,  prowess. 

"  His  frantic  valor  had  provoked 
Tb*  death  be  seemed  to  wish  for  from  their  sword*," 
Roue :  fair  PmiUnt,  f. 

*  3.  A  man  of   valor;   a  brave  man. 

"  Leading  young  valour*,  reckleM  as  myself." 

Ljitton  :  Richelieu,  i.  L 

r&V  or-ous,  vaT-our-ous,  a.  [Fr.  va- 
teureux.]  [VALOR.]  Brave,  courageous, valiant, 
intrepid. 

"  Gathering  force  and  courage  valourou*." 

Spenter:  P.  *}.,  IL  1. 1*. 

wiU'  -or-OUa-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  valorous;  -ly.} 
Iu  -i  valorous  or  valiant  mauner ;  valiantly, 
bravely. 


Val-B&T-va,  s.     [Antonio  Maria  Valsalva,  an 
Italian  physician  and  author  (1666-1725).]  [H.] 
•J  Sinuses  of  Valsalva: 
Anat. :  Sinuses  of  the  aortic  ralve«. 

val'-n-a-ble,  a.  &*.    [Fr.]    [VALUE,  *.) 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Capable  of  being  valued,  or  of  having 
the  value  estimated,  measured,  or  assessed. 

"Commodities  are  movables  valuable  by  money,  the 
comuiou  measure."—  Locke  :  Rat*  of  Interest, 

2.  Having  great  value  or  worth  ;  being  of 
great  value  or  price ;  precious. 

"We  found  besides  what  WM  much  more  valu.ib'e 
than  the  ruut  of  the  cargo."— Anton:  Voyaga,  bit.  ii. 
cb.  iv. 

3.  Worthy,  estimable ;  deserving  of  esteem: 
as,  a  valuable  companion. 

B.  As  subft. :  A  tiling,  especially  a  small 
tiling,  of  value ;  a  choice  or  precious  article 
of  personal  property.    (Usually  iu  the  plural.) 

Val'-U-a-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  valuable;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  valuable  ;  worth, 
preciousness. 

"  The  valuablmett  of  my  principal  aim  may  atone 
for  running  some  little  lusard  o*  giving  offence.  — 
—BoyU:  U'orvfci.  iii- JHS. 

val'--u-a-bles,  *.  pi.    [VALUABLE,  B.] 
val-u-a'-tlon,  *.    [Eng.  valu(e);  -fltfion.] 

1.  The  act  of  valuing. 

(1)  The  act  of  assessing,  estimating,  or  fix- 
ing the  value  or  worth  of  a  thing  ;  the  act  of 
fixing  the  price  of  a  thing ;  appraisement. 

"The  numbering  of  good*  and  places,  the  valuation 
of  RO»Ua  aad  substance."—  BoUnihtd:  William  the 
Coityueror  (an.  10MJ. 

(2)  The  act  of  valuing  or  esteeming  at  the 
true  value  ;  estimation. 

"  Humility  in  m*n  consist*  not  in  denying  any  gift 
that  ia  iu  him.  but  in  a  Just  valuation  of  li."—Say : 
On  the  Creation. 

2.  The  value  or  price  set  on  a  thing ;  esti- 
mated value  or  worth. 

"  Since  of  your  lives  you  Mt 
So  slight  a  valuation.        ShaXap. :  CfmbeUm,  IT.  i. 

*  3.  Value,  worth, 

"The  mines  He  unlaboured  and  of  no  valuation," — 
Hackluyt  :  Voyaget,  ill.  466. 

vaT-U-a-tor,  «.  [Eng.  volume);  -ator.]  One 
who'assesses  or  fixes  the  value  of  a  thing  ;  an 
appraiser. 

"  I  am  therefore  at  a  tat*  what  kind  of  vaUaUort  the 
biahups  will  make  use  ol."—Awi/t:  Cent,  upon  Two 
BUlt. 

val'-ue,  *val-ew,  5.  [O.  Fr.  value,  prop. 
fern,  of  vctiu,  pa.  par.  of  valovr  =  to  be  wortli ; 

Lat.  valeo.}    . 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Worth  ;  that  property  or  those  properties 
of  a  tiling  which  make  it  useful,  estimable,  or 
valuable  ;  the  degree  of  such  property  or  pro- 
perties ;  utility,  importance. 

"  An  island  much  superior  to  Teneriffe  both  In  bulk 

and  i"iln:'."  —  Ii'.t>iifiit:r  :    Voyage*  (au.  IfiW). 

*2.  Valor,  prowess. 

"  Therfor  the  duke  him  dlght.  as  man  of  grate  *oZu« 
Boberd   Baleyte  with  rnyght,   the  w&t   thei  wend 
remue."  Jtobert  de  Brunnt,  p.  100. 

3.  Account,  estimation,  importance,  worth. 
(Said  of  persons.) 

"Ye  are  of  more  value  than  many  •parrowa,"— 
Matthew  x.  :u. 

4.  Estimate  of  the  worth  of  a  thing ;  valua- 
tion ;  appreciation  of  worth. 

"Green  talc,  upon  which  they  set  a  high  value." — 
Cook :  firtt  Voyage,  ok.  ii.,  ch.  x. 

5.  Price  equivalent  to  the  intrinsic  worth 
of  a  thing  ;  equivalent. 

"His  design  was  not  to  pay  him  the  value  of  his 
pictures,  because  they  were  above  any  price."— Drydeit, 

6.  Market    price  ;    the   price  for  which    a 
thuig  is  sold  or  which  it  will  fetch  ;  amount 
obtainable  for  a  thing :   as,  The  value  of  a 
thiuii  is  what  it  will  fetch, 

7.  Import,  signification  :  as,  the  value  of  a 
word  or  phrase. 

*  8.  Esteem,  regard. 

"  My  value  for  him  so  great."— Bum**.    ( Wtbtttr.) 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Music:  The  relative  length  or  duration 
of  a  tone  or  note:  as,  A  semibreve  is  of  the 
value  of  two  minims,  or  four  crotchets,  or 
eight  quavers,  &c. 

2.  Polit,  Econ, :  The  value  of  any  economic 
quantity  is  any  other  economic  quantity  for 
which  it  can  be  exchanged,  (McLeod.)  Worth 
as    estimated    by  the   power  of  purchasing 
or  being  exchanged  for  other  commodities; 


the  command  which  the  poasession  of  a 
thing  gives  over  purchasable  commodities 
in  general.  Value  diners  from  price,  in  that 
the  latter  always  expresses  the  value  of  a  thing 
in  relation  to  money. 

U  Intrinsic  Vnlne,  Muntlirtl  nf  ^'^llll^' :  Jevons, 
Miicleod,  Walker,  Kits<.n.  and  i.thcr  contem- 
pncii y  ec'-iii'tmists  lu-ld  th:it,  strictly  speaking, 
n  the  relation  or  i;<ti<>  in  .-xrhaug''  that 
<>u<)  thing  bears  toother  things,  and,  therefore, 
that  it  can  n  it  !>•  inhcivnt  »-r  n  •-;.[.•  in  any  one 
tiling.  The  idea  of  value  never  arises  until  one 
oli.jt'ct  is  confronted  with  another;  liunc*.  whila 
asin^lii  object  may  l>u  said  to  pot-aesspurc/jaainj/ 
power^  it  caunut  alono  possess  value.  Jevons 
asserts  that  value  is  the  '*  auciitent  of  a  thing, 
arinitii?  from  the  fact  that  someone  wants  it ;  " 
trim  which  ha  argues  that  intrinsic  value  is 
al^unl — "a  nonentity."  In  this  view,  a  stand- 
ard of  value  id  al.-jn  absurd,  BIIK-U  "standard  of 
accident"  or  "stan4ard  of  ratio"  are  terms 
quite  as  ridiculous  as  "intrinsic  accident"  or 
''intrinsic  ratio."  Again,  ratios  may  be  nu- 
nvri  ally  expressed,  but  cannot  be  measured, 
This  reduces  the-  scientific  definition  of  value 
to:  A  numerical  expression  of ratios  of exchange- 
ability ;  which  renders  a  material  standard  of 
value  not  only  absurd  but  actually  impossible. 
In  common  use,  however,  by  intrinnic  value  is 
really  meant  the  price  which  an  object  will 
command  in  current  money,  and  the  term 
standard  of  value  refers  to  a  system  which 
seeks  to  make  a  money  of  account  conform  to 
the  purchasing  power  of  a  certain  commodity. 
Both  of  these  uses  are  manifestly  incorrect  and 
misleading,  from  tbe  standpoint  of  the  eminent 
economist*  named  above. 

V&T-U6,  v.t,     [VALUE,  *.] 

*  1.  To  be  worth. 

H  The  peace  between  the  French  and  u«  not  valutt 
The  coat."  Shttfitti>. :  B**ry  I*///..  L  L 

2.  To  estimate  the  value  or  worth  of;  to 
rate  or  assess  at  a  certain  price  ;  to  appraise. 

"  If  he  be  poorer  tiiau  thy  estimation,  the  priert 
shall  value  him."—Leviticut  xxviL  8. 

3.  To  estimate  or  esteem ;  to  rate,  whether 
high  or  low. 

4.  To  rate  at  a  high  price  ;  to  hold  in  high 
esteem  ;  to  set  a  high  value  on  ;  to  prize ;  to 
appreciate  highly;    to  hold  in  respect  and 
estimation. 

*  5.  To  reckon  or  estimate   in    regard  to 
numbers  or  power  ;  to  reckon  at. 

"  The  queen  is  valued  thirty  thousand  strong." 

Shaketp.  :  S  Benry  VI.,  T.  S. 

*  6.  To  take  account  of. 

'•  If  a  niiiti  be  in  sickness,  the  time  will  seem  longer 
without  a  clock  than  with  ;  for  the  miud  doth  value 
every  momeut." — Bacon. 

*  7.  To  compare  with  respect  to  price  or 
excellence. 

*  n  cannot  b*  valued  with  the  gold  of  Ophlr."— Jo* 
xrviii.  16. 

*  8.  To  give  value  to ;  to  raise  to  estimation; 
to  cause  to  have  value,  real  or  apparent;  to 
enhance  in  value  or  worth. 

"Some  vnlu*  themselves  to  their  country  by  jea- 
lousies of  tbecrovrn."-7>mp/«. 

*  9.  To  appraise  or   represent   as    having 
plenty  of  money  or  possessions. 

"  Scriveners  ami  brokers  do  valu*  unsound  men  to 
serve  their  own  turn."— Bacon. 

T&T-ned,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [VALUE,  v.} 
A!  As  pa,  par. :  (See  the  verb). 
B.  As  adj. :  Esteemed  ;  highly  estimated  ; 
regarded  as  of  high  value :  as,  a  valued  friend. 

valued-policy,  s.    [POLICY  (2),  s.,  1.] 

vfiT- ue -less,  *  val-ue-lesse,  a.  [Eng. 
value;  -less.]  Being  of  no  value  ;  having  no 
'value :  worthless. 

"  A  counterfeit 

Reaembllng  majesty;  which,  touch  d  ami  tried. 
Proves  valtteleit."          Shaketp. :  King  John,  Iu.  L 

vil'-U-ert  «.    [Eng.  valu(e);  -er.} 

1.  One  who  values ;  an  appraiser. 

"  The  new  valuer  came  round  to  assem  the  land.*— 
Field.  Feb.  11,  1888. 

2.  One  who  holds  in  esteem. 

"Great  valuer*  oi  their  skill"— Sp.  Taylor:  Jss> 
mom,  vol.  L,  ser.  36. 

*  vfil'-ijrG,  s.  [O.  Fr.  valor,  valur,  valeur  =3 
value,  worth,  worthiness.]  Value,  worth. 

"His  desert  and  vafur«  In  writing."— ffoUntbdt: 
Dttcript,  Ireland,  ch.  vii 

V&l'-VSB-form,  a.  [Lat.  valva,  and  format 
a  form.]  [\'ALVE,  s.] 

Sot. :  Shaped  like  a  valve.    (Paxton.) 


feou.  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  $eU,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    -ing. 
-clan, -tian=  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  xhun,   -oiou*.  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bol,  dfL 


6032 


valvasor— vampire 


•  val  -va-SOT,  ?.     [VAVASOR.] 

val-va'-ta,  s.    [Fern.  sing,  of  Lat.  valvatus  — 
having  folding  doors.] 

Zool.  A  Palceont.  :  Valve-shell ;  a  genus  of 
Paludinidae,  with  eighteen  recent  species, 
from  Britain  and  North  America.  Shell  tur- 
binated  or  diseoidal,  uinbilicated  ;  operculum 
horny,  multispiral.  Animal  with  a  produced 
muzzle  ;  tentacles  long  and  slender,  eyes  at 
their  outer  bases  ;  lingual  teeth  broad.  There 
are  nineteen  fossil  species,  from  the  Wealden 
onward, 

valv'-ate,  a.    [VALVATA.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  or  resembling  a 
valve ;   serving   as    a    valve;    consisting    of 
valves. 

2.  Botany: 

fl)  Applied  to  each  other  by  the  margins 
only,  as  the  petals  of  Urabelliferae,  or  the 
valves  of  a  capsule.  Used  chiefly  of  verna- 
tion and  aestivation.  The  Mallow  order  of 
plants  have  valvate  aestivation. 

(2)  Opening  like  a  valve.    (Paxton.) 

ralve,   s.      (Fr.  =  a  folding-door,  from  Lat. 
valva,  sing,  of  valvce  —  the  leaves  of  a  folding- 
door  ;  allied  to  volvo  =  to  roll,  to  turn  round.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  One  of  the  leaves  of  a  folding-door. 

"  Opening  their  valvei,  seH-mov'd  on  either  side, 
The  adamantine  doon  expanded  wide." 

ffarte.    (Toad.) 

*  2.  (PI.) :  A  folding-door. 

"  In  ev'ry  tower, 

Strong  valott  and  solid  shall  afford  free  pus." 

Ctneper :  Jfomer  ;  Iliad  vii. 

U.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  :  A  fold  or  elongation  of  the  lining 
membrane  of  canals,  preventing  the  reflux  of 
their  contents,  as  in   the  intestines,  blood- 
vessels, and  absorbents. 

2.  Botany  (PI.) : 

(1)  The    pieces    constituting    a   bract   in 
grasses. 

(2)  The  two  longitudinal  portions  of  an  an- 
ther after  dehiscence  of  the  normal  kind  has 
taken  place. 

(3)  The  portions  into  which  certain  fruits 
separate  after  dehiscence,  spec,  the  divisions 
of  a  capsule. 

3.  Mach. :  A  lid,  cover,  leaf,  ball,  box,  disc, 
plug,  or  plate,  lifting,  oscillating,  rotating,  or 
sliding  in  connection  with  a  port  or  aperture, 
so  as  to  permit  or  prevent  the  passage  of  a 
fluid  through  the  port  whichitguards.  Valves 
are  of  several  classes,  and  the  most  important 
are  described  in  this  Dictionary  under  their 
distinctive  names,  as,  Cup-valve,  Safety-valve 
(q.v.),  &c. 

4.  Zoo!. :  A  portion  of  a  shell  complete  in 
itself.       In    a  great  many  of  the  Mollusca 
proper  the  shell  consists  of  a  single  piece, 
and  they   are  called  Univalves.      Jn  many 
others   the   shell  consists    of  two   separate 
plates  or  valves,  and  these  are  called  Bivalves. 
In  others,  again,  as  in  the  Chiton,  the  shell 
consists  of  more  than  two  pieces,  and  is  said 
to  be  multi  valve.      Most,  however,   of   the 
multi valve  shells  of  older  writers  are  in  reality 
referable  to  the  Cirri  pedia,    (Nicholson.) 

valve-bucket,  *.  A  bucket  provided 
with  a  valve  ;  the  bucket  or  sucker  of  a  pump. 

valve-cage,  s.    [CAGE,  s.,  II.  2.] 
valve-cock,  s. 

Mach. :  A  form  of  faucet  in  which  the 
Closure  of  the  passage  is  by  a  valve  on  a  seat. 

valve  coupling,  s. 

Mach. :   A  pipe-coupling  which  includes  a 

valve- plate. 

valve-gear,  *. 

Steam-eng.  :  The  system  of  parts  by  which 
a  valve  is  worked. 

valve-seat,  s.    [SEAT,  «.,  II.  I.) 
valve-shell,  s.    [VALVATA.] 
valve-stem,  *.    [STEM,  s.t  II.  2.J 
valve-tailed  bat,  ... 

Zool. :  Dididurus  albus,  a  native  of  Brazil. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  whitish  colour,  and 
the  presence  of  a  curious  horny  case,  com- 
v  posed  of  two  parts,  which  covers  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  tail,  and  is  attached  to  the 
upper  surface  of  the  interfemoral  membrane, 
whence  its  popular  and  generic  names. 


valved,  a.     [Eng.  valise);  -ed.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   Having  valves  or  hinges ; 
composed  of  valves. 

2.  Bot. :  Consisting  of  valves  or  seed-cells  ; 
valvular. 

*  valve -let,  s.  [Eng.  valve;  dimin.  suff.  -let.] 
A  little  valve ;  a  valvule. 

val'-VU-lar,  a,     [Eng.  valvule);  suff.  -ar.] 
Bot.  :  The  same  as  VALVED  (q.v.). 
valvular-dissepiments,  s.  pi 
Bot. :  Partitions  in  the  centre  of  valves. 
valvular-pyramid,  s. 
Zool.  :  A  series  of  small  plates,  arranged  in 
a  pyramidal   manner,   which    close    a    large 
aperture  in  the  calyx  of  Cystideans. 

val'-vule,  val'-vu-la,  s.  [Eng.  &  Mod. 
Lat.  dimin.  of  uaJva  =  the  leaves  of  folding- 
doors,  valves.] 

"  L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  little  valve. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  :  A  small  valve  ;  a  doubling  of  the 
veins  and  lymphatic  vessels  designed  to  arrest 
the  flow  of  the  blood  when  it  regurgitates. 
As  they  are  in  pairs,  opposite  to  each  other, 
they  close  the  cavity  of  the  vessel. 

2.  Bot.  (PI):  The  bracts  of  a  sedge. 

vftl-yl,  a.     [Eng.  val(eric);  -yl.} 

Ckem. :  Kolbe's  name  for  Tetryl  or  Butyl 
(q.v.).    (Watts.) 


±8.  [Eng.  valyl;  -ene.] 
Ckem. :  CjjHg.  A  liquid  possessing  an  alii* 
aceous  odour,  prepared  from  isovalerylene 
dibroraide  by  boiling  with  alcoholic  potash. 
It  is  insoluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol,  boils  at  50°,  and  gives  a  yellow 
precipitate  with  an  ammoniacal  solution  of 
copper. 

*  vam'  -  brace,    *  vam  -  brass,    *  vant  - 
brace,  *  vant  brass,  *.     [Fr.  avant-brast 
from    avant  —  be- 
fore, and  bras  =  the 

arm.] 

Old  Arm.  :  The 
portion  of  armour 
which  covered  the 
arm  from  the  elbow 
to  the  wrist.  It 
originally  protected 
only  the  outside  of 
the  forearm,  being 

^ve'o^e  han6  —  - 

berk,  or  fastened  to  the  hinges  on  the  rings  of 
mail ;  afterwards  it  was  a  complete  tube,  with 
hinges  to  encircle  the  arm.     (FairJiolt.) 
"  The  oambratt  or  tlie  ponldron  they  should  prize." 
Drayton  ;  Battle  of  Agtncourt. 

*  Vam'-braced,  a.     [Eng.  vambraf(e);  -ed.] 

Her.  :  Armed  with  a  vambrace. 

va-moose'  va-mose,  v.i.&t.    [Sp.  vamos— 
let  us  go.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  decamp ;  to  be  gone ;  to 
be  off. 

"I  finished  the  sign  and  then vamaoud."— Seribner't 
Magazine,  Aug.,  1880.  p.  610. 

B.  Trans. :  To  decamp  from. 

"  My  precious  partners  had  vamottd  tbe  ranch." — 

Scribnert  Magazine,  Nov.,  1878,  p.  82. 

vamp,  *  vaxnpe,  *  vaumpe,  *  vauntpe,  s. 

[A  corrupt,  of  Fr.  avant-pied  =  the  part  of 
the  foot  next  to  the  toes,  from  avant  =  before, 
and  pied  =  the  foot.] 

I.  Lit. :  The  part  of  a  boot  or  shoe  upper  in 
front  of  the  ankle  seams. 

"  Hosen  withuten  *autnpez."—Ancrtn  A'twfe,  p.  410. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Any  piece  or  patch  intended  to  give  a 
new  appearance  to  any  old  thing ;  a  piece 
added  for  appearance  sake. 

2.  An  improvised  musical  accompaniment. 

vamp  (i),  v.t.  &  i.    [VAMP,  «.] 
A.  Transitive: 

L  Lit. :    To   put  a   new  vamp  or  upper 
leather  on. 
IL  Figuratively : 

L  To  furbish  up  ;  to  give  a  new  appearance 
to. 

"Tradition  and  an  old  pamphlet  (newly  vamped 
with  two  additions)  make  him  a  great  clothier."— 
fuller:  Worthiet;  WUtthir*. 


2.  To  improvise  a  musical  accompaniment 
to, 

"  AJ  toon  ai  I  could  get  in  to  vamp  the  tunes  on  the 

l*n Jo  ft  little,"— J/a^A»w:    London  Labour  A  Lomton 
Poor.  iii.  201. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  improvise  musical  accom- 
paniments. 

"How  to  vamp  to  songs,  chords.  Ac."— Poll  Mali 
Gazette,  Jau.  81.  1888.  (Advt.) 

•  vamp  (2),  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  To  travel* 
to  proceed ;  to  move  forward. 

vamp  -or,  s.     [Eng.  vamp  (1),  v.  ;  -cr.] 

1.  One  who  vamps  ;  one  who  patches  or 
pieces  old  things  with  something  new. 

2.  One  who  vamps  musical  accompaniments. 

vam -per,  v.i.  [A  nasalized  form  of  vapour 
(q  v.).J  To  vapour  or  swagger.  (Scotch.) 

vain'  pire,  s.  &  a.  [Fr.,  from  Ger.  twmpyr, 
from  Serv.  vxtmper,  wampira;  Pol.  upior ; 
Russ.  upir  =  a  vampire.] 

A.  As  substantive: 
X.  Literally: 

1.  A  kind  of  nocturnal  demon,  supposed  to 
eat  out  the  hearts  and  souls,  or  suck  the  blood 
of  its  victims.    This  superstition  hud  its  rise 
in  the  desire  of  savage  animism  to  account 
for  the  fact  that  certain  patients  are  seen  be- 
coming, day  by  day,  without  any  apjiarent 
cause,  thin,  weak,  and  bloodless,  and  is  found 
among  the  Karens,  in  Polynesia,  and  in  the 
Malay  Peninsula.     But  it  is  in  tsl;ivonia  and 
Hungary  that  these  demon  bloodsuckers  have 
their  special  home,  and  it  is  from  these  coun- 
tries that  their  name  of  "vampire"  is    de- 
rived.     According  to  Tylor,  there  are  two 
theories  of  vampirism.    The  first  is,  that  the 
soul  of  a  living  man,  usually  a  sorcerer,  leavea 
its  own  body  and  goes  forth,  in  the  visible 
shape  of  a  straw  or  a  piece  of  fluff,  and  attacks 
its  sleeping  victim.   Should  the  sleeper  awake 
and  clutch  the  embodied  soul,  he  may  through 
it  have  his  revenge    by  maltreating  or  de- 
stroying its  bodily  owner.     The  second  theory 
is  that  the  soul  of  a  dead  man  goes  out  from 
its  buried  corpse  to  suck  the  blood  of  living 
men.     The  corpse,  thus  supplied  by  its  re- 
turning soul  with  blood,  is  believed  toremaiu 
unnaturally  fresh,  supple,  and  ruddy;  and, 
accordingly,  the  means  of  detecting  a  vampire 
is  to  open  the  grave,  when  the  reanimated 
corpse  will  be  found  to  bleed  when  cut,  and 
even  to  move  and  shriek.    One  way  to  lay  a 
vampire  is  to  stake  down  the  corpse  (as  with 
suicides,  and  with  the  same  intention) ;  but 
the  more  effectual  plan  is  to  behead  and  burn 
it    (Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  ch.  xv.) 

"I'ampiret  are  not  mere  creations  of  groundless 
fancy,  but  cause*  conceived  iu  spiritual  form  to  ac- 
count for  speciiic  fact*  of  wasting  disease."—  Tyler: 
Prim.  Cutt.  (ed.  18731.  it  122. 

2.  The  same  as  VAMPIRE-BAT  (q.v.). 

n.  Fig. :  One  who  preys  on  others  ;  an  ex- 
tortioner or  bloodsucker. 

"  There  are  the  vampiret  of  the  publick  and  riflers 
of  the  kingdom."— Forman:  On  Kevol.  in  1686  (iMlj, 
1>.1L 

B.  An  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  vampire ; 
resembling  a  vampire  in   character;  hence, 
fig.,  blood-sucking,  extortionate. 

"  There  IB  a  whole  literature  of  hideous  vamplr* 
stories,  which  the  reader  will  find  elaborately  discussed 
in  CWmet."— Tyler  :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  187S),.H.  192, 

vampire  bat,  5. 

Zoology : 

*  1.  A  name  formerly  given  to  Vampyrvtt 
spectrum. 

"  The  F'impir?.biit  is  a  native  of  Bouthern  America, 
and  is  spread  over  A  large  exteut  of  country.  It  is  not 
a  very  large  animal,  the  length  of  it*  body  and  tail 
belug  only  six  Inches,  or  perhaps  seven  in  very  large 
specimens,  and  the  spread  of  wing  two  feet  or  rather 
more.  The  colour  of  the  vampire's  fur  is  a  mouse 
tint,  with  a  shade  of  brown."—  Wood  :  Ittui.  fiat. 
SM..  L  116. 

2.  Any  species  of  the  group  Desmodontes, 
consisting  of  two  genera,  each  represented  by 
a  single  species.  They  differ  from  all  other 
bate  in  the  character  of  dentition,  the  upper 
Incisors  being  very  large,  trenchant,  and  oc- 
cupying the  whole  space  between  the  canines  ; 
premolars  very  narrow,  with  sharp-edged 
longitudinal  crowns ;  molars  rudimentary  or 
none;  O3sophagus  very  narrow  ;  cardiac  ex- 
tremity of  stomach  greatly  elongated,  forming 
a  long,  narrow  caecum.  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.t  1865. 
p.  389.)  The  species  are  sanguivorous,  and 
cling  by  their  extremities  to  the  body  of  the 
animal  whose  blood  they  may  be  sucking. 

"  The  Vampirt  Bat  is  often  the  cause  of  much 
trouble  by  hi  tin?  the  horses  on  their  withers.  Th* 
injury  1*  generally  not  so  much  owing  to  the  loss  of 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mate,  cub,  care,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


vampirism— Vandal 


5033 


blood,  u  to  the  Inflammation  which  the  pressure  of 
tile  saddle  after.wards  produces.  The  whole  circum- 
stances have  lately  been  doubted  In  England.  1  was 
therefore  fortunate  in  being  present  when  one  U*s- 
modut  d'orAwwjrt.  Wat.)  was  actually  caught  on  a 


VAMPIRE-BAT. 

(With  skull,  showing  large  incisors.) 

horse's  back.  We  were  bivouacking  late  one  evening 
neur  Ooquiinbo,  in  Chill,  when  my  servant,  noticing 
that  one  of  the  horses  was  very  restive,  went  to  see 
whafrwas  the  matter,  and,  fancying  he  could  detect 
something  suddenly  put  his  hand  on  the  beast's 
withers,  and  secured  the  Vampire."— Danein:  A'atu- 
raUtc'i  yoi/affe  (ed.  1838),  p.  22. 

I'-pir-Ism,  *vam'-pyr-J»m(yrasir), 

«.    [Eng.  vampir(e)  ;  -ism.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  Belief  in  the  existence  of  vampires ;  the 
theory  of  the  existence  of  vampires. 

"  The  horrible  theory  of  vampyritm  Is  that  persons 
who  have  been  victims  of  it  pass,  after  death,  from 
the  passive  into  the  active  state,  and  become  vam- 
pires In  their  turn."— Daily  Tel«graptt,  Feb.  14, 1888. 

2.  The  action  of  a  vampire ;  blood-sucking. 
IX  Fig. :  The  practice  of  extortion,  or  prey- 
ing on  others. 

"  Treason  delusion,  vampyrttm,  scoundrellsm."— 
Carl  fit!  Frtncli  Sevol,.  pt,  IL,  bk.  11L.  ch.  IL 

._n'-plate,  *vam-plet,  *vam-palt,  ». 

[Fr.  avant-plat  =  front  or  fore-plate.]  [VAM- 
BRACE.) 

Old  Arm. :  A  singular  shield  of  metal,  which 
was  affixed  to  the  lance  of  the  armed  knight 
in  tilts  and  tourneys  as  a  guard  or  shield  over 
the  hand.  (FairKolt.)  By  some  authorities  con- 
lideivil  synonymous  with  vambrace  (q.v.). 

"Amphialus  was  run  through  the  «aTOfrfat«."— 
Sidney:  Arcadia,  bk.  111. 

Tam-pyr'-i,  a.  pi.    [VAMPYROS.] 

Zool. :  A  group  of  Bats,  sub-family  Phyllo- 
rtominas,  with  thirteen  genera,  from  the  Neo- 
tropical region.  Muzzle  long  and  narrow  in 
front ;  distance  between  the  eyes  generally 
less  than  distance  from  the  eye  to  extremity 
of  muzzle  ;  nose-leaf  well  developed,  horse- 
shoe-shaped in  front,  lanceolate  behind ;  inter- 
femoral  membrane  well-developed  ;  toil  gene- 
rally distinct.  Nearly  all  the  species  appear 
to  be  insectivorous,  so  that  the  name  applied 
to  this  group  cannot  be  considered  indicative 
of  their  habits.  A  few,  if  not  all,  probably 
supplement  their  insect  diet  with  fruit. 

vam-pyr'-ops,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  mmpyr(vs),  and 
Gr.  oi//  (ops)  =  the  countenance.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Stenodermata,  with  three 
species,  from  the  Mexican  and  Brazilian  sub- 
regions. 

Tam-pyr'-us,  s.  [A  name  suggested  to 
Geoltroy,  and  adopted  by  Spix,  from  the  sup- 
posed blood-sucking  habits  of  the  genus.) 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  the  group  Vam- 
Pyri  (q.v.),  with  two  species,  from  the  Neo- 
tropical region.  There  are  two  species :  Vam- 
pyrus  spectrum,  about  eight  inches  long,  com- 
monly called  the  Vampire-bat,  and  erroneously 
said  to  be  sanguivorous,  the  observations  of 
modern  travellers  hav*ng  shown  that  it  feeds 
on  fruit  and  insects ,  and  V.  auritm,  a  some- 
what smaller  bat. 

« va-mure,  s.    [VANTMCM.] 

Van  (1),  «.  [An  abbrev.  of  vanguard,  vant- 
fftiard,  vauntguard,  or  avant-garde  /from  O.Pr. 
arant-warde,  avant-garde  =  the  vangnard  o: 
an  anny,  from  avant  (Lat.  abante)  =  from  in 
front,  and  garde  =  ground.] 
"  L  The  front  generally. 

"  Sir  Roger,  you  shall  have  the  van." 

Bfaum.  t  Flet.  :  Scornful  Lain,  T. 

2.  The  front  of  an  army ;  the  front  line  01 
foremost  division  of  a  fleet,  either  sailing  or 
drawn  up  in  line  of  battle. 

'•  1  fight  conspicuous  in  the  von  of  WAT." 

foft  :  Bamtr  :  Iliad  iiii.  850. 


v&n  (2),   *  vanne,  s.     [Fr.  van,  from  Lat 
vtnmum,  accus.  of  vannus  =  a  fan.]    [FAN,  ».] 
*  1.  A  fan  or  other  contrivance  for  winnow- 
ing grain. 

'•  The  other  t«ken  of  tbetr  ignorance  of  the  sea  w« 
an  oar ;  they  call  it  a  corn  HUM."— Broom*  :  On  the 
Otlyuey. 

2.  A  shovel  used  in  sifting  ore.    A  peculiar 
rocking  motion,  called  Vanning,  Is  given  to 
the   shovel,  separating  the  ore  -powder  into 
grades  of  varying  gravity. 
•3.  Awing. 

"  [They]  .  .  .  with  hideous  flapping  vant 
Clave  tlie  thick  air,  and  glared  with  great  round 
eyes.'         Blackie  :  Lays  of  BiyVandt.  p.  36. 

an  (3),  s.    [An  abbrev.  of  caravan  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  large  covered  wagon  used  for  moving 
furniture ;  called  a  furniture  van. 

2.  A  closed  and  bolted  vehicle  used  in  trans- 
porting prisoners  in  tiie  large  cities;  often 
termed  prison  vau,  or  Black  Maria  (q.v.) 

3.  In  England,  a  car  or  carriage  attached  to 
a  railway  train,  corresponding  to  the  baggage- 
car  (q.v.)  in  this  country. 

van  (1),  *  vanne,  v.t.     [Fr.  vanner.]    [VAN 
(2), «.] 

1.  Ord,  Lang.:  To  winnow,  to  fan.    (Cot- 
grave.) 

"  The  corn  which  In  winning  lieth  lowest  Is  the  best" 
~fiacon  :  Aaf.  llitt..  }  «L 

2.  Min. :  To  cleanse,  as  a  small  portion  of 
ore,  by  means  of  a  shovel.    [VAN  (2),  s.,  2.) 

van  (2),  v.t.  [VAN  (3),  «.]  To  carry,  convey, 
or  transport  in  a  van. 

van'-a-date,  a.    [Eng.  vanad(ie) ;  muff,  -ate.] 
Chem.  ct  Min. :  A  salt  of  vanadic  acid  (q.v.). 
If  Vanadate  of  Copper  =  Volborthite  ;  Vana- 
date of  Lead  =  Desdoizite,  Vanadinite  ;  Vana- 
date of  Lead  and  Copper  =  Chileite ;  Vanadate 
of  Lead  and  Z,inc  =  Dechenite,Eusynchite;  Vau- 
adate  of  Lime  and  Copper  =  Lime-volborthiu. 

va-nad'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  vanadiium) ;  -ic.]  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  vanadium  (q.v.). 

vanadic  acid,  s. 

Chem.:  HVOs-  Hydrated  vanadic  oxide. 
Obtained  by  heating  a  solution  of  an  anhydro- 
vanadate  of  an  alkali  metal.  It  forms  a  bulky 
flocculent  precipitate,  which  dries  up  to  a 
light  brown  red  powder.  It  is  a  weak  acid, 
and  combines  more  readily  with  bases  than 
with  acids  forming  vanadatea. 

vanadic  ochre.  • 

Min. :  A  pulverulent  mineral  found  encrust- 
ing native  copper  at  the  Cliff  Mine,  Lake 
Superior.  Compos. :  vanadic  acid,  Y206. 

van'-a-din,  «.    [VANADIUM.) 
vanadin  augite,  t. 
Min. :  The  same  as  LAVROFFITB  (q.v.). 
vanadin  bronzitc,  >. 

Min. :  A  bronzitc  said  to  contain  vanadic 
acid. 

van-ad'-in-ite,  s.  [Eng.  vanadium);  n 
connect,  and  suff.  -i(e(Afin.);  Ger.  vanadinit, 
vanadinbleierz,  vanadinbleispath.] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  mostly  in  simple 
hexagonal  prisms,  but  sometimes  with  other 
forms.  Hardness,  2 '7  to  8  ;  sp.  gr.  6'6623  to 
7*23 ;  lustre,  resinous  ;  colour,  light  brownish- 
yellow,  straw  yellow,  reddish-brown ;  bright 
red ;  streak,  white  to  yellowish  ;  sub-trans- 
lucent to  opaque  ;  fracture,  uneven,  brittle  ; 
Compos. :  vauadate  and  chloride  of  lead,  with 
the  formula  SPb-XVO^  +  PbClj.  Isomorphous 
with  pyromorphite.  Recently  found  in  beauti- 
ful crystals  of  a  bright  red  colour  in  Colorado. 

van-ad'-I-i-lite,  s.  [Eng.  mnadifum) ;  o 
connect.,  and  Gr.  Ai'tfos  (lithos)  =  a  stone.) 

Min. :  A  somewhat  doubtful  mineral  speciei 
occurs  in  small   crystals  with   lavroffite  at 
Sludianka.  Lake  Baikal,  Asiatic  Russia.    Sp 
gr.  3'96  ;  colour,  dark  green  to  black  ;  lustre 
vitreous.  An  analysis  yielded  Hermann,  silica 
I6'61 ;  alumina,  1-10 ;  protoxide  of  iron,  1'40 
lime,  84'43 ;   magnesia,  2-61 ;   vanadic  acid 
44-85  =  100,  the  formula  for  which  he  gives  as 
8ROSiO.>  +  6CaO,(VO4  +  2VOj). 


van  a-dite,  >. 

va-na'-di-um,  «.  [Latinised  from  Vanadit 
a  name  of  the  Scandinavian  goddess  Freyja 
from  the  fact  of  its  discovery  in  Swedish 
iron.] 


Chem. :  A  metallic  pentad  element,  disco- 
vered by  Sefstrom  in  1830,  in  the  refinery  slag 
of  the  iron  ores  of  Taberg,  in  Sweden  ;  symb., 
V;  at.  wt.,  51-2.  It  is  extracted  from  the 
finely -pulverised  slag  by  deflagrating  with 
nitre  and  sodic  carbonate,  digesting  the  fused 
mass  with  a  saturated  solution  of  sal-ammo- 
niac, and  igniting  the  product  in  an  open  ves- 
sel. On  heating  the  mass  with  potassium,  and 
washing  with  water,  pure  vanadium  is  ob- 
tained as  a  brilliant  metallic  powder,  having 
a  silver-white  lustre.  It  is  non-volatile,  doel 
not  tarnish  in  the  air,  burns  vividly  when 
heated  in  oxygen,  is  insoluble  in  hydrochloric 
acid,  dissolves  slowly  in  hydrofluoric  acid,  but 
very  rapidly  in  nitric  acid,  forming  a  blut) 
solution.  It  forms  five  oxides  analogous  to 
the  oxides  of  nitrogen,  and  three  chlorides, 
viz.,  the  dichloride,  the  trichloride,  and  the 
tetrachloride. 

vanadium- oxides,  s.  pL 

Chem,:  Vanadium  forms  four  oxides:  (1) 
Vanadium  dioxide,  V2O2,  is  obtained  by  re- 
ducing either  of  the  higher  oxides  with  potas- 
sium. It  forms  a  light  gray  glittering  powder, 
having  a  sp.  gr.  of  8'64,  and  is  insoluble  in 
sulphuric  and  hydrochloric  acids.  (2)  Va- 
nadium trioxide,  V2O3,  is  obtained  by  igniting 
the  pentoxide  in  hydrogen  gas.  It  is  a  black 
powder,  with  an  almost  metallic  lustre,  and 
is  insoluble  in  acids.  (3)  Vanadium  tetroxide, 
VjOfc  is  obtained  by  allowing  the  trioxide  to 
absorb  oxygen  at  ordinary  temperatures,  form- 
ing blue  shining  crystals.  It  is  soluble  in 
acids,  and  combines  with  bases  forming  vana- 
dites,  none  of  which  is  of  any  importance. 
(4)  Vanadium  pentoxide,  V2O«,  is  prepared  by 
igniting  Vanadate  of  ammonium  in  an  open 
platinum  crucible.  It  has  a  more  or  less  red- 
dish yellow  colour,  is  tasteless,  and  dissolves 
in  the  stronger  acids,  forming  red  or  yellow 
solutions. 

von'-a-dous,a.  [Mod.  Lat.  t>aiiarf(tum);  Etif? 
adj.  sutf.  -oits.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  vanadium. 

van-cou'-ri  er,  *  vant-cur-reur,  *  van- 
GUr-rier,  «.  [Fr.  avant-courrier,  avant-cou- 
rfur,  from  avant  (Lat.  abante)  =  from  in  front, 
and  courrier,  crmreur  =  a  runner,  a  courier 
(q.v.).]  An  avant-couriei,  a  precursor. 

"  But  the  most  part  of  them  [diseases]  have  their 
•anfcurreura  as  It  were."—  P.  Holland:  Plutarch. 
p.  BOB. 

van'-da,  s.  [Sansc.  vdnda.  =  a  parasitic  plant, 
generally  considered  to  be  of  this  genus,  but 
regarded  by  Prof.  Watt  as  Loranthus  longi- 
Jtoni*,] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Vandete  (q.v.). 
Leaves  distichous,  coriaceous,  from  a  few 
inches  to  two  feet  in  length.  Flowers  in  ra- 
cemes, beautifully  coloured— blue,  red,  yellow, 
brown,  &c. — 
and  highly 
fragrant.  They 
occur  in  In- 
dia, China,  the 
Moluccas, 
ic.,  as  para- 
sites upon 
trees  in  dense 
forests,  from 
which  they 
have  been  in- 
troduced into 
hot-houses  in 
Great  Britain 
and  elsewhere. 
They  may  be 
attached  to  a  piece  of  wood  or  a  wire-basket, 
as  their  nourishment  is  derived  from  the  at- 
mosphere and  not  from  the  soil.  More  than 
twenty  species  are  known.  The  fragrant 
root  of  Vanda  Roxburgkii  is  given  by  Hindoo 
doctors  in  various  forms  in  rheumatism.  It 
also  enters  into  the  composition  of  several 
medicinal  oils. 

Van'-dal,  «.  &  a.    [Lat.  Vandalus  =  a  Vandal, 
one  of"  the  tribe  of  Vandali,  lit.=  the  wan- 
derers ;  cogn.  with  Eng.  wander  (q.v.).] 
A*  -As  lubatantive  : 

1.  Lit. :  One  of  a  Teutonic  race,  originally 
inhabiting  the  southern  shore  of  the  Baltic. 
They  began  to  be  troublesome  to  the  Romans 
JUD.  160.  In  A.D.  410  they  mastered  Spain  In 
conjunction  with  the  Alani  and  Suovi,  and 
received  for  their  share  Vandalitia  (Anda- 
lusia). In  A.D.  429  they  crossed  into  Africa 
nnder  Genseric,  and  not  only  obtained  pos- 
session of  liyzacium,  Gffitnlia,  and  part  of 


VANDA  C.ERULESCENS. 


boH.  b^;  ptfut,  Jd^l;  cat,  cell,  chorns,  cHln,  bench;  go,  fcem;  thin,  thU;  Bin,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    ph- 1 
-^IH,  -t'ttf  ~  «*y    -Uon. -«ion  =  shun; -tion, -jion  =  zliun.   -cloua, -Uoua, -sious  -  Bliua.   -bto,  -die,  ic,  =  be],  del. 


5034 


Vandalic— vanillidra 


Nnmidia,  but  crossed  over  into  Italy(A.D.  455) 
•nd  plundered  Rome.  After  the  death  o 
Genseric  the  Vandal  power  declined. 

:  Ono  who  wilfully  or  igi,orantl 
destioys  or  .lisiigures  any  work  of  art,  litera 
ttire,  or  th-'  . 

B.  As  (/;//. .-  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
the  Vaudaht ;  Vandalic. 

Van  dal'-Ic,  a.  [F,ng.  Vandal ;  -fc.)  Of  o 
pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Vandals 
hen<  :,  ni'io,  barbarous,  ferocious,  hostile  t< 
tlit;  arts  and  sciences. 

Van -dal-ism,  s.    [Eng.  Vandal; -in*.]    Th' 

spirit,  practice,  or  conduct  of  the  Vandals 
wilful  or  tgBarant  destruction  of  works  o: 
monument!  «f  art  and  literature ;  hostility  t< 
or  irreven-nce  for  art  and  literature  ;  disre 
gard  for  what  is  beautiful  or  venerable. 

"  The  removal  of  tbe  atone  *e*.hwnea  which  dia 

figure  the  Aliment  will  t*  met  with  aery  of  Fuiuiui 

tmi."—  Daiif  Telegrai*.  Feb.  22.  1688. 

van -de- w,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  mnd(a);  Lat 

fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ece.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Orchidacete ;  parasitic  on 
terrestrial  plants,  with  or  without  a  stem 
with  a  terminal  or  rarely  a  dorsal  anther,  the 
pollen  cohering  iu  definite  waxy  masses 
a  distinct  caudicle  united  to  a  stigniatic 
gland.  Found  in  Asia  and  America.  Fami- 
lies :  Sarcanthidse,  Cryptoehilida;,  Pachy- 
I'livllUla-,  Maxillaridie,  Catasetidie,  lonopsidae, 
and  Calanthide. 

ran-del'-ll-a,  a.  [Named  after  Domlnico 
Vandelli,  professor  of  botany  at  Lisbon,  win 
died  about  1815.) 

1.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Linderniese,  found  in 
Southern  Asia,  South  America,  &c.    Flowers 
axillary,  tufted,  calyx  tubular  or  cauipanulate, 
five-toothed  ;  npper  lip  of  the  corolla  shorter 
than  the  lower  one ;  anthers  coherent ;  fruit 
•  globose  capsule,    two-valved,  with  many 
seeds.     Vandellia  diffusa,  a  native  of  Guiana, 
where  it  is  called  by  the  Dutch  BUter-blane, 
is  an  antibilions  emetic  and  febrifuge  given  in 
malignant  fevers  and  dysentery. 

2.  Ichiky. :  [STEOopHiLtreJ. 

Tan-dyke',  •  van-dyck;  s.  &  a.   [After  tbe 
painterVandyke 
(1599-1641). 
A.  Assubst.  :A 

pointed  collar  of 
lace  or  sewed 
work  worn  by 
both  sexes  dur- 
ing the  reign  of 
Charles  I.,  and 
to  be  seen  in 
portraits  paint- 
ed by  Vandyke. 

"Laced  handker- 
chiefs, resembling 
the  laige  falling- 
band  »om  by  the 
men.  »tre  In  fash- 
ion auiong  the  1ft- 
diea.  This  article 
of  dreaa  hae  been 
lately  revived,  and 
called  a  r 


CHARLES  I.,   WEARINO  A 
VANDYKE. 


— Onuifer:  Blty.  Bio.  Oua.  I. 

B.  As  adj. :  Applied  to  the  style  of  dress  In 
which  Vandyke  painted  his  portraits. 

Vandyke -brown.  «.  A  pigment  ob- 
tained from  a  kind  of  peat  or  bog-earth  of  a 
fine,  deep,  semi-transparent  brown  colonr.  It 
owes  its  name  anrl  reputation  to  the  snpjosi- 
tion  that  it  was  the  brown  used  by  Vandyke 
in  his  pictures. 

van-dyke',  van-dyck1,  *.«.  (VASDYKH,  «.] 
To  scollop  the  edge  of,  as  a  piece  of  dress 
after  the  manner  of  a  Vandyke  collar. 

"  Tbe  edpes  are  h«t  scalloped  or  mttdycited.  while 
the  BMMMaflB)  onght  to  be  silk." — IMilg  Tdcffrapk. 
Feb.  19,.  1888. 

*  vane,  o.    [VAIN.) 

vane,  'fane,  i.  [A.8.  fana  =  n  email  flag; 
cogn.  with  Dnt.  man  :  Icel.  jfmi;  Dan./«n«; 
8w.  &  Goth. /ano;  M.  H.  Ger.  Jano;  Ger. 
fahnt;  Lat  pamtus  =  a.  piece  of  cloth  ;  Gr. 
mjKoc  (pirns)  =  the  woof.) 

1.  A  contrivance  attached  to  an  axis,  and 
having  a  surface  exposed  to  a  moving  current 
of  fluid,  so  as  to  be  actuated  thereby.  A  vane 
indicates  direction  or  rate  of  motion,  the 
•mount  of  fluid  passing,  or  It  may  be  nsed  to 
obtain  power ;  si>ecincally — 

(1)  A  weather-cock,  flag,  or  arrow,  or  other 
thin  object,  which  point*  in  the  direction 
whence  the  wind  proceeds.  [DOO-VANE.] 


(2)  The  arm  of  a  windmill  ;  the  wing  of 
fanning.  mill. 

(3)  The  blade  oC  a  screw-propeller  and  th 

like. 

•  2.  A  flag  carried  by  a  knight  In  a  tour 
nament 

3.  The  broad  part  of  a  feather  on  either  si  J 
of  the  shaft  ;  the  web. 

4.  A  cross-piece  on  a  levelling-staff  (o.v.). 

5.  The  sightof  aqnadrant  or  similar  instru 
ment  for  the  measurement  of  an 

va-nel'-lus,  *.  [The  name  was  formerly  spel 
KHuwOu.  as  the  dimin.  from  Lat.  nnuuu  = 
fan.  (Charieton:  Kxercitationes,  in  Yarrell 
Brit.  Birds  (ed.  4th),  iii.  283,  XoU)  t.)] 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Charadriidre  (or,  If  tha 
family  is  divided,  of  Charadriinte),  with  thre 
species,  from  Palirarctic  and  Ke<itropica]  n 
gions.  Bill  straight,  shorter  than  head,  slight!} 
compressed,  points  horny  aud  hard  ;  nasu 
groove  wide,  nostrils  basal,  linear,  in  th 
membrane  of  nasal  groove  ;  legs  slender,  lo\vt> 
part  naked  ;  tarsi  reticulated  behind,  scutel 
lated  in  fiont;  feet  four-toed,  three  before 
united  at  the  base  by  a  membrane,  hind  ten 
very  short,  articulated  on  tarsus  ;  wings  large 
tuberculatwl  or  spurred  in  front  of  the  carpa 
joint  ;  third  and  fourth  quill-feathers  longest 
One  species,  VanMut  aristattu,  the  Lapwing 
(q.v.),  is  cunmiuu  iu  .Europe  and  Ana. 

va-nes'-sa,  i.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  n7i 
(P*anes)  =  »  mystic  divinity  in  the  Orphic 
rites.) 

1.  Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  sub- 
family Vanessinte,  or  Vanessidi.  Antenna 
with  the  clnb  somewhat  prolonged  ;  fore 
wings  with  a  distinct  projection  in  the  hinc 
margin  above  the  middle,  the  inner  margii 
nearly  straight  ;  hind  wings  generally  with  a 
short  projection  in  the  hind  margin.  Cater- 
pillar spiny.  Among  well  known  species  are, 
Vanessa  Ala- 
lattta  (=  Pyra- 
meis  atalanta, 
Newman),  the 
Red  Admiral 
(ADMIRAL,  C. 
1];  V.  to,  the 
Peacock  But- 
terfly (q.v.);  V. 
antiopa,  the 
White-bordered 
Bntterfly(q.v.), 
called  also  the 
Camberwell 


_Jrge,  and  V.  urticas,  the  Small  TortoiseshelL 
[TORTOISESDEI.I,  BoTTKBFLy.J  Sometimes  the 
Comma  Butterfly,  Grapta  C.  aloum,  is  called 
1-anessa  C.  album,  and  ranked  as  a  sixth 
species.  Darwin  (Descent  of  Man,  ed.  2nd,  p. 
811)  notes  the  resemblance  of  the  closed  wings 
of  some  species  to  the  bark  of  trees ;  but,  in 
spite  of  their  protective  colouring,  they  are 
palatable  to  birds  and  lizard*  (Proc.  ZooL  Soc., 
1837,  p.  263X 

2.  Paheont.:  There  is  a  species,  Vaneoa 
pluto,  in  the  Oligocene  of  Radoboj,  in  Croatia. 
The  pattern  of  the  wing  has  escaped  oblitera- 
tion. Called  also  tlyloOtritis  plvto,  and  sup- 
posed by  some  to  belong  to  the  Pierinie. 

van-es  si  me.  va-nSs'-sI-di, «.  pi.  [Mod. 
Lat.  wwwsXo);  Lat  fern.  pL  adj.  snff.  -ina,  or 

inasc.  -idi.} 

Entom.:  Angle -wings;  a  sub-family  of 
Aymphalidte.  Wingsangled ;  caterpillar  spiny, 
of  uniform  thickness  throughout,  often  living 
gregariously  ;  chrysalis  angnlated,  head  cased, 
the  points  sharp  and  salient.  Genera  and 
species  numerous. 

Vl£;1^  *  !&«'"»'  =  ™°n-  «*  >-• 


Fort.:  A  ditch  on  the  outside  of  the 
counterscarp. 

vang,  i.     (Dut  tcmaen;  Ger.  Janfc*;  Bag. 
fang  —  to  catch.]    [FANO,  «.] 

Naut.  :  A  rope,  one  on  each  side,  to  steady 
laterally  the  j«ak  of  a  gaff.  It  is  usually  a 
pendant,  with  a  twofold  purchase. 

vang,  T.I.  &  {.    [Etym.  doubtful) 

A.  Tram.  :  To  receive,  to  earn  ;  to  catch 
to  throw.    (HalllvOl.) 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  answer  for  a  person  at  the 
baptismal  font.    (Bay.) 


van'-ga.  «.    [Latinised  from  native  name.) 

•h. :  A  genus  of  Laniida;  (or,  if  that 
family  is  divided,  of  Tliamnophiliu*)  with 
four  six-lies,  from  Madagascar.  Bill  moderate 
straight,  oomprewed,  keeled,  with  tip  curved  • 
angle  of  mouth  armed  with  bristles;  nostrils 
lateral,  basal,  rounded ;  tail  rather  long,  gra- 
duated. The  plumage,  which  is  green-black 
and  pure  white,  is  very  conspicuous. 

van  -gee,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

-Vaur. :  A  contrivance  for  working  the 
pumps  of  a  ship  by  means  of  a  barrel  and 
crank-breaks. 

van  -glo,  van'-gloe,  s.    [See  def.) 

Bot. :  A  West  Indian  name  for  Sesamvm 
orientate.  [TrtL.] 

van -guard  (ua  as  a),  '  vant-gnard, 
•  vaunt-guard,  *  van-warde,  •  vant- 
warde,  •  vaunt- warde,  •  vaun  wardc 
•*  vawne-warde,  s.  H>.  Fr.  avantgante, 
arantunnk,  from  arant  (Lat  abante)  =  from 
iu  front,  and  gardt,  u'arde  =  guard.]  The 
troops  who  march  in  the  front  or  van  of  an 
army  ;  the  advance-guard ;  the  van. 

"  The  front  of  the  French  fanattartt  makes 
Upon  the  Suglisb  • 

Dratton:  Battle  of  Artnaxat. 

van-guer'-I-a,  «.  [From  roa-vanga.  or  too- 
mnguer,  the  Madagascar  name  of  one  species.) 
Sot. :  A  genus  of  Guettardidse.  Shrubs, 
having  the  limbof  the  calyx  minutely  toothed ; 
the  corolla  campanulate,  with  a  hairy  throat ; 
stamens  nve,  filaments  short  ;  fruit  succulent, 
resembling  an  apple,  with  live  seeds.  Natives 
of  Madagascar  and  India.  1'nngveria  tdulit, 
a  small  tree,  a  native  of  Madagascar,  has 
edible  fruit ;  it  has,  in  consequence,  been  in- 
troduced into  India.  V.  spinosa,  a  large, 
thorny  shrub,  wild  in  eastern  Bengal,  liur- 
mah,  Pegu,  aud  Tenasserim,  has  a  round, 
cherry-like  fruit,  yellow  when  ripe,  which  is 
eaten  by  the  Hindoos. 

va-niT-la,  ».  [Span.  vayniOa,  dimin.  of  eayna 
—  a  knife,  a  scissors-case.  So  named  because 
the  pod,  which  is  long  and  cylindrical,  is  like 
the  sheath  of  a  knife.) 

Bot.:  The  typical  genus  of  Vanillidas. 
Climbing  orchids,  not  parasitic.  Stem  square ; 
leaves  fleshy,  articulated  at  the  base ;  pollen 
masses  two,  bilobed  and  granular.  Natives 
of  tropical  Asia  and  America.  Vanilla  dari- 
culata  is  fragrant  and  bitter;  its  leaves  are 
used  in  the  West  Indies  as  an  anti-syphilitic 
aud  a  vulnerary.  The  dried  fruit  of  V.  plant- 


VAKILLA   AIIOJIATICA, 
Showing  Flower  and  Seed.venala. 

JHtn  and  other  species  constitutes  the  vanilla 
of  commerce,  an  agreeable  aromatic  used  hi 
the  manufacture  of  chocolate,  various  liqueurs, 
and  confectionery.  The  plant  is  cultivated 
for  this  purpose  in  Mexico. 

va-niUe',  «.    [Fr.]    Vanilla. 

"  Tou  flavour  everything,  yon  are  the  fanfKf  of 
eociety.-— SyciMj  jmiM  .•  Warta,  p.  aa». 

Va-nD'-lie,  o.    [Eng.  mnll!(ine) ;  -fc.)     Con- 
tained  in  or  derived  from  vanilline  (q.v.X 

vanllllc-acld,  s. 

Chm. :   C2H5O4  =  CO-OH:OCHS:OH.     A 

crj'stalline  substance  obtained  by  the  oxida- 
tion of  vanilline.  It  forms  white  plate*,  which 
melt  at  211-12°,  and  sublime  al  a  higher  tern- 
l>erature. 

va-nlT-lMUB,  t.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat  m»«i(<i); 
Lat  fern  pi.  adj.  sutt  -idee.] 

Bot. :  A  family  of  Orchids,  tribe  Arethnsere. 
Lindley  formerly  made  it  a  distim-t  order, 
Vanillaceae,  ou. account  of  its  succulent,  valve- 


lite,  fat,  fere,  amidst,  what,  laH,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pit. 
or.  wore,  woU,  work.  whd.  son;  mute.  cub.  oiire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  lull;  try.  Syrian,    n.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  au  =  kw. 


vanilline— vapid 


5036 


less  fruit,  its  seeds  not  having  the  testa  of 
other  Orchidacese,  its  habit,  and  its  aromatic 
properties. 

va-nil -line, «.    [Eng.  «anU((o),-  -int.] 

The 


methyl  ether  of  protocateclmic  aldehyde,  found 
in  crystals,  in  vanilla  pods,  from  which  it 
may  be  extracted  by  alcohol.  It  crystallizes 
•i  long,  hard  needles,  slightly  soluble  in  cold 
water,  very  soluble  in  boiling  water  and  in 
alcohol,  melts  at  80-81°,  snd  sublimes  at  150°. 
1  with  pntassic  hydrate  it  is  converted 
Into  protocatechoic  acid. 

va-nfl'-loes,  s.    [VAHII.LA.] 

Bat.,  <tc. :  A  bastard  kind  of  vanilla,  ob- 
tained from  Vanilla  Pompona. 

*  va-nU'-o-quence,  s.    [Eng.  vaniloquentf); 

-a.}    Idle,  fi.i.lish,  or  vain  talk. 

•  va-nii' -i-quent,  a.     [Lat.  vanus  «=  vain, 
empty,  and  Iwpiens,  pr.  par.  of  loquor  —  to 
•peak".]    Talking  idly  or  foolishly. 

Tan-Ish,    -van-iss-en,    'van-shell, 

*  van-ysch,  v.i.     [From  Lat.  vaneaco  =  to 
vanish  (lit.  =  to  become  empty,  from  vanut 
=  empty),  through  an  O.  Fr.  t»nir(not  found), 
pr.  par.  vaniaant.     Cf.  pvnith,  poluh,  fur- 
nish, 4c.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  pass  from  a  visible  to  an  invisible 
state  ;  to  disappear ;  to  become  imperceptible ; 
to  lose  perceptible  existence. 

"The  heavens  shall  vanttli  »w»y  like  smoke.'— 
IiaiaH  it  6. 

2.  To  pass  away  from  the  sight  or  out  of 
Tiew ;  to  pass  beyond  the  limits  of  vision : 
as,  A  ship  mnishes  from  the  sightof  spectators 
on  the  land. 

*  3.  To  pass  away ;   to  be  annihilated  or 
lost. 

••  Picked  from  the  worm-holes  of  long  tanliKd  d»ye." 
Sluttetp-  :  Henri  K..  It  4. 

*  4.  To  issue ;  to  be  given  off  or  out,  as 
breath. 

"  A  gentler  lodgment  vanithtd  from  bis  Up*." 

Sialtrlp. :  famea  t  Julia.  111.  S. 

IL  Math. :  To  become  evanescent,  like  a 
mathematical  quantity  when  its  arithmetical 
value  is  nothing.  [VANISHINO-ITIACTIOS.) 

van  -ish,  t.    [VANISH,  v.i 

Elocution :  A  sound  that  gradually  becomes 
weaker  till  it  ceases. 

Tan  Ish  Ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [VANISH,  ».] 

vanishing-fraction,  s. 

Math. :  A  fraction  which  reduce*  to  the 
form  of  g  for  a  particular  value  of  the  variable 
which  enters  it,  in  consequence  of  the  exist- 
ence of  a  common  factor  in  both  terms  of 
the  fraction,  which  factor  becomes  0  for  tills 
particular  valne  of  the  variable. 

vanishing-line,  s. 

Pertpective :  An  indefinitely  extended  line 
•opposed  to  be  drawn  on  a  level  with  the  eye, 
parallel  to  the  horizon.  In  the  vanishing- 
line  the  vanishing  points  are  situated. 

vanishing-point,  «.    [POINT,  «.,  II.  17, 
(3)-J 
vanishing-stress,  s. 

Elocution :  Stress  of  voice  upon  the  closing 
portion  of  a  syllable.  (RmK,  in  Goodricli  it 
Porter.) 

•  van'-ish  ment,  «.  [Eng.  vaxith,  v.  j  -runt.] 
A  vanishing. 

Van  -istf,  ».  pt    [See  det] 

Church  Hitt. :  The  followers  of  Sir  Henry 
Vane,  an  Antinomian,  and  Governor  of  New 
England  in  1636. 

•van'-l-tfed,  *  van'-I-ttfed,  o.    [Eng. 
vanity;  -erf.]    Affected  with  vanity. 

"  Your  foolish,  your  low-ranuVd  Lovelace.  "—/Menard- 
*m  .-  Clariua,  iv.  M. 

van  l-ty,  •  van-i-te,  *  van-i-tie,  *  van- 

y-tee,  s.  [Fr.  vanite,  from  Lat.  vanitatem, 
accus.  of  tanitia  =  emptiness,  worthlessness, 
from  vanus  =  empty,  vain  (q.v.).] 

1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  empty,  vain, 
or  worthless ;  worthlessness,  futility,  empti- 
ness, unsubstantiality,  unreality,  onrealness, 
illusion. 

a  of  tanUf.  salth  the  Preacher,  all  U  vanitt' 


*  2.  Groundlessness,    falseness  ;    want    of 
grounds  or  foundation. 

3.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vain  or 
elated  with  a  high  opinion  of  one's  own  accom- 
plishment* or  achievements,  or  with  ' 
more  showy  than  valuable ;  empty  pride  in- 
spired by  an  overweening  conceit  of  one's 
personal    attainments    or    decorations,    and 
causing  its  possessor  to  be  morbidly  anxious 
for  the  notice,  admiration,  and  applause  of 
others ;  conceit.    [PRIDE,  •}.] 

••  nirtttj/  la  that  species  of  -pride,  which,  while  it 
presumes  upon  a  degree  of  superiority  iu  some  parti- 
cular articles,  fondly  courts  the  applause  of  every  one 
within  its  sphere  of  action,  seeking  every  occasion  to 
display  some  talent,  or  some  supposed  excellence.  — 
Cugan :  On  the  /Variant. 

4.  Ostentation  ;   ambitious  or  ostentatious 
display  ;  vainglory,  vaunting,  pride,  conceit. 

"The  ground-work  thereof  Is  true,  however  they, 
through  sanity,  whilst  they  would  not  seem  to  be 
ignorant,  do  thereupon  build  many  forged  histories  of 
their  own  antiquity."— apenter:  State  o/  Ireland. 

5.  That  which  is  vain,  empty,  unreal,  or 
unsubstantial :  as 

(1)  Empty  pleasure,  vain  pursuit,  idle  show, 
unn-ality. 

"  All  their  exhortations  were  to  set  lurht  of  the 
things  iu  this  world,  to  count  riches  aud  honours 
vanUie.-—Hf>o*er:  Ecdel.  Fa.,  Frel.,  i  s. 

(2)  Fruitless  desire   or   endeavour ;  effort 
which  produces  no  result. 

*  (3)  An  empty  or  vain  conceit ;  a  trifle. 

"  Some esuvttv  of  mine  art- '    tUtatetp.  :  Temfett.  iv. 

*  (4)  Script. :  An  Idol  (Jer.  xviii.  15}     In 
this  sense  it  is  generally  used  in  the  plural. 

"  Are  there  any  ajnoog  the  sosiissss  of  the  Gentiles 
that  can  cause  rain,  or  can  the  heavens  give  showers. 
Art  thou  not  he.  O  Lord  our  God  T"-^er.  xlv.  M.  ICt 
also  Dent  xxxii.  31 ;  1  Kings  x  vi.  13.  K ;  Jsr.  vill.  19.) 

*  6.  A  character  in  the  old  moralities. 

"  Yon  .  .  .  take  vanity  the  poppet's  part."— Skakeep. : 
Lear,  il.  2. 

Vanity  Fair,  «.  A  fair  described  by 
Bnnyan  (Pilgrim's  Progress,  pt.  I.)  as  esta- 
blished by  Beelzebub,  Apollyon,  and  Legion, 
for  the  sale  of  all  sorts  of  vanities.  (Used  to 
symbolize  a  collection  of  the  most  alluring 
temptations  of  the  world.) 

*  van'-miire,  ».    [VAOSTMHBE.) 

van'-ner,  ».    [Eng.  van  (1),  a. ;  -tr.]   A  van 
horse. 

"Twenty-five  Welsh  cobs,  cabbers,  and  sartiwrs."— 
Beferee,  April  8.  UM.  (Advt) 

van-ning, s.    [VAS(2), ».] 

viin'-4nlsh,'ven-ki«-en,  •  ven-kns-en, 

*  ven-qnlsh-en,  *  ven-qnis-en,  we.  &  i. 

[O.  Fr.  reinquir  (pr.  par.  reinquissanf),  a  col- 
lateral form  of  imncre  (Fr.  vaincre,  pa.  t.  ran- 
quis,  subj.  que  je  vain^uisse),  from,  Lat.  vinco 
=  to  conquer.] 

A.  Traruitivt: 

1.  To  conquer ;  to  overcome  or  subdue  in 
battle,  as  an  enemy. 

"The  enemies  beaten  on  all  sides,  and  In  so  r/uuq 
sorts,  with  artillery  were  put  backe,  and  vanquttlied. 
—Haekfuyt :  Voyage*,  11.  84. 

*  2.  To  overcome  or  defeat  in  any  contest 
as  in  an  argument. 

*  3.  To  confute,  to  refute  ;  to  prove  erro- 
neous or  unfounded  ;  to  upset. 

"This  bold  assertion  has  been  fully  vanyuilJted  In  a 
late  reply  to  the  Bishop  of  Meaux'a  treatise."— After 

*  4.  To  overpower,  to  prostrate. 

"  Sorrow  and  grief  hove  vat"r*tthtd  all  my  powers." 
Shalcrlv.  :  t  Henry  I/.,  ii.  1. 

*  5.  To  overpower  the  peculiar  virtue  o 
properties  of ;  to  destroy  ;  to  render  inert  o 
inefficacious;  to  neutralize. 

*  B.  Intrant. :  To  overcome,  to  conquer 
to  get  the  better. 

"If  tnou  vanyuiihetf  thy  words  are  tme." 

Slutlaep. :  1  Henry  VI '.,  1  «. 

•J  For  the  difference  between  to  rnnquis 
and  to  conquer,  see  OONQTJER. 

van  -quish,  vin  -quish,  «.  [Etym.  doubt 
fuL]  A  disease  iu  sheep,  in  which  they  pin 
away.  , 


*  van'-qulsh-a-ble, 

-able.}     Capable  of   b 


le.]  ""  Capable  of 'being  vanquished,  con 

qnered,  or  subdued  ;  conquerable. 

"  That  great  giant  was  only  vanquiihable  by  th 
Knights  of  the  Wells."— Qayton  :  fettivoue  Jfotet  oi 

van  qulsh-er,  «.  [Eng.  vanquish,  v. ;  -er 
One  who  or  that  which  vanquishes ;  a  con 
tjueror. 

"  I  am  alone  the  vfinefuuher  of  time. 

Ztrayton  :  Robert  Duke  of  Normandy. 


van'  quish  ment,  a.  [Eng.  vanquiin,  T.  ; 
-ment.]  The  act  of  vanquishing  ;  the  state  of 
being  vanquished. 

"  Yet  lie  opposes  three  dates  pestilence  to  seven 
years  famine  an<l  three  uiouctha  vanquiftiment."—Bp. 
Hall .  Jiatjn  o/  (iiieud,  S  7. 

an   sire,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Herpcttes  galera ;  a  small,  weasel- 
like  animal,  from  Madagascar  and  the  Isle  of 
France.  The  colour  is  deep-brown  speckled 
with  yellow,  the  tail  of  equal  thickness 
throughout. 

vant,  t'.i.    [VAUNT.]    To  vaunt,  to  boast. 

van' -tags    (age  as  ig),  *  vaunt  age,  » 

[Fr.  avantage  —  an  advantage  (q.v.).J 

*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Advantage,  gain,  profit. 

"Not  for  renowme  or  vautitaye  sake,  but  for  the> 
lone  of  his  name."—  Vdal:  Heorvet  vi. 

2.  Advantage ;  the  being  in  a  better  state 
or    condition    for    action     or    defence    than 
another  ;  vantage-ground ;  condition  favour- 
able to  success. 

"Besought  to  get  the  vantafe.'-  Xartk  :  PttOarc*. 
P.1W. 

*  3.  Opportunity,  convenience. 

"At  your  meetest  vantage  of  the  time." 

K/iaketfj. :  Richard  III.,  111.  6. 

H.  Lawn  Tennit:  A  term  used  for  the  point 
following  the  stage  when  each  player  has  won. 
three  points.  Properly  called  advantage,  and 
often  used  attributively  as  in  vantage  gavu  or 

set 

"Advantage  sete  are  played-!.*.,  if  each  player  wln« 
nve  games,  the  set  Is  continued  until  ons  psiyer  win* 
two  games  consecutively.  '  Vantage  all '  is  a  barbar- 
ous term,  introduced  by  some  genius  who  (lyes  not 
understand  language,  to  express  the  fact  that  the 
players  agree  t.,  decide  the  set  by  the  best  of  three 
games,  after  arriving  at  five  games  all.  This  arrange- 
ment is  not  allowed  in  matches  where  advantage  act* 
are  played.  The  term  'vantage^'  isabsnrd.  as  both 
players  cannot  win  advantage  at  the  same  time.  The. 
correct  expression  is  '  lames  all.1  '—Field.  Dec.  M.  UWT. 

*  1  (1)  O/wsnJojw,  To  Ike  vantage :  To  boot ; 
besides. 

•-  Yes,  a  dozen  ;  aud  as  many 
To  the  vantage,  as  would  aUtre  the  world." 

„*_.. —  .  otxetto  |T<  s. 


(2)  To  get  vantage  of:  To  get  the  better  of. 

"  Ii  they  get  ground  and  vantage  o/  the  king." 
t&alteiv. :  2  Benry  I  r..  It  s. 

"van-tage  (age  asig),  v.(.    IFr.  avantager.} 
To  profit,  to  advantage. 

"  The  injuries  that  to  myself  I  do 
Doing  thee  vantage,  double  vantage  me." 

ahaJcrtp.  :  Sonnet  as. 

vantage-ground,  s.  Superiority  of  posi- 
tion or  place  ;  a  place  or  condition  which  gives 
one  an  advantage  over  another. 

"  Upon  the  steadfast  vantage-oround  of  truth." 
Wordlworth  :  Excurtion.  bk.  viif. 

t  vantage-loaf,  s.  The  thirteenth  loaf 
In  a  baker'*  dozen.  (Brewer.) 

*  vant-braoe,  *  vant-brass,  s.  [VAHBBACB.! 

*  vant-courier,  s.    [VANCOUBIER.] 

*  vant-mnre, ».    (VADNTMtmi;.] 
*vant-onr, ».    rVADjmni.] 

van-ux -em-ite,  ».    [After  Mr.  Vanuzem; 
sun".  -i<e  (liin.).] 

Uin. :  A  white,  massive  mineral  substance, 
occurring  with  zinc  ores  at  Sterling  Hill, 
New  Jersey.  Hardness,  2-5  to  3;  ip.gr. 
4-5.  An  analysis  gave  :  silica,  35-64  ;  alumina, 
11-70  ;  protoxide  of  zinc,  8'2'48  to  86'C  ;  water, 
14-80  to  19-88.  As  Dana  points  out,  this  can- 
not be  regarded  as  a  distinct  species,  but 
rather  as  a  mixture  of  clay  with  hydrated 
silicate  of  zinc. 

*  van' -ward,  a.    [Eng.  van,  s. ;  -ward.]    Of, 

pertaining  to,  or  situated  in  the  van  or  front. 
"The  vantvard  frontier."— Dt  Gusneev.    (Annandalf.) 

van  -zejr,  i.    fWANZEY.] 

*  vap,  *  vappe,  «.    [Lat.  vappa  =  wine  that 
has  lost  its  flavour ;   vapid  or  pallid  wine ; 
allied  to  vapor  —  vapour.]    Wine    that   has 
become  vapid  or  dead ;  vapid,  flat,  or  insipid 
liquor. 

"  The  dead  lees  aud  vap  of  wine.  '—Bp.  Taylor  :  JM* 
of  Caaciena.  bk.  ii..  ch.  HI. 

Vap'-id,  a.    [Lat.  capidus,  from  vappa  =  vapid 
or  palled  wine ;  Fr.  vapidc.] 
*  1.  Corrupt,  foul. 

"A  kind  of  tapid  atmosphere  about  that  pitas*.*— 
Olanviil .  FMajft,  No.  vii. 


bob,  06^;  pdut,  Jolrt;  oat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^iat.    -Ing 
-oian,  -tlan  =  shan.    - tion,  -sion  =  ebon ;  -tion,  -f  ion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  ttei,  del. 


5036 


vapidity— vaporousness 


1  Having  lost  its  life  and  spirit ;  dead 
Insipid. 

"  Thy  vine*  let  feed  awhtU 
On  the  fat  refase  ;  lest  too  sooa  disjoined. 
From  spritely  It  to  sharp  or  vapid  cha" 


S.  Dull,  spiritless ;  wanting  in  life  or  spirit ; 

"  A  cheap,  bloodleM  reformation,  a  gulltleta  liberty, 
appear  fl»t  and  vapid  to  their  Uite,"— £urK*  :  /V<me* 
Kevolution. 

•va-pld'-l-ty,  i.    [Eng.  vapid;  -tty.)    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  vapid  ;  vapidness. 

"  Alter  the  violent  ferment  in  the  nation,  a  remark- 
able deadiless  and  vnpUita  has  succeeded. "-Hurke  : 
Ta  Mr.  ShacHoton,  July  si,  mi. 

rap'-Jd-lJ,  adv.    [Eng.  vapid;  -Jy-J    I"  • 
vapid  manner. 

rap   id  ness,  ».    [Eng.  vapid;  -new.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vapid,  flat, 
dead,  or  insipid  ;  flatness,  deadneas  :   as,  the 
vapidness  of  beer. 

2.  Dulness,  flatness;  want  of  life  or  spirit ; 
mawkisliness. 

va'-por,  va  pour.   •  wa-pnre,  *.      [Pr. 
vapeur,  from  Lat.  vaporem,  accus.  of  «wpor  = 
vmpor;     Sp.  &  Port,  vapor;  Ital.  mpon.} 
i  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

(2)  Any  visible  diffused  substance  floating 
In  the  atmosphere  and  impairing  its  trans- 
parency, as  fog  or  mist ;  hazy  matter. 

"From  the  damp  earth  impervious  vapouri  rise." 
Pop*  :  atatiui :  Thebaid,  1.  as. 

•(3)  Wind,  flatulence. 

"  Ointments,  if  laid  on  anything  thick,  by  stopping 
rr>  the  pores,  abut  m  tlie  eapouri,  and  send  them  to 
the  bead  extremely."— Socon. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  Something   unsubstantial,   fleeting,    or 
transitory  ;  unreal  fancy  ;  vain  Imagination. 

"He  bath  the  grace  of  hope,  though  It  be  clouded 
.      *nr  with  a  melancholy  vapour."— Bammond, 

*  (2)  (Pi.) :  A  hectoring  or  bullying  style  of 
conversation  or  mode  of   behavior,   indulged 
in  by  swaggerers  for  the  purpose  of  bringing 
•bout  a  real  pr  mock  quarrel,  consisting  in 
flatly  contradicting  whatever  was  said  by  a 
speaker,  even  if  the  bully  had  granted  what 
was  asserted  just  before. 

"  They  an  at  it  still,  Hr :  this  they  call  vapoun.-- 
men  Jonton  :  Bartholomew  /uir,  IT.  s. 

*  (3)  (Pi.) :  A  disease  of  nervous  debility,  in 
which  a  variety  of  strange  images  float  in  the 
brain,  or  appear  as  if  real ;  hence,  hypochon- 
driacal  affections  ;  depression  of  spirits  ;  de- 
jection, spleen ;  the  blues. 

"  A  At  of  tupovri  clouds  this  demi-god. ' 

Pope:  (Mrs* H. m 

tt  Physics:  An  aeriform  fluid  into  which 
some  volatile  substance  is  changed  by  the 
action  of  heat.  Vapor  is  essentially  the 
same  as  gas,  but  the  word  vapor  is  conven- 
tionally limited  to  the  gaseous  state  of  a  body 
which  is  liquid  or  solid  at  ordinary  tempera- 
tures, while  the  term  gas  is  applied  to  aeri- 
form bodies  which  are  in  that  rarefied  state  at 
ordinary  temperatures.  Thus  we  speak  of  hy- 
drogen gas,  but  of  watery  vapors.  Vapors, 
like  gases,  have  a  certain  elastic  force,  by 
which  they  exert  a  pressure  on  every  part  of 
any  vessel  in  which  they  are  enclosed. 
Vapors  are  formed  instantly  in  a  vacuum  ; 
to  the  atmosphere  they  are  generated  more 
•lowly.  When  not  saturated  they  exactly 
resemble  gases  in  their  action ;  when  saturated 
•nd  in  contact  with  the  liquid  by  which 
they  were  generated,  they  can  neither  be  com- 
pressed  nor  expanded,  but  remain  constant, 
both  in  their  elastic  force  and  in  their  density. 
Vapors  of  different  composition  vary  in 
density.  Thus  if  atmospheric  air  be  taken 
as  unity,  the  vapor  of  water  =  0-6235,  that 
of  alcohol  1-6138,  that  of  sulphur  6  6442  and 
that  of  mercury  6.9760. 

vapor  bath,  vapour  bath,  i. 

1.  The  application  of    vapor  or  steam  to 
the  body  in  a  close  place.     (BATH  (1)  «   B 
I.  2.)    Medicated   vapor  baths  are  largely  em- 
ployed, the  aqueons    vapor    being  impreg- 
nated with  mercury,  sulphur,  Ac.,  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  disease. 

2.  The  place  or  bath  itself;  an  apparatus 
for  heating  bodies  by  the  vapor  of  water. 

topical  vapor-bath|VwWc>l?rcon?i?fell!n''tht 
direction  of  a  Jet  of  aqueous  vapor  on  some 
part  of  the  body. 


Ta  -por,  va'-p6ur,«.«.  *  t.    [VAPOR,  ..] 

A*  Intransitive: 
L  Literally  : 

1.  To  pass  off  In  the  form  of  vapor  ;    to  dis- 
solve or  disappear,  as  into    vapor,   steam,  or 
air  •  to  be  exhaled  ;  to  evaporate. 

*  2.  To  emit  or  give  out  vapor,    steam,  gai, 
»r  evaporations. 

••  Swift  running  waters   vapour  not  so    much  M 
BUnding  waters.'1—  £ooon:  Natural  ffirtory. 

H.  figuratively: 

*  L  To  pass  off  or  disappear  as  a  vapor. 

"  He  now  is  dead,  and  all  his  furle  gone. 
And  all  his  greatnes  vapoured  to  nought, 
That  as  a  glasse  rpon  the  water  shone." 

Spenser  :  The  Kulna  aj  rime,  Il». 

2.  To  boast,  brag,  or  vaunt  with  ostentatious 
display  ;  to  hector,  to  bully. 

"He   ntpoured  considerably."  —  DaUi  Telegraph. 

*  B.  Transitive  : 

1.  Lit.  :  To  cause  to  pass  Into  a  vaporous 
state;  to  cause  to  dissolve,  ]>as8  away,  or  dis- 
appear in  a  vaporous,  gaseous,   or  aeriform 
condition  ;  to  cause  to  melt  into  thin  air  or 
other  unsubstantial  thing. 

"  He'd  laugh  to  see  one  throw  his  heart  away, 
Another  sighing  vapour  forth  hit  soul." 

Sen  J  onion, 

2.  Fig.  :  To  affect  with  the  vapors  j     to  dis- 
quiet, to  make  melancholy 

"  She  wipoufj    me  but  to   look  at    her."  —  JfeeL 
OArba,  :  CamiUa,  ok.  v.,  ch.  vi. 

"va-por-a-bD'-I-ty,  s.  [Eng.  vaporaole; 
-ay.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vapor- 
able. 

"va'-por-a-ble,  o.  [Eng.  vapor;  -able.} 
Capable  of  being  vaporized,  or  converted  into 
vapor. 

*va-por-at«,  v.i.  [Lat.  mporatv.,  pa.  par. 
of  vaporo  —  to  emit  steam  or  vapor,  from 
vapor  =  vapor.]  To  emit  vapor;  to  evapo- 

rate. 

•va-pdr-a'-tlon,  i.  [Lat  vaporatio,  from 
vayoralus,  pa.  par.  of  vaporo.]  [VAPORATE.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  converting  into 
vapor. 

"By  conflagration   and  congelation,  according  to 

- 


2.  'The  state  of  passing  off  in  vapor; 
poration. 


«*J        Af- 
peevish, dejected, 


- 

fected  with  the  vapors  ; 

splenetic. 


•Ta'-por-er.     i.    [Eng.  vapor;  -«-.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  vapors,    brags,  or 
hectors  ;  one  who  makes  a  great  display  of  his 
powers   or  worth  ;   a   braggart,  a   bully,  a 
boaster.       [VAPOR,  ,.,  I.  27(2).] 

"  A  ruffian,   a    riotous  spendthrift    and  a  « 
ffpourer.--Camdm  :  ma.  Xlaaoeth'da.  mo). 

2.  Entom.  :  The    Vaporer-moth  (q.v.). 
vaporor-moth,     s. 

Sntom.  :  Orgyia  antiyua.  The  fore  wings  of 
tte  male  are  rich  brown,  clouded  with  darker 
tints,  and  having  a  small  spot  near  the  anal 
angle;  the  hinder  wings  are  brown.  In  the 
females  the  wings  are  rudimentary.  The 
male  is  common  in  England  from  July  to 
October,  and  is 
often  seen  in  the 
streets  of  London. 
The  female  re- 
mains in  the  cw>- 
coon,  on  the  out- 
side of  which  she 
deposits  her  eggs 
The 


in  England    from  July  to 

w 


WAPOKER-VOTH. 


In  autumn. 
lame,  which  first 
appear  in  June  and 
continue  for  some  months,  are  slaty  gray 
having  four  or  five  wart-like  spots  on  each 
segment,  with  yellow  and  black  tufts.  Com- 
mon in  gardens,  on  rose-bushes  and  many 
other  plants.  The  Scarce  Vaporer-moth,  0. 
gonostigma  has  several  small  wnite  spots  on 
the  wings  of  the  male.  The  larva  feeds  in 
autumn  on  oak,  hazel,  and  bramble.  The 
perfect  insect  appears  in  June. 

•va-por-ir-er-ou»,  o.  [Lat.  toj»r  = 
vapor,  and  fen  —  to  bear,  to  bring  1  Con- 
veying or  producing  vapor. 

'Ta-por-IT-ic,  o.  [Lat.  wipor  =  vapor, 
and/uno  =  tomake.]  Forming  into  vapor, 


converting   Into   steam,   or   expelling   in   a 
volatile  form,  as  fluids. 


rsV-por-ing,     pr.  par.,  o.,  &  ».      [VAPOR,  ».] 
A.  it  B.  Alpr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  Gives 
to  bragging  or  boasting;  vaunting  ostenta 
tiously  and  vainly  ;  braggart. 

"  A  vapouring  eort  (which  thst  nation  was  thai 
much  addicted  to)."—  ttrype  :  tcOet.  Mem.  (an.  155S) 

C.  At  subst.  :  Bragging,  boasting  ;  boasts 
vaunts. 

"Despite  the  vapourlnt  of  the  Minister  of  War.-- 
DaOi  Telearap*.  April  T.  18M. 


,  --•»  —**-«y,  adv.  [Eng.  vaporing; 
-ly.]  In  a  vapor,  bragging,  or  boastful 
manner. 

va  por-Ish,  ra  pour  Ish,  o.  [Eng.  va- 
por; -ish.] 

1.  Lit. :  Full  of,  or  abounding  In  vapors  • 
vaporous. 

•2.  Fig. :  Affected  by  vapors  :  splenetic 
hypochondriac,  whimsical. 

"  Xor  to  be  fretful,  vapourtih,  or  give  way 
To  spleen."  Crabbe:  Tale*  of  the  SatL 

*va'  por  ish  uess,  ..  [Eng.  mporiih; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vaporish: 
melancholy,  vapors. 

"  The  vapourahneu  which  has  laid  hold  of  mj 
heart. '— Sichardion  Clariua.  Iv.  4L 

•va'-por-is-a-ble.  o.  [Eng.  vaporise); 
•able.]  Capable  of  being  vaporized  or  con- 
verted into  vapor. 

•ra^por-I-za'-tlon,  «.  [Eng.  wporu(«); 
-atun.]  The  act  or  process  of  vaporizing ; 
the  artificial  formation  of  vapor ;  the  state 
of  being  vaporized. 

"  We  cannot  as  yet  comprehend  In  what  manner  it 
Ineatl  produces  the  liquefaction  or  vaporisation  of  one 
oody.  -  tThemll :  Bin.  Scientific  Idrat,  li.  «. 

IT  Vaporization,  evaporation,  and  bailing 
differ  slightly  in  meaning.  Vaporization  is  a 
generic,  evaporation  a  specific  word ;  the 
former  signifying  the  passage  of  any  liquid 
into  the  solid  state,  without  reference  to  the 
slowness  or  rapidity  with  which  the  process 
is  carried  out,  or  the  temperature  of  the 
liquid  becoming  transformed  into  the  vapor. 
Evaporation  generally  implies  the  slow  pro- 
duction of  a  vapor  at  the  free  surface  of  • 
liquid,  and  boiling  always  signifies  the  rapid 
production  of  vapor  in  the  liquid  itself. 

va-pbr-ize,  v.t.  &  t    [Eng.  vapor;  -ite.] 

A.  Tram. :  To  convert  into    vapor  by  the 
application  of  heat  or  artificial  means ;    to 
sublimate  ;  to  cause  to  evaporate. 

B.  Intrant. :   To   pass  off  in    vapor;     to 
evaporate. 

*  VtV-por-i»-er,  i.  [Eng.  vaporise);  -er.l 
One  who  or  that  which  vaporizes.  A  scent- 
vaporizer  is  a  form  of  atomizer  (q.v.),  for  con- 
verting scent  into  very  fine  spray. 

"va'-pdr-ose,  a.    [VAPOROUS.] 

"va-por-os'-l-ty,  «.  [Eng.  vaporoue);  -tty.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vaporose  or 
vaporous. 

"  His  first  Ideas  and  volcanic  vaporofUu.'— Carttlv. 
Diamond  XecUace.  ch.  vi. 

Ta-por-ous,  a.      [Fr.  vaporeux,  rrom   Lat. 

vaporoyus.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  Being  in   the   form  of,  or  having  the 
nature  or  character  of  vapor. 

"Gatherings  and  thlckningsof  a  moi»t  and  vaporoue 
•It.  —P.  Boffand:  Plutarch,  p.  (17. 

2.  Promoting  exhalation,  or   the   flow  of 
effluvia,  vapor,     gases,  or  the  like ;  hence, 
windy,  flatulent. 

"If  the  mother  eat  much  beans,  or  such  vaporoue 
food,  it  endjuigereth  the  child  to  become  lunatfck."— 
Bacon. 

3.  Full  of  vapors    or  exhalations. 

"  Upon  the  corner  of  the  moon 
There  hang*  a  vitporoitt  drop  profound  " 

Shalcet,,. :  Macbeth,  111.  I 

n.  Fig. :   Unsubstantial ;   vainly  imagina- 
tive or  soaring ;  whimsical. 

va;  por  ous-ness, ».  [Eng.  vaporous ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vaporous  or  full 
of  vapors. 

"The  warmth  and  vaporoumiu  of  the  air."— BM. 
Jtofal  Sodeti.  vol.  liL 


reu 
«r.  wore,  wolf,  work, 


totheP=w6-  wit,  here,  cameL  her.  th6«:  pine,  pit,  sir*,  .ir,  marine;  go,  pa 
,  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full  :  try.  Syrian.   «.cB-.!ey  =  a:«u  =  kw° 


vapory— variation 


6037 


<r»'-por-y,  ra'-pour-y.a.  [Eng. 

1.  Lit. :  Full  of   vapors ;    of  the  nature  of 
a  vapor ;  vaporous. 

"  Its  vapoury  sail 
Hath  ceased  her  shaded  orb  to  veil. 

Byron :  Sieat  o/  CorMh,  III. 

•2.  Fifl-  •'  Affected  with  the  vapors;  melan- 
choly, splenetic. 

•vap-u-la'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  vapula  =  to  be 
flogged.]  The  act  of  flogging,  beating,  or 
whipping  ;  a  flogging. 

va-quer--o  (qu  as  U),  s.  [Sp.  =  a  cowherd  ; 
from  vaca  (Lat.  vacca)=  n  cow.]  A  term  ap- 
plied in  Mexico  ami  theWestern  United  States 
to  one  who  has  the  charge  of  cattle,  horses, 
or  mules  ;  a  herdsman.  [VACHER.J 

\ra'  ra,  s.  [Native  word.)  A  Spanish-American 
measure,  equal  to  about  2-78061  feet. 

H  The  vara  is  the  basis  of  a  system  of  linear 
and  land  measure  in  vogue  in  Texas  and  other 
border  states,  as  follows:  (linear)  1  vara — 
33%  inches ;  1900-8  varas  =  1  mile ;  6,000  varas 
—  1  lagua;  (land  measure)  5646-376  square 
varas— 1  acre;  1.000,000  square  varas  —  1 
labor,  or  177  acres;  25,000,000  square  varas  — 
1  lagua  (or  league)  of  land,  or  4,428  acres, 
termed  in  Spanish  a  vitio  de  ganado  mayor. 
There  is  another  sitio  called  tUio  de  ganado 
menor,  which  comprises  11,111,111  square  varas. 
The  cabalk-rra  contains  609,428  sqviare  varas. 
(A.  J.  Baker,  Texas  Land  Commissioner.) 

va-ran,  s.    [UABAH.] 

va-ran  -gl-an,  >.  [Icel.  vceringjar,  lit  = 
sworn  men,"  confederates,  from  twror  =  an 
oath.]  One  of  those  Scandinavians  who  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  Byzantine  Emperor, 
and  became  the  Imperial  guard  at  Constanti- 
nople. Their  peculiar  weapon  was  the  two- 
edged  battle-axe. 

ra-ran'-i-dee,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat  «mm(«s); 
Lat  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  An  approximate  synonym  of  Moni- 
toridae  (q.v.). 

va-ra'-nns,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  the  native 
name  varan  (q.v.).] 

1.  Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Varanidse  (q.v.), 
with  eighteen  species,  having  the  range  of  the 
family. 

2.  Palasont. :  From  the  Miocene  of  Greece 
and  India.    (Wallart.) 

•var '-din-gale,  •ver'-din-gale,  «.  [FAR- 
THINGALE.] 

•vare,  s  [Sp.  w»ro  =  arod,  awand.]  Awand 
or  staff  of  ottice,  authority,  or  justice. 

var  -ec,  >.  [Fr.  twrec  =  Eng.  wrack  (q.v.)/ 
The  impure  carbonate  of  soda  made  in  Brit- 
tany. 

var  -ga  site,  ».     [After   Count  Vargas,    o 
Wargas  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.)  ;  Ger.  wargasit.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  PYBALLOLITE  (q.v.). 

•  var'-I,  s.    [Fr.    Remote  etym.  doubtful.] 

Zool. :  Lemur  catta,  or  variut.  [RUFFED- 
LEMUR,  MACACO.] 


'-I-ty,  ».     [Eng.  variable;  -ity.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
variable  ;  variableness. 

2.  Biol. :  The  state  or  condition  of  man! 
testing  or  being  subject  to  variation  (q.v.). 

var'-I-a-ble,  •  var-y-a-ble,  o.  &  s.  [Fr. 
from  Lat.  twrioiiiis,  from  vario  =  to  diversify 
to  vary.] 

A,  As  adjective : 

1.  Capable  of  varying,  changing,  or  alter 
Ing  in  a  physical  sense ;  liable  to  variation 
or  change ;  changeable. 

2.  Capable    of   being   varied,   altered,    o 
changed ;  subject  to  being  change-d  :  as,  Tc 
place  a  number  of  bodies  in  a  position  vari 
able  at  pleasure. 

3.  Liable  to  change,  vary,  or  alter   in 
moral  sense ;  mutable,  changeable,  .Hckle,  in 
constant,  unsteady. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That   which   is   variable  ;    that   whicr 
varies  or  is  liable  or  subject  to  vary,  change 
or  alter. 

2.  A  shifting  wind,  as  opposed  to  a  trade 
wind ;  hence,  the  variables,  the  space,  region 


or  belt  intermediate  between  the  north-east 
and  the  south-east  tradewinds.  This  region 
varies  in  width  from  about  150  to  600  miles, 
being  widest  in  September  and  narrowest  in 
December  or  January,  and  is  characterized  by 
calms,  shifting  breezes,  and  sometimes  violent 
•quaUk, 

II.  Math. :  A  variable  quantity  ;  a  quantity 
which  may  be  regarded  as  in  a  state  of  con- 
tinual increase  or  decrease. 

variable  Ixalus,  s. 

Zool:  Ixalus  variabilii,  a  small  tree-frog, 
from  Ceylon.  The  body  is  about  an  inch  and 
a  half  long,  and  the  hind  limbs  greatly  devel- 
oped. The  coloration  is  very  variable. 

variable-motion,  s. 

Mech. :  Motion  produced  by  the  action  of  a 
force  which  varies  in  intensity. 

variable-quantities,  s.  pi. 

Math.  :  Quantities  which  admit  of  an  in- 
finite number  of  set  of  values,  in  the  same 
equation.  Such  quantities  as  are  regarded  as 
being  subject  to  continual  increase  or  decrease, 
in  opposition  to  those  which  are  constant,  re- 
maining always  the  same. 

variable-stars,  3.  pi 

Astron. :  Periodical  stars  ;  stars  which  vary 
in  their  lustre  at  different  times.  Compared 
with  the  enormous  number  of  the  heavenly 
bodies  they  are  but  few.  Sir  John  Herschel 
gave  a  list  of  sixty-six  known  to  him,  and 
considered  it  nearly  complete.  The  most  re- 
markable is  Algol  (q.v.).  Another  is  Mira 
Ceti.  [MiRA.]  Goodricke,  who  in  1782  dis- 
covered the  variability  of  Algol,  attempted  to 
account  for  it  by  the  hypothesis,  which  Sir 
John  Herschel  also  accepted,  that  some 
opaque  body,  temporarily  interposed  bf.tween 
the  observer  and  the  star,  intercepted  a  large 
part  of  the  emitted  light. 

variable-toad,  >. 

Zool. :  Bvjo  variabUis,  a  species  common  In 
Fiance.  It  has  the  hind  limbs  and  feet  nearly 
as  large  as  those  of  the  Frog.  Called  also  the 
Green  Toad,  from  its  color. 

var' -I-a-ble  ness,  s.    [Eng.  variable;  -not.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  variable 
or  changeable,  in  a  physical  sense ;  liability 
to  or  susceptibility  of  material  change  ;  liable- 
ness  or  aptness  to  alter  or  to  be  altered  ; 
cbangeableness. 

"  We  lost  ground,  owing  to  the  variaMeneu  of  the 
winds."— Coot :  fira  Foyage.  bk.  til.,  ch.  L 

H  Sometimes  used  in  the  same  sense  as 
VARIATION,  II.  2.  (1)  (q.v.).  See  also  extract 
under  VARIETAL. 

2.  Liability  to  change  or  alter  in  a  moral 
sense  ;   mutability,    changeableness  ;   fickle- 
ness, inconstancy. 

"The  Father  of  lights,  with  whom  is  no  variable- 
ncu,  neither  shadow  of  turning."— Jamet  i.  17. 

var  1  a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  variable) ;  -ly.]  In 
a  variable  manner  ;  changeably,  mutably,  in 
constantly. 

var'-K-anee,  *  var-1-annce,  *var-y- 

aunce",  s.    [Lat.  varians,  pr.  par.  of  vario  = 
to  vary.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  or  becom 
ing  variant ;  change  of  condition ;  alteration 
a  variation. 

*  2.  Difference,  disagreement 

"Thei  shulden  haue  maad  no  doate  to  rederls.  n 
the  variaunce  of  wordes  shulde  not  haue  ympugued  i 
siir."—  WycUffe :  Jam**.  (Prol.) 

3.  Difference  that  produces  dispute  or  con 
troversy  ;  disagreement,  discussion,  discord 
quarrel,  falling  out 

"  In  this  yere,  fyll  a  varyaunee  atwene  the  fely 
sshyppes  of  goldsniythes  Mid  tayllours  of  London." — 
Faoyan :  chronycte  (an.  1269). 

II.  Law :  An  alteration  of  something  for 
merly  laid  in  a  writ,  or  a  difference  between 
declaration  and  a  writ,  or  the  deed  on  whic! 
it  is  grounded  ;   a  departure  in  the  oral  erf 
dence  from  the  statement  in  the  pleadings. 

IT  At  variance : 

*  1.  In  a  state  of  disagreement  or  difference 
differing. 

2.  In  a  state  of  dissension,  discord,  or  con 
troversy ;  at  enmity. 

"  The  Britainm  .  .  .  were  tit  variance  amongst  them 
selves."— Boliiuhed  :  But.  Eng.,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  xxl. 

var'-I-ant,  *  var-i-aunt,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  mrian 
pr.  par",  of  warier  =  to  vary  (q.v.).] 


A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Different,  diverse  ;    having   a  different 
form  or  character. 

"  lien  were  found  of  nature  variaunt." 

Chaucer  :  Court  of  Lot*. 

2.  Variable,  varying. 

B,  As  svbst.  :  Something  different  in  form 
from,  but  essentially  the  same  as  another  ;  A 
different  form,  reading,  version,  or  the  like. 

"  There  are  the  usual  number  of  otiriunu  .  .  .  from 
the  folklore  of  all  Eimniean  countries."—  Harper't 
Magazine.  Sept..  18S5,  p.  642. 

var   i  ate,  v.t.  &  i.     [Lat.  mriatus,  pa.  par. 
of  vario  =  to  vary  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  make  different  ;  to  vary,  to 
diversify,  to  alter. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  alter,  to  vary,  to  change. 

"  This  artificial  change  is  but  a  fixation  of  nature's 
inconstancy,  helping  its  vnHntiny  infirmities."  — 
Jeremy  Taylor:  Artificial  Handiotneneu,  p.  43. 

var'-I-at-ed,  pa.  par.  &  o.    [VARIATE.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Varied,  diversified. 

"Smooth.  variatei.  unangular  bodies."—  Burtf  : 
Sublime  A  Beautiful. 

2.  Her.  :  Van-Sated  (q.v.). 

var-I-a'-tlon,  *  var-i-a-cl-on,  *var-l- 
a-cy-on,  a.  [Fr.  variation,  from  Lat.  varfa- 
tionem,  accus.  of  variatio,  from  variatus,  pa, 
par.  of  rorio  =  to  vary  (q.v.)  ;  Ital.  varia- 


L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act,  process,  or  state  of  varying; 
partial  change  in  the  form,  position,  state,  or 
qualities  of  a  thing  ;  alteration,  change,  muta- 
tion,  modification. 

"  Absolute  necessity,  in  which  there  can  be  no 
variation  In  any  kind  or  degree.'—  Clarke  :  On  CJW 
Attribute*,  prop.  vii. 

2.  The  extent  to  which  a  thing  varies  ;  the 
degree,  interval,  or  amount  of  departure  from 
a    previous    condition,    position,    or    form  ; 
amount  or  rate  of  change. 

"  Another  thing  that  stumbled  me  here  WM  the 
variation  which,  at  tills  time,  by  the  last  amplitude  I 
had.  I  found  to  be  but  7  deg.  69  min."—  Dampitr: 
foyaaa  Ian.  1699). 

*3.  Difference. 

"There  is  great  variation  between  htm  that  U 
raised  to  the  sovereignty  by  the  favour  of  his  peen 
and  him  that  comes  to  it  by  the  suffrage  of  UM 
people."—  BenJotuon:  fHKoveriet. 

I.  The  act  of  deviating  ;  deviation. 

"  He  observed  the  variation  of  our  English  from  th» 
original,  and  made  an  entire  translation  of  the  whole 
for  his  private  use."—  FeU. 

*  5.  Variance,  dissension,  discord,  disagree- 
ment. 

"Thus  the  christen  realmes  were  In  variacyon,  and 
the  churches  in  great  dyflereiice."—  Bernw*:  /Vofciort; 
Cronycle,  ch.  cccxliv. 

IX  Technically  : 

1.  Astron.  :  Any  deviation  from  the  mean 
orbit  or  mean  motion  of  a  heavenly  body  pro- 
duced by  the  perturbation  of  another  body  or 
bodies.    Thus  the  planets  are  considered  to 
move  mathematically  in  elliptic  orbits,  which 
would  be  the  case  if  they  were  subject  to  th« 
attraction  of  the  sun  only,  but  being  acted 
on  by  each  other,  there  is  supposed  to  be  a 
minute  and  slow  but  constant  variation  in 
the  elements  of  the  ellipse.    Variations  which 
are  compensated  m  short  intervals  are  called 
periodic,  and  those  which  require  for  their 
compensation  a  long  period  are  called  secular, 
(Herschel  :  Astron.,  §  653-665.) 

2.  Siology: 

(1)  A  tendency  in  all  organisms  to  vary 
slightly  from  other  organisms  produced  by 
the  same  parents. 

"  No  two  animals  or  plants,  even  when  born  of  the 
same  parents,  are  exactly  alike  ;  this  is  known  H 
Variation."—  Kay  Lanketter  :  Degeneration,  p.  IS. 

(2)  Hereditary  modification. 

"  We  shall  see  how  great  Is  the  power  of  man  in  ac- 
cumulating, by  his  selection,  successive  slight  wario*. 
tionM."—  Darwin:  Origin  of  Speciet  (ed.  2nd),  p.  8. 

(S)  A  modification  directly  due  to  the 
physical  conditions  of  life  ;  such  as  the 
dwarfed  condition  of  shells  in  the  Baltic,  or 
of  stunted  plants  on  Alpine  summits.  (Dar* 
win  :  Origin  oj  Species,  ch.  ii.) 

t  (4)  An  organism,  or  a  group  of  organisms, 
exhibiting  modification  due  to  external  con- 
ditions. 

"  The  term  variation  has  been  employed  by  som« 
authors  to  designate  forms  less  permanent  than 
varieties,  but  the  term  has  not  obtained  general  aa- 
oeptance."—  Chamber!'  Encydopadta  (ed.  1867),  ix.  71*. 

•3.  Gram.:  Change  of  termination  of  word*, 


boil,  b6y;  poTit,  J<RW;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnoj>hon,  e^ist.   ph  -  t 
-olan,  -tian  =  ahan.   -tlon,  -«ion  =  Bhun ;  -{Ion,  -sion  =  zhuu.  -oious,  -tlous,  -sloas  =  abits.   -bio,  -«Ue,  &c-  =  to*-,  del 


5033 


variaunt— variety 


as    in    declension,  conjugation,  comparison, 
uid  the  like  ;  inflection, 

"  The  rule*  of  tmuuiiutr.  aud  useful  examples  of  the 
farimoum  of  wurus.  and  tu«  ptculUu:  iuruj  of  speech, 
are  uiteii  appointed  to  be  rc^catwO."—  Watu  :  t/ti  the 
Mind. 

4.  J/u«c;  An  air  or  theme  with  variations 
10  a  musical  composition  iu  which  a  simple 
melody  is  first  given  out,  and  tueu  several 
times  repeated,  each    repetition    COL 
changes  by  means  of  broken  harmony,  counter- 
point, broken  rhythm,   the  arpeggio,   scale- 
passages,  and  even  by  modification  of  key. 
The  earliest  forms  of  a   variation  were  the 
"divisions"  adled  to  a  ground-bass;    theif 
there  followed  the  changes  above  desuriUd, 
but  the  character  of   variations  in  modern 
music  has  gradually  developed  into  a  series 
of  sound-pictures,   of  wnich    the    theme   is 
ludt-ed  the  main  subject,  but  is  represented 
under  various  phases  of  sentiment,  expression, 
thought,  and  aesthetic  colouring, 

5.  Physics  &  Navig.  ;   The  angle  Included 
between  the  trne  and  magnetic  meridians  of 
any    particular    place.     If   the   direction   of 
the  trne  meridian  at  any  given  place  were 
known,   the  variation  of  the  needle  would 
be  found   by  simply  taking  the  bearing,  of 
this  line  with  the  compass.     If  the  bearing 
of  the  meridian  is  east  of  north,  the  variation 
is  to  the  weat;    if  the  bearing  is  west  of 
north,  the  variation  is  to  the  east.    In  order, 
therefore,  to  And  the  variation  of  the  needle 
at  any  place,  we  first  find  the  direction  of  the 
true  meridian,  or  of  some  line  which  makes  a 
known  angle  with  it  ;  we  then  observe  the 
bearing  of  this  line  ;   from  this  result  the 
variation  is  easily  computed.    The  line  most 
usually   employed    is   the    line   of   greatest 
elongation  of  the  pole  star,  either  to  the  .-a.st 
or  west.    At  London,  in  1550,  the  deviation 
was  11°  IT  E.  ;  about  1669  it  was  0".    It  then 
began  to  deviate  to  the  west,  till  it  attained 
its  maximum  in  1815,  24°  17'  18".    In  1865  it 
was  20'  38'. 

1  (1)  Annual  variation  : 

Astron.  :  The  annual  change  in  the  right 
ascension  or  declination  of  a  star  produced 
by  the  combined  influence  of  its  own  motion 
and  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes. 

(2)  Calculus  of  variations;  [CALCULUS]. 

(3)  Variation  of  elements: 

Astron.,  Physics,  &  Math.  :  Changes  in  the 
elements  entering  into  the  calculation  of  any 
figure,  rate  of  motion,  &c.  [VARIATION,  II.  1., 


(4)  Variation  of  the  compass  :  [MAGNETISM,  ^  ; 
VARIATION,  II.  5.J. 

(5)  Variation  of  the  moon  : 

Astron.:  Irregularity  in  the  moon's  motion 
and  in  the  form  of  her  orbit,  depending  on 
the  angular  distance  of  the  luminary  from 
the  sun.  When  nearest  the  earth  the  true 
longitude,  as  seen  from  the  earth,  is  gaining 
on  the  mean  longitude  ;  it  will  be  the  reverse 
when  she  is  in  quadratures  (farthest  from  the 
earth),  and  at  intermediate  points  -nearly  coin- 
ciding with  octant*,  she  will  be  neither 
gaining  nor  losing.  But  at  these  points  the 
amount  of  gain  or  loss  will  have  reached  its 
maximum.  The  entire  variation  produced  by 
this  cause  in  the  moon's  longitude,  is  1°  4'. 
(Herschel:  Astron.,  §  706.) 

(6)  Variations   of   the   barometer  :    [BARO- 
METER]. 

variation-  compass,  «.     A  declination 

compass  (4.  v.). 

•  var-i  aunt,  a.    [VARIANT.] 
Var-i-cel'-la,  ».     [Dimin.'  from  Mod.  I*t 


Pathol.  :  The  name  formerly  given  to  a 
modified  form  of  small  -pox  [VARICELLOID 
SMALL-POX],  now  confined  to  chicken-pox. 

var-i-cel  loid,  a.     [Mod.   Lat.  varicella); 
Bug.  suff.  -oid.]    Resembling  varicella  (q.v.). 

varlcellold  small  pox,  s. 

Pathol.  :  Modified  small-pox,  in  which  the 
eruption  seems  to  stop  at  its  vesicular  stage, 
most  of  the  vesicles  drying  np  instead  of 
developing  into  pustules.  Called  also  Abor- 
tive Small-  pox. 

Va-rf9'-I-form,  a.    [Lat.  varix,  genit.  varicis, 
and  forma  =  form.)  Resembling  a  varix  (q.v.). 

V&r'-f-co-cele,  *.     [Mod.  Lat.  varix,  genit. 
varies,  and  Gr.  mjAi)  (keif)  =  a  tnmour.] 


Pathol. :  A  varicose  condition  of  the  veins 
of  the  spermatic  cord,  dne  to  increased  pres- 
sure within  the  vessels,  or  to  diminished  re- 
sistance in  their  walls  and  in  the  surrounding 
structures. 

v&r'-i-cose,  *  var'-I-coiia,  a.    [Lat.  vari- 
cosua,  from  varix,  genit.  varicis.}    IV'AKIX.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Exhibiting  or  marked  by  a  varix  ;  preter- 
naturally  enlarged    or   permanently  dilated. 
(Said  of  veins,) 

"Them  are  instances  of  oue  vein  only  being  varj- 
cout,  which  m.-iy  be  destroyed  by  tyim;  it  above  and 
below  the  dilatation."— Sharp. 

2.  Designed  for  the  cure  or  relief  of  varicose 
veins :  as,  varicose  stockings,  elastic  bose  to 
compress  and  support  distended  veins  in  the 
leg  and  foot. 

IL  Bot. ;  Swollen  here  and  there. 

varicose-aneurism,  s. 

Pathol.  :  A  form  of  aneurism  in  which  a 
communication  has  been  formed  between  the 
aorta  and  either  of  the  ve-nte  catxe,  one  of  the 
auricles,  the  right  ventricle,  or  the  pulmonary 
artery. 

varicose-veins,  s.  pi.    [VARJX.] 

Var-J-COS'-I-tJ1,  8.  [Eng.  varicose);  -ity.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  varicose.  (Said 
of  a  vein.) 

*  var  -1-cous,  a.    [VARICOSE.] 

var'-ied,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [VARY.] 

A.  An  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Partially  changed;  altered,  changed. 

2.  Characterized  by  variety ;  consisting  of 
various  sorts  or  kinds  ;  diversified. 

3.  Differing    from    each    other;     diverse, 
various. 

*  voiMed-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  varied;  -Jy.]    In  a 
varied  manner ;  diversely. 

var'-I-e-gate,  v.t.  (Lat.  variegatus,  pa.  par. 
of  variego  =  to  make  of  various  colours,  from 
varius  =.  of  diverse  colours,  various.]  To 
diversify  by  means  of  various  tints  or  hues  ; 
to  mark  with  different  colours  in  irregular 
patches ;  to  spot,  to  streak,  to  dapple,  or  the 
like. 

"The  skill  in  making  tulips  feathered  and  wtrfe- 

gattd,  with  stripe*,  of  divers  colour*. '—J*ull*r :  Wor. 

thi-i ;  Norfolk, 

var'-I-e-gat-Sd,  pa,  par.  or  a.  [VARIEGATE.] 
Bot.  :  Having  the  colour  disposed  in  various 
irregular,  sinuous  spaces. 

variegated  copper-ore,  s. 

A/in. :  The  same  as  BORNITE  (q.v.). 

variegated-leaves,  s.  /•/. 

Bot. :  Leaves,  particular  parts  of  which  are 
white,  or  of  some  other  colour  than  the  normal 
green.  The  change  in  colour  arises  from 
disease.  [\TARIKGATION,  IL,  2.]  In  exogeus 
the  pale  blotches  are  generally  irregular,  in 
endogens  they  tend  to  follow  the  course  of 
the  venation.  In  general,  the  disease  almost 
simultaneously  affects  all  the  leaves  of  a 
branch.  If  in  this  case  a  cutting  from 
the  diseased  branch  be  planted,  the  plants 
which  result  will  have  all  the  leaves  with 
white  blotches.  On  the  other  band,  if  a  plant 
in  which  the  disease  has  arisen  while  it  grew 
in  poor  soil  be  transferred  to  richer  mould, 
the  variegation  will  often  disappear. 

variegated-monkey,  s. 

Zool. :  Semnopithecus  nemaeus,  the  most 
brightly-coloured  species  of  the  genns.  Head 
and  back  gray ;  thighs,  fingers,  and  toes 
black  ;  legs  and  ankles  bright  r»>d  ;  fore  arms, 
throat,  and  tail  pure  white ;  throat  with  a 
more  or  less  complete  circle  of  bright  red. 
They  are  natives  of  Cochin  China,  and  appear 
to  be  good -tempered,  but  little  is  known  of 
them.  Called  also  the  Done. 

*  variegated-sandstone,  s. 

Geol. :  A  name  formerly  given  to  the  New 
Red  Sandstone  called  by  the  French  gres 
bigarrt  and  by  the  Germans  Bunter  Sandsteir., 
terms  all  implying  its  parti -coloured  cha- 
racter. The  system  containing  it  was  formerly 
called  in  England  also  Foikilitic  (q.v.). 

variegated  sole,  s. 
Ichthy.:    Solea  variegata,  a  small  species, 
about  eight  or  nine  inches  long,  with  very 


small  pectorals  ;  colour  brownish-gray,  with 
dark  bands  extending  between  the  dorsal  and 
anal  fins.  It  is  common  off  the  south  coast 
of  Devonshire,  Called  also  the  Banded  Sole, 

variegated  spider-monkey,  s. 

Zool.:  Ateles  variegatus,  or  bartltttii  (Gray), 
discovered  in  18(56,  in  Eastern  Peru,  by  Mr. 
E.  Bartlett.  Fur  abundant,  long,  and  soft. 
Black,  cheeks  white,  band  across  the  forehead 
bright  reddish  -yellow  ;  chest,  belly,  inner  side 
and  front  and  back  part  of  the  limits,  m.- 
and  under  surface  of  tail,  yellow.  (Proc.  ZooL 
Soc.,  1807,  p.  992.) 

var-I-e-ga'-tion,  *.    [VARIEGATE.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  variegating  or  the  state  ol 
being  variegated  by  different  colours;  diver- 
sity of  colours  or  tints. 

"They  will  toon  low  their  vurifgationt."—EMlyn: 
Ka.ltmdu.rium;  Octttl/er. 

*  2.  A  variety.    (Glanvill:  Sermon  10.) 
IL  Botany: 

1.  The  disposal  of  the  colour  in  various 
irregular,  sinuous  spaces.     Nearly  in  the  same 
sense  as  I.  1.    Called  also  Marking. 

2.  Spec.,  a  disease  of  plants  causing  their 
leaves  to  become  more  or  less  white  from  the 
absence  or  modification  of  chlorophyll.     It  is 
distinguished  from  chlorosis  in  being  perma- 
nent and  in  leaving  the  health  of  the  plant 
unaffected.    [VARIEGATED-LEAVES.] 

*  var-i-en,  v.t.    [VAST.) 

tvar'-l-er,  *.  [Eng.  vary;  -«r.l  One  who 
varies  ;  one  who  strays  in  search  of  variety. 

"Pious  Mrfort  from  thu  church.  " 

Ttnttyton  :  Ufa  tirtanit,  It, 

va-n'-e-tal,  o.  [Eng.  vcu-ut(y);  -al.}  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  variety,  as  distinguished  from 
an  individual  or  a  species. 

"  Hares,  according  to  the  altitude  of  their  range, 
•how  almost  every  degree  of  variableness  bvtwWB  re  J 
and  white.  Our  common  bare  in  widely  distributed. 
and  to  such  an  extent  do  varietal  /onus  ditfer,  rli.it 
several  (go-called}  distinct  specie*  hare  been  evolved 
out  of  one."—  St.  Jamtt't  Gutettt,  Jan.  «,  1667. 


^,  s.      [Fr.  varlitt,  from  Lat  varie- 

tatem,  ace  us.  of  vurietas,  from  varius  —  various 


L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  varied  or 
various;  intermixture  of  different  things  or 
of  things  different  in  form,  or  a  succession  of 
different  things  ;  diversity,  multifarious  ness. 

"  It  (the  world]  is  a  goodly  place  .  .  .  full  of  variety 
ami  pleasantness."—  Bp.  Soli:  C'ontimpl.  ;  Victory  qf 
Faith  over  rfte  World. 

2.  Exhibition  of  different  characteristics  by 
one  individual  ;  many-sidedness. 

"  Age  cannot  wittier  her  nor  custom  stele 
Her  infill  !  te  variety.  " 

Sbaiceip.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  it.  S. 

*  3.  Difference,  dissimilitude, 

"There  !•  a  variety  in  the  temper*  of  good  men.  with 
relation  to  the  diflbKOfcimftraMwlu  tliey  receive  fmtu 
different  object*  of  charity.  —Atterburt. 

*  4.  Variation,  deviation  ;   change  from  a 
former  state. 

"To  go  about  to  answer  those  reason*  by  aupiKisl. 
tions  ofa  variety  in  thing*.  "—Art*  .  Orig.  ^Mankind. 

5.  Something  differing  from  others  of  the 
same  general  kind  ;  one  of  many  tilings  which 
agree  in  their  general  features,  but  differ  in 
detail  ;  a  sort,  a  kind. 

6.  A  collection  or  number  of  many  different 
things  ;  a  varied  assortment  :  as,  He  deals  in 
a  variety  of  goods. 

T  Used  also  affectively  of  an  entertain- 
ment consisting  of  singing,  dancing,  gymnastic 
performances,  &c.,  or  of  performers  engaged 
in  such  an  entertainment. 

"The  bbKcat  mrfe/y  company  ever  seen  at  the  East- 
end  of  London."—  Ref«r«t,  Mnrcb  26,  186C. 

7.  Absence  of  monotony  or  uniformity  ;  di- 
versification, change. 

"  Variety  '•  the  very  «plce  of  lite 
That  givee  it  all  it*  (favour.  " 

Copper:  Task.  ii.  flot, 

IL  Biol.  :  A  group  of  organisms  (subordi- 
nate to  a  species,  but  not  susceptible  of  strict 
definition).  They  breed  true  to  characters, 
but  are  not  invariably  fertile  with  other 
varieties—  e.g.,  pouters  among  pigeons,  and 
some  kinds  of  maize  among  plants.  The  line 
of  demarcation  between  varieties  and  species 
is  indeterminable. 

"  Certainly  no  clear  line  of  demarcation  has  as  j  ••' 
been  drawo  between  specie*  and  sub-species—  that  IH. 
the  forms  which,  in  the  opinion  of  some  naturaliaix, 
come  very  near  to,  but  do  not  quite  arrive  at,  the 


6te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  onto,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    SB,  ce  =  c;  cy  =  a;  an  =  lew. 


variform —varnishing 


6033 


rank  of  species:  or,  again,  between  sub-species  imd 
wen  uuii'Keil  i-'t'-MCw*.  or  iwtweru  leaner  0,u-i«(i>-\  lud 
clitlt-rcUL-ea.  These  differences  blend  into 
•Mb  other  by  HU  insensible  series;  and  a  series  im; 
presses  the  mind  wiUi  the  idea  uf  ;iu  actual  passage. 
—  Dartetn:  Oriyin  ofSpeiltx  led.aud),  p.  iL 

H  The  term  is  often  used  more  loosely  of 
minerals,  rucks,  &o.  :  as,  varieties  of  aiuphi- 
bole,  iwieties  of  granite,  &c. 

•J  Fr-r  the  ditterenoe  between  variety  and 
difference,  sve  DIFFERENCE. 

•  var'-I-form,  a.    [Lat  twrftw  =  various,  and 
=  form.]     Having  various  or  different 

forms  or  shapes  ;  varying  in  form. 
Tar  -I    formed,  a.     I  Bug.   variform  .  -id.] 

Funned  with  Uillerent  shapes. 

*var'-i-fy,  "var-1-fle,  v.t.    [Lat,  mriut  = 
various,  and  facio  —  to  make.] 
i.  To  make  different  ;  to  vary. 


"Their  workes  . 

Duv'ta*  :  summa  Totjilit,  p.  IT. 

2.  To  variegato  ;  ti>  colour  variously;  to 
diversify. 

•'  Livc-ly  colours  lovely  varljide. 

Sylvester  :  TJu  Mugnijlccnce,  ««. 

va-rlg'-er-a,   s.     [Mod.   Lat.   varix,   genit. 
mricii,  and"  Lat.  gen=  to  carry.) 

l'ulm*t.  :  A  genus  of  Tornatellidae  (q.v.), 
with  uight  species,  ranging  from  the  Neuco- 
mian  to  the  chalk  of  France. 

va-rln'-ghJ-an,  s.    [VARANGIAN.] 

Va-ri'-o-la,  s.    [Fr.  variole,  from  Lat.  varius 
'=  various,"  spotted.] 

1.  Pathol.:  Small-pox  (q.v  X 

2.  Bot.  :  One  of  the  pustular  shields  formed 
fn  Variolaria,  Ac.     (In  this  sense  there  is  a 
plural,  ro-rf-d-te.) 

va-ri'-o-lar,  a.     [Mo<3.  Lat  varloKa);  Eng. 

adj.  sun",  -ar.]    Pertaining  to  variola  or  small- 

pox ;  variolous. 
•  va-ri-i-lar'-I-a,  «.     [Mod.  Lat  variola, 

aiiil  fern.  pi.  adj.  auff.  -aria.] 
Bot.  :  A  spurious  genus  of  Fungals,  being  a 

gtate  of  a  lichen  with  abundant  so  i  cilia.   Van- 

olaria,  lactea  is  used  in  dyeing. 

va-ri-o-lar'-in,  «.  [Mod.  Lat  mriolar(ta); 
'in.] 

Chem.  :  Robiquet's  name  for  the  crystalline 
body  obtained  by  him  from  the  alcoholic  ex- 
tract of  Viaia\a.TVH  deaWata. 

var-i-Sl-Ic,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  tarioKa);  Eng. 
adj.  sulf.  -if.]  Variolous. 

var'-a'-i  lite,  >.  [Lat  rarM(a)  =  the  small- 
pox ;  null'.  -He  (Petrol.).] 

Petrol.  :  A  rock  originally  found  in  pebbles, 
having  small,  projecting  pustular  bodies,  re- 
sulting from  sub-aerial  weathering.  It  is  an 
aphanitic  diabase,  enclosing  spherular  concre- 
tions of  a  felspar,  mostly  labradorite.  Has 
recently  been  found  <»  situ  with  normal  dia- 
base. 

Var-I-6-lif-io,a.  [VARIOLA.]  Thickly  marked 
with  small  round  specks  or  dots  ;  spotted, 

•/ar-I-6-loJd,  a.  A  «.    [Mod.  Lat  tnrio^a); 

sun",  -aid.} 

A.  Aaailjective: 

1.  Resembling  variola  or  small-pox. 

2.  Resembling   measles;  having    the    ap- 
pearance of  measles. 

B.  As  substantive: 

Pathol.  :  The  name  given  to  a  disease  which 
has  tlie  characters  of  variola  in  a  mild  form, 
but  which  is  really  small-pox  modified  by 
previous  vaccination  or  inoculation. 

va-ri'-o-loiis.  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  mriol(a)  ;  Eng. 
adj.  sun*.  -"us.J  Pertaining  to  or  designating 
small-pox  ;  variolar. 

var  l-or'-iim.  a.  [From  the  Lat.  (etlitio  cum 
notis)  uarioriin»=?an  edition  (with  the  notes)  o 
van.ms  persons.)  A  term  applied  to  an 
edition  of  some  work  in  which  the  notes  o 
various  commentators  are  inserted:  as,  a 
variorum  edition  of  a  Greek  classic. 

Var  i-oiis,  a.  [Lat.  varius  —  variegated 
diverse,  manifold.] 

1.  Differing  from  each  other  ;  different, 
diverse,  manifold. 

"He  .  .  .  in  derision  set« 
Upon  their  tongue  a  varioiu  spirit,  to  rase 
Quite  out  their  native  laiiguaite." 

UiUo,    P.I..M.U. 


2.  Divers,  several. 

"  On  the  whole  we  lost  little  less  than  a  month  by 
our  attendance  upon  her  [tne  Gloucesterl  in  conse- 
uuence  of  the  mrimt*  iui»chauce8  she  encountered."— 

.<,;>.,/,.•   rofanci,  bk.  ili .  ON.  i. 

*  3.  Variegated.    (A  Latinism.) 

•'  The  wxriout  Iris  Juno  sends  with  haste." 

Drydcn  :   rirj/rt ;  .aTjjeid  IX.  2. 

*t.  Changeable,  uncertain,  unfixed,  in- 
constant 

"The  names  of  mixed  modes  want  standards  in 
nature,  whereby  to  adjust  their  signification  :  there- 
fore they  are  very  variant  and  doubtful."—  Locke. 

*  5.  Exhibiting  different  characters  ;  multi- 
form. 

"  A  mall  fro  variniit  that  he  seeni'd  to  be 
Not  one,  but  all  mankind's  .-[.itouie." 

Dryden:  Abtalom  <r  Aft,it«i>tiel.  I.  MS. 

6.  Having  a  diversity  of  features ;  not  uni- 
form or  monotonous ;  diversified. 

"  Herbs  of  every  leaf,  that  sudden  flowered. 
Opening  their  varioui  colours." 

MUtim  !  F.  L.,  Til.  SIB. 

1T  For  the  difference  between  various  and 
di/creiit,  see  DIFFERENT. 

var'-i-ous-ly,  adv.  [Bug.  various;  -In.]  In 
a  various  manner  or  degree;  in  various  ur 
different  ways  ;  diversely  ;  with  diversity ; 
multifariously. 

"  So  sweet,  so  shrill,  so  vnriousli/  she  sung." 

Dryden  :  Flower  A  L&lf.  1W> 

var-ls'-cite,  s.  [After  Variscia,  the  Latin 
name  for  Voigtland,  where  found ;  suff.  -ite 

Min,  :  A  reniform  mineral  of  apple-green 
colour;  compos.:  a  hydrated  phosphate  of 
alumina.  Is  probably  related  to  Calaite  (q.v.). 

var  isse',  «.    [Cf.  varix.] 

Farr. :  An  imperfection  on  the  inside  of  the 
leg  of  a  horse,  differing  from  a  curb,  at  the 
same  height,  and  frequently  injuring  the  sale 
of  the  animal  by  growing  to  an  unsightly 
magnitude.  (Craig.) 

var'-ax.  s.    [Lat.] 

1.  Pathol, :  The  dilatation  and  thickening 
of  the  veins  with  lengthening  and  tortuosity, 
and  projection  of  certain  points  in  the  form 
of  knots  or  knobs,  in  which  the  blood  coagu- 
lates, fibrin  is  deposited,  and  in  the  centre 
sometimes  even  osseous  matter ;  in  addition 
the  coats  of  the  veins  are  diseased.     Occa- 
sionally partitions  are  formed,  and  perfora- 
tions communicating  with  the  surrounding 
cellular  tissue,  which  is  generally  more  or  less 
diseased  ;  this  form  is  chiefly  found  round  the 
anus,  causing    piles  or  haemorrhoids.      The 
veins  chiefly  affected  are  the  saphenous,  sper- 
matic, and  hsemorrhoidal,  most  of  all  the  first, 
producing  varicose  veins  and  ulcers  of  the 
legs  in  women,  and  clerks  who  sit  cross-legged 
at  their  desks. 

2.  ZooL  :  One  of  the  ridges  or  spinose  lines 
which  mark  the  former  position  of  the  mouth 
in  certain  univalve  shells.     (See  illustration 
under  UNIVALVE.) 

var  -let,  var-lette.  t.  [O.  Fr.  varlet,  vaslet, 
vallet,  valet.  The  original  form  was  vastet,  for 
vaswlet,  dimin.  from  vassal  =.  a  vassal  (q.v.). 
Varlet  and  valet  are  doublets.] 

*  1.  A  page,  or  knight's  follower;   an  at- 
tendant on  a  gentleman;  a  serving-man,  a 
groom  or  footman. 

"  For  the  archers  w  bo  were  to  the  nombre  of  ill.  M. 
•hotte  faste  theyr  arowes.  nat  sparyng  maisters  nor 

1 2.  A  term  of  contempt  for  a  low  fellow 
a  scoundrel,  a  rascal. 

•"There's  money  for  thee :  thon  art  a  precious  vnriet, 
Be  fat,  he  fat,  and  blow  thy  master  backward." 

iuavm.  t  FM. :  W.mc*  ruaid.  U.  f. 

*  3,  The  court  card  now  called  the  knave. 

*  var'-let-Sss,  s.  [Eng.  varlet ;  -ess.]  A  female 
varlet ;  a  waiting-woman. 

"Losing  their  noble  wirleteu."—RictMrdton:  Cla- 
rion, i.  218. 

•var'-le't-ry',  s.  [Eng.  varlet;  -ry.]  The 
rabble,  the  crowd,  the  mob. 

"  Gay  swarms  of  varMry  that  come  and  go." 

R.  Rrovtnin'j:  Bordello,  vi. 

var"  met,  «.    [O.  Fr.] 

Her. :  The  escallop  when  represented  with 
out  the  ears. 

var' -mint,  s.  [See  def.]  A  vulgar  corrup- 
tion of  vermin  (q.v.),  often  applied  to  any 
person  or  animal,  specially  troublesome,  mis 
chievous,  or  the  like ;  specifically  in  hunting 
slang,  a  fix. 

"Decided  the  hound  In  question  to  go  for  the 
mint  he  had  found.'— ftttd.  Feb.  4,  1888. 


•ar'-nish.  *  ver  niseh,  •  ver-nysche, 
*  ver-nysshe,  *.  |Fr.  vcrnis  —  varnish  ; 
itrnitKr  =.  to  varnish  ;  O.  Fr.  vtrnlr  (pa.  par. 
t*rm)=  to  varnish  ;  vernis  —  varnished,  from 
a  supposed  Low  Lat.  vitTino  ^  to  glaze,  from 
Lat.  vitrinus  =  pertaining  to  or  resembling 
glass,  from  vitrmii  =  glass  ;  Sp.  berniz,  barnte 
—  varnish,  lacquer  ;  barnizar  =  t«  varnish,  to 
lacquer;  Ital.  vernice  =  varni.sh  ;  vernicurre, 
<Tf  =.  to  \arnish  ;  ef.  Late  Gr.  pepoviitr). 
Pepviicr]  (beronike,  bernike)=  amber.] 

1.  Lit. :  A  thin,  resinous  fluid,  which  whea 
spread  over  the  surfactc  of  wood,  metal,  glass, 
or  other  solid  substance,  forms  a  shining  coat- 
ing, impervious  to  ;iir  and   moisture.     Var- 
nishes are  prepared  by  dissolving  certain  re- 
sins,  as  copal,  anime,   mastic,   lac,  it<.,   in 
spirit  of  wine,  or  in  fixed  or  volatile  oils,  thus 
producing    spirit  varnishes  or  oil   varnishes. 
Amber  is  hard,  tough,  and  soluble  with  diffi- 
culty ;  it  makes  an  excellent  varnish,  but  'a 
expensive  and  dries  slowly.    Copal  is  next  in 
durability  to  amber,  and  is  more  largely  used 
than  any  other  gum  in  preparing  oil  varnishes. 
Anime  dries  quickly,  but  is  deficient  in  tough- 
ness, and  is  liable  to  ciack.    Crystal  varnish 
for  maps  or  drawings  is  prei«red  by  dissolving 
Canada  balsam  in  the  purest  oil  of  turpen- 
tine.    Common  resin,  dissolved  by  means  of 
heat  in  linseed-oil  or  turpentine,  is  used  as 
a  varnish  for  some  common  purposes,  and  is 
mixed   with  other  varnishes  to  impart  bril- 
liancy, but  unless  sparingly  used  renders  them 
liable  to  crack.  [See  DAMMAEIN,  LAC-VAKNISH, 
MASTIC.] 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  glossy  or  lustrous  appearance,  natural 
or  artificial,   resembling   varnish  ;    as,    the 
varnish  of  the  holly. 

(2)  An  artificial  covering  to  give  a  fair  out- 
ward appearance  to  any  act  or  conduct ;  out- 
side show ;  gloss,  palliation. 

"  Well  put  on  those  ahall  praise  your  excellence, 
And  set  a  double  0arni*A  on  the  fame 
The  Frenchman  gave  you." 

SktLlap.  ?  Hamla.  IT.  T. 

IT  For  the  difference  between  Varnish,  and 
Gloss,  see  GLOSS. 

varnish-tree,  8. 

Bot. :  The  name  given  to  various  trees  which 
furnish  varnish.  They  are  chiefly  natives  of 
the  hotter  parts  of  the  Eastern  hemisphere, 
and  the  Varnish-tree  of  each  country  or  large 
province  is,  as  a  rule,  different  from  that  of 
others.  In  Tenasserim,  Pegu,  &c.,  the  var- 
nish-tree is  Melanorrluxa  usiiatissima,  some- 
times specifically  called  the  Black,  or  Marta- 
bam  varnish ;  that  of  Japan  is  Blius  vernuA- 
fern  and  Stagmaria  vernicijliia  ;  that  of  Sylhet, 
Semeoarpus  Anacardium.  The  varnish -tree 
of  the  countries  bordering  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean is  Rhus  Coriaria.  It  is  a  tree  the 
leaves  of  which  are  divided  into  five  to  seven 
pairs  of  hairy  leaflets  with  a  terminal  one.  It 
is  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high. 

var  nish,  *  ver  nish,  •  ver-nyashe,  «*. 
[VARNISH,  «.] 

1.  Lit. :  To  cover  with  varnish ;  to  lay  or 
spread  varnish  on  ;  to  cover  with  a  liquid  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  anything  a  glossy  sur- 
face, and  also  of  protecting  it  from  external 
influences. 

"  Such  painted  puppets  1  such  a  varni&'d  race 
Of  hollow  gewgaws,  only  dress  and  face  I " 

fops:  Dvnne  Imitated,  sat  4. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  To  cover  with  anything  that  gives  a  fair 
outward  appearance  to ;  to  give  an  improved 
appearance  to. 

"  Young  people  are  used  to  farnita  over  their  non- 
performance  and  forbearance  of  go«*d  actions  by  a 
pretence  unto  humility."—  Pettham  :  Ke^ojvet. 

(2)  To  give  a  fair  superficial  appearance  by 
rhetoric  ;  to  colour,  to  gloss  over,  to  palliate. 

••  With  seeming  good  so  oamttMng  their  111 
That  it  went  current  by  the  fair  event." 

Drayton  :  Baront  Wart.  «T. 

var'-ntoll-er,  ».    [Eng.  varnish,  v. ;  -«r.] 

1.  Lit. :  One  who  varnishes ;  on«  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  varnish. 

"  An  oli  ohtjiined  of  common  oil  may  probably  b« 
of  good  use  to  surgeons  and  toirniihrrf." — Boyle. 

2.  Fig. :    One  who   disguises,   glosses,  or 
palliates. 

"  Hottest  dulness  larks  in  thought's  disguise  ; 
Thou  aanuther  of  fools."         Pop*  :  On  Silencf,  SL 

var'  nish  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [VARNISH,  v.] 
varnishing-day,  s.     A  day  which  pre- 
cedes the  opening  to  the  public  of  an  exhibi- 
tion of  paintings,  when  the  painters  of  tha 


boil,  btfy ;  pout.  jtfiW;  oat,  jell,  chorus,  9hln.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  •in.  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  e^ist.    -In*, 
-ctan. -tlan  =  Bhan.   -Uon, -sion  =  shun ; -tion, -$ion  =  zhun.    -cioin, -tious, -*io«»  -  shus.   -ble, -die,  &c.  =  beL  deL 


S040 


varriated— vase 


pictures  are  invited  to  see  their  works,  and 
to  put  such  finishing  touches  upon  them  as 
may  seem  necessary,  or  to  varnish  them  il 
they  think  fit.  The  latter  is  an  operation  not 
often  performed  upon  new  pictures  for  fear 
that  it  may  cause  them  to  crack  as  they  dry 
Called  also  Touching-day. 

var'-ri-at-e'd,  a.    [Eng.  vair;  -iated.] 

Her. :  Cut  in  the  form  of  vair :  as,  a  bend 
varriated  on  the  outsides. 

•ar  -ries,  var'-rys,  var'-reys,  s.  pi.  [A 
dimin.  from  fair  (q.v.).] 

Her. :  Separate  pieces  of  vair,  in  form  re- 
sembling a  shield. 

*  var'-sal,  o.  [See  del]  A  vulgar  corruption 
of  universal,  frequently  used  simply  to  in- 
tensify or  emphasize.  (Swift :  Polite  Cono.,  Ii.) 


l-ty,  s.  [See  def.)  Either  University 
(i.e.,  Oxford  or  Cambridge);  more  rarely  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford.  (Slang.) 

"  The  parson— possibly  an  old  'ranity  man."— / 
JV«yropA,  May  8,  1888. 

•rar  so  vl  enne,  s.    [Fr.] 

Music :  A  celebrated  dance,  named  from 
Warsaw,  in  Poland,  where  it  probably  origi- 
nated. It  is  characterized  by  strong  accent  on 
the  first  beat  of  the  second  and  fourth  bars. 

var  ta  bad,  var  ta-bed.  var  -ta  bet, ». 

[Armenian  vartabad*^.  a  doctor,  in  the  sense 
of  a  learned  man  J 

Ecdesiol.  (PI.):  An  order  of  ecclesiastics  in 
the  Armenian  church,  consisting  of  clerics 
with  monastic  vows,  in  this  differing  from 
the  parochial  clergy  who  must  not  merely  be 
married,  but  have  at  least  one  child,  before 
they  are  appointed  to  office.  They  are  the 
only  men  under  monastic  vows  in  the  Ar- 
menian Church,  no  lay  monks  being  re- 
cognized. The  bishops  are  taken  from  the 
Vartabads.  (Wilson:  Lands  of  the  Bible.) 

var-iis,  >.  [Lat  =  bow-legged,  straddling.] 
A  variety  of  club-foot,  in  which  the  person 
walks  on  the  outer  edge  of  his  foot 

rar'-veL,  vey-vel,  a.  [Fr.  venelle  (O.  Fr. 
vertn-ellf),  from  Low  Lat  vertibella,  vertebolum, 
from  Lat.  verto  =  to  turn.] 

Falconry:  A  ring,  usually  of  silver,  placed 
on  the  leg  of  a  hunting-hawk,  on  which  the 
owner's  name  is  engraved. 

var  -  veiled,  o.  [Eng.  varvel ;  *d.]  Having 
varvels  or  rings.  In  heraldry,  when  the 
leather  thongs,  or  jesses,  which  tie  on  the 
bells  to  the  legs  of  hawks  are  borne  flotant, 
with  rings  at  the  ends,  the  bearing  is  then 
termed  jessed,  belled,  and  wrvelled. 

»ar'-vl'-cite,  «.  [After  Warwickshire,  where 
found.] 

Min. :  A  pseudomorph  of  pyrolusite,  after 
manganite ;  some  varvicite  is  said  to  have  the 
composition  of  wad. 

var'-y,  "var-l-en,  *var-rey,  v.t.  &  i. 
[Fr.  mrier,  from  Lat.  vario  =  to  diversify,  to 
vary,  from  varius  =  various  (q.v.);  Sp.  & 
Port,  variar ;  ItaL  &  8p.  variare.} 

A.  Transitive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  To  change ;  to  alter  in  form,  appearance, 
Substance,  or  position  ;  to  make  different  by 
•  partial  change  ;  to  modify. 

"  Shall  we  vary  our  device  at  will. 
Even  as  new  occasion  appeares?" 

Spenttr:  MoOter  Hubbarft  TdU. 

*  2.  To  make  of  different  kinds ;  to  make 
diverse  or  different  from  each  other. 

"  God  bath  divided  the  genius  of  men  according  to 
the  different  affairs  of  the  world ;  and  varied  their 
Inclinations,  according  to  the  variety  of  actions  to  be 
performed." — Broicn. 

8.  To  diversify. 

"  The  epithet*  are  sweetly  varied.' 

Shalcttp.  :  Lord  Labour' t  Latt,  IT.  t, 

•  4.  To  change ;  to  make  unlike  itself. 

"Once  more  111  mark  how  love  can  vary  wit." 

Shaketp.  :  Lave' i  Labour1*  Lott,  iv.  8. 

&  To  relieve  from  monotony  or  uniformity ; 
'to  diversify. 

U.  Music:  To  embellish,  as  a  melody  or 
theme,  with  passing  notes,  cadenzas,  arpeggios, 
Ice.  ;  to  make  or  execute  variations  on.  [ VARIA- 
TION-, II.  4.] 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  alter ;  to  change  or  be  altered  In  any 


way  ;  to  suffer  a  partial  change  or  alteration 
to  be  modified. 

"  Fortune's  mood  virift  again." 

BlialMp.  :  Ptric/ti.  ill.    (Prol) 

2.  To  be  unlike  or  different ;  to  differ ;  to 
be  diverse. 

"  The  violet  varia  from  the  lily  as  far 
As  oak  from  elm  :  one  loves  the  soldier,  one 
The  silken  priest"          Tennyson .-  Prince*!.  T.  174. 

3.  To  become  unlike  one's  self ;  to  undergo 
change  or  variation,  as  in  purpose,  opinion 
or  the  like. 

"  So  vary'd  he,  and  of  his  tortuoua  train, 
Curl'd  many  a  wanton  wreath." 

lUltan    P.  L.,  ii.  61«. 

4.  To  deviate,  to  depart,  to  swerve. 

"  All  they  of  his  oounaaile  eonde  nat  make  hym  to 
varyiro  that  purpose."—  Bsrneri:  Froiuart;  Cronycle. 
vol.  i..  ch.  ccxviii. 

*  6.  To  disagree ;   to  be   at  variance ;  to 
differ. 

"Of  the  ante  comyiige  of  these  Saxons  iato  Bri. 
tayne,  auctors  In  party  varrey."— fabyan :  Crtmycle. 
ch.  Ixxxui. 

*  6.  To  alter  or  change  in  succession ;  to 
alternate ;  to  succeed. 

"  While  fear  and  anger,  with  alternate  (trace, 
Pant  in  her  breast,  and  vary  in  her  face." 

Additon:  Cato. 

H.  Math. :  To  be  subject  to  continual  in- 
crease or  decrease.  One  quantity  is  said  to 
vary  directly  as  another,  when,  if  the  one  is 
increased  or  diminished,  the  other  is  also  in- 
creased or  diminished  in  the  same  proportion. 
Quantities  are  said  to  vary  inversely,  when,  if 
one  is  increased  or  diminished,  the  other  is 
diminished  or  increased  in  the  same  propor- 
tion. 

"The  unit  of  velocity  cartel  dirceity  as  the  unit  of 
length,  and  inveriely  as  the  unit  of  time."— Everett  • 
Tht  C.  O.  S.  Syurm  «/  I'niu.  ch.  L,  p.  S. 

"  var'-y,  *  TOr-ry,  *  var-ye,  o.  &  s.  [VARY. 

".] 

A.  At  adj. :  Varied,  variegated,  various. 

"  Here  np  their  eyen,  and  se  alle  the  malls  sieving 
up  u|#jn  the  femalis.  varye  (Lat.  par-tall  and  spryn'kliil 
and  spottld."—  Wydift :  a*na>i  xxxi.  12. 

B.  As  mbst. :  Change,  alteration,  variation. 

"  [They] .  .  .  torn  their  halcyon  beaks 
with  erery  gale  and  vary  of  their  masters." 

SAofteip. :  Lrar,  i  i.  i 

*yary-coloured,o.  Coloured  differently 
in  different  parts ;  variegated ;  parti-coloured ; 
diversely  coloured. 

"  A  walk  with  mrj,-rolour«f  shells." 

Tennyion  :  Arabian  NigHi,  67. 

vaB'-cn-lar,  o.    [Mod.  Lat  vasculum  (q.v.) ; 
Eng.  adj.  sun",  -or.]    [VASE.] 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  Composed  of  tubes  or  vessels.   (Paxton.) 

(2)  Consisting  of  tissue  in  a  very  succulent 
enlarged  state,  as  in  Potamogeton.    (London.) 

(3)  Containing  spiral  vessels  or  their  modi- 
fications ;  vasculose  ;  connected  with  the  cir- 
culatory system. 

2.  Zool. :  Containing  blood-vessels, 
vascular  bundles,  s.  pi. 

Veg.  Physiol. :  The  fibrous  cords  which  form 
the  ribs,  veins,  4.C.,  of  the  leaves,  petioles, 
and  other  appendicular  organs  of  all  plants 
above  the  rank  of  mosses,  and  which,  by  their 
confluence  and  more  considerable  development, 
constitute  the  wood  of  stems  and  trunks. 
(Griffith  &  Henfrey.) 

vascular  cryptogams,  s.  pi 

Bot. :  The  Cormophytes  (q.v.). 

t  vascular-glands,  s.  pi. 

Anat. :  Gland-like  bodies  supposed  to  effect 
some  change  in  the  blood  which  passes 
through  them.  They  are  :  the  spleen,  the 
thyroid  body,  the  pituitary  body,  the  lym- 
phatic glands,  &c. 

vascular-plants,  s.  pi. 

Bot. :  A  primary  division  of  plants  estab- 
lished in  1813  by  De  Candolle.  He  defined 
it  as  plants  furnished  with  cellular  tissue  and 
vessels,  and  whose  embryo  is  provided  with 
one  or  more  cotyledons.  Called  also  by  him 
Cotyledonous  Plants.  This  division  compre- 
hended the  Exogens,  Endogens,  and  the 
higher  Cryptogams. 

vascular -sedatives,  s.  ft. 

Pharm. :  Medicines  which  possess  the 
power  of  depressing  the  action  of  the  heart, 
or  other  portions  of  the  circulatory  system. 
Some — as  digitalis,  tobacco,  aconite,  ate. — act 
chiefly  on  the  heart,  and  others — as  acetate 
of  lead,  ipecacuanha,  &c. — on  the  smaller 
vessels  and  capillary  system. 


vascular-system,  s. 

1.  Bot. :  That  portion  of  the  Interior  of  a 
plant  in  which  spiral  vessels  or  their  modifi- 
cations exist      In  an  exogenous   stem,  the 
vascular  system  is  confined  to  the  space  be- 
tween the  pith   and    the    bark.      It  chiefly 
consists  of  ducts  and  pitted  or  woody  tissue 
collected  into  compact,  wedge-shaped,  vertical 
plates,  the  edges  of  which  rest  on  the  pith 
and  the  bark,  while  the  sides  are  in  contact 
with  the  medullary  rays.     It  comprises  the 
medullary  sheath,   which  consists  of  spiral 
vessels  and  woody  tissue  intermixed.     In  au 
endogenous  stem,  the  vascular  system  exists 
in  the  form  of  fibrous  bundles,  consisting  of. 
woody  tissue  containing  spiral  or  other  ves- 
sels, the  whole   embedded    in    the   cellular 
system. 

2.  Camp.  Anat. :  The  circulatory  system.    A 
term  applied  to  the  whole  series  of  vessels- 
arteries,    veins,    lymphatics,  and    lacteals— 
directly  or  indirectly  connected  with  the  cir- 
culation of  the  blood.    The  vessels  of  which  it 
Is  composed  are  of  two  leading  types— those 
which  carry  blood,  and  those  carrying  lymph 
or  nhyle.    The  first  constitute  the  sanguifer- 
ous  system,  and  include  the  heart,  the  arte- 
ries, the    capillaries,  and   the   veins.      The 
second   or  absorbent   system    includes   the 
smaller   and    larger    lymphatic   and    lacteal 
vessels,  with  the  lymphatic  and  mesenteric 
glands.   [ARTERY,  BLOOD,  II.  1.,  CIRCULATION, 
B.,  LACTEAL,  VEIN,  Ac.] 

vascular  tissue,  «. 
Bot. :  Tissue  consisting  of  a  series  of  tube*. 
[VASCULAR-SYSTEM,  1.] 

vascular-tonics,  s.  pi. 

Pharm. :  Medicines  which  give  tone  or 
strength  to  the  heart,  and  other  jiarts  of  the 
circulatory  system,  when  these  are  weakened 
by  disease.  [Tosio,  B.  2.  (4).] 

Vas-CU  lar  -es,  s.  pi.  [Masc.  and  fern.  pi.  of 
Mod.  Lat.  vascularis  ==  vascular.] 

Bot. :  A  class  of  plants  founded  by  Lindley 
in  1830.  It  was  not  quit*  identical  with  De 
Candolle's  Vascular  plants  (q.v.),  for  it  in- 
cluded only  Flowering  Plants,  with  the  two 
sub-classes,  Exogens  and  Endogens,  excluding 
the  higher  Cryptogams,  which  were  relegated 
to  the  Cellulares  or  Flowerless  Plants. 

vasMsu-lar'-I-ty,  ».  [Eng.  vasculnr;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vascular. 

vas-cn-llf'-er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  muculum  (q.v.), 
and  fero  =  to  bear.  ] 

Bot. :  Having  seed-vessels  divided  into  cells. 

vas  cu-lose,  o.  &  «.  [Lat.  mscul(um)  =  a 
little  vessel ;  -ose.J 

t  A.  As  adjective: 

Bot. :  The  same  as  VASCULAR  (q.v.). 

B.  As  substantive : 

Chem. :  Fremy's  name  for  the  substance 
constituting  the  principal  part  of  the  wood- 
vessels  in  plants.  It  is  insoluble  in  concen- 
trated acids,  and  in  an  ammoniacal  solution 
of  copper. 

vas'-cu-lunr  (pi.  vas'-cn-la),  ».  [Lat, 
dimin.  from  vas  =  a  vessel,  a  vase.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  botanist's  case  for  carry- 
Ing  specimens  as  he  collects  them. 

2.  Bot. :  A  pitcher,  as  in  Sarracenia  and 
Nepenthes. 

vase  (or  as  vase),  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  varum, 
vas  =  a  vase,  a  vessel.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  vessel  of  various  forms 
and  materials,  applied  to  the  purposes  of 
domestic  life,  sacrificial  uses,  Ac.  They  were 
often  used  merely  for  ornament,  or  were  at 
least  primarily  ornamental  in  character  and 
design.  The  antique  vases  found  in  great 
numbers  in  ancient  tombs  and  catacombs  in 
Etruria.  Southern  Italy,  Greece,  Sicily,  Ac., 
and  used  to  contain  the  ashes  of  the  dead, 
were  for  the  most  part  made  of  baked  cla.v. 
painted  and  glazed,  though  by  the  Egyptians, 
Greeks,  and  Ottomans  other  materials,  such 
as  precious  stones,  gold,  silver,  bronze.  Ivory, 
and  glass,  were  used.  One  form  of  vase  seems 
to  have  been  peculiar  to  Etruria — viz.,  black 
or  red  vessels,  with  figures  in  relief  upon 
them.  A  favourite  kind  of  vase,  introduced 
into  Rome  by  Pompey,  was  called  Murrhiut 
(q.v.).  Another  kind  was  the  cameo  vase, 
made  of  two  layers  of  glass,  the  outer  of  wh  ich 
was  opaque,  and  was  cut  down  so  as  to  leave 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wiSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall ;  try.  Syrian,   as,  ee  =  e  ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


vaselene— vat 


5041 


figures  standing  out  upon  the  lower  layer  as  a 
around  iTo  this  class  belongs  the  celebrated 
Portland  Vase  in  the  British  Museum.  Th.- 
alass  vases  of  Venice  became  famous  in  the 
beKinning  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  in 
the  same  and  following  centuries  many  vases 
of  the  highest  artistic  performance  were  pro- 
duced in  Italy,  France,  and  Germany.  The 
porcelain  vases  of  China  and  Japan  are  also 
characterized  by  great  elegance  of  form  and 
beauty  of  ornamentation. 

'••  The  toilet  stand,  unveiled. 

Each  silver  vase  in  mystic  order  laid. 

Pope :  Rape  of  the  Lock,  i. 

H.  Technically: 
1.  Architecture : 

(1)  A  sculptured  ornament  placed  on  socles 
or  pedestals  representing  the  vessels  of  tl 
ancients,    as    incense-puts,    flower-pots,   &C. 
Vases    usually  crown    or    finish    fagades    or 
frontispieces. 

(2)  The  same  as  DRUM,  ».,  II.  2.  (q.v.). 
»  2.  Bat. :  A  calyx  (q.v.). 

vase  shaped,  a. 

Hot. :  Shaped  like  a  flower-pot — <.«.,  resem- 
bling an  inverted,  truncate  cone. 

vas  e-lene,  ».  [Altered  from  »ase!in«(q.v.).] 
Chem. :  Petroleum  jelly.  A  pale  yellow, 
translucent,  semi-solid  substance,  consisting 
of  a  mixture  of  the  hydrocarbons  Ci6HM  and 
CMH42,  obtained  by  treating  the  uudistilled 
portion  of  petroleum  with  superheated  steam, 
»nd  filtering  while  hot  through  animal  char- 
coal It  is  insoluble  in  water,  very  slightly 
soluble  in  alcohol,  but  dissolves  freely  m 
ether  chloroform,  benzene,  and  turpentine, 
is  miscible  in  all  proportions  with  fixed  and 
volatile  oils,  melts  at  35°  to  40',  and  com- 
mences to  fume  at  160°.  Its  density  in  the 
melted  state  is  -840  to  '866.  Pure  vaselene 
does  not  turn  rancid  on  exposure  to  the  air, 
a  property  which  renders  it  a  valuable  sub- 
stitute for  lard,  &c.,  in  the  preparation  of 
ointments  liable  to  change.  It  is  also  said  to 
possess  curative  powers  of  its  own. 

vas  e-line,  *  [Ger.  wasser  =  water,  and  Or. 
iAacov  (elaion)  =  Lat.  oleum  —  oil.  Named 
by  Mr.  R.  A.  Cheesbrough,  and  applied  to 
the  preparations  of  the  Cheesbrough  Manu- 
facturing Co.] 

1.  (See  etym.). 

2.  Popularly  applied  to  vaselene  (q.v.)  and 
other  petroleum  products.    (Allen  :  Commer- 
cial Organic  Analysis,  ii.  406.    Note  1.) 

Vas'- 1 -form,  s     [Lat.  vas,  genit.  Kwts  =  a 
vessel,  and  forma  —  form.] 
Bio!. :  Having  the  shape  of  a  tube  or  duct. 

va'-site,  s.    [WASITE.] 

Tiv-SO-,  pref.    [Lat.  vas  =  a  vessel.) 

Anat. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  connected  with 
a  blood  or  other  vessel. 
vaso-oonstrlctor,  a. 
Anat.  &  Physiol. :  A  term  applied  to  nerves, 
the  stimulation  of  which  always  causes  con- 
striction.   Such  are  the  vaso-motor  fibres  of 
the    cervical,    sympathetic,  and   splanchnic 
nerves.    (Foster.) 
vaso-dentlne,  s. 

Compar. .  Anat. :  That  modification  of  d«n- 
tine  in  which  the  capillary  tracts  of  the  primi- 
tive vascular  pulp  remain  uncalcilied,  and 
carry  red  blood  into  the  substance  of  the 
tissue  They  form  the  so-called  vascular  or 
medullary  canals,  and  are  usually  more  or 
less  parallel  in  their  course.  Vaso-dentine 
occurs  in  large  amount  In  the  central  part  of 
the  tooth  of  the  sloth  and  megatherium,  m 
smaller  amount  in  the  teeth  of  the  elephant 
and  the  incisors  of  the  Bodentia.  (Page.) 
vase-dilator,  a. 

Anat. :  Causing  dilatation  in  vessels.    Used 
of  nerves,  the  stimulation  of  which  causes 
dilatation  of  vessels.    (Foster.) 
vaso-motor,  vaso-motorlal,  a. 
Anat.  •   A  term  applied  to  nerves  which 
govern   the   motions   of  the  blood-vessels. 
Quain  says  that  the  term  is  a  convenient  one, 
but  does  not  consider  that  the  nerves  thus 
Indicntod  constitute  a  distinct  system.    Used 
also  of  the  operation  of  those  nerves. 

"  Ou  i  f  xplanatlon  of  v ato-motor  action  would  be 
very  .Imple."— Fouer:  Phyiiol.  (ed.  4th|,  p.  208. 
,  O.      [VASO-MOTOR.] 


vas  sal,  *vas'-sall,  *vas-sell,  s.   &  a. 

[Fr  vassal  =  a  vassal,  a  subject,  a  tenant  (Low 
Lat.  vassallus,  vassus,  vasus  =  a  servant),  from 
Bret,  gwaz  =  a  servant,  a  vassal ;  Wei.  «  l/orn. 
gwas  =  a  youth,  a  servant.) 
A.  As  substantive : 

1  A  feudatory;  a  tenant  holding  lands 
under  a  superior  lord,  and  bound  by  his 
tenure  to  feudal  services. 

"  The  irautor  Col  binds)  W«B  culled  the  proprietor  or 
lord  • oS he  who  retained  tl,.  dominion  or  ultimate 
proper?  of  the  feud  or  fee  ;  and  the  grantee  who  had 
oulvthe  u«c  and  possession,  according  to  the  terms  of 
the  grant  »aS  "tiled  the  feudatory  or  nuMl,  which 
was  only  another  name  for  the  tenant  or  holder  of  the 
lauds:  though  on  account  of  the  prejudice,  which  we 
have  Justly  conceived  against  the  doctrine,  that  were 
afterwards  grafted  oil  this  system,  we  now  use  in 
word  KUUZ  opi.rol-rtoii.ly.  «•  synonymou.  to  slave  or 
bondsman."— Bladatonf:  Comment.,  bk.  IL.  ch.  4. 
2.  A  subject,  a  dependant,  a  retainer. 
"The  prince  who  had  lately  been  his  pensioner  and 
i  —  Uacaiilay:  BM.  En}.,  ch.  Ti. 


vassal.  — aiucuimty  .  am.  *."v-.  *•" 

*  3.  A  servant ;  one  who  attends  or  acts  by 
the  will  of  another. 

••  Either  the  tool  become,  servant  and  vassal  to  sin. 
or  at  the  best  it  is  led  away  captive  by  it.  '-Hale  : 
Cant. ;  of  Self  denial. 

*  4.  A  bondsman,  a  slave,  a  low  wretch. 

"  That  shallow  vassal." 

Shaketp. :  Love's  Labour  s  Loa,  1.  1. 

B.  As  adj. :  Servile,  subservient. 

"Thy  vassal  wretch  to  be."       Shakesp. :  Sonnet  141. 

*  1f  Rear-vassal :  One  who  holds  of  a  lord, 
who  is  himself  a  vassal. 

« vas'-sal,  *  vas'-sall,  v.t.    [VASSAL,  ».] 

1.  To'  subject  to  vassalage  ;  to  treat  as  a 
vassal. 

••  How  am  I  vtusalej  then  7  make  such  thy  slaves. 
As  dare  not  keep  their  goodness  l>ast  their  graves. 
Beaum.  i  Fl*t. :  Moral  Representation. 

2.  To  command  ;  to  rise  over  or  above ;  to 
dominate. 

"  Some  proud  hill,  whoae  .lately  eminence 
rassalU  the  fniltfull  vale's  circumference. 

Browne:  Britannias  Pastorals.  L  6. 

vas'-sal-age,  *  vas'-sol-lage  (age  as  Ig), 
•vas'-sef-lage,  *  vas-sel-age,  «.    [Fr. 

vasselaije.}     [VASSAL,  ».] 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  vassal  or  feu- 
datory ;  dependence. 

"The  vassalage  that  bind,  her  to  the  earth." 

Wurdsmorth ;  Excursion,  bk.  Iv. 

2.  Political  servitude  ;  dependence,  subjec- 
tion, slavery. 

*  3.  Vassals  or  subjects  collectively. 

"  Like  vassalage  at  unaware,  encountering 
The  eye  o  ^f^J^.  jy^uj,  g.  cressida,  111.  2. 

*  4.  A  territory  held  in  vassalage  ;  a  fee,  a  fief. 
"The  Countess  of  Foil  with  six  territorial  vassal* 

aaet'-ilUman:    Hist.  Latin    Chriltianity,  bk.   «., 
ch.  viil. 

*  5.  Prowess  in  arms  ;  valour,  good  service. 

"  For  all  foryetten  U  his  vassalloye." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  S.OW. 

•  vas'-sal-ate,  v.t.    [Eng.  vassal;  -ate.]    To 
'  reduce  to  a  state  of  vassalage  or  subjection. 

"Clergymen  shall  vassalate  their  con«clence»  to 
gratine  any  potent  party."-0ol«i«. :  Tears  of  the 
Church,  p.  496. 

•  vas'-  sal  -  ess,  *  vas  -  sal  -  esse,  s.    [Eng. 

vassal ;  '-ess.]    A  female  vassal  or  dependant. 
"And  be  the  vassal!  of  his  vassalene^ 

Spenser:  tiaphnaida. 

•  vas  sal  la  -  tion,  s.  [VASSALATE.]  The  state 
of  being  vassal  or  subject ;  vassalage. 

"And  this  tassattation  is  a  penalty  set  by  the  true 
Judge  of  all  things,  upon  our  attcrapUo  design  of  our 
own  heads,  the  forms  of  good  and  evil.  -Montagu*. 
Devoute  Essayes,  treat  15,  i  2. 

" vas- sal -r^,  »•    [Eng.  vassal;  -ry.}    The 
body  of" vassals  ;  vassals  collectively. 

» vas-sayl,  s.    [WASSAIL.] 
vast,  *vaste,  'waste,  o.  &  ».    [Fr.  vaste 
from  Lat.  vastum,  accus.  of  vastui  =  vast,  o 
great  extent.]    [WASTE,  s.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

*  1  Wide  or  extensive  and  vacant  or  occu 
pied ;  waste,  desert,  lonely,  solitary,  deserted 

"  Antre.  vast  and  deaerta  idle." 

Shakesp. :  Othello,  L  8. 

2  Being  of  great  extent;  very  spacious 
wide  or  large  ;  boundless,  capacious. 

••  Over  the  vast  world  to  «eek  a  .Ingle  man.' 

bhakesp.  :  Coriolama,  iv.  1. 

3.  Huge  in  bulk  and  extent;  enormous 
massive,  immense. 


p.  241. 


4.  Very   great   in    numbers,    quantity,    or 
amount :  as,  a  vast  army. 

5.  Very  great  as  regards  degree  or  intensity. 

••  Others  with  nut  Typhean  rage,  more  fell 
Rend  up  the  rocks.'^  Milton  :  P.  L.,  ii.  m. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  \  boundless  waste  or  expanse  ;  space, 
immensity. 

"  TRrough  the  vaft  of  heav  11 
It  sounded."  Milton:  1'.  U,  v-L  208. 

2.  A  great  deal ;  a  great  quantity.     (Proti.) 
"3.  Applied  by  Shakespeare  to— 

(1)  The  sea. 

"  The  god  of  this  great  van."  Periclel.  Hi.  1. 

(2)  The  darkness  of  midnight  in  which  th» 
prospect  is  not  bouuded  by  distinct  objects. 

"  In  the  dead  tatt  and  middle  of  the  nlgkf 

Hamlet,  L  2. 

*  vas'-ta-cle,  s.    [VAST.]    A  waste,  a  desert. 

"What  Lidlan  desert,  Indian  mitaetef 

Play  of  Claudiui  Jfero.    (1*07.1 

*  vas'-tate,  a.    [Lat.  vastatus,  pa.  par.  of  vasto 

=  to  lay  waste.]    Laid  waste  ;  wasted. 

"The  canate  ruin,  ol  ancient  monument*,"— 
Adamt :  Warki,  HL  1». 

*  vas-ta'-tlon,  s.  [Lat.  vastatio,  from  vastatus, 

pa.  par.  o!vasto—to  lay  waste.]     A  laying 
waste  ;  waste,  devastation,  destruction. 

"  Such  was  the  vattalion  he  made  of  towues  In  thi. 
country."-FuH«r:  Warthia:  BanUhlre. 

*  vas-ta'-tor,  s.    [Lat.]    One  who  devastates 

or  lays  waste  ;  a  devastator. 

"  The  tcMatoriat  the  Church  ol  England."-8oui*«ii : 
Teart  of  the  Church,  p.  W. 

"vas-tid'-i-t?,  s.  [Cf.  O.  Fr.  mstitt,  from 
Lat  vttstitatem,  accus.  of  vastitas=  vastness.) 
Immensity,  vastness. 

"  Panwtual  durance. 
Through  all  the  world's  caUldUy." 

Shakelp. :  Ueaiurefor  feature,  lit.  t 

vas'-tl-tude,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vastitudo.} 

1.  Vastness,  immensity. 

2.  Destruction,  vastation,  devastation. 

•'  And  altlr  the  batalll  there  shal  be  an  vtter  per. 
petuall  vaitttude  and  destruccion  of  them.  —Jol/e  • 
Ezpoticion  of  Daniel,  ch.  it 

vast'-I-tj^,  s.    [Lat.  vastitas.]    Vastmess,  im- 
mensity. 

"  The  huge  vattity  of  the  world  may  afford,  even  in 
this  regionbeneath.  .nch  a  competent  space  a.  is  meet 
and  convenient  for  motion."— P.  Holland:  Plutarch, 
p.  851. 

vast -Ijr,  adv.    [Eng.  vast ;  -ly.] 

*  1.  Far  and  wide ;  as  far  as  the  eye  can 

"  Like  a  late-aacked  island  valtly  stood 
Bare  and  unpeopled  in  this  fearful  flood. 

Shakeip.:  Rape  of  Lucrea,  1.740. 

2.  In  a  vast  degree  ;  to  a  vast  extent ;  very 
greatly. 

"The  complaint,  were  many,  the  abuse*  great,  tho 
causes  of  the  church  valtly  numerous"—  fip.  Taylor: 
Sermont,  voL  iil.,  aer.  7. 

vast-ness,  s.    fEng.  vast ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vast  or  of 
great  extent ;  immensity  ;  immense  extent. 

"  The  Coperuicans  .  .  .  suppose  the  vattneu  of  th» 
firmament  to  be  exceedingly  greater  than  the  ancient* 
believed  it."— Boyle  :  Works,  ll.  21. 

2.  Immensity  of  bulk  ;  massiveness. 

"  Behemoth,  biggest  bom  of  earth,  jpheav'd 
Hi.  tauncu.  "UKn  :  P.  L.,  ril.  471 

3.  Immensity  of  magnitude,  quantity,  or 
amount :  as,  the  vastness  of  an  army. 

4.  Immensity  in  degree  or  intensity. 

5.  Greatness  generally;   extent,  wideness, 
comprehensiveness. 

"  When  I  compare  this  little  performance  with  thj 
MfJMOf  uiy  iubject,  methiuk.  1  have  brought  but 
a"ckle-shell  of  water  from  the  ocean."-0(«n«n«. 

vas' -to,  s.    [Lat.  =  to  lay  waste.]    [VAST.] 

Law :  A  writ  against  tenants,  for  terms  of 
life  or  years,  for  committing  waste. 

*  vast'-nre,  s.    [Eng.  vast ;  -vre.]    Vastness. 

••  w'"°"  >»*•  •^sfflssfSiri**, 

•  vast' -j?,  a.     [Eng.  vast ;  -y.]     Vast,  bound- 
less ;  of  immense  extent. 

"  A  little  bird 

Had  lo.t  it«l!f  In  the  broad  MM,  sky. " 

Draytm  :  farl  of  Surrey  to  Lady  Oeraldine. 

vat.  *  tat,  •  fate,  •  fatte,  s.  [A.S.  fat  (pi. 
fain.)  =  a  vessel,  a  cask  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  va»  ; 
S.fat;  Dan./od;  Sw./al;  M.  H.  Ger.tw; 
Ger.  /ass.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1   A  large  tub,  vessel,  or  cistern,  usod  foi 


50*2 


vat— vault 


many  purposes,  snch  as  for  mash,  wash,  ho 
liquor,  in  brewing  and  distilling.  Also  use 
in  many  chemical  and  manufacturing  opera 
ti«iiis  in  which  the  substances  used  are  boiled 
soaked,  steeped,  lixiviated,  elutriated,  &c. 
"  B«d  with  spirtai  purple  of  the  vats." 

Tennyt'/n :  Princw,  viL  187. 

2.  A  liquid  measure  in  the  Netherland 
convs[x>uding  to  the  hectolitre  =  22  imperia 
gait 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Metallurgy: 

(1)  A  vessel  used  in  the  wet  treatment  o 
ores. 

(2)  A  square  hollow  place  on  the  back  of  a 
calcining  furnace  in  which  tin  ore  is  laid  for 
the  purpose  of  being  dried. 

2.  Ecclesiology : 

(1)  A  holy-water  stonp.    (STOTJF,  2.] 

(2)  The  vessel,  usually  of  brass,  in  which 
holy-water  is  carried  about  to  be  sprinkled 
over  the  faithful. 

vat,  ».t    [VAT,  «.]    To  put  or  treat  iu  a  vat 

va  ter'-I-a,  «.     [Named  after  Vater,  once  a 
professor  of  medicine  at  Wurtemburg.] 

Rot.  :  A  genus  of  Dipteracese.  Calyx  five- 
cleft,  with  the  segments  at  length  reflexed  ; 
petals  flve,  einargiuate  ;  stamens  forty  to  Bfty, 
with  short  filaments  and  long  linear  anthers 
fruit  capsular,  three-valved,  one-celled,  one- 
seeded.  Valeria  indim  is  a  large  evergreen 
tree,  sixty  feet  high,  with  whitish  bark,  grow- 
ing in  India  in  the  Western  Ghauts  up  to  the 
height  of  4,000  feet.  The  seed  yields  a  white 
or  i«le  yellow  solid  and  concrete  fat  burnt  in 
lamps  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of  candles 
and  soap.  [PINEY-TALLOW.]  When  the  tree 
itself  is  wounded  there  flows  from  it  a  resin 
constituting  the  white  dammar,  piney-resin 
or  varnish,  or  Indian  copal.  [PINEY-BESUJ.] 

V&f-fiil,  i.      [Eng.  vat,  s.,  and  ;W(T).l     As 
much  as  a  vat  will  hold  ;  the  contents  of  a  vat. 

•vat -to,  •  wttf-ab-al,  o.      [Lat  vote,  =  a 

prophet.]    Of,   pertaining  to,"  or  proceeding 

from  a  prophet ;  prophetic,  oracular,  inspired. 

W "rti*1"  ""  *'"'"  "a"co*  prediction*"— tp.  Butt  : 

vaf-i-ca,  *.     [Lat.  ration  (turbo)  =  a  plant, 
henbane.] 
Bat. :  A.  synonym  of  Shorea  (q.v.). 

Vat'-i-can,  «.  [Prom  Lat  moiw  Fottca»tw  = 
the  Vatican  mount  or  hill,  one  of  the  hills  of 
ancient  Rome,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Tiber.] 
I.  The  palace  of  the  Pope,  built  on  the 
Vatican  hill,  immediately  north  of  the  basilica 
of  St.  Peters.  Strictly  speaking,  it  consists 
of  the  papal  palace,  the  court  and  garden  of 
Belvidere,  the  library,  and  museum.  The 


mense  treasures  are  stored  in  it,  including  the 
Vatican  library.  The  Vatican  has  been  used 
more  or  less  as  a  place  of  residence  by  the  popes 
since  their  return  from  Avignon  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  here  the 
conclaves  always  meet  for  the  election  of  new 
popes.  Since  the  conversion  of  Rome  into 
the  capital  of  Italy  the  Vatican  has  been  the 
•  only  residence  of  the  pope, 

2.  The  papal  government  or  power. 
"  The  muinptlon of  these relation*  will  be signalised 
by  the  despatch  of  a  Russian  diplomatic  agent  to  the 
Vatican.'  -/M«r  Chronicle.  March  7.  IMS. 

IT  Thundm  of  the  Vatican :  The  anathemas 
or  denunciations  of  the  pope. 

Vatican  Council,  «. 

Church,  Hist. :  The  First  Council  of  the 
Vatican,  or  the  Nineteenth  General  Council, 
which  assembled  on  Dec.  8,  1869.  At  the 
opening  sitting  719  prelaws  were  present,  and 
the  numbers  rose  in  the  following  year  to  764. 
The  work  done  consisted  of  two  constitutions  • 
•one,  '•  Of  the  Catholic  Faith,"  treating  of  the 
primary  truths  of  natural  religion,  revelation, 
iaith,  and  the  connection  between  faith  and 
reason  ;  the  other,  "  Of  the  Church  of  Christ," 
treating  of  the  primacy  of  the  Roman  See, 
and  defining  the  Papal  claims  to  authority 
over  all  Christians.  The  flrst  constitution 
was  unanimously  accepted  in  a  session  of  667 
prelates,  and  confirmed  by  the  Pope  (Pius  IX.) 
on  April  20,  1870.  The  second  cmistitntion 
led  to  a  long  discussion  ;  on  May  13  the 
scheme,  with  the  added  clauses  on  Papal  In- 


fallibility, was  laid  before  (he  Council  an 
on  July  18  the  b:ill  l'a>lor  .-Ktenms.  contai 
ing  the  constitution  and  the  definition  c 
Papal  Infallibility  was  read.  635  prelati 
1  in  favour  of  it,  two  voted  against  it 
whilst  several  absented  themselves  from  th 
public  session.  The  decree  was  then  con 
nrmed  by  the  Pope :  on  the  same  day  Napo 
leon  III.  declared  war  against  Prussia;  01 
Bept  20  the  Italians  took  p  ..-session  <.f  Rome 
and  on  Oct.  20  the  Pope  prorogued  the  Coun 
•vhieh  has  never  reassembled.  [INFAU.I 
Bli-rry.] 

vat  I-can-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  Vatican  ;  -im.]  Tli 

ho  hold  extreme  views  as  t/ 

the  rights  and  supremacy  of  the  Pope  ;  ultra 

iH'Hitanisin  ;  the  doctrines  and  teneU promul 

gated  by  the  Vatican. 

"  What  Is  to  be  expected  of  him  Is  yet  a  deeper  dis 
ust  with  Tatitanitra.-— st  Jameil  Ojtttte,  April  so 

vat -i-can-Ist,  s.  [Eng.  Vatican;  -fat]  . 
.It-voted  adherent  of  the  Pope:  an  ultra 
m.mtanist 

•  va  -tl-cide,  «.    [Lat  rate.  =  a  prophet,  and 

'  i  u  comp.  -cido)  =  to  kill.] 

1.  The  murder  of  a  prophet 

2.  The  murderer  of  a  prophet. 

"  Then  first  (If  poets  aught  of  truth  declare) 
The  caitiff  raticide  conceiv'd  a  prayer." 

PotM:  ffunciad,  11.  78. 

•  Va-tl9'-in-al,  a.  [Lat.  ro*icijnw  =  prophetic, 
from  vote*  =  a  prophet]      Pertaining  to  01 
containing  predictions  ;  prophetic,  vatic. 

"  He  [Thomas  Bhymer)  has  left  vattdaal  rhymes. 
In  which  he  predicted  the  union  of  Scotland  with 
England."—  Warto*  :  fiigliMh  Poetry,  f  7». 

*va-ti9'-ln-ate,  v.l.  &  t.  [Lat.  vaticinatus, 
pa.  par.  of  vaticinor  =  to  prophesy,  from  rait- 
cinus  =  vaticinal  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intrara. :   To  prophesy ;   to  utter  pro- 
phecies or  predictions. 

"AH  have  not  alike  learned  the  connexion  of 
natunl  things,  or  understand  what  they  siguUy,  or 
know  how  to  vaticinate  by  them."— Berktley  :  Sirit, 

B.  Trans. :  To  prophesy,  to   foretell;  to 
utter  prophetically  or  as  a  prophet 

•  va-tl9-in-a'-tlon,s.  [Lat  vaticinatio,  fmm 
vaticinatiu,  pa.  par.  of  vaticinor  =  to  vaticin- 
ate (q.v.XI 

1.  The  act    of    prophesying;    prediction, 
prophecy. 

"Unless  we  dare  ascribe  to  the  tyrant  a  spirit  of 


nnot  acquit  the  author  of  the 
letters  of  so  manifest  a  cheat."—  Bfiul  v  :  DU.  on 
rhilarit,  |  i. 

2.  A  prediction,  a  prophex:y. 

"  For  this  so  clear  oaticin-aimi,  they  have  no  less 
than  twenty-six  answers."—  Bf.  Taylor:  LUnrtf  o/ 
PrvjUwtying. 

"vS-tlc'-in-a-tor,  ».    [Lat]    One  who  pro- 
phesies or  predicts. 

-  Listen  t»  the»i/lcl«al<»-.--/.  Atmull  .-  Ourtoaflfc. 
07  Literature;  A  UibliogntMte, 

•va-«9-In-a-tres8,  ».     [Eng.  mticinator; 
•ess.]    A  prophetess. 

"  There  was  shown  onto  them  the  bone  of  the 
90ticinatret^'  —  ffryunart  :  Rabelau.  bk.  Hi.,  cb,  xvii. 

va-ti9-ine,  «.     [Lat   vaticinium.]    A  pre- 
diction, a  prophecy. 

"  Thea  wa«  fulfilled  the  waficine  or  pronheeie  of  old 
MerUu."—  ffollnituxl  :  Conquest  <if  Ireland,  ch.  xxxiv. 

vHt'-tlng,  pr.  par.  A  o.    [VAT,  ».] 

A,  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verbX 

B.  As  arfj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
act  of  putting  in  a  vat  :  as,  vattiny  charges  at 
the  docks. 


a,  ».  [Named  after  Rev.  M. 
Vancher,  of  Geneva,  a  botanical  author,  who 
died  in  1841.] 

Bat.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Vaucheriefe  (q.v.). 
Qreen-spored  Algse,  with  fronds,  or  filaments, 
aggregated  capillary;  with  an  internal  green 
mass.  Fructili  cation  consisting  of  short 
lateral  curved  autheridia,  and  cysts  contain- 
ing a  single  zoospore  of  a  dark  green  colour. 
The  species  occur  in  ponds,  ditches,  damp 
ground,  and  the  mod  of  saline  streams  or  sea- 
shores. Several  species  occur  in  Europe.  Fau- 
c&eria  didutamoL,  about  a  foot  long,  is  common 
in  spring  and  autumn  in  ditches  and  ponds. 

au-9her-I-e'-a3.  ».  pi  [Mod.  Lat  mwAerifa); 
L»t.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -tee.} 
Bat.  :  A   sub-order  or   tribe    of  Fucacea. 


Frond  with  one  or  more  siphons,  without 
bark;  utricles  forming  a  lateral  branchlet 

iling  from  the  upper,  or  move  rarely 
fr'-m  the  lowest,  joint  of  the  branch.  It  con- 

:,e  follciwin^'  famili,  s  ,,r  tril.es  :  Hydro- 
giistrid*,  Dasycladida-,  Kctocarpidie,  Bati-ach- 
ospennidae,  and  Chordaridie. 

vaudeville,  "vaudevll  (as  vod'-vil)    s 

It  =  a  country  ballad,  Irum  O.  FT. 
I  r.  rait  de  Vire  =  valley  of  Vire,  a  town 
in  Normandy.] 


These  gongs,  which  were  satirical, 
their  subjects  love,  drinkinc,  and  pnssing 
events.  They  becaimi  very  j.o].ular,  and 
were  spread  all  over  France  under  tin-  name 
;,«i.s  des  Vaux  de  I'ire.  The  peculiarity  of 
their  character  lived  after  their  oriviu  was 
forgotten,  and  plays,  Interspersed  with  songs 
of  this  description,  came  to  be  called  Vaude- 
villes, and  occasionally  Virelais. 

2.  A  light  gay  song,  frequently  embodying 
a  satire,  consisting  of  several  couplets  and 
refrain  burden,  sung  to  a  familiar  air,  and 
oltfn   introduci'd    into  theatrical    pie<v« :   a 
ballad,  a  topical  song. 

3.  In  French  drama  a  piece  whose  dialogue 
is  intermingled  with  light  or  comic  songs  sung 
to  popular  airs. 

"A  aeries  of  matrimonial  adventures  which  might 
well  appal  the  mnrt  daring  and  iup-juims  of  our 
WHkoilU  author*. ~—  [tatty  Telegraph,  atarch  23. 188ft. 

Vaudois  (as  V6-dwa),  a.  &  i.    [Fr.,  from 
a  canton  of  Switzerland,  between  the 
Jura  and  the  Bernese  Alps.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  canton  Vaud,  its 
people,  or  their  dialect. 

"  The  Independent  critic  finds  It  Impossible  to  dis- 
cover in  the  pn-Uusdie  ramlols  wriUn«s  anything 
but  Catholic  doctrine,"-  i  thtiunm,  ApTTT  ITOft,  p.  03. 

2.  Waldenslan  (q.v.). 

"  The  doctrines  which  the  Inquisition  dragged  from 
the  later  Vaudoit  hutvtlca."— Athenaeum,  A\>.  7,  1888, 
p.  42y. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  dialect  spoken  in  the  Canton  Vaud. 

2.  (Pi.):   The  inhabitants  of  tie  Canton 
Vaud. 

3.  (Pi.):  The  same  as  Waldensians.    [WAL- 

DCNSJAN,  B.] 

Vaudoux  (as  Vd-ddT,  s.  &  a.    [VOODOO.] 

ransnerite  (as  van'-yer-Ite),  «.  [After 
Vaugneray,  near  Lyons,  France,  where  found  ; 
sulf.  -ite  (Petrol.).] 

Petrol :  A  variety  of  granite  (q.v.),  contain- 
ing hornblende. 

vault(l),  "vawto,  "vaut,  *vout,  -vonte, 
*  vowte,  s.  [O.  Fr.  mite,  voute,  voulte,  mute 
(Fr.  TOdte)=a  vault;  mite  is  prop.  fem.  of 
volt  =  bent  or  bowed,  vaulted,  from  Low 
Lat  volta,  valuta  =  a  vault,  from  Lat  volutus, 
pa.  par.  of  volvo  =  to  roll,  to  turn,  from  the 
rounded  or  arched  top  of  vaults  ;  ItaL  rolta.] 

1.  An  arched  roof;  a  concave  roof  or  roof- 
like  covering,  hence   applied  figuratively  to 
the  sky. 

"  Had  I  your  tongue  and  eyes,  I'd  use  them  so 
That  heaVn's  mult  should  crack.' 

ShaJuap.  :  Lenr,  V.  8. 

2.  Arch. :  An  extended  arch  covering    an 
apartment   so  constructed   that  the    stones, 
bricks,  or  other  material  of  which  it  is  com- 
posed sustain  and  keep  each  other  in  their 
places.    Vaults  are  of  various  kinds  :  a  cylin- 
drical vault  has  a  semicircular  arch  ;  a  covered 
vault  has  an  arch  which  springs  from  all  sides 
of  its  plan  ;  a  groined  vault  is  one  formed  by 
two  vaults  intersecting  at  right  angles.     When 
a  vault  is  of  greater  height  than  half  its  span, 
it  is  said  to  be  surmounted,  and  when  of  less 
height  snrbased.     A    rampant  vault  i«  one 
which  springs  from  planes  not  parallel  to  the 
horizon,  the  vault  placed  over  another  con- 
stitutes a  double    vault     A  conic  vault  is 
formed  of  part  of  the  surface  of  a  cone,  and 
a  spherical  vault  of  part  of  the  surface  of  a 
sphere.    A  Tault  is  simple  when  it  is  formed 
by  the   surface  of  some   regular  solid,  and 
compound  when  compounded  of  more  than 
one  surface    of  the   same   solid,   or  of  two 
different  solids. 

"Then  echo'd  through  the  gloomy  vault!  of  all 
The  lofty  root  the  suitors  boisi'rous  roar." 

Cowpfr:  Burner  ;  odgttet.  L 


«te,  «t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  lather;  we.  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  si 
or.  wore,  W9li;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  nnlte.  oiir,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    te,  c 


sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot. 
e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


1  An  arched  chamber;  a  passage  or  cham 
ber  with  an  arched  roof,  especially  a  subter 
niiean  elmmber.  Used  as— 

(1)  A  place  of  interment. 


(2)  A  place   of  coufuieuient  ;   a  prison,    a 
dungeon. 

(3)  A  place  for  storing  articles  ;  »  cellar. 

••  The  «i»e  o'  »f«  »  drawn.  »"d  "•*  me™  '"" 
1,  left  this  »u«  to  s- 


. 

4.  Achamberorspacearchedovernaturally; 
•  cavern. 


v&ult  (2)   ».     (Fr.  mite  =  a  round  or  turn,  a 
tumbler's  gambols,  from  Ital.  roito  =  a  turn, 
»  vault;  «««(!)  and  (2)  are  thus  essentially 
the  same  word.)    A  leap  or  spring,  especially— 
*  (1)  The  leap  of  a  horse. 
(2)  A  leap  by  means  of  a  pole  or  spring- 
board, or  assisted  by  resting  the  hand  or 
hands  on  something. 

vAnltd),  *vaut,  *vawt,  ».fc    [VAULT(I),  s. 
1    To  form  with  a  vault  or  arched  roof;  to 
lire  the  shape  of  a  vault  or  arch  to. 

"The  houae.  within  were  well  m-aed  %»£•?•  ~ 
ttmtri  :  AYoiuort  ;  Cronjrrff  .  voL  111.,  clt.  !««>%. 

2.  To  cover  with  or  as  with  an  arch  or 
vault  ;  to  arch  over. 

"  Fiery  darts  In  taming  volleys  tew.         . 
«»  "™ 


vaulting-house,  s.    A  brothel. 
vaulting-monkey,  s. 

Zoo!.  :    Cerwpithecus    petaurista,  from    tli 
west  coast  of  Africa.    Head  and  body  about 
fifteen  inehes  long,  tail  nearly  two  ftwt     1 
darker  above,  lighter  below  ;  fringe  of  whit 
hair  round  face;  white  spot  on  nose,  whence 
it  is  often  called  White-nose,  or  White-nose 
Monkey.    It  is  a  graceful  little  creature,  and 
extremely  playful,  and  the  agility  with  which 
it  passes  from  bough  to  bough  Justifies  its 
specific  and  popular  name. 

*  vaulting  -school,  ».  A  brothel.  (Smith: 
Lives  of  Highwaymen,  iii.  162.) 

*  vault'-  nre,  s.    [Eng.  vault  (1),  8.  ;  -urt.] 
Archlike  shape  ;  vaulted  work. 

••The  rtrength  and  nrnmea.  o(  their  wyMure  «nd 
pillara,  "-«,.»  :  On  O"  Creation.  ch.  UL 

"  vault-  v,  *  vault  -le,  a.    [Eng.  mult  (1), 
s.  •  -y  ]    Arched,  concave,  vaulted. 


.  VL  ««. 

vault  (2),  v.i.  &  «.    [Fr-  voUer.]    [VAULT(2),  s.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

I   To  leap,  to  bound,  to  spring,  especially 
with  something  to  rest  the  hands  on. 
"  Motor  hud  (ailed  tho  tall  of  Troy  to  see, 

*   leaiiiiw  ou  hi.  lai.ce,  he  *,«««i  ou  atree. 
llrydtn  :  0*4  :  IMamorvhtaa  vili.  1M. 

2.  To  exhibit   equestrian  or  other  feats  of 
tumbling  or  leaping. 

3.  In  the  manege,  to  curvet 

B.  Trans.  :  To   leap    or   spring  over,  by 
means  of  a  pole  or  springboard,  or  by  resting 
the  hand  or  hands  on. 

•vault  -ago  (age  as  Ig),  «.  [Eng.  tnutt  (1), 
g.  ;  -age.]  Vaulted  work  ;  an  arched  cellar  ;  a 
vaulted  room. 


*  vaunce,  v.i.    [ADVANCE.] 

vaunt,  'vaunte,  v.i.  &  t.  [Fr.  winter,  w 
ranter  =  to  vaunt,  to  boast,  from  Low  Lat. 
Wmtto  =  to  speak  vanity,  to  flatter  to  boast 
from  Lat  vanus  =  vain  (q.v.) ;  Ital.  vantare.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1  To  boast ;  to  make  a  vain  or  boastful 
display  of  one's  own  worth,  attainments, 
achievements,  decorations,  or  the  like;  to 
brag. 

"  AriOTistu.  .  .  .  K»«,t'«<i  much  o«  hi.  owne  prow. 
MML"— OoWing :  Catftr.  to.  M. 

•  2.  To  glory,  to  exult 

•The  foe  •*S*teL1*!Xl*L  „,.,  T. .. 


. 

Shall  chide  yonr 

vault'-ed,  »vaut-ed,  o.    [Eng.  vault;  -ed.} 
J,  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Formed  with  a  vault  or  arch  ;  arched, 


,D<    J  furtoi 

1.  To  boast  of;  to  brag  of;  to  magnify  or 
glorify  with  vanity. 

"  My  vanqniaher,  .polled  of  hisjiaunterf  '^""j^ 

*  2.  To  display  or  put  forward  boastfully. 

vaunt  (1),  »•  [VAUST,  u.]  A  bragging,  a 
Toasting;  a  boast,  a  brag;  ostentation  from 
vanity.  .  • 

"  The  haughty  captive,  who  had  made  hl«  •— - 
To  lay  their  d  •--'"""-  '— •'  " 


•  vaunt  (2),  ».    [Fr.  avant  =  before,  in  front.] 
The  first  beginning  ;  the  first  part. 

"Our  play 

IxiaM  o'er  the  vaunt  and  firstling,  of  tho»  taou». 
bhatap.  :  Trailutl  Crealila.    (Prol.) 

•  yannt-courler,  s.   A  precursor,  a  van- 

courier. 


J.  Covered  with  a  vault  or  arched  roof. 
•3.  Provided  with  vaults  or  subterranean 
passages. 

^^A^^^S^.^-^^ 

VayWI.  ii.  Ml. 

H  Bot. :  Arched,  like  the  roof  of  the  mouth . 
Used  of  various  ringent  corollas. 

vanlt'-er,  s.    [Eng.  mult  (2),  v. ;  -fr.]     One 
who  vaults,  leaps,  or  tumbles  ;  a  leaper. 

"  Do  run  away  with  the  oaulter,  or  the  Frenchman 
that  waUi  upon  r0pea.---fle»yonK»..-  SUfnl  Woman. 
11. 1. 

vault  ing,  s.    [Eng.  mult  (1),  »• ;  -*«ff-l 

Arch  •  Vaulted  work  ;  vaults  collectively. 
Vaultings  are  supported  by  ribs  or  groins, 
often  intersecting  each  other,  meeting  in  a 
boss  in  the  centre,  and  frequently  springing 
from  corbels,  brackets,  4tc. 

vaulting-shaft,  vaulting-pillar,  s. 

Arch  :  A  pillar  sometimes  rising  from  the 
floor  to  the  spring  of  the  vault  of  a  roof ; 
more  frequently,  a  short  pillar  attached  to 
the  wall  rising  from  a  corbel,  and  from  the 
top  of  which  the  ribs  of  the  vault  spring.  The 
pifiars  between  the  triforinm  windows  of 
Qothic  churches  rising  to  and  supporting  the 
vaulting  are  examples. 
vault  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  ft  s.  [VAULT  (2),  ».] 

A.  ii  B.  A»  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  4s  «uW. .-  The  art  or   practice   of  a 
Taulter. 


•  vaunt-mure,  *  vai-mure,   *  van- 

mure,  s. 

Fort.  :  The  walk  or  gangway  on  the  top  of 
a  wall  behind  the  parapet. 

"With  another  engine,  named  the  warwolfe,  he 
pierad  with  ,,ne  «b.ne.  and  cot  as  even  a.  a  thread, 
two  ttauntinurta."—  Camden  :  Rentainl. 

•  vaunt-parler,  *  vant-perlor,  o.    A 

spokesman. 

"The  councell  and  adnis«  of  vant-pcrlort  Mid  such 
»,  l,eiu«T,,lu»uced  froi..  hare  degree  viito  high  autho- 
"tiev'-fl..!!..^:  BM.  Scrfiand  Ian.  1«7). 

vaunt'-er,  *  vaunt-onr,  ».   [Eng.  vaunt,  v.; 
-er.]    One  who  vaunts  ;  a  boaster,  a  braggart. 

"  Some  feign 
To  mm.  steeds  - 


*  vaunt'-er-*,  *  vant'-er-y,  B.  [Eng.  vaunt, 
v.  ;  -ery.]  The  act  of  vaunting  or  boasting  ; 
bravado. 


5043 


vauqueline,  vauquelinite  (as  vok'-lin, 
vok'-lin  ite),  s.  [After  M.  Vauquelm,  the 
discoverer  of  chromiiun  ;  sutf.  -ite  (Af  iu.).J 

1.  Chem. :  (Of  tlu  form  V»u.|i«-line):  Pel- 
letier  and  Caventou's  original  name  for  strych- 
nine. 

2  Min.  (Of  both  forms):  A  monoclinic  min- 
eral Tccuvri'ig  in  minute  c-nstuls,  also  botry- 
oidal  and  granular.  Hardness,  2  •;>  to  3 ;  sp.  gr. 
5-5  to  6-TS ;  lustre,  adamantine  to  resinous, 
becoming  dull  on  exposure  ;  colour,  shades 
of  green  and  brown  to  nearly  black  ;  streak, 
ereeuish  or  brownish ;  somewhat  brittle.  An 
analysis  by  Berzelius  yielded :  chromic  acid. 
28-33-  protoxide  of  lead,  60-87;  protoxide  of 
copper,  10-80  =  100,  corresponding  with  the 
formula  (CuOPbO),2CrOs,  whu-h  requires, 
chromic  acid,  27 •"  ;  protoxide  of  lead,  fal'4; 
.  protoxide  of  c5pper,  10'9. 

*  vaut,  s.    [VAULT  (1),  >.] 

*  vaut,  v.t.    [VAULT  (1),  f.] 

•  vav'-a-sor,  *  val-va-sor,  *  vav-a-sour, 
*  vav-a-soure,  s.  [O.  l"r.  meusiir,  vavas- 
seur  from  Low  Lat.  vavassor,  mimaor,  prob. 
a  contr.  of  vassus  vassorum  =  a  vassal  of  vas- 

Feudal  lav, :  A  principal  vassal,  not  hold- 
ing immediately  of  the  sovereign  but  of  a. 
ereat  lord,  and  having  other  vassals  who  held 
of  him  ;  a  vassal  of  the  second  degrteor  rank, 
inferior  but  next  to  the  higher  nubility.  1 
title  was  rarely  used.  In  the  class  of  vavasors 
were  comprehended  chatelaine,  who  owned 
castles  or  fortified  houses,  and  possessed 
rights  of  territorial  justice. 

"The  first  name  °'. d^lltyf;811v*^e^,"*u^i1  or***^ 

™  r."  whotre'm'eutionedTv'o'ur  antk-.it  la'wyen i  a. 

vWnV«gn»  dignitati*.    Om-  1eg»l  antlqiiariea  Jje  not 

un "d  ui*n  even  their  ordinal  or  antient  office.  - 

BiMkilaia:  Comment.,  hk.  i.,  ch.  11 

IV-a-Boi-j,  =.    [Fr.  vavassoire.] 

1.  The  quality  or  tenure  of  the  fee  held  by 
a  vavasor. 

2.  Lands  held  by  a  vavasor. 

••  He  waa  also'called  a  vavasor,  and  his  lands  a  trawl- 
wr,  »S  held  of  some  mesue  lord,  and  not  tome- 
Sly  of  the  vas.--uarringt°n:  ITor*..  p.  «s. 

»Va'-W»rd,s.  &a.   [Foreunward,  fi-omra»  = 
front,  a'nd  mrd  =  guard.] 

A.  As  subst. :  The  fore  part ;  the  vanguard, 

*  Th^  Karl  of  Huntley  had  the  ««<««'.«'•  d"k«  *» 
hattele."— atrfpt:  Ecetti.  Man.  |a 

B.  As  adj. :  Foremost,  front. 

•vayne,  a,   [VAIN.] 

ve-a'-der,ve-a-dar,  >.   [Heb.  l^S  (veator) 
=  Adar  tlie  second.) 

Hebrew  Calendar:  A  supplementary  month 
added  by  the  later  Jews  sometimes  after  the 
third  sometimes  after  the  second  sacred  year, 
care  being  taken  that  the  seventh  year  should 
have  no  such  month  appended  to  Adar  (q.v.). 
The  twelfth  sacred  month  ended  in  Februa  y 
or  March,  and  Vea.lar,  if  introduced,  immedi- 
ately followed.  This  was  the  mefliod  c 
adjusting  the  Hebrew  months  which  were 
lunar  to  the  solar  year. 

vial,  "veale,  'veel,  a.  [O.  Fr.  veil  (Fr. 
MM))  from  Lat.  vUellum,  accus.  of  vitMus  = 
a  little  calf ;  vitulns  =  *  calf,  ong.  =  a  year- 
line  from  the  same  root  as  vetus  =  old , 
Slits  =  a  little  old  roan ;  Gr.  in,  (Ados)  =  » 
year.] 
•1.  A  calf. 

"  VofL    A  calfe  or  veale."—CotgraM. 

2.  The  flesh  of  a  calf  killed  and  prepared 
for  the  table. 


avuuu. 

••ThU  «.n(«ry  and  gloriou.  boartlng  ol  a  mans 
•elfe.--f  .  H<Ma.nd  :  Plularc*.  p.  M«. 

•vannt'-ful.  «  vaunt'-fiUl,  «•   [Eng.  vaunt 
(1),  s.  ;  -full.}    Boastful,  braggart. 

vaunt'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [VATJNT,  ».) 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adj.  :  Boastful,  bragging,  braggart. 

C.  Ai  subst.  :  Boasting,  bravado,  bragging. 

••  Make  your  tituiatna  *"!•.".__  ._  , 
.'  Julius  Ccuar,  w.  8. 


.  . 

Vaunf-Ing-tf,  adv.     [Eng.  vav.rM.ng  ;  -ly.  ] 
Ina  vaunting  or  boastful  manner  ;  boastfully. 

..  IT. 


veal-outlet,  s.   A  slice  of  veal  cut  off  for 

frying  or  broiling. 

»vecU,  "veoke,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful;  of. 
ItaL  veechia,  from  Lat.  vetmla,}  An  old 
woman.  (Kamaunt  of  the  Rose.) 

Vec'-ta-an,  Vee'-tine,  «.  [For  etym.  »e 
extract] 

Ceo!  •  A  term  proposed  for  the  Lower  Green- 
sand.  '  (Used  also  adjectively.)    [NEOCOMIAN.] 

••  The  name  ftcHmi.  recommended  in  u»  "TMr.^L 
J  Jukea-Browne,  was  previously  applied  by  J  •in 
Pbilliw  to  the  Flnvio-Marine  Tertiary  Strat*  of  th. 

2nd),  p.  aw. 

;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing. 


5044 


vection— vegetable 


•vee'-tlon,  *.  [Lat.  vectia,  from  twchw,  pa- 
par,  of  veto  =  to  carry.  ]  The  act  of  carrying ; 
the  state  of  being  carried. 

*v6c'-tls,«.    [Lat.]    A  lever. 

•vec-tl-ta'-tlon,  «.  [Lat.  vectitatus,  pa.  par. 
of  vectito,  freq.  of  vecto,  intens.  of  veho  (pa 
par.  vectus)  =  to  carry.  ]  The  act  of  carrying  ; 
the  state  of  being  carried. 

"Their  enervated  lords  are  lolling  in  their  chariot* 
(a  specie*  of  vtctitation  seldom  used  among  the  an. 
!lr"?'  except  by  old  ">«")•"—  f«l»:  Martima  Scrit- 

veo  -tor,  s.    [Lat,  from  veho  (pa.  par.  vectus) 
=  to  carry.] 
Mathematics  : 

1.  The  same  as  RADIUS- VECTOR  (q.v.). 

2.  A  directive  quantity,  as  a  straight  line,  a 
force,  or  a  velocity.    The  simplest  manner  in 
which  to  represent  such  a  quantity  which  in- 
volves both  direction  and  magnitude  is  by 
means  of  a  straight  line  in  space.     Then  the 
vector  may  be  regarded  as  a  stepping  from 
one  extremity  of  the  line  to  the  other.  Vectors 
are  said  to  be  equal  when  their  direction  is 
the  same  and  their  magnitudes  equal. 

*  vec'-ture,  s.  [Lat.  vectura,  from  mho  (tat. 
par.  vecturut)  =  to  carry.)  The  act  of  carry- 
ing ;  carriage. 

"  There  be  bat  three  tilings  which  one  nation  selleth 
unto  another:  the  commoditie  as  nature  yeeldetli 
it ;  the  manufacture ;  and  the  vecture  or  carriage  "— 
Bacon  :  Bitayi ;  Of  Sedition!  t  Trouble*. 

Ve'-da,  ».  [Sansc,  =  knowledge  ;  specif,  in- 
spired knowledge,  from  rid  =  to  know,  cogn. 
with  Lat  video  =  to  see  ;  Gr.  olio  (oida)  =  I 
know ;  Eng.  wit,  wisdom,  Ac.] 

Hindoo   Soared  Lit.:    The   oldest   Hindoo 
sacred  volume,  or  series  of  volumes,  divided 
Into  four  portions :  the  Rig-veda,  the  Sama- 
veda,  the  Yajur-veda,  and  the  Atharva-veda, 
often  spoken  of  as  separate  Vedas.  The  oldest 
is  the  Rig-veda ;  then  the  Sama-veda  and  the 
Yajur-veda   were   composed,    and    after   an 
interval  the  Atharva-veda  was  added.    They 
are  in  metre,  consisting  of  hymns  supposed  to 
have  been  divinely  revealed  to  certain  Rishis 
or  Bralimanical  sages.     The  hymns  of  the 
Hig-veda  are  arranged  in  ten  circles  according 
to  the  families  of  their  composers.     Some  are 
named  after  their  individual  authors.    The 
8ama,  Yajur,  and  Atharva  Vedas  consist  of 
extracts  from  the  Rig-yedic  hymns  made  to  be 
used  in  connection  with  sacrificial  offerings. 
They  are  therefore  in  the  mass  more  modern 
than  the  Rig-veda,  though  individual  portions 
of  the  Sama-veda  have  more  archaic  gram- 
matical forms  than  those  of  the  Rig-veda  and 
may  be  older.     The  Atharva,  on  the  con- 
trary, is  so  much  more  modern,  that  it  did 
not  obtain  its  present  place  without  contro- 
versy.     To   the    SanhiU,   or  collection   of 
hymns,  in  each  Veda  was  appended  a  Brah- 
mana,  or  prose  commentary  or  theological 
treatise.    With  these  were  connected  certain 
opanishads,  speculative   treatises.     [UPANI- 
SHAD.  |    Then  follow  sutras  (strings),  consist- 
ing of  short  sentences  strung  together  :  but 
these,  though    founded   on    the    Vedas,  are 
admitted  by  the  Brahmans  to  have  been  only 
of  human  origin.    The  Vedas  were  composed 
while  their  Aryan  authors  were  fighting  their 
way  forward  from  the  north-western  bound- 
ary of  India  across  the  live  rivers  of  the  Pun- 
jaub  onward  to  the  Ganges.   [For  the  theology 
see  BRAIIMANISM  and  RIO-VEDA.] 

Ved  -ah,  Ved'-dan,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Ethnol.  (PI.) :  A  tribe  inhabiting  the  forests 
of  the  interior  of  Ceylon,  probably  either  the 
aborigines,  or  outcasts  from  the  Singhalese. 
They  live  in  a  primitive  state,  ruled  by  their 
own  chiefs,  and  conceal  their  villages  in  the 
depths  of  the  jungle,  as  far  as  possible  from 
the  beaten  paths.  Their  language  differs  but 
little  from  the  common  Singhalese. 

VS-dan'-ga,  ».    [Sansc.    See  det] 

Hindoo  Sacred  Lit.  (PL):  What  the  Brahmans 
call  "  members  of  the  Veda."  They  are  six 
In  number,  but  this  name,  says  Max  Mill- 
ler  (Ancient  Sanscrit  Literature,  p  109),  "does 
not  imply  the  existence  of  six  books  or 
treatises  intimately  connected  with  their 
sacred  writings,  but  merely  the  admission  of 
six  subjects,  the  study  of  which  was  neces- 
sary either  for  the  reading,  the  understanding, 
or  the  proper  sacrificial  employment  of  the 
Veda."  The  six  subjects  or  doctrines  usually 
comprehended  under  the  name  Vedaugas  ara : 


8iksha(=  pronunciation),  Chhamlas(=  metre) 
Vyakarana  (=  grammar),  Nirukta  (=  explana- 
tion of  words),  Jyotisha(=  astronomy),  and 
Ealpa  (=  ceremonial).  The  first  two  are  con- 


*  V??r  1H*18'  "•     t^ng.  veer  ;  -able.]    Change- 
able, shifting.     (Said  of  winds). 

"  We  find  the  winds  south.  8.  by  W.  and  8  8,  W    fresh 

«  ««•««•  t»  s.w.-_a,rvi.?rwe 


of  the  Vedaugas  do  not  claim  inspiration. 

Ve-dan'-ta,  s.  [Sansc.  =  conclusion  of  the 
Veda.] 

Hindoo  Philos. :  A  system  of  religion  and 
philosophy  professedly  founded  on  the  Vedas. 
It  is  divided  into  the  Pftrva  inimansa  and  the 
Uttara  mimansa,  or  the  former  and  latter  mim- 
ansas,  which  constitute  two  of  the  leading 
darsanas  or  schools  of  philosophy.  As  tKe 
first  of  these  is  chiefly  practical,  the  Vedaiita 
philosophy  is  mainly  derived  from  the  second. 
It  was  founded  by  Vyasa,  and  was  modified 
by  Sankara,  its  commentator.  The  former 
identified  the  world  with  God,  and  contended 
earnestly  for  the  reality  of  the  external  uni- 
verse, which  he  held  to  have  been  created  by 
God  ;  the  later  Vedantists  maintained  that  the 
universe  is  but  an  illusion  projected  by  God 
and  is  itself  God.  The  present  Vedanta  sys- 
tem is  Pantheistic.  It  has  many  adherents 
among  the  more  educated  Hindoos.  (Baner- 
jee:  On  the  Hindoo  Philosophy,  *c.) 

V6- dan'- tie,  o.  [Eng.  Vedant(a)  ;-<<;.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Vedas ;  founded  on  or 
derived  from  the  Vedas. 

Ve"-dant'-lst,  ».  [Eng.  Vedant(a) ; -ist.1  One 
versed  in  the  doctrines  of  the  Vedanta  (q.v.). 

"The  Vetiantut,  the  Buddhist,  and  the  Illuminated 
Western  Philosopher.'— Daily  Taeyraph,  Jan.  ».  1896. 

vS-dette',  vi-dette',  s.  [Fr.  vedette  =  a 
sentry,  a  high  place  from  whiirh  one  may  see 
afar  off,  from  Ital.  vedetta  =  a  sentry,  a  watch- 
tower,  for  vcletta  =  a  sentry-box,  dimin.  of 
veglia  ^  a  watch,  watching,  from  Lat  vigilut 
a  watching.]  [VioiL.]  A  sentinel  on  horse- 
back stationed  on  an  outpost  or  elevated  point 
to  watch  an  enemy  and  give  notice  of  danger. 

Ve"-dlc,  o.  [Kng.  Vedla);  -fc.]  Of  or  re- 
lating to  a  Veda  or  the  Vedas. 

"  Sanskrit  philology  has  no  longer  an  excuse  for 
Ignoring  the  Vedic  age."— Max  Muller:  Ancient  Sam- 
frit  Literature  (ISM),  p.  10. 

vee-na',  s.    [VINA.]  * 

veer,  "vear,  *vere,  'tire,  v.i.  &  t.  [Fr. 
virer  =  to  veer,  to  turn  round,  to  whirl  round, 
from  Low  Lat  pirn  =  to  turn  ;  virola  =  a 
ring;  Lattririota;  Sp.  virar,  birar  =  to  wind, 
to  twist,  tack,  or  veer ;  Port  virar  =  to  turn, 
to  change  ;  Dut  vierm  =  to  veer.] 
A*  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  turn  ;  to  alter  its  course,  as  a  ship  by 
turning  her  head  away  from  the  wind. 

2.  To  shift  ;  to  change  its  direction,  as  the 
wind. 

"  The  wind  veered,  the  rain  ceased."— Daily  Chroni- 
ou,  Jan.  4,  1888. 

IT  The  wind  is  said  to  veer  when  It  shifts 
with  the  sun,  and  to  back  when  it  shifts 
against  the  sun.  In  nautical  language  it  is 
said  to  veer  aft  when  it  comes  to  blow  more 
astern ;  the  contrary  is  to  haul  forward. 

3.  To  turn  round,  to  shift,  to  vary  ;  to  alter 
one's  opinion  ;  to  be  otherwise  minded  ;  said 
of  persons,  opinions,  feelings,  and  the  like. 

_,"  It?"  "eather-cock  o(  government ;  that  when  the 
wtod  blows  for  the  subject,  polnt'st  to  privilege ;  and 
when  it  changes  for  the  sovereign,  swri  to  praroaa- 
tlve,"— Dryden:  Amphitryon,  V. 

B.  Transitive: 
Nautical : 

1.  To  direct  into  a  different  course  ;  specifi- 
cally, to  wear,  or  cause  to  change  a  course  by 
turning  the  stem  to  windward,  in  opposition 
to  tacking. 

2.  To  let  ont,  to  veer  out 

''  Veering  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  fathoms  of 
"'-was  happily  brought 


3.  To  turn,  to  shift,  to  change. 

"  Railing  farther.  It  veert  Its  Illy  to  the  west  and  re- 
gardeth  that  quarter  wherein  the  laud  is  nearer  or 
greater."— Arow/ie. 

1  (1)  To  veer  and  haul:  To  pull  tight  and 
slacken  alternately. 

(2)  To  veer  away :  To  let  out ;  to  slacken  and 
let  run. 

(S)  To  veer  out:  To  suffer  to  run,  or  to  let 
out  to  a  greater  length. 

"  This  obliged  us  to  let  go  our  sheet  anchor,  veering 
out  a  good  scope  of  cable,  which  stopt  us  till  10  or  11 
oclock  the  next  day."— Dumpier  :  Voyaget  (an.  1687  ) 


veey-ing,  a.  4  ».    [VEER,  ».] 

A.  As  adj.:  Shifting,  changing,  turning; 
changeable. 

B.  At  tubst.  :  The  act  of  shifting  turning 
or  changing  ;  fickle  or  capricious  change. 

"  It  is  a  double  misfortune  to  a  nation  given  to 
hange,  when  they  have  a  sovereign  that  Is  prone  to 

i  the 


*  veeV-ing-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  veering  ;  -ly.]  In 
a  veering  or  shifting  manner  ;  shiftingly. 

veer'-jf,  ».  [See  def.]  A  name  given  in 
America  to  Wilson's  Thrush  (Turdus  fut- 
cescens). 

Ve'-ga(l),..    (Arab.) 

Astnn.  :  A  fixed  star  of  the  first  magnitude, 
called  also  a  Lyrie.  It  is  one  of  the  brightest 
stars  m  the  northern  hemisphere.  No  other 
large  stars  are  near  it,  but  Vega,  Arcturus, 
and  Polaris  nearly  constitute  a  right-anglod 
triangle.  Another  triangle  is  formed  by  Vrga 
Deneb,  and  Altair.  Vega  emits  a  brilliant 
white  light  Spectroscopic  analysis  shows 
that  it  contains  incandescent  hydrogen,  so- 
dium, and  magnesium.  It  is  accompanied  by 
a  small  telescopic  star. 

*  v6'-ga  (2),  t.  [Sp.]  An  open  plain  ;  a  traet 
of  level  and  fruitful  country. 

"  Sometimes  marauders  penetrated  Into  the  won, 
JS?  5f"utlful  """*•  eveT  luch  «'  «1>""  soil  waTfw! 
Ulijed  with  human  blood.--/v«co«.  Unnanjoj") 

'  veg-et-a-Wl'-I-tfts.  [Eng.  vegetable;  -Uy.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vegetable  ;  vege- 
table nature. 

"  TI»,  coagulating  spirits  of   salt,  and   lapUlBcial 
Joyce  of  theses,  which  entrlng  the  parts  of  th»t  nl  in 
overcomes  its  ^eMUlitu,  inu  converts  it  Into  I  «S 
deous  substance.1-!!™™..-  rul,ar  irrours,  bk!  Si 

veg'-e't-a-ble,  a.  4  ».  [Fr.  =  vegetable,  fit  or 
at.le  to  live,  from  Lat  vegetaWii  =  animating. 
full  of  life,  from  vegeto  =  to  enliven  to 
quicken,  from  vegetus  =  lively,  from  veg'eo  = 
to  excite,  to  quicken,  to  arouse  ;  akin  to  viaet 
to  nourish  ;  Sp.  vegetable;  Ital.  vegetabile.] 

A.  Asadj..  :  Pertaining,  belonging,  or  peculiar 
to  plants  ;  resembling  or  characteristic  of  a 
plant,  or  what  belongs  to  a  plant  ;  having  the 
nature  or  characteristics  of  a  plant;  occu- 
pied or  concerned  with  plants. 

"The  wood,  bark,  and  leaves.  *c..  of  an  oak    In 


B.  As  substantive  : 
L  A  plant  (q.v.X 

"  The  whole  tribes  of  vegetable!  or  plants.    These 

"     *•  '"""••  ""'  ^-%Z- 


2.  In  a  more  restricted  sense,  a  plant  used 
for  culinary  purposes,  or  for  feeding  cattle, 
sheep,  or  other  animals.  Vegetables  used  for 
such  purposes,  as  cabbages,  turnips,  beans, 
pease,  4c.,  are  of  a  more  soft  and  fleshy  sub- 
stance than  trees  or  shrubs. 

vegetable  acids,  s.  pi. 

Chem.  :  Acids  derived  from  vegetable  mat- 
ters, now  included  under  organic  acids  The 
most  important  are  acetic,  oxalic,  tartaric, 
citric,  &c. 

vegetable  wthlops,  ,v  A  kind  of  char- 
coal prepared  by  incineratingasea-weed,  Fuaa 
vesiculosvs,  the  Common  Bladder-wrack,  in  • 
covered  crucible. 

vegetable  albumin.  ». 

Chem.  :  A  substance  occurring  In  small 
quantities  in  all  vegetable  juices.  It  has  not 
yet  been  obtained  pure,  but  a;i(>eani  tn  pos- 
sess the  general  properties  of  the  albumins. 

vegetable  alkalis,  ,-.  pi. 

Chem.  :  The  proximate  principles  of  plant* 
which  possess  alkaline  properties,  such  M 
morphia,  quinine,  &c.  [ALKALOIDS.] 

vegetable  anatomy,  *. 

Bot.  :  The  dissection  of  plants.  It  may  be 
(1)  Gross,  in  which  the  plant  is  first  examined 
with  the  aid  of  a  hand-lens,  or  (2)  Minute  in 
which  every  part  is  subject  to  the  compound 
microscope. 

vegetable  -  brimstone,  vegetable  - 

sulphur,  s.    [BBIM.STONE,  LYSOPODE.] 


fete,  tat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wfit,  Here,  camel,  Her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine-  go   pdt. 
or.  wpre,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  nnlte.  oiir.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    «,  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  itw. 


plants  as  from  the  coating  on  the  fruits  of 
Myrica  ceriftra.     [MYRICA-TALLOW.] 


jrasMaa*?**-11 


I.,  BUTTER-TREE,  COCOA-BUTTER,  «.] 


vegetable-egg, - 

Bat. :  Liicuma  mammomm.    [LUCOMA.J 

vegetable  fire-cracker, «. 

Bo(. :  Brodi&a  coccinea. 

vegetable-flannel,  >.  Pine-needle  wool 
(q.v.). 

vegetable-gelatine,  «.    [Gums.] 

vegetable-gold,  >.  An  acid  extracted 
from  the  roots  of  Trims  Pipaahuac. 

vegetable-lxalr,  s. 

Bat. :  Tillandsia  wmeoida.    [TILLANDSIA.] 

vegetable  horse-hair, «. 

Bot.  :    The    flbre    of    Chamasrops    Kumilis. 

(CHAM^ROPS.) 

vegetable-Ivory,  «.    [TAOUA,  IVORY,  H.] 


•  veg'-et-al,  *  veg-et-all, o.&  ..  [Fr.  vegetal.} 

[VEGETABLE.] 

A.  As  adjective: 


Lindley.    (tntrod.  to  Botany,  ed. 
vegetable-kingdom,  ». 

Bot  •  The  English  equivalent  of  the  Latin 
term  'jteanum  Vegetabile,  used  by  Liiineeus  to 
designate  and  comprehend  all  plants  of  what- 
ever affinity,  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest 
In  his  Systema  Nature  he  divided  it  into  three 
tribes-  Monocotyledons,  Dicotyledones,  and 
Icotyledones  ;  but  he  made  no  frequent 
use  of  this  arrangement  either  m  his  Artificial 
or  in  his  Natural  System  of   classification. 
For  Lindley's  classification,  see  BOTANY. 
vegetable-leather, «. 
Bot. :  Euphorbia  punicea. 
vegetable-life, ».    The  life  of  a  plant  as 
distinguished  from  that  of  an  animal.    Lm- 
natus  described  a  vegetable  as  an  organized 
being  possessed  of  life  but  not  of  feeling.  Like 
an  animal,  it  has  the  powers  of  nutrition  or 
self-support,  that  of   assimilating   to   itself 
particles   of  other   bodies   suitable   for  its 
nourishment  and  growth,  and  finally  it  has 
the  power  of  reproduction.    [PLANT,  II.,  1.) 
vegetable-marrow,  s.     [MARROW  (1). 

'vegetable-morphology, «.    [MORPHO- 
LOGY.] 

vegetable-mould  or  soil,  s.  Mould 
or  so*  to  a  certain  extent  formed  by  decaying 
or  decayed  vegetation.  It  might  be  supposed 
that  this  would  tend  to  increase  continually  in 
Sickness,  especially  in  tropical  forests,  where 
vegetation  is  so  luxuriant ;  but  a  large  pro 
portion  of  it  is  swept  away  by  the  heavy  rams, 
OT,  decomposing  on  the  spot,  is  partly  resolved 
into  gaseous  elements. 
vegetable-oils,  s.  pi  [OIL,  I.,  2.1 
vegetable  -  parchment,  «.  fPARCB 

KENT-PAPER.] 


namely,  digestion  and  nutritive  assimlation 
Krowtli,  absorption,  secretion,  excretion,  cir 
cTilation,  respiration,  and  8«'er»*|o'1'JSi5?S 
tradistinguished  from  sensation  and  volition, 
which  are  peculiar  to  animals. 
B  As  subst.  :  A  plant,  a  vegetable. 

"  Let  brutes  »id  t*t«alt  that  oinuot  tl.ink 
So  tar  u  -^ 


vegetable-pathology,  - 

Biol  •  The  branch  of  pathology  or  of  botan 
which  treats  of  the  diseases  of  plants. 

vegetable-physiology,  >. 

Bot. :  The  physiology  of  plants,  the  branc 
of  physiology  or  of  botany  which  treate  of  th 
functions  which  the  several  organs  of  plant 
perform. 

vegetable-sheep, s. 

Bot  •  Raoulia  eximia,  a  New  Zealand  plant. 
Bo  cail'ed  because  from  its  growing  in  large, 
white  tufts  on  elevated  sheep-runs  it  is  liable 
to  be  mistaken  for  the  sheep  itself.  It  is  a 
composite  flower-one  of  the  Helichrysea:. 

vegetable-silk,  s. 

Bot.,  Ac. :  A  cotton-like  fibre  obtained  from 
the  seed  pods  of  a  tree,  Chorisia-  specMsa,  used 
ty  the  Brazilians  for  stuffing  pillows  and 
cushions.  It  is  a  Sterculiad,  akin  to  the  Silk 
Cotton-tree,  1.  &  2.  (q.v.). 

vegetable-sulphur,    s.     [VEOETABLE- 

BiUMSTONE.] 

vegetable-tallow,  s.    A  fatty  substance 
obtained  from  Stillingia  sebifera,  Vatena  in- 
dim,  and  other  plants. 
vegetable-tissue,  «.    [TISSUE,  II.  2.] 

IX,  ».    A  ceraceous  excre- 
different  parts  of  van— - 


v6g-e-tal'-l-tj,  ».    [Bug.  vegetal;  -ity.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vegetal  01 
vegetable  ;  vegetability. 

2   The  aggregate  of  those  vital  phenomena 
which  constitute  the  life  or  existence  of  a 
vegetable.    [VEGETAL,  A.  2.] 
vSg-e-tar'-I-an,  s.  &  a.    [Eng.  vegetable); 
•arian.] 

A.  As  substantive  :        • 

I  One  who  abstains  from  animal  food, 
living  exclusively  on  vegetables,  milk,  eggs, 
and  the  like.  The  more  strict  vegetarians 
eat  vegetables  and  farinaceous  food  only,  ab- 
staining from  eggs,  butter,  and  milk. 

2.  One  who  maintains  the  doctrine  of  vege- 
tarianism. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  vege- 
tarians or  vegetarianism  ;  of  or  belonging  to 
the  diet  or  system  of  vegetarians. 

Veuetarian  Society,  s.  A  society  con- 
sistinfofmembers.associates.andsubscrlbers, 

formed  at  Manchester  in  1847,  to  promote  the 
us?  of  "reals,  pulse,  and  fruit,  as  articles  of 
dfet  ;  iSto  induce  habits  of  abstinence  from 
fish,  flesh,  and  fowl,  as  food  B^grtBto 
Federal  Union  was  formed.  in  1880  It  hM 
affiliated  with  it  societies  in  the_  United  States, 
Germany,  Australia,  and  Great  Britain  Inter 
national  Congresses  of  vegetarians  have  t 
held. 

v6fc-e-tar-I-an-Ism,  «.  [Eng.  vegetarian  ; 
-ism  1  The  pra'ctice  of  living  solely  on  the  pro- 
dS  of  the  vegetable  kingdom-gran,  pulse, 
fruit  and  nuts!  with  or  without  the  addition 
of  eggs  and  milk  and  its  products  (butter  and 
e¥e>  to  the  exclusion  of  flesh,  fish,  and 
fowl.  'Vegetarians  allege  in  support  of  this 
Lvstem  that  man  when  created  was  excln- 
liVelTfrugivorous,  and  that  his  structure  is 
not  adapted  for  a  flesh  diet  ;  that  the  adop- 
tton  of  the  vegetarian  method  of  living  would 
enable  the  country  to  support  a  greater  popu- 
•  lation  and  render  it  independent  of  a  foreign 
fnod  Buimlv  '  that  vegetarianism  is  favourable 
to  tei  Snce  a  peaceful  disposition,  and 
Sirifv  Sn  thought  and  life;  that  it  is  pre- 
Ferred  by  children  ;  that  it  is  infinitely  cheaper 
ihan  a  flesh  diet;  that  Us  adoption  would 
enable  the  working  classes  not  only  to  live 
better,  but  to  save  money  ;  that  it  would  stay 
therevoltinz  I-.orrors  of  the  slaughter-house 
alth  is  invariably  enjoyed 


5045 


1.  Literally: 

(1)  To  grow  up  in  the  manner  of  a  plan* 
or  vegetable ;  to  grow  by  vegetable  growth. 

(2)  To  promote  growth,  as  of  a  plant. 

"The  rain  water  limy  be  endued  »ith  """^JgJJ" 

>>2.  Fig. :   To  live  an  idle,  unthinking  life ; 
to  have  a  mere  existence. 

"  He  deems  it  hard  to  vegetate  alone." 

Cmuper :  Tirocinium,  7^4- 

v6g-e-ta'-tion,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vegeta- 
tUmem  accus.  of  vegetatia,  from  vegetatus,  pa. 
par.  of  vegeto  =  to  quicken,  to  enliven  ;  Bp. 
Zegetacion  ;  Ital.  vegetazionc.}    [VEGETATE.] 
L  Ordi-nary  Language : 

1  The  act  or  process  of  vegetating ;  the 
process  of  growing  by  vegetable  growth. 

"The  second  sensible  that  have  not  only  .a  life  ol 
MTrtotion.  but  a  life  of  sense  and  fscult.es.  -Hoi*. 
Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  S6B. 

2  Vegetables  or  plants  generally  and  col- 
lectively.   (Thomson :  Summer,  43U.) 

U  Lyell  considered  that  the  effect  of  vege- 
tatonwas  conservative,  i.e.,  that  ,t  retarded 
Sie !  destruction  of  the  soil  and  the  subjacent 
rocks  by  the  action  of  running  water.  Inus, 
™en  the  woods  clothing  the  steep  declivities 
of  the  hills  hounding  the  upper  part  of  t 
valley  of  the  Arno  were  cut  down  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  the  quantity  of  sand 
washed  down  into  the  river  increased  enor- 
mously. (Princip.  ofOeol.,  ch.  xlv.) 

IL  Pathol.:  The  term  usually  »PPj'ed  *° 
growths  and  deposits  connected  with  the 
valves  of  the  heart ;  used  also  of  excessive 
granulations  on  wounds,  and  of  warty  growths. 

»  H  Vegetation  of  salts: 

Chem.:  A  name  formerly  applied  to  the 
crystallization  of  salts. 

vStV-g-ta-ttve,   *  veg-e-ta-tife,  o.  &  «. 

[Fr.  vlgetatif=  vegetative,  lively.] 
A.  As  adjective: 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
I   Growing ;  having  the  (power  of  growing, 
''inte. 


°2.  Having  the  power  to  produce  or  support 
growth  in  plants. 


IL  Zool  •  Repeated  an  indefinite  number  of 
timtststtie  limbs  of  a  Millipede  or  the  seg- 
ments of  a  worm. 

1813).  p|>.  129,  131. 

«  B.  As  subst.  :  A  vegetable. 
vegetative-tissue,  «. 

Biol.  :  The  same  as  VEGETABLE-TISSUE  (q.v.). 

vgfc'-e'-ta-tive-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  vegetative; 
ly.]In  a  vegetative  manner.  [VEOETATIVE, 
II.] 


live,  or  of  producing  growth. 


thft  revoltuis  ..orrors  01  uua  oi«"e"""-  — - — 
that  much  litter  health  is  invariably ^enjoyed 
by  vegetarians,  who  are  also  less  lial 
give  way  to  intemperance.  On  the  other  hand 
the  most  eminent   physiologists,   while  ad 
mitting  that  a  theoretically  perfect  diet  can 
be  obtlinedfrom  the  vegetable  kingdom,  hold 
What  a  mixed  diet  is  the  best,  and  the  struc 
tnre  of  mai^s  organs  (especially  of  the  stpmacl 
and  °eet .)  is  hSd  to  prove  an  adaptation  to 
all  kinds  of  food.    Apart  from  the  story  of 
Genesis,  which  many  authorities  hold  to  be 
poTtical  rather  than  literal,  there  are  no  means 
oVasctrtaining  the  diet  of  the first |  man, ^but 
oractically  all  the  remains  that  have  1 
^covered  show  that  at  a  very  early  stage  m 
his  existence  man  was  a  hunter,  and  lived 
almost  exclusively  on  a  flesh  diet. 
Vee  e-tar'-I-ans,  t.pl.      A   Chinese   sect 
who  <.b8erve  the   habit  of  vegetarianism  .as 
I  relieious  duty.     This  sect  was  charged  with 
fndtog "the  murder  of  many  Christian  mission- 
aril's  in  1895. 


, 

•vS-gete',  a.    [Lat.  vegetus  =  lively,  vigor- 
ous.]   [VEGETABLE.]    Active,  vigorous. 


veg'-S-tive,  a.  It,  s.    [Eng.  w»d(«);  -'"-I 
A.  As  adjective: 

1  Vegetable  ;  having  the  nature  of  a  plant; 
capabliTof  growth. 

«  Tkn  tree  still  i»nted  In  the  unfinished  part  ! 
SS  whony 


2   Growing  vigorously  ;  vigorous,  strong. 
"It  quickens  all  klnde  of  seeds.  It  inakej  tb« 
•e»««»»7'—  BaltevlU  :  Apololle,  bk.  u.,  ch.  IT.,  !  1. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  vegetable,  a  plant. 

"  Better  than  those  vegetiMt, 
Who..  Mid.  die  with  them/  ^    ^  ^  ,  t 

veg-e-to-,  jn«/    (VEOKTOOS.)    Of  »  vegetable 
nature. 
vegeto-  alkalis,   «. 

ALKALIS.] 


[VEOETABL. 


. 


- 

"*^ 


Ml 


•weg-e-toas,  o.    [Lat 

us.  liv,iy,  active, 
-K -be  b.Uir.  . 
*x*r  drew  more  f 
UL  L 

we  -he  men?e,  .<-  [Fr.  rtArnnuz,  from  Lat. 
Manuxia,  fn>m  K*™«U  =  vehement  (q.r  )  • 
So.  4  Port.  wanmtU.1 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  berne  vehement ; 
violent  ardour,  fervour,  or  impetuosity  ;  vio- 


2.  F™«OT  impetuosity  a^_,»«™n 
gene  action  of  any  kind ;  impetuous 
impetuosity,  violence,  fury. 
"  A  uinnu  hohbab  . 

«kH*_r 


,  -Te-he-men-oio, 

Vehemence,  violence 


"•V-llS-mcat,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  nktmntm 
•ccos.  of  ntemnu=  passionate,  eager,  r«he- 
•ent ;  lit.  =  carried  oot  of  one's  mind,  from 
«alw=to  carry,  and  «wiu  =  mind;  Sp.  * 
Fort.  RAmnh;  Ital.  Temnte.] 

L  Proceeding   from   or    characteriied  by 

atoength,  violence,  or  impetuosity  of  feeling 

-  **«•  «  "•»« ; 


*.  Acting  with  great  farce,  energv,  or  rio- 
Itnee;  energetic,  violent,  furioun :  Va|  a  «Jkt- 

MM 


T«  he>  ment-ly,  adr     [fug.  *iumatt;  -Jy.] 
In   a  vehement  mswier;   with   vefcesamue. 

tTTwaat    &W«K     vi  A  I..  ****:» 


r(2LJiS!5D^or  ene^sr;  voent 

,  Ibrcibly,  furiously,  passionately 


v.-hi-aU.s.    [Lat.  mkinlum,  Cross  mlu  =  to 
carry  ;  Fr.  t*ic*U;  Sp.«eUc«i>;  ItaL  winUa. 
L  Ore-nary  LMyM.... 

kib  L1:.i,An7  kil?  of  CMTta««  moving  on 
Und,  whether  on  wheels  or  runners  ;  a  c.ich 

*  ""^  m  'mtad8e'  "leigh.  or 


_*•.**>•  •'  **»*  whfch  serve*  as  the  instru- 
oon"-Me  t^- 


~  Pulntliif;  vlth  all  iu  tKhaloKUo.  tU«c«ltl 
•ad  p»>li«r*n«X  J«  oothlii   bitV 


L  vlrt :  The  menstruum  or  median,  with 
which  the  various  pigments  are  applied  in 
painting.  Of  these Stater  is  osedTnlres«J 
and  in  water-colour  painting,  the  colours  beins 
«Mjaoliaated  with  gum-arabic  ;  sue  is  used  to 
dutemper  peintmfr  In  oil-painting  the  fixed 
oils  of  toseed,  nut,  and  poppy  are  used ;  in 
encaustic  painting,  wax  is  the  vehicle. 

t.  Warm:  A  substance  in  which  medicine 
is  taken.  [Excinnrr,  B.  S.] 

•ve-M-cled.  a.    [Eng.  «Md(«);  *d.]    Con. 
veyed  in  a  vehicle ;  applied  or  imparted  bv 
means  of  a  vehicle.    (faCta*  L  *.] 
-  Oard  tu  tkrach  potenlc  Ilk. 
Fnm  pom  MMeM  lu jnta.' 


to,  or  relating  to 


P-t  re»ic«tor»,  front  t*. 
=  ,  vehicle  (q.v.X]      Of.  pertaining 
a  vehicle  o 


e  or  reUdas. 


\  elucul.tr. 


[Eng.  waioihr; 


"Try  rxrtooB  oth«r  mtf^  of 

«rta,-»x--«^.i.,  ,„,  Av. 
&  /admu. :  To  ride  or  drive  in  a  vehicle. 


vegetous— Tein 

•ve-hic-u-li-tcir-y,  a.    ( 
-or,.]    Designed  farSrryingT*  *'• 

'      ..ri.i-bi.oam. 


"S,  SSSSSS, 


•cuing 

veh-me  (V  as  f ),  «.    (Vonioiiucirrr.] 

vehm-ge-rfcb.  -te  (v  as  *  ck  gntturalX  «. 
in.  of  Ger.  nbmg-rieM,  bum  O.  Ger  ttme 
ofjauioe.?  puuishment- and  <"rid't  =  •  eourt 

Hirf. :  A  system  of  secret  tribonals  which 
originated  during  the  Middle  Ages  in  West- 
P~u«,and  then  sj'ivsd  over  Germany,  where 
n»  regular  administration  of  justice  had 
fallen  into  complete  disorder.  The  supreme 
government  of  the  Vehmic  tribunals  was 
rested  in  the  Great  or  General  Chapter,  com- 
posed of  the  rreegrares  and  all  the  other 
rnittatod  members,  nigh  .nd  |ow.  n,,  „. 
semblies  of  the  tnbunaU  were  generally  held 
m  broad  dayl^ht  and  in  public,  sometimes 
by  night  and  In  secret.  The  last  tribunal 
was  held  at  Zell  in  1568,  but  a  few  Vehmie 
tribunals  existed  in  name,  though  without 
l»Me»«lng  any  remnant  of  their  pristine 
power,  as  late  as  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
2?1??17-  JrestPh»1'»  »'«s  divided  into  dis- 
trict*, each  of  which  usually  contained  one 
and  sometimes  many,  Vehmic  tribunals,  who<e 
boundaries  were  accurately  denned.  The 
court  itself  was  composed  of  ••  Echevins," 
nominated  by  tbe  Lord  or  Graff,  and  divided 
into  two  classes-<l)  the  ordinary,  »nd  (2) 
the  Wissender,  or  Witmn-who  were  admitted 

?*.25-L?tnct,bond  "*  «o«T.    The  criminal 
j'insdiction  of  the  Vehmic  tribunals  took  the 

"  Ti^L **?ge-    Th'y'  like  the  Bchevins, 
of  two  classes— 0)  the  open  oinrt,  or 
™*!  ••*<*)  tn«  nu-lamed  and  dreaded 
mbunaL    Charlemagne,  aooording  to 

Mbunl.  but  th?  u  not  awlIrSeo^theV'by 
documentary  evideoce  or  by  contemporary 
22~Z^J?*>  Pro'*11'?  these  tribunals  were 
the  original  summary  jnrhdletions  of  the  old 
toons,  which  survived  the  subjugation  of 
therr  country.  In  feet,  these  proceedings 
differed  in  no  essential  character  from  the 
ranimary  jurisdiction  exercised  In  the  town- 
ships and [hundreds  of  Anglo-Saxon  England. 
(For  illosUations  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
see  8fr  "^  <»-— —  ^r- 


'-Io  (V  as  f),  a.    [Eng.  «*•<') ;  -ic-l    Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Vehmts  or  Vehmgerichte 


«v"3  '^°*',  *Z?^ 

FT.  psiii ;  Fr.  roue,  from  Lat.  wfuA  =  a 

sail,  a  covering,  from  nte  =  to  carry,  to  bear 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  LU. :  Something  hung  up  or  spread  ont 
to  Intercept  the  VMW  ;  a  covering  hung  01 
suspended  m  front  of  or  over  something  to 
prevent  it  from  being  seen  ;ascreen.  a  curtain ; 
specifically,  a  more  or  less  transparent  piece 
<*  "fesa  worn  to  conceal,  shade,  or  protec 
the  ace. 


1  Fif.:  Anything  that  preventa  obserra- 
Hon  ;  a  covering,  mask,  disguise,  or  the  like, 


IT. 

L  AtaL,  4s.  : 


a,  Kcdetm. :  Tbe  name  given  to  more  or 

~  .P*""0*"  £Lbric*  *le<1  for  <»»»ring  persons 
or  things.  The  chief  are  the  Eucharistic 
vefls,  of  silk  or  line  linen,  rnwi  to  coveflie 
altar  vessels  or  the  elements,  or  thrown  over 

the  shAnllferv  nf  f  K-  *-i~.t-  .»    D 


n  and 


- 

worn  by  nuns  on  making  their  nro- 


cover 
""^  ""  churehes 


0  <""nme  the  «n  •«- 
of  .  woman  when  she 
becomes  a  nnn  ;  to  retire  to  a  convent. 

-  Tbe«bt«-  n«  at  Bohb  Hood. 
Bv.t  mrlf  tftt  UH^ilmat  bout* 

.  win...,.  irm,tr 

L  LU.  :  To  cover,  hide,  or  conceal  with  • 
rejl,  curtain,  or  the  like  ;  to  put  a  veil  over. 

" 


.-  no  rit  Tffl. 


IL 
1.  To 

conceal,  to  c 

"  Tooder  Uuiac  dood  Uut  Mb  tLe  hill" 


from  being  seen;  to  hide,  to 


M.-  r>.        . 

J.  To  invest,  to  enshroud,  to  conceal. 
3.  To  mask,  to  disguise. 

"I  have  MiM  uaj  took.* 

a«t»»/i..  Atbu  Cam-.  l  j. 

veiled.  •  vailed,  «.    {Bog.  veil  ;  -•*.] 
1.  Ordinary  Langwigt: 
1.  Covered,  hidden,  or  protected  by  a  veil 
a  nul  Havtag  t*1'en  tbe  «-•  !  >-»™«  become 


tt  Bst  .•  The  same  as  YKUTI  (q.v.). 

veiled-voice,  ». 

Jf*';   A  T0'"  »«»<*  1«  not  clear,  but 

™1811  80Iue  inter- 


A«u:.thin 


lEng.  .TO,  •.;.&».]  Destitute 

•  He  droTt  tb>  dart  u*lmt  Ur 


-.  'Telne.  'veyne,  i    [Fr. 

•ttiu,  from  Lat.  ma  =  a  vein,  from  the  same 
root  «•**•  =  to  carry;  Sp.  4  ItaJ.  «»o.J 
L  OrJinonr  Loujmupt  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  is  II.  1. 

2.  A  streak  or  wave  of  different  colour  ap- 
pearing in  wood,  oarble,  aiKl  other  stones  ;  • 
long,  irregular  streak  of  colour. 

fi3  A^rityWfl*mre'  cleft»  <»  koUo*.  aa  In 
the  earth  or  other  substance. 

"r»  *>»«li.ti.»n.u«  •*»»•  tw.mii.- 

*»«*«*  :  rtavM.  L  t. 

4,  Any  distinctive  or  valuable  nro;«rty  or 
characteristic  coasidered  as  running  throushT 
or  iatermingled  with  others  ;•  continued 
"rain  ;  a  current,  a  stream. 


5.  Manner  of  speech  or  action  ;  particular 
style,  character,  disposition,  or  eastof  miud. 


1.  Awl.  (Pi):  Thin  ramifying  elastic  tubes 
•rising  m  the  extremities  of  aitody,  .^J 
proceeding  by  a  more  or  leas  direct  course  to 
"«  heart-  to  which  they  carryback  tht 
fen.lfortb  bZthe  ""'Wand  trans- 
!l£r  ,b)r  **•  «Pai»*»  connecting 
etwo  kinds  of  reasela.  They  fall  under  threl 
great  diTiaions: 


r  sh  ort 

I!^!^!?*""1"*  Tt»«>  red  blood  back 
from  the  hugs  to  the  left  sWe  of  the  heart. 
and  which  are  found  two  on  each  sMe  inthe 
root  of  the  corresponding  lung. 

Mi 


.h  -- 

the  blood  from  the  capillaries  [CAPILLARY- 
TSI.I.M]  throughout  the  body,  and  uniting  to 
*™!1J5»  ressels  and  then  two  large  venoos 
bmiks,  &e  superior  and  inferiornnm  M 
flnaily  enter  -the  right  auricle  of  the  heart 
!E  J^!fh  Jhe  """"'T  veins  also  conduct 
the  blood  which  nonrishea  that  organ  itself 
These  systemic  reins  an  naturally  divided 
"to  '«  grou,«,  aceordint:  to  tbe  channel  by 
which  toey  enter  theheS.  lfc.^».TtS 
bead,  the  neck,  the  upper  limbs,  the  spine. 
^^  and  P"*  «f  tSw.ll.or  the  thorS 
and  abdon|en  make  their  entrance  into  the 
• 


,    -e 

lower  part  of  the  trunk  and  the 
abdoBunal  vw*ra  do  *,  by  the  inferior  .nw 
cano.  The  >enw  of  the  portal  system  brsw 
back  the  blood  frmi  the  rt, 

M  T-  °!L22Zn'  "Id  °«  ^reaT:  £Z 
JoMins,  they  fonn  the  great  portal  refn  whirh 
ramifies  in  the  surface  of  tie  lirer,  after  the 
mannerof  aa  artery,  before  finally  entering  Jie 


- 

cure, 


^  -  —  ^»    ••-,    MMMUMI,     BV*    i*^ 

onr.  rule,  fail;  try,  Syrian,    m,  «  =  •;  «y  =  i;  qn  =  kw. 


5047 


' 

awrt  by  the  inferior  vena  com.    The  anast 
M  of  veins  are  much  larger  and  more 

5rS5i?«ars 

Sjt±5LS«rass 
BHS-tf%?3S5l 

veins  are  named  ,  the  most  important  »l"  * 
found  in  this  dictionary.  The  walls  of  the 
veins  are  thinner  than  those  of  the  arteries 
but  the  veins  themselves  are  less  elastic.  The 
Hal  capacity  of  the  veins  is  mu.-h  greater 
thin  that  of  the  arteries  ;  so  much  so  that 
7veins  alone  can  hold  the  mass  of  blood 
which  in  life  is  distributed  over  both  arteri-  , 
id  veins.  While  there  is  a  oonflderable 
pressure  even  in  the  smaller  and  a  greater 
one  in  the  larger  arteries,  the  pressure  in 
v  .ins  is  greatoa  in  those  of  smaller  bore,  and 
wen  in  them  is  but  slight;  hence,  while  a 
pulse  Is  present  in  the  arteries,  it  is  as  a  role 
5  sent  in  the  veins.  The  velocity  of  the  blood 
in  the  veins  is  least  in  those  of  smaller 
diameter  and  greatest  in  the  larger  trunks 
which  is  the  reverse  of  the  rule  in  arteries. 
When  a  vein  is  cut  the  flow  from  tbStotal 
end-i.«.,  from  the  end  nearest  the  capi  lanes 
_fa  continuous,  but  the  blood  is  ejected  with 
little  foree. 

2.  Bot.  (PI.):  Theramincationsof  the  petiole 
among  the  cellular  tissue  of  a  leaf,  of  which 
t£y  constitute  the  framework.  They  are  of 
flbro-vascular  tissue,  and  carry  Rip  into  tin 
parenchyma.  The  principal  vein,  that  which 
forms  the  continuation  «*  tUj£*W»  «™J 
the  axis  of  the  leaf,  is  colled  the  costa  or 
midrib,  a  term  which  Lindley  proposes  to  ex- 
tend to  all  main  veins  proceeding  direct  from 
the  base  to  the  apex  of  a  leaf,  or  to  the  point, 
of  its  lobes.  The  ramifications i  sent  out  by 
the  midrib,  called  by  some  lateral  ribs,  he 
terms  primary  veins.  They  eg™Jj!TSS 
the  apex,  and  anastomose  with  the  back 
of  the  primary  vein  which  lies  next  to 
them.  iSie  part  of  the  primary  vein  which 
curves  in  the  vicinity  of  this  anas tomosis  he 
calls  the  curved  vein,  and  those  external  to  t 
the  marginal  veins.  Veins  running  •*  right 
angles  from  the  midrib  and  alternate  with  The 
primary  veins  he  term,  costal  vein*.  IV  BIN- 
LOT,  VENATION.] 

3   Owl. :  A  crack  in  a  rock  filled  up  by 

substances  different  from  the  rock,    ir 

mav  be  either  earthy  or  metallic.    In  \eiy 

many  cases  the  fissures  have  been  produced 

by  volcanic  or  earthquake  action,  and  they 

often  coincide  with  faults.    Water  descending 

Srthese  fissures  to  unknown  depths  has  been 

raised  to  so  high  a  temperature  that  it  h. 

become  capable  of  holding  in  solution  varioii 

metallic  and  other  mineral  substances.    A 

the  water  has  cooled  it  has  gradually  deposite 

these  matters  held  in  solution,  not  doing  s 

simultaneously,  but  in   succession       lleta 

liferons  veins  vary  greatly  in  width,  bem 

sometimes  a  few  inches,  frequently  three  o 

four  feet,  and  sometimes  much  more.    1 

thinner  portions  often  branch  off  into  uinu 

merable  slender  ramifications  like  the  veins  o 

an  animal,  whence  their  name      Sometime 

part  of  the  material  filling  veins  has  fallen  i 

from  above  or  been  segregated  from  the  rock 

constituting  the  sides  o?  the  fissure.    The 

are  often  parallel,  are  associated  with  dyke 

and  are  more  common  in  the  paloozoio  i 

in  more  modern  strata.    They  vary  m  ag 

and  not  unfrequently  one  crosses  another. 

4.  Mining: 

(1)  A  lead  or  lode  of  ore-bearing  rock,  all 
or  dead  ;  that  is,  containing  ore  or  not. 

(2)  A  seam  of  metalliferous  matter  filling  up  a 
former  fissure  in  rock.  [PIPE-VEIN,  HAKE-VEIN.] 

5  Pathol. :  The  chief  affections  to  which 
veins  are  subject  are :  Inflammation,  vanx, 
hypertrophy,  atrophy,  degeneration,  phlcbo- 
lites,  parasites,  and  new  growths.  In  surgical 
operations  the  accidental  sudden  entry  of  air 
often  causes  death  by  arresting  the  pulmonary 
circulation.  If  slowly  injected  an  enormous 
quantity  may  be  (and  has  been)  pumped  in  o 
the  vein  with  impunity,  while  a  quantity 
sufficient  to  till  the  auricle,  entering  suddenly, 
would  certainly  prove  fatal.  The  first  recorded 
case  of  spontaneous  entry  of  air  in  manoc. 
curred  in  1707,  though  experiments  had  been 
made  on  the  lower  animals  in  the  seventeenth 
century. 

vein-stone,  vein-»tn*t  »• 
llm. :  The  gangue  or  matrix  of  the  ore.    I 


in.  1 1     [VEis,  ».]    To  flll  or  furnish  with 
;  to  cover  with  veins ;  to  streak  or  vane- 
gate  with  or  as  with  veins., 
Tha.* th.  ™M 


«  vein'^ge  (age  as  ig). ».  [Eng.  «i»;  -o««.] 
Veining ;  veins. 

"The  rich  fruit  glistening  with  the   ™^g,J°n; 
streaks  or  with  russet 
mure:  Alice  Lorraine,  ch.  xxy, 

•Teln  aL  o.   [Eng.  vein,  s. ;  -al.]   Pertaining 

or  relating  to  the  veins ;  venous. 
veined,  a.  [Eng.  vein,  s. ;  -at] 

1  Ord  Lang. :  Full  of  veins ;  marked  with 

or  u  with  veins  ;  streaked,  variegated. 

••  Meadows,  olten  veined  with  senile-gliding  brooks. 
— Drutilon:  Poly-Olbion.    (Pref.l. 

2.  Bot. :  Traversed  by  veins,  as  the  paren- 
chyma of  a  leaf. 
ein'-Jng,  o.    [Bug.  vein,  s. ;  -ing.] 

J,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  streaking  or  mark- 
ing with  veins. 

2.  A  streaked  or  variegated  appearance,  as 
if  covered  with  a  network  of  veins. 

3  A  kind  of  needlework  in  which  the  veins 
of  a  piece  of  muslin  are  wrought  to  a  pattern. 

Jj.  Technically: 

1   Bot. :  The  same  as  VENATION  (q.v.). 

2.  Weaving :  A  stripe  in  the  cloth  formed  bj 
a  vacancy  in  the  warp. 


•en  •  they  are  at  regular  intervals,  and  on* 
a  e  a  H.tl.er?  so  that  each  mast  was  hxed  m 
two  rings.  There  is  a  similar  contrivance  in 


botaivy  whan  there'  are  no  veins  In  a  leaf,  ex 
cent  a  sli-ht  approach  to  a  midrib  as  in  th 
Mosses  and  thetooL  Leaves  of  this  kind  ex,s 
only  in  the  lowest  tribe,  of  Miaceous  P^ 
and  must  not  be  confounded  with  tteshy  o 
thickened  leaves  in  the  higher  order,  in  wh  c 
the  veins  are  not  absent,  but  only  conceale 
within  the  substance  of  the  parenchyma. 
TelnMSt,  s.  [Eng.  vein,  ..;  -let.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  little  vein ;  a  vein  branch- 
ing'off  from  a  large  vein. 

••  Joins  ItseU  with  other  veins  and  tetaltU.  —Car- 
tote  '  VifceKaniei,  iv.,  20fi. 

2  Bot  -A  vein  of  the  smallest  size.  Lindley 
describes"  and  names  three  kinds  of  them  m 
the  leaves  of  plants:  (1)  Marginal  yemlets, 
constituting  a  fine  network  of  minute  veins 
connecting  the  external  veins  with  the  margin 
of  the  leaf  The  primary  veins  are  themselves 
connected  by  fine  veins,  which  he  calls ,  (2) 
pVoper  veinlete,  where  they  immediately 
leave  the  primary  veins,  and  (S)  Common 
veinlets,  where  they  anastomose  in  the  area 
between  them.  [VEIN,  II.  2.] 
"vein-ons,  u.  [Eng.  vein,  s. ;  -ow.]  Veined; 
hiring  the  veins  prominent  or  strongly 
marked. 


"She 
Didan,  : 


«4  »!•  »«*•!?«•  ">     Dotted 
>  of  n*»  CU,a.  bk.  11.  ch.  In. 


*vein'-f  ,  o.    (Eng.  vein,  s.  ;  -».]  Full  of  veins  ; 

veined.    (Thomson,:  Summer,  135.) 
•veize,  r.t.     [Etyra.  doubtful;  ct  PHEESE.) 

(See  extract.) 

••Som.  have  confidently  .alarmed  In  my  hearing 


VELARIUM 

0»«r  the  Spectator*  Bflichel  In  tb>  OreU 
Theatre  at  1'umiwu. 

the  Coliseum  at  Rome  ;  but  there  the  inasrt» 
were  on  the  outside  of  the  walls,  and  lasted 
on  consoles,  passing  through  holes  cut  111  the 
cornice. 

ve'-late,  a.    [Lat.  wlatiu,  pa.  par.  of  veto  ss 
to  veil.] 
Bot.  :  Having  a  veil  ;  veiled. 

vSl-a-tu'-ra,  «.    lital.] 

Art  :  A  mode  of  glazing  adopted    by  tl 
early  Italian  painters,  by  which  the  colmi 
was  rubbed  on  by  all  the  fingers,  or  the  Hi 
of  the  hand,  BO  as  to  flll  the  interstices  leti  by 
the  brush,  and  cover  the  entire    surla.-e  of 
the  picture  thinly  and  evenly.    (FairlwU.) 

«  vele,  s.    [VEIL,  «.] 

vS-lel'-la,  «.     [Mod  Lat,  from  Lat.  rel«m  = 

7ool  •  The  type-ge'iu's  of  Velellidm  (B-v-^ 
The  hydrosoma  consists  of  a  widely-expaiided 
rhomboidal  pneumatophore,  carrying  on  it. 
upper  surfaced  diagonal  vertical  crest,  which 
is  exiiosed  to  the  wind  like  asaiL    The  specie 
are  about  two  inches  in  length  by  one  inch 
and  a  half  in  height 
S-lSl'-li-dsa.  ».  pi.    (ModLat.releil(a);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -Was.] 

Zool  •  A  family  of  Oceanic  Hydrozoa,  witto 
two  genera,  Velellaand  Porpita. 
'Sl'-I-a,  i.  [Btym.  doubtful.  Prob.  from 
Lat.  Vdia.  =  W  »n  elevated  part  of  the 
Palatine  Hill,  Rome  ;  (2)  a  town  on  the  coast 
of  Lucania.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  HydrometrMw  (q.v.)k 
Antemiie  filiform,  four-jointed,  the  firat  joint 
the  longest,  the  others  about  equal  to  each 
other  in  length,  and  bent  at  an  angle  with  the 
first  BosUurn  two-jointed  ;  legs  moderate, 
nearly  equidistant.  Two  species  are  British  : 
one  Velia  rivulorttm,  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  long,  common  on  the  surface  of  stream., 
running  on  the  water  with  ease  and  rapidity. 

•  vS-lIf'  -er-ous,  a.    [Lat.  vdum  =  a  sail,  and 
ffro  =  to  bear.)    Bearing  or  carrying  sa.ls. 

"  Tbey  invented  vtHfentu  cnarioU.'1-J*e'K»  .•*»»• 
lotion  ±  Camnurcf. 

•vS-llfe'-er-ons,  a,.     [Lat.  «!««»  and  y«r»» 

to  bear.)    Bearing  a  velum  (o_.  v.). 
ve-linohe  ,  va-Jinph',  ».    [VALINCH.] 


•ve-lar.  a-  [Lat.  velum  =  a  cloth,  a  sail 
Enifad  .  suff.  -ar.]  [VELUM,  ^]  Of  pertain 
ina  :  to  or  relating  to  a  veil  ;  specifically,  in 
philology,  a  term  applied  to  certain  sounds 
Ss  those  represented  by  the  letters  »w,  to 
^  produced  by  the  aid  of  the  veil,  or  sof 
palate. 

ve-lar'-I-um,  ».   [Lat-l 

Horn.  Aniiq.  :  The  great  awning  stretched  pve 
the  roofless  Roman  theatres  or  amphitheatres 
as  a  protection  against  rain  or  the  sun  s  rays 
These  awniugs  were  generally  of  woollen  o 
linen;  cotton  was  used  for  the  purpose 
little  before  the  time  of  Julius  Cesar  (Hi 
H.  N.,  xix.  1,  6.    This  vast  extent  ot.  ttanv 
was  supported  by  masts  (Luar.,  vi.  108)  tlxe 
in  rings  in  the  outer  wall.      In  the  Grea 
Theatre  at  Pompeii,  these  rings  may  st 


«l£*  genttfUlis  =  a  light-armed  sol 
1  dispute  or  contest  ;  a  slight  skirmish. 

"Bit  »"  the««  »ere  but  ?'»»"  ~".""'°'S,*n 
'  ' 


to  fly.)    Passing  under  sail. 
veil.  ».    (FELL,  ».]    The  maw  or  stomach  of  a 

young  calf,  used  for  rennet.    (Vrov.) 
veil.  «  (.    [VELi-,  «.]     To  cut  off  the  turf  or 

iward  of,  as  of  land.    (Proii) 
vel'-la,'-    [Said  to  be  from  Celtic  wi«r;  Gael 

>l°Bot~ Cress-rocket;  the  typical  genns  ei 
VeUidie  (q.r.X    Calyx  erect;  pouch  swollen. 


6048 


Velleda— velumen 


two-celled,  with  a  dilated  flat-winged  style 
twice  a,  long  as  the  valves  ;  seeds  four  in  each 
oell.  fella  OMUO,  the  Annual  Cress-rocket, 
is  said  to  have  lieen  found  on  Salisbury  Plain 
but  not  since  the  time  of  Ray. 

VSr-le-da,  s.     [Lat   Vdefa  =  a   prophetic 
virgin  among  the    Germans,   regarded  as   a 
divine  being.    (Tacitm:  Hist.,  iv.  61;  Germ. 
viu.  ;  cf.  Statius  :  mine,  I.  iv.  49).] 
Astron.  :  [ASTEROID,  126]. 

•  vel-le  -J-t&  s.    [Fr.  velUtti,  as  if  from  a  Lat 

•atm,  accus.  of  vdleitat,  from  relle  =  to 

wish  )    Inclination  in  the  way  of  volition  :  an 

dolent  or  inactive  wish  or  inclination  to- 


'Tel-len-age,  s.    [VILLEXAOE.] 

*  vel'-let,  *  vet-ot,  «.  &  a.    [VKLVET.] 

•  vel  -U-cate,  r.(.  &  i.    [Lat.  KBicnhi*,  pa. 
par.  otvellico  ;  freq.  from  vello  =  to  pull.) 

A.  Trans.  :  To  twitch,  to  pluck  ;  to  cause 
to  twitch  convulsively  ;  applied  to  the  mus- 
cles and  fibres  of  animals. 


B.  Intrans. :  To  twitch ;   to   move  spas- 
modically. 

"vel-ll-ca'-tion,  a,    [Lat.  vellicatio,  from 
vellicatui,  pa.  par.  of  vellico.]    [VELLICATE.] 

1.  The  act  of  twitching  or  of  causing  to 
twitch. 

2.  A  twitching;  a  convulsive  or  spasmodic 
movement  of  a  muscular  fibre. 

I' And  therefore  we  iee  Uut  almost  ill  pnrjers  h«v. 
f  wlud."—  Bacon  :  JTat.  A.,  1 1?*"11* 
0.     [Eng. 


Sot. :  A  family  of  Orthoplocese,  having  the 
pouch  with  the  valves  convex  and  the  dissepi- 
ments broad. 

vellon  (as  ygr-yon).  ..  [Sp.,  tame  word  as 
oiUon.J  A  kind  of  Spanish  money  of  account 
Also  used  like  the  English  sterling  The 
rente  de  vellm  is  equal  to  about  2Jd-  English. 

vel  -loped,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Her. :  Having  gills  of  such  or  such  a  tine- 
,    '.,•  APPlled  to  »  cock  whose  gills  are  borne 
of  a  different  tincture  from  the  body. 

vel-lo  -zl-a,  s.    [Etym.  unknown.] 

Boi  •  The  typical  genus  of  Vellozieas.  Stem 
dichotomously  branched ;  leaves  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  generally  arranged  spirally  • 
flowers  large,  solitary,  white,  blue,  or  violet  •' 
perianth  connate ;  stamens  six  or  indefinite  • 
ovary  inferior,  three-celled;  capsules  sub-' 
globose,  with  many  seeds.  Characteristic  of 
the  mountain-regions  of  Brazil. 


•TLrV — T"',-1'1*     (Mod.  Lat  w«oii(o); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -eos.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  doubtfully  placed  by  Lindley 
under  Htemodoracese. 

vSl'-ltim,  *  vel-am,  «  vel  lam,  •  vel-lm. 
*  vel  ym,  *  vel-yme,  ..  [ft?  viU°  frZ 
Low  Lat  vtivlinium,  or  pelUs  mtulina  =  pre- 
pared calf-skin,  vellum,  from  Lat  vituhntis 
=  belonging  to  a  calf;  vUulus—  a  calf  For 
the  change  of  n  to  m,  cf.  venom.]  [VEAL  ]  A 
fine  parchment  made  of  calf-skin.  The  skins 
are  limed,  shaved,  washed,  stretched,  scrai«d 
and  rubbed  down  with  pumice-stone.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  a  superior  kind  of 
writing-paper,  and  to  a  kind  of  cotton  cloth 
prepared  to  imitate,  more  or  less,  vellum  in 


«»»;  •»]    Be«.m. 


V&'-ltts,  «.    [Lat.  =  a  fleece.) 

Sot.  :  The  stipe  of  certain  fungals. 


>•  4  o.     [Ital.  velluto.]     Velvet 

"Chirze.  of  coaches,  villul,  gowns." 
^  Ben  Jonton  :  Magnetic*  Ladg. 

ve-lo'-oe  (e  as  9h),  a.    [Ital.  quick.] 

Music :  A  direction  prefixed  to  a  passare  or 
movement  to  indicate  that  it  is  to  be  performed 
»ith  great  quickness  or  swiftness. 

*  ve-ldy-J-man,  s.  [Lat  velox,  genit  velocis 
-  swift,  and  manus  -  the  hand.]  A  carriage 
hand'6  ""  of  a  vel°cipede,  but  driven  by 

vel-d-9lm'-e-ter,  s.  [Lat  i-eloz,  genit.  velocis 
-swift,  and  Eng.  meter.]  An  apparatus  for 
measuring  and  ascertaining  the  speed  of 
machines,  lie.  There  are  numerous  varieties. 

r^f..ne"  "ll**r™<"'  indented  by  Colonel  Sebert 
I     til     t^°     ' presBarc  on  buffer*,  aud  velocity 

vg-loy-J-pede,  s.  [Lat.  velox,  genit  velocis  = 
rift  and  pes,  genit.  fedin  =  a  foot.  ]  A  word 
flpplie<J  to  any  kind  <>f  carriags  driven  bv  thp 
feet  and  fonnerly  to  bicycles  and  tricycles. 
ine  name  was  first  used  in  France  towards 
e,nd  ,of  the  last  centui-y,  when  riding  on 
the  dandy-horse  became  popular  The  two 
wheels  of  the  dandy-borse  were  of' equal  size 
connected  by  a  bar,  on  which  a  saddle  was 
placed,  and  astride  of  which  the  rider  sat 
The  impetus  was  given  by  the  rider's  feet 
touching  the  ground,  alternately  pushing  and 
being  raised.  Self-propulsion  was  next  at- 
tempted by  pulling  levers  with  the  hands  or 
treading  with  the  feet  In  this  kind  of  veloci- 
pede there  were  three  wheels ;  but  it  never 
became  very  popular,  on  account  of  the  labor 

L'rn  Fnyf*Vr868'  "iLMoyela  »as  introduced 
into  England  from  France,  and  was  ridden  by 
Lewis  Moore  and  Charles  Spencer.   This  velo- 
cipede consisted  of  two  wheels-as  the  name 
plies— of  equal  size.     The  rider  sat  on  a 
saddle  connected  with  the  backbone,  and  pro- 
pelled himself  by  pressing  his  feet  on  pedals 
at  the  ends  of  cranks  which  turned  the  wheel 
SJS?  v."  ******  improvement  on  the  dandyl 
horse  ;  but,  owing  to  the  heavy  weight  of  the 
machine,  faulty  bearings,  and  the  vibration- 
which  was  so  great  that  this  form  of  the 
velocipede  acquired  the  name  of  "  bone-shaker  " 
-the  bicycle  never  became   really  popular 
until  the  introduction  of  the  india-rubber  tire 
from  France.    The  attention  of  English  manu- 
facturers was  now  attracted  towards  further 
improvement     Mr.  Starley  of  Coventry  in- 
"*;. a  light  wheel  ""^kting  of  a  steel  rim, 
rooved  for  the  reception  of  the  tire    with 
stretched  spokes  of  thin  steel  wire.  '  This 
tension     wheel  was  so  light  and  graceful 
yet  strong,  that  it  at  once  superseded  the  old 
one,  and  virtually  created  the  modern  veloci- 
pede. The  size  of  the  hind  wheel  was  reduced 
and  the  front  one  enlarged,  and  the  bicycle 
was  flna  ly  perfected  by  the  invention  of  al- 
most  frictionless  "ball-bearings,"  in  which 
J*e  spindles  roll  between  free  polished  stee' 
balls.     The  machine,  as  thus  developed,  has 
been  greatly  added  to  by  more  recent  inven- 
tions, in  which  the  skill  and    ingenuity  of 
American  mechanics  have  borne  a  larg-)  share, 
m. U?lted,  8tat«    Patent    office    possesses 
multitudes  of  models  of  new  inventionsinthi. 
ild  and  the  bicycle  as  now  used  approaches 
erfection      The  machine  formerly  popular, 
with  its  tall  riding  v/heel  and  diminutive  hind 
wheel,  has  been  superseded  by  the  "safety" 
bicycle,  in  which  the  wheels  are  nearly  of  the 
same  size,  being  much  reduced  in  proportions, 
while  the  necessary  velocity  is  obtained  by 
the  principle  of  "gearing  up,"  adopted  from 
the  tricycle.    The  action   of  these  machines 
has  been  further  Improved  by  the  introduction 
of  the   pneumatic  tire,   an  india-rubber  air- 
cushion  which  euables  the  rider  to  go  over 
rough  ground  with  comparatively  little  concus- 
sion.   Tricycles,  tandem  bicycles,  and  various 
other  forms   have    been    produced,   but   the 
ordinary  safety  bicycle  has  become  so  popular 
that  the  others  are  little  used.    There  are  many 
thousands  of  cyclists  in  the  United  States  and 
Americans  have  excelled  alike  in  longdistance 
riding,  in  speed,  and  in  trick  riding, 


3p.  velocidad  ; 

1.  Ord.  Lung. :  Quickness  or  speed  in  motion 

spe'ed^CSeldomT'toT'   "'pi^itjr'    ce'e°i™ 
animals.) 

2  Physics:  Rate  of  motion,  whether  fast 
or  slow;  the  rate  at  which  a  body  changes 
its  position  in  SI«ice  ;  the  rate  of  change  ot 
position  of  a  point  per  unit  of  time  Ve 
locity  is  said  to  be  accelerated  when  the  bodj 

e'nuTslccT'"  'r^''  *  Rreater  *?»* 
equal  successive  times,  as  in  the  case  of  bodi»s 

g  under  the  action  of  gravity  ;  and  to  be 
retarded  when  a  less  space  is  passed  through 
m  each  successive  portion  of  time  (See  ex- 


_^~ — •  »"*«"•  muco,  n  is  vftnanie 

--—«—  ,,.D  injiui,  ueacrlbeB  unequal  iiortiona  o( 

s^-i^s^sfi 


"not:  Phriici  (ed.  Atkinson),  f  25. 
1T^(1)  Angular  velocity :  [ANOULAR]. 

"  al '.velocity :  The  rate  of  movement 
.  at  starting;  used  especially  of  the 
nreara/  °r  a  projectile,  as  it  issues  from  a 

'nit  of  velocity:   That  velocity    with 
,he  unit  length  would  be  described  in 


(4)  Virtual  velocity :  [VIRTUAL]. 
v8-16'-nl-a,  s.    [VALONIA.] 

VO-lduf,  .     [Fr.  vellour.]   A  hatter's  lustring 
and  smoothing  pad  of  silk  or  plush. 


-  -. -T'*-  .  CFr-=  velvet  (q.v.).]    A  fabric 

for  upholstering,  carpentry,  &c.    It  is  a  velvet 
or  plush,  partly  of  linen  and  partly  of  dou 
cotton  warps  with  mohair  yarn  weft 

ve-ldu'-tS,   s.     [Fr.  =  as  adj.,  velvety  •   as 
list,  any  substance  like  velvet]    Velout* 

veloute -sauce,  s. 

Ox*.:  A  superior  white  sauce  made  by 
boiling  down  veal,  poultry,  and  ham.  Wheb 
veloute  is  reduced  to  a  glaze  and  cream  added 
it  is  known  as  Sauce  Supreme. 

velt-tare, «.    [Seedef.]    Afleld&re.   (Pro».) 


r  ,~;r"  •  A  vei1'  a  Partition  ;  specif,  velum 
poiali,thesoftpalate,acompound  membranous 
septum  which  prevents  thefood  fro,  n  ascend* 
ing  to  the  upper  part  of  the  pharynx.  The 
term  velum  is  also  used  of  the  anterior  and 
posterior  medullary  valves  of  the  cerebrum. 

2.  Bot. :  The  horizontal  membrane  which 
connects  the  margin  of  the  pileus  with  th. 
rfffli.0*  a  fun8u'-    Such  a  veil  when  adnate 
with  the  surface  of  the  pileus,  is  called  velum 
iiniversaleb  universal  veil),  and  when  extend- 
ing only  from  the  margins  of  the  pileus  to 
the  stipes  velum  partiale  (a  partial  veil) 

3.  Zoology: 

(1)  A  single  or  double  ciliated  lobe  occurrlna 
m  the  young  of  some  bivalve  molluscs  when 
they  leave  the  parent.    (Nicholson.) 

(2)  An  extension  of  the  cephalic  integument 
in  the  young  of  the  Gasteropoda.     It  com- 
mences as  a  circlet  of  cilia  round  the  head. 
(Nicholson.) 

(3)  The  membrane  which   surrounds  and 
partially  closes  the   mouth   of  the   disc  of 
Medusa;  or  of  Medusiform  gonophores.  (ATicAof. 

4071.) 

velu-mgn,i.    [Lat  =  a  fleece.] 

Bot. :  The  velvety  coating  produced  in  som« 
leaves  by  short,  very  dense  and  soft,  but 
ratner  rigid  hairs,  as  in  many  Lasiandras 

-.  aJTSitS  X£^^^^s&£S£Ztt  ?^.'^ 


t  v£-109'-I-ped-Ist,   s.      [Eng.    velocipede); 
-1st.}    One  who  uses  or  rides  on  a  velocipede. 


re-ldy-K-tfc  t.  [Fr.  velocite,  from  Lat 
velocitatem,  accus.  of  vtlocUas,  from  velox 
genit  velocii  =  swift,  from  the  same  root  as 


5049 


•  veV-ure,    "vel-liire,  *     \ft-   teKrnn.} 


•jel  u-ti'-na,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  velutintu  =  vA- 
vety,  from  Lat.  vellus  =  a  fleece.] 

iZooLtPal*™--  Ae'^f/strw*'™^ 
four  recent  siffii'iesMHJm^n^ai^^  ^  vei'vety 

Ni>rth  Am.e'8''jjlr'e  small  suture  deep,  aperture 


ing).      Named    from    its    velvety    crimson 

3.  Toot*  J»'"ta.     (Turiwr  In  Briiteiv  * 
Holland.)    [TAOETES.] 

*  velvet-guard,  •- 

1   A  guard  or  ornamental  trimming  of  dress 

worn  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

••  Those  wli> 


vel'-vet-*.  a.    [Eng.  velvet;  •»]    Made  of 
velvet ;  resembling  velvet ;  velutmous  (q.v.). 

"The  beautiful,   w!»«W  turf  of    the  ~ 
Suaka:  Tarn  Bmcn  m  Oxford,  ch.  ut. 


2.  Foirio:  A  durable  drees  goods,  resembling 
velvet,  but  with  a  shorter  nap. 
lu'-tin-OUS,  a.      [Ital.    «««(o=  velvet.] 
1.  Ord.  Lany.  :  Resembling  velvet  ;  velvety, 

S°2  Sot.  :  Velvety,  having  the  surface  hairy, 
and  with  the  look  and  feel  of  velvet,  as  m 
Cotyledon  coccineus. 

vel'-ver-St,  s.  [A  dlmin.  from  velvet  (q.v.).] 
An  inferior  kind  of  velvet. 

"  No  doubt  his  lordaliip  recognlMi 
The  coat  he  had  oil  at  ••«""»! 
uteel  and  neat, 


vel-et,  "vel-let,  "vel-ouet, 
vel-wet,  '  vel-lure.  ..  &  a. 


=  velvet,  from  Lat.  trilionu.] 

A.  ^sra&stantiw:: 

1  Foorio:  A  silk  fabric  in  which  the  warp 
i»  oassed  over  wires  so  as  to  make  a  row  of 
looDS  which  project  from  the  backing,  and 
.rePthns  left  by  withdrawing  the  wire  for  au 
uncut  or  pile  velvet  ;  but  are  cut  by  a  knife 
to  make  a  cut  velvet.  [VELVETEEN.] 


lut/t  •  Voyao***  i-  387-  . 

•J  The  manufacture  is  not  known  to  ha 
taken  place  earlier  than  the  thirteenth  cen- 
It  is  mentioned  by  Joraville  ml2<2. 
Vor  a  time  it  was  confined  to  Italy,  then  it 
extended  to  France,  and  finally  was  brought 
g  Engtand  by  the  refugees  who  came  over  in 
1685,  on  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes 
Cotton-velvet  was  first  made  in  England  In 
1756 

2  'A  delicate  hairy  integument  covering  the 
wftlers  of  a  deer  in  the  first  stages  of  growth. 
is  provided  with  blood-vessels,  which 
Supply  nutriment  to  the  horn  but  gradually 
begins  to  shrivel  and  peel  off,  its  complete 
disappearance  being  hastened  by  the  deer 
rubbing  its  antlers  against  trees,  *c. 

B.  As  adjective: 

I,  Made  or  consisting  of  velvet. 


2.  A   person  wearing  such  trimmings   or 
ornaments. 


velvet-leaf, «. 

Botany : 

1.  Cissam^wZoa  Pareira.   t 

2.  Sida   AbMlon,  a   broad-leaved   species 
found  in  India. 

3.  Lavatera  arborca.    [LAVATERA.J 

velvet-loom, ». 

Fabrie :  A  pile-fabric  loom. 
velvet-moss,  «. 

Bot. :  Gyroplwra  murlna,  a  lichen  used 


ve'-na  (pi.  ve'-nse),  s.  [Lat.] 
Anat.  &  Bot. :  A  vein  (q.v.). 
vena  cava,  <. 

Anat  :  One  of  two  veins,  the  Inferior  and 
the  Superior  verne  cavse.  The  inferior,  lower, 
or  ascending  vena  cava  returns  the  blood 
from  the  lower  limbs  and  from  the  viscera  of 
the  pdvis  and  the  abdomen.  A  large  vahe. 
that  of  Eustachius,  is  situated  at  the  onftM 


thai,  UI    Bmau*v;iiiiio,  '"    ~. ...... 

by  which  it  enters  the  right  auricle  of  th» 
heart.  The  Superior  vena  cava  conveys  tc 
the  heart  the  blood  which  is  returned  from 
the  head,  the  neck,  the  upper  limbs,  and  the 
thorax.  It  has  no  valves. 
vena-contracta,  s.  [CONTRACTED-VEIN.] 
vena-portse,  s.  [PORTAL-VEIN.] 
vSn-a'-da,  s.  [Native  name.)  [Puou.] 


2.  With  a  surface  like  velvet ;  velvety. 

"  The  COW.HP'.  ~J«  head.'        *<«<"•  :  C<mia.  W8. 

•I  To  itand  on  velvet:  To  have  made  ones 
bets  so.  that  one  cannot  lose,  and  must  in  all 
probability  win.  (Racing  tlang.) 

velvet-bur,  s. 

Bot. :  Prim  eclunata;  a  plant  of  the  order 
Verbenace*. 

velvet  copper-ore,  «. 
ifin. :  The  same  as  LETTSOMITE  (q.v.). 
velvet-cork,  s.    The  best  kind  of  cork 
toark   reddish,  Tupple,   and  not   woody   or 
porous.    (Simmonds.) 
velvet-dock, ». 

Bot. :  ytrtiucum  Thaprnt.    Named  from  its 
•oft  leaves.    (Prior.) 
velvet-duck, «.    [VELVET-SCOTER.] 
velvet  flddler-crab, «.  IVELVIT  SWIM- 
MING-CRAB.] 
velvet-flower,  «. 
Botany : 


other  readily  diluted  colours. 

velvet-paper,  s.    Flock-paper  (q.v.). 

*  velvet-pee,  s.  [Cf.  pea-jacket.}  A  velvet 
jacket. 

••  Your  Imbed  «bouMer«JcoTen«J  with 

Velvet-pile  carpet,  s.  [WILTOH-CABPET.] 

velvet-runner,  >. 

.:  One  of  the  many  popular  names  of 

.  ,\.  _  T*T.i.~_  Miil  In  v  V      liallPXl 


the  vdn"  ;  venous  :  as,  venal  blood. 
ve'-nal  (2),  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  venalis  =  sale- 
able I'or  sale,  from  venus,  vennm  =  sale.) 
Heady  to  be  sold  for  money  orotherconsidera- 
tion  and  entirely  from  sordid  motives  ;  ready 
to  be  bought  over  for  lucre  ;  mercenary,  hire- 

U"?'TSr mn'al  cry  .nd  P™!"™^01"  °'  *  P""'V* 


runner,  and  Runner. 

SS^S^K  •*-*£.»£!££ 


venal  (q  v.i.j  The  quality  or  state  ef  being 
venal  or  basely  influenced  by  money ;  th« 
prostitution  of  talents,  offices,  or  services  toi 
money  or  reward ;  mercenariness. 

••  Not  unacquainted  with i  the  ~»«;«».r 
int."—  AMon:  rotaga.  bk.  11L.  ch.  «U 


'-tes, 


[Lat.,  nomin.  pi.  of 
'.  par.  of  venor  ^  to 

Zool.  •  In  Walcknaer's  chissiflcatlon,  a  group 
'Spiders,  which  he  defines  as  bMMUi^ 


son-red. 
velvet-seed, «. 

Bot. :  Gtuttarda  elliptlm. 
velvet-sponge,  «. 
Zool. :  Hippospongia  meandrlformu. 
velvet  Bwlminlng-orab, «. 

,;  •  Portunut  puber ;  a  small  crab  with 
'"  Irmed  in  front  with  ten 

Claws  and  four  pairs  of 


crab. 
velvet-tree, «. 

Puddling:  The  point  where  the  draught 

frorathe  neck  of  the  furnace  is  turned  up- 

ward  into  the  stack. 

1  vel'-vSt,  v.l.  &  t.    (VELVET,  «.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  paint  velvet. 


_..j. :  To  cover  with  velvet ;  to  cause 
to  resemble  velvet. 


•e  -n»r-£.  «•  *  «•    t1^*-  vmar  =  *°  huntl 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  hunt- 
Ing  *,  venatic. 

"  There  b«  thwe  for  99nary  or  renatlcal  P1*"""^ 
Bn.land.  Hi.  »toK«'.  •  chac<1'  *"d  *  ""^  ~' 
Lttur,.  bk.  lv.,  tot  16. 

B.  As  mbst. :  The   art  of  hunting ;  the 

ng  and  taking  all  heart,  of  chM. 
Iriri          _  ,e:  Commtnt.,  bk.  ii..  ch.  87. 

i  ^ii«d^'uff.c»5r  - 

Min  -A  variety  of  Ottrelite  (q.v.),  occurring 
in  masses  withalamellar  and  rad,at.ng  struc- 

£2s&sjtJB£a£ 

essentially  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina  and 
protoxide  of  iron. 
"vS-ntt'-Ic,  *  vS-naf-Ic-al,  a.    ILatw.- 
naticia,  from  vmatue,  pa.  par.  of  vml 

T  Pertaining  to  hunting ;  used  in  hunting. 

•Tmatfc  vagarie.  In  the  matter  of  aoent  wen 
mdli r"u»d.r.to«d."-«.W.  NOT.  U.  «S7. 

2.  Given  to  hunting ;  fond  of  the  chase. 


semble  velvet ;  velvety. 
vel-vS-teen', ».    [Adimin.from«It««(q.v.).] 

1  Lit  •  A.  cotton  fabric  having  the  appear- 
ance of  velvet,  from  which  it  differs  only  in 
?esp\ct fof  the  material.   When  it  has  a  twilled 
back  it  is  called  Genoa. 

coat"— Smilla  Wyndluan,  ch.  ill. 

2  Fig  (P()' A  gamekeeper,  from  his  dress. 

1886. 

vSl'-vSt-ing,  ».    [Eng.  velvet ;  -ing.}   The  fine 
nap  or  shag  of  velvet. 


«* 


ve-naf-I-ea, «.    [VINATICO.] 

•  vS-nat'-fo-al,  a.    [VEKATIO.] 

^S  nat-ic-al-lfr  adv.  [Eng.  venatical ;  -ly.] 
In  a  venatirmanner  ;  as  pertaining  to  hunt- 
ing or  the  chase. 

«I  do  not  know  whether  that  yeraal  »lnt.  Valet 
tine,  wa.  «mo«caU»  minded.  "-/•««.  Feb.  86,  U87. 

•  ve-na'-tlon  (1),  >• 

natus,  pa.  par.  of  venvi  —  iv  ««..«j 

1.  The  actor  practice  of  hunting;  the  ch 

•  "The  manner  of  their  [the  M 
America."— Browm«  :  I'ulffar  Srrov 

2.  The  state  of  being  hunted. 
ve-na'-tlon  (2),  «.    [Lat.  vena.  =  a  vrfn.] 

Bot. :  The  arrangement  of  the  veins  In  wi 

l  =  t 


-tlon,  nrton  =  •bun; 


6050 


venatorial— venerable 


leaves  of  plants.  If  a  leaf  has  only  a  single 
midrib  without  branches,  as  in  many  Conifene 
the  venation  is  said  to  be  simple.  "  The  three 
leading  types  of  venation  are  the  Reticulated 
Betted,  or  Angular,  found  in  the  exogens»ud  a 
fewaberranteudogens;  the  Parallel,  ur  Curved 
found  in  ail  the  higher  endogens  ;  and  the 
Furcate,  or  Forked,  characteristic  of  Funs 
Lliiclley  made  ten  r.msinH  :  \Yiuless  Equal- 
veined,  Straight-veined.  Curve-veined,  Netted 
Bibted,  Falsely-ribbed,  Kadiatmg,  Feather' 
veinwl,  and  Hiddeu-veiLed.  Professors  Me 
•osn  and  Dickie  considered  that  they  lnul 
traced  a  connection  between  the  ramiiicatious 
of  plants  and  their  venation. 

•ye-na-toV-i-al,  o.  [Lat.  venator  =  a 
hunter.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  huntin<-  • 
venatie. 

Vend,  v.t.  [Fr.  vendre,  from  Lat  vendo,  con- 
tracted from  venuHdo(far  venum  do)=  to  offer 
tor  sale,  from  venum  =  sale,  and  do  =  to  give.] 
To  sell;  to  offer  to  sell  ;  to  transfer  to  another 
person  for  a  pecuniary  equivalent. 

" 


can  only  t>e  settled  by  the  death  of  one  of  the 
parties  concerned  at  the  hands  of  tin-  other. 

„,  1*7^?  T*  •('ort-idghtel.  plucky,  powerful  follow,  fell 
out  with  J  1)  -  .  Tor  some  week.  It  w*.  kiiumj  b 
Chicago  that  a  meeting  between  then,  ,„.,,  tsl  .Jt 
inc.  Later  ambassadors  between  the  pnir  were  m,de£ 

brought  about  a  tort  of  reconciliation. 

u  to  Oiof-'-Ke/me.  April  8.  1808. 

*vend-I  bil'-I-ty,  s.     [Eng.  vendible:  -Uy.} 
«a!ea2l  °r   State   °f  be'"g  vcmUble   °* 


veneer-saw,  ». 

rfc  H  Virol?lar  8»w.  "">de  thick  at 
,  and  tapering  to  a  very  thin  edge 

U8ed  forcutt"'8  vei-"?3 


•  ""    ">  ~c~  "">• 

made.  "—  Dampter:  Yoyaytt 


in   I     a. 

•vend.  s.    [VEND,  ».]    Sale. 


vend,  s.    [WEND.] 

•vend  a-ble,  o.    [VENDIBLE] 

ven'-da9e,  «.  [O.  Fr.  vendest ;  Fr.  mndoise 
=  the  dace.] 

JcW&v.  :  Coregonus  vendasius,  from  the  lakes 
of  Dumfriesshire.  Upper  surface  brown,  sides 
tinged  with  yellow.  Females  about  eight 
inches  long,  males  somewhat  less.  They  re- 
semble the  smelt  in  flavour. 

Ven-de'-an,  a.  &  «.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  La  Vendee, 
in  France. 

B.  As  suttt. :  A  native  or  Inhabitant  of 
La  Vendee, 

•ven-dee  «.  [Eng.  vend,  v. ;  •«•.)  Th» 
person  to  whom  anything  is  sold  ;  correlative 
of  vendor. 

"If  aTlcaraow.  W^tfebe,  or  Uh.  sell,  his  con,,  and 


.  *  vend-a-ble.  a.  &  fc  [FT. 
vendible,  rendable  ;  Lat  vendibilis,  from  vendo 
=  to  vend  (q.v.).J 

A.  As  adj.  :  Capable  of  being  vended  or 
sold;  to  be  disposed  of  for  money;  saleable, 
marketable  ;  for  sale. 


connt  ,"-  c         ~~«M«  commodity  In  thl. 

countrj.  —Dampter:  Voyaget(Ka.  1630). 

B.  As  iubst.:    Something   to  be  sold  or 
sncred  ;  a  saleable  commodity. 


vendemlaire  (as  van-de-mi  arO,  s-  fFr. 
from  Lat  vindemia  =  the  vintage.]  The  first 
month  in  the  French  Republican  calendar 
beginning  September  22  or  23,  and  ending 
October  21  or  22 ;  so  called  from  its  being  the 
vintage  season. 

vend'-er,  ».  [Eng.  vend,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
vends  or  sells  goods ;  a  seller,  a  vendor. 

"  The  vender*  of  card-matches."— Jddfcon .-  figwor*. 

ven-dSt-to,  a.  [Ital.,  from  Lst  tindicta  = 
revenge.]  [VINDICTIVE.] 

Anthrop. :  A  particular  case  of  the  wider 
custom  of  blood-feud,  by  which  every  mem- 
ber of  a  stock,  or  body  of  men  between  whom 
blood-relationship  subsists,  is  bound  to  aid  in 
taking  vengeance  (on  the  offender  if  possible 
or  on  the  stock  to  which  he  belongs)  for  a 
personal  injury  done  to  any  of  his  kinsmen 
The  vendetta  which  exists  in  Corsica  and  to 
a  less  extent  in  Sicily,  Sardinia,  and  Calabria, 
the  practice  of  taking  vengeance  on  the 
murderer  of  a  relative ;  and  this  duty  is  im- 
posed primarily  on  the  next  of  kin,  but  in  a 
less  degree  on  all  the  relatives  of  the  mur- 
dered individual.  If  the  murderer  succeeds 
in  eluding  his  pursuers,  then  vengeance  may 
be  taken  on  any  of  his  relatives.  Between 
1770  and  1800,  when  the  vendetta  was  at  its 
Height,  some  7000  murders  are  said  to  have 
occurred  in  Corsica  owing  to  this  practice  of 
private  vengeance.  A  law  prohibiting  the 
carrying  of  arms  did  much  to  put  a  stop  to 
the  vendetta,  but  the  law  is  now  repealed 
with  the  result  that  the  number  of  murders 
is  on  the  increase. 

"It  Is  now  apparent  that  the  vendetta  represents  a 
system  which  prevailed  everywhere  before  the  "n* 
sohdatlon  of  society  Into  the  state,  and  the  establish- 

U      !i£  p0"™  "I*"1'  »f  protecting  life  «ud  pro- 

c.^^afeaiOT'g^'Seaj: 

fnf  '!$  'H'^ufn^H^sSS 
lnjnred.--c»a»,j«r«>  Xncyc.  fed.  no.  i" "(i 

T  Hence  applied  to  a  private  quarrel  that 


the 
the 


Ve-neeV-ing,  ,.    [Bug.  vinetr;  -ing.] 
L  LUemlly: 

1.  The  act,  process,  or  art  of  covering  with 
Veneer;  the  act  of  laying  on  veneer;  the  act 
or  operation  of  one  who  veneers. 

2.  The  same  as  VESERK,  3.,  I.  1.  (q.v.). 

F  ig.  :  The  same  as  VENEER,  s.,  L  3. 

.     "Sn-e-f  lo'-lal  (o  as  sh), 

icns  =  poisonous     sorcerous 
' 


"vend'-i-bljf,  adv.  [Eng.  vendMle)  ;  -ly.l  In 
a  vendible  or  saleable  manner. 

•V&j'-dl-cate,     v.t.      [Fr.  vmdiywr.}     To 

Claim.      [VlNUCATE.] 

_n?'*.b?!>'  *°  P«rteviieth  onto  hym.  that  Done  other 
without  M»  courent.  may  «™dfci«  thereuTai,?  p5 
pertle.  -m-r  T.  JSIiot  .•  m  ementour,  bk.  a.  ch.  liiT 

*ven'-di-tate,  'ven-di-tat,  ».t  [Lat 
venditalus,  pa.  par.  of  mmlito,  freq.  of  vendo  = 
to  vend  (q.v.).]  To  set  out,  as  for  sale  • 
hence,  to  set  out  ostentatiously  ;  to  make  a 
show  of. 

"Thlt  they  doe  In  the  mbtilitta  of  their  wit   to 
"     """H'fff0™  »">"<ierf«lly  by  theVe  .ttai.S 
'  "/"  t?ey  "ould   5"*«  "»•»  for  tl,e 
1*  W"ke-      f-  ***«••  HI"* 


HaSSj    •*»'-*•  ESS  .SrMS 

2.  Addicted  to  sorcery  or  poisoning. 

*^'^-f>9°.  «•    (Lat  vmeficium,  from  tene- 

The  prac* 


'-  "  «-          ENE- 

.        Poisonous,  sorcerous;   acting   bv 
poison  or  sorcery  '      * 


»-    [Lat.  venditatto,  from 


9,  adv.    [Eng.tentjlcioits; 
_  .oison,  sorcery,  or  witch  craft 

•ven'-e-mous,  o.    [VENOMOUS.] 
*Tfn'~e"n^tf*  v.l.    [Lat.  renenatus,  pa.  par. 


f  -'., 

accus.  of  ttnditw,  from  vmditiu,  pa.  par  of 
«««Jo  =  tovend(q.v.X]    The  act  rf  selling  ; 


*  ygn'-dl-tor,  «.    [Lat]    A  seller,  a  vendor 
(Money  Masters  All  Things,  p.  89.) 

vSn'-dor,  «     [Eng.  vend,  a.  ;  <r.]    One  who 
selU  ;  a  seller. 

U" 


'    •  ."- 

infected  with  poison  ;  poisonous 


Poisoned; 


•  ven-due',  »  [O.Fr.,  prop.  fern,  of  vmdu,  pa. 
par.  of  rexdre  =  to  sell,  to  vend  (q  v  X~l  A 
public  auction  or  sale. 

"  H»»lng  purchated  •  laced  walitcont  .  .      at  a 
eriUere-"-6''i-' 


*ven-«-na'-Uon, 

poisoned  "^  °f  P0' 
2.  Poison  ;  venom. 


. 

'•  tne  ste'e  of  being 


•ve-nene-,  •  ven'-S-nose,  o.  [Lat  wnn. 
osia,  from  venenum  =  poison  ;  Fr.  venenmx.} 
Poisonous,  venomous. 

e  spider. 


.....  •  ".•"" r*~  •••"•w»*>   s.     An   auctioneer. 
(Wharton.) 

*  vendne-room,  a.    A  sale-room. 

vS-neeV,   v.t.     [Ger.  furniren  =  to  Inlay,  to 
veneer,  from  Fr.  fmirnir  =  to  furnish  (q.v.).] 

1.  Lit. :  To  cover  with  veneer  ;  to  overlay 
or  face  over,  as  an  inferior  wood,  with  wood 
of  a  finer  or  more  valuable  kind,  so  as  to 
cause  the  whole  mass  to  present  the  appear- 
ance of  being  made  of  the  more  valuable  wood. 

2.  Fig. :  To  give  a  more  agreeable,  attrac- 
tive, or  pleasant  appearance  to,  as  to  some- 
thing worthless,  unattractive,  or  bad ;  to  eild 
over ;  to  gloss. 

"  FenKr'd  with  sanctimonious  theory." 

Tomtio*:  frtmnu.  Pro].  117. 

re-neei".  «.    [VENEEE,  r.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  A  thin  slip  of  wood  or  ivory  glned 
or  cemented  to  a  piece  of  other  material,  and 
forming   an    ornamental    covering   therefor 
Mahogany,    rosewood,   walnut,   and   similar 
beautiful  woods,  are  principally  used. 

2.  Fig. :  Superficial  show  or  gloss. 

"  The  West-end  economist  sees  only  the  veneer  t*1- 
fcnrry.  the  flurry."—  family  fftrattl.  Jlny  SB,  ISM,  p. 

H.  Entom.(fl.):  The  Grass-moths  (q.v.). 


t  ven-e-no'-sa,  «.  pi.    [Nent  pi.  of  Lit,  vme- 
nosus  =  full  of  poison,  very  poisonous  ] 


--.    •  .   enmos;     y.) 

The  quality  or  state   of  being  venencse  or 
poisonous. 


,  «.  [Fr.  ee, 
irom  LXDW  lat.  venerabilitatem,  accus  of  oen- 
CToiiZifeB,  from  Lat.  iYncrai,J«  =  venerable 
(q.v.).]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ven- 
erable ;  venerablenesa. 

"According  to  the  excellence  and  eentm 

*»«<«J*"-J««  ••  A*aa* 


Ven'-er-a-ble,  a.    [Fr.,  from  Lat  venerabilis 
=  fit  to  be  reverenced  ;   from  veneror  =  to 
reverence,  to  venerate  (q.v.);  Sp.  mnerable; 
Ital.  renerabile.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Worthy  of  veneration  or  reverence ;  de- 
serving of  reverence,  respect,  and  honour : 
reverend.    (Generally  applied  to  persons  ad- 
vanced in  years.) 

"  Daniel  was  now  A  right  peneraofc  amge  old  father  * 
-Jo,,:  Expnlcimaf  I&nla.  ch.  v. 

2.  Rendered   sacred  by  religious  or  other 
lofty  associations ;  to  be  regarded  with  awe 
or  reverence  ;  hallowed  by  associations :  as,  a 
venerable  ruin. 


vS-nei'-e-ous.    •  ve-ner'-e-an.    * 
*      - 


v-nei-e-.          -. 

ner  -I-an,   '  ve-ner-mn.  *  ve-ner'-I- 

" 


, 
OUS,  a.  "  [Lat.  mnereua;  Fr 


c.fsf" 

I  A  title  formerly  given  to  the  dignitaries 
of  catL'lrals  ..f  the  old  foundation,  now  con- 
flned  to  archdeacons. 

2.  The  lowest  grade  of  canonization  in  the 
Roman  rhurch. 


Tgn-«r  a-ble-ness,  «.      [Eng 

^U»]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  vener- 

able 

•••me  wm»raH,m««  and  Impotence  o«  old  ««e.  - 
South  :  Sermma.  voL  *!.,  ser.  4. 

•  ven'-er-a-blft  ««/».   (Bug.  rwwrotXk);  - 
In  a  venerl.l.le  manner  ;  so  as  to  excite  or  call 
for  veneration. 


2.  Exciting  or  strengthening  for  venery ; 
aphrodisiac. 

••  Tbe  ftfthe  .terre  U  of  inaglke. 
The  who«>  kind  *•££•*  ^.,  bk.  yu. 

Love-sick. 

-  Titrating  word,  of  •  *m«r«a>i  "Jjjljjj  T  , 

*  vgn'-er-5r,  s.    (VENEBY  (2),  s.]    A  hunter. 


«  The  Fulatliie. 

""  m»i 


d  Kome'n  ' 


I  v6n-er-a'-ce-88,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat. 

genit.  vnurfS):  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutr.  .ow*.] 
ZooL:  An  approximate  synonym  of  Venerida 

(q.v.). 
•  ven'-er-ant,  a.    [Lat.  venerans,  pr.  par-  of 

ISSror.]   '[VENERATE.)    Reverent. 

^h'n  7u  KI«^?AS:iS3>KdL?- --••' 
|n<mt«£  18*6).  U-  »• 


5031 


•  3   (PI.) :   A  peculiar  fashion  of  hose  Of 
breeches,  originally  introduced  from  Venice. 
"To  a.*.  — *»»^S^T  ^B!±M  «. 

Venetian-archltectnre,  s.  A  variety 
of  the  Gothic  style,  "f  whi.-h  examples  ar« 
found  mainly  in  palaces  wliich  form  a  clast 
ai«rt  amoiifcst  buildings  constructed  in  tt 
Italian  Gothic  style.  In  these  palaces  th» 
arches  of  the  windows  and  halls  rest  upon 
shafts,  and  terminate  in  intricate  designs  ol 
open  tracery  work,  as  in  the  case  of  the  c( 
brated  Palace  of  the  DoKes.  The  arches  have 
a  wavy  shape,  which  gives  them  an  oriental 
appearance.  The  enrichments,  moreover,  ffl» 
play  as  they  usually  do  in  Italy,  differed 


*6^  to'  reverse:  S"^Sr^g 

5rtS.v5ar"?tTSi 

r;  Ital.  iCTrniT-8.1  To  regard  or  treat 
with  reverence  and  respect ;  to  look  up  to 
with  veneration ;  to  reverence ;  to  revere ;  to 
regard  as  hallowed. 

M  The  .hrine  Is  that  * 


pa  par  of  wneror  =  to  ve 

1  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  venerating  ;  the 
feeling  of  one  who  venerates  ;  the  highest  de- 
eree  of  respect  and  reverence;  reverend  re- 
ILrd;  respe'ct  mingled  with  some  degree  of 
awe  •  a  feeling  or  sentiment  excited  by  the 
dignity,  wisdom,  and  goodness  of  a  person, 
or  by  the  sacmluess  of  bis  character,  and, 
with  regard  to  places,  by  some  associations 
which  render  them  hallowed. 

••  r«ti«ra(«m  i»  »  Wuher  deree  of  rwpect  ;•,  1  ' 


*  vS-ner'-I-an,  *  ve-ner-1-en,  a.     [VESE- 

REOUS.] 

a-'-I-dso.  s.  Pi-    IMod.  Lat.  venus,  genit 
B7«rXis);  LaU  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -i<te.] 

1.  Zool.  :  A  family  of  Smn-pallialia  (q.v) 
with  several  genera,  universally  distuhnte 
but  most  abundant   in  the  tropics,     bliel 
reenlar  closed,  sub-orbicular,  or  oblong ;  liga 
ment  external    hinge  usually  with  three  teetl 
in  each  valve;    muscular  impressions  oval, 
plUted  ;  pallial  line  sinnatecU    Anima  free 
focomotiverrarely  attached  by  a  byssus  or 
burrowing.    The  shells  of  all  the  family  are 
remarkable  for  elegance  of  torm..a"d,  "''J"' 
and  are  frequently  ornamented  with  ™evron- 
Hke  markings.     Their  texture  is    hard,  all 
traces  of  structure  being  usually  oblit 

2.  Palanmt. :  They  appear  first  in  the  Oolite 
attaining  their  greatest  development  in  the 
present  day. 
*  ven'-er-le,  «. 
ven'-er-Ite.  «.    [Lat.  «iur(iw)  =  of  Venn. ; 
suit  -Ue  (Min.).'] 

Uin  •  A  greenish  earthy  substance,  which 
thfmicrotcope  shows  to.  consist  of  minute 
scales.  Occurs  in  layers  in  schist  at  Spring- 
S,  Berks  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  An  analysis 
gelded  :  silica,  28-93  ;  alumina,  »««•«»: 
oxide  of  iron,  5'04 ;  protoxide  of  iron,  «  a  , 
pmtoxide  of  copper,  16-55  ;  magnesia,  17-47  , 
water,  12-08;  insoluble,  6'22  =  100-Si. 
•  ven'-er-ous,  o.  [Lat.  venereus.]  Venereous, 
venereal  (q.v.). 

••^Ma-SSfirt.*- 


, 

On  lft«  PattUmt,  pt.  L.  ch.  ii.,  1  3.  ... 

2.  PlkrmoL:  An  affective  sentiment  having 
for  its  object  any  person  or  thing  deemed 
worthy  of  veneration  by  the  individual.  The 
organ  is  situated  on  the  crown  of  the  head, 
Md  is  peculiarly  liable  to  disease,  so  that 
high  devotional  excitement  arising  fro™  ex- 
cess of  veneration  U  one  of  the  commonest 
forms  of  insanity. 

•  veri-er-o-tlve.  «.  [Eng.  vene-raHim)  ;  4*.] 
Feeling  veneration  ;  respectful,  reverent. 

"1  for  on.,  when  »  *tntr-Mi<*  youth.  have  felt  a 
thrill  of  joy."-vm  Oa  Tear  floutKi.  Sept.  87,  1M2, 


who  venerates  or  reverences. 

"  Not  a  Momer  of  your  ««- 
Bnt  «m»riuor.-  Tenninn  :  PrWatm,  IT. 

»e-ner--e-al,  *  vS-ner--S-all,  *  ve-nei-- 
1-all.  o.  '[Lat.  venereus,  vencrivi=  pertain- 
tagto  Venus  (genit.  Tenms)  =  the  goddess  of 
love,  love.] 

*  1   Of  or  pertaining  to  venery  or  gexual 
love ;  relating  to  sexual  intercourse. 

••  Nothing  U  felnu'd  in  ^jJJJJTjf^jSjJM  «a 

2.  Arising  from,  produced  by,  or  connected 
with  sexual  intercourse :  as,  venereal  disease 

*  3.  Adapted  to  thecureof  venereal  diseases 
as,  venereal  medicines. 

*  4.  Adapted  to  excite  venereal   desires 
aphrodisiac. 

*  5   Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  copper 
which  was  calleil  Venus  in  tru.  mystical  lai 
guage  of  the  alchemists. 


not  impart  i 

•  T8-ner'-8-ate,«.l.   [VENEREAL.!  To  rend 
lascivious. 


Kd  *£  vVg  to  Devices  of  /ocks. 
Shell  oblong,  radiately  striated,  and  orna- 
mented with  concentric  lamella  ;  three  .mall 
Mth  ill  each  valve.  Fossil  species  occur  in 
the TMioce^  of  Europe  and  the  United  States. 

ven'-SHKD,  *  ven'-er-ie, «.  [VENEREAL.] 


logitt  Sacra. 

er-*  (2),  «  ven'-5r-ie.  ».   [Fr. 
.  Fr.  mner  ;  Lat.  venar  =  to  hunt,] 


m    .      .  . 

1.  The  act,  practice,  or  sport  of  hunting  ; 
the'  chase. 


2.  Beasts  of  the  chase  ;  game. 


3.  A  kennel  for  hnnting-dogs. 
"The  «™.?.  where  the  bwtles  «<1  [hound,  an 
kept."-Pr?»«ort  :  BabOaa.  bk.  1..  eh.  IT. 


Tion-p-Bco'-tion.  * ven-SB-sSc'-tion,  s 

ia  =  a  vein,  and  sect*  =  a  cutting 
from  MCO  =  to  cut.]  The  act  or  operation  o 
opening  a  vein  for  the  purpose  of  letting 
blood ;  blood-letting,  phlebotomy. 

"Tf  the  Inflammation  be  .udden.  after 


V8-ne'-tlan,  a.  &  «.  [Fr.  venetton;  Ital 
venezianoT'-  3p.  Venetians,  from  Lat.  Vene 
tin  =  the  country  of  the  VenetL] 

A.  At  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  city  o 
province  of  Venice,  in  Northern  Italy. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Venice. 

2.  A  Venetian-blind. 


VENETIAN   ARCHITECTURL 

rom  the  Dogee'  Palace,  Venice.) 

mode  of  treatment  from  that  which  prevaiU 
elsewhere  in  the  Gothic  style.  The  cor.,ersol 
the  facades  are  marked  by  slender  ihafU 
twisted  like  cables.  The  mouldings  and  cor- 
nice  oonsist  merely  of  narrow  bands  which 
generally  rest  on  consoles.  A  method  a 
decoration  peculiar  to  these  building*  ap- 
pears to  have  been  borrowed  from  Bjzai.Un* 
{noaels :  fine  marbles  of  various  colours  ol 
which  red  porphyry  and  green  serpent™ 
the  most  frequent,  are  inserted  in  circular  sn« 
angular  panels  and  borderings,  and  forrr  t 
sort  of  mosaic-work.  This  style  of  ornamenta- 
tion is  employed  both  in  churches  and  palaces. 

IRENAlSSANCE-ARCHlTECTUBi-J 

Venetian-ball,  s.  An  ornamental  fora 
of  glass  for  paper-weights,  Sc.  It  consists  ol 
waste  pieces  of  filigree-glass  conglomerated 
together  In  a  bulb  of  clear  flint-glass. 

Venetian-blind, «.  A  louvre  shutter  01 
blind  made  of  slate  with  spaces  between  them 
to  admit  air.  In  some  cases  the  slats  ar. 
fixed  at  a  certain  angle  in  the  shutter;  i* 
other  cases  they  are  movable,  to .allow  th, 
uassase  of  more  or  less  air  and  light.  Ihi 
suspended  blind  has  cords  for  support,  and 
others  for  changing  the  positions  of  the  slats. 
Venetian-carpet,  s.  A  carpet  whose 
warrTor  chain  is  of  worsted,  and  generally 
arranged  in  stripes  of  different  colours.  The 
slmotfwhich  is  generally  black,  is  concealed, 
and  the  warp  exposed  on  the  two  surfaces. 
The  weft  is  sometimes  of  different  colours,  and 
thus  producing  a  plaid  or  cheek  pattern  By 
the  suitable  arrangement  of  the  heddles^  a rtwrU 
may  be  given.  The  ordinary  loom  suffices,  ai 
no  figures  are  raised. 

Venetian-chalk, ».  The  same  as  FRENCH 
CHALK  (q.v.). 

Venetian-door,  «.  A  door  with  long, 
narrow  side-lights  tor  lighting  a  lobby,  en 
trance-hall,  &C. 

Venetian-glass,  s.  [VENEIIAS-BALU] 
Venetian-red,  «.  True  Venetian  red  i» 
said  to  be  a  native  ochre,  but  the  colours  sola 
under  this  name  are  prepared  artificially  from 
sulphate  of  iron,  or  its  residuum  in  the  manu- 
acturinK  of  acids.  They  are  all  of  redder 
and  deeper  hues  than  light  red,  are  very  per 
manent,  and  have  all  the  properties  of  good 
ochres.  Scarlet  ochre,  Prussian  red,  Engliat 
red,  arid  rouge  de  Mars  are  other  names  for 
the  same  pigment. 
Venetian  School,  ». 
Paint  :  A  school  of  painting  which  arose 
and  declined  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  o! 
which  Titian  (1477-1576)  is  considered  th. 
founder.  Among  its  o*?*»"5rS.,2S 
Giorgione  (""-1511),  Tintoretto  <*»*»*• 
and  Paul  Veronwe  (1528-1581).  1 


S052 


veney— venomed 


guishing  characteristics  of  this  school  were  a 
mastery  of  colour  and  a  consummate  know- 
ledge of  chiaro-oscuro. 

Venetian-white,  s.  A  carefully-prepared 

carbonate  of  lead. 

Venetian-window,  •.    A  window  with 
three  separate  lights. 

ven  -ejr,  *  vSn'-ny,  •  ven-ew,  a.  [  VENDE.  ] 

An  assault  or  attack  in  fencing,  or  the  like  • 
sometimes  applied  to  a  thrust  or  hit. 

"  Ploying  at  sword  and  dagxer  with  a  master  of 

,i«  1?  *""£'  (or  *  duai  "'  8t<!Wed  Prunes."- 
frtp.  :  Jferry  »>  leaf  qf  H'nuitor,  L  L 

*  U  KeMjr  at  wasters  :  A  bont  at  cudgels. 

"  To  play  half  a  dozen  feniei  «  mitert  with  a  good 
££•  i'°r  *  brukeu  l"ead.--«.au»..  t  flM.  :  JW 

'Venge,  v.t.  [Fr.  wrejer,  from  Lat  vmdico, 
mndico  =  to  lay  claim  to,  to  avenge  ;  Sp. 
vengar;  ItaL  tcngian.]  (VrsDlCATE.) 

1.  To  avenge. 

"  I  am  coming  on 
To  tenge  me,  at  I  may." 

Statotp.  :  Henri  •".,  L  3. 

2.  To  revenge. 

"  The  beat  way  to  tenge  my  Glo  'ster1!  death.  " 

Slotap.  .  JUcAard  //.,  i.  J. 

•venge'-a-ble,  "venjr-i-ble,  a.    [Eng. 
ttnge;  -able.] 
1.  Revengeful. 

-.-  Tettamtnt 


*  veng'-er,  s.      [Eng.  veng(e)  ;  -«r.]    One  who 
avenges  or  revenges  ;  an  avenger. 

"HI*  bleeding  heart  U  In  the  rmgtr'i  hand.1 

Sficnier  :  f.  ^.,  I.  jji.  20. 

*  venfr-er-ess,  ».     [Bng.  venger;   -ess.}     A 
female  avenger. 


"ven-lme,  ,.    [VESOH.] 


*  veng  -I-ble,  o.    [VEXGEABLE.] 


*ve'-nl-a-ble,  o.      [Lat   venia  =  pardon.] 
[\ENIAI_]    Venial,  pardonable,  excusable. 

Td!L!v°n>  ""'?"?  '*  *  >l«t«ndaaoe  upon  the  philcm. 
"""•'    r"*ar  *"<»"*.  S.  111. 


Z.  Deserving  of  being  avenged  or  revenged  : 
Balling  for  revenge. 

"  Upon  my  tell  that  tem/eoN*  dUpigh  t 
To  puuish."  Spenter  :  F.  i£,  II.  IT.  90. 

3.  Very  great,  exceedingly  great,  strong,  or 
Intense.    [VENGEANCE,  II  3.] 

"A  tenyible  fellow  In  linking  matters  together  "— 
P.  BoUand  :  Camden. 

•  venge  -ably,  •  venge-a-blle,  adv.  [Eng. 
ItngeabQe)  ;  -ly.}    In  revenge. 

INSn?«aW*«  nave  brent  a  great  towne  of  mine 
°H"**" 


*ve'-ni-a-biy,  adv.  [Eng.  «ki«  ;  -ji. 
In  a  venial  manner  ;  pardonably,  excusably 
vemably. 

ve'-ni-al,  •  ve-nl-all,  a.  &  ».     (O.  Fr.  venial 
from    Lat    venialis,    from    venia  =  favour 
pardon  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  twniai;  Ital.  veniale.]     ' 
A.  As  adject  ire  : 

1.  That  may  be  pardoned  or  forgiven  ;  par- 
donable ;  not  unpardonable,  sinful,  or  wrong. 

2.  Excusable;   that   may  be  excused,  for- 
given, or  allowed  to  pass  uncensured. 

"  80  they  do  nothing,  't  is  a  ttnlat  slip.' 

Siofa»n.  :  wJMfe,  l».  J. 

"3.  Allowed,  permitted. 

"Permitting  him  the  while 

r«nioJ  dlsoonrae  unblam'd."       Mutm:  F.  ij,  hL  s. 
"B.  Casuist.  ;  A  venial  sin  or  offence. 
i  "  A"S  I1*!  gently  "l«nchea  orer  the  breaches  of  God' 


Law  :  (See  extract). 

"A  philtre  de  nont  is  the  old  common  law  m<vl*  nf 
-  U>  a  second  trial,  and  iii™r*  material^ 
«  trial,  which  Is  granted  only  S?  mSir 

' 


•*nge  ance,  •  veng  aunce,  •  venge- 
aunce,  *  ven-i-annce,  s.  [Fr.  vengeance, 
from  vmgcr  =  to  avenge,  to  venge  (q.v.X] 

1.  Punishment  inflicted  in  return  for  an 
injury  or  offence.  It  generally  implies  a  feel- 
ing of  indignation  on  the  part  of  the  person 
inflicting  it,  together  with  more  or  less  justice 
In  the  nature  of  the  punishment  inflicted.  It 
may  be  also  inflicted  for  wrong  or  injury  done 


venial-sin,  «. 

Roman  Theol. :  A  sin  which  is  not  against 
the  end  of  the  law,  i.e.,  the  love  of  God  •  a 
disease  of  the  soul,  not  its  death.  Some  sins 
though  mortal  in  their  nature,  are  held  to  be 
venial  if  not  done  deliberately,  and  if  the 
amount  of  harm  done  is  small,  e.g.,  in  the 
case  of  small  theft  There  are  two  classes  of 
venial  sins,  deliberate  and  fndeliberate  Ca- 
suists speak  with  much  caution  on  this  sub- 
ject, and  declare  that  the  distinction  between 
mortal  and  venial  sins  in  many  cases  must 
rest  solely  on  the  judgment  of  God.  [MORTAL- 


Hi.  red  right  hand  to  pUiuVuT-" 

JtUton:  P.i.,U.in. 

•S.  Harm,  mischief  or  evil  generally. 

"  iSu"!88  *ne  eye  °' nian  did  woo  me. 
That  would  do  no  tengeance  to  me." 

Shakeip. :  At  Fou  LOU  ft.,  Iv.  8. 

1  (1)  Hence,  used  as  an  oath,  curse,  or  im- 
precation— 

on  t  there  't 


Similarly  in  the  phrases,  What  a  vengeance! 
What  the  vengtance!  equivalent  to  What  the 
deuce!  mat  the  mischief! 

"  Ifnat  ttietengfftneet 
Could  be  not  apeak  'em  fair?  '• 

Shakeip  .-  Coriolanut,  Ul.  I. 

(2)  With  a  vengeance  :  With  excessive  vehe- 
mence, violence,  force,"  or  the  like. 
*  3.  Used  adverbially  =  exceedingly. 

.^T1"*'  "A1?™  fellow:  but  "«'•  ""Wane.  proud, 
SilTi  common  people^-JOo*™*.  .-  "carS. 


l'-I-ty.  *  ve-nl-al-1-tle,  «.  [Eng. 
venial;  -ity.}  The  quality  or  state  of  beimr 
venial,  pardonable,  or  excusable. 

"They  palliate  wlckedneue  with  thefalre  pretence 

t"- 


•  venge'-an?e  ly,  adv.      [Eng.  vengeance ; 
•ly.]     Extremely,  excessively;   with  a  ven- 
geance. 

"  He  lore*  that  rtno'anci!f- 

Beuum.  t  Plei. ;  Propheteu,  t  8. 

•  vSnge'-rtl,  •  venge'-full,  a.   [Eng.  venge  • 
•fuU.~}    Vindictive,  revengeful,  retributive. 

"The  rattling  terror*  of  the  tenyeful  snake  " 

(totdtmttH :  Deserted  t'illaff* 

•vgnge'-fnl-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vengeful;  -ly.] 
In  a  vengeful  or  vindictive  manner ;  vindic- 
tively, revengefully. 

•^nKe'rrtl-ness,  ».  (Eng.  vengeful;  *us>.] 
Vindictiveness,  revengefulness. 

"The  two  victims  of  hi*  inadn 


e'-ment,  «.     [O.  Fr.] 
retnbution,  revenge. 

"  In  fmmmcTt*  of  her  mother'*  great 


Avengement, 


-  —  -J-ly,  odf.  [Eng.  venial;  -ly.}  In  a 
venial  manner  or  degree  ;  pardonably  ex- 
cusably. 

"  He  alnneth  <H*taUt.--Chauc<nr .-  p arson',  TO*. 

ve -ni-al-ness,  «.    [Eng.  venial, :-nesa.]   The 
quality  or  state  of  being  venial ;  veniality. 

"venJ-aunce,  t.    [VENGEANCE.] 
Ven'-l9e,  ».    [See  def.) 

Geog. :  A  city  or  province  in  the  north  of 

Venice-glass,  ».    A  glass  cup  or  goblet 

the  rarest  purity,  so  named  from   being 

manufactured  near  Venice.  They  were  believed 

to  be  so  exquisitely  sensitive  that  they  would 

fly  to  pieces  if  poison  were  put  into  them. 

Venice-turpentine,  s. 

Chem,  :  A  ropy  liquid,  colourless  or  brown- 
ish, inclining  to  green,  having  an  unpleasant 
odour  and  bitter  taste.  It  is  obtained  from 
i  ercointhina  venetia,  and  is  said  to  be  con- 
tained in  peculiar  sacs  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  stem.  According  to  Unverdorben  it  con- 
tains in  the  fresh  state  two  different  oils,  one 
easily  becoming  resinous,  also  two  acid  resins 
s  neutral  resin  and  succinic  acid. 

1  ven-le,  v.t.  [VENOE.]  To  avenge,  to  revenge. 

"He  shall  tcnto  the  blood  of  hi*  aeruauntis."— ICi;- 
elifr  :  i  Haocabea  jixll.  «. 


*  ven-l-«r,  t. 


An  avenger. 


ven-H'-I-a,  ».  [Lat.  ;  (1)  the  name  of  the 
mother  of  Turnus  (Virgil:  Mntid  x.  76); 
(2)  of  the  wife  of  Jason  (Orid  :  Met.,  xlv.  334.).] 
Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Geometer  Moths,  family 
Ennomidee.  The  antennae  simple  in  the  males  • 
fore  wings  slightly  indented  below  the  tip  ;' 
hind  wings  entire.  Venilia  macutata  is  the 
sole  European  species. 


.  . 

W*"^£rr*  a  -9i-as,  vS-nir--S,  phr.    [Lat 

=  that  you  cause  to  come.] 

Law:  A  writ  or  precept  directed  to  the 
sheriff  requiring  him  to  cause  a  jury  to  come 
orappear  in  the  neighbourhood  when  a  cause 
is  brought  to  issue  to  try  the  same  This 
writ  was  abolished  in  1852,  but  the  precept 
issued  by  the  justices  of  assize  which  is  sub- 
ed  is  sometimes  loosely  spoken  of  as  a 


..,r. 

U>  him  for  that  purpose  by  the  judge*  of  aitlM." 
BlactMen,:  Comment.,  bk.  iii..  ch  la7 

v^n'-I-sin  (or  ven'-sin),  "ven-e-son. 

ven-ei-son,  *ven  ey-sun,  'ven-y- 
son,  «  ven-y-soun,  ».  &  a.  [O.  Fr.  veneifon 
tm.  venaison)  =  venison,  from  Lat  vena- 
twnem,  accus.  of  venatio  =  a  hunting,  (2)  that 
which  is  hunted,  game,  from  venatus  pa  par 
of  venor  =  to  hunt.  Venison  and  venations 
thus  doublets.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

1.  The  flesh  of  such  wild  animals  as  are 
taken  in  the  chase  and  used  for  human  food. 
(Now  restricted  to  the  flesh  of  animals  of  the 
deer  kind.) 

"'"'  »•»  «o  de*lrou*  of  their  [the  goats']  flesh 
which  we  all  agreed  much  resembled  «nuo,  tiatwe 
''''  ""* 


. 

*  2.  Beasts  of  the  chase  ;  game. 

"Bat  therein  1*  went/ton  and  other  wvlde 
towle,  Md  fysah.  great  pleate.--^.,,,,5..  Ck 

B.  As  adj.  :  Made  of  venison. 


1  ',  '    [Jj&t"  =  Come  ye-  the  'n'tkl  word 
of  the  Psalm  in  question.] 

Ecclesiastical: 

1.  Psalm  xcv.  used  as  the  canticle  immedi- 
ately preceding  the  Psalms  in  the  order  of 
Morning  Prayer,  except  on  Easter  day  and 
on  the  nineteenth  day  of  the  month. 

2.  A  musical  setting  of  the  same. 

ven'-6m,  *  ven-lme,'  ven-ome,"  ven-ym 
*  ven-yme,  s.  &  a.  [O.  Fr.  cenim(Fr.  venin), 
rroiu  Lat.  venenum  =  poison.  For  the  chaura 
of  n  torn,  cf.  vellum.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

i  Literally  : 

1.  Poison  generally.  (Now  only  used  in  this 


. 

2.  The  poisonous  fluid  secreted  by  animals 
in  a  state  of  health,  and  introduced  into  the 
bodies  of  their  victims  by  biting,  as  in  tlia 
case  of  serpents,  or  by  stinging,  as  in  the  case 
of  scorpions,  &C. 

"  For  tenant  a  small  green  snake  U  bad  enough.-— 
Kamincr  :  Voyagel  (an.  169<»J. 

II  Fig.  :  Anything  that  poisons,  bliglits, 
cankers,  or  embitters  ;  hence,  spite  malig- 
nity, virulence. 

"  The  venom  of  such  looks." 

Sltaiev.  :  Utnr,  r,  T.  & 

B.  As  adj.  :  Venomous,  poisonous. 

"  Infect  fair  founts  with  venom  mud," 

Khithetp.  :  ffajM  of  Lucrtce,  WO. 

venom  -mouthed,  a.  Venomous;  fnli 
of  venom  ;  spiteful. 

"Thi*  butcher's  cur  Is  wnom-mouthtd." 

Sluitttf.  :  fenry  fill,  1  1. 

vSn'-iSm,  t>.«.  At.    [VENOM,  «.] 

A*  Trans.  :  To  infect  with  venom  ;  to  en- 
venom, to  poison. 


tnmaa,  thorg  grases  of  Trlond 

lanaed  sone.tnoru  Code's  soude.' 


.  -r  men.  that  Wu  wenrmtu,  tuurg  giasus  01  inona 
l^lrouke  he  beth  y^lanaed  sone.  tnoru  Code's soude.' 
Robert  of  Wot 


t-.- -         -    •'  pme- p-  -•  •  «••  •*  * 

cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule.  fuU;  try.  Syrian.    «,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «u  =  lew! 


venomed— rental 


6063 


B,  Intrant, :  To  become  as  if  infected  with 
renom. 

"Take  out  the  temporal  •ting,  that  it  shall  not 
venom  and  (alter." — Jeremy  Taylor:  Ductor  Dubitan- 
Num. 

ve'n-omed,  '  ven-ymed,  a.  [Eng.  venom.; 
•«d.}  Envenomed,  poisonous,  poisoned. 

"  Her  husband  .  .  .  had  catched  a  great  wound*  In 
ulsarme  withar««om«rf  sworde." — Vtoet:  Inttruction 
Ufa  Chrittian  Woman,  l.k.  ii.,  ch.  iv. 

ven'-6m-ous,  *  ven'-e-mous,  *ven'-i- 
B1OU8,  a.  [O.  Fr.  venimeux,  from  Lat. 
venenosus  =  poisonous,  from  venenum  = 
poison.] 

I.  Lit.  :  Full  of  venom  or  poison ;  noxious 
or  fatal  to  animal  life  from  venom  ;  poison- 
ous, envenomed. 

"  Beyond  It  is  the  port  Acone.  cursed  for  the  venem. 
Out  hearb  and  poisonous  aconltum.  which  taketh 
Dame  thereof."—/*.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  vi,,  ch,  i. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Proceeding  from  or  devised  by  a  malig- 
nant spirit ;  malicious,  envenomed. 

"The  God  of  truth  defend  you,  and  al!  other  that 
maintain  his  truth,  from  the  venomout  poysoii  of 
lyars."— Strype :  Etxles.  Mem.  (an.  1556), 

2.  Designing  mischief ;  malignant,  spiteful, 
malicious. 

"  He  knoweth  thys  for  very  stiretye,  and  Lsof  malyce 
•o  venemovt  and  e  mi  ions,  that  he  had  leuer  doable  nis 
own  payn,  than  suffer  VB  to  scape  from  pain."— Sir  T. 
Mart :  Workt*.  p.  73. 

*3.  Hurtful,  injurious,  noxious,  pernicious. 

"  Thy  tears  are  . . .  venommtt  to  thine  eyes," 

Shakeip.  :  Coriolanut,  IT.  L 

venomous  -  colubrines,  s.  pi.    [Pno- 

TBHOOLYPH1A.1 

ven-6m  oiis-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  venomous;  *ly.} 
In  a  venomous  manner ;  malignantly,  mali- 
ciously, spitefully. 

"  Hi*  praise  of  foes  Is  venomously  Dice." 

J>ryden  :  Bind  *  I'nnther,  lit.  1. K2. 

v<5n'- 6m -oils -ness,  *.  [Eng.  venomous; 
•ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  venom- 
ous ;  potsonousness,  malignity,  malicious- 
ness, spitefulness. 

ve'-nose,  a.    [VENOUS.] 

Bot.  (Of  a  leaf) :  Reticulated ;  having  the 
lateral  veins  variously  divided. 

IT  Indirectly  venose  (Of  a  leaf):  Having  the 
lateral  veins  combined  within  the  margin, 
and  emitting  other  little  veins. 

vS-n6V-3t-t&  s.    [Eng.  venos(e) ;  -tty.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  venous. 

2.  Path. :  A  somewhat  morbid  condition  in 
which  the  blood  appears  to  move  more  slowly 
than  usual,  all  being  more  venous,  and  having 
the  specifically  venous  blood  in  larger  pro- 
portion than  in  a  state  of  perfect  health. 

Ve'-nous,  a.  [Lat.  venonu,  from  vena  =  a 
vein.  ] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  vein  or  veins ;  con- 
tained in  tin.;  veins. 

"The  respiratory  organs  receive  venaut  and  return 
arterial  blood  into  the  general  circulation  without  its 
poising  through  the  branchin  orgills."—  Field,  Sept.  25, 

2.  Consisting    of  veins;    as,   the   venous 
system. 

venous-blood,  *. 

Anat.  &  Physiol. :  Blood  from  the  veins.  It 
is  of  a  purple  colour  through  deficiency  of 
the  haemoglobin.  It  contains  eight  to  twelve 
per  cent,  less  oxygen  and  six  per  cent,  more 
carbon  dioxide  than  arterial  blood. 

venous-pulse,  .«. 

Physiol. ;  A  feeble  pulse  or  pulsation  occur- 
ring in  certain  circumstances  in  some  of  the 
larger  veins. 

vent(l),  *fent,*fente,*vente,  s.    [Prop. 

fent,  from  O.  Fr.  fenie  —  a  cleft,  rift,  chink,  or 
slit,  from/endre(Lat.^ndo)=  to  cleave.  The 
word  is  popularly  connected  with  Fr.  vent  — 
wind,  as  if  it  were  a  hole  to  allow  the  passage 
of  air  or  wind.] 

•1.  A  slit  at  the  collar  of  a  dress,  closed 
by  a  brooch,  serving  for  convenience  in  put- 
ting on  a  robe  so  fashioned  as  to  fit  closely 
round  the  neck. 

"  The  culler  and  the  vent?." 

Chaucer:  Atiemblee  of  LadSet,  Irxvt 

2.  Applied  generally  to  a  small  aperture  or 
opening. 

"  How  thy  wounds  bled  at  many  vents* 

Stmketp. :  Trottut  4  Crettida,  T.  8. 


3.  More  especially  a  small  aperture  or  open- 
ing for  the  passage  of  air. 

"  To  make  more  twit  for  passage  of  her  breath, 

Which,  thronging  through  her  lip*,  so  vaiilsheth 
As  smoke."  Shaketp.  :  Rape  qf  tucrece.  l.O-tu. 

4.  Applied  specifically  to— 

(1)  The  opening  in  the  top  of  a  barrel  to 
allow  air  to  pass  in  as  the  liquid  is  drawn  out. 

IT  In  the  'following  quotation  it  seems  to 
mean  a  vent-peg  (q.v.), 

"  To  draw  any  drink,  be  not  at  the  trouble  of  open- 
Ing  a  vent;  or.  If  you  take  out  the  vent,  stay  not  to 
put  it  iii.n—  Swift  :  Imtructiont  to  Servantt. 

(2)  Arch.  :  A  crenelle,  or  loophole,  in  an 
embattled  wall. 

(3)  Ordn.  :  The  priming  and  firing  aperture 
of  a  gun  ;  it  is  $ths  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

"  They  at  once  their  reeds 
Put  forth  ;  and  to  a  narrow  i-mt  apnll'd 
With  nicest  touch."        Milton  :  P.  L..  vL,  483. 

*(4)  The  flue  or  funnel  of  a  chimney. 

"  The  scene  presented  It  selfe  in  a  square  and  flat 
Upright,  like  to  the  side  of  a  city:  the  top  thereof, 
above  the  vent  and  crest,  adorn'd  with  houses,  towers. 
and  steeples,  set  off  in  prospective."—  Ben  Jonton: 
K.  Jamet'  Entertainment. 

(5)  Found.  :  The  term  employed  to  compre- 
hend the  channels  and  passages  by  which  the 
air,  or  gases,  escape  from  the  mould. 

(6)  Steam-boilers:  The  sectional  area  of  the 
passage  for  gases,  divided  by  the  length  of 
the  same  area  in  feet.    (Goodrich.') 

(7)  The  anus;  the  opening  at  which  the 
excrements,  especially  of  birds,  reptiles,  and 
fishes,  are  discharged. 

5.  A  means  or  place  of  discharge  ;  an  outlet. 

"  Land-floods  are  a  great  improvement  of  land, 
where  a  vent  can  be  had."—  Mortimer  :  ffutoandry. 

•  6.  Discharge  ;  emission. 

"  Here  oil  his  breast 
There  is  a  rent  of  blood." 

Skaketp.:  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  v.  2. 

7.  Utterance,  expression,  publication. 

*"  Free  vent  of  words  love's  fire  doth  assuage.1* 

Sluikcij).  :  renu*  A  Adonit.  834. 

8.  Scent  ;  the  odonr  left  on  the  ground  by 
which  an  animal's  track  is  followed.    [Fr.  vent 
=  breath,  scent.] 

IT  (1)  To  give  vent  to:  To  suffer  to  escape; 
to  keep  no  longer  pent  up  :  as,  To  give  vent  to 
one's  feelings. 

*(2)  To  tak*  vent:  To  become  public  or 
known. 

"  It  failed  by  late  setting  out,  and  tome  contrariety 
of  weather,  whereby  the  particular  design  took  vent 
before  baud."—  Wotton. 

vent-astragals,  x.pr. 
Ordn.  :  The  moulding  round  the  gun  on  ona 
side  of  the  vent-field. 


vent  bit,  5. 
vent  of  a  gun. 


An  anger  for  clearing  the 


vent-cook,  *.  A  contrivance  for  admit- 
ting air  to  a  vessel  from  which  liquid  is  to  be 
drawn,  or  for  permitting  the  escape  of  gas. 

vent-cover,  *.  A  rectangular  piece  of 
leather  placed  over  the  vent  of  a  cannon  to 
prevent  access  of  moisture. 

vent-faucet,  *.  An  instrument  which 
may  act  as  a  vent-hole  borer  or  a  faucet  to 
draw  a  portion  of  liquor  from  the  vessel. 

vent-feather,  *.  One  of  the  feathers  of 
a  bird  which  lie  from  the  vent  or  anus  to  the 
tail  underneath. 

vent-field,  s. 

Ordn. :  The  raised  tablet  In  the  metal  near 
the  breech  of  a  gun,  in  which  the  vent  is 
bored. 

vent-hole,  s. 

1.  The  same  as  VENT  (1),  «.,  4.  (1) 

2.  A  vent  or  outlet  for  air  or  gases. 

"  For.  the  town  and  temple,  as  we  observed,  were 
seated  on  a  bare  and  hollow  rock  ;  which  would  here 
and  there  afford  ventJiolei  for  such  fumes  as  generated 
within  to  transpire.'1—  Wnrburton  :  Julian,  bk.  ii., 
ch.  vi. 

vent-peg,  a.  A  peg  to  stop  a  vent-hole 
In  a  cask. 

vent  piece,  «. 

Ordnance  : 

(1)  A  plug  of  copper  containing  the  vent, 
and  screwed  into  its  position  in  the  gun. 

(2)  The  block  which  closes  the  rear  of  the 
bore  in  a  breech-loader. 

vent-pin,  «.    The  same  as  VENT-PEG  (q.v.). 

vent-pipe,  s.  An  escape-pipe  for  air  or 
steam. 


vent-plug,  s.    A  stopper  for  the  vent  of 

a  gun. 

vent-punch,  s.  A  punch  made  of  steel, 
slightly  less  in  diameter  than  the  Tent,  and 
used  for  clearing  the  vent  when  it  has  be- 
come foul  or  scaly. 

vent-stopper,  i.  A  plug  or  tap  to  close 
the  vent-hole. 

vent-wire,  s. 

Fotind. :  A  long  steel  wire,  one  end  of  which 
terminates  in.  a  bow  and  the  other  in  a  sharp 
point.  It  is  used  for  giving  vent  to  green  ana 
dry  sand-moulds. 

*  vent  (2),  s.     [Fr.  vente  =  &  sale,  from  vtndrt 
(Lat.   vendo)  —  to  sell.      The  word  has   been 
confused  in  its  use  with  vent  (1),  *.,  and  VENT 
(1),  v.  ;  Sp.  venta.] 

1.  Sale ;  the  act  of  selling. 

"  He  drew  off  a  thousand  copies  of  a  treatise,  which 
not  one  in,  threescore  can  understand,  can  hardly  ex- 
ceed the  vent  of  that  number."—  Pop* ;  Lettert.  (TodeL) 

2.  Opportunity  of  selling ;  market. 

"The  king  might dlspend  a  thousand  marks  §t«r- 
Ilng  a  day,  jiich  vent  of  wools  bad  the  English  mer- 
chants In  tnat  MMOU."—Itolinthed  ;  Chron.  Edv.  III. 
(an.  i:;o/i.  i. 

3.  An  inn  ;  a  baiting- place.    [VENTA.  1 

"He  perceived  an  inn  near  the  highway  ...  As 
soon  as  he  espied  the  vent,  he  feigned  to  himself  that 
it  was  a  castle  with  four  turrits."  —  SbeUfn;  Do* 
(Quixote. 

vent  (1),  v.t.  &  i    [VENT  (1),  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  let  out  at  a  vent  or  small  aperture ;  to 
emit ;  to  give  passage  or  outlet  to. 

"  Where  air  comes  out,  air  comes  In :  there's  non* 
abroad  so  wholesome  as  that  you  svnf."— £na**tf>.: 
Cymoeline,  L  2. 

2.  To  keep  no  longer  pent  up  in  one's  mind ; 
to  give  vent  to. 

"  That  fatal  distemper  which  has  always  taken  a 
particular  pleasure  in  venting  its  spite  upon  the  uose,' 
—Tatler.  No,  260. 

*3.  To  utter;  to  report ;  to  publish. 

"  Their  mind  runs  only  after  paradoxes  :  these  t'ney 
seek,  these  they  embrace,  these  alone  they  vent."— 
Locke:  Conduct  of  the  Underttandiny.  |  M. 

*4.  To  put  into  circulation ;  to  circulate. 

"  When  he  found  ill  money  liad  been  put  Into  h. 
hands,  he  would  never  suffer  it  to  be  vtxtfd  again."-* 
Burnet:  Life  of  Bale. 

*  5.  To  scent,  as  a  hound. 
"  When  he  [a  bound]  smelleth  or  vtnteth  anything 
we  say  he  hath  this  or  that  in  toe  v\utL~—Turb«rville. 

B.  Intrans.:  To  snuff;  to  snort;  to  snuff 
up  or  puff  out  air. 

"  A  few  amateurs,  we  are  told,  hunt  the  otter  with 
dogs,  which  run  it  to  ground,  and  when,  after  being 
driven  out  into  the  river,  it  rises  to  vent.  It  ir  Imme- 
diately shot  at"—  Field.  Jan.  23,  IBM. 

IT  To  vent  up :  To  raise  so  as  to  admit  air. 

"  [She]  onely  vented  up  her  umbriere." 

Spenter;  f.  Q..  IIL  1.  4L 

*v5nt  (2),v.(.    [VBNT(2),«.]    To  sell;  tovend. 

"  Therefore  did  those  cations  vent  such  spice,  sweet 
gums,  and  pearls,  as  their  own  countries  yielded."—* 
Raleigh. 

*  vSn-ta,  «.     [Sp.  =  a  sale,  a  market,  a  mean 
roadside   inn.]      A   mean    inn ;   a  roadside 
tavern.    [VENT  (2),  a.) 

vent  -age  (age  as  ig),  *  vent'-Ige),  s.  [Eng. 
vent  (1),  s.;  -age.]  A  small  hole  for  the  pas- 
sage of  air ;  a  vent. 

"  Govern  these  ventages  with  your  finger  and 
thumb  "—Shaketp.  :  ffamlet.  111.  2. 

•vSn'-tail,    'ven  taile,      ven  tayle,  & 

[O.  Fr.  ventattle,  from  vent  (Lat.  ventus)  =s 
wind.]  The  lower 
movable  part  of 
the  front  of  the 
helmet,  which  ad- 
mitted  air  for 
breathing,  the  up- 
per being  the  visor 
(q.v.).  It  suc- 
ceeded the  nasal 
of  the  eleventh 
century,  and  the 
term  was  after- 
wards applied  to 
all  defences  of  the 
face,  whether  a  combination  of  the  mail-hotd 
or  a  plate  attached  to  the  front  of  the  helmtV 

"  The  wicked  stroke  . .  . 
Her  ventaiJe  shar'd  away." 

Spender:  f.  $„  IV.  Tt  If. 

•vSnt'-al,  a.  [Lat.  ventus  =  wind.]  Of  o* 
pertaining  to  the  wind. 

"  The  strange,  vental  eccentricities  that  had  been 
occurring  on  our  coasts, "—Field,  Nov.  14,  1887. 


boll,  boy;  po*ut,  J6%1;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  9bin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  sin,  09;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    ph  =  C 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tlon,  -*lon  =  thun;  -flon,  -fion  =  xhun.    -clou*. -tious, -Bious  =  anus.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  dfL 

34- 


5054 


ventanna— ventricona 


•ven  tan  na,  "ven-ta'-na,  4.  [Sp.  ven~ 
tana,  from  Lat.  ventus  =  the  wind.]  A 
window. 

"What  after  pase'd 
Waa  far  from  the  vextatitm,  where  I  sat." 

Urudcn.    (Todd.) 

ven-tayle,  &,    [VENTAIL.) 

•vent'-er  (IX  «.  [Eng.  vent  (1),  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  vents  or  gives  vent  to  anything;  one 
who  publishes,  reports,  or  utters. 

"The  venter  of  them  doth  little  skill  the  use  of 
•peech." — Harrow  :  Sermons,  vol.  i.,  sec.  16, 

ven  -ter  (2),  *.    [Lat.  =  the  belly.) 

1.  Anat. :  Any  large  cavity  containing  vis- 
cera.    Hence  the  head,  the  thorax,  and  the 
abdomen  were  called  the  Three  Venters.    The 
term  was  formerly  applied  to  (1)  the  uterus  ; 
(2)  the  belly  of  a  muscle  ;  (3)  the  subscapular 
fossa,  a  shallow  concavity  on  the  anterior  sur- 
face of  the  scapula.    It  receives  the  subscapu- 
lar muscle. 

2.  Entom. :  The  lower  part  of  the  abdomen. 

3.  Law:  The  womb,  and  hence,  a  mother. 

"  A  has  Issue  B  a  son  and  C  a  daughter  by  one 
•vnTer,  and  D  a  son  by  another  renter.  If  B  purchases 
In  foe,  and  died  without  issue.  It  shall  descend  to  the 
sister  and  not  to  the  brother  of  the  half  blood."— 

•vfin-tic'-n-lar,  a.  [A  dimin.  from  vent  (1), 
s.  ]  Consisting  of  small  holes  or  vents. 

"  Distinguished  from  genuine  examples  by  the  so- 
called  *  vtnticular  perforation*  of  the  mezail.'  or 
breathing  holes."— Athenaum,  Oct.  14, 1882. 

Ve'n'-tl-duct,  «.  [Lat  ventus  =  wind,  and 
ductus  =  a  passage  ;  duco  =  to  lead.] 

Arch.  :  A  passage  for  wind  or  air ;  a  sub- 
terraneous passage  or  pipe  for  ventilating 
apartments. 

"  Having  been  Informed  of  divers  ventiduct*,  I  wish 
I  bad  had  tlie  good  fortune,  when  I  was  at  Borne,  to 
take  notice  of  these  organs.  — Boyl«. 

ven  -til,    •  ven-tile,  A.     (Ger.(  from  Lat., 

ventus  =  wind.] 
Music: 

(1)  A  valve,  by  means  of  which  brass  tubes 
may  be  made  to  sound  the  semitones  and 
tones  between  the  natural  open  harmonics. 

(2)  A  mechanical  contrivance  on  an  organ 
for  the  purpose  of  cutting  off  the  wind  from  a 
particular  sound-board. 

Ven-tfl-a'-gd,  s.  [Lat.  ventilo  =  to  fan  (ventus 
=  the  wind),  and  a#o  =  to  drive  away.  So 
named  because  the  fruit  is  winged,  and  is 
scattered  by  the  wind.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Rhamnocese.  Tall  climb- 
ing shrubs  with  woody  branches,  leathery 
leaves,  and  small  panicles  of  flowers.  They 
are  all  from  the  tropics  of  the  eastern  hemi- 
sphere. Ventilago  maderaspatana,  an  exten- 
sive climber,  with  green,  offensively  smelling 
flowers,  a  native  of  Central  and  Southern  India 
and  Burmah,  is  said  to  yield  a  gum.  The  root 
bark  yields  a  red  dye,  orange  and  chocolate 
with  Oldenlandia  umbellate,  and  black  with 
galls.  The  fibres  of  the  bark  constitute  ex- 
cellent cordage,  and,  according  to  Rumphius, 
the  Amboyna  fishermen  employ  the  long 
stems  instead  of  ropes. 

Ven  ti -late,  *  ven-ty-late,  v.t.    [Lat.  ven- 

tilatus,  pa.  par.  of  ventilo  —  to  blow,  to  win- 
now, to  ventilate,  from  ventus  =  wind ;  Fr. 
vent  He  r  ;  8p.  &  Port,  ventitar.] 

*  1.  To  winnow,  to  fen ;  to  remove  chaff 
from. 

2.  To  blow  upon ;  to  renew  or  refresh  by 
blowing. 

"  Ventilate  and  warm  the  Dwelling  buda," 

Cawptr:  7te*t,  lit  498. 

3.  To  expose  to  the  free  passage  of  air  or 
wind ;  to  supply  with  fresh  air  and  remove 
vitiated  air  from  :  as,  To  ventilate  a  room  by 
opening  the  windows, 

4.  To  expose  to  common  or  public  talk  or 
consideration ;    to    allow   to    be   discussed 
freely ;  to  expose  to  examination  and  discus- 
sion. 

"  Much  had  been  ventilated  in  private  discourse."— 
ff.iriitgton  :  Oceana,  p.  213. 

*ven'-tll-«>te,  a.  [VENTILATE,*.]  Discussed, 
considered,  ventilated. 

"Those  counsayles  .  .  .  were  before  tray  ted,  and  (a* 
I  might  say)  ventilate."— Elt/ot ;  Govemour,  bk.  1., 
ch.  XXT. 

TSn'-tll-at-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [VENTILAT*,  v.] 

ventilating-brick,  «.  A  hollow  brick 
(q.v.). 


ventilating  -heater,  s.  A  form  of  stove 
in  which  tlie  air  is  drawn  fresh  from  the  out- 
Hide  of  the  building,  wanned  in  the  passages 
of  the  stove,  and  discharged  into  the  romn. 

ven-tll-a'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  ventila- 
tioneia,  accus.  of  ventilutio,  from  vent  iU.it  its, 
pa.  par.  of  ventilo  =  to  ventilate  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  The  act  of  fanning  or  blowing;  the 
state  of  being  fanned  or  blown'ou. 

"The  soil,  worn  with  too  frequent  culture,  must  lie 
fallow,  till  It  has  recruited  its  exhausted  salte.  and 
again  enriched  Itoelf  by  the  ventilation*  of  tbo  air.  '— 
Additon. 

2.  The  act  of  ventilating  ;  the  state  of  being 
ventilated  ;  the  process  of  removing  vitiated 
air  from  and  supplying  fresh  air  to  rooms, 
buildings,  mines,  and  other  confined  places, 
so  as  to  maintain  the  atmosphere  in  such 
places  in  a  constant  state  of  purity.  This 
may  be  effected  either  by  withdrawing  the 
foul  air  and  permitting  the  fresh  air  to  flow 
in  and  supply  its  place  (the  vacuum  process)  ; 
or  by  forcing  in  fresh  air  ((the  plenum  pro- 
cess), which  drives  the  foul  air  before  it  to 
the  exit.  A  combination  of  both  processes  is 
also  used  in  certain  cases. 

"In  the  ventilation  of  mines,  a  series  of  shafts, 
termed  winzes,  are  sank  from  one  level  to  another, 
permitting  the  ascent  of  the  more  htKhly  heated  tiir 
from  below,  causing  an  ascending  current;  and  the 
descent  of  the  cooler  air  from  outside,  which  tra- 
verses the  various  galleries.  Is  usually  found  sufficient. 
In  coal  or  other  mines  where  large  quantities  of 
dangerous  pises  are  generated,  this  method  la  inade- 
quate^ and  artificial  means  are  resorted  to  to  produce 
a  more  powerful  asceudinecnrrent,  and  cause  a  inure 
rapid  circulation  of  air.  The  moat  simple  means  of 
doing  this,  and  that  generally  employed  In  coal-mines, 
Is  l>y  means  of  two  shafts,  In  one  of  which  a  fire  is 
kept  up,  rarefying  the  air,  mid  producing  a  strong 
draught,  which  causes  the  withdrawal  of  the  nlr  t  nmi 
the  set  of  galleries  with  which  this,  the  upcast  shaft, 
is  connected.  "—Knight:  Diet.  Mechanic!. 

*  3.  The  act  or  process  of  refrigerating  or 
cooling  ;  refrigeration. 

"  Procure  the  blood  a  free  course,  ventilation,  and 
transpiration,  by  suitable  and  ecpbractlc  purges."  — 
Survey. 

*  1.  Vent,  utterance. 

"To  his  secretary,  Dr.  Mason,  whom  he  let  lie  In 
a  pallet  near  him,  for  natural  ventilation  of  hU 
thoughts,  he  would  break  out  into  bitter  eruptions." 
Wotton  ;  Lift  of  Duke  of  Buckingham. 

5.  Public  examination;  open  or  free  dis- 
cussion. 

"  The  ventilation  which  this  superlatively  important 
•abject  Is  receiving."—  Field,  Dec.  31.  1887. 

*  ven'-tit-lat-ive.  a.    [Bug.  ventilate)  ;  -£«.] 

Of  or  pertaining  to  ventilation;  producing 
ventilation  :  as,  ventilatire  appliances. 

Ve'n'-tX-lat-or,  s.    [Lat.=a  winnower,  from 

ventUatus,  pa.  par.  of  ventilo  =  to  ventilate.) 
An  arrangement  for  supplying  fresh  and  re- 
moving vitiated  air  from  buildings,  mines, 
and  other  confined  spaces;  specif.,  an  ap- 
paratus made  to  turn  with  the  wind,  and 
placed  in  a  wall  or  roof,  in  order  to  throw  a 
due  quantity  of  fresh  air  into  a  close  apart- 
ment or  a  mine.  The  ventilator  for  stacks, 
mows,  and  granaries  consists  of  a  perforated 
air-duct  which  allows  the  heated  air  and 
moisture  to  pass  off.  The  ventilator  for  ships 
is  commonly  a  wind-sail  (q.v.). 

vent'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [VENT  0),  *•] 

*  venting-hole,  «.    A  vent-hole. 

.      "  Certniiie  out-casts.  tunnels,  or  ventiii0-holet.'—P. 
Holland  ;  1'iiniv,  bk.  xxxL,  ch.  iii. 

*  vent'-  less,  a.     [Eng.   vent   (1),    s.  ;    -less.] 

Having  no  vent  or  outlet. 

"  A  restlesae,  ventleise  name  of  fire." 

Iianiet  :  Jttcrocotmot,  p.  61. 

ven'-tose,  a.  [Lat.  ventosus,  from  ventus  = 
wind.]  Windy,  flatulent. 

*ven'-tdse  (1),  *.  [Fr.  wntowe,  from  Lat. 
ventosa  cucurbita  =  a  cupping-glass,  from 
ventus  =  wind.]  A  cupping-glass. 

"  They  baue  certaiue  hollow  concavities  dlspeaned 
within  their  clawes  or  anuea  like  to  ventota  or  cup- 
plDg-glaaaea."  —  F.  Holland  ;  Plitiie,  bk.  ix.,  ch.  xxix. 

Veii-tose  (2),  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  ventosus  = 
windy,  from  ventus  =  wind,]  Tlie  name 
adopted  in  October,  1793,  by  the  French 
Convention  for  the  sixth  month  of  tlie  Re- 
publican year.  It  commenced  on  Feb.  19, 
and  was  the  third  winter  month. 


-i-ty',  s.    [Eng.  ventos(e)t  »•  !  •**»•! 
L  Lit.  :  Windiness,  flatulence. 

"Democritus  banished  turner*  altogltber  from  the 
bourd,  by  reason  of  the  rentotitiea  or  wiudtnesse  tli.'it 
It  engendreth."—  /'.  Bollind  :  riinie,  bit  xx.,  cb.  ill. 

2.  Fig.:  Empty  pride  or  boasting;  vain- 
glory.   (Bacon.) 


*  ven'-tous-Ing,  s.     [VENTOSB  (1),  *.)    Th€ 
act  or  process  of  cupping. 

Neither  vetne-blode,  nor  v 


,  , 

He  driiike  of  he  roe*  may  ben  hi*  helping. 

Vh'iucer:  C.  T.. 


. 
2,760. 


Ven'-tral,  a.  [Lat  wntralis,  from  venter,  genit 
ventris  =  the  belly.] 

1.  Anat.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  belly, 
or  to  tlie  surface  of  the  body  opposite  to  the 
dorsal  side  or  back  :  as,  ventral  muscles. 

2.  Bot.  :  Belonging  to  the  anterior  surface 
of  anything. 

ventral-fins,  t.  pi. 

Ichthy.  :  Paired  or  horizontal  fins,  inserted 
on  the  abdominal  surface,  behind,  below,  or 
in  advance  of  the  pectoral  fins,  whence  they 
are  called  abdominal,  thoracic,  or  jugular 
ventral  fins  respectively.  They  are  generally 
narrow,  composed  of  a  small  number  of  rays, 
the  outer  of  which  is  ordinarily  bony.  In 
some  genera  of  the  Gobiidje,  the  veutral  fins 
are  united  and  form  a  suctorial  disc, 

ventral-suture,  s.    [SUTURE,  &t  II.  2.] 

*yen'-trlc,  a.  [VENTRICOUS.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  stomach, 

"  *  Magiater  artis  .  .  .  venter,'  says  Persius  f  Prol.  10. 
Ill  the  art  of  accurate  tiuie-keopiug  is  rtntric.''—*. 
CoUint:  Thoughti  in  my  (Jarden,  L  41. 

Ven'-trf-cle,  «.     [Fr.  ventricule,  from   Lat. 
ventriculum,  accus.  of  ventriculus  —  (1)  the 
stomach,  (2)  a  ventricle  ;  double  dimiu.  from 
venter,  genit.  ventris  =  the  belly.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  A  small  cavity  in  an  animal  body  ;  a 
place  of  organic  function. 

"Herophilus  [places  the  suull  within  the  ventricle 
or  concavity  of  the  brain,  which  also  is  the  hiisia  or 
foundatlou  of  it."—/1.  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p.  683. 

*  2.  The  stomach. 

"  Whether  I  will  or  not,  while  I  live  ray  heart  beats, 
and  my  ventricle  digests  what  is  lu  it."—  Hal*. 

IL  Anat,  :  The  name  given  to  various  cavities 
smaller  than  that  of  the  stomach.  l%  ]  Thus 
the  cerebrum  has  several  ventricles,  and  the 
cerebellum  one.  Among  these  are  the  right 
and  left  lateral  ventricles.  The  third  ventricle 
is  a  narrow  longitudinal  cleft  placed  between 
the  optic  thalami  of  the  cerebrum.  Tlie 
fourth,  called  also  the  ventricle  of  the  cere- 
bellum, occupies  the  space  between  the 
medulla  oblongata  in  front  and  the  cerebrum 
behind.  The  fifth,  called  also  the  ventricle  of 
the  septum,  or  sylvian  ventricle,  is  situated 
between  two  lamina  of  the  septum  lucidum 
a  thin  transparent  partition  placed  between 
the  two  lateral  ventricles. 

•ff  Ventricles  oftite  heart  ; 

Anat.  ;  Two  of  the  four  cavities  into  which 
the  heart  is  divided.  They  are  called  the 
right  and  the  left  ventricles.  The  right  or 
anterior  ventricle  occupies  most  of  the  au- 
terior  surface  of  the  right  border  ami  a 
smaller  part  of  the  posterior  surface.  The 
uppetand  left  angle,  called  the  arterial  cone 
or  infundibulum,  is  prolonged  in  a  conical 
form  to  the  commencement  of  the  pulmonary 
artery.  The  muscular  wall  of  the  right  ven- 
tricle is  thickest  nt  the  base,  and  becomes 
thinner  towards  the  apex.  At  its  base  are 
two  orifices  :  the  auriculo-ventricular  orifice, 
protected  by  the  tricuspid  valve,  and  that  of 
the  pulmonary  artery,  protected  by  the  semi- 
lunar  or  sigmoid  valves.  The  left  or  posterior 
ventricle  occupies  the  left  border  of  the  heart, 
about  a  third  of  its  extent  appearing  on  the 
anterior  surface,  the  rest  being  visible  be- 
hind. It  is  longer  and  narrower  than  the 
right  ventricle,  and  oval  in  cross-section. 
Its  walls,  except  near  the  apex,  are  three 
times  as  thick  as  those  of  the  right  ventricle. 
Its  two  orifices  are  very  close  together.  Onr 
Is  the  left  auricular,  the  other  the  aortic 
opening,  the  former  protected  by  the  bicuspid 
or  mitral,  the  latter  by  another  sernHunar  or 
sigmoid  valve,  while  the  two  are  sei-araled 
only  by  the  attachment  of  the  anterior  seg- 
ment of  the  mitral  valve.  The  ventricles  re 
ceive  the  blood  from  the  auricles,  and 
transmit  it  to  the  lungs  and  through  the 
aorta  to  the  body  generally.  [HEART,  II.  2.  (1).] 

vSn'-tric-oiis,  ven'-tric-ose,  a.  [Low 
Lat,  ven  tricosus,  from  Lat.  venter,  genit.  ven- 
tris =  the  belly.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  (Of  both  forms):  Resembling 
the  belly  ;  hence,  swelled  out,  distended. 

IX  Botany  (Of  the  form  ventricose)  :  Inflated, 
[BELLYING,  B.  2.] 


fete,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  W9lf*  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  00  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  —  kw. 


ventricular— Venus 


5055 


yen-tric'-u-lar,  a.  [Eng.  ventricv.l(c) ;  -or.) 
Pertaining  t«  'or  resembling  a  ventricle  ;  dis- 
tended in  the  middle  ;  bellied. 

"The  general  ventricular  .pace  within  the  cere, 
brum."— l^uain :  Anat.  (eil.  6th),  ii.  539. 


ven-tric'-u-lite,  s.    [VENTHICULITES.]     Any 
individual  of  the  genus  Ventriculites. 

vSn-tlic-n-lit'-es,  s.  pi.    [Lat.,  dimin.  from 

tenter  =  the  belly.] 

Pakzont. :  The  typical  genus  of  Ventriculi- 
tida?  (q.v.).  Characteristic  of  the  Chalk. 

vSn-trlc-u-U'-ti-clse,  t.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  ven- 
tru;ulU(es);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun.  -wte.] 

Zool.  <i  Palinmt.:  Sponges,  simple  or  com- 
pound. Cup,  funnel  or  top-shaped,  cylindrical 
or  ramose.  Wall  in  meandrous  folds,  spicular 
nodes  octohedral ;  radial  canala  blind.  The 
outer  or  under  surface  of  the  sponge  with 
elongate  apertures  or  vents,  the  inner  or 
upper  surface  either  similar  to  the  lower  or 
with  circular  vents.  Dermal  layer  a  cribri- 
form siliceous  membrane.  Root-appendage  of 
fasciculate  siliceous  fibres,  united  by  trans- 
verse extensions,  and  without  axial  canals. 
IHinde  in  Palceontographical  Society's  vol.  fur 
1886.)  They  reach  their  maximum  in  the  Cre- 
taceous rocks.  Only  one  genus  now  survives. 

Ten- trie'- u-lous,   a.      [Eng.  ventricuKf) ; 
-cms.]    The  "same  as  VENTRICULAR  (q.v.). 

•  v6n-tri-16-CU'-tion,  «.     [Lat  venter,  genit. 

«nlris=the  belly,  and  Eng.  locution.]  A 
speaking  after  the  manner  of  a  ventriloquist ; 
ventriloquism. 

•  ven'-tri-loque  (qu  as  k),  ven-tri-16'- 
qni-aL  a.     [Lat.  ventriloquut  =  a  ventrilo- 
quist :"  venter,  genit.  ventris  =  the  belly,  and 
loqiior  =  to  speak.]     Pertaining  to  ventrilo- 
quism. 

'•  Followed  by  a  faint  kind  of  ventrttoyu^il  chirping." 
— Dickmt:  Sketehet  til  Hot;  Mittaten  a  Miner. 

vSn-tril'-i-quism  s.  [Eng.  ventrihyu(y) ; 
-ism.]  The  act  or  art  of  speaking  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  cause  the  hearers  to  believe  that 
the  sound  comes  not  from  the  person  speak- 
ing, but  from  a  different  source.  The  name 
originated  from  the  erroneous  supposition 
that  the  sounds  uttered  were  formed  in  the 
belly,  whereas  they  are  formed  by  the  same 
organs  as  the  emissions  of  sound  commonly, 
viz.,  the  larynx,  the  palate,  the  tongue,  the 
lips,  &c.,  only  that  to  increase  the  illusion 
the  performer  moves  the  lips  as  little  as 
possible  The  art  of  ventriloquism  depends 
mainly  on  two  things:  (1)  The  power  of 
appreciating  the  value  of  sounds  at  certain 
given  distances,  or  when  hindered  by  ob- 
stacles ;  (2)  The  power  of  imitating  or  repro- 
ducing the  diminished  value  of  such  sounds. 
Thus  to  represent  a  man  speaking  outside  a 
window,  the  ventriloquist  should  know  ex- 
actly the  value  of  such  sounds  inside  a  room 
if  actually  produced  outside,  and  also  be  al.le 
to  reproduce  them  by  accurate  imitation.  The 
art  of  ventriloquism  was  known  to  the  an- 
cient Greeks  and  Romans. 

Ten-trH-i-qnifrt,  s.  [Eng.  wnWZoynfe)  ; 
-ist.]  One  who  practises  or  is  skilled  in  the 
art  of  ventriloquism  ;  one  who  speaks  so  as 
to  cause  his  voice  to  appear  to  come  from 
some  other  quarter. 

"A  tuneful  bird  is  a  ventriloqultt."— Patey :  If  at. 
Theology,  ch.  x. 

*ven-trfl-6-quiB'-tio,  o.  [Eng.  ventrilo- 
quist ;  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  ventriloquism  or 
ventriloquists ;  ventriloquial. 

"  It  has  moreover,  a  peculiar  ventrUoqutalc quality, 
which,  when  heard  in  the  distance,  seems  to  locate  its 
origin  at  much  closer  range.' '-Barftr't  Uagaane. 
July,  leas,  p.  391. 

Yen-trfl'-S-quize,  v.i.  [Eng.  ventrilotpty') ; 
-iz«.)  To  practise  ventriloquism;  to  speak 
after  the  manner  of  a  ventriloquist. 

"vSn-trIT-4-quous,  a.  [Lat  ventriloiptus.] 
(VENTRILOQUE.]  Speaking  after  the  manner 
of  a  ventriloquist ;  ventriloquial. 

"In  the  same  tract,  chap.  6,  is  this  observation  of 
tentrllcauoui  persons."— Derham  ;  Phi/tteo-ThetHoar, 
bk.  iv.,  cb.  vii. 

*  ven-trfl'-o-quy,  s.  [Lat.  ventriloquus.] 
[VENTRILOQUE.]  Ventriloquism. 

Ven-tro-,  pref.  [Lat.  venter,  genit  ventris  = 
the  belly.] 

Anat. :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  connected  with 
the  belly. 


ventro  inguinal,  a. 
Anat. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  belly  »nd 
the  groin  :  as,  ventro-inguinal  hernia. 

ventro-lateral,  s. 

Anat. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  belly  and  the 
side  :  as,  ventro-lateral  muscles. 

ven'-ture,  *  venter,  >.    [An  abbreviation  of 
ai-enture,  or  adventure  (q.v.).] 

1.  Anundertakingof  chance,  risk,  or  danger; 
the  hazard  or  risking  of  something  upon  an 
event,  the  result  of  which  cannot  be  cleaily 
foreseen  ;  the  undertaking  of  chance  and  risk  ; 
a  trial  of  one's  chance  or  of  an  issue  ;  hazard, 
risk. 

"  I  cannot  lose  much  by  the  venture,  sure. 

lleatim.  *  f'let. :  Xoble  Gentleman,  iv.  L 

2.  Specifically,  a  commercial  speculation  or 
enterprise  ;  a  pecuniary  risk. 

a  That  which  is  put  to  hazard  or  risk ; 
that  which  is  staked ;  a  stake,  a  risk ;  espe- 
cially something  sent  abroad  in  trade. 

"  We  must  take  the  current  wbeu  it  serves. 
Or  lose  our  ventures." 

Shalcelp. :  Juliui  CoMar,  iv.  S. 

4.  A  chance  occurrence,  an  accident ;  chance, 
hap,  contingency. 

••  The  king  resolved  with  all  speed  to  assail  the 
rebels,  and  yet  with  that  providence  aud  surety  as 
should  leave  little  to  venture  or  fortune.'1— Bacon. 

^1  At  a  venture:  An  improper  spelling  of 
at  aventure,  at  adventure  =  at  hazard,  at 
random,  on  chance. 

"  A  certain  man  drew  a  bow  at  a  venture."— 1  Kinffl 
xxii.84. 

ven'-tnre,  v.t.  &  i.    [VENTURE,  s.} 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  expose  to  hazard  or  risk  ;  to  risk,  to 
hazard.    (Shakesp.  :  Coriolanus,  ii.  2.) 

2.  To  run  the  hazard  or  risk  of;  to  expose 
one's  self  to  ;  to  chance. 

"  I  should  venture  Purgatory  for  t," 

tthaketp. :  Othello,  lv.  3. 

*  3.  To  put  or  send  as  a  venture  or  commer- 
cial speculation. 

"  The  fish  ventured  for  France  they  pack  in  staunch 
hogsheads,  so  ««  to  keep  them  iu  ^helr  pickle.  — 
Carew :  tntrvey  of  Cornwall. 

•  4.  To  confide  in ;  to  rely  on ;  to  trust ;  to 
risk  one's  self  with. 

"To  buy  silks  of  one  whom  be  would  not  venture  to 
feel  his  pulse."—  Addiion. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  hazard  one's  self ;   to  dare ;  to  have 
the  courage  or  presumption  to  do,  undertake, 
or  say. 

••  Whosoever  ventured  in  must  nodes  gore  themselves 
nppou  the  sharpe  point**  of  the  stakes.  —  Golding  : 
Cottar,  fo.  225. 

2.  To  try  a  chance,  hazard,  or  risk ;  to  run 
all  risks. 

••  Before  yon  venture  for  me." 

Shakeep. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  lii.  2. 

If  To  venture  at,  on,  or  upon :  To  dare  to 
enter  upon  or  engage  in  ;  to  take  or  run  the 
risk  of. 

"  It  was  impossible  to  think  of  venturing  upon  this 
passage."— Anton  :  Yoyagei,  bk.iL.cb.  vii. 

"  ven'-tu-rer,  *  ven'-ter-er,  ».  [An  .ab- 
breviation of  adventurer  (q.v.).] 

1.  One  who  ventures,  hazards,  or  risks ;  an 
adventurer. 

"  Remember,  you're  all  venturer!,  and  in  this  play     ( 

How  many  twelve-pences  ye  have  'stow  d  this  day. 

Bea.um.tFia. :  Mai,  Lover.    (Prol.l 

2.  A  prostitute,  a  strumpet. 
vSn'-ture-sime,  a.    [Eng.  venture ;  -some.] 

1.  Inclined  to  venture;   venturous,  bold, 
daring. 

2.  Risky,  hazardous,  bold. 

"That  bold  and  ventotretome  act  of  his."— Stripe : 
Scclet.  Mem.  ;  Uenrf  nil.  (ail.  15«). 

vSn'-ture-SOme-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  venturesome; 
-ly.]  In  a  venturesome,  bold,  or  daring  manner. 

ven'-ture-sSme  ness,  s.  [Eng.  venturesome; 
-ness.]'  The  quality  or  state  of  being  venture- 
some ;  riskiness,  boldness. 

"  As  far  as  Europe  is  concerned,  the  venturetomenea 
of  travel  has  tieen  for  some  years  past  steadily  on  the 
decrease."— Dally  Telegraph,  Aprfl  s,  1888. 

vSn'-tu-rine,  s.  [AVANTURINE.]  Powdered 
gold  used  in  japanning  to  cover  varnished 
surfaces. 

vgn'-tu-rous,  «  vSn'-trous,  >.  [An  abbre- 
viation of  adventurous  (q.v.).j  Danng,  bold, 
venturesome,  adventurous. 

"The  tent  rout  knight  is  from  the  saddle  thrown." 
JH-fden  :  Palamon  t  Ardte,  Hi.  )». 


vSn'-tu-roiis-ly,  *  ven'-trous-ly,  adv. 
[Eng.  venturous;  -ly.]  In  a  venturous,  bold, 
daring,  or  venturesome  manner. 

"How  men  durst  die  Bo'ventrouily  except  they  are 
sure  tbey  died  well."— Motet:  Remain*;  Sermon  on 
Kumbers  xxxv.  33. 

vSn'-tu-rous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  venturous; 
-nets.] '  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ven- 
turous, daring,  or  venturesome  ;  daring,  fear- 
lessness. 

"  Her  coming  into  the  place,  where  the  walls  and 
ceilings  were  wtotttfd  over,  much  offended  her  sitjht, 
aud  made  her  repent  her  vent'routnett.  —  Boyle : 
World,  i.  673. 

von'  ue,  *  ven'-ew  (ew  as  n),  «  ven'-ny, 

s.     [Fr.  venue  =  a  coming,  an  arrival,  a  thrust 
in  fencing;   prop.  fern,  of  venu,  pa.  par.  o< 
venir  (Lat.  venio)  =  to  come.] 
*  I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  A  thrust  or  hit  received  in  a  con- 
test with  swords  or  cudgels ;  a  turn  or  bout 
of  fencing  or  cudgel-play. 

"Preventing  the  vanue  of  their  stroke."— P.  Bouand  : 
Plutarch,  p.  407. 

2.  Fig. :  A  combat,  a  trial  of  skill. 

"  A  quick  venue  of  wit"-S»o*««p. :  Love'l  Labour'l 
Lolt,  V.  I 

II.  Law :  The  place  where  an  action  is  laid 
or  tried.  The  county  iu  which  the  trial  of  a 
particular  cause  takes  place  is  said  to  be  the 
venue  of  that  trial.  In  local  actions,  as  for 
damages  for  an  actual  trespass,  or  for  waste, 
&c.,  affecting  land,  the  plaintiff  must  lay  his 
declaration,  or  declare  his  injury  to  have  hap- 
pened in  the  very  county  and  place  that  it 
really  did  happen  ;  but  in  transitory  actions, 
for  injuries  that  might  have  happened  any- 
where, as  debt,  detinue,  slander,  and  the  like, 
the  plaintiff  may  declare  in  what  county  he 
pleases,  and  then  the  trial  must  be  had  in  that 
county  in  which  the  declaration  is  laid.  By 
legal  legislation  the  venue  in  all  cases,  civil 
and  criminal,  may  be  regulated  by  the  superior 
courts. 

H  To  lay  a.  venue :  To  allege  or  fix  a  place  of 
trial. 

ven'-ule,  «.    [Lat  venula,  dimin.  from  vena  = 
a  vein.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  small  vein. 
2.  But.  :  A  veinlet(q.v.). 

*  ven'-u-lite,  «.    [Mod.  Lat.  venus,  and  Gr. 
Ai'ffos  (lithos)  ~  a  stone.) 

Palceont. :  A  fossil  of,  or  akin  to,  the  geuuj 
Venus  (q.v.). 

ven'-U-lose,  a.     [Eng.  venuUf)  ;  -ose.] 
Hot. :  Full  of  small  veins. 
venulose  hinoid,  a. 
Bot. :  The  same  as  Hinoid  (q.v.).    (Link.) 

Ve'-nus,  s.    (Lat.  =  the  goddess  of  love,  love  ; 
allied  to  Same,  van  =  to  love  ;  Eng.  win.] 

1.  Raman  Mythol. :  The  goddess  of  beauty 
and  love,  and  more  especially  of  sensual  love, 
her  principal  seats  being  the  islands  of  Cyprus 
and  Cythera.  This  goddess  is  generally  sup- 
posed to  have  been  of  eastern  origin,  and  to 
have  been  the  same  as  the  Phoenician  Astarte. 
Before  her  Identification  with  the  Greek  Aphro- 
dite, the  daughter  of  Zens  and  Dione,  who, 
according  to  some  accounts,  arose  from  the 
foam  of  the  sea,  Venus  was  one  of  the  least 
important  divinities  (Macrob. :  Sat.  I.  12.)  The 
Romans  regarded  her  as  the  progenitress  of 
their  nation,  which  was  fabled  to  have  sprung 
from  ^neas,  the  offspring  of  her  union  with 
the  Trojan  Anchises.  She  was  married  to  Vul- 
can, but  was  not  remarkable  for  fidelity  to 
her  husband,  and  her  amour  with  Adonis  has 
been  celebrated  by  classic  poets  and  by  Shake- 
speare. The  rose,  myrtle,  and  apple  were  sacred 
to  her  ;  amoni;  birds,  the  dove,  swan,  find  spar- 
row were  her  favourites.  She  is  generally  repre- 
sented with  her  son  Cupid  in  a  chariot  drawn 
by  doves,  or,  at  other  times,  by  swans  or 
sparrows.  Among  the  most  famous  statues  of 
Venus  are  the  Venus  of  Cnidus,  by  Praxiteles 
(of  which  the  Venus  de  Medici,  found  at 
Tivoli,  is  supposed  to  be  a  copy),  the  Venus  of 
Capua,  and  the  Venus  of  Milo,  or  Milos,  found 
in  the  island  of  Milos.  In  the  best  days  of 
art  she  was  always  represented  as  draped,  in 
later  times  nude. 

2.  Astron. :  The  second  of  the  known  in- 
ferior planets,  if  the  arrangement  be  made 
according  to  their  relative  distances  from  the 
sun.  With  the  exception  of  the  moon,  Venn* 
is  the  nearest  of  all  the  heavenly  bodies  to 


b6y;  p«ut.  J6*l;  cat.  cell,  chor^.  chin,  Ixmch;  go,  *em;  thin,  fU*>  «*•  •*•  «-»«*• 

tton,  -«lon  =  «nu.i;  -*on,  -5ion  =  «bun.   -clou.,  -tious,  -^ous  =  anus.    -We,  -die, 


5056 


venusia— verb 


the  earth,  and,  when  near  its  extreme  eastern 
or  western  elongation,  is  much  brighter  than 
even  the  largest  of  the  lined  stars.  It  stands 
first  in  this  respect  also  of  all  the  planets,  the 
Dearest  approach  to  it  being  that  made  at  cer 
tain  times  by  Jupiter.  When  Venus  is  at  its 
maximum  of  brightness,  it  can  sometimes  be 
seen  by  the  naked  eye  in  sunlight  within  an 
hour  of  noon.  Its  comparative  nearnrss  to 
the  sun  causes  it  to  be  for  six  months  a 
morning  and  for  the  other  six  months  an 
evening  stir.  In  the  first  state,  it  is  the 
Lucifer  of  the  Latins  and  the  Phosphor  o' 
tho  Greeks;  in  the  latter,  it  is  the  Hes- 
perus of  classical  antiquity  and  of  modern 
poetry.  It  undergoes  phases  tike  the  moon. 
Father  Castelli,  a  famous  Florentine  philo- 
sopher, reasoned  this  out,  and,  questioning 
Galileo  OD  the  subject,  induced  him  to  look 
with  his  telescope  and  see.  On  December  80, 
1610,  he  was  able  to  announce  tit  Castelli  thai 
the  phases  had  been  actually  discerned.  They 
are  not  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  to  which  the 
planet  is  simply  a  brilliant  speck,  too  small 
to  reveal  its  actual  form,  which  is  much  more 
globular  than  that  of  the  earth.  Its  diameter 
is  about  7,600  miles,  or  about  258  miles  ]< 
than  that  of  the  earth.  Were  man  placed  on 
the  surface  of  Venus,  the  earth  would  look  a 
trifle  larger  and  brighter  than  Venus  does  to 
as  in  our  sky.  The  mass  of  Venus  is  about 
three-quarters  that  of  the  earth,  or  ^^ 
that  of  the  sun;  its  density  is  about  0. 
that  of  the  earth  ;  its  specific  gravity  4-81, 
against  5-06,  that  of  the  earth.  While  a  stone 
falling  towards  the  earth  passes  through 
little  more  than  sixteen  feet  in  the  first  second, 
it  would  do  so  to  Venus  throughout  about 
thirteen  feet  only  in  the  same  time.  The  ex- 
cessive brightness  of  Venus  makes  the  time  of 
its  rotation  somewhat  doubtful ;  it  is  pro- 
visionally placed  at  23  hoars  21'.  Its  mean 
distance  from  the  sun  is  67,000,000,  its  greatest 
distance  67,500,000,  and  its  least  6ti,  (00,000 
of  miles.  These  numbers  show  that  its  orbit 
departs  but  slightly  from  a  circle.  Its  periodic 
time  is  2247  mean  solar  days.  Observation 
on  the  passage  of  the  planet  over  the  son's 
disc  is  Vie  best  method  of  ascertaining  the 
distance  of  the  great  luminary  (TRANSIT]  ;  it 
has  also  revealed  the  fact  that  Venus  has  an 
atmosphere,  but  its  composition  is  as  yet 
uncertain.  Old  observers  thought  they  de- 
tected a  satellite ;  modern  astronomers  have 
not  confirmed  this  view,  and  believe  it  to 
have  been  founded  on  optical  delusion. 

3.  Her, :  The  green  tincture  in  coat-armour 
when  borne  by  princes  ;  vert. 
*  4.  Old  Chem. :  A  name  given  to  copper. 
S.  Zool.  t  Palaont.  :  The  type-genus  of 
Veneridss  (q.v.),  with  176  recent  species,  uni- 
versally distributed,  from  low  water  to  140 
fathoms.  Shell  thick,  ovate,  smooth,  sulcated, 
or  cancellated  ;  margins  minutely  crenellated  ; 
hinge  teeth  3-3  ;  pallia!  sinus  small,  angular; 
ligament  prominent,  lunule  distinct.  Animal 
with  mantle-margins  fringed;  siphons  unequal, 
more  or  less  separate ;  foot  tongue-shaped.  All 
the  species  are  edible.  Venus  mercenaria  is 
known  on  the  east  coast  of  the  United  States  as 
the  Round  Clam,  and  from  the  sea-worn  frag- 
ments of  the  shell  of  this  species  the  Bed 
Indians  used  to  make  coinage,  by  perforating 
and  stringing  them  on  leather 
thongs.  Fossil  species  200, 
from  the  Oolite  onward. 

Venas's  basin,  bath, 
or  cup,  s. 

Bot.  :  Dipsaau  sylvestrit. 
(TEASEL.] 

Venus's  basket,  a. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for 
any  species  of  the  genus  En- 
plectella  (q.v.).  Called  also 
Venns's  Flower-basket.  The 
species  figured  is  Eupkctelta 
•uberea,  from  the  Philippines. 

Vcnua's  comb,  «.  TOU''' 

1.  Bot. :  Scandix  Pecten-VeiuTi*.   [Sc 

Bo  named  because  the  slender,  tapering  beaks 
of  the  seed-vessels  are  set  together  like  the 
teeth  of  a  comb. 

2.  Zool. :  Murtx  tribtilvt,  a  beautiful  and 
delicate  shell,  with  long  thin  spines,  from 
the  Indian  Ocean. 

Venus's  Ian,  a. 

Zool. :  Garyrinia  flabeUum,  a  much  branched 
and  reticulated  zoophyte,   which  has  been 


found  in  the  waters  of  the  Southern  States,  the 
West  Indies,  Ac. 


Venus's  fly-trap,  s. 
Venus's  girdle,  s. 

Zool.:  Centum  veneria,  a  free  -  swimming 
Hydrozoon,  from  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  a 
long,  narrow,  strongly  -compressed,  active 
creature,  covered  with  cilia,  and  swims  with  a 
graceful  undulatory  motion. 

Venns's  hair,  s. 

Bot. :  Adiantum  Capillus-Veneris.  [ADIAN- 
TUM, MAIDEN-HAIR.] 

Venus's  looking-glass,  s. 

Bot. :  Specularia  speculum ;  a  Campanula- 
like  plant,  with  purple  flowers,  from  con- 
tinental Europe. 

Venus's  navel-wort,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Omphalodes  (q.v.). 

Venus's  slipper,  .-•. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Carinaria  (q.v.). 

ve-nu-si-a,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  Venus 

(q.v.).] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Geometer  Moths,  family 
Acidalidse.  Antennae  of  the  male  slightly 
pectinated ;  abdomen  slender ;  wings  entire, 
rounded.  One  British  species,  Venusia  cam- 
brica  (Stainton),  or  cambricaria  (Newman), 
the  Welsh  Wave.  The  larva  feeds  on  the 
mountain-ash. 

*ve-nu»f,  a.    [Lat  venustus,  from 
beauty.]    Beautiful,  amiable. 

"  As  the  infancy  of  Rome  was  veniat.  so  was  Its  man. 
hood  notably  strenuous." — Waturlmut :  Comment., 
forte  sens,  p.  187. 


"  ven-ym,  *  ven-yme, ».    [VENOM,  s.  &  v.} 

ve-preo'-n-lffl,  s.  pi.     [Lat,  pi.  of  veprecula 

—  a  little  thorn  or  briar  bush,  dintin.  from 
vepres  =  a  thorn-bush.] 

Bot. :  The  (fifty-fourth  order  in  Linnssus's 
Natural  System.  Genera :  Rhamnus,  Lycium, 
Daphne,  etc. 

"  ver,  ».    [Lat]    The  spring.    (Chaucer.) 
vSr1-*,  adv.    [VERY.]    (Scotch.) 

ve  ra'-clous,  a.  [Lat.  verax,  genit.  veracis, 
from  verus  =  true.] 

1.  Observant  of  truth  ;  habitually  speaking 
the  truth. 

"The  Spirit  la  moat  perfectly  and  absolutely  veret. 
ciou*."— Barrov:  Vermont,  voL  11.,  ser.  Si. 

2.  Characterized  by  truth  and   accuracy ; 
true  :  as,  a  veracious  account 

*  3.  Leading  to  or  reporting  actual  facts. 

vS-ra'-CloUB-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  veracious;  -ly.] 
In  a  veracious  manner ;  with  truth  ;  truth- 
fully. 

vS-reaC-I-ty1,  «.     HLat  vtncitas,  from  vena 

—  veracious  (q.v.).] 

L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  truthful  or 
observant  of  truth ;  habitual  regard  or  ob- 
servance of  truth  ;  truthfulness,  truth. 

"His  veracity  and  nnchangeableneai  secure  oar  tract 
In  him."— CZarie  :  £eidencet,  prop.  1 . 

2.  Consistency  of  report  with  truth  or  fact ; 
agreement  with  facts  ;  truth. 

"There  wae  no  reason  to  doubt  the  veracity  of  those 
facte  which  they  related."— Additon. 

•3.  That  which  is  true;  that  in  which 
truth  lies  ;  truth.  (Carlyle.) 


"  ve    ra  -  ment,   adv. 
[VERY.]    Truly,  really. 


[O.  FT.  veraiment.] 


ve-ran  -da,  ve-ran  -dah,  •  fe-ran-da,  s. 

[Port  varanda  =  a  balcony  ;  O  8p.  baranda, 
from  rara  =  a  rod ;  or  from  Pers.  bar-dmadah 
=  a  porch,  a  terrace,  a  balcony,  from  bar- 
amadan  =  to  ascend,  to  arise,  to  emerge,  to 
grow  out,  from  bar  =  up,  and  dmadan  =  to 
come,  to  arrive ;  or  from  Sansc.  varanda  =  a 
portico,  from  vri  =  to  cover.]  An  open  portico 
attached  to  a  house  ;  a  sort  of  light  external 
gallery  in  the  front  of  a  house,  having  a 
sloping  roof  supported  by  slender  pillars,  and 
frequently  partly  enclosed  in  front  with 
lattice-work. 

"  Uppercross  Cottage,  with  Its  ttranda.  French  win- 
doirm.  and  other  prettlneeaea/  —  Hit,  A>au*:  Ptr- 
suasion,  ch.  v. 

ve-ra'-trate,  t.    [Eng.  veratric);  -ate.] 
Chem. :  A  salt  of  veratric  acid  (q.v.). 


ve-ra'-tre-SB,  «.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  veratrfum) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ex.\ 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Melanthaces.  Divisioni 
of  the  perianth  free,  sessile,  shortly  ungui- 
culate,  or  cohering  into  a  short  tube. 

ve-ra  -trl-a,  s.    [VERATRINE.] 

ve-ra' -trie,  a.     [Bug.  reratr(ine);  -ic.]    Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  Veratrum  Sabadilla. 
veratric  acid,  s. 

monobasic  aciel  discovered  by  Merck,  in  1839 
in  sabadilla  seeds.  It  is  prepared  by  exhaust- 
ing the  braised  seeds  with  alcohol  containing 
sulphuric  acid,  neutralising  with  milk  of  lime, 
filtering  and  evaporating  the  filtrate  to  dry- 
ness.  It  crystallizes  in  colourless  four-sided 
prisms,  slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in 
alcohol,  but  insoluble  in  ether.  Heated  to 
100'  it  gives  off  water  and  becomes  opaque ; 
at  a  higher  temperature  it  melts,  and  sub- 
limes without  decomposition. 

veV-a-tran,  ».    [Eng.  veratr(um);  -in.) 

Chem. :  Veratrum-resin  (q.v.). 

VeV-a-trlne,  ».     [Eng.  veratr(um);  -ine.] 

Chem.  :  C&H&'SaOs,    Veratria.    An  organic 
base  discovered  by  Meissner,  in  1818,  in  saba- 
dilla seeds,  and  readily  obtained  by  boiling 
the  bruised  seeds  in  strong  alcohol,  and  pre- 
cipitating by  an  alkali.     In  its  pure  state  it 
is  a  white  or  greenish-white  crystalline  powder, 
inodorous,    insoluble    in    water,    soluble    ii 
alcohol  and  ether,  and  very  poisonous  ;  melt 
at  115*,  and  solidifies  on  cooling  to  a  resinou 
mass.    Strong  sulphuric  acid  colours  it  fin 
yellow,  then  carmine  red,  and  lastly  viole 
It  dissolves  in  dilute  acids,  forming  colou 
less  salts,  which  are  very  poisonous. 

ver'-a-trol,  s.     [Eng.  rerair(ic);  -oi.J 

Chem. :  CgHioO^.  A  colourless  oil  obtained 
by  distilling  veratric  acid  with  excess  of 
baryta.  It  has  an  agreeable,  aromatic  odour, 
sp.  gr.  1-086  at  15°,  solidifies  at  15°,  and  boils 
at  202°-205'. 

ve-ra -trum,  a,     [Lat  =•  plant,  Vermin* 
album.] 

1.  Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Veratreas. 
Perianth  of  six  equal  divisions,  sessile,  per- 
sistent;  stamens  six,  springing  from  the 
perianth  ;  styles  three,  persistent ;  stigmas 
three,  spreading;  capsules  three;  seeds  nu- 
merous. Plants  with  perennial  roots,  erect 
steins,  ovate  pointed  leaves,  and  panicles  of 
polygamous  flowers.  Natives  of  Europe  and 
North  America.  Veratrum  album  is  the  White 
Hellebore.  The  stem  is  two  to  four  or  five 
feet  high,  the  peduncles  downy,  the  flowers  in 
a  thrice-compound  panicle.  It  grows  in  the 
Alps  of  Switzerland  and  Savoy  and  in  the 
Pyrenees.  It  is  a  powerful  emetic  and  drastic 
purgative,  formerly  given  in  mania,  epilepsy, 
&c. ;  externally  it  is  used  in  itch.  Another 
European  species  is  V.  nip-um,  the  Dark- 
flowered  Veratrnm.  V.  viride  is  the  Green  or 
American  Hellebore,  found  on  the  east  coast 
of  the  United  States,  from  Canada  to  Carolina. 
It  is  called  also  the  Poke-root  and  the  Swamp 
Hellebore.  The  rhizome  is  a  powerful  cardiac, 
arterial,  and  nervous  sedative,  lowering  the 
pulse,  the  respiration,  and  the  heat  of  the 
body.  It  is  used  in  pneumonia,  rheumatism, 
gout,  neuralgia,  asthma,  and  in  some  cardiac 
affections.  V.  Sabadilla,  a  Mexican  and  West 
Indian  species,  was  formerly  believed  to  yield 
Cevadilla  (q.v.). 
2.  Pharm. :  The  rhizome  of  Veratrum  album. 

veratrum  resin,  >. 

Chem.  :Ci4H36N2Oj(?).  Veratrin.  A  brown- 
ish resin,  extracted  from  sabadilla  seeds.  It 
is  insoluble  in  water,  ether,  and  alkalis,  sol- 
uble in  alcohol,  melts  at  185°,  and  decomposes 
at  a  higher  temperature. 

Verb,  *  verbe,  s.  [Fr.  verte,  from  Lat  vet- 
bum  =  a  word,  a  verb  ;  cogn.  with  Eng. 
word  (q.v.).] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  word. 
"  In  whlche  apeache.  the  verse  that  cuppletb  the 
wordesffleshe]  anil  [nieatl  together:  knltteth  them  to- 
gether In  their  propre  signification."—  Bp.  Gardner: 
Explication,  foL  8. 

IL  Gram. :  That  part  of  speech  which  pre- 
dicates or  asserts  something  in  regard  to 
something  else  (the  subject  or  thing  spoken 
of) :  as,  The  man  lives,  the  boy  threw  a  stone. 


Ate,  Bit,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  «ir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
«r.  wore,  wplt;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cab.  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    m,  OB  =  e;  ey  ^  a;  qu  =  kw. 


verbal— verbose 


5057 


the  man  think*.  Verbs  affirm  action  or  exist- 
ence of  a  subject  under  certain  conditions  or 
relations  called  voice,  mood,  and  tense.  (See 
these  words.)  Verbs  may  be  classified  into : 
(1)  Transitive,  requiring  an  object,  as,  He 
learns  his  lesson  ;  and  (-J)  Intransitive,  as,  He 
runs.  [ACTIVE,  PASSIVE,  TRANSITIVE,  IN- 
TRANSITIVE.] Transitive  verbs  include  reflexive 
verbs.  [REFLEXIVE.]  Some  transitive  verbs 
are  reflexive  in  meaning  though  not  in  form, 
and  appear,  at  first  sight,  as  if  used  intran- 
s  tively :  as,  He  keeps  out  of  danger,  i.e.,  He 
himself,  &c.  Sometimes  a  transitive  verb 
:;  p.-issive  sense  with  an  active  form  :  as, 
'i  lie  cakes  ate  short  and  crisp.  Some  verbs 
are  sometimes  transitive  and  sometimes  in- 
transitive :  as,  He  floats  a  scheme,  The  body 
floaU,  Only  transitive  verbs  have  a  passive 
voice.  Some  intransitive  verbs,  by  means  of 
a  preposition,  become  transitive,  and  may  be 
used  passively  :  as,  He  laughed  at  the  act,  The 
act  was  laughed  at  by  him.  Intransitive  verbs 
include  a  large  number  that  might  be  classed 
as  frequentative,  diminutive,  inceptive,  desi- 
derative,  &c.  Some  intransitive  verbs  have  a 
causative  meaning,  and  take  an  object :  I  run, 
I  ran  a  pin  into  my  finger.  Intransitive  verbs 
may  take  a  noun  of  kindred  meaning  as  ob- 
ject (called  the  cognate  object) :  as,  To  sleep  a 
sleep,  to  run  a  race,  to  live  a  life.  Verbs  used 
with  the  third  person  only  are  called  imper- 
sonal verbs  :  as,  MeWiinJfcs,  it  rains,  it  snows. 
In  the  case  of  some  verbs,  the  transitive  form 
is  distinguished  from  the  corresponding  in- 
transitive by  a  change  of  vowel :  as,  raise, 
rise;  set,  sit;  fell,  fall.  Such  verbs  are  called 
causative  (q.v.).  The  past  tense  of  strong 
yerbs  is  expressed  by  a  change  of  vowel  only  : 
as,  throw,  threw;  the  past  tense  of  weak 
verbs  by  adding  to  the  verbal  root  the  syl- 
lable ed :  as,  shout,  shouted,  love,  loved,  or  its 
euphonic  substitute  d  (-ed).  [STRONG,  WEAK.] 
In  Middle  English  there  were  also  negative 
forms  of  verbs  :  as,  nam  =  ne  am  =  am  not ; 
nis  =  ne  is  =  is  not ;  not  =  ne  wot  =  not, 
fknow)  not,  &c.  Auxiliary  verbs  are  used  in 
forming  the  tenses  of  other  verbs :  as,  I  have 
seen.  [AUXILIARY.) 

"  You  have  told  me  that  a  verb  IB  (M  every  word 
also  must  be)  a  imuu;  but  you  added,  that  it  li  aUo 
something  more  ;  and  that  the  title  of  verb  was  given 
to  it  on  account  of  that  distinguishing  something 
more  than  the  mere  nouns  convey." — Tooke :  Diver- 
liont  of  Purify,  pt  IL,  ch.  vilL 

ver  bal,  "  veV-ball,  a.  A  ».  [Fr.  verbal, 
from  Lat  verbalis  —  pertaining  to  a  word, 
from  verbum  —  a  word,  a  verb ;  8p.  &  Port 
verbal;  Ital.  nrbaU.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  words ;  respecting 
words  only  :  as,  a  verbal  dispute. 

2.  Spoken  ;  expressed  to  the  ear  in  words ; 
rot  written  ;  oral.  (Shakesp. :  Lear,  iv.  3.) 

*  3.  Consisting  in  mere  words. 

"  Great  acclamations  and  verbal  praises  .  .  .  an  but 
apiece  of  mockery  and  hypocritical  compliment,"— 
Sale :  Cont.  ;  Of  Affliction*. 

4.  Literal ;  having  word  answering  to  word. 

"  Whosoever  often  at  verbal  translation,  shall  have 
the  misfortune  of  that  young  traveller,  who  lost  his 
own  language  abroad,  and  brought  home  DO  other  in- 
stead of  \tJ--Denham. 

5.  Minutely  exact  in  words ;  attending  to 
words  only. 

"  Neglect  the  rule*  each  verbal  critick  UTS." 

Pope  :  Kuan  on  Criticism,  ML 

*  6.  Plain-spoken  ;  wording  one's  thoughts 
without  reserve. 

"  Ton  put  me  to  forget  a  lady's  manners. 
By  being  so  verbal." 

Shaketp.  :  Cymbelin*,  ii.  H 

n.  Grammar: 

1.  Derived  from   a   verb.      The    infinitive 
mood,  gerund,  and  supine  are  properly  verbal 
nouns,  implying  action  or  state,  only  without 
the  power  of  assertion. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  verb  or  verbs. 

"  A  person  is  the  special  difference  of  a  ttrbal  num- 
\tn.'—Ben  Jonton :  Xnylith  Grammar,  ch.  xvL 

B,  As  substantive : 

Gram. :  A  noun  derived  from  a  verb. 
verbal-note, «. 

Diplomacy:  An  unsigned  memorandum  or 
note  when  an  affair  has  continued  for  a  long 
time  without  any  reply.  It  is  designed  to 
show  that  the  matter  is  not  urgent,  but  that 
at  the  same  time  it  has  not  been  overlooked. 

ver'-bal-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  verbal ;  -ism.]  Some- 
thing expressed  verbally  or  orally  ;  a  verbal 
remark  or  expression. 


* VeV-bal-Ist,  s.  [En*,  verbal;  -ist.)  One 
who  deals  in  words  only  ;  a  literal  adherent 
to,  or  a  minute  critic  of  words  ;  a  verbarian. 

"  Yet  not  ashamed  these  verbatitti  stilt  u»e 
From  youth,  till  age  or  stiuly  dims  their  eyee, 
To  engage  the  grammar  rules  in  civil  war. 

Lord  Brooke :  On  Human  Learning. 

1  ver-bitt'-X-ty,  s.  [Eng.  verbal;  -ity.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  verbal ;  mere  words  ; 
bare  literal  expression. 

"This  controveraie  hath  In  It  more  verbalitj/  than 
matter."—  Bp.  Hall ;  Peace-maker,  j  4. 

ver-bal-i-ra'-tlon,  s.  [Eng.  verbalise); 
-ation']  The  act  of  verbalizing ;  the  state  of 
being  verbalized. 

ver'-bal-ize,  v.t.  &  i.    [Eng.  verbal;  -t«.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  convert  or  change  into  a 
verb ;  to  form  a  verb  of. 

"Noun*  for  brevity,  are  sometimes  verbttlixed;  as, 
to  complete,  to  contrary,  to  experience."— Itutructtons 
for  Oratory,  p.  SI. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  use  many  words ;  to  be 
verbose  or  diffuse. 

ver'-bal-lSf,  adv.    [Eng.  verbal;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  verbal  manner ;  by  word  of  mouth  ; 
orally ;  by  words  uttered  ;  in  words. 

2.  Word  for  word ;  literally,  verbatim. 

*ver-bar'-i-an,  *.  [Lat.  verbum  — a  word.] 
A  word-coiner. 

ver-bar'-i-um,  *.  A  game  the  object  of 
which  is  the  formation  of  words;  either  of  the 
greatest  possible  number  of  words  from  the 
letters  of  a  given  one,  or  of  one  word  from  its 
own  letters  entangled  in  some  way. 

ver-bas' -96-88,  s.  pi   [Mod.  Lat  verbasc(iim); 

Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -etc.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Antirrhinideae.  Leaves 
alternate  ;  inflorescence  centripetal ;  corolla 
rotate  ;  stamens  five,  decimate,  unequal. 

ver-baa'-cfim,  «.  [Lat  =  mullein.  See  def.] 
Bot. :  Mullein,  the  ty pical  genus  of  Verbasceae 
(q.v.).  Tall,  erect,  tomentose  or  woolly  plants, 
usually  biennial.  Leaves  alternate ;  inflores- 
cence in  racemes  ;  calyx  five -partite ;  corolla 
rotate  or  regular;  stamens  five,  the  three 
upper  ones  or  all  five  hairy ;  capsule  of  two 
cells  and  two  valves,  septicidal ;  seeds  many. 
Known  species  about  eighty,  chiefly  from 
Europe  and  Asia.  Five  are  common,  Verbas- 
eiim  Thapsus,  the  Great ;  V.  Lychnitis,  the 
White;  V.  pulverulentum,  the  Yellow  Hoary ; 
V.  nigrum,  the  Dark  ;  and  V.  Blattaria,  the 
Moth  Mullein.  The  first  has  a  nearly  simple 
stem,  angular,  winged,  and  four  or  five  feet 
high,  the  spike  is  cylindrical,  the  flowers 
handsome  golden -yellow.  It  is  found  on 
banks,  in  waste  grounds,  on  a  light  sandy, 
gravelly,  or  chalky  soil,  but  is  local.  The 
second  species  has  many  rather  small  cream- 
coloured  flowers.  The  third  has  the  leaves 
covered  with  a  mealy  down,  the  fourth  has 
stellately  pubescent  inflorescence,  and  the 
fifth  has  nearly  glabrous  leaves,  the  hairs  of 
its  filaments  purple.  V.  virgatum,  once  be- 
lieved to  be  distinct,  is  made  by  Sir  J.  Hooker 
a  sub-species  of  V.  Blattaria,  The  flowers  of 
the  Great  Mullein,  when  dried  in  the  sun, 
give  out  a  fatty  matter,  used  in  Alsace  as  a 
cataplasm  in  haemorrhoids.  Its  root  is  ad- 
ministered in  India  as  a  febrifuge.  The  seeds 
of  V.  Thapsus  and  V.  nigrum  are  used  by 
British  poachers  to  poison  fish,  and  the  flow- 
ers of  V.  Lychnitis  to  destroy  mice. 

ver  ba'-tim,  adv.    [Lat.] 

1.  Word  for  word  ;  in  the  identical  words. 

"He  could  rerbiitim  repeat  the  whole  without 
booke."— Hotiruhed:  Chron.  (Epis.  Ded.) 

2.  By  word  of  mouth ;  orally. 

"  Verbatim  to  rehearse  the  method  of  ray  pen." 
Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  I'f.,  UL  L 

If  Verbatim  et  literatim :  [LITERATIM]. 

ver-be'-na,  5.  [Lat.  vcrbence  —  sacred  boughs ; 
verbenaca=  vervain.] 

Bot. :  Vervain ;  the  typical  genus  of  Ver- 
benaceee  (q.v.).  Herbs  or  undershrubs  with 
four-sided  stems,  opposite  or  ternate  leaves, 
simple,  pinnatind,  or  three-partite.  Flowers 
in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  tubular, 
the  limb  with  five  teeth,  one  usually  shorter 
than  the  rest  Corolla  tubular,  the  limb  not 
quite  regular,  five-cleft.  Stamens  included, 
four  didynamous,  rarely  two.  Ovary  with 
four  cells,  each  one-seeded.  Capsule  dividing 
into  four  one-seeded  achenas.  Known  species 


seventy,  cbiefly  from  America.  Many  of  th« 
species  are  notable  for  their  t>eauty,  they 
having  under  cultivation  given  rise  to  numerous 
varieties  greatly  admired  for  tlie  brilliant 
colors  of  their  flowers.  The  Lemon-scented 
Verbena  is  Aloysiu  cilriodora,  a  member  of  the 
same  natural  order,  but  the  Oil  of  Verbena  of 
the  [KM  fum-'.s  id  derived  from  the  Lemon-grass. 
The  Vervain,  or  Vervain  (  V.  officinalis),  was 
formerly  believed  to  be  beneficial  medicinally, 
but  its  virtues  seem  to  have  been  imaginary 

ver-be-na'^e-a,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  verben(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  •acece.} 

Bot. :  Verbcnes ;  an  order  of  Perigynoua 
Exogens,  alliance  Echiales.  Trees,  shruba, 
or  herbs.  Leaves  generally  opposite,  simple 
or  compound,  without  stipules.  Flowers  in 
opposite  corymbs,  or  spiked  alternately,  or  in 
dense  heads,  or  rarely  axillary  and  solitary. 
Calyx  tubular,  persistent,  inferior.  Corolla 
hypogynous,  monopetalous,  tubular,  decidu- 
ous, the  limb  generally  irregular.  Stamens 
generally  four,  didynamous,  or  of  equal 
length,  rarely  two.  Style  one ;  stigma  bifid 
or  undivided ;  ovary  two  or  four  celled  ;  fruit 
nuearaentaceous  or  berried,  composed  of  two 
or  four  nucules  in  a  state  of  adhesion.  Closely 
akin  to  Labiatae,  but  the  ovary  is  not  four- 
lobed,  nor  is  there  the  aromatic  smell.  The 
species  are  found  chiefly  in  the  tropics,  and  in 
South  America  beyond  them.  In  hot  countries 
they  are  generally  shrubs  or  trees,  in  temper- 
ate climates  they  are  mostly  herbs.  Known 
genera  forty-five,  species  WS(Lindley);  genera 
forty,  species  660  (Sir  J.  Hoo.jer). 

* veV-be'-nate,  v.t.  [Lat.  ver&«na(iw=adorned 
with  a  garland  of  verbena  (q.v.).]  To  strew 
or  sanctify  with  sacred  boughs  according  to 
an  ancient  custom. 

ver-bene', «.    [VERBENA,] 

Bot.  (PI.) :  The  Verbenace»  (q.v.).  (LincHey.) 

*  ver'-ber-ate,  v.t.     [Lat  verberatus,  pa.  par. 

of  verbero  =  to  beat,  to  whip,  from  v erber  =  a 
whip.]  To  beat,  to  strike. 

"  The  sound  that  both  by  sea  and  land  out-flies, 
Rebounds  again,  ami  eerberatet  the  skies." 

Jtirrourfor  Mayittratet,  p.  1* 

*  ver-ber-a'-tlon,  *.    [Lat  verberatio,  from 
verberatus,  pa.  par.  of  verbero  =  to  beat] 

1.  The  act  of  beating  or  striking ;  a  blow,  a 
percussion. 

"  Diatinguishlng  werberation,  which  was  accom- 
panied with  pain,  from  pulsation,  which  wu  attended 
with  none. '—Blaclaton*:  Comment.,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  B. 

2.  The  impulse  of  a  body  which  causes  sound. 

ver-be'-si'-na,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  verbena 
(q.v.).] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Verbesinese  (q.T-X 
Herbs,  shrubs,  or  small  trees  growing  in 
America  with  pinnately-lobed  leaves,  and 
flowers  generally  yellow,  or  the  ray  florets 
white,  those  of  the  disc  yellow  ;  the  achenes 
with  two  stiff  awns  at  the  apex.  Several 
species  are  cultivated  in  Sower  gardens. 

[GUIZOTIA.J 

ver-be'-Sl'-ne'-aB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  verbesin(a)f 
Lat,  fern,  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Senecionidete.  Heads 
heterogamous,  with  the  florets  of  the  ray  ligu- 
late  and  female,  rarely  homogamous  and  dis- 
coid, Achenes  generally  compressed,  with 
stiff  bristles  at  the  top. 

ver  bl-age  (age  as  I£),  *.  [Fr.,  from  O.  Fr. 
verboier  =  to  talk.]  [VERB.]  The  use  of  many 
words  without  necessity ;  superabundance  of 
words ;  verbosity,  wordiness. 

"  I  ts  verbiage  prevented  it  from  touching  the  heart* 
of  the  people."— Daily  Chronicle,  Oct.  8,  1885. 

*  ver'-bX-ctil-tnre,  s.     [Lat   verbum  =  * 
word,  and  cultura  =  cultivation,  culture.]  The 
study  and  coinage  of  words.   (Special  coinage.) 

"  Fruits  which  would  not  have  shamed  the  moet 
deliberate  verbiculture."— FitMdward  XaU :  Modem 
Englith,  p.  289. 

*verb'-I-f!y,  v.t.  [Eng.  verb;  i  connect; 
suff.  -fy.]  To  make  into  a  verb ;  to  use  as  a 
verb ;  to  verbalize. 

ver'-blee\  a,    [Etym,  doubtful.] 

Her. :  Applied  to  a  hunting-horn,  when 
edged  round  with  metal  of  different  tincture 
from  the  rest. 

ver-bose',  a.  [Lat.  verbo.ius,  from  verbum  = 
=  a  word.]  [VERB.]  Abounding  in  words; 
using  many  words  without  necessity,  or  using 


boU,  bo"^;  p6fct,  Jrf&l;  oat,  90!!,  chorns,  $hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  tM»;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  ft 
-Oan.  -tian  =  than,     tion,    sion  ^  ahun ; -tion, -jion     zhun.    -clous. -tious, -sious  -  ahus.    -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel.  dfL 


6058 


verbosely— verge 


more    words    than    are    necessary ;    prolix ; 
tedious  by  multiplicity  of  words. 

"  TbeM  precepts,  M  they  are  not  over  numerous,  so 
neither  vtrboj*.  but  r«ry  seiitenciously  expreet  in  a 
few  comprehensive  words."— (rrew :  Cvtmo.  Sacr-i, 
bk.  ir .  ch.  viii. 

* Yer-bdse'-ly.  adr.  [Eng.  verbose;  >ly.]  In 
a  verbose  or  prolix  manner;  with  super- 
abundance of  words. 

*  ver-bose  -ness,  s.    [VERBOSITY.] 

Ter-bos'-I-ty,  *  ver  bose'-ness,  *  ver- 
bos  i  tie,  s.  [Eng.  verbose ;  -tty,  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  verbose ;  use  of  a 
multiplicity  or  superabundance  of  words ; 
wordiness,  prolixity  ;  tediousuess  by  multi- 
plicity of  words ;  verbiage. 

"  The  one  of  the**  he  carped,  as  a  mail  of  no  witte 
and  uerle  uieaiie  learning  :  the  other,  for  m**trw*tti* 
and  negligence  in  penutug  his  hietorie." — P.  UoUand: 
riut  irch,  p.  138. 

*verd,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat  viridis  =  green.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Greenness,  verdancy,  fresh- 
ness. 

"  Uke  an  apothecaries  potion,  or  new  ala,  they  have 
their  beat  strength  aud  «rd  at  the  first.  —  frdarn- 
tion  of  Popith  Imposture*.  (1608.) 

2.  Old  Law:  The  same  as  VERT  (q.v.). 

"  vey-dan-cy,  s.    [Eng.  verdan(t);  -cy.] 

1.  Lit. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ver- 
dant or  green  ;  greenness. 

2.  Fig. :  Rawness,  inexperience,  greenness, 
Innocence. 

"  Forget  his  verdancy  and  grotesque  appearance." — 
Scribner'i  Magaxint.  Oct.  1878,  p.  790. 

Ter-dant,  a.  [0.  Fr.,  pr.  par.  of  verdir  —  to 
wax  green,  from  vent  —  green,  from  Lat. 
riru/ewi,  accus.  of  viridis  =  green.] 

1.  Lit. :  Green  ;  covered  with  growing  plants 
or  grass ;  fresh,  flourishing. 

"  Toe  Mrdanf  gran.*  Milton  :  P.  L..  Til.  SIP. 

2.  Fig.:  Green  in  knowledge;  simple  by 
Inexperience ;  innocent ;  easily  deceived  or 
taken  in  ;  raw.    (Colloq.  or  slang.) 

verd  an-tiqne  (quo  as  k),  *.  [Fr.,  from 
«rd  =  green,  and  antique  =  ancient  antique.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  term  applied  to  »  green 
incrustation  on  ancient  brass  or  copper  coins. 
[.Ettuoo.] 

2.  Petrol.:  A  name  given  toa  variety  of  marble 
(carbonate  of  lime)  of  a  clouded  green  colour, 
owing  to  the  presence  of  serpentine,  which 
sometimes  occurs  in  angular  patches.    Also 
applied  to  serpentine  rocks  of  shades  of  green 
which  are    veined    with   greenish  calcite  or 
dolomite.    Sometimes  applied,  though  erro- 
neously, to  the  green  porphyry  used  by  the 
Romans. 

verj-dant-ly.  adv.     [Eng.  verdant;  -ly.} 

1.  Lit.  :  In  a  verdant,  green,  or  flourishing 
manner. 

2.  Fig. :  Like  one  green  or  inexperienced  ; 
Innocently. 

ver'-de,  a.  or*.    [Fr.]    Green. 
verdc  dl  Corsica,  s. 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  to  certain  varieties 
of  gabbro  (q.v.),  occurring  in  the  Island  of 
Corsica,  which,  from  their  hardness,  permit 
of  being  used  for  ornamental  work. 

verde-eterno,  s.  A  neutral  acetate  of 
copper,  prepared  by  dissolving  verdigris  in 
hot  acetic  acid,  then  leaving  the  filtered  solu- 
tion to  cool,  when  beautiful  dark  green 
crystals  are  deposited.  These  were  much 
used  by  the  early  Venetian  painters,  as  well 
for  solid  painting,  as  for  glazings.  (FairhoU.) 

"  ver'-dfi-a, .«.  [Hal.  =  a  peculiar  sort  of  white 
grape,  the  wine  made  from  it.]  (See  com- 
pound.) 

"  verdea  wine,  .«.  A  kind  of  Italian 
wine,  so  called  from  the  grape  of  which  it 
was  made. 

**  Say  It  had  been  At  Rome,  and  seen  the  rellos. 
Drank  your  ivrtfa-a-tptne,  and  riil  at  Naples." 

Bc<titm.  i  Flft.  :  Elder  Brother,  li.  L 

•ver-de-grese,  *  verd-grese,  «.  [VERDI- 
GRIS.] 

ver'-der-er,  *  ver'-der-or,  s.  [Fr.  verdier, 
from  Low  Lat.  viruinritw,  from  Lat.  viridis 
(Fr.  verd,  vert)  =  green.  ]  An  officer  of  the 
royal  forests,  whose  peculiar  charge  was  to 
take  care  of  the  vert,  that  is,  the  trees  and 
underwood  of  the  forests,  and  to  keep  the 


assizes,  view,  receive,  and  enroll  attachments 
and  presentments  of  all  manner  of  trespasses. 

"A  forest  .  .  .  hath  also  her  jwouliar  officers,  as 
forerters,  evnterer*.  regarden,  aguten,  Ac."— Bou>etl  : 
Uttert.  bk,  lv..  let  16. 

ver  -die t,  *  ver-dlt,  *  ver-dit  e,  •  ver-dyt, 

*.  [Prop,  verdit,  from  O.  Fr.  wrdit  (Fr. 
verdict);  Low  Lat,  veredictum,  =  a  true  saying, 
a  verdict,  from  Lat.  vert  dictum=z  truly  said  : 
vere  =  truly,  and  diet  urn,  neut  sing,  of  dictus, 
pa.  par.  of  dico  =  to  say.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Decision,  judgment;  opinion 
pronounced. 

"  According  to  the  verdict  of  their  own  consciences. " 
— Harrow:  .-Vermont,  vol.  11.,  Mr.  5. 

2.  Law :   The  answer  of  a  jury  to  the  court 
concerning  any  matter  of  fact  in  any  cause, 
civil  or  criminal,  committed  to  their  trial  aud 
examination.     In  criminal  cases  the  verdict 
in  this  country  is  '*  guilty"  or  "  not  guilty ;" 
in  Scotland  it  may  be  "  not  proven."    In  civil 
cases  it  is  a  finding  for  the  plaintiff  or  de- 
fendant, according  to  the  facts.    These  are 
general  verdicts  ;  special  verdicts   are   also 
sometimes  found.    [SPECIAL  VERDICT,  JURY.) 
A  verdict  may  be  set  aside,  and  a  new  trial 
ordered,  on  tUe  ground  of  its  being  against 
the  weight  of  evidence.      Verdicts  must  be 
found  unanimously  by  the  jury  in  criminal 
cases  ;  in  civil  cases  the  verdict  of  the  ma- 
jority may  by  consent  of  the  parties  be  ac- 
cepted. 

"  Formerly,  if  the  rtrdict  were  notoriously  wrong. 
the  Jururs  might  have  beeti  punished,  and  the  verdict 
met  aside  by  »nt  of  attaint  at  the  suit  of  the  Crown : 
but  uot  at  the  suit  of  the  prisoner.  But  the  practice, 
which  at  one  time  prevailed,  of  lining,  imprisoning, 
or  otherwise  punishing  jurors,  merely  at  the  discre- 
tion of  the  court,  for  finding  their  vtrdict  contrary  to 
the  direction  of  the  Judge,  was  arbitrary,  unconstitu- 
tional, and  illegal "—Blactatoni :  Comment.,  bk.  iv., 
ch.S7. 

ver'-di-gris,  veV-dS-gris,  *  verd-grese, 
*ver-de-grese,   '  ver- di- grease,  ?. 

[O.  Fr.  verderis;  Fr.  verd  de  grit  =  verdigrease, 
Spanish  green  (Cotgrave);  from  Low  Lat.  viride 
aris  —  green  of  brass  :  viride,  neut.  sing,  of 
viridis  =  green,  and  certi,  geuit.  of  CBS  = 
brass.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  green  encrustation  which 
is  found  on  copper  or  brass  when  left  in  con- 
tact with  fatty  or  other  acids. 

"Others  say  that  ho  [Achilles]  tooke  both  the  said 
rust  or  eenif'srets,  aud  also  the  hear  be  Achilleo*  to 
wurke  his  cure."—/*.  Holland  :  Pttnit.  bk.  ixv.,  ch.  v. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Chem. :  A  green  pigment  prepared  in  the 
south  of  France,  by  exposing  thin  plates  of 
copper  for  some  time  to  the  action  of  the 
refuse  of  the  grape  from  which  wine  has  been 
made.     In  tins  country  it  is  sometimes  pre- 
pared by  placing  copper  plates  in  contact  with 
woollen  cloths,  which  have  been  soaked  in 
pyrol igneous  acid.   -It  is  soluble  in  iilute  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  is  very  poisonous. 

2,  Pharm. :  Verdigris  is  occasionally  used 
externally,  in  powder  or  mixed  with  honey 
and  vinegar,  as  an  eschar  otic.    (Qarrod.) 

verdigris  green,  5. 
Bot. :  ^Irugineous  (q.v.). 

•  ver'-di-gris,  v.t.     [VERDIORIS.]     To  cover 

or  coat  with  verdigris ;  to  cause  to  be  covered 
or  coated  with  verdigris. 

*veV-din-gale,  s.    [FARTHINGALE.] 

*  ver  dit,  *  ver-dite,  s.    [VERDICT.] 

ver'-di-ter,  *  veV-dl-ture,  5.    (Fr.  verd-de- 
terre  =  green  of  earth.] 

Chem.  :  A  blue  pigment  prepared  by  adding 
chalk  or  whiting  to  a  solution  of  copper  in 
nitric  acid.  It  is  B*ade  into  crayons,  or  used 
as  a  water-colour. 

ver'-d6*y,  a.     [Fr.  verdoyer  —  to  be  green.] 

Her. :  Applied  to  a  border  charged  with 
flowers,  leaves,  or  other  vegetable  charges : 
as,  a  border-verdoy  of  trefoils,  cinquefoils,  Ac. 

*  ver-du'-go,  *.    [Sp.    (See  defs,)] 

1.  An  executioner. 

2.  A  severe  stroke, 

"  Have  yon  got  the  pot  vtrdwjfi  t ' 

Be,tu>n.  A  Flat. :  Scornful  Lidy.  U.  L 

•  Ver-du'-gi-shJp,  s.     [Eng.  verdugo  ;  -ship.] 

1.  The  office  of  a  hangman. 

2.  A  mock  formal  style   of  addressing  a 
hangman  or  executioner. 

"His  great 

not  a  Jot  of  language." 
Bm  Jonton  :  Atckemltt,  lit  & 


ver'-dure,  *.  [Fr.  =±  greenness,  vegetation, 
from  i-cni,  i-ert(Lftt.  viridix)  •=.  green.]  Green, 
greenness  ;  fresh  vegetation. 

"The  earth  will  not  appear  painted  with  flowers, 
nor  the  fields  covered  with  verdure."  —  Lock*  :  //um«n 
Cnderttand.,  bk.  iv..  ch.  xiii. 

t  VeV-dured,  a.  [Eng.  verdur(e)  ;  -ed.]  Covered 
with  verdure. 

"One  small  island,  profusely  terdiirfd."—  Pot  :  It- 
land  of  <A«  Fay  . 

t  ver'-dure-less,  a.  [Eng.  verdure;  -less.} 
Destitute  of  verdure  or  vegetation  ;  barren, 
bleak. 

"  The  district  is  one  wide  vtrdurtltu  waste  of  black 
baaait."—  Chamber*'  Journal,  Feb.  ST.  1886. 

t  ver'-du-rotis,  a.  [Eng.  verdure);  -o»».J, 
Covered  with  verdure  ;  clothed  with  the  fresh 
colour  of  vegetation  ;  verdant. 

"  From  the  oerdurout  uplaiitls  rolled 

A  sultry  vapour  fraught  with  death." 
T.  B.  Aldrich  :  fYinr  Jerome  i  Beautiful  Boole. 


,  a.  [Lat.  vereamdits,  from  vereor 
=  to  fear,  to  feel  awe  of.]    Bashful,  modest. 


.     [Lat 

Modest,  bashful,  unassuming. 

"  A   certain  verecundioui  geuero«ity  graceth    your 
eyes."—  fieli-juia  Wottonia.net,  p.  156. 

*  vSr-S-OUn'-dl-t^,  s.  [Lat.  verecunditas, 
fruiu  verecundus  =  verecund  (q.v.).]  Th» 
quality  or  state  of  being  modest  or  bashful  ; 
modesty,  bashfuluess. 


,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  verttUl(um); 
Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  sutf.  -idee.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Sclerobasic  Zoantharia, 
having  an  elongate  axis,  with  retractile  zooids- 
over  its  entire  surface,  and  its  lower  part 
bulbous,  naked,  or  soft.  It  is  divided  longi- 
tudinally by  two  intersecting  membranes, 
with  a  calcareous  axis  in  the  lower  part  of  the* 
stem,  or  it  may  be  simple  and  fleshy. 


*.    [From  Lat  veretilla.] 
Zool.  :  The  typical  genusof  Vere  tillide(q.  v.), 
formerly  placed  under  the  Pennatulidse.     Up- 
per part  of  the  colony  club-shaped. 

ver-ga-loo',  vir-ga-loo',  ver-ga-lieu'f 

&      [V1ROOLBU8B.J 

verge  (1),   *virge,    *.      [Fr.   verge  =  a  rod, 
wand,  or  stick,  a  yard,  a  hoop,  a  rood  of  laud, 
from  Lat  virga  =  a  twig,  rod,  wand.] 
L  Ordinary  Language; 

1.  Literally: 

*  (1)  A  rod,  wand,  or  staff  carried  as  an  em- 
blem of  authority    or  ensign  of  omce  ;  tho 
mace  of  a  bishop,  dean,  or  other  functionary. 

"  His  whistle  of  command,  seat  of  authority. 
And  cirgt  to  liiterpret,  tipt  with  silver,  sir." 
Stn  Jonton  :  Taltuf  a  Tub,  v.  $, 

*(2)  The  stick  or  wand  with  which  persons- 
are  admitted  tenants  by  holding  it  in  the 
hand  and  swearing  fealty  to  the  lord.  Such 
tenants  are  called  tenants  by  the  verge. 

"(3)  A  quantity  of  land,  from  fifteen  to- 
thirty  acres  ;  a  virgate  ;  a  yardland. 

*(4)  A  yard  in  length,    (Prompt.  Parv.) 

*  (6)  A  ring  ;  a  circlet  or  hoop  of  metal  ;  •> 
circle. 

"  The  inclusive  verge 
Of  golden  metal  that  must  ruuiid  my  brow." 

Xhnkr.-p.  :  Huh'ird  lit.,  IT.  L 

*  (6)  Compass  ;  space  ;  room  ;  scope. 

*  (7)  Compass  ;  comprehension. 

"  Within    the  v*rg«    and  com  prehensions  of  the- 
Eternal  mercy."  —  ///-.  Taylor  :  Strntant,  vol.  iii..  ser.  8. 

(8)  The  extreme  side  or  edge  of  anything  \. 
the  brink,  border,  or  margin. 

"  Or  here,  or  elsewhere,  to  the  furthest  t>«ty« 
That  ever  wasaurvey'ci  )>j  English  e>-e." 

f^uketp.  :  Richard  III..  L  1. 

2.  Fig.  :  The  brink  or  border. 

"  At  leiigtli  brought  us  to  the  wy<  of  civil  war."- 
Jfttcaulay  :  BiiL  £ng..  ch.  viL 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Architecture: 

(1)  The  shaft  of  a  column  ;  a  small,  orna    * 
mental  shaft. 

(2)  The  edge  of  a  tiling  projecting  over  the 
cable  of  a  roof,  that  on  the  horizontal  portion 
being  called  eaves. 

2.  Horol.  :  The  spindle  or  arbor  of  a  watch- 
balance.    The  term  is  commonly  applied  to 
that   of  the  old  vertical    movement,  whose 
balance-arbor  has  two  pallets,  which  alter- 
nately engage  with  teeth  on  the  opposite  side* 
of  a  crown-wheel,  whose   axis  is  at    right* 
angles  to  that  of  the  verge, 


flbte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pftt, 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu      kw. 


verge — vermicelli 


P050 


3.  /fort.  :  The  mas-edging  of  A  bed  or 
border  ;  a  slip  of  grass  dividing  the  walks 
from  the  borders  in  a  garden. 


"  J.  law  :  The  compass  about  the  king's 
court  bounding  the  jurisdiction  of  the  lora- 
steward  of  the  king's  household,  and  of  the 
ci  miner  of  the  king's  house.  [MARSHAL- 
SEA,  t.) 

"  The  verge  of  the  court  In  this  respect  extend*  for 
twelve  miles  round  the  king's  palace  of  residence."— 
Blaclatone  :  Commentariei,  bk.  lit,  CO.  ft. 

verge-board,  a. 

Build.  :  The  same  as  BARDS-BOARD  (q.T.). 

verge-file,  ».  A  fine  file,  with  one  safe 
side,  formerly  used  in  working  on  the  verge 
of  the  old  vertical  escapement. 

•verge  (2),  ».  [VERGE  (2),  v.]  The  act  or 
state  of  verging  or  inclining  ;  inclination. 

"  I  mean  tbelr  verge*  towards  the  body  and  it*  Joys." 
—Digby  :  Pre-ezlUence  o/SouU.  ch.  rlv. 

verge  (1),  v.i.  [VERGE  (1),  ».]  To  border,  to 
approach,  to  come  near.  (With  on  or  upon.) 

"  Taking  another  look  at  the  clock,  tbe  hand  of 
which  was  vervitt'lon  the  five  minute*  past."—  UickeHM  : 
PickuficX,  ch.  xxiv. 

verge  (2),  v.i.  [Lat.  verge  =  to  bend,  to  in- 
cline.) To  tend,  to  incline,  to  bend,  to  slope. 

"  And  henceforth  the  sun  of  the  king's  cause  de- 
clined, verging  more  and  more  westward."—  /VHer.- 
tt'ort/iiet  .  SomerieUhtre. 

vey-gen-cy,  8.    [Eng.  vergen(t);  -cy.) 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  or  state  of  verg- 
ing, tending,  or  inclining  ;  approach. 

2.  Optia:  The  reciprocal  of  the  focal  dis- 
tance of  a  lens,  used  as  a  measure  of  the  di- 
vergence or  convergence  of  a  focus  of  rays. 
(Lloyd  in  Goodrich.) 

verg"-ent,  a.  [Lat.  vergent,  pr.  par.  of  vergo 
=  to  bend,  to  incline.) 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Drawing  to  a  close. 

2.  Geol.  :  Declining;  the  name  given  to  a 
series  of  Appalachian  strata,  equivalent  to 
the  Chelmuiig  group  of  New  York,  and  of  the 
age  of  the  Middle  Devonian  rocks  of  England. 
These  strata  are  nearly  5,000  feet  thick  in 
Pennsylvania.  (Pro/,  a.  D.  Bagert  :  Otology  of 
Pennsylvania.) 

verg'-er  (1),  i.  [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat,  virgia- 
rius  =  an  apparitor  ;  from  virga  =  a  rod,  a 
wand.)  One  who  carries  a  verge.  Specifi- 
cally— 

(1)  An  officer  who  bears  the  wand  or  staff 
of  office  before  a  bishop,  dean,  canon,  or  other 
dignitary  or  ecclesiastic. 

•'  The  emperor  again  laid  aside  his  Imperial  mantle, 
and  taking  a  wand  ill  his  baud.  officiated  a*  verger, 
driving  the  laity  from  the  choir."  —  Byron:  Childe 
*T»roU,lv.  (Note*.) 

(2)  The  official  who  takes  care  of  the  interior 
of  the  fabric  of  a  church. 

•verg'-er  (2),  «ver-gere,  ».  [Fr.  vergier. 
from  Lat.  viridarium  =  a  garden,  from  viri- 
dis  =  green.)  A  garden.  (Bom,  of  (he  Base, 
3,618.) 

ver-gette',  «.  [Dimin.  from  verge  =  a  rod  or 
wand.) 

Her.  :  A  pallet  ;  also  a  shield  divided  with 
pallets. 

ver-gdu-leuse'.  «.    [VIBOOLEOSK.] 

*ve-rld'-lc-al,a.  [Lat.  verulicus,  from  veru-n 
=  the  truth,'  and  dim  =  to  say.)  Speaking 
or  telling  the  truth  ;  truthful,  veracious. 

"  Who  shall  read  this  so  veridical  history." 
\art  :  Knoelail,  bk.  li..  ch.  xx  v  lii. 

veY-I-fi-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  verify;  -oik.] 
Capable  of  being  verified  ;  admitting  of  verin- 
fication  or  confirmation  of  incontestable 
evidence. 

"  The  instance  1*  vorijtable  upon  it.  In  every  one  of 
the  alledged  particulars."—  South  :  Sermons,  vol.  lit, 
ser.  2. 

ve'r-J-fs'-oa'-tlon,  «.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  verl 
lying  or  proving  to  be  true  ;  the  act  of  con- 
firming or  establishing  the  authenticity  of  any 
power  granted,  or  of  any  transaction  by  legal 
or  competent  evidence  ;  the  state  of  being 
verified  ;  authenticity,  confirmation. 

"  It  hath  only  the  traditional  verification  of  the 
evidence  of  a  put  fact."  —  Warburton  :  Ditcourte 
ttvill. 

•  vSr'-I-f  s-ca-tsve,  o.  [Eng.  verify;  c  con- 
nective, and  suff.  -afire.]  Serving  to  verify, 
confirm,  or  establish;  verifying. 


veV-i-f  I  er,  «.    [Eng.  verify ;  tr.)    One  who 

or  that  which  verifies. 

veV-l-fy,  *  ver-t-fle,  *  ver-i-fye,  v.t.  [Fr. 
verifier,  from  Lat.  verifico  =  to  make  true : 
vents  =  true,  and/acio  =  to  make.) 

1.  To  prove  to  be  true  ;  to  prove  the  truth 
of ;  to  confirm  ;  to  establish  the  truth  of ;  to 
prove. 

"  The  verifying  of  that  true  sentence,  the  first  shall 
be  last."— Hilton  :  ma.  Kay.,  bk.  ii, 

2.  To  confirm  the  truthfulness  of;  to  con- 
firm the  truth  of,  as  a  prediction. 

"  The  words  ol  I»Jah   were   literally  verified.'  — 
Clarke  :  On  the  Evidence*,  pnjp.  li, 

3.  To  prove  to  have  spoken  truly ;  to  prove 
or  confirm  the  truthfulness  of. 

••  So  Shalt  thou.  be»t  fulfil,  best  verify 
The  prophets  old."  Hilton  :  F.  fl..  111.  117. 

4.  To  confirm  or  establish  the  authenticity 
of,  as  a  title  or  power,  by  examination  or  com- 
petent evidence ;  to  authenticate. 

*  6.  To  affirm  ;  to  maintain. 

-  They  have  verified  unjust  things." 

Shakrlii.  :  Hue*  Ado.  V.  1. 

*  6.  To  back  np ;  to  support  the  credit  of ; 
to  second. 

"  I  have  erer  tiered  my  friends." 

:  Coriolanut,  V.  1 


•  ver-U'-6  quent,  a.  [Lat.  verus  =  true,  and 
loffuens,  pr.  par.  of  lotruor  =  to  speak.) 
Speaking  the  truth ;  truthful,  veracious. 

eV-a-ly,  •  ver-al-ly,  "ver-ral-ly,  "ver- 
e-ly,  *ver-e-lye,*ver-ray-ly,  *ver-y- 

ly,  adv.    [Eng.  very;  -ly.] 

J,  In  truth  ;  in  very  truth  or  deed ;  of  a 
truth  ;  truly. 

"  rerUy  this  man  was  Ooddla  son."—  WycUfe  I  Mart 
XV.  W. 

2.  Really,  truly ;  with    great    confidence  ; 
in  sincere  earnestness. 

"  I  verily  did  think 
That  her  old  gloves  were  on. 

Uhateep. :  At  You  Ute  It,  Iv.  S. 

ver-l-slm'-il-ar,  a.  [Lat.  verisimiUs,  from 
term  =  true,  and  similis  =  like.)  Having  the 
appearance  of  truth  ;  probable,  likely. 

"  How  vrritimtlar  It  look*."— Carlyle,  :  Mltcell.,  li.  «». 

vSr-I-sI-mlT-a-tude,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
verisimilitude,  from  verut  =  true,  and  timili- 
tvdo  =  similitude  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  verisimilar ; 
appearance  of  truth ;  probability,  likelihood. 

"  That  proportion  forms  an  essential  attribute  of 
truth,  and  consequently  of  verinmtlitude.  or  that 
which  render*  a  narration  probable."— Scott :  Life  of 
Swift,  (6. 

2.  That  which  Is  verisimilar ;  that  which 
has  the  appearance  of  fact. 

•ve>-I-Si-mn'-.-ty,  «.  [Lat,  rerWmiii»  = 
probable.)  Verisimilitude,  probability. 

"  As  touching  the  veritimility  at  probable  truth  of 
this  relation."— ffroume :  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  ill., 
ch.  xxL 

*  ver-I-slm'-U-ofi»,  a.  [Lat.  verisimilis.} 
[VcRismiLAB.)  Having  the  appearance  of 
truth ;  probable,  verisimilar. 

"  Supported  by  veritimilout  and  probable  reason*.' 
-WUti  (Toad.] 

•ver'-It-a-ble,  *  ver-yt-a-ble,  o.  [Fr. 
from  Lat.  vena  =  true.) 

1.  Agreeable  to  truth  or  fact ;  true,  real, 
genuine. 

••  Indeed  !  Is 't  true! 
Ho*t  veritable ;  therefore  look  to 't  well." 

Shaketp. :  Othello,  iiL  4. 

2.  Truthful,  veracious. 

"In  verities  he  wa*  very  veritable."— Q'Jden  Bate, 
en.iiv. 

veV-.t-a-bl#,  adv.  [Eng.  veritable);  -ly.] 
In  truth  ;  truly,  really,  verily. 

"  Hercules  most  ascend  the  funeral  pyre,  and  there 
be  veritably  burnt  to  death."— farrar:  Early  Dayt  «/ 
Christianity,  ch.  ir. 

ver-I-t&s,  ».  [Fr.]  A  register  of  shipping 
established  in  Paris  on  the  principle  of  the 
English  Lloyds.  Commonly  called  the  Bureau 
Veritas. 

ver'-I-ty,  *ver-l-tle,  *ver-y-te,  "ver- 
y-tie, *ver-y-tye,  s.  [Fr.  nerife!,  from 
Lat,  veritatem.  accus.  of  veritas,  from  verut  = 
true  ;  Sp.  verdad;  Ital.  verita.] 

L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  true  ;  truth, 
reality ;  true  or  real  nature ;  agreement  of  a 
statement,  proposition,  or  other  thing  with 
tact, 

"  I  would  prove  the  verity  nf  certain  word*," 

mfvmf  :  Henry  VII 1.,  L  2. 


2.  That  which  is  true  ;  a  true  assertion  01 
tenet  ;  a  truth,  a  fact,  a  reality. 

"There  are  many  veriteet.  which  jet  may  be  ne 
socbe  articles  of  oure  tayth.  "—  flote  made  by  Jo* 
Fri/th,  p.  107. 

*  3.  Faith,  honesty. 

"Justice,  verity,  temperance." 

*  hakap.  !  XacoeOt.  Iv.  I. 

H  Of  a  verify:  Verily;  in  very  truth  or  deed. 

eV-Jft^e,  "ver-geous,  *ver-ioua,"  ver- 
juce,  s.  [Fr.  verjia  =  verjtiice  (lit.  =  green 
juice),  from  vert,  rerd  =  green,  and  jus  =  juice.] 
1.  Lit.  :  An  acid  liquor  expressed  from 
crab-apples,  unripe  grapes,  &c.,  and  used  for 
cooking  and  other  purposes. 

"  Then  bids  fall  on  ;  himself,  for  saving:  charge*. 
A  peeled  sliced  onion  eau.  and  tii>]>Ui  verjuice.* 
/Jryden  :  I'eriiiu,  sat.  Iv. 

*  2.  Fig.  :  Sourness  or  acidity  of  temper  or 
manner;  crabbedness. 

"  The  fashion  In  which  the  narrator  chose,  from  In. 
herent  bouh'juiie.  or  from  Inherent  verjuice,  tu  put 
the  thing."—  A.  K.  H.  Boyd:  Kec.  Country  Partonl 
Artqf  Putting  Thin'jt. 

ver'-mea,  *ver'-mlll,  ».  [Fr.  vermeil  = 
vermilion  ...  a  little  worm,  from  Lat.  ver- 
miculut,  dimin.  from  wrmi»  =  aworm.)  (VEB- 

11ILION.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Vermilion;  the  colour  of  vermilion.  (Only 
used  in  poetry.) 

44  In  vermeil  colours  and  in  gold." 

Wordtworth  :  WkiU  Doe,  IL 

2.  Silver  gilt;  gilt  bronze. 

3.  A  jeweller's  name  for  a  crimson-red  gar- 
net inclining  slightly  to  orange. 

IL  Gild.  :  A  liquid  applied  to  a  gilded  sur- 
face to  give  lustre  and  fire  to  the  gold,  making 
it  resemble  ormolu.  It  is  composed  of  arnotto, 
gamboge,  vennilion,  dragon's  blood,  salt  of 
tartar,  and  saffron,  boiled  in  water. 

»  ver'-  mel  -  et,  ».  [A  dimin.  from  vermeil 
(q.v.).]  Vermilion. 

"Who  made  thy  colour  vermelet  and  white?" 
Chaucer  :  Court  of  Love. 

*  ver-me-6T-d-gIst,  ».    [Eng.  vermeolog(y)  ; 
•isi.]    A  helmiuthologist  (q.v.). 

*  ver-me-6T-«S-g#,  ».  [Lat.  vermis  =  a  worm, 
and  Gr.  Xoyos  (logos)  =  a  word,  a  discourse.) 
Helmiuthology  (q.  v.). 

ver'-mes,  t.  pi.  [Pi.  of  Lat.  cermw  =  a  worm 
(q.v.).]^ 

Zoology  : 

*  1.  The  sixth  class  in  the  arrangement  of 
Lfnnfeus,  comprising  all  the  animals  which 
could  not  be  arranged  under  Vertebrata  and 
Insecta.  He  divided  the  class  into  five  orders  : 
Intestina,  Hollusca,  Testacea,  Lithophyta, 
and  Zoophyta. 

2.  A  phylum  of  the  Metazoa.  It  contains  a 
large  number  of  allied  animal  forms,  which 
may  possibly  represent  more  than  one  phylum. 
Oegenbaur  makes  nine  classes  :  Platyhel- 
minthes,  Nematelminthes,  Chaetognathi,  Acan- 
thocephali,  Bryozoa,  Rotatoria,  Enteropnem- 
ti  (Balanoglossus),  Gephyrea,  and  Annulate. 
This  phylum  includes  the  Scolecida,  the 
Annelida,  and  Polyzoa  of  Huxley.  [ZOOLOGY.] 

ver-me'-tl-dw,  ».  pt.  [Mod.  Lat.  vermdfus); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idol.} 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Holostomatous  Gasteixv 
poda,  with  two  genera,  Vermetus  and  Sill- 
quaria.  (Tote.)  The  shells  are  closely  akin 
to  those  of  the  Serpulse,  but  are  distinguished 
from  them  by  the  presence  of  a  spiral  nucleus 
and  of  concave  smooth  interior  septa.  [V»»- 

HETU8.) 

ver-me'-ttt»,  «.    [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat  uerroit 

(q.v.)-] 

Zool.  <*  Palaxtnt.  :  Worm-shell  ;  according 
to  Woodward  a  genus  of  Turritellid«e  (q.v.), 
but  made  by  Tate  the  type  of  a  family,  Ver- 
metidffi  (q.v.),  with  thirty-one  recent  specie* 
from  Portugal,  the  Mediterranean,  Africa,  and 
India.  Shell  tubular,  attached  ;  sometime 


cular,  concave  externally.  Fossil  species 
twelve,  from  the  Lower  Greensaud  of  Britain, 
France,  &c. 

ver-ml-cel'-ll  (ore  as  911),  «.  [Ital.  vermi- 
celli =  little  worms,  pi.  of  vermicello  =  a  littto 
worm,  dimin.  from  verme  =  a  worm,  from  Lat, 
vermem,  accus.  of  vermis  =  a  worm 


boil,  b6y ;  po%t,  Jtfirt;  oat,  jell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  thi»;  sin,  a»;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  sham    -tion.  -slon  =  shun;  -{Ion,  -giou  =  znan.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shfis.   -We,  -die,  ic.  =  Itel,  del. 


5060 


vermiceous— vermouth 


Cook. :  An  Italian  mixture  prepared  of  flour 
cheese,  yolks  of  eggs,  sugar,  and  saffron,  man 
nfactured  in  the  form  of  long  slender  tubes  or 
threads,  and  so  named  from  their  worm-like 
appearance.  Vermicelli  differs  from  macaroni 
only  in  being  made  in  smaller  tabes.  Butli 
are  prepared  in  perfection  at  Naples,  where 
they  are  a  favourite  dish  with  all  classes,  and 
form  a  principal  item  in  the  food  of  the  popu 
lation.  Vermicelli  is  used  in  the  United  titatei 
ID  soups,  broths,  AC 

* ver  mic  eous  (c as  sn),  * ver-mi' -clous, 

a.    [Lat.  vermis  =  a  worm.]    Of  or  pertaining 
to  worms ;  wormy. 

veV-ml-jide,  ».  [Lat.  vermis  =  a  worm,  and 
ccedo  (in  comp.  -cirfo)  =  to  kill.]  A  worm 
killer  ;  one  of  that  class  of  anthelmintics 
which  destroy  intestinal  worms  ;  a  vermifuge. 

*  ver'-nu-cle,  s.    [VERMICULE.] 

Ver-mic'-u-lar,  a.     [Fr.  vermiculaire,  froi 
Lat.  rermicwZus,  double  dimin.  from  vermis  = 
a  worm  ;  Sp.  <fc  Port,  vermicular.  ] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  Pertaining  to  a  worm;  re- 
sembling a  worm ;  especially  resembling  the 
motion  or  track  of  a  worm. 
"  A  twisted  f ono  vermicular. "    Coieper  :  Tatk,  i.  8ft, 

IL  Bot, :  Worm-shaped,  thick  and  almost 
cylindrical,  but  bent  in  different  places,  aa 
the  roots  of  Polygonium  Bistorta, 

vermicular-motion,  s. 

Physiol.  :  Peristaltic  motion 

vermicular  work,  vcrmiculated- 
work,  s. 

Architecture,  <£c. : 

1.  A  sort  of  ornamental  work,  consisting  of 
frets  or  knots  in  mosaic  pavements,  winding 
and  resembling  the  tracks  of  worms. 

2.  A    species    of    rusticated    masonry,    so 
wrought  as  to  have  the  appearance  of  having 
been  eaten  into  or  formed  by  the  tracks  of 
worms. 

ver  mic  u  -lar'-X-a,  ».  [Lat  vcrmwulus  =  a 
little  worm.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Serpulidse,  ranging 
from  the  Lower  Oolite  to  the  Eocene. 

ver-mlc  -u  late,  v.t.  &  i.  [VERMICULATE,  o.J 
A.  Trans. :   To  dispose  in  wreathed  lines 

like  the  undulations  of  worms ;  to  form  work 

by  inlaying  resembling  the   motion   or  the 

tracks  of  worms. 
*  B.  Intrans. :  To  become  full  of  worms ; 

to  be  eaten  by  worms. 

"  Speak,  doth  his  body  there  vermicuhttf, 
Crumble  to  dust."  Elegy  upon  />r.  Donne. 

ver-mlc'-u-late,  a.     [Lat  vermiculatus  =. 
(1)  full  of  worms,  (2)  inlaid  so  as  to  resemble 
the  tracks  of  worms,  from  vermieulus  =  a  ver- 
micule  (q.v.).] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Lit. :  Worm-like  in  shape  or  appearance ; 
covered  with  worm-like  elevations. 

*2.  Fig.:  Creeping  or  crawling  like  a  worm ; 
hence,  creeping,  insinuating,  sophistical. 

**  Idle,  unwholesome,  and,  as  I  may  term  them,  wr- 
micultite  questions."— finco/i ;  Advance,  of  Learning, 
bk,  I. 

1 11*  Bot. :  Of  a  vermilion  colour. 

ver  mlc-u-lat-ed,  a.  [Eng.  vermiculat(e) ; 
-ed.]  Formed  with  a  worm-like  pattern. 
[VERMICULAR.] 

*  ver-mJc-u-la'-tion, ».    [Lat  vermicufatio, 
from  vermiculatus  =  vermiculate  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  moving  after  the 
manner  of  a  worm ;  continuation  of  motion 
from  one  part  to  another,  as  in  the  peristaltic 
motion  of  the  intestines. 

"My  got*  [more)  by  the  motion  of  vermicuJation." 
—3<ile:  Orij,  of  Mankind,  p.  SI. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  forming  worm-like 
ornaments  ;  a  worm-like  ornament  or  body  of 
any  kind. 

3.  The  state  of  being  worm-eaten ;  the  act 
Of  piercing  or  boring  through,  as  by  worms. 

"Tli  is  huge  olive,  which  flourished  BO  long.  fell.  HI 
they  say.  of  wermicttlation,  beinu  all  worm-eaten  with- 
ID.  —Howell :  Vocatt  fbrett,  p.  70. 

•  ver  mi  cule,  *  veV-mi-cle,  s.    [Lat.  ver- 
niculus.]     [VERMICULAR.]     A  little  grub  or 
worm;  a  small,  worm-like  body. 

"We  see  many  fwrmicte*  toward*  the  outside  of 
many  of  the  oak  apple*"— Derham  : 
bk.  Till.,  ch.  »i. 


ver-mlc' -u-Ute,  s.  [Lat.  vermicuUpr)  =  I 
breed  worms  ;  suff.  -ite  (Mm).] 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  a  mineral  occurring 
in  small  mica-like  scales  in  steatite,  at  Mil 
bury,  near  Worcester,  Massachusetts.  Crys 
tallization,  hexagonal ;  hardness,  1  to  2  :  sp.gr 
2*756;  lustre,  like  talc;  colour,  grayish.  An 
analysis  yielded:  silica,  35-74  ;  alumina,  16'42 
protoxide  of  iron,  10'02 ;  magnesia,  27-44 
water,  10;30  =  99*92.  Exfoliates  on  heating 
twisting  into  worm-like  bodies.  A  deuompu 
sitinn-product  of  mica,  to  which  other  named 
substances  of  similar  origin  may  be  referred. 

ver-mic'-u-lous,  ver-mlc'-u-16se,  a 

[Lat.  wrmiculosus,  from  vermiculus  =  &  verrai 
cule  (q.v.).] 

1.  Full  of  or  containing  worms  or  grubs. 

2.  Resembling  worms. 

Ver'-mJ-form,  a.  [Fr.  vermiforme,  from  Lat, 
vermis  =  a  worm,  and  forma  —  form.  ]  Having 
the  form  or  shape  of  a  worm,  or  of  its 
motions;  helminthoid. 

vermiform  appendix,  •. 

Ccmpar.  Anat. :  Appendix  CCECI  vermifonni* 
[APPENDIX,  I.  l.j  A  slender  bliud  sac  upening 
from  the  iutestiues,  from  three  to  sir  iuchei 
long,  and  with  a  calibre  about  that  uf  a 
tobacco-pipe  stem.  It  opens  into  the  caecum, 
on  its  inner  and  posterior  wall.  It  is  found  in 
mau,  the  orang,  certai  n  lemu  rs,  and  the 
wombat,  being  large  and  functioual  in  .-mm 
of  the  lower  animals.  Fcecal  matter  from  the 
bowels  may  enter  this  tube  aud  cause  iutli*.mna- 
tion.  This  is  usually  allayed  by  treatment 
but  if  an  abscess  forms,  there  is  serious  danger 
of  its  producing  mi  opetiiag  in  the  wall  of  the 
appendix,  admitting  Itecal  matter  to  the 
abdominal  cavity,  and  causing  fatal  peritonitis. 
In  such  case  a  eurgical  operation  becomes 
necessary,  the  aperture  being  closed  or  the 
appendix  excised.  [APPENDICITIS.] 
vermiform  carnivora,  «.  pi 
Zool, :  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  the 
Mustelina  (q.v.X  from  their  long  lithe  bodies. 

ver-mi  for   mes,  ».  pi.     [Lat.  vermit  s  a 

worm,  and  forma  =  form.] 

Entem. :  A  term  applied  by  Newman  to 
Worm-shaped  or  Cylindrical  Caterpillars.  He 
considers  it  an  order  of  Butterflies,  and  di- 
vides it  into  three  families :  Rhodoceridae, 
with  the  British  genera  Colias  and  Rhodo- 
cera ;  Papilionidae,  with  the  genus  Fapiiio; 
and  Pieridae,  with  the  genera  Leucophasia. 
Anthocharis,  Pieris,  and  Aporia. 

ver  mi  for  -mi  a,  i.  pi.     [VEKMIFORMES.  1 

Zool. :  Rolleston's  name  for  a  group  of 
Vermes,  with  a  single  marine  genus,  Phoronis, 
with  several  species.  It  occurs  in  societies 
of  separate  individuals;  often  placed  In  the 
Serpulidae. 

ver  mi  fn  gal,  a.  [Eng.  vermifuge) ;  -al.] 
Of  the  nature  of  a  vermifuge ;  tending  to  pre- 
vent or  destroy  worms,  or  to  expel  them  from 
animal  bodies ;  anthelmintic. 

ver  ~mi-fuge,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vermit  =  a 
worm,  and  fugo  =  to  put  to  flight.]  A  medi- 
cine or  substance  that  destroys  or  expels 
worms  from  animal  bodies  ;  an  anthelmintic 
(q-v.X 
IT  Often  used  adjectively,  as  in  the  example. 

"To  rescue  from  oblivion  toe  merit  of  his  verm, 
medicines.1'— Ktinburah  Review,  June.  1826,  p.  48. 

*ver-mil,  *ver-mill,  *.    [VERMEIL,] 


.     [Lat.  vermis  =  a  worm 
and  leo  =a  lion.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Leptidse  erected  for  Ver- 
milfo  Kolopacea  (or  degeeri}  =  Leptis  mrmilio. 
[LEPTIS.] 

ver-mil'-I-a,  ».    [Lat.  vermis  =  a  worm.] 

Zool.  &  Palieont. :  A  genus  of  Serpulidee, 
in  which  the  tortuous  shell  or  sheath  is  at- 
tached to  some  foreign  body  by  its  whole 
length.  Found  in  the  seas  of  Europe.  Fossil 
from  the  Lower  Oolite  onward. 


t  ver-ml-lln'-guej,  t  ver-mJ-lin'-gi 

(u  as  w),  s.  pi.     [Lat.  vermii  =  a  worm, 
'ingva  =  the  tongue.  ] 


Zool. :  A  group  of  Lacertilia,  consisting  of 
the  single  family  Chameleontidae  (q.v.). 

ver-mfl'-ldn,   *  ver-m!l'-liin  (1  as  y), 

*  ver  my  1  oun,  *  ver  myl  y  one, «.  &  o. 


[Pr.  vermilion  =  vermilion  .  .  .  a  little  worn., 
from  Lat.  vermiculus,  double  dimin.  of  Mrmu 
=  a  worm ;  so  called  from  being  of  a  red  .* 
scarlet  color,  such  as  that  obtained  from  the 
kermes  or  cochineal  insect;  Sp.  bermellnn  ; 
Port,  vermelhao;  Ital.  vermiglione,]  [Coca/ 
NEAL,  CRIMSON.] 

A*  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  cochineal  (q.v.). 

2.  The  bisnlphuret  of  mercury  used  as  a 
pigment  in  oil  and  water  colors.        It  is  of 
*  bright  red  color,     inclining  to  yellow,  of 
good  body,  and  of  great  usefulness  in  its  com- 
pounds with  white  pigments.     It  IK  also  used 
m  making  sealing-wax  and  for  other  purposes. 
It  occurs  in  nature  as  a  common  ore  of  mer- 
cury, of  a  carmine-red  color. 

3.  Hence,  a  colour  such  as  that  of  the  above 
pigment ;  a  beautiful  red  colour. 

"  The  arniM  that  earat  so  bright  did  show. 
Into  a  pure  vermiilion  now  are  dide." 

Spenter;  F.  0,.,  L  T.  ft. 

IL  Bot. :  Scarlet  with  a  decided  mixture  of 
yellow. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  a  beautiful  red  colour ;  re- 
sembling vermilion, 

11  ver-mfl'-ion  (i  as  y),  v.t.    [VERMILION,  *.) 

To  colour  with,  or  as  with,  vermilion  ;  to  dy« 
red ;  to  cover  or  suffuse  with  a  delicate  red. 

"See,  youth  vermilion*  o'er  his  modest  face." 

Grainger ;  Tibullu*.  i.  a 

reV-mln,  *ver-mayne,   *ver-mine,   a, 

[Fr.  vermine  —  vermin  .  .  .  lice,  fleas,  ticks, 
mice,  rats,  &c.,  AS  if  from  a  Lat  verminut. 
from  vcrmis  =  a  worm.J 

L  Literally: 

*  1.  Any  wild  or  noxious  animal ;  a  reptile. 

"The  crocodile  is  a  mischievous,  four-footed  U:ut. 
a  dangerous  tv?-..tm  used  to  both  elements  "—  f  Hoi- 
land  :  Ammianut  Marcel  linut,  p.  212. 

2.  A  name  applied  generally  to  certain 
mischievous  or  offensive  animals,  as— 

(1)  To  the  smaller  mammalia,  and  certain 
kinds  of  birds  which  damage  man's  crops,  or 
other  belongings,  as  otters,  foxes,  polecats, 
weasels,  rats,  mice,  moles,  kites,  &c. 

"  Their  shulde  ete  all  manner  of  vermayne,  as  cattem, 
rattea,  uuggea,  and  others."— fubyan  :  Chronicle,  eh. 
Odix. 

(2)  To  noxious,  offensive,  or  destructive  in- 
sects or  the  like,  as  grubs,  flics,  lice,  fleas,  &c, 

PL  Fig.  .'Applied  to  low,  noxious,  or  despic- 
able human  beings  in  contempt. 

**  They  had  been  regarded  by  the  Saxon  population 
M  hateful  vfrmin  who  ought  to  be  exterminated  with- 
out mercy."— Macaulay  :  But.  Eng..  ch.  xili, 

Vermin-killer,  s.  A  name  commonly 
applied  to  a  poisonous  preparation  intended 
to  kill  rats,  mice,  or  other  vermin. 

"ver'-mSa-ate,  v.i.  [Lat  verminatum,  sop. 
of  vermino=  to  have  worms,  from  vermis  =• 
worm.]  To  breed  vermin. 

"  The  seed  of  the  serpent,  and  its  ftrminatiny  urln. 
<dplt>."—Bit>liotht!Ca  Biblica.  i.  452. 

•  ver-min-a -tion,  *.    [VERMINATB.] 

1.  The  breeding  or  generation  of  vermin, 
especially  of  parasitic  vermin. 

"  Experiments  relating  to  the  vermtnation  of  Miw 
peutaaud  flesh."—  Derham:  Phytieo-Theology, 

•   2.  A  griping  of  the  bowels. 

\  ver'-mXn-ous,  a.     [Eng.  vermin;  -ous.] 

1.  Tending  to  breed  vermin  ;  infected  with 
vermin. 

"  The  bird  may  be  in  moult,  or  It  may  have  been 

crowded  and  neglected  and  have  become  verminout."— 
St.  James*  liatett*,  Aug.  23,  18S6. 

2.  Caused  by  or  arising  from  the  presence 
of  vermin. 

"  ver-mlp'-a-rotls,  a.  [Lat  vermis  =  a  worm 
and  pario  ^=  to  bear.]  Producing  worms  • 
breeding  worms. 

Ver  mont'  er,  r  A  native  or  resident  of 
Vermont,  one  of  the  United  States. 

ver'  mont  Ite^  «.  [After  Vermont,  in  which 
state  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  found;  suff. 
-ite  (Afwt.)-l 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  arsenopyrite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining cobalt,  and  referred  by  Dana  to  his 
cobaltic  group  of  that  species. 

ver'  mouth,  veV-mutn  (th  as  t),  «.    [Fr. 

vermout,  vermouth,  from  Ger.  wermuth  =  ab- 
sinthe.]    A  stimulating  liquor,  composed  of 


fate,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wfit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  BIT,  marine;  go,  pS 
•r.  wore,  W9lf;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  ctib,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


vernacle— verrucsefonn 


5061 


white  wine,  absinthe,  angelica,  and  other  aro- 
matic herbs,  professedly  used  to  excite  the 
appetite. 

ver  -na-cle,  «.    (VERNICLX-] 

ver-nac'-n-lar,  a.  4  ».  [Lat  vernacul-ut  = 
belonging  to"  home-born  slaves,  domestic, 
native,  or  indigenous;  a  double  dimin.  from 
veraa  =  a  home-born  slave.] 

A.  Ai  adj.  :  Native  ;  belonging  to  the 
Country  of  one's  birth  ;  belonging  to  one's 
native  s[ieech.  (Almost  exclusively  used  of 
th-*  native  language  or  every-day  idiom  of  a 
place  or  country  ;  native  and  indigenous.) 

"  His  ikill   in  the  rernaculvr  dialect  of  the  Celtic 
tansat.-'-PuUer  :   Worthitt  :  general. 

S,  Ai  tubst.  :  One's  native  tongue  ;  the 
native  idiom  of  a  place  or  country. 


••  Some  of  the  people*  Mid  tribe*  whose 
that  cbiM  compriaee."—  Athenaum.  March  4.  1882. 

vernacular-disease,  .<. 
Pathol.  :  A  disease  which  prevails  in  a  par- 
ticular country  or  district  ;  an  endemic  dis- 

ease. 

*ver-nao'-u-lar-ism.  *,    [Bug.  vernacular  ; 
-ism.}    A  vernacular  idiom. 

•  ver-nac-n-lar  -i-tf,  ».    [Eng.  vernacular  ; 
•  it  /.}    A  vernacularism  ;  an  idiom. 

-  Baltic  Aun.nJ.le  .  .  .  with  lt>  homely  honeetiea. 
1U  rough  vemacularUie*.'—Carlgl*:  RtminuctJKe*. 
LSS5. 

•  ver-nac-n-Iar-i-za'-tion,  «.     [Eng.  ver. 
juicular  ;   -izo/ion.]     The  act  or  process   of 
making  vernacular  ;  the  state  of  being  made 
vernacular. 

"Thousands  of  words  .  .  .  candidate*  for  ttmacu- 
n."—  FUzedtoard  Ball:  Modern  £ityluh.  p.  106. 


ver-nac'-n-lar-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  vernacular; 
-ly.]  In  a'verhacular  manner,  as  one's  native 
language. 

"  We  have  most  of  us  known  one  language 
tartv."  ~  MarU:  Philology  of  Me  JCnffluk 
(Pref.) 

"ver-nao'-n-Iotts,  o.    [Lat  vernaaUut.} 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  slaves  or  the  rabble ; 
hence,  scurrilous,  insolent,  scoffing. 

"Subject  to  the  petulancy  of  every  swrwacwtotw 
orator  that  were  wont  to  be  the  care  of  kings  and 
happiest  monarch*,"— Ae»  Jmam  :  rolfottt.  (Dedic.) 

2.  Vernacular. 

•  ver  nage  (age  as  ig),  «.   [O.  FT.)  A  sweet 

wine. 

"  HeTer  pyeroent  ne  V0nta?« 
Was  halfe  so  swete  for  to  drynke." 

COIMT  .  C.  A,  vL 

Ter'-nal.'ver'-nall,  a.   [Lat  vernalit,  from 

vernia=  pertaining  to  spring  ;  ver  =  spring  ; 
cogn.  with  Gr.  cop  (ear)  =  spring  ;  Icel.  nor, 
vor  ;  Dan.  mar ;  Sw.  var ;  Ir.  earracA  ;  Rasa. 

•MM.] 

1.  Lit. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  spring  ;  ap- 
pearing in  the  spring. 

"  Not  to  roe  return*. 
Or  sight  of  sn  unl  bloom,  or  summer's  roee." 

ilMan:  P.  L.,  X.  «U. 

1.  Fig. :  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  youth  ; 
the  spring  of  life. 

vernal-equinox,  «.    [EQUINOX.] 

vernal-grass,  «. 

Bot. :  Anthoxanthum  odoratum,  a  native  of 
the  northern  part  of  the  world  generally. 
It  is  one  of  the  earliest  grasses,  and  possesses 
a  highly  aromatic  smell  and  taste.  As  a  pas- 
tare  grass  it  takes  only  low  rank,  and  when  it 
predominates  in  a  pasture  it  is  left  uneaten 
by  stock ;  at  the  same  time  its  aromatic 
qualities  may  have  some  wholesome  medicinal 
value.  Seed  merchants  have  used  the  seeds 
of  Anthoxanthum  puelll,  which  is  not  a  native 
of  Great  Britain,  as  a  substitute  for  the  seeds 
of  this  more  valuable  species ;  since,  as  in  the 
case  of  all  annual  grasses,  they  are  more 
easily  procured.  Called  also  Sweet-scented 
Vernal-grass. 

vernal-Signs,  ».  pL  The  signs  in  which 
the  sun  appears  in  the  spring. 

vernal  whitlow-grass,  >. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Erophila  (q.v.). 

•ver'-nant,  o.  [Lat  vernam,  pr.  par.  of 
verno  =" to  flourish,  from  ver  =  spring.]  Flour 
ishing  in  the  spring ;  vernal. 

"  The  spring 

Perpetual  smll'd  on  earth,  with  rernaat  noWn." 
Milton  :  P.  L.,  x.  CIS. 

*  veV-nate,  v.i.    [Lat  vernation,  sup.  of  verno 


-  to  flourish.]    [VERSAXT.]     To  be  vemant ; 
to  flourish. 

ver  na'-tion,  ».    [VERNATE.] 

Bat. :  The  manner  in  which  the  young 
leaves  are  arranged  within  the  leaf-bud.  It  is 
of  great  practical  importance  for  distinguish- 
ing species,  genera,  and  even  natural  orders. 
TIi  us  the  vernation  of  the  Cherry  is  condu- 
1'licate,  that  of  Prunus  domestica  convolute, 
an<l  that  of  Ferns  and  Cycadaceffi  circinate. 
Called  also  Prefoliation. 

ver'-nl-<sle,  «.  [VEKOOTCA.]  A  copy  of  the 
handkerchief  of  St.  Veronica,  said  to  have 
liecn  miraculously  impressed  with  the  fea- 
tures of  Our  Lord.  It  was  worn  as  a  sign 
by  pilgrims  to  Rome. 

"  A  Mntsole  hadde  be  eewed  upon  hi*  cappe." 

Ckauctr:  C.  T..  Hi.    (ProU 

ver-nl-cose,  a.     [Low  Lat.  twntte,  genit. 
rernicu  =  varnish.] 
Bat. :  Covered  with  a  natural  varnish. 

ver'-ni-er,  ».  [Named  after  the  inventor, 
Peter  Vernier,  of  Brussels,  who  described  it 
in  a  tract  printed  in  1631.]  A  contrivance  for 
measuring  fractional  portions  of  one  of  the 
equal  spaces  into  which  a  scale  or  limb,  or  a 
graduated  instrument  is  divided.  The  vernier 
consists  of  a  graduated  scale,  so  arranged  as 
to  cover  an  exact  number  of  spaced 
on  the  primary  scale,  or  limb,  to 
which  it  is  applied.  The  vernier 
is  divided  into  a  number  of  equal 
parts,  greater  or  less  by  1,  than 
the  number  of  spaces  which  It 
covers  on  the  limb.  That  applied 
to  the  barometer  will  illustrate  it* 
principle,  a  representing  the  mer- 
curial column,  6  the  vernier,  and  c 
the  barometer-scale,  divided  into 
inches  and  tenths.  The  vernier- 
scale  is  I A  inches  in  length,  and 
is  divided  into  ten  equal  parts, 
each  embracing  JJs  of  an  inch,  and 
therefore  exceeding  each  division 
of  the  scale  by  jj,  of  an  inch.  If,  therefore, 
any  division  of  the  vernier  coincide  with  a 
division  on  the  scale,  that  division,  counting 
downward,  when  the  0  of  the  vernier  coincides 
with  the  top  of  the  mercurial  column,  indi- 
cates the  number  of  hundredths  of  an  inch  to 
be  added  to  the  tenths  division  on  the  scale 
next  above  which  the  0  of  the  vernier  stands. 

vernier -compass,  «.  A  surveyor's 
compass  whose  compass^ircle  is  fitted  with  a 
vernier  attachment. 

vernier-transit,  «.  A  transit  having  a 
vernier-attachment  to  the  compass.  [TRANSIT, 
».,  IL  8.] 

•  ver'-nile,  o.     [Lat.  vernilit,  from  «mo  =  » 

slave.]    Suiting  or  characteristic  of  a  slave ; 
servile,  slavish. 

•ver-nlT-I-tjF,  «.  [Lat  vernttitai,  from  ver- 
nilit =  veniile  (q.v.).]  Servility;  fawning 
behaviour,  like  that  of  a  slave. 

•  ver-nish,  r.t.  i  i.    [VARNISH.] 

ver-nd'-nl-a,  *.  [Named  after  William  Ver- 
non,  a  botanical  traveller  in  North  America.] 
Bot. :  A  large  genus  of  Heterocomese,  the 
typical  one  of  Vernoniaceae.  Style  cylindrical, 
with  tapering  branches,  everywhere  covered 
with  bristles.  More  than  400  species  are 
known,  chiefly  from  the  hotter  parts  of  the 
western  hemisphere.  The  seeds  of  Vernmia, 
anthelmintica  (=Serratula  anthelmintiai  of 
Roxburgh),  a  plant  found  in  the  Himalayas 
and  some  other  parts  of  India,  yield  an  oil. 
The  seeds  themselves  are  a  valuable  tonic  and 
stomachic,  and  are  said  to  be  diuretic.  They 
are  used  as  an  anthelmintic,  and  braised  and 
mixed  with  lime-juice  to  destroy  pediculi.  The 
Hindoos  consider  them  of  great  use  in  white 
leprosy  and  other  skin  diseases.  A  decoction 
of  V.  cinerea,  another  Indian  species,  is  used 
in  India  to  promote  perspiration. 

ver-nd-ni-a'-ce-Je,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  ver- 
nonUfl) ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  *uecc.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Tabuliflorae.  Style  cylin- 
drical, its  arms  generally  long  and  subulate, 
occasionally  short  and  blunt,  wholly  covered 
with  bristles.  Sub-tribes  :  Ethuliese,  Hetero- 
comeae,  Elephantopeffi,  Rolandrete,  Bojeriese, 
Liabeae,  and  Pectideae. 

Ve-ro'-na,  ».  [Seedef.]  A  city  and  province 
in  the  north  of  Italy. 


Verona-serge,  s.  A  thin  fabric  of  vari- 
ous colours  made  of  worsted  and  cotton,  an4 
sometimes  of  mohair  and  cotton. 

Ver-0-nese',  a.  tit.    [See  def.J 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Verona. 

B.  As  tubst. :  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Verona  ;  as  a  plural,  the  inhabitants  of  Verona 
eollectivf.lv. 

Ve-rfin'-i-ca,  *  Ver-one-i-ke, «.    [See  del 
l.) 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  traditional  name  of  the  woman  whw 
was  cured  of  an  issue  of  blood  (Mark  v.  25-34), 
originally  given  as  Bernice,  or  Berenice.    The 
name  Veronica  soon  came  to  be  popularly  ex- 
plained as  equivalent  to  the  words  vera  toon 
=  true  likeness,  and  hence  arose  the  legend 
that  St  Veronica  was  a  holy  woman  who 
wiped  the  perspiration  from  the  face  of  the 
Saviour,  when  toiling  to  Calvary,   upon  the 
sudarium  which  she  carried,  and  which  im- 
mediately received  an  impression  of  his  fea- 
tures.    A  relic,  purporting  to  be  this  very 
napkin,  is  still  preserved  in  St   Peter's  at 
Rome.      Copies  of  the    portrait  were  called 
Veronicse,  or  Veroniculte,  whence  the  English 
vernicle  (q.v.). 

2.  A  copy  of  the  portrait  or  impression  of 
Our  Lord's  features  imprinted  on  the  sudarium 
of  St  Veronica ;  a  vernicle. 

U.  Bot. :  Speedwell ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Veronicete.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  generally  with 
opposite,  sometimes  with  whorled,  leaves  ; 
calyx  four  to  five  partite ;  corolla  rotate,  four 
cleft,  the  lowest  segment  the  narrowest; 
stamens  two ;  capsule  two-celled.  Known 
species  about  160,  from  the  north  temperate 
zone  and  from  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 
Some  of  them  grow  in  wet  ditches  and 
marshes,  some  only  on  the  driest  soil.  They 
have  usually  very  beautiful  flowers,  blue, 
white,  or  pink  in  color,  and  a  number  of  the 
species  are  widely  cultivated  in  flower  garden". 
V.  eirginiaca,  a  common  species  in  the  United 
States,  is  called  Culver's  Physic.  It  Has  actively 
diuretic  qualities,  and  a  decoction  of  the  fresh 
root  is  violently  cathartic  and  emetic.  The 
mountains  of  New  Zealand  bear  several  shrubby 
species,  peculiar  but  ornamental  in  appear- 
ance, which  have  been  introduced  Into  gardens. 
There  are  many  European  species.  One 
of  the  finest  is  Veronica  Cham<xdryf,  frequent 
in  May  and  June  in  woods,  pastures,  and  on 
hedge-banks.  Its  stem  has  the  soft  hairs  dis- 
posed on  two  opposite  lines,  changing  their 
position  above  each  joint;  the  leaves  are 
wrinkled,  the  corolla  very  bright  blue,  P. 
ojfcinalit,  a  pubescent  plant  "it*1  a  procum- 
bent stem,  ovate-serrate  leaves,  and  spicate 
racemes,  is  abundant  in  woods  and  pastures ; 
its  bitter  and  astringent  leaves  infused  make 
a  kind  of  tea,  which  has  been  used  medicinally. 
They  are  employed  in  Sweden  and  elsewhere 
for  this  purpose,  as  are  also  the  leaves  of  the 
Germander  Speedwell  (  V.  ehamxdrm).  Several 
peculiar  and  ornamental  species  from  the  moun- 
tains of  New  Zealand  are  cultivated,  and  prove 
hardy  in  gardens. 

ver-o-nle  -o-so,  t.  pi    [Mod.  Lat  «ronfe(o); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -m.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Rhinanthidete.  Inflorescence 
centripetal ;  leaves  opposite ;  corolla  almost 
regular;  stamens  two  diverging.  (Sir  /. 
Hooker.) 

•  verre  (1),  *  verr,  t.    [Fr.  verre.}   Glass. 

"  Ne  beholde  thou  the  win,  when  it  floureth,  whan. 
aehal  shine  in  the  eerr  the  colour  of  it."—  Wydi/i: 
Pro*,  xxlil.  SL 

'verre (2),  «.    [VAIB.) 
•ver'-rel.'ver'-rule.t.    [Fratn-i.) 

ver-ru'-oa  (pi.  yer-rn -c»),  *    [L»t-§ 
steep  place,  a  height ;  a  wart.) 

1.  Bot.  (PI.):  Warts  or  sessile  glands.    Thei 
vary  greatly  in  figure,  and  may  be  round, 
oblong,  reniform  or  cupulate,  cylindrical,  or 
conical.    In  Cassia  they  are  seated  upon  the 
upper  edge  of  the  petiole,  in  the  Cruciferae 
they  rise  from  the-  base  of  the  ovary,  and  in 
the  leafless  Acacias  they  are  on  the  upper 
edge  of  the  phyllodium. 

2.  Palasmt. :  (VERHCCIOB]. 

3.  Pathol. :  Warts. 

veV-ro  -cflft-forin,    ver-ru'-ci-fonn,   s, 

[Lat  verruca  (q.v.),  and  forma  =  form.] 
Bat.:  Wart-shaped. 


boll,  bo};  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9elL  chorus,  $liin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   ph  =  i. 
-clan, -tian  =  slian.   -tion,  -sion  =  shon ;  -{ion,  -plon  =  znan.   -dous,  -ttoas.  -eious  =  shus.   -ble, -41e,  ic.  =  beL  del. 


6062 


yernicaria— versionist 


ver-ru-car'-I-a,  s.  [Lat.  =  verrucaria  herba, 
a  plant  able  to  "remove  warts,  probably  Eu- 
phorbia helioscopia.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Verrucaridie  and 
Verrucariaii.  They  have  a  thin  crust  pro- 
ducing gouidia.  Generally  distributed  over 
the  world,  but  the  finest  species  are  from  tlie 
tropics.  Vemtcaria  .-ulimersa  is  nearly  aquatic, 
a  very  exceptional  character  among  lichens. 

ve'r-ru-car'-i-se-i,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  verru- 
cari(ti)  (q.v.)  ;  Lat.  masc.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -cei.] 

Bot.  :  An  otder  of  Lichens  of  the  Angiocar- 
pous  division.  [LICHENACE^:,  l.J  They  are 
found  on  the  trunks  of  trees,  on  rocks,  and 
occasionally  on  pebbles  immersed  in  water. 

*  ver-ru-car'-i-dCB,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  ver- 
ru£ar{ia\;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Bot.  :  A  family  of  Gasterothalameee.  (Lind* 
ley.)  Equivalent  to  Verrucarisei  (q.v.). 

vfir-ru'-9i-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  verruc(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -it/ce.] 

Zool.  &  Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Sessile  Cirri- 
pedes,  order  Thoracica,  with  a  single  genus, 
Verruca.  Shell  of  six  valves,  unsymmetrical, 
the  scuta  and  terga,  which  together  form  the 
operculum,  movable,  but  not  furnished  with 
a  depressor  muscle.  From  the  Chalk  onward. 

veY-ru-cdse,  ver'-ru-cous,  a.  [Lat.  ver- 
rucosus,  from  verruca  =  a  wart.  ]  Warty  ;  having 
little  knobs  or  warts  on  the  surface.  In 
Botany  the  same  as  TUBERCLED  (q.v.). 

ver-ru'-cu-16se,  a.  [A  dimin.  from  verm- 
cose  (q.v.)"]  Having  minute  wart-like  pro- 
minences. 

*  ver-ry»  *  ver-rai,  *  ver-rei,  *  ver-rey, 

a,    [O.  Fr.  verai;  Fr.  vrai.]    [VERY.]    True. 

"  rerrei  man.'  P.  Plowman,  xxii  153. 

ver-ry,  ver-rey,  s.    [VAIR,  VAIBT.]      < 

*ver-sa-bft'-l-t#,  *.  [Eng.  versdble;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  versable  ;  apt- 
ness to  be  turned  round. 

"  By  the  variability  ot  this  great  engine  round  which 
they  are  twisted."—  Uterne  :  Trittram  Shandy,  iv.  137. 

*ver'~8a-ble,  a.  [Lat.  versabilis,  from  versor 
=  to  turn.]  Capable  of  being  turned. 

*  VeV-sa-ble-nSss,  s.    [Eng.  versatile  ;  -ness.} 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  versable  ;  versa- 
bility. 

*  ver  -sal,  o.    [An  abbreviation  of  universal.] 

Universal,  whole. 

"  Some  lor  brevity, 
Have  cut  the  versul  world's  nativity." 

Butler  :  Budibra*.  pt  U.,  c.  Hi. 

*VeV-sant,  a.  [Lat.  versans,  pr.  par.  of  verso 
=  to  turn.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Familiar,  acquainted,  con- 
versant ;  having  to  do  with. 

"Thoroughly  vertant  In  ecclesiastical  law."—  Sidney 
Smith  :  first  Letter  to  Archdeacon  &inffl«ton 

2.  Her.  :  Erected  or  elevated. 

*  veV-sant,  s.   [Fr,  =  a  mountain  slope.]  All 

that  part  of  a  country  which  slopes  or  inclines 
in  one  direction  ;  the  general  lie  or  slope  of 
country  ;  aspect. 

veV-sa-tlle,  o.    [Fr.  versatil  =  quickly  turn- 
ing, from  Lat.  versatilis,  from  verso,  frequent. 
of  verto  =  to  turn.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Capable  of  being  moved  or  turned  round. 

"  Versatile,  and  sharp-piercing  like  a  screw." 

Harte:  Eulogius. 

2.  Changeable,  variable,  unsteady,  varying. 

"Those  versatile  representations  In  the  neck  of  a 


3.  Turning  with  ease  from  one  thing  to 
another  ;  readily  applying  one's  self  to  a  new 
task  or  occupation,  or  to  various  subjects  ; 
many-sided. 

"  Nature  seems  incapable  of  such  extraordinary 
combinations  as  composed  his  versatile  capacity."  — 
Byron  :  child.-  Harold,  Iv.  (Note  47.) 

II.  Bot.  (Of  an  anther):  Adhering  slightly 
by  the  middle,  so  that  the  two  halves  are 
nearly  equally  balanced  and  swing  backwards 
and  forwards,  as  in  the  Grasses. 

*  vsV-sa-tile-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  versatile;  -ly.] 

In  a  versatile  manner. 

ver  sa-  til'7i-ty,  *  veV-sa-tile  ness,  s. 

[Eng.  versatile);  -ity  ;  -ness.]' 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  versatile  ; 
readiness  to  be  turned  ;  variableness. 


2.  The  quality  or  faculty  of  turning  with 
ease  from  one  task  or  occupation  to  another  ; 
facility  in  taking  up  various  intellectual  pur- 
suits or  lines  of  thought. 

"  This  versatility  and  duplicity  of  the  grand  muude 
may,  indeed,  constitute  a  man  of  the  world."—  Knox  : 
Essay  No.  12. 

verse,  *veerce,  *fers,  s.  [A.S.  /ers  =  a 
verse,  a  line  of  poetry,  from  Lat.  versus  =  a 
turning,  a  line,  a  row,  so  named  from  the 
turning  to  begin  a  new  line,  from  versus,  pa. 
par.  of  verto  =  to  turn.  From  the  same  root 
come  many  other  English  words,  as  advert, 
convert,  peruerJ,  perverse,  inverse,  traverse, 
vertebra,  vertex,  vortex,  &c, :  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital. 
verso;  Fr.  vers.] 

1.  A  line  of  poetry,  consisting  of  a  certain 
number  of  metrical  feet,  disposed  according 
to  the  rules  of  the  particular  species  of  poetry 
which  the  author  intends  to  compose.     Verses 
are  of  various  kinds,  according  to  the  number 
of  feet  in  each,  as  hexameter,   pentameter, 
tetrameter,  &c. 

"  Waller  was  smooth :  but  Dryden  taught  to  loin 
The  varying  verse,  the  full  resounding  line." 

Pope:  Satires,  v.  268. 

2.  Poetry,  metrical  language,  poetical  com- 
position, versification. 

"  Who  says  in  verte  what  others  say  in  prose." 

Pope:  Satires,  v.  202. 

3.  A  short  division  of  any  composition  :  as— 

(1)  A  short  division  of  one  of  the  chapters 
of  the  Scriptures. 

"  To  reherse  thys  verse  whereby  they  maye  auoyde 
the  greate  perylles  of  this  wretched  worlds,  —Fither : 
Seuen  Ptalmet ;  Deprofundis.  (Posts.) 

(2)  A  short  division  of  a  metrical  composi- 
tion ;  a  stanza. 

"  Let  toe  hear  a  staff,  a  ttanxe,  a  verte.*— Shake*?.  : 
Love'*  Labour*  Lost.  iv.  2. 

(3)  A  portion  of  an  anthem  or  service  in- 
tended to  be  sung  by  a  single  voice  to  a  part. 
[ANTHEM,  a.,  2.] 

*  4.  A  piece  of  poetry  or  rhyme  ;  a  poem. 

"  My  love  shall  In  my  verse  ever  live  young." 

Shaketp. :  Sonnet  1ft. 

f  (1)  Blank  verse :  [BLANK-VERSE]. 
(2)  Heroic  verse :  [HEROIC-VERSE]. 

*  verse-maker,   s.      One   who   writes 

verses ;  a  verse-monger. 

"verse-man,  *  verse-monger,  s.    A 

writer  of  verses.  (Used  humorously  or  con- 
temptuously.) 

"  It  takes,  all  sorts  of  verse  and  verse-men  to  make  A 
Parnassus.'1— Saturday  Review,  July  15,  1882,  p.  91. 

"verse,  v.t.  &  i.    [VERSE,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  tell   in  verse   or  poetry;  to  relate 
poetically. 

"  Playing  on  pipes  of  corn,  and  verting  love." 

Shatoap. :  Midsummer  Might's  Dream,  11.  L 

2.  To  turn  over  ;  to  revolve. 

"  Versing  in  his  mind  this  thonghf—Jdanu.' 
Works.  1.  844. 

B.  Intrant. :   To  make  verses ;  to  versify. 
(Sidney.) 

versed,  a.  [For  versate,  from  Lat.  versatus, 
pa.  par.  of  versor  =  to  turn ;  Fr.  verse.} 
Thoroughly  acquainted  ;  skilled,  familiar, 
conversant. 

"They  are  all  completely  wrted  In  the  art  of  co- 
quetry. —Coot.*  Second  Voyage,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xiv. 

versed-sine,  s.    [SINE.] 

*vers'-er,   8.     [Eng.  vers(e);   -er.}    One  who 

writes  or  makes  verses  ;  a  mere  versifier. 
"  Hearken  unto  a  verier  who  may  chauce 
Rhyme  thee  to  good."         Herbert :  Church  Porch. 

*vers'-et,  *  vers-ett,  *  vers-ette,  s.  [Fr.] 

A  verse,  as  of  Scripture. 

"Because  they  bear  an  equal  part  with  the  priest  in 
many  places,  and  have  their  cues  and  vertet*  as  well 
aa  he.'  —Milton  :  Remonstrant's  Defence, 

ver'-si-cle,  •ver-sy-cle,  s.  [Lat.  versi- 
culus,  dimin.  from  versus  =  a  verse.]  A  little 
verse,  specif.,  a  short  verse  in  divine  service 
which  is  spoken  or  chanted  by  the  priest  or 
minister  alternately  with  a  response  from  the 
people. 

"  A  sort  of  office  or  service  to  St.  Edmund,  consist- 
ing of  an  antlphone,  rerticle,  response,  and  collect,  IB 
introduced."— T.  Warton:  English  Poetry,  ii.  66. 

•ver'-sl-col-or,    *  veV-sl'-col-dred,    a. 

[Lat.  ver$icolort  from  versus  =  turned,  and 
color  =  color.]  Having  variable  colors ; 
changeable  in  color. 

"  Ne»te  gardem  full  of  exotfck,  twrncoJour,  diversely 
varied,  sweet  smelling  flowers." — Burton:  Anat.  Ale- 
lancJwly,  p.  288. 


*  ver-slc'-u-lar,  a.     [Lat.  versiculut  =  *  v». 

side  (q.v.).]     Of  or  pertaining  to  verses  ;  de- 
noting distinct  divisions  of  a  writing. 

Ver-sl-f  I-ca'-tion,  s.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vent* 

Jicatioiiein,  accus.  of  versificatio,  from  versifi* 

catus,  pa.  par.  of  versifico  =  to  versify  (q.v.).] 

L  The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  versifying  or 

composing  poetic  verse ;  metrical  composition. 

"  The  order  of  writing  au  history  there  withal,  pre- 
sently carae  down  as  uue  would  say  from  the  stately 
chariot  of  versijtctition  to  prose,  and  went  afoot."—/1. 
Bolland:  Plutarch,  p.  977. 

2.  The  construction  of  poetry ;  the  forma- 
tion, style,  or  measure  of  verse  or  poetry. 

"What  can  I*  said  of  his  vertifleatwn  will  be  littl& 
more  than  a  dilatation  of  the  praise  given  it  by  Pope." 
— Johnson  :  life  of  Dryden. 

*  VeV-SJt-f i-cat-dr,    s.      [Lat.,   from  versifi- 
cntus,  pa.  par.  of  versifico  =  to  versify  (q.v.).] 
A  writer  of  verses  ;  a  versifier. 

"Statius,  the  best  versiftcator  next  to  Virgil,"-. 
Dryden:  JuvenaL  (Ded.) 

•ver'-si-fi-ea-trix.  s.  [Lat.]  A  femal* 
versifier. 

veV-si-fi-er,  *  ver-cl-fl-er,  *ver-si-fi- 
our,  *  ver-si-fy-er,  s.  [Eng.  versify;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  writes  or  composes  verses. 

"Sandys,  the  best  versifier  of  the  former  aga"— Dry. 
den  :  Palamon  *  Arcite.  (Pref.) 

2.  One  who  converts  into  verse,  or  who  ex- 
presses in  verse  the  ideas  of  another  written 
in  prose  :  as,  Tait  and  Brady  were  versifiers 
of  the  Psalms. 

*VeV-Bl-form,  a.  [Lat.  verstformis,  from 
versus  =  turned,  and  forma  =  form.]  Varied  in, 
form,  changing  form. 

ver'-si-ry,  *  ver-si-fie,  v.i.  &  (.  [Fr.  versi- 
fier, from  Lat.  versijico,  from  versus  =  a  verse, 
and  facio  =  to  make.] 

A.  Intrans. :    To    make  verses ;   to   writ» 
verses. 

"They  that  make  verses  expreagyuge  therby  noni 
other  lernyuge  but  the  craft  of  vertijienge  be  not  ot 
auucieut  writers  named  poetes,  but  only  called  versi* 
fyera."—  Elyot :  Qovernour,  bk.  L,  ch.  xiii. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  relate  or  describe  in  verse ;  to  treat 
as  the  subject  of  verse. 

"I  versify  the  truth,  not  poetize." 

Daniel;  Civil  Wars.  1. 

2.  To  turn  or  convert  into  verse :  »s,  T» 
versify  the  Psalms. 

*  vers  -ing,  s.     [Eng.  vers(e) ;  -ing.}    The  act 

of  writing  verse ;  versification. 

"  Prosing  or  verting,  but  chiefly  this  latter."— YtV- 
ton.  (Annandale.) 

Ver'-Sion,  s.     [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  versionemt 
accus.  of  versio  =  a  turning,  from  Lat.  versu$t. 
pa.  par.  of  verto  —  to  turn  ;  Sp.  version  ;  ItaL 
versione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  act  of  turning  ;  the  state  of  being 
turned  ;  change,  transformation,  conversion. 

"These  bodies  are  mutually  convertible  into  on» 
auother  (and  ns  to  the  version  of  water  into  earth,  by 
a  seemingly  slight  operation).'  —  Boyle :  Works,  iii.  106, 

*  2.  A  turning  round  or  about. 

"The  first  was  called  the  strophe,  from  the  version 
or  circular  motion  of  the  siiigera. " — Congreve  .'  Disc,  o* 
Pindaric  Ode. 

*  3.  Change  of  direction  ;  direction. 

"That    is,   what  kliidc  of   comet,   for  magnitude, 
colour,  version  of  the  beames,  plucinw  in  the  rL-tfiuii  of 
'       hat  kitide  of  effects.' 


beaveu,  or  lasting,  yri 

— Bacon:  Essays;  Of  YicUsitttde. 


*  4.  The  act  of  translating  or  rendering  from 
one  language  into  another ;  translation. 

5.  A  translation  ;  that  which  is  translated 
or  rendered  from  one  language  into  another. 
[KEVISED-VERSION.] 

6.  A  statement,  account,  or  description  of 
incidents  or  proceedings  from  some  particular 
point  of  view  :  as,  He  gave  quite  another  ver- 
sion of  the  affair. 

7.  A  school  exercise  consisting  of  a  transla- 
tion of  one    language,  generally  one's  ver- 
nacular, into  another. 

IL  Obstetrics:  The  operation  of  bringing 
down  the  feet,  or  some  part  of  the  \n\\t-i 
extremities  of  the  child,  when  its  presenta- 
tion is  such  aa  to  preclude  delivery  in  the 
ordinary  manner. 

veV-slon-ist,  «.    [Eng.  version;  -tot.} 

1.  One  who  makes  a  version  ;  a  translator. 
"  Renderings  of  the  first  verses  of  the  first  and 
twenty-third    Psaltna    respectively   by    BS   different 
versionistt"— St.  James's  Gazette,  March  17,  1888. 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sou ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cnr,  rule,  full ;  try. 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian.    SB,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  o;n  =  lew* 


rerst— vertical 


5063 


2,  One  who  favours  a  certain  version   or 
translation 

Verst,  s.  [Russ.  versta,]  A  Russian  measure 
of  length,  containing  1,166$  English  yards  or 
3,''00  English  feet  ;  hence,  equal  to  about  two- 
thirds  of  an  English  mile. 

ver-siis.  prep.     [Lat.=  turned  In  the  direc- 

tii'ii  of,  toward;  praj).  pa.  par.  of  vertoss.  to 
turn.)  Against;  chiefly  used  In  legal  lan- 
guage :  as,  John  Doe  versus  Richard.  Roe,  and 
generally  abbreviated  to  v. 

*ver'-SUte»  a.  [Lat.  versutvs,  from  versus, 
pa.  par.  of  verto  =  to  turn.]  Crafty,  wily. 

"A   person  of   vertuta  and  vertiginous   policy."— 
Gau.ten  :  Teartqftht  Church,  p.  isi. 


Vert  (1),  a.    [An  abbrev.  of  pervert  or  convert, 
s.  (.f't.v.).]     A  pervert  or  convert.    (Colloq.) 

"  Old  frleudi  call  me  a  pervert  j  new  acquaintance  a 
convert;  the  other  day  I  was  addressed  aa  a.  vert."  — 
Esperiencet  of  a  Vert,  m  Union  AVejVw,  51*y,  1864. 


Vert  (2),  *  verd,  s.    [O.  Fr.  verd;  Fr.  wr*  = 
green,  from  Lat.  virldem,  accus.  of  viridis  = 
green,  from  vireo  =  to  be  green.] 
*  1.  Forest  Law : 

(1)  Everything  within  a  forest  that  grows 
and  bears  a  green  leaf,  which  may  serve  as  a 
covert  for  deer,  but  especially  great  and  thick 
Coverts. 

"  Of  the  forest  officers  by  whom  the  laws  had  to  be 
administered,  and  of  the  vert  and  venison  which  it 
was  their  special  doty  to  protect."— Field,  Feb.  4. 1888. 

(2)  Power  or  liberty  to  cut  green 
trees  or  wood. 

2.  Her. :  A  green  colour ;  in  coats 
Of  nobility  it  is  called  Emerald, 
and  in  those  of  princes  Venus.  It 
Is  expressed  in  engraving  by  dia- 
gonal lines,  drawn  from  dexter  VERT. 
chief  to  the  sinister  base. 

"  Between  three  plate*,  a  chevron  engrailed  cheequy. 
or  pwrf,  and  ennins."—  Ben  Jonson  :  Every  Man  out  of 
hi*  Humour,  III,  1. 

vert,  v.i.  [VERT  (1),  «.]  To  change  one's  reli- 
gion ;  specif.,  to  leave  the  Church  of  England 
for  the  Roman  Communion,  or  vice  vend. 

"  As  a  man  he  U  welcome  to  vert  and  re-t«rt  ai  often 
as  be  pleases."— Echo,  March  17,  1888. 

vcr'-tant,*.    [Fr.] 

Her. :  The  same  as  FLECTED  and  REFLECTED 
— i.e.,  formed  like  the  letter  8  reverted. 

ver'-tS-bra  (pi.  veV-te-brw),  *  veV-te*- 
bre  (bre  as  ber),  s.  [Lat.=  a  joint,  a  ver- 
tebra, from  verto  =  to  turn  ;  Fr.  vertebre ;  Sp., 
Port.,  &  Ital.  vertebra*} 

Corn-par.  Anat. :  One  of  the  bony  segments 
•of  which  the  spine,  or  backbone,  consists. 
Theoretically,  a  typical  vertebra  consists  of  a 
central  piece  or  body,  from  which  two  arches 
are  given  off,  one  (the  neural),  protecting  the 
nervous  sys- 
tem, the  other 
-(the  haemal) 
protecting  the 
organs  of  circu- 
lation, and  thus 
•corresponding 
to  the  doubly 
tubular  struc- 
ture of  the 
body  of  the 
Vertebrata 
<See  illustra 
tionnnderVER 

TEBRATA.)        In 

practice  the  se- 
•cond  arch  is 
only  recogniz- 
able with  diffi- 
culty, the  parts 
being  either  ab- 
sent or  much 
modified,  but  a 
good  example 
may  be  seen  in 
the  human 
thorax.  The 
fundamental 
element  of  each 
vertebra  is  the  body  or  centrum  (c),  from 
the  surface  of  which  spring  two  bony  arches 
(n  n),  called  the  neural  arches,  or  neurapo- 
physes,  because  they  form  with  the  body 
the  neural  canal,  which  encloses  the  spinal 
cord.  From  the  point  of  junction  there  is 
usually  developed  a  spine,  called  the  spinous 
process,  or  neural  spine  (s),  rudimentary  in 
the  at.las  or  first  cervical  vertebra.  From  the 


"VERTEBRAL  COLUMN  AND 

VERTEBRAE. 

L  Side  view  of  Human  Vertebral 
Column ;  B.  First  Cervical  Ver- 
tflbra  or  Atlas;  c.  Side  view  of 
Dorsal  Vertebra  :  D.  '  Lumbar 
Vertebra.  (For  other  references 
MO  text.) 


neural  arches  are  also  developed  the  articu- 
lar process  or  lygapopliysafl  (a  a),  which  aid 
the  centra  in  uniting  the  verWbrae  to  etu-h 
other.  From  the  sides  of  the  body  proceed 
the  transverse  processes  (d  d).  The  number 
of  vertebra;  varies  greatly  in  different  animals. 
The  vertebral  column  is  divisible  into  dis- 
tinct- regions,  of  which  the  following  are  re- 
cognizable in  the  higher  Vertebrata :  The  cer- 
vical vertebrae  (seven  in  man),  composing  the 
nenk  (1) ;  the  dorsal  (twelve  in  man),  usually 
carrying  well-developed  ribs  (2) ;  the  lumbar 
(five  in  man)  (3).  These  form  the  cervical, 
dorsal,  and  lumbar  regions  respectively,  and 
are  sometimes  called  True  Vertebra,  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  the  False  Vertebra,  which 
consist  of  those  in  the  sacral  region  usually 
anchylosed  to  form  a  single  bone,  the  os  sac- 
rum (4),  and  a  variable  number  of  vertebra 
forming  the  caudal  region  or  tail  (5).  The 
spaces  between  the  vertebrae  are  filled  with 
an  elastic  substance,  admitting  of  an  amount 
of  motion,  which,  though  slight  between  each 
pair,  is  in  the  aggregate  sufficient  to  give  the 
spinal  column  considerable  flexibility.  -The 
vertebrae  and  their  projections  or  processes 
afford  attachments  for  a  number  of  muscles 
and  ligaments,  and  passages  for  blood-vessels 
and  for  the  nerves  passing  out  of  the  spinal 
cord. 

veV-te-bral,  a.  &».    [Eng.  vertebra) ;  -aZ.J 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  vertebrae  or  joints 
of  the  spine. 

"The  carotid,  vertebral  and  splenlclt  arteries/*  — 
Kay  •'  OH  the  Creation. 

2.  Having  a  backbone  or  spinal  joints ;  ver- 
tebrate. 

*  B.  As  subsL  :  An  animal  belonging  to  the 
division  Vertebrata  (q.v.) ;  a  vertebrate. 

vertebral-column,  «. 

Comp,  Anat.;  The  spine.    [VERTEBRA.] 

ver-t5-bra'-ta,  s.  pi    [Neut.  pi.  of  Lat.  ver- 
tebratu8=  jointed,  vertebra  ted.] 

Zool. ;  A  division  of  the  Animal  Kingdom, 
Instituted  by  Lamarck,  comprising  animals 
in  which  the  body  is  composed  of  a  number 
of  definite  segments  [VERTEBRA],  arranged 
along  a  longitudinal  axis;  the  nervous  system 
is  In  its  main  masses  dorsal,  and  the  neural 
and  hiemal  regions  of  the  body  are  always 
completely  separated  by  a  partition ;  the 
limbs  are  never  more  than  four  in  number ; 
generally  there  is  a  bony  axis  known  as  the 
spine  or  vertebral  column,  and  a  notochord  is 
always  present  in  the  embryo,  though  it  may 
not  persist  in  adult  life.  A  specialized  heemal 
system  is  present  in  all,  and  in  all  but  Am- 
phioxus  there  is  a  heart  with  never  less  than 


TRANSVERSE  SECTION 

A.  Of  body  of  one  of  the  higher  Invertebrata  :  a.  Body- 
wall;  A.  Alimentary  canal;  c.  Hremal  system;  n. 
Nervona  system  ;  a  Of  a  Vertebrate  animal;  a.  h,  c. 
aa  before ;«.  Sympathetic  system  of  nerves :  rf.  Cere- 
bio-spinal  system  of  uerve* ;  eft.  Notochord. 

two  chambers,  and  in  the  higher  vertebrates 
with  four.  The  Vertebrata  are  usually  divided 
into  five  classes  :  Pisces,  Amphibia,  Reptilia, 
Aves,  and  Mammalia,  and  many  attempts 
have  been  made  to  gather  these  classes  into 
groups.  One  plan  is  to  divide  them  into 
Branchiata  (Fishes  and  Amphibians),  because 
at  some  portion  of  their  life  they  are  provided 
with  gills,  and  Abranchiata  (Reptiles,  Birds, 
and  Mammals),  having  no  gills.  The  latter 
are  sometimes  called  Amniota  or  Allantoidea, 
because  the  embryo  is  provided  with  an 
amnion  and  an  allantois,  while  both  these  are 
absent  in  the  Branchiata,  which  are  therefore 
called  Anamniota  or  Anallantoidea.  Owen 
made  two  sections :  Haematocrya,  or  Cold- 
blooded Vertebrates  (Fishes,  Amphibia,  and 
Reptiles),  and  Hsematotherma,  or  Warm- 
blooded Vertebrates  (Birds  and  Mammals; 
and  Huxley  three  :  Ichthyopsida  (Fishes  and 
Amphibia),  Sauropsida  (Reptiles  and  Birds), 


and  Mammalia.  A  later  classification  Is  to 
treut  all  the  Vertebrata  as  a  division  of  a 
larger  group,  Chordata,  distinguished  by  (1) 
the  temporary  or  permanent  possession  of  a 
rod  (the  notochord)  underlying  the  central 
dorsal  ly-placed  nervous  system  ;  and  (2)  the 
temporary  or  permanent  presence  of  visceral 
clufts  (q.v.).  The  Chordata  are  divided  into 
three  groups  :  (1)  Cephalochonlata.  in  which 
the  notochord,  pointed  at  the  extremities, 
extends  from  one  end  of  the  body  to  tin 
other;  (2)  Urochordata  (q.v.),  and  (3)  the  true 
Vertebrata,  or  Craniata,  in  which  the  anterior 
end  of  the  central  nervous  system  is  enlarged 
into  a  brain,  which  becomes  surrounded 
and  protected  by  a  cartilaginous  capsida  or 
skull. 

ver'-te-brate,  a.  &  *.    [VERTEBRATA.] 
A*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Zool.:   Belonging  to  the  sub-kingdom 
Vertebrata  (q.v.). 

2.  Bot.  (Of  a  leaf)  :  Contracted  at  interval* 
witli  an  articulation  at  each  contraction. 

B.  As  subst.  :  Any  individual  of  the  sab- 
kingdom  Vertebrata  (q.v.). 

ver'-te'-brat-e'd,  a.  [Eng.  vertebrat(e)  ;  -ed.] 
The  same  as  VERTEBRATE  (q.v.). 

*  veV-te'-bre  (bre  as  ber),  *.    [VERTEBRA,] 

veV-te'x  (pi.  veV-tl-cej  (Lat.),  veV-te*- 
es  (Eng.),  $.  [Lat.  =  the  top,  prop.  =  the 
turning-point,  and  especially  the  pole  of  the 
sky,  the  zenith  ;  from  verto  =  to  turn.  Vertex 
and  vortex  are  doublets.) 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang.  ;  A  turning-point  ;  the  prin- 
cipal or  highest  point  ;  the  top,  the  summit, 
the  apex.  Applied  specifically  to— 

(1)  The   zenith   or  point  of  the  heaven* 
directly  overhead. 

-  These  keep  the  vertex  ;  bat  betwixt  the  bear 
And  Bliiiimx  xodlack,  where  the  planet*  err, 
A  thousand  figured  constellations  roll." 

Creech:  Lucretiut. 

(2)  The  top  or  crown  of  the  head. 

(3)  The  summit  or  top  of  a  hill,  or  the  like, 

"  MimntainseBpeciallyabonnd  with  different  specie* 
of  vegetables  ;  every  vertex  ur  eminence  affording  new 
kinds."—  Derham:  Phyt 


II.  Math.  :  The  point  in  any  figure  opposite 
to  and  most  distant  from  its  base. 

T  (1)  Vertex  of  a  curve  :  The  point  from 
which  the  diameter  is  drawn  or  the  inter- 
section of  the  diameter  and  the  curve.  In 
the  parabola,  the  principal  vertex  is  the  vertex 
of  the  axis  of  the  curve;  in  the  ellipse,  th« 
left-hand,  and  in  the  hyperbola,  the  right- 
hand  vertex  of  the  transverse  axis. 

(2)  Vertex  of  an  angle  :  The  point  at  which 
the  two  lines  meet  to  form  the  angle. 

ver'-tJ-cal,  *  ver'-tl-call,  a.  &  «.  [Fr.  ver- 
tical; from  Lat.  verticalis,  from  vertex,  genit, 
verticls=  a  vertex.] 

A*  As  adjective  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally.' 

(1)  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  vertex; 
situated  at  the  vertex,  apex,  or  highest  point  ; 
placed  in  the  zenith  or  point  in  the  heavens 
directly  overhead. 

"  T  is  raging  noon  ;  and.  vertical,  tli«  ran 
Darts  on  the  lieau  direct  bis  forceful  rays." 

Thornton  :  Summer,  432. 

(2)  Being  In  a  position  perpendicular  to  the 
plane  of  the  horizon  ;  placed  or  acting  per- 

Sendicularly,  or  in    an  upright  position  or 
irectly  upright  ;  plumb. 

"  The  compound  motion    of  the  lower  law,  half 
lateral,  and  half  vertical."—  Patey'  Natural  Theology, 

<  1  1.  iv. 

*  2.  Fig.  :  At  the  highest  point  or  zenith  ; 
occupying  the  highest  place. 

"  He  was  vertical  in  the  esteem  of  the  sou  Id  levy  ."— 
Fuller:  Worthtet;  Herqfordthir*. 

IL  Bot.  :  Placed  in  a  direction  from  the  base 
to  the  apex.  All  dissepiments  are  vertical. 

B.  As  subst.:  A  vertiial  circle,  plane,  or 
line. 

"  The  direction  of  a  vertical  IB  normal  to  the  surface 
of  a  free  fluid."—  Daviet  *  Peck  :  Math.  Met. 

IT  Prime-vertical: 

Astron.  :  That  vertical  circle  which  Is  at 
ri^ht  angles  to  the  plane  of  the  meridian,  and 
which  passes  through  the  zenith  and  the  east 
and  west  points  of  the  horizon. 

vertical-angles,  s.  pi. 

Geom.  :  Opposite  angles  (q.v.)t 


boil,  bo^;  poUt,  jowl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-clan, -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -fion  =  zhun.   -cious,  -tioua,  -aioufl  =  thus,   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  beL  daL 


5064 


verticality— very 


vertical-anthers,  s.  pi 

Bot. :  Anthers  which  are  At  the  upper  ex 
treniities  of  the  filaments,  and  being  insertec 
by  their  base  point  upward. 

vertical-circle,  s. 

Aftron. :  A  great  circle  passing  through  the 
zenith  and  the  nadir.  The  meridian  of  any 
place  is  a  vertical  circle. 

vertical-dial,  s.    [DIAL,  *.,  L  S.] 

vertical  escapement,  >. 

Horol. :  An  old  form  of  escapement  ii 
watches,  in  which  the  axis  of  the  seape-wh^-1 
is  at  right-angles  to  that  of  the  verge,  tliua 
making  its  plane  of  revolution  vertical,  the 
plane  of  oscillation  of  the  balance  being  as- 
luuied  to  be  horizontal. 

vertical-fins,  s.     . 

Ickthy.:  Fins  situated  in  the  median  dorsal 
lime  from  the  head  to  the  tail,  and  in  the 
rentral  line  of  the  tail.  Sometimes  the  ver- 
tical fins  are  continuous,  or  nearly  so,  but 
usually  three  vertical  fins  are  distinguished— 
one  in  the  dorsal  line  (the  dorsal  fin),  one 
in  the  ventral  line  behind  the  anus  (the  anal 
fin),  and  one  confined  to  the  extremity  of  the 
tail  (the  caudal  fin),  called  also  Unpaired 
Fins. 

vertical-leaves,  t.  pi. 

Bot. :  Leaves  which  present  one  of  their 
edges  directly  upwards,  so  that  neither  side 
can  be  called  upper  or  lower. 

vertical-line,  -. 

Sun. :  A  perpendicular  line ;  a  line  perpen- 
dicular to  the  plane  of  the  horizon.  [VER- 
TICAL, B.) 

vertical-plane,  .•-. 

1.  [PLANE,  If  6.] 

2.  Conic  sections :  A  plane  passing  through 
the  vertex  of  a  cone  and  through  its  axis. 

vertical  steam-engine,  ».  A  form  of 
(team-engine  in  which  the  piston  reciprocates 
vertically,  as  distinguished  from  the  horizon- 
tal, inclined,  or  rotary.  [STEAM-ENOINE.] 

vertical-strata,  >.  pi. 

Geol. :  Strata  dipping  at  an  angle  of  90°. 
They  constitute  one  side  of  a  large  basin  or 
trough.  Example,  the  strata  at  Alum  Bay  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight 

•TOr-U-car-I-ty,  s.  [Kng.  vertical;  -ity.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vertical  or  in 
the  zenith. 

"  Unto  them  the  aun  if  vertical  twice  a  year ; 
making  two  distinct  summers  In  the  different  point* 
at  th«  vertically."- Bromu:  PulffarSmun.bk.vi., 
eh.  xi. 

TBT'-ti'-cal-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  verUeal ;  -fy.)  In 
a  vertical  manner,  position,  or  direction  in  the 
zenith ;  perpendicularly. 

"  [The  sunj  .  .  .  vertically  passeth  over  the  habita- 
tions of  Pern  and  Brazilia.  —  Brotcne :  Vulgar  Er. 
roura,  bk.  vi,  ch.  x. 

vertically-compressed,  ». 

Bot. :  The  same  as  DEPRESSED. 

*  veV-tl-cal-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vertical ;  -new.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vertical. 

ver'-ti-cll,  ver'-tl-cSl,  «.  [VERTICILLUS.] 
Sot. :  A  term  applied  (i)  to  leaves  when 
they  stand  around  the  stem  in  a  circle,  or 
when  more  than  two  of  them  are  opposite ; 
(2)  to  flowers  when  two  verticillasters  are 
united;  (3)  more  rarely  to  branches  when 
several  spring  from  the  stem  at  the  same 
height.  The  use  of  the  word  was  introduced 
by  Liunrcus.  Link  used  the  expression 
Spurious  Verticil  or  False  Whorl. 

Ter-ti-cn-lar'-i-a,  ».  [Formed  from  Mod. 
Lat  verticillvs  (q.v.).] 

Sot. :  A  genus  of  Clnsiea?,  containing  one 
species,  Vcrticillaria  acuminata,  a  Peruvian 
tree  with  acuminate  leaves,  two  coloured 
sepals,  and  many  stamens,  and  a  three- 
valved  capsular  fruit. 

ver-tl-cfl-las'-ter,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  vertieillus, 
and  Lat.  os(eT  =  a  star.] 

Bot. :  Hoffmansegg's  name  for  a  cyme  re- 
duced to  a  very  few  flowers.  This  is  the 
normal  inflorescence  in  th«  Lamiacese,  in 
the  species  of  which  two  verticillasters  are 
situated  opposite  to  each  other  in  the  axils  of 
opposite  leaves. 


•  ver-tl-9ll-la'-tse, ».  pi.    [Fern.  pi.  of  Mod 
Lat  tertKlUatui  =  verticillate.J 

Bot. :  The  Hfty-cighth  order  of  plants  in 
Limiffius's  N'atnral  System.  It  corresponds 
to  the  modern  Labiate. 

ver-H-ca'-late,    ver-tio'-n-lat-ed,    a 

[VERTICILLAT/E.] 

1.  Bot. :  Wliorled  (q.v.).      Having  leaves 
flowers,  or  more  rarely  branches,  arranged  ii 
verticils  or  whorls. 

2.  ZooL:   Arranged  like  the  spokes  of  a 
wheel 

ver-ti-9iT-lus,  s.  [Lat  =  a  spindle-whorl . 
dimin.  from  vertex,  genit.  vcrticis  —  a  vertex 
(q.v.).] 

Bot. :  The  same  as  VERTICIL  (q.v.). 

*ver-t!c'-I-ty,  s.  [Fr.  verticite,  from  Lat 
vertex,  genit.  verticil  =  a  vertex  (q.v.).]  The 
property  or  power  of  turning  ;  rotation,  revo- 
lution. 

"  It  will  appear  endowed  with  a  stronger  and  more 
durable  verticity."—  Boyle  :  Work*,  iii.  313. 

•  ver'-tl-<Jle,  ».    [Lat.  verticulum,  dimin.  from 

vertex,  genit  tierticis  =  a  vertex  (q.v.).]    An 
axis,  a  hinge,  a  turning-point 

"  The  vertiele  Is  near,  when  admiration  from  abroad 

and  luxury  at  home,  threaten  our  change." — Water. 

haute:  Apology  for  Learning,  p.  51. 

ver'-ti-dine,  i.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Chem. :  An  organic  base,  said  to  exist  in  the 
tor  of  bituminous  shale.  It  has  not  yet  been 
isolated. 

*  ver-tig  -In-ous,  a.    [Lat.  vertiglnosus,  from 
vertigo,    genit     vertiginis  =  vertigo    (q.v.)  ; 
Fr.  vertifineux  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  vertiginoso.] 

1.  Turning  round ;  revolving,  rotary. 

-This  tertiffinoul  motion  gives  day  and  night  sue- 
oejsively  over  the  whole  earth,  and  makes  it  habitable 
all  around. — Bentley. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  vertigo ;  affected  will 
vertigo ;  dizzy,  giddy. 

"  I  was  sicke  before  of  a  vertiginont  giddiness  and 
Irresolution."—  Donne :  Devotions,  p.  193. 

3.  Causing  vertigo ;  apt  to  affect  one  with 
giddiness. 

"The  smells  of  meat  tu&vertlglnout  drinking*,"— 
Bp.  Taylor:  Vermont,  vol.  1.,  ser.  15. 

4.  Apt  to  turn  or  change ;  unstable,  fickle, 
inconstant 

"  Depending  upon  .  .  .  the  winds  and  tides  of  this 
vertiginouf  world." — Harrow:  Sermoni,  VoL  i.,  «er.  5. 

*  Ver-tlg'-In-OUS-ly,  adv.   [Eng.  vertiginous ; 

-ly.}    In  a  vertiginous  manner ;  with  a  whirl- 
ing or  giddiness. 

"  Go  to  I  The  smoothest,  safest  of  you  all  .  . 
Will  rock  vertiginously  in  turn  and  reel" 

Browning  :  King  A  Book,  xi.  3,865. 

*ver-tigr-m-ous-ness,  ».  [Eng.  vertigi- 
nous ;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
vertiginous  ;  a  whirling,  or  sensation  of  whirl- 
ing ;  giddiness,  dizziness. 

"Thevertiyinoiisneti  of  oar  own  braine."— Barrow  : 
Sermont,  VoL  i.,  Ber.  9. 

veV-tl-go,  ver-ti-go,  «.  [Lat,  from  wrto 
=  to  turn.] 

Pathol. :  Giddiness  ;  a  feeling  as  if  external 
objects  whirled  round,  or  as  one  had  been 
whirling  round,  or  were  about  to  fall,  which 
one  tends  to  do  unless  he  grasp  some- 
thing fixed  or  sit  down.  Sometimes  there  is 
staggering  without  any  considerable  sense  of 
giddiness,  and  at  others  the  exact  reverse. 
The  malady  is  most  common  in  advanced  life, 
and  is  sometimes  the  precursor  of  apoplexy  or 
paralysis.  The  staggering  of  a  drunken  man 
is  a  form  of  vertigo  produced  by  alcoholic 
poisoning;  that  of  a  patient  on  first  attempt- 
ing to  rise  after  a  long  illness  is  caused  by 
weakness.  It  is  a  common  symptom  of  ex- 
cessive or  defective  supply  of  blood  to  the 
brain,  and  also  of  derangement  of  the  diges- 
tive organs.  Except  when  there  is  obvious 
plethora  of  the  system,  tonic  medicines  are 
required. 

*ver-«-lin'-8-ar,  a.  [Eng.  mrti(mZ),  and 
linear.}  Straight,  rectangular. 

veV-tu,   vir'-tu,    tver-tu',  tvir-tft',  ». 

[Ital.  virtti,  vertu,  for  virtute  =  virtue,  excel- 
lence, especially  in  a  love  of  the  fine  arts, 
from  Lat  virtutem,  accus.  of  virtus  =  virtue 
(q.v.).]  Artistic  excellence ;  that  quality 
which  commends  articles  to  the  collectors  of 
works  of  art  ;  hence,  works  of  art,  antiquity, 
or  curiosity  collectively,  especially  such  as 


"  I  had  thoughts  in 
To  be  shown 


are  preserved  in  museums,  private  collections 
or  the  like. 

ghts  in  my  chamber  to  place  It  in  view 
•u  to  my  friends  as  a  piece  of  virtu  " 
tioldimith :  The  Baunch  o/  Petition. 

*  ver'-tue,  s.    [VIRTUE.] 

*  veV-tu-gal,  s.    [Seedef.]    A  doubtful  word, 
probably  the  same  as  FARTHINGALE  (»}.v.),  or 
Vardingale,   as    the    author  (see  extract)    is 
speaking  of  Sardanapalus,  who  was  extremely 
eneminate  and  wore  women's  clothes. 

"  Amid  hia  vertugalt  for  ayde  he  drew 
from  his  Lieutenant,  who  did  him  puraew." 
Hudson  :  Judith,  v.  xu, 

*  ver-tn-les,  o.    [VIRTOELESS.] 

*  ver-tiim'-nal,  a,      [From  Lat.  Vertumnus 

—  an  Etruscan  deity,  the  god  of  the  changing 
year,  from  verto  =  to  change.]  A  term  of 
doubtful  meaning.  Davies  (Supp.  Gloss.)  thinks 
Adams,  having  the  first  syllable  (Lat.  Her  = 
spring)  chiefly  in  his  mind,  uses  the  word  as 
=  spring. 

"  Her  "miles  are  more  reviving  than  the  vertumntl 
sunshine.  —Adanu:   Works,  ii.  333. 

"veV-tn-ous,  a.    (VIRTUOUS.) 

VeV-U-COUS,  0.      [V'ERRUCOSE.] 

Ver-n-la'-ml-an,  a.  [Lat.  Verulamium,  the 
ancient  name  of  St.  Albans.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  St.  Albans,  or  to  Francis  Bacon,  Lord 
Verulam. 

"  A  temi»er  well  fitted  for  the  reception  of  the  r>ry- 
lamtan  doctrine.  —  Macaulay  :  Bin.  Eng.,  ch.  ill. 

ver'-valn,  *  var-vin,  *  ver-valne,  *  ver- 
vine,  ver-veyne,  s.  [Fr.  verveine,  from 
Lat.  verbena.}  [VERBENA.] 

Bot. :  The  genus  Verbena  (q.v.),  specially  F. 
officinalis. 

"  She  nightshade  strows  to  work  him  111, 
Therewith  the  vervain,  and  the  dill. 
That  hindreth  witches  of  their  will." 

Drayton :  Ifympkidia. 

vervain  mallow,  s. 

Bot. :  Malva  Alcea,  a  native  of  Germany. 

verve,  «.     [Fr.]    Spirit ;  enthusiasm. 

"Act  with  genuine  oerveand  Impulse."— Daily  Tele- 
graph, Sept  u,  1885. 

•ver'-vel,  "veV-vail,  t.  [Fr.  ven-dle.}  A 
label  tied  to  a  hawk,  and  containing  the 
owner's  name,  &c. 

"  Free  beauteous  slave,  thy  happy  feet 
In  silver  fetters  vervailt  meet 
Lovelace :  Lucatta  Posthuma;  The  Falcon 

VeV-vgt,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Zool. :  Cercopithecus  pygerythrus,  a  small 
monkey,  from  Senegal  and  surrounding  dis- 
tricts. Prevailing  tint  greenish  ;  head,  throat 
and  breast  light  dun,  paws  dark. 

reV-y,  "ver-ai,  *ver-ra,  *ver-ray, 
•ver-rei,  "ver-rey,  "verye,  a.  &  adv. 
[O.  Fr.  verai,  vray  (Fr.  prat),  from  a  supposed 
Low  Lat.  veracui,  from  Lat.  vena,  genit 
veracis  =  veracious  (q.v.)  ;  cf.  O.  Fr.  ttr,  veir, 
voir  =  true,  from  Lat.  vena  ;  Ger.  tcahr  = 
true  ;  Buss,  niera,  =  faith,  belief.] 

A*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Veritable,  real,  true,  actual. 

**  rtry  God  of  very  Qoa.~—lficene  Creed. 

*  2.  True,  exact,  correct. 

"  These sothely  (ben)  the  measures  of  the  anter  ln« 
cubit  most  verre."—  Wycliffe  :  Ezekiel  xliil  IS. 

3.  Used  before  substantives  to  denote — 

(1)  Exact  conformity  or  identity  with  what 
is  expressed. 

"  The  very  night  before  he  went  away." 

Wordnoorth :  The  Brothers 

(2)  To  indicate  that  the  word  is  to  be  under- 
stood in  its  full  and  unrestricted  sense. 

"The  sailors  mutinied  from  very  hunner  "— Mao- 
aulay:  BM.  Eng.,  ch.  it. 

(3)  To  give  emphasis,  intensity,  or  force 
generally.    (Equivalent  to  the  adverb  evert.) 

"Thou  away,  the  very  birds  are  mute." 

Shakeip. :  Sonnet  VJ. 

(4)  Used  as  equivalent  to  alone,  mere. 

"  Nothing  but  the  very  smell  were  left  me." 

Shaketp.:  I'enut*  Adonit,  «1. 

(5)  Used  as  equivalent  to   full,  complete, 
perfect    (Frequently  in  the  comparative,  and 
more  frequently  in  the  superlative.) 

"Thou  hast  the  veriest  shrew  of  all." 

Shaketp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrev.  V.  1 

B.  At  adv. :  In  a  high  degree ;  to  a  great 
extent ;  greatly,  extremely,  exceedingly. 

*>ry  weak  and  faint"  Milton:  Ptn!m\\. 

H  Formerly  used  commonly  to  qualify  past 


fete,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  thfire;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wplt;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  onto,  cure,  nnite,  our,  rule,  fill;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


vesania— vespertine 


5065 


participles  :  as,  very  altered  ;  now  seldom 
used  without  an  interposed  adverb  expressive 
of  degree  :  as,  very  muck  (or  little)  altered,  very 
ffreaUy  astonished,  very  highly  valued,  &c. 

"  They  were  t»r»  frightened."—  tf.  W.Datent:  Tola 
from  the  .forte,  p.  4U9. 

^  Very  lord  and  very  tenant  : 
Law:  They  that  are  Immediate  lord  and 
tenant  one  to  another. 

Te-sa'-ni-a,  s.    [Lat.  =  madness.] 

Mental  Pathol.  :  Derangement  of  the  Intel- 
lectual and  moral  faculties  without  coma  or 
fever.  Many  nosologists  have  used  this  as  a 
generic  term,  under  which  they  have  included 
different  kinds  of  mental  alienation.  (Dungli- 
tm.) 


. 

e  given  by  Scacchl  (Att.  Atxad. 
3,   1879)  to    the  thin,  yellow 


Min  :  A  name 
Sapoli,  Dec.   13, 

coatings  formed  on  the  lava  of  1631,  Vesuvius, 
Inthe  oelief  that  it  contained  a  new  element, 
vesbium  (q.v.). 

•  VeV-bl-iiin,  ».     [Lat.  VesUui  =  Varna,  a 
contracted  form  of  Vesuvius.}    [VESBIHE.] 

Ve-81  ca,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  bladder.) 

Anat.  :  A  bladder. 

vesloa  plscls,  t.    [Lit.  =  the  fish's  blad- 
der.] 

Ecdes.  Art  :  A  term  employed  by  some 
antiquarians  to  designate  the  elliptic  aureole 
In  which  the  Saviour  is  sometimes  depicted. 
It  is  formed  of  two  equal  circles 
cutting  each  other  in  their  cen- 
tres. It  was  a  very  coinmOD 
symbol  in  the  Middle  Ages,  and 
the  term  is  supposed  to  hav» 
been  derived  from  the  sacred 
character  of  a  fish  as  a  symbol 
of  Our  Lord,  the  Greek  word  for 
flsh,'IxSi;5(fcArt«s),  containing 
In  consecutive  order  the  initials 
of  the  words  'Iijo-oSc  (Ilsous), 
Xpio-rbs  (Christos),  »eo5  (Them), 
•Yux  (Huios),  So.™  (Soter)  = 
Jesus  Christ,  the  Son  of  God,  the  Saviour. 
The  seals  of  abbeys,  colleges,  and  other  re- 
ligions establishments  were  invariably  made 
IB  this  form. 
V6m  Ic-al.  a.  [Lat  realm  =  a  bladder.] 

Anal.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  bladder. 

vesical  catarrh,  ». 

Pathol.  :  Chronic  Cystitis  (q.v.J. 

vcsical  haemorrhage,  s. 

Pathol.  :  Hiemorrhage  from  the  bladder,  a 
form  of  Hsematuria  (q.v.). 

TJSs'-I-cant,  «.  [Low  Lat.  vesicant,  pr.  par. 
of  mtco  =  to  blister,  from  Lat.  resico=a 
blister,  a  bladder.]  A  blistering  agent  ;  an 
epispastic,  a  vesicatory.  The  chief  are  Can- 
tharides,  Glacial  Acetic-acid,  &C. 

veV-I-cate,  v.t.  [Low  Lat  vesico,  from  Lat. 
vesica  =  a  blister,  a  bladder.)  To  raise  vesicles, 
blisters,  or  little  bladders  on  ;  to  blister  ;  to 
Inflame  and  separate  the  cuticle  of. 

"I  saw  the  cuticular  vettcated,  aud  shining  with  a 
burning  heat.'—  internal  I  Surfery.  bk.  1..  ch.  I 

TSs-K-oa'-tlon,  »•  [VESICATE.]  The  act  or 
process  of  vesicating  or  raising  blisters  on  the 
•kin. 

"Defending  the  txrieotton  with   pledgets."—  •Tin- 
man /  Surgery,  bk.  L,  ch.  vi. 


r-Jf,  o.   &   «.      [Fr.  veslcatoin 
from  Lat.  i-esica  =  a  blister,  a  bladder.] 

A.  At  adj.  :  Having  the  property  or  quality 
of  raising  a  blister  or  blisters  on  the  skin 
blistering. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  blistering  application  or 
plaster  ;  an  epispastic. 


"  Hasten  revulsion  by  veniBaection  orvettcatorlet.71— 
*  :  Surgery,  bk.  V., 


„  eh.  I. 


Ves'-I-cle,  s.    [Lat.  vesicula,  dimln.  from  vesica 
=  a  blister,  a  bladder  ;  Fr.  vesicule.] 

1.  Anat. :  Any  sac,  cyst,  or  receptacle,  lik 
a  little  bladder.    Used  spec,  of  the  nmbilica 
and  seminal  vesicles. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  A  small  cell  or  bladder.    It  Is  by  an  in 
Unite  number  of  such  vessels  that  cellula 
tissue  is  built  up.    [GERMINAL-VESICLE,  PKIM 

ORDIAL-UTBICLE  or  VESSEL.] 

(2)  Any  hollow  excrescence  like  a  bladder 


Spec,  (a)  An  inflation  of  the  thallus  of  Algals 
filled  with  air,  by  which  they  are  enabled  to 
float ;  (6)  A  petiole  dilated  by  air,  which  floats 
the  leaves  of  a  plant,  as  in  Trapa  natans  and 
Pontederia  crassipes.  (De  Candolle.) 

3.  Pathol. :  A  slight  elevation  of  the  epi- 
dermis containing  a  serous  fluid,  generally 
transparent,  but  occasionally  opaque  or  sero- 
purulent.  [VESICULA.] 

vSs-i-co-,  pref.  [Lat.  vatlca  =  the  urinary 
bladder.) 

Anat.,  dx. :  Pertaining  to  the  bladder. 

vesico  prostatic,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  prostate 
gland  and  the  bladder  :  as,  the  vesico-prostatic 
artery. 

vosico  uterine,  a. 

Anat.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  uterus  and 
the  bladder :  as,  the  vesico-uterine  folds. 

vesico  vaginal,  o. 

Surg.,  <tc. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  vagina 
and  to  the  bladder  :  as,  vesiw-vaginal  hernia. 

ve-8lo--n-la  (pi.  v8-slc'-n-la>),  ».    (Lat,  = 

a  little  vesicle,  a  blister.] 

Pathol.  (PI.) :  An  order  of  cutaneous  diseases, 
characterized  by  the  occurrence  of  vesicles. 
These  may*  be  globular,  nmbilicated,  or  acu- 
minated. They  arise  on  any  part  of  the  body, 
and  resemble  drops  of  water  on  the  spots 
where  they  exist.  The  fluid  in  them  may  be 
absorbed,  or  it  becomes  effused,  causing  ex- 
coriation and  small  thin  incrustations.  The 
order  contains  three  diseases :  Sudamina, 
Herpes,  and  Eczema. 


es-l-cu  -ise-iorm,  a.  [Lat.  vesiculd',  genit. 
of  vesicula,  and  forma  =  form.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  vesicle  or  vesicles. 


Consisting   Wl     veei^ieo,    lino   a    ,KO»* 

dery,  cellulose  ;  full  of  interstices. 

"  Special  accumulations  at  WHfcular  matter."—  Toad 
t  Bowman  :  Pftyriot.  Anat.,  i.  849. 

vesicular-emphysema, «. 

Palhol. :  The  enlargement  of  the  air-cells  of 
the  lungs,  followed  by  the  perforation  of  their 
walls,  so  as  to  produce  small  oval  openings, 
ultimately  enlarging.  Called  also  Pulmonary 
Emphysema. 

vS-slc'-u-late,  a.  [Lat.  vesicula  =  a  vesicle ; 
Eng.  adj.  stiff,  -ate.]  Full  of  vesicles  or  small 
bladders;  vesicular. 

vS-sIc-^-lif'-er-i,  ».  pi.    [Lat.  vesicula=& 

vesicle,  and  ftro  =  to  bear.    Named  from  the 

small  globose,  transparent  sac  in  which  the 

spores  are  first  enclosed.] 

Sot. :  The  same  as  PHYSOMTCETES  (q.v.). 

•vS-SiC-n-lo'-sa,  s.  pi.  [Neut  pi.  of  Lat. 
vesiculosus.]  [VtsicULOSE.] 

Entom. :  A  tribe  of  Diptera  created  by  La- 
treille.  It  was  equivalent  to  Leach's  family 
Acroceridte.  There  are  two  genera,  Acrocera 
(=  Syrphus,  in  part)  and  Henops  (=  Og 
codes),  both  composed  of  small  insects,  hav 
Ing  the  abdomen  much  swollen.  Species  few 
In  number,  chiefly  exotic ;  found  upon  plants 
and  amongst  flowers. 

Te-slo'-u-lose,  vS-sic'-Tj-lous,  o.     [Lat 
vesiculosus,  from  vesicula  =  &  vesicle  (q.v.) 
Fr.  visiculeux.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  vesicles ;  vesicular. 

ves'-pa,  j.    [Lat,  =  a  wasp.) 

Entom, :  Wasp :  the  type-genus  of  the  family 
Vespidse  (q.v.),  with  numerous  species,  uni 
versally  distributed.    Abdomen  broad ;  man 
diblea   broad,  oblique  at  tip  and  toothed 
clypeus  quadrate,  truncate  in  front. 

ves'-per,  s.  &  a.    [Lat.  =  the  evening,  th 

evening  star ;  vespera  =  even-tide ;  cogn.  witl 

Gr.  «W«poc  (hesperos)  =  eveniug(adj.  & subst.) 

O.  Fr.  vespre  (Fr.  vipre)  ;  vespret  =  even-song 

A.  As  substantive. : 

1.  The  evening  star ;  a  name  applied  to  th 
planet  Venus  when  she  is  to  the  east  of  th 
sun  and  appears  after  sunset. 

"  retper  fair  Cynthia  ushers,  and  her  train/ 

P.  fleteker  ;  Purple  laand.  T. 

*  2.  Hence,  flg.,  evening. 

"  Thou  hast  seen  these  signs: 
They  are  black  vetper't  pageauts," 

Shaken*. :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  IT.  10. 


3.  Ecclesiology(Pl.): 

(1)  The  time  of  evening  service. 

(i!)  The  sixth  hour  of  the  Roman  Breviary. 
When  said  or  sung  in  public,  vespers  form  the 
usual  evening  service  of  the  Roman  Church, 
approximately  corresponding  to  the  Evening 
Prayer  of  the  Anglican.  In  the  latter  there  is 
usually  a  sermon  at  vespers.  wWc-h  are  gene- 
rally followed  by  Benediction  of  the  Sacra- 
ment. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  tne 
evening  or  to  the  service  of  vespers  :  as,  i 
wsper-bell,  a  resper-hyinn,  &c. 

U  Sicilian  Vespen :  [SICILIAN-VESPERS]. 

ves'-per-tjl,  a.  [Eng.  msper;^!.]  Vesper, 
evening. 

v6»  -  per  -  titt'  - 1  -  6,  s.  [Lat.  =  a  bat,  from 
vesper  =  evening.] 

1.  Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Vespertiliones 
(q.v.),  with  forty-three  species,  ranging  over 
the  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  both 
hemispheres.     Muzzle  long ;  glandular  pro- 
minences between  the  eyes  small ;  nostrils 
opening  by  simple  crescentic  apertures ;  crown 
of  the  head  vaulted ;  ears  separate,  oval,  gene- 
rally equalling  and  often  exceeding  the  length. 
of  the  head;  tragus  long,  generally  acute, 
and  attenuated  upwards  ;  tail  less  than  length 
of  head  and  body ;  face  hairy.    Most  of  the 
species  appear  to  live  in  woods  ;  some,  either 
habitually  or  occasionally,  live  in  caves  or 
under  the  roofs  of  houses.    The  position  of 
attachment  of  the  wings  to  the  hinder  ex- 
tremities and  the  size  of  the  foot  appear  to  be 
connected  with  the  nature  of  their  dwellings ; 
those  which  live  in  caves  have  larger  feet, 
more  or  less  free  from  the  wing-membrane, 
while  those  living  in  woods  have  much  smaller 
feet,  enclosed  in  the  wing-membrane  to  the 
base  of  the  toes. 

2.  Palceont. :  respertilio  parlsiensis  appears 
In  the  Upper  Eocene  of  Montmartre. 

ves-per-tfl-I-«'-nef,  «.  pt     [PL  of  Mod. 

Lat.  vesperlilia  (q.v.).j 

Zool. :  A  group  of  Vespertilionida?,  with 
eight  genera,  having  the  range  of  the  family. 
Nostrils  simple,  opening  by  crescentic  or  cir- 
cular apertures  at  the  extremity  of  the  muzzle ; 
ears  generally  moderate ;  forehead  not  grooved. 

TSa-per-tn-i-o'-nl-dw,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
vespertilio,  genit.  vespertilioniis) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL 
adj.  suff.  -tcte.] 

1.  Zool. :  A  family  of  Microchiroptera,  with 
three  groups  (Plecoti,  Vespertiliones,  and  Mi- 
nioptera),   generally  distributed    throughout 
the  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  both 
hemispheres.    They  are  easily  distinguished 
from  all  other  bats  by  their  simple  nostrils  at 
the  extremity  of  the  conical,  somewhat  elon- 
gated muzzle,  by  the  long  tail  produced  to  the 
hinder  margin  of  the  large  interfemoral  mem- 
brane, and  by  the  upper  incisor  teeth,  which 
are  separated  by  a  wide  space,  and  placed 
near  the  canines.    The  eyes  are  minute,  and 
the  inner  margins  of  the  ears  arise  from  ths 
sides  of  the  head,  not  from  the  forehead. 
(Dobson.) 

2.  Palasmt. :  From  the  Eocene  Tertiary. 

vSs-per-tU-l-i'-nine,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  vetptr- 
tilio  (q.v.),  genit.  rapertllion(is);  Eng.  adj. 
suff.  -ine.]  Of,  belonging  to,  or  resembling 
the  genus  Vespertilio  or  the  family  Vesper- 
tilionidie  (q.v.). 

vespertilionine-allianoe,  * 
Zool  •   The  name  given  by  Dobson  to  a 
division  of  his  Microchiroptera.     It  consists 
of  three  families  :  Rhinolophidse,  Nycteridas, 
and  Vespertilionidee. 

veV-per-tine,   o.     (Lat.   ntptrtinui.  fron 
vesper  =  evening.] 
*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  evening ;  happening  or 
being  in  the  evening. 

"  The  stars,  their  matutlne  and  vetpertlnt  motion*, 
rise  aud  fall."— Sir  T.  Herbert  t  rravelt. 

2,  Late;  hence,  full,  complete. 

"That  tetpertifte  knowledge  ol  the  s»intt"-B» 
Bolt  :  The  Bett  Bargain*. 

U.  Geol.  .-The  term  applied  to  the  thirteentk 
series  of  the  Appalachian  strata,  equivalent  to 
the  lowest  Carboniferous  group  of  Europe. 
The  maximum  thickness  in  Pennsylvania  ex- 
ceeds 2,000  feet.  (Prof.  H.  D.  Rogers:  Geology 
of  Pennsylvania.) 


M&. 


;  p^t.  J<J*1  ;  cat,  5ell,  chorus,  chin,  bench  ;  go,  *<sm  ;  thin,  this  ;  .In,  a*  ;  expect,  *enophon,  «* 
-tion,  -«ion  =  shun  ;  -fUm.  -»lon  =  «hiin.   -ciotw  -tioua,  -*lou»  =  tthiu.   -ble.  -die,  *c.  = 


6066 


vesperugo— vestibular 


T6s-per-u'-go,  s.     [Lat.  =  a  bat,  from  ves 
perils  =  evening.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Vespertilioues,  with 
twenty-two  species,  universally  distributed 
but  more  common  in  the  temperate  and  sub 
tropical  regions  of  the  eastern  hemisphere. 
This  genus  has  also  the  most  northernly 
range  of  the  Chiroptera,  one  species— Ves- 
perngo  borealis  —  having  been  found  close  to  the 
limits  of  the  Arctic  Circle.  The  Bats  of  this 
genus  are  the  Common  Bats  of  all  countries, 
and  may  be  easily  known  by  their  compara- 
tively thick  bodies,  flat,  broad  heads,  ami 
obtuse  muzzles  (the  thickness  of  which  is  in- 
creased in  front  by  the  rounded  glandular 
elevations),  short,  broad,  and  triangular  ob- 
tusely-pointed ears,  obtuse  and  slightly  in- 
curved tragus,  short  legs,  and  by  the  presence 
in  most  species  of  a  well-developed  post- 
calcaneal  lobule,  which  probably  acts  as  a 
kind  of  adhesive  disc  in  securing  the  animal's 
grasp  when  climbing  over  smooth  surfaces. 


y^  5.  [Lat.  vespa  =  a  wasp.]  A 
nest  or  habitation  of  wasps,  hornets,  &c.  ;  a 
colony  or  community  of  such  insects. 

vcs'-pi-dSB,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  vesp(a);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entam,  :  A  family  of  Diploptera  (having  the 
anterior  wings  longitudinally  duplicate),  with 
thirteen  genera  and  about  1,000  species,  uni- 
versally distributed.  Head  -shield  nearly 
square  ;  mandibles  short,  toothed  at  tips  ; 
antennae  twelve-jointed  infemalesand  neuters, 
an  extra  joint  in  those  of  the  males. 

*  vetf-pH-ld,  «.    [Lat.,  from  rasper  =  evening.] 

Smn.  Antiq.  :  One  who  carried  out  the  dead 

tn  the  evening  for  burial. 

"By  raking  into  the  bowels  of  the  deceased,  con. 
nual  sight  of  anatomies,  skeletons,  or  cadaverous 


tin 
reliques,  lik 


,  , 

,  or  grave  diggers.  I  am  (not) 


,  ,  . 

become  stupid,  nor  have  I  forgot  the  apprehension  o 
^- 


t) 
f, 
:  Keltolo  .Veilici.  pt.  L,  1  88. 

ves-sel,  "ves-sell,  '  ves-selle,  s.    [O.Fr. 

missel,  veissel,  vessel  (Fr.  vaisseav),  from  Lat. 
vascetlum  =  a  small  urn  or  vase  ;  dimin.  from 
KM  =  a  vase  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  tasillo  ;  Ital.  vascillo, 
vasello.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  A  utensil  for  holding  liquids  and  other 
things,  as  a  jug,  a  cup,  a  dish,  a  cask,  a 
barrel,  &c. 

"  The  wise  took  oil  In  their  vessels  with  their  lamps." 
—Jfatl.  rxv.  4. 

(2)  A  ship  or  craft  of  any  kind,  but  more 
particularly  one  larger  than  a  mere  boat. 

"  Like  a  weather-beaten  vessel  holds 
Gladly  the  port,  though  shroud  and  tackle  torn." 
MUton  s  P.  L.,  ii.  1.00. 

2.  Fig.  :  Anything  eonceived  as  formed  for 
or  capable  of  receiving  and  containing  ;  hence, 
in  Scriptural  language,  a  person  into  whom 
anything  is  conceived  as  being  poured  or  in- 
fused, or  to  whom  something  has  been  im- 
parted ;  a  receptacle  ;  a  recipient 

"  Teuels  of  mercy  .  .  .  prepared  onto  glory."—  Rom. 

IL  Technically  (PI.): 

1.  Anat.  :  Any  tube  or  canal  in  which  the 
fluids  of  the  body  are  contained,  secreted,  or 
circulated.    Used  of  the  arteries,  the  veins, 
and  the  lymphatics. 

2.  Bot.  (Sometimes  used  in  the  Latin  form 
vasa):    Tubes    occurring   in  the  interior  of 
plants,  and  serving  for  the  conveyance  of  sap 
and  air.      They   are    of    various    kinds,    as 
annular,  barred  and  imperfectly  barred,  dotted, 
milk,    punctated,    reticulated,    scalariform, 
spiral,  tracheary,  and  transitory  vessels. 

IT  The  weaker  vessel  :  A  term  frequently  ap- 
plied to  a  woman,  in  allusion  to  1  Peter  iii.  V. 

"  I  must  comfort  the  weaker  vessel,  as  doublet  and 
hose  ought  to  show  itself  courageous  to  petticoat."  — 
Shaketp.  :  At  You  /.ike  It,  ii.  4. 

'  ves'-sel,  v.t.  [VESSEL,  *.]  To  place  or  put 
into  a  vessel. 

"  Take  earth,  and  vessel  It,  and  In  that  set  the  seed." 
—  Bacon. 

»  ves-sell,  *  ves  sello,  «.    [VESSEL,  «.] 

ves'-set;,  ves'-ses,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.) 
Fabric:  A  sort  of  worsted.    (Prov.) 

T38'-sig-non,  s.  rFr.  vessignm,  from  Lat.  vesica 
=  a  blister,  a  bladder.]  A  kind  of  soft  swelling 
on  a  horse's  leg  ;  a  windgalL 

vest,  ».     [Lat,  vestis  =  a  garment,  a  dress  ; 


vestio  =  to  clothe.  From  the  same  root  as 
Sans,  vas  =  to  put  on  (clothes) :  Gr.  tvyvp-i  (en~ 
numi)  =  to  dress,  to  clothe  ;  eo-^?  (esthls)  = 
clothing  ;  Goth,  gawasjan  =  to  clothe  ;  wast 
=  clothes ;  Fr.  veste.} 
1.  Literally: 

*  (1)  An  article  of  dress  covering  the  person 
an  outer  garment ;  a  vesture,  a  dress,  a  gown 

"  The  vests  that  holy  rites  require." 

Jiraden :  Palamon  4  Arcite.  ill.  193. 

(2)  A  short,  sleeveless  garment,  worn  by 
men  under  the  coat,  and  covering  the  upper 
part  of  the  body;  a  waistcoat  (q.v.V  (A 
tailor's  word.) 

*  2.  Fig. :  Dress,  array,  garments. 
vest,  v.t.  &  i.    [VEST,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  clothe  with  or  as  with  a  garment, 
vesture,  or  dress  ;  to  dress,  to  robe. 

"  Concerning  the  vesting  of  the  priests  in  the  Levitl. 
cal  ministrations."  —  lip.  Taylor :  Svrnioiu,  vol.  iiL, 
stir,  la 

2.  Hence,  to  cover,  surround,  or  envelop 
closely. 

"  The  verdant  fields  with  those  of  heaven  may  vie, 
With  ether  vetted  aud  a  purple  sky." 

Dryden.    (Todd.) 

3.  To  invest  or  clothe,  as  with  authority ; 
to  put  in  possession ;  to  endow  with ;  to  con- 
fer upon ;  to  put  more  or  less  formally  in 
possession.    (Followed  by  with.) 

"  This  company.  In  consideration  of  a  sum  iiald  to 
the  king.  Is  vetted  with  the  property  of  all  diamonds 
found  in  Brazil." — Anton  :  Voyages,  bk.  L.  ch.  v. 

4.  To  place  or  put  in  the  possession  or  at 
the  disposal  of ;  to  give  or  confer  an  immediate 
fixed  right  of  present  or  future  possession  of 
or  authority  over.    (Followed  by  fa.) 

"  Truelie  voted  In  his  possession  by  the  forfeiture 
which  Duncan,  sometime  county  of  Fife,  had  doone  in 
K.  Robert  Brusca  dales."— Bnltnthed  :  Eittory  of  Scot- 
land (an.  l:»7l 

*5u  To  layout,  as  money  on  capital;  to 
invest 

B.  Intrans. :  To  come  or  descend ;  to  be 
fixed  to  take  eflect,  as  a  title  or  right ;  to  de- 
volve (followed  by  in);  as,  upon  the  death  of 
the  ancestor  the  estate,  or  right  to  the  estate, 
vests  in  the  heir. 

VeV-ta,  s.    [Lat] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

2.  Fig. :  A  wax  match,  which  ignites  by 
friction. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Astron.  :  [ASTEBOID,  4.]. 

2.  Rom.  Mythol. :  One  of  the  great  divini- 
ties of  the  ancient  Romans,  identified  with 
the  Greek  Hestia,  the  virgin  goddess  of  the 
hearth.    She  was  worshipped,  together  with 
the  Penates,  at  every  meal,  when  the  family 
assembled  round  the  hearth,  which  was  in 
the  middle  of  the  room.    The  sacred  tire,  said 
to  have  been  brought  by  jEneas  from  Troy, 
burned  perpetually  on  her  altar,  and   was 
tended  by  the  Vestal  Virgins.    The  flre  was 
never  willingly  permitted  to  expire ;  but  if 
such  an  accident  occurred  through  neglect,  it 
was  considered  an  omen  of  the  worst  descrip- 
tion, and  required  the  most  careful  and  solemn 
expiations.    In  the  Augustan  age  Vesta  was 
represented  as  a  personification  of  Terra,  or 
the  Earth,  and  at  a  later  period  she  was  con- 
founded with  Ops,  Rhea,  Cybele,  Bona  Dea, 
and  Maia.    Her  festivals,  called  Vestalia,  were 
celebrated  June  8th. 

ves'-tal,  *  ves' -tall,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  Vestalis, 
from  Vesta  (q.v.).] 
A*  As  adjective: 

I.  Lit. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  god- 
dess Vesta ;  sacred  to  Vesta. 

"  Those  Institutions  which  .  .  .  hare  still  kept  the 
light  burning  like  the  vestal  &re."-Snox:  Essays, 
No.  112. 

II.  Figuratively: 

1.  Pure,  innocent,  chaste ;  such  as  would 
become  a  Vestal  Virgin. 

"  In  pure  and  vestal  modesty." 

Shakes?. :  Romeo  *  Juliet,  111  s. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  a  nun. 

"  My  vettil  habit  me  contenting  more, 
Than  all  the  robes  adorning  me  before." 

Dra^lon  :  Matilda  toSmg  Joins. 

B.  As  substantive : 
i  Ordinary  Language : 
t  LU.S  One  of  the  Vestal  Virgins  (q.v.). 
2.  Fig. :  A  virgin ;  a  woman  of  spotless 
chastity ;  a  chaste  woman  hi  general.    Some- 


times applied  to  a  woman  who  devotes  hei* 
self  to  religion :  a  religieuse,  a  nun. 

"  How  happy  la  tile  blameless  vestal's  lot. 
The  wutid  forgetting,  by  the  world  forgot." 

J'ope:  Eloisa  to  Altelard,  JOT. 
H.  Entam.  :  SlerrJut  aacraria ;  a  British 
Geometer  Moth,  having  the  fore  wings  pale 
yellow  with  a  pink  stripe.  The  caterpillar 
feeds  on  various  species  of  Kuiuex,  oil  the 
camomile,  &c. 

Vestal  Virgins,  s.  pi. 

Roman  Mythol. :  The  name  given  to  the 
virgin  priestesses  who  had  charge  of  the  temple 
of  tlie  goddess  Vesta,  at  Rome,  and  the  superin- 
tendence of  the  sacred  flre  which  blazed  per- 
petually on  her  altar.  Their  number  was 
originally  four,  but  was  afterwards  increased 
to  six ;  and  the  period  of  their  service  ex. 
tended  to  thirty  years.  The  first  ten  years 
were  spent  in  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  their 
duties,  the  second  in  discharging  them,  and 
the  third  in  instructing  the  novices.  During 
the  whole  of  this  time  they  were  bound  to 
continue  in  a  state  of  maidenhood  ;  but,  at 
the  expiration  of  the  period,  they  were  free  to 
return  to  the  world,  and  even  to  marry  if  they 
thought  tit.  When  a  vacancy  occurred  in  their 
number,  it  was  tilled  up  by  the  Pontifex 
Maximus,  to  whose  control  they  were  subject. 
If,  however,  through  carelessness,  they  allowed 
the  sacred  tire  to  be  extinguished,  they  were 
chastised  with  rods  by  the  Pontifex  Maximus, 
and,  if  any  of  them  violated  their  vows  of 
chastity,  they  were  condemned  to  be  buried 
alive  in  the  Campus  Sceleratus.  The  abolition 
of  the  Vestal  Virgins  was  effected  in  the  reign 
of  Theodosius. 

"The  Institution  of  the  vettal  virffint  is  generally 
attributed  to  Suma:  though  we  meet  with  the  s,icred 
fire  long  before,  and  even  in  the  time  of  JCueas."— 
Bennett:  Antiquities  of  Rome,  pt.  11..  bk.  IL.  ch.  vt 

vestf-an,  s.    [After  Vesta,  the  goddess  of  the 
domestic  hearth.] 

Min. :  A  name  given  by  Jenzsch  to  a  variety 
of  quartz  supposed  to  crystallize  in  the  tri- 
clinic  system.  Found  in  the  Melaphyres  of 
Saxony  and  the  Thuringian  forest. 

vest'-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [VEST,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Dressed  ;  wearing  vestment* ;  habited. 

"  Just  Simeon  and  prophetic  Anna  . 
Before  the  altar  and  the  vetted  priest." 

Hilton :  /'.  a.,  L  S6T. 

2.  Fixed  ;  not  in  a  state  of  contingency  Of 
suspension. 

"  A  power  which  was  vetted  In  others  to  sell  or  lean 
them."—  Walton:  Life  of  XotJUr. 

vested-Interests,  «.  vl 

English  Law:  Future  interests  not  dependent 
on  an  uncertain  period  or  event ;  a  fixed 
present  right  of  future  enjoyment.  A  person 
who  is  appointed  for  life  to  a  situation  under 
Government  acquires  a  vested  interest  in  that 
situation,  and,  if  the  situation  be  abolished 
by  Parliament,  compensation  for  loss  of  salary 
is  allowed.  If,  for  a  certain  term  of  years,  or 
without  limitation  as  to  time,  certain  rights 
or  privileges  be  granted  to  a  company  or  an 
institution,  a  vested  interest  arises,  and  com- 
pensation is  required  if  the  advantage  be 
taken  away  by  legal  enactment.  One  possess- 
ing these  rights  is  said  to  be  vested  in  interest 

vested-legacy,  s. 

Law:  |A  legacy  the  right  to  which  com- 
mences inpresenti,  and  does  not  depend  on  a 
contingency,  as  a  legacy  to  be  paid  when  the 
legatee  attains  to  twenty-one  years  of  age. 

t  vested-remainder,  ».    [REMAINDER.) 

*  yest'-er,  s.    [Eng.  vest,  v. ;  -er.]    One  who 
invests  money  or  the  like  ;  an  investor. 

"  But  in  another  of  their  papers  .  .  .  they  declare 
that  their  vettert  aim  at  nothing  short  of  a  community 
in  land  and  In  goods."— Southey  :  Letters,  iv.  146. 

"  ves-tl-ar'-I-an,  a.     [Eng.  vestiary;    -an.] 
The  same  as  VESTIABY  (q.v.). 

VeV-ti-ar-y,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  vestiarius  =  per- 
taining 'to  clothes.]    [VEST,  «.] 

*  A*  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  costume, 
vestments,  or  dress ;  vestiarian. 

"Some  are  for  manuary  trades,  othere  for  vestiary 
•ervices."—  Sp.  Ball :  Select  Thoughts,  5  yi 

B.  As  sttbst. :  A  room  or  place  for  the  keep- 
ing of  vestments,  robes,  Arc. ;  a  wardrobe,  a 
robing-room 

Ves-tlb'-U-lar,  o.    [Eng.  vestibule) ;  -ar.] 
Pertaining*  to  or  resembling  a  vestibule. 


«te,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  w«t,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p8t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  wh6,  son  ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    se,  »  =  e  ;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


vestibule— veterinary 


5067 


veV-tl-bule,  «.  [Lat.  vestilmlvm,  prob.  from 
a  root  m-  =  away,  apart,  and  stabulum  =  an 
•bode ;  Fr.  vestibule.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  passage,  hall,  or  ante- 
chamber next  the  outer  door  of  a  house,  ami 
from  which  doors  open  into  the  various  toner 
rooms  of  a  house  ;  a  porch,  a  lobby,  a  hall. 

"  Nestor's  son 

Urg'd  through  the  mntitutf  and  sounding  porch 
His  coursers."  Cowper:  ffomer;  vajtttey  til. 

II,  Anatomy: 

1.  A  chamber ;  as  the  vestibule  of  the  ear, 
which  is  the  central  chamber  of  the  labyrinth ; 
is  th«  vestibule  of  the  aorta,  which  is  a  small 
compartment  constituting  the  part  of  the 
ventricle  which  adjoins  the  aorta, 

2  An  angular  interval ;  as  the  vestibule  of 
the  vulva,  which  is  an  angular  interval  be- 
tween the  nymphse. 

vestibule-  (orvestibuled-)  train, 
i.  A  passenger  train  having  a  weather-proof 
passage-way  between  adjacent  cars.  Called  in 
England  corridor  train. 

veV-tl-buled,  a.  Provided  with  vestibules. 
[See  VESTiBULE-raAiN.J 

v6s-ttV-u  lum,  ..    [Lat] 

Anal. :  Thb  same  as  VESTIBULE  (q.v.). 

ves'-tlge,  *  ves-ti-gle,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
vestigium  =  a  footstep,  a  track.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  mark  of  a  foot  made 
in  passing  ;  a  footstep,  a  footprint,  a  track,  a 
trace ;  hence,  a  mark,  sign,  trace,  or  impression 
of  something  no  longer  present  or  existing  ;  a 
sensible  evidence  or  sign  of  something  absent, 
lost,  or  gone ;  remains. 

"  And  countless  generations  o(  mankind 
Depart  and  leave  no  vestige  where  they  trod. 

IfariUmrtli:  fxcurlio*.  bk.  IT. 


U.  Biol. :  (See  extract). 

"  Anatomists  who  are  careful  In  the  use  of  terms, 
and  yet  have  had  to  content  themselves  with  usine 
one  and  the  same  word,  rudiment,  for  disappearing 
and  for  iiuperfected  structures,  will  welcome  a  sug- 
gestion recently  made  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Ryder  (Froc.  U.  a. 
Jfat  Jfta,,  18«.  p.  80).  He  writes :  '  Structures  which 
en  disappearing  should  be  colled  fettitet.  Structures 
which  are  still  imperfect,  but  are  appearing,  ought  to 
be  called  rudiments.  Ae  it  is.  the  word  rudiment  Is 
usually  misapplied  so  far  as  concerns  Its  literal  sense 
when  speaking  of  rudimentary  organs."— Athmaum. 
Oct.  16,  1884. 

ve's-tig'-I-al,  o.     [Lat.  vettlglnm  =  a  foot- 
print ;  Eng'.  adj.  sulT.  -aL\    Of  the  nature  of 
a  trace,  sign,  or  mark. 
vestigial-structure,  «. 

Bid. :  A  vestige.    [VESTIGE,  II.J 

"  But  these  are  not  all.  or  nearly  all,  the  tttetipial 
ttrutturei  that  may  be  seen  in  the  Bird's  jkull.  to  say 
nothing  of  the  skeleton  generally  :  they  are  sufm-ient, 
however,  to  justify  the  assumption  that  Birds  arose, 
by  secular  transformation,  either  from  the  lowest  ami 
most  ancient  of  the  true  Reptiles,  or  equally  with 
Reptiles  from  archaic  Amphibia,  low  in  structure,  but 
full  of  potential  excellence,  and  ready,  pro  re  nata,  to 
become  Reptile,  Bird,  or  even  Mammal,  ss  the  case 
might  be."-.V.irure,  March  as.  Isse,  p.  soi 

*  ves-tl-gie,  ».    [VESTIGE.] 

t'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a. .  &  s.    [VEST,  «.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  partitip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  At  rubst. :  Cloth  for  vests. 

"  Fancy  trouserings  and  tatingi  hold  their  position 
Iteadily. — Timei,  J<T>.  X.  1888. 

•  vest-let,  s.    [Dimin.  of  Eng.  vat,  s.  (?).] 

Zool. :  A  fanciful  name  for  Cerianthus  mem 
lrmnaceus  =  Edvxirdsia  vestita,  (Gosst:  Acttno 
login  Uritannica,  p.  268.)  The  name  nevei 
came  into  general  use. 

vest'-ment,  *  vest- 1 -ment,  *vest-y- 
ment,  *  vest-y-mente,  s.    [O.  Fr.  vesti 
ment,  vestement  (Fr.  vitemenf),  from  Lat.  vexti 
mint u M  =  a  garment,  from  vestio  =  to  clothe 
Sp.  &  Ital.  oestimenta.)    [VEST,  s.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  clothing,  dress,  garment 
or  robe  ;  a  piece  or  part  of  clothing  or  dress 
tflpecially  some  article  of  outer  clothing. 

••  On  other  thoughts  meantime  intent,  her  charge 
Of  folded  oetlmettti  neat  the  princess  ptac'd 
Within  the  royal  wain." 

Cowper :  Homer ;  Odyuey  v\. 

2.  Ecclesiol. :  A  term  used  in  several  senses 
(1)  Any  priestly  garment;   (2)   A  chasuble 
1(3)  The  whole  set  of  Eucharistic  robes  :  th 
amice,  alb,  girdle,  stole,  maniple,  and  chasublt 
sometimes  including   the  vestments  of  tli 
deacon  and  sub-deacon  and  antependinm.     ] 
was  formerly  held  that  Christian  vestment 
were  derived  from  those  of  the  Jewish  priests 
but  more  prolably  they  are  only  development 
trom  the  ordinary  dress  of  the  early  Chri 


tians.  The  Roman  Church  makes  nse  of  five 
colours  :  White  (for  feasts  of  Our  Lord,  tin' 
Blessed  Virgin,  Virgins,  aud  Confessors),  red 
(for  feasts  of  the  Holy  Ghost  and  Martyrs), 
green  (for  ferias),  purple  (in  Lent  aud  Advent), 
and  black  (in  masses  for  the  dead).  By  the 
decision  in  the  Folkestone  Ritual  case  (1877), 
the  use  of  Eucharistic  vestments  is  forbidden 
In  the  English  Church. 

Ss'-try,  *  ves-trye,  ».  [Altered  from  O.  Fr. 
vestiaire  =  the  vestry  in  a  church,  from  Lat. 
vestiarium  =  a  wardrobe,  prop,  neut  sing,  of 
vestiariut  =  pertaining  to  a  vest  or  clothes, 
from  vestis  =  dress.]  [VESTIARV.] 

1.  A  room  or  place  attached  to  a  church,  in 
which  the  ecclesiastical  vestments  are  kept, 
and  in  which  the  clergy,  choristers,  &c.,  robe 
themselves. 

"And  he  said  to  him  that  wns  over  the  teitry. 
Bring  forth  vestments  for  all  the  worshippers  of 
Baal. "—2  Kingt  X.  22. 

2.  The  place  in  which  the  qualified  parish- 
toners  of  a  parish  meet  to  consult  on  parochial 
business.  Properly  such  place  is  the  vestry  of 
the  parish  church ;  but  If  this  is  too  small  a 
larger  room  may  be  used. 

3.  A  meeting  of  the  parishioners  of  a  parish 
to  consult  on  parochial   business.    So  called 
from  the  place  of  meeting  being  properly  the 
vestry  of  the  parish  church.    In  this  country 
only  church  affairs  are  discussed  at  such  meet- 
ings—the term  vestry  being  employed  only  in 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Chun-h.     In  England 
It  has  a  wider  application.    There  the  vestry 
of  a  parish  consists  generally  of  the  minister, 
churchwardens,  and  chief  men  of  the  parish  ; 
and  the  minister,  whether  rector,  vicar,  or 
perpetual  curate,  is  tx  officio  chairman  of  the 
meetings.      Vestries   are   of   two   sorts:   (1) 
General  (or  ordinary),  and  (2)  Select    A  gene- 
ral (or  ordinary)  vestry  is  one  to  which  every 
parishioner  orout-dweller  assessed  to  or  paying 
poor-rates  has  a  right  of  admission.  Its  powers 
extend  to  the  investigation  into  and  restraint 
of  the  expenditure  of  the  parish  funds,  the 
repair,  alteration,  or  enlarging  of  the  churches 
or  chapels  within  the  parish,  the  appointment 
of  certain  officers,  as  vestry-clerk,  overseers, 
&c.    A  select  vestry  Is  one  elected  annually 
In  certain  large  and  populous  places  by  the 
ratepayers,  with  powers  and  duties  similar  to 
those  of  local  boards. 

"The  local  veitriet  keep  the  roads  hi  wretched  re- 
pair. '—Olooe,  March  24,  1888. 

"vestry -board,  «.  The  vestry  of  a 
parish. 

vestry-clerk,  ».  An  officer  appointed 
by  a  vestry  to  keep  the  books,  accounts,  4c. 

vestry-hall,  s.  The  building  containing 
the  otttces,  meeting-room,  &e-,  of  a  vestry. 

vestry-man,  "  vestrl  -  man,  ».  A 
member  of  a  vestry. 

vestry-room,  «.  The  place  of  meeting 
of  a  vestry. 

«  veV-try-ddm,  «.  tEJng.  vestry ;  -dam.]  The 
system  of  the  government  of  parishes  bj 
vestries. 

"  Relieved  from  the  Incubus  of  omnipotent  vettry 
dam."— Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  8,  1886. 

*  ves'-tu-ral,  a.  [Eng.  vesture)  ;  -<rf.J  Per 
taiiiiiu1  to  clothes  or  dress. 

"The  feftural  tissue— namely,  of  woollen  or  othe 
cloth."— Carlyle:  Sartor  Reiartut,  bk.  L,  en.  i. 

vjss'-ture,  t.  [O.  Fr.,  from  Low  Lat  vesti 
(lira  i  clothing,  from  Lat  vestitus,  pa.  par.  o 
vestio  =  to  clothe  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  vestiaura  ;  Ital 
vestura,  vestitutu.  Vesture  and  vestiture  arc 
doublets.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

«  1.  A  garment  or  garments  generally 
dress,  clothes,  apparel,  robes. 

"  A  hewen  sepulcre,  very  richly  decked  with  aetrur< 
fit  for  such  a  purpose."— Backlut/t :  Voyage*,  i.  «6. 

2.  That  which  invests,  clothes,  covers,  o 
envelops ;  a  covering  generally. 

"  But  this  muddy  vetture  of  decay 
Doth  grossly  close  us  to. 

Shaketp. :  Merchant  of  rentes,  v. 

*  n.  Lain : 

1.  All,  except  trees,  that  grows  and  cover 
the  hind. 

2.  Investiture,  seisin,  possession. 

•  ves'-ture,  v.t.  [VESTDRE,  >.]  To  clothe,  t< 
dress,  to  apparel,  to  array. 

"They  are  clothed  In  veluet  and  chainlet,  furre 
with  grlse.  and  we  be  tenured  with  pore  clothe.  — 
Simeri:  Froittart;  Crortycle,  vol.  i.,  ch.  ccclxxxi. 


vS-BU'-vl-an,  o.  &  «.    [See  def.] 

A.  A>  culj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Vesuvitu, 
a  volcano,  near  Naples,  Italy. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  kind  of  match,  not  easily 
extinguished,  used  for  lighting  cigars  or  pipes 
It  is  really  a  miniature  squib. 

"  Not  all  the  wiutam  In  the  world  could  buve  kept 
his  cigar  alight."— Woe*.  Adpenturei  of  a  rhaeton, 
ch.  xlx. 

2.  Min.. :  The   same  as   IDOCRASB  (q  V.). 
Called  also  Vesuviauite. 

vesuvian-salt, «. 

Uin. :  The  same  as  APHTHITALITE  (q.T.). 

ve-su'-vl-an-ite,  «.    [Eng.  vesuvian  ;  -ite.) 
[VESUVIAN",  B.  2.] 

"  ve-su'-yi-ate,  v.i.    [VEStrviAN.]    To  make 
an  eruption. 

"  It  temriatd.  ThU  sudden  heat  lu  the  atmosphere 
has  something  to  do  with  the  eruptliin  of  the  moun- 
Kin  which  Tilltal  Pliny  the  eider."-.*.  CeUs«: 
Thaitghta  in  my  warden,  i.  166. 

ves-zel'-yite,  *.     [After  Hr.  Veswlyi;  «uff. 
•te  tWin.}.] 

Min. :  A  triclinic  mineral  found  encrusting 
a  garnet  rock  and  granite  at  Morawicza, 
Banat,  Hungary.  Hardness,  8-6  to  4 ;  sp.gr. 
3-531 ;  colour  and  streak,  greenish  -  blue. 
Compos. :  arsenic  acid,  12-18 ;  phosphoric 
acid,  7-48 ;  protoxide  of  copper,  87-68 ;  pro- 
toxide of  zinc,  25-62;  water,  17-08  =  100, 
which  yields  the  formula  2(ZnCu)aAS2O8+8 
(ZnCu)HjO2+9aq. 

vet,  «.  [See  def.]  A  colloquial  or  »lang  con- 
traction of  veterinary  (q.v.). 

"  Show  hl»  horse's  feet  to  a  ort,  and  ask  his  opinion.  • 
—Field,  Feb.  1. 1888. 

vStch,  t  flt9h,  «  Heche,  «.     [O.  Fr.  veeto, 
vesse  (Fr.  vesce),  from  Lat.  ficto  (q.v.).] 
Botany : 

1.  A    name   applied  to   some    «pecies  of 
Vicia  (q.v.),  spec.  V.  saliva. 

t  2.  Vida  septum. 

3.  A  name  applied  to  certain  plants  more 
or  less  resembling  Vicia,  as  the  Bitter-vetch 
(Orofnw  sT/ivotton  and  Errnm  KrvtKa),  Horse- 
shoe-vetch, Kidney-vetch,  Milk-vetch,  Tare- 
vetch,  and  Wood-vetch  (q.v.). 

vetch -ling,  «.    [Eng.  mtch  ;  ling.} 
Dot. :  The  genus  Lathyrus. 

«vSt9h'-y,  a.    [Eng.  vetch;  -jr.] 

L  Consisting  of  vetches  or  of  pea-straw. 

"  There  maist  thou  binge  In  a  tetchy  bed." 

Sptnter:  BherluanU  Calender,  Heft. 

2.  Abounding  in  vetches. 

vet'-er-an,  o.  &  «.  [Lat  veteranus  =  out, 
veteran,  experienced,  a  veteran,  from  vetus, 
geuit.  veteris  =  old.  aged,  from  the  same  root 
as  Gr.  «TO«  (eios)  =  a  year.) 

A.  A»  adj. :  Old,  aged ;  having  had  long 
experience;    long  practised  or  experienced, 
especially  in  the  art  of  war  and  duties  of  a 
soldier. 

•*  Then,  drawing  nigh,  Minerva  thus  addressed 
The  veteran  king. ' 

Cowper  :  Homer  ;  Odu»tey  xxlT. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  has  had  long  expe- 
rience or  practice  in  any  service,  duty,  or  art, 
especially  in  the  art  of  war;  one  who  ha» 
grown  old  in  service,  especially  as  a  soldier. 

"  For  thee  the  hardy  veteran  drops  a  tear." 

Pope  :  On  General  B.  Wither!. 

•I  In  America,  applied  to  a  soldier  who  re- 
enlists  after  the  expiration  of  his  first  term 
of  service. 

v6f  -er-an-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  veteran  ;  -{«.]  To 
re-enlist  for  service  as  a  soldier.  (Amer.) 

v6t-er-in-ar'-i-an,  s.  [Eng.  veterinary ; 
•an.]  One  who  is  skilled  In  the  diseases  of 
cattle  and  other  domestic  animals ;  a  veterin- 
ary surgeon. 

"  French  veterinarianM  consider  that  symptomatic 
smthrax  is  less  frequent  than  anthrax."— field,  Feb.  1», 
1881. 

vfit'-er-in-ar-y,  a,.  &  ».  [Lat  veterinarliu 
=  (a.)  of  or  belonging  to  beasts  of  burden, 
(s.)  a  cattle-doctor,  from  veterinua  =  pertain- 
ing to  beasts  of  burden  ;  velerinre  =  beasts  of 
burden;  Fr.  vetirinaire ;  8p.  &  Ital.  utter- 
inario.} 

A.  At  adj. :  Pertaining  to  the  art,  iclenci-, 
or  profession  of  treatingor  healing  the  diseases 


bJSil,  b<5y-  pout,  Jolrt;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hiu.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^enophon,  e?lst. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shanu   -tion.  -sUon-shun;  -tlon,  -sioa  =  z&un.  -clous,  -tiou*,  -8iou»  =  Bhufc  -We. -die.  Ac.  =  bel.  del 


806S 


vetiver— via 


of  domestic  animals,  as  oxen,  horses,  sheep 
pigs,  and  the  like. 

"It  U  curious  to  notice  the  entire  absence  of  an 
Idea  of  specific  infection  ninong  the  older  teterinar 
writ*™.  —  Field,  Jan.  21,  1988. 

B.  As  tubst. ;  One  who  is  skilled  in  th 
diseases  of  cattle  and  other  domestic  animals 
.»  veterinary  surgeon.  [  VET.  ) 

T  The  first  person  who  made  Veterinai 
science  a  regular  profession  is  said  to  hav 
been  Claude  Bourgelet  (1712-1799).  The  flrs 
veterinary  school  set  up  was  at  Lyons  in  176] 
j  here  are  now  several  in  the  United  State* 
uud  England. 

vat'-I-ver,vSf-I-vert,».  Ifi.]  The  Khns 
khus(q.v.). 

ve'-to,  s.  [Lat.  veto  =  I  forbid  ;  orig.  =  tx 
leave  in  the  old  state  (from  the  same  root  a 
yrfiw  =  old);  hence  =  to  vote  against  chang 

*1.  Bom.  Antiq.:  The  power  possessed  by 
the  Tribunes  of  the  People  of  interfering  so 
as  at  once  to  put  a  stop  to  any  measure  whicl 
they  deemed  injurious  to  tlieir  order,   thi 
j»ower  being  exercised  by  pronouncing  th 
solemn  word  veto. 

2.  The  power  or  right  which  one  branch  o 
the  executive  of  a  state  has  to  negative  th. 
resolutions  of  another  branch  ;  the  right  o 
the  executive    branch   of  government  of  a 
state,  as  the  king,  president,  or  governor,  to 
reject  the  bills,  measures,  or  resolutions  o 
tiie  other  brandies  ;  also  the  act  of  exercisim 
such  right.    In  the  United  States  the  Presi- 
dent may  veto  all  measures  passed  by  con- 
Kress,  but  after  such  right  has  been  exercised, 
the  rejected  measures  may  be  passed  over  the 
veto  if  carried  by  two-thirds  of  each  house  of 
congress.    In  Great  Britain  the  right  of  veto 
belongs  to  the  Crown,  but  has  not  been  exer- 
cised since  1707. 

"The  Crown  had  no  administrative  or  executive 
responsibility  and  never  exercised  the  right  of  veto 
which  that  House  did,  and  it  was  the  Mo  of  the 
ET  1888  MluUter-  -to*  «°~>*rt.  In  Tim*.  March 

3.  The  word  whereby  forbiddal  was  ex- 
pressed in  certain  political  assemblies,  where 
the  official  language  was  more  or  less  Latin 
and  where  a  single  voice  on  the  negative  side 
could  prevent  the   passing  of  a  resolution 
otherwise  unanimous;  the  Libermn  Veto   or 
Free  Veto,  of  the  Polish  Diets  being  the  most 
famous  historical  instance  of  it.    (Latham.) 

4.  Hence,  any  authoritative  prohibition,  re- 
fusal, negative,  or  interdict 

Veto  Act,  ». 

Scottish  Church:  An  Act  of  the  General 
Assembly  passed  on  May  27, 1834,  by  184  to 
188  votes.  It  provided  that  when  a  patron 
issued  a  presentation  to  a  parish  in  favour  of 
*  minister  or  probationer,  the  disapproval  of 
the  presentee  by  a  majority  of  male  heads  of 
families  being  communicants,  should  be 
deemed  sufficient  ground  for  his  rejection  it 
being  enacted  that  no  objection  should  be 
valid  unless  the  person  making  it  was  pre- 
pared to  state  before  the  Presbytery  that  he 
was  not  actuated  by  factious  or  malicious 
motives,  but  solely  by  a  conscientious  regard 
to  the  spiritual  interests  of  himself  or  the  con- 
gregation. The  passing  of  this  Act  was  one 
of  the  chief  causes  of  the  Disruption  (q.v.). 

Te'-to,  v.t.  [VETO,  «.]  To  put  a  veto  on ;  to 
prohibit,  to  forbid,  to  interdict,  to  negative. 

"ve'-to-ist,  ».  [Eng.  veto ;  -fat]  One  who 
exercises  the  right  of  veto  ;  one  who  supports 
the  use  of  the  veto. 

•  vetoyn,  s.    [BETOSY.J 

vSt-tu'-ra,  ».  [Ital.,  from  Lat.  vectura  =  a 
bearing,  a  conveyance  ;  prop.  fern.  sing,  of 
vecturus,  tut  par.  of  veho  =  to  carry  ;  Fr. 
voiture.]  An  Italian  four-wheeled  carriage. 

vet-tn-ri'-nd  (pi.  vet-tu-rf-ni),  s.  [Ital.] 
[VETTURA.J  One  who  lends  carriages  for  hire ; 
one  who  drives  a  vettura  or  carriage.  Also 
applied  to  the  conveyance. 


.ff<V!?ai>*nl..th<>  ,!'o.»  d!»«™o«  or  lagging  M- 
bine."— Thackeray  :  Round. 


««*  nma   ueitiz  tne  sl 
turtno  by  the  shallow  Rhne.'1— / 
about  Papent  On  a  Lazy  Idle  Bog. 


•  Te-tust', ,  a.  [Lat.  vetustus,  an  extension  of 
vetus  =  olO..]  Old,  ancient, 

rex,  *  vex-en,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  vexer  =  to  vex, 
from  Lat  rewj=to  vex,  lit  =  to  keep  on 
carrying  or  moving  a  thing  about ;  an  inten- 


sive  form  of  veho  (pa.  t.  vexi)  =  to  carry  •  8n 
&  Port,  vexar;  Ital  vessare.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  toss  about  ;  to  toss  into  waves  •  t 
agitate.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  i.  306.) 

"  2.  To  toss  or  throw  to  and  fro,  or  up  an 
down  ;  hence,  to  twist  or  weave. 

"  Some  English  wool,  vex'd  in  a  Belgian  loom  " 

Oryden  :  Annul  Mirabilit.  ccvlL 

*  3.  To  cause  to  be  tossed  or  thrown  about 
to  harass. 

"  £°r  I  had  parpos'd  yet  with  many  a  storm 
To  rex  Ulysses,  ere  he  reach'd  his  home  • 

Cowper:  Burner;  Gdywyxiit, 

4.  To  cause  trouble,  grief,  or  pain  to  •  ti 
plague,  to  torment 

uV/^l.  wlcked  spirites  wer  sore  vexed,  &  ooald  no 
abide  the  diulne  power."-J7So;  .•  Mat.  ™ili. 

5.  To  make  sorrowful  ;  to  grieve,  to  afflict 
to  distress. 

"  A  sigtrt  to  rex  the  father's  soul  wlthaL* 

Shaken,.  .-  Titia  Andronicut,  T.  1. 

6.  To  make  angry  by  little  provocations 
to  cause  slight  anger  or  annoyance  to-   t« 
annoy,  to  tease,  to  fret,  to  irritate. 

"  Stay'st  thon  to  vex  me  here  t  " 

Shaketp.  :  Tm  Oentlemm.  IT.  «. 

*B.  Intrans.:  To  be  annoyed,  angry  o 
provoked  ;  to  fret  ;  to  be  irritated  or  teased. 

"  We  vex  and  complain.-—  KaUnsbeOt, 

f  For  the  difference  between  to  vex  and  tx 
displease,  see  DISPLEASE.  . 

*  vex'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  vex;  -able.]  Capable 
of  being  vexed  ;  liable  to  be  vexed.  (Southey. 

vex  a'  tion,  «  vex-a-el-on,  ».  [Fr.  vexa 
cwrt,  from  Lat.  vexationein,  accus.  of  vexatio  = 
a  vexing,  from  vexatus,  pa.  par.  of  vexo  =  to 
vex  (q.v.);  Sp.  vexation;  Port,  vexacao  ;  Ital. 
vessazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  vexing,  annoying,  grieving. 
troubling,  distressing,  or  displeasing. 

2.  The  state  of  being  vexed,  annoyed,  ir- 
ritated,  grieved,  or  distressed  ;  annoyance 
irritation,  grief,  worry,  fretting. 

"  Sorrow  may  degenerate  into  vexation  and  chagrin  " 
-Conan:  On  the  Paaimt.  ft.  L.  ch.  li.,  i  sT 

3.  That  which  causes  irritation,  annoyance, 
distress,  sorrow,  grief,  or  worry  ;  an  annoy 
ance,  an  affliction. 

"  Tour  children  were  vexation,  to  your  youth." 

Shakttp.  :  Richard  III.,  Iv.  t 
tt  A  harassing   by   process   of    law;   a 
troubling,  annoying,  or  vexing,  as  by  a  malr 
cious  or  frivolous  suit 

"  Albeit,  th«  party  grieved  thereby  may  have  some 
reason  to  complain  of  an  untrue  charge,  yet  may  he 
not  call  it  an  unjust  vexation."—  Bacon? 

H  Vexation  springs  from  a  variety  of  causes 
acting  unpleasantly  on  the  inclinations  or 
passions  of  men;  mortification  is  a  strong 
degree  of  vexation,  which  arises  from  particular 
circumstances  acting  on  particular  passions. 
Vexation  arises  principally  from  the  crossing 
our  wishes  and  views  ;  mortification  from  the 
hurting  our  pride  and  self-importance  ;  chagrin 
from  a  mixture  of  the  two  :  disappointments 
are  always  attended  with  more  or  less  vexa- 
tion, according  to  the  circumstances  which 
give  pain  and  trouble  ;  an  exposure  of  our 
poverty  may  be  more  or  less  of  a  mortification. 
according  to  the  value  which  we  set  on  wealth 
and  grandeur  ;  a  refusal  of  our  request  will 
produce  more  or  less  of  chagrin  as  it  is  ac- 
companied with  circumstances  more  or  less 
mortifying  to  our  pride. 

vex-a'-tlons,  a.    [Eng.  vex;  -atiout.] 

1.  Causing  vexation,  annoyance,  irritation, 
trouble,  worry,  or  the  like  ;  annoying,  teasing, 
worrying,  troublesome,  vexing. 

"  His  second  wife's  fexatiout  carriaite."  —  Camden  • 
Bla.  of  ()ueen  iH«a6.<n  (an.  mil 

2.  Distressing,  harassing,  afflictive. 

"  Consider  him  maintaining  his  usurped  title  by 
vezartou*  wars  against  the  kings  of  Judah."—  Souift. 

3.  Full  of  troubles,  disquiet,  or  uneasiness  • 
uneasy,  worried. 

"He  leadsa  vezattoui  life,  who  in  his  noblest  actions 
Is  so  gored  with  scruples  that    he  dares  not  make  a 
step  without  the  authority  of  another.  '-Wai,. 
T[  Frivolous  and  vexatious  :  Applied  to  a  state- 
ment or  objection  made  without  any  grounds. 
vexatious  suit,  s. 

Law  :  A  suit  commenced  for  the  purpose  of 
causing  trouble,  or  without  cause. 

ex-a'-tious-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vexatious;  -ly.J 
In  a  vexatious  manner  ;  so  as  to  cause  vexa- 
tion, trouble,  or  worry. 


1, 
cised."—  Dattl  Chronicle,  Sept  23.  188S. 


-tious  n8ss,  ».   [Eug.  vexatious  ;  -tvM.i 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vexations. 

vexed,  Text,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [VEX.] 

A.  As  pa.  pur.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Annoyed,  worried,  troubled  ;  filled  with 
vexation. 

"In  the  evening  we  returned  to  our  boat  weary  and 
text  at  our  ill  suco»ss."_flanvt«r  ;  I'otagel  (an.  1675). 

2.  Much  debated,  disputed,  or  contested  • 
unsettled. 

™  "  *""Ud  'i6  interesting  to  have  an  authoritative 
"0""  """*  "- 


*  vex'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Bog.  vexed;  -ly.]  With 
vexation  ;  with  a  sense  of  annoyance  or  vexa- 
tion. 

U."iesy  heart  **  "*C°'C»  w*J."—Kic>iardim  :  Clariua, 

•vSx'-od-ness.s.  fEng.  vexed  ;  -ness.]  Vexa- 
tion, annoyance. 

mi'  i*  '"""I  »*nSKwhich  had  »or»  »'  "Xtdneu  than 
mirth  in  it.  —Jtidiardton  :  Sir  0.  Sranduon.  vi.  74. 

V&c'-er,  s.  [Kng.  vex;  -er.]  One  who  vexei 
or  annoys. 

vex1-!!,  s.    [VExiLLnM.] 

vSx'-H-lar,  a.  [Lat.  vextliarlus,  from  vexillum 
=  a  standard,  a  flag  ;  dimin.  from  velum  —  a 
sail,  a  veil  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  nxillaire.]  The  same  u 
VEXILLARY  (q.v.). 

vgx'-ll-lar-jf,  a.  &  «.    [VEXILLAB.J 
A.  As  adjective  : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  flag 
or  standard- 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  Of  or  belonging  to  the  vexillum. 

(2)  (O/  aestivation):  A  term  used  when  one 
piece  is  much  larger  than  the  others,  and  is 
folded  over  them,  they  being  arranged  face  to 
face,  as  in  papilionaceous  flowers. 

*  B.  As  mast.  :  One  who  carries  a  vexillum  ; 
a  standard-bearer. 

"  In  letters  like  to  those  the  vexfUary 
Hath  left  crag-carven  over  the  streaming  Gelt" 
Tennt/ton  :  Gareth  A  LyneUe. 

*  vex-Il-la-tlon,  s.  [Lat.  vexiUatw,  from 
vexiUum  =  a  standard.]  A  company  of  troopi 
under  one  vexillum  or  ensign. 

vex-Il-lum,  s.    [Lat]    [VEXII.LAB.] 

*  1.  Roman  Antiquities  : 

(1)  The  standard  of  the  cavalry,  consisting 
of  a  square  piece  of  cloth  expanded  upon  a 
cross,  and  perhaps  surmounted  by  some  figure. 

[STANDARD,  s.,  I.  1.] 

(2)  The  troops  serving  under  one  vexillum  ; 
a  company,  a  troop. 

2.  Ecclesiastical  : 

(1)  A  processional  cross. 

(2)  A  strip  of  silk  or  linen  attached  to  the 
upper  part  of  a  crosier,  and  folded  round  the 
staff  to  prevent  the  metal  being  stained  by 
the  moisture  of  the  hand. 

3.  Ornith.  :  The  rachis  and  web  of  a  feather 
taken  together  ;  the  whole  of  a  feather,  except 
the  calamus  or  quill. 

4.  Bot.  :  [STANDARD,  «.,  II.  1J. 

vex  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [VEX.] 


g-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  vexing  ;  -ly.]  In  a 
vexing  manner  ;  so  as  to  vex,  annoy,  or  worry  ; 
vexatiously. 

V-gear  wheel,  s.  [See  def.)  A  duplex  ar- 
rangement of  skew-gearing,  in  which  eaah 
tooth  is  of  the  shape  of  the  letter  V. 

V-hook,  s.    [See  def.] 

Steam-eng.  :  A  gab  at  the  end  of  an  eccentric 
rod,  with  long  jaws  shaped  like  the  letter  V. 


adv.    [Lat.  =  a  way.] 

1.  By  way  of;  by  the  route  of  :  as,  To  send 
a  letter  via  Southampton  =  by  way  of  South- 
ampton. 

•  2.  It  was  used  formerly  as  an  interjection 
of  encouragement.  [From  the  Italian  "  via,  an 
ad  verb  of  encouragement  used  by  commanders, 
as  also  by  riders  to  their  horses."  (Florio.)] 

"  Via  I  says  the  fiend  ]    away  I  mys  the  fiend  "— 
.:  Merchant  of  renice,Z  i. 


Via  lactea,  s. 

Aetron.  :  The  galaxy  or  milky  way.  [GALAXY.  J 


ftte,  tat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  «ir,  marine;  go  pSt 
or.  wore,  wolt  work.  whd.  son;  mute,  cfib,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    «.  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


viability— vibrionidae 


£069 


tf,  ..    [Bng.  viatte;  -«y.J 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  viable  ;  the 
opacity  of  living  after  birth. 

••  Recurrency  i»  a  measure  oj  rioWlfcy."— free.  Ratal 
iMietn.  Feb.  SI.  18M. 

2.  The  capacity  of  living  or  being  distributed 
over  wide  geographical  areas  :   as,  the  via- 
bility of  a  species. 

wi'-a-ble,  a.    [Fr.,  from  vie  (Lat.  vita)  =  We.} 
Forensic  Med. :  A  term  applied  to  a  new- 
born child,  to  express  its  capability  of  sus- 
taining independent  existence. 

"  Viable  .  .  .  likely  to  live,  [Is]  applied  to  that  con- 
dltion  o(  a  child  at  birth."— Mount :  Xxfotitory  Lext- 

COH.  AC. 

W'-a-dfiot,  s.  [Lat.  via  ducta  =  a  way  led 
(or  conducted)  across  ;  from  trio  =  a  way,  and 
ducta,  fern.  sing,  of  ductus,  pa.  par.  of  duco  = 
to  lead,  to  conduct.]  [WAY.]  A  term  applied 
to  extended  constructions  of  arches  or  other 
artificial  works  to  support  a  roadway,  and 
thus  distinguished  from  aqueducts,  which  are 
similar  constructions  to  support  waterways. 
This  term  has  become  familiar  during  the 
present  century,  in  consequence  of  the  great 
camber  of  vast  structures  so  designated  which 
have  been  erected  in  various  parts  of  the 
world  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  railroads 
over  valleys  and  districts  of  low  levels,  and 
the  general  name  of  viaduct  is  now  recognized 
as  applicable  to  all  elevated  roadways  for 
which  artificial  constructions  of  timber,  iron, 
bricks,  or  stonework  are  established;  ami 
accordingly  among  the  principal  railroad  works 
are  to  be  enumerated  viaducts  of  all  these 
materials. 

•  vl-age,  *ve-age,  *  vy-age,s.  [VOYAGE,  ».] 


vi-aL,  *vi-all,  -vl-ol,  'vi-ole, 
*vi-olle,  *vy-ole,  *vy-oll.  «.     [O.  Fr. 

viole,  fiole.  fiolle,  phiole ;  Fr.  fiole.]    [PHIAL.] 
A  small  glass  vessel  or  bottle  ;  a  phial  (q.v.). 

"  She  said  ;  and  bad  the  vitil  to  be  brought. 
Where  she  before  bad  brew'd  the  deadly  draught." 
Dryden  :  Sigitmonda  t  Guiacardo,  70S. 

U  To  pour  out  vials  of  wrath  upon  one :  To 
take  vengeance  on  one.  (The  reference  Is  to 
Eev.  xvi.) 

« Yi'-al,  v.t.  [VIAL,  ».]  To  put  in  a  vial  or 
vials.  (Milton:  Comus,  874.) 

*  vi-am'-S-tejr, ».    [Lat  via  =  a  way,  a  road, 
and  Eng.  meter.]    An  odometer  (q.v.). 

vi  -and,  *vi-ande,  >.  [Fr.  viande  =  meat, 
food,  from  Lat.  vivenda  =  things  to  be  lived 
on,  provisions ;  prop.  neut.  pL  of  vivendus, 
fut.  pass.  par.  of  vivo  =  to  live  ;  Ital.  vivanda.] 
Meat  dressed ;  food,  victuals,  provisions. 
(Used  almost  exclusively  in  the  plural.) 

"  Within  the  chariot  wine  and  bread  dlspos'd, 
With  viattilt  such  as  regal  state  requires." 

Cowper  :  Homer  ;  Odyttef  UL 

•vi'-and-er,  ».    [Eng.  viand ;  -er.] 

1.  A  feeder,  or  eater. 

2.  One  who  provides  viands  ;  a  host 

"  To  purchase  the  name  of  a  sumptuous  Iraukeleu 
or  a  good  rid/ider."— ffoliiuhed :  Description  of  Ireland, 
eh.  it. 

*vi'-and-rjf,  *vi-and-rie,».  [Eng.  viand ; 
-ry.]  Food,  viands,  provisions. 

'*  Yet  was  there  but  veral  amall  provision  of  viand- 
rie."—l'<l<il  :  Luke xxlT. 

*  vi'-ar-jf,  a.    [Lat  irfo  =  a  way,  a  road.)    Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  happening  on  roads  or  on 
Journeys. 

"  In  beasta.  In  birds.  In  dreams,  and  all  rfnrv  oniei 
they  are  only  conjectural  interpretations  of  dim-eyed 
man."—  Feltham  :  Reiolvei,  i.  9& 

*  vi'-a-tSc-ture,   ».     [Lat.  via  =  a  road,  a 
way,  and  Eng.    (architecture.]     The  art  or 
science  of  constructing  roads,  bridges,  canals 
&c. 

*  vi-at'-io,  a.    [Lat.  viatiaa  =  pertaining  to 
a  road  or  journey,  from  via  =  a  road,  a  way. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  journey  or  travelling. 

vi-at  -i-cum,  s.  [Lat  neut  sing,  of  viaticus 
—  viatic  (q.v.).] 

*  I.    Ord.    Lang. :   Provisions,  etc.,   for  a 
Journey. 

"  Sith  thy  pilgrimage  la  almost  past, 
Thou  need 'st  the  lease  viaticum  for  it." 

Damei :  Witte'i  Pilgrimage,  sign.  8.  4  b. 
tt  Technically: 

*  1.  Roman  Antiq. :  A  travelling  allowance 
to  officers  who  were  sent  into  the  province 
to  exercise  any  office  or  perform  any  service. 


2.  Ecclei.  *  Chunk  History : 

*  (I)  The  Eucharist,  as  the  support  of  Chris- 
tians in  their  earthly  pilgrimage. 

*  (2)  The  absolution  and  communion  of  the 
dying. 

(3)  (In  the  Roman  Church):  The  Sacrament 
of  the  Eucharist  given  to  persons  in  danger 
of  death.  The  form  is  :  "  Receive,  brother 
[or  sister],  the  viaticum  of  the  body  of  Our 
Lord  Jesus  Christ.  May  he  guard  thee  from 
the  malignant  foe,  and  lead  thee  to  eternal 
life." 

vi-a'-tor,  s.  [L»t=a  traveller,  from  t*»  = 
a  road,  a  way.) 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  traveller. 

2.  Roman  Antiq. :  A  servant  who  attended 
upon  and  executed  the  commands  of  certain 
Roman  magistrates ;  a  sumiuoner  or  ap- 
paritor. 

•  vi-a-tbr'-i-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  viator;  -ial, 
-ly.]  As  regards  travelling. 

"They  are  too  far  apart  viatorially  speaking."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  29,  188s. 

vi'-bez  (pi.  vi-bi'-ees),  s.  [Lat  =  the  mark 
of  a  blow  or  stripe,  a  weal.] 

Path.  (PI.) :  Hremorrbagic  spots  of  some 
magnitude  arising  on  the  skin  in  Purpura 
(q.v.).  They  are  larger  than  Petechise  and 
smaller  than  Ecchymoses. 

vi  brae  -u-lum  (pi.  vi-brao'-u-la),  «. 
[Mod.  Lat  from  vibro  =  to  agitate.) 

Zool.  (PI.):  Filamentous  appendages  in  the 
Polyzoa,  They  generally  consist  of  long  bris- 
tles, capable  of  movement  and  easily  excited. 
They  are  supposed  to  be  organs  of  defence. 
(Darwin:  Origin  of  Species (ed.  6th),  pp.  193-4.) 

Vl'-brant,  a.  [Lat  vibrant,  pr.  par.  of  vibro 
=  to  Vibrate  (q.v.).]  Vibrating,  tremulous, 
resonant. 

"  There  Is  the  vibrant  tap  of  the  woodpecker  on  the 
bar-port."— Ban*™  Maaattne.  May.  1881.  p.  868. 

vi'-brate,  v-i.  &  *-  [Lat.  vibratus,  pa.  par.  of 
vibro  =  to  shake,  to  swing,  to  brandish ;  cf. 
Icel.  veija  =  to  vibrate,  to  wave.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  swing,  to  oscillate  ;  to  move  one  way 
and  the  other ;  to  play  to  and  fro. 

"Pendulums,  which  (being  of  equal  lengths  and 
unequal  gravities)  vibrate  In  equal  time*."— Clarke . 
On  the  Attribute*,  prop.  8. 

*  2.  To  move  up  and  down,  or  to  and  frc 
with  alternate  compression  and  dilation  of 
parts,  as  an  elastic  fluid  ;  to  undulate. 

"  The  eustachlan  tube  [is]  like  the  hole  in  a  drum, 
to  let  the  air  pass  freely  into  and  out  of  the  barrel  ol 
the  ear,  as  the  covering  membrane  mbratet."—Paley 

Xat.  The»L.  ch.  iii. 

3.  To  produce  a  vibratory  or  resonant  effect  j 
to  quiver,  to  sound. 

"  The  whisper  that  to  greatness  still  too  near. 
Perhaps,  yet  vibrate*  yn  his  sovereign's  ear." 

Pope:  Prot.  to  Xarirei,  »7. 

*  4.  To  fluctuate  or  waver,  as  between  two 
opinions. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  move  backwards  and  forwards  or  to 
and  fro  ;  to  swing,  to  oscillate. 

2.  To   affect   with   vibratory   motion ;   to 
cause  to  quiver. 

"  Breath  vocalized,  that  is  vibrated  or  undulated."— 
Bolder. 

3.  To  measure  or  indicate  by  vibrations  01 
oscillations  :  as,  A  pendulum  vibrates  seconds 

*  4.  To  throw  with  a  vibratory  motion ;  to 
launch,  to  hurl.    (A  Latinism.) 

"  A  glorious  people  vibrattd  again 
The  lightning  of  the  nations." 

Shelley :  Ode  to  Liberty. 

*  VI'- bra -tile,    o.      [Lat.     vibrcttiUs,    from 

vibratus,  pa.  par.  of  vibro  =to  vibrate  (q.v.) 
Fr.  vibratile.]  Adapted  to  or  used  for  vibra 
tory  motion ;  vibratory. 

vlbratile-cilla,  s.  pi.    [CILIA,  3.] 

*  vi-bra-tlV-I-ty,  «.    [Eng.  vibratiVe);  -ity. 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  vibratile  ;  dispo 
sition  to  vibrate  or  oscillate. 

vi-brat'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [VIBRATE.] 

vibrating  piston  steam-engine,  s 

A  steam-engine  in  which  the  power  is  com 
municated  to  the  crank  through  piston 
which  are  vibrating  in  their  motion,  am 
which  move  through  an  arc  of  a  circle. 

vi  -bra'-tion,  ».    [Lat.  vibratto,  from  vibratut 


pa.  par.  of  vibro  =  to  vibrate  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  vibra- 
tion; 8p.  vibracion;  Ital.  vibrazione.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  vibrating  or  swinging  to  and 
fro. 

2.  The  state  of  that  which  vibrates  ;  oscil- 
lation.   (See  extract.) 

"  As  understood  In  England  aud  Germany,  a  vitro. 
tlon  comprises  a  motion  to  aud  fro  ;  iu  France,  on  the 
contrary,  a  vibration  means  a  muveineut  to  or  fro."— 
Oanot  ;  1'hyria  (ed.  Atkinson),  }  220. 

3.  A  resonant  sound  ;  a  resonance. 
II.  Technically  : 

1.  Physics  :  The  reciprocating  motion  of  • 
body,  as  of  a  pendulum,  a  musical  chord, 
elastic  plate,  the  air  or  the  ether.    The  term 
oscillation  is,  however,  more  frequently  used 
to  denote  a  slow  reciprocating  motion,  as  that 
of  a  pendulum  which  is  produced   by  the 
action  of  gravity  on  the  whole  mass  of  the 
body  ;  while  vibration  is  generally  confined  to 
a  motion  having  quick  reciprocations,  as  that 
of  a  sonorous  body,  and  proceeding  from  the 
reciprocal  action  of  the  molecules  of  the  body 
on  each  other  when  their  state  of  equilibrium 
has  been  disturbed. 

2.  Philos.  <£  I'hysiol.:  A  sensorial  motion. 
[&ENSO  RIAL-MOTIONS.] 

vi-bra'-tl-itn-cle  (t  as  sh),  >.  [Bug. 
vibration);  diiuin.  suff.  -uncle.]  A  small  vi- 
bration. [VIBRATION,  II.  2.] 

"The  renewed  vibration  being  less  vigorous  than  the 
original  one  (unless  when  excited  by  the  presence  of 
the  object,  or  lu  certain  morbid  cases)  Is  called  » 
miniature  vibration  or  vibratiuncle."—  Beltham  : 
Pkuot.  of  tkt  Mind,  It. 

Vl'-bra-tlye,  a.    [Eng.  vibrat(e);  -ive.]    Vi- 
brating, vibratory. 

vi-bra'-to,  «.    [Ital.] 

.Mime.-  A  pulsating  effect  in  vocal  music 
caused  by  rapidly  varying  emphasis  on  the 
same  tone  ;  differing  from  the  tremolo,  in  which 
there  ia  a  fluttering  alternation  in  tone. 

vi'-bra-tor-^,  a.    [Eng.  vibrat(e);  -ory;  Fr. 
vibratoire.] 

1.  Vibrating  ;  consisting  of  or  belonging  to 
vibration  or  oscillation. 

The  vibratory  agitations  of  light  and  ef  air."— 
:  PhUot.  of  the  Mind,  {  4. 


2.  Causing  vibration. 
vi'-bri-O,  t.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat  vibro  =  to 
shake,  to  quiver.) 

*  1.  Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Ehrenberg'i 
Vibrionidse  (q.v.).  It  approximately  corre- 
sponds to  the  modern  genus  Anguillula(q.v.). 
Used  also  of  any  individual  of  the  genus. 

t  2.  Hot.  :  According  to  Cohn,  a  genus  of 
Schizomycetes,  but  Grove  (Bacteria  t  Yeatt 
Fungi)  classes  that  genus  and  Ophidornonas 
(Ehrenberg)  with  Spirillum,  which  he  thus 
defines  :  Cells  cylindrical  or  slightly  com- 
pressed, simply  arcuate,  or  spirally  twisted, 
rigid,  with  a  flagellum  at  each  end  (doubtful 
in  some  species).  Multiplication  by  trans- 
verse division,  the  daughter-cells  for  the  most 
part  soon  separating.  At  times,  also,  a  zop- 
gloea  is  formed.  The  species  are  found  in 
infusions,  in  brackish  water,  and  in  the  slime 
of  the  teeth.  Zopf  asserted  that  minute 
spherical  "  cocci,"  short  rodlets  ("bacteria  "), 
longer  rodlets  ("bacilli"),  and  filamentous 
("  leptothrix")  forms,  as  well  as  curved  and 
spiral  threads  ("vibrio,"  "spirillum"),  4c., 
occur  as  vegetative  stages  in  one  and  the 
same  Schizomycete.  (Encyc.  Brit,  (ed  9th), 
xxi.  399.) 

"  It  may  be  noted  that  Vihrio  Is  here  [f.e..  In  Ehren- 
berg's  Die  Infutionlthierchen,  p.  751  conceived  to  be 
naturally  straight-lined,  but  capable  of  bending  In 
undulations  of  a  serpeutiue  form,  being  thus  dislin. 
guished  from  Spirillum  by  the  fact  that  the  undula- 
tions lie  all  in  one  plane.  But  Most  modern  observers 
are  agreed  that  the  species  referred  to  Vibrio  belong 
to  two  classes—  the  one,  iu  which  the  undulations  are 
serpentine,  being  merely  Bacillus;  the  other.  In 
which  they  are  spiral,  being  undiatingulahable  from 
Spirillum.  This  Is.  therefore,  another  reason  .  .  .  why 
the  name  Vibrio  should  be  dropped."—  W.  B.  ffrove  : 
Bacteria  *  Tecut  Fungi,  p.  69. 

t  vi'-brl-dn-al,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  vibrio,  genit. 
vibrion(is)  ;  Eng.  suff.  -a!.]  Of,  belonging  to, 
or  induced  by  vibrios.  In  the  last  sense  the 
word  is  incorrectly  employed,  the  fuugi  of 
the  genus  Spirillum  and  the  lapsed  genus 
Vibrio  not  being  pathogenous. 

"  Vlrchow,  who  examined  a  sample,  considered  the 
granules  found  on  these  growths  as  not  fui£oid,  but 
vibrional."—  Blyth:  Met.  Hygiene,  p.  72. 

*  vi-brI-8n'-J-d8B,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  vibrio, 
genit.  vibrion(is);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-idof.] 


llSti,  b6> ;  p«5ut,  JrfvW ;  eat,  9011,  chorus,  9Hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  - 1 
-•Ian,  -tian  =  shan.     tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -fion,  -elon  =  ihnn,   -oione,  -tious,  -oious  =  suns,    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


6070 


vibrissse— vice- 


ZooL:  A  lapsed  family  of  Ehrenberg's  In- 
fusoria. These  organisms  are  n«nv  known  to 
be  Nematoid  Worms,  and  are  classed  in  the 
family  Auguillulida;  (q.v.). 

vi-bris'-S£B,  s.  pi  [Lat.=  the  small  hairs  in 
the  nostrils,  so  called,  according  to  Festus, 
because  their  extraction  causes  a  person  to 
•hake  his  head.] 

Eiol. :  Hairs  or  bristles  attached  to  the  lips 
of  many  mammals,  and  especially  developed 
in  the  Carnivora  and  Rodentia.  Thevibris^e 
are  organs  of  touch,  and  give  warning  of 
external  obstacles,  and  branches  of  the  fifth 
pair  of  nerves  are  distributed  to  their  roots. 
Cats  are  rendered  unable  to  catch  mice  when 
their  whiskers  are  removed,  and  various  ex- 
periments have  shown  that  rabbits,  without 
the  assistance  of  then-  eyes,  can  by  means  of 
these  hairs  find  an  outlet  in  narrow  passages. 
Popularly  known  as  Smellers  and  Whiskers. 
In  many  birds  the  nasal  apertures  are  covered 
with  stiff,  imperfect  feathars  (also  called 
bristles),  to  which  the  nameVibrissse  is  some- 
times applied.  These,  however,  are  not  organs 
of  touch,  but  serve  to  prevent  the  nostrils 
becoming  obstructed  by  dust. 

vi  -bro-scope,  s.  [Eng.  vibration),  and  Gr. 
y-Koneia  (skopeo)  =  to  see,  to  observe.]  An  in- 
strument invented  by  Duhamel  for  graphically 
recording  the  vibrations  of  a  tuning-fork,  by 
means  of  an  attached  style  on  a  piece  of 
smoked  paper  gummed  around  a  cylinder. 
The  fork  is  made  to  vibrate,  and  the  cylinder 
turned,  the  style  making  a  mark  whose  waves 
correspond  to  the  number  of  vibrations  in  a 
second. 


[urn);  -{«.]    De- 


Ti-bur'-nic,  o. 

rived  from  the  viburnum. 


vitrarnic-acld,  s. 

Ckern. :  A  term  formerly  applied  to  an  acid 
found  in  the  bark  of  the  guelder-rose,  pro- 
bably valeric  acid. 

Vi-bur  -num,  s.  [Lat.  =  the  wayfaring-tree.] 
Bot. :  Guelder-rose ;  a  genus  of  Sambucese. 
Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  branches,  simple 
leaves,  and  terminal  or  axillary  panicles  of 
white  or  pink  flowers ;  calyx  limb  five-cleft, 
corolla  cauipanulate  or  funnel-shaped,  five- 
lobed;  stamens  five,  stigmas  three,  sessile,  ovary 
one-  to  three-celled ;  fruit  an  inferior  one-eeeded 
berry.  Species  numerous:  two  United  States 
species,  Viburnum  eduJe  and  V.  orycoccitt,  nearly 
allied  to  the  European  Guelder  Rose  (  V.  opulns), 
produce  berries  agreeably  acid  in  taste,  which 
are  used  like  cranberries.  The  berries  of  T". 
tanlan'i,  the  Wayfaring  tree,  have  medicinal 
properties.  The  wood  is  white  and  hard  and  is 
prized  by  turners.  The  fruit  of  the  Common 
Guelder  Rose  is  eaten  in  Sweden  and  Norway 
with  honey  and  flour.  The  branches  yield  a  yel- 
low .lye.  [GUELDER-ROSE.]  V.  Tima  is  the  Lau- 
ruBtimis  (.q.v.).  An  oil  extracted  from  the  seeds 
of  V.  coriaceum,  a  large  Himalayan  shrub,  is 
used  by  the  Nepaulese  for  food  and  for  burn- 
ing. The  fruit  of  V.  cotinifolium,  V.  foetens,  V. 
nerrosum,  and  V.  stellulatum,  Himalayan 
shrubs,  are  eaten  by  the  natives.  The  wood 
of  V.  erubescens,  a  small  Himalayan  tree,  is 
very  hard,  close,  and  even-grained. 

vic'-ar,  *  vic-air  e,  *  vic-are,  *  vic-ar  ie, 
*  vic-ar-ye,  *  vik-  cr,  *  vyk-er, «.  [Fr. 
vicaire—  a  vicar,  a  deputy,  from  Lat.  vicarium, 
accus.  of  vicarivs  =  a  substitute,  a  deputy, 
from  vicis  =  a  turn,  change,  succession  ;  Sp' 
&  Ital.  vicario;  Port,  vigairo.]  [Vies-,  pref.} 
*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  deputy ;  a  person  de- 
pnted  or  authorized  to  perform  the  duties  or 
functions  of  another. 

"  They  might  appoint  a  deputy  or  Wear  to  do  It  for 
them."— Spelman :  On  Tythei,  ch.  xxix. 

2.  Canon  Law:  The  priest  of  a  parish,  the 
predial  tithes  of  which  are  impropriated  or 
appropriated  ;  that  is,  belong  to  a  chapter  or 
religious  house,  or  to  a  layman  who  receives 
them  and  allows  the  vicar  only  the  smaller 
tithes  or  a  salary.  [RECTOR.] 

"The»s  appropriating  corporations,  or  religions 
houses,  were  wont  to  depot*  one  of  their  own  body  to 
perform  divine  service  in  those  parishes  of  which  the 
society  was  thus  the  parson.  This  officiating  minister 
was  In  reality  no  more  than  a  curate,  deputy,  or  vice- 
gerent of  the  appropriator,  and,  therefore,  called 
viotrlus  or  vicar.—  fifae*«ton*  .•  Comment.,  bk.  i.,  ch. 
tt 

^  Vicar  of  Christ:  A  title  in  the  early 
Church  common  to  all  bishops,  but  now  con- 
fined to  the  Pope. 


j 
h 


vicar-apostolic,  .-•. 

Roman  Church:  A  name  formerly  given  to  a 
bishop  or  archbishop,  generally  of  some  remote 
see,  to  whom  the  Pope  delegated  a  portion  of  his 
authority,  or  to  any  ecclesiastic  invested  with 
power  toexercise  episcopal  jurisdiction  in  some 
place  where  the  ordinary  was  for  some  reason 
incapable  of  discharging  his  duties  efficiently. 
Now  vicars-apostolic,  who  are  nearly  always 
titular  bishops,  are  appointed  where  no  epis- 
copate lias  been  established,  or  where  the 
succession  has  been  interrupted.  There  are 
at  present  over  a  hundred  of  such  vicariates 
in  existence.  The  Church  in  England  was 
governed  by  vicars-apostolic  from  1685  till 
the  re-establishment  of  the  hierarchy  by  Pope 
Pius  IX.  in  I860. 

vicar-choral,  s. 

1.  A  priest-vicar  ;  a  minor-canon  (q.v.). 

2.  A  lay-vicar  (q.v.). 

vicar-forane,  s. 

Roman  Church:  A  dignitary  or  parish  priest 
appointed  by  a  bishop  to  exercise  a  limited 
urisdiction  in  a  particular  town  or  district  of 
is  diocese.  The  chief  duty  of  vicars-forane 
is  to  maintain  ecclesi^stical'discipline,  report 
to  the  bishop  on  the  lives  of  the  clergy,  and 
to  preside  at  their  local  conferences.  The  first 
Council  of  Westminster  (1852)  adds  to  these 
the  care  of  sick  priests,  the  administration  of 
Church  property,  and  the  maintenance  of  sa- 
cred buildings.  In  Ireland  almost  their  sole 
function  is  to  grant  episcopal  dispensations 
for  the  non-publication  of  banns. 

vicar-general,  s. 

1.  Roman  Church  ;  A  clerk,  usually  (but  not 
necessarily)  in  holy  orders,  and  having  a  de- 
gree in  canon  law,  appointed  by  a  bishop  to 
assist  in  the  discharge  of  episcopal  functions. 
In  matters  of  jurisdiction  the  vicar-general  is 
regarded  as  the  ordinary,  and  there  is  no 
appeal  from  the  former  to  the  latter  ;  but  the 
•vicar-general  may  not  do  any  of  those  things 
which  belong  to  the  episcopal  order.  A  bishop 
Is  not  obliged  to  appoint  a  vicar-general,  but 
may  appoint  two  or  more  if  necessary.    The 
office  corresponds  closely  to  that  of  an  arch- 
deacon (q.v.)  in  the  early  and  mediaeval  church. 

2.  Anglican  Church  :  An  officer  employed  by 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  some  other 
bishops  to  assist  in  such  matters  as  ecclesi- 
astical causes  and  visitations. 

vic'-ar-age  (age  as  Ig),  *  vic'-ar-idge, 

*  vyc-rage,  s.     [Eng.  vicar;  -age.] 

*  1.  The  condition  or  state  of  a  substitute  or 
deputy  ;  substitution. 

"  They  have  sole  Jurisdiction,  and  the  presbyters 
only  in  substitution  or  vicariclye."—Bp.  Taylor  ;  Epit- 
eopacy  A  iterted,  §  50. 

2.  The  benefice  of  a  vicar. 

"Borne  vicaraget  are  more  liberally,  and  *ome  more 
scantily,  endowed.  "—Blackttone;  Comment.,  bit.  i,,  ch. 

3.  The  house  or  residence  of  a  vicar. 

vic'-ar-ess,  s.  [Eng.  vicar;  -ess.]  A  female 
vicar.  Also  used  of  the  wife  of  a  vicar  when 
she  has  the  character  of  interfering  in  parish 
business. 

"Mother  Anatln  was  afterwards  vicartt*  several 
ye&rK,~—Arch£golagia,  xxviii.  19& 

*  Vl-car'-i-al,  a.     [Eng.  vicar;  -ial.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  vicar  ;  small. 

"  In  some  parishes  rectorial,  and  in  some  vicarial 
tithes."—  Blackttone  :  Comment.,  bk.  !.,  ch.  11. 

2.  Vicarious,  delegated. 

"  All  derived  and  vicarial  power  shall  be  done  away, 
as  no  further  necessary."—  Blackwall  :  Sacred  Glottic*, 
li.  (Pref.,  p.  xxir.) 

3.  Holding  the  office  of  or  acting  as  a  vicar. 

"  But  th«  great  proprietors  of  land  soon  found  the 
Inconvenience  of  a  ministry  so  precarious  and  distant, 
Intolerable  ;  and  obtained  for  each  a  resident  pastor, 
either  rectorial  or  vicarial,  either  an  incumbent  or  \ 
substitute."—  Knox  :  Sermont,  voL  vi.,  sen  26. 

*  VI  -car'  -I-  an,  *     [Eng.  vicar;  -fan.]     A 

vicar. 

vi-car'-i-ate,  *  vi-car'-i-at,  a.  A  *.  [Low 
Lat.  vicariatus.] 

*  A.    As  adj.  :   Having  delegated   power  ; 
delegated. 

**  Held  up  by  the  vicariat  authority  of  our  »«*"— 
Barrow:  Workt,  t  261. 
B.  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  The  office,  position,  or  power  of  a  vicar; 
a  delegated  office  or  power  ;  vicarship. 

"Rales  the  church  by  a  vicariati  of  his  spirit."— 
Bp.  ffatt  :  Revelation  Revealed. 


2.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  vicar-apostolic 
(q.v.). 

"The  College  of  the  Propaganda  Fide  h&e  divided 
the  hitherto  existing  ApoAtolio  1'icuriate  of  Xatal 
into  three  Jurisdictions.  —  Daiiy  Telegraph,  Feb.  20, 

vi-car'-i-ous,  a.    [Lat.  vicarius.}    [VICAR.) 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Of  or  belonging  to  a  vicar,  deputy,  or 
substitute  ;  deputed,  delegated  :  as,  vicarious 
power  or  authority. 

2.  Acting  fororon  behalf  of  another;  acting 
as  a  deputy,  delegate,  or  substitute:  as,  a 
vicarious  agent. 

3.  Performed,  done,  or  suffered  for  or  instead 
of  another  ;  suffered  or  done  by  deputy. 

"  The  death  of  Christ  was  ...  a  vicariotu  punish- 
ment of  sin."—  \Yaterland:  Worki,  vii,  72. 

IL  Med,:  Occurring  in  one  place  instead 
of  another  :  as,  a  vicarious  secretion. 

Vl-car'-I-ous-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  vicarious;  -ly.} 
In  a  vicarious  manner;  as  deputy,  delegate, 
or  substitute  for  another;  by  means  of  a 
deputy  or  substitute. 

"Their  preparation  is  most  of  it  done  vicarioittly, 
through  their  dressmakers." — Daily  Telegraph,  Marco 

Vlc'-ar-Ship,  *.  {Eng.  vicar;  -ship.]  The 
office  of  a  vicar;  the  ministry  of  a  vicar. 

*  vic-ar-y,  *  vic-ar-ye,  s.    [VICAR.] 

vi$e  (I),  *  vy9e  (1),  *  vis,  s.  [Fr.  vice,  from 
Lat.  v  it  turn  =  a  vice,  a  fault.] 

1.  A  fault,  a  blemish,  a  defect,  an  imper- 
fection. 

"  You  h.ivt  a  vice  of  mercy  in  you." 

Shaketp,  :  Truilut  *  Crettida,  V.  8. 

2.  Any  immoral  or  evil  habit  or  practice ; 
any  evil  habit  or  practice  in  which  a  person 
indulges ;  a  moral  fault  or  failing ;  immorality ; 
customary  deviation  in  a  single  respect  or  in 
general  from  a  right  standard;  specif.,  the  in- 
dulgence of  immoral,  impure,  or  degrading 
appetites  or  passions. 

"  Let  me  persuade  yon  to  think  of  that  vice  which, 
from  my  experience  and  from  the  testimony  of  others, 
Is  devastating  jour  life,"— Canon  Knux-LUtle,  iu  Echo. 
March  21,  1838. 

3.  Depravity   or   corruption    of    manners. 
(Used  in  a  general  or  collective  sense,  and 
without  any  plural :  as,  An  age  of  vice.) 

4.  A  fault ;  a  bad  habit  or  trick  in  a  horse. 
*  5.  The  general  title  of  the  buffoon  of  the 

old  moralities  or  moral  plays.  Often  named 
after  one  specific  vice,  as  Iniquity,  Covetou*- 
ness,  Fraud,  Ac. 

"  Like  to  the  old  Vice  .  .  , 
Who  with  dagger  of  lath. 
In  his  rage  and  bis  wrath. 
Cries,  ah.  ha !  to  the  devil.' 

3h<iXetp.  :  Twelfth  A'iffht,  if.  1 


*  vice-bitten, 

a  prey  to  vice. 


Corrupted  with  vice ; 


"What  a  paltry  creature  Is  a  man  vice-bitten  I'— 
SicharUtun  :  Mr  C.  Granditon,  vi.  181. 

(2),  *  vyce  (2),  *  vys,  *  vysse,  *.  &  a. 

[Fr.  vit  (0.  Fr.  viz)  =  &  vice,  a  spindle  of  a 
press,  a  winding  stair,  from  Lat.  vitis  =  & 
vine,  bryony,  lit.  =  tliat  which  winds  or 
twines ;  cf.  ItaL  vite  =a  vine,  a  vice,  a  screw.) 

A«  As  substantive  : 

"L  Literally: 

1.  A  wind  ing- stair,  a  spiral  staircase. 

**  Then  an  angell  ouue  dowue  from  the  stage  on  bygh 
by  a  vyce.' —Caxton ;  ChronirJe  of  England,  pt  TIL. 
p,  136  b. 

2.  An  instrument  with  two  jaws,  between 
which  an  object  may  be  clamped  securely, 
leaving  both  hands  free  for  work.     The  hand- 
vice  is  not  a  vice  proper,  but  has  a  taug  which 
is  grasped  by  one  hand,  while  the  other  holds 
the  tool  to  work  upon  the  object  held. 

"  The  nulne  planke  or  upper  stocke  of  the  presse, 
went  with  a  vie*  in.  manner  of  a  skrew."— P.  tlJliand  : 
Pliny,  bk.  xviiL,  ch.  xxxi. 

3.  Plumb. :  A  tool  used  by  plumbers  for 
drawing  lead  into  flat  grooved  rods,  called 
cames,  for  lattice-windows. 

*  H.  Fig.  :  Grasp,  gripe. 

"An*  I  but  flst  him  once,  an'  a*  come  bat  within  my 
*fce.--.SAa*et*.  .•  a  ffenry  I  \'.,  ii.  L 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Winding,  spiral. 

"There  were  Bomtyme  houses  with  vyce  arches  and 
Tonle*  lathe  maner  of  roma**—  Caxtan:  ltetrrtt.t 
Britain,  p.  !«. 

V196-,  pref.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  *i«  =  in  place  ol, 
from  vicis  (genit.)  =  a  turn,  change,  stead.] 
A  prefix,  denoting  in  its  compounds,  one  who 
acts  in  place  or  as  deputy  of  another,  or  one 


fato,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  W9lt  work,  whd,  sou ;  mute,  otib,  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  o»  =  e;ey  =  a;<iu  =  kw. 


vice— viciously 


6071 


•econd  in  rank :  aa,  vice-president,  rice-chair- 
man, &c. 

«f  (1)  In  colloquial  language  it  is  frequently 
usi-d  independently  as  a  noun,  the  compound 
for  which  it  stands  being  indicated  by  the 
context. 

"Mr.  Dumklna  acting  aa  chairman,  and  Mr.  Luffvy 
officiating  as  we*"—  Dickent:  Pickwick,  ch.  Til. 
(2)  it  is  also  commonly  used  as  a  preposition 
or  adverb,  with  the  force  of  "  in  the  place  of," 
"  to  succeed." 

vice-admiral,  .». 

*  1.  The  second  commander,  of  a  fleet. 

"  The  vice-atlmiral  in  the  middle  of  the  fleet,  with  a 
rreat  squadron   of   gallics,    struck  Ball  directly.  — 
Knalta :  Uiit.  Turtei. 
2.   [ADMIRAL,  H.) 

vice-admiralty,  s. 

1.  The  office  of  a  vice-admiral. 

"  Tlie  vice-admiralty  U  exercised  by  Mr.  Treraalan." 
— Careio. 

2.  A  vice«admiralty  court. 
rice-admiralty  Courts :  Tri  bunals  established 

In  the  British  possessions  beyond  the  seas 
with  jurisdiction  ever  maritime  causes,  includ- 
ing those  relating  to  prizes. 

*  vice-agent,  s.    One  who  acts  in  place 
of  another. 

"  A  vassal  Satan  hath  made  hli  vice-went,  to  crow 
whatever  the  faithful  ought  to  do."—I/oot*r. 

vice-chair,  >. 

1.  The  seat  occupied  by  a  vice-chairman. 

2.  A  vice-chairman  (q.v.). 

vice-chairman,  s.  A  deputy  chairman ; 
also  one  who  occupies  the  seat  at  the  end  of 
the  table,  facing  the  chairman. 

vice-chamberlain,  f.  The  deputy  of  * 
chamberlain ;  in  the  royal  household,  the 
deputy  of  the  Lord  Chamberlain.  (Englith.) 

vice-chancellor,  s.  An  officer  next  In 
rank  to  a  chancellor;  the  deputy  of  a  chan- 
cellor : 

1.  low :  A  judge  in  the  Chancery  division 
of  the  High  Court  of  Justice  in  England, 
holding  a  separate   court.      The  office  was 
abolished  by  the  Judicature  Act.    [JrooE.  «., 
II.  1.] 

2.  Univ. :  An  officer  who  acts  as  deputy  of 
the   chancellor,  discharging   nearly  all   the 
duties  of  the  latter  in  his  absence. 

"Oner  each  Tnlnersltie  also  there  i»  a  scraeraTT  ehan- 
eelor,  whose  offices  are  perpetnall,  howbeit  their  aub- 
stitutea,  whom  we  call  vicc-chnnccllvrl.  are  ahattffra 
enerie  yeare."—  Bolintfied :  Detcript.  Engand,  bk.  tL, 
Jh.  111. 

vice-chancellorship,  «.  The  office  or 
dignity  of  a  vice-chancellor. 

vice-consul,  s.  An  officer  who  acts  in 
place  of  a  consul ;  a  subordinate  officer  to 
whom  consular  functions  are  delegated,  in 
some  particular  part  of  a  district  already 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  consul. 

*  vice-king, «.   One  who  acts  In  the  place 
Of  a  king ;  a  viceroy. 

"His  deputie  or  vice-  king  seeing  113  at  sea,  came  with 
his  cauoe  to  us. "— HacMuyt :  foyaget,  111.  789. 

*  vice-legate,  s.  A  subordinate,  assistant, 
or  deputy  legate. 

vice-presidency,  s.  The  office  or  post 
tion  of  a  vice-president. 

vice-president,  >.  One  who  holds  office 
next  to  a  president.  ID  the  (Jolted  States  Ihe 
Vice-President  is  elected  at  the  same  time  with 
the  President,  to  succeed  him  in  case  of  his 
death  during  his  term  of  office.  This  has 
happened  four  times  withiu  the  history  ol 
the  country.  The  Vice-President  officiates  ai 
President  of  the  Senate. 

•vi9e.  v.t.   [VICE  (2),  i.] 

1.  To  press  or  squeeze  with,  or  as  with,  a 
vice  ;  to  hold  in,  or  as  in  a  vice. 

2.  To  screw  ;  to  force  or  press,  as  in  a  vice 

M  As  he  had  seen 't  or  been  an  instrument 
To  rice  you  to 'I,"       nkitap.  :  Winter'l  Tale,  L I 

•  Viced,  a.    [Eng.  r!c(e),  (1),  s. ;  -to.]    Vicious 
wicked,  corrupt.    [See  extract  under  HIOH 
VICED.) 

*  vige-ger'-enye,  *  vice-ger'-en-cy,   *. 

[Eng.  vicegerent) ;  -ct,  -cy.]     The  office  of  a 
vicegerent ;    deputed    power ;    lieutenancy 
agency  nnder  another. 

"  To  the  great  vicegerency  I  grew. 
Being  a  title  as  supreme  as  new. 

Drayton :  Leyfnd  of  Thomai  CromwtS. 


vi9e-ger'-ent,  a.  &  t.  [Lat.  vice  =  in  place 
of,  and  gemis,  pr.  par.  of  gero  =  to  carry  on, 
to  act,  to  rule.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Having  or  exercising  delegated  power; 
acting  as  a  vicegerent,  or  in  the  place  of 
another. 

"  But  whom  send  I  to  judge  therut  whom  but  Thee 
Vicegerent  Son  !"  Milton  :  P.  L..  I.  56. 

*  2.  Carried  out  or  exercised  under  delegated 
authority. 

"  Under  his  great  vicegerent  reign  abide 
United,  aa  one  Individual  soul." 

Milton :  P.  L.,  V.  «9. 

B.  Aa  subst. :  An  officer  deputed  by  a  su- 
perior or  proper  authority  to   exercise  the 
powers  or  functions  of  another ;  one  acting 
witli  delegated  authority  ;  a  deputy,  a  sub- 
stitute. 

"To  haoe  the  autoritie  as  a  notable  vicegerent  In  so 
excellent  and  paynefull  an  office."—  fjdol :  Timotfiye  i. 

vice'-man,  j.  [Eng.  vice  (2),  s. ;  and  man.) 
A  man  who  works  at  a  vice ;  specifically,  a 
smith  who  works  at  a  rice  instead  of  an  anvil. 

*  V19'-en-ar-y,  a.  [Lat.  vicenarius,  from 
viceni  =  twenty  each  ;  viglnti  =  twenty.) 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  twenty. 

vi-98n'-nj-al,  o.  [Lat.  vicenl  =  twenty  each, 
and  annus  =  a  year.)  Lasting  or  continuing 
twenty  years. 

vicennial-prescription,  >. 

Scots  Law  :  A  prescription  of  twenty  years ; 
one  of  the  lesser  prescriptions  which  is  plead- 
able  against  holograph  bonds  not  attested  by 
witnesses. 

vise-ri'-gal,  a.  [Pref.  vice-,  and  Eng.  regal.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  viceroy  or  to  viceroyalty, 

"  No  public  ceremony  could  be  performed  in  a  be. 

colniugmaimerunder  the  Viceregal  ruot."— Macaulujf  : 
Hut.  fng.,  ch.  xii. 

oV,  ».  IFr.  riceroi,  from  vice  =  In  place 
of,  and  roi  =  kiug.)  A  vice-king;  one  who 
acts  as  the  'governor  or  ruler  of  a  kingdom, 
country,  or  province  in  the  place  and  name 
of  the  sovereign,  and  with  regal  authority. 

vice-ro'y'-al-ty,  «.  [Eng.  viceroy;  -alty.] 
The  dignity,  office,  or  jurisdiction  of  a  viceroy, 

"  Bo  important  a  concentration  of  Imperial  authority 
over  Ireland  as  would  be  implied  in  the  definite  aboli- 
tion of  the  victroyalty."— Daily  Telegraph,  July  15, 
DM, 

* vice'-riSy-shlp,  *.  [Eng.  viceroy;  -thlp.} 
The  dignity  or  omce  of  a  viceroy ;  viceroyalty, 

*  vi9'-5-ty,  «.  [Eng.  rice  (1).  8- 1  •'#•!  Fault 
defect,  imperfection.  (Ben  Jowon:  Love's 
Welcome  at  Wdoeak.) 

Vl'-cS  ver'-sa,  fkr.  [Lat.  =  the  turn  being 
changed.]  Contrariwise  ;  on  the  csntrary ; 
the  reverse  ;  the  terms  or  the  case  being  re- 
versed, 

viy-I-a,  «.    [Lat  =  a  vetch.) 

Bot':  Vetch,  Tare;  the  typical  genus  of 
Viciete  (q.v.).  Climbling  or  diffuse  herbs, 
with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  nearly  always 
ending  in  a  tendril  Flowers  in  axillary  ra- 
cemes, blue,  purple,  or  yellow ;  wings  of  the 
corolla  adnate  to  the  keel ;  style  filiform,  with 
the  upper  part  hairy  all  round,  or  with  a  tuft 
of  hair  beneath  the  stigma.  Known  species 
about  a  hundred ;  from  the  northerly  regions 
of  South  America.  Ten  are  European:  V 
Utrasperma,  the  Slender;  V.  hirsuta,  the  Hairy 
or  Common  Tare  ;  V.  Cracca,  the  Tufted  ;  V 
Orobvj,  the  Wood  Bitter;  V.  sylmtica,  the 
Wood  ;  V.  scpium,  the  Bush ;  Y,  lutea,  the 
Bough-podded  Yellow;  V.  tativa,  the  Com 
mon  ;  V.  lathyroides,  the  Spring ;  and  V.  bithy 
nica,  the  Rough-podded  Purple  Vetch.  On 
of  the  most  common  is  Vicia  hirsuta,  which 
is  found  in  cornfields  and  hedges.  It  has 
weak,  straggling,  and  climbling  stems,  two  or 
three  feet  long,  and  insignificant  pale  blue 
flowers.  V.  Cracca,  found  in  bushy  places 
has  numerous  and  fine  bluish-purple  flowers 
V.  Orotna,  with  unilateral  racemes  of  purplish 
white  flowers,  and  V.  sylvatica,  with  numerous 
and  very  beautiful  flowers— white  streaked 
with  bluish  veins— are  found  in  rocky  o: 
mountainous  regions.  V,  gfpium,  with  dul 
pale  purple  flowers,  is  frequent  in  woods  an 
shady  places,  while  V.  lutea,  flourishes  bes 
near  the  sea.  V.  tativa  has  six  to  ten  leaflets 
one  or  two  axillary,  nearly  sessile  flowers,  an 
silky  legumes.  It  is  frequent  in  cultivated 


ground.  V.  lathyroides,  is  a  small  specie*, 
with  two  to  six  iVatlets,  and  solitary  flower..,, 
Vicia  Faba  is  the  Common  Bean.  [BEAN.] 

vlc'-I-ate  (c  as  sh),  v.t.  &  i.    [VITIATE.) 

iS-i-e'-»,  *.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  t;ici(a);  La*. 
fern.  pL  adj.  sutf.  -ece.] 

Bot.:  A  tribe  of  Papilionaceae.  The  ten 
lil.-Linunts  of  the  stamens,  or  at  least  nine  of 
them,  connate ;  cotyledons  fleshy ;  leave* 
generally  cirrhose.  Genera-  Cicer,  1'isum, 
Ervum,  Vicia,  Lnthyrus,  &c. 

vi9  In-agc  (age  as  ig),  *  voi  sin-age,  s. 

[Prop,  voininage,  from  Fr,  voisinage=.  neigh- 
Imurhood,  from  t-ofsin  =  neighbouring,  from 
Lat  vicinum,  accus.  of  vidnus  =  neighbour- 
ing, near ;  lit.—  belonging  to  the  same  street, 
from  vicus  (whence  A.S.  wlc;  Eng.  wkt=a 
town)  =  a  street ;  cogn.  with  Gr.  otxo?  (oikos) 
=  a  house ;  Sansc.  veya  =  a  house,  an  en- 
trance ;  tnf  =  to  live.] 

1.  Neighbourhood  ;  the  place  or  places  near 
to  or  adjoining  each  other  ;  vicinity. 

"  To  summon  the  Protertaiit  gentry  of  tbe  wcwtujw 
to  the  rescue."—  Jfacaulay .'  fftit.  Eng.,  cli.  xli. 

*  2.  The  quality,  condition,  or  state  of  being 
a  neighbour  or  neighbourly;  uearnesa  or 
closeness  of  situation  or  position. 

"The  vicinage  of  tbe  tr»veUimr  studio  was  an  occa- 
•lon  and  a  pretext  for  imp  recede.  it«ii  lark*."— Scrio- 
Tjur'j  Magazine,  March,  I860,  p.  660. 


*vi9'-in-al,  'vi^'-Ine,  o.     [Lat. 

from  vicinva  =  near.)    [VlclNAoE.] 

1.  Near,  neighbouring,  close. 

"  Under  whose  [God's J  merciful  hand  nauiganta 
aboue  all  other  creatures  naturally  bee  moat  nigh  and 
vicint." — Sadcluyt:  Voyage*.  1.  229. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  village  or  town  (f). 

"The  vallum  or  ridged  bank,  seemingly  a  vicinal 
way  If  not  a  rampart,  —  Warton :  lliit.  Hiddinytan, 
P.6S. 

vi-jln'-l-ty,  *  vi-cin-i-tie,  s.  [Fr.  viciniU, 
from  Lat.  vicinitatem,  accus.  of  vicinitas  = 
neighbourhood,  nearness,  from  vicinus  = 
neighbouring,  near.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  near  j  near- 
ness, proximity,  propinquity. 

"  Be  as  much  retained  in  their  vicinity  as  If  they 
were  separated  by  milea."—  H'ollattoH:  Religion  V 
Mature,  I  ». 

*  2.  Close  relationship. 

"  Their  vicinity  and  relation  to  our  blessed  Lord."— 
Bp,  Taylor  :  £pitcopacy  Auerted,  i  «. 

3.  Neighbourhood ;    neighbouring   or    ad- 
joining places  or  country  ;  district  or  space 
immediately  surrounding  or  adjacent  to  any- 
thing. 

•vi-oi-os'-I-ty,  •  vi-ti-5s'-I-ty  (ci,  tt  ai 

Shi),  s.  [Lat,  vitiofitas,  from  liMosus  = 
vicious  (q.v.).]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
vicious ;  corruption  of  manners ;  viciousness. 

"  Reason  by  little  and  little  doth  Illuminate,  purge, 
and  cleanse  the  soule  in  abating  and  diminishing  ever- 
more the  vitioiity  thereof."—/*.  Bolland:  Plutarch, 
p.  203. 

vi'  clous,  *  ^rl'-tions,  a.  [Fr.  vicieux,  from 
Lat.  vitiosus  =  vicious,  from  vitium  =  vice ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  ricioso;  ItaL  vizioso.]  [Vice  (1), ».) 

1.  Characterized    by  some  vice,  fault,  or 
blemish ;  faulty,  imperfective,  defective  :  an, 
a  vicious  system  of  government. 

2.  Contrary  to  moral  principles  or  to  recti- 
tude ;  immoral,  bad,  evil. 

"  Such  vicious  habits  as  disgrace  his  name." 

Cowper :  Tirocinium,  WL 

3.  Addicted  to  vice  or  immoral  habits  or 
practices;  corrupt  in  principles  or  conduct; 
immoral,  depraved,  wicked,  abandoned. 

"  He  putawaie  the  viciouM 
And  toke  to  him  the  vertuons."  Cower:  C.  A.vi. 

4.  Addicted  to  some  fault,  bad  habit,  or 
trick ;  not  properly  tamed  or  broken.    (Said 
of  a  horse.) 

"  5.  Vitiated,  foul,  impure  :  as,  fficious  air. 

6.  Corrupt,  faulty;  not  genuine  or  pure; 
Incorrect :  as,  a  vicious  style  of  writing. 

7.  Spiteful,  malignant,  virulent,  bitter :  as, 
a  vicious  attack.    (Colloq.) 

vicious  intromission,  >. 

Scots  Law :  The  intermeddling  of  the  effect* 
of  another  without  any  authority.  [INTRO- 
MISSION.] 

vi'-cions-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  viciovt;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  vicious,  faulty,  or  Incorrect  manner; 
faultily. 


boH,  brfy;  pout.  J6%I;  oat,  cell,  chorus.  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist.    -In* 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -(ion.  -»ion  =  zhnn.    -cioua, -tious, -sious  -  shus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del, 


C072 


viciousness— victorial 


2.  In  an   immoral,  depraved,    or  corrupt 
manner ;  immorally. 

"And  fane]  demeauyd  her  so  vicioutly,  that  in  pro. 
eesse  of  tyme  she  fell  Iu  such  ixmerte.  that  she  dyed 
in  great  penury  &  mlserye.  —  I'ooi/an  :  Cronvde, 
ch.  civil. 

3.  Spitefully,  malignantly,  bitterly;  with 
malice.    (Colloq.) 

vi'-clous-ncss,  *  vi-cious-nesse,  s.  [Eng. 
vicious;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vicious, 
faulty,  or  imperfect. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  contrary  to 
morality  or  rectitude ;  immorality,  depravity. 

3.  Addictedness  to  vice  or  immorality  ;  de. 
pravity  of  principles  or  manners  ;  habitual 
violation  of  the  moral  law  or  of  moral  duties. 

"  A  person  deceased,  generally  and  Justly  bated  for 
hiA  viciouaneue."— Fuller:  Worthiet ;  General.  • 

4.  Unruliness,  refractoriness.     (Said  of  a 
horse.) 

5.  Spitefulness,  malignancy ;  malicious  bit- 
terness. 

»l-cis'-si-tude,  s.  [Lat.  vicissitude  =  change, 
from  vicis  =  change.] 

1.  Regular  change  or  succession  from  one 
thing  to  another. 

"  This  succession  of  things  upon  the  earth  Is  the 
reeult  of  the  victieitudg  of  seasons."—  Woodward. 

2.  A  change  or  passing  from  one  state  or 
condition  to  another ;  change,  mutation,  re- 
volution. 

*  Through  all  vicirtitudct  of  fortune."— Jiacaulag  : 
ffiit-  Enff.,  ch.  xxv. 

•vl-$ls-si-tu'-dln-ar-y;  a,  [Lat.  trtoissi- 
fttdo,  genit.  vicissitudin(is)  =  change;  Eng. 
adj.  suff.  -ary.]  Subject  to  vicissitudes  or 
changes  ;  characterized  by  or  exhibiting  vicis- 
situdes. 

"The  days  of  man  fare]  ticiuUudinarg,  u  though 
he  had  as  many  good  days  as  i\\."— Donne  :  Devotions. 
p.  SIS. 


a.    tVicissmj- 

BINARY.]  Full  of  vicissitudes  or  changes ; 
characterized  by  or  subject  to  a  succession  of 
changes. 

Vl-9is'-sy,  i.    [See  compound.] 

vicissy-duck,  s. 

Omith. :  A  bird  described  by  Simmonds  as 
a  "  West-Indian  water-fowl,  smaller  than  the 
European,  and  affording  excellent  food."  It 
is  probably  the  Widow-duck  (q.v.X 

•ti-con'-tl-el,  a.  [Mid.  Eng.  vi<mnU  = 
viscount  (q.v.).] 

Old  Law :  Pertaining  to  the  sheriff  or  »i- 
eount, 

Tloontiel-rents,  ».  pi. 

Old  Law :  Certain  farms  for  which  the 
sheriff  pays  a  rent  to  the  king.  By  3  &  4 
Wm.  IV.  these  farms  were  placed  under  the 
management  of  the  Commissioners  of  Woods 
and  Forests. 

vicontiel  writs,  ».  pi 
Old  IOM:  Writs  triable  in  the  county  or 
sheriffs'  court. 

•vi-co'un'-ti-el,  o.    [VICONTIEL.] 

vlc'-tim,  s.  [Fr.  victime,  from  Lat.  victima,  a 
word  of  doubtful  origin  ;  prob.  from  vincio  = 
to  bind,  hence  =  the  bound  one.] 

1.  A  living  creature  sacrificed  to  some  deity 
or  in  the  performance  of  some  religious  rite  ; 
usually  some  beast  slain  in  sacrifice,  but  the 
practice  of  immolating  human  beings  has  also 
been  followed  by  many  nations. 

"  The  chief  part  of  the  sacrifice  was  the  victim,  con- 
cerning which  it  may  be  observed  in  the  first  place, 
that  It  was  required  to  be  whole,  perfect  and  sound  in 
ail  Its  members,  without  spot  or  blemish."— Potter  : 
Antia..  Greece,  bk.  11.,  ch.  iv. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  destroyed  or  injured 
In  some  manner  by  some  casualty. 

"Another  theatre  wrapped  in  flames,  together  with 
the  sacrifice  of  scores,  perhaps  of  hundreds  of  victims 
doomed  to  die  the  most  dreadful  death  imaginable." — 
Daily  Telegraph,  March  22,  1888. 

3.  A  person  or  thing  sacrificed  in  the  pur- 
suit of  an  object ;  a  person  or  thing  destroyed 
or  injured  from  application  to  some  object: 
as,  a  victim  to  avarice,  a  victim  to  jealousy. 

4.  A  living  being  sacrificed  by  or  suffering 
severe  injury  from  another. 

5.  Hence,  one  who  is  cheated  or  duped ;  a 
dupe,  a  gull. 

"  To  control  the  credulity  of  the  victim*  of  Hero- 
dotUB."— Globe,  March  25, 1888. 


*  vlc'-tlm-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  victimatus,  pa.  par 
of  victima  =  to  sacrifice.]  To  sacrifice  ;  t' 
make  a  victim  of ;  to  immolate. 

vtc'-tlm-ize,  vic'-tlm-ise,  v.t.  [Eng 
victim;  -ize.]  To  make  a  victim  of;  espe 
cially,  to  make  the  victim  of  a  swindle  o 
fraud ;  to  dupe,  to  swindle,  to  defraud,  to 
cheat. 

"She  victimized  large   numbers   of  tradesmen    in 
Edinburgh."— St.  Jamet's  Gatette,  March  2,  1888. 

vic'-tlm-Iz-er,  vic'-tlm-is-er,  j.  [Eng 
victimise),  (victimis(e) ;  -er.]  One  who  victim 
izes,  swindles,  or  defrauds  another. 

"  They  are  helpless  in  the  hands  of  their  victimiurt.' 
—Citizen,  Jan.  9,  1886. 

vic'-tor,    *  vlc-tour,   *vyc-tor,  s.   &  « 

[Lat.  victor,  from  victus,  pa.  par.  of  vinco 
(pa.  t.  rici)  =  to  conquer  ;  from  tiie  same  root 
as  Goth,  weigan,  vjeihan  (pa.  par.  wigans)  = 
to  strive,  to  contend  ;  A.S.  wig  =  war.  Ital. 
vittore.] 

A*  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  is  victorious  in  a  contest ;  one 
who  wins  or  gains  the  prize  or  advantage  in  a 
contest ;  one  who  vanquishes  another  in  any 
struggle  ;  especially,  one  who  is  victorious  i 
war ;  a  vanquisher. 

"  Some  time  the  flood  prevails,  and  then  the  wind, 
Both  tugging  to  be  vtctort,  breaat  to  breast." 

Shaketp.:  8  Henry  VI.,  it  5. 

*2.  One  who  ruins  or  destroys  ;  a  destroyer. 
'VThere,  victor  of  hi*  health,  his  fortune,  friends. 
And  fame,  this  lord  of  useless  thousands  ends." 
Pope:  Moral  Estayt,  iii.  313. 

•B.  As  adj.:  Victorious. 

"  Despite  thy  victor  iword."       S\aXetp.  :  Lear,  v.  S. 

IT  For  the  difference  between  victor  and  con- 
queror, see  CONQUEROR. 

*  vio'-tor-dom,  *  vlc-tor-dome,  ».  [Eng. 
motor;  -dom.]  The  condition  of  a  victor  ; 
victory. 

"Then  will  I  stand  by,  and  looke  on.  and  see  what 
9tctordom9  thoa  Shalt  get."— Barnet :  Worket.  fol  278. 

•vKo'-tor-er,  t.  [Eng.  victor;  -tr.]  A  victor, 
a  conqueror. 

"  The  chariots  of  noble  victorert  riding:  In  triumph." 
—P.  Holland  !  flinie,  bk.  xxviii.,  ch.  if. 

•vitf-tor-Sss,  *vic  tor-esse,  ».  [Eng. 
victor;  -ess.]  A  female  victor. 

"  When  the  victoreue  arrived  there." 

.Dealer:  F.  £,  III.  lU.  H. 

Vlc-tor'-I-a,  i.    [Lat.  =  victory  (q.v.).] 

1.  Bom.  Mythol. :  One  of  the  deities  of  the 
Romans,  called   by  the  Greeks  Nik«.     She 
was  sister  of  Strength  and  Valour,  and  was 
one  of  the  attendants  of  Jupiter.    Sylla  raised 
her  a  temple  at  Rome,  and  instituted  festivals 
in  her  honour.      She  was   represented   with 
wings,  crowned  with  laurel,  and  holding  the 
branch  of  a  palm-tree  iu  her  hand. 

2.  Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  12]. 

3.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Euryalidse  (q.v.),  akin 
to  Euryale,  from  which  it  differs  by  the  sepals 
being  deciduous,  by  the  petals  gradually  pass- 
ing into  stamens,  and  by  the  cells  of  the 
ovary  being  more  numerous.    Species  one  or 
three.    The  type  is  Victoria  regia,  named  by 
Lindley  after  Queen  Victoria.    It  is  the  most 
magnificent  of  all  known  water-lilies,  and  is 
the   more   acceptable  that  it   came  from  a 
region  in  which  it  had  been  supposed  that  no 
Nymphseacese   occurred.     It   was  first   dis- 
covered  by  the    botanist    Ha-nke   in   1801  ; 
Bonpland  afterwards  met  with  it.  Orbigny,  in 
1828,  sent  home  specimens  to  Paris;  others 
also  subsequently  saw  it  growing,  but  it  ex- 
cited no  attention  till,  in  1837,  Sir  Robert 
Schomburgk  found  it  in. the  Berbice  River  in 
British  Guiana.    The  rootstock  is  thick  and 
fleshy,  the  leaf-stalks  prickly,  the  leaf  pel- 
tate, its  margin  circular,  its  diameter  from  six 
to  twelve  feet,  the  edge  so  turned  up  as  to 
make  the  leaves  floating  in  tranquil  water  look 
like  a  number  of  large  trays.    The  leaves  are 
green  above,  and  covered  with  small  bosses, 
below  they  are  deep  purple  or  violet ;  the  un- 
developed flowers  are  pyriform ;  the  sepals 
four,  each  about  seven  inches  long  by  four 
broad,  purple  externally,  whitish  internally  ; 
the  petals  numerous,  in  several  rows,  passing 
insensibly  into  stamens,  fragrant,  the  outer 
ones  white,  the  inner  ones  roseate ;  stamens 
numerous,  the  outer  fertile,  the  inner  sterile  ; 
ovary  many  celled,  cup-shaped  above,  with 
many  small  stigmas  along  its  upper  margin  ; 
fruit  a  prickly  berry.  A  native  of  South  Amer- 
ican rivers,  especially  the  tributaries  of  the 
Amazon.      It  bag  been   introduced    into  the 


United  States  and  other  countries.    The  seeds 
are  said  to  be  eatable,  and  the  plant  is  in  con- 
sequence  called  Water  Maize  by  the  nativM 
of  the  region  where  it  grows. 
4.  Vehicle*:  A  park-carriage,  having  a  low 


seat  for  two  persons,  a  calash  top,  and  an 
elevated  driver's  seat  in  front. 

"  With  silent  moroslty  he  hands  her  into  her  vic- 
toria. —Rhnda  Broughton:  Second  Tttoughti.,  voL  ii., 
pt.  ii.,  ch.  vili. 

T  Royal  Order  of  Victoria  &  Albert:  An 
order  instituted  by  Queen  Victoria,  Feb.  10, 
1S62,  in  memory  of  the  Prince  Consort,  who 
died  Dec.  14,  1861.  It  was  enlarged  Oct.  10, 
1864,  Nov.  15,  1865,  and 
again  on  March  15,  1880. 
It  consists  of  her  Majesty, 
as  Sovereign  of  the  Order, 
and  fifteen  ladies  of  the 
Royal  families  of  Europe, 
who  form  the  First  class. 
The  second  class  consist! 
of  eight  ladies  of  the  royal 
families  of  Europe,  and  re- 
lated to  the  British  royal 
family.  The  third  class 
includes  twenty -one  lady 
members  of  the  British  no- 
bility, and  the  fourtli  class 
fifteen  lady  members  of  the 
nobility  and  gentry.  The 
badge  is  composed  of  like-  "">"''  ?*  ORD"  «• 
nesses  in  profile  of  her  fSuSaa 
Majesty  and  Prince  Albert, 
surmounted  by  a  border  of  precious  stones 
(different  for  each  class)  for  the  first,  second, 
and  third,  and  of  the  monogram  "V.A."  for 
the  fourth  class,  all  surmounted  by  an  Im- 
perial crown.  Ribbon,  white  moire. 

Victoria  Cross,  s.  A  British  naval  and 
military  decoration  instituted  by  royal  war- 
rant, Jan.  29,  1856,  and  bestowed  for  "  con- 
spicuous bravery  or  de- 
votion" to  the  country 
in  the  presence  of  the 
enemy.  It  is  the  most 
coveted  of  all  British  de- 
corations, and  is  open 
to  all  officers  and  men 
of  the  regular,  auxiliary, 
and  reserve  forces.  It 
consists  of  a  bronze  Mal- 
tese cross  with  the  royal 
crest  in  the  centre,  and 
underneath  an  escrol 
bearing  the  inscription, 
"  For  Valour."  It  is  worn 
attached  to  the  breast  by 
a  blue  ribbon  in  the  case 
of  the  navy,  and  by  a  red 


in  the  case  of  the  army, 
act 


VICTORIA  CROSS. 


For  every  additional  act  of  bravery  an  addi- 
tional clasp  may  be  added.  The  cross  carriw 
with  it  a  special  pension  of  £10  a  year,  and 
each  additional  clasp  an  additional  pension 
of  £5  a  year. 

Victoria  crowned-pigeon,  «. 

Ornith. :  Goura  victorite,  a  large  pigeon  from 
New  Guinea  and  the  adjacent  islands.  Genera] 
colour  slaty  blue,  with  reddish-brown  under- 
surface;  bluish-gray  stripes  on  wings,  and  a 
broad  grayish-white  line  at  the  end  of  the 
tail.  It  has  a  crest  of  numerous  small  fea- 
thers, which  terminate  in  spatules. 

Victoria  Institute,  s.  An  institution 
having  its  headquarters  in  London  and  founded 
to  harmonize  Scripture  and  science.  The 
meeting  which  resolved  on  its  formation  WJB 
held  on  June  16,  1865,  and  it  was  established 
on  the  22nd  of  the  same  month.  Called  also 
the  Philosophical  Society. 

vic-tor'-l'-al,  a.     [Eng.  victory;  -af.]    Per- 
taining to  or  in  celebration  of  a  victory. 

"  Wrote  thin  victorial  dttton."—  Prmthart : 
bk.  ii..  ch.  xi  v  ii. 


fate,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p&t, 
or.  wort),  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cor,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    ».  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  tar. 


Victorian— viduous 


5073 


Vlc-tbr'-i-an,  a.    [See  defs.] 

1.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  reign  of  Queen 
Victoria,  who  ascended  the  throne  1837. 

"  H«  touched  his  readers  lees  th»n  any  other  IV- 
toririn  poet  of  the  first  rank,"— Athenaum,  Arm  21, 
1884.  p.  sol. 

2.  Of  or  belonging  to  Victoria,  a  division  of 
Australia,  named  after  Queen  Victoria  in  1851. 

Vic'-tor-ine,  «.  [Named  after  Queen  Victoria.) 

1.  A  small  fur  tippet  worn  by  ladies. 

"  A  warm  .  .  .  victortne  of  eakskln  that  encircled 
her  neck."-  IV.  S.  Mayo  :  Sever  Again,  ch.  nil. 

2.  A  variety  of  peach. 

vic-tor  -I-ous,   •  vlc-tor-y-ous,   •  vyc- 

tor-y-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  victorieux,  from  Lat. 
victoriosus  =  full  of  victory,  from  victor  =  a 
victor  (q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port,  victorioao ;  Ital.  vit- 
torioso.] 

L  Having  obtained  victory  ;  having  con- 
quered in  battle  or  conflict  of  any  kind; 
having  overcome  an  antagonist  ;  especially, 
having  obtained  victory  over  an  enemy  in 
war ;  conquering. 

"Sung  triumph,  and  him  sung  victorioul  kiw" 
Hitton :  r.  L.,  VI.  boo. 

2.  Associated  or  connected  with  victory; 
characterized  by  victory  ;  producing  victory. 

"  Sudden  these  honours  shall  be  snatch'd  away. 
And  curst  for  ever  this  victor/out  day. 

Pope :  Rape  of  tne  Lot*,  ill.  104. 

3.  Emblematic  of  victory  ;  betokening  con- 
quest. 

"Now  are  our  brows  hound  with  victorioul  wreaths." 
shakttp. :  Richard  111.,  l.  i. 

v.o-tdV-i-ous-ly,  *  vyc-tor-y-ous-ly, 

adv.  [Eng.  victorious  :  -ly.)  In  a  victorious 
manner  ;  with  victory  ;  as  a  victor  ;  trium- 
phantly. 

"  That  grace  will  carry  us  ...  victorlouat  through 
all  our  difficulties. "— Hammond. 

•  vio-tor'-i-OUS  ness,  s.  [Eng.  victorious  ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  victorious. 

vio'-tor-Ite,  s.  [After  Victor  Mennier  ;  snff. 
-itt  (Mm.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  enstatite  (q.v.),  entirely 
free  from  iron.  Occurs  in  acicular  crystals, 
sometimes  in  rosette-like  groups,  in  cavities  in 
the  meteoric  iron  of  Deesa,  Chili. 

Tic'-t6r-y,  "  vlc-tor-ie,  s.  [O.  Fr.  victorie 
(Fr  victoire),  from  Lat.  victoria  =  conquest, 
from  victor  =  a  victor  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  ft  Port,  vic- 
toria; Ital.  vittoria.) 

1.  The  defeat  of  an  enemy  in  battle,  or  of 
an  antagonist  or  opponent  in  any  contest ;  a 
gaining  of  the  supremacy  or  superiority  in 
war  or  any  contest. 

"  Nor  »ase  again  till  victory  descend 
Krom  all-deciding  Heav'n  on  u»  or  you. 

Cowpcr  :  Homer ;  Iliad  vil. 

2  Advantage  or  superiority  gained  in  any 
conflict  or  struggle,  as  over  self  or  ones 
passions  or  appetites,  or  over  temptations,  or 
other  like  struggle. 

"It  is  a  great  Instancy  of  a  victory  over  the  most 
refractory  passions."—  Taylor. 

3.  The  same  as  VICTORIA,  1. 
tvic'-tress,  s.    [Eng.  victor;  -ess.]    A  female 
victor. 

"  She  shs.ll  be  sole  vtctreu,  Cwiar  >  Cas»r. 

Shalelp. :  Itichard  III.,  IV.  4. 

•vlc'-trise,  s.    [VICTRIX.]    A  victress. 

••  With  boughs  of  palm  a  crowned  victrice .•tend." 
Ben  Jonton  :  Elegy  on  nit  Mute. 

•viB'-trljc,  o.  &  i.  [La*-  fem-  of  victor  =  * 
victor  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :   Victorious,  conquering :   as, 
Venus  Victrix. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  female  victor ;  a  victress. 

••  In  his  vietrlx  he  required  all  that  was  here  visible." 
— C.  Bronte :  Yillette,  ch.  xxxii. 

vict  ual,  *  vJcf -uall  (c  silent),  *  vit  ailo, 
•  vit-allle,  •  vyct-ual,  *  vyt-alle,  *  vyt- 
aylle,  s.  [Fr.  vitaiUe  (O.  Fr.  victuaille),  from 
Lat.  victualia  =  provisions,  victuals,  prop, 
neut.  pi.  of  victualis  =  belonging  to  food  or 
nourishment,  from  victus  =  food,  nourish- 
ment ;  prop.  pa.  par.  of  vivo  =  to  live.  From 
the  same  root  come  viand,  vital,  vivacious, 
vivid,  revive,  survive,  viper,  &c.  Sp.  vitualla  ; 
Port,  vitualha,  victualha;  Ital.  vittuaglia,  vit- 
toraglia,  vettovaglia.  The  present  incorrect 
spelling  of  the  word  is  due  to  a  pedantic 
desire  to  represent  the  Latin  ultimate  origin, 
ignoring  the  direct  derivation  from  the  French ; 
the  true  orthography  is,  however,  fairly  re- 
presented by  the  pronunciation,  vif-tk.  The 
word  is  not  now  used  in  the  singular.] 


1  Supplies  for  the  support  of  life;  pro- 
visions, food;  especially  food  for  human 
beings,  prepared  for  consumption. 

"You  had  musty  victual,  and  he  hath  holp  to  eat 
it."— Shakelp. :  J/wcA  Ado,  i.  1. 

2.  Corn  or  grain  of  any  sort.    (Scotch.) 

vict'- ual  (c  silent),  *  vit -ell,  *vlt-ule, 
*vyt-ayl,  v.t.  [VICTUAL,  s.]  To  supply  or 
store  with  victuals  or  provisions  for  food  and 
sustenance  ;  to  provide  with  stores  of  food. 

"  To  see  that  the  crew  properly  victual  themselves. ' 
—Field,  Dec.  24.  1887. 

•  victualage  (as  vlt'-tel-ig),  s.  [Eng  vic- 
tual, s. ;  -age.]  Food,  provisions,  victuals. 

"  I  could  not  proceed  with  my  cargo  of  victualaae." 
—C.  Bronte :  Jane  Eyre.  ch.  xvlL 

vict'-ual-ler  (c  silent), « vyt-all-er,  *  vyt- 

ayll-er,  s.    [Eng.  victual,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  supplies  victuals  or  provisions, 
as  for  an  army,  fleet,  &C. ;  one  who  contracts 
to  victual  a  body  of  men. 

"The  victualler!  goon  found  out  with  whom  they 
had  to  deal."— Macaulay :  Bin.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

2,  One  who  keeps  an  inn  or  house  of  enter- 
tainment ;  an  innkeeper,  a  tavern-keeper. 

"  All  vtctuaOeri  do  so."— Shakeep. :  2  Senry  IV.,  li  4. 

3.  A  ship  employed  to  carry  provisions  for 
other  ships,  or  for  supplying  troops  at  a  dis- 
tance.   (Smyth.) 

"There  remained  In  company  only  our  own  squad- 
ron and  our  two  victualler!.  —Anton  :  T  oyaaei,  ok.  i., 
ch.lt. 

4,  A  corn-factor ;  one  who  deals  in  grain. 

(Scotch.) 
U  Licensed  victualler :  (LICENSED). 

vict  -uall  Ing  (c  silent),  pr.  par.  or  o.  [VIC- 
TUAL, v.] 

victualling  bill,  s.  A  custom-house 
document,  warranting  the  shipment  of  such 
stores  as  the  master  of  an  outward-bound 
merchantman  may  require  for  his  intended 
voyage. 

•victualling-house,  s.  A  house  where 
provision  is  made  for  strangers  to  eat ;  an 
eating-house. 

victualling-note,  s.  An  order  given  to 
a  seaman  in  the  Royal  Navy  by  the  pay- 
master when  he  joins  a  ship,  which  is  handed 
to  the  ship's  steward,  as  his  authority  for 
victualling  the  man.  (English.) 

victualling  ship,  s.  The  same  as  VIC- 
TUALLER, 3.  (q.v.). 

victualling-yard,  «.  A  yard  generally 
contiguous  to  a  dockyard,  containing  maga- 
zines in  which  provisions  and  other  like 
stores  for  the  navy  of  a  state  are  deposited, 
and  where  war-vessels  and  transports  are  pro- 
visioned. 

vict'-uals  (c  silent),  s.  pi.    [VICTUAL,  «.] 

vicugna,  vicuna  (both  as  rl-eAn'-ya),  s. 

[From  the  Spanish  form  of  the  native  name.] 
Zool. :  Auchenia  vicugna,  a  native  of  the 
most  elevated  localities  of  Bolivia  and  Nor- 
thern Chili.     It  is  very  wild,  and  has  resisted 
all  attempts  to  reduce  it  to  a  state  of  domes- 


of  perpetual  snow.  The  soft,  silky  fur  is  in 
much  request  for  making  delicate  fabrics,  and 
many  thousands  of  these  animals  are  slaught- 
ered annually  for  the  sake  of  the  skins. 

*vi-dame',  s.  [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  vice 
dominus  =  a  vice-lord,  from  vice  =  iu  place 
of,  and  domi»U3=a  lord.]  In  France,  an 
orHcer  who  originally,  under  the  feudal 
system,  represented  the  bishop,  abbot,  &c., 
in  temporal  affairs,  as  in  the  command  of 
soldiers,  the  administration  of  justice,  and 
the  like.  In  process  of  time  these  digni- 
taries erected  their  offices  into  fiefs,  and 
became  feudal  lords.  (Brande  i  Cox.)  The 
title  continued  to  the  Revolution  of  1789. 

VI' -dS,  v.  [Lat.,  imper.  sing,  of  video  =  to 
see  ]  See ;  a  word  used  as  a  reference  to 
something  stated  elsewhere,  as  vide  ante,  vide 
supra  =  see  before,  see  above— that  is,  in  a 
previous  part  of  the  same  book ;  vide  infra,, 
vide  post  =.  see  below,  see  after,  that  is,  in  a 
subsequent  place  ;  quod  vide  (generally  abbre- 
viated into  q.v.)  =  which  see  ;  vide  ut  supra 
=  see  as  above,  see  as  mentioned  before. 

vi-del'-i-oSt,  adv.  [Lat.,  contr.  for  vidert 
licet  =  it  is  easy  to  see,  hence,  plainly,  to  wit : 
videre  =  to  see,  and  licet  =  it  is  allowable  ;  cf. 
scilicet.}  To  wit,  namely,  that  is.  In  old 
MSS  and  books  the  abbreviation  for  Latin  -el 
(tinal)  closely  resembled  the  letter  z,  hencd 
the  abbreviation  viz.  (in  which  form  videlicet 
is  generally  found)  stands  for  viet. 

"  In  all  this  time  there  wa«  not  any  man  died  ii 

his  own  peimm,  videlicet  tn  a  lore  cauae."— Shaketp. 

At  you  lilte  It,  Iv.  L 

vi-dette,  s.    [VEDETTE.] 

Vld'-l-an,  a.  [See  def.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
discovered  by  Vidus  Vidius,  a  Florentine 
physician  of  the  sixteenth  century.  Used  in 
Anatomy,  in  which  there  are  a  Vidian  ar»ry 
canal,  and  nerve. 


VICCONA. 

tication.  It  is  the  smallest  species  of  the 
genus,  standing  only  about  thirty  inches  at 
the  shoulder.  Coloration  nearly  uniform  lion- 
brown,  tinged  with  yellow  on  the  back  and 
fading  into  gray  on  the  abdomen.  It  is  ex- 
tremely active  and  snre-footed,  and  is  seldom 
taken  alive.  In  habit  it  somewhat  resembles 
the  chamois,  as  it  lives  in  herds  in  the  regions 


Anat. :  A  canal  passing  horizontally  from 
before  backwards  through  the  sphenoid  bone, 
at  the  base  of  the  internal  pterygoid  plate. 
It  transmits  the  vidian  nerve  and  vessel* 
Called  also  the  Pterygoid-canaL 

»vi'-di-mus,  s.  [Lat.=  we  have  seen,  1st 
pers.  pi.  pert,  indie,  of  video  =  to  see.] 

1.  An   examination  or   inspection :    as,  a 
vidimus  of  accounts. 

2.  An  abstract  or  syllabus  of  the  contents 
of  a  document,  book,  or  the  like. 

vi-do-m-a,  s.  [Sp.]  A  white  wine,  pro. 
duced  in  Teneriffe,  and  resembling  Madeira, 
but  inferior  in  quality,  and  of  a  tart  flavour. 

"  On  the  road  we  get  a  familiar  reference  to  Canary 
sack  and  Malmsey  wine,  whose  degenerate  descendant 
is  the  white  wine  known  as  vidonia,  In  which  no 
modern  duke  would  willingly  commit  suicide.  — 
Globe,  March  24,  1888. 

vid'-U-a,  ».  [A  corrupt  Latinised  form  of 
Whidah,  a  territory  in  Eastern  Africa.] 

[WlDOW-BIBD.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Ploceidss  (q.v.),  with 
seven  species,  from  tropical  and  southern 
Africa.  Bill  compressed,  nostrils  hidden  by 
plumes  ;  wings  third  to  fifth  quills  longest, 
flrst  spurious ;  tail-feathers  and  tail-coverts 
lengthened  variously;  tarsi  with  divided 
scales  in  front. 

*  vld'-u-age  (age  as  ig),  s.    [Lat.  vidua  =  • 

widow.)    The  state  of  a  widow  ;  widowhood-, 
widows  collectively. 

*  vid'-u-al,  a.    [Low  Lat.  vidualis,  from  Lai. 
rtdwo'=a   widow,    prop.  fern,   of  viduus  = 
widowed.]    [WIDOW,  ».]    Of,  pertaining,   or 
relating  to  the  state  of  a  widow. 

"  The  only  pattern  of  all  chastity,  virginal,  oonjugal. 
and  vidual.  —  Parthenia  Sacra,  p.  80. 

*  vid-u-a'-tlon,  s.    [Lat.  vidua  =  a  widow.] 

The  state  of  being  widowed  or  bereaved  ;  loss, 
bereavement. 

"vi-du'-I-ty,  •  vl-du-1-tle,  s.  [Lat  vidu- 
Has,  from  viduus  =  widowed  ;  Fr.  viduile.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  a  widow ;  widow- 
hood. 

"  A  vow  of  continued  vidullie."—  Sp.  BaU:  Honour 
of  Harried  Clergy,  bk.  1.,  f  8. 

«vid'-u-ous,  o.  [Lat.  vidwu.]  Widowed, 
bereaved. 

"She  gone,  and  her  viduoul  mansion,  your  heart,  to 
let.'— TnacXeray :  Jfemsomet.  ch.  DEffL 


bo?;  pout,  J6%l;  oat.  9elL  ohom*  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  thl.;  .In,  a,;  expect,  Xenophon, 
-ei.m.-tlan  =  8^   -tton.  -anon  =  shun;  -flon,  -jion  =  fliun.  -olous,  -tious.  -«iou»  =  •hu..  -Me,  -die,  &c.  -  Del,  del. 


6074 


vie— vigilance 


Vie,  *  vye,  r.i.  &  (.  [A  contr.  form  of  cnvie 
Mid.  Eng.  mritn,  from  O.  Fr.  envier  (au  jev 
=  to  vie  (Cotgrave);  lit.=  to  invite  or  cha 
lenge  (to  a  game),  from  Lat.  invito  =  to  invit 
Ol.v.);  cf.  bp.  envidar=  amongst  gamester 
to  invite  or  to  open  the  game  by  staking 
certain  sum;  Ital  inuitare  (al  giuoco)=  to  n 
or  revie  at  any  game,  to  drop  vie  ;  invito  = 
vir  at  play,  a  vie  at  any  game  ;  also,  an  in 
viting,  proffer,  or  bidding.  (Florio.)  The  tru 
sense  of  with  being  against  (as  in  wttAstand 
fight  vttk\  to  vie  mth  =  to  stake  against  t 
•wager  against  (Stoat.)] 
A.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  In  old  games,  as  gleek,  primero,  &c 
to  wager  on  the  value  of  one's  hand  agains 
that  of  an  opponent.     [REVIE.] 

2.  Hence,  to  strive  for  superiority ;  to  con 
tend,  to  endeavour ;  to  be  equal  or  superior 
to  rival.  (Said  of  persons  or  things,  an 
followed  by  with  before  the  person  or  thin 
•contended  against,  and  by  in  or  for  before  th 
Object  of  contention.) 

"  Now  voices  over  voices  rise  ; 
While  each  to  be  the  loudest  Viet." 

Stctft  :  Journal  of  a.  Modern  Lady. 

*  B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  offer  as  a  stake  ;  to  stake,  to  wager 
to  play  as  for  a  wager  with. 

"  She  vied  and  revied  others  to  the  contrary."— 
Jtoicley :  Starch  for  Money. 

2.  To  show  or  practise  in  competition ;  tc 
put  or  bring  into  competition  ;  to  contend  in 
or  with  respect  to  ;  to  try  to  outdo  in. 

"  Out,  thou  camelion  harlot !  now  thine  eyes 
fie  tears  with  the  hyasna." 

Ben  Jonton':  fox,  iv. 

*  Vie,  s.  [ViE,  t).]  A  challenge,  a  wager  ;  hence 
a  contest  or  struggle  for  superiority ;  a  con 
teution  in  the  way  of  rivalry. 

"Then  cauie  in  Theou  also  with  his  vie,  adding 
moreover  and  saying  that  It  could  Dot  be  denied." — 
f.  Holland  :  Plutarc*,  p.  «19t 

-t  vi-elle',  ».     [Fr.,  akin  to  viol  (q.v.).] 
Music :  The  hurdygnrdy  (q.v.). 

Vl-en'-na,  ».    [Oer.  Wim.] 

Geog. :  The  capital  of  the  Austrian  empire 
now  Austro-Hungary. 

Vienna -basin,  s. 

GeoU  :  A  series  of  beds— the  lowest  Oligo- 
cene,  the  highest  Pliocene— found  in  a  basin- 
shaped  hollow  in  the  older  rocks  in  and  around 
Vienna.  The  Oligocene  contains  remains  ol 
Mastodon  tapiroides,  Rhinoceros  sansaniensis, 
Ac.,  and  the  Pliocene,  Dinotherium,  Masto- 
don, Rhinoceros,  Machairodns,  Hysena,  Cer- 
vus,  Antilope,  ic.,  with  birch,  alder,  oak, 
beech,  chestnut,  hornbeam,  liquidambar. 

VI-  cn-nise ',  a.  k  t,    [See  def.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Vienna  or 
its  inhabitants. 

B.  As  subst. :   A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Vienna ;  as  a  plural,  the  inhabitants  of  Vienna 
collectively. 

vl-er'-zdn-ite,  s.      [After   Vierzon,   Cher. 
France,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).\ 
Min. :  The  same  as  MELINITE  (q.v.). 
Ti  et  ar  mis,  phr.    [Lat.] 

Law:  With  force  and  arms.  (Words  made 
use  of  in  indictments  and  actions  of  trespass 
to  show  the  violent  commission  of  any  tres- 
pass or  crime ;  hence,  with  force  and  violence 
generally.) 

"Ha  gamekeeper  sees  a  poacher  at  work  In  day. 
time,  he  must  be  content  to  summon  him,  and  has  no 
right  then  and  there  to  collar  him  vi  et  armii."— 
fold,  March  3,  1888. 

Viet -ing-hof  -ite,  t.    [After  Mr.  Vietinghof ; 
suit  -ite(Uin.).'] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Samarskite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining 23  per  cent,  of  protoxide  of  iron. 
Found  near  Lake  Baikal,  Asiatic  Russia. 

vlcusseuxla  (as  vyA-su'-zI-a),  ».   [Named 
after  M.  Vieusseux,  a  physician  "of  Geneva.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Iridacese.  Root  tuberous ; 
•tern  branched  ;  leaves  narrow,  sword-shaped  ; 
perianth  six-parted,  in  two  series  of  segments, 
the  inner  smaller.  Natives  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  cultivated  in  England  for  their 
ornamental  flowers. 

View  (as  vn),  ».     [O.  Fr.  veue  =  the  sense, 

act,  or  Instrument  of  seeing,  the  eyes,  a  glance, 

a  view,  a  look,  sign,  4tc. ;  prop.  fern,  of  t*u 

=  viewed,  seen,  pa.  par.  of  twoir  (Fr.  voir)  = 

I         to  view,  see,  from  Lat.  video  =  to  see ;  Fr.  we.] 


I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  viewing,  seeing,  or  beholding 
survey  or  examination  by  the  eye  ;  look,  sight 

Views  all  things  at  one  rlou^'  '" 

JliUon:  P.i.,U.lt». 

2.  Range  of  vision  ;  reach  of  sight ;  exten 
of  prospect ;  power  of  seeing  physically. 

"  Soar  above  the  uiete  of  men." 

ShaJcetl>-  •  Jitliut  Cottar,  i.  1. 

3.  The    act    nf   perceiving    by  the    mind 
mental  survey  or  examination  ;    intellectua 
inspection,  observation,  consideration. 

"If  the  limn!  hns  made  this  inference  by  fiudin 
out  the  intermediate  Idea*,  and  taking  a  view  of  th 
connection  of  them,  it  has  iiroceedeu  rationally  "— 
Locke. 

4.  Mental  or  intellectual  range  of  vision 
power  of  perception  mentally. 

o.  That  which  is  viewed,  seen,  or  beheld 
that  which  is  looked  upon ;  a  sight  or  spec 
tacle  presented  to  the  eye  ;  scene,  prospect. 
"  T  is  distance  lends  euchantuieut.to  the  view.* 
Campbell :  Pleaturet  of  Hope,  i.  7. 

*  6.  Appearance,  show,  aspect,  look. 

"  You  that  choose  not  by  the  sfcw." 

Sltakap. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ill.  9, 

7.  A  scene  as  represented  by  painting  or 
drawing ;  a  picture,  sketch,  or  drawing,  as  a 
landscape  or  the  like. 

o  ",?£,'*„'!•'"*'•  """  l»">oramai  are  not  picture*."— 
Pall  Mall  Qatette,  Dec.  10,  1887. 

8.  Manner  or  mode  of  looking  at  things 
manner  of  regarding  subjects  on  which  various 
opinions  may  be  held;  judgment,  opinion 
way  of  thinking,  notion,  idea,  theory. 

"By  constant  repetition  of  the  same  fundament* 
M*M*.  he  forced  them  as  it  were  upon  the  minds  of  his 
countrymen.-— Brit.  Ifltart.  Keauie.  Ivii.  68. 

9.  Something  looked   towards   or  forming 
the  subject  of  consideration  ;  intention,  pur- 
pose, design,  aim. 

"  No  man  seta  himself  about  anything,  but  cnon 
some  «ton  or  other  which  serves  him  for  a  reason?— 

IL  Law :  An  inspection  of  property  in  dis- 
pute, or  of  a  place  where  a  crime  has  been 
committed,  by  the  jury  previous  to  the  trial 
of  the  case. 

IF  (1)  Field  of  view :  [FIELD,  ».,  A.  II.  3.]. 

(2)  In  virai :  In  sight;  possible  to  be  seen. 

"  The  enemy  s  in  viftc."          Bhakftp.  :  Lear,  v.  1. 

(3)  In  view  of:  In  consideration  of:  con- 
sidering ;  having  regard  to. 

(4)  On  view:  Open  or  submitted  to  public 
Inspection  ;  exhibited  or  open  to  the  public  : 
as,  The  goods  are  now  on  view. 

(5)  Point  of  view :  The  point  or  direction 
from  which  a  thing  is  seen ;  hence,  figuratively, 
the  particular  mode  or  manner  in  which 'a 
thing  is  viewed,  looked  at,  or  considered ;  a 
standpoint 

(6)  To  have  in.  view :  To  have  as  one's  object 
or  aim  ;  to  have  regard  to. 

•  (7)  To  the  view :  So  as  to  be  seen  by  every- 
body ;  in  public. 

"  Shall  uplift  us  to  Me  tittr." 

*f«ikt-tp.  :  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  v.  t. 

*  (8)  View  offrankpledge :  [FRANKPLEDQE,  If). 
view-halloo,  s. 

Hunt. :  The  cry  of  the  huntsman  on  seeing 
the  fox  break  cover. 

"There  was  nothing  left  but  to  trot  back  to  Sap- 
cote,  where  there  was  first  a  viev-haUoo  .  .  .  and  then 
a  kind  of  scare."—  Field,  Dec.  17.  1887. 

view  (as  TU),  *  ve we,   •  vieu,  v.t.  &  t 

[VIEW,  «.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  see ;  to  look  on ;  to  behold  ;  to  per- 
ceive with  the  eye. 

Dec.H5  <18s'-W**  *•""**  making  for  the  wood."-««W. 

2.  To  examine  with  the  eye ;  to  look  on 
with  attention,  or  for  the  purpose  of  examining 
closely  ;  to  inspect,  to  survey,  to  explore. 

"  Go  up  aud  view  the  country."— JoAua  TiL  s. 

3.  To  survey  mentally  or  intellectually  ;  to 
examine  with  the  mental  eye  ;  to  consider. 

"  The  happiest  youth,  viewing  his  progress  through." 
Shaketp.  :  3  Henry  IV.,  iil.  1. 

4.  To  regard;  to  consider  in  a  particular 
light. 

"  The  appointment  was  vifvtfd  with  general  ap- 
proval "-&•«.  Quart.  &«„,,  Ivii.  55. 

*  5.  To  peruse. 

"  Flmr  these  letters."    Shalui,,.  :  1  a,nry  VI.,  i.  \. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  look  ;  to  take  a  view, 
f  To  vitw  away : 

fox-hunt. :  To  observe  (•  fox)  breaking  cover. 


I  View'-er  (lew  as  u),  s.  [Eng.  view,  v. ;  *r.\ 
One  who  views,  inspects,  surveys,  or  exa- 
mines ;  specif.  : 

(1)  An  official  appointed  to  superintend  or 
inspect  something ;  an  overseer. 

"  The  door-keepers  were  summoned  before  the  over. 
seer  or,  as  you  call  him.  the  tiemr.--.vlu  ijoe- 
worth  :  Lame  Jerrat.  ch.  I. 

(2)  One  of  a  body  of  jurors  who  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  court  to  view  or  inspect  the 
property  in  controversy,  or  the  place  where  a 
crime  has  been  committed.     In  Scotland  two 
parties  called  "shewers"  point  out  the  sub- 
jects to  be  viewed. 

*  View  I  ness  (lew  as  n),  s.    [Eng.  viewy ; 
-HISS.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  viewy. 

"  Written  with  characteristic  tendency  to  over- 
generalisation  and  vietoinelt.'  —  Guardian,  May  21. 

"Vlew'-lBSS   (lew  as  u).   a.      [Eng.  view; 
•less.]    Incapable  of  being  viewed  or  seen  ;  in- 
visible ;  not  seen  or  perceived  by  the  eye. 
"  Thou  must  be  vietolet*  to  Emttedocles. 

Uattheta  Arnold:  EmpfdiKlet  on  Ktntt,  1.  L 

Vlew'-ljr  (lew  as  u),  a.  [Eng.  view;  -ly.] 
Pleasing  to  the  view.  (Proa.) 

view -some  (lew  as  n),  a.  [Eng.  view; 
-some.]  Pleasing  to  the  sight.  (Prov.) 

•view'-jr  (lew  as  u),  a.  [Bug.  view;  -]/.] 
Holding  or  disposed  to  hold  peculiar  views; 
given  to  views  or  schemes  ttet  are  speculative 
rather  than  practical. 

vif'-da,  vlv'-da,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful;  cf. 
led.  ve\fa  =  \a  wave.)  In  Orkney  and  Shet- 
land Islands,  beef  or  mutton  hung  and  dried 
without  salt. 

*  Vl-ges'-I-mal,a.  [Lat  vigesimus.]  Twentieth. 

*  vJ-ges-I-ma'-tion,  «.     [Lat   rigesimtu  = 
twentieth.]    The  act  of  putting  to  death  every 
twentieth  man.    [DECIMATION.] 

vig-Il.   «vlg-ae.  *ylg-Hl,  *vlg-Ule,  ». 

[Fr.  vtgile,  from  Lat.  vtaiiio  =  •  vmteh,  watch- 
ing, from  vigil  =  awake,  vigilant,  watchful, 
from  vigeo  —  to  flourish,  to  thrive,  from  the 
same  root  as  Eng.  wake;  Sp.,  Port.  &  Ital. 
viffilia.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  keeping  awake  ;  absti- 
nence from  sleep  at  the  natural  or  ordinary 
hours  of  rest ;  sleeplessness  ;  hence,  the  state 
of  being  awake  or  watchful;  watchfulness, 
wakefulness,  watch. 

"  His  delicate  frame  worn  out  by  the  labours  and 
vigil*    of    mauy  mouths."—  Hacaitlay :   But.  £na 
ch.  xxtr. 

2.  Devotional  watching  ;  hence,  devotions, 
service,  praise,  prayer,  or  the  like,  performed 
duringthe  customary  hours  of  rest ;  nocturnal 
devotions. 

H.  Ecclesiastical  <t  Chunk  History: 
1.  Originally  the  watch  kept  on  the  night 
before  a  feast,  then  (from  the  eleventh  or 
twelfth  century),  the  day  and  night  preceding 
a  feast  The  practice  of  spending  the  night 
in  public  prayer,  which  is  probably  oliier 
than  Christianity,  prevailed  in  the  early 
Church,  and  down  to  the  fourteenth  century 
was  the  usual  prelude  to  the  greater  festivals. 
But  there  were  many  objections  to  the  custom, 
which,  from  about  that  date  was  gradually 
discontinued.  In  the  Roman  Church  the 
Midnight  Mass  before  the  feast  of  Christmas 
is  the  only  relic  of  the  old  custom.  [WATCH- 
NIGHT.]  Broadly  speaking,  the  vigils  of  the 
Roman  Church  have  been  transferred  to  the 
English  Prayer  Book.  Theoretically,  all  vigils 
are  fast-days,  but  in  the  Roman  Church  the 
customs  of  different  countries  vary  slightly. 

2.    The    devotional  exercises   or   services 
appropriate  to  the  vigil  or  eve  of  a  festival 
*  Vigili  or  WatcMngs  of  flowers : 
Bot.  :  The  rendering  of   Lat.   vigilio!,  the 
name  used  by  Linnseus  (Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  isth, 
ii.  20)  to  describe  the  faculty  possessed  by 
certain  plants  of  opening  and  closing  their 
flowers  at  certain  hours  of  the  day.  He  places 
it  under  the  heading  Horologium.    [FLORAL- 
CLOCK.] 

vis -U  an9e,  *  vig'-H-en9e,  s.  [Fr.,  from 
Lit.  vigilantia,  fromvigilans  =:  vigilant  (q.v.) ; 
Sp.  &  Port  vigilancia;  Ital.  vigilanza.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vigilant  or 
watchful ;  attention  of  the  mind  in  discover- 
ing or  guarding  against  danger,  or  in  providing 


l&te.  fSt,  fire,  .jjuldst,  what,  tall,  lather;  we.  wit.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine-  go.  p8t, 
or.  wore,  won  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  lullj  try.  Syrian.    ».  ee  =  i;  ey  =  a;  Q.U  =  kw. 


vigilancy— vilipend 


6075 


tor  safety ;  watchfulness,  wariness,  circum- 
•pection. 

"  They  .  .  .  made  haste  to  make  appear 
With  righteuua  plea,  their  utmost  vigilance. 

Milton :  P.  L..  X.  30. 

•2.  Forbearance  of  sleep  ;  \vakef  ulness. 

••  Ulysses  yielded  unreasonably  to  Bleep,  and  the 
itrong  passion  for  his  country  should  have  given  him 
tiguattce."—  Broom*. 

•  3.  A  guard,  a  watch. 

"I: 
The  vigilance.' 

vigilance-committee,  s.  A  committee 
or  body  formed  to  \vatcli  the  progress  or  car- 
rying out  of  some  measure,  or  for  the  purpose 
of  protecting  certain  interests  supposed  to  be 
Imperilled,  or  for  restraining  any  abuse  or 
nuisance. 

"  But  at  least  it  1»  well  that  the  lawless  and  offen- 
sive zeal  of  vigiltmce^ommUtea  haa  received  a  decisive 
C^Kt."- People.  April  22,  1888. 

•Vag'-H-an-cy,  s.  [Etig.  vigilant*?);  -».] 
Vigilance. 

"  Their  vigilttncy  Is  honoured  with  this  heavenly 
Ytaion.  -o>  Ball:  Coat.;  Birtlt of  Christ. 

•Jir'-ll-ant,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vigilam,  pr. 
IHT  iit'vigUo  =  to  watch;  from  vigil  =  watch- 
ill  ;  Sp.,'Port.,  &  Ital.  vigilante.]  [VioiL.] 

1.  Ord.Lang.:  Ever  awake  and  on  the  alert , 
watchful,  wakeful,  wary,  circumspect;  atten- 
tive to  discover  or  avoid  danger. 

2.  Her. :  Applied  to  a  cat  when  borne  in  a 
position  as  if  on  the  look  out  for  prey. 

Ylg'-il-ant-ly,  adv.  [Vng.  vigilant;  -ly.]  In 
•  vigilant  manner ;  with  vigilance :  watchfully, 
warily,  circumspectly. 

"  They  had  a  strong  cordon  aronnd  the  castle  vtfftt- 
antly  watching  U.'— Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  )«,  1888. 

•vlg-111.  "vlg-llle,  i.    [VioiL.] 

*  vig-In-tlV-ir-ate,  s.  [Lat.  viginti  =  twen- 
ty, and  viri  =  mcn  ;  cf.  Triumvirate,  &c.]  A 
body  of  officers  of  government,  consisting  of 
twenty  men. 

Tig  na,  s.  [Named  after  Dominic  Vigna,  a 
commentator  on  Theophrastus.) 


fuY 


rated  by  thin,  spurious  partitions.  Known 
gpecies  more  than  thirty,  chiefly  from  the 
tropics.  Vigna  Catiang  (=Doliclu>3  sinensis) 
has  a  legume  about  two  feet  long,  witli  a 
number  of  pea-like  seeds,  which  are  used  for 
food,  or  the  young  legume  may  itself  be 
cooked  with  its  contents.  The  plant  is  culti- 
vated throughout  the  tropics,  and  is  used  in 
India  to  strengthen  the  stomach  but  is  said 
to  be  hot,  dry,  diuretic,  and  difficult  of  digi'S- 
tion.  V,  pilosa  is  also  cultivated  in  India  and 
Burmah. 

Tlgnette  (as  vin-ySt,  or  yl-nef),  *vig- 

net,  s.  [Fr.  =a  little  vine;  vignettes  = 
branches,  or  branchlike  borders  or  flourishes  ; 
dimin.  from  vigne  =  a  vine  (q.v.).J 

*  1.  Originally  applied  to  a  running  orna- 
ment of  vine-leaves,  tendrils,  and  grapes,  used 
in  Gothic  architecture. 

*  2.  Ornamental    flourishes,    consisting    of 
tendrils  and  vine-leaves  upon  silver. 

*3.  The  flourishes  in  the  form  of  vine-leaves, 
tranches,  &C.,  with  which  the  capital  letters 
In  ancient  manuscripts  were  often  ornamented. 
4.  Any  kind  of  printer's  ornaments,  such 
as  flowers,  head  and  tail  pieces,  &c. ;  more 
recently,  any  kind  of  wood-cut  or  engraving 
not  enclosed  within  a  definite  border,  espe- 
cially such  as  are  placed  on  the  title-page  of  a 
book  opposite  the  frontispiece.  Rastoldt,  in 
1471,  is  credited  with  the  introduction  of  this 
mode  of  portraying  initials,  flowers,  &c. 
Pynson  (1520)  was  the  first  English  printer 
to  use  borders^nd  vignettes  in  his  books. 

'•  This  lady,  with  the  dagger  at  her  breast,  and  a 
rid'culous  expression  of  agony  in  her  face,  formed  a 
vignette  to  most  of  his  booke."— Bun  Jonsan:  Cyn. 
Mat  Revets.  V.  2.  (Note  3.) 

6.  A  photographic  portrait,  showing  only 
the  head  and  shoulders,  the  edges  fading  away 
insensibly  into  the  background. 

Tlgnette  (as  vin-yet',  or  vl-nef),  v.t. 

[VlGNETTK.  ».] 

1.  fhotog.  (Of  a  portrait):  To  show  only  the 
head  and  shoulders,  the  lower  part  fading 
insensibly  away. 

2.  Entjmv. :  To  lighten  the  outer  portions 
of  a  block  or  plate,  so  that  the  edges  fade 
away  insensibly. 


vlgnetter  (as  vin-y6t'-ter  or  vi-nSf-ter), 

».    [Eng.  wgnetttf);  -tr.]    An  instrument  for 
vignetting  a  photographic  picture. 

vlgnettist  (as  vln-yet'-tlst  or  vl-nef- 
tlst),  s.  [VioSETTE.]  An  artist  who  pro- 
duces vignettes.  [VIGNETTE,  4.] 

"  A  singularly  interesting  pnper  upon  Viollet-le-Duo 
as  a  vtgnetlist.--.Yotes  i  Queries,  Mar.  2«.  1887.  p.  260. 

vignlte  (as  vin'-yit),    s.      [After  Vignes, 
.Musi-He,    France,    where    found;    sun.    -t« 
(Afin.).] 
If  in. :  An  impure  variety  of  magnetite  (q.v.). 

vi-go'-nl-a,  «.  [Fr.  vigogne  =  the  vicugna 
(q.v.).]  A  dress  fabric,  either  all  wool  or  a 
mixture  of  silk  aud  WOOL 

vlg'-or,  vlg'-our,  «.  [O.  Fr.  vigur,  vigor 
(Fr.  vigueur),  from  Lat.  vigorem,  accus.  of 
vigor  =  liveliness,  force  J  from  vigeo  =  to  be 
lively;  Sp.  &  Port,  vigor;  Ital.  vigore.] 

1.  A  flourishing  state  ;  possession  of  energy 
or  strength,  physical  or  mental. 

"  He  had  passed  his  seventieth  year ;  but  both  li  is 
mind  and  body  were  still  in  full  vigour."— Macaulay  : 
Hist.  Eng..  ch.  Ix. 

2.  Physical  or  active  strength  or  force  of 
body  in  animals. 

"  TJnto  his  limmes  (though  tlr'd). 
His  mother's  touch  a  rigour  fresh  iuspir'd." 

May:  Lucan  ;  Pharsulia.  Iv. 

3.  Strength  of  mind ;   intellectual  force ; 
energy. 

4.  Strength  in  animal  or  vegetable  nature  or 
action  ;  healthiness :  as,  the   vigor  of  a  plant'* 
growth. 

«  5.  Efficacy,  efficiency,  potency,  energy. 

"  In  the  fruitful  earth 
His  beams,  unactive  else,  their  viymr  find. 

Mount :  P.  L.,  viii.  87. 

•ft,  Vehemence,  violence. 

"  Have  felt  the  vigour  of  his  rage." 

Shakesp. :  Comedy  of  Errors,  IT.  4- 

•vag'-6r,     v.t.      [ViooR.  «.]    To  invigorate. 

vlg-o-ro'-sd,  adv.    [Ital.) 
Music :  With  energy. 

vig'-or-ous,  "  vyg-or-oume,  o.  [Fr.  vigour- 
eux  ;  O.  Fr.  vigoroa,  from  vigor  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  ot 
ItaL  vigoroso.]  [\iaof..] 

1.  Possessing  vigor;  fullofphysicalstrength 
or  active  force ;  strong,  robust,  lusty. 

"  Then  vigorous  most 
When  most  unactive  deem'd." 

Milton:  Samson  Aoonistes,  1,705. 

2.  Exhibiting  or  characterized  by     vigor, 
energy,  or  strength ;  resulting  from    vigor, 
either  physical  or  mental ;  strong,  powerful 
forcible,  energetic. 

"  They  had  so  sharpe  and  vigorous  answers  that 
there  was  not  one  mauteliet  that  abode  whole  an 
houre."—  Hacklvyt:  Voyages,  li.  81. 

3.  Strong  in  growth ;  healthy,  robust 

"The  vigorous  vegetation  which  constantly  takei 
place  there."— Anson  :  Voyages,  bk.  i.,  ch.  v. 

4.  Expressed  in  energetic  or  forcible  Ian 
guage  :  as,  a  vigorous  protest. 

vlg'-or-ous-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vigorous;  -ly. 
In  a  vigorous  manner  ;  with  vigor,  energy 
or  force,  physical  and  mental ;  energetically 
strongly,  forcibly. 

"  To  shoot  as  vigorously  as  if  Just  gathered  from  the 
plant."— Paley :  Natural  Theology,  ch.  XX. 

vig'-or-ous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vigoma;  -ness. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vigorous  ;  vigor 
force,  energy,  strength. 

"  It  the  elephant  knew  his  strength,  or  the  horse 
the  vloonusnest  of  his  own  spirit,  they  would  be  o 
rebellious."— Bp.  Taylor:  Sermons.  voL  1L,  aer.  IS. 

vik'-ing,  t  vi'-klng,  s.  (Icel.  viUngr  =  a  free 
booter,  rover,  pirate,  lit.  =  a  creek-dweller 
from  vik  =  a  creek,  inlet,  bay ;  suff.  -ing 
(A.S.  -ing)  =  son  of,  belonging  to ;  Sw.  vik 
Dan.  vig  =  a  creek,  cove ;  Icel.  vikjct  =  tc 
turn,  to  veer,  to  trend,  to  recede.]  A  rover 
freebooter,  or  pirate ;  used  especially  in  th 
Icelandic  sagas  of  the  bands  of  Scandinavia 
warriors  who,  during  the  ninth  and  tent 
centuries,  harried  the  British  Isles  and  Nor 
maudy.  From  a  misapprehension  of  th 
etymology,  the  second  pronunciation  is  ofte: 
used,  the  word  being  confounded  with  se; 
king,  with  which  it  is  wholly  unconnected 
A  sea-king  was  a  man  of  royal  blood,  an 
entitled  to  the  name  of  king  when  in  coir 
mand  even  of  a  single  ship;  the  sea-king 
were  often  vikings,  but  not  every  viking  wa 
a  sea-king. 


Vll.  ».     [VlLL.] 

Til,  o.    [ViLE.] 

vil-alns-ly,  adv.    [VILLAINOUSLY.) 

vll-an-le,  s.    (VILLANV.) 

vild,  *  vilde,  a.    [See  def.J     An  obsolet* 
form  of  rife  (q.v.). 

"Till  ye  have  rooted  all  the  relickes  out          . 
Of  that  rUde  race."      Spenser :  F.  «.,  V.  xi.  IT. 

vild'-ly,  ("if.    [Eng.  vild;  -ly.]    Vilely. 

"  With  foule  reproaches  aud  disdainful  spight 
Her  vildly  euterUiuea.'     Spmser :  f.  V.,  I-  ill.  44. 

Tile,  "Til,  *vyle,  a.  &  l.  [Fr.  ml,  fern,  vile, 
from  Lat.  vilem,  accus.  of  vilis  =  of  sinal 
price,  cheap,  worthless,  vile  ;  Sp.  4  Port,  vtj, 
Ital.  vile.} 

A.  As  adjective : 

*1.  Of  little  value;  held  in  little  esteem, 
worthless,  poor. 

"  A  poor  man  In  vile  raiment."— Jaines  il.  2. 

2.  Morally    base    or    impure  ;    depraved, 
wicked,  abject,  villainous. 

••  Wiadoin  and  gooduea.  to  the  vilt  seem  <•««." 

Shakes?. :  Lear,  Iv.  i 

3.  Frequently  used   as  an  epithet  of  con- 
tempt, disgust,  or  opprobrium  generally. 

"  In  durance  vile  here  must  I  wake  and  weep." 
Hums  :  Ey.  from  Esupu*  to  Maria. 

•  B.  As  subtt. :  A  vile  thing. 

"Which  soever  of  them  I  touch  la  a  vyl*."— 0oa«m. 
ScAoole  of  Abuse,  p.  26. 

Tiled,  o.  [Eng.  viKe);  -ed;  cf.  vUd,}  Vile, 
scurrilous. 

"He  granted  life  to  all  except  one.  who  had  utW 
vlled  speeches  agaiust  king  Edward."— Hayward. 

vile'-ly,  *  vll-ielie,  adv.    [Eng.  vile;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  vile  manner ;  basely,  meanly,  ab- 
jectly, disgracefully,  shamefully. 

"The  Volscians  .  .  .  vilely  yielded  up  the  town." 
Shakesp.  :  Coriolanus,  ill.  L 

2.  In   a   worthless   manner ;    ill,   sorrily,, 
poorly,  badly. 

"  An  «»ate  very  vilely  cut" 

OAatesp. :  Much  Ado,\U.l. 

vile' -ness,  ».    [Eng.  rite  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vile ;  base, 
ness,  meanness,  contemptibleness,  despicable- 
ness. 

"And  this  appellation  Is  the  common  mark  of  th« 
last  vilenfstKH'l  contempt  in  every  language."— Burke : 
On  the  Sublime  &  Beautiful. 

2.  Moral  or  intellectual  baseness;  depravity, 
impurity,  wickedness,  sinfulness,  degradation. 

"  Sensible  o*  our  corruption  and  triteness."— Barrow: 
Sermons,  vol.  i.,  aer.  7. 

3.  Extreme  poorness  or  badnesi :  as,  the 
vileness  of  a  painting. 

•vfl-I-a'-oo,  s.  [O.  Ital.  vigKacco.]  A  vilhiln, 
a  scoundrel,  a  coward.  (Ben  Joiison.) 

*  vJT-I-cate,  v.t.  [0.  Fr.  vile.}  To  depre- 
ciate, to  defame,  to  vilify,  to  disparage. 

"Baseness  what  it  cannot  attaint,  will  vUicate  and 
deprave."— Junius :  Cure  of  Misprision. 

* vn-i-f I-CB'-tlon,  s.  [Eng.  vilify;  c  con- 
nective;  -ation.)  The  fact  of  vilifying  or  de- 
faming ;  defamation. 

"This  1»  that  which  aeta  them  upon  perpetual 
bickerings,  aud  mutual  vilifications,'— South:  Ser. 
mans,  vol  X..  «er.  «. 

vll'-i-li-«r, ».    [Eng-  vilify ;  •«••]  One  who 

vilifies  or  defames  ;  a  defamer. 


"  Themselves  they  vtttfd 
lerve  ungovem'd  apIJetite." 

Hilton  .-  P.  L.,  XL  111. 


viv-i-fy,  *Til-l-fle,  v.t.    [Lat.      . 

make  or  esteem  of  little  value :  vms  =  worth- 
less, vile,  and  facio  =  to  make.) 

*  1.  To  make  vile ;  to  debase,  to  degrade,  to 
disgrace. 

To. 

*  2.  To  treat  as  worthless,  vile,  or  of  no 
account. 

"You  shall  not  find  our  Saviour  ...  so  bent  to 
contemn  aud  vilifte  v.  poor  suitor."— Sales  :  mrmem  on 
Luke  xviii.  1. 

3.  To  attempt  to  degrade  by  slander  ;  to 
traduce. 

"Ungratefully  vilify  the  persons,  of  those  wnom 
sole  object  Is  our  own  peace  and  prosperity.  —  Burke : 
Cause  of  the  Discontents. 

vO'-l-fy-Ing,  s.     [ViLiFV.]     The  act  of  de- 
faming or  traducing  ;  defamation,  slander. 

"  In  the  midst  of  all  the  storms  and  reproaches,  and 
vilifying*  that  the  world  heaps  upon  me.  —  Bolt: 
Cant. ;  A  Preparation  against  Affliction*. 

•vQ'-l-pend,  v.t    [Lat.  vilipendo= to  count 


HSU.  bo-y;  poSt,  ]6%l;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  jhln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophcn,  exist,   -ing. 
-tlon,  nrion  =  «hun ;  -flon,  -fion  =  ihtin,   -clous,  -lion*.  -«iou»  =  shus.   -We. -die,  ic.  =  Del,  del. 


6076 


vilipendency— villenage 


of  little  value :  vilis  -  worthless,  vile,  and 
pendo  =  to  weigh,  to  value,  to  esteem.]  To 
express  a  disparaging  opinion  of;  to  traduce, 
to  slander,  to  vilify,  to  depreciate  ;  to  treat  or 
speak  of  slightingly  or  contemptuously. 

"  He  doth  vilipend  and  mock  Socrates  most."—/* 
Bolland :  Plutarch,  p.  914. 

•  vll-I-pen'-den-ey;  s.  [Lat.  vilipendens, 
pr.  par.  of  vilipeiido  =  to  vilipend  (q  v  )  ] 
Uisesteem,  slight,  disparagement. 

"The  mighty  Goliahs  of  Rome,  by  thu  way  of  vilv. 
ptndene,  hope  to  give  our  clergy's  flesh  to  be  food  for 
ii''.rn°i"i*p  14S  **"-Waterhoiue  :  Apology  for 

•viT-I-ty',  s.  [Lat.  vilitai,  from  «iiis  =  vile 
(q.v.).]  Vileness,  baseness. 

VOl,  s.  [O.  Fr.  ville  =  a  village,  from  Lat. 
villa  =  a  small  village,  a  farm.)  [VILLA.)  A 
small  collection  of  houses  ;  a  manor,  a  farm  ; 
the  outpart  of  a  parish. 

,  "  As  owners  of  freehold  land  in  the  via  or  parish  of 
Mltcham.  '—Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  28,  1885. 

Vai'-la,  s.  [Lat.  =  a  small  village,  a  farm- 
house,  dimin.  from  vicui  =  a  village.) 

1.  A  country  residence,  or  seat,  usually  of 
aome  pretensions. 

"  Another  to  his  villa  would  retire 
And  spurs  as  hard  as  if  it  were  on  fire." 

Dry&en  :  Lueretiut,  lii. 

2.  Commonly  applied  to   a   small  private 
residence  in  the  suburbs  of  a  town,  and  gene- 
rally detached  or  semi-detached. 

tvil-la-dom,  s.  [Eng.  villa;  -dom.]  Villas 
collectively;  hence,  applied  to  the  middle 
classes. 

'lTS'^utlybl«  '"•'rlrte  are  not  sacred  to  vOladom." 
—Pall  tlaU  aaatte,  Feb.  39,  1888. 

vil'-lage  (age  as  Ig),  s.  k  a.    [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
villaticus  =  pertaining  to  a  villa  (q.v.).] 
A*  -4s  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.    Lang.  :    A    small   assemblage    of 
houses,  less  than  a  town  or  city,  and  greater 
than  a  hamlet. 

"  '^'leth  were  *^y  charms,  sweet  village  f  sports  like 
With  sweet  succession,  taught  e'en  toil  to  please." 
Ooldtmith  :  Deeertvfruiaat. 

2.  Law:  Sometimes  a  manor,  sometimes  a 
whole  parish  or  subdivision  of  it ;  most  com- 
monly an  outpart  of  a  parish,  consisting  of  a 
few  houses  separate  from  the  rest ;  a  vill. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  belonging  ito  a 
village  ;  characteristic  of  a  village ;  hence 
rustic,  countrified. 

"  How  son  the  music  of  those  village  bells !" 

Cowptr:  Tatk.vt.1. 

village-cart,  ».  A  light,  two-wheeled 
vehicle,  drawn  by  a  horse  or  pony. 

Til  lag-er  (ag  a: 
-«T.]    An  inhabitant  ofa"  village. 

"  Brutus  had  rather  be  a  villager" 

Shaketp. :  Juliut  Cottar,  L  1 

"y|I'-l»K-er-y  (ag  as  Ig),  •villagree,  .. 

[Eng.  village;   -ry.]    A  district  or  number  of 
villages. 

.  ", Robin  Ooodfeilow,  are  you  not  he 
That  frights  the  maidens  of  the  villagers  I  • 
Shaketp. :  Midsummer  Xight't  Dream,  U.  L 

Tfl-laln,  vir-lein,  •vll-ayn,  *vll-eiii, 
"yll-eyn,  •  vll-lalne,  ».  &  a.    [o.  F7 

viUin  =  servile,    base  ;    vilain  =  a   villain, 
bondsman,  servile  tenant,  from  Lat.  villanus 
=  a  farm-servant,  a  serf,  from  viUa  =  a  farm.  ] 
A.  Aiiubstantite: 

*  1.  A  serf  or  peasant  attached  to  a  villa  or 
Arm. 

"We  yield  not  ourselves  to  be  your  villaint  and 
•laves  [nou  in  servitatein  nos  tradtmusl  but  as  allies 
to  be  protected  by  you."—/".  Holland  :  Livy,  p.  »ss. 

2.  A  member  of  the  lowest  class  of  unfree 
persons  under  the  feudal  system ;  a  feudal 
serf.  A  villain  had,  in  respect  of  persons 
other  than  his  lord,  all  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  a  freeman,  but  in  respect  of  his  lord 
he  had  no  rights,  save  that  the  lord  might  not 
kill  or  maim  him,  nor  ravish  his  females. 
The  villain  could  not  acquire  or  hold  any 
property  against  his  lord's  will,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  perform  all  the  menial  services 
demanded  of  him  by  his  lord  ;  the  house  and 
land  occupied  by  him  were  held  solely  at  the 
will  of  the  lord.  Villains  were  of  two  classes  • 
(1)  Regardant  and  (2)  in  gross.  The  former 
were  annexed  to  the  soil  (adscript!  or  adscrip- 
tltn  glebse)  belonging  to  a  manor  as  a  fixture, 
and  passing  with  it  when  sold  or  inherited 


14),  ,.     [Eng.   village); 
of  a 


e. 

They  could  not  be  sold  or  transferred  separate 
from  the  land     Villains  in  gross  were  not 


annexed  to  a  manor,  but  belonged  personally 
to  their  lord,  who  could  sell  or  transfer  them 
at  pleasure.  If  they  ran  away  or  were  pur- 
loined they  might  be  recovered  by  action  like 
beasts  or  other  chattels.  [VILLESAQE.] 

"This  they  called  vlllenage,  and  the  tenants  vttleiru, 
probablv  a  villa,  because  they  lived  chiefly  in  villages, 
which  they  could  not  leave  without  the  lurd'a  ueriuia 
sion."— Blackttone :  Comment.,  bk.  iL.  ch.  6. 

3.  An  ignoble,  base-born  person  generally  • 
a  boor,  a  clown. 

4.  A  person  extremely  depraved,  and  guilty 
or  capable  of  great  crimes;  a  vile,  wicked 
wretch  ;  a  scoundrel,  a  rascal,  a  wretch. 

"  O  villain  !  villain  f  his  very  opinion  in  the  letter 
Abhorred  villain  /  unnatural,  detested,  brutish  VO- 
lainl'  —  SJutlceip, :  Lear,  i.  2. 

5.  Sometimes  used  in  a  less  opprobrious 
sense,   particularly  in  addresses,  and  some- 
times even  as  a  term  of  endearment. 

"Sweet    villain  I     most    dearest  I 
ahakftp. :  Winter'i  Tale,  i.  2. 

*  B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Vile,  base,  villainous. 

"The  villain  Jew." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Fenice,  iL  S. 

2.  Appropriate    to  or  characteristic   of  a 
villain  or  slave  ;  servile,  base. 

"  Villain  bonds  and  despot  sway." 

Byron.    (Annandale.] 

*  vfl-laln,  *  vll-ayn,  v.t.    [VILLAIN,  s.]    To 
disgrace,  to  degrade,  to  debase. 

"  When  they  have  once  vilaynetl  the  sacrament  of 
matrimouye."-Sir  T.  More  :  Workei,  p.  844. 

*  vir  lain  ize,  v.t. 


my    collop."— 


[VILLANIZE.] 

vll;  lain  ous,  *  vil-an-ouse,   *Titt'-lan- 

ous,  *  vyl  an-ous,  a.    [Eng.  villain  ;  -ous.] 

1.  Suited  to  or  characteristic  of  a  villain  ; 
like  a  villain  ;  very  wicked  or  depraved. 

"  A  natural  abhorrence  ...  of  that  which  Is  vtt. 
MUM  or  base."—  Wollatton:  Selision  o/  Jrature,  i  ». 

2.  Proceeding  from  extreme  wickedness  or 
depravity  :  as,  a  villainous  action. 

3.  Pitiful,  sorry,  mean,  wretched,  vile. 


Sometimes  used  adverbially. 

"  Foreheads  villainoui  low." 

Shaketp. :  Tempat.  iv. 

laln-ous-ly',  *  vil-alns-ly,  *vtt'-lan- 

¥,adv.     [Eng.  villainous;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  villainous  manner;  wickedly,  de- 
pravedly,  basely. 

"  The  wandering  Numidian  falsified  hia  faith  and 
vttlainmiili/  rlew  gelymes  the  king,  as  he  was  bathing 
himself. "— KnoUet:  Hitt.  Turkey 

2.  Sorrily,  pitifully,  meanly. 

vil -lain -ous -ness,  s.  [Eng.  villainous; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of.  being  villain- 
ous ;  extreme  baseness  or  depravity ;  villainy. 

viT-laln-jF,  *  vll-lan-y,  *  vil-an  ie,  *  vil- 
en-ye,  -vyl-an-y,  s.  [O.  Fr.  vilanie, 
vilenie,  from  vilein  =  vile.] 

*  1.  Disgrace,  opprobrium. 

11  That  now  me.  thorn  warn  he  hab  of  the  malstrie, 
Dryue  he  wolde  out  of  ys  loud  rnyd  gret  vilenye 

Jtobfrt  of  Gloucester,  p.  B4. 

*  2.  Low  disposition  or  nature. 

"  Pirate,  I  prale  you  of  your  curtesle 
That  ye  ue  wrette  it  not  my  vilanie  " 

Chaucer:  0.  T.,  728.     (Frol.) 

*3.  Foul  language;   obscene  speech;    ob- 
scenity. 

"In  our  modem  language  it  [foul  speech]  Is  termed, 
villainy,  as  being  proper  for  rustic  boors  or  men  of 
coarsest  education  and  employment,  who.  having  their 
minds  debased  by  being  conversant  In  meanest  affairs 
do  vent  their  eorry  passions  In  such  strains."— Bar- 
roto :  Sermon  16. 

*  4.  An  unbecoming  action  ;  ill-treatment 

5.  The  quality  or  state  of  a  villain ;  extreme 
depravity  or  wickedness. 

"Those  hideous  features  on  which  vOlalny  seemed 
to  be  written  by  the  hand  of  God."—  Matauias  Hiu 
Eng,,  ch.  Iv. 

6.  Criminal  or  wicked  conduct ;  rognerv 
rascality. 

"That  he  had  not  achieved  more  was  attributed 
chiefly  to  the  villainy  of  the  eomniimariaf-JficaS 

tuy  •'  JfiXt.  Any.,  ch.  XT. 

*  vfl'-la-kln, ».   [Eng.  villa;  dimin.  snff.  -Tdn.\ 

1.  A  little  villa. 

"  '  Am/T,ery  d*y  building  vitlaMni.  and  have  given 
iS  castlen."— fffy  ;  Letter  to  Smtft,  March  8L 

2.  A  little  village. 

*  vil-lan,  s.    [VILLAIN.] 

[Eng".  villain  ;  -age.] 


1.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  villain  or  serf. 

"The  other  grand  division  of  tenure  is  that  of 
villein  socage.  or  vttlenage,  which  is  either  pure  or 
privileged  vtlltnaoe ;  from  whence  have  arisen  two 
other  species  of  our  modern  tenures."— Blackttont  • 
Comment.,  blc  ii.,  ch.  vi. 

*  2.  Baseness,  infamy,  villany 
"  If  in  thy  smoke  it  ends,  their  glories  shine  ; 
But  infamy  and  villinftge  are  thine  " 

yiryden  :  Wife  of  Batn'M  Tale,  443. 

*vil-la-n«5l',  s.    [Fr.  villanelle.]    A  ballad. 

[VlLLAXELLA.] 

"  In  our  Gascon  villantlt  and  songs."— Cotton  •  Mom. 
tatyne,  ch.  xli. 

vU-la-nel'-la (Pl.  vn-la-nel-le),  s.  [itaL 
=  a  country-girl.) 

Music :  An  unaccompanied  part-song  of 
light  rustic  character. 

vll-la-nelle',  s.  [Fr.]  A  poem  written  in 
tercets  and  on  two  rhymes,  the  first  and  third 
verse  of  the  first  stanza  alternating  as  the 
third  line  in  each  successive  stanza,  till  they 
finally  form  the  close  as  a  couplet. 

"  The  vtllaneUe  has  been  called  '  the  most  ravishing 
le"e'wor"  »y  the -Muae  Erato.' •-*  C.  eouMnC.rJ 
ItM  Magazine.  July.  1877,  p.  64. 

•vfl-la-nette',  s.  [A  dimin.  from  villa 
(q.v.).]  A  small  villa  or  residence. 

•vil-lan-ize,  'vil -lain -ize,  r.f.  [E.g. 
villain;  -ize.]  To  debase,  to  degrade,  to  de- 
fame, to  corrupt. 


*  vir-lan-iz-er,  '  viT-lan-is-er,  s.    [Eng. 
VUlafnittt);    -er.]     One  who    villanizes,   de- 
grades, debases,  or  defames. 

"  rillanieeri  of  his  saints  and  scoruers  of  his  set. 
vice.  —  Sandyl :  State  of  Religion,  P.  s.  b. 

*  vH'-lan-ous,  a.    [VILLAINODS.] 

*  vfl'-lan-jf,  s.    [VILLAINY.] 

vll-laf-sl-a,  s.  [Named  after  D.  Villaw 
(1745-1814),  a  French  botanist.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Menyanthese.  Leaves 
entire  or  toothed,  with  small  spots  beneath  ; 
flowers  in  axillary  umbels  or  terminal 
panicles ;  flowers  yellow,  petals  fringed  •  ovary 
with  five  glands  beneath  it ;  capsule  opening 
by  two-cleft  valves.  Natives  of  the  warmer 
countries.  VUlarsia.  indica  U  given  for  cobra- 
bites.  [LlMNANTHEMUM.] 

vll-lar'-site,  s.    [After  M.  Villars ;  suff.  -iu 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  occurring 
mostly  in  rounded  grains,  with  mica,  quartz 
and  magnetite,  at  Traversella,  Piedmont. 
Hardness,  4  to  5  ;  sp.  gr.  2'978  to  2'99.  Colour, 
yellowish-  to  olive-green  ;  translucent.  Com- 
pos. :  essentially  a  hydrated  silicate  of  mag- 
nesia and  protoxide  of  iron. 

*  vil-lat'-Ic,  a.  [Lat.  viUaticu>  =  of  or  per- 
taining to  a  farm  or  villa  (q.v.).]  Pertaining 
to  a  farm  ;  country. 

"  Tame  rill/itic  fowl." 
^_  Milton  :  Sanuon  Agonittet,  l,«w. 

vU-le-bru'-ne-a,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob. 
from  a  prop,  name.) 

Bot: :  A  genus  of  Urticace*.  Vilkbrunea 
appendiculata  is  a  small  tree,  growing  in  the 
north-eastern  Himalayas,  Chittagong,  &c  It 
yields  a  strong  and  flexible  brown  fibre,  made 
into  ropes,  nets,  and  coarse  cloth  in  Sikkim 
and  Assam.  (Calcutta  Exhib.  Report.)  V.  fni- 
tescens,  a  shrub  or  small  tree  found  in  the 
Himalayas,  also  yields  a  fibre  suitable  foi 
fishing-lines  and  nets. 

•vfl'-lSln,  8.  &0.      [VlLLAlM.] 

villein-services,  >.  pi. 

Old  Law :  Base,  but  certain  and  determined 
services  performed  in  consideration  of  th« 
tenure  of  land. 

villein  socage,  s. 

Old  Lam :  A  species  of  tenure  of  lands  held 
of  the  king  by  certain  villein  or  base  services. 

[VlLLENAGE.] 

vfll'-em-ite,  s.    [WILLEMITE.] 

vU'-len-age  (age  as  Ig),  s.    [VILLAIN.] 

1.  Feudal  Law :  A  tenure  of  land  by  base 
services  ;  the  tenure  of  a  villain.  It  was  of 
two  kinds  :  (1)  pure  villenage,  where  the  ser- 
vice was  base  in  its  nature  and  undefined  aa 
to  time  and  amount,  and  (2)  privileged  villen- 
age (also  called  villein  socage),  in  which  th« 


wi-re 
or.  wore, 


wnat,  tail,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine-  go   pSt, 
Tit,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rulo,  fill;  try.  Syrian,    w.  ee  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


•villenous— vindicate 


5077 


••rvice,  although  of  a  base  nature,  was  certain 
and  defined.  When  lands  held  in  villenage 
descende<l  frmu  father  to  son  in  uninterrupted 
succession,  the  occupiers  or  villeins  became 
entitled  by  prescription  or  custom  to  hold 
their  lands  against  the  lord,  so  long  as  they 
performed  the  services  required  of  them  under 
their  tenure,  and  according  to  the  custom  of 
the  manor.  These  customs  were  preserved 
and  evidenced  in  the  rolls  of  the  several 
courts-baron  In  which  they  were  entered  or 
kept  on  foot  by  the  constant  immemorial 
usage  of  the  several  manors  in  which  the 
lands  lay.  Tenants  holdingsuch  lands,  having 
nothing  to  show  as  title  to  their  estates  but 
the  entries  in  these  rolls,  or  copies  of  them 
authenticated  by  the  stewards,  came  in  time 
to  be  called  tenants  by  copy  of  court-roll,  and 
their  tenure  copyhold.  [COPYHOLD.] 

"  Some  faint  traces  of  the  institution  of  villenage. 
were  detected  by  tlie  curious  ao  1st*  as  the  days  of  the 
Btuarts."— Xacaulay  :  Hilt.  Eng..  CD.  i. 

*2.  Bondage,  thraldom. 
"  Exercise  most  bitter  tyranny 
Upon  the  parts  brought  into  their  bondage  : 
to  siufull  nllmae.' 


No  wretchedness  is  like  to  s -,-- 

Sf enter:  f.<l.,  II.  xl.  1. 

Taa'-len-oiiB,  a.  [Eng.  villein;  -out.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  villein. 

vlUenous-judgmcnt,  s. 

Law  •  A  judgment  which  deprived  one  of 
his  lex  libera,  whereby  he  was  discredited  and 
disabled  as  a  juror  or  witness,  forfeited  his 

rs  and  chattels  and  lands  for  life,  wasted 
lands,  razed  the  houses,    rooted  up  the 
trees,  and  committed    his  body  to    prison. 
(Wharton.) 

vH'-li,  s.  T*.  [PL  of  Lat.  villus  =  shaggy  hair, 
a  tuft  of  hair.) 

1.  Anat. :  Hairs  set  closely  together,  so  as 
to  constitute  a  surface  like  the  pile  of  velvet 
They  are  most  fully  developed  on  the  mucous 
coat  of  the  small  intestines.    They  are  really 
little  elevations  or  processes  of  the  superficial 
part  of  the  corium.    The  chorion  of  the  ovum 
is  also  densely  clothed  with  villi  or  vascular 
processes,  which,  when  fully  developed,  form 
the  foetal  placenta. 

2.  Bot. :  Long,  close,  rather  soft  hairs. 

Tal'-ll-form,  a.  [Lat  villi  =  villi,  and  forma 
=  form.)  Having  the  form,  appearance,  or 
character  of  villi ;  resembling  the  plush  or 
pile  of  velvet 

villiform  teeth,  s.  pi. 

Ichthy. :  (See  extract). 

"  Very  fine  conical  teeth  arranged  in  a  band  are 
termed  villifortn  teeth ;  when  they  are  coarser,  or 
mixed  with  coarser  teeth,  they  are  card-ltke.  —  fftin 
liter  :  Stud*  of  FiAel,  p.  126. 

TO' -lOSe,  0.      [VlLLODS.] 

vO-lSs'-I-tj?,  s.  (Eng.  vilM.e');  -ity.]  Thi 
quality  or  state  of  being  villous,  or  covered 
with  lung,  smooth  hairs. 

VQ'-IOUS,  ytt-lose,  a.  [Lat  villosus,  from 
villus  =  hair.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Abounding  or  covered  wit] 
Till! ;  having  the  surface  covered  with  hai 
or  woolly  substance. 

"  The  quick  sensation  of  the  Inward  rUfoua.coat  o 
the  stomach. "—Arbuthnot :  Of  Aliment!,  ch.  i. 

2.  Bot. :  Covered  with  very  long,  soft,  erec 
and  straight  hair. 

villous  cancer,  «. 

Pathol. :  A  kind  of  cancer,  not  truly  malig 
cant,  but  simply  consisting  of  a  papillar 
overgrowth  from 'a  mucous  membrane,  which 
bleeds.  It  most  frequently  occurs  on  th 
mucous  membrane  of  the  bladder,  in  whic 
ease  it  may  be  fatal  from  hemorrhage. 

ftl'-lus,  s.    [ViLLl.] 

TiT-mte, ».    [After  Vilna,  Lithuania,  one  c 
its  localities  ;  suff.  -ite  (Mm.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  WOLLASTONITE  (q.v.). 

•vim,  5.  [Lat.  accns.  sing,  of  »i»=  strength 
Force,  energy,  vigour. 

t  vi'-men,  *    [Lat.  =  a  twig.] 
Bot. :  A  long  and  flexible  shoot 

•vtm'-In-al,  a.    [Lat.  vimen,  genit  vimin-a 
=  a  twig."]    Pertaining  to  twigs  ;  producin 
twigs ;  consisting  of  twigs. 


Y!  mln  -c  ous,  ... 
men  =  a  twig.] 


[Lat  vimineut,  from  «*- 


1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Made  of  twigs  or  shoots. 

••  In  the  hive's  riminema  dome  _ 
Ten  thousand  bees  enjoy  their  lioine. 

Prior  :  Alma.  ill. 

2.  Bot.  :  Having  many  long,  flexible  shoots, 
like  osiers. 

vi-na',  vee-na',  s.    [BIN*.] 

i-na'-ceoiiB  (oe  as  sh),  a.  [Lat.  vinaceus, 
from  I'imttn  =:  wine.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  wine  or  grapes. 

2.  Of  the  nature  or  colour  of  wine. 

"  The  general  colour  of  the  bird,  is  brown,  changing 
to  Himmu  red  on  the  breast."  —  White.  :  Journal. 

p.  146. 

vi-na'-gd,  s.  [Low  Lat,  found  in  the  Ono- 
mast.  Lat.  Gr.  as  a  rendering  of  Gr.  oivat 
(oinas);  hence,  the  meaning  may  be  (1),  a 
vine  ;  (2),  a  vine-branch  ;  or  (3),  a  wild-dove 
(Forcellmi).]  [TBEBON.] 

vln-ai-grette',  s.  [Fr.,  from  vinaigre  = 
vinegar  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  small  box  of  gold,   silver,  glass,  &c., 
having  perforations  in  the  top  for  holding 
aromatic  vinegar  contained  in  a  sponge,  or 
smelling-salts. 

2.  A  smelling-bottle   containing    aromatic 
vinegar. 

*  3.  A  vinegar  sauce. 

*4.  A  small,  two-wheeled  vehicle,  to  be 
drawn  like  a  bath-chair  by  a  man  or  boy. 

vln'  alg-rous,  ct.  [Fr.  vinaiijre  =  vinegar 
(q.v.).]  Sour,  like  vinegar  ;  hence,  sour-tem- 
pered, crabbed,  morose. 

"  Even  the  ancient  vinniyrout  Tantei  admit  It."— 
Carlyle:  Fr.  Revel.,  pt.  1..  bk.  vli..  cb,  ix. 

vin-at'-J-oo,  vSn-at-l-co,  s.    [Port.] 

Bat.  £  Comm.  :  A  coarse  kind  of  mahogany. 
obtained  in  Madeira,  from  Persea  indini.  It 
is  recognised  at  Lloyds  as  suitable  for  ship- 
building. (Treat,  of  Bot.) 

vin'-ca,*.  [Lat  =  trailing.)  [PERIWINKLE  (2).] 
Bot.:  A  genus  of  Plumierete  (q.v.).  Peren- 
nial herbs  or  undershrubs,  with  evergreen 
leaves.  Flowers  solitary,  calyx  five-partite  ; 
corolla  salver-shaped,  white,  blue,  or  purple, 
the  segments  oblique;  follicles  two,  erect; 
seeds  without  seed-down.  Known  species 
about  ten,  from  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and 
America.  The  yellow  Periwinkle  (  V.  luleo)  i« 
a  native  of  the  Southern  States.  The  Greater 
Periwinkle  (  V.  major)  is  a  native  of  the  West 
Indies,  but  is  naturalized  in  Europe,  and  ia 
much  cultivated  about  the  pagodas  of  India. 
The  Lesser  Periwinkle  (V.  minor)  is  an 
European  species,  as  also  is  the  Herbaceous 
Periwinkle  (V.  kerbtuxa),  a  Hungarian  species 
which  is  notable  for  the  abundance  of  its 
flowers.  The  Rose-colored  Periwinkle  (V. 
rosea),  introduced  into  cultivation  from  Mada- 
gascar, where  it  is  native,  is  a  favorite  hot- 
house flowering  plant 

VIn~9en'-tian,  a.  &  ».    [See  def.  A.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Founded  by  or  connected  with 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul  (1577-1800).    He  was  can- 
onized by  Pope  Clement  XII.  in  1737. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Church  Hist.  (PL):  The  Lazarists  (q.v.). 
(See  also  extract.) 

"  The  name  rinccntian  ia  also  sometimes  given  to 
other  associations  founded  by  Vincent  de  Faul.    Of 
these  there  lire  several   sisterhoods,  that  of  Charity 
being  the  most  remarkable,  and  the  Charitable  Lay 
which  has  numerous   branches   in    all 
" 


Association, 
Roman  Catholic 

Bit>.  Cl/Clap..  X.  769. 


ntries."—  i/cClintodt  t  strong: 


•rin-je-t&t-I-cfim,  s.  [Lat  vinco  =  to  con- 
quer, and  toxicum  =  poison.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  true  Asclepiadese.  Peren- 
nial herbs  or  undershrubs,  generally  with  op- 
posite leaves,  and  small,  flat-topped  heads  of 
flowers,  a  flve-lobed  corolla,  and  a  fleshy, 
saucer-shaped,  staminal  corona,  and  a  fruit  of 
two  smooth  follicles.  Nearly  thirty  are  known, 
chiefly  from  Asia,  yincetoxicum  offlcinale  is  a 
drastic  purgative. 

vin'HjI-ble,  a.  [Lat.  vincibllis,  from  vinco  — 
to  conquer  ;  Fr.  vincibk  ;  Sp.  vencible  ;  Port. 
vencivel;  Ital.  vincibile.]  Capable  of  being 
conquered,  subdued,  or  vanquished. 

"  He  commanded  an  Inquiry  to  be  made  by  physi. 
dans,  whether  such  a  kindness  and  debility  were 
rindWa  by  human  aid."—  Pale*:  XtUenca  of  Chra- 
tianity,  prop.  ii. 

•vin  ci  ble-ness,     'vin-«I-bll'-i-tjr-,    »• 

[Eng.   vincible;    -nets,  -ity.]     The  quality  or 


state  of  being  vincible ;  capability  of  being 
conquered  or  overcome. 

"  I  don't  know  what  to  say  to  the  vincibility  of  such 
a  love."— Richurdton:  Sir.  C.  Gramftton.  vi.  49. 

*  vino'-ture,  s.  [Lat  vinctura,  prop.  fern. 
sing,  of'  vincturus,  fut  par.  of  vincio  —  to 
bind.]  A  binding. 

vln-cu-lar'-I-a,  s.  [Lat.  vinculum  =  a  bond ; 
fern.  sing.  adj.  suff.  -aria.] 

Zool,  it  Palovmt. :  The  typical  genus  of  Vin- 
culariadie,  with  one  recent  species.  Fossil 
from  the  Coal-measures  onwards. 

vln-ou-la-ri'-a-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  tin- 
cularia;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -via.] 

Zool.  <t  PaUeont. :  A  family  of  Polyzoa. 
Polyzoary  erect,  rigid,  calcareous,  branched  ; 
the  cells  disposed  alternately  round  an  iiir- 
aginary  axis,  and  having  a  raised  border  in 
front  Chiefly  from  the  Irish  Carboniferous 
Limestone  (Morris  <*  Etheridge).  From  the 
Cretaceous,  or  perhaps  from  the  Palaeozoic 
rocks.  {Nicholson). 

vln'-CU-lilm,  s.    [Lat. ,  from  vincio  =  to  bind.  ] 
•  1.  ~0rd.  Lang. :  A  tie  ;  a  bond  of  union  ;  a 
fetter. 

2.  Math. :  A  sign  or  character  in  the  form 
of  a  horizontal  bar  written  over  several  terms, 
to  show  that  they  are  to  be  considered  to- 
gether ;  thus,  o»  +  2a&  +  c  x  o»  —  4c,  indi- 
cates that  the  sum  of  the  flrst  three  terms  is  to 
be  multiplied  by  the  difference  between  the 
last  two. 

U  Divorce  a  vinculo  matrimonii :  [DIVORCE, 
..,  II.,  1.  (2)]. 

•vind-age  (age  as  Ig),  ».  [A  corrupt,  of 
O.  Fr.  vendange  =  a  vintage  ;  through  confu- 
sion with  vintner,  vintry,  &c.)  Vintage  (q.v.). 

Vindemialre  (as  Van -do -mi -arc),   ». 

[Fr.,  from  Lat.  vindemia  =  vintage.]  The 
name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  French  Con- 
vention for  the  flrst  month  of  the  republican 
year.  It  was  the  flrst  autumnal  month,  and 
commenced  on  September  22. 

*Vln-de'-inI-al,  a.  [Lat  yindemiaUa,  from 
vindemia  =  vintage,  from  vinnm  =  wine,  and 
demo  =  to  take  away.)  Pertaining  or  relating 
to  a  vintage  or  grape  harvest 

*  vln-de'-ml-ate,  v.i.     [Lat.  vlndemiatum, 

sup.  of  vindemio,  from  vindemia  —  vintage.) 
To  take  or  gather  the  vintage. 

-Now  rindtmiate,  and  take  your  bees  toward  the 

expiration  of  thU  month."—  Evelyn :  KaXendarium  ; 

Auaiut. 

*  vin  de  ml-a  tion,  s.    [VINDEMIATE.]   Tii« 
act  of  gathering  grapes. 

vln-de-ml-a'-trix,  ».  [So  named  by  the 
Latins  because  their  vintage  began  when  the 
sun  neared  this  star.) 

Astron. :  A  fixed  star  of  the  third  magni- 
tude ;  called  also  t  Virginia. 

*  vln'-de-mjf,  «.    [Lat  vindemia.}   A  vintage. 

"  At  the  vindemy,  in  a  fair  calm  morning,  shut  up 
close  till  the  stalls  in  your  garden."— tf.  Itutlcr :  Femal* 
JlonumentI,  p.  75. 

*  vJn-dl-ca-bll'-i-ty,   s.     [Eng.  vindicable; 
•ity.]     The   quality  or  state  of  being  vindi- 
cable, or  capable  of  being  supported  or  justi- 
fied. 

•vin'-dl-oa-ble,  a.  [VINDICATE.]  Capable 
of  being  vindicated,  supported,  justified,  or 
maintained. 

vin'-di-cate,  v.t.  [Lat  vindicatiu,  pa.  par.  of 
mndico  =  to  lay  legal  claim  to,  to  arrogate,  to 
avenge,  from  vindex,  genit  vindicis  =  a 
claimant,  a  maintainer.  Kroin  the  same  root 
come  avenge,  revenge,  and  vengeance.] 

•  1.  To  assert  a  right  to ;  to  lay  a  claim  to ; 
to  claim. 

•'  Never  any  touched  npon  thU  way,  which  our  poet 
Justly  has  vindicated  to  himself." — Dryden.  iTi-dd.) 

2.  To  defend  with  success  ;  to  maintain  ;  to 
prove  to  be  true  or  valid ;  to  sustain :  as,  To 
vindicate  a  claim. 

3.  To  clear  from  censure,  accusation,  or  the 
like :  as,  To  vindicate  one's  honour. 

4.  To  defend  or  support  against  an  enemy ; 
to  maintain  the  cause  or  rights  of ;  to  deliver 
from  wrong,  oppression,  or  the  like. 

"  Arise  and  vindicate 
Thy  glory,  free  thy  iwople  from  their  yoke. 

Milton  :  P.  R,,  U.  17- 


Wai,  b6*;  ptflt.  J<S*1:  oat,  5en,  chorus  ,hin,  *«*;.,„.  gem;  thin.  tW;  In.  a,;  expect,  *enoPhon.  •**•*£ t 
-4^n,-tlaT=sh»ix.   -tion. -*lon  =  mtin; -tion. -|ton-«hun.   -*ioa.,.  -tiouB.  -.ion.  =  mus.    -We. -die.  *c- =  bel,  del. 


5078 


vindication — vinegar 


5.  To  support  or  maintain  as  true  or  cor- 
rect ;  to  defend,  to  justify. 

"  And  how  that  vindicate!  the  making  uae  of  Identi- 
cal proposition,  lor  the  improvement  of  knowledge, 
fr.iu  the  Imputation  of  trifling.  I  do  not  use."—  Locke  • 
tinman  UnderUand.,  bk.  iv..  in.  viii. 

"6.  To  punish. 

"We  owht  to  have  added,  how  far  an  holy  war  is 

to  be  pur»ued  :  whether  to  enforce  a  new  belief,  and  to 
•indicate  or  uunuh  Infidelity."—  Bacon.    {Todd.) 

*  7.  To  avenge. 

"  ijMenible  ours,  and  all  the  Theban  race, 
To  vindicate  on  Athena  thy  disgrace  " 

Dryden.    ITodd.1 

IT  For  the  difference  between  to  vindicate 
and  to  defend,  see  DEFEND. 

Tin-dl-oa'-tion,  «.  '[Lat.  vindicatio,  from 
mndicatus,  pa.  par.  of  vindico  =  to  vindicate 
(q.v.);  Fr.  vindication  ;  Sp.  vindication  ;  Ital. 
vendicazione.]  The  act  of  vindicating  ;  the 
state  of  being  vindicated  : 

(1)  The   act   of    defending   or   supporting 
against  wrong,  oppression,  or  the  like;  de- 
fence, support. 

"Another  undertakes  hi.  patronage,  defence,  and 
•indication.'—  Halt  :  Contemff.  .-  O/Xumililie. 

(2)  Justification  against  denial,  censure,  ob- 
jection, or  accusation. 

"  Had  given  me  thts  occasion  for  the  vindication  of 
'i'.V*"*"6  °'  m*  book."—  ioc*..'  Third  Letter  to  Bp. 
of  \rorcetter. 

(3)  The  act  of  supporting  by  proof  or  legal 
process;  the  proving  of  anything  to  be  just, 
right,  or  valid  :  as,  the  vindication  of  a  claim. 

•  vin-dlc'-a-tive,  o.  [Eng.  vindicate)  ;  -iw  ; 
Fr.  vindicati/.] 

1.  Tending  or  serving  to  vindicate. 

2.  Vindictive,  revengeful. 

"  He  in  heat  of  action 
Is  more  vindicative  than  Jealous  love  "      • 

Shaltap.  :  Trollui  t  Craiidtt.  It.  f. 

"vin'-dlo-a-tive-ness,  s.  [Eng.  vindica. 
five;  -MM.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
vindicative  ;  vindictiveness. 

vfa'-di-oa-tor.  «.  [Lat,]  One  who  vindi- 
cates ;  one  who  justifies,  defends,  supports 
or  maintains. 

"  I  should  have  had  your  lordship  for 
Pol""."-***.  .- 


*  vin'-dl-ea-tor-y,   o.      [Eng.   vindicate); 
•ory.] 

L  Tending  or  serving  to  vindicate  or  justify. 
2.  Punitory  ;  serving  the  purpose  of  punish- 
ment; avenging,  vindictive. 

"  The  afflictions  of  Job  were  no  vindictunru  punish- 
ments  to  tajte  vengeance  of  his  sins."—  Bramhall  • 
A  rawer  to  Bobbet. 

•vin'-dl-ea-tress,   «.     [Eng.  vindicator: 
•ess.]    A  female  vindicator. 
„  "  Had  the  tlnillratrtu  of  the  'Rights  of  Women' 
Ml.  d»ys."-C.  K  night  :  Once  Upon  aThne. 

Vln-dlc'-tive,  a.  [A  shortened  form  of  vin- 
dicative (q.v.).] 

•1.  Punitory;  serving  as  punishment. 

"  Though  there  be  much  vindictive  justice.1*—  Bo 
Tailor:  Rule  of  Commence,  bk.  ill.,  ch?  ilL 

2.  Given  to  revenge  ;  revengeful  ;  charac- 
terized or  prompted  by  revenge. 

"A  religion  which  had  never  effectually  restrained 
S/'^.X°.rcnhe,1iv.llC6ntl<)U<P<U"f"---J'- 

vindictive-damages,  ».  pi. 

law  :  Damages  given,  not  merely  to  com- 
pensate the  plaintiff,  but  to  punish  the  de- 
fendant. 

vin-dic'-tlve-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  vindictive  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  vindictive  manner  or  spirit;  by  way  of 
revenge:  revengefully. 

vin  die'  tive-ness,  ».  [Eng.  vindictive  ; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vindic- 
tive ;  revengeful  spirit  ;  revengefulness. 

"There  Is  a  vindictivenett  in  fear,  which  may  render 

'"      • 


Vine,  "  vyne,  ».  [Fr.  vigne  =  a  vine,  from 
Lat,  mrua  =  (1)  a  vineyard,  (2)  a  kind  of  pent- 
house for  sheltering  besiegers;  prop.  fern. 
sing,  of  vineus  =  of  or  pertaining  to  wine 
from  vinum  =  wine  ;  cogn.  with  Or.  ohoc 
(oinoa)  =  wine  ;  otto)  (oine)  =  the  vine  ;  oii/ot 
<oi?uu)=the  vine,  grape,  wine;  A.8.  win- 
geard  =  a  vineyard.]  [WINE.] 
1.  Botany  : 

(1)  The  genus  Vitis  (q.v.),  and  spec.  Viti, 
viuifera,  the  Common  or  Grape  Vine.    It  is 


a  climbing  plant  furnished  with  tendrils. 
The  leaves  are  lobed,  p innately  toothed, 
naked,  or  downy;  the  flowers,  as  in  other 
species,  small,  greenish,  in  panicles  opposite 
the  leaves;  its  berries,  called  grapes  oval 
large,  juicy,  growing  in  clusters  or  bunches, 
are  the  finest  of  fruits.  The  native  country 
of  the  vine  is  the  region  south  of  the  Caspian 
Sea,  Armenia,  and  the  adjacent  regions,  ex- 
tending perhaps  to  the  north-western  Hima- 
laya, From  a  very  early  period,  it  was  culti- 
vated in  Western  Asia  and  Egypt  (Gen  ix 
20,  21 ;  xL  10),  whence  it  has  spread  to  all 
the  parts  of  the  world  suitable  for  its  cul- 
tivation. It  thrives  best  on  the  sunny 
sides  of  hills  between  Sf  and  50°  N.  Its 
fruit  is  made  into  wine  or  brandy ;  the  dried 
fruits  of  some  varieties  constitute  raisins 
[KAISIN],  while  those  of  another  variety  are 
the  currants  of  commerce  [CCBHANT],  The 
eastern  United  States  is  richer  in  species  of  the 
vine  than  any  other  part  of  the  world,  having 
seven  or  eight  species,  four  of  which  have 
yielded  promising  cultivated  varieties.  These 
are  the  Northern  Fox-grape  (  V.  labrtaca),  the 
Muscadine,  or  Southern  Fox -grape  (  V.  rulpina) 
the  summer  grape  (V.  mtivalit),  and  the 
Winter,  Chicken  or  Frost  grape  (  V.  cordifolia). 
Many  valuable  varieties  have  been  produced 
by  cultivation,  as  the  Concord,  Catawba,  Dela- 
ware, 4c.  In  California  the  European  grape 
has  been  introduced,  and  is  extensively 
cultivated,  much  wine  being  made. 

(2)  The  long  slender  stem  of  any  plant  that 
trails  along  the  ground,  or  Climbs  and  sup- 
ports itself  by  winding  round  a  fixed  object 
or  by  seizing 
any    fixed 
thing  by  its 
tendrils,  or 
clasps :  as  a 
hop    vine,   a 
cucumber 
vine,  ice. 

2.  Roman 
Antiq. :  A 
military  en- 
gine ;  named 
from  its  re- 
semblance to 
a  bower  form- 
ed  of  vine- 
branches. 
(See  extract) 

"Wherfore  fortifying  hys  camp  he  made  vinet  (an 
Instrument  of  war  male  of  timber  *  hurdles f,,r  i,*C 
to  go  vuder  salelye  to  the  wallet  of  a  towue)."— 
Uoldinye :  Catar,  foL  12. 

vine-bower,  s. 

Bat. :  Clematis  micella. 

t  vine-bunco,  «.    A  bunch  of  grapes. 

"  Between  the  shadows  of  the  fine-buncftet 
Floated  the  glowing  sunlights  ns  she  moved." 

T>'ii>ujt'/ii :  (Hii'int;  177, 

vine-clad,    a.      Covered    or  clad  with 
vines. 

"  In  an  oriel  on  the  summer  side. 
r\ne-clad.  of  Arthur's  palace  towards  the  stream 
They  met."       Tennyson :  Lancelot  t  Elaine,  1,171 

vine-culture,  «.    Viticulture  (q.v.). 

"Germany  has  over  a  hundred  and  fifty  schools  of 
•E*""""^  "Ortlcullure.  arboriculture,  and  mn,-cM- 
«  £  farms,  gardens,  and  vineyards  attached  "— 

DaU,  Teleynpk,  fiarch  S3,  IMS. 

vine-disease,  s. 

Vegetable  Pathol.:   Any  disease   attacking 
the  vine,  spec. : 

(1)  That  produced  by  the  attacks  of  Oidium 
Tuckeri.  [VINE-MILDEW.]  In  general  it  forms 
a  white  and  very  delicate  cottony  layer  upon 
the  leaves,  young  shoots,  and  young  grapes 
of  the  vine,  which  soon  causes  them  to  be 
covered  by  brown  spots,  and  then  become 
first  indurated  and  finally  destroyed.  The  fruit 
becomes  abortive,  or  dwarfed  and  juicelcss, 
and  decay  follows.  There  is  a  predisposition 
to  the  disease  in  certain  states  of  the  atmo- 
sphere. It  first  broke  out  in  Kent  in  1845, 
whence  it  spread  to  the  continent  of  Europe 
to  Madeira,  and  to  the  English  vines  introduced 
into  America,  though  Ame'rican  vines  them- 
selves escaped.  Soon  after  its  appearance 
Mr.  Tucker,  a  gardener  at  Margate,  was  the 
first  to  try  sulphur  as  a  remedy.  It  is  still 
the  best  known,  and  the  fungus  has  been 
named  after  its  human  destroyer. 

(2)  A-  disease  of  the  vine  produced  by  an 
aphis,  Phylloxera  vastalrix.  [PHYLLOXERA  ] 
The  parasites  cause  the  roots  to  swell  and 
finally  to  be  incapable  of  discharging  their 
functions,  so  that  the  plant  wastes  away  or 


perishes.  They  are  as  difficult  to  destroy  is 
other  aphides.  Phylloxera  is  a  native  of 
America,  but  has  been  exported  to  Europe. 
where  it  has  caused  great  ravages  in  tln< 
vineyards,  almost  annihilating  the  vine  in 
some  districts  of  France.  As  a  means  of  over- 
coming its  effects,  the  stocks  of  some  of  the 
hardy  American  species  have  been  planted, 
and  grafted  with  the  European  vine.  This 
method  has  proved  very  successful. 

•vine-dragon,  i.  An  old  and  fruitless 
branch  of  a  vine. 

Vine-dresser,  s.  One  who  dresses,  trims 
or  prunes,  and  cultivates  vines. 

vine-fretter.  vine-grub,  t. 

Entom.  :  Aphis  vitis,  a  small  insect  that 
injures  vines. 

vine-fungus,  ».    [VINE.MILDEW.] 
Vine-grub,  s.    [VINE-FRETTER,] 
vine-leek,  s. 

Bot.  :  Allium  ampeloprasum. 
vine-mildew,  vine-fungus,  «.- 

Bot.  :  Oidium  Tuckeri,  a  naked-spored  mould 
which  attacks  the  vine.  [VINE-DISEASE,  1.] 

vine-sawfly,  i. 

Eutom.  :  Selandria  vitis,  a  species  of  Sawfly, 
the  caterpillar-like  larva  of  which  feeds  on  the 
vine. 

*vi'-ne-al,  o.    [Lat.  vineus.]    Relating  to  or 

consisting  of  vines. 

*vined,o.  [Eng.  vin(e);  -ed.]  Having  leaver 
like  those  of  the  vine  ;  ornamented  with  vine 
leaves. 

"  Wreathed  and  vined  and  figured  columns.  -—  Wotton. 

vln'-S-gar,  "vln'-e-ger,  *vln-e-gre. 
"vyn-e-gre,  s.  &  a.  [Lit.  =sour  wine, 
from  Fr.  vinaigre  =  vinegar,  from  vin  =  wine. 
and  aigre  =  sharp,  sour.] 

A*  As  substantive: 

1.  Lit.  :  A  weak  solution  of  acetic  acid, 
containing  in  most  cases  a  certain  proportion 
of  extractive  matter  and  mineral  salts,  accord- 
ing to  the  source  from  which  it  has  been  de- 
rived.   Malt  vinegar  contains  from  four  to  six 
per  cent,  of  real  acetic  acid,  which  is  produced 
by  the  action  of  the  acetous  ferment  on  a 
fermented  extract  of  malt  and  grain.    It  is 
usually  of  a  deep  red-brown  colour,  and  is  the 
kind  of  vinegar  most  esteemed  by  the  public. 
Wine  vinegar  made  in  France  by  the  acetifica- 
tion  of  poor  and  weak  wines,  contains  usually 
the  same  amount  of  acetic  acid  as  malt  vinegar, 
but  possesses  a  different  flavour.     A  great 
deal  of  French  vinegar  is  prepared  from  crabs 
or  sour  apples,  but  it  has  neither  the  flavour 
nor  the  strength  of  that  made  from  wine. 
Cider  vinegar,  largely  used  in  the  cider  di«- 
tricts  of  this  country,  is  prepared  by  adding 
sugar  to  a  very  acid  cider,  and  allowing  it  t? 
stand  in  a  warm  room  for  some  time,  or  ia 
simply  expressed  from  crab  apples,  when  it  is 
known  as  crab-vinegar.     German  vinegar  IB 
made    by  passing  weak  alcohol  over  wood 
shavings   in   presence  of  air.     The   acetifi- 
cation  proceeds  much  more  rapidly  than  in 
the  case  of  malt  vinegar,  but  the  flavour  is  not 
so  good.     Distilled  vinegar  (white  vinegar), 
i.e.,  malt  or  wine  vinegar,  which  has  been 
subjected  to  distillation,  contains  from  five 
to  seven  per  cent,  of  acetic  acid,  and  also 
some  of  the  essential  principles  present  iu 
the  vinegar  from  which  it  is  derived.     Wood 
vinegar  is  crude  acetic  acid  produced  in  the 
destructive  distillation  of  wood.   When  highly 
purified  and  diluted,  it  is  not  unfrequently 
sold  as  white  vinegar.   [ACETIC-ACID.]  Vinegar 
is  largely  used  as  a  condiment  in  cookery, 
salads,  &c.,  and  as  a  preservative  ingredient 
in  pickles.    Taken  internally,  it  is  a  refriger- 
ant.    Much  diluted,  it  may  be  used  to  sponge 
the  body  in  fever,  to  check  excessive  perspira- 
tion, and  as  an  ingredient  in  cooling  lotions. 

2.  Fig.  :  Anything  really  or  metaphorically 
sour  ;  sourness  of  temper. 

M"i  pepp<!r  *> 


B.  As  adj.  :  Sour,  crabbed. 

"  And  other  of  such  vinegar  aspect 
Tlmt  they'll  not  show  their  teeth  In  way  of  imllt 
Though  Nestor  swear  the  lest  be  laughable  " 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  t  L 

Vinegar  Bible,  «.  A  bible  printed  A.n. 
1717  at  the  Clarendon  Press  in  Oxford.  So 
named  because  in  the  running  headline  of 
Luke  xxii.  vineyard  was  misprinted  vinegar. 


vinegar— viola 


5079 


vinegar-cruet,  ».    A  «m»U  glass  bottle 
for  holding  vinegar. 
vinegar-eel,  «. 

Zool. :  Anguillula  cuxtl,  a  microscopic  nema- 
toid  worm,  narrowed  posteriorly,  And  termi- 
nated by  a  drawn-out  point;  oesophagus 
cylindrical.  Formerly  found  very  commonly 
In  vinegar,  but  now  rarely  met  with,  owing  to 
the  absence  of  mucilage  from  the  more  modern 
Tinegar  and  the  presence  of  sulphuric  acid. 

vinegar-plant,  ». 

Botany : 

PeniciUum  glaucum,  a  mould  found  in 
layers  on  the  surface  of  saccharine  liquids 
undergoing  acetous  fermentation,  which  it 
tends  greatly  to  aid.  Under  the  microscope, 
the  fungoid  layers  are  found  to  consist  of  in- 
terlaced and  branched  threads. 


vinegar-yard,  >. 

is  made  and  kept. 


A  yard  where  vinegar 


vin  -6-gar,  v.t.    [VINEGAR,  s.] 

1.  To  make  into  vinegar ;  to  make  sour  with 
or  as  with  vinegar. 

2.  To  apply  vinegar  to;  to  pour  vinegar 
over.    ((See  extract  under  TITILLATE,  B.  1.) 

*vin-S-gar-ette',  ».    [VINAIGRETTE.] 

*vIn'-8-gar-y,  a..   [Eng.  vinegar;  -y.]    Sour, 
sharp,  crabbed. 

"  In  a  vineffary  snappish  way."— Fenn  :  Man  with  a 
Shadoto,  ch.  xlvi. 

•  vin'-er, s.    [Eng.  vin(e);  -«•.] 

1.  A  vine-dresser. 

2.  A  member  of  the  Vintners'  Company. 

[VlNTNEB,  II. ] 

Tin'-er-ft  *  vyn-er-y,  «.    [Eng.  vine;  -ry.] 
*  1.  A  vineyard. 

"The  vyntryot  Ramer."— Pabyan  :  Chronicle  (an.  8). 
2.  A  kind  of  greenhouse  in  which  vines  are 
cultivated  and  grapes  are  ripened  by  artificial 
heat  from  stoves  or  flues. 

•vineter,  *vlniter,  ».     [Fr.  vinetitr.]    A 
vintner  (q.v.). 

"The  Mayor  was  vinttvr  hii  breke  the  vlnlterie." 

Robert  of  Gloucester,  p.  642. 

Vi-nette ,  ».     [A  dimin.  from  vine.]    A  sprig 
or  branch.    (Prov.) 

*vln'-ew(ewasu),  ».  [VINEWED.]  Mouldl- 
ness. 

••Soon  would  It  catch  a  vine*,  begin  to  putrine,  and 
so  continue  but  awhile."— P.  Solland:  J'linu:,  bk.  xit, 
ch.  ill. 

•vln'-ewed,  vin'-newed  (ew  as  u),  o. 

[Prop,  finewed,  from  A.S.  finegan,  fynegian  = 
to  become  mouldy  or  musty,  tiomflnig,fynig 
=  mouldy.)  Mouldy,  musty. 

"  Many  of  Chaucer's  words  are  become,  as  it  were, 
vineu'd  and  hoarie  with  over  long  lying."— Beaumont  : 
Letter  to  Speffht.  (Chaucer,  160XT 

•  vin  -owed  -  ness,   *  vin'  -newed-ness 

{ew  as  u),  s.  lEng.  vinewed;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  vinewed  or  mouldy  ; 
mouldiuess,  mould. 

"  Hoariness  or  ti>infwrtlneu,  such  u  U  on  bread  or 
meat  long  kept." — Barrett :  Alrearie,  In  voce  Hoarie. 

vine  yard. "  vine-yarde,  *vyn-yerd,  s. 

[A.8.  wingeard.}  A  plantation  of  vines  pro- 
ducing grapes. 

"  For  thrice,  at  least.  In  compass  of  the  year. 
Thy  vineyard  must  employ  the  sturdy  steer." 
Dryden :  finil ;  atonic  11.  ML 

vlngtalne  (as  van-tan').  >.  (Fr.  =  a  score.] 
One  of  the  divisions  into  which  the  parishes 
in  Jersey  are  divided. 

vlngtenler  (as  van-ta'-nye),  «.  [Vrao- 
TAINE.]  A  collector  of  rates  in  the  vingtaines 
of  Jersey. 

rlngt  et  un  (as  vant  c  un),  s.  [Fr.  = 
twenty-one.] 

Cards:  A  game  in  which  the  object  is  to 
make  the  number  or  value  of  the  pips  on  the 
cards  as  nearly  as  possible  twenty-one. 

Vin'-Io,  a.  [Lat  vin(um)  =  wine  ;  Eng.  adj. 
surf,  -fe]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  wine. 

vin-I-lao'-tenr,  ».  [Fr.]  An  apparatus  for 
collecting  the  alcoholic  vapours  that  escape 
from  liquids  during  the  process  of  vinous  fer- 
mentation. It  i3  a  conical  vessel  or  cap,  cover- 
ing a  hole  in  the  top  of  the  fermenting-tnn, 
which  is  in  other  respects  made  air-tight. 


The  conical  vessel  is  surrounded  by  a  reser- 
voir of  cold  water,  so  that  the  spirituous 
vapours  rising  from  the  liquid  will  be  con- 
densed on  the  side  of  the  reservoir,  and,  run- 
ning down  its  sides,  be  returned  to  the  tun. 
A  tube  carries  off  uncondensetl  vapours. 

vi-nlf -er-w,  s.  pL    [Lat  vinum  =  wine,  and 
/ero=  to  bear.] 

Bot. :  Jussieu's  name  for  the  Vitace«e<q.v.). 

•vinlter,  s.    [VINETEB.] 
•vlnlterie,  s.    [VINTRY.J 

•  vin'-newed  (ew  as  u),  a.    [VINEWED.] 

vin'-ny,  a.  [A.S.  finig,  fynig.]  Mouldy, 
musty,  vinewed. 

•  vi'-no-len-??,    s.      [Lat.   vinolentia,   from 

vinum  =  wine.)    Drunkenness,  tippling. 

»  vi'-nd-lent,  a.  [Lat.  vlnolentus,  from  vinum 
=  wine.]  Drunken  ;  given  to  tippling. 

"  Than  wo]  they  sain  tliou  art  a  great  glotou, 
A  devourer,  or  ela  vinrfent." 

A  Ballad  of  Good  Couniai/. 

vi-nom'-e-ter,  s.  [Lat  OTitum  =  wine,  and 
Eng.  meter.]  A  form  of  hydrometer  for  mea- 
suring the  strength  of  wine. 

vin   ordinaire  (as  van  or-dl-nar1).  '• 

[Fr.  =  ordinary  wine.]  A  kind  of  cheap  claret. 
Also  applied  to  the  cheaper  varieties  of  many 
kinds  of  wine,  white  or  red;  the  common 
wine  of  the  country. 

vi'-nose,  a.    [VINOUS.] 

•vi-nSs'-I-ty',  j.  [Eng.  rinos(e);  -tty.)  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  vinous. 

vin'-OUB,  vi'-nose,  a.  [Lat  vinosus,  from 
vinum  =  wine.)  Having  the  qualities  of  wine ; 
pertaining  to  wine. 


The  small  remains  of  spirit,  and  acquire 

A  vinoul  flavour."  /.  PltUtpt :  Cidtr.  U. 

vinous -fermentation,  s.     Alcoholic 
fermentation.    [FERMENTATION,  II.) 

vin'-qulsh,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  disease 
in  sheep,  in  which  they  pine  and  languish 
away. 

•  Vint,  v.t.  [From  vintage  (q.v.).]  To  gather 
at  the  vintage  ;  to  make  into  wine. 

"  I  wouldn't  give  a  straw  for  the  best  wine  that  ever 
was  vtnted."— Trollope:  Barchetier  Ttnafri,  ch,  Mi. 

vlnf-age  (age  as  Ig),  vynt-age,  s.     [A 

corrupt,  of  Mid.  Eng.  vindage,  ventage,  ventage, 
for  vendange  ;  Fr.  vendange,  vendenge  =  a 
vintage,  from  Lat  vintfemta  =  a  vintage,  from 
vinum  =  (1)  wine,  (2)  grapes,  and  demo  =  to 
takeaway,  fromde^off,  away,  and  «mo  =  to 
take.) 

1.  The  produce  of  the  vine  for  a  particular 
season. 

2.  The  wine  produced  by  the  crop  of  grapes 
in  one  season  :  as,  the  vintage  of  1874. 

3.  The  time  of  gathering  the  crop  of  grapes. 

"The  grape-gatherer  iu  time  of  vintage."— P.  Hol- 
land :  Plinie,  bk.  xiv.,  ch.  i. 

4.  Wine  generally.  (Tennyson:  Will  Water- 
proof, 97.) 

*  vintage-spring,  s.    A  wine-fount. 

•vlnt'-age  (age  as  Ig),  v.t.  [VINTAGE,  «.] 
To  gather,  as  grapes,  at  the  vintage. 

•  Vinf-ag-er  (as  as  Ig),  s.    [Eng.  vintage)  ; 

•er.]    One  who  gathers  the  vintage. 

"  The  star  named  in  Lattne  Vindemtator,  I.e.  the 
tintaatr."—P.  Holland:  PUnie,  bk.  xviiL,  ch.  zxxL 

•  vlnt'-ag-ing  (ag  as  Ig),  s.    [Eng.  vintages); 

-ing.]    The  act  of  gathering  a  vintage. 

vlnt'-ner,  *  vlnt-on-ner,  •  vynte-ner, 
*vynte-nere,  s.  [Prop,  vineter,  from  Fr. 
vinetier  ;  Low  Lat.  vinetarius  —  a  wine-seller, 
from  Lat.  vinetum  =  a  vineyard,  from  vimum 
=  wine.)  One  who  deals  in  wine ;  a  licensed 
victualler,  a  wine-dealer,  a  tavern-keeper. 

"He  stared  all  the  wine  In  a  vintner :i  cellar."— 
Macautov:  llitt.  Kng.,  ch.  v. 
If  The  Vintners  are  one  of  the  London  Com- 
panies.   They  were  incorporated  A.D.  1365. 

•  vint'-ner-y,  s.      [Eng.  vintner;   -y.]     The 
trade  or  occupation  of  a  vintner. 

"The  father  of  him  did  ...  perform  cookery  and 
vintner?."— Carlyle.'  fr.  Renlutiun,  pt.  IL,  bk.  v., 
ch.  11. 

vlnt'-ry\  *  vint-rie,  ».    [A  contraction  for 


viniterie  (q.v.).]  [VINTNER.]  A  place  wher«> 
wine  is  stored  or  sold. 

*vin'-y,  o.  [Eng.  vine;  -y.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  vines  ;  producing  vines,  abounding 
in  vines. 

"  From  thence  he  furrow'd  many  a  churlish  sea. 
The  Vint  Kheue.  and  Volgha's  self  did  pass." 

P.  Fletcher :  Pitcalory  Ecl'rguet,  11. 

vin'-yl,  s.    [Lat  vin(um)  =  wine  ;  -yl.] 

Chem. :  C2H3.  The  hypothetical  radical  of 
vinyl  alcohol 

vinyl  alcohol,  s. 

Chem. :  C^RtO  =  C|^.    The  name  applied 

to  the  pungent  liquid  supposed  to  be  the  first 
member  of  the  allyl  series  of  alcohols,  and 
obtained  by  agitating  acetylene,  C2H2,  with 
sulphuric  acid,  and  distilling.  It  has  since 
been  shown  to  correspond  with  crotonic 
aldehyde. 

vinyl-chloride,  s. 

Chem. :  GaH3Cl.  A  gas  having  an  alliaceous 
odour,  and  liquefying  at  18°.  It  is  obtained 
by  first  forming  ethene  chloride,  CjHjCla,  and 
then  treating  it  with  silver  oxide,  SCaH^lj  + 
Ag2O^2C2H3Ul-t-2AgCl-l-H2O.  The  bromide 
and  iodide  are  similarly  formed. 

vi'-6l(l),  "vi'-al,  "vl-oll,  "vy-ol,  s.    [Fr. 

viole,  violle  ;  Prov.  viola,  viula,  from  Low  Lat 
vitula,  viaula  =  &  viol,  from  Lot.  vitulor  =  to 
celebrate  a  festival,  keep  a  holiday,  prop.  = 
to  sacrifice  a  calf,  from  vitnlus  =  a  calf ;  Sp., 
Port,  &  ItaL  viola.  Viol  and  fiddle  are 
doublets.) 

Music:  A  stringed  instrument  a  little  larger 
than  the  violin  ;  it  was  furnished   in  Eng- 
land with  five  or  six  strings,  had  a  fretted 
finger-board,  and  was  played 
with  a  bow.  The  viol  is  found 
depicted  iu  MSS.  as  early  as 
the    eleventh    century.       In 
France,  Germany,  and  Italy 
the    number   of   the    strings 
varied  between  three  and  six. 
It  is  supposed  that  they  were- 
tuned  iu  fourths  and  thirds. 
A  chest  of  viols  consisted  of 
six   instruments   of    various 
sizes,  the  smaller  ones  were 
called  in  England  treble,  the 
next  mean,  and  the  larger  bass 
viols:    the    treble    viol    was 
somewhat    larger    than    the 
violin,  and  the  music  for  it 
was  written  in  the  treble  clef ; 
the  mean  (or  tenor)  viol  was 
about  the  same  length  and 
breadth  a«  the  modem  tenor          VIOL. 
violin,  but  was  thicker  in  the 
body ;  its  music  was  written  in  the  c  clef 
The  bass  viol  was  much  about  the  same  sizo 
as  the  violoncello,  and  the  music  for  it  was* 
written  in  the  bass  clef. 

"His  heart  dances  to  the  melody  of  the  hare-  and 

the  wot;  he  pampers  every  bodily  sense,  till  pleasure 

Itself  is  converted  into  path  or  insensibility."— Knox  : 

Chrittlan  Philotophy,  {  66. 

viol  d'amore,  «. 

.Music ;  An  obsolete  instrument  of  the  violin 
family.  In  addition  to  catgut  strings,  metal 
strings  were  placed  under  the  finger-board, 
which,  by  the  production  of  sympathetic 
sounds,  gave  a  peculiar  quality  of  tone  to  the 
instrument.  [VIOLET,  (2).] 

vi'-6l  (2),  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Naut. :  A  large  messenger  used  In  weighing 
an  anchor  by  the  capstan. 

viol-block,  s. 

Naut. :  A  large  snatch-block  (q.v.)i 

vi'-6-la  (1),  s.    [Ital.]    [VIOL,  (1).] 

Music :  The  tenor  violin.  It  has  four  strings, 
A,  D,  o,  c.  The  two  lowestarecovered  strings. 
Music  for  this  instrument  is  written  in  the- 
alto  clef,  whence  it  is  sometimes  called  alto 
viola, 

viola -bastarda,  s.    [VIOLA-POMPOBA.) 
viola  da  gamba,  s.    [GAMBA.) 
viola,  di  bordone,  t. 
Music:  An  instrument  of  the  violin  kind, 
strung  with  six  or  seven  catgut  strings,  c,  B, 
o,  D,  A,  E,  c.      Beneath  the  gut  were  metal 
strings  varying  in  number  from  sixteen  to  a» 
many  as  forty-four,  arranged  in  a  diatonic 
order.    The  sympathetic  strings  wero  occa- 


USil,  U6y;  p<»ut.  J6%1;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^enophon,  eyist,    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  soon.    -Hon.  -aion  =  shun;  -tion,  -fion  =  zhun.   -oious,  -tious,  -aious  =  shus.    -bla,  -die,  die.  =  bel,  del. 


50oO 


viola— violent 


sionally  plucked  with  the  left  hand  in  play 
ing.  The  instrument  is  now  obsolete.  It  wa 
also  called  viola  di  fagotto,  viola  bastarda,  an 
barytone. 

viola  pomposa,  s. 

M»sic  :  A  species  of  viol  da  gamba,  invents 
by  John  Sebastian  Bach.  It  had  five  strings 
the  four  lower  strings  were  tuned  in  fifths 
and  the  fifth  string  was  tuned  to  E,  by  mean 
of  which  greater  facility  in  the  execution  o 
extended  passages  was  possible. 

»i'-6-la  (2),  >.    [Lat.  =  a  violet.] 

Sot. :  Violet ;  the  typical  genus  of  Violese 
(q.v.).  Low  herbs,  more  rarely  shrubs,  wit 
radical  or  alternate  leaves  or  flowers  ;  on  one 
rarely  on  two-flowered  peduncles  ;  calyx  o 
five  sepals,  extended  at  the  base  ;  petals  five 
unequal,  the  under  one  spurred  at  the  base 
anthers  connate,  two  of  them  spurred  be 
hind ;  capsule  of  three  elastic  valves ;  seed 
ovoid  or  globose.  Known  species  about  twc 
hundred,  from  temperate  countries.  Severa 
of  these  are  cukivated  in  gardens,  some  o 
them,  as  V.  tricolor,  known  by  the  severe 
popular  names  of  Pansy,  Pansy  Violet,  am 
Hearts  Ease,  being  admired  for  the  beauty  o 
their  flowers ;  others,  as  V.  odorala,  tfie  Sweet 
scented  Violet,  for  their'  delicate  perfume 
There  are  a  number  of  species  native  to  the 
United  States,  of  which  V.  cucullata,  the 
common  Blue  Violet,  is  much  the  best  known 
Other  common  species  are  V.  palmata.  the 
Hand-leaf  Violet,  and  F.  pedata,  the  Bird's- 
foot  Violet,  which  bears  large  and  handsome 
blue  or  purple  flowers.  There  are  several 
species  of  white  and  yellow  violets,  the  latter 
including  V.  rotitndifolia  and  V.  pubescent.  01 
the  white  species,  V.  blanda  bears  small  white 
flowers  with  a  faint,  sweet  perfnme.  There 
are  species  with  green  flowers,  belonging  to  a 
second  genus,  Solea.  The  cultivated  violets 
are  principally  of  Old  World  species,  suitably 
the  Pansy  and  the  Sweet-scented  Violet.  The 
Pansy  is  remarkable  for  its  great  diversity  of 
coloration,  and  there  is  no  more  admired 
garden  flower.  The  braised  leaves  of  V. 
tricolor  smell  like  peach  kernels;  they  were 
once  believed  to  be  efficacious  in  the  cure  of 
skin  diseases.  The  petals  of  V.  odorata  are 
used  as  a  laxative  for  children.  The  seeds 
have  similar  qualities,  and  the  root  is  emetic 
and  purgative.  V.  serpent,  a  small,  procumbent, 
Himalayan  herb,  yields  an  oil.  The  flowers 
are  considered  diaphoretic  and  laxative,  the 
seeds  diuretic  and  emetic. 

vlola-emetin,  «.    [VIOLIS  (2).] 

•  vi'-*-la-ble,  a.    [Lat.  molaUUs,  from  viola 
»;  to  violate  (q.v.).]  Capable  of  being  violated, 
broken,  or  injured. 

*  vi-6-la'  -96-88,  f.  pL     [Mod.  Lat  trfo!(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*,  -acece.] 

Hot. :  Violetworts  ;  an  order  of  Hypogyn- 
ous  Exogens,  the  typical  one  of  the  alliance 
Violales.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  simple, 
usually  alternate  leaves,  involute  in  verna- 
tion. Sepals  flve,  persistent,  generally  elon- 
gated at  the  base ;  aestivation  imbricated  ; 
petals  five,  aestivation  convolute ;  stamens 
five,  inserted  on  a  hypogynons  disk ;  fila- 
ments dilated,  lengthened  beyond  the  an- 
thers, two,  when  the  flowers  are  irregular, 
often  with  an  appendage  or  gland  at  the 
base ;  style  single,  usually  decimate ;  stigma 
oblique,  hooded ;  ovary  one -celled,  with 
three  parietal  placenta,  rarely  one-seeded; 
capsule  three-valved,  having  the  placenta  in 
their  axis.  Boots  often  emetic.  Found  in 
most  continents,  but  the  typical  species  are 
from  the  North  Temperate  Zone.  Tribes  or 
sub-orders  two  :  Violeae  and  Alsodese.  Known 
genera  eleven,  species  300  (Lindley);  genera 
twenty-one,  species  240  (Sir  J.  Hooker). 

•vi-o-la'-ceofta  (ce  as  sh),  o.  [Lat  viola- 
ceus,  from  Kioto  =  a  violet.]  Resembling  a 
violet  in  colour. 

vi'-fi-lal,  a.    [VIOLALES.] 

Bot. :  Resembling  the  genus  Viola,  or  the 
order  Violacea:,  as  the  Violal  alliance. 

»i-4-la'-les,  ».  pL  [Masc.  and  fern.  pL  of 
Mod.  Lat.  violalis,  from  Lat  viola  (q.v.).] 

Sat. :  The  Violal  alliance  ;  an  alliance  of 
Hypogynous  Exogens.  Flowers  monodichla- 
mydeous,  placenta-,  parietal  or  sntural,  em- 
bryo straight,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 
Twelve  orders :  viz. :  Flacourtiacea,  Laci- 


stemacefle,  Samydacese,  Passifloraceje,  Male 
sherbiaceae,  Moringaceae,  Violacese,  Frankeni 
aeese,  Tamaricace*,  Sauvagesiaceas,  Crassu 
lacese,  and  Turneracese. 

vi'-d-lan,  ».    [Lat.  vioUa)  =  the  violet ;  Eng 
suff.  -an.] 

Min. :  A  member  of  the  group  of  pyroxenes 
occurring  mostly  massive  or  fibrous,  thong] 
crystals  are  occasionally  met  with.  Colour 
dark  violet-blue.  Found  in  small  seams  wit] 
various  other  minerals  in  the  braunite  of  San 
JIarcel,  Val  d'Aosta,  Piedmont. 

vi-6\lan'-t!n,  s.    [Eng.  vtol(et),  and  (allox)- 
antin.} 

Chem.  :  CgHgXgOg.  A  compound  obtatne( 
by  heating  hydurilic  acid  with  dilute  nitric 
acid.  It  separates  as  a  yellowish-white  crys 
talline  mass,  and  contains  the  elements  o 
violuric  and  dilituric  acids,  and  is  resolvec 
into  these  two  acids  by  simple  treatment  with 
water.  Vapour  of  ammonia  colours  violantin 
blue. 

*vi-o-la8'-9ent,  o.    [VIOLESCENT.] 

vi'-o-late,  *vy-o-late,  v.t.     [Lat.  ... 
pa.  par.  of  viola  =  to  treat  with  force,  to  vio 
late ;  from  the  same  root  as  vis  =  force.] 

*  1.  To  treat  roughly  and  injuriously ;  to  do 
violence  to ;  to  outrage,  £o  injure. 

"  He  who  attempts  to  violate  the  happiness  of  an 
other."—  WoUatlon :  Religion  of  Kature,  \  9. 

2.  Specifically,  to  outrage  or  deflower  by 
force ;  to  ravish. 

3.  To  desecrate,  to  dishonour,  to  treat  ir- 
reverently ;  to  meddle  irreverently  or   pro- 
fanely with. 

"  The  soudyours  of  aaynt  Amande  .  .  .  burnt  the 
towne,  and  etiolated  the  abbey."— Bernert:  Froittart , 
Cronycle.  rot  i.  ch.  lir. 

4.  To  sin  against ;  to  break  (as  a  vow) ;  to 
infringe  or  transgress  (as  a  law,  contract,  pro- 
mise, or  the  like),  either  by  commission  or 
omission. 

"  By  htm  the  violated  law  speaks  out 
Its  thunders."  Covper:  TatJt,  il.  MO. 

*  5.  To  break  in  upon,  to  disturb,  to  inter- 
rupt. 

"  To  violate  sleep,  and  those 
Whose  dwelling  God  hath  planted  here  in  hlias." 
Hilton:  P.  L.,  tv.  88S. 

IT  For  the  difference  between  to  violate  and 
to  infringe,  see  INFRINGE. 

*  vi'-«i-lat-«r,  s.    [VIOLATOR.] 

vi-o^-la'-tlon.  *  vl-o-la-cl-on,  *.  [Fr.  vio- 
lation, from  Lat.  violationem,  accus.  of  violatio, 
pa.  par.  of  violo  =  to  violate  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  vio- 
lation; Ital.  violation*.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  treating  roughly,  violently, 
and  injuriously. 

2.  Specifically,  the   act  of  deflowering  or 
ravishing ;  ravishment,  rape. 

"  If  your  pure  maidens  fall  Into  the  hand 
Of  hot  and  forcing  violation." 

Shabuf.  :  Benr,  r.,  Ui.  S. 

3.  The  act  of  desecrating  or  dishonouring  ; 
desecration  ;  an  act  of  irreverence ;  profana- 
tion or  irreverent  treatment  of  anything  sacred 
or  venerable. 

"  Without  auy  violation  or  breache  of ;the  Babboth." 
—Udat:  Jferavlll. 

4.  The  act  of  violating,  infringing,  or  trans- 
gressing ;  infringement. 

"  The  vi'ilfiti->n  of  my  faith." 

Okakeip.:  Winter',  Tale,  1».  «. 

*  5.  The  act  of  interrupting ;  interruption, 
disturbance. 

yT-4-lat-Ive,  o.  [Eng.  violate) ; -ive.]  Tend- 
ing to  or  causing  violation  ;  violating. 

vi  6  lat  or,  *  vT-4-lat-er,  ».  [Lat.  vio- 
lator,  from  violatus,  pa.  par.  of  violo  =  to 
violate  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  violateur;  Sp.  &  Port,  vio- 
lador;  ItaL  violatore.] 

1.  One  who  violates,  injures,  interrupts,  or 
disturbs. 

2.  A  ravislier. 

"  Angelo  Is  an  adalt'rous  thief. 
An  hypocrite,  a  virgin  violator." 

tAuketp.  :  ifeature/or  Jfetiturm,  T. 

3.  One  who  infringes  or  transgresses. 

*  A  grleuona  penaltie  of  money  being  imposed  upon 
the  vi'jl'itert  of  the  same  statute.  '—Backluyt :  fou- 
aaei,  L  171. 

4.  One  who  violates,  desecrates,  profanes, 
or  treats  with  irreverence  anything  sacred  or 
venerable ;  a  desecrater  ;  a  profaner. 

"  But  Guy  de  Montford  was  excommunicated,  as  a 
viol'iter  of  the  church,  a  murderer,  and  a  traitor." — 
Bolimliea:  Xdvard  I.  (an.  U7<|. 


vi-4-le'-88,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  viel(a.);  L«t. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -«z.) 

Bat.  :  The  typical  tribe  of  Violacea,  charac- 
terized by  having  irregular  flowers. 

vi'-o-lence,  *  vy-o-lence,  s.  [Fr.  vuleixe, 
from  Lat.  violentia,  from  vialentus  —  violent 
(q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port,  violencia;  Ital.  violenza.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  violent  ; 
force  ;  vehemence  ;  intensity  or  strength  of 
action  or  motion. 

"  Blown  with  restless  violence  round  about 
The  pendent  world." 

Sha*esp.:  Measure/or  .Weature.  ill.  L 

2.  Power  exerted  unjustly  or  illegally  ;  un- 
just, force  ;  force  employed  against  liberty, 
law,   rights,  or   the    like;    outrage,    injury, 
hurt,  attack,  assault 

"  Offer  him  no  violent*." 

Shaketp.  :  8  Henry  TY.,  1.  L 

3.  Vehemence  or  impetuosity  of  feeling  ;  ex- 
cessive eagerness  or  ardour. 

"With  what  violence  she  first  loved  the  Moor  • 
Sftakeaj).  :  Othello,  il.  1. 

*  4.  The  act  of  ravishing  ;  ravishment,  rape. 

*  5.  Injury  done  to  anything  which  is  en- 
titled to  respect,  reverence,  or  observance  ; 
desecration,  profanation,  infringement,  trans- 
gression, violation,  infraction. 

If  For  the  difference  between  force  and 
violenet,  see  FORCE. 

II  (?)  By  violence  :  By  force. 

(2)  To  do  violence  on  :  To  attack,  to  murder. 

"  She  .  .  .  as  it  seems,  did  violence  on  herself." 

Shakeip.  :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  V.  a. 

(3)  To  do  violence  to:  To  injure,  to  outrage. 
(Lit.  &f.g.) 

"  Do  violence  to  no  man."—  iu*e  ilL  14. 

*  vi'-d-lenje,  v.t.    [VIOLENCE,  s.] 

1.  To  do  violence  to  ;  to  attack,  to  assault. 
to  injure. 

"Nature  violences  in  both  theae." 

Ben  Jonton  :  The  Devil  if  an  Au,  1L  1 

2.  To    bring    by    violence  ;    to    drive,    to 
compel. 

"Th«  high  court  of  -Justice,  to  which  the  loyal  and 
the  noble,  the  honest  led  the  brave,  were  eiolenced  by 
ambition  and  malice."—  Feltham: 


«.     [Eng.  violent);  -cy.]    Vio- 
lence, excess. 

"To  avoid    these  vtoteneUt   and    e.:tremiti««  at 
nature."—  Bp.  Taylor:  Rule  <tf  Cantci*nce,  iii.  i 

vi-o^-len'-io,  a.  [From  Lat.  viola  =  a  violet 
(q.v.).]  Derived  from  or  contained  in  the 
violet. 

vlolenlo-acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  A  colourless  acid,  extracted  from 
the  flowers  of  the  violet  It  crystallizes  in 
silky  needles,  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and 
ether,  and  forins  yellowish  salts,  which  stain 
the  skin, 


*  yy-o-lent,  a.  &  *.    [Fr.  violent, 
from  Lat.  violentus  =  violent,  full  of  might, 
from  the  same  root  as  violate  (q.v.);  Sp.,  Port., 
&  Ital.  violento.] 
A*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Characterized  by  the  exertion  of  force 
accompanied     with     rapidity     of     motion  ; 
forcible  and  quick  or  sudden  ;   furious,  im- 
petuous ;  full  of  violence  or  force. 

"  With  violenttr  away  fall  turret*  steep." 

Surrey  :  Of  the  Ooiden  Jiea*. 

2.  Produced,  effected,  caused,  or  continued 
by  force  ;    produced  or  attended  by  extra- 
neous or  unnatural  force  ;  unnatural. 

"  Die  a  violent  death." 

ShaXttp.  :  2  Henry  r/,  i.  4 

3.  Acting  or  produced  by  force  and  vio- 
lence ;  characterized  or  effected  by  force  or 
violence  unjustly  or  unlawfully  exercised; 
outrageous. 

"Some  violent  hands  were  laid  on  Humphrey's  life,' 
.  .-  2  Henry  VL,  iii.  i. 


4.  Unreasonably  or  excessively  vehement; 
passionate,  furious,  bitter,  malignant  :  as,  a 
violent  speech,  a  violent  attack. 

5.  Acting  with  violence  ;  passionate,  hot- 
tempered. 

"The  man  Js  besvde,  BO  vyolent  and  so  ieoperdoua. 
that  none  of  them  dan  be  a  kuowen  to  speake  ef  it. 
—Sir  T.  More  ;  H'orket,  p.  909. 

6.  Severe,  acute,  sharp,  extreme. 

"  These  violent  delights  have  violent  ends." 

Shaketp.  ;  Borneo  A  Juliet,  II  «. 

*  7.  Enormous,  excessive,  outrageous,  huge. 

"  Let  this  kiss 

Repair  thoee  violent  harms  that  my  two  nisters 
Have  in  thy  reverence  made."   Shakeip.  :  Lear.  IT.  T. 


file,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  w6t,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p*t. 
•w,  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  »6n  ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  ftUl;  try,  Syrian,    w,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


violent— viperidse 


5081 


•8.  Extorted;  not  voluntary ;  not  binding. 

"  Vows  made  in  pain,  as  violent  aud  void  '." 

•  B.  At  subst. :  An  assailant. 

"Bach  violent*  shall  not  take  heaven,  but  hell,  by 
force."— Dr.  H.  More. 

U  When  violent  and  furious  are  applied  to 
the  same  objects,  the  latter  expresses  a  higher 
degree  of  the  former :  thus  a  furious  temper 
ii  violent  to  an  excessive  degree ;  a  Jurious 
whirlwind  is  violent  beyond  measure. 

violent  presumption,  i. 

Law:  [PRESUMPTION], 

violent-profits,  s.  pi. 

Scots  Law:  The  penalty  due  by  a  tenant 
who  forcibly  or  unwarrantably  retains  pos- 
session after  he  ought  to  have  removed. 

•vi'-o-lent,  v.t.  &  i.    [VIOLENT,  a.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  urge  with  violence. 

"I  find  not  the  least  appearance  that  his  former 
adversaries  viotenttd  nny thing  against  him  under  that 
queer.."—  Fuller:  Worthlet ;  Angleleg. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  violent ;  to  act  with 
violence. 

"  The  grief  is  fine.  full,  perfect,  that  I  taite. 
And  violeiiteth  in  a  sense  as  strong 
As  that  which  canseth  it." 

Shaketp. :  TroUia  A  Creuida,  Iv.  4. 

li'-i-lent-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  violent,  a. ;  -ly.} 
In  a  violent  manner;  by  or  with  violence; 
forcibly,  vehemently,  furiously. 

"  The  pnnishment  of  blood  violently  shed."— Smith  : 
CommomctaUk.  bk.  iii..  oh.  ill. 

1  vi'-6-ler,  «.    [Eng.  viol ;  -er.] 

1.  One  skilled  in  playing  on  the  viol. 

2.  A  violinist,  a  fiddler. 

"  A  vioffr  .  .  .  was  serenading  In  the  night-time 
with  his  fiddle."— FountainliM. 

Ti-6-lSs'-99nt,*vi-6-l&s'-99nt,o.  [Formed 
from.Lat.  viola  =  a  violet,  with  the  incept,  suff. 
•escent,  -ascent.]  Tending  to  a  violet  colour. 

vi'-o-lSt  (1),  *  vl-o-lette,  *  vy-o-let,  >.  &  a. 

(Fr.  violet,  molette,  dimin.  from  noUft  gilli- 
Hower,  from  Lat.  viola  =  a  violet,  cogn.  with 
I ;  r.  lay  (ion  for  man)  =  a  violet ;  Sp.  &  Fort. 
vMeta;  Ital.  violetta.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  Meadows  of  softest  verdure,  purpled  o'er 
With  »ioJe«»."          Couixir:  Homer:  Ml/tier  V. 

i.  A  bluish  purple  colour  or  pigment  like 
that  of  the  violet ;  it  is  produced  by  a  mix- 
ture of  red  and  blue. 

3.  One  of  the  primary  colours  or  kinds  ol 
light,    being  the   most  refrangible   of    the 
coloured  rays  of  the  spectrum.    [CoLOOB.) 

4.  Dress  or  clothes  of  a  violet  colour. 

•'  All  the  aldermenne  In  Scarlett*,  with  five  hundred 
horse  of  the  citezens  in  violate,  received  bym."— Bir 
T.llore:  Woriel,  p.  44. 

IX  Botany: 

1.  The  genus  Viola  (q.v.). 

2  Various  plants,  more  or  less  superficially 

resembling  it,  as  the  Water-violet     [Hor- 

TONIA.J 

B.  At   adj. :   Resembling   or  having  the 
colour  of  a  violet ;  of  a  bluish  purple  colour. 

violet  carpenter-bee,  >. 

Entom. :  Xylocopa  violacea,  from  the  south 
of  Europe,  ranging  northwards  to  Germany 
[CARPENTEB-BEE.J 

violet-ears,  s.  pi. 

Ornith.:  A  popular  name  for  the  genus 
Petasophora  (q.v.). 

violet  land  crab,  «. 

Zool :  Gecarcinus  ruricola,  formerly  ver; 
abundant  in  Jamaica,  and  still  numerous  in 
the  other  sugar-producing  islands  of  the  Wes 
Indies. 

violet-powder,  «.  Starch  reduced  to  a 
very  Hhe  powder,  and  scented  with  orris-roo 
or  other  perfume.  It  is  used  for  nursery  and 
toilet  purposes. 

violet-snail,  >. 

Zool. :  The  popular  name  for  the  genus  Ian 
thina  (q.v.),  from  the  colour  of  the  shell. 

violet-wood, ». 

Botany  &  Commerce : 

(1)  The  same  as  KINOWOOD  (q.v.). 

(2)  The  wood  of  Acacia  pendula. 
(S)  The  wood  of  Andira  violacea. 


Vl'-S-lSt  (2),  S.      [VIOLA  (1).] 

Music :  The  Viol  d' Amore  (q.v.). 
vi'-o-let-wort,  s.    [Eng.  violet  (1),  and  wort.] 
Bot.  (PL):  The  order  Violacese.    (LindUy.) 

Vl'-6-lIn  (1),  s.  [Ital.  violino,  diiuiu.  from  viola 
=  a  viol  (q.v.).] 

Music:  The  most  familiar  of  all  stringed 
Instruments  played  with  a  bow.  It  is  some- 
what smaller  than  the  old  viol,  as  its  name 
implies.  Like  the  rest  of  the  family  it  re- 
presents, it  consists  of  a  wooden  chest  of 
peculiar  form,  made  of  two  curved  surfaces, 
called  the  back  and  the  belly,  united  by  sides, 
and  with  a  hollow  on  each  side  half-way  in 
the  length.  A  neck  at  one  end  serves  as  a 
finger-board,  over  which  the  four  strings  pass, 
being  fastened  at  one  end  of  the  chest  or 
body  to  a  tail-piece,  and  kept  in  tune  and 
position  by  a  series  of  pegs  at  the  head  or 
end  of  the  neck.  The  strings  are  raised  above 
the  belly  by  the  bridge,  supported  at  the 
point  of  greatest  tension  by  a  sound-post, 
which  is  tixed  upright  between  the  back 
and  the  belly,  lu  the  belly  are  two  holes, 
called  the  /  holes  from  their  similarity  to 
the  shape  of  that  letter.  The  sound  is 
produced  by  drawing  a  bow  of  horsehair 
charged  with  rosin  across  the  strings,  which 
are  tuned  in  fifths,  the  changes  of  pitch 
being  gained  by  "stopping"  the  strings  with 
the  fingers  of  the  left-hand  against  the  finger- 
board, thus  shortening  the  vibrating  portion 
of  the  string.  The  harmonics  of  the  violin 
are  very  telling  in  quality,  and  are  produced 
by  touching  the  strings  lightly  instead  of 
pressing  them  upon  the  finger-board.  The 
sordino  or  mute,  placed  upon  the  bridge,  pro- 
duces a  peculiar  modification  of  tone,  and  a 
special  effect  is  gained  by  plucking  the  strings, 
as  in  playing  a  guitar.  [PIZZICATO.]  The 
violin  is  capable  of  producing  a  limited  har- 
mony by  means  of  double  stops  and  bowing 
in  "  arpeggio,"  while  as  to  power  of  expres- 
sion and  execution  there  is  no  other  instru- 
ment which  can  be  compared  to  it.  It  has  a 
wide  range  of  sounds,  to  which  any  degree  of 
loudness  or  softness,  staccato  or  legato,  can 
be  given.  Compass  from  o  below  the  stave. 
[CREMONA. 1 

violin  clef,  ». 

Music:  The  o  clef  placed  upon  the  first 
line  of  the  stave. 

vi  -6-lin  (2),  8.    [Bng.  vioHet)  (I) ;  -in.] 

Chem. :  Viola-emetin.  An  emetic  substance 
contained,  according  to  Boullay,  in  all  parts  of 
the  common  violet.  It  has  not  been  obtained 
pure,  and  is,  perhaps,  identical  with  emetin 
from  ipecacuanha-root.  (Watts.) 

*  vi'-i-lln,  v.t.    [VIOLIN  (1),  «.]    To  Influence 

by  playing  on  a  violin.    (Special  coinage.) 

"  nolined  into  a  match  below  her  quality."— Gentle- 
man Intruded,  p,  1*5. 

vi  6-lin-9eT-16  (or  as  vi-6-lin-chol-lo), 
».  [VIOLONCELLO.] 

vi'-4-lme,  s.    [Eng.  violfet);  -int.] 

Chem. :  Price's  name  for  the  blue  substance 
obtained  by  treating  aniline  with  sulphuric 
acid  and  lead  peroxide. 

vi-o-lln'-lst,  s.  [Eng.  violin  (i),  «.;-«.]  A 
performer  on  a  violin. 

*  vi'-Sl-Ist.  a.    [Eng.  viol  (i) ;  -itt.]    A  player 

on  the  viol 

••  He  was  a  viol  luist,  and  the  two  former  violiitt."— 
Lift  </  Jetfewv  d  Wood,  Feb.  It,  leM-9. 

vi-6-lon-$«l'-Ust  (or  as  vi-6-16n  5hel  - 
list),  s.  [Eng.  vwloncelXfl);  -ist.]  A  per 
former  on  the  violoncello. 

vi  6  Ion  96!'  16  (or  as  vi  6  lon^hel  -16) 
s.  [Ital.,  dimin.  from  vinlont  =  a  bass-viol.) 

Music :  A  bow  instrument  of  the  viol  class 
held  by  the  performer  between  the  legs,  am 
filling  a  place  between  the  viola  and  the 
double-bass.  It  is  strung  with  four  gut  strings 
the  lower  two  covered  with  silver  wire,  an< 
tuned  in  fifths.  The  compass  usually  em 
•  ployed  extends  from  c  on  the  second  ledger 
line  below  the  bass-staff  to  A  on  the  secont 
space  of  the  treble,  though  soloists  play  an 
octave  higher,  with  all  the  intermediate  semi 
tones.  (Spelt  also  Violincello.) 


vi  -4-lofis,  o.  [VIOLENT.]  Violent,  im- 
petuous. 

"  You  are  so  vtolout." 
Beaum.  i  no.  :  Maid  in  the  Hill,  Hi.  L 

vi-d-lur'-lC,  a.  [Eng.  viol(antin),  and  uric.} 
Derived  from  or  containing  violantin  and  uric 
acid. 

violurlc-acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  C4H3N8p4.  Obtained  by  the  decom- 
position of  violantin,  but  best  prepared  by  the 
action  of  a  warm  solution  of  nitrate  of  potas- 
sium on  hyduriliu  acid.  The  salt  formed  is 
treated  with  chloride  of  barium,  and  the  baric 
violurate  exactly  decomposed  with  sulphuric 
acid.  It  crystallizes  in  shining,  yellowish, 
rhombic  octahedrons,  which  dissolve  mode- 
rately in  cold,  easily  in  hot  water.  Its  salts 
are  distinguished  by  the  beauty  and  variety 
of  their  colours.  The  ammonium  and  potas- 
sium salts  are  deep  blue,  those  of  barium  and 
lead  being  red. 

vi-par'-l-ous,  a.     [Lat.  vi(<a)  =  life,  and 

pario  =  to  produce.]  From  the  etym.  the 
word  would  seem  =  life-producing  ;  but  in 
the  example  it  =  tenacious  of  life. 

"  A  cat  the  most  vlpariout  is  limited  to  nine  live*." 
—  Lyttotl  :  Caxtont,  bit.  xii..  ch.  li. 

vi-per,  s.  [Fr.  vipere,  from  Lat.  vipera  =  a 
viper,  lit.  =  (the  serpent)  that  produces  living 
young,  for  vivipara,  fern,  of  viviparus  =  pro- 
ducing live  young,  from  vivus  —  alive,  and 
pario  =  to  bring  forth  ;  8p.  &  Port,  vibora  ; 
Jtal.  vipera.] 

1.  Literally  <t  Zoology  : 

(1)  The  common  name  of  the  only  poisonous 
English  reptile,  Ptlias  berus  or  Vipera  cam- 
munis,   of  which   there  are   two   or   three 
varieties  differing  slightly  in  colour.   [ADDER, 
1.  1.,  PELIAS.] 

(2)  A  book-name  for  any  of  the  Viperlda 
(q.v.).    They  do  not  attain  any  great  size,  but 
their  venom  is  usually  very  powerful  ;   this 
they  appear  to  know  ;  for,  having  bitten  their 
prey,  they  leave  it  to  die,  and  then  prepare  to 
swallow  it.    The  best-known  species  are  the 
Common  Viper  (Vipera  communw),  from  Bri- 
tain and  Europe;  the  Cerastes  (V.  cerastes), 
the  Horned  (V.  cornuta),  and  the  River  Jack 
Viper  (V.  rhinoceros),  from  Africa;  and  Rus- 
sell's Viper  (Daboia  russe'lii  f),  from  India. 

2.  Fig.  :  A  person  or  thing  of  a  mischievous 
or  malignant  nature  or  disposition. 

"  Where  is  thU  riper 
That  would  depopulate  the  city,  and 
Be  every  man  himself?" 

:  Coriolanut.  IB.  L 


vi-6-16  -ne,  s.    [Ital.] 

Music :  The  same  as  DOOBLE-BASS  (q. V.)L 


viper-gourd,  >.    [TRICHOSANTHBS.] 
viper's  bugloss,  s. 

1.  Bot.  :  The  genus  Echium  (q.v.). 

2.  Entom.  :  Dianthoxia  echii,  a  British  night- 
moth,  family  Hadenidre.   The  antennas  nearly 
simple;    fore  wings  ochrey,  with  markings 
and  an  ocellate  white  spot  in  the  centre.    The 
caterpillar  feeds  on  the  Viper's  bugloss,  after 
which  it  is  named. 

viper's  grass,  «.    [SCOBZONEBA.] 

•viper's  herb,  «. 

Bot.  :  Echium  vulgan.    [VIPER'S  BUQLOSS.J 

vi'-per-a,  «.    (VIPEB.] 

Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Viperidte  (q.v.X 
with  which  Pelias  is  often  amalgamated. 
Wallace  puts  the  species  at  seventeen,  with 
the  range  of  the  family.  Head  with  shields, 
flat,  and  high  on  sides  ;  nostrils  in  middle  of 
a  shield  ;  nose  curved  somewhat  upward  (more 
flat  in  Pelias). 

•  vi'-per-gss,  «  vl-per-esse,  ».    [Eng. 
viper;  -ess.]    A  female  viper. 

"  Portia  did  confesee, 
My  eons  I  would  have  poysou'd.     riperetu  I 

Stapylton:  Juvenal,  vL  flTe. 

vi-per'-I-d»,  s.  pi.     [Mod.   Lat  vipera): 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

1.  Zool.  :  True  Vipers  ;  a  family  of  Viperina 
(q.v.),  distinguished  from  the  Crotalidse  (Pit 
Vipere)  by  the  absence  of  any  depression  be- 
tween the  eyes  and  nostrils.  They  are  espe- 
cially characteristic  of  the  Palsearctic  and 
Ethiopian  regions,  only  one  species  being 
found  over  a  large  part  of  the  Oriental  region, 
and  another  reaching  Central  India..  They 
are  very  abundant  in  Africa  and  on  the 
Palaearctic  confines  of  south-western  Asia. 
The  Common  Viper  ranges  across  the  whole 
Palsearctic  region,  from  Portugal  to  Saghalien 


boil,  bo?;  po%t.  J<Swl;  oat,  9011,  chorus.  $hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  thla;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejlst.   ph  =  t 
-«tan.  -tlan  =  i*~~     -tion.  -sjlon  =  shun;  -tion,  -flon  =  ahun.     clous,  -tlous,  -sloua  =  shua.    -Me,  -die,  ic.  =  Del.  del. 


6082 


viperiform— virginal 


Island,  reaching  67*  N.  in  Scandinavia  and 
68°  N.  in  Siberia.  Some  authorities  include 
the  genus  Acanthophis  in  this  family,  which 
would  then  be  represented  in  the  Australian 
region  ;  others  transfer  it  to  the  Elapidae. 
Wallace,  following  Strauch,  puts  the  genera 
at  three  (Vipera,  Eciiis,  and  Atheris),  and  the 
species  at  twenty-two ;  Gttnther  adds  Daboia 
and  Cerastes,  which  are  sometimes  treated 
as  sub-genera, 

2.  Palivont. :  An  extinct  species  of  True 
Viper  has  occurred  in  the  Miocene  of  France. 

•ri-per'-i-form,  a.  fMod.  Lat  vipera,  and 
Lat.  />rma  =  shape,  appearance.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  viper ;  viperine :  as,  viperiform 
snakes.  (Duncan,  in  Cassell'i  Nat.  Hist.,  iv. 
300.) 

vi-per-f-na,  a.  pi.    [VIPERINE.] 

Zool. ;  A  synonym  of  Solenoglyphia  (q.v.). 

Vi'-per-ine,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  viperinus=ot  or 
belonging  to  a  viper  (q.v.)  or  snake.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  a  viper  or  vipers ; 
specif.,  belonging  to  or  having  the  character- 
istics of  the  Solenoglyphia  (q.v.). 

B.  Assubst.:  Any  individual  of  the  Vinerina 
(q.v.). 

"It  differ*  from  other  V:,*rin»t  In  having  the 
poison-fang  pennajiently  erect"— Encyc.  Brit.  (ed. 
«th),  xxit.  198: 

viperine-snakes,  s.  j>Z.  [SOLENOOLYPHIA.) 

Ti'-per-lsh,  a.  [Eng.  viper;  -fcA.)  Some- 
what viperous  or  malignant 

vi'-per-oiis,  *  vi-per  ouse,  a.  [Eng.  viper; 
•ma.}  Haying  the  qualities  or  nature  of  a 
viper ;  malignant,  venomous. 

"  The  viperout  tongue,  and  the  white  llrer  of  Jack 
Howe."— Macautay  :  Sift.  Eng.,  ch.  Xiv. 

vi'-per-oas-W,  "  vl-per-ous-lle,  adv. 
[Eng.  viperous ;  -ty.]  In  a  viperous  or  malig- 
nant manner. 

"  Haning  spoken  as  mallclousile  ft  riperouttie  me  he 
might"— BotinAed  :  lt<eh,,nl  //.  (an.  1377). 

Vippe,  s.     [Etyin.  doubtful] 
Hot. :  Finns  sylvestris. 

*  vlr-a-gln'-l-an,  a.    [Lat.  virago,  genit 
mraginit  =  a   virago   (q.v.).]      Having   the 
qualities,  nature,  or  disposition  of  a  virago. 

"  His  old  conversation  among  the  viraginian  trot. 
lops."— JfHton."  Apology  for  Smectymnuut,  f  6. 

•VsT-a-gln'-s-tjf,  i.  [VIEAOINIAN.]  The 
qualities,  nature,  or  characteristics  of  a  virago. 

Va-ra'-g*.  *.    [Lat,  from  Virgo  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  A  woman  of  masculine  stature,  strength, 
and  courage ;  a  woman  who  has  the  robust 
body  and  masculine  mind  of  a  man ;  a  female 
warrior.- 

"  To  arms  1  to  Arms  1  the  fierce  virago  cries.' 

Pop*:  Rape  of  rhe  Lock,  V.  ST. 

2.  A  bold,  Impudent,  turbulent  woman ;  a 
termagant. 

*  vire,  ».    [0.  FT.  =  an  arrow  for  a  cross-bow, 
from  vlrer  =  to  turn,  to  veer ;  Sp.  vira  =  a 
kind  of  light  dart.)    (VIBETON.)    A  barbed 
arrow  for  the  cross-bow  ;  a  quarrel. 

"  As  a  fire 
Which  flieth  out  of  a  mighty  bowe." 

Uornr:  c.  A.,  bk.  11 

•vire,  v.l.    [Fr.  vlrer.]    To  veer,  to  turn. 

*  •ir'-S-lay,  s.    [Fr.  virelal,  from  ttirer=to 
turn,  and  lai  =  a  song.]    An  ancient  French 
song  or  short  poem,  always  in  short  lines  of 
seven  or  eight  syllables,  and  wholly  in  two 
rhymes  with  a  refrain. 

"  The  band  of  flutes  began  to  play. 
To  which  a  lady  Bung  a  vireltiit. 

Drydcn  :  flower  A  Leaf,  K&. 

Vir'-ent,  a.  [Lat.  virens,  pr.  par.  of  vireo  = 
to  be  green.]  Green,  verdant,  fresh ;  not 
faded  or  withered.  (Browne :  Vulgar  Errours. 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  vi.) 

wir'-S-o,  ».    [Lat.  =  an  unidentified  bird,  per- 
haps the  greenfinch.] 
Ornithology : 

1.  The  type-genus  of  Vireonids  (Q.V.),  with 
fourteen  species,  ranging  over  central  America 
and   the   Antilles   to    Canada.     BUI   stout, 
scarcely  compressed,  sub-cylindrical. 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  family  Vireonidte 
(q.v.X 

"  The  song  of  the  male,  aa  I  have  heard  It,  bears  no 
resemblance  to  that  of  any  other  Vireo."— llaird. 
Brewer,  A  f'idg&ay  :  North  American  Birdi,  \.  375. 


vJr-S-d'-nl-dsB,  s,  pi.  (Mod.  Lat.  vireo,  genit. 
vinon(ii);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Ornith. :  Greealets  ;  a  family  of  small  fly- 
catching  Passerine  Birds,  with  seven  genera 
and  sixty  species,  restricted  to  the  American 
continent, 
where  they 
range  from 
Paraguay  to 
Canada.  Bill 
conical,  much 
compressed, 
decurved  at 
end,  and 
notched,  but 
scarcely 
toothed  ; 
frontal  fea- 
thers bristly 
and  erect,  or 


VIREO  OLIVACEUa 


bent    b'n  t 

slightly  for- 

ward ;  nostrils  overhnng  by  membrane  ;  ten 

primaries  ;  tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe  and 

claw;  lateral  toes  generally  unequal,  outer 

claw  reaching  half-way  along  middle  claw. 

vlr-e'-o-sjfr-vl-a,  «.  [Mod.  Lat  vireo,  and 
tylria  (q.v.).] 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Vireonida?,  with  thir- 
teen species,  rangingfrom  Venezuela  to  Mexico, 
the  Antilles,  the  Eastern  States,  and  Canada. 
Bill  compressed,  narrow,  cnlmen  and  com- 
missure straight,  tip  abruptly  curved.  They 
belong,  like  the  Vireonidne  In  general,  to  the 
flycatchers,  living  ou  insects,  which  are  either 
taken  on  the  wing,  or  sought  in  trees. 

vi-reV-cenoe,  «.     [Eng.  virescm(t)  ;  •«.] 

Bot.  (Of  a  plant)  :  The  act  or  state  of  grow- 
ing green  by  the  development  of  chlorophyll. 

Vl-res'-cent,  o.  [Lat  vtnscens,  pr.  par.  of 
vinsco  =  to  grow  green,  incept  from  vireo  = 
to  be  green.] 

Botany: 

L  Green,  flourishing. 

2.  Approaching  green  in  colour,  of  a  shade 
of  clear  green  not  so  bright  as  grass-green. 

vire'-tSn,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Direr  =  to  turn,  to 
veer  (q.v.).]  A  species  of  arrow  or  quarrel, 
spirally  winged  vviUi  lirass,  so  as  to  give  it  a 
whirling  motion  when  shot  from  the  cross-bow. 

*vir'-g»,  *.    fViBoB.] 

tvir'-gal,  a.  [Lat.  virga  =  a  rod,  a  switch.] 
Made  of  twigs. 

"  Croquemitaine  and  his  frightful  spouse  flourish 
their  virgal  sceptres."—  G.  A.  Sola  :  America  Revltited. 
11  87. 

vir'-ga-loo,  s.    [ViRooLEuatJ 

•vir'-gate,  >.  [Lat  virga  —  *  rod;  in  Low 
Lat.  a  measure  of  land  ;  cf.  Eng.  rod  and  pole.} 
A  yard  of  land  (q.v.). 


"  Elizabeth  Montacute.  .  .possessed  one 
the  year  1330."—  T.  Warton  :  Mitt.  Kiadington,  p.  «. 

vir'-gate,  vir-gat'-Sd,  a.     [Lat  virgatue 
=  made  of  twigs  ;  virga  =  a  rod.] 
Sot.  :  Twiggy  ;  producing  many  twigs. 

•  virge,  «.     [Lat  virga  =  8  rod.]    A  mace  ;  * 
wand  of  office. 

*'  The  silver  virge,  with  decent  pride, 
Stuck  underneath  his  cushion  side."        Swift.     • 

*  vir'-ger,  s.    [VERGER,] 

VaT-giT-I-a.  i.  [Named  after  the  Latin  poet 
Virgil,  B.C.  70-19,  whose  Georgics  contain  ob- 
servations interesting  to  botanists.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Sophorese.  Calyx  un- 
equally five-toothed  ;  two  lower  petals  com- 
bined from  the  middle  to  the  tip,  and  curved 
like  a  beak  ;  stamens  ten,  free  ;  legumes 
leathery,  indehiscent.  Virgilia.  capensis  is  a 
tree  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  high,  which  grows 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Its  wood  is  used 
for  yokes,  spars,  &c.,  but  it  is  liable  to  be 
attacked  by  worms. 

Vir-gir-I-an,  a.    [See  def.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Maro  Pnblius  Virgilius 
(Virgil),  the  Latin  poet,  born  about  B.C.  70, 
died  B.C.  19. 

2.  Resembling  or  In  the  style  of  Virgil. 

vir'-gan,  "vlr-gine,  *ver-gyn,"  vlr-gyn, 

«.  &  a.  [O.  Fr.  virgin*  (Fr.  vierge\  from  Lat. 
virginem,  accns.  of  virgo  =  a  virgin  ;  Sp.  vir- 
gen  ;  Port  virgem  ;  Ital.  virgine,  vergine.] 


A.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  A  man  who  has  preserved  his  chastity. 

"This  is  Jon  euangelist  oon  of  the  dlaclplis  of  the 
Lord,  the  which  is  a  rir^n  chosuu  of  God."—  Wyclrfe: 
frol.  to  Jon. 

2.  A  woman  who  has  preserved  her  chastity ; 
a  maiden  of  inviolate  chastity. 

"The  damsel  was  very  fair  and  a  virgin.'— Omait 
XXIV.  1C. 

3.  An  insect   producing  eggs  from  which 
young  come  forth,  though  there  has  been  nt 
fecundation  by  the  male.  [PARTHENOGENESIS. 

4.  The  sign  or  constellation  Virgo  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adjective : 

"1.  Pure,  chaste,  nndeflled. 

"  Pardon,  goddess  of  the  night 
Those  that  slew  thy  virgin  knight.* 

Shakelf. :  J/uM  Ado,  T.  8. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  virgin ;  becoming  a  virgin  ; 
maidenly,  modest. 

"Rosed  over  with  the  triryin  crimson  of  modesty." 
Shaketp. :  Henry  t'.,  v.  2. 

3.  Untouched,  unsullied,  fresh,  new,   un- 
mixed. 

"  I  have  found  virgin  earth  In  the  peat-marshes  at 
Cheshire.-—  Woodward. 

4.  Unsullied,  pure. 

"  The  white  cold  virgin  siiow  upon  my  heart." 

Sttakeip. :  Tempeit,  Ir. 

*  &  Undelivered  ;  not  yet  a  mother. 

"  Ceres  in  her  prime, 
Yet  virgin  of  Proserpina  from  Jove." 

Milton  .  F.  L..  Ir.  m 

*6.  Pure,  uncoloured. 

"  The  virgin  lillie  and  the  primrose  true." 

Spenter :  Spithalamion, 

1  The  Virgin,  The  Blessed  Virgin:  Th» 
Virgin  Mary,  the  mother  of  Our  Lord. 

virgin-born,  a.  Born  of  a  virgin.  (Ap- 
plied to  Our  Lord.) 

*  virgin-knot,  «.    Maidenly  chastity  in 
allusion  to  the  girdle  worn  by  Greek  and 
Roman  virgins  when   of  marriageable   age. 
(Shakesp. :  Tempest,  iv.  1.) 

Virgin-oil,  s.  The  substance  which  flowi 
first  from  the  pulp  of  the  ripe  Juice  of  the 
olive  when  expressed.  (Ogilvie.) 

virgin-worship,  s.    Mariolatry  (q.v.). 

"  My  business  is  to  copy  that  omission,  as  1  should 
In  the  opposite  case  have  copied  the  introduction  of 
trirgin-twrthip  into  tlie  original  tale."— C.  jLitigiley, 
Saint' »  Tragedy.  (Introd.) 

virgin's  bower,  s. 

Bot. :  Clematis  Vitalba,  C.  Flammula,  and 
some  other  species  of  the  same  genus. 

*  virgin's  milk,  s.    A  cosmetic,  one  in- 
gredient of  which  is  benzoin. 

virgin's  tree,  «. 

Bot. :  Sassafras  Farthenoxylon.  [SASSAFRAS.} 

*vir/-gin,   v.l.     [VIRGIN,  s.]     To  play  the- 
virgin ;  to  be  or  remain  chaste. 

"My  true  lip 
Bath  Hrftn'd  it  e'er  since." 

Shaketp.  :  Coriolanvt,  r.  8. 

vir;-gln-al,  vir'-tin-all,  a,  &  t.  [Fr.  vtr 
giv.nl,  from  Lat  virginalis,  from  virgo,  genit 
virginis  =  &  virgin.] 

*  A.  As  adj. :   Pertaining  to  or  becoming  t, 
Tirgin  ;  pure,  chaste,  maidenly. 

"  Wnere  gentle  court  and  gracious  delight 
She  to  them  made  with  niilduexse  virginnu.- 
Sptnur ;  f.  «.,  II.  ix  20 

B.  As  substantive: 

Music:  A  stringed  Instrument  played 
means  of  a  key- 
board,  like   tlief 
modern    piano-  / 
forte.     It    was  / 
in  form  like  a 
box,  or  desk  of  J 
wood  without  , 
legs   or   sup- 
ports, and 


was  usually  placed  upon  a  table  or  stand.  Th» 
strings  were  of  metal,  one  for  each  nete,  and 
the  sound  was  made  by  means  of  pieces  of 


&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  -n-iif,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  onto,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall ;  try.  Syrian.    «e,  O8  =  e;ey«-a:<ju  =  kw. 


virginal — virtual 


5083 


onill  whalebone,  leather,  or  occasionally 
elastic  metal,  attached  to  slips  of  wood  called 
"jacks,"  which  were  provided  with  metal 
springs  The  compass  was  about  three  oc- 
taves The  virginal  was  a  kind  of  oblong 
.:int  and  the  precursorof  the  harpsichord, 
now  superseded  by  the  pianoforte.  The  form 
virginals,  a  pair  of  virginals,  is  an  old  dual 
(as'in  organs,  regals,  a  pnir  of  organs)  signify- 
ing a  graduation  or  sequence.  (Cf.  o  pair  of 
stairs.) 

•vir'-gJn-al,  v.i.  [VIRGINAL,*.]  To  tap  or 
pat ;  to  strike  as  on  a  virginal. 

"  Still  viratnallt'ia 
Upon  his  palm."        Shakelp.  :  Winter  I  Tale,  i.  2. 

t  vir'-gln-hood,  *  vir'-gm-head,  s.  [Eng. 
virgin;  -hood,  -head.]  The  condition  of  a 
virgin ;  virginity. 

"  But  thou.  my  girl,  how  will  thy  tirginliood 
Conclude  itself  in  marriage  fittingly? 

K.  Jircuminy :  aalaiatiaa'l  Adventure. 

Vir-gta'-i-a,  s.  [Lat  virgo,  genit.  Virginia  = 
a  virgin,  in  honour  of  Queen  Elizabeth  of 
England  (15S8-1603).] 

1.  One  of  the  states  of  North  America. 

2.  A  largely-used  kind  of  tobacco,  grown 
and  manufactured  in  Virginia. 

3.  'Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  50]. 
Virginia-rose,  ». 

Bot. :  Lupinus  luteus. 
Vir'-gln'-i-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  state  of 
Virginia. 

B.  As  subst.  :    A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Virginia. 

Virginian-creeper,  s. 

Bot  •  Ampelopsis  hederacea,  a  shrubby 
climber ;  called  also  the  American  Joy. 

Virginian-deer,  s. 

Zool  :  Cervus  virginiams,  the  "  common  " 
deer  of  North  America.  It  is  slightly  smaller 
than  the  Fallow  Deer  (q.v.);  reddish-yellow 
in  summer,  light  gray  in  winter ;  antlers 
rucervine  ;  tail  about  a  foot  and  a  half  long. 
These  deer  are  timid  and  wild,  and  therefore 
domesticated  with  difficulty.  Their  flesh 
formerly  constituted  the  staple  food  of  the 
native  Indians. 

Virginian  eared-owl,  s. 

Ornith. :  Bubo  virginianus,  a  large  species 
common  over  the  northern  states  of  the  Ameri- 
can Union.  Length  about  two  feet ;  reddish- 
brown  on  upper  surface,  mottled  with  black, 
ami  covered  with  regular  bands  of  the  same 
hue,  lighter  beneath ;  throat  white ;  beak 
and  claws  black. 

Virginian  hemp,  s. 

Bot. :  Acnida.  cannabina.     [ACNIDA.] 


Virginian-opossum,  s. 


Zool. :  Didelphys  virginianum,  the  Commoi 
Opossum.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a  domestic 
cat ;  head  long,  large,  and  pointed,  ending  11 
a  naked  snout.  Hair  long,  soft,  and  woolly 
whitish  at  the  roots  and  brownish  at  the  tips, 
giving  the  animal  a  dusky  appearance. 

Virginian-poke,  s. 

Bot. :  Phytolacca  decandra.    [Pn YTOLACCA.  ] 

Virginian-poplar,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Liriodendron  (q.v.). 

Virginian-quail,  ». 

Ornith  •  Ortyx  virginianus;  ranging  from 
Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Plumage  red- 
dish brown  above,  whitish  yellow  beneath, 
marked  with  darker  shades ;  a  white  and  a 
black  band  across  the  brow,  white  patch  on 
the  throat.  Length  about  nine  inches. 

Virginian-silk,  s. 

Bot.:  Periplooa  graxa.    [PERIPLOCA.] 

Virginian  snake-root,  s. 

Bot. :  Polygala  senega.    [SENEGA.] 
Virginian-stock,  s. 

Bat. :  Malcolmia  maritima,  a  crnclfer  with 
violet  flowers  growing  in  the  south  of  Europe. 

•vir-gln'-Ib,  a.    [Eng.  virgin(ian) ;  -ic.]    (See 
def.  of  compound.) 
Virginia  acid,  s. 

Chem.:  A  reddish-yellow  oil  obtained  by 
heating  the  fat-oil  of  the  Virginian  senega-root 
to  200°.  It  has  a  strong  odour,  and  a  sharp 


taste,  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether. 

vir-gin'-i-ty,  "  vlr-gin-1-tee,  "vir-gin- 

i-tie  s.  [Fr.  nrginite,  from  Lat.  vtrgim- 
tatem,  accus.  of  virqinitat,  from  Virgo,  genit. 
virginis  =  a  virgin.]  The  state  or  condition 
of  a  virgin  ;  virginhood ;  inviolate  chastity  ; 
maidenhood. 

"  No  goblin  or  swart  faery  of  the  mine.  __ 
Hath  hurtful  pow'r  o'er  true  piryinit*      ^ 

•vir'-gin-ly,  a.  [Bng.  virgin;  -ly.]  Befitting 
or  becoming  a  virgin  ;  maidenly. 

"  To  bee  the  enclosure  and  tabernacle  of  the  trirffinly 
chastitie."—  Udttl  :  Luke  xxiv. 

vir'-go,  ».    [Lat.  =  a  virgin.] 

Astron. :  The  Virgin  :  (1)  One  of  the  twelve 
ancient  zodiacal  constellations.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Bootes  and  Coma  Beren- 
ices;  on  the  south  by  Corvus,  Crater, 
and  Hydra.  Its  principal  star,  a  Virginis,  is 
called  Spica  Virginis  (q.v.),  or  simply  Spica. 
It  is  in  the  hand  of  the  imaginary  virgin 
which  holds  ears  of  corn,  typifying  the  har- 
vest which  took  place  in  Greece  while  the 
sun  passed  through  this  part  of  the  ecliptic. 
["(2)1.  The  next  most  remarkable  star  in 
Virgo  is  Vindemiatrix  (q.v.).  (2)  The  sixth 
sign  of  the  zodiac  (it").  The  sun  enters  it 
about  Aug.  23,  and  leaves  it  about  Sept.  23. 

virgo-lntacta,  phr. 
Law :  A  pure  virgin. 

vir'-gS-leuse,  s.  [Fr.  virgouleuse,  from  Vir- 
goulee,  a  village  near  Limoges  in  France.]  A 
variety  of  pear  ;  the  virgaloo. 

vir-gu-lar  -I-a,  «.  [Lat.  virgula  =  a  little 
rod.]" 

Zool.:  A  genus  of  Pennatulida;  (q.v.).  Shaft 
elongate,  slender,  naked  below,  pinnated 
above.  Pinna?  small,  unarmed. 

»  vif-gule,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  virgula  =  (l)  a 
little  rod,  (2)  a  critical  or  accentual  mark, 
dimin.  from  virga  =  a  rod.]  A  comma. 

"  In  the  M38.  of  Chaucer  the  line  is  always  broken 
bv  a ,  csssura  in  the  middle,  which  la  pointed  by  a  vir. 
giUe."—BaUam :  Lit.  of  Middle  Aget.  i.  593. 

•  vir-gul'-tate,  a.    [VIRGULE.]    Kod-shaped. 

vir-gul'-tum,  «.  [Lat.,  contract  from  virgu- 
letum  =  a  bush,  a  thicket  from  virgvla  =  a 
small  wand.] 

Bot. :  A  young  slender  branch  of  a  tree  or 
shrub. 

*  vir'-Id,  a.    [Lat.  viridis,  from  vireo  =  to  be 
green.]    Green,  verdant. 

"  The  virid  marjoram."         Crompton.    ( tfebtter.) 

•  vir-I-des'-9en9e,  «.     [Eng.  viridts<xn(t) ; 
•ee.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  viridescent. 

*  vir-i-de's'-sent,  a.    [Lat  viridis  =  green.) 
Slightly  green";  greenish. 

vi-rid'-lc,  a.  [Lat.  virid(ii)  =  green  ;  suff.  -ic.] 
Green.  (See  compound.) 

viridic  acid,  s. 

Chem,  :  Produced  by  oxidation  of  eaffeo- 
tannic  acid  in  presence  of  ammonia.  The 
p-reen  colour  formed  is  precipitated  by  a  salt 
of  lead  and  the  lead  compound  decomposed 
withsulphydric-acid.  On  evaporation  it  forms 
a  green  amorphous  mass,  very  soluble  in  water. 

vir'-l'-dln,   s.     [Lat  viridfis)  =  green ;  suff. 

-in.]     [CHLOROPHYLL.] 

vlr'-i-dine,  ».  [Lat  i>irM(t»)  =  green ;  suff. 
-ine.] 

Chem. :  ClaH19N.  A  member  of  the  pyridine 
group  of  organic  bases  obtained  from  coal-tar 
and  distinguished  by  their  intolerable  odour. 
Boiling  point,  230";  sp.  gr.  =  1 '017.  Is  slightly 
soluble  in  water,  easily  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

vir'-I-dite,  «.    [Lat.  vtrid(is)  =  green  ;  suff. 


•  vir-id  ne»»,  s.  [Eng.  virid;  -ness.]  Virid- 
ity, greenness. 

vir'-fle,  vir'-ile,  s.  [Fr.  viril  =  virile,  manly, 
from  Lat.  virilis,  from  «ir  =  a  man,  a  hero; 
cogn.  with  Gr.  rjp<us  (liens,  for  viros)  =  a  hero  ; 
Sansc.  vim.  =  a  hero,  heroic  ;  Zend,  nira  =  a 
hero;  Irish  /ear=a  man;  Goth,  wair  ;  A.S. 
wer;  O.  H.  Ger.  imr.]  [VIRTUE.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  man  as  opposed  to  a 
woman  ;  belonging  to  the  male  sex. 

"If  there  be  any  charm  to  overcome  man  and  all  hl» 
»(ri!«  virtue!.  'ti»  woman  that  does  affect  It."—  FfU- 
ham  :  nitcourte  on  Luko  xiv.  20. 

2.  Pertaining  to  procreation  ;  procreative. 
"The  knot  which   debilitated  and  enfeebled    hta 

virile  inclinations."—  P.  Kinaut  :   Ortek  A  Armenian 
Churchet.  p.  314. 

3.  Becoming  or  characteristic  of  a  man  ; 
masculine,  manly  ;  not  puerile  or  effeminate. 

"  HU  Instrument  broke  for  want  of  a  flrm  and  even 
hajul  to  use  It—  a  virile,  devoted  master  to  pMUOf  th« 
•traiu."—  Scrifiner't  Magazine.  May.  1880,  p.  124. 

Vlr-fl-es'-een9e,  s.    [Lat  virilis  =  virile.) 

Med.  :  That  condition  in  an  aged  woman 
when  she  assumes  certain  of  the  character- 
istics of  the  man.  (Dungliion.) 

*  vl-rll'-I-tjf,  s.      [Fr.  virUM,  [from  Lat. 
virilitatem,  accus,  of  virilitas,  from  virilis  = 
virile  (q.v.).] 

1  The  quality  or  state  of  being  virile; 
manhood  ;  the  state  of  one  of  the  male  sex 
who  has  arrived  at  the  maturity  and  strength 
of  a  man  and  has  the  power  of  procreation. 

2.  The  power  of  procreation  ;  the  organs  of 
procreation. 

"  For  castrated  animals  In  every  species  are  .lonqer 
lived  than  they  which  retained  their  •MMHw  — 
Broumt  :  Vulgar  ffrrourt,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  ijc. 

3.  Character,  cor.duct  or  habits  of  a  man  ; 
masculine  conduct  or  action. 

"  The  lady  wad"  Beneru"-  advances  to  the  borders  of 
virility."—  Johttton  :  P^mbltr. 

4.  ManlJ-  appearance. 

"  Yet  OOU1-1  they  ierer  obwrre  and  keen  the  <*raitt 
of  visase.  and  iyonlike  look  of  his  [AlexanderV  — 
P.  Bottar.d  :  flutartA,  p.  1,038. 

*  vi-riy'-o'-te'nt,  a.    [Lat.  vir,  genit.  viri  =  a 
mau.  and  patens,  genit.  potentis  =  able,  potent 
(q  '•?•  j     p;t  for  a  husband  ;  marriageable. 

"  HJ  vould  not  suffer  his  sonne  to  niarrie  hit.  being 
l.ot  of  r  ipe  yeares  nor  vlripotent  or  mariabH.  —  Malin- 
0A'l:  Beary  11.  (an.  1177). 


Min. :  A  name  given  by  Vogelsang  to  the 
preen  decomposition  products  found  in  many 
rocks,  which  are  essentially  hydrated  silicates 
of  protoxide  of  iron  and  magnesia. 

1  vJ-rfd'-K-ttf,  ».  [Lat.  viridltas,  from  viridis 
=  green.]  Greenness,  verdure  ;  the  colour  of 
fresh  vegetation  ;  freshness. 

"The  apple  maintainetb  itselfe  longest  Inj viridity 
and  vigor!  of  all  other  fruits."-/'.  Baltand  :  Plutarch. 
P.SSS. 


•  vlr-mil-ion,  s.  &  o.    rVE 

vl-role',  «.  (Fr.,  from  uirer  =  to  turn,  to 
v^er.] 

Her.  :  The  hoop,  ring,  or  mouthpiece  of  the 
bugle  or  hunting-horn. 

vi-roled',  vi-rolled',  a.   [Eng.  virolte)  ;  -ed.] 
Her.  :  Applied  to  the  garnishings  of  the 
bugle-horn,   being  the  rings  or  Jims  which 
surround  it  at  various  parts. 

vir'-ose,  a.  [Lat.  virosus,  from  virus  =  poison, 
virua.) 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Poisonous. 
2.  Bot.  :  Emitting  a  fetid  odour. 

vir'-tu,  s.    [VEHTD.] 

vir'-tn-al,  a.  [Fr.  virtuel,  as  if  from  a  Lat 
virtuali's,  from  virtus  =  virtue  (q.v.);  Sp.  & 
Port,  virtual  ;  Ital.  virtuale.} 

1.  Having  the  power  of  acting  or  of  invisible 
efficacy  without  the  material  or  sensible  part  ; 
proceeding  from  or  characterized  by  trans- 
ference of  virtue,  that  is,  force,  energy,  or  in- 
fluence. 

"  Heat  and  cold  have  a  virtual  transition,  without 
communication  of  substance."—  Bacon. 

2.  Being  in  essence  or  effect,  not  in  fact  ; 
not  actual,  but  equivalent,  so  far  as  effect  is 
concerned. 

"It  contains  all  ;  not  only  in  general,  but  In  special  : 
not  only  virtual,  but  actual."—  Bp.  Tat/lor  :  DitmM- 
five  from  Popery,  f  3. 

*  3.  Potential. 

"  Causes  either  real  or  virtual."—  Waterland  :  ITor**. 
IT.  416. 

vlrtual-focns,  s. 

Optics  •  The  point  from  which  rays  which 
have  been  rendered  divergent  by  reflection  or 
refraction  appear  to  issue. 

virtual-force,  s. 

Physics  :  A  potential  force  ;  a  force  which, 
if  exerted,  would  be  capable  of  producing 
certain  effects,  as  distinguished  from  on» 
actually  in  operation. 


608  4 


virtuality— vis 


virtual-image,  «. 

Optics :  (See  extract)., 

"There  are  two  c»se«  relative  to  th»  direction  of 
•aya  reflected  by  mirrors  according  as  the  rays  after 
reflection  are  convergent  or  divergent.  In  the  Hrst 
case  tlie  rtflecttil  rayi  do  not  meet,  but  if  they  are 
•npposed  to  be  produced  on  the  other  side  of  the 
mirror,  tlieir  i  rol<>a  rations  C'-iiicirie  in  the  name  point, 
The  eye  is  tlieu  affect*.!,  just  a*  if  t'ne  rays  proceed 
from  tins  point.  »nd  It  >eei  an  imaice.  But  the  iuuce 
has  no  rest  «ii»t*uce.  tlie  lotiiiiiuiis  rays  do  not  come 
from  the  other  «i.le  of  the  mirror;  thli  appearance  is 
called  the  virtual  im^e.  The  images  of  ml  objects 
produced  by  plane  mirrors  are  of  this  kind,"— Ganot  : 
Phyiics  (ed.  Atkinson},  S  506. 

virtual-velocity,  s. 

Mech.  :  The  velocity  which  a  body  in  equi- 
librium would  actually  acquire  during  the 
first  instant  of  its  motion  in  case  of  the  equi- 
librium being  disturbed.  The  proposition 
known  as  the  Principle  of  Virtual  Velocities 
is  thus  stated  : 

"Suppose  a  system  of  forces  In  equilibrium,  and 
Imagine  the  points  of  application  of  the  forces  to 
undergo  very  slight  d  isplacemeiits.  then  the  algebraical 
•nin  yf  the  products  of  such  force  into  ite  virtual 
velocity  vanishes;  and,  conversely,  if  this  sum  va- 
nishes for  all  possible  displacements,  the  system  of 
forces  it  hi  equilibrium." 

Suppose  that  A  is  the  point  of  application  of 
•  force  P  ;  conceive  the  point  A  to  be  moved  in 
any  direction  to  a  new  position,  o,  at  a  very 
slight  distance,  and  from  o  draw  a  perpen- 
dicular, ap,  on  the  line  of  action  of  the  force 
p ;  then  A  j>  is  called  „ 

the  virtual  velocity 
of  the  point  A. with 

respect  to  the  force    a ^       \  ^    ^ 

p ;   and   the  com-  •**•         „ 
plete  phrase  is  ab- 


velocity  is  considered  to  be  positive  or  nega- 
tive according  asp  falls  in  the  direction  of  p 
or  in  the  opposite  direction.  Thus  in  the 
figure  the  virtual  velocity  is  positive.  (Tod- 
hunter.) 

vir-tu-al'-I-t^,  *  ver-tu-al-1-ty,  s.  [Eng. 
virtual;  -tty.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  virtual  or 
cot  actual. 
*2.  Potentiality;  potential  existence. 

"  So  in  one  grain  of  come  .  .  .  there  lietb  dormant 
the  vertualitit  of  many  other."— Brotene;  Vulgar  Er- 
rours,  bk.  vii.,  ch.  ii. 

Var'-tu-al-l^,  "  ver-tu-al-lyf  adv.  [Eng. 
virtual;  -ly.]  In  a  virtual  manner;  in  effect 
or  efficacy,  if  not  in  actuality ;  in  effect 
though  not  materially ;  practically. 

"  The  Messiah  was  yet  virtually,  though  not  yet 

corporally,  amongst  them. "— Secter  ;  Sernunt,  vol.  it. 
ser.  16. 

*  vir'-tu-ate,  v.t.  [Eng.  virtu(e);  -ate.]  To 
make  efficacious ;  to  give  virtue  or  efficacy  to. 

"  Medea-  now  invokes  the  earth,  aire,  winds,  moun- 
tains, Ac.,  as  either  producing  or  virtuating  magicall 
ingredients."  —  Sandyt:  Ovid;  Metamorphotet  vii. 
(Note.) 

vir'-tue,  *  ver-tn,  *  ver-tue,  *  ver-tew,  s. 

[Fr.  vertu,  from  Lat.  virtutem,  accns.  of  virtus 
=  manly  excellence,  capacity,  worth  ;  from 
»ir  =  a  man;  Sp.  virtud;  Port,  virtude;  Ital. 
virtu,  vertu.]  (VIRILE.) 

*  1.  Manly  strength  or  courage ;  bravery, 
valour. 

"Trust  to  thy  single  virtue."    SAaJtMp.  .•  Ltar,  T.  1 

2.  Active  quality  or  power ;  an  inherent 
power ;  property  capable  of  producing  certain 
effects;  strength,  force,  efficacy.  (Frequently 
applied  to  medicinal  power  or  efficacy.) 

"The  virtue  of  your  eye  must  break  my  With." 
zh'iketji. :  Lovct  Labwr'i  Lott,  v.  2. 

*  3.  Secret  agency ;  efficacy,  without  visible 
or  material  action. 

"  She  moves  the  body,  which  she  doth  possess ; 
Yet  no  part  toucheth.  but  by  rirtue'i  touch." 

Daoia. 

"i.  The  essence;  the  very  substance  or 
•test  part  of  a  thing. 

"  Pity  Is  the  virtue  of  the  law." 

Sliakaf. :  Timtm,  lit  s. 

*  5.  A   great   deed ;    a   mighty   work ;    a 
miracle. 

"  Thanne  Jhesus  bigan  to  seye  repreef  to  citees  in 
vhiche  ful  many  rertuet  of  him  weren  don."—  Wy- 
•U/t:  MatOimii.K. 

6.  Moral  goodness;  the  practice  of  moral 
duties,  and  abstention  from  vice ;  a  confor- 
mity of  life  and  conversation  to  the  moral 
law ;  uprightness,  rectitude,  morality.  (The 
opposite  of  vice.) 

"The  exemplary  desire  of  regulating  our  thought* 
md  pursuits  by  right  principles,  constitutes  wirtue." 
— Cotfon  :  OnOn  PaMttont,  pt,  i.,  ch.  ii. 


7.  A  particular  moral  excellence. 

'*  Be  to  her  virtues  very  kind, 
lie  to  her  faults  a  little  blind." 

Prior:  SnglUk  Padloc*, 

8.  Specif.,  female  purity  ;  chastity. 


"Angela  had  never  the  purpose  to  corrupt  her; 
only  be  hath  made  an  assay  of  her  virtue."—  tJmkeav.  : 
Meaturefor  Measure,  iiL  1. 


1  9.  Any  good  quality,  merit,  or  accomplish- 
ment ;  any  excellence. 

"  I  can  sing,  weave,  sew,  and  dance, 
With  other  virtue*.'       Shaketp.  :  Periclet,  Iv.  6. 

*  10.  One  of  the  orders  of  the  celestial 
hierarchy.  They  are  generally  represented 
in  art  as  angels  in  complete  armour,  bearing 
pennons  and  battle-axes. 


"  Hear,  all  ye  Angels,  Progeny  of  Light. 

!,  Dominations,  PriucedoinB,  rirtuet.  Powers.1 
Hilton:  P.  L.,  v.  601. 


, 

Thrones, 


.    ..    .      . 

IT  (1)  Cardinal  virtues:  A  name  for  justice, 
prudence,  temperance,  and  fortitude, 

(2)  In  virtue  of,   t  By  virtue  of:    By    or 
through  the  efficacy  or  authority. 

"  You  may  suspect  him, 
By  virtue  of  your  office,  to  be  no  true  man." 

Shaketp.  :  Much  Ado,  Ui.  3. 

(3)  Seven  principal  virtues  :  [SEVEX,  "J  (6)]. 

(4)  Theological  virtues:   [THEOLOGICAL-  VIR- 
TUES]. 

*  Virtue  -  proof;  a.  Irresistible  in  or 
through  virtue. 

"No  veil 
She  needed,  virtue-  proof.*      Milton  :  P.  L.,  v.  Mi 

*  vir'-tued,  a.     [Eug.  virtue);  -ed.]    Endued 

with  some  power  or  virtue.     [VIRTUE,  *.  2.] 
"  Hath  the  virtued  steel  a  power  to  move?" 

Quartet:  Smblemt,  V.  iv.  8. 

*  Vir'-tne-fy,    v.t.      [Eng.  virtue;   -fy.}     To 
give  virtue  to. 

"  It  Is  this  which  vtrtuejlet  emotion,  even  though 
there  be  nothing  virtuous  which  is  not  voluntary.  — 
Chatmert:  Constitution  of  Man.  pt.  ii. 

*  vir'-tue-loss,   *  ver-tue  -lease,   *  ver- 

tu-lesse,  «.    [Eng.  virtue  ;  -less  ] 

1.  Destitute  of  virtue,  efficacy,  or  operating 
qualities. 

"  Virtulttt  she  wished  all  herbs  and  charms 
Wherewith  false  men  increase  their  patients'  barms.' 
Fairfax. 

2.  Destitute  of  excellence  or  merit  :  value- 
less. 

"They  depraued  the  name  of  Jesus,  as  a  thyng  ver- 
tuletie.*—  Vdal;  Market*. 

3.  Destitute  of  virtue  or  moral  goodness  ; 
vicious,  wicked. 

"  Who  so  knoweth  bow  nought  and  vertulew  he  la," 
—  Udal;  MarkelL 

*  vir-tU-OS'-J-tj?,  *.     [Eng.  virtuoso);  -ity.] 

1.  The  study  of  aome  branch  of  the  fine 

arts. 

"I  have  been  cultivating  some  virtuotities."—Cen, 
turjf  Magazine,  Jane,  1883,  p.  260. 

2.  Lovers  of  the  fine  arts  collectively  ;  the 
virtuosi.    (Carlyle.) 

vir-tu-o'-so  (pi.  vir-tij-o'-si),  «.  [Ital.= 
(a.)  virtuous,  learned,  (s.)  a  person  skilled  in 
the  fine  arts,  from  I&t.  virtus  =  virtue  (q.v.).] 
A  man  skilled  in  the  fine  arts,  as  painting, 
music,  or  sculpture  ;  a  skilled  performer  on 
some  musical  instrument  ;  a  connoisseur  of 
antiquities,  curiosities,  and  the  like. 

"Will  had  picked  up'a  small  pebble  of  so  odd  a 
make,  that  he  said  he  would  present  it  to  a  friend  of 
his,  an  eminent  virtuoto.'—  Additon;  Spectator,  No.  77. 

*  vir-t^L-d'-SO-flllip,  s.  [Eng.  virtuoso  ;  -ship.  } 
The  pursuits  or  occupation  of  a  virtuoso. 

"  Let  us  view  philosophy,  like  mere  virtuotoship.  In 
its  usual  career.'  —  Shojleibury  :  Characteriitict  ;  Jfitc., 

viy-tu-OTis,  *ver-tu-ous,  *ver-tu-os, 

*  ver-tu-ouse,  a.  [Fr.  vertueux,  from  Low 
Lat.  virtuosos,  from  Lat.  virtus  =  virtue  (q.v.)  ; 
Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  virtuoso.] 

*  1.  Brave,  valiant,  valorous,  manly,  strong. 

"  I  know  too  well  your  virtuous  spirit." 

Chapman  :  Gentleman  C'ther,  L  1. 

*  2.  Strong,  mighty. 

"  Then  will  I  to  Olympus*  top  our  virtuout  empire 
bind."  Chapman:  Homer;  Iliad  vtil.  22. 

3.  Efficacious  by  inherent  qualities;  having 
singular  qualities  or  powers  ;  potent,  power- 
ful ;  full  of  virtue. 

"  It  is  a  wine  of  virtuout  powers, 
My  mother  made  It  of  wild  flowers." 

Coleridge  :  Chrittabel,  i. 

4.  Having  excellent  qualities;  specif.,  chaste, 
pure,  unspotted.    (Applied  to  women.) 

"Mistress  Ford,  the  honest  woman  the  modest 
wife,  the  virtuout  creature,  that  hath  the  Jealous  fool 
to  her  husband."—  Sink***.  :  Merry  Wivet,  iv.  2. 


5.  Morally  good  ;  acting  in  conformity  \-ith 
the  moral  law  ;  practising  the  moral  law  and 
abstai&ing  from  vice  ;  upright. 

"  rtrtuout  and  vicious  every  man  must  be, 
Few  in  the  extreme,  but  all  in  the  degree." 

Pope  :  Stsay  on  Man,  ii.  231. 

6.  Being  or  done  in  conformity  with  the 
moral  or  divine  law. 

"  Blessings  ever  wait  on  virtuout  deeds." 

Congreve:  Mourning  Bride,  v.  «. 

vir'-tu-otis-l^.  *ver-tu-ous-ly,  adv. 
[Eng.  virtuous;  -ly.]  In  a  virtuous  manner; 
in  conformity  with  the  moral  or  divine  law  or 
with  duty. 

"  Men  ought  In  all  reason  to  live  piously  and  virtu- 
outty  in  the  worli"-C7arJfc«.-  On  the  Attribute!. 
(In  trod.) 

vlr'-tij-ous-ness,  *  ver-tu-ous-ness,  s. 

[Eng.  virtuous;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state 
of  being  virtuous. 

"All  resembled  theyr  mother  in  excellent  beautie. 
but  they  resembled  not  their  father  in  houestie  and 
vertuoutnett.'—  (folden  Bake,  ch.  xxxviii. 

vlr'-Tl-lei^e,  s.  [Fr.  virulence,  from  Lat. 
vindentia,  from  vintletitus—  virulent  (q.v.); 
Sp.  &  Port,  virulencia;  Ital.  virulenza.] 

1.  Lit.  :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  viru- 
lent or  extremely  poisonous,  venomous,  or 
injurious  to  life. 

"A  general  dejection  prevailed  amongst  us,  which 
added  much  to  the  rirulence  of  the  disease,"—  Atuon  • 
Toyayes,  bk.  i.,  ch.  x. 

2.  Fig.  :  Extreme  acrimony,  bitterness,  or 
malignity. 

"  The  virulence  of  party  hesitates  not  to  represent 
royalty  itself  in  situations  which  must  render  it  con- 
temptible."—  Knox:  Winter  Evening*,  even.  17. 

Tir'-n-lfB-ff;  5.  [Eng.  virulence);  -y,] 
Virulence. 

"The  errors  of  men  may  be  sufficiently  re(ute4 
without  satirical  virulency."  —  Barrute  •  Sermont 
vol.  L.  ser.  29. 

vir'-U-lent,  a.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  virukiLtus  = 
poisonous,  from  virus  =  slime,  poison  ;  8^ 
Port.,  &  Ital.  virulento.] 

1.  Lit.  :  Full  of  virus  or  poison  ;  extremely 
poisonous,  venomous,  or  actively  injurious  to 
life. 

"Of  a  virulent  and  stinking  smell."—  P.  Holland: 
flinie,  bk.  xjuv.,  ch.  xvL 

2.  Fig.:  Extremely  bitter,  acrimonious,  or 
malignant  :  as,  a  virulent  speech. 

*  vir'-u-lent^d.  a.  [Eng.  virulent;  -td.] 
Filled  with  virulence  or  venom. 

"  Certain  spirits  virulented  from  the  Inward  ho- 
mor.*—  Atttam."  fatolvet,  pt.  IL,  res.  66. 


,  _. y,  adv.    [Eng.  virulent ; -ly.]   In 

a  virulent  manner;  poisonously;  venomously; 
fatally  ;  with  acrimony  or  malignity. 

vir'-us,  s.    [Lat.  =  slime,  poison.] 

1.  Lit.  of  Pathol. :  (1)  Any  organic  poison ; 
any  contagions  or  noxious  matter,  as  the  pua 
from  an  ulcer,  the  venom  of  a  snake  or  scor- 
pion.   (2)  The  matter,  unappreciable  by  the 
senses,  which,   introduced  into  the  system, 
generates  a  specific  disease  :  as,  the  variolous 
or  the  syphilitic  virus.     In  this  second  sense 
it  does  not  include  the  poison  of  a  serpent, 
which  is  a  natural  secretion,  while  a  virus 
is  the  result  of  some  morbid  action  on  the 
system, 

2.  Fin.  •   Virulence  ;  extreme  acrimony  or 
malignity. 

via  (1),  s.      [Lat.,  pi.   vires.]      Force,   power, 
strength,  energy,  vigour. 
It  1.  ytt  ooxlemtrix :  Accelerating  force. 

2.  Vii  impressa :  Impressed  force :  that  is, 
the  force  exerted  as  in  moving  a  body  or  in 
changing  its  direction. 

3.  Vis  inertice : 

(1)  Lit. :  The  resistance  of  matter,  as  when 
a  body  at  rest  is  set  in  motion,  or  a  body  in 
motion  is  brought  to  rest,  or  has  its  motion 
changed  either  in  direction  or  velocity. 

(2)  Fig. :  The  resistance  offered  by  the  in- 
nate inertness  of  persons,  or  their  unwilling- 
ness   to    alter    habits,    or    that    which    is 
established. 

4.  Via  medicatrix  natune : 
Therapeutics :  The  power  which  nature  h; 

(unaided  by  a  physician)  of  effecting  cores. 

"  The  body  possesses  a  perfectly  marvellous  power 
whereby  it  protect*  itself  against  diseases,  wards  off 
some,  cures  in  the  best  and  speediest  way  mtuiy  of 


,  a 

those  that  have  set  in,  and  by  a  process  of  its 
brings  others  more  slowly  to  a  favourable  issue. 
innate  power  is  called  the  vit  natura  medicatrix."— 


, 

brings  others  more  slowly  to  a  favourable  issue.     This 
innate  power  is  called  the  vit  natura  medicatrix." 
Gregory  :  Contp.  Medicinal  Theoretics  (ed.  5th)  f  65. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wplt  work,  who,  s*n;  mate,  ottbf  cure,  unite,  our,  rile,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  «  =  e;  ey  =  i>;  qu  =  kw. 


vis— vise 


6085 


5.  Kis  mortua  :  Dead  force  ;  force  doing  no 
work,  but  merely  producing  pressure,  as  a 
body  at  rest. 

6.  Vis  nervosa:   The    property  of  nerves 
by  which  they  convey  stimuli  to  muscles. 
(Quain.) 

7.  Vis  viva:  Living  force;  the  force  of  a 
body    moving   against    resistance,  or   doing 
work.     It  is  expressed  by  the  product  of  the 
mass  of  a  body  multiplied  by  the  square  of  its 
velocity. 

vis  (2),  s.  [Fr.  =  a  visage,  from  Lat.  visum, 
accus.  of  visus  =  the  vision,  sight.]  [VISAGE.  J 
Face.  (Only  used  in  the  phrase  vis-a-vis.) 

vis-a-vis  (pron.  viz-a-vi'),  adv.  &  * 
[Fr.  =  face  to  face.] 

A.  As    adv.  :    In  a  position    facing    each 
other  ;  standing  or  sitting  face  to  face. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  is  opposite  to  or 
face  to  face  with  another  ;    specifically,  one 
who  faces  another  in  certain  dances,  as  in  a 
quadrille. 

"Miss    Blanche   was  indeed    the  vit-ti-vtt  of  Mine 
Laura."—  Thackeray  :  Pendennit,  ch.  xxvii. 

2.  A  light  towu  carriage  for  two  persons, 
who  are  seated  opposite  each  other,  instead  of 
•ide  by  side. 

"  Could  the  stage  be  a  large  rrit-d-vit, 
Reserved  for  the  polished  and  great" 
//.  it  J.  Smith  :  Rejected  Addreuet,  p.  105. 

Vi'-sa,s.    [VISE.]    A  vise. 

"  Were  unable  to  obtain  the  Russian  vita  at  Stock- 
holm."— ««W.  April  4,  1886. 


vi-sa,  v.t.    [VISA,  s.]    To  vise. 

vis  -age  (age  as  Ig),  *  vys-age,  s.  [Fr., 
from  vis  =  the  visage,  face,  from  Lat.  visum, 
accus.  of  visus  =  the  vision,  sight  ;  hence, 
look,  mien,  face  ;  prop.  pa.  par.  of  video  =  to 
see.]  The  face,  countenance,  or  look  of  a 
person  or  animal.  (Mainly  applied  to  human 
beings.) 

"  Representing1  either  a  human  fit»gt,   or  that  of 
some  animal."—  Coo*  :  Third  t'oyugf,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  L 

"  vis  age  (age  as  Ig),  v.t.  [VISAGE,  «.]  To 
front  or  face  a  thing. 

vis  -aged  (aged  as  $gd),  *  vys-aged,  a. 

[Eng.  visng(e);  -ed.]    Having  a  visage,  coun- 
tenance, or  look  of  a  particular  type. 

"Grim  vitagtd  war  hath  smooth'd  his  wrinkled  front." 
Shakeip.  :  Richard  III.,  i.  I. 

vls'-ard,  s.    [VisoB.l    A  mask,  a  vizor. 
4  vis  -ard,  v.t.     [VISARD,  s.]    To  mask. 

*  vfe-ca'-ce-»,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  vi*c(«m);  Lat. 
fem.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ocenr.] 

Bot.  :  An  order  of  Epigynous  Exogens,  alli- 
ance Asarales,  proposed  by  Miers  for  the  re- 
ception of  Viscum  and  its  immediate  allies, 
which  he  considered  more  akin  to  Santalacese 
than  to  Loranthaceae.  Lindley  leaves  the 
genera  in  Loranthacese. 

vis-ca'-9ha,  s.    [Span.] 

Zool.  :  Lagostomus  trichodactylus,  a  stout- 
built  rodent,  resembling  a  Marmot,  from 
eighteen  inches  to  two  feet  long,  exclusive  of 
the  tail,  winch  is  from  six  to  eight  inches. 
Four  digits  on  the  fore,  and  three  on  the  hind 
limbs,  the  latter  furnished  with  long,  com- 


pressed,  and  pointed  nails ;  muffle  broad,  and 
covered  with  a  velvet-like  coat  of  brown  hair ; 
fur  mottled  gray  above,  yellowish-white  be- 
neath ;  dark  band  on  each  cheek,  a  white 
band  on  muzzle,  running  back  on  each  side 
almost  as  far  as  the  eye.  They  are  nocturnal, 
and  resemble  Rabbit**  in  their  movements, 
but  are  less  active.  They  are  found  on  the 


Pampas,  from  Buenos  Ayres  to  Patagonia. 
These  animals  have  the  strange  habit  of  drag- 
ging all  sorts  of  hard  and  apparently  useless 
objects  to  the  mouth  of  their  burrow,  where 
bones,  stones,  thistle-stalks,  and  lumps  of 
earth  may  be  found  collected  into  a  large  heap, 
sufficient,  according  to  Darwin,  to  fill  a  wheel- 
barrow. 

vis  caut'-schm  (au  as  6%),  s.  [Formed 
from  Eng.  viscous,  and  Ger.  kautsch.uk  ( =: 
caoutchouc),  with  suff.  -in.] 

Chem,. :  The  portion  of  crude  viscin  which 
is  insoluble  In  alcohol  and  ether;  sp.  gr.  0  i*7S. 
It  is  the  substance  to  which  bird-lime  owes 
its  adhesive  properties,  and  is  insoluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether.  Heated  to  120°,  it  has  thu 
consistency  of  olive  oil. 

vi8'-9§ne,  s.  [Lat.  vwc(um)  =  birdlime  ;  suff. 
•ene.] 

Chem. :  A  mobile,  yellowish  oil,  obtained  by 
the  dry  distillation  of  viscin.  It  has  a  sp.  gr. 
of  0-So,  and  distils  almost  completely  at  220°. 

vis'-9er-a,  s.  pi.    [Lat.,  pi.  of  vist 
trail.] 

Anat. :  The  contents  of  the  great  cavities  of 
the  body,  as  of  the  skull,  chest,  and  abdo- 
men, but  in  popular  language  restricted  to  the 
organs  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen ;  tlie  bowels ; 
the  entrails. 

vls'-cer-al,  a.    [VISCERA.] 

1.  Lit.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  viscera. 

"  No  appearance  of  vitceral  dlaeaae  could  be  dis- 
covered."— field,  Aug.  27.  1887. 

*2.  Fig, :  Having  flue  sensibility;  sensi- 
tive, tender. 

"  Lore  la  of  all  other  the  inmost  and  moat  eitctral 
affection;  and  therefore  called  by  the  apostle  'boweU 
of  lore.'  —8t>.  Jteynoldi :  On  (A«  Pautmti,  ch.  xi. 

visceral  arch,  s. 

Anat.  </t  Embryol.  (PL) :  A  series  of  parallel 
ridges  at  the  sides  of  and  behind  the  mouth, 
transversely  to  the  axis  of  the  Inxly.  The 
intervals  between  them  widen  into  clefts. 

*  vls'-cer-ate,  v.t.    [VISCERA.]    To  eviscerate 

(q.v.). 

vfa'-cld,  a.  [Fr.  viscide,  from  Lat.  visctdus 
=  clammy,  like  bird-lime,  from  viscum  =• 
mistletoe,  birdlime.]  Sticky  or  adhering,  and 
having  a  ropy  or  glutinous  consistency  ;  semi- 
fluid and  sticky ;  clammy. 

"Grow  v&cU  humours."—  Witeman:  Surgery,  bk.  11, 
ch. Ix. 

vis-cld'-l-t?,  'vls-cid-i-tle,  «.  [Fr.  via- 
ciditc,  from  viscide—  viscid.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  viscid; 
glutinousness,  stickiness,  clamminess. 

"  To  meiid  viscidity  of  blood."       Qreen  :  The  Sptetn. 

*  2.  Glutinous  concretion. 
" Cathartics  of  mercurials  precipitate  the  vitciditivt 
by  their  styptlclty."—  fl.oyer, 

vis'-cln,  s.     [Lat.  visc(um);  -in.] 

Chem. :  A  waxy  substance,  the  principal 
constituent  of  bird-lime,  extracted  from  the 
stalks,  leaves,  and  berries  of  the  mistletoe. 
It  is  clear,  colourless,  inodorous,  and  taste- 
less, insoluble  in  water,  but  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol,  has  the  consistency  of  honey  at 
ordinary  temperatures,  but  becomes  more 
fluid  at  30°.  Heated  to  100°,  it  is  as  fluid  as 
almond  oil. 

vis'-9in-ol,  s.    [Eng.  viscin;  -0Z.J 

Chem.  :  A  fragrant  oil  prepared  by  mixing 
viscene  with  soda-ley,  and  distilling  the  re- 
sulting crystalline  mass  with  water. 

*viS-COn'-tf-«%*.      [VlCONTIEL.] 

vls-cSs-Im'-e-ter,  s.  [Eng.  viscosifty),  and 
meter.  \ 

'Chem. :  A  name  given  by  Dollfus  to  an 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  viscosity  of 
colouring  liquids  thickened  with  gum,  by 
comparing  the  time  required  by  a  given  quan- 
tity of  the  liquid  to  pass  through  a  certain 
aperture,  with  that  required  by  an  equal  quan- 
tity of  water.  (Watts.) 

vXs-c$s-I-t&  *vis-co»-i-tie.  «.  [Fr.  vis- 
cosite,  from  Lat.  viscosus  =  viscous  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  viscous ; 
stickiness,  glutinousness,  adhesiveness,  vis- 
cidity, tenacity. 

"The  air  being  mixed  with  the  animal  fluids,  deter- 
mines  their  condition  as  to  rarity,  density,  viicvrity, 
teuuityt"— A  rbut  hnot. 


2.  A  glutinous  or  viscous  body  or  sab- 
stance. 

"  A  tenuous  emanatf  on,  or  continued  effluvium,  after 
eome  disUuice,  ret  nice  th  unto  itself,  as  is  observable 
in  drops  of  syrups  and  seminal  vitcotitiei."—  tirowne. 

vis'-count  (s  silent),  *  vl-cont,  *  vi'-count, 
*vl-couiitef  *vy- count,  s.  [Fr.  vi- 
comte ;  O.  Vr.  visconte,  from  Lat.  vicecomitem, 
accus.  of  vicecomes  =  one  who  nils  the  place 
of  a  count  or  earl :  vice  =  in  the  place  of,  and 
comes  =  a  companion,  a  count,  au  earl.] 

*  1.  An  officer  who  supplied  the  place  of 
the  count  or  earl,  and  acted  as  his  deputy  in 
the  management  of  the  affairs  of  the  county, 
in  reality  tilling  the  office  of  sheriff. 

"The  vi»contt  called  either  procomes  or  vicecomes. 
In  time  past  gouerned  in  the  cuuutie  ruder  the  earle. 
—Bolinthed:  Deter,  England,  bit.  ii..  ch.  v. 

2.  A  degree  or  title  of  nobility  ranking  next 
below  an  earl,  and  above  a  baron.  It  is  the 
most  recently  established  English  title  of 
nobility,  having  been  first  conferred  by  letters 
patent  from  Henry  VI.  on  John  Lord  Beau- 
mont, in  A.D.  1440  The  title  of  viscount  U 


VISCOUNT'S  CORONET. 

frequently  held  in  England  as  the  seconO  titte 
of  an  earl,  and  is  borne  by  the  eldest  son  as  a 
courtesy  title  during  the  life  of  his  father. 
The  coronet  of  a  viscount  of  England  is  com- 
posed of  a  circle  of  gold,  chased,  having  on 
the  edge  twelve,  fourteen,  or  sixteen  i«arls  ; 
the  cap  of  crimson  velvet,  turned  up  with 
ermine,  and  closed  at  the  top  with  a  rich 
tassel  of  gold. 

3.  An  officer  of  the  Crown  in  Jersey,  who 
performs  the  duties  of  an  English  coroner. 
He  has  a  deputy  viscount,  who  acts  in  hia 
absence. 

vis-count-ess  (la  as  I),  s.  [Eng.  riscount; 
•ess.]  The  wife  of  a  viscount;  a  peeress  of 
the  fourth  degree  of  nobility. 

vis^count-ship.  vis  count  -y,  vis'- 
count  -9y  (is  as  I),  s.  [Eng.  viscount; 
-ship,  ~cyt  -j/.]  The  quality,  rank,  or  degree 
of  a  viscount. 

"  If  a  barony  made  him  a  Conservative,  what  would 
be  the  effect  of  a  vitwuiityt'—fiaily  Jfcwt,  Jan.  1,  18M. 

vis'-coiis,  a.  [Lat.  viscosus,  from  viscum  = 
bird-lime.]  Glutinous,  sticky,  adhesive,  viscid. 

"  Full  of  a  frrosse  and  vitcout  humor."  —  P.  Holland: 
PHnie.  bk.  xvi..  ch.  xxvii 

viscous-fermentation,  .-. 

Chem.  ;   A  change  brought  about  in  saccha- 


ces, eac  conanng  a  snge  rg  nuceus. 
The  product  of  fermentation  is  a  gum-like 
ropy  substance,  the  presence  of  which  in  a 
solution  has  the  power  of  arresting  ordinary 
or  vinous  fermentation. 

Vis'-COUS-ness,  5.  [Eng.  viscous;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  viscous;  viscidity, 
viscosity. 

vis'  cum,  «.    [Lat.  =  the  mistletoe.] 

Sot.  :  Mistletoe  ;  a  genus  of  Loranthacese 
(q.v.).  Leaves  opposite,  whorled,  or  wanting  ; 
flowers  unisexual  ;  males  with  the  calyx  ob- 
solete, four  petals,  ovate,  fleshy,  united  at  the 
base,  and  bearing  each  a  single  anther,  adnate 
with  its  upper  surface.  Fertile  flowers,  with 
a  superior  calyx  having  an  obscure  margin  ; 
four  erect,  ovate,  very  minute  petals,  ami  a 
sessile  atigma.  Species  abmvt  one  hundred,  o- 
which  V.  album  is  the  well-known  European 
mistletoe.  The  United  States  has  about  sir 
species,  of  different  generic  name. 

Vla'-cus,  *.    [Lat] 

Anat  :  An  entrail  ;  one  of  the  contents  of 
the  head,  thorax,  or  abdomen.  [VISCERA.! 

"vise  (1).  vSse,  ».  [Fr.  bfs«  =  the  north 
wind.]  A  blast  of  wind  ;  a  storm,  a  commo- 
tion. 


boll,  boy;  pout,  J6%1;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  = 
-cian.    tiau  =  shaa.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun;  -(ion*  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 

35 


6086 


vise— visit 


e  (2),  *.  [Fr.,  pa.  par.  of  risers  to  put  a 
vise  to,  from  Lat*  visu-s,  pa.  par.  of  video  —  to 
see.]  An  iudjrseintnt  made  upon  a  passport 
by  the  properly  constituted  authority,  whether 
ambassador,  consul,  or  police,  showing  that 
it  has  been  examined  and  found  correct. 

*vfse  (3),  s.    [Vice,  s.] 

*  vi'-se,  v.l.  [VISE  (2),  «.]  To  put  a  vis*  on  ; 
tt>  examine  and  indorse,  as  a  pass;  nrt. 

Vish'-noo.  Vish-nu,  t.  [Sans.,  from  r£«  = 
to  enter,  to  pervade.) 

Brahmaiiisni :  The  aecon/t  person  of  the 
modem  Hindoo  Triinurti  U.T.).  When  lie 
first  appears  in  Vedic  times,  lie  is  simply  the 
God  of  the  Shining  Firmament,  the  younger 
brother  of  Indra,  and  inferior  to  him  fa  dig- 
nity. By  the  time  that  the  epic  poeins,  the 
Ramayaaa  and  the  Mahabharat,  were  com- 
posed, Vishnoo  had  made  a  considerable  ad- 
vance to  his  present  position,  the  full  attain- 
ment of  which,  however,  was  reserved  for 
the  period  of  the  Puranas.  One  of  these 
books  is  called  the  Vishnoo  Purana.  He  is 
regnrded  as  the  member  of  the  Triad  whose 
special  function  is  to  preserve.  To  do  this 
he  nine  times  successively  became  incarnate, 
and  will  do  so  once  more.  The  first  time 
he  appeared,  it  was  as  a  tish  to  warn  a  right- 
eous king,  Manu,  of  an  ajj  poaching  deluge, 
and  save  the  sacred  Vedas  from  being  lost. 
Bis  second  appearance  was  as  a  tortoise  to 
support  the  world,  while  the  gods  and  god- 
desses chained  the  sea  ;  the  third,  as  a  boar, 
to  lift  up  the  submerged  w  -rid  on  his  tasks  ; 
the  fourth,  as  a  man-lion,  to  tear  to  pieces 
«n  impious  king ;  the  fifth,  as  a  dwarf,  to 
recover  for  the  gods  their  supremacy  lost  by 
their  ueglect ;  the  sixth,  as  Parasuraiiia,  to 
waah  away  the  sins  of  the  earth  by  the  de- 
struction of  the  Kiihatriya  race — probably  an 
allusion  to  the  historic  fact  that  when  the 
Aryan  Brahmau  and  Ksltatriya  warriors  had 
well  established  themselves  in  India,  jeal- 
ousies arose  between  them,  and  the  Kshatriyas 
were  vanquished,  and  in  large  measure  de- 
stroyed, by  the  Brahmans ;  the  seventh,  was 
as  Rama,  the  hero  of  the  Ramayana;  the 
eighth,  as  Krishna ;  the  ninth,  as  Booddha ; 
and  the  tenth,  as  Kalki,  or  the  White  Horse, 
is  still  to  come.  When  it  arrives,  Vishnoo 
shall  appear  on  a  white  horse,  with  a  drawn 
•word,  wherewith  he  shall  destroy  the  wicked, 
and  tiius  prepare  the  way  for  a  renovated 
world,  Vishnoo  himself  is  generally  repre- 
sented as  a  dark-blue  man,  with  four  arms, 
the  first  holding  a  war-club,  the  second  a 
conch -shell,  the  third  a  quoit-like  weapon 
called  Ghakra,  and  the  fourth  a  water-lily. 
His  two  most  popular  incarnations  are  as 
Rama  and  Krishna.  His  most  enthusiastic 
followers  are  generally  drawn  from  the  middle 
classes  of  Hindoo  society.  His  mark  ou  their 
foreheads  is  a  trident,  with  a  yellow  fork  in 
the  centre,  and  a  white  one  on  each  side. 
Many  monastic  sects  worship  ham  almost 
exclusively.  [VAISHNAVA.] 

Vls-i  bil  -i-ty,  *.  [Fr.  visitriliti.}  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  visible  or  perceivable  by 
the  eye ;  perceptibility,  conspicaonsness. 

*'  Depict  him  tba*  hath  BO  colour  or  figure,  no  parts 
nor  body,  uo  accident*  or  risibility.'— &p.  Taylor  : 
RvU  o/Contcfenct,  bk.  ii.  cb.  it. 

Vis  I-ble,  *Yy»-y-l>lef  a.  &  ».  [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  visibilis,  from  visits,  pa.  par.  of  video  = 
to  see ;  Sp.  visible  ;  Ital.  visibiU.} 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Perceivable  by  the    sight;    capable    of 
being  seen ;  perceptible  by  the  eye ;  in  view. 

"  The  vUible  world,  the  proper  object  of  sight,  ia  not 
external,  but  In  the  mind.  —Reid;  On  the  Mind, 
ch.  vi.,  |  il. 

2.  Apparent,  open,  conspicuous. 

"Though  his  Actions  were  not  *f*fW*" 

Shntegp.  :  Cymfettu.  til  4. 

B.  As  subst. :  That  which  ia  or  can  be  seen 
by  the  eye. 

"The  mathematical  consideration  of  risible  figure, 
which  we  shall  call  the  geometry  at  visible*,'— &*d  : 
On  the  Mind,  ch.  vi.  f  8. 

Visible  Church,  *. 

TheoL:  The  Church,  as  seen  by  man,  not 
as  it  appears  to  God.  It  includes  the  whole 
body  of  professing  Christians,  some  of  them 
regenerate,  others  unregenerate ;  the  two 
classes  commingled,  as  were  the  wheat  and 
tares  mentioned  in  the  parable  (Matt.  xiii. 
24-30).  It  is  distinguished  from  the  Invisible 
Church,  consisting  only  of  the  regenerate ; 


but  who  are  worthy  of  this  designation  is 
known  only  to  God.  (Ct  1  Kings  xix.  10,  14, 
IS.) 

visible  -horizon,  s.  The  line  that  bounds 
the  sight. 

visible-speech,  s.  A  term  applied  by 
its  inventor,  Prof.  A.  Melville  Bell,  to  a 
system  of  alphabetical  characters  designed  to 
represent  every  possible  articulate  utterance 
of  the  organs  of  speech,  each  organ  and  eadt 
mode  of  speech  having  its  appropriate  symbi  >1. 
By  means  of  this  system  the  deaf  and  dumb 
are  taught  to  speak. 

vis'-i-ble-ness,  s.  [Eng.  visible  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  visible;  visibility. 

vis'-i-bly,  *  vys-y-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  visile); 
-iy.) 

1.  In  a  visible  manner  ;  so  as  to  be  per- 
ceivable   by   the    eye;   openly,    manifestly, 
plainly,  perceptibly. 

"  By  the  head  we  make  known  more  visibly  our  sup- 
plications, our  threateiiiuga."—  Dryden.    (Tudd.} 

2.  Plainly,  clearly,  evidently,  manifestly. 

"  1'iiibly  beneficial  to  all."  —  Locke:  Suman  Under- 
ttmnd..  bk.  i.,  cb.  111. 

vif'-ie,  viz'-fe,  s.  [Fr,  visit  —  an  aim,  taking 
a  sight  at,  from  fis«r  =  to  aim,  to  mark.] 

[VISE.] 

1.  The  aim  taken  at  an  object,  as  by  one 
about  to  shoot. 

2.  A  scrutinizing  view  or  look. 

3.  The  knot  or  sight  on  the  muzzle  of  a 
gun  by  which  aim  is  taken. 

•;  Scotch  in  all  its  senses. 

•  vi-sier1,  «.    [YIZIBR.I 

ViS'-I-g8th,  s.  [Seedef.]  One  of  the  Western 
Goths,  or  that  branch  of  the  Gothic  tribes 
which  settled  in  Dacia,  as  distinguished  from 
tiie  Ostrogoths,  or  Eastern  Goths.  [OSTRO- 
GOTH.] 


,  a.    [Eng.  Visigoth;  -ic.J    Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Visigotha, 

vis  -ion  (B  as  zh),  *  vis-i-oun,  *  vys-y-on, 

*  vys-ion,  s.  [Fr.  vision  =  a  vision,  sight, 
from  Lat.  visionem,  accus.  of  vfoio  =  sight, 
from  visus,  pa.  par.  of  videos  to  see;  cogn. 
with  Sansc.  pfd  =  to  know;  Goth.  &  A.S. 
vjitan  ;  Eng.  wit,  wot.] 

1.  The  act  of  seeing  external  objects  ;  actual 
sight. 

"The  Intuitive  vitlon  of  God  In  the  world  to  come.* 
—Booker  :  Ecclet,  Potttie.  bk.  L,  }  II. 

2.  The  faculty  of  seeing;  that  power  or 
faculty  by  which  we  perceive  the  forms  and 
colours  of  objects  through  the  sense  of  sight  ; 
sight 

"  And  these  picture*,  propagated  by  motion  along 
the  fibres  of  the  op  tick,  nerves  into  the  brain,  are  the 
cause  of  rwion."—  iVeiofon  :  Ofticla. 

3.  ^That  which  is  seen  or  perceived  by  the 
eye  ;*  an  object  of  sight. 

4.  Specif.,  that  which    is    seen  otherwise 
than  by  the  ordinary  sight,  or  the  rational 
eye  ;  a  supernatural,  prophetic,  or  imaginary 
appearance  ;    something   seen    in    a    trance, 
dream,  ecstasy,  or  the  like  ;  a  phantom,  a 
spectre,  an  apparition. 

"  Upon  the  foot  of  this  construction.  It  IB  supposed 
that  Isaiah  in  prophetic  dream  or  mfcm  heard  G<"\ 
apeaktiig  to  him  (IQce  as  St,  Peter  heard  a  voice,  ami 
saw  a  vision,  while  be  lay  ia  a  trance).  juid  that  in  idea 
be  trausacted  all  that  God  so  ordered  him  to  do."— 
Waterland:  VTorkt,  vi.  234. 

5.  Anything  unreal  or  Imaginary  ;  a  crea- 
tion of  fancy. 

T  Vision,  is  the  act  of  seeing  or  the  thing 
seen;  apjparition*  the  thing  that  appears. 
Viywn,  signifying  a  thing  seen,  is  taken  for  a 
supernatural  exertion  of  the  vision  ;  appari- 
tion refers  us  to  the  object  seen,  which  may 
be  true  or  false,  according  to  the  manner  in 
which  it  presents  itself.  Joseph  was  warned 
by  a  vision  to  fly  into  Egypt  ;  Mary  Magdalen 
was  informed  of  the  resurrection  by  an  appari- 
tion ;  feverish  people  often  think  they  see 
visions;  timid  and  credulous  people  some- 
times take  trees  and  posts  for  apparitions. 
Strictly  speaking,  a  phantom  is  a  false  appari- 
tion, or  the  appearance  of  a  thing  otherwise 
than  it  really  is  ;  thus  the  ignis-fatuuft,  or 
will-o'-the-wisp,  is  a  phantom*  A  spectre  is  the 
apparition  of  any  spiritual  being;  a  ghost  is 
the  spirit  of  a  dead  person  appearing  to  the 
living. 


(1)  Arc  of  vision: 

Astron :  An  arc  which  measures  the  least 
distance  at  which,  after  sunset,  a  fixed  star 
or  planet  emerging  from  the  sun's  rays  be- 
comes visible. 

(2)  Beatific  vision :  [BEATIFIC]. 

(3)  Direct  (or  $ini}>le)  vision: 

Optics :  Vision  performed  by  means  of  rays 
passing  directly  or  in  straight  lines  from  the 
radiant  point  to  the  eye.  The  distance  at 
which  objects  can  be  seen  with  the  greatest 
distinctness  varies  in  different  individuals, 
and  in  the  same  individual  it  is  often  differ- 
ent in  the  two  eyes.  For  small  objects,  such 
as  ordinary  print,  it  is  from  fourteen  to  fifteen 
inches  in  normal  cases. 

(4)  Field  of  vision : 

Optics :  The  same  as  Field  of  view  (q.v.). 

(5)  Reflected  vision  : 

Optics:  Vision  performed  by  means  of  rays 
reflected  as  by  mirrors. 

(G)  Refracted  vision : 

Optics:  Vision  performed  by  means  of  rays 
refracted  or  deviated  by  passing  through 
mediums  of  different  densities. 

*  vis  -ion  (s  as  zh),  v.t.    [VISION,  «.]    To  see 
as  in  a  vision  ;  to  perceive  by  the  eye  of  the 
intellect  or  imagination. 

"  We  in  the  morning  eyed  the  pleasant  fields 
ririoned  before. "         Southcg :  Joan  of  A  re,  viiL 

*  Vis  -ion  al  (s  as  zh),  a.    [Eng.  vision,  B.  ; 
•ai.]    Pertaining  or  relating  to  vision. 

"The  visional  interpretation  appears  to  be  prefer- 
able  to  the  other. "—  Waterland :  Works,  vi.  223. 

vis'- ion -ar-i -ness  (9  as  zh),  s.  [Eng. 
visionary;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  visionary. 

Vls'-i6u-ar-jf  (S  as  zh),  a.  &  *.    [Eng.  vision; 
~ary.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  visions ;  appropriate 
to  or  characterized    by  Uie   appearance    of 
visions. 

"  At  the  trittanaru  hour  .  .  . 
Angelic  harps  are  iu  full  wiicwt  IteartL* 

Tbammn :  Summer,  508. 

2.  Existing  in  imagination  only  ;  not  real ; 
Imaginary ;  having  no  real  or  solid  founda- 
tion ;  unsubstantial. 

"Our  victories  only  led   us    to  farther 
prospects."— 


3.  Affected  by  phantoms  or  fancies  ;  dis- 
posed to  receive  impressions  on  the  imagina- 
tion ;  apt  to  receive  and  acton  mere  fancies 
or  whims,  as  if  they  were  realities ;  disposed 
or  given  to  day-dreaming,  fanciful  theories, 
or  the  like. 

*4.  Spectral. 

"  On  the  neighbouring  plain 
Lay  heaps  of  vuionu.ry  «okliera  slam." 

DryUm:  Tyrannic  Low,  L  L 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  L  One  who  sees  visions  or  unreal  sights, 

2.  One  who  forms  impracticable  or  quixotic 

schemes ;  one  given  to  day-dreaming,  fanciful 

theories,  or  the  like. 

"Some  celebrated  writers  of  onrowu  country,  who, 
with  all  their  good  a«nse  and  jfeniuB,  were  vinonariet 


ation."—  JCn 


Remark*  on 


*  vis  ioned (s  as zh),a.    [Eng.  vision,  s.;  -edL] 

1.  Seen  in  a  vision  or  dream ;  formed  by 

the  fancy  ;  visionary,  spectral. 

"  For  thfiu  no  visional  terron  dannt* 

Scott.    (Annandaic.) 

2.  Having   the  power   of  seeing  visions; 
hence,  inspired. 

"  Oh  !  not  the  rittaned  poet  in  his  dreams  .  .  * 
So  fnir.  to  bright,  so  wild  a  shape 
Hath  yet  beheld."  Shelley  :  Queen  Mab,  L 

*  vis'-lin-ist  ($  as  zh),  *.    [Eng.  vision  ;  -ist.] 
One  who  sees  or  believes  he  sees  visions ,  t 
believer  in  visions. 

*  vis'-lon-less   (8  as  zh),  a.    [Eng.  vision  • 

-less.]    Destitute  of  vision  ;  blind. 

vis'-Xt,  *vla-yt>  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr  vistter,  from 
Lat.  visito  =  to  go  to  see,  to  visit,  freq.  of 
viso  =  to  survey,  from  visus,  pa.  par.  of  video 
=  to  see  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  visitar;  Ital.  visitare.} 

A.  Transitive: 

\.  To  go,  or  come  to  see  (a  person  or  object^ 
in  the  way  of  friendship,  business,  curiosity, 
ceremony,  duty,  or  the  like ;  to  call  upon ;  to 
pay  a  visit  to. 

"  Thee.  Sion,  and  the  flowery  brook*  beneath. 
Nightly  I  visit."  Milton:  P.  L.,  ill.  tt> 


fitte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet*  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  p 
or.  wore.  wol£  work,  who,  son;  mutfe  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    ce,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


visit— visor 


5037 


2.  To  come  and  attend  on,  as  on  one  in 
alckness.    (Matt.  xxv.  3d.) 

3.  To  come  or  go  to  generally  ;  to  call  at  ; 
to  enter,  to  frequent  :  as,  Swallows  visit  this 
country  in  the  summer. 

4.  To  attend  on  ;  to  accompany  ;  to  follow. 

"  It  [aleep]  seldom  vititi  sorrow." 

.  ;  Ttmpat,  il.  l. 


5.  To  go  or  come  to,  as  for  purposes  of  in- 
spection, supervision,  examination,  correction 
of  abuses,  or  the  like  :  as,  A  bishop  visits  his 
diocese. 

6.  To  afflict,  to  overtake,  to  attack. 

"  Ere  ha  by  sickiiew  had  been  tititcd." 

!>h<ikc*i>.  :  1  Henry  I  V.,  IT.  L 

7.  In  Scriptural  language,  to  send  a  judg- 
ment  from   heaven    upon,    whether  for  the 
purpose  of  punishing,  chastising,  or  afflicting, 
or  uf  comforting,  encouraging,  or  consoling. 

"  Therefore  hut  thou  riiited  and  destroyed  them." 

—  Itaiah  xx  vi.  14. 

8.  To  inflict  punishment  for. 

"The  sins  of  my  mother  should  be  vititgd  opon  me." 

—  £Vi*«p.  .-  iferchttnt  of  Venice,  iii.  5. 

*9.  To  attack  in  a  hostile  manner. 

"  Ere  the  king 
Diimlss  his  power,  he  means  to  vMt  at." 

Shaketp.  .-  l  Henry  I?.,  tv.  4. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  examine,  to  inspect,  to  see. 

"[Eve]  .  .  .  went  forth  among  her  fruits  and  flowers, 
To  vuit  how  they  prosper'J." 

JfiUon  :  P.  L..  vilL  45. 

2.  To  practise  calling  oh  or  visiting  others  ; 
to  keep  up  friendly  intercourse,  by  making 
visits  or  calls  at  the  houses  of  friends  or 
relatives. 

rls'-It,  f.    [Fr.  visitc,}    [  VISIT,  V.} 

1.  The  act  of  visiting,  or  going  to  see  a  per- 
son, place,  or  thing  ;  a  call  ;  a  short  stay  of 
friendship,    ceremony,    business,  duty,    cu- 
riosity, or  the  like. 

"  In  pfrtM 
Like  thOM  of  angels,  short  mid  far  between." 

Blair:  The  tfruw.  ii.  W7. 

2.  A  formal  or  official  visit  or  inspection; 
a  visitation. 

H  (1)  Right  of  visit:  [VISITATION,  II.  2], 
(2)  To  pay  a  visit:  To  visit.    [ViaiT,  v..  A. 
(1..B.  2.J 

*  visit-day,  &    A  day  on  which  a  lady  in 
society  was  "  at  home  "  to  receive  callers. 

"  Ou  vitit-dnus  eha  bean 
To  mount  her  fifty  flights  of  ample  «talrs." 

farnell  :  Xlcyy  to  an  Old  Beauty. 

"vls-It-a-ble,  a.  [Bug.  vuit;  -able.]  Liable 
or  subject  to  be  visited. 

"All  hospital!  built    since  the    Reformation  are 

vitituM*  by  the  king  or  Lord  Chancellor."—  Ai/lifft. 

fVtj-I-tan'-dine,  «.  [Fr.  See  extract.]  A 
nun  of  the  Order  of  the  Visitation.  [VISITA- 
TION, f  (1).] 

"  Many  booses  of  '  Vititandin«»'-~K>  these  nuns  ara 
called  in  France—  soon  arose."—  Addit  A  Arnold  ;  Cath. 
Diet.,  p.  847. 

•vls'-It-ant,  a.  its.  [Lat.  visitant,  pr.  par. 
of  visito  =  to  visit  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Acting  the  part  of  a  visitor  ; 
paying  a  visit. 

"  He  knew  the  rock*  which  angels  haunt 

On  the  mountains  vitifunt." 
Wordsworth:  Sony  at  the  Featt  of  Brougham  Ctutla, 

B.  As  subst.  :   One  who  visits  ;  one  who 
goes  or  comes  to  visit  or  see  another  ;  a  visitor  ; 
one  who  is  a  guest  in  the  house  of  another. 

"  The  great  vttitant  approach  M" 

Jtaton:  P.L..  xl.225. 

vis-I-ta'-tion,  s.    [Fr.  ,  from  Lat.  visitationem, 
accus.  of  visitatio,  from  visitatus,  pa.  par.  uf 
visito  —  to  visit  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  language  : 

*  1.  The  act  of  visiting  or  of  paying  a  visit  : 
a  visit. 

"  To  pay  BohetnU  the  •fctotfirm.'' 

Shakttp.;  Winter  t  Tale,  t  1. 

2.  Specifically,  a  formal  or  official  visit  paid 
periodically  by  a  superior,  inspecting,  or 
superintending  officer,  or'  other  ilnly  qualified 
authority,  to  a  corporation,  college,  church,  or 
the  like,  fur  the  purpose  of  examining  into 
the  manner  in  which  the  business  of  the  cor- 
poration or  body  is  carried  on,  how  its  laws 
and  regulations  are  observed,  and  the  like. 

"  '  Will  you  submit,*  said  the  bishop,  *  to  our  vitlm- 
tion  j  '  "~  Muctiui'tf  :  Jfitt.  £ng..  eh.  viii. 


*3.  The  object  of  a  visit.  ( 

My  early  vitttatio*.  aud  my  last," 

Milton:  f.  L.,  11.175. 

4.  A  special  dispensation  or  judgment  sent 


from  heaven  ;  a  communication  of  divine 
favour  or  goodness,  but  more  usually  of  divine 
indignation  and  retribution  ;  divine  chastise- 
ment or  affliction;  retributive  affliction  or 
trouble. 

"  What  will  ye  do  In  the  day  of  visitation.  and  in 
the  desolation  which  shall  come  fruui  far!"—  /*atjA 
x.8. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Ecdes:   An  annual  assembly,  chiefly  of 
clergy  and  churchwardens,  called  together  at 
one  or  more  convenient  centres  for  the  pur- 
pose of  admitting  churchwardens    elect  to 
office,  of  receiving  presentments,  and  of  offi- 
cially reviewing  the  condition  of  parishes,  and 
of  the  diocese  or  archdeaconry,  in  a  charge 
by  the  bishop   or  archdeacon,  founded  on 
answers  to  the  enquiries  of  the  bishop  to 
the  clergy,  and  of  tbe  archdeacon  to  church- 
wardens, ami  frequently  embodying  digests 
of  recent  Acts  of  Parliament  bearing  on  sub- 
jects of  interest  to  the  Church.     The  arch- 
deacon   holds    his  visitation    annually,   but 
delivers  no  charge  when  the  bishop  is  (*on 
visitation  ;  "  the  bishop,  for  the  most  part, 
triennially.  These  assemblies  are  always  very 
largely  attended  by  the   clergy,  and  much 
more  by  churchwardens  tiiau  was  the  c*se  a 
few  years  since.  (English.) 

2.  Intemat.  Law:  The  act  of  a  naval  com- 
mander who  visits  or  enters  on  board  a  vessel 
belonging  to  another  state,  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  her  character  and  object,  but  with- 
out claiming  or  exercising  the  right  of  search. 
The  right  of  performing  this  act  is  called  the 
Right  of  Visit,  or  Right  of  Visitation. 

T  (1)  Order  of  the  Visitation  :  An  Order  of 
nuns,  founded  at  Anuecy,  in  1610,  under  the 
direction  of  St.  Francis  do  Sales,  then  bishop 
of  Geneva,  by  St.  Jane  Frances  de  Chantal. 
As  the  object  of  the  bishop  was  to  make  it 
possible  for  invalid  ladies  to  join  this  new 
body,  the  rule,  which  was  a  modified  form  of 
the  rule  of  St.  Augustine,  included  few  cor- 
poral austerities.  At  first  there  was  no  en- 
closure, so  that  the  nuns  could  visit  the  sick 
in  their  own  homes  ;  but  the  rule  of  enclosure 
was  adopted  in  1618.  The  order  has  two 
houses  in  England—  at  WaLmer  and  Westbury- 
on-Trym. 

(2)  Right  of  Visitation: 
Internat.  Law  :  [VISITATION,  II.  8.J. 

(3)  Visitation  of  the  Side: 

Ecdes.  :  An  office  of  the  Anglican  Church 
for  the  comfort  aud  consolation  of  sick 
persons.  It  is  founded  on  the  offices  of 
ancient  liturgies,  omitting  the  formal  pro- 
cession of  the  priest  aud  his  clerks  to  the 
house  of  the  sick,  the  saying  of  the  Peniten- 
tial Psalms,  and  the  anointing  with  oil.  With 
these  exceptions,  it  is  substantially  the  same 
as  Extreme  Unction  (q.v.).  The  form  for 
anointing  was  inserted  in  the  Prayer  Book  of 
1549,  but  was  omitted  in  that  of  1552. 
(•4)  Visitation  of  the  Virgin  Mary: 
Bodes.  :  A  festival,  celebrated  on  July  2, 
Instituted  in  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth 
century  by  Pope  Urban,  to  commemorate  the 
Virgin's  visit  (Luke  i.  39—56)  to  Elizabeth, 
the  mother  of  John  the  Baptist. 


--.---,  a.  [Lat.  vtsitator  =  a 
visitor;  Bng.  adj.  suff.  -ial]  [VISITATION.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  judicial  visitor  or 
visitation. 

"  A.  vitibitorial  power  of  vast  and  undefined  extent." 
—  Macttuliy  :  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  i. 

vi-site',  &.    [Fr.J    A  light  cape  or  short  cloak 
of  lace  or  silk  worn  by  ladies  in  summer. 

*  vis'-It-er,,  5.     [Eng.  visit,  v.  ;  -er.]    One  who 
visits  ;  a  visitor. 


,  pr.  par.,  a.,  ft  «.    [VisiT,  ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  visits  ; 
empowered  or  authorized  to  make  visits  :  as, 
a  visiting  committee. 

G.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  paying  a  visit  or 
visits. 
*  2.  Prompting,  influence,  attack,  fit, 

"  That  no  compunctious  vUitingt  of  nature 
bii.ike  my  fell  purpose,"      tihak&p.  ;  Macbeth,  L  ft. 

visiting-ant,  s. 

ZooL  :  Anomma  arcens,  theDriver-ant(q,v.). 

Visiting-book,  s.     A  book  in  which  are 
written  the  names  of  persons  to  be  visited. 


visiting-card,  s.  A  small  card,  bearing 
one's  name,  &c.,  to  be  left  on  making  calls  or 
paying  visits. 

vis'-It-dr,  *vis-it-our,  s.  [Fr.  visiteur, 
from  visiter  =  to  visit.] 

1.  One  who  visits  ;  one  who  makes  a  visit 
or  call  ;  a  visiter. 

"  Distinguishing  the  familiar  friend  or  relation  from, 
the  muet  uioilUh  miUor."—  Tatter.  No.  1W5. 

2.  A  superior  or  officer  authorized  to  make 
a  visitation  of  a  corporation  or  any  institution. 
for  the  purpose  of  seeing  that  the  laws  and 
regulations  are  observed,  or  that  the  dutie* 
and  conditions  prescribed  by  the  founder  or 
by  law  are  duly  performed  and  executed. 

"  After  they  had  discharged  bishops,  they  agreed  to 
haveanperintemlenta,  coimniasioiifr*.  and  vittturi,"— 
Boltnthcd  :  Historic  o/  Scotland  (au.  issij. 

«  vis-I-toV-I-al,  a.    [Eng.  visitor  ;  -ial.}  Visi- 

tatorial. 

"  An  archdeacon  has  vuitoriat.  power  Ui  partshea."—  • 
Ay'iffe:  Parergon. 

*  vis'-lt-ress,  *.  [Eng.  visit  ;  -ress.]  A  female 
visitor. 

"Keenly,  I  fear,  did  the  eye  of  the  visitreu  pierce 
the  young  paator'i  heart."  —  Charlotte  Bronti  :  Jan* 
A'yre,  ch.  xxxiL 

*vJs'-ivef  o.     [Fr.  visif,  from  Lat.  visus,  pa. 

par.  of  video  —  to  see;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital. 
visivo.]  Pertaining  to  the  power  of  seeing; 
visual. 

"Our  PWIM  beam*."—  fip.  Salt:  Of  Prophanetietu, 
bV.  1.,  {  6. 

vls'-mi-a,  5.  [Named  after  M.  de  Visme,  a 
merchant  iu  Lisbon.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Elodeee.  Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  quadrangular  branches,  opposite  entire- 
leaves,  sometimes  with  glandular  dots,  and 
terminal  cymes  of  yellow  or  greenish  flowers. 
Sepals  five  or  four;  petals  as  many,  usually 
villous  on  the  inside,  and  with  black  glandular 
dots  ;  stamens  many,  in  five  bundles  ;  fruit  a 
berry,  with  five  cells  and  many  seeds.  Known. 
species  more  than  twenty,  the  majority  from 
tropical  America,  the  rest  from  tropical  Africa. 
Vistnia  guianensis  is  a  small  Mexican  and 
Guianan  tree,  about  eight  feet  high,  with 
ovate-  lanceolate  acuminate  leaves,  dilated  at 
the  base,  smooth  above,  rufous  beneath.  The 
bark,  leaves,  and  fruit,  when  wouuded,  yield 
a  gum-resin,  called  in  commerce  American 
Gurnini-Gutta,  which,  when  dry,  becomes 
hard  and  resembles  gamboge.  It  is  given 
in  medicine  as  a  purgative.  V.  micrcmtha  aud 
V.  laccifera  also  yield  a  drastic  gum-resin  like- 
gamboge.  [ELODEA,  2.] 

*visne,  s.  [Norm.  Fr.,  from  Lat.  vicinia=  a 
neighbourhood,  from  vicinus  =  neighbouring.) 
Neighbourhood.  [VENUE.] 

*vi?-n6  mie,  *  vis  no-my.  &     [See  def.) 
A  corruption  of  physiognomy  (q.v.). 
"Thou  out  of  tune,  psalm-singing  slave,  spit  In  hi* 
vtinomy."      Ifeaum.  A  t'tet.  ;  Womtii  Pleated,  i  v.  L 

t  Vi'-son,  5.    [See  def.] 

ZooL  :  The  French-Canadian  name  of  the 
American  Mink  (Putorius  truton).  It  is  used 
also  iu  English  books. 

vis'  -or,  viz"  -or,  vis'-ard,  viz  -ard, 
*  vls'-er,  *  vls-ere,  *  vis-our,  *  vis-are, 
*vys-ere,  *.  [Fr.  visiere,  from  vt5=:thft 
face,  from  Lat.  visumt  accus.  of  visits  =  sight. 
[VISION.]  Sp.  visera;  Port,  viseira;  Ital. 


*  1.  A  head- 
piece or  mask 
used  for  conceal- 
ment or  disguise. 

"A  man  in  a  vizor 
and  acting  the  pan 
of  n  king  In  a  play." 
—Milton:  bef.  of  the 
Peopl*  qf  £ngiana, 

2.  Old  Arm.: 
That  part  of  a 
helmet  which  de- 

fends the  face,  and 
which  can  be  lift- 
ed op  and  down 
at  pleasure  ;  it  is 
perforated  with 
holes  for  seeing  and  breathing. 

"The  Cyclops,  a  people  of  Sicily,  remarkable  fo» 
cruelty,  might,  pertutp*,  in  their  war*  UM  aheadpieo*, 
or  vivtr."—  aroome  :  VdyttW- 

3.  The  fore  part  of  a  cap,  projecting  ovnr 
and  protecting  the  eyes. 


HELMET   WITH    VISOR. 


boll,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  ohin,  bencn;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
•  -ftian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tiou,    Bion  —  shun ;  - tion,  -fion  =  zbun.    -cious,  - tious,  -sious  =  anus,    -ble,  -ale,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


6088 


Tisored— vitelline 


•  i.  A  mask  or  disguise  generally. 

"  Under  the  viirr  of  enuie 
Lo  tbui  waa  bid  tte  trecherie." 

Oomr:  C.  A.,  bk.  U. 

Tlsor-bearer,  vizor-bearer, ». 

OrnifA. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Augastes,  from  the  fantastic  ar- 
rangement of  the  feathers  of  the  head.  Two 
species  are  known,  Augastes  superbus  and  A. 
lumachellus,  both  from  Brazil. 

•visor-mask,  s.  A  prostitute,  a  strumpet. 

"  The  vilvr-matk  that  ventured  her  half-crown." 

J.  BunJtt:  Virtue  Bitrayed.    (Epilogue.) 

•is'-ored,  n.    [Eng.  visor;  -ed.]     Wearing  a 
visor;  masked,  disguised,  concealed. 
"  ritor'd  falsehood  and  bane  forgery." 

Milton :  (.'omul,  69S. 

•viy'-or-y,  a.  [Lat.  »{««•  =  sight]  Visual; 
having  power  of  vision. 

"  The  optic  nerves  and  the  vlioty  epirits."— Adamt  : 
Worki,  ii.  27*. 

Vis' -to,  s.  [Ital.  =  sight,  a  prospect,  a  view, 
fern,  of  pisco,  pa.  par.  of  vedfre  =  to  see,  from 
Lat.  video.]  A  view  or  prospect  through  an 
avenue,  as  between  rows  of  trees  ;  hence, 
applied  to  the  trees  or  other  objects  forming 
an  avenue,  and  (figuratively)  to  a  mental  fore- 
cast or  retrospect  embracing  a  series  of  occur- 
rences. 

•vto'-td,  s.    [Visr A.]    A  vista ;  a  prospect. 

"  Then  all  beside  this  glade  and  viito, 
You'd  see  nymphs  lying  like  Ctvllsto.* 

Gay  .•  To  a  Young  Lady. 

»rl}  '-9-fl,  *  vis'-n-all  (or  s  as  zh),  o.  [Fr. 
visual,  from  Lat.  visualis  =  pertaining  to  the 
sight,  from  vitui  =  sight,  vision  (q.v.);  Sp. 
&  Fort  visual  ;  Ital.  vitnale.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  sight  or  seeing  ;  used 
In  sight  or  seeing  ;  serving  as  the  instrument 
of  seeing. 

"  ri/uoZ  beam*  refracted  through  another's  eye."— 
Drayton  :  PolyOlbion.  (To  tbe  Reader.) 

*  2.  Visible  ;  perceptible  by  the  sight. 

••  Manjr  remarkable  particulars  that  attended  his 
first  perceptions  and  Judgments  on  vitual  object*."— 
Asr*»:  Subli.n,  i  Btataifnl.  I  119. 

visual-angle,  s.    [OPTIC-ANQLE,  1.] 
visual  cone,  i. 

Perspect. :  A  cone  whose  vertex  is  at  the 
point  of  sight. 

visual-plane,  s. 

Perspect. :  Auy  plane  passing  through  the 
point  of  sight. 

visual  point,  i. 

Perspect. :  A  point  In  the  horizontal  line  in 
which  all  the  visual  rays  unite. 

visual  purple,  ». 

Phytiol. :  A  pigment,  of  a  purple  color, 
occurring  in  the  retina  of  some  Vertebrates. 
Under  the  action  of  light,  it  becomes  first 
what  Foster  proposes  to  pall  a  visual  yellow, 
and  then  a  visual  white,  (foster:  Physiol. 
(ed.  4th),  p.  517.) 

visual  rays,  t.  pi. 

Optics:  Rays  of  light,  Imagined  to  come 
from  the  object  to  the  eye. 

visual-white,  t.    [VISUAL-PURPLE.] 
visual -yellow,  i.    [VISUAL-PURPLE.] 

•  vla-a-aT-i-ty  (or  s  as  zh),  s.  [Eng.  visual ; 
-ity.]  A  sight;  a  glimpse. 

"We  must  .  .  .  catch  a  few  more  vitualititt."— 
Carlylt :  JftsceU.,  Iv.  w. 

vis-u-al-ize,  vis  -u-al  ise  (or  vim  as 
vizh),  v.t.  &  i.  [Eng.  visual;  -izc,  -we.) 

*  A.  Trans. :  To  make  visual  or  visible. 

"  What,  is  this  me!  A  Voice,  a  Motion,  an  Appear. 
•nee — some  embodied  vltu>tlii«d  Idea  In  the  eternal 
mind."— Cartylt :  Sartor  Retartut,  bk.  i.,  ch.  Till. 

B.  Tntrans. :  To  call  up  a  mental  image  or 
picture  with  a  distinctness  approaching  actual 
vision. 

"All  this  Is  difficult  to  understand  by  the  great 
majority  of  persons  who  cannot  ritualize."— A  tAenaum, 
Harch  20,  1890. 

vi'-sus,  >.    [Lat  =  a  seeing,  a  looking.] 
Law :  View  or  inspection.    (Cowel.) 

vi-ta  90-10,  >.  pL  [Hod.  Lat.  tit(ti);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  snff.  -acca.] 

Hot. :  Vineworts ;  an  order  of  Hypogynoua 
Exogens,  alliance  Berberales.  Scrambling, 
climbing  shrubs  with  tumid  separable  joints, 
or  erect  bushes ;  woody  tissue  having  large. 


dotted  ducts,  at  certain  seasons  pouring  forth 
sap.  Leaves  simple  or  compound,  the  lower 
ones  opposite,  the  upper  alternate  ;  peduncles 
racemose,  often  opposite,  the  leaves  sometimes 
changed  into  tendrils  ;  Mowers  small,  green, 
in  thyrses,  umbels,  or  panicles  ;  calyx  small, 
its  margin  nearly  entire;  petals  four  or  live, 
inserted  in  a  disc  surrounding  the  ovary  ; 
stamens  equal  in  number  to  the  petals  and 
opposite  them,  also  inserted  in  the  disc  ;  style 
one,  very  short  ;  stigma  simple  ;  ovary  su- 
perior, two  to  six-celled  ;  ovules  erect,  de- 
finite in  number;  berry  round,  pulpy,  often 
by  abortion  one-celled  ;  seeds  four  or  five, 
long.  Found  in  the  East  Indies  and  other 
warm  countries.  Tribes  two,  Vitese  and  Leete  ; 
known  genera  seven  ;  species  260.  (Lindtey.) 

"  vit-aille,  «.    [VICTUALS.] 

vi'-tal,  *vi'-tall,  "vy-tali,  a.  *  «.  [Fr. 
vital,  from  Lat.  vitalis  —  pertaining  to  life, 
from  vita  =  life  ;  vita  is  proli.  short  for  vi- 
vita,  and  allied  to  vivo  =  to  live  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
vital  ;  Ital.  rita.lt.} 
A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  life,  animal  or  vege- 
table. 

"  When  I  hare  pluck  'd  tbe  rose 
I  oajaoot  give  it  vital  growth  again.' 

Stiiikctp.  :  Othello.  V.  1 

2.  Contributing  to  life  ;   necessary  to  or 
supporting  life, 

"  His  enfeebled  spright 
Oan  suck  this  vital!  alre  into  his  brest." 


. 
r  .-  /'.  y.,  IL  Til.  M. 

3.  Containing  life  ;  life-giving. 

"  t'it'il  spark  of  heavenly  flame, 
Quit,  oh  quit  this  mortal  frame." 

Pope  :  Dying  Christian  to  Ato  Soul. 

t.  Being  the  seat  of  life  ;  being  that  on 
which  life  depends  :  as,  To  be  wounded  in  a 
vital  part  of  the  body. 

6.  Viable  (q.v.). 

"Pythagoras  and  Hippocrates  not  only  affirm  the 
birth  of  the  seventh  month  to  be  vital."-  Arotnu. 

6.  Very  necessary  or  important  ;  indispen- 
sable, essential. 

B.  As  subst.  :  [VITALS]. 

vital  affinity,  «. 

Chen.  <t  Physiol.  :  The  change  in  the  chemi- 
cal qualities  in  the  nutrient  material  of  a 
plant  or  animal  after  the  former  has  acquired 
determinate  form.  [METABOLIC.) 

*  vital-Air,  s.  An  old  name  for  oxygen, 
as  essential  to  animal  life. 

vital-capacity,  »,    [VITAL-VOLUME.] 
vital  -  contractility,   «.      [CONTRACT- 

ILITV,  «J.] 

vital-fluid.  «. 

Hot.  :  Latex  (q.v.).    (Schults.) 

vital  force,  s.    [  VITALITY,  'tL] 

vital-functions,  >.  pi.  Those  functions 
or  faculties  of  the  body  on  which  life  imme- 
diately depends,  as  respiration,  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood,  Ac. 

vital-principle,  ». 

Biol.  :  The  principle  which,  In  association 
with  matter,  as  in  organized  bodies,  controls 
its  manifestations  and  properties.  Nothing  is 
known  of  it,  except  as  a  force  in  connection 
with  organization.  (Carpenter.') 

vital-vessels,  *.  pi. 

Mot.  :  Laticiferous  tissue  (q.v.).    (Schultz.) 

vital  volume,  vital-capacity,  >. 

Physiol.  :  Dr.  Hutcliinson's  name  for  the 
quantity  of  air  expired  from  the  lungs  after 
the  most  complete  inspiration.  It  always  in- 
creases with  stature,  and  is  measured  by  the 
spirometer  (q.v.). 

*  vi-taT-Io,  o.    [Eng.  vital;  -ic.)    Of  or  per- 
taining to  life  ;  vital. 

"  Successive  elevations  of  vilalic  character."—  Pot  : 
Eurtka  (  (Tones,  18et|.  ii.  ITS. 

vi'-tal-ism,  «.    [Eng.  ritil  ;  -ism.} 

Biol.  :  The  doctrine  which  holds  that  the 
vital  principle  or  vitality  is  something  dis- 
tinct from  physical  forces. 

Vi-tal-lst,  s.  &  o.     [Eng.  vital;  -ist.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  believer  or  supporter  of 
Vitalism  (c|.  v.). 

"The  development  of  Biological  Science  has  pro- 
greased  contemporaneously  with  the  succeseu'e  vic- 
tories gained  by  the  physicists  over  the  nta'iitt."  — 
JTlfkolton  :  Zoology  (ed.  1878).  p.  la 


B.  As  adjective  : 
,     1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Vitalism  (q.v.). 

2.  Of  or   pertaining   to  the  Germ-theon 
(q.v.). 

vi-taT-K-ty,  «.     [Lat.  vitalitas,  from  vitalis  = 
vital  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  The  state  of  showing  vital  powers  or  ca- 
pacities ;  the  principle  of  animation  or  of  life. 

"Whether    that   motion,    vitality,   and   operation 

rhu"  ""••-*•<•*»••  """i  of 


2.  Animation  ;  manifestation  of  life  or  last- 
ingness  ;  life  :  as,  an  institution  devoid  of 
vitality. 

IL  Biol.  ;  (See  extract). 

"Considered  auart  from  the  phenomena  of  con- 
sciousness. the  vhenomena  of  life  are  all  dependent 
upon  the  working  of  the  same  physical  aud  chemical 
forces  as  those  which  are  active  lu  the  re»t  ol  tbe 
world.  It  may  be  convenient  to  use  the  terms 
'vitality1  aud  f  vital  force'  to  denote  the  causes  of 
certain  great  groups  of  natural  oi>eratious.  as  we  em. 
ploy  the  names  of  '  electricity*  aud  'electrical  f.,rce' 
to  denote  others  ;  but  it  ceases  to  be  proper  to  du  so, 
if  sucb  a  name  Implies  the  absurd  assumption  that 
either  'electricity'  or  'vitality'  are  entities  playing 
the  part  of  efficient  causes  of  electrical  or  vital  phVuu. 
ineua.'—  Huxley:  Anat,  Inotrt.  Anim.,  p.  9. 

vl-tal-I-za'-tlon,  ».  [Eng.  vitalise);  -afioit.) 
The  act  or  process  of  vitalizing  ;  the  act  of  in- 
fusing the  vital  principle. 

vi'-tal-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  vital;  -tee.]  To  give 
life  to  ;  to  infuse  the  vital  principle  into  ;  to 
animate. 

vi'-tal-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  vital;  -!».] 

1.  In  a  vital  manner  ;  so  as  to  give  or  re- 

ceive life. 

"  New  particles  of  matter  vitally  united  to  tbe  lirtfcff 
plant"—  Aocfte  :  Human  Ctiderttand..  bk.  11..  cb.  xxvlT 

2.  Essentially,  indispensably. 

3.  In  a  manner  affecting  the  very  existence 
of  a  thing  ;  in  a  highly  important  manner  or 
degree. 

"  Those  whose  Interests  were  more  vitally  affected." 
—Daily  TOegra/A,  Sept.  21,  IIS*. 

Vl'-tals.  ».  p!.    [VITAL.] 

1.  The  internal  parts  or  organs  of  animals 
essential  to  life.    (Used  vaguely  or  generally.) 

"  The  Inexhaustible  reput 
Drawn  from  his  virult." 

WordmorOi  :  fxamvM.  bk.  TL 

2.  The  parts  of  a  complex  whole  essential  to 
its  life,  existence,  or  soundness. 


«.  [Lat.  vita-,  life;  Or. 
—  to  see.]  An  apparatus  devised  by  Edison, 
combining  tlie  principles  of  the  kinetograph, 
kinetoscope,  and  stereopticon.  By  its  use  life- 
sized  moving  pictures,  as  of  a  boxing-match, 
horse-race,  etc.  are  projected  upon  a  screen, 
showing  all  the  action,  and  even  the  colors, 
of  the  original  scene.  A  favorite  subject  is 
that  of  ocean  waves  breaking  on  the  coast,  in 
which  the  realism  may  be  intensified  by  the 
use  of  a  large  phonograph  or  theatrophoue  in 
reproducing  the  roar  of  the  surf. 

vi-t6-«B,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  vW.is);  Lat  fern. 
pi.  adj.  sufT.  -ece.} 

Bat.  :  The  typical  tribe  of  Vitacese  (q.v.). 
Tendrils  present,  petals  distinct,  stamens  also 
distinct  ;  ovules  in  pairs. 

*  vit'-el-l«>r-y,  «.  [Lat  »iw;ii»  =  the  yolk 
of  an  egg.]  The  place  where  the  yolk  of  an 
egg  swims  in  the  white. 

"  The  viteUary.  or  place  of  the  yolk.  Is  very  high."  — 
Brovrte  :  Vulgar  Errourt.  bk.  111.,  ch.  xxviiL 

vi  tel  -11-cle,  s.  [Dimiu.  from  Lat  vitelita 
(q.v.).] 

Biol.  :  The  bag  developed  round  the  food- 
yolk,  or  that  part  of  the  yolk  not  converted 
into  the  germ-mass  and  embryo.  The  con- 
stricted part  at  which  it  is  continued  into  the 
wall  of  the  intestinal  canal  Is  called  the  Vitel- 
line duct 

'  vi  tel  -lin,  s.    [Eng.  ritelHui);  -in,  -int.] 

Chtm.  :  A  name  formerly  given  to  the  albu- 
minoidal  substance  of  the  yoke  of  birds'  eggs. 
now  known  to  be  a  mixture  of  albumin  and 
casein. 

vi  tel  line,  a.    tViTELUjg.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  yolk  of  eggs, 
more  especially  to  the  dentoplasm. 

2.  Colored  like  the  yolk  of  an  egg;    dull 
yellow,  just  turning  to  red. 

vitelline-duct,  t.    (Vrru.LicLK.1 


Ate,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  wire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  w»U,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ee  =  e;  ey  =  » ;  qu  =  kw. 


vitellus— vitrified 


5089 


Yltelline-membrane,  s. 

Anat. :  The  firm,  transparent,  vesicular 
membrane  surrounding  the  yolk  of  an  egg; 
the  yolk-sac.  Called  also  Zo*a  pellucida. 

Tl-teT-lus,  5.    [Lat.=  the  yolk  of  an  egg.] 

1.  Anat. :  The  yolk  of  an  ovum  or  ejzg.    It 
is  a  mass  of  granular  protoplasm  tilling  the 
vesicle,  and  having  suspended  in  it  a  multi- 
tude of  oil-globules  of  variable  size.     It  con- 
tains also  the  germinal  vesicle  (q.v.)  and  the 
germinal  spot  or  macula. 

2.  Bot. :  Gsertner's  name  for  a  fleshy  sac 
Interposed  between    the    albumen   and    the 
ovule,  and  enveloping   the  latter.      Robert 
Brown  found  that  it  was  the  sac  of  the  am- 
nion  iu  a  thickened  state. 

Tl'-tex,».  fLat.  =  the  chaste  tree.  (See  def.)J 
Bot, :  The  typical  genus  of  Viticese.  Calyx 
short,  campanulate,  five-toothed ;  corolla 
irregular,  five-lobed,  somewhat  labiate;  sta- 
mens four,  didynamous ;  fruit  a  globular 
berry,  covered  at  its  base  by  the  calyx,  and 
containing  four  one-seeded  cells.  Vitex 
Agnus-castus  is  the  chaste-tree,  a  native  of 
Southern  Europe.  It  has  digitate  leaves,  with 
five  to  seven  leaflets,  fragrant  flowers,  and 
globular  fruits  with  an  acrid  and  aromatic 
taste.  [AoNUS-CASTUS.]  Vitex  trifolia,  the 
Wild  Pepper,  is  a  small  tree  or  shrub,  wild  in 
India  and  Burmah.  The  roots  yield  a  sweet, 
greenish  oil.  It  is  believed  that  an  oil  can  be 
extracted  also  from  the  seeds.  The  plant  is 
anodyne,  diuretic,  and  emmenagogue.  Vitex 
NegutvlQ  is  a  shrub  with  pretty  blue  flowers 
found  in,India,  Ceylon,  and  Cochin  China.  Its 
ashes  are  largely  used  as  an  alkali  in  dyeing. 
Its  root  is  considered  by  the  Hindoos  to  be 
tonic,  febrifugal,  and  expectorant,  and  its 
leaves  aromatic,  tonic,  and  vermifugal ;  the 
dried  fruits  are  also  vermifugal.  A  pillow 
stuffed  with  the  leaves  is  said  to  relieve  head- 
ache, and  a  vaponr  bath  prepared  with  them 
is  employed  in  Mysore  in  fever,  catarrh, 
and  rheumatism.  The  bark  and  roots  of  V. 
leucoxylon,  a  large  deciduous  tree  from  India 
and  Burmah,  are  astringent ;  its  fruit  is  eaten 
by  the  Burmese.  Mr.  £.  B.  Maiison  believes 
that  its  wood  and  that  of  V.  altissima,  the 
latter  a  large  Indian  tree,  would  be  useful  for 
furniture.  The  bark  of  V.  Taruma  is  given  in 
Brazil  in  syphilitic  affections. 

Vit-i  ate,  *  vie  i  ate  (it,  to  as  Ish),  v.t. 
[Lat.  vitiatus,  pa.  par.  of  vitio=to  deprave, 
to  injure,  to  spoil,  from  vitium  =  vice.] 
[Vice,  1.] 

1.  To  render  vicious,  faulty,  or  imperfect ; 
to  impair,  to  deprave,  to  spoil. 

"  Those  are  such  as  must  commonly  owe  their  being 
to  a  vitiated  taste,"— rt'ottort  on :  Religion  of  Jiaturt, 

2.  To  injure  or  impair  the  quality  or  sub- 
stance of ;  to  render  noxious  or  injurious  to 
bealth. 

"  The  lethal  KM  .  . .  was  gradually  vitiating  and  d  1s- 

S lacing  the  ordinary  atuiosphere, '— Z)ai/>   Chronicle, 
an.  16, 1888. 

3.  To  cause  to  fail  of  effect,  either  wholly 
or  in  part ;  to  render  invalid  or  of  no  effect ; 
to  destroy  the  validity  or  binding  force  of,  as 
of  a  legal  instrument;  to  invalidate,  to  annul. 

"A  transposition  ol  the  order  of  the  sacramental 
words,  in  some  men's  opinion,  vitiate*  baptism." — 
Ajfliffe;  Partrgon. 

•vlf-X-ate,  *  vie  I  ate  (It,  ic  as  Ish),  a. 

[Lat.  vitiatus.]     [VITIATE,  v.}    Vitiated,  de- 
praved, tainted,  infected. 

"Scripture  adulterate  and  viciate  with  false  gluM* 
and  wrong  exposicions."— Jlore  ;  Worktt,  p.  634. 

vit-i-a'-tion  (it  as  Isn),  s.  [Lat.  vitiation, 
from  vitiatus,  pa.  par.  of  vitio  =  to  vitiate 
(q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  vitiating,  depraving,  impair- 
ing, spoiling,  or   corrupting;  the   state   of 
being  vitiated. 

"The  foresald  extenuation  of  the  body  U  Imputed 
to  the  blood's  vitiation  by  malign  putrid  vapours 
smoking  throughout  the  veateU.  —  Barney:  On  Con- 
gumption. 

2.  A  rendering  intalM  »r  >f  no  effect ;  in- 
validation. 

vi-rfc'-e-ae,  *.  pL  [Hod,  Lat.  vitox  (q.v.), 
genit.  vitic(is);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -ecc.] 

Bot :  A  tribe  of  Verbenaceae.  Inflorescence 
cymose,  ovules  laterally  attached. 

vi-tlc'-u-la,  s.    [Lat.  =  a  little  vine,  dlmin. 
from  vitis  (q.v.).] 
Sot. :  The  same  as  VINE,  2.    (Fuchs.) 


Vl-tlc'-u-lose,  a.    [Mod.  Lat.  viticulosus.} 
Bot. :  Furnished  with  viticulse. 

t  vit'-l-ctil-ture,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vi(i*  = 
a  vine,  and  *  cultura  =  culture,  cultivation.] 
The  culture  or  cultivation  of  the  vine. 

"  The  development  of  viticulture  in  Russia."— Dattt 
Telegraph,  Oct.  27,  1887. 

t Vlt-J-ciil'-tu-rist,  «.  [Eng.  viticulture); 
-ist.]  One  engaged  in  the  culture  or  cultiva- 
tion of  the  vine ;  a  vine-grower. 

"The  bonest  viticitlturist  whose  money  Quiniby 
borrowed."— TWn  A  Country  Journal  (Sydney),  Dec.  19, 
1885,  p.  1,282. 

vl-tiT-I-gd,  s.  [Lat  =  tetter.  Named  from 
Lat.  vitulus  =  a  calf,  from  the  glistening,  veal- 
like  appearance  of  the  skin  in  this  disease.] 

Pathol. :  A  rare  skin  disease,  order  Tuber- 
cula.  It  is  characterized  by  the  occurrence 
of  more  or  less  permanent,  sirfooth,  white, 
shining  tubercles  on  the  ears,  neck,  face,  or 
on  the  greater  part  of  the  body,  with  shining 
papulw  intermixed.  It  is  sometimes  accom- 
panied or  produced  by  derangement  of  the 
liver. 

*  Vit-I-Ut'-X-gate,  v.i.  [i^t.  vitilitigatum, 
sup.  of  vitiligo,  from  vitium  =  vice,  and  litigo 
=  to  quarrel.]  [LITIGATE.]  To  contend  in  law 
litigiously  or  vexatiously. 

*vit-i-lit-i-ga'-tion,  *.     [Vm  LITIGATE.] 

Vexatious  or  quarrelsome  litigation. 

"  lit  force  you,  by  right  ratiocination, 
To  leave  your  vitilitigat ion." 

BtMcr:  Hudibrat,  L  iiL  1.S6L 

*vit-i-oV-i-tJ  (it  as  Ish),  a.  [Lat.  mti- 
ositas,  from  vitiosus  =  vicious  (q.v.).]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  vicious  ;  depravity, 
corruption. 

"  Unless  it  were  Justly  chargeable  npon  the  vitiotity 
or  defect  of  its  principles  or  rules."— Fltydfll :  Strmon 
M  Glanvill't  Funeral. 

vf  tious,  vi'-tious-  ly,  vi'-tlous-ness. 

(See  Vicious,  VICIOUSLY,  Ac.) 

Vl'-tls,  *.    [Lat.  =  a  vine.] 

1.  Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  tribe  Vite» 
and  the  order  Vitaceee.    Calyx  generally  five- 
toothed  ;  petals  five,  cohering  at  the  tip,  fall- 
ing off  without   separating ;    stamens  five ; 
style  wanting ;  berry  two-celled  ;  cells  four- 
seeded,  the  seeds  often  abortive.     Climbing 
plants   with    tendrils    opposite   the    leaves, 
which  are  either  simple,  undivided,  or  lobed, 
or  are  compound.    Natives  of  Asia  and  North 
America.    Vitis  vinifera  is  the  Vine  (q.vA    V. 
indica,    which   grows    In   the    west   of  the 
peninsula,  from  the  Konkan  southwards,  has 
a  round  fruit  about  as  large  as  a  currant.     V. 
lanata,  from  the  Himalayas,  &c.,  bos  a  purple 
fruit  the  size  of  a  pea,    The  leaves  and  young 
shoots  of  V.  quaarangularis,  another  Indian 
species,  are   powdered   and    given    by    the 
Hindoos  in  bowel  complaints.    Every  part  of 
V.  setosa,  also  from  India,  is  acrid,  and  the 
leaves  toasted  and  oiled  are  applied  in  India 
to  indolent  tumours  to  bring  on  suppuration. 

2.  Palceobot. :  A  species,  Vitis  britannica,  is 
in  the  Bovey  Tracey  Oligocene  (?)  beds,  and 
three  others  in  the  Miocene.    (Etheridge.) 

t  vit'-re'-a,  ».  pi.  [Neut.  pi.  of  Lat.  vitreu*  = 
glassy,  from  vitrum  =  glass.] 

Zool. :  An  old  synonym  of  Hexactinellidse 
(q.v.). 

vit-re-6-,  pref.  [VITREOUS.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling  glass. 

vitreo-electric,  a.  Containing  OP  ex- 
hibiting positive  electricity  (q.v.). 

vit'-r5-oiis,  o.  [Lat.  vitreus,  vitrius  =  glassy, 
from  vitrum.  =  glass,  prop,  vidtrum  =^  an  in- 
strument or  material  for  seeing  with,  from 
video  =  to  see  ;  Fr.  vitre ;  Sp.  &  Port,  vitreo.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  glass ;  obtained  from 
glass. 

2.  Consisting  or  composed  of  glass. 

3.  Resembling  glass ;  glassy.    Used  In  de- 
scribing the  lustre  of  various  minerals  and 
rocks. 

•I  Vitreous  coppers:  Chalcocite;  Vitreous 
silver  =  Argentite. 

vitreous  body  or  humor,  *. 

Anat.:  A  body  or  humor  occupying  the 
centre  of  the  eyeball.  It  is  of  gelatinous  con- 
sistency, Is  quite  pellucid,  and  constitutes 
four-fifths  of  the  eyeball.  It  is  surrounded 
except  front  by  a  hyaloid  membrane. 


vitreous-electricity,  >. 

Elect. :  Positive  electricity  (q.v.), 

vitreous  foraminifera,  s. 

Zool. ;  Foraminifera  with  a  glassy  test. 

vitreous-fusion,  *•.  The  intermediate, 
soft  condition  of  iron,  glass,  &c.  between 
rigidity  and  fluidity. 

vitreous-rocks,  s.  pi. 

Petrol, :  A  class  of  eruptive  rocks  having 
glassy  lustre,  conchoidal  fracture,  and  only 
single  refraction.  They  are  obsidian,  pitch- 
stone,  perlite,  pumice,  and  tachylyte. 

vitreous-sponges,  s.  pi.    [  VITREA.] 
vitreous-table,  s. 

Anat. :  The  inner  table  or  bony  layer  of  the 
cranium.  It  is  close-grained,  shining,  hard, 
and  brittle. 

vit'-re-ons-ne&S,  s.  [Eng.  vitreous;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vitreous;  re- 
semblance to  glass. 

vi-treV-$en9e,  *.  [Eng.  vitrescen(t) ;  -<*.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vitrescent ; 
a  tendency  to  become  glassy ;  susceptibility 
of  being  formed  into  glass  ;  glassiness. 

vi-treV-cent,  a.  [Lat.  vitrum  =  glass.]  Tend- 
ing to  become  glass  or  glassy ;  susceptible  of 
being  formed  into  glass. 

vi-tres'-9l-ble,  a.  [Lat  vitrum  =  glass.) 
Capable  of  being  vitrified ;  verifiable. 

vlt'-ric,  a.  [Lat.  vitr(um)  =  glass ;  Eng.  adj. 
suff.  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  fused  com- 
pounds in  which  silex  predominates,  such  u 
glass  and  gome  of  the  enamels,  in  contra- 
distinction to  ceramic. 

vit-rl-fac'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  vitrum  =  glau, 
and  facio  =  to  make.]  The  art,  process,  or 
operation  of  vitrifying,  or  of  converting  into 
glass,  or  a  glassy  substance,  by  heat. 

*  vit'-rX-lac-ture,  «.    [VITRIFACTION.J    Tha 

manufacture  of  glass. 

vlf-rf-fi-fr-ble,  a.  [Eng.  vitrify;  -oftte.] 
Capable  of  being  vitrified  or  converted  into 
glass  by  heat  and  fusion. 

"  I  remarked  that  at  Dun  Mac  Snlochaln  itself  th« 
materials  of  tbe  hill  itself  were  not  vitriJiiible.'—Maf 
eulloch :  Highland*  A  Wetttrn  Islet  of  Scotland,  i.  SM. 

vitriflable  -  colours,  0.  pi.  Metallic 
pigments  which  become  vitrified  when  laid 
on  surfaces.  Such  are  used  in  enamels,  pot- 
tery, and  stained  glass. 

*  vi-trif  '-Ie-%-ble,  a.     [Eng.  vttrify ;  c  con- 
nect., and  sutf.  -able.]    Capable  of  being  con- 
verted into  glass  ;  verifiable. 

*  vi-trif'-I-cate,  v.t.     [Lat.  vitrum  =  glass, 
and /ado  =  to  make.]    To  convert  into  glass 
or  a  glassy  substance  ;  to  vitrify. 

"We  have  glasses  of  divers  kinds,  and  amongst 
them  BOtue  of  metals  vitriflcated,  and  other  mate- 
rials. "—Bacon :  Jfew  Atlantit. 

Vit-ri-fl-ca'-tion,  *.  [Fr.]  [VITRIFICATE.J 
The  act  or  process  of  converting  into  glass 
by  means  of  heat. 

"Therefore  ritrifiratwn  maketh  bodies  brittle*— 
Browne :  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  it,  ch.  T. 

Viff-li-fled,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [VITRIFY.] 

•     A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Converted  into  glass  or  • 
glassy  substance. 

vltrlfied-forts,  «.  pi.  A  class  of  pre- 
historic hill  fortresses,  principally  found  on 
the  crests  of  hills  in  the  Scotch  Highlands,  but 
occurring  also  in  France,  the  walls  of  which 
are  partially  or  entirely  transformed  into  a 
glassy  substance.  The  Scotch  vitrified  forts 
were  first  made  known,  in  1777,  in  a  series  of 
published  letters  to  G.  C.  M.,  Esq.,  Edin- 
burgh, by  Mr.  John  Williams,  a  civil  engineer, 
who  was  then  conducting  mining  operations 
in  the  Scottish  Highlands  under  the  Board  of 
Annexed  [i.e.,  Forfeited]  Estates.  Williams'a 
discovery  was  first  doubted,  then  discussion 
arose  whether  the  vitrified  forts  were  extinct 
volcanoes  or  artificial  productions.  Now  the 
volcanic  hypothesis  is  quite  exploded,  and  the 
erections  are  regarded  as  old  forts.  Their 
vitrification  seems  to  have  been  intentional, 
and  to  have  been  facilitated  by  the  employ- 
ment of  rocks  easy  of  fusion,  such  as  granite, 
limestone,  &c.,  these  being  often  brought 


boil,  bo*^;  po*ut,  jowl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    ph  =  & 
-eUn,  -tian  =  anon,   -tlon,  -sion  =  shdn ;  -flon,  -fion  =  shun,   -cious, -tious, -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


6090 


Titriform— vive 


from  a  distance  when  less  fusible  rocks  might 
have  easily  been  obtained  from  the  vicinity. 

vit  -ri  form,  a.  (Lat.  titntm  =  glass,  and 
forma  =  form.]  Having  the  form  or  appear- 
ance of  glass  ;  resembling  glass. 

rit'-rf  f  y,  vj.  b  i.  [Fr.  vitriJUr,  from  Lat. 
vitrum  =  glass,  and  facia  (pass,  fa)  =  to  make. ] 

A*  'L'rans. :  To  convert  into  glass  or  a 
glassy  substance  by  heat  and  fusion. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  become  glass ;  to  be  con- 
verted into  glass. 

"  Beeklee.  we  eee  metala.  will  •Mr*/*."  —  AtooM  .* 
Phytioloytcal  tteniaint. 

vi-tri'-na,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  vitrum 
=  glass.) 

ZooL :  Glass-snail ;  a  genus  of  Helicidffi, 
with  eighty  seven  species,  most  abundant  in 
northern  parts  of  the  Old  World.  Shell  im- 
perforate,  very  thin,  depressed ;  spire  short, 
last  whorl  large  ;  animal  elongateo,  too  large 
for  complete  retraction  intoshell.  The  species 
are  occasionally  animal-feeders,  like  the  slugs. 

Tif-rf-oL  •  Tlt-rl-ole,  «.  [Fr.  vitriol;  Prov. 
vetriole  ;  Sr.  &  Fort,  ritriola  ;  ItaL  vitrivolo ; 
Low  Lat.  vitriolum,  from  Lat.  ritrvm  =  glass. 
Named  perhaps  Irom  it*  colour  and  trans- 
lucency.] 

Chem. :  An  old  name  for  sulphates,  still  often 
used  in  commerce,  and  sometimes  erroneously 
applied  to  sulphuric  acid.  Tlie  vitriols  are 
distinguished  by  their  colours  or  the  metals 
they  contain  :  White,  or  Zinc  Vitriol ;  Green, 
or  Iron  Vitriol ;  Lead  and  Nickel  Vitriol*,  &c. 

^i  Oil  of  vitriol :  [SOLFHUUC-ACZDJ. 

vitriol-ochre,  s. 

Miii. :  The  same  aa  OLOCKEEJTE  (q.v.). 

vitriol  throwing,  «. 

1.  Lit. :  The  act  of  throwing  vitriol  in  tlie 
free  of  a  person  aa  an  act  of  private  vengeance. 

2.  Fif. :  Violent  abuse. 

"Thai  ftort  «  ettrioUAmrfnr  ta  not  •»  efsscUx  M 
controeeny."— St.  Jamet't  (ia-ttte.  r»ec,  13, 1887. 

t  Tif -rl-ft-l&te,  v.t.  [Eng.  vitriol  ; -ate.]  To 
convert  into  a  vitriol,  as  iron  pyrites,  by  the 
absorption  of  oxygen,  which  reduces  the  iron 
to  an  oxide  and  the  sulphur  to  sulphuric  acid. 
Thus,  the  sulphate  of  iron,  when  vitriolated, 
becomes  sulphate  of  iron,  or  green  vitriol. 

vit'  ri  6  late,  vit  ri  6  lat-ed,  a.     [Vn- 

K10LATE,  V.] 

1.  Converted  into  a  sulphate  or  a  vitriol. 

"Acifrioletfe  or  eopperoee quality.'  *i usme.-  Fid- 
far  Srrourt,  bk.  vl.,  ch.  xii. 

2.  Impregnated  with  vitriol. 

•  Iran  K»y  be  disenUed  by  any  but.  salt,  or  Htrfo- 
late*  Wfttec.'—  Bfttm :  l'ki*iel<yi<*U  jUmoifU. 

Tat-ri-i-la'-tion,  ».  [VrrRioLATe,  r.]  The 
act  or  process  of  converting  into  a  sulphate 
or  a  vitriol. 

Vlt-ri-61   ic,  o.    [Eng.  vitriol ;  -tc.] 

L  Lit. :  Pertaining  to  vitriol.;  having  the 
qualities  of  vitriol ;  obtained  from  vitriol. 

"A  tllrlalie  substance,  tasting  like  alum."— Coot .• 
iKvnd  refoee,  bk.  ii..  ck.  V. 

2.  t'i'i. :  Sharp,  biting,  bitter,  malignant. 

"  Followed  by  one  of  Mr.  L '•  puncent  vitriolic 

dhchanjes  of  undiluted  KadloaUsm.-— Jknrtsv  Stand- 
ard, Ocl  3.  18K. 

*vit-ri-o-line,  (i.  [Eng.  vitriol;  -<»«.]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  resembling  vitriol ;  vitriolic. 

"  In  ft  moorish,  boggle  ground  ariseth  ft  Spring  of 
vitriotine  taet  ftnd  odour."—  fuller:  Wort 
11.  us. 

Vif  -ri-0-lil-a-ble,  a.    [Eng. 
•able.]    Capable  of  being  vitiiolized  or  con- 
verted into  a  vitriol. 

Tit-ri-i-li-xa'-tion,  t,  [Eng.  vitrtoli^e); 
-of  ion.]  The  act  or  process  of  Yitriolizing ; 
vitriolation. 

rlt-ri-A-lize,  v.t.    [Eng.  vitriol ;  -tee.] 
L  To  convert  into  a  vitriol ;  to  vitriolate. 
2.  To  poison  or  injure  with  vitriol. 

"The  Jury  did  not  believe  that  the  child  from  the 
•une  motive  sttrioNjad  himself."- &»fl»  An*.  Karen 
15.  188ft. 

vi-tri-6-lous,  o.  [Eng.  vitriol;  -ous.1  Con- 
taining vitriol ;  vitriolic. 

Ti'-tro,  «.  [Ital.,  from  l«t.  vitrum  =  glass.] 
(See  compound.) 

vitro  de  trlno,  t.  Reticulated -glass 
(q.v.). 


vlt'-rd-type,  t.  [Lat  vilnm  =  glass,  and 
Eng.  type.]  . 

Phot.  :  A  name  given  to  the  processes  which 
involve  tlie  production  of  collodion  film  pic- 
tnres  on  glass. 

vi-tru  -vi-an,  a.  (Seedef.)  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Marcus  Vitruvius  Pollio,  a  celebrated 
Roman  architect,  burn  about  80  B.C. 

Tltruvian-soroll,  ». 

Arch.  :  A  varied  and  fanciful  architectural 
ornament     named 
after  Vitruvius, 
ami  consisting  of  a 
series  of  convolu- 

ted scrolls.     [ViT-  mw,vii«  »c»ou. 

KOVIAN.  It  occurs 
frequently  in  friezes  of  the  Composite  order. 

Vit'-ta  (pi.  vlt-tw),  *•    [Lat-1 

L  OnL  Lang.  :  A  head-band,  fillet,  or  gar- 
land ;  specif.,  among  tlie  ancient  Greeks  and 
Romans,  a  rib)"  >  it  <>r  lillet  used  as  a  decoration 
of  sacred  persons  or  things,  as  of  priests, 
victims,  altars,  statues,  and  the  like. 
2.  Botany  (PL): 

(1)  The   clavate  vessels  of  oil  occurring 
in  tne  fruits  of  the  Urnbelliferse.    They  are 
not  generally  visible  except   on   making  a 
transverse  section  of  the  fruit. 

(2)  Internal  projections  or  inflections  of  the 
valves  of   Diatoms.      They    form  imperfect 
septa,  and  appear  as  dark  line*. 

rlt-tate,  n.    fLat  rlttatvs,  from  vitta.] 

•  l".  Ord.  Ions.  :  Provided  with  a  vitta  or 

Vttttt. 

2.  Bat.  :  Striped,  having  longitudinal  stripes 
of  a  colour  differing  from  the  ground  tint. 

vi-tn-ir-na,  &  [Hod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  Vitula 
=  the  Goddess  of  Victory,  of  Exultation. 
(Jfoert*.  :  Hat.  Hi.  2.)] 

falrmnt.  :  A  genus  of  OrUrMie,  from  the 
Devonian  of  New  York.  Shell  resembling 
that  of  Tropidoleptus,  but  the  dental  pro- 
cesses are  not  crenulated  nor  distinctly  separ- 
ated from  the  area,  as  in  that  genus. 

*  Vit  n-Une,  a.  I  Lat.  tituHnvt,  from  vittlus 
=  a  calf.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  calf 
or  veal. 

"  A  double  ftllowance  of  riMlbu  brftlns."—  I»m«  . 
Among  mf  Soott.  p.  1C. 

•vi-tu'-per-%-I*le,  o.  rLat,  vitupmibilis, 
from  vittifero  =•  to  vituperate.]  Deserving  of 
or  liable  to  vituperation  or  abuse  ;  blame- 
worthy, censurable. 

•vi-tu'-per-ite,  t.t.  (Lat.  TfrnjurafiM,  pa. 
par.  of  ritttpm  =  to  censnre,  almsc  ;  prop. 
=  to  fltid  fault  :  ritivm  =  fault,  and  pan  = 
to  prepare.]  To  find  firatt  with  almnirely  ;  to 
blame  with  abusive  language  ;  to  abase  ver- 
bally ;  to  rate. 

vi-tn-per-a'-tion.   *vi-tu  per  a-cy  on, 

«.  "[Fr.  vituperation,  from  Lat.  vitvpcrationem, 
accus.  of  vitKperatio,  from  ritupenUut,  pa.  par. 
of  ritnjxro  =  to  vituperate  (q.v.).]  The  act 
of  vituperating  or  abusing;  abuse,  railing, 
rating. 

"  Wben  ft  man  becomes  OTitrmctjihte.  ftnd  InseceB* 
tlble,  l>y  flerceneBa  Mid  j>rid«.  then  ettuvtratum  comes 
npon  him,  and  priration  of  honour  follows  huu.  "  — 
Donne  :  BM.  o/  the  S«pt,  p.  155, 


o.       [Eng. 

ive.]     Serving  to  vituperate  ;  containing  or 
characterized  by  abuse  ;  abusive. 

"  The  ritvperntuM  »t)-U  of  hlj  pfttzun."—  Macaulaf  : 
Sift.  Eny.,  ch.  IT. 

Tl-tn'-per-a-tlve-Ijf,  adv.  (Eng.  vitupera- 
tive; -ty.]  In  a  vituperative  or  abusive  man- 
ner ;  with  vituperation  or  abuse  ;  abusively. 


vi-tn'-pcr-a-tor, «.  [Lat.]  One  who  vitu- 
perates or  abuses  verbally ;  a  railer,  a  reviler. 

"vi-tn-per'-i-oliB.a.  [VrnjpERATE.]  Worthy 
of  vituperation ;  blameworthy,  disgraceful. 

"  It  i«  Intituled  with  ft  rinifema  ftnd  »lle  name."— 
SJtetton.-  Don  Quixote,  J>t.  lv.,  ch.  vi. 

vt-va,  inter}.  [Ital.]  An  Italian  eiclamation 
of  applause  or  joy,  equivalent  to  the  French 
vive  (q.T.V 

5  Sometimes  used  siibstantively:  as,  He 
passed  amid  the  vivas  of  the  people. 

v.-va'-o*3(cas9h),<Trfr.    [Ital.] 

Mutic :  Briskly ;  a  direction  that  the  passage 


to  which  it  is  prefixed  is  to  be  performed  in  • 
brisk,  lively  manner. 

Tl-vii'-cioilB,  a.  [Lat  rimx,  geuit  vivacity 
tenacious  of  life,  vigorous,  from  virtu  =:  alive  j 
Fr.  &  Ital.  vivafe;  Sp.  rire-z.J 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  Attaining  to  a  great  age  ;  long-lived  ; 
tenacious  of  life. 

•'  Hitherto  the  English  bishope  have  beeu  Hmnou* 
fthnoat  to  wonder.     For  necwwut  ily  ),rwnmrtl  of  tuod 
yean  before  euttruig  on  tlitir  "ttioe  in  the  tin; 
Queen   Elizabeth,  it    was  much    that    l>ut    t 
for  the  nrat    twenty  yean  uf  her  reign."—  • 
Charfil  llutvrf,  bk.  u..  f  xxril. 

2.  Lively,  active,  sprightly,  gay  ;  proceed- 
ing from  or  characterized  by  vivacity. 

**  His  gestures  not*—  and  hark  !  Im  tones  of  Tolce 
Are  all  pivaciout  as  his  luleli  and  looks." 

Hvr4im*rtli  .'  ^xourjsun.  bit.  Tii. 

IL  Botany: 

L  Lively  ;  possessing  tenacity  of  lib,  as  the 
roots  of  various  thistles.  (London.) 

•L  Living  throughout  tlie  winter,  or  from 
year  to  year  ;  perennial.  ' 


vi-va'-cious-ly,  adv.  (Eug.  inincioiu;  -ly.] 
In  a  vivacious  or  sprightly  manner;  with 
eprightliuess  or  vivacity. 

vi  va'  clons  ness,  &  [Eng.  vivacious;  -ness.] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  long-lived  ; 
longevity. 

"  Socli  Ueir  fleetueese,  they  will  outrun  man/ 
hones'  sscactoiumaie.  they  outlive  most  man."  — 
fHOttr:  H'ortAiet;  HevoHthtre. 

2.  Bprightliness,  vivacity,  liveliness. 

vi-vaf'-I-ty,  s.  [Fr.  mvanti  ;  from  Lat.  nca- 
citatem,  accus.  of  rtroctAu  =  natural  vigour, 
from  vivax,  genit.  vimcis  —  tenacious  of  life, 
vigorous;  Sp.  vivacidad  ;  Port.  Tivacidade; 
Ital.  vivoxito..]  [VIVACIOUS.] 

*  1,  The  quality  or  state  of  being  long-lived 
or  tenacious  of  life  ;  longevity;  length  uf  life. 

"  Jauie*  &uids,  of  liorboni,  in  this  county,  is  mosi 
remarkable  for  his  irimc&i.  for  he  lived  LiO  years."  — 
fuUfr:  irortkiel  ;  IXufunilliiT*. 

2.  Liveliness  of  manner  or  diameter  ; 
sprightliness  of  temper  or  beliaviour  ;  anima- 
tion,  cheerfulness,  briskness, 

"  He  had  great  vivacity  lu  his  fcticy.  as  may  ap|>eat 
by  his  locliuatiou  to  poetry."—  Ainiel  :  Life  <ef  U«i.. 

vi  van-di-ere',  t.  (Fr.,  fern,  of  vivandier, 
from  ItaL  vivandiere  —  a  suer,  from  vivatula 
=  food.}  [ViAKD.]  A  woman  attached  to 
French  and  other  continental  regiments,  who 
sells  provisions  and  liquor,  'liieir  dreiis  is 
generally  a  modihcatiou  of  that  of  the  regi- 
ment to  which  they  are  attached. 

vi-var'-I-iun.  t.  [Lat.  from  vitta  =  alive.) 
A  place  artificially  prepared,  in  which  laud 
animals,  &c.,  are  kept  alive,  in  as  marly  as 
possible  theiruaturalstate,asapark,a  warren, 
or  the  like.  (  AQ.UAKI  UM.  ) 

"  The  Fonnigaa  constitute  a  very  warren,  or  visa. 
rtut*  fur  ftU  kinds  of  naaea,~->W<t.  JUrch  U,  UM. 

•vf-var-j,',  s.  [Lat.  vivarium,]  A  vivarium 
fa.v.).' 

"  That  cage  and  eirarir 
Of  fowls  and  beasts  • 


Vi*-Vat  ((  silent),  interj.  (Fr.,  from  Lat.  civat, 
Srd  pers.  sing.  pres.  subjunctive  of  rttw  =  to 
live.]  May  he  (or  she)  live  ;  long  live  ;  an  ex- 
clamation of  applause  or  joy  ;  a  viva.  It  is 
sometimes  used  as  a  substantive. 

"  Behold  him  everywhere  welcomed  with  vf»a4«  or 
awe-struck  silence."—  Carlj/tm  :  XuctUmtifv**  £unyt: 
Count  Caglioitro. 

vi'-vi.  v6'-9e,  fhr.  [Lat  =  with  the  living 
voice.]  By  word  of  mouth  ;  orally. 

*•  Answer*  to  questions  .  .  .  shall,  ittetead  of  t«ing 
given  Pifi  wee.  be  printed  with  the  vote*."—  Daily 
TfleyrtttA,  April  18,  1888. 

H  It  Is  often  used  adjectively  :  as,  a  »iii! 
voceexamination,andsometimessubstantively, 
as  in  the  example. 

"  Attainments  whicb  can  be  tested  hy  written  qws 
Uolw  and  nvd-votM  ftud  be  rsUasfttod  In  marks."—  M 
Jam&'t  Vaxtxtt,  April  10,  1888. 

Viv'-da,  s.    [VrrDA.] 

*  Vive,  a.    [Fr.,  fern,  of  vif;  Lat.  timu  =  alive.) 
*1.  Lively,  vivacious,  bright. 

"  Sylvester  give*  It  this  true  and  rift  deacrlption.  '— 
Bn-'-rl  :  Triutit.  f.  «. 

"2.  Forcible;  sptritea. 

"HeiJftsper  OougnlJ  by.rt™[tht«J  read.  ll»!il 
ftnd  forcible  persuasion  moved  him  (Charles  UjefchJ 
to  a  war  upon  Flanders."—  Baton:  On  ITar  wtlfiSpatn. 

3.  Bright,  clear,  distinct.    (Scotch.) 


f&to,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  tliere ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  «r,  marine ;  go,  p8t, 
•r,  ware,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  oub,  cure,  unit*,  oiir,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ee  =  e;  ey  =  a;  «u  =  lew. 


vive— vivisection 


5091 


rlc'-u-la, «.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
(q.v.).]  "[VIVERRA.J 


Vive,  inter/.  [Fr.,  from  nitre;  Lat  vivo  =  to 
live.]  Long  live ;  success  to  :  as,  Vive  le  roi 
=  long  live  the  king. 

*vive'-l#,  adv.  [Bug.  rive,  a.;  -ly.]  In  a 
lively,  Bright,  or  animated  style  or  manner. 

•• proving  and  describing  the  etlect*  of  iove  to 

vivtly."— Btn  Joraoii  :  Aew  Inn.    (Argument) 

•  vi'-ven-9y,  ».  [Lat  vivens,  pr.  par.  of  vivo 
=  to  live.]  Manner  of  supporting  or  con- 
tinuing life,  or  vegetation. 

-  \  distinct  and  Indisputable  way  of  •ipencf."— 
Broomo  :  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  ii..  ch.  i 

vi-ver'-ra,  «.    [Lat.  =  a  ferret.] 

Zool. :  Civet-cat ;  the  type  genus  of  Viver- 
ridie  (q.v.),  with  the  range  of  the  family. 
Body  elongated  and  compressed  ;  head  pointed 
in  front  ears  rather  small ;  extremities  short, 
feet  small  and  rounded  ;  toes  short,  five  on 
each  foot ;  tail  moderate  or  long ;  a  pair  of 
large  glandular  follicles,  situated  on  the  peri- 
neum, in  both  sexes,  and  secreting  in  most 
species  an  oily  substance  of  a  penetrating 
odour.  All  the  species  are  extremely  active, 
tierce,  and  rapacious,  and  feed  chiefly  on 
small  mammals  and  birds.  The  genus  is  an 
extensive  one,  and  is  often  divided  into 
groups,  to  which  some  naturalists  give  generic 
rank.  The  chief  are  (1)  Viverra  proper,  in- 
cluding the  largest  species.  Fur  rather  long 
and  loose,  and  elongated  in  the  median  line 
of  the  neck  and  back,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of 
crestor  mane.  (2)Viverri(,-ula,  and  (S)Genetta, 
containing  smaller  species,  differing  slightly 
from  the  first  group  in  dentition. 

vl-ver'-ra-viis,  *•  [Mod.  Lat  rltwrrfo),  and 
Lat.  atm«'=an  ancestor.]  [VIVKRRID*,  2.] 

vi-vSr-rio' 

riverra 

vI-vSr'-rf-dSB,  s.  pi     [Mod.  Lat. 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  8nff.  -idee.} 

1.  Zool. :  A  family  of  Carnivorous  Mammals, 
section  JEluroidea,  confined  to  the  Old  World ; 
'.  M.  }  or  J,  M,  I  or  1 ;  digits  usually  {,  but 
the  pollex  or  hallnx,  or  both,  may  be  wanting. 
There  are  three  sub-fenillies :  Cryptoproctine, 
Viverrinse,  and  Herpestinse. 

2.  Palcamt. :  The  family  commences  In  the 
Eocene,  in  which  formation  in  America  Vtver- 
ravus  occurs. 

Vl-ver-ri'-nie,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  «i«n<o); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  sub-family  of  Viverrids 
(q.v.),  with  several  genera,  having  approxi- 
mately the  range  of  the  family. 

vt-vSr'-rine.  a.  A  >.    [VIVERRINA] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  resembling 
the  sub-family  Viverrime  or  the  genus  Viverra. 

"A  enrlotu  otter-Ilk*  modification  of  the  rtorriM 
type."—  A'neyc.  Brit.  fed.  »th).  xv.  4B6. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  sub- 
family Viverrinffi  or  the  genus  Viverra  (q.v.). 

"All  the  essential  characters  .  .  .  of  s  WwrrfMM."— 
Pro/.  Farter,  In  CaanU'i  Xat.  Bia.,  U.  8«. 

vlverrine-cat,  «. 

Zool. :  Felis  viverrina,  a  large  Tiger-cat, 
from  India.  Ears  small  and  blunt,  i'tir  coarse 
and  dull,  limbs  short  and  strong ;  snont  nar- 
row, and  drawn  out  like  that  of  a  Civet, 
whence  the  specific  name  ;  colour  gray,  lighter 
beneath,  banded  and  spotted  with  black. 
The  skull  is  remarkable  from  the  fact  that 
the  orbit  is  completed  behind  by  bone,  which 
is  quite  exceptional  among  the  Carnivore. 

vi verrine  dasyure,  a, 

Zool. :  A  variety  of  Lasyurus  mauget  from 
Mew  South  Wales  and  Van  Dieman's  Land. 
General  colourblack,  brown,  or  gray ;  head  and 
body  spotted  with  white,  under  parts  white. 

vlv'-ers,  ».  [Pr.  vims  =  provisions,  vituals, 
from  vivrt;  Lat  vivo  —  to  live.)  Food,  eat- 
ables, provisions,  victuals.  (Scotch.) 

Vives,  ».  [Fr.  avives,  from  vive  =  lively,  brisk ; 
eau  vive  =  running  water,  because  the  animals 
are  said  to  contract  this  complaint  through 
di  inking  running  water.  (Littre.)]  [FIVES.] 

•riv-l-a'-nl-a,  s.  [Named  after  SIgnor Vivians, 
M.  D.,  a  botanist  of  Genoa.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Vivlaniacese  (q.v.). 
Undershrubs  with  opposite  ovate  leaves, 
covered  beneath  with  white  down,  and  terminal 
panicles  of  white,  pink,  or  purple  flowers. 
Kat!  vcs  of  Chili  and  Brazil. 


viv-i-a-nl-a'-ce-fie,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  vivi- 
anHa,) ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -uceai.] 

But. :  Vivianiads ;  an  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Malvales.  Herbs  or  under- 
shrubs,  with  opposite  or  whorleii,  exstipulute 
leaves,  often  hoary  on  their  lower  side  with 
down.  Flowers  in  panicles  or  corymbs,  white, 
red,  or  pink.  Calyx  ten-ribbed,  with  tivu 
divisions;  petals  five,  with  claws  often  re- 
maining, after  withering  around  the  ovary  ; 
stamens  ten  ;  filaments  distinct ;  anthers  two- 
celled  ;  stigmas  three,  sessile ;  ovary  free, 
three-celled  ;  ovules  two  in  each  cell,  one 
ascending,  the  other  suspended ;  capsule 
thiee-lobed,  three-celled ;  seeds  roughish. 
Natives  of  Chili  and  the  South  of  Brazil. 
Known  genera  four,  species  fifteen.  (Lintiley.) 

viv-i-a'-ni-ftd,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  vivianfa);  Eng. 
suit',  -ad.] 

Bot.  (PL):  The  order  Vlvianiacese  (q.v.). 
(Lindley.) 

vlV-I-an-ite,  s.  [After  the  English  mineral- 
ogist, J.  G.  Vivian  ;  guff,  -ite  (Min.).~\ 

Min. :  A  mineral  crystallizing  in  the  mono- 
clinic  system,  but  sometimes  occurring  in  an 
earthy  form.  Hardness,  1'6  to  2;  sp.  gr. 
2'58  to  2*63 ;  lustre  on  cleavage  faces  pearly, 
others  vitreous ;  colourless  when  pure,  but, 
owing  to  the  rapid  oxidation  of  the  iron, 
changing  to  blue  or  green  ;  transparent  to 
translucent.  Compos.  :  phosphoric  acid, 
28-S  j  protoxide  of  iron,  43-0  ;  water,  287  = 
100,  which  Is  equivalent  to  the  formula 
3FeO,PO5+8HO. 

viV-id,  a.  [Lat  ri pitta*  =  animated,  true  to 
life,  from  trivut  =  alive;  Pr.  vivide;  Ital. 
vivido.] 

1.  Exhibiting  the  appearance  of  life  or  fresh- 
ness ;   clear,  bright,  fresh,  lively ;  life-like, 
strong,  intense. 

"A  bed  of  tulips  presents  only  a  glare  of  vtnd 
colour*."— Knox :   winter  Swvuiugt,  even.  7. 

2.  Forming  brilliant  images,  or  painting  in 
bright  colours ;  life-like,  striking,  realistic  ; 
giving  a  striking  or  life-like  character  or  ac- 
count. 

"Being  minute  without  being  dull,  and  rltld  with, 
ont  undue  diffusiveness."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  la. 


J'-K-tfc  *.     [Eng.  vivid;   -ity.1     The 

quality  or  state  of  being  vivid  ;  vividness. 

VlV'-Kd-iy,  odv.     [Eng.  vivid ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  vivid  manner ;  with  strength  or  in- 
tensity. 

"  Pull  oft  tlSo  luuocent  lufforer  MM 
Too  clearly,  feels  too  vividly." 

WordtwortA :  fxcurtion,  bk.  IT. 

2.  In  bright,  clear,  or  glowing  colours ;  fn  a 
striking  or  realistic  manner ;  so  as  to  present 
a  life-like  picture  to  tbe  mind ;  as,  a  scene 

vividly  described. 

viV-id-n&M,  *.    [Bug.  vivid;  -ness.] 

1.  The   quality   or    state  of  being  vivid  ; 
liveliness,  vivacity,  sprightlmess,  intensity. 

"The  viridnett  of  their  Karl«t  colour."— DaUg  Tela- 
graph,  Aug.  20. 188&. 

2.  Strength  of  colouring ;  strikingness :  as, 
the  vividness  of  a  description. 

*  vi-vitf -Jo,  •  vX-vir-JaCk,  *  vi-Yir-*o-al, 

a.  [Lat.  viviftctia,  from  vivus  =  alive,  and 
facio  (pass.  J-o)  =  to  make.]  [Vivur.]  Giving 
life,  making  alive  ;  vivifying. 

"Without  wboee  anlutwy  and  vivijlck  beam*  all 
motion,  both  animal,  vital,  and  natural,  would 
epeedlly  ocaae."—  Rag  :  On  the  Creation,  pt  L 

*  vl-vlf ' -I-oant,  a.     [Lat.  vivijicans,  pr.  par. 
of  tnin#o>="to  vivify  (q.v.).}     Viviflc,  vivi- 
fying. 

"  Which  hath  DO  viviflcant  nor  qalcklng  power.  "— 
P.  ffolland:  Plntareh,  p.  686. 

* vl-vif-I-cate,  v.t,  [Lat.  vivijlcatu$t  pa. 
par.  of  viviflco  =  to  vivify  (q.v.X] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  give  life  to ;  to  animate, 
to  vivify. 

"  God  vlvijleatrs  and  actuatea  tlie  whole  world,"— 
Mort :  Pkttotophical  Cabbala,  ch.  i. 

2.  Old  Chem.  :  To  restore  or  reduce  to  the 
natural  or  to  a  metallic  state,  as  metal  from 
an  oxide,  solution,  or  the  like  ;  to  revive. 

*v!v-!-fI-ca'-tlon,  ».  [Fr.]  [VIV.FICATE.] 
The  act  of  vivifying  or  giving  life  ;  the  state 
of  being  vivified  ;  the  act  of  viviflcating  ;  re- 
vival. 

"  Tbe  nature  of  rtvfjfmrtton  U  very  worri.y  the  en. 
quliy.'— Bacon :  Jfat.  Hi*t.,  {  69&. 


"vtV-I-fl-ca-tive,  a.  [Eng.  vivificat(e); 
-LIC.]  Tending  or  able  to  vivify,  animate,  or 
give  life ;  capable  of  vivifying. 

"That  lower  vivijicativa  principle  of  his  soul  di4 
grow  strong." — Jfore :  Ptttlotophii-al  Cabbala,  ch.  1. 

viV-i-l*,  *  vlv-i-fle,  T.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  vivifier. 
from  Lat.  vivijico,  from  vivita  =  alive,  and 
Jacio  (pass,  fio)  =  to  make.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  endue  with  life;  to  animate, 
to  quicken  ;  to  give  life  to. 

"Out-worms,  as    soon    as  viaiAtd,  creep   Into  th« 

stomach  for  nutriment"— ffarvey  :  On  Cumttmftion. 

B,  Intrant. :  To  impart  life  or  animation; 
to  quicken. 

"  Which  should  shew,  that  snow  hath  In  It  a  secret 
warmth ;  fur  else  it  could  hardly  vivUit."—. Bacon : 
Kat.  Hiil.,  |  096. 

*  vi-vlp'-t>r-a,  *.  pi.    [Neut  pi.  of  Lat  »*• 

viparus.]    [VIVIPAROUS.] 

Zool.:  De  Ulainville's  name  for  the  Mam- 
malia (q.v.). 

vlv-I-par'-J-ty,  «.  [Eng.  viviparous) ;  -%.J 
The  quality,  state,  or  character  of  being  vivi- 
parous. (See  extract  under  OVIPAHITY.) 

vi-vIp'-B-rottn,  a.  [Lat  vivipariu,  from 
vivut  =  alive,  and  parto  =  to  bring  forth.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  d>  Zool. :  Producing  young 
alive.    The  term  Is  used  in  the  two  following 
senses : 

(1)  Of  those  animals  In  which  the  chorlon, 
or  external  tunic  of  the  ovum,  contracts  • 
vascular  adliesion  to  the  uterus. 

"It  Is  not  very  easy  to  conceive  a  more  evidently 
prospective  contrivance  than  that  which.  In  all  vin. 
jjtirout  animals,  Is  found  in  the  milk  of  the  female 
parent."—  PaUy:  flat.  Tttful.,  ch.  xiv. 

(2)  Of  those  animals  the  young  of  which  are 
extricated  from  their  egg-coverings  In  the  ori- 
duct  and  produced  alive. 

2.  Bot. :  Bearing  young  plants  in  place  of 
flowers  and  seeds,  as  Marled  ca-ritkn.    There 
are  some  viviparous  ferns,  as  Asplenium  bid- 
bijentm.    [BULBIL,  GEMMA.] 

viviparous  blermy,  >. 

Ichthy. :  Zoarces  viviparvx,  a  species  about 
a  foot  long,  common  on  the  European  side 
of  the  Atlantic,  ranging  into  tbe  German 
Ocean  and  the  Baltic.  The  female  produces 
her  young  alive,  and  these  are  so  well  de- 
veloped at  their  birth  that  they  Immediately 
swim  about  ^almost  as  boldly  aa  the  adult*!. 
From  two  to  three  hundred  are  produced  by 
one  female,  and  directly  before  parturition 
tbe  abdomen  is  so  distended  that  it  is  impos- 
sible to  touch  it  without  causing  some  of  the 
young  to  be  extruded.  [ZOARCES.] 

viviparous  fishes,  a.  pL 

Jfhlhy. :  Fishes,  the  female  of  which  pro- 
duce their  young  alive,  as  the  result  of  act»al 
congress,  the  males  in  most  cases  being  fur- 
nished with  intromittent  organs.  Among 
these  are  many  of  the  Chondropterygtans,  tbe 
families  Embiotocidte,  many  of  the  Blenni- 
idoa  and  Cyprinodontidte,  and  several  Lopho- 
branchs. 

viviparous-larva,  «. 

Katom.:  The  larva  of  the  genus  Miastor 
(q-v.)- 

viviparous  lizard,  $. 

Zool. :  Lacerta  vivipara,  a  British  species, 
from  four  to  six  inches  long.  The  colours  and 
markings  vary  greatly ;  the  general  ground  tint 
of  the  upper  parts  is  a  greenish-brown  dotted 
with  black ;  the  under  surface  In  the  male 
bright  orange  spotted  with  black,  in  the 
female  pale  grayish-green. 

vi-vip'-a-roua-lj,  adv.  [Eng.  viviparout  ; 
•ly.]  In  a  viviparous  manner. 

vl-vlp'-a-roils-nSsB,  s.  [Eng.  vtvijnrnu; 
•ness.]  The  quality,  state,  or  character  at 
being  viviparous ;  viviparity. 

vtv-I-per-^ep'-tion, ».  [Lat  timu  =  aliT«, 
and  Eng.  perception.]  The  perception  of  the 
processes  of  vital  functions  in  their  natural 
action.  (Opposed  to  observation  by  vivi- 
section.) (/.  G.  Wilkinson.) 

*  viV-I-sict,  v J.    [VIVISECTION.]    To  dissect 
while  still  living. 

"The  great  physiologist  ...  Is  represented  stand- 
Ing,  and  at  his  feet  a  little  rabbit  waiting  to  be  vitri. 
tected."—8t.  Jameft  Oazette,  Feb.  9.  1886. 

VaV-J-»Sc'-tion,  s.  [Lat  vimii  =  alive,  and 
sectia  =  a  cutting,  a  section  (q.v.).] 


boil,  boy ;  po~ut,  joVvl ;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist.    -liig. 
-dan.  -tlon  =  siian.    -tiou,  -sion  =  shun ;  -{ion,  -slon  =  zhun.    -cioua,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  kfl,  del. 


5092 


vivisectional— vocation 


Nt&ural  Science  : 

L  A  tsrm  denoting,  in  its  strict  significa- 
tion, the  dissection  of  living  animals,  but 
popularly  employed  to  denote  the  practice  of 
performing  operations  with  the  knife  on  living 
animals,  with  the  view  (1)  of  increasing 
physiologica)  knowledge;  (2)  of  converting 
speculative  into  positive  conclusion  ;  and  (3) 
of  acquiring  manual  dexterity  in  operative 
surgery.  In  this  last  sense  vivisection  is 
principally  confined  to  the  French  veterinary 
schools.  By  biologists  the  term  is  extended 
to  include  the  performance  of  all  scientific 
experiments  of  a  kind  calculated  to  inflict 
pain  upon  living  animals,  and  having  for  their 
object  the  investigation  of  the  laws  which 
govern  life,  the  processes  of  disease,  the  action 
of  heat  and  cold,  poisons,  and  therapeutic 
remedies.  The  practice  appears  to  have  been 
introduced  by  the  Alexandrian  School  in  the 
fourth  century  B.C.  ;  and  to  this  practice  we 
owe,  among  many  other  benefits,  the  discovery 
of  the  circulation  of  the  blood  by  Harvey  ; 
the  treatment  of  aneurism  by  ligatures  by 
Hunter  ;  the  distinction  of  the  sensory  and 
motor  nerves  by  Bell  ;  the  introduction  of 
chloroform  ;  and  the  improved  treatment  of 
cerebral  diseases  which  resulted  from  the  re- 
searches of  Brown-tieq'iard  and  Bernard. 
It  has  also  been  highly  valuable  in  the  study 
of  the  reproduction  of  bone,  digestion  and 
secretion,  the  effects  of  brain  excitation,  the 
investigation  of  parasitic  and  contagious 
diseases,  the  action  of  poisons,  drugs  and 
medicines,  and  many  other  matters  of  import- 
ance in  connection  with  modern  surgery  and 
medicine.  There  is  much  opposition  to  vivi- 
section, and  vivisectors  generally  admit  the 
necessity  of  observing  the  following  conditions  : 
(1)  That  the  experimenter  should  be  a  skilled 
anatomist  and  physiologist;  (2)  That  anaes- 
thetics should  be  used  where  possible;  and  (3) 
That  when  a  physiological  fact  has  beeu 
determined,  exhibitions  of  the  experiments  by 
which  it  was  determined  are  unnecessary  an.!, 
therefore,  unjustifiable.  An  Anti-  vivisection 
Society  was  founded  in  1875  and  another  io 
1876.  (Haydn.) 

2.  Any  painful  scientific  experiment  per* 
formed  upon  a  living  animal. 

"  We  must  conclude  that  vivttectiont  are  not  justifi- 
able for  the  mere  instruction  of  ordinary  student*."  — 
Watmintter  Review.  Jan.,  ISM,  p.  UO. 

tiv-I-sec'-tion-al,  a.  [Eng.  vivisection  ;  -al.} 
Of  or  pertaining  to  vivisection  (q.v.). 

"  It  is  impossible  by  vivitectional  experiment  to 
knew  which  microscopical  elements  of  the  tissues  of 
the  animal  we  destroy."  —  Westminster  lleview,  Jan., 
1M6.P.HS. 

viy-I-seV-tion-ist,  *.  [Eng.  vivisection; 
-ist.]  One  who  practises  or  uphold*  vivi- 
section ;  a  vivisector. 

"  Then  we  are  introduced  to  a  certain  vivitectionitt." 
—Echo,  Sept.  8,  1685. 

VaV-I-sec-tor,  *.  [Lai  vivus  =  alive,  and 
sector  =  a  cutter.]  [SBCTOK.]  One  who  prac- 
tises vivisection. 

"  It  is  obviously  Impossible  ...  to  yield  the  re- 
quired trust  In  the  mritectori."—  Contemporary  lie- 
view,  Feb.  1867,  p.  846. 

vfat-en,  *.  (The  fern,  of  fox;  cf.  Ger.  fiichsin, 
fern,  of  /wc7i5  =  a  fox.  This  is  the  only  sur- 
viving instance  of  the  old  English  mode  of 
forming  the  feminine  by  adding  the  sufl'.  -en 
to  the  masculine.] 

1.  Lit.  :  A  she-fox. 

"  These,  from  their  size,  are  not  difficult  to  over* 
come,  especially  if  dog  and  vixen  hunt  in  company,"  — 
fit.  Jameti  Gazette,  Feb.  10,  1887. 

2.  figuratively; 

*  (1)  An  ill-tempered,  snarling  man. 

(2)  A  turbulent,  quarrelsome  woman  ;  a 
termagant,  a  scold. 

"  '  That  may  be  rery  honourable  In  you,'  answered 
the  pertinacious  vixen,"—  ilacaulay  :  ffut.  Eng.. 
ch.  xv. 

vix'-en-ish,  a.  [Eng.  vixen  ;  -ish,}  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  a  vixen  ;  ill-tempered, 
cross. 

"  So  Tom  Smart  and  his  clay-coloured  gift  with  the 
red  wheels,  and  the  vixenith  mare  with  the  faat  puce, 
went  on  together."—  />jcfcent  .'  Pickwick,  ch.  xiv. 

VaX'-en-l^,  o.  [Eng.  vixen;  -ly,}  Having 
the  qualities  of  a  vixen  ;  ill-tempered,  snap- 
pish. 


conj.    [See  def.]    A  contraction  of  vide- 
licet (q.v.). 

*  vi'-za-mSnt,  «.    [See  def.]    A  corruption  of 
advisement.    (Shakesp.  :  Merry  Wives,  L  1.) 


s.    [VISOR.] 

*  viz'-ard,  v.t.     [VIZARD,  *.]    To  mask. 

"  Degree  being  vitardea, 

The  uti  worthiest  shown  as  (airly  in  the  mask." 
Shaketp.  :  Trottut  *  Crwndu,  1  1 

•  viz-ca'-cha,  «.    [VISCACHA.] 

vl-zler',  vi-zir',  vi-$ier',  «.  [Arab,  wazir 
=  a  counsellor  of  state,  minister,  vicegerent, 
orig.=  a  porter,  hence,  one  who  bears  the 
burden  of  state  affairs,  from  wazara  =  to  bear 
a  burden,  to  support,  to  sustain.]  The  title 
of  a  high  political  officer  in  the  Turkish  em- 
pire and  other  Muhammadan  states.  The 
title  is  given  in  Turkey  to  the  heads  of  the 
various  ministerial  departments  into  which 
the  divan  or  ministerial  council  is  divided, 
and  to  all  pashas  of  three  tails.  The  prime- 
minister,  or  president  of  the  divan,  is  styled 
the  grand  vizier,  vizier-azam  or  sadr-azam. 
In  India  vizier  was  the  title  of  the  highest 
officer  at  the  Mogul  court  at  Delhi;  and 
nawab-vizier  ultimately  became  the  heredi- 
tary title  in  the  dynasty  ruling  at  Oude. 

vi-zier'-ate,  «.  [Eng.  vizier;  -ate.}  The 
office,  state,  or  authority  of  a  vizier. 

vi-Zler-I-al,  a.  [Eng.  vizier;  -ial.}  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  issued  by  a  vizier. 

viz'-or,  *.    [VISOR.] 

viz'-or,  v.t.  [VIZOR,  ».]  To  cover  with  or  as 
with  a  vizor  ;  to  mask. 

vlac'-kc  vark,  s.    [Dut.] 

Zool,  :  The  name  given  by  the  Dutch  colo- 
nists of  South  Africa  to  Phacochcerus  ethio- 
picus.  [WABT-HOG.] 

V-moth,  s.    [See  def.] 

Entom,  :  Halia  wavaria,  a  rather  common 
British  geometer  moth,  family  Macaridae. 
Antennae  of  the  male  pectinated,  those  of  the 
female  simple.  Wings  gray,  tinged  with  a 
faint  iridescence  or  purple  gloss  ;  the  fore 
wings  streaked,  and  having  four  conspicuous 
spots,  the  second  one  shaped  like  a  V,  whence 
the  name.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  goose- 
berry. 

vo-and-zei'-a,  s.  [From  the  Malagasy  name.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Phaseolete.      Voandzeia 

subterranea  has  at  hist  subterranean    fruit. 

It  is  a  native  of  Africa,  but  is  cultivated  also 

in  America  for  its  eatable  seeds  and  legumes. 

voV-a-ble,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  vocdbulum  = 
an  appellation,  designation,  or  name,  from 
wco  =  to  call,  from  vox,  genit.  vocu  =  the 
voice  (q.v.).]  A  word,  a  term,  a  name  ; 
specif.,  a  word  considered  as  composed  of 
certain  sounds  or  letters,  without  regard  to 
its  meaning. 

"To    conjure  with    the    magic    vocablet    'peace.* 
'liberty,'  and  'humanity,'"—  liatty  Telegraph.  Oct., 


-lar-^,  s.    [Fr.  vocabulaire,  from 
vocable  =  a  vocable  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  list  or  collection  of  the  words  of  a 
language,  arranged  in  alphabetical  order,  and 
briefly  explained  ;  a  dictionary,  a  lexicon,  a 
word-book. 

"  A  vocabulary  made  after  this  fashion  would  with 
more  ease,  and  in  leas  time,  teach  the  true  significa- 
tion of  many  terms."  —  Locke:  Human  Underttand., 
bk.  ill.,  cb,  if. 

2.  The  sum  or  stock  of  words  used  in  a 
language  ;  the  range  of  words  employed  in  a 
particular   profession,  trade,  or   branch   of 
science. 

"Their  structure  and  vocabulary  have  been  fully 
Illustrated  by  Schiefner  and  F.  Mailer."  —  Atltenctum, 
Dec,  20,  1884. 

II  For  the  difference  between  vocabulary  and 
dictionary,  see  DICTIONARY. 

*  V&-cab'-U-tfst,  s.  [Eng.  vocabulary);  -ist.} 
The  writer  or  compiler  of  a  vocabulary. 

vo'-cal,  *vo'-call,  a.  &  5.  [Fr.  vocal,  from 
Lat.  'vocalis  =  sonorous,  vocal,  from  vox,  genit. 
vods  —  the  voice.] 

A*  As  adjective  : 

L  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  voice  or  speech  ; 
uttered  or  delivered  with  the  voice. 

"  The  bells  of  Ry  Is  tone  seemed  to  say  ... 
With  vocal  music,  '  GOD  rs  AYDE  ! 

Wordneorth  :  White  Doe.  vii. 

2.  Having  a  voice  ;  endowed  with,  or  as  if 
with  a  voice, 


IL  Technically; 
L  Phonetics; 

(1)  Uttered  with  voice,  as   distinct   from 
breath  ;  voiced,  sonant.    (Said  of  certain  1. 1- 
ters,  as  z  as  distinguished  from  *,  or  v  as  dis- 
tinguished from./.)    [VOICE,  s.,  IL  4.1 

(2)  Having  a  vowel  character ;  vowel. 
2.  Music: 

(1)  For  or  by  the  voice.    (Only  applied  to 
music  intended  to  be  sung.) 

(2)  Applied  to  compositions  so  written  as  to 
be  easy  and  effective  for  the  voice. 

(3)  Applied  to  the  singing  quality  of  tone 
obtained  from  an  instrument. 

B.  As  substantive ; 

Roman  Church :  A  man  wno  has  a  right  to 
vote  in  certain  elections. 

vocal-chords,  vocal-cords,  *.  pi. 

Anat.:  The  inferior  thyro-arytenoid  liga- 
ments ;  elastic  membranes,  the  edges  of  which 
form  the  side  of  the  glottis.  They  are  attached 
in  front  to  the  thyroid  cartilage,  and  end 
behind  in  a  process  of  the  arytenoid  cartilages. 
They  nearly  close  the  aperture  of  the  wind- 
pipe. (For  the  use  of  the  vocal  chords  see 
VOICE,  s.,  II.  1.)  In  addition  to  them  there  are 
upper  or  false  vocal  chords,  which  are  not 
immediately  concerned  in  the  production  of 
the  voice.  [VOICE,  s.,  II.  1.] 

vocal  tube,  *. 

Anat.;  The  part  of  the  air-passages  above 
the  inferior  ligaments  of  the  larynx,  including 
the  passages  through  the  mouth  and  nostrils. 
(Dunglison.) 

vd-caT-Ic,  o.  [Eng.  vocal;  -ic.]  Relating, 
pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of  vowel  sounds. 

"  Take  the  word  few,  in  which  it  baa  only  a  vocalic 
sound,"— Jt-arle :  Philology  of  EnglitA  Language,  f  12*. 

VO  -cal-ism,  s.    [Eng.  vocal ;  -ism.] 

1.  The  exercise  of  the  vocal  organs;  vocaliza- 
tion. 

"  There  is  one  dialect  of  our  family  which  is  dii- 
tinguished  for  such  a  vocalism.  and  that  ia  Mas-o- 
Oothic."— Karl*  :  Philology  of  £ngluh  Tongue,  f  lu». 

2.  A  vocalic  sound. 

"To utter  such  thick-lipped  tocatitmt  as  HOBOS."— 
Earle :  Philology,  f  126. 

VO'-cal-ist,  s.  [Eng.  vocal;  -ist.}  A  vocal 
musician ;  a  singer,  as  opposed  to  an  instru- 
mental performer. 

*  v6-caT-I-t&  s.    [Eng.  vocal;  -ity.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  utterable 
by  the  voice. 

"  Smoothness  and  freeness  of  vocality."— Bolder. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  a  vowel ;  vocalic 
character. 

vo-cal-i-za'-tion,  vo-cal-i-sa'-tlon,  *. 

[Eng.  vocalise),  vocalise);  -ation.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  vocalizing  ;  the  state  of  being 
vocalized. 

2.  The  formation  and  utterance  of  vocal 
sounds. 

IL  Music: 

1.  Control  of  the  voice  and  vocal  sounds. 

2.  Method  of  producing  and  phrasing  notes 
with  the  voice. 

*'  Not  merely  was  her  vocalization  beyond  reproach, 
but  her  acting  was  quite  up  to  the  same  high  level."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  4,  1696. 

vo'-cal-ize,  vo'-cal-ise,  v.t.    [Fr.  vocaliser, 
from  vocal  —  vocal  (q.v.).] 
L  To  form  into  voice ;  to  make  vocal. 

"  It  Ifl  one  thing  to  give  an  impulse  to  breath  alone  ; 
another  thing- to  vocalize  that  breath."—  Holder. 

2,  To  utter  with  voice,  and  not  merely 
breath  ;  to  make  sonant. 


-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  vocal;  -ly.) 

1.  In  a  vocal  manner ;  with  voice  ;  with  an 
audible  sound. 

2.  In  words ;  verbally. 

"We  .  .  .  commemorate  mentally,  vocally,  and 
manually  .  .  .  the  death  and  burial  of  Christ  our 
Lord."—  Waterland:  Workt,  viii.  232. 

3.  As  regards  vowels  or  vocalic  sounds. 

"  Syllables  which  are  vocally  of  the  lowest  considera- 
tion.*— Earl*  :  Philology  <tf  £nylith  Tongue,  $  647. 

vo'-cal-ness,  s.     [Eng.  vocal;   -ness.}     The 
quality  or  state  of  being  vocal ;  vocality. 

VO  ca'-tion,  *.      [Fr,,  from  Lat  vocationem, 
accus.  of  vocatio  =  a  calling,  bidding,  inviU- 


ftte,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub,  care,  anlte,  oar,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    re,  oe  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  q.u  -  kw. 


vocational— voice 


509$ 


toon,  from  vocatus,  pa.  par.  of  iioco  =  to  call, 
from  vox.  genit.  vocis  =  the  voice  ;  Sp.  voca- 
cim;  Fort,  wxacao;  Ital.  rocarioM.] 
I.  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  A  calling  or  designation  to  a  particular 
state,  profession,  or  business  ;  a  summons,  an 
injunction,  a  call. 

2.  One's  calling,  profession,  business,  em- 
ployment, traiie,  or  occupation. 

••  If  honesty  be  the  heart,  industry  Is  the  right  hand 
of  every  vocation."—  Barrote:  Ssrwwm,  vol.  lit,  ser.  14. 

II  Scripture  at  Ecdesiol.  :  The  Greek  word 
(«A>jo-i!)  so  translated  in  Eph.  iv.  1,  but  gen- 
erally in  the  Authorised  Version  rendered 
"  e.-illing,"  is  applied  to  the  position  of  all 
Christian  men.  (See  extract.)  In  a  more 
restricted  sense  the  term  is  taken  for  that 
"disposition  of  Divine  Providence  whereby 
persons  are  invited  to  serve  God  in  some 
special  state,"  e.g.,  as  clerics,  or  (in  the 
Roman  Church)  as  religious.  [CALLlNO,  C. 
II.  1.,  RELIGIOUS,  D.] 

"  Eeeeive  our  supplications  and  prayers,  which  we 
offer  before  thee  for  all  estates  of  men  in  thy  holy 
church,  that  every  member  of  the  same.  In  Ills  voca- 
tion and  ministry,  may  truly  and  godly  serve  thee.  — 
Second  Collect  for  Good  Friday. 

'  vo-ca'-tlon-al,  a.  [Eng.  vocation;  -a!.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  vocation  or  occu- 
pation. 

"  Sailors  are  a  class  apart,  but  only  la  a  vocational 
sense.  "—Dally  Telegraph,  Jan.  2,  1886. 

ffoc'-a-tlve,  a.  t  s.  [Lat.  vocatima,  from 
vocatus,  pa.  par.  of  voco  =  to  call  ;  Fr.  vocatif; 
Sp.,  Port.,  4  Ital.  vocatim.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  calling 
or  addressing  by  name  ;  appellative.    Applied 
to  the  grammatical  case  of  nouns  in  which  a 
person  or  thing  is  addressed. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  term  of  address  ;  specif., 
in  grammar,  that  case  which  is  employed  in 
calling  upon  a  person  or  thing. 

"This  document.  Interspersed  with  ceremonial  voca- 
Ufa—  0  Most  High  Prince  !    •  0  Might;  Emperorl 
—  Dally  Telegraph  October  1,  1886. 


! 


-a,  ••      [VOCHVSIA.] 

«r6ch-y-a  -98-88,  vo^chys-t-a'-cS-w,  ..  pi. 

[Mod.  Lai  *vochy(a),  voch.ysit(a);  Lat  fern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.} 

Bat.  :  Vochyads  ;  an  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Sapindales.  Trees  or  shrubs 
with  opposite  branches,  four-angled  when 
young.  Leaves  normally  opposite,  the  upper 
ones  sometimes  alternate,  with  glands  or  two 
stipules  at  their  base  ;  flowers  generally  in 
terminal  panicles  or  large  gaily-coloured  ra- 
cemes ;  sepals  four  to  five,  unequal  iu  size, 
the  upper  one  the  largest  and  having  a  spur  ; 
petals  one,  two,  three,  or  five,  unequal  ;  sta- 
mens one  to  five,  generally  opposite  to  the 
petals,  most  of  them  sterile,  but  one  having  a 
four-celled  fertile  anther  ;  style  one  ;  stigma 
one  ;  ovary  three-celled,  each  with  one,  two, 
or  many  ovules  ;  capsule  three-angled,  three- 
celled,  three  -valved,  or  occasionally  one- 
celled,  one-  seeded  ;  seed  usually  winged. 
Natives  of  tropical  America. 

V&ch'-jMid,  '•    [Mod.  Lat.  vachy(sia)  ;  Eng. 
sun",  -ad.] 
Sot.  (PI.)  :  The  Vochyacese  (q.v.).    (Lindley.) 

vft-chys'-i-a,  '  vSch'-y-a,  «.  [From  vochy, 
the  Guianan  name  of  Vochysia  guianensii.] 

Hot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Vochyacese  (q.v.). 
Tropical  American  trees  with  ovate  entire 
leaves,  opposite  or  verticillate.  Flowers  in 
panicles,  yellow  or  orange,  with  a  smell  of 
violets  ;  calyx  five-cleft,  one  segment  spurred  ; 
petals  three,  one  larger  than  the  others  ;  sta- 
mens three;  capsule  triangular,  with  three 
cells,  each  containing  a  one-winged  seed. 

*  vo^elf'  -er-an9e,  ».  [Eng.  vociferan(t)  ;  -ce. 
Noise,  clamour. 

"  All  now  U  wrangle,  abuse,  and  vocVeranre." 

R.  Browning  :  Matter  Buguet  of  Saxe-Ootha. 

*  vo-cif-er-^nt,  a.      [Lat.   mciferans,   pr. 
par.  of  wcifero  =  to  vociferate  (q.v.).]    Vo- 
ciferating, clamorous,  vociferous. 

"  That  placid  flock,  that  pastor  vociferant." 

n.  Browning  :  Chriumat  Kv€,  Ir. 

VO-olr-er-ate,  v.i.  &  (.  [Lat.  vociferatvs 
pa.  par.  of  vociferor,  from  vox,  genit.  vocis 
=  the  voice,  and  ftm  =  to  bear,  to  lift  up.) 

A*  Intrans.  :  To  cry  out  loudly  ;  to  bawl 
to  exclaim  loudly  ;  to  shout  out. 

"  Through  the  ranks  vociferating,  eall'd 
His  Trojans  on."         Cowpvr  :  Bomer  ;  lUaa  XT. 


B.  Trans. :  To  utter  with  a  loud  or  clamor- 
ous voice  ;  to  shout  out. 

"The  poor  plebeian,  though  he  may  nooVeraU  the 
word  liberty,  know,  not  how  to  give  it  m  effectual 
support."— Xnox  •  FMityt,  No.  8L 

v6-9if-er-a'-tion,  *  vo-cif-er-a-oy-pn,  s. 

[Fr.  vociferation,  from  Lat.  vodjemtionem, 
accus.  of  vociferatio  =  an  outcry.)  [Vocii'E- 
KATE.)  The  act  of  vociferating ;  a  violent 
outcry ;  a  clamorous  or  vehement  utterance 
of  the  voice. 

"  The  vociferationt  of  emotion  or  of  psjn."— Byron  : 
fhil'U:  Harold,  iv.  (Note  S.) 

v6-9if"-er-a-tor,  s.  [Lat.,  from  vociferatus, 
pa.  par.  of  vncifero  =  to  vociferate  (q.v.).J 
One  who  vociferates ;  a  clamorous  shouter. 

"  He  defied  the  vociferatort  to  do  their  worst"— 
Daily  Telegraph,  October  27.  1887. 

vd-9if-er-Ss'-i-ty\  s.  [Eng.  vociferous; 
•ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vociferous ; 
clamorousness. 

11  In  its  native  twanging  vocifemtity." —  Carlyle: 
Mitcell.,  Iv.  91. 

v6-9lf"-er-ons,  a.  [Eng.  vociferate);  -out.} 
Uttering  a  loud  noise  ;  crying  out  or  shouting 
vehemently ;  bawling,  clamorods. 

"Was  no  less  vociferoia  In  his  harangue."— Coo*: 
Third  Voyage,  bk.  Ill,  ch.  xlil. 

vd-9if"-er-ou8-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  vociferous; 
-ly,}  In  a  vociferous  manner;  with  great 
noise  or  clamour. 

*  v6-9lr-5r-ous-n8ss,  s.    [Eng.  vociferous; 
-MSB.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vociferous; 
noisiness,  clamorousness. 

v6o'-n-lar,  o.  [Lat.  vox,  genit,  writ  —  the 
voice,  j  Vocal. 

"  The  series  of  voeular  exclamation*.*  —  Dickent  1 
Oliver  TvriMt,  ch.  viL 

vSc'-ule,  s.  (A  dimin.  from  Lat.  vox,  genit. 
vocis  =  the  voice.]  A  faint  or  weak  sound  of 
the  voice,  as  that  made  in  separating  the  lips 
in  pronouncing  the  letters  p,  (,  or  fc. 

vSd-ka,  ».  [Russ.]  An  Intoxicating  spirit 
distilled  from  rye,  and  much  used  in  Russia. 

voe,  «.  [Icel.  DOT.]  An  inlet,  bay,  or  creek. 
(Orkney  &  Shetland.) 

"  In  the  voe*  of  Orkney,  Haoo, 

Thou  didst  spread  thy  prldeful  sail." 
Blactie  :  Lain  of  Highland!  t  Iilandi,  p.  ». 

vcBllf-ner-ite  (oe  as  e),  ».  [After  Captain 
Vblkner ;  suff.  -tie  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  talc-like  mineral,  occurring  mas- 
sive and  foliated  with  yellow  serpentine,  at 
Snarum,  Norway,  and  at  Slatoust,  Urals. 
Crystallization,  hexagonal.  Hardness,  2'0 ; 
sp.  gr.  2-04;  colour,  white;  lustre,  pearly; 
feel,  greasy ;  translucent  to  transparent. 
Compos.:  alumina,  16-8;  magnesia,  39'2  ; 
water,  44'0  =  100,  yielding  the  formula 
Al203,3HO-r6MgOHO+6HO. 

vo'-gfe,  a.     [E*ym-  doubtful ;  perhaps  con- 

•  nectecl  with  vogue  (q.v.).]    Vain,  merry,  cheer- 
ful, well-pleased.    (Scotch.) 

vo'-gle,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Min. :  A  cavity  in  a  lode  or  vein,  a  vugg  or 

ingle. 
VOg'-lI-an-Ite,  «.      [Named  after  Dr.  J.  F. 

Vogl,  of  Bohemia.] 
Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  globular  or 

earthy   encrustations    on    uianinite    (q.v.). 

Soft.     Colour  and   streak,  shades  of  green. 

Compos. :  a  basic  sulphate  of  uranium.  Found 

near  Joachimsthal,  Bohemia. 

VOg    lite,  S.      [VOOLIANITE.] 

Milt. ;  The  name  given  to  aggregations  of 
rhomboidal  scales  occurring  implanted  on 
uraninite  at  Joachimsthal,  Bohemia.  Lustre, 
pearly ;  colour,  emerald-  to  grass-green.  An 
analysis  yielded  carbonic  acid,  26-41 ;  pro- 
toxide of  uranium,  37 '0 ;  lime,  14'09 ;  protoxide 
of  copper,  8'40  ;  water,  13'90  =  99'80,  which 
yields  the  formula  2UOCOa  +  2CaOCO2  + 
3CuO,2C02+14HO. 

vogue,  ».  [Fr-  =  vogue,  sway,  authority 
power,  fashion  ;  lit.  =  the  swaying  motion  ok 
a  ship,  hence  its  sway,  drift,  or  course ;  prop, 
pa.  par.  of  voguer  =  to  sail,  from  Ital.  voga  = 
the  stroke  of  an  oar  in  the  water,  from  vogare 
=  to  row,  from  Ger.  wogen  =  to  fluctuate,  to 
be  in  motion ;  O.  H.  Ger.  wagon,  from  waqa  —  a 
wave  ;  Sp.  boga  =  the  act  nf  rowing ;  estar  en 
boga  =  to  be  in  vogue.)  [WAO,  r.] 


*1.  Sway,  currency,  prevalent  use,  power, 
or  authority. 

"  Considering  these  sermons  bore  so  great  a  voyui 
among  the  papists."— Strtrpe .'  Secies.  Jtemor. ;  1  Marjf 
(an.  1553). 

-  2.  The  mode  or  fashion  prevalent  at  any 
particular  time;  popular  reception  for  the 
time  ;  popular  repute  or  estimation. 

"  The  vogue  of  the  hansom  In  Paris  was  transient." 

—Daily  Telegraph,  March  16.  1886. 

K  Now  generally  used  in  the  phrase  {* 
vogue :  as,  the  fashion  now  in  vogue. 

voi$e,  *vols,  'voyoe,  *voys,  s.    [O.  Fr. 

vois  (Fr.  vote)  =  a  voice,  sound,   from  Lat. 
vocem,  accus.  of  vox  =  the  voice  ;  cf.  Sans,  vach 
to  speak ;  vachtu  =  speech.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  sound  uttered   by  the   mouths  of 
living  creatures,  whether  men  or  the  lower 
animals ;    especially,    human    utterances    in 
speaking,  singing,  or  otherwise  ;  the  sound 
made  when  a  person  speaks  or  sings. 

"  Within  such  distance  aa  a  voice  may  reach." 

Cowper  :  Homer ;  Odyltey  xii. 

2.  A  particular  mode  or  character  of  speak- 
ing or  of  sounds  uttered  :  as,  a  loud  voice,  a  low 
voice. 

3.  The  faculty  or  power  of  speaking  or  sing- 
ing ;  speech  :  as,  To  lose  on>.:'.s  voice. 

4.  A  sound  produced  by  an  inanimate  ob- 
ject, and  regarded  as  representing  the  voice 
of  an  intelligent  being  ;  sound  emitted  :  as, 
the  voice  of  a  trumpet. 

5.  Anything   analogous  to  human  speech, 
which   conveys    impressions  to  any  of  the 
senses. 

"  Unworthy  be  the  voice  of  Fame  to  hear. 
That  sweetest  music  to  an  honest  ear." 

Pope:  /fr»-ac«,ut.il. 

*  6.  A  word,  a  term,  a  vocable. 
7.  Language,  words,  speech, 

"  No  man  coude  know 
Hlsspecbe  ne  his  voil,  though  men  it  herd." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  1.874 

*  8.  That  which  is  said  or   spoken ;  talk, 
report. 

"  The  common  voice,  I  see.  Is  verified 
Of  thee."  Shaketp. :  Benry  K///.,  V.  S. 

*  9.  Opinion  expressed  ;  judgment. 

"  The  voice  of  Christendom." 

Skatetp. :  Benry  fill.,  li.t 

10.  The  right  of  expressing  an  opinion  of 
judgment ;  a  vote,  a  suffrage. 

"  The  one  thing  which  the  labourer  wants  Is  a  volet 
in  the  management  of  the  workhouse." — fcYAo,  April 
21.1888. 

11.  A  wish,  order,  or  injunction  expressed 
or  made  known  in  any  way  ;  a  command,  a 
precept. 

"  Ye  would  not  be  obedient  to  the  voice  of  the  Lord 
your  God."—  Oeut.  VUL  20. 

*  12.  One  who  speaks ;  a  speaker. 

"  A  potent  voice  of  Parliament." 

Tennyion  :  In  Uemoriam,  exll  11. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Physiol  :   A   sound  emitted    from   the 
larynx  (q.v.),  which  is  the  organ  of  voice.    To 
produce  it  a  blast  of  air,  driven  by  a  more  or 
less  prolonged  expiratory  movement,  throws 
the  vocal  cords   (q.v.}  into  vibration,  they 
again  imparting  their  vibrations  to  the  column 
or  air  above  them.    When  a  note  is  to  be 
uttered  the  vocal  cords  become  parallel  to 
each  other,  and   thus    more   easily  vibrate 
by  a  moderate  blast  of  air.    The  true  vocal 
cords   and   the  parts  of   the  larynx  which 
affect  them  constitute  the  essential  vocal  ap- 
paratus,  whilst  the    parts   above— viz.,  the 
ventricles  of  the  larynx  with  the  false  vocal 
cords,  the  pharynx,  and  the  cavity  of  the 
mouth — constitute  a  resonance  tube.     In  a 
voice  are  to  be  distinguished  loudness  and 
pitch,  the  former  dependent  on  the  strength 
of  the  expiratory  blast,   the  latter  on  the 
length  and  degree  of  tension  of  the  vocal  cord. 
The  shrill  voice  of  a  child  arises  from  the  short- 
ness of  its  cords  in  infancy ;  soprano,  tenor, 
and  baritone  voices  also  depend  respectively 
on  the  length  of  the  cords,  those  of  a  man 
being  about  one-third  longer  than   those  ol 
a  woman  or  of  n  boy.    The  breaking  of  the 
voice  at  puberty  arises  from  the  rapid  de- 
velopment of  the  larynx. 

2.  Gram. :  That  form  of  the  verb  pr  body  of 
inflections  which  shows  the  relation  of  the 
subject  of  the  affirmation  or  predication  to  the 
action  expressed  by  the  verb.    In  English  and 
many  other  languages  there  are  two  voicei — 
active  and  passive  (see  these  words) ;  in  Greek 
and  some  other  languages  there  is  a  third 
voice — the  middle  (q.v.). 


boil,  b6y ;  p«Sat,  JrfvH ;  cat.  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bengh ;  go,  gem ;  tUln,  this ;  sin.  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    ph  =  £ 
j  -tlan  =  ->-w    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun;  -tlon,  -fion  =  zhun.     cious,    tious,  -sloos - shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  beL  del. 


5094 


voice— voire 


3L  Music  :  Voices  may  be  arranged  In  six 
orders  or  classes,  according  to  gravity  or 
acuteness,  viz.,  the  bass,  barytone,  tenor,  alto, 
»r  contralto,  mezzo-soprano,  and  soprano  (see 
these  words).  The  first  three  are  the  natural 
voices  of  men,  and  the  second  three  those  of 
women.  The  compass  or  range  of  uotes  is 
different  in  each  voice,  but  it  is  not  compass 
alone  which  determines  the  class  to  which  any 
voice  may  l«long,  as  very  frequently  a  bary- 
tone quality  of  voice  is  limited  to  the  range 
of  a  bass,  and  a  tenor  quality  to  the  compass 
of  a  barytone. 

4.  Phonetics  :  Sound  uttered  with  resonance 
of  the  vocal  chords,  and  not  with  a  mere 
•mission  of  breath  ;  sonant  utterance. 

Tf  *  (1)  In  my  voice  :  In  my  name.  (Shakesp,  : 
Measure  for  Measure,  i.  3.) 

(2)  With  one  voicf  :  Unanimously. 

"  The  Greekish  heads,  which,  with  on*  vofoo, 
O&U  Agamemnon  head  and  general.** 


v£lce,  *  voyce,  v.t.  &  i.    [VOICE,  *.] 
A.  Transitive  : 
*1.  To  give  utterance  to  ;  to  speak  of;  to 

announce,  to  report,  to  rumour. 

*  Is  this  th'  Athenlau  minion,  whom  the  world 
Voted  to  regardfully  I"    ShiJtap.  :  Timon,  iv.  3. 

1  To  fit  for  producing  the  proper  sounds  ; 
to  regulate  the  tone  of:  as,  To  voice  the  pipes 
of  an  organ. 

*  3.  To  nominate  ;  to  adjudge  by  vote  ;  to 
vote. 

"  Hade  yon,  against  the  grain. 
To  voiot  him  consul."     Shakesp.  :  Corioianut.  U.  a. 

*  B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  clamour,  to  make  outcries. 

•*  Stir  not  questions  of  jurisdiction  ;  and  rather 
assume  thy  ritflit  ui  silence  than  voice  it  with  claim*." 
—Bacon. 

2.  To  vote. 

"  The  people's  power  of  voicing  In  councils.**—  Bp. 
Taylor;  fpitoopaey  A$serted,  |  4L 

rolled,  *  voveed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [VOICE,  T.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  (See  the  verb). 

B.  Ay  adjective  : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 
L  Having  a  voice. 

"  That's  Frythsea, 
Or  tome  angel  vote'd  like  her." 

Itenham.    (Todd.) 

*  2.  Spoken  of. 

**  Much  voyeed  in  common  discourse  for  their  pro- 
bability to  such  preferment."  —  Fuller:  Wortniet  ; 
General, 

IL  Phonetics:  Uttered  with  voice.    [VOICE, 


vftce'-ful,  *  voyce-fnll,  a.    [Eng,  voice,  a.  ; 
-full.}    Having  a  voice;  vocal. 

"  The  Iliad  and  the  Odyasee 
Bias  to  th*  •welling  of  the  voice/ul  sea.* 
Coteridffg  •  Fancy  in  jV»"  . 

•  v6l9e'-less,  a.    [Eng.  voice  ;  -less.} 

1.  Having  no  voice  ;  silent. 

"But  t>*  tomb,  the  end  of  mortality,  la  votc'^eu 
•HI!."—  Scribner1*  Magazine,  May.  1880,  p.  lit 

2.  Having  no  vote  or  right  of  judging. 

3.  Not  sounded  with  voice.  [VOICE,  s.,  II.  4.] 

"  Many  of  the  final  voice  consonants  become  either 
voice!  en  or  whispered."—  Sweet  :  ffiit.  Ewjlith  Sounds, 
p.  9. 

•  voice  -less-ness,  «.  [Eng.  voiceless;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  voiceless  ;  si- 
lence. 

"  I  have  no  right  to  seek  a  hiding-place  within  the 
pule  of  her  po*se»ious  by  keeping  her  in  a  condition 
of  noiceletmen."—  W,  E.  Qladttone,  in  a  letter  In  Lif* 
of  Bp.  WUberforce,  li.  855. 


ng,  pr.  par.  &  s.    [VOICE,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  using  the  voice  ; 
raising  of  a  rumour,  report,  or  the  like  ;  ex- 
pressing in  words. 

"Sweet  and  solemn  voicing  of  nature's  meanings."  — 
Scribner't  Xagafint,  Oct.,  1878,  p.  896. 

2.  Music:  In  the  construction  of  organ- 
pipes,  paring  away  the  upper  edge  of  the 
block  in  a  wooden  mouth-pipe,  opposite  to 
the  Up  which  imparts  the  vibration  to  the  air 
issuing  from  the  plate  of  wind  (q.v.).  The 
upper  edge  is  obliquely  serrated,  to  divide  the 
issuing  stream  of  air,  the  result  of  which  is  to 
prevent  a  chirping  at  the  commencement  of 
the  note.  The  voicing  of  the  metallic  month- 
pipe  is  by  making  parallel  notches  on  the 
bevelled  surface  of  the  Up  at  an  angle  with 
the  axis  of  the  pipe. 


void,  *voide,   *voyd,    *voyde,  o.  &  ». 

[O.  Fr.  voide,  vuide  (Fr.  vide)  =  void,  empty, 
fromLat  vidwtm,  accus.  of  viduua=. deprived, 
bereft,  waste,  empty.  ]    [WIDOW.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Empty;  not  containing  matter;  not  oc- 
cupied ;  unfilled,  vacant. 

"  The  earth  was  without  form  and  rovi,"—0e»i,  t  2. 

2.  Having  no  holder,  possessor,  or  incum- 
bent ;  vacant,  unfilled. 


3.  Being  without  ;  destitute,  wanting,  with- 
out, free.    (Followed  by  of  before  an  object.) 
"  A  conscience  void  of  offence  toward  God."—  Actt 

XXlT.   16. 

•4.  Separated  from,  without. 

"  To  espye  when  he  were  voyde  of  his  company.*— 
Fabyan  :  Chronycle  ;  Richard  I.  (an,  1198*. 

*  5.  Not  taken  up  with  business  ;  unoccu- 
pied, leisure. 

"  I  chain  him  In  my  study,  that  at  void  honr» 
I  may  run  over  the  story  of  his  country.™ 

Mattinger.    (Aiiroindale.} 

*6.  Unsubstantial,  unreal,  imaginary. 
14  Senseless,  lifeless  1  idol  void  and  vain  I  " 

Pope  :  Dunciad,  it  48. 

7.  Having  no  legal  or  binding  force  ;  null  ; 
not  effectual  to  bind  parties,  or  to  convey  or 
support  a  right  :  as,  A  contract  gained  by 
fraud  is  void. 

*ff  A  transaction  is  v  old  when  it  is  a  mere 
nullity,  and  incapable  of  confirmation  ;  where- 
as a  voidable  transaction  is  one  which  may  be 
either  avoided  or  confirmed  ex  post  facto. 

*  8.  Ineffectual  ;  not  having  effect. 

**  My  word  .  .  .  Bhall  not  return  nnto  me  void,  but 
It  shall  accomplish  that  which  I  please.-*-/»aiuft  IT.  11. 
B.  As  substantive  : 
L  An  empty  space  ;  a  vacuum. 


. 
Covrpcr  :  Walking  wtth  God. 

*  2.  The  last  course  or  remove  ;  the  dessert. 

*  There   was   a   void   of   spice-plates   and  wine."— 
Coronation  of  Anne  Holey*.    (Mng.  Garner,  IL  60.) 

T  To  make  void  : 

(1)  To  render  useless  or  of  no  effect. 

"  Deceitful  Warwick  !  it  was  thy  device 
By  this  alliance  ("  m-ike  void  my  suit." 

Shakesp.  :  8  Benry  VL,  UI.  8. 

(2)  To  treat  as  of  no  force  or  importance  ; 
to  disregard, 

"*  It  la  time  for  thee.  Lord,  to  work,  for  they  have 
made  void  thy  l*w."—Ptaim  cxix.  136. 

void-space,  s. 

Phys.  :  A  vacuum  (q.v.X 

void,  *  voyd,  v.t.  &  i.    [p.  Fr.  voider,  wider, 

from  wide  =  void  (q.v.).J 

A.  Transitive: 

*1.  To  make  or  leave  empty  or  vacant  ;  to 
qnit,  to  leave. 

"All  snch  aa  eyther  by  sicklies  or  age  were  unneces- 
sary lor  the  warres,  should  ooid  the  towns."—  Qoidiage  : 
Can  tr,  foL  230. 

*  2.  To  clear,  to  empty,  to  free. 

"The  i«rlaraent  shall  void  her  npper  house  of  the 
same  annoy,  in  ceo."  —  Milton  ;  Reformation  in  Mngland, 
bk.  ii. 

3.  To  discharge  ;  to  empty. 

"Tip  doth  voyde  Into  It  the  trenchers  that  lyeth 
under  the  knyues  poyut."  —  Leland  :  Collectanea.  vL  11. 

4.  To  emit  or  throw  out  *   to  discharge  ; 
specifically,  to  evacuate  from  the  bowels. 

**  Too,  that  did  void  yiur  rheum  npon  my  l*earrf.* 
Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  t'cntos,  i.  3. 

*5.  To  cast  away  from  one's  self;  to  divest 
one's  self  of.    (Barrow.) 
*6.  To  avoid,  to  shun. 

"  Of  nil  the  men  r  the  world 
I  would  have  raided  thee." 

Xh-iJcttp.  :  Cnriolanut,  IT.  5.  fed.  164&.) 

7.  To  invalidate  ;  to  make  void  or  null  ;  to 
annul  ;  to  nullify. 

"To  void  the  security  that  was  at  any  time  given 
for  money  so  borrowed."  —  Clarendon:  J/ut.  of  Re- 
bellion. 

8.  To  make  or  declare  vacant  ;  to  vacate. 

"  A  wholesale  system  of  voiding  seats."—  Dattu  T»l6> 
graph.  Dec.  17,  1885. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  be  emitted  or  evacuated. 

"By  the  twe  of  emulalons.  and  frequent  emollient 
Injections,  bis  urine  voided  more  easily."  —  Witanuu*; 
Surgery. 

void'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  void,  v.  ;  -able.} 

1.  Capable  of  being  voided  or  evacuated. 

2.  Capable  of  being  annulled  or  confirmed. 
[VoiD,  a.,  7.  1.] 

"No  marriage  la  voidable  by  the  ecclesiastical  law, 
•  .  .  unless  for  the  canonical  impediments  of  pre- 
oontrmct."—  Bladatonc:  Comment.,  bk.  L.  oh.  li. 


*Void'-an90,  *.    [Eng.  void,  v.  ;  -ance.] 

1.  The  act  of  voiding,  emptying,  or  eva- 
cuating. 

of  y*  she  had  eton."—  Man  :    Worhet. 


CROSS  VOIDED. 


2.  The   act   of  ejecting   from  a  benence; 
ejection. 

3.  The   state   of    being    void    or   vacant  i 
vacancy 

4.  The  act  of  casting  away  or  getting  rid  of. 

"What  pains  they  require  In  the  void/metal  fond 
conceits."— Barrow ;  Sermoni,  vol.  ill.,  »er.  la. 

5.  Evasion  ;  subterfuge. 
*voide,  a.  &  to,    [VoiD.) 

void'-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [VOID,  tJ.) 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb), 

B.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Emitted ;  evacuated. 

2.  Annulled ;  nullified. 

II.  Her. :  Applied  to  a  charge  or  ordinary 
pierced  through,  or  hav- 
ing the  inner  part  cut 
away,  so  that  the  field 
appears,  and  nothing  re- 
mains of  the  charge  but 
its  outer  edges. 

void'-er,  *  voyd-er,  «. 

[Eng.  void,  v.  ;  •er.] 

*  I.  Ordinary  Lan- 
guage: 

1.  One   who   or   that 

which  voids,  empties,  vacates,  annuls,  or  nnl. 
lifies, 

2.  A  tray  or  basket  in  which  ntensils  or 
dishes  no  longer  required  at  table  are  carried 
away ;  specifically,  a  basket  in  which  broken 
meat  was  carried  from  the  table. 

"  For  otlier  glorious  shields 
Give  me  a  voider." 

Beaum.  *  Fltt.  :  Woman  Hater,  L  8. 

tn.    Her. :   One  of  tht,  ordinaries,  whose 
figure  is  much  like  that  of  the  flaucli  (q.v.), 
but  is  not  quite  so  circular  towards  the  centre  * 
of  the  field. 

v61d'-Ing,  *voyd-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s. 
[VoiD,  v.} 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

G.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  of  that  which 
voids. 

14  The  lumulline  or  voiding  of  marriages  made  uu- 
lawfully."— Bp.  Haiti  COKM  of  ConMdencet  case  10, 

AM.  4. 

*2.  That  which  is  voided;  a  fragment,  a 
remnant ;  voided  matter.  (Hackluyt :  Voyages, 

*  voidlng-knife,  s.      A  knife  used  to 
collect  fragments  of  food  to  put  into  a  voider. 

*  void'-ness,  *  void  ncsso,  s.    [Eng.  voidt 
a.  ;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  void,  empty, 
or  vacant;  emptiness. 

"  Through  him  the  cold  betran  to  conet  heate  .  .  . 

And  tw,-rf»«««  toaeeke  fuli  satietle." 

Spenser;  Colin  L'loul'g  come  home  again*. 

2.  The  state  of  being  null  and  void ;  nul- 
lity, inefficiency. 

3.  Want  of  substantiality. 

"  Their  nakedness  and  tnidntt*  of  alLraixt  bodies.' 
—ffakettUL 

i.  A  void,  a  vacuum. 

"  The  schoole  nf  Pythagonu  holdeth  that  there  is  a 
voldneu*  witUouttbe  world."-^.  Holland;  Plutarch, 
p.671. 

volg'-tite,  a.     [.After  Herr  Voigt,  of 
Weimar ;  suff.  ~ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  mica-like  mineral,  occurring  in  a 
pegmatite  near  Ilmenau,  Thuringia.  Hard- 
ness, 2  to  3;  sp.  gr.  2-01;  lustre,  p<ail\  ; 
colour,  leek-green,  but  more  often  brownish. 
Compos.  :  the  same  as  that  of  biotite  (q.v.), 
witb  the  addition  of  water.  Dana 
that  it  is  probably  the  latter  mineral  hydrated. 

*  voire  (as  vwar)  dire,  s.    [O.  Fr.=  to  say 

the  truth,  from  Lat.  ventm  dicere.} 

Law:  An  oath  administered  to  a  witness 
either  before  or  after  being  sworn  in  chief, 
requiring  him  to  speak  the  truth,  or  irnke 
true  answers  in  reference  to  matters  enquired 
of,  to  ascertain  bis  interest  in  the  cause  as 
affecting  his  competency.  (GreenUaf.) 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p&t, 
or,  wore,  wplt  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  03  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  «W' 


voisinage— volcanic 


6095 


*  voi-sln-age  (age  as  Ig),  «.     [Fr.,   from 

>   =  neighbouring,    from     Lat.    vicmus.] 
Neighbourhood,  vicinage. 

"  The  presbyter*  that  came  from  Ephesus  and  the 
mirinage."— Op.  Taylor.-  Epitc-ipacy  Anerted,  I  2L 

*  vol'-tnre,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Ital.  mtturtt  (q.v.).] 
[VECTi:KE.J    A  carriage. 

"  1 I  ey  ought  to  use  exercise  by  volture  oz  carriage.* 
~Arbuthnot. 

*  v61'-a-ble.  a.  [Proh.  for  voluble  (q.v.),  which 
is  the"  reading  of  the  folios  and  second  quarto, 
or  a.  coinage  from  Lat.  vnlo  =  to  fly.]    NimUe- 
witted.    (tlmkesp.  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  iii.) 

*  vo  la'-cious,  o.    [Lat.  roto  =  to  fly.]    Apt 

or  Ht  to  Hy. 

*  vo-lage,  a.    [Fr.,  from  vnler ;  Lat.  volo  =  to 
fly.]    Light,  giddy,  tickle.    (Chaucer.) 

«*-la  Ille  (lie  silent),  s.    [Fr.l 
Cookery:  Chicken,  fowl, 
f  supreme  At  Volaillf :  The  white  meat  of 
the  breast.    [VBLOUTE.] 

•70-lant,  a.  &  >.    [Fr.,  pr.  par.  otmler;  Lat. 

tio(o"=to  fly.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

*  L  Ordinary  Language  ? 

1.  Passing  through  the  air ;  flying. 

"In  manner  of  a  star  volant  in  the  air."— P.  Hot. 
land:  Plutarch,  p.  626. 

2.  Freely  circulating  or  passing  from  place 
to  place. ;  current. 

"The  English  allver  was  now  current,  aud  our  gold 
9o!ant  lu  the  Pope's  court. "—Fuller. 

3.  Light  and  quick  ;  nimble,  active,  rapid. 

-  Blind  British  bards  with  rw™»  touch 
Traverse  loquacious  string*."     J.  Philip*  :  Cider,  U. 

II.  Her.:  Applied  to  a  bird,  &c.,  repre- 
sented as  flying  or  having  the  wings  spread 
as  in  flight. 

*  B.  /Is  subsl. :  A  shuttlecock ;  hence,  one 
who    fluctuates    between    two    parties;    a 
trimmer. 

••  The  Dutch  bad  acted  the  totant"- J'ortA:  Ixomm. 

r-nt. 

'volant-piece,  s. 

Old  Arm. :  An  extra  plate  of  metal  affixed 
to  the  front  of  a. 
knight's  helmet, 
and  screwed  to  the 
grande  garde,  which 
covered  the  breast. 
It  was  chiefly  used 
in  tournaments,  and 
being  made  with  a 
sharp  salient  angle, 
the  lance  of  the  op- 
ponent, unless  pro- 
vided with  a  coro* 
nel,  was  almost  cer- 
tain to  glance  Off.  VOLANT  Fin  it 

Vol-a-puk',  i.  [From  two  words  in  the 
new"  language,  vol  =  world,  universe,  and 
piik  =  speech,  discourse,  language.]  An  at- 
tempt to  form  a  universal  language  by 
Johann  Maria  Schleyer,  a  German  priest, 
by  a  selection  of  words  from  most  of  the 
European  languages,  English  in  particular. 
The  difficulties  of  pronunciation  are  obvi- 
ated by  making  each  letter  have  only  one 
sound,  and  words  are  always  written  as  they 
are  pronounced,  and  pronounced  as  they 
are  written.  The  alphabet  consists  of  twenty- 
seven  letters,  eight  being  vowels  and  nine- 
teen consonants.  The  consonants  are  sounded 
as  in  English,  with  the  exception  of  c,  which 
always  lias  the  sound  of  cfias  in  child ;  j,  which 
always  has  the  sound  of  sht  as  in  shade  ;  and 
0,  which  is  always  hard ;  h  is  used  as  an 
aspirate.  The  accent  is  invariably  on  the  last 
syllable,  and  to  the  simple  French  construc- 
tion is  added  the  advantage  of  only  one  con- 
jugation, and  there  are  no  irregular  verbs  or 
artificial  genders.  The  method  of  derivation  is 
always  the  same.  The  adjectives,  verbs,  and 
adverbs  !>eing  regularly  formed  from  the  sub- 
Stan  live  and  analogous  in  termination,  a  know- 
ledge of  all  the  nouns  practically  means  the 
acquirement  of  the  language.  IK  becomes  v, 
anil,  for  the  benefit  of  eastern  peoples  to 
whom  the  pronunciation  of  r  is  always  a 
Mumbling-block,  I  is  generally  substituted 
fur  it.  The  words  are  generally  reduced  to 
one  syllable  :  thus  fat  =  father,  dot  (Lat. 
dolor)  —  pain,  gan  (Ger.  gana)  =  goose.  Nouns 
have  but  one  declension  and  only  four  cases ; 
gender  is  indicated  by  the  prefix  a}:  thus, 
tidel  =  schoolmaster,  of-tidd  = schoolmistress. 


pri'l 
beil 


Adjectives  are  formed  by  adding  tk  to  the 
substantives,  and  adverbs  by  adding  o  to  the 
adjectives  :  thus,  fan.  =  glory,  famik  =  glo- 
rious, Jamiko  =  gloriously. 

Vol-a-puk'-Ist.  s.  [Bng.  Volapuk;  -tit.]  An 
advocate  of  the  adoption  of  volapttk  as  a 
universal  language. 

H  Volapiik  wa«  at  first  very  popular,  there 
being  many  thousands  of  students,  numerous 
dictionaries  aud  grammars,  over  20  newspapers 
printed  in  it,  aud  associations  fur  its  practice 
ind  extension  iu  most  civilized  lauds.  This 
progress  has  since  been  checked,  the  feeling 
jcing  that  Volapuk  does  not  flit  the  require- 
ments uf  a  world  language. 
yo'-lap,  o.  [Lat.  vola  =  the  palm  of  the  hand.] 
Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  palm  of  the 
hand :  as,  the  volar  artery. 

*VO'-lar-#.  «.  [VoLERY.]  A  bird-cage,  large 
enoug'h  for  birds  to  fly  about  in. 

"And  now  sits  nenHeut  and  solitary. 
Like  the  tbnaKHD  turtle  lu  th«  rotary." 

Sen  Jonton  :  Ntna  /nit.  V.  I. 

voT-a-tQe,  a.  &  ».     [Fr.  mlatil,  from   L«t 
volotWf,  from  retains  =  flight,  from  «w(o  =  to 
fly;  Sp.  &  Port,  valuta ;  Ital.  volatile.] 
A*  -As  adjective : 

*  I.  Passing    through  the   air  on  wings ; 
flying. 

"There  Is  no  creature  only  tvlatil.;  or  no  flying 
animal  but  hath  ieet  aa  veil  as  wings.1*— Haft  On  the 
Creation, 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  evaporating  or 
of  passing  off  by  spontaneous  evaporation ; 
diffusing  more  or  less  freely  in  the  atmo- 
sphere, as  alcohol,  ether,  essential  oils,  &c, 

3.  Lively,    sprightly,    brisk,  gay;   hence, 
fickle,  apt  to  change ;  thoughtless,  giddy. 

"Gay,  volatile,  ingenious,  quick  to  learn." 

Wordtworth :  JBUMHIon,  ok.  vL 

•4.  Transient ;  not  permanent ;  not  lasting. 

••  Vnlattie  and  fugitive  Instances  of  repent»noe-"— 
flp.  Taylor  :  Of  Repentance,  ch.  V,,  i  6. 

*  B,  As  subst. :  A  winged  creature. 

"Poure  footid  beestis  and  crepinge  beestU  and  sold. 
tttU  of  heuene,"—  Wyclifr  :  Dedtt  id. 

volatUe-liquids,  s.  pi.    [LIQUID,  «.,  I. 

1.U.J 
volatile-oils,  s.  pi. 

Chem.:  Essential  oils;  oils  which  can  be 
distilled  without  decomposition.  They  are 
classed  under  two  heads  :  mineral  and  vege- 
table ;  the  former  being  composed  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen,  and  genericiilly  known  as  para- 
ffins. The  vegetable  oils,  which  are  generally 
procured  by  distilling  the  odoriferous  sub- 
stance  with  water,  may  be  divided  into  three 
great  classes :  (1)  Oils  composed  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen  (binary  volatile  oils),  of  which 
oil  of  turpentine  may  be  considered  the  type  ; 
(2)  oils  containing  carbon,  hydrogen,  and 
oxygen  (oxygenated  oils),  which  include  most 
of  those  used  in  medicine  and  perfumery ; 
and  (3)  oils  containing  sulphur  (sulphur- 
etted oils),  characterised  by  their  extreme 
pungency  and  suffocating  odour,  snch  as  oil 
of  mustard,  assafcetida,  &c.  The  volatile  oils 
are  generally  more  limpid  and  less  unctuous 
than  the  tixed  oils,  and  are  almost  colourless 
after  rectification.  They  are  soluble  in  alco- 
hol and  ether,  slightly  soluble  in  water,  and 
mix  in  all  proportions  with  the  fixed  oils. 

volatile-salts,  t.pl.    [SAL-VOLATILE.] 

•  vol'-a-tlle-nSss,  ».  [Eng.  volatile ;  -nest.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  volatile ;  vola- 
tility. 

"  The  animal  spirits  cannot,  by  reason  of  tneir  sub. 
tllity  and  volatileneu,  be  diocoVered  to  the  sense."— 
— Hale. 

vol-a-tn'-i-tjf,  s.  [Fr.  mlatilite,  from  wlatU 
=  volatile  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  volatile ; 
disposition  to  evaporate;  that  quality  of  a 
substance  which  disposes  it  to  diffuse  itself 
more   or  less   rapidly  in   the   atmosphere; 
capability  of  diffusing,  evaporating,  or  dissi- 
pating at  ordinary  atmospheric  temperatures. 

"That  pure,  elaborated  oil,  which,  by  reason  of  it* 
extreme  volatility,  exhales  spontaneously."— Arbuth- 
not. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  volatile, 
flighty,  giddy,  or  fickle ;  flightiness,  thought- 
lessness ;  light  or  thoughtless  behaviour. 

vol  a-til-iz'-a-blc,  o.  [Eng.  volatile); 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  volatilized. 

vSl-a-tn-i-za'  tion,  a.     [Bug.  volatilise); 


•aiioPt.]  The  act  or  process  of  volatilizing  « 
rendering  volatile ;  the  state  of  being  vola. 
tilized. 

"  The  volatilization  of  the  salt  of  tartar."— B»W«.- 
Workt,  II.  l::i 

v6r-a-tll-ize,  v.t.  [Bug.  valatU(e) ; -te.]  To 
reud'er  volatile  ;  to  cause  to  exhale,  evaporate, 
or  pass  off  iu  vapour  or  invisible  effluvia,  and 
to  rise  and  float 'in  the  air. 

"  Many  learned  men  ...  do  not  think  U  credible 
that  at  leant  corporal  gi>ld  should  be  wltttilized  bf 
quicksilver."—  Boyle:  Horkf,  i,  t4&. 

vol-au-vent  (as  vol-d-vaii'),  «.  [Fr.  =  • 
puff  of  wind.] 

Cook. :  A  raised  pie  made  with  a  case  of  very 
light  and  rich  puff  [paste  ;  .1  kind  of  enlarged 
and  highly-ornamented  patty. 

vSl'-lK>rth-rte,  t.  [After  Dr.  A.  Volborth ; 
suff.  -ite(Min.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  small  tabular 
crystals  on  a  sandstone  of  the  Permian  for- 
mation in  the  Urals.  Crystallization,  hexa- 
gonal ;  hardness,  3  to  85  ;  sp.  gr.  3'5o  ;  lustre, 
pearly ;  colour,  olive-green,  citron-yellow ; 
streak,  yellowish-green.  Analyses  made  by 
Gi'iith  gave  results  which  justified  the  follow- 
ing formula  :  (Cu.Ba.CafeVjOs  +  3CutUJ2  + 
liiaq.,  which  requires,  vauudie  acid,  Id'tjS ; 
protoxide  of  copper,  38-41 ;  baryta,  6'17 ; 
lime,  6-77  ;  water,  2»'02  =  100. 

"  v8l-ca'-ni-an.  o.  [Eng.  roZcoit(o),  -ion.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  a  volcano ; 
volcanic. 

"  A  deep  volcanian  yellow."        Keati:  Lamia. 

vdl-can'-Ic,  o.  [Fr.  mlcanttrne.]  Pcrtaininz 
to  a  volcano;  proceeding  from  or  produced 
by  a  volcano  ;  resembling  a  volcano. 

"  Its  situation  la  romantic,  at  the  foot  of  a>  txtlcanit 
mountain." — field,  Feb.  4,  1888. 

volcanic-action,  s. 

Geol. :  The  influence  exerted  by  the  heated 
Interior  of  the  earth  on  its  external  covering. 
(Lyell.)  [VULCANISM.] 

volcanic-ash,  «. 

Petrol. :  An  ash-like  substance  derived  front 
the  attrition  of  volcanic  scoria  by  the  explosion 
of  steam  and  gases  in  volcanic,  craters.  The 
indurated  volcanic  ashes  cf  early  geological 
periods  have  had  a  similar  origin. 

volcanic -bomb,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  to  semi-fused,  rounded 
masses  of  rocks,  of  various  mineral  composi- 
tion, sometimes  ejected  during  volcanic  erup- 
tions. [BOMB,  II.  2.J 

volcanic-breccia,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  breccia  formed  by  the  consolida- 
tion of  angular  fragments  of  volcanic  rocka. 
(LVM.) 

volcanic-dike,  s.    [DIKE,  s.,  II.  1.] 

volcanic-fool,  a.  pi. 

Geol. :  The  subterranean  centres  of  action  in 
volcanoes,  where  the  heat  is  supposed  to  be 
in  the  highest  degree  of  energy.  (Lyell.) 

volcanic-glass,  s. 

Petrol. :  The  same  as  OBSIDIAN  (q.vjt 
voleanic-mud,  s.    [MOYA.] 

volcanic-regions,  s.  pi. 

Geol.  £  Geog. :  Certain  regions  of  the  world 
throughout  which  volcanic  and  earthquake 
action  specially  prevails.  They  run  in  lines. 
The  region  of  the  Andes  extends  from  lat.  48° 
South  to  2°  North  ;  that  of  Mexico  follows, 
then  that  of  the  West  Indies.  Another  extends 
from  the  Aleutian  Islands  to  the  Moluccas 
and  the  Isles  of  Sunda,  another  from  Central 
Asia  to  the  Canary  Islands  and  the  Azores. 
There  is  one  iu  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  hav- 
ing its  chief  focus  at  Santonn,  known  to  have 
been  active  at  intervals  for  two  thousand 
years ;  then  that  of  Italy  and  Sicily,  having 
vents  in  Etna,  Vesuvius,  and  Ischia.  One 
region  is  in  Iceland,  with  Hecla  as  its  chief 
vent.  Volcanoes  are  generally  near  the  sea. 
Jorullo,  in  Mexico,  is,  however,  an  exception, 
being  120  miles  from  the  nearest  ocean. 

volcanic  rocks,  s.  pi. 

Geol. :  Hocks  which  have  been  produced  at 
or  near  the  surface  of  the  earth  in  ancient  or 
modern  times  by  the  action  of  subterranean 
heat,  by  water,  and  pressure.  (Lyell.)  They 
form  one  of  the  leading  divisions  of  rocks,  and 


boll,  bo>;  po"ut,  J61W;  cat,  5011,  chorus,  9nln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   -Ing. 
-oian, -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -Jion,  -fion  =  zhun.    -cious, -tious, -sioun  -  shu3.   -ble. -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


volcanically— volley 


resemble  Platonic  rocks  (q.v.)  in  being  gener- 
ally anstratified  and  destitute  of  fossils,  but 
•re  distinguished  from  them.  Volcanic  • 
are  more  partially  distri- 
buted than  aqueous 
rocks.  Old  volcanic  ™ 
rocks  are  so  nearly 
Identical  with  the 
products  of  mod- 
ern volcanoes,  that 
the  two  were  un- 
doubtedly pro- 
duced in  a  simi- 
lar manner.  The 
leading  volca- 
nic rocks  are 
basalt,  amles- 
Ite,  and  tra- 
chyte, 

volcanic- 
sand,  «. 

Gtal.:  Sand 
Ejected  from  a 
crater.  Itdif- 
fers  from  ash 
in  having  a 
coarser  grain. 


VOLCANIC   ROCKS 


(At  the  CatcaAe,  Bairn  du  Mora 
Dare,  Pity-dt-Mme,  Francel 

a.  Earthy  trachyte ;  b.  Tuff,  with 
pumice,  &e. ;  c.  Augitlc  phono- 
lite;  rf.  Basaltic  breccia;  e,  Ba- 
•alt.  highy  femurinous;  /.  Tra- 
chytlc  toil 


The  puzzolana  of  Naples  is  voloanic-sand. 

volcanic-soil,  s.  Soil  largely  consisting 
of  the  decomposed  products  of  eruption.  It 
is  well  adapted  for  wine-growing. 

*  v8l-can  -Ic-al-ljf,  adv.      [Eng.  volcanic; 
-<tf»  -ty-]    Like  a  voloano. 

"  Blasted  asunder  volcanicaUy."—Carlyl9  : 
wet.  IT.,  p.  187. 


'-i-ty',  s.  [Bag.  volcanic;  -ity.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  volcanic  ;  volcanic 
power. 

vdl'-can-Ism,  ».  [Eng.  mlcan(o)  ;  -im.)  Vol- 
canicity. 

vSl-can-Ist,  ».    [Eng.  volmnfo);  -int.] 

1.  One  versed  in  the  history  and  phenomena 
of  volcanoes. 

2.  A  volcauist  (q.v.). 

v61-can-Ite  (1),  ».     [Eng.  volcano)  ;  sun*,  -ite 
(Jfin.).] 
Afin.  :  The  same  as  PYBOXEXE  (q.v.). 

vol  can-ite  (2),  s.  [After  the  island  Volcano 
where  first  fou»d  ;  suff.  -Ut  (Jtfia.).] 

If  in.  :  A  variety  of  sulphur  containing 
selenium.  found  in  stalactitic  forms  and  as  an 
encrustation.  Colour,  orange  or  brownish. 

•  v5l-can'-i'-t&  s.  fEng.  mlcan(o);  .%.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  volcanic,  or  of  vol- 
canic origin. 

vfil-can-i-za'-tlon,  s.  [Eng.  mlamii(e); 
•atwn.}  The  act  or  power  of  volcanizing  ;  the 
state  of  being  volcauized. 

vol'-can-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  volcano);  -ize.]  To 
snbject  to,  or  cause  to  undergo  volcanic  heat 
and  be  affected  by  its  action. 

v5l-ca'-no,  ».  [Ital.  volcano,  mlcano,  from 
Lat.  Volcanm,  Vulcanus  [VULCAN]  :  Sp.  &  Fr. 
raican.] 

1.  Geol.  :  A  more  or  less  perfectly  conical  hill 
or  mountain  formed  by  the  successive  accumu- 
lations of  ejected  matter  in  a  state  of  Incan- 
descence or  high  heat,  and  having  one  or 
more  channels  of  communication.  (Lyell.) 
Volcanoes  are  of  three  kinds  :  Active,  Dor- 
mant, and  Extinct.  An  active  volcano  is  one 
which  still  continues  at  intervals  to  break 
into  eruptions.  A  dormant  volcano  Is  one 
which  after  being  quiescent  for  a  long  inter- 
val, as  if  its  flres  were  extinct,  then  breaks 
forth  anew.  An  extinct  volcano  is  one  not 
known  to  have  been  in  eruption  since  man 
has  been  upon  the  earth.  The  connection  be- 
tween earthquakes  and  volcanoes  is  so  close 
that  intense  seismic  action  occurs  only  in  the 
regions  where  volcanoes  exist.  [VOLCANIC- 
REGIONS.]  Earthquakes  often  precede  vol- 
canic eruptions,  and  become  less  violent  when 
the  volcano  in  the  vidnity  breaks  forth,  as  if 
the  explosive  material  struggling  to  obtain 
room  for  expansion  produced  the  earthquake, 
and  found  vent  in  the  volcano.  Thus  a  vol- 
cano is  a  natural  safety-valve,  and  saves 
vastly  more  human  lives  than  it  destroys. 
The  following  is  the  hypothetical  genesis  of  a 
volcano.  Some  seismic  convulsion  produces 
a  deep  fissure  in  the  gronnd,  communicating 
beneath  with  a  lake  of  molten  matter.  From 


this  aperture  lava  flows  forth,  showers  of 
scoriae  or  ashes,  dust,  and  sand  are  hurled 
into  the  air,  boiling  water  rises  iu  enormous 
jets,  steam  and  various  gases  ascend.  Certain 
of  these  materials,  such  as  the  ashes,  the 
sand,  and  the  dust  falling  around  the  aper- 
ture, form  a  tiny  eminence,  the  sides  of  which 
slope  at  the  highest  angle  at  which  falling 
material  can  rest  without  sliding  to  the 
bottom.  By  this  process  repeated  an  indefinite 
number  of  times  a  hill  tends  to  arise  of  a 
conical  form,  and  the  fissure,  whatever  its 
original  form,  to  become  a  round  crater.  The 
first  flow  of  lava  from  a  fissure  on  a  plain 
would  be  nearly  horizontal,  but,  as  there 
arose  a  volcanic  cone  of  material  which, 
though  loose  at  first  would  tend  to  cohere,  it 
would  descend  the  slope  at  an  angle.  Earth- 
quakes continually  upheave  regions  or  dis- 
tricts, and  might  aid  in  raising  the  small 
volcano  to  a  higher  elevation  above  the  sea. 
Similar  action  might  in  certain  cases  produce 
what  have  been  called  "craters  of  elevation," 
but  those  of  eruption  are  far  more  numerous. 
Then  when  the  volcano  becomes  elevated  the 
pressure  of  the  lava  is  so  great  as  to  break 
through  the  side  of  the  crater,  and  allow  the 
molten  mass  to  escape  by  a  fresh  aperture, 
around  which  a  minor  cone  is  pnxluced. 
Eighty  such  minor  cones  are  known  on  the 
flanks  of  Etna,  The  top  of  a  volcano  may 
also  fall  in  and  disappear.  A  small  volcano 
may  arise  in  a  night,  as  did  Monte  Nuovo  450 
feet  high,  in  the  Phlegnean  fields  near  Naples, 
in  1538,  but  an  immense  lapse  of  time  is 
needful  to  build  up  such  a  mountain  as  Etna 
(height  10,874  feet)  or  Cotopaxi  (18,858  feet). 
About  three  hundred  active  volcanoes  are 
known.  Besides  these  there  are  submarine 
volcanoes,  which  occasionally  come  to  the 
surface  of  the  sea,  as  did  Graham's  Island,  in 
the  Mediterranean  near  Sicily,  in  1881.  Vol- 
canoes have  existed  in  all  bygone  geological 
ages.  Arthur's  Seat,  near  Edinburgh,  is  an 
old  volcano,  its  summit  being  formed  by  lava 
formerly  filling  the  hollow  of  the  crater,  but 
from  which  the  softer  material  of  the  cone  has 
in  some  submergence  been  washed  away. 

2.  Astron. :  There  are  numerous  and  large 
extinct  volcanoes  in  the  moon  (q.v.). 

*  vol-ca'-no-ism,  s.    [Bng.  mloanfo)  ;  -ton.) 
Eruptiveness. 

"  Blaze  out.  as  wasteful  aoJcanoitm  to  scorch  And 
consume."— Olrijrfe:  fait  t  fretent,  bk.  11.,  ch.  I. 

*  vole  (1),  s.     [Fr.,  from  voter  (Lat.  volo)  =  to 
fly,  to  dart  upon,  as  a  bird  of  prey.]    A  deal 
at  cards  that  draws  all  the  tricks. 

"  And  at  backgammon  mortify  my  soul 
That  pants  for  loo.  or  flutters  at  a  vote." 

Colinan:  Epilogue  to  School  for  Scandal. 

vole  (2),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful :  perhaps  a  cor- 
ruption of  wold  =  field,  plain,  and  hence  = 
field-mouse.] 

Zoo!. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  Arvicolinaj,  a  sub-family  of  Muridse,  with 
three  genera — Arvicola,  Fiber,  and  Myodes. 
They  are  mouse  or  rat-like  rodents  of  a  rather 
stout  build,  with  the  limbs  and  tail  of  mode- 
rate length,  or  short,  and  the  latter  more 
hairy  than  in  the  true  Marines  ;  the  ears  are 
short,  often  nearly  concealed  beneath  the  fur. 
[WATER -VOLE.]  Several  species  range  over 
Central  Europe  and  into  Western  Asia,  but 
the  voles  are  most  abundant  (both  as  species 
and  individuals)  in  the  northern  and  north- 
western parts  of  North  America.  (For  the 
British  species  see  Arvicola.) 

•vole,  r.(.    [VOLE (!),«.] 

Cards :  To  win  all  the  tricks  by  a  vole. 

*vo-lee'',  *    [Fr.  =a  flight,  from  voler  =  to 
fly.] 
Music :  A  rapid  flight  or  succession  of  notes. 

*  VO'-lent-ljf,  adv.  [Lat.  votens,  pr.  par.  of 
volo  =  to  wish.)  Willingly. 

"  Ban  K>  volmtl,.  10  violently  to  the  brink  at  If— 

Adamt  :  Workt,  1.  237. 

•vo'-ler-y',  «.  [Fr.  mlttrc  =  an  aviary,  a 
pigeon-house,  from  uokr  =  to  fly.] 

1.  A  large  bird-cage  in  which  birds  have 
room  to  fly  ;  a  volary. 

2.  A  flight  of  birds. 

"  An  old  boy  at  hU  flrpt  appearance  .  .  .  In  sure  to 
draw  on  him  the  eyw  and  chirping  of  the  whole  town 
volery." — Locke  :  OJ  Education,  f  94. 

v61'-et  (( silent),  ».    [Fr.,  from  voler  =  to  fly.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  gauze  veil  worn  by  ladies 
at  the  back  of  the  head  in  the  Middle  Ages. 


2.  Paint.  :  A  term  applied  to  the  wings  of 
shutters  of  a  picture,  forming  a  triptych. 

»v8lge,  ».    [Lat  vulgus.]  [VULGAR.]    The  vul- 
gar ;  the  mob. 

h  the^and  think  ,1th  tb. 


vSl'-ger-ite,  ».  [After  G.  H.  0.  Volger  :  snff. 
•ite  (.Utn.).] 

Min.  :  An  oxide  of  antimony  occurring 
massive  or  pulverulent.  Colour,  white.  Com- 
pos. :  oxygen,  19-3  ;  antimony,  58'9  ;  water, 
21-8  =  100,  with  the  formula  SbO8  +  6HO. 

•vdl'-it-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  volatile);  -able.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  volatilized. 

"Thli  valuable  .pirit  i»  loon  spent."  —  BopHal  : 
sermon*  ;  John  lit.  6. 

*  VOl-I-ta'-tton,  s.  [Lat.  mlito,  freq.  from 
volo  =  to  fly.]  The  act  or  state  of  flying  ; 
flight. 

"  Birds  or  flying  animals  are  .  .  .  only  prone  lu  the 
act  of  valuation."—  Browne  :  rulgar  £rroun.  bk.  IT  . 

ch.  i, 

•v6-ll'-ttent(tiaash),a.  [VOLITION.]  Having 
power  to  will  ;  exercising  the  will  ;  willing. 

"  What  I  do 
I  do  volitlent.  not  obedient* 

£.  B.  Browning  :  Drama  of  Exile. 

VO-U'-tion.  5.  [Fr.,  from  a  supposed  Low 
Lat.  volitionem,  accus.  of  wlitio,  from  Lat.  volo 
=  to  wish.] 

1.  The  act  of  willing  ;  the  exercise  of  the 
will  ;  the  act  of  determining  choice  or  of  form- 
ing a  purpose. 

"  The  actual  exercise  of  that  power,  by  directing 
any  particular  action,  or  it*  forbearance  is  that  which 
we  call  volition,  or  witling."—  Locke  ;  Suman  Utider- 
ttanding,  bk.  li.,  cb.  xx: 


2.  The  power  of  willing ;  will. 


"  VO-li'-tion-al,  a.  [Eng.  volition  ;  -a!.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  volition. 

•vSl'-I-tive,  a.    [VOLITION.) 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Having  the  power    to  will ;   exercising 
volition 

"  They  do  not  only  perfect  the  intellectual  faculty 
but  they  abx>  perfect  the  voluive  faculty."  —  Hale  • 
Orig.  of  JlanJtind.  p.  6. 

2.  Originating  in  the  will. 

II.  Gram. ;  Used  in  expressing  a  wish  a 
permission  :  as,  a  volitive  proposition. 

t  vdl-I-tor'-e$,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat 
mlito  =  to  fly  to  and  fro,  to  flutter.] 

Ornith. :  In  Owen's  classification  an  order 
of  Birds  moving  solely  by  flight;  skeleton 
light  and  highly  pneumatic  ;  sternum  with  a 
simple  manubrium,  in  most  with  two  notches 
on  each  side  ;  intestinal  cteca  usually  absent 
or  large,  wings  powerful,  in  some  long  and 
pointed;  legs  small  and  weak.  They  are 
monogamous,  and  nest  in  holes  of  trees  or  in 
the  earth  ;  head  large,  gape  wide  ;  food  taken 
on  the  wing.  The  order  includes  Owen's  fami- 
lies :— Cypselidse,  Trochilidie,  Caprimulgidse, 
TrogonidsB,  Prionitidse,  Meropidie,  Galbulidae, 
Coraciacidae,  Capitonidse,  Alcediuidse,  and  Bu- 
cerotidse 

vol  ka  mer'-i-a,  s.  [Named  after  John  G. 
Volkamer,  a  German  botanist,  who  published 
a  flora  of  Nuremberg  in  1700.] 

Dot. :  A  genus  of  Viticese  (q.v.).  Akin  to 
Clerodendron,  but  having  fleshy  or  corky  fruit 
with  two  stones,  each  two-celled.  Known 
species  two,  one  from  tropical  America,  the 
other  from  Nubia.  Both  have  white  flowers 
in  cymes. 

volk  min  -nl-a, ».  [Named  after  Volkmaon, 
its  discoverer.] 

PaJaobot. :  A  genus  of  Equisetacea.-,  from 
the  Coal  Measures.  They  have  verticillatfl 
leaves,  and  at  their  extremities  cones,  and 
are  supposed  to  be  Asterophyllites  in  fructifi- 
cation. 

volts-lied  (pron.  folks'-lit),  ,.  A  folk- 
song; tpecif.,  a  German  popular  song. 

vol'-left  »  vtfT-iy.  ».  [Fr.  mUe  =  a  flight,  * 
volley,  a  flight  of  birds,  from  Lat.  volata, 
fern,  of  volatus,  pa.  par.  of  volo  =  to  fly  ;  Ital. 
volata  =  a  flight,  a  volley.] 

1.  A  flight  of  missiles,  as  of  shot,  arrows, 
&c.  ;  a  simultaneous  discharge  of  a  number  of 
missiles,  as  small-arms. 

"  Welcomed  one  another  with  a  thundering  volley  of 
•hot"—  Hackluyt:  Foyapet,  ill.  82. 


CWe,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pSt, 
or.  won.  wolf,  work.  whd.  son ;  mate.  onb.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,   as,  09  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  «u  =  kw. 


volley— volume 


6097 


f.  A  noisy  or  explosive  burst  or  emission  of 
many  things  at  once. 

••  He  were  an  iron-hearted  fellow,  in  my  Judgment 
that  would  not  credit  him  upon  this  villey  of  oaths. 
—Sen  Jonlon  -•  Every  Han  out  of  Aij  Humour,  iv.  4. 

3  (In  Tennis  &  other  Sail  Games) :  A  return 
of  the  ball  before  it  touches  the  ground.  A 
return  immediately  after  the  ball  has  touched 
the  ground  is  called  a  Half-volley. 

K  (1)  Half  volley:  [VOLLEY,  a.,  S.] 

"  (2)  On  the  volley:  At  random. 

•/Sl'-ley,  v.l.  &  i.    [VOLLEV,  a.] 

A.  Trana. :  To  discharge  in,  or  as  in  a  vol- 
ley. 

"  He  strove,  with  volleyed  threat  and  ban. 

Scott:  Kokebv.T.tt. 
*  B*  Intransitive : 
\.  To  discharge  at  once,  or  in  a  volley. 

•'  Cannon  to  right  of  them  .  .  . 

Volleud  and  tlmnder'd." 
Tennyion:  Chary*  of  tke  Liglit  Brigadt. 

8.  To  sound  like  a  volley  of  artillery. 
3   (In  Tennis,  <tc.):  To  return  a  lall  before 
tt  touches  the  ground.    [VOLLEY,  ».,  3.) 

•  vol-ow,  ».(.    [A.S.  fulwian.]    To  baptize. 

vSlt  (1),  a.    [Fr.  volte,  from  Lat.  voluta,  fern,  of 
tolutus,  pa.  par.  of  volvo  =  to  turn.  [VAULT,  a.] 

1.  Manege :  A  round  or  a  circular  tread  ;  a 
gait  of  two  treads,  made  by  a  horse  going 
sideways  round  a  centre,  so  that  these  two 
treads  make  parallel  tracks— the  one  which  is 
made  by  the  fore  feet  larger,  and  the  other  by 
the  hinder  feet  smaller— the  shoulders  bearing 
outwards,  and  the  croup  approaching  towards 
the  centre.    (Farrier'a  Diet.)    [DEMIVOLT.] 

2.  Fencing :  A  sudden  movement  or  leap  to 
avoid  a  thrust. 

Volt  (2),  a.    [Named  in  honour  of  Alessandro 
Volta.]    [VOLTAIC.] 

Elect. :  The  unit  which  expresses  difference 
Of  potential.  An  electrical  current  is  in  many 
respects  analogous  to  a  flow  of  water.  The 
fundamental  unit  (UNIT,  t  4.)  is  one  of  mere 
quantity,  the  Coulomb,  and  merely  expresses 
sufficient  current  to  do  a  certain  amount  of 
work.  But  the  sume  quantity  of  water  would 
flow  through  a  large  pipe  at  one  inch  per 
second,  and  through  one  half  the  diameter  at 
four  inches  per  second.  Hence  we  get  the 
unit  expressing  quantity  per  second  (the 
ampere) ;  and  thirdly,  as  a  greater  pressure  or 
force  is  required  to  drive  water  at  a  given  rate 
per  second  through  a  small  pipe,  or  greater 
resistance,  so  as  to  maintain  a  given  quantity 
per  second,  in  electrical  currents  we  have  this 
force  or  pressure,  considered  as  the  difference 
of  potential  or  electrical  pressure  at  the  two 
ends  of  the  circuit  of  wire.  The  resistance  of 
a  wire  to  the  passage  of  a  current  is  measured 
In  ohms  (units),  and  a  volt  is  the  difference  of 
potential  required  to  drive  an  effective  cur- 
rent of  one  ampere  through  a  wire  interposing 
the  resistance  of  one  ohm. 

vol'-ta  (pi.  vol'-te),  a.    [Ital.  =  a  turn,  from 

Latroiufn.]    [VOLT(1).] 

Music :  A  direction  that  the  part  is  to  be 
repeated  one,  two,  or  more  times ;  as,  Una 
volta  =  one  repeat ;  due  volte  =  two  repeats. 
VOl-ta-,  pref.    [See  def.]    Voltaic  (q.v.). 

t  volta-electric,  a.  Galvanic ;  pertain 
ing  to  or  produced  by  galvanism  (q.v.). 

volta-electrometer,  a.   [VOLTAMETER. 

volt'  age,  i. 

Elect. :  Motive  force  as  expressed  or  meas- 
ured in  volts. 

•  VOl-tag'-ra-phy,  a.  [Eng.  volta,  and  Gr 
ypijxu  (0mp/io)  =  to  write,  to  draw.]  The 
art  of  electrotypy. 

VOl-ta'-io,  a.  [See  def.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Alessandro  Volta,  an  Italian  physician  (1745- 

1826).      [VOLTAISM.] 

voltaic-pile,  a.    [PILE  (1),  «.,  II.  1.  (IX 

t  V5l-talr'-Ism,  t  Vol-talre'-lsm,  a.  [See 
def.]  The  principles  or  practices  of  Francois 
Marie  Arouet  (1694-1778),  better  known  as 
Voltaire.  He  was  a  bitter  opponent  of  Chris 
tianity,  which  he  assailed  with  merciless  ridi 
cule ;  hence  the  word  has  come  to  mean  an; 
kind  of  mocking  scepticism. 

vol  -ta  ism,  s.    [See  def.] 

Physics :  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  Gal 


vanism  (q.v.),  from  the  fact  that  Volta's  ex- 
planations of  Galvam's  experiments  on  fro^s 
fed  to  the  correct  appreciation  of  the  source 
of  the  electricity  so  generated. 

v51'-ta-Ite,  a.     [After  the  eminent  physicist 
A.  Volta  ;  suff.  -Ite  (,!«».).] 

Jfiii. :  An  isometric  mineral  occurring  in 
octahedrons,  cubes,  and  other  forms,  at  the 
Solfatara,  near  Naples.  Lustre,  resinous ; 
colour,  dull  green  to  brown  or  black  ;  streak, 
grayish-green  ;  opaque.  Compos. :  a  hydrated 
sulphate  of  sesqui-  and  protoxide  of  iron, 
with  the  formula,  FeOSO3  +  FejOsSSOj  + 
24HO. 

vol  tarn' -e-ter,  «.  [Pref.  volta-,  mnd  Bug. 
meter.] 

Elect. :  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
work,  and  thus  indirectly  the  strength,  of  a 
voltaic  current.  This  is  done  by  the  amount 
of  electro-chemical  decomposition,  a  certain 
current  reducing  a  certain  amount  of  hydro- 
gen from  water,  silver  or  copper  from  their 
salts,  &c.  This  must  not  be  confounded  witli 
Voltmeter  (q.v.). 

*  voT  ta  plast,  «.  [Pref.  volta;  and  Gr.  irAao- 

TOS  (plastos)  =  moulded,  from  irAacro-w  (pfasso) 
—  to  mould.]  A  voltaic  battery  specifically 
adapted  for  the  electrotyping  process. 

•  vSI -to-type, ».  [Pref.  volta-,  and  Eng.  type.} 
An  electrotype  (q.v.). 

vSl'-tJ,  v.l.   [Ital.,  imper.  of  voltare  =  to  turn.) 

[VOLT(1).J 

Music :  A  direction  to  turn  over  the  leaf : 
as,  VMi  subito  =  turn  over  the  leaf  quickly. 

voi-tl'-geur  (g  as  ill), a.  [Fr.,  from  voltiger 
=  to  vault  (q.v.). "I 

*  1.  A  leaper,  a  vaulter,  a  tumbler. 

2.  A  foot-soldier  in  a  select  company  of 
every  regiment  of  French  infantry.  They 
were  established  by  Napoleon  during  his  con- 
sulate. Their  duties,  exercises,  and  equip- 
ment are  similar  to  those  of  the  English  light 
companies. 

volt  -me-ter,  s.    [Eng.  wit  (2),  and  meter.} 

Elect. :  Any  instrument  for  measuring  the 
pressure,  electromotive  force,  or  difference 
of  potentials  at  the  ends  of  an  electric  cur- 
rent. The  gold-leaf  electroscope  is  a  kind  of 
voltmeter,  but  will  only  measure  large  differ- 
ences of  potential.  If  the  terminals  are  con- 
nected with  flat  plates  arranged  parallel  to 
each  other,  one  of  which  is  movable,  the 
attractive  force  between  the  plates  at  a  given 
small  distance  will  be  a  voltmeter.  This 
method  is  too  coarse  for  ordinary  currents, 
but  a  modification  of  it  is  employed  in  Thom- 
son's quadrant  electrometer.  In  Cardew's 
voltmeter  the  heating  effect  of  the  current  in 
a  wire,  which  varies  with  the  electromotive 
force,  and  is  measured  by  the  expansion  pro- 
duced, is  employed.  In  the  majority  of  in- 
struments the  electro-magnetic  action  is  em- 
ployed in  some  form  of  galvanometer.  These 
are  more  usually  wound  to  act  as  ammeters, 
but  if  wound  with  very  thin  wire  the  high 
resistance  allows  the  electromotive  force  re- 
quired to  drive  a  certain  current  through 
them  to  be  callibrated  and  denoted  in  volts. 
Such  instruments  are  adjusted  or  callibratet 
by  comparison  with  a  "standard"  voltaic 
cell  or  voltameter. 

voltf-zl-a,  a.     [Named  after  Voltz,  of  Stras 
burg.] 

Palaobot. :  A  genus  of  Coniferse,  consisting 
of  lofty  trees  with  pinnated  branches,  having 
on  all  sides  sessile  leaves,  in  form  and  imbri 
cation  like  those  of  Araucaria.  It  has  also 
affinities  to  the  Cypress.  Found  in  the 
Permian  and  the  Trias  of  Britain  and  Ger 
many. 

VOltz'-ine,  v5lt«'-lte,  «.  [After  the  French 
mining  engineer  Voltz  ;  suff.  -ine,  -ite  (Min.). 
Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  mammillar; 
groups  of  globules,  having  a  concentru 
lamellar  structure,  optically  uniaxal.  Hard 
ness,  4  to  4'5  ;  sp.  gr.  8'66  to  S-81 ;  lustre 
greasy,  sometimes  pearly  on  a  cleavage  sur 
face  ;  colour,  yellowish,  brownish.  Compos, 
an  oxysulphide  of  zinc,  with  the  formula 
4ZnS  +  ZnO,  which  represents  :  sulphide  o 
zinc,  82'73  ;  protoxide  of  zinc,  17/27  =  100. 

vS-lu'-bl-late,  vol'-u-bDe,  a.    [VOLOBLE 
Bot. :  Twining,  voluble. 


•Sl-n-bll'-I-ty.  *  vol-u-bil-l-tle,  «.    [Fr. 

lolubilite,  from  Lat.  volubiliUitem,  accus.  of 
volubilitai,  from  wlubttii  =  voluble  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  A  rolling  or  revolving ;  aptness  to  roll 
or  revolve  ;  revolution. 

"The  world  with  continual!  volubilitit  and  tulnlof 
About."— />.  Holland :  Plinie,  bk.  it 

*  2.  Liableness  to  revolution   or  change  ; 
mutability. 

"  And  this  volubility  of  human  affairs  is  the  j»dg. 
mentof  Providence,  ill  the  puuiahuieut  of  oppression." 
—L'EUraiufe. 

3.  The  quality  or  state  of  beini?  voluble  in 
speech  ;  over-great  readiness  of  the  tongue  im 
speaking ;  excessive  fluency  of  speech  ;  gar- 
rulousuess. 

"The  shameless  tatubUtty  with  which  he  uttered 
falsehoods."— Stacaulay  :  Hilt.  Eng..  ch.  vl. 

vil'-n-ble,  a.    [Fr.  =  easily  turned  or  rolled, 

fickle,  glib,  from  Lat.  volnbtttm,  accus.  of  vol- 
u&tiia  =  easily  turned  about,  from  volutus,  p». 
par.  of  volvo  =  to  turn,  to  roll ;  8p.  mlublt; 
Ital.  volubile.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Formed  so  as  to  roll  or  revolve  easily ; 
apt  to  roll  or  revolve  ;  rotating. 

"iThts  leas  voluble  earth."          Milton  :  P.  L.,  tv.  »L 

*  2.  Changeable,  fickle,  mutable. 

"Almost  puts 

Faith  In  a  fever,  and  deifies  alone 
yoltibte  chance.         Two  Noble  Xinimtn,  t  i. 

•S.  Of  fluent  speech,  without  conveying 
the  imputation  that  there  was  a  deficiency  of 
thought  in  what  was  said. 

"  He  [Archbishop  Abbot]  was  painful,  stout,  sever* 
•gainst  bad  manners,  of  a  grave  and  voluble  eloquence." 
—Hactet :  Lift  of  Williami.  pt.  1..  p.  66. 

4.  Characterized  by  an  excessive  flow  of 
words,  or  by  glibness  of  speech  ;  speaking 
with  over-great  fluency ;  glib. 

"An  old  CommnnUt  here  Interrupted  thf  toiuote 
fury.'—  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  10.  1886. 
II.  Bot. :  Twining  (q.v.). 

•  vdl'-n-ble-ne'sa,  t.  [Eng.  voluble ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  voluble ;  volu- 
bility. 

voT-u-bljf,  adv.  [Eng.  volvMJe);  -ly.]  In  a 
voln'ble  or  over-fluent  manner ;  with  volu- 
bility. 

vSl-u-oel'-la,  a.  [Dimin.  from  Lat  mincer 
=  flying,  winged.) 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Syrphidse,  akin  to 
Syrphus,  but  stouter  and  less  gaily  coloured. 
The  larvae  are  wrinkled,  and  have  on  each 
side  a  double  row  of  short  spines,  while  at  the 
extremity  are  four  to  six  longer  spines  ar- 
ranged in  a  radiated  manner.  Beneath  are 
six  pairs  of  tubercles  with  claws,  which  serve 
as  prolegs.  They  reside  in  the  nests  of  bumble 
bees,  on  the  young  of  which  they  feed.  The 
perfect  insect  resembles  a  Bombus.  This  is 
especially  the  case  with  a  British  species, 
VoluceUa  bombylans,  which  is  about  half  an 
inch  long,  black,  and  hairy. 

vol  ume,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  volumen  =  a  roll, 
a  scroll ;  hence,  a  book  written  on  a  parch- 
ment roll ;  from  the  same  root  as  rolutus,  pa. 
par.  of  volvo  =  to  roll ;  8p.  volumen ;  Ital.  & 
Port,  volume.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Something  rolled  or  convolved ;  a  con- 
volution, a  coil,  a  fold,  a  wreath,  a  roll,  as  a 
fold  of  a  serpent,  or  the  like. 

"Th1  Inachlans  view  the  slain  with  vast  surprise, 
Her  twisting  volume*,  and  her  rolling  eyes." 

fope:  Statiui;  Thebaii.  i.  Ttt. 

2.  Specially,    a   written    document  (as  of 
parchment,  papyrus,  &c.),  rolled  up  in  a  con- 
venient form  for  preservation  or  use  ;  a  roll, 
a  scroll.   The  books  of  the  ancients  were  rolls 
wound  round  a  stick,  called  an  umbilicus,  to 
the  extremities  of  which,  called  the  cornua 
(or  l.orns)  was  attached  a  label  bearing  the 
name  of  the  author,  tc.     The  whole  was 
placed  in  a  wrapper,  and  generally  anointed 
with  oil  of  cedar-wood  to  protect  it  from  the 
attacks  of  insects. 

3.  Hence,  applied  to  a  collection  of  printed 
sheets  bound  together,  whether  containing  a 
single  complete  work,  part  of  a  work,  or  more 
than  one  work  ;  a  book,  a  tome.  In  a  narrower 
sense,  that  part  of  an  extended  work  which  is 
bound  together  in  one  cover  :  as,  a  book  in 
three  volumes. 

"  The  miscreant  bishop  of  Spatatto  wrote  learned 
•olutnef  against  the  pope."— Milton  :  Antmad.  upon 
Xemonitranfl  Defence.  (Postacript.1 

4.  The  space  occr  pied  by  a  body  ;  dimen- 


b6il,  bo^ ;  poTlt,  J6>1 ;  cat.  90!!,  chorus.  9liln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  tM» ;  rtn,  aj ;  expect,  Yenophon,  extet   ph  =  t 
-clan,    tlan  =  shan.    -tlon,  -don  =  shim ;  -f ion,    jlou  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


5098 


volume— Toluntary 


•ions  in  length,  breadth,  and  depth  ;  compass 
mass,  bulk. 

5.  (PL):  A  prent  deal.  (Chiefly  in  the  phrase, 
To  speak  tW  ../,ira  =  that  saya  a  great  deal, 
that  is  full  of  meaning.) 

"'Thei*!'  'And  tlien,  <•  if  he  faced  about.  and 
pointed  las  hand.  told  what  writers  are  apt  to  term 
'fwiunwj.1  "—  A'cAo.  Jau.  4,  1&87. 

II.  Technu 

1.  CAem.  :  The  volume  of  an  irregular  body 

may  \K  found  from  its  weight  and  specific 
giavity  ;  tint  is  to  s:ij,  the  weight  of  a  unit 
volume.  If  10  be  the  weight  of  the  bn.ly  m 
graTTimes,  and  s  its  specific  gravity,  the  frac 

tion  j  gives  ita  volume  in  cubic  centimetres. 
The  cajiacities  of  vessels  are  determined  by 
tiling  them  with  water  or  mercury  from  a 
measuring-tube,  or  other  vessel  whose  cupaeity 
is  previously  known  ;  or,  when  very  great 
ai-L-uracy  is  required,  by  determining  the  weight 
of  water  or  mercury,  at  the  standard  tempera- 
ture, which  nils  the  vessel.  (Watts.) 

2.  Music  :  A  term  applied  to  the  power  and 
quality  of  the  tone  of  a  voice  or  instrument, 
or  of  a  combination  of  sounds. 

3.  Physics  :  The  volume  of  a  body  may  be 
real  or  apparent  ;  the  former  is  the  portion  of 
space  actually  occupied    by   the  matter   of 
which  the  body  is  composed,  the  latter  is  the 
sum  of  its  real  volume  and  the  total  volume 
of  ita  pores.    The  real  volume  is  invariable. 
the  apparent  volume  can  be  altered  in  various 
ways  ;  for  instance,  it  diminishes  as  a  rule 
Oil  the  solidification  of  the  body.    (Ganat.) 

H  (1)  Atomic  velum*  :  [ATOMIC]. 

(2)  Unit  o/  volume  :  The  volume  of  the  cnbe 
constructed  on  the  unit  of  length.  (Everett  : 
The  C.  G.  S.  Si/stem  o/  Unit*,  p.  1.) 

•  Tdl'-ume,  r.i.  [VOLUME,  «.J  To  swell  ;  to 
rise  in  bulk  or  volume. 

"  The  mighty  steam  which  volume*  high 
From  their  pruud  nostrils  burns  the  very  air  " 
Byron  :  Tfie  Otformfd  Transformed.  L  S. 

Vol-ume«J,  o.    [Eng.  volum(e);  -ed.] 

*  1.  Having  the  form  of  a  rounded  mass  ;  in 
volumes  ;  forming  volumes  or  rounded  masses; 
consisting  of  moving  or  rolling  masses. 

"  With  eolttmeil  smoke  that  slowlv  grew 
To  one  white  sky  of  sulphurous  hue." 

Byron  :  Skat  o/  Corintb,  Til. 

2.  Consisting  of  so  many  volumes.  (Used 
In  composition  :  as,  a  ttme-tolumtd  novel,  4c.) 

vol  u  men-om'-e'  ter,  vol-u-mdm'- 
e-ter,  a.  [Lat.  volumes  =  a  volume,  and 
Eng.  meter.]  An  instrument  for  measuriug 
the  volume  of  a  solid  body  by  the  quantity 
of  a  liquid  or  of  the  air  which  it  displaces, 
and  thence  also  for  determining  its  specific 
gravity.  A  very  simple  volumenometer 
consists  of  a  globular  flask  with  a  nar- 
row neck,  about  twelve  inches  long,  and 
graduated  from  below  upwards  to  indicate 
grains  of  water.  The  flask  has  a  tubulure, 
accurately  fitted  with  a  ground  stopper  for 
admitting  the  solid  body  to  be  measured. 
Toe  instrument  being  filled  to  the  mark  0s  on 
the  neck  with  a  liquid,  as  water,  which  does 
not  act  upon  the  solid,  it  is  inclined  on  one 
side,  the  stopper  removed,  and  the  solid  body 
introduced.  The  stopper  is  then  replaced, 
and  the  numlier  of  divisions  through  which 
the  liquid  is  raised  in  the  stem  gives  at  once 
the  volume  of  the  body  in  grain-measures. 

vol  u-men-6m'-e-try,  «.  [Eng.  volumeno- 
meter ;  -y.]  The  act  or  art  of  determining  the 
volumes  or  space  occupied  by  bodies  ;  applied 
generally,  however,  only  to  solid  bodies  ; 
stereometry. 

T61-u-met'-rlc,  a.   [Eng.  volume,  and  metric.'] 

Chen.  .-Pertaining  to  or  performed  by 
sured  volumes  of  standard  solutions  cf 
agents. 

volumetric-analysis,  «.    [ANALYSIS.] 

T-Sl-n-mef  -rlc-al-lft  adv.  [Eng.  volumetric; 
•<"•;  -ly.]  By  volumetric  analysis. 

VO-lu'-min-ous,  a.  [Lat.  mluminosut,  from 
MiMm,  genit.  voluminit  =  a  volume  (q.v.)  • 
Fr.  mlumlneux.} 

•1.  Consisting  of  many  folds,  coils,  or 
convolutions.  (Hilton  :  P.  L.,  ii.  662.) 

2.  Of  great  volume,  bulk,  or  size  ;  bulky, 
massive,  extensive,  large. 
"  I  am  not  so  vo/Mffitenu  and  vast, 
Bat  thtre  are  lines.  wherewith  I  iuijht  beembrac'd.- 
Ben  Jonxm  :  t'ttdencoodt. 


mea- 

re- 


3. Having  written  much  ;  having  produced 
many  or  bulky  books  ;  hence,  copious,  diffuse 
as,  a  voluminous  writer. 

VO  lu -min-OUS  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  roluminvus, 
•Iff.]  In  a  voluminous  manner;  in  mani 
volumes  ;  very  copiously  or  diffusely. 

"They  insisted  on  them  so  constantly  aud  BO  fol 
minoutiy.  —Bolitiffbroke.;  FragmtnU  of  Sitayl.  5  S3. 

vo  lu  min-ous  neas,  «.  [Eng.  voluminous , 
-ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  voluminous 
bulkiuess. 

"The  snake's  adamantine  voltiminouinru  " 

Shelley  :  A  Vition  of  the  Sta. 

2.  Copiousness,  diffuseuess. 

"His  works  mount  to  that  voluminautnnf  they 
have  very  much  by  repetitious."— Jtodtoell :  Letters  of 
Advloe,  let.  2. 

"vdl'-u-mist,  «.  [Eng.  volMm(e);  -itt.]  A 
writer  of  a  volume  or  volumes  ;  an  author. 

"Hot  votitmutt  and  cold  bishops."—  Hilton :  Ant- 
mad,  upon  Ilimiontti-anti  Defence.  (Post.) 

vSl-u-mSm'-e-ter,  ».    [VOLUMENOMETER.] 

v6l-fin-tar-,-ly,  *vol-un-tar-l-lie, 
* vol-un-tar-y-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  voluntary; 
-ly  J  In  a  voluntary  manner ;  of  one  s  own 
free  will  or  choice ;  spontaneously ;  without 
being  moved,  influenced,  or  compelled  bv 
others  ;  freely. 

"God  acts  not  necessarily, but  totuntarily."—  CJarke : 
On  Ou  fauiont,  prop.  11 

voi'-un-tar-a-ness,  «.  [Eng.  voluntary; 
'ness.] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  voluntary 
or  endowed  with  the  power  of  choosing  will- 
ing, or  determining. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  done  or  pro- 
duced voluntarily  or  of  free  will  and  choice  : 
as,  the  voluntariiiess  of  an  action  or  gift. 

*  vSl-un-tar'-I-ous,  o.    [Lat  voluntarius.] 
Voluntary,  free. 

"  lieu  of  coluncarioia  wil  withsitte  that  heoeus 
gouerneth.  — Chaucer  :  Tat.  of  Love,  ii. 

•  vol-un-tar'-I-ous-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  tolun- 
tarious;  -ly.]    Voluntarily,  willingly. 

"Most  pleasantly  aud  vofuntartouily  to  bear  the 
yoke  of  nis  most  comfortable  cornni.Liidments  "— 
Stryp,:  Xcda.  J/em.;  tMu.  Fl.  (all.  liiij. 

vol'-un-tar-jf,  *  vol-un-tar-le,  a.,  adv., 
&  ».  [O.  Fr.  volvntaire;  Fr.  volontaire,  from 
Lat.  voluntarius  =  voluntary,  from  voluntas  = 
free  will,  from  roluns,  an  old  form  of  voleia, 
pr.  par.  of  volo  =  to  wish,  to  be  willing ;  Sp. 
4  Port,  voluntario;  Ital.  volontario.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Unrestrained  by  any  external  Influence 
foree.orinterference ;  notcompelled.prompted, 
or  suggested  by  another ;  acting  of  one's  or 
its  own  -free  will,  choice,  or  accord  ;  sponta- 
neous, free. 

"  Almyghtye  God  of  bis  owne  voluntarye.  wDJ."— 
nther :  Sewn  Ptahitet ;  De  Pro/uitdll. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  will ;  done  or  pro- 
duced  of   ones   own    free  will,  accord,  or 
choice  ;  spontaneous. 

"An  action  Is  neither  good  nor  evil,  unless  It  be 
scSlk."?vd.ch.Tn-"-'*-  """'"••  *""  «  Cm~ 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  will ;  subject  to,  con- 
trolled, or  regulated    by  the  will :  as,  the 
voluntary  motions  of  animals. 

4.  Endowed  with  the  power  of  willing,  or 
of  acting  of  one's  own  free  will  or  choice,  or 
according  to  one's  own  judgment 

"  God  did  liot  work  as  a  necessary,  but  a  Mluntary 
agent.  —Bovker. 

8.  Done  by  design  or  intentionally  ;  inten- 
tional, designed,  intended,  purposed;  not 
accidental. 

"Giving  myself  a  voluntary  wouud." 

HlMlMV.  ;  JuJiut  Catar,  ii.  L 
6.  Of,  pertaining,  or  relating  to  voluntary- 
ism, or   the  doctrines  of  tile   voluntaries. 
[C.  II.  1.] 

"  What  voluntary  churches  have  doue.and  an  doing, 
In  sustaining  their  own  worship  ami  ministry  "— 
«r*uA  <tuart**y  Renew.  Ivii.  «.  (mi) 

n.  Law:  According  to  the  will,  consent  or 
agreement  of  a  party ;  without  a  valuable 
(but  possibly  with  a  good)  consideration; 
gratuitous,  free. 

*  B.  As  adv. :  Voluntarily ;  of  one's  own 
free  will  or  choice. 

:fMku4prw 


*  C.  As  substantive: 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  engages  in  any  act 
or  affair  of  his  own  free  will  and  choice  •  a 
volunteer. 

"  Rash,  inconsiderate,  fiery  toluntnrlet.' 

„    „    .  SHatetit. :  Hint  Jolut,  U. 

0.  Technically: 

1.  Ecdes. :  One  who  holds  the  tenets  of  Vo- 
luntaryism (q.v.). 

"  H«  thinks  that  in  every  district  where  the  ratun- 
ttrrta  are  the  lu«|orlty  the  fabric  aud  the  uid.jwmnit 
of  the  fhurch  aljoulil  l»  made  uver  to  the  Cii-i, ->'•,. 
Presbyteriaus."— d;.  Jamett  aazettt,  Maich  7.  i«*s. 

2.  Music:    An  organ  solo    played    l»-f, ijv 
during,  or  after  any  office  of  the  Church; 
hence,     called      respectively     introductory, 
middle,  or  concluding.     Such  solos  weiv  f"'r- 
merly,  and  are  often  now  unpremeditated,  or 
improvisations,  as  the  name  voluntary  seems 
to  imply. 

11  The  vergers  seemed  to  have  settled  among  them, 
selves  that  no  visitor  to  the  abbey  has  n  right  to  hear 
the  concl  tiding™*  WHfcjr*.'  —  Xvening  abinaant,  Jan.  IS, 

voluntary  affidavit  (or  oath),  s. 

Law:  An  affidavit  (or  oath)  made  in  an 
extra-judicial  matter,  or  in  a  case  for  which 
the  law  has  not  provided. 

voluntary-controversy,  s. 

Church  Hist. :  A  controversy  which  arose  in 
Scotland  in  1881  with  regard  to  the  mutual 
relations  which  should  subsist,  between  tlie 
Civil  Government  and  the  Church.  About  the 
year  1780  a  member  of  the  Burgher  denomina- 
tion [BuBOHEK]  published  a  pamphlet,  in 
which  he  advocated  what  is  now  called  Volun- 
taryism (q.v.),  aud  in  May,  1795,  proposed  a 
modification  of  the  Confession  of  Faith  in 
conformity  with  the  new  views.  The  Synod 
ultimately  granted  the  prayer  of  the  petition, 
a  minority  withdrawing  in  1799  and  becoming 
known  as  the  Old  Light  Burghers.  The  same 
change  of  views  appeared  with  similar  results 
somewliat  later  among  the  Antiburghers.  In 
May,  1804,  they  superseded  their  "  Act  and 
Testimony,"  which  was  in  favour  of  Estab- 
lishments, by  the  "  Narrative  and  Testi- 
mony," the  acceptance  of  which  they  made 
a  condition  of  Communion.  Four  minis- 
ters withdrawing  in  1806,  formed  them- 
selves into  the  Constitutional  Associate 
Presbytery.  The  two  denominations,  which 
had  on  one  point  modified  their  creed,  joining 
in  1820,  became  the  United  Secession.  Up  till 
tlu's  time,  and  for  some  yeais  subsequently, 
the  Voluntary  Controversy  had  attracted  little 
notice,  but  in  1831  it  began  to  excite  great 
attention  throughout  Scotland,  the  leimiii^ 
ministers  of  the  Established  Church  on  the 
one  hand,  aud  those  of  the  United  Seces- 
sion on  the  other,  carrying  it  on  with  the 
greatest  ardour.  The  controversy  had  far- 
reaching  consequences.  To  a  certain  extent 
it  was  to  strengthen  the  Established  Presby- 
terian Church  on  points  on  which  its  "  volun- 
tary "  assailants  had  declared  it  weak  that 
Dr.  Chalmers  proposed  the  Veto  Act  (q.v.), 
with  the  unexpected  result  of  ultimately  pro- 
ducing the  Disruption.  In  the  contest  on  the 
part  of  English  -Nonconformists  for  "religious 
equality  "  they  maintain  essentially  the  sjime 
views  as  the  Seottish  United  Secessionists  did' 
in  the  Voluntary  Controversy.  [LlBEKATlojf- 

SOCIETY.J 

voluntary-conveyance,  s. 

Law:  A  conveyance  which  may  be  made 
merely  on  a  good,  but  not  a  valuable  con- 
sideration. [VOLUNTARY,  A.  II.] 

voluntary-Jurisdiction,  s. 

Law:  A  jurisdiction  exercised  in  matters 
admitting  of  no  opposition  or  question,  and 
therefore  cognizable  by  any  judge,  in  any- 
place, on  any  lawful  day. 

voluntary-muscles, «.  pi. 

Anal,  of  Fhysiol. :  Muscles  excited  by  th« 
stimulus  of  the  will  or  volition  acting  on  them 
through  the  nerves,  though  some  of  them 
habitually,  and  all  of  them  occasionally,  act 
also  under  the  influence  of  other  stimuli. 
They  are  the  muscles  of  locomotion,  respira- 
tion, expression,  and  some  others.  (Ouain.) 

[MUSCLE.] 

voluntary-principle,  ».  The  principle 
of  Voluntaryism  (q.v.). 

voluntary-schools,  >.  pi.  Public  ele- 
mentary schools  managed  by  voluntary  bodies 
(mainly  religions),  the  cost  of  such  schools 
being  partly  defrayed  by  voluntary  subscrip- 
tions. Until  1870  all  elementary  schools  were 


fito,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  thSre;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p«t 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  onto,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    as,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


voluntaryism— volutllitliea 


6099 


of  this  nature.  In  that  year,  however,  educa- 
tion was  made  compulsory  by  the  Education 
Act,  and  hoard  schools  came  into  existence. 
Voluntary  and  board  schools  agree  in  the 
following  points : 

1.  The  a.enwte  we.-lly  fee  must  not  exceed  8d..  and 
the  average  unrndanc,-  must  not  be  leas  titan  3tt. 

"Religious  instruct!.,,,  li  subject  to  a  "  conscience 
•huee"'  and  «au  ""'y  b"  «l'«n  •*  tbt  be8'ml"'B  <"  end 
"t^Tbe  head  lonelier  must  be  certificated. 

4  The  school.  :ire  annually  examined  and  reported 
on  by  »  Oovenimeut  Inspector,  who  may  also  visit  any 

t°A  moneVlPt  U  rcad.  b,  Government .to  the 
schools approwd  of  by  th«  Inspector;  «uch  twt 
being  assessed  according  to  merit. 

in  the  decade  between  August,  18T6,  and 
august,  1886,  the  voluntary  schools  rose  from 
12  677  to  14,620  (an  increase  of  about  15  per 
cent),  and  the  board  schools  from  1,596  to  4,402 
(o»  about  175  per  cent.). 
voluntary-waste,  a. 
lam:  Waste  -which  is  the  result  of  the 
voluntary  act  of  the  tenant  of  property  ;  as 
where  he  cuts  down  timber,  pulls  down  a 
wall,  or  the  like,  without  the  consent  of  the 
proprietor. 

vSl-un-tar-y-ism,  s.    [Eng.  voluntary; 
•4m.] 

t  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Spontaneity  (q.v.). 
"  He  mM  toluutarvHin  was  it  mo«t  precious  Ingre- 
dient lu  all  good  works,  but  It  needed  regulation  by 
.utl,orlty.--rirt«ri.  JMjWsln*.  Nov.,  1861.  p.  6*. 

2  Theol  *  C/mrcA  Hist. :  The  view  or  tenet 
that  the  Church  should  derive  its  support 
only  from  the  voluntary  contributions  of  its 
members,  and  cannot,  without  becoming  a 
party  to  political  injustice,  losing  its  own 
liberty,  and  runninj;  tlie  risk  of  having  Us 
parity  corrupted,  ask  or  accept  establishment, 
endowment,  or  financial  support  from  the 
State,  or  from  inferior  civil  authorities. 
C.irried  out  with  logical  rigour,  voluntaryism 
.  should  also  decline  to  permit  its  churches  and 

Sunday-school  building*  to  be  exempt  from 
the  payment  of  rates.  This  cxtreipe  view  is 
entertained  only  by  individuals  :  the  immense 
mass  of  those  who  profess  Voluntaryism  hold 
that  this  limited  amount  of  support  or  endow- 
ment, is  indirect,  and  need  not  be  rejected. 

IVOLUNTABY-COJITHOVBRSY.] 

"Elsewhere  In  Scotland  the  same  conviction  haa 
led  to  a  farewell  to  establishment,  and  to  a  voluntary 
iim  more  consolidated  than  any  other  In  Europe.  — 
Pall  il'M  aiuette,  Aug.  11.  18M. 

"Vol'-un-tS,  "vol'-un-tee,  ».    [VOLUXTY.] 

vSl-un-teer1,  s.  &  a.     [Fr.  voluntaire  =  a 
volunteer,  from  Lat.  voJ.unia.rim  =  voluntary 
(q.v.).] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  One  who  enters  into  any  service,  or  un- 
dertakes any  duty  of  his  own  free  wilt 

"  Honest  Instinct  comes  a  volunteer* 

Pop*  :  Eaay  on  Man,  ill.  88. 

2.  Specifically,  one  who  of  his  own  free  will 
offers  his  services  to  the  state  in  a  military 
capacity,  without  tlie  stipulation  of  pay  or 
other  substantial  reward.     Only  two  modern 
countries,  the    United    States  and    England, 
depend  largely  upon  Volunteers  to  supply  the 
place  of  a  large  standing  army.    In  the  several 
nations  of  the  continent  of  Enrope  military 
duty  is  enforced,  all  able-bodied  citizens  l*iug 
held   liable  and  required  to  become  traiurd 
as  part   of  the   regular  army.    The   United 
States  and   England,  on  the  contrary,  have 
each    a   small    standing    army   of  voluntary 
recruits,  and  trust  for  further  military  duty 
to  the  patriotic  spirit  of  their  citizens,  and 
to  tile  training  of  their  volunteer  organirations 
of  citizen  soldier}-.    The  military  efficiency  ot 
•  nation  without  a  large  standing  army  was 
remarkably  proved  in  the  American  Civil  War, 
whose    armies    on    hoth    sides    were   almost 
entirely  made  up  of  volunteer  soldiery,  and  in 
which  the  courage  and  ability  displayed  were 
all  that  could  be  desired.   Since  this  war  much 
attention  has  been  paid  to  military  drill,  each 
state  having  its  own  body  of  state  militia,  veil 
trained  and  equipped,  and  required  eacli  year 
to  go  through  a  certain  course  of  camp  duty 
The  whole  body  thus  organized  is  sufficient 
in  number  to  make  an  excellent  nucleus  ot 
an  army  in  case  of  war.      In  Great  Britain 
dependence  is  placed  on  a  similar   body  ot 
citizen    soldiery,    whose    organization    in    its 
present  form  was  due  to  a  war  scare  in  1859, 
which  brought  a  large  force  of  armed  volunteers 
spontaneously  into  the  field.    Since  that  date 
the  volunteer  organization  has  been  kept  up, 
and  a  considerable  body  of  well  drilled  citizen 
soldiery  now  exists. 


B.  As  adj. :  Entering  into  any  service,  or 
undertaking  any  duty  of  one's  own  free  will ; 
consisting  of  volunteers. 

-A  volunteer  force  of  nearly  S.OOO  officers  audnien 
will  be  engagedr-BaiTy  Telegraph,  March  K,  ML 

vSl-un-teeV,  ».(.  &  <•    [VOLUNTEEB,  a.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  offer  or  bestow  voluntarily, 
or  of  one's  own  free  will  and  choice. 

••  Agents  who  Iiad  already  volunteered  their  services 
against  him."— Ben  Jomon:  Poetaster,  III  1.  (Note.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  offer  one's  service  volun- 
tarily ;  specifically,  to   offer  to  serve  as   a 
volunteer. 

••  SotfU  u»d  an  gulp,, e  to^jrh,/^ ., 

"vol'-fin-ty,  *  vol'-uu-te,  s.  [Fr.  volmtt.l 
Free-will. 

"  of  his  owne  mere  volunte  and  fre  wylL"—  faeyan  : 
Chronytie ;  Richard  II.  (an.  1399  J. 

•vSl'-u-pere,  s.  [O.Fr.]   A  cap,  a  night-cap. 

•  Hire  white  totupen."  Chaucer :  C.  T..S,ta. 

vo-lup'-tu-a-r&  s.  &  a.  [Fr.  mluptwire, 
from  Lat,'»o(u;)(u<mus  =  devoted  to  pleasure, 
from  voluptas  =  pleasure,  from  volo  =  to  wish.] 

A.  As  tvbsl. :  One  who  is  wholly  given  to 
luxury  or  the  grati':  •;  tiou  of  the  appetite  and 
other  sensual  pleas-,    s. 

••In  poverty  an3  fcxile  he  rose  from  a  voluptuary 
Into  a  hero."— Jlacaulat :  But.  Una.,  ch.  xi>. 

B.  At  adj. :  Wholly  given  or  devoted  to 
pleasure;  voluptuous. 

"Art  ooltaxuart.  which  Tacitus  truly  called  int. 
dltut  luKui?-Bacon :  Ada.  of  Learn.,  bk.  u. 

•  vS-lup'-tu-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  voluptas  =  plea- 
sure.) To  convert  or  devote  to  pleasure. 

-  Tis  watching  and  labour  that  talaptuaU  repose 
and  sleep."— Feltltam  :  Jietotoet,  43. 

"vo-lup-tu-os'-I-tfr  "vo-lup-tu-os-1- 
tle,  *  vo  lup-tu-os-y-te,  s.  [Lat.  rolup- 
<i«Mi(s=full  of  pleasure,  voluptuous  (q.v.).J 
A  disposition  to  indulge  in  sensual  pleasures ; 
voluptuousness. 

"  In  the  tender  wittes  be  spavkes  of  tKluptuorlli/.*— 
JOfotl  Uovemour,  bk.  L,  eli.  ri. 

vo-lup'-tn-oiis,  o.  [Fr.  mltiptwux,  from 
Lat.  eoluptuosva  =  full  of  pleasure,  from  to- 
luptaa  =  pleasure,  from  volo  =  to  wish  ;  Sp.  & 
Port.  TOiupfuoso-J 

1.  Pertaining  to,  proceeding  from,  or  based 
on  sensual  pleasure. 

••  That  love  lie  drave  y_oa  nat  to  done  this  dede 

But  lust  llulllplU""*." 

Chaucer  :  Troilut  *  Creulde,  V. 

2.  Contributing  to  sensual  j,k'asure ;    ex- 
citing, or  tending  to  excite,  sensual  desires  ; 
gratifying  the  senses ;  sensual :  as  voluptuous 
charms. 

3.  Passed  or  spent  In  sensual  pleasures. 

"Softeu'd  with  pleasure  and  totuptuous  life.* 

Hilton:  Samson  Agonitteg.  534. 

4.  Given  or  devoted  to  sensual  pleasures  or 
gratifications;  sensual. 

"  The   Jolly  aud   voluptuous   liTera.*—  AtterlHtry  . 
Sermtini,  voL  iv.  aer.  i. 


,   _T  -_8-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  voluptuous 

•ly.]  In  a  voluptuous  manner;  with  free  in 
dulgenoe  in  sensual  pleasures;  luxuriously 
sensually. 

••  Heritikes  sain  they  chosen  life  bestial,  that  votup- 
tuoutlye  lyueu."— Chauaer:  Teltainetit  qf  Loue.  bk.  ii 

vo-lup'-tu-otis-ness,  *  vo-lup-tu-ous- 
nes,  *.  [Eng.  voluptuous;  -ness.)  Thequality 
or  state  of  being  voluptuous,  or  addicted  to 
free  indulgence  in  sensual  pleasures ;  luxu 
riousness,  sensuality. 

"Sunk  In    votujJtuautnm  and    Indolence."—  Mac 
aultiy  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  is. 

*  vo-lup'-t^,  *  vo-lnp-tte, «.  [Lat.  volv  pta 
=  pleasure.)  Voluptuousness.  (Sir  T.  Elyot 
Oooernaur,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  xix.) 

VoT-tis-pa,  s.  [Properly  the  lay  or  song  o 
the  Vblva',  a  Scandinavian  prophetess,  bu 
applied  in  error  by  Sir  W.  Scott  to  the  pro 
phetess  herself.]  A  Scandinavian  prophetes 
or  sibyL 


[L«t.,  fern,  of  volutta,  peu  par 

of  mlm  =  to  roll.] 
*  1.  Areh. :  A  volute  tfl.v.). 

"  There  are  also  folutat  In  the  Coriiithfam  and  con 
poonded  capitals. "—Evelyn:  Architecture. 

2.  Zoo1.  *  Palamtf. :  The  type-genus  o 
Volutidaj,  with  seventy  recent  species  froi 
the  West  Indies,  Cape  Horn,  West  Africa 
Australia,  Java,  and  Chili,  and  eighty  foss 
species,  from  the  Chalk  onward,  bat  th 


Shell 


genns  Is  mainly  Tertiary  and  recent. 


_____    t  ____      j    III    e         ;w     epwilca.         ,.«rc*o    ».  v 

many  sub-genera  ;  the  most  important  is  Vo- 
lutilithes,  in  which  the  plaits  of  the  columella 
are  indistinct,  with  one  recent  species  ;  fossil 
in  the  Eocene. 

5l'-n-t%-ry,  o.  [Lat.  volutui,  pa.  par.  of 
volvo  =  to  roll.]  (See  compound.) 

yolntary-press,  >.     A  clamming-mm- 
chine  (q.v.). 

v81-u-ta'-tlon,  ».  flat,  volutatio,  from 
vnlutittus,  pa.  par.  of  voluto,  frequt'iit.  of  volvo 
(pa.  par.  »o(iHiw)=  to  roll.)  The  act  of  state 
of  rolling  or  wallowing,  as  of  a  body  on  the 
earth. 

•'  In  the  sea,  when  tlie  storm  Is  over.  Uiere  remains 
still  an  liiiaVd  working  and  triuHMon.'-Bp.  Oef. 
noldt  :  On  the  Ptutiont,  en.  xxL 

vSl-nte",  B.  *  ».    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  valuta,  fern. 
if  volutus,  pa.  par.  of  volvo  =  to  roll.) 

A.  As  adjective:  .. 
Bot.  :  Rolled  up. 

B,  As  substantive.: 
1.  Arch.  :  A  kind 

of  spiral  scroll  used 
in  Ionic,  Corinthian, 
and  Composite  capi-      I<n,IC  CAWliU 
tals,  of  wnicli  it  is  a  VOLUT 

rincipal  ornament. 


. 

The  number  of  volutes  hi  the  Ionic  order  la 
four.  In  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  orders 
they  are  more  numerous,  in  the  former  being 
accompanied  by  smaller  ones,  called  helices. 
Called  also  voluta. 

2.  Zool.  :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Vo- 
luta (q.v.). 

YOlute-compasoes,  s.  of.  A  draftsman's 
compasses  in  which  tlie  legs  are  gradually  ex- 
panded, so  as  to  trace  a  spiral. 

volute-spring,  «.  A  helical  spring  (q.v.X 

volute-wheel,  s. 

1.  A  volute-shaped  shell,  that  in  revolving 
presents    its 

open    mouth 
to  the  air,  [ 
which  is  thus 
gathered  into 
the  tube  and 
discharged 
through    tlie 
hollow    axis.  I 
It  is  a  com- 
mon and  ef-  ] 
fectivesortof  | 
blower. 

2.  A  water- 
wheel  with 
radial     or 
curved    buc- 
ltets,in  which 
the  periphery 

of  the  wheel  is  surrounded  by  a  volute-shapea 
casing  or  scroll,  which  confines  the  water 
against  the  wheel.  (See  illustration.) 

vS-luf  -gd,  a.    [Eng.  ralut(e)  ;  -al.] 

Arch.  :  Having  a  volute  or  spiral  scroll. 

tvoi-u-tel'-la,  «.     [Mod.  Let,,  dimin.  iron-. 
valuta,  (q.v.).] 
ZooL  :  D'Orbigny's  name  for  Voluta  (q.v.). 

v8-lu'-tl-dee,  ».  pt    [Mod.  Lat.  mlvXfl);  Lit, 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -fete.) 

1.  Zool.  :    A   family  of  Siphonostomatoua 
Gasteropods.       Woodward    enumerates   five 
genera  (Voluta,  Cymba,  Mitra,  Volvaria,  and 
Marginella),  to  which  Tate  adds  Columbellina, 
which    Woodward    reckons   a    sub-genus  of 
Columbella,  of  the  BuccinidK.    Shell  turreWd 
or  convolute  ;   ai«rture  notched  in   *ront  ; 
columella  obliquely  plaited  ;  no  opercdlum. 
Animal  with  a  recurved  siphon  ;  foot  very 
large,  partly  hiding  the  shell  ;  mantle  often 
lobed  and  reflected  over  the  shell  ;  eyes  on 
tentacles  or  near  their  base.    The  living  mem- 
bers are  chiefly  from  warm  seas,  and  are  often 
remarkable  for  their  brilliant  coloration. 

2.  Palccont.  :  Tlie  family  appear  late  In  the 
Chalk,  but  is  abundant  in  the  Tertiaries,  and 
attains  its  maximum  in  recent  times. 

vJHu'-ti-Hth-ea,  >.     [Mod.  Lat.  valuta,  and 
Gr.  Ai9os  (lithos)  =  a  stone.]    (VOLUTA,  2.) 


VOI.rTE-WHEFL. 


a.  Water  pouring  iuto  the  bucket*; 
6.  Waste  water. 


bffll,  1X5H  p6ut,  J6wl;  cat,  .jell,  chorus,  9hln,  Denoh;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing. 
tlan^shan.   -tton,  -sion  =  sUte ;  -tion,  -}ioa  -  zhiin.   -dons,  -tlons,  -slous  =  shus.   -ble.  -die,  *o.  =  bel,  del. 


6100 


volution— vortex 


hv&-lu'-tion,  «.     [Lat.  volutio,  from  volutui 
pa.  par.  of  volco  =  tn  roll]    A  spiral  turn, 
convolution,  a  revolution. 

"  The  •  wif  t  Klution  and  the  enormous  train." 
fulcoatr:  ~ 


3,    i.    [Mod.   Lat   valuta);   suff 
•ite.]    A  fossil  Voluta.    [VOLDTA,  2.J 

Vdl'-va,  i.    [Lat  =  a  wrapper,  a  covering.] 

Bot. :  The  involucre-like  base  of  the  slip 
of  Agarieus.  Originally  it  was  a  bag  envelop- 
ing the  whole  plant,  which,  however,  elongat- 
ing, burst  through  it,  leaving  it  torn. 

rol-var'-I-a, ».  [Mod.  Lat ,  from  Lat  volca  = 
a  wrapper,  from  volvo  —  to  roll.) 

Zool.  itPalaont.  :AgenusofVolutid»e(q.v.; 
with  twenty-nine  recent  species,  from  tropics 
seas.  Shell  cylindrical,  convolute;  spir 
minute,  aperture  long  and  narrow;  columella 
with  three  oblique  plaits  in  front  Fossil  in 
the  Eocene  of  Britain  and  France. 


_,,  u.f,    [Lat.  volvo  =  to  roll,  to  turn. 
To  turn  over.  (Berners:  Froissart;  Cron.  Pref. 

vSl-vo-cin'-e-SB,  s.  ft.     [Mod.  Lat  volvox 
genit  volmc(is);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  snff.  -WE.) 

Bot. :  A  family  of  Coufervacese,  placed  by 
Ehrenberg  under  his  Infusoria,  but  which 
Siebold,  Williamson,  Busk,  and  Colin  have 
shown  to  be  confervoid  Alga?.  Nearly  micro' 
scopie  plants,  composed  of  many  zoospore 
like  bodies  associated  into  spherical  or  quad 
rangular  colonies,  the  separate  members  of 
which,  connected  or  held  together  in  various 
ways  by  cell  membranes,  retain  their  distinct 
individuality  for  all  purposes  of  nutrition 
growth,  and  reproduction.  They  are  inhabi- 
tants of  freshwater  ponds,  in  which  the  whole 
colony  is  carried  in  a  circular  and  progressive 
movement  by  the  vibratile  motion  of  the  cilia, 
which  project  from  the  separate  individuals 
through  the  jelly  into  the  water.  They  ex- 
hibit in  their  maturity  the  characters  of  the 
transitory  zoospores  of  other  confervoids. 

TdT-vdr,  ».     [Lat  volvo  =  to  roll.     Named 
from  IU  rotary  motion.    (See  def.).j 

Sot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Volvocines 
(q.v.),  with  one  species,  Volvox  globator.  To 
the  naked  eye  it  resembles  a  minute  pale- 
green  globule  floating  abont  in  the  water. 
Under  the  microscope  it  is  seen  to  be  a  spheri- 
cal membranous  sac,  studded  with  innum- 
erable green  points,  really  apertures  giving 
exit  to  cilia,  which  enable  it  to  roll  over  and 
over  in  the  water.  Within  the  sac  are  various 
dense  globules,  generally  green  in  summer, 
but  often  of  an  orange-colour  in  autumn  and 
early  winter.  They  are  zoospore-like  bodies, 
each  sending  a  pair  of  cilia  through  separate 
orifices.  There  is  a  reddish-brown  spot  and  a 
contractile  vacnole.  Found  abnn Jantfyin  clear 
pools  on  open  commons  and  similar  localities. 

v6T-vn-lu«,  *.  [Lat  volvo  =  to  roll,  to  turn 
about] 

PatkoL :  The  Ileac  passion,  because  it  was 
supposed  to  arise  from  a  twitching  of  the 
bowels. 

"vome,  «.    [Lat  vomo  =  to  vomit]   Vomit 

"  All  fonothe  ben  fultild  with  the  vome  and  filthla," 
—WtKliffe:  Jtai.ik  xxrtii.  8. 

vo'-mer,  «.    [Lat  =  a  ploughshare.) 

1.  Comp.  Anal.  :  A  small  thin  bone  In  the 
median  line,  forming  the  posterior  and  prin- 
cipal  portion  of  the  partition  between   the 
nostrils  in  man.    It  exhibits  many  modifica- 
tions in  the  different  classes  of  Vertebrata.  In 
Fishes  an  important  character  is  the  presence 
or  absence  of  teeth  on  the  vomer  (that  Is, 
along   the   middle  line  of  the  roof  of  the 
mouth).    The  bone  Is  so  named  from  the  fact 
that  in  man  it  bears  some  resemblance  to  a 
ploughshare.    (Etym.) 

2.  Paloxtnt. :  A  genns  of  Carangidaj,  allied 
to  Caranx,  from  the  Chalk  of  Cornell  in  Istria. 

vo'-mer-ine,  o.  [Eng.  vomer;  -ine.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  vomer;  situated  on  the 
vomer.  (Giinthcr.) 

•Sm'-Ic,  a.    (VOMICA.]    Purulent,  nlcerons. 

vomlc-nnt,  s.  The  nut  of  Strychnot 
Nux  tamica.  [NUX-VOMICA,  STKYCHNOS.) 

vdm'-I-ca,  «.    [Lat  =  a  sore,  a  boil.) 

Pathol. :  An  aliscess  in  the  substance  of  the 
lungs  produced  by  the  resolution  of  tuber- 
cles. 


Tnr^si^«,.su>^i  ratsn£^^.'£c? 


vSm'-It,  *  vom-ete,  vo-myt,  v.i.  &  t.  [Lat 
romito,  from  t"/mt*i«=  a  vomiting  vomit(q  v  )• 
Sp.  &  Port  vomitar;  Ital.  vomitarc.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  eject  the  contents  of  the 
stomach  by  the  mouth  ;  to  spew,  to  puke. 

B.  Transitive. 

1.  Lit.:  To  throw  np  or  eject  from  the 
stomach  by  the  mouth  ;  to  spew  out  (Often 
with  up,  forth,  or  out.) 

.  ""*"*  <""  J°u*h  "P011  *»•  dryland.-- 


2.  Fig. :  To  eject  or  discharge,  as  from  a 
hollow  place  ;  to  belch  out. 

"The  volcano,  which  was  abont  four  miles  to  th« 
went  of  na,  tomlted  up  rast  quautltlee  of  flre  and 
•moke.' -Coot.-  Urcona  fofafe, ,  bk.  UL,  ch.  v. 

vom'-It,  *vom-ite,  •vom-yte,  s.  [Lat 
i-omitia  =  vomit,  prop.  pa.  par.  of  vomo  =  to 
vomit ;  cogn.  with  Gr.  «>L  (emo)  =  to  vomit  • 
Sansc.  mm  ;  Sp.,  Port,  &  Ital.  vomito.] 

1.  The  matter  ejected  from  the  stomach  in 
vomiting.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  20.) 

2.  A  medicine  or  other  preparation  which 
causes  the  stomach  to  discharge  its  contents; 
an  emetic.    (Arbuth' 

1  Black  vomit:  [BL*,,K  VOMIT). 
vomit  nut,  «.    [VoMic-suT.J 

vom'-it  mg,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.    [VOMIT,  «.) 

A.  &  B.  Aspr.  par.  Jb  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  tubstantim: 

1.  The  act  of  ejecting  the  contents  of  the 
stomach  by  the  mouth. 

I  Vomiting  is  generally  preceded  by  feelings 
of  nausea,  during  which  there  is  a  copious 
flow  of  saliva  into  the  mouth.  This  being 
swallowed  carries  down  with  it  a  certain 
quantity  of  air,  which,  assisting  in  the  open- 
ing of  the  cardiac  sphincter,  facilitates  the 
discharge  of  the  contents  of  the  stomach. 
There  generally  follows  ineffectual  retching, 
during  which  there  is  a  deep  inspiration,  by 
which  the  diaphragm  is  thrust  down  as  low 
as  possible  against  the  stomach,  the  lower 
ribs  being  at  the  same  time  drawn  in.  Then 
there  is  a  sudden  expiratory  contraction  of 
the  abdominal  walls,  so  that  the  stomach  is 
compressed  without,  and  its  contents  sent  np 
the  oesophagus.  The  primary  origin  of  vomit- 
ing may  be  gastric  or  cerebral. 
2.  That  which  is  vomited ;  vomit 

"  And  why  may  not  Pancirone  as  well  bid  hl>  Kr- 
v»ut.  .  .  .  hold  die  chalice  to  beastly  Kmttingit  '- 
Bf.  Tartar  :  Half  <j  Coiudemt,  bk.  1  v..  ch.  L 

*  vB-mi'-tton, «.  [Lat  vomitlo,  from  vomitiu.] 
[VOMIT,  «.]  The  act  or  power  of  vomiting. 

.1"  Ifu "S",  •t°«>»ch  had  wanted  the  faculty  of  tomttlat, 
they  bad  Inevitably  died.-- Ore* .•  Coma.  Sam. 

vom'-I-tlve,  a.  [Fr.  vamiOf.]  Causing  to 
vomit ;  emetic. 

"  Glass  of  antimony  and  crocni  metallormn,  being 
either  of  them  infused  In  a  great  proportion  of  win? 
will  make  It  *>mUlM.'-Bo,t,  :  Worti^Ul.  ell. 

vS-mi'-to,  «.  [Sp.  vomit.]  [VOMIT,  ».  V)  The 
yellow  fever  in  Its  worst  form,  when  it  is 
usually  attended  with  black  vomit 

vSm'-a-tor-y;  *  vom-1-tor-ie,  o.  t «.   f  Lat 

vomitonut  =  causing  vomiting;  vomiting; 
hence  vomitoria  (neut  pL),  passages  in  a 
theatre,  by  which  people  entered  and  came 
out,  from  vomo  =  to  vomit] 

A.  As  adj. :  Causing  vomiting ;  emetic. 

Ox 


fi.  As  substantive  : 
*  1.  An  emetic. 

"  TTraally  taken  to  the  foresald  weight,  with  honey 
lora  •omttortt"—  p.  Holland  :  PHni*.  bk.  xxri.,  ch.  vfl! 

2.  Arch.  :  An  opening,  gate,  or  door,  in  an 
ancient  theatre  or  amphitheatre,  which  gave 
ingress  and  egress  to  the  spectators. 

"  Stxty.four  vomitvrif,  .  .  .  ponred  fo»tu  th«    1m- 
mense  multitude."—  Oitbon  :  Dectiru  *  Fall,  ch.  xiL 

vSm-I-t^-rt-tlon.  «.    [As  if  from  a  Lat 
tomituno,  deslderative  from  vomito=to  vomit] 

1.  An    ineffectual    attempt   to  vomit:   a 
retching. 

2.  The  vomiting  of  but  little  matter  :  vomit- 
ing with  little  effort 

Voo  doo',  Vandonz  (as  V6-d6'),  ».  &  o. 

[Native  African  =  tlu  all-powerful  and  super- 
natural being,  the  non-venomous  serpent  on 


..,  o      as    oun 

little  favour  among  English  anthropologists.) 
A.  As  substantive  : 
1.    (See  extract.) 


2.  A  negro  sorcerer  or  witch  who  practise* 
human  sacrifice  and  cannibalism 

B.  As  aft. :  Belonging  to,  connected  with 
or  practising  a  system  of  magic,  human  &acri: 
flee,  aud  cannibalism.  [A.  l.J 

VOo'  doo,  p.l  4  j.  To  bewitch;  to  conjure 
after  the  manner  of  a  voodoo. 

voo'  doo  i?m,  i  Belief  in  voodoo  practice. ; 
the  ritual  followed  therein;  the  collectivity  of 
voodoo  believers. 

vS-ra'-clous,  a.  [Lat  vorax,  genit  voracii 
—  greedy,  voracious,  from  voro  =  to  devour; 
R.  &  Ital.  vorace  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  vona,] 

1.  Greedy  in  eating;  eating  food  in  large 
quantities ;  ravenous,  gluttonous. 

-•^tr^&s^rE^'jiau!  ",£#"  •  «- 

2.  Marked  by  voracity  or  greediness. 


3.  Ready  to  swallow  up  or  devour  •  as.  a 
voracious  gulf. 

4.  Rapacious. 

v8-ra'-oious-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  voracious  ;  -Iv.l 
In  a  voracious  manner ;  with  greedy  appetite : 
ravenously. 


'      •  - 

•nets.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  voracious  : 
greediness  of  appetite  ;  ravenous  ness  voracity 

*       b  '  •»« 


-ty,  *vo-rao-l-Ue,  «.  [Fr.  von, 
cite,  from  Lat  f oracitatem,  accus.  of  mracita*. 
from  vorax  =  voracious  (q.v.).] 

L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  voracioui ; 
ravcnousness ;  voraciousness. 

"What a  nature  U  that  which  feedeth  the  mort 
greedie  porocttfe  In  the  whole  world."—  f.  UoUatat: 
flinit,  bk.  li.,  ch.  evil. 

2.  Rapacity,  greed. 

"  Who. .then  •*1*11  check  fcl»  •oracilf.  or  calm  hl» 
teTenger-«n  Tailor  :  Sermma,  vol.  ft.  ser.  18. 

"vS-rag'-ln-ons,  a.  [Lat  voraginosus,  from 
voragot  genit.  voraginis  —  a  deep  and  almost 
bottomless  abyss,  from  voro  =  to  devour, 
to  swallow  up.)  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  gulf  01 
whirlpool ;  hence,  devouring,  swallowing. 

"  A  oarern'i  Jawa,  torafinota  and  vaif 

HaUit;  Amyntor  t  Theodora,  L 

•  vS-ra'-go.  «.    [Lat.J    A  gulf,  an  abyss. 

vbr'-ant,  a.  [Lat  varans,  pr.  par.  of  tx>ro  = 
to  devour.) 

Her. :  Devouring.  (Applied  to  an  animal 
depicted  as  devouring  another.) 

vo-rau'-llte  (an  as  ow),  «.    [After  Vorau, 
Styria,  where  found,  and  Gr.  Ai'»os  (lithoi)  =• 
stone ;  Ger.  toraulitli.] 
Min, :  The  same  as  LAZULITE  (q.v.X 

vor-han'-aer-ite  (an  as  rfw),  «.  [Attw 
J.  Vorhauser ;  suff.  -ite  (Afiii.).] 

Min. :  A  resinous  variety  of  the  mineral 
Serpentine  (q.v.),  of  a  brown  to  greenish-black 
colour.  Hardness,  3-5 ;  sp.  gr.  2'46.  Found 
in  the  Fleims  Valley,  TyroL 

vor'-te'x  (pL  Tor'-ti-cef,  vor'-tcx-es),  ». 

[Lat  vortex,  vertex,  from  verto  =  to  turn.) 

Physics:  The  form  assumed  when  any  portioft 
of  a  fluid  is  set  rotating  on  an  axis ;  a  whirling 
or  circular  motion  of  any  fluid,  either  of  water 
or  air,  forming  a  kind  of  cavity  in  the  centre 
of  the  circle,  and  in  some  instances  drawing  up 
the  water  or  absorbing  other  things.  Eddies, 
whirlpools,  waterspout*-,  whirlwinds,  &c.,  are 
familiar  examples. 
*  IT  Descartes's  vortices: 
Astron.  &  Physics :  An  hypothesis  proposed 
by  Reng  Descartes  (A.D.  1596-1650)  to  account 
for  the  movements  of  the  heavenly  bodies.  He 
supposed  space  filled  with  fluid  matter,  and 
that  each  fixed  star  or  planet  exerted  some 


fete,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine-  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wplf,  work,  whd.  son;  mute,  onb,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  foil ;  try,  Syrian,    se.  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  lew. 


vortical— vouch 


6101 


influence  on  the  matter  for  a  certain  distance 
round  itself;  this  space  he  called  its  "heaven. 
The  sun's  heaven  was  moved  around  it  after 
the  isanner  of  a  vortex  or  whirlpool,  carry- 
ing with  it  the  planets,  around  which  their 
heavens  moved  as  minor  vortices.  Newton 
controverted  the  Cartesian  view,  which  long 
retarded  the  acceptance  of  the  gravitation 
tkeory  In  Europe. 

vortex-atom,  s. 

Physics:  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
ultimate  parts  of  matter  which,  on  the  Vortex- 
theory  of  Sir  W.  Thomson,  may  be  incon- 
ceivably small  vortices  in  the  ether. 

vortex-ring,  s. 

Physics :  A  vortical  molecular  filament  or 
column  returning  into  itself  so  as  to  form  a  ring 
composed  of  a  number  of  small  rotating  circles 
placed  side  by  side.  All  such  rings  have  two 
motions :  a  motion  of  translation,  and  a  vor- 
tical motion ;  but  the  vortical  motion  of  the 
inner  portions  of  the  ring  appears  to  coincide 
with  the  motion  of  translation,  whilst  that  of 
the  outer  portions  is  in  a  contrary  direction 
to  it  Vortex-rings  may  be  made  in  a  glass  of 
water  by  dropping  milk  or  ink  into  it,  but 
the  rings  are  so  small  that  the  only  motion 
perceptible  is  that  which  carries  them  to  the 
bottom  of  the  glass.  The  simplest  method  of 
showing  vortex-rings  in  air  is  to  take  an 
ordinary  match-box  and  make  a  small  round 
hole  in  one  end ;  in  the  inner  portion  of  the 
box  put  a  little  dry  tobacco,  light  it,  and  close 
the  box.  By  giving  the  end  of  the  box  oppo- 
site the  hole  a  smart  tap  with  the  finger,  tiny 
smoke-rings  will  issue  from  the  orifice.  It 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  smoke  has 
nothing  to  do  with  the  vortex,  which  is  in 
the  air— the  smoke  only  renders  it  visible. 

vortex-theory,  *.    [VORTEX-ATOM.] 

vortex- wheel,  vortex  water-wheel, 

s.  A  kind  of  turbine  in  which  the  water 
enters  tangentially  at  the  surface  and  is,  dis- 
charged at  the  centre. 

TOr'-tl-cal,  "  vor'-ti-call,  o.  [Lat-  vortex, 
genit.  vurticis  =  a  vortex  (q.v.X]  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  a  vortex ;  whirling,  re- 
volving. 

"  It  Is  not  a  magnetic*!  power,  nor  UK  effect  of  a 
vortical  motiou.'—Sentleg  :  Sermonl. 

•  por'-tl-col-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  vortical;  -ly.] 
In  a  vortical  manner ;  with  a  whirling  or  re- 
volving motion. 

vor-tl-9eT-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  diinin.  from 
Lat  tiorter(q.v.).] 

Zool. :  Bell-animalcule ;  the  type-genus  of 
Vorticellina  (q.v.),  with  numerous  species 
from  salt  and  fresh  water.  Attached  poste- 
riorly by  a  simple,  undivided,  contractile 
thread-like  pedicle,  enclosing  an  elastic  mus- 
cular flbrilla,  and  assuming  on  contraction  a 
much  shortened  and  usually  corkscrew-like 
contour.  (See  illustration  under  Bell-ani- 
malcule.) The  adoral  system  consists  of  a 
spirally  convolute,  ciliary  wreath,  the  right 
limb  of  which  descends  into  the  oral  or  ves- 
tibnlar  fossa,  the  left  obliquely  elevated  and 
encircling  the  rotatory  or  ciliary  disc;  oral 
fossa  on  ventral  side,  continued  into  a  con- 
spicuous pharynx. 

»7or-tt-9Sl'-Hd,  vor-ti-9Sl'-U-dan,  «. 

[VORTICELLID.E.]  Any  individual  of  the  Vor- 
ticellidaa  (q.v.).  (Saville  Kent:  Infusoria, 
ii.  671.) 

vor~tt-9eT-li-die,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat  vorti- 
<xll(a);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool, :  A  family  of  Peritrichous  Infusoria, 
wifh  three  sub-families :  Vorticellina,  Vagini- 
coiina,  and  Ophrydina.  Animalcules  seden- 
tary or  attached,  from  salt  or  fresh  water, 
ovate,  campanulate,  or  sub-cylindrical ;  ora! 
aperture  terminal,  eccentric,  associated  with 
a  spiral  fringe  of  adoral  cilia,  the  right  limb 
of  which  descends  into  the  oral  aperture,  the 
left  limb  encircling  a  more  or  less  elevated 
protrusible,  and  retractile  ciliary  disc.  They 
increase  by  fission,  by  the  conjugation  of  two 
dissimilar  zooids,  the  one  (male?;  minute  ant 
migrant,  tlie  other  (female?)  normal  ant 
sedentary,  and  by  the  development  out  of  th' 
endoplast  of  minute  free-swimming  germs. 

vor-tl-9el-li'-na,  «.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  vorti 
all(a)i  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 
Zool. :  A  sub-family  of  Vorticellidffi,  with 


eleven   genera.     Animalcules    naked,   long, 

sessile. 

•or'-tl-cef,  *.  pi.    [VORTEX.] 

vor-ti  -dial  (ol  as  sh),  o.  [VORTICAL.] 
Whirling,  vortical  (q.v.). 

11  Cyclic  and  seemingly  gyrating  or  vorticial  mow- 
menu.  -~Poe:  S»reka  |  VTorkl  1861],  11  205. 

vor'-ti-oose,  a.   [Lat.  vortex,  genit.  vortiois  = 
a  vortex  (q.v.).]  Whirling,  vortical,  revolving. 

vcr-tigr-In-pus,  a.  [VORTEX.]  Having  a 
motion  revolving  round  an  axis  or  centre  ; 
vortical. 

••  Lilting  high  his  angry  tide 

"          Coutier:  Homer;  lli.idl.ll. 


vos'-gite,  s.  [After  the  Vosges,  where  found  ; 
suff.  -Ue  (A/in.).] 

Mm.  :  An  altered  labradorlte  found  in  a 
porphyritic  rock.  Sp.  gr.  2771  ;  colour,  white 
to  greenish  or  bluish  ;  lustre,  greasy. 

vo'  -tar-ess,  *  vof  -rose.  5.  [Eng.  votary  ; 
•ess.]  A  female  votary  ;  a  female  devoted  to 
any  service,  worship,  or  state  of  life. 

Thy  votrees  from  my  tender  years  I  am." 

Drfde*  :  Palamoa  t  Jrclte,  111.  228. 

vo'-tar-ist,  «.   [Eng.  votary  ;  •«.]  A  votary. 

"A  study  wliich  every  votariet  of  the  dramatic 
muses  ought  to  pay  attention  and  respect  to."— 
Obterver,  So.  75. 

vo'-tar-  J,  «  vo-tar-le,  o.  &  n  [Lat.  m«um) 
=  a"vow;  Bug.  suff.  -ary.) 

A.  As  adj.  :  Consecrated  by  a  vow  or  pro- 
mise ;  consequent  on  a  vow  ;  devoted,  votive. 

"  rotary  resolution  is  made  equipollent  to  custome." 

—  flaom  :  Euai/t  ;  Of  Cutlom. 

B.  As  snbst.  :  One  who  is  devoted,  conse- 
crated, or  promised  under  a  vow  ;  hence,  more 
generally,  one  who  is  devoted,  given,  or  ad- 
dicted to  some  particular  worship,  service, 
study,  or  the  like  ;  a  devotee. 

"The  Actes  of  English  rotaritt,  eomprehendynge 
their  vnchaste  practices  and  examples  by  all  atjea.  — 
Bolt  :  XnalM  fotariei.  |PreL| 

vote,  «.    [Lat.  DO(ui»  =  a  vow,  a  wish,  prop. 
neut  sing,  of  wtus,  pa.  par.  of  wveo  =  to  vow 
(q.v.)  ;  Fr.  vote  ;  Sp.,  Port,  &  ItaL  voto.] 
•  1.  An  ardent  wish  ;  a  prayer,  a  suffrage. 

2.  Theexpression  of  a  decided  wish,  opinion, 
desire,  will,  preference,  or  choice  in  regard  to 
any  measure  proposed  or  to  any  candidate 
put  forward,  in  which  the  person  voting  has 
an  interest  with  others,  either  in  passing  or 
rejecting  a  proposed  law,  rule,   regulation, 
Ac,,  or  in  electing  or  rejecting  a  proposed 
candidate  for  any  particular  office  or  post. 
Votes  of  this  sort  can  be  given  in  various 
ways,  as  by  raising  the  hand,  by  word  oi 
mouth  (viva  met),  by  ballot,  by  a  ticket,  &c.  ; 
suffrage. 

"Bishops  give  -  —  -----  ----  -.,  -------  .r 

meut,  but  by  an  office  anuext  to  them,  which  belii|j 
taken  away  they  cease  to  voU,.  therefore  there  is  no) 
the  same  reason  for  them  as  for  temporal  lords."— 
Selden  :  Table  Talk,  p.  11. 

3.  Expression  of  will  by  a  majority  ;  result 
of  voting  ;  decision  by  some  expression  of  the 
minds  or  a  number. 

4.  That  by  means  of  which  will,  preference, 
or  decision  is  given  in  elections  or  in  deciding 
propositions,  as  a  ballot,  a  ticket,  &c. 

5.  That  which   is   voted,  given,  granted 
allowed,  or  conveyed  by  the  will  of  a  majority 
a  thing  conferred  or  granted  by  vote  ;  a  grant 

"Then  a  vote  of  thanks  was  moved  to  the  mayor  for 
his  able  conduct  in  the  chair."—  Dickent  :  Pickwick, 
ch.xiiL 

6.  Votes  collectively  ;  votes  given. 

"  Alluding  to  the  large  amount  of  the  Illiterate  wrt* 
In  Irelsnu.-W>a»l»  Chronicle,  April  26,  1888. 

vote,  v.l.  4  *.    [Fr.  voter.]    [VOTE,  s.] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  give  a  vote  ;  to  express  or 
signify  the  mind,  will,  or  preference,  as  by 
ballot,  a  ticket,  or  other  authorized  means,  it 
electing  candidates  to  any  office  or  post,  or  in 
passing  or  rejecting  motions,  laws,  regula 
tions,  or  the  like,  or  in  deciding  upon  any 
proposition,  in  which  one  has  an  interest  will 
others. 

"A  more  disinterested  set  of  men  than  those  wh 
had  promised  to  vote  for  him,  never  existed  on  earth. 
—  Dicker*  :  Pickteick,  cu.  xiil. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  choose  by  suffrage  ;  to  elect  by  some 
expression  of  will. 

2.  To  enact  or  establish  by  vote  or  by  som 
expression  of  will. 

"But  the  late  long  lasting  parliament  voted  It 
monopoly."—  fuller:  Worthiei;  Yorkshire. 


3.  To  grant,  allow,  or  confer  by  vote  or  ex 
pression  of  will. 
1.  To  declare  ;  to  set  down  ;  to  characterize. 

"  It  has  come  to  be  voted  rather  a  vulgar  thing  to  be 
married  by  banns  at  *&."—  Daily  Telegraph,  March  20, 
1888. 

vote  -less,  a.    [Bug.  vote,  s.  ;  -lea.]    Not 
having  or  not  entitled  to  a  vote. 

"  A  small  knot  of  the  votelcll  have  gathered.*— 
Dally  Telegraph,  March  26,  1885. 

vot'-er,  «.  [Eng.  voOf),  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
has  or  Is  legally  entitled  to  vote  or  give  hit 
suffrage  ;  an  elector.  [REGISTRATION,  H  4.) 

"  Beans  having  been  made  use  of  by  the  votert 
among  the  Athenians  in  the  choice  of  magistrates.  — 
Tatter,  No.  2W. 

V6f  -Iflg,  f.  par.  or  a.  [Von,  t>.]  Voting  in 
past  times  was  largely  performed  openly,  in 
many  instances  t>y  acclamation  of  an  assem- 
bled people.  In  ancient  Greece  voting  was 
either  by  show  of  hands  or  by  ballot—  tho 
latter  intended  for  secrecy  ;  the  ballot  being  a 
white  or  black  ball  dropped  secretly  into  a 
box,  or  a  marked  potsherd  similarly  deposited. 
It  was  not  until  1872  that  the  secret  ballot 
at  parliamentary  and  municipal  elections  was 
adopted  in  England.  In  the  New  England 
States  the  practice  of  secret  voting  has 
always  been  in  vogue,  and  it  has  long  been 
practiced  throughout  the  United  States,  while 
it  lias  become  common  in  moat  other  con  ntries. 
At  the  secrecy  of  the  ballot,  however,  was 
evaded  by  several  partisan  devices,  a  new 
ballot  system,  permitting  complete  secrecy, 
recently  devised  in  Australia,  has  been  made 
the  law  In  many  states  of  the  Union,  and  in 
some  other  countries.  In  this  system,  in  its 
most  common  form,  the  names  of  all  candidates 
are  printed  on  a  single  sheet,  and  are  voted  for 
by  making  a  cross  at  the  head  of  a  purty  list, 
if  the  voter  favors  the  whole  ticket,  or  opposite 
each  name,  if  he  desires  to  divide  bis  vote 
among  the  party  candidates. 

voting  -  machine,  «.     An   automatic 

contrivance  for  securing  accuracy  in  the  re- 
cording, counting,  &c.,  of  votes. 

voting-paper,  «.  A  ballot  or  paper  for 
a  ballot 


-,  o.  [Lat.  voOma,  from  twfwn  —  a 
vow;  Fr.  votif;  Sp.  A  Port,  votivo.] 

\.  Given,  paid,  or  consecrated  In  conse- 
quence or  in  fulfilment  of  a  vow. 

*  2.  Observed  or  practised  in  consequence 
or  in  fulfilment  of  a  vow. 

•*  Votive  Abstinence  some  constitutions  may  endure." 
—  Feltham:  ttetolvel,  i.  8&> 

votive-mass,  >.    [MASS  (2),  t.,  1  16.) 

votive-medal,  s.  A  medal  struck  In 
grateful  commemoration  of  some  auspicious 
event,  as  a  victory,  the  recovery  of  a  prince 
from  illness,  &C. 

votive-offering,  «.    An  ex-voto  (q.v.). 

•vo'-tlve-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  votive);  -ly.]  In 
a  votive  manner  ;  by  vow. 

*  vo'-tJve-ness,  «.    [Eng.  votive  •  -neu.]   Th« 
quality  or  state  of  being  votive. 

•  vot-ress,  «,    [VOTARESS.] 

vouch,  ».(.&«.  [Norm.  FT.  voucher  =  to  vouch, 
site,  or  call  in  aid  in  a  suit,  from  Lat  voco  — 
to  call,  to  call  upon,  to  summon,  from  vox, 
genit.  vocis  =  the  voice.] 

A.  Transitive: 

i  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  To  call  to  witness  ;  to  obtest  ;  to  call 
upon. 

"Do  allege  the  same  histories  and  vouch*  (as  I 
mought  say)  to  tlieyr  aide  the  autoritie  of  the 
writers."—  Eli/at:  Uovernour,  bk.  lit.,  ch.  rxiv. 

•2.  To  warrant;  to  be  surety  for;  to 
answer  for  ;  to  guarantee. 

•'  Vouched  by  the  concurrent  testimony  of  unsus- 
pected witnesses."—  Locke  :  Buman  Underaand.. 
bk.  lv.,  ch.  xvi. 

3.  To  assert,  to  maintain,  to  affirm,  to  at- 
test, to  witness. 

••  What  can  you  vouch  against  him  t  " 

Shaketp.  :  J/eature  /or  Jfeoturw,  T. 

*  i.  To  support  ;  to  back  up  ;  to  follow  up. 

"  Bold  words  vouched  with  a  deed  so  bold." 

Miltoit  :  P.  L.,  V.  Off. 

II.  law  :  To  call  or  summon  Into  court  to 
wan-ant  and  defend,  or  to  make  good  a  war- 
ranty of  title. 

••  He  vouchee  the  tenant  In  tall,  who  vouchee  OT«* 
the  common  vouchee."—  Blackttone:  Comment. 


boil,  bo^;  ptfnt,  J6%1;  oat,  9011,  chorns,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  oyist.   ph  -  t 
-Clan,  -tian  =  shau.   -tion,  -slou  =  •bun ;  -{ion,  -siou  =  zhun.   -oious,  -tious,    sioua  =  shiis.   -We,  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


5102 


vouch— vowel 


B.  Intransitive  ! 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
*  L  To  bear  witness ;  to  give  testimony  or 
attestation. 

'  Vouch  with  me.  heaven." 

Shaieif.  :  Othello,  i.  i. 

2.  To  answer  ;  to  be  surety  or  guarantee. 

"Until  the  Elector  of  Hanover  .hall  rouca  (or  the 
troth  of  what  she  hath  solemnly  affirmed."— Awi/t. 

3.  To  maintain,  to  assert,  to  aver,  to  affirm. 

"  A  man  that  never  yet 
Did.  u  be  voucaet,  miareport  your  grace." 

SAo*«lu. .-  Stetaurefor  Measure.  V. 

n.  Law:  To  give  evidence  of  a  warranty  of 

*VOU9ll,».    [VoucH,  ».]    Approving  or  attest 
Ing  voice ;  warrant,  attestation,  testimony. 

"What  praise  couldst  tliou  beetow  ou  a  deserving 
woman  Indeed  :  one  thut.  In  the  authority  of  her 
merit,  did  Justly  pat  on  the  vjttc*  of  very  malice 
itself  I  "-.thalatf. ,  oUullo,  li  L 

•  vouobe,  v.t.  &  t    [VODCH,  r.] 

vdu9h  ee',  ».    [Eng.  mmch,  v. ;  -«.) 

Law :  The  person  vouched  or  summoned  In 

a  writ  of  r^ht. 

T<Juch'-er,  ».    [Eng.  vouch,  v. ;  -er.J 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 
L  One  who  vouches  or  gives  witness  or 
attestation  to  anything. 

"I  shall  have  many  voucher,,  who  will  be  ready  to 
luati/y  me."— Aurrief;  Life  'tf  sir  y.  Bale. 

3.  A  book,  paper,  or  document  which  serves 
to  vouch  for  or  guarantee  the  truth  of  ac- 
counts, or  to  confirm  and  establish  facts  of 
any  kind  ;  specif.,  the  written  evidence  of  the 
payment  of  a  debt,  as  a  discharged  account 
and  the  like. 

a  A  guarantee;  testimony,  witness. 

"The  stamp  Is  a  mark,  and  a  pnbllck  voucher,  that 
a  piece  of  suca  denomination  ia  of  auou  a  weight."— 

IL  law: 

1.  The  tenant  in  a  writ  of  right ;  one  who 
calls  in  another  to  establish  his  warranty  of 
title.    In  common  recoveries  there  may  be  a 
single  voucher  or  double  vouchers. 

2.  (See  extract). 

"  roucher  Is  the  calling  in  of  Borne  penon  to  answer 
the  action,  that  hatli  warranted  the  title  to  the  tenant 
or  defendant."— BlaclMvnt:  Comment.,  ok.  iii.,  ch.  20. 

•  vou9h'-ment,  «.    [Eng.  vouch;  -mmt.)    A 
•oleum  assertion  or  declaration. 

*'  Their  vouchment  by  their  honour  In  that  try*!  la 
not  an  oath."— -tf<ic*«x  :  lift  of  n'illianu.  L  77. 

•/tfu9h'-|>r,  8.    [Eng.  vouch,  v. ;  -or.] 
Law:  The  same  as  VODCHEB,  II.  1. 

Voil9h  safe',  *  vouche  safe,  *  vouche- 
•alve,  *  vouch-save,  *  vouch  eu  aauf, 
*  voucho  sauf.  *  vouche-saufe,  v.t.  Si  i. 
[Prop,  two  words,  much  safe  =  to  voucii  or 
warrant  as  safe,  to  guarantee,  to  grant.] 
IVoncH,  ».] 

A.  TransUlit: 

*  I,  As  two  words:  To  grant,  to  allow. 

"  So  Philip  Is  wild,  on  that  wise  we  It  take 
Aa  JO  Fiat  mad  presents  the  kyng  voucher  It  JKIUA" 
Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  2M. 

IL  At  one  word  : 

1.  To  condescend  to  grant;  to  concede;  to 
grant  in  condescension. 

"  She  vouchinfei  no  notice.*1 

Saaletp. :  CfmbMne,  IL  s. 

*  2.  To  receive  or  accept  In  condescension ; 
to  deign  to  receive. 

"  Upon  which  better  part  our  prayers  oome  In 
U  Uion  vouduafe  them.' 

Shate^.:  KiaaJohn.m.1. 

B.  IntranaMre: 

*  L  At  two  words  : 

L  To  guarantee  ;  to  be  surety. 

M  Bat  wold  ye  rouchen  tnuf  npon  surtee 
Two  yere  or  three  for  to  respiteti  me." 

Chaucer;  C.  T.,  11,88* 

2.  To  grant,  to  concede,  to  agree. 

"  roiKAe  son/  that  his  sone  hire  wedde." 

William  of  Palerne,  1,449. 

IL  As  one  word :  To  deign,  to  condescend, 
to  yield. 

"  rauchiafe  to  alight  thy  steed." 

Shalceip. :  renut  t  Adaoit,  IS. 

•  vot>9h  safe'-mgnt,  «.     [Eng.   vouchsafe; 
•ment.]    The  act  of  vouchsafing ;  that  which 
IB  vouchsafed ;  a  grant  or  concession  In  con- 
descension. 

"And  that  Ood  la  In  him  of  a  truth.  In  a  iprclal 
way  of  manifestation  and  emichia/ement.''— atanvOl: 
Bermoni,  ser.  L 


I  Or  WATaCmLOO-BKIDOB. 
no.   VouMrO.ra;  A.  Kevntoiie; 


•  vonlge  (g  as  zh),  «.    [O.  FT.  witlge,  rouge 
Origiu  doubtful.) 

Old  Arm.:  A  langae-de-boeuf  (q.v.), 

•voure,  ».f.  [Lat.  twro.)  To  devour.  (Wy- 
cli/e  :  2  Kings  xviii.  a) 

vousBolr  (as  voa-swar),  «.  [Fr.,  from 
voussitre  =  the  curvature  of  a  vault,  from  a 
verb  emitter  (supposed  Low  Lat.  mlutio)  =  to 
make  round,  from  Lat.  volutua,  pa.  par.  o: 
volvo  =  to  turn.] 

Arch. :  One  of  the  stones  which  immediately 
form  the  arch  of  a  bridge,  vault,  lie.,  and  are 
always  cut 
more  or  less 
In  the  shape 
of  a  truncat- 
ed pyramid 
or  wedge. 
The  under 
sides  of  the 
yousBoIrs 

«™  ««  '"•  a  a.   Voa-olr,  j  o    Keyst 

trados    or  oc.  lutradoeorsolnt. 

soffit  of  the 

arch  and  the  upper  sides  the  ertrados.    The 

Diddle  voussoir  u  called  the  keystone  of  the 

arch. 

•  von-ter-y, «.  [AVOCTEHIE.J  Adultery.  (Wy- 
cli/e:  Jeremiah  xvii.  27.] 

vow,  '  von,  •  vowe,  s.  (O.  Pr.  mm,  to,  veu 
(Fr.  men)  =  a  vow,  from  Lat.  rot  urn  =  a  thing 
vowed,  a  vow;  prop.  neut.  sing,  of  vatiu,  pa. 
par.  of  voveo  —  to  promise,  to  vow ;  8p.  A  Ital. 
volo.  Vote  and  vow  are  doublets.  Avow  is  a 
compound  from  vow.  by  the  prefixing  of  a-  = 
LstaJ.]  (Avow.) 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  solemn  proiui.se  ;  a  kind  of  promissory 
oath  mnde  to  God,  or  to  some  deity,  to  per- 
form some  act,  or  to  dedicate  to  the  deity 
something  of  value,  on  the  fulflment  of  cer- 
tain conditions,  or  in  the  event  of  the  vower 
receiving  something  specially  desired,  as  re- 
covery from  Illness,  deliverance  from  danger, 
success  in  an  enterprise,  or  the  like. 

"  A  vote,  being  a  promise  made  solemnly  to  Ood. 
partakes  of  the  nature  of  an  oath."— decker:  Works, 
vol.  vi..  lecL  20. 

2.  A  solemn  promise  to  follow  out  some 
line  of  conduct,  or  to  consecrate  or  devote 
one's  self,  wholly  or  in  part,  for 'a  longer  or 
shorter  time,  to  some  act  or  service. 

3.  A  solemn  promise  or  declaration  of  fidelity 
and  constancy. 

"  It  la  tlie  boar  when  lovers'  POM 
Seem  tweet  in  every  whispered  word.** 

Byron  :  rartttnn,  t 

*  4.  A  solemn  asseveration  or  declaration. 

™  To  entertain  my  vote*  of  thanks  and  praiae." 

»)taketp. :  2  Henry  IV.,  Iv.  ft, 

IL  Ecclea.  <t  Church  Hist.:  A  special  pro- 
mise ui.-ule  to  God  to  do  or  forego  something 
for  the  promotion  of  his  glory.  The  sub- 
ject-matter must  always  consist  of  *'a  greater 
gocxl,"  In  ecclesiastical  language  "de  bono 
meliorl."  The  practice  of  making  vows  ap- 
pears in  the  religious  history  of  all  races  in 
any  degree  civilized.  It  entered  largely  into 
the  Mosaic  Dispensation  (Gen.  xxviii.  20-2'J  ; 
Lev.  nil.  2;  Num.  XM.  2,  &C.).  In  Deut. 
xxiil.  21,  the  necessity  of  fullUliug  a  vow  is 
insisted  on  (ct  Eccles.  v.  4,  5),  but  in  the 
following  verse  it  is  pointed  out  that  there  is 
no  sin  in  forbearing  to  make  a  vow.  The 
practice  continued  among  the  Jews  in  New 
Testament  times  (Acts  xviii.  18).  With  the 
rise  of  monachism  (q.v.),  vows  to  observe  the 
evangelical  councils  of  voluntary  poverty, 
perpetual  chastity,  and  entire  obedience,  be- 
came common  and  prevailed  In  the  Church 
till  the  Reformation,  when  the  Reformers 
tausiht  that,  since  it  was  the  duty  of  every 
man  to  devote  himself  and  all  his  possessions 
to  the  service  of  God,  vows  were  unnecessary. 
Vows,  however,  still  enter  largely  into  the 
religious  system  of  the  Roman  Church.  To 
the  three  vows  (poverty,  chastity,  and  obedi- 
ence) taken  by  all  religious  [RELIGIOUS,  B.],  a 
fourth,  that  of  stability  (=  remaining  in  the 
order)  is  sometimes  added.  In  addition  to 
these  there  are  private  vows— of  chastity,  pil- 
grimage, 4tc.  Vows  are  of  two  kinds :  simple 
and  solemn,  the  difference  between  them 
being  that  the  latter  are  instituted  as  such, 
and  accepted  as  irrevocable  l)y  the  Church, 
and  they  constitute  one  of  the  marks  of  a 
religious  order  as  distinguished  from  a  con- 
gregation [ORDKB,  t.,  $  (9)1.  Simple  and 
solemn  vows  differ  also  in  their  effects.  A 


simple  vow  makes  marriage  unlawful,  and  de- 
prives the  person  wbo  has  made  it  of  a  right 
to  use  any  property  he  may  possess ;  n  solemn 
vow  makes  marriage  invalid,  and  takes  away 
all  dominion  over  property.  Solemn  and  cer- 
tain simple  vows,  as  those  of  chastity  and  of 
greater  pilgrimage,  can  only  be  dispensed  oy 
the  Pope,  or  by  a  superior  specially  delegated 
for  the  purpose  ;  but  most  of  the  simple  vows 
can  be  dispensed  by  the  bishop  of  the  diocese 
In  which  the  person  who  has  made  the  vow 
resides. 

"  vow-breach,  *  vow-break,  a,     Th» 

breaking  of  a  vow  or  vows. 

"  Sacrilege  and  pow-ormt  In  Ananias  and  Sapphlrm 
made  them  descend  quick  into  their  gravev"-  Jeremu 
Taylor  :  tlotu  Dying. 

*  vow-breaker,  «.    One  who  breaks  his 
vow  or  vows. 

"  And  this  is  that  holy  bishop  Paphnutltis.  whotue 
these  euangelical  vote-brttitert  pretvmle  to  be  tieir 
proctour  for  th.-ir.:  vnhiulul  mariagea."— JeweU :  D«- 
feitco  o/  AiMlouie.  p.  162. 

*  Vow-fellow,  a.    One  who  is  bound  by 
the  same  vow. 

with  this  virtuous  king." 
Shakctp. :  Love t  La'jour't  Lott,  II* 

v«iw,  *  vowe,  *  vow-en,  ».«.  &  i.    [o.  Fr. 
coer,  (Fr.  twuer).]    [Vow,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

It  To  promise  solemnly ;  to  give,  conse- 
crate, or  dedicate  by  a  vow  or  solemn  pro- 
mise, as  to  God  or  a  deity. 

"  When  thoo  von/tit  a  vow  defer  not  to  pay  it .  . 
pay  that  which  thou  hivst  owed. "—£<*<««.  v™. 

2.  To  threaten  or  denounce  solemnly  or 
upon  oath. 

"  That  be  m  iy  p»u>  revenge  on  him." 

Vi'iktip.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece.  1,17», 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  a  TOW  or  solemn  promise  ;  to 
oiud  one's  self  by  a  vow. 

"He  that  oowt  never  to  have  an  111  thought,  never 
to  commit  an  error,  hath  taken  a  cmio.  tli.tt  hia 
little  infirmities  shall  become  Crimea'1— ft/..  7'uw/or.* 
Sermon*,  vol.  L,  ser.  14. 

2.  To  asseverate  or  protest  solemnly. 

"  We  heard  him  swear  and  MIC  to  Qod 
Ha  came  but  to  the  duke  of  lAiicanU*r 
~ 


.      »7.lT.«. 

vo^red,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [Vow,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  jxir.;  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective; 

1.  Devoted,  consecrated,  or  dedicated  by  a 
vow. 

"  Never  faith  could  hold.  If  not  to  be.ini 

HhaJcetp. :  fattionatt  t'Ugri.n,  &&. 

*  2.  Conflnned  by  oath  ;  sworn  to. 

"  With  a  vowed  c.;n  t  net." 

Sfiakerjt.;  tt*<uurefor  Jfouurv.  v. 

Sw  Sworn,  constant,  inveterate,  continued. 
"(Tbelwiwdfoeof  my  fellcitie," 

Speiuer  :  F.  O...  L  XiL  tt. 

VOT^-Sl,  *  vow-ell,  5.  &  a.    [Fr.  voijelle  =  a 
vowel,  from  Lat.  vocalem,  accus.  of  vocal  is  s* 
sounding,  vocal  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  vocal ;  Port,  wyuj; 
Ital.  iwcali.] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  sound  that  is  uttered  by  simply  open- 
ing the  mouth  or  vocal  organs  ;  a  fioui...  pro 
duced  by  the  vibration  of  the  vocal  cliurds. 
The  pitch  or  tone  of  u  vowel  is  determined  by 
the  vocal  chords,  but  its  quality  dep^u^ls  upon 
the  configuration  of  the  m<>utli  or  lnur;.!  tube 
A,  t,  au<l  u  are  by  philologists  cdle-l  the 
primitive  voweU,  and  from  them  all  tlie  va- 
rious vowel  sounds  in  the  Anan   languages 
have  been  developed.    A  vowel  differs  from  a 
consonant  in  that  the  former  can    be    pro- 
nounced by  itself,  while  a  consnnant  requires 
the  aid  of  a  vowel  to   be  sounded  with  it. 
While  there  are  only  live  vowels,  i.e,,  charac- 
ters representing  such  sounds,  there  are  four- 
teen vowel  and  live*  diphthongal  suuuiU  in 
English. 

"For  the  formation  of  the  three  principal  toiccl* 
we  give  the  interior  t,f  the  muutL  twu  extreme  ji  -i- 
tions.  In  one  we  round  the  lips  and  tlr-iw  duwn  tlie 
tongue,  so  that  the  cavity  of  the  mouth  ammo.**  the 
ahape  of  a  buttle  without  a  neck,  and  we  nrutmtince  it, 
In  the  other  we  iiarrow  tlie  lips  aud  druw  up  tlie 
tongue  as  high  aa  pusaible,  so  that  the  bmv.il  tu!«  re- 
presenu  a  bottle  with  a  very  wide  neok.  and  we  (iro- 
nonnoe  i  (as  fu  French  and  Uenuan).  If  the  lii«s  are 
wide  upeu,  and  the  tongue  lit-s  Hut  t.nd  In  its  u&tural 
poaitlon.  we  pronounce  a.  Between  these  three  ele- 
mentary articulatious  there  is  an  ii.rieftinte  variety  of 
vowel  aounils,"— itorrit :  JfitC.  Outline!  of  Any'titk 
Accidence,  J  17. 

2.  A  letter  or  character  representing  such  a 
sound. 

B.  Ai  adj.  :  Pertaining  to  a  vowel ;  vocal. 
vowel-points,  «.  pL    [POINT,  «., ' 


»te,  flit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  W9H  work,  whd,  son;  miitc,  c«b,  cure,  Quite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    o>,  oa  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lew. 


vowelish— vulgar 


5103 


the 


•  v6V-el-Ish,  o.    [Eng.  vowel ;  -Wi.)    Of  the 
nature  of  a  vowel. 

••  Tl,e  po«er  1«  always  vevtlM.  even  where  It  leads 
•owel  In  any  syllable."—  Ben  Jonton :  Enatun 
imar,  ch.  111. 

use  of  vowels. 

•vo*-elled,a.    [Eng.  vowel  ;-ed.]   Furnished 
with  or  containing  vowels. 

"  Pause*,  cadence,  and  well  vowtfd  words." 

Dri/den:  To  the  Sari  o/ RoKommon. 

'Ttfw"-er,«.    [Eng.cow.s.  ;•«-.]  Onewhomakes 

a  Vil\V   1)1'   Vl'US. 

"The  gylte  .  .  .  nut  primiysed  to  tu»t  kynde  ol 
tPowerg."—  Bale :  Apoloffi*.  ti"rwt). 

•voV-ess,  *  vow-esse,  s.    (Kng.  vow;  -as.] 
A  woman  who  lias  taken  a  vow  ;  a  nun. 

"  In  that  churche  aluo  lieth  this  ladle,  buried  .  .  . 
In  tlie  linuit  of  a  r  :,c,,u.~-UoUn*eil:  ascription  «/ 

!'.•;•;/:!  ll'l,   bk.  iL.Oh.   111. 

*  vtf^-lSss,  "  vtf^r-lesse,  u.    [Eng.  vow, ». ; 
-less.]    Free  from,  or  not  bound  liy,  a  vow  or 
vows. 

"  He  hath  done  with  their  owne  Towes.  and  now  de- 
scenda  to  us;  whiiiu  he  contcpses  MM'(u*fe." — By. 
Salt .  Honour  of  the  Harried  derate,  }  17. 

[Lat.  =  a  voice.]    A  voice, 
vox  angelica,  8.    [Lat] 

Music :  An  organ-stop  consisting  of  two 
ranks  of  pipes  of  small  scale  and  delicate 
quality  of  tone,  one  of  which  is  tuned  slightly 
sharp  in  order  to  produce  a  wavy  and  tremu- 
lous sound.  Called  also  Voix  ceUttt,  undo, 
maris,  Sus. 

vox  humana,  s.    [Lat.] 

Mttaia :  A  reed  stop  in  the  organ  intended 
to  imitate  the  sounds  of  the  human  voice, 
consisting  of  a  large  reed  and  short  tube  ; 
called  met  humana  in  Italian,  mix  humaint  in 
French,  and  also  antkropoglossa. 

(age  as  J&), '  ve  age,  *  vl-age, 

*  vy-age,  s.  [O.  Fr.  velage  (Fr.  voyage),  from 
Lat.  viaticum  =  provisions  or  requisites  for  a 
journey  ;  from  viaticus  =  pertaining  to  a  jour- 
ney, from  via  =  a  way,  a  journey  ;  Ital.  viag- 
fio;  Sp.  viage;  Prov.  viatge.]  [WAT.] 

*  1.  A  journey,  whether  by  land  or  by  sea. 

"  To  Scotland  now  he  (ondes,  to  redy  his  tnnge" 
Robert  de  iintnne,  p.  114. 

8.  A  journey  or  passing  hy  sea  or  water 
from  one  place  or  country  to  another,  espe- 
cially a  journey  hy  water  to  a  place  far  distant. 

*  3.  The  practice  or  habit  of  travelling,  espe- 
cially from  one  country  to  another. 

"  All  nations  have  tuterknowledge  of  one  another, 
by  voyage  Into  fureUa  t&rU,  or  stranger*  that  cume 
to  them.  —  Bacon. 

*  4.  Any  course  or  way  taken ;  an  attempt. 

"  If  he  should  Intend  this  voyage  towards  my  wife." 
— Sft-itesp. :  Merry  Wivet,  11.  L 

•J  One  of  the  most  remarkable  voyages  of 
-antiquity  was  that  of  Solomon  and  Hiram's 
navigators  to  India,  or  some  place  to  which 
its  productions  were  brought  The  names 
of  the  apes,  peacorks,  &c.,  obtained  are  Ma- 
labar words,  whi<;h  suggests  that  South- 
western India  Itself  was  visited.  An  explor 
ing  expedition  sent  out  by  Pharaoh  Necho 
about  604  B.C.  is  said  to  have  sailed  round 
Africa.  The  Periplns  of  Hanno  the  Car 
thaginian,  B.C.  400,  was  also  a  great  nauticu 
exploit.  The  discovery  of  America  by  Co 
lunibiM  1492,  and  the  passage  of  the  Cape  o 
Good  Hope  by  Vasco  de  Gaina,  with  his  ulti 
mate  arrival  in  India  (A.D.  149T),  constitut< 
two  of  the  greatest  nautical  enterprises  o 
modem  times.  After  these  rank  the  expedi 
tlons  which  circumnavigated  the  globe  |Cm 
OTMNAViok.'OR]  and  those  for  the  discovery  o 
the  North-East  and  North-We»t  passages 
(NORTH-EAST,  1 ;  NORTH-WEST, 

*  vojK-age  (ago  as  ig),  v.i.  &  t.  [Fr,  voyagfr. 

[VOYAOE,  «.] 

A.  Inlrans. :  To  travel ;  to  make  a  jonrne 
or  voyage ;  to  travel  by  water. 

"  Life  hath  not  hln  nuexpenslT«  In  learning,  an 
ewallna  abouf-JHtton :  Apol.  tor  amecti/mnuul.  i 

B.  Train.  :    To   travel  or   pass   over;  t 
traverse. 

"  I  with  pain 
roytiff'd  th'  unreal,  vast  unbounded  deep." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  X.  «n. 

*  v^-age-a-ble  (age  as  Ig),  o.    [Eng.  toy 

age;   -able.}    Capable  of  being    travelled  o 
sailed  over ;  navigable. 

V^-ag-ir  (ag  as  Ig), ».    [Eng.  voyatff) ; 

**u7 


One  who  travels  or  passes  by  water  from  one 
place  or  country  to  another. 

"  Long  shall  the  wyaoer.  with  th'  Ionian  blast, 
Uail  tbe  bright  ollme  of  battle  and  of  long. 

llyron  :  C'htide  Uarvld,  it.  ill. 

6^'-a-geur(gasall),s.  [Fr.]  A  traveller; 
specifically  applied  in  Canada  to  a  class  of 
men  employed  by  the  fur  companies  in  trans- 

a'  ing  goods  by  the  rivers  and  across  the 
to  and  from  the  remote  stations  of  the 
north-west.      They   are    nearly   all    French 
Canadians  or  hair-breeds.    A  number  of  them 
were  employed  by  the  British  government  in 
transporting  stores,  .<:<•.,  up  the  Nile,  in  the 
expedition  for  the  relief  of  Khartoum,  in  1884. 
"Over  one  hundred  whaleboaU  are  at  Gemal  await- 
ing the   return   of    voyaoruri   to  start"—  PnU  Malt 
Uazette,  Nov.  25,  Ibfll. 


[VioL(2),  «.] 

tfy'-Ta,  s.  [The  Guianan  name  of  one  species.) 
Bot.  :  A  parasitic  genus  of  Gentiane*,  akin 
to  the  Orobaiichaceas.  They  grow  on  the 
trunks  of  old  trees.  The  tuberous  routs  of 
V.  roaea  are  eaten  in  Guiana  like  potatoes. 

V-pfig,  «.    [Bee  def.] 

Enlom.  :  Eupithecia  -coronofa,  a  pug-moth 
(q.v.).  The  fore  wings  are  green  with  numer- 
ous black  and  pale  markings,  the  most  con- 
spicuous of  which  is  a  V-shaped  black  mark, 
whence  the  name.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on 
the  traveller's  joy,  the  agrimony,  the  golden 
rod,  and  the  wild  angelica. 

vralBomblanoo  (as  vra  jan-blans  ),  «. 
[Fr.J  An  appearance  of  truth. 

vreolt-ite,  i.  [After  Ben  Bhreck,  or  Vreck, 
near  Tongue,  Sutherland,  where  found  ;  watt. 
-Ut  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  soft,  granular  mineral  occurring  as 
a  coating  on  crystals  of  quartz.  Colour,  light 
apple-green.  An  analysis  yielded  :  silica, 
81-92;  alumina,  7'16;  sesquioxlde  of  iron, 
1271  ;  protoxide  of  iron,  2-11  ;  protoxide  of 
manganese,  0'41  ;  lime,  1«'08  ;  magnesia,  8"2«  ; 
water,  17-77  =  99-42. 

vftgg,  vugll,  «.    [Btym.  doubtful.) 

M  in.  :  A  cavity  ;  a  hollow  in  a  rock,  or  In 
a  lode  ;  a  vogle. 
VuT-can,  «.    [Let  Fulcamu.] 

1.  Bom.  Antlq.  :  The  god  who  presided  over 
the  working  of  metals.  He  was  the  son  of 
Jupiter,  who,  incensed  at  his  interference  on 
the  part  of  his  mother,  Juno,  cast  him  out  of 
heaven  ;  he  fell  in  the  isle  of  Leniuos,  and 
broke  his  leg  in  the  falL  He  was  the  patron 
of  armourers  and  workers  in  metaL  There 
is  about  the  character  of  Vulcan  much  of  the 
usual  confusion  belonging  toGreek  mythology. 
Cicero  mentions  three  Vulcans,  besides  the 
son  of  Jupiter  ;  one,  the  child  of  Uranus  ; 
another,  of  Nilus,  who  reigned  In  Egypt  ;  a 
third  of  Maenalius.  A  peculiarity  attending 
the  worship  of  Vulcan  was,  that  the  victims 
were  wholly  consumed,  in  reference  to  his 
character  as  god  of  fire.  In  sculpture  he  is 
represented  as  bearded,  with  a  hammer  and 
pincers,  and  a  pointed  cap.  He  had  under 
him,  a«  workmen,  the  Cyclopes,  whose  work- 
shop was  on  Mount  Etna,  where  thunderbolts 
were  forged.  He  is  identified  with  the  Greek 
Hepiiaestos. 

*  2.  Astron.  :  The  name  given  to  a  planet, 
Imaginary  or  real,  between  the  Sun  and 
Mercury.  On  March  28,  1859,  M.  Lescarbault, 
a  village  physician  of  Orgeres,  Enre-et-Loire, 
France,  saw  or  fancied  that  he  saw  a  small  dark 
planet-like  body  pass  across  the  sun's  disc.  In 
September  the  alleged  discovery  reached  Le- 
verrier,  who  eagerly  grasped  it,  as  he  had 
previously  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
motions  of  Mercury  were  affected  by  the  per- 
turbation of  a  planet  between  it  and  the  sun. 
He  even  went  so  far  as  hypothetically  to  calcu- 
late the  elements  of  the  new  planet.  M.  Llais 
stated  that  he  was  examining  the  sun  at  the 
very  moment  of  M.  LescarLault's  supposed 
discovery,  and  was  certain  that  no  dark  body 
passed  across  the  disc.  The  planet  was  called 
by  anticipation  Vulcan,  but  its  existence  still 
remains  unconfirmed.  (Dunkln:  Midnight 
Sky.) 

VUl-ea'-nX-an,  o.  [Lat  Vulcanlut,  from  KuZ- 
canua  =  Vulcan.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Pertaining  to  Vulcan  ;  formed  by  Vulcan. 

"Therutainton  panoply  which  Achilla,  lent  to  his 
feebler  friend."—  Vocauiaj  .-  Hit!,  fno..  ch.  Tli 


2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  volcanoes;  volcanic. 
II.  Gent.;  Of,  ptTtainiitg,  or  relating  to  the 
geological  theory  of  the  Vulcaniats. 

viU-c&n'-io.  a.    [Eng.  Vulcan;  -w.J 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Vulcan. 

2.  Volt-unit!;  vulraniaii. 

viil-oaii-Ip'-I-t^f  *.     [Eng.   vulcanic;   -ity.] 

Tin;  ([uality  or  state  of  being  vu.amio  or  vol- 
canic ;  volcanic  power  or  action  ;  volc.ai.ieHy. 

viU'-can-iijni,  s.    [Eng.  Vulcan;  "ism,] 

Geot. ;  A  oolltT.tivr  term  for  tin-  phenomena 
due  to  internal  lire  or  heat,  as  volcanoes,  hot 
springs,  &c. 

"  A  milder  phaM  of  twteanf-m  than  that  now  dl^ 
played  uithor  by  Veauvliu  or  lleclu."  —  Ckuinbert 
Journal.  Feb.  27,  188fi. 

vfcl  canlst,  s.    [lAt,Kuioa»w  =  (l)tbegod 
of  fire";  ('Z)  tire.] 

Gfol. :  One  who  attributed  to  Igneous  ngency 
the  formntionof  various  rocks,  notably  l*salt, 
Ac.,  supposed  by  the  Neptunists,  led  by 
"Werner  (1700-1817),  to  have  been  deposited 
from  a  chaotic  aqueous  Huid.  The  contro- 
versy became  vehement,  and  the  two  parlies 
degenerated  into  warring  factions,  the  Vul- 
canlnt  hypothesis  ultimate!)  holding  the  field. 
OuUed  also  Hutonists.  [GEOLOGY,  I.;  HUT- 

TUNIAN-THEORY,  WERNER1AN.] 

"  Th*  bitter  coi.tn>verE.ea  nf  tbe  Nt-ptunisU  and 
YUrlcanl*tt." — Brawn ;  Our  Earth  Jt  if*  Stury.  i.  W. 


e,  ».    [Eng.  vulcan  :  -itt.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  hard  and  non-elastic  va- 
riety of  vulcanized  rubber,  used  for  making 
combs,   dental  plates,  and  numerous    other 
objects.     It  contains  from  30  to  ttO  per  cent. 
more  sulphur,  and  is  subjected  to  a  higher 
and  more  prolonged  heat  in  curing  tlmn  or- 
dinary vulcanized  rubber.    It  is  of  a  orowjllsn- 
bhtck  colour,  is  hard  and  tough,  cuts  easily, 
is  susceptible  of  a  good  polish,  and  is  not 
atfected  by  water  or  any  of  the  other  caout- 
chouc solvents.      It  evolves  a  considerable 
amount  of  electricity  when  nibbed,  and  is 
hence  much  used  in  the  construction  of  elec- 
tric machines. 

2.  Petrol. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Py- 
roxene (q.v.). 

vul-can-i  za -tlon,  ».  [Eng.  mlccmitlf); 
-ation.\  The  act  or  process  of  vulcanizing,  or 
of  treating  caoutchouc  or  india-rubber  uilh 
some  form  of  sulphur,  to  effect  certain  changes 
in  its  properties,  as  to  render  it  insensible  to 
atmospheric  changes,  increase  its  durability, 
and  adapt  it  for  various  purposes  in  the  arts. 
This  was  originally  effected  by  dipping  the 
rubber  in  melted  sulphur,  and  heating  it  to 
nearly  300'.  Several  other  methods  hnve 
been  employed.  The  substance  thus  formed 
is  elastic  at  all  temperatures,  cannot  be  dis- 
solved by  the  ordinary  solvents,  and  resists 
the  effects  of  heat  within  a  considerable  range 
of  temperature.  Vulcanized  India  rubber  is 
largely  used  for  many  useful  purposes,  as  for 
waterproofing  cloth,  for  boots,  shoes,  mats, 
toys,  belting,  butlers,  wheel-tires,  washers, 
valves,  pipes,  fire-hose,  medical  and  surgical 
appliances,  &C.  [VULCANITE.] 

viU'-ean-ize,  ».<.  [Eng.  villain;  -be.]  To 
treat  by  the  process  of  vulcanization,  as  india- 
rubber. 

vftl-can  ized,  pa.  par.  &  o.    (VUUCANIZI.] 

vulcanized  India-mb'ber,  s.  India- 
rubber  subjected  to  the  process  of  vulcaniia- 
tiou  (q.v.). 

vtU'-can-lZ-«rt  «.  [Bug.  vulmniz(e) ;  -er.] 
One  who  or  that  which  vulcanizes  ;  specifi- 
cally,the  apparatus  used  in  vulcanizing  india- 
rubber. 

"  vul-ca-no,  >.    [VOLCANO.] 

*vtil-oan-51'-4-glst,  ».  [Eng.  mlcanologd/) ; 
-iet.]  One  who  studies  or  is  versed  in  vul- 
cauology ;  a  volcanist. 

*  vftl-can-Sr-^-gjf,  ».  [Bug.  ruioano  =  a 
volcano ;  «uff.  -oUigy.] 

Physia:  That  department  of  natural  science 
which  concerns  Itself  with  igneous  pheno- 
mena, as  volcanoes,  hot  springs,  &c. 

"Under  rnlcanalooy  he  treats  of  the  volcanic  erup- 
tions during  the  two  years."—  Nature,  Oct  22,  1886, 
p.  009. 

vtil'-gar,  a.  &  t.    [Fr.  vulgairt  =  vulgar,  COD 


;  pttt,  J<S*l!  oat,  90!!,  Chora*  9Hln.  bengh;  go,  gem;  tain,  HH.;  1",  a,;  expect.  £e*<>phon, 

-tton,  Uion  =  sWin;  -flon,  -jiion  =  zhun.   -olcns.  -ttons.  -rtou«  =  rtfl*   -We,  -dlo.  *c.  =  1*1,  d«l. 


6104 


vulgarian— vulpefc 


men,  from  Lat  vulgaris,  from  vulgus  =  th 
common  people,  lit.  =•  a  crowd  or  throng 
from  same  root  as  Sansc.  varga  =  &  troop 
vraja  =  a  flock,  a  herd,  a  multitude ;  Eng.  urge 
A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  common  people 
plebeian. 

"  Talk  like  the  vulgar  sort  of  market-men.** 

Shakesp. :  l  ffenry  VL,  ill.  S. 

2.  Characteristic  of  or  suiting  the  common 
people  :  as,  vulgar  sports,  vulgar  life. 

3.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to,  or  charac 
teristic  of  the  lower  or  less  refined  classes 
unrefined ;    hence,  somewhat  coarse ;   rude 
boorish,  low. 

"  Stale  and  cheap  to  vulgar  company.*' 

Shakes?. :  1  BenrV  IV.,  111.  2. 

4.  Common,    ordinary  ;    iu    general   use 
hence,  vernacular,  national. 

"Ye  are  to  take  care  that  this  child  be  brought  to 
tn«  Bishop  to  he  confirmed  by  him,  BO  soon  as  he  can 
•ay  the  Creed,  the  Lord's  Prayer,  and  the  Ten  Cora 
m  an  dm  eti  ts  in  the  vulgar  tongue."— Book  of  Comma, 
Prayer;  Order  of  Baptism. 

*5.  Ordinary,  commonplace  ;   of  ordinary 
or  common  occurrence. 


Ai  any,  the  most  vulgar  thing  to  sense." 

Shaketp.  :  Hamlet,  i.  3. 

*6.  Lowering  one's  self,  with  loss  of  dignity 
OT  self-respect ;  making  one's  self  too  cheap. 

"  Be  them  familiar,  bat  by  no  means  vulgar." 

ShaXetp. :  Hamlet,  i  8. 

*7.  Of  common  or  general  circulation 
commonly  bruited  ;  public. 

"  A  vulgar  comment  will  be  made  of  it." 

Shakesp.  :  Comedy  of  Emrs,  lit  1 

*8.  Consisting  of  common  persons. 

"The  vulgar  heap*  of  slaughter."— Rambler. 

*  B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  One  of  the  common  people;  a  vulgar 
person. 

"  As  bad  as  those  that  vulgar*  give  boldest  titles.* 
Shakesp.  :  Winter'*  Tale.  U.  1 

2.  The  vernacular  tongue  or  common  lan- 
guage of  a  country. 

"  Abandon— which  is  in  the  vulgar,  leare."— 
Shakes-p. :  At  You  tike  It,  v.  I. 

If  The  vulgar:  The  common  people  collec- 
tively ;  the  uneducated  or  unrefined  class  of 
people. 

"  Drive  away  the  vulgar  from  the  streets." 

Shaketp. :  Julius  Casar,  i  1. 

vulgar  era,  s.  The  common  era  used  by 
Christians,  dating  from  the  birth  of  Christ. 

vulgar-fraction,  s.    [FRACTION,  II.] 

Ful-gar' -i-an,  a,  As.    [Eng.  vulgar;  -Jan.] 
*A.  As  adj. :  Vulgar. 

"  With  a  fat  vulgarian  sloven." 

Denham  :  To  Sir  J.  Mennis, 

B.  As  subst. :  A  vulgar  person  ;  particularly 
a  rich  person  with  low  or  vulgar  ideas. 

"  Degenerated  into  a  silly  vulgarian,"— Scribner'i 
Magazine,  Aug.,  1880,  p.  608. 

7ul-gar-!$m,  s.     [Eng.  vulgar;  -ism.] 

L  Coarseness,  rudeness,  or  grossness  of 
manners  or  language  ;  vulgarity. 

"[Fletcher] ...  has  never  descended  to  vulgarism 
or  affected  obscurity."— P.  Fletcher:  Pita.  Ed,  1. 
(Note.) 

2.  A  vulgar  phrase  or  expression. 

"All  vulgarism*,  solecisms,  and  barbarisms,  in  the 
conversations  of  boys  .  .  .  munt  be  noticed  and  cor- 
rected."— Knox  :  *oeral  Education,  $  14. 

Vfil-gftr'-X-ty;  5.    [Eng.  vulgar;  -ity.} 

*  1.  Th£  quality  or  state  of  being  vulgar ; 
mean  condition  of  life. 

2.  Coarseness,  grossness,  or  clownishness  of 
manners  or  language  ;  acts  of  low  manners  or 
coarseness. 

"The  reprobate  vulgarity  of  th«  frequenters  of 
Bartholomew  Fair. "—Ben  Jonton  :  Bartholomew  Fair 
ii.  L  (Note  by  Glffbrd.) 

*3.  The  vulgar;  the  common  people ;  the 
mob. 

"The  mere  vulgarity  (like  ewtne)  are  prone  to  cry 
oat  more  for  a  little  bite  by  the  eare  than  for  all  the 
•ordidness  of  tin."— Gauden :  Teart  J/  the  Church,  p.  8. 
(Pret) 

vul-gar-1-za -tion,  *.  [Bng.  vulgarise); 
-ation.]  The  act  or  process  of  making  com- 
mon or  vulgar. 

"  Th«  vulgarization  of  Rossettl  has  been  going  on  for 
some  time  past  with  really  remarkable  success,1*— 
PaU  Matt  Oatette,  April  18,  1887. 

vtil'-gar-ize,  vul  -gar-ise,  v.t.  &  i.  [Eng. 
vulgar;  ~ize.\ 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  vulgar  or  common. 

"He  ...  reduces  and  vulgarizes  the  standard  of  his 
own  work.  — Scribner's  ilayatine,  Dec.,  1878,  p.  297. 


B.  Intrans. :  To  act  in  a  vulgar  or  lo 
manner  ;  to  lower  or  debase  one's  self. 

"  Nor  ever  may  descend  to  vulynriM, 
Or  be  below  the  sphere  of  her  abode." 

Daniel :  To  Lady  Anne  Clifford. 

vur-gar-l&  *  vul-gare-ly,  adv.  [Eng 
vulgar;  -ly.] 

1 1.  In  a  vulgar,  common,  or  ordinary  man 
ner  ;  commonly,  ordinarily  ;  among  the  com 
mon  people. 

"  There  Is  a  large  cave  on  the  said  mount,  which  I 
vulgarly  believed  to  contain  hidden  treasures."— 
Dennii :  Cititt  i  Cemeteries  oj  Etruria,  i.  60. 

2.  In  a  vulgar,  coarse,  rude,  or  clownis] 
manner ;  rudely,  coarsely  :  as,  To  speak  vui 
garly. 

*3.  Publicly ;  before  all  the  people  ;  openly 

"  So  vulgarly  and  personally  accused." 

SAufewp. ;  Meuture/or  Meature,  V. 

"vuT-gar-ness,  s.  [Bng.  vulgar;  -ness. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  vulgar ;  vulgarity 

Vul' -gate,  5.  [Lat.  vulgatus=  general,  com 
mon,  pa.  par.  of  vulgo  =  to  make  common 
general,  or  universal ;  vulgus  =  a  crowd,  th< 
public.] 

Biblical  Versions  :  The  most  celebrated  anc 
most  widely  diffused  version  of  the  Bible  into 
the  Latin  language.     It  is  believed  to  have 
l>een  made  by  St.  Jerome,  who  was  born  in 
Dalmatia  A.D.  329,  and  died  at  Bethlehem  A.D. 
420.    The  early  Church  seems  for  a  consider- 
able time  to  have  consisted  mainly  of  members 
who  spoke   Greek,  and  the  necessity  for  a 
Latin  version  of  tie  Scriptures  was  first  felt 
in   Northern    Africa.     One   or   more   Latin 
translations  were  made  in  that  quarter,  which 
after  a  time  were  superseded  by  the   Italic 
Version  (q.v.).     In  383  Pope  Damasus  urged 
Jerome  to  revise  the  Latin  version  of  the  New 
Testament  by  the  Greek   original.      Under- 
taking the  work,  he  found  innumerable  false 
readings,  interpolations,  and  corruptions,  and 
though  he  acted  cautiously  to  avoid  alarming 
the  ignorant  and  the  timid,  his  version  was  a 
great  advance  on  its  predecessors.     He  next 
revised  the  Latin  version  of  the  Old  Testament 
by  the  aid  of  the  Greek  Septuagint.     Finally 
acquiring  the  Hebrew  tongue  after  he  was 
forty-five  years  of  age,  he  translated  the  Old 
Testament  directly  from  the  original  language. 
Although  his  version  had  at  first  to  encounter 
the  hostile  clamours  of  the  ignorant,  it  made 
way  by  its  own  merits,  without  much  assist- 
ance from  authority,  through  the  whole  Latin- 
speaking  portion    of   ancient   Christendom. 
Gradually,  however,  the  text  was  corrupted, 
and  recensions  became  needful.  One  was  com- 
menced   A.D.  about   802  by  Alcuin   at   the 
instance  of  Charlemagne,  a  second  by  Lan- 
franc,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  A.D.  about 
1089,  and  there  were  others.    The  invention 
of  printing  led  to  the  immediate  issue  about 
1465  of  the  Maaarin  Vulgate,  printed  at  Mainz 
by  Gutenberg   and   Fust,    others   following 
at  intervals.     In  1546  a  commission  appointed 
by  the  Council  of  Trent  reported  that  the 
text  of  the  Vulgate  was  very  corrupt    In  15S7 
an  edition  of  the  Vulgate  appeared,  the  proof- 
sheets  of  which  were   partly  corrected  by 
Pope    Status  V.,   who   used   his   authority 
to  procure  acceptance   for  the  work.     But 
further  study  showed  that  many  of  the  at- 
tempted emendations   were   erroneous,   and 
there  was  a  further  revision  by  Toletus  under 
the  auspices  of  Pope  Clement  VIII.    It  was 
issued  in  1592,  and  is  the  authorised  edition 
in    the     Roman    Church.       It    bears    the 
name  of  both  pontiffs,  being  entitled  "Biblia 
Sacra  Latina  Vulgatse  editionis  Sixti   V.  et 
dementis  VIII."     WyclifTe's  version  of  the 
Bible  was  made  from  the  Vulgate  ;  and  thus 
that  version  has  affected  the  Authorised  ver- 
sion, as  it  has  those  published  in  the  lan- 
guages of  Western  Europe.    A  large  number 
of  the  theological  terms  now  in  use,  such  as 
" sacrament,    " justification,"  Sec.,  have  been 
adopted  from  the  Latin  of  the  Vulgate. 

"The  Latin  Church  found  In  the  Vulgate  an  instru- 
ment for  reaching  all- hearts  and  guiding  all  tongues  " 
— J.  8.  Brevxr  :  Sngjiih  Studio*,  p.  S45. 

1!  Hence  sometimes  applied  to  the  ordinary 
text  of  any  author. 

"  Let  us  pass  from  "The  Tempest'  to  the  'Comedy 
of  Errors'  v.  H.,  'My  heavy  burden  are  delivered.' 
So  the  folio,  and  rightly.  The  trulyate  gives  '  burdens  ' 
reduplitating  the  plural. "—tfotei  A  Queriet,  Hay  19, 

vulned,  a.    [Lat  vulnus  =  a  wound.] 

Her. :  An  epithet  applied  to  any  animal 
that  is  wcunded  and  bleeding  :  as,  a  hind's 
head  vulned. 


VUl-ner-a-bll-i-ty,  s.  [Bug.  vulnerable  ; 
•ity.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vulner- 
able ;  vulnerablenesa. 


"Vulnerability  by  an  enemy's  ballets.-—  Daily  Tel*. 

vuT-ner-a-ble,  a.  [Lat.  vulnerabilis,  from 
vulnus,  genit  vulneris  =  a  wound  ;  Sp.  vul- 
nerable ;  Ital.  vulnerable.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  wounded  ;  susceptible 
of  or  liable  to  wounds  or  external  injuries. 

"  Seeking  where  he  was  vulnerable  most," 

Cowper  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  «li. 

2.  Liable  to  injury  ;  subject  to  be  affected 
injuriously. 

"If  yo\i&re  vulnerable  in  yonr  character  you  will  ba 
deeply  wounded."—  Knox:  Essay  86. 

*3.  Wounding. 

"To  throw  the  vulnerable  and  inevitable  darU,"- 
Barl.  MiKell.,  v,  440. 

VUl-ner  a-ble  ness,  s.  [Eng.  vulnerable; 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  vulner- 
able; vulnerability. 

vul'-ner-a-ry,*  vul-ner-a-rie,  a.  As. 

[Lat.  vulnerarius  =  pertaining  to  a  wound  or 
wounds,  from  vulnus,  genit.  vulneris  —  a 
wound  ;  Fr.  vulneraire.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Useful  in  healing  wounds  ;  adapted  to 
the  cure  of  external  injuries. 

"The  vulnerary  herbs  and  surgical  art  of  tit* 
country."—  Cook.  •  First  Voyage,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  U. 

*  2.  Causing  wounds  ;  wounding. 

"  The  aspect  of  his  eye  alone  does  sometimes  become 
not  only  vultierary,  but  mortal."—  t'eltham:  Resolves, 
pt  it,  res.  56. 

B.  As  subst.  :  Any  plant,  drug,  or  composi- 
tion useful  in  the  cure  of  wounds  or  external 
injuries  ;  as  certain  unguents,   balsams,  and 
the  like. 

"  Like  a  balsamic  vulnerary,  heal  the  sore  which 
opposition  would  cause  to  rankle."—  Knox:  Christian 
Philosophy,  }  So. 

*  Vul'-ner-ate,  v.t.     [Lat.  vulneratus,  pa.  par. 

of  vulnero  —  to  wound,  from  vulnus,  genit. 
vulneris  =  a  wound.]  To  wound,  to  injure. 

"Thou  thy  chastitie  didst  vulnerate." 

Dairies  :  Wittes  Pilgrimage,  p.  17. 

*  vul-ner-a'-tion,  s.    [VULNERATE.] 

1.  The  act  of  wounding  or  injuring. 

2.  The  state  of  being  wounded  or  injured  ; 
a  wound. 

"He  speaks  of  the  ion  of  God.  which  was  to  be  the 
son  of  Han,  and  by  our  nature  liable  to  vulneration," 
—Pearson  ;  On  the  Creed,  art  4. 

vul  -ner-ose,  a.  [Lat.  vulnus,  genit.  vul~ 
neris  =  &  wound.]  Full  of  wounds;  having 
wounds;  wounded. 

•vul-nlf'-Ic,  *vul-nlf'~lc-al,  a.  [Lat. 
vulnus  —  a  wound,  and  facio  (pass.  Jio)  =  to 
make.]  Causing  wounds. 

vuln  -ing,  a.    [Lat.  vulnus  =  &  wound.] 

Her.  :  Wounding  ;  a  term  applied  particu- 
larly to  the  pelican,  which  is  always  depicted 
as  wounding  or  piercing  her  breast  (See 
illustration  under  PELICAN.) 

vul-piin'-ser,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  vulpes  (q.v.), 
and  Lat.  anser  =a  goose.] 

Ornith.  :  A  lapsed  synonym  of  Tadorna 
(q.v.). 

VuT-pa-VUS,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  wipe*  (q.v.),  and 
Lat.  avus  =  an  ancestor.] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Canidce,  from  the  Eocene 
of  North  America. 

vul-pec'-u-la,  s.  [Lat.  =a  little  fox,  dimin. 
from  vulpes  (q.v.).j  (See  etym.  and  com- 
pound.) 

vulpccula  et  anser,  5. 

Astron.  :  The  Fox  and  the  Goose  ;  a  modern 
constellation  between  Aquila  and  Cygnus  in- 
troduced in  the  sixteenth  century  by  Hevelius. 
Bode  registers  within  its  limits  127  small 
stars. 

vul-pec'-u-lar,  a.  [Lat.  vuJjxcula,  dimin. 
from  vulpes  =  a  fox.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
fox  ;  vulpine. 

vul'-pey,  *.    [Lat.  =  a  fox.] 

ZooL  :  An  old  genus  of  Canidse,  havi  ng  for 
its  type  Canis  vulpes  (t  Vulpes  vulga,ris\  the 
Common  Fox.  It  is  now  generally  made  a 
sub-genus  of  Canis  (q.v.).  The  species  or 
varieties  are  numerous  and  widely-distributed 
over  North  America,  the  South  of  India,  ana 


*&te,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  oiirev  unite,  cur,  rule,  foil;  try,  Syrian,    ee,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  <ju  =  kw. 


vulpio— W 


5105 


Africa.  They  have  the  tail  clothed  with  soft 
fur  and  long  hair  uniformly  mixed.  IVuL- 
PAVUS,  VULPINE-SERIES.] 

mil'-Dlo  a,  [Mod.  Lat.  (Cetraria)  vulrttnd) ; 
Buff  -ic.]  Contained  in  or  derived  from  Cetraria 
vulpina. 

vulpic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CI9Hi405.  Vulpulio  acid.  An  acid 
occurring  in  the  liuhen  Cetraria  vulpina.  The 
lichen  is  macerated  with  warm  water,  in 
presence  of  milk  of  lime,  the  extract  treated 
with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  the  floccnlent 

Sucipitate  of  vulpic  acid  purified  by  re-crys- 
Ilization  from  boiling  alcohol  or  ether.  I 
separates  from  ether  in  transparent  yellow 
needles,  is  nearly  insoluble  in  water  and  abso- 
lute alcohol,  more  easily  soluble  in  ether,  and 
melts  at  100°.  Its  salts  are  of  no  importance. 

rSr-pI-cide.  viil  -pe-oide. «.  [Lat  mlfe» 
=  a  fox*  and  cmlo  (in  comp.  -cido)  =  to  kill.] 
1  The  act  or  practice  of  killing  a  fox,  other- 
wise than  by  hunting.  Such  an  act  is  con- 
•idered  by  fox-hunters  as  extremely  unsports- 
manlike and  disgraceful. 

"The  word  talfieUt  has  been  created  to  denounce 
•  mo«t  hated  crime."— fertnlahtlii  Rnieu,  D«o..  1*9, 
p.  828. 

2.  Ono  who  kills  a  fox,  otherwise  than  by 
hunting  it. 

"Their  lather  bor.  (let  M  hope  falsely)  the  awful 
repute  o(  being  a  mapecide.'— Pall  Mall  Oantu, 
Nov.  11.  1884. 

vttl'-pine,  o.    [Lat.  vulptnut,  from  vulpa  =  a 
fox.) 

1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of  * 
fox  ;  resembling  a  fox. 

"  A  singular  instance  of  mlplnt  sagacity  and  daring 
was  wltneued."-«*M.  Oct.  8,  1881 

2.  Crafty,  cunning. 

vulpine -opossum,  i.    tVomm-raA- 

LANOER.] 

vulpine  phalangor,  >. 

Zool  :  Phalangista  mdpecitlus,  an  Australian 
Marsupial,  resembling  a  fox  in  appearance, 
but  much  inferior  in  size,  being  only  two  feet 


VULPINE- PHALANOER. 

lone  exclusive  of  the  tail,  which  Is  some 
fifteen  inches  more.  Upper  parts  covered 
with  dark  gray  fur,  lighter  beneath.  Called 
also  Vulpine  and  Brush-tailed  Opossum. 

vulpine  series,  ». 

Zool.  •  One  of  the  two  sections  into  which 
Huxley  divides  the  genus  Canis.  It  includes 
Vulpes  (with  Drocyon,  (q.v.),  and  Leucocyon 
(Gray)  =  C.  lagojms,  the  Arctic  Fox)  and  Fen- 
necus.  Called  also  the  Alopecoid  series. 

•  vul'-pin-Ifm,  s.  [Eng.  vulpin(e);  -ism.} 
The  quality  of  being  vulpine ;  craft,  artful- 
ness, cunning.  (Carlyle.) 

TUl'-pIn-ite,  s.  [After  Vulpino,  Lombardy, 
where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Jtfin.).] 

Min. :  A  granular  variety  of  anhydrite  (q.v.). 
Sometimes  used  for  ornamental  purposes. 

vul-pu'-Uc,  a.    [VULPIC.] 

vul'-pu-l!n,».  [Eng.  vulpuKie);  -in.]  [VuLPic- 

ACID.]" 

vul'-tur,  ».    [Lat.=  a  vulture  (q.v.).] 

Ornith. :  Vulture  (q.v.);  the  type-genns  of 
Vultnrinte,  with  one  species,  Vultnr  monachus, 
ranging  over  Spain  and  North  Africa,  through 
NepauT  to  China,  north  of  Ningpo.  Bill 
moderate,  thick,  higher  than  broad,  hooked  ; 
nostrils  in  cere,  naked,  vertical ;  wings  long  ; 
tail  moderate,  rounded ;  tarsi  strong,  reticu- 
lated, with  small  scales. 

ruT-ture,  «.  [Lat  mdtnr=  a  vulture,  lit.= 
a  plucker  or  tearer,  from  the  same  root  as 
vtllo  (pa.  t.  vulsi)  =  to  pluck,  to  tear.) 


1  Lit.  *  Ornith.  :  A  popular  name  for  any 
species  of  the  Vulturidaj  (q.v.).  They  are 
large  birds  of  repulsive  halrits  and  appearance, 
but  extremely  useful,  since  they  perform  the 
office  of  scavengers  in  the  warm  countries 
which  they  inhabit.  They  feed  on  the  ground, 
where  they  walk  with  comparative  ease,  their 
large  feet  being  well  fitted  for  prosiivssmn. 
Unlike  eagles,  they 
do  not  carry  food  to 
their  young,  but  de- 
vour the  carrion  and 
feed  their  nestlings 
byregurgitatingfood 
from  their  crop.  It 
has  long  been  a 
vexed  question  as  to 
whether  they  dis- 
cover their  prey  by 
sight  or  by  smell, 
and  experiments 
show  that  they  pos- 
sess both  senses  in 
an  extraordinary  de- 
gree, but  the  balance 
of  evidence  goes  to 
prove  that  they  gen- 
erally find  their  food 
by  sight.  The  chief  GRIFFON  VULTCRE. 
species  are  :  The 

Black  Vulture  (Vultur  monachus),  the  Griffon 
or  Fnlvons  Vulture  (Gyps  Julvus),  the  Sociable 
or  Eared  Vulture  Otogyps  auricularis),  the 
Nubian  Vulture  (0.  nubicua),  the  Egyptian 
Vulture  (Neophron  percnopterus),  ana  the  K 
Vulture  (Sarcorhamphuf  papa).  The  Connor 
(S  aryphat)  of  South  America  Is  the  greatest 
of  the  vultures.  In  the  United  State,  the 
family  is  represented  by  the  well-known  and 
common  Turkey  Vulture,  or  Turkey  Buzzard 

(Ckatarteiaura). 

2.  Fig.:  A  person  of »  rapacious  disposition. 

"  Ye  dregt  o(  baseness,  mlturn  amongst  men. 
That  tyre  uixm  the  heart*  of  (renerous  spirit*. 

BeaJm.  t  fht. :  Bimat  Han,  Fortune,  U. 

3.  Scripture: 

(1)  Heb.  rPl  (dayyah),  nift  (daaK).       Pro- 
bably not  a  real  vulture,  but  a  species  of 
Kite,  perhaps  Milvus  ater.  (Lev.  xi.  14  ;  Deut. 
xiv.  IS  ;  1st.  xxxiv.  15.) 

(2)  nj«  (ayyah).     Probably  Milvus  ngalis. 
(Job  xxviii.  7.) 


VUl-tur'-i-dSB,  s.  pi    [Mod.   Lat.  mltur  ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suit,  -idol.] 

Ornith.  :  Vultures  ;  a  family  of  Accipitres, 
with  two  sub-  families,  Vulturinse.  and  Sarco- 
rhamphinie  (both  which  see).  Bill  moderate,' 
culmen  straight  at  base,  constricted  in  front 
of  cere  curved  towards  the  tip  ;  upper  man- 
dible with  margin  sinuate  ;  nostrils  with  a 
bony  septum  ;  tarsi  reticulate,  sometimes 
hirsute  or  semi-hirsute;  middle  toe  the 
longest,  outer  toes  conjoined  at  base  by  a 
membrane  ;  claws  slightly  curved,  obtuse. 
In  most  of  the  species  the  head  and  upper 
part  of  the  neck  are  naked  or  beset  with 
scattered  plumules  ;  eyes  surrounded  by  the 
flattened  face,  not  placed  in  a  depression 
under  exsert  plumes. 

vul-tu-ii'-ntB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  vultur  ;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inre.] 

Ornith.  :  Old  World  Vultures  ;  the  typical 
sub-family  of  Vulturidse  (q.v.),  with  the  cha- 
racters of  the  family.  There  are  six  genera, 
with  sixteen  species,  entirely  confined  to  the 
Old  World. 

VUl'-tUT-ine,  a.  [Lat.  vulturinus,  from  vul- 
tur ='  e.  vulture  (q.v.).]  Belonging  or  per- 
taining to  the  vulture  ;  having  the  qualities 
of  or  resembling  a  vulture. 

"No  rustic  whoaaw  the  low!  could  have  tolled  to 
notice  ita  mlturtne  head  and   bare  neck.   —  OW> 
i,  NOT.  11.  1885. 


*vul-tur-ous,a.   [Eiig.tw7tur(e);-ous.]  Like 
a  vulture ;  vulturish,  rapacious. 

"  A  vultitroia  nature  which  easily  smeleth  out, 
and  hastily  flyeth  toward,  and  nwlilr  feetieth  on 
carrion."— Barrow  :  Sermon*,  vol.  li.,  ser.  xx. 

vtil'-va,  s.    [Lat] 

1.  Anat. :  The  fissure  in  the  external  parts 
of  generation  in  the  female,  extending  from 
the  mons  vfneris  to  the  anus. 

2.  Zool.  :  A  long  and  considerable  depres- 
sion, often  occurring  behind  the  summit  of 
bivalve  shells,  at  the  dorsal  part  of  the  ex- 
ternal surface. 

vul'-var,  a.    [Lat.  vulv(a) ;  Eng.  suff.  -an] 
Med, :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  vulva. 

VUl'-Va-form,  a.  [Lat.  vulva(q.v.),  and/ormo 
=  form.] 

Bat. :  Like  a  cleft  with  projecting  edges,  ai 
the  pappus  of  the  genus  Melampodium. 

VUl-vi'-tls,  «.    [Lat.  rnlv(a) ;  suff.  -itii.] 

Pathol. :  Inflammation  of  the  vulva.  It  may 
be  simple,  follicular,  or  gangrenous. 

vttl-vd-,  pref.  [Lat.  vulva  (q.v.).]  Of  or  be- 
longing to  the  vulva. 

vulvo-  uterine,  a. 

Anat. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  uterus  and 
the  vulva,  as  the  vulva-uterine  canal  =  the 
vagina. 

vulvo- vaginal,  a. 

Med. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  vagina  and 
the  vulva,  as  the  vulvo-vaginal  glands. 

*  vy9e,  a.    [VICE.] 
vy'-lng,  pr.par.  A  o.    [Vm.] 

vy'-ing-lfr  ad".  [Eng.  vying;  -Jii.J  In  • 
vying  manner ;  emuloualy. 


w. 

ft  the  twenty-third  letter  of  the  English 
alphabet.  It  takes  its  form  and  its  name  from 
the  union  of  two  V's,  the  character  V  having 
formerly  the  name  and  force  of  U.  [U,  V.] 
The  name  "  double  u "  is  not,  however,  a 
very  suitable  one,  being  given  to  the  letter 
from  its  form  or  composition,  and  not  from 
its  sound.  In  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet  W 
had  a  distinctive  character  of  its  own,  the 
modern  letter  being  adopted  in  the  thirteenth 
century.  W  represents  two  sounds :  (1)  the 
distinctive  sound  properly  belonging  to  it, 
being  that  which  it  has  at  the  beginning  of  a 
syllable,  and  when  followed  by  a  vowel,  as  in 
was  will,  woe,  forward,  housework,  to. ;  (2) 
at  the  end  of  syllables,  in  which  position  it  is 
always  preceded  by  a  vowel,  it  has  either  no 
force  at  all  (or  at  most  only  serves  to  lengthen 


vulturlnc  sea-eagle,  >. 

Ornith.:  Gypohierax  angolensis,  from  the 
west  coast  of  Africa.  Called  also  the  Angola 
Vulture,  from  its  habitat. 

•  vttl'-tur-Isll,  a.  [Eng.  mltur(e)  ;  -i*h.]  Like 
a  vulture  ;  rapacious. 

"  Of  temper  most  acclpitral.  hawkish,  aquiline,  not 
to  lay  niHurtih."—  Carlylt  :  i/ttctll..  Iv.  MS. 

•vul'-tur-aSm,s.  [Eng.  mltur(e)  ;  -ism.]  The 
attitude,  nature,  or  character  of  a  vulture  ; 
rapacity. 

"Their  owllams,  mlturlmi.  to  an  Incredible  ex- 
tent, will  disappear  by  and  W.  "-Carli/lt  :  Fait  t 
prtitM,  bk.  It.,  ch.  xvll 


the  vowel),  as  in  lam,  paw,  grow,  lawful,  &e., 
or  it  forms  the  second  elementina  diphthong, 
as  in  Jew,  new,  now,  vow,  &C.,  being  in  such 
cases  really  a  vowel,  and  equivalent  to  the  u 
in  bough,  neutral,  &c.     It  is  formed  by  open- 
ing the  mouth  with  a  close,  circular  configura- 
tion of  the  lips,  the  organs  having  exactly  the 
same  position  as  they  have  in  pronouncing 
the  oo  in  foot.    W  is  hence  often  spoken  of  as 
a  vowel  ;  but  it  is  not  so,  as  may  be  seen 
by  comparing  woo,  wood,  and  woman,  in  which 
TO  is  not  equivalent  to  oo.     W  is  now  silent  in 
many  words  and  positions  :  (1)  in  words,  as 
in  gunwale,  boatswain,  answer,  sword,    two, 
twopence,  &c.  ;  (2)  when  initial  and  followed 
by  r,  as  in  wrap,  write,  wrong,  &c.    (It  is, 
however  still  sounded  in  this  position  in  Scot- 
land )    The  initial  wh,  in  Anglo-Saxon,  hw,  as 
in  who  (A.S.   hwa),  whelp  (A.S.  hwelp),  had 
originally  a  guttural  sound,  as    seen  in  the 
Scotch  qtihat  =  what,  quhan  =  when,  Sc.    It 
represents  the  cognate  Icelandic  hv,  and  Latin 
initial  gu.     In  Scotland,  at  the  present  day,  a 
very  decided  guttural  sound  is  heard  in  such 
words  as  what,  whale,  &c.,  and  in  Aberdeen 
the  guttural  has  become  /,  as  in  fat  =  what 
In  English  pronunciation,  in  initial  wh,  the 
w  is  silent  in  who,  whom ;  in  other  words  it 
is  generally  pronounced  with  a  slight  aspira- 
tion after  it,  as  in  when,  what,  which,  though 
there  Is  often  a  tendency  to  suppress  the  A 
and  pronounce  lopureand  simple.   The  Anglo- 
Saxon   initial  sound  ml  has  become  simple  I, 
as  in  lisp;  A.S.  vlisp.    W  has  disappeared 


boil,  bo?i  pdut,  16^1;  cat,  yO.  ohoru*  9Wn.  l-enoU;  go,  gem;  tnin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect, 
-tlon,  -«lon  =  Aiia:  -tlon,  -«lon  =  »fcun.   -olou*  -tloua,  -slous  =  -lius. 


6106 


•wa'— wadsetter 


from  some  words,  u  from  oozt  =  A.S  wds  • 
/our  =  A.S.  feower;  tree  =  A.S.  treow;  knee  = 
A.S.  kueow.  It  has  crept  into  whole  and  its 
derivatives  =  A.S.  )ial,  hul  :  so  iofu>op=  Fr. 
lumper.  It  has  disappeared  from  the  combina- 
tions, tw,  thw,  and  su>,  as  £nsft  =  A.S.  fui-isc  ; 
thong  —  A.S.  thwang  ;  sister  =  A.S.  sinister 
swusler;  such  =  A.S.  sioifc.  It  represents  u  in 
periwinkle  =  Fr.  jieriwic&e,  Lat.  jwriuiiuia  • 
and  g  in  tow  =  A.S.  io0u  ;  saw  =  A.S.  sage; 
dan  =  A.S.  dagian;  marrow  —  A.S.  mcuru 
&c.  ;  so  Kia/cr  =  o.  Fr.  gcmfre,  goffre,  Lat. 
gajrum.  Coming  before  an  a,  the  w  otten  gives 
the  vowel  an  o  sound,  as  in  wad,  wallow,  &c. 

W.  As  an  initial,  is  used  for  West,  as  In 
charts  :  W.S.W.  =  West-South-West,  &e, 

W.  As  a  symbol,  ia  used  : 

In  chem.  :  For  the  element  Tungsten  (Wol- 
fram). 

W.V,  i.    [See  def.J    A  wall  (q.v.).    (Scotch.) 

"  Stately  stepped  he  east  the  wa'  " 

Scoa:  Water!*/,  ch.  lilL 

wab'-ble,  WOb'-ble,  v.i.  [A  weakened  form 
ofwupple,  a  frequent,  of  map  =  to  nutter,  to  lieat 
the  wings  ;  cf.  Low  Ger.  wabbdn,  quabbeln  = 
to  wabble  ;  Prov.  Bag.  quaUx  =  a  bog,  aquae- 
mire.)  To  inc-line  to  the  one  side  and  then  to 
the  other  alternately,  as  awheel,  top,  spindle 
or  other  rotating  body,  when  not  properly 
balanced  ;  to  move  in  the  manner  of  a  rotating 
disc,  when  its  plane  vibrates  from  Bide  to 
»ide  ;  to  rock,  to  vacillate,  to  move  unsteadily. 

of  the  shot,  owing  to  the  imperfect 

6 


. 

few.  . 

wab'-ble,  w5b-ble,  s.  [WABBLE,  v.]  A 
rocking,  uneven  motion,  as  of  awheel  unevenly 
hung,  or  of  a  top  imperfectly  balanced. 

wabble-saw,  s.  A  circular  saw  hung 
out  of  true  on  its  arbour.  Used  in  cutting 
dovetail  slots,  mortises,  &c. 

wab'-bler,  s.    [Eng.  wabJiUe)  ;  -er.]    One  who 
ich  wabbles  ;  specifically,  adruuken 


,  . 

or  that  which 
cutter  (q.v.). 


Wab'-bly,  wSb'-bly,  a.  [Eng.  waW>l(e);  -y.] 
Inclined  to  wobble  ;  shaky,  rocking,  unsteady. 

wa'-bron.  wa'-bert,  «.    [WAYBREAD.] 

wab'-ster.s.  [WEBSTER.)  A  webster;  weaver. 
(Scotch.) 

"  The  like  o1  thae  grit  men  wadua  mind  the  like  o' 
me.  a  puii-  mktter  body."-Seo«.-  Hot  Hoy.  ch.  ixvl. 

wach-en-dor'-fe-n  (or  w  as  v),  ».  pi. 
[Mod.  Lat.  wachendorf(ia) ;  Lat.  fern  pi  adi 
surf,  -eat.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Liliacese  or  of  Hsemodo- 
recene. 

wact-e'n-fior'-i'I-a  (or  w  as  v),  s.  [Named 
after  B.  J.  Wachendorf  (1702-1758),  Professor 
of  Botany  at  Utrecht.) 

Bot. :  The  typical  genns  of  Wachendorfese 
(q.v.).  Herbs,  often  hairy,  with  a  tuberous 
rhizome ;  narrowly  elliptical  leaves,  often 
nerved,  the  larger  ones  radical ;  stem  round, 
with  bracts  and  small  leaves;  flowers  in  a 
terminal  panicle,  purplish-red  or  yellow; 
perianth  six-cleft,  in  two  divisions  ;  stamens 
eix  theoretically,  bnt  three  are  abortive  and 
sometimes  wanting.  Prom  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Wachendorfia  thyrsiflora,  Tall-flowering 
Wachendorfla,  is  grown  in  greenhouses,  or,  in 
fine  seasons,  in  the  open  air.  It  has  line 
golden-colonred  flowers.  Seven  other  species 
are  cultivated. 

wack'-e,  «.    [See  def.] 

Petrol, :  A  name  in  use  among  German 
miners  and  qunrrymen,  and  adopted  by  Werner. 
It  includes  the  tuffs  of  igneous  rocks  of  various 
geological  ages,  and  also  rocks  of  similar  origin 
so  far  decomposed  as  to  render  them  almost 
earthy,  which  made  their  identification  before 
the  application  of  the  microscope  exceedingly 
difficult. 

wack-en-Jt'-Ic,  o.    [WACKE.] 

PetroL  :  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  wacke 
(q.v.). 

wack-ea-rod'-ite,  a.     [Etym.  doubtful; 
prob.  after  one  Wackenrode  ;  suff.  -its  (Uin.).~\ 
if  In.  :  A  variety  of  wad,  said  to  contain  12-33 
per  cent  of  protoxide  of  lead.    [WAD  (4).] 

wad  (1),  *  wadde,  s.    [Sw.  mid  =  wadding ; 
O.  Sw.  wad  =  clothing,    cloth,  stuff ;    Icel. 


|      vadhr  =  stuff,  only  in  the  comp.  vmlhmal  — 
wadmal    (q.v.);    Dan.   vat  =  wadding ;  Ger 
watte  =  wadding,    wad  ;    rratten  =   to    dress 
Cloth,  to  wad  ;  tint  =  cloth.]     [WEED  (2),  s.] 
*  1.  A  bundle,  as  of  hay. 

,,'i  ^.'i™  }'  ""I"1""!  1«  <"!'  downe.  make  it  Into  teadi 
or  bottle,  lluainpula],  and  BO  huric  them  at  the  roots 
of  tree.."—  p.  Bollaiul :  PUnit.  bk.  xvli.,  ch.  ix. 

2.  A  soft  mass  of  some  fibrous  material 
such  as  hay,  tow,  cotton-wool,  or  other  yield- 
ing snlistauw,  used  for  various  purposes  such 
as  stopping  upan  opening,  stuffing  an  interior 
or  the  like. 

3.  Specifically,  a  small  mass  of  soft  or  flexi- 
ble material,  such  as  tow,  paper    old  rope- 
yarn   Ac.,  used  to  hold  the  charge  in  position 
at  the  rear  of  the  chamber  of  a  gun  or  to 
prevent  windage.     Wads  for  ordnance  are  of 
various  kinds.      For  small-arms  the  wad  is 
usually  a  disk  of  felt,  punched  by  a  circular 
wad-cutter. 

.  wad-hook,s.    A  spiral  tool  for  withdraw- 
ing wads ;  a  worm. 

wad -punch,  a.  A  tubular  steel  punch 
used  for  cutting  gun-wads,  die.  A  similar 
punch  is  used  by  leather-workers  and  others. 

wad  (2),  a.  [A.S.  wed  =  a  pledge  ;  O.  But 
wedde  =  a  pledge,  a  pawn  ;  Icel.  udh;  Sw. 
vad;  Ger.  welle.]  [WED.]  A  wager,  pledge, 
hostage,  stake.  (Scotch.) 

*wad  (3),  >.    [WOAD.] 

wad  (4),  wadd,  s.    [A  provincial  word.] 

Mineralogy : 

1.  A  name  given  to  certain  hydrated  man- 
ganese oxides  of  variable  composition  and 
physical  characters.    Hardness,  0-5  to  6;  sp. 
gr.  3  to  4'2fl.     Dana  makes  three  sub-groups  : 
(1)  Manganesian,or  Bog  Manganese  (Groroilite, 
Beissacherite,  and  Ouatite)  :  (2)  Cobaltiferons 
or  Asbolite  (Cacochlore) ;  and  (3)  Cupriferous 
or  Lampadite  (Pelokonite). 

2.  A  provincial  name  for  Graphite  (q.v.). 


wad'-dler,  s.   [Eng.  utuhll(e)  ;  -er.]   Ouewho 
w  juiuies. 

wad'-dling,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [WADDLE,  ».] 

wad'-dUng-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  waddling:  Jy\ 
With  a  waddling  or  rocking  gait. 


rt  >     ••          •      ---  « 

(pa  t.  wdd)  =  to  wade,  to  trudge,  to  go  ;  COKI, 
with  Dut.  ««d«7t  =  to  wade,  to  ford'  Icel' 
rndla  (pa.  t  ftdh)  =  to  wade  ;  miih  =  a  ford  : 
Dan.  va.de;  Sw.  mda  ;  O.  H.  Ger  watan 
(pa  t.  wuot);  Ger.  waten  =  to  wad 


wot  =  a 
e°'  "d"*  =  »  ford,  • 


A.  Iittrantitive  : 
*  1.  To  gn,  to  pass. 


ned  unto  cnieltee 
wol  the  veuime  mid*.'- 

Ckauar.  C.  T.,  H.118. 

2.  To  walk  or  pass  through  any  substance 
that  impedes  the  free  motion  of  the  limbs  • 
to  move  step-wise  through  a  fluid  or  semi- 
nuid  medium,  as  water,  snow,  mud,  &c. 

"  Foreseeing  »  necemlty  of  nnahii,  tlirongh  rlvere 
'S'Sjl1'        "'"  tand-Ilmn:h-  "-Odrnviers    I'ojaa™ 

3.  To    move  or    pass  with  difficulty  »nd 
labour  ;  to  make  way  against  or  through  ob- 
stacles    or    embarrassments  ;    to    struggle 
through. 

"Which  ap«ak  a  mind  not  all  deiraded, 
*.veo  by  the  crimes  through  which  it  untied." 

Huron  :  Viaaur. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  pass  through  or  across  bs 
wading;  to  ford. 

"  While  his  Irieud.  the  strong  man  Kwaslnd. 
Swain  the  deepa,  the  shallows  wr<i«tl." 

Longfellow  :  Hiawatha,  vlt 


" 


wad.  v.  aux.    [See  def.]    Would.    (Scotch.) 

"  O  wad  some  power  the  glftie  gie  ua 
To  see  oursels  aa  Ithers  see  us/' 

wad  (1),  ».(.    [WAD  (1),  ».] 

1.  To  form  into  a  wad  or  wadding ;  to  make 
wadding  of. 

2.  To  stuff  or  line  with  wadding,  as  a  dress, 
to   give  more  roundness  or  fulness   to  the 
figure,  or  to  keep  out  the  cold,  or  the  like. 

3.  To  put  a  wad  into ;  to  furnish  with  a 
wad  ;  as,  To  wad  a  firearm. 

*  4.  To  stuff  generally. 

"  Hla  akin  with  sugar  belnu ™, 

With  liquid  ftrea  his  entrails  burned." 

Cooper :  Ptr-rert,  Iv. 

wad  (2),  v.t.    [WAD(2),s.]   To  wager,  to  stake, 
to  pledge. 

"  I'll  uad  my  beat  buckskins."— Scott .-  Guy  Manner, 
ing,  en.  xxxn. 

wadd,  «.     [WAD  (4).] 

wad'-dle,  wad'-djr,  s.    [See  def.}  An  Aus- 
tralian name  for  a  thick  club. 

"  Her  husband  quiets  her  with  a  tap  of  his  tfaddit" 
—C.  Kingston  :  Two  rean  Ago,  oh.  xifi, 

wad'-dlng,  s.    [Eng.  trad  (1),  s. ;  -ing,] 

L  The  materials  for  wads  ;  any  soft,  flexible 
substance  of  which  wads  may  be  made. 

2.  A  spongy  web  of  cotton  wool  made  by 
the  carding-niaehine,  and  attached  by  a  coat 
of  size  to  tissue-pnper,  or  treated  on  one  side 
with  a  film  of  glne  or  gelatine.     It  is  used  for 
stuffing  various  parts  of  articles  of  dress. 

3.  A  kind  of  soft,  loosely  woven  stuff  used 
by  tailors. 

wad'-dle,  s.    [WADDLE,  v.]    The  act  or  habit 
of  waddling  ;  a  waddling,  rocking  gait. 

wad'-dle,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  freq.  from  »ade(q.v.).] 
A.  Intram. :  To  rock  or  sway  from  side  to 
side  in  walking ;  to  move  with  short,  quick 
steps,  swaying  the  body  from  side  to  side ; 
to  walk  in  a  tottering  or  wabbling  fashion ;  to 
toddle. 

"  It  knowa  It  cannot  move  fast  .  .  .  and  acorns  to 
e  than  waddle  away  moderately."— Daily  Tele. 


wade,  ». 


[WADE,  r.)    Tlie  act  of  wading. 

a  <"">"><  fully  a  mile,  and  every  now  and 

• 


*  B.  Trans. :  To  tread  down  by  wading  or 
waddling  through,  as  high  grass. 

"  They  tread  and  witfrfte  all  the  goodly  grasa. 
Thai  In  the  field  there  acarce  a  corner  waT 
Left  free  by  them."  Jtraytnn :  Th*  M>*)>t-Calf. 


Wad'-er,  a.    [Eng.  mod(e),  v. ;  -er.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  wades. 

2.  A  pto  of  long,  water-proof  boots  used  by 
sportsmen  for  wading  through  water. 

"  H'aderi  are  of  aa  much  service  oil  the  awampT 
ground  round  the  pool  as  for  actually  reaching  fiat 
rising  some  way  out.'- Field.  Sept.  11,  188IJ. 

1L  Zool.  (PL):  Wading  Birds.  The  name 
is  sometimes  confined  to  the  families  Chara- 
druda?  and  Scolopacidte. 

Wad'-hurst,  «.    [See  def.] 

(leog. :  A  parish  and  market  town  of  Eng- 
land, county  Sussex. 

Wadhurst-clay,  «. 

Geol, :  A  sub-division  (the  second  from  the 
top)  of  the  Hastings  Sand.  Towards  its  base 
there  are  nodules  and  thin  beds  of  Clay  Iron- 
stone, which,  from  the  time  of  Henry  III. 
till  the  first  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury, furnished  the  chief  iron-ore  smelted  in 
England. 

wad'-lng,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [WADE,  ».] 
wading  birds,  a.  pi. 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  the  Grallfe  or 
Grallatores  (q.v.).  In  many  classifications 
the  Limiiean  name  (Grall»)  is  now  revived. 

*  wad  ling,  s.  [WATTLE.]  A  wattled  fence. 
(Tusser:  hitsbandrie,  p.  83.) 

wad-mal,  wad'-maal,  wad'- moll,  «. 

[Icel.  vadkmdl  =  wadmal ;  vadh,  vddh,  uodh  = 
a  piece  of  stuff,  cloth  as  it  leaves  the  loom ; 
Sw.  vad-mal ;  Dan.  vadmil.]  A  kind  of  very 
coarse  and  thick  woollen  cloth. 

"  Cootes  of  madman  and  course  grose  clothe  "— 
Bemert :  froitsart ;  Cronycle,  vol.  iU  ch.  ccxv. 

wad'-mill,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  wadmal.] 
(See  compound.) 

wadmill  tilt,  a.  A  covering  for  a  field- 
gun  and  carriage  formerly  used  in  the  British 
service.  Length,  14 ft.  6 in. ;  bread Ui,  lift 
6  in. ;  weight,  50  Ibs. 

wad'-na,  r.i.    [See  def.]  Would  not.  (Scotch.) 

"  Wodnn  hae  ventured  upon  the  Halket-head  craitn 
after  Bun-down."— Scott.-  Antiquary,  ch.  vil. 

*  wad'-set,  »  wad'-sett,  s.  [Eng.  &  Scotch 
wrcd=a  pledge,  and  s«(  =  to  place,  to  set.] 
An  old  Scots  Law  term  for  a  mortgaga  or 
bond  and  disposition  in  security. 

Wad-sot  ter,  a.     [Eng.  wodset;  -er.j 
Scots  Lam :  One  who  holds  by  a  wadaet 


ttte,  l&t,  fare,  ai.Hd.rt,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine-  go  pot. 
•r,  wore,  woU  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    -,  o»  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


wmd'-t.  «-  [Arab.  u*ii  =  the  channel  of  a 
river,  a  ravine,  a  valley.)  The  channel  of  a 
watercourse  which  is  dry,  except  in  the 
rainy  season  ;  a  watercourse  ;  a  stream. 

wae  (1),  «.    [Wot]  (Scotoh.) 
•wae  (2),  «.    [WAVE,*.] 
wae'-ful,  o.    [WOEFUL.]   (Scofcft.) 
w&e'-some,  o.     (Scotch   wae  =  woe;  snff. 
-«wn«.)    Woeful,  sad.    (ScottA.) 
"So  plt«onsly  aad  and  " 

oh.  xxxv. 


:  Sot  *>». 


.  . 

wae'-sfteks,  infer/.    [Scotch  wa«  (1),  s.,  and 

•aU.)    Alas  I  O  the  pity.    (.Scotch.) 


wady— wage 

4.  Sudden  bodily  ailment. 
U  Scotch  in  all  ite  senses. 
waft  ».t.     [WAFF,  «.]     To  wave,  to  shake. 
(Scotch.) 


5107 


waf  wafto.   [Prob.  a  variant  of  u»y(q.v.).] 
WortbEJ  insignincant,  paltry,  low.  mean. 

"Is  It  not  »n  oddllku  thing  that  Ilka  Kxtfcarleln. 
the  country  has  a  ton  and  bdr.--Scat  :  «u*  Uanntr. 
ing,  ch.  *i*lx. 

wa'-fer  wa-fl-e,  *  waf-fre,  *  wa-fnr,  s. 

[O  Fr.  wa«/T»,  gauffre,  goffre  ;  FT.  gavjre, 
from  O.  Out.  wa«/eJ  =  a  wafer;  Dut.  wafel; 
Low  Ger.  wa/ein  =  wafers  ;  Ger.  waffl  =  a 
•wafer  ;  Dan.  va/el  ;  Sw.  vUjfa.  Prob.  named 
from  a  supposed  resemblance  to  a  honey- 
eomb  ;  of.  Ger.  wake  =  a  honeycomb,  a  cake 
of  wax.)  A  thin  cake  or  leaf  of  paste,  gene- 
rally disc-shaped  ;  applied  specifically  to— 

O)  A  small,  thin,  sweet  cake,  made  of  flour, 
cream,  white  wine,  anil  lump  sugar,  and 
flavoured  with  cinnamon. 

"The  Sue  cakes,  wifert,  and  marchpalnes,  artlfl. 
elally  mrved.5-^//"^'"*  •  ''«»<«.  bk-  ««••  o'>-  '*• 

(2)  A  thin  adhesive  disc  of  dried  paste  used 
for  sealing  letters,  fastening  documents  toge- 
ther ana  the  like  ;  made  of  flour,  mixed  with 
water  (rum,  and  some  non-poisonous  colouring 
matterf   Transparent  wafers  are  made  by  dis- 
solving  fine   glue    or    isinglass   with   such 
qnantfty  of  water  that  the   solution  when 
eolu,  shall  be  of  proper  consistency. 

(3)  A  terra  applied  by  protestants  to  the 
sacramental  bread  used  by  Roman  Catholics 
In  tlie  Eucharist  ;  a  tliin  circular  portion  o 
unleavened   bread,  generally  stamped  with 
the  Christian  monogram,  the  cross,  or  other 
•acred  symbol. 

wafer-cake,  a.    A  thin  cake,  a  wafer. 
•For  oath,  are  •tr.w^ 


wafer-irons,  s.pl    A  pincer-shaped  in- 

•Jtrunient,  the  leys  of  which  terminate  in  flat 
blades  abont  twelve  inches  long,  by  nine  in 
breadth,  used  for  making  wafers.  The  blades 
are  heated  in  ft  coke  fire,  the  paste  is  then 
put  between  them,  and  by  pressure  formed 
into  a  thin  sheet  of  paste,  from  which  discs  of 
the  desired  size  are  cut  out  with  a  punch. 

•wafer-woman,  ».  A  woman  who  sold 
wafers.  Such  women  were  often  employed  in 
love  affairs  and  intrigues. 

"Twits  no  set  meeting. 

Certainly,  for  ttiere  was  no  uafer.ut.»n'>n  with  Her 
Th«  free 


p 
in 


a'-fer,  v.t.    [WAFER,  «.] 
1.  To  seal  or  close  with  a  wafer. 


. 

-  Pat  It  Into  We  pock.1,  .« 
General  Pout"—  Dicltetu:  Pul 


. 

ami  ready  tor  the 
c*,  oh. 


2.  To  attach  or  fasten  with  a  wafer. 

••  This  little  hill  Is  to  be  watered  on  the  shop-door." 
—acton  •  Piatmck.  ch.  L 

•  wa'-f er-er,  •  waf-frer,  a.   [Ens.  wafer,  s. ; 

-er  ]  A  man  who  made  or  sold  wafers.  They 
appear  to  have  been  employed  as  go-betweens 
to  love  affairs  and  intrigues.  [Of.  WAFEB- 

"A«»tfV«rwitbwaflTe«."        P.  memo*,  p.  K8. 

•  wafereatre,  *  wafrekrtre, ».    [Eng.  wafer. 
and  fern.   suff.  -tter.}     A  woman  who  sold 

"  Wyt«  Qod.  qnath  a  mfrtttrt* 

p.  Plowman,  p.  155. 

jntf(l\t.  [AvariantofwfttfXq.v.).]  A  blast. 


"A  cold  vat  of  wind."—  SooB  .•  Boat  of  Midlothian, 
eh.  xxxlx. 
waff  (2),  a.    [The  same  word  as  vnm  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  waving;  a  signal  made  by 
waving. 

8.  A  hasty  motion. 
S.  A  slight  stroke  from  a  soft  body. 


waf -fle,  «.  [Dut.  wafel ;  O.  DuU  wae/el ; 
Oer.  wa/el  =  *  wafer  (q.v.).]  A  thin  cake 
baked  hard  and  rolled,  or  a  soft  indented 
cake  baked  in  an  iron  utensil  on  coals. 

waffle-iron,  s.  A  cooking-utensil  having 
two  hinged  portions  to  contain  batter,  which 
Is  quickly  cwked  by  the  relatively  large  sur- 
face of  heated  iron,  ontag  to  square  projec- 
tions which  make  cavities  in  the  batter-cake. 

waf -fle,  v.l.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob.  of  ono- 
uiatopoetic  origin.)  (bee  extracts) 

14  Out  they  went  Into  the  bleak  bitterness,  the  dogs 
running  before  them.  and.  as  the  people  say.   IPaJJUm 
-that  ?».  ..".tHiig  and  whlning-lu  their  eagernes,  to 
get  on."— Daily  Telegraph.  March  3, 1888. 

"wa-toure,  «.    [WAFER.] 

waft,  v.t.  &  I.  [A  variant  of  wave,  v.,  formed 
by  taking  the  pa.  t.,  waved  (corrupted  to  waft 
bv  rapid  prouun elation),  as  the  innmtivo 
mood  of  a  new  verb ;  thus  Shakespeare  has 
wafl  both  for  the  pa.  t.  and  pa.  par.  of  ware 
(see  Merchant  of  Venice,  v.,  and  A  ing  John,  11.) ; 
ct  Mod.  Eng.  hoist,  which  is  due  to  hoised, 
pa  t  of  Mid.  Eug.  hoise,  and  Mod.  Eng.  graft, 
Sue  to  grafed,  pa,  t.  of  Mid.  Eng.  gra/;  cf, 
also  Scotch  waff  =  to  wave,  to  shake.) 
A.  Transitive: 

*  I  To  beckon  to ;  to  make  a  sig.ial  to ;  to 
give  notice  to  or  call   the  attention  of  by 
waving  something. 

" But,  «of t.  who  wqfU  at  yonder »•• 

tfhakftp.  •'  Cfffncdy  <y  KrTOn,  n.  •« 

•i.  To  cast  or  turn  quickly. 

"  Wafllxf  his  eyes  to  the  contrary/' 

Shaketp.  :  Winter  I  Tale,  \.  0. 

3.  To  bear  or  carry  through  a  fluid  or 
buoyant  medium ;  to  bear  or  convey  through 
the  air  or  sea. 

-  The  sell-same  Eale  that  naflt  ""J^gJ^SSi 
•4.  To  buoy  up ;  to  cause  to  float ;  to  keep 

from  sinking. 

•  Their  longs  being  able  to  waft  up  their  bodies.  — 
Browne  :  Vulgar  Errours. 

*B.  Intrans. :  To  move  or  pass  as  in  a 
buoyant  medium  ;  to  float. 

••And  now  the  shout*  waft  near  the  cltjw3?L",L| 

waft,  a.    [WAFT,».] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  wafts  ; 
•  sweep. 

*  2.  A  breath  or  current,  as  of  air. 

"One  wide  waft."          Thornton:  winter,  BL 
8.  (See  extract). 

••  Made  as  well  as  be  could  a  boat,  or  rather  a  waff, 
wherewith  he  wafted  over  thedrlver§.--»»«'>.-  L>*« 
Of  Highwaymen,  in.  71. 

U.  Xaut. :  A  flag  stopped  at  the  head  and 
middle  portions,  hoisted  as  a  signal.  The 
meaning  of  the  signal  varies  according  to  the 
place  where  it  is  hoisted ;  at  the  main,  peak, 
Jse.  (Also  spelt  whe/t.) 

"waft'-age  (age  as  ig),  «.  [Eng.  wafl,  y. ; 
•age.)  The  act  of  wafting  ;  the  state  of  being 
wafted ;  conveyance  or  transportation  througli 
a  buoyant  medium,  as  air,  water,  &C. 

•  Like  a  strange  soul  npon  the  Stygian  bunks. 


A.  Intransitive: 

1  To  move  backwards  and  forwards,  np 
and  down,  or  from  side  to  side  alternately,  as 
if  connected  with  a  larger  body  by  a  joint, 
pivot,  or  any  flexible  attachment;  to  oscil- 
late, to  rock,  to  swing  or  sway ;  to  vibrate. 
•  Ills  head  vagina  up  and  down." 

Shakeip.  :Xai>*  of  Lucnce,  MM. 

2.  To  be  in  motion  ;  to  stir,  to  move. 

"  Tremble  and  start  at  aaggiity  of  a  straw  " 

•••Tialuiitt. :  Kichurd  111.,  lit,  ». 

•  3.  To  make  progress ;  to  progress,  to  con- 
tinue. 

"Thus  may  we  see,  qnoth  he.  how  the  world  wtp.* 
3/iufaijA  :  At  fou  i«e  It,  li  7. 

•  4.  To  move  off  or  away ;  to  pack  off ;  to 
be  oil  or  gone. 


•  waff  -er,  ».    [Eng.  waft,  v.  ;  •«•.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  wafts  or  trans- 


B.  Trans. :  To  canse  to  move  up  and  down, 
backwards  and  forwards,  or  from  side  to  side 
alternately,  as  a  small  body  jointed  or  at- 
tached to  a  larger  body  by  a  joint,  pivot,  or 
anv  flexible  attachment;  to  cause  to  oscillate, 
rock  surge,  or  vibrate ;  to  shake.  It  is  often, 
nsed  with  an  idea  of  playfulness,  spoi  tiveness, 
mockery  or  derision. 

"  Let  me  see  the  prouuesfc 
He.  that  dares  most,  uut  wag  his  linger  at .theo. 

Shaketp. :  Itenry  VI  It.,  V.  s. 

wag,  «.    [WAO,  v.] 

I.  The  act  of  wagging  or  shaking ;  a  shake: 
as,  To  give  a  wag  of  one's  head. 

2  One  who  makes,  or  is  in  the  habit  of 
making  jokes  ;  one  who  is  of  a  merry,  frolic- 
some, or  humorous  disposition  ;  a  droll,  hu- 
morous fellow ;  a  humourist,  a  wit,  a  joker. 
Formerly  applied  to  a  person  who  indulged 
in  coarse,  low,  or  broad  humouror  buffoonery, 
such  as  practical  jokes,  &C. 

"A  wag  Is  the  last  order  even  of  pretenders  to  wit 

and  good  humour."— /"uttor.  No.  18*. 

•J  In  this  meaning  the  word  is  probably  an 
abbreviation  of  Wag-halter  (q.v.). 

*  wag- halter,  s.    A  common  term  for  a 
rogue  or  gallows-bird;  one  who  is  likely  to 
wag  In  a  halter ;  a  rascal.    (Cf.  Scotch  tempi* 
=  one  fond  of  merry,  frolicsome  pranks,  a 
joker ;  lit.  =  one  fitted  for  a  hempen  rope.) 

wage,  'wagen,  v.t.  &  i.  (O.  FT.  wager, 
gayer,  gagier  =  to  pledge,  from  Low  Lat. 
imdto=to  pledge,  from  IMMIW,  Dodmnt  =  a 
pledge,  from  Goth,  wnli  =  a  pledge ;  gawadjm 
=  to  pledge.  Gage  and  wage  are  doublets.] 

[WED.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1   To  put  to  the  hazard  or  risk  of  an  event; 
to  stake,  to  pledge,  to  bet,  to  wager,  to  risk. 

"I    will  wngf  against  your  gold,  gold  to  It."— 
Otakttp.:  Ci/mbMne,  i.  & 

*  2.  To  hazard,  to  attempt,  to  risk ;  to  ven- 
ture ou ;  to  encounter. 

"  Dared  him  to  wage  this  battle  at  Pharsalla.- 
Shaketp. :  Antony  &  Cleopatra,  111.  7. 

8.  To  engage  in,  as  in  a  contest ;  to  carry 
on,  as  a  war ;  to  undertake. 

H  From  scenes  where  Satan  wage*  still 
Bis  most  successful  war." 

Covpcr:  Olney  Eymnt,  xlvl. 

•4.  To  hire  tor  pay ;  to  engage  for  wages ; 
to  employ. 
"If thelim0«mentowerr«."   Pi«r» Ptowimm. p. *»- 

*  5.  To  set  to  hire ;  to  hire  or  let  out. 

"  Thou  .  .  .  must  wifiw 

Thy  workesfor  wealth,  and  life  for  sold  engage. 
Spenter:  r.  Q.,  II.  vli.  18, 

*  6.  To  pay  wages  to ;  to  pay  the  wages  of. 
••  Wanting  mnney  to  waft  hU  souldlers."— Prynm  t 

...... -.rh;..   p,  77. 


r'orthesouso>s»oran».     . 
tieaum.  t  flit.  :  Mad  ioeer.  IT.  L 

2.  A  boat  for  passage. 

8.  A  blunted  sword,  formerly  used  In  mili- 
tary exercises  and  sword-and-buckler  play. 
(Meyrick.)    [But  see  note  s.v.  WASTEB,  A.  a] 
•waft'-or,  a.    [WAFTER.) 
•waft'-ure,«.    (Eng.uq/i;  -un.]   The  act  of 
waving." 

"  With  an  angry  taiSturt  ol  yonr  hand." 

Matti/i.  :  Juliiu  Catar,  11.  L 

W&g,  *  wagge,  v.t.&t.  [O.  Sw.  wagga  =  to 
wag,  to  fluiitnate  ;  wagga  =  (s.)  a  cradle,  (v.)  to 
roek  a  cradle  ;  Sw.  vagga  =  (s.)  a  cradle,  (v.) 
to  rock  a  cradle  ;  Icel.  vuggn  =  a  cradle  ;  Du. 
vugqe  =  (s.)  a  cradle,  (v.)  to  rock  a  cradle. 
Allied  to  A.S.  vxuiian  —  to  move,  to  rock,  to 
vacillate  ;  Eng.  weigh  and  waggon.} 


•B.  Intransitive: 
1.  To  bind  or  engage  one's  self  by  a  pledge ; 
to  go  bail. 

MI  wll  wage  for  wrong,  he  wil  do  so  naiii..!-^ 

g.  To  be  opposed  as  a  stake ;  to  be  equal ; 
to  balance. 

"The  commodity  malt*  not  with  the  danger."- 
Otakap.  :  Ptriclfi,  Iv.  a. 

3.  To  be  opposed  in  combat ;  te  contend, 
to  strive. 

"  Choose  to  mat  against  the  enmity  o1  the  air." 
Shaketp. :  Lear,  li,  4. 

•J  *  To  wage  one'a  law: 
Law :  (See  extract). 

"  When  an  action  of  debt  Is  brought  against  one.  aa 
for  money  or  chattels  left  or  lent  the  defendant,  the 
defemUuit  may  wag,  kit  law:  that  Is.  swear,  and 
iertaiiijersons  will? him,  that  ie owe.  nothing  to  tlie 
plalntlrf  In  manner  as  be  hath  declared.  The  ofler  to 
aake  the  oath  1«  called  wager  of  law,  and  when  It  Is 
acconiultshed.  it  Is  called  the  making  or  doing  of  Jaw. 
-OlrnM. 


5108 


wage—  wagon 


.  h  monej' 

wage-worker,  «.    One  who  works  for 
wages ;  an  employee. 

wage,  «.    [O.  Fr.  vase,  gage  =  a  gage,  pledge, 
guarantee,  from  wager,  yager,  gagier  =  to  wage 

•  1.  A  gage,  a  pledge,  a  stake. 


eed  he  wonueiu  fray."'  " 
Spetuer:  F.  «.,  I.  IT.  s«. 

2.  Hire  ;  pay  for  services.    (Now  generally 
used  in  the  plural.) 

"Ilk  mac  iliou  leit  liis  wage.' 

Robert  d«  Srunne,  p.  tu. 

•  wage'-dom,  ».    [Eng.  wage.  s. ;  -dam.]    The 
system  of  paying  wages  for  work  done. 

"By  the  substitution  of  Industrial  partnership  In 
place  of  wagedom,"—  Dally  Chronicle,  Sept.  7,  1886. 

wag'-el,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.    Not  found  In 
Lexicon  Cornu-Brit.} 

Ornitk. :  According  to  Willnghby  (Orntth.. 
p.  349),  the  Great  Black-backed  Gull  (Lanu 
marinus).  Willnghby  was  followed  by  Pen- 
nant, who  afterwards  changed  his  opinion 
and  in  his  Arctic  Zoology  (ii.  243),  describes 
the  Wagel  as  the  young  of  the  "  Herring  Gull," 
the  Lintiiean  Larus  fuscus,  the  Lesser  Black- 
backed  Gull  of  modern  ornithology. 

wage-less,  a.    [Eng.  wage,  ». ;  -leu.] 
1.  Not  receiving  wages. 
*  2.  Not  paying  wages. 

"  Titheleeae.  tax-lease,  wamltae.  rlghtlesae.- 

Sylveiter:  Job  Triumphant,  ill.  W. 

*  wage-ling,  s.    [Eng.  wage,  a. ;  dimiu.  suff. 
•ling.}    A  hireling. 


wag'-er,  *wa-Jour,  «.  TO.  Fr.  wogeun, 
gageure,  from  Low  Lat.  wadiatum,  from  m- 
di'itns,  pa.  par.  of  wadio  =  te  wage  (q.v.).J 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Something  deposited,  staked,  or  hazarded 
on  the  event  of  a  contest  or  some  unsettled 
question  ;  something  staked  by  each  of  two 
persons  in  support  of  his  own  opinion  con- 
cerning a  future  or  an  unknown  event-  a 
stake.  The  party  whose  opinion  proves  to  be 
correct  receives  what  has  been  staked  by 
Sftt  S?  ,8tatutea  of  England,  Scotland, 
and  the  United  States,  all  contracts  or  agree- 
ments, whether  in  writing  or  parole,  depend- 
ing on  wagers,  are  null  and  void,  and  the 
wager  or  money  due  thereon  cannot  be  re- 
covered in  a  court  of  law.  A  wager  lost  is 
therefore,  only  a  debt  of  honor. 

"  11,  '""  "*  lotl°e  I"><lCT"l  "«er) 

eir  own  opinloiu  with  a  wajir  " 

fljrroit:  Ueppo,  xirU. 


at  on  which 


II.  lav:  An  offer  to  make  oath  of  Inno- 
cence, or  of  non-indebtedness;  or  the  act  of 
making  oath,  together  with  the  oaths  of  eleven 
compurgators,  to  fortify  the  defendant's  oath 

If  (1)  •  Wager  of  battb:  [BATTLE] 

*(2)  Wager  of  law: 


,  !  of  trial  "hereby,  In  an  action 

for  debt  brought  upon  a  simple  contract  be- 
tween  the  parties  without  any  deed  or  record 
the  defendant  might  discharge  himself  by 
taking  an  oath  that  he  owed  not  the  plaintiff 
anything;  but  he  was  required  to  bring  wh 
him  eleven  persons  of  his  neighbors,  called 
oompnrgators,  who  were  to  avow  upon  their 
oath  that  they  believed  In  their  consciences 


wag -es,  ,.  j,j.  [WAOK,«.]  The  payment  for 
work  done  or  services  performed ;  'tlie  price 
paid  tor  labor;  the  return  made  or  comi^nsa- 

>n  paid  to  those  employed  to  perform  any 
kind  of  labor  or  service  for  their  employers. 

U  Some  economists  have  held  that  the  rate 
of  wages  is  determined  by  the  ratio  which  the 
capital— for  the  productive  use  of  which  labor 
is  sooght-beara  to  the  number  of  laborers 
seeking  that  kind  of  employment;  that  when 
the  capital  increases  more  rapidly  than  the 
laboring  population  of  a  country,  wages  rise  • 
when  it  increases  more  slowly,  they  fall  It 
has  also  been  noted  that  the  effect  of  a  ilse  In 
wages  is  to  produce  an  increase  in  the  number 
of  marriages  and,  In  due  time,  of  population 
with  the  reeult  of  ultimately  causing  vaEes 
•gun  to  fall.  A  eimpler  theory  is  thai  labor 
is  really  a  sort  of  commodity,  and  subject  to 
the  laws  of  commodity,  which  are  immutable 
(nde  u>fra,  This  view  will  account  tor  the 
act  that  all  attempt*  to  flx  wages  by  law 
have  proved  Inoperative  and  mischievous  a 
conspicuous  example  being  the  effort  made/in 
the  reign  ol  Edward  III.  (i860),  on  the  pan 
ot  capitalists,  alter  the  Black  Death  (in  1S46) 
had  swept  away  so  large  a  part  of  the  popula- 
tion, both  in  Britain  and  on  the  continei 
i-  a?.w,Bg,M  nalur«llj  and  greatly  rose.  In  the 
United  Mates  it  has  been  considered  liiphlv 

psirable  to  preserve  American  mechanics  from 
open  competition  with  the  poorly  paid  labor  of 
inrope,  and  the  protectionists  claim  that  the 
American  tariff  system  furnishes  euch  protec- 
tion to  American  labor.  However  true  this 
may  be,  the  fact  remains  that  this  system  lias 
ot  prevented  frequent  and  extensive  stiikcs 
proceeding  from  the  reduction  of  wages 
and  the  question  of  the  relations  of  capital 
and  labor  is  still  one  of  vital  significance  in 
American  economics. 

J2Ll2ft2"*'rt5 •••••• «»« ««"™i 


Practically,  however,  labor  Is  treated  as  a 
commodity,  and,  therefore,  the  price  of  labor 
(wages)  is  subject  to  the  influence  of  the 
"?  !?lJaw  of  ""Sy^Kl  affecting  the  supply 
of  and  the  demand  for  laborers  ;  and  if,  throneh 
low  wages,  capital  (which  is  an  employing 
agent  but  not  a  productive  factor  in  economics) 
shall  absorb  an  undue  proportion  of  "the  pro- 
duce  of  labor,"  Mr.  Smith's  idea  of  -natural 
recompense"  must  prove  inoperative.  It 
seems  clear  that  our  recurrent  labor  troubles 

"  Iea8t  in  **• 


wager-policy,  «.    [POLICY  (2),  «.,  «f.J 
wag'-er,  r.t  &  {.    [WADER,  «.] 

A.  Traits.:  To  stake,  hazard,  or  risk  on 
toeblTcMff?me  event'  or  on  s»™  q™sti™ 
to  stake!  °r  °n  80me  Ca8uauy."  to  bet, 

Thai  Tu£°f*F,lwm**  P°™l» 
That,  U  he  6  alive,  be  hai  it  yet" 
_     T  trordmrO,.-  The  BroOm. 

to  tot          :      make  *  wager  or  Wa«ere  : 


"  wag1  -er-er,  «.    One  who  wagers  or  bets. 
wagf-er-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [WAOEB,  r.] 
wagering  policy,  ..  rpOUCT  @^  H 


••  The  wage*  at  sin  b  death."— Roman*  rl.  «S. 

T  Strictly  speaking,  the  term  wage*  compre- 
hends as  well  the  pay  of  officers,  the  teem  of 
lawyers,  medical  men,  Ac.,  the  talary  of  clerk*. 
the  ttipmdt  of  clergymen,  as  the  remuneration 
for  mechanical  and  menial  labor. 

•wages-fund,  t. 

fail.  Earn. :  A  term  formerly  used  to  denote 
that  portion  of  active  capital  devoted  to  the 
payment  of  wages;  being,  in  fact,  simply  the 
aggregate  sum  of  wages,  and  not  a  fund  in 
any  sense.  Now  little  used. 

*  wages-less,  a.  Not  receiving  wages- 
unpaid.  (Lyttan  ;  Pelham,  ch.  xlix.) 

*waget,  a.  or«.  [Prob.  the  same  as  WATCHET 
(q.v.).]  Light-blue,  or  cloth  of  a  light-blue 
color.  ( Chaucer.) 

wag'-ger-f,  ..  [Eng.  wag,  ,.;  ^1  The 
manner,  actions,  or  pranks  of  a  wag- 
mischievous  merriment;  frolicsome  humor-' 
sportive  trick  or  gaiety;  jocular  sayings  or 
doing;  pleasantry. 

Wag'-gish,  a.     [Eng.  wag,  s. ;  -try.] 

1.  Like  a  wag;    full  of  mischievous  merrl- 
ment,    frolicsome     humor,    and    pleasantry- 
roguish  in  merriment  or  good  humor. 

2.  Done,    made,    or    laid    In    waeeerv    or 
for  sport;    sportive,    frolicsome,    humorous 
pleasant. 

w&g'-gSsh-ljr,  aa,_  [Eng  Kaggi,n  j •  , 
In  a  waggish  manner;  in  sport  or  frolic- 
sportively. 


.     [Eng.  .«.. 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  waggish- 
frolicsome  merriment;  pleasantry,  joculiiritv 
humor.  •" 


— 

wag'-gle,  ».i.  *  t    |_A  frequent  from  wot 

A.  Intrant. :  To  move  with  a  wagging  mo- 
tion ;  to  wag  or  sway  from  side  to  side  q  uickli 
and  frequently. 

"  The  crow  waggling  along  the  shore.* 


J'"».'iucan;«,,r«tHa,» 

B.  Trans.  :  To  cause  to  wag  quickly  and 
frequently;   to  wag  or  move  one  way  and 

wag'-gle,  «.    [WAQOLE,  «.]    A  quick,  frequent 
wagging  or  movement  one  way  and  another. 

•' 


^          (or  w  as  v),  ,.    rAfter  Herr  w 
of  Warsaw;  suff.  -Ue  (Jfin.).] 


Bichard  WagnerTon'r^^  the  eminent 
rerman  musical  composer  (1813-1883). 

Wag'-ner-ism,  «.  The  musical  theory 
langnt  and  illustrated  in  his  works  by  RidiarJ 
Wagner;  the  absolute  coordination,  in  the 
drama,  of  the  music,  the  wording,  the  scenic 
effects,  and  the  action,  as  being  all  of  equal 
and  essential  importance.  [WAONEBIAK.) 

w*8'-ner;»te,  •.    [After  Herr  Wagner ;  suff. 


Mm. .  A  rare  mineral  occurring  in  veins  of 
quartz  in  clay-slate  at  Hollgraben,  near 
Werffen.  Salzburg.  Hardness,  6  to  5-6  •  sp 
gr.  3-068;  lustre,  vitreous;  color,  shades  of 
yellow,  grayish  ;  streak,  white  ;  brittle.  Com- 
pos. :  Phosphoric  acid,  43-8 ;  magnesia,  37-1 ; 
fluorine,  11-7;  magnesium,  7-4  =  100=  to  the 
formula  (MgO),PO|,  +  MgP. 

wag  -on,  wag  gin.  t.  [Dut  wagen,  cogn. 
with  A.S.  wxgn  =  a  wain  (q.v.):  IceL  &  Sw 
vagn  ;  0.  H.  Ger.  wagan.} 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 
I,  A  four-wheeled  vehicle  for  the  transport 
of  goods,  freight,  and  produce.  The  ordinary 
goods  wagon  is  a  strong,  heavy  vehicle,  drawn 
by  two  horses  yoked  abreast.  The  fore- 
wheels  are  smaller  than  the  hind-wheels, 
and  their  axle  Is  swivelled  to  the  body  of 
the  vehicle,  so  as  to  facilitate  turning.  Most 
wagons  are  supplied  with  strong  springs  on 
account  of  the  weight  of  the  vehicle,  and  to 
make  up  for  the  absence  of  the  steadying 
power  of  the  horses,  who  expend  their  force 
in  pulling  only,  the  weight  being  distributed 
over  the  four  wheels.  A  vehicle  on  four 
wheels  of  equal  diameter  Is  of  lighter  draught 
than  one  in  which  the  fore-wheels  are  smaller 
than  the  hind-wheels,  unless  the  load  is  dis- 
tributed on  the  wheels  in  proportion  to  their 
diameter.  Wagons  are  used  for  many  purposes, 
agricultural  and  commercial.  Those  used  to 
carry  goods  needing  protection  from  rain  are 
provided  with  wooden  bows,  over  which  is 
stretched  a  covering  of  heavy  cat.vas  or  otiier 
material.  The  ends  of  the  bows  are  inserted 
in  staples  on  each  side  of  the  vehicle,  so  that 
cover  and  bows  can  be  removed  when  not 
required. 

"  One  of  the  wheeles  of  the  wagon  wherin  I  waa, 
brake,  so  that  by  that  meaues  the  other  wagoni  went 
afore."—  Hackluyt :  Toyaget,  ill.  484, 

2.  The  name  given  in  England  to  a  vehicle 
for  the  conveyance  of  goods  on  railways;  in 
this  country  it  is  called  a  freight  car. 
*3.  A  chariot 

"  Phoebus  pure 

In  western  wane*  his  weary  waggon  did  i-eeura.* 
ttpenler :  F.  O.,  I.  v.  44. 

II.  Goldbeating :  A  tool  having  four  edge* 
of  cane  mounted  in  a  frame,  and  used  to  trim 
the  edges  of  gold-leaf  to  a  size  for  a  book ; 
that  is,  about  8}  inches  on  a  side.  The  cane 
is  used  in  preference  to  steel,  as  the  gold  does 
not  adhere  to  it 

wagon-boiler,  «. 

Steaming. :  A  boiler  having  a  semicircular 
top  and  flat  or  concave  bottom.  So  OftHeft  from 
the  resemblance  of  its  shape  to  that  of  a 
wagon  covered  with  Its  tilt. 

wagon-bow,  ..  An  arch-shaped  slat 
with  its  ends  planted  In  staples  on  the  wagon- 
bed  sides.  Used  to  elevate  the  tilt  or  cover. 

wagon-ceiling,  ... 

Arch. :  A  ceiling  of  cylindrical  form. 

wagon-coupling,  «.  A  coupling  foi 
attaching  the  hind  axle  to  the  fore.  Knows 
also  as  a  reach  or  perch  in  carriages. 


waf.on"'  -  >  r'      <e:  Pne'  pt- 

wad.  son;  mute.  onto,  cure,  nnlte,  ear,  rale,  rill;  try.  Sjrrian.   «, 


a>  =  e;  ey  =  .;  qu  =  kw. 


wagon— wailingly 


6109 


wagon-drag,  ».    [DKAO,  «.,  II.  3.] 

wagon-hammer,  a.  The  vertical  bolt 
which  connects  the  double-tree  to  the  tongue, 
»nd  upon  which  tlie  duuble-tree  swings. 

wagon-headed,  a. 

Arch  •  Having  an  arched  or  semicircular 
top  or  'head,  like  the  cover  or  tilt  of  a  wagon 
when  stretched  over  the  bows  ;  ronud-arched  : 
as,  a  tcagon-lieaded  ceiling,  roof,  or  vault. 

wagon-jack,  «.  A  jack  for  lifting  the 
wheels  of  a  wagon  clear  of  the  ground,  that 
the  wheels  may  be  removed  and  the  spindle 
greased.  The  varieties  are  numerous. 

wagon-lock,  j.  A  contrivance  to  bring 
a  friction  on  the  wheels  of  a  wagon,  to 
retard  its  motion  in  descending  hills. 

wagon-master,  «.  A  person  who  has 
Charge  of  one  or  more  wagons  ;  especially,  an 
officer  in  charge  of  wagons  in  a  military 
train. 

wagon-roofed,  a. 

Arch.  :  Having  a  semi-circular  or  wagon- 
beaded  roof. 

wagon-tipper,  «.  A  device  for  tilting 
a  wagon,  in  order  to  dump  its  load. 

wagon-train,  ».  A  train,  service,  or 
collection  of  wagons,  draught-animals,  Ac., 
oreanized  for  a  special  purpose;  especially, 
the  collection  of  wagons,  4c.,  accompanying 
an  army,  to  convey  provisions,  ammunition, 
the  sick,  wounded,  Ac. 

wagon-wrigllt,i.  A  wright  who  makes 
wagons. 


vagon ;  -ry.]    Conveyance  by  meant  of  wagons ; 
wagons  collectively. 

"This  unlawful  «aw»nr»  wherein  It  rlde*"-Jf«. 
tots :  Of  Church  Ootfrnmtnt,  DK.  1.,  en.  i. 

•wag'-pas-tle,  5.    [Bng.  wag,  T.,  and  pasty.} 
A  rogue,  an  urchin... 


-.          -,  .. 

A.  Tram.  :  To  convey  or  transport  in  a 
wagon  or  wagons. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  convey  or  transport  goods 
in  a  wagon  or  wagons. 

wag-  on  ago  wag  gon-age,  (age  as  ig). 
a.    [Eng.    wagon;  -age.) 

1.  Money  paid  for  the  conveyance  of  goods 
In  wagons. 

2.  A  collection  of  wagons. 

•'  Wagonng».  provender,  and  two  or  three  piece*  of 
•annou.  —Curlj/le. 

wag'-on-er.waer-gon-Sr,  *.  [Bug-  ™>ea»; 

-tr.\ 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  One  who  drives  or  leads  a  wagon;  a 
wagon-driver. 

"The  magotitri  drove  off  »t   full   ipoed."—  Mao. 
tntlay  :  Hint.  Sag.,  ch.  T. 

•  2.  A  charioteer. 

*  Stab  them  or  tear  them  on  thy  chariot-  wheeli  ; 
And  then  I'll  come,  and  be  thy  waggontr. 

SHatap.  :  Titia  Andromaa,  T.  i. 

8.  A  constellation,  Charles'  Wain.    [Das* 
MAJOR.] 

"  By  this,  the  Northern  wo/7on«r  had  set 
Su  seuenfold  teme  behind  the  stedlast  star. 

Spenier  :  r.  Q-,  *•  "•  ^* 

tt  Attrm.  :  (1)  The  constellation  Amiga  ; 
(2)  The  constellation  Bootes  (q.v.). 

•wag'-on-ess.'wag-gon-ess.  «.    [Bug. 
wagon  ;  -ex.]      A  female  wagoner,  driver,  or 
charioteer.    (An  improper  formation.) 
"  Her  fomoneu  was  she  that  paints  the  air." 

Chapman  :  Ham*r;  Iliad  v.  MS. 

w&g-dn-ette',  wag  -gon-  Site',  «,   f> 

dimin.  from  wagon  (q.v.).] 


wag'-tail,  ».    [Bng.  wag,  v.,  and  tail.] 

1.  Lit.  it  Omith. :  A  popular  name  for  any 
species  of  the  genus  Motacilla,  called  more 
fully  Water- Wagtail.  They  are  active,  grace- 
ful birds,  of  sober  plumage,  black,  white,  and 
gray  being  the  prevailing  colours.  They  fre- 
quent grass-plots,  the  edges  of  ponds,  and  the 
sandy  banks  of  rivers,  in  search  of  their  in- 
sect food,  and  may  be  readily  known  by  their 
restless  activity  and  ceaseless  motion  of  then- 
tails,  whence  their  scientific  and  popular 
name.  [MOTACILLA,  WATER-WAGTAIL.] 
*  2.  Fig. :  A  pert  person. 

"  Spare  me  iny  gray  beard,  you  aagtftl." 

Shaketp.  :  Lear,  U.  ft. 

wagtail  fantail,  s. 

Ornitk. :  Rhipidura  motacilloides,  an  Aus- 
tralian bird,  about  five  inches  long,  and  closely 
resembling  the  Pied  Wagtail  (MotaaUla  tugu- 
iris),  whence  the  popular  and  specific  names. 

•wag'-tail,  *wag-tayl,  ».*.  [Eng.  wag, 
and  tail.]  To  flutter. 

"  From  bush  to  bush,  wagtatUng  here  and  there." 
SylveOer  :  The  TrophM.  p.  137. 

wan,  wha,  s.    [See  extract.] 

Zool.:  Ailnrus  fulgent.     [PANDA.] 
"  It ...  Is  frequently  discovered  by  its  loud  cry  or 
call,  resembling  the  word  K*H.  often  repeating  the 
same.    Hence  U  derived  one  of  the  local  names  by 
which  it  la  known."— Eng.  Cyclop.  (Hat.  Hilt.),  w.  ue. 

Wa-ha'-bi,  Wa-ha'-bee,  s.  [Named  after 
Abdul- Wahhab  =  the  servant  of  Him  who 
gives  everything.] 

Muhammadanism(Pl.):  A  sect  founded  by 
Abdul  Wahhab,  born  towards  the  end  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  near  Der'aiyeh,  the 
capital  of  Nejd,  in  Arabia.  During  the  Saracen 
period  the  Muhammadan  sacred  places  were 
in  Arab  custody.  When  the  Saracen  was 
succeeded  by  the  Turkish  power  they  passed 
over  into  Turkish  keeping.  It  is  obligatory 
on  every  Musalman  who  can  afford  the  ex- 
pense, to  make  a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  at  least 
once  in  his  life.  The  Arabs  were  greatly 
scandalized  by  the  moral  laxity  of  some  of 
the  pilgrims,  and  it  became  painfully  ap- 
parent that  even  the  best  of  them  had  largely 
departed  from  the  purity  of  the  faith,  accord- 
ing divine  honours  to  Muhammad,  elevating 
tradition  to  the  same  level  as  revealed  scrip- 
ture, and  quietly  ignoring  any  precept  of  the 
Koran  which  required  self-denial  for  its  per- 


,*,.,~u:  A  kind  of  four-wheeled  pleasure- 
Carriage  of  light  construction. 

"  There  was  a  large  uaggmatu  at  varnished  oak."- 
Jlaefc :  Princeu  of  ThuU,  ch.  i. 

•  wag'-on-ry,  •  wag'-gon-ry.    «.     [Bng. 


forinance.    Abdul  Wahhab  felt  it  a  duty  to 
make  a  determined  effort  to  restore  Muham- 
madanism  to  its  pristine  purity,  and  the  most 
earnest  Moslems  gradually  became  his  fol- 
lowers.   Converting  to  his  views  Muhammad 
Ibu  Saud,  the  powerful  Sheikh  of  Der'aiyeh, 
whose  daughter  he  married,  he  induced  his 
father-in-law  to  draw  the  sword  for  the  esta- 
blishment of  a  pure  Muhammadan  theocracy. 
The  Bedouins  flocked  to  his  standard  ;  the 
towns  of  Arabia,  less  inclined  to  adopt  the  new 
faith    had  to  be  conquered.      The  Pasha  of 
Bagdad,  A.D.  1748  and  1749,   somewhat  re- 
tarded but  did  not  permanently  arrest  their 
progress.     In  A.D.  1765  (1172  of  the  Hegira), 
the  father-in-law  died,  and  on  June  14,  1787 
(A.  H.  1206),  the  revivalist  or  reformer.    The 
former  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Abdul-Aziz. 
In  1797  the  Wahabees  pillnged  the  town  and 
tomb  of  Husein  ;    in    1803   they   captured 
Mecca     and    in    1804    Medina,    where    they 
plundered  the  tomb  of  Muhammad  himself. 
By  this  time  Abdul-Aziz  had  been  succeeded 
by  his  son  Saud,  by  whose  orders  the  Khootba 
(public  prayer)  was  no  longer  allowed  to  be 
offered  in  the  name  of  the  Sultan.    With  the 
exception  of  the  territory  subject  to  the  Imam 
of  Muscat,  all  Arabia  now  submitted  to  the 
Waliabees.    They  also  captured  some  Arabic 
towns  on  the    coast  of  Persia,  and  Waha- 
bee  pirates  infested  the  Persian   Gulf.      In 
1809  these  pirates  were  severely  punished  by 
the  British,  in  conjunction  with  the  Imam 
of  Muscat.      The  same  year  Mehemet  All, 
Pasha  of  Egypt,  prepared  to  attack  them. 
In  1812  he  took  Medina,  and  in  1813  Mecca. 
In  1818  Ibrahim  Pasha,  the  son  of  Mehemet 
All    assumed  the  command  of  the  Egyptian 
troops,  and,  entering  Arabia,  took  Der'aiyeh 


in  1818,  and  capturing  Abdullah,  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  Saud,  sent  him  to  Constantinople, 
where  he  was  beheaded.  In  1827,  1884,  1838, 
and  1839  the  Wahabees  attempted  to  excite  in- 
surrections, and  required  continual  vigilance 
from  Egypt.  In  1862  and  1863  Palgrave  found 
them  numerous  in  Arabia.  The  Wahabee 
movement  is  not  now  conlined  to  Arabia ;  it 
has  spread  throughout  the  Mnhaounadan 
world,  and  though  quiescent  at  present,  still 
possesses  vigorous  life,  and  will  doubtless 
again  from  time  to  time  break  forth.  Many 
adherents  of  the  sect  are  believed  to  exist  in 
India,  Patna  being  considered  one  of  their 
strongholds. 

Wa-ha'-bi-Ism,  Wa-ha'-bee-Ifm,  «. 

[Eng.  Wahabi,  Walutbee  ;  -ism.]  The  doctrines, 
principles,  and  practices  of  the  Wahabis. 

*  wah-len-ber'-gl-a  (or  w  as  v),  s.  [Named 
after  George  Wahlenb'erg,  M.D.,  author  of  the 
Flora  of  Japan.] 

Bat. :  An  old  genus  of  Campanulacese,  re- 
duced by  Sir  J.  Hooker  to  a  sub-genus  of 
Campanula.  Wahlenbergia  kederacea  is  now 
Campanula  Kederacea.  The  flowers  of  W. 
graminiflora  are  used  by  the  mountaineers  of 
Southern  Europe  for  epilepsy,  and  W.  Unarm- 
dea  in  Chili  for  pains  in  the  bowels. 

"  wald,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [WEIGH.] 

wait  weif,  «.  &  a.  [O.  Fr.  waif,  gaif=* 
thing  lost  and  not  claimed,  from  Icel.  veif  = 
anything  flapping  about,  as  the  flu  of  a  seal ; 
vei/a  =  to  shake,  to  vibrate.)  [WAFF,  WAIVE.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1  Anything  found  astray  or  lying  without 
an  owner ;  anything  blown  by  the  wind  or 
drifted  in  by  the  ocean  ;  a  thing  preserved  or 
coining  as  by  chance ;  a  stray  or  odd  piece  or 
article. 

2.  A  wanderer  ;  a  poor,  neglected,  homeless 
wretch. 

H.  Low: 

1.  Goods  of  which  the  owner  is  not  known. 

2.  Such  goods  as  a  thief,  when  pursued,  ( 
throws  away  to  prevent  being  apprehended.  ! 
They  belong  to  the  crown,  unless  the  owner 
takes  the  necessary  steps  for  prosecuting  and 
convicting  the  thief. 

B.  At  adj. :  Vagabond,  worthless,  ignoble, 
mean.    (Scotch.) 
IT  Waifs  and  strays :  The  homeless  poof. 

*  waift,  «.  [Eng.  waif,  with  excrescent  »,  doe 
to  the  pa.  par.  waived.]  A  waif. 

••  For  that  a  tmtfl,  the  which  by  fortune  came 
Uponyunrseas,lieclaiin'daspropertie. 

Spenier:  F.  O.,  IV.  ill.  81. 

wall(l),  *walle,  *  wayl,  *wayle,  "well, 
*  WCyl,  v.t.  &  i.  [Icel.  vcela,  vala,  vola  =  w> 
wail ;  orig.  =  to  cry  woe ;  from  vie,  vei  =  woe  I 
(interj.)  ;  cf.  Ital.  guajolare,  guaire  =  to  wail, 
cry  woe ;  from  giiai  =  woe  1 ;  Goth,  wai  = 
woe  I ;  cf.  also  WAYMENT.) 

A.  Trans.:  To  lament  over,  to  bewail,  to 
mourn. 

"  She  watfi  the  absence  of  her  lord. 

Mnton :  Klfriaa. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  express  sorrow  audibly ; 
to  lament,  to  mourn. 


M  Nor  waifd  his  father  o'er  th*  untimely  dead." 
Pope  :  Earner  ;  Ottltuey  xxiv.  Sia. 

wall  (2),  »A    [WALE  (2),  v.] 

wall,   *.     [W**L»  *•!     Loud  lamentation   or 
weeping;   mourning  or  sorrow    audibly  ex- 

'•  Around  the  woods 

She  Btichfl  her  aong,  which  with  her  wail  resound. 
Thomson. 

walT-er,  >.    [Bag.  wail  (l),v.  -er.]    One  who 
wails  or  laments  violently. 

*  wall'-ful,  *  walle-full,  o.    [Eng.  wail,  s. ; 

•full.]    Sorrowful,  mournful,  sad. 

••  You  must  lay  lime,  to  tangle  her  desires, 
By  vail/td  sonnets." 

Shatetp.  :  Tuo  Gentlemen.  Hi.  1 

wail'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.    [WAIL  (1),  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  iparticip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

B.  As  stitst. :  The  act  of  expressing  grief, 
sorrow,  or  lamentation  audibly ;  violent   or 
loud  lamentation. 

"  I  bade  my  harp's  wild  vaiHngi  tow." 

Scott :  etenfintat. 

wall'-lng-Jy,  adv.    [Eng.  wailing  ; -ly.]   In  a 


b6y;  pA*.  JflH;  cat.  5ell,  chorn..  9nln,  benpn;  go.  gem;  tbin.  thl.;  - 
=  (nan.   -tlon,  -*lon  =  .Hun  ;  -tion,  -slon  -  .Hun.   -clous,  -tlou». 


;  expect 


5110 


wailment  -wait 


wailing   manner;    with  wailing  and  lamen- 
tation. 

*  ^aU'-niSnt,  «.     [Eng.  toaJJ  (i),  v. ; 

VYailmg,  lamentation. 

"  O  day  of  wailment  to  all  that  are  yet  unborn."— 
fadta:  Uf,ct  WOUanu,  11.  221 

•wail'-ment,  t.i.  [WAILMENT,  «.)  To  la- 
ment, to  wail. 

"  Therefore  well  may  I  tmttment." 

Tylney  :  Locrina,  U.  ». 
1  Perhaps  a  misprint  for  waiment  (q.v.). 

"wail'-ster,  ».  [Bug.  trail  (1),  v. ;  fern.  suff. 
•ster.]  A  woman  who  wails  or  laments ;  a  fe- 
male mourner. 

"wai'-ment,  v.i.    [ 

wain,  *waine,  *wayn,  ».  [A.S.  vxugn, 
men— a.  wain;  cogn.  with  Dut  wagen  =  a. 
wagon  (q.v.);  O.  Sax.  wagm;  IceL  vagn; 
Dan.  vogn;  Sw.  vagn;  O.  H.  Ger.  wagan; 
Ger.  wagen.] 

1.  Afour-wheeled  vehicle  for  the  transporta- 
tion of  goods,  corn,  liay,  &c.  ;  a  waggon. 
"  There  from  the  sauburut  bayfteld  homeward  creep* 

The  loaded  main.-  Cowper  :  Talk,  i.  S96. 

*2.  A  chariot. 

**  Trembling  ha  stood  before  the  golden  tcrfn. 
And  bowfl  to  dust  the  liouonji  of  his  mane:' 

Pope :  Homtr  ;  Iliad  xix.  448. 

3.  A  constellation ;  Charles'  Wain ;  Ursa 
Major. 

*  wain-bote,  ».  An  allowance  of  timber 
for  waggons  and  carts. 

wain-bouse,  &  A  house  or  shed  for 
waggons  and  carts. 

wain-rope,  s.  A  rope  for  yoking  animals 
to,  or  binding  a  load  to  a  wain  or  waggon ;  a 
cart-rope. 

"  Oxen  and  Main-rope*  cannot  bale  them  together." 
— ShoJtetp.  :  Twelfth  Sight,  Hi.  S. 

*wain,  •  waine,  r.t    [WAIN,  «.] 

1.  To  fetch  or  convey  in  a  wain  or  waggon. 

Good  servant  fordalrie  houae,  waine  her  tome." 
Tuner  :  Hutbandrie,  p.  107. 

2.  TO  waft. 

"  So  awift  they  wainett  her  through  the  light* 

3.  To  raise,  to  lift 

wain'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  wain,  v. ;  -able.]  Caps- 
ble  of  being  tilled  ;  as,  wainable  land. 

*  wain'-age  (age  as  Ig),  s.    [Eng.  wain,  s. ; 
•age.]    The  finding  of  carriages  or  vehicle*  for 
carrying  goods. 

*  waine,  s.  &  r.    [WAIK,  >.  ft  ».] 

*  wain  man,  «.  [Eng.  vain, «.,  and  man.]  A 
waggoner. 

Wain'-scot,  s.  [Dut.  vxtften-schol  =  wainscot ; 
Low  Ger.  wagenxhot  =  the  best  kind  of  oak 
timber,  well-grained,  and  without  knots.  The 
Dutch  word  is  from  wagen  =  a  waggon,  n  car- 
riage, a  coach,  and  tchet  =  a  partition  a 
wainscot] 

*  1.  A  One  kind  of  foreign  oak  timber,  not 
liable  to  warp  or  cast,  and  working  freely 
under  the  tool 

"  A  wedge  of  wnlnttat  la  fUteet  and  moat  proper  for 
cleaving  of  an  oaken  tree.  —  Urfithmrt .-  Tract*,  p.  ua. 

2.  A  wooden  lining  or  casing  of  the  walls 
of  apartments,  usually  made  in  panels,  and 
80  called  because  the  panelling  was  originally 
made  of  the  oak  timber  known  as  wainscot. 

"  The  mouse 
Behind  the  mouldering  wtinttoe  shriek'd.* 

Tennyton  :  Mariana. 

wainscot-moth,  s. 
Entomoloyy: 

1.  Leucania  pollens,  a  very  common  British 
night-moth,  having  the  fore  wings  pal*  ochre- 
yellow,  with  the  veins  paler,  and  three  faint 
dark  dots ;  hind  wings  whitish  or  very  pale 
gray.     Expansion  of  wings  an  inch  and  a 
quarter.     The  caterpillar  feeds  in  spring  on 
various  grasses.     The  Wainscot  moths  fre- 
qnent  marshy  localities,  and  as  a  rule  measure 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings. 

2.  (.PI.):  The  family  Leucanidaj  (q.v.). 

wain'-scot,  v.t.    [WAINSCOT,  «.] 
1.  To  line  with  wainscotting. 

"  Mustek  aoonaetn  better  In  chambers  evihueofted. 
than  hanged. "-Bacon. 

*  2.  To  line  with  different  materials. 

«?•!* !?  ".""*  """lo""'!  llned'  or  «»f>u<*"i»*  with  a 
white  u.taowos  crust '-SI-OT  .- 


wain'-scot-tlng,  ».  [Eng.  waiiixot;  -ing.] 
Wainscot,  or  the  material  used  for  it. 

"Be  bid  them  behind  the  sffobucottitw  of  hiaetudr  " 
—Burna  :  Lit*  of  Sole. 

wain'-wright  (yh  silent),  «.  [Eng.  wain  a. 
;ind  Wright.]  A  waggon-Wright. 

walr.  v.i.  [Ic-eL  rerjo  =  to  invest,  to  lay  out, 
to  clothe,  to  wrap,  to  wear.]  To  lay  out ;  to 
expend  ;  to  waste,  to  squander.  (Scotch.) 

*walr,    l.      [Bfym.   doubtful.]     A  piece  of 
timber  two  yards  long,  and  a  foot  broad 
(Bailey.) 

watse,  w&se,  weyse,  r.fc  [Icel.  vin; 
Ger.  vxlsen  =  to  show,  to  teach.]  To  lead  to 
direct.  (Scotch.) 

waist,  «wast,  'waste,  s.     [Prom  A.S. 
wast,  'wccxt,  WKstm  —  form,  shape,  figure, 
from  maxen  =  to  grow,  to  wax  (q.v.)  ;  Icel. 
voxtr  =  stature,  shape,  from  mza  =  to  grow : 
l)an.  vaxt ;  Sw.  vaxt  =  growth,  size.) 
*  1.  Shape,  figure,  form. 

2.  That  part  of  the  human  body  which  is 
immediately  below  the  ribs  or  thorax;  the 
small  part  of  the  body  between  the  thorax 
and  hips. 

"  A  zone  of  aweet  belli 
Bound  the  milt  of  some  fair  Indian  dancer. 

JUoora :  Light  of  the  Harem. 

3.  The  middle   part   of  various   objects  • 
specifically,  in  a  ship,  the  midship  part  be- 


SH3P,  SHOWING  WAIST. 

tween  the  forecastle  and  quarter-deck,  or  the 
main  and  fore  hatchways,  or  the  half-deck 
and  galley. 

J"  T^.n'"  °{  a  ihlp  °'  ttu  k!i"3  <•  •»  b°n<"'  »pace 

of  about  five  feet  In  depth,  contained  between  tie 
elevations  of  the  quarter-deck  and  the  forecastle,  and 
having  the  upper  deck  for  its  base,  or  platform."- 
Falcaner  :  SUfmeet.  U.  (Note  37.) 

•4.  Something  bound   or  fastened   round 
the  waist  ;  a  girdle. 

-  1  might  have  given  thee  for  thy  rains 
Ten  silver  shekels  Mid  a  golden  waltr." 

• 


•&  The  middle, 

"  This  was  about  the  wagtt  of  day." 

Levct  of  fferc-  *  Lfanatr.  p.  114. 

waist-belt,  'waste-belt.  ».    A  belt 

worn  round  the  waist. 

"  ™  wr"«  «  P'ay.  says  one.  for  I  have  got 
A  broad-oiim'd  hat,  and  watte-ben  townrda  a  plot  • 
Drtitn:  \  Cmtutu  of  Oranada.    (Prol.) 

waist-block,  ».     A  bulwark  sheave  In 
the  waist  of  a  vessel. 

waist-deep,  o.  or  adv.     So  deep  as  to 
reach  np  to  the  waist 

"  The  eager  Knight  leap'd  In  the  aea 

Waitt^tetp,  and  first  on  shore  was  he." 


waist-tree,  s. 

Naut. :  A  rough-tree  or  spar  placed  along 
the  waist  in  place  of  bulwarks. 

waisf -band,  s.    [Eng.  waist,  and  band.] 

1.  The   band    or  upper  part  of  breeches, 
trousers,  or  pantaloons,  which  encompasses 
the  waist 

2.  A  sash-band  worn  by  ladies  round  the 
waist ;  a  waist-belt 

waist-cloth,  «.    [Eng.  waist,  and  cloth.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  cloth  or  wrapper  worn 
about  the  waist ;  specifically,  a  cotton  wrapper 
so  worn  by  natives  of  India. 

2.  Naut. :  A  covering  of  canvas  or  tarpanl- 
ing  for  the  hammocks,  stowed  in  the  gang- 
ways, between  the  quarter-deck  and  the  fore- 
castle. 

waist'-ooat,  *  waste-coat. "  wast  coate , 
>.    [Eng.  waist,  and  coat.] 
1.  A  short  coat  or  garment  without  sleeve*, 


worn  under  the  vest,  covering  the  waist  and 
extending  only  to  the  hips  ;  a  vest 

" 


Dr»lat:  Marriaye  d-la-Made.    (Prol.) 

2.  A  similar  garment,  formerly  worn  by 
women.  When  worn  without  a  gown,  or 
upper  dress,  the  waistcoat  was  considered 
the  mark  of  a  mad  or  profligate  woman. 

*  waist-coat  eer,  •.  (Eng.  waistcoat  ;  -ter.] 
A  woman  who  wears  a  waistcoat  ;  specifk-ally 
a  low,  profligate  woman  ;  a  strumpet 


waist'-er,  «.    [Eng.  waist  :  -«r.] 

Naut.  :  An  inexperienced  or  brokeu-down 
seaman,  such  as  used  to  be  placed  in  the  waist 
of  a  man-of-war  to  do  duty  not  reqiriing 
much  exertion  or  a  knowledge  of  seamanship; 
a  green  hand. 

wait,  «  waite,  r.t.  A  t.  [O.  FT.  waiter,  waitier, 
gaiter,  gaiticr  (fr.  yuetter)  =  to  watch,  to  mark, 
to  heed,  to  note,  to  lie  in  wait  for,  from  0.  H.  Ger. 
wahta  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  vmhte;  Ger.  wachte  =a  guard' 
a  watch;  wackier  =  a  watchman;  Icel.  rahta 
=  to  watch,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  wahtien  ;  Ger 
wachen  =  to  be  brisk,  to  be  awake  ;  cogn. 
with  A.S.  wacian,  wacan  =  to  watch,  to  wake.) 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  stay  or  rest  in  expectation  or  patience  ;  . 
to  stop  or  remain  stationary,  or  In  a  state  of 
quiescence,  expectation,  or  inaction,  as  till 
the  arrival  of  some  person  or  thing,  or  till  the 
proper  moment  or  favourable  opportunity  for 
action,  or  till  freedom  for  action  has  been 
given. 

"  All  things  come  round  to  him  who  will  but  w*U." 

Longfellow:  fliutlenl'i  -tale. 

2.  To  be  ready  to  serve  ;  to  serve  ;  to  re- 
main in  readiness  to  execute  the  orders  of  a 
person  ;  to  perform  the  duties  of  a  servant  or 
attendant 

*  3.  To  be  in  attendance  ;  to  follow  or  ac- 
company a  person. 

lfa«  close,  I  will  not  see  htm." 

MoAwjj.  .-  a  Henry  f/.,  L  & 

4.  To  wait  at  table.    [U  2.] 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  stay  or  wait  for  ;  to  rest  or  remain  In 
expectation  of  the  arrival  ot 

"  Watt  the  aeasou  and  observe  the  times.- 

Skaketp.  :  Love't  Labour's  Lott,  v.  1 

2.  To  defer,  to  put  off,  to  postpone.    (Sai4 
colloquially  of  a  meal  :  as,  To  wait  dinner  for 
a  pei-son.) 

*  3.  To  attend  ;  to  accompany  or  follow. 

"  She  made  a  mannerly  excuse  to  stay, 
Proffering  the  Hind  to  wait  her  half  the  war  " 

Urydm:  Bind  *  Panther,  L  wr. 
*4.  To  attend  as  a  consequence  of  ;  to  fol- 
low, to  await,  to  accompany. 

"  auc-h  doom 
Wait!  luzury."  Philipi.    (ToM.} 

IT  *  1.  To  wait  attendance  :  To  be  or  wait  in 
attendance.  (Shakesp.  :  Timon,  i.  1.) 

2.  To  wait  at  table  :  To  attend  on  persons  at 
table  and  supply  their  wants. 

"  A  parcel  of  soldiers  robbed  a  farmer  of  his  poultry 
and  then  made  him  trait  at  looZe."—  Swtft. 

3.  To  iKa.it  on  (or  upon)  : 

(1)  To  attend  on  or  upon  as  a  servant  ;  to 
perform  menial  services  for;  to  pay  servile 
attendance  to. 

"I  must  wait  on  myself,  must  IT—Shaten.l 
aerrji  l»  SMS,  1  1. 

(2)  To  attend  ;  to  go  to   see  ;  to  visit  on 
business  or  for  ceremony. 

"  After  some  inferior  agents  had  expostulated  with 
her  in  vain.  Shrewsbury  waited  on  her."—  Macaulav  • 
Mitt.  Eng.,  ch.  XT. 

(3)  To  attend,  accompany  or  follow  as  a 
result  or   consequence  ;   to    be  attached  or 
united  to;  to  be  associated  with;  to  accompany. 

"  Respect  and  reason  trait  on  wrinkled  age." 

Sluitetf.  ;  Rapt  o/  LuciKt.  m. 

(4)  To  attend. 

"Heralds,  wait  on  na  !'    Stahxp.  .-  1  Henry  ri.,  L  1. 

*  (5)  To  look  watchfully. 

"  It  is  a  point  of  cunning  to  watt  u/xm  him  with 
whom  you  speak,  with  your  eye,  as  the  Jesuits  give  ri 
In  precept."—  Bacon. 

*(6)  To  attend  to  ;  to  perform. 

"  Aaron  and  hi*  aona  .  .  .  ahall  wait  on  their  prieett 
office."—  .Vamberi  ill,  10. 

*  (7)  To  be  ready  to  serve  ;  to  obey. 

"  Yea,  let  none  that  waif  on  thee  he  ashamed."' 
Ptalm  xxv.  :;. 

(5)  To  be  directed  towards  ;  to  look   to- 
wards. 

"  The  eyes  of  all  watt  upon  Thee."—  Plain  cxlv.  la 


»te,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  ptt, 
«r.  wore.  wolt.  work,  who.  son;  mute.  cnb.  oiire,  nnite.  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    as,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


wait— Wakemanites 


51U 


wait,  'walte,    'wayghte,  *wayte, 

\O.fr-  wnUe,  wayte.]    i  \\AIT,  0.J 
*L  A  watchman,  a'spy. 


•2  Oneofa  body  of  minstrels  or  musical 
watchmen  attached  to  the  households  of  kings 
Mid  other  great  persons,  who  paraded  an  as- 
8i<mcd  district  sounding  the  hours  at  night. 
Until  very  recently  the  Waits  of  the  City  of 
Westminster  were  regularly  sworn  before  the 
•'Court  of  Bunrpssw.."  Many  cities  and  towns 
both  English  and  foreign,  encouraged  and 
licensed  their  waits,  Kxeterauiongother  places 
havinga  regular  company  as  early  as  the  yeai 
1400  As  a  plural,  the  word  was  sometimes 
used'  to  describe  those  who  acted  as  the  town 
musicians,  but  who  did  not  do  duty  as  watch- 
men, and  anv  company  of  performers  when 
employed  as"  serenades.  The  instruments 
used  were  a  species  of  hautboys,  called  also 
shawms,  and  from  their  use  "  waits." 

"The .mid  often  help  him  thnnigh  hi.  oonrtehip: 
and  my  friend  Baui.ter  has  told  me  he  was  P'onVml 
five  hnndred  i>ounds  by  a  voung  fellow,  to  play  but 
one  winter  under  the  window  of  a  lady,  t  bat  was  a 
mat  fortune,  but  more  cruel  than  ordinary.'  -Taller, 
Bo.  -'•«. 

3  One  of  a  band  of  persons  who  promenade 
the'streets  during  the  night  and  early  morning 
about  Christmas  or  New  Year,  performing 
music  appropriate  to  the  season. 

4.  The  act  of  waiting  for  some  person  or 
thing  ;  as,  he  had  a  long  wait. 
U  (1)  To  lie  i»  wait :  [LiE  (2),  r.,  1 15J. 
(2)  To  lay  wait :  [LAY,  v.,  If  32]. 
waif-er,  *wayt-er,s.    [Eng.  waif,  T.  ;  -er.] 

1  One  who  waits  ;  one  who  remains  in  the 
expectation  of  the  happening  of  some  event, 
or  the  arrival  of  some  persons,  opportunity, 
time,  or  the  like. 

2  A  male  attendant  on  the  guests  in   a 
hotel,  inn,  or  other  place  of  publio  entertain- 
ment. 

••  Euterlni  the  tavern  where  w.  net  every  evening. 
I  toundthe  i»i«er«  remitted  their  complatance.  - 
SaaMtr,  No.  •&. 

3.  A  vessel  or  tray  on  which  plates,  dishes, 
&c.,  are  carried  ;  a  salver,  a  sewer. 

4.  The  person  in  charge  of  the  gate  of  a  city. 
(ScoWi.) 

waif  Ing,  »wayt-lng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ». 

[WAIT,  V.} 

A.  At  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Serving,  attending;  In  attend- 
ance. 

C.  As  snbst. :  The  act  or  state  of  staying  in 
expectation  ;  attendance. 

11  In  waiting :  In  attendance :  as,  Lords  In 
vxtiting,  officers  of  the  royal  household. 

waiting-maid,  waiting- woman,/. 

A  female  servant  who  waits  on  a  lady  ;  a  maid. 

"  A  maitina-aioman  was  generally  considered  as  the 

most  suitable  helpmate  for  a  Danon."-  Maautlay  : 

But.  £itff..«n.  iii. 

*  waiting -vassal,  «.    An  attendant 

"  When  your  carters,  or  yonr  vaitinpvanalt 
Have  done  a  drunken  slaughter. 

Shaketp. :  Richard  ///.,  11. 1. 

*wait'-Ing-ljf,  adv.   [Eng.  waiting  ;  -ly.]  By 

waiting. 

waif-ress.  «  walf-er-ess,  s.  [Eng.  waiter ; 
-ess.]  A  female  attendant  in  a  hotel,  inn,  or 
other  place  of  public  entertainment. 

-  A  number  <rf  mUrate*  and  the  family  were  »teep- 
Ing."-Tin>«i.  Jan.  16.  1883. 

waits,  s.  pi.    [WAIT,  ».l 

•waive,  ».    [WAir.] 

1.  Ord.  Lanq. :  A  waif ;  a  poor,  homeless 
wretch ;  a  castaway. 

8.  Law:  A  woman  put  out  of  the  protection 
Of  the  law. 

waive,  *  weive,    'weyve,  "wave,  v.t. 

[O   Fr.  inairer,  guesver  =  to  waive,   refuse, 

abandon,  to  give  over,  to  resign ;  from  Icel. 

veifa  =  to  vibrate,  to  swing  about,  to  move 

to  and  fro  loosely ;  Norw.  veiva  =  to  swing 

about ;  O.  H.  Qer.  weMn ;  M.  H.  Ger.  vxiben, 

mVien  =  to  fluctuate,  to  swing  about ;  O.  Fr. 

vaif,  wayve,  gaif-  a  waif;  Low  Lat.  imvio 

=  to  waive ;  wayvivm  =  a  waif.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  To  remove ;  to  push  aside. 

•2.  To  shnn,  to  forsake,   to  abandon,  to 

desert.    (Sower:  C.  A.,  ii.) 


3.  To  abandon  or  relinquish  fur  a  time;  to 
defer  for  the  present ;  to  forego  ;  not  to  in- 
sist on. 

"  But  let  us  ioa<t>«  the  question  oi  payment,"— 
Lmca :  Biitory  of  niMo,At.  L  111. 

*  4.  To  move,  to  turn  aside. 

••  Thou  by  whom  h.  was  deceived 
01  leva,  and  from  hi.  V"^^^-^  ^1,  II. 

II,  Law: 

1.  To  throw  away,  as  a  thief,  stolen  goods 
in  his  flight. 

••  Waifs,  bona  wavlola.  are  tood.  stolen  and  mli-al. 
or  thrown  away  by  the  thief  in  his  flight,  for  fear  of 
being  apprehended."— Mac/atom:  Comment.,  bk.  i., 

2.  To  put  out  of  the  protection  of  the  law, 
as  a  woman. 

waiV-er,  t.    [Eng.  waiv(e),  v. ;  -«r.J 

1.  Comnu :  The  discharge  by  the  holder  of 
a  bill,  or  note,  of  any  one  or  more  of  the 
parties  to  it.     [CONSIDERATION.]    It  may  be 
given  by  word  of  mouth  in  the  presence  of 
witnesses,  or  in  writing. 

2.  Law: 

(1)  The  act  of  waiving ;  the  passing  by  or 
declining  to  accept  a  thing.  (Applied  to  an 
estate,  or  to  anything  conveyed  to  a  man,  also 
to  a  plea,  &C.) 

It)  The  legal  process  by  which  a  woman  Is 
loai  wti,  or  put  out  of  the  protection  of  the  law. 

wai'-wode,  vai'-vode,  s.    [WAYWODE.] 

wake.  •wak-i-«n  (pa.  t.  'woo*,  wofe, 
*  wilted),  v.i.  &  t.  [A.S.  waean  =  to  anse, 
to  come  to  life,  to  be  born  (pa.  t.  woe,  pa.  par. 
•Kactn);  wacian  =  to  wake,  to  watoh  (pa.  t. 
macade,  vacede);  cogn.  with  Goth.  «wlm»  (pa. 
t  wok,  pa.  par.  wakcuui)  =  to  wake,  to  watch : 
Kakjan=io  wake  from  sleep;  Cut.  waken; 
loci,  vaka;  Dan-  vaagt;  Sw.  eoto;  Ger. 
ttxxhen.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  To  watch,  to  keep  watch. 

"  Hlr  Ireudes  full.  fa»te  waited  aboute  and  i**;-" 
Sober!  it  ermine,  p.  BO. 

*  2.  To  be  vigilant  or  watchful. 

3.  To  be  awake ;  to  continue  awake ;  not  to 
sleep. 

"  Trolln.  al  nl«ht  for  sorow  uuke.- 

Chaucer .-  Trail**  t  Crtrttda,  bk.  T. 

4  To  be  excited  or  roused  from  sleep ;  to 
cease  to  sleep;  to  awake;  to  be  awakened. 

"  I  ouly  naked  to  sob  and  .cretin." 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  Lake.  iv.  M. 

*  5.  To  be  In  a  state  of  activity  ;  not  to  be 
quiescent. 

••  To  keep  thy  sharp  woes  «nl  Ing." 

Shukelli. :  ttape  of  Lucrecl,  1.UW. 

6.  To  be  alive  ;  to  be  quick  ;  to  live. 

"  The  last  assizes  keep,         f 


•  J.  To  be  put  in  action  or  motion  ;  to  be 
excited  from  a  dormant  or  inactive  state. 

"  To  tan  the  earth  now  waHd.'    Hilton :  P.  L.,  I.  M. 

•8.  To   sit  up  for  amusement;  to  hold  a 
nightly  revel. 

"The  kint  doth  irate to-nlgM  and  takw^l^ronae.' 

B.  Tranritivi: 

1.  To  rouse  from  sleep ;  to  awake. 

••  Waked  with  note  of  fire." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  ttlet,  IT.  «0. 

2.  To  arouse,  to  excite ;  to  put  in  motion 
or  action.  ^  mMi  • 

ScortV  Lay'o/the  LOU  XiMra.lt.ti. 

3.  To  disturb. 

••  No  mnrmnrwdfad  the  .oleum  still." 

Sootl :  Lady  of  the  Lake.  ill.  M. 

4  To  bring  to  life  again,  as  from  the  sleep 
of  death  ;  to  revive,  to  reanimate. 

-  Swell,  the  high  trump  that  wrfw  ?£*"*•' 

Scott  :  Lay  of  the  Loft  Minaret,  vl.  »u 

5.  To  watch  prior  to  burial,  as  a  dead  body; 
to  hold  a  wake  for. 


serration  came  round,  the  parish  wake  was 
held  ;  and  in  many  parishes  a  second  wake 
was  held  on  the  birthday  of  the  saint.  Tents 
were  erected  in  the  churchyard  to  supply 
refreshments  to  the  crowd  oil  the  morrow, 
which  was  kept  as  a  public  holiday.  The 
original  motive  of  devotion  and  reverence 
was  soon  lost  at  these  meetings,  which  de- 
generated into  mere  fairs  or  markets,  cha- 
racterized by  merry-making,  and  often  dis- 
graced by  riot  and  dissipation ;  hence  the 
term  came  to  mean  merry-making  generally  ; 
a  festive  gathering. 

"Some  pretty  fellow. 

With  a  clean  strength  that  cnu-ks  a  ctutell  well. 
And  dances  at  a  wake,  »uil  plays  "t  inn 

Beaton,  t  flat. :  Captain,  i.  1 

3,  The  watching  of  a  dead  body  prior  to 
burial  by  the  friends  and  neighbours  of  the 
deceased.  Snch  a  custom  was  formerly  pre- 
valent in  Scotland,  and  is  still  common  in 
Ireland.  It  probably  originated  in  a  super- 
stitious notion  with  respect  to  the  danger  of 
a  dead  body  being  carried  off  by  some  of  the 
agents  of  the  invisible  world,  or  «i»sed  to 
the  ravages  of  brute  animals.  Though  pro- 
fessedly held  for  the  indulgence  of  reverential 
sorrow,  wakes  are  too  ofteu  converted  into 
drunken  and  riotous  orgies. 

"The  first  time  I  knew  him  wa.  at  my  mother1! 

««*»••— Croker:  Fairy  Legend!  of  Ireland,  p.  80. 

wake  at  noon,  a. 

Bot. :  Onithogalum  •xnbellatim.  [Britten* 
Holland.) 

wake-robin,  s. 

Bot.:  Arum macuiatum.    [ARUM.] 

*  wake-time,  s.  The  time  during  which 
one  is  awake.  (E.  B.  Browning.) 

wake  (2),  ».  [Icel.  i'dk  (genit.  sing,  and  nom. 
pi  tmtar)  =  a  hole,  an  opening  in  ion;  Sw. 
«ifc  =  an  opening  in  ice;  Norw.  mk;  Dan. 
mage;  Dut.  wok;  original  meaning  a  moist 
or  wet  •  place  ;  Icel.  vokr  =  moist ;  Him  21 
(v.)  to  moisten,  (s.)  moisture ;  Fr.  ouairfuj, 
image,  hmtache  =  the  wake  of  a  ship.] 
1.  A  row  of  green  damp  grass.  (1'rov.) 
2  The  track  left  by  a  ship  in  the  water, 
formed  by  tfce  meeting  of  the  water,  which 
rushes  from  each  side  to  fill  the  space  made 
by  the  ship  in  passing  through  it.  This  track 
can  be  seen  to  a  considerable  distance  behind 
the  ship's  stern,  being  smoother  than  the 
rest  of  the  sea. 

"  In  a  storm  they  will  hover  close  under  the  Bhip*. 
Btern  in  the  wtke  of  the  ship  (as  'tis  called)  or  the 
smoothness  which  the  ship's  passing  has  made  on  the 
aea."— Dumpier  :  Voyages  Ian.  1699). 

3.  A  track  generally ;  a  line  following  some- 
thing else. 

"A  torpedo  could  be  sent  »o  cloaely  in  the  fake  of 
another  as  to  take  instant  advantage  of  the  opening 
made  In  the  netting."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  36, 
lass. 

wake- fill,  •w&ke'-fall,  a.    [Eng.  wake 
(1),  s. ;  -full.] 

1.  Watchful,  vigilant. 

"  Intermit  no  watch 
Agalukt  a  itakeful  foe."  Hilton :  P.  L.,  H.  tm. 

2.  Keeping  awake,  not  sleeping ;  not  dis- 
posed to  sleep. 

"All  night  long  I  He 


wake  (1),  s.    [A.S.  vacu,  In  oomp. 
=  a  night-wake.) 

»  1   The  act  of  waking  or  of  being  awake  ; 
the  state  of  not  sleeping  or  of  being  awake. 
"  Making 


"2  The  state  of  forbearing  sleep,  espe- 
cially for  a  solemn  or  religious  or  festive 
purpose;  a  vigil;  specif.,  the  feast  of  the 
dedication  of  a  parish  church,  kept  by  watch- 
ing all  night.  Bach  church  on  its  consecra- 
tion was  dedicated  to  some  particular  saint, 
and  when  the  anniversary  of  the  day  of  oon- 


•  3.  Rousing  from,  or  as  from  sleep. 

"The  wikfftd  trump  of  doom  must  thunder  through 
the  deep."  HOtan  :  Oat  on  tlu  nativity. 

wake'-ful-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  wakeful ;  -l-g.]  In 
a  wakeful  manner ;  with  watching  or  watch- 
fulness. 

••  To  have  care  of  the  watch,  which  he  knew  his  own 
fear  would  wake  him  very  vakefullv  perform.  — 
*i.l,icy  :  Arcailia.  bk.  111. 

wake'-fnl-n^BS,  ».  [Eng.  nateful;  -ness.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  wakeful ;  watch- 
fulness. [ISUOMSIA.] 

*  wake' -man,  ».  [Eng.  wake,  and  man.]  The 
chief  magistrate  of  the  town  of  Ripon,  York- 
shire. (Crabb.) 

Wake'-man-ite},  t.  pi.    [See  def.] 

Chvrcb  'Hiti, :  A  small  party  of  fanatics 
existing  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  in  the 
year  1855,  who  regarded  an  old  and  apparently 
insane  woman,  named  Rhoda  Wakeman,  as  a 
divinely-commissioned  prophetess,  who  had 
been  raised  from  the  dead.  At  her  bidding, 
some  of  her  followers  murdered  a  small  farmer, 
Justus  Matthews,  who,  she  said,  was  pos- 
sessed by  an  evil  spirit.  The  unfortunate 


5112 


waken— walk 


man  willingly  submitted  to  the  sentence  pro 
nounced  by  the  pseudo-prophetess,  but  th 
extinction  of  the  sect  followed  as  a  matter  o 
course. 

wak  en,  "wakenen,  •  wakne,  *wak 

nen,  v.  i.  &  (.  [A.S.  woxnan  —  to  arise,  t 
be  aroused  ;  allied  to  wacan  —  to  wake  (q.  v.) 
Icel.  vakna  =  to  become  awake ;  Sw.  vakna 
Dan.  vaagne;  Goth,  gawaknaa..} 

A.  Intransitiee: 

1.  To  wake ;  to  cease  from  sleeping ;  to  be 
awakened. 

"  He  blgan  to  waknc.'  Bamlok,  8,164. 

*  2.  To  lie  or  keep  awake  ;  not  to  sleep  :  tx 
watch. 

"  jLook  with  the  eyes  of  heaven  that  nightly  waken 
To  view  the  wonders  of  the  glorious  Maker." 

AMML  <t  flat. :  Mad  Lover.  V. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  excite  or  arouse  from  sleep ;  to  awaken 

"A  man  wakened  out  of  sleep."— Zechariah  iv.  1. 

2.  To  excite  or  stir  up  to  action  or  motion 
to  rouse. 

.  "It  was  necessary  that  ...  the  drowsiness  of  hesl 
Utiou  [should  Awakened  into  resolve."— Idler,  No.  48. 

3.  To  excite,  to  produce  ;  to  call  forth. 

"  They .  .  .  waken  raptures  high." 

JUUon  :  P.  L.,  111.  S«9. 

•wak'-en,  a.     [WAKEN,   r.]    Awake;  no 

sleeping ;  watchful. 

"  But  that  grief  keeps  me  waken,  I  ehould  sleep." 
Marlowe.    (Annandttie.) 

Walr/-en-er,  s.  [Eng.  waken,  v.;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  wakens,  or  arouses  from 
sleep. 

wak  en  ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [WAKEN,  v., 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  partidp.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  one  who  wakens 
an  awakening. 

If  Wakening  of  a  process  : 

Scots  Law:  The  reviving  of  a  process,  in 
which,  after  calling  a  summons,  no  judicial 
proceeding  takes  place  for  a  year  and  a  day, 
the  process  being  thus  said  to  fall  asleep. 

Wak'-er,  ».    [Eng.  wataf),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  watches ;  one  who  is  wakeful 
or  watchful. 

"The  water  gose,  the  cuckowe  ever  nnklnd  " 

C*auc«r.-  Aaembli,  of  Foulet. 

2.  One  who  wakes  or  rouses  from  sleep  ;  an 
awakener. 

3.  One  who  attends  at  or  takes  part  In  t 
wake. 

wake'- rife,  wank -rife,  a.    [Eng.  wake 
(1),  s. ;  -rife.)    Wakeful. 

"And  vakrt/e  through  the  corpagard  oft  he  past" 
Hudion :  JudU\,  fti.  89. 

wak   irig,  *wak-yng.  *wak-ynge.  m. 

par.,  a.,  &  «.    [WAKE,  ».] . 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Being  awake  ;  not  asleep ;  not  sleeping. 

"When  woes  the  waking  sense  alone  assail  " 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  OdftKi  ix.  M. 

2.  Rousing  from  sleep;  exciting  to  action 
or  motion. 

3.  Awakening  ;  becoming  awake. 

4.  Coming  at  the  time  of  awakening. 

"  Fair  gladsome  waking  thoughts  " 

Thomson :  Cattle  of  /ndolenee,  i  ST. 

C.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  The  act  or  state  of  watching  ;  a  watch. 

"  In  the  fourthe  wakyngot  the  nyght  he  cam  to  hem 
walkynge  above  the  see.  —  WyeZi/ft;  AfaKAewxiv. 

*  2.  The  state  or  period  of  being  awake. 

"  The  time  It  wasteth  night  and  day. 
And  steleth  from  us,  what  prively  sloping. 
And  what  thurgh  negligence  in  our  wakino- 

fhaucer:  C.  T.,  4.448. 

3.  The  act  of  holding  a  wake  or  of  watching 
the  dead. 

waking-hours,  «.  pi.    The  hours  during 
which  one  is  awake. 

wal'-a-ite,  t.    [VALAITE.] 

•  wa-la-wa,  interj.    [Mid.  Eng.  wo,  to,  wo !} 
Alas,  welaway  (q.v.). 

Wal'-cher-cn  (ch  guttural),  «.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  The  most  westerly  island  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Scheldt. 

*  Walcheren  fever, «. 

fathoL  :  Remittent  fever  which  caused  the 


death  of  about  7,000  British  troops  when  a 
army  encamped  in  the  marshes  of  Walchere 
in  1S09. 

walclT  I-a,  s.  [Named  after  J.  E.  E.  WalcL 
(17L'0-1778),  a  German  theologian  and  natu 
ralist.J 

Palceotot. :  A  genus  of  Coniferous  trees  akin 
to  the  Cypress.  It  has  short  leaves.  On 
species  is  in  the  Permian,  one  in  the  Trias 
and  one  in  the  Jurassic  rocks  of  England 
The  best  known  species  is  the  Permian  one 
Walchia  piniformis. 

wal'-chtfw-ite,  s.  [After  Walehow,  Moravia 
where  found  ;  sutf.  -ite  (Min.).} 

Min. :  A  native  resin,  occurring  in  yellow 
translucent  to  opaque  masses  in  a  brown  coal 
Hardness,  1-5    to  2 ;    sp.   gr.   1-0   to    1-069 
Compos. :    carbon,    80'41 ;   hydrogen,    10'C6 
oxygen,  8'93  =  100. 

walck-e-na'-er-a,  ».  [Prom  Walckeuaer 
author  of  a  work  on  spiders.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Theridiidre,  having  the 
portion  of  the  cephalothorax  which  bears  the 
eyes  more  or  less  elevated.  Type  Walckenaera 
acumiiiata,  a  small  spider  found  under  stone! 
and  on  rails  in  England. 

Wai-den -sea,  Val-den-ses,s.p!.  [Named 
From  Peter  Waldo,  their  alleged  founder, 
born  at  Vaux  (Lat.  WaUum)  on  the  Rhone 
early  in  the  twelfth  century.] 

Church  Hist. :  A  sect  which  for  many  cen- 
turies has  maintained  its  independence  of  the 
Church  of  Rome,  from  which  it  differs  in 
tenets  and  government.     Its  chief  seats  have 
long  been  in  the  three  high  valleys  of  Pied- 
mont, situated  in  the  Cottian  Alps,  on  the 
Italian  side  of  the  main  chain,  but  so  near 
the  great  pass  between  France  and  Italy, 
that  French  as  well  as  Italian  is  spoken  in 
the  valleys.     They  claim  to  have  arisen  in 
apostolic    times,    maintaining   an    unbroken 
succession  of  bishops,  but  the  claim  is  un. 
founded,  and   they  probably  derived   their 
origin  from  Peter  Waldo  [see  etym.],  a  rich 
merchant  of  Lyons,  and  deeply  pious  man, 
who  at  first  had  no  desire  to  depart  from 
the  tenets  of  the  Roman  Church,  but  simply 
aimed  at  deepening  the  religious  feeling  of 
its  adherents.     He  was  ultimately  brought 
into  collision  with  the  Church  authorities 
when,  in  and  after  1160,  he  had  the  four 
gospels  translated  from  Latin  into  French, 
and  adopted  the  view  that  it  was  lawful  for 
laymen    to    preach.      His    opinions    spread 
rapidly;  his  followers,  like  himself,  not  at 
first  greatly  differing  in  doctrine  from  the 
Church  of  Rome.    According  to  Comba  (Hist, 
de  Vaudois  d'ltalie)  they  had  no  distinctive 
Waldeusiau  literature,  nor  any  wide  religious 
influence,  until  after  they  had  been  influenced 
by  the  teaching  of  Wycliffe  and  his  disciple 
Huss.    [HUSSITES.]    M.  Montet  (Histoire  Lit- 
teraire  des  Vaudois)  divides  Waldensian  litera- 
ture  into  three  periods:   (1)  The  Catholic 
period,  during  which  the  dogmas  and  prac- 
tices of  the  Church  were  accepted.    (2)  The 
Hussite  period,  in  which  the  Pope  is  fiercely 
attacked,    the   Sacraments   are   invalid    by 
reason  of  the  wickedness  of  the  priests,  and 
there  is  a  strong  leaning  towards  the  Uni- 
versal Priesthood.  (3)   The  Calvlnlstic  period, 
marked  by  falsification  of  documents,  forgery, 
and  mutilation,  with  the  object  of  showing 
that  the  Waldensian  is  a  Christian  body  which 
had  descended  from  Apostolic  times,  preserv- 
ing their  faith  through  the  ages  in  primitive 
form.    This  fiction  M.  Montet  has  destroyed 
though,  as  he  acknowledges,  the   late  Mr. 
Henry  Bradshaw  had   already  exposed   the 
real  character  of  some  of  the  documents  ad- 
duced.   After  the  Reformation,  persecution, 
which  had  already  been  directed  against  them 
became   more   fierce.      Numbtrs  were   slain 
by  Francis  I.,  of  France,  in  1545  and  1546 
by  the  Duke  of  Savoy  in  Uy>,  and  by  Charles 
Emmanuel  II.  in  1655.     Other  persecutions 
followed  in  1663,  1064,  and  1686,  great  sym- 


sians  obtained  toleration  ;  on  December  15, 
1853,  they  received  permission  from  Victor 
Emmanuel  II.  to  erect  a  churoh  in  Turin,  and 
it  is  probable  that  they  will  unite  with  the 
Free  Church  of  Italy.  The  services  are  of 
the  plainest  type  of  Genevan  Protestantism, 
the  people  only  joining  in  the  occasional  sing- 
ing of  a  hymn. 


Wal-den'-si-an,  a.  &  s.    [WALDENSES.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Waldetv 
ses(q.v.X 

"  It  would  appear  that  only  after  Luther's  declare, 
tion  in  favour  of  clerical  marriage  did  the  aecrtU 
life  cease  to  be  a  part  of  the  H\Mtiaia.n  doctrine  "— 
JHheiueum,  April  :,  1888.  p.  430. 

B.  As  subst.:  Any  person  holding  Walden- 
sian  doctrines. 

"  What  is  known  of  the  earlier  Vaudois  writlngi 
shows  that  the  W ttldentltins  were  far  more  hkelv  to 
adopt  an  exi.ting  Catholic  translation  than "totriil. 
p  tS"  Uw''»«lv«s."-4«»e-,iai,m,  April  7,  me, 

"  wald'-grave,  s.  [Ger.  waU  =  a  forest,  and 
graf  =  a  ruler.)  [GRIEVE,  s.,  WEALD.]  I.i  the 
old  German  Empire,  a  head  forest-ranger. 

[WlLDOBAVE.] 

w.ild  heim-ite,  s.  [After  Waldheim,  Saxony, 
where  found  ;  suff.  -Ite  (Afire.).] 

Mi/1,. :  An  altered  mineral,  resembling  the 
actiuolite  variety  of  hornblende  found  in 
serpentine.  It  contains  over  12  per  cent,  ol 
soda,  which  suggests  a  relationship  to  arfved- 
sonite  (q.v.).  (Dunn.) 

Wald'-Ism,  s.  [Named  from  Peter  Waldo  ] 
[WALDENSES.] 

Church  Hist. :  The  doctrines  of  the  Wai- 
denses(q.v.). 

"Other  points  ol  Walditm  appear  equally  to  want 
the  genuine  spiritual  basis."_^iA«m»um.  April  7. 188s. 

wald  wol  le  (w  as  v),  s.  (Ger.  =  wood 
wool.]  Pine-needle  wool  (q.v.). 

wale  (1),  ».  [A.S.  walu  (pi.  viola.)  =  a  weal, 
a  mark  of  a  blow ;  cogn.  with  O.  Fries,  walu 
=  a  rod,  a  wand  ;  Icel.  «o!r  (genit.  valar)  =  a 
round  stick,  a  staff ;  Sw.  dial,  val  =  a  round 
stick,  a  cudgel,  a  flail-handle  ;  Goth,  wains  = 
a  staff.] 

X,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  streak  or  stripe  produced  by  the  stroke 
of  a  rod  or  whip  on  animal  flesh. 

"The  waits,  marks,  scars  and  cicatrices, "— P.  ffom. 
land  :  PlutarA.  p.  at. 

2.  A  ridge  or  streak  rising  above  the  surfac* 
of  cloth. 

"  Thou  art  rougher  far 
And  of  a  coarser  Hale." 

Beaum.  A  flrt. :  four  Playi  tn  One. 

3.  A  timber  bolted  to  a  row  of  piles  to 
secure  them  together  and  in  position. 

IL  Shipwright. :  A  wide  plank  at  certain 
portions  of  a  ship's  side,  extending  from  stem 
to  stern,  and  describing  the  curve  of  th« 
strokes. 

wale-knot,  wall-knot,  s. 

Naut. :  A  particular  sort  of  large  knot, 
raised  upon  the  end  of  a  rope  by  untwisting 
the  strands  and  interweaving  them  amongst 
each  other.  It  is  made  so  that  it  cannot  slip, 
and  serves  for  sheets,  tackles,  and  stoppers. 

wale-piece,  s.  A  horizontal  timber  of  a 
quay  or  jetty,  bolted  to  the  vertical  timbers, 
or  secured  by  anchor-rods  to  the  masonry,  to 
receive  the  impact  of  vessels  coming  or  lying 
alongside. 

t  wale-wort,  ».    [WALLWORT.] 

wale  (2),  o.  [WALE  (2),  ».]  The  act  of  choosing ; 
a  choice ;  a  person  or  thing  that  is  excellent : 
the  pick,  the  best  (Scofc/t.) 

"  The  Bertrams  were  aye  the  wale  o'  the  country 
side."— Scott:  Guy  Manncring,  cli.  Iv. 

wale  (1),  v.t.  [WALE  (1),  ».]  To  mark  with 
wales  or  stripes. 

Wile  (2),  v.t.  [Icel.  velja;  Dan.  valge;  Sw. 
valja ;  Ger.  wahlen  ;  Goth.  vMjan  =  to  choos* 
or  select;  Icel.  ml;  Ger.  woM  =  a  choice.] 
To  choose,  to  select,  to  pick  out  (Scotch.) 

"  An'  like  a  godly  pleot  bairn 
He's  tooted  at  out  a  true  ane." 

flu™.     niOrdmatto*. 

wal-hal'-la,  s.    [VALHALLA.] 

wa  He,  wa  He,  o.  [WALE  (2),  ».]  Ample, 
Urge,  excellent. 

"  Clap  in  his  walie  newe  blade." 

Jtufrit :  To  a  ffafolt. 

wa-lioe',  i.    [VALISE.]   (ScofeA.) 

walk  (I  silent),  *walek,  '  walcke, 
•walke  (pa.  t.  walked,  "welk,  pa.  par. 
walked,  *  walke),  v.i.  &  t.  [A.S.  tvealcan  (pa.  t. 
«>«Mc,  pa.  par.  wealcen)  =  to  roll,  to  toss  one '• 
self  about,  to  rove  about ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
watt-en  =  to  work  or  make  a  hat;  O.  Dut. 
valcken  =  to  press  or  squeeze ;  Icel.  itUka, 


fate,  fat,  tare   amidst,  what.  Jail,  father;  we,  wiSt,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  nr.  marine;  go,  pot. 
or.  wore.  wolf,  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  ofib,  care,  nnlte.  our.  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    ».  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


walk— walking 


5113 


rca  =  to  roll,  to  stamp,  to  roll  about  ;  wttt 
a  tossing  about  ;  Sw.  mlka  =  to  roll,  to  full, 
to  work  ;  Dan.  mike  =  to  full,  to  mill  ;  Ger. 
vulken  =  to  full  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  walchan  =  to  full, 
to  roll  or  move  about  ;  Lat,  iwino  =  to  roll.] 
A.  Intraiuitire: 

1.  To  advance  by  alternate  steps,  setting 
one  foot  before  the  other,  without  running,  or 
so  that  one  foot  is  set  down  before  the  other  is 
taken  up  ;  to  step  along.    (Wydiffe  :  Mark  ii.) 

2.  To  go   or   travel  on  foot  ;   to  ramble  ; 
especially,  to  move  or  go  ou  foot  for  recreative 
exercise  or  the  like. 

"Will  you  waUt  with  me  about  the  town  ?  " 

SlaJtaf.  ;  vonudi  of  irrori,  i.  I 

S.  To  go,  to  come,  to  step. 

"  Pray  you.  wol*  near." 

sai*«A  :  Timon  a/  Athmt,  11.  «. 

4.  To  move  about  as  a  spirit  or  spectre,  or 
•8  one  in  a  state  of  somnambulism. 

-The  .pin*  o- 


4.  Manner  of  walking  ;  gait,  step,  carriage. 

"  Morpheus,  of  all  hU  num'rous  train,  exprees'd 
The  shape  of  man,  aud  imitated  beet 

"  (ToM.1 


. 

5.  To  move  off;  to  push  off;  to  depart. 
(Colloq.) 

6.  To  live,  act,  and  behave  in  any  particular 
manner;  to  conduct  one's  self;  to  pursue  a 
particular  course  of  life.    (Mimk  vi.  8.) 

•  7.  To  act,  to  move, 

••  In  him  the  writ  o'  »  »«">  wol*'*" 

WonlivorOt:  Kreurtio*.  bk.  Til. 

•  8.  To  be  in  action  or  motion  ;  to  act,  to 
wag.    (Spenser  :  F.  Q.,  IL  iv.  6.) 

•  9.  To  roll,  to  turn. 

••  His  rolling  eiee  did  never  rest  In  place, 

.r. 


*  10.  To  revolve,  to  turn. 

«  Fr»m  euery  coast  that  heauen  starts  about. 
Haue  tbltber  come  the  noble  martial!  crew. 

Spenser:  F.  Ii-,  I.  Til.  45. 

•  11.  To  be  stirring  ;  to  be  or  go  abroad ;  to 
mix  in  society. 

"  Til  pity  that  thoo  llvee* 
To  von  where  any  honest  men  "fort. 

SkoteiB. :  Conwrfj  o/  Srrart,  T. 

B,  Trnniisiw: 

L  To  pass  through,  over,  along,  or  upon. 

"  She  waits  the  waters  like  a  thing  of  life." 

Byron :  Coriair,  L  f. 

•J  An  elliptical  use,  in,  through,  A5C-,  being 
omitted. 

2.  To  cause  to  walk  or  step  slowly ;  to  lead, 
drive,  or  ride  with  a  slow  pace. 

"  To  stall  my  ambling  (elding.-— Skates?.  .•  Mtrrj 
Wises  of  Windier,  Ii.  1. 

3  To  subject  to  the  process  of  fulling;  to 
full.  (Scotch.) 

••  That  the  walker,  and  fuller  shall  truly  woOe.  fall 
thicke.  and  worke  every  webbe  of  woollen  yame.  — 
Costal .-  Coll.  a/  Sat.  Bat.  rill.  Ian.  II. 

4.  To  train,  as  a  young  foxhound. 

"Returned  his  thanks  to  those  who  had  •otterf 
pnppies.--«eM.  Aug.  17.  1887. 

5.  To  complete  or  perform  by  walking. 

"  About  the  realm  she  wait*  her  dreadful  round." 
Pope :  SHXiul ;  IMaid.  710. 

6.  To  frequent,  as  a  prostitute.     [STRBKT- 

"  The  other  prisoner  waa  In  the  habit  of  ssallwv  the 
Quadrant.  "^S*.  James's  QaMttt,  July  1  1887. 

•J  1.  To  watt  into : 

(1)  To  scold  severely  ;  to  give  a  drubbing  or 
•evere  punishment  to.  (Couoq.) 

(S)  To  devour ;  to  eat  np.  (CoUoq.  or  slang.) 

2.  To  watt  over :  In  racing,  to  go  over  a  race- 
course at  a  walk  or  at  one's  leisure.  (Said  of 
•  horse  which  alone  conies  to  the  starting- 
post  out  of  all  the  entries,  and  has  only  to  go 
over  the  course  to  be  entitled  to  the  prize.) 

"He  then  proceeded  to  wuQfe  orer  the  imaginary 
course  lur  the  Imaginary  plate.--««/4  Aug.  IS,  1887. 

•3.  To  watt  alone :  To  be  an  outcast ;  to  be 
forsaken  or  shunned. 

"To  esoa  oJone.  like  one  that  had  the  pestilence.' 
SAaketp  :  Two  Gentlemen,  ii.  1. 

4.  To  waft  the   hospitals:    To   attend  the 
medical   and  surgical  practice  of  a  general 
hospital,  as  a  student,  under  one  or  more  of 
the  regular  staff  of  physicians  or  surgeons 
attached  to  such  hospital. 

"Too  never  <ee  a  postboy  In  that  'ere  Vxpetal  as 
you  waOa>d.--DUcnu  :  «<*»**.  ch.  11. 

5.  To  valktht plank:  [FLASK,  «.,  ^ 
walk  (I  silent),  a.    fWALK,  «.] 

L  The  act  of  walking. 

"Myvery«attlhouldbeailg.-— Saotwjp. :  ISeeVta 

•wtTt,*. 

2.  The  pace  of  one  who  walks :  as,  He  went 
at  a  watt. 

S.  The  act  of  walking  for  recreation,  exer- 
cise, or  the  like. 


. 

5.  The  length  of  way  or  circuit  through 
which  one  walks.    (ShaXesp.  :  Macbeth,  iii.  8.) 

6.  A  piece  of  ground  flt  to  walk  or  stroll  on  ; 
a  place  in  which  one  is  accustomed  to  walk. 

7.  A  place  laid  out  or  set  apart  for  walking  ; 
an  avenue,  promenade,  pathway,  or  the  like  : 

(1)  An  avenue  set  with  trees,  or  laid  out  in 
a  grove  or  wood.    (Shakesp.  :  Tinlfth  Night, 
11.5.) 

(2)  A  garden-path. 

8.  The  state  of  being  in  training,  as  a  young 
hound. 

"The  puppies  have  been  taken  In  from  •«»."— 
Pall  JfoU  gazette,  Oct.  Is.  UW. 

9.  A  rope-walk. 

10.  A  district  habitually  served  by  a  hawker 
or  itinerant  vendor  of  any  commodity  :  as,  a 
milkman's  watt. 

11.  A  district  or  piece  of  ground  in  which 
animals  graze  ;  a  tract  of  some  extent  where 
sheep  feed  ;  a  pasture  for  sheep  ;  a  sheep- 
walk,  a  sheep-run. 

*  12.  In  the  London  Royal  Exchange,  any 
portion  of  the  ambulatory  which  is  specially 
frequented  by  merchants  or  traders  to  some 
particular  country.    (Simmonds.) 

*  13.  Manner  or  course,  as  of  life  ;  way  of 
living  :  as,  a  person's  walk  and  conversation. 

•14.  Intercourse. 

"  Oh  !  for  a  cloeer  «M»  with  God." 

Cooper  :  Odujr  Buntut,  \. 

15.  Space,  range  ;  sphere  of  action  ;  a  de- 
partment, as  of  art,  science,  or  literature. 

"  To  achieve  fame  In  the  higher  watts  of  art."—  Co* 
telfi  Technical  Educator,  pt.  li..  p.  333. 

*  walk-mill,   -warlike  -mill,  i.     A 

fnlling-mill. 

"A  vaulkemill  or  fullers  worke-houwB."—  P.  H<A- 
land  :  Plinie,  bk.  XXXV.,  ch.  xi. 

walk-over,  *.  In  racing,  the  traversing 
of  the  course  by  a  horse  which  is  the  only 
starter  ;  hence,  an  easy  victory  ;  a  victory 
without  opposition. 

"In  cases  where  no  second  horse  exists  In  racing 
law  either  for  want  of  placing  or  by  reason  of  a  «wU- 
o^r.  --Field,  June  IS.  1X7. 

walk  a  ble  (Ik  as  k),  a.    [Eng.  watt  ;  -able.] 
Fit  for  "walking  :  capable  of  being  walked  over. 

"Tour  now  enUnUe  roads  had  not  loosed  your 
spirit."—  a»V»  .'  l*ur  to  aeridVm.  vol.  11.  p.  II 

Walk'-er  (I  silentX  «.     [Various  persons  so 
named.] 
Walker's  battery.  <• 

mtct.  :  A  battery  resembling  Smee's  battery 
(q.v.),  except  that  the  electro-negative  plate 
is  gas  graphite  or  platinized  graphite.  It  is 
excited  by  dilute  sulph.ric  acid.  (GamX.) 

t  Walker's  earth,  .=. 

Gtol.  :  The  name  given  in  Herefordshire  to 
an  unctuous  fuller's  earth,  occurring  in  beds 
separating  the  Aymestry  or  Ludlow  limestone 
(Upper  Silurian).  It  tends  to  decay  and 
produce  landslips.  OMarcAiwrn  :  Situria.) 

walk  -er  (i  silent),  «.    [Eng.  watt,  T.  ;  •«•.] 
1.  One  who  walks  ;  a  pedestrian. 

"  They  are  not  always  the  lees  pleasant  to  the  w»Oer 
01  spectator."—  K*rno>di  :  Ditcounu,  No.  U. 

*  2.  That  with  which  one  walks  ;  a  foot. 

"  Lame  Maldber.  hie  waiters  quite  mUgrown.- 
Chapman  :  Bomer  :  Iliad  XX.  8*. 

*3  Forest  Law  :  An  officer  appointed  to 
walk  over  a  certain  space  for  inspection  ;  a 
forester. 

*  4.  One  who  deports  himself  in  a  particular 
manner. 

5.  One  who  walks  or  fulls  cloth  ;  a  fuller. 
(See  extract  under  WALK,  r.,  B.  S.) 

6.  One  who  trains  young  hounds. 

"In  giving  the  toast  •  Success  to  foxnunting,  and 
the  puppy  mltiriol  England.1  '—  «eW.  Aug.  17,  1887. 
1  Walker!  or  Hookey  Walker!  A  slang  ex- 
clamation of  incredulity,  when  a  story  is  told 
or  a  statement  made  which  is  known  or  be- 
lieved to  be  felse.  The  origin  of  the  expres- 
sion is  much  disputed,  and  was  discussed  at 
length  in  Kota  t  Queries.  There  are  three  ex- 
planations of  the  phrase  :  (1)  That  manyy«iw 
ago  there  was  an  aquiline-nosed  Jew  named 
Walker,  a  popular  lecturer  on  astronomy,  who, 
telescope  in  hand,  invited  his  pupils  to  "  take 
a  sight  at  the  moon  and  stars.  The  phrase 
struck  his  schoolboy  auditory,  who  frequently 
"tookasight"  with  the  gesture  of  outstretched 


arm  and  adjustment  to  nose  and  eye  ;  (S)  that 
Hookey  Walker  was  a  London  magistrate  of 
dreaded  acuteness  and  incredulity,  whose 
hooked  nose  gave  the  title  of  "  beak  "  to  all 
his  successors  ;  (3)  that  John  Walker  was  an 
out-door  clerk  in  a  business  house  in  Cheap- 
side.  "  Old  Jack,"  who  had  a  hooked  nose, 
was  a  spy  npou  the  employes,  who  were  always 
throwing  discredit  on  his  reports,  so  that  in 
time  his  word  was  disbelieved  and  his  occu- 
pation ceased.  (Slang  Diet.) 

walk  er-ite  (I  silent),  s.    [After  Dr.  Walker 
of  Edinburgh  ;  suff.  -ite  (Af in.).] 
Jtfin. .-  The  same  as  PECTOLITE  (q.v.). 

Walk'-er-ltes  (I  silent),  s.  pi.     [See  def] 

Church  Hist. :  An  Irish  body  of  Sandema- 
nians,  established  by  a  minister  named  Walker, 
who  seceded  from  the  original  body  early  in 
the  nineteenth  century. 

walk  -ing  (I  silent),  *  walck-ynge,  *  walk- 
ynge,  pr.  jxir.,  a.,  A;  s.  (WALK,  r.j 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  walks. 

2.  A  mode  or  manner  of  living ;  course  of 
life.    (Deut.  ii.  7.) 

3.  The  act  or  process  of  fulling  cloth. 

•J  In  walking,  the  centre  of  gravity  in  suc- 
cessive steps  describes  a  series  of  consecutive 
curves,  with  their  convexities  upwards,  very 
much  resembling  the  line  of  flight  of  many 
birds.  The  movement  of  the  top  of  the  head 
is  similar  to  that  traced  by  the  centre  of 
gravity.  (Foster:  Physiol) 

walking-beam,  s.    [BEAK  (1),  s.,  II.  S.) 

walking-cane, «.  A  walking-stick  made 
of  cane. 

walking-fern,  <. 

Hot. :  Lycopodium  alopfcuroida,  k  North 
American  species.  (London.) 

walking-fish,  *• 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  ol 
the  Ophiocephalidaj  (q.v.). 

walking-gentleman,  .-. 

Theat.  :  An  actor  who  fills  subordinate) 
parts  requiring  a  gentlemanly  appearance. 

walking-lady,  «. 

Theat. :  A  lady  who  fills  parts  analogous  to 
those  taken  by  a  walking  gentleman. 
walking-leaf,  «. 
Bot :  Camptosorus  rhizophylliu. 
walking-leaves,  «.  pi.    (LEAT-rsagcra.) 
walking-staff,  s.    A  walking-stick. 
walking-stick,  ». 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   A  staff  or  stick  carried  ID 
the  hand  for  support  or  amusement  in  walking. 

"  You  may  take  me  In  with  a  etoEUiw^f  i* 
Even  when  you  please,  and  hold  me  with  a  pack- 
thread.-       «eaW  *  rut.  :  iewar-.  Auk.  ».  L 

2.  Entom.  :    A 
popular    name    for 
any  species  of  the 
family  Phasmidae 
(q.v.),  from  the  fact 
that  they  are  desti- 
tute of  wings,  and 
resemble  dry  twigs 
so  closely  that,  ex- 
cept for  their  mo- 
tion, it  is  difficult 
to  believe  they  are 
really  alive.     They 
are  natives  of  sub- 
tropical and  the 
warmer    temperate 
regions,  and   walk 
gently  among   the 
branches  of  trees, 

reposing  in  the  sun,   WALKING-STICK 

with  their  long,  an- 

tenme-like  legs  stretched  out  in  front.    Called 

also  Animated  Sticks,  Walking  Straws,  ic. 

Walking-tuck  insect :  [WALKiso-ericK,  S.I 

walking-straw, 

Entom. :  Any  species  of  the  family  Phas- 
mulie(q.v.);  specif.  ^cror*!(«o(P»a»ma)(Uais, 
a  gigantic  species  from  New  Sooth  Wales. 

walking-ticket,  walking-paper,  a. 
An  order  to  leave  an  office ;  an  order  of  dis- 
missal. (Slang.) 


,  bo?; 
-ctan.  - 


J6wl;  cat,  cell,  chorns, 
tion,  ^ion 


bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a,;  expect, 
-fion  =  zhnn,    -oioM,  -ttous.  -siou.  =  •hfia.   -Me, 


5114 


walkyr— wallenia 


walking-tyrant,  ».    [CHRYSOLOPHCS.] 
walking  wheel,  ». 

1.  A  pedometer  (q.v.). 

2.  A  cylinder  which  Is  made  to    revolve 
about  an  axle  by  the  weight  of  men  or  animals 
climbing  by  stepa  either  its  Internal  or  ex- 
ternal periphery.    Employed  for  the  purpose 
of  raising  water,  grinding  corn,  and  various 
other  operations  for  which  a  moving  power 
a  required.    [TREAD-WHEEL.] 

wiilk'  out,  ».    Cessation  of  work,  M  at  the 
beginning  of  a  strike  (q.v.).     [See  LOCK-OUT.] 
wal'-kyr,  ».    [VALKYR,] 

wall  (1),  •  wal,  •  walle,  «.  [A.S.  weal,  wean 
==  a  rampart  of  earth,  a  wall  of  stone,  from 
L*t.  rallvm  =  a  rampart,  from  rallus  =  a 
•take,  a  pale,  a  palisade  ;  Wei.  gwal  =  a  ram- 
part ;  Dut.  wal ;  Sw.  vail ;  Ger.  mail.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  work  or  structure  of  stone,  brick,  or 
similar  material,  raised  to  some  height,  and 
serving  to  inclose  a  space,  form  a  division 
support    superincumbent    weights,    form   a 
defence,  shelter,  or  security ;  one  of  the  up- 
right inclosing  sides  of  a  building  or  room; 
a  solid  and   permanent  Inclosing  fence,  as 
•round  a  field,  a  i*rk,  a  town,  or  the  like. 

2.  A  rampart ;  a  fortified  enceinte  or  bar- 
rier.   (Generally  in  the  plural) 

"  .n,hT  iP"?*  \.w"  »"h°"«  «>>•  milt  of  Troy, 
That  find  «uch  cruel  battle  hero  within?- 

Shakap. :  TroUui  i  Crtalia,  \.  i. 

S.  Anything  resembling  a  wall :  as,  a  watt 
of  armed  men. 

*  i.  A  defence ;  a  means  of  security  or  pro- 
tection. 


.   n.  Technically: 

1.  Mining:  The  rock  inclosing  a  vein.    The 
upper  and  lower  portions  are  known  M  the 
roof  and  floor  respectively.    Where  the  dip 
Is  considerable,  the  upper  boundary  is  the 
hanging-wall,  and  the  lower  the  foot-wall. 

2.  Ainit.  :  A  large  knot  worked  on  the  end 
of  a  rope  ;  as  of  a  man-rope,  for  instance. 

U  *  (1)  To  go  to  tht  wall:  To  get  the  worst 
of  a  contest 

"That  ihewi  tbeea  weak  Blave ;  for  the  weake»t  aaa 
«0<A.  •oJL-_g»0«Mp. ..  fmaot  Julia,  I  L 

(2)  To  hang  by  the  wall:  To  hang  up  neg- 
lected ;  hence,  not  to  be  made  use  of. 

"I  am  richer  than  to  hatig  oy  [Jit  looa*." 

Shatrip.  :  Cymbelira,  In.  4. 

*  (3)  To  push  (or  thrutt)  to  tht  wall :  To  force 

ve  place ;  to  crush  by  superior  power. 

•,'»?'«»n'  "ti"!"16  wl»l<er  ve»«!l«,  are  ever  ffirtat 
tct»e*alL  —SHtmp.1  Xmunt  JulM,  i.  L 

*  (4)  To  tola  the  watt  of:  To  get  the  better  of. 

wall-barley,  s. 

Bot. :  Hordeum  murinum,  a  species  with  long 
brittle  awns,  which  stack  in  the  throat  of  the 
cattle  which  feed  upon  them. 

wall-bearing,  s. 

Much. :  A  bearing  for  receiving  a  shaft  when 
entering  or  passing  through  a  wall. 
wall-box,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang  :  A  box  let  into  a  wall  for  the 
reception  of  letters  for  post. 

2.  Mach. :  A  device  for  supporting  a  plum- 
mer-block  in  which  a  shaft  rests  in  passing 
through  a  wall.    It  consists  of  a  rectangular 
east-iron  frame,  having  arrangements  for  re- 
ceiving and  holding  the  box  in  fixed  position. 

wall  butterfly,  s. 

Entam. :  Lasvmmata  megcera  (Stainton)  Pyr- 
arga  megan-a  (Newman),  a  British  butterfly. 
Wings  fulvous,  with  dark-brown  markings- 
the  fore  ones  with  a  black  spot  having  a  white 
centre,  and  the  hind  ones  with  three  similar 
•pots  and  the  rudiments  of  a  fourth.  Cater- 
pillar green,  with  two  yellowish  lines  on  each 
tide  ;  the  head  and  the  tail  reddish.  It  feeds 
on  Timothy-grass. 

wall-clamp,  s.  A  brace  or  tie  to  hold 
walls  together,  or  the  two  parti  of  a  double 
•all,  to  prevent  spreading. 

wall-creeper, ». 

Ornith. :  Tichodrama  muraria,  a  native  of 
•outhern  and  central  Europe.  It  frequents 
walls  and  perpendicular  rocks  In  preference 
to  trees,  the  favourite  resort  of  the  genus 


Certhia.  It  is  a  very  pretty  bird,  about  six 
Inches  long;  plumage  light  gray,  with  bright 
crimson  on  the  shoulders,  the  larger  wing- 
coverts,  and  the  iuuer  webs  of  the  secondaries  • 
the  rest  of  the  wings  black  ;  tail  black,  tinned 
with  white.  Called  also  Spider-catcher,  from 
its  habit  of  feeding  on  spiders  and  insects 
(WMughby,  Ornithology  (ed.  Ray),  p.  143). 

wall-cress,  s.    [CHESS,  s.,  Tf  (32).] 
waU-desk,  «.    A  bracket-desk  attached 

wall-fern,  s. 

Bot. :  Polypodiutn  vulgare. 

wall-fruit,  s.  Fruit  grown  on  trees 
planted  and  trained  against  a  wall. 

wall-germander,  s. 

Bot. :  Teucrium  Chamaedryt. 

wall-Ink,  s. 

Bot. :  Veronica  Beccabunga.    [BROOKLIME.] 

wall-knot,  ».    [WALE-KNOT.] 

wall-lettuce,  ». 

Bot. :  Lactuca  (formerly  Prenanthes)  muralis. 
It  is  an  annual  or  biennial,  one  to  three  feet 
high,  with  narrow  membranous  leaves  and 
yellow  flowers.  Found  on  old  walls  and  in 
rocky  copses. 

wall-lizard,  a. 

Zoology : 

1.  Lacerta  muralis,  common  In  the  south  of 
Europe. 

2.  Any  species  of  Geckotidie  (q.v.).  [GECKO.] 
t  wall-newt,  ».    An  unidentified  reptile. 


I  wall  (2),  «.    [WELL,  «.] 


wall-paper,  «.    Paper-hanging*. 

wall-pellitory,  ».    [PELLITORY,  t  (2).] 

wall-pennywort,  ». 

Bot. :  Cotyledon  Umbiliau.    (COTYLEDON.] 

wall-pepper,  s. 

Bot. :  Sedum  acre.    [SEDOH.] 

wall-piece,  «.  A  piece  of  artillery 
mounted  on  a  wall. 

wall-plate, «. 

1.  Building: 

(1)  A  piece  of  timber  let  into  a  wall  to  serve 
as  a  bearing  for  the  ends  of  the  joists. 

(2)  A  raising-plate  (q.f.). 

2.  Mack.:   The   vertical   back-plate   of    a 
plummer-block  bracket,  for  attachment  to 
the  wall  or  post. 

wall-rocket,  ». 

Sot. :  Diplotaxii  tenvifolia.    [DIPLOTAMS.] 

wall  rue,  «. 

Bot.:  Asplenium  Kuta-muraria,  a  British 
fern,  with  the  wiry  stipes  black  below,  fronds 
one  to  two  inches  long,  recurved,  often  del- 
toid, blpmnate.  Found  on  walls  and  rocks. 

wall-saltpetre,  «.  A  popular  name  for 
Nltrocalcite  (q.T.). 

wall-sided,  a. 

Haul. :  Said  of  a  ship  with  upright  sides 
above  the  water-line  ;  in  contradistinction  to 
the  term  tumbling-home,  in  which  the  shin 
bulges  below,  and  has  less  beam  at  the  upper 
deck  than  at  the  water-line. 

wall  gpleenwort,  «. 

Bot. :  Asplenium  Trichomanes,  a  British 
fern,  with  the  stipes  brown  above,  black 
below,  the  frond  six  to  twelve  inches  high 
linear  pinnate,  with  fifteen  to  forty  pinna;.  ' 

wall-spring,  «.  A  spring  of  water 
issuing  from  stratified  rocks. 

wall-tent,  «.  A  tent  or  marquee  with 
upright  sides. 

wall-tree,  t. 

Hort. :  A  fruit-tree  nailed  to  the  wall  for 
the  better  exposure  of  the  fruit  to  the  sun 
for  the  radiation  of  the  heat  of  the  wall  and 
for  protection  from  high  winds. 

wall-washer,  ».    A  large  plate  at  the 
nd  of  a  tie-rod  to  extend  the  external  bear- 
ing.   They  are  known  as  bonnets,  stars,  B's 
according  to  shape. 

wall-wasp,  «. 

Sntom. :  Odynerus  parletum. 


wall  (3),  5.    [Icel.  tw,,(  =  a  beam,  a  beam  or 
disease  in  the  eye.)    (See  compound.) 

wall-eye,  "waule-eye,  "whal-ele, 
wnall-eye,  s.    An  eye  iu  which  the  i.     ,» 
of  a  very  light  gray  or  whitish  colour.    (Said 
commonly  of  horses.) 

"A  pair  of  wall-eyes  lu  a  face  forced  " 

tint  Jantaa .  C'fiirMa,  ttmli.  T.  «. 

wall-eyed,  o. 

1.  Having  an  eye,  the  iris  of  which  IB  of  a 
very  light  gray  or  whitish  colour.    (Said  of 
horses.) 

2.  Having  eyes  with  an  undue  proportion 
of  white ;  having  the  white  of  the  eye  very 
large  and  distorted,  or  on  one  side.    (Prov.) 

*  3.  Glaring-eyed,  fierce-eyed. 

"  Wilt-eyed  wrath  or  starlne  rage." 

will,  „.«.    [WALL,  ..J  **"*"* '  *«  •""*"•  "'  * 

*  1-  To  inclose  with  or  aa  with  a  wall  or 

That  with  hlfl  singing  vallfd  the'cltee." 

CAuucer.-  c.  T..  1T.087. 

2.  To  defend  by  or  as  by  walls  ;  to  fortify. 
"  trailed  by  nuture  'juliurt.  invader*  wromi." 

Sinnur:  f.  S..IV.I.  «. 

3.  To  obstruct  or  hinder,  as  by  a  wall 
opposed. 

"  To  trail  th«  from  the  liberty  of  flight" 

SAaiefji.  .•  1  Henry  J7.,  Iv.  ft, 

*  4.  To  fill  up  with  a  walL 

5.  In  university  slang,  To  gate  (q.v.). 
Wal'-la-ba,  ».    [Guianan  name.)    [EPERUA.} 
Wallaba-tree,  s. 
Bot. :  Epema  Jalcata, 

wal'-la-by\    whal'-la-bjF,   wal-la-beeY 

».    [See  extract.) 

Zool. :  Any  individual  or  species  of  the  genus 
or  sub-genus  Haliuaturus  (q.v.). 

"  T1>«  J"««t0<»  •>'  "i»  «ectlgii  have  also  the  muffle 
njkeJ,  but  they  are  rather  »ui»i]er  «,«dM  [tlisii 
thoee  of  Macropi.  rroper  and  of  the  suL-ici,,,, 
0>phraiiterl  fm^tnteni  of  fore«t«  and  dfiise  im. 
veiwtnUa  Su.be.  and  atrul..  and  heuu.  often  c»ll«l 
onsh  kangaroos,  though  a  native  name  '  taallabf '  U 
"S"  |5JenUly  •PPll«d  <«  thern."-^ncyc.  Brit.  (ed.  f  th), 

Wal'-laoh,  ».    [WALLACHIA.]    AWallachian: 
tire  language  spoken  by  the  Wallachiaus. 

Wal-laoli'-I-an,  o.  &  ».    fSee  det] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Walhichia, 
its  language,  or  inhabitants. 

B.  As  snbttantivt : 

1.  A  native  or  Inhabitant  of  Wallachla. 

2.  The  language  epoken  l.y  theWallaehians; 
that  dialect  of  the  Romance  languages  spoken 
in  Wallachia  and  Moldavia. 

Wallachian  sheep,  i. 

Zool. :  A  variety  of  Orts  aria,  remarkable 
for  the  enormous  development  of  its  horns, 
which  resemble  those  of  the  Koodoo.  The 
fleece  is  composed  of  a  soft  woolly  undercoat 
covered  with  and  protected  by  long  drooping 
hair.  Natives  of  Western  Asia  and  the  adja- 
cent portions  of  Europe  ;  common  in  Wal- 
lachia, Hungary,  and  Crete.  Called  also  the 
Cretan  sheep. 

-wal'  lab.,  su/.  [Hind.,  Mahratta,  &c.]  The 
agent  in  doing  anything,  as  Gl,ud\wuila  or 
GlionuwftaA  =  a  horse-keeper,  one  who  looks 
after  a  horse ;  Competition-traUaA,  one  who 
has  succeeded  in  a  competitive  examination. 
(Anglo-Indian.) 


[Native  Australian  word.] 
Zool. :  The  name  applied  in  Australia  to 
various  species  of  kangaroo. 

walled,  a.  [Eng.  wall  (1),  s. ;  -ed.]  Provided 
with  a  wall  or  walls  ;  inclosed  or  fortified 
with  walls  ;  fortified. 

."The  citie*  are  great,  and  walbd  up  to  heaven."— 
Deuteronomy  \.  J8. 

walled-area,  *. 

Metal!. :  An  ore-roasting  space  inclosed  by 
three  walls,  or  by  four,  with  the  exception  of 
a  doorway. 

wal-le'-ni-a.  «.  [Named  after  an  Irishman, 
llatthew  Wallen,  who  helped  P.  Browne  with 
his  Natural  History  of  Jamaica.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Myrsinacea?,  tribe  Ardlsl- 
eSB.  Shrubs  with  the  leaves  leathery,  entire ; 


w  •  >  -  •  .  .:        P 

who.  son;  nrat*  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fftii;  try,  Syrian.    ».  «  =  ej  ey  =  »;  qn  =  kw! 


6115 


dowers   in   terminal   panicles;    calyx  cam- 

mimlate,  four-toothed  ;  corolla  tubular  four- 

Darted:  stamens  four;  fruit  round,  fleshy. 

{found  in   tropical  America.     The  seeds  of 

WaUenia  laurifolia  are  peppery. 
wall'-er.s.    [Eng.  u«a  (1),  v.  ;•«•.]    One  who 

buiMs  walls. 
wall-er'-I-an,  wall-eV-I-an-ite.  ».  [After 

the  Swedish  mineralogist  Wallerius  ;  suff.  -an, 

aiiifc  (Win.).] 

if  in.  :  A  variety  of  Aluminous  Hornblende 
" 


... 

wal  let,  *wal-et,  »watel.  >.  [The  same 
word  M  watUe  (q.v.);  cf.  Ger.  wot  =  cloth  ; 
uwJsocfc,  wadsocit  =  a  wallet  ;  O.  bw.  wad  — 
cloth;  Eng.  mad.] 

1  A  hag  or  sack  for  containing  articles 
which  a  person  carries  with  him,  as  a  bag 
fcr  carrying  the  necessaries  for  a  journey  or 
march;  a  knapsack  or  pedlar's  or  beggars 
pack,  bundle,  or  tag. 

"  He  entered  into  a  long  gallery,  "here  lie  laid  down 
his  woHrt."—  .tdtiuott:  Spectator.  No.  289. 

i  A  pocket-book  for  money.    (Amer.) 

3.  Anything  protuberant  and  swagging. 

"Wl....e  throat,  had  liaiuring  at  them 
trulbU  of  fleah."         likateip.  :  Tetnpetl.  111.  8. 

4.  A  supply. 

"  An  old  trapper,  who  had  a  good  mall*  of  atones 
for  the  caiuiugk  J-M*it,  lu  JatinlBalTj  Ma,avn<,. 
Jnly,  1881.  p.  437. 

•waUet-eey.  s.    [Eng.  wallet;  -««r.]    One 
who  bears  a  wallet  ;  one  who  travels  with  a 
wallet  or  knapsack. 
w&U'-flow-er.  s.    [Eng.  watt,  andjlowr.) 

1.  Literally  &  Botany  : 

(1)  The  genus  Cheirauthus,  and  spec.  Chttr- 
anthus  Cheiri.  It  is  a  perennial  crucifer,  with 
a  stem  shrubby  below,  adpressed  bipar- 
tite hairs,  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  leaves, 
large  racemed  flowers  having  petals  with  long 
claws,  a  fonr-angled  pod,  and  seeds  shortly 
winged  above.  It  is  a  native  of  southern 
and  central  Europe.  Its  beanty  and  fine  smell 
have  led  to  its  introduction  into  gardens, 
where  it  has  run  into  many  varieties,  marked 
by  the  diversity  of  their  colours,  most  of  them 
being  of  a  rich  brown,  or  yellow,  or  vane- 
gated  with  pnrple  and  yellow,  and  In  general 
with  double  flowers. 

(2)  Brassica  Cneiranthtu,  a  sub-species  of 
B.  monensis.  It  is  hispid,  with  a  branched 
and  leafy  stem,  and  is  grown  in  Jersey  and 
Alderney. 

(S)  Manulea  Chcinmtlms.  It  is  a  Serophu- 
lariaceous  plant  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
introduced  into  British  gardens  in  1795. 

2.  Fig  :  A  person  who  at  a  ball  looks  on 
without  dancing  ;  either  from  choice  or  in- 
ability to  obtain  a  partner.  (CoUog.) 

••  The  maiden  toaBylowen  of  the  room 
Admire  the  fnahn 


A,  Intransitive : 

I  To  boil  with  a  continued  bubbling  or 
heaving  and  rolling  of  the  liquid  accompanied 
with  noise.  (Prov.) 

2.  To  move  quickly  with  great  effort ;  to 
gallop.  (Prov.) 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  castigate,  to  flog ;  to  thrash  soundly ; 
to  drub. 

"Trying  to  get  at  a  good  place  to  aallop  To«wni 
hl>  ferule "'—Scritmr't  Slaaaane,  Nov..  ISM.  p.  7t 

2.  To  tumble  over ;  to  dash  down.     (Pros.) 

wal'-lop,  s.    [WALLOP,  v.] 

1.  A  quick  motion  with  much  agitation  or 
effort.    (Prov.) 

2.  A  severe  blow.    (Slang  £  Pros.) 

wal'-lop-er,  «.     [Eng.  wallop  ;  -tT.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  wallops. 

2.  A  pot- walloper  (q.v.). 

wal  -low  (1),  v.i.    [WALLOW,  a.]    To  wither, 
to  fade,  to  sink,  to  droop.    (Proa.) 

war-low,  'wal-ew,  *  wal-ow, '  walwe, 

D.».  &  S.  [A.S.  wealwian  =  to  roll  round ;  cogn. 
with  Goth,  walwjan  =  to  roll ;  Lat.  volvo.\ 

A,  Intransitive: 

I  To  roll  one's  body  on  the  ground,  in 
mire,  or  in  other  substance ;  to  tumble  and 
roll  in  anything  soft. 

"The  «ow  that  uallomtlt  In  «>«  mlre."-S«pln  .' 
StrmoM.  vol.  1.,  aer.  10. 

2.  To  roll  or  toss  about. 

"  And  bended  dolphin,  play :  pert,  huge  of  hulk. 
Vnlloalau  unwieldy/          Hilton  :  P.  L,  vil  H. 

•  3.  To  live  in  tilth  or  gross  vice. 
•B.  Transitive: 

1  To  roil. 

"  He  valmiUa-  a  gret  .toon  to  the  dore  of  the  blriel 
*  went  awey."-  I1'»W«  :  lletthai  xnili- 

2  To  roll  about  on  the  ground,  in  mire,  or 
the  like. 

"  Qlrd  th»e  with  aackcloth,  and  waJIour  thyaelt  In 
uhea." — l«remia\  vi.  26. 

wal  -low,  i.     [WALLOW  (2),  «.]    A  kind  of 
rolling  walk. 


Wall'  Ing,  «.    [Eng.  watt  (1),  s. ;  -ing.]  Walls 
in  general ;  material  for  walls. 

••  A  few  step,  from  the  gate  of  the  town  te: M>ott>« 
bit  of  the  indent  woHhif  ol  Nepete.  —  /Jennie!  CUt* 
i  Cemctn-ici  of  Etruria,  i.  88. 

•  wall'-nut,  «.    [WALNUT.] 

Wal-lo6n',  «.  &  o.  [A  name  given  by  the 
Teutons  to  the  Celts  of  Flanders  and  the  Isle 
of  Walcheren;  from  the  same  root  as  A.b 
viealh  =  foreign  ;  Ger.  walxhe  =  foreign  ;  O.  ±1 
Ger.  walah  =  a  foreigner.]  [WALNUT,  WELSH. 
A.  Atmlutanttm: 

1  One  of  the  descendants  of  the  old  Gallic 
Belize  who  occupy  the  Belgian  provinces  o 
Hainault,  Liege  and  Namur,  Southern  Bra 
bant,  Western  Luxembourg,  and  a  few  village 
In  Rhenish  Prussia, 

2  The  language  spoken  in  these  provinces 
It  is  a  dialect  or  patois  of  French,  with  a  grea 
proportion  of  Gallic  words  preserved  m  it. 

B.  At  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  th 
Walloons. 

Walloon  Protestants,  ».  pi 
Chnrcn   Hist. :  A  branch  of   the   Frenc 
Calvinists,  who  settled  in  tlie  Netherlands  a 
the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  < 
1685.     They  are  gradually  dying  out  as 
separate  body. 

Wal  -lop,  v.l.  &  <.  [A  doublet  of  gallop  (q.v. 
from  AS.  weallan;  O.  Fris.  walla;  Low  Ge 
viallen  =  to  boil.] 


wal'-low,  a.  [A.S.  wealg;  Icel.  valgr,  valgr 
=  lukewarm,]  Insipid,  tasteless.  (Prov.) 

wal'-low-er,  «.    [Eng.  wallow  (2),  v. ;  -«r.J 
L  One  who  or  that  which  wallows. 

"  Eternal  wallowri  in  Cl 

X  A  lantern-wheel  (q.v.). 

wal'-low-isn,  *  wal-ow-yshe,  o.    ping. 
wallow ;  -ish.]    Insipid,  Bat,  nauseous. 

"To  muche  myngle  mangled.  and  valowj/t^e."— 
Udal :  Jama  i  v. 

walls'-cnd, ».  [Seedet]  A  superior  variety 
of  English  coal,  so  called  from  having  been  dug 
at  Wallsend,  on  the  Tyne,  near  the  spot  where 
the  wall  of  Sererus  ended.  The  original  mines 
have  long  been  exhausted. 

wall'-wort,  wale-wort.  «.  [A.8.  vxel  = 
slaughter,  from  growing  at  the  village  of 
Slanghterford,  in  Wiltshire,  where,  it  is  said, 
a  Danish  army  was  destroyed ;  or  from  A.S. 
wealh  =  foreign.  (Prior.)] 

Bot.  •  (1)  Parletaria  oj/tetnalis  [PELLITOBT]  ; 
(2)  Sedum  acre  [STONECHOP]  ;  (3)  Sambucus 
Ebulue  [DANEWORT]  ;  (4)  Cotyledon  Umbilicus. 

wal'-l^-dral-gle,   wal'-l^-drag-gle,  ». 

[Etym.  doubtful ;  perhaps  =  the  dregs  of  the 
wallet  1  The  youngest  bird  in  a  nest,  and 
hence  used  for  any  feeble  ill-grown  creature. 
(Scotch.) 

"And  wive.  »!'  their  rock,  and  dirtim.  the  very 
wtilydraiglet  o'  the  country  aide.  — Scott :  Rob  Roy, 
elk.  xxxiv. 
•walm,  v.t.    fWHELM.]    To  rise. 

"Aimokl.  fume  woirnet*  up  with  many  turning, 
like  w»ve«."-P.  Holland:  Plinie.  bk.  1L,  oh.  xliiL 

walm'-Sted-tite  (Z  silent),  «.    [After  the 
Swedish  chemist  Walrnstedt ;  suff.  -ite(Aft».).  J 
Min. :  A  variety  of  Brennnerite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining nearly  2  per  cent,  of  protoxide  of 
manganese.    Found  in  the  Hartz  Mountains. 

•wal-note,  a,    [WALNUT.] 

wal' -nut,  *wal-not,  «  wal-note,  ».*<«. 
[Lit.  =  foreign  nut,  from  A.S.  wealh  =  foreign, 
and I  Jmu«  =  anut;  cogn.  with  But.  walnoot; 


O.  Dut.  walnote;  Icel.  valhtiot ;  Dan.  talniidl 
Sw.  valtwt;  Ger.  wallnusi,  waliclu  nutz.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  not. :  Any  species  or  tree  of  the  g«nai 
Juglans.  There  are  seven  or  eiu-ht  «i--i  ic^  n 
all,  the  ix-st  known  being  the  Black  Walnut 
(Juglans  vigra)  of  the  United  States,  and  the 
Common  Walnut  (J.  regia),  a  native  of  Asia. 
Tlie  Black  Walnut  is  a  large  und  beautiful 
tree,  its  trunk  bi.'ing  sometimes  six  or  FI'V.-M 
feet  in  diameter,  ^hile  its  timber  is  of  the 
highest  value  for  cabinet  manufacture.  The 
fruit  Is  Inferior  to  that  of  J.  regia.  Another 
common  species  of  tliis  country  is  the  Butter- 
nut (J.  ciwerea),  a  much  smaller  tree,  whicli 
bears  an  elongated  nut,  covered  with  a  viscid 
substance.  Sugar  is  obtained  from  the  sap  of 
this  tree,  as  from  that  of  the  maple.  The  inner 
bark  is  mililly  cathartic.  The  leaves,  rubbed 
to  powder,  are  useful  for  blistering.  J.  regia 
is  a  large  tree,  which  bears  an  excellent  fruit, 
and  baa  long  been  cultivated  in  Europe.  It 
has  been  introduced  into  this  country,  and  is 
highly  valued  for  its  wood,  which  was  held 
to  be  the  best  known  till  mahogany  was  dis- 
covered, and  Is  still  exceedingly  prized  for 
gunstocks,  though  it  is  now  imported  into 
Europe  for  this  purpose  from  Asia. 

2.  Cmnm. :  The  wood  of  the  walnut-tree ;  It 
is  of  great  value  as  a  cabinet  and  furniture 
material,  being  very  durable,  and  taking  a 
fine  polish. 

B.  As  adj. :  Made  of  the  wood  of  the  wal- 
nut-tree :  as,  a  walnut  table. 

walnut-oil,   ».     The  oil  obtained  from 
the  albumen  of  the  seed  of  the  walnut-tree 
by  reducing  them  to  a  pulp,  and  subjecting 
them  to  pressure,  first  with  and  then  without 
heat.    In  Cashmere  the  oil  is  largely  used  m 
cookery  and  as  an  illuminant,  but  in  Europe 
it  is  not  much  employed  for  food,  the  taste 
being  offensive  to  many  persons. 
walnut-tree,  «.    [WALNUT,  A.  L] 
walnut-wood,  s.  ha. 

A.  As  mbst. :  The  wood  of  the  walnut-tret 
(q.v.). 

B.  At  adj. :  Made  of  the  wood  of  the  waU 
nut-tree :  as,  a  walnut-wood  table. 

wal-purg'-fne,  wal-purg--ite  (w  as  v)> 

«.    [After  the  Walpurgis-lode.  in  which  it  wa» 
found  ;  suff.  -ine,  -ite  (Min.).] 

AftB.  •  A  triclinio  mineral,  occurring  in. 
thin  scale-like  crystals,  with  various  other 
uranium  compounds,  at  the  Weisser  Hirsch 
mine,  near  Schneeberg,  Saxony.  8p.  gr.  6'8  ; 
lustre,  somewhat  adamantine  to  greasy;  colour, 
wax-yellow.  Compos. :  a  hydrated  arsenate 
of  bismuth  and  uranium,  witli  the  suggested 

. ,_    iT>  f\    *  ~r\ L  Kirn    (TI  whip.h  K.-iOo  — 


of  bismuth  ana  uranium,  wuu  "">  •"«»"*- 
formula  4R«O.,AsO8  +  6HO,  in  which  B^Oa  = 
the  oxides  of  bismuth  and  uranium. 

Wal-purg'-Is  (W  as  V),  «.  [See  compound.] 
Walpurgis-night,  s.  The  eve  of  May 
1  which  has  become  associated  with  some 
of  the  moat  popular  witch  superstitions  of 
Germany,  though  its  connection  with  Wal- 
purgis,  Walpurga,  or  Walburga,  a  female  saint 
of  the  eighth  century,  is  not  satisfactorily 
accounted  for,  her  feast  falling  properly  on 
Feb.  25.  On  this  night  the  witches  were  sup- 
posed  to  ride  on  broomsticks  and  he-goats 
to  some  appointed  rendezvous,  such  as  the 
highest  point  of  the  Hartz  Mountains  or  the 
Brocken;wliere  they  held  high  festival  with 
their  master,  tlie  devil. 

wal'-rns,  f.  [Orig.  from  Scandinavian ;  cogn. 
^ith  Sw.  vcdlross;  Dan.  Ki-alros ;  Icel.  (m  an 
inverted  form)  hross-hvalr  =  a  horse-whale, 
the  name  being  given  (it  is  sugpsted^ I  from 
the  noise  made  by  the  amraal  sometimes 
resembling  a  neigh;  A.S.  hors-wKal  =  horse- 
whale,  a  walrus.  (Skeat.)] 

ZooL:  Trichecnus  rosmarus ;  called  also  the 
Morse,  Sea-horse,  and  Sea-cow.  The  Walrus 
s  now  confined  to  the  regions  within  the 
Arctic  Circle,  though  its  extinct  ancestors 
had  a  much  wider  geographical  range,  "is  a 
large  carnivorous  marine  mammal,  ordinarily 
froin  ten  to  twelve  feet  long,  with  a  girth  of 
nearly  as  much  ;  "  it  is  said  that  it  sometimes 
attains  a  length  of  twenty  feet"  (Vanlloemn); 
muzzle  abruptly  truncated,  with  long  and  r 
markably  strong  bristly  moustaches;  smal 
eyes  ;  external  ear  wanting,  though  the  oriflce 
is  distinctly  visible ;  body  large  and  sacK-like, 
tapering  towards  the  tail ;  hind  limbs  short, 
connected  by  a  membrane  which  covers  the 


boll,  bo^;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln, 
-olan,  -tlaa=shan.   -tion, -sion  -  shun ; -i 


-clous,   t 


«ne 


wait— wand 


tail,  fore  limbs  strong  and  stumpy,  all  with 
flve  digits.     The  hide  is  of  a  tawny-brown 
colour,  with  difficulty  penetrated  by  bullets, 
and  has  been  likened  to  a  tough,  flexible  coat 
of  mail    The  upper  canines  are  developed  in 
adults  of  both  sexes  into  immense  tusks,  each 
from  fifteen  inches   to   two  feet  long,  and 
weighing  ten  pounds  and  upwards.    In  some 
Individuals  the  points  converge  towards  and 
in  others  they  diverge  from  each  other.    This 
was    one   reason    why    Fremery    wished   to 
adopt  two  species  ;  but  Sundevall  has  shown 
that  scarcely  two  skulls  can   be  examined 
without  minute  differences  in  the  size  and 
direction  of  the  tusks  being  perceived.    The 
most   important  function  of  these  tusks  is 
digging  shell-fish,   the  favourite  food  of  the 
Walrus,  out  of  the  banks  and  mud  of  shoal- 
water.  Theyarealsoemployedto  raise  the  body 
out  of  the  water,  by  digging  them  into  ice- 
floes, which  probably  gave  rise  to  the  legend 
of   the    Rosmarine   (q.v.);    and    they    form 
terrible  weapons  of  offence,  as  by  a  quick  turn 
of  the  neck  the  animal  can  strike  upward 
downwards,  or  sideways  with  equal  dextsrity 
Walruses  are  gregarious,  and  are  found  on  th 
sea-shore  and  on  ice-floes  ;  some  keep  guan 
whilst  those  of  the  main  body  sleep,  and  whe 
danger  threatens  the  sentinelsawake  the  others 
by  bellowing.  They  are  said  to  be  monogamous 
and  the  female  brings  forth  at  nine  month 
one  calf,  usually  on  the  ice-floes.    In  dispos 
tion  they  are  quiet  and  inoffensive,  unles 
attacked  or  during  the  love-season,  or  if  tliei 
young  are   in  danger,  when    they   becom 
desperately  aggressive,  and  furiously  attac 
the  hunters  on  the  ice  or  in  their  boats.    Th 
area  of  the  Walrus  and  its  numbers,  owing  t 
reckless  slaughter  by  sealers  and  whalers,  an 
fast  decreasing,  and  the  few  remaining  seel 
unfrequented  spots  in  high  latitudes  inacces 
Bible  to  sealers.   At  one  time  there  was  a  con 
siderable  trade  in  Walrus-hunting,  but  it  i 
now  at  a  very  low  ebb  :  the  tusks  alone  hav 
any  commercial  value  at  the  present  time 
but   formerly   Walrus-hide*   were   used    fo 
various  purposes,  such  as  machine-banda,  4c 
A  living  specimen  was  brought  alive  to  Hoi 
land  in  1612  ;  and  two  specimens  have  been 
procured  for  the  Zoological  Gardens,  Regent's 
Park,  London,  but  both  died  soon  after  being 
brought  to  their  new  quarters. 

•  wait,  a.    [A.8.  weatt  =  unsteady  ;  unvxalt  = 
steady,  from  wealtan  =  to  roll.) 

Ifaut.  ,:  An  old  term  equivalent  to  crank. 

(Smyth.) 

*T"?tt  1*vJWALT'  a-l  To  roll  over;  to  totter, 
to  fall,  to  throw,  to  rush,    [WELTEB.J 

wal-ter,  r.i.    [WALT,  a.) 
*  1.  To  roll,  to  welter. 

"  WTierein  the  sinner 


2.  To  upset  ;  to  be  overturned. 
walth,  >.    [WEALTH.]    Plenty,  riches,  wealth. 


Wai'-tham  (th  as  t), ».  [See  def.) 
Qtog. :  Waltham  Abbey,  in  Essex. 
Waltham  Black  Act, ».  [BLACK  ACT.) 

wal-theV-r-a  (w  as  v.  th  as  t),  *    [Named 
after  Prof.  A.  Walther  of  Leipsic.) 

Hot. :  A  genns  of  Hermanneae.  Herbs  or 
shrubs  witli  serrated  leaves,  some  stellate 
hairs,  and  axillary  or  terminal  heads  generally 
of  yellow  flowers.  Calyx  persistent,  cam- 
panulate,  five-cleft,  surrounded  by  a  one-  to 
three-leaved  deciduous  involucel ;  petals  flve 
stalked ;  style  somewhat  lateral ;  stigma 
frmijed  or  tubercled  ;  fruit  capsular.  Wal- 
theria  DouraAinha,  which  abounds  in  muci- 
lage, is  used  in  Brazil  in  diseases  of  the  chest 
and  externally  as  an  application  to  wounds  '• 
and  W.  americana  in  Surinam  in  fevers. 

(w  as  v,  th  as  t),  ».     [Etym. 
.\t  prob.  after  one  Walther;  suff. 

Win. :   Probably  a   variety   of  Bismutite 
(q.v.) ;  an  undetermined  mineral. 

Wai-ton, ...    [See  def.] 

Gtog. :  Walton-on-the-Naze  In  Essex. 
Walton-crag, «. 

Gwl. :  A  bed  of  crag  existing  at  Walton-on- 
the-Naze.    It  is  considered  to  be  the  oldest 


portion  of  the  Red  Crag,  and  to  have  been 
deposited  while  the  climate  was  warmer  than 
it  immediately  afterwards  became. 

wal'-tron,  t.   [Etym.  doubtful.)  The  walrus. 

csUed  ">"  sea-hone."— 


wail'  t  jr,  o.     [Eng.  wait,  a, ;  -]/.]     Unsteady 
crank.    (Said  of  a  vessel.) 

waltz, ».    [A  shortened  form  of  Ger.  waher  = 
a  jig,  a  waltz,  from  wafeen.  =  to  roll,  to  revolve 
to  waltz ;  cogu.  with  A.8.  wealtan  =  to  roll,  to 
twist.) 
Music: 

1.  A  dance  said  to  have  originated  In  Bohe- 
mia, now  of  almost  universal  adoption.     It  is 
performed  by  couples,  who,  almost  embracing 
each  other,  syviug  round   the  room  with  a 
whirling   motion.     It   was  introduced   into 
England  in  1813. 

2.  The  music  composed  for  such  a  dance. 
The  time  is  of  triple  measure  in  crotchets  or 
quavers,  and  consists  of  eight  or  sixteen  bar 
phrases.   Modern  waltz-writers  frequently  add 
to  the  original  dance-form  an  introduction 
and  coda.    The  "  Vienna"  waltz  is  character- 
ized by  a  rapid  movement  and  strict  unbroken 
time.    Landlc-r  are  slower  and  more  dignified 
than  the  waltz.     "  Classical  waltzes  "  are  com- 
positions in  waltz-form  intended  for  set  pieces, 
not  for  dance  tunes.    In  them  greater  scope 
is  given  to  the  composer  and  performer  than 
is  compatible  with  the  rhythm  of  the  dance. 

waltz,  v.l.    [WALTZ,  «.] 

1.  To  dance  a  waltz. 

2.  To  move  as  in  a  waltz ;  to  trip. 

waltz'-er,  s.  [Eng.  waits,  v. ;  -«r.l  One  who 
dances  a  waltz. 

wal'-u-g-wite  (w  as  v),  ».  [After  the 
Russian  minister  P.  A.  von  Waluew ;  suff  -Ut 
(ilin.).] 

Win. :  A  variety  of  Xanthophyllite  (q.v.), 
occurring  in  exceedingly  well-defined  crystals 
associated  with  perofskite  and  other  mineral 
species  at  the  Nikolaje-Maximilianowsk  mine, 
near  Achmatowsk,  Urals. 


•walwe,  r.i.    [WALLOW,  «.] 


A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Beautiful,  excellent,  choice. 

"  The  vote  bards."  Vuiruyn,,  1.010. 

2.  Large,  ample,  strong. 

B.  At  nttst.  :  Something  pretty  ;  an  orna- 
ment, a  gewgaw. 

^a'-ly.  inter}.    [A  shortened  fonn  of  A.S.  u-a- 
(Scotch)  welaway  fa'v->0      Alas  I   welawayl 

*wam-baia,  *.    [GAMBESON.] 

warn'-  We,  *wam'-mle,  *wam'-mel, 
*  warn  le,  v.i.  [Dan.  vamle  =  to  nauseate, 
to  become  squeamish  ;  mmmel  =  nauseous  ; 
IceL  WCTIO  =  to  nauseate,  to  loathe  :  Kema  = 
nausea.) 

1.  To  rumble,  heave,   or  be   affected  with 
nausea,    (Said  of  the  stomach.) 

"Tben  shall  ye  sometime  see  there  some  other  &c  , 
theyr  bodye  Irete,  their  .tomake  «.<™»!e.°  •  _  Sif°f. 
nor*  :  WorKu,  p.  832. 

2.  To  move  irregularly  to  and  fro  :  to  roll 
to  wriggle. 

"  When  your  cold  aalads  wlthont  salt  or  vinegar 
Be  vmmblinf,  In  your  stomachs." 

•MM*  A  Fltt.  :  Mad  Lover,  i, 

3.  To  move  in  an  undulating,  serpentine,  or 
eel-like  manner;  to  wriggle.    (Prov.) 

•wamble-cropped,   a.     Lit.,  sick  at 
the  stomach  ;  hence,  fig.,  wretched,  humiliated. 

wam'-ble,  «.  [WAMBLE,  r.)  A  heaving  or 
rumbling  in  the  stomach  ;  a  feeling  of  nausea  • 
squeamishness 


wam-brace,  ».    [VAMBRACB.] 

rame,  s.  [A.S.  wamb  =  the  belly,  the  stomach, 
the  womb.)  The  womb,  belly.  (Ut.  &  Ha  \ 
(Scotch,.) 

"  At  the  back  of  the  dyke,  in  a  wealth  o'  snaw  or  in 
the  name  o'  a  wave,  what  signifies  how  the  auld  iaber. 
luniie  dh»r—  Scott:  Antia.ua.rf,  ch.  »U. 


wame'-fu',  wame'-fou',  «.     [Scotch  un«x 
n<1  "/tt''  "/OU'  =  fUll']    A  beUy  fU1L 
M  This  may  do—  mann  do.  Sir,  wi-  them  wha 

M»un  pleai.  the  treat  folk  for  a  iSSZS." 
Burnt.  •  JDedicathn:  To  Oattn  Bamtiton.  It}. 

wam-mle,  v.i.    [WAMBLE,  v.] 
warn  pee  ,  s.    [Chinese.] 

Bat.,  o»c.  :  The 
fruit  of  Cmkia 
punctata.  It  is 
a  round  berry 
about  the  size  of 
a  pigeon's  egg,  '' 
with  flve  or  a 
smaller  number 
of  cells.  It  is 
highly  esteemed 
in  China  and  the 
Indian  Archipel- 
ago. 


WAMPEE. 


-fah,  v.t.    [Etym, 
doubtful.)    To  toss  about 


.        o    oss  aout 

in  a  frantic,  threatening  manner  ;  to  wave  vio- 
lently ;  to  flourish,  to  brandish.     (Scotch.) 

,„"  "'«  'e»"°m«  ^Ifh  to  see  and  hear  her  .hen  she 
ct™Jxi£'  arnu.--  Scott:    Antiquary. 

Wam'-piim,  s.  [From  Amer.  -Indian  wampum, 
wmpam.  from  Massachusetts  toompt;  Dela- 
ware wapl  -  white.]  Small  beads  made  of 
shells,  used  by  the  American  Indians  as 
money;  or  wrought  into  belts,  Ac.  as  an 
ornament, 

"  Clad  from  head  to  foot  In  toampum." 

Lona/elfaic:  Hiawatha,  ix. 

wan,  a.  [A.S.  worm,  wmn  —  dark,  black  ; 
original  doubtful,  prob.  from  wann,  wonn  •  pa. 
t.  of  vtinnan  =  to  toil,  to  strive,  to  contend  • 
hence  the  original  meaning  would  be  worn 
out  with  toil,  tired  out,  and  so  worn  out  or 
pallid  with  sleeplessness.) 

1.  Having  a  pale  or  sickly  hue;  pallid,  pale, 
languid  of  look. 

"  The  woman  also  looked  pale  and  wan.--Sun,an  : 
PUffnm  t  Progreu,  pt  ii. 

2.  Pale,  white. 

"  With  the  wan  moon  overhead.* 

LongftUow  :  &eleagu«red  City. 

3.  Black,    gloomy.      (Applied    to    water, 
streams,  pools,  &C.    (Scotch.) 

wan-thriven,  o.    Stunted,  decayed  :  In 
a  state  of  decline.    (Scotch.) 

•wan,  «.(.£«.    [WAN,  a.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  make  or  render  wan  or  pale. 

B,  Intrans.  :  To  become  wan  or  pale. 

"  All  his  visage  vanned.'    Skatap.  .-  ffamta,  U.  I 

wan,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.    [WIN,  t>.]    (Scotch.) 

wan'-9han-5  $,  a.  [A  corrupt  of  unchancy 
(q.v.).]  Unlucky.  (Scotch.) 

I^SSfiSfSSn  t*™.0"-1  ""spect  John  Heather. 
cbHbSv  gamekeeper.-  -Scott:    Waverle,. 

wand,  ».  [Icel.  vondr  (genit  vandar)  =  a 
wand,  a  switch  ;  O.  Sw.  wind  ;  Dan.  ixuand  • 
Goth,  waiulus.  Prom  O.  Scand.  wand,  mnd, 
pa.  t.  of  O.  Sw.  winda  ;  IceL  vinda  :  Dan. 
mnde  =  to  wind  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  small  stick,  staff,  or  rod. 
DrfS;hbk.  ill8"  '"""'  ln  *"•  h""^'-*'»°»  •  «* 

2.  A  rod  or  staff,  having  some  special  use 
or  character  :  as  —  • 

(1)  A  rod  used  by  conjurers,  diviners,  or 
magicians. 

"  If  I  but  wave  this  wand 
Your  nervet  are  all  chained  up  in  alabaster  " 


(2)  A  staff  of  authority. 


yourselie."-/?aet(t<yt:  I'oyuyet,  ii.  118. 

(3)  A  small  baton,  forming  part  of  the  in- 
signia of  the  messenger  of  a  court  of  justice 
In  Scotland,  and  which  he  must  exhibit  before 
making  a  caption;  called  more  fully  a  wand 
of  peace. 

tar^lrlSea^fth-  ^T^«u!b|±  IhV.rTSi 
bludgeon  which  was  to  enforce  his  authority  and 
with  the  other  produced  his  abort  official  baton, 
tipped  with  silver,  and  having  a  movable  rii«  i,u,,n 
it-'  Captain  M'Intyre.-Sir.  Thave  no  quarrel  »ith 
drb.°h  "  y0j  1"'<!rnlPt  ">•  lu  T  "uty.  I  will 
«•••*  _tbe  w<tnd  of  peace,  and  declare  inyaelf  de- 
.  .  And  he  slid  hla  enigmatical  ring  from  one 


*« 


B  other,  being  the  appropriate 
T.UWI  w  u,o  uavms  oeen  forcibly  interrupted  In  th* 
Discharge  of  hla  duty."— Scott  .•  Antiquary,  cti.  xlll. 


work,  who. 


father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine-  go,  p«t 
;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.   #,  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


wander— want 


5117 


"  wand-like,  a.    Like  a  rod  or  staff. 

"  Her  stature  to  an  inch ;  as  wand-like  straight ; 
As  silver-voiced  ;  her  eyes  as  jewel. like. 

Shaketf.  :  Penelet,  V.  1. 

w&n'-der,   *  wan-dren,  *  wan-dri-en, 

» i  &  t.  [A.S.  wandrian,  a  frequent,  from 
wendan  =  to  go,  to  wend (q.v.);  Out.  wanilden 
=  to  walk  ;  Ger.  vxuuleln  =  to  wander,  to 
travel,  to  walk;  Dan.  vandre;  Sw.  mndra; 
O.  Put.  wanderen.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  ramble  here  and  there,  without  any 
certain  course  or  object  in  view  ;  to  travel  or 
move  from  place  to  place  witbout  any  fixed 
purpose  or  destination  ;   to  rove,  range,  or 
roam  about ;  to  stroll,  to  stray. 

"They  wandered  in  the  wilderneat  In  a  solitary 
way."-/'»«f">  cvii.  *. 

2.  To  leave  one's  home  or  settled  place  of 
abode ;  to  migrate. 

"  When  God  caused  me  to  wander  from  my  father '« 
home."— Genesu  xx.  1.1. 

3.  To  depart   or   stray   from   any  settled 
course  or  path  ;   to  go  astray,  as  from  the 
paths  of  duty  ;  to  stray,  to  err,  to  deviate. 

"  0  let  me  not  wander  from  thy  commandments."— 
fsotmcxix.  10. 

4  To  be  delirious ;  not  to  be  under  the 
guidance  of  reason  :  as,  The  mind  wanders. 

5.  To  digress  from  the  subject  in  hand. 

»  B.  Tram. :  To  wander  over ;  to  travel, 
roam,  or  stroll  over  or  through,  without  any 
fixed  course,  object,  or  destination. 

••  Forty  days  Elijah  without  food 


jran'-der-er,  *wan-dre-er,  «.     [Eng. 

wander  ;  -tr.} 

1.  One   who   wanders ;    one   who   travels 
•bout,  having  no  fixed  home  or  place  of  abode. 

"  The  youth,  obedient  to  his  sire  s  commands, 
Seta  off  a  wanderer  Into  foreign  lands. 

COWJMT.'  Proorew  of  Brror,  37a 

2.  One  who  wanders   or  strays  from  the 
path  of  duty. 

wan    der  ing.   *  wan'-drfng,   *wan- 
drynge,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [WANDER.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adj. :   Given  to  wander ;  roaming, 
loving,  unsettled. 

C.  At  substantive, : 

1.  A  roaming  or  travelling  about  without  a 
Hied  course,  object,  or  destination. 

"Through  ten  years'  mndtring,  and   through    ten 
years'  war."        Pops :  Homer :  Odyuey  xlii  843. 

2.  Aberration  ;  deviation  from  rectitude ;  a 
•traying  or  swerving  from  the  path  of  duty. 

"  If  any  man's  eagerness  of  glory  has  made  him  over- 
see  the  way  to  it.  let  him  now  recover  his  wanderingi. 

—l>ei-'i;j  o]  Piety. 

3.  A  roving  or  straying  of  the  mind   or 
thoughts ;  mental  aberration. 

"Suited  to  my  present  wandfrinffl  of  thought,"— 
BudgeU :  Spectator,  No.  425. 

4.  Indulgence  in  digressions  or  disquisitions 
foreign  to  the  subject  in  hand. 

U  The  Wandering  Jew :  A  legendary  eha 
racter,  condemned  to  wander  from  place  to 
place  till  the  Day  of  Judgment.  According 
to  one  version,  that  of  Matthew  Paris  (Chron. 
St.  Alton's  Alibey),  he  was  Cartophilus,  the 
doorkeeper  of  the  Judgment  Hall,  in  the 
service  of  Pontius  Pilate,  and  struck  our  Lord 
as  he  led  him  forth,  saying,  "  Get  on  faster 
Jesus  1 "  whereupon  our  Lord  replied,  "  I  am 
going,  but  thou  shalt  tarry  till  I  come  again.' 
Another  legend  is  that  Jesus,  pressed  down 
with  the  weight  of  his  cross,  stopped  to  res' 
at  the  door  of  one  Ahasuerus,  a  cobbler.  The 
craftsman  pushed  him  away,  saying,  "  Ge' 
off  I  Away  with  you,  away  ! "  Our  Lord  re 
plied,  "Truly  I  go  away,  and  that  quickly 
but  tarry  thou  till  I  come."  A  third  legenc 
says  that  it  was  the  cobbler  who  haled  Jesu 
before  the  judgment  seat  of  Pilate,  saying  tc 
him,  "Faster,  Jesus,  faster!"  The  legenc 
has  formed  the  basis  of  many  poems  am 
novels. 

wandering-albatross,  s. 

Ornith. :  Diomedea  exulans.    [ALBATROSS.] 

wandering  jew,  >.  A  name  appliec. 
to  several  different  ornamental  trailing  vine 
much  used  in  hanging-baskets.  [See  WANDER 

ING,  «,  !.] 

wan'  der  ing  ly,  *wan'  drlng-ly 

ode.     [Eng.  wandering ;  -ly.]     In  a  wandering 
roving,  or  unsettled  manner. 


wan'-der-ment,  s.    [Eng.  wander;  -merit.] 
The  act  or  state  of  wandering. 

"  Genus  and  species  long  since  barefoote  went 
Upon  their  ten-toes  in  wiide  wtmdcrment." 

Bfl.  Ball:  Satiret,  ii.  8. 

wan-der-oo',  wan-der-u',  s.  [Fr.  Own- 
derou,  from  wanderu,  the  Cingalese  form  of 
Hind.  bandar  =  a  monkey.] 

Zoology : 

1.  Macacus  gilenvs,  from  the  south  of  Hin- 
dostau,  especially  the  country  bordering  the 
Malabar  coast.  It  is  about  two  feet  in  length, 
tail  ten  to  twelve  inches.  The  Wanderoos 
nave  long,  slim  bodies,  covered  with  deep- 
black  hair,  tail  of  the  same  colour,  tufted. 
The  head  looks  very  large,  because  of  a  mane, 


(WANDEROO.    (Macacus  sMnta.) 

or  ruff,  and  beard  which  sticks  out  round  the 
face.  This  mass  of  long  hair  is  either  gray  or 
white,  and  adds  to  the  sly  look  of  the  broad 
face,  soft  dull  eyes,  and  broad  muzzle.  The 
name  is  misleading,  as  Macacus  tilmvt  is  not 
a  native  of  Ceylon.  Mr.  Blanford  (Proc.  Zool. 
Son.,  1887,  p.  623)  proposed  to  substitute  for 
it  the  name  Lion-tailed  Monkey,  used  by 
Pennant. 

2.  Any  species  of  the  genus  Semnopithecus 
(q.v.).  S.  ursinus  is  the  Great  Wanderoo 
[MABA.J 

"The  name  wanderu  has  clnng  to  the  Malabar 
Monkey  ever  since  [the  publication  of  Buflbu,  Sat. 
Htit.l;  but  really  applies,  as  Templeton,  Kelaait. 
Teuneut,  and  others  have  shown,  to  the  Ceylonese 
Seinuopitheci,  and  was  rightly  employed  for  those 
animals  by  Knox  and  Ray."— Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  188/ 
p.  03. 

wand'-y,  a.  [Eng.  wand;  -y.]  Long  and 
flexible,  like  a  wand. 

wane,  "walne,  •  wayne, v.i.  & (.  [A.S. wan- 
tan,  wmfan  =  to  decrease,  to  grow  less,  from 
mm,  won  =  deficient ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  vana 
=  to  diminish,  from  mnr  =  lacking,  wanting  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  &  M.  H.  Ger.  wanon,  wanen  =  to 
wane,  from  -wan  =  deficient.]  [WAIST.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  grow  less ;  to  be  diminished ;  to  de- 
crease ;  applied  especially  to  the  illuminated 
portion  of  the  moon,  as  opposed  to  wax. 

"States  thrive  or  wither,  as  moons  wax  and  wane." 
Covrptr ;  Expottulution.  324. 

2.  To  become  shorter. 

••  Night  wanet,  O  King  I  tls  time  for  sleep  I" 

Longfellow  :  MutiHan  I  TOM,  vi. 

S.  To  decline,  to  fail,  to  sink  ;  to  approach 
the  end. 

••  I'm  mining  in  Ms  favour." 

Drydtn:  All  for  Lout,  111. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  decrease. 

wane,  *  walne,  s.    [WANE,  ».] 

1.  The  decrease  of  the  illuminated  part  o 
the  moon  to  the  spectator's  eye. 

"  He  is  in  the  wane.''— Shakeip. :  Jfidtummcr  fright', 
Bream,  v. 

2.  Decline,    failure,  diminution,  decrease 
declension. 

"  In  her  wane  of  pride." 

Drayton :  Poly-Outlon,  s.  17. 

wa'-ney,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  feather 
edge  or  acute  angular  edge  of  a  slab-board 
cut  from  a  round  log  without  previous  squar 
ing,  or  obtained  in  the  process  of  squaring. 

•wane  (1),  ».  [A.S.  vjang;  Icel.  vangr.]  A 
field. 

*wang  (2),  "w6ng.  s.  [A.S.  mange,  wonge 
•wenge  =  the  cheek,  the  jaw  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  manga 
Icel.  vangi.] 

1.  The  jaw,  the  jaw-bone,  the  cheek-bone. 

2.  The  same  as  WANO-TOOTH  (q.v.). 

"  Our  manciple  I  hope  he  wol  be  ded. 
8..  werke,  ay  th.  wan^hi,  bed.,   ^ 


•wang -tooth,   *wang-toth,  «.     A 

cheek-tooth  or  grinder. 

"  Out  of  a  wang-Mh  sprang  anon  a  welle." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  U.ML 

wan'-ga-la,  wan'-glo,  s.  [Giiianan  name.) 
The  seeds  of  Sesaiiium.  orientate.  [SESAME- 
oiu] 

wang  an,  ».  [Amer.  Indian.)  A  name  ap- 
plied in  Maine,  United  States,  to  a  lumberer  8 
boat  for  carrying  tools,  provisions,  &c. 

wang'-er,  s.  [A.S.  wangere,  from  wange  = 
a  cheek,  a  jaw.]  A  pillow  for  the  cheek. 

"His  briKhte  helm  was  his  wanger. " 

Chaucer :  Itlme  of  Sire  Ttvpat. 

wang'-hee,  whang' -hee, ».  [Native  name.] 
Bot. :    Phyllostachys  nigra,   a  bamboo    im- 
ported, perhaps  with  others  of  the  genus, 
into  England  from  China  and  Japan  to  be 
made  into  walking-sticks. 

wan' -hope,  s.  [A.S.  wan  =  deficient,  and 
hope.] 

1.  Despair ;  want  or  absence  of  hope. 

"  Wanhopt  of  helpe  is  throughout  me  ronne  trnav 
He."— Chaucer :  Tettament  of  Love.  bk.  iv. 

2.  Vain  hope  ;  delusion. 

"I  male  bringe  in  the  foolish  wanaope  (imagine  we) 
of  some  usurer."— Chatontn  Translation  of  Mori* 
Encomium  IL  8  b. 

wan' -horn,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  Siamese  name,  j 
An  unidentified  species  of  Kajmpferia  (q.v.). 

« wan  I  on,  •  wan  i  and,  » wan  nl  on. 

».  [Prob.  waniand  is  the  original  and  cor- 
rect form,  being  the  northern  form  of  the  pr. 
par.  of  A.S.  wanian  =  to  wane  (q.v.) ;  hence, 
in  the  waniand  —  in  the  waning,  and  with  a 
wanton  =  with  diminution,  detriment,  or  ill- 
luck.]  A  misfortune  or  calamity;  a  curse, 
mischief.  (Chiefly  used  as  an  imprecation  in 
the  phrases,  Withawannion,  Wanions on  you.) 
"Ill  teach  you  to  take  place  of  tradesmen's  wives, 
with  a  wannkm  to.you."— bryden :  wad  Oalta.nl.  111. 

wan  Isle,  a.  [A.S.  wancol  —  unstable ;  O.  & 
Prov.  Ger.  wankel  =  tottering ;  wanken  =  to 
totter.]  Weak,  unstable ;  not  to  be  depended 
on.  (North  of  England.) 

wan  le  (le  as  el),  o.    [WANNLE.] 

wan  -luck,  s.  [A.S.  wan  =  deficient,  and  Eng. 
hwk.]  Want  of  luck  ;  unluckiness. 

*  wan'-ljr,  adv.    [Eng.  wan ;  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  wan  or  pale  manner. 

2.  Wastingly. 

"  Wanly  did  displace 
The  rose-mixt  lilies  in  her  lovely  face." 
SyttKtter :  Du  Bartat,  fifth  day,  first  week,  1.0M. 

wanned,  •  wannyd,  a.  [Eng.  wan ;  -ed.\ 
Made  or  become  wan  or  pale  ;  pale,  wan. 

"Whoom  detb  soo  stern  wyth  his  wannyd  hewe. 
Hath  now  pursuyd."    Fabyan  :  Chronycle  (an.  1489k 

wan  ness,  s.  [Eng.  wan ;  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  wan  or  pale  ;  paleness. 

"The  complexion  was  pale,  even    to  wann***.'  — 
Lytton  :  Qodolphin,  ch.  xl£ 

«  wan'-nl-dtt,  «.    [WANION.] 

*  wan   nish,  o.     [Eng.  wan ;   -ish.]     Some- 
what, wan  or  pale  ;  of  a  pale  kue. 

"  No  tree  in  all  the  grove  but  has  its  charms, 
Though  each  Its  hue  peculiar :  paler  some 
And  of  a  vjanniih  gray."        Cowper :  Tatk,  i.  80«. 

wan  r.le,  wan  le  (le  as  el),  a.  [Cf.  Icel. 
menligr  =  hopeful,  fine.)  Active,  strong, 
healthy.  (Scotch.) 

"And  grew  up  to  be  a  fine  taante  fellow."— Scott .• 
Antiquary,  ch.  xxlv. 

wan -rest'- full,  a.  [A.S.  won  =  deficient, 
and  Eng.  restful.]  Restless.  (Scotch.) 

"An'  may  ther  never  learn  the  gates. 
Of  ither  vile,  wanrettfu'  pets. " 

Burnt :  Death  of  Poor  3/ailif. 

want,  *  wonte,  o.  &  ».    [Icel.  vant,  neut.  of 
mnr  =  lacking,    deficient ;    vansi  =  wait 
vanta  =  io  want.    From  the   same   root   as 
wane  (q.v.).] 

*A.  As  adj.:  Wanting,  deficient.     (Ormu- 
turn,  14,398.) 
B.  As  substantive : 

1    The  state  or  condition  of  not  having ;  the 
condition  of  being  without  anything  ;  lack. 
•  Evil  Is  wrought  by  want  of  thought, 
As  well  as  want  of  heart." 

-ffood :  Lady  t  Drear*. 

2.  Absence,  scarcity,  lack  ;  deficiency. 

"  Worth  makes  the  man.  and  wanl  of  it  the  fellow." 
Pope  :  Euay  on  Alan.  Iv.  208. 


boy;  po^t.  Jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  aj;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.   ph .  -  t. 
Hdan, -tlan  =  shan.    -tlon,  -slon  =  shun;  -tlon,  -§lon  =  «hun.    -ciomj,  -tioua.  -clous  =  shiis.   -We.  -^le.  tic.  =  bel,  del. 


6118 


want— wapentake 


3.  Occasion  for  something  ;  need,  necessity. 

"  To  supi'iy  the  ripe  want*  of  my  friend." 

Shakatp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  1.  8. 

4.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  without 
means  ;  penury,  indigence,  poverty. 

11  Want  makes  us  know  the  price  of  wh.it  we  avile." 
Ben  Jonton  :  Prtnc*  Benry't  Barriers, 

5.  That   which    is  not    possessed,  but   ia 
necessary  or  desired  for  uae  or  pleasure. 

"  Nature's  want*,  be  knows  how  few  they  are." 
Wordsworth  :  tec  union,  bk.  Iv. 

*  want-grace,  s.    A  reprobate. 

"  Want  a  vant-grace  to  perfonne  the  deede." 

Davict  :  Jticracottnot,  l\  57. 

*  want-wit,  *.    A  person  destitute  of  wit 

or  sense  ;  a  foot 

"  Such  a  urartf-irir  aadn«M  make*  of  me, 
That  I  h*re  much  ado  to  know  myself." 

Shaketp.  •  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  L 

want,    *  wante,   v.t.  &   i.     [IceL    vanta.} 
[WANT,  *.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  be  without;  to  be  destitute  of;  to 
lack  ;  not  to  have. 

"  Those  happy  place*  thou  hast  deigned  awhile 
To  wWJrt/  Mlton  :  P.  L..  v.  365. 

2.  To   be  deficient  in  ;   to  be  lacking  in 
respect  of  or  to  the  amount  of;  to  foil  or 
come  short  in. 

3.  To  have  occasion  for,  as  something  re- 
quisite,   necessary,    useful,    proper,   or  de- 
sirable ;  to  need,  to  require. 

"He  persisted  in  remaining  where  he  was  not 
mint«t.—M*caulag:  Hiti.  Eng..  cb.  iviL 

4.  To  feel  a  desire  fur,  as  for  something 
absent,  needed,  lost,  or  the  like  ;  to  feel  the 
need  of  ;  to  wish  or  long  for  ;  to  desire,  to 
crave. 

"  I  want  more  uncles  here  to  welcome  me." 

Sh-ik-xp.:  Richard  ///•„  lit.  1. 

5.  To  desire  to  speak,  or  to  do  business 
With  ;  to  desire  the  presence  or  assistance  of. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  be  lacking  or  wanting  ;  to  be  absent. 

"There  wanted  leysure  not  only  to  place  theym 
•rnder  theyr  ante-signes,  but  also  to  put  on  theyr 
•kola."—  eo/<tiMf«.-  Omar.  foL  57. 

2.  To  be  deficient  ;  not  to  be  sufficient  ;  not 
to  come  up  to  a  certain  standard  ;  to  fail  ;  to 
come  or  run  short, 

"  There  wanteth  but  a  mean  to  fill  your  song." 

ShaXtsp-  .•  Two  UfHtlnrifH,  i  a. 


3.  To  be  missed  ;  not  to  be  present. 

"  OraulTorons  animals  have  a  lone  colon  and  caecum, 
which  in  oaruiroroiM  mwantinff.  —Artuthnot:  On 
Aliment*. 

4.  To  be  in  want  ;  to  suffer  indigence  or  want. 

**  Why  should  yon  want  I  Behold,  the  earth  bath  roots  ; 
Within  this  mile  break  forth  a  hundred  springs." 
n,  i  v.  3. 


.  :  Ttmon, 

5.  To  be  desirous  or  disposed  ;  to  wish  :  as, 
He  does  not  want  to  go.  (Colloq.) 

IT  To  be  wanted  :  A  euphemistic  phrase, 
signifying  that  the  person  referred  to  is  being 
Bought  for  by  the  police  on  some  charge. 

"  Two  men  supposed  to  be  on  board  of  a  ressol  which 
was  loading  at  Hebburn  Coal  staithe*.  were  waned 
in  Germany  for  murder."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec  19, 
18*6. 

*  want  (2),  ».    [O.  Fr.  want  (Fr.  ganC),  from 
Low  Lat,  wantus,  from  the  Teutonic  ;   Icel. 
vvttr;  Dan.  vanle;  Sw.  wante.}    A  glove. 

•want  (3),  9.  [A.S.  wand;  Prov.  Ger.  wond.} 
An  old  name  for  the  mole  or  moldwarp. 

Wa'nt,  v.  avx.  [See  def.]  A  colloquial  and 
vulgar  contraction  of  was  not. 

*  want'-age  (age  as  Ig),  «.    [Eng.  want  (i), 
B.  ;  -age.}    That  which  is  wanting  ;  deficiency. 

•want'-er,  *.  [Eng.  wantt  v.;  ~er.]  One 
who  is  in  want  or  need. 

"  The  wantert  are  despised  of  Ood  and  man.* 

Davie*  :  Scourge  of  Folly,  p.  2L 

wan-thriv'-en,  a,  [A.  8.  wan  =  deficient, 
and  Eng.  thriven.]  Stunted,  decayed;  in  a 
state  of  decay  or  decline.  (Scotch.) 

"And  what  am  I  but  a  poor,  wasted  wanthriven 
tree,  dng  up  by  the  roots  ?  "—Scott  :  Start  of  Mid- 
lothian, CO.  XX. 

•want'-  less,  *  want-Ies,  a.  [Eng.  want 
(1),  s.  ;  -less.]  Having  no  want;  abundant, 
fruitful. 

"  The  tmntfet  counties,  ESMX.  Kent" 

Warner  :  Aloiont  England,  bk.  ill.,  cb.  xiv. 

wan'-  tin,  "wan-toon,  *  wan  -to  wen, 
*wan-towne,  a.  A  5.  [A.8.  wan  —  defi- 
cient, and  totcvn,  for  togen,  pa,  par.  of  te6n  — 
to  draw,  to  educate,  to  bring  np  ;  hence,  the 
original  meaning  is  unreclaimed,  nnedncated, 


k.«t  taken  in  hand    by  a  master.]    (WANE, 
Tuo,  v.] 

A.  As  adjective; 

*  1.  Unruly,  dissipated,  wild. 

"He  .  .  .  associate  viito  liym  certeyn  wnntan  per- 
•ones.  &  bete  his  uiayBter."—  Fabgan:  t'krimxcle,  ch. 
cxxvii. 

2.  Indulging  the  natural  appetites  or  im- 
pulses without  restraint ;   licentious,  disso- 
lute. 

3.  Unrestrained  by  the  rules  of  chastity ; 
lascivious,  lewd,  lustful,  licentious. 

"  Froward  by  nature,  enemy  to  peace, 
Lascivious,  wanton," 

Shakes?. ;  1  Henry  VI.,  ill.  L 

4.  Characterized  or  marked  by  licentious- 
ness or  lewdness  ;  lewd. 

"  To  do  him  wanton  rites,  which  cost  them  woe.' 
Milton  :  P.  L.,  L  41*. 

5.  Moving,  wandering,  or  roving  about  in 
gaiety  or  sport ;  playful,  frolicsome,  sportive. 

"  All  wanton  as  a  child,  skipping  and  vain." 

Shaketp.  :  Love't  Labour  t  Loft,  v.  J. 

*  6.  Moving  or  flying  loosely  ;   hanging  or 
playing  freely. 

"  Tresaes  ...  in  wanton  ringlets  wav'd." 

MUton:  /-./,..  iv.  80*. 

7.  Causing  loose  movements  ;  fresh,  brisk. 

"  Now  hoist  the  aall,  and  let  the  streamers  float 
Upon  the  wanton  breeze."      Cvwper :  Ta$k.  li.  256. 

8.  Running  to  excess ;  unrestrained,  loose. 

*  9.  Light,  trifling,  idle, 

"  Every  Idle,  nice,  and  wanton  reason." 

Shaketp. :  2  Henry  IT.,  IT.  L 

*  10.  Luxuriant  in  growth  ;  over-fertile  or 
abundant ;  rank,  luxurious. 

"  What  we  by  day  .  .  .  prop  or  bind. 
One  ulght  or  two  with  wanton  Rrowtli  deride*, 
Tending  to  wild."  Hilton:  P.  L.,  ix.  311. 

1L  Arising  from  or  characterized  by  ex- 
treme foolhardiness  or  recklessness,  or  from 
an  utter  disregard  of  right  or  consequences. 

**  A  motion  or  Injurious  exercise  of  this  great  pn- 
ros*tlv*."—Bl,tckttone:  Comment.,  bk.  t,  cfa.  7. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  lewd  person ;  a  lascivious  man  or  wo- 
man. 

"  To  lip  a  wanton  In  a  secure  conch." 

Shakctp.  :  Othello,  Iv.  L 

*  2.  A  merry,  frolicsome  rogue ;  a  sportive 
creature ;  a  trifler. 

"  The  sportive  wanton  pleas'd  with  some  new  play.* 
Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xv.  418. 

3.  A  pampered,  petted  creature;  one  brought 
up  in  luxury ;  an  effeminate  person ;  one 
spoiled  by  indulgence. 

"  A  beardless  boy,  a  cockered,  silken  wanton.* 

iShaketp.  :  King  John,  r.  J. 

t  wan'-ton,  v.i.  &  t    [WANTON,  a.) 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  sport  or  dally  in  lewdnesa  or  licen- 
tiousness ;  to  sport  lasciviously. 

**  To  toy.  to  wanton,  dally,  smile,  and  Jest." 

Bhaketp.  .'   renut  *  Aaofdt,  108. 

2.  To  frolic ;  to  play  sportively. 

"  Now  want  on' a  lost  in  flaga  and  reeds. 
Now  starting  Into  sight." 

Cuicper :  Doff  A  Wattr-lCty. 

3.  To  grow  luxuriantly. 

"  Nature  here 

Wanton'd  as  hi  ber  prime,  and  play'd  at  will 
Her  virgin  fanclea."  Jtilton  :  P.  L.,  v.  2«. 

B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  make  wanton. 

"  If  he  doea  win,  it  wantons  him  with  overplus,  and 
enters  him  into  new  ways  of  expence,"—  Feltham: 
Ret"lvet,  il.  58. 

2.  To  spend  or  waste  in  wantonness. 


"  Hee  wanton*  away  his  life  foolishly,  that,  when  be 
u  well,  will  take  phygick  to  make  him  sick."— lip. 
Sail :  Defeat  of  Crueltie, 


*  wan '-ton-ing,  t.     [Eng.  wanton;  -ing.] 

1.  The  act  of  playing  the  wanton. 

2.  A  wanton. 

"  The  Mu«e»  to  be  wozen  wantoning** 

nail    Satint,  I.  it  84. 

*  wan'-tin  1Z6,  v.L    IEng.  wanton ; -ize.}  To 
frolic ;  to  wanton  ;  to  play  the  wanton. 

"  The  prettle  rill  a  place  espies 
Where  with  the  pebbles  she  would  uvi/tfonfz*.* 

Browne  :  Britannia*  /'uttoratt,  1.  4. 

wan'-tin-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  wanton,  a. ;  -Iy.] 

1.  In  a  wanton  manner ;  lasciviously,  lewdly, 
sportively,  frolicsomely,  playfully,  carelessly. 

"  This  carrion-flesh  which  thou  wantonly  infectest 
with  the  false  colours  of  thy  pride."— Bp.  ffall  - 
Pharitaitme  t  Chritttanitle. 

2.  With  utter  disregard  of  the  consequences; 
recklessly. 

"  A  ptafrae  so  little  to  be  fear'd, 
As  to  be  want'tnly  incurr'd." 

Cowper.-  Mutual  forbearance. 


wan'  -ton  -ness,  "wan-tones,  *  wan- 
ton-esp*,   *  wan-ton   nesse,  *  wan- 

toun-esse,  s.     [Kug.  wanton,  a.  ;  -ness.] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wanton, 
licence  ;  disregard  of  restraint. 

"To  abuse  all  acts  of   grac«.  and  torn  them   into 
wantonnei*.  "—King  Charle*  .-  Lik  -n  Basilike, 

2.  Licentiousness,  lewdness,  lasciviousnessi 

3.  Spoitiveness,      frolicsome  ness,      gaiety, 
sport. 

"  YOUIIK  getitlemen  wonld  be  as  sad  ae  night, 
Only  for  wantonneu." 

Shakttp-  •'  King  John,  IT.  L 

*  4.  Effeminacy. 

"  Somwhat  he  lisped  for  his  wantonnettr, 
To  make  his  English  swete  upon  his  tonge.* 

Chaucer:  C.  T^  266.     (Ptol.) 

5.  An  utter  disregard  of  consequences  OP 
right  ;  recklessness  :  as,  the  wantonness  of  ar 
attack. 

6.  A  wanton  or  outrageous  act. 

"  It  were  a  wantvnneu,  and  would  demand 
Severe  reproof     n'ordtwvrth  :  Excursion,  bk.  L 

*  wan-trust,  *  wan-truste,  «.    [A.s.  wo* 

=  deficient,  and  Eug,  trust.}    Diatrust. 

"  I  saie  not  these  thynges  for  no  wnntrmte  that  I 
have."  —  Chaucer:  Tettament  of  Lo<n;  bk.  i. 


t-y  (1),  ».    [Eng.  want  (3),  s.  ;  -y.} 
mole  ;  a  moldwarp. 

"Some  creatures,  albeit  they  be  alwairs   covered 
within  the  ground,  yet  live  and  breath  nevertheless, 
and  namely  the  wanty  or  mold-warpei."—  P.  Holland: 
.  Tit 


Plinis,  bk.  U,,  ch.  T 


want'-j^  (2),  «.  [Ct  Dut.  want  =  cordagt 
tackling.]  A  leather  tie  or  rope  ;  a  broad 
girth  of  leather  by  which  the  load  is  bound 
upon  the  back  of  a  beast.  (Prov.) 

"  A  paimell  and  wanty.  pack  saddle,  and  ped." 
Tutter:  ffutbandrjf  furniture,  p.  IL 

*  Wanze,  v.i.  [A.S.  wansian,  from  wanian=z 
to  wane  (q.v.).]  To  wane,  to  waste,  to  wither. 

"  3Iaiiy  bewrayed  themselves  to  be  time-servers.  an{ 
wanted  away  to  uotiiing,  aa  fast  as  ever  they  seemed  to 
come  forward."—  Rogirt  :  A'oum  i/»  t 


wan'-zey,  van  zcy,  .<.    [See  def.] 

£ot.  ;     An   Abyssinian    name    for    Cordia 
afys&inica. 

wap  (1),  u«.  &  i.    [A  variant  of  whap;  Mid. 
Eng.  quuppen  —  to  palpitate.] 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  strike  or  knock  against;   to  beat 
(Prov.) 

2.  To  wallop;   to   give  a  beating  to:   t* 
whop.    (Cotton) 

*  3.  To  have  sexual  intercourse  with. 
4.  To  throw  quickly  ;  to  toss.    (Scotch.) 
B.  Intntns.  :  To  flutter  ;  to  beat  the  wings 
violently.    (Prop.) 

wap,  &.  [WAP  (1),  v.i  A  throw;  a  quick  and 
smart  stroke.  (Scotch.) 

*  wap,  v.i.    [YAP.]    To  yelp,  to  yap  (q.v.). 

"  Tis  the  little  wapping  of  small  dugs  that  stir*  tip 
the  cruel  mastive*."—  Cotton  Slather:  A  Ditcourte  or 
Witchcraft  (ed.  1689),  p.  24. 

wap'-a-cut,    wap  a  cuth  a,   *.      [Nortk 

Amer.  Indian  name.] 
Ornith,  :  The  Snowy  Owl  (q.v.). 
"  Mr.  Hutchlna,  In  his  inaiutac-ri  pt  obserrntions  or 
the  habits  of   birds  In  the  Hudson's  Bay  territory. 
•aya  of  bis  'Spotfed  Owl'  or  '  Hapacutha,'  that  U 
'  make*  a  nest  in  the  dry  grounds.'  and  '  lays  from  iiv» 
to  ten  egBB  in  Hay.'  ...  I  think  there  cannot   be 
much  dotiot  that  it  was  the  Snowy  Q\ti."—Pro/.  Xew- 
ton.  In  I'roc.  Stool,  Soc.,  1SG1,  p.  894. 

wap'-a-tod,  «.    [WAPPATOO.] 

•  wapcd,  a.    [AWHAPE.]   Crushed  by  misery; 

downcast,  dejected,  rueful. 

wa'-pen-snaw,  wa'-pln-s^haw,  s.  [Lit 
a  wea|K>n-sliow.J  An  appeamnce  or  review  of 
persons  under  arms,  made  formerly  at  certain 
times  In  every  district.  These  exhibitions,  ot 
meetings,  were  not  designed  for  miJitaiy  exer 
cises,  but  only  for  showing  that  the  liejjes 
were  properly  provided  with  arms.  The  no  in* 
has  been  revived  in  some  quarters,  and  ap- 
plied to  the  periodical  gatherings  of  tlit 
volunteer  corps  of  a  more  or  less  wide  dis- 
trict for  review,  inspection,  shooting  com- 
petitions, and  t  lie  like.  (Scotch.) 

wa'  -  pen  -  take,  wa'-pen-tac,  s.  [A.S 
todtpenget&cf  (dat.)  =  a  district,  a  wapentake 
noinin.  wt&pengetaic,  w&pentdc  ,*  Low  Lnt,  wn 
penttic,  wapenttigium,  from  Icel.  vdpnatak  —  i 
weapon-taking  or  touching;  hence,  a  vot«  of 
consent  so  expressed,  and,  lastly,  a  sub- 


Gtte.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fail,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  09  =  e;  ey  r.-  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


wapiti— war 


5119 


division  of  a  shire  in  the  Danish  part  of 
England  corresponding  to  the  hundred  in 
other  parts;  from  icel.  rdjma,genit.  pi.  ofvapn 
=  a  weapon,  and  tak  —  z  taking,  a  hold,  a 
gnisp,  from  Mvaxtotlke,  to  aeize.to  grasp,  to 
touch.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  custom 
of  the  chiefs  of  a  particular  district  meeting 
on  a  certain  day  at  a  specified  spot,  when  the 
head  chief,  alighting  from  his  lines-',  raised 
his  spear  in  the  air,  and  the  inferior  chiefs, 
also  on  foot,  touched  this  spear  with  their 
lances,  and  so  acknowledged  their  fealty.l  A 
name  t'urmerly  tfiven  in  some  of  the  northern 
shii vs  tit'  Kn^land,  and  still  retained  in  York- 
shire, to  a  territorial  division  of  the  county 
COITUS  ponding  to  the  hundred  of  the  southern 
counties. 

"The  hundred  and  the  wapenfake  Is  all  one,  u  I 
ren>l  in  some,  and  by  thia  divisiuii  not  a  name  api>er- 
tinent  to  A  set  number  of  townes  (for  then  all  hun- 
dreds ahould  be  .,(  equal  quantttie)  but  a  limited 
jurisdiction."  —  Uvlinshed:  Rescript,  Eng.,  bk.  ii., 
ch.  iv. 

wap'-J-ti,  9.    [North  Amer.  Indian.] 

Zool. :  Ctrvus  canadejisis,  a  native  of  North 
America,  ranging  from  Carolina  to  56-57°  N. 
latitude.  It  is  closely  allied  to,  but  consider- 
ably larger  than  the  Stag  (Q.V.),  standing 
about  Sfty-four  inches  at  the  shoulder.  Yel- 
lowish brown  on  upper  parts ;  sides  gray, 
long  coarse  hair  in  front  of  neck,  like  a  dew- 
lap; antlers  large,  brow-tine  duplicated.  It 
frequents  low  grounds,  or  woody  tracts  near 
savannahs  or  marshes.  The  venison  is  of 
little  value,  as  it  is  coarse  and  dry  ;  but  the 
hide  makes  excellent  leather.  Called  also, 
but  erroneously,  the  Elk  and  Gray  Moose. 

wapp,  *.    [Etym.  donbtful.] 

Navt. :  A  leader  on  the  end  of  a  pendant, 
acting  as  a  fair-leader. 

Wap' -pa-tod,  s.    [See  def.) 

Bot. :  The  name  given  by  the  Indians  of 
north-western  America  to:  (1)  the  tubers  of 
Sagittaria  littoralis,  which  they  eat;  (2)  to 
the  potato.  (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

W&ppa,  S.      [WAPPET.l 

*  wap'-pened,  a.  [See  def.]  A  word  only 
found  in  the  passage  given  below,  and  of 
doubtful  origin  and  meaning  ;  one  suggestion 
la  that  it  is  connected  with  -wap,  in  the  old 
sense  of,  to  have  sexual  intercourse.  A  pro- 
posed emendation  is  wappered  (q.v.)t 

"ThU  [gold]  It  la 

That  make*  the  waj>pen«d  widow  wed  again.- 
Shaketp. :  Timon,  iT.  S. 

W&p'-per,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  name 
given  to  the  smaller  species  of  river-gudgeon. 

Wap' -per,  v.i.  [A  freq.  from  wap  (q.r.) ;  Dut. 
vxtpperen  =  to  waver,  to  fluctuate,  to  vacillate.] 
To  move  quickly  and  tremulously,  as  from 
natural  infirmity ;  to  totter,  to  twitter,  to  blink. 

"  But  still  he  stole  hla  face  to  set  awrye, 
And  wappering  turned  up  hla  white  of  eye." 

Jtirrourfor  MagittratM, 

wapper-eyed.  a.  Having  eyes  that 
move  in  a  quick,  tremulous  manner.  (Prov.) 

wap -per od,  a.  [WAPPER,  v.]  Restless,  fa- 
tigued,  worn  out.  (Prof.) 

wap'-pet,  «.     [See  def.]    A  kind  of  cur,  said 

to  I*  so  named  from  his  yelping  voice.  (Prow.) 

wap  pier  ite  (w  as  v),  s.  [After  Herr 
Wappler  of  Dresden  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).~\ 

Min.:  A  magnesian-pharinacolite  crystal- 
lizing in  the  trhilioic  system.  Crystals  small, 
sometimes  in  globular  encrustations.  Hard- 
ness, 2  to  2-5;  sp.  gr.  2'48;  colour,  white; 
lustre,  vitreous.  Com  pos. :  a  hydrated  arsenate 
of  lime  and  magnesia,  the  mean  of  two  analyses 
yielding  the  formula  2CaOAsO5  +  8H  where 
some  of  the  lime  is  replaced  by  magnesia. 
Found  at  Joachims  thai,  Bohemia. 

war,  *  warre,  *  werre,  *  wyrre,  s.  [An 

English  word,  appearingin  the  Laws  of  Canute, 
De  Foresta,  §  9.  Cogn.  with  O.  FT.  werre  (Fr. 
guerre),  from  O.  H.  Ger.  u-erra  =  vexation, 
strife,  confusion,  broil  ;  wcrren  —  to  bring 
into  confusion,  to  entangle,  to  embroil;  O.Dan. 
werre  —  war,  hostility,  from  werren,  verwerren 
;•£  to  embroil,  to  bring  into  disorder  or  con- 
fusion ;  Dut.  war  =  entanglement,  confusion ; 
warren  =to  disturb,  to  embroil.] 

1.  A  contest  between    nations  and  states 

a [iternational  War),  or  between  parties   in 
e   same    state  (Civil  War),  canned  on  by 
force  of  arms,  and  resorted  to  either  for  pur- 


poses of  advantage  or  of  revenge.  The  one 
party  possesses,  or  takes  possession  of  some- 
thing which  thf  other  lias  iv  solved  to  seize,  or 
lias  inflicted  some  real  or  supposed  injury  on 
the  other,  which  h«  datenuinea  to  punish  by 
the  infliction  of  a  cur  res  ponding  chastise- 
ment. Formerly,  war  was  waged  at  the  will 
of  despotic  monarch  s  ;  now  wars  usually 
arise,  in  the  fir.st  instance,  from  disputes 
concerning  territorial  possessions  and  front- 
iers, unjust  dealings  with  the  citizens  of  one 
state  by  another,  questions  of  race  and  senti- 
ment, jealousy  of  military  prestige,  or  mere 
lust  of  conquest.  Civil  wars  arise  from 
the  claims  of  rival  competitors  tor  the  su- 
preme power  in  a  state,  or  for  the  establish- 
ment of  some  Important  point  connected 
with  civil  or  religious  liberty.  In  all  cases, 
the  object  of  each  contending  party  is  to 
destroy  the  power  of  the  other  by'd'-l<at- 
ing  or  dispersing  his  army  or  navy,  by  the 
occupation  of  some  im|>ortant  part  of  his 
country,  such  as  the  capital,  or  principal  ad- 
ministrative and  commercial  centres,  or  the 
ruin  of  his  commerce,  thus  cutting  oil"  his 
sources  of  recuperation  in  men,  money,  and 
material.  An  international  or  public  war  can 
only  be  authorised  by  the  sovereign  power  of 
the  nations,  and  previous  to  the  commencement 
of  hostilities  it  is  now  usual  for  the  state 
taking  the  initiative  to  issue  a  declaration  of 
war,  which  usually  takes  the  form  of  an  ex- 
planatory manifesto  addressed  to  neutral 
states.  An  aggressive  or  offensive  war  is  one 
carried  into  the  territory  of  a  hitherto  friendly 
power  ;  and  adefensive  war  is  one  carried  on 
to  resist  such  aggression.  Certain  laws, 
usages,  or  rights  of  war  are  recognised  by  in- 
ternational law.  By  such  laws  it  is  allowable 
to  seize  and  destroy  the  persons  or  property 
of  armed  enemies,  to  stop  up  all  their  channels 
of  traffic  or  supply,  and  to  appropriate  every- 
thing in  an  enemy's  country  necessary  for  the 
support  or  subsistence  of  the  invading  army. 
On  the  other  hand,  though  an  enemy  may 
lawfully  be  starved  into  a  surrender,  wound- 
ing, except  in  battle,  mutilation,  and  all  cruel 
and  wanton  devastation,  are  contrary  to  the 
usages  of  war,  as  are  also  the  bombarding  of 
a  defenceless  town,  firing  on  a  hospital,  the  use 
of  poison  in  any  way,  or  torture  to  extort  in- 
formation from  an  enemy.  [SUCCESSION,  If  (7).] 

"  Unon  the  same  principle  also  the  sole  prerogative 
of  making  war  and  peace  w  Tested  in  the  crown.  For 
the  right  of  mklwtMr,  which  by  nature  subsisted  hi 
erery  individual,  is  given  up  by  all  private  persona 
that  enter  Into  society,  and  ia  vented  in  the  sovereign 
power."— OlaclMoHe;  Comment.,  bit.  U  ch.  7. 

2.  Any  contest. 

"  Excel  us  In  this  wordy  war." 

Pope :  Homer  ;  Iliad  XK. 

3.  The  profession  of  arms  ;  the  art  of  war. 

"  Nation  shall  not  lift  up  sword  against  nation, 
neither  shall  they  learn  war  any  more."— Itaiah  it.  4. 

*  4.  Instruments  of  war.    (Poetical.) 

"  The  god  of  lore  inhabits  there. 
With  all  his  rage,  and  dread,  and  trief,  and  care ; 
Uu  complement  of  stores  ami  total  war." 

Prior.    [Todd.] 

*5.  Forces,  army.    (Poetical.) 

"  On  their  embattled  ranks  the  waves  return, 
And  overwhelm  their  war." 

Milton:  P.  1*,  xii.SU. 

6.  A  state  of  hostility  or  violent  opposition  ; 
ahostile  act  or  action  ;  hostility,  enmity. 

"  Duncan's  horse* 

Tnrn'd  wild  in  nature,  broke  their  stalls,  flung  ont. 
Contending  'gainst  obedience,  as  they  would 
Make  wur  with  man."        Shabxp. :  Macbeth.  11.  4. 

U  The  word  is  sometimes  used  in  the  plural 
form  with  the  same  signification  as  it  has  in 
the  singular. 

"  IB  Slgnlor  Montauto  returned  from  the  want  t " 
3hatc*tp.  :  Much  Ado,  L  1. 

T  (1)  Articles  of  'war:  [ARTICLE], 

(2)  Civil  war :  [CiviL]. 

(3)  Council  of  war:  [COUNCIL], 

(4)  Holy -war:  A  war  undertaken  from  reli- 
gious motives  ;  a  crusade  :  as.  the  wars  under- 
taken to  deliver  the  Holy  Land  from  infidels. 

(5)  Honors  of  war ;   [HONOB,  ».]. 

(6)  Wan  of  the  Roses:  [Rose]. 

*  war-captain,  s.    A  general. 

"  Flags  on  graves,  and  great  wir-raptaini 
Grasping  both  the  earth  and  heaven  J  " 

L>.n>!jffU»w:  Hiawatha,  xlv. 

war-chariot,  s.    [CHARIOT,  A.  i.j 
war-cloak,  s.    A  military  cloak. 

**  But  the  rode  litter,  roughly  spread 
With  vHtr-cloato,  is  her  homely  bed." 

Moore:  Latin.  SooKh, 

War-Club,  s.  A  club  used  by  savages  in  war. 

"  Laden  with  war-rtub*,  howa  and  arrows." 

LongftUov :  Hiawatha,  XV. 


craft,  s.     The  art  or  science  of 
war. 

"  He  bad  officers  who  did  ken  the  war-erajt.' — 
fuller:  Worthier:  Lancxuhirt,  L  S58. 

war-cry,  s.  A  cry  or  phrase  ns^l  in  war 
for  mutual  recognition  and  encouragement;  a 
short,  pithy  expression  or  p  M  com- 

mnii  by  a  body  <if  troops  or  theliku  in  charging 
an  enemy.  "St.  George  for  England"  was 
the  English  war-cry. 

"  And  the  war-cry  wan  forgotten." 

lonyfeliuu:  Ji itiimtha,  xlii. 

war-dance,  s. 

1.  A  dance  engaged  in  by  savages,  before  a 
warlike  expedition 

2.  A  dance  simulating  a  battle. 

war-department,  s.  That  department 
Of  the  government  which  is  charged  with  the 
maintenance,  direction,  and  efficiency  of  the 
forces  of  a  state. 

war-drum,  *.    A  military  drum. 

"  Till  the  war-drum  throbbed  no  longer." 

Tennyson  :  Lockiley  Hall,  Off, 

*  war-field,  s.    A  battle-field. 

"  Through  the  wir-field's  bloody  haze." 

Moore  :  Paradit*  *  the  Ptri. 

*  war  -flame,  ».    A  beacon-fire   placed 
on  an  eminence  to  rouse  the  inhabitants  of  a 
county  or  district    in  case    of  invasion  or 
attack;  a  fire-signal. 

*  war-garron,  ».    A  war-horse ;  a  jade 
used  in  war.    (Cartyle.) 

*  war-gear,  s.    Accoutrements  or  equip- 
ment for  war. 

"  Armed  himself  with  all  his  war-gear." 

Longfellow:  Jliitwatha,  Ix. 

war-god,  s. 

Anthrop.:  The  personified  spirit  of  tribal 
war;  a  deity  supposed  to  watch  over  tribal  or 
national  interests  in  time  of  war.  In  some 
cases  the  war-god  seems  to  have  been  the 
chief  deity;  in  e'mssic  times  the  war-gods 
(Ares  and  Mars)  were  among  the  superior 
gods ;  the  Jews  seem  to  have  conceived  that 
the  function  of  a  war-god  was  a  fitting  attri- 
bute of  Jehovah  (cf.  2  Sam.  xvii.  45);  and 
traces  of  this  mode  of  thought  linger  in  the 
familiar  expression,  The  God'of  Battles. 

"Polynesia  is  a  region  where  quite  an  assortment  of 
war-ffodt  may  be  collected."— Ty tor  :  /'rim.  Cult.  (ed. 
1873),  li.  807. 

war-horse,  s.  A  horse  used  in  war ;  a 
charger ;  a  trooper's  horse. 

"  On  burnished  hooves  his  war-horne  trode."     . 
Tennyton:  Lady  of  Sttalott.  ill.  39. 

•war-man,  «.    A  warrior. 

"  The  sweet  war-man  is  dead  and  rotten."— Skatefp,  .* 
Love*  Labour' t  Lost,  v.  2. 

•war-marked,  a.  Bearing  the  mark! 
or  traces  uf  war;  approved  in  war;  veteran. 

"  Distract  your  army,  which  doth  most  consist 
Of  war-marfted  footmen." 

-J.™*^, .  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  11L  S. 

t  war-minister,  s.  A  minister  charged 
with  or  distinguished  for  military  administra- 
tion. 

"Its  new  name  of  Pittsburgh  commemorates  the 
tritimpba  of  the  great  tear-minuter.'—  Taylor  :  Word* 
A  t'lacft  (1878).  cfi.  1L 

*  war-monger,  s.     One  who  makes   a 
trade  or  profession  of  war ;  a  mercenary  sol- 
dier.   (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  III.  x.  29.) 

t  war-music,  s.    Military  music. 

**  And  I  that  prated  peace,  when  first  I  heard 
H'ar-mutic.felt  the  Mind  wild  bcsM  of  force.* 
Tenitytou  :  Princeu,  v.  SML 

*  war-note,  *.     A  war-cry. 

M  The  ip'ir-inite  of  Lochiel,  which  Albyn's  liilla 
Have  heard."          Byron  ;  Child*  Harold,  ili.  M. 

war-office,  s.  A  public  office  or  depart- 
ment in  which  military  affairs  are  superin- 
tended or  administered  ;  it  is  presided  over 
by  the  Secretary  of  War,  its  duties  being 
divided  among  ten  departments,  including 
those  of  the  quartermaster,  paymaster,  com- 
missary, ordnance,  engineering,  &c.  The 
British  War  Office  is  presided  over  by  tho 
Secretary  of  State  for  War.  It  is  divided  into 
military,  ordnance,  and  financial  departments 

war-paint,  s, 

1.  Lit. :  Paint  put  on  the  face  and  other 
parts  of  the  body  by  North  American  Indians 
and  other  savages  on  going  to  war,  with  the 
object  of  making  their  appearance  more  ter- 
rible to  their  enemies. 

"  Painted  was  he  with  his  war-piintt. 
f  yellow,  red.  and  azure." 
Longfellow  :  Uic 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  $ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a$ ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-Oian,  -tian  =  shau.    -tiou,  -sion  =  shun;  -$ion,  -fiion  =  zhun,   -oiouo,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble, -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


M20 


war— ward 


1  Fig. :  Official  costume ;  applied  also  to 
evening  dress.  (Slang.) 

"Sir  William  Jenner,  in  bU  w.tr-iMtint  as  President 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians."—*.  Jamet'l 
tiazette.  April  9,  1888. 

war-path,  s.  The  route  or  path  taken 
on  going  to  war ;  a  warlike  expedition  or  ex- 
cursion. (Used  chiefly  in  regard  to  North 
American  Indians.) 

IT  On  the  war-path :  On  a  hostile  or  warlike 
expedition  ;  hence,  colloquially,  about  to 
make  an  attack  on  an  adversary  or  measure. 

war-Song,  s.  A  song  having  war  or  war- 
like deeds  for  its  subject ;  a  patriotic  song 
inciting  to  war ;  more  specif.,  such  a  song 
sung  by  soldiers  about  to  charge  the  foe  or  at 
a  war-dance. 

14  When  two  of  these  canoes.  In  which  there  might 
be  about  sixty  men,  came  near  enough  to  make  them* 
selves  heard,  they  sung  their  war-long."— Cook :  Firit 
Voyage,  bit.  11.,  ch.  iv. 

*  war-thought,  *.    A  thought  of  war ; 
martial  reflection,  consideration,  or  delibera- 
tion. 

*  war-wasted,  a.    Wasted  by  war ;  de- 
vastated. 

*  war -wearied,  a.     Wearied  by  war; 
fatigued  with  lighting. 

*'  The  honourable  captain  there 
Drops  bloody  sweat  from  hie  war-wearied  limbs." 
Shaketp.:  1  Henry  VI.,  IF.  4. 

war-Whoop,  *.  A  shout  or  yell  raised 
in  presence  of  the  enemy ;  a  shout  such  as 
Indians  raise  when  entering  into  battle. 
(Often  used  figuratively.) 

"  The  awful  sound  of  the  war^ekoop." 

Longfellow:  Mile*  Standith.  vil. 

war-worn,  a.  Worn  with  military  service. 

"  Their  gesture  sad. 

Invest  In  lault  lean  cheeks  and  warworn  coat*." 
Shaketp. :  Henry  F.,  ir. 

war,  *warre.  *  werre,  *  wer-rei-en,  v.i. 
&  t.     [A.S.  werrien.] 
A*  Intransitive : 

1.  To  make  or  carry  on  war ;  to  carry  on  or 

engage  in  hostilities. 

"Oelon  after  he  had  most  valiantly  warred  against 
theCXrthagiuiana," — P.  Holland:  Plutarch,  p.  447. 

2.  To  contend ;  to  strive  violently ;  to  be 
in  a  state  of  violent  opposition. 

"  All  the  warring  winds  that  sweep  the  sky.' 

Drydeni   Virgil:  Georgiclltt. 

B.  Transitive: 

L  To  make  war  upon  ;  to  fight  against. 

"  To  werre  each  other  and  to  slea."     Sower  :  C.  A.  111. 
2.  To  carry  on,  as  warfare  or  a  contest. 
"  That  thon  by  them  mlghtest  war  a  good  warfare." 
—1  Timothy  i.  19. 

war   a  tab,  war'- ra  tan,  *.    [Native  Aus- 
tralian name.}    [TELOPEA.] 

war'-ble  (1),  •wer-bel-en,  "wer-ble, 

v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  werbler  =  to  quaver  with  the 
voice,  to  speak  in  a  high  tone,  from  M.  H. 
Ger.  werbelen ;  Oer.  wirbeln ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
hwerban  =  to  be  busy,  to  set  In  movement 
to  whirl,  to  warble.  Warble  and  whirl  are 
doublets.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  utter  or  sing  in  a  trilling,  quavering, 
or  vibrating  manner ;  to  UK  ululate  with  tarns 
or  variations. 

"  Such  notes  as  warbled  to  the  string;. 
Drew  iron  tears  down  Pluto's  cheek." 

Milton  :  n  Penteroto,  IOC. 

2.  To  sing  or  carol  generally. 

"  Warbling  the  Grecian  woes  with  harp  and  voice." 
Popt  :  Homer  ;  Odyssey  L  444. 

*  3.  To  cause  to  vibrate  or  quaver. 

"  Follow  me  as  I  sine 
And  touch  the  warbled  string." 

Milton:  Arcade*,*!. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  sing  with  sweetly  flowing,  flexible, 
trilling  notes;  to  carol  or  sing  with  smoothly 
gliding  notes  ;  to  trill. 

"  By  the  nightingale  warbling  nigh." 

Cowper:  Cathartna. 

2.  To  have  a  trilling,  quavering,  or  vibrating 
•ound  ;  to  be  produced  with  free,  smooth,  and 
rapid  modulations  in  pitch ;  to  be  uttered  in 
flowing,  gliding,  flexible  melody. 

"  Such  strains  ne'er  warble  in  the  linnet's  throat.'' 
Gay :  Shepherd1*  Week,  ill  8. 

3.  To  give  out  a  smooth,  flowing  sound. 

"  The  gentle  warbling  wind  low  answered  to  alL" 
Spenier:  F.  0...  II.  xlL  71. 

*  4.  To  shake,  to  qnaver,  to  wobble. 

"  It  but  floats  In  our  brains ;  we  hut  warble  about 
ft.' -Andrews:  Work*,  L  U. 


war'-ble  (2),  v.t.  &  i.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Falconry:  To  cross  the  wings  upon  the  back. 

war-ble  (1),  *wer~belle,  wer-ble,  s. 
[WARBLE  (1),  v.]  A  soft,  sweet  flow  of  melo- 
dious sounds  ;  a  strain  of  clear,  rapidly  ut- 
tered, gliding  tones  ;  a  trilling,  flexible  melody ; 
a  carol,  a  song. 

"  All  kinds  of  birds  ywrought 

Well  tune  their  voice  with  warble  small,  as  Nature 
hath  them  taught." 

Surrey:  Having  Defied  the  Power  or  Looe. 

war'-ble  (2),  *  war'-blet,  s.  [Etym.  doubt- 
foL] 

Farriery:  One  of  those  small,  hard  tumours 
on  the  backs  of  horses  occasioned  by  the  heat 
of  the  saddle  iu  travelling,  or  by  the  uneasi- 
ness of  its  situation ;  also  a  small  tumour 
produced  by  the  larvae  of  the  gadfly  on  the 
backs  of  horses,  cattle,  &c. 

"  He  was  either  suffering  from  w.trble»  or  another 
form  of  skin  eruption."—  Da U y  Telegraph,  Sept  7,  1836. 

warble-fly,  *.    The  gadfly. 

**  Among  the  pests  was  named  the  ox-hot,  or  warble- 
Jty,  which  Miss  urmerod  has  recently  investigated."— 
J)ttily  Chronicle,  May  5,  1888. 

war'-bler,  s.    [Eng.  warbl(e);  -er.\ 

L  Ord.  Lang, ;  One  who  or  that  which  war- 
bles ;  a  singer,  a  songster.  (Applied  espe- 
cially to  birds.) 

"  Ten  thousand  warblen  cheer  the  day  and  one 
The  livelong  night,"  Cowper  :  Tatk.  i.  200. 

H.  Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
Sylviidse  (q.vA  many  of  which,  however,  are 
better  known  by  other  popular  names,  as  the 
Nightingale,  Blackcap,  Chiffchatf,  Hedge- 
sparrow,  &c. ;  while  others  receive  the  name 
Warbler  with  some  qualifying  epithet,  as  the 
Reed-  warbler,  Dartford  Warbler,  &c.  Most  of 
the  latter  belonged  to  the  old  genus  Sylvia, 
now  divided,  and  a  list  of  the  British  species 
will  be  found  under  SVLVU,  2.  Many  of  the 
Sylviinae  (q.v.),  sometimes  called  True  War- 
blers, are  distinguished  for  the  sweetness  and 
compass  of  their  vocal  power ;  in  some  of  the 
other  sub-families  the  popular  name  has  no 
special  significance — e.g.,  in  the  case  of  the 
Hedge-Sparrow.  Most  of  the  European 
Warblers  are  of  sober,  or  even  dull,  plumage, 
but  some  of  the  Australian  species  are 
brilliantly  colored. 

war'-bllng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &$.    [WARBLB  (1),  v.] 
A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  tt  particip.  adj. :   (See 
the  verb). 

C,  At.  ntbst. :  A  singing  with  sweetly  flow- 
Ing,  flexible,  or  trilling  notes  ;  a  warble,  a 
carol,  a  song. 

"  And  thou.  whose  taint  warblingt  my   weakness 

can  tell. 

Farewell,  my  loved  harp !  my  last  treasure,  farewell  1" 
Scott :  Lutt  Wordt  of  Cadurallon,  vi. 

war -bllng-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  warbling;  -ly.} 
In  a  warbling  manner. 

-ward,  su/.  [A.S.  -wrarrf,  as  tn  ttweard  =  to- 
ward (q.v.);  Icel.  'Verdhr ;  Goth,  -wairths  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  -vxrt,  -wart ;  Lat.  versus.  So  also 
-ward*,  from  A.S.  -weardes,  where  •«  is  a 
genitival  suffix,  giving  an  adverbial  force ;  Ger. 
-warts;  Dut.  -waarU.]  A  common  suffix,  de- 
notjng  the  direction  towards  which  a  person 
or  thing  tends :  as,  upward,  backward,  for- 
ward, homeward,  froward,  Ac. 

"  That  eche  of  yon  to  shorten  with  youre  w»y. 
In  this  viage,  shal  telleu  tales  tway, 
To  Canterbury-ward."         Chaucer  ;  0.  T.,  7M. 

ward,  *  warde,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  weardian  = 
to  keep,  to  watch  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  vardha  = 
to  warrant ;  M.  H.  Ger.  warden  ;  Ger.  warten 
=.  to  watch,  from  which,  through  the  French, 
comes  the  Eng.  guard  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trnnsitive: 

*  L  To  watch  over ;  to  keep  in  safety ;  to 
guard. 

**  Whose  porch,  that  most  magniflcke  did  appean, 
Stood  open  wyde  to  all  wen  day  and  nL-ht, 
Yet  warded  well  by  one  of  mlckle  might" 

Spenter:  F.  ^..  V.  lx.lt. 

2.  To  defend,  to  protect. 

'*  A  hand  that  wardrd  him 
From  thousand  dangers.* 

Shakett>.  :  Titut  Andronictu.  ill.  1. 

3.  To  fend  off ;  to  repel ;  to  turn  aside,  as 
anything  mischievous  that  approaches.  (Gener- 
ally followed  by  off.) 

"  Up  and  down  he  traverses  his  ground  ; 
Now  ward*  a  felling  blow,  now  strikes  again." 

Daniel.    (T'xtd.\ 

4.  To  line,  to  cover,  as  a  dog  a  bitch. 

"  She  used  to  lire  In  kennel  with  my  beagles,  and 
when  about  a  year  old  came  In  sewn,  and  was  wartifd 
in  kennel  by  one  of  the  bounds."— Field,  March  17, 1838. 


*B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  vigilant  ;  to  keep  watch  or  guard  f 
to  guard. 

2.  To  act  on  the  defensive  with  a  weapon,] 
to  defend  or  guard  one's  self. 

"  Fall  oft  the  rivals  met.  and  neither  spar'd 
His  utmost  force,  and  each  forgot  to  ward." 

Druden  :  Palamon  A  Arcite.  iii.  8» 

3.  To  lodge  ;  to  be  lodged. 

"  His  me  tine  warded  in  Bnae  Bolelne  that  night."* 
FMfvm.'  Cronycle;  Henry  VIII.  (an.  1545). 


ward,  *  warde,  s.  [A.S.  weard  =  a  gnard. 
a  watchman  ;  a  guarding,  a  watching;  protec- 
tion; cogn.  with  Icel.  vordhr,  genit.  vanlhar^ 
(1)  a  watcher,  a  watchman  ;  (2)  a  watch  ;  Ger. 
VKirt  =  a  warder  ;  Goth,  wards  =  a  keeper  ;  in 
the  compound,  daurawards  =  a  doorkeeper.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  watching  or  guarding;  watch, 
guard. 

"  Some  of  the  soldiers  are  employed  In  keeptnf 
watch  and  wnrd  for  the  security  of  private  men."— 
Dampier:  Voyage*  (an.  iftSS). 

*  2.  Care,  protection,  charge. 

"  lie  toke  the  childe  Into  his  warde." 

Oower:  C.  -4..1U. 

*  3.  Means  of  guarding  ;    protection,    de- 
fence, preservation. 

"  The  best  w<ird  of  mine  honour  Is  rewarding  my 
dependents."—  Shaketp.  ;  Looei  Labour'*  Lott,  ill. 

*  4.  A  person,  or  body  of  persons,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  guard,  protect,  or  defend  ;  a  guard- 
Ing  or  defensive  force  ;  a  garrison. 

"  The  assleged  castle's  **<trd 
Their  itedfast  stouds  dkl  mightily  mmntiiine." 
Sptnter  :  F.  Q..  II.  xi.  15. 

'5.  That  which  defends  or  protects  ;  defence. 

"  Oh  !  not  corselet's  ward  .  .  . 
Could  be  thy  manly  bosom's  guard." 

.Scoff  ;  Marmion,  vL  5. 

6.  A  guarding  or  defensive  motion  or  posi- 
tion, as  in  fencing  or  the  like  ;  a  parrying  or 
turning  aside,  or  intercepting  of  a  blow, 
thrust,  &c. 

"Strokes,  wounds,    itanlt,  weapons,    all  they  did 

despise."  Spenter  :  F.  Q.,  IV.  ill.  36. 

*7.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  under  A 
guardian  ;  the  state  of  being  in  the  custody, 
confinement,  or  charge  of  a  guard,  warder,  or 
keeper  ;  custody. 

"  He  put  them  in  ward  In  the  house  of  the  capUtsu 
of  the  guard  "  —  Grnetit  il.  3. 

8.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  under  the 
care  of  a    guardian  or  protector  ;   control, 
guardianship,  wardship,  privilege. 

*"  f  must  attend  his  majesty's  command,  to  whom  I 
»m  now  in  ward."—3ha*etp  :  All't  Well,  L  L 

9.  Guardianship;  right  of  guardianship. 

M  It  la  also  Inconvenient,  In  Ireland,  that  the  warde 
and  marrriagea  of  gentlemen's  children  should  be  in 
thedisposal  of  any  of  those  lords.  "—Spewer  :  State  o/ 

10.  One  who  or  that  which  Is  guarded,  or 
Is  under  watch,  control,  or  care  ;  specifically, 
a  minor  or  person  under  guardianship, 

IT  *(1)  In  feudal  law:  The  heir  oftheking'i 
tenant,  in  capite,  during  his  nonage. 

(2)  A  minor  under  the  protection  of  the 
Orphans'  Court,  or  Court  of  Chancery,  called 
in  England  a  Ward  of  Court.  For  the  due 
protection  of  such  wards  the  court  has  power 
to  appoint  a  proper  guardian,  where  there  is 
none,  or  to  remove,  whenever  sufficient  cause 
Is  shown,  a  guardian,  no  matter  by  whom  ap- 
pointed :  but  in  all  cases  there  must  be  pro- 
perty. The  court  has  also  full  power  to  use 
vigilant  care  over  the  conduct  of  the  guardians. 
to  see  that  the  wards  are  duly  maintained  and 
educated  and  that  their  estates  are  properly 
administered.  The  laws  in  the  United  States 
concerning  the  care  of  wards  follow  those  of 
the  Common  Law  of  England,  but  differ  aa  to 
the  age  when  women  attain  majority.  In 
many  states  this  is  fixed  at  eighteen.  ID 
England  it  is  at  twenty-one. 

11.  A  division  of  a  city  made  for  convenience 
in    its   organization    and    government.    The 
wards  are  subdivided  into  precincts  or  polling 
divisions,  and  each  elects  one  or  more  repre- 
sentatives  to   each   branch   of  the  Council, 
Each  has  its  local  aldermen  or  other  officers, 
and  in  some  cases  its  school  directors. 

12.  Aterritorial  subdivision  of  some  English 
counties,  as  Westmoreland,  Cumberland,  and 
Durham,  equivalent  to  the  hundred  of  the 
midland  counties. 

*  13.  A  division  of  a  forest 

14.  One  of  the  apartments  into  which  a 
hospital  is  divided. 

"  A  quarter  of  an  hour  laUr  witness  left  the  ward,' 
—Daily  Chronicle,  May  21,  1888. 


fate,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «,  oa  =  e;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


wardage— wareless 


Slil 


LocksmitMng  : 
1    A  curved  ridge  of  metal  inside 


a  lock 


which  opposes  an  obstacle  to  the  passage  of 
a  key  which  is  not  correspondingly  notched. 

o  The  notches  or  slots  in  a  key  are  also 
called  key  mints,  somewhat  in  violation  of  the 
meaning  of  the  terra. 

"  She  took  the  wardi  in  wax  before  the  fire." 

Pope  :  January  *  Jtay,  "0. 

*  ward-corn,  ». 

Old  Eng.  Law  :  The  duty  of  keeping  watch 
•nd  ward  with  a  horn  [Lat.  oornu]  in  time  of 
danger  to  blow  on  the  approach  of  a  foe. 

•ward-penny,  s. 

Old  Eng.  Law  :  The  same  as  WARDAOE  (q.v.). 

ward-room,  s. 

Nemt.  :  A  cabin,  on  board  large  ships  of 
war  for  the  accommodation  of  officers  rank- 
ing as  lieutenants.  Used  also  adjectively  :  as, 
ward-room  mess,  ward-room  steward. 

*  ward-staff,  s.    A  constable's  or  watch- 
man's staff. 

*  ward-age  (age  as  Ig),  s.    [Eng.  ward,  s.  ; 

-<W6.] 

Old  Eng.  Law  :  Money  paid  and  contributed 
to  watch  and  ward. 

*  ward-corps,  *  ward-e-corps,  «.  [O.  Fr. 

wards  =  watch,  ward,  and  corps  (Lat.  corpus) 
=  a  body.]    A  body-guard. 

••  Though  thou  pray  Argus  with  hl»  hundred  eyen 
To  be  m,  wardecorp..  »  he  JjjjTjA  g_  ^  ^ 

*  warde-mote,  s.    [WARDMOTE.] 

ward'  -en,  *ward-eln,  «ward-eyn, 
"  ward-un,  s.  [O.  Fr.  wardein,  gardein, 
gardain  =  a  warden,  a  guardian,  from  warder 
=  to  guard.  Cf.  Low  Lat.  gardianut  =  a 
guardian.) 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  guard,  a  watchman,  a  keeper,  a  guar- 
dian. 

»  The  worirfn  of  the  gates  gan  to  call  ^^^ 
The  folk."  Chaucer  :  Troilut  t  Creuida,  T. 

2.  A  chief  or  principal  officer;  a  keeper,  a 
bead  official,  a  principal. 

"A  fraternity  of  brethren  and  sisters,  with  »•«»£ 
den,  or  master  .—  Pennant  :  Journey  from  Chester  to 
London,  p.  203. 

3.  A  churchwarden  (q.r.). 

*  4.  A  kind  of  pear,  so  called  because  It 
would  keep  long  without  rotting.  It  was 
principally  used  for  roasting  or  baking. 

«  Ox-cheek  when  h 


•  ward'-er-ess,  s.    [Eng.  warder;  -ess.}    A 
female  warder. 

"  On  one  occasion  she  met  the  warderetl  as  she  was 
leaving  the  prison."—  ifcAo,  Sept.  24,  1S87. 

•  ward'-hold-ing,  s.    [Eng.  ward,  and  hold- 
ing ]     The  ancient  military  tenure    in   Scot- 
land, by  which  vassals  were  at  first  obliged  to 
serve  their  superior  in  war  as  often  as  his 
occasion  called  for  it. 

ward'-I-an,  a.  (See  def.]  A  term  applied  to 
an  air-tight  enclosure,  with  glass  sides  and 
top,  for  preserving  or  transporting  plants,  &c.  ; 
after  the  inventor,  Mr.  E.  B.  Ward,  to  whom 
the  idea  of  constructing  them  first  suggested 
itself  by  observations  made  in  1829. 

"  The  Calcutta  Garden  sent  out  .  .  .forty-two  War. 
diitn  cases  of  plants  to  foreign  countries.  —Mature, 
March  15,  1883,  p.  476. 

ward  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [WARD,  r.) 

warding  flic,  s.  A  flat  file,  having  a 
constant  thickness,  and  only  cut  upon  the 
edges.  Used  in  tiling  the  ward-notches  in  keys. 

*  ward'  leas,  a.  [Eng.  ward,  v.  ;  -lea.]  That 
cannot  be  warded  off  or  avoided. 

"  fle  «iv«  like 


ward  -mote,  *  warde-moot    *  warda 


IL  Ecdes. :  The  title  given  to  the  heads  of 
»ome  colleges  and  schools  and  to  the  superiors 
of  some  conventual  churches. 

H   (1)  Lord   Warden  of  Ott   Cinque-parti: 

[ClNQUE-POHTS]. 

'     (2)  Warden  of  the  Marches :  [MARCH  (IX  «.]. 
warden-pie,  s.    A  pie  made  of  warden 
pears,  baked  or  stewed,  without  crust,  and 
coloured  with  saffron. 

"  I  must  have  eaffron  to  colour  the  wardm-pit*.*— 
Shakeip. :  Winter' t  Tale,  IT.  3. 

warden-raid,  s.  An  inroad  commanded 
by  the  Warden  of  the  Marches  in  person. 

"  '  And  by  my  faith.'  the  gate-ward  said. 
'I  think  'twill  prove  a  Warden-raid. 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Lait  Jlinanl,  IT.  4, 

waf -den-ship,  •  war--den-rfc  «.    [Eng. 
warden;  -ship,  -ry.] 
1.  The  office  of  a  warden. 

••  In  the  wardenihip  of  Mert  ColL  succeeded  Nat. 
Brent,  LL.D."—  Wood:  Athena  Oxon.,  voL  i. 

i.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  warden. 

'•  All  through  the  western  warden™.* 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Latt  MinOrel,  IT. 

ward  -er,  s.    [Eng.  ward,  v. ;  -or.] 

1.  One  who  wards  or  keeps  ;  a  keeper,  a 
guard. 

"The  warden  of  the  gate  but  scarce  maintain 
Th'  unequal  combat,  and  resist  in  vain. 

Dryden:  virfU;  Aneid  it  4St 

*  2.  A  truncheon  or  staff  of  authority  car- 
ried by  a  king,  commander-in-chief,  or  other 
important  dignitary,  by  which  signals  were 
given :  as,  the  throwing  down  of  it  was  a 
signal  to  stop  proceedings,  the  raising  it  a 
signal  to  charge,  or  the  like. 

"  Take  thou  my  warder  as  the  queen 
And  umpire  of  the  martial  scene.' 

Scott :  Bridal  of  Triermain,  il  M. 

*  war-der-ere,  s.    [WARDER.] 


Called  also  formerly  a  Wardmote  Court,  In 
quest,  or  Quest. 

•'  For  of  the  wardmote  quest,  he  better  can 
The  mystery,  than  the  Levitic  law ' 

Ben  Jonton  :  Magnetic  Lady.  1 1. 

ward  -robe  (1),  •  warde-robe,  >.    [6.  Fr. 

warderobe,  ganlerobe,  from  warder  =  to  ward, 
keep,  preserve,  and  robe  —  &  robe.] 

1.  A  place  in  which  wearing   apparel    Is 
kept.    Often  applied  to  a  piece  of  furniture, 
resembling  a  press  or  cupboard,  in  which 
dresses  are  hung  up. 

"  Hereof  be  bags  and  quilts  made,  and  those  If  they 
be  laid  in  a  wardrobe  amongst  clothes  and  apnti.ll. 
causetb  them  to  smell  sweet'-/".  BoUand:  tlime, 
bk.  xxl.,  ch.  xix. 

2.  Wearing  apparel  in  general. 

"  111  murder  all  bis  wardrobe,  piece  by  piece." 

Shaketp.  :  1  Benry  It.,  T.  S. 

«  3.  The  same  as  WARDROPE  (q.v.). 

*  ward'-rob-er,  ».    [Eng.  wardrobe);  -er.] 
The  keeper  of  a  wardrobe. 

*  ward  rope,  *  ward'-robe  (2),  «.     [Fr. 
garderobe.]    A  privy;   a  house  of  office;   a 
water-closet. 

"  In  a  wardrope  they  him  threwe." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  18,502. 

ward'   ship,  "  warde   shy ppe,  s.    [Eng. 
ward;  -ship.] 

1.  The  office  of  a  ward  or  guardian  ;  care 
and  protection  of  a  ward  ;  right  of  guardian- 
ship ;  guardianship. 

"  The  wardihip  consisted  in  having  the  custody  of 
the  body  and  lands  of  such  heir."— Blackitone  :  Com- 
ment., bk.  ii.,  ch.  5. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  a  ward  or 
under  guardianship ;  pupilage. 

"  It  w»s  the  wisest  act  that  ever  I  did  in  my  ward. 
thiii."— Ben  Jonton  :  Bartholomew  Fair.  111.  1. 

"wards -man,   s.     [Eng.  ward,  and  man.] 
One  who  keeps  watch  and  ward  ;  a  guard. 

»  ward'-wlt,  ».    [First  element,  Eng.  ward; 
second,  doubtful.] 

Law:  The  state  of  being  quit  of  giving 
money  for  the  keeping  of  wards.  (Spclman.) 

t  ware,  pret.  of  v.    [WEAR,  v.] 

*  ware  (1),  *  war,  a.    [A.S.  war  =  cautious, 
wary  (q.v.).] 

1.  Cautious,  wary. 

"  Ware  they  be  what  offensive  weapons  they  hnve." 
—P.  Holland:  riinie,  bk.  viii.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  On   one's   guard  ;   watchful ;    provided 
against, 

"  Of  whom  be  thou  ware  also."— 2  Timothy  Iv.  IS. 


t  ware  (2),  u.    [A  shortened  form  of  aware 
(q.v.).]    Aware,  conscious. 

"  Thou  overheard'st  ere  I  was  ware 
My  true  love's  passion." 

Shaketp. :  Romeo  t  Juliet.  11.  2. 

ware  (1),  v.t.    rWARE  (1),  o.]    To  take  heed 
to ;  to  guard  against ;  to  beware  of. 

••  A  shuffled,  sullen,  and  uncertain  light. 
That  dances  through  the  clouds,  and  «hut»  again. 
Then  ware  a  rising  tempest  on  the  mai£        ^ 


ware  (2),  v.t.    [WEAR,  «.] 

ware  (3),   v.t.     [WAIR,  v.]     To  expend,  to 

spend.    (Scotch.) 

"  To  ware  at  any  tyrne  a  couple  of  sbyllyujres  »  a 
new  bowe."— Alcham  :  Toxophilui,  p.  122. 

ware  (1),  s.  [A.S.  ware  (pi.  warn)  =  watch, 
wares  ;  oogn.  with  Out.  waar  =  a  ware,  a  com 
modity  ;  Icel.  vara  —  wares  ;  Uan.  vare  ;  Sw, 
vara;  Ger.  uiaare.]  Articles  of  merchandise  , 
goods,  commodities  ;  manufactures  of  a  par- 
ticular kind.  Properly  a  collective  noun,  an 
in  the  compounds  hardware,  tinware,  china 
•ware,  &c.,  out  generally  used  in  the  plura' 
form  when  articles  for  sale  of  different  kind* 
are  meant. 

"  A  capricious  man  of  fashion  might  aornetbsafl* 
prefer  foreign  wares,  merely  because  they  were  foreirfu. 
—Smith:  Wealth  of  Satkmt,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  il. 

ware  (2),  ».  [Etytn.  doubtful.]  (See  example.) 
"To  be  In  a  position  to  supply  the  enormously. 
Increasing  demand  now  existing,  and  wikliuj  a  fall  ol 
'spat.'  they  have  to  buy  'brood.'  'half-tMr*'  «n* 
•ware;  from  their  neighbours  on  the  opposite  Easel 
shorn  These  are  the  technical  names  of  the  young 
oyster  in  Its  various  stages  until  it  arrives  at  a  mar- 
ketable age,  which  is  from  three  to  rive  years  whenll 
is  called  an  oyster  aud  sold.  '—Evening  Standard. 
Feb.  14.  1888. 

ware  (3),  *.  [Etym.  doubtful;  perhaps  th« 
same  as  WARE  (1),  ».  =  saleable  stuff.)  4. 
trade  name  for  a  certain  size  of  potatoes. 

"  In  order  to  come  under  the  head  of  ware,  th* 
tubers  must  be  too  large  to  pass  through  a  riddle.  Ik  • 
then  they  are  called  middlings."— Daily  Telegraph. 
holes  of  which  are  ll  in.  square-it  they  do  «o  through 
Sept  11.  1886. 

•ware  («,   *warre,   *werre,  «.     [A-i. 
wearr.]    A  tough  or  hard  knot  in  a  tree. 
"Fessynuyt  sa  Is  in  the  ware  the  grip." 

Douglai :  Virgil ;  .t:netd  xli. 

ware  (5),  «.  [A.S.  war;  Dut.  viier  =  sea. 
weed.)  bea-ware  (q.v.). 

"ware'-fnl,  a.      [Eng.  ware  (1),  a.; 
Cautious,  wary,  watchful 

*  ware'-ful-nSss,  ».    [Eng.  wareful; 
The   quality  or  state   of  being  wareful   or 
wary ;  wariness,  cautiousness. 

••  His  eyes  are  curious,  search  but  "'JJ^*^  *bt^i 

ware' -house,  ».  [Eng.  ware  (1),  s.,  and 
house.]  A  house  or  building  in  which  want 
or  goods  are  kept :  as, 

(1)  A  store  for  the  safe  keeping  of  goods. 

(2)  A  building  in  which  imported  goods,  on 
which  customs  duties  have  not  been  pa^d,  ar» 
stored. 

"  Wlien  a  man  hath  bought  a  parcel  of  commodi 
ties,  he  sets  his  mark  upon  them  to  distinguish  them 
from  the  rest  In  the  wareh-naeS'-Bp.  Ball:  Sernm. 
on  Epheiiani  IT.  SO. 

(3)  A  store  for  the  sale  of  goods  wholesale ; 
also,  often,  a  large  retail  establishment. 

warehouse-man,  >. 

1.  One  who  keeps  or  is  engaged  in  a  wan 
house. 

2.  A  wholesale  dealer  in  goods. 

ware'-house,  v.t.    [WAREHOUSE,  ».] 

1.  To  deposit  or  secure  in  a  warehouse. 

2.  To  place  in  the  government  warehouses  0( 
custom-house  stores  to  be  kept   until   the 
duties  are  paid. 

ware -hous  ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    [WAR« 

HOUSE,  V.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  i  particip.  adj. :  (Sen 
the  verb). 

C.  Xs  sutst. :  The  act  of  placing  goods  in  * 
warehouse  or  in  a  custom-house  store. 

warehousing-system,  •••. 

Comm. :  A  customs  regulation,  by  which 
imported  goods  may  be  lodged  in  public  or 
bonded  warehouses,  at  a  reasonable  rent, 
without  payment  of  the  duties  on  importa- 
tion, until  they  be  withdrawn  for  home  con- 
sumption, thus  lessening  the  pressure  of  the 
duties,  which  would  otherwise  cripple  tlm 
purchasing  power  of  the  merchant.  On  goods 
re-exported  no  duty  is  charged. 

ware'-less,  *  ware-lesse,  a.    [Eng.  «wr« 
(1),  a. ;  -less.] 

1.  Unwary,  incautious,  unaware. 

"  Both  they  vnwise.  and  wareleste  of  the  enill 
That  by  themselues,  vuto  themselues  is  wrought 
Spenter:  F.  q..  IV.  IL  S. 

2.  Heedless. 

"His  owne  mouth  that  spake  so  wntrelette  word." 
Spenler:  F.  (2-,  V.  v.  17. 


bo};  pint,  JcJwl;  eat,  Sell,  ehorns,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^tefc   ph  -  t 
ian.  -ttan  =  .han.   -tion,  -*on  =  .hun ; %ion,  -Jion  =  zhfin.   -oious,  -ttoua.  -sious  =  shus.    -We.  -die,  Ac.  =  bel.  d»L 


6122 


warely— warm 


3.  Suffered  or  experienced  unawares ;  un- 
expected. 

"  When  he  wak't  out  of  ]il«  tmrelate  Mine.* 

Sjxruer .  F.  tj~  V.  i.  M. 

*ware'-ly,   adv.      [Eng.   mare    (1),   *. 
Cautiously,   warily     (Spenter :  F.  Q.t  I,  xii. 
36.) 

war'-enge,  s.    [Low  Lat  vanvKct,  verantta, 
from  verus  =  true  ;  Fr.  garance.    (Prior.)} 
JJot. :  Madder  (q.v.> 

ware'  room,  s.  [Eng.  ware  (1),  s.,  and  room.] 
A  room  in  which  articles  are  stored  or  offered 
for  sale. 

war  -fare,  s.    [Eng.  war,  and  fare  =  a  jour- 
ney.) 
*  1.  A  warlike  or  military  expedition. 

"  And  the  kyuge  of  Scutte*  weute  into  the  wylde 
ScottvBhi-,  btcauae  he  wu  uat  in  good  p--yiit  to  ride  ft 
war/ore." — Benuri;  Frowsurt ;  Cronudf,  voL  1)..  ch. 
lill. 

2.  MiliUry  service ;  military  life  ;  contest 
or  struggle  carried  on  between  enemies  ;  hos- 
tilities ;  war. 

"The  Philistine*  gathered  their  arinie*  together  for 
war/an."—  1  £amue/  xxTlii.  1. 

3.  Contest,  struggle. 

"The  weapons  of  our  vxirfart  are  not  camaL" — 
S  Corintk.  x.  4. 

*  war'-fare,  v.i.    (WARFARE,  ».]    To  carry  on 
war;  to  engage  in  or  wage  war;  to  lead  a 
military  life  ;  to  struggle  ;  to  contend. 

"Thatwiu  the  only  amnlet.  In  (hut  credulous  taar. 
faring  age,  to  eacape  duigera  tn  battles." — i'amdeii : 
ftemahu. 

war'-far-er,  s.    [Eng.  tmrfarfe) ;  -er.\    One 
engaged  in  war  or  warfare ;  a  warrior. 

*  war  field,  s.    [Eng.  tear,  and  field.]    The 
field  of  war  or  battle ;  a  battle-field. 

war  -gear,  >.    [Prob.  =  wear,  and  gear.] 

Mining :  A  general  term  for  tools,  timbers, 
ropes,  and  everything  belonging  to  a  mine. 
(.Weak.) 

*  war-ha'-ble,  a.  [Eng.  war,  and  liable,  habOe 
=•  able.)    Fit  for  war  ;  warlike,  military. 

"  The  weary  Britons,  whose  tearhable  youth 
"as  by  BuBEa  lately  led  away." 

Spmler:  f.  9.,  IL  x.  «. 

*  wa-rt-an-gle,  «.    [O.  Low  Oer.  wargingel; 
O.  H.  Ger.  warchengil ;  Ger.  mlrg-engtl  =  a 
shrike    or    butcher-bird,  from   wiirgen  =  to 
choke,  to  kill.]    A  shrike  or  butcher-bird. 

*  war-ice,  r.(.  &  i.    (WARISH.) 


ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  wary;  -ly.]  In  a  wary 
manner ;  cautiously  ;  with  caution,  care,  and 
foresight 

"  111  make  sure  tor  one  .  .  . 
Warily  guarding  that  which  I  have  got." 

Jforfonw :  Jtv  of  Malta,  L  1. 

•  war"  I  mcnt,  s.  [Eng.  wary;  -mrnt.]  Wari- 
ness, caution,  care,  heed. 

"  They  were  all  with  so  rood  virimtnt 
Or  warded,  or  avoyded  and  let  goe." 

«f*»««r    f.  O  .  IV.  111.  17. 

War'-i-ness,  >.  [Eng.  wary;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  wary  ;  caution,  fore- 
sight ;  prudent  care  In  foreseeing  and  guard- 
ing against  evil  or  danger. 

"Look  with  great  caution  and  warineit  on  thoae 
pecnlUritie*  or  prominent  parts,  which  at  first  force 
themselves  upon  \-icv."~/leynoldt :  Diicounei,  No.  vi. 

war'-lng  ton  Ite,  war  ring  ton  Ite,  «. 
[After  Warington  Smyth  ;  suff.  -ile  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Brochantite  (q.v.), 
of  pale  green  colour,  occurring  in  doubly 
cnrved,  wedge-shaped  crystals  at  the  Fowey 
Consols  mine,  Cornwall. 

•war'-ish,  'war-Ice,  *war-isali-eii,r.«. 

&  i.  [O.  Fr.  warissant,  garissftnt,  pr.  par.  of 
warfr,  garir  =  to  keep,  to  protect,  to  heal; 
Fr.  jKerir.)  [WARISON.) 

A*  Trans. :  To  defend  or  protect  from ;  to 
heal,  to  cure. 

"  Wariih  and  cure  the  stinging  of  0erpenta."_ 
P.  Holland:  Pllnic.  bk.  Til.  ch.  (I. 

B.  Inirans. :  To  be  healed  ;  to  recover. 

"Tour  tloughter  shall  vtrith  and  escape  " 

CItaucn-;  T<il*  r,J  Sldibau. 

",w&r'-I-s<n,  *  war  c  son,  *  war  ~i  so  tin, 
*  war-ri-son,  s.  [O.  Fr.  warison,  garison 
=  s~irety,  safety,  provision,  healing,  from 
murir.  garir  =  to  keep,  to  protect,  to  heal ; 
FT.  gvtrir  =  to  heal ;  Goth,  warjan  =  to  for- 
bid, to  keep  off  from  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  werjan  =  to 
protect ;  Oer.  wehren  =  to  defend,  to  restrain  ; 


O.  Dut.  varen  =  to  keep,  to  guard.    From  the 
same  root  as  icary  (q.v.).J 

1.  Protection. 

"  War  thorn  hyin  aud  yii  men  In  fair  warMOM  he 
broghte."  Robert  of  Gloucester,  p.  144. 

2.  A  reward. 

"  Thre  hundred  marks  he  hette  unto  his  taarilmtn 
That  with  him  aw  uiette,  <tr  britit:  his  ht-de  lt>  t»mi." 
Robin  d4  lirutme,  p.  'JS&. 

wark,  ».    [WORK.)    (Scotch.) 

war-ka-moo'-wee,  s.    [Native  name.) 

Naut. :  A  canoe  with  outriggers,  used  at 
Point  de  Galle,  Ceylon.  It  is  gem-rally  i: 
by  four  or  five  Lascars,  who  sit  grouped  to- 
gether  for   hours  at  the  end  of  the  lever, 


WABKAMOOWEK. 

adding  or  taking  away  a  man  according  to  the 

strength  of  the  wind.  These  canoes  often 
sail  ten  miles  an  hour,  and  their  owners  will 
venture,  even  through  very  high  winds,  as 
far  as  twenty  to  twenty-flve  miles  from  land 
for  the  purpose  of  fishing,  or  to  carry  fruit  to 
vessels  In  the  offing. 

*warke,  s,    [WORK.] 

wark  loom,  wark'-l.amc,  *.  [Eng.  wark 
=  work,  and  loom—  a  tool.)  A  tool  to  work 
with.  (Scotch.) 

"  The  belt  tpnrttume  1*  the  house  .  .  . 
Is  instant  made  no  worth  a  IUUM.** 

Burnt  :  Addrea  to  th*  Deil 

*  war-lawe,  *.     [A.S.  wdsrloga  -  one  who  lies 
against  the  truth,  a  traitor,  from  iwfer  =  the 
truth,  and  Zo0a  —  a  liar,  from  ledgan,  pa.  par. 
logen  =  to  lie.]     A  deceiver.     (P.  Plowman's 
Crede.  783.) 

warld,  «.    (WORLD.]    (Scotch.) 

war  -like,  a.    [Eng.  toar,  and  like.} 

1.  Fit  for  war  ;  disposed  or  inclined  to  war  : 
as,  a  warlike  nation. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  war  ;  military. 

"  Him  the;  nerved  In  war, 
And  htm  ID  peace,  fur  sake  of  tcnrlikt  deeds.* 

C<**p*r  :  r<ufe,  T.  S34. 

3.  Having  a   martial  appearance  ;   having 
the   appearance    or   qualities  of  a  soldier  ; 
soldierlike. 

4.  Becoming  a  soldier  or  an  enemy  ;  hostile. 

"  The  iwirliJce  tone  again  he  took." 

Scott  :  Bokeby,  T.  19. 

5.  Pit  for  use  or  service  in  war. 

**  Argoe  the  fair,  for  wnrltlte  steeds  renown'd." 

Pope:  Hvmer;  Iliad  vi.  190. 

*  war'-like-ncss,  *.     [Eng.  warlike;  -ness.} 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  warlike  ;  war- 
like disposition  or  character. 

"  Bravenees   of    mind    and    wa.r!tt:eneti.~~-9tr   S. 
Sandys. 

*  war'  -ling,  *.     [A  word  of  doubtful  origin, 
occurring  only  in  the  proverb  quoted  ;    per- 
haps coined  from  irar,  in  imitation  of  darling, 
and  meaning  one  often  quarrelled  with.]   (See 
etym.) 

"  Better  he  an  old  man's  darling  than  a  jonng  man's 
loarling."—  Camdtn  ;  AVmotru. 

war  lock  (1),  *  wir  luck,  *  war-loghe, 

*.  &  a.     [A.S.  werZoya  =  a  traitor.]     [WAR- 


A.  As  subst.  :  A  man  presumed  to  have 
obtained  supernatural  knowledge  and  power 
by  supposed  compact  with  evil  spirits  ;  a 
wizard. 

"  Qae  to  six  feet  deep  —  and  a  warfocf*  grvre  shoald- 
na*  be  an  Inch  matr."  —  Scott  :  Bride  of  Lttmmermoor, 
ch.  xxiv. 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  war- 
locks; impish. 


war'-lock  (2),  war-lok,  &  [Etym.  doubt 
fuL] 

But,  :  Sinapls  nigra, 

*  war  '-lock-  r&  5.  [Eng.  warlock  (2);  -ry.] 
The  coudition  or  practices  of  a  warlock  ;  iiu- 
pishneas. 

"The  true  mark  of  warloekry."       Joanna  B<ti!lit. 


(1),  a.    [Eng.  war(ld)  =  world  ;  -ly.) 
Worldly.    (Scotch.) 

"Awa'  ye  selOsh  warty  ntce." 

Burns  :  Kpittlt  to  J.  LapraUt 

•war'-ly  (2),  o.    [Eng.  war;  -ly.]    Warlike. 

"The  erle  of  Huntyngdoa  aleo  this  yere  waa  wot' 
Into  Krauuce  with  a  warty  oomiiaifV."—  Fabunn  i 
Clu-on.  (no.  1U3). 

warm,  *  warme,  *  wharme,  a.  &  s.    [A.S. 
wearm  ;  cogii.  with  Dut.  uxtrm  ;  I  eel.  r 
Dan.   &  Sw.   rarm;    Ger.   warm;  cf.  Goth. 
warmjati  —  to  warm;   Gr.  8epp.fa  (thermos)  = 
hot  ;  Sansc.  gharma  =.  heat] 
A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Having  or  containing  heat  in  a  moderate 
degree  ;  neither  cold  nor  hot- 

2.  Having  the  sensation  of  heat  ;    feeling 
one's  self  hot  ;  glowing,  flushed,  heated. 

"The  body  U  warm*  by  the  heate,  which  is  iu  the 
body."—  Hooker:  Ditcourte  of  Juttifiratifm,  S  6. 

3.  Caused  by  the  sun  to  have  a  high  tem- 
perature ;  having  a  prevalence  of  hot  wea- 
ther ;    subject  to  heat  :   as,  a  warm  day,  a 
warm  climate. 

4.  Full  of  zeal,  ardour,  or  affection  ;  zealous, 
ardent,  enthusiastic  :  as,  a  warm  supporter 

5.  Full  of  welcome  or  affection. 

**  Not  aurejolced  to  see  him  once  again, 

M'ODH  was  his  welcome  to  the  haunts  of  men." 
Byron  :  Lara,  i.  7. 

6.  Somewhat   ardent  or  excitable;   easily 
excited  ;  irritable,  hot. 

"  With  lively  spirits  and  warm  panions  to  mislead 
'them.'*  —  Seeker;  Sermon*,  vol.  11.,  ser.  3. 

7.  Stirred  up  ;   somewhat  hot  or  excited  ;. 
nettled  :  as,  He  becomes  warm,  when  contra- 
dicted. 

8.  Furious,  violent,  animated,  brisk,  keen. 

**  Welcome,  day-light  ;  we  shall  have  warm  work  onV 
Gryden:  Spanish  Friar. 

*9.  Vigorous,  lively,  sprightly;  full  ot, 
activity  or  life. 

"Now  warm  In  youth,  now  wtth'rlng  In  my  bloom." 
Pope  :  A  betard  Jt  Btoiua,  87. 

10.  Strong,  forcible.     (Said   of   language.) 
(Colioq.  or  slang.) 

11.  Causing  or  producing  ease  and  comfort  ; 
said  of  wealth  or  of  a  wealthy  person  ;  com- 
fortable circumstances,  moderate  riches;  mo- 
derately rich,  well-off.    (Colloq.) 

12.  Being  close  upon  the  discovery  of  some- 
thing searched  or  hunted  for.    (Colwg.) 

H.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  wanning,  a  heating  :  as.  To  have  • 
good  warm.    (Colloq.) 

2.  Warmth,  heat. 

"The  wioter'a  hurt  recover*  with  the  warm." 
Surrey  ;  Having  Endeavoured  to  tut>dne  hit  1'ittflon. 

warm-blooded,  a.   Having  warm  blood. 

Warm-blooded  animals,  t.pL 

Zool.  :  A  popular  term  applied  to  Owen's 
Hsematotherma  (q.v.),  which  includes  Mam- 
mals and  Birds,  in  all  of  which  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  blood  exceeds  that  of  the  medium 
in  which  the  animals  live.  In  man  and  in  the 
ox  the  mean  tenmerature  of  the  interior  of  the 
body  is  100°,  in  the  monse  P0°,  in  the  whale 
103°;  in  birds  it  ranges  from  106-112*  F.  In 
hibernating  animals  there  is  commonly  a  loss 
of  from  11°  to  12°  during  their  winter-sleep, 
and  in  the  bet  the  temperature  falls  as  low  as 
40°  F.  at  this  period. 

warm-colours,  s.  pi. 

Paint.  :  Such  colours  as  have  yellow,  or 
yellow-red,  for  their  basis  ;  as  opposed  to  cold 
colours,  such  as  blue  and  its  compounds. 

*  warm-headed,  a.    Easily  excited,  ex-  * 
cltable  ;  somewhat  hot-headed  ;  fanciful. 

"The  adrHntage  will  be  on  the  warn^headed  m.m'a 
«lde,-'-/xx-t«. 

warm-sided,  a. 

KauL  :  Mounting  heavy  metal.  (Said  of  a 
ship  or  fort.  (Colioq.) 

warm  -tints,   s.  pL     Modifications  of 

warm  -col  ours. 
warm  with,  adv.    A  slang  abbreviatioa 

for  "  With  warm  water  and  sugar." 


fate,  fat,  lore,  amidst,  what,  «&lt  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go. 
«r»  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  sin ;  mate,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  OB  =  c ;  ey  ~  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


warm— warp 


6123 


warm,  *  warme,  v.t,  &  i.  [A.S.  wearmiati.] 
I  WARM,  a.} 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  warm  ;  to  communicate  a  mo- 
derate degree  of  heat  to. 

"Before  the  snune  hath  warmed  tha ayre." — Back- 
tuyt :  Voyaget,  iii.  26. 

2.  To  make  earnest,  anlent,  or  enthusiastic ; 
to  interest ;  to  excite  ardour  or  zeal  in ;  to 
•tir  up,  to  excite,  to  arouse. 

"  To  warm  these  alow  avengers  of  the  sea.* 

Hymn :  Cortair,  i.  13. 

3.  To  animate,  to  enliven,  to  inspirit ;  to 
give  life  and  colour  to ;  to  cause  to  glow. 

"It  would  warm  his  spirits." 

Shaketp. ;  Antony  *  Cttopatra.  ill.  IS. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  become  warm  or  moderately  heated; 
to  warm  one's  self. 

"There  shall  not  h«  a  coal  to  warm  at." — Itaiah 
xlvii.  14. 

2.  To  become    warm,  ardent,  zealous,   or 
animated  ;  to  be  inflamed,  excited,  or  quick- 
ened. 

"  His  heart  always  warmed  towards  the  unhappy.* 
—Afacaulajf :  Hitt.  Sng..  ch.  x. 

warm'-er,  s.    [Eng.  warm,  v. ;  -er.]    One  who 

or  that  which  warms ;  specifically,  a  warming 
apparatus  for  a  room,  &c. 

•warm'-ful,  *  warme-ful, a.  [Eng.  warm; 
-fttl(l).]  Giving  warmth  or  heat. 

"  A  mandilion  .  .  .  curl'd  with  warrntfu!  nap." 
Chapman:  Homer ;  Hind,  z. 

warm'  heart-ed  (ea  as  a),  a.  [Eng.  warm, 
and  hearted.] 

1.  Having  a  warm  heart :  having  a  disposi- 
tion that  readily  shows  affection,  friendship, 
or  interest ;  having  a  kindly  heart  or  feelings. 

2.  Characterized  by  warmheartedness. 

warm  hcart-ed  n£ss  (oa  as  a),  ».  [Eng. 
warmhearted ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  warmhearted  ;  \varmtli  or  Kindliness  of 
disposition. 

"  HU  proved  bravery  and  wetl-knowii  warm^arted- 
nett.~—Pall  Mall  Uatitfo,  Feb.  7,  18S3, 

•warm' -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [WARM,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. ;  The  act  of  making  warm ;  the 
Btate  of  becoming  warm  or  warmer. 

warming-pan,  s. 

1.  Lit. :  A  covered  pan  containing  hot  coals 
for  airing  and  warming  a  bad. 

2.  Fig- :  A  person  put  into  an  office,  situa- 
tion, or  post  to  hold  it  temporarily  till  another 
become  qualified  for  it.    (Slang.) 

"  It  1*  not  usual  to  inform  a  man  that  you  propose 
to  use  him  as  a  warming-pan,  however  excellently 
suited  he  may  be  for  such  a  purpose. "—Pall  Mail  Go- 
tette,  Jan.  21,  1S83. 

-warm'-l^,  *  warme-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  warm, 
a.  ;  -ly.\ 

*1.  In  a  warm  manner;  with  warmth  or 
moderate  heat. 

2.  With  warmth  of  feeling ;  ardently,  ear- 
nestly, vigorously  :  as,  lie  spoke  warntiy. 

warm  ness,  *  warme  -nesse,  s.  [Eng. 
warm;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
warm ;  warmth. 

'  Tbe'warmneue  of  the  weather  brought  It  out  of 
the  ground."—  Udal :  Mark  iv. 

war -mot,  *.     [Etym.  doubtful;  perhaps  a 
corrupt,  of  wormwood.] 
Bot. :  Artemisia  Absinthium. 

•warmth,  *wermthe,  s.    [Eng.  warm;  -ih.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  or    state  of  being  warm ; 
moderate  or  gentle  heat ;  the  sensation  of  heat. 

"  He  taketh  warmth  and  heat  by  the  coles  of  the 
wicked  Jewe*,"—  Udal:  /,«*•;  xxlv. 

2.  A  state  of  warm,  lively,  or  excited  feelings; 
ardour,  zeal,  earnestness,  fervour,  enthusiasm, 
intensity. 

"  Wliat  warmth  IB  there  In  your  affection  towards 
any  of  these  princely  suitors.  —  t>hak«sp. :  Merchant 
of Venice,  1.2. 

3.  Cordiality,  geniality ;  hearty  kindness  or 
good  feeling;  warmheartedness. 

Having  the  warmth  and  muscle  of  ftie  fieart." 

Tennyton  :  Aylmer't  Fi«ld,  1W. 

4.  Vigour,  heat,  forcibleness,  strong  feeling. 

"  The  treat  warmth  and  energy  of  expression  with 
which  they  declare  their  conviction." — Bp.  Bonlty ; 
Hcrmont,  vol.  li.,  MT.  U. 


II.  Paint. :  That  glowing  effect  which  arises 
from  the  use  of  warm  colours  (q.v.)  in  paint- 
ing, and  of  transparent  colours  in  the  pro- 
cess of  glaring.  (Opposed  to  leaden  coldness.) 

*  warmth'  -less,    a.      [Eng.  warmth;   -less.] 

Destitute    of   warmth ;   not   communicating 
warmth. 

warn,  *  warne,  *  warn  en,  *  wernc,  v.t. 
[A.S.  weamian,  warnitin  =  (l)to  take  heed, 
(2)  to  warn ;  from  wearn  —  a  refusal,  denial, 
obstacle  ;  original  meaning  —  a  guarding  or 
defence ;  c£  Icel.  vb'rn  =  a  defence  ;  cogn.  with 
IceL  varna  =  to  warn  off,  to  refuse,  to  abstain 
from  ;  Sw.  varna=to  warn  ;  Ger.  women..] 

*  1,.  To  forbid,  to  deny,  to  refuse. 

"  He  ia  to  grete  a  nl^ard  that  wol  vternt 
A  man  to  light  ucaudel  at  his  lanteme." 

Chaucer:  C.  7.,M1& 

*  2.  To  ward  off. 

3.  To  make  ware  or  aware ;  to  give  notice 
to;  to  inform  beforehand. 

"  Juat  Simeon  and  prophetic  Anna,  toarn'd 
By  vision."  Milton:  P.  R.,  L  865. 

4.  To  give  notice  to  of  approaching  or  prob- 
able evil  or  danger,  ao  that  it  may  be  avoided  ; 
to  caution  against  anything  that  may  prove 
dangerous  or  nurtful. 

"  Dr.  Bolaudvr  himself  was  the  first  who  found  the 
Inclination,  agniiist  which  he  hud  warned  others,  irre- 
sistible."— Cook  :  firtt  f'oyofft,  bk.  1.,  ch.  iv. 

*  5.  To  admonish  as  to  any  duty  ;  to  ex- 
postulate with. 

"  Warn  them  that  are  unruly."— 1  Thtu.  v.  14. 

6.  To  notify  by  authority;  to  order,  to 
direct. 

"  Euery  cytazyn  warn.yd  to  haue  bis  huney*  by 
hym."— f'abyan :  Chronicle  (au.  1320). 

*  7.  To  notify ;  to  give  notice  to ;  to  inform, 
to  summon. 

"  Out  of  your  hostelrle  I  saw  you  ride, 

And  vKirned  here  my  lord  and  soveraiu. 

Vhaucer:  C.  T.,  19.059. 

*  1f  God  warn  us:  God  guard  us  I  God  forbid  I 

"For  lovers  Uwking— 0od  warn  tut  matter."  — 
Shake*i>.  :  At  foil  Like  tt,  Iv.  1. 

warn'-er,  5.    [Eng.  warn;  -er.] 

I.  One  who  or  that  which  warns  or  ad- 
monishes. 

*  2.  Apparently  some  kind  of  dish. 

"  The  flrat  course  at  my  lorde's  table  in  the  great 
hall  First,  a  wamer.  conveyed  upon  a  rounds 
boorde."— L&and ;  Coll.  Inthronaation  of  Warham, 

War-neY-i-a,  s.  [Named  after  Richard 
Warner,  1711-1775,  resident  at  Woodford,  in 

Essex,  and  author  of  Plantce  WwaJordUnse*.} 
Bot. :  The  same  as  HYDRASTIS  (q.v.). 

*  war-nes.  *  war  nesse,  ».    [Eng.  ware  n), 

a.  ;    -ness.]       Wariness,     caution,    foresight, 
wisdom. 

"  Israel  is  a  folk  without  counsel,  and  without  war. 
nette."—Wycl(jf»;  Deuteronomy  xxxli.  28. 

*  warnestore,    *  warnatour,    *  warn  - 

stor,  •  warnesture, -.  [WARNISE.]  Store, 
number. 

"  In  eohe  stude  hey  sette  these  strong  warnetture 
and  god." — Robert  of  Qlouoetter,  p.  94. 

*  warnestore,*  war  nestoore,  j'.  (.  [WARWE- 

STORE,  s.]    To  store,  to  furnish. 

"  Over  alle  thinges  ye  ahulii  do  your  diligence  to 
kepe  youre  persone,  ana  to  warnettore  your  house."— 
Chaucer  :  Tale  of  MMbmu. 

warn'-Ing,  *warn-yng,  pr.  par.t  a.t  &  «. 

[WARN.] 

A.  A*  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Giving  notice  beforehand  ;  ad- 
monishing, cautioning. 

"  To-day  the  Warning  Spirit  hear. 
Scott:  C 

C.  At  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  cautioning  against  impending 
or  probable  ill  or  danger. 

"  Preserve  your  line.    This  warninq  comes  of  you ; 
And  Troia  stands  in  your  protection  now." 

Surrey:  Virgil;  ,£n«fe,  II. 

2.  The  act  of  admonishing  against  evil  prac- 
tices or  habits. 

3.  Previous  notice. 

"  To  be  on  f<>ot  at  au  hour's  warning." 

Shaketp. :  Corlolanui,  Iv.  S, 

4.  Speeiflcally,  notice  to  quit  given  by  an 
employer  to  a  servant,  or  by  a  servant  to  an 
employer. 

"  We'll  both  gi  re  warning  Immediately."— Coleman: 
Man  of  Butineu,  iv. 

5.  A  summons,  a  calling,  a  bidding. 

41  At  Mi  [the  cock's]  warning  .  .  . 
The  erring  spirit  hies  to  his  confine. 

Shaketp.  :  Bamltt,  L  1. 


6.  That  which  warns  or  admonishes;  thai 
which  serves  to  warn. 

"  A  warning  to  thuse  that  come  after."— BvnjtMt  .* 
Pilgrim's  Proyreu,  pL  11 

warning-piece,  «. 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  gun  fired  to  give  warning 

"  Upon  the  shooting  of  the  Drat  warning- vie<.+."— 
Stgtin. 

2.  Horol. :  An  oscillating  piece  in  the  striking 
parts  of  a  clock  which  is  actuated  by  a  pin  oa, 
the  hour-wheel,  ao  as  to  release  the  fly,  whioh 
causes  a  rustling  noise  before  the  striking. 

warning-stone,  s.    [See  extract.] 

"  The  bakers  in  our  county  take  a  certain  pebbl*. 
which  they  put  in  the  vaultuiv  of  their  oven,  wliloh 
they  call  the  tfarning-ttune.  for  when  that  is  wtifto 
the  oven  is  hott."--^u6ray :  Jf.S.  Hitt.  of  Wilt*. 

warning-wheel,  s. 

Horol. ;  That  wheel  in  a  clock  which  pro- 
duces an  audible  sound  at  a  certain  time  be- 
fore striking. 

warn'-Ing-iy,  adv.  (Eng.  warning;  -ly.]  In 
a  warning  manner. 

"  lie,  however,  somewhat  warntnatif  writes."— Echo, 
May  5,  1888." 

*  war-nise,  *  war  nish,  *  war-nyv,  v.t, 
[GARNISH.]  To  store ;  to  furnish  with  pro- 
visions, stores,  &c. 

"  UU  wynes  were  ther  laid,  and  warnlied  that  cite." 
Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  2£*3t 

warp,  *  warpe,  *.  [A.S.  wearp  =  a  warp, 
from  vworp,  pa.  t.  of  weorpcm  =  to  thn>w,  to 
cast ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  varp  =  a  casting,  a 
throwing,  from  varp,  pa.  t.  of  verpa  =  to 
throw  ;  Dan.  varp  =  a  warp(naut.) ;  8w.  varp; 
O.  H.  Ger.  war/,  from  war/,  pa.  t.  of  «wr/e» 
=  to  throw  ;  Ger.  werjte.] 

*  I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  3. 

2.  The  state  of  being  warped  or  twisted; 
the  twist  of  wool  in  drying. 

"  Your  hair  wove  into  many  a  curious  warp." 

Beaum,  *  Flet. :  Faithful  Shepherdnt,  11 

3.  Young  prematurely  cast,  as  a  colt,  a  calf, 
a  lamb,  &c.      (Prov.) 

4.  Four  of  fish,    especially   of  herrings; 
hence,  applied  to  four  of  anj-thing.    (Prov.) 

"Not  a  wnrp*  of  wveks  forerunning."  —  Jfatht'. 
Lenten  tilitfe. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Agriculture: 

fl)  An  irrigating  process  to  cover  the  land 
with  alluvial  sediment;  an  alluvial  deposit 
of  water  artiticially  introduced  into  low  lands. 
(Sometimes  used  attributively.) 

(2)  (PI):  Distinct  pieces  of  ploughed  land 
separated  by  the  furrows.  (HaUiwell.') 

2.  Geol.:  The  alluvial  sediment  deposited 
by  rivers,  and  which  is  used  for  the  purpose 
described  under  II.  1. 

"  The  sediment  called  warp,  which  subsides  from 
the  muddy  water  of  the  Humlwrand  other  rivers."— 
Lyett:  /Vine,  of  Otology,  ch.  xix. 

3.  Naut. :  A  rope  smaller  than  a  cable.    It 
is  used  in  towing,  or  In  moving  a  ship  by  at- 
tachment to  an  anchor  or  post. 

"  As  we  shorted  vpon  ye  said  warpe  the  anker  earn* 
home." — Hadtfuyt  :  Vuynget,  i.  377. 

4.  Weaving:  The  threads  running  the  long 
way  of  a  fabric.     The  threads  of  the  warp 
are    wound    on    the    warp  •  beam,    and    are 
carried  up  and  down  by  the  heddlea  of  the 
harness,   forming   a    track  called  the  shed, 
along  which  the   shuttle  flies,   leaving   the 
weft,  woof,  or  filling,  as  it  is  variously  called. 
The  warp  is  known  also  as  the  twist  or  th« 
chain,  and  in  silk  as  organzine. 

warp  beam,  s. 

Weaving :  The  roller  on  which  the  warp  is 
wound,  and  from  which  it  is  payed  ofF  as  the 
weaving  proceeds. 

warp-frame,  warp-net  frame,  •.    A 

warp-machine  (q.v.). 

warp  lace,  s.  Lace  having  a  warp  which 
is  crossed  obliquely  by  two  weft-threads. 

warp  machine,  ;.  A  lace  making  ma- 
chine having  a  thread  for  each  needle. 

warp-thread,  s.     One  of  the  thread* 

forming  the  warp. 

warp,  *  warpe,  v.t.  &  {.  [Icel.  rarpa  =  to 
throw,  to  cast,  from  varp  =  a  throwing,  a 
casting,  a  warp  (q.v.).  Cf.  Sw.  varpa;  Dan. 
varpe  =  to  warp  a  ship,  from  Sw.  varp  =.  the 
draught  of  a  net ;  Dan.  varp  —  a  warp ;  wrp- 
anker  =  a  warp-anchor  or  kedge.]  [WARP,  «.) 


boil,  boly- ;  pout,  jowl ;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  ghin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-ouux    tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -eion  =  tiiun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zliun.     cious.  -tious.  -sioua  =  saus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


S124 


warpage—  warrant 


A.  Transitive; 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  To  throw,  to  cast. 

"  Ful  sone  it  was  ful  loude  kid 
Of  Havel. -k,  how  he  warp  the  ston 
Oner  the  londeseuerichon."          J/aoeloJc,  l.Ofll. 

*  2.  To  lay,  as  an  egg. 

"  To  warp  an  egge.  Ovum  poner*."— Manip.  Yoca.- 
tutorum. 

*  3.  To  send  out ;  to  utter. 

4.  To  turn  or  twist  out  of  shape,  or  out  of 
ft  straight  direction,  by  contraction  :  as,  The 
heat  of  the  sun  will  warp  timber. 

5.  To  turn  aside  from  the  true  line  or  direc- 
tion ;  to  pervert ;  to  cause  to  bend  or  deviate. 

"  T  adorn  the  state, 
But  uot  to  wurp  or  change  it." 

Cowjxr :  Talk,  v,  MS. 

6.  To  cast  (young)  prematurely,  as  cattle, 
•heep,  &c,    (Prop.) 

*7.  To  weave,  to  fabricate,  to  contrive,  to 
plot 

"  Why  doth  he  mischief  warp  ;  " 

Sternhold  *  Bopkini:  Pialnu. 

*  &  To  change  in  general. 

"  Though  tliou  the  waters  warp, 
Thy  sting  ut  not  so  sharp 
Aa  friend  reuif  mberM  not." 

M.*-tt<p.  -•  At  fou  iAkf.  It,  ii.  7.    (Song.) 
1L  Technically: 

1.  Agric. :  To  fertilize,  as  poor  or  barren 
land,  by  means  of  artificial  inundation  from 
rivers  which  hold  large  quantities  of  earthy 
matter,  or  warp  (q.vf),  in  suspension.    The 
operation,  which  consists  in  enclosing  a  body 
or  sheet  of  water  till  the  sediment  it  holds  in 
suspension  has  been  deposited,  can  only  be 
carried  out  on  flat,  low-lying  tracts  which 
may  be  readily  submerged.    This  system  was 
first  systematically  practised  on  the  banks  of 
the  Trent,  Ouse,  and  other  rivers  which  empty 
themselves  into  the  estuary  of  the  Humber. 

2.  Naut. :  To  tow  or  move  with  a  line  or 
warp  attached  to  buoys,  to  anchors,  or  to 
other  ships,  &c.,  by  means  of  which  a  ship  is 
drawn  usually  in  a  bending  course  or  with 
various  turns. 

"We  warpad  the  ship  in  again,  and  let  go  the 
anchor  in  forty  one  fathom.  "—Anton:  royayct.bk.  11., 
eb.  ii 

3.  Rope-making :   To  run,  as  yarn,  off  the 
winches  into  hulks  to  be  tarred. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  turn,  twist,  or  be  twisted  or  turned 
out  of  a  straight  line-or  direction. 

"Wood  that  curbeth  and  warpeth  with  the  fire."— 
P.  Holland:  Plutarch,  p.  Ml. 

2.  To  turn  or  incline  from  a  straight  line  or 
course ;  to  deviate,  to  swerve. 

"  There'*  our  commission. 
From  which  we  would  not  have  you  warp.* 

Shiketp.  :  Measure  far  Memurt,  L  L 

3.  To  change  for  the  worse  ;  to  turn  in  a 
wrong  direction. 

"  Hy  favour  here  begins  to  warp." 

Shaketp. :   Winter  i  Tale,  1.  2. 

*  4.  To  fly  with  a  bending  or  waving  mo- 
tion ;  to  turn  and  wave  like  a  flock  of  birds  or 
insects. 

"  Locusts,  warping  on  the  eastern  wind." 

Milton:  P.L..LMI. 

5.  To  slink ;  to  cast  the  young  prematurely, 
aa  cattle,  sheep,  &c.  (Prow.) 

*  6.  To  be  in  process  of  formation  ;  to  be  in 
preparation. 

"She  acquainted  the  Greeks  underhand  with  this 
treason,  which  was  a  warping  against  them." — /'.  Hol- 
land :  Plutarch,  p.  409. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Manvf. :  To  wind  yarn  off  bobbins ;  to 
form  the  warp  of  a  web. 

2.  Naut. :  To    work   a  ship    forwards  by 
means  of  a  warp  or  rope. 

"  Out  of  the  road  toon  shall  the  vessel  warp." 

Surrey:  rirgit;  .Sneldlv. 

varp'-age  (age  as  Ig),  5.  [Eng.  warp;  -age.] 
The  act  of  warping ;  also,  a  charge  per  ton 
made  on  shipping  in  some  harbours. 

•carped,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [WARP,  v.] 

A*  As  pa.  par. ;  (See  the  verb). 
i        B.  As  adjective : 

L  Twisted  or  turned  out  of  a  straight  line 
or  out  of  shape,  as  timber,  by  the  heat  of  the 
tun  ;  crooked,  gnarled. 

"  Now  to  the  oak's  warptd  root*  he  clings." 

Scott:  JbMw.tLU 

*  2.  Curved. 

**  Restore  the  god  that  they  by  ship  had  brought 
In  warped  keels."        Surrey:  VirffUe;  .ffn«jj  it, 


3.  Twisted  from  the  true  course  or  direc- 
tion ;  perverted,  unnatural. 

"  Scripture  warp'd  from  Its  intent." 

Cowper  :  Progreu  of  Error,  4S7. 

M.  Malignant. 

"  Here*B  aiiother.  whose  warped  looks  proclaim 
What  store  her  heart  is  made  on." 

Shakesp.  :  Lear,  iii.  fl. 

warp'-er,  s.    [Eng.  warp,  v.  .;  -cr.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  warps  or  distorts. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which    prepares  the 
warp  of  webs  for  weaving. 

warp  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [WARP,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  Aa  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C*  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  twisting  or  bend- 
ing ;  the  state  of  being  twisted  or  warped. 

2.  Agric.  :  The  process  of  reclaiming  land 
on  estuaries,  by  a  system  of  banks  and  sluices, 
by  which  tide-waters  are  retained  until  they 
have  deposited  their  sediment,  and  then  dis- 
charged and  renewed  uutil  the  whole  level  of 
the  surface  is  permanently  elevated, 

"Egypt,  or  rather  Lower  Egypt,  well  named  'The 
River  Land,'  has  been  transformed  from  its  original 
condition  of  a  sandy  desert  by  the  mud-bearing  Nile, 
which,  overtopping  its  sources,  ha*  for  age*  deposited 
deep  layer*  of  alluvium,  and  created  one  of  the  most 
ferule  countries  in  the  world  by  the  same  process  as 
that  which,  artificially  produced,  is  called  in  Lincoln- 
shire  warping."  —  lllutt.  London  Newt,  July  30,  1859, 
p.  118. 

warplng-bank,  s.  A  bank  or  mound 
of  earth  raised  round  a  field  for  retaining  the 
water  let  in  for  the  purpose  of  enriching  the 
land  with  the  warp  or  sediment. 

warping  hook,  «. 

L  The  brace  for  twisting  yarn  in  the  rope- 
walk. 

2.  A  hook  for  hanging  the  yarn  on  when 
warping  into  hauls  for  tarring. 

warping-Jack,  s.    A  heck-box  (q.v.). 
warping  mill,  warping  machine,  . 
Weaving:  An  apparatus  for  laying  out  the 
threads  of  a  warp  and  dividing  them  into  two 

sets. 

warping-penny,  *.  Money  paid  to  the 
weaver  by  tne  spinner  on  laying  on  the  warp. 
(Prov.) 

warplng-poat,  *.  A  strong  post  used 
In  warping  rope-yarn. 

"war  -plume,  s.     [Eng.   war,  and  plume.] 
A  plume  worn  in  war. 

War-proof,  a,  &s.    [Eng.  war,  and  proof.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Able  to  resist  a  warlike  attack. 

B.  As  subst.  :  Valour  tried  by  or  proved  in 
war  ;  tried  or  proved  valour. 

"  On,  on.  you  noblest  English, 
Whose  blood  is  fet  from  fathers  of  warproof." 

Ohaketp.;  Henry  l\,  Iii.  L 

war  -  ra  gal,  *.    [See  def.]    One  of  the  native 
Australian  names  for  the  Dingo  (q.v.). 

war'-ran,  v.i.  A;  i.    [WARRANT.]    (Scotch.) 


war'-ran  di9e,  *.    [WARRANT.] 

Scots  Law  :  The  obligation  by  which  a  party 
conveying  a  subject  or  right  is  bound  to 
indemnify  the  grantee,  disponee,  or  receiver 
of  the  right  in  case  of  eviction  or  of  real 
claims  or  burdens  being  made  effectual  against 
the  subject,  arising  out  of  obligations  or  trans- 
actions antecedent  to  the  date  of  the  convey- 
ance. Warrandice  is  either  personal  or  real. 
Personal  warrandice  is  that  by  which  the 
grantee  and  his  heirs  are  bound  personally. 
Real  warrandice  is  that  by  which  certain 
lands,  called  warrandice  lands,  are  made  over 
eventually  in  security  of  the  lands  conveyed. 

war'-rant,  *  war  cnt  en,  v.t.  &  i.    [0.  Fr. 

warantir  (Fr.  garantir)  =  to  warrant,  gua- 
rantee, from  warant,  guarant  =  a  warrant 
(q.v.).]  [GUARANTEE.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To    give   an   assurance,    guarantee,    or 
surety  to  ;  to  guarantee  or   assure    against 
harm,  loss,  or  injury  ;  to  secure. 

"  By  the  vow  of  mine  order  I  warrant  you." 

Shakfip.  :  Meaturefor  Meantre,  iv.  0. 

2.  To  give  authority  or  power  to  do  or  for- 
bear anything,  by  which  the  person  autho- 
rized is  secured  or  held  harmless  from  any 
loss  or  damage  arising  from  the  act. 


3.  To  support   by   iiuthoiity   or   proof;   t« 
justify,  to  sanction,  to  allow,  to  support. 

"No  part  of  his  life  warrantt  us  in  ascribing  hit 
conduct  to  any  exalted  motive. "~-Macuutav ;  Hitt, 
Eng.,  ch.  xxii. 

4.  To  furnish  sufficient  grounds  or  evidence 
to ;  to  satisfy. 

"  Could  all  my  travels  warrant  me  they  live." 

Xhaketp.  :  Comedy  of  Errors,  i.  1. 

5.  To  give  one's  word  for  or  concerning  ;  to 
guarantee  ;  to  assure. 

"A  noble  fellow,  I  warrant  him." 

Xhiiketp,  :  Coriolanut,  v  t     ' 

6.  To  justify  in  an  act  or  action ;  to  sanc- 
tion. 

"  If  the  sky 
Warrant  thee  not  to  go  for  Italy." 

May :  Zucan ;  Pharialia,  r. 

7.  To  declare  with  assurance  ;  to  assert  aa 
undoubted  ;  to  pledge  one's  word  concerning. 
(Used  in  asseverations,  and   followed   by  a 
clause.) 

"What  a  galled  neck  have  we  here!  Look  y«, 
mine's  HS  smooth  as  silk,  I  warrant  ye."—L'£ttrang«. 

*  8.  To  mark  as  safe  ;  to  guarantee  to  be 
safe. 

"  Iii  a  place 
Less  warranted  than  this,  or  less  secure." 

Milton:  Comut.  337. 

*  9.  To  avow,  to  acknowledge ;   to  make 
good  ;  to  defend. 

"  That  in  their  country  did  them  that  disgrace, 
We  fear  to  warrant  in  our  native  place. 

Shaketp. :  Troilut  A  Crettida.  ii.  1 

II.  Law: 

1.  To   secure    to,  as  a  grantee  an  estate 
granted  ;  to  assure. 

2.  To  secure  to,  as  to  a  purchaser  of  good* 
the  title  to  the  same,  or  to  indemnify  him 
against  loss. 

3.  To  give  a  pledge  or  assurance  in  regard 
to  :  as,  To  warrant  goods  to  be  as  represented. 

WARRANTY.] 

"  But,  with  regard  to  the  goodness  of  the  wares  so 
purchased,  the  vendor  is  nut  buund  to  answer,  unless 
he  expressly  warrant*  them  to  be  sound  and  good."— 
Bladutone :  Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  cb.  16. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  give  a  warranty ;  a  gua- 
rantee. 

"  Prudent  people  are  lust  as  chary  of  warranting  at 
auction  a&  when  they  sell  by  private  contract."—  fieU. 
March  17,  1888. 

war -rant,  *war-raunt,  'war -ant,  * 

[O.  Fr.  warant,  guaraiit,  garant  =  &  warrant, 
a  supporter,  a  defender ;  Low  Lat.  warantum, 
warrantum,  from  O.  H.  Oer.  warjan,  werjan  ; 
M.  H.  Ger.  wern,  weren ;  Ger.  wehren  =  to 
protect,  to  give  heed,  from  0.  II.  Ger.  wara; 
M.  H.  Ger.  war  =  heed,  care.]  [WARY.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  act,  instrument,  or   obligation    by 
which  one  person  authorizes  another  to  do 
something  which  he  has  not  otherwise  a  right 
to  do;  an  act  or  instrument  investing  one 
with  a  certain  right  or  authority. 

"And  haue  hyiu  thilke  letter  rad, 
Whiche  he  them  sent  for  warrant." 

(Sower;  O.  J.,  11. 

2.  Hence,   anything    which    authorizes   Of 
justifies  an  act ;  authorization. 

"  Bertram  brings  warrant  to  secure 
His  treasures/'  3cott :  Roktby,  1.  H. 

3.  That  which  secures;   assurance  given; 
surety,  pledge,  guarantee. 

"  His  worth  is  warrant  for  bis  welcome." 

Shaketp. :  Two  Gentlenun,  ii  4. 

**.  A  voucher;  that  which  attests  or 
proves ;  an  attestation. 

"  Any  bill,  warrant,  quittance,  or  obligation."—* 
ShaXttp,  :  Merry  Wtoet,  i.  L 

5.  An  instrument  or  negotiable  writing 
authorizing  a  person  to  receive  money  or 
other  things  :  as,  a  dividend  warrant,  a  dock 
warrant. 

*  6.  Bight,  legality,  lawfulness,  allowance. 

"  There's  warrant  In  that  theft." 

^h-tktt/i.  :  Macbeth,  iL  & 

H  Technically: 

1.  Law:  An  instrument  giving  power   to 
arrest  or  execute  an  offender. 

"Trnly,  dr.  I  would  desire  you  to  clap  into  your 
prayers;  for,  look  you,  the  warrant  s  come." — 
Shaketp.  :  Meant  re  for  Meature,  iv.  3. 

2.  Mil.  &  Naval :  A  writ  or  authority  infe- 
rior to  a  commission.    [WARRANT-OFFICER.] 

U  (1)  Distress-warrant  : 

Law:  A  warrant  issued  for  raising  a  sura 
of  money  upon  the  goods  of  a  party  specified 
in  the  warrant. 

(2)  General-warrant :  [GENERAL-WARRANT). 

warrant  of  arrest,  s. 

Law :  An  instrument  issued  by  a  justice 


rate,  «at,  lare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  p»t» 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sou;  mute,  cub,  cure,  mnitef  cor,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  cy  .    a;  qu      kw. 


warrantable— wart 


5125 


of  the  peace  for  the  apprehension  of  those 
accused  or  suspected  of  crimes.  A  warrant 
may  also  be  issued  for  bringing  before  a  court 
"person  who  has  refused  to  attend  as  a 

witness  when  suu:xoned. 

warrant  of  attorney,  «. 

*  1    An  authority   by  which   one   person 
authorises  another  to  act  for  him  in  a  certain 

"'2  An  instrument  by  which  a  person  autho- 
rises another  to  confess  Judgment  against  him 
in  an  action  for  a  certain  amount  named  in 
the  covenant  of  attorney.  It  is  generally  given 
as  security  by  one  who  is  about  to  borrow 
money.  If  necessary  the  creditor  obtains 
judgment  without  the  delay,  expense,  and 
risk  of  an  action. 

warrant  of  commitment,  t. 
Law:  A  written  authority  committing  a 
person  to  prison. 

warrant-officer,  ».  An  officer  next 
below  a  commissioned  officer,  acting  under  a 
warrant  from  a  department  of  state,  and  not 
onder  a  commission,  as  a  gunner  or  boatswain 
In  the  navy,  a  master-gunner  orquartermaster- 
sergeant  in  the  army.  Also  (K  S.)  an  officer 
charged  with  the  serving  of  a  judicial  warrant. 

war-rant-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  warrant;  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  warranted ;  justifiable, 

defensible,  lawful. 


pL  ii..  bit.  ii..  I  6. 

2.  Of  sufficient  age  to  be  hunted. 

war'-rant-a-ble-ness,  ».  [Eng.  warrant- 
able; -nesf.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
warrantable  or  justifiable. 

"The  warrantablenea  of  thU  practice  «aybe  in- 
ferred from  a  parity  of  reason.  —Barrow,  sermons, 
vol.  i.,  ser.  L 

war'-rant-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  warrantab(U) ; 
-ly.]  in  a  warrantable  or  justifiable  manner 
or  degree ;  justifiably. 

"Conjugal  love  ...  may  be  warrantable  excused 
to  retire  (rorn  the  deception  of  what  it  Justly  seeka.  - 
Hilton:  Tetrachordon. 

•  war-rant-ee',  5.  [Eng. warrant, ;-«.]  The 
person  to  whom  land  or  other  thing  is  war- 
ranted. 

war'-rant-er,  ».    [Eng.  warrant,  T.  ;  -er.] 

1  One  who  warrants ;  one  who  gives  au- 
thority or  legally  empowers. 

2  One  who  assures  or  covenants  to  assure  ; 
one  who  contracts  to  secure  another  in  a  right 
or  to  make  good  any  defect  of  title  or  quality  ; 
one  who  guarantees ;  a  guarantor. 

"  I  stand  warranter  of  the  e»ent 


•war'-rant-Ise,"war'-rant-ize,».i.  [Eng. 
warra.li";  -isef-ize.]  To  warrant,  to  assure, 
to  guarantee. 

"  In  regard  hereof  yon  wil  vndertjike  to  ty,.  .,..—, 
and  makegood  vuto  vs  those  penalties.'  —  Backluyt  . 


•war'-rant-Ise,  "war'-rant-ize,*. 

BANT1SE,  V.] 

L  Authority,  security,  warranty,  guarantee. 

"  There  l«  such  strength  and  warra— " 
SAakei 

S.  Authorization,  allowance. 

"  Her  obsequies  have  been  as  far  enlarged 
At  we  have  warra-"" 


war-rant-or", ».     [Eng.  warrant,  -or.]    One 
who  warrants  ;  the  correlative  of  warrantee. 

war'-rant-y,    *war-raunt-y,    *war- 

rant-le,  s.    [O.  Fr.  warantie,  garantie.] 

L  Ordinary  language: 

'I.  Authority,  warrant,  justificatory  man 

date  or  precept. 

"  From  your  love  I  have  a  warranty 
To  unburden  all  my  plots  and  purposes." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  I. 

«2.  Security,  assurance,  guarantee,  warrant. 

"  The  matter  was  flrst  shewed  mee  by  a  light  felowe. 

who  collide  not  brlnfc  anye  witnes  or  warranty  of  his 

tale."— Brende :  Quintiiu  Curtiut.  foL  166. 

Law: 

I.  A  promise  or  covenant  by  deed,  made  by 
the  bargainer,  for  himself  and  his  heirs,  to 
warrant  or  secure  the  bargainee  and  his  heirs 
against  all  men  In  the  enjoyment  of  an  estate 


or  other  thing  granted.  The  use  of  warranties 
in  conveyances  has  long  been  superseded  by 
covenants  for  title,  whereby,  as  the  covenanter 
ensra"es  for  his  executors  and  administrators, 
his  personal  as  well  as  his  real  assets  are  an- 
swerable for  the  performance  of  the  covenant. 
2  Any  promise  (express  or  implied  by  law, 
according  to  circumstances)  from  a  vendor  to 
a  purchaser,  that  the  thing  sold  is  the  vendors 
to  sell,  and  is  good  and  fit  for  u*,  or  at  least 
for  such  use  as  the  purchaser  intends  to  make 
of  it.  Warranties  in  insurance  are  absolute 
conditions,  non-compliance  with  which  void 
the  insurance.  When  express,  these  warranties 
should  appear  in  the  policy,  but  there  are 
certain  implied  warranties. 

••  Some  few  rears  ago,  an  ill-advised  cabman  brought 
an  action  In  one  of  the  Superior  Courts  to  contend 
that  quiet  ill  harness  involved  a  warranty  of  sound- 
ness."—/"teW,  March  17, 1888. 

*  war'-rant-y,  v.t.  [WARRANTY,  «.]  To  war- 
rant, to 'guarantee. 

war'-ra-tah,  >.    [WARATAH.] 

•war-ray',  *war-rey',  *wer-rel-en,  v.t. 
TO  Fr.  werreier,  werrier  (Fr.  guerroyer),  fron 
werre  (Fr.  guerre)  =  war.)  To  make  war 
upon ;  to  wage  war  with ;  to  lay  waste. 

"  The  Christian  lords  warraid  the  Eastren  land." 
fairefax  :  Godfrey  of  Boulogne.  I.  «. 

'  warre,  s.    [WAR.] 

*  warre,  a.    [A.S.  wcerra.]    Worse. 

••  When  the  worlde  woie  old,  it.w2,XyW^vr*v°1if/31 

war-ree',  ».    [Native  name.]    [TAOOICATI.] 

war'-ren,  «war-elne.  «.    [O.  Fr.  warenne 
mrenne,  mrem  (Fr.  garenne)  from  Low  Lot 
warenno  =  a  preserve  for  rabbits,   hares,  o 
fish,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  warjan  =  to  protect,  to 
keep,  to  preserve ;  cf.  Dut.  warandt  =  a  park 
t  Ordinary  Language: 
1   A  piece  of  ground  appropriated  to  th 
breeding  and  preservation  of  game  or  rabbit 

•  Waster  than  a  warren.' 

Tennylonl  Ampltton.  4. 

2.  A  preserve  for  fish  in  a  river. 
IL  Law:  A  franchise  or  place  privileged 
bv  prescription  or  grant  from  the  crown  for 
keeping  beasta  and  fowls  of  warren,  which  are 
hares,  rabbits,  partridges,  and  pheasants 
though  some  add  quails,  woodcocks,  and 
water-fowl.  The  warren  is  the  next  franchise 
in  degree  to  the  park,  and  a  forest,  which  is 
the  hfghest  in  dignity,  comprehends  a  chase, 
a  park,  and  a  free-warren, 
war -render,  *war-ln-er,  "warn-er, 
*war-yn-er,  ».  [Eng.  warren;  -er.]  The 
keeper  of  a  warren. 

"  A  larce  army  of  professional  warrenert  and  rabblt- 
o.tchen?-flaif»  Telegraph.  Feb.  5. 1886. 

*  warrlangle, s.    [WARIANOLE.] 

*  war-rle, "  war-le,  *  war-l-en,  *  war-y, 

v.t.    [A.8.  wergian ;  0.  H.  Ger.  wergen  ;  Goth. 
gawargjan  =  to  curse.]  To  curse,  to  execrate, 
to  speak  ill  of,  to  abuse. 
war1 -ring,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [WAB,  ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

I.  Engaged  in  war ;  fighting. 

•  To  view  the  warring  deitlet." 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Iliad  v.  16». 

"  2.  Conflicting,  adverse,  antagonistic :  as, 
warring  opinions. 

war'-ri-or,  »war-rl-our,  *war-ry-onr, 
*  wer-re-our,  s.      [O.  Fr.  werrieur,  guer- 
rienr,  from  werre  =  war.] 
1.  A  soldier ;  a  fighting-man  ;  a  man  engaged 


war'-risn,  a.    [Eng.  war  ;  -ish.]    Militant, 

*"  Atlack  her  temple  ..^their  ^•"^•^ 

war'-ri-son,  s.  [As  though  from  warry  and 
sound.]  A  note  of  assault,  a  battle-cry. 

"  Straight  they  sound  their  warritonS 

Scott:  Las  of  tie  LaU  Hinltnl,  IT. 

war'-rl  war'-rl,  s.  [Native  name.]  A  kind 
of  fan  made  by  the  natives  of  Guiana  from 
the  leaves  of  the  acuyuru  palm  (Astrocaryurt. 
aculeatum). 

*  war'-scot,  ».  [Eng.  war  and  scot.]  A  oou 
tribution  towards  war;  a  war-tax. 

warse,  o.    [WORSE.]    (Scotch.) 

war'  -snip,  s.  [Eng.  war,  and  ship.]  A  ship 
constructed  for  taking  part  in  naval  warfare  ; 
a  man-of-war. 


Whelm'd  in  the 

2.  A  brave  man ;  a  good  soldier. 

warrior-ant,  s. 

Entom. :  Formica  sanguinea(pTsanguinana), 
not  uncommon  in  some  parts  of  England.  It 
keeps  workers  of  other  species  in  its  nest. 

warrior's  belt,  s. 

t  Astron. :  The. belt  of  Orion. 


"war'-rf-or-ess,    « war-rl-our-esse,  «. 

[Eng.  warrior;  -ess.]    A  female  warrior. 

"  That  warriourrtxe  with  haughty  crest 
Did  forth  Issue  all  J"jJ»  WIS*.  17. 

gpenfer  . 


warst,  a.    [WORST.]   (Scotch.) 

wars-tie,  war-sell,  wras-tle,  «.   *  «. 

[WRESTLE,   ».  &  V.]     (Scotch.) 

wart,  *  wert,  «  werte, ».  [ A.  S.  wearte,  cogn. 
with  Dut.  wro<;  O.  Dut.  warte,  wratte  ;  IceV. 
mrta  ;  Dan.  mrte  ;  Sw.  varta  ;  Ger.  warze.l 
i  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

"  The  great  wart  on  my  left  arm.'— Shaketp. :  Com- 
edy of  Error!,  ill.  2. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  wart :  as, 

(1)  A  spongy   excrescence  on   the  hinder 
pasterns  of  a  horse. 

(2)  A  roundish  glandule  on  the  surface  of 
plants. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  *  Surg.  (PI.):  Excrescences  or 
small  tumours  on  the  skin,  consisting  of  hy- 
pertrophied  cutaneous  papilhe,  either  with 
each  papilla  separate  and  merely  covered  with 
thin  cuticle,  or  with  a  bundle  of  them  bound 
together  by  hard,  scaly  epithelium.  They  are 
generally  conical,  with  a  radiated  structure, 
ire  hard,  insensible,  and  darker  than  the  sur. 
rounding  parts.  They  may  be  caused  by 
whatever  irritates  the  skin,  and  may  occur 
singly  or  in  groups,  generally  on  the  hands 
or  fingers ;  and  are  most  common  in  young 
people.  They  may  in  general  be  cured  by 
attention  to  cleanliness  and  by  the  application 
of  some  caustic,  or  may  be  removed  by  a  pan 
of  curved  scissors,  and  the  wound  afterwards 
dressed  with  a  lotion.  Sometimes  they  dis- 
appear if  stimulated  strongly.  Warts  on  the 
faces  of  old  people,  and  those  produced  by 
soot  on  chimney-sweeps,  are  mostly  forms  o. 
epithelial  cancer.  Called  also  Vegetations  ana 
Verruca. 

2.  Bot. :  [VERRDCA,  I.J. 
wart-cress,  s. 
Bot. :    Senebiera    Coronopia    (=  Cormopul 

Ruellii).  So  named  from  its  wart-shaped  fruit. 

wart-herb, ». 

Bot. :  Bhynchosia  minima. 

wart-hog,  s. 

Zool  •  A  popular  name  for  either  of  tn« 
species  of  the  genus  Phacochoarus  (q.v.),  from 
the  protuberances  under  the  eyes.  The  African 
wart-hog  (Phacocharus  alianus),  a  native  of 
Abyssinia  and  the  cen- 
tral regions  of  Africa, 
the  coast  of  Guinea, 
and  Mozambique,  is 
about  four  feet 
long,  with  a 
naked,  slender 
tail  of  twelve 
inches ;  it  is 
sparsely  cov- 
ered with  1 1 
light -brown 
bristles,  and 
has  a  long, 
stiff  mane 
extending 
from  between 

the  ears  along  the  neck  and  back.  Another 
species  (P.  ffilfttopiciis),  the  Vlacke  Vark  of  the 
Dutch  colonists  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
inhabits  the  South  of  Africa,  and  differs  from 
the  flrst  species  chiefly  in  having  the  facial 
warts  more  fully  developed  In  its  peculiarly, 
shaped  head.  Both  species  are  hunted,  »nd 
their  flesh  is  in  high  esteem. 
wart-shaped,  a. 


HEAD  OT  WART-HOO. 


5126 


warted— wash 


wart-snakes,  $.  pi. 

ZooL:  The  family  Acrochordidce,  consisting 
of  two  genera  of  lunocu  Jus  Colubriform  Snakes 
(fonnerly  grouped  with  the  Hydruphida?),  i'rmu 
the  Oriental  region.  They  are  non-venomous 
and  viviparous ;  the  tail  is  prehensile,  and 
the  body  and  head  are  covered  with  wart-like 
softies,  which  do  not  overlap.  One  species, 
Chersyirut  granulates,  is  aquatic.  [Aono- 


wart-spurge,  wart-weed,  5. 

lint. :  Euphorbia  Helioscopia.  So  named  from 
its  being  used  to  remove  warts. 

wart'-ed,  o.    [Eng.  wart;  -ed.] 

BoL  :  Covered  with  wart-like  protuberances. 

*warth,  *.  [Probably  the  same  word  as 
ward,  s.] 

Law :  A  customary  payment  for  castle 
guard.  (Cowel.) 

wart  -less,  a,    [Eng.  wart;  •Jew.]    Free  from 

warts. 

•wart-let,  a.    [Eng.  wart;  dirnin.  sun",  -let.] 
Zool. :  A  fanciful  name  for  several  species  of 

Actinia.      It  never    came  into  general    use. 

(Gosse:  Actinologia  Britannica,  p.  206.) 

Wart  -wort,  a.    [Eng.  wart,  and  wort.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Btiphorbia  Helioscopia  [WABT- 
WEED]  ;  (2)  Senebiera  Coronopus;  (3)  Chelido- 
nium  majus. 

Wart'-ir,  a.    [Eng.  wart ;  -K.] 

1.  Overgrown  with  warts ;  full  of  or  covered 
With  warts. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  a  wart. 

*3.  Bough,  as  though  covered  with  warts. 

"  I  never  look  to  »ee 
Deane,  or  thy  warty  Incivility." 

Bcrriclt:  1/etperidet,  L  27. 

warty  faced  honey-eater,  >.  [WAT- 
TLE-BIRD.] 

War  -wlck-ite  (second  w  silent),  *.  [After 
Warwick,  Orange  Co.,  New  York,  where  it  is 
said  to  have  been  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (JVtru).] 

Aftn. ;  A  mineral  occurring  in  slender 
rhombic  prism*  in  granular  limestone,  near 
Edenville,  New  York.  Hardness,  3*4 ;  sp.  gr., 
8*19  to  3-43 ;  lustre,  somewhat  metallic  to 
vitreous ;  colour,  dark-brown,  with  sometimes 
a  copper-red  tint ;  streak,  bluish  -  black  ; 
brittle.  Compos.,  a  borotitanate  of  magnesia 
and  iron. 

*  war'-W9lf  (1),  «.    [WEREWOLF.] 

*  war'-wolf  (2),    *  war- wolfe,   ».     [Eng. 
war,  and  wolf.]    An  old  military  engine.    (See 
extract  under  VAUNT-MURE.) 

war'- jf,  *  war'-Ie,  a.  [A.S.  ww  «  cautious ; 
oogn.  with  Icel.  varr ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  var ; 
Qoth.  wars;  cf.  O.  H.  Ger.  trara  =  hecii. 
caution ;  Ger.  gewahr  =  aware.  The  original 
form  is  ware  (q.v.).J 

L  Cautions  or  suspicious  of  danger;  care- 
fully watching  and  guarding  against  decep- 
tion, artifices,  and  dangers ;  ever  on  one's 
guard  ;  circumspect,  prudent,  wily. 

"  The  miry  Trojan  shrink*" 

*  Pope  :  Homer ;  Iliad  vilL  SOS. 

2.  Guarded;  careful   as  to  doing  or  not 
doing  something. 

"Others  grew  wary  In  their  praised  of  one,  who 
•eta  too  great  a  value  on  them."—Additon  ;  Spectator. 

3.  Characterized    by    caution;   proceeding 
from  caution ;  guarded. 

"  He  U  above,  and  we  upon  earth  :  and  therefore  It 
behoveth  oar  word*  to  be  wary  and  few." — Hooker. 

*  war-y»  *  war-le,  tf.t    [WARRIE.] 

Was,  v.i,  [A.S.  itxsan  =  to  be,  whence  pr. 
indie,  sing,  wees,  wc&rtt  watt  pi.  w&ran,  w&- 
ron,  or  UVBT-HH;  pr.  subj.  sing,  uxfere  pi. 
w<tren,  wt£ron ;  cogn.  with  Dnt.  wezen  =  to 
be ;  pr.  indie,  sing,  was,  waart,  was,  pi.  waren, 
waart,  warm ;  subj.  sing,  ware,  wartb,  ware, 
pi.  waren,  waret,  wasren ;  Icel.  vera  =  to  be  ; 
indie,  sing,  var,  vart,  vas,  pi.  rdrum,  vdrut, 
vdru ;  sobj.  sing,  vcera,  vcerir,  vasri,  pL  vcerim, 
vtvrtt,  vceri ;  Dan.  viare  =  to  be  ;  indie,  sing. 
(A  pi.  var ;  subj.  sing.  &  pi.  were ;  Sw.  vara  = 
to  be  ;  indie,  sing,  var,  pi.  voro,  vortn,  roro ; 
subj  sing.  TOTO,  pi.  vore,  wren,  voro;  Goth. 
wisan  s=  to  be,  to  dwell,  to  remain ;  pa.  t. 
indie,  sing,  teas,  wast,  was  ;  dual  wesn,  wesuls, 
pL  wetum,  wesuth,  vtesun;  subj.  sing,  wesjan, 


weseis,  vxsi  ;  dual  weseiwa,  wfseits,  pi.  weseima, 
weseith,  weseina ;  Ger.  pa.  t.  sing,  war,  warest, 
or  warst,  war,  pL  waren,  waret,  waren  ;  subj. 
sing,  ware,  warest  or  wars*,  ware,  pi. 
waret.  wrireti.  The  original  meaning  was  thus 
to  dwell,  to  remain  ;  cf.  Sans,  vas  =  to  dwell, 
remain,  live;  Gr.  aoru  («jtu)  =  a  dwt-llinu'- 
place,  a  city.  In  the  second  person  the  A.S. 
form  was  w&rc,  whence  Eng.  were,  as  in 
"  Thou  wer»betraied  "(Chaucer :  C.  T.,  14.6&0). 
Wast  was  formed  (by  analogy  with  hast)  from 
the  dialectal  was,  which  was  probably  north- 
ern. When  you  came  to  be  used  for  thou,  the 
phrase  you  was  took  the  place  of  thou  was, 
and  is  very  common  in  writings  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century ;  cf.  I  has,  I  is,  ye  is,  thou  i-s.] 
[WERE.]  The  past  tense  of  the  verb  to  be ;  aa 
I  was,  thou  wast  (or  wert),  he  wo* ;  we,  you, 
or  they  were. 
Tf  Sometimes  used  eUiptically  for  there  was. 

"  In  war,  wot  never  lion  raged  more  fierce, 
lu  peace,  tout  never  gentle  lamb  mure  mild." 
Shatep. :  Richard  IL,  ii.  L 

wase  (1),  8.    [Icel.  vasi ;  Sw.  vase  =  a  sheaf.] 

1.  A  wisp  or  rude  cushion  put  on  the  head 
by  porters,  &c.,  to  soften  the  pressure  of  a 
load.    <Pro».) 

2.  A  wisp  or  bottle  of  hay  or  straw.  (Scotch.) 

*waso  (2),  8.    [OozE.] 

wash,  *  waisch,  *  wasoh-en,  *  wasshe, 
•wesch-en  (pa.  t.   *wetht  *wessh,  *wishe, 

*  wosch,   *  woshe,   *  washe,  washed ;  pa.   par. 

*  waschen,   *  woshen,  washed,   *  wesshyd),  v.t. 
&  i.     [A.S.  vxucan,  waxan  (pa.  t  wosc,  wox ; 
pa.   par.  waacen,   wcescen);  cogn.   with  Dut. 
wassclien  ;  Icel.  &  S  w  vasha ;  Dan.  vashe ;  Ger. 
waschen  (pa.  t.  wisd^  pa.  par.  gewaschen).] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  cleanse  by  ablution  ;  to.free  from  Im- 
purities or  foreign  matter  by  dipping,  rubbing, 
or  passing  through  water  ;  to  apply  water  or 
other  liquid  to  for  the  purpose  of  cleansing ; 
to  sconr,  scrub,  or  the  like   with  water  or. 
other  liquid.    (Matthew  zzvii.  24.) 

2.  Hence,  to  free  from  the  stains  of  guilt, 
sin,  corruption,  or  the  like ;  to  purify,  to 
cleanse.    (Recelatwn  i.  10.) 

3.  To  cover  with  water  or  other  liquid  ;  to 
foil  upon  and  moisten ;  to  overflow ;  to  flow 
or  dash  against;  to  sweep  or  flow  over  or 
along. 

**  That  TMt  Bbore  wilted  with  the  farthest  sea." 
SfMkftp.  :  Aomm  4  JuJief.  ii.  1 

4.  To  remove  by  ablution  or  by  the  cleansing 
action  of  water  or  other  liquid ;  to  dispel  by 
washing,  or  as  by  washing,  literally  or  figura- 
tively.   (Used  with  away,  out,  qff,  Ac.) 

'*  Oin  had  already  ahed  a  brother's  blood ; 
The  deluge  waM'd  it  out." 

Cotoper:  Tat*,  r.  We. 

5.  To  overwhelm  and  sweep  away  or  carry 
off  by  or  as  by  a  rush  of  water. 

"  The  tide  will  wa&jon  off." 

ShaKMft.  :  8  ffenrjf  YL.  T.  4. 

6.  To  cover  with  a  watery  or  thin  coat  of 
colour ;  to  tint  lightly  or  slightly. 

7.  To  overlay  with  a  thin  coat  of  metal :  as, 
To  wash  copper  or  brass  with  gold. 

8.  To  moisten,  to  wet. 

"  tt'athcd  with  a  cold,  gray  mint" 

Longfellow:  Milet  8tandi*\,  L 

IL  Min.  A  MetalL :  To  separate  from  the 
earthy  and  lighter  matters  by  the  action  of 
Water :  as,  To  wash  ores. 

B.  Intransitii't: 

L  To  perform  the  act  of  ablution  on  one's 
self.  (An  elliptical  use.) 

2.  To  perform  the  act  or  business  of  cleaning 
Clothes  by  washing  them  In  water. 

"  She  can  wtuA  and  eeoor."— Shakitp.  :  Two  OmOt 
m»n,  ULL 

wash,  s.  &  a.    [WASH,  ».) 
A.  As  substantive: 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  washing  or  of 
cleansing  by  water ;  ablution. 

2.  The  state  of  being  washed. 

3.  The  quantity  of  clothes,  linen,  or  the 
tike  washed  at  one  time. 

4.  The  flow  or  sweep  of  a  body  of  water  ;  a 
dashing  against  or  rushing  over,  as  of  the  tida 
or  waves. 

"  Katie  walks 
By  the  long  too**  of  AMtralMian  •eas." 

Tcnnvftn  -'  The  Brook, 


5.  The  rough  water  left  behind  by  a  rowing- 
boat,  a  steam-launch,  steamer,  or  the  like. 

"The  (MwA  that  might  have  damaged  the  a  tart  oi 
the  Thauiea  crew." — Doily  Telegraph,  Sept.  16. 1&82. 

6.  A  piece  of  ground  washed  by  the  action 
of  the  sea  or  river,  or  sometimes  overflowed 
and  sometimes  left  'try;  a  shallow  part  of  a 
river  or  of  an  arm  of  the  sea ;  also,  a  morass, 
a  marsh,  a  bog,  a  quagmire. 

" The**  Lincoln  uxu&e*  liave  devoured  them." 
Shatetp.  :  Kini]  J,,h»,  v.  4, 

7.  Substances  collected  and  deposited  by 
the  action  of  water,  such  as  alluvium  and  the 
like.    [WARP,  3.,  II.  1.  2.J 

"The  wish  of  ptutures,  fields,  commons,  and  rn.-ula, 
where  rainwater  hath  a  long  time  settled,  IB  of  great 
advantage  to  all  laud." — Mortimer:  Mutbandry. 

8.  Waste  liquor,  consisting  of  the  refuse  of 
food,  collected    from  the  washed  dishes  of 
the  kitchen,  and  often  used  as  food  for  pigs  ; 
Swill,  swilliugs. 

"The  stillness  of  a  BOW  at  her  WfuA.1"— .South ;  $tr* 
Mom,  vol.  i.,  ser.  L 

9.  A  liquid  preparation  with  which  the  sti* 
face  of  anything  is  washed,  painted,  tinted, 
coated,  smeared,  moistened,  or  the  like  :  as, 

(1)  A  liquid  used  for  toilet  purposes,  such 
as  a  cosmetic,  a  liquid  dentifrice,  a  huir- 
wash,  &c. 

"  He  tried  all  manner  of  wuhet  to  bring  him  to  a 
better  completion  ;  but  there  was  no  goud  to  be  done.* 
^•L  'Srtra  nge. 

(2)  A.  medical  preparation  for  external  ap- 
plication ;  a  lotion. 

(S)  A  thin  coating  of  colour  spread  over 
surfaces  of  a  painting. 

(4,)  A  thin  coat  of  metal  applied  to  any- 
thing for  beauty  or  preservation. 

"Imagination  stamp*  signification  upon  his  face, 
and  tells  the  people  tie  is  togo.for  so  much,  whooften- 
tiines  being  deceived  by  the  u-ttth,  nerer  examine  the 
metal,  but  lake  him  upon  coo  twit"— Collier. 

10.  The  blade  of  an  oar. 

11.  A  measure  for  shell-fish.    (See  extract.) 

"  Bach  smack  takes  with  her  for  the  voyage  about 
forty  wvtjft  of  whelks,  the  wctiA  being  a  regular  mea- 
•ure  which  holds  twenty-one  quart*  and  a  pint  of 
water."- CoweW'i  .Vol.  UM..  v.  «& 

H.  Distilling: 

1.  Fermented  Wort.     It  usually  contains 
from  4  to  7  percent,  of  alcohol  by  weight. 
The  alcohol  is  first  recovered  from  the  wash 
by  distillation,  and  the  crude  product  puri- 
fied by  a   second  distillation — the  finished 
article  being   neutral   alcohol,  whiskey,    or 
rum,  according  to  the  ingredients  from  whioh 
the  wort  was  obtained. 

2.  A  mixture  of  dunder,  molasses,  scum* 
mings,  and  water  used    iu   the  West  Indies 
for  distillation.    (Bryan  Edwards.) 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Washy,  weak. 

"They're  only  made  for  handsome  view,  not  handling ; 
Their  bodies  of  so  weak  and  with  a  temper." 

8e,ium.  A  fM.  /  honduca,  IT.  L 

wash-back,  «.    [BACK  (2),  «.,  B.  II.] 

•wash  ball,  «.  A  ball  of  soap  to  be 
used  in  washing  the  hands  or  face. 

"  t  asked  a  poor  man  how  he  did ;  he  said  he  wai 
like  a  wuh-baU,  always  in  decay."— swift. 

wash-basin, s.  Awash-hand  basin (q.v.). 

wash-beetle,  s.    A  batlet  (q.v.). 

wash-board,  s. 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  board  or  slab  with  a 
ribbed  surface  for  washing  clothes  on.  They 
are  made  of  wood,  of  corrugated  zinc,  earth- 
enware, vulcanized  rubber,  &c. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  A  skirting  around  the  lower  part 
of  the  wall  of  an  apartment. 

2.  Mining :  A  place  in  which  ore  is  washed. 
"  We  have  had  the  best  show  of  gold  on  the  woftt* 

board."— Money  Market  Keoiew,  Nov.  7.  18S5. 

3.  Nant. :  A  board  above  the  gunwale  of  a 
boat  to  keep  the  water  from  washing  over. 

wash-bottle,  «. 

Chem.:  An  apparatus  of  gre«t  utility  in 
analytical  chemistry,  used  for  delivering  a 
fine  jet  or  stream  of  liquid  on  to  a  pre«ipitate 
for  the  purpose  of  washing  it,  or  for  removing 
any  residue  of  a  solution  or  solid  {Articles 
from  one  vessel  to  another.  It  consists  of  a 
flask  of  hard  glass,  fitted  with  a  cork  or  india- 
rubber  stopper  perforated  in  two  places. 
Through  each  perforation  is  passed  a  piece  of 
bent  glass  tubing,  one  being  carried  to  within 
balf  an  inch  of  the  bottom  of  the  flask,  and 
the  portion  of  tubing  outside  drawn  to  a  fine 
open  point.  The  other  tube  is  carried  just 
within  the  bottle,  and  it  is  to  the  outer  end 


fete,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule*  full;  try,  Syrian.    00,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew* 


washable— wassail 


6127 


of  this  that  the  lips  are  applied  in  blowing 
into  tlie  apparatus  in  order  to  expel  the  liquid 
contained  in  it,  water,  alcohol,  or  ether,  aa 
the  case  may  be. 

wash-gliding,  *.    Water-gilding  (q.v.). 

wash-hand  basin,  «.  A  basin  for 
washing  the  hands  in. 

wash-hand  stand,  «.     A  wash-stand 

(q.v.). 

wash-hole,  $. 

Mining:  A  place  where  the  refuse  is  thrown. 

wash-house,  s.    [WASHHOUSE.] 

wash-leather,  5.  Split  sheep-skins  pre- 
pared with  oil  in  the  manner  of  chamois,  and 
used  for  domestic  purposes,  aa  cleaning  glass 
or  plate,  polishing  brasses,  and  the  like  ;  also 
alumed  or  buff  leather  for  regimental  belts. 
(Also  used  attributively.)  • 

"The  greengrocer  pat  on  a  pair  of  wa$h-l€ath«r 
gloves  to  hand  the  plates  with."—  />ick*nt  i  Pickwick, 
eh.  xxxvii. 

wash  off,  a. 

Calico-print. :  A  term  applied  to  certain 
colours  or  dyes  which  will  not  stand  washing ; 
fugitive. 

wash-pot,  s. 

1.  A  vessel  in  which  anything  is  washed. 

"  Belli  ilil  seven  comely  bloomlug  youths  appear. 
And  iu  their  hands  seven  golden  urath-pott  bear." 
CovXey. 

2.  An  iron  pot  containing  melted  grain  tin, 
Into  which  iron  plates  are  dipped  after  a  dip 
In  the  tin-pot  (q.v.),  and  draining. 

wash-stand,  s.  A  piece  of  furnltnre  for 
holding  the  ewer  or  pitcher,  basin,  &c.,  for 
washing  the  person. 


wash-tub, 

re  washed. 


».    A  tnb  fn  which  clothes 


*  wash-woman,  *.    A  washerwoman. 

"  Too  would  aoouer  be  taken  for  her  wash-woman." 
—Mitt  Burner:  Eetlina,  rot.  i.,  let.  14. 

Wash -a -We,  o.  [Eng.  wash,  v.  ;  -ate.] 
Capable  of  being  washed  without  injury  to 
til-;  fabric  or  colour. 

"  It  has  a  perfectly  si 

ittrfwee."— Daily  Tales  raph,  March  9,  li 

*  wash'-en,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [WASH,  v.] 

wash  -er.  s.    [Eng.  wash,  v. ;  -er.] 
J.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  washes ;  a  washer- 
woman ;  a  laundress. 

"Quickly   IB    his   laundress,  his   waiter,  and    hU 

wiiugnT.'—Shaktip.  :  Merry  Wives,  i.  2. 

2.  Applied  to  domestic  apparatus  for  cleans- 
ing :  aa,   window-ipas&«r,  dish-was&er,  vege- 
table- washer,  &c. 

3.  A  pavement- plug,  where  a  hose  may  be 
attached  to  water  the  street. 

4.  A  contrivance  for  precipitating  smoke  or 
fumes  by  a  shower  of  water. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Much.  :  A  ring  of  metal  or  wood  which 
slips  over  a  bolt,  and  upon  which  the  nut  is 
screwed  fast.  Washers  are  also  placed  be- 
neath bolt-heads,  and  form  packing  between 
surfaces  which  are  screwed  together. 

£  Mining  :  An  apparatus  for  washing  ores. 

3.  Paper-making:  A  rag-engine  (q.v.). 

4.  Plumb. :  A  bottom  outlet  in  cisterns,  &c. 

washer-hoop,  *.  A  gasket  between  the 
flange  and  curb  of  a  water-wheel. 


washer-man,  a. 

clothes. 


A  man  who   washes 
who 


washer  -  woman,    s.     A    woman 
washes  clothes  for  hire  ;  a  laundress. 

wash  -house,  s.    [Eng.  wash,  and  house.] 
\,  A  building  furnished  with  boilers,  tuba, 

&c.,  for  washing  clothes  ;  a  laundry. 
2.  A  room  in  a  house  where  the  dishes,  &c,, 

are  washed  ;  a  scullery. 

wash'-i-ba,  s.    [Ouianan.] 

Bat.  &  Comrn. :  A.  strong,  hard,  durable,  and 
elastic  wood,  from  Guiana,  much  used  by  the 
Indians  for  making  bows.  (Treas.  of  Bot.)  It 
has  not  been  identified. 

t  wash'-i-ness,  s.  [Eng.  why ;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  washy,  watery,  or 
weak. 


wash' -ing,  *wa*ch-yng,  "  wash  yngo, 

•  wassh-ynge,  pr.  pur.,  a.,  &  s.   [WASH,  v.J 

A.  As  pr.  par. ;  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Used  in  or  intended  for  the  act  or  pro- 
cess of  cleansing  by  water. 
*2.  Swashing  (?). 

"To  give  her  hut  a  watMng  blow." 

Beaum.  A  Wet, ;  Wild  tivote  Chate,  v.  i. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  cleansing  by  water  ;  ablution. 

2.  The    clothes    washed,    especially  those 
washed  at  one  time ;  a  wash. 

3.  The  results  or  product  of  the  washing  of 
ores. 

washing-engine,  *. 

Paper-)tiaking :  A  rag-engine  (q.v.). 

washing-horn,  s.  The  sounding  of  a 
horn  for  washing  before  dinner,  a  custom  still 
observed  in  the  Temple.  (Wharton.) 

washing-house,  a.    A  washhouse. 

washing-machine,  *.  A  machine  for 
cleansing  linen,  clothes,  Ac.,  with  water  and 
soap.  There  are  numerous  varieties,  the 
general  feature  of  all  being  that  the  clothes 
are  agitated  by  artificial  means  in  a  vessel 
containing  water,  soap,  &c. 

washing-powder.  *.  A  preparation  of 
sodu-ash  and  Scotch  soda  much  used  in  wash- 
ing clothes. 

washing-stuff;  ». 

Mining :  Any  stuff  or  matrix  containing 
sufficient  gold  to  pay  for  washing  it. 

Wash  Ing  to'  ni-an,  a.  &  * 

A.  A*  adjective : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  George  Washington, 
first  President  of  the  United  States. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton, the  capital  of  the  United  States. 

3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Washington,  one  of 
the  United  States. 

4.  Of  or  relating  to  the  temperance  societies 
founded   in    the    United    States,  about  1843, 
among  former  inebriates. 

B*  At  substantive  : 

1.  A  native  or  resident  of  the  city  or  State 
of  Washington. 

2.  A  member  of  a  Washingtuniau  Society. 

wash'-ing-ton  ite,  •.     [After  Washington, 
Connecticut,  where    it    is    found;     suff.  -tte 
(Jtfin.).] 
Mi*. :  A  variety  of  Menaccanite  (q.v.). 

wash'-wort,  ».    [Eng.  wash,  and  wort.] 
Bot. ;  The  genus  Ulva. 

wash'-y',  *  wash-ie,  a.    [Eng.  wash;  -y,] 
*  1.  Watery,  damp,  moist. 
"  And  on  the  *nuhy  oon  deep  channels  wore." 

Milton;  /'./,.,  vii.  305. 

2.  Too  much  diluted ;  watery,  weak,  thin. 

"The  first  shall  be  a  palish  clearness, 
smoothly  spread,  not  over-thin  and  watt 


"The  first  shall  be  a  palish  clearness,  evenly  and 
loothly  spread,  not  over-thin  and  washy,  but  of  « 
pretty  sulid  coimistetice."—  Wotton:  Remaint,  p.  TV. 


3.  Wanting    in    solidity,    substantialness, 
strength,  stamina,  or  the  like ;  feeble,  worth- 
less. 
wa'-site,  s.    [Bng.  ivasmm;  suff.  -ite  (JfiTi.).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  of  a  brownish-black  colour 
resembling  allanite,  found  on  the  island  of 
Ronsholm,  near  Stockholm. 

wasp,  *waspe,  s.  [A.S.  wasps;  cogn.  with 
O.  H.  Ger.  wefsd,  wafsA;  Ger.  wespe ;  Lat. 
vespa ;  Lithuan.  wapsd  =  a  gadfly  ;  Russ.  osa 
—  a  wasp.] 

1.  Lit.  &  Entom, :  Any  species  of  the  genus 
Vettpa  or  of  the  family  Veapidaa  (q.v.)  ]»r- 
ticularly  the  Common  Wasp  (Vespa  wlgaris). 
It  lives  In  a  hole  in  the  ground,  generally 
about  six  inches  beneath  the  surface,  ap- 
proached by  a  crooked  entrance  of  about 
an  inch  in  diameter.  This  passage  leads 
to  a  subterranean  .room,  in  which  is  the 
vespiary  made  of  gray  paper  or  pasteboard  in 
layers  one  above  the  other,  and  constituting  a 
ball  of  thirteen  or  fourteen  inches  in  diameter, 
and  pierced  with  two  round  holes,  through 
which  the  wasps  come  in  and  go  out.  The  in- 
terior is  occupied  by  horizontal  tiers  of  combs, 
like  floors  in  a  house,  supported  by  columns, 
and  with  passages  between.  Each  cell  is 


hexagonal,  as  in  the  combs  of  l>ees,  but  the 
m:tt>>rial  is  paper.  These  tiers  of  cells  are 
built  in  succession,  the  upper  ones  first. 
Sexually,  wasps  are  of  three  kinds,  males, 
females,  and  mmters,  the  two  latter  armed 
with  an  exceedingly  venomous  sting.  The 
last  are  the  workers  in  the  hive  ;  they  also  go 
out  to  bring  in  provision*  for  the  community. 
Wasps  are  m-arly  miniivnruus,  feeding  on 
honey,  jam,  fruit,  butcher's  meat,  and  any 
insects  which  they  can  overpower.  A  snare 
of  these  viands  is  given  to  the  males  and 
females,  whose  work  lies  more  in  the  vespiary. 
The  combs  of  a  large  nest  may  amount  to 
fifteen  or  sixteen  thousand.  In  these  the 
females,  which  are  few  in  number,  deposit 
eggs,  hatched  in  eight  days  into  Inrvae. 
These  again  go  into  the  chrysalis  state  in 
twelve  or  fourteen  days  more,  and  in  ten 
more  are  perfect  insects.  The  males  do  no 
work.  Most  of  the  workers  and  all  the  males 
die  at  the  approach  of  wintei,  and  in  the 
spring  each  surviving  female,  having  been 
Impregnated  in  autumn,  looks  out  for  a  suit- 
able place  to  form  a  new  vespiary.  A  wasps' 
nest  may  be  destroyed  by  burning  sulphur  in- 
side the  hole.  The  economy  of  the  other 
social  wasps  is  essentially  the  same,  whether, 
like  Vespa  holsatica  (V.  britannica),  they  build 
a  nest  of  paper  in  trees,  or,  like  the  foreign 
Polistes,  place  their  combs  in  trees  or  bushes 
without  a  papery  defence.  The  economy  of 
the  solitary  wasps  is  essentially  that  of  their 
type,  Odyncrus  (q.v.),  differing  only  in  the 
material  and  locality  of  their  nests,  some  build- 
ing them  of  clay  or  agglutinated  sand,  and 
attaching  them  to  or  placing  them  in  holes  in 
walls,  whilst  a  few  burrow  in  sandy  ground. 
The  species  popularly  known  aa  hornet*  and  yel- 
low-jackets have  very  severe  stinging  powers. 

*  2.  Fig. :   A  person  characterized   by  ill- 
nature,   petulance,  peevishness,    irritability, 
or  petty  malignity. 

"Come,  come,  you  \entp:  F  faith,  you  are  too 
angry."-Sfta*«p. .-  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  U.  JL  " 

t  wasp-bee,  s. 

Rntom. :  A  euckoo  bee.    [XOMADA.] 
wasp-beetle,  s. 

Sntoi*,:  Clytus  arietis.    [CLYTTW.] 
wasp-fly,  s. 

Entom. :   Chrysotoxum  fxsciolatum,   a   two- 
winged  insect  of  the  family  Syrphidse,  some- 
what resembling  a  wasp  in   having  yellow 
•pots  on  a  black  body.    It  is  British. 
Wasp   ish,  a.     [Eng.  wasp;  -ieh,.] 

1.  Resembling  a  wasp  in  form ;  having  * 
slender  waist,  like  a  wasp. 

2.  Quick   to  resent  any  trifle,   injury,   or 
affront ;  snappish,  petulant,  irritable,  irascible. 

"He  [S.  Jerome]  was  naturally  a  wasyith  and  hot 
man."— Bp.  Hall :  Episcopacy  by  />Mne  Itiyht,  pt.  it, 
|2a 

3.  Marked  or  characterized  by  snappishness 
or  petulance. 

"  A  prose  Dtmclad,  watpigh  and  unfair,  but  full  of 
eleveniM*."— SffrffcfiCT-*  Magtuine,  May,  1880,  p.  118. 

.  *  waspish-headed,  a.    Irritable,  petu- 
lant, irascible. 

"  Her  waipith-headed  son  has  broke  hia  arrows. 

SHaketp. :  Tempett,  Iv.  1. 

*  wasp' - ish - 1 &  adv.    [Eng.  waspish;  -ly,\ 
In  a  waspish  or  snappish  manner;  petulantly, 
peevishly,  snappishjy. 

*  wasp'-feh-ne'ss,  s.    [Bng.  waspish;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  waspish  or  snap- 
pish ;  snappishness,  petulance,  peevishness. 

was'  sail,  *  wos-hael,  *  w&s'-sall,  *  was- 
sayl,"  "  was'-sel,  *  was-seyl,  «.  &  a. 
[Lit,  =  be  of  good"  health,  from  A.S.  wes  =  be 
thou,  imper.  sing,  of  wesan  =  to  be,  and  hdl 
=  whole  ;  I  eel.  heiU  =  whole,  hale  (q.v.).  The 
legend  is  that  Rowena  presented  a  cup  t* 
Vortigern,  with  the  words  wees  hckl,  and  thafc 
Vortigern,  who  knew  no  English,  was  told  to 
reply  by  saying  drinc  h&L] 
A,  As  substantive : 

*  1.  A  form  of  salutation  in  drinking. 

'*  Jk-kne  to  tha  kyng  heo  seyde,  lord  kyng,  wastey?." 
Kobert  of  Gloucester,  p.  117. 

2.  A    festive   occasion    or   meeting   where 
drinking  and  pledging  of  healths  are  indulged 
In  ;  a  drinking-bout,  a  carouse. 

"  And  soon  ID  merry  tecutaU,  he  ... 
Peals  his  loud  song."        Scott :  Rokeby,  Hi  IS. 

3.  The    liquor   used    on    such    occasions, 
especially  about  Christmas  or  the  New  Year. 
It  consists  of  ale  (sometimes  wine),  sweetened 


boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xeaophon,  exist,    -ing, 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan,    -tion,  -sion  —  shun;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tioiu,  -sious  =  Bhus.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del 


5123 


wassail— waster 


with  sugar,  and  flavoured  with  nutmeg,  cin- 
namon, cloves,  roasted  appks,  &c.  Called 
also  Lamb's  Wool. 

"  A  wattel  of  good  Ate." 
RUton:  Ancient  JSonyt;  Carrol  for  a  Wauel  Boicl. 

*  4.  A  merry  drinking-song. 

"  This,  I  tell  you,  ia  our  Jolly  waurl, 
And  for  twelfth-night  more  meet  too." 

Sett  Jonton :  Chrutnuu  Matqut. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  connected 
with  wassail  or  festivities ;  convivial :  as,  a 

wassail  candle. 

wassail  bout,  s.  Ajovial  drinking-bout. 

wassail  bowl,  *  wassel-boul,  *  was 

•el-bowl,  s.  A  large  bowl,  in  which  the 
wassail  was  mixed  and  placed  on  the  tal'le 
before  a  festive  company.  It  was  an  old  cus- 
tom to  go  about  with  such  a  bowl,  containing 
wassail,  at  the  time  of  the  New  Year,  &c., 
singing  a  festival  song,  and  drinking  the 
health  of  the  inhabitants  and  collecting  money 
to  replenish  the  bowl.  In  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land the  wassail-bowl  still  appears  at  Christ- 
mas. 

"  A  mighty  watMt-bovt  he  took." 

Scott :  Marmion,  I.  IS. 

wassail-cup,  *.  A  cup  from  which  was- 
sail was  drunk. 

was  -sail  er,  5.  [Eng.  wassail,  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  joins  in  a  wassail  or  drinking- feast ;  a 
toper,  a  feaster,  a  reveller. 

"  I  am  no  wattailer  ; 

Command  me  In  all  service  save  the  Bacchant's. " 
Byron ;  Sardanapatut,  ii.  1. 

*  was  -sail,  *  was  sal,  v.i.     [WASSAIL,  «.] 
To  hold  a  merry  drink  ing- meeting ;  to  attend 
at  wassails  ;  to  tope. 

"  Spending  all  the  day,  and  good  part  of  the  night, 
In  dancing,  carolling,  and  w*ualling."— Sidney :  Ar- 
codm.bk.UL 

*  was  ser-man,  s.    [Ger.  =  waterman.]     A 
sea-monster  in  the  shape  of  a  man. 

'*  The  grie*ly  Wnuerman  that  make*  his  game 
The  flying  ships  with  swiftness  to  pursue." 

SpenMr;  F.  §.,  IL  xiL  24. 

wast,  r.i.  [See  def.]  The  second  person 
singular  of  was  (q.v.), 

*  wast  -age  (age  as  Ig),  5.    [Eng.  wast^e) ; 
-age.}    Loss  by  use.  decay,  leakage,  and  the 
like. 

waste,  r.  (.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  waster  =  to  lay  waste, 
to  waste,  from  La t  vasto;  Fr.gdter.]  [WASTE,  a.  j 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  bring  to  ruin ;  to  devastate,  to  deso- 
late, to  ruin,  to  destroy. 

"  Watted  the  country  of  the  children  of  Ammon." 
—1  Chron.  zlz.  L 

2.  To  diminish  by  .continued  loss ;  to  wear 
away  gradually;  to  consume,  to  spend,  to 
use  up. 

"  Feed  the  fire  that  teattet  thy  powers  away." 

Cotcper :  Retirement,  2M. 

3.  To  expend  without  valuable  return ;  to 
spend  vainly,  foolishly,  or  uselessly ;  to  em- 
ploy or  use  prodigally,  unnecessarily,  care* 
lessly,  or  lavishly ;  to  squander. 

"  They  that  follly  watten  and  dispenden  the  goodes 
that  they  nan."—  Chaucer :  Tat*  of  .Vtlibrut. 

IL  Law :  To  damage,  injure,  or  impair,  as 
an  estate,  voluntarily,  or  by  allowing  the 
buildings,  fences,  or  the  like,  to  go  to  decay. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  grow  less  or  diminish  in  bulk,  sub- 
stance, strength,  value,  or  the  like ;  to  de- 
crease gradually ;    to  dwindle ;    to   be    con- 
sumed.   (Often  with  away.) 

"  E'en  while  he  lives,  he  wattet  with  secret  woe." 

Pope  :  Homer;  Iliad  viii.  515. 

2.  To  bring  down  one's  weight  to  a  certain 
point. 

"  Waiting  as  most  jockeys  watte  Is  the  iure»t  pot' 
alble  way  to  prevent  anyone  called  upon  for  exertion 
doing  himself  justice."— Refer*,  Dec,  12,  1886. 

waste,  *wast,  a.  &  s.  [O.  Fr.  wast  (in  the 
phrase  faire  wast  =to  lay  waste),  gast,  gaste  = 
waste,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  iraste  =  a  waste  ;  wasten 
=  to  lay  waste,  from  Lat.  vastus  =  waste, 
desolate,  vast;  cf.  A.S.  weste  =  waste.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

'  1.  Devastated,  ravaged,  rained,  spoiled, 
desolated. 

"  The  Lord  tnaketh  the  earth  empty,  and  maketh  It 
watte,  and  tunieth  it  ujwide  down.  —  Itaiah  xxiv.  l. 

2.  Resembling  a  desert  or  wilderness  ;  deso- 
late, wild,  dreary  ;  bare  and  dismal. 

"  He  found  him  In  a  desert  land,  and  in  the  watt* 

bowling  wilderness."—  Deuteronomy  xixii.  10. 


3.  Not  tilled  or  cultivated  ;  producing  no 
crops  or  wood  :  as,  waste  land. 

4.  Spoiled,  injured,  or  rendered  unfit  for  its 
original  or   intended  use  in  the  process  of 
manufacture,  handling,  employment,   or  the 
like ;  rejected  from  the  material  reserved  for 
a   desired  purpose  ;    of  little  or  no  value ; 
refuse :  as,  waste  paper. 

*  5.  Lost  for  want  of  occupiers  or  usage  ; 
superfluous,  exuberant. 

"  Strangled  with  her  wattf  fertility." 

Milton :  Comttt,  72». 

*6.  In  a  state  of  ruin  or  decay;  ruinous, 
decayed. 

"  CerUyne  olde  watt  and  broken  howetea."—  Bernert  : 
Froittart;  Cronycle,  vol.  i.,  ch.  cclxix. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  L  Ordinary  Languag* : 

1.  The  act  of  wasting ;  the  state  or  process 
of  being  wasted  ;  the  act  of  spoiling,  ruining, 
or  devastating  ;  destruction,  devastation. 

"  'Gainst  him.  whose  wrongs  give  edge  unto  the  swords. 
That  make  such  watte  iu  brief  mortality." 

Shake*)}. :  Henry  V,,  \.  i. 

2.  The   act    of  squandering    or   spending 
lavishly  or  wastefully. 

"  If  you  had  made  watte  of  all  I  have." 

Siaketp. .-  Merchant  qf  Venice,  L  1. 

3.  Gradual    decrease    in    bulk,    quantity, 
strength,  value,  <fec.,  from  the  effects  of  time 
or  use ;  consumption,  loss. 

"Beauty's  watte  hath  in  the  world  an  end." 

Shaketp. :  Sonnet  9. 

4.  That  which  is  or  has  been  made  waste  or 
desolate ;  a  waste,  devastated,  or  desert  region ; 
a  wilderness,  a  desert. 

"An  unpeopled  tract  of  mountain  watte." 

Wurdtworth  :  Kxcurtion,  bk.  vii. 

5.  Hence,  an  unoccupied  place  or  space  ;  a 
dreary  void. 

"  In  the  dead  watte  and  middle  of  the  night." 

ShaJtetp.  :  Hamlet,  1.  i 

6.  Untilled  or  uncultivated  ground  ;  a  tract 
of  land  not  in  a  state  of  cultivation,  and  pro- 
ducing little  or  no  vegetation  or  wood. 

"  His  tall  mill  that  whistled  on  the  watte~ 

Tennyton :  Enoch  A  rden,  MO. 

7.  The  refuse  of  a  factory  or  shop :  as — 

(1)  Broken  or  spoiled  castings  which  go  to 
the  heap  to  be  remelted. 

(2)  The  refuse  of  wool,  cotton,  or  silk,  re- 
sulting from  the  working  of  the  fibre.    (Used 
as   swabs  for  wiping  machinery,  as  an  ab- 
sorbent in  railway  axle-boxes,  &c.). 

(3)  Paper  scraps  of  an  office,  printing-office, 
bookbinding  establishment,  Ac. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Hydraulics: 

(1)  A  contrivance  for  allowing  the  escape  of 
surplus  water,  as  the  mute-weir,   mute-pit, 
or  waste  sluice  of  a  reservoir. 

(2)  The  water  so  escaping ;  through  a  gate, 
for  instance,  rather  than  into  the  mill-race  or 
penstock. 

(3)  Overflow  water  from  a  sink  or  trap.     A 
pipe  for  running  waste-water   from  a  bath, 
standing  wash-tub,  or  sink. 

2.  Mining :  A  vacant  space  in  the  gob  or 
goaf ;  old  workings. 

3.  Law:  Spoil,  destruction,  or  injury  done 
to  houses,  woods,  farms,   lands,   &c.,   by  a 
tenant  for  life  or  for  years,  to  the  prejudice 
of  the  heir,    or  of  him  in  reversion  or  re- 
mainder.    Waste  is  voluntary,  as  by  felling 
timber,  pulling  down  houses,  &c. ;  or  permis- 
sive, as  the  suffering  of  damage  to  accrue  for 
want  of  doing  the  necessary  acts  to    keep 
buildings  and  lands  in  order.    Whatever  does 
a  lasting  damage  to  the  freehold  is  a  waste. 

IT  1.  To  lay  waste :  To  render  desolate ;  to 
devastate,  to  ruin. 

2.  To  run  to  waste :  To  become  useless,  ex- 
hausted, or  spoiled  from  want  of  proper  man- 
agement, attention,  care,  skill,  or  the  like  ;  to 
become  lost  for  any  useful  purpose. 

waste-basket,  s.    [Waste-paper  basket.] 

waste-board,  *.  The  same  as  WASH- 
BOARD, 2. 

waste-book,  s.  A  book  containing  a 
regular  account  of  a  merchant's  transactions, 
set  down  in  the  order  of  time  in  which  they 
took  place,  previous  to  their  being  carried,  in 
book-keeping  by  double  entry  to  the  journal, 
or  in  simple  entry  to  the  ledger  ;  a  day-book. 

waste-gate,  «.  A  gate  tn  allow  the  pas' 
sage  of  surplus  water  from  a  pond  or  canal. 


"waste-good,  5.  A  prodigal,  a  spend* 
thrift. 

"  This  first  ...  is  a  waste-good  aitd  a  spendthrift."— 
Greene  :  Quip  for  an  Upttart  Courtier. 

waste-lands,  s.  pL  Lands  left  in  their 
natural  condition  because  they  are  not  worth 
cultivating,  or  because  their  owner  has  not 
capital  enough  to  turn  them  to  proper  ac- 
count. 

waste-paper,  *.    Spoiled  or  used  paper. 

Waste-paper  basket :  A  small  wicker  basket, 
used  in  offices,  &c,,  to  hold  waste  or  worth- 
less papers. 

waste-pipe,  s.  A  discharge-pipe  for 
superfluous  water. 

waste-steam  pipe,  s. 

Steam-engin.  :  The  pipe  leading  from  the 
safety-valve  to  the  atmosphere. 

*  waste-thrift,  s.    A  spendthrift. 

waste-trap,  s,  A  form  of  trap  for  allow- 
ing surplus  water  to  escape  without  permitting 
air  to  pass  in  the  other  direction. 

waste-water  pipe,  5. 

Steam-engin,  :  The  pipe  for  carrying  off  the 
surplus  water  from  the  hot-well. 

waste-weir,  s.  A  cut  in  the  side  of  * 
canal  for  carrying  off  surplus  water. 

wast  ed,  pa.  par.  &  a,    [WASTE,  r.] 

A.  As  pa.  par .;  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Laid  waste  ;  made  waste  or  desolate ; 
devastated. 

"  As  mountain  wave*  from  watted  lands, 
Sweep  back  to  ocean  blue." 

.scuff  .-  Jfarmton,  vi.  3*. 

2.  Spent  or  consumed  recklessly  or  to  no 
use ;  squandered. 

3.  Diminished  in  bulk,  quantity,  size,  or 
the  like ;  worn  away. 

"  Watted,  wrinkled,  old.  and  ugly." 

Longfellow:  Hiawatha,  ziL 

waste  fill,  'waste  full,  " wast  foL  a. 
[Eng.  waste;  -fu.il.} 

1.  Fall  of  or  causing  waste  or  ruin  ;   de- 
structive to  property  or  to  anything  of  value ; 
ruinous. 

"  Once  more  attend  1  avert  the  wasteful  woe," 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  L  5H 

2.  Spending  that  which  is  valuable  reck- 
lessly,   unnecessarily,    or    foolishly ;    lavish, 
prodigaL 

"The  wattfful   expenditure  of  the   court."— Mac- 
aulay;  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  ill. 

*3.  Lying  waste  ;  desolate,  waste. 

"  His  chosen  people  he  did  bleu 
In  the  wtutefut  wilderness." 

Milton :  Ptalm  cxxxvL 

waste'  ful  ly,  *  wast-ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng, 
wasteful ;  -ly.\  In  a  wasteful  manner ;  lavishly, 
prodigally. 

"  Her  lavish  hand  ii  watttfutlit  prof  Me." 

Dryden  :  Aurenytebe. 

waste  -ful  ness,  *  waste  ful  ncssc,  s. 
[Eng.  wasteful ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  wasteful ;  lavishness,  prodigality. 

*was'-teX  *wa*'-teU,  «.     [O.  Fr.  wastd, 

gastel  (Fr.  gdteau)  =  a  cake,  from  M.  H.  Ger. 
wastel  =  &  kind  of  bread.]  A  kind  of  tine 
white  bread,  inferior  only  to  the  finest  (called 
simnel-bread),  and  formerly  in  common  use 
among  the  more  wealthy  and  luxurious  of  the 
middle  classes. 

*  wastel  bread,   *  wastel-brede,  *. 

The  same  as  WASTEL. 

"  With  rosted  flesh  and  milk,  and  watttl-brede: 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  147.     (PtoL) 

*  wastel-oake,  *  wastell-eake,  .••.    A 
cake  of  wastel-bread. 

*  waste'-less,   o.     [Eng.   waste ;    -less.]     In- 
capable of  being  wasted,  consumed,  or  ex- 
pended ;  inexhaustible. 

"  From  their  watteleu  treasures  heap  rewards 
More  out  of  grace  than  merit  on  us  mortals." 

May :  The  Heir.  Ir. 

*  waste -ness,  s.     [En$.  waste;  -ness.]     The 
quality  or  state  of   being  waste  ;    solitude, 
desolation. 

"  She  of  nonght  afraid. 

Through  woods  and  wattenctt  wide  him  daily  sought." 
Spenter  :  F.  V-.  I-  lit  & 

wast'-er,  *  wast-onr,  *.  [Eng.wo«te,v.;-eT.l 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  wastes,  squan- 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce      c ;  cy      a ;  qn  =  kw. 


wasting— watch 


5109 


tiers,  or  consumes  extravagantly  ;  a  prodigal, 
a  spendthrift. 

"  It   Lucullus  were  not  a  waster,   and  a   delicate 

given  to  belly-cheare."— P.  Holland:  Plutarch,  p.  361. 

2.  An  excrescence  in  the  snuff  of  a  candle, 

which  causes  it  to  run  to  waste.    Also  called 

a  thief.    (Colloq.) 

*  3.  A  kind  of  cudgel ;  a  blunt  sword  used 
as  a  foil. 

"  With  *  good  witter  be  so  mortified  this  old  Adam 
of  bis  son-in-law  squire,  th*t  he  needed  no  other 
penance  than  Utl*V— JfariMtMJ  Brief  View  of  the 
Church,  p.  «. 

^T  In  this  sense  perhaps  a  misprint  for 
wafter  (q.v.). 

i.  A  kind  of  barbed  spear  or  trident  used 
for  striking  fish.  Called  also  a  Leister.  (Scotch.) 

II.  Found. :  A  casting  which  is  spoiled  and 
Bent  to  the  scrap-heap. 

wast -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.t  &  «.    [WASTE,  v.] 

A.  Aspr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Desolating;  laying  waste;  devastating, 
ruinous. 

"  Watting  fire,  and  dying  groan." 

Scott  :  J/armion,  vi.  8L 

2.  Wearing  out,  consuming,  enfeebling. 

"  Watting  years."       Pope:  Homer:  Iliad  iv.  864. 

C.  As  subst. :  Waste  ;  specif.,  the  act  of  re- 
ducing one's  weight  below  what  it  should 
normally  be. 

"  Dentli  from  consumption  is  not  an  unusual  end  for 
a  jockey,  whose  constitution  is  often  injured  by  the 
practice  of  'watting'  in  order  to  ride  at  an  unna- 
turally light  weight, J— Standard,  Dec.  18.  1867. 

wasting-palsy,  *. 

PathoL ;  The  name  given  by  Dr.  W.  Roberts 
to  palsy  characterized  by  degeneration  and 
loss  of  volume  and  power  of  the  voluntary 
muscles  without  any  diminution  of  the  sensi- 
bility or  the  intelligence. 

*  wast-or,  *  wast-our,  *.    [WASTRR.] 

wast  rel,  *  was  tor-el,  «.    [WASTE.] 

*  1.  Anything  cast  away  as  bad  or  useless ; 
any  waste  substance  ;  refuse,  rubbish. 

2.  Anything  allowed  to  run  to  waste  or  to 
remain  neglected  :  as, 

(1)  Waste  land  ;  common. 

"  Their  [tynners]  workea,  both  stream*  and  load,  lie 
cither  In  general  or  in  wattrell,  that  is,  in  enclosed 
grounds  or  In  commons,"— Carevi;  Survey  of  Cornwall, 

(2)  A  neglected  child  ;  a  street  Arab. 

"Sending  out  not  vxutreli,  paupers,  and  ne'er-do- 
wells,  bat  capable  mechanics  and  laUmren,  to  Aus- 
tralia."—  Daily  Telegraph,  March  20,  188&, 

(3)  A  profligate.    (Prov.) 

wast -rfe,  wast  er  ie,  *  wast-rye,  «.  & 

a.     [Eng.  waste;  -rie,  -ry.} 

A.  As  subst. :  Prodigality,  wastefulness. 
(Scotch.) 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Wasteful,  destructive. 

"The  pope  and  his  wattrye  workers."— Bale.  Select 
Work*,  p.  138. 

'  wat  (I),  s.  [Compare  Tom,  applied  to  a  cat, 
Ned  to  an  ass,  &c.j  An  old  familiar  name  for 
a  hare.  (Drayton :  Poly-Olbion,  s.  22.) 

wat  (2),  s.  [See  def.]  A  Siamese  term  for  a 
sacred  place,  within  which  are  pagodas,  mo- 
nasteries, idols,  tanks,  &c. 

wat,  a,    [WET,  a.] 

1.  Wet. 

2.  Addicted  to  drinking  ;  thirsty.    (Scotch.) 

Wat,  v.t.    [WiT,  v.}    (Scotch.) 

watch,  *  waoche,  *.  [A.S.  wcecce  =  a  watch, 
from  wacian  —  to  watch,  from  wacan  =  to 
wake(q.v.).j 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  The  state  of  being  awake  ;  forbearance 
of  sleep  ;  wakefulness,  watchfulness. 

"  Fell  intu  a  sadnens.  then  into  a  fast. 
Thence  to  a  witch."       Shatottp.  :  Hamlet,  11.  2. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  watching;  a  keeping 
1      awake  for  the  purpose  of  attending,  guarding, 

preserving,  or  the  like;  attendance  without 
*leep ;  vigilance,  vigil. 

"  Had  your  watch  been  good. 
This  sudden  mischief  never  would  have  fallen." 

Shaketp. :  1  Henry  VI..  II.  j, 

*  3.  Vigilance  ;  close  observation  or  atten- 
tion. 

"  Follow  her  close,  give  her  good  watch, 
I  pray  you."  Shakes?.  :  Samlet,  IT.  R. 

4.  A  person  or  number  of  persons  set  for  a 
guard  over  the  persons,  property,  or  interests 


of  others  ;  a  watchman  or  body  of  watchmen ; 
a  sentry,  a  sentinel,  a  guard. 

"To  him  that  cannot  so  much  as  see,  to  discharge 
the  office  of  watch."— South ;  Sermon*,  voL  i.,  ser.  8. 

5.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

6.  The  period  of  time  during  which  one  per- 
son, or  a  body  of  persons,  watch  or  stand  sen- 
tinel, or  the  time  from  one  relief  of  sentinels 
to  another;  hence,  applied  to  a  division  of 
the  night  when  the  precautionary  setting  of  a 
watch  is  more  generally  necessary.    Amongst 
tlie  Romans,  the  time  from  sunset  to  sunrise 
was  divided  into  four  equal  spaces  or  watches, 
severally  distinguished  as  first,  second,  third, 
and   fourth   watches,  each  containing  three 
hours ;  but  these  hours  varied  in  length,  being 
longest  in  winter  and  shortest  in  summer,  and 
the  watch  contained  th  ree  of  our  hours  only  at 
theequinoxes.  TheGreeksalsodividedthenight 
into  four  watches.  The  proper  Jewish  reckon- 
ing recognized  only  three  of  these  watches, 
the  first,  from  sunset  till  about  10  p.m.,  the 
the  second,  or  middle  w.itch,  from  10  p.m.  to 
2  a.m.,  and  the  third,  or  morning  watch,  from 
2  a.m.  to  sunrise.    After  the  establishment  of 
the  Roman  power,  the  watches  were  increased 
in  number  to  four,  which  were  known  as  first, 
second,  &c.,  or  as  even,  midnight,  cock-crow- 
ing, and  morning,  the  watches  terminating 
respectively  at  9  p.m.,  midnight,  3  a.m.,  and 
6  a.m.    (Exodus  xiv.  24,  Judges  vii.  19,  Mat* 
thew  xiv.  26,  Mark  xiii.  35.) 

7.  Any  contrivance  by  which  the  progress 
of  time  is  perceived  and  measured  :  as, 

*  (1)  A  candle  marked  out  into  sections, 
each  of  which  denoted  a  certain  portion  of 
time  in  burning. 

"  Give  me  a  watch."    Shaketp.  ;  Richard  III,,  v.  3. 

(2)  A  time-keeper  actuated  by  a  spring,  and 
capable  of  being  carried  on  the  person.  The 
essential  difference  between  a  clock  and  a 
watch  has  been  denned  to  be  that  the  latter 
will  run  in  any  position,  but  the  former  in  a 
vertical  position  only.  Since  the  invention  of 
the  cheap  spring-clock  this  definition  must  be 
abandoned.  Another  characteristic  which  was 
formerly  distinguishing  was  that  the  watch 
escapement  was  always  controlled  bya  balance- 
wheel  and  spring,  while  the  clock  escapement 
was  generally  governed  by  a  pendulum. 
Watches  are  said  to  have  been  invented  at 
Nuremberg,  about  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  or 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The 
essential  portions  of  a  watch  are  the  dial,  on 
which  the  hours,  minutes,  and  seconds  are 
marked,  the  hands,  which  by  their  movement 
round  the  dial  point  out  the  time,  the  train  of 
wheels,  which  carry  round  the  hands,  &c., 
the  balance,  which  regulates  the  motion  of 
the  wheels,  and  the  mainspring,  whose  elastic 
force  produces  the  motion  of  the  whole 
machinery.  The  works  are  inclosed  in  a  case 
of  metal,  usually  silver  or  gold.  The  shape  is 
now  universally  circular  and  flat,  so  as  to  be 
easily  carried  in  the  pocket.  The  early  watches 
had  but  one  hand,  and  required  winding  twice 
a  day.  The  spring  was  at  first  merely  a 
straight  piece  of  .steel,  not  coiled.  A  spring 
to  regulate  the  balance  was  first  applied  by 
Dr.  If  o(  ike,  1658 ;  this  was  at  first  made 
straight,  but  soon  improved  by  making  it  of 
spiral  form.  A  repeating- watch,  or  repeater, 
has  a  small  bell,  gong,  or  other  sounding  ob- 
ject, on  which  the  hours,  half-hours,  quarters, 
&c.,  are  struck  on  the  compression  of  a  spring. 
The  most  perfect  form  of  watch  is  the  chrono- 
meter (q.v.). 

*8.  The  place  where  a  watch  is  set  or  kept. 

"  I  must  to  the  watch."— Shaketp.  :  Othello,  ii.  3. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Nautical : 

(1)  The  period  of  time  occupied  by  each 
part  of  a  ship's  crew  alternately  while  on 
duty.  This  period  is  one  of  four  hours,  the 
reckoning  beginning  at  noon  or  midnight. 
But  in  order  to  prevent  the  constant  falling  of 
the  same  watch  to  the  same  portion  of  the 
crew,  the  time  between  4  p.m.  and  8  p.m.  is 
divided  into  two  short  watches  of  two  hours 
each,  technically  known  as  dog-watches.  Thus, 
the  watch  from  12  noon  to  4  p.m  is  the  first 
afternoon  watch ;  that  from  4  p.m.  to  6  p.m. 
the  first  dog-watch  ;  and  that  from  6  p.m.  to 
8  p.m.  the  second  dog-watch ;  from  8  p.m.  to 
midnight  is  the  first  night  watch  ;  from  mid- 
night to  4  a.m.  the  middle  watch  ;  from  4a.m. 
to  8  a.m.  the  morning  watch  ;  and  from  8  a.m. 
to  noon  the  forenoon  watch.  When  this  alterna- 
tion of  watches  is  kept  up  during  the  twenty- 
four  hours,  it  is  termed  having  watch  and 


watch,  In  distinction  from  keeping  all  hands  at 
work  during  one<>r  more  watches.  An  anchor* 
watch  is  a  small  watch  composed  of  one  or 
two  men  set  to  look  after  the  ship  while  at 
anchor  or  in  port. 

(2)  A  certain  portion  of  the  officers  and 
crew  of  a  ship  who  together  attend  to  working 
her  for  a  certain  period.  [(I).]  The  crew  of 
every  ship  while  at  sea  is  generally  divided 
into  two  portions — the  starboard-watch,  which 
in  the  merchant  service  is  the  captain's 
watch,  and  is  often  commanded  by  the  second 
mate  ;  and  the  port-watch,  which  in  the  mer- 
chant service  is  commanded  by  the  first  mate. 
In  the  navy  these  watches  are  commanded  by 
the  lieutenants  successively. 

2.  Pottery :  A  trial  piece  of  fire-clay  so 
placed  in  a  pottery-kiln  as  to  be  readily  with- 
drawn, to  enable  the  workmen  to  judge  of  the 
heat  of  the  fire  and  the  condition  of  the  ware. 

U  (1)  The  Black  Watch :  [BLACK  WATCH.] 

(2)  Watch  and  ward :  The  ancient  custom 
of  watching  by  night  and  by  day  in  towns  and 
cities.  A  distinction  was  drawn  between  the 
terms  watch  and  ward,  the  former  being  ap- 
plied to  watching  and  guarding  by  night,  and 
the  latter  to  watching  and  guarding  by  day ; 
hence,  the  expression,  watch  and  ward  denotes 
a  constant  watching  and  guarding  by  day  aad 
night. 

watch-alarm,  s.    [ALARM-WATCH.] 

watch-barrel,  s.  The  brass  box  In  a 
watch  containing  the  mainspring. 

watch-bell,  ;. 

Naut.  :  A  large  bell  in  ships  which  is  struck 
when  the  half-hour  glass  is  run  out,  to  make 
known  the  time  or  division  of  the  watch. 

watch  bill,  s. 

Naut. :  A  list  of  the  officers  and  crew  of  a 
ship  who  are  appointed  to  the  watch,  together 
with  the  several  stations  to  which  each  man 
belongs. 

*  watch-birth,  s.    A  mid  wife. 

"  Th'  eternal  watch-birtht  of  thy  sacred  wit." 

Sylvetter:  The  J/agniJteence,  l,ltT. 

"watch  box,  s.    A  sentry-box. 

watch-case,  s. 

1.  The  case  of  a  watch. 

*  2.  A  word  of  doubtful  meaning  occurring 
in  Shakespeare : 

"  0  thou  dull  god !  why  Heat  thou  with  the  vile 
In  loathsome  beds,  and  lea  vest  the  kingly  couch 
A  watch-cat*  or  a  common  'Urum-bf  11  f " 

2  Henry  IV..  Hi  t 

Schmidt  (Lexicon)  thinks  it  =  sentry-box. 
Hanmer  considers  that  it  "alludes  to  the 
watchman  set  in  garrison  towns  upon  some 
eminence,  attending  upon  an  alarum-bell, 
which  was  to  ring  out  in  case  of  fire  or  any 
approaching  danger.  He  had  a  case  or  box 
to  shelter  htm  from  the  weather. 

watch-clock,  s. 

1.  An  electromagnetic  watch-clock  (q.v.). 

2.  An  alarum. 

"  The  early  watch-clock  of  the  sloathfull  sleeper.' 
Sylvester :  Handle  Craftt,  105. 

watch-dog,  8.  A  dog  kept  to  watch  and 
guard  premises  or  property,  and  to  give  notice 
of  intruders  by  barking  and  the  like. 

watch-fire,  *.  A  fire  kept  up  during  the 
night  as  a  signal,  or  for  the  use  of  a  watch, 
guard,  sentinels,  &c. 

"  And  witti  their  thousand  teatch-firei 

The  midnight  sky  was  red." 
Jtacaulai/  :  Battle   of  the  Lake  Rtyillut,  Iz. 

watch-glass,  a. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  concavo-convex  glass  for 
covering  the  face  of  a  watch. 

2.  Naut. :  An  hour  or  half-hour  glass  used 
on  board  ships  to  measure  the  time  of  a  watcfr 
on  deck. 

watch-guard,  s.  A  chain,  cord,  ribbon, 
&c.,  by  which  a  watch  is  attached  to  the 
person. 

watch-gun,  s. 

Naut. :  The  gun  which  is  fired  on  board 
ships  of  war  at  the  setting  of  the  watch  in 
the  evening  and  relieving  it  in  the  morning. 

watch-house,  s. 

1.  A  house  In  which  a  watch  or  guard  is 
placed. 

"Upon  the  walles  every  night  .doe  watch  e  fifteen* 
men  in  watch-housei,  for  every  watch-home  five  men.' 
—Hucklnyt :  Voyage*,  ii  108. 


boil,  bo^;  po*ut,  jowl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  $hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.   -tlon,  -sion  =  shun;  -flon,  -alon  =  xhttn.    -cious, -tious, -sious     shus.   -ble, -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


5130 


watch— watchword 


2.  A  house  where  the  night-watchmen  as- 
semble previous  to  the  hour  on  whiuh  they 
enter  on  their  respective  beats,  and  where 
disturbers  of  the  peace,  seized  ny  them  during 
the  night  are  lodged  and  kept  in  custody  till 
the  morning,  when  they  are  brought  before  a 
magistrate  ;  a  lock-up. 

watch-Jewel,  s.    [JEWEL,  s.,  II.] 

watch  key,  s.  An  instrument  with  a 
Mcket  to  tit  the  fusee  square  or  winding  arbor 
»f  a  watch,  whereby  the  watch  is  wound. 

watch-light,  *.  A  light  used  while  sit- 
ting up  or  watching  during  the  night,  espe- 
cially, in  former  times,  a  candle  with  a  rush 
wick. 

"  Item,  a  dozen  pound  of  watch-lighU  for  the  ser- 
vant*." —  Additon;  The  Drummer. 

watch-night,  s.  Amongst  certain  reli- 
gious sects  the  last  night  of  the  year,  on  which 
occasion  services  are  held  till  the  advent  of 

the  new  year. 

*  watch  -paper,  5.     An   old-fashioned 
fencv  ornament  or  thin  tissue  lining  for  the 
Inside  of  a  watch-case. 

watch-pocket,  s.  A  small  pocket  in  a 
dress  for  carrying  a  watch  ;  also  a  similar 
pocket  in  the  bead-curtain  of  a  bed,  or  the 
like. 

*  watch-rate,  *.    A  rate  authorised  to  be 
levied  in  England  for  watching  and  lighting 
a  parish  or  borough. 

watch-regulator,  s.     [REGULATOR,  II. 


watch  spring,  a.    [MAIN-SPRING,  1.} 
watch-tackle,  a.    [TAIL-TACKLE.] 
watch-tower,  s. 

1.  An  elevated  tower  on  which  a  sentinel  is 
placed  to  watch  for  enemies,  the  approach  of 
danger,  or  the  tike. 

*  2.  A  light-house. 

"  The  use  of  this  watch-totter  la  to  ihow  light  u  a 
Itntfaorne.-—  /".  BolioHd  :  Plixi*,  bk.  XM  vi..  ch.  xiit 

watch-work,  watch-  works,  s. 

XfonL  :  The  machinery  of  a  watch. 

watch,     '  wacche.     *watche,   v.i.  &  t. 
[WATCH,  s.} 

A.  Iiitransitive  : 

1.  To  be  awake  ;  to  be  or  continue  without 
sleep  ;  to  keep  vigil. 

"  They  that  watch  see  time  how  glow  it  creep*." 

Shaketp.  :  Rapt  of  Lucretx,  1.575. 

2.  To  be  attentive,  circumspect,  or  vigilant  ; 
to  keep  close  observation  ;  to  notice  carefully  ; 
to  give  heed. 

"  Watch  thon  in  all  things."—  3  Timothy  tv.  1. 

3.  To  act  as  a  watchman,  guard,  sentinel,  or 
the  like  ;  to  keep  watch  or  guard. 

4.  To  look  forward  with  expectation  ;  to  be 
expectant  ;  to  wait. 

"  My  son!  waiteth  for  the  Lord,  more  than  they  that 
»eatch  for  the  morning."—  Ftalm  cxxx.  4. 

5.  To  act  as  an  attendant  or  nurse  on  the 
•Ick  by  night;  to  remain  awake  to  give  at- 
tendance, assistance,  or  the  like. 

"That  I  might  sit  all  night  and  watch  with  you." 
Shaketp.  :  King  John,  iv.  I. 

6.  To  float  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  (Said 
by  seamen  of  a  buoy.) 

B.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  look  with  close  attention  at  or  on  ;  to 
keep  carefully  and  constantly  in  view  or  under 
supervision  ;  to  keep  a  sharp  look  out  over  or 
on;  to  keep  an  eye  on  ;  to  observe  or  regard 
with  vigilance  and  care. 

"They  witched  htm  and  sent  forth  Kpiea  .  .  .  that 
they  might  take  hold  of  hi*  word*."—  Lulu  xv.  90. 

2.  To  have  in  charge  or  keeping  ;  to  tend, 
to  guard. 

"  Shepherdea  abydyug  in  the  felde,  and  wmtchynge 
their  flocke  by  night"—  £•**  ii.  8  (1561). 

3.  To  look  for,  to  wait  for,  to  await 

"  We  will  stand  and  witch  your  pleasure.** 

Shaketp.  :  Jultou  C'**tr.  iv.  *. 

*  4.  To  surprise  and  baffle. 

"  I  think  we  have  watched  you  now.*—  SkaJtMf.  : 

1          Merry  »'»«*.  v.  s. 

IL  Falconry  :  To  keep  awake  ;  to  keep  from 
sleep,  as  a  hawk,  for  the  purpose  of  exhaust- 
ing and  turning  It. 

"  111  watch  him  tame,  and  talk  him  oat  of  patience." 
-  Othello, 


(1)  To  watch  ovl  :  To  observe  carefully 


the  outgoing  or  departure  of.  (Dickens:  Oliver 
Twist,  ch.  xlii.) 

(2)  To  watch  over:  To  be  carefully  observant 
of ;  to  guard  from  error,  danger,  or  slipping. 

watch'-er,  *.     [Eug.  watch,  v. ;  -er.} 

1,  One  who  watches   or   keeps  guard;  a 
guard. 

"  On  the  /routers  .  .  .  were  set  watchemen  and 
wittchert  in  dyuera  luauuera."— Btmert:  froitmrt ; 
Cronyele,  vol.  ii.,  ch.  xlix. 

2.  One  who  lies  awake. 

"  Get  on  your  jiUli  tgowu,  le*t  occasion  call  u». 
And  show  us  to  be  watcher»." 

Shaketp. :  Macb>-th,  11.  3. 

3,  One  who  attends  upon  the  sick  by  night. 

"La  faded  watcher  by  thy  pillow." 

Matthew  Arnold  :  Trittram  A  /<«*»,  1L 

4.  One  who  observes  closely ;  a  close  ob- 
server. 

"  Then  felt  I  like  some  watcher  of  the  skies, 
Wheu  a  new  planet  swims  into  his  ken." 

£*it» :  Sonnet  U. 

« watch'- €t,  *wa£'-e't,  a.  &  *.     [Etym. 
doubtful;  perhaps  from  a  Low  Lat.  «wrffo  = 
to  dye  with  woad,  from  Ger.  waid  =  woad.] 
A*  As  adj. :  Blue,  pale  blue. 

"Grim  A uster,  drooping  all  with  dew, 
Iii  mantle  clad  of  wati-hcf  hue." 

Wnrton :  Ode  on  Approach  ifSuinnw. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  blue  or  pale  blue  colour  or 
tint. 

"  Here  Me  we  watchtt  deepened  with  a  blewe." 
Browne  :  Britannittt  Pattorait,  ii.  S. 

watch'  -fill,  *  watche-ful,  *  watch'-foll, 

a.  [Eng.  watch;  -JU(0-]  Full  of  watch  or 
vigilance ;  vigilant,  observant ;  careful  to 
observe ;  cautious,  wary-  (Followed  by  of 
before  a  thing  to  be  regulated,  and  by  against 
before  a  thing  to  be  avoided.) 

"  His  watchful  dog."  Thornton :  Summer,  «7. 

watch'- fttl- If.  adv.  [Bng.  watchful;  -ly.] 
In  a  watchful  manner ;  with  watchfulness  or 
vigilance  ;  vigilantly,  heed  fully ;  with  cau- 
tious observance  and  consideration. 

"He  moat  watch/ttlla  look  to  his  own  step*."— 
Barrow:  Sermons,  vol.  ill.,  ter.  la. 

watch  fiil  ness,  *  watch-fnl-nesse,  s. 

[Eng.  watchful;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  watchful  or 
wakeful ;  wakefulness,  sleeplessness. 

"  Watchfuintn,  sometimea  called  a  coma  vigil,  often 
precedes  too  great  sleepiness."— Arbuthnot :  On  Diet. 

2.  Vigilance,  heed  ;    careful  and  diligent 
observation    against    danger,    mistakes,    or 
misconduct ;  needfulness,  wariness,  cautious- 
ness. 

"  To  demand  the  strongest  exhortations  to  care  and 
w*itch/ulneu."-(iiipin;  Sermon*,  vol.  L.  hint  14. 

watch'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    (WATCH,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  or  state  of  one  who 
watches;  watchfulness,  wakefuiness. 

"  Returning  home  from  the  watching*.* 

Longfellow:  Eoangetine,  11.  S. 

watch  malt-cr,  *.  [Eng.  watch,  s.,  and 
maker.]  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
and  repair  watches  and  clocks. 

"Smithing  comprehends  all  trade*  which  use  forge 
or  file,  from  the  auchorsmita  to  the  watchmaker.'  — 
Moxon. 

watchmaker's  gloss,  a.  A  double  con- 
vex lens  set  in  a  tubular  socket,  adapted  to 
be  held  to  the  eye  by  the  contraction  of  the 
orbital  iquscles. 

watch'- mak- Ing,  *.  [ting,  watch,  s.,  and 
making.]  The  art  or  operation  of  making 
watches ;  the  business  or  profession  of  a 
watchmaker. 

watch'- man,  *  watche  -  man,  *.  [Eng. 
watch,  s.,  and  man.] 

1.  A  person  set  to  keep  watch  ;  a  guard,  a 
sentinel. 

-  Watchman,  what  of  the  night  f"— Ttaiah  xxL  11. 

2.  One  who  guards  the  streets  of  a  city  or 
town,  or  a  large  building  by  night.    The  old 
London  watchmen,  or  Charleys,  were  very  in- 
efficient.   They  were  replaced  by  the  police 
In  1829.    [CHARLEY,  POLICE,  s.] 

3.  One  who  watches  over  or  guards  any- 
thing. 

"The special  watchmen  of  our  English  weal." 

SJiaXfSp.  :  1  Henry  VI..  lit  ft. 

*  watch'-ment,  *.    [Eng.  watch,  s. ;  -ment.] 

A  state  of  vigilance. 

"  My  watchntmtt  are  now  over  by  my  master's  dlrec- 

tian."—Sichard#jn  :  Pamela.  L  207. 


watch -word,  *  watche- word,  *.    [Eng. 
•watch,  and  word.] 

1.  The  word  given  to  sentinels,  and  to  such 
as  have  occasion  to  visit  the  guards,  iwd  as 
a  signal  by  which  a  friend  may  be  known 
from  an  enemy,  or  a  person  who  has  a  right 
to  pass  the  watch  from  one  who  has  not;  a 
countersign,  a  password,  a  parole. 

2.  Hence,  any  preconcerted  indication  or  a 
direction  eagerly  watched  for,  as  a  signal  for 
action. 

"All  have  their  ears  upright,  wattinc  when  ttie 
watchword  sh;di  gome,  that  they  should  arise  into 
rebellion."—  spmter:  Staff  of  Ireland, 

3.  A  word  used  as  a  motto,  as  expressive  of 
a  principle  or  rule  of  action. 

"  Shouting  the  wntchword  of  Progress  and  Enlighten. 
menu"— «.  //.  Lewet:  Arittotlt.  (Prut.  p.  vii.) 

wa'-ter,  s.  [A.8.  wceter;  cogn.  with  Dnt. 
water;  O.  H.  Ger.  vxuar,  wmzar ;  Ger.  wot- 
ser.  From  another  root  come  the  Scandina- 
vian forms:  as  Icel.  vatn  ;  Dan.  vand;  Sw, 
valten ;  Goth.  wo£o(pl.  wotna).  Cf.  Russ.  voda; 
Gr.  vSotp  (hudor);  Lat.  unda  ;  Sansc.  ttdan.} 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  clear,  colourless,  transparent  liquid, 
destitute  of  taste  and  smell,  and  possessing 
a  neutral  reaction.     It  is  one  of  the  most 
important  and  most  widely-distributed  sub- 
stances in  nature,   occurring  universally   in 
one  or  other  of  its  three   physical   states — 
liquid,  solid,  or  gaseous.     As  a  liquid  it  con- 
stitutes the  great  mass  of  the  oceans,  rivers, 
and  lakes,  which  cover  nearly  three-fourths  of 
the  earth's  surface ;  in  the  solid  state  it  exists 
permanently  in  the  form  of  ice  or  snow  in 
the  polar  regions  ;  and  as  a  vapour  is  a  con- 
stituent of  the  aerial  envelope  of  the  earth, 
and  the  exhalations  of  volcanoes  and  boiling 
springs.     It  occurs  in  combination  in  many 
mineral  substances,  and  also  in  organic  bodies, 
animals  and  plants  containing  from  80  to  90 
per  cent.    Water  is  the  most  efficient  of  all 
solvents,  there  being  few  substances  which 
are  not,  to  some  extent,  affected  by  it,  hence 
natural  waters  never  occur  absolutely  pure, 
but  contain  in  solution  more  or  less  of  the 
constituents  of  the  strata  through  which  they 
have  passed.    Rain-water  contains  tmbstances 
derived  in  minute  quantities  from  the  atmo- 
sphere, such  as  ammonia,  nitrate  of  ammonia, 
carbonic  acid,  nitrous  and  sulphurous  acids. 
Spring-water  always  contains  a  much  larger 
proportion  of  dissolved  substances  than  rain- 
water. When  this  is  so  highly  charged  with  sa- 
line or  gaseous  constituents,  as  to  have  a  pecu- 
liar taste  or  smell,  and  is  unfitted  for  ordinary 
use,  it  is  called  mi neral- water  (q. v.),  and  when 
the  amount  of  these  constituents  do  not  sen- 
sibly afiect  its  taste,  &c.,  it  is  described  u 
fresh-water.   Sea-water  is  essentially  a  mineral 
water,  its  saline  constituents  consisting  of 
the  chlorides  and  sulphates  of  sodium,  po- 
tassium, magnesium,  and  calcium,  together 
with   minute  quantities  of   silica,   bromine, 
iodine,  phosphoric  acid,  Ac.    The  total  solid 
contents  of   sea-water    in    mid-ocean  varies 
from  30  to  40  grms.  per  litre,  being  largest 
near  the  equator  and  smallest  near  the  poles. 

2.  Water  collected  in  a  body,  as  the  ocean, 
a  sea,  a  lake,  a  river ;  any  collection  of  water. 

" The  annihilating  water*  ni.tr 
Above  what  they  Imve  done.* 

Byron  :  litnmt  4  Earth,  L  S. 

&  Water  from  the  heavens  ;  rain. 

"  By  sudden  Honda  and  fall  of  wa/<-ra,~ 

Shakctp.  :  Richard  III.,  IT.  4, 

4.  Applied  to  other  fluids,  liquid  secretioni, 
humours,  &c.,  as : 

(1)  Tears. 

"  Then  they  seemed  all  to  be  glad,  hut  the  water  ttooA 
In  their  eyes."— Bunyan  :  Pilgrim'*  I'rwjrett,  pt  it 

(2)  Urine. 

"  Carry  his  water  to  the  wi«e  woman." 

ShetAetp.  :  Twelfth  Xi^ftt,  tli.  4. 

5.  Applied  to  the  colour  or   Instre  of  a 
diamond  or  pearl,  and  occasionally  of  other 
precious  stones :  as,  a  diamond  of  the  first 
water — i.«. ,   one    perfectly   pure   and    trans- 
parent. 

"  The  diamonds  of  •  roost  proT*d  water." 

Shalutp.  :  Ptrioto*,  lit  1 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Chem. :  H^O.  Water  was  long  regarded 
as  an  element,  bat  towards  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century  it  was  shown  by  Lavoisier 
to  l>e  a  compound,  and  to  consist  of  two  j  'arts 
by  weight  of  hydrogen  to  sixteen  of  oxygen, 
or  two  volumes  of  hydrogen  to  one  of  oxygen. 
When  pure  it  is  free  from  taste  and  smell,  and 
at  ordinary  pressure  is  liquid  between  0^  and 


fete,  fftt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mote,  cub,  core,  nnite,  our,  role,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    *e,  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew* 


water 


100'  boils  at  100°,  and  freezes  at  0°,  expand- 
ing to  the  extent  of  one-eleventh  of  its  volume. 
The  quantity  of  heat  absorbed  in  the  melting 
of  ice  is  sufficient  to  raise  the  temperature  of 
an  eoual  weight  of  water  79"2=,  and  the 
quantity  of  heat  rendered  latent  by  water  at 
100'  becoming  vapour,  would  raise  the  tem- 
oera'ture  of  water  5'37  times  as  much  as  from 
Fto  100°.  Water  is  825  times  heavier  than 
air  and  when  converted  into  steam  expands  to 
nearly  1  600  volumes.  One  cubic  centimetre 
at  4°  and  under  a  pressure  of  760  ram.  of 
mercury,  weighs  15-432349  grains,  or  one 
gramme,  the  unit  of  weight  in  the  metri 
system. 

2    Comm. :  Stock  issued  without  any  pro- 
vision being  made  for  the  payment  of  interest 

""Itat'lt  i.  .aid  by  the  chairman  of  th.  Committee 
on  Public  Finance,  that '  more  than  half  of  tins  sU" 
ff,i,!"   alii  conlil  not  have  come  tuto  eJHtei.ee  had 
S>rth£b".lne..  been  .uperlor  to  th.  control  of  coin- 
petition.'"— 31.  /»m»'i  aoatu,  Jtm«  14,  1888. 

S.  deal. :  Water  is  one  of  the  two  most 
potent  agencies  in  working  geological  changes 
on  the  earth's  surface.  In  most  cases  it  acts 
in  direct  antagonism  to  the  other  very  potent 
cause,  tire.  Every  river  descending  a  moun- 
tain-slope, or  crossing  a  plain,  to  reach  the 
ocean  carries  with  it,  especially  after  heavy 
rain,  abundant  sediment,  as  does  every  tribu- 
tary great  or  small.  Much  of  this  sediment 
reachls  the  sea,  where,  if  the  water  be  deep,  it 
Is  lost  for  a  time,  while,  if  the  water  be  sna  - 
low,  it  may  gradually  build  up  a  delta  which 
an  earthquake  shock  may  convert  into  land 
fully  reclaimed  from  the  ocean.  The  boulders, 
gravel,  &c.,  too  heavy  to  be  transported  so 
far  are  arranged  according  to  their  weight 
the  heaviest  falling  first.  The  expansion  of 
•  water  when  it  freezes  in  the  crevices  of  rocks 
enables  it  in  many  cases  to  rend  them  asunder, 
and  leave  them  of  more  manageable  size  to  D> 
transported.  lAQtJTOOS,  B.  4.] 

1  Law  •  Land  is  held  to  include  water,  but 
not  water  land.  If  the  possession  of  a  lake 
be  disputed,  the  action  must  be  brought,  no 
for  so  many  acres  of  water,  but  for  so  many 
acres  of  land  covered  with  water. 

1[  (1)  Aerated  water:  Carbonated  water. 
[CARBONATED.] 

(2)  Hard  water :  [HARD,  S2.]. 

(3)  Mineral  waters  :  [MINERAL]. 

(4)  Soft  water  :  [SOFT,  A.  14.]. 

*  (5)  Strong  waters :  [STRONG-WATERS! 

(6)  To  hold  water:  [HOLD,  v.,  H  13.]. 

(7)  To  keep  above  water,  To  keep  one's  head 
above  water :  To  manage  to  struggle  through 
or  overcome  financial  difficulties. 

"  A  number  of  struggling  men.  who  have  managed 
to  keep  atom  vater  during  the  bad  .eawn..  mu.t  now 
go  under."— Field,  Oct.  3.  1865. 

(8)  Water  of  crystallization :  [CRYSTALLIZA- 
TION, 1.] 

(9)  Water  on  the  brain,  Water  in  the  head : 
Path. :  A  popular  name  for  Hydrocephalus 

(q.v.). 

"(10)  Where  the  water  ttida :  The  point  in 
dispute. 

"That  the  reader  may  see  clearly  "»^«  «*•  **»" 
tticki  between  ua.  —  BramhaU:  Worto,  II.  8C6. 

water-agrimony,  s. 

Hot.  :  Bidens  tripartite.    (Prior.)    It  grows 
in  watery  places. 
•water-aloe,  «. 

Bot. :  Stratiotes  aloidet. 
water-analysis,  «. 

Chem. :  The  estimation  of  the  dissolved 
contents  of  water  under  the  tnree  heads 
of  saseous,  mineral,  and  organic  matter 
the  latter  including  floating  microcosms 
but  the  term  more  generally  refers,  in  the 
case  of  potable  waters,  to  the  determination 
of  the  organic  matter  and  total  mineral 
residue,  without  the  separation  of  the  latter 
into  its  constituent  parts.  No  process  o 
analysis  does  more  than  estimate  the  relative 
amount  of  organic  matter;  nor,  excepting  by 
the  aid  of  the  microscope,  is  any  attempt  made 
to  differentiate  between  what  is  harmless 
and  what  is  presumably  hurtful.  Wanklyn  s 
method  involves  the  estimation  of  the  am 
monia  produced  by  boiling  with  permanganat 
of  potash,  and  the  amount  of  oxygen  con 
sunied  as  shown  by  the  reduction  of  the  pel 
manganate.  Frankland  proceeds  to  determm 
the  organic  nitrogen  and  carbon,  and  from  th 
results  arrives  at  his  conclusions  respectnn 
the  purity  of  the  water.  Tidy  allows  the  per 


ee 
th 


manganate  to  react  on  the  water  at  common 
temperatures,  and  determines  the  loss  of  per- 
nianUnateatthe  end  of  one  hour  and  three 
hours  respectively.  Whichever  method  is 
adopted,  there  are  certain  minimum  Mil 
below  which  a  water  is  considered  good,  and 
above  which  it  is  regarded  as  either  of  doubt- 
ful quality  or  likely  to  prove  injurious.  1 
statement  of  the  various  limits  and  attendant 
circumstances  connected  with  the  source  of 
the  water  supply,  and  which  go  to  qualify  the 
results  obtained,  are  to  be  found  described  a 
length  by  the  authors  referred  to  in  their 
published  methods  of  analysis. 

water-anchor,  s. 

Naut.  :  A  drag-anchor  (q.v.). 

water-antelope,  a. 

Zoology : 

1.  [WATER-BUCK]. 

2  (PI ) :   A   comprehensive  name   for  the 
en'us  Eleotragus  and  its  allies,  from  the  fact 
that  most  of  the  species  abound  in  marshy 
districts  on  the  banks  of  the  African  nvers. 

water-apple,  «. 

Bot. :  The  Custard-apple  (q.v.). 

water-avens,  «.    [AVENS.] 

water-back,  s.    A  permanent  reservoir 
at  tin-  Kick  of  a  stove  or  range,  to  utilize  t 
heat  of  the  fire  in  keeping  a  supply  of  hot 
water. 

water  bailiff,  t. 

1.  A  custom-house  officer  in  a  port  town  for 
search!  ng  ships.     ( EngiM. ) 

2.  An  officer  employed  to  watch  a  fishing 
river  to  prevent  poaching.     (Engltik.) 

wn.ter-'balance,  «.  An  oscillating 
pendulous  frame,  having  a  series  of  troughs  in 
vertical  series  and  inclined  in  alternate  direc- 
tions, BO  that,  as  the  frame  oscillates,  the  water 
dipped  by  the  lower  one  shall  be  poured  into 
the  next  above,  which,  on  the  return  motion, 
shall  pour  it  into  the  next,  and  so  on. 

•water-ballast,  >.  Water  confined  in 
compartments  in  the  hold  of  a  vessel  to  serve 
as  ballast.  [BALLAST,  ..,  1. 1.] 

water-barometer,  s.  A  barometer  in 
which  water  is  employed  instead  of  mercury 
for  indicating  the  fluctuations  in  atmospheric 
density. 

water-barrel,  ». 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  water-cask. 

2.  Mining:   A  large  wrought-iron   barrel 
with  a  self-acting  valve  in  the  bottom,  used 
in  drawing  water  where  there  are  no  pumps. 

water-barrow,  ».  A  two-wheeled  bar- 
row provided  with  a  tank  mounted  on  trun- 
nions. Used  by  gardeners  and  others. 

water-bath,  ». 

1  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  bath  of  fresh  or  salt  water,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  vapour-bath. 

2.  A  bain-marie. 

EL  Chem. :  A  copper  vessel,  having  the  upper 
cover  perforated  with  circular  openings  from 
two  to  three  inches  in  diameter.  When  in 
use  it  is  nearly  filled  with  water,  which  is 
kept  boiling  by  means  of  a  gas-burner,  and 
the  metallic  or  porcelain  basin  containing  the 
liquid  intended  to  be  evaporated  is  placed 
over  the  openings  mentioned  above. 

water-battery,  5. 

Elect. :  A  voltaic  battery  in  which  water  is 
the  liquid  used  to  excite  electric  action. 
*  water-baylage,  «.    (See  extract.) 

••  Waur  Jwlag,.  a  tax  demanded  upon  all  good,  by 
the  City.  Imported  and  exported."— Peput :  Diary. 
Jan.  20,  iee8-». 

water-bean,  s. 

Bot.  (PI.) :  The  order  Nelumbiaceee  (q.v,). 
(Lindley.) 

water-bearer,  s. 

Astron. :  Aquarius  (q.v.). 

water-bearing,  s. 

Math. :  A  contrivance  in  which  water  or 
steam  pressure  is  employed  to  counterbalance 
the  downward  pressure  upon  a  rotating  shaft, 
thereby  obviating  friction. 

water-bears,  s.  pi. 

ZooL :  Sloth-animalcules  (q.v.). 


5131 

water-bed,  s. 

1    \  bed  composed  of  water,  inclosed  in  a 
caoutchouc  case.     On  this  bed  all  sensible 
pressure  on  any  part  of  the  body  is  removed, 
so  that  bed-sores  are  averted,  and  great  rebel 
from  suffering  afforded. 
*2.  A  bed  on  board  ship. 
"  I  was  forced  to  returne  to  my  water  .ted."— Sandyti 
Tratelt.  p.  27. 

water-beetles,  t.  pi. 

Entom. :  The  Hydradephaga  (q.v.). 
water-bellows,  s.  A  form  of  blowing- 
machine  consisting  of  two  or  more  inverted 
vessels  suspended  from  the  ends  of  a  working- 
beam,  and  alternately  rising  and  falling  in 
the  cisterns,  which  are  nearly  full  of  water. 
Induction  and  eduction  pipes  pass  from  below 
upward  into  the  cisterns,  their  upper  open 
ends  being  above  the  level  of  the  water.  The 
induction-pipes  have  valves  on  the  top,  and 
the  eduction-pipes  have  valves  at  the  bottom, 
so  that  the  air  cannot  pass  in  the  wrong  01 
rection. 

water  betony.  ». 
Bot. :  Scrophularia  aquatica,    (Prior.) 
Water-betony  moth : 

Entom  •  A  British  Night-moth,  Cucullia 
scrophulariae.  Fore-wings  pale  ochre,  with  a 
dark-brown  stripe,  the  kinder  margin  with 
two  whitish  crescents.  Caterpillar  greenish- 
white,  feeding  on  Scrophularia  nodosa  and 
S.  aquatica,  &c. 

water-bewitched,  «.  A  term  applied 
to  any  very  weak  liquid  or  greatly  diluted 
drink. 

••  A.  for  the  broth.  It  wa.  nothing  but  a  little mUr- 
temtckod."—  BaUn  :  Apaplt.  of  Xramm,  p.  »/«. 

water-birds,  s.  pi 

Ornith.  :  A  general   term  for  the  Wading 
and  Swimming  Birds  taken  together. 
water-blinks,  «. 

Bot. :  Montia.  fontauM. 

water-boatmen, ».  pi.   [NOTONICTIDJL] 

water-borne,  a.  Borne  by  the  water; 
floated ;  having  water  sufficient  to  float. 

water-bosh,  s.  A  metallic  basin  in  a 
puddling  or  boiling  furnace,  which  is  made 
double,  so  that  water  may  circulate  there- 
through to  protect  the  furnace  from  the  de- 
structive action  of  heat  and  cinder. 

water-bottle,  «.  A  glass  toilet-bottle  ; 
a  bottle  for  holding  water  at  table. 

water-brash,  s.  A  form  of  indigestion ; 
called  also  Water-qualm.  [PYROSIS.] 

•water -break,  «.  A  little  wave;  a 
ripple. 

"Dancing  down  thy  i 

water-bridge,  s. 

Steam :  A  low  vertical  partition  at  the  back 
of  a  furnace  to  deflect  the  flame  upward. 
water-buck,  water-antelope,  s. 

Zool.  :  Kobus  ellipsiprymmis,  a  large  ante- 
lope from  South  Africa.  Ground  colour  dark 
rusty  iron-gray  or  grayish-brown,  with  an 
elliptical  white  patch  near  the  root  of  the  tail. 
It  stands  about  four  feet  and  a  half  high  at 
the  shoulders. 

water-buckler,  ». 

Bot. :  The  genus  Hydropeltls  (q.v.). 

water-budget,  water-bouget,  i. 

Her. :  A  heraldic  device  intended  to  repre- 
sent a  vessel,  or  rather  two 
vessels,  connected  by  a  yoke, 
anciently  nsed  by  soldiers  for 
carrying  water  in  long  marches 
and  across  deserts  ;  and  also 
by  water-carriers  to  convey 
water  from  the  conduits  to 
the  houses  of  the  citizens.  It 
hi  a  bearing  frequent  in  Eng- 
lish coat-armour.  [BouoET.] 

water-bugs,  s.  pi. 

Entom. :  A  popular  name  for  the  Hydrocore* 
(q.v.). 

water-butt, «.  A  large  open-headed  cask, 
usually  set  upon  end  in  an  outhouse  or  close 
to  a  dwelling,  and  serving  as  a  reservoir  for 
rain  or  pump-water. 

water  caltraps  or  caltrops,  t. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Trapa  (q.v.). 


WATm-BODOKT. 


5132 


water 


water-can,  s. 

Botany  : 

(1)  Xuphar  lutea.  So  named  from  the  shape 
of  the  seed-vessels.    (Prior.) 

(2)  Nymphtea  alba.    (Britten  t  Holland.) 
water- canker,  . . 

Pathol. :  Ulcerative  stomatitis.    [NOMA.] 

water-carpet,  .-•. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Cidaria 
sii/umata,  of  which  two  varieties  exist.  The 
fore  wings  in  both  are  very  glossy,  the  former 
with  two  the  latter  with  one  shade  of  brown. 

water-carriage,  ». 

L  Transportation  or  conveyance  by  water. 

*  2.  Means  of  conveyance  by  water;  a  vessel 
or  boat. 

water-carrier,  >. 

1.  One  who  conveys  water  from  the  con- 
duits, wells,  tc.,  to  the  houses  of  the  citizens. 

2.  A  form  of  water-elevator  in  which  the 
bucket  lifted  from  the  well  or  cistern  is  trans- 
ported on  wires  to  the  house  at  a  considerable 
distance. 

3.  A  grip  or  furrow  for  conveying  water 
over  land. 

"Grips  and  wittr-carrieri  pervade  the  whole  are* 
of  this  rilrer-basin.-— field,  Feb.  18,  ISM. 

water-cart,  s.  A  cart  carrying  water 
for  sale,  or  for  watering  streets,  gardens, 
4c-  In  the  Utter  case  it  contains  a  large 
tank,  at  the  end  of  which  runs  a  pipe  per- 
forated with  small  holes,  through  which  the 
water  is  sprinkled  on  the  streets,  &c. 

water-cask,  s.  A  large  strong,  hooped 
barrel,  used  in  ships  for  holding  water  for  use 
on  board. 

*  water  caster,  s.    A  urinalist  (q.v.). 

•'  A  face  with  rubles  mixed  like  alabaster. 
Wastes  much  in  physickc  and  her  vater-calter." 
Tailor  (Tkt  Water-re*). 

water-cement,  s.  A  cement  which  pos- 
sesses the  property  of  hardening  under  water, 
and  is  therefore  employed  in  structures  which 
are  built  under  water,  and  also  for  lining 
cisterns,  coating  damp  walls  on  basement 
stories,  Ac. 

water-chats,  «.  pL 

Oritith. :  Swainson's  name  for  the  Fluvi- 
colinae  (q.v.). 

water-chestnut, ». 
Hot.  :  Trapa  natans.    The  English  name  is 
translated  from  the  French  Marron  d'eau. 

water  chickweed,  s. 

Bot. :  Montia  fontana. 

water -chrysolite,  s.    [BOTTLE-STONE.] 

water-cicadas,  s.  pi. 

Entom. :  The  fcame  as  WATER-BOATMEN. 
(Swainson.) 

water-clock,  ».  An  instrument  to  indi- 
cate the  time  by  the  passage  of  water  into  or 
from  a  vessel.  [CLEPSYDRA.] 

water-closet,  >.  A  commode  with  water 
supply  to  flush  the  basin,  carry  off  the  con- 
tents, and  prevent  the  rise  of  sewer-gas. 

water-color,  ».  &  a. 

A.  A3  substantive : 

L  A  color  carefully  ground  np  with  water 
and  isinglass,  or  other  mucilage,  instead  of 
oil.  Water-colors  are  often  prepared  in  the 
form  of  small  cakes  dried  hard,  which  can  be 
rubbed  on  a  moistened  palette  when  wanted. 
Moist  water-colors'  in  a  semi-fluid  state  are 
also  used.  They  are  generally  kept  in  metal 
tubes,  which  preserve  them  from  becoming 
dry  and  hard. 

"  Such  witer-colourt,  to  Impaint  his  cause." 

Shakeip.  :  1  Henry  IT.,  T.  L 

2.  A  water-color    painting. 

"The  trrtfcr-coJoHri  exhibited  by  Mr.  Gilford  are 
remarkable  for  nicety  of  observation."— Scribner't 
Maffatine,  Sept.,  1878.  p.  813. 

B.  As  adj. :  Fainted  or  executed  in  water- 
colors. 

Water-color  painting : 

1.  The  art  of  paiuting  in  water-colors. 

2.  A  painting  executed  in  water-colors. 

water  colortst,  water  oolonrist,  »• 
One  who  paints  in  water  colors. 

"Instead  of  hazarding  again  his  reputation  as  a 
tmtoi-coforiit  after  the  success  of  last  year."— So-iJ. 
ner'i  Haatatnt,  Sept.  1878.  p.  318. 


water-column,  s.    A  column  or  pillar 
of  water. 


"Rising  like 


ater-Kilumnt  from  the  sea." 
Bfrm  :  Child*  Harold,  iv.  18. 


water-course,  s.    [WATERCOURSE.] 

water-craft,  f.  Vessels  or  boats  plying 
on  water. 

t  water-crake,  s. 

Ornith.:  The  Water-ousel  (q.v.).  (Willughby  : 
Ornithology  (ed.  Ray),  p.  149.) 

water-crane,  s.  A  goose-neck  apparatus 
for  supplying  water  from  an  elevated  tank  to 
the  tender  of  a  locomotive-engine. 

t  water-crow,  s. 

Ornithology  : 

1.  [See  extract  under  OUSEL,  s.,  IT  (2)J. 

2.  [WATER-TURKEY.] 
water-crowfoot,  s. 

Hot.  :  Ranunculus  aquatilis.  The  stem  is 
submersed,  tlie  leaves  beneath  the  water  being 
capillaceously  multirid,  those  which  float  trifld 
or  tripartite,  with  cut  or  crenated  lobes,  the 
petals  white.  Common  in  lakes,  ponds,  and 
ditches,  flowering  from  May  to  August. 

water-cup,  s. 

Sot.  :  The  genus  Hydrocotyle  (q.v.). 

water-cure,  i.  The  same  as  HYDRO- 
PATHY (q.v.). 

water-deck,  s. 

Mil.  :  A  painted  piece  of  canvas  used  for 
covering  the  saddle  and  bridle,  girths,  &c.  of 
a  dragoon's  horse.  (Annandale.) 

water-deer,  s. 

Zool.  :  Hydropotes  inermis,  a  small  deer  from 
China.  It  is  about  the  size  of  the  Muntjac 
(q.v.),  which  it  resembles  in  having  the  upper 
canines  developed  into  tusks,  but  there  is  no 
tuft  on  the  head.  Colour  light  red-brown. 

water  deerlet,  s. 

Zool.  :  Tragulus  aquaticus,  from  Sierra  Leone 
and  the  Gambia  district.  Coat  deep  glossy 
brown,  with  longitudinal  white  stripes,  and 
irregularly  spotted  with  white. 

water-deity,  s. 

Anthrop.  :  A  deity  supposed  to  preside  over 
some  river,  sea,  or  lake.  (See  extract  under 
WATER-WORSHIPPER.) 

water-demon,  >. 

Anthrop.  :  A  demon  supposed  to  inhabit 
the  water.  (See  extract  under  WATER-KELPIE.) 

water-devil,  s. 

Entom.  :  Hydrous  or  Hydrophilujs  picrus. 
So  named  apparently  from  its  large  size,  its 
pitchy  colour,  and  its  predatory  tendencies. 

water-dock,  ». 

Bot.  :  Rumex  Hydrolapathum,  a  large,  erect 
blanched  dock,  three  to  six  feet  high,  growing 
in  Britain  in  ditches  and  by  river-sides. 

•water-doctor,  «. 

1.  A  urinalist  (q.v.). 

2.  A  hydropathist. 
water-dog,  s. 

1.  A  dog  accustomed  to  the  water,    and 
having  considerable  swimming  powers  ;  speci- 
fically, a  water-spaniel  (q.v.). 

2.  A  name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  United 
States  to  various  species  of  salamanders. 

3.  A   name  for   small,    irregular,    floating 
clouds  in  a  rainy  season,  supposed  to  Indicate 
rain.    (Proa.  &  Scotch.) 

4.  A  sailor,  especially,  an  old  sailor  ;  an  old 

Salt.      (Colloq.)     [SEA-DOO,  S.] 

water-drain,  «.  A  drain  or  channel  for 
carrying  off  water. 

water-drainage,  s.    The  draining  off  of 

water. 

water  dressing,  s. 

Surg.  :  The  treatment  of  wounds  and  ulcers 
by  the  application  of  water,  or  of  dressings 
saturated  with  water  only. 

water-drop,  ».  A  drop  of  water  ;  hence, 
a  tear.  (Shakesp.  :  Lear,  ii.  4.) 

water  drop  wort,  «.    [(ENANTHK.] 
water-elder,  i. 

Bot.  :  Viburnum  Opuliu.  (Prior.)  [G  UELDER- 
ROSE.] 


water-elephant,  s.    A  name  sometimes 

given  to  the  hippopotamus. 

water-elevator,  s. 

1.  A  contrivance  for   raising    buckets  In 
wells.    The  forms  are  various. 

2.  An  elevator  for  warehouses  and  other 
buildings,  operated  by  water  acting  through 
the  medium  of  gravity  or  by  hydraulic  pres- 
sure. 

water-engine,  ». 

1.  An  engine  driven  by  water,  as  s  water- 
wheel.    The  term  is  somewhat  more  definitely 
applied  to  an  engine  in  which  water  under 
pressure  of  a  head  acts  upon  a  piston. 

2.  An  engine  to  raise  water. 
water-ermine,  ». 

Entom. :  A  British  Tigermoth,  jtrctia  urtiat. 
Wings  white,  the  fore  pair  each  with  a  black 
dot ;  head  and  thorax  white,  •  body  yellow, 
the  tip  snowy  white,  with  a  row  of  black 
spots  down  the  back  and  one  on  each  side. 
Caterpillar  black,  very  hairy.  It  feeds  in 
marshy  places  on  mint,  willow-herb,  &c.,  con- 
cealing itself  on  the  under  side  of  the  leave*. 
The  moth  appears  in  June. 

water  feather-foil,  s. 

Bot. :  Hottonia  palustris.    (Prior.) 

water-fennel,  >. 

Botany : 

1.  (Enanthe  Phellandrium.    (Prior.) 

2.  Callitriche  vena.    (Britten  dt  Holland.) 
[WATER-STARWORT.] 

water-fern,  ». 

Bot. :  (i)  Osmunda  regalis ;  (2)  Ceratopterit 
ttuilictroides.  Its  fronds  are  boiled  and  eaten 
in  the  Indian  Archipelago. 

water-tight,  s.    A  naval  engagement. 

"  Such  a  various  and  floating  water-AffM."—Mi!to* : 
But.  England,  bk.  ii. 

water-fire,  «. 

Bot. :  Bergia  ammanioides,  a  species  of  water- 
pepper  found  on  the  borders  of  Indian  tanks 
The  trivial  name  is  translated  from  the  Tamil 
Neer-mel-neripoo. 

water-flag,  ». 

Bot. :  Iris  Pseudacorut. 
water-flannel,  s. 
Botany : 

1.  Conferva  crispata,  one  of  the  Conferva! 
forming  beds  of  entangled  filaments  on  th« 
surface  of  water.    [CROW-SILK..] 

2.  Water-net  (q.v.)- 
water-flea,  i. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
Branchiopoda  (q.v.). 

•water-float,  s.  A  device  in  a  cistern, 
boiler,  &c.,  which,  floating  on  the  water, 
actuates  a  valve. 

water-flood,  ».  A  flood  of  water ;  an 
inundation. 

water-flower,  s. 

Bot. :  Geum  rivale.    (Britten  ct  Holland.) 

•water-flowing,  a.  Flowing  like  water; 
streaming. 

"My  mercy  dried  their  water-flowing  tears." 

Shakttp. :  8  Henry  I'/..  Ir.  1 

water-fly,  «. 

1.  Ordinary  Language  &  Entomology : 

(1)  The  genus  Perla  (q.v.).    Applied  loosely 
to  any  winged  insect  frequenting  the  surface 
of  water. 

(2)  The  genus  Gyrinus  (q.v.). 

*  2.  Fig. :  Used  as  an  emblem  of  emptiness 
and  vanity. 

"Dost  know  this  water-fin  t  "— SftoAetp. :    Hamlet. 

r.  ft, 

water-fowl,  .••. 

1.  A  bird  that  frequents  the  water,  or  lives 
about  rivers,  lakes,  or  in  or  near  the  sea ;  an 
aquatic  fowl.    The  term  is  generally  applied 
to   web-footed    birds,  but    is   also   used  of 
herons,  plovers,  and  other  birds  that  frequent 
rivers,  lakes,  and  the  sea-shore. 

2.  Such  birds  collectively  ;  wild  fowl. 

•  water-fox,  «.     A  name  given  to  th« 
carp,  on  account  of  its  supposed  cunning. 

"As  the  carp  is  accounted  the  water-Sox  for  his 
cunning,  so  the  roach  is  accounted  the  water-sheep." 
—  WaUon:  Angler. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
op,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ta,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu.=  kw. 


•water 


6133 


water-frame,  s.  A  name  given  to  the 
spinniug-jeuny,  from  the  fact  that  at  first  it 
was  driven  by  water. 

*  water-furrow,  v.t.  To  drain  by  draw- 
ing furrows  across  the  ridges  in  the  lowest 
part  of  the  ground. 

"  Water-furrow  thy  ground. 
That  rain*,  when  it  cometh.  may  run  away  round. 
Tumr:  Uulbundrle,  y.  48. 

water-furrow,  s. 

Agric. :  A  channel,  furrow,  or  grip  for  con- 
ducting water  from  the  land  ;  a  watercourse. 

water-gage,  s.    (WATEK-OAUOB.] 

water-gall,  s. 

1.  A  cavity  made  in  the  earth  by  a  torrent 
of  water. 

2.  An  appearance  in  the  sky  known  from 
experience  to  presage  the  approach  of  rain  ; 
a    rainbow-coloured    spot  ;    an    imperfectly 
formed,  or  a  secondary  rainbow ;  a  weather- 
gall. 

"  These  voter-gall*  .  .  .  foretell  new  storms." 

Hhaketp.  :  Rape  «f  Lucrece,  1,588. 

water- gang,  a.  A  trench  or  course  for 
conveying  a  stream  of  water. 

water-gas,  s.  Gas  obtained  by  the  de- 
composition of  water.  Water  in  the  form  of 
steam  is  passed  over  red-hot  coke,  resolving 
it  into  hydrogen  and  carbonic  oxide,  the 
oxygen  being  absorbed.  The  hydrogen  and 
carbonic  oxide  are  then  passed  through  a 
retort,  in  which  carbonaceous  matter,  such  as 
resin,  is  undergoing  decomposition,  absorbing 
therefrom  sufficient  carbon  to  render  it  lu- 
minous when  burnt. 

water-gate,  a.    A  water  plug  or  valve. 

water-gauge,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  wall  or  bank  to  restrain 
or  hold  back  water. 

2.  Steam-engin.  :  An  instrument  or  attach- 
ment to  a  steam-boiler  to  indicate  the  depth  of 
water  therein. 

water-gavel,  s. 

Law :  A  rent  paid  for  fishing  or  any  other 
benefit  derived  from  some  river. 

water-germander,  s. 

Bot. :  Teucrium  Scordium. 
water-gilder,  s.    One  who  practises  the 
art  of  water-gilding  (q.v.). 

water-gilding,  s.  A  mode  of  gilding 
by  an  amalgam  in  which  the  articles  are 

§ickled  and  then  dipped  in  or  brushed  with  a 
ilute  solution  of  nitrate  of  mercury  and  gold, 
called  quick-water,  which  leaves  a  film  of 
amalgam  on  the  surface.  After  dipping,  the 
articles  are  exposed  to  heat  in  a  cage  within  a 
furnace,  and  the  mercury  is  thus  driven  off. 
The  gold  surface  is  then  polished  with  a  blood' 
stone  burnisher. 

water  gladiole,  «. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Butomus.    (Gerardt.) 

water-glass,  s. 

•  1.  A  water  clock  or  clepsydra. 

i  Soluble  glass  (q.v.). 

water-god,  s. 

Antkrop. :  (See  extract). 

"  Divine  springs,  streams,  and  lakes,  water^plrits, 
deities  concerned  with  the  clouds  and  rain,  are  fre- 
gueiit,  and  many  details  of  them  are  cited  here,  but  1 
have  not  succeeded  in  finding  among  the  lower  racef 
any  divinity  whose  attributes,  fairly  criticised,  will 
show  him  or  her  to  be  an  original  and  absolute  ele- 
mental Water-god"— Tutor :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1878),  11. 

BE 

water-gruel,  s.  A  liquid  food  composed 
of  water  and  a  small  portion  of  meal  or  othei 
farinaceous  substance  boiled  and  seasonec 
with  salt. 

"  I  could  eat  ujattr-ffruel  with  the*  a  mouth  for  this 
Jest."— Ben  Jonfon:  Cynthia'i  Revelt,  ii.  i. 

water  gut,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Enteromorpha  (q.v.). 

water-hammer,  ».    (See  extract.) 

"In  a  vacuum  however,  liquids  fall  like  solid 
without  separation  of  their  molecules.  The  mater 
ttammer  Illustrates  this :  the  instrument  consists  of  a 
thick  glass  tube  about  a  foot  long,  hull  filled  witl 
water,  the  air  having  been  expelled  by  ebullition 
previous  to  closing  one  extremity  with  the  blow-pii* 
When  such  a  tube  is  suddenly  inverted,  the  wate 
falls  in  oue  undivided  mass  against  the  other  ei 
tremity  of  the  tube,  and  produces  a  sharp,  dry  sout  ' 
resembling  that  which  accompanies  the  shock  of  t 
lolld  bodies."—  Atkiraon :  Banot'l  Phylia,  t  77. 

water-hemlock,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Cicuta  (q.v.). 


water-hemp,  ». 

Bot. :  Bidens  tripartita. 
Water-hemp  agrimony : 
Bot.:  (1)  [WATEB-HEMP.]    (2)  The  Hemp- 
agrimony  (q.v.). 

water-hen,  s. 

Ornith. :  Gallinulvs  chloropus,  generally  dis- 
tributed throughout  Europe,  Africa,  and  found 
in  parts  of  Asia.  Length  of  male  about 
thirteen  inches  ;  back,  wings,  rump,  and  tail 
rich  dark  olive-brown ;  head,  neck,  breast, 
and  sides  dark  slate-gray ;  thighs  and  flanks 
streaked  with  white  ;  belly  and  vent  grayish 
white ;  under  tail-coverts  white ;  beak  yellow- 
ish, becoming  red,  as  Pennant  notes,  in  the 
breeding  season ;  naked  patch  on  forehead 
red;  red  garter  above  tarsal  joint;  legs  and 
toes  greenish-yellow,  claws  dark-brown.  The 
female  rather  larger  and  more  vividly-coloured 
than  the  male.  They  frequent  ponds  covered 
with  aqua  tic  herbage,  overgrown  watercourses, 
and  the  banks  of  slow  rivers,  swimming  and 
diving  with  facility,  assisted  by  an  expansion 
of  the  membrane  along  the  sides  of  the  toes. 

water-hog,  >. 

Zoology : 

1.  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of  Pota- 
mochcerus  (q.v.). 

"The  species  of  Potamochcerus  frequent  swampy 
grounds,  and  sometimes  receive  the  name  of  water- 
hog-—ClMmberl'l  Encllc.  (ed.  1868).  x.  78. 

2.  The  genus  Hydrochoerus  (q.v.). 
water-hole,  s. 

Mining  :  A  sump  (q.v.) 

water  horehound,  i. 

Bot.  :  Lycopus  europceus. 

water-horsetail,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Chara  (q.v.). 

water-hyssop,  s. 

Bot. :  Gratiola  officinalit. 

water-inch,  s. 

Hydrattl. :  A  measure  of  water  equal  to  the 
quantity  discharged  in  the  twenty-four  hours 
through  a  circular  opening  of  one  inch  dia- 
meter leading  from  a  reservoir  under  the  least 
pressure,  that  is  when  the  water  is  only  so 
high  as  to  cover  the  orifice.  This  quantity 
is  500  cubic  feet  very  nearly. 

water -Indicator,  s.     A  water-gauge 

water-injector,  s.  A  form  of  pump 
used  on  steam  boilers. 

water-kelpie,  s. 

Anthrop. :  A  water-spirit  (q.v.). 

"  That  confusion  betweeu  the  spiritual  water-demon 
and  the  material  water-monster,  which  runs  on  Into 
the  midst  of  European  mythology  iu  such  conceptions 
as  that  of  the  touter-Mine  and  the  ses^serpeut."— 
Tutor:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  U.  J10. 

*  water-lade,  s.    A  gutter,  a  drain. 

"The  matr-ladtt  [were]  stopped  up."— P.  Holland  : 
Camden,  p.  741. 

water-laid,  a.  Coiled  "  against  the  sun,' 
that  is,  over  to  the  left :  as,  a  water-laid  rope. 

water-leaf,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  The  genus  Hydrophyllum  ;  (2) 
Rhodymenia  palmata. 

•water-leg,  s.  A  vertical  water-tube  In  a 
steam-boiler,  connecting  other  water-spaces, 
and  crossing  a  flue-space  by  which  its  con 
tents  are  heated. 

water-lemon,  s. 

Bot. :  Passijlora  laurifolia. 

water-lentil,  water-lens,  ». 

Bot. :  The  genus  Lemna  (q.v.). 

water-lettuce,  ». 

Bot. :  Pistia  stratiotes.    (Wat  Indian.) 

water-level,  3. 

1.  The  level  formed  by  the  surface  of  still 
water. 

2.  A  levelling  instrument  in  which  water  is 
employed  instead  of  spirit.    It  consists  of  a 
metal  tube,  bent  at  both  ends,  in  which  are 
fitted  glass  tubes.    It  is  placed  on  a  tripod, 
and  water  poured  in  until  it  rises  in  both  legs 
When  the  liquid  is  at  rest,  the  level  of  the 
water  in  both  tubes  is  the  same  ;  that  is,  they 
are  both  in  the  same  horizontal  plane. 

water-lily,  s. 

Bot. :  The  popular  name  for  various  plants  o 


the  order  Nymphseacese,  the  resemblance  of 
which  to  the  Lilium,  or  true  lily  genus,  is  not 
close,  they  being  exogenous  and  it  endogenous. 
The  White  Water-lily  is  Nymplum  alba,  the 
Yellow  Water-lily,  Nuphar  lutea. 

"  Where  among  the  vxtter-lUie* 
Plshnekuh,  the  brant,  were  sailing." 

Longfellow :  Hiawatha,  xvii. 

water-lime,  s.    Hydraulic  lime. 

water-line,  s. 

1.  Shipbuild.  :  One  of  the  ship's  lines  drawn 
parallel  with  the  surface   of   the  water,  at 
varying  heights.     In  the  sheer  plan  they  are 
straight  and  horizontal ;  in  the  half-breadth 
plan  they  show  the  form  of  the  ship  at  the 
successive  heights  marked  by  the  water-lines 
in  the  sheer  plan.    [REV-MODEL.] 

2.  Ifaut. :  The  line  up  to  which  the  hull  of 
a  vessel  is  submerged  in  the  water. 

water-lizards,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  Monitoridae  or  Varanids  (q.v.). 

water-locust,  s. 

Bot. :  Gleditschia  monosperma,  the  Swamp 
Locust-tree  (q.v.). 

water-lotus,  ». 

Bot. :  Ndumbium  speciosum. 
water-lute,  s.    An  air-trap  (q.v.), 
water-mark,  «. 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  mark  or  limit  of  the  rise  of  a  flood ; 
the  mark  indicating  the  rise  and  fall  of  the 
tide. 

2.  The  same  as  WATER-LINE  (q.v.). 

II.  Paper-making :  Any  distinguishing  de- 
vice or  devices  indelibly  stamped  in  the  sub- 
stance of  a  sheet  of  paper  while  yet  in  a  damp 
or  pulpy  condition.  The  device  representing 
the  water-mark  is  stamped  in  the  fine  wire 
gauze  of  the  mould  itself.  The  design  is 
engraved  on  a  block,  from  which  an  electro- 
type impression  is  taken  ;  a  matrix,  or  mould, 
is  similarly  formed  from  this.  These  are  sub- 
sequently mounted  upon  blocks  of  lead  or 
guttapercha,  to  enable  them  to  withstand  the 
necessary  pressure,  and  serve  as  a  cameo  and 
intaglio  die,  between  which  the  sheet  of  wire 
gauze  is  placed  to  receive  an  impression  in  a 
stamping-press.  The  water-marks  used  by 
the  earlier  paper-makers  have  given  names  to 
several  of  the  present  standard  sizes  of  paper, 
as  pot,  foolscap,  crown,  elephant,  fan,  post, 
the  last  dating  from  the  year  1670  (when  a 
general  post-office  was  established  in  England), 
and  formerly  bearing  the  device  of  a  post- 
man's horn ;  the  first  was  in  use  at  least  as 
early  as  1530. 

"  The  water-murk  on  Mr.  Denlson's  manuscript  con- 
sists of  an  open  hand."— Athtrueum,  Hay  8, 1884,  p.  563. 

water-meadow,  s.  A  meadow  capable 
of  being  kept  in  a  state  of  fertility  by  being 
flooded  with  water  at  certain  seasons  from 
an  adjoining  stream.  Generally  applied  to 
meadows  intersected  by  channels,  which,  by 
means  of  dams,  can  at  any  time  be  made  to 
overflow  the  land. 

*  water-measure,  s.  A  measure  for- 
merly in  use  for  articles  brought  by  water,  as 
coals,  oysters,  &c.  The  bushel  used  for  this 
purpose  was  larger  than  the  Winchester  bushel 
by  about  three  gallons. 

water-measurer,  s. 

Entom.  (PI.):  A  book-name  for  the  Hydro- 
metridaj  (q.v.). 

water-melon,  s. 

Bot. :  Citrullus  vulgaris  (=  Cveumis  Citrul- 
Ins).  The  leaves  are  deeply  lobed  and  gashed  ; 
the  fruit  large,  round,  with  a  spotted  rind ; 
cold,  watery,  pink  or  white  flesh,  and  black 
seeds.  It  is  cultivated  largely  in  the  United 
States,  India,  China,  Japan,  and  other  parts  of 
Asia,  Egypt,  4c.,  for  its  juicy  frnit,  which  is 
cool  and  refreshing.  It  is  the  melon  of  Scrip- 
ture. [MELON,  2.] 

water-meter,  s. 

1.  A  contrivance  for  measuring  the  amount 
of  water  received  or  discharged  through  an 
orifice.    There  are  numerous  varieties. 

2.  An  instrument  for  determining  the  amount 
of  water  evaporated  in  a  given  time,  as  from  a 
steam-boiler. 

water-mice,  ».  pi. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Hydromys  (q.v.),  some- 
times elevated  to  a  sub- family  (Hydromyinae). 


bSU,  b6y ;  pout,  Jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus.  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    pb .-  t. 
-oian,  -tian  =  shaa.    -tion,  -«ion  =  shun;  -Won,  -sUm  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tioua,  -sioufl  =  shus.   -ble.  -die,  ic.  =  Del,  del. 


51S4 


water 


The  species  are  small  rat-like  animals  of  slen- 
der form,  with  lon^  tails  and  short  limbs ; 
toes  partially  webbed. 

water-milfoil,  s. 

Hot. :  MyriaphijUum  vertizillatum. 

water-mill,  s.  A  mill  whose  machinery 
la  moved  l>y  the  agency  of  water. 

water-mint,  s. 

Bot. :  Mmtha.  aijuatica,  a  mint  having  the 
leaves  ovate,  serrate,  stalked,  the  flowers 
dense  in  terminal  obtuse  lii'icls  or  spikes,  or 
sometimes  in  remote  axillary  whorls.  It  is 
frequent  by  the  side  of  rivers  and  marshes  in 
Britain. 

water-mites,  s.  pi.    [HYDKACHNIDA.] 

water  mocassin-snake,  &  [WATER- 
VIPEK.] 

water-mole,  ».    [DUCKBILL.] 
water-monster,  ». 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   Any  huge  marine  animal. 
(See  extract  under  WATEB-KELPIS.) 

2.  Anthrfip. :  A  water-spirit  (q.v.). 

"  Amoug  the  Sioux  Indian*  It  U  'Ung-tAhe.'  the 
viter-montter,  that  drowiu  hU  victims  lu  flood  or 
rapid."- Tiler:  Prim.  OUI.  (ed.  MM),  i.  W. 

water-moss,  s. 

Bot. :  Fontinalis  antipyretic 

water-motor,  s.  An  application  of  the 
water-wheel  to  domestic  purposes,  such  as 
Fanning  sewing-  machines,  organs,  &c.,  by 
water  from  the  customary  mains. 

water-murrain,  s.  A  kind  of  murrain 
affecting  cattle. 

water-net,  e. 

Sot. :  Hydradictyon  vtriculatum,  a  confer- 
void  algal,  constituting  a  tubular  net  with 
pentagonal  or  hexagonal  meshes  and  vivipar- 
ous articulations.  It  floats  on  water.  Rare 
in  England,  but  occurs  on  the  pond  In  the 
old  Botanical  Gardens  at  Cambridge. 

water-newt,  s.    [TRITON,  2.] 

water-nixie,  a.  A  water-spirit ;  an  elf 
Inhabiting  the  water.  (Prov.) 

"Tha  shallowness  of  A  vatfr.nixif'i  soul  may  have 
»  charm  until  she  becomes  didactic. "—George  fttot: 
MUtUtmarOh  ch.  Uiv. 

water-nut,  s.    A  Singhara-nut  (q.v.). 
water-nymph,  «. 

1.  Bot. :  The  genus  Nymphiea. 
8.  Mythol. :  A  naiad  (q.v.). 
water-opossum,  s.    [YAPOOK.] 

*  water-ordeal,  s.    An  ancient  form  of 
trial  by  means  of  water.    [ORDEAL,  WITCH.) 

water-ousel,  s.    [OUSEL,  «.,  H  (a). ] 

water  oven,  s. 

Chem. :  An  apparatus  employed  for  drying 
substances,  at  or  near  the  temperature  of 
boiling  water,  without  the  vessel  containing 
them  coming  in  contact  with  the  vapour  of 
water,  as  !n  the  case  of  the  open  water-bath. 
It  consists  usually  of  an  oblong  copper  vessel, 
surrounded  with  a  jacket  of  the  same  metal, 
the  intervening  space  being  nearly  filled  with 
water,  which  is  kept  continuously  at  the 
boiling-point  by  means  of  a  gas-burner  placed 
under  the  apparatus.  The  steam  generated 
in  the  interior  is  condensed  by  passing  through 
•  lengthened  vertical  pipe,  by  means  of  which 
the  water  again  returns  to  the  vessel.  If  It 
IB  desired  to  attain  a  heat  rather  over  100°,  a 
little  salt  is  dissolved  in  the  water  contained 
in  the  apparatus. 

water-packer,  •'. 

Weil-boring :  A  cap  on  the  top  of  a  pipe  to 
exclude  surface-water. 

water-padda,  s. 

Zool. :  Brevicepe  gibbosut,  a  toad  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Upper  surface  with 
small  warts,  belly  granulate.  Brown  above, 
with  a  broad,  brownish-yellow,  serrated  dor- 
Mi  band ;  an  obsolete  lateral  streak  of  the 
same  colour. 

water-parsnip,  >. 

.  Bot. :  Sittm  latifolium. 

*  water-parting, «.   A  watershed  (q.v.). 
water-pepper,  «. 

Botany : 

1.  Potygonum  Hydropiper. 


2,  Etutlne  Hydropiper. 

3.  (PL):  The  Elatinaceie.    (Lindley.) 
water-pig,  >. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Hydrochoerua  (q.v.). 

water-pillar,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  A  waterspout  (q.v.). 

2*  Much. :  A  water-crane  (q.v.) 

water-pimpernel,  ». 

Sot. :  Veronica  Beccabunga.     [BEOOKLIME.] 

water-pipe,  s.  A  pipe  for  the  convey- 
ance of  water.  [PIPE,  3.J 

water-pipit,  s. 

Ornith. :  Aiithusspipoletta  (misprinted  apino- 
letta  in  Linn,. :  Syst.  Sat.,  «L  12th,  i.  a>&), 
a  native  of  the  centre  and  south  of  Europe, 
north  Africa,  ranging  into  Asia  as  far  as 
China.  It  is  about  seven  inches  long  ;  pium;.'  •• 
grayish-bruwu  above,  slightly  mottled  with 
darker  streaks  along  the  middle  of  each 
feather ;  warm  vinaceous  buff  on  throat  mid 
breast,  becoming  lighter  on  belly. 

water  pitcher,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  pitcher  for  holding  water. 

S.  Bot.  (PI.) :  A  popular  name  for  the  Bar- 
raceniaceae(q.v.).  Named  from  the  pitchers 
constituted  by  the  hollow  urn-shaped  petioles. 
Glassed  with  the  Insectivorous  plants. 

water-plant,  >. 

Bot. :  A  plant  growing  in  the  water,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  terrestrial  and  an  aerial 
plant. 

water-plantain,  «. 

Bot. :  Alisma  Plantago. 

water-plate,  s.  A  plate  with  a  double 
bottom  tilled  with  hot  water  to  keep  food 
warm. 

"This  kind  of  diah  ahove  all,  requires  to  be  served 
up  hot,  or  sent  off  In  tgutfr-pJatet,  that  your  friend 
may  have  it  almost  as  warm  as  youraelf."— C.  Lamb  : 
Euayt  of  Eli'i ;  J)ietant  Corrttptmdeno.: 

water-platter,  «. 

Bot. :  Victoria  rerjia. 

water-poise,  s.  A  hydrometer,  or  in- 
strument for  ascertaining  the  specific  gravity 
of  different  liquids. 

water-pot,  s. 

1.  A  vessel  for  holding  or  conveying  water. 

"There  were  aet  six  water-pou  of  stone."— John  ii.  6. 

2.  A  watering-pot, 

*  3.  A  chamber-pot. 

water-power,  s.  The  power  of  water 
employed,  or  capable  of  being  employed,  as  a 
prime  mover  in  machinery. 

water-pox,  s. 

Pttthol. :  Varicella  (q.v.). 

water -press,  s.  A  hydrostatic-press 
(q.v.). 

water-privilege,  s. 

1.  The  right  to  use  running  water  to  turn 
machinery. 

2.  A  stream  or  body  of  water  capable  of 
being  utilized  in  driving  machinery. 

water  -  propeller,  «.  A  rotary-pump 
(4.V.). 

water-pump,  i.  An  air-pump  In  which 
a  falling  or  driven  body  of  water  is  made  the 
means  of  inducing  an  exhaust  current  of  air, 
or  air  and  steam,  from  a  room,  a  vacuum-pan, 
a  condenser,  &c. 

Water-purple,  s.  Veronica  Beccabunga, 
found  in  moist  places.  [BROOKLIME.]  Ac- 
cording to  Jamieson,  the  latter  element  in 
the  compound  has  reference  to  the  colour  of 
the  Sowers.  (Scotch.) 

water-purslane,  >. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Peplis  (q.v.). 

"water -quake,  «.  A  disturbance  of 
water  produced  by  volcanic  action. 

" Wittleunera  .  .  .  doth  sometimes  .  .  .  rise  tern* 

pestuoDsly,  ax  it  were,  into  violent  icuttr^itttket." — 
f.  HoUuHtl :  CamAtri.  p.  600. 

water-qualm,  «.  The  same  as  WATER. 
BRASH  (q.v.). 

*  water-quintain,  s.    A  tilt  on  the  ice. 
(Strutt.) 

water-rabbit,  s. 

Zool. :  Leptu  aqwiliau,  an  American  species, 


most  abundant  in  the  swatnpy  tnu:ts  border 
ing  on  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  in  tlta 
.south-western  Slates,  whence  it  is  ulso  called 
the  Swamp  Hare.  It  is  an  excellent  swimmer, 
and  subsists  chiefly  on  the  roots  of  ;i 
plants.  Fur  dark  grayish-brown  above,  white 
below,  coarse  in  texture  ;  ears  and  tail  long. 

water-radish,  s. 

Bot. :  N'l.ittiitiuiii  umphibiiim,  a  British  plant, 
twn  to  four  feet  high,  with  pinnatilid  leaves 
and  yellow  flowers,  growing  in  wet  plaoea, 
and  rlowering  from  June  to  September. 

water-rail,  s. 

Ornith. :  liallns  aquations,  generally  dis- 
tributed over  Europe,  and  fairly  conuiiun  in 
Britain,  though  not  often  seen,  from  its  shy, 
retired  habits.  The  male  is  abuiit  eleven 
inches  in  length,  female  somewhat  smaller; 
general  plumage  brown,  streaked  with  black; 
lores  and  eyebrows,  sides  of  face,  and  uader- 
parts  slaty-gray.  It  frequents  marshtis  and 
bogs,  and  swims  and  dives  \\vll,  but  is  bad  on 
the  wing.  It  is  a  delicious  bird  for  the  table. 

water-ram,  s.  A  machine  for  raising 
water  ;  a  hydraulic  ram. 

water-rat,  * 

Lit.  &  Zool. :  A  common  but  misleading 
popular  name  for  Arcicola  amphibius,  the 
Water-vole  (q.v.). 

water-rate,  s.  A  rate  or  charge  for  the 
supply  of  water. 

water-rattle,  s. 

Zool. :  Crotahts  adamanteiis,  the  Diamond 
Rattlesnake.  It  often  reaches  eight  f-'.-t  in 
length ;  yellowish-brown  with  dark  brown 
spots,  belly  yellowish,  tail  black  or  barret! 
with  black.  Found  in  damp  and  shady  places 
in  North  Carolina  and  Texas,  and  varieties  01 
it  range  into  California  and  'Mexico.  It  is  ex- 
ceedingly poisonous. 

water-reed,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Arundo  (q.v.). 
water-retting,  «.    [Rcm-mo.) 
water-rice,  s. 

Bot.  :  Zizania  aquatlca. 
water-rites,  .•*./•'. 

Anthrop. :  Rites  connected  with  water-wor 
ship  (q.v.). 

"  Elsewhere  In  Europe,  the  list  of  still-existing 
wtiter-ritet  may  l>e  extended."  —  Tylor:  Prim.  Cult. 
(ed.  1*7J(,  it.  814. 

water-rocket,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  kind  of  firework  to 'be  du> 
charged  in  the  water. 

2.  Bot. :  Sisymbrium,  sylvestre. 
water-room,  s. 

Steam-eng.  :  The  space  in  a  steam-boiler  pc 
cupied  by  water,  as  distinct  from  that  whict 
contains  steam. 

water-rose,  «. 

Bot. :  Nymphcea  alba  ;  (2)  Nuphar  lutea. 

water-rot,  v.t.    To  rot  or  ret  by  steeping 

in  water. 

*  water-rug,  s.    A  species  of  dog. 

"Bhougha,  watcr-rugt  and  demiwolve*  are  clept 
All  by  tlie  name  of  dogs." 


t. :  Macbeth,  111  L 

water-sail,  s. 

Naut. :  A  sail  set  In  very  light  airs  ana 
smooth  water,  below  the  lower  studding-sail 
booms  and  next  to  the  water. 

water-salamander,  A 

Zool. :  A  newt  (q.v.). 
water-sallow,  &    [WATER-WILLOW.] 
water-sapphire,  s. 

Min. :  A  jeweller's  name  for  the  transparent 
variety  of  lolite  (q.v.),  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  Oriental  Sapphire  (Corundum). 

water  -scorpions,  &  pi  [NEPIDJE, 
NEPA.J 

water-screw,  *.  An  Archimedean  screw 
(q.v.). 

water-sheep,  *.  [See  extract  nndn 
WATER-FOX.] 

water-shell,  *. 

Qrdn. :  A  common  shell  or  cast-iron  cylinder 
filled  with  water,  into  which  is  fitted  a  small 
cylinder  containing  a  quarter,  or,  at  the  most, 


ftte,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pfit, 
er.  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  o?  —  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


water 


5135 


half  an  ounce  of  gun  cotton  ;  it  is  then  her- 
metically sealed  ;  a  few  grains  of  fulminate  of 
mercury  are  placed  between  the  gun-cotton 
and  the  fuse,  and,  as  soon  as  the  latter  is 
fitted,  the  shell  is  ready  for  firing. 
water-shield,  s. 

Botany : 

1.  The  genus  Hydrnpeltia. 

«.  (PL):  The  order  Cabombacece  (q.Y.X 

•water  shoot,  s. 

1.  A  sprig  or  shoot  from  the  root  or  stock 
of  a  tree.    (Prov.) 

2.  A  wooden  trough  for  discharging  water 
from  a  building.    (Gwilt.) 

water-shrew,  s. 

Zool. :  Crassopus  fodiens,  common  over  the 
continent  of  Europe  as  far  north  as  the  Baltic, 
found  in  many  parts  of  Britain,  but  not 
known  to  occur  in  Ireland.  About  three 
inches  lon^,  tail  two  inches  ;  generally  black 
above  and  white  beneath  ;  but  there  is  great 
variation  in  the  colour  of  different  specimens, 
••omp  of  which  have  been  described  as  distinct 
•pecies.  [OARED-SHREW.] 

*  water  shut,  s.    A  well-cover. 

"  A  large,  well-squared  stone,  which  he  would  eat 
To  serve  his  style,  <a-  foreome  water-thttt." 

Browne ;  Britannia'*  Pattoralt. 

water-side,  s.    [WATERSIDE.] 
water-sky,  s.    (Fordef.  sec  extract.] 

"Navigators  can  judge  of  the  extent  of  ice  beyond 
the  horizon  by  a  peculiar  glistening  of  the  atmosphere 
known  as  the  ice-blink  ;  over  open  water  the  sky  looks 
dark  and  i*  known  aj  wu*«r-j*y."— Jtiftof  A  Dana  : 
Amtr.  t'gflof.,  xliL  688. 

water-slater,  s. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Aselltuu 
water-snail,  s. 

1.  Hydr. :  A  spiral  pump  (q.T.). 

2  Zool.  (PL):  A  general  name  for  snails 
Inhabiting  water,  as  the  Limnaeidae.  It  is 
opposed  to  the  term  Land  Snails,  as  the 
Helicidse. 

water-snake,  *. 

Zoology : 

1.  Tropidonotus  natrix.    [SNAKE.] 

2.  Any  individual  of  the  Hydrophidse(q.v.). 

*  water-soak,  v.t.    To  soak  or  fill  the 
Interstices  of  with  water. 

water-socks,  s. 

Sot. :  Nynphcea  alba.    (Britten  &  Holland.) 

•water  sodden,  a.  Soaked  and  soft* 
•ned  in  witter. 

water-soldier,  ». 

Botany  : 

1.  The  genus  Stratiotes   (q.v.) ;   spec.,  8. 
aloidfs. 

2.  I*istia  stratiotes.    (London.) 
water-spaniel,  s.    [SPANIEL,  A.  1.  (2).] 
water-speedwell,  s. 

Bot. :  Veronica  maritima. 
water-spider,  s. 

1.  Entom.  :  The  genus  Hydrometra  (q.T.X 

2.  Zool. :  The  Diving-spider  (q.v.).    Applied 
Also  to  any  of  the  Natantes  (q.v.). 

water-spike,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Potamogeton  (q.T.). 

water-spirit,  s. 

Authrop.:  A  spirit  supposed  to  reside  in 
lakes,  rivers,  and  the  sea.  Water-spirits  were 
believed  to  be  the  active  agents  in  all  cases 
of  drowning  and  shipwreck,  and  to  avenge  the 
rescue  of  drowning  persons  on  their  rescuers. 
Hence  arose  the  widespread  superstition  that 
it  was  unlucky  to  save  a  shipwrecked  person 
or  one  who  had  fallen  into  the  water.  (Cf. 
Scfftt:  Pirate,  ch.  vii.)  The  belief  in  water- 
spirits  was  almost  universal  at  an  early  stase 
of  culture,  and  still  lingers  in  a  poetic  form 
on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine.  (Cf.  Heine's 
Lorelei).  [WATER- WORSHIP.  See  also  extract 
under  WATERMAN,  II. J 

"  From  this  point  of  view.  It  la  ohviani  that,  to 
gave  a  sinking  man  la  to  snatch  a  victim  from  the 
very  clutches  of  the  tnater-spirit.  a  nah  defiance  of 
deity  which  would  hardly  pass  unavenged."— Tutor : 
Prim.  Cutt.  (ed.  18731, 1.  HQ, 

water-sprite,  e.  A  sprite  or  spirit  in- 
habiting the  water. 

"  AM  if  it  dodged  ft  water-tprite." 

Coleridge :  Ancient  Mariner. 


*  water-standing,  a.    Perpetually  tilled 
with  tears ;  wet. 

"  Many  an  orphan's  teater-ltawliitg  eye." 

Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  v.  «. 

water- star  wort,  *. 

Bot. :  The  common  name  of  British  plants 
of  the  genus  Callitdche.  [STARWOBT.] 

*  water-stead,  s.    An  old  name  for  the 
bed  of  a  river.    (Smyth.) 

water-supply,  s.  The  amount  of  water 
supplied  to  a  community  for  drinking,  culin- 
ary, detergent,  and  other  purposes  :  as,  the 
water-supply  of  a  town. 

water-tabby,  s. 

Fabric  :  A  waved  silk  stuff.    [TABBY.] 
water-table,  s. 

Arch.  :  A  coping  or  project  ing-stone  to  shed 
the  wet.  Water-tables  occur  on  the  various 
stages  of  buttresses,  tops  of  battlements,  &c. 

water-tank,  s.  A  fixed  cistern  on  shore 
or  a  metal  receiver  on  board  ship  for  holding 
water.  (Simmonds.) 

water-tap,  s.  A  tap  or  cock  by  which 
water  may  be  drawn  from  any  supply. 

water-tath,  s.  [Tath,  a  provincial  term 
for  cow's  orsheep's  dung  dropped  in  a  pasture  ; 
hence,  the  luxuriant  grass  growing  about  sucli 
dung ;  Icel.  tath  =  dung ;  tatha  =  hay  of  a 
dunged  field.]  Coarse,  rank  grass  growing  in 
wet  ground,  and  supposed  to  be  injurious  to 
sheep.  (Prov.) 

water  thermometer,  &  An  instrument 
in  which  water  is  substituted  for  mercury,  for 
ascertaining  the  precise  degree  of  temperature 
at  which  water  attains  its  maximum  density. 
This  is  at  39'2°  Fahr.,  or  4°  Cent..,  and  from 
that  point  downwards  to  32*  Fahr.,  or  0"  Cent, 
or  the  freezing-point,  ft  expands,  and  it  also 
expands  from  the  same  point  upwards  to  212° 
Fahr.,  or  100"  Cent.,  or  the  boiling-point. 

*  water-thief,  ».     A  pirate.     (Shakesp.: 
Merchant  ofVeni<v,  i.  8.) 

water-thyme,  a. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Anacharis  (q.v.),  and  espe- 
cially Anacharis  alsinastrum* 

water-tick,  s. 

Zool. :  The  same  as  WATES-SFIDKR,  1.  (q.v.). 
water  tight,  a.    [WATERTIGHT.] 
t  water  tofana,  s.    [AQUA-TOFANA.] 
water-torch,  5. 

BoL :  Typha  Uttifolia. 
water-tree,  *. 

Bot. :  Tetracera  alnifolia,  a  tree  about  six- 
teen feet  high,  with  yellow  flowers,  growing 
in  Guinea.  The  Red  Water-tree  is  Erythro- 
phlceum  guiniense. 

water-trefoil,  «. 

Bot. :  Menyanthes  trifoliate,   [MBWTANTHEa.] 

water-trunk,  «.  A  square  rain-water 
pipe. 

water-tupelo,  *. 

Bot. :  Nyssa  denticulata.  It  is  a  large  tree, 
growing  in  the  Southern  States  of  America, 
and  yielding  a  fruit  sometimes  made  into  a 
preserve. 

water -turkey,  t . 

Ornith. :  Plotus  anhinga. 

"  This  bird  is  a  constant  resident  in  Florida,  and 
the  lower  parti  of  Louisiana,  Alabama,  and  Georgia  ; 
In  sjiring  it  goesMti>  a»  far  north  AS  North  Carolina, 
breeding  along  the  coaat;  in  these  various  localities 
it  bears  the  name  of  water  crow,  Grecian  lady,  vxtter 
turkey,  and  cormorant.'  —  Ripiey  A  Dana;  Amtr. 
Cyclop.,  v.  692. 

water-tuyere,  water-twyer,  *. 

Metall. :  A  tuyere  so  constructed  that  cold 
water  is  made  to  flow  in  a  continuous  stream 
around  a  blast  of  air. 

water-  twist,  s. 

Cotton-manvf.  ;  Yarn  made  by  the  water- 
frame  (q.v.). 

water-twyer,  s.    [WATER-TUYERE.] 
water-vascular,  a. 

Biol. :  A  term  applied  to  a  system  of  canals 
in  the  Annuloidea.  They  communicate  with 
the  exterior,  and  open  internally  into  the 
perivisceral  cavity.  Their  function  is  not 
certainly  known,  but  they  are  probably  excre- 
tory and  respiratory. 


water-vine,  s. 

Botany : 

1.  Phytocrene  gigantea,  a  large  climber  oc- 
earring  in  Itanaban.     The  wood,  which  ia 
soft  and  porous,  discharges  when  wounded  s 

Quantity  of  pure,  tasteless,  and  wholesome 
uid,  drunk  by  the  natives. 

2.  Tetracera    point oria,    a    climber    about 
twenty   feet  lonjr,   with  yellow  flowers.     A 
native  of  Sierra  Leone. 

water-violet,  *. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Hottonia  (q.v.)i 
water-viper,  5. 

Zool. :  Cenchris  piscivorus;  a  venomons 
snake,  about  forty-four  inches  long,  ranging 
over  the  southern  states  of  the  American 
Uuion  from  the  Carolinas  to  Texas.  Greenish- 
brown,  yellowish  ou  sides,  banded  wilh  black- 
ish-brown. Called  also  Cotton  Mouth  and 
Water  Mocassin  Snake. 

water-vole,  *. 

Zool. :  Aroicola  amphibiiu,  popularly  known 
as  the  Water-rat.  It  is  a  small  rodent,  about 
a  foot  long,  of  winch  the  tail  occupies  nearly 
flve  inches.  Fur  thick  and  shining,  rich  red- 
dish-brown above,  yellowish-gray  beneath. 
These  animals  haunt  the  bunks  of  rivers  and 
ponds,  and,  though  the  feet  are  not  webbed, 
swim  with  facility  not  only  on  the  surface, 
but  below  the  water.  They  have  been  ac- 
cused of  destroying  fish-spawn,  and  feeding 
on  young  fish  and  even  on  ducklings,  hut  the 
charge  Is  probably  unfounded,  as  their  food 
appears  to  be  entirely  vegetable.  Common  in 
England,  throughout  Europe  and  Asia,  to 
China.  There  is  a  black  variety,  common  in 
Scotland  and  some  parts  of  England,  which 
has  been  described  as  a  distinct  species  (A. 
atra). 

water-wagtail,  *. 

Ornithology : 

1.  The  Pied  Wagtail,  Mataettta  lugubrit,  a 
well-known  British  bird.   Length  about  seven 
inches ;  forehead,  cheeks,  sides  of  neck,  and 
lower  parts  pure  white ;  back  and  sides  ash 
colour,  the  rest  black  ;  wing-coverts  black, 
bordered  with  white,  two  outer  tail-feathers 
white.    In  winter  the  black  patch  on  throat 
Is  diminished  to  a  circlet 

2.  (PL) :  Any  species  of  the  genus  MotacilU 
as  distinguished  from  Bndytes  (q.v.). 

water-wash,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Ulva  (q.v.X 
water-way,  *. 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That  part  of  a  river,  arm  of  th«  tea,  &c. 
through  which  vessels  enter  or  depart ;  th« 
fair- way. 

2.  A  navigable  stream,  canal,  or  the  like. 

"They  have  decided  to  lay  down  light  rails  along 
the  banks  of  this  water-way,  which  is  their  own  pro- 
perty, and  to  tow  the  barges  with  small  steam-engine* 
instead  of  with  horaes."— Daily  Chronicle,  Hay  4,  1888. 

II.  Shipbuild.  :  A  stroke  on  the  inside  of  a 
vessel  above  the  ends  of  the  beams.  It  is 
bolted  downward  through  the  beam  and  shelf, 
and  laterally  through  the  futtock  and  plunk- 
ing. It  is  also  secured  by  a  fore-and-aft  dowel 
to  the  beam.  It  forms  a  channel  t«  lead  the 
water  to  the  scuppers.  In  iron  vessels  the 
water-ways  assume  ninny  different  form*. 

"  A  good-sized  stern  locker  and  water-way*  —Fttid. 
Feb.  11.  1888. 

*  water-weak,  a.    Weak  as  water ;  very 

feeble. 

"  If  lustle  now,  forthwith  am  water-weak," 

Ihii'itt :  Jfueet  Sacrifice,  p.  10. 

water-weed,  *. 

Bot. :  A  common  name  for  aquatic  planta 
generally,  but  applied  spccilically 
ris  alsinastrv,m,  or  Water- thyme. 

water-wheel,  s. 

Hydraulics : 

L  A  kind  of  wheel  for  raising  water  itt  large 
quantities. 

2.  A  wheel  moved  by  water,  and  employed 
to  turn  machinery.    There  are  foxir  principal 
kinds  of  water-wheels— the  overshot  wheel, 
the  undershot  wheel,  the  breast  wheel,  aaia 
the  turbine  (see  these  terms). 

3.  The  paddle-wheel  of  a  steamer 
water-willow,  s. 

Bot. :  SaLix  aquation,  called  mUo  Water- 
sallow. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  sliin,  ben?U;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist    -ing, 
-elan,   tian  =  Shan,   -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  =  shun,    -cious,  -tious,  -si«us  =  sliua.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


5136 


water— water-mamma 


water-wing,  .«.  A  wall  erected  on  the 
bank  uf  a  river,  next  to  a  bridge,  to  secure  the 
foundations  from  the  action  of  the  current 

water-withe,  s. 

Bat.  ;  Vitis  caribcca,  a  species  from  the  West 
Indies. 

water-wood,  *. 

Bot.  :  Chimarrhis  cymoaa. 
water-work,  s.    [WATEHWOBS.] 
water-worm,  5. 

Zool.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the  Nai- 
ttte. 

water  worn,  a.  Worn  by  the  action  of 
water  ;  especially  -smoothed  by  the  force  or 
action  of  running  water,  or  water  in  motion  : 
as,  water-worn  pebbles. 

water-worship,  *. 

Compar.  Relig.:  A  branch  of  Nature-wor- 
ship (q.v.X  formerly  common  among  Aryan 
nations,  and  still  practised  by  races  of  low 
culture.  No  race  seems  to  have  risen  to  the 
abstract  conception  of  water  as  an  element, 
bnt  seas,  rivers,  and  lakes  were  all  separately 
worshipped.  [HOLY-WELL,  LAKE-WORSHIP, 
RIVER-GOD.] 

-  Africa  displays  well  the  rites  of  water  -worthip."- 
ttlor:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873).  ii.  S1L 

water-worshipper,  s. 

Anthrop.  :  One  who  pays  divine  honours  to 
water.  [  WATER-WORSHIP.] 


,  , 

»hould  iiecesaarily  have  general 
bed  their  idea*,  and  pawed  beyond  their  particular 
water-deities  to  arrive  at  the  conception  of  a  general 
deity  presiding  over  water  as  an  element."  —  Tylor  : 
Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873).  1L  274. 

*  water-worth,  s.    An  aquavalent  (q.v.). 

"They  are  thus  arranged  according  to  the  number 
of  molecules  of  attached  water,  or  in  what  might  be 
•ailed  their  '  aqnavaleut*,'  if  thii  expression  were  not 
too  syuiphonlous  with  'equivalent*.'  Hay.  therefore, 
*  water-worth*,'  ~—  Prof.  F,  Vuthrie,  in  Tratu.  Phyt. 
AMI,  London,  pt.  U. 

water-wraith,  9.  A  supposed  water- 
spirit,  whose  appearance  prognosticates  death 
or  woe  to  the  person  seeing  it. 

"  The  water-wraith  WM  shrieking." 

Campbell:  Lord  Vttin't  baugkttr. 


water-yam,  .-. 

Bot.  :  The  Lattice-leaf  (q.v.). 

[A.8. 


[WATER,*.] 


wa-ter,  v. 

A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

L  To  irrigate  ;  to  overflow  with  water  ;  to 
wet  with  water. 

"Thou  sowedst  thy  seed,  and  watertdtt  it."—  Deu- 
teronomy xi.  ia 

2.  To  supply  with  water  or  streams  of  water. 
8.  To  supply  with  water  for  drink. 

"Airing  and  watering  our  master's  grey  pad."— 
•tee/f  .  Upectutor.  No.  818. 

4.  To  soak  or  steep  in  water. 

*'  To  foresee  that  neither  the  yarn*  be  burnt  In  tar- 
ring. nor  the  bempe  rotted  In  the  watering."  —  Back- 
luyt  :  V^yayet,  '•  296- 

IL  Fig.  ;  To  add  stock  to  that  already  issued 
t»y  a  company  or  state,  without  making  any 
Additional  provision  for  the  payment  of  inter- 
est on  the  same.  (Comm.  Slung.)  [WATER, 
•.,  II.  2.] 

"Those  which  relate  to  the  betrayal  of  trust*,  the 
watering  of  stocks,  "—  Scritmer't  J/agatin*.  Oct.  1878, 
IX  896. 

B.  Intransitive; 
1  Literally: 

1,  To  shed  water  or  liquid  matter. 

"  If  thine  eye*  can  water  for  his  death.' 

SlMkctp.  ;  S  Henry  YL,  L  4. 

5.  To  make  water  ;  to  void  urine. 
8.  To  get  or  take  in  water. 

"  Raleigh  having  thus  landed,  after  he  had  watered. 

marched    forward  with    his    men,"—  Camdem:    Bitt. 
tlixaoeth,  tk.  iv. 

*4.  To  drink  ;  to  swallow  liquid. 

"  When  yon  breathe  in  your  watering  they  cry 
'  hem  I  *  "—  Shaketfj.  :  1  Btnry  1  I'.,  it  4. 

5.  To  gather  saliva,  as  a  symptom  of  appe- 
tite ;  hence,  to  have  a  longing  desire. 

"A  Spaniard's  mouth  BO  watered." 

Khaketp.  :  Ptridet,  Iv.  2. 

IX  Fig.  :  To  weaken  anything  by  or  as  by 
Hie  addition  of  water.  [A.  IL] 

"  But  the  Attorney-General  .  .  .  Interposed  with  a 
watering  amendment,"—  Daily  JViwt,  June  H,  1868. 

Wa  ter  age  (age  as  X&),  s.  [Eng.  water; 
•age.  ]  Honey  paid  for  transportation  by 
water. 


wa'-tered,  pa,  par.  &  o.     [WATER,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  ^5  adject  ire  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Wetted  with  water. 

2.  Fabric:  Applied  to  stuffs  which   have 
been  subjected  to  a  process  by  which  the  sur- 
face assumes  a  variety  of  shades,  as  if  the 
cloth  were  covered  with  a  multitude  of  waving 
and  intersecting  lines. 

wa'-ter-  course,  *.    [Eng.  vxdcr,  s.,  and 
course.  ] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  stream  of  water ;  a  brook,  a  river. 

2.  A  channel  or  canal  made  for  the  convey- 
ance of  water. 

"  For  scowring  the  vattrcourifi  thorow  the  cities.' 
fttaum.  *  ftet.  :  Propheteu,  ill    1. 

IL  Law :  A  right  to  the  benefit  or  flow  of  a 
river  or  stream,  including  that  of  having  the 
course  of  the  stream  kept  free  from  any  inter- 
ruption or  disturbance  to  the  prejudice  of  tl>e 
proprietor  by  the  acts  of  persons  without  his 
own  territory,  whether  owing  to  the  diversion 
of  the  water,  or  to  its  obstruction  or  pollution. 

wa  ter-cress,  s.  [Eng.  water,  s.,  and  cress.} 
Bot.  A  Comm. :  Nasturtium  officinale,  an 
aquatic  plant,  having  pinnate  leaves,  with 
five  to  seven  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  be- 
ing the  largest  and  roundest,  all  somewh.it 
succulent ;  petals  twice  as  large  as  the  calyx, 
white,  the  pods  linear.  It  is  common  in 
the  United  States  and  Europe  in  rivulets,  flower- 
ing from  May  to  October,  and  is  largely  used  at 
table  as  a  salad  plant.  [NASTURTIUM.] 

*  wa'-ter-«rt  i.  [Eng.  vxtter,  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  waters ;  one  who  seeks  or 
procures  water. 

"  The  native*  kept  perpetual ly  harassing  our 
wattrert  with  itonea "—  Cook :  Third  Voyage,  bk.  v.. 

ch.  i  v. 

waiter-fall,  s,    [Eng.  water,  and  fall] 

1.  A  fall  or  perpendicular  descent  of  the 
water  of  a  river  or  stream,  or  a  descent  nearly 
perpendicular ;  a  cascade,  a  cataract 

"  But  it  is  not  to  list  to  the  wa'erfaU 
That  Paris!  DA  leaves  her  hall.** 

Byron :  Paritina,  1L 

IF  A  waterfall  tends  slowly  to  recede  up  the 
stream  on  which  it  exists.  This  retrogression 
is  greatly  aided  when  the  strata  consist  of 
alternate  hard  and  soft  beds  dipping  up  the 
stream.  The  running  water  and  the  spray  soon 
scoop  out  the  soft  beds,  leaving  the  harder 
ones  without  adequate  support,  and  causing 
masses  of  them  to  fall  from  time  to  time.  As 
the  waterfall  recedes,  a  gorge  is  left  on  the 
parts  of  the  stream  from  which  it  has  gradu- 
ally moved  back.  The  gorge  below  the  falls 
of  Niagara  produced  by  the  recession  of  the 
great  cataract  extends  seven  miles,  and  must, 
as  Sir  Charles  Lyell  has  shown,  have  required 
some  thousand  years  for  its  excavation.  A 
similar  gorge  on  the  Rhine,  from  Bingen  to 
Rolandseck,  cut  by  a  now  departed  waterfall, 
is  sixty  miles  long.  Just  beneath  the  water- 
fall there  is  a  hole  like  a  "swallow-hole."  It 
is  often  called  a  kettle.  It  has  a^spiral  form, 
and  may  be  four  times  as  deep  as  wide,  or  of 
less  proportion.  It  is  excavated  by  an  eddy 
carrying  round  pebbles. 

2.  A  neckcloth  or  scarf  that  comes  down 
over  the  breast. 

3.  A  chignon  (q.v.).     (Collnq.) 

"  In  a  gaudy-figured  satin  waistcoat  and  water/an  of 
the  same  material." — Hughes :  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford. 

Wa'-ter- 1- n$&8,  *.      [Eng.  watery;    -ness,] 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  watery. 

wa  -ter  Ing,  pr.  par.,  o.,  &  *.    [WATER,  «.] 

A,  &  B.  A*  pr.  par.  d  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  overflowing,  sprinkling,   or 
wetting  with  water. 

2.  The  act  of  supplying   with    water  for 
drinking  or  other  purposes  ;  the  act  of  getting 
or  taking  in  water. 

"  [Bees]  near  the  city  walls  their  tcat'ring  take." 
Dryden  :  Virgil ;  Gcorgic  iv.  282. 

3.  The  act  or  state  of  shedding  water  or 
liquid  matter. 

"  Applied  unto  the  eye*,  for  to  stay  their  continual] 
watering.'— P.  Holland:  Pliitit.  bit.  ixili..  ch.  iv. 

4.  The  place  where  water  is  supplied  or 
procured  ;  a  watering-place. 

5.  The  process  of  giving  a  wavy  or  wave- 


like  appearance  to  anything  ;  a  mode  of  orna- 
mentation whereby  a  wave-pattern  is  pro- 
duced, or  where  the  article  subjected  to  the 
process  is  made  to  exhibit  a  wavy  lustre  and 
different  plays  of  light  ;  specif.  : 

(1)  Fabric  ;  A  process  (said  to  have  been 
invented  by  Octaviu*  May,  at  Lyons,  in  the 
seventeenth  century)  o/  givi  ng  a  wave-like  ap- 
pearance to  fabrics,  by  passing  them  between 
metallic  rollers  variously  engraved,    which, 
bearing  unequally  upon  the  stuff,  render  the 
surface  unequal,  so  as  to  reflect  the  light  dif- 
ferently. 

(2)  The  wave-like  marking*  so  produced. 

"  Some  of  these  are  made  in  watered  silk,  the  water 
ings  of  which  are  arranged  In  rather  narrow  stripes." 
—Daily  7V/c;/rn;*A.  Dec.  8,  1887. 

(3)  A  similar  effect  produced  on  metal,  as 
on  a  sword-blade,  by  welding  together  various 
qualities  of  steel 

(4)  A   similar    effect    produced    in   house- 
painting  by  wiping  the  ground  with  a  dry 
brush,  in  a  flowing  or  irregular  manner,  while 
wet  with  colour. 

6.  Steeping  (q.v.X 
watering-call,  *. 

Mil.  :  A  call  or  sound  of  a  trumpet  on  which 
the  cavalry  assemble  to  water  their  horses. 

watering-can,  s.    A  watering-pot  (q.v.X 
watering-cart,  s.    A  water-cart  (q.v.). 
watering-place,  «. 

1.  A  place  where  water  may  be  procured, 
as  for  cattle,  a  ship,  &c. 

"  In  Australia,  special  water-demon*  infest  pools 
and  watering-piacM."—  Tylor:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  187S), 

Em 

2.  A  town  or  place  to  which  people  resort 
at  certain  seasons,  in  order  to  drink  mineral 
waters,  or  for  bathing,  as  at  the  seaside. 

•watering-pot,  s.  A  hand-vessel,  with 
a  rose,  for  sprinkling  water  on  plants  and  the 
like  ;  a  watering-can,  a  water-pot. 

Watering-pot  shell  : 

Zool.  :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Asper- 
gillum.  The  minute  valves  at  the  extremity 
of  the  tube  bear  some  resemblance  to  the  ros« 
of  a  watering-pot. 

watering-trough,  8.  A  trough  at  which 
horses  or  cattle  drink. 

*  wa    ter  -Ian,   *  wat  -  er  -Ishe,  a.     [Eng. 

vxtfer  ;  -ith.] 
I.  Literally: 

1.  Somewhat  or  rather  watery  ;  resembling 
water  ;  thin  as  a  liquor. 

"  Fed  apon  such  nice  and  teattriift  diet." 

Shakcip.  .  Othello,  lit  a, 

2.  Moist,  damp,  humid,  wet. 

"  Not  all  the  dukes  of  watcrith  Burgundy." 

.  :  Lear,  L  L 


IL  Fig.  :  Weak,  insipid,  poor. 

"  The  vnaaaoury  and  waterithe  lettre  of  Moses  laws,* 
—Udal;  Jvhnii. 

*  wa'-ter-lsh-ness,  5.  [Eng.  waterUh  ;  -new.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  waterish. 

"  w>itrr,  thrift*,  which  Is  like  the  aetoslty  of  OOt 
blood.  "—Ployer. 

Wa-ter-land-ers,  «.  pi    [Seedef.] 

Church  Hist.  :  A  name  givea  to  the  less 
rigid  portion  of  the  Mennonites,  because  the 
majority  of  them  belonged  to  a  district  called 
Waterland,  in  the  north  of  Holland.  They 
are  almost  exactly  similar  in  their  principles 
to  the  English  Baptists.  They  are  sometimes 
called  Johannites,  from  Han  (=John)  de  Rys, 
one  of  their  leaders  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

•wa'-ter-less,  *  wa'-ter-l&sse,  a.    [Eng. 

water;  -less.]    Destitute  of  water;  dry. 

"The  parched  earth  will  be  more  wattrlctt  than 
ever."—  Field,  Jan.  21.  1888. 

wa'-ter-!6gged,  o.  [Eng.  water;  log;  -«t] 
Lying  like  a  log  on  the  water.  (Said  of  a 
ship,  when  by  leaking  and  receiving  a  great 
quantity  of  water  into  her  hold  she  has  be- 
come so  heavy  as  to  be  nearly  if  not  altogether 
unmanageable,  though  still  keeping  afloat.) 

wa  -ter  mam  -ma,   5.     [Eng.  water,   and 
mamma,] 
Anthrop.  :  A  water-spirit  (q.v.). 

"  They  have  also  dreadful  stories  concerning  a 
horrible  beast  called  the  wntermamma.  which,  when 
It  happens  to  take  a  spite  against  a  canoe,  rises  out  of 
the  river,  and.  in  the  most  unrelenting  manner  pos 
sible,  carries  both  canoe  and  Indians  down  to  the 
bottom  with  It  and  there  destroy*  them."—  Wafer- 
ton  :  Wandering*  ;  Firtt  Journey,  ch.  L 


late,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute-  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.     ao,O9  =  e;  ey      a ;  qu  =  kw. 


waterman— wattle 


sisr 


wa'-ter-man,  s.    [Eng.  water,  and  man.] 
I.  ordinary  Language: 

1  One  who  manages  water-craft;  a  boat- 
man, a  ferryman  ;  one  who  plies  for  hire  on 
rivers,  Ate. 

"  Thev  ordered  the  watermen  to  let  fall  their  oars 
more  gentS™"  CrU>»  '  E**»:  01  Dramatic  Poeae. 

2  A  man  who  waits  at  a  cab-stand  for  the 
purpose  of  supplying  the  horses  with  water, 
calling  the  cabmen  when  absent,  and  the  like, 
for  which  he  receives  a  small  fee  from  the 
men. 

"  •  Here  yon  are.  sir.'  shouted  a  strange  specimen  of 
the  human  race  In  a  sackcloth  coat,  and  apron  of  the 
Sine  who  with  a  b,«ss  label  and  number  round  his 
neck  looked  as  if  he  were  catalogued  in  some  coll«. 
tlouof  rarities.  This  was  the  waterman." -Dt<*en>  : 
Pickwick,  ch.  1L 

IL  Anthrop. :  A  water-demon. 

"  In  Bohemia,  a  recent  account  (18MI  saye  that  the 
fishermen  in  Bohemia  do  not  venture  to  snatch  a 
drowning  man  from  the  waters.  They  fear  that  the 
watmu'n  (i  e.,  water-demon)  would  take  away  their 
luck  In  fishing,  and  drown  themselves  at  the  first  op- 
portunity."-JV^r  :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  18731.  L  109. 

waterman's  knot,  s.  A  sailor's  mode 
of  bending  a  rope  to  a  post  or  bollard. 

•  wa'-ter-man-shlp,  ».  [Eng.  waterman; 
-akip.]  The  art,  skill,  or  science  of  managing 
a  boat. 

••  WotermanlMp  U  not  acquired  In  a  OM,j.--Fletd, 
Dec.  12,  1885. 

wa'-ter-prodf,  a.  &  ».  [Eng.  water,  and 
proof.] 

A.  As  ad}. :  Impervious  to  water ;  so  firm 
and  compact  as  to  resist  water :  as,  water- 
proof  cloth,  leather,  Ate,    Many  solutions  and 
compositions  have  been  employed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  rendering  cloth,  Ate.,  waterproof,  but 
fndiarubber  has  now  nearly  superseded  all 
other  agents. 

"  My  waterproof  coat  did  not  keep  me  dry."— field, 
April  4.  1885. 

B.  As  subst. :  Cloth  rendered  impervious  to 
water;  specif.,  a  coat,  cloak,  or  other  article 
of  dress  made  of  such  material. 

wa' -tor-proof,  ».<•    [WATERPROOF,  o.] 

1.  To  render  impervious  to  water,  as  cloth, 
leather,  Ate. 

2.  To  dress  or  wrap  in  a  waterproof. 

"Those  who  were  not  waterproofed  were  decidedly 
wet"— Field,  Dec.  17.  1887. 

wa -ter-proof-lng,  s.  [Eng.  waterproof; 
•ing.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  rendering  water- 
proof or  impervious  to  water. 

2  Any  substance,  as  caoutchouc,  a  solution 
of  soap  and  alum,  or  of  isinglass  with  infusion 
of  galls,  for  rendering  cloth,  leather,  Ate., 
impervious  to  water. 

wa'-ter -scape,  s.  [Formed  from  Eng. 
water,  s.,  on  analogy  of  landscape  (q.v.).]  A 
painting  representing  a  scene  on  a  river  or 
lake  or  at  sea. 

••  The  new  Associate  will  send  to  the  Academy  a 
picture  representing  a  Scotch  waterieape.  -I'all  Mall 
Oatette,  March  ».  18M. 

wa'-ter-shed,  s.    [Eng.  water,  s.,  and  thed.] 

[SHED  (1),  ».] 

Phys  Geog. :  A  dividing  line,  generally 
formed  by  a  mountain  range,  running  between 
adjacent  rivers,  seas,  lakes,  Ate.,  and  repre- 
senting the  limit  from  which  water  naturally 
flows  in  opposite  directions.  When  a  water- 
shed casts  its  water  in  more  than  two  direc- 
tions, it  is  said  to  be  quaquavereaL 

wa'-ter-Side,  s.  [Eng.  water,  s.,  and  side.]  The 
brink  of  water ;  the  bank  or  margin  of  a  river, 
stream,  lake,  Ate.  ;  the  sea-shore. 

"He  now  departed  from  the  watertid*  In  tran- 
quillity."— OoWtmir  A :  Kttay  S. 

•I  Sometimes  used  attributively. 
wa'-ter-spoiit,  s.  [Eng.  water,  s.,  and  ipout.] 
Meteor. :  A  remarkable  phenomenon  occur- 
ring for  the  most  part  at  sea,  but  occasion- 
ally on  land,  though  generally  in  this  latter 
case  in  the  neighbourhood  of  water.  A  water- 
spout at  sea  is  usually  formed  in  the  follow- 
ing manner :  a  dense  cloud  projects  from  its 
centre  a  body  of  vapour,  in  form  something 
like  a  sugar-loaf  with  the  point  downward. 
This  cone  is  agitated  by  the  wind  until  it 
assumes  a  spiral  form,  and  gradually  dips 
more  and  more  towards  the  sea,  where  a 
second  cone  is  formed  having  its  point  up- 
ward. The  clouds  above  and  the  water  be- 
low are  violently  agitated  by  the  physical 
Influences  at  work.  Suddenly  the  descending 


and  ascending  cones  of  water  or  vapour  meet 
in  mid-air,  and  form  one  united  pillar  which 
moves  onward  vertically  in  calm  weather,  but 
obliquely  to  the  horizon  when  acted  on  by 
the  wind.    The  junction  of  the  two  cones  is 
generally  accompanied  by  an  electric  flash. 
After  continuing  in  this   form  for  a  short 
time  the  waterspout  bursts,  in  some  cases 
with  terrific  violence,  and  to  the  destruction 
of  anything  in  the  vicinity.     Many  a  ship 
has  been  overwhelmed  in  this  manner,  and 
sunk  in  a  moment  with  all  on  board.     In 
November,  1855,  five  vessels  were  destroyed 
by  a  waterspout  in  the  harbour  of  Tunis. 
"  Waterspouts  on  land  "  are  phenomena  of  a 
different  description,  being  merely  heavy  falls 
of  rain   of  a  very  local    character,  usually 
known  in  the  United  States  as  cloudbursts. 
They  are  often  destructive.    On  Aug.  30, 1878, 
the  town  of  Miskolcz,  in  Hungary,  was  de- 
stroyed by  one  with  considerable  loss  of  life. 
These  phenomena  are,  however,  more  com- 
mon in  India  than  in  Europe.     One  which 
occurred  at  Dum-Dum,  near  Calcutta,  was 
ascertained  to  be  1,500  feet  in  height,  and  it 
deluged  half  a  square  mile  of  territory  to  a 
depth  of  six  inches.    The  cause  of  these  phe- 
nomena has  been  assumed  to  be  (1)  electri- 
city •  (2)  vortical  motion ;  or  (3)  a  combination 
of  these  causes.    M.  Weyher  has,  however, 
succeeded  in  producing  them  artificially,  and 
his  method  shows  that  vortical  motion  is  the 
great  factor  in  the  production  of  waterspouts. 
By  means  of  a  rotating  tourniquet  placed 
over  cold  water,  an  aerial  eddy  is  caused 
which  draws  up  the  water,  in  the  form  of  a 
spout  composed  of  drops,  to  a  considerable 
height;  when  the  water  is  heated  a  clearly 
denned  waterspout  is  seen.    With  from  1,500 
to  2,000  rotations  per  minute,  the  vapour  from 
heated  water  condenses  into  a  visible  sheath, 
enveloping  a  clearly-denned  and  rarefied  nu- 
cleus, conical,  and  tapering  downwards.    As 
in  natural  marine  spouts,  water-drops   are 
carried  up  and  thrown  out  beyond  the  influ- 
ence of  the  upward  current 

wa'-ter-tight  (gh  silent),  o.  [Eng.  water, 
and  tight.]  So  tight  as  to  retain  or  not  to 
admit  water. 

••  Sufficiently  wattrOoH  for  use  without  caulking." 
—Cook:  firtt  Voyage,  bk.  i.,  ch,  xviii. 

wa'-ter-work,  s.  [Eng.  water,  s.,  and  work,  s.] 
*  1.  Cloth  painted  with  water-colour,  size, 
or  distemper,  sometimes  used  for  hangings, 
instead  of  tapestry,  and  for  tents. 

"  For  thy  walls  a  pretty  slight  drollery,  or  the  Ger- 
man hunting  in  uZlermrlt  is  worth  a  thousand  of 
these  bed-hangings,  and  these  ny-bitten  tapestries.  - 
SAoJtotp. :  3  Henry  IV.,  H.  1. 

2.  Ornamental  wall-painting  in  distemper. 
(Weale.) 

3.  Plural: 

(1)  A  term  commonly  applied  to  the  aggre- 
gate of  the  constructions  and  appliances  for 
the  collection,  preservation,  and  distribution 
of  water  for  domestic  purposes,  for  the  work- 
ing of  machinery,  or  the  like,  for  the  use  of 
communities. 

*  (2)  The  structure  or  structures  In  which  a 
spout,  jet,  or  shower  of  water  is  produced ; 
also,  an  ornamental  fountain  or  fountains; 
also,  an  exhibition  or  exhibitions  of  the  play 
of  fountains.  (Bp.  WUkins.) 

(S)  The  urinary  organs  (q.v.).    (Slang.) 

wa'  ter-wort,  ».    [Eng.  water,  s.,  and  wort.] 
Botany: 

1  (Sing):  (1)  The  Kenus  Elatine  (q.v.),  spec. 
E.  Hydrapiper;  (2)  Asplenium  Trichomanea. 
(Britten  &  Holland.) 

2.  (PI):  The  order  Philydracese  (q.v.). 
(Lindley.) 

wa'-ter-y,  *  wa-ter-le,  a.   [Eng.  water,  s. ; 
•y.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  water. 

2.  Resembling  water ;  thin  or  transparent, 
like  water. 

3.  Consisting  of  water. 

"  When  Phosbe  doth  behold 
Her  sliver  visage  in  the  watery  glass. 

Shatap.:  Xidlummer  Xight'l  Dream,  t  1. 

4.  Filled  with  water  ;  abounding  with  water. 

"  ""•  f™.<SSp.?UMerr?-*i,«.  111.  a. 

5.  Hence,  tasteless,  insipid,  vapid. 

••  The  opinion  being  that  they  are  more  watery 
when  cooked  than  any  other  kind."-fla«»  Teltgraph. 
Aug.  30,  1885. 


6.  Filled  with  tears  ;  tearful,  weeping. 

"  Her  vtat'ry  eyea 
Bent  on  the  earth." 

Beaum.  t  Flet. :  Stake,  Trafedf,  L 

7.  Running  with  any  liquid  secretion   or 
humour. 

"  To  stay  the  running  and  wnterie  eyea."—/1.  Hot- 
land :  Plinie,  bk.  xxi..  ch.  xlx. 

*  8.  Having  a  longing  or  vehement  desire  ; 
vehemently  desiring ;  watering. 

••  When  that  the  watery  palate  tastes  Indeed 
Love's  thrice  repured  nectar." 

Shakeip. :  Troilui  A  Creuida.  lit  2. 

II   Her. :  A  term  sometimes  used  for  Onde 
(q.v.). 
watery-flounder,  «. 

Ichthy.  :  A  popular  name  for  the  American 
or  Spotted  Turbot,  Khomlrus  maculatus  It  is 
from  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  long,  and  re- 
sembles the  Brill  more  than  any  other  Euro- 
pean fish.  It  occurs  along  the  coast  of  New 
England  and  the  middle  states,  and  is  excel- 
lent eating.  (Ripley  &  Dana.) 

watery-fasion,  s. 

Chem.  :  The  dissolving  of  a  salt  in  its  own 
water  of  crystallization  on  heating. 

wat-so  -m  a,  «.  [Named  by  Miller  after  hit 
friend.  Dr.  Win.  Watson,  a  London  apothe- 
cary.] 

Bot  :  A  genus  of  Iridacese,  closely  akin  to 
Gladiolus.  The  species,  which  are  many,  are 
natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Several 
are  cultivated  in  British  greenhouses.  Wat- 
emia  Imvlfolia  has  blossoms  of  micaceous  hue, 
which  glitter  in  the  sun ;  W.  mexicana  is  also 
very  showy ;  W.  iridifolia  is  a  border  plant 

watt,  s.     [After  James  Watt  (1736-1819),  th» 
celebrated  engineer.] 
Elect. :   (See  extract).      [UNIT,  II.   3.  (2), 


4.  ( 

"Dr.  Siemens  brought  forward  the  proposals  con- 
tained  In  his  presidential  address  for  some j  addition! 
•a  the  list  of  'practical  units'  employed  by  elec- 
Ulci°n»  Two  of  his  units  were  unanimously  ap. 
proved-namely.  (11  the  watt,  which  is  the  rate  of 
doing  work  when  a  current  of  one  ampere  p» 
through  a  resistance  of  one  ohm.  .  . .  One  horse  power 
is  equal  to  746  watts."— Athenotum,  Sept.  3.  1883. 

watte'-vlll-ite,  s.     [After  M.  V.  Watteville, 
of  Paris;  suff.  -ite(Mwi-).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  very  minut* 
acicular  crystals,  forming  finely  fibrous  aggre- 
gates ;  crystallization,  uncertain ;  sp.  gr,  1'81 . 
colour,  white ;  lustre,  silky.  Compos. :  essen 
tially  a  hydrated  sulphate  of  lime,  soda 
potash,  magnesia,  yielding  the  typical  formula 
KSO4  +  2aq. 

waf-tle,  *wat-el,*wat-le,s.  [A.s.wo>fc, 
watul,  the  original  sense  being  something 
twined  or  woven  together,  a  hurdle  woven 
with  twigs,  a  bag  of  woven  stuff;  hence,  the 
baggy  flesh  on  a  bird's  neck.  (Steal.)] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  hurdle  made  of  interwoven  rods  or 
wands. 

"  No  hearth  the  flre.  no  vent  the  smoke  ™»|"«j 
The  walls  are  wattlet.  and  the  «°™»g  ""JJ^. 

2.  A  rod   laid   on  a  roof  to  support  the 
thatch.    (Simmonds.)    - 

3.  A  twig,  a  wand.    (Scotch.) 

"  Na«  whip  nor  spur,  but  lust  a  wattle 

O'  saugh  or  hazel." 
Burnt:  Auld  Farmer  to  Ml  Autd  Mart. 

4  The  fleshy  lobe  that  grows  under  the 
throat  of  the  domestic  fowl,  or  any  appendage 
of  the  like  kind,  as  an  excrescence  about  the 
mouth  of  some  fishes. 

••  Nor  are  his  comb  and  his  watUe,  In  vain,  '.or  they 
are  si  ornament  becoming  his  martial  spirit.  -More. 
Antidote  again*  Atheitm.  bk.  It.,  ch.  iL 

H  Dot  :  A  colonial  Australian  and  Tas- 
man'ian  name  loosely  applied  to  various  spe- 
cies of  Acacia.  Black  Wattle  is  (1)  Acacia 
decurrens,  (2)  A.  mollimma;  Green  Wattle  is 
also  A  decurrens,  and  Silver  Wattle,  A.  mo  - 
lisslma.  The  Wattle  of  Tasmania  is  A.  deal- 
Sato.  Called  also  Wattles.  [WATTLE-BARK.] 

•J  Wattle  and  daub:  The  name  given  to  a 
rough  method  of  constructing  cottages.     1 
consists  of  twigs  interwoven  and  covered  with 
mud  or  clay. 

"  Their  cottages  were  of  wattle  and  daub.'— Field, 
March  30.  1886. 

wattle-bark,  s.  The  bark  of  various 
Australian  Acacias,  spec.  Acacia  decurrent, 
A.  melanoxylm,  A.  dealbata,  A.  floribunda, 
and  A.  affini*.  It  is  largely  exported  to 
Europe  to  be  used  m  dyeing,  and  the  tree! 


6138 


wattle— wave 


are  BO  largely  destroyed  to  furnish  it  that 
vast  tracU  of  Acacia  forest  in  Australia  are 
now  left  bare.  A.  dtcurrens  is  cultivated  for 
its  bark  in  the  Neilgherry  Hills  and  some 
utlit-r  parts  of  India  ;  but  tin-  ordinary  Indian 
wattle-bark  is  furnished  by  A.  arabica. 

wattle-bird,  *. 

Ornithology : 

1.  Meliphaga  phrygfa  (=  AnthocJuem  carun- 
cu/otoX    Called  also  Wattled  and  Warty-faced 
Honey-eater.    [MELIPHAQA.] 

2.  The  Brush-turkey  (q.v.). 
wattle-crow,  s. 

Ornith.  (PL) :  Swainson's  name  for  the  Glau- 
copinte  (q.v.X 

wattle-turkey,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  Brush-turkey  (q.v.X 
wattle-wood,  s. 

Bot. :  Lcetia  Thamnfa. 
wattle-work,  s.    Wicker-work. 

"The  but*  were  prubably  more  generally  made  of 
•Mtftowor*,  like  thoaeof  tbeSwlaa  lakea."—  Datvkint  : 
Early  Moot  in  Britain,  ch,  viii. 

Wat-tte,  'wat-el-cn,  <-.;.    [WATTLES.] 
L  To  bind  with  twigs. 

<*  .And  tuatelide  hit  and  wallyde  bit* 

Piers  Ploughman,  p.  889. 

2.  To  twist,  to  interweave,  to  interlace,  to 
plait;  to  form  into  a  kind  of  net- work  with 
flexible  branches. 

**  The  »ide«  and  top  of  the  booae  an  filled  np  with 
boughs  coarsely  wattled  between  the  pole*"— 
Ampler.-  Toyagit  (an.  I«M). 

3,  To  form  by  interwoven  twigs. 

"Hit  wattled  cotes  the  •hepheard  plaaU." 

H'ttrtan  :  Ode  on  the  Approach  gf  Spring. 

wat'-tled  (le  as  el),  a.    [Eng.  wattle);  -ed.} 

1.  Ord.  Lang.   &  Zool. :   Furnished   with 
wattles.    (WATTLE,  ».,  I.  4.] 

"  The  wiWad  cocks  rtr  at  to  and  fro." 

Longfellow:  ffte  Waytide  Iim.     (Prelude.) 

2.  Bot. :  Having  processes  like  the  wattles 
of  a  cock,  as  Ithinantkns  alectrolophus, 

wa  t  tie  d  and  combed,  a. 

Her. :  Said  of  a  cock,  when  the  gills  and 
eomb  are  borne  of  a  different  tincture  from 
that  of  the  body. 

wattled  bird  of  paradise,  s. 

Ornith. :  Paradiyalla  caruncnlata,  from  New 
Guinea. 

wattled  honey-eater,  «.  [WATTLE- 
BIRD.] 

wat-tllhg,  "  wat-lmg,  5.  [Eng.  wattle); 
•tay.J 

1.  The    act   of    plaiting  or  interweaving 
boughs  or  twigs  together. 

2.  The  framework  so  formed* 

watt'  me  ter,  *.  An  electrical  instrument 
for  measuring  in  watts. 

wau'-ble,  v.i.  [WOBBLK.]  To  swing,  to  reel. 
(Scotch.) 

"  An*  ran  them  till  they  a'  did  wmtNe." 

Burnt :  A  uld  Farmer  to  hit  Avid  Mare. 

wauch,  waugh  (ch,  gh  guttural),  a.  [Cf. 
Icel.  rnigr  =  lukewarm  ;  A.8.  wealg.]  Un- 
pleasant to  the  taste  or  smell ;  nauseous,  bad, 
worthless. 

Waucht,  waught  (rft,  gk  guttural),  s.  (A 
variant  of  qitaght,  itself  a  variant  of  qua/.]  A 
laiye  draught  of  any  liquid.  (Scotch.) 

'"!<.  Eie  them  a  waught  o*  drink  and  a  bannock."— 
Scott :  Old  Mortality,  eh.  Iv. 

wanf,  wanff,  *.    (WAVE.]    A  wave,  a  nap. 

"Dell  a  wnuf  of  his  oMi-tefl  conld  1 8ee."-Sectt  .• 
Bcnrt  of  .WdfoCAtaM,  ch.  1L 

wank  rife,  a.  [Scotch  wauk  —  wake ;  -rife.] 
Wakeful. 

"  Wail  through  the  dreary  nfdnlght  hoar 

Mitrru  :  Kleffg  on  Captain  Henderson. 

Waul  (1),  v.i.  [From  the  sound  made.)  To  cry 
as  a  cat ;  to  squall. 

wAa*(2),  tO.     [WAWLCfc] 

Waur,  a.    [See  de/.]    Worse.    (Scotch,) 

'"Vanity  and  teaurt'  (aid  the  Domini*."— Scott : 
Ouf  Jtannerinff,  ch.  r. 

waur,  tf.e.  [WAIT*,  a.]  To  overcome,  to  worst. 
(Scotch.) 


wave,  s.    [WAVE,  r.J 

1.  Ordinary  Language: 

L  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 
'*  He  that  wavereth  is  like  a  ic-ire  of  the  Ma  driven 
with  the  wind  and  tuned."— Jume*  \.  «. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  wave  in  character 
or  appearance  ;  a» — 

(1)  One  of  a  series  of  undulating  inequaliti>s 
on  a  surface  ;  an  undulation ;  a  swelling  out- 
line. 

"  Without  who**  numberlew  wave*  or  curls,  which 
usually  arise  from  Baud-hole*  a  little  Smoothed  ill 
polishing  with  putty."— Newton, 

(2)  The  undulating  streak  or  line  of  lustre 
on  cloth,  watered  and  calendered. 

(3)  Anything  which  advances  and  recedes, 
rises  and  falls,  comes  and  goes,  or  increases 
and  diminishes  with  some  degree  of  regular 
recurrence,  like  a  wave  :  as,  a  wave  of  preju- 
dice, a  wave  of  popularity,  &c- 

3.  Water.    (Poetical.) 

"  By  the  Bait  ware  of  the  Mediterranean.* 

MaJtcsip. .'  Love t  L'tbour't  L'*t,  r.  1. 

*  4.  A  throng  of  people  borne  along  together. 
(Sliakesp. :  Cymbeline,  v.  8.) 

5.  A  waving  or  undulating  motion  ;  a  signal 
made  by  waving  the  hand,  a  flag,  or  the  like. 

II.  Physics:  An  undulation;  a  movement 
which,  though  it  seems  progressive,  is  in 
reality  only  up  and  down,  or,  to  a  certain 
extent,  to  and  fro,  though  it  is  transmit!'1'! 
to  a  distance  by  the  fact  that  at  each  suc- 
cessive point  the  otherwise  similar  motion 
of  a  single  particle  takes  place  a  little 
later  in  time  =  the  time  which  it  takes  for 
the  motion  to  be  communicated  from  the 
preceding  moving  particle.  Waves  exist  in 
water,  in  air  (sound-waves),  in  ether  (light- 
waves), &c.  [SOUND,  UKDULATOBY-THEOBY.] 
A  wave  upon  the  open  ocean  alternately 
rises  into  a  ridge  and  sinks  iuto  a  depres- 
sion (the  trough  of  the  sea).  Anything  float- 
ing, say  a  quantity  of  sargasso  sea-weed,  rises 
on  a  billow  and  sinks  again  a*  the  wave 
falls,  without  otherwise  changing  its  place. 
Even  the  undulatory  movement  affects  the 
water  only  to  a  few  feet  in  depth,  where, 
unless  there  are  submarine  currents,  all  is 
still.  When  a  wave  comes  inshore  and  enters 
a  narrow  gulf,  rt  becomes  affected  both  by  the 
return  of  the  reflex  waves  from  its  sides  and 
the  friction  of  the  bottom,  if  the  water  be 
shallow,  so  that  instead  of  a  movement  mainly 
np  and  down,  it  now  becomes  progressive,  and 
breaks  in  a  series  of  billows  on  the  sands  or 
rocks.  In  the  former  case  the  water  runs 
np  the  sand,  and  then  recedes  considerably 
before  the  next  wave  comes  iii.  Sea  waves 
are  mainly  caused  by  tike  wind.  If  a  breeze 
blowing  off  the  shore  cause  ripples  near  the 
land,  these  will  rise  higher  the  farther  they 
are  from  the  shore  if  the  cause  which  brought 
them  into  being  continues  to  operate.  Out 
on  the  open  ocean  they  rise  to  some  feet  in 
elevation,  but  it  is  a  great  exaggeration  to  call 
them  *'  mountains  high " :  they  have,  how- 
ever, been  witnessed  approximately  sixty  feet 
from  trough  to  summit  in  the  Atlantic. 
When  they  rise  iuto  a  sharp  ridge,  and 
the  wind  is  strong,  they  crest  over,  break, 
and  fall  on  the  leeward  Bide  with  abund- 
ant spray ;  but  this  does  not  occur  on  the 
ocean  to  the  same  extent  as  near  shore.  The 
force  of  waves  is  so  great  that,  geologically 
viewed,  they  are  a  potent  force  in  altering  the 
conformation  of  coasts.  When  in  a  storm 
they  break  with  transcendent  force  on  a 
shore  they  scoop  out  soft  shales  into  caves, 
allowing  the  harder  rocks  above  in  time  to 
fall  in,  or  they  break  off  portions  of  those 
harder  rocks  themselves,  besides  grinding 
against  each  other  any  fallen  slabs  which  may 
already  be  lying  on  the  beach. 

wave -borne,  a.  Borne  or  carried  oa  or 
by  the  waves. 

wave-breast,  s. 

Judaism:  The  breart  of  an  animal  which 
has  been  offered  in  sacrifice  used  as  a  wave- 
offering  (q.v.), 

wave-length,  *.  The  distance  between 
the  crt-sts  of  two  adjacent  waves,  or  between 
the  lowest  parts  of  the  depressions  on  each 
aide  of  a  wave. 

wave-line  principle,  t. 

Ship-build. :  The  principle  of  building  ships 
with  contours  scientifically  adapted  to  the 
curvet  of  the  sea- waves  they  have  to  traverse. 
It  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Scott  Rosaell  in 


consequence  of  experiments  made  by  him  in 
1334.  Two  years  later  a  Committee  of  the 
British  Association  was  appointed  to  report 
uu  the  subject.  The  principle  is  now  gene* 
rally  adopted. 

wave-loaf,  s. 

Judaism :  A  loaf  for  a  wave-offering  (q.v.). 
wave-moths,  s.  pi. 

Entcrm. ;  The  Acidalidee,  a  family  of  Geo- 
meter Moths. 

wave-motion,  s.  Motion  in  curves  alter- 
nately concave  and  convex,  like  that  of  the 
waves  of  the  sea  ;  undulatory  motion. 

wave-offering,  s. 

Judaism, :  Heb.  n^WJjl  (tenuphah)  =  agita- 
tion, tumult,  a  wave-offering,  from  rp:  (nuph) 
=  to  agitate,  to  wave.  An  offering  winch  is 
believed  by  the  Rabbis  to  have  been  waved 
to  the  four  points  of  the  compass,  "  before 
the  Lord,"  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his 
sovereignty  over  the  earth.  It  is  often  com- 
bined with  the  similar  heave-ottering,  believed 
to  have  been  waved  upwards  as  an  acknow- 
l'-'l-inent  of  liis  rule  over  heaven.  It  is  con- 
nected also  with  fhe  peace-offering,  of  which 
it,  as  a  rule,  constituted  a  part.  When  an 
animal  was  presented  in  sacrifice,  the  shoulder 
was  often  offered  as  a  heave-offering  and  the 
breast  as  wave-offering.  [WAVE-BREAST.]  Both 
afterwards  became  the  perquisites  of  the 
priests.  On  the  second  day  of  the  Passover 
a  sheaf  was  waved.  At  Pentecost  two 
lambs  of  the  first  year  were  to  be  offered  as 
a  peace-offering,  and  both  were  to  be  waved, 
(Lev.  x.  14,  xxiii.  11-15,  20;  Numb.  vi.  20, 
xviii.  11.) 

"  And  wared   them  for  a  toave-qfeHng  befor*  tha 
Lord-"— Let.  viii.  37. 

wave-path,  s. 

Physics:  Any  radial  line  along  which  an 
earthquake  is  propagated  from  its  origin. 

[SEISM  IC-CEMTRE.  J 

wave-shell,  s. 

Physics :  One  of  the  wares  of  alternate  com- 
pression and  expansion,  propagated  during  au 
earthquake  in  all  directions  from  the  seismie 
centre  to  the  earth's  surface.  Th  core  tit-ally 
these  should  have  the  form  of  concentric 
shells;  but,  as  the  earth's  crust  is  made  up 
of  rocks  varying  greatly  in  density  and  elas- 
ticity, the  waves  will  necessarily  have  greater 
velocity  in  one  direction  than  in  another, 
whilst  the  transit  of  the  wave  may  be  inter- 
rupted by  breach  of  continuity  in  the  trans- 
mitting medium.  (£ncyc.  Brit.) 

wave-trap,  s. 

Hydr.  Eng. :  A  widening  inward  of  the  sides 
of  piers,  to  afford  space  for  storm-waves  which 
mil  in  at  the  entrance  to  spread  and  extend 
themselves. 

wave-wine,  & 

Bot. :  Convolvulus,  or  Calystegia  septum,  and 
Convolvulus  arvensis.  (Britten  A  Holland.) 

wave- worn,  a.    Worn  by  the  waves. 

"  The  wave-worn  horns  of  the  echoing  bank." 

Tennyion:  toying  btcatt,  38. 

Brave  (IX  v.i.  &  (.  [A.8.  wajian ;  cogn.  with 
O.  Icel.  vafti,  vafra,  va.fta=to  waver ;  mjl  = 
hesitation ;  rci/a,  v6fa,  tafa  =  to  swing,  to 
vibrate  ;  M.  H.  tier.  waben=  to  wave  ;  vote* 
rex,  wabekn,  webden  =  to  fluctuate.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

I.  To  be  moved  loosely  one  way  and  the 
other ;  to  play  loosely  ;  to  float,  to  flutter. 

"  Those  f "toman  .  .  .  «tv  the  butenaiid  •tanderde* 

wave  with  tin-  wyiide."—  Bernert :  Froiisart;  Cronycto, 
vol.  L.  ch.  ciii. 

1 2.  To  be  moved  as  a  signal ;  to  beckon. 
*3.  To  waver ;  to  1«  in  an  unsettled  state ; 
to  hesitate,  to  fluctuate. 

•'  HeMOMMt  indifferently  betwlrt  doing  them  neither 
good  iiur  harm.'* — MMtetf).  :  Coriotantu,  U.  &> 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other ;  to  move 
to  and  fro ;  to  brandish. 

"  King  Helenas  ward  higt)  the  Tbntcfan  blade." 
J'opv  :  ffwnar;  llhtd  xiil.  728. 

t  2.  To  signify,  command,  or  denote  by  a 
waving  motion  ;  to  indicate  by  a  wave  of  the 
band  or  the  like  ;  to  give  a  waving  signal  for. 

**  She  spoke,  and  bowing  wtutd 
Dismissal."  r«mtr«««  :  friticett,  li.  84. 

*3.  To  raise  into  irregularities  of  surface. 
*  4.  To  waft ;  to  bear  or  carry  through  a 
buoyant  medium. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  SOTS,  sir,  marine;   go,  pSt 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oa  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


wave — wax 


5139 


5.  To  attract  the  attention  of,  or  to  direct, 
by  a  waving;  motion  ;  to  signal  by  waving  the 
hand  or  the  like  ;  to  beckon. 

"  It  u>«ve*  me  forth  again  ;-I'U  lollo»  it" 

Shatap.  :  BamlU,  i.  4. 

•wave  (2),  r.(.    [W.vivt] 

•  wave,  pret.  of  ».    [WEAVE.] 
waved,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [WAVE  (1),  «.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  A  a  adjective : 

i  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Moved  to  and  fro,  or  one  way  and  the 
Other ;  brandished. 

•  2.  Variegated  in  lustre  ;  watered. 

"The  wived  water  chamelot  was  fr«n  the  beginning 
esteemed  ttie  richest  iitul  bravest  wearing. "— P.  Hal- 
land  :  riiaie.  tit.  viii.,  ch.  xlvill. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Hot. :  [UNDULATED,  2.]. 

2.  Entom. :  Having  the  margin  of  the  body 
Indented  with  a  series  or  succession  of  arched 
segments  or  incisions. 

3.  Her. :  The  same  as  Osoi  (q.v.). 
*wave'-l&ss,  a.    [Eng.  wave,  B.  ;  -less.]  Free 

from  waves ;  not)  waving ;  not  disturbed  or 
agitated  ;  still. 

•  wave' -let,  «.     [Eng.  wave,  s. ;  dimin.  «uff. 
•let.]    A  little  wave ;  a  ripple  on  water. 

"  How  iu  waorfer*  laiuh  and  glisten." 

Lmtefaiaii ;  Drinking  »»i». 

wave' -like,  a.  [Eng.  wave,  s.,  and  lifce,]  Like 
or  resembling  a  wave  or  waves. 

wa'-voll-lte,  s.  [After  Dr.  Wavell,  who  dis- 
covered it ;  Buff,  -ite  (Mift.).] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  mostly 
occurring  in  globular  or  hemispherical  groups 
of  radiating  crystals.  Hardness,  3'25  to  4  ; 
sp.gr.,  2'33T;  lustre,  vitreous,  sometimes 
resinous;  colour,  white,  shades  of  yellow, 
green,  gray,  brown,  black.  Compos.  :  phos- 
phoric acid,  34-4 ;  alumina,  87'3  ;  water,  28'3 
=  100,  which  is  equivalent  to  the  formula, 
3A12O32POS  +  12HO. 

wav'-er,  v.l.  [A  freq.  from  warn  (1),  y. ;  A.S. 
vxvfre  =  wandering,  restless ;  cogn.  with  Icel. 
vafra  =  to  hover  about ;  Norw.  vavra  =  to 
flap  about.] 

1.  To  play  or  move  here  and  there,  or  to 
and  fro  ;  to  move  ene  way  and  the  other ;  to 
flutter. 

.  "  It  watvrt  tut  long  as  it  la  free,  and  ia  at  rent  when 
It  can  choose  uo  more."—  Bp.  Taylor:  sermon*,  vol.  iii., 
ser.  T. 

2.  To  be  unsettled  in  opinion  ;  to  be  unde- 
termined ;  to  fluctuate,  to  hesitate,  to  vacillate. 

"  Hit  authority  and  example  hiul  induced  some  of 
Us  brethren,  who  had  at  first  wavered,  to  resign  their 
benefices.-— Macaulng  :  Hitt.  Snff.,  ch.  xrii. 

*  S.  To  be  in  danger  of  falling  or  failing ;  to 
totter,  to  reel. 

"  Thouch  It  were  waven/nge  and  in  daunger  to  fall." 
— Sir  T.  Eli/ot :  Oowerntur,  bk.  i..  oh.  xi. 

wav'-er,  ».  [Prob.  from  wave,  s.]  A  sapling 
or  young  timber-tree.  (Evelyn.) 

wav'-er-er,  s.  [Eng.  waver,  v. ;  •«•.]  One 
who  wavers,  hesitates,  or  vacillates  ;  one  who 
is  unsettled  in  opinion. 

"  But  come,  young  tttaeertr,  come,  go  with  me." 
Shaketp. :  Jtomeo  A  Juliet,  ii.  S. 

WaV-er-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [WAVER,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  at  particip.  adj.:  (See 
the  verb). 

"  It*  vavering  Image  there." 

Longfellow :  The  Rridff. 

C.  As  subit. :   Doubt ;  unsettled  state  of 
mind. 

"  The  people  wer  In  a  ioao«riny."—tf<lal  :  LuJtt  vi. 

wav'-er-ing-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  wavering;  -ly.] 
In  a  wavering,  hesitating,  or  vacillating  man- 
ner ;  with  hesitation,  doubt,  or  vacillation. 


wav'-er-Ing-ness,  >.  [Eng.  wavering  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  wavering  ;  hesi- 
tation, doubt,  vacillation. 

"  The  tvaterinpnete  of  oar  cupidities."  —  Mimlaffue  : 

- 


Wavo'-B&n,  «.  (Etym.  doubtful,  but  prob. 
connected  with  waif  rather  than  wave.]  A 
torni  applied  to  goods  which,  after  shipwreck, 
appear  floating  on  the  sea. 


wav  I-ness,  s.      [Eng.  wavy; 
quality  or  state  of  being  wavy. 


.]     The 


waV-ure,  s.     [Eng.  wave  (2),  T.  ;  -wre.]    The 
act  of  waving  or  puttiug  off. 

wav'-y,  *  wav-ie,  a.    [Eng.  wav(e)t  s. ;  -y.J 

1.  Ordinary  Language; 

*  1.  Rising  or  swelling  in  waves ;  full  of 
waves. 

"  Thirtie  hollow  bottom'd barkm  divide  the  »a«it  seaa." 
Ch'1/.-m.i  n.     ( Todd. ) 

2.  Showing  undulationa  or  fluctuations  of 
any  kind  ;  rising  au.l  falling  as  in  waves;  mov- 
ing or  playing  to  and  fro. 

"  Long  teaey  wreaths 
Of  flowera."  Cow&sr:  Tat*.  V,  lift. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  [UNDULATED,  2.J. 

2.  Her. ;  Onde  (q.v.). 

*  wawe,  9.  [Icel.  vagr;  Dan.  vove;  Qer.  wage.] 
A  wave. 

"Thei  werendryutM.  hidir  ami  thidlr  with  wawii." 
—  \Yvcliffe:  Luke  viii. 

*wawl  (1),  *  wawle,  v.i.  [Prob.  *  variant 
of  wail.}  To  cry,  to  wail. 

"  Tbe  first  time  that  ire  smell  the  air. 
W«  wawle  and  cry."          Shakttp.  :  Ltar,  IT.  a, 

wawl  (2),  waul  (2),  v.i.  [Prob.  allied  to  A.S. 
wealwian ;  Eng.  wallow.]  To  look  wildly  ;  to 
roll  the  eyes.  (Scotch.) 

waW-l&  a.    (WALY.] 

wax,  ».     [A.S.  weax ;   cogn.  with  DtC-  ««w; 
Icel.  &  8w.  vox;  Dan.  vor;  Qer.  vtachs ;  Russ. 
vosfcf ;  Lith.  tuo&eAu*.] 
L  Ordinary  Language ; 

1.  The  tame  as  SEALINO-WAX  (q.r.). 

2.  Cerumen  (q.v.). 

3.  A  rage.    (Schoolboys?  slang.) 

"  She'.,  in  a  terrible  wo*."— B.  Kingttott :  Mav*M*oe. 
ch.  v. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Bo«. ;  Any  substance  more  or  less  resem- 
bling beeswax.  Secretions  or  excretions  of  such 
a  kind  exist  as  a  delicate  bloom  on  the  plum  ; 
as  dense  agglomerations  of  rods  or  needles 
on  the  leaf  of  the  rye ;  as  simple  coatings  or 
granules  on  the   "frosted"  leaves  of  many 
lilies,  as  coatings  of  rods  standing  vertically 
on  the  surface  of  the  cuticle,  as  on  the  leaves 
of  the  banana,   or  as   incrustations,    aa  in 
Opuutia.    (Thome.) 

2,  Chem. :  A  term  originally  restricted  to 
beeswax,  but  now  extended  to  various  bodies 
possessing   similar  characters,  found  widely 
diffused  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  occurring 
as  a  coating  on  various  parts  of  plants,  as 
leaves,  fruits,  &c.    They  contain  but  a  small 
proportion  of  oxygen,  and  appear  to  consist 
of  the  higher  members  of  the  fatty  acids, 
combined  with  alcohol  radicals.    At  ordinary 
temperatures  they   are   more    or  less  hard, 
beaome  soft  when  warmed,  and  melt  below 
100° ;   insoluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol,  but  soluble  in  ether,  in  chloroform, 
and  in  the  fixed  and  volatile  oils.    Candles  of 
beeswax  are  manufactured  by  I'ouring  melted 
wax  upon  the  wicks  until  of  proper  thickness, 
when  they  are  rolled  while  tstill  plastic  on  a 
marble  slab.    It  makes  excellent  candles,  which 
have  a  pleasant  odor,  but  ia  too  high  priced  to 
be  much  used  for  this  purree.    It  is  employed 
for  waxing  polished  floors,  as  an  ingredient  iu 
some  varnishes,  and  in  making  lithographic 
crayons.    Tbe  ancients  made  much  use  of  wax 
for  writing  tablets,  it  lieing  easy  to  obliterate 
the  writing  by  the  blnnt  end  of  the  stylus. 
The  art  of  modelling  portraits  and  figures  in 
wax  is  of  prehistoric  date.    The  Greeks  were 
very  skillful  iu  this  art,  and  the  Romans  had 
wax  portraits  of  their  aucestoiB  hung  in  their 
botise  entrances,  as  pmot'  of  ancient  pedigree. 
Wax  modelling  in  figures,  flowers,  Ac.,  is  etill 
a  popular  art.    Much  wax  is  produced  in  the 
United  States,  while  the  myrtle-berry  (Myrica 
cerifera.)  yields  a  waxy  substance  much  Used  in 
candle-making.    Similar  plants  are  found  in 
South     America     and     Africa.      [BEESWAX, 
CHINESE-WAX,  MINERAL-WAX,  SPERMACETI.] 

3.  Manuf.  A  Comai. :  Vegetable  wax  is  be- 
lieved to  have  been  used  for  candles  in  China 
earlier  than  in  Europe.     It  was  first  employed 
in  England  for  the  purpose  in  the  twelfth 
century, 

4,  Pharm, :  Wax  is  emollient  and  demul- 
cent ;  it  is  used  in  the  preparation  of  oint- 
zneuts,  plasters,  &c. 

wax -basket,  t.    A  fancy  basket  made 
of  wire  and  coated  with  wax.    (Simmonds.) 


Wax-bill,  S.      [WAXB'LL.l 

wax-candle,  s.    A  candle  made  of  wax. 

*  wax-chandler,  s.    A  maker  or  seller 
of  wax-candles. 

wax-cloth,  s.  A  popular  but  erroneous 
name  for  floor-cloth  (q.v.). 

wax-cluster,  s. 

Bo't. :  Gaidtheria  hispida.  The  berries  are 
white,  with  a  taste  somewhat  like  that  of  the 
gooseberry,  but  more  bitter.  Found  in  Tas- 
mania. 

wax-coal,  s. 

Min. :  The  same  as  Pyropissite  (q.v.). 

wax-doll,  s.  A  child's  doll  made  entirely 
or  partly  ul  wax. 

wax-end,  waxed -end,  s.  A  shoe- 
maker's sewing-thread  covered  with  resin 
(shoemaker's  wax),  and  having  a  bristle  fas- 
tened at  the  end,  to  enable  it  to  lead  through 
the  hole  made  by  the  awl. 

wax-flower,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  An  artificial  flower  made  of 
wax. 

2.  Bot. :  Clusia.  insignia.     [CLUSIA.] 
wax-insect,  s. 

Entom. :  Coccus  sinensis,  or  Pefa,  a  smalt 
white  insect,  a  native  of  China,  valuable  on 
account  of  the  wax  it  produces.  It  feeds 
chiefly  on  a  kind  of  sumach  (Rhus  succada- 
neum),  and  the  wax  is  deposited  on  the 
branches  as  a  coating  which  resembles  hoar- 
frost. This  is  scraped  off  and  used  for  making 
candles.  [CEEYL-CEROTATE.] 

*  wax-kernel,  s.    A  kind  of  concretion 
in  the  flesh. 

"A  foutnnel  in  her  neck  was  much  inflamed,  and 
many  wix-kentejl  about  it." —  Witeman  :  Surgery. 

wax-light,  t.    A  taper  made  of  wax. 

wax-modelling,  s.  The  act  or  art  of 
making  models  and  figures  in  wax.  Called 
also  the  Ceroplastic  Art.  The  process  has 
been  generally  superseded  by  that  of  clay  and 
sand  modelling,  though  wax  is  still  employed 
by  silversmiths. 

wax-moth,  s. 

Entom. :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Gal- 
leridse  (q.v.);  specif.,  Galleria  mellonella,  the 
larva  of  which  feeds  on  wax  in  hives. 

wax-myrtle,  s. 

Bot. :  Myrica  cerifera.  [BAYBERRY,  2, 
CANDLEBERRY,  MYRTLE.] 

wax-opal,  s. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  opal,  presenting  a  waxy 
lustre  on  fracture  surfaces. 

wax-painting,  s.  The  same  as  EN- 
CAUSTIC- PAINTINQ(q.  V.). 

wax-palm,  s. 

Bot. :  Humboldt's  name  for  Ceroxylon  andt- 
cola,  a  tine  palm,  growing  in  the  Andes  of 
New  Grenada,  near  the  sources  of  the  Magda- 
lena  and  Cauca  rivers.  It  has  a  straight  stem, 
somewhat  thicker  at  its  middle  part  than 
above  or  below,  and  terminating  above  in  a 
tuft  of  six  or  eight  large  pinnate  leaves.  The 
flowers,  which  are  polygamous,  are  in  panicles, 
the  calyx  of  three  small  scales,  the  petals 
three,  the  stamens  numerous,  with  short  fila- 
ments ;  the  fruit,  a  small  round  drupe  with 
a  single  seed.  The  trunk  is  covered  by  a 
coating  of  wax,  which  exudes  from  the  spaca 
between  the  insertion  of  the  leaves.  Accord- 
ing to  Vauquelin,  this  wax  is  a  concrete  in- 
flammable substance,  consisting  of  one-third 
of  actual  wax  and  two-thirds  of  resin. 

wax-paper,  ».  A  kind  of  paper  prepared 
by  spreading  over  its  surface  a  coating  made 
of  white  wax,  turpentine,  and  spewnaceti. 

•wax-red,  a.  Of  a  bright-red  colour, 
resembling  that  of  sealing-wax. 

"Set  thy  oeal-mamial  on  my  war-red  lips.1' 

Skaketp.  :  Vtnia  &  Adontt,  616. 

*  wax-scot,  8.     A  duty  anciently  paid 
twice  a   year   towards  the  charge  of  wax- 
candles  in  churches. 

wax-tree,  s. 

L  A  name  common  to  plants  of  the  genus 

Vismia  (q.v.).      The  wax-tree   of  Guiana   is 

,  Vismia  guiawnsis ;  that  of  Cayenne,  K.  oayan- 

ensis.     'These,  with  all  other  species  of  the 

genus,  yield  a  waxy  or  resinous  juice. 


b6H,  bo^;  ptfftt,  J6wl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-clan,  -tiau  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhon.   -dons,  -tious,  -sioua  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


5140 


wax— way 


2.  L'gnstnim  lucidiim.  A  kind  of  vegetable 
wax  is  said  to  be  obtained  from  it  ID  Chins. 

wax-wing,  s.    [WAXWINO.] 
wax-work,  5. 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Work   executed    in    wax,  esp.,    figures 
formed  in  wax  in  imitation  of  real  beings  ; 
also,  anatomical  preparations  in  wax,  models 
of  fruit,  flowers,  Ac,    The  art  of  modelling  in 
wax  ia  very  ancient ;  the  Romans  used  to  set 
up  wax  images  of  their  ancestors  in  the  atrium 
of  their  houses.    (Sallust:  Jug.,  iv.  6.) 

2.  (PI.):  An  exhibition  of  wax  figures  repre- 
senting celebrated  or  notorious  characters ; 
the  place  where  a  collection  of  such  figures 
is  exhibited. 

"  Wnx-ioorkt  is  the  kind  of  ft  business  as  ft  man  gets 
n*ed  to  and  friendly  with,  after  a  uiauiier."— Scribner'i 
Magazine,  Aug..  1877,  p.  467. 

H.  Bet. :  Celastms  scandens,  a  native  of  North 
America.  The  name  is  given  from  the  scarlet 
covering  of  the  eeeds.  [CELASTRUS.] 

wax  worker,  s. 

1.  One  who  works  in  wax ;  a  maker  of  wax- 
work. 

2.  A  bee  which  makes  wax. 

w£x  (1),  v.t.  (WAX,  s.]  To  smear  or  rub  with 
wax  ;  to  apply  wax  to ;  to  treat  or  join  with 
wax. 

"  Unequal  In  their  length,  and  waxed  with  care." 
ftryden :  Ovid ;  Jtefamorphatet  i. 

(2),  *  waxe,  *  wex  (pa.  t.  waxed,  *  wear, 
*wox;  pa.  p&T.  waxed,*  waxen, *  wexen,*  woxen), 
v.i.  [A.S.  weaxan  (pa.  t.  weox,  pa.  par.  ge- 
weaxen);  cogn.  with  Dut.  wassen;  Icel.  vaxa; 
Dan.  vcexe;  Sw.  vaxa;  Ger.  wachsen ;  Goth. 
wahojan.  From  the  same  root  come  Lat. 
augeo  =  to  increase  ;  vigeo  =  to  flourish ;  Eng. 
eke,  vigour,  &c.J 

1,  To  increase  in  size ;  to  become  larger ;  to 
grow.   (Cowper:  Nature  Unimpaired  by  Time.) 

2.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another ;  to 
become. 

"We  may  observe  it  growing  with  age,  waxing 
bigger  and  stronger." — Barrow:  Sermon*,  vol.  i., 
ser.  4. 

wax  bill,  s.    [Eng.  wax,  and  bitt  (1).] 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  Swainson's 
genus  Estrelda,  from  the  waxy-red  colour  of 
their  bills.  Estrelda  amandava  Is  the  Red,  and 
E.  formosa  the  Gree»  Waxbill. 

"  In  the  form  of  their  beak  the  Waxbill*,  as  Btyth 
calls  them,  deviate  towards  the  Finches  and  Linnets." 
—Jerdon :  Birdt  of  India,  ii.  850. 

wajt-en,  a.    [Eng.  wax,  s. ;  -en.] 

1.  Made  or  consisting  of  wax. 

"  Within  the  cave  the  clustering  bees  attend 
Their  waxen  works,  or  from  the  roof  depend." 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Odytiey  xiii.  131. 

2.  Covered  with  wax  ;  waxed  over. 

"  To  pitch  the  wucen  flooring  some  contrive." 
Dry  den .-  Virgil ;  Georffic  IT.  3X1. 

*3.  Resembling  wax;  soft  aa  wax;  im- 
pressible. (Shakesp. :  Rape  ofLucrece,  1,240.) 

waxen -chatterer,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  Bohemian  Waxwing  (q.v.). 

wax  er,  «.  [Eng.  wax(l),  v.;  -er.]  One  who 
or  that  which  waxes  ;  specif.,  an  attachment 
to  wax  the  thread  in  a  sewing  machine  used 

for  shoemaking,  harness- making,  &e. 

wax'-I-ne'ss,  s.  [Eng.  waxy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  waxy. 

Wax  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.    [WAX  (1)>  "•] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  process  of  finishing  leatner. 

2.  The  treatment  of  thread  with  soft  wax 
in  the  sewing-machine  for  boots  and  shoes. 

3.  The  process  of  stopping  out  colours  in 
calico-printing. 

wax-wing,  *.    [Eng.  wax,  s.,  and  wing.] 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  genus  Ampelts  (=  t  Bombycilla),  from  the 
fact  that  in  two  of  the  three  species  the  second- 
ary and  tertiary  quills  terminate  in  horny  ex- 
pansions of  the  shaft,  somewhat  resembling 
pieces  of  red  sealing-wax.  Ampelis  garrula, 
the  Etiro|>ean  or  Bohemian  Waxwing  (q.v.), 
and  A.  cedrorum,  the  American  Waxwing  or 
Cedar-bird  (q.v.),  have  these  spots ;  but  they 
are  absent  in  A.  phcenicoptera,  the  Asiatic  or 
Japanese  Waxwing. 


'-t,  *  wax'-e&  a.    [Eng.  wax,  s. ;  -y.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Made  or  consisting  of  wax ;  abounding 
in  wax. 

2.  Resembling  wax  in  appearance,  softness, 
plasticity,  impressibility,  or  the  like  ;  hence, 
yielding,  pliable,  impressionable. 

"  He  Is  servile  in  imitation,  waxey  to  perswaaiona." 
Dp.  Ball :  Character itnu.  bit.  li. 

3.  Angry,  cross.    (Schoolboys'  slang.) 

"  I  could    make   him    a    little    waxy  with    me."— 
Dickent :  Bleak  Haute,  ch.  xxiv. 

TJ.  Bot. :  Having  the  texture  and  colour  of 
new  wax,  as  the  pollen  masses  of  various 
orchids.  [CERACEOUS.] 

waxy  degeneration,  s. 

Pathol. :  The  transformation  of  the  liver  Into 
a  tough  substance  resembling  yellow  wax,  the 
organ  increasing  ultimately  in  weight  till  it 
weighs  eight  or  nine  instead  of  three  to  four 
pounds.  The  disease  is  constitutional,  comes 
on  insidiously,  and  is  incurable.  Called  also 
Amyloid,  Albuminous,  Lardaeeous,  or  Scro- 
fulous Degeneration  of  the  Liver. 

waxy  infiltration,  s. 

Pathol. :  The  infiltration  of  waxy  matter  into 
any  organ  of  the  body.  The  most  highly-de- 
veloped and  dangerous  form  of  it  is  waxy 
degeneration  of  the  liver  (q.v.). 

waxy-kidney,  *. 

Pathol, :  A  kidney  affected  by  lardaceous 
disease  (q.v.). 

waxy-yellow,  a.  &  «. 
Bot. :  Dull  yellow  with  a  soft  mixture  of 
reddish -brown* 

*way  (1),  *waye,  v.t.    [WEIGH.] 

*  way  (2),  v.t.  &  i.    [WAY,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  go  in  ;  to  proceed  along. 

2.  To  go  or  journey  to. 

3.  To  put  in  the  way ;  to  teach  to  go  in  the 
way  ;  to  break  to  the  road.    (Said  of  horses.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  journey,  to  travel,  to  go. 

"  On  a  time,  an  they  together  waved." 

3j#>uer:  F.Q.,  IV.  U.  11 

way,  *  waye,  *  wey,  *  weye,  *.  [A.S.  weg; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  weg;  Icel.  vegr;  Dan,  vei; 
Sw.  vdg ;  O.  H.  Ger.  wee ;  Ger.  weg ;  Goth. 
wigs;  Lat.  via;  Sansc.  vaha=&  road,  from 
vah  =  to  carry.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

I,  A  track  or  path  along  which  one  goes, 
passes,  or  journeys ;  a  place  for  passage ;  a 
path,  road,  route,  street,  or  passage  of  any 
kind. 

"A  very  great  multitude  spread  their  garments  In 
the  way.  —  J/tttthewxxl.  8. 

*  2.  Passage,  passing. 

"  Shut  the  doors  against  Ills  way." 

Shaketp.  :  Comedy  of  Errors,  IT.  8. 

3.  A  going,  moving,  or  passing  from  one 
place  toanother ;  progression,  transit,  journey. 

"  The  Lord  .  .  .  prosper  thy  way." — Qenetit  xxiv.  40. 

4.  Path  or  course  in  life.    (Prov.  liii.  15). 

5.  Length  of  space ;  distance. 

"Tis  but  a  little  way  that  I  can  bring  yon." 

lAaketp. :  Othello,  ill.  4. 

6.  Direction  of  motion,  progress,  or  travel ; 
course  ;  relative  position  or  motion  to  or  from 
a  certain  point ;  tendency  of  action. 

"  He  turns  his  lips  another  way." 

$hnke*p.  :    Venitt  A  Adontt,  90. 

7.  The  means  b*y  which  anything  is  reached, 
attained,    obtained,    or   accomplished ;   pro- 
ceeding, course,  scheme,  plan,  device. 

"  My  best  way  Ii  to  creep  under  his  gaberdine." 
Shake*}).  :  Tetnputt,  ii.  3. 

8.  Method  or  manner  of  proceeding  ;  mode, 
fashion,  style. 

"  As  when  two  pilgrims  In  a  forest  stray, 
Both  may  be  lost,  but  each  in  his  own  way." 

Cowper ;  Bope,  877. 

*  fl.  Character,  kind,  tendency. 

"  Men  of  bin  way  should  be  most  liberal." 

ShaJtetp. :  Henry  VII J.,  L  8. 

10.  Usual  mode  of  action  or  conduct ;  mode 
of  dealing  ;  method  of  life  or  action  ;  regular 
or  habitual  course  or  scheme  of  life ;  habit. 

"  All  flesh  bad  corrupted  his  way  upon  tbe  earth."— 
Ot, if  tit  vl.  12. 

II.  Resolved  plan  or  mode  of  action  ;  course 
determined  on  or  chosen  as  one's  own  ;  parti- 
cular will  or  humour. 

"  If  I  had  my  way, 

He  had  mewed  In  flames  at  home,  not  in  the  senate.' 
Ben  Jonton  :  Catiline,  it.  S. 


12.  Respect,  point,  view. 

"You  wrong  me  every  way." 

OittlUtp. :  Julius  Caiar.  IT.  1 

13.  Sphere  of  observation. 

"  The  general  officers  and  the  public  ministers  that 
fell  in  my  way  were  generally  subject  to  the  gout"— 
Temple. 

IL  Nautical : 

1.  Progress  or  motion  through  the  water : 
as,  a  vessel  under  way. 

2.  Speed,  motive  power :  as,  The  boat  had 
a  good  deal  of  way  on  when  the  accident  oc- 
curred. 

3.  Plural: 

(1)  (BiLOE-WAY]. 

(2)  Balks  or  skids  for  rolling  up  weights  01 
for  sliding  them  dmvu. 

T  fray and  ways  are  used  in  certain  phrases 
in  the  sense  of  wise. 

"  But  if  he  shall  any  wayt  make  them  vi>M  after  h« 
hath  heard  them,  tlieu  be  shall  bear  her  Iniquity. "— 
Jfumbert  xxx.  15. 

IT  Way  is  both  general  and  indefinite: 
manner  and  method  are  species  of  the  way 
chosen  by  design ;  the  course  and  the  means 
are  the  way  which  we  pursue  in  our  moral 
conduct. 

IT  1.  By  the  way :  [By,  C.  9.]. 

2.  By  way  of: 

(1)  By  the  route  or  road  of:  as,  To  travel 
by  way  of  Paris. 

(2)  For  the  purpose  of ;  as  being ;  to  serve 
for  or  in  lieu  of:  as,  He  said  this  by  way  of 
introduction. 

3.  Come  your  way,  Come  your  ways :  Come, 
come  on ;  a  phrase  often  used  as  an  encou- 
ragement or  invitation  to  approach  or  accom- 
pany the  speaker. 

"  Come  your  way,  sir."— Shaketp.  :  Meature/or  Me+- 
ture.  Hi.  S. 

1.  Covered  way ,  Covert  way :  [COVER ED- WAY.) 

5.  In  tJie  family  way  :  [FAMILY-WAY], 

6.  In  the  way:  In  a  position  to  obstruct  or 
hinder  ;    of    such  a  nature  as  to  obstruct, 
hinder,  or  impede:  as,  He  is  always  in  the 
way. 

I.  In  the  way  of: 

(1)  So  as  to  meet,  fall  in  with,  or  gain  :  as, 
He  put  me  in  the  way  of  doing  business. 

(2)  In  respect  of;  as  regards. 

"  What  my  tongue  can  do  in  the  way  of  flattery." 
Shaketp. :  Coriolaaut,  ih.  1 

8.  Milky  way:  [GALAXY]. 

9.  On  the  way :  In  going,  travelling,  or  pass- 
ing along ;  hence,  in  a  state  of  progression 
or  advancement  towards  completion  or  ac- 
complishment. 

"  You  should  have  been  well  on  your  way  to  York." 
Shakeip. :  2  Henry  1 1*..  11  L 

10.  Out  of  the  way  : 

(1)  Not  in  the  proper  course ;  in  such  a 
position  or  condition  as  to  pass  or  miss  one's 
object ;  in  such  a  place  or  state  as  to  be 
hindered,    impeded,     incommoded,    or     pre- 
vented. 

"  Hen  who  go  out  of  the  way  to  hint  free  things, 
most  be  guilty  of  absurdity  or  rudeness."— KicAard- 
ton:  Clarima. 

(2)  Not  in  its  proper  place,  or  where  it  can 
be  found  or  met  with ;  hence,  concealed,  lost, 
hidden,  gone. 

"Is  't  lost?  ia'tgone!  speak.- Is  it  out  of  the  wayt" 
Xhaketp-  •'  Othello,  111.  4. 

(3)  Not  in  the  usual,  ordinary,  or  regular 
course;  out  of  the  beaten  track;  hence,  un- 
usual, extraordinary,    remarkable,    striking, 
notable  :  as,  That  is  nothing  out  of  the  way. 

(Colloq.) 

(4)  Used  as  an  order  to  make  room. 

"  Out  of  the  way,  I  say."          Shakeip. :  Tempat,  L  L. 

II.  Rightofway: 

Law:  A  privilege  which  an  individual  or 
a  particular  description  of  individuals  may 
have  of  going  over  another's  grounds,  subject 
to  certain  conditions  or  sanctioned  by  the 
custom  by  virtue  of  which  the  right  exists. 
A  right  of  way  may  be  claimed  by  prescrip- 
tion and  immemorial  usage,  such  right  being 
absolute  and  indefeasable  if  proved  to  be  used 
down  to  the  time  of  the  commencement  of  the 
action.  It  may  also  be  granted  by  special 
permission,  as  when  the  owner  of  lands  grants 
to  another  liberty  of  passing  over  his  grounds 
in  order  to  go  to  church,  market,  or  the  like, 
in  which  case  the  gift  is  confined  to  the 
grantee  alone,  and  dies  with  him.  Again,  a 
right  of  way  may  arise  by  act  and  operation 
of  law,  as  when  a  man  grants  a  piece  of 


fate,  rat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    «»,o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


wayboard-we 


6141 


. 

am,   I  begin  to  be  aweary  ol  thoe."— 
'    Well,  it.  t. 


ground  In  the  middle  of  his  field  he  at  the 
»an, i-  tacitly  and  impliedly  grants  a  way  to 
come  at  it. 

12.  To  give  way:  [GIVE,  t  23-]. 

13.  To  go  ows  icay  (or  ways)  :  To  take  one's 
depa'rture  ;  to  depart ;  to  go  off.    (Often  used 
as  implying  reproach.) 

"Go  thy 

fSkakeip. :  J...-  ,.  ~ - 

14  To  go  the  way  of  all  flesh  (or  of  all  the 
tarth):  To  die.  (1  Kings  ii.  2.) 

15.  To  have  way,  To  have  one's  way :  To  have 
free  scope. 

••  Let  him  Itam  hit  way. "—Shakap.  :  All'i  Well,  ill  «. 

16.  To  hold  one's  way :  To  keep  one's  course ; 
to  go  on  ;  not  to  stop. 

17.  To  lead  the  miy :  To  be  the  first  or  most 
advanced  in  a  inarch,  procession,  progress,  or 
the  like  ;  to  act  the  part  of  a  leader,  guide,  &c. 

18.  To  make  one's  way:  To  advance  suo 
cessfully  ;  to  find  and  pursue  a  successful 
career ;  to  prosper ;  to  advance  in  life  by  one's 
own  exertions. 

19.  To  make  way :  [MAKE,  v.,  H  36.]. 

20.  To  take  one's  own  way  :  To  follow  one's 
own  fancy,  opinion,  plan,  or  inclination. 

"  Take  your  own  way."—Shakefp.  :  Cymbeline,  L  a, 

21.  To  take  one's  way  :  To  start  ;  to  s»t  out. 

"  Take  your  way  lor  home." 

Shakap.  :  AH'I  Well,  U.  L 

22.  Way  of  the  rounds : 

Fort. :  A  space  left  for  the  passage  round 
between  a  rampart  and  the  wall  of  a  fortified 
town. 

23.  Ways  and  means : 

*  (1)  Methods,  resources,  facilities. 

"  Then  eyther  pryuce  (ought  the  wayet  t  meanyl 
hov.e  eyther  of  theym  myght  dysconteut  other.  — 
fabyan  :  Cronycl*  (an.  1835). 

(2)  Specif,  in  legislation,  means  of  raising 
money ;  resources  of  revenue.  In  this  sense 
generally  in  the  expression, 

Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  =  a  Com- 
mittee of  the  House  of  Representatives  to 
which  is  referred  for  consideration  and  report 
all  questions  relating  to  revenue  matters  and 
the  raising  of  funds  for  government  support 
There  is  a  similar  committee  in  the  British 
House  of  Commons  which  considers  questions 
of  taxes,  duties,  and  other  revenue  matters. 

•way -baggage,  «.  The  baggage  or  lug- 
gage of  a  way-passenger  travelling  by  railroad 
or  in  a  stage-coach. 

*  way-beaten,  o.    Way-worn,  tired. 

"  This  wayJuatrn  couple,  master  and  man." — Jar- 
•is:  Don  Quixote,  pt.  il..  bk.  Iv.,  ch.  vii. 

way  bennct,  way-bent,  s. 

Sot. :  Hordeum  murinum.    [WALL-BARLEY.; 

way-bill,  s.  A  list  of  the  names  of  pas 
sengers  who  are  carried  in  a  public  convey 
ance,  or  the  description  of  goods  sent  with  a 
common  carrier  by  land. 

*  way-bonnd,  a.    Hindered  or  prevente,. 
from  pursuing  one's  journey,  as  by  snow  or 
the  like. 

"To  tell  how  poor  travellers  are  way-bound."—  Daft] 
Telegraph.  Dec.  Ii,  1885. 

*  way-door,  *.    A  street-door. 

"  On  his  way*loor  fix  the  homed  head." 

'  Bp.  Ball:  Satiret,  III.  Iv.  T. 

way-end,  s. 

Mining:  A  term  applied  in  iron-stone  mine 

to  that  part  of  the  face  where  the  road  enters 

way-farer,  s.    [WAYFARER.] 

way-gate, ». 

1.  The  tail-race  of  a  mill. 

2.  Right  of  way.    (Scotch.) 

"  He  [Irving]  took  me  Into  his  library  ...  and  said 
cheerily  flinging  out  his  arms:  'Upon  all  these  yo 
have  will  and  way-gate,'  an  expressive  Annandal 
phrase  of  the  completes!  welcome,"— Carlyle:  Sem 
niKencet,  1.  101. 

way-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  Polygonum  aviculare. 
way-leave,  s.    Right-of-way. 

"  Another  thing  that  Is  remarkable  Is  their  waj 
havel  •  for  when  men  have  pieces  of  ground  betwee 
the  colliery  and  the  river,  they  sell  leave  to  lead  coa 
over  their  grouud."-*orl»  :  Lord  Outl/ord,  L  S6S. 

*  way-maker,   s.     One   who   makes 
way ;  a  precursor. 

"  Way-makfrt  ...  to  the  restitution  of  the  evan 
gellrjU  truth."— Bp.  Ball. 

*  way-mark,  s.  A  mark  to  guide  person 
in  travelling.    (Cowper :  Prog,  of  Error,  117.) 


way-measurer,  ».    [ODOMETER.] 

way-pane,  s.  A  slip  left  for  cartage  in 
watered  hind. 

way-passenger,  s.  A  passenger  picked 
up  by  the  way— that  is,  one  taken  up  at  some 
place  intermediate  between  the  regular  or 
principal  stopping-places  or  stations. 

way-post,  s.    A  finger-post. 

way-shaft, «. 

Steam-eng. :  A  shaft  in  a  lever-beam  engine 
which  actuates  the  slide-valve. 

way-station,  s.  An  Intermediate  sta- 
tion on  a  railroad. 

way-thistle,  s. 

Bot. :  Carduus  or  Cnicus  arvensit. 

way-thorn,  s. 

Bot. :  Shamnvs  cathartiau. 

way -train,  «.  A  railway  train  that 
stops  at  way-stations. 

way- warden,  s.  The  surveyor  of  a  road 
or  highway.  (White:  SeWorne,  lett.  itxviii. 
To  Hon.  D.  Barrington.) 

way-board,  s.    [Eng.  way,  and  board.) 

Mining  it  Geol. :  A  mining  term  now  some- 
what extensively  adopted  by  geologists  to 
designate  the  bands  or  layers  separating 
thicker  strata,  and  marking  the  line  at  which 
the  latter  tend  to  separate.  Thus  thick  beds 
of  limestone,  or  of  sandstone,  may  be  separ- 
rated  by  thin  layers  of  shale.  (Page.) 

way -bread,  «.     [A.S.  weg-brdsde,  from  its 
growing  by  the  wayside.] 
Bot. :  Plantago  major. 

*  way '-fare,  y.i.  [Eng.  way,  s.,  and  fare,  v.] 
To  travel,  to  journey. 

"  A  certain  Laconian  as  he  wayfartd  came  unto  » 
place  where  there  dwelt  an  old  Iriend  of  his."— P .  Hol- 
land :  Plutarch,  p.  890. 

•way-fare,  s.    [WAYFARE,  v.]    The  met  of 

travelling  or  journeying;  travel. 

way-far-er,  >.  [Eng.  wayfar(e) ;  -er.]  One 
who  travels  or  journeys  ;  a  traveller. 

"  Frequented  with  many  way/areri."—Carew  :  Sur- 
vey of  Cornwall,  t  ol.  66. 

way- far -Ing,  *  wal-far-lng,  *way- 
fair-yng,  a.  &  s.  [Eng.  wayfar(e);  -mg.\ 

A.  As  adj. :  Travelling,  journeying ;  being 
on  a  journey. 

"To  compell  euen  wayfairyng  menne  to  >tay 
whether  they  will  or  no."— Ooldinae  :  Color,  fol.  87. 

t  B.  As  subst. :  Journey,  pilgrimage. 

••  And  wayworn  seemed  he  with  life's  wayfaring - 
A.  C.  Swinburne :  Trtttram  of  Lyoneue.  ii. 

wayfaring-tree,  s. 

Bot. :  Viburnum  Lantana,  a  large  and  much- 
branched  shrub,  six  to  twenty  feet  high,  the 
young  shoots  very  downy.  Leaves  elliptic, 
cordate  at  the  base,  serrate,  veined,  downy 
beneath,  the  pubescence  being  stellate 
flowers  white,  in  large  dense  cymes ;  berry 
purplish-black.  Found  in  England  in  woods 
and  hedges,  especially  on  a  chalky  or  lime- 
stone soil.  It  flowers  in  May  and  June. 

way-go-lng,  o.  [Eng.  way,  s.,  and  going. 
Going  away,  departing ;  of,  pertaining  to,  or 
belonging  to  one  who  goes  away. 

waygoing  crop,  s.  The  crop  which  is 
taken  from  the  land  the  year  the  tenan' 
leaves  it.  Called  also  Out-going  crop. 

way' -  goose,  s.  [WAYZOOOSE.]  The  same  as 
WAYZOOOSE,  3.  (q.v.). 

"  The  way-gootet  were  always  kept  about  Bartholo 
mew.tide  ;  and  till  the  rnaster.prtnter  have  given  th- 
tMMOose  the   journeymen  do  not  use  to  work  t 
candle-light."— C.    ff.    Timperley:    Met.   Printeri 
Printing,  p.  516. 

way-lay,  way- lay,  v.t.  [Eng.  way,  s. 
and  lay.]  To  watch  insidiously  in  the  way 
with  a  view  to  rob,  seize,  or  slay  ;  to  beset  by 
the  way. 

"A  dancing  shape,  an  image  gay. 
To  haunt,  to  startle,  and  waylay.' 

Wordtworth  :  Poems  of  the  Imagination. 

way-lay-er,  way-lay-er,  s.  [Eng.  way 
lay;  -er.]  One  who  waylays  ;  one  who  wait 
for  another  in  ambush,  with  a  view  to  rob 
seize,  or  slay  him. 

•  way -less,  a.  [Eng.  way,  s. ;  -less.]  Havin 
no  way,  road,  or  path;  pathless,  trackless. 

"  Her  through  the  wayleu  woods  of  Cardiff  to  convey. 
Drayton  :  Poly-Oloion,  a  6, 


way-ment,  *wal'-ment,  v.t.    [O.  Fr 

waimenter,  a  variant  of  lanienter  =  to  lament. 
To  lament,  to  bewail. 

"  With  that  she  »>l't  and  wofullie  vjaymented." 
tipeater  :  Tears  of  the  Mutel,  855. 

way-ment,  «.    [WAYMENT,  «.]    Lament* 
tion,  wailing. 

"  For  pittie  of  the  sad  wayment 
Which  Orpheus  for  Euvytlioe  did  make. 

Speitter  :  Ruiiift  of  Time,  890. 

way-ment-ing,  *  way-ment-ynge,  ». 

[WAYMEST,  v.]    Lamentation,  lamenting. 

"  That  in  this  world  nys  creature  ly  vynge. 
That  herile  such  another  tfaynentrno*. 

Chaucer:  0.  T-,  904. 

way'-side,  s.  &  a.    [Eng.  way,  s.,  and  side.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  The  side  of  the  road  or  way  ; 
the  border  or  edge  of  a  highway. 

•"It  stood  also   hard   by  the  waytide."— Bunyom : 
~Pil0rimt  Proffrea,  pt.  L 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  side  of 
a  road;  situated  on,  lying  near,  or  growing 
on  the  wayside  :  as,  a  wayside  inn,  a  wayside 
flower. 

way-ward,  •  wel-ward,  *  wey-ward, 

a.  [A  headless  form  of  aweiward  =  away- 
ward  ;  thus  wayward  =  awayward,  i.e.,  turned 
away,  perverse.  (Sa-eoi.)] 

1.  Perverse,  froward ;    full  of  peevish  ca- 
prices or  whims  ;  capricious,  obstinate. 

"  Make  their  whole  being  a  wayward  and  uneasy 
condition."— Steelt :  Spectator,  No.  202. 

2.  Growing  or  running  where  not  wanted. 

"  Send  its  rough  wayward  roots  In  all  direction*."— 
Smithton  :   Ufeful  Book  for  Farmtrl,  p.  82. 

*  way-ward -ly,  adv.    [Eng.  wayward ;  -ly.} 
In  a  wayward  manner  ;  perversely,  frowardly. 

"  Waymrdly  proud  ;  and  therefore  bold,  because 
extremely  faulty." — Sidney. 

way -ward  ness.  •  wel-ward-nesse,  ». 

[Eng.  wayward;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state 
of  being  wayward  ;  perverseness,  frowardmesa, 
"  Her  rather  aggravating  waywardness  and  wilful* 
neas."-£cno,  March  6.  1888. 

•way-wise,  a.  [Eng.  way,  s.,  and  wise,  a.) 
Expert  in  finding  or  keeping  the  way. 

*  way-wis-er,  ».     [Ger.  wegweiser  =  a  guide,  j 
from  weg  —  way,  and  weisen  =  to  direct.]    An  ) 
instrument  for  measuring  the  distance  which 
one  has  travelled  on  a  road  ;  an  odometer  or 
pedometer.    (Evelyn :  Diary,  Aug.  6,  1655.) 

•way-wode,  "wal'-wode,  s.  [Pol.  & 
Russ.  woyewoda  =  army-leader,  from  woi  =  an 
army,  and  wodU  —  io  lead.)  A  name  origi- 
nally given  to  military  commanders  in  various 
Slavonic  countries,  and  afterwards  to  go- 
vernors of  towns  and  provinces.  It  was 
borne  for  a  time  by  the  rulers  of  Moldavia 
and  Wallachia,  who  subsequently  took  the 
title  of  Hospodar. 

*  way-wode-shlp,  s.  [Eng.  waywode  ;  -ship.] 
The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a  waywode. 

t  way-worn,  o.  [Eng.  way,  s.,  and  worn.} 
Wearied  by  travelling ;  tired.  [See  extract 
under  WAYFARING,  B.] 

way-wort,  s.    [Eng.  way,  and  wort.] 
Bot. :  AnagaUis  arvensis. 

wayz'-godse,  s.    [See  def.  3.) 
*1.  A  stubble-goose.    (Bailey.) 
*  2.    An  entertainment  given  to  jonrney- 
men  at  the  beginning  of  winter.    (Bailey.) 

3.  An  annual  dinner  of  the  persons  em- 
ployed in  a  printing-office ;  a  printer's  bean- 
feast Timperley  (Diet.  Printers  *  Printing, 
p  516)  says  :  "  The  derivation  of  this  term  is 
not  generally  known.  It  is  from  the  old  Eng- 
lish word  MTO/Z,  stubble.  A  stubble  goose 
is  a  known  dainty  in  our  days.  A  wayz-goose 
was  the  head  dish  at  the  annual  feast  of  the 
forefathers  of  our  fraternity." 

we,  pers.  pron.  [A.S.  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  wij  ; 
Icel.  ver,  wxr ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  vi;  Ger.  wir ; 
Goth,  weis.]  The  plural  of  the  first  personal 
pronoun  :  I  and  another,  or  others ;  I  and  he 
or  she,  or  I  and  they. 

U  1.  We  is  often  used  indefinitely,  or 
vaguely,  like  they,  in  the  sense  of  people 
generally,  the  world,  &c.,  and  corresponding 
to  the  French  on  and  the  German  man.  In 
this  use  we  differs  from  they  in  that  by  using 
it  the  speaker  identifies  himself  more  or  less 
directly  with  the  statement,  whereas  the  use 
of  (Aey'does  not  imply  any  such  identification. 


HSU,  bfiy;  ptfH,  ]<5wl;  cat.  $eU,  ehorns,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem ;  tHin,  this ;  sin,  as :  expect.  Xenophon,  eylst.   ph  =  t 
-clan, -tian=- ahan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -flon,  -sion  =  zHun.    -clous,  -ttous,  -slous  =  shus.   -We.  -die.  Asc.  =  bel,  del. 


0143 


weak— weal 


2.  We  is  frequently  used  by  individuals,  as 
editors,  authors,  and  the  like,  when  alluding 
to  themselves,  in  order  to  avoid  any  appear- 
ance of  egotism,  which  would  arise  from  the 
too  constant  use  of  the  pronoun  t.  We  ia 
also  used  by  kings  and  other  potentates  in 
official  documents.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
first  so  used  by  King  John  (1204-15). 

**  B>  charge  7011,  on  allegiance  to  oanelf, 
To  liuld  ytiur  slaughtering  hands." 

Xk'ik&it.  t  1  Henry  YL,  IU.  U 

weak,  *  weakc.  walk,  *  weik,  *  wcke, 
*wycke,  *wyke,  a.  [Icel.  veikr,  veykr, 
vakr  —  weak  ;  Sw.  vek  ;  Dan.  vtg  —  pliant ; 
A.S.  trac  =  pliant,  weak,  easily  bent;  Dut. 
week;  Ger.  weich.  The  original  meaning  was 
yielding,  giving  way  easily  ;  cf.  Icel.  vikja 
{pa.  t.  veik,  pa.  par.  vilcinn)  =  to  turn,  to  turn 
aside  ;  A.S.  wican  d>a.  t.  wdct  pa.  par.  wicen) 
=  to  give  way ;  Ger.  weichen  (pa.  t.  wicfc,  pa. 
par.  gewichen)  =  to  give  way ;  Gr.  el*r«»  (eiko, 
for  veiko)  =  to  yield,  to  give  way.  From  the 
same  root  come  wick  and  wicker.} 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Wanting  or  deficient  in  physical  strength ; 

(1)  Deficient  In  bodily  strength ;  not  able 
to  do  severe  or  difficult  tasks  or  work,  or  to 
raise  heavy  weights,  or  the  like ;  wanting  in 
robustness  or  vigour  ;  feeble,  exhausted  ;  not 
strong ;  infirm,  sickly. 

"  Him  to  be  jret  wea*  and  weary  well  »he  knew.* 
SfMsiuer  :  f.  ft*  L  ix.  9ft. 

(2)  Not  able  to   sustain  a  heavy  weight, 
pressure,  or  strain. 

"  A  mantel  hong  her  iast  by 
Upon  a  bench  twoie  and  •mall." 

Komaunt  qf&*  Ron, 

(3)  Not  having  the  parts  firmly  united  or 
adhesive ;  easily  broken  or   separated   into 
pieces  ;  brittle  :  as,  a  weak  vessel. 

(4)  Not  stiff;  pliant,  easily  bending,  soft: 
as,  the  weak  stem  of  a  plant. 

(5)  Not  able  to  resist  onset  or  attack  ;  easily 
surmounted  or  overcome :  as,  a  weak  fortress. 

2.  Unfit   for    purposes    of   attack    or   de- 
fence, either  from  want  of  numbers,  training, 
courage,    or   other   martial    resources  ;   not 
strong  in  arms  ;  too  small  in  numbers  or  in- 
sufficiently prepared  :  as,  a  weak  force. 

3.  Not  strongly  or  numerously  supplied  ; 
not  holding  a  large  number. 

'*  Being  waft  in  trampa,  you  should  play  the  trump 
next  in  value  to  Uie  turn-up."— field,  Dec.  12,  18=5. 

4.  Deficient  In  force  of  utterance  or  sound  ; 
having  little  volume,  loudness,  or  sonorous- 
ness :  as,  a  weak  voice. 

5.  Wanting  in  ability  to  perform  its  func- 
tions or  office ;   powerless  in  operation ;  in- 
efficacious ;   deficient  in    functional  energy, 
-activity,  or  force. 

"Goei  against  my  weak  stomach." 

Shdketp.  :  Btnry  V.,  111.  2. 

6.  Not  abundantly  or  sufficiently  impreg- 
nated with  the  essential  required,  or  with  t  !,-• 
usual    ingredients,    or   with    stimulating  or 
nourishing  substances  or  properties;  not  of 
the  usual  strength  ;  poor :  as,  weak  tea,  weak 
ale,  Ac. 

7.  Not  possessing  moral  or  mental  strength . 
vigour,  or  energy;   deficient  In  strength  nf 
intellect  or  judgment ;  wanting  in  strength  of 
mind  or  resolution. 

"If  they  were  iwot  enough  to  recall  him,  they 
hi  " 


would  soon  have  to  depose  him  again."— . 
Sift.  Eng.,  ch.  xii. 

8.  Having     imperfect     mental     faculties  ; 

foolish,  silly,  fatuous,  stupid. 

"  To  dally  much  with  subjects  mean  and  low, 
Proves  that  the  mind  is  xwoJt,  or  makes  It  BO." 
Coirt*r;  Table  Talk,  645. 

9.  Not  having  acquired  full  confidence  or 
conviction  ;  not  firmly  settled  or  established  ; 
wavering,  vacillating. 

"Him  that  is  w/'rifc  in  the  faith  receive  ye,  but  not 
to  doubtful  disputations."— Roman*  ziv.  u 

10.  Deficient  in  steadiness  or  firmness  ;  not 
able  to  resist  temptation,  persuasion,  urgency, 
or  the  like  ;  easily  moved,  impressed,  or  over- 
come. 

"  Wicked  and  thence  :««*.' 

Milton:  />.£.,  IT.  8H. 

11.  Resulting  from    or  indicating  want  of 
judgment,  discernment,  or  firmness ;  arising 
from  or  characterized  by  want  of  moral  cour- 
age, of  self-denial  or  of  determination  ;  inju- 
dicious :  as,  a  weak  compliance. 

12.  Not  having  effective  or  prevailing  power ; 
not  potent;  inefficacious. 

**  My  ancient  Incantations  are  too  tcwut' 

:  1  JTewyTA.  V.  S. 


13.  Not  having  power  to  convince ;  not  sup- 
ported by  the  force  of  reason  or  truth  ;  un- 
sustained,  cnntrovertible. 

"  Weaker  reason*  than  theae  would  have  aatisftcd 
the  Whin  who  f.-rmed  the  majority  of  the  Privy 
Council.  —  Mucaulay;  But.  £nj.t  ch.  xi 

14.  Not  founded  in  right  or  justice;   not 
easily  defensible. 

**  My  title's  weak.'       Shaketp. ;  3  B«nry  VI..  L  1. 

15.  Deficient  in  power  or  vigour  of  expres- 
sion ;  not  having  pith,  pregnancy,  or  point : 
as,  a  weak  style. 

*  16.  Slight,  inconsiderable,  little,  petty. 

"  This  wwtA  aud  Idle  theme." 

Shakesp.  :  Jtidtummer  Jfiyht'»  Drtam,  v. 

H.  Gram. :  A  term  applied  to  verbs  the 
past  tense  and  past  participle  of  which  are 
formed  by  the  addition  of  -ed,  -d;  as,  I  Im'e, 
I  loved ;  opposed  to  strong  verbs  (q.v.).  Also 
applied  to  nouns  the  plurals  of  which  are 
formed  by  the  addition  of  -s,  -e$. 

*  weak-built,  a.    ill-founded. 

"  Tet  ever  to  obtain  his  will  resolving. 
Though  iMnt-built  hoi«s.  persuade  him  to  abstaining." 
Sh,i*e*p.  :  Jl'tf*  nfLucrcee.  130. 

weak-eyed,  a.    Having  weak  eyes. 
weak-fish,  s.    [SQOETEAOUE.] 

weak-headed*  cu  Having  a  weak  head 
or  intellect. 

•weak-hearted,  a.  Having  little  cour- 
age ;  spiritless. 

"  Mora  miseries  and  greater  far 
Thau  luy  wtaJt  htarttd  enemies  dare  offer." 

Stwtetp-  •  Henry  mi.,  ill.  2. 

*  weak-hinged,  a.    Weak,  ill-founded. 

*•  Not  able  to  produce  more  accusation 
Than  your  own  weak-hingvd  fancy." 

Shake*?.  :   Winter*  Tal*,  1L  S. 

weak-kneed,  a.  Having  weak  knees  ; 
hence,  tig.,  giving  way  easily ;  not  strong  of 
miud'or  resolution  ;  weak. 

"  Sui-h  another  wt<ik-kr»*d  effort  .  .  .  will  lead  t* 
DO  good  result,"—*.  Jam*'*  tiaiette,  Jan.  14,  1838. 

weak-made,  a.  Having  by  nature  little 
strength  ;  weak,  feeble. 

"Those  proud  lord*,  to  blame. 

Makb  weak-made  women  tenants  to  their  shame," 
bhakttp.  :  lia^e  of  Lucrtcf.  l,2«u. 

weak-minded,  a.    Feeble  in  mind  or 

resolution. 

weak-mindedness,  s.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  weak-minded ;  irresolution,  in- 
decision. 

"  Brook  uo  continuance  of  walc-mindetlneu." 

Wortl$worth  :  To  B.  R.  Uaytiw,  Etf. 

weak-side,  •*.    That  side  or  aspect  of  a 
person's  character  or  disposition  by  which  he 
is  most  easily  affected  or  influenced. 
*'  To  quell  the  tyrant  love,  and  guard  thy  heart 
On  this  tMoJt  tide,  where  moot  our  nature  fails." 
Additon  :  Cato. 

weak-sighted,  a.    Having  weak  sight. 
weak-spirited,  a.    Having  a  weak  or 
timorous  spirit ;  pusillanimous. 

•weak,  *wek-en,  v.t.  &  i.    [A.S.  twfccan, 

wacian.] 

A,  Trans. :  To  make  weak  ;  to  weaken. 

"  It  .  .  .  weaketH  our  bertea  lu  vertues, "— 6oW«w 
£<*«,  let  S. 

B.  Intrans. :  To   become   weak ;   to  lose 
strength;  to  abate. 

"  So  in  what  to  weken  pin  the  palne  * 

Chaucer;  Trotlm  *  CrttHdt.  Iv. 

weak'-en,  v.t.  &  t.    [Eng.  weak,  a. ;  -en.} 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  weak  ;  to  lessen  the 
strength  of;  to  deprive  of  strength;  to  de- 
bilitate ;  to  lessen  the  force,  power,  or  autho- 
rity of. 

"  How  strangely  Is  the  force  of  thU  motive  wakened 
by  those  who  make  Christ  a  were  man."— Atterbury  ; 
Sermon*,  vol.  111.,  »er.  S. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  become  weak  or  weaker ; 
to  lose  strength. 

"  His  notion  MwaJtau."          Shaketp. :  Lear.  L  4. 

weak'-en-er,*weak'-ner(s.  [Eng. weaken; 
•tr.]    One  who  or  that  which  weakens. 

"  Huge  beli»  to  piety,  great  weaklier*  of  sin." — 
South :  Sermont,  vol.  vi.,  aer.  1 1. 

weak  -en  irig,  jw.  par.  &.  a.    [WEAKEN.) 

A,  As  pr.  par. ;  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  a>lj. :  Having  the  property  or  quality 
of  reducing  strength  :  as,  a  weakening  disease. 

weak'-ifth,  a.    [Eng.  weak,  a. ;  -uA.]    Some- 
what weak ;  rather  weak. 

*  weak'-ish-ness,  «.    [Eng.  weakish ;  -ness.] 


The  quality  or  state  of  being  weakish  ;  slight 
weakness. 

weak' -ling,  *weak-lyng,  s.  &  a.  [Eng. 
weak ;  -ling.] 

t  A.  As  subst. :  A  weak  or  feeble  person. 
"This  w:u  a  feat  not  to  be  attempted  by  a  weob> 
ling."— Meld,  April  4,  I8a6. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Weak,  feeble. 

"  He  [ Etchtiieel  was  but  iwi  Wi«y,  and  very  tender." 
—A'ortk  :  I'lutorch,  p.  TOO. 

weak  ly,  "weake-ly,  adv.  &  a.  [Eng, 
weak,  a.  ;  -ly.] 

A.  As  adverb  ; 

1.  In  a  weak  manner ;  with  little  physical 
strength;  feebly,    faintly;  not   strongly  or 
forcibly. 

2.  With  want  of  efficacy  ;  with  little  or  no 
result. 

3.  With  feebleness  of  mind  or  intellect ;  in- 
discreetly, injudiciously. 

"  Plato . . .  toeakly  adviaes  men  to  worship  liiferiottr 
gods. dmuoua  and  «pirit*."— Clarke:  On  the  Evidence*, 
prop.  6. 

B.  As  adj. :  Not  strong  of  constitution  or 
growth  ;  weak,  infirm. 

"Tbnu  be  tempted  to  plant  A  wwoJtljr  grower."— 
Fhtd.  Oct.  15.  1887. 

weak'- ness.    *  weake-nosse,  &     [Eng. 

weak;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  weak ;  want 
of  physical  strength ;  want  of  force  or  vigour ; 
feebleness,  infirmity. 

"The  wraknrt*  of  mine  eyea." 

Shaltety  •'  Jttliu-i  Catar,  IT.  1 

2.  Want  of  mental  or  moral  strength  ;  want 
of  moral  courage,  resolution,  or  strength  of 
will ;  irresolution. 

'*  Wealmcts  to  resltt 
Phlliatlan  gold."          Jtiltmi:  Samton  Affonttttt,  830. 

3.  Want  of  spiritedness,  life,  or  sprightli- 
ness. 

"  New  grace*  yearly  like  thy  works  dliplay. 
Soft  without  weuAn«tf,  without  glariii(j  gay." 

Pope:  Spittle  to  Mr.  Jervtu.  W. 

*4.  Want  of  moral  furce  or  influence  upon 
the  mind  ;  want  of  cogency. 

"  She  Menu  to  be  consclou*  of  the  in  n  I  nan  of  thoae 
teatiiuotiiea."—  TilluUan. 

6.  A  fall  in  price. 

"  The  trade  there,  in  fact,  ha»  been  tather  Inclined 
to  harden  thau  ahow  wtalciitM."— Daily  Ckrotttclt. 
Hay  25,  1885. 

6.  A  defect,  failing,  or  fauh ;  a  foible :  as, 
Every  one  has  his  weakness.  (In  this  sense  it 
takes  a  plural.) 

weal  (1),  *wele,  *weale,  «.  [A.S.  vxla, 
weala,  weola  ~  opulence,  prosperity,  weal, 
from  wel  —  well  (q.v.) ;  cogn.  with  Dan.  vel  = 
weal,  welfare;  Bw.  val;  O.  H.  Ger.  weld, 
wola,  wo/o  ;  Ger.  WultL] 

1.  A  sound,  healthy,  or  prosperous  state, 
whether  of  persons  or  things ;  the  state  of 
being  well ;  welfare,  prosperity. 

"  By  every  chief  who  fought  or  felL 
Fur  AlWou'B  wtKil  in  baUle  bold.'' 

SaXt :  £urd'i  incantation. 

*2.  The  body  politic;  the  state,  the  oom- 
mon  wealth. 

"  The  special  watchmen  of  oar  Engliih  vvaZ," 

Shukttp, :  1  Btnry  Yl..  Hi.  L 

If  The  public,  general,  or  common  weal :  The 
well-being,  welfare,  or  prosperity  of  the  com- 
munity, state,  or  society. 

"  A  foe  to  the  t>ublie  wva'. ' 

tifutketp.  :  Coriolamu,  lit  1. 

*  weal -balanced,  a.    Kept  in  just  pro* 
portion  by  reasons  of  state. 

"  By  cold  gradation  and  wear-bat ancfd  form." 
Shakrtp. :  Measure  for  JtttUui «.  iv.  & 

*  weal  -  public,    *  weal-publick,  «. 

The  public  weal ;  the  commonwealth. 

"  Set  upon  spoil  un  either  purl  they  were. 
Whilst  the  wat-pKblifk  they  in  piece*  tear." 

brayton  :  Harriet  (/  Queen  Margant. 

*  -weals-man,  .-•.    A  man  who  consults  or 
professes  to  consult  the  public  weaL 

"  Meeting  two  such  uwiE<-m«n  ai  you  are." 

Shutout*-  ;  Coriotanut,  1L  1. 

weal  (2),  *  wheal,  s.  [A.S.  walu.]  The  mark 
of  a  stripe  ;  a  wale  (q.v.). 

**  Like  wart*  or  v&alt  it  hanga  upon  her  ak  in." 

Aww 

*weal  (1),  v.t.  [WEAL  (1),  «.]  To  promot* 
the  weal  or  welfare  of, 

"weal  (2),  *wale,  r.t.  [^"EAL  (2),  «.]  To 
mark  with  weals  or  stripes. 

"Thy  sacred  body  WAS  •tripped  of  tby  garment*, 
and  »ca?ed  with  bloody  itripe*  *  Jtp.  BaU :  Contempt^ 


tfate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there:   pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;   go. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub,  care,  unite,  car,  rale,  fall ;  try-  Syrian,    ce,  oa  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  lew. 


weaiaway— wear 


5143 


•  weal'-a- way,  inter}.     ["WEUAWAT.] 

weald,  *  wald.  *  wait,  wold,  *  weeld, .«. 

[A. 8.   wcaUi,   mild  —  a  wood,  a  forest 
with  O.  H.  Ger.  -milt;  Or.  v.iil>l.]     [\VULK  ! 
A  i  iece  of  open  forest -Ian«.l ;  a  woody  place  or 
wuody  waste  ;  a  wold. 

T  As  a  proper  name  it  is  applied  to  a  valley 
or  tract  of  country  lying  Mtwett  tfce  north 
and  south  downs  of  Kent  and  Sussex. 

Weald-clay,  *. 

KutilisJi  Cent:  The  upper  series  of  strata 
of  the  Wealden  formation.  It  is  about  I,!**) 
feet  thick,  ami,  with  th»;  exwptiim  of  it* 
upper  portion,  which  is  fluvio-inarine,  is  of 
fre.sh  water  origin.  It  constituted  the  dt-lta  uf 
a  great  river,  which,  slowly  subsided  till  at 
length  the  ocean  was  Jet  in.  The  delta  was 
inhabited  by  ^reat  Saunaus,  of  the  genera 
Igufinodon,  Hypsilophodon,  Pelomsaums, 
OrnithopsLs,  aud  Hyla?osaurus.  Thest-,  be- 
coming submerged  as  the  delta  sank,  became 
imbedded,  not  in  the  Weald  clay,  but  In  the 
overlying  Kentish  Rag  which  succeeded  the 
clay,  and  rests  on  it  conformably.  Through- 
out the  clay  itself  are  ca?ts  of  Cyprides,  and 
there  are  occasional  bands  of  Sussex  marble 
composed  almost  entirely  of  a  species  of  Palu- 
dina.  The  Weald  clay  constitutes  a  valley 
between  the  elevated  ridges  of  the  Hastings 
Sand  and  the  chalk  downs  of  Kent,  Surrey, 
Hampshire,  and  Sussex,  from  Hythe  by  Tun- 
bridge,  Hartingcombe,  and  Haiisham  to  Pev- 
ensey. 

Weald'-en,  a.  &  9.    [Eng.  weald;  -en.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  weald  ; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  the  weald  of  Kent 
and  Sussex,  or  to  the  formation  described 
under  B. 

B.  As  substantive : 

English  Geol. :  A  group  of  rocks  consist- 
Ine:  of  clay,  shale,  sand,  sandstones,  grits, 
•IK!  limestones,  constituting  the  lowest  pan 
of  the  Cretaceous  system.  In  1822  Mr.  Gideon 
Algernon  Mantell  (afterwards  Dr.  Mantell, 
F.B.8.)  correctly  showed  that  it  waa  of  flu- 
viatile  origin,  though  intercalated  between 
marine  Oolite  below,  and  Greensand,  also 
marine,  above.  The  name,  Wealden  Forma- 
tion, was  first  Introduced  by  Mantell,  to 
whom  H  had  been  suggested  by  his  friend 
J.  P.  Martin,  Esq.,  of  Pulbomugh.  The 
Wealden  has  been  generally  divided  into  the 
Weald  Clay,  constituting  the  upper  beds, 
the  Hastings  Sand  in  the  middle,  and  Pur- 
beck  beds  below ;  but  the  Pnrheck  beds 
are  now  considered  to  be  Oolite,  or  to 
be  intermediate  between  the  Oolite  and  the 
Wealden.  The  thickness  of  the  true  Wealden 
formation  in  Swanage  Bay,  where  it  Is  most 
highly  developed,  may  be  2,000  feet.  Its 
fauna  consists  of  great  reptiles,  fishes  of  the 
genus  Lepidotus,  and  freshwater  molluscs, 
Physa,  Lininaea,  &c.  ;  its  tlora  of  Conifers, 
Cycads,  and  Ferns,  lint  no  Dicotyledonous 
Angiosperms.  The  delta  of  the  old  Wealden 
river  has  bee»  traced  about  two  hundred 
miles  from  east  to  west,  and  a  hundred  miles 
from  north  to  south.  Much  has  been  swept 
away  by  denudation.  The  Quorra  or  Niger  in 
Africa  covers  25,000  square  miles ;  the  Weal- 
den nver  therefore  probably  approached,  and 
m;iy  possibly  have  exceeded  it  in  magnitude. 
It  drained  a  large  part  of  a  continent,  the  area 
and  exact  situation  of  which  are  unknown. 
The  Wealden  of  Hanover  and  Westphalia  con- 
stitutes the  delta  of  a  second  river  distinct 
from  the  first.  [WEALD-CLAY,  HASTINGS-SAND, 
PUBBECK-BEDS.] 

*  Weald -Ian,  a.  [Eng.  weald;  -Ish.']  Of  or 
belonging  to  a  weald,  and  especially  to  the 
weald  of  Kent  and  Sussex. 

"  The  weaidiih  mm."— Fuller.   Worthiet;  Kent. 

*weal'-ful,  *  weale-full,  a.  [Eng.weaJ(l), 
and /itM.]  Happy. 

•"  To  telle  the  Jerkes  with  Joy,  that  toy  do  brine, 
la  both  *  tetalefull  ami  a  wofull  thing." 

Oavitt ;  l/oiy  Howie,  p.  13. 

wealth,  *wealthe,*welthe,  s.  [Eng.  weal 
(1),  a.  ;  -th;  cf.  health,  from  heal,  dearth,  from 
dt.ar,  &c.  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  weelde  =  luxury, 
trom  wel  =  well  (adv.).] 

1.  Ordinary  Language: 

*L  Weal,  prosperity,  welfare,  eternal  hap- 
piness. 

"  Let  no  man  seek  hU  own.  but  every  man  another's 
veatth.  —1  Corinth,  x.  24. 

2.  A  collective  term  foi   riches  ;   material 
possessions  in  all  their  variety  ;  large  posses- 


sions of  money,  goods,  or  lands  ;  that  abund- 
ance of  worldly  estate  which  exceeds  the  state 
of  the  greater  part  of  the  community  ;  afflu- 
ence, OpUii' 

"That   wealth  consists    iu    money  or   111  gold  and 

•11  ver,  Is  a  popular  uotum."—  £nutA  .*  ireatthtfXatmiu, 

bk.  iY.,ch.  i. 

3.  Abundance,  affluence,  profusion. 

"  With  n«w  wonder  uow  lie  views  .  .  . 
In  iinrrow  room  nature's  whole  wtulth.  yi-;i  more, 
A.  heaVu  on  earth."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  iv.  SOT. 

II.  Polit.  Eeon.  :  A  term  embracing  all  and 
only  such  objects  as  have  utility  aud  can 
be  appropriated  in  exclusive  possession,  and 
therefore  exchanged.  Political  economists 
consider  labour  as  the  only  source  of  wealth  ; 
aud  political  economy  treats  mainly  of  the 
means  of  promoting  the  increase  of  national 
wealth,  and  of  removing  obstructions  to  its 
development. 

*  wealth  -ful,    *wealth'-fnll,    a.      [Eng. 
wealth:  -Jull.}    Full  of  wealth  or  happiness; 
prosperous. 

"  Likelle  righte  wel  to  prosper  in  wealth/uH  place."— 
More:  Workt.  p.  89. 

*  wealth'-ful-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  wealthful;  -ty.] 
In  prosperity  or  happiness;  prosperously. 

"  To  lead  thy  life  we'ilthfully."—  Vitei  ;  Instruct,  of 
a  Christian  Woman,  bk.  H..  cti.  ii. 


'-I-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  wealthy  ;  -ly.}  In 
a  wealthy  manner  ;  in  the  midst  of  weafth  or 
riches  ;  richly. 

"  I  came  to  wive  it  wealthily  In  Padua." 

Shaketp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  L  2. 

wealth  -I-ness,  *  welth-i-nes,  s.  [Eng. 
wealthy;  -ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
wealthy;  riches,  opulence. 

"This  In  tract  of  tyme  made  him  wel  thy,  and  by 
mean«  of  this  welthinvt  ensued  pryde."  —  Fctbyan  ; 
Chronfcle,  cb.  IvL 

wealth'-y,  •  welth-y,  a.    [Eug.  wealth;  -y.] 

1.  Having  wealth  ur  riches  ;  having  large 

possessions  in  lands,  goods,  money,  or  securi- 

ties, or  larger  than  the  generality  of  people  ; 

rich  opulent,  affluent. 

"  I  will  be  married  to  •  wealthy  widow 
Ere  three  days  pats." 

Shakap,  :  Taming  of  the  Shme,  IT.  3. 

*2.  Rich  In  any  sense,  as  in  beauty,  orna- 
ment, endowments,  &.<.-. 
*  3.  Large  in  point  of  value  ;  ample. 

**  Her  dowry  wealthy.' 

Skaketp.  :  Taming  itf  the  Shrew.  IT.  5. 

wean,  *  wene,  v.t.  [A.S.  ivenian  —  to  ac- 
custom ;  dimiiart  =  to  wean  ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
u-ennen  =-  to  accustom,  to  inure  ;  aftvenneft  = 
to  wean  ;  Icel.  veiija  =  to  accustom  ;  Dan. 
vanne=  to  accustom;  Sw.  vanja  =  to  accus- 
tom ;  vanjaaf=  to  wean  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  wenjan, 
wtnnan  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  wenen  ;  Ger.  gtwohnen  = 
to  accustom  ;  entwohnen  =  to  wean.  From 
the  same  root  as  wont,  s.  (q.v.).] 

1.  Lit.  :  To  separate  from  the  breast,  or  from 
the  mother's  milk  as  food  ;  to  accustom  and 
reconcile  as  a  child  or  other  young  animal  to 
a  want  or  deprivation  of  the  breast  ;  to  ab- 
lactate. 

"  And  she  was  vean'd—  I  never  shall  forget  It,— 
Of  all  the  day*  of  the  year  upon  that  day." 

Shakeip.  .-  R<smeo  A  Juliet,  L  S. 

2.  Fig.:  To  detach  or  alienate,  as  the  affec- 
tions from  any  object  of  desire  ;  to  reconcile 
to  the  want  or  loss  of  anything  ;  to  disengage 
from  any  habit,  former  pursuit,  or  enjoyment. 

"  Tt  was  the  sigh  t  of  thy  dear  cross 
First  tcean'd  my  soul  from  earthly  things." 

Coteper:  Gluey  llyinnt,  liii. 

wean,  s.    [WEAN,  v.] 

1.  A  child  ;  a  little  one.    (Scotch.) 

"  The  puir  doggie  bnlanced  Itsell  as  one  of  the  train* 
Wad  hae  done."—  Scott  :  Ouj/  Manncrlng,  ch.  xlv. 

2.  An  infant,  a  weanling.    (Prou.) 
weaned,  pa,  par.  or  a.    [WEAN,  v.] 

*  wean'-ed-ness,  s.    [Eng.  weaned;  -ness.] 

1.  Lit.  :   The  state  or  condition  of  being 
separated  from  the  breast. 

2.  Fig.  :  Detachment. 

"  Weanedneu  from  and  weariness  of  the  world.™— 
Cotton  Mather  :  M*morabl*  Providences  (ed.  1689),  p.  U. 

*  wean'-  el,    *  wean-ell,    *  wcn-nell,  s. 

[Eng.  wean;  -el.]    An  animal  newly  weaned  ; 
a  weanling. 

"  A  lamb,  or  a  kid  or  a  weanel  wast." 
SpenMr:  Shephearttt  Calender;  September. 

wcan'-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [WEAN,  v.] 
weaning  brash,  8. 
Med.  :    A  severe  form  of  diarrhoea,  which 
supervenes  at  times  on  weaning. 


t  wean'-llng,  s.  &  a.     [Eng.  wean,  s.  ;  -ling.] 

A.  As  subst. :   A  child  or   other   animal 
newly  weaned. 

B.  As  adj. :  Newly  weaned. 

"Miue,the  fairest  in  nils,  took  freedom  first  into  than 

A  we'inlimj  cluM." 
A.  C.  XuttHburtie:  Litany  ofXatlon*;  Qreec*. 

weap'-on  (or  as  wep  n),  *  wap-en,  *  wep- 
en,  *wep-on,  s.  [A.S.  vxfrpan  ^a  weapun, 
shield,  or  swora  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  wopen;  Icel. 
vdpn ;  Dan.  vaahen;  Sw.  vaptn ;  O:  H.  Ger. 
wafan,  ivappen;  Ger.  wa/e;  Goth.  wepna.\ 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  instrument  of  offence ;    particularly 
any  instrument  used,  or  designed  to  be  used, 
in  destroying   or  annoying  an  enemy,  as  a 
sword,  a  dagger,  a  rifle,  a  cannon,  a  club,  or 
the  like. 

"  Full  on  the  shield's  round  boas  the  weapon  rung." 
Pope:  Banter;  /tfadxIH.  256. 

2.  An  instrument  for  contest  or  for  combat- 
ing enemies,   either  for  offence  or  defence; 
anything  tliat  may  be  used  as  a  help  or  arm 
in  a  contest. 

"Thee) lief  weapon  of  the  Commons  bad  been  tb* 
power  of  the  purse.'"—  Macaulay  :  fftet.  Eng..  ch.  xi. 
n.  Bat. :  Any  process  or  structure  by  which 
a  plant  is  defended,  spec,  a  thorn  or  prickle. 

*  weapon-salve,  *.     A  salve  which  was 
suppoaea  to  cure  a  wound  by  being  applied  to 
the  weapon  which  had  caused  it.     [SYMPA- 
THETIC-POWDER.] 

"That  the  syinpRthetick  powder  and  the  weapon- 
talve  constantly  i>erforui  what  is  promised,  I  luav* 
other*  to  believe.  —Boyle. 

weapon  schaw,  s.   A  wapenshaw  (q.v.). 

"  Already  on  dark  RubenUw 
The  Duuglaa  holds  his  weupon-tchaw." 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Latt  Minttrel,  iv.  25. 

"weapon-smith,  s.  One  who  makes 
weapons  of  war ;  an  armourer. 

wcap  -oncd,  *  weapned,  *  wep  one d,  a, 

[Eng.  weapon  ;  ~ed.]    Furnished  with  a  weapon 
or  weapons  ;  armed,  equipped. 

Shielded  and  helmed,  and  weapon*!  with  the  truth." 
Coleridge :  Piccolomtoti.  L  7. 

weap'-6n-less,  *  weap-on  lesse,  a.  [Eng. 
weapon  ;  -tea.}  Having  no  weapon  or  arms  ; 
unarmed. 

"  In  self-defence,  with  a  warrior's  brow, 
He  stood,  uor  toeapontest  waa  now." 

Wordtworth  :  White  Dot,  T. 

* weap'-on-ry,  *.  [Eng.  weapon,  s.;  -ry.} 
Weapons  in  general. 

wear  (1),  *weare,  *weren  (pa.  t  *«wr«, 
*  wered,  *  wore,  pa.  par.  worn),  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S. 
toeriaw  (pe.  t.  werode) ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  verja 
=  to  wear ;  O.  H.  Ger.  werian ;  Goth,  toasjan 
=  to  clothe.  From  the  same  root  cornea  vest.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  carry  covering  the  body,  as  clothes ; 
to  be  dressed  in. 

"  Men  wearing  the  mine  tartan,  and  attached  to  th« 
same  lord,  were  arrayed  agaiust  each  other."— Mac- 
aulay  :  Biit.  En<j.,  ch.  xili. 

2.  To  caiTy  appendant  to  the  body,  at  orna- 
ments, a  sword,  &c. 

"This  Jewel: 
Accept,  aud  wear  it,  kind  my  lord." 

Shakesp. :  Timon,  L I 

*  3.  To  carry,  to  bear. 

**  Where  the  wasp  doth  wear  his  sting." 

Shaketp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  ii. 

4.  To  allow  to  grow  in  a  particular  fashion. 

"If  any  of  the  Chinese  is  found  wearing  long  hair 
In  China,  he  forfeits  his  head."—  Dampter:  Voyages 
(an.  1687). 

5.  To  consume  by  frequent  or  habitual  use  ; 
to  deteriorate,  waste    away,  or   use  up,  as 
clothes. 

6.  To  waste  or  impair  by  rubbing  or  attri- 
tion ;  to  lessen  or  consume  by  constant  action 
upon  ;  to  destroy  by  degrees  ;  to  waste  away. 

**  When  water-drops  have  worn  the  stones  of  Troy. " 
Shnketp. :  Troilut  A  Crettidu,  11L  S. 

*  7.  Hence,  to  weary,  to  exhaust,  to  fatigue, 

"To  wear  your  gentle  limbs  in  my  affairs, " 

Shakew.  :  All's  HW7.  v.  L 

*8.  To  efface  from  the  memory  ;  to  forget 
*'  This  few  days'  wonder  will  be  quickly  worn." 

Shaketp. :  2  Henry  VI.,  ii.  4. 

9.  To  cause  or  produce  by  constant  percus- 
sion or  attrition  ;  to  form  by  continual  attri- 
tion :  as,  A  constant  current  of  water  will 
wear  a  channel  in  stone. 

10.  To  have  or  present  an  appearance  of;  tc 
bear,  to  carry,  to  exhibit. 

"  He  wear*  the  rose  of  youth  npoi  him." 

Shaketp, :  Antony  A  Cleopatra.  111.  18, 


66il,  bo> ;  pout,  jo^-1 ;  cat,  £ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  tern ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing,. 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.   -bio,  -die,  <tc.  -  bel.  del* 


5144 


wear— weasel 


11.  To  bring  about  gradually  ;  to  affect  by 
degrees  ;  hence,  to  cause  to  think  or  act  in  a 
certain  direction,  way,  or  line.  (Often  with 
in  or  into.) 

"Trial*  wear  us  into  a  liking  of  what,  possibly,  in 
tb«  first  essay  displeased  us."— Luclte, 

*  12.  To  consume,  pass,  or  spend  tediously. 
(Followed  by  away.) 

"  What  masks.  what  dance*. 
To  wear  away  tbU  long  age  of  three  hour*." 
Shakftp.  :  Midsummer  Sight'*  Dream,  r.  1. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  undergoing  gradual  impairment  or 
diminution;  to  waste  gradually;  to  diminish 
or  pass  away  by  attrition,  use,  or  time. 

"  Though  marble  wear  with  raining." 

Shaketp. :  Rape  of  Lucrect,  560. 

2.  To  pass  away,  as  time  ;   often  with  an 
idea  of  tediousness.    (Followed  by  away,  o/, 
out,  &c.) 

"  The  day  weart  away."— Bunyan  :  Pitgrim't  Pro- 
ffrtu,  ii. 

*  3.  To  be  worn  appendant  to  the  body ;  to 

be  the  fashion. 

"Like  the  brooch  and  the  toothpick,  which  wear 
not  now."— Shaketp.  :  All'*  Well,  i.  1. 

*  A.  To  become  fit  by  wearing,  as  a  garment. 

"  So  twarjahe,  to  htm. 
So  sways  she  level  in  her  husband's  heart,** 

Shake*?.  :  Twelfth  Xight,  il.  4. 

5.  To  last  in  wearing :  as,  This  cloth  will 
not  wear. 

6.  To  move  or  advance  slowly ;   to  make 
gradual  progress. 

*  7.  To  become,  to  grow. 

"The  Spaniards  began  to  ware  weary,  for  winter 
drew  on." — Bemert:  Froittctrt ;  Cronytfe,  i.  671. 

H  1.  To  wear  away:  To  impair,  diminish, 
or  destroy  by  gradual  attrition  or  imper- 
ceptible action. 

2.  To  wear  off: 

(1)  Trans. :  To  remove  or  diminish  by  attri- 
tion ;  to  rub  off. 

(2)  Intrans. :  To  pass  away  by  uegrees. 

3.  To  wear  out : 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  render  useless  by  wearing ;  to  wear 
•ill  useless. 
(6)  To  waste,  destroy,  or  consume  by  degrees. 

"  Wear  out  thy  youth  with  shapeless  idleness." 
ShaXeip.  :  Two  Gentlemen,  L  1. 

(c)  To  harass,  to  exhaust. 

"  He  shall  wear  out  the  niut*."-Z>aniel  vlL  M. 

(d)  To  waste  or  consume  the  strength  of. 

"  This  very  rerYent  lecher,  quite  worn  out 
With  rheumatisms,  aud  crippled  with  his  gout" 
J.  Drydrn.jun.  :  Juvenal,  liv.  76. 

(2)  Intrans. :  To  become  useless  from  wear. 
"They  showed  him  all  manner  of  furniture  which 

their  Lord  had  provided  for  pilgrims,  as  sword,  shield. 
helmet,  breastplate,  all-(irayer,  and  shoes  that  would 
not  wear  out." — Banyan  :  PUprim't  Proffrett,  pt.  t 

4.  To  -wear  the  breeches :  To  be  the  roaster. 
(Said  of  a  husband  or  wife.) 

"  Yon  must  not  look  to  be  my  Mr.  Sir, 
Nor  tMlk  i'  the  bouse  as  though  you  wore  the  br+echet. 
No,  nor  command  in  anything. 

Beaum.  A  Wet.  :  Rule  a  Wife  t  have  a  Wife,  Ii. 

6.  To  wear  weU  (or  ill) : 

(1)  To  be  wasted  away  or  worn  out  slowly 
(or  quickly) ;  to  last  a  long  (or  short)  time  in 
nse ;  to  be  affected  by  time  or  use  with  diffi- 
culty (or  ease). 

(2)  To  look  well  (or  ill)  for  one's  years. 
(CoUoq.) 

Wear  (2),  v.t.  &  i.     [The  same  word  as  VEER 
(q.v.).] 

Nautical : 

A.  Trans :  To  bring  on  the  other  tack  by 
turning  the  vessel  round  stern  to  the  wind. 

"  We  were  obliged  ID  the  afternoon  to  wear  ship."— 
Anton:  Voyage*,  bk.  i.,  ch.  Till. 

B.  Intrans. ;  To  come  round  on  the  other 
tack. 

wear  (3),  v.t.    [A.S.  werian;  cogn.  with  Icel. 
vcrja ;  Dan.  vcerge;  Goth,  war/an.] 

1.  To  guard,  to  watch,  to  defend. 

2.  To  ward  off;  to  prevent  from  approaching 
or  entering :  as,  To  wear  a  wolf  from  sheep. 

wear  (1),  *.    [WEAR  (1),  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  wearing ;  the  state  of  being 
worn  :  as,  I  have  this  coat  in  wear. 

2.  Diminution  by  attrition,   use,   time,  or 
the  like :  as,  the  wear  and  tear  of  a  dress. 

*  3.  That  which  is  worn  ;  the  style  of  dress  ; 
hence,  fashion,  vogue. 

"  Motley 's  the  only  wear." 

,. :  At  You  Like  ft.  ii  7. 


If  Wear  and  tear :  The  loss  arising  from 
wearing ;  the  waste,  diminution,  decay,  or  in- 
jury which  anything  sustains  by  being  used. 

"In  the  wear  and  tearot  coin. and  iii  that  of  plate" 
—Smith  :  Wealth  of  Xationt,  bk.  i..  ch.  v. 

wear  (2),  s.     [WEIR.] 

wear  -a-ble,  a.  &  s.     [Eng.  wear;  -able.] 

A.  As  atlj. ;  Capable  of  being  worn ;  fit  to 
be  worn. 

B.  As  subst. :  Anything  capable  of  being 
worn ;  dress. 

wear'-er,  s.    [Eng.  wear  (IX  v. ;  ~er.] 

1.  One  who  wears  or  carries  on  or  append- 
ant to  the  body  ;  one  who  has  something  on 
his  body. 

"  Were  I  the  wearer  of  Antonias'  beard." 

OhaXelp.  :  Antony  A  CUopatra,  ii.  2. 

2.  That  which  wears,  wastes,  or  diminishes. 

*  wear'- J- a-ble,   a.     [Eng.   weary;  -able.] 

Capable  of  becoming  wearied  or  fatigued. 

*  wear'-I-fnl,  o.     [Eng.  weary;  -fid(l).]     Full 

of  weariness  ;  causing  weariness  ;  wearisome. 
"  It  was  of  course  suggested  by  the  Jubilee ;  but 
contained  no  direct  reference  to  that  weariful  word." 
—Athenaum,  Aug.  IS,  188",  p.  Mi 

*wear'-I-fal-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  weariful;  -ly.] 
In  a.  weariful  or  wearying  manner ;  weari- 
somely. 

wear'-i-less,  a.  [Eng.  weary;  -few.]  Un- 
tiring, incessant,  indefatigable. 

"Wise  by  wearilett  observation.' — Lowell:  Among 
My  Book*,  p.  17L 

Wear'-i-ly\  *  wer-y-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  weary, 
a. ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  wearied  or  fatigued  manner ;  like 
one  wearied. 

2.  So  as  to  weary  or  fatigue ;  wearisomely. 

wear-i-ness,  "  wer-i-nesse,  *wer  y 
nysse,  *  weyr-y-nesse,  s.  [Eng.  weary, 
a.  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  weary  or 
fatigued  ;  lassitude  or  exhaustion  of  strength 
induced  by  labour  or  exertion  ;  fatigue. 

**  At  length  with  wearineu  and  wtue  oppressed  : 
They  rise  from  table,  and  withdraw  to  rest" 

ftryden:  Owid ;  iletainorphotei  xli. 

2.  Uneasiness  proceeding  from  monotonous 
continuance  ;  ennui,  tedium,  languor. 

"  Malady— In  part,  t  fear,  provoked 
By  wearinett  of  life." 

Wardtworth  :  Exeurtion,  bk.  11. 

3.  Wearisomeness,  tediousness,  fatigue. 

"  The  more  remained  out  of  the  wtarinet*  and 
fatigue  of  their  late  marches." — Clarendon. 

wear -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [WEAR  (IX  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Applied  to  what  is  worn ;  fit 
for  wearing  :  as,  wearing  apparel. 

C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  carrying  on  or  ap- 
pendant to  the  body ;  the  state  of  having  on, 
as  clothes. 

"  And  they  do  so  commend  and  approve  my  apparel, 
with  my  judicious  rearing  of  it,  It  s  above  wonder."— 
Ben  JotU'in  :  Every  Han  out  of  hit  Humour,  ii.  2. 

2.  That  which  is  worn ;  dress,  clothes,  gar- 
ments. 

"  The  waved  water  chamelot,  was  from  the  begin- 

nlng  esteemed  the  richest  and  bravest  wearing."— i'. 
Holland ;  Plinie,  bk.  viii.,  ch.  zlix. 

wear'  ish,  *  wer-ish,  *  wer-ishe,  *  wcr- 
yshe,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob.  connected 
with  weary  (q.v.).] 

1.  Wizened,  shrunk,  withered. 

"  Behind  the  goodly  hone  he  placed  a  little  wearith 
man,  and  seeming  to  sight  to  have  but  small  strength.* 
— North:  Plutarch,  p.  492. 

2.  Mischievous,    evil-disposed,    malicious, 
shrewish. 

"A  wretched  wearif A  elfe."    Spenur:  F.  Q.,  IV.v.M. 

3.  Worthless;  of  naught. 
elng    _ . 

;  Matthew  T. 

wear'-i-some,  a.  [Eng.  weary,  a.;  -some.} 
Causing  weariness  ;  tiresome,  fatiguing,  tedi- 
ous, irksome,  monotonous,  wearying. 

"  The  march  of  the  preceding  night  had  been  wearl~ 
tome."—  Mactiulay  :  Ui*t.  Eng.,  ch.  r. 

wear'- i  -  some  -  lj?,  adv.  [Eng.  wearisome; 
-ly.]  In  a  wearisome  manner ;  so  as  to  cause 
weariness ;  tediously. 

"  Neither  to  harry  ever  any  part  thooghtlenly.  nor 
lengthen  it  wearitomety."— Seeker:  Work*,  voL  vi., 
Lit.  .,-. 


wear'-  1  -  some  -  ness,  '  wear  -  1  -  some  - 
nesae,  s.  [Eng.  wearisome  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  wearisome  ;  tiresome- 
ness, tediousness. 

**  Bat  no  worthy  enterprise  can  be  done  by  us  with- 
out cuntimia.il  plodding  and  wearuomeneu."  —  Milton  ' 
Tftrachordon. 

wear'-y,  *wear-ie,  *wer-it  *wer-ie, 
*  wer-y,  a.  [A.S.  werig  =  tired  ;  cogn.  with 
O.  Sax.  worig  =  weary,  as  sidk-wdrig  ~  fatigued 
with  ajourney;  O.  H.Ger.  worag.  Accordingto 
Skeat  connected  with  A.S.  worian  =  to  wan- 
der, to  travel,  from  wor  —  a  moor  or  swampy 
place  ;  hence,  the  orig.  meaning  *vas  to  tramp 
over  wet  or  swampy  places,  tlie  most  likely 
to  cause  fatigue.  Wor  is  identified  by  Skeat 
with  w6at  iris  =  ooze  ;  so  that  \c6rig  =  wosig 
=  bedaubed  with  mire  ;  draggled  ;  cf.  IceL  vdu 
=  ooze,  wetness,  toil,  fatigue.] 

1.  Having  the  strength  much  exhausted  by 
labour    or    violent    exertion  ;     having    the 
strength,  endurance,    patience,   or  the    like 
worn  out  ;  tired,  fatigued,  exhausted. 

"  The  weary  wanderer  sunk  to  rest" 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Otlyttejt  TL  L 

2.  Impatient  of  the  continuance  of  some- 
thing painful,  tedious,  irksome,  or  the  like  ; 
disgusted,  sick. 

"lamwcaryof  this  charge."    Shatetp.  :  Timon,  Jii.t 

3.  Causing   fatigue   or   tedium  ;   tiresome, 
wearisome,  irksome. 

"  Their  weary  honn  the  warden  wore." 

.Scott  .'  Rokebf,  r.  8. 

*  4.  Causing  disgust  or  loathing  ;  hateful 
odious. 

"The  weariett  and  most  loathed  worldly  life." 

iihaketp.  :  feature  for  Measure,  iii.  X. 

5.  Feeble,  sick,  puny.    (Prov.  et  Scotch.) 


"-^,  v.t.  &  i.    [WEARY,  o.] 
A*  Transitive  : 

1.  To  make  weary;  to  reduce  or  exhaust 
the    strength  or  endurance  of;  to  tire,   to 
fatigue,  to  exhaust. 

"Many  hanlug  a  long  time  wearied  their  armes, 
chose  rather  to  oat  their  target*  oat  of  their  hands." 
Gotdinye  :  Catar,  fol.  19. 

2.  To  exhaust  the  patience  of;  to  mak* 
impatient  of  continuance. 

"Till  God  at  last, 

Wearied  with  their  iniquities  withdraw 
His  presence."  Milton  ;  P.  L.,  xli  10ft, 

*  3.  To  harass  by  something  irksome. 

"To  weary  him  with  my  assiduous  crfea." 

Milton  :  P.  L..  xi.  810. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  become  weary,  tired,  or 
fatigued  ;  to  tire  ;  to  become  impatient  of 
continuance. 

II  To  weary  out:  To  subdue  or  exhaust  by 
fatigue  or  irksomeness. 

wear'-&  *.    [A.S.  werg  =  &  curse.]  A  curse. 

(Only  used  in  the  phrase  "Weary  fa'  you," 

"Weary  on  you."  &c.  =  a  curse  on  you.) 
(Scotch.) 

wear'-^-ftU,  a.    [WEARIFUL.] 

wea  -sand,  »  wea'-zon,  *  we  sand.  *  we- 
sande,  *  we  zand,  5.  [A.S.  wastiid,  wce- 
wnd=:the  gullet,  prob.  pr.  par.  of  wheeze 
(q.v.),  and  so  =  the  wheezing-thing  ;  cogn. 
with  0.  Fries,  wasende,  wasande;  O.  H.  Ger. 
weisunt;  M.  H.  Ger.  weiaant.]  The  windpipe 
or  trachea, 

"  The  fiend  go  down  my  weatand  with  a  ban  blade 
at  hii  belt."—  Scott  :  Sob  Ron,  cb.  xxxvL 

wea'-ael,  *  we  sel,  *  wo  sclc,  *  we  zill, 

s.  [A.S.  weste;  cogn.  with  Dut.  wezel  ;  IceL 
visla;  Dan.  vessel;  Sw.  vessla  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
visalOj  wisela  ;  Ger.  wiesel.  Prob.  from  th* 
same  root  as  WIZEN  (q.v.).] 

L  Literally: 

1.  Zool.  :  The  genus  Putorius;  specif.,  9u- 
<oriiw  vufyaris,  the  Common  Weasel.  Lenglh 
about  twelve  inches,  of  which  the  tail  occupies 
nearly  a  quarter.  Body  extremely  slender  and 
arched,  head  small  and  flattened,  eyes  black 
and  remarkably  quick  and  lively,  ears  short 
and  rounded  ;  the  neck  is  long,  being  but  little 
shorter  than  the  trunk  and  very  flexible  ;  tail 
short,  and  without  a  terminal  tuft  of  hair  ; 
legs  short  and  furred  to  end  of  toes.  Upper 
part  light  reddiph-brown,  under  surface  quite 
white,  H  feeds  on  mice  and  rats,  moles  and 
small  birds,  and,  according  to  Bell  (Brit. 
Quadrupeds,  p.  183),  it  would  appear  that  thia 
animal  ought  rather  to  be  fostered  as  a  de- 
stroyer of  vermin  than  extirpated  as  a  noxious 
depredator.  Occasionally  the  weasel  becomes 
white  in  winter,  though  the  tail  always 


fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p$ 
or,  wore,  WQU;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  oa  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  Q.U  =  Uw. 


weaselsnout— weather 


5145 


retains  its  reddish  tinge,  as  that  ofthe  Ermine 
d.K-s  its  black  tip.  In  this  white  stage  the 
Weasel  is  the  Mustela  nitmlis  of  Linnseus. 

•2  Ornith.:  A  bird  which  Browne  calls 
Mustela  mriegata.  Probably  the  Smew  (q.v.) ; 
Mergusalbellus,  the  M.  mustelara  of  Gesner. 

••  Divers  other  sorts  of  dive-fowl  ...  the  variegated 
or  party-coloured  waiel,  so  called  from  the  resem- 
blance it  beareth  unto  a  weasel  in  the  head.'  —  Browne : 
Bird*  of  -Vor/ott. 

*  IL  Fig. :  A  lean,  mean,  sneaking  fellow. 

"  The  weatel  Scot 
Cornea  sneaking."  MafaajJ.  :  Benry  »'..  L  J. 

weasel-coot,  s.    [WEASEL,  I.  (2).] 
weasel  faced,  a.    Having  a  sharp,  thin 
face,  like  a  weasel. 
weasel-fish,  s.    [WHISTLE-FISH.] 
weasel-lemur,  s. 
Zool. :  Lepikmur  mustelinus.    [LEPILEMUR,.] 

*  weasel-ling,  *  weazel-ling,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Probably  the  Five-bearded  Bock- 
ling,  Motella  muslela,  the  Oadus  mustela  of 
Linnseus. 

11  .Vtatrla  marina,  called  by  some  a  weaal-lina, 
which,  salted  and  dried,  becomes  a  good  Lenten  dish. 
—Browne :  Var/olll  Filhet. 

Wea'-sel-snout,  s.    [Eng.  weasel  and  snout.] 
Named  from  the  form  of  the  corolla,] 
Bat. :  The  sub-genus  Galeobdolon  (q.v.). 

•  weas'-I-ness,  *weas-y-nes,  ».  [Eng. 
weasy  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
weasy ;  carnal  pride. 

"  Bnt  he  acknowledged  not  God  to  be  the  auctor 
of  them.  And  therefore  of  pryde  and  wealynet  gaue 
htmselfe  vp  vuto  his  owne  lustis.-— Joye:  Expo*,  of 
Daniel,  ch.  «t. 

•weas'-y,  a.  [Lit  =  wheezing  or  breathing 
hard,  from  being  puffed  up  with  high  and  good 
living.]  Gluttonous,  sensual. 

••  They  wexed  weaty  and  fatte,  as  saith  the  song  of 
Moses."— Joye:  Expo*,  of  Daniel,  ch.  iv. 

weath'  er, "  wed-er,  *  wed-re,  •  wed-yr, 

s.  &  a.  [A.S.  weder ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  vieder ; 
Icel.  vedhr  ;  Dan.  veir ;  Sw.  voder ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
wetar ;  Ger.  wetter  =  weather ;  gewitter  =  a 
storm  ;  of.  Icel.  land-vidhri  =  a  land-win!  ; 
lieidh-vidhri  =  bright  weather ;  Lith.  wei.-a 
=  a  storm,  stormy  weather ;  Russ.  meter",  vietr" 
=  wind,  breeze.  From  the  same  root  as  WIND 

A.  As  substantive : 

T,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  general  term  for  the  atmospheric  con 
ditions,  or  the  state  of  the  air,  with  special 
reference  to  the  questions  of  cold  or  heat, 
pressure,  dryness,  humidity,  presence  or  ab- 
gence  of  rain,  occurrence  of  sunshine,  or  any 
other  meteorological  phenomena:  as  warm 
weather,  dry  weather,  wet  weather,  stormy 
weather,  hazy  weather,  &c.  The  science  which 
investigates  the  causes  of  these  changes  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  attempts  to  trace  them  to 
their  origin  is  called  Meteorology  (q.v.). 

"  When  the  wind  is  thus  settled,  we  have  commonly 
fair  weather.'— Dampier :  Ditcourte  of  Wind*,  ch.  i. 

•[  In  some  tropical  countries  the  seasons 
•re  so  regular  that  the  weather  for  any  par- 
ticular month  may  be  predicted  long  before- 
hand without  any  considerable  liability  to 
error.  For  instance,  it  may  safely  be  sail! 
that  from  November  1  to  June  1  m  Centra] 
India  there  will  be  only  two  or  three  rain> 
days  while  between  June  15  and  September 
15  there  will  be  few  days  that  are  not  rainy. 
[MONSOON,  SEASON.]  Prediction  in  any  par 
ticular  year  in  temperate  climates,  especially 
in  Western  Europe,  is  much  more  liable  to 
error,  though  on  a  series  of  years  there  is 
tolerable  uniformity,  so  that  such  expressions 
have  arisen  as  March  winds,  April  showers 
and  November  fogs.  The  popular  belief  tha' 
the  weather  can  De  predicted  by  noting  thi 
changes  of  the  moon  is  erroneous,  Mos' 
other  popular  notions  regarding  weather  signs 
are  more  or  less  accurate.  In  predicting 
the  weather  in  Great  Britain  the  meteorolo 
gists  labor  under  tliis  great  disadvantage 
that  the  approach,  say,  of  a  depression  from 
the  Atlantic,  the  ordinary  precursor  of  a 
storm,  cannot  be  telegjaphed  till  it  ha 
reached  the  west  coast  of  Ireland.  If,  on  th 
contrary,  a  storm  crossing  the  United  State 
from  the  far  west  be  moving  towards  Ne« 
York,  its  progress  can  be  telegraphed  to  tha 
city  whenever  it  reaches  the  states  aujoiuin, 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

*  2.  Change  of  the  state  of  the  air. 


*  3.  Hence,  fig.,  vicissitude,  change  of  con- 
dition. 

••  An  ancient  family,  which  have  stood  against  the 
waves  and  weather*  of  time."— Bacon. 

•4.    A  light   rain,  a   stiower.     (Wycliffe: 
Deuteronomy  xxxii.  2.) 
•6.  Wind. 

*  S.  A  storm,  a  tempest. 

"  Roaring  louder  than  the  sea  or  weather." 

Hhaketp. :  Winter't  Tale,  ill  S. 

*  7.  Bad,  wet,  or  inclement  weather. 

"  Seyuge  tills  bysshou  with  his  company  syttyng  In 
the  verier."— /uoyiin  :  Chronycle,  ch.  lixxiii. 

8.  The  inclination  or  obliquity  of  the  sails 
of  a  windmill  to  the  plane  of  revolution. 

II.  Naut. :  The  side  of  the  vessel  exposed 
to  the  wind;  in  contradistinction  to  the  lee 
or  leeward  side,  which  is  away  from  the 
wind. 

B.  As  adjective : 

Naut. :  Towards  the  wind ;  windward.  (Used 
frequently  in  composition  :  as,  weather-quar- 
ter, weather-gauge,  »c.) 

J  *(1)  To  make  fair  weather:  To  flatter;  to 
conciliate  by  fair  words  and  a  show  of  friend- 
ship. [FAIK-WEATHER,  2.] 

"  1  must  make  fair  weather  yet  awhile." 

Bhftketp. :  2  Henry  II.,  T.  1. 

(2)  To  make  good  (or  bad)  weather : 
Naut. :  To  behave  well  (or  ill)  in  a  storm  ; 
to  ship  little  (or  much)  water. 

weather-anchor,  s. 

Naut. :  The  anchor  lying  to  windward,  by 
which  the  ship  rides  when  moored. 

weather-beaten,  a.  Beaten  by  the 
wind ;  seasoned  by  exposure  to  all  sorts  of 
weather. 

"  Weather-beaten  old  seamen  who  had  risen  from 
being  cabin-boys  to  be  Admirals. "—Macaulay:  But. 
fng.,  oh.  XV. 

If  It  is  probable  that  weather-beaten  should 
really  be  weather-bitten  (q.v.).  In  some  cases 
it  is  undoubtedly  a  corruption  of  the  latter 
word  :  as  in  Shakesp. :  Winter's  Tale,  v.  2  :— 

"  Like  a  weather-bitten  conduit" 

*  weather-bit,  'weather-bitten,  o. 

[Cf.  Sw,  vaderbUen  =  weather-bitten ;  Norw. 
vederbiten.]  Bitten,  nipped,  or  frozen  by  the 
weather.  [WEATHER-BEATEN.] 

•  weather-blown,  a.     Weather-beaten; 
exposed. 


weather-board,  v.t.  To  nail  boards 
upon,  as  on  a  roof  or  side  of  a  house,  lap- 
ping one  over  another,  in  order  to  prevent 
rain,  snow,  &c.,  from  penetrating  it. 

weather-board,  i. 

1.  Nautical : 

(1)  That  side  of  a  ship  which  is  towards  the 
wind ;  the  windward  side. 

(2)  A  piece  of  plank  placed  in  the  ports  ol 
a  ship  when  laid  up  in  ordinary,  and  serving 
as  a  protection  from  bad  weather.    They  are 
fixed  in  an  inclined  position,  so  as  to  turn  off 
the  rain  without  preventing  the  circulation 
of  air. 

2.  Build.  (Pi.).- 
Weather-boarding 
(q.v.). 

weather  - 
boarding,  s. 
Boards  nailed 
with  a  lap  on  each 
other  to  prevent 
the  penetration  of 
rain,  snow,  &c.,  as 
on  roofs,  the  sides 
of  houses,  &c. 

HOUSC,  WITH  WEATHER-BOARDS 

weather  - 
boarding  gauge,  >.  [BOARDING-GAUGE. 

weather-bound,  a.  Delayed  or  re 
strained  from  sailing  by  bad  weather. 

weather-bow,  s. 

Naut. :  The  side  of  a  ship's  bow  that  is  tc 
windward. 

weather-box,  s.  A  kind  of  hygrometer 
usually  in  the  shape  of  a  toy  house,  in  whicl 
certain  mechanical  results  from  the  weight  or 
fixture  of  materials  due  to  dampnessare  made 
to  move  a  figure  or  pair  of  figures— a  man  ani" 
a  woman  on  a  poised  arm,  for  instance,  si 
that  the  former  advances  from  his  porch  in 
wet,  and  the  latter  in  dry  weather. 


weather-breeder,  s.  A  fine  day  which 
is  supposed  to  presage  foul  weather.  (i'roi.) 

'Weather  Bureau,  *.  A  bureau  ol 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington, 
having  charge  Ol  the  forecasting  of  weather, 
the  issue  of  storm  signals,  Ac .  and  generally 
the  distribution  of  meteorological  information 

weather-cloth,  s. 

Naut. :  A  long  piece  of  canvas  ortarpauling 
used  to  preserve  the  hammocks  from  injury 
by  the  weather,  when  stowed,  or  to  defend 
persons  from  the  wind  and  spray. 

weather-cock,  s.  &  v.    [WEATHERCOCK.] 

•weather-driven,  a.  Driven  by  winds 
or  storms  ;  forced  by  stress  of  weather. 

weather-eye,  s.  The  eye  that  looks  at 
the  sky  to  forecast  the  weather. 

K  To  keep  one's  weather-eye  open  (or  awake)  : 
To  be  sharply  on  one's  guard ;  to  have  or  keep 
one's  wits  about  one.  (Slang.) 

weather-fish,  9. 

Ichthy. :  Misgurnus  fossilis,  called  also  the 
Mud-fish  and  Thunder-fish.  It  is  about  a 
foot  in  length,  dark-brown  above,  flecked  with 
black  ;  abdomen  orange,  with  black  spots.  In 
Germany  and  Austria  it  is  regarded  as  a 
weather-prophet,  because  it  usually  comes  to 
the  surface  about  twenty-four  hours  before  bad 
weather,  and  moves  about  with  unusual  energy. 
This  habit  has  sometimes  led  to  its  being  con- 
fined in  a  glass  globe  as  an  animated  baro- 
meter. (Seeley :  freshwater  Fishes  of  Europe.) 

weather-gage,  s.    [WEATHER-OAHGE.] 

weather-gall,  s.    The  same  as  WATER- 
GALL  (q.v.). 
weather-gauge,  weather-gage,  t. 

1.  Lit.  <6  Naut. :  The  advantage  ofthe  wind  ; 
specifically  the  position  or  station  of  one  ship 
to  the  windward  of  another. 

"  Take  a  turn  round  the  back  o'  the  Mil  to  gain  the 
wind  on  them ;  and  when  thou'st  got  the  weather  gag* 
thou  mayst  drive  them  before  thee  as  gently  as  so 
many  innocent  lambs."— Scott :  Ivanhoe,  ch.  L 

*2.  Fig. :  Advantage  of  position  ;  superior- 
ity, vantage. 

"  Were  the  line 

Of  Rokeby  once  combined  with  mine, 
I  gain  the  weathers/age  of  fate  !" 

Scott :  RoJteby,  vi.  24. 

weather-gaw,  s.    [WEATHER-GALL.] 
weather-glass,  s. 

Physics:  A  popular  name  for  a  barometer 
(q.v.),  the  weather  indications  of  which  are) 
often  graduated  thus : — 

Height  State  of  the  weather. 

81    inches Very  dry. 

tol Settled  weathe. 

301     ,          Fine  weather. 

Variable. 

Rain  or  wind. 

Much  rain. 

Tempest 

weather-gleam,  s.  A  peculiar  clear 
sky  near  the  horizon.  (Prov.) 

"  You  have  marked  the  lighting  of  the  sky  Just 
above  the  horizon  when  clouds  are  about  to  break  up 
and  disappear.  Whatever  name  you  gave  It  you 
would  hardly  improve  on  that  of  the  weather^/leam, 
which  in  some  of  our  dialects  it  bears."— Trench  : 
'  Pott  i  Preient,  lect  6. 


S! 


*  weather  -  hardened,  a.      Weather- 
beaten  ;  seasoned  by  exposure  to  the  weather. 

"A  countenance  weather-hardened  as  it  was."— 
South fy  :  Doctor,  ch.  Is. 

t  weather-harp,  s.  A  large  JSolian  harp. 
(Eossiter.) 

•weather-headed,  a.  Having  a  sheep- 
ish look.  (Scotch.) 

"That  old  weather-headed  fooL"— ConyrtM:  Lovt 
for  Looe,  ii.  7. 

•J  Probably  a  corruption  of  wether-headed. 

weather-helm,  s. 

Naut. :  A  ship  is  said  to  carry  a  weather- 
helm,  when,  owing  to  her  having  a  tendency 
to  gripe,  the  helm  requires  to  be  kept  a  little 
to  windward,  ora-weather,  in  order  to  prevent 
her  head  from  coming  up  in  the  wind  when 
sailing  close-hauled. 

*  weather  -  house,  s.     A  weather-box 
(q.v.).    (Camper :  Task,  i.  211.) 

weather-line,  s.  The  line  where  the 
trunk  of  a  tree  touches  and  rises  above  the 
soil,  and  is  thus  exposed  to  the  weather. 

"  The  weather-tine.  Just  by  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
where  the  durability  of  timber  is  put  to  the  severest 
test"— Mudie  :  Pop.  Guide  to  the  Obe.  of  Nature. 


USB.  b6y ;  pint,  Jtfwl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  a? ;  expect.  Xenophon.  ejist.    ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tlan  =  sham.   -tion.  -«ion  =  shua;  -tlon,  -*ion  =  ihun.    -clous. -tlou», -sions  =  shus.   -ble,  -die.  *o.  =  Del,  del. 


5146 


weather— weaver 


weather-mouldings,  *.  pi 
Arch.  :  Drip-stones  or  canopies  over  a  door, 
intended  to  throw  off  the  rain. 

weather-proof,  a.  Proof  against  the 
weather  ;  able  to  afford  adequate  protection 
against  a  tempest  or  to  pass  through  one  unin- 
jured. 

"Our  bark't  not  mat  \er-proof."—  Quartet  :  Si*L  of 
Jonah,  E.  i.  b. 

weather-prophet,  «.  One  who  fore- 
tells coming  weather;  one  who  is  weather- 
wise. 

weather-quarter,  s. 

Naut.  :  The  quarter  of  a  ship  which  Is  on 
the  windward  side. 

weather-roll,  s. 

Naut.  :  The  roll  of  a  ship  to  the  windward 
in  a  heavy  sea,  upon  the  beams*  (Opposed  to 
lee-lurch.) 

weather-shore,  *. 

Naut.  :  The  shore  which  lies  to  windward  of 
a  ship. 

weather-side,  s. 

Naut.  :  That  side  of  a  ship  under  sail  upon 
which  the  wind  blows,  or  which  is  to  wind- 
ward. 

*  weather-spy,  *.    An  astrologer;  one 

who  foretells  the  weather  ;  a  weather-prophet. 

"  A  gulling  wather-tpy.  '  Donna  :  Satire  L 

weather  -stain,  s.  A  stain  or  mark 
caused  by  exposure  to  the  weather. 

**  With  weather-ttairtt  upon  the  wall. 
And  stairway*  worn,  and  crasy  door*.** 

Lvngfelloia  :  \Yayside  Inn.    (PreU 

weather-strip,  s.  A  piece  of  board, 
rubber,  or  the  like,  which  closes  accurately 
the  space  between  the  shut  door  and  the 
threshold. 

weather-tide,  3. 

Naut.  :  The  tide  which  sets  against  the  lee- 
side  of  a  ship,  impelling  her  to  windward. 

weather-tiling,  «. 

Build.  :  Tiling  placed  in  vertical  position  on 
the  side  of  a  honse. 

*  weather-vane,  5.    A  vane  ;  a  weather- 
cock. 

weather-wind,  *• 

Bot.  :  Convolvulus  septum. 

weather-wise,  a.  Wise  or  sinful  In 
foreseeing  or  predicting  changes  of  the 
weather. 

"After  I  perceaued  them  to  bo  weather-trite.'— 
L  381 


*  weather-wiser,  s.    Something  which 
predicts  or  foreshows  the  weather. 

"The  flowen  of  pimpernel,  the  opening  and  abut- 
ting of  which  are  the  countryman's  «eo/A«r*p*i«r."— 
Ittrhnn  :  niyiico-TheoL,  bk.  X. 

*  weather-work,   *.     Defence  or  pro- 
vision against  the  wind,  sea,  Ac. 

"To  caulk  the  deck*  and  Inside  weather-wortt  ot  the 
•htps.B-Coo*.-  Third.  Voyage,  bk.  U,  ch.  111. 

weather-worn,  a.  Worn  by  the  action 
of  or  by  exposure  to  the  weather  ;  weathered. 

*  weather-wrack,  s.    Something  dam- 
aged by  exposure  to  the  weather. 

**  Ton  need  not  mlitrnrt 
A  tcedther.vrrack." 
Beaum.  A  Flet.  :  WU  at  Several  Weapon*,  IL 

weath'-er,  v.t.  &  L    [WEATHKB,  «.) 
A,  Transitive: 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  To  air  ;  to  expose  to  the  air. 

M  Soaring  through  his  wide  empire  of  the  alre 
To  weather  his  brode  sat  lea." 

Sfwtter  :  F.  «.,  V.  Ix.  42. 

2.  To  bear  up  against  and  overcome,  as 
danger  or  difficulty  ;  to  sustain  the  effects  of 
or  pass  through  without  permanent  injury  or 
loss  :  as,  To  weather  difficulties. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Geol.  :  To  cause  to  alter  in  colour,  cohe- 
rence, or  composition,  and  to  decay  through 
the  influence  of  the  weather.    (Spec,  in  the  pa. 
and  pr.  par.)    [WEATHERED,  II.  2M  WEATHER- 
mo,  II.  2.J 

2.  Nautieal: 

(1)  To  sail  to  the  windward  of;  to  pass  to 
windward. 

"Whilst  Arethosa  was  on  this  (port)  tack,  Neptune 
bore  round  again  and  weathered  her.  thus  becoming 
leading  Teasel  again.'—  Field,  Sept.  4,  1886. 


(2)  To  bear  up  against  and  come  through, 
though  with  difficulty.  (Said  of  a  ship  in  a 
storm,  as  also  of  a  captain  or  pilot.) 

"  Many  a  rough  sea  had  he  wearftorV  in  her." 

Tennjfton:  fnocA  Arden,  135. 

B.  Intran^ 

Geol.  :  To  undergo  alteration  tending  to 
decomposition,  to  decay  by  the  action  of  the 
weather. 

T  1.  To  weather  a  point: 

(1)  Newt.  :  To  gain   a   point   toward   the 
wind,  as  a  ship. 

(2)  Fig.  :   To  gain  or  accomplish  a   point 
against  opposition. 

"We  have  been  tagging  a  great  while  against  the 
stream,  and  have  almost  weathered  our  point;  a 
•t  retch  or  two  more  will  do  the  work."  —  AddiMon. 
(Todd.) 

2.  To  weather  out  :  To  endure  ;  to  hold  out 
to  the  end  against. 
"  When  we  have  paaa'd  these  gloomy  hours, 
And  weathered  out  the  storm  that  beats  upon  ti«." 
Additon.    (Todd.) 

weath'-er-co'ck,  *  wed-yr-cok,  s.    [Eng. 
•weather,  and  cock,  a,] 

1.  Lit.  :  A  vane  ;  a  weather-vane  ;  a  figure 
placed  on  the  top  of  a  spire,  steeple,  roof,  or 
the  like,  which  turns  with  the  wind,  and 
shows  its  direction.    So  called  because  the 
figure  of  a  cock,  as  an  emblem  of  vigilance, 
was  a  favourite  form  of  vane. 

"  He  saw  the  gilded  tmttorem* 
Swim  ia  the  moonlight  as  he  passed.* 

Longfellow.  Landlord  t  Tale. 

2.  Fig.  :  Any  person  or  thing  that  turns  easily 
and  frequently  ;  a  fickle,  inconstant  person. 

"'Where  had  you  this  pretty  weathercock  t'  'I 
cannot  tell  what  the  dickens  his  name  i»  my  husband 
had  him  of  "—  XAoJtejp.  :  Merry  Wive*,  iii.  i 

*  wfiath'-er-cock,  v.t.     [WEATHEECOCK,  s.] 
To  serve  as  a  weathercock  to  or  upon. 

"  Whose  blazing  wyvern  weathercoclted  the  spire." 
:  Aylmtr't  field,  17. 


weath'-ered,  o.    [Eng.  weather;  -ed.] 

1,  Ord.  Lang.  :  Seasoned  by  exposure  to  the 
weather  ;  weather-beaten. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Arek.  .'Applied  to  surfaces  which  have  a 
small  slope  or  inclination  given  to  them  to 
prevent  water  lodging  on  them,  as  window- 
sills,  the  tops  of  classic  cornices,  and  the 
upper  surface  of  most  flat  stone-work. 

"  Bo  much  of  the  outer  surface  M  protrudes  from 
the  wall  Is  weathered,  or  sloped  off  to  carry  the  water 
•way."—  COMetf*  Technical  Educator,  pL  xl.,  p.  294. 

2.  Geot.  :  Altered  and  more  or  less  decom- 
posed, disintegrated,  or  decayed  through  the 
operation  of  the  weather. 

weath'-cr  ing,  *  wed-er-ynge,  «.    [Eng. 
weather;  -ing.} 
*  L  Ord.  Lang.  :  Weather. 

"Which  would  hane  bene.  with  the  weathering 
which  we  bad.  ten  or  twelve  dayes  worke."—  ifaot- 
luyr  :  royagct,  iii.  515. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Arch.  :  The  act  of  giving  an  inclination, 
or  the  inclination  given  to  a  surface  so  as  to 
enable  it  to  throw  off  water. 

2.  Geol  :  The  disintegration  and  decay  of 
rocks  under  the  influence  of  the  weather.  The 
alternations  of  bent  and  cnld  often  make  rocks 
brittle.  The  freezing  of  water  within  their 
interstices  also  has  a  destructive  effect.  When 
rocks  are  composed  of  two  or  more  minerals, 
which  expand  differently  when  heated,  and 
contract  differently  when  they  become  cold, 
a  powerful  destructive  agency  is  established. 
The  carbon  dioxide  of  the  air  acts  on  mcks 
containing  lime,  and  rain  and  wind  remove 
the  bicarbonate.  Wind  also  at  times  raises 
sand,  which  scours  the  rocks  and  somewhat 
wastes  them  away.  (Lyell.) 

weath'-er-li-ness,  *.  [Eng.  weatherly  ;  -ness.] 
Naut.  :    The   quality   or    state    of    being 

weatherly. 

"The  properties  In  a  yacht  which  govern  speed  or 
weather  line**."—  Field,  April  4,  168&. 

we*ath'-er-ly,  a.    [Eng.  weather;  -ly.] 

Naut.  ;  Applied  to  a  ship  when  she  holds  a 
good  wind  ;  that  is,  when  she  presents  so 
great  a  lateral  resistance  to  the  water,  when 
close-hauled,  that  she  makes  very  little  leeway. 

"It  was  considered  desirable  she  should  possess 
more  w**therly  power."—  Field,  Feb.  11,  ISSS. 

weath'-er-most,  a.    TEng.  weather;  -most.] 
Naut.  :  Being  furthest  to  the  windward. 

"  The  wtathermott  portion  of  the  sail  exercises  very 
little  power  on  the  Alp.1'—  field,  Feb.  u,  1886. 


'  weath-er-6l'-6-gy\  s.     [Eng.  weather; 
1   A  liniin-rnnslj  i-oined  word  to  express 
the  science  of  the  weather.    (Byron.) 

weave  (1),  *  weve  (pa.  t  *  waf,  *  waved, 
won*.,  pa.  par.  *  weavjd,  woven,  *  wottm),  v.t. 

&  i.     [A.S.  <'  !.  par.  wefen); 

cogn.  with  !>•  ii-el.  vefit  (pa.  t.  «i/, 

pa.  par.  ofinn);  Dan.  rtrve ;  Sw.  re/oa;  Ger. 
weben  (pa.  t.  wob,  pa.  par.  gewoben);  Sansc. 
rd,  ve,  vap.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  form  by  the  interlacing  of  anything 
flexible,  such  as  tin-em  Is,  y;tins,  filaments,  or 
strips  of  different  materials;  to  form  by  tex- 
ture, or  by  the  iiiscrtinii  and  interlacing  of 
one  part  of  a  material  within  an. 

"  The  women  wove  hangings  for  the  grove."— 2  Ki>\gt 
xztu.7. 

2.  To  form  a  texture  with ;  to  interlace  or 
intertwine  so  as  to  form  a  fabric. 

"  Wben  ehe  waived  the  sleided  silk." 

State*?.  .•  Peridrt,  Iv.    (Chortu.) 

3.  To  entwine ;  to  unite  by  intermixture  or 
close  connection ;  to  unite  closely  or   inti- 
mately. 

"Those [notions]  which  are  supposed  woven  into  the 
very  principles  of  their  being.'  —Lodte :  Hum/in  (7n- 
derttand.,  uk.  i.,  ch.  ii. 

*  4.  To  contrive,  fabricate,  or  construct  witfc 
design  or  elaborate  care :  as,  To  weave  a  plot. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  practise  weaving ;  to  work  with    a 
loom. 

"  Whether  they  be  ...  spinning,  venvinf,  towing, 
or  brushing." — Fitet:  Instruct,  of  a.  Chri$tian  Woman, 
bk.  IL,  cb.  x. 

2.  To  become  woven  or  interwoven. 

"  The  amorous  vine  wbicb  in  the  elm  still  MvaMt.1* 

W.  Browne. 

II.  Manege  :  To  make  a  motion  of  the  head, 
neck,  and  body  from  side  to  side,  like  the 
shuttle  of  a  weaver.  (Said  of  a  horse.) 

*  weave  (2),  v.i.  &  t.    [WAVB,  v.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  wave,  to  float,  to  fluctu- 
ate, to  waver. 

*•  'Twixt  life  and  death,  long  to  and  fro  the  weaved." 
Bpenter:  f.  Q.,  V.  T.  10. 

B.  Trans. :  To  wave,  to  shake,  to  brandish, 
**  Shaking  a  pike  .  .  .  »ud  weaving  them  amaine."— 

Backlujft:  Voyage*,  iii.  564. 

*  weaved,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  qf  v.    [WEAVE  (1),  v.\ 

weav'-er,  *weyv-er,  «.    [Eng.  weave  (i)» 
v. ;  -«r.J 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  weaves ;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  weave  cloth,  Ac. 

*'  Then  teeavert  stretch  your  stays  apon  the  weft." 
Dryden  :  firffit ;  Qeorgic  i.  WL 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Ornith. :  A  weaver-bird  (q.v.> 

"  Weowrt  prefer  to  Imild  on  tree*  where  the  long 
slender  twigs  droop  towards  the  ground,  and  BO  afford 
a  nice  vertical  slander  support." — Suture,  May  SI. 
1888,  p.  104. 

2.  Zool.  (PI.):  The  Tubitelffi  (q.v.).     (Grif- 
fiths: Carter,  xiii.  404.) 

weaver-bird,  s. 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
the  family  Plpceida  (q.v.).  Both  the  scien- 
tific and  trivial  names  of  these  birds  hare 
reference  to  the  remarkable 
structure  of  their  nests. 
The  Weaver-birds  are  large 
finches,  with  somewhat 
elongated  bodies,  moder- 
ate wings,  long  tails, -and 
very  bright  coats,  the  lat- 
ter often  varied  in  the 
breeding  season.  Yellow 
and  yellowish-red  are  the 
prevailing  tints,  but  spe- 
cies occur  in  which  black, 
red,  white,  or  gray  pre- 
dominates. The  Weaver- 
birds  are  extremely  social, 
and  many  of  the  species 
live  in  large  colonies  dur- 
ing the  period  of  incuba- 
tion. The  nests  of  the  va- 
rious species  differ  consi- 


the  genus  Oriolinus),  build- 
ing a  separate  nest  for  the  male,  while  the  fe- 
male sits  in  another  on  her  eggs,  till  relieved 
by  her  mate ;  others  again  contain  more  than 
one  chamber,  as  that  of  the  Golden  Weaver- 
bird,  PloceiugattnUa;  while  the  Social  Weaver- 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t» 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    w,  OB  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


•• 

birda,  Fluent  or  Philirtem  sodus,  construct 
•n  umbrella-like  roof,  under  which  from  800 
to  1,000  seiarate  nests  have  been  found.  But 
In  all  cases  fibres,  slender  twigs,  or  blades  of 
grass  are  the  materials  employed,  the  whole 
being  ti"htly  woven,  after  having  been  ren- 
dered more  flexible  and  adhesive  by  the  ap- 
plication of  saliva.  The  nests  themselves 
consist  of  a  more  or  less  globular  portion, 
elongated  into  a  tube  below,  with  the  entrance 
at  the  bottom  or  at  the  side.  They  are  very 

Cerally  suspended  at  the  extremities  of 
nches,  and  often  over  water,  probably  as 
affording  security  against  monkeys,  snakes, 
and  other  enemies.  The  Mahali  Weaver-bird 
(Ploceus  laha)  is  said  to  insert  thorns  into 
its  nest,  as  a  further  protection  against 
marauders.  It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  the 
Golden  Weaver-bird  has  begun  to  build  on  the 
telegraph-wires  by  the  side  of  the  railway  m 
Natal  owing  to  the  rapid  destruction  of  the 
willows  before  advancing  civilization  (Mature, 
May  31, 1888). 

weaver-finch,  s. 

Ornith  •  Any  individual  of  the  Ploceidse 
<q.v.). 

"  The  Ploceld*.  or  Wtattr-fl'*'-*,,.  are  especially  cha. 
lacterlstic  of  the  Ethiopian  region. "- It-allow .-  OKI. 
DUt.  AnitmOl,  11.  !«. 

weaver  fish,  s.    [WEEVER.] 
-weaver's  shuttle,  s. 

Zool. :   Omlum  vohn.     The  popular  name 
has  reference  to  its  shape. 
«weav-er-6ss,  s.    [Eng.  weaver;  -ess.]    A 
female  weaver. 

"  In  the  hand,  of  an  ancient  wearer  and  \naterea. 
—J.  S.  Blunt :  Bin.  of  Durilel,  M2. 

weav  -ing.  *  wev-yng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ». 

[WEAVE  (IX  «.] 

A.  &  B.  Ai  pr.  par.  *  parttclji.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  stibst. :  The  act  of  one  who  weaves  ; 
the  act  or  process  of  producing  cloth,  &c., 
by  the  combination  of  flexible  fibres.     It  is 
ail  art  of  very  remote  antiquity.    The  frame 
or  anoaratus    on  which  cloth  is  woven    is 
termed  a  loom  (q.v.).    In  all  kinds  of  weaving, 
whether    plain    or    figured,  one    system   of 
•thread!,  called  the  woof  or  weft,  is  made  to 
pass    alternately    under   and    over    another 
system  of  threads  called  the  warp,  web,  or 
chain.    The  essential  operation  of  weaving  is 
the  successive  raising  of  certain  threads  of 
the  warp  and  the  depression  of  others  for  the 
reception  of  the  weft  shot.    This  operation 
is  called  shedding.    The  web,  which  is  of  any 
convenient  length,  is  kept  stretched  between 
two  parallel  beams,  fixed  horizontally  between 
upright  standards.    The  one  beam,  on  which 
the  warp  is  wound,  is  called  the  yarn-roll,  and 
the  other  on  which  the  cloth  is  wound,  the 
oloth-beam  or  roll.    The  welt-shot  is  intro- 
duced or  carried  through  the  shed  by  the 
shuttle.    Weaving  is  performed  by  hand  on 
hand-looms,  and   by  steam  or  other  motive 
power  on  power-looms.      In   its  most  gene- 
ral  sense,  the  term  comprehends  not  on.y 
the    making    of  those    textile    fabrics    pre- 
pared in  the  loom,  but  also  net-work,  lace- 
work  &c.    Where  the  colour  of  the  yarn  in 
warp  and  weft  is  the  same,  the  process  is 
called    plain  weaving,  and    the  result  is   a 
fabric  of  uniform  colour,  in  which  the  wnrp 
and  weft  threads  regularly  interlace.    Pat- 
tern weaving  consists  either  in  using  differ- 
ent colours  in  warp  or  weft  or  in  both,  or  m 
weaving  with  more  complicated  machines,  or 
in  combining  both  variations.     Double  weav- 
ing consists  in  weaving  two  webs  simulta- 
neously one  above  the  other,  and  interweaving 
the  two  at  intervals  so  as  to  form  a  double 
cloth.      Kidderminster  or  Scotch  carpeting 
is  the  chief  example  of  this  process.     Pile 
weaving  is  the  process  by  which  fabrics  like 
velvet  velveteen,  corduroy,  and  Turkish  car- 
pets are  produced.    [Loon  (1),  JACQI-AED.] 

%  Though  skins  of  animals  formed  the  chief 
clothing  material  in  the  Stone  Age,  yet  the  arts 
of  spinning  and  weaving  were  practised, 
spindle-whorls  and  fabrics  (the  material  is 
flax,  hemp  being  unknown)  having  been  found 
in  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings  of  that  period. 
The  art  of  weaving  seems  to  have  existed  in 
China  and  in  India  from  a  remote  period  of 
antiquity.  It  is  also  represented  '«  sculp- 
ture on  the  Egyptian  monuments  at  Thebes. 
Women,  many  of  them  slaves  or  devotees  at- 
tached to  temples,  wove  fabrics  in  Greece  and 
Rome,  while  in  Egypt  the  work  was  performed 


weav  eress — wecbt 

by  men.  The  primeval  looms  were  every- 
where rude,  but  the  Hindoos,  with  humble 
machines,  turn  out  excellent  fabrics.  In  11! 
and  1331  continental  weavers  settled  in  Ens- 
land  Several  i  nventions  in  the  art  of  machine 
weaving  were  made  in  tin  eighteenth  century, 
and  in  1801  Jacquaid  exhibited  in  Paris  the  loom 
which  bears  his  name,  and  which  has  been  of 
inestimable  service  in  the  weaving  of  patterns 
u  doth  In  1809  Heathcoat  invented  the 
bobbin-net  machine.  Within  the  present 
century  the  art  of  weaving  has  made  great 
progress,  numerous  inventions  having  been 
made  in  the  United  States  and  elsewhere. 

weaz'-en,  o.  [A.S.  wisnian  =  to  become 
dry ;  Icel.  visna  -  to  wither,  from  visinn  = 
withered,  palsied,  dried  up ;  Dan.  &  Sw. 
vissen  =  withered  ;  Sw.  vissna  -  to  fade  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  weearen=to  dry.)  llun,  lean, 
wizened,  withered. 

••  Hia  shadowy  figure  and  dark  «»ajen  face.  —  IT- 
•Ing:  Stack-Bool;  Chrtsttnai  Dinrar. 

weazen-faced,  o.  Wizen-faced,  withered. 

••The  .loor     .  .  wae  opened,  and  a  little  blear-eyed, 
veaun-ftic'd    ancient    man    came   creeping    oat.  - 


totaien-i'icrtl     ancient    m»n    vo«w 
Bidteni  :  Martin  ChuulevU,  ch.  »L 

wSb  webbe,  ».  [A.S.  webb,  web;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  web,  webbe  ;  Icel.  otfr,  genit.  vejjar; 
Dan  vcev  ;  Sw.  viif;  O.  H.  Ger.  meppi,  wappi ; 
Ger  gewebe.  From  the  same  root  as  weave 
(q.v.).J 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  That  which  is  woven  ;  the  piece  of  cloth 
woven  in  a  loom  ;  a  texture. 

"To  compete  with  the  costlier  webt  turned  out  at 
Spttamelds^-Sa.Klnrcf.  Oct  SO,  1886. 

2.  A  piece  of  linen  cloth. 

3.  The  plexus  of  very  delicate  threads  or 
filaments  which  a  spider  spins,  and  which 
serves  as  a  web  to  catch  flies  and  other  insects 
for  its  food ;  a  cobweb. 

"Over  them  Arachne  high  did  lift 
Her  cunning  »<*.  and  i '  >•"  ""l>«'-  <••*• 


4  Hence,  flg.,  anything  carefully  contrived 
and'  artfully  put  together  or  woven,  as  a  plot, 
scheme,  or  trap. 

••  What  a  tangled  web  we  weave 
When  first  w.  !««**«  ***£»  „.  „. 

5  Something  resembling  a  web  or  sheet  of 
cloth  :  specif.,  a  large  roll  of  paper  such  as  is 
used  in  the  web-press  for  newspapers  and 
the  like. 

6.  Applied  to  any  plain,  flat  surface  ;  as— 
(1)  A  sheet  or  thin  plate  of  metal. 

"And  there  with  stately  pompe  by  heapes  they  wend. 
Aid  Christians  slaine  rolle  up  in  «»»«  of  led. 

Fairefax :  Qotifrey  of  Boulogne,  vill.  ». 

•  (2)  The  blade  of  a  sword. 

••  The  brittle  «*»  of  that  rich  sword,  he  thought.        .. 
Waa  brolto  thn.ngh  hardne.se  of  the  countiessheeld. 
Ftlirefax :  Ootifrey  of  Boulogne,  VII.  «. 

(8)  The  plate,  or  its  equivalent,  in  a  beam 
or  "irder  whie.h  connects  the  upper  and  lower 
flat  plates  or  laterally  extending  portions. 

••  This  Interval  was  strengthened  by  horizontal  «woi 
of  Iron  plates."-fla«y  Telegraph,  March  »,  1S88. 

(4)  The  corresponding  portion  between  the 
tread  and  foot  of  a  railway-rail. 

(5)  That  portion  of  a  wheel,  as  of  a  railway- 
carriage  which  extends  between  the  hub  and 
the  rim,  occupying  the  space  where  spokes 
would  be  in  an  ordinary  wheel. 

(6)  The  blade  of  a  saw. 

(7)  In  vehicles,  a  stout  band  of  textile  fabric, 
used  as  straps  to  limit  the  extension  of  the 
hood. 

(8)  That  portion  of  an  ordinary  anvil  which 
is  of  reduced  size  below  the  head,  and  from 
which  the  divergent  horns  proceed. 

(9)  The  solid  portion  of  the  bit  of  a  key. 

(10)  The  arm  of  a  crank  connecting   the 
shaft  and  the  wrist. 

(11)  The  thin  sharp  part  of  the  coulter  of  a 
plough. 

II.  Technically : 

1  Entom. :  The  term  web  is  sometimes  used 
of  the  silky  sheath  formed  by  various  cater- 
pillars within  the  rolled  leaves  constructed 
for  their  habitation  and  defence,  the  cocoon  of 
the  silkworm,  &c. 

2  Ornith. :  A  membrane  in  the  Swimming 
Birds  uniting  the  three  anterior  toes,  and  m 
one  order  (the  Stegnnopodes)  extending  also 
along  the  side  of  the  foot  to  the  great  toe. 
In  a  rudimentary  form  the  web  is  found  also 
in  some  waders. 


5147 

3.  Zool.:  Chiefly  in  the  sense  I.  3.  All 
spiders  do  not  weave  webs,  and  those  which 
do  vary  in  the  more  or  less  regular  form  of 
the  web  produced.  Two  of  the  finest  weavers 
are  the  Garden  Spider,  Epeira  tliculema,  the 
web  of  which  is  of  a  flue  geometric  form,  and 
the  Common  House  Spider,  Aranea  domntica. 
[SPINSEKBT.]  Used  also  of  the  membi»»es 
between  the  digits  of  some  animals  which  are 
specially  adapted  for  swimming,  or  are  am- 
phibious, as  the  Ornithorhynchus,  the  Otter, 
some  breeds  of  Dogs,  the  Crocodiles,  and  th« 
Water-lizards. 

U  Web  ami  pin,  Pin  and  web  :  The  same  a* 
PIN  (1),  «.,  I.  9. 

web-eye,  >. 

Pathol. :  A  disease  of  the  eye  arising  from  s 
film  suffusing  it ;  caligo. 

web-fingered,  a.  Having  the  fingers 
united  by  a  membrane. 

••  He  was.  it  Is  said,  web-footed  naturally,  and  par- 
tially vHb-fngered.-  -  ilayhev:  London  labour  * 
London  Poor. 

web-foot,  «.  A  foot  the  toes  of  which 
are  united  by  a  web  or  membrane. 

web-footed,  a.  Having  web-feet ;  palmi- 
ped. 

"  Wet-footed  fowls  do  not  live  constantly  upon  th« 
land,  nor  fear  to  enter  the  witor."— A'u» .-  On  Ike  Crea- 
tion. 

web-press,  web  printing-machine, 

«.    A  printing-machine  which  takes  its  paper 
from  the  web  or  roll. 
web-saw,  s.    A  frame-saw  (q.v.). 
web-wheel,  «.    A  wheel  in  which  the 
hub  and  rim  are  connected  by  a  web  or  plate, 
which  is  sometimes  perforated. 
wSb,  0.1.    (WEB,  ».]    To  cover  with  or  as  with 
a  web ;  to  envelop. 

*  webbe,  ».  [A.S.  webba.]  A  weaver,  a  web- 
ber.  (Chaucer :  C.  T.,  804.) 

webbed,  a.  [Eng.  web,  s. ;  -erf.]  Having  th» 
toes  united  by  a  membrane  or  web  :  as,  The 
webbed  feet  of  a  goose  or  duck. 

•wSb'-ber,  «.    [Eng.  web;  -tr.]    A  weaver. 

w8b'-blng,  s.  [Eng.  web,  s.;  -Ing.]  A  woven 
band  of  cotton  or  flax,  generally  striped ."ani 
used  for  girths,  straining-pieces  of  saddles, 
surcingles,  bed-bottoms,  fie. 

*w6b'-by,  a.  [Eng.  web,  s. ;  -jf.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  a  web  ;  consisting  of  or  resem- 
bling a  web. 

••  Bats  on  their  teeboi  wings  in  darkness  move  " 
Crabbe :  Parish  Reijltter. 

t  we'-ber  (w  as  V).  s.  [Wilhelm  Eduard  Weber 
(born  1804),  Professor  of  Physics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Gottingen.] 

Electro-magnetics :  A  coulomb.  [UNIT,  T  4. 
0)-J 

Weber's  Law,  ». 

Physiol. :  There  is  always  a  constant  ratio 
between  the  strength  of  the  stimulus  and  the 
intensity  of  the  sensations.  The  stronger  the 
stimulus  already  applied,  the  stronger  must 
be  the  increase  of  the  stimulus  in  order  to 
cause  a  perceptible  increase  of  the  sensation. 
wSb'-sk$-lte  (w  as  v),  s.  [After  Prof.  Web- 
sky,  of  Berlin  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afire.).] 

Mln,  •  An  amorphous  mineral  occurring  in 
the  olivine-diabase  (palisopicrite)  of  Amelose, 
Biedenkopf,  Hesse.  Hardness  3'0 ;  sp.gr., 
1771  •  colour,  pitch-black,  in  thin  splinters, 
bright-green  ;  streak,  brownish-green.  Com- 
pos ,  a  hydrated  silicate  of  magnesia  with 
some  iron  protoxide.  An  analysis  yielded  the 
formula  H6R4Si3O,3  +  6H2O,  where  R  =  Mg. 
and  Fe. 

•web'-ster,  *webbe-ster,  *.  [A.S  web- 
oestre  =  R  female  weaver,  from  u>ebba  =  * 
weaver,  and  fern.  suff.  -ster  (q.v.).]  A  weaver. 

••  WMelttr,  and  walker,,  and  wynners  • .rith  hand*..' 


WSb-steV-I-an,  a.  Of,  resembling,  or 
pertaining  to  Daniel  Webster,  the  great  Amer- 
ican statesman  and  orator  (1782-1862). 

wSb'-ster-ite,  ».     [After ;  Mr ;.  Webster,  who 
found  it  in  Sussex  ;  suff.  -ite  (JTM.J.J 
Mln. :  The  same  as  ALUMINITE  (q.v.). 

wccht  ((A  guttural),  ».  [A.S.  twgan  =  to  lift, 
to  carry.]  [WEIGH,  V.] 


514* 


wed— Wedgwood 


L  An  instrument  for  winnowing  corn  made 
in  the  form  of  a  sieve,  but  without  holes. 

"  Meg  fain  wad  to  the  barn  gaen 

To  \»  in  three  wfcht*  o'  iiaething." 

Burnt:  Halloween. 

*  2.  A  sort  of  tambourine. 

•wed,  •wedde,  *  wed-den,  r.t.  &  i.  [A.s. 
weddian  =  to  pledge,  to  engage,  from  wed  =  a 
pledge ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  wedden  =  to  lay  a 
wager,  from  O.  Dut.  wedde  =  a  pledge,  a 
pawn  ;  Icel.  vcdhja  =  to  wager,  from  ve$h  —  a 
pledge  ;  Dan.  vedde  =  to  wager  ;  Sw.  vadja  = 
to  appeal,  from  vad  =  a  bet,  an  appeal ;  Ger. 
wetten  =  to  wager,  from  wette=&  wager  ;  Goth. 
gawadjon  =  to  pledge,  to  betroth,  from  wadi 
=  a  pledge  ;  Lat.  vas  (genit.  vadis)  =  a  pledge ; 
cf.  Lith.  westi,  pr.  t.  wedu  =  to  marry,  to 
take  home  a  bride  ;  Sansc.  vadhu.  =  a  bride. 
From  same  root  as  wage,  wager,  gage,] 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  marry,  to  take  in  marriage ;  to  take 
as  husband  or  wife. 

"The  euiperour  in  this  loud  weddede  tbo  a  wyt" 
Robert  <tf  Gloucester,  p.  "5. 

2.  To  join  in  marriage  ;  to  give  in  wedlock. 

"  In  SyracuB*  ww  I  born :  and  teed 

Unto  a  woman,  happy  but  for  me." 

Shaketp. :  Comedy  of  Krron,  L  L 

3.  To  join  or  attach  one's  self  or  itself  to, 

"  They  led  the  vine 
To  veil  her  elm."  Hilton  :  P.  L.,  v.  215. 

4.  To  unite  closely  in  affection ;  to  attach 
firmly  by  passion,  inclination,  or  prejudice. 

"Aged  kings,  wedded  to  will,  that  work  without  advice." 
Surrey :  Paraphrase  on  Eccletiattet,  in. 

*  6.  To  unite  for  ever  or  inseparably. 

"  Thou  art  wedded  to  calamity." 

ShaJtetp. :  Romeo  *  Juliet,  iii.  8. 

6.  To  unite  generally. 

"The  ewe  with  which,  when  In  proper  mood,  he 
could  ably  wed  the  toue  to  the  word,"— Daily  Tele- 
fraph.  Jan.  80.  1882. 

*  7.  To  espouse ;  to  take  part  with. 

"They  positively  and  concernedly  wedded  hia 
cattie." — Clarendon. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  marry  ;  to  contract  matri- 
mony, 

"  Hen  shnlden  wedden  after  hir  eetate. 
For  youth  and  ejde  IB  oft«ti  at  debate." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  8,330. 

•wgd,  'wedde.s.  tA.8.u*d.]  [WHD.v.J  A 
pledge,  a  pawn,  a  security. 

"And  thus  his  trouth  he  leyth  to  wedde." 

Sower:  C.A.,1. 

w£d  -ded,  pa.  par.  &  o.    [WED,  v.] 

A.  At  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Married ;  united  in  marriage. 

"  Let  wealth,  let  honour,  wait  the  wedded  dame." 
Pope ;  Elolta  to  Abelard.  77. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  matrimony  ;  as, 
wedded  life,  wedded  bliss. 

3.  Intimately  united,  joined,  or  attached  by 
Interest,  passion,  or  prejudice. 

"  But  man  In  general,  wedded  to  the  world,  deapises 
It*  call  [Cnristlauityf  "— GUpin :  Sermtnu,  vol.  L, 
hint  a. 

WOd-der,  *.     [WETHER.] 

wed  -ding,  *  wed-dyng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *. 

[WED,  tJ.) 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :    Pertaining  to  or  used   at  a 
wedding  or  weddings. 

"  If  she  affirmed  herself  a  virgin,  she  moat  on  her 
wedding  day,  and  in  her  wedding  cloathea,  perform 
the  ceremony  of  going  alone  into  the  den,  and  stay  »u 
hour  with  the  lions."— Swift. 

C.  A*  svbst. :   Marriage,  nuptials ;  nuptial 
ceremony  or  festivities. 

If  Silver  wedding,  Golden  wedding,  Diamond 
wedding:  The  celebrations  of  the  twenty-fifth, 
fiftieth,  and  sixtieth  anniversaries  of  a  wed- 
ding. 

wedding-bed,  s.  The  bed  of  a  newly- 
married  pair  ;  a  nuptial-bed. 

wedding-cake,  s.  A  cake  covered  with 
icing,  and  richly  decorated.  It  is  cut  by  the 
bride  during  the  wedding  breakfast  and  dis- 
tributed to  the  guests,  portions  of  it  being 
afterwards  sent  to  absent  friends. 

(  wedding-card,  s.  One  of  a  set  of  cards, 
containing  the  names  of  a  newly-married 
couple,  sent  to  friends  to  announce  the  wed- 
ding, and  to  state  when  they  will  be  at  home 
to  receive  calls  of  congratulation. 

wedding-clothes,  5.  pi.  Garments  to 
be  worn  by  a  bride  or  bridegroom  at  the  mar- 
riage ceremony. 


wedding-day,  s.  The  day  of  marriage, 
or  its  anniversary. 

"  To-morrow  is  our  wedding-day." 

Cowper:  John  OH  pin. 

wedding-dower,  s.  A  marriage  por- 
tion. 

"  Let  her  beauty  be  her  wedding-dower." 

Shaketp. :  Two  Oentlemen,  lit  L 

wedding- favour,  s.  A  bunch  of  white 
ribbons,  or  a  rosette,  &c.,  worn  by  guests 
attending  a  wedding. 

wedding-feast,  s.  A  feast  or  entertain- 
ment provided  by  the  guests  at  a  wedding. 

wedding  knot,  s. 

Naut. :  A  tie  for  uniting  the  looped  ends  of 
two  ropes, 

wedding-ring,  s.  A  plain  gold  ring 
placed  by  the  bridegroom  on  the  third  finger 
of  the  left  hand  of  the  bride  during  the  mar- 
riage ceremony. 

*wede(l),  s.    [WEED  (!),«.] 

*  wede  (2),  s.    [A.S.  wosde,  w&d  =a  garment.] 
A  garment ;  clothing,  apparel.    [WEED  (2),  s.] 
"  Hi  Bende  her  f  eble  menagen  in  pouere  moime  weede." 
Robert  of  Vloucetter,  p.  196. 

we-del'-I-a  (W  as  v),  a.    [Named  after  George 
Wolfgang  Wedel,  a  German  botanist.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Heliopsidese.  Herbs  or 
undershrubs  with  serrate  or  three-cleft  leaves 
and  yellow  radiate  and  composite  flowers, 
with  a  pappus  of  toothed  or  hairy  scales. 
Natives  of  America.  The  leaves  of  Wedelia 
calendulacea,  a  composite  with  a  slight  cain- 
phoraceous  smell,  are  used  in  India  as  a  hair- 
dye  and  to  promote  the  growth  of  hair.  In  Lo- 
hardagga,  in  Bengal,  the  root  is  pounded,  and 
gives  a  black  dye  with  salts  of  iron.  (Calcutta 
Exhib.  Report.)  The  leaves  are  considered  to 
be  tonic  and  alterative;  the  seeds,  flowers, 
and  leaves  in  decoction  are  deobstruent 

wedge  (1),  *wegge,  s.  [A.S.  weeps  a  mass 
of  metal,  a  wedge ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  wig,  wigge 
=  a  wedge  ;  Icel.  veggr ;  Dan.  vcsgge ;  Sw. 
vigg;  O.  H.  Ger.  wekki,  weggi;  M.  H.  Ger. 
iveche  =  a  wedge.  From  the  same  root  as  wag.] 
1.  A  piece  of  wood  or  metal,  thick  at  one 
end  and  tapering  to  a  thin  edge  at  the  ottier. 
It  is  a  body  contained  under  two  triangular 
and  three  rectangular  surfaces.  The  wedge  is 
one  of  the  mechanical  powers,  and  is  used  for 
splitting  wood,  rocks,  &c.,  for  exerting  great 
pressure,  as  in  the  oil-press  [WEDGE- PRESS], 
and  for  raising  immense  weights,  as  when  a 
ship  is  raised  by 
wedges  driven  un-  II 

der  the  keel.    All  A          !H        B 

cutting  and  pene- 
trating instru- 
ments, as  knives, 
swords,  chisels, 
razors,  axes,  nails, 
pins,  needles,  &c,, 
may  be  considered 
as  wedges,  the  an- 
gle of  the  wedge 
being  in  such  cases 
more  or  less  acute, 
according  to  the 
purpose  for  which  it  is  intended.  In  the  dia- 
gram, A  B  c  is  an  isosceles  wedge  introduced 
into  a  cleft  D  r  E,  power  being  applied  at  the 
point  H,  in  the  centre  of  A  B.  The  resist- 
ance on  each  side  and  the  power  may  be 
considered  as  three  forces  in  equilibrium,  and 
meeting  in  a  point  o.  The  sides  of  the  tri- 
angle A  B  c  are  severally  perpendicular  to  the 
directions  of  the  three  forces,  and  therefore, 
p  :  \n  : :  AB  :  AC,  or  the  power  is  to  the  total 
resistance  as  half  the  back  of  the  wedge  is 
to  the  side  of  the  wedge.  The  mechanical 
power  of  the  wedge  is  increased  by  making  the 
angleof  penetration  more  acute.  But  no  certain 
theory  can  be  laid  down  concerning  the  power 
of  the  wedge,  since  being  usually  produced 
by  the  percussion  of  a  hammer,  mallet,  otc., 
every  stroke  of  which  causes  a  tremor  in  the 
wedge,  the  resistance  at  the  sides  is  for  the 
instant  thrown  off. 

"  Forth  goes  the  woodman  ...  to  wield  the  axe 
And  drive  the  wedge,  in  yonder  forest  drear." 

Cvurper :  Talk,  v.  43. 

*2.  A  mass  of  metal,  especially  one  in  the 
shape  of  a  wedge. 

"A  wedge  of  gold  of  fifty  shekels weight"— Jothua 
Til.  »L 

3.  Something  in  the  shape  of  a  wedge. 

"  The  legion  when  they  saw  their  time,  bursting  ont 
like  a  violent  wedge,  quickly  broke  and  disai|iated 
what  opposed  them.'1— XiUon :  Bitt.  of  Britain,  bk.  ii. 


•f  The  thin  (or  small)  end  of  the  wedge:  A 
term  used  figuratively  t'>  express  the  first 
move,  apparently  of  little  importance,  but 
destined  or  calculated  ultimately  to  lead  to> 

important  results. 

wedge-bills,  s.  pi.    [SCHWTES.] 

wedge-press,  s.  A  form  of  press,  mor« 
used  formerly  than  now,  for  expressing  oil 
from  onufaod  weds. 

wedge-shaped,  a. 

1.  Ord.Lang.:  Having  the  shape  of  a  wedge; 
cuneiform. 

2.  Bot. :  Guneate  (q.v.). 
Wedge-shaped  character ;  [CUNEIFORM). 

wedge-tailed  eagle,  s. 

Ornith. :  Uraetus  audax,  from  Australia. 
Back  and  sides  rust-colour,  rest  of  body 
blackish-brown;  feathers  of  wings  and  upper 
tail-coverts  tipped  with  pale-brown. 

wedge-Wise,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
wedge. 

"  And  thus  wedye-wlte  by  little  and  little  they 
epread  broader  and  broader  behind,*  —  /*.  Holland: 
Plinie,  bk.  x.,  ch.  Jtxiii. 

wedge  (2),  *.  [Seedef.]  In  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity a  name  given  to  the  mau  who  stands  last 
in  the  list  of  the  classical  tripos  ;  said  to  be 
taken  from  the  name  (Wedgwood)  of  the  man 
who  occupied  this  place  on  the  first  list  in 
1824.  (Also  called  Wooden- wedge.)  [SPOON, 
«.,'f  (4).] 

wedge,  v.t.    [WEDGE  (1),  *.] 

*  1.  To  cleave  with  a  wedge  or  wedges ;  to 
rive.    (Lit.  £fig.) 

"  When  my  heart, 
A«  wedged  with  a  sigh,  would  rive  in  twain." 

Shaketp. :  Trotiut  A  Cretttda,  L  L 

2.  To  drive  in  a  wedge ;  to  crowd  in ;  to 
compress. 

"  Wedged  in  one  body  like  a  flight  of  crauea." 

Pupe:  Homer;  Iliad  xvii.  Ml 

*  3.  To  force,  as  a  wedge  forces  its  way. 

"  Part  .  .  .  rang'd  in  figure,  wedge  their  way 
Intelligent  ofseanms."        Milton  :  P.  L.,  vii.  43*. 

4.  To  fasten  with  a  wedge,  or  with  wedges. 

"  Wedge  on  the  keenest  scythes, 
And  give  u»  steeds  that  snort  against  the  foe." 
A.Philipt,    (Todd.) 

5.  To  fix  in  the  manner  of  a  wedge. 

"They  often  find  great  luinim  wedged  between  tb* 
rocks  as  if  It  naturally  grew  there."—  Dampier  :  Voy- 
agtt  (an.  16SA). 

we'dg'-ing,  pr.  par.,  o.,  &  s.    [WEDGE,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

Pottery:  The  process  of  dividing  a  lump 
of  clay  and  dashing  the  parts  together  in  a 
direction  different  from  its  former  contact. 
It  brings  the  mass  to  a  homogeneous  condition, 
develops  plasticity,  and  expels  air-bubbles. 

Wedg'-wood,  Wedge'-wopd,  5.  [See  com- 
pounds.] 

*  Wedgwood-pyrometer,  s. 

Physics:  A  pyrometer  in  which  tempera- 
ture was  ascertained  by  the  contraction  of 
baked  clay,  measured  before  and  after  its  sub- 
jection to  the  action  of  heat.  1 1  was  not  trust- 
worthy, for  clay  exposed  for  a  long  period  to 
a  moderate  amount  of  beat  will  be  as  much 
reduced  in  bulk  as  by  an  intensely  high  tem- 
perature continued  for  a  brief  period. 

Wedgwood-ware,  s. 

Pottery :  A  peculiar  kind  of  ware  made  by 
Josiah  Wedgwood  (1730-95),  in  which  artistic 
designs  and  treatment  were  joined  to  me- 
chanical and  technical  excellence.  Professor 
Church  thus  enumerates  the  several  varieties 
or  "todies"  of  the  ware  in  the  order  of  in- 
vention or  improvement :  1.  Cream-coloured 
ware,  called  Queen's  ware,  in  various  hues  ol 
cream-colour,  saffron,  and  straw.  2.  Egyp- 
tian black,  or  basaltes  ware,  used  for  seals, 
plaques,  life-size  busts,  medallion  portraits. 
&c.  3.  Red  ware,  or  Rosso  antico,  not  equal 
in  quality  of  colour  or  fineness  of  grain  to  the 
earlier  work  of  John  Philip  Elers,  of  Brad- 
well  Wood.  4.  White  semi -porcelain,  or  fine 
stoneware,  differing  from  the  white  jasper  in 
its  pale  straw-coloured  or  grayish  hue,  and  in 
its  waxlike  smooth  surface  and  aubtranslu- 
cency.  5.  Variegated  ware,  of  two  kinds, 
one  a  cream-coloured  body,  marbled,  mottled, 
or  spangled  with  divers  colours  upon  the 
surface  and  under  the  glaze;  the  other  BU 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wplf,  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    as,  OB  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


wedgy— weedy 


5149 


improved  kind  of  agate  wart,  in  which  the 
coloured  clays  in  bauds,  twists,  stripes,  anil 
waves  constituted  the  entire  substance.  6. 
Jasper  ware,  in  winch  the  chief  triumphs  of 
Wedgwood  were  wrought,  resembling  out- 
wardly the  finest  of  his  white  terra-cotta  and 
semi-porcelain  bodies.  One  of  his  earliest 
recipes  for  this  last-named  ware  was,  in  per- 
centage, barytes,  57'1  ;  clay,  28'6;  flint,  9-5  ; 
barium  carbonate,  4'8;  the  novelty  of  these 
components  being  the  use  of  the  barytes  and 
barium  carbonate.  A  very  little  cobalt  was 
occasionally  added,  even  to  the  white  jasper 
ware,  to  neutralize  the  yellowish  hue,  and  by 
introducing  a  little  Cornish  stone  or  other 
felspathic  material  it  became  less  opaque 
and  more  wax-like.  There  are  seven  colours 
in  this  ware  besides  the  white— blue  of  various 
•hades,  lilac,  pink,  sage-green,  olive-green, 
j«llow,  and  black — and  it  is  remarkable  for  the 
absence  of  bubbles  and  holes,  the  flatness  of 
the  field,  and  the  uniformity  of  grain.  It  was 
produced  in  numberless  forms — cameos,  in- 
taglios, portrait  medallions,  statuettes,  vases, 
&c.,  and  the  yellow  variety  is  rare.  Wedg- 
wood's artistic  work  consists  not  only  in 
copies  of  antique  gems  and  in  the  adaptation 
of  antique  designs,  but  in  the  original  produc- 
tions of  many  English  and  foreign  draughts- 
men and  modellers :  foremost  among  the 
former  mnet  be  placed  the  great  artist  Flax- 
man.  His  chief  mark  is  the  name  "  Wedg- 
wood," impressed  in  Roman  characters  in  the 
paste  before  tiring,  the  size  of  the  letters  rang- 
ing from  i  to  j1,  of  an  inch  in  height.  During 
bis  partnership  with  Beutley  the  name  of  the 
latter  was  conjoined  to  his  own.  In  some 
cases  the  word  "  Etruria  "  is  added.  The  name 
"Josiah  Wedgwood,"  with  a  date  beneath, 
belongs  to  a  time  when  the  works  at  Etruria 
— now  a  town  of  about  5, 000  inhabitants — were 
carried  on  by  the  son  of  the  founder  ;  in  more 
recent  times  the  simple  name  "  Wedgwood  " 
has  been  reverted  to.  Small  marks,  chiefly 
those  of  workmen,  are  found  on  pieces  of  old 
Wedgwood  ware;  Miss  Meteyard  gives  no 
fewer  than  one  hundred  of  these,  but  Wedg- 
wood—like too  many  other  manufacturers, 
both  past  and  present— suppressed  as  far  as 
possible  such  indications  of  the  individuality 
of  his  designers. 

*wSdg--&a.  [Eng.  wttfoe  (IX  ••;-*]  Wedge- 
shaped  ;  like  a  wedge. 

"  Pushed  his  wedgy  snout  Into  the  straw  rahjareut." 
—bandar,  (Annandnlf.) 

wed  lock, 'wed  lok.'wcdloko,  -.  [A.S. 
wedldk  =  a  pledge,  from  wed  =  a  pledge,  and 
Idc  =  spoil,  a  gift,  in  token  of  pleasure,  hence, 
the  gift  given  to  a  bride.  The  reference  is  to 
the  practice  of  giving  a  present  to  the  bride 
on  the  morning  after  marriage ;  cf.  Ger.  mor- 
gengabe  =  a  nuptial  (lit.  =  morning)  gift.] 

*  1.  Marriage,  matrimony. 

"  Boweth  youre  nekke  under  the  bllsful  j-ok  .  .  . 
Which  that  tiieii  clepeii  spousall*  or  vedlok." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  7,992. 

2.  The  married  state. 

*'  I  pray'd  for  children,  nud  thought  barrenness 
In  wedlock  a  reproach." 

Milton  :  Samson  Affoiiistes,  85. 

*3.  A  wife. 

"  Which  of  these  la  tliy  wedlock,  Menelaus  T  thy 
Helen,  thy  Lucrece?  that  we  may  do  her  honour,  mad 
boy."— B«JI  Jonton  :  Poetatter,  lv.1. 

*4.  Marriage  vows. 

"  Howe  be  It  she  kept  but  euyll  the  sacrament  of 
matrimony,  but  brake  her  wedloke."—Bernert ;  Fraii- 
tart;  Cronycle,  vol.  i.,  ch.  xxi. 

If  Sometimes  used  adjectively. 

"  Whiles  a  wedlock  hymn  we  MULT, 
Feed  yourselves  with  questioning." 

Shukesp. :  At  You  Like  It,  T.  4. 

*  wedlock-bands,  s.  pi.  Marriage.  (Mil- 
ton: Sam&on  Agonistes,  986.) 

*  wedlock-bound,  a.     Married.     (Mil- 
ton: P.  L.,  x.  905.) 

*  wedlock-treachery,  3.    An  offence 
against  the  marriage  tie ;  adultery.    (Milton : 
Samson  Agonistes,  1,009.) 

*  we'd' -lock,  v.t.  {WEDLOCK,*.]  To  unite  in 
marriage  ;  to  marry. 

"  Man  thus  toedlocked.'— Milton.    (Annandale.) 

Wednesday  (as  Wens  -day),  *  Wednys 
day,  s.     [A.S.  Wodnes  dceg  =  the  day  of  Wo- 
den  (q.v.);  Dut.  Waeitsdag ;  I  eel.  odhin&Jagr ; 
Sw.  &  Dan.  onsdag,  for  odensdug.}    The  fourth 
day  of  the  week  ;  the  day  following  Tuesday. 

"  In  the  worshyp  of  the  which  god  [Wodenl  the 
thtrde  feryall  daye  in  the  weke  they  named  Wadnn- 
day.  wlucheatthisday  wecall  Wednytuay."— Fabyan  : 
Chronycle,  ch.  Ixxxiii. 


wee,  *  we,  s.  &  a.  [The  Scandinavian  form  of 
Eng.  way,  derived  from  Dan.  vei;  Sw.  vag ; 
IceT.  vegr  =  a  way.  That  the  constant  asso- 
ciation of  little  with  we  (=  way)  should  lead 
to  the  supposition  that  the  words  little  and 
wee  are  synonymous  seems  natural  enough. 
(Sfcecrf.).] 

*  A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  bit. 

"Bebyndhlralittilluxf 
It  fell."  Barbour :  Bruce,  xvll.  67T. 

2.  A  little  time  ;  a  moment.    (Scotch.) 
B.  As  adj.  :  Small,  little.    (Colloq.) 

"  I  made  up  a  wee  bit  minute  of  an  ante-nuptial 
contract"— Scott:  Waverley,  ch.  IrxL 

weed(l),  *wede  (1),  s.  [A.S.  weod,  widd; 
O.  Sax.  wiod;  Dut.  wiede.} 

I.  Lit. :  A  general  name  for  any  useless  or 
troublesome  plant ;  a  term  applied  indefinitely 
and  generally  to  any  plant,  or  botanical  spe- 
cies growing  where  it  is  not  wanted,  and 
either  of  no  use  to  man,  or  absolutely  in- 
jurious to  crops,  &c. 

"  No  grass,  herb.  leaf,  or  weed," 

Mo*«p.  ;   IVHHI  *  Adonit,  1.066. 

^  Among  the  .chief  weeds  found  in  grain 
crops  are  Sinapis  arvensis,  Raphanus  RapJia- 
nistrumt  Papaver  Rhteas,  (Jentaurca  Cyamis, 
Sonchus  oleraceus,  Agrostemma.  Githago,  and 
A  vena  fatua;  among  those  in  pasture,  Ra- 
nunculus acris,  R.  repens,  and  jR.  btilbosus; 
Senecio  Jacobcea,  with  the  tliistles  and.  the 
docks. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Any  useless  or  troublesome  substance, 
especially  such  as  is  mixed  with  or  is  inju- 
rious to  more  valuable  substances  ;  anything 
worthless  or  trashy. 

2.  A  sorry,  worthless  animal,  useless  for  the 
breeding  of  stock  ;  especially  a  leggy,  loose- 
bodied  horse ;  a  race-horse,  having  the  appear- 
ance of,  but  lacking  all   the  qualities   of  a 
thoroughbred. 

"  No  doubt  there  are  plenty  of  weed*  among  their 
*  mobs,'  bred  almost  wild."—  Globe,  Nov.  9,  1886. 

3.  A  cigar,  or  tobacco  generally.    (Slang.) 

*  weed  fish,  s.  An  unidentified  fish  men- 
tioned by  Browne  (Norfolk  Fishes).     He  de- 
scribes it  as  "  somewhat  like  a  haddock,  but 
larger,  and  drier  meat." 

weed-grown,  a.   Overgrown  with  weeds. 
weed-hook*  a.     A  weeding-hook  (q.v.). 
"  In  May  get  a  weed-hook,  a  crotch,  and  a  glove. 
And  weed  out  such  weeds  as  the  corn  doth  not  love." 
Twter:  Sutoandrie. 

weed  (2),  *  wede  (2),   'weede,   s.     [A.S. 

ivdde,  wted  =  a  garment ;  cogn.  with  O.  Fries. 
wede,  wed;  O.Sax.  wadi;  O.  Dut.  wade ;  Icel. 
vddh  =  a  piece  of  cloth,  a  garment ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
7cd(,  w6t  =  clothing,  armour ;  cf.  Goth,  gawi- 
dan,  pa.  t.  gawatk;  O.  H.  Ger.  wetan  =  to 
bind  together;  Zend,  vadh  =  to  clothe.  From 
the  same  root  as  weave,  withy,  wattle,  wind 
(2),  V.] 

*  1.  An  outer  or  upi>er  garment. 

"  Another  of  the  Pharisaical!  aorte  goyng  In  a  white 
wede."—Udal:  Lukexlx. 

*2.  Any  garment ;  an  article  of  dress  ;  dress. 
"  They  who,  to  be  aure  of  Paradise, 
Dying  put  on  the  weed*  of  Dominic." 

Milton:  P.  L.,  111.  479. 

3.  An  article  of  dress  worn  in  token  of 
mourning ;  mourning-dress ;  mourning.  (Now 
only  used  in  the  plural,  and  applied  specifi- 
cally to  the  mourning  dress  of  a  widow.) 

weed  (3),  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  A  general  name  for  any  sudden  illness 
from  cold  or  relapse,  usually  accompanied  by 
febrile  symptoms,  which  attacks  females  after 
confinement  or  during  nursing.     (Scotch.) 

2,  A  similar  disease  in  horses. 

"  It  Is  well  known  that  an  ordinary  case  of  strangles 
or  nasal  gleet  is  often  reported  as  glanders,  ami  A  com- 
laoii  attack  of  weed  aft  farcy,  "—field,  Dec.  17,  1687. 

weed,  *wead,  *  wed-en,  *weede, v.t.  &i. 
[4VEED  (1),  s.  ;  Dut.  wieden  ;  LowGer.  weden.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  free  from  weeds  or  noxious  and  useless 
plants;    to  clear  away  the  weeds  from;  to 
clear  of  weeds. 

"  Fonnde  hym  weadynff  of  hys  ground*.**— Brende  : 
Qntntm  Curtiui,  p.  60. 

2.  To  take  a  way,  n  s  weeds  ornoxious  plants; 
to  remove  what  is  injurious,  offensive,  or  un- 
seemly ;  to  extirpate. 

"  Each  word  .  .  .  hath  weeded  from  my  heart 
A  root  of  ancient  envy." 

Shakesp.  :   Coriolanut,  iv.  5. 


3.  To  free  from  any  thing  hurtful  or  offensive. 

"  He  weeded  the  kingdom  of  such  as  were  devoted  to 
Elalana,  and  inanuniued  it  from  that  must  dangerous 
confederacy."—  Uawel ;  focal  forett. 

4.  To  pick  out  and  reject,  as  useless,  offen- 
sive, or  injurious. 

B.  Intrana. :  To  root  up  and  clear  away 
weeds  from  any  ground. 

"  There  are  a  great  number  of  negro  slaves  brought 
from  other  parts  of  the  world,  some  of  which  ar» 
continually  weeding,  pruning,  aud  looking  after  it." — 
Dumpier  :  Voyages  (an.  1691J 

weed' -bind,  a.    [Eng.  withwind(?).] 

Bot. :  Convolvulus  arvensis  and  C.  sepium. 

*  weed'-ed,  a.  [Eng.  weed;  -ed.]  Overgrown 
with  w(-cils. 

"  Weeded  and  worn  the  ancient  thatch 
Upon  the  lonely  moated  grange." 

Tennyt'JH  :  Mariana, 

weed'-er,    s.    [Eng.  weed,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  weeds,  or  frees  from  anything 
noxious,  useless,  or  injurious  ;  an  extirpator. 

"  A  weder  out  of  his  proud  adversarial, 
A  liberal  rewarder  of  liis  friends." 

ShaktMp.  :  Richard  III.,  i.  I 

2.  A  weeding  tool. 

weeder  clips,*.  Weeding- shears.  (Scotch.) 

*weed'-er-&  s.    [Eng.  weed  (1),  s. ;  -ery.} 

1.  Weeds. 

"A  place  all  covered  o'er 
With  clinging  nettles  and  such  wrrdery." 

More  :  Life  of  Soul,  IL  UL 

2.  A  place  full  of  weeds. 

weed' -I  ness,  s.  [Eng.  weedy ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  weedy,  or  overgrown 
with  weeds. 

"  H'Mdiriftt  In  a  lawn  U  commonly  the  effect  of 
poverty  in  the  solL"— Field,  March  17, 1888. 

weed  Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.    [WEED,  v.] 

A.  &  B,  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  clearing  away  weeds,  or  any* 
thing  noxious  or  injurious. 

*'  Weeding  alone,  unless  the  grass  is  encouraged  by 
liberal  manuring,  will  not  cure  it."— Field,  March  17, 

*2.  Weeds. 

"He  weeds  the  corn,  and  still  lets  grow  the  weeding." 
SAoAea/x  ;  Love't  Labour*  Lott,  L  1. 

weeding-chisel,  s.  A  tool  with  a  di- 
vided chisel-point  for  cutting  the  roots  of 
Urge  weeds  within  the  ground. 

weeding  forceps,  s,  pi.  An  instrument 
for  pulling  up  some  sorts  of  plants  in  weed- 
ing, as  thistles. 

weedlng-fork,  s.  A  strong,  three- 
pronged  fork,  used  in  clearing  ground  of 
weeds. 

weedlng-hoe,  s.  A  hoe  used  in  weeding 
ground. 

weeding-hook,  s.  A  hook  used  for 
cutting  away  or  extirpating  weeds. 

wee  ding- iron,  s.  The  same  as  WEED- 
INO-FOBK  (q.v.)- 

weeding  -  pincers,    s.  pi.     [WEEDING- 

FORCEPS.] 

weeding-rhim,  s.  An  implement,  some- 
what like  the  frame  of  a  wheulbarrow,  used 
for  tearing  up  weeds  or  summer-fallows,  &c. 
(Prop.) 

weeding  shears,  s.  pi.  Shears  used  for 
cutting  weeds. 

weedlng-tongs,  s.  pi  The  same  n 
WEEDING-FORCEPS  (q.v.). 

weeding -tool,  s.  Any  implement  for 
pulling  up,  digging-up,  or  cutting  weeds. 

"weed'-less,  a.     [Eng.   weed  (1),   s.  ;   -few, 

Free  from  weeds  or  noxious  matter. 
"  So  many  weedleis  paradises  l>e, 
Which  of  theinnelves  produce  no  venomous  sin.' 

Donne  ;  Anatomy  qftKe  World,  i       ' 

weed' -wind,  s.    [See  def.] 

Bot. :  A  corruption  of  Withwind  (q.v.) 
(Prior.) 

'-^  (1),  a.    [Eng,  weed  (1),  s. ;  -y.] 

*l.  Consisting  of  weeds. 

"  Her  weedy  trophies. "        Shuketp. :  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 

2.  Abounding  with  weeds. 

"  By  weedy  pool  or  pestilential  swamp." 

Wordttaorth  :  Excursion,  bk.  Tl 

3.  Not  of  good  blood  or  breeding ;  lank, 


boll,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  cell,  choras,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t, 
-tian  .=  shan.    -tion.    sion  -  shun ;  -tion,    sion  -  zhnn.    -cious,  -tious,  -ftious  =  ahus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 

37 


5150 


weedy— weeping 


thin,  and  long-legged  ;  hence,  worthless,  as 
for  breeding  or  racing  purposes.  (Probably 
from  growing  rank  like  a  weed.) 

"  The  bifger  Australian  youth,  any  between  ten  and 

sixteen  years,  has  a  tendency,  a*  I  have  before  hinted. 

to  become   loug-legued.   leeedy,  aud   *lauky.'"— £)uify 

Telegraph,  Aug.  29.  1985. 

«weed'-$r  (2),  a.    [Eng.  weed(2Xa-  J  -fl.J  Clad 
in  weeds  or  widow's  mourning. 

"  8be  was  as  wtedm  as    in  the  early  days  of  her 
moaraing."— /"-* —     ' J-'-  l 


wecfs,  s.pi.    [Seedef.] 

Timber  Trade :  A  name  given  In  some  j>arts 
of  the  country  to  what  are  more  commonly 
termed  binders  (q.v.).  They  are  called  weel.-*, 
from  weave,  because  they  are  used  in  weaving 
materials  together,  especially  in  crate-making. 
(Timber  Trade  Journal) 

week,  *weeke,  *weke,  '  wike,  *wolte, 

*  w«uke,  *  wycke,  *  wyke,  s.    [A.S.  wice, 

vricu,  trace,    wvcu ;  cogn.   with  Dut.   week ; 

'  Icel.   vtka ;    8w.   vecka ;   O.   H.   Ger.  wcc/ia, 

twWka;  M.  H.  Ger.  woche;  Dan.  uge.\ 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  The  space  of  seven  days  ;  the  space  from 
one  Sunday,  Monday,  &c.,  to  another ;  the  most 
obvious  and  convenient  division  of  the  natu- 
ral or  lunar  month.  The  division  of  time 
into  weeks  was  not  found  among  the  abori- 
gines of  America  when  the  New  World  was 
discovered,  nor  did  it  exist  among  the 
Polynesians,  the  Japanese,  or,  It  is  now  be- 
lieved, the  Chinese.  It  is  nearly  univer- 
sal in  India,  and  was  found  thoroughly 
rooted  when  the  first  Christians  went  to  that 
country.  So  lias  It  been  from  a  period  of 
high  antiquity  in  Scandinavia,  the  names  of 
the  several  days  being  connected  with  iden- 
tically the  same  planets  in  the  two  regions ; 
so  that,  if  at  noon  on  Sunday  in  Sweden  une 
could  T>e  transported  in  a  moment  to  India,  he 
would  find  it  Aditwar  (=  Sunday)  there,  and 
so  of  any  other  day  in  the  week.  The  Hebrews, 
and  it  is  thought  the  other  Semites,  had 
the  institution  of  weeks  [II.],  the  days  appa- 
rently being  simply  numbered  first,  second, 
third,  Ac.  During  the  early  centuries  of  their 
history  the  Greeks  and  the  Romans  had  not 
the  institution  of  weeks,  there  having  been 
ancient  forgery  in  connection  with  Homer's 
oft-quoted  passages  on  the  subject.  Dion 
Cassius,  in  the  second  century  after  Christ 
{Hist.,  xXTtvii.  18),  considered  that  the  week 
with  the  planetary  names  of  the  days  had 
been  introduced  into  Rome  only  recently, 
and  from  Egypt.  The  establishment  of  Chris* 
tianity  under  Constantine  confirmed  the 
change,  and  thence  the  septenary  division  of 
time  spread  to  the  whole  Christian,  and 
subsequently  to  the  Muh;immad«n,  world. 
One  school  of  theologians  attributes  the  wide 
prevalence  of  septenary  institutions  to  the 
Sabbath  having  been  divinely  instituted  at 
the  Creation  ;  another  regards  the  week  as  a 
fourth  part  of  a  lunar  month. 

*2.  Applied  to  the  week-days,  or  working- 
days,  as  opposed  to  Sundays. 

"  Divide  the  Sunday  from  th«  «•*•*." 

Shaketp.  :  Samlet.  1.  L 

IL  Script. :  In  Genesis  ii.  2, 3,  the  reason  why 
the  division  of  time  into  weeks  began  is  stated 
to  be  that  God  occupied  six  days  in  the  work 
of  creation,  and  rested  upon  the  seventh  day, 
which  he  consequently  hallowed.  Seven  from 
this  time  forth  constantly  occurs,  and  ob- 
viously becomes  a  sacred  number.  (Cf.  Gen. 
lv.  15,  vii.  2,  xxi.  28,  xxix.  18,  20,  xxxiii.  3, 
Ac.)  Traces  of  division  of  time  into  weeks 
appear  in  Gen.  vii.  4,  viii.  10,  12,  &c.,  till  the 
Sabbath  (q.v.)  is  mentioned  by  name  (Exod. 
xvi.  23,  26).  A  week  of  weeks  (=  49  days)  was 
also  recognized.  [*|  (I)-]  The  first  day  of 
the  seventh  month  was  a  Sabbath  (Lev.  xxiii. 
24),  and  the  whole  month  was  somewhat 
sacred,  being  little  more  than  a  succession  of 
feasts  and  Sabbatlis  (verses  27,  28,  34,  39,  &c.). 
The  seventh  year  was  sacred,  the  very  land 
obtaining  Sabbatic  rest  (Exod.  xxiii.  11,  Lev. 
xxv.  1-7,  Deut.  xv.  9,  12) ;  and  after  seven 
ti  mes  seven  years  came  the  Jubilee  (q.v.)  (Lev. 
xxv.  8-55).  Seventy,  as  having  seven  for  one 
of  its  factors,  was  sacred  (Exod.  xxiv.  1),  and 
seventy  weeks  constituted  a  prophetic  period. 
<Dan.  ix.  24-27). 

^  1.  Feast  of  Weeks: 

Jtwish  Antiq.:  A  name  for  the  Feast  of 
Pentecost  (q.v.)  (Deut.  xvi.  »,  10). 

2.  Passion-week : 

(1)  The  same  aa  HOLT-WEEK  (q.v.j. 


t  (2)  Sometimes,  and  more  correctly,  ap- 
plied to  the  week  which  b-gins  with  the  fifth 
Sunday  in  Lent,  because  on  that  day  the 
more  solemn  commemoration  of  the  Passion 
begins. 

(3)  TViisfor  that)  day  week:  On  the  same  day 
a  week  previously  or  afterwards  ;  on  the  corre- 
sponding day  in  the  preceding  or  succeeding 
week. 

week  day,  s.  Any  day  of  the  week  ex- 
cept the  Sunday.  (Often  used  attributively.) 

"  Takes  upon  himself  to  be  the  teerk->i<iy  preacher." 
—Thackeray ;  KngltiH  Bumouruti ;  Sifift, 

week'-ly;  a.,  adv.,  &  *.    [Eng.  week;  -ly.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Pertaining  to  a  week  or  week-days. 

"Put  their  German  names  upon  our  tfrtkly  days.** 
Drayton  :  Poly-Olbioit,  s.  11. 

2.  Continuing  or  lasting  for  a  week  ;  pro- 
duced within  a  week. 

3.  Coming,  happening,  produced,  or  done 
once  a  week. 

"  So  lived  our  sires,  e'er  doctors  learned  to  kill, 
And  multiplied  with  theirs,  the  weekly  hill." 

Dryden :  To  John  l>rid«n.  Big. 

B.  As  adv. :  Once  a  week ;  in  or  by  weekly 
periods  ;  each  week ;  week  by  week. 

"Tbeca  are  obliged  to  perform  divine  worship  ID 
their  turns  «•«•*'//.  and  are  sometimes  called  hebdo- 
madal caucus."— AyU/t:  Pareryun. 

C.  At  subst. :  A  newspaper  or  periodical 
published  once  a  week. 

"A  furious  onslaught  upon  the  company  In  one  of 
the  financial  meekliei."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  17, 
U* 

weel  (1),  •wel,  »wele,  «.  [A.S.  vcel;  O. 
Dut.  u-ael.]  A  whirlpool. 

weel  (2),  weel'-*,  *  weele.  *.  rTrob.  from 
being  made  of  unllows  (q.v.).]  Jl  Kind  of  trap 
or  snare  for  Ash  made  of  twigs. 

"  These  rushes  are  used  to  make  lenro  and  weelt  for 
flshirs  at  sea,  and  tine  and  dnintie  wicker  vesstla." — 
P.  Holland:  Pltnie,  bk.  xxi.,  ch.  xvili. 

weel  (3),  t.    [WEAL (I),*.]   (Scotch.) 
weel,  adv.    [WELL,  adv.]    (Scotch.) 

weem,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  An  earth-house 
(q.v.).  (Scotch.) 

ween,  * wene,  v.i.  [A.8.  «^na*=to  imagine, 
to  hope,  to  expect,  from  wen  =  expectation, 
supposition,  hope  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  uxineu  = 
to  fancy,  from  ittum  =  conjecture  ;  Icel.  vdna 
=  to  hope,  from  van  =  expectation  ;  Ger. 
u-ahnen,  from  wahn ;  O.  H.  Ger.  wan  =  e*i>ec- 
tation ;  Goth,  wenjan  =  to  expect,  from  went 
=  expectation.  From  the  same  root  as  win.] 
To  be  of  opinion  ;  to  have  the  idea  or  notion ; 
to  imagine,  to  think,  to  believe,  to  fancy. 
(Now  only  used  in  poetry.) 

"  Thy  father,  in  pity  of  my  hard  distress, 
Levied  an  army,  tor+nini?  to  redeem 
And  reiustal  me  tu  the  diadem." 

Shake*?.  :  1  Henry  FA,  11.  5. 

weep,  •  weepe,  *  wepe  (pa.  t.  •  weep,  *  wep, 
wept,  *  wop,  *  wope,  *wepte),  v.i.  &  t.  [A.S. 
trepan  (pa.  t.  wop)  =  lit.  to  raise  an  outcry, 
from  wop  =  a  clamour,  outcry,  lament,  cogn. 
with  O.  Sax.  wopian  =  to  raise  an  outcry, 
from  w6p  =  an  outcry ;  Goth,  wopjan  =  to 
cry  oat;  O.  H.  Ger.  wvaja-n  —  to  lament,  to 
weep,  from  «mo/,  wuaf=  an  outcry;  Icel. 
cepa  —  to  shout,  to  cry,  from  6p  =  &  shout; 
Russ.  nm'f«  =  to  sob,  to  lament,  to  wail; 
Sansc.  vdg  =  to  cry,  to  howl ;  Eng.  voice.] 
A.  Intntnsitire: 

*  1.  To  express  sorrow,  grief,  &c.T  by  an 
outcry. 

"A  voice  was  herd  an  high  ttcepyng*  6  ntycbe 
weiJynge."—  WycUffe :  Matthew  ri. 

2.  To  express  sorrow,  grief,  anguish,  Ac., 
by  shedding  tears. 

"  She  wolde  wepe  if  that  she  saw  a  nious 
Caught*  In  a  trnppe."       Chautvr  ;  C.  T.,  ProL  148. 

*  3.  To  lament,  to  complain. 

"  They  tecrp  unto  me,  saying,  Give  us  fleah  that  we 
may  eat'1— Jfumbert  xi.  13. 

4.  To  let  fall  drops ;  to  drop  water  ;  hence, 
to  rain. 

"  When  heaven  doth  tMtp.  doth  not  the  earth  o'erflow." 
Shaketp.  :  Titut  Andrvniciu.  liL  L 

*  6.  To  drop  or  flow  as  tears. 

"  The  blood  weepi  from  my  heart," 

Shake*?.  :  2  ffcnry  IT..  IT.  4. 

*  6.  To  give  out  moisture ;  to  be  very  damp. 

"  Rye-gnat  grows  on  clayey  and  wfepittjj  grounds."— 

*  7.  To  fall  as  a  tear. 

'*  Many  a  dry  drop  seemed  a  wtatinff  tear." 

bJuiktM/>.  :  Rape  qf  Luerece,  1.1 


*  8.  To    have    the    branches   drooping   or 
hanging  downwards,  as  if  in  sorrow;  to  be 
pendent ;  to  droop :  as,  a  weeping  tree. 

*  9.  To  overflow,  to  run. 

"  When  our  vaults  have  teept 
With  druuken  syiltb  uf  *nie." 

.S*o*evp. .-  Time*,  it  S. 

10.  To  shed  tear-like  drops  of  sap  from  « 
wounded  branch.      Used    especially   of  the 
grai>e-vine. 

*  B.  Transitive : 

L  To  lament,  to  bewail,  to  bemoan. 

"  She  «0«e/><  Troy's  i>*Uuted  woes," 

Sft'tketp. :  Rape  of  Lucrtct,  1,491. 

2.  To  shed  or  let  full  drop  by  drop,  as  tears ; 
to  pour  forth  in  drops. 

"My  heart  togpt  bl<ML"—&haJUtp.:   Winter'*  Tab, 

3.  To  celebrate   by  weeping  or  shedding 
tears. 

4.  To  spend  or  consume  in  tears  or  in  weep- 
ing ;  to  wear  out  or  exhaust  by  weeping ;  to 
get  rid  of  by  weeping.    (Usually  followed  by 
away,  out,  from,  &c.) 

"I  could  weep 
My  spirit  from  mine  eyea." 

Shake*?-  •'  Julius  Otttar,  IT.  ft. 

6.  To  form  or  produce  by  shedding  tears. 

"We  TOW  to  weep  seas,  live  in  fire,  eat  rocka,"— 
Shatetp-  •'  Troiiut  A  Crtuida,  iii.  2. 

6.  To  extinguish  by  shedding  tears  over. 
(Followed  by  owl.) 

"  In  companion  wn>  the  flre  out." 

Bhaketp. :  Richard  II..  v.  L 

* weep'-%-ble,  a.  [Eng.  weep;  -able.}  Ex- 
citing or  calling  for  tears ;  lamentable,  griev- 
ous. 

weep  -er,  s.    [Eng.  weep  ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language ; 

1.  One  who  weeps  ;  one  who  sheds  tears ;  a 
mourner. 

"  The  sides  of  the  tombs  are  often  embellished  with 
flfrares  of  the  offspring  of  the  deceased;  frequently 
with  figured  of  mourners,  plenrers,  or  \oeepert,  gene- 
rally in  monastic  habit*,  as  whole  convents  were  wont 
and  still  are  accustomed,  in  Gatliulic  countrie*)  tu  pour 
out  their  pious  iiilmbitants  to  form  processions  at  tl>« 
funerals  oi  the  gTtH.t."— Pennant :  London. 

2.  A  sort  of  white  linen  cuff,  border,  or 
band  on  a  dress,  worn  as  a  token  of  mourn- 
ing. 

"The  Lord  Chancellor  and  most  of  the  Queen's 
Counsel  appearing  at  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Lords 
yesterday  wore  ttieir  mourning  robe*  aud  bauds,  witU 
wipers  oa  their  sleeves."— Echo,  March  is,  1988. 

3.  A  long  hat-band  of  crape  or  cloth  worn 
by  males  at  a  funeral. 

11.  ZooL :    Cebus   capucinus,    from    South 
America. 

*weep'-rtU,  o.    [Eng.  weep; 
of  weeping;  grieving. 

weep'- ing,  *  wep-ing,  "  wep-lnge, 
*  wep-yng,  *wep-ynge,  pr,  par.,  a.,  &  *. 

nvEEp.j 

A.  &  B.  A»  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  xubst, :  The  act  of  one  who  weeps ; 
lamentation,  mourning. 

/  "  Fastings,  veepinyt,  aud  austerities.1*, 

Vodtley  :  Religion. 

weeping-ash,  «. 

Bot.  £  Hort. :  Fraxinus  excelsior,  var.  pendula. 
The  branches  grow  downward,  and  constitute 
a  natural  arbour.  It  is  said  to  have  been  pro- 
duced accidentally  in  Cambridgeshire. 

weeping-birch,  c. 

Bot.  £  Hort.:  A  si>ecies  of  birch,  Betula 
pendula,  differing  from  the  common  Betula 
alba  in  having  drooping  branches,  in  the 
smoothness  of  its  young  shoote,  &c.  Comiucp 
in  various  parts  of  Europe. 

"  Where  «•••«; -iHU-om A  and  willow  round. 
With  their  long  fibres  sweep  the  Eround." 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  t.  26. 

•weeping-cross,  <-  A  cross,  often  of 
stone,  erected  on  or  by  the  side  of  a  highway, 
where  penitents  particularly  offered  their 
devotions. 

1f  *  To  return  (or  come  home)  by  Weeping 
Cross:  To  meet  with  a  painful  defeat  in  any 
enterprise;  to  be  worsted  ;  to  repent  sorrow- 
fully for  having  taken  a  certain  course  or 
having  engaged  in  a  particular  undertaking. 

weeping-monkey,  *.    [WEEPER,  ILJ 

*  weeping-ripe,  cu    Ripe  or  ready  for 
weeping. 

"  They  were  all  In  lamentable  cases : 
The  king  wat  wjriitg-ritte  fur  a  good  word. 

Shaketp. :  Lowe»  Labour 9  Lott,  T.  ft> 


fbte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
«r.  wore,  wolf.  work,  who,  sou ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  nnlte,  cur,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    £»,  n  =  e;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


weepingly— weigher 


5151 


weeping-rook,  s.  A  porous  rock  from 
which  watt i-  exudes  or  trickles. 

weeping -spring,  s,  A  spring  that 
slowly  discharges  water. 

weeping-tree,  s. 

Bot.  <(.'  Ihtrt. :  A  general  name  for  a  tree  with 
pendulous  brandies.  In  most  cases  it  is  a 
variety  of  one  with  erect  or  spreading 
branches. 

weeping-willow,  s. 

Bot.:  Salix  babylonica,  a  willow  with  deli- 
cate pendulous  branches,  fancifully  supposed 
to  resemble  long,  dishevi-llod  hair  like  that  of 
the  Jewish  captives  by  the  rivers  of  Babylon. 
(Psalm  c\xxvii.  1,  2.)  It  has  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, finely-serrate  leaves.  It  is  indigenous 
in  China,  on  the  Euphrates  and  some  other 
rivers  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  in  the  North  of 
Africa.  It  is  cultivated  in  the  United  States 
and  in  Europe  for  the  elegance  of  its  appear- 
ance and  foliage. 

•weep'-Ing-ljf,  *  wep-yng-ly,  adv.  [Bng, 
weeping;  -ly.]  In  a  weeping  manner;  with 
weeping ;  with  tears. 

"[She]  wepyngly  had  shewed  hymall  her  uede  and 
besyiieMfl."— Bcrnert :  Froiuart ;  Cronycle,  vol.  L, 
eh.  vll. 

weer-lsh,  a.    [WEARISH.] 

*  wee'-jel,  s.     [Cf.  Prov.  Ger.  wcesling,  \oaisel, 
wdsel  ="the  gullet  of  animals  that  chew  the 
cud.]    The  weasand. 

"  The  mastiffs  of  our  land  shall  worry  ye, 
And  pull  the  umetelt  (rum  your  greedy  Uiro-iU." 
G.  I'ffle :  David  *  Bethtnbt. 

weet(l),  •wete  (pa.  t.  wot),  v.i.  [WIT,  v.] 
To  know  ;  to  be  informed  ;  to  wit. 

"  Ye  wettn  that  aftir  tweyn  d»y w,  Puke  acbal  be 
maad."—  W ycliffe :  Mtttrhem  xxvi. 

*weet(2),  v.t.    [WRT,V.] 

wect,  s.    [WEBT  (2),  v.}    Rain,  moisture,  wet. 

(Scotch.) 

weet  irig,  pr.  par,  or  a.    [WEET  (1),  v.] 

*  wect  -irig-ly,  *  wet-ing  ly,  *  wet-yng- 

lye,  adv.  [Eng.  weeting ;  -ly.]  Knowingly, 
consciously,  wittingly. 

"Yf  we  se  .  .  .  Chrlstes  Instttuclon  broken,  and 
Wfitinglyt  reeeyve  it,  ire  make  ouraelfes  partakers  ot 
the  cryuw." — Fryth:  Consecration  qf  the  Sacrament, 
p,  75. 

*  weet'-less,  *  weete  lease,  a.    [Eng.  wut 
(1),  v. ;  -tew.] 

1.  Unknowing,    ignorant,  unthinking,  un- 
conscious. 

"  Stay,  stay,  sir  kuight  for  lone  of  God  abstain*. 
From  that  vnwares  yea  wt-tlette  do  Intend." 

Spenser:  f.Qt\l.  vlll.  IT. 

2.  Unknown  ;  not  understood ;  unmeaning. 

wee  -ver,  5.  [The  same  word  as  VIPER  and 
WYVERN  (q.v.>]  [QUAVIVER.] 

Ichthy. :  The  popular  name  of  two  British 
fishes :  Trachinus  draco,  the  Greater,  and  T. 
vipera,  the  Lesser  Weever.  The  first,  which 
is  the  rarer  of  the  two,  is  from  twelve  to 
eighteen  inches  long,  and  an  excellent  food- 
tish ;  the  second,  which  is  from  four  to  five 
inches  long,  is  conimon  on  the  Lincolnshire 
and  Norfolk  coasts.  These  fish  have  the 
power  of  inflicting  painful  wounds  with  their 
dorsal  and  opercular  spines.  No  special 
organ  for  the  secretion  of  poison  has  been 
found,  but  the  mucus  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
spines  has  decidedly  poisonous  properties. 
The  dorsal  spines  and  the  spine  on  the  oper- 
culum  have  a  deep  double  groove  in  which 
the  mucus  lodges,  and  by  which  it  is  intro- 
duced into  punctured  wounds. 

wee'-vH.  *  we-vel,  *  wl-uel,  *  we-vyl, 

wy-vel,  s.  [A.8.  wiftl,  wibil  =  &  kind  of 
beetle  ;  Low  Ger.  &  O.  Dut.  wevel;  O.  H.  Ger. 
taibil,  vribel ;  Lith.  wabatas.] 

Entom. :  The  popular  English  name  for  any 
beetle  of  the  family  Curculionidw,  and  especi- 
ally those  which  force  themselves  on  notice 
by  damage  done  by  their  larvae,  and  some- 
times also  by  themselves,  in  fields,  granaries, 
Ac,  Rhynchites  befall,  a  small  blue  or  green 
glossy  beetle,  attacks  the  vine  and  the  pear- 
tree  ;  It.  alliarice,  a  still  smaller  one,  attacks 
the  leaves  of  fruit  trees  in  general ;  and  R, 
cupreus,  the  shoots  and  the  fruit  of  the  plum 
and  tlie  apricot.  Neinoicus  oblongus  feeds  on 
the  young  leaves  of  fruit  trees  ;  Hylobius 
abietis  and  Piss»des  notatits,  on  the  wood  of 
the  pine  ;  Calandra  granaria,  on  the  grain  in 


granaries ;  Ceutorynchus  assimilis  and  C.  con- 
tnictus,  on  the  leaves  of  turnips,  and  there 
are  many  others.  The  Nut  Weevil  is  Balaninus 
nucum, ;  the  Bice  Weevil,  Silophitus  oryzce. 

wee'-villed,  a.  [Eng.  weevil;  -ed.]  Infested 
by  weevils. 

* wee'-vil-ly;  a.  [Eng.  weevil;  -#.]  Infested 
with  weevils;  weeviled. 

*wee'-ze%  5.    [WEASEL.] 

*  weft,  pret.  ofv.    [WAVE,  v.] 

*weft(l),  5.    [WAIF.] 

1.  A  thing  waived,  cast  away,  or  abandoned ; 
a  waif  or  stray. 

"A  posthumous  edition.  In  wliich  also  I  shall  em- 
body some  wfftt  and  strays."— Saut/iey  :  Letter*,  iv.  iOO. 

2.  A  homeless  wanderer ;  a  waif. 

Weft  (2),  s.  [WAVE,  v.]  A  signal  made  by 
waving. 

*  weft  (3),  8.    [WAFT.]    A  gentle  blast. 

"  The  strongest  sort  of  sinella  are  beet  In  a  weft  afar 
off." — Bacon, 

weft  (4),  s.  [A.S.  weft,  wcjta,  from  wefan  —  to 
weave;  cogn.  with  lueL  vtftr,  vipta,  vi^ta. 
The  woof  or  piling  of  cloth,  running  from 
selvage  to  selvage. 

"  But  fair  fa'  the  weaver  that  wrought  the  wvft  o'L" 
—Scott :  Kob  Roy,  ch.  xxxi. 

weft-fork,  s. 

Weaving : 

1.  An  instrument  used  in  certain  kinds  of 
looms,  where  the  filling  Is  laid  in,  one  piece 
at  a  time. 

2.  An  arrangement  for  stopping  the  loom 
if  the  weft-thread  should  break  or  fail. 

weft-hook,  *. 

Weaving ;  A  hook  for  drawing  in  the  filling 
in  the  case  of  slat-weaving  looms  and  some 
forms  of  narrow-ware  and  ribbon  looms. 

*  weft-age  (age  as  Ig),  s.    [Eng.  weft  (4),  s.; 

•age.]    Texture. 

"The  whola  muscles,  as  they  lie  upon  the  bones, 
might  be  truly  tanned  ;  whereby  the  weftagt  of  the 
fibres  might  inure  easily  be  observed,  —drew: 
JUiuattm. 

*  wSfte,  pa.  par.  ofv.    [WAIVE.] 

*  we'-go-tl^m,   s.      [Formed   from   we   on 
analogy  of  egotism,  (q.v.).]     Frequent  or  ex- 
cessive use  of  the  pronoun  we;  weism. 

"  Individual  merit  would  no  longer  be  merged,  as  It 
Is  now.  In  what  is  called  the  wtgntiim  of  the  press." — 
B.  J.  Jf iiningi :  Cu/Hositi vtqf  Criticitm,  p.  156. 

*  wehr  -geld,  s.    [WEBOILD.] 

wehr'-lite,  5.    [After  A.  Wehrle,  who  analysed 

the    two    minerals  thus    named ;   suft*.    ~ite 
(Attn.).] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  mineral  resembling  tetradymite  (Q.V.). 
Crystallization,  hexagonal ;  hardness,  1  to  2  ; 
sp.  gr.,  8'44  ;  lustre,  bright  metallic ;  colour, 
light  steel-gray.    An  analysis  yielded,  tellu- 
rium, 29-74;  sulphur,  2'3:i ;  bismuth,  61*15; 
silver,  2-07  =  95'20,  which  yields  the  formula, 
Bi(Te,8).    Found  at  Deutsch  Pilsen,  Hungary. 

2.  The  sameas  LIEVRITE  (q.v.). 

wei-ge'-U-a,  wei'-gel-a  (w  as  v),  s. 

[Named  after  C.  E.  Weigel,  author  of  Observa- 
tions Botanicce,  published  in  1772.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Lonicerese,  sometimes 
merged  into  Diervilla,  but  distinguished  from 
it  by  its  winged  seeds,  and  its  crustaceous 
seed  vessel.  Ornamental  plants  with  roseate 
or  white  flowers,  from  China  and  Japan,  now 
cultivated  in  British  gardens. 

weigh  (gh  silent),  •  wegh  en,  *  wel-en, 
*  weye,  *  wey-en,  *  weygh,  V.L  &  i. 

[A.S.  wegan  —  to  carry,  to  bear,  to  move; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  wegen  —  to  weigh  ;  I  eel.  vega 
=  to  move,  to  carry,  to  lift,  to  weigh }  Dan. 
veie  =  to  weigh  ;  Sw.  vdga  =  to  weigh  ;  O.  H. 
Ger.  wegan  =  to  move ;  Ger.  weyen  =  to  move ; 
wiegen  =  to  move  gently,  to  rock;  wdy«»  = 
to  weigh  ;  Lat.  veho  =  to  carry.] 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  lift,  to  raise ;  to  bear  up. 

"  With  that,  their  anchors  he  couiraamla  to  weigh." 
Pope     J7ome£;  Odytsey  itv.  590. 

2.  To  examine  by  a  balance,  so  as  to  ascer- 
tain the  weight  or  heaviness  of ;  to  determine 
or  ascertain  the  heaviness  of  by  showing  their 


relation  to  the  weights  of  other  bodies  which 
are  known,  or  which  are  assumed  as  general 
standards  of  weight :  as,  To  weigh,  tea,  To 
weigh,  gold,  &c. 

3.  To  be  equivalent  to  in  weight:  as,  That 
weighs  five  pounds. 

*4.  To  pay,  allot,  take,  or  give  by  weight. 

"They  weiyfied  for  my  price  thirty  pieces  of  silver.' 

—Zwh'trMh,  xi.  13. 

5.  To  consider  or  examine  for  the  purpose 
of  forming  an  opinion  or  coming  to  a  conclu- 
sion ;  to  estimate  deliberately  and  maturely; 
to  balance  in  the  mind  ;  to  reflect  on  care- 
fully ;  to  compare  in  the  mind. 

"  Weighing  diligently  the  nature  and  Importance  of 
the  undertaking  in  which  yon  are  nhout  to  engage."— 
Seeker:  Svrmnn ;  /attractions  to  Candidates. 

*  6.  To  consider  as  worthy  of  notice ;  to 
make  account  of;  to  care  fur ;  t«  regaid. 

"My  person,  which  I  weigh  not." 

ShtiXesp.  :  Henry  VJ1L,  T.  L 

*7.  To  estimate,  to  estee%  to  value,  to 
account. 

"H«r  worth  that  he  does  vtlffh  too  light" 

Shaketp. :  All't  Well,  111.  4 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  have  weight. 

"  How  he:ivy  weight  my  lord  ! " 

fSh'ikatp.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  iv.  5. 

2.  To  be  considered  as  important ;  to  carry 
weight;  to  have  weight  in  the  intellectual 
balance. 

"Your  vows  to  her  and  me  ...  will  even  wciffV 
Shakup. :  Midsummer  Nighfi  Dream,  ill.  2. 

3.  To  raise  the  anchor.    (An  elliptic  use.) 

4.  To  bear  heavily  ;  to  press  hard. 

"  That  perilous  stuff 
Which  weight  upon  the  heart." 

Shaketp.  :  Macbeth,  T.  t. 

*  5.  To  be  depressed  ;  to  sink. 

"  Her  heart  weight  aadly."    SHakstp. :  AlTt  Wen,  lit  ft. 

*  6.  To  consider,  to  reflect. 

"The  soldier  leu  weighing,  because  lees  knowing. 
clamoured  to  be  led  on  against  any  danger."— Milto*  : 
Bitt.  Eng.,  bk,  ill. 

TT  To  weigh  down : 
1.  Transitive: 

(1)  To  oppress  with  weight  or  heaviness ;  to 
overburden. 

"  Thou  [sleep]  no  more  wilt  wriyh  mine  eyelids  dnwn,' 
Skaketp. :  2  Henry  IV.,  lit  L 

(2)  To  preponderate  over. 

"He  weight  King  Richard  down." 

Shafcetp.  :  Jiichanl  If.,  Hi,  4. 

*  2.  Intrant. :  To  sink  by  its  own  weight 
or  burden. 

weigh  (gh  silent)  (1),  a.  [WEIGH,  v.]  A  certain 
quantity  or  measure  estimated  by  weight ;  a 
measure  of  weight.  [WEY.] 

weigh -bauk,  weigh  -bawk,  s.  The 
beam  of  a  balance  for  weighing ;  hence,  in 
plural  =  a  pair  of  scales.  (Scotch.) 

"Capering  in  the  air  In  a  pair  of  w?'njh-b-iitkt,  now 
up,  now  down."— S««< :  Redyauntlet,  ch.  xxlv. 

weigh-board,  s. 

Mining :  Clay  intersecting  the  vein. 

weigh  bridge,  s.  A  scale  for  weighing 
loaded  vehicles. 

weigh  liOUSC.  s.  A  building  (generally 
of  a  public  character)  at  or  in  which  goods 
are  weighed  by  suitable  apparatus. 

weigh-lock,  s.  A  canal-lock  at  which 
barges  are  weighed,  and  their  tonnage  settled. 

weigh  shaft,  s. 

Steam-engine:  The  rocking-shaft  used  in 
working  the  slide-valves  by  the  eccentric. 

weigh  (gh  silent)  (2),  *.    [See  def.J 

Nattt.  :  A  corruption  of  ioay  (used  only  in 
the  phrase,  Under  weigh,  as  a  ship  under 
weigh— i.e.,  making  way  by  aid  of  its  sails, 
paddles,  propeller,  &c. 

weigh'-a-ble  (gh  silent),  a.  [Eng.  weigh,  v. ; 
-able.]  "Capable  of  being  weighed. 

weigh-ago  (as  wa'-3fg).  5.  [Eng.  weigh,  v. ; 
-age.}  A  rate  or  toll  paid  for  weighing  goods. 

weighed  (gh  silent),  pa.  par.  &  a.  [WEIGH,  *.J 

A.  44s  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Experienced. 

"  In  an  embassy  of  weight,  choice  was  made  of  some 
Bad  person  of  known  experience,  and  not  of  a  young 
man,  not  weighed  in  state  matters."— tfacort. 

weigh'-er  (gh  silent),  s.  [Eng.  weigh,  v. ;  er.) 
One  who  or  that  which  weighs ;  an  officer 
appointed  to  weigh  goods  or  to  test  weights. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  $hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  09;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ings 
-dan,  -tian  _  shan.   -tiou,  -sion  -  shun ;  -fion,  -sion  —  zhua.   -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  dei. 


5152 


weighing— welse 


weigh' -ing  (gh  silent),  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s. 
[WKIQH,  v.} 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  ascertaining  the  weight  of 
goods. 

2.  As  much  as  is  weighed  at  once :  as,  a 
weighing  of  beef. 

weighing-cage,  «.  A  cage  in  whi.-h 
live  animals  may  be  conveniently  weighed, 
its  pigs,  sheep,  calves,  &<•. 

weighing  -  house.   5.      The    same    as 

\VEK;H-HOUSE  (q.v.). 

weighing-machine,  *.  A  machine  for 
ascertaining  the  weight  of  any  object ;  a  com- 
mon balance,  a  spring  balance,  a  steelyard, 
or  the  like.  The  term  is,  however,  generally 
applied  to  machines  which  are  employed  to 
ascertain  the  weight  of  heavy  bodies,  such  as 
those  used  for  determining  the  weight  of 
loaded  vehicles,  machines  for  weighing  cattle, 
or  heavy  goods,  such  as  large  casks,  bales,  or 
the  like.  Some  are  constructed  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  lever  or  steelyard,  others  on  that 
of  a  combination  of  levers,  and  others  on  that 
of  the  spring  balance. 

weight,  *  waight  (yh  silent),  *  wayght, 
*weght,  *woyght,  'wight,  a.  [A.S. 
gewiht;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  wicM,  gewicht ; 
Dut.  gewigt;  Ger.  gewicht;  Icel.  vcett;  Dan. 
vcegt;  Sw.  vigt.]  [WEIGH,  v.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That  property  of  bodies  through  which 
they  tend  towards  the  centre  of  the  earth ; 
gravity. 

2.  The  measure  of  the  force  of  gravity,  as 
determined  for  any   particular  body ;  in  a 
popular  sense,  the  amount  which  any  body 
weighs ;  the  quantity  of  matter  as  estimated 
by  the   balance,   or    expressed  numerically 
with  reference  to  some  standard  unit. 

"  The  weight  of  an  hair  will  turn  the  scales  between 
their  avoj rtfupoU."— SAafcrip.  ;  2  Henry  J  »'.,  ii.  4. 

3.  A   piece  (usually)   of  metal    of  known 
gravity,  and  used  with  scales   to  determine 
the  gravity  of  other  bodies. 

4.  A  particular  scale,  system,  or  mode  of 
ascertaining  the  relative  heaviness  of  bodies  : 
as,    troy    weight,    avoirdupois    weight,    Ac, 
Weights  vary   according   to  the  commodity 
they  are  intended  to  weigh.     Thus  the  follow- 
ing are  all  in  use :  (1)  The  grain,  computed 
decimally,  for  scientific  purposes  ;   (2)  troy 
weight ;  (3)  troy  ounce,  with  decimal  mul- 
tiples and  divisions,  called  bullion  weight ; 
(4)  bankers'  weights  for  sovereigns ;  (5)  apo- 
thecaries' weight ;  (6)  Diamond  weight  and 
pearl  weight,  including  the  carat ;  (7)  Avoir- 
dupois   weight;    (8)  weights    for   hay   and 
straw ;   (9)  wool-weights,  using  as  factors  2, 
8, 7, 13,  and  their  multiples ;  (10)  coal- weights, 
decimal  numbers  1,  *5,  -2,  •!,  -05,  '025.     Be- 
sides these  the  gramme,  Ac.,  of  French  metric 
system,  are  used  by  many  scientists.    There 
are  also  ten  different  stones.    A  stone  of  wool 
at   Darlington   is  18  IDS.  ;  a  stone  of  flax  at 
Downpatnck   is    241bs. ;  a  stone  of  flax  at 
Belfast    is    16}  Ibs,   and    also  24  jibs.      The 
hundred  weight  may  mean  100  Ibs.,  112  Ibs., 
or  120  Ibs.      A  pound  weight  varies  in  the 
avoirdupois  and  the  troy. 

5.  A  heavy  mass  ;  something  heavy. 

"A  man  leapetb  better  with  weight*  In  hi*  hands 
than  without."— Bacon  :  Natural  History. 

6.  In  clocks,  one  of  two  masses  of  metal 
which  by  their  weight  actuate  the  machinery. 

7.  Pressure,  burden,  load. 

"Burdened  with  like  wight  of  pain." 

SAaketp.  :  Comedy  qf  Error*,  11.  L 

8.  Importance,  consequence,  moment,  im- 
press! veness. 

'  Such  a  point  of  weight,  so  near  mine  honour." 
Shatetp.;  Hem?  VIII,.  UL  L 

9.  Power,  influence,  importance,  considera- 
tion. 

"If  any  man  of  weight,  loyal,  able,  and  well  In. 
formed,  would  repair  to  Saint  Germain*  aud  explain 
the  Btate  of  thlngi,  hii  majesty  would  easily  be  con- 
vinced. "—Macauiay:  ffttt.  Eng.,  ch.  xlL 

II.  Technically: 

L  Pfcy*tea;The  measure  of  the  force  ofabody 
acted  on  by  gravitation  ;  the  downward  pres- 
sure of  a  body  thus  acted  upon.  As  it  is  pro- 
duced by  the  influence  of  gravity  on  all  the 
particles  of  the  body,  it  is  proportioned  to  the 
quantity  of  matter  in  the  body.  Weight  ob- 
viously exists  in  solids  and  liquids ;  it  does  so 


also  in  gases,  though  their  extreme  fluidity 
and  expansibility  may  seem  to  suggest  the 
contrary.  Weight  being  produced  by  the 
action  of  gravity,  it  slightly  increases  as  the 
body  is  removed  from  the  equator  towards  the 
poles,  owing  to  the  flattening  of  the  earth  in 
the  Utter  region  ;  the  diminished  speed  at 
which  the  earth  rotates  in  high  latitudes  h;ts 
a  similar  influence  ;  a  body  also  weighs  U-ss 
on  a  mountain  top  than  on  a  plain,  being  at  a 
greater  distance  from  the  earth's  mass.  It  is 
also  slightly  affected  by  the  temperature  of 
the  air  and  its  barometric  pressuie.  [DENSITV, 
GRAVITY.] 

2.  Mech.  :    The  resistance  which  In  a  ma- 
chine has  to  be  overcome  by  the  power;  in 
the  simpler  mechanical  powers,  as  the  lever, 
wheel  and  axle,  pulley,  and  the  like,  usually 
tt»e  heavy  body  that  is  set  in  motion  or  held 
iu  equilibrium  by  the  power. 

3.  Patkol.  :    A   sensation  of  heaviness  or 
pressure  over  the  whole  body,  or  any  portion 
of  it  :   as,  a  u-eigkt  on  the  stomach.    In  the 
case  of  the  organ  just  mentioned,  this  gene- 
rally arises  from  undigested  food. 

^  Dead  weight  ;  A  heavy,  oppressive,  or 
greatly  impeding  burden. 

weight-carrier,  s.  A  horse  stout  and 
strong  enough  to  carry  a  heavy  rider. 

"  Fifteen  'weight-carrier*.  Including  Redaktn."— 
Field,  March  20,  1886. 

weight-nail,  s. 

Naut.  :  A  nail  heavier  than  a  deck-nail,  and 
used  for  fastening  buttons,  cleats,  Ac. 

weight-rest,  •• 

Lathe  :  A  rest  which  is  held  steadily  upon 
the  shears  by  a  weight  suspended  beneath. 

weight-thermometer,  *. 

Instruments:  A  glass  cylinder  to  which  Is 
joined  a  bent  capillary  glass  tube,  open  at 
the  end.  It  is  weighed  first  empty,  ana  then 
when  filled  with  mercury,  the  subtraction  of 
the  smaller  from  the  larger  number  gives  the 
weight  of  the  mercury.  It  is  then  raised  to 
a  known  temperature,  when  a  certain  quan- 
tity of  the  expanding  mercury  passes  out. 
From  this  the  temperature  can  be  deduced. 

weight  (gh  silentX  v.t.  [WEIGHT,  *.]  To  add 
or  attach  a  weight  or  weights  to  ;  to  load  with 
additional  weight  ;  to  cause  to  carry  addi- 
tional weight  ;  to  add  to  the  heaviness  of. 

"Dark  art*  are  In  certain  quarters  practised  to  a 
lamentable  extent  In  disguising  and  weighting  teas."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  June  M,  1886. 

weight  -dd  (gh  silent),  pa.  par.  or  a.  [WEIGHT, 
v.} 

weighted-lathe,  *.  A  lathe  in  which 
the  rest  is  held  down  firmly  on  the  shears  by 
a  suspended  weight. 

'-J-l^,  (gh  silent),  adv.   [Eng.  weighty  ; 


1.  In  a  weighty  manner;  heavily,  ponder- 
ously. 

2.  With  force,  influence,  or  impress!  veness  ; 
with  moral   power  or  force  ;   seriously,  im- 
pressively. 

"  Is  li  is  poetry  the  won*.  becaoM  he  make*  his 
agent*  speak  weightily  aud  senteutiuusly  T  "—Broorru  : 
On  the  Odyttey. 

weight  -I  ness  (gh  silent),  «.    [Eng.  weighty; 
-ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  weighty  ; 
heaviness,  gravity,  ponderosity,  weight. 

"  The  cave  In  which  these  bearefl  lay  sleeping  sound, 
Was  bat  of  earth,  and  with  her  weiahtinett 
Upon  them  fell.  "  Uprnter  :  Ruinet  of  Time. 

2.  Solidity,  force,  impressi  veness  ;  power  of 
convincing  :  as,  the  weightiness  of  an  argument. 

3.  Importance, 

"  Before  a  due  examination  be  made  proportionable 
to  the  vHtightinnf  of  the  matter."—  Locke  :  On  Human 
Under  Hand..  bk.  ii,,  ch.  xxi. 

weight-Ing  (gh  silent),  s.  [Eng.  weight  ;  -ing,} 
Found.  :  The  act  of  holding  down  the  flasks 
'.  In  which  the  mould  has  been  made  so  as  to 
resist  the  upward  pressure  of  the  metal. 

*  weight-less  (gh  silent),  a.    [Eng.  weight  ; 

1.  Having  no  weight  ;  light,  Imponderable. 

"  Light  and  wriffhtltu  down 
Perforce  most  move," 

Shake»p.  :  3  Henry  IV.,  IT.  4. 

2.  Of  no  importance  or  consideration. 

"Aud  so  [they]  are  oft-time*  emholdned   to  ;t»nle 
a  them  as  from  alof  te  very  weak?  and  MdfMfoiM 

s."—fip.  Bolt:  Apol.  against  Rrovmiitt.  }  1 


weight -ment  (-jh  silent),  s.  [Eng.  weight; 
•ment.}  The  act  of  weighing. 

"Accepted  after  full  examination,  approval,  and 
weigMment  by  the  respondent*.*—  Time*,  April  8, 18W 

weight'-y,  *  waight-*  (gh  silent) 
*  wayght-y,  a.  [Eng.  weight,  s.  ;  -jr.] 

1.  Having  or  feeing  of  great  weight ;  heavy 
ponderous. 

"  It  la  too  weighty  for  your  grace  to  wear." 

ShaJutp.  :  nich.ird  III,,  Ul.  L 

2.  Important,  serious,  momentous ;  of  great 
importance. 

"  Will  you  go 
To  give  your  censure*  In  this  weighty  business." 

Shaketp.  :  Kichard  III.,  11.  1 

3.  Calculated  or  adapted  to  turn  the  scale 
in  the  mind ;  convincing,  cogent,  forcible. 

"  My  reasons  are  both  good  and  weighty" 

Shakeip.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  i  1. 

4.  Burdensome ;  hard  to  boar, 

"Tba  cares  of  empire  are  great,  and  the  burthen, 
which  lies  upon  the  uotUdcn  of  prince*,  very  veighty. 
—Atterburjf  ;  Serm&nt.  vol.  1.,  ser.  8. 

*  5.  Grave  or  serious  in  aspect. 

*  6.  Entitled  to  authority  on  account  of  ex- 
perience, ability,  or  character. 

*  7.  Rigorous,  severe. 

"  If,  after  two  dayV  shine.  Athens  contains  the* 
Attend  our  weightier  judgment." 

8hake*p. :  Timon.  W.  5, 

well,  wiel,  s.  [A.S.  wed;  O.  Dut.  wael]  A 
small  whirlpool,  (Scotch.) 

"  Claymores  o'  the  Hlelandera.  and  the  deep  waten 
and  weilt  o  the  Avondow."— Scott :  Kob  Roy,  ch.  xxxv. 

woin-man -ne-ro  (w  as  v),  «.  pi     [Mod. 
Lat.  imnmann(ia);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -«e.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Cunoniacece  (q.v.). 

wein  man  ni-a  (w  as  v),  s.  [Named  after 
John  Win.  Weimnann,  a  Rntisbon  apothecary 
and  botanist,  who  about  1750  published  his 
Phytanthoza  Iconographies*] 

Bot,  :  The  typical  genus  of  Weinmannew 
(q.v.).  Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees,  with  reti- 
culated petioles,  compound  or  simple  leaves, 
calyx  four-parted,  petals  four,  stamens  eight. 
an  hypogynous  disk,  fruit  a  many-seeded 
capsule.  About  forty  species  are  known,  from 
South  America,  South  Africa,  Madagascar; 
New  Zealand,  &c.  The  bark  is  astringent; 
that  of  one  species  is  used  in  Peru  for  tanning 
leather,  and  for  adulterating  Peruvian  bark 
(q.v.),  and  that  of  W.  tinctoria  is  employed  ID 
Bourbon  for  dyeing  red. 

weir,  *wear,  *wer,  *.  [A.8.  wer  =  a  weir, 
a  dam  ;  lit.  =±  a  defence,  and  allied  to  werian 
=  to  defend,  to  protect ;  feel,  vorr  =  a  fenoed- 
in  landing-place  ;  ver  =  a  fishing-station  ;  Ger. 
wehr  =  a  defence ;  wehren  =  to  defend  ;  muAI- 
wehr  =  a  mill-dam.] 

1.  A  dam  across  a  stream  to  raise  the  level 
of  the  water  above  it.     The   water  may  be 
conducted  to  a  mill,  a  sluice,  or  a  fish-trap. 

"  A  pleasant  rumour  imote  the  ear, 

Like  wat*r  rushing  through  a  wefr." 
Longfellow:  TaUt  of  a  Waytide  Inn.    (Prelude.) 

2.  A  fence  or  enclosure  of  stakes,  twigs,  or 
nets,  set  in  a  stream,  or  in  a  bay  or  inlet  of 
the  sea,  to  catch  flsh. 

weird,  *  wierd,  *  wirde.  *  wyrde,  s.  A  o. 

[A.S.  wyrd,  wira,  wurd  =  fate,  destiny  ;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  widhr  =  fate  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  wvrth  = 
fate,  death,  from  the  same  root  as  A.S.  weord- 
han ;  Icel.  verdha ;  Ger.  werden  =  to  become.J 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Fate,    destiny ;    formerly,    one    of    the 
Noras  or  Fates. 

"And  this  weird  shall  overtake  thee." 

Scott  :  Bridal  O/  Triermain,  11.  M. 

2.  A  spell,  a  charm. 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  connected  with  fate  or 
destiny  ;  influencing  or  able  to  influence  fate. 

2.  Relating  to  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
witchcraft ;    supernatural,    unearthly,    wild ; 
suggestive  of  uneartbliness. 

"  Those  sweet,  low  tones,  that  seemed  like  a  weird  in- 
cantation."  Longfellow:  Evangetine,  II.  4. 

weird' -ness,  s.  [Eng.  weird;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  weird ;  unearthli- 
ness,  eeriness. 

"MinjdiriE  in  daintiest  fashion  the  v>rin1ntM»  of 
fairy  lore  with  what  Parisians  call  the  latest  'cry  of 
actuality.'-— Daily  Chronicle.  Feb.  22,  1888. 

weise,  weize,  v.t.  [Icel.  visa;  Dan.  vise^ 
Ger.  weisen  =  to  show,  to  point  out,  to  indi- 
cate.] To  direct,  to  guide,  to  turn,  to  incline. 
(Scotch.) 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wglt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    se,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  au  =  kw. 


weism— well 


5153 


we' -ism*  $•  [Eng.  we ;  -ism.]  The  excessive  or 
too  frequent  use  of  the  pronoun  we ;  wegotisiu. 

weiss' -i  -a  (w  as  v),  s.    [Named  after  F.  W. 
Weiss,  a  German  botanist.] 
Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Weissiei  (q.v.). 

weiss-I-e  ~i  (w  as  v),  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat  weia- 
si<a);  Lat.  masc.  pi.  adj.  miff,  -ei.] 

Bot. :  An  order  or  a  tribe  of  Pleurocarpoua 
M  »ses,  having  leaves  of  close  texture,  an 
erect  equal  capsule,  a  peristome  either  absent 
or  with  sixteen  teeth,  and  a  dimidiate  veil. 
Several  species  are  found  in  Britain.  (Berkeley.) 

weiss'  ig-ite  (w  as  v),  s.     [After  Weissig, 
near  Dresden,  where  found  ;  sun.  -ite  (Min).\ 
Min. :  A  variety  of  orthoclase  felspar  oc- 
curring in  very  small  whitish  twinned  crystals 
in  cavities  of  an  amygdaloidal  rock. 

Weiss' -ite  (W  as  v),  s.  [After  the  crystal- 
lographer,  Prof.  Weiss,  of  Berlin ;  suff.  -ite 
(Jtfte).] 

Min. :  An  altered  form  of  Inlite  (q.v.),  re- 
sembling fahlunite  in  most  of  its  characters, 
and  included  by  Dana  under  that  species. 

*  welve  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    [WAIVE.] 

*  welve  (2),  v.t.    [WEAVE.] 

wcize,  v.t.  [WHIZ.]  To  drive  with  force. 
(Scotch.) 

"  I  had  webed  the  slugs  through  him,  though  I  am 
but  sic  a  little  feckless  body."— Scott;  Ouy  Manner- 
ing,  ch.  xxkii. 

*  weke,  a.    [WEAK.] 

*  weke,  ».    [WEEK.] 

*  wel,  adv.    [WELL.] 

wel  -a  way,  *  weal-a-way,  inter}.  [A.S. 
wd  fti  wd  =  woe  I  lo  !  woe  !]  An  exclamation 
of  sorrow,  grief,  or  despair ;  alas  I  Often 
corrupted  into  welladay. 

"  Allim  !  Constaunce,  thou  De  has  no  ohampionn, 
N  e  nghte  canstow  nat,  so  toelateay  I " 

Chaucer. -C.  1'.,  ft.OW. 

Welch,  a.  &  s.    [WELSH,  a.] 
welch  er,  ».    [WELSHER.] 
Weigh  -man,  s.    [WELSHMAN] 

wel  -come,  *  wel  com,  *  wil-kome,  «., 

a.,  A  inter?.  [A.S.  vnlcuma  =  one  who  comes 
so  as  to  please  another,  from  wil-,  pref.,  allied 
to  witta  —  will,  pleasure,  and  cuma  —  a  comer, 
from  cwnan  =  to  come ;  cogn.  with  Ger.  wil- 
Jcommen  =  welcome :  O.  H.  Ger.  witticomo, 
from  wUljo  —  will,  pleasure,  and  Jtomen  (Ger. 
kommen)  =  to  come.  The  change  in  meaning 
was  due  to  Icel.  velkominn  =  welcome,  from 
vel  —  well,  and  kominn,  pa.  par.  of  koma  =  to 
come  ;  Dan.  velkommen  =  welcome  ;  8w.  val- 
Icommen.  (Skeat. )] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  salutation  of  a  new-comer. 

"  Their  shout  of  welcome,  shrill  and  wide, 
Shuuk  the  steep  mountain'*  steady  aide." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  lit  SI. 

3.  A  kind  reception  of  a  guest  or  new-comer. 
"  Whoe'er  has  travelled  life's  dull  round, 
Where'er  his  stages  may  have  been. 
Hay  sigh  to  thiiik  he  st  ill  haa  fuuiid 
liis  warmest  welcome  at  an  Inn." 
Shenitone  :  Linet  Written  on  Window  of  an  Inn, 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Received  with  pleasure  or  gladness  ;  ad- 
jiitted  willingly  to  one's   house,  entertain- 
ment, ur.company. 

"  When  the  glad  soul  Is   made   Heaven's  welmtne 
guest."  Cowper :  Progreit  qf  Error,  166, 

2.  Producing  gladness  or  pleasure ;  pleasing, 
grateful. 

3.  A  term  of  courtesy  implying  readiness  to 
serve  another,  the  granting  of  a  liberty,  free- 
dom to  have  and  enjoy,  and  the  like. 

"  'Lord  Helicane,  a  word.' 
'  With  me  t  aud  welcome  l ' " 

Shakeip. :  Perielet,  ii.  4. 

C.  -4s  interj.  :  A  word  used  in  welcoming 
•r  saluting  a  new-comer. 

"  He  wared  his  huntsman's  cap  on  high, 
Cried,  '  Welcome,  welcome,  noble  lord  ! ' " 

Scott:  The  Chau,  wii. 

IT  Welcome  to  our  House : 
Bot. :  Euphorbia  Cyparissias. 

wel  -come,  v.t.    [WELCOME,  «.] 

1.  To  salute,  as  a  new-comer,  with  kind- 
ness ;  to  receive  with  kindness  or  hospitality. 
"  I  wa«  aboard  twice  or  thrice,  and  very  kindly  wel 
oomed."— Dampier:  Voyage*,  (an.  1682). 


2.  To  receive  with  pleasure  ;  to  be  pleased 
with. 

"  A  brow  unbent  that  seemed  to  welcome  woe. 

.  :  Kape  of  Lucrece,  1,509. 


*  wel'-cAme-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  welcome;  -ly.} 
In  a  welcome  mauner.  (Annandale.) 

wcr  -come  -ness,  *  wel  -com  -ness.  s. 

[Eng.  welcome;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  welcome;  agreeableness,  grateful- 
ness. 

"Yet  will  they  really  still  continue  new.  not  only 
upon  the  scores  of  their  HvtaMMMM.  l>ut  by  their  per- 
pi'tu  -illy  equal,  because  Infinite.  distance  from  a 
periud.*—  Boyle:  Workt,  L  291. 

weT-cdm-er,  s.  [Eng.  welcom(e);  -er,]  One 
who  welcomes  ;  one  who  bids  welcome  ;  one 
who  receives  with  kindness  or  pleasure. 

"Farewell,  thou  wofiil  welcomer  of  glory." 

Shakes?.  :  Richard  III.,  IT.  L 

weld  (1),  *  welde,   *  wold,   *  woldc,  s. 

[Skeat  believes  it  an  English  word,  perhaps 
from  well,  s.,  because  it  is  boiled  for  dyeing. 
Scotch  wald  ;  Ger.  watt  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  van  ; 
Dut.  wouw;  Fr.  gaude  ;  Ital.  guado;  Port. 
gualdet  gauda;  Sp.  tgualda.  Malm  identities 
it  with  woad,  from  which,  however,  it  is  dis- 
tinct.] 

Bot.  :  Reseda  Luteola.  It  is  a  branched 
Mignonette,  two  or  three  feet  high,  with 
linear,  lanceolate,  undivided  leaves,  long 
spike-like  racemes  of  flowers,  three  to  nve 
yellow  petals,  four  sepals,  and  three  stigmas. 
it  is  wild  in  waste  places  in  England  in  clay 
or  chalk  soils,  is  common  in  Ireland,  but 
doubtfully  indigenous  in  Scotland.  It  occurs 
also  in  Europe,  western  Asia  and  northern 
Africa,  and  has  been  introduced  into  the 
United  States.  It  yields  a  yellow  dye.  A 
paint  is  also  made  from  it  called  Dutch  pink. 
Dyers'  greening  weld  is  Genista  tinctoria. 
[DYER'S-WEED,  2  ;  HESEDA.] 

weld  (2),  5.  [WELD,  v.]  The  junction  of  metals 
by  heating  and  hammering  the  parts.  It 
differs  from  soldering  and  brazing  in  that  no 
more  fusible  metal  is  made  to  form  a  bond  of 
union  between  the  parts.  The  partial  fusion 
of  the  parts  may  be  assisted  by  a  flux,  borax 
for  instance.  Great  pressure  may  make  a  per- 
fect weld  without  applied  heat.  It  is  probable 
that  heat  is  developed  at  the  point  of  junction. 

*weld  (1),  *  welde,  v.t.    [Wncu>.] 

weld  (2),  v.t.  [Prop.  well,  the  d  being  excres- 
cent, the  word  being  a  particular  use  of  the 
verb  well  =  (1)  to  boil  up,  (2)  to  spring  up  as 
a  fountain,  (3)  to  heat  to  a  high  degree,  (4)  to 
beat  heated  iron  ;  cf.  Sw.  valla  (lit.  =  to  well) 
=  to  weld  ;  Dut.  weUen  =  to  boil,  to  unite, 
to  weld.] 

1.  Lit.  :  To  unite  or  join  together,  as  two 
pieces  of  metal,  by  hammering  or  compressing 
them  after  they  have  been  raised  to  a  great 
heat.    The  pressure  is  applicable  to  but  few 
of  the  metals,  iron  fortunately  being  pre-emi- 
nent among  these.    Platinum  also  possesses 
this  property,  which  is  utilized  in  forming 
the  granules  in  which  it  is  received  from  its 
sources  of  production  into  masses  of  sufficient 
size  to  be  practically  useful  in  the  arts.    Horn, 
tortoiseshell,  and  a  few  other  substances  may 
also  be  joined  by  welding. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  unite  very  closely. 

"  To  veld  the  three  kingdoms  into  an  Inseparable 
union  of  sentiment  aud  heart,  aa  well  as  of  interest." 
—  Weekly  Echo,  Sept  6,  1S8&. 

weld  a  Die,  a.  [Eng.  weld  (2),  v.  ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  welded. 

"Steel,  like  wrought  iron,  possesses  the  Important 
quality  of  being  wt>ldnblf."—CaMeU't  Technical  Edu- 
cator, pt.  xii..  p.  :»)('.. 

weld'  cd,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [WELD  (2),  v.] 

welded  tube,  s.  A  gas  or  water-pipe 
made  of  a  skelp  bent  to  a  circular  form,  raised 
to  a  welding-heat  in  an  appropriate  furnace, 
and  as  it  leaves,  almost  at  a  point  of  fusion, 
it  is  dragged  by  the  chain  of  a  draw-bench 
through  a  pair  of  bell-mouthed  jaws.  These 
are  opened  at  the  moment  of  introducing  the 
end  of  the  skelp,  which  is  welded  without  the 
agency  of  a  mandrel. 

*weld'-e>  (1),  s.  [Eng.  weld  (I),  v.  ;  -er.]  In 
Ireland,  a  manager;  an  actual  occupant;  a 
tenant  of  land  under  a  middleman  or  series  of 
middlemen. 

"  Such  Immediate  tenants  have  others  nnder  them, 
and  so  a  third  and  fourth  in  subordination,  till  it 
cornea  to  the  welder,  as  they  call  him,  who  Bits  at  a 
rack-rent,  and  lives  miserably."—  Swift  ;  Ayainit  the 
Power  of  Bithopt. 


w6ld'-er  (2),  s.     [Bug.  weld(2),  v.  ;  -er.]    One 
who  welds. 

weld-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &a.    [WELD  (2),  v.] 
A.  &  B,  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj.  :  (See 

the  verb). 
C.  As  subst.  :  The  process  of  uniting  two 

pieces  of  a  fusible  material  together  by  ham- 

mering or  by  compression  while  softened  by 

heat. 

welding-heat,  s.  The  heat  necessary 
for  welding  two  pieces  of  metal  ;  specifically, 
the  white  heat  to  which  iron  bars  are  brought 
when  about  to  undergo  this  process. 

welding-machine,  s.     A  machine  for 

uniting  the  edges  of  plates  previously  bent, 
so  as  to  lap  within  a  chamber  when  they  are 
exposed  to  a  gas-flame,  aud  from  which  they 
pass  to  the  rolls  or  hammer  which  completes 
the  joint. 

welding-swage,  s.  A  block  or  fulling- 
tool  for  assisting  the  closure  of  a  welded  joamt. 

weld'-wort,  *.    [Eng.  weld  (1),  and  wort.] 

Bot.  (PI.)  :  The  order  Resedaceas  (q.v.). 
Called  also  in  English  Resedads.  (Lindley.) 

*weld-y,  a.    [Eng.  weld  (I),  v.  ;  -y.}    Wieldy, 
active. 

*  weld  ynge,  s.     [WELD  (1),  v.]    Power,  go- 

vernance, direction. 

"  Ye  have  them  In  youre  might  and  In  you»  KtU 
ynffe,"—  Chaucer  :  Tale  of  Melibeut. 

*  wele,  adv.    [WELL,  adv.] 
*welef  s.    [WEAL.] 

a.      [WEALFUL,] 


*wele-ftil-neBS,  «.  [Mid.  Eng.  weleful; 
-ness.]  Happiness,  prosperity,  good  fortune. 

*  welew,  v.i.    fProb.  the  same  word  as  welk 
(q.v.).]    To  fade,  to  wither. 

"Whanne  the  suune  roos  up  it  tottewidt  for  het*. 
and  It  driede  up."—  Wycliffe  :  Mark  tv. 

wel  fare,  s.  [Eng.  well,  adv.,  and  /are.]  Tht 
state  of  faring  well  ;  a  state  of  exemption 
from  misfortune,  trouble,  calamity,  or  evil  - 
the  enjoyment  of  health  and  prosperity  ;  well 
being,  success,  prosperity. 

"  We  have  been  praying  for  onr  husbands'  welfare.' 
—ShaJcetp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  v. 

*Wel-flll.  a.      [WEALFUL.] 

*  welk,  *  welke,  v.i.  &  t.    [Dut  &  Ger.  wel 
ken  =  to  wither,  to  fade  ;  from  welk  ~  dry, 
lean.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  fade,  to  wither. 

2.  To  decline,  to  set,  to  fall,  to  wane. 

"  When  ruddy  Phoebus  gins  to  welke  In  west." 

Spenter:  F.Q.,  1.  1  K 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  fade,  to  wither. 

2.  To  contract,  to  shorten. 

"  Mow  sad  Winter  talked  hath  the  day." 

Spenter:  ShepheartTt  Caletuter  ;  November, 

*welk,  s.    [WHELK.] 

•walked  (IX  a-  [WELK.U.]  Faded,  declined, 
waned,  set. 

"  By  that  the  wflked  Phoebus  gan  avalle 
His  wearie  walne." 

Spetuer:  Shepheardt  Calender;  Jan 

weiked  (2),  a.    [WHELKED.] 

wel  kin,  *wel-ken,  *wel-klne,  *wel 
kne,*  wel-kene,  '  weolccne,  *wolcne 
*  wolkne,  .  &a.  [A.S.  wolcnu  =  clouds  ;  pi, 
otwolcen  =acloud  ;  O.  Sax.  wolkan  ;  O.  H.  Ger- 
wolchan;  Ger.  wolke.  Origin  doubtful,  per- 
haps from  wealcan  =•  to  roll,  to  walk.] 

A.  Assubst.  :  The  sky;  the  vault  of  heaven, 
(Now  only  used  in  poetry.) 

"  Black  stormy  clouds  deform  'd  the  welkin'  t  face, 
And  from  beneath  waa  heard  a  wujliug  souud." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  q/  Indolence,  11.  44 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Sky-blue. 

"  Look  on  me  with  your  we/ftin  eye.' 

ShaJutp.  :  Winter't  Tale,  L  1 

well.  *wel,  *welle,  s.  [A.S.  wella,  well, 
wylla,  wylle,  wyll,  from  weallan  (pa.  t.  weol, 
pa.  par.  weallen)  =  to  well  up,  to  boil  ;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  veil  =  ebullition,  from  vella  =  to 
well,  to  boil  (pa.  t.  vail);  Dut.  wel  =  &  spring, 
Dan.  vceld  =  a  spring  ;  Ger.  wellen  =a  wave, 
from  wallen  =  to  undulate,  to  boil,  to  bubbli 
up.] 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  $h in,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tian  =  shaa.    -tion.  -»lon  =  ahun;  -flon,  -f ion  =  zhiixi.   -clous,  -tious,   sioug  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel»  deL 


5154 


well 


uent  instance*  »f 
the  exclus 


L  Ordinary  Language  ; 
L  Literally: 

(1)  A  spring,  a  fountain  ;  water  issuing  from 
the  earth. 

"  Of  tcf'Ien  iWL-te  and  cold  ynon." 

Robert  <jf  tftoMOWW.  p.  1. 

(2)  An   artilicial    structure   from  which  a 
supply  of  water  if  obtained  for  domestic  or 
other  purposes;  a  shaft  dug  or  bored  in  thr 
ground  to  obtain  water,  and  walled  or  lin-l 
witli  bricks,  &c,,  to  prevent  the  caving  in  of 
the  sides. 

"The  book  of  Genesis  (tlie  most  venerable  monu- 
ment of  antiquity,  considered  merely  with  a  view  to 
history),  will  furnish  ua  with  freque 
violent  contentions  concerning  wltt; 
property  of  which  apt-ears  to  bare  been 
the  first  digger  or  occupant,  even  in  suc 
the  ground  and  herbage  remained  yet  In  common."— 
Blacxtt^n*  :  Comment.,  bk.  ii..  eh.  1. 

(3)  A  similar  structure  or  shaft  sank  into 
the  earth  to  procure  oil,  brine,  &c. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  spring,  a  source,  an  origin. 

"Crfct.  that  of  perfection  Is  weUe.' 

CViciucer:  C.  T.,  *,«w. 

(2)  The  space  In  a  law-court,  immediately 
to  front  of  the  judges'  bench,  occupied  by 
counsel,  &c. 

(3)  The  hollow  part  between  the  seats  of  a 
Jaun  ting-  car,  used  for  holding  luggage,  &c. 

•  (4)  (See  extract.) 

"  A  wit,  in  the  language  of  those  Man.  denote*  one 
of  the  whirlpools,  or  circular  eddies,  which  wheel  ;n,d 
boll  with  astonishing  strength,  aud  are  very  dan- 
gerous.*— Sco«:  Pirau,  oh.  juuviiL    (Note.) 
IL  Technically: 

L  Arch.  :  The  space  in  a  bnUding  in  which 
winding-stairs  are  placed,  usual  1  y  lighted 
from  the  roof;  sometimes  limited  to  the  open 
space  in  the  middle  of  a  winding-staircase,  or 
to  the  opening  in  the  middle  of  a  staircase 
built  round  a  hollow  newel.  Called  also  a 
Well-hole  and  Well-staircase. 

2.  Mil.  mining  :  An  excavation  in  the  earth, 
with  branches  or  galleries  running  out  of  it. 

3.  Mining:  The  lower  part  of  a  furnace 
into  which  the  water  falls. 

4.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  partition  to  enclose  the  pumps  from 
the  bottom  to  the  lower  decks,  to  render  them 
accessible,  and  prevent  their  being  damaged. 

(2)  A  compartmentinaflshiug-vessel,  formed 
by  bulkheads  properly  strengthened  and  tight- 
ened off,  having  the  bottom  perforated  with 
holes,  to  give  free  admission  to  the  water,  so 
that  fish  may  be  kept  alive  therein. 

T[  (1)  Artesian  well  :  [ARTESIAN-  WELL). 

(2)  Dark  weU  :  [DARK-WELL]. 

(3)  Mineral  well  :  A  well  containing  mineral 
waters.    [M  IN  ERAL-  WATERS.] 

well  boat,  s.  A  fishing-boat  having  a 
well  in  it  to  convey  fish  alive  to  market. 

[WELL,*,  a  4  (2).] 

well-Dorer,  s.  One  who  or  that  which 
digs  or  bores  for  water;  a  well-digger  or 
maker. 

well-bucket,  «.  A  vessel  used  for  draw- 
ing water  from  a  well. 

well  deck,  «. 

Nmt.  :  An  open  space  in  a  ship  between 
the  forecastle  and  poop.  (Used  also  adjec- 
tive ly.) 

"The  objection  to  the  wctt-derJt  ship  is  not  due  to 
structural  form,  but  to  the  simple  point  whether,  if  a 
Ma  should  flood  the  hollow  between  her  forecastle  and 
her  poop,  her  capacity  of  buoyancy  is  equal  to  the 
support  of  this  additional  load  of  tons  upon  tons 
weight  of  water."-  Daily  rehtfraj*.  March  22,  18W. 

well-drain,  s. 

1.  A  drain  or  vent  for  water,  somewhat  lilce 
A  pit  or  well,  serving  to  discharge  the  water 
of  wet  land. 

2.  A  drain  leading  to  a  well. 

*  well-drain,  v.t.    To  drain,  as  land,  by 
means  of  wells  or  pits,  which    receive  the 
water,  and  fmm  which   it  is  discharged  by 
means  of  machinery. 

well-dressing,  *. 

Anthrop.  :  An  old  custom  observed  at  Tis- 
alngton,  in  Derbyshire,  of  dressing  the  wells 
and  springs  with  flowers  on  Ascension  Day. 
After  morning  prayer,  a  procession  is  formed, 
beaned  by  the  clergymen,  and  the  wells  are 
visited  and  prayers  offered  and  hymns  sung 
at  each  well.  The  custom  is  said  t-o  commemo- 
rate a  fearful  drought  which  visited  Derby- 
shire in  the  summer  of  1615,  during  which 


time  the  wells  of  Tisaington  flowed  as  usual. 
Mure  probably  it  is  a  survival  of  water-wor- 
ship (q.v.X 

"  ID  consequence  of  it«  questionable  origin,  whether 
Pagan  or  Popish,  we  liave  heard  aoiae  good  bnt  strait- 
laced  people  condemn  the  ic-ti-drt-ttiny  greatly."— 
Chamber t :  Boo*  of  lM.yi,  i.  W7. 

well  flowering,  5. 

Anthrop. :  Well-dressing  (q.v.). 
"The  pure  sparkling  water  .  .  .  makes  this  feast  of 
the  wrtl-jlvw.-rina  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  all  ttte 
old  customs  that  are    left  iu   '  luerrie  England.'"— 
Ch>tmb-rt :  Book  of  Dayt,  i.  6^6. 

well-grass,  t  well  kcrse,  s. 

Bot. :  Nasturtium  officinal?.     (Scotch.) 

well-bead,  s.  The  source,  head,  ororigin 
of  a  river,  &c,  ;  a  spring  of  water. 

"Up  to  the  saddle-girths  in  a  null-head,  as  the 
springs  are  called,"— Scott :  Old  Mortality,  ch.  *v. 

well -hole,  5. 

1.  Ord.   Lang. :  A  cavity  which  receives  a 
counterbalancing  weight  in  some  mechanical 
contrivances. 

2.  Arch. :  The  same  as  WELL,  «.,  II.  1. 
*  well-kerse,  s.    [WELL-GRASS.] 

well-packing,  5.  A  bag  of  flaxseed— 
known  as  a  seed  bag— or  some  other  material 
placed  around  a  well-tube  in  an  oil-well  to 
isolate  the  oil-bearing  strata  from  water  above 
or  below. 

well-room,  «. 

1.  A  room  built  over  a  spring,  or  to  which 
its  waters  are  conducted,  and  where  they  are 
drunk. 

2.  A  place  in  the  bottom  of  a  boat  where 
the  water  is  collected,  and  where  it  is  thrown 
out  with  a  scoop. 

well-sinker,  s.  One  who  digs  or  sinks 
wells. 

well-sinking,  «.  The  operation  of  sink- 
ing  or  digging  wells ;  the  act  or  process  of 
boring  for  water. 

'well-spring,  s.  A  source  of  continual 
supply. 

"  Understanding  is  a  wcU-tprhig  onto  him  that 
hath  It"—  JVovsrM  ivl.  22. 

well-staircase,  s.    [WELL,  s.,  IL  1.] 

well-sweep,  s.  A  swape  or  swipe  for  a 
well. 

well-trap,  «.    A  stink-trap. 

well-tube  point,  8.  An  auger  or  spear- 
point  at  the  bottom  end  of  a  perforated  tube 
for  a  driven  well. 

well-water,  s.  The  water  which  flows 
Into  a  well  from  subterraneous  springs ;  water 
drawn  from  a  well. 

*W8U,  * welle,  v.i.  &  t.    [A.S.  wellan,  wyllan.] 
[WELL,  ».] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  spring ;  to  Issue  forth,  as 
water  from  the  earth  or  a  spring ;  to  flow. 

"  Blood,  that  icell-'d  from  out  the  wound." 

Dryden  :  Virgil ;  *£*eid  x.  1,184. 

B,  Trans. :  To  pass  forth,  as  from  a  well. 

"  To  her  people  wealth  they  forth  do  weU, 
And  health  to  every  foreign  nation." 

Spenter  :  f.  «.,  IL  X.  M. 

well,  wel,  adv.  &  a.  [A.S.  wel,  -well;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  wel;  Icel.  vel,val;  Dan.  vel ;  S\v. 
v&l ;  Goth,  waila  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  iceto,  wola  ;  Ger. 
wohl,  wol.  From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  volo  = 
to  wish  ;  Gr.  0ovAoj*at  (bouloniai)  —  to  wish  ; 
Sansc.  vara  =  better;  mra  =  a  wish  ;  vri  = 
to  choose  ;  Eng.  will,  weal,  and  wealth.  ] 
A.  As  advert) : 

1.  In  a  proper  or  right  manner ;  justly;  not 
ill  or  wickedly. 

"If  thou  doest  not  well,  sin  lleth  at  the  door."- 
Ocnetit  IT.  7. 

2.  Justly,  fairly,  excusably,  reasonably. 

"  He  might,  indeed.  weU  be  appalled."— JfecaMJoy . 
Bltt.  Eng..  ch.  U. 

3.  In  a  satisfactory  manner ;  happily,  for- 
tunately. 

"  We  prosper  wstt  in  oar  retura "— £fc**e«p. .-  Tem- 
pest, ii.  1. 

4.  Satisfactorily,  properly. 

"  A  tMll  proportioned  steed." 

,S*oA«p. ;  f'tnut  A  AdontM,  SM. 

6.  To  or  in  a  sufficient  degree ;  adequately, 
fully,  perfectly. 

"  Let  us  go  up  at  once  and  possess  It :  for  we  are 
•Mtt  alto  to  overcome  it"— tfumtert  xiil  W. 

6.  Thoroughly,  fully  :  as,  Let  the  cloth  be 

well  cleaned. 


7.  Sufficiently,  abundantly,  amply. 

11  The  plalti  of  Jordan  .  .  .  WHS  wtil  watered  every- 
where."— Gcnetii  xiii.  l '. 

8.  Very  much ;  greatly ;  to  a  degree  that 
gives  pleasure. 

"  I  can  be  wtll  contented.' 

Xh  tkct/t.  :    I'enui  A  Admits,  518. 

9.  Favourably ;  with  pramv  or  cumtucmlatii'n. 

"All  the  world  speaks  we/I  nf  you."— Pop*.    (Todd  ) 

10.  Conveniently,  suitably,  advantageously, 
easily  :  as,  I  cannot  ice//  ^"  tu-day. 

11.  Skilfully ;  with  due  art :  as,  The  work  u 
well  done. 

*  12.  Quite,  fully. 

"  Wel  nine-aud -twenty  In  a  cotni>a?n[e," 

Chaucer:  C.  T ,  prol.  28 

13.  Far;  considerably  ;  not  a  little. 

"  Abraham  and  Snrah  were  old,  and  well  stricken  in 
age,"—  Uenoti*  xviii.  11. 

B.  A* adjective: 

"1.  Acting  in  accordance  with  right;  up- 
right,  just. 

"The  prestis  that  ben  wel  gouernourla."—  Wyetiff*: 
1  Timothy  v. 

2.  Just,  right,  proper :  as,  It  wus  well  to  do 
this. 

3.  In  accordance  with  wish  or  desire  ;  satis- 
factory, fortunate ;  as  it  should  be. 

"  It  was  well  with  us  in  Egypt"— Numteri  ii.  18. 

4.  Satisfactory. 

"To  mar  the  subject  that  twfore  was  veil.' 

Shaketp.  :  Sonnrt  10S. 

5.  Being  in  health ;  having  a  sound  body 
with  a  regular  performance  of  the  natural  and 

§  roper  functions  of  all  the  organs  ;  not  ailing, 
iseased,  or  sick  ;  healthy. 

"  You  look  not  well" 
8hake$p.  :  Merchant  qf  Frofe*.  L  L 

6.  Comfortable ;notsuflering inconvenience ; 
satisfied. 

"  '  Will 't  please  your  worship  to  come  In  ?  *  '  No,  I 
thank  you.  heartily ;  1  am  very  well.' "—  ,SAa*e*;j.  ; 
Merry  Wivtt,  1.  L 

*7.  Being  in  favour ;  favoured. 

"He  was  well  with  Henry  the  Fourth."— Drydtn. 


*8-  At  rest;  free  from  the  cares  of  the- 
world  ;  happy.  (Said  of  the  dead.) 

"  We  nse  to  say  the  dead  are  well." 

xh<ik--t)>. :  Antony  A  Cte^^atrm,  ii.  L 

IT  Well  is  now  always  used  predieatively  ' 
It  is  therefore  frequently  difficult  to  deoidi- 
when  it  is  used  as  an  adjective  and  when  «.- 
an  adverb.  It  is  sometimes  used  subMan- 
tively,  as  in  the  example. 

"  Well  be  with  you,  gentlemen.**— 5Aa*»p. :  Ban.let, 

H  (1)  As  well:  Rather  right,  convenient,  or 
proper  than  otherwise  :  as,  It  may  be  as  well 
togo. 

(2)  As  well  at :  Together  with ;  one  as  much 
as  the  other. 

"Coptos  was  the  magazine  of  all  the  trade  from- 
Ethiopia,  by  the  Nile,  at  well  ai  of  IhOtt  eonunodi* 
tiea  that  came  from  the  west  l»y  Alexandria.'—  Ar- 
buthnot :  On  Coin*. 

*  (3)  To  leave  (or  let)  well  alone :  To  be  con- 
tent with  circumstances. 

(4)  Well  ennvgh:  In  a  moderate  decree  or 
manner ;  fairly,  satisfactorily,  sufficiently 
well :  as,  He  acted  well  enovgh. 

*  (5)  Well  to  live :  Having  a  competence ; 
well-off. 

"His  father  ...  la  well  to  H«t."-.S*a*«p.  /  Mer- 
chant of  1'enir*.  ii.  2. 

(6)  Used  elliptically  for  "  It  is  well,"  and  as 
an  expression  of  satisfaction,  acquiescence,  or 
concession,  and  sometimes  at*  B  mere  expletive, 
or  to  avoid  abruptness  :  as.  Well,  it  shall  be  so. 

T  Well  is  used  in  combination  with  many 
words,  principally  adjectives  and  adverb*,  to 
express  what  is  right,  lit,  lauclnble,  satisfac- 
tory, or  not  defective.  The  meanings  nf  many 
of  these  compounds  are  sufficiently  obvious, 
as  well-designed,  well-adjusted,  well-directed,  &c- 

* -well -according,  a.  Agreeing  well; 
In  accord. 

"  Blent  are  the  early  hearts  and  gentle  hands 
That  mingle  there  lit  weU-arcurdiny  I*i>d8." 

Byron  :  Lara,  i.  20. 

*  well-acquainted,  a.    Having  intimate 

knowledge   or    personal    knowledge  ;    well- 
known. 

"  There 's  not  a  man  I  meet,  but  doth  salute  me 
As  if  I  were  their  wtll-acqwinted  friend." 

SlMketp.  :  Cumedjf  of  Krrart,  IT.  8. 

well  advised,  a.  Under  good  advice; 
advisedly. 

"  My  grnndslre,  weJl-a<tviud.  huth  sent  by  me 
The  goodliest  weapons  of  his  armoury. 

-. :  Titui  Andronicu*,  IT.  S. 


Ifcte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  ptft, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    as,  03  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  an  =  kw. 


well 


5155 


*well-a  near,  adv.    Almost. 

"  H'ell-n-nf-ar 
Does  Jail  Hi  travail  wiUi  her  fear." 

MoJt«^.  :  f',-riclet.  111. 

well  -  apparelled,  a.     Well  -  dressed, 
•ilorued. 

11  Well-apparelled  April." 

Shuketp,  :  Jtomeo  A  Juliet,  i.  J. 

well  -  appointed,  a.     Fully  armed  or 
equipped  ;  fully  prepared  for  service. 

"  In  hiui  tby  well-appointed  proxy  sea." 

Colour;  Tirocinium,  676. 

*  well  -  approved,   a.     Of  proved  or 

known  skill. 

"There  dwelt  also  not  fur  from  thence  one  Mr. 
Skill,  nu  anoii'nt  mid  wtll-<if/»-o»ed  physician."— 
Bunyan:  Pilgrims  Progress,  pi.  11. 

well-armed,    a.      Well   furnished  with 
*rms  <>r  weapons  of  offence  or  defence. 
*'  But  Ajax,  glorying  In  his  hardy  deed, 
The  veil-armed  ti  reeks  to  Agamemnon  lead." 

Pop*  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  vil.  87ft 

*  well-attempered,  a.    Well  regulated 
or  harmonized.    {Tennyson  :  Ode  on  Welling' 
ton.) 

well-authenticated,  a.   Supported  by 
good  authority. 

well-balanced,  a.    Rightly  or  properly 
balanced. 

"  And  the  well-balanced  world  on  hinges  hong 
>k  foundations  deep." 
Milton;  OU*  en  At  Jiatioity. 

well-behaved,  a. 

1.  Of  good  behaviour  ;  courteous  in  manner. 

*  2.  Becoming,  decent. 

"Gave  such  orderly  aud  v>e!l-b<-hawd  reproof  to  all 
«Bcouieliness."—  Shaketjt,  ;  Merry  Wiwet  of  Windtvr. 

well-beloved,  a.    Greatly  beloved. 


And  cant  the  dark  foundation 


"  How  happily  lie  lives,  how  . 

Shaketp.  ;  Turn  Uenttemen  (/  t'eruttei,  L  8. 

*  well-beseeming,  a.    Well  becoming. 

"  Rome's  royal  empress, 
Uufurniah'd  of  her  weU-bfteeminy  troop.™ 
tih<tk»ip.  t  TOstt 

well-born,  a.     Of  good   birth;  not  of 

mean  or  low  birth. 
well-bought,  a.    Won  by  hard  exertion. 

"  Conquest's  w«U-*aujAt  wreath." 

Scott.-  Don  Hoderick,  xilL    fCoDcl.) 

*  well-breathed,  a.    Of  good  bottom; 
having  good  wind. 

"  The  well-breath'  d  beaf  le  drlTM  the  flying  fawn." 
Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xxiu  Mi. 

well-bred,  a. 

1.  Of  good  breeding;  refined  in  manners; 
polite,  cultivated. 
"  Say  what  strange  motive.  Goddess  1  could  compel 

A  weUJnred  Lord  f  assault  a  gun  tie  Belle  T  " 

Pope  :  Itnpe  t,f  the  Lock,  L  8. 

"2.  Of  good  breed,  stock,  or  race;  well- 
born. Applied  especially  to  horses,  and  other 
domestic  animals,  which  have  descended  from 
m  race  of  ancestors  that  have  through  several 
generations  possessed  in  a  high  degree  the 
properties  which  it  is  the  great  object  of  the 
breeder  to  attain. 

well*  chosen,  a.  Selected  with  good 
judgment. 

"  His  wefi-cAown  br!de.**-SA«t«»p.  :  3  Benry  VI., 

well-complexloned,  a.  Having  a  good 
complexion. 

well-concerted,  a.  Designed  or  planned 
with  skill. 

*'  With  well-concerted  art  to  end  bin  woes." 

Pope:  Homer;  Odyssey  xxlU.  33. 

well-  conditioned,  a. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Being  in  a  good  or  whole- 
some frame  of  mind  or  body. 

"  Bee,  in  this  well-condition'  d  soul  a  third.* 

Wordsworth  :  Excursion,  bk.  v. 

2.  Surg.  ;  Being  In  a  state  tending  to  health: 
as,  a  well-conditioned  wound  or  sore. 

well-conducted,  a. 

1.  Properly  conducted,  led  on,  or  managed  : 
as,  a  welt-condvcUd  expedition. 

2.  Being  of  good  moral  condnot  ;  behaving 
or  acting  well  :  as,  a  well-contiiicted  boy. 

woil-conned,  a.  Carefully  or  attentively 

examined. 

"  From  me,  thus  nurtured,  doet  thon  ask 
The  classic  poet's  well-conned  task." 

Scott:  Marmion,  ill.    fin  trod.) 


*  well-consenting,  a. 
cord. 


In  complete  ae- 


"  Let  both  unite,  with  well-contfitting  mind." 

i'upe  :  Homer ;  Iliad  L  STOi 


well -content,   well -contented,  a. 

Satisih-d,  happy. 

"  U  tbou  aurvlT*  my  well-contented  day.** 

ShttXatp. :  Sonnet  32. 

*  well-COUOhed,  a.    Planned  with  skill; 
crafty,  artful. 

"Not  foroe.  but  well-couch'd  fraud,  well- woven  snares," 
Milton  :  P.  H.,  i.  97. 

*"  well-dealing,  a.  Fair  in  dealing  with 
others ;  honest. 

"  To  merchant*,  our  well*d+<t!in#  country  in  en." 

Shaltetp.  :  Comedy  of  Errors,  t  1. 

well-defined,  a.  Clearly  defined,  ex- 
plained, or  marked  out:  as,  a  veil-defined 
line. 

well-derived,  a.  Good  by  birth  and 
descent 

**  My  son  corrupts  a  well-derived  nature.™ 

Shakesp. :  All  Welts  that  £nd»  Well.  lit  1 

well  -  deserving,  a.  Full  of  merit; 
worthy. 

"  I'll  give  thrice  so  much  land 
To  any  well+tetervbig  friend." 

Shakes^. ;  \  Bent?  /!'..  Hi.  1. 

*  well-desired,  a.     Much  sought  and 
Invited.    (Shakesp. :  Othello,  ii.  1.) 

well-directed,  a.  Properly  or  rightly 
addressed. 

"  They  breathed  In  faith  their  mil-directed  prayers." 
Cowper;  SxpouttUotvm.  23». 

well-disciplined,  a.  Well-trained ;  kept 
under  good  discipline. 

"The  power  of  self. government  which  la  character- 
latlo  of  men  trained  In  well-disciplined  camps."— 
Jlacaulay :  Bist.  Eng,t  ch.  y. 

well-disposed,  a.  Being  of  a  right  or 
lair  disposition  ;  well-affected,  loyal,  true, 

"  Tou  lose  a  thousand  well-disposed  hearts." 

Shake*?.  :  Richard  II.,  U.  L 

well  -  disputed,  o.  Well  contested  or 
fought 

"  Ciirs'il  be  the  man  (e'en  private  Greets  would  •ay) 
Who  dares  dwert  this  w*ll-di$j*u»d  day." 

Pope;  Momer;  Iliad  xvli.  475. 

well-doer,  &.  One  who  performs  rightly 
his  moral  and  social  duties. 

well-doing,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  tubst. :  Right  performance  ot  duties; 

upright  conduct. 

B.  As  adj. :   Acting   uprightly ;   upright ; 
acquitting  one's  self  well. 

"  I  am  safe,  not  for  my  own  deserts,  but  those 
Of  wWfHfefcHlIXt4 

Jiynm  :  JTwwvn  A  forth,  L  ft 

*  well-famed,  a.     Famous, 

"  My  wvlijamed  lord  of  Troy,  no  law  to  yon.** 

Shakes?. :  Troilut  A  Cressida,  IT.  & 

well-favored,  well-lar'd,  well- 
fa'ur'd,  a.  Handsuiue ;  well-formed ;  pleasing 
to  the  eye, 

"  The  boy  was  In  very  mean  clothes,  but  of  a  fresh 

and  well -favoured  countenance." — liunyun:  filffriin't 
ProgreM,  pt  11. 

*  well  -  feasted,  a.     Having  enjoyed  a 
good  feast. 

"  Lords  are  lordliest  In  their  wine ; 
And  the  umll-feavttd  priest  then  soonettt  llreil 
With  lenL*          Milton:  Samton  Agottittct,  1,419. 

well-fed,  a.  Supplied  with  good  food  in 
plenty. 

*'  And  te*?/-/«i  sheep  and  sable  oxan  alay." 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Iliad  xxiit  305. 

well-filled,  a.     Plentifully  supplied  or 

furnished. 

**  He  left  no  well-fined  treasury." 
Lonfffeiltjto :  Cupltu  de  Jfattrigue.    (Traus.) 

*  well-forewarning,  a.     Giving  good 
or  true  warning.     (Shakesp.:  2  Henry  K/..  iii. 
«-) 

well-forged,  a.  Well  devised  or  con- 
trived. ' 

**  He  schooled  us  la  a  well-forged  tale." 

Scott :  itokiby.  vU  9. 

well-formed,  a.  Based  or  founded  on 
true  principles. 

"  Hence  it  la  evident,  that  In  a  well-formed  educa- 
tion, a  course  of  hlatory  should  ever  precede  a  course 
of  etblca"—  Ooldtmlth;  Polite  Learning,  ch.  rili. 

well -fought,   *  well  -  fough  ten,  «. 

Bravely  fought. 

*'  To  toll  and  struggle  through  the  well-fought  day." 
Pope:  ffomer;  Iliad  xiiL  *. 

•well -found,  a.  Standing  the  test; 
tried,  approved, 

"  The  present  consul,  and  last  general 
In  our  wll-f-yund  Bticceeaes.1* 

Sbaketp. :  Coriolamu,  V.  3. 

well-founded,  a.  Founded  or  based  on 
true  or  sure  grounds. 


*  well-governed,  a.     Well-mannened, 

"  Aud.  to  say  truth,  Verona  brags  of  him, 
To  be  a  virtuous  and  well-govern  d  youth. " 

lOMtetii.  :  Itumfo  *  Juliet.  \.  5. 

*  well-graced,  a.    In  favour,  popular. 

**  After  a  veil-graced  actor  leaves  the  Btage." 

. :  Kictwrd  II..  T.  t. 


weU-gronnded,  a.  Based  on  good 
grounds;  well-founded. 

*  well-havened,  a.    Having  good  bar* 
boors, 

"  As  a  gallant  bark  from  Albion's  coaM  .  .  . 
Shoots  into  port  at  some  wetf-fiamn'd  iale." 

Cowper :  My  Maker's  Picture. 

well-informed,  a.  Correctly  informed  \ 
well  furnished  with  information  ;  intelligent. 

"  The  mliid  waa  welt -inform' d.  the  passiou*  held 
Subordinate.*  Cowper:  Tat*,  li.  715, 

well-instructed,  a.    Well  taught. 

"  But  let  the  wise  and  well-instructed  hand 
Once  take  the  shell  beneath  his  Just  command." 
Cvuiper:  Conversation.  90S, 

well-intentioned,  a.  Having  good  or 
honourable  intentions. 

"  He  always  designated  those  Dutchmen  who  had 
sold  themselves  to  Franoe  as  the  well-intentioned 
party." — Mavuulau ;  Bist.  /.'<ij/..eh.  xlL 

well-judged,  a.  Estimated,  calculated, 
or  judged  correctly. 

"  The  well-Judged  purchase,  and  the  gift 

That  graced  his  letter'd  store." 
Cowper:  On  the  Burning  tf  Lord  Xarujleld'i  Library. 

well-judging,  a.      Having  good  judg- 
ment, discernment,  or  observation. 
"  So  it  is.  when  the  mind  Is  endued 
With  a  weU-judjfiKff  taste  from  above." 

Coieper:  Catharina. 

well-knit,  a.  Strongly  compacted ;  hav- 
ing a  firm  or  strong  frame. 

"O  weU-totit  Samson!  strolls-jointed  Samson  I"— 
Shafcetp.  :  Love'*  Labour's  Lett,  t  i 

well-known,  a.  Fully  or  generally 
known  or  acknowledged. 

"  So  voice,  wll-lcno>'-n  through  many  a  day, 
To  speak  the  last,  the  parting  word. 

Moore :  Paradise  *  the  Peri 

"well-labored,  a.  Worked  or  wrought 
with  care. 

"  And,  last,  a  large,  i<*U-labo<tr'd  bowl  had  place,  " 
Pope  :  Bomer  ;  Iliad  xxlv.  287. 

*  well-laboring,    a.    Working  hard  and 
successfully. 

"  Whose  welt-labouring  sword 
Had  three  times  slain  th'  apimrance  of  the  king." 
Shakesp.  :  1  Henry  IV.,  i.  L 

*  well-learned,  a.      Full  of  learning ; 
learned. 

"  Well-earned  bishops." 

Shaketp.  :  /iichard  III..  11L  ft, 

*  well  -  liking,  a.      Good-conditioned ; 
plump. 

"  They  aUo  shall  bring  forth  more  fruit  In  their 
toe  ;  aud  shall  b    '  ' 
Prayer  Book.) 

well-lodged,  a.  Having  suitable  lodg- 
ing or  abode, 

"  A  mind  well-lodged K&&  masculine  of  course." 

Cowper :  Taole  Talk,  22U 

well-looking,  a.  Of  fairly  good  appear- 
ance, 

"  A  well-looking  animal.  —Dickens.    (Annandale.) 

*  well-lost,  a.    Lost  in  a  good  cause. 

"  Would  your  honour 

But  give  me  leave  to  try  success,  I'd  venture 
Tbe  well-lost,  life  of  mine  on  hU  grace's  cure." 
Shakesp. :  All's  Well,  L  8. 

*  well-loved,   a.     Much-loved ;  well-be- 
loved.   (Tennyson :  Ulys$est  35.) 

well-mannered,  o.  Well-bred ;  polite, 
courteous,  complaisant. 

"  A  noble  soul  U  better  pleased  with  a  zealous  vindi- 
cator of  liberty,  than  with  a  temporizing  poet,  or  well- 
mannered  court-slave."— Dryden  :  Juvenal.  (Dedic.J 

*  well-meaner,  *.    One  whose  intention 
Is  good. 

**  WeU»meanert  think  no  harm  :  but  tor  the  rest. 
Things  sacred  they  pervert,  and  silence  is  the  beat." 
Drjfden.    (Toad.) 

well-meaning,  a.  Having  good  inten- 
tions ;  well-intentioned. 

"  My  brother  Oloster,  plain  well-meaning  soul." 

Mhikesp.  :  KitAard  II.,  it.  L 

well-meant,  a.  Rightly  or  honestly 
meant  or  intended  ;  sincere ;  said  or  dona 
with  good  intent. 

"  How  oft,  my  brother,  thy  reproach  I  bear, 
For  words  well-meant,  and  aentimeuts  sincere." 

Pope  :  ffomer;  Iliad  xti.  fM. 

•well-measured,  a.  Written  In  true 
measure  or  metre.  (Milton:  Sonnet  13.) 


age  :  and  shall  be  fat  and  weH-liki>tff."—Pialm  xcii.  14. 
(Pra 


boll,  boy;  pout,  jofrl ;  oat,  96!!,  chorus,  9nin,  benoh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing, 
-oian.  -tian  ~  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhiin.    -cious.  - tious.    sious  =  shus.    -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


5156 


well— welladay 


*  well-to-do-ness,  s.    Prospeiity  ;  good 
circumstances. 

"  Men  of  all  crafts  and  varying  degrees  of  well-to. 
do-nett  drove  up  together."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  25, 

*  well-took,  a.    Well  taken,  well  under- 
gone. 

"Meantime,  we  tbank  you  for  your  well-took  laliour." 
xhaketp.:  ffamlet,  it  a. 

well-tried,  a.    Trie* I,  tested,  approved. 

"  Confirm 'd  by  lung  experience  of  thy  worth 
And  weJl-tried  virtues."        Cowper  :  Talk,  L  148, 

well -trod,  well-trodden,  a.  Fre- 
quently trodden  or  walked  on  or  over. 

*  well-tuned,  a.     In  tune ;  nielodiousl 
harmonious. 

"  If  the  true  concord  of  well-tuned  sounds, 
By  unions  married,  do  offend  thlue  ear." 

hhnketp. :  Sonnet  8. 

*  well-turned,  a.     Skilfully  turned  01 
finished. 

"  Broad  spread  his  shoulders,  and  his  nervous  thighs. 
By  Juat  degrees,  like  well-turn'd  columns,  rise," 

Pope :  Homer ;  Odyttey  xviii.  77. 

*  well-urged,  a.    Ably  urged  or  argued. 

"  Now  the  heart  he  shakes. 

And  now  with  well-urg'd  sense  th'  enlighten 'd  Judge- 
ment take-."     Thornton  ;  Cattle  of  indolence,  i.  67. 

well-used,  a.  In  frequent  use ;  often 
used. 

"  Where  the  well-uied  plough 
Lies  lu  tlie  furrow."  Thonuon  :  Spring,  St. 

*  well-warranted,  a .  Proved  to  be  good 
and  trustworthy ;  approved. 

H  You,  my  noble  and  well-warranted  cousin." 

Shaketp. :  Meature  for  Meature,  v.  L 

well-weighed,  a.    Carefully  considered. 

"The  well-weighed  and  prudent  letter  of  William 
was  read."— Macaulay :  ffvt.  Eng.t  ch.  viii. 

*  well-weighing,  a.    Weighing  heavily ; 
of  great  weight. 

"Whether  he  thinks  it  were  not  possible,  with  well, 
weighing  uums  of  gold,  to  corrupt  him  to  a  revolt."— 
&hakrtp, :  Air  i  Well,  iv.  & 

*  well  -welcome,   a.     Extremely   wel- 
come.   (Shakesp. ;  Comedy  of  Errorst  ii.  2.) 

*  well-wilier,  s.    One  who  means  well  or 
kindly ;  a  well-wisher. 

"I  beseech  you,  be  ruled  by  your  well-willert.  — 
Bhakesp. ;  Merry  Wivet,  L  1. 

*  Well-Willing,  a.     Meaning  or  wishing 
well ;  propitious. 

*  well-willingness,  *.     Good  or  kind 
feelings ;  willingness. 

"  I  inornate  you  to  comeu 
Wycliffe:  Eoclut.,  ProL  p.  123. 

*  well-Willy,  a.    Favourable,  propitious. 

"  Venus  I  ineue,  the  well-willy  planate," 

Chaucer  :  Troilut  A  Creuida,  ill.  1,3(7. 

*  well-wish,  s.    A  wish  of  happiness  ;  a 
bind  or  kindly  wish. 

"Let  It  not  enter  into  the  heart  of  any  one,  that 
bath  a  well-wuh  for  his  friends  or  posterity,  to  think 
of  a  peace  with  Prance,  till  the  Spanish  monarchy  be 
entirely  torn  from  it.'—Additon. 

*  well-wished,  a.     Attended  by  good 
wishes ;  beloved. 

'*  The  general,  subject  to  a  well-withed  king, 
Quit  their  own  part,  and  in  obsequious  fo.idness. 
Crowd  to  his  presence." 

Shaketp.:  Meature  for  Meature,  1L  4. 

well-wisher,  8.  One  who  wishes  well  to 
another ;  one  who  is  friendlily  disposal  or 
inclined. 

"His  hazardous  journey  has  got  many  wcU-withert 
to  his  ways."— Bunyan ;  PUgrim't  Progreit.  pt.  1L 

Well-won,  o.    Hardly  earned  ;  honestly 

gained. 

"  He  bates  our  sacred  nation,  and  he  rails 
On  me,  my  bargains,  and  my  well-won  thrift," 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  S. 

Well-worded,   a.     Couched  in  propei 

"  Gla<]  at  each  wU-wor-led  answer." 
Longfellow :  Children  of  the  Lord1!  Supper. 

well-worn,  a. 

1,  Much  worn  or  used  ;  old.    (LU.  &  jig  ) 

"  A  weU-tcorn  pathway  courted  us." 

TennyuM  :  (gardener  t  Laughter,  108. 

2,  Becoming. 

*  Be  showed  not  deference  or  disdain. 
But  that  well-worn  reserve  which  prorcd  he  knew 
JIu  sympathy  with  that  familiar  crew." 

Byron  :  Lara.  \.  37. 

well-woven,  o.  Skilfully  contrived  of 
planned.  (See  extract  under  WELL-COUCHED.) 


well-met,  inferj.    A  term  of  salutation  ; 
hail  ! 

"  Once  more  to  day  tpeV-met.  dlstemper'd  lords." 
Afc/uke«p.  ;  Kitty  John,  lv.  &. 

*  well-minded,  a.    Well -disposed,  well- 
meaning  ;  loyal. 

**  Well-minded  Clarence,  be  thou  fortunate. " 

Shaketp. :  3  Henry  VI.,  lv.  & 

well-moulded,  a.    Of  good  frame ;  pro- 
portionately built  or  grown. 

*'  A  quick  brunette,  weH-moulded." 

Tennyton  :  Princetl,  1L  «. 

*  well-natured,  a.  Good-natured,  kindly 
Ifeposed. 

"  On  their  life  no  grievous  burden  lies. 
Who  are  well-natur'd,  temperate,  and  wise." 

Jtenham:  Old  Age,  &&. 

well-nigh,  *  wel-nigh,  adv.     Almost, 
nearly. 

"  Had  Rokeby's  favour  well-ntffh  won," 

Scutt :  Itokeby.  iv.  it 

well-off,  a.    In  a  good  condition  or  cir- 
cumstances, especially  as  regards  property. 

well-oiled,  a..    Supplied  with  abundance 
of  oil ;  hence,  smooth,  flattering. 

*  I  was  courteous,  every  phrase  well-oiled 

As  inau'a  could  be ;  yet  maiden-meek  I  pray  d 
Concealment."  Tenaiiton:  Princett,  iiL  117. 

well-ordered,  a.    Rightly  or  correctly 
ordered,  regulated,  or  governed. 

"  The  applanse  that  other  people's  reason  gives  to 
•virtuous  and  well-ordered  actions,  la  the  proper  guide 
of  children."—  Locke:  Education. 

well-paid,  a.  Receiving  good  pay  for 
services  rendered. 

"His  banners,  and  hla  well-paid  ranks." 

Shaketp.  ;  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  lit  L 

well-painted,  a. 

1.  Skilfully  painted. 

*  2,  Artfully  feigned  or  simulated. 

"  Proceed  yon  In  your  tears.— 
Concerning  this,  sir.— O  well-painted  passion  I " 

Shaketp. :  Othello,  iv.  L 

well -paired,  n.    Well-matched. 

M  From  these  the  well.pair'd  mules  we  shall  receive.* 
Pope:  Homer  i  Odyttey  XT.  96. 

well-pleased,  a.  Well-satisfied;  fully 
pleased. 

*'  Well-plfafd  the  Thunderer  saw  their  earnest  care." 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  iv.  176. 

*  well-pleasedness,  s.    The  quality  or 
state  of  being  welt-pleased ;  satisfaction. 

*  well-pleasing,  «.  &  a. 

A.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  pleasing  or  satis* 
tying. 

"  The  fruits  of  unity,  next  onto  the  well-pleating  of 
God,  which  is  all  In  all,  are  towards  those  that  are 
without  the  church  ;  the  other  toward  those  ttoaj,  are 
within."—  Bacon. 

B.  -4s  adj. :  Pleasing,  gratifying. 

"  The  exercise  of  the  offices  of  charity  is  always  wU- 
pivoting  to  God.  and  honourable  among  men." — A tier- 
mtry. 

*  well-plighted,  a.     Well  or  properly 
folded.    (Spenser.)    [PLIGHT  (2),  «.] 

*  well-poised,  a.    Carefully  weighed  or 
Considered. 

**  His  well-poittd  estimate  of  right  and  wrong." 

Cowper  ;  Hope,  611. 

*  well-practised,  o.    Experienced. 

"  Your  well-practiied.  wise  directions.'* 

S'l'tketi/. :  2  Henry  / ('.,  v.  2. 

well-proportioned,  a.  Well-shaped ; 
well-formed ;  having  good  proportions. 

*  His  well-proportton'd  beard  made  rough  and  rugged." 
8hak«tp. :  S  Henry  P7.,  UL  2. 

*  well-proved,  a.  Tried,  tested,  proved. 

**  A  well-prov'd  casque,  with  leather  braces  bound. " 
Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  x.  309. 

well-read,  a.  Having  extensive  readinR ; 
well  instructed  in  books. 

*  well-reeved,  a.    Carefully  fastened  by 
reeving.    [REEVE  (1),  v.] 

"  And  oh  1  the  little  warlike  world  within  1 
The  well-reeved  guns,  tlie  netted  canopy." 

Byron :  Childe  Haruld,  U.  18, 

well-refined,  a.    Polished  In  a  high  de- 
gree ;  free  from  any  rudeness  or  Impropriety. 
"  To  every  hymn  that  able  spirit  affords, 
In  polisD'd  form  of  wett-rrjinfd  pen." 

Shaketp. :  Sonnet  85. 

well-regulated,  a.  Conducted  under 
good  regulations ;  well-ordered. 

well  -  remembered,  a.    Fully  or  per- 

tectly  retained  in  the  memory. 

**  Vain  wish  !  If  chance  some  wett-remember*d  face, 
gome  old  companion  of  my  early  race." 

Byron:  Childiih  RecoUeattont. 


well-reputed,  a.     Of  good  repute  or 
reputation  ;  respected. 

"  Gentle  Lucetta,  fit  me  with  such  weeds 
As  inny  beseem  some  welt.reputfd  page. 

Shaketp,  :  Two  Gentlemen  of  I'erona,  U.  7. 

*  well-  respected,  a. 

L  Highly  respected  or  esteemed. 
2.  Ruled  by  reasonable  considerations, 
"  If  wtll-rtipectfd  honour  bid  me  on." 

Skaketp.  :  1  Henry  I\'..  iv.  8. 

*  well-sailing,  a.     Moving  or  passing 
swiftly  by  means  of  sails  ;  swiftly  sailing. 

"Welt-tailing  ships,  and  bounteous  wlmla,  have  brought 
This  king  to  Tharsus."       Shaketp.  :  I'ericlet,  iv.  4. 


*  well  -  sa 


saying, 

ind  word 


*.     The  use  of  good, 


proper,  or  kind  words. 

MAnd  ever  mar  your  highness  yoke  toget 
As  I  will  lend  you  cause.  my  doing  well 
" 


. 
With  niy  mil-taxing." 

Shakfip.  :  Henry  rill..  ill.  2. 

•  well-seeing,  a.    Having  good  or  sharp 
sight;  quick-sighted. 

**  O  cunning  Love,  with  tears  thou  keep'st  me  blind, 
Lest  eyes  well-toeing  thy  foul  faults  should  find." 
Shaketp.  :  Sonnet  148. 

*  well-seeming,  a.    Having  a  good  or 
fair  appearance. 

"  0  heavy  lightness  t  serious  vanity  1 
Misshapen  chaos  of  well-teeming  forms  I" 

.  :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  L  1. 


*  well  -seen,    a.     Accomplished,    well- 
versed,  well-approved. 

"  Well-*«en  and  deeply  read.* 

Beaumont  A  Fletcher.    (Annandale.) 

well-set,  a. 

1.  Firmly  set  ;  properly  placed  or  arranged. 

"  Instead  of  well-let  hair,  baldness."—  Itaiah  111.  2*. 

2.  Having  good  and  strong  parts  or  propor- 
tions. 

*  well  skilled,  a.    Skilful. 

"  The  teeU-tkillfid  workman.* 

Xhaketp,  :  Jtape  of  Luerece,  1,520. 

•well-sped,  o.    Having  good  success; 

successful. 

well-spent,  a.    Spent  or  passed  in  vir- 
tue ;  spent  or  used  to  the  best  advantage. 

"  What  a  refreshment  then  will  It  be,  to  look  back 
upon  a  weli-tpent  life  1  "—Calamy  :  Sermoni. 

*  well-spdken,  a.    Speaking  with  grace 
or  eloquence  ;  eloquent 

"  As  of  a  knight  weU-tpoken,  neat,  and  fine." 

Shaketp.  :  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  L  2. 

•well-spread,  *  well-spred,  a.  Wide, 
broad,  extensive. 

"  Proud  of  his  well-spread  walls  he  views  his  trees, 
That  meet  uo  barren  Interval  between." 

Cowper  :  Talk,  111.  408. 

well  -stored,  a.     Fully   furnished   or 
stocked  ;  well  -provided. 

"  The  well-ttor'd  quiver  on  his  shoulders  hung." 
Pipe  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xv.  52'  \ 

Well-Sung,  a.  Widely  or  properly  sung 
or  celebrated.  (Pope  :  Eto'isa  A  Abelard,  365.) 

*  well  the  wed,  a. 

1.  Having  strong  linfba  and  muscles. 

2.  Distinguished  for  or   characterized    by 
wisdom. 

"  To  nought  more  Thenot,  my  mind  Is  bent. 
Than  to  hear  novella  of  his  devise. 
They  bene  so  well-thewed  and  so  wise." 

Spenter:  Shepheardt  Calender;  February. 

will  timbered.  a. 

1.  Lit.  :  Filled  with  growing  trees. 

11  A  wll-timbere+1  lawn."—  Timtt,  Oct.  SO,  187&. 

*2.  Fig.:  Well-built;  having  strong  limbs; 
sturdy. 

"  There's  Orlmaldl.  the  soldier,  a  very  well-timbered 
fellow."—  ford  ;  'Tit  Pity.*. 

well-timed,  a. 

1.  Done  or  given  at  a  proper  time  ;  oppor- 
tune, timely. 

"There  Is  too  often  the  troest  tenderness  In  well- 
timed  correction."—  Goldtmtih  ;  The  Bee,  No.  ft. 

2.  Keeping  good  time. 

"  Tlie  \eell-ttmfd  oars 

With  sounding  stroke*  divide  the  sparkling  waves." 
Smith*    (Todd,\ 

well-to-do,  a.  In  good  circumstances  ; 
•well-off. 

"A  weti-to^Jo  farmer  ...  was  fired  at  through  the 
window  of  his  parlour."—  Sr.  Jamet't  Gazette,  May  It, 
1087. 

5  The  well-to-do  :  People  in  good  circum- 
stances ;  the  middle  classes. 

"  Host  of  the  Bethnal-green  honse-bovels,  let  off  In 


, 

rooms  occupied  by  adulU  and  children  of  all  ages,  pro 
duce  more  than  Is  paid  for  many  a 
veU.to-do."—Scho,  Nov.  30,  18M. 


, 
r  many  a  residence  of  the 


*  WelT-a-day,  interj.     [A  corruption  of 
ottwy  (q.v.).]     Alas  1  lacRaday  I  welaway  I 

"  When,  vritndtjt,  we  could  scarce  help  ourselves.* 
—Shakeif>,  :  Periclei,  1L  L 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sure,  su%  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or.  wore,  vroli,  work,  wUo,  sin ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  oe  —  e ;  cy  -  a ;  q.n  =  kw. 


wollbeing— wen 


6157 


welT-be-Ing,  *.  [Eng.  well,  adv.,  and  being.] 
Welfare,  happiness,  prosperity. 

"  Opportuiiely  I  had  a  dream  of  the  well-being  of 
my  hiuband."— Banyan  ;  Pilgrim't  Progrettt  pt.  ii. 

*  well-fare,  5.    [WELFARE.] 

we  11 '-Ing -ton,  s.  [Named  after  the  great 
Duke  of  Wellington.]  A  kind  of  long-legged 
boot,  much  worn  by  men  in  the  first  half  of 
the  nineteenth  century. 

"  Common  Wellington!  turn  Romeo  boota." 

£eats :  Modern  Love. 

*  well-Ing-to'-m-a,  «.    [WELLINGTON.] 

Botany : 

1.  An  old  genus  of  Abietese,  founded  by 
Lindley    for  the    reception    of    Wellingtonia 
gigtintea,  the  great  tree  of  California,    Some 
United  States  botanists,  thinking  that  HO  splen- 
did a  tree,  growing  in  the  Western  Continent, 
should  be  dedicated  to   the   memory  of  an 
American  rather  than  of  a  British  hero,  altered 
the  name  to  Washingtonia.     It  is  now,  how- 
ever, considered  to  be  identical  with  Sequoia 
(q.v.).    [MAMMOTH-TREE.] 

2.  A  synonym  of  Meliosma  (q.v.). 

*well'-n£ss,  s.  [Eng.  well,  a.;  -ness.]  The 
state  of  being  well  or  in  good  health.  (Hood.) 

Welsh,  *  Walsh,  "Welch,  a.  &  *.  [A.S. 
wweJisc,  vxlisc,  from  weath  =  a  foreigner.] 
(WALNUT.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  Wales  or  its  in- 
habitants. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  language  spoken  by  Welsh  people. 
It  is  a  member  of  the  Celtic  family  of  lan- 
guages, and  forms  with  the  Breton  and  the 
now    extinct   Cornish    language    the   group 
known  as  the  Cymric.      It  is  noted  for  its 
remarkable  capacity  of  forming  compounds. 

2.  (PI):  The  people  of  Wales  collectively. 
Welsh  Calvinistic  Methodists,  5.  pi. 
Ecdesiol.  &  Church,  Hist. :   A  name  for  the 

Calvinistic  Methodists  (q.v.),  the  great  ma- 
jority of  whose  congregations  are  in  Wales, 
and  consist  in  large  measure  of  members 
speaking  the  Welsh  tongue. 

Welsh  clear  wing,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  Hawk-moth,  Trochilium 
Koliceforme,  found  in  Wales,  the  caterpillar 
feeding  on  birchwood. 

Welsh-flannel,  s.  A  very  fine  kind  of 
flannel,  chiefly  hand-made,  from  the  fleeces  of 
the  sheep  of  the  Welsh  mountains. 

*  Welsh-glaive,  s.  An  ancient  military 
weapon  of  the  bill  kind,  but  having,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  cutting- blade,  a  hook  at  the  back. 

Welsh-groin,  *. 

Arch, :  A  groin  formed  by  the  intersection 
of  two  cylindrical  vaults,  of  which  one  is  of 
less  height  than  the  other. 

"  Welsh-hook,  s.    The  same  as  WELSH- 

BLAIVE  (q.V.). 

"Swore  the  devil  hla  true  liegeman  upon  the  CTOH 
of  *  Welth-hook."— Shaketp. :  1  Henry  IV.,  ii.  4. 

"Welsh-main,  s.  A  match  at  cock. 
fighting,  where  all  must  fight  to  death. 

"  No  cat  would  stand  a  fairer  chance  of  winning  & 
Welth-main."— Southey  •  Doctor;  Catt  of  Greta  Ball. 

Welsh-mortgage,  *.  A  mortgage  in 
which  there  is  no  proviso  or  condition  for  re- 
payment at  any  time.  The  agreement  is  that 
the  mortgagee  to  whom  the  estate  is  con- 
veyed shall  receive  the  rents  till  his  debt  is 
paid,  and  in  such  case  the  mortgagor  is  en- 
titled to  redeem  at  any  time. 

Welsh-mutton,  5.  A  choice  and  delicate 
kind  of  mutton  obtained  from  a  small  breed 
of  sheep  fed  on  the  Welsh  mountains. 

Welsh-onion,  s.  [Lit.  —  the  foreign 
onion.}  A  name  given  to  Allivm  fistulosum. 
It  has  a  very  small  bulb,  but  large,  succulent, 
fistular  leaves,  which  have  a  strong  flavour. 
It  is  sown  in  autumn,  as  a  scallion  or  spring 
salad  onion,  and  is  ready  for  use  by  spring. 

'Welsh-parsley,  s.  A  burlesque  name 
for  hemp,  or  the  halters  made  of  it. 

Welsh-poppy,  s. 

Bot.  :  Meconopsis  cambrica,  so  named  because 
it  grows  in  Wales.  [MECONOPSIS.] 

Welsh-rabbit,  5.    [RABBIT.] 

Welsh-wig,  5.  A  worsted  cap.  (Sim- 
mo  nds.) 


welsh,  v.t.  &i.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

A.  Trans. :    To  cheat  by   receiving  sums 
staked  as  bets  upon  horse- races,  and  then  de- 
camping when  the  race  is  over. 

"  He  stakes  his  money  with  one  of  the  book-makers 
whom  he  has  aeen  at  his  stand  for  maiiy  years,  with 
the  certainty  that  he  will  receive  hia  winnings,  and 
run  no  risk  of  being  '  welthed  '—which  would  probably 
be  hla  fate  on  an  English  racecourse — if  he  be  statute  or 
lucky  enough  to  spot  the  right  horse."— Daily  Tele- 
graph,  March  IS,  1887. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  act  as  a  welaher. 

"Two  men  .  .  .  were  convicted  of  teeUMnff  »t 
Aucot  races."— Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  4,  1888. 

welsh'-er,  *  welch  er,  s.  [Eng.  welsh,  v. ; 
-er.]  A  professional  betting-man  who  receives 
the  sums  staked  by  persons  wishing  to  back 
particular  horses,  and  does  not  pay  if  he  loses. 

"The  public  has  always  understood  that  the  law 
cannot  be  made  to  touch  a  'wetther;'  and  hence  it  is 
that  forcible  measures  are  often  taken  to  inflict 
private  vengeance. "— tit.  Jamet't  ttaiette,  June  2,  1887. 

Welsh  man,  s.  [Eng.  Welsh,  a.,  and  man.] 
A  native  of  the  principality  of  Wales. 

*  wcl   some,  wel-sum,  a.     [Eng.  well,  a., 
and  some.]     Well,  prosperous.    (Wydi/e.) 

*  we!   some  ly,  *  wcl  sum  -Ii,  adv.    [Eng. 
welcome;  -ly.]    In  prosperity. 

*'  I  shall  be  turned  aeen  veltumti."  —  Wttcliffa  : 
Qeneti!  xxviii.  21. 

welt,  *welte,  s.  [Wei.  gwald  =  &  hem,  a 
welt ;  gvxUtts  =  the  welt  of  a  shoe ;  gwaldu 
=  to  welt,  to  hem ;  gwaUesio  =  to  form  a 
welt ;  Gael,  bolt  =  a  welt  of  a  shoe,  a  border  ; 
baltaich  =  a  welt,  a  belt,  a  border  ;  Ir.  bait  = 
a  belt,  a  welt,  a  border;  baltach  =  welted, 
striped;  baltadlt  =  a  welt,  a  border,  the  welt 
of  a  shoe.] 

•I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  border,  a  hem,  a  fringe. 

"In  phrenate,  wherein  men  are  bestraueht of  their 

rlb'lit  wits,  to  have  a  cjvre  of  the  skirts,  fringes,  and 

welts  of  their  garments,  that  they  be  iu  good  order." — 

P.  Holland:  Piinie,  bk.  viL,  ch.  11. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Her. :  A  narrow  border  to  an  ordinary 
or  ctiarge. 

2.  Knitting-mach.  :    A  flap  of  work  (as  a 
heel-piece)  disengaged  laterally  and  knitted 
separately  from  the  main  body,  and  subse- 
quently joined  thereto    by  re-engagement  of 
loops  or  by  hand-knitting. 

3.  Sheet-iron  work:  A  strip  riveted  to  two 
contiguous  portions  which  form  a  but't-joint, 
as  distinguished  from  a  lap  or  turned  joint. 

4.  Ship-build..:   A   strip  forming  an  addi- 
tional thickness  laid  over  a  seam  or  joint,  or 
placed  in  an  angle  to  strengthen  it.    Applied 
to  a  form  of  back-strip  which  covers  a  flush 
joint. 

5.  Shoemaking :   A  strip  of  leather  around 
the  shoe,  between  the  upper  and  the  sole. 

"  If  the  welts  were  made  to  project  well  beyond  the 
top*,  the  latter  could  be  dubbiued."— field,  Feb.  11, 
1688. 

welt  cutter ,  s. 

Shoemaking :  A  machine  to  cut  the  notches 
in  the  edge  of  the  welt  to  permit  it  to  be  bent 
around  and  laid  smoothly  at  the  toe. 

welt  machine,  .-. 

Shoemaking:  A  machine  to  cut  leather, 
cloth,  &c.,  into  a  series  of  parallel  strips,  to 
be  used  as  welts  in  side-seaming. 

welt-shoulders,  *.  pi 

leather  :  Curried  leather  fit  for  the  welts  of 
boots  and  shoes. 

welt-trimmer,  s.  A  cutting-tool  for 
trimming  the  welts  of  shoes. 

welt  (1),  v.t.  [WELT,  *.]  To  furnish  with  a 
welt ;  to  fix  a  welt  on  ;  to  ornament  with  a 
welt. 

"The  bodies  and  sleeves  of  ftreen  velvet,  welted  with 
white  aatiu."— Shelton  :  Don  Quixote,  pt.  iii.,  ch.  xiii. 

*  welt  (2),  *  wcite,  v.i.    [WILT,  v.] 

welt   ed,  a.     [WELT  (2),  v.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Ropy  or  stringy.    (Prov.) 

2.  Bot.  :    Flaccid,    drooping,    as    Carduus 
acanthoides. 

W&lt'-er,  *  walt-er,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  frequent, 
from  Mid.  Eng.  vxilten  =  to  roll  over,  to  over- 
turn, to  totter,  to  fall,  to  rush,  from  A.S. 
wealtan,  wyltan  =  to  roll  round  ;  cogn.  with 
Icel.  velta  (Ypa.  t.  velt)  =  to  roll ;  veltask  = 
to  rotate  ;  Dan.  vcelte  —  to  roll,  to  overturn  ; 
Sw.  valtra=  to  roll,  to  wallow,  to  welter, 
frequent,  from  valta  —  to  roll ;  Ger.  walzen  = 


to  roll,  to  wallow,  to  welter,  from  walzen  =  to 
roll ;  Goth,  uswaltjan  =  to  subvert.]  [WALTZ.] 

A*  Intransitive : 

1.  To  roll,  as  the  body  of  an  antttal;  to 
tumble  about ;  especially  to  roll  or  wallow  In 
some  foul  matter,  as  mud,  filth,  blood,  &C. 

"A  purple  flood 

Flows  from  the  trunk  that  welters  in  the  blood." 
ftryden:  Virgil;  JSneiili*.  447. 

*2.  To  rise  and  fall,  as  waves  ;  to  tumble 
over,  as  billows. 
*  B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  rise  and  fall  as  wwves;  t« 
toss  about. 

"  And  foamy  Nereus  .  .  . 
From  bottom  depth  doth  weltre  up  the  seas  " 

Surrey:  Virgil ;  &neid  ii.  447. 

2.  To  make  or  force,  as  by  wallowing  or 
moving  through   something  foul  or  liquid. 
(Carlyle.) 

welt'-er,  5.    [WELTER,  v.] 

1.  That  in  which  one  welters ;  mud,  filth, 
slime,  or  the  like. 
*2.  Confusion. 

"  I  leave  the  whole  business  in  a  frighttui  loetrer." — 
Carlyle:  French  Revol.,  pt.  iii.,  bk.  iv..  eh.  lit 

^[  Used  adjectively  in  horse- racing,  and 
applied  to  the  heaviest  weighted  race  of  the 
meeting.  (In  old  racing  lists  the  word  la 
swelter.) 

Wel'-WitSCh  (or  w  as  v),  s.   [See  compound.) 
Welwitsch's  bat,  s. 

Zool. :  Vespertilio  (t  Scotophilus)  welwitschii, 
a  bat  of  variegated  colours — brown,  orange, 
yellow,  and  black— described  by  Gray  from  a 
specimen  sent  from  Angola  by  Dr.  Wehvitsch. 

wei-witsc.h'-J-a  (or  w  as  v),  s.  [Named 
from  its  discoverer,  Dr.  Welwitsch  an  African 
explorer,  who  died  in  1872.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Gnetacese,  with  but  one 
known  species,  Wdwitschia  tnirabilis.  It 
rises  from  the  sand  in  which  It  grows,  putting 
forth  two  cotyledonary  leaves,  which  ultimate- 
ly become  about  six  feet  long,  or  rather  more, 
coriaceous  and  ragged.  No  other  leaves  fol- 
low, but  the  connecting  stem  increases  horizon- 
tally  both 
above  and 
below  the 
insertion  of 
the  leaves, 
which  it 
clasps  in  a 
marginal 
slit  or  cav- 
ity. From 
the  upper 
side  of  the 
stem  at  the 
base  of  the 
leaves  there 
are  annually 
developed 
several  dichotomous  steins  six  inches  to  a  fool 
high,  articulated,  and  with  two  small  opposite 
scales  at  each  joint,  the  several  branches  ter- 
minated by  oblong  cones.  These  contain  two 
kinds  of  flowers:  one  hermaphrodite  and  the 
other  female,  with  naked  ovules.  To  a  certain 
extent  the  plant  connects  Gymnospenns  with 
Angiosperms.  It  grows  in  sandy  deserts  in 
Africa  between  14-23°  S.,  and  attuins  a  great 
age,  some  specimens  being  estimated  aa  at 
least  one  hundred  years  old. 

*wem  (1),  "wemme,  s.  [A.S.  «wm,  warn, 
wamm.]  A  spot,  a  scar,  a  fault,  a  blemish. 

"That  thou  kepe  ttie  commaudement  without 
wffmmc."—  Wyeliffe :  1  Timothy  vL 

*wem(2),  s.    [WAME.] 

*wem,    *wem'-my,    v.t.     [A.S.  inmman.] 
[WEM,  «.]    To  corrupt,  to  vitiate,  to  defile. 
"  He  wolde  thya  teudre  tbyug  wemmy  foule  y-nou." 
Robert  of  Otouoetter,  p.  206. 

"wem'-less,  '  wcmmc  Ics,  a.  [Eng.  wem 
(1),  s.  ;  -less.]  Free  from  spot  or  blemish; 
spotless,  immaculate. 

"  And  thou,  vergiue  toemmelet." 

Chaucer;  G.  T.,  I5.6W. 

*  wemmod,  *  wembde,  a.   [Eng.  wvn  (l),  s. ; 

-ed.]  Spotted,  marked  with  spots  or  blemishes. 

"The  verie  crouiies  and  scepters  of  best  mouarkt, 

and  princes  had  beiie  rustic,  wmMr,  and  warpde  with 

obliuion."— Grant  :  Horace;  Arte  of  Poetrie.    (Dedie.) 

wen,  wenne.  s.  [A.S.  wenn;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
wen ;  Low.  Ger.  ween ;  Prov.  Ger.  wennCf 
wehne,  wane.] 


WELWITSCHIA  MIRABILIS. 


u<.y ;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    pn  =  1 
-cian  -tian  --  shan,    -tion,    sion  -  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  ghnty    -cious,  -tious,  -sioua  =  «*v'iq.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  be),  del. 


6153 


wench— Wernerian 


1.  Ord,  Lang.  <*  Surg. :  A  tumour  in   the 
form  of  a  bag  or  cyst  varying  in  the  character 

of  its  contents,  ami  occurring  on  some  part  of 
the  human  body,  very  frequently  in  (!,<• 
[GOITRE.]  Some  are  tilled  with  a  thin  fetid 
brown  fluid,  interspersed  with  flakes  of 
ribnim,  some  of  serum,  others  of  calcareous 
matter,  or  of  a  black  fluid,  or,  as  in  the  easy 
of  their  occurrence  near  the  eyebrows,  even  of 
hair.  They  can  only  be  removed  by  a  surgical 
operation. 

2.  Fig. :  An  excrescence. 

"  I  do  allow  this  wen  to  be  u  familiar  with  me  u 
my  dog."  Shakes?. :  2  ffenry  /I".,  U.  Z. 

wench,  *  wenche,  *.  [Prop,  wenchel,  from 
A.S.  wende  =  a  maid,  a  daughter ;  allied  to 
wencel,  wencele  =  weak  ;  toancol^  woneol  =  tot- 
tery, unstable  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  vankel ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
vxtnehal;  Prov.  Ger.  wankel  =  tottering,  un- 
stable ;  Ger.  wanton  —  to  totter  to  reel,  to 
stagger,  to  waddle,  ] 

1.  A  general  term  fora  young  girl  or  woman  ; 
a  maid. 

"  Bear  tbon  my  h&nd,  swewt  wench,  between  thy 
teeth. '    Shaketp.  :  Titut  Androntcut,  til.  1. 

2.  Now  generally  applied  to  a  bold,  forward 
girl ;  a  girl  of  loose  character. 

"  But  the  rude  venck her  answered  nought  at  all." 
Spetuer:  F.  Q.,  L  iiL  IL 

3.  A  mistress. 

"  He  .  .  .  can  Inform  you  from  which  of  the  French 
king's  wenrhet  our  wives  and  daughters  had  this  tu.<ui- 
ntrof  curling  tbelr  hair."— Steelc  :  Spectator.  No.  2. 

4.  A  black  or  coloured  female  servant ;  a 
Degress.    (Amer.) 

wench-like,  a.    Becomingor  appropriate 
to  a  wench  ;  womanish. 
"  Do  not  play  In  wench-Wet  word*  with  that 
Which  is  so  serious.'     Shakrtp.  :  Cymbeline,  IT.  i. 

*  wench,  v.i.    [WESCH,  s.}    To  commit  forni- 
cation. 

"Giren  he  was  exceedingly  to  we*cM*ff."—P.  Hol- 
land :  I'llnit,  bk.  xxxv.,  cb.  X. 

'wenche,  «.    [WENCH.] 

*  wench  -er,  *.     [Eng.  wncA,  v. ;  -«r.]    One 

who  wenches  ;  afornicator ;  a  lecherous  man. 
"  The  fellow  that  WM  a  gnat  wmwAw."— &M«*  .- 
Table  Talk;  Clergy. 

*wench'-ing,a.  [Eng.  wench  ;  -ing.}  Running 
after  women  of  loose  character;  lecherous. 

H  What*  become  of  the  weMdUnff  rogue*  ?  "—SkaJtrtp. : 
Troilta  *  Cretnda,  T.  4. 

*  w6nch'-less,  a.    [Eng.  wench ;  -?««.]    Hav- 
ing no  wenches  or  women  of  loose  character. 
(Special  coinage.) 

We  lovt  too  much  money  this  mart,  by  being  too 
."— SkaJcetp.  :  Ptriciet,  IT.  3. 

wend,  v.i.  &  t.  [A.&  vxndan  =  (1)  to  tnrn, 
to  go,  from  wand,  pa.  t.  of  windan  =  to  wind  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut  wencfon  —  to  turn,  to  tack  ; 
IceL  wnda=  wend,  turn,  change  ;  Dan.  vende  ; 
Bw.  vatida;  Goth,  vandjan;  Ger.  wenden.] 
A*  Intransitive : 

*  L  To  turn  round. 

"  The  lower  [ship]  will  torn  her  broacuid*  twice, 
before  the  greater  can  wend  once."— ttaleif k.  . 

2.  To  go,  to  pass,  to  travel ;  to  take  one's 
way. 

"  For  know  that  on  a  pilgrimage 
Wend  I,  my  comrade  and  this  page." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Jtlet,  IiL  M. 

B.  Transitive; 

*  L  To  undertake,  as  a  journey ;  to  accom- 
plish in  travel. 

"  Cncompanled,  great  ToyagM  to  wend." 
Surrey:  YirgU; 

2.  To  go,  to  direct,  to  turn. 

"  Now  back  they  vend  their  watery  way." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  ii.  26. 

*  wend  (1),  s.    [WEND,  «.]    A  certain  quantity 
or  circuit  of  ground. 

Wend  (or  w  as  v),  (2),  Vend,  a.  [See  def.] 
One  of  a  powerful  Slavic  people,  now  absorbed 
In  the  German  race,  which  formerly  inhabited 
the  north  and  east  of  Germany.  A  remnant  of 
them  still  remains  in  the  eastern  district  of 
Sachsen-Altenburg  and  in  the  country  between 
the  Vistula  and  the  Persante. 

*  wende,  v.i.    [WEND,  t>.] 

Wend'-Ic  (or  w  as  v),  *.  fEng.  Wend  (2),  s. ; 
-ic.]  The  language  of  the  Wends.  It  belongs 
to  the  Slavonic  group  of  the  Aryan  family  of 
languages. 

Wend  Ish  (or  w  as  v),  a  &  «.  [Eng.  Wend  (2), 
s. ;  -i&h.} 


A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Weu.ls. 

B.  As  sub$t. :  The  same  as  WENDIC. 

wend-lan  -di-a  (or  w  as  v),  «.      (Named 

alter  Henry  Ludovicus  \\Vnd land,  Curator  of 
the  Botanic  Garden  at  Hanover.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Hedyotidse.  East  Indian 
trees  or  shrubs,  with  terminal  panicles  of 
small  white  Mowers  and  capsular  fruit.  Wend- 
landia  tinctoria,  a  small,  handsome  tree  with 
large,  crowded  panicles  of  sm;ill,  white,  sweet- 
scented  flowers,  found  in  forests  in  India  and 
Bunnah,  is  used  as  a  mordant  in  dyeing.  The 
leaves  of  W.  exserta  are  given  in  parts  of  India 
to  cattle  as  fodder. 

*  wene,  s.    [WENE,  v.}    Guess,  conjecture. 

*  wene,  v.i.    [WEEN.] 

wen'-i-vel,  wen-i-wel,  «.    [Ceylonese.] 
Bot. :  [CosciNiuit]. 

Wen  lock,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  A  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough  in  Shropshire. 

Wenlock  formation  or  group,  s. 

Geol. :  A  formation  of  Upper  Silurian  age, 
immediately  succeeding  the  Llandovery-foi- 
niation,  and  having  above  it  the  Ludlow-for 
mation.  If  the  Llandovery  beds,  which  aic 
of  atransition  character,  be  made  to  const  itir 
the  base  of  the  Upper  Silurian,  then  the  Wen- 
lock -formation  is  its  centre.  It  is  well  dt- 
veloped  in  the  vicinity  of  Wenlock,  and  is 
considered  to  be  above  four  thousand  feet  in 
thickness.  There  are  two  divisions:  (1)  the 
more  ancient,  the  Wool  hope -limestone  and 
Shale,  the  Tarannon-shale,  and  the  Denbigh- 
shire Grits ;  (2)  the  Wenlock-limestone  and 
Shale.  The  Woolhope  Limestone  and  Shale 
occur  at  Woolhope,  Malvern,  &c.  [WOOL- 
HOPE,]  Their  thickness  is  150  feet  [For  Ta- 
rannon  Shales,  see  TARANNOX.]  The  Denbigh- 
shire Grits  constitute  mountain  ranges  there 
and  in  South  Wales,  and  on  decomposing  form 
a  sterile  soil.  The  Wenlock-shale  is  often  soft, 
so  as  to  constitute  a  kind  of  milestone  rich  in 
crinnidea,  corals,  brachiopods,  Ac.  It  is  about 
1,400  feet  thick.  The  Wenlock,  or  Dudley, 
Limestone  is  about  150  feet  thick.  It  forms 
a  continuous  ridge  in  Shropshire  for  about 
twenty  miles  from  south-west  to  north-east, 
with  corals,  encriuites,  and  trilobites.  [DUD- 
LEY.] It  is  of  a  concretionary  nature,  some 
of  the  concretions,  locally  termed  ballstones, 
being  eighty  feet  in  diameter.  The  whole 
Wenlock  fauna  consists  of  171  genera  and 
530  species.  Of  these  there  are  76  species  of 
Actinozoa,  68  of  Echinodennata,  78  of  Crus- 
tacea, 101  of  Brachiopoda,  44  of  Lamelli- 
brancbiata,  and  169  of  other  classes.  The 
Wen  lock-formation  is  represented  abroad  at 
Niagara,  &c. 

Wenlock  -  limestone,   s.     [WENLOCK- 

FORMATION.J 

Wenlock-shale,   *.     [WENLOCK-FORMA- 

TION.J 

*  wen'-nel,  «.     [WEANEL,]    A  newly-weaned 
animal. 

"  Pinch  never  thy  vtnnrlt  of  water  or  meat, 
H  ever  ye  hope  to  have  them  good  neat." 

Titticr:  aitlb'i nttrjf ;  Slay. 

*wen'-nlsh,  *we"n'-n&  a.    [Eng.  wen;  -y.] 
Having  the  nature  or  appearance  of  a  wen. 

"  A  twnni**  tumour  grown  on  hla  thigh." — Reliyuia 
WottonianoB,  l>.  434. 

went,  pret.  *  old  pa.  par.  tfv,    [WEND,  v.] 
A.  As  pret. :  The  pant  tense  of  wend,  and 

now  used  as  the  past  tense  of  go. 

"  Sank  was  his  heart ;  his  colour  went  and  came." 
Pope  :  Homer ;  Ittad  xxi v.  448L 

*  B.  As  pa,  par.  of  wend:  [WEND,  v.]. 

*  went,  *.     [WEND.]     A  way,  a  passage ;  A 
turning  backwards  and  forwards. 

"  Parre  under  ground  from  that  of  living  vent  .  .  . 
Their  dreadful  dwelling  i«," 

Bpetuer:  F.  0..  IV.  U.  47. 

wen'-tle-trftp,  s.    [Ger.  wendeltreppe  =  wind- 
Ing  stairs,  from  the  shape  of  the  species.] 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  the  genus  Scala- 
ria  (q.v).  Those  in  which  the  whorls  are  clone 
are  called  by  collectors  False  Wentletraps  ; 
those  in  which  they  are  contiguous  are  known 
as  True  Wentletraps.  Of  the  former,  some  are 
found  in  northern  seas,  and  one,  Scataria 
communis,  occurs  on  the  British  coast ;  the 
latter  are  all  natives  nf  warm  sea.  One,  the 
Precious  Wentietrap  (S.  prelioan),  from  tlie 


south-east  of  Asia,  was  formerly  In  such 
Mteemthuttl  very  fine  specimen  issuid  to  have 
sold  for  200  guineas,  though 
good  shells  may  now  be 
bought  for  a  fewahillingt 
It  is  about  two  inch- 
stiow-white  or  pal 
coloured,  with  eight  sepa- 
rated whorls. 

*  wep,  pret.  ofv.    [WEEP.] 

*  wepe-ly,  a.     [Mid.  Eng. 
wepe  =  weep ;  -ly.]  Causing 
weeping  or  tears;  pathetic, 
lamentable. 

*  wop-en,  s.    [WEAPON.] 

Wept,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    [WEEP.] 
*wep-yng,  pr.  far.  &«.    [WEEPING.] 

*  werche,  *.  &  r.    [WORK.] 

were,  v.i.  [WAS.]  The  plural  of  was.  Used 
as  the  indicative  past  tense  plural  of  the  verb 
to  6e,  and  the  past  or  imperfect  subjunctive- 

*  were  (!),«.    [WEIR.J 
"  were  (2),  s.    [WAR.] 

*  were  (3),  «.    [See  def.]    Tbe  same  as  WERS- 
QILD  (q.v.). 

*  were,  v.t.    [WEAR,  v.] 

*  were '-geld,  *  were  -gild,  *  wer  -gild, 

*  wehr -geld,  s.  [A.S.  u.'fn/t'W,  troin  «:«/•  = 
a  man,  and  gild,  geld  =•  payment,  compeusa* 
tion  ...  a  guild.) 

Anglo-Saxon  Law :  A  kind  of  fine  for  man- 
slaughter and  other  offences  against  the  person, 
on  payment  of  which  the  offender  was  cleared 
from  any  further  liability  or  punishment.  The 
fine  or  compensation  due  from  the  offender 
varied  in  amount  according  to  his  rank  and 
station  and  that  of  the  person  killed  or  in- 
jured, and  also  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
injury.  It  was  in  general  paid  to  the  relatives 
of  the  person  killed,  or,  in  the  case  of  a 
wound  or  other  bodily  harm,  to  the  person 
injured  ;  but,  if  the  cause  was  brought  before 
the  community,  the  plaintiff*  only  received 
part  of  the  tine,  the  community,  or  the  king, 
when  there  was  one,  receiving  the  other  half. 

"The  Roman  '  conviva  Regis'  .  .  .  was  estimated  U> 
hi*  wertfftid  at  half  the  i-rice  of  the  BarbnriMi  An- 
truatkm.  the  blgheat  known  ctaM  tit  lite  Jlwruvin^lan 
court,  and  above  the  common  alodial  proprietor.*— 
Hatlam :  Middle  Aym. 

*  were'-gfld,  «.    [WEREGELP.] 

*  weren,  v.t.    [WERE,  v.] 

were'-na,  v.i.    [See  def.]   Were  not.    (Scotch.) 

"I  trow,  ulii  ye  verett»  Minded  wi' the  rraora  and 
favours,  and  wrvices  and  enjoyweuta,  aud  eii)|  loy- 
m ente  and  inheritances  of  Uiia  wicked  world." — 
Scott:  tfawertey.  ch.  XXXT!. 

were'-wolf,  *  wer-wolf,  s.  [A.S.  werewuif, 
from  wer  —  a  man,  and  wu{f=^&  wolf;  cogn. 
with  Ger.  wdhrwolf;  M.  H.  Ger.  werwolf.} 

Anthrop. :  A  person  supposed  to  have  the 
power  of  transforming  himself  at  certain 
seasons  into  a  wolf,  and  assuming  all  the 
ferocity  of  that  animal,  joined  to  the  practice 
of  disinterring  and  feeding  on  dead  bodies. 
[LTCANTHROPIA,  LvcA  NTH  ROPY.]  In  Bulgaria 
the  legends  of  werewolves  are  inextricably 
mixed  up  with  those  of  the  vampires  [VAMPIRE, 
A.  1. 1.],  and  the  same  sign— the  meeting  of  the 
eyebrows,  as  if  the  soul  were  al>out  to  take 
flight  to  enter  some  other bwdy — is  held  to  be 
conclusive  evidence  that  a  person  belongs  to 
one  of  these  classes. 

"The  Bndaa  of  Ai>ywln!a  ...  are  at  once  the 
smiths  Mid  jitters,  sorcerers  and  weromfft*  of  their 
district"— Tv?or :  Print.  Cult.  (ed.  18<SK  L  113. 

t  We're'-W^lf- i$m,s.  [Eng.  werewolf;  -ism.} 
Lycanthropy  (q.v.). 

"Traditional  belief  in  w*rwo&f*m  muet,  however, 
have  remained  long  in  the  popular  mind."— fi.  B, 
Oemld:  H'ei^vetw-*,  ch.  vliL 

wer-ish,  a.    [WEARISH.] 

*  werke,  ».  &  v.    [WORK,  9.  &  v.} 

*  werne,  v.t.    [WABM.] 

Wer-neV-I-an,  o,  (See  def.]  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  Abraham  Gottlob  Werner,  one  of  the 
founders  of  geological  science.  He  was  born 
on  Sept.  25,  1750,  at  Weslau  on  the  Queiss,  in 
Upper  Lausitz,  where  his  father  was  suj>erin 


fate,  fftt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot* 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cib,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    ».  oe  -  e ;  cy  =  a ;  qu     lew. 


wernerite— westringia 


6159 


tendent  of  a  foundry.  In  1774  Werner  pub- 
lished a  little  work  which  revolutionised  the 
science  of  mineralogy  and  Uni  to  his  being  ap- 
pointed in  1775  Professor  of  Mineralogy  in  the 
School  of  Mines  at  Freiberg.  He  introduced 
the  geological  use  of  the  word  "  formation," 
and  taught  that  the  exterior  of  the  earth  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  such  formations  arranged 
In  drtermiimte  order.  He  was  the  author  of 
the  Neptunian  Theory  or  Hypothesis  (4.v.)t 
He  died  on  June  30,  1S17. 

wer'  ner-ite,  s.    [After  the  celebrated  miner- 
alogist A.  U.  Werner  ;  sun0.  -ite(Min.).~\ 

Min. :  A  name  originally  given  by  d'Andrada 
to  some  minerals  from  Norway  which  subse- 
quently were  found  to  vary  in  chemical  com- 
position, and  are  now  known  as  the  scapolites, 
wernerite  being  retained  for  the  name  of  a 
member  of  the  group.  Crystallization,  tetra- 
gonal ;  hardness,  o  to  6  ;  sp.gr.,  2'63  to  2'8; 
lustre,  vitreous  when  pure,  otherwise  pearly 
to  resinous ;  fracture  sub-con choidal.  Com- 
pos., owing  to  its  liability  to  alteration,  some- 
what variable,  the  mean  being:  silica,  48'4; 
alumina,  28'5;  lime,  IS'l  ;  soda,  5-0  =  100, 
with  the  formula  (J(CaONaO>j  +  JA12O3X> 
SSiOg  +  SIO^.  Dana  includes  in  this  species 
Nuttallite,  Chelmsfordite,  and  Glaucolite,  and 
as  altered  forms,  Atheriastite,  Stroganovite, 
Algerite,  Wilsonite,  Terenite,  Micarelle,  and 
Gabronite  (see  these  words). 

*  werre,  «.    [WAR,  *.] 

*  wer-reie,  v.t,    [WARRAY,  ».) 

*  worse,  a.  &  adv.    [WORSE.  J 

versa,    warsch,   a,      [Prob.  the  same  as 
WEARISH.] 

1.  Insipid,  tasteless. 

2.  Delicate ;  having  a  pale  and  sickly  look. 
(Scotch.) 

*  worst,  *  werste,  a.    [WORST,  a.] 

wert,  v.i.    [See  def.]    The  second  person  sin- 
gular of  were.    [WERE  (1),  v.] 

werth'-e-man-ite  (worth  as  vert),  s. 
[After  X  Wertheman  ;  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  massive  mineral  related  to  alumin- 
ite(q.v.);sp.  ST.,  2'80  ;  colour  white.  Compos. : 
a  hydrated  sulphate  of  alumina,  «.£.,  sulphuric 
acid,  34-50;  alumina,  46'0;  aeflqufoxlde  of 
iron,  1-25  ;  water,  19'25  =  100,  which  gives 
the  formula  AWSOe  4-  3aq.  :  this  differs  from 
aluminlte  in  containing  less  water.  Pound 
In  a  bed  of  clay  near  Chachapoyas,  Peru. 

*  wertherian  (as  ver-teV-f-an),  a.  [After 
the  hero  of  Goethe's  Sorrow*  of  Werter.}  Senti- 
mental, nambypamby. 

*  wer'-&  a.    [WEARY,  a.] 

*  we'-sand,  s.    [WEABAND. 

We'se,  v.i.    [See  def.]    We  shall. .  (Scotch.} 

"  Weel,  weel.  trc*M  no  dispute  that  e'ennow."— 
Seott :  Antiquary,  eh.  xlL 

*  wesh,  *  wcshe,  preL  of  v.    [WASH,  t;.] 

*  we-sil,  s.    [WEASAND.]    The  windpipe. 

We  s'-ley-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

Ecclesiology  &  Church  History ; 

A.  Asad-j.:  Of  or  belonging  to  John  Wesley 
or  the  sect  founded   by  him.     [WESLEYAN 
MKTHODISM.] 

B.  Assubst. :  A  Wesleyan  Methodist (q.v.). 
Wesleyan  Methodism,  s. 

Ecdesiol.  &  Church  Hist. :  The  largest  and 
nsost  important  Methodist  denomination,  and 
th<;  parent  of  some  smaller  religious  bodies 
now  independent  of  its  government.  [ME- 
THODISM.] 

Wesleyan  Methodist,  s. 

EccUsiol.  &  Church  Hixt, :  A  member  or 
adherent  of  Weeleyan  Methodism  (q.v.).  Used 
also  selectively  in  the  same  sense  as  WES- 
LEYAN, A.  (q.v.). 

Wes  ley-an-Ism,  s.    [Eng.  Wesleyan;  -ism.'] 
Church  Hist. :  The  doctrines  and  polity  of 
the  Wesleyans  ;  Methodism  (q.v.). 

"To  the  historian  of  Weifryavitm  the  volume  la 
little  thort  of  indispensable."— Athencewn,  Nov.  Z6. 
1887,  p.  706. 

west,  *.,  a.,  &  adv.     [A.S.  west,  westan^west- 
ward  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  west  (a.  &  adv.) ;  IceL 


vestr  —  the  west  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  vest  =  the  west  ; 
Ger.  west;  Fr.  ouest.  Probably  the  allusion 
is  to  the  apparent  resting-place  or  abiding- 
I'lai-ti  of  the  sun  at  night.  From  the  same 
root  as  Sansc.  vas  =  to  dwell,  to  pass  the 
ni^'ht;  Ic'-l.  vist  =  an  abode,  a  dwelling,  a 
lodging-place  ;  vista  =  to  lodge;  Gr.  a<mi 
(astu)  =  a  city  ;  eo-n-cpos  (hesperos)  =  evening  ; 
Lat.  vesper.} 
A.  As  substantive: 

1.  One  of  the  four  cardinal  points,  exactly 
opposite  to  the  east  ;   a  point  towards  the 
sunset,  midway  between  the  north  and  south 
poles  of  the  heavens  ;  that  point  of  the  hort- 
.zon  in  which  the  sun  appears  to  set  at  the 
equinox  ;  the  intersection  of  the  prime  ver- 
tical with  the  horizon  on  that  side  where  the 
sun  sets.     In  a  less  strict  sense,  the  region  of 
the  heavens  near  a  point  where  the  sun  gets 
when  in  the  equator. 

"  From  weit  her  silent  course  advance." 

Hilton  :  P.  L..  viii.  168. 

2.  The  region,   tract,   country,  or  locality 
lying  opposite  to  the  east,  or  situated  nearer 
the  west  point  than  another  point  of  reckon- 
ing, as  America  with  regard  to  England, 

"  The  utmost  comer  of  the  went." 

Shaketp  :  King  John,  II. 

*  3.  A  wind  coming  or  blowing  from  the 
west, 

"A  south  tw»(  blow  on  ye." 

Shaketp  ;  Tempest,  t.  2. 

B*  As  adjective  : 

1.  Being  in  the  west  or  lying  towards  the 
west.     (Numbers  xxxiv.  6.) 

2.  Coming,  moving,  or  blowing  from  the 
west  or  western  region  ;  westerly. 

C.  As  adv.  :  Towards  the  west  ;  at  the 
westward  ;  more  westward. 

"  Welt  of  this  forest." 

afctkap.  .  2  Hewn  /P.,  IT.  1. 

If  1.  Empire  of  the  West  :  The  western  por- 
tion of  the  Roman  Empire,  the  capital  of 
which  was  Rome,  when  the  Empire  was 
divided  between  his  two  sons,  Honorius  and 
Arcadius,  by  Theodoslus  in  A.D.  895. 

2.  The  West  End  :  The  aristocratic  or  fashion- 
able quarter  of  London,  and  of  many  other 
cities.  (Often  used  adjectively.) 

West  African  river-shrew,  s. 

Zool.  :  Potamogale  velox.     [POTAMOOALB.] 
West  Indian,  a. 

Geog.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  West  Indies 
(q.v.). 

West  Indian  Firefly  ; 

Entom.  :  Pyrophorut  noctilucus.  [PYRO- 
PHORUS.] 

West  Indies,  s.pi. 

Geog.  :  An  archipelago  of  Islands,  the  An- 
tilles, extending  from  the  Gulf  of  Florida  to 
the  Gulf  of  Paria,  just  north  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea.  They  are  so  named  because  when  first 
they  were  discovered  they  were  supposed  to 
lie  near  India.  When  the  error  uas  discovered 
the  distinctive  names  East  Indies  (q.v.)  and 
West  Indies  arose. 


,  v.i.    [WEST,  *.] 

1.  To  pass  to  the  west  ;  to  set,  as  the  sun. 

"  Twice  bath  he  risen  where  he  now  doth  w*f." 

Bpetuer  :  F  Q.,  V.  i.    (IntrodJ 

2.  To  assume  a  westerly  direction  ;  to  change 
to  the  west. 

"  If  the  wind  varies  towards  the  north  of  the  west, 
his  welting  will  be  considerable.  "—Coo*  .•  Firtt  Voyage, 
bk.  i.,  ch.  vi. 

west  -an  ite,  «.     [After  Westana,  Sweden, 
where  found;  sun*.  -ite  (Min.).~] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  radiated 
crystalline  masses,  sometimes  in  prismat  ic 
crystals,  with  pyrophyllite.  Hardness,  2'5  ; 
rolour,  brick-red.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated 
frilicate  of  alumina  ;  probably  an  altered  flbro- 
lite  (q.v.). 

*west'-er,  v.i.     [Eng.  west;  -er.}    To  tend 
towards  the  west. 

"  Nor  paused  till  In  the  wettering  ran 
We  eat  together  oil  the  beach." 

Browning  :  faracelntt,  iv. 

W5st'-er-ly\  a.  &  adv.     [Eng.  wester(n);  -ly,] 
A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Being   or   situated   towards   the  west; 
situated  in  the  western  region. 

"  These  bills  give  us  a  view  of  the  most  easterly, 
southerly,  and  westerly  parts  of  England."—  Qrawnt  : 
Bitlt  "i  Mortality. 

2.  Coming  from  the  westward. 

"  The  wind  wa*  westerly."—  Field,  Sept.  4,  IBM. 


B.  As  adv.  :  Tending,  moving,  or  going  to- 
wards the  west  ;  as,  A  man  travelling  westerly. 

west'-ern,  *  weast-erne,  a.    [Eug.  west; 

•cm.] 

1.  Being  or  situated  in  the  west,  or  in  the 
region  nearly  in  the  direction  of  west  ;  lying 
or  being  in  that  quarter  where  the  sun  sets. 

2.  Moving  towards  the  west,  or  towards  the 
point  where  the  sun  sets:  as,  A  ship  sails  A 
western  course. 

3.  Coming  or  proceeding  from  the  west  :  as, 
a  western  wind. 

Western-church,  s. 

Church  Hist.  :  The  Latin,  as  distinguished 
from  the  Greek  church  ;  the  Roman  Church. 
[EASTERN-CHURCH.] 

Western  Reserve,  s.  A  part  of  the 
public  lands  iu  Oluo  which  Connecticut  claimed 
under  her  charter  of  1G62  and  over  which  she 
held  jurisdiction  until  1800.  (V.  tf.  Hist.) 

Western    States,   B.  pi      A   term 

vaguely  applied  to  such  States  as  lie  in  the 
west;  originally  used  of  all  the  States  west  of 
the  Appalachian  range  of  mountains. 

west'-ern-€»r,  *.  [Eng.  western  ;  ~er.]  A 
native  or  inhabitant  of  the  west. 

west'-era-ism,  $.  [Eng.  u>e»tem;  -itm.]  A 
characteristio  of  western  people,  apectf.  of  the 
people  of  the  Western  States  of  the  Union. 


a.     [Eng.  western  ;  -most,'] 
Farthest  towards  the  went  ;  most  western. 

west  -ing,  $.  [Kng.  west;  -ing.]  Space  or 
distance  westward  ;  space  reckoned  from  one 
point  to  another  westward  of  it;  specif,,  in 
navigation,  the  difference  of  longitude  made 
by  s  ship  when  sailing  to  the  westward  ;  the 
departure  of  a  course  when  the  course  lies  to 
the  west  of  north. 

West'  -minister,  *.  [Bccles.  Lat.  West- 
monosteriensis.  Probably  the  Abbey  was  so 
named  to  distinguish  it  from  the  monastery  of 
East  Minster,  formerly  situated  on  what  is 
now  called  Tower  Hill.] 

Geog.  :  A  celebrated  abbey,  with  the  adja- 
cent region,  a  "city,"  joining  the  City  of 
London  at  the  spot  formerly  marked  by  Temple 
Bar.  The  City  of  Westminster  was  created 
by  Henry  VIII. 

Westminster  Assembly,  s. 

Hist.  :  An  assembly  of  divines,  lay  assessors, 
&c.,  which  met  in  ooedience  to  an  ordinance 
of  the  Lords  and  Commons,  issued  June  12. 
1643— 

"  For  tlit  calling  of  »n  awemhly  of  learned  and 
rally  divines  to  be  consulted  witb  by  tlie  Parliament 
Fur  the  settling  of  the  government  and  liturgy  of  the 
Church  of  England,  ana  for  vindicating  ami  clearing 
of  the  doctriiie  of  Llic  said  Church  from  false  a*per. 
siong  and  iuterpretntiotu." 

A  hundred  and  twenty  clergymen,  with  ten 
lords  and  twenty  commoners,  or  lay  assessors, 
were  nominated  to  carry  out  the  ordinance. 
The  meeting  was  forbidden  by  the  king  on 
June  22,  but  no  notice  was  taken  of  the  pro- 
hibition. On  July  1  sixty-nine  of  the  nomi- 
nated members  attended  in  Henry  VII.'s 
Chapel  in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  the  as- 
Hcmbly  began.  They  sat  1,103  times,  their 
last  meeting  being  on  Feb.  22,  1649.  On  Sept. 
15,  1643,  commissioners  arrived  from  the 
Church  of  Scotland  to  aid  in  the  deliberations. 
On  April  20,  1643,  the  Assembly  submitted 
to  Parliament  a  Directory  for  Public  Wor- 
ship ;  between  Oct.  1  and  Nov.  26,  1644,  the 
Confession  of  Faith,  in  two  portions  [CONFES- 
SION, III.  4  (2)]  ;  on  Nov.  5,  1G47,  the  Shorter 
Catechism  (q.v.);  and  on  Sept.  15,  1648,  the 
Longer  Catechism.  Thegreatmajority  of  the 
members  were  Presbyterians,  a  small  but 
active  body  were  Independents,  and  a  yet 
smaller  one,  but  containing  able  men,  were 
Krastians.  The  Parliament  itself  was  Eras- 
tian,  and,  though  accepting  and  ratifying  the 

S  reductions  of  the  Assembly,  did  not  allow 
ic  spiritual  independenoe  which  the  majority 
of  its  members  earnestly  desired  to  obtain. 
[PRESBYTERIAN.]    (English.) 

*  west  -most,    a.     [Eng.    west,  and   moat.] 
Farthest  to  the  westward. 

*  west'-ren,  adv.    [WESTERN.]    Towards  the 
west.     (Chaucer  :  Trotlus,  bk.  ii.) 

wcst-r!n'-£i-a,  *.  [Named  after  Dr.  West- 
ring,  physician  to  the  king  of  Sweden.] 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  fhin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-Oiaii,  -tian  -  slian.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -tion,  -gum  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,    sious  -  aha*,    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bol,  del* 


6160 


westward— whale 


Bot. :  A  genus  of  Pros  tan  therese.  Australian 
shrubs,  one  to  three  feet  high,  with  entire 
leaves,  a  ten-nerved  calyx,  labiate  flowers,  in 
whorls  of  three  or  four;  four  stamens,  only- 
two  of  them  fertile.  About  ten  species  are 
known. 

west  -  ward,    *  west  -  warde,  adv.  &  *. 

[A. 8.  westeweard.] 
A*  As  adv.  :  Towards  the  west. 

"  Tourtied  dowuewarde  and  tcettewarde  to  the  ryvcr 
of  Meroe*."— Fabyan :  Cronycle,  cb.  IxxxllL 

B.  As  subst. :  The  country  or  district  lying 
towaids  the  west. 

*  west  -ward-ly.  adv.    [Eng.  westward;  -ly.] 
In  a  direction  toward  the  west ;  westward. 

"  If  oar  love*  faint,  and  teettwardly  decline, 
To  tue  thou  falsely  thine, 
And  I  to  thfte  mine  actions  shall  disguise." 

Donne :  Lecture  upon  the  Shadow, 

w6st  -ward*,  adv.  [Eng.  westward,  with 
adverbial  sutJ".  $.]  Westward. 

•  wesf-y\  o.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    Dizzy,  con- 
fused. 

"  Whiles  be  lies  wallowing,  with  a  wetty  head," 
Bp,  Baa :  Satirot.  Iv.  1. 

w£t,  *  weet,  a.  &  $.  [A.S.  wcfa;  cogn.  with 
Icel.  vdtr;  Dan.  vaad ;  Sw.  vat.  From  the 
same  root  as  water  (q.v.).  j 

A.  As  adjective ; 

1.  Containing  water ;  soaked  or  drenched 
with  water ;  humid. 

2.  Consisting  of  water  or  fluid. 

3.  Rainy,    drizzly,    very    damp :     as,    wet 
weather. 

4.  Having  consumed  a  good  deal  of  liquor ; 
drunk. 

"  When  my  lo*t  lover  the  tall  uhlp  ascends, 
With  muiic  gay.  and  wet  with  jovial  friend*." 

Prior.    (AnnandaU.) 

B.  At  substantive : 

L  Water  or  wetness ;  moisture  or  humidity 
In  considerable  quantity. 

'*  Now  the  sun.  with  more  effectual  beam*, 
Had  cheer'd  the  face  of  th'  earth,  and  dry'd  the  wet 
From  drooping  plant,"  J/ilton  :  P.  R.,  iv.  433. 

2.  Rainy  weather ;  rain. 

"  TbU  dlatemper'd  messenger  of  wet.' 

Shalutp.  ;  Alii  Well  that  Endi  Well.  L  8. 

3.  A  drink,  a  dram :  as,  To  have  a  wet.  (Slang.) 

*  K   With  a  wet  finger :  A  proverbial  ex- 
pression  of  doubtful  origin,  and  probably 
meaning  with  ease, 

"A  porUr  might  fetch  him  \cith  a  wetflnger'—Dekker. 

wet-bulb  thermometer,  «.    [HYGRO- 

METER-] 

wet-compress,  - 

Therapeutics :  A  compress  of  two  or  three 
folds  of  thin  flannel  or  calico,  wrung  out  in 
cold  water,  laid  upon  the  abdomen,  and  covered 
with  gutta  percha  or  impermeable  cloth.  It 
is  beneficial  in  congestion  of  the  liver. 

wet-dock,  s.  A  tidal  or  shipping  dock. 
In  the  basin  the  water  is  maintained  at  such  a 
height  as  to  float  the  vessels  therein  at  all 
times.  The  dock  is  connected  by  a  lock  with 
the  navigable  waters,  and  the  gates  maintain 
the  level  of  water  in  the  basin  irrespective  of 
the  water  outside,  [LOCK  (1),  s.,  II,  3.  (I).] 

wet-nurse,  *.  A  woman  who  nurses  and 
luckles  a  child  not  her  own. 

wet-press,  >•. 

Paper-making :  The  second  press  in  which 
hand-making  paper  is  compacted  and  partially 
drained  of  its  water. 

wet-puddling,  -•••. 

UetaU. :  The  same  as-  Pio- BOILING  (q.v.). 

*  wet-quaker,  *.    A  qnaker  who  is  not 
Tery  strict  in  the  observances  of  his  sect. 

"  Sociniaoa  and  Presbyterian*, 
Quakers  and  wet-quaker*  or  merry-one*. ** 

Ward:  Lnylamft  Reformation,  p.  176. 

wet-sheet  packing,  s. 

Therapeutics:  The  packing  or  envelopment 
«f  a  patient  in  a  sheet  dipped  in  cold  or  tepid 
water  and  well  wrung  out.  Round  this  a 
blanket  is  rolled,  and  other  blankets  added 
above.  The  patient  is  usually  thrown  into  a 
healthful  perspiration.  [HYDROPATHY.] 

*  wet-Shot,  a.    Shot  up  by  or  from  a  wet 
•oil ;  growing  in  damp  or  wet  land.    (Prtw.) 

wete,  *  wetten,  v.t.    [A.S.  wftan.] 
1.  Lit. :  To  make  wet ;  to  moisten,  drench, 


or  soak  with  water  or  other  liquid  ;  to  dip  or 
steep  in  a  liquid. 

"  Never  a  white  wing,  wetted  by  the  wave, 
Vet  dared  to  toar." 

Hyron  :  Heaven  A  Bart\,  L  S. 

*2.  Fig.  :  To  moisten  with  drink. 
T  To  wet  one's  whistle :  [WHISTLB,  *. J. 

*  wete,  a.    (WET,  a.] 
'wete  (1),  v.t.    (WET,  tf.J 

*  wete  (2),  v.i.    [WEET.] 

W<5th'-er  (I),  s.  [A.S.  wtdher;  cogn.  with 
O.S.  wethar,  withar  ;  Icel.  vedhr ;  Dan.  venter, 
vcedder ;  Sw.  vadur ;  Ger.  widder ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
widar;  Goth,  withrus  =  a  lamb ;  Lat.  vituliu 
=  a  calf;  Sansc.  vatsa.}  A  castrated  ram. 

*  weth'-er  (2),  *.    [WEATHER.] 

we'th-er-el'-U-a,  *.  (Named  by  Bowerbank 
after  his  friend,  N.  T.  Wetherell,  of  Highgate, 
who  had  long  studied  the  London  Clay.} 

Palfeobot. :  A  genus  of  fossil  fruits  from  the 
London  Clay.  The  pericarp  was  three-,  four-, 
or  five-celled,  each  cell  with  a  single  seed  en- 
closed within  a  thin  compressed  sac,  pubes- 
cent internally.  Sac  surrounded  by  cellular 
tissue,  which  was  divided  into  two  lobes  as  the 
fruit  expanded.  Seeds  pendulous,  nearly  three 
times  as  long  as  broad,  compressed  sideways, 
attached  to  a  central  placenta  by  a  short 
funiculus ;  testa  reticulated.  Only  known 
species,  Wetherellia  variabilis,  the  most  abun- 
dant of  the  Sheppey  fossil  fruits,  locally  known 
as  Coffee.  (Bowerbank :  Fossils  of  the  London 
Clay.) 

*wet'-Ing,  *.    [WETE  (2),  v,]    Knowledge. 

wet  -ness,  s.    [Eng.  wet,  a. ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wet,  either 
by  being  soaked  on  drenched  with  liquor,  or 
by  having  a  liquid  adhering  to  it ;  humidity. 

"The  wetnett  of  these  bottoms  often  ipoili  them 
for  corn." — Mortimer:  Btubandry. 

2.  A  moist  state  of  the  atmosphere ;  a  state 
of  being  rainy,  foggy,  or  misty  ;  as,  the  wet- 
ness of  the  weather. 

3.  Wet  matter ;  moisture. 

wet  -shod,  *  wet  schode,  *  whet-shod,  a. 

[Eng.   wet,  and  shod,]     Wet   over   the  feet ; 
having  the  feet  wet  with  the  shoes  or  boots  on. 

"So  he  went  over  at  last,  not  much  above  wetthod." 
—Sunt/an :  Pilgrim  t  Progrett,  pt.  IL 

*wfit'-tlsh,  a,  [Eng.  wet,  a.;  -isA.]  Some- 
what wet ;  moist,  humid. 

*  weve  (1),  v.t.    [WEAVE.) 
*weve  (2),  v.t.    [WAIVE.] 

*  wex,  v.t.  or  {.    [WAX,  v.] 

*  wey  (1),  *  weye  (1),  *.    [WAY,  t.] 

wey  (2),  *  weye  (2),  s.  [A.S.  wege,  from  weep-, 
stem  of  pa.  t.  of  wegan  —  to  bear,  to  carry,  to 
weigh.]  A  certain  weight  or  measure.  A 
wey  of  wool  is  6J  tods,  or  182  Ibs. ;  of  butter 
from  2  cwt.  to  3  cwt.  ;  of  oats  and  barley  48 
bushels ;  of  wheat  5  quarters ;  of  cheese 
224  Ibs.  ;  of  salt  40  bushels,  each  56  Ibe. 
(Simmonds.) 

wey'-ther-no'y,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot. :  Pyrethrum  Parthenium.  (Brit.  A  Soil.) 

*  weyve,  v.t.  or  t.    [WAVE,  v.} 
wez   and,  ».    [WEASANU.] 
wha,  JWOTI.    [Weo.]    (ScofcA.) 
who,  s.    [WAB.] 

whaap,  whap,  *. 

whack,  v.t.  &  i.  [The  same  word  aa  fhvxtcK 
(q.v.JTf 

A.  Trans. :  To  thwack,  to  thrash  ;  to  give 
a  heavy  and  sounding  blow  to. 

"  Father  whack*  her  and  the  children  In  turns." — 
Field,  Sept  34.  1887. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  strike  or  continue  striking 
anything  with  heavy  sounding  blows. 

"Yet  the  Flannigsni  and  the  Murphy?  paid  no  heed 
to  him.  bat  whacked  away  at  each  other  with  in- 
creasing  vigour.  "-Daily  Telegraph.  Feb.  21,  1889. 

whack,  s.    [WHACK,  v.] 

1.  A  heavy  sounding  blow ;  a  thwack. 

"  A  blow  descended  .  .  .  it  wjua  whack.'— Bar\am: 
Inooldfby  Legend*  (Lady  Rohetia). 


2.  A  large  piece  ;  a  share,  a  portion.  (Slang.) 

"  This  young  bachelor  had  taken  his  share  (what  h« 
called  hi»  whack]  of  pleasure."—  Thackeray :  Shabby- 
ytnteel  Story,  ch,  V. 

whack -er,  s.  [WHACK.]  Something  un- 
commonly large  ;  a  whopper  ;  a  great  lie 
(Slang.) 

"  Good  half-pounders  every  one,  with  an  o 
whacker  of  ten  ounce*."— field,  NOT.  H,  1987. 

Whack  -Ing,  a.  [WHACK.]  Very  large  or  big ; 
whopping. 

Whai'-zle,  v.i.  [A  frequent,  from  wheett 
(q.v.).J  To  wheeze.  (Scotch.) 

"But  MX  Scotch  mile*  tbou  try't  their  mettle, 
Aa'  gart  them  whuitie." 
Burnt :  Auld  Farmer  to  hit  Auld  Mart. 

whale,  "whal,  'qual,  *.  [A.S.  hwasl; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  walvisch  =  whale-fish  ;  Icel. 
hvalr  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  hvnl ;  Ger.  wal,  wallfisch.] 
1.  Zool. :  The  popular  name  of  anv  species  or 
individual  of  the  modern  order  Cetacea  (the 
Cetacea  Ordinaria  of  older  writers).  [CETACEA.] 
The  head  is  generally  large,  and  in  some 
species  constitutes  more  than  one-third  of  the 
entire  length  ;  mouth  always  wide,  with  stiff 
immobile  lips ;  fore  limbs  reduced  to  flattened 
fin-like  paddles,  no  external  traces  of  hind 
limbs,  though  sometimes  the  vestige  of  a 
femur  is  present  in  the  shape  of  a  nodule  of 
bone  about  the  size  of  a  walnut.  Immediately 
below  the  skin  is  a  thick  layer  of  fat,  held  to- 
gether by  fibrous  tissue,  constituting  the 
blubber  [BLUBBER,  *.,  2.];  and  in  nearly  all 
there  is  a  dorsal  fin.  The  eye  is  small ;  there 
is  no  external  ear,  but  a  minute  auditory 
aperture,  and  the  nostrils,  which  are  usually 
called  "  blowholes,"  are  situated  on  the  top 
of  the  head,  except  in  the  Sperm  Whale,  which 
has  them  at  the  extremity  of  the  snout. 
Whales  are  found  in  all  seas,  and  some,  like 
the  Beluga  (q.v.),  ascend  large  rivers.  All 
pass  their  lives  in  water,  and  are  absolutely 
helpless  on  land.  They  rise  frequently  to 
the  surface  to  breathe,  and  usually  expose  the 
highest  part  of  the  head  where  the  nostrils 
are  situated.  The  so-called  "  spouting  "  of  the 
whale  is  only  the  ordinary  act  of  breathing. 
When  the  animal  rises  to  the  surface  it 
forcibly  expels  from  the  lungs  the  air  taken 
in  at  the  last  previous  inspiration,  which  is  of 
course  heated  and  loaded  with  watery  vapour. 
As  this  rapidly  condenses  when  expelled,  it 
forms  a  column  of  spray,  which  has  been  er- 
roneously assumed  to  be  water  taken  in  by 
the  mouth  and  ejected  by  the  nostrils.  In 
bunting  the  whale  the  harpoon  may  pierce 
the  lungs  or  air-passages,  and  then  a  column 
of  blood  may  be  forced  high  in  the  air  through 
the  nostrils,  but^making  due  allowance  for 
the  different  methods  of  breathing— similar 
result  follows  wounds  in  the  respiratory 
organs  of  other  mammals.  All  the  Cetacea 
prey  on  living  food  of  some  kind — chiefly  fish. 
small  floating  Crustacea,  pteropods,  and 
squids.  The  genus  Orca  alone  attacks  and 
devours  other  warm-blooded  animals,  such  as 
seals  and  individuals  of  its  own  order.  Whales 
are  for  the  most  part  timid,  inoffensive 
animals,  active  and  affectionate,  especially 
the  cows  towards  their  calves,  of  which  they 
produce  but  one,  or  rarely  two,  at  a  time. 
They  generally  swim  in  herds,  or  "schools," 
though  some  species  have  been  met  with 
singly  or  in  pairs.  In  size  they  differ  greatly : 
some  of  the  Delphinidse  are  only  about  four 
feet  in  length,  while  the  gigantic  Sperm-whale, 
or  Cachalot  (q.v.),  reaches  some  fifty  feet,  which 
appears  to  be  never  greatly  exceeded  in  this 
species,  though  stories  are  told  of  animals  near- 
ly double  as  long,  and  Bulcenoptera  sibbaldii, 
probably  the  largest  living  whale,  attains  the 
length  of  eighty  feet.  Popularly  the  name  is 
used  in  a  more  restricted  sense  than  that  in 
which  it  is  employed  scientifically.  The 
members  of  the  Platanistidae  and  Delphin- 
idse are  called  Freshwater  Dolphins  and 
True  Dolphins  respectively,  though  the  Pilot- 
whale,  the  Beluga,  or  Wliite  Whale,  and  the 
Narwhal  belong  to  the  latter  family.  The 
great  commercial  value  of  the  oil  which  all 
the  Cetacea  yield,  and  the  special  products  o! 
some — whalebone,  spermaceti,  ivory — subj'-j't 
them  to  relentless  persecution,  which  has  vastly 
diminished  their  numbers.  In  fact,  the  wlialf- 
fisheriee  of  this  as  well  as  other  countries  havo 
now  dwindled  into  insignificance,  partly  on 
account  of  the  extensive  substitution  of  petro- 
leum and  certain  vegetable  oils,  but  chiefly 
because  of  the  great  diminution  in  the  number 
of  whales ;  which  conditions  have  tended  to 
make  this  industry  comparatively  unprofitable 


lite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  cur,  rule,  roll;  try,  Syrian-    »,  oe  -  e ;  ey      a ;  QU  =  kw. 


whale— what 


5161 


ot  recent  years.  The  Bight  (or  Greenland! 
Whale  (Baltena  mystuxtus),  the  chief  object 
of  pursuit  of  the  whalers,  is  confined  to  the 
Arctic  regions.  It  was  formerly  thought  to 
extend  to  the  Antarctic  circle,  but  the  Cape 
or  Southern  Whale  (B.  australis)  is  now  gene- 
rally admitted  to  specific  distinction.  The 
former  is  from  sixty  to  seventy  feet  long, 
velvety  black  above,  with  the  lower  parts 
white  ;  the  latter  somewhat  smaller  and  of  a 
uniform  black.  Other  species  are  tLe  Biscay 
Whale  (B.  biscayensis),  the  object  of  a  fishery 
by  the  Basques  down  to  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  century;  the  Japan  whale  (B. 
japonica),  and  the  South  Pacific  whale  (B. 
antipodarum).  They  are  exceedingly  alike  in 
habit,  and  they  do  not  differ  greatly  in  ap- 
pearance. [HUMPBACKED-WHALES,  PHY8ETEK, 

II.,  RORQUAL,  ZEUOLODON.) 

2.  Script. :  The  rendering  of  Or.  iriJTO?  (kltai) 
—  any  sea  monster  or  large  fish,  in  Matt.  xii. 
40,  in  the  A.  V.,  and  in  the  text  (not  the 
margin)  of  the  B.  V.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Septuagint  of  Jonah  ii.  1,  11.  The  Hebrew 
has  simply  Vm  3T  (dag  gadhoT)  =  great  fish  ; 
probably  the  White  Shark  (q.v.). 

•J  Very  like  a  whale :  A  phrase  applied  to 
anything  very  improbable,  and  denoting  dis- 
belief in  what  is  stated.  (Shaketp. :  Hamlet, 
Hi.  2.) 

whale-bird,  «. 

Ornithology : 

1.  A   popular   name    for   Prim    rriOatus, 
called  also  the  Duck  Petrel,  peculiar  to  the 
southern    hemisphere.      Length,    about    ten 
inches  ;  plumage  light  grayish-blue  on  back, 
pearly  white  beneath. 

2.  Phataroputfulicarivt.    [PBALAROPE.] 

whale-boat,  a. 

Naut. :  A  clinker-built  boat,  sharp  at  both 
ends,  generally  from  twenty  to  twenty-eight 
feet  in  length,  and  rather  deep  for  its  width. 
It  pulls  four  or  six  oars,  and  is  steered  by  an 
oar  ;  the  ends  have  a  considerable  sheer. 

whale-calf,  a.    The  young  of  the  whale. 

whale  fin,  s.  A  name  commonly  given 
in  commerce  to  whalebone  (q.v.). 

*  whale-flab,  a.    A  whale. 

"  By  what  name  a  whole-foh  \»  to  be  called  in  oar 
tongue." — Hockiuyt:  Voyaget,  L  MS. 

whale-fishery,  a. 

1.  The  fishing  for  or  occupation  of  catching 
whales. 

2.  A  part  of  the  ocean  where  whale-fishing 
is  carried  on. 

whale-fishing,  s.  The  act  or  occupation 
of  catching  whales. 

whale-headed  stork,  «. 
Ornith. :   Bolcenicepa  rex.     Called  also  the 
Shoe-bird. 

whale-louse,  «. 

Zool. :  The  popular  name  of  the  genns  Cy- 
amns  (q.v.).  The  species  are  parasitic  on  Ce- 
tacea,  attaching  themselves  to  the  skin  by 
means  of  their  claws.  Cyamut  cat  is  said  to 
infest  the  Scombridse. 

whale-Ship,  >.  A  ship  engaged  in  whale- 
fishing. 

"  As  far  m  the  uhale-Mpe  fa.' 
Longfellow  :  Discoverer  of  the  north  Cape. 

*  whale-shot,  ».    An  old  name  for  iper 
maceti. 

•whale's  bone,  «.  An  old  term  for 
ivory,  perhaps  from  the  circumstance  that  the 
ivory  of  Western  Europe  in  the  Middle  Ages 
was  the  tooth  of  the  walrus,  which  may  have 
been  confounded  with  the  whale.  (Nares.) 

"  To  show  his  teeth  aa  white  as  whalt't  turnr." 

Shaketp.  :  Love't  Labour"!  Loft,  r.  1 

whale,  v.t.  [A  variant  of  wale  (q.v.).]  To 
lash  with  stripes;  to  thrash,  to  beat,  to 
whack. 

whale'  back,  «.  A  steamship  having  its 
main  decks  rounded  over,  and  generally  with 
its  cabin  and  upper  works  built  upon  stout 
pillars,  thus  allowing  a  heavy  sea  to  wash  com- 
pletely over  the  hull  without  damage.  Used 
in  the  heavy  carrying  trade  on  the  Great  Lakes 
and  elsewhere. 

whale'-bone,  ».  [Bug.  whale,  s.,  and  bom.]  A 
horny  substance,  occurring  in  long,  thin  plates, 
fringed  at  the  edges,  and  acting  as  a  strainer 
to  detain  the  whale's  food  when  the  animal 


ejects  the  water  which  it  has  swallowed  with 
the  medusas  and  small  fry  which  constitute 
its  food.  The  principal  source  of  whalebone 
is  the  "  right  whale,"  so  called,  the  Bakena 
mysticetus  o\-  australis.  Some  300  of  these 
plates  are  found  in  the  mouth  of  an  adult 
whale,  and  vary  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  in 
length.  Being  very  flexible,  strong,  elastic, 
and  light,  whalebone  is  employed  for  many 
purposes,  as  for  ribs  to  umbrellas  and  parasols, 
for  stiffening  ladies'  corsets,  &c.  Also,  and 
more  properly,  called  baleen. 

whalebone-whales,  a.  pi: 

Zuol.  :  The  Mystacoceti  (q.v.).    More  pro- 
perly called  Baleen  Whales. 

whale'  man,  s.  [Eng.  whale,  s.,  and  man.] 
A  man  employed  in  whale-fishing. 

Whal'-er,  «.    [Eng.  whaUe),  s. ;  -«-.] 

1.  A  person  employed  in  whale-fishing ;  a 
rhaleman. 

2.  A  ship  employed  in  the  whale-fishery. 

Whal' -ing,  a.  &  t.    [Eng.  whal(e),  s. ;  -ing.} 

A.  At  adj.:   Pertaining   to  or   connected 
with  fishing  for  whales  :  as,  a  whaling  voyage. 

B.  As  tubst. :  The  act  or  occupation  of  fish- 
ing for  whales. 

whall,  whaul,  «.  [Prob.  the  same  as  wall 
in  wall-eyed  (q.v.).]  A  disease  of  the  eyes  ; 
glaucoma. 

whal'-la-bee,  a.    [WALLABY.] 

whal  ly,  •  wha'-ly.  a.  [Eng.  whall;  -».] 
Of  a  greenish-white  colour. 

•'  Whalv  eyes,  the  sign  of  Jealousy." 

Sj*nitr:  F.  «  ,  I.  IT.  H. 

whalp,  r.t    [WHELP,  v.]    (Scotch.) 

whame,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  A  fly  of  the 
genus  Tabanus  (q.v.) ;  the  breeze  or  burrel-fly. 

"The  tohame,  or  burrel-fly,  la  vexatious  to  horaes  In 
aummer."— Derham,:  Phytioo-Theotogy. 

wham'  mel,  whom  mel,  whum'-mle, 
v.t.  [WHEMMLE.]  To  turn  upside  down. 
(Prov.) 

wham' -pee,  «.    [WAMPEI.J 

wham -pie,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  stroke, 
a  slash.  (Scotch.) 

"Let  me  hae  a  vhample  at  him."— Scott :  Bride  of 
Lommermoor,  ch.  XXV. 

whang,  *.    [A  variant  of  thong  (q.v.).] 
L  A  leather  string,  a  thong. 

2.  Tough  leather  adapted  for  strings,  thongs, 
belt-lacing,  cfcc. ;  calf-hide  commonly. 

3.  Something  large ;  a  large  slice  or  piece. 
(Scotch.) 

"  Wl'  sweat-milk  cheese  In  monie  a  whang, 
An'  farls.  bak'J  wl1  butter." 

Burnt :  Holy  Fair. 

whang,  v.t.  [WHANG,  >.]  To  beat,  to  flog. 
(Prov.) 

whang  -hee,  «.    [WANOHEE.] 

whap,  wap,  v.t.  &  i.  [Cf.  Low  Ger.  qualbeln 
=  to  palpitate  ;  Welsh  chwap  =  a  sudden 
stroke  ;  chwapio=  to  strike,  to  slap.] 

A.  Trana. :  To  beat,  to  strike. 

B.  Intrana. :  To  plump  suddenly  down,  as 
on   the  floor ;   to  flop ;  to  turn   suddenly. 
(Colloq.) 

whap,  «.    [WHAP,  t>.] 

1.  A  heavy  blow. 

2.  A  sudden  plump :  as,  He  came  down 
with  a  whap.    (Colloq.) 

whap'  per,  ».  [Eng.  whap ;  -er.]  Something 
very  large  or  out  of  the  way ;  a  whopper. 
(Slang.) 

whap'- ping,  a.  [Eng.  whap;  -ing.]  Very 
large  or  out  of  the  way ;  whopping.  (Slang.) 

whar,  whaur,  adv.    [WHERE.]    (Scotch.) 

wharf,  *warf,  *  wharfs*  (pi.  wharfs, 
wharves),  s.  [A.8.  hwerf=&  dam  or  bank 
to  keep  out  water,  from  hwearf,  pa.  t.  ol 
hweorfan  =  to  turn,  to  turn  about ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  werf=  a  wharf,  a  yard  ;  Icel.  hvarf=  a 
turning  away,  a  shelter,  from  hwarf,  pa.  t.  of 
hverfa  =  to  turn  ;  Dan.  vasrft  =  a  wharf,  a 
dockyard  ;  Sw.  varf=  a  shipbuilder's  yard  ; 
O.  Sw.  hwarf,  from  hwerfwa  =  to  turn,  to  re- 
turn. The  original  meaning  seems  thus  to 


have  been  a  turning  or  turning-place  ;  hence 
applied  to  a  dam  or  embankment  which  served 
to  turn  away  or  aside  the  water.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

I.  A  landing-place  for  cargoes  ;  a  sort  ol 
quay,  constructed  of  wood  or  stone,  on  the 
margin  of   a   river,   harbour,   or   roadstead, 
alongside  which  ships  or  barges  are  brought 
to  discharge  or  take  in  cargo. 

"Near  the  town  a  wJfarf  of  wood  Is  run  out  to  a 
proper  distance  for  the  convenience  of  landing  and 
shipping  goods."— Cook :  firtt  Voyage,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  xiv. 

*  2.  The  bank  of  a  river  or  the  shore  of  a 
sea. 

"  The  fat  weed 
That  roota  lleelf  In  eaae  on  Lethe  wharf." 

Shaki-tp. :  Hatnlet,  1.  fc. 

II.  Law:  Wharfs  are  of  two  kinds,  viz., 

1.  Legal  wharfs :  Certain  wharfs  in  all  sea- 
ports   appointed    by    commission    from    the 
Court  ot  Exchequer  or  legalized  by  Act  of 
Parliament.  (RaglM.) 

2.  Sufferance  wharf « :  [SUFFERANCE-WHARF]. 

wharf-boat,  s.  A  kind  of  boat  moored 
on  a  river,  and  used  as  a  substitute  for  a 
wharf  where  the  rise  of  the  water  is  so  vari- 
able as  to  render  a  fixed  wharf  unserviceable. 

« wharf,  v.t.    [WHARF,  «.] 

1.  To  guard  or  secure  by  a  wharf  or  firm 
wall  of  timber  or  stone.    [WHARFINO,  2.] 

"Two  elm*  .  .  .  aetou  the  very  brink  of  a  ditch  .  . . 
wharfed  with  a  wall  of  a  brick  and  a  half  in  thick- 
ness. —Evelyn  :  Sylva,  bk.  L.  ch.  ii. 

2.  To  place  or  lodge  on  a  wharf. 

wharf -age  (age  as  Ig),  >.  [Eng.  wharf; 
-age.] 

1.  The  duty  or  toll  paid  for  the  privilege  of 
using   a  wharf  for   loading  or   discharging 
cargo. 

"  Without  paying  wharfage,  pontage,  or  pannage."— 
aacklujit :  Voyayel,  1.  IK. 

2.  A  wharf  or  wharfs  collectively. 

"The  massive  atone  wharfage  that  lines  theglorloua 
river."— Scribner'l  Mayaiint,  August,  1880,  p.  559. 

wharf-ing,  s.    [Eng.  wharf;  -ing.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  structure  in  the  form  of 
a  wharf;  materials  of  which  a  wharf  is  con- 
structed ;  wharfs  in  general.    (Evelyn.) 

2.  Hydr.-tng. :  A  mode  of  facing  sea-walls 
and  embankments  by  means  of  driving  up- 
right planks  in  the  manner  of  sheet-piles,  the 
joints  being  backed  by  other  planks,  and  the 
whole  secured  by  land-ties  and  tightly-driven 
earth  in  the  rear. 

wharf '-In-ger,  «.  [A  corrupt,  otwharfager; 
cf.  messenger,  passenger,  &c.]  A  person  who 
owns  or  has  the  charge  of  a  wharf. 

"  Mr.  Winkle  Is  a  vhorfnter,  air.  at  the  eual.  air." 
—Dickent  •  Pickwick,  ch.  1. 

*  wharle,  *  wharl  ing,  «.  [Prob.  from  the 
sound.]  Inability  to  pronounce  the  letter  r; 
a  burr. 

"  The  Northumberland  B.  or  Wharle.'— Defoe :  Tour 
thro'  Great  Britain,  111.  283. 

wharp,  a.  (See  def.]  A  local  name  for  Trent 
sand  (q.v.). 

t  whar  re,  s.    [Wei.  chweru  =  austere,  bitter.) 
Sot. :  The  crab-apple  tree. 

Whar '-ton,  ».  [See  def.]  The  discoverer  of 
the  duct  and  jelly  which  follow. 

Wharton's  duct.  t. 

Anot. :  The  duct  of  the  submaxillary  gland. 

Wharton's  Jelly,  s. 

Altai. :  Jelly-like  connective  or  mucous 
tissue,  occurring  at  an  early  stage  of  embryonia 
development. 

wharves,  s.  pi.    [WHARF,  s.] 
whase,  poss.  pron.    [WHOSE.]    (Scotch.) 

what,  *whatte,  pron.,  adv.,  &  s.  [A.8. 
hwat,  neut.  of  hwd  =  who  (q.v.) ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  wat  ;  Icel.  hvat ;  Dan.  hvad  ;  Sw.  hvad  ; 
Ger.  was;  Lat.  quid;  Goth,  hwata.] 

A.  Aa  pronoun : 

1.  An  interrogative  pronoun,  used  in  a  cor- 
responding manner  to  who,  in  asking  questions 
as  to  things,  circumstances,  events,  ideas,  &c., 
and  as  to  individuality,  quantity,  kind,  and 
the  like.  Used— 

(1)  Substantively : 

"  What  aeeat  thou  in  the  ground?" 

Shakeip.  :  remit  i  Adonll,  Hi. 


boy ;  ptfut,  J<Jwl ;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tlan  =  Shan,   -tion,  -sion  =  «*«" ;  -tion,  -flon  =  shun.   -ciouB,  -tious,  -sious  =  •boa.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  t  bel,  d«L 


6162 


whatabouts-  wheat 


(2)  Adjtctively  : 

"  What  treat  d»iiger  dwells  IIJH.HI  my  suit?" 

Shakes?.  :   renut  A  Adonis,  206. 

2.  Used  absolutely  in  introducing  aquestion 
emphatically,  or  somewhat  in  the  manner  of 
an  interjection,  and  equivalent  to  "Do  you 
mean  to  say  that?"  "Cau  it  be  that?"  or  the 
like. 

'•  ii'Aflt,  could  ye  iwt  w*t«h  with  me  one  hour?"— 
Matthew  xxvl.  40. 

3.  Used  to  introduce  an  intensive  or  em- 
phatic phrase  or  exclamation. 

(1)  Adjectively  =  how  great  1  how  extraor- 
dinary !  how  remarkable  ! 

**  What  n  sight  it  WM!* 

t.  :  Vtnui  A  Adoni*.  SiS. 


(2)  Adverbially  =  to  what  a  degree  I  to  what 
an  extent  !  how  greatly  !  how  remarkably  1 

"  What  flue  change  is  in  the  music  !  " 

Shakctp.  :  rwo  Gentlemen,  IT.  t. 

4.  Having  the  force  of  a  compound  relative 
pronoun. 

(1)  Substantively  =  thfl   thing  (or   things) 
Which,  that  which. 

"  Controlliug  what  b«  wu  ooutrollcd  with." 

Shakftp.  :  Vcnut  A  Adotiit,  270. 

(2)  Adjectively  =  the  ...  which,  the  sort 
of  thing  .  .  .  which,  such  ...  as. 

"  What  rtreiigth  I  h»Te  ta  mine  own." 
' 


(S)  Referring  to  a  preceding  substantive  = 
that  (or  those)  which,  such  as. 

"  Dr&w  no  swords  but  what  ore  sanctified." 

A-haJitap.  :  S  tfmry  jr..  Iv.  4. 

5.  Used  for  who,  but  only  in  the  predicate. 

"  What  It  this  outd  ?  *  SkaJ&tp.  :  Tfmpeit,  T. 

6.  What  thing  or  person  soever  ;  whatever 
or  whoever,  whatsoever  or  whosoever. 

"  B«  what  ttwu  wilt,  thoa  art  njy  prtooner.* 

ehaJtetp.  :  1  Smnrf  Vl»  T.  S. 

7.  Partly  by  ;  partly  in   consequence   ot 
(Now  always  followed  by  with.) 

"  What  with  the  war.  what  with  toe  sweat,  whaf  vrith 
the  gallows,  aud  what  with  poverty,  I  am  cnstom- 
•bnuik."—  Shaltegf.  :  Iteaturefor  Jttaiure,  1.  2. 

8.  Used  elliptically,  in  certain  phrases,  as— 

(1)  What  if=  what  would  be  the  conse- 
quence if?  what  will  it  matter  ifT  whatwould 
you  say  if? 

"  What  if  this  mixture  do  not  work  at  all  *  " 

Shakttp.  :  Romeo  A  JmUtt,  IT.  S. 

(2)  Wltat  o/  =  what  follows  from?  why  do 
you  mention  ?  what  is  the  matter  with  ? 

"  All  this  is  so,  but  what  ofihn,  my  lord  ?" 

MotMp.  -•  Much  Ado,  IT.  1. 

1  In  the  expression,  What  of  the  night? 
(I»a.  xxi.  11)  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  the  word 
"part,"  so  that  the  inquiry  is,  What  remains 
•of  the  night?  How  much  of  H  is  past? 
The  Vulgate,  however  (Quid  de  node  f)  follows 
the  commoner  but  less  correct  interpretation, 
What  tidings  as  to  the  state  of  the  night? 

(3)  Hence,  What  of  that?  =  no  matter,  never 
mind. 

"  The  night  is  spent,  why.  what  of  that  t  * 

Mmket)',  :  IVntu  A  Adonii,  TIT. 

(4)  What   though  =  what   does  it  matter 

though?  granting  or  supposing  that;  admitting 
that. 

"  ttTiftt  tJutugh  care  killed  a  cat"—  ShaJ&tp.  t  JtfucA 
Jrfo,  v.  l. 

*  «]  Also  used  alone  =  no  matter,  never 
mind,  It  is  all  one. 

"  But  Kha'  though  I  courage  1  " 

/*;  At  You  LUce  Jtt  lilt. 


9.  In  such  obsolete  or  poetical  phrases  as 
what  time,  what  day,  what  hour,  &c.,  what  = 
mt  the  time,  day,  Ac.,  when. 

"  I  made  thee  miserable. 
what  time  I  threw  the  people's  suffrages 
On  him."        Shaketp,  :  Titut  Aitdrvmcu*,  IT.  S. 

10.  In  such  phrases  as  I'll  tell  you  what,  &e., 
vJtat  either  anticipates  the  succeeding  state- 
ment, or  is  used  to  lay  some  stress  on  what 
is  about  to  be  stated,  and  not  as  of  merely  in- 
troducing aclause  communicating  information. 

*  B.  As  adverb  : 

L  For  what  purpose  ;  why. 

"  What  tail  you  meet  It?" 

AhaJutp.  :  a  Bemry  IY^  i  S. 

2.  ID  or  to  a  certain  degree. 

"  And  then  she  a  little  tototsmiUngBald.  (poMWqwr 

arrfctf  t>t)."—  Chaucer  :  hoeciut,  bk.  IT. 

*C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Something,  thing,  stuff. 

"  Come  downe,  aud  learne  the  little  wkat, 
That  Thuiiial  la  oui  suhie." 

Sptnuer:  i*h*?htardt  Calender;  Jvly. 

2.  A  certain  quantity. 

14  Then  the  kynge  anon*  called  Ills  psnuut.  that 


hadde  tmt  ou*  lute  aitd  a  lytell  whmtte  of  wyue."— 
-  Chromfc/t.  ch.  dulL 


IT  (1)  To  know  what's  u-hat:  To  know  the 
nature  of  things  ;  to  have  a  sufficient  know- 
ledge,  indgment,  or  experience  ;  to  be  know- 
ing. (Slang.)  (Udal  ;  Roister  Doister,  i.  2.) 

*  (2)  What  else?  (elliptical  for  What  elsecan 
be  f)  :   A  phrase    formerly    used  as  a  strong 
affirmative,  as   if  equivalent  to  "Could  yuu 
Imagine  anything  else  to  be  the  case  ?'' 

(3)  What  ho!  An  exclamation  of  railing. 

(4)  What  not  :  A  term  used  in  concluding 
an  enumeration  of  several  articles,  or  particu- 
lars, and  forming  an  abbreviated  or  ellii>tir;il 
clause,  generally  equivalent  to  "  What  may  I 
not  add  or  mention  ?  "  "  et  cetera," 

(5)  What's  his  (its)   name?   What   do    you 
call  it?    &G.:   Colloquial    phrases,  generally 
used  to  signify  that  the  speaker  canunt  supply 
a  definite  name  for  some  person  or  thing,  or 
that  the  name  has  slipped    his  memory,  or 
that  the  person  or  tliiug  is  of  so  trivial  conse- 
quence as  not  to  be  deserving  of  a  specific 
name.    The  phrase  is  often   formed  into  a 
compound,  as,  Tell  Mr.  What'  s-his-name  to 
come. 

*  what-liko,  o.     Of  what  kind,  appear- 
ance, or  character. 

*  what'-a-botHs,  adv.  [Eng.  what,  and  about.] 
On  what  business. 

"  Hight  know  of  All  my  Eoiogs  on,  and  whatabmu* 
and  whereabouts  from  Henry  Taylor.  "  —  Southey  ; 
IMten,  iv.  i;o. 

hat-e'ef,  pron.     [See  def.]    A  contracted 
form  of  whatever,  used  in  poetry. 

*'  He  strikes  w&o/cVr  is  Ui  his  way." 

.:  r*nut  4  Jdonto,  G*. 


r,  pron.    [Eng.  what,  and  ever.] 
L  Substantivtly  :  Anything  soever  that;  be 
It  what  it  may  that  ;  the  thing  or  things  of 
any  kind  that  ;  all  that 

toVr  is  is  right" 
Pope  :  Ettat  on  Man,  Iv.  US. 

2.  Adjeciively  :  Of  any  kind  soever  ;  no  mat* 
ter  what. 

"  Whatever  oocaslon  keeps  Miu  from  us  now." 

SkaJutf.  t  2  B**ry  VI.,  Hi.  L 

3.  Interrogatively:    What    in    the    world. 
(Colloq.) 

'What  -ness,  *.    [Eng.  what;  -new.] 
Metaph.  :  A  quiddity. 

"  Pressing  for  deflui  t  km  ,  you  never  get  much  further 
than  that  each  given  quiddity  meaus  a  certain  what- 
neu."-FvrtniaMy  BtHSw,  March,  1967.  p.  386. 

what-not,  «.  [Eng.  what,  and  not.]  A  piece 
or  stand  of  furniture,  having  shelves  for 
papers,  books,  &c.  ;  an  etagere. 

*  what'  -so,  a.  or  pron.  [Eng.  what,  and  to.] 
Whatsoever  (q.v.). 

what-so-e'er',  pron,  [See  def.]  A  contracted 
form  of  whatsoever,  nsed  in  poetry. 

"  To  doom  the  offenders,  whaftoe'er  they  be.** 

Shtttftp.  :  Jtickard  III..  UL  4. 

what-SO-ev'-er,  a,  [Eng.  wTiat,  so,  and  ever.] 
No  matter  what  thing  or  things  ;  a  more  em- 
phatic word  than  whatever,  and  like  it  nsed 
adjectively  or  substantively. 

'*  And  Into  whattowr  city  or  town  re  shall  enter, 
inquire  who  In  it  is  worthy?—  JfeU/Mw  x.  11. 

whaup,  whaap,  «.     {Etym.  doubtful;  per- 
haps fTom  its  cry.    See  extract.] 
Ornith.  :  The  Curlew  (q.v.). 

M  ID  Scotland,  whereitiseenernllydlstrlbuteddorlng 
the  breedinu  season  in  suitable  localities,  frequentinv 
the  coasts  during  the  rest  of  the  year,  the  curlew  la 
called  a  ichnap,  or  tohaup,  which  in  Jatiilcsou's  Scot- 
tish Dictionary  Is  Bald  to  be  a  name  for  agoblin,  sup- 
posed to  go  about  under  the  eaves  of  homes  after 
ulehtfall,  having  a  long  beak."—  TarrsH  .-  Brit.  Bird* 
(ed.  Uh).  ili.  601,  SOS. 

wheal  (1),  s.  [Corn.  AueZ  =  a  mine,]  A  mine, 
especially  a  tin-mine. 

wheal  (2),  *.    [WEAL.) 

1.  A  weal  or  wale. 

2.  A  pimple  or  jmstule, 
wheal-worm,  *.    Theharvcst-bns(q.v.). 

Wheat,  *  whcte,  s.  [A.S.  Kwaite  ;  IceL  heeiti; 
Sw.  hvete;  Dan.  hvede  ;  Dut.  weite,  welt;  Goth. 
hvaiti,  hraiteis;  Ger.  weizen,  wateen.  Named 
from  Its  white  colour,  which  distinguishes  it 
from  rye,  and  from  the  black  oats  and  the 
black  barley  of  Northern  Asia.] 

Sot.  :  Triticum  vulffare,  an  annual  cereal 
grass,  possessing  a  four-cornered  imbricated 
spike,  with  four-flowered  spikelcts,  having 
their  valves  veutricose,  ovate,  truncate,  inu- 


cronate,  compressed  under  the  apex,  the  nervi 
Koinewliat  prominent.  Its  native  country  is 
not  known,  but  has  l>een  supposed  to  be  i'ersia 
orUil«ria.  The  plant  may  have  beeu  so  altered 
by  cultivation  as  now  to  l>e  very  dittt-rent 
from  the  parent.  Fabre  and  Prof.  Buckmau 
tliink  that  it  may  have  l»een  developed  from 
^•".gilops  (q.v.),  a  genus  allied  to  Triticum, 
thi'n^}i  Hen  f  ivy  objects  to  tliis  idcTititicatinu. 
Wlii'.n  was  cultivated  from  an  early  period  in 
Egypt  and  the  neighbouring  countries  [-2.],  as 
also  by  the  Greeks,  the  Romans,  Ac.  Now  it 
has  spread  over  a  great  part  of  the  world, 
flourishing  in  climates  considerably  diftVrinjj; 
from  each  other,  in  tin-  European  and  Asiatic 
zone,  which  includes  France,  England  and 
part  of  Scotland,  part  of  Germany,  Hungary, 
the  Crimea,  Mount  Caucasus,  and  part  of 
Central  Asia,  wheat  is  almost  the  only  cereal 
cultivated;  in  a  zone  a  little,  further  north  it 
Js  associated  with  rye.  The  great  wheat-pro- 
ducing country  of  the  present  day,  however,  is 
the  United  States,  and  particularly  the  states 
of  the  northern  Mississippi  IM-III,  the  wheat 
production  of  tine  region  sufficing  uot  only  f«-r 
this  country,  but  to  supply  the  surplus  demands 
of  the  countries  of  Europe.  This  great  wheat- 
producing  region,  in  fact,  has  b*pn  looked 
upon  as  the  wheat  granary  of  the  world,  but 
other  countries  are  now  cuming  into  competi- 
tion with  it,  particularly  th  a  Canadian  provinces 
lying  north  of  it  At  present  there  are  more 
than  38,000,000  acres  in  the  United  States 
devoted  to  wheat  production,  the  total  crop 
being,  in  1890,  nearly  400,000.000  bushels,  in 
1891,  545,000,000  biwh't-ls.  Russia  comes  second 
in  acreage,  and  France  third,  while  India  has 
also  a  large  acreage  in  wheat. 

(2)  Script. ;  (1)  rrtsrr  (chhittah),  (Gen.  xxx, 
14) ;  (2)  "Q  (Mr),    or  "15  (bar)  (Amos  T.  llf 
viii.  5) ;  (3)  f£  (dagan)  (Nam.  xviii.  12) ;  (4) 
nten  (rhiphot fc)  (Prov.  xxril.  22). 
wheat  barley,  *.    [NAKED-BARLET.] 
wheat-drill,  «.    [GBAIN-DRILU] 
wheat-ear,  «.    An  ear  of  wheat. 

wheat-eel,  s.  A  disease  in  wheat,  called 
also  Ear-cockle  and  Purples. 

wheat-fly,  &> 

Entom. :  Ceeidomyia  tritid ;  a  yellow  and 
orange  coloured  two- winged  fly,  about  a  tenth 
of  an  inch  long,  with  Mack  eyes,  the  female 
of  which  deposits  her  eggs  in  the  heart  of  the 
wheat  blossom.  These  eggs  soon  give  exit  to 
yellow  or  orange -co  loured  larvse,  popularly 
known  as  red  maggots,  which  feed  on  the 
reproductive  organs  of  the  plant,  preventing 
the  seed  from  coming  to  perfection.  When 
full-grown  they  descend  the  stem,  and  undergo 
their  transformation  into  the  chrysalis  state 
in  the  earth. 

wheat-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  Various  species  of  Triticum  (q.v.)i 
wheat  midge,  & 
Entomology  : 

1.  Ceeidomyia  trittci.    [WHEAT-FLY.) 

2.  Lasiaptera  obfuscata.    It  is  a  small,  two- 
winged  fly  of  a  black  colour,  witli  habits  like 
those  of  No.  1. 

wheat-mildew,  s. 

Bot.  :  Pwxinia  graminis.    [Rt'BT,  «.,  II.] 

wheat-moth,  «. 

•Enton. :  The  Grain-moth  (q.v.X* 

wheat  starch,  5. 

Micros. :  The  starch  or  flour  of  wheat,  fre- 
qnently  used  in 
the  adulteration 
of  mustard,  pep* 
per,  &c.  It  can 
be  readily  identi- 
fied by  the  micro- 
scope, the  larger 
granules  being 
round  and  slightly 
flattened  on  one 
side,  the  smaller 
ones,  when  exam- 
ined  by  a  hfgk. 
power,  Iteing  dis- 
tinctly angular. 
Each  granule  has 
a  hilum,  or  central  spot,  and  many  of  the 
larger  ones  exhibit  faintly  marked  concentric 
rings. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore  wol£  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  «  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lew* 


wheatear— wheel 


5163 


wheat' -ear,  s.  [Etym.  doulitful.  The  name 
IKLS  limn  explained  from  the  arrival  of  the 
binl  "  when  the  wheat  is  in  the  ear;  but  the 
reason  is  fallacious  ;  for  the  wheatear  arrives 
in  Britain  before  that  period,  or,  according  to 
Fuller  (Worthies:  Sussex),  "because  fattest 
when  wheat  is  ripe,  whereon  it  feeds."  Borne 
connect  the  name  with  A.S.  hwtet  =  kf.'ii,  a 
supposed  keenness  of  hearing  being  luggentod 
by  the  decided  marking  of  the  feathers  near 
the  auditory  apertures,  nalliwell  gives  Line. 
vhitter  =  to  complain.  Smollett  (Travels, 
lett.  iii.)  says  the  name  is  corrupted  from 
•while-arse,  which  is  supported  by  the  French 
name  cul  Wane,  and  the  English  names  White- 
tail,  White-rump.} 

Ornith. :  Saxicola  cenanthe ;  called  also  the 
Pallow-ehat  and  Fallow-finch.  A  well-known 
British  visitant,  arriving  about  the  early  part 
of  March  and  remaining  till  the  end  of  antnmn. 
Length  about  six  inches ;  upper  parts  light 
silver-gray,  with  patch  of  white  on  rump ; 
vUill-feiithers,  coverts,  middle  tail-feathers, 
anil  tips  of  rectriees  (which  are  white),  deep 
black  ;  black  streak  from  edge  of  beak  to  ear, 
enveloping  the  eye  and  spreading  to  ear- 
coverts;  breast,  orange-buff;  belly,  white. 
These  birds  are  in  excellent  condition  in 
August  and  September,  and  many  thousands 

•  are  taken  in  traps  every  year  for  the  table, 
under  th«  name  of  British  Ortolans. 


"  The  wheatear  Is  another  early  visitor.    It  is  tup- 

Ced  to  be  the  Laureate's  'ae.vblue  bin)  of  Marcli.1 
,  I  believe  he  has  never  spoken  conclusively  on  the 


wed  to  be  the  Laureate's  'ae.vblue  bird  of  March.' 
_  jt  I  believe  he  has  never  spoken  eonclusl'    ' 
point."— St.  Jumps' t  GaMtte,  March  9. 1887. 

wheat'-en,  a.  fEng.  wheat;  -en.]  Made  of 
wheat ;  obtained  fron:  wheat. 

••  His  diet  was  of  wheaten  bread. 
And  milk,  and  oats,  and  straw." 

Coteper  :  Epitaph  on  a  Bart, 

Wheat' -atone,  s.  [See  def.]  Sir  C.  Wheat- 
stone,  the  electrician  (1802-75). 

Wheatstone's  bridge,  *.     [ELECTRIC- 

BRIDT.E.] 

*  wheder,  pron.  or  cmj.    [WHETHER.! 

whee'-dle,  ».(.&{.  [According  to  Skeat, 
probably  for  weenie,  from  Ger.  wedeln  =  to 
wag  the  tail  to  fan,  from  wedel  =  a  fan,  a 
tail,  a  brush  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  wadel;  O.  H.  Ger. 
wadol  =  a  tail.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  entice  with  soft  words  ;  to  gain  over 
by  coaxing  and  flattery ;  to  coax,  to  cajole,  to 
flatter. 

"  A  fox  stood  licking  of  his  lips  at  the  cock,  and 
wheedling  him  to  yet  him  down."— L  Estrange :  Fable*. 

2.  To  gain  or  procure  by  flattery  or  coaxing. 
"  I  have  already  a  deed  of  settlement  of  the  best 

part  of  her  estate,  which  I  icheetllrd  out  of  her ;  and 
that  you  shall  partake  at  least" — Conffrefe:  Way  of 
the  World,  ill. 

3.  To  gain  from  by  coaxing  or  flattery.  (Fol- 
lowed by  out  of  before  the  thing  gained.) 

"  He  wheedled  Tilloteon  out  of  some  money."— Jfac- 
aufiy.'  KM.  Eng..  ch.  xviii. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  flatter,  to  coax,  to  cajole. 

M  A  laughing,  toying,  wheedling,  whimi/rlng  she." 
Howe  :  Jane  Shore,  i. 

whce  die,  ».  [WHEEDLE,  r.]  Enticement, 
coaxing,  flattery. 

wheed'-ler,  s.  [Eng.  wheei!l(e\  v. ;  •«•.]  One 
who  wheedles,  coaxes,  or  cajoles. 

wheed'-Ung,  pr.  par.  ,a,,ks.    [WHEEDLE,  r.  J 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  partidp.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  rubst. :  Coaxing,  flattering,  cajoling. 

"  By  murm'ring,  wheedling,  stratagem,  and  force." 
Pope  :  Wife  of  Bath,  1«3. 

wheed'-llng-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  wheedling ;  -ij/.] 
[n  a  wheedling  manner;  with  coaxing  or 
flattery. 

"'Can't  you  do  nettling  for  him?'  she  said  wheed- 
Hnsjlg."—J.S.LeFatnu:  In  a  Olau  Darkly,  i.  348. 

wheel,  "weol.  "wheele,  «.  [A.S.  hioeil, 
h-weohl,  hweowol ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  wiel;  l!el. 
kjtl;  Dan.  hull:  tiw.  hjul.} 

I  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  circular  frame  or  solid  disc,  turning  on 
•n  axis.  The  essential  feature  of  a  wheel  is 
rotation,  partial  or  entire.  Its  motion  may  be 
Intermittent,  oscillatory,  or  continuous.  Its 
form  may  be  circular  or  otherwise ;  its  con- 
tour regular  or  irregular.  Its  function  may 
be  to  transmit  motion  or  to  modify  it.  Its 
application  may  necessitate  cogs  of  a  given 
form,  or  it  may  be  smooth,  its  surface  being 
free  from  contact  with  other  portions  of  the 


machine.  It  may  be  hollow,  for  the  convey- 
ance or  measurement  of  Huida  ;  or  it  may  be 
the  means  of  propulsion  of  fluids ;  or  con- 
versely it  may  be  propelled  by  them.  It  may 
form  a  support,  and,  by  rotation,  be  made  effec- 
tive in  assisting  transportation.  As  used  for 
vehicles,  the  wheel  has  cast-iron  hub(nave)  and 
tire,  and  wronght-iron  or  wooden  spokes.  The 
felly  has  holes  flaring  to  the  outside,  so  as  to 
hold  the  ends  of  the  spokes,  which  haveconical 
heads  to  fit  the  openings.  The  inner  ends  of  the 
spokes  pass  through  the  outer  rim  of  the  1ml  >, 
and  are  secured  by  nuts.  The  insertion  of  the 
spokes  in  circles  near  the  ends  of  the  hubs 
gives  them  an  extended  base  or  hearing,  and 
stTvunthi'iis  the  wheel  aguin.it  lateral  strain. 
Wheels  receive  different  names  according  to 
the  purpose  for  which  they  are  nsed :  as,  bal- 
ance-wheel, mg-whcel,  eruvm-whetl,  fly-wheel, 
paddle-wheel,  pinion-wheel,  scape-wheel,  treo.d- 
wlieel,  turbiiie,  &c.,  which  will  be  found  de- 
scribed under  their  respective  heads. 

2.  A  machine  for  spinning  yarn  or  thread  ; 
a  spinning-wheel  (q.v.). 

"  I  see  the  eldest  daughter  at  her  wheel, 
Spinning  amain."        Wordsworth:  EjccunhM.  TL 

3.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

1.  An  apparatus,  mnchine,  instrument,  or 
other  object  having  a  wheel-like  shape,  or  the 
essential  feature  of  which  is  a  wheel :  as — 

(1)  The  revolving  disc  used  by  potters  in 
modelling ;  a  potter's  wheel 

"  Then  I  vent  down  to  the  potter's  house,  and,  be- 
hold, he  wrought  a  work  on  tile  vneelt,"— Jeremiah 
iviii.  3. 

(2)  An  instrument  of  torture  formerly  nsed 
for  criminals  of  the  most  atrocious  class.    In 
some  places  it  consisted  of  a  carriage-wheel, 
on  which  the  criminal  was  placed  with  his 
face  upwards,  and  his  legs  and  arms  extended 
along  the  spokes.    On  the  wheel  being  moved 
round,  the   executioner  broke   the  victim's 
limbs  by  successive  blows  with  a  hammer  or 
iron  bar,  and  after  a  more  or  less  protracted 
interval  put  an  end  to  his  sufferings  by  two 
or  three  severe  blows,  called  coups  de  grace 
(mercy-strokes)  on  the  chest  or  stomach,  or 
by  strangling  him.    In  Germany  its  use  lin- 
gered down  to  the  commencement  of  the  nine- 
teenth centnry. 

"  Let  them  poll  all  about  mine  ears,  present  me 
Death  on  the  wheel,  or  at  wild  horses'  heels." 

xhnketp.  :  Coriolanut,  lit  f. 

*  (3)  A  circular  body,  a  disc,  an  orb. 

•  (4)  A  carriage,  a  chariot 

"  A  carbuncle  of  Phwbus'  wheel* 

Shakes?.:  Cirmbeline,v.o, 

1 5.  A  circular  motion ;  a  revolution ;  rota- 
tion, circumgyration. 

"  According  to  the  common  vicissitude  and  wheel  of 
things,  the  proud  and  the  Insolent,  after  long  tram, 
pling  upon  other*,  come  at  length  to  be  trampled  upon 
themselves." — Mouth. 

6.  One  of  the  attributes  of  Fortune  as  the 
emblem  of  mutability. 
*7.  The  burden  or  refrain  of  a  ballad. 
••  Yon  nmst  sins  a  down,  a-down, 
And  yon  call  him  a-down-a. 
O,  how  the  wheel  become*  it !  " 

Shatetp. :  Ua*M,  iv.  6. 
8.  A  bicycle,  safety,  Ac. 
H.  Technically: 

1.  NaiiL  :  A  tiller-wheel ;  a  steering-wheel 
(q.v.). 

2.  Pyrotechnics :  A  firework  of  a  circular 
shape,  which,  while  burning,  revolves  on  an 
axis  by  the  action  of  the  escaping  gas. 

U  1.  To  break  upon  the  wheel :  To  subject  to 
the  punishment  described  under  WHEEL,  »., 
I.  4.  (2). 

2.  To  break  a  fly  (butterfly,  <tc.)onthe  wheel : 

(1)  To  subject  to  a  punishment  out  of  nil 
proportion  to  the  gravity  of  the  offence  and 
importance  of  the  offender. 

(2)  To  employ  great  means  or  exertions  for 
trifling  ends. 

3.  To  put  one's  shoulder  to  the  wheel :  [SHOUL- 
DER, i.]. 

4.  Wheel  and  axle:  A  modification  of  the 
lever  (q.v.),  and  one  of  the  mechanical  powers. 
Its  most  simple  form  is  a  cylindrical  axle,  on 
which  a  concentric  wheel  is  firmly  fastened, 
the  whole  being  suspended  horizontally.  When 
this  power  is  employed  to  raise  heavy  weights, 
the  weight  is  attached  to  a  rope  wound  round 
the  axle,  and  the  power  applied  to  a  rope 
placed  in  the  grooved  rim  of  the  wheel,  or  to 
a  handle  fixed  at  right  angles  to  the  rim  of 
the  wheel,  for  which  an  ordinary  winch  may 
be  substituted.    From  the  diagram  it  will  be 


seen  that  this  machine  is  a  lever,  the  extremi- 
ties of  which  are  not  points  as  in  the  normal 
form  [LEVER,  s.],  but  the  circumference  of  the 
circles  (the  wheel  and  the 
axle),  whose  radii  are  c  A, 
c  B  respectively.  Hence  the 
power  and  the  weight  are 
not  attached  to  particular 
points  in  thest  circumfer- 
ences, out  to  cords  wound 
round  them  ;aud  the  imagin- 
ary simple  lever  A  B  (formed 
by  joining  the  points  A,  B, 
where  the  cords  become  tan- 
gents to  the  circles)  remains 
unaltered  in  position  and  . 
magnitude.  The  condit 
of  equilibrium  are  that  p  x 
C  A  =  w  x  c  B  ;  or,  since  the  circumferences 
of  circles  are  proportional  to  their  radii,  that 
p  :  w  :  :  circumference  of  the  axle  :  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  wheel  (or,  if  a  winch  is  em- 
ployed, the  circumference  of  the  revolution 
described  by  the  power). 

5.  Wheel  of  life:  (ZoErnopE). 

6.  Wheels  wtihin  wheels:  A  complication  of 
circumstances,  motives,    influences,   or   the 
like. 

wheel-animalcules,  t.  pi.  (ROTIFERA.) 

*  wheel-band,  s.    The  tire  of  a  wheel. 

"Dlspnrpled  from  the  horses'  hoofs,  and  from  tb« 
wheel-ban  ft  beat." 

Chapman :  Homer;  Iliad  xi.  468. 

wheel-barometer,  s.    [BAROMETER.) 
wheel-barrow,  *  wheele-barrow,  >. 

A  sort  of  hand-machine,  consisting  of  a  frame 
with  two  handles  or  trams,  and  frequently  a 
box,  supported  on  a  single  wheel  and  rolled  by 
a  single  individual. 

"  Who  fFlemmingsl  had  brought  their  howes  and 
cartes,  and  wheele  bari-oii'tl.  and  pUukea  for  their  bar* 
rowes  to  runne  vpon."— I/tKktuyt :  Yuyaget,  lit  698. 

wheel-bird,  «. 

Ornith. :  One  of  the  many  popular  names  of 
the  Goatsucker  (Caprimvigvs  eiirnpanu).  It 
has  reference  to  the  fancied  resemblance  of 
the  note  of  the  bird  to  the  noise  of  a  spinning- 
wheeL 

Wheel-boat,  «.  A  boat  with  wheels,  to 
be  used  either  on  water  or  on  inclined  plane* 
or  railways. 

wheel-bug,  ».    [ARILOT.I 

wheel-carriage,  ».  A  carriage  moved 
on  wheels,  as  a  coach,  gig,  waggon,  cart,  rail- 
way carriage,  &c. 

wheel-chair,  «.  A  bath-chair ;  an  in- 
valid's chair. 

wheel-coulter,  «. 

Agrio. :  A  sharp-edged  wheel  running  in 
advance  of  the  breast  of  the  plough,  to  cut 
the  sod  or  weeds  in  the  line  of  the  furrow.  It 
has  long  been  nsed  in  the  fen-hinds. 

wheel-cutting,  s.  The  operation  of  cut- 
ting the  teeth  in  the  wheels  nsed  by  watch, 
and  clock  makers,  and  for  other  mechanical 
purposes. 

wheel-fire,  s.  A  fire  encompassing  a 
crucible  without  touching  it* 

wheel-guard  plate,  «. 

Ordn. :  An  iron  guard  on  each  side  of  the 
stock  of  a  field  or  siege  gun-carriage,  to  prevent 
its  being  chafed  by  the  wheels  when  turning. 
Used  also  on  carriages. 

wheel-horse,  s.    The 'same  as  WHEELER. 

"  The  toheeLhorte  rider  of  one  of  the  captured 
Federal  teams  took  In  the  situation  at  a  glance."— 
Field,  Sept.  4,  1886. 

wheel-house,  s. 

Naut. :  A  kind  of  round  house,  built  over 
the  steering-wheel  in  large  ships,  for  the  shel- 
ter of  the  steersman. 

wheel-jack,  s.  A  lifting-jack  with  a  low 
toe,  to  catch  beneath  the  tire  of  a  wheel. 

wheel  -  lathe,  s.  A  lathe  for  turning 
railway-wheels  and  other  large  work. 

wheel-lock,  s. 

*  1.  firearms :  A  form  of  lock  consisting  of 
a  furrowed    wheel    of  steel,  whose  friction 
against  a  piece  of  flint  produced  sparks  which 
ignited  the  priming. 

2.  LocTcmttMng :  A  letter-lock  (q.v.). 

Wheel-ore, ».    [Ger.  radelerz.] 

Min. :   A  name  given   by   the   miners  of 


boil,  boy ;  poUt,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -inc. 
-dan,  -tian=shan.   -tion,  -*ian  =  shun ;  -{ion,  -gion  =  znun.   -clou*,  -tiouB.  -aioiu  =  shus.     bio, -die,  .u.  =  bel,  del. 


5164 


wheel— whelp 


Kapnik,  Hungary,  to  a  variety  of  Bournonite 
(q.v.)  occurring  in  wheel-like  groups  uf 
crystals. 

wheel-pit,  9.  A  walled  hok  for  the  heavy 

fly-wheel  of  a  train  of  rolls,  &c. 

•wheel-plough,  .--. 

1.  A  plough  supported  in  part  by  a  wheel  or 
wheels  as  a  gauge  of  depth. 

2.  A  plough  with  a  wheel  in  the  space  be* 
tween  the  landside  and  mould-board,  and  re- 
ducing the  friction  of  the  plough  by  bearing 
the  weight. 

wheel-race,  *.  The  place  in  which  a 
water-wheel  is  fixed. 

wheel-rope,  5. 

Kaut.:  A  rope  rove  through  a  block  on 
each  side  of  the  deck,  and  led  round  the  barrel 
of  the  steering-wheel  to  assist  in  steering. 
Chains  are  now  much  more  commonly  used 
for  the  purpose. 

wheel- shaped,  a.  Shaped  like  a  wheel ; 
rotate  (q.v.). 

wheel-swarf,  s.  A  clayey  cement  or 
putty,  made  in  Sheffield  from  the  dust  derived 
from  abrasion  of  the  grindstones,  and  used  in 
furnaces  where  steel  is  manufactured  for  coat- 
Ing  the  layers  of  iron  and  charcoal. 

wheel-tire,  s.  The  iron  band  which  en- 
circles a  wooden  wheel.  [TiRE  (2),  *.] 

wheel-train,  s.  A  number  of  wheels  so 
arranged  that  the  revolution  of  one  causes 
the  revolution  of  all. 

wheel-window,  -. 

Gothic  Arch. :  A  circular  window  with  radia- 
ting mullious  resembling  the  spokes  of  a 
wheel  [ROSE-WINDOW.J 

Wheel -work,  s.  The  combination  of 
wheels  which  communicate  motion  to  one 
another  in  machinery,  the  motion  being  com- 
municated from  the  one  wheel  to  the  other  by 
belts  or  straps  passing  over  the  circumferences 
of  both,  or  by  teeth  cut  in  those  circumferences 
and  working  in  one  another,  or  by  cogs.  The 
most  familiar  examples  of  wheel-work  are  to 
be  found  in  clocks  and  watches. 

*  Wheel-worn,  a.     Worn  by  the  action 
or  traffic  of  wheeled  vehicles. 

"  The  chariots  bounding  in  her  wheel-worn  streets. " 
Cowper :  Expostulation,  21. 

wheel,  v.t.  k  i.    [WHEEL  (1),  ».] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  turn  OH  an  axis,  pivot,  centre, 
or  the  like ;  to  cause  to  revolve  or  rotate  ;  to 
give  a  circular  motion  to  ;  to  turn  round ;  to 
whirl. 

2.  To  convey  on  wheels,  or  in  a  vehicle 
mounted  on  wheels  :   as,  To  wheel  a  load  of 
hay,  earth,  &c. 

3.  To  make  or  perform  in  a  circle ;  to  give 
a  circular  direction  to. 

"  The  fierce  malicious  foe, 
Wheeling  round  his  watchful  flight." 

Coteper :  Olney  tfymnt,  xxiv. 

4.  To  provide  or  furnish  with  a  wheel  or 
wheels :  as,  To  wheel  a  cart. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  turn  on,  or  as  on,  an  axis  ;  to  revolve, 
to  rotate. 

"The  moon  carried  about  the  earth  always  shows 
the  same  face  to  us,  not  otice  wheeling  upon  her  own 
centre." — Bentley. 

2.  To    change    direction  ;    as   though    by 
moving  on  an  axis  or  pivot. 

'*  Thai  step  by  step,  where'er  the  Trojan  vheefd, 
There  swift  Achilles  corapan'd  round  the  field." 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xxil.  Stt. 

8.  To  make  a  circular  or  spiral  flight. 

"  The  Ma-bird  wheeling  round  ft,  with  the  din 
Of  wings."  Longfellow  :  The  LtghthottM. 

4.  To  ride  a  bicycle  or  tricycle. 

"  One  young  girl  .  .  .  was  attended  by  a  youth  on  a 
bicycle,  who  wheeled  attentively  at  her  side."- 
Century  Magazine,  Sept,  IBM,  p.  643. 

*5.  To  roll  forward  or  along, 

"  Thunder  mixed  with  hall. 

Hall  mixed  with  flre,  must  rend  the  Egyptian  iky, 

And  wheel  on  the  earth,  devouring  where  it  rolls.'' 

Milton:  P.  £,.,  Xii.  188. 

*  6.  To  turn  or  change  in  opinion ;  to  take 
;    a  different  side  or  course. 

"  In  the  change  at  the  Restoration,  they  wheefd  about 
and  acted  like  ProteL"—  Wood  :  Athena  Oxon.,  vol  ii. 

*7.  To  fetch  or  compass  ;  hence,  to  wander 
about 

"  I  was  forced  to  wheel 
Three  or  four  miles  1*1  ->nt  " 

.  :  Coriolanuf.  1.  «. 


wheel  -age  (age  as  Ig),  ».  [Eng.  wheel,  a. ; 
-age.]  Duty  or  toll  paid  for  wheeled  vehicles 
passing  over  certain  ground. 

wheeled,  a.  [Eng.  wheel,  s. ;  -ed.]  Having 
wheels ;  conveyed  or  supported  on  wheels. 

"At  all  times  elaborate  exhibitions  are  made  on 
wheel**  vehicles.'— .tcribneri  Magazine,  Aug.,  1880, 
p.  811. 

wheel -er,  *.    [Eng.  wheel,  v.;  -er.J 
1.  One  who  wheels. 
*  2.  One  who  makes  wheels ;  a  wheelwright. 

3.  A  wheel-horse,    or  the  horse  next  the 
wheels  of  a  carriage. 

4.  A  worker  on  sewed  muslin. 

Wheel'- er-ite,  «.  [After  Lieut.  G.  M. 
Wheeler ;  suff.  -tie  (Afi».).] 

Min. :  A  resin  occurring  in  lignite  beds  of 
Cretaceous  age  in  northern  New  Mexico.  A 
mean  of  two  analyses  yielded  :  carbon,  72^*7  ; 
hydrogen,  7^92 ;  agreeing  with  the  formula 
n(C5H6O),  where  n  equals  5  or  6. 

wheel'-3-ry,  «.    [See  extract.] 

"'WTteelery'  la  the  latest  Innovation  I  have  heard 
of  In  cycling  nomenclature.  It  designates  the  room 
set  apart  for  storing,  cleaning  and  repairing  the  wheels 
of  sojournera  at  &  Xew  York  health  resort  hotel."— 
Ladie*'  Every  Saturday,  Aug.  S,  1895. 

Wheel' -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [WHEEL,  r.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.,  d  particip.  adj. :  (See  the 
verb). 

B.  As.  subst. :  The  act  or  practice  of  riding 
a  bicycle  or  tricycle. 

Wheel-less,  a.  [Eng.  wheel,  s. ;  -leas.}  Des- 
titute of  wheels ;  without  wheels. 

"The  broken-down,  rcheellett,  shiftless  baggies."— 
natty  Telegraph,  March  20,  18M. 

wheel- man,  *.     [Eng.  wheel,  s.,  and  man.] 

One  who  uses  a  bicycle  or  tricycle ;  a  cyclist. 

"As  wheelmen  nowadays  so  greatly  abound,   the 

landlords     profit    by    this    arrangement"— Century 

Magazine.  Sept.,  ISM.  p.  640. 

wheel'-wom  an,  «.    A  woman  cyclist. 

wheel' - wright  (gh silent),  *wheele- 
wright,  *.  [Eng.  wheel,  and  wright.]  A 
man  whose  occupation  is  to  make  wheels  and 
wheeled  carriages. 

If  The  Wheelwrights  are  one  of  the  London 
Companies.  They  were  incorporated  in  1670. 

wheen,  *.  [A.S.  hwene,  hwcene.]  A  parcel ; 
a  number  of  persons  or  things ;  a  quantity. 
(Scotch.) 

"  I  nave  six  terriers  at  hame,  forbye  twa  couple  of 
slow-hunds,  five  grew*,  and  a  wheen  other  dogs." — 
Scott :  Ouy  Mannering.  ch.  xxli. 

wheeze,  s.  [WHEEZE,  v.]  A  joke,  anecdote, 
or  dialogue  not  strictly  connected  with  a 
piece  that  is  being  played,  but  introduced  by 
an  actor  sometimes  with  the  assistance  and 
for  the  benefit  of  others.  Applied  also  to  the 
dialogues  between  the  songs  at  nigger  enter* 
tainments,  and  to  the  jokes  of  circus  clowns. 
(Thtat.  slang.) 

"  The  man  who  propounds  conundrums  to  puzzle 
'Bnulder  Bones,'  and  puts  on  the  most  solemn  air 
of  attention  while  the  comic  men  spin  oat  their 
'  wheeze*.'  "—Referee,  May  1,  1887. 

wheeze,  *whe»-en,  v.i.  [A.S.  hwesan;  cf. 
IceL  AwEsci  =  to  hiss;  Dan.  hvcese^to  hiss, 
to  wheeze.  Prob.  akin  to  weasand,  whisper, 
and  whistlf..]  To  breathe  hard  and  with  an 
audible  sound,  as  a  person  affected  with 
asthma. 

"  Catarrhs,  loads  o*  gravel  f  the  back,  lethargies,  cold 
palsies,  raw  eyes,  dirt-rotten  livers,  whetting  lung*." — 
ShaJcesp.  :  Troilut  A  Cretttda,  v.  L 

wheez'-y,  a.  &  *.    [Eng.  wheeze) ;  -y.] 

A.  As  adj.;  Affected  with  or  characterized 
by  wheezing.    (Used  either  of  a  person  or  of 
his  voice.) 

B.  As  subst. :  A  free  translation  of  Vinde- 
miaire  (Vintage),  the  first  month  of  the  French 
Republican  year. 

wheft,  5.    [WAFT,  *.,  II.] 

Whelk  (1),  a.    [A  dimin.  from  wheal  (2)  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  small  pustule  or  pimple,  especially  on 
the  face ;   an    eruptive    protuberance  ;   any 
similar  protuberance. 

11  His  face  is  all  hnbnkles  and  whtlkt,  and  knobs, 
and  flames  o'  fire."— Shaketp. :  Henry  y..  111.  6, 

2.  The  skin  disease  technically  known  as 
Acne  or  Lycosis. 


whelk  (2),  *  wilk,  *  wylke,  *.    [A.8.  wtoe. 
weoluc,  weluc ;   allied  to  wealcan  —  to  roll,  to 
walk   (q.v.).      Named    from    its    convoluted 
shell.    (Steo*.)] 
Zoology : 

1.  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of  the 
genus  Buccinum (q.v.);  specif.,  the  Common 
Whelk  (Buccinum  undutum),  calltid  in  Scot- 
land the  Buckie,  or  Bucky.     It  is  one  of  the 
commonest  molluscs  of  the  northern  parts  of 
the  northern  hemisphere,  occurring  from  low- 
water  mark  to  100  fathoms.     Shell  grayish  or 
brownish  white,  with  numerous  raised  ridges 
and  spiral  striaa.    The  whelk  is  much  used  as 
an  article  of  food  by  the  poorer  classes ;  it  is 
boiled  and  eaten  with  vinegar  and  pepper. 

2.  The  Periwinkle.       (In    this    sense    the 
spelling   is   generally    Wilk.)       [LirroRiXA, 
PERIWINKLE,  1.] 

whelk-tingle,  s. 

Zool.  :  iVossa  reticvlata,  the  Dog-whelk. 
These  Gasteropoda  bore  into  shells  of  oysters 
with  their  rasp-like  tongues,  and  do  great 
damage  to  the  beds.  Common  on  the  English 
coast  at  low  water. 

*Whelked,o,  [Eng.  «*«H:(1),  a.  ;•«*.]  Marked 
with  whelks  or  protuberances. 

"Horns  vheUctd  and  waved  like  th*  enrldged  sea.' 
Shaketp. :  Lear,  iv.  *, 

*  whelk -y,  a,    [Eng.  whelk(2),  s. ;  -y.]  Shelly ; 
in  the  shell. 

"  >"e  ought  the  whelicy  pearlea  esteemeth  hee." 
xpenter:  Virgil;  Gnat. 

whelm,  *  whelm- en,  *  whelm -yn,  v.t.  &  i. 

[A  modification  of  Mid.  Eng.  whelven,  hu'elfe 
=  to  overwhelm;  cf.  Dan.  hvdlve  =  to  arch, 
to  vault  over.  The  final  m  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  whelm,  verb,  is  really  formed  from 
a  substantive  whelm ;  and  the  substantive 
whelm  stands  for  whelfm,  which  was  simply 
unpronounceable,  so  that  the  /  was  perforce 
dropped.  (Stoat.)] 

A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  overwhelm,  to  engulf,  to  submerge  * 
to  cover  by  immersion  in  something  that  en- 
velops on  all  sides. 

"  She  Is  my  prize,  or  ocean  v>\>-lm  than  all  I " 

Shake*?.  :  Merry  Wire*,  It  1 

*  2.  To  throw  or  place  over,  so  as  to  cover. 
"  No  bodle  lighteth  a  candle  (saleth  he)  and  hidett 

It  In  aprluie  derke  corner,  or  couereth  It  by  whelming 
a  bushell  oner  it."—  Udal :  Luke  xi. 

IL  Fig. :  To  overwhelm,  to  brush,  to  ruin 
to  destroy. 

"  Some  accidental  gust  of  opposition  .  .  . 
O'erturns  the  fabrick  of  presumptuous  reason, 
And  whelm*  the  awe! ling  architect  beneath  it." 
Johnton  :  Irene,  IL  • 

*B.  Intransitive: 
L  To  overturn. 

2.  To  swell  up,  to  boil  up. 

*'  The  water  is  euer  fresh  and  news 
That  tohelmeth  vp,  with  waues  bright" 

Jiomauiit  of  the  Rott. 

3.  To  rise  round  so  as  to  submerge  or  engulf 

"  The  waves  whelm  d  over  him, 
And  helpless  in  his  heavy  arms  he  drown'd." 

Dryden  :  Don  Sebastian,  L  L 

whelp,  *  whelpe,  *.    [A.S.  hieelp ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.   welp;  Icel.    hvelpr;    Dan.   hvalp;  Sir. 
valp;  O.  Swed.  hwalp;  M.  H.Ger.  wetf.} 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally : 

(1)  The  young  of  a  dog;  a  pup  ;  a  puppy. 

"  The  rest  In  shape  a  beagle's  whelp  throughout." 
ffrydfn  :  Cock  *  fox,  Ittt, 

(2)  The  young  of  a  beast  of  prey. 

**  A  bear  robbed  of  her  whelp*.'-!  Samuel  xvll.  8. 

2.  Fig. :  A  son ;   a  young  man.     (Used  In 
contempt  or  sportiveness.) 

"  Two  of  thy  tohelpt,  fell  curs  of  bloody  kind." 

ShaJtetp,:  Titut  Androntcut,  U.t> 

IL  Nautical: 

*  1.  A  species  of  ship,  probably  of  a  small 
kind. 

"Aboard  one  ol  the  king's  ships  called  the  ninth 
whelp."—  Brereton:  Travel*,  p.  164. 

2.  One  of  the  inclined  bars  on  a  capstan  or 
windlass,  upon  which  the  hawser  or  cable  it 
wound. 

Whelp,  v.i.  &  t.    [WHELP,  «.] 

A*  Intrans. :  To  bring  forth  young.  (Said 
of  bitches  and  some  beasts  of  prey.) 

"  A  lioness  hath  vhelped  in  the  streets, 
And  graves  have  y»wij'd." 

Hhaicf$p. :  Julita  C«e$ar,  11.  t 

B.  Trans. :  To  bring  forth,  as  a  bitch  o» 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    as,  o»  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


whelpless— wherethrough 


5165 


lioness  does :  hence  to  bring  forth  or  produce. 
(Said  in  contempt) 

"  Thou  baat  whelped  a  dog." 

Shakes?.  :  Timon,  II.  4. 

Whelp -less,  a.     [Eng.  whelp,  a.  I  -*"*•!  Hav- 
ing no  whelps  ;  deprived  of  her  whelps. 

"  The  living  flre 
That  haunts  the  tigress  iii  her  whelplet*  ire. 

Byron  :  Lara,  ii.  OS. 

when,  "whan,  *whanne,  *  whenne,  adv. 
[A.S.  hiwcenne,  hwonne;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut. 
wxia;  Goth,  hican ;  O.  H.  Ger.  hwanne;  Ger. 
i.  Originally  a  case  of  the  interrogative 
pronoun,  hwd  =  who ;  cf.  Goth,  hwana,  accus. 
inasc.  ofhwas  =  who ;  Lat.  guum  =  when,  from 
51*  is  =  who.] 

1.  At  what  or  which  time.     (Used  interro- 
gatively.) 

"  When  shall  these  things  be  ?"— -Vattftwxxir.  8. 

2.  At  what  or  which  time.    (Not  interro- 
gatively), as,  I  do  not  know    when  he  will 
come. 

3.  At  the  time  that;  at  or  just  after  the 
moment  that.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  U«  hath  it  when  he  cannot  use  It." 

Shakcsp. .  Rape  of  Lucrece,  96X 

4.  At  which  time  (the  subordinate  clause 
being  logically  the  main  proposition) 

"  The  time  was  once  when  thou  unurged  would'st 
TOW."  Shaketp.  ;  Comedy  of  Errors,  ii.  2. 

5.  At  the  same  time  that ;  while  ;  while  on 
tlie  contrary ;  while,  instead,  whereas.    (Used 
in  the  manner  of  a  conjunction  to  introduce 
an  adversative  clause  or  a  phrase  implying  a 
contrast.) 

"  You  rub  the  sore 
When  you  should  bring  the  plaster." 

Shaketp.  .•  Tempest,  ii.  1. 

6.  Which  time;  then.    (Used  elliptically  as 
a  substantive,  and  preceded  by  since  or  till.) 

"  Till  when  go  seek  thy  fortune." 

Shaketp. :  Troilut  A  Creittda,  v.  8. 

*  7.  Elliptically  used  as  an  exclamation  of 
Impatience. 

"  When  !  Lucius,  when  I  awake,  I  say  !" 

Shaketp. :  Juliut  Ccnar,  11.  1. 

If  When  was  formerly  often  followed  by  as 
and  that,  without  any  real  change  in  the  mean- 
ing. In  the  case  of  as  the  two  words  were  often 
spelt  as  one.  [WHENAS.] 

"  When  at  his  mother  Mary  was  eapouied  to  Joseph." 
—Matthew  1.  IS. 

when'  &s,  adv.    [Eng.  when,  and  a.;.] 
1.  When. 

"  Whenat  the  Palmer  came  in  hall," 

Scott :  Marmion,  1.  38. 

*2.  Whereas. 

"  Whtnat  11  they  would  Inquire  into  themselves  they 
would  find  no  such  matter."—  Barrow. 

whence, 'whennes,  *whens,odt>.  [From 
A.S.  hwanan,  hwanon  =  whence,  with  the 
adverbial  suffix.  -es,  as  in  twice  (=  twies),  needs 
(nedes),  hence  (=hennes),  from  A.S.  heonan  = 
hence).] 

1.  From  what  place.  (Used  interrogatively.) 

"  Whence  came  you  t "— Shaketp. :  Two  Gentlemen  of 
Verona,  iv.  1. 

2.  From  what  or  which  source,  origin,  cause, 
premises,  antecedents,  principles,  parts,    or 
the  like  ;  how.    (Used  interrogatively.) 

41  Whence  hath  this  man  thia  wisdom  ?  "-Matthew 
ii  ii.  54. 

3.  From  which  place. 

"Go  ... 

To  Rome,  when*  that  she  came." 

flower:  0.  A.,  11. 

4.  From  which  source,  origin,  cause,  pre- 
mises, antecedents,  principles,  facts,  or  the 
like. 

"  I  have  shown  whence  the  understanding  may  get 
all  the  ideas  it  has."— Locke. 

5.  For  which  cause ;  wherefore. 

"  Recent  urine,  distilled  witha  fixed  alkali.  Is  turned 
Into  an  alkaliue  nature  ;  whence  alkaline  salts,  taken 
liito  a  human  body,  have  the  power  of,  turning  ita 
benign  salt*  Into  fiery  and  volatile."—  Arbuthnot ;  On 
Alimentt. 

IT  (1)  From  whence :  A  pleonastic  expression 
often  met  with  in  literature,  and  rather  more 
emphatic  than  the  simple  whence. 


*  (2)  Of  whence :    A  pleonastic  expression 
equivalent  to  whence. 

"  He  aek'd  his  guide, 

What  ami  of  whence  waa  be  who  presn'd  the  hero'i 
side?"  Dryden:  Virgil;  .Uneidvi,  i.iw. 

*wh6n9e'-forth,  adv.     [Eng.  whence,   and 
forth.]    Fortli  from  which  place. 

"  Whenceforth  Issues  a  warlike  steed  in  sight. " 
Spenter:  Min-./^tmot. 

when9e  so  cv  er,  whence-so-e'er',  adv 


[Eng.  whence;  so,  and  ever.]  From  what  place 
soever ;  from  what  cause  or  source  soever. 

"  To  these  emotions,  whence**' er  they  come  .  .  . 
I  would  give  utterance."      Wordtworth :  Keclute. 

*  whenc-eV-er,  adv.    [Bug.  whence,  and  ever.] 

Whencesoever. 

when-eV-er,  when-e'e'r',  adv.  [Eng.  when, 
and  ever.]  At  what  ever  time  ;  at  what  time 
soever. 

*  whennes,  adv.    [WHENCE.] 

when-SO-eV-er,  adv.  [Eng.  when;  to,  and 
ever.]  At  what  time  soever;  whenever. 

"  Whentoever  ye  will,  ye  may  do  them  good."— Mark 
ilv,  7, 

*  wher,  adv.  or  conj.    [See  clef.]    A  contracted 

form  of  whether  (q.v.).    (Wycliffe :  John  vii.) 

where,  *wher,  adv.  [A.8.  hwar,  hwcer,  a 
derivative  of  hwa  =  who ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
waar;  .Icel.  hvar ;  Dan.  hvor ;  8w.  hvnr ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  hwar ;  M.  H.  Qer.  war;  wd ;  Ger. 
wo;  Goth,  hwar.] 

1.  At  or  in  which  place.    (Used  Interroga- 
tively.) 

"  Where  am  I ?  "       BhaJtup. :  »n»«  *  Aaonit,  493. 

2.  In    what    position,     situation,    circum- 
stances, or  the  like.    (Used  interrogatively.) 

3.  At  or  in  which  place.    (Used  relatively.) 

14 1  know  where  you  are." 

Shukeij). :  At  j'ou  £U«  It,  T.  2. 

4.  In  what  case,  position,  circumstances, 
or  the  like.    (Used  relatively.) 

5.  To  which  place,  whither.    (Used  interro- 
gatively.) 

"  Where  rnnn'flt  thou  so  last?"— Shaketp. :  Oomtdy 
Of  Errort.  ill.  2. 

6.  Whither.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  Ay,  but  to  die,  and  go  we  know  not  where." 

Shaketp. :  Meaturefor  Meatnre,  lit  1. 

7.  Wherever. 

"  Attend  me  where  I  wheel." 

Shaketp.  :  Cortolanut,  V.  7. 

*8.  Whereas.    (Used  as  a  conjunction.) 
"  And  where  thou  iiow  exactest  the  penalty  .  .  . 
Thou  wilt  not  only  loose  the  forfeiture." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Vetiice,  IT.  1 

9.  From  what  place  or  source ;  whence. 

"  Where  have  you  this  ?    Tis  false  1  •' 

Shaketp.  :  A  ntony  A  Cleopatra,  11.  1. 

T[  (1)  Where  is  sometimes  found  used  as  a 
substantive  =  place,  situation,  position,  &c. 
"  Thou  losest  here,  a  better  where  to  find." 

Shaketp.  :  Lear,  1.  1. 

(2)  Where  is  largely  compounded  with  pre- 
positions, as  whereby,  wherein,  &C. 

where'-ft-b<!>ut,  adv.   [Eng.  where,  and  about.  ] 

1.  About  or  near  where  ;  near  what  or  which 
place.    (Used  interrogatively),  as,  Whereabout 
did  you  drop  it  ? 

2.  Near  what  or  which  place.    (Used  rela- 
tively.) 

"  It  is  one,  said  be.  that  comes  from  whe 
dwelt."—  Bunyan:  Pilgrim' t Proyrett.  pt.  11. 

*  3.  Concerning  which;  about  which;  on 
what  purpose  ;  why. 

"  Let  no  man  know  anything  of  the  business  where- 
about I  send  thee."— 1  Samuel  xxi.  2. 

H  Whereabout  is  frequently  used  as  a  sub- 
stantive. 

"  Hear  not  my  steps,  which  way  they  walk,  for  fear 
The  very  stones  prate  of  my  whereabout." 

Shaketp. :  Macbeth,  11.  1. 

where'  -  a  -  bouts,  adv.  [Eng.  whereabout, 
with  the  adverbial  suff.  •«.]  Near  what  or 
which  place ;  whereabout.  (Used  interroga- 
tively, relatively,  or  as  a  substantive,  in  the 
same  manner  as  whereabout.) 

where-as',  conj.    [Eng.  where,  and  as.] 

1.  While  on  the  contrary ;  the  fact  or  case 
really  being  that ;  while  in  fact. 

"  Are  not  those  found  to  be  the  greatest  zealots  who 
are  most  notoriously  ignorant?  wherent  true  ical 
should  always  begin  with  true  knowledge."— Sprat : 
Sermont. 

2.  The  thing  being  so  that ;  considering  that 
things  are  so.   Implying  an  admission  of  facts, 
sometimes  followed  by  a  different  statement, 
and  sometimes  by  inferences  or  something 
consequent,  as  in  the  law  style,  where  a  pre- 
amble introduces  a  law. 

"  Whereat  wara  are  generally  causes  of  poverty,  the 
special  nature  of  this  war  with  £|<;iin,  if  m«de  by  sea, 
is  likely  to  be  a  lucrative  war."—  Bacon, 

*  3.  Where.    (In  this  sense  often  written  as 
two  words.) 

"  At  last  he  spide,  whereat  thnt  wofull  squire 
.  .  .  Lay  tombled  in  the  mire." 

Spenter :  P.  «.,  III.  vii.  «. 


Where-&t',  adv.    [Eng.  where,  and  at.] 

*  1.  At  what.     (Used  interrogatively :  u, 
Whereat  are  you  offended  ?) 
2.  At  which.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  Whereat  she  wonder'd  much." 

Spinier  :  f.  <?.,  HI.  IT.  It 

where-by*,  adv.    [Eng.  where,  and  by.] 

1.  By  what.    (Used  interrogatively.) 

"  Whereby  shall  I  know  this ? "-Luke  L  18. 

2.  By  which.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  The  means  whereby  I  live." 

Bhaketp.  :  Merchant  of  rvnioe.  IT.  1. 

',  adv.  [See  def.]  A  contracted  form 
of  wherever  (q.v.). 

where'-fore,  adv.  &  conj.    [Eng.  where,  and 
for.] 

A*  -A»  adverb : 

1.  For  what  or  which  reason  ;  why.    (Used 

interrogatively.) 

"  Wherefore  hast  thou  rent  thy  clothes ! "— 3  Kingt 
T.  8. 

2.  For  which  reason.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  Wherefore  by  their  fndU  ye  shall  know  them.  — 
Matt.  vii.  20. 

3.  For  what  purpose ;  why. 

"  Wkerefore  was  I  born?" 

Shakftp. :  Richard  //..  it  8. 

B.  At  conj.:  Accordingly;  so;  in  conse- 
quence of  which. 

^[  Wherefore  is  sometimes  used  as  a  sub- 
stantive =  a  reason  why. 

"  Dispute  learnedly  the  whys  and  wherefore*." 

Beattm.  A  flet. :  /.'«/«  a  Wife,  Ac.,  lit 

where  in',    *  wher  in,  adv.     [Eng.  where, 
and  in.] 

1.  In  what  time,  place,  respect,  &c.    (Used 
interrogatively.) 

"  Wherein  have  yon  been  galled  by  the  king?" 

Shaketp. :  3  Henry  IV.t  iv.  1. 

2.  In  which  ;  in  which  thing,  time,  respect, 
book,  &c.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  Hath  for  him  selfe  bis  chare  araled 

Wherin  he  wolde  ride."        Oower:  0.  A.,  i. 

Where-fcl-t6't  adv.     [Eng.  where,  and  into.} 

1.  Into  what.    (Used  interrogatively.) 

2.  Into  which.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  Where's  the  palace  whrreinto  foul  things 
Sometimes  intrude  not?" 

Shaketp. :  Othello,  111  8. 

*  where'-ness,  s.    [Eng..wA«re;  -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  having  a  place  or  position  ; 
ubication. 

"A  point  hath  no  dimensions,  but  only  a  wherenett, 
and  1»  next  to  nothing."— Grew :  Cotmologia. 

where-of  (fas  v),  *  wher- off;  adv.    [Eng. 
where,  and  of.] 

1.  Of  what  or  which.  (Used  interrogatively.) 

"  Whereof  ire  you  made!"        Shaketp. :  Sonnet  U. 

2.  Of  which.    (Used  relatively.) 

"Who  at  his  hand 

Have  nothing  merited,  nor  can  perform 
Aught  whereof  he  bath  need." 

Milton:  P.  L.,lv.  «* 

Where-6n',  adv.     [Eng.  where,  and  on.] 

1.  On  what  or  which.  (Used  interrogatively.) 

"  Whereon  do  you  look  ?  "     Shaketp.  :  Hamlet,  I1L  4. 

2.  On  which.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  Infected  be  the  air  tohereon  they  ride." 

Shaketp. :  Macbeth,  IT.  1. 

*  where-6*Ut't  adv.     [Eng.  where,  and  out.} 

\.  Out -of  which  or  what.     (Used  inter- 
rogatively.) 
2.  Out  of  winch.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  Where  no  leaf  blAome  or  blushes 
Save  thia  whereaut  she  crushes 
For  dead  men  deadly  wine." 
A.  C.  Swinburne.-  Garden  of  Proterpim. 

*  where'-so,  adv.    [Eng.  where,  and  so.]    The 
same  as  WHERESOEVER  (q.v.). 

where-so-e'er',  adv.  [See  def.]  A  contracted 
form  of  WHERESOEVER  (q.v.). 

where~sd-eV-er,  adv.    [Eng.  where;  so,  and 
ever.] 
1.  In  what  place  soever ;  in  whatever  place. 

"  Conqueror*,  who  leave  behind 
Nothing  bat  ruin,  ttheretoe'er  they  rove." 

Milton:  P.  R,,  lil.  7». 

*  2.  To  what  place  soever  ;  whithersoever. 

"  The  noise  pursues  me  wheretoe'er  I  go." 

Dryden.    (Toad.) 

*  where-through'  (gh  silent),    adv.     [En-. 
where,  and    through.]     Through   which ;    by 
reason  of  which. 

"  Deep    double    shells    wh+rrthrnm/?,    the    eye-flu  wet 
peers."  A.  0.  Swinburne: 


boy ;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9liin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  c^ist.   ph  =  1 
-cian,  -tlan  --  shan.   -tion,  -sion=  shun;  -fion,  -sion-zhun.    -cxoua,  -tiouo,  -6ious  =  ahus.    -ble.  -die.  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


6166 


whereto— whiblen 


where-to',  adv.    [Eng.  where,  and  (o.] 

1.  To  what;  to  what  end.  (Used  inter- 
rogatively.) 

"  mertto  tends  ill]  this  <" 
SHakflii.  :  Midsummer  A'iyht't  Dream,  Hi.  S. 

8.  To  which.    (Used  relatively.) 
"  Wktrtto  we  hare  already  attained."—  Phil.  ill.  16. 

*  where  un-tlT,  adv.  [Eug.  wA«r«,  and  until.} 
Wheieunto  ;  to  what. 

"  We  know  it  vAertunta  It  doth  amount" 

SAaltrlp.  :  Low't  Labour't  Lott,  V.  2. 

where-un'-to,  adv.    [Eng.  vihere,  and  tinlo.J 

1.  To  what  ;  to  what  end  or  purpose.  (Used 
Interrogatively.) 

2.  To  which;   after  which.     (Used  inter- 
rogatively.) 

whcre-up-6n',  adv.    [Eng.  wlure,  and  upon.] 

1.  U|xm  ;  after  or  in  consequeuoe  of  what. 
(Used  interrogatively.) 

2.  Upon  which  (thing). 

3.  In  consequence  of  or  immediately  after 
which. 

"  The  townsmen  mutinied,  and  Rent  to  Enex  ;  where. 
upon  be  cauie  thither."—  Clurfndvn. 

wher-6v'-er,  adv.    [Eng.  where,  and  ever.] 
At  or  in  whatever  place. 

"  Fear  not  that  time,  whrrf'er  we  rove, 
Or  absence,  shall  abate  my  love." 

Cowper  :  To  Delia, 

Where-witb',  adv.     [Eng.  where,  and  vith.] 

1.  With  what  or  which.    (Used  interroga- 
tively.) 

"  Wlieraeilk  ibali  I  tare  Israelf—  Judftt  Tt  16. 

2.  With  which.    (Dsed  relatively.) 

"The  love  tchrrtwilh  thoa  hut  loved  me."  —  John 
ivli.  M. 

Where  with  al,  odu.  &  oonj.    [Eng.  where, 
and  wi'*'i.] 

A.  -4s  adv.  :  With  which  or  what  ;  where- 
with. 

"  tntnutaua  (ball  we  be  clothed  ?  "—  Jfattfeno  vl.  21. 

B.  j4a  conj.  :  Upon  which  ;  whereupon. 

"  H'tamfiOutll  unto  the  hartta  fomt  be  (teeth.* 
IV'yal  :  r/ie  Lover  for  Shjune-ftMtnett,  ir. 

Tf  Often  used  substantively  with  the  defi- 
nite article  in  the  sense  of  means,  and  espe- 
cially of  pecuniary  means. 

"  H.  -  .  however,  had  not  the  vAerfwitfial  to 
fuminh  a  marriage  portion  of  seven  camels."—  Dnilv 
Telfjrapk,  Dec.  !,  1887. 

*  wherne,  >.    [QUERN.]    A  handmill. 

"  Her  hands  are  on  the  vherne.  and  her  fingers  on 


the  distaff."—  Dr.  Clarke  : 


. 
oni,  p.  <73. 


•wher-ret.  *whir'-ret,   v.t.    [A  freq.  of 

W*ur(q.v.)0 

1.  To  hurry,  to  trouble,  to  tease. 

"  Don't  keep  taherreting  me  with  your  nouMOae."— 
BicXerttaff  :  Love  in  a  Village,  t  5. 

2.  To  give  a  blow  on  the  ear  to. 

41  whSr'-rSt,  *whir'-ret,  ».  [WHERRET,  v.] 
A  blow  or  box  on  the  ear. 

"  How  meekly 
Thta  other  fellow  here  receives  his  whirrit.' 

Beaum.  t  Flet.  :  ffiix  I'atour.  Iv, 

wheV-rif  (1),*  wher-y,  *  wliir-ry,  «.  [feel. 
hverfr  =  shifty,  crauk.  (said  of  a  ship)  ;  Norw. 
hverv  =  crank,  unsteady,  swift,  from  Icel. 
hverfa  (p.  t.  hvarf)  =  to  turn,] 

L  A  light,  shallow  boat,  seated  for  passen- 
gers, and  plying  on  rivers. 

"  James  was  conveyed  to  MllTbank,  where  he  crossed 
the  Thames  in  a  wherry."  —  Macaulny  ;  ffitt.  Xng., 
ch.  ix. 

2.  A  light,  half-decked  fishing  vessel  used 
in  different  parts  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 


-^  (2),  a.  [Wei.  eAwerw  =  bitter.]  A 
liquor  made  from  the  pulp  of  crab-apples 
after  the  verjuice  is  expressed.  (Sometimes 
called  Crab-wherry.)  (Prov.) 


'-r^  man,   s.     [EcR.   wherry  (IX  and 
man.]    One  who  rows  a  wherry. 

*wher-througli,  adv.    [WHERETHROUGH.] 


•wherve,  «.  [A.S.  /uoeor/on  =  to  roll.)  A 
balance  (?). 

"  fio  fine,  ao  rtrand,  and  «ven  athread  ehe  [the  eplder] 
vptnnes,  hanging  tlier^iinto  liersulie.  anil  oaiug  the 
wr%at  of  her  owne  bodte  imUMd  of  a  •ferw.  — /*. 
,        BMand :  rimie.  bk.  ii..  ch.  ixiT. 

•  wher-wtth,  odn.    [WHEREWITH.] 

whet,  •  whotte,  ••whet-ten,  v.t.  [A.S.  hmt- 
tttn  :=  to  sharpen,  Iroin  hwat  ^  keen,  bold, 
brave,  from  O.  tiax.  liu-at  =  sharp,  keen  ;  cogn. 
with  Dot.  weilm  =  to  sharpen  ;  IceL  »r<«j'a  = 


to  sharpen,  to  enronra.i'f',  from  livatr  =  bold, 
:  o  \vh.'T ;  i  ler. 

wetztn ;    b.    U.   Ger.   fcuwzan,  from   hwas  = 
sharp.] 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  To  sharpen  ;  to  make  sharp  by  rubbing 
on  a  stone  <>r  similar  substance. 

"  The  bow*  they  bend,  and  the  knives  they  tt-Arf." 
.fcutl  :  Lady  of  the  Luke,  iv.  2*. 

(2)  To  rub  with  or  on  a  stone  or  similar  sub- 
stance for  the  purpose  of  sharpening. 

(3)  To  sharpen  generally. 

41  Here  ruauu  the  wolf,  the  wigle  wftett  hii  benlt." 
Byron  ;  C&iWe  Harold,  ii.  4i 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  To  make  sharp,  keen,  or  eager  ;  to  ex- 
cite, to  stimulate. 

*'  The  usnat  prefaoee  nraongvt  rach  people  *°  r7'8* 
each  otber'a  courage. "—Clarend-jti :  Reliyinn  A  Pol«-y, 
ob,  ix. 

*  (2)  To  provoke  ;  to  make  angry  or  acri- 
monious. 

"  Since  Casiiui  first  did  wh't  mea?aimt  C'ie»r." 
Xhuk'-sp.  :  Julius  ftrtar,  ii.  L 

*  ^  To  whet  on,  To  wiut  forward :  To  urge 
on  ;  to  instigate. 

"  Whet  on  Warwick  to  thU  enterprise." 

Shutetp. :  3  Henry  VI.,  i.  1 

'whet,  8.    [WHET,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  whetting  or  sharpening  1y 

friction. 

2.  Something  which  whets  or  stimulates  the 
appetite. 

"  An  iv'ry  table  U  a  cerUiti  vhct ; 
You  would  not  thiuk  how  hem  tily  hell  eat* 
&ryden  :  Juvenal  xi. 

wheth'-er,  *weth-er,  *whed-ir.  pro*.., 
adj.,  &  conj.  [A. 8.  hwcedher  =  which  of  two ; 
cogu.  with  Icel.  hvarr ;  M.  H.  Ger.  weder ; 
O.K.  Ger.  hwedar;  Goth,  hwathar.  Fanned 
with  comparative  suffix  from  hu'd  =  who.] 

A*  Aspron. :  Which  of  two ;  which  one  of 
two.  (Used  interrogatively  and  relatively.) 

".JfTwtfWr  of  thoae  twain  did  the  will  of  hia  father?" 
—Matthew  xxi.  31. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  W)iieh  of  two. 

"  And  so  wrought, 

That  when  the  father  him  fwthiMig.it, 
Aiid  sighe  to  whether  Bide  it  druuKli." 

ewer  :  C.  A.,  U. 

C.  As  conjunction : 
*1.  Used  as  the  sign  of  a  question. 
"  rThetlurr  is  not  this  the  tone  of  a  carpenter?"— 
Wyclifft:  Matthew  xiil. 

2.  Which  of  two  or  more  alternatives ;  used 
to  introduce  the  first  of  a  series  of  alternative 
clauses,  the  succeeding  clanse  or  clauses 
being  connected  by  or  or  by  or  whether. 

"  Thou  ahaJt  ipeak  my  word*  unto  them,  whetittr 
they  will  hear.  or«rt«tft*r  they  wilIfortx!»r."-.EWh>I 

ii.  7. 

U  (1)  Sometimes  the  correlative  clause  is 
simply  a  negative. 

"  You  baveeaid  ;  but  whether  irlnly  or  no.  let  the 

forest  Judge."— Shaketp.  :  A*  You  Like  It,  ni.  2. 

(2)  In  many  cases,  where  tl»c  second  of  two 
alternatives  is  the  mere  negative  of  the  first, 
the  second  Is   omitted,    and  wlietker  stands 
without  any  correlative,  and  has  simply  the 
force  of  ^ 

"  And  now  who  Knowe 
Bat  you,  Lorenzo,  whetfier  I  am  youra?" 

&tak*lp.  :  Merchant  o/  Venice,  11.  8. 

TT  Whether  or  no :  In  either  alternative  :  as, 
I  will  go  whether  or  no. 

*  wheth-er,  adv.    [WHITHER.] 

wheth'-er-ing,  s,  [Ktym.  doubtful.)  The 
retention  of  the  after-birth  in  cows. 

whet-He,  *.    [See  def.] 

Ornith. :  A  woodj'ecker  (q.v.). 

"  IB  some  con u tie*  a  Wi>o«)  s  ict-fcer  IB  called  a  '  H'iei- 
fl«,*  and  in  others  a  '  W<«xl wale.'— two  wortte  which 
seen  to  hare  the  same  <lem *i  tun.  'i'lie  flnt  haa  Ixten 
supposed  to  be  merely  a  aornudfton  of  whittle— n 
knife- formerly  wi-itten  *whyteP:  bat  a  still  more 
ancient  form  of  this  word  ii  '  th  wit*],' which  rendeis 
the  conjecture  very  unlikely.  On  the  otber  hand. 
'  Woodwale,'  or  '  WoodwiUV  »ay  he  traced  from  '  Wit- 
wall,'  as  fouud  In  H.'ilykuid'i  W<-f('o»i«r»*— oogimte 
with  the  Low-Dutch  W,'tnlev>arl.  and  the  Old-Gem uiii 
WUferaa!  ...  of  which  H'hefile  is  bat  an  easy  cor- 
rui.tloii ;  and  it  is  certain  that,  whatever  tike  second 
sylUMe  may  ineau,  the  first  is  only  wovtt—  in  old 
Anglo-Saxon  widu  ...  In  some  form  or  other  the 
word  occurs  not  nnf  req  wii  tl  y  in  old  poems. "—  TarreJl  : 
Brit.  Binit  (ed.  4th).  it,  461,  «2. 

whet'-slate,  s.     [Eng.  whet,  T.,  and  slate.] 

[WHETSTONE,   II.] 

whet  stone,  «.    [A.S.  Tiwatstdn.]    [WHrr,  v.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  Lit  ;   A  piece  of  stone,  usually  a  rect- 
angular slab,    used    for  sharpening  cutlery 
or  tools.    Scythe-stones  are  bellied,  and  taper 


toward  the  ends.  Many  varieties  of  stone, 
:;illy  of  the  slaty  kinds,  are  more  <.»r  h-.-^ 
perfectly  adapted  for  the  purpose.  SOUL. 
ever,  are  peculiarly  suited  for  imparting  a  title 
edge  to  tools,  command  a  high  price,  and  are 
generally  used  in  the  workshop  as  oilstones. 

"I'd  rathar.  1. 

Be  like  a  vihettlone,  thnt  an  edfecnu  put 
Ou  steel,  tbough't  self  be  dull  and  cannot  cut" 

B«n  Jontun  :  Hmoce  ;  Art  of  Foetry. 

2.  Fig.  :  Anything  which  sharpens,  excite, 
or  stimulates. 

II.  Petrol.  :  A  siliceous  clay-slate,  compact 
and  of  homogeneous  texture.  Used  for  sharp- 
ening edge-tools.  Called  also  Wlietslate  and 
Whetstone-slate. 

•f  To  give  the  v&etxtonf.  To  deserve  the  whet- 
stone :  Old  phrases,  in  which  the  whetst«nie 
is  associated  with  lying,  and  regarded  as  the 
proper  premium  for  accomplishment  in  that 
art. 

whetstone-slate,  s.    [WHETSTONE,  Il.J 
*whette.r.(.     [WHET,  v.] 

Whct'-ter,  5.     [Eng.  whet,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  whets,  sharpens, 
or  stimulates. 

"  The  air  upon  Banatead  Downs  in  nothing  to  it  for 
s  whtiter;  yet  1  never  see  it,  but  the  spirit  of  fjunin* 
ai>i>e»is  to  me."— Congrwa:  Love  for  Love,  L 

*2.  One  who  indulges  in  whets  or  drama  ; 
a  tippler  ;  a  dram-drinker. 

"  The  whetfr  Is  obliffed  to  refresh  htmself  every  »o- 
ment  with  a  liquor  as  the  snuff-taker  with  a  powder." 
— Steels  :  Taller,  Ji  o.  14L 

Whew  (CW  as  u).  inter},  or  s.  [From  the 
sound  made.]  A  sound  expressive  of  astoni>li- 
raent,  aversion,  or  contempt. 

"  Lepet  4uj>i>res9ed  a  vheto."  —  ff annay  .•  Stttfflttom 
Fontenoy. 

whew  -  duck,    «.     [See   extract  under 

WHEWER.] 

whew  (ew  as  u),  v.i.  [WHEW,  interj.]  To 
whistle  with  a  shrill  pipe,  as  plovers.  (Prov.) 

whcw'-ell-ite  (whew  as  hu),  s.  [After 
the  late  Prof.  Whewell  of  Cambridge ;  suff. 

•ite  (Min.).] 

Min, :  A  rare  monoclinic  mineral  occurring 
in  well-defined,  mostly  twinned  crystals  on 
calcite  (q.v.),  of  unknown  locality,  though 
suggested  by  Quenstedt,  from  Hungary.  Hard- 
ness, 2'5  to  275;  lustre,  vitreous  to  sub- 
resinous  ;  brittle  ;  fracture,  conchoidal. 
Compos.  :  an  oxalate  of  lime. 

wheW-er  (ew  as  uX  «-  [Eng.  wfow,  v. ;  -cr.) 
Ornith. :  The  widgeon  (q.v.). 
"  The  note  of  the  Widgeon  Is  a  shrill  whit  tie,  and  in 
some  parts  of  England  ft  is  in  consequence  called  the 
Whew-dack  and   IKAewer.'— YurrtU;  Brit,  itirdt  (e-1. 
4th),  Iv.  400. 

Whey,  s.  [A.S.  hw&g;  cogn.  with  Dot  ftwi, 
wet;  cf.  Wei.  dtwig  —  whey  fermented  with 
sour  herbs.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. ;  The  serum  or  watery  part  of 
milk  separated  from  the  more  thick  or  coagu- 
lable  part,  especially  in  the  process  of  making 
cheese,  in  which  process  the  thick  part  is 
termed  curd,  and  the  thin  whey.      Various 
preparations  of  whey  are  medicinally  used  as 
sudorific*. 

"  In  sight  of  the  fields  and  castles  which  they  re- 
garded as  their  own,  they  hfut  been  glad  to  be  invited 
by  a  peaflKtit  to  iiartake  of  his  irhey  and  his  potatoes." 
—Xacnulay:  Hi*.  />;;..  ch.  xiL 

2.  Chan. :  [SEROM,  2.J. 

*  whey  -  face,  &     A  pale-faced  person. 
(Used  in  contempt.) 

"  What  soldiers.  wVv/oce  /  " 

fto'iketp. :  Macbeth,  v.  8. 

*  Whey-fSAOed,  o.    Pale-faced. 


^,  a.   [Eng.  whey;-ey.]    Of  the  nature 
of  whey  ;  resembling  whey. 

"  In  Bendlnf  down  the  W**JMJT  part  of  the  blood  to 
the  reiues."— Bacon:  A' at.  llist, 

whey'-ish.o.    [Eng.  whey;  -ish.]  Resembling 
whey;  wheyey. 

"  Wretched  he  that  nttaffii 
Such  wterfih  llqawr*.'1  J.  fhilifa:  Cidtr,  I 

whey -ish-nes»,  «.     (Eng.  wheyigk;   >nea.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  wheyish. 

"whib'-lfin,  •wbiV-llii,  *-    [Etym.  doubt- 
ful.J    A  etinach. 

"  God's  my  very  life,  he's  a  very  mandrake,  or  else 
(God  bless  uml  *ue  of  those  *>hiUi>u ;  aud  that's  wone." 
DeJcker :  Ht>nrtt  WKnre. 


&te.  Cat,  faro,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    »,  o  =  6 ;  ey  =  a ;  qa  =  lew. 


which— whiggarchy 


6167 


-which,  *  whilli,  •  wich,  •  wuch,  *  whiche, 

•  wlchC,  pro/i.  [A.S.  hirilc,  hwtlc,  hvyle,  a 
contracted  form  of  fcirfHr=  why-like,  from 
hwy  =  why  (from  tied  =  who),  and  lie  = 
i.ke;  cog",  with  O.  Sax.  lurilik,  from  h«7*  = 
wliy,  anU  (it  =  like  ;  O.  Fries,  hit'dlk,  hu-elk, 
hit-ek;  Dut.  u-effc;  Icel.  hvilikr  =  of  what  kind, 
from  lu-l,  instrumental  case  of  hverr  =who,  and 
llkr  =  like ;  Dan.  hvilksn,  (masc.),  hvilket 
(ueut,) ;  Sw.  hvilketi,  hvilket ;  Oer.  wither ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  hwelik,  from  hweo  =  how,  and  lik  = 
i  like;  Goth,  hmletks,  from  hm  instrumental 
case  of  dims  —  who,  and  Inks  —  like ;  Lat, 
yualis  =  of  what  sort.  As  an  interrogative 
pronoun,  w*  leh  is  used  of  any  gender,  but  as 
a  relative  it  is  now  only  neuter.] 

1.  An  interrogative  pronoun,  by  which  one 
or  move  out  of  a  number  of  persons  or  things, 
frequently  oue   out  of  two,  is   inquired  for 
or  is  desired  to  be  pointed  out  or  definitively 
described. 

••  (FA**  of  yon  eonrtnceth  me  of  sin  I "— John  Till.  «L 

2.  A  relative  pronoun,  serving  as  the  neuter 
Of  who,  and  having  as  its  antecedent  one  or 
more  persons  or  things.     It,  is  now  confined 
to  things;  snch  expressions  as  "Onr  father 
vhicb  art   in  heaven "  being  now  obsolete. 
Sometimes  the  antecedent  is  a  clanse  or  sen- 
tence :  as,  He  is  ill,  which  I  am  sorry  for. 

3.  Used  adjectively,  or  with  a  noun,  the 
relative  coming  before  the  noun. 


4.  Used  as  an  indefinite  prononn,  standing 
for  whichever,  any  one  which,  that  which,  those 
mhich,  or  the  like  :  as,  Take  which  yon  please. 

•J  (1)  micli  was  formerly  frequently  pre- 
ceded by  the. 

"  Do  they  not  blaspheme  that  worthy  name  by  tlM 
mttdk  ye  al»  called  ?  •'—Jama  U.  1. 

(2)  Which  was.formerly  sometimes  followed 
by  as  or  that,  with  the  effect  of  emphasis  or 
ilrtiniteness. 

(3)  It  was  also  sometimes  followed  by  the 
Indefinite  article. 

- 1  .hull  him  tellen  tsMcSe  a  eret  honour 
It  la."  6*iuc«r  :  C.  T..  6.87J. 

(4)  Which  it  which :  Which  Is  the  one  and 
which  the  other.     A  phrase  commonly  used 
to  denote  inability  to  distinguish  between  two 
persons  or  things. 

(5)  Which  sometime*  had  whose  u  ito  geni- 
tive. 

"  Of  man's  first  disobedience,  and  the  fnrft 
Of  that  forbidden  tree,  whole  mortal  taite 
Bron«ht death  Int.  the  world.^  .  p  ^^ 

•whaCh-eV-er,  which- so -eV-er,  proa. 
[Bng.  which  ;  -ever,  -soever.]  Whether  one  or 
the  other ;  no  matter  which.  (Used  both  as 
an  adjective  and  a  noun :  as,  Take  whichever 
road  you  please ;  whichever  of  the  roads  he 
takes.  . 

t  whick-en,  «.    [WicKEN.J 

whld,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.  Cf.  Welsh  chwtd 
=  a  quick  tirrn.] 

1.  The  motion  of  a  hare  running  but  not 
frightened. 

2.  A  lie.    (Burnt :  Death  &  Dr.  Hornbook.) 

Whld,  v.i    [WniD.]    (Scotch.) 

1.  To  whisk ;  to  move  nimbly. 

"  An'  morning  ponsele  whiddin'  seen." 

Burnt:  Taj.  Laprait. 

2.  To  lie,  to  fib. 

whi'-dah,  why'-dah,  >.    (Native  name.] 

(Stag. :  A  maritime  province  of  Dahomey, 
on  the  Bight  of  Benin. 
whidah-hird,  whydah-'bird,  ». 
Ornith. :  The  Widow-bird  (Vvlua  paraditea), 
or  Broad-shafted  Wliidah-bird,  from  equator- 
ial West  Afrii*.  Male  black  on  head,  back, 
and  tail;  brilliant  red  upon  tlie  nape  and 
lower  parts:  of  the  body;  female  brownish 
yellow  on  head,  breast  and  borders  of  wings 
rose  colour.  Length  of  body  about  five 
inches,  tail  eleven  inches ;  female  somewhat 
smaller.  The  song  is  simple  but  pleasing, 
and  these  birds  are  brought  to  Europe  in 
considerable  numbers  and  sold  as  cage  birds. 
They  are  generally  called  by  dealers  Birds  of 
Paradise,  and  sometimes  Paradise  Widow- 
birds.  Used  in  a  wider  sense  of  any  species 
of  the  genus  Vidua  (q.v.).  The  name  Widow- 
bird,  or  Widow,  is  also  applied  with  a  quali- 
fying epithet  to  allied  genera;  the  species 
of  Coliuspasser  being  popularly  known  as 


Mourning  Widows,  and  the  single  species  of 
Client  Whera  caj/ra)  aa  the  Long-tailed  Widow- 
bird. 

whldah  finch,  whydaw-finch,  «. 

OmWiology  : 

1.  The  Whidah-blrd  (q.v.> 

••  The  bird  on  the  wing  Is  the  vkadali-fnc*.  remark. 
able  tat  tlie  enormous  uluniea  with  which  tlie  tail  of 
the  male  bird  U  decorated  during  the  breeding  season. 
—  H'aituix:  titoy.  Ditc.  Anim,ilt,  L  204. 

2.  Any  species  of  the  gemid  Vidua,  consist- 
ing of  tropical  and  South-African  finches,  with 
long  wings  and  a  boat-shaped  tail,  the  two 
middle  feathers  of  which  become  excessively 
lengthened   In   the   male   in    the    breeding 
season,  and  drop  off  when  Incubation  is  over. 
Most  of  the  species  seek  their  food  on  the 
ground,  generally  subsisting  on  grass  seeds 
and  insects  ;    but  they  pass  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  breeding  season  among  the 
branches  of  trees,  as  affording  the  most  con- 
venient situation  for  tlie  bestowal  of  their 
abnormally  long  tails,  whilst  some  are  found 
inhabiting  the  reedy  parts  of  the  continent  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  great  rivers.     Their 
nests  closely  resemble  those  of  the  Weaver- 
birds.    The  best  known  species  are  the  Vidna 
paradisea  [WlDOW-BlSD]  and  V.  erythrorhyn- 
chus,  the  Red-billed  Whidah-finch,  which  is 
somewhat  smaller. 

•  whid-er,  adv.    [WHITHER.] 

*  whid-er-ward,  adv.    [WHITHEBWABI>.] 

whiff,  *  -weffe,  s.    tin  imitative  word.    Cf. 
puff,  pipe,  <Sc.  ;  cogu.  with  Welsh  chwi/=  a 
whiff,  a  puff;   chwiffi3  =  to  puff;  <*ua/  =  a 
gust  ;  Dan.  vifl  =  a  putf,  a  gust  ;  Ger.  piff-paff, 
used  to  denote  a  sudden,  explosive  sound.] 
L  Ordinary  language  : 
1.  A  sudden  expulsion  of  smoke,  or  the 
like,  from  the  mouth  ;  a  puff. 

"  The  skipper  he  blew  a  whiff  from  his  pipe. 
And  a  scornful  laugh  laughed  he.' 

Lonafettow:  W  rede  of  the  ffetptna. 

a  A  short  blast  or  gust  of  air  ;  a  gust  of 
air  conveying  some  smell. 


Of  stale  debauch,  forth  Issuing  from  tlie  sties 
That  Law  ha*  licensed.*        Cowper:  Tatk,  iv.  459. 

3.  A  hasty  view  ;  a  glimpse.    (Prov.) 
i.  A  name  used  at  Oxford  and  other  places 
on  the  Thames  for  a  light  kind  of  outrigged 
boat.     It  is  timber  -  built   throughout,  thus 
differing  from  a  skiff,  which  is  a  racing-boat, 
usually  of  cedar,  and  covered  with  canvas  for 
some  distance  at  the  bow  and  stern. 
tt  Ichthy.:  [MaRY-soutJ.. 

Whiff,  v.t.    [WHIFT,  «.] 

1.  To  puff;  to  emit  in  pnffs  or  whiffs. 

2.  To  consume  in  whiffs  ;  to  smoke. 

3.  To  Mow  ;  to  carry  on  the  wind. 

"The  smoke  took  him  [Empedoclesl  and  n*(ft  him 
up  Into  the  luoou."—  Ben  Jaruan  :  ffews  from  the  Aete 
WorU. 

*  i.  To  carry,  as  by  a  slight  blast  or  puff  of 
wind  ;  to  blow. 

"It  was  scornfully  whiffed  •Bide."—  Carlyl*  :  French 
Hoot..  I.L  I.,  bk.  T.,  ch,  il 

*  5.  To  drink  ;   to  consume  by  drinking. 
(Perhaps  in  this  sense  confounded  with  quaff.) 

"  Oargautua  vhifed  the  great  draaghU"—  DnfOuirt  : 
Babelatl,  bk.  i«  ch.  xxxlx. 

•  whiT-fet,  f.    [Eng.  whi/,  e.  ;  dimin.  guff. 
-ei.J    A  little  whiff. 

whiff-ing,  «.    [WHIP?.]    A  mode  of  fishing 
for  bass,  mackerel,  pollack,  &C.  (See  extract.) 

"  WhtMma.  the  process  of  slowly  towing  the  halt 
fsenlHng  or  pulling  in  the  known  haunts  of  the  flslij. 
—FuM.  Deo.  so.  less. 

Whir-fle,  v.l.  &  t.    [A  frequent,  from  whif,  V. 
(q-v.).J 

A.  Intransitive  : 
L  To  veer  about  as  the  wind  does. 

••  If  the  winds  whiffle  about  to  the  south."—  Dumpier  : 
DiK.  of  Wlmtl,  ch.  vl. 

*  2.  To  change  from  one  opinion  or  course 
to  another  ;  to  use  evasions  ;  to  prevaricate  ; 
to  be  fickle  and  unsteady. 

"  For  Just  aa  Int'rcst  whiffled  on  his  mind. 
He  Anatollitna  left,  or  Thracians  Join  'd." 
llai-le: 

*  3.  To  drink,  to  quaff. 

*  B.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  disperse  with  a  whiff  or  puff;  to  blow 
away  ;  to  scatter,  to  dissipate. 

•'  WKigtt  away  these  truths."—  J/or* 

2.  To  shake  or  wave  quickly. 


whif -fle,  s.     [A  dimin.  from  whi/,  a.  (q.v.).] 

A  lile  or  small  llute. 

whittle-tree,  «.  A  bar  to  which  the 
traces  of  an  animal's  harness  are  connected, 
and  whereliy  the  vehicle  is  <lra\vn  ;  it  wliipple- 
tree.  The  terms  single,  double,  and  treble 
tree  are  more  convenient,  and  expressive  of 
their  capacity. 

*  whif' -Her,  *.    {ling,  whiffle,  s.  ;  -«r.] 

1.  One  who  whittles;  one  who  frequently 
changes  liis  opinions  or  course  ;  one  who  user. 
shilts  or  evasions  in  argument;  a  fickle  or 
unsteady  person  ;  a  tritler. 

2.  A  piper  or  lifer. 

3.  A  wand-bearer  to  head  a  procession  ;  an 
officer  who  led  the  way  in  processions,  and 
who  cleared  the  way  by  blowing:  a  horn  or 
trumpet ;  any  person  who  ted  the  way  in  a 
procession. 

"  Whiffiers  originally  headed  armies  or  processions 
as  nfers  or  piners;  In  iiroceas  of  time  the  word 
wk'JJlfrt,  which  had  always  been  used  in  tiie  sense  of  a 
fifer.  came  to  signify  any  [>..i-8-m  who  went  Iwfore  in 
a  procession."—  Dniice:  ttluttrtitiont  of  M«*«(7i«(Trs. 

•J  Hence,  a  harbinger  of  any  kind.  (See 
extract  under  SHOEINO-BOBH,  II.  1.) 

Whigd), ».    [WHEY.] 

*  1.  Acidulated  whey,  sometime!  mixed  with 
buttermilk  and  sweet  herbs,  used  as  a  cooling 
beverage.  (Prov.) 

"  With  leeks  and  onions,  whig  and  whey.1 

tlretvx  :  Works  <tf  a  Young  "1C. 

2.  Whey.    (.Scotch.) 

Whig  (2),  *  whigg,  a.  &  a.   [For  etym.  see  ex- 
tract. J 

A.  At  substantive  : 

Eng.  Hist.:  A  term  applied  to  the  mem- 
bers of  one  of  the  great  political  parties  in 
Great  Britain.  Originally  it  was  a  Scottish 
term,  and  appears  to  have  been  lint  used  in 
Scotland  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  In 
England  in  that  of  Charles  II.  According  to 
Bishop  Bumet's  account  (Ovm  Times,  bk.  i.) 
of  the  origin  of  the  wbrd : 

"The  south-west  counties  of  Scotland  havs seldom 
com  enough  to  serve  them  all  the  year  round,  ami  the 
northern  parts  producing  more  thau  they  used,  tlioae 
In  the  west  went  in  summer  to  buy  at  Leith  the  stores 
that  came  from  the  north.  From  the  word  whtgriam. 
used  in  urivinK  their  horses,  all  tliat  drove  were  called 
the  whlagamari,  contracted  Into  whlat.  Now  in  the 
year  before  the  news  cauie  down  of  duke  Hamilton  » 
defeat  the  ministers  animated  their  people  to  rise 
and  inarch  to  Edinburgh  ;  and  they  came  up,  march. 
lug  on  the  head  of  their  parishes,  with  an  nnheiml-of 
fury,  praying  and  preaching  all  the  .way  aa  they  came. 
The  marquis  of  Argyle  «nd  hia  party  came  and  heiwled 
them,  they  being  about  «,000.  This  was  callfd  the 
•Whlggamors'  Inroad';  and  ever  after  that  all  who 
opposed  the  court  came  In  contempt  to  he  called 
whiffl. 

From  Scotland  the  term  was  transferred  to 
England,  and  was  applied  to  tlie  political 
party  opposed  to  the  Tories.  It  was  first 
assumed  as  a  party  name  by  those  who  were 
chiefly  instrumental  in  placing  William  III.  on 
the  throne.  As  a  political  term  it  has  now 
almost  fallen  out  of  use,  being  superseded  by 
the  term  Liberal,  the  more  extreme  members 
of  which  party  have  assumed  the  name  of 
Radicals.  [LIBERAL,  RADICAL,  TORY,  WBIOA- 
HOBE.1  During  the  colonial  and  revolutionary 
period  of  the  United  States  the  term  Whig  waa 
applied  to  those  who  opposed  the  British  rule, 
those  who  favored  it  being  styled  Tories.  In 
1834  it  was  adopted  u  the  name  of  the  suc- 
cessors of  the  old  National  Republican  party. 
The  Whig  party  died  out  after  1852,  and  was 
succeeded  by  the  present  Republican  party. 

B.  As  arlj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Whigs  ;  composed  of  or  proposed  by  Whigs. 

"Attached  to  the  If  Mir  party."—  Burtc:  Afptal 
from  the  New  to  the  Old  Whigt. 

whig,  v.i.  k  t.     [Prob.  connected  witl.  A.S 
wecgan  =  to  move,  to  agitate,  to  move  along.) 

A,  Intrans. :  To  move  at  an  easy  and  steady 
pace  ;  to  jog  along. 

"  Was  wfiiaffiny  cannily  awa*  hame."— Scott :  0uy 
Jfamieritiff,  ch.  xxiv. 

B.  Trans. :  To  urge  forward,  as  a  horse. 
•J  :icotch  in  both  uses. 

whig'-a-mbre,  whig'-ga-more,  s.  [Wmo, 

s.\  A'whig  ;  a  term  of  contempt  applied  to  a 
Scotch  Presbyterian. 

"  It  isna  eood  for  my  health  to  come  In  the  gate  tf 
the  U3D1.1.S™  bailie  bodles."-sco«.'  «oe  Sol.  ch. 

XXV. 

whigamores'  raid,  «.    [ENGAGEMENT, 
II.  2.] 
*  Whlg'-gar-chy,  >.    [Formed  from  whf,  a., 


Wil,  b6y;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  at*;  expect,  Xenophon,  extafc     In*, 
-dan.  -ttan  =  Shan,   -tton,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -jion  =  zhun.    -ciou»,  -tious,  -sious  =  shu».   -Me,  -die,  *c.  =  bel,  del. 


6168 


•whiggery— whimsicality 


on  analogy  of  oligarchy,  &c.)    Government  by 
Wliigs. 

"  They  will  not  recognise  any  poverurociit  in  Great 
Brttalnbut  whiggarciiv  only."— Swift :  Conduct  qf  the 
AW**.  (Appendix.) 

Whig'-ger-^,  s.  (Eng.  whig,  B.  ;  -try.]  The 
principles  of  the  Whigs  ;  Whiggism. 

Whig   gish,  o.     [Eng.  whig,  s. ;  -ish.]    Per- 
taining or  relating  t<>  Whigs  ;  partaking  of  the 
principles  of  Whigs ;  characteristic  of  Whigs. 
"A  portion  of  the  Tories,  with  their  old  leader, 
Dauby,  at  their  bead,  began  to  bold   WkiyyUh  Ian- 
guage.  —  Macaulay:  ffitt.  Eng.,  ch,  Tl. 

whig'-gfeh-J&  ad*.  [Eag.whi9gi*h;-ly.}  In 
a  wniggish  manner. 

whig  gism,  s.  [Eng.  whig,  s. ;  -i«n.]  The 
principles  of  the  Whigs  ;  whiggery. 

"Ami,  though  be  had  never  been  factions,  his  poli- 
tical oiiiiiicms  had  a  tinge  of  Wkiggi*m.'—Macau!ay  : 
ffUt.  Eng.,  ch,  viii. 

*  whig'-ling,  «.  [Eng.  whig,  s. ;  dimin.  stiff. 
-ling?}  A  petty  or  insignificant  Whig.  (Used 
in  contempt,) 

whlg-ma-leer'-le, «.  A  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  trinket,  a   nicknack,  a 
whim.    (Scotch.) 

"  Nan«  o*  yere  vihigmaleeritt  and  entile worlies."— 
Scott :  Rob  Roy,  cb.  xlx. 

B.  As  adj. :  Dealing  In  gimcracks;  whim- 
sical. 

while,  *  whil,  *  whyle,  *  wyle, «.  &  conj. 
[  A.8.  hwtt  =  a  time ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  hvlla  = 
a  place  of  rest,  a  bed  ;  Dan.  hvite  =  rest ;  Sw. 
kvito.  —  rest ;  O  H.  Ger.  hwila ;  Ger.  weile ; 
Goth,  hwcila  —  a  time,  season ;  and  perhaps 
also  with  Lat.  quits  =  rest.] 
A*  As  substantive : 

1.  A  time ;  a  space  of  time ;  especially  a 
short  space  of  time  during  which  something 
happens,  or  is  to  happen,  or  be  done. 
"  I  for  a  while  will  leave  yon," 

:  Measure  for  Meature,  T 


"  2.  A  turn,  a  return.    (Wycliffe:  1  Kings 
xxtv.  20.) 
B.  A3  conjunction  ; 

1.  During  the  time  that :  as,  While  I  write 
you  sleep. 

2.  As  long  as ;  whilst 

"  Use  your  memory ;  yon  will  senalbly  experience  a 
gradual  improvement,  while  you  take  care  nut  toover- 
Ibad  it,"—  Wat  t*. 

3.  At  the  same  time  that. 

"  Painfully  to  pore  upon  a  book 
To  seek  the  light  of  truth  :  while  truth  the  while 
Doth  falsely  blind  the  eyenight  of  his  look. 

Shake*?.  :  Love't  Labour1 1  Lett.  i.  L 

•4.  Tilt 

"  While  then.  God  be  with  you  !" 

ShaXetp. :  Macbeth.  ML  1. 

5  (1)  The  while :  During  the  time  that  some- 
thing else  is  going  on  ;  in  the  meantime. 

"  Put  on  the  gown  the  while.* 
Shaketp.  :  Merry  Wi*e*  o/  Windtor,  IT.  S. 

(2)  Worthwhile:  Worth  the  expenditure  of 
time  which  would  be  required  ;  worth  the 
time,  pains,  labour,  or  expense  involved. 

*  (3)  While  was  formerly  used  In  exclama- 
tions of  grief:  as,  Alas,  the  while! 

while,  v.t.  &  i.    [WHILE,  $.} 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  pass  pleasantly,  or  without 
languor,  irksomeness,  or  weariness.  (Usually 
followed  by  away.) 

**  Here  In  seclusion,  as  A  widow  may, 
The  lovely  lady  whiltd  the  hours  away.' 

Longfellow:  Student: t  Tat*. 

•2.  To  spend. 

*'  To  while  so  much  time  In  pernring  thU  dlsquisl> 
tton."—l'effffe:  Anecdote*,  p.  329. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  loiter ;  to  pass  slowly. 

"To  pan  away  the  tripling  momenta."—  Sttele : 
Spectator.  No.  622. 

•while'  mele,  adv.    [Eng.  while,  and  auff. 
-mfie,  as  in  piecemeal,  &c.]    By  turns. 

"Ten  thousand  by  eche  moneth  ithtiemei*.*—  Wy. 
cUffe;  3  A'tnyi  v.  14. 

*  While  -ness,  s.  [Eng.  while;  -ness.}  Change. 

**  AneutJ*  whom  la  ...  nether  schadewlng  of  tcAif«- 
new  or  tyme.*1—  Wydiffe ;  Jamet  L  17. 

*  whil-ere',  *  whyle-are,  adv.  [Eng.  while, 

and  ere.}    A  little  time  ago  or  before ;  some 
time  ago ;  erewhile. 

"  Let  us  be  Jocund.    Will  yon  troll  the  catch 
You  taught  me  but  whileret " 

Shaketp.  i  Tvmvett.  111.  ft, 

whiles,  adv.    [Eng.  while,  with  adverbial  sun*. 


*L  While;  during  the  time  that;  as  long  as; 
at  the  same  time  that. 

"  While*  hi*  most  mighty  father  on  a  hil) 
Stood  smiling."  Sha*?ip.  :  Henry  F.,  v.  1 

2.  Sometimes  ;  at  times.    (Scotch.) 

"For  »'  the  nonsense  maggots  that  ye  tehiltt  take 
Into  your  head."—  Scott  :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxxviii. 

whlT-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [WHILE,  t'.] 

*  whil  ing-  time,  *.    A  time  of  waiting. 

"  The  whUinff-time.  the  gathering  together  and 
waiting  a  little  before  dinner,  is  the  most  awkwardly 
passed  away  of  any  in  the  four-and-twenty  hours."— 
Steele  :  Spectator,  No.  448. 

Whllk,  8.      [WHELK.] 

whilk,  pron.    [WHICH.]    (Scotch.) 

whU'-ljr%  v.t.  [Prob.  connected  with  wheedle 
(q.v-XJ  To  cajole  by  wheedling;  to  whillywha. 

whil'-ly^wha,  whll'-ly-whaw,  v.U  &   i. 

[WHILLY.J 

A.  Trans.  :  To  cajole,  to  wheedle  ;  to  de- 
lude by  specious  pretences. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  utter  cajolery  or  wheed- 
ling speeches.    (Scotch.) 

whil'-ly-wha,  wbir-ll-whaw,  «.  &  a. 

[WHILLYWHA,  t).] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Idle  cajoling  speeches  ;  flummery. 

"  Learn  the  way  of  blawing  iu  a  woman's  lug  wi'  a 
your  trhillyvAai  /  —  Scott  :  Old  Mortality,  ch.  T. 

2.  A  shuffler. 

"You  soon  begin  to  suspect  a  vhillyviha.''—  J.  Wil- 
ton: A'octe*  Amorotiante,  1.  119. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Characterized  by  cajolery  ;  not 
to  be  depended  on. 

whil'-om,  *  whil  -6me,  *  whyl  ome,  ode. 
[A.S.  hwilum,  dat  of  hwU  =  a  while,]  For- 
merly, once,  of  old,  erewhile. 

"  On  sloping  mounds,  or  in  the  vale  beneath, 
An  domes  where  tchilom«  kingn  did  make  repair." 
fiyron  :  Childe  Harold,  L  S3. 

whilst,  "whilest,  adv.  [Eng.  whiles,  with 
excrescent  tt  as  in  amidst,  amongst,  &c.] 
While. 

'*  Whtitt  your  great  goodness,  out  of  holy  pity, 
Absolved  him  with  an  axe. 

ShaXesp.  :  ffenry  mi.,  lit  «. 

•t  The  whilst: 

(1)  In  the  meantime. 

"HI  call  Sir  Toby  Me  iekXtt"-Sh<ikft)>:  Twelfth 
Jftffht,  lr.  3. 

(2)  While. 

"The  whilst,  amus'd,  you  hear." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  L  IS 

Whim  (1),  ».  [Icel.  hvima  =  to  wander  with 
the  eyes,  as  a  silly  person  ;  vim  =  giddiness, 
folly.]  A  sudden  turn  or  start  of  the  mind  ; 
a  sudden  fancy  ;  a  freak,  a  caprice. 

"  Touching  thy  harp  as  the  whim  came  on  thee." 
Matthew  Arnold  :  Smpedoelei  on  Etna. 

T  For  the  difference  between  freak  and 
whim,  see  FREAK. 

Whim  (2),  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  hoisting- 
device  operated  by  horse-power,  to  wind  a. 
rope  and  drawakibble  or  bucket  from  a  mine. 
The  rope  is  passed  over  a  pulley  and  around  a 
drum  on  a  vertical  shaft  provided  witli  a 
cross-bar,  to  which  a  pair  of  traces  Is  con- 
nected. (Also  written  whin.) 

If  Whim  is  used  locally  =  mine,  «.  Thus 
Tully  Whim,  in  the  Isle  of  Purbeck  =  Tally 
Uine. 


Mining  :  The  same  as  WHIM  (2). 
•whim-rope,  ;. 

Mining:  A  rope  by  which  the  kibble  ia 
attached  to  the  winding-engine  or  whim. 

whim-shaft,  s. 

Mini-tig:  The  shaft  by  which  the  stuff  IB 
drawn  out  of  a  mine. 

•whim,  tU.  &  t.    [WHIM  (i),  *•] 

A*  Intrans.  :  To  indulge  in  whims  ;  to  be 
subject  to  whims  or  capricious  fancies  ;  to  be 
giddy.  (Confjreve:  Way  of  the  World,  iv.) 

B.  Trans.  :  To  influence  by  whims  or  odd 
fancies. 

"How  he  came  to  be  whimmed  off  from  it.  as  his 
exprewion  was."—  Ward  ;  Life  of  Dr.  Henry  More. 

whlm'-ble,  s.    [WIMBLE.J 

whim'-brel,  *.    [Etym.  not  apparent  ;  prob. 
from  the  cry  of  the  bird.    Cf.  titterel] 

Ornith.  :  Numenius  phceopus,  widely  distri- 
buted from  the  north  of  Europe  and  Asia  to 


the.  north  of  Africa  and  India,  visiting  Eng- 
land In  its  spring  and  autumn  migrations, 
occasionally  breeding  in  the  Shetland  Islands. 
It  resembles  the  Curlew  (q.v.),  but  is  smaller, 
and  has  a  proportionately  shorter  bill ;  length 
of  male  sixteen  inches,  female  somewhat 
larger.  Plumage  bright  ash-colour,  with 
streaks  of  brown  on  neck  and  breast ;  a  band 
of  yellowish-white  on  middle  of  head,  with  a 
wider  brown  band  on  each  side ;  belly  mid 
abdomen  white ;  feathers  of  back  and  scapu- 
lars deep  brown  in  the  middle,  bordered  with 
brighter  brown  ;  tail  ashy-brown,  with  oblique 
brown  bands;  bill  blackish,  inclining  to  inl 
at  base ;  feet  lead-colour.  The  Whimbrel  i* 
probably  the  "Curlew-knave"  of  the  old 
Household  Books ;  its  flesh  is  still  esteemed 
for  the  table,  and  its  eggs  are  as  highly 
valued  as  those  of  the  plover. 

*  whim  -ling,  *.     [Eng.  whim  (I),  s. ;  dimiu. 

suff.  -ling.]    A  person  full  of  whims. 

"G<>,  lehimliny,  and  fetch  two  or  three  grating 
loaves  out  of  the  kitcbing."— Beaitm.  A  fief.:  Cox- 
comb, IT. 

*  whim'-m^,  o.    [Eng.  whim  (I),  s. ;  -y.J    Full 

of  whims;  whimsical,  capricious. 

"Tbeatudy  of  Rabbinical  literature  either  finds  a 
mail  MrAimmy,  or  makes  him  »o. ' — Coleridge. 

*whlmpe,*whympe,r.i.  [LowGer.wmern, 
Ger.  wimmern  =  to  whimper.)    To  whimper. 

"There  shall  be  Intractablles.  that  will  whimpe  and 
whin*."— Latimcr;  &er.  before  Edw.  I'/.,  Hatch  22. 

Whim'-per,   v.i.   &   t.       [A   frequent,   from 
whimpe  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intrant. :    To  cry  with  a  low  whining 
voice ;  to  whine. 

"The  father  by  hit  authority  should  always  stop 
this  sort  of  crying,  and  silence  their  whimpering." — 
Locke  :  On  Education. 

B.  Trans.:    To    utter   in  a  low,  whining 
tone :  as,  To  whimper  out  complaints. 

whim'-per,  *.  [WHIMPER,  v.]  Alow,  peevish 
or  whining  cry. 

"The  first  whimper  wm«  borne  upon  our  ear*,"— 
Field.  April  4,  1865. 

1[  To  be  on  the  whimper:  To  be  in  a  peevish, 
crying  state.    (Colloq.) 

whim'-per-er,  s.     [Eng,  whimpert  v. ;  »er.] 
One  who  whimpers. 

whim  per  ing,  pr.par.,  a.,  &  s.    [WHIMPER, 
v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb.) 

C.  As  subst. :    A  low,    muttered   cry ;   a 
whimper. 

"  What  waa  there  hi  thy  purse,  them  keep'st  such  » 
whimpering  t "— Ben  Junton :  GipAe*  Metamorphosed. 

'whim'  pled  (le   as  el),   a.      [Prob.  con- 
nected with  whimper.}   Distorted  with  crying. 
"Thli  whimpled,  whining,  purblind,  wayward  boy." 
Shaketp. :  Lovt'i  Labour"*  Lott,  liL  L 

*  whim'-se^"  (1),  *.     [Norw.  kvimsa ;    Dan. 
vimse  =  to  skip ;  jump   from  one  thing   to 
another.]     [WHIM  (1),  s.}    A  whim,  a  freak, 
a  caprice,  an  odd  fancy. 

"I  can  feel 
A  tehimtey  in  my  blood."        Ben  Jonton  :  Yolpone, 

whim'-?ey  (2),  s.    [WHIM  (2);  *.] 

1.  Mining :   An  engine   used  to  draw  up 
coals ;  the  term  is  particularly  applied  to  the 
old  atmospheric  engines. 

2.  A  small  warehouse-crane  for  lifting  goods 
to  the  upper  storeys. 

"whim'-^ey,  v.t.     [WHIUSEY  (IX  <•]    To  fill 
with  wniuiseys  or  whims. 

**To  have  a  mail's  brains  whlmtted  with  his  wealth." 
— Beaum.  A  flet.  :  Rule  a  Wife  £  have  a  Wife* 

whlm-alc-al,  a.    [Eng.  whims(ey) ;  -ical.] 

1.  Full  of  whims ;  capricious ;  having  land- 
fill or  capricious  fancies ;  odd. 

**  If  still,  from  false  pride,  your  pangs  the  deride, 
This  %ehiintical  virgin  forget." 

Byron;  Reply  to  Kme  Yertet. 

2.  Strange,  curious,  freakish. 

**  Offering  a  whimsical  insult  to  the  government,*— 
Mac<itda>/:  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  V. 

3.  Odd  in  appearance  ;  fanciful,  fantastic. 

"  I  am  not  for  Hddiug  to  the  beautiful  edifice!  of 
nature,  nor  for  raising  utty  nUnufflfll  superftructure 
npon  her  plans."— Additun  ;  Spectator,  No.  9ft. 

WhIjn-slt-c»l'-I-tJr, ».  [Eng.  iclimswoi;  -«».] 
Whitusicalness. 

"The  K-Mmiicaltttt  of  my  fetheri  bnln  WM  f»r 
from  havluj  thu  «hol«  honour  of  thil."- «enu . 
Trittram  tAandy,  vol.  lit,  ch.  xzzllL 


fete,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wol(  work,  who,  sin;  mate,  crib,  cure,  volte,  oar,  rule,  full  j  try,  Syrian,    te,  09  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  QU  =  kw. 


whimsically— whip 


Whlm'-sl-cal-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  whimsical;  -ly.} 
lu  a  whimsical  manner ;  oddly,  freakishly, 
fantastically. 

"There  i«  uot.  perhaps.  »  more  ahlmiieall!/ 'dismal 
n  n.ture.--!flol<iimi<».-  ™e»«.  No.  I.  IIntrod.1 


Whlm'-sl-cal-ness.  s.  [Eng.  whimsical ; 
-ness  1  The' quality  or  state  of  being  whim- 
sical ;  whimsical  disposition  ;  odd  temper. 

,o;'hES,rc«?S.-^.^l^tori;.B^er 

*whlm'-sy,  s.    [WHIMSET.] 

»  whim' -wham,  s.    [A  reduplication  of  Eng. 

vhim  (1),  s.]    A  plaything,  a  toy,  a  whim,  a 

fancy. 
"  They'll  pull  ye  all  to  piec 

whin  (1),  «.  [Wei.  chwyn  -  (1)  weeds,  (2)  a 
weed.  (Steit.)  Prior  suggests  Dan.  MM  — 
bent  grass.] 

1.  Botany: 

tt)  One  of  the  popular  names  for  the 
genus  Ulex,  and  especially  for  Ulex  europtmis. 
It  Is  the  common  name  of  that  species  in 
Scotland. 

^1  Used  in  the  plural  for  whin-bushes  grow- 
ing, as  they  do,  gregariously,  so  as  to  cover  a 
larger  or  smaller  space  with  a  thorny  brake. 

"  Mr  Laidlay  drew  his  tee  shot  and  got  among  the 
•MM."—  FMd,  Oct.  8.  1886. 

t  (2)  Ononis  arvensis. 

2.  Petrol. :  Whinstone  (q.v.). 
whin-axe,  s.     An  instrument  used  for 

extirpating  whin  from  land. 

whin  berry,  s. 

Bot.:   The  genus  Vaccinium,  specially  V. 
Ityrtillus. 
•  whin-bird,  s. 

Ornith. :  An  unidentified  bird  ;  probably 
the  whinchat  (q.v.). 

"  Great  variety  of  finches  and  other  small  bird., 
whereof  one  very  small,  called  a  «Mn-6irci.  marked 
with  five  yellow  spots,  and  lesser  than  a  wren.  — 
Browne :  Norfolk  Bird*. 

whin-hrulser,  s.  A  machine  for  cutting 
and  bruising  furze  or  whins  for  fodder  for 
cattle. 

Whin  (2),  i.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    The  same  as 
WHIM  (2). 

Whin  (3),  s.    [WHEEN,  «.] 

whin' -chat,  s.    [Eng.  whin  (1),  and  chat.] 

Ornith. :  Soxicota  rutetra,  closely  allied  to 
and  externally  resembling  the  Stonechat  (q.vA 
from  which  it  may  be  readily  distinguished 
by  the  white  streaks  on  the  head  and  neck,  by 
the  absence  of  white  on  the  wing-coverts,  and 
by  the  border  of  rusty  yellow  on  the  feathers 
of  the  upper  parts.  [Cf.  extract  under  WHIN- 
BIRD.]  It  arrives  in  England  about  the  end 
of  April,  and  nests  on  the  ground,  laying  four 
to  six  bluish-green  eggs,  and  producing  two 
broods  in  the  season.  Length  about  five 
inches. 

whine,  v.i.  [A.S.  hwliutn;  cogn.  with  Icel. 
vhina  =  to  whiz,  to  whir;  Dan.  hvine  =  to 
whistle,  to  whine ;  Sw.  hvina  =  to  whistle ;  cf. 
IceL  kveina  =  to  wail;  Goth.  kwainon  =  to 
mourn ;  Sansc.  kvan  =  to  buzz.] 

1.  To  express  sorrow,  distress,  or  complaint 
by  a  plaintive,  drawling  cry ;  to  moan ;  to 
complain  in  a  mean  or  unmanly  way. 

"  TIs  true,  I  could  not  whine  nor  sigh, 
I  know  but  to  obtain  or  die. 


used  as  a  knife  at  meals  and  in  broils ;  a 
poniard.    (Scotch.) 

••  WT  the  pistol  and  the  whinger  in  the  Ue  hand. 

and  the  Bible  In  the  other.'-toll.  Old  Mortality. 

ch.  xiv. 

whin' -Ing,     *whyn-lng,    pr.  par.  or   o. 

[WHINE,  v.] 
whin'-ing-ly,  adv.    [Bng.  whining;  -ly-]    In 

a  whining  manner. 
whln'-ny,  a.    [Eng.  whin  (1),  s. ;  -y.] 

1.  Abounding  in  whins  or  furze-bushes. 

"  Gateskale  being  a  whinnii  place. "  — .vjAotaon  i 
Burn  :  Weltmortland  i  Cumberland,  ii.  81D. 

2.  Abounding  in  or  resembling  whinstone. 

whln'-ny,  v.i.  [An  imitative  word  ;  cf.  Eng. 
whine,  and  Lat.  hinnio=  to  whinny.)  lo 
utter  the  sound  of  a  horse  ;  to  neigh. 

"  And  tho  he  were  as  naked  as  my  nail, 
Yet  be  could  whinny  then,  at"1  " 


whln'-ny,  s.  [WHINSV,  ».]  The  act  of  whin- 
nying; a  neigh. 

whln'-stone.  *  quhln-atane,  *  quhyn- 
stane,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob.  from  bug. 
whin  (1),  and  stone.] 

Petrol. :  A  term  used  in  Scotland  as  synony- 
mous with  greenstone  (q.v.),  but  applied  by 
miners  and  quarrymen  to  any  hard,  resisting 
rock  which  comes  in  the  way  of  their  opera- 
tions. (Page.) 

*  whin'-yard,  *whin'-a-ard,  «.     [Etym. 
doubtful ;  perhaps  from  A.S.   winnan  = 
flght ;  and  geard  =  a  rod,  a  yard.]    A  sword 


whip,  -whip-pen,  "whyp-pyn,  vt.&i. 
[Original  meaning,  to  move  rapidly  ;  cf.  Dut. 
wippen  =  to  skip,  to  hasten,  to  flog ;  Low 
QerTwippen.,  wuppen  =  to  go  up  and  down, 
as  on  a  seesaw  ;  Dan.  vippe  =  to  seesaw,  to 
rock  :  Sw.  vippa  =  to  wag,  to  jerk,  to  flog  ; 
Qer.  wippen  =  to  move  up  and  down,  to  see- 
saw, to  flog;  Gael,  cuip  =  a  whip;  Wei. 
chwif  =  a  quick  turn  ;  chwipio  =  to  move 
briskly  or  nimbly.  The  h,  therefore,  appears 
not  to  have  belonged  to  the  word  originally.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1  To  move  suddenly  and  quickly ;  to  take 
or  seize  with  a  sudden  motion ;  to  snatch ; 
to  carry,  convey,  or  move  suddenly  and  ra- 
pidly. (Generally  followed  by  a  preposition, 
as  away,  off,  out,  up,  &c.) 

"  The  sultan,  furious,  called  a  mute,  and  said,. 
•  0  Musta.  *W«* 


^ 

8.  To  make  a  similar  noise.    (Said  of  dogs 
and  other  animals.) 

"  I  like  a  dog,  could  bite  as  well  as  vrhint." 

Pop,,  We  oSBath'i  Prologue.  W. 

Whine,  «.  (WHINE,  v.]  A  drawling,  plaintive 
tone ;  the  nasal,  puerile  tone  of  mean  com- 
plaint ;  mean  or  unmanly  complaint. 

"  The  cant  and  uhine  of  a  mendicant" — Ooyan  :  On 
the  pdtMiora,  pt  tt.,  ch.  1U. 

whin'-er, ».    [Eng.  whinKe),  v. ;  •«•.]    One  who 

whines. 

"The  sect  ol  «*<««r«  or  grumblers  ((or  It  deserves 
to  be  stigmatized  by  no  very  honourable  name),  fur 
nishes  a  very  proper  subject  for  ridicule,  -kmx. 
Winter  Eoeningt.  even.  14. 

whinge,  r.i.    [WHINE,  «.]    To  whine  (Scotch.) 

"  If  ony  whlgfflsh  lehlwln'  sot. 

To  blame  fSf  Matthew  dare  man.- 
Burnt :  Elegg  on  Capt.  Benderton.    {The  Epitaph 


2.  To  make  to  turn  or  rotate  with  lashes  : 
as,  To  whip  a  top. 

3  To  strike  with  a  whip  or  lash,  or  with 
anything  tough  and  flexible  ;  to  lash. 

"  Wee  were  constrained  to  beat  and  whip  on  our 
horses."—  BacUust!  rot/ago,  1. 112. 

4.  To  furnish  with  a  whip,  scourge,  birch, 
or  the  like ;  to  flog. 

••  Let  them  be  whippd  through  every  market  town, 
till  they  came  to  Berwick,  whenoe  they. came.  - 
ghuketp.:  2  Benry  >"/.,  ii.  1. 

5.  To  drive  with  lashes. 

"  Consideration  like  an  angel  came,  „ 

And  whippW  offending  Adam  outofb.m^  ^ 

*  6.  To  thrash  ;  to  beat  out,  as  grain,  by 
striking  :  as,  To  whip  wheat. 

»  7  To  lash  in  a  figurative  sense ;  to  treat 
with  cutting  severity,  as  with  sarcasm,  abuse, 
or  the  like. 

••  wilt  thou  «*(p  thine  own  faults 


5169 
2.  (See  extract). 

••  She  and  Scully  robbed  a  lallor  In  Devonshire- 
street  and  Scully  was  guilty  of  what  is  known  In 
Billingsgate  as  «Wwf ap-lhat :is,  }!?>"i'"]f 'KJS 
keeping  part  of  the  plunder.  —  rail  xaii  letim, 
Feb.  1.  1888. 

U  1.  To  whip  in: 

(1)  Intransitive: 

(a)  To  act  as  whipper-in  (q.v.). 
"  Also  whlpped-in  for  some  time  to  the  Bedale."— 
field,  Nov.  19.  1887. 

(6)  To  come  last. 

•• whipped  in,  and  to  the  astonishment  of  every 

one  an  extraordinary  stand  was  made."— Daily  Tele- 
graph,  July  1.  1885. 

(2)  Trans.  :    To  keep   from    scattering,  as 
hounds  in  a  hunt;  hence,  to  bring  or  keep 
the  members  of  a  party  together,  as  in  a  legis- 
lative assembly. 

2.  To  whip  off:  To  drive  hounds  off  a  scent. 

"  The  difficult  nature  of  the  covert,  and  the  fact 
that  thpv  were  running  In  view,  prevented  hounds 
befng  »KIJVatthegoatsct."-W<.W.  April  1. 18W 

3.  To  whip  the  cat : 

(1)  To  practise themost  pinching  parsimony. 
(Prov.) 

(2)  To  work  from  house  to  house  by  the 
day,  as  a  tailor,  dressmaker,  carpenter,  or  the 
like.    (Prov.) 


g   To  beat  into  a  froth,  as  eggs,  cream,  &c., 
with  a  whisk,  fork,  spoon,  or  the  like. 

9.  To  fish  by  casting  a  line  on  a  stream. 

[FLYFISHINO.] 

10.  To  beat,  to  overcome,  to  surpass.  (Amer. 
slang.) 

*  11.  To  sew  slightly ;  to  form  into  gathers : 
as,  To  whip  a  ruffle. 

12.  To  sew  over  and  over,  as  the  two  sel- 
vages of  stuffs  stitched  together. 

IL  Naut. :  To  hoist  or  purchase  by  means 
of  a' rope  passed  through  a  single  pulley. 
B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  move  or  turn  nimbly ;  to  start  sud- 
denly and  run  ;  to  turn  and  run. 

"  In  flght  he  »ts  up  hi.  tulle,  and  «*<£  .•J""'6.- 
turning  his  talle  to  the  enemie.  -P.  BoUand  .  runie, 
bk.  vlll..  ch.  xxiv. 


tion)  Is  equally  said  to  ' 
utte.  May  a,  1888. 

whip,  whlppe,  s.    [WHIP,  «.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

1  An  instrument  used  for  driving  horses 
and  other  animals,  or  for  correction ;  com- 
monly consisting  of  a  handle,  a  thong  of  plaited 
leather,  and  a  lash  of  plaited  hemp  or  other 
fibre.  Frequently,  however,  the  handle  and 
thong  are  in  one  piece,  forming  a  tapering 
flexible  rod ;  riding-whips  are  made  in  this 

W&5r'  "  To  thy  speed  add  wings, 

Leet  with  a  whip  of  scorpions  I  pursue 
Thy  ling  ring.'  Jftttw  •  P-  <*•  "•  *•• 

2.  A  coachman,  or  driver  of  a  carriage. 

"  None  of  the  London  wMpt .  .  .  wear  wigs  now."- 
Shtridim-  MM* LI. 

3.  A  Whipper-in. 

"The  first  whip  was  unlucky  in  meeting  with! 
nasty  accident  soine  two  or  threeweeks  back.  -Field, 
Oct.  15. 1887. 

4.  An  endless  line,  used  in  saving  life  from 
a  wreck. 

••  Th.  ,nhio  uasses  rapidly  toward  the  wreck,  and 
arr™ng  tblreClanor,  make  fast  the  tail-Mock  In 
accordance  with  the  directions  on  the  Ully.board,  and 
show  a  signal  to  the  shore."-*rion«-i  Magadne, 
Jan,  1880.  p.  830. 

5.  A  flag  used  for  signalling. 

6  The  arm  of  a  windmill,  on  which  a  sail  is 
extended  ;  also  the  length  of  the  arm  reckoned 
from  the  shaft. 

II.  Technically : 

1  Kant. :  A  fonn  of  hoisting-tackle.  A 
single  whip  is  the  most  simple  purchase  In 
use  If  the  fall  of  the  rope  of  a  single  whip 
be  spliced  round  the  block  of  another  whip,  it 
becomes  whip  on  whip,  or  whip  and  runner. 
Thus  two  single  blocks  afford  the  same  pur- 
chase as  a  tackle  having  a  double  and  a  single 
block,  with  much  less  friction. 

2.  Parliamentary  (English)  .• 

(1)  A  member  who  performs  the  Important 
duties  of  looking  after  the  interests  of  his 
party,  and  who  secures  the  attendance  of  as 
many  members  as  possible  at  an  important 
division. 

••  The  Liberal  whips  have  Issued  a  somewhat  similar 
lnvHatlon.--rai  jlall  OaKOe,  Nov.  9.  1882. 

(2)  A  call  made  upon  the  members  of  a 
party  to  attend  in  their  places  at  a  certain 
time,  as  when  an  important  division  is  ex- 

**  ••  Urgent  whip,  have  been  Issued  by  both  •ld«.-- 
fatt  I/all  Oasate,  Nov.  ».  1881 

*  K  Used  as  an  exclamation  =  immediately. 

"  You  are  no  sooner  chose  In,  but.  ««(p/  you  are  u 
proud  as  the  devU"-<»>«it>r».-  Ootham  iltttion. 

1[  (1)  The  whip  with  six  strings:  [Six,  Ii  (2)]. 

(2)  Whip  and  derry : 

Mining :   An  arrangement  for  raising  tl 
kibble,  by  means  of  a  rope  merely  passing 
over  a  pulley  and  attached  to  a  horse. 

(8)  Whip  and  runner :  [WHIP,  «.,  II.  1.1. 

(4)  Whip  and  spur :  With  the  greatest  haste. 

11  Each  staunch  polemick 
Came  whip  and  .pur,  and  danh'd  tliro'  ft J' 5"j'v"! 


6170 


whipcan— whir 


whip-cord,  «. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  h»rd-twisted  cord  of  which 
lashes  fur  whips  are  made. 

2.  Bot. :  The  genus  Chonlaria, 

3.  Fabric :  A  kind  of  twilled  cloth. 

•  whip-cordy,  a.    Like  whip-cord ;  sin- 
ewy, muscular. 

-The  I.Uhop  wonderfully  hal«  and  mUp-coriiiS-Bp. 

WttiKrfartt.  Ul  Life,  ii.  *». 

whip-crane,  ».  A  crane  of  simple  con- 
•trnction,  for  whipping  or  quicklv  hoisting 
goods  in  unloading  vessels. 

whip-graft,  s. 

Wort. :  A  graft  made  by 
catting  the  scion  anil  stock 
in  a  sloping  direction,  so 
as  to  lit  each  other,  and 
by  inserting  a  tongue  in 
the  scion  into  a  slit  on  the 
stock. 

whip-graft,  ».(.  To 
graft  by  the  method  de- 
scribed under  Whip  - 
graft,  «.  (q.v.X 

whip-hand,  ».    The 
hand  in  which  the  whip 
Is  held  in  riding  or  driving ;  hence,  fig.,  power, 
advantage. 

^  To  get  or  have  the  whip-hand  «/:  To  get 
or  have  the  advantage  over. 

••A  scheme  to  get  the  ¥>hip-hana  of  the  owner."- - 
Hetd,  Dec.  It.  1187. 

*  whip-king,   ».     A  ruler  of  kings ;  a 
king-maker. 

"Richard  KiviU,  that  uhipJOml."  -  P.  Bolland: 
Camden,  p.  ATI. 

whip  lash,  «. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  lash  or  striking  end  of  a 
whip. 

"Have tphip-IaA  well  knotted  and  eartrope  Inongh." 
Tuner:  HuibaxAne. 

1.  But.:  Chorda Jllum. 

whip  maker,  s.    One  who  makes  whips. 

whip-net,  i.  A  simple  form  of  network 
fabric  produced  In  the  loom  by  a  systematic 
crossing  of  the  warps. 

whlp-on-whip,  a.    [WHIP,  a,,  II.  1.] 
Whip-poor- Will,  ». 

Ornith. :  Caprimulffut(Antrogtomvs)voctJkn(3, 
a  Goatsucker  common  in  the  eastern  parts  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  about  ten  inches 
long ;  plumage  tawny  brown,  much  mottled 
and  indistinctly  marked  with  small  transverse 
bands,  top  of  the  head  streaked  with  black, 
and  a  narrow 
white  collar  on 
throat.  The 
popular  name 
of  the  bird  is 
derived  from 
the  cry,  which 
bears  some  re- 
semblance to 
these  words. 
Nuttall  (Orai- 
thol.  Vailed 
Statet)  says 
that  "in  the 
lower  part  of 
the  state  of  WHIP-POOR-WILL. 

Delaware     he 

found  these  birds  troublesomely  abundant  in 
the  breeding  season,  so  that  the  reiterated 
echoes  of  '  whip-poor-will,  *whip-peri-will,' 
issuing  from  several  birds  at  the  same  time, 
occasioned  such  a  confused  vociferation  as  at 
first  to  banish  sleep."  The  habit*  of  the  bird 
ate  like  those  of  the  European  Goatsucker. 
(CAPRIMDUJUS.] 

whip-ray,  ».  The  same  as  STINO-RAY. 
80  ealli -d  from  its  long  and  slender  tail. 

whip-roll,  s. 

Weaving :  A  roller  or  bar  over  which  the 
yarn  passes  from  the  yarn-beam  to  the  reed. 
By  the  pressure  on  the  whip-roll  the  rate  of 
let-3tr  (q.v.)  is  adjusted. 

whip-round,  «.  A  collection  or  sub- 
scription among  friends  or  neighbours. 

"I  Her)  neighbours,  who  knew  that  the  liad  no  money, 
llwut'itril  a  ii'ltiii-r'juii'i.  :.n.l  BOOU  raisetl  the  necessary 
amount."— EcAo,  NOT.  23.  1887. 

whip-saw,  ».  A  thin,  narrow  saw.Made, 
strained  in  a  frame,  and  used  as  a  compass- 
taw  in  following  curved  lines. 


whip-shaped,  a.  shaped  like  the  lash 
of  a  whip.  {FLAGELLIFOKX.} 

whip  snake,  s. 

Zool.  :  Any  species  of  the  family  Dryiophlds. 
They  may  be  readily  ilistinguished  by  their 
excessively  slender  back  anil  tail,  which  has 
been  compared  to  the  thong  of  a  whip,  and 
long  and  narrow  head,  which  ends  in  a  pro- 
truding rostral  shield  or  in  a  flexible  snout, 
They  are  arboreal  in  habit,  usually  green  in 
colour,  and  fred  on  birds  and  lizaj  ds.  Wallace 
puts  the  genera  at  five  and  the  species  at 
fifteen,  all  from  the  tropical  regions. 

whip-socket,  s.  A  pocket,  usually  on 
the  edge  of  the  dash-board,  to  hold  the  whip. 

*  whip-staff,  s. 

Naitt.  :  A  piece  of  wood  fastened  to  the 
helm,  which  the  steersman  hoHs  in  his  hand 
to  move  the  helm  and  turn  the  ship.  (Bailey.) 

whip-stalk,  s.    A  whip-stock. 

whip-stick,  s.  The  handle  of  a  whip  ;  a 
whip-stock. 

whip  stitch,  r.f. 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  sew  slightly  ;  to  whip. 

2.  Agric.  :  To  half-plough  or  rafter  (q.v.). 
(Prov.) 

whip-stitch,  s. 

*  1.  A  tailor.    (In  contempt) 

*  2.  A  hasty  composition.    (Dryden.) 

3.  Agrte.  :  A  sort  of  half-ploughing,  other- 
wise called  raftering.    (Proc.) 

whip-stock,  i.     The  rod  or  handle  to 
which  the  lash  of  a  whip  is  fastened. 
"  He  broke  his  wAip-irodfc." 

T*o  »tUt  Kintmm,  L  «. 
Whip-Tom-Kelly,  a. 
Ornith.  :  Vireosylvia  calidrit,  a  native  of  the 
West   Indian   Islands  ;  plumage  olive-brown 
above,  under  parts  while,  top  of  head  ash- 
coloured.     [VlREOSYI.VIA.] 

"  Thla  bird.  In  Brown's  fllitory  of  Jamaica,  Is  called 
Whtp-tomJcelly,  (rum  the  supposed  leaeuibUnce  of  its 
notes  to  these  articulate  sounds,  and  this  Malar 
appellation  lias  been  given  it  by  various  other  writers. 
Mr.  OOSSF.  however.  In  his  Biral  a/  Jamaica.  alls  this 
bird  '  Johu-to-whtt'  and  can  find  no  resemblance  in 
its  notes  to  the  words  referred  to."—  Batrd.  Brtwtr,  4 
:  Birdi  of  North  America.  i.  861. 


whip-tongue,  >. 

Bot.  :  Galium  Aparine.    [GOOSEGBABS.) 
whip-worm,  ». 

Zool.  :   Any  species  of  the  genus  Tricho- 
cephalus  (q.v.X 

"  They  are  sometimes  called  vlilp-wormt.  the  thick- 
ened body  answering  to  the  bundle  of  the  whip."— 
(juatn  :  Diet.  Mad.  (ed.  1S8S),  p.  l,s». 

*  whip'-can,  s.     [Eng.  whip,  and  can.]    A 
boon  companion  ;  a  hard  drinker. 

"  He  would  prove  a  singular  wftfjpcan."—  UryiAart  : 
Ratxla.it,  lit.  I  .  ch.  Till. 

*  whip'  cat,  a.  [Eng.  whip,  and  eat.)  Drunken. 

"  With  vhlpeat  bowling  they  kept  np  a  merry  carous- 
ing." Stanyhurtt  :  Virgil  ;  .Eneld  ill.  M7. 

Whlp'-crop,  s.    [Eng.  whip,  and  crop,  s.  (1).] 

Hot.  :  (1)  Perils  Aria  ;  (2)   Viburnum  Ian- 

Uma;(3)ViburmtmOpulut.  (Britten  &  Holland.) 

*  whip'-jack,   •  whlppe-jack.  ».     [Eng. 
whip,  and  jack.]    A  vagalMiml  who  begged  for 
alms  as  a  distressed  seaman  ;  hence,  a  general 
term  of  reproach  or  contempt. 

"One  Bonnerla  bare  <cUivtlack]S—lfait!and:  Re- 
formation,  p.  74. 

*  whip'-mas-ter,  s.  [Eng.  whip,  and  master.] 
A  dogger. 

"  He  Is  a  greater  whipmaitfr  than  Busby  himself." 
—  B'liley  :  Apoph.  of  Kratmal,  p.  14. 

whip'-per,  «.    [Eng.  whip,  v.  ;  -tr.} 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  One  who  whips,  particularly  one  who  in- 
flicts the  penalty  of  legal  flogging  or  whip- 
ping. 

2.  A  coal-whipper  (q.v.X 

*  3.  Something  superexcellenfc. 

"This  relique  here  Is  *w\ipp»r."—  fftyiMdt  four 
P.'i. 

U,  Technically: 

1.  Chnrch  Hist.  :  The  Flagellants  (q.v.X 

"A  brood  of  iii.ul  hereticks.  wliich  arose  In  the 
church:  whom  thoy  called  FlareUautes,  'the  «ai> 
pert.'"—Bi'.  Halt  .  Womtn't  I'oU. 

2.  Spinning:  A  simple  kind  of  willow  or 
willy. 


whipper-in,  s. 

1.  Hunting  :  A  man  employed  to  keep  the 
hounds  from  wandering,  and  to  whip  them  in 
if  necessary  to  the  line  of  scent. 

"He  was  .  .  .  miule  wliat  ci-ui-t.-meu  call  tfklpper- 
i*."—FiddiHy  :  Joseph  A>.dieu>t.  l,k.  i,.  ch.  U. 

2.  Port.  :  The  same  as  WHIP,  s. 

whipper-snapper,  s.  An  insignificant, 
dimiuutive  person  ;  a  whipster. 

"  There  spoke  up  a  brisk  little  somebody, 
C'ritic  ftud  whfpptr^nappir  in  H  rage 
To  set  tlnuga  right." 

K.  8roK-nino:  Balaurtion't  Adftnturt. 

1  Often  used  atljec.tively. 

"  A  parcel  of  iMt';**r-jna/>oer  si«rks."—  F 
Jott^h  Andrew,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  vL 

whlp'-plng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  4k  >.    [Weip,  ».] 
A.  ir  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  wij.  :  (Set 

the  verb). 
C.  As  snbst.  :  The  act  of  punishing  with  a 

whip;  the  act  of  flogging;  the  punishment 

inflicted. 

"  Do  not  flay  htm  wlio  deserves  aldue 
A  vhippmg  for  the  fault  that  he  hath  done." 

Crete*:  Hornet;  Sat..  111.  1. 

IT  In  mediaval  times  in  England  the  punish- 
ment of  whipping  was  inflicted  on  persons  of 
low  rank  convicted  of  petty  larceny  and  other 
small  offences.  By  Act  1  George  IV.,  c.  57, 
this  punishment  was  abolished  in  the  case 
of  women.  The  Act  26  ft  27  Viet.,  c.  44,  extends 
whipping  to  males  of  any  age  convicted  of 
robbery  with  violence,  such  as  garroting.  In 
the  United  States  whipping  does  not  exist  as 
a  punishment  except  in  the  State  of  Delaware, 
in  which  it  is  retained  in  the  case  of  minor 
offences,  such  as  larceny.  In  Europe  the  most 
frightful  example  of  it  was  that  formerly 
practiced  in  Russia,  the  whipping  with  the 
knout,  in  which  the  victim  often  died  under 
the  lash.  It  is  now  abolished.  Whipping  was 
formerly  common  in  the  army  and  navy,  but 
has  been  replaced  by  milder  punishmenta. 

*  whipping-boy,  ».   A  boy  formerly  edu- 
cated witn  a  prince  and  punished  in  his  stead. 
(Fuller  :  Church  Hist.,  ii.  382.) 

*  whipping-cheer,  ».    Flogging,  flagel- 
lation, chastisement. 

"  She  shall  have  'ehifptntj-ckitr  enough,  I  warrant 
her."—  Skakttp.  :  S  Benry  1V^  T.  4. 

"  whipping-crust,  «.   (See  extract.) 

"  I'll  give  thee  white  wine,  red  wine  .  ,  .  malmsey 
and  tehip/jijiy^riut."  —  Marlovt:  Doctor  Fatatut.  ii.  s. 

whipping-hoist,  s.  A  steam  hoisting 
device  for  use  in  buildings,  ire. 

whipping  -post,  i.  A  post  to  which 
offenders  were  tied  when  whipped. 

*  whipping  -  snapping,  a.     Insignia- 
cant,  dimiuutive. 

"All  sorts  of  whivl»>iff-i»ai>fjiHff  Tom  Thumbs."— 
Thackeray  :  Roundabout  Papfri,  XT. 

whipping  top,  t.  A  boy's  top  made  to 
spin  by  whipping. 

whip'  pie,  *  whyp  pie,  a.  [A  frequent 
from  whip  (q.v.).]  (See  compound.) 

whlpple-tree,  *  wbippe-tree, 
•  whipul-tree,  *  whypple  tree,  *. 

1.  Ord,  Lung.  :  A  Swingle-tree  (q.v.X 

*  2.  Bot.:  A  free  suitable  to  be  employed 
for  making  a  swingle-tree. 

"  Maple,  thorn,  beech,  hazel,  yew,  wlti/iul.fi-'f." 

Chaucer:  6'.  T..  2,924. 

Whether   Chaucer  here 
ere   was   a 

special  tree  whence  whipple-treea  were  made. 
and  which  was  named  from  them,  we  cannot 
certainly  say." 

*  whip'-py,  «•    [WHIP,  r.]    A  girl  or  young 
woman,   especially   a   forward,    pert  young 
woman 

*  whip  -ster,  >.  [Eng.  whip  ;  -tier.]  A  nimble 
young  fellow  ;  a  sharp  fellow.     (Used  with 
some  degree  of  contempt.) 

"  Every  puny  uhtuttrr  gets  my  sword." 

OaXetp.  :  OOttlla,  T.  s, 

whipt,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [Wnip,  v.] 

Whir,  v.i.  4  t.  [Prob.  Imitative,  like  wki* 
Cf.  Dan.  Arlr«  =  to  whirl,  twirl;  Sw.  dial 
hw-irra.] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  whiz,  to  fly,  dart,  revolve, 
or  otherwise  move  quickly  with  a  whizzing  at 
buzzing  sound. 

"  Whirring  thence,  as  If  alarm'd." 

Thorni-m  :  Spring.  «NL 


. 

T   Skeat   says,    "Whether   Chau 
8[>eak8  seriously,  or  whether   ther 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  po' 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sea;  mate,  cab,  care,  unite,  car,  rale,  tall;  try.  Syrian,    ee,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


whir— whisk 


.M71 


•B.  Trans.  :  To  Imrry  away  with  a  whizzing 
noise. 

"  Whirring  me  from  oiy  frieinla." 

ahaketp. :  Ptrictei,  Iv.  I. 

whir,  *  whirr,  *.  [WHIR,  v.]  A  whirring  or 
whizzing  sound. 

"The  wide  simultaneous  whirr  of  shouldered  mus- 
kets."—Cart^e  /  French  ftewl.,  pt  it.  bk.  ii..  ch,  iii. 

Whirl,  *  whyrle,  v.t.  &  i.  [For  whirjle,  from 
Icel.  hvirjla  =  to  whirl,  frequent,  of  hverfa 
(l>a.  t.  hi-arf)  =  to  turn  round  ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  hvirvle  =  to  whirl ;  Sw.  hrirfha=  to  whirl ; 
Tivarf—  a  turn  ;  0.  l)ut  wervelen;  Ger.  luirbein 
=  to  whirl.] 

A,  Transitive: 

1.  To  turn  round  or  cause  to  revolve  rapidly ; 
to  turn  with  velocity. 

"The  Melinigiie  whirled  down  it*  tiridgem  to  the 
Meuse,"— Jftu-aii/ay :  Hist.  Kn-j..  ch.  xix. 

2.  To  carry  away  or  remove  by  something 
that  turns  round  :  as,  He  was  whirled  away  iii 
his  carriage. 

8.  To  carry  along  rapidly ;  to  hurry. 

M  Uplifted  1>y  the  blwt,  and  whirled 
Along  the  higli  WHV  of  tit*-  world. " 

Lonyffflow :  Golden  Legend,  U. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  revolve  or  rotate  rapidly  ;    to  turn 
round  with  velocity  ;  to  move  round  rapidly. 

"  The  water  as  it  were  whirling  und  overfilling,  M  if 
It  were  the  f;ill  of  some  great  water  through  a  bridge." 

—  Ifarlcluift:   \'oyoffes,  ill  11& 

2.  To  move  along  swiftly. 

"  I'll  come  Aiid  l)e  thy  waggoner. 
And  whirl  along  with  thee  about  tim  globe," 

fihtilcttit.  :  Tititf  Andronictt*.  V.  & 

Whirl,  *  whirle, ».    [WHIRL,  v.} 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  turning  with    rapidity    or   velocity; 
s     rapid  rotation  or  circumvolution ;  quick  gyra- 
tion. 

"  Btuim'd  In  the  whirl,  and  breathless  with  the  fall." 
Pop*  :  Bomer ;  /Had  rv.  28. 

*  2.  Something  that  moves  with  a  whirling 
motion. 

*  3.  A  spinning-wheel. 

"Meddle  you  with  your  spindle  and  your  tehtrte." 

—  Udal:  Roister  Doitttr,  i,  3. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Bot.  &  Zool. :  [WHORL,  II.]. 

2.  Ropemaking : 

(1)  A  reel  by  which  a  strand  of  hemp  or  a 
gut  is  twisted  in  the  process  of  manufacture. 

(2)  A  rope-winch  (q.v.). 

*  whirl-about,  s. 

1.  Something  that  whirls  about  with  velo- 
city ;  a  whirligig. 
SL  A  whirl-whale  (q.v.). 

"Shall  I  oinit  the  monstrous  whirt^tboutf 
Sylwtfer :  Du  Bartat ;  fifth  day,  first  week,  83. 

*  whirl-bat,  s.    Any  thing  moved  rapidly 
round  to  givu  a  blow.     It  is  frequently  used 
by  the  poets  for  the  ancient  cestus. 

H  The  whirl-baft  foiling  blow  they  nimbly  •hnn." 
Crew* ;  Trantlatiun  of  JfaniUut. 

•whirl-blast,  s.  A  whirling  blast  of 
wind ;  a  whirlwind. 

"  A  whirl-bl'itt  from  behind  the  hill." 

Wordtteorth :  Poems  of  the  Fancy. 

*  whirl-bone,  *  whirle-bone,  s. 

1.  The  bone  of  a  ball-and-socket  joint,  as  in 
the  hip. 

"The  hollow  hetchell  or  whirls-bones  of  their  hips. 
About  which  their  huckleboues  turue.'1— P.  Holland  : 
Ptinie,  lik.  xxvill.,  ch.  zL 

2.  The  patella  ;  the  knee-cap. 
whirl-current,  s. 

Physics :  A  current  of  air  or  water  having  a 
circular  or  whirling  motion,  as  in  a  whirlwind 
or  waterspout. 

"  Brought  within  the  Influence  of  the  whiirf-ctir- 
nnU." -Mature,  May,  31.  1888.  p.  105. 

*  Whirl-fire,  ».    Electric  fluid. 

The  wtiirlc-Jire't  cracking  flash." 

Xyln-tter :  Th«  L<UM,  1,011. 

*  whirl-pit,  s.    A  whirlpool. 

"The  d*e|>eat  whirl-jnt  of  the  ray'nom  seas." 
Ben  Jonton  :  Every  Man  out  of  hit  Humour,  iL  2. 

*  whirl -pan;  *  whirle  -  pun;  *    A 

whirlwind. 

"  It  makea  a  whlrle-tw/e  or  ghust  called  Typheu."— 
P.  Botbind:  J'linie.  bk.  U.,  ch.  xlviii. 

*  whirl-water,  s.    A  waterspout  (q.v.> 

*  whirl  -  Whale,  s.    A  monster  of  the 
Whale  species ;  a  whirl-about ;  a  whirlpool. 

"  Another  sw»Uow'd  la  a  lohirl-whale't  wouibe." 

Sslvater :  The  Lawe.  7S2. 


whirl' -er,  s,     [Eng.  whirl,  v.  ;  -«r.)    One  who 

or  that  which  whirls  ;  specif., 

(1)  One  of  the  rotating  honks  on  which  the 
end  of  a  bunch  of  hempen  fibres  is  secured, 
and  by  which  it  is  twisted  into  yarn  as  the 
man  recedes  backward  from  it,  paying  out  the 
hemp  as  he  goes. 

(2)  A  revolving  top,  invented  by  Troughton, 
to  serve  as  an  artificial  hori/mi. 

*  whirl'-i-COte,  s.      [WHIRL.]     An   ancient 
open  car  or  chariot. 

whirl'-I-eig,  *  whirl-y-gigge,  «.     [Bng. 
whirl,  aiia  gig.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally : 

(1)  A  toy  which   children   ipin    or  whirl 
round. 

"  He  found  that  marbles  taught  him  percussion,  and 
whirligig*  the  axis  in  peritrochio."— Arbuthiiot  Jt  Pope  : 
Jlurtinuf  Xcrtbleru*. 

(2)  A  frame,  with  wooden  horses  or  seats, 
on  which  persons  are  whirled  around  as  fcn 
amusement. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  revolution,  a  rotation. 

"And  thus  the  whirligig  of  time  brings  In  hl«  n- 
veuges."— Nftate*p.  ;  Twelfth  A'ight,  v.  1. 

*  (2)  A  caprice,  a  whim. 

"  The  whirl itfi'jt  of  women."  —  Beaum.  4  flet.  : 
Coronation,  iii. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Milit.  Anttq.  :  An  instrument  for  punish- 
ing petty  offenders,  as  a  kind  of  wooden  cage, 
turning  on  a  pivot,  in  which  the  culprit  was 
whirled  round  with  great  velocity. 

whirligig-beetle,  s. 

Entom. :  Any  individual  of  the  family  Gyrin- 
idee.  Named  from  their  extraordinary  mode 
of  locomotion — a  rapid  skimming  in  circles  or 
curves  over  the  surface  of  the  water.  Used 
specially  of  Gyrinvs  natator.  [GYRINUS, 
WHIRLWFQ.] 

whirr-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [WHIRL,  v.] 

whirling -machine,  *.  The  same  as 
WHIRLING-TABLE,  1. 

whirling-plant,  s. 

Bot. ;  Dcsm-odium  gyrans. 
whirling-table,  s. 

1.  Ord.  lang.  :  A  machine  contrived  for  the 
purpose  of  exhibiting  the  principal  effects  of 
centripetal  or  centrifugal  forces  when  bodies 
revolve  in  the  circumference  of  circles  or  on 
an  axis. 

2.  Pottery:   A   throwing-table,     [POTTER'S 

WHEEL.] 


whirle - 


whirl -pool,    *  whirl -pole,    * 
poole,  5.     [Eng.  whirl,  and  pool.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  &  Hydrology :  A  spot  in  a  river 
or  in  the  sea  in  which,  through  obstructions 
to  flowing  water,  produced  by  banks,  islands, 
rocks,  or  by  winds  or  currents,  a  rotatory 
motion  is  imparted  to  the  moving  fluid.  Re- 
volutions of  such  a  nature,  on  a  minute  scale, 
may  be  seen  on  nearly  every  streamlet ;  but 
the  term  whirlpool  is  used  almost  exclusively 
of  the  same  phenomenon  on  a  large  scale,  Thei-e 
is  a  tendency  to  vortical  motion  below  most 
waterfalls.  The  Maelstrom,  which  obtained 
such  celebrity,  is  in  large  measure  mythic.  A 
strong  tidal  current  runs  between  the  islands 
of  Moskoe  and  Warae,  where  it  exists,  at  one 
time  from  north  to  south,  at  another  in  the 
reverse  direction.  When  the  wind  acts  ob- 
liquely on  the  tidal  current,  a  certain  approach 
to  vortical  motion  may  be  discerned,  but 
there  is  no  genuine  whirl.  It  is  the  same  with 
the  classic  whirlpool  alleged  to  exist  between 
Scylla  and  Gharybdis.  There  is  a  tumult  of 
waters  in  stormy  weather,  but  nothing  more. 
The  whirlpool  of  Coryvrechan,  orCorrievreken, 
alluded  to  by  Scott  (Lord  of  the  Isles,  iv.  11)  is 
situated  between  the  north  of  Jura  and  the 
little  island  of  Scarba  in  the  Hebrides.  The 
strong  current  which  runs  through  the  chan- 
nel between  the  two  islands  encounters  a 
pyramidal  rock  rising  to  within  fifteen  fathoms 
of  the  surface,  and,  becoming  deflected  from 
the  straight  course,  takes  a  circular  form. 

*  2.  Zool. :  A  kind  of  whale  ;  a  whirl- whale. 

"Th«  ork.  wWrf/Mxrf,  whala,  or  huffing  physeter." 
Sylvetter:  Du  Bartcu,  fifth  day,  first  week. 

Whirl'-wig,  «.    [Eng.  whirl,  and  A.S.  wtepa, 
a  kind  of  insect,  a  species  of  bug  or  beetle,  &c.] 
Entom.  :  Gyrinvt  natator.    [GVRINUH.] 


whirl'-wind,  *  whyrle-wynde,  *.  [IreL, 
hrirfilvindr  ;  Dau.  hvin-elviml ;  Sw.  hvirfnel- 
vind.] 

1.  Lit.  &  Meteor. :  A  violent  wind  moving 
spirally,  as  if  revolving  round  an  axis,  which 
has  at  the  same    time  progressive   motion. 
Whirlwinds  are  produced  by  two  currents  of 
air  proceeding  in  different  directions,  and  the 
course  of  the  whirlwind  is  determined  by  the 
Stronger  of  the  two  currents.     Thus,  suppos- 
ing a  whirlwind  to  arise  1mm  .1  north  v,  ind 
blowing  somewhat  to  the  west   of  n    smith 
wind,  when  the  outer  currents  come  in  con- 
tact if  the  north  wind  is  the  stronger,  the 
direction  of  the  whirl  would  be  north,  west, 
south,  east;  but  the  whirl-current  will  move  in 
a  contrary  direction  if  the  south  wind  be  the 
stronger.     Whirlwinds  often  originate  in  the 
tropics,  especially  in    flat,  sandy    districts, 
during  the  hot  season.    The  ground  becoming 
unequally  heated  by  the  sun,  gives  rise  to 
ascending  columns  of  heated  air,  which  re- 
sult in  whirl-currents  drawing  up  larj;e  clouds 
of  dust.   [SIMOOM.]    The  whirlwind  srwnstobe 
a  less  violent  form  of  the  rotating  storm  known 
as  the  tornado  (q.v.),  the  most  destructive  tor 
its  extent  of  all  etorma.      Its  principal  seat 
ts  the  central  United  States.     [WATERSPOUT.] 

"  In  this  Jire  Mason,  oft  the  tthirtwind't  wing 
Sweep*  up  the  burdeu  of  whole  wintry  plains 
At  oue  wide  waff  Thornton:  in/Ker,  ML 

2.  Fig. :  A  violent  rush. 

"The  deer  WM  flying  through  the  park,  followed  07 
the  whirlwind  of  hounds  aud  hunters."— 3/acuulajf. 
Mist.  Eng.,  ch.  xxt. 

*  whirl'-^-b&t,  s.    [WHIRLBAT.] 
whir'-ret,  whir'-It,  whir'-Ick,  s.   [WHBR- 

RET,  *.] 

whir'-ring,  s.  [WHIR,  v.]  The  sound  of 
something  that  whirs ;  a  whiz,  as  the  harsfo 
note  of  the  Nightjar.  (Macgillivray :  Brit 
Birds,  iii.  641.) 

whir'-rjf,  v.t.  &  i.    [WHIR,  v.} 

A.  Trans. :  To  hurry  off. 

"They  are  gauit  to  whirry  awa  Mr.   Henry,  aud  a* 

wl'  yuur   n:« ''I'-giib.  dell  be   wi'  it"— Scott;  Old  Mor- 
tality, cb.  viii. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  fly  rapidly  with  noise ;  to 

hurry,  to  whir. 

Whir' -tie,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  perforated 
steel  plate  through  which  pipe  or  wire  is 
drawn  to  reduce  its  diameter.  (Knight.) 

Whisht,  s.    [WHIST.]    Silence. 

\  To  hold  one's  whisht :  To  be  silent 

"  Te  ueedua  doubt.  I  held  my  whisht." 

Burnt:  T he  VMon. 

whisk  (1),  *  wisk,  ».    [WHISK,  v.} 

1.  The  act  of  whisking ;  a  rapid,  sweeping 
motion,  as  of  something  light,  a  sudden  puff 
or  gale. 

2.  A  small  bunch  of  grass,  straw,  hair,  or 
the  like,  used  as  a  brush :  hence,  a  small  brush 
or  besom. 

"  If  you  break  any  china  with  the  top  of  the  whlik 
on  the  mantle-tree,  gither  up  the  fragments."— Swift: 
Inttruetiojtt  to  Servant*. 

II  Sometimes  used  spec,  for  the  flower- 
spikes  of  Sorghum  vul-gare,  used  for  this  pur- 
pose. (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

3.  An  instrument  for  rapidly  agitating  or 
whisking  certain  articles,  as  cream,  eggs,  &c. 

"  Ttie  white  of  an  egg.  though  in  part  tmusjxwent, 
vet  beiug  long  agitated  with  awfefr*  or  spoon,  loan  Its 
transparency.  '—Hoyle. 

*  4.  Part  of  a  woman's  dress ;  a  kind  of 
tippet  or  cape, 

"  Wearing  a  lawn  whisk  Instead  of  a  point  de 
Venice."— Sir  J.  Child:  IHscourse  on  Trade. 

5.  A  cooper's  plane  for  levelling  the  chimes 
of  casks. 

6.  An  impertinent,  light  fellow.    (Prov.) 

*  whisk  (2),  «.    [See  def.]     A  corruption  of 
WHIST  (q.v.). 

"  Whose  iiame  IB  HTWtfc,  whose  treat  a  toast  in  Back." 
Pope  :  £pittle  to  Mrt.  Btount. 

whisk,  *  whysk,  v.t.  &  i.  [Prop,  to  brush 
or  sweep  along  rapidly,  from  Dan.  viske  =  to 
wipe,  to  rub,  to  sponge,  from  visfc=  a  wisp,  a 
rubber ;  Sw.  viska  —  to  wipe,  to  sponge,  to 
wag  the  tail,  from  viska—  a  whisk;  Icel.  visit 
=  a  wisp  of  hay  or  the  like ;  Ger.  wwcA  =  a 
whisk.  From  the  same  root  as  wash  (q.v.),] 

A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  sweep,  brush,  or  agitate  with  a  light, 
rapid  motion  :  as,  To  whisk  dust  from  a  table, 
to  whisk  eggs. 


boil,  b6$;  pout,  J6wl;  oat,  5011,  chorus,  $hin,  ben?h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eytet.    -ing. 
-tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -eion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,    sious  -  shus.   -ble,  -die.  &c.  =  bel*  deL 


6172 


whisker— whist 


2.  To  move  uimbly,  as  when  one  sweeps  ;  to 
IUOF3  with  a  rapid  sweeping  motion. 

"  He  that  walks  in  gray,  whitkiny  his  riding  rod.'— 
Beaum.  *  flet,  :  .Voble  Gentleman,  11. 

3.  To    carry    off  suddenly   and    rapidly. 
(Usually  followed  by  away,  ojT,  or  up.) 

"Tose«  three  rows  of  corn-sheaves  suddenly  tehi»X«d 
up  Into  the  air."—  /M«|»  Telegraph,  Sept  IT.  1885. 

B.  Intntns.  :  To  move  rapidly  and  nimbly. 

"  He  was  whUtftig  along,  with  bli  tail  streaming." 
^-Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  11,  1885. 

whisk'-er,  s.    [Eng.  whisk  (1),  B.  ;  -er,  from 
the  resemblance  to  a  small  brush.] 
1  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  One  who  or  that    which    whisks,  or 
moves  along  in  a  rapid  sweeping  motion. 

*  2.  A  moustache. 

3.  (PL):   The    long  hair  growing  on  the 
cheeks  of  a  man. 

^  Whiskers  exist  also  in  some  monkeys. 

4.  (PI.):  The  bristly  hairs  growing  on  the 
upper  lip  of  a  cat,  or  other  animal,  at  each 

side.     [ViBRissf.] 

"  Eating  tiger's  flesh  give*  one  courage  ;  but  unless 
the  whitkert  are  first  singed  off.  the  tiger's  spirit  will 
haunt  you."—  Sf.  Jamei't  Gazette,  Hay  10.  1888. 

XL  Naut.  (PL):  Projecting  booms  at  the 
bows,  to  spread  the  guys  of  the  jib-boom. 

whis'-kered,  a.    [Eng.  whisker;  -ed.] 

1.  Furnished  with  whiskers  ;  wearing 
whiskers.  (Cowper:  Colubriad.) 

*  2.  Formed  into  whiskers. 
whiskered  bat,  s. 

ZooL  :  Vespertilio  mystacinus,  inhabiting 
Central  Europe,  and  widely  distributed 
throughout  Asia,  occurring  occasionally  In 
England.  It  is  a  small  bat,  dark  chestnut- 
brown  above,  ashy-brown  beneath  ;  the  hairs 
on  the  upper  lip  are  longer  than  the  rest, 
whence  the  specific  and  popular  names. 

whiskered-tern,  .-. 
Ornith  :  Sterna  leucopareia. 

*  whis'  -ker-tf,  a.  [Eng.  whisker;  -y.]  Having 
or  wearing  whiskers  ;  whiskered. 

whls'-ket,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  A  basket.    (Prop.) 

2.  A  small  lathe  for  turning  wooden  pins. 


e^  (1),  whXs'-ky^  (1),  «.  [Gael. 
•uisgebeatlia  =  water  of  life,  whiskey.]  [Us- 
QUEBAUOH.]  An  ardent  spirit,  distilled 
generally  from  barley,  but  sometimes  also 
from  wheat,  rye,  sugar,  molasses,  Ac.  There 
are  two  varieties  —  viz.,  malt-whiskey  and 
grain-  whiskey.  The  former  is  of  finer  quality, 
and  made  principally  from  malted  barley  or 
bere,  and  in  the  United  States  largely  from  rye. 
The  latter  is  cheaper  but  stronger,  and  la 
made  from  various  substances,  as  sugar,  mo- 
lasses, potatoes,  but  principally  from  un- 
malted  grain,  as  Indian  corn,  barley,  oats,  &c., 
dried  and  ground  up.  If  kept  sufficiently 
long,  it  is  equal  in  quality  to  malt-  whiskey. 

his'-ke?  (2),  whis  -ky^  (2),  *.     [See  the 
compound  and  extract.] 

whiskey-jack,  *. 

Ornith.  :     Cor  v  its    canadensis   (Linn.),    the 
Moor-bird,  or  Canada  Jay. 

"  These  birds  are  known  throughout  the  for 
countries  hy  the  name  of  Whitkey-Jack,  not  from  any 
supposed  predilection  for  that  beverage,  but  pro- 
bably .  .  .  from  A  corruption  of  the  Indiau  name  for 
the*e  birds,  Wiss-ka-chon.  which  has  been  contorted 
Into  Whiskey-John,  and  thence  into  Whitkey-Jack."— 
Balrd.  fireioer,  A  Kidgway:  A'orth  American  Birds, 
1L  300. 


'-key  (3),  whXs-kjf  (3),  «.    [A  corrup- 


WHISKET. 


tton  of  brihchka.]     [BRITZSKA.J    A  kind  of 
one-horse  chaise;  a  Tim-whiskey. 

"  Thy  coach  of  hackney,  iohi»key,  one-horse  chair, 
And  humblest  gig  through  sundry  suburbs  whirl" 
Bynm  :  Childe  Harold,  1.  69. 


whis  key  fied,  whis  ky  fled,  a.  [Eng. 
whtikey  (1),  whisky  (1) ;  -fied.}  Subjected  to 
the  oi>eration  of  whiskey ;  intoxicated. 

"  The  two  v>fi  itkryflfd  gentlemen  are  up  with  h«r." — 
Thackeray  :  Virginian*,  ch.  xxxviii. 

whisk  -ing,  pr.  par.  k  a.    [WHISK,  p.] 

A.  -4a  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Sweeping  along  lightly  and  rapidly. 

2.  Great,  large.     (Prop.) 

whisp,  3.    [Wisp.] 

whis  -per,  *  whis  per  en,  *  whis-per- 

yn,  v.i.  &  t,  [O.  Northumbrian  hwisprian  ; 
cogn.  with  A.S.  hwistlian  =  to  whistle; 
O.  Dut.  wisperen,  wispelen  =to  whisper;  Ger. 
wispeln;  Icel.  hvidera;  Sw,  kviska=D&n. 
hviske;  Eng.  whistle.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  speak  softly  or  in  a  low  tone  ;  to 
speak  without  uttering  voice  or  souant  breath ; 
to  speak  with  a  low  voice,  so  as  not  to  be 
heard  but  by  the  ear  close  to  the  speaker. 

2.  To  converse  in  whispers. 

"  Juno  and  Ceraa  whisper  seriously," 

Shaketp.  :  Tempett,  iv.  L 

3.  To  make  a  low,  sibilant  sound. 

"  Bach  whispering  wind  hath  power  now  to  fray." 
Surrey  :  Virgil ;  *Encid  ii. 

*  4.  To  speak  under  the  breath,  as  one  plot- 
ting, speaking  of,  or  insinuating  mischief ;  to 
devise  mischief  in  whispers. 

"  To  whisper  and  conspire  againat  my  youth." 

Shaketp. ;  Two  Gentlemen,  L  1 

B.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  speak  to  or  address  in  a  whisper  or 
low  voice. 

"  Whisper  her  ear  and  tell  her." 

Shaketp. :  Much  Ada,  ill.  L 

*  2.  To  inform  quietly  or  privately. 

"  To  whisper  him,  that  there  was  no  such  passage  In 
Homer  1"—  Pope:  Homer;  Odyuey.  (Postscript) 

3.  To  utter  in  a  low  and  not  vocal  tone ;  to 
say  under  the  breath. 

"  She  whitper*  in  his  ears  a  heavy  tale." 

Shaketp:  Vena*  A  Adonis,  1,125. 

4.  To  mention  or  speak  about  privately  and 
confidentially. 

"  It  was  at  the  same  time  whUpertd  as  a  great 
secret  that  he  meant  to  retire  altogether  from  busi- 
ness."— Jtacaulay :  ffUt.  Eng.,  ch.  XT. 

*  5.  To  prompt  secretly. 

"  He  came  to  whisper  Wolsey." 

Khaketp. ;  Henry  nil.,  L  L 

whis'  per,  s.    [WHISPER,  v.] 

1.  A  low,  soft,  sibilant  voice ;  the  utterance 
of  words  without  any  vocal  sound. 

"  And  gently  oped  the  door,  and  spake 
In  wh itpert— ne'er  was  voice  so  sweet  !"* 

Byron  ;  Mazeppa,  xlx. 

2.  Words  uttered  by    whispering ;    heHce, 
something  communicated  stealthily  or  secretly. 

"  Full  well  the  busy  whitper  circling  round 
Couvey'd  the  dismal  tidings  when  tie  frown'd.** 
Ooldtmith  :  deserted  t'tlla-je,  202. 

3.  A  low,  sibilant  sound :  as,  the  whispers 
of  the  wind. 

4.  A  hint,  a  suggestion,  an  insinuation. 

"  Never  bad  they  breathed  a  whisper  against  arbi- 
trary power."— 3lacaulay:  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xi. 

whls'-per-«r, «.    [Eng.  whisper,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  whispers. 

"Next  to  these  bawlen,  is  a  troublesome  creature 
who  comes  with  the  air  of  your  friend  and  your  inti- 
mate, and  that  Is  your  whisperer. "— Steele  :  Specta  tor, 
No.  148. 

2.  One  who    tells  secrets  or    mischievous 
communications ;  a  secret  slanderer. 

"  A  f roward  man  soweth  strife :  and  a  tehitperer 
aeparateth  chief  friends." — Proverb*  xvl.  2S. 

*3,  A  conveyer  of  secret  information;  a 

secret  agent,  a  spy. 

* whis'-per-hood,  s.  [Eng.  whisper;  -hood.] 
The  state  of  being  a  whisper ;  a  time  when  a 
rumour  is  first  suggested  or  insinuated. 

"  I  know  a  lie,  that  now  disturbed  half  the  kingdom 
wltb  Its  noise  ...  I  c.-ui  remember  its  tehitperhood." 
—Swift :  Examiner,  Nix  IB, 

whis'-  per  -ing,  •  whys-per-yngc,  pr. 
par.,  a.,  &  s.  [WHISPBR,  v.} 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Speaking  in  whispers. 

*  2.  Making  secret    insinuations   of  evfl  ; 
backbiting. 

3.  Making  a  soft,  low,  sibilant  sound. 

" Soft  whitpering  airs  shall  lull  thee  to  repose  ! " 
Coiepcr;  Elegy  on  the  Approach  of  Spring. 


C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  one  who  whisper* ; 
a  whisper. 

IT  Whispering  is  speech  without  any  em- 
ployment of  the  vocal  chords,  and  la  effected 
chiefly  by  the  lips  and  tongue.  (Foster: 
Physiol) 

whispering-gallery,  whispering- 
dome,  s.  A  gallery  or  dome  of  an  elliptical 
or  circular  form,  in  which  faint  sounds  con- 
veyed around  the  interior  wall  may  be  readily 
heard,  while  the  same  are  inaudible  elsewhere 
in  the  interior.  Thus  in  an  elliptical  chamber 
if  a  person  standing  in  one  (if  the  foci  speak 
in  a  whisper,  he  will  be  heard  distinctly  by  a 
person  standing  in  the  other  focus,  although 
the  same  sound  would  not  be  audible  at  the 
srtine  distance  under  any  other  circumstances 
or  at  any  other  place  in  the  chamber.  There 
is  a  Whispering  Gallery  at  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral, London,  and  another  at  Gloucester 
Cathedral. 

"  Whispering  galleriet  are  formed  of  smooth  walls 
having  a  continuous  curved  turm.  The  mouth  of  the 
speaker  is  presented  at  one  point,  and  the  ear  of  the 
hearer  at  aimther  and  distant  point  In  this  case,  tht 
sound  is  successively  reflected  from  one  point  to 
the  other  until  It  reaches  fcbMV.*-*4tMNHN  .'  Ganofs 
Phytics,  §  234, 

*  whls'-per-ing-ly^  adv.  [Eng.  whispering  ; 
-ly.}  In  a  whispering  manner  ;  in  a  whisper 
or  low  voice. 

"  He  said  to  Hopeful,  whisperingly.  '  There  Is  mor» 
hope  of  a  fool  than  of  him."*— Banyan ;  Pilgrim' » 
Progrea,  pt.  L 

* whIs'-per-OUS-l&  adv.  [Eng.  whisper; 
-OILS;  *ly.}  In  a  whisper;  whisperingly. 

"The  Duchess    .    .   .    gabbles  on  v>hi*)it r  na 
I.ytton  :  What  will  he  do  with  it  t  bit.  v..  ch.  vilt 

whis  -sle,  v.  &  «.    [WHISTLE,  v.  &  s.] 

whist,  inter].,  a.,  &  s.  [A  slight  sound,  ex- 
pressive of  the  breathing  or  whispering  of 
some  one  approaching ;  cf.  Lat.  st  f  =  hist ; 
Ger.  «*/  bst!  pstl=  hush,  hist.] 

*  A.  As  interj. :  Hush  !  silence  I  be  still  1 

"  Whitt,  wanton,  still  ye."— Lodge :  Euphuei ;  Gold** 
Legacie. 

*  B*  As  adj. :  Not  speaking  ;  not  making  a 
noise;  mute,  quiet,  still.    (Generally  used  as 
a  predicate.) 

"Underneath  a  hill 

Far  from  the  town,  (where  all  is  whitt  and  still)." 
Marlowe  :  Bero  A  Leander,  seat.  L 

C.  As  subst. :  A  game  at  cards,  so  called 
from  the  silence  necessary  to  play  it  atten- 
tively and  correctly.  It  was  formerly  also 
called  whisk.  It  is  played  by  four  persons, 
two  of  whom  are  partners  against  the  other 
two.  The  full  pack  of  fifty -two  cards 
is  used,  thirteen  being  dealt  out  to  each 
player  In  order,  the  dealer  beginning  with 
flimself,  and  dealing  from  left  to  right.  The 
last  card  dealt  is  turned  face  up  OB  the 
table,  and  is  called  the  trump  card  ;  the 
suit  to  which  it  belongs  lias  for  the  hand 
the  privilege  of  taking  or  being  superior  to 
any  card  of  any  other  suit.  The  cards  rank 
in  value  as  follows :  ace  (the  highest),  king, 
queen,  knave,  ten,  nine,  eight,  and  so  on. 
The  game  is  commenced  by  the  player  on  tho 
left  hand  of  the  dealer  laying  one  card  face 
upwards  on  the  table,  this  being  called  lead- 
ing off;  the  player  on  his  left  then  plays  a 
card  of  the  same  suit  (if  he  has  one),  and  is 
followed  similarly  by  the  player  on  bis  left 
When  all  have  played,  the  person  who  hu 
played  the  highest  card  takes  up  the  four 
cards  played,  these  constituting  what  ia 
termed  a  trick.  If  a  player  has  no  card  of  the 
suit  led  off,  he  may  play  one  of  any  other 
suit.  The  winner  of  the  ttrst  trick  then  leads 
off  with  any  card  he  pleases  for  the  second 
trick,  the  winner  of  which  becomes  the  leader 
of  the  third  trick,  and  so  on.  The  score  is 
taken  as  follows  when  the  hand  is  played 
out :  the  partners  who  conjointly  have  won 
the  majority  out  of  the  thirteen  tricks,  score 
one  point  for  every  trick  over  six.  The  ace, 
king,  queen,  and  knave  are  called  honours, 
and  the  partners  who  hold  between  them 
three  of  these  cards  score  two  points,  and  if 
they  hold  all  of  them  they  score  four  pointi ; 
this  is  technically  known  as  scoring  two  (or 
four)  by  honours.  If  each  side  holds  two  of 
these  cards,  honours  are  said  to  be  divided. 
In  long  whist  (now  becoming  obsolete)  ten 
points  make  a  game  ;  in  short  whist  only  five 
points  are  required,  and  in  this  it  is  usual  to 
count  by  tricks  alone.  A  rubber  consists  of 
three  yames,  and  is  won  by  the  partners  who 
score  two  of  them.  If  one  side  wins  the  first 
two  games  the  third  is  not  played  out.  There 


late,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wbro,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin :  mate,  cub.  cure,  unite,  car,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    so,  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


whist— white 


5173 


•re  several  modifications  of  the  game,  such  as 
solo  whist,  three-handed  whist,  &c. 

"  With  rhyme  by  Hoare.  and  epic  blank  by  Hoyle : 
STot  him  whose  page,  if  still  upheld  by  vhitt, 
Eeuuires  no  sacred  theme  to  bid  us  list.' 

S'/r  >it :  Englith  Bitrdt  A  scotch  Reviewert. 

'Whist,  ».*.  *  «.     [WHIST,  interj.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  be  or  become  silent,  mate, 
or  still. 

"They  whMtd  all."       Surrey :  nrgil  .•  .tn eid  li.  L 

B.  Trims. :  To  make  silent,  mute,  or  still ; 
to  hush. 

Wins'  tie  (tie  as  el),  v.L  &  t.  [A.S.  hmsttan, 
twistlian;  cogn.  with  Dan.  hvish  =  to  whistle, 
to  hiss  ;  Sw.  hrissla  =  to  whistle.  A  word  of 
imitative  origin,  like  whisper,  whiz,  &c.J 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  make  a  musical  sound  with  the  lips 
»nd  breath  without  using  the  vocal  cords ;  the 
hollow  of  the  mouth  forming  a  resonance-box. 

"•Have,  then  thy  wish  1'— be  whittled  shrill." 
Sco« :  lady  of  the  Lake.  v.  9. 

2.  To  utter  a  more  or  less  shrill  or  piercing 
sound,  or  series  of  sounds,  as  a  bird. 

"  The  blackbird  whittle!  from  the  thorny  brake." 
Thornton :  Spring,  6M. 

3.  To  produce  a  sound  or  sounds  by  means 
of  a  particular  kind  of  wind  instrument  (or 
whistle)  or  by  means  of  steam  forced  through 
a  small  orifice. 

4.  To  sound  shrill  or  like  a  pipe. 

"The  wild  wlud»  whittle,  and  the  billows  roar." 

Pope :  Bomer  ;  Odyttey  vii.  I»7. 
6.  To  cause  a  sharp,  shrill  sound. 
"A  bullet  whittled  o'er  his  bead." 

Byron :  The  Olaour. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  form,  utter,  or  modulate  by  whistling. 

2.  To  call,  direct,  or  signal  by  a  whistle. 

"  He  cast  off  his  friends,  as  a  huntsman  his  pack, 
For  he  knew,  when  he  pleased,  be  could  whittle  them 
back."  Holilmilh :  Retaliation,  107. 

5  *  (1)  To  go  whistle:  To  go  to  the  deuce. 

••  Your  fame  Is  secure,  let  the  critics  go  whittle." 
ahenttont :  Pott  i  the  Dun. 

(2)  To  whistle  for  a  wind :  A  superstitious 
practice  amongst  old  sailors  of  whistling  dur- 
ing a  calm  to  obtain  a  breeze.  Such  men,  on 
the  contrary,  will  not  whistle  during  a  storm. 
*(8)  To  whistle  off : 
falconry :  To  send  off  by  a  whistle ;  to 
•end  from  the  flst  in  search  of  prey  ;  hence, 
to  dismiss  or  send  away  generally  ;  to  dismiss. 
Hawks  were  always  let  fly  against  the  wind  ; 
if  they  flew  with  the  wind  behind  them  they 
seldom  returned.  If,  therefore,  a  hawk  was 
for  any  reason  to  be  dismissed  or  abandoned 
she  was  let  off  down  the  wind. 

"  If  I  could  prove  her  haggard. 
Though  that  herjesses  were  wy  dear  heartstrings. 
I'd  whittle  her  of,  and  let  her  down  the  wind. 
To  prey  at  fortune."  Shateip.  :  Othello.  Hi.  ». 

whlrf-tle  (tie  as  el),  «•    [WHISTLE,  ».] 

1  A  more  or  less  piercing  sound  produced 
by  forcing  the  breath  through  a  small  open- 
ing formed  by  contracting  the  lips. 

2.  Any  similar  sound  :  as — 

(1)  The  sharp  or  shrill  note  of  a  bird. 

(2)  A  similar  sound  produced  by  an  instru 
ment ;  as,  the  whistle  of  a  locomotive,  or  fog 
signal. 

(3)  A  sound  made  by  the  wind,  or  by  a 
body  passing  rapidly  through  the  air  :  as,  the 
whistle  of  a  bullet. 

3.  An  instrument  or  apparatus  for  produc 
ing  such  a  sound  :  as — 

(1)  A  small  tin  or  wooden  pipe,  pierced 
with  holes,  and  used  as  a  musical  toy. 

(2)  A  small  instrument  used  for  signalling 
&e.,  by  boatswains,  policemen,  sportsmen,  &c 

(8)  The  instrument  sounded  by  escaping 
steam,  used  for  signalling  on  railway  engines 
steam-ships,  and  The  like. 

4  The  mouth  or  throat ;  used  principal! 
in  the  slang  phrase,  To  wet  one's  whistle  —  t 
take  a  draught  or  draw. 

"  My  whittle  once  wet 
'••      -iven." 

Flet. :  Mad  Loner.  11. 

J  (1)  At  one's  whistle:  Beady  at  one's  call. 
"  Beady  at  hit  whittle  to  array  themselves  roun 
him  in  arms  against  the  commander  in  chief.  —  Ma 
avlatt :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xlii. 

(2)  To  pay  for  one's  whistle,  to  pay  dear  fo 
one's  whistle :  To  pay  a  high  price  for  wha 
one  fancies  ;  to  pay  dearly  for  indulging  one 
whim,  caprice,  fancy,  or  the  like.  The  alH 
sion  is  to  a  story  told  by  Dr.  Franklin  of  li 
nephew,  who  set  his  mind  on  a  commo 


"  111  pipe  him  such  a  t 
Bettum.  .' 


whistle,  which  he  bought  of  a  boy  for  four 
times  its  value. 

"If  a  man  likee  to  do  it,  he  must  pay  for  hit 
whitlle."-U.  Eliot :  Daniel  Derunila,  ch.  xxxv. 

(3)  Worth  the  whistle  :  Worth  calling,  worth 
inviting  ;  worth  notice.  The  dog  is  worth  the 
pains  of  whistling  fur.  Thus  Heywood,  in 
one  of  his  dialogues,  consisting  entirely  of 
proverbs,  says.  "  It  is  a  poor  dog  that  is  not 
worth  the  whistling."  Goneril  says  to  Albany - 
"  I  have  been  worth  the  whittle." 

Shaketp. :  Lear,  iv.  2. 

"Whistle-drunk,  a.  Completely  drunk. 

"He  was  indeed,  according  to  the  vulgar  phrase. 
whittle-drunk."—  Fielding :  Tom  Jonet,  bk.  xii.,  ch.  ii. 

whistle-fish,  s. 

Ichthy.  :  Motella  trvArrKata,  the  Three- 
beariled  Rockling.  Pennant  says  the  name 
was  applied  to  the  flsh  because  "the  Cornish 
fishermen  whistle  when  desirous  of  taking 
this  flsh,  as  if  by  that  they  facilitated  ii.s 
capture."  Also  called  weasel-nsh. 

*  whistle-tankard,  ».   A  tankard  fitted 
with  a  whistle,  so  arranged  as  to  sound  when 
the  vessel  was  emptied,  thas  warning  the 
drawer  that  more  liquor  was  required. 

Whlst'-ler  (t  silent),  s.    [Eim.  w\ittl(e);  •«•.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  One  who  whistles. 

"The  prize  was  a  guinea,  to  be  conferred  upon  the 
ablest  whittlfr,  who  could  whistle  clearest,  and  B» 
through  his  tune  without  laughing.  —  Additon  :  SpiT- 
taior.  No.  179. 

2.  A  broken-winded  horse ;  a  roarer. 

14  The  latter  of  whom  it  spoken  of  as  a  non-stayer 
and  a  whittler."— Field,  Aug.  27,  1887. 

3  The  keeper  of  an  unlicensed  spirit  shop. 
[WHISTLE,  D.,  H  (2),  WHISTLE-TANKARD.] 

••  The  turnkeys  knows  beforehand,  and  gives  the 
word  to  the  whittlert,  and  you  may  whistle  for  it 
wen  you  go  to  loof-Cfcafcew:  ficltwict,  ch.  llv. 

U,  Technically : 

1.  Ornithology: 

(1)  [BATTLE-WINO.] 

(2)  The  Green  Plover.     [PLOV*R,  1.  (1).] 

2.  Zoo!. :    Arctomys  pruinota,   the    Hoary 
Marmot    It  is  about  two  feet  long,  exclusive 
of  the  tail.     Common  in  the  north-western 
parts  of  America. 

whist -ling  (t  silent),  pr.  par.  or  o.  [WHISTLE 

•whistling  buoy,  >.  A  sea  bnoy  so 
constructed  that  the  motion  of  the  waves 
causes  it  to  emit  a  sound  somewhat  resembling 
a  steam-whistle. 

*  whistling-shop,  s.  A  place  in  which 
spirits  are  sold  without  a  licence.  (Slang 
Diet.) 

••  A  vhMUng-Aop,  sir.  U  where  they  sell  spirite,"— 
Dickent:  Pickwick,  ch.  xlv. 

whistling-swan,  s. 

Ornith. :  Cygniis  musims.  [HOOPER  (2), 
SWAN,  II.  2.) 

"whlst'-ly",  *wist-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  whist 
•ly.]  Silently  ;  in  silence 

"  Stood  wittly  watching  for  the  herd's  approach." 

Whit,  *  Wit,  *  wight,  s.  [Properly  wtW.fron 
A.S.  wiM  =  (I)  a  person,  a  wight,  (2)  a  whit 
a  bit ;  so  awiht  =  aught ;  nawiht  =  naught. 

[WIGHT,  ».] 

*  1.  A  space  of  time. 

"  She  was  falle  aslepe  a  lltil  wight." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  4,281. 

2.  A  jot,  an  iota,  a  point ;  the  smallest  par 
or  particle  imaginable  ;  used  adverbially,  am 
generally  with  a  negative. 

"  He  was  very  much  the  worse  man  for  it,  hut  n 
whit  the  worse  painter."—  Bp.  Taylor:  Rule  of  Con 
Kience,  bk.  iv.,  ch-  i. 

white,     *  whit,    *  whlghte,     *  whyt 

*  whjrte,  'wyte,  a.  &  s.    [A.S.  hwit ;  cogn 
with  Dut.  wit:  Icel.  hvttr;  Dan.  hmd ;  bw 
hvit:  Goth,   hweits;  O.    H.   Ger.  hwiz ;  Ger 
weiss ;  Sansc.  fveta  =  white,  from  fvit  =  to  be 
white,  to  shine.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Being  of  the  colour  of  pure  snow ;  n 
tinged  ortinted  with  anyof  the  proper  colon, 
or  their  compounds  ;  the  opposite  to  black 
dark,  or  coloured. 

"  The  next  to  him  was  dressed  In  a  large  white  w 
and  a  black  cravat."—  Goldsmith  :  Kuayt,  i. 

2.  Destitute  of  colour  in  the  cheeks,  or  ( 


the  tinge  of  Hood-colour  ;  pule,  pallid  ;  blood 
less,  as  from  fear  or  cowardice. 

"  To  turn  white  and  swoou." 

Xhtiketp.  :  Complaint,  SOe. 

3.  Ha ving  the  colour  of  purity  ;  pure,  clean, 
spotless,  stainless  ;  free  from  spot  or  guilt. 

".Calumny  the  whitest  virtue  strikes." 

/-.  :  Ueuturefor  Meature.  ili.  2. 

4.  Gray,  grayish-white,  silvery  or  hoary,  as 
from  age,  grief,  fear,  &c. 

"  Their  berdes  wereu  hore  and  white." 

Dover :  C.A..L 

*5.  Fair,  specious, 

*«.  Lucky,  favorable,  happy.  (A  Latinism.) 

H  White  Haute:  A  popular  name  fur  the 
Kxecutive  Mansion,  or  official  residence  of  the 
President,  at  Washington,  1).  C. ;  hence  (fig.)t 
the  Presidential  office. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  of  the  natural  colours  of  bodies. 
[WHITE-LIGHT.] 

"How  white  and  red  each  other  did  destroy." 

Shaketp.  :  Venut  *  Adontt,  VA. 

2.  Something,  or  a  part  of  something,  having 
the  colour  of  suow  :  as — 

*  (1)  The  central  part  in  the  butt  in  archery, 
which  was  formerly  painted  white ;  the  centre 
or  mark  at  which  a  missile  is  aimed  ;  hence, 
that  which  is  aimed  at ;  a  mark. 

"  The  Immortality  of  my  fame  is  the  white  I  shoot 
at."        Itatlinger ;  Emperor  of  the  Eatt,  Iv.  4. 

(2)  The  albumen  of  an  egg ;  the  pellucid, 
viscous  fluid  which  surrounds  the  yolk  ;  also 
the  name  given  sometimes  to  the  correspond- 
ing part  of  a  seed,  or  the  farinaceous  matter 
surrounding  the  embryo. 

"  The  yolke  «f  the  egge  can  not  be  without  the 
whvte  nor  the  whyte  without  the  yolke."—  Btrnert  : 
froiuart ;  Cronycle,  vol.  ii.,  ch.  xlii. 

(8)  That  part  of  the  ball  of  the  eye  surround- 
ing the  iris  or  coloured  part. 

•*  Turns  up  th'  white  o'  the  eye  to  his  discourse." 
Shakeip.  I  Coriolanut,  iv.  t. 

(4)  A  member  of  the  white  race  of  mankind. 

3.  Plural:  [WHITES]. 

II.   Entom.  (PI.):  The  sub-family  Pieridi. 
The  Black-veined  White  is  Aporia.  cratoegi ;  the  ' 
Green-chequered,  Pieris  daptidux  ;  the  Green-  , 
veined,  P.  najn ;  the  Large  White,  P.  brassiere; 
the  Marbled  White,  Melanagria  galathea;  the 
Small    White,  Pieris  rapa ;   and  the   Wood 
White,  LeucopAtwia  sinapii. 

U  (1)  In  the  white  :  (See  extract). 

"  It  may  be  here  explained  that  in  the  whit*  is  a 
cabinet-making  term  for  unpolished  goods.'  —Echo, 
Nov.  80.  1886. 

(2)  White  softening  of  the  train: 

Pathol. :  [SorrENiNO]. 

f  White  -  antimonial  ore  =  Valmtinlte  ; 
White-arsenic  =  Arsenolite  ;  White  -  copperas 
=  GoslarUe  and  Coquimbite  ;  White-copper  ore 
—  Kyrosite;  White-garnet  =  Leucite;  White- 
Iron  pyrites  =  Marcasite;  White-lead  ore  = 
Cerussite  ;  White  •  nickel  =  Sammelsberfite  ; 
White- tellurium  =Sylvenlte;  White-vitriol  = 
Goslarite. 

white-admiral,  >. 

Entom. :  Limenitis  Camilla  (or  tibylla).   [Ar> 

MIKAL,    C.  2.) 

white  amphisbtena,  s. 

Zool. :  Amphislxena  alba,  eighteen  to  twenty 
inches  long,  and  about  as  thick  as  a  man  a 
finger.  [AMPHISB^ENID.*;.] 

white-antimony,  s.    [VALENTINITE.] 

white-ants,  ».  pi. 

Entom. :  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the 
Termitidffl  (q.v.).  The  resemblance  to  the 
ants,  Formicidse,  &c.,  isin  the  general  aspect, 
their  life  in  social  communities,  the  appear- 
ance at  certain  times  of  many  winged  indi- 
viduals, and  the  nature  of  the  habitations. 
But  they  belong  to  different  orders,  the  vena- 
tion ofthe  wings  beingdiflerent.  A  white  ant 
looks  not  unlike  a  soft  immature  earwig,  but 
without  the  forreps.  White  ants  constitute 
the  most  destructive  insect  pest  to  be  found 
in  the  tropics.  They  do  not  attack  human 
beings,  their  ravages  being  confined  to  pro- 
perty. They  make  their  way  into  houses 
through  some  minute  aperture  which  they 
have  found  or  have  themselves  formed  in  t'te 
floor  or  in  the  wall.  Nothing  external  nmy 
reveal  the  fact  that  the  joists  or  rafters  on 
which  they  have  been  operating  are  weakened 
and  rendered  unsafe  by  being  all  pierced 
internally  with  their  galleries.  If  they  can 
effect  an  entrance  into  a  library  they  bring 


8174 


np  mud  and  construct  tunnels  with  it  eo  as  to 
glue  "ite  book  to  another,  anil  eat  away  the 
leather  or  cloth  by  which  the  twiards  were 
affixed  to  the  book  itself,  besides  rounding 
o'l  the  angles  of  a  number  of  the  volumes. 
Whatever  is  in  danger  of  them  is  placed  on  a 
table  or  frame,  the  legs  of  which  rest  on  stone 
stands,  surrounded  by  water.  Every  historical 
document  in  India  is  in  (lancer  from  these 
destructive  creatures.  Prof.  Drummond  sug- 
gests that  white  anta  probably  render  the  game 
service  In  the  tropics  which  earthworms  do  in 
temperate  lands.  The  workers  and  soldiers  of  ; 
the  white  ants  are  blind,  aud  rarely  appear  i 
above  ground,  making  their  migrations  from  i 
place  to  place  under  mud  runnels,  which  they 
construct  as  they  advance.  The  workers  have  , 
large  broad  heads  and  strong  jaws  adapted  for 
gnawing ;  the  soldiers  have  still  larger  heads  and 
longer  jaws.  These  wingless  forms  resemble  the 
true  ants  in  appearance,  but  the  winged  male 
and  female  forms  are  much  larger  and  flatter. 
The  latter  possess  eyes,  and  leave  the  nest  in 
great  flying  swarms  in  the  pairing  season,  few 
of  them  escaping  the  ravages  of  their  enemies 
during  this  period.  The  "ant  hills"  erected 
by  them  are  wonderful  in  character,  those  of 
feme*  !*Wk-o«w,  of  West  Africa,  being  huce 
sugar-loaf  shaped  mounds  of  earth,  from  ten 
to  twenty  feet  high,  and  so  strongly  cemented 
as  to  bear  a  man's  weight.  Internally  they 
present  several  stories  and  many  chambers, 
some  for  the  workers  and  soldiers,  one  for  the 
king  and  queen,  and  others  for  the  eggs  and 
young,  and  for  food  supplies.  One  species  ii 
common  in  the  United  States,  T.  flamptt; 
it  is  fortunately  not  specially  destructive.  The 
female  or  queen  of  the  termites  undergoes 
remarkable  changes,  increasing  in  size  till 
from  two  to  fire  inches  in  length,  and  becoming 
enormously  distended  with  eggs,  which  it  may 
lay  at  the  fate  of  80,000  a  day. 

white -arsenic,  «.    [ABSENIOUS-OXIDE.] 

white  ash,  «. 

Bot. :  (1)  A°  American  tree,  Fmarinw  ameri. 
tana  ;  (2)  Pyria  Avcuparia.  (Britten  it  Hoi- 
IMLj 

white-ash  herb,  s. 

Hot. :  Mgopdam  Fvdagraria.  (Briton  <t 
Holland.)  ' 

white-back,  *. 

Bot. :  Populus  alba.  Named  from  the  white 
colour  of  the  leaves  on  their  lower  side. 

white-backed  coly,  «. 

Ornith. :  Colius  capensis,  from  South  Africa. 
Length  about  fourteen  inches ;  ash-coloured, 
rump  and  lower  back  glossed  with  red,  white 
line  (bordered  on  each  side  by  a  broader  black 
one)  from  shoulders  to  rump. 

white-backed  skunk,  «. 

Zool, :  Mephitis  (or  Spilogalf)  mttorivt,  from 
South  America,  Mexico,  and  the  south-west 
of  the  United  States.  It  is  larger  than  the 
Common  Skunk,  from  which  it  Is  also  dis- 
tinguished by  its  short  white  tail. 

white-bay.  >. 

Bot.  :  Magnolia  tjlauca.    (OffilvU.) 

white-beam,  s. 

Bot. :  Pyrus  Aria.  Named  from  the  white 
down  on  the  young  shoots  and  the  underside 
of  the  leaves. 

white-bear,  a, 

Zool. :  Ursiu  marittmiu,  the  Polar  Bear 
(q.  v.).  The  name  is  somewhat  of  a  misnomer, 
as  only  the  yonng  bears  are  really  white,  the 
fur  in  adults  changing  to  a  creamy  tint, 
whence  Scotch  whalers  sometimes  call  this 
animal  the  Brownie, 

white-beard,  >.    A  man  having  a  white 
or  gray  beard  ;  a  gray-beard ;  an  old  man. 
"  H'tiU<'J"artU  have  turned  their  thin  aud  bairleai 
aealp«.-  SluOtelp. :  Richard  II.,  lii.  1 

white-bearded,  a.  Having  a  white  or 
gray  beard. 

"  Our  wlM»*firdtd  PatrUrehi  died." 

Byron  :  Seam  A  forth,  L  S. 
WJiitt-bearded  monkey: 

'ZooL:   SannopUhma  nestor,  a   native  of 
Ceylon. 

white-beech,  «. 

Bot. :  Fayta  tylvalica,  var.  amerwano. 

white-bellied  sea-eagle, ». 

Ornith. :  Balicutiu  leucogatter,   from  Ans- 


white 

tralia  and  tlie  Moluccas,  ranging  to  India  and 
Cochin  China. 
white-bellied  seal, ». 

Zool. :  Monachus  albivtnter.    [MoNK-SEAL.] 

white-bellied  water-mouse,  s. 

Zool. :  Hydromys  Intcogastrr,  a  small  rat-like 
rodent  from  New  South  Wales  and  Van  Die- 
nan's  Land. 

white-ben,  ». 
Bot :  Silrnc  infata. 
white-bismuth,  a 

Chtm.  A  Comm.  .•  Bismuth  subnitrato.  [Bia- 
MI-TII,  3.] 

white-blaze,  >.    [WHITE-FACE.] 
white-blow,  a, 

Bot. :  (1)  Drain  vtrna;  (2)  Saxi/roja  fridac- 
tylitti. 

*  white-bonnet,  s.  A  fictitious  or  sham 
bidder  at  sales  by  auction  ;  a  puller. 

white-bordered  butterfly,  t. 

Entom. :  Vanessa,  antiom,  a  rare  British  but- 
terfly, better  known  as  the  Camberwell  Beauty. 
Wings  purplish  chocolate,  wilh  broad  whitish 
hind  margins,  and  a  broad  black  band  with 
six  or  seven  blue  spots  on  each  wing,  the 
fore  pair  also  with  two  whitish  spots.  Cater- 
pillar spinous,  black,  dotted  with  white,  and 
with  a  red  spot  on  each  segment  from  the 
fourth  to  the  eleventh  ;  it  feeds  on  Satix  alba. 

white-bottle,  «. 

Bot. :  Silent  inflate.  So  named  to  distin- 
guish it  from  the  Blue-bottle,  Centaurm 
Cyanut. 

white-brant,  >. 

Ornith. :  The  Snow-goose  (q.v.). 

white-brass,  *.  An  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc,  with  sufficient  of  the  latter,  or  of  nickel, 
lead,  4c.,  to  give  it  a  whit*  colour. 

white-bream,  <. 

Ichthy. :  Abramis  blicca,  a  British  and  Euro- 
pean species.  It  is  about  a  foot  long,  silvery 
white,  sometimes  with  a  bluish  tinge. 

White-Brethren,  s.  pi. 

Church  hist. :  A  body  of  enthusiasts  who 
appeared  in  Italy  at  the  beginning  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  and,  under  the  leadership  of 
a  priest  claiiningto  be  Elias,  declared  a  cru- 
sade against  the  Turks  in  order  to  obtain  pos- 
session of  the  Holy  Land.  They  were  met  at 
Viterbo  by  the  Papal  troops,  and  were  dis- 
persed. Their  leader  was  carried  to  Rome 
where  he  was  burnt  as  a  heretic  in  1403. 

White-bristle, «.     (SPLENIC-FEVER,  3.] 

White-bug,  s.  An  insect  which  injmjs 
Tines  and  some  other  species  of  fruit. 

white-butterfly,  a, 

Entom.  (PL):  The  genus  Pieris,  or  the  sub 
family  Pieridi  (q.v.). 

white  cabbage-butterfly,  «. 

Entom. :  The  genus  Pieris  (q.v.). 
white-campion,  a 

Bot. :  Lychnis  resptrtina.  The  flowers  are 
fragrant  in  the  evening. 

wbite-oandlewood,  s. 

Bot. :  Amyris  toxtfera,  a  large  tree  with  pin- 
nate leaves  and  bunches  of  purple  pear-shaped 
fruits,  tasting  like  the  balsam  of  copaiba. 
The  juice  of  the  tree  is  as  black  as  ink  ;  its 
wood  has  a  pleasant  smell  and  takes  a  fine 
polish.  It  grows  in  the  Carolina*.  UAKCA.] 

white-canons,  t.  pi. 

Church  flist. :  A  popular  name  for  the  Pre- 
monstratensians. 

white-cap,  i. 

1.  Dot. :  Aijaricus  arvensis.    [AOAKICBB.] 

2.  Zool. :   The  Tree  Sparrow  or  Mountain 
Sparrow,  Pyrgita  manta.no. 

3.  One  of  a  self-constituted  secret  committee 
or  body  of  men  who,  under  pretence  of  regu- 
lating public  morality  In  the  community  in 
which  they  live,    uuimit  outrages  upon  Mich 
people  as  have  encountered  their  ill-will.  ( V£.) 

white-caterpillar,  s. 

Entom.:   The  larva  of  the   Magpie  Moth 

white-cedar,  >. 


Bot. :  (1)  Cvprrsnu  ihyotda  ;(2)  llelia  AKdu. 
rach. 

white-centaury,  a, 

Bot. :  Centaurm  alia,  a  native  of  Souther 
Europe. 

white-chalk,  «. 

Geol.  :  [CHALK,  A.  II.  1  (!>]. 

white-clergy,  a. 

EccltxM.  &  Church  Hitt.  :  The  parish  priest! 
in  Russia,  as  distinguished  from  the  black 
clergy  or  monks. 

white-cloud  illuminator,  a. 

Microscopy:  A  reflector  to  illuminate  an  ob 
ject  with  a  subdued  white  light,  such  as  is 
obtained  from  a  bright  white  cloud.  In  place 
of  a  plane  mirror,  a  surface  of  pounded  glass 
or  plaster  of  Paris  is  used. 

white-clover.  s. 

Bot. :  Trijvlium  repens,  a  perennial  oreeidng 
plant,  sometimes  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  the 
leaflets  obovate  or  obcordate,  toothed,  some- 
times with  a  seiuilumir  band  at  their  base; 
flowers  white  or  somewhat  roseate. 

White-Coat,  s.     (See  extract.) 

"The  phenomenon  so  carefully  described  by  hilt 
was  simply  a  'irhift-cnat,'  or  young  six -weeks-old  seal." 
—Bladtuxtotfi  Mafratine.  July,  1I7S,  |>.  M. 

white-cola,  t. 

Bot. :  The  seeds  of  Sterculia  nacrocarpa. 
They  are  very  bitter,  and  are  used  by  the 
negroes  of  the  Guinea  coast  as  a  condiment. 

[COLA.] 

white-copper,*.  White  tombac.  [TOM- 
BAC.] 

white-corpuscles,  i.  pi.  [COEPCSCLB, 
II.  S.  (1).] 

white-crested  plantain-eater,  a 

Ornith. :  Corythaix  musophaga*    [MUSOPHA- 

O1M&] 

white-crime,  >.  An  offence  against  the 
law  which  is  not  condemned  by  the  feeling  of 
the  community. 

"At  preaent.  wheu  an  Irishman  ia  accused  ID  Ireland 
of  what  is  called  a  w/iire-crtnM  by  Ills  fellow-country. 
men  Inch,  for  instance,  al  the  munler  of  a  care  taker 
or  a  landlord;  the  difficulty  la  not  only  with  the  jury 
but  with  the  witnesses."— AC.  Jamtt't  Oatettt,  May  21, 
1SS7. 

white-crop, «. 

Agric. :  A  term  applied  to  grain  crops,  as 
wheat,  barley,  oats,  and  rye.  which  whiten  or 
lose  their  colour  as  they  ripen,  in  'contradis- 
tinction to  green-crop,  root-crop,  lie. 

white -cross  knight,  «.  A  Knight 
Hospitaller.  The  order  wore  a  white  cross  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  Knight  Templars, 
who  wore  a  red  one. 

White-cross  Society,  a  A  society 
instituted  in  or  about  1SS3,  at  Bishop  Auck- 
land, to  urge  upon  men  the  obligation  of 
personal  purity ;  to  raise  the  tone  of  public 
opinion  upon  questions  of  morality ;  and  to 
inculcate  a  respect  for  womanhood. 

white-dammar, «. 

Bot.  <r  Comm. :  A  gum  resin  produced  by 
Valeria  indica.  [\"ATEBIA.] 

White-deal,  >.  The  timber  of  Ablts  t*- 
celta. 

white-ear,  >.  A  bird,  the  Fallow-finch 
or  Wlieatear. 

white-elephant,  s. 

1.  Lit.  d  Zool. :  An  elephant  aftected  with 
albinism.    Such  animals  appear  to  have  been 
known  to  the  ancients  (Mian.  iil.  46;  HOT. 
Ep.  ii.  I.  195).    They  are  highly  esteemed  by 
some  eastern  potentates,  and  are  considered 
sacred  in  Siam.     A  specimen  purchased   by 
Mr.  Baraum  from  King  Theebaw  of  Burmah 
was    brought  to  the  United    States  in  1884, 
and  shown  at)  one  of  the  principal  attractions 
of  the  travelling  menagerie.  It  stood  seven  feet 
and  a  half  high,  and  the  face,  ears,  front  of 
trunk,  fore  feet,  and  part  of  breast  were  of  a 
light  ash  color. 

2.  Fig. :  A  present  which  does  one  much 
more  harm  than  good,  or  more  generally  any 
nominal  advantage  which  has  this  effect.    It 
ia  generally  reported  that  when  the  king  of 
Biam  desires  to  rain  any  one,  he  makes  him  a 
present  of  a  white  elephant  [1.].    The  sacred 
animal  has  an  enormous  appetite,  and,  being 
eacred,  it  is  a  crime  to  let  it  die,  so  that  the 
gift  generally  entails  ruin  on  the  recipient. 


Cite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father:  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  o»  = 


=  6;  ay  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


white 


5175 


white-ermine,  «. 

Entom. :  SpiluMnut  nenthastri.  (Slainton.) 
Arctia  menthastri.  (Newman.)  One  of  the 
Chelonidse  (approximately  =  Arctiidiv,  q.v.). 
Fore  wings,  yellowish  white,  with  four  curved, 
transverse  rows  of  black  spots ;  hin.i 
white,  spotted  with  black.  Expansion  of 
wings  11  or  1J  inches.  Abdomen  yellow, 
with  blai'k  spots.  iJirva  Mark,  with  long 
hairs  ;  it  feeds  ou  various  low  plants. 

white-eye,  ». 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  species  of 
Zostemps  (q.v.),  from  the  fact  that  the  eyes 
are  encircled  with  compact  white  feathers. 

white-eyed,  o.     Having  pale,   lustre- 
jess  eyes.    (Tennyson  :  Palace  oj'  Art,  239.) 

White-eyed  duck : 

Ornith. :  Fuligvla  nyroca,  allied  to  the 
Pochard  (q.v.),  but  distinguished  from  it  by 
having  the  irides  white,  and  a  broad  white  bar 
on  the  wing.  An  Irregular  winter  and  spring 
visitor  to  Britain,  principally  occurring  on 
the  east  coast. 

white -eyelid   monkey,    s.      [MAN- 

OABEV.  ] 

white-face,  white-blaze, ».  A  white 
mark  in  the  forehead  of  a  horse,  descending 
almost  to  the  nose. 

white-faced,  «. 

1.  Having  a  white  or  pale  face,  as  from 
fear,  grief,  illness,  or  the  like;  ]»le-iaced. 

2.  Having  a  white  front,  surface,  or  aspect. 

"That  nale,  that  wfttte-facfd  Bhore, 
Whose  (cot  spurns  back  th«  oceans  roaring  tides. 
Saatup. .  A-fcw  Jolm,  IL  L 

White-faced  duck : 

Ornith. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
female  of  the  Scaup,  from  its  having  a  white 
band,  which  grows  broader  with  age,  at  the 
base  of  the  bill.  [SCAUP  (3).] 

t  white-favored,  a  Tearing  or  decked 
with  white  rosettes  or  fevers.  (Tennyson  : 
In  Hcmoriam,  Cone.  90.) 

white-feather,  s.  The  symbol  of  coward- 
ice, a  term  introduced  in  the  days  when  cock- 
fighting  was  in  vogue.  As  a  gamecock  has  no 
white  feathers,  a  white  feather  was  a  proof 
that  the  bird  was  not  game.  (Generally  used 
In  the  phrasea,  To  thaw  the  white-feather,  To 
have  a  white  feather  in  one' I  wing.) 

white  film,  s.  A  white  film  growing  over 
the  eyes  of  sheep  and  causing  blindness. 

white-florin,  .«. 

Bot.:  Agrostis  alba. 

white-fish,  >. 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  general  term  for  whitings 
•nd  haddocks. 

H,  Ichthyology: 

-1  A  popular  name  for  the  genus  Leuciscus. 
(Ciinther  :  Study  of  F-ahes,  p.  599.) 

2.  An  American  name  for  the  genus  Core- 
gonns.  (Otinther  :  Study  of  Fishes,  p.  648.) 

white  -  flowered,  a.  Bearing  white 
flowers.  (Tennyson:  Godiva,  63.) 

white-flag,  «. 

1.  A  flag  of  truce. 

2.  The  flag  of  France  under  the  Bourbons. 
The  tield  was  white,  with  the  royal  arms  on 
an  escutcheon,  surmounted  by  a  crown. 

white-flux,  ». 

Metall. :  A  compound  of  potassic  carbonate 
and  nitre. 

White-foot,  s.  A  white  mark  on  the  foot 
of  a  horse,  between  the  fetlock  and  the  collin. 

white-footed  hapalote,  & 

Zool. :  Hupalolis  albipes,  from  the  mpuntain- 
«ns  parts  of  New  South  Wales.  It  is  about 
the  size  of  a  rat,  smoky  brown  in  colour,  with 
tte  feet  and  belly  white. 

White-footed  mouse, ».  [DEER-HODSE.] 

•  White  Friars,  s.  pi. 

Church  Hat. :  A  popular  English  name  in 
pre- Reformation  times  for  the  friars  of  Our 
Ladv  of  Mount  Carroll-  now  generally  known 
as  Carmelites.  The  r.ar..e  had  reference  to 
the  fact  that  they  wore  over  the  brown  hal  it 
•  white  scapular  and  cloak.  [CARMELITK, 
SCAPULAR,  B.  l.J 

"They  were  recognized  as  one  of  the  Mendicant 
order- ;  our  ancestors  knew  them  as  the  White  friars" 
—AdUu  4  Arnold:  Ctitti.  Met.,  p.  131. 


white-fronted  lemur,  s, 

Ztiol.  :  Lemur  albij'rons,  from  Madugasi-ar. 
It  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  broail  tend  uf 
white  fur  encircling  the  forehead,  cheeks,  and 
ears. 

white-goby,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Latruiiculus  pcllucidus,  a  very  small 
Goby,  common  in  some  localities  in  the 
British  Islands  and  in  Europe.  It  is  distin- 
guished by  its  transparent  body,  wide  mouth, 
and  single  row  of  teeth.  It  lives  but  one 
year,  and  is  the  only  known  instance  of  what 
may  be  called  an  "annual"  vertebrate.  The 
spawning  season  is  June  and  July  ;  the  eggs 
are  hatched  in  August,  and  the  young  tish 
attain  their  full  growth .  between  October  an. I 
December.  In  July  and  August  the  atlnHs 
die  off,  and  by  September  only  the  fry  are  to 
be  found.  (Gunther:  Study  oj  Fishes.) 

white-grouse,  white-ptarmigan, «. 

Ornith. :  Lagopus  alow.    [WILLOW-GROUSE.) 

white-gum,  s.  A  kind  of  gum-rash, 
Strophulus  albidus,  in  which  the  pimples  are 
•mall,  hard,  and  whitish.  [STROPHULL-S.] 

white-gunpowder,  *.  A  blasting  mix- 
ture composed  of  chlorate  of  potash,  dried 
feirocyanide  of  potassium  and  sugar.  It  is 
now  rarely  used  owing  to  its  liability  to  ex- 
plode during  manufacture,  transport,  or  the 
like. 

white-haired,  a.  Having  white  hair. 
(Tennyson :  Tithonus,  8.) 

white-handed,  a. 

1,  Lit. :  Having  white  hands. 

"  WMu-liandcd  mutreH  one  «weet  word  with  thee." 
Ma*«J>.  :  LoMt  Labour  t  Lwt,  v.  1 

2.  Fig. :  Having  clean  or  unstained  bauds  ; 
free  from  guilt. 

White-handed  gibbon:  [LAR-OIBBON]. 
white  hass,  s.      Sausages   stuffed  with 
oatmeal  and  suet.    (Scotch.) 

"There  U  black-pudding  and  «M«-»a«»-trY  wbilk 
7«  like  belt"— Scott.-  Bride  at  Lammirmoor,  ch.  ill. 

White  Hats,  ».  ft. 

Hilt. :  The  name  given  to  a  democratic 
faction  which,  commencing  in  1877  at  Ghent, 
the  next  year  rose  in  revolt,  and  continued  to 
give  trouble  till  the  accession  of  Philip  II.  of 
Burgundy  in  1384. 

white-head,  >. 

Bat. :  Parthenium  Hysterophona,  from  Ja- 
maica. 

white-headed  duck.  s. 

Ornith. :  Erimatura  laicocephala,  from  Booth  - 
eastern  Europe  and  northern  Africa.  [STirr- 
TAILEO  DUCKS.] 

white-headed  said,  s.    [SAKI.] 

white-headed  titmouse,  s. 

Ornith.:  A  name  sometimes  Riven  to  a 
species  of  Acredula,  from  Scandinavia  and 


TITMICE. 

A.  White-headed  Titmouse  ;  B.  Long-tilled  Titmouse. 

Germany,  in  which  the  whole  of  the  head  is 
white.  It  is  closely  allied  to,  if  not  identical 
with,  the  Long-tailed  Titmouse,  Acredula  cau- 
date (\Parus  caudatus). 

white-heat,  s.  That  degree  of  heat  at 
which  bodies  become  incandescent  and  appear 
white  from  the  bright  glow  which  they  emit, 

white-hellebore,  ».  [HELLEBORE,  1, 
VERATRUM.) 

white-herring,  s.  The  common  herring, 
fresh  or  salted,  but  not  smoked  for  preserva- 
tion, as  distinguished  from  red-herring. 

white-hoop,  s. 

Bot.:   A   Jamaica   name   for   Tournefortia 
bicolor. 
*  white-hooved,  a.  Having  white  hoofs. 


••  A  Jet-black  goat,  white-homed,  . 

Ttttnyton  :  (Snone,  GO. 

white-horehound,  s.    (MARRUBIUM.) 


white-horned,  a.    Having  white  horns 
(See  extract  under.  WHITE-HOOVED.) 

white-horse,  s. 

Bot. :    Portlamlia   graiuHJlora,   a   Jamaica 
plant. 
white-horses,  s.  pi.     A  name  given  to 

tossing,  white-toppt-'l  wave*. 

"The  bay  is  now  cnrlltn:  and  writhing  in  «*ife- 
lurrta. "-C.  Ktngtlry.  In  Lift.  i.  1M. 

white-indigo,  s.    [INDIOOOEK] 
white-iron,  s      Thin  sheet-iron  covered 
with  a  coating  of  tin. 

white-lady,  a. 

Bot.  :  The  Snowdrop  (q.v.).  Britten  &  Hol- 
land .give  this  on  the  authority  of  Ouida  in 
Strathmore. 

white-land,  s.  A  tongh,  clayey  soil,  of 
awhitish  hue  when  dry,  but  blackish  after  rain. 

white-laurel,  s.    [BEAVER-TREE.] 

white-lead,  *.  A  dense  white  powder, 
insoluble  in  water,  but  easily  dissolved  in 
dilute  nitric  or  acetic  acid  ;  extensively  em- 
ployed in  painting.  [CEKUSE,  1.,  LEAD-CAR- 
BONATE, 1.) 

white-leaf  tree,  <. 

Bot. :  Pyrus  A  ria.  (Evelyn.)  Named  from 
the  silvery  under-surface  of  the  leaves. 

white-leather,  s.    [WHITLEATHER,  L] 

white-leg,  s. 

Pathol. :  Phlegmasia  dolens  (q.v.). 
white-legged,  a.    Having  white  leg*. 

white-leprosy,  *. 

Pathol. :  Leprosy  characterized  by  morbid 
whiteness  of  the  skin.  (2  Kings  v.  27 ;  cf. 
also  Exod.  iv.  6.)  Heb.  rff^  (tsaraath)  from 
ST$  (tiara)  =  (1)  to  prostrate ;  (2)  to  affect 
with  leprosy.  Probably  the  tuberculated 
variety  of  Elephantiasis  orceca.  It  does  not 
exactly  correspond  to  the  ancient  description, 
but  diseases  often  somewhat  alter  their  char- 
acter. It  is  still  characterized  at  one  stage 
by  white  spots,  and  the  change  to  white  of 
the  hair  of  the  head  and  beard,  but  the  whole 
surface  of  the  skin  is  not  white.  There  is  also 
a  leucopathic  sub-variety  of  the  non-tuber- 
culated  leprosy,  in  which  there  are  white 
spots  or  blotches  on  the  skin.  [ELEPHANTI- 
ASIS, LEPROSY.) 

•White  Lias,  i. 

Geol. :  The  name  given  by  Mr.  William 
Smith  to  certain  cream-coloured  limestones 
in  the  West  of  England,  since  shown  by  Mr. 
Charles  Moore  to  belong  to  the  Rhsetic  forma- 
tion. 

white-lie,  ».  A  lie  for  which  some  kind 
of  excuse  can  be  made  ;  a  false  statement 
made  in  the  interest  of  peace,  reconciliation, 
harmless  sport,  or  the  like ;  a  harmless  or 
non-iualicious  falsehood ;  a  pious  fraud.  [Cf. 
WHITE-CHIME,  WHITE-WITCH.] 

"  Sir  George  has  told  me  a  lie— a  wh;t*.lit  he  Bar", 
but  I  hate  a  <ehiu-lit.~— Had.  TSArblay:  atari,  iv.ltl. 

white-light,  >. 

Optics:  The  apparently  simple  sensation 
which  is  nevertheless  really  produced  on  the 
retina  by  a  certain  mixture  of  colours.  Ordi- 
narily white  light  is  composed  of  the  whole  of 
the  visible  colours  of  the  spectrum,  as  in  sun- 
light ;  and  the  fact  of  white  resulting  from 
this  mixture  can  be  demonstrated  in  many 
ways,  as  by  re-nniting  the  spectral  colours 
themselves,  or  by  revolving  rapidly  a  disc 
[NEWTON'S  Disc]  painted  with  the  colours  In 
separata  sectors.  A  similar  mixture  of  pig- 
ments fails,  partly  because  the  pigments  them- 
selves are  never  pure  colours,  and  partly  and 
chiefly  because  pigments  act  ruther  as  ab- 
sorbents of  the  light  reflected  from  the  paper 
or  other  colours  underneath  than  as  additional 
illuminating  colours.  White  light  can,  how- 
ever, be  also  compounded  of  throe,  or  of  only 
two  colours,  which  are  then  called  comple- 
mentary colours.  Such  white  is  quite  un- 
distinguishable  by  the  eye  from  white  com- 
pounded of  all  the  colours ;  and  hence  it 
follows  that  the  ej-e  is  not  an  ultimate  appeal 
in  such  matters,  but  is  easily  deceived^  by 
apparently  similar  total  results  really  com- 
pounded of  quite  different  materials.  The 
same  applies  to  colours,  which  can  also  be 
Imitated  so  far  as  the  eye  can  judge,  but 
analysis  by  the  prism  reveals  the  different 
composition  of  the  light  instantly. 


biy;  p6ut,  Jowl;  eat,  9011,  chorus.  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing. 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion.  -«ion  =  shun ;  -tlon.  -§ion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious.  -Gious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  Del,  del. 


6176 


white 


white  lily,  >. 

Hot  :  Lilium  candidum.    ILlLluji,  1.] 
White-lime,  s.   A  solution  or  preparation 
of  lime  used  for  whitewashing ;  a  variety  of 
whitewash. 

white-limed,  o.  Whitewashed,  or  plas- 
tered with  lime. 

•'Ye  wttUe-Hm*l  walls  !  ye  alehouse  painted  sign*  1 " 
ShaJ&tp. :  Titia  Andrunicut.  if.  2. 

white-line,  s. 

1.  Print. :  A  blank  space  between  line*  of 
type. 

2.  Stud. :  An  untarred  cord  or  rops. 

white-lipped  peccary,  i.     [PECCABY.] 

*  white-listed,  a.    Having  white  stri  pes 
or    lists    on  a  darker  ground.      {Tennyson  : 
Merlin  A  Vivien,  788.) 

*  white-livered,  a.  Cowardly,  pusillani- 
mous. 

••  WluUJifer'd  mnagate,  what  doth  he  there  t" 

T&tmp. :  Riduird  III.,  IT.  «. 

1  From  the  old  notion  that  cowardly  per- 
sons had  pale-coloured  or  bloodless  livers. 

••  How  mauy  coward*  .  .  .  inward  searched 
Hire  lifer*  u>Mr?  as  milk." 

Shakcsp. :  Merchant  t>/  Venice.  UL  1 

white-magic,  s.    [MAOIC,  t  (5).] 
white-manganese,  s.    An  ore  of  man- 
ganese ;  carbonate  of  manganese. 
white-meat,  s. 

1.  Food  composed  of  milk,  cheese,  batter, 
eggs,  and  the  like. 

"  The  country-men  who  fed  on  u\tte  meali  made  of 
milk.11- Canute*  :  Hia  «.  Eliiaoetk  {an.  UK}. 

2.  Certain  delicate  flesh  used  for  food,  as 
poultry,  rabbits,  veal,  and  the  like.     (Sim- 
monds.) 

white-metal,  >. 

1.  A  term  usually  applied  to  an  alloy  in 
which  zinc,  tin.  nickel,  or  lead  is  in  such 
quantity  as  to  give  it  a  white  colour. 

2.  Any  of  the  soft  metals,  usually  of  a  light 
colour,  used  for  bearings  in  machinery. 

•white-money,  s.    Silver  coin. 
white-mould,    . 
Bat.  (PL):  The  Mucedines (q.v.X 
white-mouse,  s. 

Zool. :  An  albino  variety  of  the  Common 
House  (Afu»  musculiu).  [House,  «.,  II.  3.] 

white-mustard,  t. 

Bot. :  Brassica  or  Sinapis  alba.  It  is  hispid, 
with  reflexed  hairs,  the  stem  one  to  three 
feet  high,  the  leaves  lyrato-pinnatifld  or  pin- 
nate, the  flowers  yellow.  Found  in  fields  In 
England  or  cultivated.  Watson  believes  it  a 
colonist. 

white-necked  otary,  >. 

Zool. :  Otaria  albicollis  (Neophoca  lobata, 
Gray),  from  Australia.  Adult  niales  from 
eight  to  nine  feet  long,  and  larger  specimens 
are  said  to  occur.  Face,  neck,  wider-surface, 
back,  and  sides  blackish-brown,  passing  into 
slaty-gray  on  the  extremities  ;  binder  half  of 
the  crown,  nape,  and  back  of  neck  rich  fawn. 
Called  also  Australian  Sea  Lion,  Gray's  Aus- 
tralian Hair  Seal,  and,  from  the  peculiar  light 
colour  on  the  head,  Cowled  and  Counsellor 
Seal. 

white  noddy,  white-tern,  «. 

Ornith. :  Gygis  caudida,  from  the  South 
Pacific.  The  plumage  is  pure  white  and  of 
silky  softness,  whence  it  is  also  called  the 
Silky  Tern. 

white-nosed  monkey,  >.    [VAULTINO- 

MONKBY.] 

white-nun,  «.    The  Smew  (q.v.X 

white-oak,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  Quercus  pedunculata;  (2)  Q.  alba; 
(3)  In  New  South  Wales,  Camarina  leptoclada. 

U  <?.  alba,  the  White  Oak  of  the  United 
States,  is  a  tree  of  leading  economic  import- 
ance, its  wood  being  largely  used  in  ship  and 
house  building,  in  the  making  of  wheels, 
wagons,  and  casks,  and  for  many  other  pur- 
poses. It  is  abundant  throughout  the  eastern 
section  of  the  country,  extending  far  into 
Canada  on  the  north  and  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  on  the  south.  In  aspect  it  resembles 
Q.  robur,  the  European  oak,  forming  a  thick 
trunk  with  spreading  base,  and  extending 
huge  spreading  boughs  when  in  open  spaces. 


Its  name  is  derived  from  the  whitish  color  of 
its  bark.  In  favorable  situations  it  often 
attains  a  great  si/e.  Trunks  of  three  or  four 
feet  diameter  are  not  infrequent,  and  much 
larger  ones  are  sometimes  found.  The  wood 
is  strong  and  hard  in  texture,  but  variable  in 
quality,  and  less  durable  than  that  of  the  best 
British  oaks. 

White  Penitents,  s.  pi. 

Church  Hist. :  The  White  Brethren  (q.T.X 
white-pepper,  s.    [PEPPER,  i.,  I.) 
white-pine,  s. 
Botany  £  Commercial : 

1.  Pi»ut  strobtts:    Of  the  lumber   yielding 
trees  of  the  '"niteil  Stati'9  the  White  Pine 
stands   first,  being   important   for    its    large 
growth  and  abundance,  and  for  the  soft  even 
grain  of  its  wood,  which  renders  it  one  of  the 
most  easily  worked  trees  for  carpentry  pur- 
poses.   No  other  tree  of  this  country  is  used  so 
abundantly  in  the  building  and  other  common 
wood-working  arts.    This  tree  abounds  from 
Canada  to  the  Gulf  States,  but  in  the  Eastern 
States  has  been  so  destroyed  by  the  lumbermen 
that  the  former  great  forests  of  it  have  largely 
disappeared.    At  one  time  Maine  and  Vermont 
were   celebrated   for  the  size  of  their  white 
pines,  but  few  of  these  great  trees  now  exist  in 
New  England,  while  the  vast  forests  formerly 
existing  in  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania 
have  been   greatly  depleted.     Withiu    recent 
years  Michigan  has  been  the  chief  source  of 
white  pine  lumber,  but  the  immense  forests  of 
that  state  and  of  Wisconsin  are  rapidly  vanish- 
ing before  the  lumberman's  destructive  axe. 
It    is    estimated    that    the   once   seemingly 
inexhaustible  store  can  lact  but  a  few  years 
more  at  the  present  rate    of    indiscriminate 
destruction.    There  are  large  forests  still  In 
Canada.     The   White   Pine   belongs   to    the 
group  with  five  leaves  in  each  tuft.      It  is 
often  a  tree  of  noble  proportions,  attaining,  in 
a  deep,  rich  soil,  a  height  of  150  or  even  200 
feet,  the  trunks  sometimes  80  or  90  feet  high 
without  a  branch.   This  renders  them  valuable 
for  masts.    Trunks  have  been  measured  from 
fci.x  to  nearly  eight    feet   in    diameter.    The 
wood  of  the  White  Pine  is  durable  for  indoor 
use,  particularly  when  protected  by  paint,  but 
rapidly  decays  when  exposed  to  moist  air.    It 
is  very  liable  to  dry  rot.    It  has  been  intro- 
duced into   England,  where  it  is  known  us 
Weymouth  Pine.    It  grows  well  in  Germany. 

2.  PrniM  Tieda.     [Pisvs.] 
white-poplar,  «.    [ABEL*,  POPULUS.J 
white-poppy,  >. 

Bot.  :  Papaver  somniferum.    [PAPAVER,] 

White-pot,  s.  A  kind  of  dish  made  of 
milk,  sliced  rolls,  eggs,  sugar,  <tc.,  baked  in  a 
pot  or  in  a  bowl  placed  in  a  quick  oven. 

"Cornwall  squab-pye,  and  Devon  white-pot  brings.' 
Hint     On  Coo*er». 

white-potherb,  «. 

Bot. :  yalfrianella  olitoria. 

white-precipitate,  >. 

Chtm, :  (NHsHg")Cl.  A  mroonio-chlorlde  of 
mercury.  Discovered  by  Raymond  Lully  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  and  obtained  by  adding 
ammonia  to  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate 
(mercuric  chloride).  It  is  a  heavy  white 
powder,  inodorous,  but  possessing  a  metallic 
taste  ;  insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and  et'aer, 
and  easily  decomposed  by  heat.  It  is  a  vio- 
lent poison,  but  is  used  in  pharmacy  in  the 
form  of  an  ointment,  as  a  stimulating  applica- 
tion in  chronic  skin  diseases,  and  for  the 
destruction  of  lice. 

white-pudding,  «. 

1.  A  pudding  made  of  milk,  eggs,   flour, 
and  butter. 

2.  A  kind  of  sausage  made  in  Scotland  of 
oatmeal  mixed  with  suet,  seasoned  with  pepper 
and  salt,  and  stuffed  into  a  proper  intestine. 

white-pyrites,  s.    [WHITE,  «!.] 
White  Quakers,  i.  pi. 

Church  Hist. :  The  name  given  to  those 
Quakers  who  seceded  from  the  Irish  body 
about  1840,  from  their  habit  of  dressing  in 
white.  They  form  a  small  community,  chiefly 
confined  to  Dublin.  Blunt  says  they  are 
"  Antinoniiaus  of  the  worst  description. 

white-rag  worm,  s.    (LuRo.) 
white-rent,  s. 

1.  In  Devon  and  Cornwall  a  rent  or  duty  ol 
eightpence  payable  by  every  tinner  to  the 
Duke  of  Cornwall,  as  lord  of  the  soil. 


2.  A  kind  of  rent  paid  in  silver,  or  white 
money. 

white-rhinoceros,  s.    [RHINOCEROS,  1. 


White  Ribbon  Gospel  Army,  >. 

Church  Hist.  :  A  religious  sect  or  Christian 
society  giving  special  attention,  to  moral 
purity.  They  first  registered  places  of  wor- 
ship in  1884. 

white-robed,  a. 

1.  Wearing  white  robes. 

"The  uhite-rooed  choir  attendant" 
H'ordtmrlh:  naatllMny  Ode.  Jan.  1!,  U1C   ' 

*2.  White  with  foam  or  spray. 
"  When  copious  rains  have  magnified  the  streams 
Into  a  loud  and  white-robed  waterfall." 

H'ordivx>rt\  •  Kzcurtion,  bh.  UL 

white  root,  >. 

Bot.  :  Polyrjonatum  ojficinale. 
white-rope,  s.    [WHITE-LINE,  2.) 
white-rose,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  popular  name  for  any  rose  of 
which  the  bloom  is  white.  [ROSE,  s.,  H  (2).] 

white-rot,  «. 

Bot.  :  (1)  One  of  the  popular  names  for 
the  genus  Hydrocotyle  (q.v.);  (2)  Plnguicula 
vidgaris. 

white-rubber,  s.  Caoutchouc  mixed 
with  such  quantity  of  any  white  pigment  as 
to  give  a  dead  white  colour  to  it.  The  in- 
gredients are  added  in  combination  with  sul- 
phur, so  as  to  make  a  white  vulcanite  (q.v.) 
when  heat  is  applied. 

white-rump,  white-tall,  i.  [WHEAT- 
EAR,  Etym.] 

white-rust,  ».    [CYSTOPDS,  1.] 

white-salt,  J.    Salt  dried  and  calcined  ; 

decrepitated  salt. 

white-shafted  fantail,  ». 

Ornith.  :  Rhipidura  albitcapa, 

white-shark,  ». 

Ickthy.  :  Carcharias  yulgaris,  one  ot  the 
largest  and  most  formidable  of  the  family. 
It  is  a  native  of  tropical  and  sub-tropical 
seas,  and  has  occasionally  strayed  to  the 
British  coast.  Specimens  have  been  known 
to  attain  a  length  of  thirty  feet  ;  ashen-brown 
above,  white  below. 

white-sheep,  «.  pi. 

Hint.  :  An  appellation  given  to  the  Turko- 
mans who  conquered  Persia  about  1468,  but) 
were  expelled  in  1501.  Named  from  their 
having  a  white  sheep  on  their  banner. 

white-skin,  a.  &  8. 

A.  As  adj.:  Made  of  a  white  skin. 

"  Lay  aside  your  vhite-ikin  wrapper." 

LonfeUott:  Btatcatlia,  vlL 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  member  of  the  white  race 
of  mankind  ;  a  white. 

"  The  whole  race  of  tehite-ikint  .  .  .  capable  of  mat- 
tering the  deadly  science.'—  /Wd,  Fab.  4.  IBM. 

white-smut,  . 

Veg.  Pathol.  :  The  white  slime  occurring  on 
hyacinth  bulbs  affected  with  hyacinth  pest 
•(q.v.). 

white-spruce,  s. 

Bot.  :  Abies  alba.    [SPRUCK-FIH.J 

white-spur,  s. 

Her.  :  A  kind  of  esquire.    (Cornel.) 
white-squall,  t.    [SO.CALL,  ».,  f  (8).] 
white  stony-corals,  ».  jH.     [MADBI- 

PORARIA.] 

white-stork,  «. 

Ornith.  :  Ciconia  alba.    [STORK.) 

white  stuff,  s. 

Gilding  :  A  composition  of  size  and  whiting 
used  by  gilders  to  cover  woodwork  on  which 
gold-leaf  is  to  be  laid. 

white-Sundays,  s.  pi. 

Bot.  :  Narcissus  poetiaa.    (Treat,  of  Bot.) 

white-swelling,  t. 

PatKol.  :  A  popular  name  for  Phlegmasia 
dolens  (q.v.).  So  named  because  the  colour  of 
the  skin  remains  unaltered  notwithstanding 
the  inflammation. 

white-tail,  ».    [WHITE-BUMP.] 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
OR  wore,  W9H  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


•white    whites 


5177 


white-tailed  eagle,  ».    [EAGLE  (1), 


white-tailed  gnu,  s. 

Zool. :  Catoblepaa  gnu,  the  Common  Gnu,  as 
distinguished  from  C.  gorgon,  the  Brindled 
Gnu,  in  which  the  tail  is  black. 

white-tailed  mole, «. 

Zool. :  Talpa  leucura,  an  Indian  species, 
closely  allied  to  the  Common  Mole,  but  differ- 
ing in  dentition  from  the  genus  Talpa  (q.v.) 

white-tern,  s.    [WHITE-NODDY.] 

white-thorn,  s.    [WHITETHORN.] 

white-throat,  s.    [WHITETHROAT.] 

white-throated  monitor,  s. 

Zool. :  Monitor  albogularis,  a  large  terrestrial 
species  from  South  Africa. 

white-throated  sparrow,  «.    [Zoso- 

TRICHIA.  ] 

white-tincture,  s.  A  preparation  which 
the  alchemists  believed  would  turn  any  of  the 
baser  metals  into  silver. 

white-tips,  s.  pi- 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Urosticte  (q.v.% 

white-tombac,  s.    [TOMBAO.] 

white-tree, ». 

Bot. :  Melakuca  Leucadendron ;  an  East 
Indian  evergreen  tree,  with  alternate,  long, 
lanceolate,  acuminated,  falcate,  three  to  five- 
nerved  leaves,  the  flowering  branches  pen- 
dulous, the  flowers  in  spikes.  Cultivated  in 
Britain  as  a  stove  plant. 

*  white-upturned,  a.  Turned  up  so  as 
to  show  the  white  (Shakesp.:  Borneo  •» 
Juliet,  ii.  2.) 

white-vine,  s. 

Bo*. :  Clematis  ntatba.  [CLEMATIS,  TRA- 
VELLER'S JOY  (1).] 

white-vitriol, «.    [ZINC-SULPHATE.] 

white- wagtail, «. 

Urnith. :  Motacilla  alba,  a  bird  found  over  tne 
whole  of  Europe,  northern  Asia,  India,  Bur- 
inah,  and  northern  Africa.  In  general  habits, 
I»od,  and  haunts  it  closely  resembles  the  Pied 
Wagtail,  with  which  species  it  was  long 
confounded.  It  diners  from  it  in  nesting 
habite,  and  has  been  known  to  breed  in  the 
burrow  of  a  sand  martin.  The  beak  is  broader 
than  in  the  Pied  Wagtail  (M.  lugubru,  or 
f  yarrellii},  and  in  its  summer  plumage  th< 
"White  Wagtail  has  only  the  throat  and  heat 
black,  while  in  the  Pied  Wagtail  that  color 
extends  over  the  head,  chest,  and  neck. 

white-walled,  a.  Having  white  wall* 
(Byron  :  Prisoner  of  Chilian,  xiii.) 

white-walnut,  ».    [BCTTEHNOT.] 

white-wash,  s.  &  v.  [WHITEWASH,  >.  &  ». 

white-water,  s.  A  dangerous  disease 
affecting  sheep. 

white  water-lily,  >. 

Bot. :  Nymphaa  alba. 

white-wax,  <.    Bleached  beeswax. 

white-weed,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  Chrysanthemum  Ltucanlhfmum ;  (2 
Anthriscut  sylvestrii;  (3)  Achillta  Ptarmica. 
(Britten  <t  Holland.) 

white-whale,  s.    [BELUGA,  St.] 

white  wild-vine,  s. 

Bot. :  Bryonia  dioica.  [BRYONY,  I.  1.]  S 
named  to  distinguish  it  from  Black  bryonj 

white-willow,  «. 

Bot.  :  Salix  alba.    [SALIX.] 
white-wine,  s. 

I.  Any  wine  of  a  clear  transparent  colour 
bordering  on  white,  as  madeira,  sherry,  &c 
Opposed  to  wine  of  a  deep  red  colour,  as  port 
or  burgundy. 

t  2.  Gin.    (Slang.) 

"  If  l,n  would  call  that  first  of  goe» 
By  that  genteeler  name—  wAif«-t*. — 

Ro.nda.lVt  Diary.    (1830.) 

white-winged  chough,  s. 

Ornith. :  Corcorax  melanorhamphiu,  the  sol 
species  of  the  genus,  from  Australia. 
white-winged  crossbill,  s. 

Ornith.  :   Loxia   leucoptera ;   an   America 


species  which  has  occasionally  occurred  In 
Britain.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  Common 
Crossbill  by  the  wings  being  barred  With 
white,  and  from  Loxia  bifasciata,  the  Two- 
buna  Crossbill,  by  the  smaller  size  of  the 
uliite  bars. 

white-winged  lark,  «. 

Ornith. :  Melanocm-ypha  (t  Alauda)  sibirica, 
a  native  of  Asiatic  Russia,  vangiug  into 
Europe  and  recorded  once  in  England.  It 
is  of  stouter  build  than  the  Skylark  (q.v.), 
and  has  the  primaries  edged  with  dull  white. 
Little  is  known  of  its  habits. 

white-witch,  s.  A  witch  or  wizard  said 
to  exert  supernatural  powers  for  good  and  not 
for  evil  purposes.  [WITCHCRAFT.] 

"  There  U  mention  of  creatures  that  they  call  «*««• 
witches.  which  do  only  good  turns  for  their  neigli- 
boura."—  Cotton  Mather:  A  Ditcourie  on  H'itchcrujt 
led.  168»|.  1).  6. 

white-wizard,  s.    [WHITE-WITCH.] 
white-wolf,  s.    [WOLF.J 
white-wood,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  A  term  applied  to  a  large  number 
of  trees,  as  Tilia  americana,  Liriodendron 
tulip/Sera,  and  the  genus  Petrobium,  spec. 
Petrobium  arboreum,  from  St.  Helena;  (2) 
The  Alburnum  (q.v.). 

WTitte-woodbark:  [CANELLA-BAHK]. 

white-worm, ». 

Entom. :  The  larva  of  the  Cockchafer  (q.v.). 
1  white,  *  whyte,  v.t.  *  i.  [WHITE,  a.] 

A,  Transitive : 

1.  Lit. :    To  make   white ;   to   whiten,  to 
whitewash. 

M  It  U  to  be  supposed  your  passion  Jiath  sufficiently 
tehited  your  face.  —  fl«»  Jonlon :  Cynthia  I  Keoelt,  iii.  a. 

2.  fig. :  To  gloss  over. 

•'  Whit  ft  over  all  hi*  vices." 

Beaum.  A  net.  :  Bloody  Brothert,  iv.  L 

B.  Intrant. :  To  grow  or  become  white ;  to 
whiten. 

white'-balt,  s.    [Eng.  white,  and  bait.] 
Ichthyology : 

1.  A  small  flsh  to  which  specific  and,  by 
some  authorities,  generic  distinction  has  been 
given  ;  in  the  first  case  as  Clupea  alba,  in  the 
second  as  Rogenia  alba,  now  known  to  be  the 
fry  of  the  herring  (Clupea  harengus).    White- 
bait are  caught  clncfly  in  the  estuary  of  the 
Thames,  and  are  not  uncommon  in  the  Firth 
of  Forth.     The  fishery  begins  in  April  and 
lasts  till  September,  bag-nets  sunk  four  or 
five  feet  below  the  water  being  employed.  The 
whitebait  brought  to  market  are  from  three 
to  four  inches  long,  pale  ashy-green  above, 
silvery-white  beneath.    They  are  of  exquisite 
flavor,  and  favorites  among  English  epicures 
They  are  not  known  under  this  name  else- 
where.    The  herring-fry  thus  caught  ranges 
from  two  to  six  or  nine  months  old.     The  try 
of  the  sprat  is  also  taken,  and  sometimes  that 
of  the  shad,  these  occurring  in  abundance 
at  the  mouths  of  rivers  and  in  estuaries  where 
the  adults  are  numerous. 

2.  A  local  name  for  Salanx  chinensis,  called 
also  Japanese  Whitebait     [SALANX.] 

white  -b6y,  ».    [Etym.  in  sense  1.,  doubtful 
in  sense  2.,  see  extract.] 

*  1.  An  old  term  of  endearment  applied  tc 
a  favourite  son,  dependant,  or  the  like;  a 
darling. 

"  One  of  God's  vhlteooyt,"— Bunyan.    (Annandale. 

2.  A  member  of  a  secret  agrarian  associatioi 
organized  in  Ireland  about  1759  or  1760.  I 
was  composed  of  starving  labourers,  evicte* 
tenants,  and  others  in  a  like  situation,  wh 
assembled  at  night  to  destroy  the  property  o 
harsh  landlords,  or  their  agents,  the  Pro 
testant  clergy,  tax  or  tithe  collectors,  am 
others  who  had  made  themselves  obnoxiou 
in  the  locality.  In  many  cases  they  even  wen 
to  the  extreme  of  murder. 

"  The  Whiteboyt  so  styled  themselves  because  durln 
their  nocturnal  excursions  they  covered  tlieir  usua 
attire  with  white  shirts.  This  disguise  was  used  lirii 
dually  to  enable  them  while  scouring  through  tl 
darkness  to  recognise  each  other.  The  Whitebayl  mad 
war  ostensibly  agaiusttheexaction  of  tithes."— Banim. 
(Annandale.} 

1  Walpole  (Letters,  iii.  250)  applies  the  ten 
to  London  rioters. 

whlte'-biy-lsm,  s.     [Eng.  whiteboy;  -tern 
The  principles  or  practices  of  the  Whiteboys 

White'-fhap-el, «.    [See  def.]    A  district  i 
the  east  of  London. 


•Whitechapel  cart,  s.  A  light,  two- 
wheeled  spring  cart,  such  as  is  used  by 
grocers,  butchers,  &c.,  for  delivering  goods  to 
their  customers.  Often  called  Chapel-cart 
or  Whitechapel. 

whif-cd,   *  whit -id,   •  whyt-ed,  a. 

[WHITE,  i>.]  Made  white  externally  ;  whiten*! 
"  Thanne  Poul  Beide  to  him.  thou  whitid  wjU."- 
Dedis  xxiii. 


White-aeld'-I-ans,  s.  pi.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hint. :  The  followers  of  Georg* 
Whitefield  (1714-70),  who  separated  from  tha 
Wesleys  in  1741  on  the  question  of  personal 
election,  and  established  the  Calvinistic 
Methodists  (q.v.).  In  1748  Whitefield  became 
chaplain  to  the  Countess  of  Huntingdon,  and 
since  then  the  name  Whitefieldian  has  fallen 
into  disuse.  [HUNTINGDON,  VJ 

White'-Baw, «.    [WHITFLAW.] 

white'-ly,  a.  [Eng.  white;  -ly.}  Like  or 
approaching  white  in  colour ;  whitish,  whitef , 
pale. 

"Yon  have  hl»  uhUely  look."— Bunyan  :  PUorim't 
Proffreu,  pt.  U. 

whit'-en,  v.t.  Si  i.    [Eng.  whit(e);  -«».] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  white,  as  by  the  ap- 
plication of  colouring  matter  ;  to  bleach,  to 
blanch. 

"  And  human  bones  yet  whiten  all  the  around." 

Pope:  Statist;  Thebaid  L  3»L 

B.  Intrant. :  To  grow  or  become  white. 

"  The  waves  roll  whitening  to  the  land." 

Scott :  Bard  i  Incantation. 

whit'-ened,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [WHITEN,  «.] 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  (See  the  verb). 
IL  Botany: 

1.  Covered   with    a    very   opaque    white 
powder,  as  the  leaves  of  many  cotyledons. 

2.  (Of  colour):  Slightly  covered  with  white 
upon  a  darker  ground. 

whit'-en-er,  s.    [Eng.  whiten  ;  -er.]    One  who 
or  that  which  whitens  or  bleaches. 

white' -ness,   •  white -nesse,  'whyt- 
nesse,  s.    [Eng.  white,  a.  ;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or   state   of  being  white; 
white  colour;   freedom  from  or  absence  ol 
colour,  darkness,  or  obscurity. 

"  It  fell  short  of  the  natural  vhiteneu  of  the  10y." 
—tip.  Taylor  :  Rule  of  Conidence,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  iv. 

If  Whiteness  in  animals  inhabiting  snowy 
regions  is  advantageous,  and  probably  arose 
from  natural  selection.  The  same  colour  in 
birds  resident  in  a  warm  country  is  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  detrimental,  as  rendering  them 
more  conspicuous  to  their  enemies.  It  pro- 
bably arose  in  such  birds  as  the  egrets  from 
sexual  selection.  (Darwin:  Descent  of  Man 
(ed.  2nd),  pp.  494,  542.) 

2.  Want  of  a  sanguineous  tinge  in  the  face  ; 
paleness,  as  from  grief,  illness,  terror,  or  the 
like. 

"  A  milky  ichitenta  spreads  upon  her  cheek*." 

Longfello*:  Blind  elri  of  CatU^CuUU. 

3.  Purity,  cleanness ;  freedom  from  stain, 
blemish,  or  guilt. 

white  -ning,  pr.  par.,  a,.,  &  s.    [WHITEN.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  making  white ;  the  state  of 
becoming  white. 

2.  The  same  as  WHITING  (q.v.). 

IJ.  Leather :  The  process  of  cleaning  hides 
by  passing  a  knife  with  a  fine  edge  lightly 
over  the  flesh  side. 

whitening-stone,  «. 

1.  A  sharpening  and  polishing  stone  used 
by  cutleis. 

2.  A  finishing  grindstone  of  particularly 
fine  texture.    (Simmonds.) 

whites,  s.  pi.    [WHITE,  a.] 

1.  The  same  as  LEUCORRHCEA  (q.v.). 

2.  A  superior  kind  of  flour  made  from  white 
wheat. 

3.  Cloth  goods  of  a  plain  white  colour. 

"Long  cloths  for  the  Turkey  trade,  called  Salisbury 
taliitee."— Defoe:  Tour  thro'  Great  Britain,  i.  824. 

*  4.  White  vestments. 

"The  Dean  of  our  chappell  .  .  .  In  hit  I 
BeyUn:  Life  of  Laud,  p.  2«2. 


o,  bfiyj  po-ut,  Jo-wl;  cat,  cell,  chorns,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejist.   ph  =  t 
-Clan. -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -flon  =  ahun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -«Ue.  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


6178 


whitesmith— whitster 


GREATER  WHITETHROAl. 


&  A  cricket  or  boating  suit  of  white  flannel. 

•*  Unless  a  man  can  combln*  cycling  aud  boating,  he 
•hould  never  .  .  .  ride  his  m  ichiue  in  wltitet." — W- 
eyc£i»Hr  A«w,  July  14.  1880,  p.  19. 

ft.  The  white  of  the  eyes. 

'•  Lifting  up  both  hid  hands  aiid  tf/uVe*  to  heaven.*— 
Baraar.f :  Lift  of  Beglin,  p.  clxxs. 

white  -smith,  s.    [Eng.  wAite,  and  smitfi.] 

1.  A  tinsmith. 

2.  A  worker  in  iron  who  finishes  off  or 
polishes  the  work,  in  distinction  from  those 
who  forge  it. 

white'-ster,  s.  [Eng.  white;  sufl.  -ster.}  A 
bleacher,  a  whitster.  (Prw.) 

white'-stone,  s.  [Eng.  wAUe,  and  stone.]  A 
popular  name  for  a  kind  of  granite  with  albite 
in  its  composition. 

White-thorn,  «.     [Eng.  white,  and  thorn.] 

Bot. :  The  Hawthorn  (q.v.).  So  called  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  Blackthorn  (q.v.). 

white  throat,  «.     [Eng.  white,  and  throat.] 

Ornithology : 

1.  The  popular  name  of  two  British  summer 
visitants :   Curru&t  cinerea,  the  Greater,  and 
C.  sylviella,  the    Lesser  Whitethroat.      The 
former  is  common  during  the  summer  o<rer 
the  greater  part 

of  England  and 
Ireland ;  length 
rather  more 
than  live  in- 
ches ;  plumage 
various  shades 
of  bro  wn,breas* 
and  belly 
brownish- 
white,  tinged 
with  rose-co- 
lour in  the 
male.  It  feeds 
on  berries  and 
insects,  and 
makes  an  excel- 
lent cage-bird, 
w  the  song  is 
sweet  and  lively.  The  Lesser  Whitethroat, 
which  is  rather  smaller,  is  also  a  summer 
visitor.  Plumage  on  upper  surface  shades  of 
brownish  gray ;  under  surface  white,  with  yel- 
lowish red  on  breast. 

2.  A   popular  name   for    any  specie*    of 
Leucochlons,   a   genus   of  Humming-birds, 
with  one  species  (Leiiaxhloris  aUricollis),  from 
Brazil.     Tail  rounded  ;   bill  longer  than  tlie 
head  and  somewhat  curved  ;  tarsi  clothed. 

White'- wash,  «.  [Eng.  white,  and  wash.]  A 
wash  or  liquid  composition  for  whitening 
anything:  as, 

3  (1)  A  wash  for  making  the  skin  fafr. 
"  I  have  heard  a  whole  sermon  against  a  wMtewath." 
—Addixm. 

(2)  A  mixture  of  lime  and  water  used  for 
whitening  walls.  Its  extreme  whiteness  is 
sometimes  moderated  by  a  little  black  or 
other  colour.  An  addition  of  size  renders  it 
more  durable. 

"  The  walla  were  covered  with  tohifewith  ...  a 
favourite  decoration  in  tliis  bland  from  time  Imiiie- 
muriaL"W.  3.  Brewer:  English  titUAtict,  p.  4Mb 

white-wash,  v.t.    [WHITEWASH,  a.] 

I.  Lit. :    To  whiten    with    whitewash ;   to 
cover  with  a  white  liquid  comiK>sition, 
IL  Figuratively : 

1.  To  make  white  or  pure  ;  to  free  or  clear 
from  imputations;  to  restore  the  reputation 
of, 

"  Attempt*  toKhifewath  the  character  of  Richard  III. 
.  .  .  have  oeen  frequent."  —  A'ottt  4  Querist,  Nov.  Jt», 
1885.  pi  <8». 

2.  To  clear,  as  an  insolvent  or  bankrupt  of 
his  debts  by  going  through  the  Bankruptcy 

Court. 

"The  Impecunlona  man  could  get  the  Bankruptcy 
Court  to  whitewash  him."—  Daily  Teltgraph,  March  31, 

white'-wash-er,  *.     [Eng    whitewash,  T.  ; 

-er.l 

t  1.  Lit. :  One  who  whitewashes  the  walls  or 
ceilings  of  rooms,  &c. 

2.  Fig.:  One  who,  In  dealing  with  tbe  repu- 
tation of  a  person  or  the  character  of  an 
event,  glosses  or  ignores  all  faults. 

"  If  the  BtclHan  Vesper*  .  .  .  have  not  as  yet  taken 
their  place  in  th»  record  of  Tlrtne,  it  la  probably  be- 
canae  the  whltevmiher  ha*  been  too  hnzy  upon  other 
undertakings." — St  Jamet's  Gazette,  March  17, 1888. 


White  -wash-Ing,  s.   [Eug.  whitewash ;  -ing.] 

1.  Lit. :  The  act  or  business  of  whitewashing 
ceilings,  walls,  Ac. 

2.  Fig.:  Covering  up  a  discreditable  record: 
Ignoring  fault*  or  dishonesties. 

Gaining  all  the  points,  in  a  game  of  chance 
or  skill;  completely  defeating  an  opponent  iti 
a  game. 

Whlte'-WOrt,  s.    [Eng.  white,  and  wort.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Matricaria  Partheniun  [FEVER- 
FEW] ana  M.  Chamomilla;  (2)  Polygonatum 
muitijlorum  and  P.  ojficinale, 

whlt'-ey-brtffcn,  whit'-y-bro'wn, ». 

white,  and  brown.]  Of  a  colour  between 
white  and  brown. 

" The  owalns  are  clothed  in  '  iraock  frocks  of  whttry- 
brown  drabbet. '  "—Athenaum,  March  *,  l^- 

"whit -flaw,    *whickr-flaw,   *whlt- 

flowe,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  quick-flaw.]  A  whit- 
low (q.v.).  (Wiseman:  Surgery,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xi.) 

whlth'-er,  *  whid-er,  *  whid-ir,  *whid- 

or,"  adv.  [A. 3.  hwider,  h-wyder;  cogn.  with 
Goth,  hwadre  =  whither,  and  closely  allied  to 
wAetA«r(q.v.).] 

1.  To  what  or  which  place.    (Used  interro- 
gatively.) 

"  Vile  miscreant  (said  he)  whither  dost  thott  flie  T" 
.-jjtnttr  :  f.  <J..  IL  vi.  89. 

2.  To  which  phice.    (Used  relatively.) 

"That  lord  advanced  to  Winchester,  whither  el: 
John  Berkeley  brought  him  two  reiciineiiU  more  o; 
foot"—  Clarendon  !  CMl  War. 

*  3.  To  what  point  or  degree ;  how  far. 

•*  WhUhtr  at  length  wilt  thou  abuse  onr  patience  t " 
Ben  Jonttm  ;  Catiline. 

If  This  is  a  literal  translation  of  Cicero's 
words  in  his  First  Oration  against  Catiline. 
"Quousque  tandem  abutere  patientianostra?" 

4.  Whithersoever. 

"Thou  ihalt  let  her  go  whither  ah«  will."— Iteut. 
«t  14. 

Tf  Where  is  now  commonly  used  in  the  place 
of  whither :  as,  Where  are  you  going ?  Whither 
Is  retained  for  the  more  serious  or  elevated 
style,  or  where  precision  is  required. 

•  whI$h'-er-eV-er,  *  whid-ir-ev-er,  adv. 
[Eng.    whither,   and   ever,]      Whithersoever. 
(Wycli/e :  Mark  xiv.) 

*  whlth'-er-sd-eV-er,  adv.    fRng.  whither; 
so,  and  ever.]   To  what  place  soever;  to  what- 
ever place. 

"  Whithertoever  It  tnrueth,  It  proepereth. *— PTOB 
XviLa. 

•whlth'-er-ward,  *  whid-er-ward, 
*  weJ-er-warde,  adv.  {Eiig.  whither; 
-ward.]  Toward  what  or  which  place. 

"[He] axeth  of  hire  vhifUrwird  she  went*." 

Chaucer ;  C.  T.,  11.815. 

whit-ing,  *  whyt-ynge,  s.  [Eng.  white, 
with  termination  of  a  verbal  noun  in  sense  1, 
and  with  dimin.  stiff,  -ing  in  sense  2.J 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Fine  chalk  pulverized  and 
freed  from  all  impurities  by  elutriation.     It 
is  used  in  whitewashing,  distemper  painting, 
cleaning  plate,  &c. 

"  When  you  clean  your  plate,  leave  the  whiting 
plainly  to beeeen  In  all  the  chinks. "—Swift:  Directions 
toServantt. 

2,  Ichthy. .'  Gadus  merlangvs  (t  Merlangus 
uulgaris),  usually  from  twelve  to  sixteen  inches 
long,  and  from  a  pound  to  a  pound  and  a 
half  in  weight,  though  far  larger  specimens 
have  been  taken.    Dusky  yellow  on  the  back, 
sides  paler,  belly  silvery  white.    The  whiting 
is  met  with  on  all  the  coasts  of  Northern 
Europe,  and  is  caught  in  great  numbers  with 
hook  and  line,  especially  on  the  coasts  of  the 
British  Channel,  and  in  the  West  of  Ireland, 
but  is  rarer  on  the  Scotch  coasts.    The  fish 
derives  its  English   name  from  the    pearly 
whiteness    of    its    flesh,    which    is    highly 
esteemed,  and  large  quantities  of  which  are 
salted  and  dried.     Couch's  Whiting  (Gadus 
poutassou,  t  M erlangtts  albus)  is  less  common. 
It  is  more  slender  than  the  Common  Whiting, 
and  the  upper  jaw  is  a  little  longer  than  the 
lower. 

'  whiting-mop, «. 

L  A  young  whiting. 

**  They  will  *wim  you  their  measures,  like  whitiny- 
mojm.  A*  If  their  feet  were  fiua."— Beawm.  *  FUt,  i 
io*t  Cure.  IL  2. 

2.  A  fair  lass  ;  a  pretty  girl. 

"  I  have  a  stomach,  and  would  content  mywlf 
With  thU  pretty  v>hi>in" 


Whiting-pollack,  *.  The  »ame  as  POL- 
LACK (.q.v.). 

whiting-pout,  s. 

Ichthy.:  Gadus  tttsev*  (t  Morrhva  liiaca),  a 
well-known  British  fish,  fairly  common  on 
many  parts  of  rlie  roa^t.  Colour,  light  hrown, 
with  dark  cro.ss-liuuds ;  weight  rarely  ex- 
ceeding five  pounds. 

"  From  a  dark  spot  nt  tlie  origin  of  the  pectoral'  fin. 
In  which  it  reaemhles  the  whiting,  one  of  its  inner 
common  names  is  whitin<i-pr,ut  ;  anil  from  a  sfngulai 
power  of  Inflating  a  luembrane  which  covers  t 
and  utl.er  nart»  nbout  the  hea(i  which,  when  thus 
aisteuded,  have  the  appearance  of  b! -itldera,  it  la 
calle-1  Pont,  Bib,  Bleua.  and  Blind*."—  rarrtU :  BrU- 
tth  FMet,  i.  ML 

*  whiting  -  time,  «.  Bleaching  tim&. 
(Shakesp. :  Merry  Wive*t  iii.  S.) 

Whit'-Ish,  a.  [Eng.  whit(e),  a. ;  -wA.]  Some- 
what white;  rather  white;  white  in  a  mode- 
rate degree. 

"  I  have  by  contusion  obtained  whitith  powdcn  cf 
grauAU-s,  Ac."—  Boyts  :  \\orkt,  i.  703. 

Whlf -Ish-ness,  «.  [Eng.  -whitish;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  whitish  or  somewhat 
white. 

"  A  very  considerable  degree  of  whUUhnet*."— Boylt, 

whit' -lea th-er,  ».     [Eng.  white,  and  leather.] 

1.  Leather    dressed    with    alum ;     white  . 
leather. 

"  Her  lips  as  dry  MB  good  tehittfother." 

Suckling*  A  informed  Jfiftn*. 

2.  Paxwax  (q.v.). 

whit'-ling,  ».  [Eng.  white,  and  dimin.  suft 
-ling.]  The  young  of  the  bull-trout. 

"  If  I  am  not  mistaken,  large  quantities  uf  >i.ung 
salmon  Are  to  befuund  among  otir  her  1  in  if,  orttkitltnjf, 
as  mauy  call  theui,  before  turuing  peal.  —  Fi»ld,  OcU 
16, 1887. 

whlf-ldw,  t.  [A  corruption  of  qttick-Jtaw, 
i.e.t  a  flaw  or  flaking  off  of  the  skin  in  tlie- 
neighbourhood  of  the  quick,  or  sensitive  part 
of  the  finger  round  the  nail.  The  form  which- 
flaw  (=  quick-flaw)  is  still  used  in  the  North 
of  England,  and  whitflaw  and  whitjlowe  are 
old  forms.) 

Surg. :  Inflammation  arising  in  the  phalanges 
of  the  fingers,  or  more  rarely  of  the  toes, 
and  generally  advancing  to  suppuration. 
Its  seat  may  be  in  the  skin,  in  the  tendons, 
in  the  periosteum,  or  in  the  cellular  tissue 
under  the  nail,  or  may  affect  the  bone.  The 
deeper  it  is  seated  the  more  troublesome  and 
even  dangerous  it  is.  It  may  arise  spon- 
taneously or  be  caused  by  the  prick  of  a 
needle,  a  pin,  or  a  thorn,  and  a  burning, 
shooting  paiti  and  swelling  arise.  In  aggra* 
vated  cases  the  inflammation  extends  up  the 
arm,  and  sometimes  caries  of  the  bone  takes 
place.  As  a  rule  a  whitlow  requires  surgical 
treatment,  for  which  it  is  inconveniently  situ- 
ated when  it  occurs  under  the  nail.  I<JNY- 
CHIA,  PARONYCHIA.] 

whitlow-grass,  ». 

Bot. :  The  genus  Draba. 

whif -low-wort,  s.  [Eng.  whitlow,  and  wort,} 
Bot. :  The  genus  Parouychia  (q.v.^ 

Whit  mon'-day, ».  [From  white  and  Mon- 
day, to  match  Whitsunday  (q.v.).]  The  day 
following  Whitsunday ;  the  Monday  In  Whit- 
sun-week.  Also  called  Whitsun-Momiay.  It 
is  a  Bank-holiday  (q.v.)  in  England  and  Ireland. 

whit'-ney-Ite, s.  [After  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney; 
suff.  -ite  (A/t«.).] 

jtftn.;  A  massive  mineral,  tarnishing  rapidly 
on  exposure.  Hardness,  3*5;  sp.  gr.,  8"246  to 
8'471 ;  fracture,  subraetallic  when  fresh  frac- 
tured ;  colour,  before  exposure,  pale  reddish- 
white,  often  iridescent,  opaque ;  malleable. 
Compos. :  arsenic,  11*04 ;  copper,  88*36  =  100, 
with  formula  CugAss. 

whlt'-ret,  *  whit'-tret,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful, 
perhaps  from  Icel.  hvat(r)  =  quick,  bold, 
active,  and  rati  =  a  traveller,  occurring  in  the 
Icelandic  name  of  the  squirrel,  ratatosk*-.]  The 
Scotch  name  for  the  weasel. 

"We  maun  off  like  whittret*.*— Scott :  Ou9  -tfa*n*r- 
iny,  ch,  xxiiL 

*  Whit -son,  a.    [WHTTBUK.] 

whit  sour,  *.  [Prob.  from  white  and  amir.} 
A  sort  of  apple. 

*  Whlt'-ster,  «.    fEng.  whit(e),  and  suff. 
A  whitener,  a  bleacher. 

"  Carry  it  among  the  whitttert  In  Datchet  nM*4.'-> 
Shmketp, :  Merry  Wivet.  Hi.  a. 


Bte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  we*t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pft,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  ce  =  e :  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


whitsul— whole 


5179 


•  whit-Bui,  *.  [Eng.  whit(e),  and  Mid.  Eng. 
soul,  aooi  —  a  relish  eaten  with  bread.]  (See 
extract.) 

"  Their  meat  w«  whitsul,  M  they  call  it;  namely, 
milk,  sour  milk,  ctietwe,  cunls,  butter."  —  Care*  :  Sur- 
vey <if  Curuwu.ll. 

Whlt'-siin,  *  Whit'  -son,  a.     [An  abbrevia- 

tinn  of  Whitsunday  (q.v.).J  Pertaining,  re- 
lating to,  or  observed  at  Whitsuntide.  (Gene- 
rally used  in  composition.) 

"  Xethinks,  I  play  as  I  have  seen  them  do 
in  ivhiuun  pMiomU." 

Xhakeip.  :  Winter't  Tali,  IT.  8. 

^f  Whitsun  Monday,    li'hitsun  Tuesday,  <£c, 
The  Monday,  Tuesday,  &c.,  in  Whitsun-week. 

*  Whitsun  ale,  *  Whiteon-ale,  .-•.    A 

festival  formerly  held  at  Whitsuntide  by  the 
inhabitants  of  the  various  parishes  who  met 
in  or  near  a  large  barn  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
church,  and  feasted  and  engaged  in  various 
games  and  sports. 

*  Whitsun  -  farthings,    *  Whitson  - 
farthings,  s.  pi.  The  same  as  PENTECOSTALS 
<q.v.). 

*  Whitsun  lady,  *  Whitson-lady,  s. 
The  leading  female  character  in  the  merry- 
makings at  Whitsuntide. 

*  Whitsun  lor  d,  *  Whitson  lord,  s. 
The  master  of  the  Whitsuntide  revels. 

"  Antique  proverbs  drawn  from  Whitton-lortU." 
Ben  JoTiton  :  Tale  of  a  Tub.    (Prol.) 

Whitsun-week,  s.    The  week  in  which 
Whitsunday  occurs  ;  Whitsuntide. 

WWt  -  sun'  -  dajf,  Whit'-  sun-  day, 
"  Whit-son-daie.  s.  [Lit  =  White  Sunday, 
from  A.S.  hwita  Sunnan-aatg  =  White  Sunday  ; 
cf.  Icel.  hvitasunnu-doffr  —  White  Sunday  ; 
hwita-daga  (lit.  =  white  days),  a  name  for 
Whitsun-week,  which  was  also  called  hritn- 
daga~vika=-  Whitedays-week,  and  hvitasunnu* 
dags-vika  =  Whitsunday's-  week  ;  so  also 
Nnrw.  kvitsunndag  (lit.  =  White  Sunday)  = 
Whitsunday,  and  kvitsunn-vika  =  Whitsun- 
week.  The  name  was  derived  from  the  white 
garments  worn  on  that  day  by  candidates  for 
ordination  and  children  presented  for  bap- 
tism. The  older  name  was  Pentecost  (q.v.). 


1.  The   seventh  Sunday    after   Easter;    a 
festival  of  the  Church  in  commemoration  of 
the  descent  of  the  Holy  Spirit  on  the  day  of 
Pentecost. 

2.  In  Scotland  the  name  given  to  one  of  the 
term-days  (May  15,  or  May  526,  old  style),  in 

.which  rents,  annuities,  ministers'  stipends, 
&c.,  are  paid,  servants  are  engaged  ana  paid, 
and  the  like.  The  Whitsunday  removal  term 
in  the  towns  is  now  legally  fixed  for  May  28. 

Whlt'-sun-tide,  s.  [Eng.  Whitsunday)  ; 
-tide.]  The  week  commencing  with  Whitsun- 
day (q.v.),  especially  Whitsunday,  Whitmon- 
day,  and  the  Tuesday  immediately  following. 
[WHITSUN.] 

whit-taw,  whlt'-taw-er,  «.  [Eng.  whit(e), 
and  taw,  tawer.]  A  worker  in  white  leather  ; 
a  saddler.  (Prow.) 

"  McOobj  the  whittaw,  otherwise  saddler."—  Qtorge 
Kliat  :  Adam  ftede,  ch.  vu 

whit'-ten,  s.  [Prob.  from  white,  a.  (q.v.).] 
(See  compound.) 

whitten  tree,  s. 

Bot.  :  Viburnum  Opvlus.  The  name  is  used 
also  in  some  parts  of  England  for  V.  Lantana. 
(Britten  £  Holland.) 

whit'-tie   what'-tle,  s.     [A  reduplicated 

form  based  on  wheet-wheet,  an  imitation  of  the 
piping  note  uttered  by  birds  when  fondling 
each  other.] 

1.  Vague  shuffling  or  cajoling  language. 

2.  A  person  who  employs  cajolery  or  other 
deceptive  means  to  gain  an  end. 

1[  Scotch  in  both  senses. 

Whit'-tte  what'-tie,  v.i.  [WHITTIE  WHAT- 
TIE,  s.}  To  waste  time  by  vague  cajoling 
language  ;  to  talk  frivolously;  to  shilly-shally. 
(Scotch.) 

"What  we    ye  whitti*  whattietng  about?"—  SBoU.' 
Pirate,  ch.  vL 

whit'-tle  (1),  s.  [A  corruption  of  thwitel  =  a 
knife,  from  thwitan=.to  cut,  to  pare.]  A 
knife.  (Prov.) 

"The  rude  whlttlft  fabricated  there  had  betn  n-.ld 
all  over  the  kingdom.  "—  Macaulay  :  Hist.  I-;H.J.,  ch.  ni. 


whit'-tle  (2X  "whitel.  s.     [A. a. 

blanket,  lit.  =a  small,  white  thiug,  from  hwit 
=  white  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  hvitill  =  a  whittle, 
from  hvitr  =  white ;  Norw.  kirtel,  from  kirt.\ 
A  double  blanket,  worn  by  west- country 
women  over  the  shoulders  like  a  cloak. 

Whittle-shawl,  «.  A  fine  kerseymere 
shawl  bordered  with  fringes. 

whlt-tle,   *  whitle,   v.t.  &  i.     [WHITTLE 

(1),  s.} 

A.  Transitive: 
*L  Literally: 

(1)  To  cut  or  dress  with  a  knife. 

(2)  To  edge,  to  sharpen. 

2.  Fig. :  To  reduce  by  degrees. 

"  The  object  was  year  by  year  to  whtttfe  down  the 
landlord's  dues,  aua  by  Urns  enhancing  the  value  of 
the  tenants'  right,  to  establish  ultimately  u  claim  fur 
the  absolute  abolition  of  rent."— Standard,  Feb.  12, 
1B8T. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  cut  up  a  piece  of  wood  with  a 
knife. 

"  The  word  as  well  M  the  practice  of  whittling  for 
am ustmicut  is  *>  much  mure  common  with  MB.  especially 
la  New  England,  than  in  the  old  country,  that  it*  use 
may  not  improperly  be  regarded  as  au  Americanism." 
— BartUtt. 

2.  Fig. :  To  confess  on  the  gallows.  (Slang.) 

"  I'll  Ke  you  all  damn'd  before  I  will  whiter*. " 

Swi/t :  CT««wr  Tom  Clinch. 

*wbit'-Ued,    *whft'-led   (le  as  el),  a. 

[WHITTLE,  v.]    Affected  with  drink  ;  drunk. 

"Certain  Clilans  .  .  .  chanced  to  be  well  "'hit tied 
and  ttark  drunk."—/1.  ffaJiand:  Plutarch,  p,  887. 

whit'-trSt,  s.    [WHITRET.J 

whit'- wall,  s.    [WrrwALL.] 

Onith. :  The  same  aa  WITWALL,  1.  (q.v.). 
[YAFFIL,  YAFFINOALE.] 

"The  ringing  of  the  whitwattt  shrilly  laughter." 
Bood :  Haunted  House. 

Whlt'-worth,  a.    [See  compounds.] 

Whitworth-ball,  s.  [  WHIT  WORTH  -GUN.] 
Whitworth  -gun,  s. 

Ordn. :  A  wrought  iron  or.  afterwards,  ateel 
gun  invented  by  Mr.  Whitworth.  It  had  a 
hexagonal  spiral  bore,  the  angles  of  which 
were  rounded  off,  and  fired  a  projectile  (some- 
times called  the  Whitworth-ball),  the  middle 


SECTION  OF  WHITWORTH  GUN. 

6.  Reinforce  baud  ;  c.  Bivech-  block  ;  *.  Cartridge 
chamber. 

part  of  which  fitted  the  bore,  but  the  rear 
part  tapered  somewhat,  and  did  not  touch  the 
rifling,  while  the  point  was  rounded.  Both 
muzzle-loading  and  breech-loading  patterns 
were  made.  There  was  very  little  windage, 
and  good  ranges  were  obtained. 

whit'-^-br6w*l,  a.    [WHITEYBROWN.] 

whiz,  v.i.  [An  imitative  word,  allied  to 
whistle;  cf.  Icel.  hvissa  =  to  hiss.)  To  make 
a  humming  or  hissing  sound,  like  an  arrow  or 
ball  flying  through  the  air. 

"  The  exhalations,  whizzing  in  the  air." 

tp.  :  Juliut  Cottar.  1L  1. 


Whiz,  «.  (W&iz,  v.]  A  humming  or  hissing 
sound. 

"  He  never  once  ducked  at  the  whit  of  a  cannon-ball." 
—  Guardian,  No.  82. 

*  whiz-le  (le  as  el),  v.i.    [A  frequent,  from 
whiz  (q.v.).J    To  whiz,  to  whistle. 
"  The  wind*  through  i-erxt  chinch  narrolye  mhixling." 
btanyhurst  ;  Virgil  ;  jEneid,  1.  03. 

whiz  -zing,  pr.par.  or  a.    [Wniz,  r.] 

whiz'-zlng-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  whizzing;  -Zy.J 
With  a  whizzing  sound. 

who  (w  silent)  (poss.  whose,  accus.  whom),  pron. 
[A.S.  hwd  =  who  (interrogative),  masc.  & 
fern.  ;  hwcet,  nent.  ;  gen.  ftwwea,  for  all  genders, 
dat.  hwdm,  hw&m,  accus.,  masc.  &  fern, 
hwone,  neut.  hwcet,  instrumental  htvi,  hwp 
(Eng.  why);  cogn.  with  Dut.  wie=  who;  wot 
=  what  ;  witns  —  whose  ;  wien  =  whom  (dat. 
&  accus.);  luel.  hverrt  hver  =  who  ;  hvat=; 
what  ;  hvers  =  whose  ;  hverjum  =  whom 


(masc,),  pi.  hcerir;  Dan.  hvo  —  who;  hvad  = 
what;  hvis  ~  whose  ;  /ii>em  =  whom  (dat,  & 
accus.)  ;  Sw.  hvem  =  who,  whom  ;  head  = 
what  ;  hvriTis,  hvars  =  whose  ;  Ger.  wer  •=.  who  ; 
wan  =  what  ;  wessen,  wess  =  whose  ;  wen  —  to 
whuni  ;  wen  =•  wliom  (accus.)  ;  Goth.  nom. 
hwas,  hwo,  hwa  (or  hwuta),  genit.  hwis,  hioizos, 
hw  is,  Uat.  hwamnta,  hwizai,  huwmma,  accns. 
hwana,  hwo,  Itwa  (or  hwitta),  instrumental 
hwe,  pi.  hvai,  &c.  ;  Ir.  &  Gael,  co  ;  Wei.  pwy  ; 
Lat.  yuis,  quce^  quid;  Russ.  kio,  chto=  who, 
what;  Lith.  Axu=  who  ;  Sansc.  his  =  who  ; 
kim  =  what  ;  Aam  =  whom.  "  Formerly  wh*,, 
what,  which  were  not  relative  but  interroga- 
tive pronouns  ;  which,  whose,  whom  occur  aa 
relatives  as  early  as  the  end  of  the  twelfth 
century,  but  who  not  until  the  fourteenth 
century,  and  was  uot  in  common  use  before 
the  sixteenth  century."  (Morris:  Hist.  Out- 
lines of  Eng.  Accidence,  §  188.)  In  genuine 
idiomatic  Scotch  who,  or  who.  (including  also 
the  possessive  and  objective),  is  still  only  an 
interrogative,  that,  or  'at,  being  the  relative.] 
A  relative  and  interrogative  pronoun,  always 
used  substantively  (that  is,  not  joined  to  a 
noun),  and  referring  to  one  or  more  persons. 
It  is  uninflected  fur  number,  but  has  whose 
for  its  possessive,  and  whom  for  the  objective. 

1.  As  an  interrogative  pronoun  =•  what  per 
son  or  persons  ? 

"  Who  hath  woe?  who  hath  sorrow!  who  katb  oou( 
tentiona?"—  froeerbt  xxiit.  29, 

2.  As  a,  relative  pronoun  =  that. 

"  Happy  the  man,  and  happy  he  alone, 
He  who  can  call  to-day  his  own." 

Ihyden  :  Imit.  Horace,  bk.  lit.,  ode  2* 

1  Used  eUiptically=l\e  (or  they)  who. 

"  Who  stenls  my  pane  at«ala  trash." 

fifto*«*p.  ;  CUJM/o,  ili,  & 

4.  Whoever. 

"  Let  ft  be  who  It  is." 

Shaketp.  :  Jultu*  Ca*ar.  L  S. 

TT  Who  is  used  as  a  relative  referring  to  per- 
sons, which  to  things,  and  that  to  either  indif- 
ferently. Who  and  which  are  used  in  two  ways  : 
(l)To  connect  two  co-ordinate  sentences  :  as, 
I  met  a  man  who  told  me  ;  I  read  the  book 
which  pleased  me.  Each  of  these  sentences 
could  be  turned  into  two  propositions  ;  as,  I 
met  a  man  and  he  told  me  ;  I  read  the  book 
and  it  pleased  me.  (2)  To  introduce  subor- 
dinate or  adjectival  clauses  :  as,  The  book  which 
you  are  reading  ;  the  in  tin  who  told  me.  In 
these  cases  who  and  which  cannot  be  turned 
into  and  he  or  and  it. 

IT  As  who  should  say  :  As  if  one  should  say  ; 
as  one  who  said. 

"  Hope  throws  a  generous  contempt  upon  ill  usage, 
and  looks  like  a  baud&oine  defiance  of  a  misfortune  ; 
as  who  thould  say,  you  are  aouiewhat  troublesome 
now.  bat  I  shall  conquer  you.'  —  Collier:  Affaintt 


whoa,  exclam.  [Prom  the  sound  uttered.1 
Stop  1  stand  still  ! 

*  who  -bub.  s.    [WHOOBUB.] 

*  whodc,  s.    [HooD.]    A  hood. 

"  A  foxes  tayle  for  a  scepture.  aud  a  tthod*  with  two 
eares."  —  Sale  :  English  Votariet,  p.  104. 

wh6-ev'-er  (w  silent),  pron.  [Eng.  whot  and 
ever,]  Anyone  without  exception  who;  no 
matter  who  ;  any  person  whatever. 

"  Whoever  doth  to  teinijerance  apply 
His  ttedfast  life."  Spcnttr  :  F.  Q..  IL  T.  L 

whole  (w  silent),  *hol,  *hole,  *wholl, 
*  wholle,  a.  &  *.  [Properly  spelt  hole,  the 
original  sense  being  hale  or  sound.  The  spell- 
ing hole  continued  in  use  to  the  beginning  of 
the  sixteenth  century-  F°r  tne  prefixed  w 
cf.  whot  =  hot  (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  58); 
whore  =  hore  ;  whode  =  hood,  &c.  A.S.  hdl  = 
whole  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  heel  ;  Icel.  heill  ;  Dan. 
heel;  Sw.  hel  ;  Ger.  heil;  Goth,  hails;  Gr. 
icoAo?  (kalos)  =  excellent,  pood,  hale  ;  Sansc. 
kalza  —  healthy,  hale.  It-hole  and  hale  are 
doublets,  the  latter  being  from  the  Icel.  heiU.} 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Hale  and  sound  ;  in  a  healthy  state  ;  re- 
stored to  a  sound  state  ;  healed. 

"  They  that  be  whole  need  not  a  physician.  "—Matt. 
Ix.  12. 

2.  Unimpaired,  uninjured. 

"  My  life  is  yet  whule  In  me."—  9  AxmuW  L  9. 

3.  Not  broken,  not  fractured,  intact:  aa, 
The  plate  is  still  whole. 

4.  Complete,  entire  ;  not  defective  or  im- 

perfect ;  having  all  its  parts. 

"  '  Hast  any  more  of  thin  f  '    'The  whole  butt,  man.'  " 
—i-'h,ik"i)>.  :    Tr»ipt*i,  IL  2. 

5.  Containing  the  total  number  or  amount  ; 
comprising  all  the  parts,  units,  divisions,  &c. 


boll,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  eat,  ?eU,  chorus,  90111,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing* 
-clan,  -tian  -.--  shau.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -fion,  -§ion  =  zuun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sioua  =  ftLua,    -ble,  -die,  &c,  -  bel.  deL 


6190 


wholeness— whoremonger 


that  make  up  an   aggregate  total  ;  all  the. 
(Generally  preceded  by  the.) 

"  Where  annlee  unote  have  mink." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  U,  KM. 

B.  As  rubstantive: 

1.  An  entire  thing  ;  a  thing  complete  in  all 
rts  parts,   units,  Ac.  ;    a  thing  complete    in 
itself;  the  entire  or  total  assemblage  of  parts; 
all  of  a  thing,  without  deduction,  defect,  or 
exception  ;  the  entirety. 

"  Love,  that  of  every  woman's  heart 
Will  have  tbe  tchole,  and  not  a  part" 

Longfellow  ;  Golden  legend,  iv. 

2.  A   complete    system  ;    a   complete  aiul 
regular  combination  of  parts. 

"  AH  are  bat  parts  of  one  stupendous  vholt, 
Win**  body  Nature  is,  and  Cod  the  soul.*1 

Pope  :  Euay  on  Man,  i.  2«7. 

T  Whole  excludes  subtraction  ;  entire  ex- 
cludes division  ;  complete  excludes  deficiency  : 
a  whole  orange  has  nothing  taken  from  it;  an 
entire  orange  is  not  yet  cut  ;  and  a  complete 
orange  is  grown  to  its  full  size  ;  it  is  possible, 
therefore,  for  a  thing  to  be  whole  and  not 
entire;  and  to  be  both,  and  yet  not  complete  : 
an  orange  cut  into  parts  is  whole  while  all  the 
parts  remain  together,  but  it  is  not  entire  : 
hence  we  speak  of  a  whole  house,  an  entire 
set,  and  a  complete  book.  The  wholeness  or 
Integrity  of  a  thing  is  destroyed  at  one's 
pleasure  ;  the  completeness  depends  upon  cir- 
cumstances. (Crabb.) 

*  U  (1)  By  whole  sale;  By  the  whole:  Whole- 


M If  the  currier  bought  not  leather  by  th 

Greene  :   fytip  for  an  UpMart  Courtier. 

(2)  Upon  the  whole  :  All  things  considered  ; 
taking  all  things  into  account  ;  upon  a  review 
of  the  whole  matter  ;  altogether. 

whole  and  half  compass,  *.    Bisect- 

Ing-diriders  (q.  v.). 

whole-blood,  s. 

Law  :  Blood  in  descent  which  is  derived 
from  the  same  pair  of  ancestors. 

Whole-hoofed,  a.  Having  an  undivided 
hoof;  solidungulate. 

whole-length,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Extending  from  end  to  end, 

2.  Full  length  ;  as,  a  whole-length  portrait. 

B.  Assubst.  :  A  portrait  or  statue  exhibiting 
the  whole  figure. 

whole  -meaL  ».  Flour  produced  by 
grinding  wheat,  deprived  of  a  portion  of  its 
husk,  between  steel  rollers.  It  is  recom- 
mended aa  possessing  greater  nutritive  pro- 
perties than  ordinary  flour.  (Used  also 
adjectively  :  as,  whole-meal  bread. 

whole-number,  *.    An  integer  (q.v.). 

whole-skinned,  a.  Uninjured  ;  whole 
and  sound. 

"  He  U  tehole-tkin'd,  has  no  hurt  yet* 
S*aum.  4  Flet.  :  Rule  a  Wife*  have  a  W(fe,l 

whole  -ness  (w  silent),  s.  [Eng.  whole  ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  whole,  entire, 
complete,  or  sound  ;  entirety,  totality,  com- 
pleteness. 

whole  -sale  (w  silent),  s.,  a.,  &  adv.  [Eng. 
whole,  and  sale,  originally  two  words.] 

A.  As  subst.  :    The  sale  of  goods   by  the 
piece  or  large  quantities,  as  distinguished  from 
retail  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adjective  : 
L  Literally: 

1.  Buying  or  selling  by  the  piece  or  large 
quantities. 

"  A  considerable  wkolttale  merchant  In  the  tame 
place.'—  Smith  :  Wealth  of  tfationt,  bit.  !„  ch.  x. 

2.  Pertaining  to  trade  by  the  piece  or  large 
quantities  :  as,  The  wholesale  price. 

II.  Fig.  :  In  great  quantities  ;  extensive,  in- 
discriminate :  as,  wholesale  slaughter. 

C.  As  adv.  :  By  the  piece  or  in  large  quan- 
tities ;  as,  To  sell  goods  wholesale. 

1  By  wholesale  :  In  the  mass  ;  in  great 
quantities;  hence,  without  due  discrimination 
Of  distinction. 

wh-ole'-sa-ler,  «.  One  who  sells  in  large 
quantities  or  by  wholesale. 

whole  s6me(u>  silent),  "hole-some,  *hol- 
som,  *  hoi  sum,  a.     [Icel.  heilsamr  —  salu- 
tary, from  heill  =  whole  (q.v.).] 
1.  Tending  to    promote  health  ;  favouring 


health;    healthful,    healthy,  salutary,    salu- 
brious :  as,  wholesome  air  or  diet. 

"  With  wholesome  syrup*,  drugs,  and  holy  prayers." 
Xhakrtp.  :  Comedy  of  Errort,  v.  i. 

*2.  Healthy,  sound. 

"  Like  a  mildewed  ear 
Blasting  hie  wholetzme  brother." 

&hake»p, :  Hamlet,  ill  4. 

3.  Contributing  to  the  health  of  the  mind  ; 
promoting    or  favouring  morals,  religion,  or 
prosperity ;  sound,  salutary. 
"  The  style  of  the  beat  writers  o 
—Daily  Telegraph.  March  S3.  1888. 

"4.  Prosperous. 

"  When  thou  shalt  see  thy  wholesome  days  again." 
shtikctp. :  J/ocoefA.  iv.  S. 

*5.  Reasonable. 

"  I  ciuiiiiit  make  you  a  wholesome  answer ;  my  wit's 
diseased.'—  Shaketp.  :  Samlet,  iii.  2. 

"  6.  Salutary,  profitable,  advantageous,  suit- 
able. 

"  It  seems  not  meet  nor  wholttome  to  uiy  place." 
Shaketp.  :  Othello,  i.  L 

whole -some-ly  (w  silent),  *wnol-som- 
ly,  adv.  [Kng.  wholesome;  -ly.]  In  a  whole- 
some or  salutary  manner. 

"  It  is  seasonable  and  good,  aud  may  wh'iliomln  feade 
tbe  flocke  of  Jesus  Christ."  —Bale  :  Apoloyie,  fol.  42, 

whole' -some -ness   (w   silent),   s.     [Eng. 

wholesome;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wholesome 
or  of  contributing  to  or  promoting  health ; 
salubrity. 

"The  whol&omenest  of  his  meat  or  drink.1"— Locke: 
Human  Underitanding,  bk.  iv..  ch.  xL 

2.  Conduciveness  to  the  health  of  the  mind  ; 
salntariness ;  tendency  or  power  to  promote 
morals,  religion,  or  prosperity :  as,  the  whole- 
sameness  of  advice  given. 

whol'-ly  (w  silent),  "hol-ly,  *  hol-y, 
*  Whol-yf  '  Whol-lye,  adv.  [Eng.  whol(e)  ; 
•ly.} 

1.  Entirely,  completely. 

"  I  was  not  whotty  without  my  share." — Coo*  :  Firtt 
Voyage,  bk-  t..  ch.  fv. 

2.  Totally,  entirely,  fully,  exclusively. 

"Eve 
"  Int«nt  now  wholly  on  her  taste." 

Milt -n  :  P.  L.,  U.  7M. 

whom  (w  silent),  *  whome,  pron.  [A.S. 
hwdm.]  The  objective  (originally  the  dative) 
of  who  (q.v.)t 

whom' -ble,   whom-le    (le    as    el),    v.t. 

[Apparently  a  variant  of  whelm  (q.v.).]    To 

whelm,  to  overturn,  to  overwhelm.    (Scotch.) 

"  I  think  I  we  tbe  coble  whomoled  keel  ay."— Scott: 

Antiquary,  ch.  xL 

*  wnom'-eV-er  (to  silent),  pron.     [Eng.  whom, 

and  ever.]    The  objective  of  whoever  (q.v.). 

"  Whomever  they  axiden."—  Wycliffe:  Mark  XT. 

*  whom  -so  (w  silent),  pron.    [Eng.  whom,  and 

$o.]    Whomsoever. 

"  Cruelly  doth  wound  whomto  she  wills." 

Spenter :  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  M. 

whom-so-eV-er  (w  silent),  *whome-Bo- 
ev-er,  pron.    [Eng.  whom;  so,  and  ever.]  Any 
person  whatever.    (Objective  of  whosoever.) 
"  With  whomsoever  thoa  ftndest  thy  goods,  let  him 

not  live."— Genait  xxxi.  32. 

*  whoo  -  bfib  (w  silent),    *  who  -  bub,  «. 

[Wuoop.]    A  hubbub  (q.v.). 

"  All  the  cbambermaids  in  such  a  vrhobub." 

Beaum,  *  Flet. :  Jtantieur  Thamat,  Iv.  X 

whoop,  *  whoope,*.    [WHOOP,  v.] 

1.  A  cry  of  excitement,  encouragement,  en- 
thusiasm, vengeance,  terror,  or  the  like, 

"  Let  them  breathe  a  while,  and  then, 
Cry  whoop,  and  act  them  on  again." 

Sutler ;  Hudibrat,  1. 11 

2.  A  hooping  or  hooting  cry  or  noise. 

"The  whoop  of  the  crane." 

Longfellow  :  Evanfffline,  1L  1 

*  3.  A  popular  name  for  the  hoopoe  (q.v.), 
from  its  cry  [UPUPA],  whence  Browne  (Birds 
of  Norfolk)  calls  it  the  Hoope-bird.  Cotgrave 
calls  it  "a  sort  of  dunghill  cock,  that  loves 
to  nestle  in  man's  ordure,"  a  fable  borrowed 
from  classic  natural  history.  The  habits  of 
the  bird  during  incubation,  in  leaving  its  nest 
in  a  filthy  condition,  have  contributed  to  give 
currency  to  the  story,  and  for  this  reason  it 
is  sometimes  called  the  Dnng-bird. 

"  Aa  copped  and  hiph-crested  as  mari&h  •cfcxn*."— 
Uryuhart:  RabelaU,  bk.  ii..  ch.  xii. 

whoop,  *houp-en,  v.i.&t.  [Properly  hoop, 
the  to  being  excrescent,  at  in  whole  (q.v.) ;  Fr. 
Jumper  =  to  call,  shout;  cf.  Goth.  hwopja*  = 
to  boast.] 


A.  Intrans. :  To  shout  or  cry  out  with  • 
loud,  clear  voice  ;  to  call  out  loudly,  a«  in 
excitement ;  to  halloo. 

"Swarming,  and  tahonping.  and  shouting  out  suatches 
of  the  songs.*—  Oaily  Telegraph,  March  3%  1BS8. 

*B.  Trans.:  To  insult  with  shouts;  to 
drive  with  shout*. 

"  Suffer'd  me  by  the  voice  of  slaves  to  be 
H'Aoop'doQtof  Rome." 

Shakesp. :  Coriolanut,  tv.  t, 

who6p'-er,  s.    [HOOPER  (2),  SWAN,  II.  2  } 

whoop  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o,    [WHOOP,  v.] 

A.  Aspr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Swooping  (?). 

"  And  a  tohoojriny  billow  swept  tbe  crew 
Like  icicle*  from  her  deck/ 

Longfellow:  Wreck  of  the  ffetperut. 

whooping-cough,  s.   [HOOPING-COUGH.] 

*  whoot,  t.i.  &  t.     [Here,  as  in  whoop,  the  w  is 
excrescent,  the  proper  form  being  hoot  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  hoot ;  to  make  a  hooting 
noise.    (Beaum.  £  Flet. :  Spanish  Curate,  ii.  4.) 

B.  Trans. :  To  hoot  ;  to  drive  with  hoots. 

"  I  would  give  the  boya  leave  to  vhoot  roe  out  o'  UM 
p*ri»h."— Beaum.  A  Flet. :  Rule  a  Wife,  *c..  L 

Whop,  v.t.  &  i.     [\VHAP.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  strike,  to  beat. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  fall  or   come  down  sud-  ' 
denly ;  to  plump  down. 

whop,  s.  [Waop,  v.]  A  sudden  blow  or  fall. 
(Coiloq.  or  slang.) 

whop  -per,  .-.  [WHOP,  v.,  from  the  association 
of  idea  of  greatness  or  size  with  a  heavy  blow  ; 
cf.  whacker,  thumper,  &c.] 

1.  One  who  whops. 

2.  Something  uncommonly  large,  especially 
a  monstrous  lie.    (Colloq.  or  slang.) 

"  Not  content  with  two  whoppert,  as  Mr.  Jo  Gargery 
might  call  them,  Surtees  goes  on  to  Inventa  perfectly 
incredible  heraldic  bearing. "  — St.  Jamet't  Uiizttte, 
March  %  1898. 

whop   ping,  a.    [WHAPPINO.] 

whore  (w  silent),  *  hb're,  *.  [The  w  is  ex 
crescent,  as  in  whole  (q.v.);  Icel.  Mra  =ar 
adulteress,  from  horr  =  an  adulterer  ;  h6r  = 
adultery;  Dan.  hore ;  Sw.  hora ;  Dut.  hoer; 
0.  H.  Ger.  htiora ;  Ger.  hure ;  Goth,  hors  —  an 
adulterer.  Prob.  connected  with  Lat.  cams 
=  dear,  beloved  ;  so  that  the  original  meaning 
would  be  "  lover."] 

1.  A  woman  who  prostitutes  her  body  for 
hire ;  a  harlot,  a    prostitute,  a  courtezan,  a 
strumpet. 

2.  A  woman  of  gross  unchastit y  or  lewdness ; 
an  adulteress  or  fornicatress. 

whore  (w  silent),  v.i.  &  t.    [WHORE,  ».] 

A.  Intiwis. :  To  fomicate ;  to  have  unlawful 
sexual  intercourse.    (Dryden:  Juv.,  xvi.  94.) 
*  B.  Trans. :  To  debauch  ;  to  have  sexual 

intercourse  with. 

"  Thou  keptst  me  brave  at  court,  and  Khor'ti  me, 
Then  married  me." 

Beaum.  A  Flet.  :  Maid"»  Tragedy,  T. 

whore  -dom  (j'-  silent),  'hor-dom,  "whore- 
dome,  *.  [Icel.  hordomr;  Sw.  hordom.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Fornication  ;  the  practice  of 
unlawful  commerce  with  the  other  sex.     It  is 
applied  to  either  sex,  aud  to  any  kind  of  illicit 
commerce. 

2.  Script. :  The  desertion  of  the  worship  of 
the  true  God  for  that  of  idols  ;  idolatry. 

"  0  Ephralm.  thoa  committest  whoredom,  and  Israel 
U  defiled."— Botea  v.  34. 

*  whore' -mas- ter  (w  silent),  «.    [Eng.  whoret 
s.,  aud  master.} 

1.  One  who  procures  or  keeps  whores  for 
others ;  a  pimp. 

2.  One  who  converses  with  prostitutes ;  a 
whoremonger. 

"  The  deputy  cannot  abide  a  vhortmmfter."  — 
Khakrti/.  :  Measure  for  Measure,  lii,  2. 

*  whore   mas  ter  ly  (w  silent),  a.    [Eng. 
whoremaster ;  ~ly.]    Having  the  character  or 
disposition  of  a  whoremaster;  lecherous,  lewd, 
libidinous. 

"That  Greeklsh  vthoreiwuterJjf  fllMn."—  ShaJtetp.: 
TroUut  t  Crettida,  v.  t. 

whore -mdn-ger  (w  silent),  s.  [Eng.  w/hon, 
and  monger.]  One  who  has  to  do  with  whores ; 
a  fornicator,  a  whoremaster,  a  lecher. 

"  81**w  to  ft  most  fllthye  whore,  and  to  her  whore- 
dome  aud  tohoremmvert,"  —  Bale:  fn-j/i-h  Votariet. 
(Pref.) 


Ate,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather ;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  core,  nnite,  cor,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian*    w,  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


whoremonging— wicked 


5181 


*  whore  -mong  ing  (w   silent),   s.      [En«. 

whoremong(er)  ;  -ing.]    Fornication,  whoring. 

"  \etherhaue  they  uiyude  of  any  thing  piles,  thau 
Tpoii  whoremonginy,  aim  other  kj  udes  of  wtOkedUM." 
—  Udal  :  2  />«(*;•. 

•*  whore'-son  (w  silent),  *  whor-son,  s.  &  a, 
[Eug.  whore,  and  *ora.] 

A.  ^ssufcsf.  :  A  bastard  ;  a   word  used  in 
contempt  or  in  coarse  familiarity,  and  without 
exactness  of  meaning,  and  sometimes  even  in 
a  kind  of  coarse  tenderness. 

"  Well  said  1  a  merry  whoreton,  ha  !  " 

Shakes/i.  :  Romeo  &  Juliet,  IT.  4. 

B.  As  adj.  :    Bastard-like,    mean,    scurvy. 
(Ust-d    in    contempt,    dislike,    or   coarse  fa- 
miliarity.) 

"  A  whortton  dog.  that  shall  i»1ter  thus  with  us." 
Shakesp.  :  Troilut  £  Crctsiila.  11  a. 

Whdr'-ing  (w  silent),  s.    [WHORE,  v.] 

1.  Ord.Lang.:  Fornication  ;  the  conversing 
With  whores. 

2.  Script.  :  The  practice  of  Idolatry. 

"They  shall  no  more  offer  their  sacrifices  unto 
devils,  after  whom  they  havo  gone  a  whorina."—Lev. 
xvIL  7. 

Whor-ish  (w  silent),  a.  [Enj*.  whore;  -ish.] 
Addicted  to  whoring  or  unlawful  sexual  inter- 
course; incontinent,  lewd,  unchaste. 

",You.  like  a  lecher,  out  of  tehorish  loins 
Breed  your  inheritors." 

Shalcetp.  :  TroBus  A  Cretiida,  iv.  1. 


n-ljf  (w  silent),  adv.  [Eng.  whorish; 
•ly.\    In  a  whorish  or  lewd  manner  ;  lewdly. 

*  whor'-Ish-ness  (w  silent),  *  whor-ysh- 
nease,  s.  [Eng.  whorish  ;  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  whorish  ;  the  character  of  a 
whore  or  lewd  woman. 

"  Harke  how  ahhointnable  whoryshnette  ...  is 
anaunced  of  that  whoriah  Rome  churthe,  to  the  great 
bleiuyshyuge  of  godly  marryage."—  Bale:  Englith  Yo- 
tariet,  ful.  18. 

whorl*    "wharl,  'wharlo,  'whorle,  *. 

[A  contraction  for  wharvel,  whosrvel,  as  shown 
in  the  Prompt.  Parv.,  "WharwyL  whorwhil, 
whorle  of  a  spyndyl,  Vertebrum.  The  A.S. 
name  was  hweorfa,  from  hweorfan  =  to  turn  ; 
cf.  wharf  and  whirl.  The  particular  form 
whorl  may  have  been  borrowed  from  O.  Dut 
and  introduced  by  the  Flemish  weavers  ;  cf. 
O.  Dut.  warvel  =  a  spinning-  whirl*  (Hexham)  ; 
also  worvelcn  =  to  turn,  to  reel,  to  twine. 


L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  volution  or  turn  of  the  spire  of  a  uni- 
valve shell. 

"  Se«  what  a  lovely  shell, 
Made  *o  fairly  well, 
With  delicate  spire  and  whor!.~ 

Teuttyton  :  Maud,  If.  2. 

2.  The  fly  of  a  spindle,  generally  made  of 
Wood,  sometimes  of  hard  stone. 

II.  Bot.  :  A  ring  of  organs  all  on  the  same 
plane.    The  same  as  VERTICIL. 


a,    [Eng.  whorl;  -#Z.]     Furnished 
with  whorls  ;  vert  i  dilate. 

Whorl  -er,  ff.  (Eng.  whorl  ;  -er.]  A  whirling. 
table  (<i.v.). 

whom,  8.  [Eng.  horn  with  excrescent  w,  as 
in  whole  (q.v.).J  A  hum.  (Scotch.) 

"And  loomed  down  the  creature's  throat  wf  an* 
wfcorn."—  Scott  :  Heart  of  Midlothian,  ch.  xxviii. 

qrhort,  s.  [An  abbreviation  of  whortle,  or 
whortleberry  (q.v.).]  The  fruit  of  the  whortle- 
berry, or  the  shrub  itself. 

<vhor'-tle.  s.  [A.S.  vtyrtU.]  The  whortle- 
berry  (q.v.). 

srtior'-tle-ber-rjf',  *  whur'-tle-ber-r$?,  s. 

[A.S.  wyrtil  =  a  small  shrub,  dimiii.  of  wjrt 
a  wort  (q.v.),  and  Eng.  berry.] 

Bot,  :  The  genus  VaccinUim,  spec.  (1)  Fac- 
tinium  Myrtillus,  the  Bilberry  (q.v.).,  and  V. 
Vitis-ldceat  the  Crowberry  ;  (2)  Oxycoccos  pa- 
lustrif. 

Whoso  (w  silent),  *  whos,  pron.  [A.8.  Tiwces.] 
The  possessive  or  genitive  case  of  who  or 
which.  (Applied  either  to  persons  or  things, 
and  used  interrogatively  or  relatively.) 

"  Whos*  toticiie  la  mimic  now  t" 

ShaJuip.:  t'enut  &  Adontt,  1.077. 

Whose  so  ev-er  (w  silent),  pron.  [Eng. 
whose  ;  so,  and  ever.}  Of  whatever  person  ;  the 
possessive  or  genitive  of  whosoever  (q.v.). 

"  Whotetoever  si  us  ye  remit,  they  are  remitted  :  and 
wAowfoewr  sin*  ye  retain,  they  are  teUined."—  John 
ML  23. 


who'  -SO  (w  silent),  pron.  [Eng.  who  and  so.] 
Whoever,  whosoever. 

"Now  whoso  seeth  not,  that  his  laughter  la  more 
madde  than  the  laughter  of  the  mat]  man,  I  hold  him 
madder  than  they  both."—  Sir  T.  More  ;  Worket,  y.  73. 

who-so-eV-er  (w  silent),  pron.  [Eng.  who, 
so,  and  ever.]  Whoever,  whatever  person,  any 
person,  whatever  that. 

"  Whotoever  will,  let  him  take  of  the  water  of  life 
freely."—  Ken.  xxil.  17. 

*whot,  "whote,  *  whott,  a.  [Eng.  hot, 
with  excrescent  w,  as  in  whole  (q.v.).J  Hot. 
(Brende  :  Quinttu  Curtius,  fol.  bl). 

whum'-mle,  v.t.  [Afreq.  from  teAe/m  (q.v.).] 
To  overwhelm,  to  turn  over,  to  turn  upside- 
down. 

"Your  high-flying  dominie  bodte  who  whumlei 
them  outrtglit"—  M.  bcott  :  Tom  Vr'utyle't  J.uy,  ch. 
xvi. 

Whum'-mle,  s.  [WHUHHLB,  v.]  An  over- 
turning, an  overthrow. 

"  N«e  doubt,  nae  doubt  ;  ay,  ay,  it'i  an  awfu'  tohum- 
mle."—  Scott  :  Kob  Roy,  ch,  ixlL 

Whiin'-stane,  s.  [See  def.]  The  Scotch  form 
of  Whinstoue  (q.v.).  (Burns:  Holy  Fair.) 

whur,  v.i.    [A  variant  of  whir  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  make  a  whirring  sound  ;  to  make  a 
rough  sound,  as  one  who  pronounces  the  letter 
r  with  too  much  force  ;  to  birr. 

2.  To  make  a  growling  or  snarling  noise 
.like  a  dog. 

whur,  *whurr,  «.    [WHUB,  v.] 

1.  The  sound  of  a  body  moving  through  the 
air  with  great  velocity. 

2.  A  whirl,  a  turn. 

"  They  flapt  the  iloor  full  in  my  face,  and  gave  me 
such  a  tehurr  here."—  Yanburyh:  Journey  to  London, 

3.  A  driving  or  pressing  forward  in  haste  ; 
hurry. 

"  Wlilppe  and  tohurre  .  .  .  never  made  good  f  urre." 
t'd'il  :  Roiiter-Doitter,  i.  8. 

whur'-rj?,  v.t.  [Eng.  whur;  -y.]  To  move 
with  haste  ;  to  whisk  along  quickly  ;  to  hurry. 

Whurt,  «.    [WHOBT.]    A  whortleberry. 

Why,  "  whl,  adv.,  interj.t  &  *.  [Properly  the 
instrumental  case  of  who,  and  accordingly 
frequently  preceded  by  the  prep,  for;  A.S. 
hwi,  hwy,  hwig  ;  lustrum,  case  of  hwd=z  who, 
for  hwig  =  why  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  hvi  —  why  ; 
allied  to  hverr  =  who,  hvat  =  who  ;  Dan.  hvi  ; 
Sw.  hvi;  O.  H.  Ger.  hwiu,  wiu,  hiu,  instrura. 
case  of  hwer  (Ger.  wer)  =  who  ;  Goth,  hve  ; 
instrum.  case  of  hvas  =  who.  How  is  closely 
related  to  why.] 
A*  As  adverb  : 

1.  For    what  cause,   reason,   or  purpose. 
(Used  interrogatively.) 

•"Torn  ye,  tarn  ye  .  .  .  for  w\f  will  ye  die  ?  "—  XieTciel 
zxxiii.ll. 

U  In  such  sentences  as,  "I  know  not  why" 
why  is  the  indirect  or  dependent  interrogative. 

2.  For  which   reason,  cause,  or  purpose  ; 
for  what,  for  which.    (Used  relatively.) 

"  To  Scotland  for  to  go,  to  wlte  why  &  what  wise, 
Ther  kyug  &  other  mo  withsaid  him  his  seruise." 
Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  271. 

B,  As  interjection  : 

1.  Used  emphatically,  or  almost  as  an  ex- 
pletive to  enliven  the  speech,  especially  when 
something  new  is  perceived  or  comes  into  the 
mind. 

"  Whence  is  this?  vAy,  from  that  essential  suitable- 
ness which  obedience  has  to  the  relation  which  is  be- 
tween a  rational  creature  and  his  Creator.**—  South, 

*2.  Used  as  a  call  or  exclamation. 

"  Why.  JeBsica,  I  say  !     Why,  Jessica  !" 

Shaketp.  ;  Merchant  of  I'enice,  it.  6. 

C.  As  subst.  :  The  reason,  cause,  or  purpose 
Of  anything. 

"  The  why—  tb*  where—  what  boots  it  now  to  tell." 
Oyron  :  Coriair,  1  14. 

^  Why  so: 

(1)  For  what  reason,  wherefore,  why. 

"  And  why  t*.  m  v  lord  I  " 

Khaketp.  :  Winter1!  Tale.  il.  1. 

(2)  An  expression  of  content  or  of  unwilling 
acquiescence. 

"  Why  to  f   Go  all  which  wny  It  will." 

chard  I!.,  II.  2. 


why,  9.    [Tcel.  Tcviga  =  a  young  cow.]    A  young 
heifer.    (Prov.) 

why'-dah,  s.    [WHIDAH.] 
Whyle?,  adv.    [WHILES.] 


*  Whjr-ndt,  s.     [Eng.  why,  udv.,  and  not.] 

1.  A  violent  and   peremptory  proceeding. 
(Butler:  Hudibras,  II.  ii.  528.) 

2.  Any  sudden  or  unexpected  event  or  turn  ; 
a  dileminii. 

"  Now,  dame  Sally,  I  have   you   at  a  whynot."  — 
Richardson:  Sir  C.  tiranditon.  vL  l&«. 

wi't  prep.     [See  def.]    With.    (Scotch.) 

"  The  auld  gamekee[>er,  that  was  out  wi'  uie  in  tb* 
year  "15."—  Xoott  :   Waoarley,  ch.  Ixiv. 

w5t9h,  s.     [WITCH  (2).] 

wicht  -inc.  wicht  if  Ite,  s.  [  After  Wlchty, 
Wichtis,  Finland,  where  found:  suff.  -ite 
(Afm.).] 

Af  in.  ;  A  massive  mineral  with  rectangular 
cleavages.  Hardness,  above  6'0  ;  sp.gr.,  3*03  ; 
lustre,  dull  ;  colour,  black.  Compos.  :  a  sili- 
cate of  alumina,  lime,  iron,  magnesia,  &a  A 
doubtful  species. 

-wick,-wl9h,sw/.  [A.S.w£c  =  a  village,  town, 
from  Lat.  views  —  a  village.]  A  common  ele- 
ment in  English  place-names,  as  in  Warwicfc, 
SandwicA,  &c.,  and  denoting  village,  town. 

wick  (1),  s.  [Icel.  vik  —  &  creek,  a  bay,  A 
harbour.] 

1.  An  open  bay.    (Shetland.) 

2.  A  brine-pit.    [Wvca  (2).] 

3.  In  the  game  of  curling,  a  narrow  port  or 
passage  in  the  rink  or  course  flanked  by  the 
stones  of  those  who  have  played  before. 

4.  As  an  element  in  place-names  =  (1)  a  bay 
or  creek,  as  in  Greenwich;  (2)  a  brine-pit,  as 
in  NantwicA,  DroitwicA,  &c. 

wick  (2),  *  wicke,  *  weik,  *  weeke, 
*  woyko,  *  wikc,  s.  [A.S.  weoca,  weccat 
cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  wiecke  =  a  wick  ;  Low  Ger. 
we3t«=lint;  Dan.  vcege  =  &  wick;  Sw.  veke  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  wiechet  weche.  The  original  mean- 
ing is  the  soft  or  pliant  part,  and  the  word  is 
closely  allied  to  weak  (q.v.).]  A  bundle  of 
fibres  to  lead  oil  to  the  flame,  where  the  oil  is 
evolved  as  gas  to  maintain  combustion.  It 
acts  by  capillary  attraction,  and  usually  con- 
sists of  a  bundle  of  soft-spun  cotton  threads. 
"  The  pitb  whereof  [rushes]  when  the  rind  is  pilled. 

uiaketh  wick*  for  watch-caudleB."—  f,  Holland  :  Plinv. 

bk.  xvi.,  ch.  xxxvii. 


,  V.t.     [WlCK  (!),«.] 

Curling:  To  strike  a  stone  in  anobliuue 
direction. 

*  wicke,  a.    [WICKED.) 

wick-  cd  (1),  *  wicke,  *  wlk,  *  wlkke. 
*  wik  kcd,  *  wick-  id,  *  wick  ide,  a. 

[Orig.  a  pa.  par.,  =  rendered  evil,  as  if  from 
a  verb  wikken  =.  to  make  evil,  from  wikke  — 
evil,  originally  a  substantive  =  A.8.  wicca  = 
a  wizard,  wicce  =  a  witch.] 

1.  Evil  in  principle  or  practice;  deviating 
from  the  divine  law  ;  addicted  to  evil  or  vice  ; 
sinful,  immoral,  lad,  wrong,  iniquitous.    Ap- 
plied both  to  persons  and  things,  and  compre- 
hending everything  that  is  contrary  to  the 
moral  law. 

"  There  is  no  peace,  salth  the  Lord,  unto  the  wicked." 
—  Itaiuh  \U  iii.  23. 

2.  Mischievous  ;  prone  or  disposed  to  mis- 
chief ;  roguish. 

'*  That  same  wicked  bastard  of  Venus," 

Shakeip.  :  At  ,Kou  Like  It,  Iv.  1. 

*  3.  Hurtful,  pernicious,  ba'neful,  cursed. 

*'  Ai  v>ick--d  dew  as  e'er  my  mother  bnisli'd 
With  raven's  feather  from  unwholesome  fen." 
Shaketp.  ;  Tempett,  i.  2. 

*  4.  Inhabited  by  or  belonging  to  wicked 
persons. 

"  Yet  not  for  thy  advice  or  threats  1  fly 
These  wicked  tents  devoted." 

MUton:  P.  L.,  T.  BML 

U  (1)  The  Wicked  : 

Script.  :  One  of  the  two  great  classes  into 
which,  on  moral  and  scriptural  considerations, 
the  Bible  divides  all  mankind,  or  at  least  all 
who  have  had  opportunities  of  becoming  ac- 
quainted with  revelation.  No  third  or  inter-  ' 
mediate  class  is  recognised  ;  nor  do  the  twc 
'  great  classes  in  any  way  shade  into  each  other. 
The  primary  error  of  the  wicked  is  that  they 
contemn  God  (Psalm  x.  13)  and  will  not 
seek  him.  They  plot  and  cuiry  out  evil 
projects  (Psalm  ix.  16,  xi.  2),  and  hence  the 
Lord  is  far  from  them  (Prov.  xv.  29),  and  is 
angry  with  them  every  day  (Psalm  vii.  11).  At 
last  the  wicked  shall  be  severed  from  the  just 
and  cast  into  "a  furnace  of  fire/'  in  other 
words  the  place  of  woe  (Matt.  xiii.  49,  60). 


o^;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  $hin,  bench;  go,  &em;  thin,  this;  sin,  09;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,   ph  =  £ 
-elan,  -tian  =  fihau.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -flon  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tions,  -sious  =  sails,   -bte,  -die,  &c.  =  Del,  deL 

38 


5182 


wicked— widely 


(2)  The  Wicked  Bible:  An  edition  published 
A.D.  1632,  by  Barber  and  Lucas,  in  wh  ch  the 
word  not  is  omitted  from  the  seventh  Com- 
mandment. 

TT  For  the  difference  between  wicked  and 
bad,  see  BAD. 

wicked  (2),  a.  [Eng.  wick  (2),  s.  ;  suff.  -ed.] 
Furnished  with  a  wick.  Chiedy  in  composi- 
tion :  as,  a  two-wicked  lamp. 

wick'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  wicked;  -ly.}  In  a 
wicked  manner  ;  in  a  manner  or  with  motives 
contrary  to  the  moral  or  divine  law  ;  viciously  ; 
iniquitously  ;  criminally. 

"  But  they,  who  get  teh-kedly,  spend  for  th«  most 
part,  foolishly,  perhaps  wickedly  too."—  Seeker  :  Works, 
voL  vL,  lect.  26. 

wick  -cd  ness,  *  wik  ked  nes,  *  wik- 
ked-nesse,  *  wick  ed  nesse,  *  wick- 
id  nesse,  s.  [Eng.  wicked;  -ness.] 

L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wicked  ; 
depravity  or  corruption  of  heart  ;  sinfulness  ; 
a  depraved  or  corrupt  disposition  or  heart. 

"  All  this  arose  from  infirmity,  not  wickednett."— 
Seeker:  Woi-lit,  vol.  L,  6er.  9. 

2.  Departure   from    the  divine   law  ;  evil 
practices  ;  vice,  immorality,  crime,  sin. 

3.  A  wicked  thing  or  act  ;  an  act  of  iniquity 
or  immorality. 

"  What  wlckedneu  1*  this  that  la  done  amongst 
you?"—  Judge*  xx.  12. 

*  4.  Wicked  persons  ;  the  wicked. 

"  Those  tents  thou  sawest  so  pleasant,  were  the  teuts 
01  vickednei*."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  xL  607. 

wick  -en,  wlg'-gln,  «.    [A.S.  wice,  wicean.] 
Bot.  :  Pyrus  Aucuparia. 
wicken-tree,  s.    [WICKEN.] 

wlck-er,  *  wik-er,  *  wils-ir,  *  wyk-yr, 

*  wyck-er,  s.  &  a.  [From  the  same  root  as 
weak  (q.v.),  and  hence  =  a  pliant  twig;  cf. 
O.  Sw.  wifca  =  to  bend,  whence  week  =  a  fold  ; 
vrickla  =  to  fold,  to  wrap  up  ;  Sw.  dialects 
i-ekare,  vekker,  vikker  =  the  sweet  bay-leaved 
willow  (Salix  petitandra),  from  veka  =  to  bend  ; 
Dan.  dialects  voge,  vogger,  vegre  =  a  pliant 
rod,  a  withy  ;  vceger,  vcegger  =  a  willow  ;  Ger. 
wicket  =  a  roll.] 

*  A.  As  substantive  : 

t.  A  small  pliant  twig  ;  an  osier  ;  a  withe. 

"Which  hoops  an  knit  a»  with  wickert."-  Wood  : 
Athena  oxo  n.,  £ 

2.  A  piece  of  wicker-work  ;  specifically,  a 
wicker  basket. 

"  Each  having  a  white  wicker  overbrimmed 
With  ApriTs  tender  younglings." 


3.  A  twig  or  branch  used  as  a  mark  ;  a 
withe. 

B.  As  adj.  ;  Made  of  plaited  twigs  or  osiers  ; 
covered  with  wicker-work. 

"  High  In  wicker-baikett  heap'd." 

Pope  :  Homer;  Odyuev  Ix.  393. 

wicker-work,  s.    A  texture  of  twigs  ; 
basket-work. 

"  Baskets  .  .  .  very  neatly  made  of  totcker-teork.'— 
Cook  i  Firtt  Voyage,  bk.  t.,  ch.  x. 

*  wlck-ered,  a.    [Eng.  wicker;  -ed,}    Made 
or  covered  with  wicker-work. 

"  Ships  of  light  timber  wicter'd  with  osier  between." 
—Milton  :  ffiit,  Britain,  bk.  it 

wick  -ct,  *  wik  et,  *  wyck  et,  s.    [p.  Fr. 

iciket,  viffuet  (Fr.  guichet)  =  a  wicket;  lit.  =  a 
small  turning  thing,  from  Icel.  vikinn,  pa. 
par.  of  vikja  =  to  move,  to  turn  ;  Sw.  vika  =  to 
give  way  ;  A.S.  wican  =  to  give  way  ;  O.  Dut. 
•wicket  =  a  wicket,  from  wicken  —  to  shake  or 
wag.]  [WEAK.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  small  gate  or  doorway,  especially  a 
•mall  door  or  gate  forming  part  of  a  larger 
one. 

"  And  now  Saint  Peter  at  heaven's  wicket  seems 
To  wait  them."  Milton  .-  P.  L.,  iii.  484. 

2.  A  hole  in  a  door  through  which  to  com- 
municate without  opening  the  door,  or  through 
which  to  view  persons  or  objects  without. 

"  3.  The  mouth. 

**  Least  quickly  her  wicket  see  me  easie  to  ope." 
Tutter:  ffvibandrie,  p.  169. 

4.  A  gate,  formed  like  a  butterfly-  valve,  in 
the  chute  of  a  water-wheel,  to  graduate  the 
amount  of  water  passing  to  the  wheel.   It  has 
*  central  spindle  with  a  wing  on  each  side. 

II.  Cricket  : 

1.  The  object  at  which  the  bowler  directs 
his  ball,  and  before  but  a  little  to  one  side  of 


which  the  batsman  or  striker  stands.  It  con- 
sists of  three  stumps,  having  two  bails  set  in 
grooves  on  their  tops.  (CRICKET.] 

M  Flush  VI  with  his  rays,  beneath  the  noontide  sun, 
In  rival  bands,  between  the  vickttt  run." 

Byron  :  Childit'i  Jiecoltection*. 

2.  The  ground  on  which  the  wickets  are 
pitched. 

"  The  dab  on  a  good  wicket,  and  in  such  pleasant 
weather,  may  be  said  to  have  been  disputed  of  cheaply 
for  155  runa7—  >ktf,  July  28,  1887. 

3.  A  batsman. 

"In  all,  the  last  wicket  added  75  runs."—  Standard. 
July  11,  lass. 

wicket-door,  f.    The  same  as  "\VICKET, 

"  Through  the  low  wicket-door  they  glide." 

Scott  :  Koktby.  V.  29. 

Wicket-grate,  *.    A  small  gate  ;  a  wicket 
"  I  am  going  to  yonder  wicket-gate  before  me."  — 
Bunyan  ;  Pilgrim't  Progrett,  L 

wicket-keeper,  *. 

Cricket  :  The  player  who  stands  behind  the 
wicket  to  stop  such  balls  as  may  pass  the 
batsman,  and  to  put  the  wicket  down  when 
the  striker  is  out  of  his  ground. 


g,  t.    [Eng.  wick  (2),  s.  ;  -ing.}    The 

material,    especially   loosely  braided   cotton 
thread,  of  which  wicks  are  made. 


o.  [Eng.  wick  (2),  B.;  -few.) 
Destitute  of  or  having  no  wick  :  as,  a  wickless 
lamp. 

wlck-stroe'-im-a,  wik  atro'  mi  a,  s. 
[Named  after  Wickstrcem,  a  Swedish  botanist 
(178&-1856).] 

Bot.  :  A  genns  of  Thymelaceie.  Shrubs  and 
small  trees  with  deciduous  leaves,  axillary 
racemes  or  spikes  of  small  flowers,  a  four* 
lobed  calyx,  eight  stamens,  an  ovary  with 
four  small 
scales  below 
It,  and  a  bac- 
cate fruit  with 
numerous 
seeds  imbed- 
ded  in  the 
pulp.  Wick- 
strosmia  indi~ 
ca  is  found 
not  in  India, 
but  on  the 
coasts  of  A  us* 
tralia  and  the 
South  Sea  Is- 
lands. The 
fibres  of  the 
bark  are  made 
into  fishing-lines,  nets,  and  cordage,  by  the 
people  of  Fiji.  Its  bark  is  used  externally 
for  wounds  and  internally  for  coughs.  An 
inferior  sort  of  paper  and  rope  is  made  from 
W.  virgata  in  Kumaon,  in  India. 

Wic  liff-ite,  Wick'-liff  ite,  *.    [WYCLIFF- 

ITE.) 


W1CK8TROJMIA   INDICA. 

1.  Flower.       2,  Fruit 


,  a.    [Native  name  (?).] 
Bot.:  Dirca  palustris.    [DiRCA.] 

wid'-dy,  8.  [A  variant  of  withy  (q.v.).J  A 
rope  ;  more  especially  a  rope  made  of  withs  or 
willows  ;  a  halter  ;  the  gallows.  (Scotch.) 

wide,  *wid,  *wyde,  a.,  adv.,  &  «.  [A.S. 
wid;  cogn.  with  Dut,  wijd;  Icel.  vidhr;  Sw. 
&  Dan.  vid;  Ger.  weU;  0.  H.  Ger.  wit.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  Having  a  great  or  considerable  distance 
or  extent  across  or  between  the  sides  ;  broad  ; 
opposed  to  narrow. 

"  Wide  Is  the  gate  and  broad  b  the  way  that  leadeth 

to  destruction.  —Matthew  vii.  13. 

2.  Having  a  great  extent  every  way  ;  broad, 
vast,  extensive. 

"  For  nothing  this  wide  universe  I  call 
Save  thou,  my  rose  :  in  it  thou  art  luy  all." 

Shake*?.  :  Sonnet  1  19. 

3.  Broad  to  a  certain  degree  ;  of  a  certain 
size  or  measure  across  or  between  the  sides  : 
as,  three  feet  wide. 

4.  Comprehensive,  extensive;   not  narrow 
or  limited. 

**  Wide  In  soul  and  bold  of  tongue." 

Tennyton  :  Two  Voice*,  124, 

5.  Very  great  :  as,  There  is  a  wide  difference 
between  the  two. 

6.  Capacious  ;  holding  much. 

"  Weed  vide  enough  to  wrap  a  fairy  In." 

fAakttp.  :  jttdttmmtr  MffUt  />r«wm,  H.L 


7.  Failing  to  hit  a  mark ;  deviating  from 
the  right  line ;  hence  remote  or  distant  from 
anything,  as  truth,  propriety,  &c.  :  as,  The 
statement  is  wide  of  the  truth. 

*  8.  Far  from  what  is  pleasant  or  agreeable 
to  desire. 

"  It  would  be  wide  with  the  best  of  us  if  the  eye  of 
God  should  look  backward  to  our  former  estate,"— 
Up.  Hall :  Contemp. ;  Rah<ib. 

*9.  Apparent,  open,  obvious. 

"  With  more  wider  and  more  overt  teat." 

Shaketp.  :  Othello,  L  S. 

IL  Cricket :  Said  of  a  ball  which  is  bowletf 
so  far  to  one  side  of  the  wicket  that  the 
batsman  cannot  reach  it  with  liis  bat ;  such  a 
ball  counts  one  against  the  side  of  the  bowlei 
by  whom  it  is  delivered. 

B*  As  adverb: 

1.  So  as  to  have  a  great  extent  or  space 
from  one  side  to  another,  or  so  as  to  form  ft 
great  opening. 

"  The  door  he  opens  wide." 

Shttketp. :  Ka.pe  o/  J.ucrece,  SW. 

2.  To  a  great  distance  or  extent ;  far  and 
near.    (Frequently  in  conjunction  with/ar.) 

"Proves  thee  far  and  wide  a  broad  goose."  — 
Sfiakvep.  :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  Ii.  i 

*  3.  At  a  distance ;  apart. 

"  A  little  wide 
There  was  a  holy  chapel  edlfy'd." 

Spenter:  f.  «..  L  L  84. 

4.  With  great  extent;  widely.    (Used  chiefly 
in  composition,  as  uricte-extended,  wide-spread- 
ing, Ac.) 

5.  Far  from  the  mark  or  from  the  purpose^ 
so  as  to  miss  the  aim  ;  so  as  to  deviate  from 
the  point  aimed  at :  as,  He  shot  wide  of  the 
target. 

*  6.  Round  about,  but  at  a  little  distance. 

"  Him  beside 
Hii  aged  wife,  with  many  others  wide." 

Spenter:  /-.<,».,  VI.  xi.  la, 

C.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Wideness  ;   width,  extent, 
breadth.  . 

"  Emptiness  and  the  vast  uride 
Of  that  abyss."          Tmnyion  :  Two  I'oicet.  119. 

2.  Cricket ;  A  ball  bowled  so  far  to  one  side 
of  the  wicket  that  the  batsman  cannot  reach 
it  with  his  bat.  Such  a  ball  counts  one 
against  the  side  of  the  bowler  by  whom  it  is 
delivered,  and  is  reckoned  one  of  the  extras, 
the  others  being  byes  and  no-balls. 

If  Obvious  compounds:  Wide-extended,  wid*- 
Jlung,  wide-glittering,  &c. 

wide-awake,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj. :  Having  one's  eyes  open  ;  on  the 
alert ;  ready,  prepared ;  keen,  sharp,  knowing. 
(Colloq.  or  slang.) 

"Our  governor's  wide  -  awake,  he  la,™  —  Dickent  : 
Sketcheiby  liuz;  Watkint  Tattle, 

B.  As  subst. :  A  kind  of  soft  felt  hat  with  a 
broad  brim  turned  up  all  round. 

"  When  Effendia  will  wear  vttde-awaket  when  la 
mufti."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  28,  1887. 

*  wide-Chapped,  a.    Opening  the  mouth 
wide  ;  having  a  wide  mouth. 

"This  wide-chapped  rascal." 

Shakttp.  :  Tempttt,  L  L 

wide-gauge,  s. 

Battway-Rng. :  The  same  as  BROAD-GAUGE. 
[GAUGE,  *.,  II.  7.] 

wide -mouthed,  a.  Having  a  wide 
mouth  or  opening. 

"  Warm  by  the  wide-mouthed  fireplace." 

Longfellow :  Aoangeline,  L  2. 

*  wide-Skirted,  a.  Having  wide  borders^ 
extensive. 

"With  plenteous  rivers  and  wide-skirted  meads/ 
Shaketp. :  Lear,  L  1. 

wide-spread,  a. 

1.  Spread  to  a  great  distance ;  extended. 

"  How  sweet  to  rest  her  wide-tpr*ad  wluga," 

Wordsworth;  Ode. 

2.  Diffused  or  spread  over  a  wide  extent' 
extensive. 

"Thus  call  forth  a  wide-spread  movement  in  Arabia, 
carrying  with  it  the  Caliph  himself."—  Daily  Tele- 
graph, Sept  11,  1885. 

*  wide-stretched,  o.    Large;  extensive. 

(Shakesp. :  Henry  K.,  ii.  4.) 

*  wide- where,  adv.     Widely;  far  and 
near. 

wide'-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  wide;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  wide  manner  or  decree;  with  great 
extent  each  way  ;  far  and  wide ;  extensively. 

"  The  huge  size  and  venerable  age  of  the  tree",  t  he 
beauty  of  the  gardens,  the  abundance  of  the  spring!, 
were  widely  famed."— Xacaulay  :  if  at.  Eng,,  ch.  z. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  gd,  p6% 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who.  son:  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


widen— wieldless 


618S 


*8.  So  as  to  leave  a  wide  space  between. 

"  Widely  shun  the  Lil>  bean  atHiid." 

Dryden:  Virgil;  JFneid  lit  92T. 

8.  Very  much ;  to  a  great  degree  or  extent 

"Their  tempera  differed  widely."— Jfacaulav .'  Hitt 
rny.,  ch.  xi. 

4.  Remotely,  far. 

"The  light  which   the  remote  part*  of  truth  wi 

fill's  sriM  s^ist  **»~*> tha 

wid'-en,  v.t.  &  <.    [Eng.  widfe) ;  -en.] 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  wide ;   to  cause  to  extend  f 
breadth;  to  cause  to  spread;  to  increase  i 
width ;  to  enlarge. 

"To  widen  the  market,  and  to  uarrow  the  compel 
tiou, -— Smith :  Wealth  of  Sationl.  bk.  t,  ch.  xl. 

2.  To  throw  open. 

"  ™  M?w  ^  ?atefl  are  °P« :  now  prove  good  seconds  ; 
Tis  tor  the  followers  fortune  widen,  flum  " 

Xhatetp. :  CorManut,  i.  4. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  grow  or  become  wider  o 
wider  ;  to  enlarge,  to  spread  ;  to  extend  Itself 

"  The  general    tendency  of  schuun  Is  to   wulen."— 
Jfacaulay  :  Uitt.  Eng..  ch.  xi. 

wide'  ness,  "  wyde-nesse, s.    [Eng.  wide 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wide,  o 
grc.it  In  extent  from  side  to  side  :  breadth 
width 

-  Wheras  the  roches  ceased,  there  begaune  a  dike  o 
a  wounderfull  d«a,,th  and  wydeneue. '-llrende 
Qutnlu*  Curttut,  fo.  237. 

2.  Large  or  wide  extent  in  every  direction 
aa,  the  wideness  of  the  ocean. 

3.  Greatness,  extent :   as,  the  teitleness  o: 
difference  between  two  things. 

wldg'-eon,  s.    [WIGEON.J 

wld'-ow  (1),  *  wed-ew,  *  wld-dow, "  wid- 
ewe,  *wid-lwe,  -wid-we,  'wyd-ewe, 
wyd-dowe,  s.  [A.8.  widwe,  weoclum,  wudwe, 
wuduwe,  wydewe ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  weduwe , 
O.  H.  Ger.  wit-uwa,  witewa,  witiwa  •  Ger' 
wUtwe;  Goth,  widuwo,  widawo;  Lat.  vidua 
tern,  of  vidvus  =  deprived  of,  bereft  (whence 
Eng.  mid) ;  Ital.  vedova ;  Sp.  viuda  •  Pr. 
veuve;  Welsh  gweddw ;  Russ.  vdova;  Sansc. 
vidhavd.]  A  woman  who  has  lost  her  husband 
by  death,  and  also  remains  unmarried. 

'•Therooaineaeertampoormrfow.andshethrewin 
two  mites,  which  make  a  farthing.-— Marls  ill.  a. 

If  Often  used  adjectively : 

1.  Widowed. 

"  This  widow  lady."          /Habvp.  :  Xing  John,  11. 

2.  Bereaved  of  its  mate. 

"  A  widow  bird  sat  mourning  for  her  lova." 

•widow  bench,,.          —"-••<•*•» 
law :  That  share  which  a  widow  is  allowed 

of  her  husband's  estate  beside  her  jointure. 

(rKAortoa.) 

*  widow  -  bewitched,    s.     A   woman 
separated  from  her  husband ;  a  grass-widow. 

i  .  .  .  makin' a 


m«...  1  "!'  u»»u"  •  •  •  makin'  a 
onlight  fmtin  and  leavln*  yo*  to  be  a  widow-be. 
lchea.--Jlr,.  amb 


widow-burning,  s. 

Antlirop.  :  The  same  as  SUTTEE,  1.  (q.v.). 

"This  looks  like  a  mitigated  survival  from  an 
SL^rS  j&tfSt  "**»*»•»«•'«.•-  Wor.- 

widow-duck,  «. 

OrnUA.  :  Dendrocygnn  viduata,  ranging  from 
South  America  to  Africa.  Length  about 
eighteeninches;  face  and  tliroat  white  ;  back 
of  head,  nape,  and  sides  of  neck  bright  reddish- 
brown  ;  sides  of  breast  and  back  reddish-olive, 
darkly  spotted  and  marked;  lower  back  centre 
of  tail,  and  under  side  below  the  breast  black  • 
sides  grayish-white,  striped  with  dark  brown  ; 
upper  wing-coverts  reddish-brown,  secondary 
quills  olive-brown  with  green  edges  •  quills 
»nd  tail-feathers  greenish-black.  According 
to  Scliomburgk  (Reisen,  i.  407,  iii.  762),  the 
•atlwes  of  British  Guiana  call  this  bird  Kis-rfs->i 
from  its  cry.  [VICISSV-DUCK.] 

widow-hunter,  ».    One  who  seeks  or 
courts  widows  for  their  fortunes. 


-,  i  about  town  often  afford  them 
great  diversion.  —Ad  limn. 

"widow  -maker,  s.     One  who  makes 
widows  by  tereaving  women  of  their  husbands. 
14  That  I  mutt  draw  this  metal  from  my  side 

To  be  a  widow-maker."    Shakcep.  .•  King  John,  T.  2. 

widow-monkey,  «. 

Zool.:  Callithrix  lugms,  from  South  Ame- 
rica.   It  has  been  compared  to  a  diminutive 


black  d  )g  with  a  white  face ;  the  neck  an 
fore  limbs  are  also  white,  and  this  disposili. 
of  colour  has  given  rise  to  the  popular  nai 
bestowed  on 
the  animal 
by  the  Cre- 
oles, who  see 
in  the  white- 
nifss  of  the 
face,  neck, 
and  arms 
some  rtsi'm- 
blance  to  the 
veil,  hand- 
ken-hief,  and 
gloves  worn 
by  widows  of 
their  o wj 
race. 

wldo-*- 
sacrlfice,  WIDOW-MONKEY. 

Anthrop.  :  A  form  of  funeral-sacrifice  ii 
which  the  widow  was  slain  or  induced  to  com 
mit  suicide  so  that  she  might  be  buried  wit 
her  husband  and  accompany  him  to  theworli 
of  spirits.  This  practice  is  mentioned  a 
existing  among  the  Greeks  by  Eurinide 
(Suppl.,  983)  and  Pausanias  (iv.  2),  and  from 
C»sar  (de  Bella  Gall,  vi.  19)  it  may  be  in 
fcrred  that  it  existed  also  in  Gaul.  Widow 
sacrifice  is  still  the  custom  in  many  African 
tribes ;  traces  of  it  may  be  fonnd  in  China ;  i 
lingered  till  late  in  the  first  half  of  the  nine 
teenth  century  in  Fiji,  and,  though  abolishei 
by  law  in  British  India  in  1829,  is  not  ye 
abandoned.  (SUTTEK,  l.J 

"  'W<d°i°-'i"T<f<:e  is  found  In  various  regions  of  the 
world  under  a  low  state  of  civilization,  and  this  fits 
with  the  hypothesis  of  its  having  belonged  to  the 
Aryan  race  while  yet  in  an  early  and  barbarous  condi 
tion."-7V&>r.-  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  ma).  I.  «7. 

widow-wail,  s. 

Bat. :  (1)  The  genus  Cneorum,  and  specially 
Cneorum  triaxxos;  t  (2)  Frit-Maria  Mekagrii. 

*  widow's  chamber,  s.  The  apparel  and 
furniture  of  the  bedchamber  of  the  widow  of 
a  London  freeman,  to  which  she  was  formerly 
entitled. 

widow's  man,  «.    (See  extract.) 

"Widow-,  men  are  Imaginary  sailors,  borne  on  the 
,  ,        FtetedtoOMJ!  IW£  'iUtl  f)riz!;-money  which  is 

Widow's  port,  ».  An  inferior  kind  of 
port  wine. 

.i'^f  '"7*  "j1  "d5*"1  °'  <°ld°"''P°rt.  and  of  the  in- 
jtlnctive  dread  all  persons  who  have  any  respect  for 
their  health  have  for  It."— Ttmei.  in  Breuer:  Phrase 


widow's  terce,  «.    [TERCE,  4.] 
wid'-6w  (2),  ».    [See  compound.] 
widow-bird,  s. 

Ornith.  :  The  Whidah-bird  (q.v.). 

.i^'iT1"!.!""1"L  ''''*'"•"'"<'  «  «Itogetlier  an  erroneous 
title,  although  it  is  supposed  by  uiany  persons  to  have 
been  given  to  the  bird  on  account  o'f  ita  dark  culmir 
and  long  train,  as  well  a»  In  consequence  of  its  evi- 
dentiy  disconsolate  state  when  the  beautiful  taii- 
feathers  have  fallen  off  after  the  breeding  season 
In  point  of  fact,  however,  the  proper  name  is  Whida'li- 
bird.  a  title  that  was  originally  given  to  it  by  the 
Portuguese,  because  the  Hr«t  specimens  that  were 
brought  to  Europe  came  from  the  kingdom  of  Whidah 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa."—  Wood:  Jllui.  JftU. 

wtor-ow,  v.t.    [WIDOW  (1),  ».] 

1.  To  reduce  to  Oie  state  or  condition  of  a 
widow  ;  to  bereave  of  a  husband. 

Hath  «*foiredsnd  unchilded  mai'y  a  one!" 

SAo*e»p.  .•  CoriolanuM,  V.  6. 

*  2.  To  endow  with  a  widow's  right. 

"  For  his  possessions, 
We  do  instate  and  widow  you  withal." 

Shakesp.  :  Mature  for  Measure,  v. 

3.  To  strip  or  bereave  of  anything  good  :  to 
bereave  generally. 

"  Trees  of  their  abrivell'd  fruits 
Are  widow  'd,"  Philip!  :  Cider. 

*  4.  To  be  a  widow  to  ;  to  survive  as  the 
widow  of. 

",tf,tjme.!"i  """'ed  *«  three  kings  in  a  forenoon, 
and  widow  them  all."—  Shatap.  :  Antmiu  t  Cleopatra,, 

wid'-owed,  pa.  par,  &  a.    [WIDOW,  ».] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Reduced  to  or  being  in  the  state  or  posi- 
tion of  a  widow  ;  bereft  of  her  husband. 


The  daughter  of 

,  flarch  SJ,  1888. 


Telegraph, 


widowed  housekeeper."—  Datll 


&  Deprived  of  support. 

"  gees  thee  like  the  weak,  and  wUhuft  »tn«, 
Winding  thy  blasting  u-udrlls  o'er  th..  plain  • 

Maton  :  Ode  to  J'litepetideito*. 

3,  Pertaining  to  a  widow. 

"  Sleeplesse  ...  In  her  now  «>/<fr.r; 

.l/'i//.-  J,,,;i,t:  rhartaltav. 

witd'-6w  er,  •  wld-ew-er,  «wldwer. 
•wyd-ew-er,  •  wyd  ow  er,  ».  (Eng 
widow  (1),  s.  ;  -ST.] 

1.  A  man  who  has  lost  his  wife  by  death 
and  remains  unmarried. 


•2.  (See  extract).  ™  ">'•'..  m. ». 

"Let  there  be  widower,,  which  you  call  releevera. 
appointed  everywhere  to  the  ohurch-serrice."  -  Bp. 
Ball:  Apologte  againa  Broieniat,  j  1ft. 

4  wid'-6w-er-hood,».  [Eng.7ddower;-Jioo<J.] 
The  state  of  a  widower. 

*  wJd'-ow-hopd,  "wid-ow-hed,  *wid- 
ewe-hode,   •  wyd-ow-head,  ».     [Eng. 
widow  (1),  s. ;  -hood.} 

1.  The  state  of  a  woman  who  has  lost  her 
husband  by  death  and  remains  unmarried* 
the  state  or  condition  of  a  widow  ;  the  time 
during  which  a  widow  remains  unmarried. 

"  God,  that  helped  her  in  her  widowhood." 

*  2.  Estate  settled  on  a  widow. 

"  For  that  dowry.  I'll  assure  her  of 
Her  widoiehnod,  be  It  that  she  survives  ma. 
In  all  my  lands." 

Shaketp. :  Taming  of  the  Shreit,  ii. 

*  witd'-ow-iy,  o.    [Eng.  widow;  -ly.]    Like  • 
widow  ;  becoming  a  widow. 

width,  ».  [Eng.  widtf);  -<*.]  Breadth,  wide 
ness  ;  the  extent  of  a  thing  across  or  from 
side  to  side. 

"  ^.Iora  tne  wVdth  of  many  a  gaping  wonnd 
There's  many  a  soul  into  the  air  must  fly  " 

Draaton  :  Sattle  of  Mjlncaurt. 

'  wrd'-u-al,  *  wyd-u-al,  a.  [WIDOW,  (1),  «.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  widow  ;  vidnal. 


wlel,  «  weel,  *  wele,  «.    [WEIL.] 

wield,  *  weld,  *  welde,  n.(.  [A.S.  geweldan, 
gewyldan  =  to  have  power  over,  from  weaUan 
(pa.  t.  wedtd,  pa.  par.  wealdm)  =  to  hnve 
power  over,  to  govern,  to  rule,  to  possess  • 
eogn.  with  Icel.  valda  =  to  wield  ;  Dan  votde 
forvolde  =  to  occasion  ;  Sw.  v&lla  (for  vdlda)  = 
to  occasion  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  wltan  =  to  dispose, 
to  manage,  to  rule  ;  Ger.  waUm  ;  Goth,  maldan. 
From  the  same  root  as  Lat.  vaUo  =  to  be 
strong  ;  Eng.  valid.] 

*  1.  To  possess,  to  enjoy. 

"  ™°  chflde  had  he  neuer,  his  heritage  invent  to  wend*. 
W.lth  toon  to  welde,  vntille  EtoljSe"  ende." 

fiobert  de  Orunne,  p.  la 

*  2.  To  rule,  to  govern,  to  command. 

"  For  so  hette  a  Dunstan,  he  suld  alle  his  lyue 
With  werre  his  ioud  welde,  &  with  hie  suerd  stryoa.' 
Ji'jbert  de  Brunne,  p.  40. 

*  3.  To  sway,  to  influence. 


Mucon :  P.  ft.,  iv.  K9. 

-  4.  To  possess,  to  keep. 

"  Nile  ye  vtlde  gold  neither  silver  ne  money  in 
joure  girdils."-  Wsilife  :  Matthew  x. 

5.  To  have  the  management  or  employment 
of ;  to  manage,  to  employ. 

"  Sd""''<l  'he  Third  being  dead,  had  left  this  child  .  . 
The  crown  and  sceptre  of  this  realm  to  wield." 

Jlaniel:  Civil  Wart,  i. 

6.  To  handle ;  to  use  or  employ  with  the 
hand.    (Often  used  humorously.) 

"  Ease  Hungarian  wight,  wilt  thou  the  spigot  wieldf 
Shaketp. :  Merry  Wim  of  Wtndtor.  1.  a, 

7.  To  use  with  full  command  or  power,  as  a 
thing  not  too  heavy  for  the  holder ;  to  held 
aloft  or  swing  freely  with  the  arm. 

"  For,  trained  abroad  his  arms  to  wield, 
Fits-James's  blade  was  sword  and  shield  • 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  T.  la. 

wleld'-a-ble.  a.    [Eng.  wield;  -oMe.}    Ca- 
pable of  being  wielded. 

wield '-ance,  s.    [Eng.  wield;  -ante.]    The 

act  or  power  of  wielding. 

,  ''This  spiritual  edge  shall  either  turne  agatne  or 
(through  our  weake  wrtldinw  not  enter  the  ntub- 
Urneand  thick  hide  of  obdnr«l  hearts."l«p  BaU I- 
«.  Paul;  Ooibat.  ft.  Ii,  (A  Sermon.) 

wield  -er,  s.    [Eng.  wield,  v. ;  -er.]    One  who 

wields  or  manages. 

wield' -less,  *  weeia - lesse,  o.    [Eng. 


boH.  bo?;  poilt.  Jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  *enophon,  exist.    -In* 
. -tian  =  shan.   -tion. -sion  =  shiin; -tton. -sion  =  zhun.   -fliotM.  -ttoiu,  -sious  =  ahos.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


5184 


wieldsome— wild 


wight' -1-9  (gh  silent),  s.      [Named  after  Dr. 
Vi  ight,  the  Indian  botanist.] 


wield  ;  -less.]    Not  to  be  wielded  ;  unmanage- 
able. unwieldy. 

"  The  weight  of  hU  owne  weeldtefte  might." 

Spenter  :  F.  O...  IV.  ill-  M. 

•wield  -some,  a.     [Eng.  wield;  -some.]    Ca- 
pable of  being  easily  wielded  or  managed. 

"  The  facion  was  more  straunge  to  the  sauage  Brit* 
oni,  and  the  inoulng  more  redy  aud  vrieldtome."— 
Voiding  ;  C'tMur,  ful.  100. 


d'-&  "o.  [Bng.  wield;  -y.]  Capable  of 
being  wielded  or  managed  ;  manageable, 
wieldable.  (Now  only  iu  the  compound  un- 
wieldy (q.v.). 

"  So  freahf,  to  yong.  no  writ*  9*em»d  he." 

Chaucer:  Troitut  *  Crettido,  11 

wier,  s.    [WEIR.] 
*wier'-^(l),a.    [WIRY.] 

•wler-y  (2X  a.  (A.S.  war  =  a  place  for 
catching  or  keeping  fish.]  Wet,  moist. 

•Wit  *-      [WIFE.] 

wife,  *  wif,  *  wyf,  *  wyfe  (pi.  wives,  *  wyoes), 
9.  [A.S.  wif;  cogn.  withDut.  wyf—  a  woman, 
a  wife  ;  Icel.  w  .'  Dan.  viv  ;  Oer.  weifr  ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  wif.}  [WOMAN.] 

1.  A  woman  lawfully  married  ;  a  woman 
who  is  ueiited  to  a  man  in  the  lawful  bonds 
of  wedlock  ;  a  married  woman.    (The  correla- 
tive of  husband.) 

"  By  marriage  the  husband  and  wife  are  one  person 
tn  lBLW."—Bl,ickttone  :  Commentaries,  bk.  L,  oh,  16. 

2.  A  woman  of  mature  age,  that  is  or  might 
be  married.    (Commonly  so  applied  in  Scot- 
land.    In  literature  now  only  used  in  this 
sense  in  compounds,  aa  fish-wife,  ale-wife,) 

"  I  find  the*  a  wi«  young  wife.' 
Beaum.  A  Wet.  :  Rule  a  Wife  A  ham  a  Wife,  It 

If  For  the  legal  relations  between  husband 
and  wife,  see  MARRIAGE,  II.  2.,  and  Married 
Women's  Property  Act.  [MARRIED,  %] 

*  wife-bound,  a.  Devoted  or  tied  down 
to  a  wife  ;  wife-ridden. 

**  A  wife-bound  man,  now  dost  thou  rear  the  walla 
Of  high  Carthage  T  "      Surrey  ;  VirffiU  ;  &neit  IT. 

wife-carle,  5.  A  man  who  busies  him- 
self alwut  household  affairs,  or  women's  work. 
(Scotch.) 

"  An'  ye  will  be  a  wife-carle,  and  bay  Oah  at  your  ain 
bauds."—  Sbott:  Antiquary,  ch.  xiv. 

wife  -ridden,  a.  Unduly  influenced, 
commanded,  or  ruled  by  a  wife. 

"  Listen  not  to  those  sages  who  advfae  yon  alwayi  to 
•corn  the  counsel  of  a  woman,  and  if  you  comply  with 
her  request  pronounce  you  tdft-ridden."—Xrt,  PtotaL 

wife  hood,  *  wife-node,  *.  [Eng.  wife; 
-hood.}  The  state,  condition,  or  character  of 
s  wife. 

"  Perfect  wifehood  and  pure  lowlihead." 

Tcnnyton  :  Itabel,  13. 

wife  -less,  'wit-less,  *  wyfe:les,  *  wyf- 

les,  a,  .[Eng.  wife;  -less.]  Having  no  wife; 
without  a  wife  ;  unmarried. 

"  FWalettand  helrlesa." 

Tennyton  :  Elaine,  1,«2. 

wife  -like,  a,  [Eng.  wife,  and  like.]  Having 
the  characteristics  or  qualities  of  a  woman  ; 
womanly. 

"  WifeliJce  government." 

Shatotp.  :  Henry  VIII.,  U.  4. 

•  wife'-l^,  *  wif-ly,  *  wyve-ly,  a.    [Eng. 
wife  ;  -ly.}    Like  a  wife  ;  becoming  a  wife. 

"  All  the  tenderness  of  wifely  love." 

liryden  :  Amphitryon,  lit 

•  Wtf-hOOd,  S.      [WlFEHOOD.] 

*wif-les,  a.    [WIFELESS.] 

*  Wif-ly,  a.      [WIFELY.] 

*  wig  (1),  *  wigg,  s.     [Dut.  wegge  =  a  kind  of 

cake  or  loaf;  Ger.  week,  wecke  =a  roll  of 
bread;  perhaps  originally  of  a  wedge  shape.] 
[WEDGE.]  A  sort  of  cake. 

"  Home  to  the  only  lenteii  supper  I  have  had  of 
wigyt  and  ale.'1—  Pepyt  :  Diary,  April  8,  1664. 

Wig  (2),  s.  [A  shortened  form  of  periwig 
(q.v.).]  An  artificial  covering  for  the  head, 
used  generally  to  conceal  baldness,  but  for- 
merly worn  as  a  fashionable  means  of  decora- 
tion. Wigs  are  usually  made  to  imitate  the 
natural  liair  ;  but  curled  wigs  are  worn  pro- 
fessionally by  Judges  and  lawyers,  and  some- 
time* by  servants  in  livery.  They  are  also 
much  used  on  the  stage  for  disguise. 

"  Cato'i  long  wig,  flow'r'd  gown,  and  lacquer'd  chair." 
Pope  :  imitation  of  Horace,  ii. 

wig  block,  ft.  A  block,  or  shaped  piece 
of  wood,  for  fitting  wigs  on. 


wig-tree.  «. 

Bot. ;  Rhus  Cotinus. 

Wig,  v.t.    [Wio,  «.]    To  rate,  to  scold. 

"  So  alarmed  at  the  proapect  of  being  wifffftd  from 
home."— Ech»,  March  26,  135s. 

Wig'-an,  s.  [Prob.  from  the  town  of  Wigan, 
in  Lancashire.]  An  open,  canvas-like  fabric, 
used  as  a  stiffening  in  the  lower  ends  of  the 
legs  of  pantaloons,  and  as  a  skirt-protector 
on  the  lower  inside  surface  which  drags  on 
the  pavement.  It  is  sometimes  sold  in  strips, 
fluted,  and  attached  to  a  band. 

Wig  eon,  t  widg'-eon,  s.  [Probably  French ; 
cf.  O.  Fr.  vigion,  vingeon,  gingeon  =  Fr.  can- 
ard rifieur  =  the  wigeon.]  [WHEW-DOCK,] 

1.  Ornith. :  Any  species  or  individual  of  the 
genus  Mareca  (q.v.).  The  species  are  numerous 
and  very  widely  distributed.  The  Common 
\Vigeon  (Mareca  penelope)  is  also  known  as 
Wliew-duck,  »r  Whewer,  from  the  shrill  whistle 
which  forms  its  note.  It  is  abundant  in  Brit- 
ain in  winter.  Length  about  eighteen  inches; 
the  male  has  the  forehead  and  top  of  head 
white,  cheeks  and  Mud  part  of  the  neck  reddish* 
chestnut,  upper  parts  grayish  white,  irregu- 
larly zigzagged  with  black ;  wing-coverts 
white  tipped  with  black,  primaries  dark 
brown,  speculum  green,  edged  with  black; 
throat  rufous,  breast  and  belly  white ;  the 
female  has  sober  plumage  of  various  shades 
of  brown.  The  wigeon  is  one  of  the  common- 
est ducks  of  the  extreme  north  of  Europe, 
frequenting  grassy  swamps,  lakes,  and  rivers, 
and  feeding  in  the  daytime,  chiefly  on  aquatic 
vegetation.  The  American  wigeon  (Mar«a 
americana)  is  larger  than  the  European  or 
Common  Wigeon,  and  has  the  upper  parts 
finely  waved  transversely  with  black  and 
reddish-brown,  top  of  head  and  under  parts 
white.  It  breeds  chiefly  in  the  northern  parts 
of  America,  and  is  common  in  winter  on  the 
coasts  of  the  United  States  and  in  the  rice- 
fields.  The  flesh  of  both  species  is  esteemed 
for  the  table. 

*  2.  Fig. :  (From   the    wigeon   being   sup- 
posed to  be  a  foolish  bird.)    A  fool,  a  silly 
fellow.    [GOOSE.] 

*'  The  apostle*  of  their  fierce  religion, 
Like  Mahomet'a,  were  au  aud  teiyeon.' 

Butler  :  Budibrat,  I.  i.  13L 

wlgged,  n.  [Eng.  wig;  -ed.]  Having  the 
head  covered  with  a  wig ;  wearing  a  wig  ;  be- 
wigged. 

*  wig'-ger-jf,  s.    [Eng.  wig;  -cry.] 

1.  False  hair. 

"  From  the  nature  of  the  wtggeriet  that  she  won." 
— Trollope  :  Latt  Chronicle  of  Bartet,  ch.  zxlr. 

2.  Empty  formality  ;  red-tapeism. 

"  Amid  such  mountain  of  wiggeritt  aud  folly."— 
Carlyle :  Pott  t  Preient,  bk.  it,  ch,  xviL 

wig  -ging,  s.  [Wio,  tJ.]  A  rating,  a  scolding, 
a  rebuke,  especially  one  given  in  public. 
(Slang.) 

wig  gle,  v.i.    [See  def.]    To  wriggle.    (Prov.) 

*  wlgher,  r.i.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    To  neigh, 
to  whinny.    (Beau-nt*  <t  Flei.,  in  Annandale.) 

wight  (1),  (gh  silent),  *wyght,  "wyht, 
s.  [A.8.  wiht,  wuht,  wyht  =  a  creature,  an 
animal,  a  person,  a  thing ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
wicbt  —  a  child  ;  Icel.  vceUr  =  a  wight ;  voetta 
—  a  whit ;  Dan.  vcette  =  an  elf ;  Ger.  wicht ; 
Goth,  waihts  (fern.),  waiht  (neut.)=a  whit, 
a  thing.  W ight  and  whit  are  doublets.] 

*  1,  A  preternatural  or  supernatural  creat- 
ture  or  being. 

"  The  poet  Homer  ipeaketh  of  no  guirlands  and 
chaplets  but  due  to  the  celeetiall  a  heavenly  wightt." 
—P.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  x vi..  ch.  i v. 

2.  A  human  being,  a  creature,  a  person, 
either  male  or  female. 

"  No  living  wight  could  work,  ne  cared  even  for  play." 
Thornton :  CatUe  of  Indolence,  i.  2. 

*  3.  A   moment,  an  instant,    a  portion  of 
time, 

*  Wight  (2),  «.      [WEIGHT.] 

*  wight,  *  wyght  (gh  silent),  a.    [Icel.  vigr 
=  in  fightim;  condition,  serviceable  for  war, 
from  vig  =  war,  vega  =  to  fight ;  A. 8.  wig  = 
war ;  8w.  via  =  nimble,  agile,  active ;  vigt  = 
nimbly;  A.S.  wiglic  =  warlike.] 

1.  Fit  for  war;  warlike;  martial;  distin- 
guished by  prowess.  (Robert  de  Brunne,  p.ilT.) 

2.  Nimble,  active,  agile. 

"  He  was  eo  nimble  and  so  wight." 

Spenttr  :  Shepheardt  Calender ;  March. 


Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cheloneae.     Only  known 


ii  tuna  MI  seveu  inuusauu  ie«i  in  eia- 
nd  is  used  for  making  Buddhist  idol*. 


*  wight'-ly  (gh  silent),  ado.    [Eng.  wight,  a. ; 
•ly-] 

1.  Stoutly ;     with    strength,     power,    o* 
prowess. 

2.  Nimbly,  actively,  quickly. 

"  For  day,  that  was.  is  tfiyhtly  past, 
And  now  at  earst  the  dirke  uight  thou  boat. 

Spenter:  Shepheardt  Calender;  September 

Wig'-less,  a.  [Eng.  wig;  -less.}  Without  A 
wig ;  having  no  wig. 

"Though  wigleu,  with  his  catuoclt  torn." 

Colman:  Vagarit*  Vindicated,  p.Wfl. 

wig'-mak-er,  s.  [Eng.  wig,  aud  maker.}  One 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  wigs. 

*  Wlg'-reve,  s.     [A.S,  wig-gerefa,  from  wig  = 
a  village,  a  dwelling,   and   gerefa  —  &   reeve 
(q.v.).]    A  hamlet  bailiff  or  steward. 

*  wlg'-wig,  a.  &  s.    [Formed  by  reduplication 
from  Wag,  s.]    [Wxo,  v.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Writhing,  wriggling. 

"  His  midU  embracing  with  wigwag  circuled  hoop- 
ing." Stanyhurtt :  riryil ;  ^Sneid  ii.  SM. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  rubbing-instrument  used 
upon  and  driven  by  a  watchmaker's  lathe, 

wig/-w&m,s.  [Algonquin  wek  =  his  house  or 
dwelling-place ;  with  possessive  and  locative 
affixes,  wikou-om-ut  —  in  his  (or  their)  house  ; 
contracted  by  the  English  to  weekwam  and 


wigwam.  (Webster.)]  An  Indian  hut  or  cabin. 
They  are  generally  of  a  conical  shape,  formed 
of  bark  or  mats  laid  over  stakes  planted  in 
the  ground,  and  converging  towards  the  top, 
where  there  is  an  opening  for  the  escape  of 
the  smoke. 

"  In  the  wtywirn  dimly  lighted." 

Longfellow  ;  aiawatha,  xlz. 

wike  (1),  ».  [A  contracted  form  of  wicktr 
(q.v.).]  A  temporary  mark,  as  with  a  twig 
or  tree  branchlet,  used  to  divide  swaths  to  be 
mown  in  commons,  &c.  Called  also  Wicker. 
(Prop.) 

*  wike  (2),*.   [A.S.  wig.}  A  home,  a  dwelling, 

a  house. 

»  wike  (3),  *.    [WEEK.] 

*  wikke,  a.    [WICKED.) 

*  Wfl,  V.t.  &  i.      [WILL.] 

Wtl'-bur-itef,  s.  pi.    [See  def.J 

Church  Hist. :  A  section  of  America* 
Quakers  named  from  their  leader,  John 
Wilbur,  who  separated  from  the  main  body  in 
the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century  on  th» 
ground  that  the  Quakers  were  abandoning 
their  original  principles. 

wild. '  wieldc,  *  wilde,  *  wyld,'  wylde, 

a.  &*.  [A.S.  wild;  cogn.  with  Dut.  «?i/cf  = 
proud,  savage;  Icel.  vttlr  (for  w'Mr)=wild, 
bewildered,  confused;  Dan.  &  8w.  vild;  O.  H. 
Ger.  wildi ;  Ger.  wild ;  Goth.  wiUliei*.  From 
the  same  root  as  will.} 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  Lcmguagt : 

1.  Living  in  a  state  of  nature ;  inhabiting 


ffcte,  fitt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    w,  ce  =  e  :  ey  =  a;  QU  =  kw. 


wild 


5185 


the  forest  or  open  Held  ;  not  tamed  or  domes- 
ticated ;  roving,  wandering. 

"  Sleeps  by  day  more  than  the  wild  eat" 

Shaketp. :  Merchant  of  l>,jiVr,  It  6. 

2.  Savage,  uncivilized,  furious,  sanguinary. 
(Used  of  persons  or  actions.) 

"  The  Wild  Scotch,  as  they  were  sometimes  called  " 
—Muc.tiil'iy :  Jtitt.  Eng..  ch.  i. 

3.  Growing  or  produced  without  culture; 
produced  by  nature  unassisted  or  by   wild 
animals ;   not  cultivated  ;   native :   as,  wild 
flowers. 

i.  Desert,  uncultivated,  uninhabited. 

"  To  trace  the  forests  wi'd." 
Shakesp. :  Jlidtummer  Night  t  Dream,  U.  1. 

5.  Turbulent,  tempestuous,  stormy,  furious. 

••  Tlie  wild  waters."  Shaketp.  -'  Tempett,  i.  2. 

6.  Violently  agitated  or  disturbed  in  mind 
Or  the  like. 

"  While  men's  ininds  are  wad  " 

Shaketp.  :  z  Henry  IV..  1.  L 

7.  Violent,  disorderly,  unregulated. 
"Then  the  flgtit  became  wild  and  tumultuous."— 

Haamlan  :  Bill,  fay.,  ch.  xii. 

&  Violent,  furious,  inordinate,  passionate. 

"  Desperate,  wild,  and  furious.'' 

Mafcjp. :  Richard  III.,  IT.  4. 

9.  Unreasonable,  extravagant. 

"It  was  exaggerated  by  the  wild  hopes  of  one  party 
•nd  by  the  wild  fears  of  the  other."— Manaulay :  Uiit. 
Eng.,  ch.  JEiii. 

10.  Loose  or  disorderly  in  conduct ;  going 
beyond  due  bounds ;  ungbverned.  (Sometimes 
used  in  a  bad  sense,  but  frequently  as  a  term 
Of  light  reproach  =  giddy,  wanton,  frolicsome.) 

"  He  kept  company  with  the  wild  Prince  and  Poins." 
—Vlakrip.  :  Merry  tvltet,  111.  S. 

11.  Reckless;    incautious;    rash;    incon- 
siderate ;  not  in  accordance  with  reason  or 
prudence  :  as,  a  wild  adventure. 

12.  Bewildered,  distracted,  mad. 

"  Your  looks  are  pale  and  wild.' 

Shakesp.  :  Komeo  *  Juliet,  V.  L 

13.  Indicating  or  proceeding  from  strong 
excitement. 

"  Wild  and  whirling  words." 

Shaketp. :  Hamlet,  I  i. 

U.   Wanting    order,    regularity,    or   com- 
posure in  any  manner ;  irregular,  eccentric, 
fantastic,  extravagant,  inordinate. 
"  Bo  wild  in  their  attire." 

Shaketp. :  Macbeth,  t  8. 

15.  Anxiously  eager;  ardent  to  pursue,  per- 
form, or  obtain. 

16.  Not  allowing  a  person  to  approach :  as, 
The  grouse  were  wild, 

II.  Botany: 

1.  Growing  In  a  state  of  nature. 

2.  Having  a  certain  resemblance  to  some 
other  plant,  but  inferior  to  it  in  appearance. 

U  Used  adverbially  =  wildly. 

"  II I  chance  to  talk  a  little  wild,  forgive  me," 

Shaketp.  :  B«nr»  rill.,  L  4. 
*  B.  At  substantive : 

1.  A  desert ;  an  uninhabited  or  uncultivated 
tract  or  region  ;  a  forest  or  sandy  desert ;  a 
wilderness. 

"  We  sometimes 
Who  dwell  this  wild."  MUton  :  P.  K.,  L  SSI. 

2.  The  same  as  WEALD  (q.v.). 

"A  franklin   in  the  wild  of   Kent"— SkaXetp. ;  1 

U  1.  To  run  wild: 

(1)  To  escape  from  cultivation  and  grow  in 
a  wild  state. 

(2)  To  grow  wild  or  savage  ;   to  take  to 
vicious  courses  or  a  loose  way  of  living. 

(3)  To  become  extravagant :  as,  He  lets  his 
Imagination  run  wild, 

2.  A  wild  ihot :  A  random  or  chance  shot. 
wild-animals,  a  pi.    [FEE*  NATUBA] 
wild-apple,  s.    [CRAB-APPLE.) 
wild  artichoke,  s. 
Sot. :  Onopordon  Acanthium. 
wild-ass,  ,s. 

1.  Zool. :  The  popular  name  of  three  species  of 
the  genus  Equus  :  Squns  hemionvs,  the  Kiang 
or  Djiggetai   (q.v.) ;   E.  onager  [ONAOEK,  21, 
and  K.  hemippw,  nearly  akin  to  the  second 
form,  of  which  perhaps  it  is  only  a  variety 
They  are  characteristic  of  the  deserts  of  the 
Palaearctic  region  from  North  Africa  and  Syria 
to  Western  India,  Mongolia,  and  Manchuria. 
They  are  all  larger  than  the  Domestic  Ass 
(Eiflnu  osinus),  which  they  greatly  excel  in 
speed. 

2.  Script.:    (1)    Heb.    Tr*)  (arodh),    Job 
xxxix.  5 ;  Dan.  v.  21     It  seems  correctly  trans- 


lated both  in  the  A.V.  and  R.V.  It  is  from 
TO  (amdh)  =  to  flee,  in  Syriac  and  Ethiopic 
=  to  be  indomitable.  (2)  tr$  (perl).  Job  vi. 
6,  xi.  12,  xxiv.  5,  xxxix.  5,  6.  From  >nB 
(para)  =  to  run  quickly.  This  may  be  the 
same  animal  as  No.  1.,  or  may  be  the  Djig- 
getai. 

wild  basil,  s. 

Bot.  :  Calamintha  Clinopodium  (=  Clinopo- 
dium rnlgare).  [BASIL  (5). ] 

wild-bean,  s. 

Bot. :  Apios  tulierosa,  a  papilionaceous  plant, 
a  native  of  the  United  States.  The  root  con- 
sists of  small  eatable  tubers. 

wild-beast,  t. 

1.  Lit. :  An  undomesticated  or  savage  ani- 
mal. 

2.  Fig. :  An  overpowering  passion  or  emo- 
tion. 

"  The  blind  wild-heart  of  force 
whose  home  Is  in  the  sinews  of  a  man." 

Tennyton  :  Princeu,  v.  fits. 

wild-bees,  s.  pi. 

Entom. :  Bees  living  in  a  state  of  nature,  as 
distinguished  from  those  domiciled  by  the 
contrivance  of  man  in  hives.  Both  soci.il 
and  solitary  wild  bees  are  widely  abundant. 
The  latter,  though  pretty  nnmerous  in  genera 
and  species,  attract  little  attention,  while  the 
most  unobservant  are  familiar  with  the  social 
bees  of  the  genus  Bombus  (q.v.). 

wild-beet,  >. 

Bot. :  Statice  Limonium. 

Wild-birds,  s.  pi.  Birds  not  domesticated ; 
birds  in  a  state  of  nature. 

Game  Lam:  In  the  United  States  any  one 
Is  free  to  capture  or  kill  wild  animals,  subject 
to  the  laws  of  trespassing,  except  that  in  many 
states  laws  have  been  passed  protecting  game 
during  certain  seasons,  and  prohibiting  the 
killing  of  certain  Insectivorous  birds  at  any 
season.  In  all  the  states  thero  is  a  penalty  of 
from  $5  to  $50  for  killing  song  birds.  The 
open  season  for  game  birds  varies  in  different 
states  and  for  different  birds.  Thus,  in  Penn- 
sylvania, Turkeys  can  be  shot  between  October 
15  and  January  1,  Ducks  between  September  1 
and  May  15,  Rail  and  Keed  bird,  from  Sep- 
tember 1  to  December  1,  Ac.  In  Britain  there 
is  a  "Wild  Birds'  Protection  Act"  which 
prohibits  the  killing  of  any  wild  bird  between 
March  1  and  August  1,  except  by  the  owner  or 
occupier  of  land  where  such  bird  is  found  or 
a  person  authorized  by  them.  This  act  covers 
more  than  80  species. 

wild  blite,  «. 

Bot ;  Amaranthui  Blitvm. 

wild-boar,  ».    [BOAE  (1),  *.,  A.  1.  t.J 

Wild-boar' t  tree : 

Bot. :  The  name  given  in  San  Domingo  to 
Bedwigia  balsamifera. 

wild  buglosa,  ». 

Sot. :  The  genus  or  sub-genus  Lycopsis 
(q.v.),  spec.  L.  anenrit.  [BuoLOSs.]  , 

wild-oat,  s. 

Zool. :  Felit  catut,  common  in  Europe,  the 
north  of  Asia,  and  Nepaul ;  rare  in  the  south 
of  England,  common  on  the  Border,  and 
abundant  in  the  north  of  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land. It  is  much  larger  and  more  stoutly 
built  than  the  domestic  species.  Wild  cats 
are  exceedingly  savage,  and  if  wounded  will 
attack  man.  They  breed  freely  with  the 
domestic  species.  The  Bay  Lynx  (L.  niftu) 
is  commonly  known  in  the  United  States  as 
the  Wild  Cat. 

fl  Used  attributively,  of  a  bank,  a  speculative 
venture,  &c.  carried  on  in  a  reckless  manner, 
or  of  a  railroad  train  or  engine  running  out  of 
schedule  time.  (U.  S.) 

wild-celery,  «   [Apron.] 
wild  chamomilo,  «. 

Bot. :   Matricaria    Ckamomilla.     [MATRI- 

CARfA.] 

wild-cherry,  ». 

Bot. :  The  fruit  of  various  species  of  Pranns, 
spec,  in  England  Prunua  Cerusui,  sub-species 
Amum,  the  Gean,  and  in  AmericaP.  virginiana 
P.  pennsylvanica  and  P.  serotina.  The  first  and 
third  have  racemose  flowers,  the  third  has 
peduncles  sub-umbellate  or  solitary,  the  first 
has  black,  and  the  second  and  third  have  red 
drupes. 


wild-cinchona,  s 
Bot. :  Muss&nda  Jroiulosa. 
wild-cinnamon,  «. 

Bot. :  (1)  Canelia  alba  [CANELLA]  ;  (2)  Myr- 
lus  coriacea,  an  evergreen  tree  about  thirtv 
feet  high  with  white  flowers,  a  native  of  His' 
paniola. 

wild  clove-tree,  «. 

Bot.  :  Myrtus  acris. 
wlld-colewort,  «. 

Bot. :  Brussica  oleraaa,  var.  lyhettrtl. 
wild-cucumber,  s. 
Bot. :  The  squirting  cucumber  (q.v  ) 
wild-cumin,  s. 

Bot.:  Lagcecia  cumlnoides,  a  small  annual 
umbellifer  from  Southern  and  Eastern  Europe 
wild-dog,  s. 

1.  Zool. :  A  feral  dog,  such  as  Cants  dingo. 
the  Australian,  or  C.  primavus,  the  Indian 
wild-dog.    [DINOO.] 

2.  A  pariah-dog  (q.v.). 

"  The  vtild-dog  howls  o'er  the  fountain's  brim. 
With  baffled  thirst,  and  famine  grim." 

Byron  ;  The  Qiaawf. 

wild-duck,  s. 

Ornith. :  Anas  ooskas  (t  boscKas),  widely  dis- 
tributed in  temperate  and  arctic  regions, 
known  as  a  bird  of  passage  all  over  Europe 
and  Asia,  and  in  the  United  States  from 
Canada  to  the  Gulf.  Length  of  male  about 
twenty-four  inches ;  head  and  neck  rich  shin- 
ing green,  collar  pure  white  ;  back  chestnut- 
brown,  deepening  into  black  on  upper  tail- 
coverts  ;  four  central  tail-feathers  velvety- 
black  and  curled,  the  rest  ashen  gray,  edged 
with  white;  greater  wing-coverts  with  bold 
white  bar,  and  tipped  with  velvet-black; 
wings  purple,  white,  and  velvet-black  ;  upper 
part  of  breast  dark  chestnut,  rest  of  uuder- 
surface  grayish-white,  pencilled  under  wings 
with  dark  gray  lines.  Female  somewhat 
smaller;  plumage  various  shades  of  brown 
The  wild  duck  is  the  stock  whence  all  the 
breeds  of  the  domesticated  duck  have  sprung. 
It  pairs  when  free,  but  becomes  polygamous 
on  domestication. 

wild- flre,  'wildo  fyrc.  "wyldo- 
fur,  s. 

1.  A  composition  of  inflammable  materials, 
readily  catching  fire  and  hard  to  be  extin- 
guished ;  Greek  flre.  - 

2.  A  kind  of  lightning  unaccompanied  by 
thunder. 

_3.  A  name  for  erysipelas ;  also  a  name  for 
Lichen  circumscriptus,  an  eruptive  disease, 
consisting  of  clusters  or  patches  of  papulae. 

4.  A  name  given  to  a  disease  of  sheep, 
attended  with  inflammation  of  the  skin. 

Wild-fire  rash: 

PathoL :  A  popular  name  for  a  variety  of 
strophulus  (q.v.),  S.  volatiaa,  in  which  the 
papulae  form  circular  patches,  coming  out 
successively  in  different  parts  of  the  body. 

wild-fowl,  8.  A  general  name  for  birds 
of  various  species  which  are  pursued  as  game 
but  more  particularly  applied  to  birds  of  the 
order  Grallatores  and  Natatores  ;  water-fowL 

Wild-fringed,  a.    Irregularly  bordered, 
t  wild-germander,  t. 
Sot. :  Teucrinm  Scorodonta. 
wild-ginger,  t. 

Bot. :  Asarum  canadense.  It  has  broadly 
reniform  leaves  in  twos,  and  a  woolly,  deeply 
tripartite  calyx. 

wild-goat,  «. 

Zool. :  A  popular  name  for  any  undomesti- 
cated  species  of  the  genus  Capra,  many  of 
which  have  been  erected  into  separate  goner* 
by  some  authorities.  They  are  :  Capra  pyren- 
aica  (Spanish  Ibex),  C.  ibex  (the  Ibex,  q.v.), 
C.  cegagns,  C.  caucasica,  C.  sinaitlca  (the  Sin- 
aitic  Ibex),  C.  taalie,  C.  sibirica,  C.  falconeri 
(tmegaceros,  the  Markhoor  q.v.),  C.  jemlanica. 
(the  Tahr,  q.v.),  and  C.  hylocriui  (the  Neil- 
gherry  Ibex). 

wild-goose,  i. 

1.  Lit.  &  Omith. :  Anser  ferus  (or  einereui), 
the  only  species  indigenous  in  Britain,  and 
the  stock  from  which  the  domestic  race  is 
derived.  In  former  days  it  bred  extensively 
in  the  Fen  country,  but  since  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  century  it  has  migrated  north- 


boil,  bo? ;  pdTlt,  Jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  5liin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  j  sin,  as ;  expect.  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  fc 
tan.  -tlan  «  shan.    -tion.  -slon  =  shim:  -tion.  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious. -Uous. -sious  =  shus.   Ible.  -die,  oic!  =  bel,  del 


5186 


wildebeest— wildne  S3 


ward.  In  the  United  States  and  Canada  the 
commonest  wild  goose  is  Btrnicla  eanadtnsk, 
the  Canada  Goose. 

t  2.  fig.  (PL):  A  term  applied  to  the  re- 
cruits for  the  Irish  Brigade  in  the  service  of 
France  in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
centuries. 

"  The  x-ild-ffeete  are  coming  at  length  o'er  the  se» 
Aiid  Eiriiio,  green  Eirinii  once  mure  shall  be  free." 
M.  J.  Barry:  The  WUdffffte  (Spirit  of  the  JTationl 

Wild-goose  chase :  The  pursuit  of  any- 
thing in  ignorance  of  the  course  it  will  take  ; 
hence,  a  foolish  pursuit  or  enterprise.  Ac- 
cording to  Dyce,  a  wild-goose  chase  was  ;\ 
kind  of  horse-race,  in  which  two  horses  wt-u- 
started  together,  anil  whichever  rider  could 

Set  the  lead,  the  other  was  obliged  to  follow 
im  over  whatever  ground  he  chose  to  go. 

"  If  our  wits  run  the  teild-ffotae  chase,  I  have  done  ; 
for  thou  hast  more  of  the  wild-goose  In  one  of  tliy 
wits,  than  T  We  in  my  whole  nve, "— Shaketp.  ; 
Romeo  A  Juliet,  It  *. 

wild-honey,  «.  Honey  made  by  wild 
bees,  ttiat  is  by  bees  not  kept  by  man. 

wild-horse,  s. 

Zool.  :  Any  undomesticated  individual  of 
the  species  Equvt  cabattvs.  According,  to 
Darwin,  no  aboriginal  or  truly  wild  horse  is 
known,  and  the  herds  of  so-called  wild  horses 
in  Asia  are  probably,  as  those  in  America  and 
Australia  are  certainly,  descended,  from  an- 
cestors which  eacaped  from  the  control  of  man. 

Wild-hunt,  s.    [WILD-HUNTSMAN.] 
wild-huntsman,  0. 

Anthrop. :  The  principal  figure  in  an  Aryan 
storm-myth,  in  which  the  phenomena  of  a 
tempest  are  represented  as  incidents  in  a 
hunt  or  chase.  (The  legend  was  popularized 
by  Scott  in  his  Wild  Huntsman,  an  imitation 
of  Burger's  Wilde  Jdger.) 

"  The  peasant  who  keeps  up  In  fireside  talk  the 
memory  of  the  Wild  Buntsman,  Wodelatrer,  the 
Grand  Veiieur  of  Fontalnebleau,  Herne  the  hunter 
of  Windsor  Forest,  has  almost  lost  the  shmlftX-ance 
of  this  grand  old  storm-myth.  By  mere  force  of  tra- 
dition, the  name  of  tbe'wish'or  *Wush'  hounds  of 
the  Wild  Huntsman  has  been  preserved  through  the 
west  of  England  ;  the  words  moat  for  ages  past  have 
lost  their  meaning  among  the  country-folk,  though 
we  rnny  plainly  recognise  In  them  Woden's  ancient 
well-known  name,  old  German  '  WiuiBch.'  As  of  old, 
the  Heaven  god  drives  the  clouds  before  him  In  raging 
tempest  across  the  sky,  while,  safe  within  the  cottage 
wall»  the  tale- teller  unwitting ly  describes.  In  person*! 
legendary  ahai>e,  thia  same  Wifd  Hunt  of  the  Storm." 
-*Tylor:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873J,  ii.  862. 

wild-hyacinth,  s. 

Bot. :  Scilla  nutans.    [HTACINTH,  I.  2.) 

wild-indigo,  *. 

Bot. :  Baptisia  tinctoria,  a  papilionaceous 
plant  with  yellow  flowers,  growing  in  North 
America.  It  yields  an  inferior  kind  of  indigo. 
The  root  and  leaves  are  considered  to  be 
astringent  and  antiseptic. 

wild-land,  *.  Land  not  cultivated,  or 
in  a  state  that  renders  it  unfit  for  cultivation  ; 
hind  lying  waste  or  unoccupied. 

wild-leek,  s. 

Bot. :  AUium  ampeloprdsum. 

wild-lemon,  s. 

Bot. ;  PodophyUum  peltatum.  [MAY-APPLE,  1 .] 

wild-lichen,  s. 

Pathol. :  Lichen  agrius,  the  most  severe 
form  of  lichen.  It  commences  with  fever, 
then  inflamed  papule  follow,  which  go  on  to 
furfuraceous  desquamation  or  fissures  in  the 
skin,  sending  forth  a  sero-piiruleiit  fluid.  Mild 
cases  last  a  fortnight,  more  severe  ones  seve- 
ral months.  [LICHEN,  2.] 

wild-lime,  «. 

Bot. :  Atalantia  monophylla,  a  shrub  with 
white  flowers,  belonging  to  the  AurantiaceK. 
Its  wood,  which  is  heavy,  closely  grained, 
and  yellow,  is  used  on  the  Coromaudel  coast 
for  cabinet  purposes. 

wild-liquorice,  & 

Bot. :  (1)  Ononis  arvensis ;  (2)  [ABRUS]. 
*  wild-mare,  s.    An  untamed  mare. 
^  To  ride  tfte  wild  mare :  To  play  at  see- 
•tw.    (ShaJcesp. :  2  Henry  IV.,  ii.  4.) 

wild-oat,  *. 

Bot. :  (1)  Avena  fatua.  [OAT,  l.J  (2)  Ar~ 
rhenatkerum  elatior  (=  A.  avenacewm.) 

If  To  sow  one's  wild  oat* :  [OAT]. 

wild-olive,  «. 

Bot. :  (1)  [ELvEAONca] ;  (2)  Daphne  Tkyme- 
toa,  a  Spanish  shrub,  about  three  feet  high, 


with  yellow  flowers ;  (3)  Khiis  Cotintu.  [Fos- 
TIC,  2.] 

wild-parsnip,  s. 

Bot. :  Pastinaca  sativa.     [PARSNIP.] 

wild-pepper,  s. 

Bot. :  i' 

wild-pigeon,  s.    [PASSENGER-PIGEON.] 

wild-pine,  s. 

Bot. :  Tillandsia  utriculata. 

•wild -pi  an  tain,  s. 

Bot. :  The  name  given  in  North  America 
and  Brazil  to  various  species  of  Canna,  spec. 
C.  patens,  C.  indica,  and  C.  coccinea.  (London.) 

wild-purslane,  s. 

Bot. :  Euphorbia  Peplis,  an  annual  glabrous 
species  of  spurge,  with  dimidiate,  cordate, 
sub-entire  leaves.  Rare  on  the  sandy  shores 
of  England,  more  common  on  those  of  Conti- 
nental Europe. 

wild-radish,  s. 

Bot. ;  Raphanus  Raphanistrum.  It  has  white 
or  straw-coloured  flowers,  and  occurs  as  a 
weed  in  cornfields. 

wild  rhubarb,  s. 
Bot. :  Begonia  olliqua. 
wild-rice,  ,-.    [ZIZANIA.] 

wild-rosemary*  *• 

Bot.:  (1)  Croton  Cascarilla  (West  Indian). 
Called  also  Sweet-wood  bark  and  Elentheria 
bark.  (2)  A  variety  of  Andromeda  polifolia. 

wild  service  tree,  s. 

Bot.:  Pyrus  torminalis.     [SERVICE-TREE,  2.] 

wild-sheep,  s. 

Zool. :  Any  undomesticated  species  of  the 
genus  Ovis.  They  are  distinguished  by  their 
greater  size,  massive  horns  present  in  both 
sexes,  shorter  tail,  and  in  some  cases  by  a 
beard  and  mane.  -The  most  noteworthy  are 
the  Wild  Sheep  of  the  alpine  ranges  and 
plateaux  of  central  Asia  (Qvi*  karelini  and  0. 
ammon),  the  Wild  Sheep  of  Kamtchatka  and 
north-western  America  (0.  niVftlfe),  the  Mou- 
flon  of  Corsica  and  Sardinia  (0.  mvsimon),  the 
Burrhel  or  Blue  Wild  Sheep  of  the  Himalayas 
(0.  n&hitra),  the  Barbary  Sheep  (0.  trageki- 
pkus),  and  Marco  Polo's  Sheep  (0.  poll)  from 
Central  Asia. 

wild-Spaniard,  s. 

Bot.:  (1)  Aciphytta  sqwrrosa;  (8)  A.  Co- 
Unsoi. 

wild-succory,  s.  [CHICORY,  CICHORIUM]. 

wild-swan,  s.   [HOOPER  (2),  SWAN,  II.  2.] 

wild-tamarind,  -•-•. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Dialium  (—  Codarium),  be- 
longing to  the  Cynometrese  (q.v.). 

wild-tansy,  s. 

Bot. :  Potentilla  anserina.     [SILVER-WEED.) 

wild  thyme,  s. 

Bot. :  Tfiymus  Serpyllum,     [THYMUS,] 

wild-turkey,  s. 

OrnUh. :  Meleagris  gallopavo.    [TURKEY.] 

wild-vine,  a. 

Bot. :  Vitis  Labrusca,  a  North  American 
vine,  with  broadly  cordate,  angularly  sub- 
lobed  leaves,  tomentose  beneath,  small  ra- 
cemes of  flowers,  and  large  berries,  inferior 
in  value  to  those  of  the  true  vine, 

wild  -  Williams,  wild  sweet  -  wil- 

liams,  s.  pi. 
Bot. :  Lychnis  Flos-cuculi. 

*  wild-wind,  s.    A  hurricane. 

"Then  happened  an  Hirecano  or  wild-wind." — Ful- 
ler :   Worthies ;  Ettex.  L  338. 

*  wild-wood,  a.    Pertaining  or  relating 
to  wild,  uncultivated,  or  unfrequented  woods : 
as,  wild-wood  flowers.    (Burns.) 

wil'-de-bcest,  s.    [Dut.  =  wild-ox.] 

Zool. :  The  name  given  by  the  Dutch  colonists 
at  the  Cape  to  the  White-tailed 'Gnu  (q.v.). 

*  wH'-der,  v.t.    [A  shortened  form  of  bewilder 
(q.v.).]    To  cause  to  lose  the  way  or  track  ;  to 
puzzle  with  mazes  or  difficulties ;  to  bewilder. 

"  The  wttdered  traveller  see*  her  glide." 

.Scott :  Cadyou  Cattle. 

*  wil  -dered,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [WILDER,] 


*  wH'-dered-19,  adv.     [Eng.  wittered;  -ty.J 
In  a  wildered  or  bewildered  manner  ;  wildly, 
be  \vilderedly. 

*  wil-der-ment,  *.     [A  shortened  form  of 
bewilderment  (q.v.).]  Bewilderment,  confusion. 

"  And  snatched  ber  breathless  from  beneath 
Thia  wilderment  of  wreck,  and  death." 

Moore :  The  Fire-  H'orthippert. 

wll'-der-ness,  *  wil-der-nesse,  *  wyl- 
der-nes,  *  wyl-der-nesse,  s.    [For  wii- 
dermiesse,  from  Mid.  Eng.  u'ihiti'nf  =  a  wilder 
ness,  from  A.S.  wildern  (not   found)  =  \viM. 
desert,  from  wilder  =  u  wild  animal,  a  shorten*": 
form  of  wild  de6r  =  wild  de*.T,  a  wild  animal 
Dut.  wildernis ;  Dan.  viidnis;  Ger.  v:-.. 
=  a  wilderness.] 

1.  A  tract  of  land  uninhabited  or  unculti- 
vated ;  a  desert ;  a  wide,  barren  place,  whc  Uier 
.forest  or  plain. 

-  Wonld  God  we  had  died  In  thU  wtfdetroM."— 
If  umber  t  xiv.  3 

2.  A  wild  ;  a  waste  of  any  kind. 

"Eovlron'd  with  a  wVdernets  of  sea." 

Shake*?. :  Titus  Andronicut,  Hi.  L 

y,  A  scene  of  disorder  or  confusion. 

"  The  rest  appears  a  vildtrnest  of  strange 
But  gay  couf  usiou."  Cowper :  Tatk,  IT.  n. 

*  4.  Wildness,  confusion. 

"  The  patha  and  bow'ra  doubt  not  but  onr  Joint  hand* 
Will  keep  from  wildertiea  with  ease," 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  ix.  245. 

*  5.  A  portion  of  a  garden   set  apart  for 
things  to  grow  in  unchecked  luxuriance. 

6.  A  confused  or  bewildering  mass,  heap,  or 
collection. 

"  We  are  not  encumbered  with  a  wilderncu  of  (Ub» 
Ing  impediment*."— field.  Oct  15,  1887. 

*  Wlld'-grave,  s.     [Ger.  wildgraf,  from  wild 

=  game,  wild  animals,  and  jjr^^a  count,  a 
reeve.]  A  head  forest-keeper  in  Germany;  an 
official  having  the  superintendence  of  the 
game  in  a  forest. 

"A  u-ildgrave,  or  keeper  of  a  royal  forest,  named 
Falkeiiburg."— Scott:  The&Mte.  [Note.] 

*  wild-ing,  a.  &  s.    [Eng.  wild;  -ing.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Growing  wild ;  wild ;  not  cul 
tivated  or  domesticated. 

"  Thine  are  these  early  ^tiding  eowera." 

Shelley  :  Queen  Mob.    (Dedic.) 

B.  As  substantive : 

1,  A  plant  that  is  wild  or  grows  without 
cultivation,  as  a  crab-apple. 

"  There  is  a  kind,  of  crab  tree  also  or  wtttthty.  that  U 
like  uisiuiii-r  beareth  twice  a  yeere."  —  P.  Holland! 
Plinte,  bk.  x vi.,  cb.  xxvii. 

2.  The  fruit  of  such  a  plant 

"  Oft  from  the  forest  itildinffi  he  did  bring. 
Whose  sides  empurpled  were  with  smiling  red." 
Sprtaer:  F.  (?.,  III.  vii.  17. 

wild  ish,  a.     [Eng.  wild;  -ish.]    Somewhat 
or  rather  wild. 

"He  is  a  little  wUdith,  they  Bay."  —  AfcJlard*>» .- 
Pamela,  i.  129. 

Wild'-lt,  adv.     [Eng.  wild;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  wild  manner  or  state  ;  without  cul- 
tivation. 

"  That  which  growl  vttdly  of  itwlf  is  worth  nothing.  * 
—More. 

2.  In  a  rough,  rude,  or  uncultivated  man- 
ner or  fashion. 

"  Priaouen  wildly  oTergrown  with  hair." 

Shaketp. :  Henri/  »'..  T.  S. 

3.  Savagely,  fiercely :  as,  To  rage  wildly. 

4.  In  a  disordered,  perturbed,  or  agitated 
manner  ;  with  perturbation  or  distraction. 

"You  who  with  haggard  uyes  Btare  tcitdlv  ou  me." 
Jioit-e:  Ambitiout  Stepmother,  ti. 

5.  Without  attention  or  care  ;   heedlessly, 
foolishly,  recklessly. 

"  I  prattle  something  too  tDildJy." 

Shake*?.  :  Timpat,  UL  I. 

6.  Capriciously,  extravagantly,  irrationally. 

"  Wlio  Is  there  BO  vriltllv  sceptical  as  to  question 
whether  the  suu  shall  rise  in  the  eaatf  '—Wilkim 

*  7.  Without  keeping  within  due  bounds ; 
wantonly. 

"  Tbei  might  have  lived  in  other  plac««  vildly  and   ^ 
wantonly."— CalHn  :  Foure  Oodlye  Sermons,  scr.  iii. 

wild'  -  ness,   *  wylde  -  nesse,   *  wyld  - 

nesse,  s.    [Eng.  wild ;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wild,  un- 
tamed, or  undomesticated. 

2.  The  State  of  being  uncultivated,  wild,  or 
waste. 

3.  Unchecked  or  disorderly  growth,  as  of  ft 
plant. 

•'  Vineyard*  .  .  .  fallows  grew  to  vnldneu." 

t&akesp. ;  ffenry  1'.,  T.  i. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wot,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  ptit 
or,  wore,  W9U,  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full :  try,  Syrian.    «e,  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


wile— will 


3187 


4.  Irregularity  of  manners;  licentiousness. 

"  Pniu    to    me   of   the   wiUn«M  uf  1m   youth.  '  _ 
S»atBj/..  .  2  Benry  II:,  hi.  a. 

5.  Savag<*ness,  fierceness. 

"  Wilder  to  him  tii:ui  tigers  in  their  wildntit." 

thuketp.  :  JtaiM  of  Lucrece,  980. 

"6.  Want  of  sober  judgment  or  discretion. 

"  Our  youth*  and  viidtmu  shall  no  whit  appear  "    • 
Shukeip.  :  Juliui  Camir,  ii.  1. 

7.  Alienation  of  mind  ;   distraction,  mad- 
ness. 

"I  do  wish. 

That  your  good  beauties  be  the  hnppy  cause 

01  Hamlet  s  wildueii.-          Oitilaip.  :  Uumla.  111.  1. 

8.  The  quality  of   being  undisciplined  or 
not  subjected  to  method  or  rules. 

9.  Extravagance,  unreasonableness  :  as,  the 
vildness  of  a  scheme. 

10.  A    wild,    extravagant,    or    disorderly 
action. 

"To  remonstrate  with  authority  and  effect  against 
U»lr  excuses  and  •MMM»"-4Mv  :  IPortoivrTjo. 


wile,  *  wyle,  s.  [A.S.  wll,  wile;  cogn.  with 
I'-el.  nil,  <ml=e.n  artifice,  craft,  trick,  wile. 
Wile  and  guile  are  doublets.]  [GuiLE,  «.]  A 
trick  or  stratagem  practised  for  ensnaring  or 
deception  ;  a  sly,  insidious  artifice. 

"Thy  looks,  thy  cunning,  and  thy  wtf»s," 

,     Wordtworth  :  Poemi  on  the  A/ectiont. 

wile,  ti.t    [WILE,  s.) 

*  1.  To  deceive,  to  beguile,  to  trick,  to  Impose 

"H«  Malbeccoes  halfen  eye  did  wilf." 

Sp*mer:  f.  y.,  ill.  x.  5, 

2.  To  cajole,  to  wheedle.    (Scotch.) 

3.  To  draw  or  turn  away,  as  by  diverting 
the  mind ;  to  cause  to  pass  pleasantly  •  to 
while  away. 

"  In  talk  and  sport  tfcey  wiled  away 
The  morning  of  that  summer  day  " 

Sc«l :  Lad,  of  t»«  Lola.  H.  tT. 

[Eng. 

*  1.  Voluntary ;  done  or  suffered  voluntarily 
orbydesign ;  in  accordance  with  one'sfreewill. 

Christ    and    hii 


. 

2.  Intentional  ;  done  by  design. 

"  Can  there  be  v>ltfull»r  destruction  " 

Beamn.  i  Flet.  :  Xic,  falour,  w.  «. 

3.  Governed  by  the  will,  without  listening 
to  reason  ;  not  to  be  moved  from  one's  notions 
inclinations,  purposes,  or  toe  like  by  counsel' 
•dvioe,  commands,  instructions,  &c.  :  obsti- 
nate, perverse,  inflexible. 

"  What  means  this  vilful  silence?" 

Stotttp.  .•  Richard  III.,  tit  1. 
*  4.  Willing,  pleased,  ready. 
"When  walls  are  so  wow  to  hear  without  warning;." 
Skuk.  .  Xutom 


.  .  mmt 

'5.  Regardless,  reckless. 

"  Like  a  «*Ai  boy.  that  which  I  owe  Ii  lost' 

S/ta*etp.     Xirclwia  of  I'enicr,  I  L 


"I.  Of  free  will;  voluntarily. 

"  Fede  ye  the  flock  of  God  luat  Is  am 
**  ct"u"reJrl"Kl  bu 


and 


1  2.  By  design  ;  intentionally  ;  of  set  purpose. 
"  WUfutlH  make  thyself  a  wretched  thrall  " 

Sfautr:  F.  «  .  II.  VL  tt. 

S.  In  a  wilful,  obstinate,  or  perverse  man- 
er ;  stubbornly,  obstinately. 

"WbLnm"  •*almt  S*  chutch  K  "*VW»  dost 

spurn.  Zhaketp.  i  King  Joltn.  111.  L 

4.  With  willingness  or  pleasure  ;  gladly. 


n  rtl-ness,   *wm'-lul-ne88,  a.    [Eng. 
wilful  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wilful  ob- 
stinate, or  perverse  ;  self-will,  obstinacy,  stub- 
bornness. 


wil'-helm-Ite,  s.    [WILLEMITE.] 
"•wi'-li-ljf,  ads.    [Eng.  »w(y;  -fy.)    in  a  wily, 

cunning,  or  craRy  manner  ;  by  stratagem  or 

artifice  ;  craftily. 

"  They  did  work  wilily."—jot*ufi  Ix  4. 

wi'-H-nSss,  ».  [Eng.  wily;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  wily;  craftiness, 
cunning,  guile. 


|    Witt,  S.      [WHELK.] 

Wfll  (1),  *wllle,  s.    [A.S.  willa,  from  willan  = 
to  wish,  to  will  (q.v.)  ;  cogn.  with  Out.  wil  ; 
Icel.  Did;  Dan.  villie;  Sw.  vilja;  Ger.  wills  ; 
Kuss.  volia  ;  Lat.  voluntae,] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2.  (1). 

2.  The  act  of  willing  ;  tlie  act  of  determin- 
ing, deciding,  or  making  choice  ;  volition. 

3.  The  determination  or  choice  of  one  pos- 
sessing   authority;    discretionary    pleasure, 
command,  decree;  divine  determination. 

"  Tby  wiu  h«  done."—  Matthew  vt  w. 

4.  Arbitrary  power,  disposal,  or  authority  ; 
absolute    power    to   control,    determine   or 
dispose. 

"  Whose  will  stands  but  mine  1" 

Skatap.  •  1  Htnry  F7..  I.  «. 

5.  Strong  wish  or  inclination;  desire,  in- 
tention, disposition,  pleasure. 

"  My  will  is  something  sorted  with  his  wish." 

Slutketp.  :  Two  (leiitlemen,  i.  S. 

6.  That  which  is  strongly  desired  or  wished 
for  :  as.  He  had  his  will. 

It  Technically: 

1.  Law  :  The  legal  declaration  of  a  man's 
intentions  as  to  the  disposal  of  his  property 
after  his  death  ;  a  testament  In  England, 
no  will  is  valid  unless  it  be  iu  writing  and 
signed  at  the  foot  or  end  by  the  testator,  or 
by  some  person  in  his  presence  and  by  his 
direction.  Such  signature  must  further  be 
made  or  acknowledged  by  the  testator  in  the 
presence  of  two  or  more  persons  who  In  his 
presence,  and  in  the  presence  of  each  other, 
must  sign  their  names  as  witnesses.  An  ex- 
ception is  made  in  the  case  of  soldiers  on 


,  a   propery 

could  be  disposed  of  by  will,  real  property 


, 

being  conveyed  by  a  disposition  or  deed  in 
which  the  testator's  life-rent  in  the  subject 
was  reserved  ;  but  heritable  property  can  now 
be  so  disposed  of.  The  law  of  the  United 
States  agrees  substantially  with  that  of 
England. 

"  The  statute  J  Viet.  c.  S«.  havliuj  repealed  tbe  act  of 
Oeo.  II..  re-enacts  and  extends  some  of  Its  provUi"»s. 
It  avoids  bequests,  not  only  to  an  attesting  witnesa. 
but  to  the  husband  or  wife  ol  such  witness  :  and  ex^ 
presaly  provides  that  the  Jncompetency  of  a  witness 
loprov.  th,  execution  of  awi«.  shall  not  render  it 
Injalid.  It  further  enacts  that  any  creditor,  or  the 
wife  or  husband  of  any  creditor,  whose  debtrls  charged 
upon  the  property  devised  or  bequeathel!  by  the  will, 
may  be  admitted  to  prove  the  execution  thereof  as  an 
attesting  witness  ;  and  that  an  executor  of  a  Ml  may 
be  admitted  to  prove  Its  execution,  a  point  on  which 
some  doubts  had  previously  «j,!»te4"—  Blackttont  : 
Comment.,  bk.  U,  oh.  ax 

2.  Philosophy: 

(1)  Though  the  word  will  has  often  been 
used,  as  it  popularly  is,  in  two  senses—  the 
power  of  the  mind  which  enables  a  person  to 
choose  between  two  courses  of  action  and  the 
actual  exercise  of  that  power—  strict  reasoners 
separate  these  meanings,  calling  the  form,  r 
will  and  the  latter  volition.  Will  in  this 
limited  sense  is  that  mental  power  or  faculty 
by  which,  of  two  or  more  objects  of  desire 
or  courses  of  action  presented  to  it,  it 
chooses  one,  rejecting  the  other  or  others 
To  what  extent  this  power  of  selection  is 
arbitrary,  or  is  the  result  of  necessity,  lias 
been  for  ages  a  subject  of  controversy.  [FREE- 
WILL.] The  division  of  the  mental  powers 
which  came  down  from  antiquity,  and  was 
most  generally  adopted  by  philosophers,  was 
into  the  powers  belonging  to  the  understand- 
ing, and  those  belonging  to  the  will,  Reid 
adopted  it,  though  considering  it  not  quite 
logical.  "Under  the  will"  he  says,  ''we 
comprehend  our  active  powen,  and  all  that 
lead  to  action  or  influence  the  mind  to 
act,  such  as  appetites,  passions,  affections." 
(Essays  on  the  Intellectual  Powers  of  Man 
essay  1,  rh.  ii.,  §  i,  2.)  Brown  denounced 
this  classification  as  very  illogical,  con- 
sidering that  the  will  was  not  in  any  way 
opposed  to  the  intellect,  but  exercised  in  the 
intellectual  department  an  empire  almost  as 
wide  as  in  that  which  was  allotted  to  itself. 
We  Teason,"  he  says,  "and  plan  and  in- 
vent, at  least  as  voluntarily  as  we  esteem  or 
hate,  or  hope  or  fear  "  (Philosophy  a/  the  Human 
Mind,  sect.  xvi.).  The  term  Active  Powers 
used  by  Reid  is  a  synonym  for  the  will. 

(2)  The  conception  of  will  is  taken  by 
Schopenhauer  (1788-1860)  in  a  far  broader 
sense  than  that  given  to  it  by  common  usage. 
He  includes  in  it  not  only  conscious  desire 
but  also  unconscious  instinct,  and  the  forces 


which  manifest  themselves  in  inorganicnature. 
As  intermediate  between  the  one  universal  Will 
and  the  individuals  in  which  it  appears  ha 
posits,  following  the  example  of  Plato,  va- 
rious ideas,  which  are  the  stages  of  the 
objeotification  of  will.  His  ethical  require- 
ments are  sympathy  with  the  suffering  which 
is  connected  with  all  obiectilicatious  of  the 
will  to  live,  and  the  mortification,  not  of  life 
but  rather  of  the  will  to  live,  through  asceti' 
cl/ra-  The  world,  in  his  system,  is  the  worst 
of  all  possible  worlds;  sympathy  alleviate* 
suffering,  while  asceticism'  destroys  it  by  de- 
stroying the  will  to  live,  in  the  midst  of  lif«. 
In  its  negation  of  the  sensuous  nature  in  man, 
without  positive  determination  of  the  true 
end  of  spiritual  life,  Schopenhauer's  teaching 
resembles  the  Buddhist  doctrine  of  Nirvana, 
(Ueberweg.) 

I  (1)  M  will:  At  pleasure:  as.  To  hold  an 
estate  or  office  at  will,  i.e.,  to  enjoy  the  pos- 
session during  the  pleasure  of  another,  and  to 
be  liable  to  be  ousted  at  any  time  by  him. 

(2)  Good-will:  [GOODWILL]. 

(3)  To  have  one's  will :  To  obtain  what  one 
desires  ;  to  be  able  to  act  as  one  wishes. 

W  To  work  one's  will:  To  act  absolutely 
according  to  one's  will,  wish,  pleasure,  or 
discretion  ;  to  do  or  be  able  to  do  exactly  aa 
one  fancies. 

(5)  With  a  will :  With  willingness,  pleasure, 
and  zeal ;  with  all  one's  heart ;  heartily. 

*  will  less,  a.    Involuntary. 

"Join  blind  duty  and  wlll-l,u  resignation."— flfeV 
ardion:  Ctariua.  i  W. 

*  will-worship,   ».     Worship  according 
to  one's  own  fancy  ;  worship  imposed  merely 
by   human    will,    not   on  divine  authority : 
supererogatory  worship. 

bo*  of  i 


•will-worshipper,   «.    One  who  prac- 

tises will-worship. 

"  K«  that  says.  God  Is  rightly  worshiped  by  an  act 
or  ceremony  concerning  which  himself  hath  no  »aj- 
•  xpressd  his  pleanure.  fssjper.tTl.loui  or  a  wOl.wof- 
sA'WW.  '—«)».  Tat/lor  :  ftalt  ofConicUmc,  bk.  11  .  oh.ilL 

Wall  (2),   >.     [See  det]      An  abbreviation  of 
William. 

will-o'-the-wisp,  will  with  a  wisp,  a. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:  An  Ignis  fatuus  (q.v.). 

2.  Sot.  :  Tremella  Nostoc. 

wOl  (pres.  I  will,  •  I  wol,  thou  wiliest,  thou 
wilt  (as  ».{.  &  <ii«.),  he  wills,  he  (you,  we,  they) 
will;  pa.  t  would,  •  wolde),  v.i.,  t.,  &  aux. 
[A.S.  wUlan,  wyllan  (].a.  t.  wide,  pi.  woldan. 
woldon,  wol&un)  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  imllen;  Icel. 
mlja  (pa.  t.  vildo.)  ;  Dan.  ville  ;  Sw.  vilja  •  Ger 
wollen  (pr.  t.  will,  pa.  t.  wollte)  ;  Goth,  wiljan 
(pa,  t.  wilda);  Lat.  volo  (infln.  veVe  pa  t. 
volui);  Gr.  poiiAojiou  (boulomai)  =  to  wish'  to 
desire  ;  Sansc.  vri  =  to  choose,  to  select  to 
prefer.  From  the  same  root  come  well  adv 
weal,  wilful,  wild,  voluntary,  4c.) 
A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  determine  by  an  act  of  choice;  to 
form  a  wish  or  volition  ;  to  exercise  an  act  of 
the  will  ;  to  decide. 

"  Not  so  the  king  of  men  :  ha  nun  to  stay." 

Popt  :  Somvr;  Odyusy  lil  175. 

2.  To  desire,  to  wish. 

JfalSS'x'xvL'S:1''0*  "  *  <ri*'  but  *•  thou  •"*•"— 

3.  To  be  willing  ;  to  consent. 

D"  °"1"  "'  *"*"- 


*  4.  To  dispose  of  one's  effects  by  will  or 
testament  ;  to  make  one's  will. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  determine  by  an  act  of  choice  ;  to  de- 
cide ;  to  ordain  ;  to  form  a  volition  of. 

"  A  man  that  nits  still  Is  said  to  be  at  liberty  bf> 
cause  he  can  walk  if  be  willi  lt."-iocie.        ^* 

2.  To  have  an  intention,  purpose,  or  desire 
or;  to  desire,  to  wish,  to  intend. 

"  Not  willial  any  further  conference.' 

Shafcttp.  :  s  ffgnry  I'/.,  Ii.  & 

*  3.  To  be  inclined,  resolved,  or  anxious  to 
have  ;  to  desire. 

"There,  there.  Horteoilo,  WUI  you  any  wife? 

Xhateif.  :  Taming  of  Ou  Slirtw.  i,  1. 

*  4.  To  convey  or  express  a  command  or 
authontative  instructions  to;  to  direct    to 
order. 

"  They  villed  me  say  10." 

*~*lmp.  :  Henry  rill..  Ill  1. 

*  5.  To  desire  or  wish  to  produce  or  cause  : 
to  be  anxious  for. 


Mil,  bolr ;  poftt,  J6"wl ;  oat,  9011,  chorus, 
-*ian,  -tian  =  sban.    -tion,    sion  =  shun 


chin,  bench;  «o,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect.  Xfcnophon,  exist.    -H. 
;  -Hon.  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -ttous,  -«ious  =  shua.   -We,  -die.  *c.  =  bel,  del.' 


6188 


willcoxite— willow 


6.  To  dispose  of  by  testament ;  to  give  «s  a 
legacy  ;  to  bequeath. 

IT  In  the  two  following  nse«  directly  from 
the  noun.  [WILL,  2.] 

C.  As  an  auxiliary  verb  : 

1.  A  word  denoting  either  simple  futurity 
or  futurity  combined  with  volition,  according 
to  the  subject  of  the  verb. 

"  I  am  your  wife,  it  you  win  marry  me." 

/Hump,  :  Tempeil,  111.  1. 

(1)  In  the  first  person  singular  and  plural, 
I  (w»)  will,  the  verb  denotes  willingness,  con- 
•eni,  intention,  determination,  or  fixed  pur- 
pose, thus  differing  from  shall,  which  in  the 
first  person  denotes  simple  futurity :  as,  I 
will  go,  if  you  wish  it,  I  will  speak,  if  I 
please.  (2)  lu  the  second  and  third  persons, 
will  denotes  simple  futurity  or  certainty,  the 
idea  of  volition,  purpose,  or  wish  being  lost : 
as,  He  will  certainly  come. 

2.  Would  stands  in  the  same  relation  to  will 
as  should  to  shall,  and  is  mainly  employed  in 
subjunctive,  conditional,  or  optative  senses, 
in  the  last  case  having  often  the  functions 
and  force  of  an  independent  verb :  as, 

(1)  Subjunctive  or  conditional : 

"  Backward  she  thrust  him  as  she  would  be  thrust" 
Shtilcetp. :  Venut  A  jtdonli,  41. 

(2)  Optative : 

"I  would  my  valiant  matter  would  destroy  the*."— 
SkoJcefp.  :  Tcnipett,  tit.  3. 

(8)  Also  used,  by  omission  of  the  pronoun, 
as  an  exclamation  of  wish,  prayer,  or  desire. 

"  Would  to  God  we  had  died  in  Egypt"— Exodv* 

X  Vi.  S. 

1  In  such  sentences  as,  It  would  seem,  It 
would  appear,  &c.,  would  retains  almost  no- 
thing of  conditionally,  having  merely  the 
effect  of  softening  a  direct  statement.  Would 
sometimes  is  used  to  express  a  habit  or  cus- 
tom :  as,  He  would  read  all  day.  In  such 
sentences  as,  He  would  go,  and  you  see  the 
result,  would  has  nearly  the  force  of  a  simple 
past  indicative,  but  is  more  emphatic.  Will 
and  would  were  formerly  used  elliptically  with 
adverbs  and  prepositional  phrases  to  express 
motion  or  change  of  place,  where  we  should 
now  say  will  go,  would  go,  or  the  like. 

"  I'll  never  to  sea  again." 

Shakeip.  :  Merry  Wivu,  li.  L 

A  similar  elliptical  use  occurs  in  such  phrases 
as :  What  would  you  ?  =  What  would  yon  have, 
do,  or  wish  f 

will  cox-ite,  «.   [After  Col.  Joseph  Willcox ; 

sun*,  -lie.} 

Min. :  A  talc-like  mineral  occurring  as  a 
coating  on  corundum,  and  probably  resulting 
from  its  alteration.  Colour,  white  to  greeuisli- 
or  grayish-white  ;  lustre,  pearly.  Compos. : 
a  silicate  of  alumina,  magnesia,  soda,  potash, 
sesqui-  and  protoxides  of  iron. 

wDl-dS-ncSw'-l'-a,  >.  [Named  after  Charles 
Louis  Willdenow  (1765-1812),  Prof,  of  Botany 
at  Berlin.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Restiacese  from  South 
Africa.  Steins  rushlike,  leafless,  flowers 
dioecious. 

wfll'-em-ite,  ».  [After  William  I.,  King  of 
the  Netherlands  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.). 

Min. :  A  mineral  belonging  to  the  group  of 
Unisilicates  of  Dana.  Crystallization,  rhom- 
bohedral.  Hardness,  5'5 ;  sp.  gr.,  3'89  to  4-18  ; 
lustre,  vitreous  to  resinous ;  colour,  pale 
honey-yellow,  greenish-yellow,  apple-green 
flesh-red.  Compos.  :  silica,  27'1 ;  oxide  o. 
zinc,  72-9  =  100,  corresponding  to  the  formula 
(ZnO)o.8iO2. 

*  wHT-er,  *  wyll-er,  s.    [Eng.  will,  v. ;  -er 

1.  One  who  wills. 

"Ca*t  a  glance  on  two  considerations ;  first,  Wrmt 
the  will  is,  to  which,  secondly,  who  the  wttler  is,  to 
whom  we  must  submit"— Barrow;  Sermoni,  vol.  iii., 
•er.  4. 

2.  One  who  entertains  a  wish  or  feeling. 
(Only  in  composition  :  as,  an  ill-wilier.) 

wil'-let,  «.  [Named  from  its  cry,  which  has 
been  syllabled  pill-will-willet.  (Bairti,  Brewer 
<t  Ridgway  :  Water  Birds  of  North  America,  i 
288.)] 

Ornith.  :  Symphemia  semtpalmata,  a  wadin? 
bird  widely  distributed  over  America.  Lengtl 
from  fifteen  to  seventeen  inches;  plutnagt 
light  brownish-gray  above,  with  irregulai 
blackish  markings,  white  beneath,  inclining 
to  ash  colour  on  fore-neck  and  buff  on  side 
In  the  winter  the  markings  become  faint  or 
disappear. 


will -fill,  'wlll-fiil-ly,*wlU  ful  ness, 

&c.    [WILFUL,  &c.] 

will-lam?  ite  (i  as  y)  a),  «•  [After  Mr. 
Williams  of  the  United  States,  who  found  it; 
suff.  -its  (Min.).] 

Min. :  An  apple-gr^en  variety  of  Serpentine 
(q.v.).  Owes  its  color  to  the  presence  of 
nickel. 

wOl'-iams-ite  (i  as  y)  (2),  i.    [WILLEMITE.] 

will-lam- so'-nl-a  (1  as  y),  t.  [Named 
after  Wm.  C.  Williamson,  LL.D.,  F.R.8.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany  in  Owens  College,  Manchester.] 
Palteobot.  :  A  genus  of  Cycads.  Tlnvo 
species  are  found  in  the  Lower  Jurassic 
rocks  of  England. 

wiT-tie-waught  (gn  guttural),  s.  [First 
element  doubtful,  second  prob.  Gael.  &.  Ir. 
cnacft=cup.l  [QUAFF.)  A  copious  draught 
of  liquor.  (Scotch.) 

••  And  we'll  tak  a  right  guid  williewauyht 
For  Auld  Lang  Syne."       Burnt :  Auld  Lang  Syne. 

wfll'-ing,  *wiU-yng,*wyll-yng,o.  [Eng. 
will;  -ing.] 

1.  Beady  to  do,  grant,  or  concede  ;  having 
the  mind  inclined  to  anything  ;  not  disposed 
to  refuse;  not  averse;  inclined  to  comply; 
consenting,  complying,  ready. 

"  I  trouble  thee  too  much,  but  thou  art  wilting.' 
shakeip. :  Julitu  Cottar,  fv.  ft, 

*  2.  Pleased,  contented,  gratified. 

"  He  strays  with  trilling  sport  to  the  wild  ocean/ 
Hhaketp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  11.  7. 

*  3.  Received,  accepted,  given,  or  submitted 
to  of  free  choice  or  will ;  voluntary. 

"  What  wUlin'j  ransom  he  will  give." 

Shakelp. :  Bern?  Y.,  ill,  i. 

*  4.  Spontaneous,  self-moving. 

"  No  spouta  of  blood  ran  willing  from  a  tree." 

Itryden, 

'  5.  Favourable,  propitious. 

".Mount  the  decks,  and  call  the  willing  winds." 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyufy  ix.  656. 

'willing-hearted,  a.  Well-disposed ; 
having  a  willing  or  ready  mind  or  disposition ; 
readily  consenting. 

"  They  came,  both  men  and  women,  as  many  as 
were  willing-hearted."— Exodut  xxxv.22. 

Wfl'-ling-ly,  ad".     [Eng.  willing;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  willing  manner ;  with  willingness  ; 
voluntarily  ;  of  one's  own  free  choice. 

"  To  give  up  willingly  that  noble  title." 

Shakes?.  ;  Henry  fill.,  ill.  L 

2.  Readily,  gladly. 

"  Thou  kuowest  how  willingly  effect  the  match." 
Skatetp. :  Two  GeMUmen.  iii.  S. 

*  3.  On  purpose  ;  knowingly. 

"  Still  thou  mlstakett,  or  else  commit 'it  thy  kna- 
veries willingly.'  —  Shaketp. :  Mldtummer  Jfis/ht'i 
Dream,  ill.  2. 

wil  -ling-ness,  s.  [Eng.  willing ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  willing ;  freedom 
from  reluctance ;  readiness ;  free  choice  or 
consent  of  the  wilL 

wil' -lock,  «.    [See  extract.) 

Ornith. :  The  young  of  Una.  troile,  the  Com- 
mon Guillemot. 

"  The  cry  of  the  young  Guillemot  is  wttlock,  willix-k, 
whence  iu  local  name,  and  the  same  ia  probably  the 
origin  of  the  French  derived  Guillemot  for  the  adult; 
a  term  seldom  employed  by  the  fishermen  and  cliff- 
men,  excepting  wlien  speaking  to  strangers. '—  1'ur- 
rtll:  Brit.  Blrdt  led.  4th).  Iv.  71 

wll-lough  bo   a  (gh  silent),  s.     [WILLCOH- 

BEtA.] 

wfl'-16w,  *  wil-OW,  *wilwe,  s.  [A.S.  welig; 
cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  wilge ;  Dut,  wtlg ;  Low 
Ger.  wilge.  From  the  same  root  as  walk,  wel- 
kin, and  withy.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit.  *  Bot. :  Any  species  of  the  genus 
Salix  (q.v.).  Used  also  in  a  more  limited 
sense  for  any  Salix  which  is  not  known  as 
an  osier  or  a  sallow.  [OsiER,  SALLOW.]  Some 
of  the  willows  in  the  limited  sense  furnish 
good  timber.  The  Bedford  willow,  Salix  K*.u- 
eelliana,  a  variety  of  S.  fragilis,  the  Crack 
Willow  or  Withy,  is  a  tree  sometimes  attain- 
ing fifty  feet  In  height,  and  twelve  in  girth. 
It  was  first  brought  into  notice  by  the  Duke 
of  Bedford,  whence  its  name,  and  is  very  valu- 
able for  its  timber,  the  bark  containing  much 
tannin,  and  a  larger  amount  of  salicine  (q.v.) 
than  any  other  of  the  genus.  Another  valu- 
able timber  tree  is  S.  alba,  the  Huntingdon  or 
White  Willow.  It  is  eighty  feet  high,  with  a 


girth  or  twenty  feet.  The  timber  is  used  Tot 
carpentry  and  for  fuel,  aud  the  bark  for  tan- 
ning. The  two  species  named  have  been 
introduced  into  the  United  Suites,  where  they 
are  wide-spread  and,  with  S.  babalonica,  the 
Weeping  Willow,  form  our  largest  willows. 
There  are  a  number  of  species  native  to  this  • 
country,  most  of  them  phrubn  or  small  trees, 
some  minute  plauts.  [SALIX. 1 

2.  Figuratively: 

*  (1)  Mourning. 
"  We  see  your  willow  and  are  sorry  for 't. 

And  though  it  be  a  wedding  we  are  half  mourners." 
Beaum,  A  Flct. :  XisiM   }\'alk<r,  i. 

(2)  In  cricketing  slang,  the  bat,  so  called 
from  the  material  of  which  it  is  made. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Weaving :  A  machine  for  cleaning  cotton, 
wool,  or  hemp;  a  devil.      [DEVIL,  8.,  II.,  3. 

11  The  term  willow  is  aaid  to  have  been  derived  from 
the  fact  that  in  the  early  forum  of  the  machine  a  cylin- 
drical willow  cage  was  used,  it  is  more  than  probable 
that  the  term  U  derived  from  the  willow.wands  where- 
with the  cotton  waa  beaten,  to  loosen  It  and  eject  the 
impurities,  before  the  invention  of  machinery  for  the 
purpose."—  Knight :  Diet.  Mechanic!. 

2.  Script. :  Probably  the  Oleander  (q.v.). 
*1T  To  wear  the  willow:  To  assume  mourning 

or  grieve  for  a  lost  lover. 

willow-fly,  a. 

Entom. :  (1)  Chloraptrla,  viridii ;  (2)  Nemurtt 
variegata.  [PERL1D.E.] 

willow-gall,  s. 

Vcg.  Pathol. :  A  gal!  produced  on  willows 
by  the  puncture  of  a  dipterous  insect,  Ceci- 
domyia  strobilina,  in  the  leaf  buds,  which 
causes  arrest  of  growth  so  that  the  stem 
scarcely  develops,  and  the  leaves  are  crowded 
together  into  a  close  rosette.  (Thomt.) 

Willow-ground,  >.  A  piece  of  marshy 
ground  in  which  osiers  are  cultivated  ;  an 
osier  bed. 

willow-grouse,  t. 

Entom. :  Lagopus  albva,  from  the  northern 
portions  of  both  hemispheres.  It  resembles 
the  Ptarmigan  in  plumage,  and,  like  that  spe- 
cies, becomes  white  in  winter.  Called  als" 
White  Grbuse  and  White  Ptarmigan. 

"  With  us  there  Is  no  reason  why  it  should  assume 
the  white  winter  plumage  like  its  congeners  ;  and  yet 
there  can  be  no  question  that  our  bird  is  the  local 
representative  of  the  white  willowgroute  which  ranges 
over  the  whole  of  Northern  Europe."  —  St.  Jamet'i 
Gatette,  Jan  C.  1687. 

willow-herb,  », 

Botany : 

1.  The  genus  Epilobium  and  specially  E. 
angustifolium ;    called  more  fully  the  Hose- 
bay  willow  herb,  or  simply  the  Rose-bay.    It 
is  a  tall  undershrub,  four  to  six  feet  high, 
with  scattered  lanceolate,  or  linear  lanceolate, 
veined,  glabrous,  willow-like  leaves,  three  to 
six  inches  long,  (whence  its  name),  irregular, 
rose-purple  flowers  an  inch  in  diameter.    It 
is  found  by  moist   river-sides  and   copses, 
chiefly  in  Scotland,  also  on   the  continent 
of  Europe,   in   temperate  Asia,  and    Nortli 
America.    Ale  aud  vinegar  are  made  in  Kami- 
chatka  from  the  fermentation  of  the    pitl 
dried  and  boiled  ;  the  young  leaves  are  som 
times  eaten,  the  mature  ones  are  narcotic 
From  the  scent  of  its  flowers  the  plant  i 
sometimes  called  Apple  Pie. 

2.  Lysimachia  milgaris. 
'  willow-lark,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  Sedge-warbler.  (Pennant:  J 
2ooi.,  ed.  1768,  ii.  241.) 

willow-leaves,  s.  r>- 

Astron.  :  Another  name  for  Bice-graii 
(q.v.).  [SuN.J 

willow-moth,  s. 

Entom.  :  Caradrina  cvbicularis,  a  comn 
British  Night-moth,  called  by  Newman  t 
Pale  Mottled  Willow  Moth.  Fore  wing 
ochrey  gray,  with  two  dark  spots  on  th 
costa ;  hind  wings  white,  with  a  dark  brow 
line  on  the  posterior  margin.  The  catr 
pillar,  which  is  small  at  harvest  time, 
comes  housed  with  the  grain,  the  peas,  &C-, 
and  doing  immense  damage.  It  changes  to  I 
chrysalis  in  May. 

willow-oak,  s. 

Bot. :    Quercus    Phellos.      Leaves    smo 
membranous,  linear,  lanceolate,  pointed,  i 
tire;    acorn    roundish.     A  large    tree   wit 
strong  coarse  timber,  growing   in   swamp 


fite,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  trf,  Syrian.    IB,  03  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


\rillow— win 


6189 


forests    near    the    southern    shores    of   the 
United  States. 

willow-pattern,  •.  A  well-known  pat- 
tern for  stone  and  porcelain  ware,  generally 
executed  in  dark  blue,  in  imitation  of  a  Chinese 
<K'sij;n.  The  name  is  taken  from  a  willow-tree, 
which  is  a  prominent  object  in  the  design. 

willow-thorn,  s. 

Bot. :  llippophne  rhamnoidfs.  So  named 
because  it  is  a  thorny  shrub  with  the  habit  of 
a  willuw. 

willow-warbler,  s.    [WILLOW-WREN.] 
willow-weed,  a. 

Hot.  :  (I)  Li/thrum  Salicaria;  (2)  various 
•pecies  of  Polygonum,  specially  P.  lapathi- 

f (ill  lim. 

willow- wren,  willow- warbler,  s. 

Ontith. :  Phylloscopus  (t  Sylvia)  trockilus; 
called  also  the  Willow-warbler,  and  Yellow- 
wren,  from  the  localities  it  frequents  and  the 
general  colour  of  its  plumage.  Length  about 
nve  inches ;  dull  olive-green  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  ;  chin,  throat,  and  breast 
yellowish  white  ;  abdomen  nearly  pur«  white. 
The  Willow-wren  generally  arrives  in  England 
about  the  middle  of  April,  and  soon  after 
begins  to  couple.  The  nest  is  placed  on  the 
ground,  most  commonly  against  a  bank 
amongst  long  grass  or  weeds,  but  often  at  the 
foot  of  a  bush,  and,  like  that  of  the  Wood- 
wren,  is  covered  with  a  dome  having  a  rather 
wide  hole  in  the  side,  whence  this  species  and 
its  congeners  are  called  in  many  parts  of  the 
country  "Oven-birds."  The  willow-wren  is  a 
graceful,  active  bird,  flitting  restlessly  from 
twig  to  twig,  and  the  song  is  loud  and  sweet. 

wH'-low,  wfl'-ly,  v.t.  [WILLOW,  ».]  To 
•  «ipen  and  cleanse,  aa  cotton,  by  means  of  a 
willow. 

"  When  the  cotton  hu  been  ttittoteed.  '—Momlna 
Chronicle,  Oct.  24,  1859. 

t  wU' -lowed,  a.  [Eng.  wittow  ; -ed.]  Abound- 
ing or  planted  with  willows. 

"  Along  thy  wild  and  •rtllMttl  shore." 

Seott :  Lay  of  the  Lout  Miiutrel,  IT, 

Wll'-low-or,  ».  [Eng.  willow,  v.  ;  -er.]  The 
same  as  WILLOW,  «.,  B.  2. 

*  wU'-lpw-Ish,  a.    [Eng.  wiKou,  s. ;  •ith.'j  Re- 
sembling the  willow  ;  of  the  colour  of  willow. 
"  Make   his    body  with  greenish   coloured    crewel 
or  willoteitli colour.'  —Walton  :  Angler,  pt.  1.,  oh.  v. 

Wll'-low-wort, «.    [Eng.  willow,  and  wort.] 
Botany : 

1.  Lysimachia  vulgarii. 

2.  (PI.) :  The  order  Salicacea?.    (Lindley.) 

wll'-low-y,  a.    [Eng.  wittow,  s. ;  -y.] 
\.  Abounding  with  willows. 

14  Where  willowy  Camus  lingers  with  delight ! " 

gray :  Ode  for  J/utic. 

2.  Resembling  a  willow ;  flexible,  drooping, 
pensile,  graceful. 

wU-lugh-bel'-a,    wil  lough  bei'-a    (gh 

silent),  «.  [Named  by  Dr.  Roxburgh'  after 
Francis  Willughby,  F.R.8.,  naturalist  (1635- 
1672).] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Willughbeiese 
(q.v.).  Milky  plants  with  opposite  leaves 
and  tendrils,  and  axillary  and  terminal  cymes 
of  flowers,  with  salver-shaped  corollas.  Fruit 
about  the  size  of  an  orange,  the  pulp  with 
many  seeds  enclosed.  Willughbeia  eanlis,  a 
large  climber  found  in  the  forests  of  Chitta- 
gong,  has  eatable  fruits.  This  species,  and 
W.  martabanica  yield  caoutchouc. 

wil  lugh-bii  -e-ns,    *  wil  lough  b6i'-f» 

(ah  silent),  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  willughbei(a)  ;  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sun".  -KB.] 
Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Apocynaceaj. 

wil'-ly,  5.  [A  corruption  of  WILLOW  (q.v.).] 
A  willower  (q.v.). 

wiT-ly,  v.t.    [WILLOW,  ».] 

will'-yart,  wil' -yard,  «.    [From  wild,  a.] 
Wild,  strange,  unaccountable,  shy.    (Scotch.) 
••  Eh  tin,  hut  human  nature's  a  willful  and  irflyard 
thing."— Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  XXV. 

wM'-ly  nil'-ly,  phr.  [Eng.  will,  v.,  and  nilU 
Will  he  or  will  he  not ;  will  ye  or  will  ye  not 

•wilne,  v.t.  [A.8.  wilnian.]  To  will;  to 
desire. 


wil  -some,  a.  [In  sense  1,  from  Eng.  will,  a. ; 
in  sense  2,  perhaps  from  Eng.  will,  v. ;  but  cf. 
Icel.  villr  =  astray  ;  in  sense  3,  probably  from 
Eng.  well,  a.) 

1.  Obstinate,  stubborn,  wilful. 

2.  Doubtful,  uncertain. 

3.  Fat,  indolent 

•  wil  some-ness,    *  wll-gum-nesse,  s. 

[Eng.  will,  s.,  -some,  -ness.]  Wilfulness,  obsti- 
nacy. (Wyclife:  Ecchts.  xxxi.  40.) 

Wfl-son,  s.  [See  def.]  A  celebrated  Scotch 
naturalist  (1766-1813),  author  of  American 
Ornithology. 

Wilson's  petrol,  t. 

Ornith. :  Oceanites  oceanicu*. 

Wilson's  phalarope,  i.    [PHALABOPE.] 

Wll'-son-lte,  s.  [After  Dr.  Wilson,  who  lirst 
found  it ;  sun',  -ite  (Min.). 

Min. :  A  massive  mineral  yielding  square 
prisms  by  cleavage.  Hardness,  3'5  ;  sp.  gr., 
2'76  to  2'78;  lustre,  vitreous  to  pearly;  colour, 
reddish-white  to  rose-  or  peach-blossom  red. 
Analyses  indicate  that  it  is  an  altered  sea- 
polite.  Occurs  at  Bathurst,  Canada  ;  and  in 
northern  New  York. 

Wilt,  v.l.  &  t.  [Prob.  a  corruption  of  welk 
(q.v.).] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  fade,  to  decay,  to  drop,  to 
wither,  as  flowers  that  have  been  plucked. 

"  He  positively  withered  up,  shrivelled  away,  and 
aliunHt  vanished  from  mortal  sight,  like  an  uprooted 
weed  that  lies  uniting  In  the  suV'—  Hawthorn. -Scarlet 
Letter,  xxiv. 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  wither  or  become 
languid,  aa  a  plant ;  hence  figuratively,  to 
destroy  the  energy  or  vigour  of ;  to  depress. 

H  Provincial  and  American. 

wilt,  v.i.  [See  def.]  The  second  person  sin- 
gular of  will,  v.  (q.v.). 

Wil'-ton,  ».    [See  def.] 

Geog.  :  The  name  of  a  town  in  Wiltshire. 

Wilton-carpet,  ».  A  carpet  made  like 
Brussels,  excepting  that  the  wire  is  flattened 
instead  of  being  round,  and  has  a  groove  along 
the  upper  surface,  which  acts  as  a  director 
for  the  knife  by  which  the  loops  are  cut  and 
the  wire  liberated.  So  called  from  the  place 
of  its  manfacture. 

wfl'-u-lte,  ».     [After  the  River  Wilui,  Asiatic 
Russia,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  name  applied  to  a  variety  of  Idocrase 
(q.v.),    occurring    in    well-defined    doubly- 
terminated  crystals  in  achtaragdite  (q.v.). 

2.  The  same  as  GROSSULARITE  (q.v.). 

Wl'-ly,  a.  [Eng.  wile  ;  -y.]  Using  or  capable 
of  using  wiles  ;  subtle,  cunning,  crafty,  sly. 

"  Fitv. -James  knew  every  wily  train 
A  lady's  fickle  heart  to  gain." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake.  Iv,  18. 

wim'-ble,  *wim-bil,  *wim'-bel,  *wym- 

byl,  s.  [Dan.  vimmel  =  an  auger,  a  tool  for 
boring,  a  parallel  form  to,  or  a  familiar  pro- 
nunciation of  vindel  =  something  of  a  spiral 
shape,  from  vinde,  Sw.  vinda ;  Ger.  winden  = 
to  wind,  to  turn, to  twist ;  hence,  a  wimble  =  a 
winder  or  turner ;  cf.  O.  Dut.  wemelen  =  to 
pierce  or  bore  with  a  wimble;  weme  =  a 
wimble.  Gimblet  or  gimlet  is  a  dimin.  from 
wimble.] 

Mech. :  The  old-fashioned  name  of  the  gim- 
let, then  of  the  brace  ;  a  brace  used  by  marble- 
workers  in  drilling  holes. 

"  [They]  ply  the  wimble  some  huge  beam  to  bore." 
Pope  :  Homer ;  Odyuey,  Ix.  458. 

*  wim'-ble,  *  wym-bel-yn,  *  wym-mel- 

yn,  v.t.  [WIMBLE,  s.  Cf.  O.  Dut  wemelen  = 
to  pierce  or  bore  with  an  auger.]  To  bore 
with,  or  as  with,  a  wimble  or  auger. 

"  The  soldier  .  .  .  wimbled  a  hole  into  the  coffln  that 
was  largest."— Herbert :  Mem,  King  Charlet  /.,  p.  124. 

*  wim'-ble,  a.     [Connect,  with  Sw.  vimmel, 
in  comp.  mmmelkantig  =  giddy,  whimsical.] 
[WeiM  (1),  s.]    Active,  nimble,  quick. 

"  He  was  so  wimble  and  so  wight. 
From  hough  to  Kough  he  leaped  light." 

Spenter:  fthephenrdt  Calender;  Marc*. 

wim'-brel,  s.    [WHIMBREL.] 

*  wi  -mot,  s.    [See  def] 

Sot.  :  A  corruption  of  Guimauve  (q.v.). 


wim-ple,  •wbn'-pel,  *.  [A.S.  wimp.il; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  u<impel  =  a,  streamer,  a  pen 
dant ;  Icel.  vimpill ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  vimpeZ ;  Ger. 
wimpel  ~  a  peunon  (whence  Fr.  guimpe,  Eng. 
gimp),'} 

1 1.  A  co- 
vering  of 
silk  or  lin- 
en for  the 
neck, chin, 
and  sides 
of  the  face, 
worn  usu- 
ally out  of 
doors.  It 
was  often 
bound  on 
the  fore- 
head by  a 
fillet  of 
gold,  plain 
or  set  with 
jewels,  or 


WIMPLE. 

(Froma  Monument  In  t 
Church,  Sitffolk.1 


by  a  band 

of  silk.    It  is  still  retained  as  a  conventual 

dress  for  nuns. 

"The  Lord  will  take  away  the  changeable  suite  of 
apparel.  ;iud  the  *ebnplei."—liai>th  ii.  22. 

*  2.  A  pendant,  penno.],  Hag,  or  streamer. 
3.  A  winding  or  fold.    (Scotch.) 

"There's  aye  a  toimpte  in  a  lawyer's  clew."— SooK: 
Bean  of  Midlothian.  c£  xxiv. 

*  wim'-ple,  v.t.  &  i.    [WIMPLE,  ».) 

A.  Transitive: 
I.  Literally: 

1.  To  cover,  as  with  a  wimple  or  van. 

2.  To  lay  in  plaits  or  folds  ;  to  draw  down 
In  folds.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  4.) 

II.  Fig.  :  To  hoodwink. 

"This  wimpled,  whining,  purblind,  wayward  boy." 
Shakflp. :  Love'*  Labour"!  Lott  111.  1. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  laid  in  wimples  or  folds. 

"  With  a  veil  that  wimpled  everywhere. 

Spenter:  F.  g..  VIL  vll.  & 

2.  To  meander.    (Scotch.) 

"  Among  the  bonle,  winding  banks, 
Where  Doon  riiis,  wimplin,  clear." 

Harm :  Sallowm. 

3.  To   resemble   or   suggest   wimbles ;   tc 
ripple,  as  a  brook. 

"The  pathless  wild,  and  vrtmpltnff  burn." 

Burnt :  Scottith  Song. 

win,  »  wlnne,  *  win-nen,  *  wynne  (pa.  t. 
*  wan,  *  wanne,  won,  pa.  par.  won,  *  wonnen), 
l.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  winnan  =  to  fight,  to  labour, 
to  endure  (pa.  t  wann,  pa.  par.  wunnen) ;  cogn. 
with  Dut  winnen  (pa.  t.  won,  pa.  par.  gewon- 
nen);  Icel.  vinna  (pa.  t.  vann,  pa.  par.  unnin) 
—  to  work,  toil,  win  ;  Dan.  vinde  (for  vinne) ; 
Sw.  vinna ;  O.  H.  Ger.  winnan ;  Ger,  gewin- 
nen  =  to  fight,  to  strive,  to  earn,  to  suffer : 
Goth,  winnan  (pa.  t.  wann,  pa.  par.  wunnant) 
=  to  suffer.] 

A.  Transitive: 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  gain  by  proving  one's  self  superior  in 
a  contest ;   to  earn  or  procure  by  proving 
one's  self  the  best  in  a  competition  ;  to  b» 
victorious  in ;  to  gain  as  victor.    (Followed 
by  from  or  of  when  a  person  is  mentioned  from 
whom  something  is  gained.) 

"  To  win  this  easy  match." 

Shaketp. :  King  John,  V.  I 

2.  To  gain  or  obtain  in  any  way,  but  espe- 
cially implying  exertion,  effort,  or  struggle  ; 
to  earn  for  one  s  selt 

"  Her  husband's  fame  mm  in  the  fields." 

Shaketp. .'  Rape  of  Lucrece,  107. 

3.  In  a  more  limited  sense,  to  gain  by  fight- 
ing, to  get  possession  of  by  conquest 

"To  win  back    their  country  by  their  swords." - 
Arnold :  Hist,  of  Rome.  i.  116. 

4.  To  earn  or  gain  by  toil  or  as  the  rewaid 
of  labour. 

"  He  kept  that  lie  won  iu  the  pestilence. 
For  gold  In  physic  is  a  cordial." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  444.    (ProLI 

"5.  To  accomplish  by  effort:  as,  To  win 
one's  way. 

•6.  To  attain  or  reach  to,  as  a  goal,  by 
effort  or  struggle  ;  to  gain,  as  the  end  of  one  g 
Journey. 

"  When  the  stony  path  began 
By  which  the  naked  peak  they  wan." 

Scott.    iAnnandal*.} 

*  7.  To  come  up  to  ;  to  overtake,  to  reach. 

"  Even  in  the  porch  he  did  him  win." 

Spemer:  r.  «..  VX  i. «. 

8.  To  gain  to  one's  side  or  party,  as  by 


boil,  bo"y ;  pout.  Jowl ;  cat,  coll,  chorus,  ghln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  C. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,    sioa  =  shun ;  -f ion,  -sion  -  zhon.    -clous,  -tious,  -sioua  =  obits,   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


6190 


win — wind 


•olfcitation  or  other  influence;  to  gain  over; 
to  procure  the  favour  or  support  of,  as  for  a 
cause  winch  one  has  at  heart.  (Generally 
followed  by  over.) 

*  Pruy  heaven  she  win  him." 

ShaAetp.  :  Meaturefur  .Venture,  11.  2. 

9.  To  attract,  to  please. 

*  His  fare  w*a  of  that  doubtful  kind 
Th»t  win*  the  eye.  Scott :  Kotccby,  V.  !«. 

10.  To  allure  to  kindness  or  compliance ;  to 
bring  to  a  favourable  or  compliant  state  of 
mind;  to  gain  or  obtain,  especially  by  solici- 
tation or  courtship. 

**  Gentle  thou  art,  and  therefore  to  be  von." 

Shakctp. :  Sonnet  41. 

*  11.  To  prevail  on  ;  to  induce. 
"Cannot  yonr  grace  win  her  to  fancy  htm?" 

Shaketp,  ;  Two  Gentlemen,  III.  1. 

11.  Mining :  To  obtain  as  the  result  of  min- 
ing operations :  as,  To  win  ore,  to  win  coal. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  be  superior  in  a  contest  or  struggle  ; 
to  be  victorious  ;  to  gain  the  victory ;  to  be  or 
prove  successful. 

"  That  fa  not  the  cry  of  men  who  are  going  to  win." 
— Macitutaw  :  Hist.  Eng,,  ch.  xiii 

2.  To  attain  or  arrive   at   any  particular 
state  or  degree  ;  to  become,  to  get.    (Always 
with  an  accompanying  word,  as  an  adjective 
or  preposition  :  as,  To  win  loose,  to  win  free, 
to  win  at,  to  win  away.)    (Scotch.) 

"  Vera  weel !  Now  ye  maun  get  to  Bessy's  Apron, 
that's  the  muckle  braid  flat  blue  stane— ami  then,  I 
think,  wi'  your  help  and  the  tow  together,  I'll  win  at 
ye."— Scott:  Antiquary,  ch.  vii. 

*  TT  To  win  on  (or  upon) : 

L  To  gain  favour  or  influence. 

'     "You  express  yourself  very  desirous  to  win  upon 
the  judgment  of  your  master.  —Bacon. 
2.  To  gain  ground  on. 
"  The  rabble  .  .  .  will  in  time  win  upon  power." 

Sfiakeip.  :  Coriolamu,  i.  1. 

win  (1),  *.  pffrw,  v.]  A  success,  a  victory : 
as,  To  score  a  win. 

win  (2),  8.    [WIND,  s.]    (Scotch.) 

win,  v.t.  [WiN  (2),  s.]  To  dry,  as  com,  hay, 
or  the  like,  by  exposure  to  the  air. 

wince,  *  winche,  *  wlnse,  *  winch, 
*  wyn-syn,  *  wynche,  *  wynse,  v.  i. 

TO.  FT.  winchir,  not  found,  but  necessarily 
fee  older  form  of  guincMr,  guenchir  =:  to 
wriggle,  wince,  from  M.  H.  Ger.  wenken,  wen- 
chen  =  to  wince,  from  wane  =  a  start  aside, 
from  M.  H.  Ger.  wank,  pa.  t.  of  winken  =  to 
move  aside,  to  nod  ;  cogn.  with  Eng.  wink 

tff&l 

*  1.  To  kick. 

"Paul,  whom  the  Lord  hadde  choaun,  long  tyme 
wynside  ageu  the  prlcke." — Wycliffe  ;  Prolog  on  the 
ifedM  of  Apottlet. 

2.  To  twist,  shrink,  or  torn,  as  in  pain  or 
uneasiness;  to  shrink,  as  from  a  blow 'or 
pain  ;  to  start  back. 

"Three  hundred  and  seventeen  stripes  were  In- 
fllcted  ;  but  the  sufferer  never  winced.'' — Jfacaulay  .• 
BM.  Eng..  ch.  vu 

win^e  (1),  *.     [WINCE,  u.]     The  act  of  one 

who  winces;  a  start  or  shrinking,  as  from 
pain. 

wince  (2),  winze,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  An 
oath.  (Scotch.)  (Burns:  Halloween,  xxiii.) 

winge  (3),  s.    [A.S.  wince.] 

Dyeing,  &c. :  A  reel  placed  over  the  division- 
wall  between  two  pits,  so  as  to  draw  the  cloth 
from  either,  discharging  it  into  the  other, 
according  as  the  handle  is  turned.  The 
wincing- machine  is  a  succession  of  winces 
over  which  the  cloth  passes  continuously  over 
reels  dipping  into  tanks  placed  in  succession, 
and  holding  a  mordant,  a  dye,  soap-suds, 
solution  of  bleach  ing- powder,  a  chemical  solu- 
tion of  tiny  kind,  or  water.  The  tanks  are 
called  wince-pits  or  wince-pots. 

wince -pit,  wince-pot, «.  [WiHCE(3),*.J 

winc'-er,  s.  [Eng.  winc(e)t  v. ;  •er.]  One  who 
winces,  shrinks,  or  kicks. 

"A  slovenly  wincer  of  a  confutation." — Milton: 
Apology  for  Smtctymmtut.  (Pref.) 

Wln'-ce^,  s.  [Probably  a  corruption  of  linsey- 
woolsey,  the  successive  steps  being  linsey- 
winsey,  then  winsey  or  wineey  alone*.] 

Fabric :  A  strong  and  durable  cloth,  plain 
or  twilled,  composed  of  a  cotton  warp  and  a 
woollen  weft.  It  is  much  worn  by  women 
as  skirtings  and  petticoats,  and  a  lighter  class 
Is  used  for  men's  shirts. 


winch  (1),  *  winche,  *  wynche,  s.  [A.S. 
wince ;  cf.  M.  H.  Ger.  wenke  —  a  bendug  or 
crooking.] 

1.  The  crank,  projecting  handle,  or  lever  by 
which    the  axis  of  a  revolving  machine  is 
turned,  as  in  the  windlass,  grindstone,  &C. 

2.  A  reel  on  a  fishing-rod. 

3.  The   most   simple    form    of   hoisting- 
machine,  consisting  of  a  roller  on  which  the 
rope  is  wound,  the  turning- power  being  a 

'  crank.  It  has  many  modifications  in  respect 
of  its  adaptation  to  cranes  ami  derricks.  In- 
creased power  is  obtained  by  placing  a  laiy<> 
spur-wheel  on  the  roller-shaft  and  turning  it 
by  a  pinion  on  the  crank-shaft.  When  on  a 
movable  frame,  with  drum  and  gearing,  and 
adapted  for  hauling  in  the  fall  of  the  hoisting- 
tackle  of  derricks,  &c.,  it  is  called  a  crab 
(q.v.)* 

Winch  (2),  5.  [A  corruption  of  wince  (1),  s.] 
A  kick,  as  from  impatience  or  fretfulness,  as 
of  a  horse  ;  a  twist  or  turn. 

"The  mule  .  .  .  within  two  or  three  wtnehet  over- 
threw him." — She/ton  :  Don  Quixote,  pt.  ii.,  cb.  1. 

winch,  v.i.  [WINCH  (2),  s.]  To  kick  with  im- 
patience ;  to  shrink,  to  wince. 

Win'-9hes-ter  (1),  s.    [See  def.] 

1.  Geog. :  The  name  of  the  capital  city  of 
Hampshire,  England. 

*  2.  A  Winchester  pint,  i.e.,  a  quart. 

"Seal'd    Winchester    of    three-penny  guzile."— T. 
Brown  :  Workt,  ii.  180. 

*  Winchester-bushel,  s.    A  dry  mea- 
sure used  in  England  from  the  time  of  Henry 
VII.   to  the    year  1836,  when  the    imperial 
bushel  was  made  the  standard  measure.    Jt 
contained  2150'42  cubic  inches. 

*  Winchester-goose,  s,    A  cant  term 
for  a  venereal  sore,  said  to  have  originated 
from  the  public  stews  in  Southwark   being 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  th«  bishop  of  Win- 
chester.   (Shakesp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  i.  3.) 

Winchester-measure,  *.  The  same 
as  WINCHESTER-BUSHEL  (q.v.). 

Win'  Ches-ter  (2),  s.  [See  def.  and  com- 
pound.] The  name  of  the  inventor. 

Winchester-rifle,  Winchester  re- 
peating-rifle,  s. 

Fire-arms:  A  magazine-rifle  the  reserve 
chamber  of  which  contains  seventeen  car- 
tridges, which  can  be  discharged  in  as  many 
seconds. 

win^-ing,  a.  [Eng.  wince  (3),  s.  ;  -ing.}  [See 
compound.] 

wincing  machine,  s.    [WINCE  (3),  «.] 
*  win'-CO-pipe(  *.    [WINK-A-PEEP.] 

wind  (in  poetry  often  wind)  (1),  *  winde, 
*wynd,  '  wynde,  s.  [A.S.  wind;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  wind;  Icel.  vindr;  Dan.  <fc  Sw. 
vind;  O.  H.  Ger.  wint;  Goth,  winds,  winths; 
Ger.  wind ;  Lat  ventus;  Welsh  gwynt;  from 
the  Sansc.  root  vd  =  to  blow.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  IT. 

2.  A  direction  from  which  the  wind  may 
blow ;  a  point  of  the  compass,  especially  one 
of  the  cardinal  points. 

"Come  from  the  four  irtndi.  0  breath,  and  breathe 
upon  these  *latn."— Ezekiel  xzxvii.  9, 

3.  Air  artificially  set  in  motion  from  any 
force  or  action. 

"  With  the  whiff  and  wind  of  his  fell  sword." 
Shnknji. :  Othello,  ii;.  S. 

A.  The  lungs  or  organs  of  breathing. 

"Blow  till    thon    bnrst  thy   wind."— Shakup. : 
TetnfMit,  i .  i. 

6.  Powerof respiration;  lung-power;  breath. 

"  IB  not  your  voice  broken?  your  wtn<l  short.?" — 
Bhaketp. :  2  ffenry  IT.,  1.  2. 

*  6.  Breath  modulated  by  the  respiratory 
organs  or  by  an  instrument. 

"  Their  Instruments  were  various  In  their  kind  : 
Borne  for  the  bow,  and  some  for  breathing  wind." 
/hycfon  .•  flower  4  /.«•</,  «?• 

7.  Air  impregnated  with  animal  odour  or 
scent. 

"  To  save  hit  life  be  leapt  into  the  matu. 
But  there,  alas  !  he  could  no  safety  find, 
A  pack  of  dog-fish  had  him  In  the  wind." 

Swift.    (Todd.) 

8.  Air  or  gas  generated  in  the  stomach  or 
bowels ;  flatulence. 

9.  A  disease  of  sheep  in  which  the  intestines 
are  distended  with  air,  or  rather  affected  with 


a  violent  inflammation.  It  occurs  immediately 
after  shearing. 

10.  That  part  of  the  b"<ly  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  stomach,  a  blow  on  which  cause* 
temporary  inability  to  breathe.    (Slang.) 

11.  Anything  light  or  insignificant  as  wind 
such  as  empty  or  idle  words,  idle  threats,  un 
meaning  talk,  or  the  like. 

*'  Stop  In  your  wind," 

tih.iketp. :  Coinedy  of  Err&rt.  i.  t. 

•  12.  A  sigh. 

"  Storming  her  world  with  sorrow's  wind  and  rain.' 
M'/t«i;>. :  Complaint  of  n  Lopfr,  T. 

II.  Meteor. :  A  current  of  air  moving  in  the 
atmosphere  in  any  direction  or  with  any  veloc- 
ity. Winds  are  pnniuced  by  variations  ot 
temperature  in  different  latitudes,  or  at  dif- 
ferent portions  of  the  same  latitude.  Heated 
air  tends  to  ascend,  and,  to  prevent  a  void 
from  arising  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  atmo- 
sphere from  which  it  has  ascended,  a  current 
of  air  colder,  and  therefore  denser,  takes  its 
place.  This  phenomenon  is  most  obvious  in 
the  tropics,  from  which  hot  rarefied  air  is 
ever  ascending,  one  part  towards  the  North- 
ern, and  the  other  towards  the  Southern 
Pole.  From  these  two  regions,  cold  currents 
of  air  proceed  near  the  surface  of  the  ground 
or  the  ocean  to  supply  the  threatened  void. 
Were  the  earth  at  rest,  the  hot  currents  would 
depart  from,  and  the  cold  currents  strike 
the  equator  at  right  angles,  but  owing  to  the 
rotation  of  the  earth  from  west  to  east,  more 
quickly  than  its  friction  can  carry  the  atmo- 
sphere with  it,  the  latter  is  somewhat  de- 
flected to  the  westward,  the  hot  current 
leaving  and  the  cold  one  striking  the  equa- 
torial line  at  an  oblique  instead  of  a  right 
angle.  As  the  circles  to  be  traversed  by  the 
rotating  sphere  or  spheroid  vary  iu  magni- 
tude in  every  latitude,  cyclones  tend  to  be 
generated  which  rotate  in  one  direction,  when 
they  arise  to  the  north,  and  in  another  when 
they  are  generated  south  of  the  equator. 
[CYCLONE.]  The  heat  of  the  vertical  or  nearly- 
vertical  sun  rarefies  the  atmosphere  in  the 
tropics  over  both  land  and  water,  not,  how- 
ever, to  the  same  extent.  Land  is  easily 
heated  during  the  day  and  cooled  during  the 
night.  Water  is  less  easily  changed  in  tem- 
perature, hence  every  tropical  island  is  like  a 
separate  furnace,  at  work  during  the  day 
rarefying  the  air  and  sending  it  upwards, 
whilst,  falling  below  the  temperature  of  the 
ocean  during  the  night,  it  modifies,  suspends, 
or  reverses  the  process,  especially  if  the 
absence  of  clouds  make  radiation  great. 
Hence,  land  and  sea  breezes  arise  ;  the  former 
blowing  during  the  day  from  the  sea  to  the 
land,  the  latter  during  the  night  in  a  con- 
trary direction.  Next,  every  high  mountain 
is  a  refrigerating  apparatus,  capable  of  send- 
ing down  its  slope  cooled  air  on  all  its 
sides,  and  consequently  from  every  point  ot 
the  compass.  Even  apart  from  these  local 
complications,  the  higher  the  heated  air 
which  ascends  from  the  tropics  rises,  the 
colder  the  atmospheric  region  into  which 
it  enters ;  it  therefore  ultimately  parts  with 
the  caloric  which  enabled  it  to  ascend,  and 
begins  to  fall,  while  the  cold  polar  currents- 
blowing  towards  the  equator  become  heated, 
especially  where  their  course  is  over  the  land, 
and  ascend.  Observation  shows  that  in  con- 
sequence of  these  causes,  there  are  eight  prin- 
cipal directions  in  which  winds  blow :  from 
the  north,  the  north-east,  the  east,  the  south- 
east, the  south,  the  south-west,  the  west  and 
the  north-west.  A  north  wind  is  one  which 
blows  from  the  north,  not  one  blowing  to 
that  region,  and  so  with  the  others.  Classi- 
fied according  to  the  direction  in  which  they 
blow,  winds  are  divided  into  Regular,  Peri- 
odical, and  Variable  Winds.  The  first  are 
winds  which  blow  all  the  year  round  in  the 
same  direction,  as  the  Trade  winds ;  the 
second  those  which  blow  regularly  at  the 
same  seasons  and  the  same  hours  of  the 
day,  as  the  monsoons,  the  land  and  sea 
breezes,  and  the  simoom;  the  third,  which 
blow  sometimes  in  one  direction  and  some- 
times in  another,  as  the  prevalent  winds  of 
the  temperate  and  arctic  zones.  The  direc- 
tion of  the  wind  is  easily  ascertained  by  a 
vane.  The  average  velocity  of  the  winds  in 
most  countries  may  be  considered  as  about 
eighteen  to  twenty  feet  in  a  second;  if  the 
velocity  is  six  or  seven  feet  the  wind  is 
moderate,  if  thirty  or  thirty-five  it  is  fresh, 
if  sixty  or  seventy  it  Is  strong,  if  eighty  or 
ninety  it  is  a  tempest,  if  niuety  or  over  it  is  a 
hurricane.  [ANEMOMETER.] 


f&te,  frit,  faro,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  wh6.  sfca :  mute,  onto.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    *B,«  =  e;ey  =  »;qu  =  kw. 


wind 


5191 


?  1.  Between  wind  and  water : 

(1)  Lit. :  That  part  of  a  ship's  aide  or  bot- 
tom which  frequently  rises  above  the  surface 
of  the  water  through  the  rolling  of  the  vessel 
or  by  fluctuation  of  the  water's  surface.  Any 
biv;irh  effected  by  a  shot  in  this  part  is 
especially  dangerous. 

00  Fig. :  Any  part  or  point  generally  where 
a  blow  or  attack  will  most  effectually  injure. 

2.  Down  the  wind : 

(1)  Lit. :  In  the  direction  of  and  moving 
with  the  wind. 

*  (2)  F iff. :  Towards  ruin,  decay,  or  adver- 
aity. 

"  A  mini  that  had  »  great  veneration  for  au  Image 
in  his  hiMide,  found  that  the  inure  he  prayed  to  it  to 
prusiir-r  him  in  the  world,  the  inure  he  went  down  th« 
vriitd  At\\\."—i;EUrange. 

3.  How  (or  which  way)  the  wind  Hows  (or 
lies)  : 

(1)  Lit. :  The  direction  or  velocity  of  the 
wind. 

(2)  Fig. :  The  position  or  state  of  affairs ; 
how  things  are  going  on,  or  are  likely  to  turn 
out. 

"  Indications  are  not  wanting  to  show  wfclcfc  way  tht 

Wind  blou.-*."— Field,  Got.  IT,  ies5. 

4.  In  the  wind's  eye;  In  tlie  teeth  of  the  wind: 
Toward  the  direct  point  from  which  the  wind 
blows  ;  in  a  direction  exactly  opposite  to  that 
of  the  wind. 

5.  Second  wind :  [SECOND- WIND], 

6.  Three  sheets  in  the  wind;  Tipsy,  unsteady 
from  drink.    (Slang.)    [SHEET,  *.,  1  (1).] 

f.  To  be  in  the  wind :  To  be  about  or  likely 
to  happen  ;  to  be  within  the  region  of  surmise 
•or  suspicion:  as,  There  is  something  in  the 
viml  now.  (Colioq.) 

8.  To  carry  the  wind: 

Manege :  To  toss  the  nose  as  high  as  the 
*ars.  (baidofahorse.) 

9.  To  get  wind :  [GET  (2),  v.t  1  29.,  30.]. 

*  10.  To  have  the  wind  of:  To  keep  a  strict 
watch  on. 

"  My  *ou  aud  I  will  have  the  wind  of  you." 

Shakes^. ;  Tii.it  Andronicut,  Iv.  2. 

11.  To  raise  the  wind :  [RAISE,  v.t  ^  (7)J. 

12.  To  sail  dote  to  the  wind : 

(1)  Lit.  &  tfaut. :  To  sail  with  the  ship's 
bead  as  near  to  the  wind  »s  to  fill  the  sails 
without  shaking  them ;  to  sail  as  much  against 
tha  direction  of  the  wind  as  possible. 

(2)  Fig. :  To  border  or  act  very  closely  upon 
•dishonesty  or  indecency. 

"13.  To  sow  the  wind  and  reapthe  whirlwind: 
To  act  wrongly  and  recklessly  with  the  result 
of  future  punishment  for  such  conduct.  (Hosea 
viii.  7.) 

*  14.  To  take  wind :  To  get  wind  (q.v.). 

"  The  design  . .  .  mlgbt  have  taken  wind."— North : 
life  of  Lord  Uuilford,  I  10L 

15.  To  take  the  wind  out  of  one's  sails:  To 
circumvent ;  to  get  or  take  an  advantage  of, 
as  by  one  vessel  sailing  between  the  wind  and 
another  vessel. 

*  16.  Wind  of  a  ball:  [WIND-CONTUSION.  J 
wind-band,  s. 

1.  A  band  of  musicians  who  play  only  or 
principally  on  wind  instruments. 

2.  The  part  of  an  orchestra  which  consists 
of  wind-instruments. 

wind-barrow,  s.    [WIND-CARRIAGE.] 
"wind-beam,  s. 

Build. :  Formerly  a  cross-beam  used  in  the 
principals  of  roofs,  occupying  the  situation  of 
the  collar  in  modern  king-post  roofs. 

wind-berry,  *. 

#>i. ;  roccinium  Myrtittu*. 
wind-bill,  s. 

Scots  Law:  An  accommodation-bill ;  a  bill 
of  exchange  granted,  without  value  having 
been  received  by  the  acceptors,  for  the  purpose 
of  raising  money  by  discount. 

wind-bore,  «. 

1.  Ord.  l^ang.:  The  extremity  of  the  suction- 
pipe  of  a  pump,  usually  covered  with  a  per- 
forated plate   to    prevent  the  Intrusion    of 
foreign  substances. 

2.  Min. :  The  pump  at  the  bottom  of  a  set 
of  pumps. 

*  wind-break,  v.t.  To  break  the  wind  of. 

"I  would  winti-break  a  mule  to  vie  ImrUena  with 
her."— Fur  J.  (A  nimiuialt.) 


"wind-broken, a.  Broken- winded (q.v.). 

wind-car,  wind-barrow,  s.    A  car  or 

barrow  driven    wholly    or   partially  by  the 
wind.    The  Chinese  have  sails  on  barrows,  to 
•  i  when  thy  wind  is  favourable. 

*  wind- changing,  a.  Changing  like  the 
wind  ;  tickle,  inconstant. 

"  Wind-changing  Warwick  now  can  change  no  mom" 
tHuLktsy. :  3  Henry  17.,  v.  i. 

wind  chest,  s. 

Music:  An  air-tight  box  in  an  organ  or 
other  wind-instrument  played  by  keys,  into 
which  the  air  is  received  from  the  wind-trunk, 
and  from  which  air  is  admitted  by  valve-ways 
through  the  channels  of  the  sound-board,  to 
the  air-ducts  communicating  with  the  respec- 
tive pipes. 

t  wind-contusion, ». 

MilU,  Surg. :  A  name  formerly  applied  to 
any  internal  injury  produced  by  a  shot  or 
bullet  without  any  external  mark  of  violence, 
the  injury  itself  being  erroneously  attributed 
to  what  was  called  "  the  wind  of  the  ball," 
i.e. ,  air  violently  displaced  by  the  velocity  of 
a  projectile.  It  Is  now  known  that  such  in- 
juries are  produced  either  by  spent  balls  or 
by  projectiles  striking  the  body  at  an  oblique 
angle,  wiien  the  skin  does  not  always  give 
way,  though  deep-seated  structures,  such  as 
the  muscles,  or  large  organs,  as  the  liver,  may 
be  completely  ruptured  or  crushed. 

wind-cutter, «. 

Music:  In  an  organ-pipe,  the  lip  or  edge 
against  which  the  issuing  sheet  of  air  im- 
s.  The  vibration  thereby  imported  is 
communicated  to  the  column  of  air  in  the 
pipe,  producing  a  musical  note  whose  pitch 
is  determined  by  the  length  of  the  pipe,  the 
quality  of  the  tone  by  the  siie  of  the  pipe 
and  the  material  of  which  it  is  made,  &c.,  &c. 

wind-dropsy,  8.  A  swelling  of  the 
belly  from  wiud  in  the  intestines ;  tympanitis. 

wind-egg;,  s.  An  Imperfect  egg ;  such 
egys  are  often  produced  by  liens  which  have 
been  injured  or  are  growing  old.  They  are 
frequently  destitute  of  a  shell,  being  sur- 
rounded only  by  a  skin  or  membrane,  or 
sometimes  by  a  very  thin  shell. 

"  Hound  egg»  sink,  and  »uch  an  are  addled  gwim  :  as 
do  also  tboBM  termed  hypenemia,  or  teind-tffgt. ' — 
Browne:  I'ulgar  Errourt,  (Todd.) 

wind-flower,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  Theg«musAnemoue(q,v.).  (?)  Gen~ 
tiaita  Pneuinonunthe.  It  has  an  upright  stem 
four  to  six  or  eight  inches  high,  aud  terminal 
or  axillary  flowers  deep  blue,  with  five  broad 
greenish  lines.  It  grows  in  moist  heathy 
places  in  several  parts  of  England.  Called 
also  Marsh  Gentian.  [GENTIAN.] 

wind-furnace, «.   A  blast-furnace  (q.v.). 

wind-gall,  s.  A  soft  tumour  on  the  fet- 
lock joints  of  a  horse. 

•'  Hts  hone  .  .  .  fall  of  vlml-iin'l*  and  rated  with 
apaviua."— SAaXetp..'  Taming  of  the  Stirew,  iii.  2. 

wind-gauge,  t  wind-gage,  a. 

1.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  velocity 
and  force  of  the  wind  ;  an  anemometer  (q.v.). 

2.  An  apparatus  or  contrivance  for  measur- 
ing or  indicating  the  amount  of  the  pressure 
of  wind  in  the  wind-chest  of  an  organ. 

wind-god,  & 

Anthrop.  :  A  deity  presiding  over  the  wind. 
This  might  be  one  of  the  principal  gods,  as 
/Eolus,  of  classic  mythology  (Homer:  Odyssey 
x.,  Virgil :  &&.  i.),  with  minor  deities  subject 
to  him ;  or  one  of  the  minor  deities,  as  among 
the  North  American  Indians  of  the  present 
day.  (See  Longfellow's  Song  of  Hiawatha.) 
"In  the  polytheism  of  tha  lower  w  of  the  higher 

race*  the  ittncLaodt  are  no  unknown  figures." — Tulor  : 

Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1878),  ii.  268. 

*  wind-gun,  s.  A  gun  discharged  by  the 
force  of  compressed  air;  an  air-gun.  (Pope: 
Dunciadti.  181.) 

wind-hatch,  s. 

Mining:  The  opening  or  place  where  the 
ore  is  taken  out  of  the  earth. 

wind-hole,  --. 

Min. :  A  shaft  or  sump  sunk  to  convey  air ; 
an  air-shaft. 

wind-instrument,  s. 

Music:  An  instrument  played  by  wind 
forced  into  pipes  or  through  reeds,  by  means 
of  bellows,  or  directly  from  the  mouth  of  the 


performer.  An  organ  contains  both  flat* 
(tlue)and  reed  pipes  ;  harmoniums  and  Ameri- 
can organs  contain  free-reeds.  Flutes,  oboes, 
clarinets,  and  bassoons  In  an  orchestra  are 
called  the  wood-wind  in  opposition  to  tha 
brass-wind  instruments,  such  as  trumpets, 
horns,  and  trombones. 

Wind-mill,  «.     [WINDMILL.] 
wind-plant,  s. 

Hot.  :  Anemone  nemorosa. 

wind-pump,  s.  A  pump  driven  by  a 
wind-wheel. 

wind-rode,  a. 

Naut.  :  The  same  aa  TIDE-RODE  (q.v.). 
wind-rose,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  card  or  table,  with  Hnei 
corresponding  to  the  points  of  the  compass, 
Knowing  the  connection  of  the  wind  with  the- 
barometer,  &e. 

2.  Bot.  :  (1)  Rcemeria  hybrida,    [R(EMERi\.J 
(2)  Papaver  Argemone,  a  British  poppy  with 
small  flowers,  having  narrow  scarlet  petals 
and  a   clavate    capsule,   hispid,  with   erect 
bristles  ;  common  in  English  cornfields. 

wind-row,  s. 

1.  A  row  or  line  of  hay  raked  together  for 
the  purpose  of  being  rolled  into  cocks  or 
heaps  ;  also  sheaves  of  corn  set  up  in  a  row 
one  against  another,  in  order  that  the  wind 
may  blow  between  tli-'ia. 

"The  grasse  .  .  .  luiwt  be  tedded,  brought  Into 
wind-rotcf$,  and  turned  efbtixmea  with  the  Bunne.*— 
P.  Holland;  :  PtinU,  bit.  xviii..  oh.  ixviii. 

2.  The  green  border  of  a  field  dug  up  In 
order  to  carry  the  earth  on  other  land  to  mend 
it. 

3.  A  row  of  peats  set  up  for  drying,  or  a 
row  of  pieces  of  turf,  sod,  or  sward,  cut  in 
paring  and  burning. 

wind-row,  v.t.  To  rake  or  gather  into 
wind-rows.  , 

wind-sail,  s. 

1.  Natit.  :  A  canvas 
tube    used  as  a  wind* 
conductor,    having    its  , 
open  mouth  presented 
towards  the  wiud,  or  in 
the  direction  of  motion, 
as  on  board  a  steamship, 
where  it  is  used  to  di- 
rect a   current  of  air 
down  into  the  engine- 
room  to  moderate  the 

intense   heat   and    im-  WIND-SAIL, 

prove    the   draught  of 

the  fires.  The  wind-sail  is  used  quite  com- 
monly on  ships  to  ventilate  and  cool  the 
cabins  and  "  tween  decks,"  especially  on 
board  vessels  in  tropical  climates. 

2.  One  of  the  vanes  or  sails  of  a  windmill. 
wind-shake,  *  wind-shock,  «. 

Veg.  Pathal.:  Anamosis,  a  condition  of 
timber  which  has  caused  it  to  part  asunder 
at  the  circular  lines  of  junction  connecting 
the  several  zones  of  wood.  The  defect  is  not 
discovered  till  the  timber  is  felled,  for  there 
is  no  external  evidence  of  its  existence.  Wind- 


lightning  or  from  frost. 

"  The  vetnd-shnrJt  In  a  bruise  And  shiver  throughout 
the  tree,  though    not   constantly  visible.'—  Evelyn: 


*  wind-snaked,  a.    Driven  and  agitated 
by  the  wind. 

"The  wind-iktiked  surge."      Shaketp.  :  Othello,  IL  L 

*  wind-shaken,  a.  Trembling  and  totter* 
Ing  in  the  wind. 

"  The  o*k  not  to  lie  wind^haken.' 

Shakes?.  :  Coriolanut,  T.  B> 

*  wind  shock,  s.    [WIND-SHAKE.] 

*  wind-Side,  s.    The  windward  side. 

*  wind-sucker,  s. 

1.  Lit.  £  Ornith.  :  A  windhover  (q.v,). 

2.  Fig.  :  A  person  ready  to  pounce  on  an) 
person  or  on  any  blemish  or  weak  point. 

*  Wind-swift,  a.     Swift  as  the  wind. 

"Therefore  hath  the  wind-titi.fl  Cupid  wings." 

akakrxp.  :  K»meo  A  Juliet.  11.  S. 

*  wind-tight,  a.    So  tight  as  to  exclude 
the  wind. 

"Cottages  not  high  built,  yet  wind-tight  and 
tight."—  Bp.  BaU:  Rtmaint,  p.  «. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  cliin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  c^ist.    -ing- 
Httan,  -tian  =  shan.   - tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -§ion  ~  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


5192 


wind— windiness 


wind-trunk,  s. 

Music:  The  air-duct  which  conducts  air 
from  the  bellows  to  the  wind-chest  of  an 
organ  or  similar  Instrument. 

wind-way,  s. 

Mining  :  A  passage  for  air. 

Wind-wheel,  s.  A  wheel  acted  upon  by 
the  wind  and  used  to  communicate  power. 
Among  its  familiar  applications  are  the  wind- 
mill, wind-pump,  and  anemometer. 

*  wind-worn,  a.     Worn  or  battered  by 
the  wind  or  weather. 

"  Ita  wind-worn  battlements  are  gone." 

Byron:  Childe  ffarotd,  lit  U. 

'  wind  (2),  s.  [WIND  (2),  v.]  A  winding,  a 
turning,  a  bend  :  as,  The  road  takes  a  wind  to 
the  right. 

*rtnd  (1)  (pa.  t.  winded),  v.t.    [WiND  (IX  «.] 

1.  To  give  wind  to  with  the  mouth;    to 
blow  ;  to  sound  by  blowing. 

"  Each  to  Loth  Ranza's  margin  Bprlng  ; 
That  blact  waa  winded  by  the  King:  " 

Scott  :  Lord  of  the  [tie*,  iv.  IB. 

If  In  this  sense  the  word  is  pronounced 
wind,  and  the  pa.  t.  is  commonly  wound, 
through  confusion  with  WIND  (2),  v. 

2.  To  perceive  or  follow  br  the  wind  or 
•cent  ;  to  scent  ;  to  nose,  as  a  hound. 

*'  Unluckily  they  heard  or  winded  us  before  we  saw 
them.'—  field,  Feb.  11,  1888. 

3.  To  expose  to  the  wind  ;  to  winnow,  to 
rentilate. 

4.  To  drive,  ride,  or  cause  to  run  fast,  so  as 
to  render  scant  of  wind  or  breath  ;  to  pat  out 
of  breath. 

5.  To  rest,  as  a  horse,  so  as  to  enable  him 
to  recover  his  breath  or  wind  ;  to  breathe. 

U  To  wind  a  ship: 

N-iut.  ;  To  bring  it  round  until  the  head 
occupies  the  place  where  the  stern  was,  so 
that  the  wind  may  strike  the  opposite  side. 

vind  (2)  (pa,  t,  *  wand,  *  wond,  *  winded, 
wound,  pa.  par.  wound,  *  wonde,  *  wunden, 
v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  windan  (pa.  t.  wand,  wond,  pa. 
par.  wunden)',  cogn.  with  Dut.  winden;  Icel. 
vinda;  Dan.  vinde  ;  8w.  vinda  =to  squint; 
O.  H.  Ger.  wintan  ;  Ger.  winden  (pa.  t.  wand,  pa. 
par.  gewunden)  ;  Goth.  wind<ui  (in  composi- 
tion). From  the  same  root  come  wend,  wander, 
wonder,  wand,  &c.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  turn  in  this  and  that  direction  ;  to 
cause  to  turn  or  move  in  various  directions. 

"  Dress,  and  undress,  turn  and  wind  me." 

Btaum.  A  Flvt.  :  The  A'oW«  Gentleman,  1L 

2.  To  turn  round  on  an  axis  or  some  fixed 
object  ;  to  form  coils  or  convolutions  of  round 
•omething  ;  to  twine,  to  twist,  to  wreathe  ;  to 
roll  round  ;  to  form  into  a  ball. 

*'  To-morrow  I  moat  be  Pippa  who  wind*  silk 
The  whole  year  round." 

R,  Browning  :  Pippa  Pattet.  It 

3.  The  same  as  To  wind  up  (iii.)  :  as.  To  wind 
•  watch. 

4.  To  entwist,  to  enfold,  to  encircle. 

"  I  will  wind  tbee  in  mine  anna." 
Shakesp.  :  Midsummer  .Sight'  t  Dream,  IT.  1. 

*  5.  To  pursue  by  following  the  twinings  or 
windings  of;  to  chase  by  winding. 

*  6.  To  turn  by  shifts  or  expedients. 


*  7.  To  introduce  by  insinuation  ;  to  worm. 

"To  wind 
Yourself  into  a  power  tyrannical." 

Sh'ikap.  :  Coriotanvt,  lit  8. 

*  8.  To  change  or  vary  at  will  ;  to  bend  or 
turn  to  one's  pleasure  ;   hence,  to  exercise 
complete  control  over. 

"He  might  wind  and  torn  oar  constitution  at  hi* 
_.  ------ 


*  IL  Naut. :  To  warp. 

"  The  Hollanders  ...  layd  out  haulsers,  and  wound 
themselues  out  of  the  way  of  vs. " — Backluyt ;  fofaftt, 
UL710. 

B.  Intransitive : 

L  To  turn,  to  change,  to  twist. 

2.  To  turn  or  coil  round  something :  as, 
Vines  wind  round  a  pole. 

3.  To  have  a  circular  or  spiral  direction. 

4.  To  turn,  twist,  or  bend  ;  to  have  a  course 
mark «.-il  by  bendings  or  windings ;  to  meander. 

•'  He  took  the  path  that  winded  to  the  cave.' 

Pope :  Homer  ;  Odyttey  V.  71. 

&  To  advance  or  make  one's  way  by  bend- 


ings  or  windings  ;    to    move   in    a  winding 
course. 

•'  At  daybreak  winding  through  the  wood." 

Byron  :  Maxeppa,  xii. 

6.  To  have  a  twisting  or  uneven  surface,  or 
a  surface  whose  parts  do  not  lie  in  the  same 
plane,  as  a  piece  of  wood. 

"  7.  To  fetch  a  compass  ;  to  make  an  in- 
direct advance. 

"  Spend  but  time 
To  wind  about  my  love  with  circumstance." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  I'ctiice,  1.  L 

IT  1.  To  wind  off:  To  unwind,  to  uncoil. 

*  2.  To  wind  out  of:  To  be  extricated  ;  to 
escape. 

*'  To  vind  himself  out  of  the  labyrinth  he  was  in." 
—Clarendon, 

3.  To  wind  up  : 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  coil  up  into  a  small  compass  or  ball, 
as  a  skein  of  thread  ;  to  form  into  a  ball  or 
coil  round  a  bobbin,  reel,  or  the  like. 

(6)  To  tighten,  as  the  strings  of  certain 
musical  instruments,  so  as  to  bring  them  to 
the  proper  pitch  ;  to  put  in  tune  by  stretching 
the  strings  over  the  pegs. 

"  Wind  up  the  slackeu'd  strings  of  thy  tute." 

Waller  :  Chlorit  t  Hylat, 

(c)  To  bring  into  a  state  of  renewed  or 
continued  motion,  as  a  watch,  clock,  or  the 
like,  by  coiling  anew  the  spring  or  drawing  up 
the  weights. 

"I  frown  the  while,  aud  perchance  vind  up  my 
watch,  or  play  with  some  rich  Jewel."—  SAo*«p.  .• 
Twelfth  Sight,  ii.  & 

(d)  To  bring  to  a  conclusion,  as  a  speech 
or  operation  ;  to  arrange  for  a  tinal  settlement 
of,  as  a  business  ;  specif.,  in  law,  to  close  a 
business  or  company,  balance  the  accounts, 
and  distribute  the  assets  :  as,  The  company 
was  ordered  to  be  wound  up. 

*  (e.)  To  restore  to  harmony  or  concord  ;  to 
bring  to  a  natural  or  healthy  state. 

"  Th'  unchanged  and  Jarring  senses,  0  wind  up, 
Of  this  child-changed  father.  " 

Shaketp.  :  Lear,  iv.  T. 

(/)  To  bring  to  a  state  of  great  tension  ; 
to  subject  to  severe  strain  or  excitement  ;  to 
put  on  the  stretch. 

"Thus  they  wound  up  his  temper  to  a  pitch,  and 
treacherously  made  use  of  that  infirmity."  —  Atterbury. 

*  (0)  To  raise  or  bring  to  a  certain  state 
or  stage  by  degrees  ;  to  incite. 

"  These  he  did  so  wind  up  to  his  purpose,  that  they 
withdrew  from  the  court,  -^—  Hay  ward. 

*  (A)  To  prepare  for  continued  movement, 
action,  or  activity  ;  to  arrange  or  adapt  for 
continued  operation  ;  to  give  fresh  or  con- 
tinued activity  or  energy  to  ;  to  restore  to 
original  vigour  or  order. 

"  Fate  seemed  to  wind  him  up  for  fourscore  years." 
Dryden.    (Todd.\ 

(2)  Intrans.  :  To  come  to  a  conclusion  ;  to 
conclude,  to  finish. 

"  Just  like  the  winding  up  of  some  design 
Well  form'd,  upon  the  crowded  theatre." 

Dryden  :  Love  Triumphant,  V. 

wind-up,  s.  The  conclusion,  settlement, 
or  final  adjustment  of  any  matter,  as  of  a 
speech,  business,  meeting,  entertainment,  or 
the  like  ;  the  close. 

"There  will  be  four  days'  more  sport  this  week  In 
the  Midlands,  with  a  wind-up  at  Sandowu  Park.'— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Bept  6,  1887. 

*  win  dace,  *  wyn-dace,  ».    [WINDLASS.] 


wind  -age  (age  as  l&),  *•   [Eng.  wind  (l),  s.  ; 
-age.} 

1.  Ordnance: 

(1)  The  difference  between  the  bore  of  the 
gun  and  the  diameter  of  the  shot  fired  there- 
from.    It  varies  from  15  inches  to  9  inches  for 
spherical  projectiles.  Rifled  guns  are  intended 
to  avoid  windage,  various  kinds  of  packing 
and  sabots  being  used  to  fill  up  the  space 
around  the  projectile. 

"  In  the  case  of  muzzle-loaders  a  certain  amount  of 
clearance  or  *  windaye  '  bas  to  be  allowed  for  '  —  Daily 
Newt.  Oct.  19,  IBM. 

(2)  The  rush  or  concussion  of  the  air  pro- 
dnccd  by  the  rapid  passage  of  a  shot. 

(3)  The  influence  of  the  wind  in  deflecting  a 
missile,  as  a  ball,  arrow,  or  the  like,  from  its 
direct  path  or  aside  from  the  point  or  object 
at  which  it  is  aimed  ;  also,  the  amount  or  ex* 
tent  of  such  deflection. 

2.  Sura.:  The   same  u   WIND-CONTUSION 
(q.v.X 

wind'  -bag,  *.    [Eng.  wind  (1),  s.,  and  bag.] 
A  bag  inflated  with  wind  or  air  :  hence,  figura- 


tively, a  man  of  mere  words ;  an  empty,  noisy 
pretender. 

*  wind'-ball,  s.    [Eug.  wind  (1),  s.,  and  ball.} 
A  ball  inflated  with  air. 

"  Puffed  up.  as  It  were  a  windbaU.' —  Puttenhtim : 
Sngliih  Poetie,  bk.  lit,  ch.  vi. 

wind -bound,  o.  [Rug.  wind  (1),  B.,  and 
bound,  a.]  Prevented  from  sailing  by  contrary 
winds. 

"  No  matter  though  this  fleet  be  lost. 
Or  that  lia  windimund  ou  the  coast" 

Prior  :  Mercury  4  Cupid. 

*  wind'-broach,   s.     [First  element   Eng. 
wind;  second  probably  a  corruption  of  Ger. 
bratsche  =  a  viola  or  tenor  violin.]    A  hurdy- 
gurdy  or  vielle. 

"  Endeavouring  to  fumble  out  a  fine  sonat*  upon  r 
windi>ro,ich."—T.  Brown :  Work*,  ii.  234. 

*  wlnde  (1),  v.i.    [WIND  (2),  v.] 

*  Wlnde  (2),  v.i,     [WEND,  v.} 

Wind'-er  (1),  s.  [Eng.  wind  (1),  v.  ;  -er.]  A 
blow  which  deprives  one  of  breath.  {Slang.) 

Wind'-er  (2),  s.    [Eng.  wind  (2),  v.  ;  -er.}    One  - 

who  or  that  which  winds ;  specifically  : 

(1)  A  machine  for  winding  yarn,  cotton,  or 
silk  on  reels,  shuttles,  bobbins,  &c.   [BOBBIN- 
WINDER.] 

(2)  A  person  who  winds  cotton,  yarn,  thread, 
or  the  like. 

"  Wherein  the   winder  shows  his  workmanship  so 
rare."  Drayton  :  Poty-Oibion,  a.  «. 

(3)  A  plant  that  winds  or  twists  itself  round 
others. 

"  Winder*  and  creepers,  u  ivy  aud  briony."— Bacon  : 
Jfaturall  Bittorie,  |  5^6. 

(l)  An  instrument  for  winding  up  a  machine 
worked  by  springs. 

"  To  keep  troublesome  servants  out  of  the  kitchen, 
leave  the  winder  sticking  on  the  Jack."— Swift :  Direc- 
tion* to  Servant!. 

(5)  The  winding-step  of  a  staircase. 

wind'-er,  v.t.    [WIND  (1),  «.] 

1.  To  fan  ;  to  clean  grain  with  a  fan.  (Prov.) 
*  2.  To  wither,  to  fade,  to  fall. 

"  The  herb  .  .  .  would  .  .  winder  and  die."—  P 
BoUand:  Plinie,  bk.  xU.,  oh.  lit 

Win  -der-mere,  *.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  The  name  of  a  parish  and  lake  eight 
miles  north  of  Kendal,  Westmoreland^  Eng- 
land. 

Windermere  charr,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Salmo  wiUughbii. 

wlnd'-faU,  «.    [Eng.  wind  (1),  s,,  and  fall.} 
L  Literally: 

1.  Something  blown  down  by  the  wind,  u 
fruit  from  a  tree,  or  trees  in  a  forest. 

"Crossing  tracts  of  burnt  timber  or  windfall*,  where 
the  huge  logs  lay  piled  over  each  other  In  inextricable 
confusion,"—  Field,  Feb.  17, 1887. 

2.  A  violent  gust  of  wind  rushing  from 
coast  ranges  and  mountains  to  the  sea. 

3.  The  track  of  a  whirlwind  or  tornado  in  a 
forest  where   the  trees   are   laid    prostrate. 
(Amer.) 

"  These  windfall*  were  great  places  for  rabbits  and 
partridges."— Hammond:  Wild  Northern  Scene*,  p.  220. 

II.  Fig.  ."An  unexpected  piece  of  good  for- 
tune, as  an  unexpected  legacy. 

"  As  a  body,  the  farmers  found  the  rinderpest  a 
windfall."— Brittth  Quarterly  Review,  Ivii.  218.  (1678.) 

*  wind  -fall-en,  a.    [Eng.  wind  (IX  «••  «n<l 
fallen.}    Blown  down  by  the  wind. 

"  Wiiulf alien  sticks."        Drayton  :  I'<,ly-Olblon,  a,  IS. 

wind'-hov-er,  s.  [Eng.  wind,  s. ;  and  hover, 
v.  (See  extract.)] 

Ornith.  :  FcUco  tinnunculus.  By  many 
authorities  it  has  been  separated  from  the 
genus  Falco,  and  made  the  type  of  a  genus, 
Tinnunculus,  with  the  specific  name  ulau- 
darius.  [KESTREL.] 

"  It  has  acquired  the  name  of  windhover  from  it* 
habit  of  remaining  with  outspread  tail  suspended  in 
the  air,  the  head  on  these  occasions  always  pointing 
to  windward  ;  and  it  Is  also  called  Stonegall  or  Stan- 
nell.-—  yarrell :  Brit.  Bird*  (ed.  4th),  1.  73. 

wind'  i  ness,  *  wind  1  nesse,  a.  [Eng. 
windy;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  windy  or 

tempestuous ;  boisterousness :  as,  The  windi 
ness  of  the  weather. 

2.  Fulness  of  wind;  flatulency. 

"  For  to  repress?  the  said  windt riemandflatnosltie." 
—P.  Holland:  Plinie.  bk.  xxvitL.  cu.  zlz. 


Ate,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;   go,  pSt, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mnte-  cub,  cure,  unite,  cor,  role,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  oe  -  e ;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


winding— window 


5193 


3.  Tendency  to  produce  wind  or  flatulency. 

"  Sena  loses  somewhat  of  Its  *nndinett  by  decoct- 
lug."—  Bacon:  .fat.  History. 

*  A.  Tumour  ;  puffiiiess. 

"  The   swelling  windings*  of  much  knowledge."  — 
Breretffood  :  On 


wind  -ing,  *  wynd-ynge,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *. 

[WIND  (2),  V.I 

A*  As  pr.par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Turning  ;  twisting  ;  "bending  ; 
crooked.    (Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xviii.  606.) 

C.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  twisting,  curling,  or  bending. 

2.  A  turn  or  turning  ;  a  bend  ;  a  curve  ; 
flexure  ;  meander. 

"  A  bill  which  looks  down  on  the  minding*  of  the 
Belne."—  Afacaulaj/:  Sitt.  Stiff.,  ch.  x. 

3.  A  twist  in  any  surface,  so  that  all  its 
parts  do  not  lie  in  the  same  plane  ;  the  same 
as  casting  or  warping.    (Gwilt.) 

U.  Naut.  :  A  call  by  the  boatswain's 
whistle. 

winding-engine,  «. 
Min.  :  A  hoisting  steam-engine  employed  to 
draw  up  ore,  &c.,  from  a  mine. 

winding-machine,  &  [WINDER  (2),  s. 
0)-3 

winding-sheet,  *  wyndynge  shete, 
*. 

1.  The  sheet  in  which  a  corpse  is  wrapped. 

"  I  look  upon  ye  like  my  winding-theft, 
The  cofflti  of  my  greatness,  nay.  my  grave." 

Beaum.  A  Flet.  :  Propheteu,  V.  3. 

2.  A  piece  of  tallow  or  wax  hanging  down 
from  a  burning   candle.      Regarded  by  the 
superstitious  as  an  omen  of  death. 

winding-stairs,  s.  pi.  Stairs  ascending 
In  a  spiral  line  around  a  solid  or  open  newel. 

winding-sticks,  *.  pi. 

Joinery:  Two  sticks  or  strips  of  wood 
placed  across  the  two  ends  of  a  board  to 
ascertain  whether  it  is  a  plane  surface,  or  if 
It  warps  or  winds. 

winding-tackle,  «. 

Naut.  :  A  purchase  of  one  fixed  three-sheave 
block,  and  a  movable  double  or  treble  block, 
suspended  from  a  lower-mast  head,  and  used 
In  getting  in  or  off  heavy  freight,  stores,  or 
armament. 

wind'-Ing-l&  adv.    [Eng.  winding;  -ly.]  In 
a  winding,  circuitous,  or  meandering  manner. 

wind'-  lass  (1),   *wind-ase,   *  wind-as, 

'wind  las,  *  wind-  lasso.  '  wynd  ace, 
j.  [The  spelling  is  a  corruption  due  to  popular 
etymology  (as  if  from  wind  (2),  v.,  and  lace), 
and  to  confusion  with  windlass  (2),  s.  (q.v.). 
From  I  eel.  i-indd?s  =  a  windlass,  lit.  =  a 
winding-pole,  from  vinda  ;=  to  wind,  and  ass 
=  a  pole,  rafter,  yard  of  a  sail,  &c.  ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  windas,  and  O.  Dut.  windaes  =a 
windlass.  The  I  is  therefore  excrescent,  and 
may  have  crept  in  through  the  influence  of 
wtn<Ut(q.r.).J 

1.  A  machine    for   raising  weights,   such 
u  coals,  from  a  pit,  consisting  of  a  cylin- 
der or  roller  moving  on  an  axle  supported 
on  a  frame,  and  turned  by  levers  inserted  in 
square  holes  cut  in  the  cylinder,  or  by  a  crank 
fitted  on  to  one  or  both  ends  of  the  axle.   The 
end  of  a  rope  or  chain  is  attached  to  the 
cylinder,  and  the  other  to  the  weight,  which 
is  raised  by  the  rope  being  shortened  in  pass- 
Ing  round  the  roller.  Smaller  hoisting  engines 
tamed  by  cranks  are  called  winches.  [WINCH, 
(1),  s.]    The  windlass  used  on  board  ships  for 
raising  the  anchor  or  obtaining  a  purchase  on 
other  occasions,  consists  of  a  large  horizontal 
roller  joumaled  in  standards  (windlass-bitts), 
and  rotated  by  handspikes  or  other  means.  It 
differs  from  the  capstan  principally  in  the 
horizontality  of  its  axis.    The  windlass  is  a 
modification  of  the  wheel  and  axle  (q.v.). 

"  The  windlau  is  a  sort  of  large  roller,  used  to  wind 
In  the  cable  or  heave  up  the  anchor."  —  falconer  : 
Shipwreck,  cb.  1.,  note  a, 

2.  A  handle  by  which  anything  is  turned  ; 
specifically,  a  winch-like  contrivance  for  bend- 
ing the  arblast,  or  crossbow  (q.v.). 

"  The  arblast  was  a  crossbow,  the  icindlacc  the 
machine  used  in  bending  that  weapon.  "—Scott.-  /van- 
fcM,  ch.  xxviii.  (Note.) 

windlass-bitts,  s.    [WINDLASS  (1),  s.,  1., 

BlTT.] 


-lass  (2),  *  wind-lace,  *wind- 
lasse,  *  wind-lease,  s.  [Apparently  com- 
pounded of  wind  (2),  and  lace,  the  old  sense 
of  which  was  a  snare  or  bit  of  twisted  string.] 

1.  A  circuit;   a  circular   way,    route,    or 
course  ;  a  circle,  a  compass. 

"  Bidding  them  fetche  a  windlatte  a  great*  waye 
about"—  Gelding*. •  Ccctar.  fol.  306. 

2.  Any  indirect  or  artful  course ;  art  and 
contrivance ;  indirect  advances  ;  shirt,  sub- 
tleties. 

"  And  thus  do  we  of  wisdom  and  of  reach, 
With  vrindlacct  and  with  assays  of  bias." 

tfhaketp. ;  Samlet,  It  1. 

'  wind  -lass  (1),  v.t.  or  i.  [WINDLASS  (1),  s.] 
To  use  a  'windlass ;  to  raise  something  by,  or 
as  by  a  windlass. 

"  None  of  our  whidluuing  will  ever  bring  her  up."— 
tfitt  K<l<jeiff<.>rth  :  Helen,  ch.  xiv. 

*  wind'-lass  (2),  v.t.    [WINDLASS  (2),  s.] 

1.  To  take  a  circuitous  path;  to  fetch  a 
compass. 

"  A  skilful  woodsman  by  windlattiny  presently 
get*  a  shoot,  which,  without  taking  a  compass ...  be 
could  nerer  bare  obtained."— Hammond. 

2.  To  adopt  an  indirect,  artful,  or  cunning 
course ;  to  have  recourse  to  shiftsorsubtletiea. 

"  She  la  not  BO  much  at  leisure  as  to  teindtait  or  use 
craft  to  satlflf y  them."— Hammond. 

*  wind-latch,  s.    [WINDLASS,  s.] 

*  win'-dle,  *  win -del,  s.    [A.S.  windel  =  a 
woven  basket,  a  reel,  from  windan  =  to  wind 
(q.v.).] 

*  1.  A  winch,  wheel  and  axle,  or  windlass. 

2.  A  kind  of  reel;  a  turning-frame  upon 
which  yarn  is  put  to  be  wound  off.  (Scott : 
Pirate,  ch.  vii.) 

wlndle  -  strae.    windle  -  straw,   s. 

[A.S.  windelstreow,  from  windel,  ands(reow  = 
straw  (q.v.).] 
Botany: 

L  Crested  dog's-tail  grass ;  bent  grass. 
•I  had  rather  that  the  rigs  of  Tillietudlem  ban 
nothing  but  windle-ttraet."  —  Scott:   Old   Mortality, 
ch.  vll. 

2.  (PZ.) :  The  old  stalks  of  various  species 
of  grass  (Britten  &  Holland),  specially  (l)Cy- 
nosurus  cristatus,  (2)  the  Spreading  Silky  Bent 
Grass  (Agrostis  or  Apera  Spica-venti). 

*  wind  less,  "  wind  Icsse,  a.    [Eng.  wind 

(1),  s.;  -Uss.} 

1.  Free  from  or  unaffected  by  wind ;  calm, 
smooth. 

2.  Wanting  or  having  lost  the  wind ;  out  of 
breath;  breathless. 

"  The  wearle  hounds  at  last  retire, 

Windleue."      Fairfax ;  Godfrey  ofBovlogne,  vii. 

*  wlnd'-lift,  *.     [Prob.  from  Eng.  wind  (2), 

v.,  and  lift.}    A  windlass. 

"  The  author  intends  no  good  In  all  this,  but  brings 
It  lu  as  a  windli/t  to  heave  np  *  gross  scandal."— 
Sorth  :  Examen,  p.  SS4. 

wind  -mill,    *  wind  -  mnlle,  *wynd- 

mylle,  s.     [Eng.  wind  (1),  s.,  and  mill.} 

1.  Lit. :  A  mill  which  receives  its  motion  by 
the  wind  acting  on  sails,  and  which  is  used 
for  grinding  grain,  raising  or  pumping  water, 
and  other  purposes.  When  wind  is  employed 
as  the  first  mover  of  machinery,  it  may  be  ap- 
plied in  two  ways :  (1)  by  receiving  it  npon 
sails  which  are  nearly  vertical,  and  which 
give  motion  to  an  axis  nearly  horizontal,  in 


SECTION  OF  UPPER 
PART    OF    WINDMILL. 


which  case  them. 
chine  is  called 
vertical  windmill ; 
or  (2)  by  receiving 
it  upon  vertical 
sails  which  move 
in  a  horizontal 
plane,  and  give 
motion  to  a  vertical  axis,  in  which  case  it  is 
called  a  horizontal  windmill.  Sometimes  the 
whole  mill  is  made  to  turn  upon  a  strong 
vertical  post,  and  is  then  called  a  post  mill ; 
but  more  commonly  the  roof  or  head  (F)  only 
revolves,  carrying  with  it  the  wind-wheel  and 
its  shaft,  this  weight  being  supported  on  fric- 
tion rollers.  In  the  cut,  which  is  a  section  of 


the  upper  part  of  a  vertical  windmill,  the 
sails  or  vanes  AA  are  attached  by  the  frames 
to  the  extremities  of  the  principal  axis  or 
wind-shaft  (B),  which  is  set  nearly  horizon- 
tally, so  that  the  sails  revolve  in  a  plane 
nearly  vertical,  and  give  motion  to  the  driving- 
wheel  (c),  which  in  its  turn  communicates 
motion  to  the  shaft  (D)  and  the  machinery 
connected  with  it.  As  it  is  necessary  that 
the  extremity  of  the  wind-shaft  must  always 
be  placed  so  as  to  point  to  the  quarter  from 
which  the  wind  blows,  a  large  vane  or  weather- 
cock (E)  is  placed  on  the  side  which  is 
opposite  the  sails,  thus  turning  them  always 
to  the  wind.  But  in  large  milts  the  motion  is 
regulated  by  a  small  supplementary  wind- 
wheel,  a  pair  of  sails  occupying  the  place  of 
the  vane,  and  situated  at  right  angles  to  the 
principal  wind-wheel.  When  the  windmill  is 
in  its  proper  position  with  the  shaft  parallel 
to  the  wind,  these  supplementary  sails  do  not 
turn ;  but  when  the  wind  changes  they  are 
immediately  brought  into  action,  and,  by 
turning  a  series  of  wheel-work,  they  gradually 
bring  round  the  head  to  its  proper  position 
On  account  of  the  inconstant  nature  of  the 
motion  of  the  wind,  it  is  necessary  to  make 
some  provision  for  accommodating  the  resist- 
ance of  the  sails  to  the  degree  of  violence  with 
which  the  wind  blows.  This  is  done  by 
clothing  and  unclothing  the  sails ;  that  is,  by 
covering  with  canvas  or  thin  boards  a  greater 
or  smaller  portion  of  the  frame  of  the  sails 
according  to  the  force  of  the  wind. 

*2.  Fig.:  A  visionary  project  or  scheme  ,  a 
fancy ;  a  chimera. 

"  He  lived  and  died  with  general  councils  In  his 
pate,  with  windmill*  of  union  to  concord  Rome  and 
England,  England  and  Rome,  Germany  with  them 
both."— Backet:  Ltfeqf  William*,  i.  102. 

windmill  cap,  s.  The  movable  upper 
story  of  the  wind-wheel  which  turns  to  pro- 
sent  the  sails  in  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

windmill-plant,  «. 

Bot, :  Desmodium  gyrans. 


tea* 

of  a 


windmill-propeller,  «.  An  appll 
tion  of  a  wind-wheel  to  the  propulsion  a 
boat. 

*  wind'-mll-l$r,  a.  [Eng.  windmill  ;  -y.] 
Abounding  with  windmills. 

"  A  windmill?  country  this,  though  the  windmills 
are  so  damp  »ud  rickety."—  Dickent;  Uncommercial 
Traveller,  XXT. 

*win'-d6re,  *.  [Eng.  wind  (1),  s.,and  dore  — 
door,  from  an  idea  that  window  was  a  corrup- 
tion of  these  words.]  A  window. 

"  Nature  lias  made  man's  heart  no  teindoret, 
To  publish  what  he  does  within  doors." 

Mutter  :  Hvdibrat,  I.  It  214. 

win'- do w,  *win-dowe,  "win -doge, 
*  win-done,  *  wyn-dow,  *  wyn-dowe, 

s.  [Lit.  wind-eye,  i.e.,  an  eye  or  hole  for  the 
wind  to  enter  at  ;  an  opening  for  air  and 
light  (cf.  A.8.  edgdura  =  eye-door).  From 
IceL  vindauga  =  &  window,  lit.  =  wind-eye, 
from  vindr  =  wind,  and  auga  =  an  eye  ;cugn. 
with  Dan.  vindere  =  a  window  ;  cf.  vind  = 
wind,  and  die  =  an  eye.] 

T.  LU.  &  Arch, :  An  opening  inthe  wall  of  a 
building,  originally  for  ventilation  ;  afterwards 
an  aperture  for  the  admission  of  light,  pro- 
tected by  mica,  oiled  linen,  horn-paper,  or 
glass.  In  modern  houses  this  opening  is 
usually  capable  of  being  opened  and  shut, 
either  by  casements  or  sashes,  except  in  the 
case  of  large  shops,  or  the  like.  The  sashes 
contain  panes  of  glass,  which  are  made  of 
various  sizes,  and  slide  in  frames.  (DOUBLE- 
WINO,  DOUBLE- WINDOW,  JAMB,  LINTEL,  SILL.] 

"But    soft  I  what  light    through    yonder  window 
breaks?"        Shaketp.  :  Romeo  *  Juliet,  il.  a. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1,  An  aperture  or  opening  resembling  a 
window,  or  suggestive  of  a  window. 

"  The  vrindnw  of  my  heart,  mine  eye." 

Shaketp, :  Lover  Labour t  Lott,  T.  & 

*  2.  The  sash  or  other  thing  that  covers  «L 
aperture. 

"  To  thee  I  commend  my  watchful  soul 
Ere  I  let  fall  the  window*  of  mine  eyes." 

Shaketp.:  Richard  HI.,  r.  8. 

*  3.  A  figure  formed  by  lines  crossing  each 

other,  as  in  a  lattice- window. 

"  The  favourite  .  .  .  makes  great  clatter. 
Till  he  has  winttowt  on  his  oread  and  butter." 
King  :  On  Cookery. 

*  4.  A  blank  space  in  a  writing. 

"  That  your  said  collection  have  a  window  expedient 
to  aet  what  name  I  will  therein."— Crammer:  Works, 
11.249. 


boy ;  po*ut,  Jtfwl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as  ;  expect,  ^Cenophon,  exist,   ph  =  £ 
-tian  —  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  - tiou,  -$ion  --  «ti"?i    -cious,  -  tious,    sious  =  shus.   -  ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bei,  del. 


5194 


window— wine 


window-bar,  ». 

1.  Lit.  :  Oae  of  the  bars  of  a  window-sash 
or  lattice. 

*  2.  Fig.  (PI.)  :  Lattice-work  on  a  woman's 
itoniacher(q.v.). 

"  Those  milk-papa 

That  through  the  tcind'ivAriri  bore  Rt  im-u  •  eye*." 
UtiaJcfip.  t  Timun  of  Athent,  iv.  8. 

window-blind,  s.    A  curtain,  shade,  or 

shutter  to  close  the  window  against  light,  or 
to  make  it  safe  against  intrusion. 

window-bole,  t.  Tlie  part  of  a  cottage 
window  that  is  tilled  by  a  wooden  blind. 
(Scotch.) 

"  Like  HacGibbon's  erowdy.  when  be  set  It  out  at 
the  iciiidino-bulf."  —  scott  :  Sob  Roy,  ch.  xxv. 

window-cleaner,  >. 

1.  A  person  whose  business  it  is  to  clean 
windows. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  cleaning  windows. 

window-curtain,  ».  A  curtain,  usually 
ornamental,  huiig  over  the  window  recess  in- 
side  a  room. 

window-duty,  «.    [WINDOW-TAT.] 

window-frame,  «.  The  frame  of  a 
window  which  receives  and  holds  the  sashes. 

window-glass,  >.  Glass  for  windows, 
commoner  in  quality  than  plate-glass. 

Window-jack,  ».  A  scaffold  for  car- 
penters, painters,  or  cleaners,  enabling  them 
to  reach  the  outside  of  the  window.  The  frame 
has  pivoted  brace-bars  to  rest  against  the  out- 
side of  the  house,  and  hold-fasts  hinged  to  an 
adjustable  block  ;  these  rest  against  the  inside 
of  the  window-frame. 

window  sash,  ».    [SASH  (2),  «.,  1.] 

/  window-seat,  i.  A  seat  in  the  recess  of 
a  window. 

"Chair,  window-teat,  anil  shelf.* 

frordiworth  :  -Zeuttfcm,  bk.  1L 

window-shade,  ».  A  rolling  or  project- 
ing blind  or  sun-ahade  sometimes  transparent 
or  painted,  at  other  times  canvas  on  spring 
rollers  ;  a  window-blind. 

window-shell,  «.    [PLACCMA,) 

Window-shutter,  «.  [SHUTTER,  ..,  II.  1.] 
window-sill,  ».    [SILL  (IX  «-.  I-  1-1 

window-tax,  window-duty,  «.     A 

tax  formerly  imposed  in  Britain  on  all  win- 
dows in  houses  (latterly  above  six  in  number). 
It  was  abolished  in  1861,  a  tax  on  houses 
above  a  certain  reutal  being  substituted. 

•  wtn'-dow,  v.t.    [WINDOW,  ».) 

1.  To  furnish  with  windows. 

2.  To  set  or  place  in  or  at  a  window. 

11  Wouldst  thou  bewemdow'd  in  great  Rome,  and  a»e 
Thy  matter  thus  T  " 

Shakeep.  :  A  atony  t  Cleopatra.  IT.  IS. 

<rin  -dowed,  a.    [Eng.  window,  s.  ;  -td.] 

\.  Lit.:  Furnished  with  or  having  a  window 
or  windows. 

"The  whole  room  was  windowed  round  about-"— 
tMiquia  WoUoniana.  p.  40. 

*  2.  Fig.  :  Having  many  openings  or  rents. 

"  Your  loop'd  and  wnniWd  niggedneat.* 

Shatetf.  :  Leir,  US.  t. 

Win'  dow-less,  a.  [Eng.  window,  s.  •  -lot.] 
Destitute  of  a  window  or  windows. 

"  Naked  walls  and  windawteu  rooms."—  B.  tmte: 


*  wln'-dow-jf,  a.  (Eng.  window,  s.  ;  -y.] 
Having  little  crossings  like  the  sashes  of  a 
window. 

"  Strangling  snare,  or  wtwZovy  net.* 

Donne.   ThtBa.it. 

wind-pipe,  «.    [Eng.  wind  (1),  s.,  and  pipe.] 

1.  Anat.  :  The  trachea  (q.v.). 

2.  Mining  :  A  pipe  for  conveying  air  into  a 
mine. 

Wind  jor,  s.    [See  def.) 

Geoff.  :  A  town  in  Berksiiire,  England. 
'Windsor-bean,  s.    [BEAK,  ».,  A.  1.  1.] 
Windsor-chair,  >. 

1.  A  kind  of  strong,  plain,  polished  chair, 
made  entirely  of  wood,  seat  and  back. 
t.  A  sort  of  low  wheel-carriage. 

*  Windsor-knight,  ».  One  of  a  body  of 
military  pensioners  having  their  residence 
within  the  precincts  of  Windsor  Castle.  They 


are  now  called  Military  Knights  of  Windsor, 
and  sometimes  Poor  Knights  of  Windsor. 

Windsor-soap,  s.  A  kind  of  line-scented 
soap,  formerly  manufactured  chiefly  at  Wind- 
sor. 

wind  -ward,  adv.,  a.,  &  «.  [Eng.  wind  (1),  s. ; 
-ward.] 

A.  At  adv. :  Towards  or  in  the  direction  of 
the  wind. 

B.  As  adj. :  Being  on  the  side  towards  the 
point  from  which  the  wind  blows. 

C.  As  subst. :  The  point  or  direction  from 
which  the  wind  blows. 

*  H  To  lay  "»  anchor  to  the  windward :  A 
figurative  expression  meaning  to  adopt  early 
measures  for  success  or  security. 

wind'- wards,  adi:  &(t.     [Eng.  windward, 
with  adverb,  sntf.  -s.] 

A.  As  adv. :  Windward. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  windward. 

"  We  weyed  and  turned  to  the  vindwartU." — Hack- 
luyt :  Voyage*,  i.  17ft. 

wind-weed,   *  wind  weede,    s.      [Eng. 
ic t ml  (2),  s.,  and  weed.} 

fat. :  Poiygonum  Convolvulus,  the  Climbing 
Bindweed.  Common  in  British  corn-fields. 
[PoLTUomm.] 

wind  -y,  *  wind  ie,  o.  [Eng.  wind  (1),  •.;-».) 
L  Literally: 

1.  Consisting  of  wind  ;  resembling  wind. 

"  Blown  with  the  windy  tempest  of  my  soul." 

Stutkeip. :  3  Henry  VI.,  li.  S. 

2.  Tempestuous,  boisterous,  stormy. 

"  When  a  windie  tempest  bloweth  hie." 

Sinter  :  F.  «..  II.  viil. « 

3.  Exposed  to  or  beaten  by  the  wind. 

"  Orerhead  .  .  . 
Rise*  Pilatus,  with  hia  windy  pines." 

Lfjnofellovt :  Golden  Legend,  V. 

4.  Next  to  the  wind  ;  windward. 

"Still  yon  keep  o'  the  windy  side  o'  the  law.*— 
Skflaep.  t  Twelfth  XigU.  ill.  4. 

5.  Tending  to  generate  wind  or  gas  on  the 
stomach  ;  flatulent. 

41  In  such  a  windy  oolle.  water  is  the  best  remedy 
after  a  surfeit  of  fruit. "— Arbuthnot :  On  Aliment*. 

6.  Caused  or  attended  by  wind  or  flatulence ; 
troubled  with  wind  in  the  stomach. 

IL  Figuratively : 

*  1.  Applied  to  words  and  sighs  as  resem- 
bling the  wind. 

"  With  her  windy  sighs." 

tUuiJtap.  :  remit  t  Admit,  O. 

*  8.  Empty,  airy,  vain. 

"The  windy  satisfaction  of  the  toogoe.* 

Fope  :  Homer ;  Odfteey  Ir.  l.OM. 

3.  Vain,  vaunting  ;  given  to  boasting  or 
bragging.  (Scotch.) 

*  windy-footed,  a.    Swift  as  the  wind. 

"  The  windy-footed  dame." 

Chapman :  Bomer  :  fUad  XT.  US. 

wine,  "win,  "wyn,  'wyne,».  [A.8.  win, 
from  Lat.  vintim  —  wine  ;  oogn.  with  Ooth. 
wein ;  Q.  H.  Gcr.  win  ;  IceL  vin ;  Dut,  wyn ; 
Ger.  vein;  Sw.  vin;  Dan.  viin;  Gr.  oico? 
(oiiws)  —  wine  ;  olvq  (oine)  =  the  vine ;  0.  Ir. 
/in  =  wine.  From  the  same  root  as  wi thy.] 
1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  IL 

2.  The  juice  of  certain  frnlU  prepared  in 
Imitation  of  wine  obtained  from  grapes,  but 
distinguished  by  naming  the   source   from 
whence  obtained :  as,  gooseberry  wine,  currant 
wine,  ftc. 

3.  The  unfermentcd  juice  of  certain  plants : 
as,  palm  wine. 

*  4.  The  effects  of  drinking  wine  in  excess ; 
intoxication. 

"  Noah  awoke  from  bis  wtne."—Oene*U  IT.  u. 

*  5.  The  act  of  drinking  wine  or  intoxicating 
liquors. 

"Who  hath  redness  el  eyes?  They  thai  tarry  long 
at  the  wine."—fraterla  xiiil.  ».  M. 

6.  A  wine  party  at  one  of  the  English  Uni- 
versities. 

"  It  is  be  who  presides  at  the  win*  given  to  cele- 
brate Jack's  rise  to  the  Peerage,  tliough  surely  such  a 
wine  win  never  xiven  at  Oxford  in  aay  feaikaaau  • 
room.~-ecio.  Sept  s,  1887. 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Lht>n. :  The  fermented  juice  of  the  grape. 
The  must  or  expressed  juice  of  the  grapes 
hasaden-ityof  from  10S5-0  to  1154-0,  and  con- 
tains from  15  to  S3  per  cent,  of  sugar.  It 
developed  within  Itself  the  yeast  necessary  for 


the  fermentative  process,  and  the  action  ia 
allowed  to  proceed  until  nearly  all  the  sugar 
has  been  changed  into  alcohol  and  carbonic 
anhydride.  The  stronger  wines,  such  as 
sherry  and  port,  are  nearly  always  fortified 
for  foreign  markets  by  the  addition  of  refined 
alcohol.  The  term  wine  is  also  applied  to 
various  fermented  extracts  of  fruit— e.g.,  cur- 
rant and  elderberry  wines.  Besides  alcohol, 
wine  contains  sugar,  bitartrate  of  potash, 
odoriferous  matter,  with  small  quantities  of 
tannin,  gum,  acetic  and  malic  acids,  lime,  &r. 
The  specific  gravity  of  wine  varies  from  "970 
to  V045.  The  proportion  of  alcohol  in  wine 
varies  from  about  16-20  per  cent,  in  port  to 
9-80  per  cent,  in  claret  Wine  is  largely 
produced  in  several  countries  of  Europe, 
particularly  France,  Spain,  Italy,  Germany, 
and  Austria.  The  United  States  product  has 
grown  to  be  important,  California  in  particnlar 
having  become  a  large  wine  producer,  though 
the  product  here  is  small  as  compared  with 
that  of  European  countries. 

2.  Pharm.  {PI.) :  Medicinal  preparations  in 
some  respects  resembling  wine.  Sherry  is 
generally  employed  as  the  menstruum.  There 
is  thus  less  alcohol  in  them  than  in  tinctures 
(q.v.),  but  enough  to  prevent  their  decompo- 
sition. 

U  (1)  Oil  of  wine:  Ethereal  oil,  a  reputed 
anodyne,  but  only  used  in  the  preparation 
of  other  compounds. 

(2)  Quinine  wine :  Sherry  holding  sulphate 
of  quinine  in  solution. 

(3)  Spirit  of  wine:  Alcohol  (q.v.). 

(4)  Wine   of  iron  (Vinum  fern):  [ST«x- 
WINE]. 

*  wine-bag,  s. 

1.  A  wine-skin  (q.v.). 

2.  A  pereon  who  indulges  frequently  and  to 
excess  in  wine.    (Calloq.) 

wine-berry,  wlmberry,  «. 

Botany: 

1.  Various  species   of  Kibes,  spec.    Ribet 
ru6rum,.&ntyrim,and£.  Grottula-ria.  (Britten 
<t  Holland.) 

2.  Vaccinum  Vitit-laata  (Britten  t  Holland) 
and  V.  MyrlUlus.  -  The  last-named  species  is 
so  called  because  wine  was  formerly  made 
from  it  in  England,  as  it  still  is  in  Russia. 
(Prior.) 

wine-biscuit,  «.  A  light  bUcuit  served 
with  wine. 

wine-cask,  i.  A  cask  in  which  wins  U 
or  has  been  kept. 

wine-cellar,  >.  An  apartment  or  cellar 
tor  storing  wine.  They  are  generally  under, 
ground  in  the  basement  of  a  huu.te,  so  as  ta 
keep  the  wine  cool,  and  at  an  equal  tempera- 
ture. 

•wine-colored,  a.      Vinaceotu  (q.v.). 

wine-cooler,  >.  A  tub  or  bath  in  which 
bottles  of  wine  are  surrounded  by  ice  ta 
render  the  contents  more  palatable  in  warm 
weather.  They  are  made  of  various  materials. 
An  ordinary  variety  consists  of  a  porous 
vessel  of  earthenware,  which,  being  dipped  in 
water  absorbs  a  considerable  quantity  of  it. 
A  bottle  of  wine  being  placed  in  the  vessel, 
the  evaporation  which  takes  place  from  the 
vessel  abstracts  heat  from  the  wine.  Wine- 
coolers  for  the  table  are  made  of  silver  or 
plated  metal,  and  have  ice  placed  in  them. 

wine-fancier, «.  A  connoisseur  of  wines. 

wine-fat,  *.  The  vat  or  vessel  into  which 
the  liquor  flows  from  the  wine-press. 

"Wherefore  art  thou  red  In  thine  apparel,  and  thy 
garments  like  him  that  troadeth  In  the  v-ine-fm  I" — 

EGnnLt 

t  wine-flask,  «.  A  flask  or  bottU  of 
wine. 

"The  wiite-JliiMk  lying  couched  in  moas.* 

Tertnj/lon :  In  Memorittm,  Ixxxrili.  44. 

•wine-glass,  &  A  small  glass  from  which 
wine  is  drunk. 

wine-grower,  «.  One  who  cultivates  a 
vineyard  and  makes  wine ;  a  proprietor  of  a 
vineyard. 

wine-growing,  «.  The  cultivation  of 
vineyards  for  the  purpose  of  making  wine. 

"  Wtnewiwlnl  1m  British  Colonies.*— «.  J*mefl 
Qatette,  June  IS.  1888. 

•wine-heated,  a.  Affected  at  melted 
by  wine.  (Tennyson:  Enid,  1,200.) 


late,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    -e,o»  =  e;«y  =  »;qu  =  kw. 


wine— wing 


5195 


wine -making,  5.  The  act  or  process  of 
making  w.ims. 

*  wine-marc,  s.    [MARC  (2),  s.]    (See  ex- 
tort.) 

"For  M  many  [grapes]  as  Imve  lien  among  wine- 
marc,  or  tlie  r&f  use  of  kernels  &  skins  remaining  after 
the  prase  are  hurtful!  to  the  head."—/'.  Holland  ; 
Pliiiit,  bk.  xxiii..  ch.  i. 

'  wine  measure,  8.  An  old  English 
measure  by  which  wines  and  spirits  were 
sold.  In  this  measure  the  gallon  contained 
231  cubic  inches,  and  was  to  the  imperial 
standard  gallon  as  5  to  6  nearly. 

wine  merchant,  s.  A  merchant  who 
deals  in  wines. 

*  wine -offer  ing,  s.    A  sacrificial  offering 
rf  wine, 

"With  large  wine-offerinw  pour'd.  and  sacred  feast." 
Milton:  P.  L.,  JtiL  21. 

*  wine-overtaken,  wine  o'ertaken, 

a.    Intoxicated  with  wine. 

1  Now  the  Satyrs,  changed  to  devils. 
Frighten  mortals  uriiie-o'ertaken." 

Longfellow :  Prinking  Song. 

Wine-palm,  s.  Any  palm  from  which 
palm-wine  is  obtained.  [PALM-WINE.] 

wine-press,  s.  A  machine,  apparatus, 
or  place  in  which  the  juice  is  pressed  out  of 
grapes.  The  wine-press  of  the  Bible  wag  a 
vat,  in  which  the  juice  was  expressed  by  the 
feet  of  men  who  trampled  the  fruit  therein, 
staining  their  legs  and  garments  with  the 
colour  of  the  must. 

wine-sap,  ».  A  much-esteemed  American 
apple. 

wine-skin,  s.  A  bottle  or  bag  of  skin 
used  in  various  countries  for  carrying  wine 
(cf.  Matt.  ix.  17,  Mark  ii.  22,  Luke  v.  37). 

wine-stone,  *.  A  deposit  of  crude  tartar 
or  argal,  which  settles  on  the  sides  and  hot' 
toins  of  wine-casks. 

wine-taster,  s. 

1.  A  person  employed  to  taste  and  Judge 
the  quality,  &c.,  of  wines  for  purchasers. 

2.  A  valinch  (q.v.).    A  burette  will  answer 
for  taking  a  sample  from  a  bottle. 

wine-vault,  «. 

1.  A  vault  in  which  wine  is  stored  in  casks. 

2.  A  name  frequently  assumed  by  public- 
houses  where  the  wine  and  other  liquors  are 
served  at  the  bar  or  at  tables.    (Generally  in 
the  plural  form.) 

"  A  peculiar  fragrance  was  borne  upon  the  breeze  aa 
If  a  pawing  fairy  hod  hiccoughed,  and  had  previously 
beeu  to  a  wtne-DuulU."—Dicxent:  Martin  Ciiuzzleurit, 

Kim 

wine-warrant,  *.  A  warrant  to  the 
keeper  of  a  bonded  warehouse  for  the  delivery 
of  wine. 

wine-whey,  8.  A  mixture  of  wine,  milk, 
and  water. 

*  wine,  v,t.  [Wiss,  a]  To  supply  or  provide 
with  wine. 

t  wine'-bib-ber,  s.  [Eng.  wine,  s.,  and  M&- 
ber.]  One  who  drinks  much  wine ;  a  great 
drinker. 

t  wine'-bib-bing,  s.  [Eng.  wine,  s.,  and 
fibbing.}  The  practice  of  indulging  freely  in 
wine. 

"  He  WAS  not  con  Lent  with  lecturing  and  vtiitebibbi n<j, 
but  must  also  take  to  conspiring."— tf.  H.  Lewet :  Ilia. 
Of  Philosophy,  it «. 

wine'-s6~ur,  ».    [Eng.  wine,  s.,  and  sour  (1).] 
Bot.  tt  H'yrt.  *  A  variety  of  Prunus  domestica, 
the  Wild  Plum. 

wing,   *  wenge,    'winge,   *wyng, 
*  wynge,  *.     [IceL  vcengr  =  &  wing;   Dan. 
&  Sw.  -tinge.     A  nasalized  form  from    the 
same  root  as  wag  (q.v.).] 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  3. 

(2)  The  act  or  manner  of  flying;  passage  by 
tying;  flight. 

"  The  crow  makea  wing  to  the  rooky  wood." 

Shatesp.  :  Macbeth,  111  2, 

*  (3)  A  bird. 

H  To  whose  sound  chaate  wtngs  obey." 

Shaketp.  :  PheHix  A  Turtle,  4. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  Something  which  moves  with  a  wing- 
like  motion,  or  which  receives  a  wing-like 


motion  from  the  action  of  the  air,  as  a  fan 
used  to  winnow  grain,  the  vane  or  sail  of  a 
windmill,  the  feather  of  an  arrow,  the  sail  of 
a  ship,  Arc. 

*  (2)  Applied  to  the  front  leg  or  shoulder  of 
some  quadrupeds. 

"  Smile  at  our  witta  of  a  rabbit,"— fuUer :  Worthier  ; 
Norfolk,  ii.  124. 

(3)  A  leaf  of  a  gate  or  double-door. 

(4)  Used  emblematically  of 

(a)  Swiftness,  or  of  anything  that  carries 
the  mind  upwards  or  along;  means  of  flight 
or  rapid  motion :  as,  Fear  lent  wings  to  his 
flight. 

*  (&)  Care  or  protection.   (Often  used  in  the 
plural.) 

"In  the  shadow  of  thy  wingt  will  I  rejoice."—  Psalm 
Ixtll.  7. 

(5)  A  shoulder-knot  or  small  epaulette. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Architecture: 

(1)  A  side  projection  of  a  building  on  one 
side  of  the  central  or  main  portion. 

(2)  A  wing-wall  (q.v.). 

2.  Bot. :  [ALA,  II.  l.]. 

3.  Comparative  Anatomy : 

(1)  One  of  the  organs  of  flight  in  Insects. 
The  wings,  of  which  there  are  normally  two 
pairs,  are  extensions  of  the  thorax,  developed 
from  sac-like  dilatations  of  the  integument, 
which  come  in  contact  and  adhere  when  the 
insect  has  arrived  at   maturity.     They  are 
traversed  and  supported  by  nervnres.    (NER- 
VURE,  3.)    The  wings  of  Insects  differ  greatly 
in  their  character,  and  form  a  criterion  for 
classi  ftcation.    [INSECTA.  J 

(2)  One  of  the  anterior  limbs  of  Birds,  which 
are  homologous  with  the  fore  limbs  of  the 
Mammalia.    The  wing  is  supported  by  the  arm 
(A«m«rws),fore-ann(ew&i(i/s),  and  hand(ihantt$), 
and  is  normally  furnished  throughout  its  length 
with  a  range  of  elastic  quills  greatly  extending 


1.   BONES  AKD   2.    FEATHERS  OF  W1NO    OF   BIRD. 

L  a.  Humeras;  a  Cubitits ;  c.  TJliia;  d.  lUtliua;  B. 
MHIIUS,  or  hand  ;  /.  din -us ;  9,  h,  i.  MeUcarpiu  ;  t. 
1'ollfx,  or  thumb;  ;.  Second  digit;  m.  Thinl  digit, 

1  A,  Feathers  of  th«  UUUIUB,  or  primary  quillt;  B. 
Feathers  of  the  cuMtun,  or  secondary  quills;  e.  Co- 
vert* of  the  manUB,  or  primary -coveru :  i>.  Lesser 
primary-covert*;  K.  Coverts  of  the  cubitus,  or  ae- 
condary-coverta ;  F.  Median  coverU ;  o.  Leaner  co- 
verts ;  H.  Feathers  of  the  thumb,  or  bastard  wing. 

its  surface  and  consequent  resistance  to  the 
air.  In  the  vast  majority  of  the  Carinatse  the 
wings  are  true  organs  of  flight,  but  in  the  Im- 
pen  ties  they  are  modified  to  serve  as  swimming 
organs,  when  the  feathers  with  which  they  are 
covered  closely  resemble  scales  [PENGUIN,  l,] ; 
in  the  Ratitie  they  are  mere  aids  in  running, 
as  In  the  ostriches,  or  are  functionless,  as  in 
the  Apterygidse. 

(3)  The  term  wing  is  loosely  applied  to 'the 
wing-membrane  (q.v.)  of  Bats  and  of  the  ex- 
tinct Pterodactyls.  [PATAOIUM.] 

4.  Fort. :  The  longer  side  of  a  crown  or 
horn  work  uniting  it  to  the  main  work. 

1 5.  Geol. :  One  of  the  slopes  of  an  anticlinal. 

6.  Hydraulic  Engineering : 

(1)  An  extension  endways  of  a  dam,  some- 
times at  an  angle  with  the  main  portion. 

(2)  A  side  dam  on  a  river  shore  to  contract 
the  channel. 

7.  JfocA. :  A  thin,  broad  projection,  as  the 
wings  of  a  gudgeon,  which  keep  it  from  turn- 
ing in  the  wooden  shaft  of  which  it  forms  the 

piVOt.      (Wl  NO-GUDGEON.] 

8.  AfiZi*. :  One  of  the  extreme  divisions  or 
two  side-bodies  of  an  army,  regiment,  Ac. 

9.  Milling:  A  strip,  commonly  of  leather, 
attached  to  the  skirt  of  the  runner  to  sweep 
the  meal  into  the  spout. 

10.  Agric. :  The  portion  of  a  ploughshare 
which  cuts  the  bottom  of  the  furrow. 

11.  Shipbuilding: 

(1)  The  sponson  (q.v.). 

(2)  [WrNO-PASSAOE.] 

12.  Theat. :  One  of  the  sides  of  the  stage  of 
a  theatre;   also,  one    of  the    long,  narrow 


scenes  which  nil  up  the  picture  on  the  side  ol 
the  stage. 

"The  official  report  on  the  fire  states  that  It  WM 

caused  by   the  wings  catchiug  lire  from    a   gas  Jet. 

whereby  the  whole  of  the  ecenery  on  the  stage  wa* 

almost  i  m  i  tied  iattly  afterwards  enveloped  iu  flauiw*." 

—Echo,  March  ai,  1888. 

13.  Vehicles;  The  side  or  displayed  portior 
of  a  dashboard. 
H  1.  On  or  upon  the  wing  : 

(1)  Flying  ;  in  flight. 

"  Birds  are  said  to  be  fairly  numerous  and  stron| 
upon  the  wing."—  Daily  Telegrai-h,  Sept.  8,  1885. 

(2)  Speeding  to  the  object  ;  on  the  road. 


2.  Upon  the  wings  of  the  wind  :  With  the 
utmost  speed  or  haste. 

3.  Wing  and  vting  : 

Navt.  :  Said  of  a  fore-and-aft  vessel  going 
before  the  wind,  with  her  fore-sail  hauled  over 
to  one  side  and  main-sail  to  the  other  side. 

wing-case,  s.    [ELYTRON,  1.] 

wing  compass,  s.  A  joiner's  compass 
with  an  arc-shaped  piece  which  passes  through 
the  opposite  leg  and  is  clamped  by  a  set-screw. 

wing-cover,  «.    [ELYTRON,  1.) 
wing-coverts,  s.  pi. 

Comp.  Anat.  :  The  smaller  wing-feathers  ot 
birds  ;  the  tectrices.  [See  illustration  2  undei 
WING,  s.,  II.  3.  (2).] 

•wing-footed,  a. 

1.  Having  wings  on  the  feet  ;  hence,  swift- 
footed. 

"  Wing-footed  messenger  of  Jove's  command." 

Oowptr  :  Jlltai  \L 

2.  Swift  ;  moving  or  passing  with  rapidity  : 
as,  wing-footed  time. 

wing  -  gudgeon,  s,  A  metallic  shaft 
forming  a  journal  for  water  or  other  wheels 
having  wooden  axles.  The  wings  are  let  into 
the  ends  of  the  wood  and  confined  by  wrought- 
iron  bands,  put  on  hot,  which  become  tight 
by  shrinking. 

wing-handed,  a. 

Zool.  :  Cheiropterous  (b,.v.). 

"The  animals  belonging  to  this  winy-handed  family 
embrace  those  which  come  under  the  genus  Vespertllio 
of  Llnuleua,"—  £ny.  Cyclop.  (Zool.],  t  Ml 

wing-membrane,  s. 

Comp.  Anat.  :  The  thin,  leathery  membrane 
which  ertends  between  the  fore  and  hind 
limbs  of  bats. 

wing-passage,  s. 

Shipbuild.  :  A  passage-way  kroumi  the  cabins 
of  the  orlop-deck  in  ships  of  war,  to  allow 
access  to  the  ship's  side  for  repairing  during 
action. 

wing-rail,  «.    [GCARD-RAIL] 

wing  shell,  s. 

1  1.  An  elytron.    (Grew.)    [ELYTRON,  1.] 

2.  Zool.  :  A  popular  name  for  any  animal  or 
shell  of  the  families  Aviculidee  or  Strombldse, 
or  of  the  class  Pteropoda. 

wing-stroke,  «.  The  stroke  or  sweep  of 
a  wing. 

*  wing-swift,  a.    Of  rapid  flight. 
wing-transom,  «.    [TRANSOM,  s.,  4.) 
wing-wale,  s. 

ShipbuOd.  :  The  sponson-rim  (q.v.).  [Wrirff, 

».,  n.  n.i 

Wing-wall,  i.  One  of  the  lateral  walls 
of  an  abutment,  which  form  a  support  and 
protection  thereto,  to  prevent  the  access  of 
water  to  the  rear  and  act  as  breast-walls  to 
support  the  bank. 

wing,  ».(.  &  i.    [Wiso,  «.] 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  furnish  with  wings  ;  to  enable  to  fly. 

2.  To  enable  or  cause  to  move  with  celerity, 
as  in  flight. 

"  My  dreainiugfear  with  storms  bath  vjing'd  the  wind.  ' 
Byron  ;  Coriair,  1.  14. 

3.  To  supply  with  side  parts  or  divisions, 
as  an  army,  a  house,  &o. 

"  The  main  battle  .  .  . 
Shall  be  well  mtngfd  with  our  cliiefeat  hone.' 

slutXaii.  :  Kiclard  7/J,  T.  & 

4.  To  transport  by  flight  ;  to  cause  to  fly, 
as  on  wings.     (In  this  sense,  reflexively.) 

•  F«r  thti  he  tatnfd  kirn  back." 

Moore  :  Ycil»a  Prophet  of  Khorastnn. 


boil,  bo^;  po^t.  Jowl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  $his;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ttg, 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  —  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shns.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  dfL 


5196 


winged— winnow 


5.  To  traverse  in  flying  ;  to  move  or  pass 
through  in  flight. 

"The  crows  and  choughs  that  wrnd>  the  laid  way  air." 
t.  :  Lear,  Ir.  6. 


6.  To  direct  in  flight  or  by  flying  ;  to  pass 
over  with  great  rapidity. 

"The  first  bold  javelin  .  .  .  vring'd  its  course." 
Pope:  Homer  ;  Iliad  riv.  ««. 

7.  To  cut  off  the  wing  or  wings  of. 

8.  To  wound  with  shot  in  the  wing  ;  by  ex- 
tension, to  disable  a  bird  without  killing  it. 

"  The  out  I  knocked  over  was  only  winged,'—  field, 
Dec.  19,  1885. 

9.  To  disable  a  limb  of;  to  wound  in  the 

arm. 

"'AH  right.'  said  Mr.  Smxlgraw,  'be  steady  aiul 
wing  him.  —  Dickent:  Pickwick,  ch.  1L 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  fly  ;  to  exert  the  power  of 
flight 

"Unclean  vultures,  sulkily  winging  over  the  flat." 
—Field.  Dec.  IT.  1887. 

T  To  wing  a  flight  :  To  proceed  by  flying  ; 
to  fly. 

Winged,  a.    [Eng.  wing,  s.  ;  -&L] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Furnished  with  wings. 

"  Whom  the  vrintfd  harpy,  swift  Podarge.  bore." 
Po/ie  :  Somur  ;  Iliad  xvi.  184. 

*  2.  Fanned  with   wings  ;   swarming  with 
wings. 

"The  winged  air  dark  with  plumes." 

Mil  tun  :  C'omut,  780. 

3.  Feathered,  as  an  arrow. 

*  4.  Soaring  on  wings  or  as  on  wings  ;  soar- 
ing, lofty,  elevated,  sublime. 

"  How  winged  the  sentiment  that  virtue  Is  to  be  fol- 
lowed for  its  own  sake,  because  its  essence  la  divine."— 
J.  8.  Sarfoot.  (  Webtter.) 

5.  Swift,  rapid  ;  passing  or  moving  quickly. 
"  Those  winged  words  like  arrows  sped." 

Byron  :  Bride  of  Abydot,  L  8. 

IL  Technically; 

L  Bot.  £  Zool.  :  Alated  (q.v.). 

2.  Her.  ;  Represented  with  wines,  or  having 
wings  of  a  different  colour  from  the  body. 

winged-bull,  s. 

Arch.  :  An  architectural  decoration  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  in  ancient  Assyrian  temples, 
where  winged  human-headed  bulls  and  lions 
of  colossal  size  usually  guarded  the  portals. 
They  were  evidently  typical  of  the  union  of 
the  greatest  intellectual  and  physical  powers. 

winged-horse,  a.    [PEGASUS.] 

winged-lion,  *.  The  symbol  of  the  evan- 
gelist St.  Mark,  adopted  as  the  heraldic 
device  of  the  Venetian  republic,  when  St. 


WINGED   LION. 

• 

Hark  supplanted  St.  Theodore  as  the  patron 
saint  of  Venice.  A  celebrated  bronze  figure 
of  the  winged  lion  of  St.  Mark,  surmounting  a 
magnificent  red  granite  column  formed  out  of 
a  single  block,  stands  in  the  Piazzetta  of  St. 
Hark  at  Venice. 

winged-pea,  s. 

Bot.  :   Tetragonolobus  edulis.     [TBrRAOoiro- 

LOBU8.] 

wlng'-er,  *.    [WING,  *.] 

Naut. :  A  smaller  water-cask  stowed  In  a 
vessel's  hold  where  the  sides  contract  fore 
and  aft,  and  are  relatively  smaller  than  those 
amidships. 

Wins' -less,  a.     [Eng.  wing;  -less.}     Having 
no  wings.     Used  in  Natural  Science — 

(1)  Of  birds  in  which  the  forelimbs  are  ab- 
sent, as  was  probably  the  case  in  the  genera 
Dlnornis  and  Meionornis. 

"  Prof.  Newton  thinks  that  they  were  absolutely 
wtngleu."—  Wallace  :  Oeog,  Mtt.  Anim.,  it  368. 


(2)  Of  birds  in  which  the  forelimbs  are  rudi- 
mentary and  unfitted  for  flight.    These  include 
all  the  Struthiones  (q.v.),  and  the  Impennes, 
or  Penguins.     Often  applied  specifically  to 
the  Apterygidffi(q.v.). 

"A  paper  was  read  on  wingleti  birds.'— Nature, 
May  u,  1885,  p.  46. 

(3)  Of  insects,  as  a  translation  of  Aptera 
(q.v.) ;  more  generally  applied  to  those  forms 
in  which  the  wings  are  rudimentary  or  want- 
ing owing  to  sex  or  modification  of  sex. 

wing'-let,  s.  [Eng.  wing,  s. ;  dimin.  stiff,  -let,] 
A  little  wing,  specifically,  the  bastard  wing  of 
a  bird,  or  the  rudimentary  wing  of  some  in- 
sects. 

"  When  he  took  off  the  wtnffMt.  either  wholly  or 
partially,  the  buzzing  ceased."—  Kirby  &  Spenc*  :  En- 
tomology, 11.  882. 

*  wlng'-y,  a.    [Eng.  wing,  s. ;  •#.] 

1.  Having  wings.     (The  Globe  edition  oi 
Spenser  reads  winged.} 

"  Pale  of  hue  aud  wingy  heeled." 

bpenter:  F.  «.,  Ill.xil  12. 

2.  Rapid,  swift. 

"  With  winyy  speed  outstrip  the  eastern  wind." 

Additon  :  Orid  ;  Story  nf  Phae'ton. 

3.  Soaring  as  if  on  wings ;  airy,  volatile, 
vain. 

"  Thoeetffimjy  mysteries  and  airy  subtleties  in  reli- 
gton."—  Browne  :  Religio  Medici,  sect  9. 

wink,  *  wlnke,  *  wynk,  *  wynke,  v.i.  &  t. 
[A,S.  vnncian  ;  cogn.  with  wancol  =  waver- 
ing, and  Eng.  wench  (q.v.);  O.  Dut.  wincken, 
wencken  =  to  wink ;  wanckel  —  unsteady ; 
wanck  ^  a  moment,  an  instant,  lit.  =  the 
twinkling  of  an  eye;  Icel.  vanka  —  to  wink, 
to  rove  ;  Dan.  vinke  —  io  beckon;  Sw.  vinka 
=  to  beckon,  to  wink;  M.  H.  Ger.  winken; 
Ger.  winken  =  to  nod,  to  make  a  sign.  Frem 
the  same  root  come  wince,  winch,  winkle.} 

A*  Intransitive : 

I.  Literally: 

I.  To  close  and  open  the  eyelids  quickly 
and  involuntarily  ;  to  blink,  to  nictitate. 

I  have  not  winked  since  I  saw  these  Bights." — 
. ;  Winter*  Tote,  1U.8. 

*  2.  To  close  the  eyes ;  to  shut  the  eyelids 
ao  as  not  to  see. 

-  And  I  will  wink  ;  so  shall  the  day  seem  night." 

Shakctp. :  VenuM  A  Adonit,  121. 

3.  To  give  a  significant  sign  by  a  motion  of 
the  eyelids. 

"  Tou  saw  my  master  wink  and  laugh  upon  you  ? " 
Shaketp. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  ir,  4. 

H  Figuratively: 

1.  To  twinkle;   to  glimmer  with  dubious 
light 

"  The  tapers  wink,  the  chieftains  shrink." 

Byron  :  Otcar  of  Alva. 

2.  To  seem  or  affect  not  to  see ;  to  wilfully 
shut  the  eyes    or   take  no  notice ;  to  over- 
look, as  something    not  perfectly  agreeable, 
or  which  one  does  not  wish  to  see ;  to  con- 
nive.   (Followed  by  at.) 

"  And  the  times  of  this  ignorance  Ood  winked  at." 
—Aclt  xvii.  SO. 

B.  Trans.:  To  close  and  open  rapidly,  as 
the  eyelids  :  as,  to  wink  one's  eye. 

wink,  s.    [WINK,  v.] 

L  The  act  of  closing  the  eyelids  rapidly. 

"  As  well  as  the  wink  of  an  eye." 

Ben  Jonton  :  Cynthia*  fleet!*,  T.  3. 

2.  A  hint  or  sign  given  by  shutting  the  eye 
with  a  significant  cast. 

"  Nod.  wink,  and  laughter  all  were  o'er." 

Scott :  Lord  of  the  Itlet,  i.  31. 

3.  No  more  time  than  is  necessary  to  shut 
the  eyes. 

"  In  a  wink  the  false  love  turns  to  hate.* 

Tennyton  :  Merlin  A  Vivien,  701. 

*fl  Forty  winks;  A  short  nap.  (Colloquial & 
humorous.) 

wlnk-a-peep,  wink  and  peep,  «. 

Bot. :  The  Scarlet  Pimpernel,  Anagallis  ar- 
vensin.  So  named  because  the  flower  closes 
or  winks  on  damp  days,  while  opening  or 
Ing  again  when  the  weather  becomes  fine. 

illed  also  Wincopipe.    (Britten  A  Holland.) 

wink'-er,  s.    [Eng.  wink,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  winks. 

"  A  set  of  noddera,  wtnkert,  and  whisperers,  whose 
business  is  to  strangle  all  others'  offspring  of  wit  in 
their  birth."—  Pope.  (Todd.) 

2.  A  blinker  (q.v.). 

t  winker-muscle,  s.    (See  extract.) 

"  The  fixed  point  of  attachment  of  the  winkrr-mus- 
clt  (orbirulnrit  valpebrarum)  is  to  the  Inner  side  of 
the  rim  of  the  orbit.'— Journ.  Anthrop.  Intttt,,  IT.  244. 
(Note.) 


Wink  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [WlNK,  v.J 

A*  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  Aparticip.  adj,  :  (See  the 

verb). 
C.  As  subst.  ;  The  act  of  one  who  winks  ;  s 

wink. 
If  Like  winking:  Very  rapidly;  very  quickly 

and  with  vigour.    (Colloq.) 

"  Nod  away  at  him.  if  you  please,  like  winking."— 
Dickent  ;  Great  Expectation*.  ch.  xxi. 

*  Wink'-ing-ly,  adv.      [Eng.   winking;    -Zy.) 

Like  one  who  winks  ;  with  the  eye  almost 
closed. 

"  He  vleweth  it  winkinoly.  as  thoae  do  that  are  pur- 
blind."—  Peacham  ;  On  Drawing. 

win'-kle,  s.  [A.S.  winck.]  A  kind  of  shell- 
fish ;  the  periwinkle. 

wink  '-lor-  ite,  s.  [After  Dr.  C.  Winkler  ;  suff. 
•ite  (Aim.).] 

Min.  :  An  amorphous  mineral  occurring 
with  various  other  species  at  Pria,  near 
Motril,  Spain.  Hardness,  3'0;  sp.  gr.,  3*432  ; 
colour,  bluish-  to  violet-black  ;  streak,  dark- 
brown  ;  fracture,  conchoidal.  Analyses 
showed  a  compound  nf  an  arsenate  of  cobalt 
and  copper  mixed  with  a  carbonate.  A  very 
doubtful  species. 

wink'-wdrth-ite,  s.  [After  Wink  worth, 
Nova  Scotia,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  described  by  H.  How  as 
occurring  in  nodules  imbedded  in  gypsum. 
Hardness,  2  to  3  ;  lustre,  glistening  ;  colourless 
to  white.  Analyses  yield  varying  proportions 
of  sulphuric,  boracic  and  silicic  acids,  with 
the  lime  and  water  fairly  constant.  Probably 
a  mixture. 

win-le,  s.  [See  def.J  A  corruption  of  windle 
(q.v.). 

wm'~na,s.  [Guianan  name.]  A  layer  of  the 
dried  bark  of  Lecythis  Ollaria,  used  in  Guiana 
as  wrappers  for  cigarettes.  (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

win  na,  wun'-na,  v.  i.    [See  def.]    Will  not. 

(Scotch') 

*  win'-na-t>le,  a.  [Eng.  win;  -able.]  Capabl* 

of  being"  won  or  gained. 

"  All    the  rest  are  winn>ibte,*—I'aU  Malt  Oasette, 
Feb.  18,  1808. 

*winne,  v.t.  &i.    [WIN,  v.] 

wln'-ner,  s.  [Eng.  win,  v.  ;  -er.}  One  who 
wins  or  gains  by  success  in  any  contest  or 
competition  ;  a  victor. 

"  The  event 
Is  yet  to  iiaine  the  winner." 

Shaketp.  :  Cymbeline,  111.  6. 

wm'-nlng,  *  wyn-nynge,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *. 

[WIN,  V.} 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :   Attractive  ;   adapted  to  gain 
favour  ;  charming. 

"  Her  smile,  her  speech,  with  winning  sway." 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  lake,  li.  10. 

C.  As  substantive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  gaining. 

"  The  winning  and  flnall  rulue  of  N'umantia."—  P 
Holland;  riinie,  bk.  xxxiii..  ch.  xi. 

2.  The  sum  won  in  any  game  or  competition. 
(Usually  in  the  plural.) 

'*  A  friendly  trial  of  skill,  and  the  wlnninyi  to  b. 
laid  out  in  an.   eutertaiiuuent."  —  Oongreve.    Double 
Dealer.  U, 
IL  Mining: 

1.  A  new  opening.    [COAL-MINING,  B.] 

2.  A  portion  of  a  coal-field  to  be  worked. 
winning-hazard,  s.    [HAZARD,  «.t  II.] 

winning  post,  s.  A  post  or  goal  in  a 
race-course,  the  passing  of  which  determines 
the  issue  of  the  race. 

win'-ning-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  winning;  -ly.]  In 
a  winning  or  attractive  manner;  charmingly. 

win'  nock,  win  dock,  s.  [See  def.]  A 
window.  (Scotch.) 

win'  -now,   *winde-wen,  *wyne-wen, 

wlnow,  v.t.  &  i.       [A.S.  wiadwian,   from 
wind  =  wind  (1),  s.  ;  cf.  Icel.  vitiza,  from  vindr 
=  wind  ;  Lat.  ventilo,  from  ventus  =  wind.) 
A*  Transitive: 

1.  Lit.  :  To  separate  and  drive  the  chaff  from 
by  means  of  wind. 

"  In  the  sun  your  golden  grata  display, 
And  thrash  it  out  and  winnow  it  by  day." 


ftroden  :  Virgi 


w  it  by  day." 
il  ;  Georgic  L  400. 


tate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  fed,  p5t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    so,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  cm  =  kw. 


2*  Figuratively : 

'  (1)  To  fan  ;  to  beat  as  with  wings. 

"  With  quick  fill 
Winnowt  the  buxom  air."        Milton :  P.  L.,  T.  270. 

(2)  To  examine  ;  to  sift ;  to  try,  as  for  the 
purpose  of  separating  falsehood  from  truth, 
good  from  bad. 

"  If  some  be  friends. 
They  may  with  eiiae  tie  vrinnnitfd." 

Dryden :  Don  Sebattian,  ii.  1. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  separate  chaff  from  corn. 
"  Winnow  not  with  every  wind."— Scelut.  v.  9. 

win'-now-er,  s.  [Eng.  winnow  ;  -er.]  One 
who  winnows  ;  a  winnowing  machine. 

•  A*  a  winnower  pourgeth  the  chaff  from  the  come." 
—  Udat :  Luke.    (Prel) 

wln'-now-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [WINNOW.] 

winnowlng-machlnc,  s.  A  machine 
in  which  grain  is  cleansed  from  chaff,  dirt, 
grass-seeds,  dust,  &c.,  by  being  subjected  to 
a  shaking  action  on  riddles  and  sieves  in 
succession,  whilst  an  artificial  blast  of  wind 
is  driven  against  it  on  and  through  the  sieves, 
and  as  it  falls  from  one  to  another. 

win'-row,  s.  &  v.    [WIND-BOW.] 
wln'-sey,  s.    [WINCEY.] 

win' -some,  *  win  som,  o.  [A. 8.  wyiurnm 
=  delightful,  from  wyn  =  joy,  delight,  from 
wun-,  stem  of  pa.  par.  of  winnan  =  to  win, 
with  suff.  -sum  =  Eng.  -same.} 

1.  Lively ;  pretty  ;  of  engaging  appearance ; 
attractive. 

"  This  wintome  young  gentleman's  bone,  that's  Just 
come  f  r«e  the  North."— Scott :   H'averley,  cb,  Xir. 

2.  Cheerful,  merry,  gay.    (Prov.) 

win  some-ness,  s.  [Eng.  winsome;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  winsome ;  attrac- 
tiveness, winningneas. 

win' -tor  (1),  *  wyn-ter, ».  &  a.  rA-s-  winter 
=  a  winter,  a  year  (pi.  winter,  wintru) ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  winter;  Icel.  vetr ;  O.  Icel.  vettr, 
mttr;  Dan.  &  Sw.  vinter  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  wintar ; 
Ger.  winter ;  Goth,  wintrus.  Probably  a 
nasalised  form  allied  to  wet  (q.v.).] 
A*  As  substantive : 

1.  The  cold  season  of  the  year.     Astrono- 
mically considered,  winter  begins  in  northern 
latitudes  when  the  sun  enters  the  sign  of 
Capricorn,  or  at  the  solstice  about  December 
21,  and  ends  at  the  equinox  in  March ;  but 
In  its  ordinary  sense  it  is  taken  to  include  the 
months  of  December,  January,  and  February. 

[SEASON,  1.) 

"  Winter'*  not  gone  yet,  If  the  wild  geese  fly  that  way." 
Shaketp. :  Lear,  ii.  4. 

2.  A  year.     The  part  being  used  (in  the 
same  sense  as  summer)  for  the  whole. 

"  He  seemed  some  seventy  whiten  old." 

Scott :  Lav  of  the  Liat  Uinitrel,  11. 19. 

*  3.  Used  as  an  emblem  of  any  cheerless 
situation,  as  poverty,  misfortune,  destitution, 
old  age,  or  death. 

"  Now  Is  the  winter  of  our  discontent 
Made  glorious  summer  by  this  sun  of  York." 

Skakcip. :  Richard  III.,  L  L 

4.  The  part  of  a  printing-press  which  sus- 
tains the  carriage. 

5.  An  implement  made  to  hang  on  the  front 
of  a  grate  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  a  tea- 
kettle or  the  like  warm. 

6.  The  last  portion  of  com  brought  home  ai 
the  end  of  harvest,  or  the  state  of  having  all 
the  grain  on  a  farm  reaped  and  inned  ;  also, 
the  rural  feast  held  in  celebration  of  the  in- 
gathering of  the  crop.    (Scotch.) 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining,  relating,  or  suit' 
able  to  winter ;  winterly ;  wintry. 

'  WtKtvr   garments  ...  are  finally    put    on  one 
ide.'—  Daily  Telegraph,  March  IS,  1888. 

winter-aconite,  >. 

,  Bot.  :  The  genus  Eranthis  (q.v.);  specially 
B.  hyemalis.  So  called  from  flowering  in 
midwinter.  (Prior.) 

winter-apple,  s.  An  apple  that  keeps 
well  in  winter,  or  that  does  not  ripen  til 
winter. 

winter-assizes,  i.pl. 

Law  :  Assizes  held  in  winter.  The  Winter 
Assizes  Act,  39,  40  Viet,  c.  57,  allows  counties 
to  be  combined  by  Order  of  Council  for  winte 
assizes,  that  prisoners  may  more  speedily  be 
brought  to  trial.  (English.) 

winter-barley,  ».  A  kind  of  barley 
sown  in  autumn. 


winnower — wintry 

*  winter  -  beaten,   a.       Harassed    by 
wintry  or  severe  weather. 

"His  owne  winter-beaten  flocke."— Qpfnter :  Shep- 
heardl  Calender,;  Jan.  (Arg.) 

winter-bloom,  .-•. 

Bot. :  Ha.ma.mdii  Virginia*.  So  named  be- 
cause its  flowers  appear  late  in  autumn,  while 
the  leaves  are  falling.  [HAMA.MELIS.] 

winter-cherry,  ». 

Botany : 

1.  Physalis  Alkekengi;  a  downy  herb,  with 
a    creeping,  perennial    root,    ovate,    deltoid 
leaves,  an  inflated,   reddish-yellow  calyx,  a 
campanulate-rotate  corolla  of  a  dirty  white 
colour,  and  a  red  fruit.    So  named  from  its 
red,  cherry-like  berry,  so  conspicuous  in  win- 
ter.   (Prior.)    [ALKEKENOI,  PHYSALIS.] 

2.  Solanum  Pseudo-capsicum. 

3.  Cardiospermum  Halicambum.     [OARDIO- 

8PERMUM.] 

winter-circuit,  s. 

Lena :  A  circuit  for  the  holding  of  winter 
assizes  (q.v.). 

winter-citron, ».    A  sort  of  pear. 

*  winter-clad,  a.     Clothed  for  winter ; 
warmly  clad.    (Tennyson:  Princess,  ii.  105.) 

winter-cough,  s.  A  popular  name  for 
chronic  bronchitis.  [BRONCHITIS.] 

winter-crack,  s. 

Hot. :  A  small  green  plum  or  bullace,  which 
ripens  very  late. 

winter-cress, ». 

Bot. :  The  genus  Barbarea,  specially  B. 
prcecox.  [BELLEJSI.E-CRESS.] 

winter-crop,  s.  A  crop  which  will  stand 
the  severe  cold  of  winter,  or  which  may  be 
converted  into  fodder  during  the  winter. 

winter-fallow,  s.  Ground  that  is  fal- 
lowed in  winter. 

t  wlnter-fauvette.  «. 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Accentor  (q.v.). 

winter  -  garden,  s.  An  ornamental 
garden  for  winter,  entirely  or  partially  co- 
vered in. 

winter-grape,  >. 

Bot. :  Vitis  mraifolia,  a  North  American 
species  of  vine,  with  cordate  leaves.  It  is 
one  of  the  Fox-grapes.  [Fox-GRAPE.] 

winter-greens,  s.  pi.  A  comprehensive 
name  for  such  greens  as  are  in  season  in  the 
winter  months.  The  chief  are  broccoli,  Brus- 
sels sprouts,  and  Scotch  kale. 

*  winter-ground,  v.t.    To  protect  from 
the  inclemency  of  the  winter  season,  like  a 
plant  covered  with  straw  or  the  like. 

"  Purred  moss  besides  to  winter-ground  thy  corse." 
Shaketp.  :  Cymbeline,  tv.  3. 

*  winter  gull,  winter-mew, ». 

Ornith. :  [See  extract]. 

"  The  Common  Gull  [Lnrut  CTTWSJ  In  the  Immature 
state  has  been  described  by  the  name  of  the  Winter- 
OuU."— Pennant :  Brit.  Zool.,  ii.  182. 

winter-hellebore,  s. 
Bot. :  Eranthis  hyemalis.  [WINTER-ACONITE.] 
winter-kill,  v.t.    To  kill  by  the  inclem- 
ency of  the  weather  in  winter  ;  as,  To  winter- 
kill wheat  or  clover.    (Amer.) 

'  \ winter-lodge,  winter-lodgment,*. 

Bot. :  A  bud  or  bulb  protecting  an  embryo 

or  very  young  shoot  from  injury  during  the 

winter.    [HIEERNACLE,  II.  1.] 

*  winter-love, ».   Cold,  conventional,  or 
insincere  love. 

"  Making  a  little  winter-love  in  a.  dark  corner."—  Ben 
Jonton:  Ditcoveriet. 

winter-ova,  winter-eggs,  «.  pi 

The  ova  or  eggs  of  many  insects  and  othe 
auimals  which  are  sufficiently  hardy  to  keep 
through  the  winter  and  produce  larvee  in  the 
spring.  The  iusects  which  lay  winter  eggi 
usually  do  not  live  through  the  winter,  the 
species  being  continued  by  the  vitality  of  tht 
eggs,  which  endure  the  frosts  unharmed 

[SUMMEE-OVA.] 

winter-pear,  ».  Any  pear  that  keeps 
well  in  winter,  or  that  ripens  in  winter. 

*  winter-proud,  *  wlnter-prowd,  a. 

Too  green  and  luxuriant  in  winter.    (P.  Hoi 
land :  Plinie,  bk.  xvit  ch.  ii.) 


5197 

winter-quarters,  s.  pi.  The  quarter* 
of  an  army  during  the  winter  ;  a  winter  resi- 
dence or  station. 

winter-rig,  v.t.  To  plough  in  ridges  and 
let  lie  fallow  in  winter.  (Prov.) 

•winter-settle,  s.  A  winter  teat  or 
dwelling  ;  winter  quarters.  (Freeman.) 

winter-solstice,  «.    [SOLSTICE.) 
winter  spice,  s. 

Bot.  :   Chimonanthus  fragrant.      [C«IMO»- 

ANTHUS.] 

winter-sweet,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Origanum,  spec.  0.  hcnf 
cleoticum,  a  marjoram  with  white  flowery  from 
Southern  Europe. 

winter-weed,  s. 

Bot. :  A  popular  name  for  any  small  weed 
in  corn  which  survives  and  flourishes  during 
the  winter,  as  Stellaria  media  (Chickweed). 
Veronica  luderifalm,  &c.  The  last-named 
species  is  so  called  from  its  being  the  weed 
which  spreads  most  in  winter.  (Prior.) 

winter -wheat,  ».  Wheat  sown  In 
autumn. 

win'-ter,  *  wyn-ter,  *wyn-tre,  v.t.  &  t 

[WINTER  (1),  S.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  keep,  feed,  manage,  or  main- 
tain during  the  winter. 

"The  possibility  of  wintering  stock  with  a  minimum 
of  roots.  —Field,  Dec.  81,  1887. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  pass  the  winter ;  to  labor 
nate.    (Isaiah  xviii.  6.) 

Win'-ter  (2),  s.   (WINTERA.)  (See  compound.; 
Winter's  bark,  t.    [DBIMYS.] 

*  win'-ter-a,  s.  [Named  after  William  Winter, 
a  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy,  who  sailed  round 
the  world  with  Sir  Francis  Drake.) 
Bot. :  A  synonym  of  Drimys  (q.v.). 

win'-ter-bSr-ry,  s.  [Eng.  winter  (1),  and 
berry.] 

Bot. :  (1)  The  genus  Prinos  (q.v.) ;  (2)  Ilex 
montana. 

win-teV-6-88,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  winter(o); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Magnoliaceee.  Carpels 
whorled  in  a  single  row ;  leaves  with  pellucid 
dots,  and  often  exstipulate. 

t  win'-ter-er,  s.  [Eng.  winter,  v. ;  •«•.]  One 
who  retires  to  winter  quarters. 

"  Luxuries  denied  to  the  winterer  on  board  ship."— 
Athenaum,  March  5. 1886,  p.  319. 

wln'-ter-green,  ».   [Eng.  winter,  and  green.} 
Botany : 

1.  (Sing.):  (1)   The   genus   Pyrola   (q.v.); 
(2)  The   genus   Trientalis    (q.v.);    (8)    Genii- 
theria  procumbens. 

2.  (PI.) :  The  order  Pyrolacete  (q.v.).  (Lind- 
ley.) 

win  -ter-ing,  ».    [Eng.  winter ;  -ing.] 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  winters. 

2.  Food  or  fodder  to  support  cattle  during 
the  winter. 

win'-ter-ly,  a.  [Bug.  winter  (1),  s. ;  -Zv.l 
Such  as  is  suitable  to  winter ;  of  a  wintry 
kind  ;  wintry,  cheerless,  uncomfortable,  cold. 

"  The  air  growing  more  winterly."— Camden :  ffitt. 
Elizabeth  (an.  1595); 

t  win'-ter-tide,  t.  [Eng.  winter,  ».,  and 
tide.]  Winter  ;  the  winter  season. 

"  Fruits 

Which  in  wintertide  sliaii  star 
The  black  earth  with  radiance." 

Tennyton  :  Ode  to  Sfemory,  11. 

win'-ter- jf,  a.    [Eng.  winter  (1),  s.  ;  -y.]   Lake 

or  suitable  to  winter ;  wintry. 

win' -tie,  c.i.  [Prob.  connected  with  to  wind.] 
To  stagger,  to  reel ;  to  roll  or  tumble  gently 
over.  (Scotch.) 

win'-tle,  s.  [WINTLE,  v.]  A  staggering  mo- 
tion ;  a  gentle  rolling  tumble. 

IHe]  tutnbl'd  wi'  a  wintle."       Burnt  .•  ffalloween. 

*  win'-trous,  a.  [Eng.  winter;  -ous.)  Wintry, 
stormy. 

"The  more  vrintrmu  the  season  of  life  hath  been."— 
T.  Sopd. 

Win' -try,  o.    [Eng.  winter;   -y.]    Of  or  fee- 


bSll,  boy;  p6nt,  JcSwl;  cat,  jell,  chorus,  jhin,  bench ;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.   ph  -  L 
-elan,    tian  =  shan.    -tion, -sion  =  shun; -{ion, -sion-zhun.    -clous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  fcc.  =  bel,  del. 


5198 


winy— wiredrawer 


talning  to  winter  ;  of  the  nature  of  winter 
brumal,  hyeinal,  wintery,  cotd,  cheerless. 

"  Iu  wintry  age  to  feel  n»  chill." 


*Win'-&  a.  [Eng.  win(e);  -y.}  Having  the 
nature,  taste,  or  qualities  of  wine. 

"  See  whether  the  meloiis  will  not  be  more  witt 
Bacon, 

winze  (1),  s.    [Icel.  vinza  —  to  winnow  (q.v.).] 
Mining  : 

1.  A  shaft  sunk  from  one  level  to  another 
for  communication  or  ventilation. 

2.  A  wheel  and  axle  for  hoisting. 

Winze  (2),  s.  [Etyrn.  doubtful.]  A  curse,  an 
imprecation.  (Scotch.) 

Wipe,  *wype,  v.t.  [A.S.  wipian  =  io  n-ipe, 
from  a  hypothetical  wip  =  a  wisp  of  straw  ; 
cf.  Low  Ger.  wiep  =  a  wisp  of  straw,  a  rag 
to  wipe  anything  with.]  [Wisp.] 

L  To  rub  with  something  soft  for  cleaning  ; 
to  clean  by  gentle  rubbing. 

"  Hire  over  llppe  wij-ed  she  so  dene." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  134.    (Prol.) 

2.  To  strike  or  brush  off  gently.  (Often 
with  away,  from,  off,  up,  &c.) 

"  Wiping  the  tours  from  her  Bufftased  eyes." 

Spenter:  f.  (j..  III.  vii,  1ft, 
*3.  To  cleanse,  as  from  evil  practices  or 
abuses.    (2  Kings  xxi.  13.) 
4.  To  efface,  to  obliterate,  to  remove. 

"  One  who  will  wipe  jour  sorrow  from  your  eyea.1 
Thornton  :  Cuttle  of  Indolence,  li.  7i 

*5.  To  cheat,  to  defraud,  to  trick.    (With 

OUt.) 

41  The  next  bordering  lords  oommouly  encroach  oiie 
upon  another,  as  one  ia  stronger,  or  lie  still  In  wait  to 
wipe  them  out  of  their  land*."—  Spenter  :  Statt  ' 
Ireland. 

U  1.  To  wipe  away:  To  remove  by  rubbing 
or  tersion  ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  remove,  to 
remove  or  take  away  generally. 

2.  To  wipe  one's  eye  : 

(1)  Trans.  :  To  shoot  game  which  another 
has  missed  ;  hence,  to  obtain  an  advantage  by 
superior  activity.    (Slang.) 

(2)  Intrans:  To  take  another  drink.  (Slang.) 

3.  To  wipe  out:  To  efface,  to  obliterate. 

"  Death,  which  wipet  vat  man. 
Finds  him  with  many  am  unsolved  plan." 

Matthew  Arnold  :  llriig  nation, 

wipe  (1),  ».    [WIPE,  v.} 

1.  The  act  of  rubbing  for  th«  purpose  of 

cleaning. 

2.  A  blow,  a  stroke.  (Slang.) 

*3.  A  gibe,  a  sneer  ;  a  severe  sarcasm. 

"  To  touch  with  a  satiric  wipe 
That  symbol  of  thy  power,  the  pipe." 

Cowpar:  Ta  Xm.  William  Butt. 

*4.  A  mark  or  note  of  infamy  ;  a  brand. 
"Worse  than  a,ilarish  wipe  or  birth-hoar's  blot." 
Shftketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  687. 

&  A  handkerchief.    (Slang.) 

"  This  here  warmest'*  priggedf  our  wipe." 
Barham  :  Ivgoldtby  Legend*;  The  Forlorn  One. 

Wipe  (2),  s.  [Sw.  vipa  =  the  lapwing  ;  Dan. 
vibe  ;  Scotch  wtep,  peewoeep  (from  the  cry).  ] 
The  lapwing  or  peewit  (q.v.).  (Prov.) 

WIp'-er,  s.     [Eng.  wip(e),  v.  ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1,  One  who  wipes. 

2.  That  which  is  used  for  wiping. 

"  And  the  wipers  for  their  iioses." 

Sen  Jonton  :  Jttttytie  nf  Owlet, 
U.  Technically: 

1.  Mach.  :   A  cam  which    projects  from  a 
horizontal  shaft  and  acts  periodically  upon  a 
toe  whose  elevation  lifts  the  valve-rod  and 
puppet-valve.    The  wiper  has  usually  a  rotary 
reciprocation  ;  when    the   rotary  motion   is 
continuous,  it  becomes  a  wiper-wheel  (q.v.), 
which  may  have  a  number  of  cams  acting  con- 
secutively in  the  course  of  a  revolution. 

2.  Small-arms  :  A  worm  or  sponge. 
wiper-wheel,  s. 

Mach.  :  A  cam-wheel  placed  below  the 
•hank  of  a  tilt-hammer  to  lift  it  periodically, 
allowing  it  to  fall  by  its  own  weight.  The 
motion  is  found  in  many  other  machines, 
•  such  as  stamping-mills  for  ore  and  stone,  &c. 

wire,  *  wler,  *  wir,  *  wyer,  *  wyr, 
*  wyr*.  s.  [A.S.  wir  =  a  wire;  cogn.  with 
Icel.  virr  =  wire  ;  Sw.  vire  =  to  wind,  to  twist  ; 
ef.  O.  H.  Ger.  wiara,  M.  H.  Ger.  were  =  an 
ornament  of  refined  gold  ;  Lat.  trirfce  =  arm- 


lets of  metal ;    Icel.   viravirki  —  wire-work, 
filagree-work.] 

1.  A  metallic  rod,  thread,  or  filament  of 
small  and  uniform  diameter.  The  largest  size, 
numbered    0000,   of  the    Binni  nghain    wire- 
gauge,  has  a  diameter  of  '454  inch  ;  but  smaller 
sizes  even  than  this,  except  when  drawn  out 
to  considerable  lengths,  are  generally  known 
as  bars  or  rods.     Lead-wire  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  bullets  may  considerably  exceed   the 
above  diameter.     Wire  is  usually  cylindrical, 
but  it  is  also  made  of  various  other  forms,  as 
oval,  half-round,  square,  and  triangular,  and 
of  more  complicated  shapes  for  small  pinions; 
for  forming  the  pattern   on  blocks  used  in 
calico-printing,  and  for  other  purposes. 

"  With  golden  wire  to  weave  her  curled  head." 
teenier;  f.  Q.,  111.  viiL  7. 

2.  Used  absolutely  for  telegraph  wire,  and 
hence,  colloquially,  applied  to  the  telegraph 
itself :  as,  To  send  a  message  by  wire. 

3.  Hence  applied  to  a  message  sent  by  tele- 
graph ;  a  telegram  :   as,  He  sent  me  a  wire, 
(CoUoq.) 

4.  Used  in  hunting  language  for  wire-fencing. 

5.  A  pickpocket.     (Slang.) 

H  Wire  of  Jjapland :  A  shining  slender  sub- 
stance made  from  the  sinews  of  the  reindeer, 
soaked  in  water,  beaten,  and  spun  into 
thread.  Being  then  coated  with  tin,  it  is 
used  by  the  Laplanders  to  embroider  their 
clothes.  (Ogilvie.) 

wire-bent,  9. 

Bot. :  Nardus  stricta. 


wire-bridge,  s. 

cables  made  of  wire. 


A  bridge  suspended  by 


Wire- cartridge,  s.  A  cartridge  for 
fowling  in  which  the  charge  of  shot  has  wire 
ligaments. 

Wire-Cloth,  s.  A  fabric  whose  woof  and 
weft  are  of  wire ;  the  size  of  the  wire,  the 
shape  and  sizes  of  the  meshes,  being  adapted 
to  the  uses  of  the  completed  screen,  sifter,  or 
sieve,  or  the  character  of  the  machine  in  which 
it  is  to  be  used. 

Wire-edge,  *.  A  thin  wire-like  edge, 
formed  on  a  cutting  tool  by  over  sharpening 
ft  on  one  side. 

wire  fence,  wire-fencing,  5.  A  fence 
made  of  parallel  strands  of  wire,  generally 
galvanized,  strained  between  upright  p-»*t'- 
placed  at  suitable  distances  apart.  Of  late 
years  wire-fencing  lias  to  a  considerable  extent 
taken  the  place  of  the  old  quick  hedges,  being 
easily  transferred  from  place  to  place,  BO  as  to 
inclose  different  portions  of  ground  at  different 
times  as  required.  It  also  has  the  advantages 
of  being  durable  and  of  overshadowing  or 
occupying  no  cultivable  ground. 

wire-gauge,  *.  A  gauge  for  measuring 
the  thickness  of  wire  and  sheet-metals.  It  is 
usually  a  plate  of  steel  having  a  series  of  aper- 
tures around  its  edge,  each  corresponding  in 
width  to  the  diameter  of  wire  of  a  certain 
number. 

wire  gauze,  a.  A  fine,  close  quality  in 
wire-cloth. 

wire-grass,  s. 

Bot, :  A  name  given  to  Elevsine  indica  and 
Poa  compressa. 

wire  grate,  s.  A  grate  or  contrivance 
of  fine  wire-work,  used  to  keep  insects  out  of 
vineries,  hothouses,  &c. 

wire-grub,  s.    [WIRE-WORM.] 

wire-guard,  *.  A  framework  of  wire- 
netting  used  as  a  guard  in  front  of  a  fire, 

Wire-heel,  s.  A  defect  and  disease  in  the 
feet  of  a  horse  or  other  beast. 

wire-iron, «.    Black  rod-iron  for  drawing 

Into  wire.    (Simmonds.) 

wire-mattress,  s.  A  mattress  having  a 
web  of  wire-cloth  or  chain  stretched  in  a 
frame  for  supporting  a  bed. 

Wire-micrometer,  8.  A  micrometer 
having  spider  lines  or  very  fine  wires  across 
the  field.  The  wires  are  arranged  in  parallel 
and  intersecting  series,  and  some  are  mov- 
able by  screws.  [MICROMETER-SCREW.] 

wire-netting,  a.  A  texture  of  wire 
coarser  than  wire-gauze  and  wire-cloth. 

Wire-puller,  s.  One  who  pulls  the  wires, 
as  of  a  puppet :  hence,  one  who  operates  by 


(-rope,    «.      A    collection    of    wires 
or  bound  together,  so  as  to  act  in 


of  fine  quality  and  glazed,  used  chiefly  for 


'•£•? 


secret  means  ;  one  who,  being  himself  behind 
the  scenes  and  unknown,  exercises  a  powerful 
influence,  especially  in  political  affairs ;  an 
intriguer. 

"  An  obscure  knot  of  local  wire-pullert,  who  styla 
themselves  an  association." — Observer,  Sept.  27,  1886. 

wire-pulling,  *.  The  act  of  pulling  the 
wires,  as  of  a  puppet :  hence,  secret  influence 
or  management ;  intrigue. 

"  Disgusted  with  the  amount  of  wire-pit! ling  which 
has  been  carried  on  of  lat«  by  the  numerous  commit- 
tevs."— Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  l,  1886. 

wire-road,  s.    [WIRE-TRAMWAY.] 

wire-r 

twisted  or 

unison  in  resisting  a  strain.  It  is  composed 
of  strands  of  untwisted  hard  wire  laid  spirally 
around  a  central  core  of  hemp  or  wire  ;  a 
number  of  these  strands,  without  any  addi- 
tion;il  twist  being  placed  around  a  hempen 
core,  form  the  rope, 

wire -tram  way,  s.  A  mode  of  convey* 
ance  by  or  upon  a  wire  supported  on  posts. 
Called  also  Wire-road  and  Wire-way. 

wire-twist,  s.  A  kind  of  gun-barrel 
made  of  a  ribbon  of  iron  and  steel,  coiled 
around  a  mandrel  and  welded.  The  ribbon  is 
made  by  welding  together  laminae  of  iron  and 
steel  or  two  qualities  of  iron,  and  drawing  the 
same  between  rollers  into  a  ribbon. 

wire-way,  s.    [WIRE-TRAMWAY.] 

wire-wheel,  s.  A  brush-wheel  made  of 
wire,  iron,  or  brass,  instead  of  bristles,  used 
for  cleaning  and  scratching  metals,  prepara- 
tory to  gilding  or  silvering,  or  matting 
polished  metallic  surfaces. 

Wire-work,  s.  Any  kind  of  fabric  made 
of  iron. 

Wire-worker,  a.  One  who  manufactures 
articles  from  wire. 

wire-worm,  wire-grub,  «.  [WIRE- 
WORM.] 

wire-Wore,  a.  A  term  applied  to  a  paper 
>f  fine  quali' 
letter-paper. 

"  Wrapped  up  in  hot-premed  and  wire-wove  paper." 
—JTnox ;  Ettay  No.  174. 

wire,  v.t.  &  i,    [WIRE,  «.] 

A,  Transitive: 

1.  To  bind  with  wire ;  to  appiy  wire  to  :  as, 
To  wire  a  cork. 

2.  To  put  upon  a  wire  :  as,  To  wire  beads. 

3.  To  form  of  wire  ;  to  insert  wire  In. 

"  Almost  every  fence  Menu  to  be  wired. "— field, 
April  4.  1885. 

4.  To  snare  by  means  of  a  wire  :  as,  To  wire 
birds.     [WiRER.] 

5.  To  send  by  telegraph,  as  a  message ;  to 
telegraph. 

"  Scarcely  had  the  news  been  wired  from  Newmar- 
ket."— Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  6, 1886. 

B.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  To  flow  in  currents,  as  thin  as  wire. 

"Then  in  small  streams  (through  all  th«  islt  vnring).'* 
P.  Fletcher:  Pvrj'le  Iiland,  vL 

2.  To  communicate  by  means  of  the  tele- 
graph ;  to  telegraph. 

"  The  Admiralty  wired  to  the  Plymouth  Division 
Royal  Marinea."— Daily  Telegraph,  llev,  8.  1887. 

IT  To  wire  in:  To  apply  one's  self  closely 
and  perseveringly  to  anything ;  to  set  to  with 
vigour  ;  to  press  forward  with  a  view  to  hav- 
ing a  share.  (Slang.) 

wire'-draw,  *wier-draw,  v.t.  [Eng.  wire, 
and  draw.] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  Lit.  :  To  form  into  wire,  as  a  metal,  by 
forcibly  pulling  through  a  series  of  holes, 
gradually  decreasing  in  diameter. 

*  2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  To  draw  out  Into  length  ;  to  elongate. 

(2)  To  draw  or  spin  out  to  great  length  or 
tenuity  :  as,  To  wiredraw  an  argument. 

(S)  To  draw  by  act  or  violence  ;  to  twist. 

"  Nor  am  I  for  forcing,  or  wiredrawing  toe  sente  of 
the  text.'1— South :  Kemtumt,  vol.  v,aer.li. 
IL   Steam~cn.g. :    To    ditiw    off,    as    steam, 
through  narrow  ports,  thus  wasting  part  of 
its  effect 

wire  draw-er,  *  wler  draw- cr,  s.  [Eng. 
wire,  and  drawer.)  One  who  draws  metal  into 
wire.  (Chaucer:  Test.  Love,  bk,  iii.) 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cfib,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ,  qu  =  kw. 


wiredrawing— wise 


5199 


wire'-draw-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  ft  ».    [WIRE- 
DRAW.] 

A.  &  B.  A$  pr.  par.  to  varlirtp.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Lit. :  The  act  or  process  of  drawing  metal 
into  wire.  The  uu-tal  to  be  extended  is  first 
hammered  into  a  liar  or  rod.  The  roils,  from 
i  to  i  inch  in  diameter,  received  from  the 
rolling-mills  in  bundles,  are  heated  and  re- 
rolled  in  grooved  rollers,  one  above  the  other, 
1  so  that  the  rod  runs  from  the  first  roll  to  the 
second,  and  so  on,  without  reheating.  •  The 
rollers  run  with  great  rapidity,  reducing  the 
rod  to  a  coarse  wire,  which  is  then  passed 
through  the  successive  holes  in  the  draw- 
plate,  a  flat  piece  of  hard  steel  having  holes 
corresponding  to  the  various  numbers  or  sizes 
of  wire.  The  best  are  made  of  a  combined 
plate  of  highly-tempered  steel  and  wrought- 
Iron.  The  holes  are  tapering,  the  smallest 
opening  being  on  the  steel  side  through  which 
the  wire  first  enters.  [DRAW-PLATE.]  Very  fine 
gold  and  platinum  wires,  used  for  the  spider- 
lines  of  telescopes,  are  formed  by  coating  the 
metal  with  silver,  which  is  then  drawn  down 
to  a  great  tenuity,  after  which  the  silver  coat- 
ing is  removed  by  nitric  acid,  leaving  an 
almost  invisible  interior  wire,  which  has  been 
so  attenuated  that  a  mile  in  length  weighed 
only  a  grain.  Wiredrawing  seems  to  have 
arisen  at  Augsburg  or  Nuremberg  in  the  four- 
teenth ceutury.  In  1403  and  1484  the  impor- 
tation of  iron  wire  into  England  wafl  pro- 
hibited. The  manufacture  was  soon  after 
attempted  in  England,  but  did  not  make  much 
progress  till  a  patent  was  granted,  in  15(55,  to 
certain  Dutchmen  and  Germans  to  carry  it 
and  some  other  processes  out  The  United 
States  has  grown  to  be  one  of  the  leading 
wire-producing  countries. 

2.  fig. :  The  act  of  drawing  out  an  argu- 
ment or  discussion  to  prolixity  and  attenua- 
tion by  useless  refinements,  distinctions,  dis- 
quisitions, and  the  like. 

wire'-drawn,  pa.  par.  &  o.    [WIREDRAW.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ortl.  Lang. :  Drawn  out  or  extended  to 
prolixity,  as  an  argument,  &c. 

2.  Strnn:  A  term  applied  to  the  condition  of 
steam  when  the  pipes  or  ports  leading  to  the 
cylinder  have  not  sufficient  carrying  capacity. 

t  wir'-er,  s.  [Eng.  wir(e~),  v. ;  .«•.]  One  who 
uses  a  wire ;  specif.,  one  who  snares  game. 
[WmE,  ».,  A.  4.] 

"THe  nightly  irirw  of  their  tanooent  hare." 

Tenayion:  Ayimtr'l  Fuld.  <OT. 

wire'- worm.  ».  [Eng.  wire,  and  worm.] 
[See  def.] 

Entom.  &  Agric. :  The  name  given  by 
farmers  and  others  to  a  kind  of  vermiform 
larva,  long,  slender,  cylindrical,  and  some- 
what rigid.  Host  wireworms  are  the  larvie  of 
the  Elat*rida>.  Some  live  in  rotten  stumps 
of  trees,  others  gnaw  roots  of  kitchen  garden 
and  other  plants,  cereals,  grass  on  lawns,  &c. 
Some  of  them  live  in  the  larva  state  for  three 
years.  One  of  the  most  common  wireworms 
Is  tie  larva  of  Cataphagus  tptitator.  The  last 
segment  of  the  body  is  long,  entire,  and  wire- 
like.  It  is  believed  that  the  form  of  this 
species  suggested  the  prefix  wire  in  the  name 
wireworm.  It  attacks  the  roots  of  lettuces, 
eating  them  as  far  as  the  collar,  with  the 
effect  of  killing  the  plant.  Agriotet  lintatia 
similarly  devours  the  roots  of  the  oat,  causing 
the  leaves  to  wither  and  the  plant  to  die.  The 
larva  of  Hemirhivus  segetis  feeds  on  the  route 
of  plants  with  the  same  destructive  effect. 
The  rook,  the  domestic  fowl,  and  the  mole  are 
natural  foes  of  the  wireworms.  The  name  is 
sometimes  applied  to  the  lulidte. 

wiV  -I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  wiry;  -nets.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  wiry. 

wir'-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [WmE,  v.} 

wiring-machine,  s.  An  apparatus  for 
securing  a  soda-water  or  other  bottle  while 
the  cork  is  being  wired. 

*  -mt-rf,  v.i.    [WORRY,  v.] 

wir'-y,  *  wler-y,  *  wir-ie,  a.    [Eng.  w<r(e), 
s. ;  -y.] 
1.  Made  of  wire ;  like  wire. 

"  Bending  her  yellow  locks,  like  vlrlt  gold." 

Spenler  :  Ruinetof  Time,  10. 


wl», 


2.  Leun  but  sinewy  ;  tough; 
"  Mounted  on  v*ry  station  horses."—  Olobt.  March 
25,  loss. 

,  adv.  [See  def.)  A  fictitious  verb  given 
many  dictionaries,  with  a  )».  t.  wist,  and 
with  the  meanings  to  know,  to  be  aware,  to 
think,  &e.  The  mistake  arose  from  the  adverb 
ill-is,  ywis  =  certainly,  in  which  the  prefix 
(like  most  other  prelixes)  was  frequently  writ- 
ten apart  from  the  rest  of  the  word,  and  not 
infrequently  the  i  was  represented  by  a  Capi- 
tol /,  so  that  it  appeared  as  /  wis.  Hence  the 
I  has  been  mistaken  for  the  first  personal 
pronoun,  and  the  verb  wis  created.  [Ywis.] 

wis  alls,  wis-omes,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.] 
'I'll'  leaves  aud  tops  of  carrots  and  parsnips. 
(Proa.) 

wif  '-ard,  s.    [WIZARD.] 

wis  dom,  *wls-dam,  *wy»-dome, 
•wyse-dome,  s.  [A.S.  wisdom,  from  wis 
=  wise,  and  sulf.  -dam  =  Eng.  doom  =  judg- 
ment ;  Icel.  vlsdomr;  8w.  visdom;  Dan.  vis- 
dom,  viisdom.] 
*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wise  ;  the 
power  or  faculty  of  seeing  into  the  heart  of 
things  and  of  forming  the  attest  and  best 
judgment  in  any  matter  presented  for  con- 
sideration ;  knowledge  and  the  capacity  to 
make  due  use  of  it;  knowledge  of  or  the 
capacity  to  discern  the  best  ends  and  the  best 
means  ;  a  combination  of  discernment,  judg- 
ment, sagacity,  or  similar  powers  with  know- 
ledge, especially  thut  knowledge  which  is 
gained  from  experience.  (It  is  often  nearly 
synonymous  with  discretion,  sagacity,  or  pru- 
dence, and  frequently  it  Implies  little  more 
than  sound  common-sense,  perfect  soundness 
of  mind  or  intellect,  and  hence  is  often  op- 
posed b)  folly.) 

"  Bhow  your  vAidom,  daughter, 


deprived  her  (the  peacock]  of  wisdom, 
he  Imparted  to  her  understanding.  — 


2.  Human  learning,  science,  knowledge,  eru- 
dition ;  knowledge  of  arts  and  sciences. 

-M.M.i  wae  learned  In  all  the  imjrfom  of  the 
Ei-yptlaus."—  AcU  vii.  ;:•.:. 

*3.  Quickness  of  intellect;  readiness  of 
apprehension  ;  dexterity  in  execution. 

"  In  the  heart*  of  all  that  are  wise  hearted  I  have 
p«t  ifiKtam  that  they  may  make  all  that  I  have  com- 
manded thee."— S xodtu  zxxl.  7. 

*  4.  Natural  instinct  and  sagacity. 

"God  hath  d 
neither  hath  hi 

*  5.  With  a  possessive  pronoun,  used  as  a 
title  of  respect.    (Cf.  your  highness,  yow  wor- 
ship, &c.) 

"Under  *noh  a  religious  orderly  Government,  a* 
I/our  WiidomM,  upon  the  abolishing  of  Episcopacy. 
shall  please  to  erect  among  u»."—  W.  Prtmu:  Antt- 
patkif,  p.  11. 

IT.  Script. :  Right  judgment  concerning  re- 
ligious and  moral  truth  ;  true  religion  ;  piety  ; 
the  knowledge  and  fear  of  God  and  sincere 
and  uniform  obedience  to  his  commands. 

"80  teach  us  to  number  our  days,  that  we  may 
apply  our  hearts  unto  vrudom."— PttUm  xc,  12. 

U  (1)  The  Witdam  of  Solomon  : 

Apocrypha, :  An  apocryphal  book,  named  in 
Gr.  io</>m  2ciAji>^wv  (Sophia  Salotnon),  or  SoAo- 
(iiirros  (SalomiJiitos),  generally  placed  sixth  ill 
order  between  "the  rest  of  Esther"  and  Ec- 
clesiasticus.  Its  author  professes  that  he 
is  a  king  (vii.  1-6;  ix.  7),  and  son  of  a 
worthy  father,  also  a  king  (12).  He  himself 
prayed  to  God  for  .wisdom  and  received  it. 
wealth  being  superadded  (vii.  7-13).  God 
directed  him  to  build  a  temple  on  the  holy 
mount  on  the  model  of  the  Tabernacle  (ix.  8.), 
from  all  which  it  is  obvious  that  the  author 
claims,  to  be  Solomon,  the  son  of  David,  King 
of  Israel  The  book  is  now  di  vided  into  nine- 
teen chapters.  The  first  of  these  exhorts 
judges  to  love  righteousness,  and  commends 
wisdom  to  them  and  others.  The  second  de- 
nounces the  unbelief  of  the  ungodly,  and 
traces  to  this  source  the  wickedness  of  their 
lives.  The  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  point  out 
that  for  the  righteous  there  is  a  happy  future, 
whilst  an  opposite  destiny  awaits  the  wicked. 
Chapters  vi.-ix.  highly  commend  wisdom. 
Portions  of  them  resemble  corresponding  ex- 
hortations and  descriptions  in  the  Books  of 
Proverbs  (cf.  Wisd.  vi.  12-15  with  Prov. 
viii.  17-21 ;  ix.  9  with  Prov.  viir.  25-80).  The 
advantages  of  wisdom  are  shown  in  chapters 
x.-xii.  by  illustrations  taken  from  the  history 
recorded  in  the  Pentateuch  (it  is  remarkable 


that  the  author  adds  no  more  modern  exam- 
ples).     In    chapters    xiii.-xv.    the    folly    of 
idolatry  is  exhibited    in    language  of  great 
beauty    and    force,    and    a    philosophic    ex- 
planation of  its  origin  is  attempted.      (Cf. 
Wisd.   xiii.   11-1«  with    Isaiah    xliv.   12-^U). 
The  last  four  chapters  contrast  the  provi- 
dence which  watches  over  the  wise  and  the 
pious  with  the  judgments    which  overtake 
idolaters  and  the  ungodly,   historical  illus- 
trations, as  before,  being  derived  solely  from 
the    Mosaic  writings.      Though  the  bonk  is 
called  "  The  Wisdom  of  Solomon,"  there  is  no 
reason  to  believe  that  he  was  its  author.     It 
was  composed  originally  in  Greek,  probablj 
by  some  Jew  resident  in  Alexandria.     It  in- 
corporates words  from  the  SeptulglDt  version 
of  Isaiah  iii.  10,  xliv.  20(eirc.  B.C.  284-246),  and 
therefore  was  subsequent  to  that  date.    The 
Apostle  Paul  was  evidently  acquainted  with 
this  book  (cf.   Wisd.  xiv.   21-27  with  Rom. 
i.  19-32  ;  Wisd.  xv.  7  with  Rom.  ix.  21 ;  Wisd. 
ix.  15  with  1  Cor.  xv.  53,  and  2  Cor.  V.  1,  and 
Wisd.  v.  17-20  with  Bphes.  vi.  11-17).  It  is  not 
influenced  by  Philo  (B.C.  20  to  A.D.  40  (?),  and 
in  all  likelihood  was  earlier  than  bis  era.     Its 
more  probable  date  was  B.C.  160  to  50,  or  more 
approximately  B.C.  120  to  88.    If  these  dates 
are  nearly  correct,  then  Wisdom  is  the  most 
ancient  Jewish  book  except  Daniel  (xii.  2,  S),  in 
which  the  doctrineof  rewards  and  punishments 
in  a  future  state  is  clearly  set  forth ;  but  it 
differs  from  Daniel  in  teaching  the  immortality 
of  the  soul,  without  reference  to  the  resurrec- 
tion of  the  body.    It  is  the  first  book  which 
identifies  the  serpent  which  tempted  Eye  with 
the  Devil  (cf.  Wisd.  ii.  24  with  Gen.  iii.  1-5, 
14,  John  vili.  44,  and  Rev.  xii.  9,  xx.  10).    No 
one  can  study  the  Book  of  Wisdom  without  en- 
tertaining high  respect  for  its  author,  and  de- 
riving profit  from  lu's  ethical  teachings.    For 
thoughtful  and  beautiful  sentiments  see  i.  4, 6 ; 
iv.  8, 9 ;  vi.  18  ;  xvli.  11, 12,  tc. 
(2)  The  Wisdom  of  Jestu,  Ihe  ton  of  Sirack  : 
Apocrypha,:  [ECCLESIASTICUS], 

wisdom-tooth,  s.  The  popular  name  for 
the  third  molar  in  each  jaw.  [Tooia,  «.,  II. 
1.]  They  appear  between  the  ages  of  seven- 
teen and  twenty-flve,  when  a  person  may  be 
presumed  to  have  attained  some  degree  of 
experience  or  wisdom. 

"He's    noane    cut    hi*   uiMfcm-feett   yet,"  —  Jfr*. 
OtaMt :  Sylvht't  Lovers,  oil.  xxl. 

wise,  *  wis,  *  wys,  *  wyse.  o.  &  ».   [A.8. 

wis;  cogn.  with  Dut  wijs;  Icel.  Mt»;  Dan. 
viis;  8w.  vis;  O.  H.  Ger.  wist;  Ger.  weise; 
Goth,  weii,  in  comp.  «nw«is=  unwise.  From 
the  same  root  as  wit  =  to  know ;  hence,  a 
wise  man  =  a  knowing  man,  one  full  of  know- 
ledge.) 
A.  .48  adjective : 

1.  Having  the  power  or  faculty  of  discern- 
ing or  judging  correctly,  or  of  discriminating 
and  judging  between  what  is  true  and  what  is 
false,  between  what  is  proper  and  what  is 
improper;    possessed  of   discernment,  judg- 
ment, and  discretion  ;  endowed  with  or  show- 
ing sound  judgment. 

"  What  the  ufite  power*  deny  us  for  our  good." 

SAatefp. .'  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  II.  1. 

2.  Discreet,  sagacious,  prudent,  sensible. 

"Five  of  them  [the  ten  virgins]  were  trite,  and  five 
of  them  were  foolish."—  Matthew  zxv.  2. 

3.  Characterized  by  sound  judgment,  dis- 
cernment,   or   discrimination ;    dictated    or 
guided  by  wisdom  ;  containing  wisdom ;  judi- 
cious :  as,  a  wise  act,  a  wise  saying. 

4.  Becoming  or  befitting  a  wise  man  ;  sage, 
grave,  serious,  solemn. 

"  One  rising,  eminent 
In  wile  deport,  spake  much  of  right  and  "-rong 

jttlton  :  P.  i",  xl.  MB. 

5.  Learned,  erudite,  knowing,  enlightened. 

6.  Practically  or  experimentally  knowing  or 
acquainted  ;  experienced,  versed,  skilled,  dex- 
terous,, skilful. 

"  In  these  nice  sharp  quillets  of  the  law. 
Good  fattli,  I  am  no  wi,er  than  a  daw.- 

Slmkeip. :  1  Hmry  VI.,  IL  4. 

7.  Calculating,  crafty,  cunning,  subtle,  wary, 
wily. 

"  He  taketh  the  vrtte  In  their  own  eraftlnat*."— Job 
v.  la. 

8.  Godly,  pious,  religious. 

"Prom  a  child  thou  hftst  known  the  floly  Scrip, 
tures.  which  are  able  to  make  thee  wiu  unto  aalva- 
tiou."-2  Timatha  111.  14. 

*  1  Used  adverbially  ;  Wisely,  sagaciously, 
prudently. 

"  Thou  speakest  «rU«r  than  thon  art  ware  of." 

SAatw. :  At  rou  Ltlit  It,  0.  «. 


fcffiQ.  U6?;  pfiftt.  Jowl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  ohln.  oench:  go,  gem;  thin.  tWs;  ein.  a?;  expect,  ?enophon.  e¥tet     -ttg. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -aon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -fion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  =  shus.   -Me.  -die.  &c 


6200 


•wise— wisker 


*  B.  Assubst. :  Wisdom.    (Milton.) 

H  Never  the  wiser  (or  similar  phrases) :  With- 
out any  intelligence  or  information ;  still  in 
otter  ignorance, 

*  wise-hearted,  a.     Wise,  skilful,  ex- 
perienced, dexterous. 

"And  every  vite-htarted  among  you  shall  come, 
And  make  nil  that  the  Lord  hath  commanded."— 
Mxodut  zxzv.  10. 

*  Wise-like,  a.     Resembling  that  which 
to  wise  or  sensible ;  judicious.    (Scotch.) 

wise-man,  s.  A  man  skilled  in  hidden 
arts ;  a  sorcerer,  a  wizard. 

"I  pr»y  you  tell  where  the  trite-man,  the  conjuror 
&wel\a."-Peele :  Old  Wivtt  Talt,  p.  44fli 

*  wise-woman,  s. 

1.  A  woman  skilled  in  hidden  arts ;  a  witch, 

A  sorceress. 

"Pray  wu't  not  the  trite-voman  of  Brentford T"— 
Hhakiup.  :  Merry  H'ivet.  iv.  6. 

2.  A  midwife.    (Scotch.) 

U  In  sense  2,  perhaps  a  direct  translation  of 
FT.  sag&femmtt,  and  thus  a  relic  of  the  old 
connection  between  France  and  Scotland. 

[A.S.  wise;  cogn.  with  Dat.  wijs; 
Icel.  -vis,  in  comp.  odhruvis  =  otherwise  ; 
Dan.  mis;  Sw.  vis;  O.  H.  Ger.  wisa;  Ger. 
weist.  Wise  and  guise  are  doublets.]  Manner ; 
way  of  being  or  acting ;  mode,  guise. 

"It  thundered  and  lightened  lu  most  fearful  «rf«." 
—Banyan  :  PUgrim't  Proyrett,  pt.  i. 

U  As  an  independent  word  wise  is  now  obso- 
lete, except  in  such  phrases  as  in  any  wise,  in 
no  wise,  on  this  wise,  &c. 

**Ue  shall  In  no  «HM  IOM  hit  reward."— Matthew 

E»* 

tn  composition  it  is  often  used,  as  in  like- 
wise, otherwise,  lengthwise,  when  it  has  the 
same  force  as  -ways,  as  lengthwaj/9. 

*  1T  To  make  wise :  To  make  show  or  pre- 
tence ;  to  pretend,  to  feign. 

*'  They  m<ule  tcite  ae  if  the  god*  of  the  woods  .  .  . 
thouM  appear  aud  recite  those  verset,"—  Puttenham  : 
Mnglith  Pottle, 

wise'-a-cre  (ere  as  ker),  ».  [O.  Dot  wijs- 
segger  =  &  wise-sayer,  from  Ger.  weissager,  from 
M.  H.  Ger.  wizagtin,  wizsagen,  wissagen  =  a 
soothsayer,  a  prophet,  from  wizago  =  a  pro- 
phet, from  O.  H.  Ger.  wizan ;  A.8.  witan  (Lat. 
video)  =  to  see.  Hence  the  true  meaning  is  a 
soothsayer ;  the  O.  H.  Ger.  wizago  corre- 
sponding to  A.S.  witega,  witiga  —a  prophet.] 

*  1.  A  learned  or  wise  man ;  a  sayer  of  wise 
things. 

"  Pythagonu  lerned  mncbe,  .  .  .  becommliig  a 
myghtye  wyteafre.'—Lcland. 

2.  One  who  makes  pretensions  to  great 
learning  or  wisdom;  hence,  contemptuously 
yr  ironically,  a  would-be  wise  person,  a  fool, 
a  simpleton. 

"There  were,  at  that  time,  on  the  bench  of  Justices 
many  Sir  Paul  Eitherslde*,  hnrd,  unfeeling,  saper- 
•titk>uiwi*wcr«."— 6<m  Jonton  :  The  Devil  i*  an  Att, 
T.  5.  (Not«  I.) 

*  Wise'-Ung,  s.  [Eng.  wise  ;  dimin.  sufT. 
ling.]  One  who  pretends  to  be  wise  ;  a  wise- 
acre. 

"These  witelinyt,  that  show  themselves  fools  In  to 
•peaking." — Donne:  Septuagint,  p.  214. 

oose-ly,  *wis-liche,  *wise-li,  ado. 
(Eng.  wise,  a. ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  wise,  discreet,  or  prudent  manner ; 
with  wisdom,  prudence,  or  discretion ;  pru- 
dently, judiciously. 

"  Of  one  that  loved  not  tpiwJy.  but  too  well." 

Sh'tKetp. :  Othello,  r.  2. 

2.  Craftily,  cunningly ;  with  art  or  strata- 
gem. 

"  Let  ut  deal  vrltely  with  them,  lest  they  multiply 
.  .  .  and  fight  against  as.**—  Exodui  i.  10. 

a.    [WIZENED.] 

wise'-ness,  '  wise  nesse,  5.  [Eng.  wise, 
a. ;  -ness.}  Wisdom, 

"And  then  ae  a  wise  man.  for  his  goodnesse  and 
witcnrue  wolt  them  not  do  hym  worship?"— C'Aaucer  : 
Testament  of  Love,  bit.  II. 

«ri'-ser  -ine,  wi'-ser-ite  (w  as  vX  *-  [After 
Herr  Wiser  of  Zurich  ;  suff.  *iU  (Afin..).] 

Mineralogy : 

1.  A  name  given  by  Kenngott  to  a  mineral 
occurring  in  small  square  prisms  with  square 
pyramids  implanted  on  crystals  of  iron-glance 
(''eisenrose* \    The  same  as  XENOTIME  (q.v.Ju 

2.  A  mineral  occurring  in  somewhat  com- 
plex crystal-forms  sent  to  Klein  under  this 
name  was  found  to  be  Anatase  (q.v.).     Found 


implanted    on  the  sides  of  fissures  of  the 
schists  of  the  Binnenthal,  Wallis,  Switzerland. 
3.  The  same  as  ReoDOCHBoarrE  (q.v.). 

wish,  *  wisclic,  *  wisshe,  v.i.  &  t.  [A. S. 
wtfscan,  wiscan  •=.  to  wish,  from  witsc  =  a 
wish  (q.v.);  cogn.  with  Dut.  wenscheti ;  Icel. 
ceskja ;  Dan.  onske ;  Sw.  onska ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
wunscan ;  Ger.  wiinschen.  An  n  appears 
therefore  to  have  been  lost  from  the  English 
word,  the  proper  form  of  which  should  be 
winsh.  From  the  same  root  as  Sansc.  van  = 
to  ask  ;  Eng.  win  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  have  a  wish  or  desire  ;  to  cherish  a 
desire,  either  for  what  is,  or  for  what  is  not 
supposed  to  be  attainable  ;  to  long.  (Followed 
by  for  before  the  object  desired.) 

"The  sweets  we  wish  for." 

ShaJutp.  :  Rape  af  Lvertce,  867. 

2.  To   be   disposed    or  inclined ;   to  have 
certain  feelings  (with  well  or  ill) ;  as,  He  wishes 
well  (or  ill)  towards  you. 

*  3.  To  hope  or  fear  in  a  slight  degree,  or 
with  a  preponderance  of  fear  over  hope. 

"  I  with  it  may  not  prove  some  ominous  foretoken 
of  misfortune,  to  have  met  with  inch  a  miser  as  I 
am."— Sidney. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  desire  ;  to  long  for. 

"  I  would  not  tpi<A  any  companion. " 

Shaketp. :  Tempett,  111.  1. 

2.  Followed  by  an  Infinitive  or  clause. 

"  I  iffith  above  all  things  that  tbou  mayeat  prosper." 
— a/oAnS. 

3.  To  frame  or  express  a  desire  or  wish  con- 
cerning ;  to  desire  to  be  (with  words  complet- 
ing the  sense). 

"He  could  with  himself  In  Thames."— ShaJtetp.  : 
Benry  V.,  iv.  L 

4.  To  imprecate  or  call  down  upon ;  to  in- 
voke. 

"  Let  them  be  driven  backward,  and  put  to  shame 
that  with  me  evil."— Ptalm  zl.  14. 

*  6.  To  ask,  to  desire,  to  invite,  to  request, 
to  bid. 

"  I  will  Kith  thee  never  more  to  dance." 

Shaltetp. ;  Love't  Labour' i  Lott,  T.  2. 

*  6.  To  recommend  ;  to  commit  to  another's 
confidence,  kindness,  or  care  with  favouring 
representations ;  to  commend  with  a  view  to 
the  acceptance  of. 

"  If  I  can  by  any  means  light  on  a  fit  man  to  teach 
her  that  wherein  she  delights.  I  will  with  him  to  her 
father." — Shaketp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  L  L 

wish,  *wusch,  s.     [A.3.  wtisc;  cogn.  with 
O.  Dut.  wunsch;  IceL  6'sfc;  0.  H.  Ger.  vmnsc; 
Ger.  wunsch.] 
I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  desire,  a  longing,  a  hankering  after. 
"  Thy  with  wu  father,  Harry,  to  that  thought." 

Shaketp.:  2  Henry  /I'.,  iv.  4. 

2.  An  expression  of  desire ;  a  request,  a 
petition  ;  an  expression  of  a  kind  interest  in 
the  welfare  of  others,  or  an  imprecation  upon 
them. 

"  Blistered  be  thy  tongue, 
For  such  *wi»h," 

Shalcetp.  :  Romeo  A  Juliet,  111  3. 

3.  That  which  is  desired  or  wished  for ;  the 
object  of  desire. 

"  B*  awnr'd  .  . . 
Thy  with,  exactly  to  thy  heart's  desire." 

Milton :  P.  L..  Tilt.  451. 

H.  Compar.  Relig. :  A  word  often  occurring 
In  ancient  Teutonic  mythology,  and  used  to 
signify  the  sum-total  of  well-being  and  blessed- 
ness, the  fulness.  In  the  Middle  Age  Wish 
(Wunsch)  appears  to  have  been  personified  by 
the  poets  as  a  mighty  creative  being.  (See 
extract.) 

"  That  With  was  personified,  and  very  boldly  by  the 
Christian  poeta,  Is  abundantly  proved.  That  he  waa 
ever  believed  in  as  a  person,  even  In  heathen  time*, 
is,  to  my  thinking,  far  from  clear.  I  believe  some 
German  scholars  regard  the  notion  as  little  better 
than  n  mare's  nest.  —  Grimm:  Deut.  J/ythoL  (Eug. 
ed.),  1.  143.  (Translator's  note.) 

wish-bone,  *.    [WISHING-BOH*.] 
wish-child,  *. 

.    Anthropology: 
L  An  adopted  child. 

2.  The  child  of  a  wish-wife  (q.v.).  (Grimm.) 
wish-maiden,  «. 

Anthrap. :  A  valkyr  (q.v.). 

"  The  Norse  Odinn  too  has  these  marvellous  children 
and  with-mititinit  in  his  train."— Grimm :  Deut. 
Jtythol.  (Bug.  ed.),l.  143. 

wish-wife,  «. 

Anthropology : 

1.  A  female  deity ;  especially  one  acting  as 


a  handmaid  to  the  gods,  and  as  a  revealer  and 
guardian  to  men. 

2.  A  supernatural  being  whose  presence  her 
mortal  lover  can  procure  by  wishing  for  it 
(Grimm.) 

*  wfeh'-a-ble,  a.     [Eng.    wish,   v. ;    -abb.] 
Capable  or  worthy  of  being  wished  for  or 
desired ;  desirable. 

"The  glad  and  withabte  t  id  luges  of  saluacton,' — 
Udai :  Luke  iv. 

wished,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [WISH,  v.] 

* wteh'-e'd-lSF,  adv.  [Eng.  wished;  -ly.]  Ac- 
cording to  desire. 

"  What  could  have  happened  unto  him  more  withfd- 
ly,  than  with  his  great  honour  to  keep  the  town  still  t " 

—  Knoll et  :  Bitt.  of  Turket. 

W*sh'-er,  a.  [Eng.  wish,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
wishes  ;  one  who  expresses  a  wish  or  desire. 

"  Wither*  were  ever  fools." 

Phuket  p. :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  Iv.  18. 

wish'-ful.  *  wlsh'-ffull,  o.  [Eug.  wish  (1), 
s.  ;  -fulL] 

1.  Having  or  cherishing  wishes  ;  desirous 
(followed  by  of  before  the  object  of  desire) : 
as,  To  be  wishful  of  one's  company. 

2.  Showing,  or  arising  from  desire ;  longing, 
wistful. 

"  Yet  thro'  the  gate  they  cart  a  withful  eye." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  i.  SI. 

*  3.  Desirable  ;  exciting  wishes  or  desire. 

"  And  forth  her  bringing  to  the  joyous  light. 
Whereof  she  loug  had  lackt  the  vrithfull  sight." 
Spenter  ;  F.  V-,  VI.  xl.  60. 

*  wlsh'-f&l-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  wishful ;  -ly.]    In 
a  wishful  manner ;  with  strong  or  ardetit  de* 
sire ;  earnestly,  wistfully 

"  I  sat  looking  wishfully  at  the  clock."— Idler,  No.  67. 

* wish'-ful-ness,  s.  [Eng.  wishful;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  wishful ;  long- 
ing ;  strong  in  ardent  desire. 

"Sadness  and  softness,  hopefulness,  vtithfulneu." 
Taylor :  Jtanc  Comenut,  iiL  L 

wish-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [WISH,  v.] 

A.  &  B*  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj.  : 

1.  Ord,  Lang. :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  Anthrop. :  Connected  with  or  bestowed 
by  Wish  [WISH,  a.,  II.];  bestowing  the  best 
that  the  heart  can  wish.    The  expression  is 
borrowed  from  Scandinavian  and    Teutonic 
mythology,  though  the  idea  is  found  in  the 
folk-tales  of  many  other  races.    Grimm  (Deut. 
Afythol.)  identities  the  wishing  purse  of  Fortu- 
natus,   which  was    never   empty,   with    the 
Cornucopia ;  his  wishing  cap,  which  trans- 
ported him  from  place  to  place,   with  the 
petasus  of  Hermes ;  and  in  the  wishing  rod, 
credited  with  the  power  of  enabling  its  owner 
to  discover  and  obtain  gold  or  other  treasure 
buried  in  the  earth,  he  sees  a  reference  to  the 
Caduceus. 

C.  As  snbst. :  A  wish,  a  desire;  the  ex- 
pression of  a  wish. 

"Her  longings,  vtithlngt,  hopes,  all  finished  be.' 

Daviet :  Immort.  of  the  Soul,  »*«. 

wishing-bone,  wish  bone,  s.  The 
forked  bone  in  a  fowl's  breast ;  the  merry* 
thought  (q.v^). 

wishing-cap,  s.    [WISHING,  2.] 
wishing-purse,  5.    [WISHING.  2.] 
wlshing-rod,  s.    [WISHING,  2.] 

*  wXsh'-ly,  *  wishe-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  wish  (i;y 
s. ;  -ly.]    Earnestly. 

"  Pore  better  and  more  withtly  with  his  olde  eyen 
vpon  Sayut  Johns  gboeiwll  "—Sir  T.  More  ;  Work**,  i*. 
1,134. 

wish'-ton-wish,  «.    [North  Amer.  Indian.] 

Zool, :  Cynomys  ludovicianut.  (RipUy  d 
Dana.)  [PRAIHIE-DOO.J 

t  wish' -wash,  5.  [A  reduplication  of  wash,] 
Any  weak  thin  liquor  for  drinking. 

wish'-^-wash-y,  a.  &  s.  [A  reduplication 
of  washy.} 

A.  As  adj.:  Very  thin,  weak,  and  poor; 
originally  applied    to    liquids;    hence  poor, 
feeble,  wanting  in  substance  or  body. 

"  If  you  are  a  Coffin,  you  are  sawn  out  of  no  vithy- 

withy  elm  \t»&r^:'—Kinjtley:  Wettwird  Ho!  ch.  viii. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  sort  of  thin,  weak,  or 
poor  liquor.    (Colloq.) 

*wis'-ker,  5.    [Efym.  doubtful.]    A  lie. 

"  Suppose  I  tell  her  some  damned  witter.'— i'tatttut 
made  f.'ny/iih,  p.  B. 


Ate,  lat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e;  oy  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


•  wisket,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.]     A  basket. 
(Proti.) 

•  wis'-lv   adv.    [Icel.  triss  =  certain,  from  vita 

=  to  know.]    [WiT,  t).]    Surely,  certainly. 

••  Yet  WM  he  blent  and  God  wot.  so  ben  mo. 
That  wenen  Birfjr  that  It  be  "^jso.       ^    ^  ^ 

wisp.  *wlps,  *wispe,  *wesp,  "wysp, 

f  As  in  other  cases  where  sp  and  j>s  are 
interchanged,  the  spelling  with  ja  is  the  older ; 
cf.  hasp,  clasp,  wasp,  &C.  The  A.S.  form  would 
he  wijw  but  it  does  not  occur  ;  and  the  final 
•  is  formative,  wijis  being  closely  connected 
with  wipe.  We  find  also  Low  Ger.  vnep  =  a 
wisp  .  .  .  Sw.  dial,  vipp  =  an  ear  of  rye,  also 
a  little  sheaf  or  bundle.  (Skeat.)] 

1.  A  bundle  of  straw,  hay,  or  other  like 
substance. 

••He  had  died  on  a  wtlp  of  straw  without  medical 
attendance."— ilacauhiy  :  Bitt.  Ing.,  ch.  xlv. 

2.  A  whisk,  a  small  besom  or  broom. 

3.  An  ignis-fatuus  or  will-o'-the-wisp. 


«  4.  A  disease  in  bullocks. 
•wisp-led,  o.      Led  away  by  a  will-o'- 
the-wisp  or  idle  fancy. 

"F.r  too  clear-sighted  to  b>  »iiy-J«i."-i«n««»i«> 
Centura.  Sept.,  1881.  p.  4M. 

wisp,  v.t.    [Wisp,  s.] 

1.  To  brush  or  dress,  as  with  a  wisp. 

2.  To  rumple.    (Prov.) 

•wisp -en,  a.  [Eng.  vfcp;  -«n.]  Made  of  a 
wisp  of  wisps  of  straw  or  some  similar  sub- 
stance. 

••  She  hath  already  put  on  her  wbixn  garland. "-8. 
Zarvty:  Pierco'l  Supererogation. 

wis-sad'-ii-la,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Bo(. :  A  genus  of  Halve*.  Involucre  none ; 
calyx  Bve-partite ;  petals  five ;  capsule  five- 
celled  ;  seeds  reniform.  Shrubs  from  the 
tropics  of  Asia  and  America,  Wusndula. 
nstrata  is  a  native  of  the  Malay  Peninsula, 
Java,  tropical  Africa  and  America,  and  i 
cultivated  in  Ceylon  and  India.  The  bark 
abounds  in  useful  flaxen  fibres ;  it  also  yields 
a  good  hemp. 

•wlsse,  'wise,  v.t.    [A.S.  wislcm;  O.Low. 
Ger.  wisean;  Icel.  •visa;  O.  H.  Ger.  wfaon, 
tttssan.)    To  teach,  to  show,  to  instruct 
we  depart  I  ahal  thee  so  we]  vriue, 
n  hou.  ne  .halt  *" 


wisket— wit 

. • — 

tWlS'-tl-tl,  S.      [OCISTITI.] 

•Wist'-l8ss,a.   [Eng.  wist;-ltss.]  Unknowing. 
••  It  MM  what  I  did.  half  from  the  sheath 
Drew  the  well-tempered  blade.  bk, 

Soutliey :  Joan  of  Arc,  OK.  i. 

*wist'-ly,  adv.    [WISTFUL.] 

1.  Observingly,     attentively,      earnestly, 
closely. 

••  A  wild  beast  .  .  .  doth  stand  full  against  the  dog 
.tarn,  wheuit rlith.  looketh  wMl,  upon  it."-P. 
Holland :  Pllnie,  bk.  U.,  cb.  It 

2.  Wistfully,  longingly.    (A  doubtful  use.) 

wit,  *  wit-en,  *  witte,  *  wy-ten  (pr.  t. 
wot,  wost,  wot?  pi.  wite» ;  pa.  t., «  mit  •  mite, 
"vnist,'wot,   pa.  par.  wist),  v.i.  or  t.     [A.S. 
witan  =  to  know  (pr.  t.  io  wot,  thu  wast,  he 
wot;  pi.  witon:  subj.  sing,  wite,  pi.  witon; 
pa  t,  wiste,  wisse ;  2nd  pers.  wtsses,  pi.  wiston; 
pa.  par.  wist).    Allied  to  witon  =  to  see  (pa.  t. 
wite,  pi.  witon).     It  is  clear  that  ic  wat  is 
really  an  old  past  tense  (prob.  of  witan),  used 
as  a  present,  causing  the  necessity  of  creating 
a  new  past,  tense,  wisse,  or  wiste  which  is, 
however,  of  great  antiquity  .  .  .  The  gerund 
is    to    witanne,    whence   Mod.    English    to 
wit       Cogn.    with    Dut   weten   (p.    t   wist, 
l>a.  par.  gewetm) ;  Icel.  vita  (pr.  t.  mit ;  pa.  t. 
t-issa  •   pa.  par.   vitadhr)  ;   Dan.  vide  (pr.   t. 
wed ;  pa.  t.  vidste;   pa.  par.  mist);  Sw.  veto, 
(pr  t.  vet ;  pa.  t.  visste ;  pa.  par.  veten)  ;  Ger. 
lessen  (pr.  t.  weiss;  pa.  t.  wusste;    pa.  par. 
acwussf/c,  Goth,  witon  (pr.  t.  wait;  pa.  t  wissa); 
Lat.  video  =  to  see  ;  Gr.  iSet,,  (idein)  =  to  see  ; 
olio,  (oida)  =  I  know;  Sansc.   vid  =  to _ per- 
ceive, to  know.     Wit  is  the  infin.  mood  ;  to 
wit  (as  in  "  We  do  you  to  wit ")  is  the  gerund  • 
wot  is  the  1st  and  3rd  pers.  of  the  present 
indicative,   the  3rd  person  being  often  cor- 
ruptly written  wotteth;  wost  (later  form  wot- 
test)  is  the  2nd  pers.  sing,  of  the  same  tense 
wiste  (later  wisl),  is  the  pa.  t,,  and  wat  is  th. 
pa.  par.    (Skeat.)] 

I    To    know,  to   learn;   to  be  or  become 
aware.  (Used  either  with  or  without  an  object. 

(1)  Infinitive: 

••  And  his  sister  stood  afar  oft  to  wtt  what  would  be 
done  nuto  him."— Sxodut  11.  4. 

(2)  Presenf  tense : 

"  I  wot  well  where  he  Is." 

Stakelp. :  Komto  t  Juliet,  Ul.  t 

(S)  Posl  tense : 

"  He  wltt  not  what  to  say,  for  they  were  all  afraid. 

"      ••!.«. 


wist,  pret.  &pa.  par.  ofv.    [Wrr,  v.] 

wig-tar  -i-a,  s.  [Named  after  Caspar  Wistar 
(1761-1818),"  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.) 

Sot.  •  A  genus  of  Galegeas.  Climbing  shrubs, 
with  pinnate  leaves,  and  axillary  and  terminal 
racemes  of  flowers.  Wistaria  fruUxens,  a  native 
ooTfcountry,  bears  beautiful  bluish  purple 
flowers.  W.  chlnentis,  a  Chinese  species,  bears 
largo  pendulous  racemes  of  flowers. 

•  wiste,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.    [Wrr,  ».] 

Wist'-ful,  a.  [A  word  of  doubtful  origin. 
According  to  Skeat  it  is  nothing  more  than  a 
corruption  of  wishful,  which-  was  once  com- 
mon, and  which  it  has  supplanted.  The 
change  in  form  is  probably  due  to  confusion 
with  wistly,  which  was  itself  a  corruption  of 
Mid.  Eng.  wisly  (q.v.).] 

1.  Earnestly  or  eagerly  attentive  ;  carefully 
or  anxiously  observant. 

"  These  viitful  myriads  eye  their  prey." 

Scott :  Don  Roderick,  Cone.  T. 

8.  Full  of  thought;  pensive,  contempla- 
tive, thoughtful. 

"Why.  Grubbinol,  dost  thon  so  wistful  seem  T" 
Gay:  Pastoral  t,  Friday  1. 

S.  Pensive  or  melancholy  from  the  absence 
or  want  of  something  ;  earnest  from  a  feeling 
Of  desire;  longing. 

« I  cast  many  a  will  fat,  melancholy  look  towards  the 

KM."— Swift.    \Todd.} 

..-.ol-ly.odu.    [Eng.  wistful;  -ly.] 

1   In  a  wistful  manner;  longingly,  wish- 

Mly'  -  WW !•«— 

Her  head  from  off  her  pillow  to  look  forth. 

Wordtworth :  Excurtioti,  bk.  L 

3.  Earnestly,  attentively. 

8.  Thoughtfully,  musingly,  pensively. 

WTSf  ful-ness, «.    [Eng.  wistful; -nest.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  wistful. 


-.    . 

(4)  Present  participle : 


V  To  wit  is  used  chiefly  to  call  attention  to 
something  particular,  or  as  introductory  to 
a  detailed  statement  of  what  has  just  before 
been  mentioned  generally,  and  as  equivalent 
to  namely :  as,  There  were  three  present,  to 
wit,  Mr.  Green,  Mr.  Black,  and  Mr.  Brown. 

*2.  To  joke. 

••  Eristow  doth  pretend  to  «*  It  on  hll  pnlplt-llbeH." 
—Betlln  :  Life  of  Laud.  P-  ««• 

wit.  *  witte  *  wyt,  s.  [A.S,  wit  =  know- 
ledge, from  witau  =  to  know  ;  cogn.  with  Icel. 
vit;  Dan.  vid;  Sw.  vett;  0.  H.  Ger.  mggi; 
Ger.  wttz.l  [Wrr,  ».] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Knowledge,  understanding. 
••  Aa  concemynge  mallclousues, be  children,  but  In 
wit  be  perfecte."-!  Corinth,  xlv.  JO.    (1»U 

2.  The   mental   powers;    intellect;    intel- 
lectual power. 

"  My  wit  untrained  in  any  kind  of  art." 

Sltakap. :  I  Benn  VI..  I.  J. 

3  A  snperiordegree  of  intelligence  or  under- 
standing ;  bright  reasoning  powers ;  wisdom, 
sagacity. 

"  If  I  might  teach  thee  wit,  better  It  were. 
Thought  to  love,  yet,  iovej^te.!  u^so.  ^ 

4.  C6mmon  sense  ;  sense. 

••  I  have  the  wit  to  think  my  master  Is  »  kind  of 
knave."— Shaketp. :  Two  Gentlemen,  ill.  1. 

5.  Imaginative  and  inventive  faculty ;  power 
of  invention ;  contrivance,  ingenuity. 

"  Past  the  wit  of  man  to  say  what  dream  it  was. 
Skateip. :  Midmmmer  Xighft  Dream  Iv.  1. 

6.  The  power  of  original  combination  unde 
the  influence  of  the  imagination. 

••  Men  who  have  a  great  deal  of  wtt,  and  promr 
memories,  have  not  always  the  clearest  Judgment,  c 
deepest  reaaon."-ioc»«:  Hum.  Vndertt..  bk.  11.,  en. 

7  The  faculty  of  associating  ideas  in  a  net 
and  ingenious,  and  at  the  same  time  natura 
and  pleasing  way,  exhibited  in  apt  languag 
and  felicitous  combination  of  words  anc 
thoughts,  by  which  unexpected  resemblance 


5201 

between  things  apparently  unlike  are  vividli 
set  before  the  mind,  so  as  to  produce  a  shoe* 
of  pleasant  surprise  ;  facetiousuess. 

"  True  wit  is  nature  to  advantage  drest,  , 

What  olt  was  thought,  but  ue  er  so  well  "P""- 
Pope :  Kttai/  on  Criticism,  11.  W. 
«I  Perhaps  the  clearest  definition  of   wit 
would  be,  that  it  is  a  combination  of  idea; 
which   creates  a  feeling    of   surprise   at  the 
unexpected  congruity  of  things  apparently 
incongruous.    Hence  it  would  seem  to  be  1 1 
power  of  comparison  that  creates  wit ;  but 
there  are  many  unexpected  combinations  '  t 
this  character,  which,  as  Sydney  Smith  justly 
observes,  would  be  witty  if   they  were  not 
sublime  or  beautiful.    A  strong  sense  of  gran- 
deur  or  beauty  overpowers  or  takes  away  the 
sense  of  wit.     He  instances  the  idea  In  Camp- 
bell's  Lochiel—"  Coming    events   cast   their 
shadows  before"— which,  as  heremarks,  would 
be  witty  if  it  were  not  sublime.    The  awe  and 
reverence  awakened  by  the  highest  subjects 
connected  with    our  faith   also  destroy  tha 
impression  of  wit ;  but  in  the  works  of  many 
of  our  most  eminent  religious  writers,  and 
even  in  the  Scriptures,  may  be  found  happy 
combinations,  which,  but  for  the  sanctity  ot 
the  subject,  would  awaken  the  sense  of  wit. 
An  unexpected  fitness,  then,  seems  to  form 
the  essence  of  wit ;  and  as  the  same  writer 
we  have  referred  to  observes,  among  the  un- 
educated and  children  the  same  kind  of  feeling 
is  often  awakened  by  a  combination  of  things 
as  well  as  of  thoughts,  such  as  the  putting 
together  of  a  puzzle.    (Trench :  Synonyms.) 

8  One  who  has  genius,  fancy,  or  humour ; 
a  person  of  learning  and  refined  ideas  ;  an  ac- 
complished scholar. 

••  He  did  not,  however.  In  the  least  affect  the  charac- 
ter of  a  «tt  or  of  an  orator."—  Macaulai :  Hilt.  Eua., 
ch.vlL 

9  In  modern  usage  one   distinguished  or 
noted  for    bright    or    amusing    sayings;   a 
humorist 

"  The  «*.  and  the  Puritans  had  never  been  on 
friendly  terms."— Hacaulay :  Hut.  Eng..  ch.  ill. 

10.  (PI.) :  The  understanding,  the  intellect. 

••  His  will  are  not  so  blunt." 

likikeip. :  Inch  Ado,  111.  6. 

n.  Technically: 

1  Bat  •  (1)  Hyoscyamus  luleus ;  (2)  Nicotiana 
rustica.  '  (Britten  *  Holland.)    [TOBACCO.) 

2  Phrenol. :  The  faculty  which  disposes  its 
possessor  to  mirthfulness.    Alone,  or  in  com- 
bination with  other  faculties,  it  produces  the 
tendency  to  mirth,  humour,  satire,  4c.  Spurz- 
heim  classified  it  with  the  affective  faculties. 
Gall  and  Combe  considered  it  intellectual. 
It  is  situated  on  the  upper  part  of  the  fore- 
head, towards  one  side. 

•J  1  At  one's  wits'  end :  At  a  complete  loss 
what 'further  steps  or  measures  to  adopt; 
having  exhausted  the  last  known  plan  or 
contrivance.  ..Now  Jourooim..u. 


..  ,. 

*2  The  five  wits:  An  old  expression,  some- 
times used  for  the  five  senses,  but  oftener 
defined  common  wit,  imagination,  fantasy, 
estimation,  memory. 

"  Mv  Ave  wit*  nor  my  five  senses  can 

y 


*  wit-oraoker,  s.  One  who  breaks  jests; 
a  joker. 

"A  college  of  rtt^racker,  cannot  flout  me  out  ol 
my  humour."—  Stakeip.  :  Mack  Ado,  v.  ». 

*  wit-craft,  s. 

1.  Art  of  reasoning  ;  logic. 
2   Contrivance,  invention,  wit. 


.. 

accordlngly."-Com<fan.-  Kematnl. 

*  wit-jar,  s.    A  head. 

••  Dr  Hale  ...  has  brought  me  bac*  my  vnt-Jnr."- 
Mcharaton:  ClarUia.  vlii.  249. 

»  wit-snapper,  s.    One  who  affects  wit. 

"Goodly   lord,    what  a  wU-wapper  tat  youl"- 
Skakeip.  :  HerOant  of  Tenlct,  111.  J. 

»  wit-starved,  a.    Barren  of  wit  ;  desti- 
tute of  genius. 

*  Wit-tooth,   s.    A  wisdom-tooth  (q.v.). 
(P.  Holland:  Pliny,  bk.  xii.,  ch.  xxv.) 

*  wit-wanton,  o.    Over  subtle. 

••  WU^mnton  men."—  falter:  Church  HM.,  HT.  4. 

*  wit-  worm,  s.    One  that  feeds  on  wit  ;  • 
canker  of  wit. 

"  Thus  to  come  forth  so  suddenly  »  % 


witan— witenagemot 


*  wit  -an,  s.  [A.o.  -  the  wise  men.]  The 
Witenagtiiuot  (q..v.). 

witch  (1),  *  wicchc,  *  witche,  ».  [JLS. 
wicca  =  a  wizard;  wicce  =  n  witch,  tt'icce  is 
td_e  fern,  of  iruva,  and  wicca  is  a  corruption  of 
vrUga,  a  common  abbreviated  form  of  n-iti/ja 
witega  =  a  prophet,  soothsayer,  wizard  .  .  . 
from  witan  =  to  see.  Cf.  Icel.  citkt  =  a  wizard, 
whence  vitka  =to  bewitch.  The  led.  vitki  is 
from  vttit  —  to  know,  as  A.S,  witqa,  orig.  =  a 
seer,  is  from  witan  =  to  see,  allied  to  witan  = 
to  know.  (Stoat.)]  [WISEACRE.] 

fc  1.  A  man  given  to  the  black  art ;  a  sorcerer, 
a  wizard. 

"There  was  a  111*11  In  that  citie  whose  name  waa 
Symouut  a  teicctie."—  Wydiff* :  Act*  \-iii.  9. 

2.  A  woman  supposed  to  have  formed  a 
compact  with  the  devil  or  with  evil  spirits, 
and  by  their  means  to  be  enabled  to  operate 
supernaturally  ;  a  sorceress. 

3.  A  term  of  reproach  for  an  old  and  ugly 
woman,  with  no  reference  to  the  practice  of 
sorcery. 

"Foul  wrinkled    ttUch,  what   makest  thoii    In    my 
sight?"  8hak**p. :  Kidwrd  ///..  I.  3. 

4.  A  bewitching  or  charming  young  woman ; 
•  woman  possessed  of  bewitching  or  fascinat- 
ing attractions. 

t  To  be  no  witch:  To  be  rather  stupid ;  to 
be  not  very  clever. 

"The  editor  if  clearly  no  irttcft  at  a  riddle.  "—Cnrlylc: 
Jft«c«f{..  iii.  PL 

Witch-balls,  s.  pi.  Interwoven  masses 
of  the  stems  of  herbaceous  plants,  often  met 
with  on  the  steppes  of  Tartary.  (Trtas.  of  Dot.) 

*  witch-finder,  s.     A  professional  dis- 
coverer of  witches ;  one  whose  services  were 
taken  advantage  of  formerly  when  the  prose- 
cution of  so-called  witches  was  in  vogue. 

"  A  notorious  *riUM«i*r  In  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, H*ttii««r  Hu|»kius  .  .  .  baugtxl  one  year  no  less 
than  sixty  reputed  witche*  in  nis  own  county  of 
Ewer,"— Additt  Arnold:  Cath.  Diet,  p.  W4. 

witch-hag,  s. 

OrwttA. :  A  local  name  for  the  Swallow  (q.v.) 
in  Caithness. 

"  Among  the  superstition*  of  Caithness,  the  Swallow 
is  called  • ^t' itch-hag.'  They  wy  that  If  a  swallow  flies 
under  the  arm  of  a  person  it  immediately  becomes 
uarnlyEtx).  Is  it  because  of  tlie  same  Bupi-ntitimi 
lli.it  HI  some  i«rU  of  England  the  iunocetit  Swift  is 
c.UirU  '  the  Dfvelin  *  1  "—3.  finulet :  Robert  Diclf,  p.  67. 

witch-meal,  *.    The  powdery  pollen  of 

Lycopodivm  duvatum,  or  Club-moss.     [Lvco- 
VODIUM.] 

witch-meat,  a.    [WITCHES'  BUTTEB,  2.  ] 

*  Witch-note,  s.    A  weird  note  or  sound. 
<Sco«:  Glenfinlos.) 

witch-ointment,  s.  An  ointment  made 
of  repulsive  ingredients  and  supposed  to  pos- 
sess magical  powers. 

"The  mediaeval  witch-otnttnentt  which  brought 
Ytstouary  beings  into  the  presence  of  the  patient, 
transported  him  to  the  witchw'  sabbath,  enabled  him 
to  turn  Into  a  beMt,"—r^l«r:  Prim.  Cutt.  (ed.  1373), 

twitch -ridden,  a.  Ridden  or  tormented 
by  witches.  LHAC-RIDDEN.] 

*  witch-wolf,  *.    A  werewolf  (q.v.). 

"Galled  by  the  inhabitant*  lougaroiu,  in  English 
witch-uvlKi.-Adu'nt:  Workt.  ii.  119. 

witch  (2),  wjch  (1),  s.  [A.S.  vice  =  a  kind 
of  tree.]  A  kind  of  tree,  probably  a  witch- 
elm  or  witch-hazel. 

witch-elm,  wych-elm.  9, 

Bot. :  Ulmits  mnnhtna.  It  is  a  large  tree 
eighty  to  a  hundred  feet  high ;  the  trunk 
with  an  occasional  girth  of  fifty  feet;  the 
twigs  pubescent,  the  leaves  doubly  or  trebly 
serrate,  the  stamens  four  to  six  with  purple 
anthers,  the  seed  in  the  centre  of  the  oblong 
or  sub-orbicular  samara.  Indigenous  in  the 
north  of  England  and  in  Scotland,  and  the 
only  truly  British  species  of  the  genus.  Called 
*lso  the  Scotch  or  Mountain  Kim. 

witch-hazel,  wych-hazel,  «. 

Botany : 

1.  The   genus    Hamamelis  (q.v.);   specif., 
ffamamelia  virginica.    It  is  a  shrub  from  eight 
to  twelve  feet  high,  with  large,  alternate,  ob- 
ovfito,  acute,  dentate  leaves  and  axillary  clus- 
tered yellow  flowers.    It  grows  in  most  woods 
in  North  America,  flowering  in  October  and 
November. 

2.  (PL):  The  order  Hamamelidacete  (q.vA 
(JUiutey.) 

3.  The  Witch-elm  (q.v.). 


witch-tree,  s.    The  Mountain-ash  (q.v.). 

witch,  v.t.     [A.S.  ttricciaw.;    [ WITCH,  *.]    To 

K-wiidi,  to  fascinate,  to  enchant 

"Am  I  ii.-t  tritfkd  like  her!  or  tliou  u»t  false  like 
him?"  Sh'lJccsp.  :  -2  Henry  \'f,.  ill  2. 

witch' -  craft,  *  witche  -  craft,  s.  [A.S. 
wiccecrwft,  from  wicce  =  a  witch,  aud  craft  = 
craft,  art.] 

1,  The  practices  of  witches ;  a  supernatural 
power  which  persons  were  formerly  supposed 
to  obtain  by  entering  into  a  compact  with 
the  devil.  The  compact  was  sometimes  ex- 
press, whether  oral  or  written,  when  the 
witch  abjured  God  and  Christ,  and  dedicated 
herself  wholly  to  the  evil  one ;  or  only  im- 
plied, when  she  actually  engaged  in  hia  ser- 
vice, practised  infernal  arts,  and  renounced 
the  sacraments  of  the  church.  The  express 
compact  was  sometimes  solemnly  confirmed 
at  a  general  meeting,  at  which  the  devil  pre- 
sided, and  sometimes  privately  made  by  the 
witch  signing  the  articles  of  agreement  with 
her  own  blood,  or  by  the  devil  writing  her 
name  in  his  "  black  book."  The  contract 
was  sometimes  of  indefinite  duration,  at  other 
tinn-s  for  a  certain  number  of  years.  The 
wit.-h  was  bound  to  be  obedient  to  the 
devfl  in  everything,  while  the  other  party 
to  the  act  delivered  to  the  witch  an  imp,  or 
familiar  spirit,  to  bo  ready  at  call  and  to  do 
whatever  was  directed.  [FLY,  «.,  I.  1.  (5), 
^.]  He  further  engaged  that  they  should 
want  for  nothing,  and  be  able  to  as- 
sume whatever  shape  they  pleased  to  visit 
and  torment  their  enemies  and  accomplish 
their  infernal  ends.  The  belief  in  witchcraft 
is  of  great  antiquity.  The  punishment  for 
witchcraft  was  death,  generally  by  burning. 
The  number  of  people  put  to  death  in  Eng- 
land lias  been  estimated  at  about  30,000. 
Statutes  were  passed  against  witchcraft  in  the 


reigns  of  Henry  VI.,  Henry  VII.  (1541), 
Elizabeth  (1563),  and  James  I.  (1604).  During 
the  sitting  of  the  Long  Parliament  3.000  per- 


sons are  said  to  have  been  executed  on  the 
charge  of  witchcraft.  Judicial  convictions 
were  checked  chiefly  by  the  firmness  of  Judge 
Holt,  who  in  about  ten  trials,  from  1604  to 
1701,  charged  the  juries  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  cause  them  to  bring  in  verdicts  of  acquittal. 
The  first  law  against  witchcraft  iu  Scotland 
was  passed  in  1563.  The  last  victims  in  Eng- 
land were  Mrs.  Hickes  and  her  daughter  nine 
years  of  nge,  executed  in  1716,  and  the  last  in 
Scotland  Buffered  in  1722.  The  prosecution  of 
euppoeed  witches  was  by  no  means  confined  to 
England.  All  Europe  was  infected  with  the 
delusion,  and  it  is  estimated  that  uut  less  than 
300,000  persona  ware  executed  as  witches 
during  the  prevalence  of  this  epidemic  of 
superstition,  which  for  several  centuries 
afflicted  Europe.  The  last  judicial  victim  of 
the  delusion  was  a  servant  girl  at  Glarus,  in 
German  Switzerland,  who  was  put  to  death  for 
witchcraft  in  1782.  This  country  did  not 
quite  escape  the  epidemic,  though  fortunately 
ite  share  in  it  was  a  small  one.  The  Salem 
Witchcraft  persecution,  uuder  which  nineteen 
executions  took  place  in  1691-92,  was  the  most 
deplorable  outbreak  of  the  cruelty  of  super- 
stition which  the  territory  of  the  United  States 
has  ever  known.  An  execution  for  witchcraft 
had  taken  place  in  New  England  as  early 
as  1648,  but  after  the  reaction  in  public 
opinion  which  began  in  1693,  this  shameful 
deluoion  came  to  an  end,  so  far  as  persons 
in  authority  were  concerned.  The  most 
absurd  ideas  were  entertained  by  the  believers 
in  witchcraft.  Witches,  they  held,  with  the 
aid  of  the  devil,  could  produce  mice  and  vermin, 
rob  men  of  their  powers  by  a  touch  or  a 
breath,  raise  storms,  foretell  events,  change 
themselves  into  cats  mid  other  animals,  and  per- 
form  other  magical  teats.  [WALPURGIS-NIGHT.] 
2.  Power  more  than  ordinary  or  natural ; 
irresistible  influence  ;  fascination. 

"  She  loved  me  for  the  dangers  I  bad  pasa'd ; 
And  I  loved  tier  that  sin-  did  i.lty  them. 
This  only  is  the  witchcraft  I  have  used." 

Skak*$p. :  Othello,  L  S. 

t  witgh'-en,  s,    [WICKEN.] 

witeh'-er-jf,  «.    [Eng.  witck  (1),  0. ;  .«•».] 
1 1.  Sorcery,  enchantment,  witchcraft. 

"  Immured  in  cypress  shades  a  sorcerer  dwells  ... 

Deep-skilled  in  all  bis  mother's  w.fcAenV*." 

Milton:  Coinut,  §03. 

2.  Fascination ;    irresistible  or  entrancing 
influence. 

"  A  niavk  tbat  leaves  but  un«  ere  free, 
To  do  it*  )**t  at  witchery." 

Moore :  Liffht  of  tke  Bartm. 


witch'-es  ,  s.  pi.    [WITCH  (1),  a.) 

witches'  besoms,  &  pi. 

Dot.  :  The  tufted  bunches  produced  upo» 
Hut  Silver  Fir  by  the  attack  of  a  fungus,  Peri- 
.en  eliitinuiit. 

witches'  butter,  «. 

Botany: 

1.  The  popular  name  for  a  fungus,  £rtaui 
glaiidulosa  ;   dark  brown    or    black,  and    of 
jelly-like  consistence,  with  small,  glandular 
points  above  and  a  rough  surface  l*low. 

2.  The  genus   Tremella   (q.v.),  and    spec, 
T.  Nostoc.     Named  from  its  buttery  appear- 
ance  and    Its    rapid   growth    in   the    night. 
(Prior.)    Called  also  Witch-meat. 

witches'  milk,  s. 

Bot.  :  Hippuris  vulgarit. 

witches'  sabbath,  s.  A  nocturnal  meet- 
ing of  witches  such  as  is  described  under 
Witchcraft,  1.  (q.v.).  The  accounts  of  these 
meetings  which  have  come  down  to  us  arc 
either  purely  imaginary,  or  based  on  traditions 
of  old  pagan  rites.  (Cf.  Milton  :  Comus,  530- 
86.) 

"  The  first  among  medlieval  writers  to  notice  the 
vitchet'  iitltb'ittt  was  Begiuo,  abbot  of  Prutue,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  tenth  century  ;  he  speaks  of  '  wicked 
women  '  who  sfty  that  they  attend  great  meetings  by 
night,  'with  Diana,  the  goddess  of  the  pagans,  aua 
do  her  bidding."—  Addu  A  Arnold:  Cath.  Diof.,  p.  W4. 

t  witches'  thimble,  «. 

Bot.  :  Silent  maritima. 

witch  -et,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  Wnd  af 
plane,  with  a  conical  aperture  and  inclined 
knife,  which  reduces  to  roundness  a  bar  which 
is  rotated  as  it  is  passed  therethrough. 

witch'-lng,  a.  [WITCH,  v.]  Bewitching,  an- 
chanti  iig,  Tascinating. 

"  All  shall  combiua  their  witchtny  powers  to  steep 
My  courert'8  spirit  In  tbat  softening  truuce.* 
Jtovrt:   V 


g-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  witching;  -ly.) 
In  a  bewitching,  fascinating,  or  enchanting 
manner. 

"  There  ake  the  soft  delights,  that  witcltingty 
InstH  a  wanton  sweetne-n  through  the  breast" 
Thornton  :  Cattle  gjf  indolence,  i.  s\ 

*  witch   mori-ger,  s.     [Eiig.   witch  (1),  s., 
aud  monyer.J    A  believer  in  witchcraft. 

"It  U  Qaturall  to  unuaturall  people,  and  peoultnr 
onto  witchmoH'jeri  to  pursue  the  ixxire.*'—  R.  ficot  : 
The  fiiKaeery  of  Witchcraft.  (Eylstle  to  Uird  Mail. 
wood.) 

*  wite  (11   *  wyte,   v.l.     [A.S.  idtan  =  to 
punish,   to  blame;    ia'te  =  a  punishment,  a 
line  ;  cogn.  with  loeL  vita  =  to  fine  ;  viti  =  a 
fine,  punishment  \  Dut.  wijten  —  to  impute  ; 
•teijte=.  imputation.]     To  blame,  to  ceuaura, 
to  reproach. 

"  Ajad  sooth  to  say  It  la  foolehardle  thing, 
Rashly  to  wyten  creatures  so  dlulue." 

Sl*n*:r  :  t'oiin  Clout. 

"  wite  (2),  v.t.    [Wrr,  ».) 

*  wite  (1),  «.    [WITS  (1),  v.] 

1.  A  punishment,  pain,  penalty,  or  mulct  ; 
a  fine. 

2.  Blame,  censure,  reproach. 

"  fcires,  let  me  have  the  wite." 

*wite(2),«.   '[WIT.*] 

•witc-less,  'wite-lesse,  a.  [Dng.  wtte  (IX 
s.  ;  -less.]    Blameless. 

"  Ne  can  Willy  wite  tbe  witflette  heard  groome." 
Spenter:  yfu-^hftirOt  Calender;  Augutt. 

wlt'-en-dg  e-mot,   wlt'-Sn  ag  e  mote, 

*.  [A.S.  witoui-getnot  =  an  assembly  of  wise 
men,  from  witena,  gen.  pi.  of  wi(a  =  a  wise 
man;  witan—  to  know,  and  ye»io(=a  meet- 
ing, an  assembly,  a  moot.] 

Eng.  Hint.  ;  Amongst  the  Anglo-Saxons 
the  great  national  or  general  assembly  which 
met  annually  or  oftener,  wherever  the  king 
kept  his  Christmas,  Easter,  or  Whitsuntide, 
as  well  to  do  private  justice  as  to  consult 
upon  public  business.  It  was  composed  of 
the  athelingK,  or  princes,  .ealdonnen,  or  nobiest 
the  large  landowners,  the  principal  ecclesias- 
tics, ic.  They  formed  the  highest  court  of 
judicature  in  the  kingdom,  and  their  concur- 
rence was  necessary  to  give  validity  to  laws. 
aud  treaties  with  foreign  states.  They  had 
even  power  to  elect  the  king,  and  if  the  throne 
passed  to  the  heir  of  the  lute  king,  tlie  new 
sovereign  had  to  be  recognized  formally  by 
the  witenageuiot  at  a  meeting  assembled  for 
the  purpose. 


i&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine ;  go,  po 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  SyrUn.    te,  oe  -  e ;  ey  ^  * ;  qu  -  kw. 


[A.8.  wid*  =  with,  and  also  often 
still  preserved  in  such  phrases 


fwrTHERS.]    A  preposition  or  particle  ui 
denote,  indicate,  designate,  or  express: 

(1)  Competition,  antagonism,  or  opposition. 

"His  lace  still  anno  itiug  "JJJJjJJf^J   T.  3. 

(2)  A  being  together  or  in  the  company  of; 
eompanionship;  company;  identity  of  place. 


witful— wither 

With,  S.      [WlTHK.] 

with-al', «  wlth'-all, ;  wlth-alle^v  & 

prS.     IKng.  UrttJ   ana  <M.      It    h«  »«"•  «" 

place  of  A.S.  mid  mile  =  with  all,  wholly.] 
A.  As  adverb : 
'  1.  With  the  rest,  together ;  with  that  or 

"  He  will  scan-e  be  pleased  wi"i<«." 

,sh'(fc''4/<. ."  T*vo  (J'.'Htletnen,  11.  1. 

2.  At  the  same  time  ;  together  with  this  or 
that ;  in  addition  ;  further. 


520S 


'-ftU,  a.    [Eng.  wit,  8.,  ami  -full.}    Full  of 


-,  a.  .       ,    .,  . 

knowledge,  or  wisdom  ;  wise  ;  knowing  ; 


"  I  lingered  ««A  you 

Shahetp.  :  Comedy  of  Er 


.  ...  , 
t,  111. 


. 

(S)  Mutual  action  or  suffering  ;  association 
or  union  in  action,  purpose,  thought,  feeling, 
m  the  "ike  ;  partnership  ;  intercourse  ;  sym- 


(4)  Junction  or  community  ;  concomitance  , 
consequence,  appendage,  addition;  acces- 
sories, accompaniments. 


sword."1—!  A'intfS  x*.    - 

B.  Xsprep.:  With.  Used  after  relatives  or 
equivalent  words,  being  separated  from ,  the 
ol.ject  and  placed  at  tlie  end  of  a  sentence  o. 
clause. 

••  The  fruit  thereof  shall  be  holy  to  P™l™  the  lord 
.-— Let.  xi*.  24. 


. 

(5)  Simultaneousness  ;  identity  of  time  or 
Immediate  succession. 


K  on  the  side  or  in  favour  of; 
SuS.,.  friendship,    partisan- 

-fc  that  U  not  .*»  me  b  •««"»»  mfc"-*««»« 

"frf  Holding  a   place   in   the    estimation, 
opinion!  consideration,  judgment,  or  thoughts  ; 


. 
(S)  A  means. 

••  Til  .mother  thee  •*»     ™«-,,,     ,.  „ 
Shatesp.  :  Kenui  *  Adonli,  18. 

•  (9)  Before  means  of  nourishment  =  on  or 

°    "  To  dine  and  «np  «*>>  water  and  bmn."-S!Wi«u>.  : 
Jfenl«re/0r  JfeolHre,  iT.  8. 

(10)  A  cause. 


"(11)  An  external  agency  by  which  an  effect 
to  urodnced,  at  one  time  usually  (and  at 
present  exclusively)  expressed  by  the  prepo- 

sition 


(12)  Correspondence,  comparison,  likeness. 

"  Welsh  oath  wrtft  oath." 
SVlletp.  :  «'5™mmer  JVfcW.  Onam.  111.  J. 

•  (13)  Sometimes  =  like. 


"(14)  At  ;  In  consequence  of. 


«  R«  with  and  through  are  closely  allied 
in Tiany  of  their  uses,  and  it  is  difficult  to  ay 
down  a  rule  by  which  their  uses  may  be  dis 
ttnguished.  For  the  difference  between  wit 
and  bv  see  BY.  Trench  (Synonyms)  furthe 
discriminates  between  them  as  follows  : 

-  Whenever  a  certain  effect  is  Implied  a»  proceed!. 
•Tcertaiu  decree  in  eur  ow«  mauls,  from  Its  RCtlo 


Wlth'-am-ite,  ».     [After  Dr.  Witham,  who 
discovered  it ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Epidote  (q.v.)  of  a  car- 

sriW:5r^£sr*r^ 

adcular  crystal's  in  a  trap  rock  at  Gleucoe, 
Argyleshire. 

wi-tha'-ni-a.    «.      [A    genus    founded    by 
l'a™uy,  who 'omits  to  state  why  he  so  named 

"~Bo<  •  A  genus  of  Physaleas.     Calyx  cam- 
panulate,  tive-toothod  ;  corolla  campanula!  e 
the  limb  five-partite ;  stamens  live,  insert,  d 
in  t  e  tube  of  the  corolla,  not  prominent ; 
terry  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  ca  yx,  two- 
celled,  with  several  sub-reniform  seeds.   Small 
shrubs,  chiefly  from  Spam  and  the  Canary 
Islands.    Withania  coagulans,  a  small  Afghan 
and  Indian  shrub,  produces  »m»"Je"l?"'u?e11i 
bv  the  natives  in  coagulating  milk  to  make  it 
nto  cheese.  The  dried  fruit,  which  is  alterative 
and  diuretic,  is  given  in  India  in  dyspepsia, 
flatulent  colic,  and   chronic   liver   diseases. 
The  root  of   W.  somnifera,  another    Indian 
species,  is  considered  to  be  tonic,  alterative 
and  aphrodisiac,  narcotic  and  diuretic,  ar 
deobstruent;   it  is   given    in  India_ raj con- 
sumption, debility,  and  marasmas ;  ttie  leavts, 
which  are  very  bitter,  are  prescribed  m  fevers 
and  the  fruit  as  a  diuretic ;  the  ground  i 
and  leaves  are  used  as  an  external  application 
in  carbuncles,  ulcers,  and  painful  swellings. 
(Calcutta  Exhit.  Report.) 

wlth-be«Vr',  v.t.    [Eng.  with,  and  bear.}    To 
bring  together.    (Wydiffe:  Isawh  Ixli.  9.) 

wlth-child',  v.t.   [Eng.  with,  and  child.]  To 
get  with  child. 


wlth-draw'-al,  s.  [I'.ng.  withdraw; 
liie  act  of  withdrawing  or  taking  back  ;  a  re- 
calling ;  retractation:  as,  the  withdrawal  of 
a  promise  or  threat. 

U  Withdrawal  of  a  juror: 
law  •  The  withdrawal  of  a  juryman  by  con- 
sent of  the  litigants  when  the  jury  of  which 
he  is  one  cannot  agree  on  a  verdict.     In  su 
a  case  the  matter  is  left  undecided,  and  each 
side  pays  its  own  costs. 

wlth-draw'-er,   s.     [Eug.   withdraw ;   -«r.) 
O'ue  who  withdraws. 

•'  He  wa>  not  a  uUMrawrr  of  the  com  but  a  seller. ' 
— Ovtred:  Tratu.  of  Cope  (1S80X 

wlth-draW-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [WITHDRAW.) 

Retreating,  receding. 

"  Tour  hills  and  long  vitMr"  ,^,,3  ™J^;W  w_ 

*  wlthdrawing-room,  s.     A  drawing 
room  (q.v.). 

"  For  an  ordinary  gentleman,  a  hall,  agreat  1—  • 


4  ina  cMM :  Pregnant ;  in  the  family  wa 

"She  was  found  «iflt  <*(«  oj  th«  Holy  Ghost 


Iluibandry. 

"  with-draW-ment,   s.      [Eng.  withdraw; 
Tme".]    llic  act  of  withdrawing  ;  withdrawal. 
"  Its  wUhdruvmcnt  In  the  winter."— Eduardt :  0* 
the  »'ttl.  pt.  11.,  i  3. 

with-drawn',  *  wlth-draw-en,  3x1.  par.  or 

0,'.      [WITHDRAW.] 

withe,     with,     *  withthe,    *  witthe, 
-  wythe,  »."  [WITHY.) 

1.  Ordinary  iMnguage : 

1    A  tough,  flexible  branch  or  twig  used  m 
binding  things  together ;  a  willow  or  01 

'""•tinned  fast  together  with  wooden  pins.  "J^"4 
hard  with  withet.  —Ilampter  •   'ovtiffet  (an.  ICB 

2.  A  band  or  tie  made  of  a  twisted  flexible 
sapling. 

3.  A  flexible  handle  to  a  cold-chisel,  setter, 
or  fuller. 

4.  A  band,  tie,  or  bond  generally. 


wath-draught'  (aught  as  aft),  ..  [Eng. 
will  =  against,  back,  and  draught.}  With- 
drawal. 

••  A  withdraw!*  of  all  Qod'i  tavonn"-  fTari  :  8er- 
mons,  p.  146. 

with-draW  (pa-  *.  withdrew,  '  withdrough 
•tritMnwe  pa  par  •utilMrawen,mithdrawn), 
v.t.  &  i.  [Eng.  witk  =  against,  in  an  opposite 
direction,  and  draw,  v.J 

A.  Trans. :  To  draw  back  or  in  an  opposite 
direction :  as 

1    To  cause  to  return  or  move,  as  frr 
advanced  position  ;  to  move,  take,  or  remove 
back  or  away. 

"The  great  multitude  was  MttMrmwji  and  re- 
touriiyd  to  theyr  occui»cyona.  -fab^an:  Ohrmyae, 
Chart,  VII.  (an.  13MI- 

2.  To  take  back,  as  something  that  has 
been  given,  conferred,  or  enjoyed. 

"The  »ir»,iraioin«  of  his  favour  and  grace."—  Wtat: 
Letter  to  Me  Son. 

3.  To  retract,  to  recall,  as  a  promise,  threat, 

arg"'  WouMrt  thou  «*Mr»«  It  [thy  vowll •" 

Shdketp. :  Romeo  a  Juliet,  IL  z. 

4.  To  take  back  or  away  from  a  state  of 

Wealt\  of  Ifatiom.  bk.  It,  eh  HI. 

B  Intrans. :  To  retire  from  or  qnlt  a  corn- 
paly  or  place  ;  to  go  away  ;  to  step  backward 
or  aside ;  to  retire,  to  retreat,  to  recede. 

••  I  know  the  cause  of  his  withdrawing. '-Sh 
Iteoiarefor  Jftomre.  ill.  !. 

V  In  this  sense  often  used  reflexively. 


JWJtoTj  Baeilike. 

H.  Technimlly  : 

1  Naut  •  A  ring  or  boom-iron,  by  which  a 
beam  is  set  out  or  in  on  its  principal  spar. 

2.  Build.  :  A  wall  dividing  two  flues  in  a 
stack  of  chimneys. 

withe-rod,  s. 

Sot  :  Viburnum  nudum,  a  shrub  eight  or 
ten  feet  high.  Leaves  oval-oblong,  reticu- 
iZted  beneath,  their  margin  revolnto  and 
obscurely  crenulate;  petioles  naked  ;  flower. 
in  pale  yellow  cymes  ;  berries  blue.  Found 
in  swamps  in  North  America. 
•withe,  v.t.  [WiTHE,s.]  To  bind  with  wither- 
or  twigs. 

••  Stay  but  a  while,  and  yee  shall  see  him  ""'•'''j"* 
h»lte"d  and  stak't  and  baited  to  death.  -«;».  Ban. 
Dtfvat  of  CrueMe. 

wftli'-er,  •  wid-ren,  v.t.  &  i.   [A  variant  of 
SKT,  so  that  to  wither  =  to  expose  to  tte 
weather.] 
A.  TmnsMet: 
i  Literally: 

1  To  cause  to  fade  and  become  dry,  as  by 
exposure  to  the  weather;  to  make  saplesn 
and  shrunken  ;  to  dry  up. 

time,  °'? 


. 

9  To  cause  to  shrink,  wrinkle,  or  decay  for 
want  of  animal  moisture  ;  to  cause  to  lose 
bloom;  to  shrivel  up;  to  cause  to  have  a 
wrinkled  or  shrivelled  skin  or  muscles. 

"There  was  a  man  which  had  his  hand  aiOerfi."— 
Mtttthew  xii.  10. 

IL  Fig.  :  To  blight,  injure,  or  destroy,  as 
by  some  malign  or  baleful  influence  ;  to  affect 
fatally  by  malevolence  ;  to  cause  to  perish  or 
languish  generally. 

"  E,'n  witfc  a  loojyhe  $£$£$£  m 

B.  Intransitive: 

1  To  lose  the  sap  or  juice  ;  to  dry  and 
shrivel  up  ;  to  lose  freshness  and  bloom  ;  to 
fade  to  dry  up. 

"  When  I  liave  plnck'd  thy  rose. 


- 

2  To  become  dry  and  wrinkled,  as  from 
loss  or  want  of  animal  moisture  ;  to  lose 
pristine  freshness,  vigour,  bloom,  softneM, 


5204 


wither— withoutside 


smoothness,  or  the  like,  aa  from  age  or  dis- 
ease ;  to  decay. 

"A  fair  face  will  wither;  &  full  eye  will  wax  hollow: 
bat  a  good  heart,  Kate,  it  the  aim  and  the  UUHJU." — 
SAaketp.  :  Henry  l',,v.  2. 

•  3.  To  decay  generally  ;  to  decline,  to  lan- 
guish ;  to  fade  or  pass  away. 

"  O  witter  d  truth." 

Skakeip. :  Troilui  A  Crettida,  v  ft. 

With-er  (1),  «.    [WITHE.] 

Timber-trade :  A  name  given  in  some  parts 
of  the  country  to  what  are  more  commonly 
termed  binders  (q.v.). 

wUh-er  (2X  *•    [WITHERS.] 

wither-band,  s.  A  piece  of  iron  which 
is  laid  under  a  saddle,  about  four  fingers  above 
the  horse's  withers,  to  keep  the  two  pieces  of 
wood  tight  that  form  the  bow.  (Farriers' 
Dictionary.) 

wither-wrung,  a.  Injured  or  hurt  in 
the  withers,  as  a  horse. 

With   ered,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [WITHER,  t;.] 

•  with   ered  ness,  *.    [Eug.  withered ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  withered,  literally 
or  figuratively. 

"The  dead  witheredneu  of  good  affections." — Bp. 
HaU  •  Cant,  ;  Pool  of  Bethetda. 

*  with'-er-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [WITHER,  v.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Causing  to  fade  or  wither ; 
blasting,  blighting,  or  destroying,  as  by  some 
malign  or  baleful  influence. 

"  How  many  a  spirit  born  to  bless 
Has  sunk  beneath  that  withering  name." 

Moore:  Ftre-Worthippert. 

2.  Bot. :  Fading  though  not  falling  off  until, 
the  part  which  bears  it  is  perfected,  as  the 
flowers  of  Orobanche. 

with'-er-ing-I-a,  *.  [Named  after  Dr.  Wm. 
Withering,  M.D.",  F.R.S.  (1741-1799),  author 
of  a  Botanical  Arrangement  of  the  Vegetables  of 
Great  Britain  (1776).] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Solaneae.  Calyx  urceolate- 
campanulate,  four  to  five  cleft ;  corolla  ro- 
tate, the  tube  short,  the  limb  four  or  five 
cleft ;  stamens  four  or  five  ;  berry  two-celled, 
many  seeded.  Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  mostly 
South  American,  though  one  species  is  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  About  twenty  are 
known.  They  are  not  very  handsome,  and 
have  not  been  introduced  into  greenhouses. 
The  Peruvian  Indians  are  said  to  boil  the 
root*  of  Witheringia  montana  as  an  ingredient 
in  soup. 

wi$h'-er-Ing-rjf,  adv.  [Eng.  withering ;  -ly.] 
In  a  withering  manner ;  perishingly. 

"  But  we  mast  wander  tritheringly, 
In  other  lands  to  die." 

Byron :  The  Wild  G<&>llt>. 

With'-er-ite,  «.  [After  Dr.  Withering;  snff. 
-tte(Min.).~\ 

3f  in. :  A  mineral  extensively  mined  near 
Hexham, "Northumberland,  England;  also  in 
other  localities,  but  mostly  in  small  quantities. 
Crystallization,  orthorhombic,  but  mostly 
found  massive.  Hardness,  3  to  3'75  ;  sp.  gr., 
4-29  to  4-35;  lustre,  vitreous;  colour  and 
streak,  white ;  sub-transparent  to  translucent. 
Compos.  :  carbonic  acid,  22-3  ;  baryta,  777  = 
100,  which  yields  the  formula  BaOCO .  Used 
in  the  manufacture  of  plate-glass,  adultera- 
tion of  white  lead,  and  in  sugar  refining. 

•wlfh'-er-liftg,  ».     lEng.  wither,  v. ;  dimin. 

gnff.  -ling.]    One  who  is  withered  or  decrepit. 

"  We  most  nedea  well  know  that  all  these  braunche* 

of  heretikes  .  .  .  seme  the!  ueiier  so  fresbe  &  grene, 

bee    yet   in   ded«   but   witherlinget'—fnir  T.   Store: 

Worket,  p.  186. 

•with'-er-nam,  «.  [A. 8.  vridherndm,  from 
widher  =  against,  and  ndnt  =  a  taking  or 
seizing,  from  nam,  pa.  t.  of  niman  =  to  take.] 
Law :  An  unlawful  distress  or  forbidden 
taking,  as  of  a  thing  distrained  out  of  the 
country,  so  that  the  sheriff  cannot  upon  the 
replevin  make  deliverance  thereof  to  the 
party  distrained.  Also,  the  reprisal  of  other 
cattle  or  goods  in  lieu  of  those  that  have  been 
unjustly  taken,  eloined,  or  otherwise  with- 
holden.  The  cattle  or  goods  thus  taken  are 
said  to  be  taken  in  withernam.  All  this  prac- 
tice.is  obsolete  since  1840.  (Englith.) 

with'-erj,  s.  pL  [A.S.  widhre  =  resistance, 
from  widher  =  against,  an  extended  form  of 
wi(lh  —  against,  with  (q.v.).  So  called  because 
it  is  the  part  which  the  horse  opposes  to  his 
load,  on  which  the  stress  of  the  collar  comes 


in  drawing ;  cf.  Ger.  widerrist  =  the  withers 
of  a  horse  from  wider,  old  spelling  of  wieder 
=  against  and  rist  —  an  elevated  place,  the 
withers  of  a  horse.]  The  junction  of  the 
shoulder-bones  of  a  horse,  forming  an  eleva- 
tion at  the  bottom  of  the  neck  and  mane. 

"  The  poor  Jade  is  wrung  in  the  urUhtr$,"—&haketp,  : 
1  Henry  It'.,  ii-  1. 

*  with'-er-sake,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.]    An 
apostate  or  perfidious  renegade.    (Cowel.) 

with'-er-shlns,  adv.  [A.S.  widher=. against, 
and  sunne  =  the  sun.]  Against  the  sun  ;  in  a 
direction  contrary  to  the  motion  of  the  sun  ; 
from  right  to  left  (Scotch.) 

*  wlth-gd',  v.t.    [Eng.  with  =:  against,  and  go.] 

To  "go  against ;  to  act  in  opposition  to. 

"Esau  who. .  .  did  withyo  his  birthright.*' — Barrow  : 
»it.  voL  liL,  ser.  15. 


^[  In  the  extract  the  meaning  seems  to  be, 
to  forego. 

*  with-hault,  pret.  o/v.    [WITHHOLD.] 

with-held',  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.  [WITH- 
HOLD.] 

with  hold,    *with-holde,  *wyth-hold 

(pa.  t.  *  withhold,  *  witithault,  withheld,  pa. 
par.  *  withhold*,  *withholden,  withheld),  v.t. 
[Eng.  with  =  against,  back,  and  hold.] 

1.  To  hold  or  keep  back;  to  restrain;  to 
keep  from  action. 

"Employing  It  in.  or  withholding  it  from  any  par- 
ticular action."— £oate :  Human  Understand.,  bk.  ii., 
ch.  xxi. 

2.  To  keep  back  ;  to  restrain ;  not  to  grant. 

*'  Who  never  hast  a  good  withheld, 
Or  wilt  withhold  from  me." 

Cou-per  :  Oiney  Eymnt,  jcliv. 

*3.  To  keep,  to  maintain. 

"  To  seken  him  a  chauterie  for  soules. 
Or  with  a  brotherhede  to  be  withhold*." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  514.    (Prol.) 

*with-hdld'-en,  pa.  par.  ofv.    [WITHHOLD.] 

with-hold'-er,  s.  [Eng.  withhold ;  -er.]  One 
who  withholds. 

"  That  which  Is  there  threatened,  happened  to  this 
teithJiolder."  —  Stephen! :  Addition  to  Sptlman  on 
.•sacrilege,  p.  188. 

'  with -hold'- ment,  *.  [Eng.  withhold; 
•ment.]  The  act  of  withholding. 

with  in  -with  Inne,  *with-ynne,  pr?p. 
&  adv.  [A.S.  widhinnan,  from  widh=  against, 
back,  and  innan,  an  adverbial  formation  from 
in  =  in.] 

A.  As  preposition : 

1.  In  the  inner  or  interior  parts  of ;  inside 
of.    The  opposite  of  without. 

"  Satan  housed  wit'iin  this  man." 

Shaketp. :  Comedy  of  Srron,  IT.  4. 

2.  In  the  limits,  range,  reach,  or  compass 
of;    not   beyond ;    used  of   place,   distance, 
length,  time,  or  quantity.    Hence,  specifically, 
applied — 

(1)  To  place,  distance,  or  length  =  not  far- 
ther than  ;  not  of  greater  length  or  distance 
than  ;  not  beyond. 

"  Within  a  mile  of  my  court." 

Shaketp.  :  Lout  Labour' t  Lott,  1. 1. 

.  (2)  To  time  =  not  longer  ago  than ;  not  later 
than ;  not  in  a  longer  time  than. 

"A  blind  man  within  this  half-hour  hath  received 
his  sight."— Shatop.  ;  2  Utnry  VI.,  ii.  l. 

(3)  To  quantity  =  not  exceeding :  as,  To 
live  within  one's  income. 

3.  In  the  reach  of ;  in. 

"  Come  not  within  his  danger  by  thy  will." 

tfi'tfcetp.  :   Venut  *  Adonit.  «S9. 

4.  Inside  or  comprehended  by  the  scope, 
limits,  reach,  or  influence  of;  circumscribed 
by  ;    not  beyond,    not  exceeding,  not  over- 
stepping, or  the  like. 

"Were  every  action  concluded  within  itself,  and 
drew  no  consequences  after  it,  we  should  undoubtedly 
uerer  err  in  our  choice  of  good."— Locke. 

•6.  In. 

"  Lead  tbeee  testy  rivals  so  astray 

Aa  oue  come  nut  within  another's  way." 
SAaluxp. :  Uidtummer  Jfiffht'i  Dream,  ill.  2. 

B.  As  adverb : 

1.  In  the  interior  or  inner  parts;  internally; 
especially— 

(1)  In  the  house  ;  indoors,  at  home. 

"Who's  within  there  r"-&UUt«jp.:  Merry  Wiw», 
L4 

(2)  In  the  mind,  heart,  or  soul. 

"And  our  souls  are  speaking  BO  much  within,  that 
they  despite  all  foreign  conversation."— Dryden  : 
State  of  Innocence. 


2.  Used  in  calling  for  servants,  or  person* 
in  ihe,viciuity. 

"Some  wine,  within  there." 

Shaketp. :  Antony  4  Cleopatra,  Ui,  11. 

1"  From  within:    From    the    inside;  from 
within  door  ;  from  the  heart  or  mind. 


"  These  na  thy  guards  from  outward  hurm.t  are 
Ills /row  within  thy  reason  must  piv\ 

Vritden.     (Todd.) 


t; 


*w!th-In '-forth,  'with-ynne-forth.adv. 

[Eng.  within,  and  forth.]    Within,  inside,  in- 
ternally.    Used  — 

1.  Of  material  objects  ;  internally ;  on  ths 
inside. 

"  Pharisee  dense  the  cuppe  ami  the  plater  tfitht/nn* 
forth,  that  that  la  wiUumtforth  be  maad  cleiie."  — 
WycUffe:  Matt,  xxlif. 

2.  In  the  heart,  mind,  or  sonl. 

"  Beware  of  the  false  prophetcs  th;xfc  come  to  yon  In 
tlie  clotlilnre  of  shepe.  ami  yet  withtnforth  been  rauen* 
OUB  wolue*. —  Sir  T.  Jlore  ;  Worket,  p.  381. 

*  with-In'-side,  adv.    [Eng.  within ,  and  aid*.] 

In  the  inner  or  interior  parts. 

11  The  teeth  may  be  better  seen  withiniid*."— Sharp. 

wlth-^iU',  *with-oute,  *  with  ont  en, 
*  with-Ut-en,  prep.,  adv.,  &  conj.  [A.S. 
widMtan  =  on  the  outside  of,  from  widh  = 
against,  back,  and  utan,  an  adverbial  fonna- 
tion  from  ut  =  out  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  preposition : 

1.  On  or  at  the  outside  or  exterior  of;  ont 
of.    (Opposed  to  within.) 

"  Without  the  bed  her  other  fair  hand  waa." 

Shaketp. :  Jtajte  qf  Lutrece,  S9S. 

2.  Out  of  the"  limits,   compass,  range,  or 
reach  of;  beyond. 

"  Without  the  peril  of  the  Athenian  law." 
Khuketp.  :  Jftdtummer  A'ight't  Dream,  ill.  L 

3.  With  exemption  from. 

"  The  great  lordB  of  Ireland  informed  the  king  that 
the  Irisbrv  might  not  IM  naturalized  withmtf  damage 
to  themselves  or  the  crown." — Daviet :  Ireland, 

4.  Supposing  the  negation  or  omission  of. 

"  Without  the  separation  of  the  two  mouarchis*. 
the  most  advantageous  terms  from  the  French  must 
end  in  our  destruction."— Additon, 

5.  Not  having  or  not  being  with ;   in  ab- 
sence or  destitution  of;  in  separation  from; 
deprived  of  ;  not  having  use  or  employment 
of;  independent  or  exclusively  of. 

"  Abide  with  me  from  morn  till  eve. 
For  without  th«e  I  cnimot  live." 

Keble :  frenintf  Hymn. 

T[  Colloquially,  the  object  is  frequently 
omitted  after  without  (prep.),  especially  in 
such  phrases  as,  (o  do  without,  to  go  without : 
as,  They  will  give  me  no  assistance,  so  I  must 
do  (or  go)  without. 

B.  As  adverb : 

1.  On  the  outside ;  outwardly,  externally. 

"  Fitch  the  ark  within  and  without."— Genetit  vi.  14. 

2.  Out  of  doors  ;  outside. 

"  Behold  thy  mother  aud  thy  brethren  stand  iritt 
out,  desiring  to  speak  with  thee.'—Jtatthew  xf  t  47. 

3.  As  regards  external  acts  ;  externally. 
"  Without  unspotted,  innocent  within. 

She  feared  no  danger,  for  she  knew  no  sin." 

Jtryden:  Bind  A  Panther,  i.  a. 

C.  As  conj.  :  Unless,  except. 

"  Marry,  not  without  the  prince  be  willing."— 
ShoJtetp. :  Much  Ado.  ill.  3. 

^  In  this  sense  rarely  used,  by  correct 
writers. 

H  ^1)  From  without:  From  the  outside  ;  op- 
posed to  from  within:  as,  Sounds/rom  without 
reached  their  ears. 

(2)  Without  impeachment  of  waste  : 

Law :  A  reservation  often  made  to  a  tenant 
for  life  that  no  one  shall  sue  him  for  involun- 
tary waste,  though  this  does  not  shield  him 
from  an  action  if  he  commit  malicious  waste. 

(3)  Without  prejudice :  [PREJUDICE,  *.  \\. 

(4)  Without  recourse  to  me : 

Law :  A  phrase  used  by  an  agent  who  en- 
dorses a  bill  or  note  for  his  principal.  It  is 
intended  to  protect  him  from  personal  lia- 
bility. 

*  without  door,  a.  Being  out  of  doors ; 
outward ;  external. 

"  Her  without-door  form." 

Shakap. :  Winter't  TaU,  1L  L 

*  wlth-6ut'-en,  pre?.  &  adv.    tWiTHOur] 

*  wlth-oiit'-fdrth,  adv.     [Eng.  without,  and 
/tirth.]  Outside,  externally,  exteriorly.  [Wm»- 
iNFORTii  (1),  Extr.J 

wlth-6ilt'-8ide,  adv.  [Eng.  unthout,  and  fide.} 
Outside,  externally.  [WITHIHSIDE.] 


Cite,  f At.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  wo,  w6t,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    SB,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  an  =  kw. 


withsain— wittingite 


5205 


•  wlth-saln,  v.t.    [WITHSAY.] 

•  with-save',  '  wit-safe',  v.t.  or  i.    [A  cor- 
ruption of  vouchsafe.]    To  vouchsafe. 

••  BeMchllut  hi.  encelse,  high.  and  adorant  maiestie. 
that  he  iSd.  uiKatf  to  grant  thU  or  that.  - 
Oraftm  :  Chron.  Rich.  II.  OB.  *U. 

with  -say1  ,  *  with-sel-en,  'wlth-sayn, 
*  wlth-seye,  v.t.    [A.S.  teidh  =  against,  and 
xcgan  =  to  say.]    To  contradict,  to  deny. 
••mot  right  wel.  thou  d^Utnnt  •^JJ*'^ 

•with-say'-er,   *  wlth-sel-er,  s.     [Eng. 

wiihsay  ;  -er.)    An  opponent. 

"Th»t  he  be  royetl  to  much  styre  In  holsuin  doc- 
trine and  the  withieierii  to  with  stonde."—  IVycfuTe  .- 
p.  S3.    (Pre«.) 


*  with-aSt',  v.t.  [Eng.  wito  =  against,  and 
«<.}  To  set  against  ;  to  oppose. 

"Ther  way  he  tbam  withtettf." 

Kobert  de  Brunne,  p.  337. 

with  stand,  *  wlth-stond-en,  v.t.  &  i. 
[A!&  widhstandan,  from  widA  =  against,  and 
ttandan  =  to  stand.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  stand  up  against  ;  to  resist 
either  physical  or  moral  force  ;  to  oppose. 

"  Oft  the  wintry  seas,  and  southern  wind. 


B.  In  trans. :  To  resist ;  to  make  a  stand ; 
to  be  in  resistance. 

••  Alle  withitonden  to  hym  he  slogh  in  the  mouth  of 
the  swerd."-  Wycllfe :  Judith  11.  16. 

With-Stand'-er,  ».  [Eng.  withstand;  •«-.] 
One  who  withstands,  opposes,  or  resists ;  an 
opposer  or  opponent. 

••  Silence  every  bold  withttander.' 

Dodile,  :  Rex  et  PoMifex. 

wtyh-Stood'.pre/. dpa.par.ofv.  [WITHSTAND.] 

with  wind,  *  with'  -wine,  *with'-er- 
wine,  •  with'-y-wind,  *  with'-y-wine, 

i.     [Eng.  with  =  a  withy  (q.v.),  and  wind  (2), 

Botany: 

1.  (Of  the  first  form):  (1)  The  Woodbine 
(q.v.)  ;  (2)  Convolvulus  arvensis;  (S)  C.  septum. 

2  (Of  the  other  forms) :  Polygonum  Convol- 
vulus. (Britten  at  Holland.) 

«rlth'-y.  with'-y,  s.  &  o.  [A.S.  widhig=a, 
willow,  a  twig  of  a  willow  ;  cogn.  with  Icel 
eidhja  —  a  withy  ;  vidh  =  a  with  ;  vidhir  =  a 
willow  ;  Dan.  vidie  =  a  willow,  an  osier  ;  Bw 
vide  =  a  willow,  vidja  =  a  willow-twig 
O.  H.  Ger.  wuia  =  a  willow ;  Qer.  weide 
Allied  to  Or.  iria  (itea)  =  a  willow ;  Lat.  viti~ 
=  a  vine  ;  Russ.  vite  =  to  twine,  plait] 

A.  As  substantive : 

i  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  large  species  of  willow. 

••  I  have  been  told  of  a  withy  tree  to  be  seen  some- 
where in  Barkshire  which  is  increased  to  a  most  tre 
meudou.  bulk."— Evelyn .  Sylta.  ch.  xxil 

2.  A  withe,  a  twig,  an  osier. 

3.  A  halter  made  of  twigs. 
II.  Botany : 

1.  One   of  the  names   for   Salix  fragilit 
a  large  tree,  eighty  or  ninety  feet  high,  with 
girth  sometimes  amounting  to  twenty.    Th 
leaves,  which  are  more  or  less  lanceolate,  wit 
half-cordate  stipules,  are  downy  when  yount 
The  spreading   catkins  appear  in  April  an 
May     Called  also  the  Crack-willow,  this  natu 
and  the  Latin  specific  name,  fragilis,  bot 
referring  to  the  fact  that  the  twigs  are  very 
fragile  at  their  junction  with  the  branches. 
It  grows    in  marshy  localities    in    England 
and    Scotland,  the  European  continent,  and 
Western  Asia.    The  name  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  genus  Salix  (q.v.). 

2.  Laserpitium    Siler.       It  has   bipinnate 
glabrous  leaves,  the  leaves  of  the  involucre 
•nd  the  involucels  linear-lanceolate  slightly 
awne'l,   the  frnit  narrow.     A  native  of  the 
South  of  Europe.    [LASERPITICM.] 

B.  As  adj. :  Made  of  withies  ;  like  a  withy ; 
flexible  and  tough. 

"  Thirsil  from  withy  prison,  as  he  uses. 
Lets  out  hia  flock." 

P.  Fletcher .-  Purple  Itland,  Hi. 

withy-woody,  s.     The  same  as  WITHY, 

A.  I.  3.  (q.v.). 

•wlt'-less,  «  wit-lesse,  •wyt-lesse,   a. 

[Eng.  wit,  s.  ;  -less.] 

I.  Destitute  of  wit  or  understanding;  want- 
ing in  sense ;  stupid,  ignorant,  thoughtless. 
(Spenser  :  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  S.) 


2    Proceeding  from  or  characterized  by  folly 
or  senselessness  ;  foolish,  unwise,  stupid. 
"  Louder  and  louder  did  he  shout 
With  wUlea  hope  to  bring  her  near. 

tt'ordsivorth .   Mother  I  Return. 

wlt-less-ly,  *wlt-les-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
witless ;  -ly.]  In  a  witless,  senseless,  or  Itupld 
manner  ;  without  judgment  or  understanding. 

••  I  have  transgress'd  all  goodness,  tpitletly 
Kais'd  mine  own  curse  from  posterity. 

Bf-aum.  A  Met. ;  Moral  Xepreientatlon  \. 

wit'-less-ness,  s.  [Eng.  witless;  •«««.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  witless  ;  want  if 
judgment,  understanding,  or  sense. 

"  Where  wilful  witleuneu  doth  Dot  bar  against  it"— 
Sandyl :  State  of  Jleliglon. 

Wit' -ling,  s.  [Eng.  wit,  s. ;  dimin.  suff. 
-liny.]  A  pretender  to  wit ;  one  who  has  little 
wit  or  understanding. 

"  Light  witlingi  may  sneer  a.  they  please."— Blackie  : 
Self-Culture,  p.  85. 

wit'-mon-ger,  s.  [Eng.  wit,  and  monger.) 
One  who  indulges  in  wit  of  a  poor  kind ;  a 
would-be  wit ;  a  witling. 

"  The  main  witmonger  surviving  to  the  fanatical 
party."— Wood.'  Athena  Oxon.,  vol.  11. 

*  wlt-nen,  v.t.  [WITNESS.]  To  testify.  (An- 
cren  Itiwte,  p.  80.) 

wit  ness,  «wlt-nesse,  'wyt-nesse,  «. 

[A.S.  witnes,  gewitnes,  from  witan  =  to  know  ; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  ri(«o;Dan.t)£dn«  =  to  testify.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Attestation  of  afact  orevent ;  testimony, 
evidence. 

"  Ye  sent  unto  John,  and  he  bare  witnea  unto  the 
truth." — John  v.  88. 

2.  That   which   furnishes  evidence,   testi- 
mony, or  proof. 

"This  heap  Is  a  vritneu  between  me  and  thee  thU 
day."— QenetU  xxxi.  48. 

3.  One  who  knows  or  sees  anything ;  one 
who  is  personally  present  and  sees  anything. 

••  Many  professing  to  b.  original  witneuet t  of  the 
Christian  miracles. '-Paley: Xtidencet  ofChrMianttu, 
vol.  t.  (lutrod.) 

H,  Low: 

1  One  who  sees  the  execution  of  an  instru- 
ment, and  subscribes  it  for  the  purpose  of 
confirming  its  authenticity  by  his  testimony  ; 
one  who  signs  his  name  as  evidence  of  the 
genuineness  of  the  signature  of  another. 

2.  One  who  gives  evidence  or  testimony 
under  oath  or  affirmation  in  a  judicial  pro- 
ceeding. 

"Evidence  of  writing,  be  .hewed,  witneuet  be 
sworn  and  beard  before  them."— Smith :  Common- 
wealth, bk.  ii.,  ch.  ivlll. 

U  (1)  Witness  when  used  as  a  predicate  after 
the  verb  to  be  can  be  used  in  the  singular 
form,  though  the  subject  or  nominative  is 
plural. 

'•  Heaven  and  thought,  are  wttnrn 

Shakeip. :  Merchant  of  rente..  11.  «. 

*  (2)  With  a  witness :  Effectually  ;  to  a  great 
degree ;  with  a  vengeance  ;  palpably,  grossly. 

"  Here  's  packing  with  a  witnett." 

Shakeip. :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  V.  1. 

wlf-ness,  *  wit-ness-en,  v.t.  b  i.    [WIT- 
NESS, ».] 

A.  Transitive : 

*  1.  To  give  or  bear  witness  or  testimony 
to ;  to  attest ;  to  testify. 

"Behold,  how  many  things  they  urtlneMagaiMt  thee." 
— Mart  iv.  4. 

*  2.  To  give  or  serve  as  evidence  or  token 
of ;  to  substantiate ;  to  prove. 

••  To  thee  I  send  this  written  embasnwe. 
To  witnea  duty,  not  to  show  my  wit.  • 

Shakeip. :  Sonnet  24. 

»  3.  To  foretell,  to  presage,  to  foretoken. 
••  The  sun  sets  weeping  in  the  lowly  west, 
Witneulng  storms  to  come,  woe.  and  unrest. 

Shakeip. :  Richard  II..  il.  4. 

4.  To  see  the  execution  of  and  subscribe  as 
an  instrument,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing 
its  authenticity  :  as,  To  witness  a  will. 

5.  To  see  or  know  by  personal  presence  ;  to 
be  a  witness  of  or  to. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  bear  testimony ;  to  testify; 
to  give  evidence. 

"  The  men  of  Belial  witneaed against  him."— 1  Kingt 
xxi.  13. 

t  (1)  Witness  is  often  used  as  an  optative  or 
imperative,  in  many  cases  with  inversion. 

"  Heaven  witnea 
I  have  been  to  yon  a  true  and  faithful  wife 

Shakeip. :  Henry  Ylll.,  U.  4. 

(2)  It  is  sometimes  followed  by  with. 

••  God  witnea  with  me  ...  how  cold  it  .truck  my 
heart  — SAaielp. :  2  Henry  IV..  Iv.  5. 


»  wit'-n2ss-er,  s.  I  Eng.  wit  ness,  s.  ;-er.)  One 
who  gives  or  bears  witness  or  testimony  ;  a 
witness. 

'•  He  was  now  so  well  become  a  constant  vjitiieMtr 

•  of   the    paaslon   of    Christ."— Martin :   Marriage  <if 
Prieits. 

«  wit-safe',  v.t.  or  *.    (WITHSAVE.) 

wit  sen  i  a,  s.  [Named  after  Nicholas  Wit- 
sen,  a  Dutch  patron  of  botany.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Iridacea;,  closely  akin  to 
Iris.  They  are  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Witstnia  corymbosa  is  a  favourite  in 
greenhouses.  The  stem  of  W.  maura  is  said 
to  abound  in  saccharine  juice. 

*  wit'-stand,  s.    [Emj.  w'f,  and  stand.]    The 
state  of  being  at  one's  wits'  end. 

1  To  be  at  a  witstand  =  to  be  at  a  standstill 
from  not  knowing  what  to  do. 

"  They  were  at  a  witiland.  and  could  reach  no 
further."—  Backet :  Life  of  Wllliamf,  i  188. 

*  witte,  s.    [WIT,  «.] 

wit'-ted,  o.  [Eng.  wit,  s. ;  -ed.)  Having  wit, 
sense,  or  understanding.  Used  in  composi- 
tion, as  a  quick-infied  boy. 

*  wit'-ten-ag-e-mote,  s.    [WITENAOEMOT.] 

wit'-ters,  s.  pi.  [The  same  as  withers  =  that 
which  opposes  or  resists  the  arrow  from  being 
drawn  back.)  The  barb  of  a  spear,  lishing- 
hook,  or  the  like.  (Scotch.) 

"  He  deserved  his  paiks  for  't-to  put  out  the  light 
when  the  flsh  waa  on  one',  wlttei-t."— Scott  i  Guy  Man- 
nerittg.  ch.  xxvi 

*  wft'-tl-cas-ter,  s.     [From  witty,  on  analogy 
of  poetaster,  &c.]    A  mean,  poor,  or  pretended 
wit ;  a  witling. 

"  The  mention  of  a  nobleman  seems  quite  sufficient 
to  arouse  the  spleen  of  our  vritticatter."—Xilt"i, 
(Latham.} 

wftt'-ich-en-ite,  witt'-ich-ite  (w  as  v). 

«.     [After  Wittichen,   Baden,  where  found ; 
suff.  -ite.) 

Min. :  A  mineral  belonging  to  the  sulpho- 
bismutite  section  of  the  sulpharsenite  and 
sulphantimonite  group.  Crystallization,  ortho- 
rhombic,  though  occurring  mostly  massive. 
Hardness,  3'5 ;  sp.  gr.,  4'3  to  5;  lustre, 
metallic  ;  colour,  steel-gray,  tarnishing  on  ex- 
posure ;  streak,  black.  Compos. :  sulphur, 
19-44  ;  bismuth,  42-11  ;  copper,  38-45,  which 
yields  the  formula  3Cu8  +  Bi2S? ;  another 
analysis  gives  the  formula  3(CuFeS  +  (BiaS.a- 

Wit'-tf-clsm,  s,  [Eng.  witty  ;  c  connect.,  and 
suff.  -ism.]  A  witty  sentence,  phrase,  or  re- 
mark ;  an  observation  characterized  by  wit 

"  Ti.  no  great  wonder  that  such  a  three-lettered 
man  as  you  should  make  such  n  witticirm  of  three 
letters."—  Milton  :  Defence  of  the  English  People,  ch.  il. 

U  Dryden  is  in  error  in  saying  as  he  did 
that  he  coined  this  word  :  "  A  mighty  wit- 
ticism (if  you  will  pardon  a  new  word)  .  .  ." 
— State  of  Innocence.  (Pref.) 

•  wit'-ti-fied,  o.  [Eng.  witty ;  -fy,  -ed.]  Hav- 
ing wit ;  clever,  witty. 

••  Theae  were  .  .  .  dUpersed  to  those  wUtifled  ladle, 
who  were  willing  to  come  into  the  order."— JVort* . 
Life  of  Lord  Quilford,  L  69. 

wit-ti-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  witty ;  -ly.) 

*  1.  Ingeniously,  cunningly,  artfully 

••  But  is  there  any  other  beast  that  livea. 
Who  his  own  barm  so  vituily  contrives? 

Dryden.    (Todd.] 

2.  In  a  witty  manner ;  with  wit ;  with  a 
witty  turn  or  phrase ;  with  an  ingenious  and 
amusing  association  of  ideas. 

"This  raring  upon  antiquity  in  matter.  Horace 
has  wittilft  described.'— Locke:  Conduct  of  the  Under- 
ttanding.  5  24. 

wit'-ti-ness, * wlt-tl-nesse, s.  [Eng.  witty; 
-ness.] 

1  Ingenuity,  cunning,  art,  artfulness, 
skill. 

"  Dewrueth  his  wittinene  in  deuisiug,  his  pithl- 
ness  in  uttering,  hi.  pastoral  rudeness.  —Spenser: 
E[>iloaue  to  Hatter  Harvey. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  witty. 

*  3.  An  artful,  clever,  or  ingenious  device. 

"The  third  in  the  discoloured  mantle  spangled  all 
over,  is  Euphantaste,  a  well-conceited  wittineu.'  —B«n 
Jonton  :  Cynthia't  flevelt,  V.  8. 

wit  ting,  weet'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [WiT,  v.) 

Witt'-Ing-lte,  s.  [After  Wittingi,  in  Storkyro, 
Finland,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.). 
Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral,  apparently 


;  P<?ut,  JAM;  cat,  9eU,  chorns,  9hin,  Ixmch;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect, 

=  shin.   -tlon.  -slon  =  shun  ;  -tlon,  -flon  =  «hun.   ^clous.  -tlous,  -rious  =  shus.   -We. 


-die. 


hel, 


wittingly— woehlerite 


resulting  from  the  alteration  of  rhodonite 
(q.v.X  Compos.  :  a  hydrated  silicate  »t  thrt 
proto-  and  MMDtoxIdaa  of  manganese  and 
iron.  A  doubtful  species.  Grouped  by  Dana 
with  Neotokite  (q.v.). 

wit'-ting-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  witting;  -ly.]  Know- 
ingly ;  with  knowledge  or  design  ;  of  set 
puip 

"  Guidmg  bis  bauds  wittingly"—  Ven.  xlviii.  14 

t  wit'-tftl,  *  wit  -tall,  *  whit  -tol,  s.     [A 

word  of  doubtful  origin,  but  probably  the 
same  as  witwalt  or  woodwatl,  old  names  for  a 
bird  into  whose  nest  the  cuckoo  dropped  her 
eggs  ;  cf.  gull  —  (1)  a  bird,  (2)  a  simpleton.]  A 
cuckold  ;  one  who  knows  of  his  wife's  inn- 
clelity,  and  submits  to  it. 

"  And  secret  intelligence  wu  still  transmitted  from 

the  wUtol  to  the  adultere**."—  Macaulay  :  BM.  Eng., 

ch-ix. 

*wtf-tol,  v.t.  [WiTTOL,  s.]  To  make  a  wittol 
or  cuckold  of. 

"  H«  would  wittol  me." 

Davenport  :  City  Match.  I.  1. 

*  wlf-tdl-iy,  o.  [Bug.  wittol;  >y.}  Like  a 
wittol  or  cuckold  ;  cuckoldly. 

"  The  Jealous  wittily  knave  hath  masse*  of  money." 
.  :  Merry  Wive*.  ii.  2. 


wlttf,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    Tin  ore  from  the 
stamping-floor. 

Wif-ty,  *  Wit-tie,  a.    [A.S.  witig,  wittig.] 

[WIT,*.] 

*  1.  Possessed  of  wit,  understanding,  judg- 
ment, or  sense  ;  able,  intellectually  considered. 

"  I  confess  notwithstanding.  with  the  wittiett  of  th« 
•ohool  divine*,  that  if  we  speak  of  strict  justice  God 
oould  no  waj  hare  been  bound  to  requite  mail's  labours 
in  so  large  and  ample  a  manner.'—  3  ooker;  Ecclet. 
Polity,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xi. 

*  2.  Ingenious  ;  clever  ;  skilfully  or  cleverly 
devised.  . 

"  1C  will  become  much  colder  than  It  wag  before, 
which  I  aMoreyoH  came  flral  from  a  mott  wtiti*  and 
•ubtile  invention."—  P.  UvUunl:  flint*,  bk.  xxxi., 
ch.  ill 

*  3.  Wise,  discreet. 

"  It  is  the  wittiftt  partitioo  that  ever  I  heard  dis- 
course."— Sttaiuttp.  ;  AHdiummer  Night't  r>ream,  \. 

4.  Possessed  of  wit  ;  smartly  or  cleverly 
facetious  or  humorous;  brilliant,  sparkling, 
and  original  in  expressing  amusing  notions  or 
ideas  ;  ready  with  strikingly  novel,  clever, 
shrewd,  or  amusing  sayings,  or  with  sharp 
repartee;  hence,  sometimes,  sarcastic,  satirical. 
{Said  of  persons.) 

"The  affectation  therefore  of  being  witty  by  spread- 
ing falsehoods  is  by  110  means  an  allowable  vanity."  — 
fhdter  '  Sermon*,  vol.  lii.,  ser.  8. 

6.  Characterized  by  or  pregnant  with  wit  or 
humour;  marked  by  oreonsisting  of  brilliant, 
sparkling,  or  ingenious  ideas  or  notions  ; 
•martly  and  facetiously  conceived  or  expressed. 

"  Nor  taint  his  speech  with  meannesses,  deaign'd 
By  foot  m»u  Tom  for  witty  and  refined 

:  Tirocinium. 


f  Wit-wall,   *.     [See  extract    under  WOOD- 
WALL.] 

Ornith.  :  A  popular  name  for  : 
.   1.  The  Golden  Oriole  (q.v.). 

"  Of  quite  other  origin,  however,  are  certain  nainea 
iven   to  this  apecieb  [Oriotiu   anlbtila,   the   GohU-.i 
ny,  of  which  -Weidwall'  and  'Wit- 


Oriole]  in  G, 

well  '  will  serve  as  examples. 

cognate  the   English    WitwaU,   th 


With  these  IB  clearly 
,   though  when  this  la 
nowadays  used  at  all  it  U  applied  to  the  Green  Wood- 


pecker, probably  as  the  bird  which  by  It*  colour  most 
recalled  to  oar  Teutonic  forefathers  the  continental 
species  *o  familiar  to  them."—  YarreU  ;  lirit.  Bird* 
(ed.  4th),  i.  3S6. 

8.  The  Greater  Spotted  Woodpecker.  [WOOD- 
PECKER.] 

"  This  bird  tiai  several  names  In  English  ...  It  is 

very  generally  called  the  Pied  Woodpecker,  and  more 
locally  the  French  Pie,  Wood  Pin,  Spickel  (possibly  a 
diminutive  of  Speight),  aa  well  aa  Hick  wall  and  Wit- 
w-itt,  which  it  haa  in  common  with  the  other  British 
woodpecker*,'—  barren  :  Brit,  Btrttt  (ed.  «th),  ii.  *7L 

*  witf-  wan-ton,  a,  &  §  .     [Eng.   wit,  and 

wanton.] 

A.  As  adj.  :    Inclined  to  indulge  in  idle, 
foolish,  or  irreverent  speculations  or  fancies; 
*ver  subtle. 

"How  dangerous  it  U  for  such  wit  wanton  men  to 
dance  with  their  nice  distinction*  on  such  mystical  I 
precipice*.11—  fttUer:  fAitrc-A  Hut..  X.  iv.  4. 

B,  As  subat.  :   One  who  indulges  in  idle, 
foAlish,  or  irreverent  speculations  or  fancies. 

"All  epicure*,  urituxintom.  atheists."—  Sylvatcr. 

"  wit-  wan  -t6n,  v.i.  (WITWANTON,  a.]  To 
indulge  in  vain,  sportive,  or  over-subtle  fan- 
cies ;  to  speculate  idly  or  irreverently. 

"  Dangerous  it  U  to  witwamt-m  it  vith  the  majesty 
of  God.7—  fWfer. 


•wive,  f.i.  &  t.    [WIFE.] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  marry. 

"[To] eat,  drink,  and  wive." 

Byron  :  /feutwi  *  Earth,  L  8. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  marry  ;  to  take  for  a  wife. 

"1  bad  rather  he  should  shrive  me  than  wirr  me." 
,SA<(*««;>.  -    Mer^-linnt  of  Venice,  i.  X 

4  To  match  to  a  wife  ;  to  provide  with  a 
wife. 

"  My  fate  would  have  me  wiv'd." 

AA.ifev. :  Othtlla,  ill  4. 

*wive'-hopd.  s.  [Eng.  wive;  -honl.]  The 
state  or  condition  of  a  wife  ;  wifehood ;  be- 
haviour becoming  a  wife. 

*  wive  -less,  *  wive  lesse,  *  wyve  lesse, 

a.  [Eug.  wive;  -less.}  Having  no  wife  ;  wife- 
less. 

"So  that  they  in  their  wiveletse  state  ruune  into 
open  abominations." — Homilies;  Of  Matrimony. 

*  Wive'-iy,  *  wyve-ly.  «.     [Eag.  wive;  -ly.] 
Pertaining  to  or  becoming  a  wife  ;  wifely. 

'•By  wyuely  love."—  Udal:  1  Corintkiuitt  vlL 

wi'-ver,  wi'-vern,  *.    [WYVEBN.] 
wive?,  s.  pi.    [WIFE.] 

wiz  ard,  wis  ard.  *  wy»-ar,  *  wys-ard, 

a,  &"  a.  [O.  Fr.  wischard,  not  found,  but 
necessarily  the  older  spelling  of  guischard, 
guiscart  —  prudent,  sagacious,  cunning,  from 
Icel.  vizhr  =  clever,  knowing,  with  Fr.  suff. 
-ard  =  O.  H.  Ger.  -hart,  guis-hart,  Eng.  'hard. 
The  Icel.  vizhr  is  for  vUshr,  from  vita  =  to 
know,  to  wit  (q.v.).] 

A*  As  substantive : 

*  1.  A  wise  man,  a  sage. 

"  Those  Egyptian  witardt  old 
Which  in  star-read  were  wont  have  beet  insight" 
(Introd.) 


2.  One  who  is  skilled  in  the  occult  sciences  ; 
an  adept  in  the  blaok  art  ;  one  supposed  to 
possess  supernatural  powers,  generally  from 
having  leagued  himself  with  the  evil  one  ;  a 
sorcerer,  an  enchanter. 

"  The  prophecies  of  itizardt  old." 

Waller      Virgil;  .Qneidiv. 

9,  Hence,  in  popular  modern  language,  one 
skilled  in  legerdemain,  a  conjuror,  a  juggler, 
*  R.  As  adjective  ; 

1.  Haunted  or  frequented  by  wizard*. 

"  S«ver'd  from  the  haunts  of  men 
By  a  wide,  ileeu,  and  wizard  glen." 

Moor*  :  Tlit  Fire-  H'orsJUpjWf. 

2.  Enchanting,  charming. 

"  The  wizard  gong  at  distance  died, 
As  if  in  ether  home  astray," 

Scott:  Bridal  of  Trier-main,  1U.  25. 

*  Wltf-ard-l^,  a.     [Eng.  wizard;  -ly.]    Per- 
taining to  or  characteristic  of  a  wizard  or 
wizards. 

*  witf-ard-ry,  *•     [Bng.  vizard  ;   -ry.]    The 
art  or  jtractices  of  wizards  ;  sorcery,  enchant- 
ment, conjuring. 

wiz  en,  *  wl»-en-en,  a.  [A.S.  wisnian  = 
to  become  dry;  cogn.  with  Icel.  visna  =  to 
wither  ;  visinn  =  withered,  palsied,  dried-up  ; 
Dan.  &  Sw.  vissen  —  withered  ;  Sw.  vissna  = 
to  fade.]  Hard,  dry,  and  shrivelled  ;  withered, 
weazen,  dried-up. 

"  He  isftgay.  little,  vriten  old  man."—  Mad.  Vlrllag: 
Diary,  v.  203. 

wiz  en.  wiz'-zen,  v.t.  [WIZEN,  a.]  To 
wither  ;  to  dry  up  ;  to  shrivel.  (Scotch.) 

"A    face    looking   worn   and    wizened."  —  0.   Eliot: 
Daniel  Dertmtiu,  ch.  Uviil. 

Wizen-faced,  a.  Havinga  thin,  shrivelled 
face. 


wiz'-en,  wiz'-aen,  *.    [WEASAND.] 

*  wlappe,  *  wlap  pen,  v.t.    [LAP,  t».] 
wrap,  to  fold. 


To 


"  Y«  schulen  fynde  a  yonge  child  wlappid  in  clothla." 
e:  Lvkaii. 


*  wlat-some,  a.  [A.S.  wlatte  —  loath  ing,  dis- 
gust.] Loathsome  (q.v.). 

»  WO,  5.  &  a.      [WOE.] 

WOa,  exciam.    (WHOA.] 

woad.  *  wad,  *  wod,  s.  [A.S.  w&d,  wood  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  weede  ;  Dan.  vaid,  mid;  Sw. 
veide  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  weit,  weid  ;  Gt-r.  waid, 
weld;  O.  Fr.  waide,  waisde,  gaule;  Fr.  guede; 
Lat.  i'  it  rum,  =  woaa.] 

Botany  : 

1.  The  genus  Isatis,  and  spec.  1.  tinctoria. 


It  is  from  one  to  three  feet  high,  wHU  the  radi- 
cal leaves  oblong  en-mite,  those  'if  the  stem  sa- 
gittate, the  flowers  yellow,  and  the  fruit  about 
tliree  times  longer  than  broad.  [ISATIS.]  It 
was  formerly  a  favourite  blue  dye  in  England. 

2.  Reseda  Luteola.     [WELD(I).]    Withering 
calls  this  Wild  Woad. 

3.  Genistn  tinctoria.    [GENISTA.] 

woad-miU,  s.  A  mill  for  bruising  and 
preparing  woad. 

woad- waxen.  & 

Hot.  :  Genista  tinctoria.     [GENISTA.] 

*  woad'-ed,  a.    [Eng.  wood  ;  -ed.} 

1.  Dyed  or  coloured  blue  with  woad. 

"Man 
Tattoo' d  or  woaded,  winter-clad  in  skins." 

Tennyton:  Princett,  It  106. 

2.  Extracted  or  prepared  from  woad. 

"The  set-up  bines  have  made  utrangeri  loathe  th« 
wooded  blues! ,—Ward:  Sermotif,  p.  77. 

woch  em  ite  (w  as  V),  s.  [After  Lake 
Wochein,  Styria,  near  which  it  was  found ; 
suff.  -ite  (.Mitt.).! 

.Win. :  A  variety  of  Beauxite  (q.v.)  contain- 
ing very  little  oxide  of  iron.  Till  recently 
this  mineral  and  Beauxite  have  been  used  as 
some  of  the  sources  of  the  metal  aluminium. 

*  wode,  *  wood,  a.  [A.8.  wdd.]  Mad,  furious, 
violent. 

"  He  stirred  his  hone,  aa  he  were  wode." 

Scott :  Tkoma*  Via  AVnwr,  U. 

*  wode,  s.    [WOOD.] 

wo  de-  whist  le, 

tiot.  :  Conium  vutculatum.    (HalliiceU.) 

*  wode,  v.i.    [WODB,  a.]    To  grow  or  become 
mad. 

»  WOde'-gSld,  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  wod«  =  wood, 
and  geld,  s.  j  A  geld  or  payment  for  wood. 

*wode-wale,  «.    [WOODWALE.] 

*  wod-nesa,  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  wode  =  mad  ;  -net*.} 
Madness. 

woe,  *wo,  *woo,  *.  &  a.  [A.S.  wd  =  vo 
(interj.  &  adv.);  wed  =  woe  (subst.) ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  wee  (interj.  A  subst.);  Icel.  vei 
(interj.) ;  Dan.  vee  (intt'rj.  &  aubst.)  ;  Goth. 
wai  (interj,);  Lat.  vte  (interj.);  Gr,  ovai 
(cmo.).] 

A.  As  subst. ;  Grief,  sorrow,  misery  ;  heavy 
calamity. 

"  One  woe  is  past :  and  behold  there  cometh  two 
wots  more  hereafter."— Htvilation  ix.  ii. 

*  B.  As   adj. :   Sad,  sorrowful,  wretched, 
miserable. 

"  H'oe  wai  the  knight  at  this  severe  command." 

brydrti :  H  */«  of  BaiKt  Title.  108. 

^  (1)  Wo«  is  frequently  used  as  an  exclama- 
tion of  grief  or  sorrow ;  in  such  cases  the 
noun  or  pronoun  following  is  in  the  dative 
case,  to  being  omitted. 

"  Woe  is  me,  for  I  am  undone."— fialah  vl.  & 

(2)  Woe    is    also    used    in    denunciations, 
either  with  the  optative  mood  of  a  verb,  or 
alone,  ainl  thus  as  an  interjection. 

M  Woe  be  unto  th«  pastors  that  destroy  and  scatter 
the  sheep. "-Jeremiah  xxili.  1. 

(3)  Woe  worth  =  woe  be  to.     [WORTH,  t».] 

"  My  royal  mistress'  favour  towards  me, 

ff«*-wartA  yu,  sir,  ye  have  poyson'd,  blasted." 

BeauiH.  *  fiet.  Loyal  Sutyect,  iv.  & 

•woe-wearied,  a.  Wearied  ont  with 
grief. 

"  My  woe-wearied  tunxue  is  mute  and  dumb." 

ShaXcttt. :  Xickard  UI.t  iv.  4. 

*  woe-worn,    a.      Worn  or   marked  bj 
grief. 

"  ID  lively  mood  be  spoke,  to  wile 
From  Wilfrid's  woe-worn  cheek  a  smile." 

Scott :  Kokebif,  r.  14, 

woo   be  gone,    *woe  be  gon,    a.     [Eng. 

woe,  and  betjon,  pa.  par.  of  M.K.  began  =  to  g» 
about,  to  surround  =  A.S.  tvpoJi/fron)  fce=by. 
and  gan  —  to  go.]  Overwhelmed  or  distracted 
with  woe  ;  immersed  in  grief  and  sorrow. 
*'  His  sad  mother  seeing  his  sore  plight, 
Was  greatly  woebeyon,  and  jnui  Ui  feare." 

Spenier;  f.  y.,  ill.  7,  8d 

woc'-rel,  a.    [Woruu] 

woeh'-ler-ite  (w  as  v),  s.  [After  the  chem- 
ist Friedrich  Wohler  of  Gottingeu  ;  suff.  -Ut 
(Afin.).] 

Min. :  A  monoclinic  mineral,  occurring  In 
crystals,  mostly  tabular  in  habit,  and  also 
granular.  Hardness,  5'5 ;  ep.  gr.,  8'41 ;  lustre, 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what.  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  po 
or*  wore,  wolfc  work*  who,  son;  mnte,  cub,  cure<  unite, *ur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ee,  oe  =  e;  ey ,    a;  qn  =  fcw. 


Norway. 


Iron,  O-38'lOO. 
« woe -some,  a.     [Bug.  woe;  -*m».}    Sad, 
sorrowful,  grievous. 

•WOft,    JJO.JXW.  Of».     [WAFT.] 

wd-ful,woe-ful,  «wo-full,' woe-full, 

a.    lEng.  me ;  -full.] 

1    Fnll  of  woe  or  grief;  distressed  with 
grief,  sorrow,  or  calamity  ;  afflicted,  s°™«ful- 


2.  Expressing  woe  or  grief;  sad. 
"A  ««w  ditty."      s»«t««A  ••  r«n»«  *  <•*>"''•  *£ 
i  Attended  with  woe,  distress,  or  calamity. 

-  M°*  "—  -sfisi  resffittt  ».  i 

4.  Wretched,  paltry,  mean,  poor. 

-  What  «^7  rtuffthi.  .^8-™ 


--, 

"Jfln  a  woful  manner  ;  sorrowfully  ;  mourn- 
tally,  sadly,  lamentably. 


.  .  . 

ly,  miserably,  poorly,  extremely. 

-* 


being  woeful. 


w&V-wode,   woj-wo-da  (o]  as  6i). 

(WAYWODE.) 

wol.  ».{ 


wold,  *  wolde,  pret.  of  »•    tWiu,  r.] 


doublets.]     [WKALD.] 

1.  A  wood,  a  forest. 


woelchite—  Wolfflan 

for  tearing  apart  the  tussocks 


quently  form  a  lap. 
t2.  Music: 
(1)  A  term  applied  to  the  harsh,  hovlin 


form  of  unequal  temperament. 

(2)  A  wolf-note  (q.v.). 

3.  Zoo!.:  Canls  lupu*,  of  which  there  are 
many  varieties,  by  some  authorities        MM  "> 


thSy^two    nches    'hair  dark  yellowislwray 
sometimes  almost  black,  long  «"«  coarse  m 


s 

sheepand  calves,  associating  in  packs  to  r  in 
down  deer  and  other  animals  ;  rarely  attacking 
man  unless  bard  pressed  * 


last  wolf  ip  said  to  have  1)een  k.'"e?Jn  S™  ,, 
land    by  Sir  Ewen  Cameron,  in  1680,    an 
wSlves  lingered  in  Ireland  for  at  teastto'ISr. 
vears  later     Of  the  other  varieties  the  eWM 


vears    a 

a«  the  Black  Wolf  of 


SS^i^ssi 

chiefly  from  the  Common  Wolf  in  having  Bner, 

nw  and  longer  fur,  and  very  broad  feet, 

enabUng  it  to  travel  ea  il  y  over  thesnow^  the 

*• 


Black  W 


the 


.  from  Nort 


and  head  together 


5207 

«  wolf-month,  5.  The  Saxon  name  fol 
January,  because  -'people  we  wont  aiway s  in 
that  month  to  be  in  more  danger  of  being  oo 
voured  by  wolves  than  m  any  other.  (Yet- 
etegan.) 

wolf-net,  s.  A  kind  of  net  used  in  fishing, 
which  takes  great  numbers. 
wolf-note,  s. 

Music:  A  harsh  sound  occurring  in  string 
instruments  owing  to  defective  vibration  on 
one  or  more  notes  of  the  scale. 

Making,  p.  H9. 

wolf  spider,  «. 

ZooL  (PI.) :  The  LyeosldK  (q.v.). 

wolfs  bane,  a. 

Botany : 

1  One  of  the  names  of  the  genus  AconJ- 
tum  spec,  of  A.  Napdtus,  A.  Lyctotonum,  and 
A.  Injndinum.  (Paxton.) 

2.  Arnica  Montana.    [ARNICA.] 

3.  Eranthls  hyemalis.    (Britten  &  Holland.) 
wolfs  claw,  wolfs  foot,  *. 

not. :  Club-moss,  Lycopodium  clamtum,  » 
cryptogamous  plant  of  the  genus  Lycopodium. 
So  named  from  the  claw-like  ends  of  the 
trailing  stem.  (Prior.) 

wolf's  fist,  />. 

Bot. :  Lycoperdon  Bovtsta, 

IVOlf'S  fOOt,  ».     [WOLF'S  CLAW.] 

wolf's  milk, .'. 

Sot. :  The  genns  Euphorbia,  spec.  E. 
icopia.    Probably  named  from  the  acrid  quali- 
ties of  the  milk. 
wolfs  peaon, «. 
Bot. :  The  Tomato  (q.v.). 
wolf  ».«.    [WOLF, «.]    To  devour  ravenously. 

••  VoMitf  to""  «mw  <«">  Prep»«tury  to  fi«UUw.  - 
ftOd.  April  4.  1851 

Baden, 


They 


Hardnes,  5-5;  sp.  gr.,  6-37;2;  >«£«^« 
colour    silver-  to  tin-white;  streak,  black, 
sis  yielded  :  sulphur  14^3  ;arsenc, 

li 


IT.  11. 


2  An  open  country;  a  weald;  a  plain. 

low  hill,  a  down  ;  In  the  plural,  8  hilly 


Helaa-.  P-  »»• 
W0ld(2),».      [WELD.] 

.  wolde,*  wold-en,  pro.  oft.   [Win,*.] 
t  wolds,  t  woulds,  *.    [WELD.] 


o.  »n»v  \r"  —TV- 

SKS&rfSasarjKiw; 

Lat.  ivpiu;  Sanse,  rrto.] 

i  Ordinary  language : 

I   In  the  same  sense  as  II.  8. 

2.  A  small  white  maggot  or  worm  wnic 
Infents  granaries. 

3  4  tubercular  excrescence  which  rapidly 
eats  away  the  flesh.    [Lupus.) 

4  A  term  of  opprobrium  especially  appl.o.l 
to  a  £™Tnoted  for  ravenousness.  rspac.ty, 
eruelty,  cunning,  or  the  like. 


howl. 

t  1.  UarTe  at  a  uolf'»  »«*  (or  throat): 
Pitch-dark. 

9  To  mi  wolf:  To  raise  a  false  alarm.  In 
allusion  to  the  shepherd-boy  in  the  fable,  who 
used  to  cry"  Wolf  1"  merely  to  make  fun  of 
?he  neighbours,  but  when  at  last  the  wolf 
came  no  one  would  believe  him. 

»  3  To  have  a  wolf  60  the  ears :  [See  extract]. 

"•tVo  taw  a  w°V  tn  tlte  «*omn<*:  To  ** 
ravenously  hungry. 

5.  To  top  (/us  wolf  from  the  door:  To  keep 
out  or  off  hunger  or  want. 

e  To  see  a  wolf:  To  lose  one's  voice.  The 
ancients  used  to  say  that  if  a  man  saw  a  woii 
before  the  wolf  saw  him  he  became  dnmb,  at 
least  for  a  time.  (.Virgil,  Eel.  ix.) 

wolf-berry,  ». 

.hrob  foSTosixTeThfghTwith^dense  axillary 
'"ikes  of  drooping  flowers  ;  »  native  01 
Canada. 

wolf-dog,  i. 


the  same  composition  as  the  cubic  Corymt» 
(q  v.),  so  that  the  compound  is  dimorphous. 
woUT-I-a,  >.     [Named  after  S.  F.  Wolff,  •. 
writer  on  the  botanical  genii*  Lemna.] 

Hot  •  A  genus  of  Pistiaceae,  akin  to  Lemna. 

d£fis«s«g5 

S^Hj5ir.5agWK 

it  'with   one   erect   seed.     Only  known 
Koies    Wolma  arrMza,  found  in  ponds  in 

Kind,  parts  of  the  European  continent, 

and  Western  Africa. 
Wolff -1-an.  Wolf -I-an,  o.  &  «.  [For  etym. 

see  def.  and  compound.) 
A.  At  ad). :  Of,  belonging  to,  proposed,  or 


the  compounds  (q.v.). 

B    ^s  TO»S(  •  An  adherent  or  defender  of 
th?Wo.fflan  Philosophy.    [Woi.rnAS.s,,.] 


t*ut  of  Canls  familiar!*,  need  for 


Wolfflan-bodles,  «.  pi. 

Anat  •  Two  important  organs  in  the 


Shaw.) 
wolf-fish,  s.    [SEA-wou.] 


Wolfflan  bodeiesnm(ake  their  ai'.I'6?'™11^"^ 

ratio. 
Wolfian-theory  or  hypothesis,  «. 

Historic  criticism  :  A  theory  or ^5,1'°"'.^' 

^^S^JSl^^S 


5208 


Wolffianism— woman 


scholar  of  his  time,  in  the  Prolegomena  to  his 
second  edition  of  Homer,  sent  forth  in  1704  or 
1795,  to  the  effect  that  not  merely  were  the 
Iliad  and  Odyssey  composed  by  different  poets, 
but  that  each  of  these  compositions  was  put 
together  from  ballads  preserved  in  the  mem- 
ory of  itinerant  minstrels  or  rhapsodists  be- 
fore writing  was  known  in  Greece,  the  poems 
taking  their  present  form  after  writing  was 
imro.uice<1  in  the  sixth  century  B.C.  Wolfs 
views  attained  to  great  celebrity,  and  an  effort 
on  the  part  of  Heyne  to  claim  priority  in 
their  discovery  failed  of  effect.  They  not  merely 
affected  Homeric  and  other  historic  criticism 
permanently,  but  gave  an  impulse  to  the  ra- 
tionalistic treatment  of  Scripture  which  has 
not  yet  passed  away.  [CHOHIZOXTKS.] 

Wolff-i-an-ism,  Wolf'-i-an-J$m,    ». 

(Eng.  trolJRan  (1),  Wolftan;  -im.] 

Philoa.  :  The  system  developed  from  Leib- 
nitaiauism  (q.v.X  by  Christian  Wolff.  [WOLFF- 
IAN,  A.)  He  appropriated  the  conceptions  of 
Leibnitz,  and,  modifying  them  to  some  extent, 
brought  them  into  nearer  agreement  with  the 
ordinary  conceptions  of  things.  He  denied 
perceptions  to  all  monads  which  were  not 
•ouls  [MO.VAD,  1.],  accepted  the  doctrine  of 
pre-established  harmony  only  as  a  permissible 
hypothesis,  and  refused  to  exclude  the  possi- 
bility of  the  interaction  of  soul  and  body. 
He  divided  nietaphysic-sintoontology  (treating 
of  the  existent  in  general),  rational  psychology 
(of  the  soul  as  a  simple,  non-extended  sub- 
•tance),  cosmology  (dealing  with  the  world  as  a 
whole),  and  rational  theology  (treating  of  the 
existence  and  attributes  of  God).  His  moral 
principle  was  the  idea  of  perfection  ;  and  tie 
taught  that  to  lat>our  for  our  own  perfection  and 
that  of  others  is  the  law  of  our  rational  nature. 

"  The  moct  lufluentlal  opponent  of  Wolfftantom  .  .  . 
bued  ethic*  on  the  will  of  God  M  a  lawgiver."—  Ofter- 
IMP/  HiO.  miot.  lEog.  ed.l.  1L  117. 

wolT-Ish,  a.    [Eng.  wolf;  -fa*.] 

1.  Like  a  wolf:  having  the  qualities  or  form 
of  a  wolf. 

•  Shell  aajr  thy  mtybk  vlaage.1 

skaHetp.:  Ltaar.  1.4. 

2.  Ravenously  hungry.    (Amer.) 

wolf  '-Isll-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  wolfish;  -ly.J  In  a 
wolfish  manner;  like  a  wolf. 

*  wolf  -kin,  «.    [Eng.  wolf,  s.  ;  dlmln.  raft 
'kin.}    A  young  or  small  wolf. 

"  Kit.  and  kcatrcl.  wolf  and  <*jl/Mn.~ 

Tennj/Kit  :  tioadlcea,  II. 

•  wolf'  -ling,  «.     [Eng.  wolf,  s.  ;  dimin.  raft 
-liit'i.}    A  young  wolf. 

"  Wot/Unat  .  .  .  who  would  crow  to  be  wolre*.  '  — 
Carlyl,  :  fr.  Sent.,  pt.  ill.  .  bk,  T..  eh.  lit 

wolf  r^m  (1),  wolf  ram  inn  (1),  w^lT- 
ram-ite,  ».  [An  ancient  German  miner's 
name,  derived  from  the  Lupt  Spuma  of  Agri- 
cola  (Foss.  255,  1546);  suft  -toe,  -Ut  (If  in.); 
Fr.  Khedinferruglnt.] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  mostly  in  tin- 
producing  districts,  sometimes  in  abundance, 
to  the  detriment  of  the  tin  ores.    Crystalliza- 
tion, orthorhombic,  but  usually  found  lamel- 
' 


,  ,  - 

lar, massive.    Hardness,  6  to  5'5;  sp.gr.,  7-1  to 
5  ;  lustre,  snbmetallic  ;  colour  and  streak, 


, 

7'55  ; 


,  , 

reddish-brown  to  black,  opaque.  Compos.  : 
a  tungstata  of  iron  and  manganese,  the  pro- 
portions of  which  are  variable,  and  lead  to 
differing  formulae,  though  most  can  be  repre- 
sented by  2FeOW08  +  SMnOWO,,  or  4Fe 
WOj  +  MnOWOj. 

wolf  '-ram  (2),  «.    [TDNOSTEH.] 

wolfram-ochre,  «.    [TUNOSTITB.] 

wolf  ram-ine,  ».     [Eng.  wolfram  (2),  suff. 
•inf.] 

if  in.  :  Tungstlc  ochre  (q.v.X 

wolfs'-berg-ite,  «.  [After  Wolfcberg,  Hartx. 
where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 
Mineralogy  : 

1.  The  same  as  CHALOOSTIBITE  (q.v.X 

2.  Capillary  and  massive  forms  of  Jameson- 
Ite  (q.v.). 

WQir-skln,  ».  &  o.    [Eng.  wolf,  ».,  and  «Hn,J 

4.  As  titbit.  :  The  skin  or  hide  of  a  wolf. 

5.  As  adj.  :  Made  of  the  skin  of  a  wolf. 

"  In  mtfiHn  Teit 
Her«  roring  wild.'  ITontt«ort»  .•  Somett. 

Wol'-las-ton,  ».     tWouAsrosrrE.]    (See 
etym.  and  compounds.) 


Wollaston's  battery,  ». 

Elect.  :  A  galvanic  battery  so  arranged  that 
all  the  plates  can  be  at  once  lifted  from  the 
liquid  in  the  cells  so  as  to  stop  the  action  of 
the  battery. 

Wollaston's  doublet,  «. 

Optical  Instrum.  :  Two  plano-convex  lenses 
used  in  place  of  one  very  convergent  lens  in  a 
micro/scope.  The  plane  face  of  each  lens  is 
turned  to  the  object. 

Wollaston's  prism,  >. 

Optical  Instrum,  :  A  camera  lucida,  alone  or 
fitted  to  a  microscope. 

WOll'-as-ton-lte,   t.     [After  the  English 
chemist,  W.  H.  Wollaston  (1766,1828),  the  dis- 
coverer of  palladium  aud  rhodium  ;  suff.  -Ue 
(Afin.).] 
Mineralogy  i 

1.  A    mineral   belonging   to    the    group 
of  bisilicates.      Crystallization,    monoclinic. 
though  crystals  are  somewhat  rare,  the  min- 
eral occurring  more  frequently  in  masses  with 
distinct  cleavages.     Hardness,  4*5  to  5;  Bp. 
gr.,  278  to  2'9;    lustre,  vitreous;   colour, 
white  to  gray.     Compos.:  silica,  £1*7;  lime, 
48-3  =  100,  which  yields  the  formula,  CaOSiO2. 
Good  crystals  are  found  iu  the  old  volcanic 
bombs  of  Monte  Somma,  Vesuvius,  and  occa- 
sionally in  the  granular  limestone  of  Czik- 
lowa,  Hungary. 

2.  The  same  as  PECTOLITE  (q.v.X 

woU-on-gong'-ite.  ».  [After  Wollongong, 
New  South  Wales,  where  it  was  stated  to  have 
been  found  ;  Ruff,  -ite  (Jtfin.).] 

Aftn.  .-  A  name  given  to  a  bituminous  shale 
occurring  in  cubical  blocks  without  lamina- 
tion. Liversidge  refers  it  to  Torbanite  (q.v.). 


,  8.    [Etym.  doubtful  ;  prob.  a  Hun- 
garian local  name.] 

Min.  ;  A  variety  of  Barite  (q.v.)  occurring 
In  crystals  lengthened  in  the  direction  of  the 
vertical.  axis.  First  announced  from  Betler, 
Hungary. 

wol'-ver-ene,  wol'-ver-ine,  «.     [Formed 
from  Eng.  vojf  (q.v.),  from  the  exaggerated 
accounts  of  the  ferocity  of  the  animal.] 
Zool  :  Gvlo  luscu*.    [GLUTTON,  II.  1.) 

"In  tboM  rut  and  still  unmapped  wi]derne*agH 
may  b*  found  tbe  grey  fox,  the  miuk-ox,  UM  iuu»- 


WOLVERENK. 


qtuuh.  the  ermine,  and  the  wolterint,  of  whom  If  r.  A. 
PendaiveB  VlrUn.  H.P.,  uyi  that.  Although  not 
bigger  th»n  a  marten-cat,  be  is  ao  ferodou*  A*  oft*n  to 
IntimidAtc  A  twAr.  '  The  wolverine  goe*,'  my*  this  ex. 
perieuced  trATeller.  'by  mjuiy  IOCA!  n*me* — tuch  u 
"skank-beAr,' "corkjr.joe,*  And  "  go-forxloa  "— And  is 
rapidly  becoming  MATCC  In  the  more  ireqaentcd 
region*.  Hunters  r«lat«  wonderful  ttorlw  of  Hi*  tore- 
dty."'— Daily  Tdegnph,  May  S,  IStt. 

wolves,  s.  pi.    [Woi-r.J 
*  wolves'  thistle,  *. 
Bot. :  Carlina  acavlia.    (Britten  A  Holland.) 

WOlv'-Ish,  a.    [Eng.  worses);  -iift.]    Resem- 
bling a  wolf ;  wolfish. 

**  Although  A  worrfri  cAse  he  wmm.* 

Ben  Jon$on  :  Pvetaittr,  ».  8. 

w5l-^H'-lte,   &     [After  Volhynia,  or  Wol- 
hynia,  where  found  ;  sun*.  -Ue  (Petrol.)."] 

Petrol,  :  A  name  given  to  a  rock  consisting 
of  a  sphenilitic  oligoclase  and  actcular  born- 
blende  ;  enclosing,  as  accessory  minerals,  mag- 
netite and  pyrites. 

worn -an,  *  wim-man,  *  wim-mon, 

*  wnm-man,    *  worn-  man   (pi.    women, 

*  wement    *  wymmen),   s.     [A.S.   wifman  =r  a 
wife-man  (pi.  wtymen,  wimmeri).     By  assimi- 
lation wifman  became  wimman  in  the  t*- nth 
century.   Cf.  Iammas=  A.8.  khfma>8se;  kman 
•=•  A.S.  Uofman,  &c.    The  change  of  vowel  was 


due  to  the  preceding  w,  a*  In  A.  8.  widu,  latei 
«;itdtt  =  a  wood.] 

1.  The  female  of  the  human  race ;  an  adult  01 
grown  up  female,  as  distinguished  from  a  girl 

"  The  lib,  which  the  Lord  God  had  taken  from  tb« 
uiAii,  made  be  A  woman.1*— Gtneti*  iL  22. 

*  2.  A  wife.    (Shakesp.:  1  Henry  IV. ,  ii.  8.) 

3.  A  female  attendant  on  a  person  of  rank. 

"  Sir  Thomas  Bull«n's  daughter— 
The  VlKomnt  Rochiord— one  of  her  btgnneM'  »ro»i«n' 
Shnkttp.  :  ffctiry  VUL.  \.  \. 

4.  Applied  to  a  person  of  timid  or  cowardly 
disposition. 

H  1.  Woman  of  the  tuorld: 

(1)  A  woman  skilled  in  the  ways  of  the 
world  ;  one  engrossed  in  society  or  fashionable 
society. 

*  (2)  A  married  woman.    (Shakesp.  As  You 
Like  It,  v.  8.) 

2.  To  play  (or  act)  the  woman ;  To  weep  ;  to 
give  way. 

woman -born.  a.  Born  of  a  woman. 
(Cowper;  Charity,  181.) 

"woman-built,  a.  Built  by  women. 
(Tennyson :  Princess,  iv.  466.) 

t  woman  -  conquered,  a.  Conquered 
or  overcome  by  a  woman.  (Tennyson:  Prin- 
cess, Hi.  333.) 

t  woman-conqueror.  *.  A  female  con- 
queror. (Tennyson, ;  Princess,  Hi.  8S3.) 

*  woman-grown,  a.    Grown  up  to  wo- 
manhood.   (Tennyson  ;  Ay Imer's  Field,  Iu8.) 

t  woman  guard,  «.  A  guard  of  women. 
(Tennyson:  Princess,  iv.  540.) 

woman-hater,  s.  One  who  has  an  aver- 
sion towards  ttie  female  sex. 

"  Brand  me  for  A  \comitn-hatert*  Swtft. 

*  woman-head,  s.    Womanhood. 

"  Honed  with  a  soft  heart  of  vMnan-hcaeL~-Gold*i. 
Bo**,  eh,  x. 

*  woman-post,  «.     A  female   post  o* 
messenger. 

"  What  woman-pott  U  tbla  T " 

Shakttp. :  King  Jo\n,  L 

•woman-queller,   s.      One  who  kill>- 

Women. 

*'  TLou  art ...  A  man-queller  and  a  woman-mtfUtr.'' 
Shaketp. :  Z  Henry  IV.,  ii.  L 

•woman-statue.  «.  A  female  state*. 
(Tennyson :  Princess,  I.  207.) 

*  woman-tired,  a.    Henpecked. 

"Dotard,  thou  nrt  woman-tired.' 

tfhakttp. :  Winter1!  Tale,  H.  ft 

t  woman-vested,  a.  Clothed  Ifke  • 
woman ;  wearing  women's  clothes.  (Tenny 
ton :  Princess,  I.  163.) 

woman- warrior,  it    A  female  warrior. 

"  Thou  woman-warrior  with  the  curling  hair." 

Pope  ;  Homer ;  Iliad  zl.  Ifm, 

woman-worship,  *.  Excessive  revet^ 
ence  paid  to  women.  It  is  closely  connected 
with  the  worship  of  female  divinities,  which 
probably  is  a  development  from  Nature-wor- 
ship, in  which  the  Earth  was  personified  as  a 
fruitful  mother.  Great  reverence  for  women 
has  always  been  a  characteristic  of  t  lie  Teutonic 
nations,  and  was  peculiarly  prevalent  in  the 
ages  of  chivalry.  Grimm  (Deut.  Myth.,  Eng. 


ence  is  clearly  shown. 

"  He  thu*  become*  the  type  of  the  husbands  of  the 
Middle-Ago,  and  of  the  woman-worthip  of  chivalry. 
tf  oman-ieorth  ip,  'the  honour  due  to  the  weaker 
veasel  '  U  Indeed  of  Oml,  and  woe  to  the  nation  and  to 
tbe  man  in  whom  it  diec"-C.  Ai  nffttoy  :  Atlmft 
Trafffdif.  I  In  trod  J 

worn   an,  rJ.    [WOMAN,  *.] 

1.  To  act  tbe  part  of  a  woman.    (With  an 
Indefinite  U.) 

"  My  daughter  Silvia,  how  »he  would 
Have  wumanfd  it"  DanM. 

2.  To  cause  to  act  like  a  woman  ;  to  subdut 
to  weakness  like  a  woman. 

**  I  hare  felt  BO  many  quirks  of  joy  and  prief. 
That  the  first  face  of  neither,  on  the  itart, 
Can  MX/man  me  unto  't." 

.  .-  All't  U'tll,  Ut  1 


3.  To  unite  to,  or  accompany  by  a  woman. 

•*  I  do  Attend  here  on  tbe  general  ; 
And  think  it  no  Addition1,  nor  my  wish, 
To  hare  him  see  me  woman'd." 

Shakttp.  :  OtheUo,  ilL  i. 

4.  To  call  woman  in  an  abusive  manner. 

"  She  called  her  another  tf  me  fat-face,  and  •romanV 
her  meet  violently."—  Ridtardton:  Pamela,  11.  MC, 


fate,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit   sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pSt 
or,  wore,  wood,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  ciib,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    w.  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


5209 


•  worn  -an  head,  •  wo-man-hed,  •  wo- 
nian-nede,  s.  (Eug.  woman ;  -head.}  Wo- 
manhood. _ 

"Thou  glory  of  •omanA.d.thjjiUalre^May.^^ 

•wom'-an-hood,  s.    [Eng.  woman;  -flood.] 

1.  Tlie  state,  character,  or  collective  qualities 
of  a  woman. 

2.  Women  collectively 

Worn  -an-iSh,  a.  [Eng.  woman ;  -toh.}  Bnit- 
a'lilc  to  a  woman  ;  having  the  character  or 
qualities  of  a  woman  ;  effeminate.  (Often 
used  in  a  contemptuous  sense. 

"VomanM   entreatlea  and  lamentations.  "-.af.«o- 
«u?uj/  -•  Hist.  Knff.,  ch.  v. 

•womanish-hearted,  o.     Effeminate, 

soft,  timid.         ..jfc^chndlsn  tar. 

•wom'-an-Ish-ltf,  adv.  [Eng.  womanish; 
-ly'.}  In  a  womanish  manner ;  like  a  woman  j 
effeminately. 

"  Hie  hair  curled  and  mrnanllW  disheveled.  - 
Comment,  on  CAnucer  (IMi).  p.  «. 

•wom'-an-Ish  ness,  «.  [Eng.  womanish; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  womanish ; 
effeminacy. 

"This  effeminacy  and  aomanMnta  of 


_^_ 

from  two  to  three  feet  long,  with  a  short  tail; 
of  clumsy  form,  with  stout  limbs  and  a  blunt 
muzzle  ;  coat  thick,  of  long,  coarse  browmsh- 
gray,  woolly  hair  ;  head  large,  flat,  broad, 
with  small  eyes  and  ears  ;  fore  feot  with  five 
and  hind  feet  with  four  digits  ;  soles  broa.l 
and  naked.  The  dentition  resembles  that  of 
the  Kodentia,  especially  in  the  chisel-like 


. 

•  wom'-an-ize,  ».i.    [Eng.  woman  ;  -to.]   To 
make  like  a  woman  ;  to  make  effeminate. 

"  To  Titiate  their  morals.  to  mmanlte  their  .plrit*" 
Knox  :  Euay  No.  163. 

wom'-an-kind,   "  wom-an-kynde,  «. 

[Eng.  woman,  and  kind,  8.) 

1.  Women  collectively  ;  the  female  sex  ;  the 
race  of  women. 

"Odearestl  most  rever'd  of  uomanklndf" 

Pope:  Somer;  O&an  xriS.  W. 

2   A  body  of  women,  especially  in  a  house- 
hold.   (Colloq.  or  humorous.) 
worn  an-less,    o.      [Eng.   woman  ;    -less.} 

Destitute  of  woman. 

worn  -an  like,  o.  [Eng.  woman;  -Wee.} 
Like  a"  woman;  womanly.  (Tennyson  ;  Maud, 
I.  m.  5.) 

wom'-an-li-ness,  s.  [Eng.  womanly  :  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  womanly  ;  wo- 
manly nature  or  qualities. 

••  Th«  power  she  posw-e.  Ueeln  her  wmanlinMl-- 
Standard,  Dec.  17,  1887. 

-n-iy,  o.  *  adv.    [Eng.  woman,  s.  ;  -ly.} 
A.  As  adj.  :  Becoming  or  suited  to  a  wo- 
man ;  feminine  ;  not  masculine,  not  childish. 

"The  perfection  ot  unmanly  beauty."—  Otooe,  March 
J4.1888. 

*  B.  As  adv.  :   In  the  manner  of  a  woman  ; 
like  a  woman. 

"  Lullaby  can  I  slug  too. 
As  vomvnlll  a.  cm  the  best"  eaenpus. 

womb  (ft  silent),  *  womhe,  *  wambe,  s.  [A.S. 
wamb,  womb  =  the  belly  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  warn 
=  the  belly  of  a  flsh  ;  Icel.  vomb  =  the  belly, 
especially  of  a  lieast  ;  Dan.  vom  ;  Sw.  v&mb, 
vamm;  O.  H.  Ger.  wampa  ;  Qer.  wampe, 
wamme  ;  Goth,  wamba.] 

*  1.  The  stomach,  the  belly. 

"  And  he  covetide  to  fllle  hl«  nombe  of  the  codelis 
that  the  ho7gis  eeten,  and  no  man  gal  hrrn."- 
VfyrAiffo  :  Lulu  XT.  16. 

2.  The  uterus  of  a  woman. 

-Ybi.~db.th.  " 


. 

•  J.  The  place  where  anything  is  produced. 

"  Undoubted  aigii 
That  in  hi.  «o»i  -a.  hid  meUntc  or.£  (  ^ 

•  4.  Any  large  or  deep  cavity  that  receives 
or  contains  anything. 

"  The  fatal  cannon1,  «wm6." 

Shakclp.  I  llameo  i  Juliet,  T.  L 

womb  (b  silent),  v.t.    [WOMB,  ».]   To  inclose, 
to  contain  ;  to  hold  in  secret. 

"  Not  for  all  the  sun  sees,  or 
Tb.  olo.  earth  -QSgtffefSgf,.  t 

•  womb-brother,  s.    A  brother-uterine  ; 
a  brother  on  the  mother's  side,  but  by  a  dif- 
ferent father. 

"Owen  Theodor  .  .  .  <*>mb-tratter  to  Kinj  Henry 
the  Sixth."—  Falter:   tfarthia:  Hartford,  L  427. 


wSm'-bat,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zooi. :  Phaswlomys  wombat,  a  burrowing 
marsupial  from  Australia  and  Van  Dieman  s 
Land,  and  the  islands  of  Bass's  Strait,  It  is 


Incisors.  The  Wombat  is  nocturnal  in  habit 
a  vegetable  feeder,  digging  up  roots  with  its 
claws.  It  is  of  small  intelligence,  but  is 
gentle,  and  capable  of  domestication  to  a 
limited  extent.  It  Is  hunted  for  its  flesh 
which  is  highly  esteemed,  and  is  said  to  re 
semlile  pork. 

•  wSmb'-jf  (b  silent),  a.    [Eng.  womb,  s. ;  •]/.] 
Hollow,  capacious. 

women  (as  wlm' -mln),  s.  pi.    [WOMAN.] 

women's  rights,  s.  pi.  The  name  given 
to  the  claims  advanced  on  behalf  of  women 
who  demand  that  their  sex  shall,  as  far  as 
possible,  be  put  on  a  footing  of  legal  and 
social  equality  with  men.  The  agitation  for 
women's  rights  dates  from  tlie  middle  of  the 
present  century,  and  has  been  most  active 
within  the  United  States  and  Britain,  in  which 
countries  its  progress  has  been  very  consider- 
able Women  claim  tlie  right  of  suffrage,  on 
the  ground  that  they  pay  taxes  for  their 
property,  and  have  an  equal  claim  with  man 
to  a  voice  in  making  the  laws;  they  desire  to 
share  with  men  the  higher  educational  oppor- 
tunities, to  enter  trades  and  professions  on  the 
same  terms  with  men,  to  iiave  equal  control  of 
their  property  and  children,  and  to  have  a 
voice  in  making  the  laws  of  marriage  and 
divorce,  which,  they  say,  press  with  unequal 
•overity  upon  them.  Many  of  these  demands 
have  be«n  accorded  them,  and  it  seems  as  il 
before  many  years  all  would  be.  As  regards 
suffrage,  in  one  of  the  states  of  this  country, 
Wyoming,  women  have  full  suffrage,  and  in 
many  of  the  states  partial  suffrage.  In  Eng- 
land they  possess  the  municipal,  and  may  soon 
gain  the  parliamentary  suffrage. 
womenklnd  (as  wim'- mln -kind),  s. 
[Eng.  women,  and  kind,  s.]  The  same  as 
WOMANKIND,  2.  (q.v.). 

"  Nobody  need  fear  to  take  hi.  mmenllndto  the 
.mallCTtand  meanest  ol  suburban  races.-««/«ree. 
Aug.  2$,  1986. 

w6n,  pret.  4  pa.  par.  ofv.    [WiN,  «.] 
*won,*wone,  •  won-en,  t>.(.    [A.8.  wuntan 
=  to  dwell ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  una  —  to  dwell.] 

1.  To  dwell. 

"There1,  anld  Bob  Morris  that  «»>u  in  yon  glen/" 
Surnt :  Auld  Rob  J/orrfs. 

2.  To  be  accustomed.    [WosT,  r.] 
•  won,  •  wone,  ».    [WON,  v.  ] 

L  A  dwelling,  a  habitation. 

"  The  solitary  won        w 
Of  dreaded  beasts,  the  Lybian  lion's  moan. 

2.  Custom,  habit. 

"  To  liven  in  debt  wae  erer  his  mne." 

Cltaucer  :  TroOu,  i  Creuida,  887.    (Prol.) 

•wonde  v.i.  [A.S.  wandian,  from  windan  = 
to  wind  or  turn  away.]  To  turn  away  or 
desist  through  fear  ;  to  fear,  to  revere. 

"Lore  won  love,  for  no  might  will  it  vonde." 
Cnaucer :  Legend  of  Oaod  Women  ;  Dido,  l.ltt. 

won'-der,  ».,  a.,  &  adv.  [A.S.  wundor=* 
portent ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  wonder;  IceU  undr 
ftor  vundr)  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  under  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
wuntar;  Ger.  wunder.  From  the  same  root 
as  A  S.  windan  =  to  wind,  so  that  the  original 
sense  is  awe,  lit.  that  from  which  one  turns 
aside,  Or  that  which  is  turned  from.] 


A.  As  substantive :. 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

I  Something  which  excites  a  feeling  of 
surprise  combined  with  admiration  or  awe; 
something  strange,  wonderful,  or  marvellous  ; 
a  marvel,  a  miracle,  a  cause  of  wonder,  a 
prodigy. 

"Be  you  In  the  park  about  midnight,  at  Hem., 
oek  and  yon  .half  «ee  mnderi.  -Sttaketp.:  Hern 
Wim.  v.  1. 

2.  That  emotion  which  is  excited  by  novelty 
or  the  presentation  to  the  mind  or  sight  o 
something  new,  unusual,  strange,  great,  ex 
traordinary,  not  well  understood,  or  inexplic- 
able, or  that  arrests  the  attention  by  it* 
novelty,  grandeur,  orinexplicableness.  Won- 
der expresses  less  than  astonishment,  an* 
much  less  than  amazement. 

"  For  my  part  I  am  «o  attired  In  irowtor, 
I  know  not  what  to  any." 

Shaketp. ;  Much  Ado.  iv.  1. 

U  Darwin  (Discent  of  Man,  pt.  i.,  ch.  ill.) 
considers  that  all  animals  feel  wonder. 

S.  Admiration. 

••  In  .llent  vondtr  of  etlll-gaiing  eyf..- 

OuOcap. :  Rape  ^  Lucrtee,  M. 

II  Phrenol.  :  One  of  the  sentiments  in  the 
system  of  Spurzheim.  It  tends  to  make  men 
eager  to  see  whatever  is  wonderful,  and  t 
create  belief  in  the  supernatural.  Its  organ 
is  situated  on  each  side  of  the  head,  not  far 
from  the  summit,  between  ideality  and  hope 
Called  also  Marvellousness.  [PHRENOLOGY.] 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Wonderful. 

••  There  .pronge  anone  peraventur. 
Of  flower,  .uch  a  •«*•££*   „.  ^  t 

*  C.  As  adv. :  Wonderfully,  marvellously. 

"  B«J<In.  he  ' 


V  (1)  A  ninedays"  wonder :  Something  which 
causes  sensation  for  a  short  time,  and  is  then 
forgotten. 

(2)  Setien  wonders  of  the  world : 

Antiq. :  Tlie  Pyramids  of  Egypt ;  the  Hang- 
Ing  Gardens  of  Babylon  ;  the  Tomb  of  Mauso- 
los-  the  Temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus;  the 
Colossus  of  Rhodes ;  the  statue  of  Zeus  by 
Phidias,  the  Pharos  orEgypt,  or  the  Palaw 
of  Cyrus  cemented  with  gold. 

(3)  Wonder  of  the  World : 
Bot. :  Panax  Ginseng. 

*  wonder-maze,  v.t.  To  astonish,  t6 
amaze. 

"Sometimes  with  words  that  vond^r-maud men. 
Dane,:  WUUI  Pilgrimage,  p.  U. 

•wonder-rap,  v.t.  To  seize  or  strike 
with  wonder. 

"  O  sight  of  force,  to  mnder-rap  all  eyes." 

Dariet :  Mutei 'Sacrifice,  p.  IT. 

wonder-stone,  «. 

Geol  •  A  bed  occurring  in  the  Red  Marl, 
near  Wells,  Somersetshire,  and  described  as  • 
beautiful  breccia,  consisting  of  yellow,  trans- 
parent crystals  of  carbonate  of  lime,  dissemi- 
nated through  a  dark -red,  earthy  dolomite. 
(Woodward:  Geol.  Eng.  &  Wales,  p.  135.) 

wonder-stricken,  n.  Struck  with  won- 
der, astonishment,  or  amazement. 

t  wonder-waiting,  a.  Expecting  some- 
thing wonderful.    (Special  coinage.) 
"  And  little  Wilhelmlne  looks  up 
With  vonder-vnitinf  eyes. 

Sout hen  :  After  Blentotm. 

•wonder-worker,  s.  One  who  perform* 
wonders  or  wonderful  things. 

•  wonder-working,  o.    Doing  wouderi 
or  surprising  things. 

•  wonder-wounded,  a.     Struck  with 
wonder  or  surprise  ;  amazed. 

"  Like  tKmderteounded  hearers. 

bhakap.  :  Hamlet,  v.  L 

wdn'-der,  •  wnn-der,  *  won-dre,  r.i.  *  t. 
[A.S.  wundrian.}    [WONDER,  >.\ 
A.  Intransitive: 

1  To  be  struck  with  wonder  or  surprise  j 
to  'marvel ;  to  be  amazed.  (Followed  by  at, 
and  formerly  also  by  of,  on,  or  with.) 

"  I  wonder  o/their  Ijeing  here  together." 

SZp.  :tHdMmmfr  Xiaht,  Dream,  Ir.  L 

2.  To  look    with  or   feel   admiration ;   to 

mire'"  Nor  did  I  Bonder  at  the  lily',  "hite." 

Shaketp- .   Sonnet  H. 

3.  To  entertain    or  feel    some   doubt    or 
curiosity  about ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  expectation, 
min-led  with  doubt  and  slight  anxiety :  as,  I 
wonder  if  he  will  arrive  in  time. 


5210 


wondered— wood 


\  /  wonder,  often  =  1  should  like  to  know. 
"  A  boy  or  ft  child.  I  v 

tikaketp,:   H'inltr't  Tale.  ill.  8. 

*B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  be  curious  about ;  to  wish  to  know. 

"  Like  old  acquaintance  in  a  trailer. 
Met  far  from  home.  W--H dering  each  other's  <  i 

Xhak<-ti>.  :  fla;>f  of  L"-.-r,-ce.  \,i.-&. 

2.  To  strike  with  wonder;  to  surprise,  to 
amaza. 

"  Bfae  bai  a  sedativeneM  that  wonder*  me  still 
more.*' — Mad.  D'ArbUiy  :  ln<jtry,  iv. 'j;^. 

If  We  admin  what  is  excellent,  noble, 
glorious,  eminent;  we  are  surprised  simply 
at  what  Is  unexpected ;  we  wonder  at  what  is 
extraordinary,  lofty,  great,  or  striking,  al- 
though it  may  not  be  unexpected.  (/ 

*won'-dered,a.    [Eng.  wonder;~ed.]   Haviug 
performed  wonders  ;  having  the  power  of  per- 
forming \vouders;  wonder-working. 
"  80  ran  a  vondtrrd  father." 

Shakttp.  :  Temput,  IT. 

wdn'-der-er,  *.  [Eng.  wonder,  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  wonders. 

wo'n'-der-flo'w-er,  *.    [Ger.  wunderblume.] 

Antkrop. :  A  popular  name  in  Teutonic 
folk-tales  for  a  flower  endowed  with  miracu- 
lous power,  especially  with  regard  to  the  dis- 
covery of  buried  treasure.  Grimm  thinks 
that  the  name  Forget-me-not  applied  to  the 
Germander  Speedwell  and  Myosotis  has  refer- 
ence to  this  supposed  miraculous  power,  and 
that  the  "sentimental"  explanation  came 
later.  (See  extract) 

"  The  folk-tales  simply  call  It  a  beautiful  vronder- 
fovxr,  which  the  favoured  person  find*  and  sticks  in 
his  hat :  all  at  once  entrance  and  exit  staud  open  for 
him  to  the  treasure  of  the  mountain.  If  inside  the 
cavern  he  has  tilled  his  pockets,  and  bewildered  at  the 
sight  of  the  valuables,  had  laid  aside  his  hat,  a  warn- 
In*  voice  rings  in  his  ear  as  he  departs,  Forget  not  the 
beat  1  ...  In  a  twinkling  all  has  dlaappeared,  and  the 
road  Is  never  to  be  found  again."—  Grimm:  ItmU. 
Mythol.  (Eng.  «d.).  111.  971.  972. 

won -der  ful, '  won  der  fol,  *won-dir- 
ful,  '  won  der-vol,  '  woun- der -full, 
a.  &  adv.  [Eng.  wonder;  -full.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Adapted  or  of  a  nature  to  ex- 
cite wonder,  surprise,    or  admiration ;    sur- 
prising, astonishing,  marvellous,  strange. 

"  Tilings  too  wonderful  for  me,  which  I  knew  not." 

-Job  xiiL  a. 

B.  As  adv  :  Wonderfully.    (Now  a  vulgar 
use.    See  example.) 

"  The  house  which  I  am  about  to  bnitd  shall  be  toon- 
ttorful  great"— 9  CArontofes  it.  ft. 

wftn'Hler-ful-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  wonderful ;  -ly.] 

In  a  wonderful  manner  or  degree  ;  in  a  man- 
ner or  degree  to  excite  wonder,  surprise,  or 
admiration ;  marvellously,  remarkably. 

'God  had  wondtrfutly  brought  this  precious  volume 
to  light "—Maeaulay :  Hut,  &*g.,  oh.  xL 

w6n'-der~ful-ne"ss,  s.  [Eng,  wonderful; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wonder- 
ful, surprising,  or  marvellous. 

"The  perception  of  greatness,  or  wonderfulrttts,  or 
beauty  la  ob)*«t**— Altemld*  :  Pkaturet  of  Imayina- 
tioit.  (Art;.) 

won  der  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a,    [WOMDER,  v.] 

won'-der-Ing-ly",   adv.      [Eng.  wondering; 
•ly.]    ID  a  wondering  manner ;  with  wonder. 
"Look! 

vitha 

won  -dor -land,  a.  [Eng.  wonder,  and  land.] 
A  land  or  country  of  marvels  or  wonders. 

**  Lo,  Bruce  in  wonderland  is  quit*  at  home." 

\Volcott :  P.  Pindar,  p.  186. 


jf,  *won-dcr  lich,  <//  .  [A.S. 

vntnderlic  =  wonder-like.]    Wonderfully. 

"  Urn  herte  ts  wanrtvrly  begone 
With  cou  u  smile,  whereof  witte  Is  one.** 

flower/  C.  A..  UL. 

won'-der-ment,  $.    [Eng.  wonder  ;  -ment.] 

1.  Wonder,  surprise,  astonishment,  amaze- 
ment. 

"And  all  the  common  lights  they  Tiew 
Their  wonderment  engage" 

Ocott  ;  Marmion,  it.  2. 

2.  Something  wonderful,  strange,  or  mar- 
vellous ;  a  wonder. 

*•  A  chap  don't  need  to  go  to  foreign  parts  to  come 
acrost  iffonformentt.'—  Daily  Til*yraph,  Sept  4.  1886. 

*wpn'-der  ous,  a.    [WO 


"won'-ders,  adv.  ft  a.    [Eng.  wonder,  with 
a-lverbial  suff.  -*.] 
A.  A»  adv.  :  Wonderfully,  exceedingly. 

"  Wondert  <\tn.~ 
Otau««r.*  rectum***  of  Love,  bk.  it 


B.  As  ci.,.  :  Wonderful,  wondrous. 

"Ye  be  venders  men."       SXeltun:  Maynyicenot,  90. 

*  won'-ders-ly^     adv.     [Eng.   wonders;  -ly.] 

Wundertuliy,    woudrously.       (6'ir  T.   More: 
Wvrkes,  p.  134.) 

won  dcr  struck,    a.      [Eng.  wonder,  and 

struck.]       Struck    with    wni'it'r,   admiration, 
and  surprise ;  wonder-stricken. 

"  Ascanius,  woiKirrHrucIt  to  see 

Thatimafe'awl  ins  ti!Ul  pifty.11 

WOn'-der-wdrk,  s.  [Eng.  wontler,  anil  work.] 
A  wonderful  or  marvellous  work  or  action  ; 
a  marvel,  a  wonder. 

**  Tb*  mnderwrkt  of  God  and  Nature's  hand." 
Oyrvn  :  Child*  UaroUt,  UL  10. 

won'-drous,  *w6n  -der-ous,  a.  A  adv.  [A 

corruption  of  the  earlier  wonders  (q.v.).J 

A.  As  atlj.  :  Such  as  to  excite  wonder,  sur- 
prise, or  admiration  ;   wonderful,  marvellous, 
strange. 

"  That  I  may  .  .  .  tell  of  all  thy  wondrotu  works," 
-P«Um  MvL  y. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  wonderful  or  surprising 
manner  or  degree  ;  wonderfully,  surprisingly, 
remarkably,  exceedingly. 

"  This  universal  frame  thus  tmndmu*  fAlr.™ 

Visit pe r  ;  Ketirtmtnt. 

j-oiis  ly,  *w6n'-der-ous-l^,  adv. 
1_A  corruption  of  the  earlier  wondersly  (.q.v.).] 

1.  In  a  wonderful  manner  or  degree  ;  won- 
derfully. 

"  The  erle  .  .  .  fortyned  It  vanderottdy.' 

Fabyan  :  Cronyd*. 

2.  In  a  strange  manner. 

*'  Then  med'clnea  wottdraui&f  oompos'd  the  skilful 
leech  apply "d."  Chapman.    (Todd,) 

wpn'-droiis-ness,*.  [Eng.  wondrous ;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  wondrous  or 
wonderful ;  wonderfulnesa. 

*  wone,  *  wonne,  «.    [WONE,  u.j 

1.  A  dwelling,  a  habitation. 

"  Kls  not  a  tile  yet  within  oar«x>n«." 

Chauctr:  C.  T.,  T.0M. 

2.  Habit,  custom,  wont. 

"wone,  *  wonne,  v.i.  [A.a  wunian=to 
dwell,  to  remain,  to  coiitiimoin;  g«wunian=to 
be  accustomed  ;  wuna  =  custom,  use  ;  cogn. 
with  M.  H.  Ger.  gewonen  =  to  be  used  to, 
gewonlich  =  customary  ;  Ger.  gewoh7ien=  to 
be  used  to, pa. par.  gewohnt  =  wont;  wohnen 
=  to  dwelt]  [WONT,  a.  to  v,] 

1.  To  dwell,  to  reside. 

"  Wber  as  ther  von«la  ioan  of  great  honour,* 

Chaucer  t  0.  T.t  7,7*i. 

2.  To  be  accustomed  or  wont 

*  woncd,  a.    [WoNB,  v.]    Accustomed,  wont. 

"  Thou  vert  aye  waned  ech  Ivosr  reyrebsnd." 

Cftauctr :  Troilut  A  Cretttda,  L  611. 

•wong,  «.     [A.S.]    Afield.    (Spelman.) 

wdn'-ga  won'-ga,  «.    [Native  name.] 

Omith,  ;  Leucosarcia  picata,  a  large  Austra- 
lian pigeon,  noted  for  the  delicacy  of  its  flesh. 
Length  about  fifteen  inches ;  mantle  gray, 
brow,  throat,  and  under-surface  white,  Rides 
of  head  light  gray ;  bridles,  a  triangular  patch, 
and  two  broad  lines  on  upper  part  of  head 
black  ;  feathers  on  sides  with  dark  triangular 
metallic  spots,  anterior  wing-feathers  brown, 
outer  tail-feathers  white  at  tip,  lower  tail- 
coverts  dark  brown,  becoming  lighter  at  tips ; 
beak  purplish-black,  feet  reddish.  According 
to  Gould  the  bird  is  confined  to  the  south- 
eastern portion  of  Australia. 

wong'-shy  wdug'-sk^  *.  [Chin.]  The 
Chinese  name  for  ttie  pods  of  Gardenia  grandi- 
Jtora,  which  yielda  large  quantity  of  a  yellow 
colouring  matter.  Theaqueous  extract  colours 
wool  and  silk  without  niordanU ;  cotton  must 
first  be  mordanted  with  a  tin  solution. 

•won -ing,    'won-ning,   *. 

Dwelling,  habitation. 

"  His  toonniny  was  ful  fay  re  upon  an  hetb." 

Chnwcr:  C.  T,.  «W.    (Prol.) 

*  wonnlng-plaoe,  5.    A  dwelling-place. 

"  They  had  reserved  (or  me  this  vmnning-jiltii-?." 
Sumy  ;  Virgil ;  jfneiti  11, 

*  wonne,  preU  &pa.  par.  qfv.    [Wis,  ».] 

*  wonne,  v.i.  &«.    [WONB,  v.  A  *.] 
won  ner,  *.    [WONDER.]    (Scotch.) 

wont,  v.i.  [See  det]  A  contraction  of  wott 
not  =  will  not. 


.  *  woont,  a.  &  s.  [Prop,  the  pa.  par. 
of  won  —  to  dwell,  having  taken  the,  place  of 
woned,  from  A.S.  wunian=to  dwell,  t"  n-- 
main,  to  continue  in;  <;c.wunia».=  to  dwell, 
to  be  accustomed  to;  allied  tu  tnuia  —  cus- 
tom, use.  Ct.  lc'-l.  vanr  =  act-ustomed  ;  vani 
=  it  usage  ;  wnja  —  to  accustom  ;  il.  H.  Ger. 
aeicon;  O.  H.  0  accustomed; 

M.  II.  Ger.  gewon;  O.  H.  Ger.  giwona  =  usage.] 

[WOKE,  V.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Accustomed  ;  having  a  certain 
habit,  custom,  or  usage  ;  using  or  doing  cus- 
tomarily. 

"  That  hearth,  my  sire  waa  teont  to  grace." 

•  Homely,  v.  IL 

B,  As  suhst.  (for  Trone,  8.,  by  contusion  with 
wont,  a.):  Custom,  habit,  use,  usage. 

"Wherein  the  spirit  held  his  teont  to  »-:ilk.' 

MuAti;..  :  /lamlet,  LI 

wont,  *  wonte,  v.i.  &  t.    [WONT,  u.J 

A*  Intrant-: 

1.  To  be  wont  or  accustomed  ;  to  be  used 
or  habituated  ;  to  use. 

"Of  me  that  «-o7if<?(i  to  rejoice." 

Mirrt-jr  .-  State  of  hit  Mind.  Ac. 

*  2,  To  dwell,  to  reside,  to  inhabit. 

**The  kind's  fisher  Wutifi  conmiotily   by  the  wati* 
tide  aud  ueailes  iu  hollow  Lanka."  —  L'  Estrange. 

*  B*  Trans.  ;  To  accustom,  to  habituate,  to 
use. 

"Those  th.it  IB  youth  have  wonted  themselves  to 
the  load  of  leaa  siiia."  —  Admnt  :  Work*,  t.  864. 

wont  -ed,  pa.  pan  &  a.    [WONT,  v. 
is  a  double  formation  = 


A.  As  pa.  par.  ;  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Customary,  or  familiar  by  being  frft- 
quently  done,  used,  frequented,  enjoiued,  ex- 
perienced, or  the  like  ;  habitual,  usual. 

"  Houtatrne  spoke  with  even  more  than  his  wonted 
*lilily."—Macaulay;  Xitt.  £ng.,  oh.  xxiv. 

*  2.  Accustomed  ;   made  or  having  become 
familiar  by  using,  frequenting,  or  the  like; 
used. 

"She  was  womed  to  the  place,  and  would  not  re- 
move."— L'Ettrangt, 

*  wont'-ed-ness,    s.     [Eng.  wonted;    -nest.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  wonted,  accus- 
tomed, or  habituated. 

"  My  Judgment  liiassod  with  prejudice  o 
of  opinion.  —  King  Charlet:  BVum  Baiiti 

*  wont-less.  *  wont-lesse,  a.   [Bng.  vmnt, 
s.  ;  -less.]    Unaccust'  iinni,  unused,  unusual. 

"  What  tevnttfit  fury  dost  thon  now  Inspire." 

Spcnter  ;  Hymnt  in  Honour  <tf  JieuutU, 

wo6,  wo,  *  woghe,  *  wowe,  "  wow  en, 
*  wouwe,  r.t.  &  i.  [A.ti.  w6gian,  dictgian 
=  to  woo;  lit.  —to  bend,  to  incline;  hence, 
to  incline  another  towards  one's  self;  from 
w6h  (stem  w6y-r  pi.  wage)  =  bent,  curved, 
crooked;  woh=&  bending  aside,  a  turning 
aside.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  court  ;  to  solicit  in  love. 

"  When  she  was  young  yon  woo'd  her." 

MuAeip.  :   H  inter1*  Tale,  v.  t. 

*  2.  To  invite  with  importunity  ;  to  solicit; 
to  try  to  prevail  on  or  induce  to  do  some- 
thing. 

"  Hath  a  hundred  time*  tooo'd  me  to  steal  It." 

Shuketp.  :  OOteUo,  ill.  & 

3.  To  seek  to  gain  or  bring  about  ;  to  invite. 

"  Woo  your  own  destruction." 

ishakmsp.  ;  Henry  VIIX*  T.  L 

B.  Intransitive  t 

1.  To  court  ;  to  make  love. 

M  Careless  to  please,  with  Insolence  ye  woof 

Pop*  i  Homer;  Odyttey  xvlil.  890. 

2.  To  ask,  to  solicit,  to  seek. 

"  Sing  and  let  ma  woo  no  more." 

Skakttp.  :  Mudt  Ado.lLt. 

W0df  JL      (WOOL.]     (Scotch.') 

•wood,  *woo%  *wode,  a.  [A.S.  w6d=. 
mad,  raging  ;  cogn.  with  I  eel.  6dhr  =  raging, 
frantic  ;  Goth,  wodt  =  mad  ;  Dui.  woede  = 
madness  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  wuot;  Ger.  icuth  ;  l«-tt. 
votes  =  a  prophet.]  Mad,  furious,  frantic, 
raging. 

"  Fleniyngee,  lyke  wood  tygres."  —  fabyan  :  Cronyd* 
(au.  13MJ. 

wood,  *  wode,  *.  [A.  3.  wudu,  orig.  widu; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  vidhr  —  a  tree,  wood  ;  Dan. 
ved;  Sw.  red;  H.  H,  Ger.  vrite;  O.  H.  Ger. 
u-itu  ;  Irish  fiodh  s=  a  wood,  a  tree  ;  jlodais  = 
shrubs,  underwood  ;  Gael.  Jiodh  =  timber, 
wood,  a  wilderness  ;  Jlodhach  =  shrubs  ;  Welsh 
gwf/dd  =  trees  ;  ffwyddeii  =  bushes,  brakes.] 


fite.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wplt  work,  whd.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    aa,  co  =  e ;  ey  =  a  ;  qu  =  lew. 


wood 


5211 


I  Ordinary  Language: 
I.  Literally: 

(1)  A  large  and  thick  collection  of  growing 
trees ;  a  forest. 

"From  Budby  I  r.«le  ttroujheooi  miadt.  —Pin- 

(2)  The  substance  of  trees.    [II.  1.] 

(S)  Timber;  the  trunks  or  main  stems  of 
trees  which  attain  such  dimensions  as  to  be 
tit  for  architectural  and  other  purposes.  (In 
this  sense  the  word  denotes  not  only  standing 
trees  suitable  for  buildings ,  &c.,  but  also  such 
trees  cut  into  beams,  rafters,  planks,  &e. 

[TlUBEK.) 

•  9  fit  •  A  crowded  mass  or  collection  of 
anything ;  a  forest.  (The  Lat.  lylm  =  a 
wood,  is  used  in  the  same  manner.) 

"A  blase  of  bucklers  and  a  wood  of  "peare." 

Pope:  Honur;  Odgatll  xxiL  1<L 

H,  Technically: 

1.   Art:  [WOOD-ENORAVINO]. 

2  Bot.,  Veget.  Phyriol..  <tc.:  Botanists  use  the 
term  wood  in  two  senses :  first,  the  portion 
of  the  stem  and  branches  which  intervenes 
between  the  pith  and  the  bark,  without  re- 
ference to  whether  it  is  hard  or  soft ;  and 
second,  the  hard  portion  of  the  stem  and 
branches  of  a  tree  or  shrub,  the  soft  substance 
•existing  In  similar  situations  in  an  herb  being 
denied  the  name  of  wood.  No  wood  exists  in 
the  embryo  of  an  exogen,  which  at  the  outset 
consists  wholly  of  cellular  tissue,  boon  after 
It  hu  germinated,  however,  fine  llgneons 
fibres  descend  from  the  cotyledons  to  the 
radicle,  meeting  in  the  centre  of  the  embryo, 
and  constituting  a  fine  ligneous  axis.  Some- 
what similarly,  each  leaf,  after  the  tree  or 
shrub  has  grown,  sends  down  elaborated  sap, 
which  forms  a  layer,  sheath,  or  ring  of  cam- 
bium inside  the  bark.  [CAMBIUM.]  The  cam- 
bium layer  generates  nbro-vascular  bundles, 
the  inner  portion  being  woody  [XVI.EM]  and 
the  outer  portion  less  solid.  [BAST,  PHLOEM.) 
At  first  the  bundles  are  separate  from  each 
other,  but  ultimately  they  unite  and  consti- 
tute a  hollow  cylinder  around  the  central  pith. 
This  process  continuing,  especially  in  spring, 
new  wood  is  added  around  the  old,  and  being 
softer  than  that  previously  existing,  is  called 
alburnum  or  sap-wood,  the  other  being  de- 
nominated duramen,  or  heart-wood  (q.v.). 
The  intermission  of  growth  in  winter  leaves 
a  circular  mark  on  the  stem,  well  seen  in  a 
cross  section,  thus  giving  rise  to  a  series  of 
annual  zones.  [ZONE.]  Exogenous  wood  l; 


annua    zones.  . 

traversed  by  medullary  rays  (q.v.).  In  woody 
endogens.  such  as  palms,  there  is  no  proper 
cambium  layer,  nor  is  there  a  central  i.ith.but 

ed 


caml'ium  layer,  nor  is  there  a  central  »iui,uu 
the  nbro-vascular  bundles  are  separated  from 
each  other,  and  may  be  seen  on  a  cross  sec- 
tion scattered  irregularly  over  the  whole 
breadth  of  the  stem,  but  more  numerous, 
closer  together,  and  harder  near  the  cireum- 
ference  than  towards  the  centre.  In .the 
stems  of  the  woody  acrogens  (Tree-ferns)  there 
is  a  circle  of  nbro-vascular  bundles  not  far 
from  the  exterior  of  the  stem.  The  cross- 
section  shews  these  to  be,  as  a  rule,  united  in 
pairs.  [FOSSIL-WOOD,  SiLiciriED-woou.J 

«  The  preservation  of  the  forests  of  the 
United  States  has  been  a  much-mooted  question 
of  recent  years,  the  rapid  felling  of  trees 
rendering  it  probable  that  the  woodland 
would  all  disappear  unless  active  measures 
were  taken  to  preserve  it.  Many  of  the  states 
now  have  Forestry  Associations,  and  a  National 
Forestry  Congress  has  been  held  which  did 
much  to  call  attention  to  the  importance  of 
this  subject.  The  turning  point  has  perhaps 
been  reached,  and  the  rapid  destruction  of  the 
woodland  promises  to  be  checked. 
3.  Her. :  The  same  as  HUR*T  (q.v.). 
1  Music  (PI.) :  That  class  of  wind-instru- 
ments constructed  of  wood,  ivory,  or  the 
like  the  principal  of  which  are  the  flutes, 
oboes,  clarinets,  bassoons,  &c.,  In  contra- 
distinction to  the  strings  and  brass. 

(2)  Drawn  from  the  wood :  Drawn  from  the 
cask.    Applied  to  wines  and  beers  which  are 
supplied  to  the  consumer  direct  from  the  cask. 

(3)  Wine  in  the  wood  :  Wine  in  cask,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  wine  bottled  or  decanted. 

wood-acid,  s.    [WOOD-VINEGAR.] 

wood-almond,  «. 

Bot. :  Hippocratea  omasa.    [HIPPOCRATBA.] 

wood-anemone,  s. 

Bot. :  Anemone  nemorosa.     Rootstock  hori- 
zontal, woody  ;   leaves   trifoliate,   with   the 


leaflets  few,  lauceoht. -,h.bi-,l,and  out.  remote 
fivm  the  Ilowur;  invnlu.-ie  similar  to  their 
petlolate,  stem  with  a  single  liower  ou  a  scape, 
'sepals  six,  rarely  live  to  nine,  rawmDUng 
pei.-dx,  sometimes  tinged  on  the  outside  with 
purple ;  point  of  achene  not  feathery.  Com- 
mon in  Britain  in  moist  woods  and  pastures, 
on  mountain  sides,  4c.,  flowering  from  March 
to  J  uue. 
wood-ant,  s. 

Extom. :  t'urmiea  rufa,  an  exceedingly  com- 
mon British  species.  Head  and  thorax  rusty 
red  with  a  blackish-bn'Wii  tinge  in  pans, 
legs  ami  abdomen  of  the  latter  hue ;  the 
largest  workers  are  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
long.  Found  in  woods,  where  it  heaps  up  a 
ereat  mass  of  vegetable  fragments,  beneath 
which  the  nest  is  continued  in  a  great  extent 
of  subterranean  passages  and  chambers.  1 
wood-ant  possesses  no  sting,  but  has  the 
power  of  ejecting  its  acid  secretion  to  keep 
enemies  at  a  distance. 
wood-apple,  a. 

Bot. :  Feronia  Elephantum.    [FERONiA,  8.) 
wood-ashes,  «.pi.  The  remains  of  burned 
wood  or  plants. 
wood  avens,  «. 

Bot. :  Geum  intermedium,  a  hybrid  between 
G.  urbanum.  and  (1.  rivale,  not  uncommon  in 
Britain  in  damp  woods. 
wood-baboon,  «. 

Zoo;.:  CynocephtJus  leucophastu,  allied  to, 
but  smaller  than  the  Mandrill  (q.v.).  It  is  a 
native  of  the  coast  of  Guinea;  fur  greenish, 
whitish  beneath ;  callosities  scarlet.  Culled  also 
Cinereous  Baboon,  Drill,  and  Yellow  Baboon. 
wood-bird,  i.  A  bird  which  lives  in  the 

"The  utxxMrdl  ceased  from  liughil.* 

Lonyjtllow:  Btatcat^a.n, 

wood-blade,  s. 

Bot. :  Luzuln  tylvatica. 
wood -boring,   a.     Capable  of  boring 
through  wood. 
Wood-boring  shrimp: 
Zoof. :  Chclura  terebrani. 

•  wood-born, "  wood-borne,  o.  Bom 

in  the  woods. 

"The  wKKfrtonu  people  (all  before  her  flat." 

Spenser:  r.  v.,  l.  VL  le. 

wood-bound,  a.  Encumbered  with  tall, 
woody  hedgerows, 

wood-brick,  t.    [WOODIW-BBIC«.) 
wood-butterfly, «. 

Entum  :  The  genus  Lasiommata(q.».X 

•wood-carpet, ».  A  floor-covering  made 
of  slats,  or  more  ornamental  shapes,  glued  or 
cemented  upon  a  cloth  backing.  This  has  come 
Into  considerable  use  in  large  halls  and  similar 
places,  and  Is  made  attractive  by  the  variety  of 
patterns  produced  by  the  use  of  woods  ov 
different  shades  of  color  and  arranged  to  form 
various  geometrical  and  other  designs. 

wood-carving,  s. 

1.  The  art  or  process  of  carving  wood  Into 
ornamental  figures  or  of  decorating  wood  by 
carving  on  It.  , '  . 

2.  A  device  or  figure  carved  on  or  out  of 
wood. 

wood-cell,  wood-fibre,  «. 

Bot.  •  A  cell  or  fibre  of  the  type  Prosen- 
chyma  (q.v.).  Such  cells  are  always  fusiform, 
thickened,  lignilled,  unbranched,  and,  as  a 
rule,  furnished  with  very  small,  bordered 
pits.  Called  also  Libriform-cells.  (Thome.) 

wood  charcoal,  «.    [CHARCOAL.] 

*  wood-choir,  a.    A  chorus  of  birds  in  a 
wood.    (Coleridge.) 

wood-copper,  t.    (OLIVENITI.! 

wood-corn,  «.  A  certain  quantity  of 
grain  paid  by  the  tenants  of  some  manors  to 
the  lord,  for  the  liberty  of  picking  up  dried  or 
broken  wood. 

*  wood-cracker,  «. 
Ornith.  :  (See  extract) 

"  He  IPlotl  writes  (Aral  Bllt.  OihrdA..  P.  17s)  of  a 
bird  '  sometimes  seen,  but  oftener  heard  in  the  Fark 
at  Woodstock,  from  tha  noi.e  that  It  makes  com- 
roonly  called  the  Wmil-crarker :  described  to  me  for 
I  had  not  the  happiness  to  see  it)  to  be  about  the  big- 
new  of  a  sparrow,  with  a  blue  back  and  a  reddish 


breast  a  wide  mouth,  and  a  Ions  bill,  which  it  put* 
Into  a  crack  or  splinter  of  a  rotten  bouBh  of  a  Int. 
aud  uiakca  a  noise  a»  if  it  were  lending  asunder,  with 
that  violence,  that  the  uoise  may  be  beard  at  least 
twelve  soore  vsrds.  some  have  ventured  to .say  a  mile, 
Irom  the  place.1  It  will  be  seen  that  the  bird  de- 
sciibed  was  a  Nuthatch,  but  tho  1111130  was  IV1^u!!b£ 

JthUI.  44T     (Note  t.) 

wood-craft,  «.    [WOODCRAFT.) 
wood-cricket,  «.    [NEMOBIUS.] 

wood-crowfoot,  s. 

Bot.:  Anemone  nemorosa.    (Prior.) 
wood-crowned,   o.     Crowned  or  luT" 

Hummed  by  woods. 

"  The  wood-crown'rf  cliffs  that  o'er  the  lake  recline." 
Warataortlt:  IMcript,™  .vtrfcAM. 

wood -culver,  ».  The  wood-pigeon. 
(Prov.) 

wood-cut,  ».  An  engraving  on  wood,  or 
a  print  or  impression  from  such  engraving. 

wood-cutter,  a. 

1.  One  who  cuts  wood  or  timber. 

2.  One  who  makes  wood-cuts ;  an  engraver 
on  wood. 

wood  cutting,  >. 

1  The  act  or  employment  of  cutting  wood 
or  timber  by  means  of  saws  or  by  the  appli- 
cation of  knife-edge  machinery. 

2.  Wood-engraving  (q.v.). 

"  It  Is  vexatious  to  see  much  good  woad.cutti«s  be- 
stowed on  such  poor  and  inexpressive  drawings.  — 
Pall  MaU  OaatU,  Sept  6.  ISB4. 

wood-demon,  t. 

A  ittbrop. :  A  demon  supposed  to  Inhabit 
woods  and  to  prey  on  travellers.  [FoiussT- 

BI'IRITS.) 

••  The  te»rl«o  ery  of  the  mad-dtxxm  Is  heard  in  the 
Finland  toTemf-iyler:  JVfw.  Cull.  led.  1S«),  U-  W. 

wood-dove,  a.    The  Wood-pigeon  (q.v.), 
wood-drink,  s.    A  decoction  or  infusion 
of  medicinal  woods,  as  sassafras. 

"The  drinking  elder.wlne  or  wood-oYin**  are  very 
nseful."-«ojw'  On  flw  Hummtn. 

wood-duck,  >.    [SUMMER-DUCK.] 

wood-engraver,  ».  An  artist  who  e» 
graves  on  wood. 

wood  engraving,  a.  The  art  of  en- 
graving upon  wood  blocks  for  printing  pur- 
poses. Jt  is  mainly  employed  in  pictorial  illus- 
tration, and  has  the  advantage  over  engravings 
on  copper  and  steel  that  the  illustrations  aud 
letter-press  can  be  set  up  and  printed  together. 
The  blocks  on  which  the  engravings  are  made 
are  prepared  from  box  wood  for  all  tine  work, 
and  from  pear  or  other  close-grained  wood  for 
larger  work.  A  very  tine  surface  is  given  to 
the  block  upon  which  the  subject  to  be  en- 
graved is  drawn  or  photographed.  The  work 
is  executed  by  gravers  of  various  shapes,  the 
principle  of  the  art  being  that  the  lines  in- 
tendecf  to  appear  when  printed  are  left  stand- 
ing, all  the  white  parts  being  cut  away.  In 
steel  and  copper- plate  engraving  the  principle 
is  reversed,  the  lines  intended  to  appear  being 
cut  into  the  plate. 

wood  everlasting-pea,  «. 

Bot. :  Lothyrus  rylvestrti.  Called,  also  the 
Narrow-leaved  Kverlasting  Pea.  It  has  large, 
greenish  flowers,  with  purple  veins,  and  is 
found  wild  in  the  middle  and  south  of  England. 

wood-fiend,  s. 

Anthrop. :  A  wood-demon  (q.v.). 

"The  groups  of  mnlielous  uoodjendf  so  obviously 
devised  to  account  for  the  mysterious  iiilhiences  that 
beset  the  forest  wanderer."— Tflor:  Prim.  Cult.  led. 

inai,  IL  »»• 

wood  i'rcttcr,  «.  An  insect  or  worm 
that  eats  into  wood. 

wood-gas,  s.  Carburetted  hydrogen  ob- 
tained from  wood. 

wood-gear,  «.  Cog-wheels  of  wood; 
used  sometimes  in  roughly-made  cider  mills 
and  presses,  &c.,  and  formerly  in  clocks. 
Apple,  pear,  dog,  and  box  wood  are  good 
timber  for  tie  purpose. 

•wood-geld,  >. 

IMVI  :  The  money  paid  for  the  cutting  of 
wood  within  a  forest. 

wood-germander,  <•      The  .  same   as 

WOOD-SAOE(q.V.). 

wood-gnat,  s. 

Entom. :  Culex  nemorosut,  a  British  species. 


;  pOt.  5*wl;  eat,  «ell,  choru.,  9nin,  lH»Qh;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  .in,  a,;  expect.  . 

-.Han. -tian  =  shan.   -tton,^ion  =  shiin; -tion. -»lon  =  zhun.   -oiou*  -tiou.,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble, -die.  &c.  _  bel, 


6213 


wood 


the  Common  Mouse,  with  a  proportionately 
longer  tail ;  yi-llowish-browu  on  upper  sur- 
face, whitish  beneath. 

woo-  .-naphtha,  i. 

Che.  t. :  The  neutral  crude  distillate  ob- 
tained from  the  products  of  the  destructive 
distillation  of  wood.  It  contains  from  75  to 
85  per  cent,  of  pure  wood  spirit,  or  methylic 
alcohol,  5  to  10  per  cent,  of  acetone,  with  much 
smaller  proportions  of  creosote,  aldehyde,  hy- 
drocarbon oils,  and  other  substances  that  are 
but  little  known.  In  its  most  rectified  con- 
dition it  possesses  a  specific  gravity  of  '830. 

wood-nightshade,  J.  [WOODY-NIGHT- 
SHADE.] 

*  wood-note,  s.     A  wild  or  natural  note, 
like  that  of  a  forest  bird,  as  the  wood-lark, 
thrush,  or  nightingale. 

"  Sweetest  Shakespeare,  Fancy's  child. 
Warble  bis  native  wood-nottt  wild." 

Jftflesi.-  L-Alltaro.lii. 

wood-nut,  t. 

Bot. :  Corylus  Avellana.    [HAZEL.] 
wood-nymph,  s. 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  dryad  (q.v.). 

"  The  wood-nympto  decked  with  daisies  trim." 
Milton :  Comul,  120. 

2.  Ornith.  (PI.) :  The  genus  Thalurania  (q.v.X 

•wood-offering,  «.  Wood  burnt  on  the 
altar. 

-  We  cut  the  lots  (or  the  wtxxtojf «*>»."-  JP«A.  x.  M. 

Wood-oil,  *.  An  oil  produced  by  several 
Burmese  trees,  spec,  by  Dipterocarpus  Iteeis 
and  D.  turbinatiu.  [DIPTEROCARPOS-BALSAM.] 

wood-opal,  >. 

Aftn. :  An  opal  form  of  silica  which  has 
gradually  replaced  the  organic  structures  of 
trees  ;  a  pseudomorph  of  a  mineral  after  a 
vegetable  structure. 

wood-owl,  >. 

Ornith. :  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Syr- 
niuru  (q.v.). 

wood-paper,  «.  Paper  made  of  wood 
reduced  to  a  pulp  by  mechanical  or  chemical 
means ;  more  usually  by  a  combination  of  the 
two. 

wood-pavement,  «.  Pavement  com- 
posed of  blockvi  of  wood.  Wood  pavements 
have  been  laid  down  at  various  times  during 
the  present  century,  in  many  cities,  and  with 
varied  degress  of  success.  They  are  now  used 
to  a  considerable  extent  in  Chicago,  and  in 
other  cities  and  towns  of  this  country  and 
Europe.  Success  depends  largely  upon  the 
kinds  of  wood  used  and  the  care  with  which 
they  are  laid.  The  wood  is  cut  into  ronnd  or 
hexagonal  blocks,  of  proper  length,  and  laid 
on  end  on  a  suitably  prepared  basis.  The 
interstices  are  then  filled  with  gravel,  tar,  or 
other  preservative  material.  Where  properly 
laid  they  have  proved  successful,  and  possess 
certain  advantages  not  possessed  by  stone 
pavements. 

wood-pea,  i. 

Bot. :  Orotnu  tv&erotui  =  Lathyrut  maero- 
rrhieiu. 

wood-pie,  i.  A  name  given  to  the  great 
spotted  woodpecker,  Ptcus  major. 

wood  pigeon,  >.    (WOODPIOEON.J 
wood-pile,  ••    A  stack  of  wood  piled  up 
for  fuel. 

wood-rat,  *. 

Zool. :  The  genus  Neotoma  (q.v.).  Neotnma 
jtoridana,  the  Common  Wood-rat,  is  called 
also  the  Florida  Rat.  N.  cintrea  is  the  Bushy- 
tailed  Wood  Eat. 

wood-reed,  wood  small-reed,  >. 

Bot.  :  Calamagrostil  Epigeios.  It  is  two  to 
six  feet  high,  with  very  long,  flat,  scabrid 
leaves,  glaucous  beneath,  and  panicles  of 
purplish-brown  flowers.  [CALAMAOROSTIS.] 
bo  named  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Pool- 
reed,  Phragmita  communit. 

wood-roof,  wood  ruff,  t.  [WooDBun.] 

wood-rush,  ». 

Bot. :  The  genus  Luzula  (q.v.). 

wood-sage,  ». 

Bot. :  Teucrium  Scorodonia.  It  is  one  to 
two  feet  high,  with  oblong  ovate,  very  much 
wrinkled  leaves,  green  on  both  sides,  and 
downy ;  Inflorescence  in  one-sided  lateral  or 


It  frequents  woods,  but  does  not  come  Into 
houses. 

*  wood -god,  s.     A  sylvan  deity. 

"  Wuod-g'jdt,  and  satyree,  and  swift  dryades.™ 

ifptrutr:  yiryil ;  Gnat. 

wood-grass,  s. 

Hot. :  (1)  tiorijkum,  01  Androoogon  nutans  ; 
(2)  Luzula  sylvat-ca. 

wood-grinder,  s.  A  machine  for  rasp- 
ing wooden  blocks,  to  make  paper-pulp. 
(WOOD-PAPER.] 

wood-grouse,  s.  The  Capercailzie  (q.v.). 

wood-hanging,  9.  Thin  veneer  on  a 
paper  backing,  to  be  used  as  wall-paper. 
(Amer.) 

wood  hen,  t. 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Ocydromus  (q.v.Ji 

wood-hole,  s.  A  plac*  wiiere  wood  to 
stored  or  laid  up. 

••  Confounded,  to  the  dark  recess  I  flr 
OtmodJuif.'  fkitipt.    (Todd.] 

wood-hoopoes,  ».  til. 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Irrisor,  sometimes  placed 
with  the  Upupidae,  but,  by  some  authorities, 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family,  Irrisoridae. 
There  are  twelve  species,  strictly  confined  to 
Africa,  ranging  from  Abyssinia  to  the  west 
coast,  and  south  to  Cape  Colony.  Bill  curved  ; 
tail  very  long  and  strongly  graduated  ;  dark, 
metallic  plumage,  inclining  more  or  less  to 
black.  They  form  a  connecting  link  between 
the  true  Hoopoes  and  the  Hornbills. 

wood-house,  s. 

L  A  house  or  shed  in  which  wood  Is  de- 
posited and  sheltered  from  the  weather. 

2.  A  house  constructed  of  wood. 

wood  humble-bee,  ». 

Entom. :  Bombus  Incorum. 

wood-ibises,  s.  pi. 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Tantalus  (q.v.). 

wood-iron,  t. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  limonite  (q.v.)  having  a 
structure  resembling  that  of  wood. 

wood  laurel,  >. 

Bot. :  Daphne  laureola.    (Prior.) 

wood-layer,  s. 

Bot. :  A  young  oak  or  other  timber  plant 
laid  down  among  the  hawthorn,  whitethorn, 
or  other  smaller  trees  planted  to  make  hedges. 

*  wood-leaf,  ».     A  leaf  gathered  in  the 
woods.    (Shukesp. :  Cymbelint,  iv.  2.) 

•wood  lice,  >.  A  family  of  terrestrial 
crustaceans  (Oniscidse)  of  the  order  Isopoda. 
The  body  is  oval  and  flattened,  the  head  bears 
a  long  pair  of  antenna?,  a  pair  of  lateral  eyes 
and  jaws.  There  are  seven  pairs  of  legs  on 
the  thorax  and  six  on  the  abdomen.  All  live 
on  land,  in  damp  places,  hiding  during  the 
day  and  seeking  their  food  at  night.  There 
are  in  all  about  18  genera  and  250  species. 
They  are  vegetarian  animals  and  do  some 
damage  in  gardens. 

wood  lily,  «. 

Bot. :  Convallaria  majalis,  the  Sweet-Bcented 
lily  of  the  Valley.  (Prior.)  [CONVALLAMA.] 

wood-lock,  s. 

Kaut. :  A  block  In  the  scores  of  the  stern- 
post  to  keep  the  rudder  from  lifting  off  it* 
bearings. 

wood-louse,  t. 

Zoo.'. :  Any  species  or  individual  of  the 
family  Oniscidae  (q.v.).  [ARMADILLO,  2*] 

*  wood-moil,  s.    Wadmall  (q.v.> 
wood-mite,  «. 

Zool.  (PI.):  The  family  Oribatide. 

•wood-monger,  ».  A  wood -seller;  a 
dealer  in  wood. 

"One    Smith,    a  tcood-mongtr  of  Weetmlnlter." — 
Wotton  :  Remain,  p.  S47. 

wood-moss,  s.    Moss  growing  on  wood. 

"wood-mote,  s.  The  ancient  name  of 
tb«  forest  court,  now  the  Court  of  Attach- 
ment, otherwise  called  the  Forty-Days  Court. 

wood-mouse,  s. 

Zool :  Mvt  sylmtiaii,  the  Long-tailed  Field 
Mouse,  common  over  the  tem|>erate  parts  of 
Europe  and  Asia.  It  is  a  little  larger  than 


terminal  racemes  of  yellowish-white  flowers. 
It  is  extremely  bitter,  and  has  been  used  as  A 
substitute  for  hops.  It  is  common  in  Great 
Britain  in  woods  and  dry  stony  places,  and  is 
found  also  on  the  European  continent  and  In 
North  Africa. 

'  wood-sale,  ».    The  act  of  selling  wood. 
Wood-sale  time :  The  time  for  selling  wood. 

"  A  s<-i t  nf  lusty  liib-inen  sat 
In  uvod-t>il«  tt'i"'  t<>  Kell  a  co[i»  by  great" 

-V  i-.'f'?'-  .'  The  ffaptatim,  p.  3O. 

wood-sandpiper,  i. 

Ornith.:  Totanus  glareola,  a  rare  British 
visitor.  It  is  about  ten  inches  long  ;  general 
plumage  shades  of  brown  above,  spotted  and 
barred  with  white ;  under  surface  grayish- 
white  to  white. 

wood-sare,  «.    Cuckoo-spit  (q.v.). 

"The  froth  called  wood-Hire,  being  like  a  kind  ol 
spittle,  la  found  upon  herbs,  as  lavender  and  sage."— 
Atctm. 

wood-screw,  «.  A  metallic  screw  for 
carpenters'  and  joiners'  use  in  securing  pieces 
of  work  together. 

*  wood-sere,  «.  &  a. 

A.  As  subit. :  The  time  when  there  is  no 
ap  in  the  tree. 


"  From  May  to  October  leave  cropping,  (or  why. 

In  VKKHl-srre.  whatever  thou  eroppest  shall  die." 
Tuutr:  five  Hundred  fointt  of  Oood  Husbandry. 


B.  As  adj. :  Spongy,  loose. 

"The  soil  ...  is  a  poor  teood-tert  land  very  natunl 
for  the  production  of  oaks  especially."— Auern  :  Mi*, 
cttl.,  p.  311. 

wood-shook,  >. 

ZOOL  :  [PEKAii,  2.]. 

wood  shrikes,  «.  pi.    [PRIONOPID.S.] 

WOOd-skln,  s.  A  large  canoe  used  by 
the  Indians  of  Guiana,  made  from  the  bark  of 
the  purple-heart  tree  and  the  simari  or  locust 
tree.  Some  of  these  canoes  are  so  large  as  to 
carry  twenty  to  twenty-five  persons.  (Sim- 
monds.) 

wood-soot,  >.  Soot  from  burnt  wood.  It 
is  useful  as  a  manure. 

wood-sorrel,  *  wood-sore,  *  wood- 
sour,  '  wood-sower,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Oxalis,  spec.  0.  acetoselta. 

[OXALJS.] 

wood-speck,  >. 

Ornith.:  A  local  name  lor  a  Woodpecker 
(q.v.). 

"  Of  picitj  marttut,  the  tpood^pfcJf,  many  kinds."— 
Brovme:  Surf  alt  Btrdt. 

wood-spirit,  s.    [METHYLIC-ALCOHOL.] 

wood-spite,  s. 

Ornith. :  A  local  name  for  a  Woodpecker 

(q.v.,*. 

"  The  tall  consists  of  ten  feathers  only,  as  In  Wood- 
tpittt."—  Willughbu  :  ornithology  (ed.  Ray),  p.  145. 

wood-spurge,  & 

Bot. :  Euphorbia  Characias,  the  Upright 
Bed-spurge. 

wood-stamp,  s.  An  engraved  or  carved 
stamp  formed  of  a  block  of  wood,  to  impress 
figures  or  colours  on  fabrics. 

wood-star,  • . 

Ornith. :  A  popular  name  for  any  Humming- 
bird of  the  genera  ChKtocercus,  Doricha,  or 
Myrtis. 

wood-stone,  >. 

Min. :  A  chert  (q.v.)  which  has  replace)* 
wood. 

wood-stops,  s.  pi. 

Music :  Organ  stops,  the  pipes  of  which  are 
of  wood. 

wood-strawberry,  s. 

Bot.  :  Fragaria  vesca.  Called  also  Wild- 
strawberry.  [FRAOARiA,  STRAWBERRY.] 

wood-swallow,  «. 

Ornith. :  The  same  as  SWALLOW-SHRIKE 
(q.v.).  The  Common  Wood-swallow  is  Arla- 
mus  sonUdus. 

wood-tar,  «.    Tar  obtained  from  wood. 

wood-tin,  *. 

llin. :  A  variety  of  Cassiterite  (O..T.),  with 
concentric  and  fibrous  structure. 

wood-vetch,  s. 

Bot. :  Vicia  sylratim;  a  species  with 
branched  tendrils  and  white  flowers  with 


ite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wvlf,  work,  whd,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    SB,  os  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =*  lew. 


fate, 


5213 


blue  veins.    Found  in  Great  Britain  In  rocky 
woods,  but  is  rare. 
wood-vine,!. 

Sot.  :  Bryonia  dioica. 


wood-vinegar,  >. 
wood-walker,  s. 

<,!  •  A  popular  name  for  the  genus  Hylo- 
Dates,  of  which  it  is  a  literal  translation. 
[GIBBON,  HVLOBATES.] 

wood-warbler,  a. 

Ornithology : 

*  1.  The  Wood-wren  (q.v.). 
J.  (PL):  [MSIOTILTIDJS]* 

•  wood-ward, ..  A  woodreeve,  a  forester. 


.estTwhich'it  Suspends  from  the  branch  of 
tree. 

wood-witch, «. 

Sot. :  Phallus  impudimt.    [PHALLOS,  *.] 

wood-work.  ».  Work  formed  of  wood, 
that  ptrt  of  ™y  structure  which  is  compose* 
Otwood. 

wood-worm,  ••  A  worm  that  is  bred  in 
wood. 

wood-wren,  *• 

'jsss&ssass^'ffi* 
&3£&ttss&ji& 

tager  wln^Ta  broad  streak  of  sulphur-yello 
over  the  eye  and  ear-coverts,  «**•*••% 
which  is  green  above  and  white  below,    i 
differs,  also,  from  most  of  the  Warblers  in 
eating  neither  fruit  nor  berries,  but  s 
on  insects  or  their  larva-.    The  nest  is  oval, 
domed,  and  placed  on  the  ground  ;  e 
transparent,  white,  thickly  spotted  wli 
purplish-brown. 

Wood  (2),  «.    [WOAD.] 

wood-waxen,  «.    CWOAD-WAMK.] 
wood  (1),  v.t.  *  i.    [WOOD  (1),  «.] 

A.  TmmsMvt: 

t  To  supply  with  wood ;  to  get  in  snpplie: 
of  wood  for. 


••  Our  next  employment  wa.  • 
•in  iqu«<lron."—  «iuon  :  ntaf- 

•  2   To  hide  or  place  in  a  wood. 

••  w««  landed.  and  laire  »nd  easily  followed  (or  a 

mmJ&£SS£\Sm,  «bo  ""I  •««'«'  vpss1™*  "• 

kn7w  not  .here,--«oc,Uu»l  :  VOIWW,  '"•  «* 

*  B.  /nfrwu.  :  To  take  in  or  get  supplies  of 

"  "Continued  their  «««•«.  "<>  r****  W  "" 
eth."—  Anton:  Voj..»«.  bk.  fii.,  cb.  x. 

«  wood  (2),  •  wode.  «.i.    [WOOD,  o.]    To  be 
or  act  as  one  mad  ;  to  rave. 


bine,  wood'-bynd,  "wod-bynde, 

«.  [A^wudebinde  =  ivy,  because  it  brnd.  or 
winds  round  trees.) 

Botany : 

1.  The  Honeysuckle  (q.v.). 

o  Polygonum  Convolvulus.  It  Is  one  to 
four  feet  long,  has  an  angular  twining  stem, 
aid  cordate  sagittate  leaves.  Found  in  fields 
and  waste  places  in  Britain,  and  now  quite 
generally  domesticated  in  America. 

«  Gone  where  the  woodbine  tmneth :  Gone  up 
the  spout  [SPOUT,  <.,  HJ  ;  departed ;  disappeared ; 
met  with  failure.  (  U.  S.  Klang.) 

nrood'-bur-y-type,   «.     [Named  from   the 
"JnVTntor^f 'heprocess,  Mr.   Woodbury,  a 
London  photographer.) 


Photog  :  A  method  of  obtaining  perma- 
nent impressions  from  a  photograph.  A 
film  of  bichromatized  gelatine  on  a  sheet  o 
Class  is  exposed  under  a  photographic  nega- 
tive and  the  portion  unacted  upon  by  the 
light  washed  away  with  water,  leaving  the 
pfinted  parts  in  relief.  After  drying  it  is  laid 
on  a  perfectly  flat  metallic  plate,  and  a  sheet 
of  lead  pressed  down  upon  it  by  a  powerful 
press,  an  exact  mould  being  thus  obtained. 
A  viscous  solution  of  gelatine  mixed  with  a 
small  proportion  of  a  pigment  or  dye  is  next 
poured  over  the  mould,  and  a  sheet  of  strongly 
sized  paper  placed  on  top  and  firmly  squeezed. 
On  carefully  removing  the  paper  a  perfect 


impression  is  obtained,  and  this  is  fixed  by 
immersing  in  a  strong  solution  of  alum      Any 
number  of  copies  may  be  obtained  1 
same  mould. 
wood -Chat,  5.    (Eng.  wood  (1),  s.,  and  chat 

OrnUh  Lanius  auriculatus,  an  African 
Shrike  rancinK  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  visiting  Europe,  and 
ocowionally  Britain,  in  the  «»n™%dta5 
popular  name  is  misleading,  as  the  bi 
no  affinity  with  the  Chats,  and  to  avow  c°"'" 
sion  some  authors  call  it  the  Woodthat-si  nKe 

*5&K,rrs«^s£ 

wlng^S  altve  S.1  EXKSSfJt 
aide,  and  under  surface  white. 

woodchat-shrike,  ••    [WOODCHAT.) 
wood  -9huck,  J.  [Eng.  wood;  second  element 
doubtful.) 

Zoo!. :  Arctomys  monca,  a  small  American 
borrowing  rodent,  ranging  from  the  Carolinas 
to     Hudson's 
Bay,  and  west 
ward  from  the 
Atlantic  coast 
to     Missouri, 
Iowa,    and 
Minnesota. 
Length    from 
fifteen    to 
eighteen 
inches ;  black- 
ish or  grizzled  _       v"  THal    DL 
on  upper  sur-  ™ 
face,  chestnut- 
red    below; 
body  stout, 

head  broad  

and  flat,  legs  WOODCHUCT. 

thick'  *  The"  Woodchnck  is  «  vegetable  feeder 
and  may  be  easily  tomed.  Called  also  the 
Ground-hog. 

wood  -coal.  «.    [Eng.  wood  (1).  ••• •»*  "•'•I 
Charcoal ;  also  lignite  or  brown-coal. 

woodcook,i.    [A.S.  vuducoc.] 

lOrnith. :  Scolopax  rvstimla  (the  rurfwoto 
of  Linnasus  is  a  misscript ;  cf.  Phny :  N.  H., 
x.  54,  in  some  editions  38) ;  distributed  over 
Europe  the  north  of  Asia,  and  as  far  East  as 
Japan  tut  not  found  in  the  United  States  or 
anv  part  of  North  America,  where  it  is  re- 
placed by  a  woodcock  of  different  genus.    The 
Woodcock  is  about  thirteen  inches  long ;  upper 
surface  varied  with  ruddy,  yellowish   and  ash 
tints    and  marked  with  great  black  spots; 
lower  parts  yellowish-red  with  brown  zigzags ; 
quills  striped  with  red  and  black  on  their  ex- 
ternal barbs,  tail-feathers  terminated  above 
with  gray  and  below  with  white.    The  female 
•  rather  larger  and  stouter  than  the  male. 
Onfof  Mil Tmost  interesting  traits  about  the 
Woodcock  is  the  fact  of  its  occasional^ con- 
veying its  young  through  the  air    which  is 
done  V  only  one  or  two  other  birds.    The 
Set wwknown  in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century;  but  White  (lett.  xxxi.,  to  Pennant) 
rightly  surmised  that  Scopoli  erred  in  sup- 
DOsinK   that  the  young  one  was  conveyed 
either  by  or  in  the  bill     It  is  just  as  erro- 
neous, however,  to  substitute  the  claws    as 
some  have   done,  for  the  bill.     When  the 
parent  bird  wishes  to  convey  her  young  one 
from  a  place  of  danger  to  one  of  safe ty,  the 
rinv  thine  is  eently  pressed  between  the  feet 
^against the  breLt,  the  aid  of  the  bill  only 
being  resorted  to  when  the  burden  has  been 
hastily  taken  up.    The  American  Woodcock, 
Philohela  minor,  is  a  smaller  bird,  but  re- 
sembles the  European  species  in  plumage  and 
habit,  and,  like  it,  is  esteemed  for  the  table. 

2  Zoo!  :    A   collectors'   name    for   some 
species  of  the  genus  Murex  (q.v.),  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  spines  or  the  elongat 
tube  to  the  bill  of  the  Woodcock.     Murex 
temispina  is  the  Thorny  Woodcock  and  M. 
haustetlnm  the  Woodcock's  (or  Snipe's)  Head, 

3  Fig. :  A  simpleton  ;  in  allusion  to  the 
ease  with  which  a  woodcock  allows  itself  to 
be  taken  in  springes  or  nets  set  in  the  glades. 

»  But  if  I  knew  when  you  come  neit  a  • "— 


woodcock-owl,  «. 

Ornith.:  .drioaccipifrimuO  Otiu  oracAlK*"), 
the  Short-eared  Owl. 

"  Aline  proportion  of  the  examples  leen  .In  thU 
maitrtSt  winter  viiltorj  that  come  from  tbe  north 
of  F°uroy,"in  October,  and  have  I«S»»1«'1««'™  Jgf 
called  WoodKdiwb.  -Tamil  :  ant.  Binii(**.  «ui|. 

L  163. 

woodcock-pilot,  t. 

Oniitt.  :  Regulus  cristatus.  [GOLDEK-CEMTID 

"The  mlgratlne    bodlei  am  n.n.lly  preceded  JbT 


fOaU.-—at.  Jamat  aiaate.  Mar.  14,  1«87. 

woodoock-snell,  s.    (WOODCOCK,  2.] 
*  woodcock's  head,  «.    A  tobacco  pip*. 

from  the  fact  that  the  early  English  pipe* 

were  often  made  in  that  form. 

••  I  have  not  the  breath  of  a  ««xxtex#J  »«»."—*•» 
oJon*  B*mi  Han  out  of  I*  tfumour.  ill  1 


wood'  -craft,  ».    [Eng.  wood  (1).  »••  a 
1.  Arboriculture  ;  scientific  forestry. 

•*T  know  thit  may  have  been  done  In  Germany. 


. 

«.  Jama;  alaa,.  May  25,  1886. 

2.  Skill  in  anything  which  pertains  to  the 
woods  or  forest  ;  skill  in  the  chase,  especially 
in  hunting  deer,  finding  a  track  through  a 
forest,  &C. 

•'  I  do  not  know  what  we  ibonld  have  done  without 


Aug.,  1877.  p.  WO. 

wood  ed,  o.    [Eng.  wood  (IX  s.  ;  -wl.1 

1.  Lit.  :  Supplied  or  covered  with  wood. 

"  Remote  among  the  vaxM  billa/ 
Limv/eUoo     Tola  o/»  WftlUt  /im.    (PriL) 

•8.   Fi».  :  Crowded;  thick  as  trees  in  • 
wood. 

"The  hllli  an  tKxxHd  with  their  partiaau." 

fl«um.  »  fltt.  :  Bmduca.  L  t 

wood  en  (1),  *  wod-den,  a.    [Eng.  wood  (IX 

s.  ;  -en.) 

1.  Lit.  :  Made  of  wood  ;  consisting  or  com- 
posed of  wood. 

»rh*v  wMre  their  haire  Med  on  the  top  Ilk*  a 
wraith  of  ha^aid  f  put  twodm  pinn.  witfin  it.  or 
thin,  initead  of  a  naU«."-/»acMu»«i 


,   .     . 
2.  Figuratively  : 

(1)  Stiff,  ungainly,  clnmsy,  awkward. 

"Wlen  a  bold  man  U  out  of  countenance,  he  makee 
>  Tery  uooden  ftjure  on  if—  CctUir  :  On  Con/Id***. 

(2)  Spiritless,  expressionless.    (See  extract 
under  WOODENNESS.) 

wooden  brick,  wood-briek,  t.  A 
brick-shaped  block  built  into  a  wall  to  afford 
nail-hold  in  securing  the  inside  wood-work. 

wooden-clock,  «.  A  clock  in  which  the 
case,  a  large  part  of  the  machinery,  &c.,  are 
made  of  wood. 

wooden  -  headed,  o.  Stupid,  derm, 
thick-headed  ;  dull  of  apprehension. 

*  wooden-hone,  «. 

1.  A  ship. 

••Milford  Haven,  the  chief  itabl.  for  hi.  <mo*» 
"  :  Ho  h.  »i. 


AorSM."—  ruutr :  n'artMel,  ch.  \~ 

«   An  erection  made  of  planks  nailed  t 
gether  so  as  to  form  a  sharp  ridge,  on  whic 
soldiers  were  set  astride  as  a  punishment,  with 
muskets  tied  to  their  legs.    The  practice  has 
long  been  discontinued. 

wooden-leg, ».  An  artificial  leg  made  of 
wood. 

wooden -pavement,  «.  [WOOD-PAVI- 
man.) 

wooden-screw,  «.  A  screw  of  wood, 
suchasis  used  in  the  clamping-Jaw  of  a 
carpenter's  bench. 

wooden-spoon,  ». 

1.  Lit. :  A  spoon  made  of  wood  ana  tuea 
for'culinary  purposes. 

2.  Fig. :  [SPOON,  «.,  H  (4)]. 
•wooden -shoes,  ».  p!.    An  old  nick- 

nam"  for   Frenchmen,  in   reference  to  the 
sabots  worn  by  them. 

"  Round.h«adf  and  wtodfn-tJv^t * 


5214 


wooden— woodsnipe 


wooden-wall,  s.  The  side  of  a  thip 
oeiiee,  a  ship  itself. 

^  When  Athens  was  in  imminent  dange 
*rom  the  Persians,  483  B.C.,  during  the  in 
vasion  of  Xerxes,  the  oracle  at  Delphi  wa. 
consulted,  and,  intimating  that  the  city  an 
country  were  doomed  to  ruin,  added  that— 
when  all  was  lost,  a  wooden  wmll  shook 
still  shelter  her  citizens.  The  Athenia 
young  men  interpreted  "a  wooden  wall"  fc 
-signify  ships;  Themistocles,  who  had  prob 
ably  influenced  the  oracle  to  utter  the  pradic 
tion  or  counsel  it  had  given,  was  of  the  sam 
opinion  ;  faith  was  put  in  the  navy,  and  th 
result  was  the  great  victory  of  Salamis.  I 
was  from  this  incident  that  the  expression 
**The  wooden  walls  of  England,"  arose. 

wooden-ware,  a.  A  specific  term  fo 
vessels,  such  as  bowls,  platters,  spoons,  butter 
prints,  Ac.  turned  from  wood  ;  wooden  article 
of  merchandise. 

wooden-wedge,  «.    [WEDOZ  (2),  «.] 
•wooden-wing.  *. 
Soft.  :  A  lee-board. 

••wodd'-«n(2),  a.    [Eng.  wood,  a.  ;  -en.]    Mad 

"A  dog  In  the  wood  or  a  wooden  dor." 

ftele:  OU  Wim  Tale,  1.  1. 

•  wood'  -en-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  wooden  (1)  ;  -ly. 
In  a  wooden  manner  ;  clumsily,  stiffly,  stupidly 

-  How  wootenlf  be  would  ezcuae  blmet 
Uft  a/  Lori  (Mil/ord,  1L  a. 

•f  wood  en-ness,  «.  [Eng.  wooden  (1)  ;  -n 
Want  of  spirit  or  expression;  clumsin 
awkwardness. 

"One  of  them  DM  produced  more  wooden  pages 
than  all  other  living  writers  (of  the  same  rmnkTpa 
together  ;  but  fortunately  the  woodenntu  doe*  tittle 


wood  -fall,  s.  [Eng.  wood  (iX  s.,  and  fall,  B. 
A  fell  or  catting  of  timber. 

do  not  amount  tohalf  the 


-ness. 
ess 


•wood-lb'r'-di-a.  i  [Named  after  J.  Wood- 
ford,  who  wrote  an  account  of  the  r-lanU 
round  Edinburgh  in  1824.] 

BoL  :  A  genus  of  Lythraceas,  now  separated 
from  Grislea,  of  which  it  was  formerly  con- 
sidered a  synonym.  WoodfmHa  ("  Orisfea) 
tcoMntosa  or  jloribunda,  common  in  India,  has 
a  much-branched  stem,  sessile  lanceolate 
leaves,  covered  beneath  with  white  down,  and 
axillary  cymes  of  beautiful  scarlet  or  purple 
Dowers  in  immense  profusion.  It  yields  a 
gum  like  gum-tragacanth.  The  flowers, 
with  alum  for  a  mordant,  give  a  red  dye, 
•occasionally  used  in  India  for  silk.  The 
leaves  and  flowers,  together  with  the  bark  of 
^izyphus  xylopyra,  are  employed  in  tanning. 
Medicinally  the  dried  flowers  are  stimulant 
and  astringent ;  they  are  used  by  Htndoo 
doctors  simply  in  bowel  complaints,  with 
curdled  milk  in  dysentery,  and  with  honey 
In  menorrhagia,  also  as  an  external  appli 
cation  in  haemorrhages  and  in  ulcers. 

-  wood'  -  bead,  *  wode  -  hede,  «. 

rood,  a,  ;  -head.]    Madness,  fury. 
"  Lucifer  fel  for  bis  modkede.'       Bantpole  :  Piatmt. 


(Eng. 


»od'-hew-er  (ew  as  n).  t.    [Eng.  wood,  »., 
muLktaer.] 


Ornithology  : 

1.  A  popular  name  for  the  genus  Xiphoco- 
laptes  (q.v.).     Xiphocolaptes  emigrant  is  the 
Korthern  Woodhewer. 

2.  (PI.):  The  sub-family  Dendrocolaptias 
<q.v.). 

•Wood'-Ie,  wud'-djf,  s.  fWooD,  «.,  or,  per- 
haps, a  corruption  of  witM  (q.v.).]  The  gal- 
lows ;  also  a  withe,  or  rope  of  twisted  wands, 
in  which  malefactors  seem  formerly  to  have 
been  hanged. 

"  Half  the  country  will  see  how  yell  fnee  the 
mvodie."—  Scott  :  Guy  bannering,  en,  xxrlli. 

Wood  I  ness,  •  wood-i-neMe,  i.  (Eng. 
WOK**;  -MM.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
woody. 

—^J*0'/"  fkfP  n^**  w1*0  Kaaf  iwrta.  that  neither 
•without  fn  ehell,  nor  with  to  forth  In  kernel!,  hare  any 
^tbja  *o,*Unat,.--p.  Bottom:  run*.  bk.  »T.,  ct 

"•wood'-isn,  a.  [Eng.  wood  (L),  •.  ;  -i.*.] 
Sylvan. 

-Tbenianymlrthfnljesta.  and  wanton  toxxtirt  sport*.' 

:  folf-OtHan,  a.  1L 


wood-kern,  «.    (Eng.  *»ood(l),  s.,«»diteni.] 


A  robber  who  infests  woods  ;  aforest-hauutin 
bandit    (P.  Holland,) 

wood'-land,  s.  &  a.    [Eng.  wood  (1),  s.,  an 


. 

A.  As  subst.  :  Land  covered  with  woods 
hind  on   which  trees  are  suffered  to  grow 
either  for  fuel  or  timber. 

"  Wbeu  mute  in  the  woodlandi  thilie  echoes  shall  die 
*«(.  Lax  Wortt  of  CUdteuUon,  1. 

B.  At  atlj.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  woods 
sylvan. 

"  Shot  to  Olympus  frotn  the  woodland  shade." 

Pope  .-  aomer;  OdflKy  X  3*9. 

woodland-caribou,  s. 

ZooL  :  A  large  variety  of  Tarandus  rangifer 
It  is  confined  to  the  southern  and  more  woodj 
parts  of  the  fur  countries  of  North  America 
[CARIBOU,  REINDEER.] 

"  wood  land-er,  s.     [Eng.  woodland  ;  -er. 
A  dweller  in  the  woodlands. 

"  Friend  and  fellow  wooibm&r." 

SeaU  :  fndrmian,  li.  MS. 

wood'-lark,  ».  [Eng.  wood  (1),  s.,  and  lark. 
ClrnUk.  :  Alawla  arborta,  differing  chieflj 
from  the  Skylark  (q.v.)  in  its  smaller  size,  iti 
shorter  tail,  more  distinctly  marked  breast 
and  a  conspicuous  light-coloured  streak  ex 
tending  over  each  eye  and  the  ear-coverts 
It  is  locally  distributed  in  England,  occurring 
chiefly  in  East  Anglia,  migrating  southwan 
in  winter;  rare  in  Scotland,  and  a  winter 
visitant  to  Ireland.  Its  note  has  neither  the 
power  nor  variety  of  the  Skylark,  but  is 
superior  in  quality  of  tone  and  is  longer  in 
duration.  The  nest  is  composed  of  grasses 
moss,  and  hair,  placed  on  the  ground  ;  eggs. 
usually  four  or  five,  white  covered  with  little 
red-brown  spots. 

"  High  in  air,  and  pols'd  upon  his  wingi 
Unseen,  the  soft  enamour"  d  It'oodtort  simwa."^ 
Gilbert  White  :  A'aturaliU't  Surnrner-Sienittff  Walk. 

*wood'-less,a.  [Eng.  wxxj(l),  s.  ;  -less.]  Des- 
titute of  woods  ;  without  timber. 

Arable   and    woody  and  .  .  .  woodleu   land  "— 
WerMe,  ; 


*  wood  -less  ness,  s.    [Eng.  woodless  ;  -ness. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  woodless. 

*  wodd'-ljr,  *  wode-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  wood,  a. ; 
•iy.]    Madly,  furiously. 

"The  bishops  therfore  and  their  seruantes,  with  a 
great  stiere  and  shone  cried  uvxf/y  out :  Crucifie 
him.  erucifle  him."—  Cdat :  John  xlx. 

*  wood  mai  den,  «.    [Bag.  wood  (IX  a.,  and 
maiden.]    A  wood-nymph,  a  dryad. 

"  Sueh  aa  Auudriades 
Were  cleped  teoodmaidffm." 

Romaunt  of  t\e  Rote. 

wood'-man,  t  woods  -man,  s.   [Eng.  wood 
(IX  s.,  and  man.] 

1.  A  forest  officer  appointed  to  take  care  of 
the  king's  woods ;  a  forester. 
*  2.  A  sportsman,  a  hunter. 

"  He's  a  better  woodman  than  thou  Ukest  him  for  " 
—ShoJtetp. :  lieaturefor  J/emture,  ir.  a. 

3.  One  who  lives  in  the  woods. 

"  They  lend  a  certain  domestic  charm  to  the  lonely 
but  that  makes  the  aoltUry  voodtman  feel  he  is  not 
alone."— gerierter's  Maouzine,  August,  1877.  p.  433. 

4.  One  who  fells  timber  ;  a  wood-cutter. 

"  Thou  woodman  and  forrager  both,  see  thou  neither 
cut  nor  lop  trees.' '—p.  Holland  :  Plinie.  bk.  xtili,  cb, 

*  wodd'-ness,  *  wode-nes,  •  wed-nesse, 
•  wood  nesse,  s.    [Eng.  wood,  a.  ;  -ness.] 
Madness,  fury,  passion,  anger. 

"His  fortune  tnraed  his  wrath  Into  woodnet."— 
Brenae :  Quintut  Curtiul,  fol.  a. 

*  wood  peck,  «.    [Eng.  wood  (IX  s.,  and  peck, 
v.J    The  woodpecker  (q.v.). 

"  Nor  voodpects  nor  the  swallow  harbour  near." 
Add'uon:  rtroil ;  Oeorglc  IT.  19. 

wood'-peok-er,  ».    [Eng.  wood  (i),  s.,  arid 
pecker.] 

Ornith. :  The  popular  name  of  the  old  Lin- 
nsean  genus  Picus,  now  greatly  divided.  Wood- 
peckers have  a  slender  body,  powerful  beak, 
and  protrusile  tongue,  which  is  sharp,  barbed, 
and  pointed,  and  covered  with  a  glutinous 
secretion  derived  from  glands  in  the  throat, 
this  coating  being  renewed  every  time  the 
tongue  is  drawn  within  the  bill.  The  tail  is 
stiff,  and  serves  as  a  support  when  the  birds 
are  clinging  to  the  branches  or  stems  of  trees. 
The  plumage  is  generally  of  strongly  con- 
trasted colours,  black  and  white,  or  green  and 
yellow,  with  red  marks  about  the  head.  Wood- 
peckers are  very  widely  distributed,  butabound 


chiefly  in  warm  climates.  They  are  solitary 
in  habit,  and  live  in  the  depths  of  forests 
Fruits,  seeds,  and  insects  constitute  their 
food,  and  in  pursuit  of  the  latter  they  exhibit 
wonderful  dexterity,  climbing  with  astonish- 
ing quickness  on  the  trunks  and  branches  of 
trees,  and  when,  by  tapping  with  their  bills 
a  rotten  place  has  been  discovered  thev  die 
vigorously  in  search  of  the  grubs  or  larvl 
beneath  the  bark.  The  common  notion  that 
they  are  injurious  to  trees  is  erroneous  as 
they  do  more  good  by  preventing  the  ravages 
of  insects  than  harm  by  their  pecking  They 
roost  and  breed  in  hollow  trunks,  or  holes  iu 
trees,  enlarged  by  their  strong,  sharp  bills ; 
the  eggs,  which  are  white,  smooth,  and  glossy 
vary  considerably  in  number,  and  are  deposited 
on  a  bed  of  chips  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole. 
There  are  numerous  American  species,  includ- 
ing the  Flickers  of  the  United  States,  the  South 
American  Ground  Flickers, and  the  great  Ivory- 
billed  Woodpecker  of  the  Southern  States. 

wood' -pig-eon,  ».     [Eng.  wood  (1),  s.,  and 
pigeon.} 

Ornitlialagy  : 

1.  CoJumoa  palumtma,  a  well-known  bird 
common  in  the  British  Isles  and  distributed 
generally  over  Europe.  Length  about  seven- 
teen or  eighteen  inches  ;  head,  chin,  and  part 
of  neck  bine-gray,  rest  of  neck  and  breast 
purple-red ;  bare  skin  at  base  of  bill  nearly 
white ;  feathers  on  side  of  neck  tipped  with 
white  so  as  to  form  portions  of  oblique  rings  • 
upper  parts  and  wings  slaty  bluish-gray  •' 
plumage  of  hen  less  brilliant.  Varieties  more 
or  less  spotted  with  white  often  occur,  and 
perfect  albinos  are  sometimes  met  with.  The 
food  of  the  Wood  pigeon  consists  of  com  and 
gram,  beechmast,  peas,  tares,  acorns,  the 
young  shoots  of  turnip-tops,  and  spring-sown 
corn ;  and,  as  these  birds  make  no  return  to 
the  farmer  by  destroying  his  insect  foes,  their 
rapid  increase  is  a  source  of  grave  anxiety  to 
agriculturists.  The  nest  of  the  Woodpigeon 
is  a  mere  platform  of  loose  sticks,  so  care- 
lessly constructed  that  eggs  and  young  birds 
are  often  blown  therefrom  and  destroved 
The  eggs  are  always  two  in  number,  white  and 
oval  ;  two  and  sometimes  three  broods  are 
produced  in  the  year.  The  ordinary  flight  is 
very  strong  and  rapid,  and,  if  disturbed  the 
bird  springs  into  the  air  with  a  peculiar  flap- 
ping of  the  wings,  which  may  be  heard  at  a 
considerable  distance. 

*  2.  Columba  anas. 

••Astothewild«oo<(yi,«m,  the  fflnoj,  or  riaafo.  ol 
w  I  «m  much  of  your  mind ;  aud  we  no  reajMi  fol 
making  it  the  origin  of  the  common  house  dove  •  but 
suppose  those  that  have  advanced  that  opinion  mar 
have  been  nusled  by  another  appellation  ofttn  given 
k,  the  (i-jujj.  which  is  that  of  stock-dove.--  Whiu  : 
Selborn;  lett.  xlir.  (To  Pennant.} 

wood  -reeve,  *.  [Eng.  wood  (I),  s.,  and  reeve.} 
A  steward  or  overseer  of  a  wood. 

"  But  there  was  no  woodrMve  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mona  and  to  the  English  woods  were  voted  to  destrue. 
tion.  — St.  Jamett  Gazette,  Alay  25.  1886. 

WOOd'-rock,  ».  [Eng.  wood  (1),  s.,  and  rodfc.1 
A  name  for  ligniform  asbestos. 

wood'-ruff,  twood-rowe,  t  wood-row- 
el *  wod-ruffe,  s.  [A.S.  wuderofe,  wudnr- 
ofe  =  Asperula  odorata,  &c. ;  rofe  doubtful. 
Probably  the  reference  is  to  the  ruff  round 
the  stem  formed  by  the  verticillate  leaves.] 

Bat. :  The  genus  Aspernla  (q.v.),  and  spe- 
cially the  Sweet  Woodruff,  Aspernla  odorata. 
It  is  highly  flagrant  when  dried,  and  is  con- 
sidered a  diuretic.  Another  species,  A.  cy. 
nanciuna,  is  somewhat  astringent. 

irood  -si-a,  «.  [Named  after  Joseph  Woods 
(1770-1864)  author  of  The  Tourist't  Flora.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Polypodea;.  Ferns  witk 
pinnate  fronds,  scattered,  roundish  son, 
having  beneath  them  a  cup-shaped  involucre, 
ultimately  cut  at  the  edge  into  many  often 
capillary  segments.  Known  species  fourteen ; 
from  tthe  eastern  hemisphere  and  North 
America.  Two  of  them  are,  H'oodeia  hyper- 
tvrea,  the  Round-leaved,  and  W.  ilvensis,  the 
Oblong  Woodsia.  The  first  has  a  linear, 
lanceolate,  pinnate  frond,  with  few  broad, 
ovate,  cordate,  entire  lobes ;  the  second  a 
broadly-lanceolate  frond,  with  many  ovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  deeply-pinnatifid  lobes.  Both 
are  Alpine  ferns. 

woods'-man,  t.    [WOODKAK.] 

wood' -snipe, >.  [Eng.mx><f(l),s.,and»nij*.] 
Ornith. :    An   old   English   name  for  the 


«te,  «t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  taH,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  thdre;  pine,  pit,  .ire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  son;  mnte.  cub,  cire,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


woodsy— wool 


5215 


Woodcock,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Common 
Snipe.    [SNIPE,  «.] 

"  Netting  woodcock*  was  at  one  time  the  common 
war  of  taking  them  ;  for  they  have  always  been  highly 
..tiemed  as  food.  Another  method  of  capture  was  by 
•  Kiin  '  and  '  .pringe»  ;  '  and  it  would  seem  that  In  ti 
'' 


pastthe'«mii«Nip«'  wa.  considered  »  stupid  bird."— 
St.  Jamet'l  Gutelte,  March  H,  1887. 

woods'-y,  a.  [Eng.  woods,  pi.  of  wood  (1), 
i.  ;-y.]  Belonging  to  or  asociated  with 
woods.  (Amer.) 

-  wood-wal,  *woode  wale,  "wude- 
waic,  •  wud-wal,  s.  [For  etym.  and  def. 
see  extract  under  WKETILE.] 

wood  ward'-I-a,  s.  [Named  after  Thomas 
Jenkinson  Woodward,  an  English  botanist.] 

1.  Bo(. :  A    genus    of   Polypodese.      Sori 
'.ii.ear,  oblong,  or  sub-lunate,  with  an  indu- 
slum.     Found  in  Madeira,  India,  Japan,  Aus- 
tralia, and  the  South  Sea  Islands. 

2.  Palteobot. :  Occurs  in  the  Oligocene  and 
Miocene  of  Great  Britain  and  the  European 
continent.    (Etheridge.) 

wood  -ward-Ite,  s.    [After  Dr.  S.  P.  Wood- 
ward, of  the  British  Museum  ;  suff.  -tte  (M  in.).] 
Miit. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  botryoidal 

§roups  on  the  walls  of  a  level  of  an  aban- 
oned  mine  in  Cornwall.  Colour,  rich  tur- 
quoise-to  greenish-blue.  Described  by  Church. 
Compos. :  a  hydrated  sulphate  of  alumina  and 
protoxide  of  copper.  Subsequent  analyses 
appear  to  indicate  that  it  is  a  mixture.  Dana 
puts  it  as  a  sub-species  of  Cyanotrichite  (q.v.). 

wood'-y,  •  wood'-ie.  o.    [Eng.  wood  (1),  ». ; 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Abounding  with  wood  or  woods ;  well 
wooded. 

"  Pour  times  ten  days  I've  passd 
Wand'rlng  this  woody  maze."  II  246. 

2.  Consistingorcomposedof wood ;  ligneous. 

"In  the  aoodv  parts  of  plant.,  which  are  their 
bone.,  the  principles  are  so  compounded  as  to  make 
tbem  AexlCle  without  Joints,  aud  also  elutick.  — 
drew. 

3.  Of  the  nature  of  wood. 

••Herb,  are  those  plant,  whose  stalks  are  soft,  and 
have  nothing  windy  in  them,  as  grass  and  hemlock. 
— Locte :  Klemtnte  Nat.  miol,  eh.  Ix. 

*  4.  Pertaining  to,  connected  with,  or  in- 
habiting the  woods ;  sylvan. 

"The  mod,  nymphs,  fair  Hamadryades.-^  ^ 
11.  Sot.  :  Having  the  texture  of  wood. 
woody-fibre,  woody-tissue,  >. 

Bot. :  Fibre  or  tissue,  consisting  of  very 
long,  thin  membranous  tubes,  tapering  at 
each  end  ;  the  tissue  of  which  wood  is  com- 
posed ;  Pleurenchyma  (q.v.). 

woody-nightshade,  ». 

Bot. :  A  common  name  for  Solanum  Dul- 
camara. [BITTER-SWEET,  SOLANOM.) 

woody-stem,  s. 

Bat. :  A  stem  which  has  the  hardness  and 
texture  of  ordinary  wood,  that  of  a  tree  or  of 
a  shrub,  as  distinguished  from  a  herbaceous 
stalk  or  stem. 

wooed,  pa,  par.  or  o.    [Woo.] 

woo'-er,  *  wo-er,  *  wow-er,  *  wow-ere, 

«.  [A.S.  wogere,  from  wogian=to  woo(q.v.). 
One  who  wooes  ;  one  who  courts  or  solicits  in 
love  ;  a  suitor. 

"  They  all  are  wanton  woven.' 

Wordmorth  :  To  the  Small  Celandlra. 

wooer-bab,  s.  The  garter  knot  belov 
th'e  knee  with  a  couple  of  loops.  (Scotch.'' 
(Burns:  Halloween.) 

woof,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  Mid.  Eng.  oof,  due  to 
a  supposed  derivation  from  weave,  with  which 
it  is  ultimately  connected ;  A.S.  6we/=  a 
woof;  also  oweb,  dweb,  frequently  contracted 
to  db.  These  words  are  compounds,  contain 
Ing  the  prefix  a  or  6,  shortened  forms  of  on  = 
on;  so  that  oof  =  on-wef,  i.e.,  em-web  =  the 
web  that  is  laid  on  or  thrown  across  the  firs 
set  of  threads  or  warp.  (Skeat.)]  [WEAVE 


. 

I.  The  threads  that  cross  the  warp  ;  th« 
weft. 
*  2.  Cloth  ;  hence,  fig.,  texture. 

"Of  mwwy  Stygian  woo/."    Thornton  :  Summer,  1,«M. 

•woof-y,  a.  (Eng.  woof;  -».]    Having  a  dose 
texture  ;  dense  :  as,  a  mofy  cloud. 


wod'-gur-a,  ».    [Native  Japanese  name  (?).] 
(See  etym.  and  def.) 
woogura  mole,  i. 

Zool. :    A  Japanese  mole,   Taljpa  woogura, 
like  its  European  congener,  but  with  the  snout 
produced  and  the  for  of  a  dingy  or  tawny 
colour. 
wod'-Ing,  pr.  far.,  a.,  &  ».    [Woo.] 

A.  As  pr.  far. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adj.:   Acting  as  one  who  wooe» ; 
courting. 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  soliciting  in  love  ; 
courting  •  eliciting. 

"  His  wealth  had  Hviahed  been,  his  substance  spent. 
To  woo  and  lose,  since  ill  lit*  waoinff  aped. 

Lvngfellow:  student  t  Tale. 

'  WOO'-Ihg-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  wooing ;;  -ly.]  In 
a  wooing  manner;  enticingly;  invitingly; 
with  persuasion  to  stay. 

"  Heaven's  breath 
Smells  wooingly  here."        Shaketj>.  :  Macbeth,  i.  «. 

wool,  *  wol,  *  wolle,  *  wolle.  *  woule,  •. 

[A.S.  wall,  wul ;  cogu.  with  Dut.  wol :  Icel. 
nil  (tar  mill);  Dan.  uld;  Sw.  nil;  O.  H.  Oer. 
wolla ;  Ger.  wolU ;  Goth.  viiMa ;  Lith.  wilna. ; 
Euss.  volna;  Sanse.  urnd  =  wool ;  Lat.  villua 
=  shaggy  hair  ;  vtllus  —  a  fleece  ;  Gr.  epiw, 
«!pos  (erion,  tiros)  =  wool.] 

1.  The  fleece  of  tlie  sheep;  the  soft  hair 
which  grows  on  sheep  and  some  other  animals, 
as  the  alpaca,  the  vicugna,  some  species  of 
goats,  &C.,  which  in  fineness  somewhat  ap- 
proaches to  fur.  The  distinction  between 
wool  and  hair  is  not  radical,  one  being  but  a 
modification  of  the  other.  Wool  is  softer, 
more  curled  and  twisted,  and  more  flexible 
than  hair,  and  possesses  in  a  much  greater 
degree  the  remarkable  property  of  felting. 
The  wool  of  the  same  animal  differs  much  on 
the  various  parts  of  the  body :  that  on  the 
back,  shoulders,  and  sides  is  the  best  Ac- 
cording to  its  quality  wool  is  divided  into 
different  sorts,  which  receive  different  names. 
A  threefold  classification  into  primes,  seconds, 
and  thirds  is  pretty  general  in  this  country  ; 
but  sometimes  the  wool  of  a  single  fleece  is 
divided  into  as  many  as  ten  sorts.  Wool  is 
also  divided  into  two  classes,  known  as  short 
or  carding  wool,  which  seldom  exceeds  three 
or  four  inches  hi  length,  and  long  or  combing 
wool,  varying  in  length  from  four  to  eight 
inches.  The  finest  wools  are  of  short  staple, 
and  the  coarser  wools  usually  of  long  staple. 
English-bred  sheep  produce  a  good,  strong 
combing  wool,  that  of  the  Scotch  breed  is 
somewhat  harsher  and  coarser.  The  Saxon 
merinos  have  long  been  considered  the  most 
valuable  in  point  of  fineness  of  fibre.  The 
wool  of  the  alpaca  is  superior  to  the  wool  of 
English  sheep  in  length,  softness,  and  pli- 
ability, and  is  used  for  many  purposes  for 
which  silk  was  formerly  used.  The  wool  of 
the  llama  is  shorter  and  more  rough.  The 
chief  supply  of  imported  wool  for  manufactur- 
ing purposes  is  obtained  from  Australia,  South 
America,  and  some  European  countries. 

•ft  During  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  a  duty 
was  imposed  on  the  exportation  of  British 
wool,  and,  after  some  vicissitudes  of  taxation, 
its  despatch  to  foreign  countries  was  absO' 
lutely  prohibited  in  1660.  the  idea  being  enter- 
tained that  the  wool  of  England  was  superior 
to  any  obtained  abroad,  and  that  if  the  raw 
material  were  kept  at  home  the  world  would 
be  obliged  to  take  the  finished  manufacture. 
In  1825  the  restriction  was  swept  away,  will 
the  usual  result  of  aiding  rather  than  imped 
ing  the  prosperity  of  the  woollen  manufacture 
(q.v.). 

2.  Less  strictly  applied  to  some  other  kind 
of  hair,  and  especially  to  short,  thick  haii- 
crisp  and  curled,  like  the  hair  of  a  negro. 

"  In  the  cauldron  boil  and  bake  ; 
Ey e  of  newt  and  too  of  frog, 
Wool  of  bat  aud  tongue  of  dug." 

cKtSOi :  Macbeth.  IT.  1. 

3.  Any  fibrous  or  fleecy  substance  resem 
bling  wool ;  specifically 

(1)  In  Bat. :   A  term  sometimes  applied  t 
fine  vegetable  fibre  such  as  is  found  within 
a  seed-vesseL    [WOOLLY.] 

(2)  M c tall. :  A  slag  of  iron  blown  by  steam 
into  a  fibrous  form. 

(8)  The  raw  material  [1.]  spun  into  a  yarn  o 
thread,  and  used  for  knitting  or  needlework 
[t  (1).] 

U  (1)  Fancy  wool :  The  name  given  to  th 
varieties  of  wool  used  for  fancy  articles  o 
dress  or  house  decoration.  The  chief  kind 


are :  Berlin  wool,  double  and  single,  used 
chiefly  for  woolwork  (q.v.);  fleecy  wools; 
Scotch  fingering,  for  knitting  socks  and 
stockings ;  Shetland  wool,  fine  and  tightly 
twisted  ;  Pyrenean  and  Zephyr  wool. 

(2)  Great  cry  and  little  wool:  Great  noise  and 
disturbance  out  of  all  proportion  to  useful  re- 
sults ;  much  ado  about  nothing. 

"  Of  thine  own  importance  full 
Exclaim,  'Great  cry  irnrf  little  wool !' 

Wotcott:  P.  Pindar,  p.  lit, 

wool-ball,  s.  A  ball  or  mass  of  wool  j 
specifically,  a  small  ball  of  wool  found  fre- 
quently in  the  stomachs  of  sheep  and  other" 
wool-bearing  animals. 

wool-bearing,  a.    Producing  wool. 

wool-burler,  s.  A  person  who  removes 
the  burs  or  little  knots  from  wool  or  woollen, 
cloth. 

wool-burring,  s.  The  act  of  teasing 
wool  with  burrs  or  teasels. 

wool-carder,  s.    One  who  cards  wooL 

wool-carding,  ».  An  early  process  in. 
woollen  manufacture  for  disentangling  or 
tearing  apart  the  tussocks  of  wool,  aud  laying: 
the  fibres  parallel,  preparatory  to  spinning. 
It  is  only  the  short  staple  wools  that  are  sub- 
mitted to  this  operation,  the  long  stapln 
wools  being  combed. 

wool  comber,  s.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  comb  wool. 

"  Half  a  dozen  vool-comotrl.  perhaps,  are  neremarj: 
to  keep  a  thousand  spinners  and  weavers  at  work.  — 
Smith :  Wealth  of  A'titioni.  bk.  i,  ch.  X. 

wool  combing,  s.  The  act  or  process  of 
combing  wool,  generally  of  the  long  stapled 
kind,  for  the  purpose  of  worsted  manufacture. 
The  wool-combing  machine  separates  the  long, 
from  the  short  fibres  of  the  wool.  The  lone 
fibres  are  also  laid  in  regular  order,  so  that 
they  can  be  readily  spun  into  yarn.  Lister's 
apparatus  clears  the  loug  fibres  by  drawing 
them  through  a  series  of  teeth  by  means  of  a 
nipper.  A  pair  of  jaws  seizes  a  mouthful  of 
wool,  and  conveys  it  into  a  carrier,  which,  in> 
Its  turn,  deposits  upon  the  comb  a  brush, 
pressing  it  down  on  the  teeth  to  a  proper 
depth.  Having  cleared  one  end  of  the  staple, 
it  transfers  the  uncleared  end  to  the  rotating 
comb,  from  which  It  is  extracted  by  drawing- 
rollers.  The  noils  are  removed  from  the 
comb  by  another  set  of  rollers.  The  long, 
cleared  wool  is  delivered  in  a  continuous 
sliver  from  the  machine  at  one  point,  the  nott 
being  passed  away  at  another. 

•  wool-driver,  s.  One  who  buys  wool 
and  carries  it  to  market. 

wool-dyed,  a.  Dyed  hi  the  form  of  wool 
or  yarn  before  being  made  iuto  cloth. 

wool-gathering,  s.  The  act  of  gather- 
ing wool ;  now  applied  proverbially  or  figura- 
tively to  the  indulgence  of  iOJe  fancies;  & 
foolish  or  fruitless  pursuit  The  allusion  I* 
probably  to  the  practice  of  gathering  the- 
tufts  of  wool  to  be  found  on  shrubs,  hedges, 
&c.,  which  necessitates  much  wandering 
about  with  little  result. 

"  His  wiU  were  a  woolgathering  as  they  say."— Bur. 
ton:  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  i>t  i.,  i  2. 

wool-grower,  s.  A  person  who  breed* 
sheep  for  the  production  of  wool. 

wool  -  growing,  s.  The  business  of 
breeding  sheep  for  the  production  of  wool. 

wool-hall,  ».  A  trade  market  in  th* 
woollen  districts.  (Simmonds.) 

wool  man,  s.    A  dealer  in  WOOL 

wool  mill,  ».  A  mill  or  factory  for 
manufacturing  wool  and  woollen  cloth. 

wool-moter,  s.  A  person  employed  in 
picking  wool  and  freeing  it  from  lumps  of 
pitch  and  other  impurities.  (Simmonds.) 

wool-packer,  s.  One  who  puts  up  wool 
into  packs  or  bales  ;  also,  a  machine  for  com- 
pressing and  tying  fleeces. 

wool-picker,  s.    A  machine  for  Imrrine 
wool. 
wool-scribbler,  s.    The  same  as  Woo«y- 

LEN-SCBIBBLER  (q.v.). 

wool -shears,  »•  An  Instrument  for 
shearing  sheep. 

wool-staple,  s. 

1.  A  city  or  town  where  wool  used  to  bt» 
brought  to  the  king's  staple  for  sale. 


b6H.  btfy-  tMjut,  l<Swl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  ?enophon,  eylst.    -Ing, 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tton.  -«lon  =  shiin;  -flon,  -sion  =  zhun.    -.nous,  -tlous,  -slous  =  shtis.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  Del.  del. 


5216 


woold— Woolwich 


J.  The  fibre  or  pile  of  wool    [STAPLE.] 
wool-stapler,  ». 

1.  A  dealer  In  wool. 

J.  A  wool-sorter  (q.T.). 

wool  thistle,  s. 

Bot.  :  Carduus  eriopkorus  (Britten  *  Hol- 
land). Stem  much  branched,  furruwed,  two 
feet  high;  leaves  semi-amplexicaul,  but  not 
decurrent,  white  and  cottony,  white  beneath, 
pinnatifid,  spinous  and  hairy,  head  very  large, 
woolly,  involucre  globose  ;  flowers  pale  purple, 
anthers  blue.  Found  in  England,  but  local  ; 
young  parts  cooked  and  eaten  as  salad.  Called 
also  the  Woolly-headed  Thistle. 

wool-tree,  >. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Eriodendron  (q.T.). 

wool-winder,  ».  A  person  employed  to 
wind  or  make  up  wool  into  bundles  to  be 
packed  for  sale. 

woold,  v.l.  [Dut.  woelen  =  to  wind,  to  wrap.] 
Naut.  :  To  wrap  ;  particularly  to  wind  a 
rope  round  a  mast  or  yard  when  made  of  two 
or  more  pieces,  at  the  place  where  they  are 
fished,  for  the  purpose  of  confining  and  sup- 
porting them. 

woold,  «.    [WELD  (1)0 
woold  -er,  <.    [Eng.  woold  ;  -tr.] 

1.  Naut.  :  A  stick  used  for  tightly  winding  a 
rope  round  another  object,  as  in  fishing  a  spar. 

2.  Rope-making  :  One  of  the  handles  of  the 
top.    (Top,  «.,  II.  S.J 

Woold'  -ing,  pa.  par.,  a.,  A  «.    [WOOLD,  ».] 

A*  &  B.  As  pa.  par.  tt  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  winding,  as  a  rope,  round  a 
mast. 

2.  A  rope  used  for  binding  mast*  and  spars. 

wool  -en,  &c.    [WOOLLEN,  &c.) 

•wool  fSl,'  [Eng.  wool,  and/Hi,  s.]  A  ikin 
or  fell  with  the  wool  ;  a  skin  from  which  the 
wool  has  not  been  removed. 

"  Wool  and  vf>olfelt  were  ever  of  little  value  In  this 
kingdom.  --Aasisl.  Onfrelana. 

'  wool  -fist,  j.  [Eng.  wool,  and^s/.  ]  A  term 
of  reproach.  Nares  suggests  that  it  may  have 
originally  meant  sheep-stealer,  or  purloi'ner  of 
wooL 


"Out.  yon  sons'd  garnet,  yon 
WUy  Btffwltd. 


begone,  I  my." 


Wool-hope..     (Seeder.) 

Gtog.  :  A  valley  near  Hereford,  England. 

Woolhope  limestone  and  shale,  i. 

Gtol.  :  The  lowest  calcareous  member  of  the 
Upper  Silurian  Rocks,  largely  developed  at 
Woolhope,  and  found  also  on  the  western 
flanks  of  the  Malvera  Hills  and  May  Hill, 
near  Gloucester,  at  Walsall  and  Great  Bar  in 
Staffordshire,  and  in  Radnorshire.  It  con- 
tains remains  of  twenty-five  species  of  fossil 
Crustacea,  chiefly  Trilobites,  fifty-nine  Brachi- 
opods,  eight  Gasteropods,  three  Pteropods, 
and  three  Cephalopods.  (Etheridge.) 

woolled,  a.    [Eng.  wool  ;  -id.]    Having  wool. 
Used  in  composition,  as  a  6ne-woolled  sheep. 

wool  len,  *  wool  en,  *  wol-len,  a.  &  r 

[A.8.  wyllen,  from  wul,  wull  =  wooL] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Hade  of  wool  ;  consisting  of  wool. 

"  The  woollen  coat  .  .  .  which  coven  the  day  sv 
bourer."—  SmlA:  Wealth  o/  Nations,  Ijk.  L,  ch.  i 

2.  Pertaining  to  wool. 

*  3.  Clad  in  the  rough,  homespun  serges  of 
former  times,  as  opposed  to  the  silk,  velvet, 
and  fine  linen  of  the  wealthier  classes  ;  hence, 
coarse,  boorish,  rustic,  vnlgar. 

"  Woollen  vassals,  thing*  created 
To  bay  and  aell  with  groats." 

Shatetp.  :  Coriclanut,  IlL  i. 

B,  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Cloth  made  of  wool,  snch  as 
blanketings,  serges,  flannels,  tweeds,  broad- 
cloth, and  the  like. 

••  The  beet  woolUm  are  sold  a  third  cheaper.--  DaU, 
Telegraph,  Dec.  S.  1887. 

2.  Bot.  :  Verbascum  Thapsus.    [VERBASCCM.] 
T  Buried  in  woollen  :  [FLANNEL,  A.  I.  8.]. 

woollen-draper,  s.  A  retail  dealer  In 
woollen  cloth,  flannels,  and  the  like. 


woollen  manufacture,  s.    The  act  of 

forming  wool  into  cloth  and  stuff.  The  fabrics 
woven  from  short  wools  are  distinctively 
called  woollens ;  those  from  long  wools  are 
termed  worsteds.  [WORSTED.]  The  manu- 
facture of  cloth  was  known  to  the  ancient 
Greeks,  Romans,  the  Hindoos,  the  Jews,  &c. 
(Lev.  xiii.  47,  48,  xix.  19  ;  Deut.  Mil.  11),  but 
among  these  people  it  was  chiefly  a  domestic 
manufacture.  In  all  probability  the  Romans 
first  introduced  it  into  Britain.  There  is  little 
historic  mention  of  it  before  the  thirteenth 
century.  Edward  III.  improved  the  manu- 
facture by  inviting  over  Flemings,  who  were 
more  skilful  in  it  than  the  English  of  that 
time.  During  subsequent  centuries  unwise 
legislation,  such  as  limiting  the  industry  to 
particular  towns,  retarded  its  progress ;  be- 
sides which  it  was  hampered  by  enactments 
equally  unenlightened  regarding  wool.  [WooL, 
f.]  It  has  now  become  one  of  the  leading 
industries  of  England,  and  has  attained  a  great 
development  in  the  United  States,  in  which 
country,  in  addition  to  the  home  supply  of  wool, 
103,000,000  pounds  were  imported  in  1890,  for 
use  in  manufacture.  The  wool  produced  in  the 
United  States  in  the  same  year  was  about 
270,000,000  pounds.  In  addition  to  the  home 
manufacture,  woollen  goods  were  imported  to 
the  value  of  over  840,000,000. 

•woollen-printer,  «.  A  workman  who 
impresses  patterns  or  colours  on  woollen  or 
mixed  fabrics. 

woollen-scribbler,  s.  A  machine  for 
combing  or  preparing  wool  into  thin,  downy, 
translucent  layers,  preparatory  to  spinning. 
(Simmonds.) 

wool -len  ette,  «.      [Eng.  woollen;   dimin. 
suff.  -ette.] 
Fabric :  A  thin  woollen  stuff. 

wool  11  ness,  s.     [Eng.  woolly;  -not.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  woolly. 

WOOl-ly,  a.     (E»£.  wool ;  -!y.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Consisting  of  wool. 

"  The  warm  and  woolly  fleece  that  cloath'J  her  mar- 
derer."  Drydtn:  Ovid;  iietam.  xv. 

2.  Resembling  wool. 

"  My  fleece  of  woolly  hair,  that  now  uncurls." 

Shabup.  :  Titui  Andronictu,  li.  8. 

S.  Clothed  or  covered  with  wool. 

"  First  down  he  sits,  to  milk  the  woolly  dams." 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyttey  Ix.  401 

4.  Covered  with  a  fleecy  substance  resem- 
bling wool.  (Ben  Jonson :  Forett ;  To  Peru- 
hurst.) 

IL  Bot. :  Of  the  nature  or  appearance  of 
wool;  covered  with  long,  dense,  curled  and 
matted  hairs,  as  the  stem  and  leaves  of  Ver- 
bascum  Thapsus. 

woolly-bear,  ». 

Kntom. :  A  popular  name  for  the  caterpillar 
of  the  Tiger-moth  (q.v.). 

woolly-butt,  s. 

lint.:  Eucalyptus  longifolia  and  E.  viminalis. 
(Treas.  of  Bot.) 

woolly  cheetah,  i. 

Zool. :  Felis  lanea  (or  Cynoslurus  jubata,  var. 
lanea),  a  variety,  if  not  a  distinct  species, 
from  South  Africa.  It  differs  from  the  Cheetah 
in  having  woolly  hair,  and  the  spots  and  face- 
mark  brown  instead  of  black. 

woolly  elephant,  i. 

Zooi. :  Elephns  primigenius.     [MAMMOTH.] 

woolly-haired,  a. 

Anthrop. :  Having  hair  more  or  leas  resem- 
bling wool.  [ULOTRICHI.] 

"No  woolly-hatred  nation  has  ever  had  an  Important 
•history.'  "—Haecktl:  But.  Creation  (Bug.  ed.).  il.  810. 

woolly-head,  >.  A  negro.  So  called 
from  his  wool-like  hair. 

woolly-headed  thistle,  t.  [WOOL- 
THISTLE.] 

woolly  indris,  woolly  lemur, 
Zool.  :  Indris  laniger,  from  Madagascar  and 
the  adjacent  islands.  The  body  is  about 
eighteen  inches  long,  the  tail  two-thirds  as 
much.  The  general  tint  is  a  more  or  less 
rusty  brown,  with  a  whitish  band  on  the  fore- 
head. 

woolly  macaco,  >. 

Zool. :  Lemur  mongoz.  a  native  of  Madagas- 
car. General  colour  of  fur  reddish-gray,  crown 


of  head,  face,  and  chin  black,  black  streak  on 
forehead  and  across  crown,  cheeks  iron-gray 

woolly-maki,  s.  [WOOLLV-INDHIS.] 
woolly-monkey,  s.  [LAQOTBRIX.) 
woolly-rhinoceros,  >. 

Pal&ont.  :  Rhinoceros  tichorinus,  probably 
the  best  known  form  of  the  extinct  Rhinoce- 
roses, specimens  having  been  found  imbedded 
in  ice.  The  skin  was  without  folds  and 
covered  with  hair  and  wool ;  there  were  two 
horns,  the  anterior  one  being  of  remarkable 
size,  and  the  nostrils  were  separated  by  a 
complete  bony  partition.  The  geographical 
range  of  the  Woolly  Rhinoceros  was  over  the 
northern  latitudes  of  Europe  and  Asia,  but, 
unlike  the  Mammoth,  it  did  not  cross  Beh- 
ring's  Straits.  Its  remains  are  first  found  in 
the  Miocene. 

wool  -pack,  *  wol-pak,  «.  [Eng.  woo!,  and 
pack.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.:    A  pack  or  bag  of  wool; 
specifically,  a  bale  or  bundle  weighing  240 
pounds.    {Robert  of  Gloucester,  p.  439.) 

2.  GeoL  (PI.):  A  local  name  for  large  con- 
cretionary masses  of  good  limestone,  occurring 
in  beds  of  impure  earthy  limestone  and  shale 
in  the  Wenlock  formation.     Some  of  them 
near  Wenlock  have,  according  to  Murchigon, 
a  diameter  of  eighty  feet.    Called  also  Ball- 
stones.  (Woodward:  Geol.  Eng.  &  Wales,  p.  55.) 

wool  sack,  *  wolle-sak,  i.  [Eng.  wool,  s., 
and  sack.] 

1.  A  sack  or  bag  of  wool. 

2.  The  seat  of  the  Lord  Chancellor  in  the 
House  of  Lords.    It  is  a  large,  square  bag  of 
wool,  without  back  or  arms,  and  covered  with 
green  cloth. 

"  In  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  an  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment was  passed  to  prevent  the  exportation  of  wool ; 
and  that  this  source  of  our  national  wealth  might  be 
kept  constantly  In  mind,  wooliackt  were  placed  In  the 
House  of  Peers,  whereon  the  Judges  sat  Uence  the 
Lord  Chancellor,  who  presides  In  the  House  of  Lords. 
Is  said  to  '  sit  on  the  wooltack.'  or  to  be  '  api>olut«d  to 
the  woollack.'  "-Srewer  :  Diet.  Phratt  t  fablt. 

*  woolsack-pie,  s.    A  kind  of  pie  made 
and  sold  at  the  "Woolsack,"  an  old  London 
ordinary.    Gifford  says  that  it  was  of  low  re- 
putation, and  a  Woolsack  pie  may  therefore  = 
coarse  fare.    (Ben  Jonson  :  Alchemist,  v.  2.) 

wool  -sey,  s.  [See  def.J  An  abbreviation  of 
linsey-woolsey  (q.v.). 

WOOl'-sort-er,  s.  [Eng.  woo!,  s.,  and  sorter.] 
A  person  who  sorts  wools  according  to  their 
qualities.  [WOOL,  s.  (1).] 

woolsorters'  disease,!. 

Pathol. :  A  kind  of  malignant  pustule  which 
often  affects  persons  who  handle  the  wool  of 
animals  which  have  died  from  splenic  fever. 

"  A  death  from  wjvltorteri  ctitfite  has  occurred  in 
Bradford."— Dalty  JV««,  Dec  2,  1887. 

wool-stftck,  «.  [Eng.  wool,  B.,  and  stock.] 
A  heavy  wooden  hammer,  used  in  fulling  cloth. 

•wool'- ward,  •  wolle  ward,  *  wol- 
ward,  *  wol-warde,  a.  [Eng.  woo!,  s., 
and  ward  —  towards,  as  in  homeward,  otc.j 
Dressed  in  wool  only,  without  linen.  Often 
enjoined  in  the  pre-Reformation  times  as  an 
act  of  penance.  (The  literal  meaning  is  "  hav- 
ing the  skin  toward  or  next  the  wool.") 

"  The  naked  truth  of  It  Is.  I  have  no  shirt ;  I  go 
woolward  tor  penance."— Shakttp. :  Lote'i  Labour's 
MElL* 

*  woolward  going,  «.   The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  wearing  woollen  garments  next  the 
skin  in  place  of  linen,  as  an  act  of  penance. 

"Their  watching,  fasting,  woolward-joing.  and  rising 
at  midnight."- 7Vn,i(iI«. 

Wool  -wlyh  (second  w  silent),  I.    [See  def.] 

<!eog. :  A  parish  and  market  town  about 
nine  miles  east-south-east  of  London.  The 
town  is  the  seat  of  a  great  Government  arsenal 
and  dock-yard. 

1  Woolwich  and  Reading  Beds : 
GeoL :  A  series  of  Lower  Eocene  beds  for- 
merly called  the  Plastic  Clay  (q.v.).  With 
the  exception  of  the  Thanet  Sands  (q.v.),  they 
are  the  oldest  English  Tertiaries.  Tneyoccur 
in  England  both  in  the  London  and  Hamp- 
shire basins,  the  Thanet  Sands  underlying 
them  in  the  former,  but  being  absent  from  the 
latter  area.  In  the  London  basin  they  are  seen 
chiefly  at  Blackheath,  Woolwich,  and  Read- 
ing. The  strata  consist  of  mottled  clays  and 
sand  with  lignite,  and  one  horizon  contains 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub,  eiire,  unite,  ofir.  rule,  All;  try.  Syrian,    «e,  ce  =  el  oy  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


woolwork— wordy 


6217 


s;1 


rolled  flint  pebbles  derived  from  the  chalk. 
The  Woolwich  and  Reading  beds  are  of  fresh- 
water, estuarine,  and  marine  origin.  An 
E'  -*ne  river  flowed  from  the  south-west  into 
the  Thames  at  Woolwich,  having  In  it  various 
shells,  Unios,  Paludinas,  Cyrenas,  *c.,  with 
plant  remains  of  Ficus,  Laurus,  &e.  In  the 
lowest  beds,  which  are  more  marine,  banks 
of  Oysters  (Ostrea  ttllovicina)  occur.  The 
fauna  comprises  "2  genera  and  123  species. 
Among  them  are  turtles  and  a  mammal  (Cory- 
'milon).  The  Plastic  clay  exists  in  the  Peris 
sin,  with  the  same  remains. 

•wool-work,  ».  [Eng.  wool,  and  worl-.]  Needle- 
work executed  with  wool  on  canvas. 

*  WOOD,  V.i.      [WOK,  ».J 

*  woont,  o.    [WONT,  a.] 
wo6'-ra-ljf,  woo'-r«>-H,  >.    (CCBARI.I 

*  woo},  *  wo6f  e, ».     [A.8.  w&se,  wise  =  ooze 
(q.v.).]    Ooze. 

"  The  aguish  «KWM  of  Kent  and  Essex/— ffojoflN : 
Vindication  of  Blmul/ M"). 

*  woo^'-jf,  a.    [A.8.  wosig,  from  w6st 
Oozy,  moist. 

"  What  is  she  else  but  a  foul  fooMy  marsh  ?" 

Oration:  Polf-OMan,  B.  25. 

•woot,  »'.i.    [WOT.] 

wootz,  s.  (Etym.  doubtful.]  A  very  superior 
quality  of  steel,  made  in  the  East  Indies,  and 
imported  Into  America  ami  Europe  for  superior 
edge-tools.  It  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  celebrated  sword-blades  of  the  East.  Pro- 
fessor Faraday  attributed  its  excellence  to  the 
presence  of  a  small  quantity  of  aluminium, 
but  other  analyses  show  no  trace  of  alumin- 
ium. Wootz  is  believed  to  be  made  by  a 
process  direct  from  the  ore. 

•Woo'-ySn,  yA'-Sn,  ».    [Chinese  name.] 

Zool. :  Hylobates  pileatus,  a  Gibbon  (q.v.), 
from  a  small  island  near  Camboja.  Little  is 
knnwn  of  the  habits  of  this  species,  the 
individuals  of  which  differ  greatly  in  color- 
ation at  different  periods  of  their  lives.  The 
young  are  uniformly  of  a  dirty  white ;  females 
white,  brownish-white  on  back,  with  a  large 
bl.'ii-k  spot  on  the  head  and  chest;  males 
blac*,  back  of  head,  body,  and  legs  grayish. 
Thsrt  is  a  stuffed  specimen  in  the  British 
Museum  (Natural  History),  South  Kensing- 
ton, London. 

wop,  v.t.    [WHOP.] 
•wor'-bleg.  ».  pt.    [WABBLES,  ».] 

word,  *  worde,  i.  fA.S.  word;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  woord  ;  Icel.  ordh  (for  vord) ;  Dan.  &  Sw. 
ord  ;  Qer.  wort ;  Goth,  waurd ;  Lat  vtroum ; 
Lithuan.  wardas  =  a  name.  Word  and  verb 
are  doublets.) 

1.  A  single  articulate  sound  or  a  combina- 
tion of  articulate  sounds  or  syllables  uttered 
T)y  the  human  voice,  and  by  custom  expressing 
an  idea  or  ideas  ;  a  vocable ;  a  term  ;  a  single 
•component  part  of  a  language  or  of  human 
speech  ;  a  constituent  part  of  a  sentence. 

"  Upon  a  nearer  approach,  I  find  that  there  is  so 
close  a  connexion  between  ideas  and  wyrdi ;  and  our 
abstract  ideas  and  genera!  word,  have  so  constant  a 
relation  one  to  another,  that  it  is  impossible  to  speak 
clearly  and  distinctly  of  our  knowledge,  which  all 
consists  in  proportions,  without  considering,  first  the 
nature,  use,  and  signification  of  language."— Lockt : 
Mum.  Vndmtandtng,  bk.  11.,  ch.  xxxfii. 

2.  The  letter,  or  letters,  or  other  characters, 
•written  or  printed  which  represent  such  a 
•Tocable. 

3.  (PI.):  Speech,  language. 

"  Speak  fair  vordl.- 

Shaketp. :  I'enul  t  Adonii,  20s. 

4.  Speech   exchanged ;   conversation,    dis- 
course, talk. 

"The  friars  and  yon  must  have  a  word  anon." 
Slviktip. :  ifauure/or  Meaiurf.  V. 

5.  Communication,    information,    tidings, 
message,  account  (without  an   article,  and 
only  in  the  singular). 

"  To  send'hitn  word,  they'll  meet  him." 

Via* ftp. :  Marry  Wivel,  Iv.  4. 

6.  A  term  or  phrase  of  command ;  an  order, 
An  injunction,  a  direction,  a  command. 

"  Brutus  gave  the  word  too  early." 

Shaketp.  :  Julita  Ceenr,  v.  & 

7.  A  password,   a  watchword,  a  signal,  a 
motto  ;  a  distinctive  or  important  term  or 
phrase  adopted  as  a  signal  or  a  shibboleth. 

"  Now  to  my  word. 
It  Is  •  Adieu.' "  Skatelf.  .•  Uamltl,  L  I. 


8.  A  term  or  phrase  implying  or  containing 
an  assertion,  declaration,  promise,  or  the 
like,  which  involves  the  faith  or  honour  of 
the  utterer  of  it ;  assurance,  promise,  affirma- 
tion. (With  possessive  pronouns.) 

"  No,  by  my  word  ;-a  burly  groom 
H«  seems.  Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  T.  19. 

*  9.  A  brief  or  pithy  remark  or  saying ;  a 
proverb,  a  motto, 

"  The  old  word  Is,  '  What  the  eye  views  not  the  heart 
rues  not.'  "—Bp.  If  all. 

10.  Terms  or  phrases  interchanged  express- 
ive of  anger,  contention,  reproach,  or  the 
like,  (Used  in  the  plural,  and  generally 
qualified  by  adjectives,  such  as  high,  hot, 
sharp,  harsh,  or  the  like.) 

"  Some  word*  there  grew  'twixt  Somerset  and  me." 
Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  I'/.,  11.  5. 

1J 1.  A  word  and  a  blow:  Immediate  action ; 
a  threat  and  its  immediate  execution ;  extreme 
promptitude  in  action, 

"I  nod  there  IB  nothing  but  a  word  and  a  Mow 
with  you."— Swift :  Polite  Converiation,  L 

H  Also  used  adjectively. 

"Calling  him  a  word-and-a-blow  man.*— Atrt.  Trol- 
•Jope  :  Michael  Armstrong,  ch.  Iv. 

2.  By  word  of  mouth:  By  actual  speaking  ; 
orally ;  viva  voce. 

3.  Good   word,   *  Oood   words :   Favourable 
account  or  mention  ;  commendation,  praise  ; 
expressed  good  opinion. 

"To  speak  a  good  word  to  Mistress  Anne  Page  for 
my  master."— Shaketp. :  Merry  Wivet,  i.  4. 

4.  In  a  word.  In  one  word:  In  one  short 
sentence ;  briefly ;  in  short ;  to  sum  up ;  in 
fine. 

He  li  complete  in  feature  and  In  mind." 

Shakftp.  :  Two  Gentlemen,  11.  4. 

*  5.  In   word :   In   mere   phraseology ;   In 
speech  only  ;  in  mere  seeming  or  profession. 

"Let  us  not  love  in  word,  neither  in  tongue,  but  In 
deed  and  In  truth."—!  John  111.  18. 

6.  The  Word : 

(1)  The  Scriptures,  or  any  part  of  them. 

"The  sword  and  the  word/  Do  yon  study  them 
both,  master  panont"— SAo*e*p. :  Merry  Wivet,  Hi.  1. 

(2)  The  second  person  of  the  Trinity ;  the 
Logos  (q.v.). 

"  In  the  beginning  was  the  Word,  and  the  Word  was 
with  God,  and  the  Word  was  God."— John  i.  1. 

7.  To  eat  one's  words :  To  retract  what  one 
has  said. 

*'  I  will  not  eat  my  word*." 

Shake tp.  :  Much  Ade.H. 

8.  To  have  a  word  with  a  person :  To  have  a 
conversation  with  him. 

"  The  generals  would  have  some  word*," 

Shaketp.  :  Juiiut  Camr,  v.  L 

*  9.  With  a  word,  At  a  word :  In  short ;  In  a 
word. 

10.  Word  for  word :  In  the  exact  words  or 
terms;  verbatim,  exactly:  as,  He  repeated 
the  message  word  for  word. 

word-book,  *.  [Cf.  Ger.  worterbuek  =  a 
dictionary,  from  worter,  pi.  of  wort  =  a  word, 
and  buch  =  a  book.]  A  dictionary,  a  vocabu- 
lary, a  lexicon. 

*  word-bound,   o.     Restrained   or  re- 
stricted in  speech  ;  unable  or  unwilling  to 
express  one's  self;  bound  by  one's  word. 

"  Word-bound  be  it  not : 
He'll  telt  It  willingly."  Joanna  BaiUto. 

"word -building,*.  The  formation,  con- 
struction, or  composition  of  words ;  the  pro- 
cess of  forming  or  making  words. 

*  word-catcher,  «.    One  who  cavila  at 
words  or  syllables. 

"  Each  wight  who  reads  not,  and  but  scans  and  spells. 
Each  wvrd-catcher  that  lives  on  syllables." 

Pope:  EpUtleto  Arbuthnot. 

*  word-monger,  s.   One  who  uses  many 
words  ;  a  verbalist. 

"  The  work  of  a  paradoxical  word-monger  who  did 
not  know  what  he  was  writing  about."— Daily  Tele- 
graph, Dec.  8,  1887. 

word-painter,  s.  One  who  is  gifted 
with  the  power  of  depicting  scenes  or  events 
in  a  peculiarly  graphic  or  vivid  manner;  one 
who  affects  great  picturesqueuess  of  style. 

word-painting,  *.  The  art  of  depicting 
or  describing  scenes  or  events  in  words  so  as 
to  bring  them  vividly  and  distinctly  before 
the  mind. 

word-picture,  *.  A  vivid  and  accurate 
description  of  any  scene  or  event,  so  that  it 
is  brought  clearly  before  the  mind,  as  in  a 
picture. 

word-square,  s.  A  square  formed  by  a 
series  of  words  so  arranged  that  the  letters 


spell  each  of  the  words  when  read  across  of 
downwards :  as, 

CAP 

ATE 
PEN. 

*  word-warrior,  s.    One  who  staves  or 

quibbles  about  words.    (Baxter.) 

word,  *  word-en,  v.i.  &  t.    [WORD,  ».] 

*  A.  Intrans. :  To  speak,  to  argue. 

"  Sette  by  HI  on  benches, 

And  wordeden  wel  wyseli  a  gret  while  toglderes." 
P.  Plowman,  iv.  4t> 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  express  in  words  ;  to  phrase,  to  style, 
(Now  only  in  the  pa.  par.) 

"  Complaining  In  a  speech  well  worded." 
Cowper :  The  Poet,  the  Oyster,  4  Sentittve  Plant. 

*  2.  To  produce  an  effect  on  by  words ;  to 
ply  or  overpower  with  words. 

"  If  one  were  to  be  worded  to  death,  Italian  is  the 
fittest  language,  In  regard  of  the  fluency  and  softness 
of  it."—  lloweu:  Lettert,  bk,  1..  let  43. 

*  3.  To  flatter,  to  cajole. 

"  He  wonlt  me,  girls,  he  words  me,  that  I  should  not 
Be  noble  to  myself." 

Shnkeip.  :  Antony  *  Cleopatra,  v.  ft. 

*  4.  To  make  or  unmake  by  a  word  or  com- 
mand. 

"  Him  .  .  .  who  could  word  heaven  and  earth  oat  of 
nothing,  and  can  when  he  pleases  word  them  into 
nothing  again."— Sout ft. 

*  If  To  word  it :  To  argue,  to  wrangle,  to 
dispute. 

"  He  tbat  descends  not  (o  word  it  with  a  shrew,  doM 
worse  than  beat  her."— L'Kitrange. 

*  word'-er,  s.    [Eng.  word;  -en]    A  speaker, 
a  writer. 

"  We  could  not  say  as  much  of  our  high  -wordert.'— 
Whitlock  :  Mannert  of  the  Snglith,  p.  359. 

*  word'-I-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  wordy;  -ly.}    In  a 
wordy  or  verbose  manner. 

*  Word'-i-ne'ss,  s.     [Eng.  wordy;  -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  wordy  or  verbose  ; 
verbosity. 

word' -Ing,  *.    [Eng.  word;  -ing.] 

1.  The  act  of  expressing  in  words. 

"  Whether  his  extemporary  wording  might  not  b»  a 
defect,  and  the  like."— Fell :  Life  of  Bammond,  i  8. 

2.  The  manner  in  which  anything  is  ex- 
pressed in  words. 

"  Object!  jn  WM  raised  by  a  senator  to  the  wording 
of  the  fourth  clause."— Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  14,  IBM. 

*  word'-Ish,  a.    [Eng.  word;  -ish.]    Respect- 
ing words  ;  verbal. 

"In  these  wordith  testimonies  (u  be  will  oall 
them)."—  Bammond :  Work*,  it  107. 

*  word'-Ish-ness,  s.    [Eng.  wordish;  -nest.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wordish. 

2.  Verbosity. 

"  The  truth  they  hide  by  their  dark  wordithntu." 
JMffby  :  On  Bodic*.    (Pref.) 

*  word' -loss,   a.      [Eng.   word;    -less.}     Not 
using  words ;  not  speaking  ;  silent,  speechless. 

"  Her  joy  with  hea veil-up  hands  she  doth  express. 
And,  word&fl,  so  greets  heaven  for  his  success." 

Shaketp.  :  Kap€  of  Lucrece,  111 

*  wordf'-man,   s.      [Eng.  words,  and  man.] 
One  who  attaches  undue  importance  to  words; 
one  who  deals  in  mere  words  ;  a  verbalist. 

"  Boms  speculative  wordtman,"— ButhnelL 

*  word*' -man-ship,  ».     [Eng.  wordsman; 
•ship.]     Knowledge  or  command  of  words; 
fluency. 

*  word'-spite,  o.     [Eng.  word,  and  spite.] 
Abusive. 

"  A  silly  yet  ferocious  wordtpite  quarrel."— PalgraM; 
Sitt.  Norm.  A  England,  11.  561. 

*  wSrd'-Strlf  e,  «.    [Eng.  word,  and  strife.] 
Dispute  about  words. 

"  The  end  of  this  .  .  .  wordttrife." -Backet ;  Lift  «* 
WUtianu.  II.  167. 

*  WQTA'-f  (1),  o.    [Eng.  word ;  -y.] 

1.  Consisting  of  words  ;  verbal. 

"  Thus  In  a  wordy  war  their  tongues  display 
More  fierce  intents,  preluding  to  the  fray." 

Cowper:  Homer ;  Odytiey  xviii.  49. 

2.  Containing  many  words;  full  of  words; 
diffuse. 

"  In  this  their  wordy  and  wearisome  volume,"— 9% 
Bait:  Antwerto  Vindication  of  Smectymnuut. 

3.  Using  many  words ;  verbose,  prolix. 

"  A  wordy  orator  .  .  .  making  a  magnificent  speech 
fall  of  vain  promises. "—.Spectator.  (Todd.) 

4.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  words. 

"  Hops  to  win  the  wordy  race  " 

Byron  :  A  College  Examination, 


boy ;  pout,  J6%1 ;  oat,  9011,  ohoms,  9Hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  09 ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 

-ci»n,  -tian  =  Bnan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;    t  ion,  -  jion  =  «*»ft«-    -cious,  -tioua,  -sious  =  suus.    -tole,  -die,  4-c.  -  bel,  del. 


5218 


wordy — work 


(2),  a.    [WORTHY.]    (Scotch.) 
Wore,  pret.  of  v.     [WEAR,  v.] 

work,  'werch  ent  "wlrch-en,  *werke, 
*wlrke,  >tworch-en,*worke,*woorch- 

en  (pa.  t.  worked,  wrought,  pa.  par.  worked, 
wrought),  v.i.  &  t,  [A..S.  wyrcan,  wircan. 
wercan  (pa.  t.  worhte,  pa.  par.  peworJU).] 

[WORK,  S.J 

A,  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  exertion  for  some  end  or  pur- 
pose; to  engage  In  or  be  employed  on  some 
task,  labour,  duty,  or  the  like  ;  to  be  occupied 
in  the  performance  of  some  operation,  pro- 
cess, or  undertaking  ;  to  labour,  to  toil. 

"This  we  commanded  you.  If  any  would  not  work, 
neither  should  he  eat"— S  Thai.  11L  10. 

2.  To  use  efforts  for  attaining  some  object  or 
Aim ;  to  strive,  to  labour ;  to  exert  one's  self. 

"  I  will  work 
To  bring  this  mutter  to  the  wished  end." 

Shaketp.:  1  ffenry  YL,  111.  8. 

8.  To  be  customarily  engaged  or  employed 
in  any  business,  trade,  profession,  employ- 
ment, or  the  like ;  to  be  in  employment ;  to 
hold  a  situation  ;  to  be  occupied  as  a  worker ; 
to  perform  the  duties  of  a  workman,  man  of 
business,  &c.  (Isaiah  xix.  9.) 

4.  To  be  in  motion,  operation,  or  activity  ; 
to  keep  up  a  continuous  movement  or  action ; 
to  act,  to  operate  :  as,  A  machine  works  well. 

5.  To  have  or  take  effect ;  to  operate ;  to 
exercise  influence ;  to  be  effective ;  to  produce 
an  effect. 

"  All  things  work  together  for  good  to  them  that 
love  God."— Romant  viii.  23. 

*  6.  To  be  in  a  condition  of  strong,  violent, 
or  severe  exertion  ;  to  be  agitated  or  tossed 
about ;  to  toil,  to  heave,  to  strain. 

"  The  sea  wrought  and  was  tempestuous."— Jonah 

7.  To  travel ;  used  of  conveyances  and  of 
their  drivers :  as,  This  train  worts  from  King's 
Cross  to  Hatfield  ;  this  busman  works  from 
Hammersmith  to  Liverpool  Street. 

8.  To  make  way  laboriously  and  slowly ;  to 
make  progress  with  great  exertion  and  diffi- 
culty ;    to  proceed  with  a  severe   struggle. 
(Generally  followed  by  adverbs,  such  as  along, 
down,  into,  out,  through,  &c.) 

"  All  [yachts]  working  into  Start  Bay  to  avoid  the 
fltfc--JK  Sept  4,  1886. 

9.  To  ferment,  as  liquors. 

"  If  in  the  wort  of  beer,  while  ft  workrt\.  baton  it 
b«  tunned,  the  burrag*  be  often  changed  with  fresh, 
It  will  make  a  sovereign  drink  for  melancholy." — 
Bacon  :  Natural  Bittory. 

10.  To  operate  or  act,  as  a  purgative  or 
cathartic  ;  to  act  internally,  as  a  medicine. 

"  Most  purges  heat  a  little ;  and  all  of  them  work 
best ...  in  warm  weather."— drew;  Cosmoteyta, 

11.  To  succeed  in  practice;   to  act  satis- 
factorily :  as,  The  plan  will  not  work.  (Colloq.) 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  bestow  labour,  toil,  or  exertion  upon ; 
to  convert  to  or  prepare  for  use  by  labour  or 
effort. 

2-  To  extract  useful  materials  or  products 
from  by  labour. 

"  And  given  the  reason  why  they  forbear  to  work 
them  [mines]  at  that  time,  and  when  they  left  off 
from  working  them."— Raleigh, 

3.  To  produce,  accomplish,  or  acquire  by 
labour,  toil,  or  exertion  ;  to  effect,  to  perform. 

"  The  change  shall  please,  nor  shall  it  matter  aught 
'     Who  work*  the  wonder,  if  it  be  but  wrought." 

Cowper  :  Conversation,  MS. 

*  4.  To  be  the  cause  of ;  to  effect ;  to  bring 
•bout. 

"  Our  light  affliction,  which  Is  but  for  a  moment, 
worketh  for  us  a  far  more  exceeding  and  eternal  weight 
of  glory."— S  Corinth,  Iv.  17. 

o.  To  put  or  set  in  motion,  action,  or  exer- 
tion ;  to  keep  busy,  or  in  a  state  of  activity. 

"  Put  forth  thy  utmost  strength,  work  every  nerve." 
Adduon;  Cato.  L  L 

6.  To  direct  the  action  of;  to  manage,  to 
handle  :  as,  To  work  an  engine  or  a  ship. 

7.  To  transact,  to  manage,  to  carry  out. 

"  Salomon  saith:  Werke  all  thlogea  by  corueil,  and 
thou  sbalt  never  repeute."— r'ife  of Melibeut. 

8.  To  bring  by  action  or  motion  to  any 
state,  the  state  being  expressed  by  an  adjective 
or  other  word. 

*•  So  the  pore  limpid  stream,  when  fool  with  staltu .  .  , 
Work*  itself  clear."  AUditon:  Cato.  L  1. 

9.  To  attain  or  make  by  continuous  and 
severe  labour,  exertion,  struggle,  or  striving; 
to  force  gradually  and  with  labour  or  exertion. 

"  Within  that  dome  as  yet  Decay 

Hath  slowly  wvrk'd  her  cankering  way." 

Byron  :  TM  Giaour. 


10.  To  solve ;  to  work  out :  as,  To  work  a 
sum.  (Colloq.) 

*  11.  To  influence  by  continued  prompting, 
urging,  or  like  means  ;  to  gain  over ;  to  pre- 
vail upon  ;  to  lead  ;  to  induce. 

"  What  you  would  wort  me  to,  I  have  tome  aim." 
Shaketp. .-  Juliut  Caimr.  L  2. 

12.  To  make  into  shape  ;  to  form,  to  fashion, 
to  mould :  as,  To  work  clay. 

13.  To  embroider. 

"  A  princess  wrought  it  [a  handkerchief]  me." 

Shalutp,  :  Xing  John.  IT.  L 

14.  To  operate   upon,  as  a  purgative    or 
cathartic ;  to  purge. 

*  15.  To  excite  by  degrees ;  to  act  upon  so 
as  to  throw  into  a  state  of  perturbation  or 
agitation  ;  to  agitate  violently. 

**  Some  passion  that  wort*  him  strongly.'* 

Xhakerp. :  Tempttt,  iv. 

16.  To  cause  to  ferment,  as  liquor. 

T  1.  To  work  against :  To  act  in  opposition 
to  ;  to  oppose  actively. 

2.  To  work  in : 

(1)  Intrans. :  To  intermix,  to  unite,  to  fit 
In,  to  agree. 

"  Oar  routes  will  work  in  excellently  with  those  of 
the  Australian  explorers  la  1881  aud  1882."— Athenaeum, 
Dec.  20,  1684. 

(2)  Transitive: 

(a)  To    intermix,    as    one    material    with 
another,  in  the  process  of  manufacture  or  the 
like ;  to  interlace,  to  weave  in  :  as,  To  work 
bad  yarn  in  with  good. 

(b)  To  cause  to  enter  or  penetrate  by  con- 
tinued effort :  as,  The  tool  was  slowly  vwrked  in. 

3.  To  work  into  : 

(1)  The  same  as  To  work  in,  (2)  (6). 

(2)  To  introduce  artfully  and  gradually ;  to 
Insinuate :  as,  He  worked  himself  into  favour. 

*  (3)  To  alter  or  change  by  a  gradual  pro- 
cess. 

"  This  imperious  man  will  work  as  all 
From  princes  info  pages." 

Shakeip.  :  li*nr,  VIII.,  1L  2. 

4.  To  work  off:  To  remove  or  get  rid  of,  as 
by  continued  labour,  exertion,  or  by  some 
gradual  process:  as,  Toworfco/'the.inipurities 
of  a  liquor  by  fermentation. 

5.  To  work  on  (or  upon) :  To  act  on ;  to 
exercise  an  influence  on ;  to  Influence,  to  ex- 
cite, to  charm. 

6.  To  work  one's  passage : 

Naut. :  To  give  one's  work  or  services  aa  an 
equivalent  for  passage-money. 

7.  To  work  one's  way:  To  progress,  to  suc- 
ceed, to  advance, 

8.  Touvrkout: 

(1)  Intrans. :  To  result  in  practice. 

"  Reforms,  which  looked  very  well  on  paper,  but 
did  not  work  out  very  well."— Daily  Chronicle,  Dec.  8, 
1&87. 

(2)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  effect  by  continued  labour  or  exer- 
tion ;  to  accomplish. 

"  Work  out  your  own  salvation  with  fear  and 
trembllug.M-PMHppfan*lI.  18. 

(b)  To  solve,  as  a  problem. 

"  H.— ,  Malvolio ;  M.— wby.  that  begins  my  name  : 
Did  not  I aay  he  would  work  it  outt" 

Shaketp.  :  Twelfth  IPight,  11.  &. 

(c)  To  exhaust  by  drawing  or  extracting  all 
the  useful  material  from :  as,  The  mine  was 
quite  worked  out. 

*  (d)  To  efface,  to  erase. 

"  Tears  of  Joy  for  your  returning  spilt, 
Work  out  and  expiate  our  former  guilt." 

Mtrydtn.    (Todd.) 

9.  To  work  up: 

(1)  Intrans. :   To  make  way  upwards ;   to 
rise, 

(2)  Transitive : 

(a)  To  make  up ;  to  convert ;  to  make  into 
shape. 

"  Tubular-shaped  blossoms  .  .  .  are  of  gnat  Talue 
for  working  up  in  bouquet*."— Field.  Oct.  8,  1885. 

(6)  To  stir  up,  to  excite,  to  raise,  to  agitate. 
"  This  lake  resembles  a  sea  when  worked  up  by 
storms."— A ddtion.    (Todd.) 

(c)  To  use  up  in  the  process  of  manufacture 
or  the  like ;  to  expend  or  utilize  in  any  work: 
as.  We  have  worked  up  all  our  material. 

(d)  To  expand,  to  enlarge,  to  elaborate :  as, 
To  work  up  an  article  or  story. 

(e)  To  learn   or  gain  a  knowledge  of  by 
study  :  as,  To  work  up  a  subject. 

*  (/)  To  exhaust  the  strength  or  energy  of 
by  too  heavy  or  continuous  toil ;  to  weary 
or  fatigue  by  hard  work  ;  to  wear  out. 


work,   *warke,   *  werk,    *  werke, 
*  WOOTk,  s.     [A.8.  weorc,  wore,  were;  cugn. 
with  Dut.  werk;  luel.  vtrk  ;  Dan.  t1  cerk  ;  sw. 
verk;  O.  H.  Ger.  werch,  werah;  Ger.  u-erfc.J 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Exertion  of  strength,  energy,  or  other 
faculty,  physical  or  mental ;  effort  or  activity 
directed  to  some  purpose  or  end  ;  toil,  labour, 
employment. 

"  All  at  her  work  the  village  maiden  tings. ** 

R.  aiffurd:  Contemplation, 

2.  The  matter  or  business  upon  which  one 
Is  engaged,  employed,  or  labouring  ;  that  upon 
which  labour  is  expended  ;   that  which  en- 
gages one's  time  or  attention  ;  any  business  or  L 
project  upon  which  one  is  employed  or  en- 
gaged ;  an  undertaking,  an  enterprise,  a  task. 

"  I  nave  work  in  hand  that  you  yet  know  not  of." 
Shaketp, :  Merchant  of  I'enire,  iii.  4. 

3.  That  which  is  done  ;  that  which  pmceeds 
from  agency;  an  action,  deed,  feat,  achieve- 
ment, or  performance  ;  an  act  done. 

"  Tha  icorkt  which  the  Father  hath  given  in*  to 
finish."— John  v.  86. 

4.  That  which  is  made,  manufactured,  or 
produced ;  an  article,  piece  of  goods,  fabric, 
or  structure  produced  ;  a  product  of  nature  or 
art. 

"  The  worker  from  the  work  distinct  was  known." 
Pope :  Euay  on  Alan,  lit.  229. 

5.  Specifically  applied  to, 

(1)  That  which  is  produced  by  mental  labour  ; 
a  literary  or  artistic  performance  or  composi- 
tion :  as,  the  works  of  Shakespeare. 

(2)  Embroidery ;  flowers  or  figures  worked 
with  the  needle ;  needlework. 

"  This  Is  some  minx's  token,  and  I  must  take  oat 
tbe  work."—Shake*p> :  Othello.  IT.  L 

(3)  An  extensive  engineering  structure,  as  a 
dock,  bridge,  embankment,  fortification,  or 
the  like. 

"  I  will  be  walking  on  the  workt.™ 

ShaJ&tp.;  VtfoUo,  iii.  2. 

6.  An  industrial  or  manufuc  taring  establish- 
tnent ;  an  establishment  where  labour  is  car- 
ried on  extensively  or   in  different  depart- 
ments; a  factory.    (Generally  in  the  plural: 
as,  gas-worts,  iron-works,  &c.) 

*  7.  Manner   of    working  ;     management, 
treatment. 

"  It  Is  pleasant  to  see  what  work  our  adversaria* 
make  with  this  iuuoceut  canon."— SCitfij«yfc«*. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Meek. :    The  overcoming  of  resistance; 
the  result  of  one  force  overcoming  another ; 
the  act  of  producing  a  change  of  configuration 
in  a  system  in  opposition  to  a  force  which 
resists  that  change.    In  England  the  unit  of 
work  is  taken  as  a  weight  of  one  pound  lifted 
one  foot. 

"Iti  all  cases  in  which  we  are  accustomed  to  speak 
of  wont  being  done— whether  by  men,  horse-power,  or 
steam-power,  and  however  various  the  product*  may 
be  in  dlflterent  cases—  the  physical  part  of  the  process 
consists  solely  in  producing  or  changing  motion,  or  in 
keeping  up  motion  In  opposition  to  resistance,  or  In  •> 
combination  of  these  actions."—  Atkinton;  Ganoti 
Phytlcf,  j.60. 

2.  Min. :  Ores  before  they  are  cleaned  or 
dressed. 

3.  Script.  £  Theol. :  In  Rom.  xi.  6,  work  is 
used  in  the  singular  as  opposed  to  grace; 
much  more  frequently  the    term    is  plural 
(works),  and  often  constitutes  an  antithesis- 
to  faith  (Rom.  iii.  27).   Sometimes  the  expres- 
sion is  "the  works  of  the  law"  (Rom.  ix.  32), 
also  "dead  works"  which  require  to  be  re- 
pented of  (Heb.  vi.  1,  ix.  14).    A  fundamental 
distinction  is  drawn  between  the  works  of  the 
flesh  (Gal.  v.  1&-21)  and  the  fruit    of    the 
spirit  (22-23).      The  Protestant  doctrine  is, 
that  man  is  justified  by  faith  made  manifest 
by  works  (Rom.  iii.  28,  cf.  James  ii.  17-26) 
but   is   ju.lged    by    works  (Matt.    xvi.   27; 
xxv.    31-46),  those  which  are  the   fruit   of 
faith  being  acceptable  to  God  (Rom.  vi.  1-23, 
viii.    1-4;  Heb.    xi.    5),    those   not    having 
this  origin  being  unacceptable  (Heb.  xi.   6). 
Cf.   the  twelfth,  thirteenth,   and  fourteenth 
of  the  Thirty-nine  Articles,  the   Confession 
of  Faith,  ch.  rvi.,  Ac.    A  controversy  arose 
in   the  sixteenth  century  on  the  necessity 
of  good  works  to  salvation.      Melanchthon 
was  accustomed  to  admit  this  necessity.    The 
more  rigid  Lutherans  considered  his  views  on 
the  subject  a  departure  from  those  of  their 
master.     Major,  in  1552,  defended  Melanch- 
thon's  opinion  against  Nicholas  Amsdorf,  who 
maintained  that  good  works  are  pernicious  to 
salvation.    Major  made  a  partial  retractation, 
and  in  1577  the  controversy  was  terminated 
by  the  Formula  of  Concord.    [FOBMULA.  s.. 
¥(2).] 


ffcte,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fan,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  AH;  try,  Syrian,    a,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


workable— world 


5219 


If  Work  is  the  general  term,  as  including 
that  which  calls  for  the  exertion  of  our 
•trength  :  labour  differs  from  it  in  the  degree 
of  exertion  required,  it  is  hard  work  ;  toil  ex- 
presses a  still  higher  degree  of  painful  exer- 
tion ;  drudgery  implies  &  mean  and  degrading 
work,  and  is  the  lot  of  those  lowest  in  society. 
Work  is  more  or  less  voluntary,  but  a  task  \a 
work  imposed  by  others. 

work-bag,  s.  A  small  bag  used  by  ladies 
In  which  to  keep  their  needlework,  &c. ;  a 
reticule. 

work  box,  *.  A  box  used  to  keep  small 
pieces  of  needlework,  and  fitted  with  a  tray 
to  contain  needles,  cotton,  oic. 

work-day,  ».    A  working-day  (q.v.Ji 

*  work-fellow,  s.     One  engaged  in  the 
•ame  work  with  another. 

"  Tlmotheos,  my  tmrk-/ellmot  and  Lucius,  Mlut* 
you."—  Romata  xvL  21. 

•work- folk,  work-folks,  i.  pi.  Per- 
sons engaged  in  manual  labour. 

••  Our  work-folia  like  farmer,  did  lire." 
Ballad,  quoted  In  Xacaalat:  BiA  Xng.,  oh.  ill. 

work-people, working-people, s.  pi. 

People  engaged  in  work  or  labour,  especially 
In  manual  labour. 

"  Very  tow  of  the  '  sweated '  work-people  of  London 

have  come  forward  to  assist    the    Committee.  —St. 

Jam*'!  Oajetre,  Aug.  4. 1888. 

work-table,  s.  A  small  table  containing 
drawers  and  other  conveniences  in  which 
ladies  keep  their  needlework,  cotton,  &C. 

Work'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  work  ;  -aW«.]  Capable 
of  being  worked  ;  fit  for  or  worth  working. 

M  Not  many  orders  at  workable  rates  were  laid  before 
spinners."— Daily  Chronicle,  Feb.  21. 1858. 

trork'-a-day,  *  work' -1-day, ».  io.  [Eng. 
•work,  and  day.} 

*  A.  A»  subst. :  A  working-day. 

"For  thy  sakel  finish tbuiwonHdoy."— Sen-Tonjim.- 
Ctue  it  Altered,  \v.  8. 

B.  As  adj. :  Working-day,  every-day ;  plod- 
ding, toiling. 

work  er,  *  werk-er,  * woroh-er, «.  [Eng. 

work ;  -er.J 

1.  Ord.    Lang.  :    One  who  or  that  which 
works,  performs,  acts,  or  does ;  a  labourer,  a 
toiler,  a  performer. 

"  He  was  a  worker  in  sllTer.*— fyfntMs  .•  A  Journey 
to  Plunder!  *  Holland. 

2.  Entom. :  The  same  as  NEOTEB,  B.  II.  8. 

•work'-ful,  a.    [Eng.  work,  and  -fall.]    Pull 
of  work  or  designed  for  work. 

"  Tou  saw  nothing  In  Cokctown.  but  what  was 
severely  work/at."— D'Kkent:  Bard  Timet,  ch.  v. 

work  house,  *  woorke-house,  s.    fEng. 

work  and  house.} 

•1.  A  house  for  work;  a  manufactory,  a 
factory. 

"Tboifl  employed  In  every  different  branch  of  the 
work  can  often  be  collected  into  the  same  wrkhoute, 
and  placed  at  ouoe  under  the  view  of  the  spectator. ' — 
Smith :  Wealth  of  Nation*,  bk.  i.,  clu  i. 

2.  A  house  In  which  paupers  are  lodged, 
and  those  of  them  who  are  able-bodied  are 
compelled  to  work.  Workhouses  were  origin- 
ally erected  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  in 
order  to  compel  rogues  and  vagabonds  to 
work  for  a  living.  They  have  since  then 
become  one  of  the  essentials  of  the  organization 
of  nations,  and  have  extended,  in  one  form  or 
•other,  throughout  Europe,  every  nation  of 
which  is  confronted  with  the  problem  of  the 
Incapable  pour.  In  the  United  States,  as  in 
Scotland,  they  are  usually  designated  poor- 
houses,  not  workhouses,  as  in  England.  Each 
state  has  Its  own  poor  laws,  and  each  is 
expected  to  care  for  its  own  poor,  a  poor-tax 
being  laid  for  their  support.  Any  American 
who  becomes  a  pauper  loses  the  rights  of 
citizenship.  The  Massachusetts  law,  which 
generally  represents  the  character  of  the 
poor-law  throughout  the  Union,  provides  for 
the  erection  of  township  poorhouses  for  the 
support  and  employment  of  all  indigent 
persons  who  are  a  charge  upon  the  town ; 
of  all  able-bodied  Indigent  persons  who  refuse 
to  work ;  of  all  who  lead  a  dissolute  vagrant 
life,  with  no  regular  business ;  and  others 
of  the  idle  and  vagrant  class.  Those  able  to 
work  may  be  required  to  do  so,  as  in  a  house 
of  correction.  The  American  system  is  marked 
by  definite  classification,  variety  of  work,  and 
liberal  diet.  Under  English  law  every  work- 
house  has  to  keep  a  register  of  religious 
creeds.  The  inmates  of  workhouses  are  not 


allowed  to  go  out  and  in  at  pleasure,  and  the 
able-bodied  are  compelled  to  work  when  re- 
quired. Married  persons  are  separated,  unless 
both  are  over  sixty  years  of  age.  Religious 
and  secular  instruction  is  supplied,  and  whole- 
some food  and  sufficient  clothing  provided. 
The  maintenance,  control,  and  sanitary  ap- 
pliances of  workhouses  are  under  the  control 
of  the  Poor-law  Board. 
3.  A  gaol,  a  house  of  correction. 

work'  Ing,  *  werk-ing,  *  worch-lng, 
•woroh-yng,  * worch-ynge,  "work- 
ynge,  pr,  par.,  a.,  &  s.  [WORK,  v.J 

A,  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adjective: 

1.  Engaged  in   work  ;  devoted   to  bodily 
labour  :  as,  the  working  classes. 

2.  Laborious,  Industrious  ;  diligent  In  one's 
calling. 

3.  Taking  an  active  part  in  a  business :  as, 
A  working  partner. 

4.  Connected  with   or  pertaining  to   the 
working  or  carrying  on  of  anything,  as  of  a 
business,  Ac. 

"  If  working  expenses  can  be  cut  down  without  sacri- 
noe  of  effklenoy.''-Ztattj(  Telegraph,  July  M,  1888. 

G.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  labouring ;  work,  labour. 

2.  Fermentation. 

3.  Movement,  operation. 

"  And  now  the  secret  worklngi  of  my  brain 
Stand  all  re  veal  "d."          Howe:  Royal  Convert,  T. 

4.  The  keeping  in  action  or  employment. 

"  The  remits  to  hand  of  tbe  first  mouth's  working." 
—DaUt  Chronicle,  Dec.  8,  1SS7. 

working-clan,  >.  A  collective  name 
for  those  who  earn  their  living  by  manual 
labour,  such  as  mechanics,  labourers,  &c., 
who  work  for  weekly  wages,  (Generally  used 
in  the  plural.) 

working-day,  «.  &  o. 

A*  As  substantive : 

1.  Any  day  upon  which  work  is  ordinarily 
performed,  as    distinguished  from   Sundays 
and  holidays. 

"  Will  you  have  me  ?  " 

••  No,  my  lord,  unless  I  might  have  another  for 
working-dart."— Shaketp.  :  Jfltch  Ado,  11. 1. 

2.  That  part  of  the  day  devoted  or  allotted 
to  work  or  labour  ;  the  time  each  day  in  which 
work  is  actually  carried  on :  as,  a  working-day 
of  eight  hours. 

B.  As  adj. :  Relating  to  days  upon  which 
work  is  done,  as  opposed  to  Sundays  and  holi- 
days; hence  every-day,  plodding,  ordinary, 
common. 

••  O  how  full  of  briars  Is  this  worMnp-day  world !  "— 
Shaketp.  :  At  You.  Like  It,  L  S. 

working-drawing,  «.  A  drawing  or 
plan,  as  of  the  whole  or  part  of  a  structure, 
machine,  or  the  like,  drawn  to  a  specified 
scale,  and  in  such  detail  as  to  form  a  guide 
for  the  construction  of  the  object  represented. 

••working-house,  «.  A  workshop,  a 
factory. 

"  In  the  quick  forge  and  working-home  of  thought. 
How  London  doth  jiour  out  her  citizens  ! " 

Statawf.:  Uenrg  I'.,  v.    (Introd.) 

working-man,  s.  One  who  lives  by 
manual  labour ;  a  mechanic. 

"  Discussion  and  declamation  about  the  condition  ol 
Vtit  working-man."— Macaulay:  Jlitt.  Kng.,  en.  111. 

working-party,  >. 

Mil. :  A  party  of  soldiers  told  off  to  some 

S'ece  of  work  foreign  to  their  ordinary  duties. 
en  so  employed  receive  a  small  sura,  gene- 
rally fourpence,  extra  daily. 
working-point,  «. 
Mitch. :  That  part  of  a  machine  at  which  the 
effect  required  is  produced. 
work-less,  o.    [Eng.  work  ;  -Z«s».J 

1.  Without  work ;  having  no  work  to  do 
unemployed. 

"  The  workbu,  tbe  thriftless,  and  the  worthless."— 
Contemporary  Retiew,  Feb..  1888. 

*2.  Without  works;  not  carried  out  or 
exemplified  by  works. 

"  It  speakBth  nlaynty  against  his  ydle  wvrkelcue 
falth."-5i>-  T.  More:  Workei,  p.  411. 

work" -man,    *wark-man,    *werke- 
man,  s.  '[Eng.  work,  and  man.] 

1.  Any  man  employed  in  work  or  labour 
especially,  one  engaged  in  manual  labour ;  L 
toiler,  a  labourer,  a  worker.     The  term  is 
often  restricted   to  handicraftsmen,  as  me 


chanics.  artisans,  &c.,  so  as  to  ercluae  un- 
skilled labourers,  farm  hands,  &c. 

"  Tbe  workman  worthy  is  his  hire." 

Chaucer  :  0.  T.,  T.SBS. 

2.  Used  by  way  of  eminence  to  designate  • 
skilful  artificer  or  operator. 

work  man-like,  *  worke -man  like,  a. 

&  adv.     [Kng.  workman;  -like.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Like  or  becoming  »  skilful 
workman ;  skilful,  well-performed,  made,  o» 
done. 

B.  As  adv. :  Workmanly  (q.v.). 

"  fThey]  doe  lagge  their  flesh,  both  legges,  armes 
and  bodies,  as  workemanlike,  as  a  Jerkiutuaker  w^tb 
vspiuketb  a  lerkln."  —  ffacklugt;  I'oyaget.  vol.  ut.. 
p.  604. 

work'-man-ly,  o.  &adr.    [Eng.  workman  ; 

-iy.\ 

A.  As  adj. :  Workmanlike  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  skilful  or  workmanlikt 
manner.    (P.  Holland :  Plutarch,  p.  l»l  > 

work'- man-ship,  *  werke-man-shyp, 

a.     [Eng.  workman;  -ship.] 

1.  The  art  or  skill  of  a  workman  ;  the  exe- 
cution or  manner  of  making  anything  ;  opera- 
tive skill. 

"  A  silver  urn  that  full  six  measures  held. 
By  none  In  weight  or  vorfeNolisUp  excell'd. 

Pope:  Homer;  /MorfxxilL  8M. 

2.  The  result  or  objects  produced  by  a  work- 
man, artificer,  or  operator. 

"  Tbe  Immediate  warkma*Mp  of  Ood.'—Kaltigln 
XMoriofthe  World. 

*  work' -mas  tcr,    •  work  mais  ter,    «. 

[Eng.  work,  and  master.]    The  author,  pro- 
ducer, designer,  or  performer  of  a  work,  es- 
pecially of  a  great  or  important  work  ;  a  per- 
son well  skilled  in  work  ;  a  skilful  workman. 
41  Fair  angel,  thy  desire,  which  tends  to  know 
The  works  of  God,  thereby  la  glorify 
The  great  workmatter,  leads  to  no  excess." 

JIUKat  :  P.  /,.,  ill.  fM. 

*  work'-mls-trSss,  *  worke-miB-tregBO, 

s.  [Eng.  work,  and  mistress.]  A  female  au- 
thor, designer,  producer,  or  performer  of  any 
work. 

"  Dame  Nature  (the  mother  and  vHrrkemiitreite  of 
all  things)."—/".  Holland  :  Plinle,  bk.  xxxL,  en.  1. 

work'-room,  ».  [Eng.  work,  and  room.]  A 
room  in  a  house  or  factory  in  which  women 
are  employed. 

"  It  Is  not  nnfreqnently  the  case  that  In  small, 
unhealthy  workroom*  women  have  to  work  for  mors 
than  fourteen  hours  pel  diem."—  Pall  UaU  Oatelti, 
Nov.  16, 1887. 

work'-shSp,  «.  [Eng.  work,  and  thop.i  A 
shop  or  building  where  a  workman,  mechanic, 
or  artificer,  or  a  number  of  them,  carry  OR 
their  work  ;  a  place  where  any  work  or  handi- 
craft is  carried  on. 

t  National  Workshop:  [NATIOHAL- WORK- 
SHOP]. 

*  work  s6me,  o.     [Eng.  work,  -tome.]    In- 
dustrious. 

"  So.  through  seas  of  blood,  to  equality,  frugality, 
umrtuome  blessedness."— Cartel  French  Kevol.,  pt. 
ill.,  bk.  vi..  ch.  vi, 

work  -wom-an,  s.    [Eng.  work,  and  woman.] 
1.  A  woman  who  performs  or  is  engaged  in 

any  work. 
•2.  A    woman    skilled    in     needlework. 

(Spenser.) 

*  work'-y-day,  s.  &  a.     [A  corruption  of 
working-day  (q.v.).] 

A.  Assnbst. :  A  day  devoted  to  the  ordinary 
business  of  life ;  a  working-day. 

••  Holydays,  If  haply  she  were  gone, 
Like  toorkydan,  I  wlsh'd  would  soon  be  done." 

Gay:  Shepherd's  Week;  Monday. 

B.  As  adj. :  Working-day  ;  plodding,  pro- 
saic, ordinary. 

world,  'werld,  "worlde.  *werd, 
•ward,  *wordle,  «.  [A. 8.  weoruld, 
iceorold,  woruld,  worold,  world ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  wereld ;  Icel.  verold;  l>an.  'seraen ; 
8w.  verld;  O.  H.  Ger.  weralt,  werold; 
M.  H.  Ger.  merit;  Ger.  welt.  The  cognate 

forms  show  clearly  that  the  word  is  * r~» 

site  one.  It  is  composed  of  IceL  txrr; 
O.  H.  Ger.  vxr;  A.S.  wer;  Goth,  rw.ir  =  « 
man  ;  cogn.  with  Lat.  vir  =  a  man  •  and  of 
IceL  old;  A.8.  yldo  =  an  age ;  M.  Eng.  elde  = 
old  age  .  .  .  Thus  the  right  sense  is  "age  of 
man,  or  "course  of  life,  experience  of  life, 
usages  of  life,"  &c-  (Sfcotf.)] 


MO,  W>y;  i»6ut,  J6wl;  cat,  9011,  chorns,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejist. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -Hon  =  8hun ;  -tloa,  -flon  =  zhftn.   -clous,  -tloug,  -sious  =  «hu».   -ble,  -die,  fcc.  =  bel,  del. 


6220 


world— worm 


1.  The  whole  system  of  created  things  ;  the 
whole  creation  ;  the  universe  ;  all  created 
txistence. 

"  The  world  hath  euding  with  thy  life." 

Shaketp.  :  Venut  i  Adonit,  11 

y.  Any  celestial  orb  or  planetary  body,  es- 
pecially considered  as  peopled,  and  as  the 
icene  of  interests  kindred  to  those  of  mankind. 

"  Before  his  presence,  at  whoee  awful  throne 
Ail  tremble  in  all  vorldt,  except  our  own." 

Ctmper:  Conpertation,  fteu 

3.  The  earth  and  all  created  things  thereon  ; 
the  terraqueous  globe. 

"  So  he  the  mrld 
Built  on  circumfluous  waters  calm." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  vll.  270. 

4.  That  portion  of  the  globe  which  is  known 
to  any  one,  or  is  contemplated  by  any  one  ;  a 
large  portion  or  division  of  the  globe  :  as, 
the  Old  World  (=the  Eastern  hemisphere), 
the  New  World  (=  the  Western  hemisphere). 

•6.  A  part  of  the  earth  ;  a  country,  a  re- 
gion, a  district 

"Where  am  I?  where  's  my  lord?  what  worfcffa  thUr 
ShtLkap.  :  Perietal,  ill.  2. 

6.  The  earth  considered  as   the  scene  of 
man's  present   existence,   or  the    sphere  of 
human  action  ;  the  present  state  of  existence. 

"  That  waa  the  true  light  which  llghteth  every  man 
that  Cometh  into  the  world."  -John  I  ft 

7.  Any  state  or  sphere  of  existence  ;  any 
wide  scene  of  life  or  action:   as,  a  future 
world,  the  world  to  come. 

8.  The  inhabitants  of  this  world  in  general  ; 
humanity,  mankind  ;  the  human  race. 

"  On*  touch  of  nature  makes  the  whole  world  kin.* 
SAoAeip.  :  Troilut  Jt  Crettida,  lit  3. 

9.  People  generally  ;  the  public  ;  society  ; 
the  people  amongst  whom  we  live. 

"  The  world  will  hold  thee  In  disdain." 

shaketp.  :  r«ttia  *  Adonit,  7«1. 

10.  A  certain  class,  section,  or  portion  of 
mankind  considered  as  a  separate  or  indepen- 
dent whole  ;  a  number  or  body  of  people  united 
in  a  common  faith,  aim,  interest,  pursuit,  or 
the  like  :  as,  the  religious  world,  the  heathen 
mrld,  the  literary  world. 

11.  Public  or  social  life  ;  intercourse  with 
one's  fellow-men  ;  society. 

"  Hence  banished,  is  hanlabed  from  the  world." 

Shateif.  :  linmta  t  Juliet,  ill  1. 

12.  That  which  pertains  to  the  earth  or  to  the 
presentstate  of  existence  only  ;  secular  affairs  ; 
•  secular  life  ;  the  concerns  of  this  life,  as 
distinguished  from  those  of  the  life  to  come  : 
worldly  pursuits  or  interests. 


13.  That  portion  of  mankind  which  fa  de- 
TOted  to  worldly  or  secular  affaire  ;  those  who 
are  exclusively  interested  in  the  affairs  of  this 
life  ;  people  who  are  concerned  merely  for  the 
interests  and  pleasures  of  this  life  ;  the  un- 
godly or  nnregenerate  portion  of  mankind. 

**  I  pray  not  for  the  world,  but  for  them  which  thou 
hut  given  me,"—  John  xvli.  B. 

14.  The  ways  and  manners  of  mankind  ;  the 
habits,  customs,  and  usages  of  society  ;  social 
life  in  its  various  aspects. 

"  To  know  the  world  f  a  modem  phraM 
For  Yisits,  ombre,  ball*,  and  plays." 

SicVt     (Todd,} 

15.  A  course  of  life  ;  a  career. 

••  Perrons  of  conscience  will  he  afraid  to  begin  the 
World  unjustly."—  Riehardton:  Claritta. 

16.  The    current  of  events,  especially  as 
Affecting  an  individual;  circumstances,  affairs, 
particularly  those  closely   relating  to  one's 
•elf.    (Colloq.) 

"  How  goee  the  world  with  thee  T  " 

ShaXetp.  :  Richard  III.,  lit  S. 

17.  Any  sphere  of  more  or  less  complexity 
or  development,  characterized  by  harmony, 
order,  or  completeness  ;  anything  forming  an 
organic  whole  ;  a  microcosm. 

"  In  his  little  world  of  man." 

Shaketp.  :  Lear,  HL  1. 

18.  Sphere  ;  domain  ;  province  ;  region  :  as. 
he  world  of  letters,  the  world  of  art. 

19.  Used  as  an  emblem  of  immensity  ;  a 
great  number,  quantity,  degree,  or  measure, 

**  A  world  of  torment*  though  I  should  endure." 
ShaXetp-  :  Level  Labour  t  Lott,  v.  3. 

20.  Used  in  emphatic  phrases,  and  expressing 
wonder,  astonishment,  surprise,   perplexity, 
or  the  like  :  as,  What  in  the  world  am  I  to  do  ? 
How  in  the  world  shall  I  get  there  ? 

^  1.  All  the  world,  The  whole  world: 

(1)  The  whole  area  of  the  earth. 

"All  the  world  '•  a  stage." 

MaXctp.  :  A*  you  LUu  It,  11  7. 

(2)  The  sum  of  all  that  the  world  contains  ; 


the  representative  or  equivalent  of  all  worldly 
possessions  :  as.  She  is  all  the  world  to  me. 
(3)  Mankind  collectively  ;  everybody. 

"  Tis  the  duke's  pleasure, 
Whoee  disposition,  all  the  world  well  knows, 
Will  not  be  rubb'd  nor  stopp'd." 

Ma*«*p.  .•  Lear,  iL  2. 

2.  All  the  world  and  his  wife:  Everybody; 
sometimes  =  everybody  worth  mentioning. 

"  There  was  all  the  world  and  hit  wife."— Swift 
Polite  Convertation,  convera.  lit 

3.  For  all  the  world :    In  comparisons  = 
exactly,  precisely,  in  all  respects. 

"  He  was.  .for  all  the  world,  exactly  like  ft  forked 
»dieh. "—  Khakeip.  :  Z  Henry  1 1'.,  iii.  2. 

*  4.  It  is  a  u-orld  to  see ;  It  is  a  treat  to  see. 

"  Tit  a  world  to  tee  .  .  ,  how  tame  a  meacock  wretch 
c*n  make  the  curstest  shrew."— ShaXesp. :  Tamiiia  of 
the  Shrew,  iL 

5.  Rose  of  the  World: 

Bot.:  Camellia  japonica.    [CAMELLIA.) 

6.  The  world's  end :   The  most  remote  or 
distant  part  of  the  earth. 

*  7.  To  go  to  the  world :  To  get  married. 

"  Thai  goct  every  one  to  the  world,  but  I— I  may  sit 
In  a  corner,  and  cry,  heigh-ho  for  a  husband."— 
Shatottp. :  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  U.  L 

U  Hence  the  phrase  a  woman  of  the  world  = 
a  married  woman.  (Shakesp. :  As  You  Like  It, 
v.  3.) 

8.  World  without  end ;  To  all  eternity ; 
eternally,  everlastingly. 

U  Used  adjectively  by  Shakespeare  =  inft 
nite,  endless. 

"  Nor  dare  I  chide  the  vorld-wUhout-end  hour." 
Bonnet  57. 

World -English,  *.  The  name  given  by 
Mr.  Melville  Bell  to  a  new  phonetic  system  of 
spelling  the  English  language,  so  as  to  render 
its  acquirement  by  foreigners  more  easy,  and 
to  mate  it  available  for  international  use. 

"The  author  hat,  therefore,  endearoured  to  make 
hU  '  World-£nftith'»*  little  unlike  '  literary  English  ' 
M  possible  (even  making  considerable  sacrifices  of 
phonetic  precision  for  this  purpose),  »o  that  the 
transition  from  .he  one  to  the  other  may  be  rendcrtd 
easier."— Athenaeum,  Sept  1,  1888,  p.  287. 

•world-hardened,  a.  Hardened  in 
heart  by  the  love  of  worldly  things. 

*  world-sharer,  s.    One  of  a  company 
of  persons  who  have  divided  the  sovereignty 
of  the  world  between  them.    (Special  coinage.) 
Applied  to  the  triumvirs  Antony,  Caesar,  and 
Lepidus. 

"  These  three  world-tharert,  these  competitors," 
Shaketp.  :  A  tUony  A  Cleopatra,  i  L  7. 

world  snake,  *. 

Anthrop. :  The  Jtf idhgards'ormr,  an  enormous 
serpent  which,  according  to  the  Edda,  lies 
in  the  deep  sea,  biting  its  own  tail,  and 
encircling  the  earth. 

world-tree,  *. 

Anthrop. :  A  mythical  ash  (askr  Yggdrasils), 
which  in  Scandinavian  mythology  is  supposed 
to  link  hell,  earth,  and  heaven  together.  Some 
writers  see  in  this  myth  a  distortion  of  the 
Story  of  the  Cross,  but  the  translator  of 
Grimm  (Deut.  Myth.  iL  798)  says  "  it  were  a 
far  likelier  theory,  that  floating  heathen  tra- 
ditions of  the  world-tree,  soon  after  the  con- 
version in  Germany,  France,  or  England, 
attached  themselves  to  an  object  of  Christian 
faith  just  as  heathen  temples  and  holy  places 
were  converted  into  Christian  ones." 

*  world-wearied,  a.    Wearied  or  tired 
of  this  world. 

"  And  shake  the  yoke  of  Inauspicious  stars 
From  this  world-wearied  flesh." 

Bhaketp. :  Jtomeo  A  Juliet,  v.  8. 

World-Wide,  a.  Extending  over  or  per- 
vading all  the  world;  widely  spread;  as, 
world-wide  fame. 

•  world,  v.t.  (WORLD,  *.]  To  Introduce  into 
the  world. 

"  Like  lightning,  it  can  strike  the  child  In  the 
womb,  and  kill  it  ere  'tis  worlded,  when  the  mother 
snail  remain  uuhurt."— Fcltham :  Retolvet,  lix.  1. 

world  II  ness.  *  world  lynes,  s.  [Eng. 
worldly  ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
worldly,  or  of  being  devoted  to  temporal  gain, 
advantage,  or  pleasure  ;  an  unduly  strong 
passion  or  craving  for  the  good  things  of  this 
world,  to  the  exclusion  of  a  desire  for  the 
good  things  of  the  world  to  come ;  worldly- 
mindedness. 

"  Supposing  we  lire  clear  both  of  w,rldlinett  and 
vanity,  still  what  cau  we  answer  with  respect  to  plea- 
sure? —Sector.-  Sermon*,  vol.  iv  ,  Mr.  l. 

world- ling,  *  worlde  -  ling.  «.  [Eng. 
world;  'ling.]  One  who  is  devoted  exclusively 


to  the  affairs  and  interests  of  this  world  ,  one- 
whose  whole  mind  is  bent  on  gaining  temporal 
possessions,  advantages,  or  pleasures ;  one 
whose  thoughts  are  entirely  taken  up  with 
the  affairs  of  this  world  to  the  exclusion  of 
those  of  the  world  to  come. 

"The  heart  most 

Leap  kindly  back  to  kindness,  though  disgust 
Hatn  wean'd  it  from  all  w,  rldlingt 

Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  iii.  M. 

world'-ly,  a.  &  adv.    [A.S.  weoruldlic.} 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating   to    the    present 
world  or  to  the  present  state  of  existence : 
temporal,  secular,  human. 

"  Secure  from  worldly  chancee  and  mishap*." 

ShaXetp. ;  Titut  Andronicut,  i.  1 

2.  Devoted  to,  interested  in,  or  connected 
with  the  present  world,  its  affairs,  interests, 
cares,  or  enjoyments,  to  the  exclusion  of  those 
of  the  world  to  come  ;  desirous  of  temporal 
advantages,  gain,  or  enjoyments  only ;  earl  lily, 
as  opposed  to  heavenly  or  spiritual ;  carnal  ;. 
sordid.    (Said  of  persons  and  things.) 

"  The  manifesto,  indecent  and  intolerant  as  wan  it* 
tone,  was.  in  the  view  of  these  fanatics,  a  cownraiy 
and  worldly  performance."— Jtacaulay  :  Six.  Et,g,, 

*  B.  As  adv. :  In  a  worldly  manner :  with. 
relation  to  this  life. 

worldly-minded,  a.     Devoted  to  the- 

acquisition  of  worldly  or  temporal  possessions, 
gain,  or  pleasures  ;  carnal-minded. 

worldly-mindedness,  s.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  worldly-minded  ;  an  unduly 
strong  passion  or  craving  for  the  good  things 
of  this  life  to  the  exclusion  of  piety  and  atten- 
tion to  spiritual  concerns. 

"  We  are  full  of  wortdly-mindedneu."— Bp.  Sander- 
Ion  :  Sermon*,  p.  148, 

Worldly-wise,  a.  Wise  with  regard  to- 
matters  of  the  world.  (Usually  in  a  deprecia- 
tory sense.) 

"  The  Inexperienced  bride  io  taught  by  her  worldly- 
wit*  instructress  how  to  get  her  way.  —  St,  Jtm.,:-! 
Gazette,  Jan,  24, 1688. 

worm,  *  worme,  *.  &  a.  [A.S.  wyrm.  =  a 
worm,  a  snake,  a  dragon  ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
worm  ;  I  eel.  ormr  ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  orm  (for  vorm) ; 
Ger.  wurm;  Goth,  waurms ;  Lat.  vermw; 
Lith.  kirmis  =  a  worm  ;  O.  Ir.  crium  —  a 
worm  ;  Ir.  criumt—A  maggot;  Sansc.  krimi 
=  a  worm  (whence  crimson  and  carmine).  AT* 
initial  guttural  has  been  lost) 

A.  As  substantive : 

"L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Literally: 

*  (1)  Applied  to  creeping  things  of  all  sorti ; 
a  reptile,  n  serpent,  a  snake. 

"There  came  a  viper  out  of  the  heat  and  leapt  on 
ols  band.  When  the  men  of  the  country  saw  the 
worm  hang  on  his  hand,  thev  said.  This  man  must 
needs  be  a  murderer."—  Tyndale;  Actt  xxvin.  a,  4. 

(2)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

(3)  Applied  loosely  to  any  small  creeping 
animal,  entirely  wanting  feet,  or  having  veiy 
short  ones,  including  the  larvae  or  grubs  of 
certain  insects,  as  caterpillars,  maggots,  &c. ; 
intestinal  parasites,  as  the  tapeworm,  thread- 
worm, &c. ;  certain  lacertilians,  as  the  bliud- 
worm.  &c. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  Used  as  an  epithet  of  scorn,  disgust,  or 
contempt,  sometimes  of  contemptuous  pity  ;. 
a  poor,  grovelling,  debased,  despised  creature. 

"  Poor  worm,  thou  art  infected." 

8hake»fi. :  Tempest,  lit.  l. 

(2)  Applied  to  one  who  silently,  slowly,  and 
persistently  works  or  studies;  as,  a  book  worm. 

(3)  Applied  to  something  that  slowly  and 
silently  eats  or  works  its  way  internally  to  the' 
destruction  or  pain  of  the  object  affected :  as — 

(a)  The  emblem  of  corruption,  decay,  or 
death. 

"  Thus  chides  she  Death, 

Grim -grinning  ghost,  earth's  worm,  what  dost  thou 
mean?"  Shatetp. :  I'enut  *  Adonit,  933. 

(6)  An  emblem  of  the  gnawing  torments  of 
conscience ;  remorse. 

"The  worm  of  conscience  still  begnaw  thy  soul." 
Shaketp. ;  Richard  HI.,  i.  8, 

(4)  Anything  resembling  a  worm  in  appear- 
ance, especially  when  in  motion;   anything    . 
vermicular  or  spiral :  as— 

(a)  The  spiral  of  a  corkscrew, 

(6)  The  thread  on  the  shaft  or  core  of  a  screw. 

(c)  A  sharp-pointed  spiral  tool,  used  for 
boring  soft  rock  ;  that  which  is  too  hard  to  1-e 
pierced  by  the  auger,  but  not  hard  enough  to 
require  the  jumper. 


Kate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or,  wore,  won,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  oe  -  e ;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


worm— wormwood 


5221 


(d)  A  spiral  wire  on  the  end  of  the  ramrod 
or  rammer,  for  withdrawing  a  charge  ;  a  wad- 
hook. 

(e)  A  spiral  pipe  in  a  condenser ;  a  continu- 
ation of  the  neck  or  beak. 

(/)  A  small  vermicular  ligament  under  the 
tongue  of  a  dog.  This  ligament  is  frequently 
.cut  out  when  the  animal  is  young,  for  the 
purpose  of  checking  a  disposition  to  gnaw  at 
.everything.  The  operation  was  formerly  sup- 
l>uvd  to  check  rabies  or  madness. 

••  In  does  .  .  the  worm  may  help  by  its  elasticity , 
and  that  of  Ms  sheath,  in  the  act  o(  lapping/— Owen  : 
Antit,,my  of  rtrtebrattt,  iii.  197. 

H.  Technically: 

1  Zool. :  Any  individual  of  the  phylum 
Vermes  (q.v.).  They  differ  greatly  in  out- 
w;ud  appearance,  and  in  habits,  and  very 
many  are  parasitic  in  other  animals.  They 
do  not  move  by  means  of  articulated  limbs, 
nor  is  the  body  jointed  like  that  of  a  crusta- 
•cean  or  an  insect.  But  whatever  shape  the 
body  may  assume,  it  is  composed  of  incom- 
plete segments,  the  majority  of  which  are 
similar,  and  is  more  or  less  ringed  externally. 
"The  segments  are  provided  with  offensive  and 
locomotive  organs  on  both  sides,  and  usually 
with,  a  special  excretory  organ  opening  from 
within.  There  is  a  water-system  communicat- 
ing with  the  perivisceral  cavity  and  with  the 
outside.  The  digestive  system  is  often  fairly 
developed,  but  in  some  parasites  it  is  want- 
ing and  these  are  nourished  by  absorption 
through  the  body  walls.  A  kind  of  circula- 
tory system  is  sometimes  present,  as  are 
.special  organs  of  respiration,  such  as  the 
branchial  filaments  of  the  Terebellidas;  but 
both  are  also  often  absent.  The  nervous  system 
may  consist  of  a  cord  round  the  oesophagus, 
wifli  ganglia  above  and  below,  and  a  gangli- 
on!'; cord  along  the  ventral  surface  within ; 
or  there  may  be  but  faint  traces  of  the  sys- 
tem. Sense-organs  may  exist  in  a  rudiment- 
ary condition.  The  organs  and  structures  of 
the  body  are,  to  a  great  extent,  the  same  on 
both  sides,  and  hence  there  is  bilateral  sym- 
metry. 

2.  Pathol. :  Many  species  of  intestinal 
worms  infest  the  human  frame.  The  chief 
•PI  Trichocephalus  dispar,  the  Long  Thread- 
worm [TBICHOCEPHALUS]  ;  Ascaris  lumbri- 
eoi-les,  the  Large  Round  Worm  [ASCARIS]; 
Oxyuris  vermicularis  [OZTUBIS],  the  Small 
Threadworm,  Sclerostoma,  or  Anchylostoma 
duodenal*  [SCLEROSTOMA)  ;  Tania  folium,  T. 
mediocanellata,  and  BoOmocephalus  latua  [TAPE- 
WORM]. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  worms ; 
produced  by  worms  :  as,  worm  fever. 

i       worm-bark, ».    [SURINAM-BAR*-! 
worm  burrow,  «. 
deal. :  [SOOLITE]. 
worm-cast,  ».    A  small  Intestine-shaped 
mass  of  earth  voided,  often  on  the  surface  of 
•the  ground,  by  the  earthworm  after  all  the 
•digestible  matter  has  been  extracted  from  it. 

*  worm-eat,  ».(.    To  gnaw  or  perforate, 
as  worms  do  ;  hence,  to  impair  by  a  slow,  in- 
sidious process. 

••  Leave  off  these   vanities  which  worm-eof  your 
brain.'— /arris  :  Bon  O.UIZOM.  pt.  IL.  bk.  lv.,  oh.  x. 

*  worm-eat,  a.    Worm-eaten,  old,  worth 
less. 

"  Worm-tat  stories  of  old  times.'* 


worm-eaten,  •  worme  oaten,  a. 
1.  Lit. :  Gnawed  by  worms ;  having  a  num- 
ter  of  internal  cavities  made  by  worms. 

1 '  A  linondee  seemy  ng  drle  without  and  vourmt-tatfn 
within."— eoUen  So**,  lit.  Ir. 

*  2.  Fig, :  Old,  worn-out,  worthless. 

"Things  among  the  Greeks,  which  Antiquity  had 
worn  out  of  knowledge,  were  called  ogygia,  which  we 
call  worm-eaten,  or  of  defaced  date."— Raleigh :  Ilitt 
atll*  WorU. 

•  worm  eatenness,  «.    The  quality  or 
-state  of  being  worm-eaten  ;  rottenness. 

worm-fence,  s.    A  zigzag  fence  made  by 
f  lacing  the  ends  of  the  rails  upon  each  other 
sometimes  called  a  snake-fence. 

worm  -fever,  «.  A  popular  name  for  in 
fltntile  remittent  fever. 

worm-gear,  >. 

Much. :  A  combination  consisting  of  an  end 
less  screw  and  spirally-toothed  wheel ;  usec 
for  transmitting  rotary  motion  from  one  shaft 
to  another,  placed  at  right  angles  to  it. 


worm-grass,  «. 

Botany : 

1.  The  genus  Splgelia  (q.v.),  specially  S. 
murilandica,  a  native  of  ths  Southern  States. 
IU  root  (Pink  Boot)  is  purgative,  narcotic, and 
poisonous,  and  is  used  as  a  vermifuge. 

2.  Sedumalbum,  a  stonecrop  with  the  flower- 
less  stems  prostrate,  the  flowering  one,  which 
is  six  or  ten  inches  long,  erect,  the  flowers  in 
cymes,  white. 

worm-hole,  i.  A  hole  made  by  the 
gnawing  of  a  worm. 

"Piek'd  from  the  worm-Tkrffi  of  long-vanish'd  days." 
AViafcij'. :  jr«nnr  V.,  iL  4. 

worm-like,  a.  Resembling  a  worm ; 
vermicular,  spiral. 

worm-oil,  «.  An  oil  obtained  from  the 
seeds  of  Chenopodium  anthelminticum.  It  is  a 
powerful  anthelmiutic. 

worm-powder,  ».  A  powder  used  for 
expelling  worms  from  the  intestinal  canal,  or 
other  cavities  of  the  body. 

worm-safe,  s.  An  apparatus  to  enable 
the  specific  gravity  of  spirits  to  be  ascer- 
tained, as  they  flow  from  the  still,  without 
withdrawing  any  portion  thereof. 

worm-Shaped,  a.    Vermicular  (q.v.X 
Worm-shaped  caterpillar! :  [VERMIFOHMES]. 

worm-shell, «. 

Zool. :  Any  species  of  the  genus  Vermetus, 
so  called  from  their  long,  twisted  shape. 

worm-tea,  *.  A  decoction  of  some  plant, 
generally  a  bitter  plant,  used  as  an  anthel- 
mintic. 

worm-track,  ». 

Geol.  of  Palaxnt. :  [HEUcurrHin,  LITHICH- 

NOZOAj. 

worm-wheel, «. 

Mach. :  A  wheel  which  gears  with  an  end- 
less screw  or  worm,  either  receiving  or  im- 
parting motion. 

worms  -  meat,  *  wormosmeate,  «. 
Dead  flesh ;  carrion. 

"  How  in  a  bit  of  wormes-meo**  canst  thou  ralgne  ?  " 
Cartel :  Jfiuel  SlKrifct,  p.  U. 

worm,  r.i.  *  l.    (WORM,  ».] 

A,  Intransitive : 

L  To  advance  by  wriggling. 

"  And  worming  all  about  his  soul  they  clung." 
0.  Fletcher :  CArijc'l  Triumph. 

*  2.  To  work  slowly,  gradually,  and  secretly. 

"  Sly.  sneaking,  vermin;  souls." 

Uoyd:  Charity. 

If  In  this  sense  often  used  reflexively  to 
signify  a  slow,  insidious,  or  insinuating  pro- 
gress :  as,  To  worm  one's  self  into  favour. 

B.  Transitive: 

I  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  To  free  from  worms. 

"  The  weeding  and  worming  of  every  bed.  •-MUM. 


;  potlt,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  e-flst,    ph  =  t 

-«ian,  -tlan  =  shaa.   -tlon,  -slon  =  shun;  -tion,  -slon  =  zhfin,    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shits.   -We,  -die,  te.  =  beL  del. 


j     tin, 
-ci 


*  2.  To  effect  by  slow,  insidious,  or  stealthy 
means;  specifically,  to  extract,  remove,  or 
expel,  or  the  like,  by  underhand  means  con- 
tinued perseveringly.  (Generally  with  from 
or  out.) 

"  They  find  themselves  wormed  our  of  all  power  by 
a  new  spawn  of  independent*/ — Svnft. 

3.  To   cut   the  vermicular  ligament  from 
under  the  tongue  of.  [WORM,  A.  I.  2.  (4)  (/).] 

"  Every  one  that  keepeth  a  dog  should  have  him 
wormed.'—  Mortimer:  Siubandry. 

4.  To  remove  the  charge,  &c.,  from,  as  from 
a  gun,  cannon,  &c.,  by  means  of  a  worm. 
[WORM,  s.,  A.  I.  2(4)(d).] 

II.  Naut. :  To  wind  rope,  yarn,  or  other  ma- 
terial, spirally  round,  between  the  strands  of, 
as  of  a  cable  ;  or  to  wind  with  spun  yarn,  as 
a  smaller  rope ;  an  operation  performed  for 
the  purpose  of  rendering  the  surface  smooth 
for  parcelling  and  serving. 

wormed,  a.  [Eng.  worm;  -ed.}  Bored  or 
penetrated  by  worms ;  worm-eaten. 

wor'-ml-a,  s.  [Named  after  Olaus  Wormlus, 
M.D.,  a  "Danish  philosopher  and  naturalist 
(1588-1664).] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Dillenese.  Trees  with 
large  thick  leaves,  entire  or  toothed,  and  ra 
cemes  of  yellow  or  white  flowers.  Known 
species  eight,  ranging  from  Madagascar  to 
Australia.  The  nuta  of  WoraiAa,  tria.uetra,  a 
Ceylonese  tree,  yield  an  oil. 


plai 
be  : 


wor   ml  an,  o.     (WORMIA.)     Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  discovered  by  Wormius. 

wormlan-bones,  &  pi. 

Anat. :  [TRIQUETRA]. 

worm' -ing,  «.    [Eng.  worm;  -ing.] 

1.  Naut. :  Pilling  up  the  spaces  between  the 
strands  of  rope  v,  ith  spun-yarn  ;  the  material 
used  in  the  operation.    [WORM,  v.,  II.) 

2.  The  turning  of  the  thread  on  the  barrel 
of  a  wood-screw. 

worming  pot,  >. 

Pottery :  A  pot  for  the  ornamentation  of 
pottery  in  the  lathe,  by  the  exudation  of 
colour  upon  the  ware  as  it  rotates. 

*  worm'-ish,  a.     [Eng.  worm;  -ith.}    Worm- 
like. 

"In  such  a  'shadow,  or  rather  pit  of  darknesa,  tna 
uorml*  mankind  lives."-S«n«».  Arcadia,  p.  «M> 

*  worm' -ling,  *.    lEug.  worm,  s. ;  ditnin.  suflf. 
•ling.]     A  diminutive  from  worm  ;   a  littlt) 
worm  :  hence,  a  weak,  mean,  despicable  crea- 
ture. 

"  A  dusty  wrmlingf  dost  thou  strive  and  stand 
With  heaven's  high  Monarch  1" 

Sylvester;  Liu  Bantu;  The  Impottun, 

worm'-seed,  >.    [Eng.  worm,  and  seed.] 

Bot.  *  Comm. :  A  name  applied  to  various 
nts,  the  seeds  of  which  are  considered  to 
anthelmintic,  spec. : 

1.  Artemisia  maritima,  a  composite  with 
the  leaves  white  and  cottony  beneath,   th« 
flower-heads  cottony.    It  grows  in  Britain,  in 
India,  &c.     The  heads  are  used  in  India  as 
anthelmintics,  deobstruents,  and  stomachic 
tonics.  Poultices  made  from  them  are  applied 
to  relieve  the  pain  caused  by  the  stings  of 
insects. 

2.  Artemisa  Santonica,  a  Siberian  specie* 
which  furnishes  Santonin  (q.v.). 

3.  Artemisia  t'ahliana.    The  flower  heads  of 
A.  judaica  and  other  Artemisias  are  similarly 
used. 

4.  Ambrina  anthelmintica :  [AMBRINA]. 

5.  Erysimvm  cheiranthoides :  [EBVSIMI'MJ. 

6.  Spigelia  marilandim  and  S.  Anthelmia. 
[PINK-ROOT,  WORM-GRASS.) 

•J  Spanish  Wormseed  is  Halogeton  tamaritod- 
folium,  a  chenopod. 

wormseed  oil,  >. 

Chem. :  A  pale  yellow  oil,  obtained  by  dim- 
tilling  wormseed  with  water.  It  has  a  pun- 
gent odour,  an  aromatic,  burning  taste,  sp.  gr. 
0'930,  is  slightly  soluble  in  water,  very  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether,  and  boils  at  110°.  In 
contact  with  air,  it  thickens  and  darkens  in 
colour,  and,  when  heated  with  strong  nitris 
acid,  is  converted  into  a  resin. 

wormseed    treacle  -  mustard.    *. 

[ERYSIHUH.) 

worm  Ul,  ».  [Probably  a  corruption  of  worn- 
-ill.]  A  sore  or  tumour  on  the  backs  of  cattle 
caused  by  the  larva  of  an  insect  which  punc- 
tures the  skin  and  deposits  its  eggs.  Called 
also  Warble,  Wornal,  or  WorniL 

worm  wood,  *  worm  ode,  *  woume- 
wood,  >.  [A.  8.  wermod;  cogn.  with  Dan. 
wermoet ;  Ger.  wermuth  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  weramctt, 
werimuota,  rnrmuota ;  M.  H.  Ger.  wermuott. 
The  modern  form  of  the  word  is  doubly  cor- 
rupt, as  there  is  no  connection  with  either 
worm  or  wood.  The  true  division  of  the  A. 3. 
wermod  is  wer  -  mod. 
•'  The  compound  wer- 
mfxl  unquestionably 
means  ware -mood,  or 
'mind -preserver,'  and 
points  back  to  some 
primitive  belief  as  to 
the  curative  properties 
of  the  plant  in  mental 
aflectiona"(Sfceo<.)The 
change  in  the  form  of 
the  word  was  probably 
influenced  by  the  fact  i 
that  the  plant  was  used 
as  a  remedy  for  worms  ' 
in  the  intestines.) 

L  Literally: 

1.  Bot. :  The  genns 
Artemisia;  specif.,  A. 
Absinthium,  The  stem  is  one  to  three  feel 
high,  grooved,  and  angled  ;  the  leaves  »nky 
on  both  sides,  twice  or  thrice  pinnatittd, 


5222 


wormy— worship 


dotted  ;  the  yellow  flowers  tn  racemes,  the 
beads  drooping,  silky,  the  outer  flowers  fer- 
tile. It  is  a  native  of  North  America,  Europe, 
and  the  North  of  Africa.  It  is  a  powerful 
bitter  stomachic  and  tonic,  useful  in  atonic 
dyspepsia,  aud  to  flavor  drinks.  It  is  also  au 
anthemintic.  [ABSISTH,  ABSINTH™.]  The 
wormwood  of  commerce  is  derived  from  this 
species  and  A.  chinentit.  The  genus  Artemisia 
is  a  very  large  one,  especially  in  the  dry 
regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  About 
forty  species  are  fouud  in  the  United  States. 
The  qualities  of  wormwood  are  somewhat 
uniformly  present  in  them  all.  Some  of  tlie 
•peciee,  particularly  A.  ylacialw  and  A.  mut-  !- 
lino,  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  Absinthe. 

2.  Entom.  :  A  British  Night-moth,  Oucullta 
*bsinthii,  gray  with  black  spots.  The  cater- 
pillar feeds  on  wormwood,  Artemisia  Absin- 
thium.  Rare,  and  found  chiefly  in  Devon  aud 
OornwalL 

II.  Fig.  :  Used  as  an  emblem  of  bitterness. 

*'  Weed  this  wnrmvnod  from  y<rar  fruitful  ^:^*tn.'' 
Ska  k  tip.  :  Lope'l  Labour'  I  Lilt,  T.  ft. 

wXinn'-y',  *  worm  le,  o.   [Eng.  worm,  «.  J  -y.] 
1.  Containing  a  worm  or  worms  ;  abounding 
with  worms. 

"  Under  amai  of  the  vormr  ground." 

IfortUwanh  :  Ei.-urtian,  bk.  lit 

•2.  Earthly,  grovelling,  worldly. 

••  A  Just  contempt  of  aordid  and  wormy  affections." 
*-£j>.  Reynold*  :  On  the  Paulont,  ch.  xzxvll. 

*  3.  Associated  with  worms  or  the  grave  ; 
grave-like. 

"  A  weary,  wormy  darkness." 
E.  B.  erownina.    {A 


from,  fa.  par.  &  a.    [WEAB,  r.) 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb), 

B.  As  adjective  : 

L  Damaged  or  injured  by  wear, 
2.  Wearied,  exhausted. 
worn-oat,  a. 

1.  Quite  consumed,  destroyed,  or  much  in- 
lured  by  wear. 

"  Those.  hangings  with  their  worn-out  graces," 

Coif  per  :  Mutual  forbearance. 

2.  Exhausted,  wearied. 
•  3.  Past,  gone. 

"  TbU  pattern  of  the  wom-oiit  age." 

ShaJcetp.  :  Rape  of  Lucreoe,  1,3*0. 

ror'-nal,  wor'-nn,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.] 
The  same  as  WORMI/L  (q.v.). 

•roT'-rle-OOW,  ».  [Mid.  Eng.  warien,  warrie, 
worrie  =  to  curse,  and  am  (Icel.  kuga  =  to 
frighten)  =  a  hobgoblin.]  A  hobgoblin,  a 
bugbear,  a  scarecrow,  a  devil.  (Scotch.) 

"  Wha  waa  to  hae  keepit  awa  the  worrlecote.  I  trow 
—ay.  and  the  elves  and  gyre-carliugs  ftae  the  bonny 
bairn,  graoa  be  wi'  it?"—  Soott  :  dug  Mannerinf,  ch..ui. 

wfir'-ri-er,  ».  [Bng.  worry,  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
worries,  harasses,  or  annoys. 

"  More  material  aod  coarser  sort  of  dssmons  con- 
ceived the  worrier  of  souls."—  Spenter  :  On  Proditfiet, 


rupt,  of  worry  (q.v.).] 
harass,    to    annoy. 


*  wdr'-ri-ment,  s.      [Eng.   worry; 
Trouble,  anxiety,  worry. 

•wor"  ri  some,  a.  [Eng.  worry;  -some.] 
Causing  trouble,  anxiety,  or  worry.  (Pror.) 

"  Come  In  at  once  with  that  swi'ilauine  cough  of 
yours." — K.  O.  Klackmore:  Lorna  Doone.  ch.  xlv. 

wor'-rlt,  n.t.  or  i.  £A  corrui 
To    worry,   to   vex,    to 
(Colloq.) 

wor  -rit,  «.  (WORRIT,  ».]  Worry,  anxiety, 
trouble.  (CoUoq.) 

wAr'-ry,  *  wer-ew,  *  wer-reye,  *  wir- 
ry,  *  wir-i-en,  *  wir  wen,  •  wor-o- 
wen,  *  wyr-wyn,  vJ.  &  t.  [A.8.  -aryrgan, 
in  comp.  dicyrgan  —  to  harm  ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  worgen  —  to  strangle,  whence  worg  = 

Siiinsy ;  O.  Fries,  wergia,  wrigia=  to  strangle ; 
.  H.  Ger.  wurgan  —  to  strangle,  to  suffocate, 
to  choke ;  Ger.  vriirgen,  From  the  same  root  as 
Mid.  Eng.  warien  =  to  curse ;  A.S.  vergian, 
wergan.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  seize  by  the  throat  with  the  teeth  ;  to 
tear  with  the  teeth,  as  dogs  when  fighting ;  to 
strangle ;  to  choke ;  to  lacerate  ;  to  injure 
badly  or  kill  by  repeated  biting,  shaking,  aud 
the  like. 

"  111  mote  he  thrive  !  and  may  his  hoggee  .  . 
Be  ever  worried  by  our  dogges  I  • 

Browne  :  Shepneard"!  Pipe,  eel.  111. 

2.  To  tease  ;  to  trouble ;  to  harass  with  im- 


portunity  or  with  care  and  anxiety ;  to  bother, 
to  vex,  to  persecute. 

"  Witness  when  I  wae  worried  with  thy  pealj." 
J/ffton  .•  8amton  Agonietet,  90* 

3.  To  fatlgne;  to  harass  with  labour;  to 
wear  out. 
B.  Intransitire: 

1.  To  be  engaged  in  tearing  and  mangling 
with  the  teeth  ;  to  fight,  as  dogs. 

2.  To  be  unduly  anxious  or  troubled  ;  to  be 
In  a  state  of  solicitude,  anxiety,  disquietude,  or 
pain ;  to  make  one's  self  anxious  or  harassed  ; 

3.  To  be  suffocated  by  something  stopping 
the  windpipe ;  to  choke,    (Scotch.) 

Wor'-ry,  I.    [WORRY,  v.] 

L  The  act  of  worrying  or  tearing  with  the 
teeth ;  the  act  of  lacerating  or  killing  by 
biting. 

2.  Perplexity,  trouble,  anxiety,  solicitude  ; 
harassing  turmoil :  as,  the  cares  and  vx/rries 
of  life. 

wor'-ry-tng,  pr.  par.  at  a.    [WORBY,  r.) 

wdr'-ry-lng-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  worryimg ;  -fy.] 
In  a  worrying  manner ;  so  as  to  worry,  harass, 
tease,  or  annoy. 

•worse,  •  wers  (adv.),  *  WOTS  (adv.),  *wtirs 
(adi:),  *  werse  (a.),  *  worse  (a.),  a.,  adv. 
k  «.  [A.S.  wyrt  (adv.),  vtyrsa,  wirsa  (a.); 
cogn.  with  O.S.  wirs  (adv.),  wirsa  (a.);  O. 
Fries,  wirsa,  wersa  (a.);  Icel.  vtrr  (adv.), 
verri  (a.);  Dan.  merrt  (a.);  Sw.  vam  (a.); 
M.  H.  Ger.  wirs  (adv.),  wirser  (a.) ;  Goth. 
vain  (adv.),  wairsizti  (a.).  We  also  find 
Mid.  Eng.  vxrre,  worn,  Scandinavian  forms 
due  to  assimilation.  Worse  is  from  the  same 
root  as  war.  The  *  is  part  of  the  root,  and 
worse  does  duty  for  worser,  which  was  in 
actual  use  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  is 
still  used  by  the  vulgar;  similarly,  worst 
(q.v.)  is  short  for  vxrscst.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Bad  or  ill  In  a  comparative  degree ;  more 
bad  or  evil ;  more  depraved  or  corrupt. 

"Evil  men  aud  seducers  iball  wax  wane  and  worir.- 
— J  Timothy  ill.  IS. 

2.  Having  good  qualities  in  a  less  degree  ; 
of  less  value,  inferior ;  less  perfect,  less  good. 
(Applied    to    moral,    physical,    or  acquired 
qualities.) 

"The  commodity  of  the  distant  errantry  fa  of  a 
•one  quality  than  that  of  the  neap  one.  —Smith  .' 
Health  of . \-ationt.  bk.  lv.,  cb.  viii. 

3.  More  unwell,  more  sick ;  in  a  poorer  state 
of  health. 

"She  .  .  .  waa  nothing  bettered,  but  rather  grew 
•one."— Hart  r.  M. 

4.  Iii  a  less  favourable  position  or  state  : 
more  ill  off. 

"They  were  no  woru 
Than  they  are  now.*       SAaketp. :  Tempett.  U.  1. 

B.  As  adverb : 

1.  In  a  manner  or  degree  more  evil  or  bad. 


2.  In  a  lower  or  inferior  degree  ;  less  well. 

"The  Engliab  women  of  that  generation  were  de- 
cidedly worte  educated  than  they  have  been  at  any 
other  Ume."—Macauiau  :  Bat.  Eng.,  ch.  ill. 

3.  With  notions  of  evil  =  in  a  greater  man- 
ner or  degree ;  more. 

"  111  atartle  you  worte  than  the  saerlng-bell." 

Shaktif.  :  Henri  fill.,  lii.  ft. 

C,  As  substantive : 

1.  With   the :  Loss,  disadvantage,  defeat ; 
Inferior  state  or  condition. 

"  The  situation  of  the  Quaker  differed  from  that  of 
other  dlateuters,  aud  dlnered  for  the  worte."— Mac. 
aulay:  aitt.  Bng.,  ch.  xi. 

2.  Some  person  or  thing  less  good  or  de- 
sirable. 

"  There  will  a  worte  come  In  hie  place." 

lAalulf.  ;  JuUia  Caear.  111.  2. 

I  (1)  To  go  to  the  worse :  To  be  defeated  ;  to 
get  the  worst. 

•  (2)  To  put  to  Ou  wont:  To  defeat,  to  dis- 
comfort, to  worst. 

"They  wen  put  to  the  wtrte  before  lanaL"— 
1  Cbroniclei  zlx.  19. 

•worse,  «>.<.    [WORSE,  o.]    To  discomfit;  to 
put  to  disadvantage ;  to  worst, 

"  Perhapa  men  valid  arms  .  .  . 
May  serve  to  bettor  us,  and  toorte  our  foes." 

MiUm :  F.  L.,  rt.  440. 

•  wors'-en,  ».«.  4  i.    [Eng.  worse;  -«.] 
A*  Transitive: 
1.  To  worse  ;  to  make  worse. 

"  It  worteni  and  slugs  the  most  learned."—  Milton  : 
Of  Reformation  in  England,  bk.  L 


1.  To  obtain  advantage  of  or  over ;  to  worst. 
(Southey.) 

B.  Intrant. :  To  deteriorate  (q.v.). 

"Bat  si  a  living  creed  It  worteti»d.'~oladttone: 
Jurentta  Uundi.  cS.  Til. 

*  wors'-en-Ing,  >.    [WORSES.]    The  act  or 

state  of  growing  worse. 

"  The  ten  or  twelve  years  since  the  parting  had  hpett 
«me  encash  for  much  voriening.--u.  KliM.  (Ann  in. 

wors'-er,  a.  or  adv.  [WORSE,  a.]  Worse. 
(It  is  not  now  used  except  in  vulgar  speech.) 

*  wors'-er -ness,  *  wors  -  er  - nesse,  j. 

[Eng.  worser;  -ness.]  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  worse. 

"  In  heats  and  colds  extremities  Is  ewi  lej  nate  In. 

neither." 

Warner:  Albion'i  England,  bk.  xili.,  ch.  Ta. 

woV-shlp,  *  wir-scliip,  *  wor  shyppe,  s. 

[Short  for  worthship;  A.S.  weordhecipe,  wyrdh- 
scipe—  honour,  from  weordh,  wvrdft=  worthy, 
honourable,  and  suff.  -scipe  (=  Eng.  -aAi/j).] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  worthy  ; 
excellence    of    character  ;     dignity,    worth, 
worthiness. 

"  That  good  man  of  worthip,  Anthony  WoodvUle." 
Zhaketp.  ;  iSfc»onJ  ///.,  L  L 

•2.  Honour. 

"For  Solomon  sayth :  It  Is  a  fret  wonhlp  to  a  man 
to  kepe  him  fro  uoiae  aud  strif ."— Chaucer  :  Tale  of 
Jlelibeut. 

*3.  Reverence,  honour,  respect 
"Theu  slialt  thoa  have  tmraMpin  the  preaenoe  ot 
them  that  ait  at  meat  with  tbee."— LttXe  xiv.  10. 
4.  A  title  of  respect  or  honour,  used  in  ad- 
dressing certain  magistrates,  and  others   of 
rank  and  station.  (Sometimes  used  ironically.) 

"If  he  had  done  or  said  anything  units,  he  desired 
their  trorjftipj  to  thiuk  it  waa  Ills  iunruiity."— tjhaketn.  • 
JuUta  Cottar,  L  2. 

*  5.  Honour,  celebration. 

"The  Images,  whiohe  the  aenatoura  of  olde  tyma- 
hadde  areyd  in  wurthuppe  of  theyr  victories."— 
Pabyan:  Chronycle,  ch.  Ixii. 

6.  The  act  of  performing  devotional  acts  in 
honour  of;  especially,  the  act  of  paying  divine 
honours  to  the  Supreme  Being  ;  the  reverence 
and  homage  paid  to  him  in  religious  exercises, 
consisting  in  adoration,  coufession,   prayer, 
thanksgiving,  and  the  like. 

"  If  the  worthip  of  God  be  a  duty  of  religion,  public 
worthip  is  a  necessary  iustitution."— Paleu  :  Mvrat 
PMtoeophy,  bk.  V..  §  i. 

7.  Obsequious  or  submissive  respect ;  un- 
bounded admiration ;  loving  or  admiring  de- 
votion :  as,  hero-uwrsAip. 

"worship -worthy,  o.  Worthy  or  d*- 
serving  of  honour  or  respect;  worshipful. 

"Then  were  the  wisest  of  the  people  worthip. 
worthy."— Baclduifl  :  Voyagtt,  L  126. 

wor'-shlp,  *  worth  scWp  en,  •  wor- 
schip,  *  wor  shep -en,  *  wor  schipe, 
*wor-shyp,  *  wor-shyppe,  ».(.  &  i. 
[WORSHIP,  s.J 

A.  Transitive : 

*  1.  To  pay  honour  to ;  to  honour.     (See 
extract  under  A.  2.) 

2.  To  treat  or  regard  with  reverence,  r«- 
spect,  or  admiration. 

"Aphraae  in  one  of  our  octitaional  Services,  'with 
my  body  1  tbee  worthip,'  has  perplexed  and  sometimes 
offended  those  who  w«re  unacquainted  with  the  early 
uses  of  the  wotd,  aud  thus  with  the  intention  of  the 
actual  fiainen  of  tiiat  Service.  Clearly  in  oar  modern 
sense  of  '  worthip,'  this  language  would  be  inadmis- 
sible. But '  worship'  or  '  wortuhlp'  meant  'honour' 
iu  our  early  English,  and  'to  worthtp'  to  honour 
this  meaning  of  '  worship '  still  very  harmlessly  sur- 
viving iu  '  worshipful,'  aud  in  the  title  of  'your  wor- 
ship '  addressed  to  the  magistrate  on  the  bench  go 
little  was  it  restrained  oTold  to  the  houour  which 
man  is  bound  to  pay  to  tiod,  that  it  Is  employed  by 
Wycliffe  to  express  the  honour  which  God  will  render 
to  his  faithful  servants  and  friends.  I  hns  our  Lord's 
declaration,  'If  any  man  serve  Me  him  will  my 
Father  honour,'  in  Wycliffes  tmuslatiou  reads  tlius. 
*  If  any  man  serve  Me,  my  Father  shall  worthip  him  '  * 
—Trenoh :  £,vllth  Pott  *  Prnent,  lect.  vii. 

3.  To  pay  divine  honours  to ;  to  adore ;  to 
reverence  with  supreme  respect  aud  venera- 
tion ;  to  perform  religious  service  to. 

"  They  went  and  served  other  gods,  and  worthipped 
them." — Deut.'ronvmy  xxix.  M. 

4.  To  love  or  admire  inordinately  ;  to  de- 
vote one's  self  to;   to  idolize,   to  adore;  to 
treat  as  divine. 

"  With  bended  knees  I  daily  worihip  her.' 

Care*.    (Toda.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  love  or  admire  a  person  inordinately. 

"  I  have  loved,  and  waited,  aud  worshipped  in  alienee." 
Longfellow:  MUet  Standith,  iii. 

2.  To  perform  acts  of  worship  or  adoration; 
to  perform  religious  services. 


file,  l&t,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  hero,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure.  mute.  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    SB,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


worshipability — worthy 


5223 


•  wor-shlp-9-bIl-I-ty,   ».     [Eng.  mnMv 
able'    -ity.]      The  quality  or  state  of  being 
worthy  to  be  worshipped  ;  the  capability  of 
being  worshipped.    (Coleridge.) 

*  wdr'-shlp-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  worship  ;  -able.] 
Capable  or  worthy  of  being  worshipped. 

•wor'-shl'p-er,  ».    [WORSHIPPER.] 

wor -ship-fell,  'wor'-shlp  fall,  ;wnr- 

shlp-fall,  n.    [Eng.  worship;  -full] 

1.  Claiming  respect ;  worthy  of  honour  from 
Its  character  or  dignity  ;  honourable. 

"  Whan  thon  shall  bs  desired  to  any  wttrlhlpfutl 
Bat,"—  Cdal:  Luke  xir. 

2.  A  term  of  respect  specially  applied  to 
magistrates  and   corporate    bodies.     (Some- 
times a  term  of  ironical  respect.) 

•wor'-ship-fdi-tf,  'woor-shlp-fal-lTe. 

o.    [Eng.  worshipful;  -ly.}     In  a  worshipful 
manner ;  respectfully,  honourably. 

"  And  see  how  woornhip/ullye  he  shall  bee  brought* 
to  churche."— Str  T.  More  :  rforkm,  p.  79. 

•wor'-ship-ltll-ngss,  «.  [Eng.  worshipful; 
-•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wor- 
shipful. 

•wor'-ship  less,  a,      [Eng.  worship;  -less.] 
Destitute  of  worshippers. 
"  How  long  by  tyrants  shall  thy  land  be  trod  I 
How  long  Thy  temple  teonhipleu,  0  God ! 

Byron  :  On  Jordan  t  Banks. 

wor'-shlp-per,  •  wor-shlp-er,  *  wor- 
schlp-er,  "wor-shyp-per,  s.  [Eng. 
warship,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who  worships  ;  one 
who  pays  divine  honours  to  any  being ;  one 
who  adores. 

"  I,  so  long 
A  worMpper  of  Nature,  hither  earns." 

Wordtworth:  Tintern  Abbey. 

•f  A  small  sect,  calling  themselves  "Wor- 
shippers of  God,"  appeared  for  the  first  time 
in  the  Registrar-General's  returns  for  the 
year  1880. 

worst,  'worst  (adv.),  'wersta,  *  worste 

(a.),  a.,  adv.,  &  s.  [A.S.  wyrst  (adv.);  wyrsta 
(a.),  a  contraction  of  wyrsesta,  wyrresta; 
cogn.  with  O.  Sax.  wirsista  (a.);  Icel.  verst 
(adv.);  verstr  (a.);  Dan.  werst;  Sw.  varst ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  wrisist,  wrisest,  wriit.  Worst  is 
•thus  for  worsest.]  [WORSE.] 
A^  As  adjective : 

1.  Bad  in  the  highest  degree,  morally  or 
physically. 

"  Thou  hadst  not  been  born  the  wortt  of  men." 
Shaketp. :  Timon,  Iv.  S. 

2.  Oftheleastvalueorworth;  most  inferior. 

B.  As  adverb : 

1.  In  the  most  inferior  manner  or  degree ; 
worse  than  all  others. 

2.  Most  or  least,    according  to  the  sense 
expressed  by  the  verb. 

"  When  thou  didst  hate  him  wortt." 

Shakfip. :  Juliut  Oeuar,  Iv.  3. 

C.  As  subst, :  That  which  is  most  evil  or 
bad  ;  the  most  inferior,  evil,  severe,  aggra- 
vated,   or    calamitous    state    or   condition. 
<Usually  with  the.) 

"  So  shall  I  taste  tfie'wortt  of  fortune's  might." 

Shaketp. ;  Sonnet  to. 

U  *  (1 )  At  the  worst ;  In  the  most  evil  state  ; 
•t  the  greatest  disadvantage. 

"  Thon  hast  me,  if  thou  hast  me,  at  the  wortt* 

Shakeep.  :  Henry  r.,  v. 
(2)  To  do  one's  worst ;  To  do  the  greatest 
harm  or  injury  in  one's  power. 

*  (S)  To  put  to  the  worst :  To  inflict  defeat 
on  ;  to  discomfit,  to  worst. 

_,».«.&{.    [A.S.  wyrsian,  with  excrescent 
t,  as  in  amongst,  whilsf,  &c.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  get  the  advantage  or  the 
better  of  in  contest ;  to  defeat,  to  discomfit, 
to  overthrow. 

"  A  conflict  in  which  they  are  pretty  sure  to  be 
wortted.-— Daily  Chronicle.  Sept  T.  18S5. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  grow  or  become  worse 
to  deteriorate. 


"  Anne  _ 
neighbourhi 
ch.l. 


.  Mary  coane,  every   face   in  the 

wonting."— jfiet  Austen:  Pertuiition 


Worst'-iSd  (r  silent),  *  worst-ede,  *  wor- 
Stid,  *  WOS-ted,  s.  &  n.  [Named  after  the 
town  of  Worsted,  now  Worstead,  north  of  Nor- 
wich, in  Norfolk,  where  it  was  first  manufac- 
tured.] 

A.  At  subsl. :  A  variety  of  woollen  yarn,  or 
thread,  spun  from  long  staple  wool,  which 
has  been  combed,  and  which,  in  the  spinning 


Is  twisted  harder  than  ordinary.    It  Is  knitted 
or  woven  into  stockings,  carpets,  &c. 

"Woollen  yarn  aud  wortted  are  prohibited  to  be 
exported."— Smith  :  Wealth  of  .Various,  bk.  Iv.,  ch.  vtil. 

B.  As  adj. :  Consisting  of  worsted ;  made 
of  worsted  yam :  as,  worsted  stockings,  wor- 
sted work. 

wort  (1),  "worte  (1),  "wurte,  «.  [A.S. 
wyrt;  cogn.  with  0.  Sax.  vrnrt ;  O.  Dut.  worte  ; 
Icel.  vrt  (for  mrt),  jvrt ;  Dan.  urt ;  Sw.  art  ; 
Ger.  wurz;  Goth,  waurts.  Closely  allied  to 
wart  and  root.  Wort  appears  in  a  number  of 
compounds,  of  which  it  forms  the  last  ele- 
ment :  as,  raugwort,  &c.J  [ORCHARD.] 
L  A  plant,  a  herb. 

"  And  in  a  oedde  of  wortet  gtille  he  lay, 
Till  It  wai  passed  uudern  of  the  day* 

Chaucer :  C.  T..  IS.tSS. 

*  2.  A  plant  of  the  cabbage  kind. 

8.  Votxinum  Myrtilltu.    Called  also  Worts. 

wort  (2),  *  worte  (2),  «.  [Prob.  only  a  par- 
ticular application  of  wort  (1),  meaning  an 
infusion  like  that  of  herbs  when  boiled  :  cogn. 
with  0.  Dut.  wort  =  wort ;  Low  Ger.  wort ; 
Icel.  virtr  ;  Norw.  vyrt,  mrt ;  Sw.  vort :  Ger. 
bicnrnrze  =  beer- wort.) 

Chem. :  The  saccharine  extract  obtained 
from  malt,  barley,  and  other  grain,  by  mash- 
ing with  water.  It  is  a  complex  mixture  of 
saccharine  bodies,  some  existing  in  the  grain 
and  others  formed  in  the  process  of  brewing. 
It  varies  in  quality,  but  the  following  per- 
centage represents  the  average  composition 
of  brewer's  wort,  reckoned  on  the  dry  solid 
matter :  Maltose,  64  ;  dextrin,  16 ;  cane  and 
invert  sugars,  12 ;  albumen  and  mineral 
matters,  8. 

worth,  '  worthe,  *  worth-en,  v.t.  [A.S. 
weordhan,  wttrdkan,  wyrdhan  (pa.t.  weardh, 
pU  wurdon)  =  to  become ;  cogn.  with  Dut. 
warden  (pa.  t.  werd  ;  pa.  par.  geworden)  ;  Icel. 
verdha  (pa.  t.  mrdh ;  pa.  par.  ordhinn)  =  to  be- 
come, to  happen,  to  come  to  pass  ;  Dan.  vorde  ; 
Sw.  varda  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  werdan  ;  Ger.  werden  ; 
Goth,  vtairthcm  (pa.t.  warth ;  pa.  par.  waur- 
thans) ;  Lat  mrto  =  to  turn.]  To  become  ; 
to  be. 

"  My  ioye  Is  turned  Into  strife. 
That  sober  I  shall  never  vtortk*. 

Ovwer.:  0  J..T. 

•f  Now  only  used  in  the  phrases,  Woe 
worth  the  day  I  Woe  worth  the  man!  in  which 
the  verb  is  in  the  imperative  mood,  and  the 
noun  in  the  dative,  the  phrase  being  equivalent 
to  Woe  be  to  the  day,  &c. 

"  Wtte  worth  the  chase,  woe  worth  the  clay 
That  costs  thy  life,  my  gallant  gray." 

.Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  i.  9. 

worth,  'worthe,  * wurth,  a.  &  ».  [A.S. 
weordh,  wurdh  =  (a.)  honourable,  (s.)  value  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  wacml  (a.),  waarde  (s.);  Lat. 
verdhr  (a.),  verdh  (s.)  ;  Dan.  werd  (a.  &  s.) ; 
8w.  vord(a.),  mrde(3.);  M.  H.  Ger.  wert(a.  & 
s.) ;  Ger.  werth  (a.  &  s.) ;  Goth,  wairths  (a.  & 
«.).  Allied  to  A.S.  warn  =  wares,  valuables.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Honourable,  estimable. 
"  The  more  that  a  man  con.  the  more  worth  he  ys.' 
Robert  of  eiouettter,  p.  8M. 

»2.  Valuable,  precious. 

"  To  jruard  a  thing  not  ours  nor  worth  to  us.* 

Shaketp.  :  Trottul  t  Creuida.  11. 1 

3.  Equal  in  value  to ;  equal  In  price  to. 

"  A  score  of  good  ewes  may  be  worth  ton  pounds." — 
fthakeip.  :  t  Henry  IV.,  Hi.  2. 

4.  Equal  in  possessions  to ;  having  estate 
to  the  value  of;  possessing. 

"  To  ennoble  those 

That  scarce  some  two  days  since  were  worth  a  noMe.' 
khtOtetp.  :  IHchard  III.,  i.  8. 

5.  Deserving,  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 

"  To  reign  is  worth  ambition,  though  in  Hell," 
Milton :  P.  L.,  i.  Ml 

B.  As  substantive ; 

1.  That  quality  of  a  thing  which  makes  it 
valuable;  value;  hence,  value  expressed  in 
a  standard,  as  money,  price,  rate.    Thus  the 
worth  of   commodities  is  usually  the   price 
which  they  will  fetch  ;  but  the  price  is  not 
always  the  worth. 

"  I  should  have  lost  the  worth  of  it  in  gold." 

Shaketp.  :  Cymoeline,  1L  4. 

2.  That  which  one  is  worth ;  possessions, 
substance,  wealth. 

"  They  are  but  beggars  that  can  count  their  worth." 
Shaketp. :  Romeo  i  Juliet,  1L  «. 

3.  Value    in    respect   of    moral  or  mental 
qualities;    desert,  merit,  worthiness,   excel- 
lence. 

"  Worth  makes  the  man,  and  want  of  it  th«  fellow." 
Pope :  Euay  on  Man.  IT.  SOX. 


4.  Importance,  valuable  qualities,  worthi- 
ness, excellence.    (Applied  to  things.) 

"  A  batter'd  weed  of  small  worth  held." 

Shake*?. :  Sonnet  1 

*  worth'-ffel,  a.    [Eng.  worth,  s. ;  -full]    Full 
of  worth ;  worthy. 

•wor'-thl-lSss,   *wor-tU-leB.  o.    [Eng. 

worthy  ;  -less.}    Undeserving,  unworthy. 
"  The  Justice  that  so  his  promise  cotiiplulieth 
For  his  word's  sake  to  worthiltu  dtsert." 

Wtat:  TheAuthtr. 

l-iy,   •  wor-the-ly,    adv.      [Eng, 
worthy;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  worthy  manner ;  suitably  ;  according 
to  deserts. 

"  Who  can  ...  In  tears  Tiewail  them  worthily." 

Surrey  :  Ytrffil;  ^Snttd,  U. 

2.  Suitably,  excellently. 

"  Tliou  and  thy  meaner  fellows  your  last  Berries 
Did  wortliily  perform."         Mo*c*p.  :  Tempeit,  T. 

wor'-thl-ngsfj,  •  wor-tM-nesse, «.  [Eng. 
worthy;  -7««s.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  worthy  or 
well  deserved ;  merit ;  desert. 

"  The  prayers  which  our  Saviour  made  were,  for  bis 
OWU  worthineu,  accepted."— Hooker  :  Acclte.  Polity. 

3.  Excellence,  dignity,  virtu*. 

"  He  is  a  good  one,  and  his  i-^-thlnets 
Does  challenge  much  respect." 

Shakaf. :  Othello,  U.  L 

worth'-lte,  ».    [After  the  Russian  mineralo- 
gist, Fried.  Worth  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  An  altered  variety  of  Fibrolite  (q.v.) 
found  near  St.  Petersburg. 

Worth'-lSsS,  a.    [Eng.  worth. ;  -lest.} 

1.  Having  or  being  of  no  worth  or  vain* ; 
valueless. 

"  This  frail  and  wrlhTeei  trunV." 

tOtateip. ;  Venn  r.,  ill.  1 

2.  Having  no  value  of  character  or  virtue ; 
having  no  dignity  or  excellence ;  mean  ;  con- 
temptible. 

"  The  most  worthlfu  persons  on  whom  he  has  eon. 
ferred  great  benefits."— Xacaulttv :  HM.  Eng.,  ch.  xx. 

8.  Having  no  merit  or  desert. 

"  Ye,  then,  my  works,  no  longer  vain. 
And  worthiest  deem'd  by  me  I" 

Cowper  :  Ode  to  Mr.  John  Roust, 

*  4.  Futile,  vain,  idle. 

"  How  I  scorn  his  wvrthleu  threats." 

Shaketp. :  S  Benry  VI.,  L  t. 

•  5.  Unworthy  ;  not  deserving. 

"  A  peevish  schoolboy,  wrthltH  of  such  honour." 
Shaketp.  :  Juliue  Cottar,  v.  1. 

*  worth'-l8ss-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  worthless;  •!>.] 
In  a  worthless  manner. 

Worth'-less-nSss,  >.    [Eng.  worthless ;  -nets.) 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  worthies! 
or  of  no  value  ;  want  or  absence  of  value  or 
worth  ;  want  of  useful  qualities. 

"  The  rottenness  of  the  bricks  and  the  woi 
of  the  mortar."— Daily  Telegraph.  March  5, 

2.  Want  of  excellence  or  dignity. 

"  Justly  the  price  of  worthlfimeii  they  paid." 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Odyuev  xxii.  4*4 

wor'-tli^,  "  wor-thl,  "  wor-thle,  o.  4  •. 

[Icel.  verdhugr  —  worthy  ;  A.S.  weordhig  =  *n 
estate,  a  farm.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

•  1.  Having  worth  or  value  ;  valuable. 

"  No  worthier  than  the  dust." 

Shaketp.  :  Jttliut  Caw,  ili  1, 

2.  Valuable,  noble,  estimable. 

"  I  have  done  thee  worthy  serrtoe." 

Shakeep. :  Tempett,  L  It 

3.  Deserving  of  praise;  excellent. 

'•  Endowed  with  worthy  qualities." 

Shakelp  :  Tw  >  Gentlemen,  T.  4. 

4.  Deserving;    such    as    merits;     having 
equivalent  qualities  or  value,   in  a  good  as 
well  as  a  bad  sense.    Often  followed  by  of  be- 
fore the  thing  deserved  or  compared  ;  some- 
times by  that,  sometimes  by  an  infinitive,  and 
sometimes  by  an  accusative. 

"  More  worthy  I  to  be  beloved  of  thee." 

Shaketp. :  Sonnet  lid. 

*  5.  Well  deserved ;  in  a  good  as  well  as  in 
a  bad  sense. 

"  Doing  worthy  vengeance  on  thyself." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  111.,  1 1, 

•  6.  Well-founded;    legitimate,    rightful, 
justifiable. 

"As«ort»»cs.ns,Ihsvetofear.- 

Shaketp. :  Othello,  Hi.  ft. 

*  7.  Fit ;    suitable  ;   convenient ;   proper ; 
having  qualities  suited  to. 

"  It  Is  more  worthy  to  leap  in  ourselves. 
Than  tarry  till  they  push  us." 

.•  JMui  Cexar,  T.  a. 


KB,  bo};  pfiilt,  JcSwl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xonophon,  e^lsfc    -in*. 
-oian,   tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -Jion  =  zhun.   -olons,  -tloiu,  -clona  =  shos.   -ble, -die,  4c.  =  bel.  del. 


5224 


worthy— wraith 


B.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  Anything  of  worth  or  excellence. 

"In  her  fair  cheek 
Where  several  v»,rthiet  make  one  dignity." 

SJiaketp.  :  Loet't  Laltour't  Lrat,  iv.  8. 

2.  A  person  of  eminent  worth  ;  a  person 
distinguished  for  useful  or  estimable  qualities. 
(Sometimes  used  ironically.) 

"  At  there  seasons  did  these  valiant  mrPHei  watch 
him  in.  and  did  .till  continually  assault  hlm."-fi«n. 
I/an:  PtlgriM,  Pragreu.  pt.  li. 

3.  A  term  applied  humorously  or  colloqui- 
ally to  a  local  celebrity;   a  character;   an 
eccentric. 

IT  The  Nine  Worthies :  [NINE,  •$  (5)]. 

worthy;   v.t.      [WORTHY,    a.)      To    render 
worthy  ;  to  exalt  into  a  hero  ;  to  aggrandise. 

"  He  conjunct  tripp'd  me  behind : 
And  put  upon  him  such  a  deal  of  uiiui. 
That  vnrthiea  him."  Shake,?. :  Lear  II  2. 

*  WOtt,  pr.  t.  of  v.    [WiT,  t>.) 

•  wdt,  *  wote,  r.t.  or  {.    [Wrr,  t>.]    To  know. 

"And  now.  brethren,  I  »o(  that  through  ignorance 
ye  did  it  —  Acu  iii.  17. 

WOUd,  i.    [WELD  (1).J 
W9uld  (I  silent),  pret.  ofv.    [WILL,  v.] 
would-be,  a.  &  t. 

A.  As  adj. :  Wishing  to  be  or  appear ; 
vainly  pretending  to  lie. 

"  A  vould-be  satirist,  a  hired  buffoon." 

Byron  :  £nglith  Sard!  *  Scotch  Revievtrt, 

*  B,  As  subst. :  A  vain  pretender ;  one  who 
affects  or  wishes  to  appear  something  which 
he  is  not. 

"  A  dozen  mould-Mi  of  the  modem  day." 

Ctnaper:  Cotieertation  til. 

•  would  -Ing  (I  silent),  s.    [Eng.  would  ;  -ing.] 

Emotion  of  desire;   propension,  inclination, 
velleity. 

"  As  will  as  to  continue  the  teouldino,  of  the spirit • 
— oammona. 

*  would  -Ing-ness  (I  silent),  ».    [Eng.  mould- 
ing; -ness.]    Willingness,  desire,  inclination. 

Woulfe,   ».     [For  etym.  and  def.  see  com- 
pound.] 

Woulfe's  bottle,  >. 

Chem. :  A  bottle  with  two  or  more  apertures, 
intended  for  the  generation  of  gases  or  for 
cleansing  the  same  by  allowing  them  to  pass 
through  certain  solutions  contained  in  the 
Dottle.  The  apertures  are  fitted  with  per- 
forated corks  through  which  are  passed  glass 
tubes  arranged  in  the  manner  most  suitable 
for  the  particular  operation  to  which  the 
bottle  may  be  applied.  The  bottle  was  in- 
vented by  and  named  after  Peter  Woulfe, 
F.R.S.,  a  London  chemist,  who  died  in  1806. , 

wound,  *  wounde,  ».  [A.S.  wund,  cogn. 
with  Dut.  wond,  wonde ;  Icel.  vnd  (for  vund)  • 
Dan.  mnde ;  O.  H.  Ger.  vrunta. ;  Ger.  vnuute 
=  a  wound,  mind  =  wounded  ;  Goth,  vnmds 
=  wounded.  Formed  from  the  pa.  par.  of 
the  strong  verb  signifying  "to  fight,"  or 
"suffer,"  represented  in  A.S.  by  winnan  = 
to  strive,  to  fight,  to  suffer ;  pa.  par.  urunnen. 
(Skeat.)] 

1.  A  breach  or  rupture  of  the  skin  and  flesh 
of  an  animal  caused  by  violence,  or,  in  surgi- 
cal phrase,  a  solution  of  continuity  in  any  of 
the  soft  parts  of  the  body  occasioned  by  ex- 
ternal violence,  and  attended  with  a  greater 
or  less  amount  of  bleeding.  Wounds  are  clas- 
iifled  as  follows : 

(1)  Cuts,  incisions,  or  incised  wounds,  pro- 
duced by  sharp-edged  instruments. 

(2)  Stabs  or  punctured  wounds,  made  by 
the  thrusts  of  pointed  weapons. 

(8)  Contused  wounds,  produced  by  the  vio- 
lent application  of  hard,  blunt,  obtuse  bodies 
to  the  soft  parts. 

(4)  Lacerated  wounds,  in  which  there  is 
tearing  or  laceration,  ag  by  some  rough  in- 
strument. 

(5)  Gunshot  wounds. 

(6)  Poisoned  wounds,  wounds  complicated 
with   the   introduction    of  some   poison  or 
venom  into  the  part 

"  Where  sharp  the  pang,  and  mortal  Is  the  wound." 
Pop* :  Homer  ;  niad  xtit.  719. 

K  Wounds  which  have  severed  only  muscles 
arid  the  blood-vessels  and  nerves  connected 
with  them  heal  more  easily  than  those  which 
tS^Kt  the  tendona  As  a  rule  wounds  made 
by  a  sharp  weapon  or  instrument  heal  more 
qnickljr  than  bruises  produced  by  the  blow  of 


a  weapon  which  is  blunt  ;  as,  for  instance,  a 
club.  When  an  artery  is  severed,  bright  red 
blood  is  ejected  by  spurts  ;  when  a  vein  is  cut, 
dark  blood  comes  forth  more  slowly.  In 
either  case  nature  makes  immediate  efforts  to 
repair  the  injury.  Even  in  the  case  of  an 
artery,  the  blood  after  a  time  tends  to  flow 
less  freely,  and  an  external  coagulum  to  be 
formed  which  ultimately  stops  its  effusion. 
The  object  of  the  surgeon  is  to  stop  the 
flow  of  blood,  to  bring  together  the  severed 
portions  of  a  vessel  and  keep  them  together 
till  nature  re-unites  them,  using  appliances 
to  prevent  the  access  of  the  atmospheric  air 
with  its  myriads  of  germs.  In  unfavourable 
cases  tetanus  results,  or  pysemia,  or  both. 

2.  Any  injury  to  the  bark  and  wood    of 
a  tree,  or  of  the  bark  and  substance  of  other 
plants. 

3.  Any  hurt,  pain,  or  injury:  as,  a  wound 
to  credit  or  reputation.    Especially  applied 
to  the  pangs  of  love. 

"  And  gives  our  heart  a  vound  that  nothing  heal>  • 
Covrper  :  Deal  A  of  Daman. 

wound-rocket,  s. 

Bat.  :  Bartered  vulgaris.  So  named  because 
it  was  reputed  good  for  wounds. 

wound,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  urundian,  from  wund 
=  a  wound.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  hurt  by  violence  ;  to  inflict  a  wound 
on  ;  to  cut,  slash,  stab,  or  lacerate  ;  to 
damage  ;  to  injure. 

lilt.?*  "*"  mumM  *or  °m  transgressions."—  IiaiaJt 

"2.  Applied  to  senseless  or  inanimate 
things. 

"  The  bearing  earth  with  his  hard  hoof  he  wound,. 
Shaketp.  :  Yemu  t  Adonis,  S67. 

3.  To  hurt  the  feelings  of;  to  pain. 
_^  '%?  7'  "il?  against  the  weaker  brethren  and 

" 


2.  Excessive  (sometimes  used  adverbially). 

hy'hu'latoSr^'S™^  '"  '  P"r  m"  ""'  Ji«* 

won  '-rt>-li,  wo6'-rt>-ri,  woo-ra-li, 

woo  -ra-ly,  woo  -ra-ra,  s.    [OUKABI.] 
wove,  pret.  orpo.  par.  of  v.    [WEAVE.] 

wove  (or  woven)  paper,  s.  Writing 
paper  made  by  hand  in  a  wire  gauze  moul.l  in 
which  the  wires  cross  each  other  as  in  a  woven 
fabric,  so  that  the  surface  of  the  paper  pre 
sents  a  uniform  appearance,  being  without 
water-mark  and  apparently  without  lines. 
The  name  is  also  given  to  machine-made  paper 
presenting  the  same  appearance. 

woven  (as  wov'nX  pa.  par.  or  a.    (WEAVT.) 

WOW,  exclam.     [From  the  'sound  made  ]    An 
exclamation  of  pleasure  or  wonder.    (Scvlch.) 

"  And,  woic,  Tarn  saw  an  unco  sight  1  " 
WOW-WOW,,. 

Zool.  :  The  Silver)-  Gibbon  (q.vA  So  named 
from  its  cry. 

*  wo  we,  v.t.  or  t.    [Woo.] 


B.   Jntrans.  :   To  inflict   hurt,  or  injure, 
either  in  a  physical  or  moral  sense. 

"  Willing  to  wound  and  yet  afraid  to  strike.' 

Pope  :  Satirtj,  208.    (Prol.) 

Wo"und,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  oft.    [WIND  (2),  ».] 

*  wound  -a-ble,  o.  (Eng.  wound,  v.  ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  wounded  ;  liable  to  be 
wounded  ;  vulnerable. 


w6und'-«5d,  pa.  par.  4  o.    [WOUND,  t>.)    [GE- 

N  EVA-CONVENTION.  ] 

wound'-er,  s.    [Eng.  wound,  v. ;  -er.]    One 
who  or  that  which  wounds. 

*  w6nnd'-I-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  woundy ;  -ly.]    To 
a  woundy  degree  ;  excessively. 

"  Richard  Penlake  repeated  the  vow 
For  tcoundily  sick  was  he."  , 

Bouthey.    \Annandale.) 

wound  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  t.    [WOUND,  ».] 

A.  \  B.  As  pr.  par.  i  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  tubst. :  Hurt,  injury,  wound. 

"  I  have  slain  a  man  to  my  wounding,  and  a  youne 
man  to  my  hurt' '— Oencrii.  iv.  28. 

*  wound  -less,  o.    [Eng.  wound,  s. ;  -less.] 

L  Without  a  wound ;  free  from  hurt  or 
injury ;  unwounded. 

"  ^Pd  "°m*  wo°-  8*ssp'd  by  those  that  die, 
Sink  woundleu  with  them." 

Moore :  Fire-worlhlppert. 

2.  Unwonnding;  harmless. 

"  Not  a  dart  fell  woundteu  there." 
„     -  Southey. Joan  o/ Arc,  TilL 

3.  Invulnerable. 

"  Hit  the  woundlem  air."     Shaketp. :  Samlet,  Iv.  L 

wound'-wort,  t.    [Eng.  wound,  s.,  and  wort 

Bot. :  (1)  The  genus  Stachys  (q.v.);  specif, 
S.  germanica,  the  soft  downy  leaves  of  which 
were  used  instead  of  lint  for  dressing  wounds 
(Prior).  (2)  Anthyllis  Vulneraria.  (3)  Soli- 
dago  Virganrea.  (4)  Chrysanthemum  Leucan- 
themum.  (5)  Symphytum  officinale  (Britten  <t 
Holland). 

wound' -worth,  ».    [WOUNDWORT  (?X] 
Bot. :  Liabum  Brownei. 

*  wdund'-jf,  a.    [Eng.  wound,  s. ;  -».] 
1.  Causing  or  inflicting  wounds. 

"  A  hoy  that  shoots 
From  ladies'  eyes  such  mortal  woundy  darts.* 


,  a.  [Cf.  AS.  iro/jan  =  to  dote,  to  rave; 
Icel.  rq/Iur  =  a  stammering,  a  being  confused.) 
tt  ay  ward;  wild;  unreclaimed;  disordered  in 
intellect.  (Scotch.) 

"  IfoiC/-*  we«  bit  by  the  East  Nook  or  sae  :  it  s  a> 
common  caje-th«  ae  half  of  the  warld  thinli  the 
titherdaft.--Sco«.-  x,daa,u,,,let.  ch.  "liL 

*  wox,  *  wdx'-en,  pa.  far.  of  v.    [WAX,  ».] 

"  woxe,  pret.  ofv.    [WAX,  v.] 

S&-  Initial  w  is  always  silent  before  r. 

wrack  (1),  *  wracke,  *  wrak,  i.  [The  same 
word  as  wreck  (.q.v.)  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  wrak  = 
a  wreck,  cracked,  broken  ;  Icel.  rek  (for  vrek), 
reki  =anything  drifted  or  driven  ashore  from 
reta(for  trefai)  =  to  drive;  Dan.  vrag  =  wreck  • 
Sw.  vrak  =  wreck,  refuse,  hash.] 

*  1.  Destruction  of  a  ship  by  winds  or  rocks, 
or  by  the  force  of  the  waves  ;  wreck  •  shiu- 
wreck. 


"  Seamen  parting  in  a  general  wrack, 
When  first  the  loosening  planks  begin  to  crack." 
Dryden  :  1  Conquest  o/  Granada,  Hi, 

•  2.  Ruin,  destruction. 

"  Hence  grew  the  general  »wac*  and  massacre." 
Shakap.  :  1  Henry  VI.,  i  I. 

3.  Sea-weed  thrown  ashore.    [SEA- WRACK.] 

wrack-grass,  s. 

Bot. :  The  same  as  GRASSWRACK  (q.v.). 

wrack  (2),  ».    [RACK  (4),  ».]    A  thin,  flying 
cloud  ;  a  rack. 

wrack,  v.t.    [WRACK  (l),  «.] 

*  1.  To  destroy  by  the  force  of  the  waves  : 
to  wreck. 

"  Supposing  that  they  law  the  Duke's  ship  urackt." 
Dryden :  Tempett,  i. 

2.  To  tease,  to  vex,  to  torment. 

"  I'll  cross  him,  and  wrack  him.  until  I  heartbreak 
him.          Burn, :   What  Can  a  Young  Louie  1 

"  wracke,  s.    [WRACK  (1),  «.] 

*  wrack  -fuL  a.    [Eng.  wrack  (1),  s. ;  -full.) 
Ruinous,  destructive. 

"What  wanton  horrors  marked  their  wrack/ul  path  J" 
Scott :  IXm  Soderlck,  vi.    (Conc.J 

*  wrick  -some,    a.      [Eng.    wrack   (1),    B.  ; 
•some.]    Destructive,  ruinous. 

"  Bring  the  wractoorne  engine  to  their  wall." 

tiudton  :  Judith  ii.  ML 

t  wrack-wort,  ».    [Eng.  wrack  (I),  s.,  and 
wort.] 

Bot. :  The  genus  Fucus.    (Paxton.) 

*  wrale,  *  wray,  v.t.    [A.S.  wriyan.) 

1.  To  betray,  to  discover. 

2.  To  accuse. 

*wral'-er,   *  wrel-er,   *  wray-er,  ». 

[WRAIE.J    A  traitor;  an  accuser. 

wralk,  ».    [WRACK  (1).]    (Scotch.) 
wraln,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.)   [See  compound. I 
wraln  bolt,  s.    [WRING-BOLT.] 
wrain  staff,  s.    [WRINO-OTATF.] 

wraith,  warth,  «.  flcel-  vordhr,  gen. 
vard/iay  =  aguardian,  from  vardha=to  guard  ; 
cogn.  with  Eng.  ward  (q.v.).]  An  apparition  ; 


«•,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  hire,  camel,  her.  thfire;  pine,  pit,  sire,  .ir.  marine-  go,  pot. 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  = 


wrang— wreak 


5225 


the  ghost  of  a  person  appearing  before  death. 
(Scotch..) 

"  She  was  uncertain  it  It  were  the  gipsy,  or  her 
wraith."— Scott :  Ouy  Jfanntring.  ch.  X. 

wrong,  pret.  of  u.    [WKiua.] 

wrang,  adv.,  a.,  &  5.    [Wnoso,  a.]    (Scotch.) 

wran'-gle,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  frequent,  from  wring, 
formed  from  wrang,  pa.  t.  of  A.S.  wriiigan  = 
to  press.  Tims  the  original  sense  was  to  keep 
on  pressing,  to  urge,  and  hence,  to  argue 
vehemently;  cf.  Dan.  vringle  =  to  twist,  to 
entangle.] 

A.  IntrantiUvt : 

1.  To  tlispute  or  argue  angrily  and  noisily ; 
to  quarrel  peevishly  or  noisily ;  to  brawl. 

"  To  wrangle  about  bills  for  the  inclosing  of  moon." 
—Jfacautay  :  Bitl.  Eng.,  ch.  xlx. 

*  2.  To  engage  in  discussion  and  disputation ; 
to  argue,  to  debate ;  hence  formerly  in  some 
universities,  to  dispute  publicly ;  to  defend  or 
oppose  a  thesis  by  argument. 

*  B.  Trans. :   To    involve   in   contention, 
quarrel,  or  dispute. 

wran'-gle,  s.  [WRANGLE,  v.]  An  angry  and 
noisy  dispute  or  quarrel ;  an  altercation. 

"The  giving  the  print »  right  to  the  title,  wonld 
produce  law-suits  and  aranglet."— Swift. 

wran'-gler,  ».    [Eng.  wrangle),  v.  j  -er.} 

*  1.  One  who  wrangles  or  disputes  ;  a  de- 
bater, a  discusser. 

"  I  bum  to  set  the  Imprison'd  wrangleri  free." 

Cowper  :  Tatt,  IT..  M. 

8.  An  angry  or  noisy  disputant ;  a  brawler. 

"  Wranglert  and  yrefull  folke  should  not  be  ludgei 
•net  the  peaslble.'— Uofrfeu  Bola,  let  19. 

*  3.  An  opponent,  an  adversary. 

"  He  hath  made  a  match  with  such  a  wrangler. 
Tliat  all  the  court*  of  France  will  be  dlaturb'd 
With  chaces."  Shakeip.  :  Benry  V.,  i.  1 

4.  At  Cambridge  University,  the  name  given 
to  those  who  are  placed  in  the  first  class  in 
the  first  or  elementary  portion  of  the  public 
examination  for  honours  in  pure  and  mixed 
mathematics,  commonly  called  the  Mathe- 
matical Tripos,  those  placed  in  the  second 
class  being  known  as  Senior  Optimes,  and 
those  in  the  third  class  as  Junior  Optimes. 
Up  to  and  including  the  year  1882,  the 
itudent  who  took  absolutely  the  first  place 
in  the  Mathematical  Tripos  used  to  be  termed 
Senior  Wrangler;  those  who  came  next  to 
him  being  second,  third,  fourth,  &c.,  wran- 
glers. Since  then  the  title  has  been  given  to 
the  student  who  takes  the  first  place  in  part 
I.  of  the  Mathematical  Tripos.  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  public  disputations,  in  which 
candidates  for  degrees  were  formerly  required 
to  exhibit  their  powers. 

•ran'-gler-fjhlp,  J.  [Eng.  wrangler;  -Mp.1 
In  Cambridge  University,  tnehonourconferred 
on  those  who  are  placed  in  the  list  of 
wranglers. 

wran'-gle-some,  o.  [Eng.  wrangle;  -tome.] 
Quarrelsome,  contentious.  (Prov.) 

wran'-glmg,  pr.  par.,  <«.,&«.    [WRANOLI,  v.] 
A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  it  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C*  At  substantive : 
*  1.  A  debate  ;  a  discussion. 

"  The  deputation!  at  Oxford  are  now  indeed  merely 
fsrmal;  but  the  wranylingt  at  Cambridge  still  cou. 
ttnue."— fnox  :  Winter  Evening*,  Even.  70. 

2.  Noisy  quarrelling  or  dispute ;  altercation. 

"  Wrangling  soon  change*  a  home  to  hell." 

L'nv/ellaw  :  Annie  o/  TharaM. 

wr&n'-kle,  v.i.    [RANKLE.]    To  rankle. 

"  Yet  th'  l«ward  touch  that  wounded  honour  bean, 
Rests  cloeely  wratUtliny.  and  can  find  no  ease." 

Daniel:  CiM  Iran,  111. 

wrap  (1),  wrappe,  v.t.  [Formed  by  meta- 
thesis from  warp  (q.v.),  the  sense  being  due, 
probably  to  the  folding  together  of  a  fishing- 
net  ;  cf.  Icel.  varp  =  the  cast  of  a  net ;  varpa 
=  a  cast,  also  the  net  itself ;  Sw.  dial,  varpa 
=  a  fine  herring-net.] 

1.  To  wind  or  fold  together ;  to  arrange  so 
M    to    cover   something.       (Generally  with 
mbout,  round,  or  the  like.) 

"  The  napkin  .  .  .  wrapped  together  in  a  place  by 
Kaelf.' W°*n  IX.  7. 

2.  To  envelop,  to   muffle;  to  cover  with 
something  thrown  or  wound  round.     (Fre- 
quently with  up.) 

"  Weapons  wrapped  about  with  line*." 

Shakelp.  :  Tilt*  Androniaa,  IT.  1 


3.  To  envelop,  to  surround. 

"  Wrapping  thy  cliffs  in  purple  glow." 

Siolt :  Lady  of  ike  Labi,  lit  M. 

4.  To  conceal  by  involving  or  enveloping ; 
to  hide  in  a  mass  of  different  character ;  to 
cover  up  or  involve  generally. 

"  Lamentably  wrapp'd  in  two-fold  night" 

Wordtworth  :  SontieU  to  Liberty. 

*  wrap-rascal,  ».    An  old  term  for  a 
coarse  over-coat. 

*  wrap  (2),  v.t.    [A  misspelling  for  rap.]   [RAP 
(2),  ».]    To  snatch  up,  to  transport ;  to  put 
in  an  ecstacy. 

"  Wrapped  in  amaze,  the  matrons  wildly  stare." 
Dryden :  t'irffil ;  .fnti*i  r.  MO. 

wrap,'.  [WRAP  (!),«.]  An  article  of  dress 
intended  to  be  wrapped  round  a  person  on  a 
journey,  &c. ;  a  wrapper.  In  the  plural  ap- 
plied collectively  to  all  coverings,  in  addition 
to  the  usual  clothing,  used  as  a  defence  against 
the  weather,  as  cloaks,  shawls,  rugs,  &c. 

"  For  the  last  five  or  six  days  we  have  been  looking 
to  our  Inn  and  wrapt."—  field,  Feb.  M,  1888. 

•  wrap'-page  (age  as  ig), «.   [Eng.  wrapQ), 
V. ;  -age.} 

1.  The  act  of  wrapping. 

"Odd  things  are  met  with  In  the  paper*  used 
by  shopkeeper*  for  wrappage." — Mortimer  ColUni: 
Thvughtt  in  My  Garden,  i.  187. 

2.  That  which  wraps,  or  envelops ;  a  cover- 
Ing,  a  wrapper. 

"  Under  what  thousand  gold  wrappage*  and  cloaks 
of  darkness  Royalty  must  Involve  Itself."— Carlyle: 
French  Re**.,  pt.  11.,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  IT. 

3.  Something  wrapped  up ;  a  parcel. 

"  This  paper  wrappage  was  taken  on  by  train  to 
SUlybridge,1— Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  19. 1889. 

wrap'-per,  «.    [Eng.  wrap  (1),  v. ;  -tr.J 

1.  One  who  wraps. 

2.  That  in  which  anything  Is  wrapped  or 
inclosed ;  that  winch  is  wrapped  round  any- 
thing ;  an  envelope,  an  outer  covering. 

"  My  arms  were  pressed  to  my  sides,  and  my  legs 
closed  together  by  so  many  wrappert,  that  I  looked 
like  an  Egyptian  zuuiniuy."  —  Additon:  Spectator, 
No.  90. 

3.  A  loose  over  or  upper  garment ;  applied 
sometimes  to  a  lady's  dressing-gown  or  the 
like,  and  sometimes  to  a  loose  overcoat 

"  I  quickly  found  that  N'itel  !H  passed  her  time  be- 
tween finery  and  dirt,  and  was  always  in  a  wrapper 
nightcap,  and  slippers,  when  she  was  not  decorated 
for  immediate  show." — Rambler,  No.  lift. 

wrap'-ping,  pr.  par.,  <».,&;«.    [WBAP  (1),  «.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adj. :  Used  or  designed  for  wrapping 
or  covering  :  as,  wrapping  paper. 

C.  As  tubst. :   That  In  which  anything  is 
wrapped ;  a  wrapper. 

wrasse,  «.    [Wei.  gvtrackm  y  mor.] 

Ichthyology : 

1.  Any  species  or  Individual  of  the  family 
Labridae  (q.v.). 

"  The  wrauct  are  a  large  family  of  littoral  fishes.*— 
Qiinther ;  Study  of  FiAet,  p.  525. 

2.  Any  species  or  Individual  of  the  genus 
Labrus  (q.v.X    The  general  form  of  the  body 
resembles  that  of  the  perch,  except  that  the 
back  is  straighter ;  there  is  a  single  long  dor- 
gal,  and  the  ventrals  are  placed  under  the 
pectorals  ;  coloration  usually  very  brilliant ; 


BALLAN   WRASSI. 

flesh  of  very  little  value  for  food.  The  Wrassei 
frequent  rocky  shores,  usually  going  in  small 
shoals,  and  often  concealing  themselves  under 
seaweed.  They  feed  on  small  Crustacea,  mol- 
luscs, and  marine  worms.  There  are  many 
species  on  the  European  and  north  African 
shores.  The  United  States  has  related  genera. 
The  young  fish  differ  from  adult  specimens  in 
having  the  prteoperculum  serrated. 

tel-er,  s.    [WRABTLE.]    A  wrestler. 

"  The  bast  wraittler  that  ever  here  cam." 
Chaucer :  C.  T..  MO. 


wras'-tle  (tie  as  el),  s.    [WRESTLE.]    (Prov.) 

wrath, 'wraththe,  "wroth,  "wrothe. 

i.  &  a.  [O.  Northumbrian  wrutdho,  wrauhdho 
=  wrath;  A.S.  wrddh  =  wrathful ;  Dan.  * 
Sw.  vrede,  from  mred  =  wrathful ;  Icel.  reidhi 
(for  vreidhi),  from  reidr  =  wratufuL] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Violent  anger ;  vehement  exasperation  of 
Indignation. 

"  Achilles'  wraOi,  \o  Greece  the  direful  spring. 
Of  woes  unnumbered.  Heavenly  goddess,  sing  I 
F ope:  Homer:  Iliad  1.  1. 

*2.  Rage,  extreme   passion;  impetuosity 
(Applied  to  things.) 

"They  are  in  tlie  very  wrath  of  love.-— Shaketp. 
At  You  Like  1C,  T.  2. 

"  3.  The  effects  of  anger ;  the  just  punish- 
ment of  an  offence  or  crime. 

•'  He  Is  the  minister  of  Qua.  a  revenger  to  executo 
wrath  npon  him  that  doeth  evil."— Rt*mtint  xiii.  4. 

B.  At  adj. :   Wroth,  wrathful ;    violently 
angry. 

"  Kls»  me.  o.uod  she.  w.  ben  no  leoger  «rat»." 

Chaucer:  C'.  T.,  6.823. 

•wrath,  v.t.  &  t.  [A.8.  wddhian.]  [WRATH,  ».] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  wrath  or  wrathful ; 
to  anger. 

B.  Intrans.:  To  be  or  become  wrath  or 
angry. 

"  Why  thou  wra&ett  now,  wonder  me  thiuketh." 
I'.  Plowman'*  Vilion. 

•wrath'-en,  t.t.  [Eng.  wrath;  -m.}  To 
make  wrath  or  wrathful. 

"Iwolnots«ra!A«nnlm,iomot«IthrlT«." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  17.010. 

wrath'-fal,  'wrath'-rtll,  *wroth-fnll.e, 

a.    [Bng.  wrath,  s. ;  -full.] 

L  Full  of  wrath ;  violently  angry ;  greatly 
Incensed. 

"  Destined  by  the  wrathful  gods  to  die.- 

Dri/den  :  rirffil ;  Jfneid  it  171 

2.  Proceeding  or  springing  from  wrath ;  ex) 
pressive  of  or  characterized  by  wrath. 

"  Him  thus  upbraiding,  with  a  wr<tlt>/ul  look." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  T.  1,091 

•3.  Wielded  with  fury. 

"Like  lightning  swift  the  wrathftil  falchion  flew." 
Pope:  Homer  i  Iliad  x.  52«. 

wrath'-ful-iy,  "wrathe-ful-ly,  adv. 
[Eng.  wrathful;  -ly.}  In  a  wrathful  manner ; 
with  violent  anger  or  indignation ;  furiously. 

"  And,  gentle  friends, 
Lets  kill  him  boldly,  but  not  wratlifully; 
Let's  carve  him  as  a  dish  fit  for  the  gods. 

Skakap.  :  Juliui  Catar.  it  I. 

wrath'- fill  ness,  *  wrath-lul-nesse,  a. 

[Eng.  wmtiiful ;  -nan.)    The  quality  or  state 
of  being  wrathful ;  wrath. 

"  Wrathfulnru  Is  Toyded  out  and  gentlens*  and 

mekenes  Is  instede  thereof  infused."—  Udal:  Luke. 

(Pref.) 

wrath -I-1J-,  adv.  [Eng.  vrraOty ;  -ly.)  With 
great  anger ;  wrathf  ully.  (foUoq.) 

*wrath'-ing,  "  wrathth-yng,  ».  [Eng. 
wrath  ;  -ing.]  The  act  of  making  wrath  or 
angry ;  provocation. 

"Wyll  yhe  hardne  yonre  tiertls,  as  in  wratht 
lyk  the  dai  of  temptacioun  In  the  desert."—  ffjr 
Sebrewe  ill.  9. 

»wrath'-lSss,a.  [Eng.  vratti, ».;  -toa,]  Free 
from  wrath  or  anger. 

"  Before  his  feet  so  sheep  and  lions  lay. 
Fearless  and  wrnthlett,  while  they  heard  him  play. 
Waller  :  Of  the  Oounteu  of  Carliete. 

wrath'-jf,  o.  [Eng.  wrath,  i. ;  -jr.]  Very 
angry  or  wrath.  (Colloq.) 

•wrawe,  *wraw,  o.  [Probably  connected 
with  wrath.]  Angry,  peevish,  cross,  wrath. 

«  With  this  speche  the  coke  w.»ed  all  wrate." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  U.994 

•wrawl,  "wrall,  'wraule,  v.i.  [Dan. 
vraale  =  to  bawl,  to  roar ;  vrale  •=  to  cry,  to 
weep,  to  moan.]  To  cry  as  a  cat ;  to  waul,  tr 
whine,  to  moan. 

"  CaU  that  wrauling  still  did  cry." 

Spenier :  f.  V,  VI.  ill.  IT. 

•wraW-nSss,  *wraw-ness«,  «.     [Kng. 

wraw;  -ness.)    Peevishness,  frowardness. 

"  He  doth  all  things  with  annoye,  and  with  wraw- 
Heue,  slakneese,  and  excusatlon,  with  idslovase  aud 
nnlust" — Chaucer:  Panon'i  Tale. 

"wray,  *wrey,  v.t.  [A.S.  wrtgan.]  [BE- 
WBAY.]  To  betray,  to  disclose. 

••  To  no  Wight  thon  Shalt  my  const  il  wry." 

Chaucer:  C.  f.,  1M4. 

wreak  (1),  » wreck,  "wreke(pa.  t,  'wrak, 
wreaked,  pa.  par.  wreaked,  *  wreken,  *  vrrokt, 


boH,  b<y;  pint,  J6>1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
•«tan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -sUon  =  shua;  -tton,  -fton  =  ihon.   -cloos,  -Uoos,  -tuoos  =  shus.   -hie,  -die,  *c.  =  bel.  d*L 


5226 


wreak— wren 


•«-roi«n),  ».(,  [A.8.  ioreca»=to  wreak  re 
venge,  to  punish,  orig.  to  drive,  to  urge,  to 
impel  (pa.  t  wmcc,  pa.  par.  vrrecen);  cogn.  with 
Dot.  imken  =  to  avenge ;  Icel.  reita(for  rreta) 
=  to  drive,  to  thrust,  to  repel,  to  wreak  ven- 
geance on  ;  Sw.  rrdka  =  to  reject,  to  refuse,  to 
throw  ;  Ger.  rachen  =  to  avenge ;  Goth,  vmlcan 
=  to  wreak  vengeance  on,  to  persecute.  From 
the  same  root  as  Lat,  urgeo  =  to  press,  to  urge 
on.]  [WRACK,  WRECK,  WRETCH.] 

1.  To  execute,  to  inflict ;  to  hurl  or  drive. 

"  Wreak  my  vengeance  on  one  guilty  land. ' 

Pope:  Burner;  Iliad  ivili.  ISO. 

t2.  To  revenge. 

"On  her  owu  son  to  wreak  her  brother's  death.* 

^    _  Pope:  ffomer;  Iliad  li.  684. 

•3.  To  avenge. 

"  Of  fals  Eulik  fayr  wild  he  him  wreke.' 

Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  44. 

•  wreak  (2XtU.    [REEK.]    To  care,  to  reek. 

"  I  He]  little  wreala  to  find  the  way  to  heav'n 
By  doing  deeds  of  hospitality." 

SAal«,p.  s  At  Tarn  Lite  It,  II.  4. 

•  wreak, *  wreche,  *  wreke,  s.    [A.S.WTOC, 
•(front  =  revenge,  punishment.)    [WREAK,  ».] 

L  Revenge,  vengeance. 

"And  what  an  rj 

Hla  sorrow  have  so  overwhelm'd  his  wits. 
Shall  Wtt  be  thn*  sffllotee)  ID  his  wreake, 
His  fits,  his  frenzy,  and  bis  bitterness!" 

Shaketf.  :  TUitt  AndronKiu,  Ir.  4. 

.  I  Furious  passion  ;  resentment,  fury. 

"  For  in  the  holy  temple  have  1  awont 
WreakQl  his  villainy." 

0.  Peel*:  DatM  Jt  Bethtabf. 

••wreak'-er,  i.   [Eng.  wreak  (IX  T.  ;  •«•.]    An 
Avenger. 

•*  And  of  onr  bones  some  wreaker  may  there  spring.* 
3nmg ;  Virgil  ;  .£neid  Iv. 

•wreak'-fiil, "  wreke-ful,  o.   [Eng.  tmak, 
«. ;  -full.}    Revengeful,  angry. 

"  Working  wreaXful  vengeance  on  thy  foes." 

Sftaketp. ;  Titut  Androninu,  v.  S. 

•wreak'-less,  a.    [Eng.  wreak  (2),  v. ;  -Jos.] 
Careless,  reckless. 

"So  flies  the  wreaklea  shepherd  from  the  wolf." 
Skates?. .'  i  Benry  IV..  v.  «, 

•wreath,  *  wreathe,   s.     [A.S.  m-falh  =  a 
twisted  band,  a  bandage,  from  u-rddh  pa.  t. 
«of  wridhan.  =  to  writhe,  to  twist.]    [WRITHE.] 
X  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Something  twisted  or  curled. 

"  He  ...  of  his  tortuous  train 
•Curled  many  a  wanton  vrea'A  in  sight  of  Eve.* 

Hilton:  P.  L^  If. HI. 

2.  A  garland,  a  cbaplet;  an  ornamental 
'bandage  to  be  worn  on  the  head. 

"A  myrtle  wreathe  she  wore." 

Congreoe:  Ovid  ;  Art  of  Lot*,  lit 

TLHer.:  The  roll 
or  chaplet  above 
the  helmet,  on 
which  the  crest  is 
usually  borne.  It 
is  supposed  to  con* 
«ist  of  the  twisted 
^garland  of  cloth  by 
which  the  knightly 
crest  was  affixed  or 
teld  to  the  helmet 
in  medieval  times, 

•  and  was  formed  of 

two    colon",    being 

thuee  of  the  prin- 
cipal colon  of  the 
arms,  which  are 
twisted  alternate- 
ly. Wreaths  may 


WREATHS. 


also    be    circular, 

liut  the  straight  wreath  is  the  more  common. 

wreath-shell,  s. 

Zool. :  The  same  as  SCREW-SHELL  (q.v.). 

wreathe,  wreath,  v.t.  &  L    [WREATH,  «.] 

A.  Traniitivt: 

•  1.  To  writhe,  to  twist,  to  curl. 

'  I'J  wreath  in  spires  my  body  round.* 

Qag:  Acheloue  t  Bereulet. 

2.  To   form   into  a   wreath;   to  make  or 
fashion  by  twining,  twisting,  or  winding  the 

.  parts  of  together. 

"  Around  her  forehead  that  shines  so  bright 
They  vrtathe  a  wreath  of  roses  white." 

Praed:  Legend  of  the  Drachnfelt. 

3.  To  entwine,  to  intertwine,  to  interweave ; 
to  wind  or  twine  together. 

•"Cables   braided    threefold  .  .  .  together  wreathed 
sure.  Surrey  :  Paraphrase  on  £eclet^  c,  iv. 

4.  To  surround  with  a  wreath  or  with  any- 
thing twisted  or  twined ;  to  twist,  twine,  or 
fold  round. 

*'  For  thee  she  feeds  her  hair, 
And  with  thy  winding  Ivy  wreathet  her  lance." 
-      '         (Toad.) 


5.  To  surround  or  encircle,  as  a  wreath  or 
garland  does  ;  to  form  or  become  a  wreath 
round  ;  to  encircle. 

"In  the  (lowers  that  wreathe  the  sparkling  bowl 
Fell  adders  hiss."  Prior  :  Pleasure,  140. 

B.  Imrans.  :  To  be  Interwoven  or  in- 
twined  ;  to  twine. 

"  Oo  !  dash  the  roses  from  thy  brow— 
Gray  hairs  but  poorly  wreathe  with  them." 

Byron:  To  Betthutzar. 

wreathed,  pa.  far.  &  a.    [WREATHE.] 
A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 
B*  As  (uijectire: 

1.  Formed  into  a  wreath  or  curls  ;  curling. 

"  A  cloud  of  smoke, 
Wreath'd.  fragrant,  from  the  pipe." 

TVwmaTM.-  Autumn,  S24. 

2.  Twisted,  convoluted. 

"  Or  hear  old  Triton  blow  his  wreathed  horn.* 
irordfunrth  :  MitceOanemtt  Sonnett, 

wreathed-column,  s. 
Arch.  :  A  column  twisted  in  the  form  of  a 
screw. 


*  wreath'-e 


pa.  far.  or  o.     [WREATHE.] 


'-en,       .        .          .  . 

Wreathed,  twisted,  intertwined  or  intertwin- 
ing. 

•*  We  have  In  scripture  express  mention  'da  tortls 
crluibus.'  of  wrtathen  hair,  that  is  for  tbe  nonce 
forced  to  curl."—  Latuner. 

'  wreath'  less.  a.   [Eng.  wreath  ;  -lea.}  Des- 
titute of  a  wreath  or  wreaths. 


»th'-y,  a.     [Eng.  wreath;  -y.J 

1.  Covered  or  surrounded  with  a  wreath  or 
wreaths  ;  wreathed. 

"  [They]  howl  about  the  hills,  and  shake  the  wrcathv 
spear."  Dri/Uta:  Firm?;  .Kneid  iv.  438. 

2.  Resembling  a  wreath,  forming  a  wreath. 

"  Around  hislolnstheTerdaut  dnetnre  spreads. 
A  tprtatny  foliage  and  concealing  shades." 

Pope:  Bomtr;  Odyitey  vL  152. 

3.  Twisted,  curled,  spiral. 

"  That  which  Is  preaerretl  at  St  Dennis,  near  Paris, 
hath  srrearAjr  spiles.  ~—  Broame:   fuliai-  Xmmrt,  bk. 

wreeka),*wrack(l),».  [A.S.u>r<w=  expul- 
sion, banishment,  misery,  from  wrac,  pa. 
tense  of  ic-recau  —  to  drive,  to  wreak  (q.v,); 
cogn.  with  Dut.  itiroi  =  wreck  ;  torn*  = 
broken  ;  Icel.  rot  (for  rrei),  rclti  =  anything 
drifted  or  driven  ashore,  from  reto=  to  drive  ; 
Dan.  rroy  =  wreck  ;  8w.  rrnfc  =  refuse, 
trash,  wreck.  The  literal  sense  is  "that  which 
is  drifted  or  driven  ashore,"  hence,  it  pro- 
perly means  pieces  of  ships  drifted  ashore, 
also  wrack  or  seaweed.  Wreck  and  wrack  are 
doublets.] 
I  Literally: 

1.  The  destruction  of  «  ship  by  being  driven 
ashore,  dashed  against  rocks,  foundered  by 
stress  of  weather,  or  the  Iflce  ;  shipwreck. 

2.  The  ruing  of  a  ship  stranded  ;  a  vessel 
dashed  against  rocks  or  land,  and  broken  or 
otherwise  destroyed,  or  totally  crippled  or 
injured  by  violence  or  fracture  ;  any  ship  or 
goods  driven  ashore,  or  found  deserted  at 
sea  in  an  unmanageable  condition  ;  specif.,  in 
law,  goods,  &c.,  which  after  a  shipwreck  have 
been  thrown  ashore  by  the  sea,  as  distin- 
guished from  flotsam,  jetsam,  and  ligan  (see 
these  words).    According  to  English  law,  goods 
cast  ashore  after  shipwreck  are  the  property  of 
the  crown,  or  in  some  cases  of  the  lord  of  the 
manor,  if  not  claimed  within  a  year  and  a  day. 
In  other  countries  the  laws  vary  as  to  owner- 
ship of  wreckage. 

3.  [WSACK,  (1).]    (Scotch.) 
U.  Figuratively: 

1.  Destruction  or  ruin  generally;  dissolu- 
tion, especially  by  violence. 

"  He  labonrM  In  his  country  s  »r»ct- 

.  .•  M  ocoett,  i_  a 


..  .        ce,  _ 

2.   The   remains   of    anything   destroyed, 
ruined,  fatally  injured,  or  wasted  away. 
"Three  were  in  a  dungeon  cast, 
Of  whom  this  wreck  ii  left  the  last" 

fiyron  :  Pritotier  of  Chilian,  v.  L 

^T  Receiver*  of  wrecks  :  [RECEIVER,  U  (2)]. 

wreck-commission,  .--. 

Lata:  A  court  established  to  investigate 
tlie  causes  of  the  several  shipwrecks  which 
occur  from  time  to  time.  It  first  sat  Oct.  30, 
1876.  (Bnglithj 

wreck-free,  a.  Exempted  from  the  for- 
feiture of  shipwrecked  goods  and  vessels,  as 
the  Cinque-ports—  a  privilege  granted  to  them 
by  a  charter  of  Edward  1.  (Etiglah.) 

wreck-master,  t.   An  official  appointed 


to  take  charge  of  goods,  ic.,  oast  ashore  after 
a  shipwreck. 

'wreck -threatening,  a.  Threaten- 
ing shipwreck  and  ruin.  (Shaken). :  Have  at 
Lucrece,  Sao.) 

wreck  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    [WRECK  (1),  «.] 
A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  destroy  or  cast  away,  as  a  vessel,  oy 
violence,  collision,  or  the  like  ;  to  destroy  by 
driving  against  the  shore,  rotks,  4c. :  as,  The 
vessel  was  wrecked  oft*  this  coast. 

2.  To  cause  to  suffer  shipwreck. 

"  KVerfcet*  on  the  very  island  we  but  a  few  davs 
before  so  ardently  wished  to  Deaf-Coo*.-  Seamd 
'  w*gt,  *>k.  L,  cb.  x. 
IX  Figuratively: 

1.  To  destroy,  to  pull  to  pieces. 

2.  To  ruin  or  destroy  generally ;  to  ruin  the 
prospects  of. 

*  B.  Intmns. :  To  suffer  wreck  or  ruin  ;  to 
be  shipwrecked. 

"  Rocks  whereon  greatest  men  have  often  wree* '4  " 

wreck-fish,  ,. 

Ichthy. :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Poly- 
prion  cernium,  the  Stone-bass  (q.v.),  from  the 
circumstance  that  it  often  comes  in  with  f i  ag- 
ments  of  wreck.  It  is  very  common  round 
Madeira  and  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  ranees 
south  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Length 
about  sixteen  inches ;  dark  purplish  brown 
above,  silvery  white  beneath. 

*  wreck  (2),  v.t.    [WREAK  (1), ».] 
wreck  (2),  ».    [RACK  (2).  J 

Mining :  A  kind  of  frame  or  table ;  a  rack 
wreck (3),  «.    [WREAK,*.] 
wreok'-age  (age  as  ig),  ,.    [Eng.  vredc  (l); 

*L  The  act  of  wrecking;  the  state  of 
being  wrecked. 

2.  The  ruins  or  remains  of  a  ship  or  cargo 
that  has  been  wrecked  ;  material  cast  up  by 
or  floating  on  the  sea  from  a  wrecked  vessel 

*  wrecke  (1),  ».  [A.S.«Twc.]  Revenge,  rense- 
ance.    (Fabyan:  Chronyde,  ch.  xxxi.) 

*  wreoke  (2),  i.    [WRETCH.] 

wreok'-er,  «.    [Eng.  wreck  (1),  s. ;  -er.t 

1.  One  who  plunders  the  wrecks  of  vessels. 

2.  One  who,  by  showing  delusive  light*  or 
other  means,  causes  ships  to  go  out  of  their 
coarse  and  be  cast  ashore,  so  that  he  may 
obtain  plunder  from  the  wreck. 

3.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  remove  the 
cargo  from  a  wrecked  vessel,  or  to  assist  in 
recovering  it  when  washed  put,  for  the  benefit 
of  the  owners  and  underwriters  ;  also  a  vessel 
employed  in  this  occupation. 

4.  One   who  deliberately  ruins  a  valuable 
property  (especially  for  his  own  profit) ;  as  a 
railroad  wrecker  =  one  who  purposely  seeks  to 
bankrupt  a  railroad  corporation,  intending  to 
gain  control  of  its  business  and  possessions  at 
the  expense  of  the  former  owners. 

*  vrr&cK-tal,  a.    [Eng.  wreck  (1),  s. ;  ->I(0.] 
Causing  wreck,  ruin,  or  destruction ;  ruinous, 
destructive. 

"  The  «0rec*/M{  storms  that  cloud  tbe  brow  of  war." 
Scott:  Lady  qf  OH  Lake,  r.  L 

Wreck-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [WRECK  (1),  ».) 

wrecking -car,  ».  A  car  or  carriage 
carrying  contrivances  for  removing  obstruc- 
tions from  the  track,  such  as  wrecked  cars  or 
locomotives,  fallen  rocks  or  trees.  (Amer.) 

wren,  *  wrenne,  ».  [A.S.  wrtnna,  wrdnxa, 
=  lit.,  the  lascivions  bird  ;  A.S.  imvfctw  =  las- 
civious; cogn.  with  Dan.  vrinsk  =  proud ;  Sw. 
vrewk  =  not  castrated  (said  of  horses).  The 
form  of  the  root  is  trrin-  =  to  neigh  (as  a 
horse),  to  squeal  (as  a  pig),  used  of  various 
animals,  and,  as  applied  to  the  wren,  it  may 
be  taken  =  to  chirp,  to  twitter.] 

Ornithology : 

1.  The  popular  name  for  any  of  the  Troglo- 
dytida  (q.v.),  especially  Troglodytes  parvulus, 
the  Common  Wren,  widely  dispersed  over 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  ranging  through 
Europe  to  the  North  of  Africa  and  Asia. 
There  are  numerous  species  of  wren  In  the 


•ftte.  l&t,  fire,  amidst,  what,  till,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  Mr,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wire,  wplf.  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  nnite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    •»,  «•  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


wrench— wretched 


5227 


United  States,  mostly  belonging  to  different 
lenera.  The  House  Wren  (r.  dometKau)  IB 
larger  than  the  European  wren,  being  about 
five  inches  long,  and  is  less  shy,  building  near 
houses  ami  in  boxes  prepared  for  It.  It  is 
abundant  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  country. 
The  male  is  pugnacious,  attacking  birds  much 
larger  than  itself.  The  Winter  Wren  (T. 
anx-mafii)  is  closely  similar  to  the  European 
Wren  It  is  common  from  Labrador  to 
Louisiana.  Several  other  American  species 
closely  agree  in  habits  with  the  Common 
Wren.  Tbe  nest  of  the  latter  bird  is  large, 
generally  oval,  and  dome-shaped  at  top,  with  a 
email  hole  at  one  end  or  in  the  side.  The  eggs 
are  usually  from  six  to  eight  in  number. 

2.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  several  of 
the  Sylviidffi,  with  which  the  Common  Wren 
was  formerly  classed.  Reyulus  cristatus  is  the 
Golden-crested,  and  R.  ignicapillut  the  Fire- 
crested  Wren,  &C. 

wren-boy,  s.  One  of  a  party  of  persons 
who  go  out  to  hunt  the  Wren  on  Christinas- 
day.  [WRENNINO-DAY.] 

»  On  the  following  day.  the  feast  of  St.  Stephen,  the 
dead  bird,  hanfoj  the  leg  between  two  hoops 
crossed  »t  right  angle.,  and  decked  wit*  rH>bon,,  wa» 
carried  about  by  the  Wren-tafl.  —Tamil.  Bnt. 
Birat  led.  tth),  i.  «6». 

wren-like  spine-tail,  ». 

Ornith. :  Synallaxistroglodi/toiaet.     ISviiAi.- 

LAX1S.) 

wren-tit,  >. 

Ornith.:  Cliamaafasciata,* .small  bird  from 
the  coast  region  of  California,  It  was  dis- 
covered and  described  by  Dr.  Gambel,  of 
Philadelphia,  U.S.A.,  who  gave  it  its  popular 
name  because  it  seemed  to  combine  witlim 
itself  the  principal  characteristics  ot  the  Wren 
and  the  Titmouse.  (Bairrf,  Brewer,  ot  Rulg- 
way :  North  American  Birds,  i.  84.) 
wrench,  *  wrenche,  *  wrinche,  u.f.  IA.8. 
tarenaan  =  to  deceive.]  [WBKSCH,  a.) 

1.  Literally: 

L  To  pull  with  a  twist ;  to  wrest;  twist,  or 
force  by  violence. 

••  Wrench  hi.  .word  from  him." 

Shakeip. :  Othello,  r.  3. 

2.  To  Wte  with  a  twisting  movement  of  the 
bead. 

"  Each  man  run.  bis  ho™,  with  axed  eye.  and  note. 

Which  dog  first  turn,  tbe  hare,  which  first  the  other 

coats. 


*  3.  To  strain,  to  sprain. 

••  Yon  urtnOad  jour  toot  against  a  stone,  »nd  were 
forced  to  stay."— Si»t/V. 

•  4  To  affect  with  extreme  pain  or  anguish ; 

k  -  Through  th.**. 


Of  twelve  ensuing  days 

H.  Figuratively: 

L  To  drag  or  extort  by  violence. 

"  Wrenching  from  ruined  lowland  swain 
His  herd,  and  harvest  reared  iu  »»iu. 

Sco«.-  Lady  of  Ou  Lake.  V.  «, 

•  2.  To  pervert,  to  twist,  to  wrest. 

"  W  reaching  the  true  cause  the  false  way.'' 
I  Henry  H'.,  IL  L 

wrench,  "  wrenohe, "  wreak.  *  wrenke, 
*  wrinche,  >.  [A.S.  wreiux,  wrenc  =  guile, 
fraud,  deceit.  Allied  to  taring  (q.v.),  and  Ger. 
verretiken  =  to  wrench ;  M.  H.  Ger.  nnlx* ; 
Ger.  rank  =  an  intrigue,  trick,  artifice,  and 
(provincially)  crookedness.] 

•  1.  Deceit,  fraud. 

*  Fur  siker  this  the  sothe  wei,  wlthoutenenywrem*." 
Room  of  fflmuxtter.  p.  U. 

•  2.  Stratagem,  trick,  artfulness. 

"The  worlde  1.  so  malicious,  that  yf  wee  take  net 
heede  to  prepare  against  his  tcrinchee.  It  will  oner- 
throwe  vs. —  Golden  Boko,  let  8. 

J,  A  violent  twist ;  a  pull  with  twisting. 

••  If  one  itraine  make  them  not  confess*.  let  them 
bee  stretched  but  one  wrenoh  higher.  —  Op.  BmU: 
Cont. ;  The  Arke  A  Dagon. 

4.  A  bite  given  with  a  twisting  movement  of 
the  head. 

"  The  white  nicked  up  on  the  Inside  for  two  or  thrw 
srremAu  and  the  kUV-fMtf,  Jan.  ja.  Iflat 

5.  A  sprain ;  an  injury  by  twisting,  as  in  a 

Joint. 

-  The  foot  being  lniur«i  by  a  wrmck,  th.  whole  lag 
thereby  loses  its  strength."—  Locke. 

*  6.  A  means  of  compulsion. 

"  To  make  his  profit  of  this  buslneMflf  .  .  .  "apto" 

as  a  wrmch  and  mean  for  peaee."— Bacon :  Benrf  I  //. 

7.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  bar  having 

laws  adapted  to  catch  upon  the  head  of  a  bolt 


or  upon  a  nut  to  turn  it,  or  to  hold  the  latter 
from  turning  in  some  cases  when  the  bolt  is 
being  rotated.  Some  have  a  variety  of  jaws 
to  suit  different  sizes  of  nuts  aud  bolts. 

wrench-hammer,  s.  A  hammer  having 
a  movable  member  to  form  a  spanner. 

wrSn'-ning,  s.  [Eng.  wren;  -inj.]  Chasing 
the  wren  (q.v.).  (See  compound.) 

wrennlng-day,  s. 

Folk-lore:  The  name  given  in  the  south  of 
Ireland  to  St.  Stephen's  Day  (Dec.  2ii).  on 
which  it  was  formerly  the  custom  to  hunt  the 
wren,  and  hear  its  body  in  profession  from 
house  to  house,  soliciting  contributions  to- 
wards the  cost  of  a  merry-making.  Various 
accounts  are  given  of  the  origin  of  this  cust-  mi, 
but  as  in  Celtic  mythology  the  wren  was  re- 
garded as  having  brought  lire  from  heaven  for 
the  use  of  man,  and  as  somewhat  similar  cus- 
toms exist  in  many  other  places,  it  is  probable 
that  this  hunting  the  wren  had  once  a  mystic 
meaning  in  connection  with  the  great  festive 
season  of  the  first  twelve  nights  of  the  sun's 
return  from  the  winter  solstice,  and  that  the 
killing  of  the  bird  was  originally  sacrificial. 

wrest,  *  wrest,  v.t.  *  i.  [A.S.  wrtbtan  = 
to  twist  forcibly  ;  writst  =  firm,  strong,  from 
wradll.  pa.  t.  of  wridhan  =  to  writhe  (q.v.); 
cogn.with  Icel.  «i*to  =  to  wrest;  Dan.  triite.] 

[WRESTLE.] 

A.  Transitive; 
i  Literally: 

1  To  twist ;  to  wrench ;  to  move  from  a 
fixed  position  by  the  application  of  a  violent 
twisting  force. 

"  Lest  HeaVn  should  unit  It  from  my  Idle  hand." 
Rome :  Tamerlane,  iv. 

*  2.  To  tune,  as  with  a  wrest. 
DL  Figuratively : 

1.  To  extort  or  bring  out,  as  by  a  twisting, 
wrenching,  or  painful  force  ;  to  obtain  or  ex- 
tort, as  by  torture,  violence,  or  force. 

"  Pate  has  *rttted  the  oonte«iio»  from  me." 

Additon  :  Cala,  iv.  L 

2.  To  subject  to  an  improper  strain ;  to 
apply  unjustifiably  to  a  different  or  improper 
use ;  to  turn  from  truth  or  twist  from  the 
natural  or  proper  meaning  by  violence ;  to 
pervert,  to  distort. 

"  Two  or  thre  textes  wrongfully  wretted."— A  Bot» 
mode  »y  Jo/at  Priff,  loL  S3. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  wrestle,  to  contend. 

»  Thei . . .  wretUd  .gainst  the  truth  of  a  long  time." 
— Bp.  Gardner:  Of  True  Obedience,  fol.  88. 

If  In  this  sense  perhaps  a  misprint  for 
wrestle  (q.v.). 

wrest, «.    [WREST,  n.J 
1.  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  The  act  of  one  who  wrests  or  wrenches ; 
a  wrench,  a  twist. 

••  Adown  he  kest  it  with  so  puissant  utrat. 
That  back  again  it  ilid  aloft  rebound. 

Spetuer  :  f.  0...  IL  XL  A 

*  8,  Distortion,  perversion. . 

"  What  needeth  this  wrvtt,  to  draw  out  from  us  an 
accusation  of  foreign  churches!"—  Booker :  Kocla. 
Politic. 

3.  An  instrument  of  the  wrench,  screw-key, 
or  spanner  kind  ;  a  turning-instrument,  such 
as  a  wrench,  tuning -key,  bedstead-key, 
spanner,  Ax. 

"  A  bond  that  knltteth.  or  rather  a  wnmt  that 
straineth  and  stretcheth  benevolence  to  the  utmost, 
—P.  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p.  4. 

U.  Hydraul. :  The  partition  in  a  water- 
wheel  by  which  the  form  of  the  bucktts  is  de- 
termined. 

*  wrest-beer,  <•    Some  kind  of  beer. 

"  Just  as  In  brewing  urea-beer  there's  a  great  deal 
of  bosines.  In  grinding  the  malt :  ami  that  spoilr  --- 
man's  cloaths  that  conies  near  it:  then  it  mi 
h'd.  then  comes  a  fellow  in  aud  drinks  of  the 


ust  be 
wort. 

and  he's  drunk ;  then  ttwy  keep  a  huge  quarter  when 
they  carry  it  into  the  cellar,  and  a  twelvemonth  after 
'tuTdellcite  One  beer. --Selden:  ToMe-Ialk;  Parlia- 
ment. 

wre«t'-er,«.    [Eng.  wrest,  T.  ;  -jr.]   One  who 

wrests. 

"  Yet  blam.  not  toe  chvrioorde.  the  wretHr  doth 
wrong.'1  Bkelton:  A  Claricorae. 

wres'-tle,  •  wras'-tle  (tie  as  el),  wrax- 

le,  n.4.  &  (.  [A  frequent,  from  wrest  (q.v.) ; 
A.S.  mctstlian,  wraxlian ;  cogn.  with  O.  Dot. 
wrostelen,  wortteleii  =  to  wrestle.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  contend  by  grappling  with  and  trying 
to  throw  down  another  ;  to  strive  with  arms 
extended  as  two  men  who  seize  each  other  by 


anus  or  body,  each  endeavouring  to  throw  th«- 
other  by  tripping  him  up,  or  throwing  him  otr 
his  balance. 

"  To-motrow.  sir.  I  «r«U«  for  my  credit."— SkatMK,  -' 
At  I'ou  LUa  It,  1.  L 

*  2.  To  struggle,  to  contend,  to  vie. 

••  HI  »ratU  with  you  In  my  strength  of  lOTe. 

Shakap. :  Antony  i-  Cleopatra,  iu.  t. 

*  3.  To  contend ;   to  be  opposed  to  eacb 
other. 

"  Wrettltna  winds,  oat  of  dispersed  whirl 
Benght  themselves." 

Aurretl  •'  Virgtle ;  -fncu,  OK.  IL 

*  4.  To  strive  earnestly  by  means  of  suppli- 
cation ;  to  make  earnest  supplication. 

B.  Trans. :  To  contend  with  in  wrestling. 

wres'-tlo  (tie  as  el),  i.  [WRESTLE,  s.J  A. 
bout  at  wrestling  ;  a  wrestling-match. 

"  Whom  in  a  wrettle  the  giant  catching  aloft,  with 
a  terrible  hugg  broke  three  of  hi.  ribs."— iftlttm  : 
Silt.  £ny.,  bk.  L 

wrest'-ler,  wrast-ler,  '(t  silent),  s.  [A.S. 
wrastlere.]  One  who  wrestles;  one  who  IB- 
skilled  in  wrestling. 

"  file]  calls  the  wre«tl«rt  to  tbe  level  sands." 

Pop*  :  Homer;  Iliad  IliiL  Ok 

wrest' -Hng  (t   silent),  pr.  par.,  a.,   <C   a. 

[WRE3TLE,  V.] 

A.  .t  B.  As  pr.  par.  tpartu.  adj. :  (See  the  • 
verb). 

C.  At  substantive : 

1.  The  act,  practice,  or  exercise  of  contend- 
ing, as  of  two  men,  who,  with  extended  arms, 
seize  each  other  by  the  arms  or  body,  and  e»- 
deavour  each  to  throw  the  other  by  tripping 
up  his  heels  or  twitching  him  off  his  balance, 

"  In  which  ureOlimt  ye  Oeaunt  brake  .  rybh.  la> 
ye  side  of  Corneus."-?atjwi .'  Chronycle,  ch.  ly. 

•2.  A  winding. 

••  The  rirer  harlng  with  a  great  turning  comnaiiw 
after  much  torealliny  gotten  out  toward,  the  north.  — 
P.  Holland:  Camden.  p.  279. 

wretch,  *  wrecche,  *  wreohe,  •  wretohsi, 

s.  [A.S.  wrma,  uiraxca,  wreaa  =  an  outcast, 
an  exile ;  lit.  =  one  driven  out,  from  irrecan 
to  drive  out,  to  persecute,  to  wreak  (q.v.) ;  «f. 
KTCW  =  exile.]  [WREAK  (1),  ».,  WRECK  (IX  «.!' 

1.  A  miserable  person  ;  one  who  is  sunk  in. 
the  deepest  woe  or  distress  ;  one  who  is  ex- 
tremely miserable  or  unhappy. 

••  The  wretA  that  lies  in  woe." 
SlioXeip. :  Midnimmer  A'igtt  t  Bream,  T. 

2.  A  despicable  character ;  a  worthless  mor- 
tal ;  a  mean,  base,  or  vile  person. 

"  His  staggering  feet  deny 
The  coward  wrrfcA  the  privilege  to  fly. 

Pope :  Homer  :  Odjiueif  xvili.  SM. 

3.  Often  used  by  way  of  slight  or  ironical, 
pity  or  contempt. 

"  Poor  naked  tcretchel,  wheresoe'er  you  are. 
That  bide  the  pelting  of  thi»  irftlless  storm. 

SAa*Mp.  .'  Lear,  iii.  4. 

*4.  Used  as  a  word  of  tenderness  mingled 
with  pity. 

••  KcceQent  tfretehf   Perdition  catch  my  sool 
But  I  do  love  thee."      ffiwteip. :  OUteO,,  lit  a, 

•wretah'-ctSck,  *wr8th  -oook,  •  wretb' 

6clt,5.  [See  det]  Apparently  a  coinage  by 
Jonson,  from  Eng.  wretch,  and  nock,  ana 
meaning  a  stunted,  imperfect  creature  :— 

••  The  famous  imp  yet  grow  a  «r«te»ooc* ;  and  tho 
for  seven  years  together  he  were  very  carefully  carried 
It  hU  mother's  back,  yet  looks  a.  «  he  never  said  lun. 
quinquennium."—  Uatque  of  Otptiet. 

Gifford  (note  in  Ix.)  believes  the  true  reading 
to  be  wretheock,  and  says :— "  In  every  large 
breed  of  domestic  fowls  there  is  usually  a 
miserable  little  stunted  creature  .  .  .  This- 
unfortunate  abortive  the  good  wives  call  a 
wretheock;  and  this  is  all  the  mystery. 
Skelton  (Elinmr  Rwruiung)  uses  the  wotxl 
wrethockes  in  the  sense  of,  miserable,  starved, 
goslings. 

wretch'-Sd,   'wreoohed,   "wreohede, 
'wreochld,  *wretohede,  *wreoh-ld. 

a,    [Eng.  wretch;  -ed.] 

•l.  Originally,  wicked  as  well  as  miserable 
in  person  or  circumstances. 

"  Nero  reigned  altar  this  Claudia*,  of  alie  mem 
wrechidett.'—Capgrave  :  chronicle  of  England,  p.  62. 

2  Miserable,  unhappy  ;  sunk  in  deep  afflic- 
tion, distress,  or  woe,  as  from  want,  anxiety., 
or  grief. 

"  0  wretched  husband  of  a  wretched  wlfcr" 

Pope :  Homer;  rttad  lx».  US. 

8.  Characterized  or  accompanied  by  misery, 
nnhapplness,  or  woe;  calamitous,  miserable, 
pitiable,  afflictive. 


"  Unhappy,  wretched,  hateful  dw 
Shaketf. ;  Romeo  ill 


ftinet.  iv.  a. 


boll. 


J,Swl;  cat,  cell,  -hom.,,  9^ 


*•- 


thin,  this;  sin,  >»; 


-die. 


5228 

4.  Worthless,   paltry,  sorry;  very  poor  or 
mean  ;  contemptible. 

"(Affected  noise  is  the  most  wretched  thimr 
That  to  contempt  can  empty  scribblerTbring." 


oKo 

*5.  Despicable,  hateful,  abominable. 

"  The  trretcJud,  bloody.  and  usurping  boar  " 

a*at*p.  :  Kidfird  II!.',  v.  t, 
6.  Extremely  uncomfortable  or  unpleasant  • 
as,  wretched  weather.    (Colloq.) 

wretch  -Sd-ly,  *  wrecch  ed-lyche,  adr. 
[Eng.  wretched;  -ly.} 

1.  In   a  wretched    or  miserable    manner- 
miserably,  unhappily. 

"  la  an  hill  how  wretchedly  he  deid." 

Chattctr:  C.  T..  14.SOI. 

2.  Meanly,  poorly,  contemptibly,  despicably 
' 


3.  In  an  inferior,  poor,  or  unskilful  manner. 

tl*0e'  "">°*h  "rrtc»««»  bandied." 


.     -  Sd  -  ness,  ».   [Eng.  wretched  ;  -new.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wretched  or 
miserable;  misery;  extreme  unhappiness  or 
distress. 

"  0  the  fierce  wretcntdncu  that  glory  brings  as  t  • 
SV**e«/>.  .•  Timon,  IT.  1 

2.  Meanness,  despicableness. 

3.  Worthlessness,  inferiority :  as,  the  wretch- 
edness of  a  performance. 

4.  Extreme  discomfort  or  unpleasantness  • 
as,  the  wrctcAtdnest  of  the  weather.    (Celtoq.j 


,   •wreoche  ful,  o.     [Kng. 
wr«fc»;  -/W(0i]    Wretched. 

"Thou  woost  not   that  thou  art  a  wreccbe  and 
*r***-- 


*  wretch'-lesa,  o.    [A  corrupt  otntclUea,  or 
ro*k»;  cf.  wreot(2),  v.J    Reckless. 

'.'  wrert'I'«,wi,u>  •  mtcMeu,  careless.   ladevout 
«plrit  --Sp.  Tojftor  ;  *r»io.u~TOl.  L,  »«r.  it 


-,  ado.      [Bag.    wrefcikw 
-It-]    Recklessly,  carelessly. 

"Cursed  are  all  they  that  do  the  Lords  business 
*r*cHa*il.--Str,  :  Traa 


•wi-ebBl.-lSs.-nSs.,.  *  wretch  -les-nes. 

«.     [Eng.  vntMea;    -««,.]     Recklessness 
carelessness. 


*  wrSth'-4ok, 


•wreye,*, 


. 

Though  I  him  «H«  a  nl»b.t  and  make  him  warm." 
Cnawxr  :  C.  T.f  T.»t 

'  *Wrye»tU-    tWRy.«-]   To  twist, 


. 

««««««,  *  rt*.  :  Woman;  Prt*.  m.  L 

.  *wrygge.  v.t.  [Cf.  A.S. 
vngian  =  to  impel,  to  more  forward  ;  Mid. 
Eng.  wrikke  =  to  twist  to  and  fro.]  To  wrig- 
gle ;  to  rub  or  more  to  and  fro. 

"  The  bore  his  talle  wrvggtt 
Against  the  high  ben'h." 

SWton  :  Elinour  Ramming. 

riy-gle,  "  wrlg-le,  v.i.  &  t.  [A  freq.  from 
wng  fy.v.)  ;  cf.  But.  vriggelen  =  to  wriggle  • 
freq.  from  written  =  to  stir  or  move  to  and 


A.  Intransitive 

L  £«.  :  To  torn,  twist,  or  move  the  body  to 
»nd  fro  with  short  motions  like  a  worm  or  an 
eel;  to  move  with  writhing  contortions  or 
twistings  of  the  body. 

"  The  wriggling  lij  soon  nil  the  creeks  around.  " 
Covptr  :  frafrta  iff  tmr,  480. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  proceed  in  a  mean,  grovelling, 
r  despicable  manner;  to  gain  one's  end  by 
paltry  shifts  or  schemes  ;  to  make  way  by 
contemptible  artiace  or  contrivance. 

*-,  j!£.*"f  mfLta  ""  tbe  twlinlcalltle.  of  the  law  to 
•mnio  out  of  his  agreement-—  fteU,  Feb.  19  1887 

B,  Transitive: 

L  To  put  into  a  wriggling  motion  ;  to  Intro- 
duce by  writhing  or  twisting 


[WBIOOLE,  r.)   Pliant,  fleiible. 

7  ™®T«d  routes  all  shiver  and  shake 
Iner  wont  In  th«  wind  wagg  their  vtrig'gU  Ulls, 
Perie  as  a  peacock,  but  now  It  avail,. J  *  - 

sMaK  Step/Mart,  Calender:  ~ 


;  s.     [Bng.  wriggle),  v. ;  -er.) 

1.  One  who  wriggles. 

2.  One  who  works  himself  forward,  or  seeks 
to  attain  his  end  by  continued  employment  of 
low.  petty,  or  base  means. 

".In  spite  of  all  the  wrigglert  Into  place." 

Cotoper  ;  Tirocinium,  432. 

WTlg&t  (gh  silent),  "wrighte.s.  [A.S  wyrhta 
—  a  workman,  a  maker,  a  creator,  from  wvrht 
=  a  deed,  work,  with  suff.  -a,  of  the  agent  as 
in  hunta  =  a  hunter.  Prom  wyrcan  =  to  work  ; 
cogn.  with  O.Sax.  wurhtio  =  &  wright,  from 
tror«=  a  deed,  from  wirkian  =  to  work; 
O.  H.  Ger.  wurhto  —  a  wright,  from  wuruht 

"TV  =^a  work'  merit>  from  v"rchan  =  to 
ors.j  <jne  who  is  occupied  in  some  kind  of 
mechanical  business  ;  an  artificer ;  a  work- 
man, especially  in  Scotland  and  some  parts 
of  England;  a  worker  in  wood,  a  carpenter. 
The  use  of  the  word  is  now  almost  entirely 
confined  to  compounds,  as  shipwright,  wheel- 
wright,  p\Aywright,  &e. 

"  Wright*  that  hit  wroghten  was  non  ysaved." 

P.  Plowman,  p.  We. 


'  **  *  gesture  of  distress  or  de- 


-  _J  (gh  silent),   s.  pi.     [Mud.   Lat. 
w,  tyrMybu);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -toe.] 

Bat. :  A  tribe  of  Apoeynaceae,  with  a  double 
ovary  and  comose  seeds. 

wright-a-a  (ah  silent),  t.  [Named  after  Mr. 
William  Wright(1740-1827),  M.D..F.R.S.  &C. 
a  Scotch  botanist  resident  in  Jamaica.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Wrighteas  (q  v  \ 
Calyx  five-parted ;  corolla  salver-shaped  the 
throat  with  ten  divided  scales ;  stamens  ex- 
serted  ;  anthers  sagittate;  follicles  distinct  or 
combined  Wrightia  tinctoria  is  a  small  tree, 
a  native  of  Raj  putana  and  Central  and  Southern 
India.  The  seeds  are  said  to  be  used  in  dye- 
ing,  and  the  leaves,  with  the  seeds  of  Cassia, 
Tarn,  to  yield  an  indigo  colour.  W.  tomen- 
tom,  a  small,  deciduous  tree,  growing  in 
India  and  Burmah,  has  a  yellow  juice,  which, 
mixed  with  water,  produces  a  permanent  yel- 
low dye.  It  is  used  by  the  Nepaulese  to  stop 
bleeding,  and  the  bark  is  given  as  an  antidote 
to  snake-bite.  Wrightia  antidysenterica,  a 
small  tree  found  in  India  and  Burmah  is  a 
most  valuable  remedy  for  dysentery ;  the  Arabs 
and  Persians  consider  the  seeds  as  carmina- 
tive, astringent,  tonic,  and  aphrodisiac.  The 
tree  furnishes  Conessi  bark.  The  wood  of  W 
linctoria,  W.  tommtota,  and  W.  mottisr.ma  is 
used  for  carving  and  turning,  and  that  of  W. 
coccinea  for  making  palanquins. 

wright/ -ine    (gh    silentX   «•      (Mod.    Lat. 

wriyht^iti)  j  suff.  •iiiti.1 

Chm.  :  CjeHuNjO  (T).  A  basic  substance 
obtained  from  the  pulverised  seeds  of  Wrightia 
antulysenterica  by  digesting  with  hot  alcohol 
t  forms  an  amorphous  powder,  soluble  in 
water,  alcohol,  and  dilute  acids ;  insoluble  in 
ether  and  In  carbon  disulphide. 

*  wrim'-ple,  "  wrympyl, »  rympyl, «.    TA 
nasalised  form,  from  rippU  (q.v.JjY  wrinkle. 


1 1  hold  a  forme  within  a  wrimpUd  skin.- 

Whfttton  :  Lift  A  Deatk  of  Gutcotffn*. 

"wrin$h,  p.(.    [WRENCH,*.] 

*  wrine,  ».t      [For  mrien  =  wrie  (IX  ».J    To 

"  Clothes  to  wrine  him." 

Kumaunt  o/  OU  AM. 

Wring  (pa.t.  'vrang,  'wringed,  "wrong 
•wronge,  wrung;  pa.  par.  wrung,  "wrong, 

wronge,  •  wrongen,  •  wrungen),  p.f.  it  t  (A.8. 
vmngan  (pa.  t.  wrang  ;  pa.  par.  wrungon)  = 
to  press,  to  compress,  to  strain ;  eogn.  with 
Dut.  mringen;  Low  Ger.  wringen=to  twist 
together  ;  Dan.  wringle  =  to  twist,  to  tangle  • 
Sw .vr&nga  =  to  distort,  to  pervert,  to  wrist ; 
O.  H.Ger.  hringan  (tOTwringan)  ;  Qet.ringen 
(pa.  t  rang;  pa.  par.  gerungen)  =  to  wring, 
to  wrest,  to  turn,  to  struggle,  to  wrestle.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  twist  and  squeeze  or  compress;  to 
turn  and  strain  with  force  or  violence. 

2.  To  press,  to  squeeze. 

"  You  hurt  my  hand  with  wringing  ' 

8*atap      r«nw  t  Adonti,  «L 


4.   To! 

spair. 

"  Wringing  her  handes  In  women',  pittious  wiea' 
Spentfr  :  f.  Q..  I.  i.  40. 

.  5.  To  extract  or  obtain  by  twisting,  press- 
ing  or  squeezing;  to  squeeze  or  press  out  i 
as,  To  wring  water  out  of  a  wet  garment. 

6.  To  press  or  force  a  liquid  out  of. 

So  swatte.  that  men  inight"him  wring." 
„     „  Cnaucer .-  C.  /..  18.T01 

7.  Hence,  figuratively,  to  extort  or  draw 
out   by   force,   violence,    or    oppression,  or 
against  one's  will ;  to  force  from. 

"  Yonr  over-klndness  doth  wring  tears  from  me." 
Snatap. :  Mud,  Ado  A&na  AWWn™  v\ 

8.  To  subject  to  extortion ;  to  persecute  01 
oppress  in  order  to  enforce  compliance. 

wroj^d  SST.^^Y|o"^r,nhi'cVk'--^^S 

9.  To  bend  or  strain  out  of  its  proper  posi- 
tion :  as,  To  wring  a  mast 

*10.  To  divert  or  turn  from  one's  purpose 
or  into  a  certain  course  of  action. 

"  Octavio  was  ever  more  wrong  to  the  worse  hi 
rnan^y and  sundry  spites."-*.  Aicliam:  £?<£°™o5 

11.  To  wrest  from  the  true  or  natural  mean- 
ing or  purpose  ;  to  pervert,  to  distort. 

thougn  It  loo«n  the  whol,  fabric  of  the^iense."- 
Ben  Jonton:  Cynthia' I  ReveU,  ii.  L 

"B.  Intrans. :    To  writhe  as  in  pain;  to 

"  He  wringt  at  some  distress  " 

Snaketp.  :  Cymbutint,  111  s. 

f  1.  To  wring  off:  To  force  off;  to  separat* 
by  wringing. 


the  . 

2.  To  wring  out  : 

(1)  To  force  out  ;  to  squeeze  out  by  twisting. 

d.;^'.  -'  *• 


(2)  To  free  from  a  liquid  by  pressing  or 
wringing  :  as,  To  wring  out  clothes. 

wring,  I     [WRING,  r.]    A  writhing,  a  twist- 
ing,  or  turning,  as  in  pain  or  anguish. 

""  •**•"- 


„,  "tr~?  r"*!*  ••      A  *X)"  nse(l   D7   'hip- 
wnghts  to  bend  and  secure  the  planks  against 
the  timbers  till  they  are  fastened  by  bolt 
spikes,  and  treenails. 

wring-staH;  i.  A  strong  bar  of  wood 
used  m  applying  wring-bolts  for  the  purpose 
ofsetting-tothe  planks. 

wririsr-er,  •rlnT-er,  «.    [Eng.  wrinj,  T.J 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  One  who  wrings. 

.  "One.  Mrs.  Quickly.  Is  In  the  manner  of  his  nurse. 
his  laundress,  his  washer,  and  his  wrlng*-°-JSi££!?'- 
Merry  Wlwtt  of  Windier,  i.  2. 

(2)  A  wringing-machine  (q.v.% 
*  2.  Fig. :  An  extortioner. 

wring'-lng,  pr.  par.,  o.,  A  s.    [Waiso,  «.] 


C.  Ai  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  wrings  :  the  state  of 
being  wrung. 

"  That   wringing   of    the   hands."—  JT  nor  •   £•**••. 
no.  180.  "•* 

*  2.  A  sharp  pain. 


wrlaglng-wet,  a.    So  wet  as  to  require 
wringing  out,  or  that  water  can  be  wrung  ont. 

j'li^J?001?^**1'™*11  •  •  •  nflw  C0™*  from  hie  boat 

< 


wrlnglng-machlne,  «.  A  machine  01 
apparatus  for  wringing  or  pressing  water  ont 
of  anything,  especially  an  apparatus  for  press- 
ing water  from  clothes  after  they  have  been 

•wrlng'-ly',    *  wring-lye,    adv.      [Eng. 
nng  ;  -ly.]    In  a  twisted  manner  or  fashion. 
"  Three  showes  vrin'jlye  writhen.- 

Stanyhurit :  ConceUtt,  p.  1». 


wrinkle— write 


5228 


wrin  -kle  (U,  "  wrin-cle,  "  wrinc-kle, 
•  wrin-kel,  *  wrin-kil,  *  wryn-kyl,  s. 

[Properly  =  a  little  twist,  a  slight  distortion, 
causing  unevenuess  ;  a  dimin.  form  from  A.S. 
vringan  =  to  press,  to  wring  (q.v.)  ;  cogn. 
with  O.  Dut.  wrinckel  =  a  wrinkle  ;  wrinckelen 
=  to  wrinkle  ;  wringen  =  to  writhe,  to  twist, 
to  wring  ;  Dan.  rynke  =  a  wrinkle,  pucker, 
gather,  fold  ;  rynke  =  to  wrinkle  ;  Sw.  rj/ufca 
(s.  &  v.) ;  Ger.  nmzd  =  a  wrinkle ;  riinzeln  = 
to  wrinkle,  to  frown.] 

1.  A  small  ridge  or  prominence,  or  a  fUr- 
r»w,  caused  by  the  shrinking  or  contraction 
of  any  smooth  surface;  a  corrugation,  a 
crease,  a  fold. 

••  Behold  what  wrinUte  I  have  earn'd."     v 
Cowper:  To  Cbriitina,  Oueen  o/  Sweden. 

*2.  A  ripple. 

"  Some  fell  In  the  gulf,  which  received  the  sprinkles 
With  a  thousand  circling  wrinklet." 

Byron  :  Siege  of  Corinth,  mitt. 

wrin'-kle  (2),  >.  [A  dimin.  from  A.S.  wreM 
=  a  trick.)  [WRENCH.)  A  short,  pithy  piece 
of  information  or  advice  ;  a  valuable  hint  or 
bit  of  instruction  as  to  a  course  to  be  pur- 
sued ;  a  new  or  good  idea ;  a  device.  (Colloq.) 

"  It  is  one  of  the  incidents  out  of  which  many  folk 
may  get  a  wrinkle."— Field,  Oct.  s,  1885. 

wrin'-kle,  v.t.  ti  i.    [WRINKLE  (1), ».] 

A.  Trans. :  To  form  or  cause  wrinkles  in ; 
to  contract  into  furrows  and  prominences ; 
to  corrugate,  to  furrow,  to  crease,  to  make 
rough  and  uneven. 

"  A  keen  north  wind  that,  blowing  dry, 
Wrinkled  the  face  of  deluge." 

Milton :  P.  L.,  xl.  8*3. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  become  contracted  into 
wrinkles  ;  to  shrink  into  furrows  and  ridges. 

wrin  -kled  (le  as  el),  pa.  par.  &  o.    [Waix- 

KLE,  V.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  Marked  with  wrinkles  or 
furrows. 

"  Wrinkled  and  furrow'd  with  habitual  thought" 
WordtworA :  Excurtion,  bk.  vL 

EL  Sot. :  (1)  [RuoosE] ;  (2)  [CORRUGATED]. 
wrinkled  hornbill,  ». 

Ornith. :  Cranorrhinus  comtgatus.  The 
;enus,  which  has  four  species,  is  from  the 
Oriental  and  Australian  regions ;  casque  high, 
keel-shaped,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the 
bill,  and  corrugated  laterally. 

*  wrin'-kle-full,  a.    [Eng.  wrinkle  (1),  s. ; 
-full.]    Full  of  wrinkles,  wrinkled. 

"  She  mends  her  face's  vrinklefidl  defections." 
Kylvetter:  TKe  Decay,  122. 

•  wrln'-kly,  a.  [Eng.  wrinkle),  s. ;  -y.]  Some- 
what wrinkled  ;  having  a  tendency  to  become 
wrinkled,  puckered,  or  creasy. 

"  Giving  occasional,  dry,  wrinkly  Indication*  of  cry. 
Ing."— 0T*H<*  :  Middleman:*,  ch.  xixii 

Wris'-berg,  s.  [See  def.  and  compounds.] 
An  anatomist,  discoverer,  or  describer  of  the 
cartilages,  ganglion,  and  nerve  called  after  him. 

H  (1)  Cartilages  of  Wruberg  : 

Anat. :  Two  very  small,  soft,  yellowish, 
cartilaginous  bodies  placed  one  on  each  side 
in  the  fold  of  the  mucous  membrane,  extend- 
ing from  the  summit  of  the  arytenoid  carti- 
lage to  the  epiglottis.  They  occasion  small 
elevations  of  the  mucous  membrane  a  little  in 
advance  of  the  cartilage  of  Santorini.  They 
are  called  also  from  their  form  the  Cuneiform 
cartilages.  (Quoin.) 

(2)  Ganglion  of  Wrisberg : 

Anat. :  A  small  ganglion  frequently  found 
at  the  point  of  union  of  some  nerves  in  the 
superficial  cardiac  plexus  of  the  sympathetic 
nerve. 

(3)  Nerve  of  Wrisberg: 

Anat. :  The  smaller  internal  cutaneous 
nerve  supplying  the  integument  of  the  upper 
arm  in  its  inner  and  posterior  aspect. 

wrist,  'wreste,  wrlste,  *wlrst,  'wryst, 
*  wyrste,  s.  [A.S.  wrist,  the  full  form 
being  hand-wrist  =  that  which  turns  the  ham 
about ;  prob.  for  wridhst,  and  formed  from 
wridhen,  pa.  par.  of  wridhan  =  to  writhe,  to 
twist,  with  suff.  -it;  cogn.  with  O.  Fries 
wriust,  wrist,  werst  =  a  wrist,  hondwriust  = 
hand-wrist,  fotwriust  =  foot-wrist  or  instep 
Low  Ger.  wrist ;  Icel.  rist  =  the  instep,  from 
ridhmn,  pa.  par.  of  ridha  =  to  twist ;  Dan.  & 
Sw.  vrist  =  the  instep,  from  vride,  vrida  =  to 
twist;  Oer.  rist  =  instep,  wrist.)  [WREST 
WRITHE.] 


gen 
Ori 


I.  Ord.  lM,ng. :  The  joint  by  which  the 
hand  is  united  to  the  arm,  and  by  means  of 
which  the  hand  moves  on  the  forearm;  the 
carpus  (q.  v.). 

"  He  that  speaks  doth  gripe  the  hearer's  iori«." 
Shateip.  :  King  John,  iv.  1 

U,  Machinery: 

1.  A  stud  or  pin  projecting  from  a  wheel, 
and  to  which  a  pitman  or  connecting-rod  is 
attached.     The  wrist  and  so  much  of  the 
radius  of  the  wheel  constitute  a  crank. 

2.  The  pin  of  a  crank  to  which  the  pitman 
is  attached. 

wrist-drop,  s. 

Pathel. :  The  hanging-down  of  the  hands  by 
their  own  weight  when  the  arms  are  out- 
stretched. It  arises  from  the  paralysis  of  the 
extensor  muscles  of  the  hands  and  fingers, 
and  often  appears  in  lead-palsy  (q.v.). 

wrist-joint,  s. 

Anat. :  The  radio-carpal  articulation  formed 
between  the  radius  and  the  triangular  fibro- 
cartilage  above,  and  the  scaphoid,  semilunar, 
and  cuneiform  bones  below.  The  superior 
surface  is  concave  both  transversely  and  from 
before  backwards,  the  inferior  one  is  convex 
in  both  directions ,  the  former  is  divided  by 
linear  elevations  into  three  parts.  It  has  an 
anterior,  a  posterior,  and  two  lateral  liga- 
ments. The  flexion  is  produced  mainly  by 
the  radial  and  ulnar  flexors  of  the  carpus, 
its  extension  by  the  extensors  of  the  carpus. 

wr}ftt-link,  «.  A  link  with  connected 
buttons  for  the  wristband  or  cuff. 

wrist-pin,  -. 

Mach. :  A  pin  passing  through  the  axis  of  a 
wrist  connection.  [WRIST,  II.] 

wrlst'-b&nd,  s.  [Eng.  wrist,  and  band.]  The 
band  or  part  of  the  sleeve,  especially  of  a 
shirt-sleeve,  which  covers  the  wrist. 

wrist'-lSt,  s.  [Eng.  wrist,  and  dimin.  suit 
-let.] 

1.  An  elastic  bandlet  worn  round  a  lady's 
wrist  to  confine  the  upper  part  of  a  glove. 

2.  A  bracelet. 

"  A  siren  lithe  and  debonair. 
With  wrlatea  woven  of  scarlet  beads." 

T.  B.  Aldridi:  Pamplna. 

3.  A  handcuff. 

••  Two  or  three  of  the  party  wearing  black  dresses 
Instead  of  grey,  with  leg  irons  as  well  as  wriMeti, 
to  show  that  they  were  bad-conduct  men.  —Daily 
Telegraph,  Dec.  91,  1881. 

writ,  «.  [A.  8.  gerwrit,  writ  =  a  writing,  from 
writen,  pa.  par.  of  writan  =  to  write  (q.v.).! 

1,  Ordinary  Language : 

*  L  That  which  is  written  ;  a  writing. 

"This  fatal  writ. 
The  oomplot  of  this  timeless  tragedy," 

3Aa*e*p.  :  Titue  Andronicut,  11  ft. 

2.  Specif,  applied   to   the   Scriptures   or 
books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments. 

•'  Holy  writ  In  babes  hath  judgment  shown." 

Snaketp.  :  Alt  I  Well,  ii.  1. 

*  3.  A  formal  instrument  or  writing  of  any 
kind. 

IL  Law:  A  precept  issued  by  some  court 
or  magistrate  in  the  name  of  the  government, 
the  executive  branch  of  the  government,  or 
that  of  the  state  or  people  of  the  state,  vested 
with,  in  any  case,  the  supreme  authority,  and 
addressed  to  some  public  officer  or  private 
person  commanding  him  to  some  particular 
act  therein  specified.  Writs  were  divided  into 
original  and  judicial.  The  former  issued  out 
of  the  Court  of  Chancery,  and  gave  authority 
to  the  courts  in  which  they  were  returnable 
to  proceed  with  the  cause ;  these  writs  are 
now  abolished.  Judicial  writs  are  such  as 
are  issued  in  pursuance  of  a  decree,  judgment, 
or  order  of  the  court  in  which  the  cause  is 
pending.  The  different  kinds  of  writs  were 
formerly  very  numerous,  but  many  have  been 
abolished.  The  most  important  are  described 
In  this  work  under  the  heads  :  CAPIAS,  ERROR, 
HABEAS  CORPUS,  MANDAMUS,  PROHIBITION, 
SUBKENA,  4c.  There  are  also  Writs  of  Elec- 
tion formembers  of  parliament,  &c.,  addressed 
to  the  sheriff  or  other  returning  officer. 

"  No   royal  writ  had  summoned  the   Convention 

which  recalled  Charles  l\.-—Xacaulav :  ma.  inf., 

oh.  xl 

*  Writ,  fret.  &pa.  par.  ofv.    [WRITE.] 

*  writ-a-Wr-s-tf,  s.    [Eng.  wriKe) ;  -ability.} 

Readiness  <v  ability  to  write. 

"  You  see  By  my  vritattirity  .  .  .  that  my  pen  has 
still  a  oolfs  tooth  left"—  Walpale :  UttmJ^.  455. 


wrif-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  wrU(e) ;  •able.}   Cap- 
able of  being  written  dowu. 

"The  talk    was    by   no    means    writable."— Moel 
DArbtay :  Diary,  U.  1U. 

*  writ'-^-tlve,  a.  [Formed  from  write  in 
imitation  of  talkative.]  Given  to  writing,  dia- 
posed  or  inclined  to  write. 

"  Increase  Vf  years  makes  men  mure  talkative  but 
leas  v>ritdtive."—Pope  :  Letter  to  awifl. 

Write  (pt.  t.  •  writ,  *  wroot,  wrote,  pa.  par. 
"writ,  9y-write,  *writte,  written,  *  wryten), 
v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  writan  (pa.  t.  wrdt,  pa.  par. 
writen)  =  to  write,  to  inscribe  (orig.  =  to 
score,  to  engrave) ;  cogn.  with  O.S.  writan  — 
to  cut,  to  injure,  to  write;  Dut.  rijten  =  to 
tear,  to  split ;  Icel.  rita  (pa.  t.  reit,  pa.  par. 
ritinn)  =.  to  scratch,  to  cut,  to  write  ;  Sw. 
rita  =  to  draw,  to  delineate  ;  O.  H.  Oer.  rizan 
=  to  cut,  to  tear,  to  split,  to  draw  or  delineate  ; 
Ger.  reissen  (pa.  t.  riss,  pa.  par.  gerissen).  The 
original  sense  was  that  of  cutting  or  scratch- 
ing with  a  sharp  instrument ;  hence,  to  en- 
grave ;  cf.  Goth,  writs  =  a  stroke  made  with 
a  pen.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

L  Literally: 

1.  To  form  or  trace  as  with  a  pen,  pencil,  or 
the  like,  on  paper  or  other  material,  or  by  a 
graver  on  wood,  &c.  :  as,  To  i»ri«  letters,  to 
write  figures. 

2.  To  produce,  form,  or  make  by  tracing 
legible  characters  expressive  of  ideas;  to  set 
down  or  express  in  letters  or  words  ;  to  trace 
or  set  down  by  means  of  a  pen,  pencil,  or 
other  instrument  the  constituent  signs,  cha- 
racters, or  words  of. 

"  To  cipher  what  is  writ  In  learned  books." 

Shalviv. :  KatveafLucreoe,  to. 

3.  To  make  known,  express,  disclose,  an- 
nounce, communicate,  or  convey  by  means  of 
characters  formed  by  the  pen,  &c. 

"  I  choose  to  write  the  thing  I  dare  not  speak." 

Privr. 

4.  To   cover  with  character!  representing 
words. 

"Till  she  have  writ  a  sheet  of  paper."— Skoketf.  : 
Much  Ado,  11.  8. 

5.  To  compose  and  produce  as  an  author. 

"  Read  here  and  wonder :  Fletcher  writ  the  play." 
Beaton,  t  Flet.  :  Slder  Broiler.    [To  the  Reader.) 

6.  To  designate  by  or  in  writing ;  to  style 
in  writing ;  to  entitle,  to  declare. 

"  Write  me  down  an  eM."—Skaketp. :  Much  Ado,  Iv.  1 

7.  To  compose ;  to  be  in  the  habit  of  writ- 
ing :  as,  To  write  a  good  or  bad  style. 

*  8.  To  claim  as  a  title  ;  to  call  one's  self. 

"I  write  mmn.--Skaluei>. :  AtCt  Wett,  it  3. 

IL  figuratively: 

1.  To  make  known  by  signs ;  to  show,  to 
manifest. 

"  Dimly  writ  or  difficult  to  spell." 

Cowper:  Expostulation,  81 L 

2.  To  impress  deeply  or  durably ;  tu  imprint 
deeply  or  forcibly  ;  to  engrave. 

••  Whose  memory  Is  written  on  the  earth 
With  yet  appearing  blood." 

,Via*«»j>. .-  1  ttenry  IT.,  It.  L 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  form  or  trace  characters  with  a  pen, 
pencil,  or  other  instrument,  upon  paper  or 
other  material ;  to  perform  the  act  of  tracing 
or  forming  characters  so  as  to  represent  sound* 
or  ideas. 

"  Write  till  your  Ink  be  dry." 

SltaJtelp. :  Two  UeMlemen,  111.  a. 

2.  To  be  regularly  or  customarily  employed, 
occupied,  or  engaged  in  writing,  copying,  or 
drawing  up  documents,  accounts,  book-keep- 
ing, or  the  like ;  to  follow  the  business,  occu- 
pation, or  profession  of  a  clerk,  amanuensis, 
secretary,  bookkeeper,  &<•-. 

3.  To  combine  or  compose  ideas  and  express 
them  on  paper  for  the  information,  instruc- 
tion, of  enjoyment  of  others ;  to  be  engaged 
in  literary    work ;    to  compose   or  product) 
articles,  books,  Ac.,  as  an  author. 

"  I  lived  to  write,  and  wrote  to  live." 

Royert:  Italy;  A  Character,  U. 

4.  To  conduct  epistolary  correspondence  ; 
to  correspond  by  means  of  letters  ;  to  com- 
municate information  by  letter,  or  the  like : 
as,  I  will  write  to  you  shortly. 

*  5.  To  declare. 

"I  will  write  against  if— S»a*«sp.  .•  Jftu*  Aft, 
Iv.  L 

K  1.  To  write  down : 

(1)  To  trace'  or  form  with  the  pen,  pencil, 
or  other  instrument ;  to  record  :  as.  To  wrist1 
down  anything  from  dictation. 


boil.  bo>;  pont,  Jowl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
tian  -  «hs>n.   -tlon.   slon  =  shun;  -tlon,  -sion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shits.   -We,  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


5230 


write— written 


(!)  To  depreciate  the  character,  reputation, 
or  quality  of  by  writing  unfavourably  con- 
cerning ;  to  criticise  unfavourably  ;  to  put  an 
end  to  by  writing  against :  as,  To  write  down 
a  play. 

2.  To  write  off:  To  note  or  record  the  de- 
duction,  cancelling,  or  removing  of:  as  To 
writeoff  &  bad  debt 

3.  To  write  out: 

(1)  To  make  a  copy  or  transcription  of;  to 
copy,  to  transcribe ;  especially,  to  make  a  fair 
or  complete  copy  of  from  a  rough  draft. 

(2)  To  exhaust  the  ideas  or  power  of  pro- 
ducing valuable  literary  work  by  too  much 
writing.    (Used  reflexively :  as,  He  has  written 
himself  out.) 

L  To  write  up : 

(1)  To    commend,  heighten,  or  raise   the 
reputation,  character,  quality,  or  value  of  by 
written  reports  or  criticisms ;  to  bring  into 
public  notice    or   estimation    by  favourable 
criticisms  or  accounts  of:  as,  To  write  up  a 
play  or  author. 

(2)  To  give  the  full  details  of  in  writing ;  to 
elaborate  ;  to  work  up ;  to  set  down  on  paper 
with  completeness  of  detail,  fulness,  elabor- 
ateness, or  tbe  like  :  as,  To  write  up  a  report 
or  account  from  notes  or  outlines. 

(3)  To  complete  the  transcription  or  inscrip- 
tion of;  specifically,  in  bookkeeping,  to  make 
the  requisite  entries  in  up  to  date ;  to  post 
up  :  as,  To  write  up  a  trader's  books. 

•  write,  s.  [WRITE, ».]    Writing ;  handwriting. 

M  It  waa  a  ahort.  but  a  well-written  letter,  In  a  fair 
band  of  write."— Gait:  Annul*  of  the  Parith,  ch.  L 

'write  of  hand, s.  Handwriting.  (Pnm.) 

"A  could  wiah  that  a'd  learned  write  of  hand." — Mn, 
Gatkell :  ffyttia'l  Loeeri,  ch.  xliii. 

*  Writ-ee',  t.    [Eng.  wriKe)  ;  -ee,]    The  person 
to  whom  a  written  document,  is  addressed  ; 
and  so  the  reader. 

"There  le  ever  a  proportion  between  the  writer'i 
wit  and  tiie  write**.  —  CAapuaan :  Homer ;  llUd,  xiv. 
(Comment) 

writ'-er,  s.  [A.S.  wrttere,  from  writan  =  to 
write  (q.v.).]  One  who  writes;  one  who  has 
written,  or  is  in  the  habit  of  writing.  Specifi- 
cally— 

L  One  who  is  skilled  in  penmanship ;  one 
whose  occupation  consists  chiefly  in  using  the 
pen,  as  a  clerk,  an  amanuensis,  a  scribe ;  more 
especially  a  title  given — 

(1)  To  clerks  In  the  service  of  the  late  East 
India  Company.' 

(2)  To    temporary  copying   clerks   in   the 
Government  offices, 

2.  A  member  of  the  literary  profession  ;  an 
author,  a  journalist,  or  the  like :  as,  a  writer 
for  the  press  ;  a  writer  of  novels. 

3.  In  Scotland  a  term  loosely  applied  to 
law-agents,  solicitors,  attorneys,  or  the  like, 
and  sometimes  to  their  principal  clerks. 

H  •  (1)  Writer  of  the  taUict :  An  official  who 
entered  the  amounts  of  the  tallies,  or  notched 
sticks,  formerly  used  as  a  means  of  keeping 
the  accounts  of  the  Exchequer.  [TALLY,  «.] 

(S)  Writer  to  the  signet:  [SIGNET]. 

writer's  cramp,  writer's  paraly- 

PatKol. :  Scrivener's  palsy  (q.v.X 

".Wl-if-cr-ess,  ».  [Eng.  writer;  -eta.]  A  fe- 
male writer  or  author. 

"  Remember  It  henceforth,  ye  wriferetae*,  there  la 
no  auch  word  aa  nnthnrraare  TTiadrennf  •  JlitoeU,. 
11.  470. 

•wrif -er-Ung,  «.  [Eng.  writer;  dhnin.  snff. 
-ling.]  Apetty  writer;  a  poor  or  sorry  writer 
or  author. 

"  Every  writer  and  trritrrling  tit  name  has  a  salary 
from  the  government."— Bobberdt:  Jtemofrt,  L420. 

Wrif-er-shlp, «.  [Kng.  writer;  -ship.]  The 
office  or  position  of  a  writer. 

"The  Tacaneiee  to  be  filled  were  In  eight  writtrthipt 
tn  tbe  office  of  the  secretary  of  atate  fox  indin.'  — 
acrltmrr't  Jfoffottne.  June.  187T,  p.  SM. 

^  The  word  is  generally  used  in  connection 
with  Indian  appointments. 

writhe,  *  wrethe,  •  wr  i  th  en,  *  wry  th  en 

(pa.  t  writhed,  •  wroth,  pa.  par.  writhed, 
*  written),  v.t.  4  i.  [Lat.  wridhan  =  to  twist, 
to  wind  about  (pa.  t.  wrddh,  pa.  par.  wridhm) ; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  ridha  (for  rridha,  pa.  t  reidh, 
pa.  par.  ridhinn);  Dan.  vride ;  Sw.  vrida  = 
to  wring,  twist,  turn,  wrest;  O.  H.  Ger. 


ridan;  M.  H.  Ger.  riden.  From  the  same 
root  as  Lat.  twrto  =  to  turn,  and  Eng.  worth 
v.  From  icritlte  are  derived  wrath,  wroth 
wreath,  wrest,  and  wrist.] 

A.  Transitive: 
i  Literally: 

*  L  To  twist  with  violence. 

"  The  younger  crept 

Near  the  cloeed  cradle  where  an  infant  slept, 
And  terithed  hia  neck."         Ptirnell :  Hermit,  151 

t  2.  To  distort 

"Her  mouth  she  writhed,  her  forehead  taught   to 
frown."  Dryden:  Theocritut;  Idyu.  xxilL 

*  3.  To  turn  as  in  pain  or  distress. 

"  The  utighty  father  heard  ; 
And  tcritfted  bia  look  toward  the  royal  walla." 

.Surrey  :    i'iryiia  ;  .tneil  IT. 

*IL  Fig. :  To  pervert,  to  wrest,  to  mis 
apply. 

"  The  reason  which  he  yleldeth,  ahoweth  the  leaat 
part  of  hia  meaning  to  be  that  wnereuntohia  worda 
are  wri/Aed."— Hooker :  EccU*.  polity. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  twist  the  body  about,  as  in  pain :  as, 

He  writhed  in  agony. 

"  2.  To  turn  away. 

"  Doeet  thou  looke  after,  that  Christ  should  heare 

thee.  whan  Uiouoalleathiiu  father,  when  thou  wittea 

away  from  theaten-chiltiren.  calling  thee  mother?"— 

Flew:    /rutr»cMon  of  a   Christian    Woman,    bk.   1L 

en.  xiL 

*  3.  To  twist  or  twine  one's  self. 

*4.  To  advance  by  vermicular  motion ;  to 
wriggle. 

"  Llaeome  Vivien,  holding  by  hia  heel. 
Writhed  toward  him.  ended  up  hU  knee  and  eat.' 
Tennjfton :  Vivien.  88, 

•wrlth'-el,  •  writh-le,  v. t.    [Eng.  writhe; 
frequent  suff.  -el,  -U.]    To  wrinkle. 

"  The  akin  that  waa  white  and  amooth  is  turned 
tawuie  and  vrUheTd."—  Bp.  HaU :  St.  faul't  Combat. 

•writh'-en,   •writh-nn,  o.     [WRITHE.] 
Twisted,  twined. 

"  Vengeance,  ye  powerafhe  criea),  and  thou  whoee  hand 
Aime  the  red  bolt,  and  hurle  the  writ  hen  brand  !  - 
Pope:  Homer  i  vdtuey  xil.  4M. 

writ -Ing,  *  wryt-lng,  *  wryt-ynge,  pr. 

par.,  a.,  &  s.    [WRITE,  ».] 
A*  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  the  art  or  act  of 
writing ;  used  for  writing. 

C.  At  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  art  of  forming  letters  and 
characters  on  paper,  parchment,  wood,  stone, 
pr  other  material,  for  the  purpose  of  recording 
ideas  or  of  communicating  them  to  others  by 
visible  signs. 

H  Writing  may  be  divided  into  ideographic 
and  phonographic,  i.e.,  into  signs  representing 
the  things  symbolized  by  words,  and  signs  re- 
presenting sounds— that  is,  words  themselves. 
In  Egyptian  hieroglyphs  we  have  ideographs 
and  phonographs  mixed  together;  and  the 
same  thing  occurs  in  the  Mexican  picture- 
writing.  It  is  generally  agreed  that  the  art  of 
writing  was  introduced  to  the  western  nations 
by  the  Phoenicians  about  1500  B.C.  Their 
system  was  probably  based  on  the  Egyptian. 
The  Egyptians  had  three  distinct  kinds  of 
writing — the  hieroglyphic,  the  hieratic,  and 
the  enchorial  or  demotic.  (See  these  words.) 
The  Greeks  at  first  wrote  from  right  to  left ; 
next  they  adopted  a  method  called  bous- 
tropnedon,  from  the  motion  of  the  ox  in 
ploughing — that  is,  alternately  from  right  to 
left,  and  from  left  to  right.  Writing  from  left 
to  right  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  in  the 
time  of  Homer  by  Pronapides  of  Athens.  In 
ancient  Greek  and  Roman  writing  the  words 
were  not  separated  by  spaces,  and  no  punctua- 
tion marks  were  used.  In  medueval  MSS.  a 
variety  of  styles  were  used  in  different  epochs 
and  countries,  and  for  different  uses.  [MA- 
JUSCULE, MINUSCULE.]  Uncial  letters  pre- 
vailed from  the  seventh  to  the  tenth  centuries. 
[UNCIAL.]  The  Gothic  cursive  was  introduced 
about  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
The  Modern  German  alphabet  was  also  intro- 
duced about  the  same  time.  The  Xorman 
style  came  in  with  the  Conqueror.  The  Eng- 
lish court  hand,  an  adaptation  of  Saxon,  pre- 
vailed from  the  sixteenth  century  to  the  reign 
of  George  II.,  when  Its  use  was  legally  abol- 
ished. There  are  no  traces  of  writing  in 
Britain  previous  to  the  Roman  period.  The 
Runic  alphabet,  used  for  many  centuries  In 
Denmark,  Norway,  and  Iceland,  was  based  on 
the  Roman.  Chinese  characters  are  syllabic, 
and  as  Chinese  words  are  monosyllables,  they 
are  strictly  ideographic.  Their  system  is  said 


to  contain  40,000  characters.  Sanscrit  poe> 
sesses  the  most  perfect  known  alphabet  •  its 
consonants  number  thirty-throe  and  its  vowel 
signs  fourteen.  It  i.s  written  from  left  tt 
right.  [CUNEIFORM, OGHAM,  PHONETIC, RUNIC 
SHORTHAND.] 

2.  That  which  is  written  ;  anything  written 
or  expressed  in  letters  :  as 

(1)  An  inscription. 

"And  Pilate  wrote  a  title,  and  put  It  on  tbe  rroee. 

(2)  A    literary   or   other   composition ;   a 
manuscript,  a  book,  a  pamphlH.    (Generally 
in  the  plural.) 

"  Time  had  thrown  the  teritinae  of  many  poeta  Into 
tbe  river  of  obliviou.--0ry<l>»  .•  Cltomenri.  (Ep.  Bed.) 
(8)  Any  legal  instrument,  as  a  deed,  a  re- 
ceipt, a  bond,  an  agreement,  ic, 

"A  carrion  Heath,  within  whose  empty  eye. 
There  la  a  written  scroll !  I'll  read  the  teritfnf.' 
MuA-Mp. .-  JfercAafir  of  ( t/u«,  iL  7. 

(4)  A  letter,  a  note. 

*  3.  That  which  is  expressed  or  stated  in  » 
book  or  the  like  ;  an  account. 

"  Bnt  that  aayluge  diaagreeth  to  the  vrylfnge  of 
Eutropioe,  for  tbe  countre  of  Spuyne  waa  not  auhdueil 
by  hyin  tyll  after  that  be  WAB  Emperoor  "— FabHan  ' 
Cronyclt,  cb.  Ivt 

4.  Manner  or  style  of  writing :  as,  That  i«v 
not  his  writing, 
If  An  obligatory  writing : 
Law:  A  bond  (q.v.). 

writing-ball,  «.  An  electric  printing 
apparatus,  consisting  of  a  half  sphere  of  gun- 
metal,  resting  with  its  convex  side  upwards 
on  a  frame,  and  pierced  with  radial  apertures 
to  the  number  of  fifty-two,  in  which  work 
pistons,  converging  to  the  centre.  Each  pis- 
ton is  ground  off  horizontally  at  Its  bottom, 
upon  which  is  engraved  a  letter,  figure,  or 
punctuation  mark.  The  pistons  are  worked 
by  the  fingers,  and  when  depressed  are  raised 
by  spiral  springs. 

writing-book,  *.  A  blank  paper  book, 
generally  ruled,  for  practice  in  penmanship  : 
a  copy-book. 

writing-case,  s.  A  portable  writing- 
desk  or  portfolio. 

writing-chambers,  s.  pi.  Apartments 
occupied  by  lawyers  and  their  clerks,  &c. 

writing-desk,  s.  A  desk  with  a  broad 
Eloping  top,  used  for  writing  on  ;  also,  a  port- 
able case  containing  writing  materials ;  a 
writing-case. 

writing-frame,  *.  Writing-frames  for 
the  blind  consist  of  a  frame  in  which  a  sheet 
of  paiier  may  be  placed,  and  a  horizontal 
straight-edge,  which  forms  a  guide  for  the 
hand  in  making  a  row  of  letters.  The  line 
being  completed,  tbe  straight-edge  is  lowered 
one  notch,  and  forms  a  guide  for  the  next  line, 
and  so  on. 

writing-ink,  s.    [INK.] 

writing-master, «.  A  man  who  teaches 
the  art  of  penmanship. 

Writing-paper,  s.  Paper  with  a  smoothed 
and  sized  surface  so  as  to  be  adapted  for  writ- 
ing upoa. 

writing-school,  s.  A  school  or  academy 
where  penmanship  or  caligraphy  is  taught. 

writing-table,  s. 

*  1.  A  tablet    [TABLET.] 


2.  A  table  used  for  writing  on,  having 
generally  a  desk  part,  drawers,  4c. 

writing-telegraph.  ».  A  telegraphic  in- 
strument which  sends  autographic  messages. 

wrif -ten,  *  writte,  "  wryt-en,  pa.  par.  * 
a.    [WRITE.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :   Reduced   to  writing ;   com- 
mitted to  paper,  6tc.,  with  pen  and  ink  or 
other  material.    Opposed  to  oral  or  sjioken. 

"  Langrage  ia  a  connection  of  audible  aigns,  the 
moataptin  nature  for  communication  uf  onrthoughta; 
written  language  ia  a  description  of  the  Bald  audible 
eiguabyaigiiavlBil.le."-- tfoWer:  On  Lanffutw*. 

^  (1)  It  is  written  : 

Script. :  It  ia  stated  or  declared  in  Holy 
Scripture. 

'•  it  it  written,  Thou  ihalt  woraklp  tbe  Lord  thy 
Qod,  and  inn  nly  ahalt  thou  eervet"—  Matt.  IT.  la 

(2)  Written  law:   Law  as  contained  in  a 


frit°.  &t.  fire,  amidst,  wnat,  fill,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6tv 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  son:  mute,  cub,  cure,  nnite,  our,  rule,  Bill:  try.  Syrian.    •,  09  =  e;  ey  =  A;  qu     kw. 


wrizzled— wrung 


5281 


•tatute  or  statutes,  aa  distinguished  from    »• 
written  law. 

written  -lichen,  s. 

Bat.:  Opcgraplia tcripta.    (OPBQEAPHA.] 

"wrlz'-Bled,  a.  [Prob.  for  wristied,  from 
wrist  or  wrest.]  Wrinkled. 

'•  Her  wrtuted  akin,  as  rough  aa  maple  rind. 
So  scabbv  was,  that  would  have  HMhd  all  woman- 
kind."  Spemer :  F.  1,  I.  vlil.  «. 

Wroe   Ites,  ».  pi.    [See  def.] 

CAurcft  Hist.  :  The  followers  of  John  Wroe, 
who  died  in  Australia  on  February  6.  1863. 
They  arose  about  1823.  In  1869  apjieared  their 
symbolical  work  entitled  "  The  Life  and 
Journal  of  John  Wroe,  with  Divine  Commu- 
nications to  him."  They  are  also  called 
Christian  Israelites. 

"•wrolt-en,  pa.  par.  of  v.    [WREAK,  v.] 

•wrong,  *  wrang,  *  wronge,  a,.,  adv.,&  t. 
[A.8.  wrang  =  perverted  or  wrung  aside,  from 
wrang,  pa.  t.  of  wringan  =  to  wring  (q.v.);  (cf. 
Lat.  tortus,  from  torqueo  =  to  twist,  to  wring) ; 
cogn,  with  Dut.  wrang  =  sour,  harsh,  from 
wringen  =  to  wring ;  Icel.  rang"  =  awry, 
wrong,  unjust ;  Dan.  vrang  =  wrong  (a.) ;  Sw. 
vrilng  =  perverse.  The  word  occurs  first  as  a 
•ubstantive  in  the  A.S.  Chronicle,  an.  1124.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Twisted,  crooked :  as,  a  wrong  nose. 
(Wycliffe:  Lcvit.  xxi.  19.) 

2.  Not  physically  right ;  not  fit  or  suitable ; 
not  appropriate  for  use ;  not  adapted  to  the 
-end  or  purpose ;  not  according  to  rule,  re- 
quirement, wish,  design,  or  the  like  ;  not  that 
which  is  intended  or  desired  to  be. 

"  I  have  directed  Jon  to  wrong  places."— Shatap. ! 
Mem  Wtoel,  til.  1. 

3.  Not  morally  right ;  not  according  to  the 
divine  or  moral  law  ;  deviating  from  rectitude ; 
not  equitable,  fair,  or  just ;  unjust. 

"  For  modes  of  faith  let  graoelesa  bigots  fight : 
lie  can  t  be  wrong  whose  li<«  ia  tn  the  right." 

Pope:  Ettay  <m  Man,  lit.  806. 

4.  Not  in  accordance  with  the  facts  or  truth ; 
false,  mistaken,  inaccurate,  incorrect. 

"  By  fain  lutelligenoe  or  «ro»?  surmise.- 

Shaketp. :  Richard  III.,  11.  1. 

a.  Holding  erroneous  notions  or  views  in 
matters  of  doctrine,  opinion,  or  fact ;  mis- 
taken ;  in  error  :  as,  I  thought  «o,  but  I  waa 
wrong. 

6.  Unjust,  illegitimate. 

" If  hta  cause  be  wrong."    Shtiketp. :  Henry  V..  IT.  1. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  wrong  manner  ;  wrongly, 
unjustly,  amiss. 

"  The  right  divine  of  kings  to  govern  wrong." 

tape:  Iiuneiad.  IT.  18». 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  That  which  is  wrong  or  not  right ;  a  state, 
condition,  or  instance  in  which  there  is  some- 
thing which  is  not  right.     (Used  without  an 
Article.) 

"  It  IB  the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number 
Trhlch  la  the  meaaure  of  right  or  wrong!  —Bentkam. 

2.  A  wrong,  unfair,  or  unjust  act ;  any  vio- 
lation nf  right  or  of  divine  or  human  law  ;  an 
•et  of  injustice  ;  a  breach  of  the  law  to  the 
injury  of  another,  whether  by  something  done 
or  something  undone  ;  an  injustice,  a  trespass. 

"  The  distinction  of  public  trronyi  from  private,  o: 
Crimea  and  miademeauors  from  civil  injuries,  seeuiB 
principally  to  consUt  lu  this  :  that  private  wronffe,  or 
civil  inj  iiries.  are  an  infringement  or  privation  of  tin 
civil  rights  which  belong  to  individuals,  eonaidera 
merely  aa  Individuals  :  public  wrongt  or  Crimea  and 
misdemeanors,  are  a  breach  and  violation  of  the 
fljublic  rlghta  and  duties,  due  to  the  whole  community 
.considered  at  a  community.  In  ita  social  aggregate 
capacity."—  Blactttone :  Commentaries  bk.  tv.,  oh.  I, 

3.  Anyinjury,  mischief,  hurt,  damage,  or  pain. 

"  For  thy  right  myaelf  will  bear  all  wrong.' 

Shakap. !  Sonnet  M. 

4.  An  insult,  a  disgrace. 

•*  'Tis  he,  foul  creature,  that  hath  done  th«e  wrong." 
Shakeip. :  Yemu  A  Adoni*,  1,006. 

^  1.  In  the  wrong : 

(1)  Holding  a  wrong,  unjustifiable,  or  inde- 
fensible position  as  regards  another  person. 
"  Brother,  brother,  we  are  both  in  the  wrong." 

Gay:  Beggar't  Opera,  ii.  5. 

*  (2)  In  error,  erroneously,  mistakeably. 

•*  Construe  Casalo's  smiles  .  .  .  quit*  in  the  wrong." 
ahaketp.  :  Othello,  iv.  L 

*  2.  To  have  wrong :  To  suffer  injustice. 

"  Caesar  hat  had  great  wrong." 

Shaietp.  :  Juttui  Collar,  Hi  t, 

•wrong-doer,  t. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  injures  another  o 
who  does  wrong. 

"  She  resolved  to  spend  all  her  yean  In  bewailing  th 
wrong,  and  yet  praying  for  the  wrongdoer.  —Sidney 


2.  Law;  One  who  eouuiiita  m  tort  or  tres- 
pass ;  a  tort-feaser. 

wrong-doing,  *-  The  doing  or  commit- 
ting of  any  wrong ;  evil-doing ;  behaviour  the 
opposite  of  that  which  is  right. 

*  wrong-Incensed,  a.    Smarting  under 
a  sense  of  wrong.  (Simkesp. :  R  ichard  III. ,  ii.  1 .) 

*  wrong  -timed,  a.     Said  or  done  at  a 
wrong  or  inopportune  time  ;  ill-timed. 

wrong,  v.t.  &  i.    [WRONG,  cu] 
A.  Transitive; 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  treat  with  injustice ;  to  do  wrong  to ; 
to  deprive  of  some  right,  or  to  withhold  some 
act  of  justice  from ;  to  deal  harshly,  cruelly,  or 
unfairly  with  ;  to  hurt,  to  harm,  to  oppress, 
to  disgrace,  to  offend. 

"  A  virtuous  gentlewoman  deeply  wronged." 
Tennyton:  Vivien,  760. 

2.  To  do  injustice  to  by  imputation  ;  to  im- 
pute evil  unjustly  to. 

"  I  rather  choose, 

To  wrong  the  dead,  to  wrong  myself.  atiJ  you, 
Than  I  will  wrong  such  honourable  men.' 

Ahaketp. :  Juliut  Occur,  ill,  8. 

*  3.  To  offend  ;  to  give  offence  or  affront  to. 

"  What  dues  Master  Fenton  beret 
Yon  wrong  me,  sir,  thus  still  to  haunt  my  home, 
I  told  you,  sir,  my  daughter  is  disposed  of. 

Shakttp. :  Merry  Wivet,  ill.  4. 

*  4.  To  disgrace. 

"  Be  contented,  you  wrong  yourself  too  much."— 
Shake*?. :  Merry  Wive*,  lit  8. 

U.  Naut. :  To  outsail  (a  ship)  by  becalming 
her  sails. 

"  They  observed  they  wronged  her  so  much,  they 
would   go   round  her  If    they  pleased."  —  Johnion : 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  do  wrong. 

**  For  whan  that  holy  churche  wrangetht 
I  not  what  other  thyiig  shall  right." 

(tower :  C.  A.,  U. 

*  wrong1 -er,  *.     [Eng.  wrong,  v. ;  -er.]    One 

who  wrongs ;  one  who  does  wrong  or  injury 
to  another  in  any  way. 

"  Hold,  shepherd,  hold  :  learn  not  to  be  a  wronger 
Of  your  word  ;  was  iiot  your  promise  laid  I1 " 

Beaum.  A  Fit*. :  Faithful  Shepherd**,  iv. 

wr6ng'-ful,  *  wronge-full,  *  wrong-foil, 
*  wronge-fulle,  a.  [Eng.  wrong ;  -full.] 
Injurious,  unjust,  wrong;  not  founded  on 
right  or  justice. 

"  Another  casuist,  somew hat  less  austere,  pronounced 
that  a  government,  wrongful  in  Its  origin,  might  " 
come  a  settled  government  after  the  lapse  of  a  < 
tory."— Afacaulaj/  ;  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xviL 

wr6ng'-fnl-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  wrongful;  -,  _  _ 
In  a  wrongful  manner ;  contrary  to  justice  or 
fairness ;  unjustly,  unfairly ;  illegally. 

"  He  wa«,  rightfully  or  wrongfully.  King  In  poOe*. 
mion."—Jlacaulay :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xlx. 

wrSng'-fol-ness,  ».  [Eng.  wrongful;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  wrongful  ;  in- 
justice, 

*  wrong  -hood,  *.  &  a.    [Eng.  wrong,  a.,  and 

head.  I 

A.  As  subst. :  A  person  of  a  misapprehend- 
ing mind  and  an  obstinate  character  ;  a  pig- 
headed person. 

B.  As  adj.:  Wrongheaded.  obstinate,  per 
verse. 

"  Much  do  I  suffer,  much,  to  keep  In  peace 
This  jealous,  waspish,  wronghead,  rhyming  race." 
Pope :  Satire*,  vi.  1*8. 

wrong'-head-ed,  a.  [Eng.  wronghead;  -ed.. 
Having  the  mind  or  brain  occupied  with 
false,  or  wrong  notions  or  ideas ;  especially 
perversely  and  obstinately  wrong ;  of  a  per 
verse  understanding;  perverse,  crotchety. 

wrong1  head  ed-ljr.  adv.  [Eng.  vtrong 
headed;  -ly.]  in  a  wrongheaded  or  perverse 
manner ;  perversely,  obstinately. 

wroii^-hoad  ed  ness,  t?.  [Eng.  wrong 
headed;  •ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
wrongheaded ;  perverseness,  perversity,  ob- 
stinacy. 

"  Fidelity  to  opinions  and  to  friends  seems  to  him 
mere  duhiess  atid  wrongheadedneu."  —  Macautay 
Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 

-wrong  less,  a.     [Eng.  wrong,  B.  ;   -U$s. 

Void  of  or  free  from  wrong. 

*  wrSng'-less-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  wrongless  ;  -ly. 

Without  wrong  or  harm  to  anyone. 

"  He  was  brother  to  the  fair  Helen  queen  of  Corinth 
and  dearly  esteemed  of  her  for  his  exceeding  good 
part*,  being  honourably  courteous,  and  wrongUttly 
valiant."— Sidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  i, 

wrong  -1^,  adv.    [Eng.  wrong,  a. ;  -ly.}     In  a 


wrong  manner ;  unjustly,  wrongfully,  errone- 
ously. 

"  They  [madmen]  do  not  appear  to  me  to  have  lost 
the  faculty  of  reasoning  ;  but  having;  Joined  together 
somu  Ideas  very  wrongly,  they  mistake  them  for 
truths."— ioct».-  Bum.  Dnderttmid.,  bk.  11.,  ch.  xL 

wrong1- mind -ed,  a.  [Eng.  wrong,  and 
minded.]  Having  a  mind  wrongly  inclined; 
entertaining  erroneous  or  distorted  views. 

*  wrSng'-ness,  s.     [Eng.  wrong,  a. ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wrong; 
error,  wrongfulness,  erroneousness. 

"  Treating  those  with  much  regard,  who  are  pleasad 
to  treat  Owl  with  none,  various  method*  may  be  found 
of  sometimes  plainly  declining,  some  olili'iut-ly  iutl; 
mating,  the  manifold  wrongneti  of  such  expreaaious. 
—Motor :  Sermont,  vol.  i.,  ser.  82. 

2.  A  fault ;  a  wrong  idea,  habit,  or  feeling. 

"  Whatvroivnettet  do  such  thoughts  produce  in  our 
actions,  in  our  tempers,  in  our  belwviour."— (filjjin: 
Sermona,  vol.  i.,  ser.  10. 

wrong'-ous,  *  wrong-ecus,  o.  [A  corrupt 
of  wrongwise  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Wrong,  unjust,  wrongful. 
"  Every  wrong  must  be  Judged  by  the  first  violent 
and  wrongous  ground  whereupon  it  proceeds.'  —  King 
Jamet  to  Lord  Oacon.  July  25,  1617. 

2.  Scots  Law:  Not  right;  unjust;  Illegal: 
as,  wrongous  imprisonment  =  false  or  illegal 
imprisonment. 

*  wrong1 -wif  e,  *  wrong-wls,  a.    [Formed 
as  a  converse  of  righteous  =  rightwise  ;   Sw. 
vrdngvit—  iniquitous.}     Wrong,   unjust,   ini- 
quitous.    (Old.  Eng.  Homilies,  i.  175.) 

wrote,  pret.  &.  pa.  far.  ofv.    [WRITE.] 

*  wrote,  i>.(.  or  {.    [A.  8.  wrote  n  =  to  grub  up, 
to  root  (q.v.).]    To  root,  dig,  or  grub  up  with 
the  snout,  as  swine. 

"  For  right  aa  a  sowe  wroteth  In  every  ordure,  so 
wrot'-tli  she  hirebeautee  in  stinking  ordure  of  siune*. 
—Vhattcer :  Pertonei  Tale. 

wroth,  o.  [A.  a  wrddh,  from  wrdaOi,  pa. 
t.  of  wridhan  =  to  writhe  (q.v.);  cogn. 
with  Dut.  wreed  =  cruel ;  Icel.  reidhr ;  Dan. 
vred;  M.  H.  Ger.  reit,  reid  =  twisted,  curled. 
The  original  meaning  was  '  wry '  or  distorted 
or  perverted  in  one's  temper.]  [WRATH, 
WRITHE.)  Very  angry  ;  much  exasperated  ; 
wrathful, 

"  Cain  was  vary  wroth,  and  nil  countenance  feU."— 
Genetil  Iv.  6. 

wrought  (as  rat),  •  wraught,  *  wrought*, 
*  wrought,  pret.,  pa.  par.  of  v.,  &  Ik 

[WORK,  II.] 

A.  As  pret.  &  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   Worked,  performed,  don*, 
executed,  laboured,  formed. 

"  From  Walthain  beforesaid  to  Westmynater  thai 

him  brouht, 

Bialde  his  laden  U  laid  in  a  toumbe  wele  wrought. 
Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  ML 

2.  Carp.  *  Mason. :  A  term  used  by  masons 
and  carpenters  in  contradistinction  to  rough. 

wrought-lron, «.  Pig-iron  subjected  to 
the  process  of  puddling  (q.v). 

wrung,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    [WRING.] 

*  wry,  *  wrl-en,  v.l.  ft  (.    [A.S.  wrlgian  =  to 
drive,  to  impel,  to  tend  or  bend  towards. 
Wrigglt  is  a  frequent,  from  this  verb.     Cf. 
Goth.  wraikws=  crooked.] 

A,  Intransitive : 

1.  To  swerve,  move,  or  go  obliquely ;  to  go 
or  move  aside ;  to  turn  away. 

"  Than  the  kyng  wryed  away  fro  hym."— Berntrtt 
rroinart:  Oronycle.  vol  L.  ch.  cxlvU. 

2.  To  deviate  from  the  right  path  morally ; 
to  go  wrong  or  astray. 

"  These  ten  too  much  on  the  right  hand,  atci-lblng 
to  the  holy  scripture  snob  kind  of  perfection  as  It  can- 
not have.  —  Sandyt. 

3.  To  writhe,  to  wriggle. 

"  Then  talks  she  ten  times  worae,  and  wryei,  and 

As  tho'uf  ifs'he  had  the  Itch  (and  so  It  may  be)." 
Beaum,  A  net. :  Woman'l  Prise,  111.  L 

4.  To  slip,  slide,  or  move  away  from  the 
proper  position. 

"  The  byshops  go  about  to  kepe  In  state  sttl,  and 
hold  vpthe  decaled  partes  of  their  power  (whose  build, 
ing  waa  naught,  and  therfore  hath  wryed  on  the  ona 
aide  longe  ago)."— Bp.  Gardner:  Of  True  Obedience, 
foL  U. 

5.  To  bend  or  wind  j  to  move  in  a  winding 
or  meandering  course. 

"  Aa  when  a  nymph,  arising  from  the  land, 
Leadeth  a  dance  with  her  long  watery  train 
Down  to  the  «».  . 


611,  b6J;  p6ut,  J6wl;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing. 
olan,  -Uan  =  TlT",    -tlon,  -«lon  =  shun ;  -flon,  -alon  =  shun,    -clous,    tlous.    slous  =  slius.   -We.  -die.  4c.  =  Del,  del. 


5232 


wry — 


B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  writhe,  to  twist,  to  bend,  to  contort. 

"LIVe&maii  fastened  by  his  tliumbe»t  the  whipping- 
post, be  trrin  his  back  and  s'.riuka  (ruin  the  blow, 
though  he  knows  be  oumut  set  loose."— Bp.  Taylor  • 
MMMfW/Vvm  Popery,  bk.  if.,  pt  iL,  §  6. 

2.  To  distort,  to  wrest,  to  cause  to  deviate. 
"  They  have  wrested    and   wryed  hii  doctrine,"— 

Ralph  ftobinion.   (Annandale.) 

•  wrle,  *  wrye,  a.  &  $.    [WRY,  p.] 

*  As  adjective: 

1.  Bent,  turned,  or  twisted  to  one  side  in 
A  state  of  contortion ;  twisted,  distorted, 
crooked. 

"  The  fyrrt  that  came  and  g»u«  th«m  moost  corn- 
forte  wu  Henry  erle  of  Lancaatre  with  the  wry* 
uecke.  called  Torte  colle."-,3<r™«r. .-  froittart ;  Cron- 
Vdf,  vol.  L,  eh.  si. 

*  2.  Crooked  ;  meandering  ;  not  following  * 
Itraight  or  direct  line. 

"  There  Intricately  among  the  woods  doth  wander 
Losing  hlnuelfe  in  many  a  wry  meander." 

Broume :  Britannia t  Pattoratt,  L  2. 

3.  Exhibiting  distaste,  disgust,  impatience, 
discontent,  or  the  like :  as,  He  took  ft  with  a 
very  wry  (ace. 

*  4.  Deviating  from  what  Is  right  or  becom- 
ing ;  misdirected,  wrong,  false, 

*  If  h«  now  and  then  make  a  wr*  tUp."— Qttpin  : 
Sfrmont.  vol.  iv.,  wr.  14. 

*  5.  Wrested,  perverted. 

"  B«  manfflM  and  put*  a  tery  MUM  upon  protectant 
writera,"— A  ttgrbury. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  A  bending  or  turning  from 
the  proper  or  straight  direction ;  a  bend,  a 
tarn,  a  meander. 

"  The  flnt  with  divert  crooki  and  turning  wiw." 
P.  FlttdKr :  PurpU  Tttand,  v. 

wry-mouthed,  a.  Having  the  mouth 
awry. 

"  If  «'er  they  call  npon  me  III  so  fit  >m, 


Beaum.  i  flu.  :  H'omn  JtKuat,  lil.  1 

wry  neck,  *. 

1.  Ornith. :  [WRYNECK]. 

1 2.  Pathol. :  The  same  as  STIFF-NECK  (q.v.). 

Wry-necked,  a.  Having  a  crooked  and 
distorted  neck  ;  in  the  quotation,  the  epithet 
refers  to  the  old  English  flute,  or  flute  a  bee, 
so  called  from  having  a  curved  projecting 
mouthpiece  like  a  bird's  beak. 

"  The  rtl«  squeaking  of  the  vrf. netted  flfe." 

SAafutp. :  Merchant  of  rente*.  11  k 

•  wryed,  a.    [Eng.  wry,  a. ;  -ed.)    Wry,  dl«- 
torted,  awry. 

"And  cry  'Filthy!  filthy!'  limply  uttering  their 
own  condition,  and  using  their  wryed  countenances 
Instead  of  a  vice."— ««n  JonKn  :  COM  if  Altered,  i.  4. 

*  wry'-ljf,  adv.     [Eng.  wry,  a. ;  -ly.)     In  a 
wry,  distorted,  or  awkward  manner. 

"  Molt  of  them  have  tried  their  fortune  at  some 
little  lottery-office  of  literature,  and,  receiving  a 
blank,  have  chewed  upon  It  hanhly  and  «rw»""— 
iandor  (Annnrtrtale.t 

wry'-neck,  ».    [See  def.] 

Ornith. :  Any  bird  of  the  genus  lunx  or 
Tnnx  (q.v.);  specif.  lunx  tonruilla,  the  Com- 
mon Wryneck,  a  summer  visitant  to  the  north 
of  Europe  and  Britain.  Length  about  seven 
inches  ;  general  colour  of  upper  parts  includ- 
ing the  tail,  grayish-white,  mottled  all  over 
with  brownish -gray,  and  obscurely  barred 
»nd  streaked  with  dark  brown  wings,  brown 
barred  with  dull  chestnut  on  the  outer  webs 


WBTHICK. 

of  the  feathers  ;  under  parts  buff,  each  feather 
with  a  narrow  dark-brown  spot  near  the  tip. 
Little  or  no  variation  in  the  female.  It  feeds 
on  caterpillars  and  other  insects,  and  is  often 
seen  near  ant-hills  in  search  of  the  cocoons 
popularly  known  as  "anfs  eggs."  The  con- 
struction of  the  protrusile  tongue  resembles 
that  of  the  woodpecker,  and  the  organ  is  fur- 
nished with  glands  secretinga  glutinous  mucus 
which  causes  the  prey  to  adhere  to  its  horny  tip. 
The  Wryneck  rarely  makes  a  nest,  or  at  best 


but  a  very  poor  one,  usually  depositing  its 
eggs  in  some  hole  in  a  tree.  The  nanip  Wry- 
neck is  derived  from  the  bird's  habit  of 
writhing  its  head  and  neck  in  various  direc- 
tions with  a  seri^ntine  motion.  It  has  a 
number  of  other  popular  names  [CUCKOO'S 
MATE,  TURKEY-BIRD],  and  is  prolably  the 
Hobby-bird  of  Browne  (Birds  of  Norfolk).  His 
description,  "  marvellously  subject  to  the 
vertigo,"  refers,  in  Seebohm's  opinion,  to  the 
wryneck's  habit  of  feigning  death  when  taken  • 
while  Wilkin  thinks  it  is  founded  on  the 
"  singular  motion  of  its  head  and  neck."  The 
actual  habitat  of  the  bird  is  Central  Eur.rpe 
and  Asia. 

"  That  curious  bird  the  «jr)m«-t.  10  dear  to  the  clas- 
•teal  icholar  from  it«  associations  with  witchcraft  in 
Theocritus  and  Virgil,  is  the  flrst  to  arrive :  and  cer- 
tainly the  weird  manner  In  which  its  head  teems  to 
turn  every  way,  ai  If  on  a  pivot,  while  mouselike  it 
crawls  up  and  round  an  old  well,  goes  far  to  account 
for  ttl  reputation  as  an  uncanny  bird. "—St.  Jatneit 
Gautte,  March  9,  1887. 

wry'-neM,  *  wry-nesse,  ».    [Eng.  wry,  a. ; 
•ness.] 

1.  Lit. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  wry 
or  distorted  ;  crookedness. 

*  2.  Fig. :  Deviation  from  what  is  right. 

"  Thil  is  light  enough  to  all  Intelligent  penoua.  for 
an  exploring  the  rectitude  or  wryneu*  of  their  be- 
bavioun  in  this  particular."— Montagu*:  Jttvoutt 
Kuaya.  pt  L,  treat  12. 


wud,  a.    [WOOD,  o.]    (Scotch.) 
wud  -die,  wud'-dy,  «.    [WooDit 

WUir-en-Ite.   «.     [After  the  Austrian  min- 
eralogist, Wulfen  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  mostly  in  crys- 
tals ;  system,  tetragonal.  Hardness,  2'75  to 
3 ;  sp.  gr.,  6'03  to  7'0l ;  lustre,  resinous  to 
adamantine  ;  colour,  shades  of  yellow,  siskin- 
and  olive-green,  sometimes  orange  or  bright 
red.  Compos. :  Molybdic  acid,  38-5  ;  prot- 
oxide of  lead,  61-5  =  100,  corresponding  with 
the  formula  PbOMO3.  The  orange  and  red 
coloured  varieties  owe  their  colour  to  the 
presence  of  vanadic  acid. 

wall,  J.  ft  v.i.    [WILL,  ».  ft  t>.)    (Scotch,) 
wum-11,  ».    [WIMBLE.)    (Scotch.) 

wiir'-rus,  war-as,  s.    [The  African  name 
of  the  powder.) 

Comm. :  A  powder  sold  in  African  bazaars 
as  an  anthelmintic  and  a  dye  plant  It  was 
long  believed  to  be  identical  with  kaniala 
(q.v.X  but  it  has  been  shown  by  Capt  Hunter, 
Assistant  Resident  at  Aden,  that  wurrus  con- 
sists of  the  glandular  hairs  on  the  legumes  of 
Flemingia  congata,  wild  in  Africa  and  India. 
(Calcutta  Exhib.  Report,  pt  v.,  174.) 

wurtz'-ite,   i.    [After  the  French  chemist, 
Adolphe  Wnrtz  ;  suff.  -tie  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  dimorphous  form  of  blende  (q.v.). 
Crystallization,  hexagonal,  being  isomorphous 
with  greenockite.  Hardness,  3-5  to  4 ;  sp.  gr., 
3'98 ;  lustre,  vitreous ;  colour  and  streak, 
brownish  to  brownish-black.  Found  crystal- 
lized near  Ororo,  Bolivia.  Breithanpt  states 
that  the  radiated  (cadmiferous)  blende  of 
Przibram,  Bohemia,  is  hexagonal  In  crystal- 
lization ;  his  Spiauterite  (q.v.). 

WUT'-iel, «.  [Oer.  vmral  =  root.)  [MANOOLD- 
WUHZEL.) 

•wnsse,  adv.  [A  variant  of  -wit  in  ywis 
(q.v.).]  Certainly. 

"  I  hope  yon  will  not  a-hawking  now,  wit]  yon  T 
No.  mutt,  but  111  practise  against  next  year,  uncle." 
Benjotuon. 

wuth'-er,  v.i.  [From  the  sound.]  To  rnstle 
as  the  wind  amongst  trees ;  to  make  a  sul- 
len roar.  (Prov.) 

"yv'^fW  Heights  Is  the  name  of  Mr.  Heath, 
cllffes  dwelling,  withering  being  a  significant  pro- 
vincial adjective  descriptive  of  the  atmospheric  tu- 
mult  to  which  Ite  station  is  exposed  in  itonuy 
weather."— C.  Bronte :  U'lUheriny  Beiytm,  ch.  L 

WUth'-er,  «.  [WUTHER,  t>.)  The  sound  made 
by  the  rustling  of  the  wind  amongst  the 
branches  of  trees.  (Prov.) 

"  Sure  by  the  wtither  of  wind  amongst  treei,  denot- 
ing a  garden  outside."— .Viw  Bronte  :  i'itlette.  ch.  x  vi. 

wuz  -zent,  o.  [WIZZENED.]  Dried,  withered. 
(Scotch.) 

"  Wadna  I  set  my  ten  talenti  In  your  wtaxent  fac- 
for  tlwt  very  wordT"— Scott:  Start  of  Mitt'  "' 

ch.  xviii. 

(!),».      [WlTCH(2).] 

wych-elm,  «.    (WITCH-ELH.J 


wych-hazel,  j.    [WITCH-HAZEL.] 
wyoh(2),  s.    [WICK  (!),».]    (See  extract) 

n-"Th,e  Pr1"^!*'  occupation  is  the  manufacture  of 
the  sail  :  obUlued  froi,,  the  hrlne  ipringi,  or  ^d^i, 
ta  wlj.ch  the  town  probably  owea  both  ft.  name  and 
It.  origln."-«ncj,o.  irir.  (ei  9th).  vIL  «l. 

wych-house,  t.    (See  extract.) 

"The  houtei  in  which  wit  ii  manufactured  an 
called    trffcA-ftoiiwa.  —  Woodward:    6tot.    of   £nff.    « 

wych-waUer,  «.  A  salt-boiler  at  a  wych. 
(Cheshire.) 


>.  &  o.    [See  def.] 
A.  As  substantive. 

Eccles.  <*  Church  Hist.:  The  followers  of 
John  Wycliffe,  Wiclif,  or  de  Wiclif,  &c.  (there 
are  about  twenty  ways  of  spelling  the  name). 
He  was  born  at  Hipswell,  near  Richmond,  about 
A.D.  1324,  and  was  educated  at  Oxford  Uni- 
versity. He  is  believed  to  have  been  in  con- 
flict with  the  Mendicant  Orders  about  1360, 
but  none  of  his  extant  writings  on  the  subject 
seem  to  have  been  penned  at  so  early  a  date. 
In  or  about  that  year  he  obtained  the  warden- 
ship  of  Baliiol  Hall,  exchanged  about  1365  for 
that  of  Canterbury  Hall,  which  he  soon  lost, 
on  account  of  alleged  mental  incapacity  in 
the  archbishop  from  whom  he  received  the 
appointment.  This  deprivation  was  con- 
firmed on  appeal  both  by  the  Pope  and  the 
king.  In  July,  1374,  he  was  nominated 
member  of  a  legation  to  Pope  Gregory  XI. 
about  Papal  provisions,  or  reservation  of 
churches.  On  February  3,  1377,  he  was  sum- 
moned to  appear  before  a  Convocation  of  the 
Clergy  on  a  charge  of  heresy,  which  ended  abor- 
tively. On  May  22,  1377,  five  Papal  bulls  were 
issued  against  him,  and  next  year  a  second  ec- 
clesiastical trial  took  place,  the  Londoners, 
who  are  said  to  have  been  opposed  to  him  on 
the  former  occasion,  taking  his  part  on  this. 
In  May,  1382,  a  synod  of  divines  condemned 
his  opinions,  which  led  to  his  being  prevented 
from  any  Unger  teaching  in  the  University. 
In  1381  he  issued  sixteen  theses  against 
transubstantiation.  Apparently  about  1380 
or  1381  he  published  the  translation  into 
English  of  the  Bible  and  Apocrypha  from  the 
Latin  Vulgate  ;  a  second  edition  or  retransla- 
tion,  less  literal  hut  smoother  in  style,  was 
issued  by  John  Purvey  about  A.D.  1388  Thia 
was  after  the  death  of  Wycliffe,  which  took 
place  in  the  parish  of  Lutterworth,  in  Leices- 
tershire, of  which  he  was  rector,  on  De- 
cember 81,  1384.  On  May  2,  1415,  the  Council 
of  Constance  condemned  Wycliffe's  tenets 
and  ordered  that  his  books  should  be  de- 
stroyed and  his  body  dug  up  and  burnt.  [For 
his  tenets  see  LOLLARDISM,  for  his  followers 
LOLLARDS.  See  also  HPSSITES.) 

B.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  Wycliffe, 
his  tenets  or  followers.  [A.] 

wye,  ».  [See  def.)  A  Y  or  crotch.  Used  in 
many  ways  as  a  temporary  shore  or  brace. 
Also  a  name  applied  to  a  stem  or  pipe  with 
branches,  as  a  stand-pipe  or  delivery-pip* 
with  two  issues  from  its  summit  One  of  tin 
supports  of  a  telescope,  theodolite,  or  level- 
ling instrument.  Written  also  Y. 

WVke-Uam-Ist,  «.  [See  def.]  A  name  ap- 
plied to  the  boys  at  Winchester  College 
founded  by  William  of  Wykeham  (1824-1404), 
Bishop  of  Winchester.  Used  also  adjectively. 

"  From  Too  to  loo  w,k,hamuu  auembled  on  Satur- 
day to  take  part  in  the  fire  hundredth  anniversary  of 
the  laying  of  the  foundation-stone  of  the  Winchester 
College.  "-S.  Jamt,',  Oatate,  March  S8.  1887. 

wyl'-Ie,  a,  [Etym.  doubtful.]  (See  compound.) 
wylie-coat,  ».     A  boy's  flannel  under- 
dress   next   the   shirt;    a    flannel-petticoat 
(Scotch.) 

"  Or  alblins  lome  bit  dnddle  boy 
On's  vftie^oat."  Burnt:  To  a  LOUM. 

wy^-n-Mrt.   wy-mole,  *  wys  mal  va,   t. 

wynd  (y  as  a),  a.  [WIND,  ».  ]  An  alley,  a  Ian*. 
(Scotch..) 

"  Among  the  close,  and  »y»d«."—  Scott  :  KHaauxt, 
Ift,  eb.  xxi. 

w*nn,  «.  [Etym.  donl.tfnl.]  A  kind  of  tin> 
ber-truck  or  carriage.  (Simmondi.) 

"  wyte,  r.«.    [Will,  •.) 
wyte,  ».    [WIT*.] 
wyth,  s.    [  WITHE.) 

Sot.  :  Tournefortia  Tricolor.    [WHrr*-Hoo».] 


ftt,  tire,  amidst,  what,  fftn,  father;  we,  wet.  her«,  oamel.  her,  then,;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  nu.rtne;  go.  P6t, 
«r,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cnr.  rile,  fftll;  try.  Syrian.    •»,  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


wyvern — xanthocarpous 


5233 


Wy"-vern,  wi'-vern,  s.    [Mid.  Eng.  vrivere  = 
a  serpent  (Chaucer:    Troilus  £  Cressida,  H' 
1,012),  with  excrescent  n,  as  in 
bittern,  from  O.  Fr.  wivn  =  a 
serpent,  viper  ;  Fr.  givre  =  a 
viper,  from  Lat.  vipcra.     Wy- 
vern  and  viper  are  doublets.) 
[QUAVIVER,  VIPER.) 

Her. :  An  imaginary  animal ; 
a  kind  of  dragon  with  wings, 
but  having  only  two  legs,  the 
termination  of  its  body  being 
toniewhat  serpentine  in  form.  "BN- 


X. 

X,  the  twenty-fourth  letter  of  the  English 
alphabet,  is  a  superfluous  letter,  as  it  repre- 
sents no  sound  which  cannot  be  expressed  by 
other  letters.  Thus,  when  used  at  the  begin- 
ning cif  a  word  it  has  precisely  the  s»und  of  2  ; 
when  occurring  in  the  middle  of  a  word  it 
usually  lias  the  sound  of  ks,  as  in  curia,  taxis, 
foxes,  &c. ;  it  also  has  the  same  sound  in  some 
cases  when  terminating  a  word,  as  lax,  wax, 
&c  •  when  it  terminates  a  syllable,  and  more 
especially  an  initial  syllable,  if  the  syllable 
following  it  is  open  or  accented,  it  frequently 
bas  the  sound  of  gz,  as  in  luxury,  exhaust,  e%- 
alt,  exotic,  &c.  As  an  initial  it  occurs 
only  in  words  of  Greek  origin,  or  formed  from 
Greek  words,  most  of  these  formations  being 
of  a  scientific  or  technical  nature. 
T  1.  X  as  a  symbol  is  used : 

(1)  In  numer. :  For  ten,  in  this  case  being 
composed  of  two  Vs  (=  5)  placed  one  above  the 
other,  the  lower  one  being  inverted.    When 
placed   horizontally   (M)    it    stands_  for    a 
thousand,  and  with  a  dash  over  it  (X)  it  re- 
presents ten  thousand. 

(2)  In  ordinary  writing  X  is  frequently  nsed 
as  an  abbreviation  for  Christ.    In  this  case 
the  symbol  is  not  the  same  letter  as   the 
English  X,  but  represents  the  Greek  X  (=  CA), 
M  in  Xn  =  Christian,  X mas  =  Christmas. 

2.  X  as  used  on  beer-casks  is  said  to  have 
originally  been  employed  to  indicate  beer 
which  had  paid  ten  shillings  duty. 

xanth  ,  pref.    [XAHTHO-.] 

tha-mide,  *.     [Pref.  xanth;  and  Eng. 
amide.] 

Ckem.  :    C3H7ONS  =  COS(C2H5)NHS.      A 
produced  by  pasin 


crystalline  substance  yn/v*u\^«  "/  j-™,..., 
ammoniacal  gas  into  an  alcoholic  solution  o. 
xanthic  ether.  Insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether. 

xan -than,  s.    [Gr.  (anKs  (xanthos)  =  yellow ; 

Eng.  suff.  -an.) 
Chem.:  Berzelius'  name  for  the  group  Cy<_ 

regarded  as  the  radicle  of  persulpho-cyamc 

acid. 
Xan  -tha  rin, ».   [Formed  from  Eng.  xanthate 

Chem. :  Xanthil.  An  oily,  fetid  compound, 
supposed  by  Couerbe  to  be  produced  by  the 
dry  distillation  of  xanthic  ether.  (Watts.) 

t  xanth  ar-py'-I  a,  s.  [Pref.  xanth-,  and  Lat. 
karpyia.]    [HARPYA.] 

Zoo!. :  A  genus  of  Pteropodidfe,  closely  al 
lied  to  Pteropus,  with  a  single  species,  Xan 
tharpyia  amplexicaudata,  from  the  Austro 
Malayan  sub-region. 

xan  thato,  s.    [Eng.  xanOific) ;  -att.} 
Chem.':  A  salt  of  xanthic  acid, 
xanthate  of  potassium,  ». 

Chem. :  CaHjOKS,  =  C^SK         Obtained 

^O.C2Hs. 

by  adding  carbonic  disulphide  to  a  saturate! 
alcoholic  solution  of  potassic  hydrate.  I 
separates  in  slender,  colourless  prisms,  sol 
uble  In  water  and  alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether 
Gradually  destroyed  by  exposure  to  the  air, 

xan-thaz'-a-rln,  t.    [Pref.  xanth-,  and  Eng 

Chem. :  A  yellow  colouring  matter,  prepare 
by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  the  blac 
residue  obtained  in  preparing  pnre  alizarin 


xan   the-  In,    3.     [Formed  from  Or. 
(xanthos)  =  yellow.] 

Chem.  :  Fremy's  name  for  that  portion  of 
the  yellow  colouring  matter  of  flowers  which 
is  soluble  in  water. 

xanth-e-l&s  '-ma,  s.    [Pref.  xanth-,  and  Gr. 
eAacrjuo  (elasma)  ==.  a  metal  plate.] 

fathol.  :  The  name  given  by  Dr.  Erasmus 
Wilson  to  a  cutaneous  disease,  consisting  of 
isolated  or  confluent  tubercles  varying  from 
the  size  of  a  pin's  head  to  that  of  a  pea.  Its 
most  frequent  seat  is  around  the  eyelids. 

xan'  the  -lene,  s.    [Pref.  xanth-  ;  Eng.  e(thy), 
and  suff.  -lene.] 

Chem.  :  Zeise's  name  for  an  oil  produced 
by  precipitating  potassic  ethylsulpho-car- 
bonate  with  a  cupric  salt. 

xan'-thl-a,  s.  [Gr.  £  «k9ds  (xanthot)  =  yellow.] 
Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Orthosidse,  with  wings 
forming  a  very  inclined  roof.  The  caterpillar 
feeds  on  the  buds  or  the  catkins  of  trees. 
Six  species  are  British.  The  type  is  Xanthia 
cerago,  the  Sallow-moth  (q.v.). 

can   thi  an,  a.    [See  def.)    Of  or  belonging 
to  Xanthus,  an  ancient  town  in  Asia  Minor. 

xan  thian  marbles,  s.  pi. 

Classic  Antiq.  :  A  large  collection  of  marbles 
of  various  ages  (from  B.C.  545  onwards)  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir)  Charles  Fel- 
lows near  Xanthus,  in  1838.  They  were 
brought  to  England  in  1842  and  1843,  and 
placed  in  the  British  Museum. 

xan'  thlo,  o.    [Gr.  fo>-9«  (xanthos)  =  yellow, 
and  Eng.  sun*,  -ic.) 

Chem.  :  Derived  from  or  contained  in  xan- 
thic-ether,  and  of  a  yellow  colour. 


It  is  slightly  soluble   in  water,  soluble  in 
alcohol,  ether,  and  in  caustic  alkalis. 


thic  acid,  s. 


Chem.  : 


8H 


Acoloui- 


less  oily  liquid,  prepared  by  decomposing 
xanthate  of  potassium  with  dilute  sulphuric 
or  hydrochloric  acid.  It  is  heavier  than 
water,  has  a  powerful  and  peculiar  odour,  and 
decomposes  at  24°  into  alcohol  and  carbonic 
disulphide.  Its  salts  are  yellow. 

xanthic  other,  ». 

Ethyl. 


Chem.:( 

io  disulpho-carbonate.    A  pale  yellowish  oil, 

obtained  by  the  action  of  ethyl  chloride  on 

xanthate  of  potassium.     It  is   insoluble  in 

water,  soluble  in  all  proportions  in  alcohol 

and  ether,  and  boils  at  210°. 

xanthic  oxide,  s.    [XANTHISE.] 

xanthlc-series,  t.  pi.    [CYANIC-SERIES.] 

xan-thid'-I  um,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Gr.  Jarfos  (xanthos)  =  yellow.] 

PaUeobot. :  A  pseudo-genus  of  Confervacese, 
now  believed  to  be  sporangia  of  Desmidiacese. 
Microscopic  spherical  bodies  with  radiating 
spines.  Fourteen  species  from  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  rocks.  (Etheridge.) 

xan'-thQ,  s.    [Formed  from  Gr.  far$fc  (xan 
thos)  =  yellow.)    [XASTHAHIN.] 

xan'-thln,  ».    [Or.  £<u*x  (xanthos)  =  yellow 
Eng.  suit',  -in.] 

Chem.:  A  name  applied  to  various  sub- 
stances. By  Fremy  and  Cloez  to  that  por 
tiou  of  the  yellow  colouring  matter  of  flowers 
insoluble  In  water.  By  Schunck  to  a  yellow 
colouring  matter  obtained  from  madder ;  am 
by  Couerbe  to  a  gaseous  product  obtained  b; 
the  decomposition  of  xanthates. 

xan' -thine,  s.  [Gr.  ( «v»«  (xanthoi)  =  yellow 
Eng.  suff.  -ine.] 

Chem. :  CsHjNjOj,.  Xanthic  oxide.  An  or 
ganicbasc,  flrst  discovered  and  described  bj 
Dr.  Marcet,  as  a  constituent  of  a  rare  form  o 
nrinary  calculi,  but  afterwards  found  ampn, 
the  products  of  the  decomposition  of  guanine 
It  is  prepared  by  adding  potassium  nitrite  tc 
a  solution  of  guanine  in  hot  concentrated 
nitric  acid,  precipitating  with  water,  filtering 
dissolving  residue  in  boiling  ammonia,  treat 
ing  with  a  solution  of  ferrous  sulphate  a 
long  as  black  ferroso-ferric-oxide  separates 


filtering  and  evaporating  the  filtrate  to  dry- 
ness.  It  is  a  white  amorphous  powder,  diffi- 
cultly soluble  in  water,  soluble  In  alkalis 
and  in  concentrated  acids,  and  distinguished 
by  the  deep  yellow  colour  produced  when  its 
solution  in  nitric  acid  is  evaporated  to  dryness.- 

lan'-thl-nlne,  s-    [Eng.  xanthin;  -ine.] 

Chem. :  C4K3N3O2.  A  yellow  powder,  pre- 
pared by  heating  ammonium  thionurate  to- 
200°.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  boiling  water, 
the  solution  having  a  light  blue  fluorescence, 
but  dissolves  readily  in  nitric  and  hydro- 
chloric acids. 

canth-in-6-ear'-pIn, ».  [Pref.  xanth-,  and 
Eng.  inocarpin.] 

Chem. :  A  yellow  colouring  matter  ex- 
tracted from  the  juice  which  exudes  from 
incisions  made  in  the  bark  of  Inocarpus  edulis. 

can-tM-6  jite,  s.  [Formed  from  farSos 
(xanthos)  =  yellow.) 

Min.  :  A  name  given  by  Adam  to  att 
amorphous  nickel  ore  analysed  by  Berge- 
mann.  Hardness,  4'0  ;  sp.  gr.,  4-982  ;  colour, 
sulphur -yellow.  Compos.:  arsenic  acid, 
50-5 ;  nickel,  49'5  =  100,  whence  the  formula. 
SNiOAsOj.  Found  at  Johanngeorgenstadt, 
Saxony. 

xan'  thlt-ane,  ».  [Gr.  t<u#6t  (xanthos)  = 
yellow ;  -it  connect.,  and  suff.  -one  (Afire.).] 

Min. :  A  pulverulent  mineral  found  asso- 
ciated with  zircon  (q.v.)  at  Green  River, 
Henderson  Co.,  North  Carolina,  U.S.A.  Hard- 
ness, 3'5 ;  sp.  gr.,  27  to  S'O.  Analysis  showed* 
it  to  consist  of  titanic  acid,  with  traces  of  zir- 
conia,  and  12'5  per  cent,  of  water.  Probably 
a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  Sphene  (q.v.). 

xan'-thite,  s.    [Gr.  ( aMt  (xanthos) = yellow  r 

'  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  yellowish-brown  variety  of  Ido- 
crase  (q.v.),  containing  2'SO  per  cent,  of  prot- 
oxide of  manganese.  Found  near  Amity, 
Orange  County,  New  York,  U.S.A. 

xan  -thl-nm.  «.  [Gr.  (npfot  (xanthoi)  =  yel- 
low. So  named  because  an  infusion  of  specie* 
of  the  genus  was  used  by  the  Greeks  to  dye 
their  hair.) 

Bot. :  Burweed ;  a  genus  of  Senecionidese, 
sub- tribe  Am  brosiete.  Monoecious  Composites  ; 
the  barren  flowers  having  an  involucre  of  few- 
scales,  with  many  capitate  flowers  on  a  com- 
mon receptacle,  the  fertile  ones  with  a  single. 
prickly,  two-beaked  involucre  entirely  closing 
the  flowers,  and  with  apertures  for  the  pro- 
trusion of  the  two  stigmas,  fruit  included  in 
the  enlarged  and  hardened  involucre.  A'un- 
thium  strumarium  and  X.  spinosum  are  casuals 
in  Britain ;  the  former  is  a  weed  common  in 
waste  places,  on  river  banks,  and  near  villages 
in  India,  and  troublesome  to  cultivators.  It 
is  said  to  yield  an  oil,  used  in  medicine  and  a» 
an  illuminant.  The  whole  plant  is  considered 
to  be  diaphoretic  and  sedative.  It  is  ad- 
ministered in  decoction  in  malarious  fever. 
The  root  is  a  bitter  tonic,  useful  in  cancer  and 
in  strumous  diseases.  The  leaves  are  poison- 
ous to  cattle. 

xan-tho-,  pref.  [Gr.  focWt  (xanthos)  =  yel- 
low.] Yellow,  the  meaning  amplified  by  th» 
succeeding  element  or  elements  of  a  word. 

xan'  tho,  ».  [Gr.  fai^ot  (xanthos)  =  yellow.) 
Zool. :  A  genus  of  Oanceridse,  with  many 
species,  widely  distributed.  Carapace  vny 
wide,  not  particularly  convex;  front  generally 
advanced,  lamellar,  divided  by  a  narrow 
fissure  into  two  lobes,  with  their  borders 
notched  in  the  middle;  anterior  feet  generally 
unequal  in  the  male ;  abdomen  with  seven 
segments  in  the  female,  and,  as  a  rule,  five  in 
the  male. 

xan  tho  bo  tic,  o.  [Pref.  xantho-;  Mod. 
Lat.  beta  =  beet-root,  and  Eng.  suff.  -ic.)  De- 
rived from  or  contained  in  beet,  and  having  a 
yellow  colour, 

xanthobetic-acid,  i. 

Chem. :  An  acid  extracted  from  the  root  of 
Beta  vulgaris  by  cold  alcohol.  It  is  a  reddish- 
yellow  mass,  very  hygroscopic,  ha«  a  sour 
taste,  is  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  slightly 
soluble  in  ether. 

t  xan-tho-car'-pous,  o.      [Pref.    xantho-; 
Gr.  dopirot  (karpos)  =  fruit,  and  Eng.  suff.  -out.) 
Bot. :  Having  yellow  fruit 


boH, 


J6%l;  eat.  cell,  ohoms.  9Mn.  ben*.;  go.  gem;  thin.  *bis  ;  sin,  a,  ;  expect. 
tton.-rtoa  =  Shan;  -»!<».  -«lon  =  «J»iui.  -clou.,  -ttons.  -rtons  =  thfe.   - 


.  -die.  &c.  = 


5254 


xanthoohroi— xanthoxylin 


xan-tho-chro'-i,  a.  pi.  [Gr.  fa*s<>ypoo 
(xanthodiroos)  =  with  yellow  skin;  pref.  xai 
lio-,  and  Gr.  xp<"s  (chros)  =  the  skin.] 

Anthnp. :  Fair  Whites.  The  name  ap 
plied  by  Huxley  to  a  population,  in  earl 
times  extending  from  Western  and  Centra 
Asm  into  Eastern  and  Central  Europe,  an 
distinguished  by  yellow  or  red  hair,  bin 
eyes,  and  fair  complexion.  The  farthermos 
limit  of  the  Xantliochroi  northward  is  Icelan. 
ami  the  British  Isles ;  south-westward  the 
are  traceable  at  intervals  through  the  Berbe 
sountry,  and  end  in  the  Canary  Islands. 

"  To  avoid  the  endleat  confusion  produced  by  our 
•ment  half.phyetcal,  hal(-|)hiloloBlcal  clanincatiou. 
I  ahall  uwftiiew  name.  XaaOtochral.  indicating  tha 
they  are  -yellow  •  haired,  aud  •  pale '  In  complexion. 


f -in  thd-chro'-ta,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  xantho 
ckroi  (o..v.);  Eng.  suff.  -ic.J  Having  a  fai 
skin  ;  of  or  belonging  to  the  Xanthochroi  (q.v.) 

"  If  any  oneihonkt  think  flt  to  aesiime  tliat  In  the 
year  IfW  B.C.  there  wae  one  coutiunous  Xanthochroic 
population  from  the  Rhine  to  the  Yentnei,  and  fron 
Ibe  Ural  mountain*  to  the  Hindoo  Koostt.  I  know  n..i 
that  auy  evidence  exiaU  by  which  that  position  conk 
be  u]«et  while  the  eiittlug  etate  of  thing!  is  r.  ther 
m  its  favour  than  otherwi»e.~— ffuxtoy:  Critt 
P.  160. 

Tan  tho  chy'-miis,  f.  [Pref.  xantho-,  and 
Gr.  XVMW  (cnumos)  =  juice,  liquid.  So  namet 
from  the  yellow  juice  exuding  from  their 
trunks.) 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Garclnieee  (q.v.).  Trees 
with  thick,  opposite  leaves  ;  five  sepals;  five 
petals ;  five  bundles  of  stamens,  alternating 
with  five  large  glands ;  a  five-celled  ovary  ;  a 
fruit  with  five  or  fewer  cells.  Known  species 
three,  from  tropical  Asia.  Xanthochymus 
pictorius  (=  Garcinia  Xanthochymus)  occurs  in 
the  mountains  of  Southern  India.  It  has  a 
bright  yellow,  pleasant-tasted  fruit  of  about 
the  size  of  an  apricot  The  juice  of  the  tree 
furnishes  an  inferior  kind  of  gamboge, 

*an'-tbvt-cdne,  zan-thoo'-i-iute,  «. 
[Pref.  xuntho-,  and  Gr.  «dm  (konis)=  powder ; 
Ger.  xanthokon.} 

Hin. :  A  very  rare  mineral  occurring  only 
In  small  crystals  and  reniform  groups  asso- 
ciated with  rtephanite,  proustite,  Ac,  Crys- 
tallization, rhombobedral.  Hardness,  2-0' 
sp.  gr.,  6-0  to  5-2 ;  colour,  dull  red,  clove- 
brown,  orange-yellow  ;  brittle.  Compos. : 
sulphur,  21-1;  arsenic,  14-9;  silver,  64-0  = 
'""  -•• 'he  formula  "  ' 


xan'-tho-fcen,  xan'-th6  -  gene,  i.  [Tref. 
xantho-,  and  Gr.  yiwdto  (gennao)  =  to  engen- 
der, to  produce.] 

Chem. :  Hope's  name  for  a  light-yellow  non- 
crystalline  substance  found  in  flowers,  and 
supposed  to  be  widely  distributed  throughout 
the  Vegetable  Kingdom.  It  is  soluble  in 
water,  alcohol,  and  ether,  and  is  turned  yellow 
on  the  addition  of  an  alkali.  Clamor-Marquart 
called  the  same  substance,  Resin  of  Flowers. 

Tan-th61'-$In,  «.  [Formed  from  Gr.  fo»0os 
(xanthos)=  yellow.] 

Chen. :  A  yellow  colouring  matter  found  in 
the  seed-capsules  of  Sorghum  taccharatum, 

r&n'-thi-leln,  i.    [Formed  from  Gr.  f<u>9« 

(muthos)  =  yellow.] 

Chem. :  A  yellow  colouring  matter  obtained 
from  the  bark  orSor0AuTOKK*Aara*um.  (Wattt.) 

y&n'-tho-lite,  ».    [XANTHOLITBS.] 
.Min. :  The  same  as  STAUBOLITZ  (q.v.). 

xan  thA  li'-tes,  «.  [Pref.  xantho-,  and  Or. 
Aifc*  (lithos)  =  i  stone.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Crustacea,  with  one 
species,  found  in  the  London  Clay.  (Etheridge.) 

xan  thon'-yx,  i.  [Pref.  xanth-,  and  Gr.  Awf 
(onux)  =  a  claw.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Helicida?,  with  three 
species,  from  Mexico.  Akin  to  vitrina  (q.v.), 
from  which  it  has  been  separated. 

Kan  thd  phe'-nlo,  a.  [Pref.  xaniho-,  »nd 
Eng.  phenic.}  Containing  or  derived  from 
phenyl,  and  yellow  in  colour. 

xncthophenic-acld,  >. 

Chem. :  A  yellow  colouring  matter  of  un- 
known composition,  obtained  by  heating 
1'lienol  or  cresol  with  arsenic  acid.  It  dis- 
.  solves  in  water  with  a  golden  yellow  colour 
and  In  alkalis  with  a  red  colour,  and  dyes  silk 
and  wool  yellow  without  the  aid  of  mordants. 


Xin'-tuo-ph*!!,  ..  [Pref.  xantho.,  and  Gr 
ftfMot  (phullon)  =a  leaf.)  [CHLOROPHYLL 
Chem. :  The  yellow  colouring  matter  t 
withered  leaves.  Nothing  certain  is  know 
respecting  its  composition,  or  of  the  manner  i 
which  it  is  fonned  from  chlorophyll.  (Watts 

t  xan-th6-phyl'-line,  t.  [Eng.  xanthophyll 
suff.  -ine.] 

Chen. :  The  same  as  XANTHOPHYLL  (q.v.). 

xan-th6  phyll-ite,  ..  [Pref.  xantUb-,  an 
ur.  9vAAof  (pftu/lon)=:a  leaf ;  suff.  -Ue(Min  ) 
fiin. :  A  variety  of  Seybertite  (q.v.)  occur 
ring  in  globular  groups  of  tabular  crystals  a 
the  Schischimsk  Mountains,  Slatoust  Oren 
burg,  Russia. 


-Io,  a.  [Eag.xanthoprotein 
Yellow  in  colour,  and  containing   o 
derived  from  protein. 

xanthoprotele  add,  «. 


Chem.  :  .  C^Ho^O^  (?).  Xanthoprotein 
A  dibasic  acid,  obtained  by  the  action  o 
nitric  acid  on  albumin,  fibrin,  casein,  ant 
horny  matters.  It  is  an  orange-yellow  amor 
Phous  powder,  tasteless,  inodorous,  insolu 
ble  in  water  and  alcohol,  but  forming  deep 
red  solutions  with  aqueous  alkalis. 

x&n  th6  pro'-te  In,  «.    [Pref.  xantho-,  an 
Sag.  protein.] 
Chem.  :  Xanthoproteic-acid  (q.T.). 

xan-thop-sls,  «.     [Mod.  Lat  xantho-,  an 
Gr.  ojiu  (apsis)  =  aspect.] 

Paltamt.  :  A  genus  of  Crustaceans.  Four  or 
five  species  are  known  from  the  London  Clay 
(Etheridge.) 

xan-thd  py  ri  -tes,  ».    [Pref.  xantho-.  and 
Eng.  pyrites.] 

Min.  :  The  same  as  PVBIT 


. 

xan  thd-rham  -nin,  ».  [Pref.  xantho;  and 
Eng.  rhamnine.] 

Chem.  :  C^HMO^  (f).  A  yellow  colouring 
matter,  obtained  by  boiling  coarsely-ground 
Persian  berries  with  alcohol,  filtering,  and 
allowing  the  filtrate  to  crystallize.  It  forms 
tufts  of  pale  yellow  shining  crystals,  soluble 
in  water  and  alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether. 

x&n-thor-rhi'-za,  «.  [Pref.  xantho-,  and  Gr. 
pi'£a  (rhiza)  =  a  root.) 

Bat.  :  Agenus  of  Ranunculacea;,  tribe  ActKea?. 
Sepals  five,  deciduous  ;  petals  five,  much 
smaller  than  the  sepals  ;  ovaries  five  to 
fifteen,  each  with  two  or  three  ovules;  fol- 
licles usually  by  abortion  one-seeded.  Xan- 
thorrhiza  apiifolia,  an  undershrnb,  is  one  of 
the  plants  called  in  America  Yellowroot.  Its 
root,  pith,  and  the  inner  layers  of  wood  are 
bright  yellow,  and  were  used  by  the  American 
Indians  as  a  yellow  dye.  It  yields  both  a 
gum  and  a  resin,  both  of  them  intensely  bit- 
ter, as  are  the  wood  and  bark.  It  is  prescribed 
as  a  tonic. 

z&n-thdr-rhee'-a,  ».  [Pref.  zantho-,  and 
Gr.  pc'u  (rheo)  =  to  flow.  Named  from  the 
yellow  juice  flowing  from  them.  (See  def.)] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Liliace«,  tribe  Aphyllan- 
theip.  Plants  botanically  of  the  Lily  type, 
but  with  longer  or  shorter  arborescent  trunks, 
formed  by  the  bases  of  leaves  glued  together 
with  the  resin  which  has  exuded  from  the 
plant;  wiry  grass-like  pendulous  leaves,  in 
a  clump  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  so  as  to  partly 
resemble  a  palm  tree.  Flowers  in  a  close, 
scaly  spike,  the  perianth  six-cleft,  the  stamens 
six,  exserted  ;  the  fruit  a  woody,  three-celled 
capsule  with  a  few  black  seeds.  They  con- 
stitute the  Grass  Trees  of  Australia,  which, 
from  their  being  often  blackened  outside  by 
bush  fires,  are  popularly  called  also  Black 
Boys.  They  occur  in  Australia  and  Tasmania. 
Their  young  leaves  are  eaten,  Scmthorrhaa 
humilu,  the  Dwarf  Grass-tree,  being  the 
species  most  commonly  employed.  X.  arborea 
exudes  a  fragrant  resin,  smelling  like  benzoin, 
and  called  Botany  Bay  gum.  X.  hattUis,  ac- 
cording to  De  Candolle,  though  an  endogen, 
has  an  approach  to  medullary  rays.  (GRASS- 

TKER.J 

xanthorrhcea  -  resin,   a.     [ACAROID- 

GESIN.j 


Uin.  :  An  altered  variety  of  Allanite  (q.v.) 
containing  much  water.    Colour,  yellowish. 


xan-tho  si  a,  «.    [XANTHOSIS.] 

Pakeont.  :  A  genus  of  Malacostraca.  Two 
species  are  known  from  th«  Upper  Greensand 
of  England. 

x4n  tho-si-der'-ite,  «.    [Pref.  xantho-,  and 
Eng.  sideritc  (Aftn-XT 
Jf  ineralogy  : 

1.  A  mineral  occurring  in  stellate  and  con- 
centric aggregates  of  tine  fibres  ;  sometimes 
ochreons.      Hardness  of  fibres,  2-5;  lustre 
silky,  sometimes  earthy;  colour,  brownish! 
yellow   to   brownish-red  ;   in   earthy  forms 
colours  various.      Compos.  :    sesquioxide    of 
iron,    81-6;   water,    18-4  =  100,    whence   the 
formula  Fe2O3,2UO. 

2.  The  same  as  COPIAPITE  (q.v.). 

xan-tho'-jls,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Or.  far#<fe 
(xanthos)  =  yellow.) 

Pailwl.  :  Yellow  discoloration  in  a  cancer- 
ous tumour. 

xan-thS-so-ma,  ».  [Pref.  xantho-,  and  Gr. 
<roj»»a  (s»ma)  =  body.  Named  from  the  yellow 
stigmas.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Caladieee  (q.v.).  West 
Indian  Aroid  plants  with  erect  rootstocks, 
sagittate  leaves,  and  flowers  in  a  spadix  of 
Iv.th  sexes.  The  rootstock  of  Xartthoxma 
iagittifolia  furnishes  starch. 

xan  tho  sper  -mouB,  a     [Pref.  xantho-,Gr. 
o-Wp^a  (sperma)  =  seed,  and  Eng.  suff.  -ow.] 
Bot.  :  Having  yellow  seeds. 

xan-tho-tan'-nlc,  a.  [Pref.  zantho-,  and 
Eng.  tannic.]  Yellow,  and  containing  or  de- 
rived from  tannin. 

xanthotannlc-acid,  i. 

Chem.:  The  name  given  by  Ferrein  to  the 
yellow  colouring  matter  of  elm-leaves,  ex- 
tracted by  alcohol. 

xanth-oiir-a,  >.  [Pref.  xanth-,  and  Gr.  .ipi 
(oara)  =  the  tail.]  , 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Corvldas,  founded  by 
Bonaparte,  with  three  species,  ranging  from 
equatorial  America  northwards  to  Mexico  and 
Texas.  Head  without  crest,  bill  very  stout, 
rather  higher  than  broad,  culinen  curved  from 
base  ;  nostrils  rather  small,  oval,  concealed  by 
nasal  tuft;  tail  longer  than  wings,  graduated  ; 
wings  concave,  rounded  ;  legs  very  stout. 

x&n'-thoiis,  o.  [From  Gr.  f«y»o!  (xanthoi)  = 
yellow.) 

Ethnol.  :  A  term  applied  by  Prichard  to  hli 
yellow-haired  variety  of  the  human  race,  cha- 
racterized by  hair  of  a  reddish,  yellowish  or 
flaxen  colour,  the  iris  of  the  eye  of  a  light  hue, 
generally  blue  or  gray.  Typical  example,  the 
tribes  or  individuals  of  pure  Germanic  descent. 

xan  thox'-yl,  s.    [XANTHOXYLON.] 

Bot.  (PI.):  The  order  Xanthoxylaeese  (q.T.V 

(Luuliey.) 

xan  thox  y-la'-96-8B,  ».  pi  [Mod.  Lat 
xanthoxy^on)  ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -OCKE.] 

Bot.  :  Xanthoxyls  ;  an  order  of  Hypogynons 
Exogens,  alliance  Rutales.  Aromatic  or  pun- 


, . 

gent  trees  or  shrubs  ;  leaves  abruptly  or  un- 
equally pinnate,  more  rarely  simple,  with 
pellucid  dots  ;  stipules  wanting  ;  flowers  axil- 


equally 

pellucid  dots  ;  stipules  wanting  ;  flowers  axil- 
lary or  terminal,  often  unisexual  ;  sepals  four 
or  five,  rarely  three  ;  petals  generally  th« 
same  number  as  the  sepals,  rarely  wanting; 
stamens  equal  in  number  to,  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals.  Fruit  berried  or  membranous, 
with  two  to  five  cells,  sometimes  of  several 
drupes,  or  two-valved  capsules  ;  seeds  one  or 
two,  pendulous.  Natives  of  tropical  America, 
India,  China,  Africa,  to.  Known  genera 
twenty,  species  110.  (LindUy.) 

xan-thox  -y  lene,  «.     [Mod.  Lat  mnlho- 
xyl(on);  -ene.] 

Chem,  :  C1(,H,,.  The  volatile  oil  of  Xan- 
(hozylon  piperitum  (Japan  Pepper),  first  ex- 
tracted by  Stenhouse.  It  is  colourless,  pos- 
sesses an  aromatic  odour,  and  boils  at  162% 


xan-thox-y   lin,  ». 

)i  -in.] 


,    .      [Mod.  Lat  xantKo- 
xyl(on)i  -in.] 

Chem.  :  The  camphor  obtained  by  distilling 
the  bruised  seeds  of  Xanlkoxylon  piperitum 
with  ,water.  It  forms  monoclinic  crystals, 
with  a  milky  lustre  ;  insoluble  in  water,  sol- 
uble in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  80',  and 
distils  without  decomposition. 


Ste,  fat,  fare   amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  th*re:  pine,  pft,  «r«.  nr.  marine •  go   pSt 
•.wore.  woir.  work.  who.  .on;  mute,  cub,  our*,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  toy.  Sfrlaa.   «.  O3  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qut  kwT 


xanthoxylon— xenylenio 


5236 


-An  thox  -y-  l«n,    t  x&n  thd*-*-  Him, 

L  [Pref  MmlAo-,andGr.{uAoi'(OTto»i)=wood. 
So  named  because  the  roots  of  the  species 
•re  yellow.) 

Bot  •  The  typical  genus  of  Xanthoxylacete 
(a  v  1     Trees,  erector  climbing  shrubs,  often 
prickly    Leaves  compound,  pinnate,  trifoliate, 
with  the  leaflets  reduced  to  one,  usually  with 
pellucid  dots.     Flowers  small,  unisexual,  in 
axillary  or  terminal  panicles.      Sepals  five, 
four,  or  three  ;  petals  and  stamens  as  many  ; 
carpels,  one  to  five  ;  fruit  splitting  m  two, 
with  one  or  two  shining  black  seeds.    A  large 
eenus  found  both  in  the  eastern  and  western 
hemispheres,  especially  in  their  warmer  parts. 
They  are  so  aromatic  and  pungent  that  in  tl 
countries  where  they  exist  they  are  popularly 
called  peppers,  specially-YaiiiJioTBlum  jnpent- 
im, called  Japan  Pepper.   X.  RhetM,  an   In- 
dian species,  has  small  yellow  flowers  and 
•mall  round  berries,  which,  when  unripe,  taste 
like  the  skin  of  a  fresh  orange.     Its  fruit, 
and  the  seeds  and  bark  of  X.  alatum,  which 
grows  near  the  base  of  the  Himalayas,  and 
those  of  X.  Rudrunga,  also  Indian,  are  given 
as  aromatic  tonics  in  fever,  diarrhoea,  dysen- 
tery and  cholera.  The  small  branches  are  em- 
ployed to  make  walking-sticks,  and  the  twigs  as 
Sooth-brushes.    The  seeds  of  X.  Budnnga  are 
as  fragrant  as  lemon-peel ;  X.  Clam  and  A. 
fraxineum  [TOOTHACHE-TREE],  applied  exter- 
nally to  the  gums  or  taken  internally,  are 
powerful  sudoriflcs  and  diaphoretics  used  in 
toothache,  paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  the 
mouth,    and  rheumatism.      The  root  of  X. 
nitidum  is  sndoriiic,  emmenagogue,  &c. ;  A. 
tarOxeum  is  a  febrifuge  ;  X.  piperitum  and 
Of.  Avicenwz  are  regarded  in  China  and  Japan 
as  antidotes  to  poison.    The  powdered  bark 
of  X.  hiemale  is  given  in  Brazil  in  earache ; 
and  the  capsules  and  seeds  of  X.  hostile  are 
employed  in  Northern  India  to  intoxicate  nsh. 
The  wood  of  X.  hiemate  is  very  hard  and  suit- 
able for  building. 

x&n-tny'-dric,  a.    [Pref.  mnOi-,  and  Eng. 
hydrif.]    Yellow  in  colour,  and  having  water 
in  its  composition. 
xanthy  dric  -  acid,    «.      [PEKSOLPHO- 

CYAN1C-ACID.) 

xe'-bec,  ».  [Sp-  xdbeyue ;  Port,  saittco ;  FT. 
jte&sc/from  Turk,  lumbaki ;  Pers.  reminds; 
Arab,  nmbuk  =  a  small  boat,  a  pinnace ;  Mod. 
Arab,  shabak ;  Ital.  zambvxo.} 

Nmt  •  A  small  three-masted  vessel  with 
lateen  sails,  used  for  coasting  voyages  in  the 


there  without  permission,  and  under  whicli 
the    magistrates   were    empowered   to  expel 
strangers  if  they  saw  fit  to  do  so. 
x£n'-I-a,  ».    IGr.  £  trio,  (xenia)  =  the  state  of 
a  guest.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Alcyonidae,  from  the  Red 
Sea  and  Fiji.  The  polypes  are  non-retractile, 
and  situated  on  a  fasciculate  and  fleshy  stem, 
xen  -i-um  (pi.  xSn'-I-»),  «.  [Lat.,  from  Gr. 
fcVioi.  (wiiiun)  =  a  gift  to  a  stranger,  from 
£<V(K  (xenos)  =  a  stranger.) 

*  1  Gr.  Antiq. :  A  present  given  to  a  guest 
or  stranger,  or  to  a  foreign  ambassador. 

2.  Art  •  A  name  given  to  pictures  of  still 
Ufe,  fruit,  die.,  such  as  are  found  at  Pompeii. 
(FairMt.) 

xen-0-.  xSn-,  pref.     [Gr.  (trot  (xenos)  =  (s.) 
a  guest  =  friend ;  (a.)  strange,  unusual.) 

Nat.  Science :  A  prefix  denoting  (1)  likeness 
as  distinguished  from  identity;  (2)  having 
some  abnormal  process  or  processes,  the 
meaning  in  both  cases  being  completed  by 
the  last  element  of  the  word. 

xen-o-b&f-ra-ehiis,  «•     lpref;  ""»••  •** 

Gr.  0aTpax<K  (baJ.ra.chos)  =  a  frog.) 
Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Engystomidte,  with  one 

species,   Xenobatrachvt  ophidian,    from  New 

Guinea. 

y-prld'-ln-o,8  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.wn.o- 
enit  xenocyprWi(is)  ;  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj. 

sun*,  -ina.) 
Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Cyprinid» ;  anal  rather 

short ;  dorsal  short,  with  a  bony  ray    lateral 

line  running  along  the  middle  of  the  tail. 

There  are  three  genera:  Xenocypns  and  Para- 

canthobrama,  from  China ;  and  Mystacoleucus, 

from  Sumatra. 
xSn-i^y'-prto,  «.     [Pref.  xeno-   and Mod. 

Lat.  cypris  =  Lat.  cyprinwt  (q.v.).]     [XENO- 

CVPB1DINA.] 

xSn-o-derm-Ioh'-th^B,  «.      [Pref.   «»-; 
Gr.  oVp^a  (derma)  =  skin,  and  .x«»«  (Khthus) 
a  fish.) 


XEBEC. 


Hediterranean  and  on  the  ocean-coasts  of 
Spain  and  Portugal.  It  differs  from  the 
felucca  in  having  square  sails  as  well  as  lateen 
•ails,  the  felucca  having  only  lateen  sails. 

xe  mo,  *,    [Etym.  not  apparent.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Lariuse,  with  onespecles, 
Xema  sabini,  Sabine's  Gull,  from  the  north 
temperate  zone,  and  a  frequent  but  irregular 
Tisitor  to  the  British  Islands.  Bill  rather 
•hotter  than  head,  moderately  stout,  upper 
mandible  decurved  from  beyond  the  nostrils 
to  the  tip,  gonys  angulated  and  advancing  up- 
wards ;  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  linear ;  legs 
moderately  long,  lower  part  of  tibise  bare  for 
»ome  distance ;  tarsi  tolerably  strong  ;  three 
toes  In  front  entirely  i»al  mated ;  hind  toe 
•mall,  elevated ;  wings  long  ;  tail  distinctly 
forked. 

x£n-,  pref.    [XENO-.) 

xSn-S-la'-fI-9,  «•     [Or.  =  expulsion  of 
strangers.) 

Or.  Antiq. :  An  Institution  at  Sparta,  By 
which  strangers  were  prohibited  from  residing 


Ichthy  •  A  genus  placed  in  the  family  Ale- 
pocephalid*,  allied  to  Alepocephalus  (q.v.), 
tie  only  species  known  before  the  voyage  of 
the  Challenger.  It  is  a  deep-sea  fish,  found  at 
about  845  fathoms,  and  having  fine  nodules 
instead  of  scales.  (Gunther.) 
xSn-S-do-ohe'-um,  xen-o-di-chl'-iim, 
8.  [Or.  fevo«ox«ov  (xenodocheim),  from  {«i/os 
(xenos)  =  a  stranger,  and  6«;<ou<u  (dechomai)  — 
to  receive.) 

Or.  Autiq. :  A  name  given  to  a  building  for 
the  reception  of  strangers  ;  also  applied  to  a 
guest-house  in  a  monastery. 

"  xen-Sd'-i-cny;  s.    [XESOCOCHEUM.] 

1.  Reception  of  strangers  ;  hospitality. 

2.  The  same  as  XENODOCHEOM  (q.T.). 

xen-6-een'-6-sfa,  s.    [Pref.  xeno-,  and  Gr. 
yewo-.s  (genesis)  =  origin,  source.) 

Biol  :  A  term  introduced  by  M.  Milne  Ed- 
wards to  designate  that  form  of  biogenesis  in 
which  the  living  parent  was  supposed  to  give 
rise  to  offspring  which  passed  through  a  to- 
tally different  series  of  states  from  those  ex- 
hibited by  the  parent  and  did  not  return  into 
the  cycle  of  the  parent.  Prof.  Huxley  re- 
marks that  the  proper  term  for  this  would  be 
heterogenesis,  but  that  unfortunately  this 
term  has  been  employed  in  a  different  sense  ; 
and  after  showing  that  there  are  analogies 
both  for  and  against  xenogenesis,  decides 
against  its  known  existence.  The  nearest  ap- 
proach to  it  is  not,  as  was  once  believed,  in 
tapeworms,  the  history  of  whose  transforma- 
tions has  been  traced,  but  in  tumours  and  corns 
on  the  animal  body  or  galls  on  the  vegetable 
leaves  or  other  organs.  (Prof,  llvxley  :  Presi- 
dential Address,  .Brit.  Assoo.  Sep.,  1870.) 

*8n-*-*8-nSt'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  xeno-,  and  Bng. 
genrtie.)  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  produced  by 
xenogenesis. 

"I  hare  dwelt  npon  the  analogy  of  pathological 
moderation  which  it  in  favour  of ^"n°fe,'"''f 
origin  of  mlcr<*7ma:'-Buzl*i:  Pr.iid.nlk.1  ..*• 
drew.  Brit.  Auoc.  Mp.for  1870,  p.  Ixxir. 

x8n'-*-lite,  «.  [Pref.  xmo-,  and  Gr.  XWo« 
(lithos)  =  a  stone  ;  Ger.  xenolith.} 

Kin. :  A  variety  of  Flbrolite  (q.v.),  possess- 
ing a  high  specific  gravity,  suggesting  a  rela- 


tionship  to  Kyanite  (q.v.);  but  its  optic* 
properties  are  similar  to  those  of  Fibrolite. 

xen  o-neiir'-a,   s.       [Pref.  xeno-,   and  Gr. 
vevpov  (neuron)  =  a  tendon.) 

Palaeont.  :  A  genus  of  Neuroptera,  having 
attached  to  its  wing  the  remains  of  a  stridu- 
lating  organ  like  that  of  the  grasshoppers. 
Found  in  the  Devonian  of  North  America. 

xen  6  pel  ti  das,  s.pl.    [Mod.  Lat.  xenoprf- 
His):  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -uUe.]    [XKNO- 

PELTIS.] 

xen  6  pel'  tis,  s.    [Pref.  xtno-,  and  Gr.  WX-n) 

(jxlti)=  a  shield.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Tortricidie,  often  raised 
to  the  rank  of  a  family  (Xenopeltkla;).  Head 
depressed  ;  upper  jaw  produced  beyond  lower ; 
teeth  setaceous  ;  no  spurs  at  vent.  There  is 
but  one  species,  Xeuopeltis  unicolor  (=  Tortrix 
xewpeltis),  a  curious  nocturnal  carnivorous 
snake,  ranging  from  Penang  to  Cambodia, 
and  through  the  Malay  Islands  to  Celebes. 

xgn'-i-phrys,  s.    [Pref.  xen-,  and  Gr.  6?.pvt 
'  (ophrus)  =an  eyebrow.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Pelobatida?  (q.v.),  with 

one  species,  Xenophrys  monticola,  from   the 

mountains  of  India. 

x8n  6ps,  s.    [Pref.  xen-,  and  Gr.  o<]i  (ops)  = 
the  eye,  the  face.) 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Dondrocolaptidse,  witk 
three  species  from  tropical  America.  Th« 
lower  mandible  is  graduated  upwards,  while 
the  upper  is  quite  straight. 

xen-Sp'-ter-tts,  s.   [Pref.  xeno-,  and  Gr.  jirtper 
(pteron.)  =  a  wing,  a  flu.) 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Tetradontina,  or  a  sob- 
genus  of  Tetrodon,  from  tlie  Indian  Archi- 
pelago. The  species  are  distinguished  by  their 
funnel-shaped  nostrils,  anil  the  small  denne.1 
ossifications  which  have  two  or  three  roots, 
and  form  spines  over  the  skin. 

xen'-o-pus,  ».     [Pref.  xeno-,  and  Gr.  mnn 
(pout)  =  a  foot.) 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Aglossa,  family  Dacty- 
lethrid»,  with  three  species,  from  tropical 
Africa. 


t^.- „  -    [Pr«f.  xeno-,  an 

genit.  pii/6s  (rhinos)  =  the  snout.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Anura,  with  one  species, 
Xenorhina  oxycephala,  from  New  Guinea.  Ears 
perfect,  tongue  free  iu  front.  By  some  author« 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family,  by  others 
merged  in  Engystomidse. 

xen  o»,  i.  [Gr.  (tint  (xenos)  =  a  guest,  a 
stranger.) 

Bnttm. :  A  genus  of  Stylopida.  A  species 
discovered  by  Kossi  parasitic  on  a  wasp, 
Polistes  gallon,  led  to  the  establishment  of 
the  order  Strepsiptera. 

xen  6-time,  s.  [Bendant,  who  named  it, 
gives  the  etymology  as  Gr.  twos  (kenos)  = 
vain,  empty,  and  TC/M?  (time)  =  honour ;  but,  a> 
Dana  suggests,  the  word  being  misspelt  from 
the  first,  the  derivation  should  be  accepted  a» 
jjeVos  (xenos)  =  a  stranger  to,  and  TI/MJ  (time)  — 
honour.) 

Min. :  A  tetragonal  mineral  occurring 
mostly  in  crystals.  Hardness,  4  to  6  ;  sp.  gr.,- 
4-45  to  4-66  ;  lustre,  resinous  ;  colour,  shade* 
of  brown,  reddish,  yellowish  ;  opaque.  Com- 
pos. :  phosphoric  acid,  87'86 ;  yttna,  82-14  = 
100,  yielding  the  formula  SYOPOu. 

xSn-uiMis,  «.  [Pref.  xen-,  and  Gr.  ovpi  (euro) 
=  a  tail.] 

1.  Zool. :   A  genus    of  Dasypodidee,  with 
three  species  ranging  fromGuiana  to  Paraguay. 

2.  Palasont. :  Remains  have  been  found  la 
the  Post-Pliocene  Caves  of  Brazil. 

xSn'-yl,  s.     [Or.  £/ros  (xenoi)  —  »  stranger; 

-yl]     LDlPHESYL.J 


xen-yl'-»-mine,  «.   [Eng.  xenyl,  and 

Chem. :  CMHuN.  Martylamine.  A  crystal- 
line body  found  in  the  basic  oil  which 
obtained  as  a  bye-product  in  the  manufacture 
of  aniline.  It  forms  white  shining  scales, 
slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in  a.cohol 
and  ether,  melts  at  45°,  boils  at  320°,  and 
distils  without  decomposition. 

xen-y-Ien'-io,  a.    [Bng.  xenyl ;  -en,  -te]  Per- 
taining to  or  containing  xenyl  (q.v.). 


8236 


xeranthemew— xylanthrax 


xenylonic  alcohol,  .«.  I 

Chem. :  CjaHjoOj  =  *  *2H  1^2-  Diphenyl- 
tlcohol.  Diphenylic  acid.  A  diatomic  alcohol 
obtained  by  the  action  of  water  on  diazo- 
beiizidine  nitrate.  It  crystallizes  in  small 
white  needles,  slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  etler,  and  melts  when  heated. 
It  dissolves  readily  in  potash  and  in  strong 
ammonia. 

*er  an  them -e  SB,  ».  pj.     [Mod.  Lat  xer- 
antkem(um.);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ete.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Composites,  tribe  Cy- 
naveas.  Heads  many-flowered,  discoid,  the 
marginal  flowers  feminine,  the  others  herma- 
phrodite. 

x er  an  -thi-mum,  ».     [Gr.  fijp«  (xerot)  = 
dry,  aud  irtat  (nnrhos)  =  a  flower.) 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Xeranthemeas 
(q.v.).  Leaves  whitish  and  cottony  beneath, 
the  involucre  imbricated,  the  ray  coloured 
Composites  of  the  kind  called  "Everlasting 
Flowers"  from  Continental  Europe  and  the 
Levant. 

^ffr-ra'-fl-a,  >.     (Gr.  (ipoo-ia  (xerasia)  =  dry- 

PathoL  :  A  species  of  Alopecia,  character- 
ized by  the  dryness  and  powdery  appearance 
of  the  hairs,  which  are  generally  split  at  the 
tops. 

xer-e  -ne,  s.    [ZEREHI.] 

xer  ej,  s.    [Sp.]    Sherry.    So  called  from  the 
district   of    Spain    where    it    U    produced. 

(SUEERT.) 
*er-H«.      [8HEBEET.] 

xer-Iir, t.    [Turk.] 

1.  A  gold  coin  formerly  current  In  Etrynt 
aud  Turkey,  value  9s.  4d. 

2.  A  name  for  the  ducat  in  Morocco. 


••— -^r'-I-um,  t.    (Gr.  (rum  (tiros) 

—  dry,  and    KoAAvptoi/  (koUurion)  =  an  eye- 
salve.]    A  dry  collyriura  or  eye-salve. 

xer  6  der-ma,    «.      [Pref.    zero-,  and   Gr 
itpna.  (derma)  =  skin.] 
Paihol. :  Dryness  of  the  skin. 

*er-6'-<lef,  i.  [Or.,  from  fijpos  (xerot)  =  dry.) 
Any  tumour  attended  with  dryneaa. 

xer  o-myr-una  (yr  as  'ir),  >.  [Gr.  frpoV 
(xeros)  =  dry,  and  nvpoi*  (muron)  =  an  oint- 
ment] A  dry  ointment 

xer  -  5ph'ra-Ky,  i.  (Gr.  fijpoV  (xlrot)  =  dry 
and  famf  (pKagein)  =  to  eat]  A  term  applied 
by  early  ecclesiastical  write™  to  the  Christian 
rale  of  fasting ;  the  act  or  habit  of  living  on 
dry  food  or  a  meagre  diet 

"*«">1»*"W.  f« .  eating  food  Dot  moiitened  by  fleih 
broth  julc,  fait,  or  yinou.  Iniredient,  <ru  diltinctlj 
new.  —Smith  ;  Diet.  Chritt.  Bioy  ,  Iv.  U1. 

xer  dph  thai  my,  xer  6ph  thai  -mi  a, 
».  [Lat.  xerophthalmia,  from  Gr.  (npo<t>e,jC. 
«ja  (xerophthalmia) :  ftp*  (xerot)  =  dry,  and 
•9o\xAfu>«  (ophthalmos)  =  the  eye.] 

Potto!.:  A  dry,  red  soreness,  attended  by 
itching  of  the  eye,  without  swelling  or  dis- 
charge of  humours. 


^ —    -  —--)>«•    [Gr.  (ripit  (xJro»)=wlthered. 
decayed ;  stiff,  -ite  (PetnL).} 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  by  HaCy  to  a  decom- 
posed porphyritic  diorite. 

•xer -4-te$,  s.    (Qr.(-^p6rr,t(xerotU)  =  dryness.] 
Pathol :  A  dry  habit  or  disposition  of  the 
body. 

Mr-US,  «.     [Or.  fot<   (fin,)  =  withered, 
haggard.) 

Zool.:  A  genus  of  Scinrinas,  with  a  few 
species,  from  Africa,  where  they  burrow  in 
the  ground  or  among  the  roots  of  trees  or 
bushes.  There  are  two  pairs  of  pectoral  teats  • 
tail  comparatively  short;  fur  mixed  with 
flattened  spines.  The  best-known  species, 
Xenu  rutilam,  is  about  twenty  inches  long, 
of  which  the  tail  forms  nine ;  reddish-yellow 
above,  paler  on  sides,  whitish  below.  " 

-jjl-  men'- 1  -a,    «.       [Named   after   Francis 
'Aimenes,  a  Spanish  monk,  who  wrote  a  work 
upon  Mexican  plants  in  1615.] 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Olacacea,  with  three  or 


four  known  species.  Large  shrub*  or  small 
trees,  often  spmous.  Leaves  entire,  leathery  ; 
calyx  very  small,  petals  four,  hairy  inside  ; 
stamens  eight,  ovary  with  four  cells,  each 
one-seeded.  Ximtnia  americana,  the  False 
Sandal-wood,  is  a  straggling  Indian  shrub, 
producing  dull-white  fragrant  flowers,  smell- 
ing like  cloves,  succeeded  by  small,  oval,  red 
or  yellow  pulpy  fruits,  an  iucli  long,  aromatic, 
but  somewhat  austere.  They  are  eaten  by 
the  Hindoos,  and  by  the  natives  of  Sencttal 
The  kernels  taste  like  filberts. 

xiph  -1  &s,  s.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  fi$,as  (xiphias) 
=  as  adj.,  sword-shaped  ;  as  subst  =  a  sword- 
fish.] 

1.  Ichthy. :  Agenus  of  Xiphiidae  (q.  v.),  distin- 
guished by  the  absence  of  ventral  fins.    The 
best  known  species  is  Xiphias  gladiut,  the  Com- 
mon, or  Mediterranean  Sword-fish.    Gunther 
says  that  the  distinction  of  species  is  beset 
with  great  difficulties,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
but  few  specimens  exist  in  Museums,  aud 
because  the  form  of  the  dorsal,  the  length  of 
the  ventrals,  and  the  shape  and  length  of  the 
sword  appear  to  change  according  to  the  age 
of  individuals. 

2.  Astronomy : 

(1)  [DORADO,  II.  1.] 

(2)  A  comet  shaped  like  a  iword. 

xi  phld  -1  Sn,  s.  [Gi.  titlliov  (xiphidion)  = 
a  small  sword,  dimin.  from  (upas  (xiphos)  = 
a  sword.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Blenniidse,  from  the 
Pacific  coast  of  North  America.  Allied  to 

(.Vntrc  mi  it  i  is  (q.v.). 

xi  phld'  1-um,  t.    [XIPHIDION.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Wachendorfeae.  Liliaceous 
plants  from  South  America.  Simple  stems, 
ensiform  leaves,  and  somewhat  secund  nod- 
ding panicles  of  blue  or  white  Sowers. 

xi-phi  -I-das,  s.  pi  [Mod  Lat  xiphias) ;  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

1.  Ichthy:  The  sole  family  of  the  Acanthop- 
terygian  division,  Xiphiiformes  (q.v.),   with 
two  genera,  Histiophorus  and  Xiphias  (q.v.). 
The  upper  jaw  is  produced  into  a  long  cunei- 
form weapon. 

2.  Palaont. :  From  the  Chalk  and  the  Lon- 
don Clay  of  Sheppey. 

xiph-l  i  for-mey,  t.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
Lat.  xiphias  =  a  sword-fish,  and  forma  =  form 
appearance.) 

Ichthy.  :  A  division  of  Acanthopterygian 
Fishes,  with  a  single  family,  Xiphiidas  (q  v.). 

xiph  1  ster  -nftm,  s.  [Gr.  (iipot  (xiphos)  =^a 
sword,  and  trrtpvov  (fternon)  =  the  breast] 

Compar.  Anat.:  The  metasterncm  or  enai- 
form  process  of  the  sternum ;  corresponding 
with  the  xiphoid  cartilage  in  man. 

xlph-oS  pref.  [Gr.  ^05  (xiphw)=  a  sword.) 
Sword-shaped;  having  a  sword-shaped  pro- 
cess or  processes. 

xlph  o  co-lap  -te?,  s.  [Pref.  xip\o-,  and  Gr. 
icoAoimjs  (kolaptes)  =  a  chisel.] 

Ornith. :  A  sub-genus  of  Dendrocolaptes, 
with  five  species  ranging  from  Mexico  to 
Bolivia.  The  sub-genus  was  established  by 
Leeson  for  those  species  which  have  the  bill 
bent 

xiph  6  don,  ».  [Pref.  xipho-,  and  Or.  ioo* 
(odous),  genit  Mrm  (odoatos)  =  a  tooth.) 

Palaont. :  The  type-genus  of  Xiphodontide 
(q.v.),  from  the  Eocene.  The  species  were 
small,  two-toed  mammals,  with  a  short  tail, 
and  long,  slender  limbs.  Dentition  complete ; 
molars  of  a  generalised  selenodout  type. 

xiph  *-d6n  -tl  das,  »  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  xipho- 
don,  genit.  xiphodont(is) ;  Lat  fern.  pL  adj. 
suff.  -id<e.] 

Paloxnt. :  A  family  of  Artiodactyle  Ungu- 
lates,  with  three  genera,  Xiphodon,  Caino- 
therium,  and  Microtherium,  from  the  Eocene 
and  Miocene  of  France.  The  species  were 

Srobably  intermediate  between  the  Suidas  and 
le  Tragulid*. 

xiph  o  gad  &JS, «.  [Pref.  xipho-,  and  Mod. 
Lat  gadus.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Ophidiidae  (q.v.),  with 
a  single  species,  confined  to  the  East  Indies. 
Body  naked ;  a  pair  of  canines  developed  in 
both  jaws. 


or'-gl-a,  ..     [Pref.  xipho-,  and  Or 
G°o7on!l  (s°rge"">)  ™  of  or  belonging  to  tu« 
Zool.  :   A  genus  of  Gorgonidffi,    from  the 
warmer  seas       The  polypes    form  straight, 
sword-shaped  masses. 

xiph'-SJd,  a.  [Gr.  fi««  (xipho,)  =  a  swopd, 
and  «,oo!  (eidos)  =  form,  appearance.]  Bel 
semblmg  a  sword  ;  shaped  like  a  sword  ;  easT 


xiph^d'-I-an,  a.    [XIPHOID.]    Of  or  per- 
Uining  to  the  xiphoid  cartilage. 

xiph-oph'-^Hous,  o.   [Pref.  xipho-,  and  Or. 
f «AAat>  (ptmllon)  =  a  leaf.] 
Bot. :  Having  ensiform  leaves. 

xlph-op--ter-u»,  ».     [Pref.  xipho-,  and  Gr. 
irrepoi/  (pteron)  =  a  wing,  a  flu.) 

PaltKont.:  A  genus  of  Trichiuridie,  of  Eo- 
cene age. 

xiph-d-sur'-a,  s.  pi.    [Gr.  fi>«  (xiphos)  =  a 
sword,  and  oipa  (oura)  =  a  tail] 

1.  Zool. :  An  order  or  sub-order  of  Mero- 
stomata  (q.v  ).      Anterior  segment*   welded 
together  to  form  a  broad,  convex   buckler 
upon  the  dorsal  surface  of  which  are  i.laced 
the  compound  eyes  and  ocelli,  the  hitter  in 
the  centre,  the  former  nearly  so.    Mouth  fur- 
nished with  a  small  labrum,  a  rudimentary 
metastoma.    and    six   pairs   of    appendages 
Posterior  segments  more  or  less  free,  having 
on  their   ventral  surfaces  a  series  of  broad 
lamellar  appendages  ;  telson  ensiform.    Only 
one  recent  genus,  Limulus  (q.v.). 

2.  Paloxnt. :  Fossil  genera  numerous,  from 
the  Upper  Silurian  to  the  Tertiary.    (See  ex- 
tract under  XIPHOBUBAN.) 

xJph-6  giir  -an,  ».      [XIPHOSORA,]    Any  in- 
dividual of  the  Xiphosura  (q.v.X 

"  In  the  Devonian  Do  certain  traces  of  1 
have  yet  been  detected,  but  several  typei  e 
Carbunileroui.  — .vf-1-* —  •  •--•- 


xlpli'-S-teu'-tlito,   «.      [Pref.    xipho-,   and 
Mod.  Lat.  taithit  (q.v.).] 

Palaxmt.  :  A  genus  of  Belemnitidas,  with 
one  species,  from  the  Lias.  Shell  with  a  long 
phragmacone,  enveloped  in  a  calcareous 
sheath. 


xr-ph£d'-ri-«j  3.   [Gr.  (  itMptar  (xiphudrim), 
dfinm.  from   ^ot  (xiphot)  =  a  sword    . 
a  mussel-shell.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Uroceridie  (q.v.).  An- 
tennae short,  head  round,  neck  long,  maxillary 
palpi  with  five  joints  ;  larva  boring  into  the 
wood  of  the  beech,  the  oak,  the  poplar  the 
willow,  &c.  The  typical  species  is  Xiphrf.no. 
cameliu.  It  is  black,  with  white  spots  on  the 
top  of  the  head  and  along  the  sides  of  the 
abdomen,  and  red  legs.  Length,  about  half 
an  inch.  This  species,  and  another,  X.  dromt- 
dariui,  are  British. 

xSn-alt'-ite,  ».  [After  Tetela  de  Xonalt*. 
Mexico,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Min.  :  A  massive  mineral  found  associated 
with  apophyllite  and  bustamite.  Sp.gr.  271- 
colour,  white  to  gray  ;  tough.  Compos.  : 
silica,  49-80  ;  lime,  46-47  ;  water,  3-73  =  100 
equivalent  to  the  formula  4CaOSiOa  +  HO. 

xu  li  nos  pri  i  ni  tea,  ».  [Or.  fu'A.w 
(xulinos)  =  wooden  ;  irpiui>(prwn)  =  a  saw  and 
suff.  -ites.} 

Patcmbol.  :  A  genus  of  fruits  with  valveless, 
woody,  two-seeded  legumes.  The  pericarp 
unites  in  a  singular  manner  the  characters 
of  a  legume  and  a  drupe.  Two  species  are 
known.  XulinasprioniUi  lotus  has  the  legume 
short  and  broad,  witli  the  apex  nmbonate,  the 
epicarp  rugose  and  mammiliated,  the  sarco- 
carp  thin,  and  the  endocarp  thick.  X.  rin- 
giberiformit  has  the  legume  lomentaceous, 
irregular;  the  epicarp  somewhat  coriaceous, 
the  sarcocarp  pithy,  the  cells  very  large,  the 
endocarp  thick.  Externally  It  looks  like  a 
piece  of  ginger-root,  and  it  is  not  till  it  la 
fractured  that  it  in  found  to  be  a  legume 
Both  species  are  from  the  London  Clay  of 
Sheppey.  (Bowerbank  :  FosM  Fruits.) 

'  ^~U^'~^r*?'  '•    ,[Pref-   **,>••  mnd  Gr- 

ac0pa|  (anthrax)  =  coal  or  charcoal.] 

Petrol.  :  Wood  coal  or  charcoal,  in  distinc- 
tion from  mineral  coal. 


wore. 


work.  who. 


^  WSt>  ""•  —A  h5r'  t^re;  pine.  Plt,.xre..ir.  marine;  go,  p^t 
;  mute.  ofib.  oure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    ».  ce  =  e  ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


xylaria— xylolsulphurlc 


5237 


xy-lar'-I-a,  >.  [Fern,  of  Mod.  Lat.  xylariui 
=  growing"  in  woods,  from  Gr.  f liAoy  (xulon)  — 
wood.] 

Bot  •  A.  genus  of  Sphieriacei.  Branched, 
horny,  or  fleshy  fungals,  often  with  clavate 
lobes,  whitish  and  me;ily  when  young,  after- 
wards brown  or  black.  Perithecia  horny, 
usually  immersed  all  over  the  branches; 
centre  bluck,  composed  of  asci,  with  eight 
usually  uniseptate  spores.  The  largest  species 
are  tropical,  but  several  are  found  in  Britain 
on  rotten  wood,  stumps  of  trees,  &C.  The 
most  common  is  Xylaria  hypoxylon. 

xy-lem,  s.    [Gr.  fuA,j  (xvle)  =  timber.] 

Bot. :  Naegli's  name  for  one  of  two  groups 
into  which  the  permanent  tissues  of  a  flbro- 
vascular  bundle  can  be  divided.     It  is  com- 
posed of  parenchymatous  cells,  wood  fibres, 
vascular  cells,  and  true  vessels,  in  which  the 
walls  of  the  cells  generally  become  ligneous. 
From  it  the  wood  is  developed. 
xylem  parenchyma. .--. 
Bot. :  The  medullary  rays.    (Thomt.) 
xy'-lene, ».    [Gr.  fvAov  (xulon)  =  wood  ;  suff. 

Chtm. :  C8H10  =  C«H4(CH:,)2.  Dimethyl- 
benzene.  A  colourless,  volatile  liquid  found 
in  that  portion  of  light  coal-tar  oil  which 
distils  over  between  136°  and  141".  It  admits 
of  three  isomeric  modifications,  depending  on 
the  relative  position  of  the  two  methyl  atoms : 
viz.,  orthoxylene,  prepared  synthetically  by 
the  action  of  sodium  on  a  mixture  of  ortho- 
bromtoluene  and  methylic  iodide,  bolls  at 
140-141' ;  metaxylene,  obtained  by  distilling 
xylic  or  mesitylenic  acid  with  lime,  bolls  at 
137' ;  and  paraxylene,  prepared  by  the  action 
of  sodium  on  bromotoluene  and  raethylic 
iodide,  boils  at  136-137'.  On  passing  xylene 
through  a  red-hot  tube,  it  is  resolved  into 
benzene,  toluene,  and  other  hydrocarbons. 

xylene  -  dlamlne,  «.     [XVLYLENE-DIA- 

MISE.) 

xylene  sulphochlorlde,  «. 

Chem. :  C8HoSClO2  =  CeH^CHaVSOjCL  A 
yellow  oil  obtained  by  triturating  xylene- 
•ulphate  of  sodium  with  phosphorus  penta- 
chloride,  warming  the  mixture,  and  pouring 
the  product  into  water. 

xylene  sulphuric  acid,  *. 

Chem.:  C8H10SO3  =  C6H8(CH8)2-SOsH. 
Xylolsulphuricacid.  Sulphoxylolic  acid.  Pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid  on  xylene.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water, 
and  by  dry  distillation  is  reconverted  intc 
xylene.  With  the  oxides  it  forms  salts  called 
xylene-sulphates,  its  potassium  and  sodiun 
salts  being  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  and 
crystallizing  from  the  latter  in  silky  lamina?. 

xy'-len-Sl,  s.    [Formed  from  Gr.  (v\ov  (xulon] 
=  wood,  and  Eng.  suff.  -oL] 

Chem. :  CtjHioO  =  CgH^CHg^OH.  Dime 
thyl-phenol.  An  eight-carbon  phenol,  pro 
duced  by  fusing  oxymesitylenic  acid  with 
potash.  It  melts  at  75°,  and  boils  at  213'5  . 

xy'-len-yl,  *.    [XYLYL.] 
xy-lSn-yl'-a-mine,  «.    [Eng.  xylenyl,  and 

amine.]    [XYLIDINE.] 
xy-leu'-tef,  s.    [Gr.  fvAcv'oj»ai  (xultuomai)  = 

to  gather  wood.] 
Entom.:  A  genus  of   Zeuzeridie.    Xyleula 

cossiis  is  a  modern  name  for  the  Goatmot1- 

(q.v.),  better  known  as  Cotsus  ligniperda. 

xy'-ll-a,  s.    [Gr.  filAoi-  (xulon)  =  wood.] 

Bot  '•  A  genus  of  Eumimoseas,  having  sessile 
sickle-shaped,  compressed,  woody  legumes 
with  partitions  between  the  seeds.  XylM  an 
jabriformis  (=  Mimosa  xylocarpa  of  Roxburgh 
the  Ironwood  tree  of  Peru  and  Arraean, 
large  deciduous  tree  growing  in  India  an 
Burmah,  yields  a  red  resin,  and  oil  is  expresse 
from  its  seeds.  The  wood  is  very  durable  ;  i 
has  been  used  in  India  and  Burmah  for  rai 
way  sleepers,  piles  and  beams  of  bridges 
telegraph-posts,  the  handles  of  agriculture 
implements,  boat-building,  &c. 

'-Uc,  a.  [Gr.  (v\ov(xulon)  =  wood ;  suff.  -ic 

jrived  from  wood. 

xyllc-acid,  s. 

Chem.:  C3H7O2  =  CO-OH:CH3:CH8.  Pre 
pared  from  brom-metaxylene  by  the  action  c 
sodium  and  carbonic  anhydride.  It  crysta 


lizes  in  large  monoclinic  prisms,  slightly 
soluble  in  water,  more  so  in  alcohol,  aud 
melts  at  126'. 


-id, 


I     tb    1-M   • 

y-Ud'-a-mine,  s.     [XYLIDINE.] 

xy-lid'-Ic.  a.     [Eng.  «y!(ic);  suff. 
Derived  from  wood. 

xylidio-acld,  s. 

«m.:C9H804=C6H3(CH3XCO-OH>>  Ob- 
tained by  oxidising  pseudo-cumeue,  xylic  acid, 
aud  paraxylic  acid  with  dilute  uitric  acid. 
It  forms  colourless  crystals,  slightly  soluble 
in  water,  and  melts  at  280°  to  283°. 

xy-li-dine,   s.     [Eng.   xyl(tne);  mtt.   M, 

-int.]      [XYL01DIN.J 

Chtm.:  C8H,,N  =  C8Ho(NH.,).  Amidoxy- 
lene.  Amidoxylol.  Xylenylamine.  A  base 
homologous  with  aniline,  produced  by  the 
action  of  ammonium  sulphide  or  stannous 
chloride  on  nitroxylene.  It  is  a  colourless 
liquid,  heavier  than  water,  and  boiling  at  21  J°. 
Heated  with  tin  and  hydrochloric  acid,  it 
solidities  on  cooling  to  a  crystalline  mass, 
which  appears  to  be  a  compound  of  xylldme 
hydrochlorate  with  stannous  chloride. 

xy'-lin-a,  J.    [Lat.  xylinum;  Gr.  fvAivor  (xu- 
linon)  =  cotton.) 

Entom. :  The  typical  genusof  Xyltnidie  (q.v.). 
Antenna;  slightly  ciliated  in  the  male  ;  abdo- 
men depressed,  somewhat  crested  ;  forewings 
narrow,  elongate,- the  edges  nearly  parallel. 
British  species  three,  the  Conformist,  Xylina 
conformit,  the  Nonconformist,  X.  flnckenH, 
and  the  Gray  Shoulder  Knot,  X.  rhteolitha. 

xy-lin'-I-dse,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  xylin(a) ;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -id<e.) 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Noctuina.  Antennre 
Kenerallv  simple  ;  thorax  thick  ;  often  crested 
anteriorly  ;  wings  folded  in  repose  like  a  flat- 
tened roof.  Caterpillar  long,  smooth,  gene- 
rally brilliantly  coloured.  British  genera, 
six ;  species,  nineteen.  [SHARK-MOTH.] 

xy'-lite  ».    [Gr.  f liAoc  (xulon)  =  wood ;  suff. 
-iU(Min.);  Ger.  xylith.] 

Min. :  Probably  a  hydrous  Asbestos,  accord- 
ing to  Dana. 

xy-16-,  pref.     [Gr.  {uAov  (xulon)  =  fire-wood, 
wood/timber,  a  tree.)     Of,  belonging  to,  or 
derived  from  wood. 
xylo  quinone,  t.    [PHLORONE.] 

xy-lo-tool'-sa-mum,  ».     [Gr.  f«Aoi>  (xulon'. 
=  wood,  and  poAirofiov  (6a!»a7>um)  =  balsam. 

1.  The  wood  of  the  balsam-tree. 

2.  A  balsam  obtained  by  decoction  of  the 
twigs  and  leaves  of  Amyrti  gileadtnsit   in 
water. 

xy  Id'-bi-iis,  «.     [Pref.  xylo-,  and  Gr.  /3i'o? 
(bios)  =  life.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Chilognatha,  familj 
Archiulidte.  Segments  divided  by  cross  su 
tures  into  numerous  fragments.  Several  species 
occur  in  the  Carboniferous  rocks  of  I>ova 
Scotia,  and  one  in  those  of  Scotland.  The 
type  is  Xylobius  ligiUariot,  of  the  Nova  Scotia 
Coal-field,  found  by  Sir  J.  W.  Dawson  in  the 
hollow  trunks  of  Sigillaria,  &c.  Xylobius  i 
the  earliest  known  representative  of  the  My 
riapoda, 

xy  lo-cam'-pa,  s.   [Pref.  xylo-,  and  Gr.  «£/!"• 
(kampi)  =  a  caterpillar.) 

Entom,  :  A  genus  of  Xylinidte,  with  on 
British  species,  Xylocampa  lUhorhiza,  th 
Early  Gray  Moth.  The  long  caterpillar  feed 
exposed  on  honeysuckle  in  June,  July,  an 
August. " 

xy'-lft-carp,  ».    [XYLOCARPUS.] 
Bot. :  A  hard  and  woody  fruit. 

xy-lo-car'-pofts,  a.    [XYLOCARPUS.]    Hav 
"  ing  fruit  which  becomes  hard  or  woody. 

"  xy-li-car'-pus,  ».      [Pref.  xylo-,  and  G 
inpiros  (karpos)  =  fruit.] 

Bot.:  A  genus  of  Tricliilieae  (q.v.),  no 
generally  combined  with  Carapa  (q.v.). 

xy'-lo-chlbre,   i.      [Pref.   xylo-,   and    G 
xAwpos  (cldoroa)  =  green.) 
Min. :  The  same  as  OXHAVERITE  (q.v.). 

xy-li-ohlSr'-le,  a.      [Pref.  xylo-,    and  G 
X^fK  (<*Wn»)  =  green.)    (See  compound.) 


xylochloric-acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  Fordos'  name  for  the  green  colour. 
ing  matter  of  decayed  wood.  It  may  be  ei- 
tracted  by  chloroform. 

xy-loo'-o-pa,  s.  [Gr.  fuAo«<iros  (xulokopoi) 
•=.  hewing  or  felling  wood  :  fuAov  (zulon)  = 
wood,  and  icoiri  (kope)  =  a  cutting.) 

Entom.  :  A  large  genus  of  Scopulipedes, 
with  sharp-pointed  mandibles  by  which  they 
bore  holes  in  timber.  In  several  species  the 
females  are  black,  while  the  males  are  bright- 
yellow.  [CARPENTER-BEE.] 

xy-l6-crypt'-ite,  s.  [Pref.  xylo-  ;  Gr.  Kpvuros 
(cruptos)  =  concealed,  hidden,  and    suff.   -itt 
(Min.).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  SCHEERERITE  (q.v.). 

xy-lo'-dl-iim,  ».    [Gr.  {uWSin  (xulodls)  = 
hard  as  wood,  woody  :  pref.  xylo-,  and  Gr. 
«?{«  (eidos)=  form.] 
Sot.  :  An  Achtenium  (q.v.). 

xy'-lS-graph,  s.  [Gr.  fv'Xov  (xulon)  =  wood, 
and  ypafu  (grapho)  =  to  write,  to  draw.)  An 
engraving  on  wood,  or  an  impression  from 
such  an  engraving. 

"  Some  of  the  xylograph*  of  the  first  edition  of  th»- 
aaSaftai^r<tm."-iiaturd^  Raieu,  Muroh  29,  I8M. 
p.420. 

xy-lSg'-ra-pher,  ».  [Eng.  xylograph  ;  -er.li 
One  who  engraves  on  wood. 

••A  WH>«r  wna  re«d  by  Mr.iOeoige  Clulew,  *»!«• 
?  '-Allimmm.  M»y  17.  1884.  p.  IM. 


xy-l6-grapli'-Io,  xy-l*-grapli'-io-al,  o. 

[Eng.  xylograph;  -ic,  -ical.]    Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  xylography  (q.v.). 

xy  log'-ra-phy,  ».    [Eng.  xylograph;  -».J 

1.  A  mode  of  printing  or  graining  from  the- 
natural  surface  of  the  wood.  A  piece  of  wood- 
is  selected  of  fine  quality,  having  the  pattern 
of  grain  desired.  The  surface  is  treated  chemi- 
cally to  open  the  pores.  After  it  is  dry  trie- 
surface  is  painted  and  a  sized  sheet  of  paper 
laid  over  the  board,  and  both  run  together 
between  rollers  in  the  manner  of  copperplate 
printing.  The  paint  is  then  transferred  to- 
the  board,  the  differences  in  the  absorbent 
qualities  of  the  board  determining  the  depth- 
of  colour.  The  paper  is  laid  face  downward 
on  the  article  to  be  ornamented,  and  rubbed 
on  the  back  with  •  soft  pad  to  transfer  the- 
impression. 

2  A  name  given  to  a  process  of  decorative- 
painting  on  wood.  A  selected  pattern  or  de- 
sign is  drawn  on  wood,  which  is  then  engraved, 
or  the  design  is  reproduced  in  zinc  by  the 
ordinary  method.  An  electrotype  cast  i«< 
taken  from  the  woodcut  or  zinc  plate,  and< 
smooth  surfaces  of  wood  are  printed  from  the 
stereotype  under  regulated  pressure  with  pig- 
ments prepared  for  the  purpose.  The  colour 
penetrates  the  wood,  leaving  no  outside  film, 
and  after  being  French-polished,  or  covered' 
with  a  fluid  enamel,  the  wood  may  be  rubbed,. 
scrubbed,  or  even  sand-papered  without  de- 
stroying the  pattern.  (Ure.) 

xy-lo'-id,  ».    [XYLOIDIK.] 

Chem.  :  Lowig's  name  for  the  radicle  xylyl,. 


. 

xy'-loid,  a.  [XYLOIDIN.]  Having  the  nature- 
of  wood;  resembling  wood. 

xy-lo'-I-cUn,  t.  [Or.  fr'Aoi,  (xulon),  and  tl{« 
(lidos)  =  form",  appearance.] 

Chtm.  :  C6HoNOf  =  C6H9(NO!,)0B.  Pyroxam. 
Nitramidin.  Explosive  starch.  An  explosive 
compound,  discovered  by  Braconnot  in  183.% 
and  prepared  by  triturating  starch  with  fuming 
nitric  acid  till  it  is  reduced  to  a  semi-fluid 
mass,  and  adding  twenty-five  parts  of  water 
It  is  a  white,  inodorous,  and  tasteless  powder, 
insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  and  chloro- 
form, slightly  soluble  in  glacial  acetic  acid. 
When  struck  with  a  hammer  It  detonates, 
melts  when  heated,  and  bursts  into  flame  at 
ISO3  leaving  a  carbonaceous  residue.  IOC- 
parta  of  starch  yield  130  parts  of  xyloidin. 

xy-lo'-i-dine,  *.    [XYLOIDIN.] 

Chem  :  The  same  as  XYLIDINE  (q.v.). 
xy-151',  s.  [Gr.  t  v*oi>  (xulon)  =  wood  ;  suff.  -o!.}' 

[XYLENE.] 

XV-l6l-»fil-pl"ir'-Io,  a.  IPrelxyln-,  and  Eng. 
sulphuric.]  Derived  from  or  containing  xylene 
and  sulphuric  acid. 


J238 


xylomelum— xyster 


xylolsulphurlo  -  acid,  i.     [XYLENI- 

SULPHURIC  ACID.] 

xy  Id  me   Inm,   ».      [Pref.    xylo-,   and    Gr. 
HTJAOI'  (melon)  =  an  apple.] 

Sot. :  A  genus  of  Grevillidte  (q.v.).  Austra- 
lian trees,  with  opposite  leaves,  axillary  spikes 
of  flowers,  and  very  thick,  woody  fruit,  in- 
versely pear-shaped.  One  species,  Xylomelun 
pjfH/ornw,  is  cultivated  in  British  greenhouses. 

xy'-lo-p&l,  ..    [Pref.  xyl(o)-,  and  Eng.  opal.] 
Hin. :  The  same  as  WOOD-OPAL  (q.v.). 

xy-16-p6-ee,  t.  pi,    [Mod.Lati!/top(io);Lat. 
fern,  pi  adj.  suff.  -eor.J 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Anonaceee  :  stamens  indefi- 
nite in  number  ;  ovules,  few  or  many,  inserted 
in  the  ventral  suture  of  the  fruit, 

xy  ISph  -a-ga, ».  [Pref.  xylo-,  and  Gr.  ^a^ir 
(phugcin)  =  to  eat.] 

1.  Entomology  (As  a  Plural) : 

(1)  A  section  of  Securifera,  including  those 
Bawdies  the  larva;   of  which  burrow  in  the 
woody  portions  of  plants  instead  of  eating 
the  leaves.    [SmiciD.K,  UROCERID.*.] 

(2)  A  sub-tribe  of  Rhynchophora,  compre- 
hending those  weevils  which,  both  in  their 
Immature  and  in  their  perfect  state,  bore  into 
the  solid  wood  of  trees. 

2.  Zoo!.  :  A  genus  of  Pholadidsj(q.v.),  with 
two  species,  from  Norway,  Britain,  and  South 
America.    Shell  globular,  with  a  transverse 
furrow ;  anterior  margin  reflected,  covered  by 
two  accessory  valves  within  which  the  animal 
is  included,  except  the  contractile  siphons. 
The  species  burrow  in  floating  wood  and  in 
timbers  which  are  always  covered  by  the  sea. 

xy-loph  a  gan,  s.    [XYLOPHAOA.]  Any  ani- 
mal of  the  group  Xylophaga. 

t  xy  loph'-a-gi,  ».)>(.    [XYLOPHAOA.] 

Entom,  :  A  sub-tribe  of  Beetles,  tribe  Tetra- 
mera,  instituted  by  Latreille,  and  approxi- 
Biately  equal  to  the  family  Scolytidas  (q.v.). 


txy-lo-phagr-I-dn.  i.  pi.  [Hod.  Lat.  xylo- 
pkag(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  lutf.  -idoc.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Diptera,  now  reduced 
to  a  sub-family.  Xylophagin*,  or  Xylopha- 
gides  (q.v.). 

xy  16  pha-gi-me,  xy  lo  phag-i-dds, 
t.pl  [Mod.  Lat.  Tylophagtua) ;  Lat.  fem.pl 
mdj.  suff.  -mat,  or  masc.  &  fern,  -ides.] 

Bntom.:  A  sub-family  of  Stratiomyidae, 
having  seven  or  eight  free  abdominal  segments. 
The  larva;  are  believed  to  live  in  rotten  wood. 
Some  Sontb  American  species  are  an  inch  and 
a  quarter  long. 

xy-16ph'-«>-gous,a.  [XYLOPHAOA,]  Feeding 
on  and  boring  into  wood. 

"  Ctolura  tfnbram  it  one  of  the  most  !njuriou« 
fyiopttayoui  crusUceaiu  known.  It  ii  commonly 
found  aMOci&Ud  with  another  wood-borer,  tbfl  Lim, 
M»ria  liyi*>rum"—CaueU'9  Xat.  SM.,  Ti.  113. 

xy  loph  a  gua, «.    [XYLOPHAOA.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Xylophagina 
(q.T.).  The  lame  live  in  dead  and  decaying 
wood  or  in  garden  mould.  There  are  a  dozen 
or  more  species  in  North  America.  The  adults 
bear  a  remarkable  resemblance  to  certain 
hymenopterous  insects. 

xy  lo-pha'-sl-a,  «.  [Pref.  xylo-,  and  Gr. 
$ao-tf  (pAasw):=  appearance.] 

Entmn. :  A  genus  of  Night  Moths,  family 
Apatnidte.  Antenna:  long,  pubescent  in  the 
male ;  abdomen  long,  crested  ;  fore  wings 
long,  more  or  less  denticulated.  British  spe- 
cies six,  the  type  being  Xylopliatta  polyodon, 
the  Dark  Arches,  a  night  moth  having  the 
fore  wings  grayish-brown,  with  four  trans- 
Terse,  toothed,  paler  lines,  and  with  two 
black  streaks  from  the  base,  and  another  from 
the  centre  of  the  wing ;  expansion  of  wings 
an  inch  and  three-quarters  to  two  inches. 
Common. 

•  xy  loph  -I-lan,  «.     [Mod.  Lat  tylophil(i); 
Eng.  sutf.  -on.] 

Bntom. :  Any  individual  belonging  to  the 
Xylophili  (q.v.). 

*  xy-lSph'-I-U.   t.  pi.     [Pref.  xylo-,  and  Gr. 
^>iA«(«)  (phileo)  =  to  love.] 

Kntom. :  A  section  of  Lamellicorn  Beetles, 
including  Macleay's  Dynastida;  and  Butelidas 
(q.v.). 


xy-loph'-I-loun,  a.    [XYLOPHILI.]  Growing 
upon  or  feeding  on  wood. 

xy'-lo'  phone,    «.      A    musical    instrument 

-i  ing  essentially  of  a  row  of  parallel  bars 

of  wood,  of   graduated   lengths,  which    are 

played  upon  with  small  mallets. 

xy-lBph'-M-la,   i.      [Pref.   xylo-,   and   Or 
4>vAAop  (phullon)  =  a  leaf.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Fhyllanthea?  (q.v.),  some 
times  reduced  to  a  sun-genus  of  Phyllanthus 
Shrubs,  without  leaves,  but  with  leaf-like 
branches  bearing  the  flowers  on  notches  in 
their  margin.  Natives  of  the  tropics,  espe 
cially  of  the  West  Indies,  where  they  are  called 
Seaside  Laurels  and  Love-flowers. 

xy-lo'-pl-a,  ,.     [Pref.  xylo-,  and  Gr. 
(ptiros)  =  sharp,  bitter.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Xylopeaj  (q.v.) 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate 
leaves  and  axillary  bracteate  peduncles,  one 
or  many  flowered ;  calyx,  three  to  tive-lobed,  the 
segments  ovate,  acute,  coriaceous  ;  petals,  six 
in  two  rows,  the  outer  three  the  largest ;  sta- 
mens, many,  inserted  into  a  globose  receptacle 
carpels,  two  to  fifteen,  each  with  one  or  tw< 
seeds.  Known  species  about  twelve,  some  o: 
which  are  often  placed  in  the  genus  Habzelia 
(q.v.).  Natives  of  South  America  and  the 
West  Indies.  They  readily  strike  root  when 
a  small  fragment  of  them  is  placed  in  the 
ground.  Xylopia  trricm,  the  Pindaiba  of  Rio 
Janeiro,  bears  a  highly  aromatic  fruit,  which 
may  be  used  as  pepper,  with  which  it  agrees 
in  its  flavour.  Good  cordage  is  made  from 
the  fibres  of  its  bark.  The  wood,  bark,  and 
berries  of  X.  glabra,  the  Bitter-wood  of  the 
West  Indies,  taste  like  orange-seeds,  and  im- 
part a  similar  flavourto  the  wild  pigeons  which 
feed  on  them.  It  is  said  to  be  useful  in  colic 
and  for  creating  an  appetite.  Martius  believes 
the  fruit  of  X.  grandiflora  to  constitute  a  valu- 
able febrifuge  used  by  the  South  American 
Indians.  The  dry  fruits  of  X.  aromatica  form 
the  Piper  ccihiopicum  of  commerce,  used  as 
pepper  by  the  West  African  negroes. 

xy-16-py-r$K--r»-phfr».  [Gr.  fii, 
=  wood;  trup(pur),  genit.  ini/jos  (pwo»)  =  fire, 
and  ypd<t>u  (grapho)  —  to  write,  to  draw.]  The 
act  or  art  of  drawing  poker-pictures  (q.v.). 

xy-lA-ref -In-Ite,  ».  [Pref.  xylo-,  and  Eng. 
ntinite  ;  Ger.  xyloretin.] 

Min. :  A  hydrocarbon  compound  obtained 
by  the  action  of  alcohol  on  fossil  pine-wood 
Massive,  but  crystallizes  in  needles  of  the 
orthorhombic  system  from  a  naphtha  solution. 
Colour,  white. 

xy-los'-te-In,  i.  [Mod.  Lat.  xylotteum  (see 
def.);  Eng.  suff.  -in.] 

Chem. :  A  glucoside  obtained  from  the  ber- 
ries of  the  Fly  Honeysuckle  (Lonicera  Xylos- 
teum).  It  is  non-volatile,  very  bitter,  insol- 
uble in  water,  very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether, 
and  yields  sugar  when  decomposed  by  acids. 

xy-lo-tech-nd-graph'-I-ca,  «.  [Pref. 
xylo-;  Gr.  Ti\in\  (tec/me)  =  an  art,  and  ypaifi- 
KOS  (graphikos)  =  capable  of  drawing  or  paint- 
ing.] The  art  of  staining  wood  in  colors. 

xy^ld-tile,  s.      [Pref.  xylo.,  and  Gr.  rUof 


Min. :  A  doubtful  mineral ;  according  to 
Dana  is  probably  but  an  altered  asbestos. 

xy-li-tru'-pes,  i.    [Pret  xylo-,  and  Gr. 
TpvTrao)  (trupao)  =  to  bore,  to  pierce  J 

Kntom. :  A  genus  of  Dynastidte  or  Dynas- 
tin«,  formerly  merged  in  Dynastes.  It  in- 
cludes large  lamellicorn  beetles.  Xylotrupei 
gideon,  a  native  of  Malacca,  attacks  the  cocoa- 
nut  palm. 

xy'-lyl,  >•  [Gr.  ( tiXov  (lulon)  =  wood  ;  snff.  -»!.  J 
.      Chem. :  C8H».     The  hypothetic  radicle  of 
xylene. 

xy-lyl'-a-mine,  ».    [Eng.  rylyl,  and  amint.] 
Chem. :    This   name    belongs    to    a   base, 
C8H9-H.,N  =  C6H4|  gg »(NH^  (not  yet  ob- 
tained),  related  to  benzylamine,  CjHj-HjN, 
in  the  same  manner  as  xylidine,  CeH^NHj)  = 

||3,  is  related  to  toluidine, 


xy'-lyl-ene,  i.    [Eng.  xylyl ;  -me.] 

Chem.:  CSHS.     A  diatomic  radicle  related 


to  xylyl,  CgHj,  in  the  same  manner  as  ethy 
lene  is  related  to  ethyl    (H'atts.) 

xylyleno  diaminc,  s. 

Chem. :  C8H12N2  =  CgH^NHV  Xylene- 
diamme.  A  crystalliue  compound  formed  by 
the  action  of  tin  and  hydrochloric  acid  on 
dtmtroTylene.  It  is  soluble  in  water  and 
alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether. 

xy-lyT-Io,  a.     [Eng.  Xflyl;  -ic.]     Pertaining 
to  or  containing  xylyl. 

xylylic  acid,  s. 

Chem  •  C9H1()Oa  =  CsHsCCHj^COaH.  A 
crystalline  body  obtained  by  oxidizing  cumene 
with  potassic  dichromate  and  sulphuric  acid. 
It  is  sparingly  soluble  in  boiling  water,  very 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  103 
and  boils  at  273'.  On  treating  it  with  chromic 
acid,  it  is  converted  into  iusoliuic  acid. 

xyr'-Id,  ».    [XYKIS.] 

Sot.  (PI.):  The  order  Xyridacere  (q.v.). 
(Lindley.) 


',  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  xyrii, 
genit.  xyrid(is);  Lat.  fern,  pi  adj.  sufT.  ana.} 
Bot. :  Xyrids  ;  an  order  of  Endogens  typical 
of  the  alliance  Xyridales.  Herbaceous,  sedgy 
plants,  with  fibrous  roots ;  leaves  radical, 
ensiform,  or  filiform,  with  enlarged,  scarious, 
sheathing  bases;  flowers  in  terminal,  imbri- 
cated, scaly  heads  ;  sepals  three,  glumaceous ; 
corolla  gamopetalous,  with  three  thin,  long, 
and  coloured  petaloid  divisions  ;  fertile  stamens 
three,  others,  alternate  with  the  divisions  of 
the  corolla,  sterile ;  style  trifld ;  ovary  single, 
one-  celled,  with  parietal  placenta;  bearing 
numerous  ovules ;  fruit  capsular,  three-valved. 
Chiefly  natives  of  the  Tropics.  There  are  two 
genera,  Aboldoba  and  Xyris  (q.v.). 

xyr'-ld-al,  o.   [XYRIDALES.] 

Bot. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  genus  Xyris. 
or  to  the  order  Xyriuacerc,  as  the  xyridal 
alliance.  (Liiidley.) 

xyr-i(-da'-les,  ,.  pi.  [Masc.  A  fern.  pi.  of 
Mod.  Lat.  xyridalis.] 

Bot. :  Lindley's  fourteenth  alliance  of  En- 
dozens.  Hypogynous,  bisexual,  tripetaloid 
Endogens,  with  copious  albumen.  It  contains 
four  orders,  Philydracese,  Xyridacea;,  Com- 
melynaceai,  and  Mayaceav.  (Lindley.) 

xyr^Is,  ».     [Lat.,  from  Gr.  tip 
kind  of  flag,  Irisjixtidissima.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Xyridacwe  (q.v.). 
Sedge-like  plants,  with  narrow,  radical  leaves, 
and  scapes  oearing  heads  of  yellow,  fugaceous 
flowers.  Known  species  about  fifty,  chiefly 
from  tropical  America,  but  a  few  from  the 
hotter  parts  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere.  The 
leaves  and  root  of  Xyria  inditm  are  given  in 
India  against  ringworm,  itch,  and  leprosy; 
those  of  X.  americona  and  X.  vaginata  are 
used  for  a  similar  purpose,  the  former  in 
Guiana,  the  latter  in  Brazil. 

xys  ma  16 -bl-um,  s.  (Gr.  (Zap.*  (xutma) 
=  a  filing,  a  shaving,  and  Ao/3os  (lotos)  =  a 
legume,  a  pod.  So  named  because  the  fruits 
are  covered  with  scales.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Asclepiadacete.  Erect 
perennial  shrubs  with  large  flowers  in  umbels ; 
corolla  bell-shaped,  with  spreading  segments, 
staminal  corona  at  the  top  of  the  tube  of  fila- 
ments, consisting  of  ten  parts  in  a  single 
series.  Known  species  eight  or  nine,  all  but 
one  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  re- 
maining one,  XysmoJobium  Heudclntianum,  is 
from  Senegambia,  where  its  root  is  eaten  by 
the  negroes.  X.  padifolium  is  cultivated  in 
English  gardens. 

xjrst,  xysf-oa,  xyst'-us,  «.  [Lat.  xyitui, 
from  Qr.  (varot  (ziisti-s),  from  (via  (xuo)  =  to 
scrape,  from  its  smooth  and  polished  floor.] 

Anc.  Arch. :  A  sort  of  covered  portico  or 
open  court  of  great  length  in  proportion  to 
the  width,  in  which  the  athletes  performed 
their  exercises. 

xys'-tarch,  s.  [Gr.  JVO-TOS  (xustos),  and 
ap\t»  (arch5)  =  to  rule.] 

Gr.  Antiq. :  An  Athenian  officer  who  pre. 
sided  over  the  gymnastic  exercises  of  the 
xyst  (q.v.). 

xys'-ter,  s.    [Gr.,  from  {vu  (TOO)  =  to  rub,  t» 
scrape.) 
Surg. :  An  Instrument  for  scraping  bones. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pfit, 
•r,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cnr.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    a,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


Y— yamadou 


5239 


T. 

y,  the  twenty-fifth  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet is  in  modern  English,  both  a  consonant 
and  a  vowel.  It  is  taken  from  the  Latin, 
into  which  language  it  was  adopted  irom  the 
Greek  Y  (v)  or  upsilon.  It  sometimes  repre- 
sents the  Anglo-Saxon  5,  which  is  supposed 
to  have  had  a  sound  resembling  that  of  the 
French  u  or  German  u. 

L  At  the  beginning  of  syllables,  and  when 
followed  by  a  vowel,  y  is  a  palatal  consonant, 
being  formed  by  bringing  the  middle  of  the 
tongue  in  contact  with  the  palate,  nearly  in 
the  position  to  which  the  g  hard  brings  it. 
Hence,  the  A.S.  hanl  g  h»s  often  been  softened 
to  y,  as  in  day  =  A.S.  dag,  may  =  A.S.  mag, 
&c.  In  words  of  Romance  origin  y  frequently 
represents : 

1.  French    -it  =  Lat.    -to,  as    In   barony, 
company,  copy,  jolly,  family,  memory,  victory, 
&c. 

2.  Lat.  -ium,  as  avgury,  horology,  remedy, 

3.  Lat.  -alus,   as    attorney,    deputy,   ally, 
quarry. 

4.  Fr.  -i/;  Lat.  -Ima,  as  hasty  (=  O.  Fr. 
hastif),  jolly  (=  Mid.  Eng.  jolif;  O.  Fr.  jolt, 
fern,  jolive),  testy,  &c. 

5.  Many  wordsending  in  y  have  come  through 
Lat.  nouns  in  -i«(=Fr.   -ie),   from  Or.  -ia, 
-«ia,   as    analogy,   apology,   blasphemy,  philo- 
sophy, &C. 

6.  As  an  adjectival  termination,  y  generally 
represents  the  A.S.   -ig,  as  in  stony  =  A.S. 
stdnig,  hungry  =  A.S.  hungrig.     So  also  in 
some  nouns  it  represents  A.S.  -ig,  as  in  honey 
=  A.S.  hunig.     In  the  suffix,  -ly  it  is  both  an 
adjectival  and  an  adverbial  suffix,  and  repre- 
sents the  A.S.  -ic,  -ice,  or  -iche,  as  godly  = 
A,  8.  goalie,  friendly  =  A.  8.  fredndlic,  hardly 
=  A.S.   heardllce.      In  nouns  ending  in  -ty, 
this  ending  represents  the  Fr.  -te,  Lat  -totem 
(nominative  -tas),  as  in  vanity  (=  Fr.  yanite, 
Lat.  vanitatem,  accus.  of  vanitas),  calamity,  &c. 

H,  In  the  middle,  and  at  the  end  of  words, 
y  is  a  vowel,  and  is  precisely  the  same  as  i. 
When  accented  it  is  pronounced  as  i  long,  as 
to  ite-fy,  df-mg,  &c.,  and  when  unaccented 
as  i  short,  as  in  glor'-t,  jol'-lf,  (it'-y,  4c. 

•J  Y  was  sometimes  called  the  Pythagorean 
letter,  from  its  Greek  original  in  its  form  of 
three  limbs  representing  the  sacred  triad 
formed  by  the  duad  proceeding  from  the 
monad. 

1[  (1)  As  *  symbol :  In  chem.,  Y  is  the  symbol 
of  Yttrium  (q.v.). 

(2)  As  a  numeral^?  stands  for  150,  and 
with  a  dash  over  it  (T)  for  150,000. 

y-  pref.  [See  def.]  A  common  prefix  in  Mid. 
Eng.  words,  and  representing  the  A.S.  -e  or 
ge-,  as  in  yclept,  yclad.  It  is  the  same  as  GE- 
(q.v.). 

Y,  «.  Something  resembling,  in  shape,  the 
letter  Y ;  as  a  forked  pipe  or  coupling  of  that 
form,  a  set  of  railroad  tracks  in  the  form  of  a 
triangle  (used  instead  of  a  turntable),  ic. 


yac'-a-re,  s.    [JACAM.] 

yac'-ca,  >.    [Native  name.]    (See  etym.  and 
compound.) 

yacca  wood,  s. 

Bot.  t  Comm. :  The  wood  of  Podooarpuf 
eoriacea,  used  in  the  West  Indies  as  an  oma 
mental  timber  for  cabinet  work. 

yacht  (ch  silent),  *  yatcht,  «.  [Dut  jag 
(fonnerly  spelt  jacht),  so  named  from  its  speed 
from  Dut.jagten  (formerly  jachtin)=.  to  speed 
to  hunt;  jagt  (formerly  jacht)  =a  hunting 
from  jagen  =  to  hunt  or  chase  deer,  hares 
&c.  ;  eogn.  with  Ger.  jayen=to  hunt;  pro- 
bably allied  to  Ger.  jahe  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  gdlii  = 
quick,  sudden,  rash  ;  Ger.  gehen  =  to  go  ;  Dut. 
gaan,  gaen  =  to  go.  (Skeat.)]  A  decked  plea- 
sure vessel ;  a  light  and  elegantly  fitted-u" 
vessel,  used  either  for  racing  or  for  pleasni 
trips,  or  as  an  official  or  state  vessel  to  conve; 
royal  personages  or  Government  officials  froir 
place  to  place.  The  rigs  are  various,  am 
many  pleasure  yachts  now  have  steam-powe 
as  an  accessory,  or  for  use  during  calms 


Racing  yachts  are  built  with  very  fine  lines, 
enormous  spars  and  sails,  and  have  the  hull 
deeply  ballasted,  thus  sacrificing  everything 
to  speed.  The  centre-board  yathts  of  the 
United  States  are  unsurpassed  for  speed. 

yacht-club,  ».  A  club  or  society  of 
yacht-owners  for  racing  purposes,  &c.,  com- 
manded by  a  commodore. 

yacht  (c*  silent),  v.i.  [YACHT,  «.]  To  sail  or 
cruise  about  in  a  yacht. 

yacht'-er  (<*  silent),  ».  [Eng.  yacht ;  -er.]  One 
who  commands  a  ya<-ht ;  one  who  sails  or 
cruises  about  in  a  yacht. 

yachts'-man  (c&  silent),  i.  [Eng.  yacht,  and 
man.]  One  who  keeps  or  sails  a  yacht ;  one 
who  is  skilled  In  the  management  of  a  yacht. 

yachts'-man- (hip  (ch  silent),  «.  [Eng. 
yachtsman;  -ship.]  The  art  or  science  of  sail- 
ing or  managing  a  yacht. 

I  yachts' -wom-an  (ch  silent),  ».  [Eng. 
yacht,  s.,  and  woman.]  A  woman  skilled  in 
or  fond  of  yachting. 

••  It  [the  Sea-Eagle]  la  much  exposed  to  the  attacki 
of  mamudlnK  yachUmen  and  yachuvomm."— AOan- 
efum,  Sept.  1.  1868.  p.  2M. 

ya-cu-ma'-ma,  ».    [South  Amer.  Indian  = 
Mother  of  Waters.] 
Anthrop.:  The  Watermamma  (q.v.). 

yat  pret.  ofv.    [GIVE.] 

yaH  v.l.  [From  the  sound  made.]  [YAP.] 
To  bark  like  a  dog  in  a  passion ;  to  yelp ; 
hence,  to  talk  pertly.  (Scotch.) 

yaf-fle,   yaf-fll,  yaf -fin-gale,    yaf- 

Her,  >.    [For  etym.  see  def.  and  extract.) 

Ornith. :  Provincial  names  for  Oecinus  viri- 
dis,  the  Green  Woodpecker,  from  its  ordinary 
cry,  which  is  a  cheerful,  laughing  call,  several 
times  repeated,  and  which  was  fonnerly  be- 
lieved to  be  a  sure  sign  of  rain. 

" '  ruffil '  or  '  rafflnaals '  refer*  to  the  bird'a  common 
cry,  which  h»»  been  »ell  coroi»red  by  Gilbert  White 
and  uiRny  othera  to  the  Bound  of  laughter.  —  rarrell : 
BrO.  limit  led.  <U>|  il.  K\. 

ya'-ger,  s.  [Ger.  jdger  =  a  huntsman,  from 
jagen  =  to  hunt]  A  member  of  certain  regi- 
ments of  light  infantry  in  the  armies  of  vari- 
ous German  states.  The  name  is  derived  from 
their  being  originally  composed  of  jagers  or 
huntsmen.  [Of.  CHASSEUR.] 

yag'-ger,  s.  [Dut.  jager  =  a  huntsman,  a 
driver.)  [YAGKR.)  A  wanderer  about  the 
country  ;  a  travelling  pedlar.  (Scotch.) 

ya-hoo,  s.  tA  word  of  no  etymology.]  A 
name  given  by  Swift  in  his  Gulliver's  Travels 
to  a  race  of  brutes,  described  as  having  human 
forms  and  vicious  and  degraded  propensities. 
They  were  subject  to  the  Houyhnhnms,  or 
horses  endowed  with  human  reason.  Hence 
the  terra  is  applied  to  a  rough,  low,  boorish, 
or  uneducated  person. 

"  The  passionate  exclamation  of  a  mere  yajtoo  of  a 
•table-boy."—  Gratiet :  Spiritual  Quixote,  bk.  ir.. ch.  x. 

1  Also  used  adjeotively. 

"That  hated  auimal,  a  yoAoo  •quirft."—  Warton: 
ITnomarket,  170. 

YaJ'-ur,  *Yaj'-usn,  s.  [Sansc.ycy'= to  sacri- 
fice.] (See  etym.  and  compound.) 

Yajur-Veda, ». 

Hindoo  Sacred  Literature:  The  third  portion 
of  the  Veda,  generally  called  the  third  Veda. 
It  consists  not  merely  of  verses  from  the  Rig 
Veda,  but  also  of  prose  sentences  used  at  the 
offering  of  certain  sacrifices.  There  are  two 
editions  called  the  Black  and  the  White 
Tajur.  [VEDA.] 

yak,  >.    [Native  name.] 

ZooL :  Poephagus  (t  Bos)  grunnieiu,  a  spec — 
of  ox  from  the  mountainous  regions  of  Tibet. 
There  are  two  races :  the  wild  yak,  generally 
black,  which  is  found  near  the  snow  line, 
descending  into  the  valleys  in  winter,  and  a 
domesticated  race  of  various  colours,  black 
and  white  being  most  common.  The  yak  is 
about  the  size  of  the  common  ox,  to  which  il 
has  a  general  resemblance,  but  it  is  covered 
with  a  thick  coat  of  long,  silky  hair,  hanging 
down  like  the  fleece  of  a  sheep,  completely 
investing  the  tail,  and  forming  a  lengthy 
fringe  along  the  shoulders,  flanks,  and  thighs 
Mr.  Bartlett  considers  that  tliis  fringe,  whicl 
exists  in  both  races,  was  developed  as  a  pro 


tection  to  the  animal  in  its  alpine  haunts,  M 
the  long  hair  forms  a  sort  of  mat  which  de- 
fends the  body  from  the  effects  of  cold  when 
the  animal  is  reposing  in  the  snow.  The 
domesticated  race  is  of  great  importance  to 
the  natives  of  Tibet.  The  yak  is  employed  as 
a  beast  of  burden,  but  never  for  tillage  or 
draught;  the  milk  is  very  rich,  and  yields 
excellent  butter;  the  flesh  is  of  the  finest 


quality,  and  that  of  the  calves  far  superior  to 
ordinary  veal.  The  hair  is  spun  into  ropes, 
and  made  into  coverings  for  tents,  and  the 
soft  fur  of  the  hump  and  withers  is  wove* 
into  a  fine  strong  cloth.  The  tails,  often  dyed 
red,  are  made  into  the  chowries,  or  fly-flap- 
pers, used  in  India.  Yaks  are  often  seen  {a 
zoological  gardens  and  menageries,  and  have 
repeatedly  bred  in  Europe,  and  it  is  probable 
that  they  might  be  advantageously  introduced 
into  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  and  the  north- 
em  parts  of  the  Continent  of  Europe. 

yak-lace,  5.    A  coarse  strong  lace  made) 
from  the  hair  of  the  Yak  (q.v.) 

yald,  a.    [YELD,  a.] 
yald,  •  yalde,  pret.  A  pa.  par.  of  v.  [YIELD.J 

yald,  yauld,  a.  [Icel.  gildr  =  stout,  brawny, 
strong ;  Don.  &  Sw.  gild.]  Supple,  active, 
athletic.  (Scotch.) 

yall,  a.    [YELD.) 

*  yalte,  pret.  of  ».    [YIELD.] 

yam,  s.    [Fr.  igname  ;  Sp.  name,  from  Port  t» 
hame,  probably  from  some  African  language.] 
Botany: 

1.  The  root  of  various  species  of  Dioscoret, 
of  which  more  than  150  are  known,  also  the 
plants  themselves.    They  are  herbs  or  under- 
shrubs    with   fleshy    tuberous   roots,   stems 
twining  to  the  left  hand  ;   leaves  generally 
alternate,  always   entire,  and    with    several 
strongly  marked  veins   running  throughout 
their  entire  length.     Inflorescence  consisting 
of  spikes  of  small 

unisexual  flowers, 
with  a  perianth 
enclosing  in  the 
males  six  stamens 
and  in  the  female 
a  three-celled  ov- 
ary. They  are 
chiefly  natives  of 
America  and  of  j 
Asia,  but  a  few  are  t 
African,  and  three 
or  four  Australian. 
The  Common  Yam, 
Dioscorea  sativa,  is  YAM. 

a  native  of  Mala- 
bar, Java,  and  the  Philippines;  D.  alatu 
of  the  Moluccas  and  Java ;  D.  g'obosa,  D. 
purpurea,  D.  rubella,  D.  fasciciilata  of  India; 
D.  Batatas  of  China  and  Japan  ;  but  most 
of  these  are  now  introduced  into  tropical 
countries  to  which  they  are  not  indigenous. 
Tho  largest  of  the  esculent  roots  of  the  several 
species  of  yam  are  two  or  three  feet  across, 
occasionally  reaching  thirty  pounds  weight. 
They  are  used  as  substitutes  for  potatoes  in 
the  regions  where  they  grow.  They  are  eaten 
either  roasted  or  boiled,  and  the  flower  al*. 
is  made  into  bread  and  puddings. 

2.  (PI):  The  order  Dioscoreaces.  (Lindley.) 

yjim'-a-dou,  s.    [Guia*  an  name.) 

Bot. :  An  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  of 
Myriatica  sebifera,  a  tree  about  ten  feet  high, 
growing  in  Guiana. 


boH,  bo"y;  poUt,  J.RW;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  ?liln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a?;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  ihan.    -tlon,  -«ion  =  shun  i  -tlon,  -«lon  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tlous.  -sious  =  sliiis.   -We.  -die.  &c.  =  beL  del. 


5240 


yamer— yare 


yam  -er,  yam'-mer,  yam-our,  yom  er, 

v.i.  [A.S.  getimerian  —  to  lament,  from  geomer 
(O.  L.  Ger.  jdmar,  O.  H.  Ger.  jamarer)  =.  la- 
mentable ;  O.  H.  Ger.  jdmaron  =  to  lament  ; 
Ger.  jammcren.]  To  lament,  to  fret,  to  cry,  to 
yell,  to  whine,  (Scotch  or  Provincial.) 

"  The  child  .  .  .  (low  yammer-  constantly.  that  Mat 
be  denied."—  .VIM  Ferrier:  Marriage,  ch.  six. 

*  yane,  u.i.    [YAWN,  ».] 


[YANK.V.) 

1.  A  jerk,  a  twitch.    (Amer.) 

2.  A  quick,  sharp  stroke  or  blow.    (Scotch.) 

3.  (Pi.):  A  kind  of  leggings.    (Prop.) 
yank  (2),  «.  An  abbreviation  of  Yankee  (q.v.)i 

yank,  r.(.  &  i.  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  perhaps  a 
nasalized  form  akin  to  Ger.  jagen  =  to  hunt.] 
[YACHT.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  twitch  or  jerk  powerfully.    (Amer.) 

2.  To  snatch  away  unexpectedly.    (Amer.) 

B.  /nfransid'ye: 

1.  To  work  cleverly  and  actively.     Often 
with  on  :  as,  She  yanked  on  at  the  work. 

2.  To  speak  in  a  yelping  or  affected  tone  ; 
to  scold,  to  nag. 

'ST&n'-kee,  s.  &  o.  [A  word  of  doubtful  origin. 
According  to  Mr.  Heckewelder  (Indian  Na- 
tions, p.  112,  quoted  in  Bartlett  ;  Diet,  of 
Americanisms,  s.v.),  the  word  was  the  first 
effort  of  the  Indians  "  to  imitate  the  sound  of 
the  national  name  of  the  English,  which  they 
pronounced  Yengees."  According  to  Dr.  W. 
Gordon'  (Hist.  Amer.  War,  1789,  i.  324-5, 
-quoted  by  Skeat),  it  was  a  favourite  cant  word 
in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  as  early  as  1713,  and 
meant  "  excellent,"  as  a  yankee  good  horse, 
yankte  good  rider,  &c.  He  supposes  that  it 
•was  adopted  by  the  students  there  as  a  by- 
word, and,  being  carried  by  them  from  the 
•college,  obtained  currency  in  the  New  Eng- 
land colonies,  until  at  length  it  wan  taken  up 
in  other  parts  of  the  country,  and  applied  to 
New  Englanders  generally  as  a  term  of  slight 
reproach.  Skeat,  with  reference  to  this  ac- 
count of  the  origin  of  the  word,  compares 
Lowland  Scotch  yankie  —  a  sharp,  clever,  for- 
ward woman  ;  yanker  =  an  agile  girl,  an  in- 
-cessant  talker,  also=  a  smart  stroke,  a  great 
falsehood,  the  fundamental  idea  being  that  of 
•quick  motion.  [YACHT,  *.,  TANK  (1),  *.]  Web- 
ster refers  to  another  etymology  :  that  it  is 
"a  corruption  of  Jankin.  a  dimin.  of  John,  a 
•nickname  given  to  the  English  colonists  of 
Connecticut  by  the  Dutch  settlers  of  New 
York  ;  "  bat  this  is  rejected  by  Skeat  as 
looking  "  very  like  a  pure  invention."] 

A*  As  substantive  : 

L  The  popular  name  for  the  citizens  of  New 
England,  but  frequently  applied  by  foreigners 
-to  all  the  innabitants  of  the  United  States. 
During  the  American  Revolution  it  was 
•applied  to  all  the  insurgents,  and  during  the 
•Civil  War  it  was  the  term  commonly  applied 
by  the  Confederate  soldiers  to  the  Federals. 

2.  A  glass  of  whiskey  sweetened  with  mo- 
lasses. (Amer.) 

B.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Yankees, 
or  Americans. 

Yankee-doodle,  .«. 

1.  The  name  given  to  a  famous  air,  now  re- 
garded as  the  national  air  of  the  United  States. 
very  many  accounts  have  been  given  of  its 
origin  :  some  have  professed  to  trace  it  to  the 
time  of  the  Great  Rebellion,  and  have  asserted 
that  "Nankee  Doodle"  was  a  nickname  for 
•Cromwell,  and  that  the  rhyme 

"  Nankee  Doodle  came  to  town,  on  a  little  pony, 
He  stuck  a  feather  in  hi*  cap,  and  called  nitt  maca- 
roni," 

referred  to  his  entry  into  Oxford.  The  term 
"  macaroni  "  sufficiently  confutes  the  theory, 
for  the  Macaroni  Club  did  not  come  into 
existence  till  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  In  all  probability  the  tune  is  of 
English  origin,  and  not  more  than  a  hundred 
and  fifty  years  old.  The  first  mention  of  it 
in  print  is  said  to  occur  in  the  Boston  Journal 
of  the  Times  for  September,  1768  : 

"  Thaw  pKMlnft  in  boats  observed  great  rejoicings, 

And  that  the  Yankee  Doodle  song  was  the  capital  piece 

in  the  band  of  music." 

The  words,  probably  composed  by  Dr.  Schuck- 

burg  who  served  under  General  Amherst,  in 

t  the  French  and  Indian  war  of  1755,  are  now 

never  heard.  According  to  Mr.  Barclay  Squire, 


"  as  a  melody  it  has  little  beyond  simplicity 
in  its  favour,  but  there  is  a  quaint  direct  and 
incisive  character  about  it  which  redeems  it 
from  vulgarity,  besides  which  the  historical 
associations  of  the  tune,  connected  as  it  is 
with  the  establishment  of  American  Indepen- 
dence, should  have  saved  it  from  some  of  the 
criticisms  to  which  it  has  been  subjected." 
(Grove :  Diet.  Music.) 
2.  A  Yankee. 

Yankee  doodledom.  i.  A  term  occa- 
sionally applied  by  the  people  of  the  Southern 
States  to  New  England. 

Yankee-gang,  «.  An  arrangement  In  a 
saw-mill  (Canada)  adapted  for  logs  of  21  inches 
diameter  and  under.  It  consists  of  two  sets 
of  gang-saws,  having  parallel  ways  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  each  other.  One  is  the 
slabbing-gang,  and  reduces  the  log  to  a  balk 
and  slab-boards.  The  balk  is  then  shifted  to 
the  stock-gang,  which  rips  it  into  lumber. 

Van  -ked-fied,  a.  [Eng.  Yankee ;  -fy,  -ed.] 
Like  a  Yankee  ;  after  the  Yankee  fashion. 

"  The  Colonel  whittled  away  at  a  bit  of  stick  In  the 
most  rankeejtfd  way  possible.'— .4  Stray  Yankee  in 
Ttxai,  p.  1 18.  (Bartlett.) 

Yin -keS-I^m, ».  [Eng.  Yankee;  -im.]  An 
idiom  or  practice  of  the  Yankees. 

"  Approaching  very  fart  the  sublime  of  tmnkettom,* 
— Thornm  Moore :  Mary,  v  i  i.  UL 

yan'  -ker,  yan  kle,  s.    [YANK,  ?.] 

1.  A  sharp,  clever,  forward  woman. 

2.  An  agile  girl ;  an  incessant  speaker. 

3.  A  smart  stroke. 

4.  A  great  falsehood. 
T  Scotch  in  all  senses. 

*  yan'-ky,  s.    [YANKEE.] 

Naut. :  Some  species  of  ship. 
"  Yawing  like  a  Dutch  *««**."— Smollett:  Mr  L. 
Qreavet,  ch.  lit. 

yan'-6-llte,  *.     [Gr.  lov  (ion)  •=.  a  violet,  and 
Aldus  (lithos)  =  &  stone  ;  Ger.  yanolithe,] 
Min. :  The  same  as  AXJNITK  (q.v.). 

yaourt,  *.  [Turk.]  A  fermented  liquor  or 
milk-beer,  similar  to  koumiss,  made  by  the 
Turks.  (Simmonds.) 

*  y&p,   v.i.     [Icel.  gjalpa  —  to  yelp ;  cf.  Fr. 
japper  =to  bark.]    To  yelp,  to  bark. 

*  yap,  *.    [YAP,  v.]    The  cry  of  a  dog ;  a  bark, 
a  yelp. 

ya'-pock,  s.  [Named  from  the  river  Yapock, 
or  Oyapock,  separating  French  Guiana  from 
Brazil,  where  the  species  was  first  found.] 

Zool. :  Cheironectes  variegatus  (or  t  palmatus), 
from  Guiana  and  Brazil.  It  is  rather  larger 
than  a  common  rat,  with  large,  naked  ears, 
and  a  long,  nearly  naked,  tail ;  fur  brown 
above,  with  three  transverse  bright  gray 
bands,  interrupted  in  the  middle,  white  be- 
low. Its  habits  closely  resemble  those  of  the 
otter,  and  it  feeds  on  crustaceans  and  other 
aquatic  animals.  [CHEIRONECTES,  2.] 

yap  on,  *.    ["Native  name  (?)] 

lint.:    The  South  Sea  tea,   Ilex  vomitoria, 

[ILEX.] 

*  yar,  v.i.    [YAHR,  v.] 

yar,  yare,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Sour,  brack- 
ish. (Prov.) 

*  yar  age  (age  as  I£),  s.   [Eng.  yar(e);  -age.) 

Naut. :  The  managable  character  of  a  ship 
at  sea. 

"  To  the  end  that  he  might,  with  hit  light  ships 
well  manned  with  watermen,  turn  and  environ  the 
galllee  of  the  enemies,  the  which  were  heavy  of  yar- 
agf.  both  (or  their  biffneo,  as  also  for  the  lack  of 
watermen  to  row  them.  —  JVortt  :  Plutarch,  p.  ML 

yarb,  s.  [See  def  ]  A  provincial  corruption 
of  herb. 

"  Some  ikill  in  ynrbt,  as  she  called  her  simples.**— 
KingtUy:  fFntward  ffo/ ch.  lr. 

yard  (IX  *  yarde  (IX  •  yerd  (l),  *  yerde 

(1),  *.  [A.S.  gyrd,  gierd  =  &  stick,  a  rod; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  garde  =  a  twig,  a  rod ;  Ger. 
gerte  =  a  rod,  a  switch ;  O.  H.  Ger.  gerta, 
kerta  =  a  rod,  gart  —  a  goad  ;  Icel.  gaddr  =  a 
goad,  spike,  sting ;  A.S.  gad  =  a  goad ;  Goth. 
gazds  —  a  goad,  prick,  sting.]  [GAD,  GOAD.] 

L  Ordinary  language : 

*  1.  A  rod,  a  stick.    (Chaucer :  C.  T.t  140.) 


*  2.  A  long  piece  of  timber,  as  a  rafter  01 

the  like, 

3.  A  pole  or  rod  for  measuring  a  yard  ;  a 
yard -stick  or  yard-measure. 

4.  The  British  and  American  standard  of 
measure,  being  equal  to  thrr«  feet  or  thirty- 
six  inches.    [MEASURE,  s.,  H  1. ;  FOOT.]    As  a 
cloth  measure  the  yard  is  divided  into  four 
quarters  =  sixteen  nails.     A  square  yard  con- 
tains   nine    square    feet,  and    a  cubic -yard 
twenty-seven  cubic  feet.     A  yard  =  01*4392 
centimetres,  a  square  yard  —  S:s6l'l3  square 
centimetres,  and  a  cubic  yard  =  764,535  cubic 
centimetres. 

"  For  if  I  measure  anything  by  a  yird,  I  know 
whether  the  thing  I  measure  belouger  or  shorter  than 
that  supposed  yard,  though  perhaps  the  yard  I 
measure  by  be  not  exactly  the  standard."— Lock*: 
On  Hum.  Cnderit.,  bk.  li..  ch.  xxriii. 

6.  The  male  organ  of  generation,  the  penis. 

EL  Naut. :  A  spar  slung  from  a  mast  and 
serving  to  extend  a  sail.  Yards  are  either 
square,  lateen,  or  lug-sail.  Yards  for  square 
sails  are  suspended  across  the  mast  at  right 
angles,  and  are  of  a  cylindrical  form,  tapering 
from  the  middle,  which  is  termed  the  slings, 
towards  the  extremities,  which  are  called  the 
yard -arms. 

*  H  Under  one's  yard :  In  one's  power ;  sub- 
ject to  one's  authority  or  power. 

"  Hoste,  quod  he,  I  am  under  your  yerd«,~ 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  7,»9i. 

yard  arm,  s. 

Naut. :  Either  end  of  a  yard,  or  rather  that 
part  of  it  which  is  ontside  the  sheave-hole. 

"  His  imagination  was  full  of  sails,  yard-armt,  and 
rodders,"—  Macaulay :  Hut.  Eng,,  ch.  xxiii. 

U  Yard-arm  and  yard-arm  : 

Naut. :  The  situation  of  two  ships  lying 
alongside  of  each  other  so  near  that  their 
yard-arms  cross  or  touch. 

*  yard-land,  s.    A  measure  or  quantity 
of  land  varying  In  different  countries  from 
fifteen  to  forty  acres  ;  a  virgate. 

yard-measure,  yard-stick,   *.    A 

stick  or  rod,  three  feet  in  length,  used  to 
measure  cloth,  &c. 
yard-tackle,  s. 

Naut. :  A  threefold  tackle  depending  from 
the  end  of  a  lower  yard-arm,  for  lifting  boats 
and  other  weights. 

yard  (2),  *  yarde  (2),  yerd  (2),  yerde  (2), 
s.  [A. 3.  g&ird  =  an  inclosure,  a  court ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  gaard  —  a  yard,  a  garden ;  Icei. 
gardhr  (=Prov.  Eng.  garth);  Dan.  gaard; 
Sw.  gard;  O.  H.  Ger.  garto ;  Mid.  H.  Ger. 
garte ;  Ger.  garten ;  Russ.  gorod"  —  a  town ; 


Lat.  hortus  —  a  garden  ;  Gr.  xoproy  (chortos)  = 
a  courtyard,  an  enclosure.  Doublets,  garden 
and  garth.] 


1.  A  small  piece  of  enclosed  ground,  par- 
ticularly adjoining  or  attached  to  a  house, 
whether  in  front,  behind,  or  around  it 

"  In  oar  yard  I  taw  a  murderous  beast. 
That  on  my  body  would  have  made  arrest." 
Dryden  :  Cock  i  Pox.  114. 

2.  An  inclosed  piece  of  ground  wherein  any 
business,  work,  or  manufacture  is  carried  on : 
as,  a  brick-yard,  a  dock-yard,  &c. 

3.  A  garden,  particularly  a  kitchen -garden. 
(Scotch.) 

yard,  v.t.  [YARD  (2),  s.]  To  inclose  or  shut 
up  in  a  yard  ;  to  keep  in  a  yard. 

"  '  Yarded'  sheep  should  hare  a  constant  supply  of 
water  always  In  troughs  before  them."— Field,  Jan.  Iff, 

Ma 

"yard'-eX  s.  [Eng.  yard(l),  a.;  dimin.  suit 
-el.}  A  yard  measure. 

"  Measuring  lines    like  linen,  by  a  vard«l."—Ro9- 
btrdt  .-  Jtemoiri,  i.  493. 

tyard'-wand,  s.     [Eng.  yard  0).  s.,   and 

wand.]    A  yard-stick.    (Tennyson:  Maud.  L 
L  13.) 

*  yare*  a.  &  adv.  [A.8.  gearu,  gearo  =  ready, 
quick,  prompt;  cogn.  with  Dut.  j;aar  =  (a.) 
done,  dressed  (as  meat),  (adv.)  wholly ;  IceL 
gerr  •=(&.)  perfect,  gorva,  gerva,  gjorva  (adv.) 
=  quite,  wholly;  Mid.  H.  Ger.  gar,  gart; 
O.  H.  Ger.  garo,  karo  =  prepared,  ready  ;  Ger. 

f  gar  =  wholly.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ready,  prepared. 

"  This  Tereus  let  make  his  ship*  i/nrt." 

Chaucer .  Legend  of  Phtlammi. 

2.  Ready,  quick,  dexterous,  active,  eager. 
(Said  of  persons.) 

Be  yare  in  thy  preparation.'— SkaJketp. : 
,  iii.  4. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    w,  o»  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


yarely— yawn 


5241 


8.  Easily  wrought,  managed,  or  handled ; 
Answering  readily  to  the  helm  ;  swift,  lively. 
(Said  of  a  ship.) 

"  The  Persian  galleys  being  bigh-cavgoed.  heavy,  and 

mt»tSff»SiSSP-SSX:  piuta^.  P.  101. 
B.  As  adv. :  Quickly,  actively,  briskly. 

••  Tare,  yart.  good  Iras,  quick  I " 

Shtikap.  .'Antony*  Cleopatra,  T.  ». 

*  yare'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  yare;  -ly.]  Quickly, 
actively,  briskly. 

"  Fall  to  It  yorriy."— Shakelp.  :  Tempett,  L  L 

yar-i-yar'-i,  «.    [See  def.] 

But. :  A  Guiana  name  for  the  strong  elastic 
wood  of  Duguetia  quitarenfit. 

yark,  v.t.    [YEBK.] 

yar'-ke,  s.  [See  def.]  The  native  name  of  differ- 
ent South  American  monkeys  of  the  genus 
Pithecia. 

yarn,  *yarne,  s.  [A.S.  gearn,  gern;  cogn. 
with  Dut!  garen;  Icel.,  Dan.,  &  Sw.  garn; 
Ger.  garn.  Allied  to  Or.  xopoij  (chord!)  =  a 
string ;  orig.  =  a  string  of  gut ;  Icel.  56™, 
gamir  =  guts.  From  the  same  root  come 
cord,  chord,  yard,  garden,  &C.J 

1  Literally: 

1  Any  textile  fibre  prepared  for  wearing 
Into  cloth.  [THREAD.]  Cotton  yarn  is  num- 
bered according  to  the-  number  of  hanks  con- 
tained in  a  pound  of  7,000  grains.  Each  hank, 
or  skein,  measures  840  yards.  Worsted  yarn 
has  560  yards  to  the  skein ;  woollen  yam 
has  1,600  yards  to  the  skein  or  run.  Linen 
yarn  is  wound  upon  reels,  and  made  np  into 
leas,  hanks,  and  bundles.  Flax  and  jute  yarn 
is  numbered  according  to  the  number  of  leas 
of  300  yards  per  pound. 

••  All  the  yarn  she  sptra." 

Shaken*,  i  Oorldantu,  i,  I. 

*  2.  A  net  made  of  yarn. 

"  They  catch  It  In  their  net.  and  do  sacrifice  unto 
their  yarn."— Becon  :  Work*,  i.  484. 

8.  In  rope-making,  one  of  the  threads  of 
which  a  rope  is  composed. 
II.  Figuratively: 

*  1.  The  material  of  which  anything  is  com- 
posed. 

"  In  this  house  the  yarn  of  life  was  of  a  mingled 
quality."— He  gulncsy  :  SpaniA  San. 

2.  A  story  spun  out  by  a  sailor ;  a  long  story 
or  tale,  especially  one  of  doubtful  truth  or  ac- 
curacy :  To  spin  a  yarn  =  to  tell  a  long  story. 
(Colloq.) 

yarn-clearer,  ».  A  fork  or  pair  of 
blades,  set  nearly  touching,  so  as  to  remove 
burls  or  unevenness  from  yarn  passing  be- 
tween them. 

yarn-dresser,  s.  A  machine  for  sizing 
and  polishing  yarn. 

yarn-meter,  «.  A  counter  to  show  the 
quantity  of  yarn  each  spindle  has  been 
making. 

yarn-printer, ».  A  machine  for  printing 
warps  previous  to  weaving.  This  plan  is 
adopted  with  some  kinds  of  cheap  goods  to 
make  stripes  across  the  fabric,  as  with  com- 
mon carpets.  A  cheap  kind  of  figured  tapes 
try-carpet  is  also  made  by  printing  in  the 
patterns  so  as  to  come  right  when  the  warp  is 
raised  up  in  loops  upon  the  face  of  the  goods. 

yarn-reel,  »•  A  machine  for  winding 
yarn  from  the  cop  or  bobbin. 

yarn-scale,  <•  One  for  showing  the 
weight  of  a  certain  length  of  yarn,  say  a  hank. 

yarn-spooler,  s.  A  winding  machine 
for  filling  spools  or  bobbins  for  shuttles  or 
other  purposes. 

yarn,  v.i.  [YARK,  «.]  To  spin  a  yarn ;  to  tell 
tales.  (Often  with  idea  of  exaggeration.) 

•'  [He]  who  ha»  tamed  aforetime  •  On  the  Fo  k'sle 
Bead'  and  'Round  the  Galley  Fire."'—  Dally  Tele- 
/raph.  Dec.  29,  1835. 

yarn  en,  o.    [Eng.  yarn;  -m.]    Made  01 
consisting  of  yarn. 

"  A  pair  of  yomen  stocks  to  keep  the  cold  away." 
TurbefiUe :  Letter  out  of  Mutcofy- 

yar  nut,  «.    [YORSDT.] 

yar'-pha,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  kind  o 
peaty  so'il ;  a  soil  in  which  peat  predominates 
(Orkney  *  SMland.) 

yarr.  ».  [Abbreviated  from  yarrow  (q.v.; 
with  which  the  spurrey  was  sometimes  con 


founded,  though  the  two  are  not  at  all  akin. 
(Prior.)] 
Sot. :  Spergula  arventie. 

yarr,  v.i.     [From  the  sound  ;  cf.  yaff  and 
yap.]    To  growl  or  snarl  as  a  dog. 

*'  Dogs  .  .  .  yarrlng  at  their  retardment  from  her." 
—  Uryuharl :  Kabelail,  bk.  iL,  ch.  xxll. 

yarr-Ish,  a.     [Eng.  yar;  -ish.}     Having  > 
sour,  dry  taste.    (Ainswrth.) 

yar'-row,  *yar-owe,  »yarwe,  ».  [A.S. 
g<Kruvx,  gearuuie  =  the  yarrow  ;  that  which 
sets  in  order,  i.e.,  heals  (Skeat);  Dut.  germ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  garwa,  garawa  ;  Mid.  H.  Ger.  gar- 
we  ;  Ger.  garbe.  ] 

Bot. :  The  Milfoil,  AchilUa  Mille/olium. 
[MILFOIL.] 

ya-ru'-bi,  «.    [See  def.] 

Bot.  it  Cnnm. :  A  Demerara  name  for  Paddle- 
wood  (q.v.). 

yar'-whelp,  ».    [See  extract.] 

Ornith. :  An  old  East  Anglian  name  for 
Limosa  agocephala,  the  Black-tailed  Godwit, 
which  was  also  formerly  called  the  Shrieker 
or  Barker,  from  its  loud  cry.  Prof.  Newton 
is  of  opinion  that  the  old  name  "  Yarwhelp  " 
still  survives  in  "  Whelp  "-moor,  near  Bran- 
don, Suffolk. 

"  A  yarwhelp,  so  thought  to  be  named  from  Its  note. 
•  grey  bird  intermingled  with  some  whltUh,  yellow- 
ish leathers  •u.uiewliHt  loutf-legged,  and  the  bill  about 
an  iiichftuda  l.Alf ;  esteemed  a  dainty  dish.  —  Browne  : 
Birdt  a/  Norfolk. 


yat'-a-ghan,  s.    [Turk, 
dagger-like  sabre,  with 


<atagdn.] .  A  sort  of 

dagg'erlike  sabre,  with  double-curved  blade, 
about  two  feet  long,  the  handle  without  a 
cross-guard,  much  worn  in  Muhammedan 
countries.  Also  written  Ataghau  (q.v.). 

yate,  s.    [See  def.]    A  softened  form  of  gate. 
(Used  in  the  North  of  England.) 

yaud,  yawd, ».    [See  def.]    A  softened  form 
of  jaile(q.v.). 

"  Your  yawdt  may  take  cold,  and  never  be  good  after 
it."—  Broome  :  Jovial  Crew. 

yaugh,  s.    [YACHT.]    A  yacht. 

••  Celox  ...  a  rauah,  or  Yatcht,  a  Oundola,  or  Fly. 
boat.  Pinnace,  or  Wherry."— Littleton:  Lot.  Diet. 

'  yanl,  s.    [YAWL.] 

yaup,  v.i.  [A  form  of  gape,  or  yelp.]  To  yell ; 
to  cry  out  like  a  child  or  a  bird.  (Scotch.) 

yaup,  a.  [Prob.  a  form  of  gape.]  Hungry :  To 
be  yaup  =  to  be  hungry. 

anp.  s.  [YAUP,  v.]  The  cry  of  a  bird  or  a 
child.  (Scotch.) 

yau  -pon,  s.    [YAPON.] 

•  yave,  pret.  of*.    [GIVE.] 

•  yaw  (1),  >.    [JAW.] 

yaw  (2),  s.    [YAW,  t>.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  deviatio*  out  of  one's 
course. 

"  0  the  yawl  that  she  will  make  t " 

Mauinger :  A  Very  Woman,  lit  5. 

2.  Haul. :  A  temporary  deviation  of  a  ship 
or  vessel  from  the  direct  line  of  her  course. 

"  Then,  giving  the  ship  a  yaw,  poured  the  whole 
discharge,  as  he  thought,  right  into  his  wretched  vic- 
tim I  ••-Cauelfi  Saturday  Journal.  BepL  ».  1886,  p.  801 

yaw-weed,  s. 

Bot. :  Morinda  Royoc,  a  shrub  about  eight 
feet  high,  with  white  flowers,  growing  in  the 
West  Indies.  [MOBINDA.I 

yaw  (3),  s.    [YAWS.] 

yaw  (1),  v.i.  &  t.  [ Norw.  gaga  =  to  bend  back 
ward;  0o0  =  bent  backwards;  Icel.  gagr  = 
bent  back  ;  Bavarian  gagen  =  to  move  un 
steadily.  "  Prob.  a  reduplicated  form  of  go  , 
hence,  to  keep  going  about"  (Steof.).] 

A.  Intransitive: 

Naut. :  To  steer  wild ;  to  deviate  from  the 
line  of  course  in  steering.  (Said  of  a  ship.1 
(Marryat :  Frank  Mildmay,  ch.  xx.) 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  move  about  unsteadily ;  to 
move  to  and  fro. 

"  [Bhe]  yaw'd  her  head  about  all  sorts  of  ways." 

Hood :  Sailor't  Apology  for  Bow  Legt. 

yaw  (2),    v.i.     [YAWS.]     To  rise  in  blisters 
breaking  in  white  froth,  as  cane-juice  in  the 
sugar-works. 

*  yawd,  ».    [YADD.] 


yawl,  "yaul,  s.    [Out.  jol  =  a  yawl,  a  skiff; 
cogn.    with   Dan.  jolle  ;  Sw.  Julie  =  a  yawl. 
"The  Dan.   jolle   has    been    corrupted  into 
English  jolly-boat."    (Skcat);  Icel-juto.] 
Nautical : 

(1)  A  decked  boat  carrying  two  masts,  OM 
of  which  is  near  the  stern.     It  is  usually 
lugger  or  cutter-rigged,  the  after-mast,  called 
a  jigger,  being  the  smaller. 

"  The  yawl  is  chiefly  the  pleasure-craft,  the  dandy 
the  fishing-vessel."— Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  IS,  1886. 

(2)  A  ship's  boat ;  a  jolly-boat,  usually  from 
twenty-three  to  twenty-eight  feet  long,  and 
one  quarter  to  one  third  that  breadth  of  beam. 
In  the  British  navy  it  is  the  fifth  boat  in  point 
of  size ;  the  others  being  the  launch,    long- 
boat, barge,  and  pinnace. 

"  The  yawl,  however  was  Immediately  manned  and 
sent  to  her  assiBtance."  —  Cook :  Fint  royage,  bk.  L, 
ch.lt. 

yawl,  "yaule,  *yole,   •gonle.  *youle, 

v.i.  [Icel.  gaula  =  to  howl,  bellow  ;  Norw. 
gaula  =  to  bellow,  low,  roar.  Allied  to  yelL] 
To  howl,  to  cry  out,  to  yell. 

"  Three  howling  Scillss  yawling  round  about." 

Fairefax  :  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  Ir.  i. 

yawn,  "yane,  *yawne,  v.i.  [A.S.  gdnlan 
—  to  yawn  ;  cogn.  with  O.H.Ger.  geinon  ;  Ger. 
giihnen;  cf.  A.S.  ginan  (in  corrupt.  t6ginan  = 
to  gape  widely);  pa.t.  gdn;  Icel.  gina  =  to 
gape,  yawn  ;  pa.t.  gein ;  Or.  xa.ivu  (cliaind)  = 
to  gape  ;  Lat.  nio  =  to  gape.  From  the  same 
root  come  chaos,  chasm,  hiatus,  &c.J 

1.  To  gape ;  to  have  the  mouth  open  in- 
voluntarily through  drowsiness,  dulness,  or 
fatigue  ;  to  oscitate. 

"  The  god  .  .  .  ask'd  the  dame 
(Ana  asking  yrcwm'd)  for  what  intent  she  came. 
Dryden:  Ovid;  Ceyx  *  Alcyone,  807. 

2.  To  open  the  mouth  voluntarily. 

"  The  crocodiles  not  only  know  the  voice  of  the 
priests  when  they  call  unto  them,  and  endure  to  be 


, 

handled  and  stroked  by  them,  but  also  yawn  ami  offer 
their  teeth  unto  them  to  be  picked  and  clean 
their  hands."—  f.  BoUana:  Plutarch,  p.  794. 


. 

3.  To  gape  ;  to  open  wide.  (Said  of  the 
mouth,  a  chasm,  or  the  like.) 

"  Graves  yawn  and  yield  your  dead." 

Shakelp.:  Hitch  Ado.  T.  a. 

*4.  To  gape  for  anything  ;  to  express  desire 
by  yawning. 

"  The  chlefest  thing  at  which  lay  reformersyawn."— 
Booker:  Salei.  Politie. 

•  5.  To  open  the  mouth  as  in  surprise  or  be- 
wilderment ;  to  gape. 

"  The  affrighted  globe 
Should  ya»n  at  alteration.  -    Shaielp.  :  Othello,  1.  1, 

yawn,  «.    [YAWN,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  yawning  ;  a  gaping  ;  an  in- 
voluntary opening  of  the  mouth  from  drowsi- 
ness, dulness,  or  fatigue. 

2.  The  act  of  gaping  or  opening  wide. 

"  Sure  tis  the  friendly  yo»n  of  death  for  me." 

Congrefe:  Mourning  Rride. 

•  3.  An  opening,  a  chasm.    (Marston.) 
yawn  Ing,    »  yan  ing,  pr.   par.,  a.,  &  a. 

[YAWN,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  •*«  pr.  par.  £  partic.  adj.  :  (See  th» 
verb). 

C.  As  iutat.  :  The  act  of  one  who  yawns  ;  k 
yawn. 

"  With  affected  yawninat  at  the  close." 

Dryden  :  Bind*  Panther,  111.  1.281. 

f  Physiologically,  yawning  is  an  inspira- 
tion, deeper  and  longer  continued  than  a 
sigh,  drawn  through  the  widely  open  mouth, 
accompanied  by  a  peculiar  depression  of  the 
lower  jaw,  and  frequently  by  an  elevation 
of  the  shoulders.  (Foster.) 

'  yawn'-Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  yawning;  -ly.] 
In  a  yawning  manner  ;  with  yawns  or  gapes  ; 
drowsily. 

"  Leaning  upon  your  Idle  elbow  yawningly  patt«r 
out  those  prayers  whose  sound  or  sense  ye  under- 
stand uoi."-Bp.  Ball:  The  Hypocrite. 

yaws,  ».  [From  a  West  African  negro  word 
yaw  =  a  raspberry.] 

Pathol.  :  A  disease  in  which,  without  pre- 
monitory symptoms,  portions  of  the  skin, 
especially  about  the  face,  the  scalp,  the  axilla, 
and  the  genitals,  become  covered  with  small, 
dusky  red  spots,  which  develop  into  rasp- 
berry or  mulberry-like  tubercles,  sometimes 
ulcerating.  The  malady  may  continue  for 
many  years,  or  for  life.  It  occurs  chiefly  in 
the  West  Indies,  North  America,  and  Africa. 
Called  also  Framboesia  and  Pian. 

"A  mysterious  malady  referred  to  as  'yoepf."—  M. 
Coliint  :  Thought*  in  my  Garden,  i.  64. 


boll,  twJy;  petit.  Jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  thta:  sin,  as;  expect, 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shaa.   -tlon.  -slon  =  shun;  -tlon.  -sion  =  «hun.    -clou*,  -tlouB,  -sious  =  shits.   -We. 


-  =  Del,  del. 


5242 


yclad— yearn 


•  y-clad',  a.    [Pref.  »-,  and  Eng.  dad.]    Clad 
clothed. 

"  Her  word*  ycfod  with  wisdom's  majesty.* 

SluLkap.  :  1  Start  IT,  L  1. 

•jMslSped'.  '^-clept',  pa.  par.     (A.8.  pe 
etypai,  pa.  p»r.  of  gtclypian  =  to  call.]    Called, 

IU.ni  6*1. 

"  Judas  I  am,  »cl*/»d  Maccabams. 
3Aaie«p.  :  /xxw'i 


. 

i*iiuwr  j  it**/,  v.  3. 


o.     [IDLE.] 


*  y-drad,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  ».    [DREAD,  ».] 

ye,  pron.  [A.S.  ye  (nom.X  eower  (gen.),  e6w 
(dat  &  ace.) ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  gij  =  ye,  «  = 
you ;  IceL  er,  ier  —  ye,  ydliar  =  your,  ydhr  = 

Sau ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  t  =  ye,  you ;  Ger.  ihr , 
.  H.  Ger.  ir  =  ye,  iuwar,  iitwer  =  your  ;  iu 
=  you ;  Goth,  jus  —  ye,  uuxira  =  your,  izwts 
=  you.)  Properly  the  nominative  plural  of 
thou,  the  second  personal  pronoun,  you  being 
the  dative  and  accusative,  and  your  the  geni- 
tive. But  in  later  times  ye  was  used  as  an 
objective  as  well  as  a  nomiuative.  Ye  is  now 
almost  obsolete  except  in  sacred  or  solemn 
writings  or  addresses,  its  place  being  taken 
by  you.  [Yoo,  YOUR.]  The  confusion  between 
w  and  you  did  not  exist  iu  Old  English.  Ye 
was  always  used  as  a  nominative,  and  you  as 
a  dative  or  accusative.  In  the  English  Bible 
the  distinction  is  very  carefully  observed  ; 
but  in  the  dramatists  of  the  Elizabethan 
period  there  is  a  very  loose  use  of  the  two 
forms.  Not  only  is  you  used  as  nominative, 
but  ye  is  used  as  an  accusative.  (Morris: 
Hist.  Outlines  of  English  Accidence,  §  155.) 
"  Tain  pomp  and  glory  of  the  world,  I  hate  ye.' 
.  Mateip. :  Btnri  rill..  ill 

•ye,  adv.   [YEA.] 

yea,  "yo,  *yi,  adv.  &  a,  [A.S.  ged  =  yea ; 
cogn.  with  Dut.,  Dan.,  Sw..  &  Ger.  jd;  Icel. 
jo;  Goth,  jo,  jai;  allied  to  Goth.  joA;  O.  Sax. 
gia,  ja ;  A.S.  gt  =  also,  and.] 

A.  As  ad-verb: 

1.  A  word  expressing  affirmation  or  assent ; 
yes  ;  ay  ;  the  opposite  of  nay. 

Let  your  conversation  be  yea,  yea,  nay.  nay."— 


H  Originally  yta,  like  nay,  was  nsed  in  reply 
to  questions  framed  in  the  affirmative :  as, 
Will  he  go  t  Yea  (or  nay).  Yes  and  no,  on 
the  contrary,  were  used  in  questions  framed 
negatively,  as,  Will  he  not  go?  Yes  (or  no). 
Yes  was  also  used  as  a  strong  asseveration, 
often  accompanied  by  an  oath.  The  distinc- 
tion between  yea  and  yes  was  becoming  neg- 
lected as  early  as  the  time  of  Henry  VI It, 
Yea  is  now  use  only  in  writings  or  speeches 
of  a  solemn  or  sacred  style. 

2.  Formerly  nsed  to  introduce  a  subject 
with  the  sense  of  indeed,  verily,  truly,  is  it 
so?  or,  it  is  so. 

"  Tea.  hath  Ood  said  ye  shall  not  eat  of  every  tree 
to  the  garden  ?  -—tftnttit  ill.  1. 

3.  Used  as  =  nay,  to  reprove,  or  notice,  or 
amplify  what  has  gone  before  ;  not  this  alone; 
not  only  so  but  also ;  ay. 

"I  therein  do  rejoice  ;  yen  and  will  rejoice.-— PtM. 

B.  At  substantive : 

1.  An  affirmative  ;  one  who  votes  In  the 
affirmative  or  in  favour  of  any  question  or 
motion  ;  an  ay  or  aye. 

2.  In  Scripture,  used  to  denote  certainty, 
consistency,  harmony,  and  stability. 

"  All  the  promises  of  Ood  in  him  are  yea,  and  In 
Mm  are  amen."— t  Oorinth.  L  iO. 

*  yea-forsooth,  a.  A  term  applied  tn 
one  saying  to  anything  yta  and  forsonth,  which 
latter  was  not  a  term  of  genteel  society ;  hence, 
low,  vulgar. 

"  A  rascally.  yea-/omKn  knare."— Skovlsr*. :  t  Mmrt 

•yead,  *  yeade,  *yede,  r.i.    [A  fictitious 

present  tense  and  infinitive,  formed  from  the 
old  pa. t.  yode,  code.]  [YEDE.]  To  go,  to  pro- 
ceed, to  move  along. 

"  Then  hsdd  the  knight  his  Lady  ftdt  aloof." 

Spenttr  :  F.  ft,  L  xi.  &. 

yean,  r.i.  4  t.  [A.S.  eanian=  to  can;  gecd- 
nian  —  to  yean  ;  from  edcen.  =  pregnant,  prop. 
pa.  par.  of  the  lost  verb  edcaa  =  to  increase, 
to  augment  ;  ecan—  to  increase,  to  eke.]  To 
bring  forth  young,  as  a  sheep  or  Lamb  ;  to  ean. 

[EKE.] 

"  There  were  serloas  complaints  from  those  few  dis- 
tricts where  Dorset  born  flocks  titan  thus  early."— 
Dally  Telegraph,  March  14,  1887. 

yean  -ling,  s.  &  a.  [Eng.  yean  ;  dimin.  suff. 
•ling.] 


A.  As subst. :  The  young  of  sheep  ;  a  lamb 
an  eanling. 

"  To  their  store 
They  add  the  poor  niaua  veanltnff." 

Ben  Jutuan  :  Sad  Stopterd,  i.  L 

B.  Asadj :  Lately  yeaned ;  young. 

"  To  gorge  the  flesb  of  laiubsor  veanlina  kids." 
JliU<»i  ;  r.  L..  hi.  ill 

year,  «yeer,  "yer,  'yere,  s.    [A.S.  gear, 

ger=a   year,  pi.  gear;  cogn.  with  Dut.  fair 
Icel.  dr ;  Dan.   car  (sing.  &  pi.);    Sw    dV 
O.  H.  Ger.  jar;  Ger.  jaAr;    Goth,  jer;   al 
lied  to  Gr.  woos  (lujros)  =  a  season,  a  year 
uea.  (hora)  =  a  season,  an  hour ;  lit.  hora , 
Eng.  hour.    As  in  Auglo-Saxon  so  in  early 
times,  the  word  was  unaltered  in  the  plural, 
like   sheep,    deer:    as,    "Tliis    seven  year' 
(Shakesp.:  Much  Ado,  iii.  8);  hence  the  mo- 
dern phrase,  a  two-year  old  colt,"  and  the 
like.] 

1.  A  unit  of  time,  marked  !>y  the  revolution 
of  the  earth  in  its  orbit.  The  year  is  either 
astronomical  or  civil.  The  former  Is  deter- 
mined by  astronomical  observation,  and  is 
of  different  lengths,  according  to  the  point 
of  the  heavens  to  which  the  revolution  is  re- 
ferred. When  the  earth's  motion  is  referred 
to  a  fixed  point  in  the  heavens,  as  a  fixed 
star,  the  time  of  revolution  is  the  time  which 
elapses  from  the  moment  when  the  star,  the 
sun,  and  the  earth  are  in  a  straight  line,  till 
they  again  occupy  the  same  position  :  this  is 
called  a  sidereal  year.  If  the  revolution  is 
referred  to  one  of  the  equinoctial  points,  the 
year  is  somewhat  shorter  than  the  sidereal 
year,  on  account  of  the  precession  of  the  equi- 
noxes, that  is,  the  retrogression  of  the  equi- 
noctial points  along  the  ecliptic.  This  is 
called  the  equinoctial,  tropical,  or  solar  year. 
The  length  of  the  sidereal  year  is  365-250.  612 
mean  solar  days,  or  305  days,  6  hours,  9 
minutes,  9-6  seconds.  The  length  of  the  solar 
or  equinoctial  year  is  365-2422414  mean  solar 
days,  or  365  days,  5  hours,  48  minutes,  497 
seconds.  The  difference  between  these  two 
years  is  19  minutes  10  2  seconds  mean  solar 
time,  that  being  the  time  required  for  the 
earth  to  advance  in  its  orbit  a  distance  of 
60'1"  of  are.  The  civil  year  is  the  year  of 
the  calendar.  It  contains  a  whole  number  of 
days,  beginning  always  at  midnight  of  some 
day.  According  to  the  present  system,  or 
according  to  the  Gregorian  calendar,  every 
year  the  number  of  which  is  not  divisible  by 
4,  also  every  year  whicli  is  divisible  by  100, 
and  not  by  400,  is  a  common  year,  and  con- 
tains 365  days.  All  other  years  are  called  leap 
years,  and  contain  366.  The  ecclesiastical 
year  is  from  Advent  to  Advent.  A  lunar 
year  is  a  period  consisting  of  twelve  lunar 
months.  The  astronomical  lunar  year  con- 
sists of  twelve  lunar  sy  nodical  mouths,  or  354 
days,  8  hours,  48  minutes,  36  seconds.  The 
common  lunar  year  consists  of  twelve  lunar 
months  or  354  days.  The  legal  year  in  Eng- 
land, up  till  1752,  was  from  March  25  to 
March  25 ;  now  it  is  from  Jan.  1  to  Jan.  1. 
The  Embolismic,  or  Intercalary  lunar  year, 
consists  of  13  lunar  civil  months,  and  contains 
384  days. 

2.  Tlie  period  in  which,  any  planet  completes 
a  revolution:  as,  the  war  of  Jupiter  or  of 
Saturn. 

3.  (Pi.) :  Used  as  equivalent  to  age,  or  old 
age. 

"  Myself  am  struck  In  ywirt,  I  must  conies*." 
SAuJtern,  .•  Turning  <,J  (fit  Sfkrev,  ii 

1T(1)  Anomalistic  year :  [ANOMALISTIC  YEAR]. 

(2)  Gregorian  year:  [GREGORIAN]. 

(3)  Julian  year:  [JULIAM]. 

(4)  Sabbatical  year :  [SABBATloJ. 

(5)  Fear  and  a  day : 

Law :  The  lapse  of  a  year  with  one  day 
added  to  it;  a  period  which  determines  a 
right  or  works  prescription  in  many  cases. 

(6)  Year  day  and  waste  : 

law :  Part  of  the  sovereign's  prerogative  in 
England,  whereby  he  was  entitled  to  the 
prolits  for  a  year  and  a  day  of  the  tenements 
of  personsattainted  of  petty  treason  or  felony, 
together  with  the  right  of  wasting  the  said 
tenements ;  afterwards  restoring  it  to  the 
lord  of  the  fee.  It  was  abolished  by  the 
Felony  Act,  1870. 

(7)  Year  of  grace:  Any  year  of  the  Christian 
era. 

(8)  Year  to  year  tenancy : 

Law:  A  tenancy  taken  at  first  for  a  year, 
but  which  continues  for  a  second  year  unless 
one  of  the  parties  on  the  expiration  of  the 


first  six  months  intimates  to  the  other  hit- 
intention  not  to  renew  it.  The  same  rule  will 
obtain  year  after  year  till  the  six  month* 
notice  of  non-renewal  is  given. 

year-book  s. 

1.  A  book  published  annually,  each  issue 
containing  new  or  additional  infcrmation  ;  a 
work  published  each  year,  and  intended  to 
supply  fresh  information  dompiled  up  to  date 
on  matters  in  regard  to  which  changes  are 
continually  taking  place. 

"  Not  simply  a  yrcr-oco*,  as  Its  name  Implies,  hat  • 
tfear-bwk  eompUea  by  one  who  knows  the  ii.e.-uiiiur  of 
the  hctsind  figure,  which  he  has  so  lal^riouslyput 
together.  —Globe,  March  24,  18S8. 

2.  A   book    containing  annual  reports  of 
cases  adjudged  in  the  courts  of  England,  from 
the  time  of  Edward  II.  to  that  of  Henry  VII. 
inclusive,  and  published  annually. 

'•  The  reporta  are  extant  In  a  regular  series  from  the 
I*lgu  of  king  Edward  tlm  second  inclusive  ;  and  from 
bistiuieto  Quhtaf.  ilenry  the  eiklith  were  Liken  t.T 
the  pruthonoUrien,  or  chief  scribes  of  the  court  at  the 
expense  of  the  crown,  and  p«ulished  annually,  whanc* 
they  are  known  under  the  denomination  of  the  ytar- 
fc»**."—  Btactotone:  Comment.  ( lutrod. .  |  8. ) 

•year's  mind,  'year-mind,  s.  Here, 
mind  means  memorial  rather  than  wish  or  in- 
tention. Hence,  the  original  meaning  of  year- 
mind  was  that  of  a  memorial,  often  a  mass,  a 
year  subsequent  to  the  decease  of  the  indi- 
vidual to  whom  it  was  devoted.  Or  it  might 
mean  an  anniversary  ;  cf.  month't  mind, 

"yeared,  a.     [Eng.  year;  -ed.]     Numbering 
years ;  aged. 

"  rtar'd  but  to  thirty." 

Btn  Jorum :  Sejarmt,  L  L 

•year'-li-ly.adt;.  [Eng.  yearly;  -lv.]  Yearly; 
year  by  year. 

"The  great  quaklnff-grass  sowen  yevrlilu  In  many  oi 
the  London  gardens.  —JcAruott:  Bert-all. 

year  -ling,  «.  &  a.  [Eng.  year;  dimin.  suff. 
•ling.] 

A.  At  mbst. :  A  young  animal  one  year  old, 
or  in  the  second  year  of  his  age. 

B.  As  adj. :  Being  one  year  old. 

"  A  t/tarling  bullock  to  thy  name  shall  smoka. 
Untamed,  nncouscioms  of  the  galling  yoke  - 

Fop*.    I70.W.) 

year'-iy,  •  yeare-ly,  *  yere-ly,  a.  &  od«. 
[Eng.  year;  -ly.} 
A*  As  adjective : 

1.  Happening,  accruing,  or  recurring  every 
year. 

•  The  temrly  feast 
Devoted  to  our  glorious  got!,  the  son." 

Row»:  Ambitiout  Hlc».mot*tT,  L 

2.  Comprehended  in  a  year;  accomplished 
in  a  year. 

11  The  ffartf  course  that  brtnfs  this  day  about 
Shall  never  see  It  but  a  holiday." 

Shake*?. :  Xing  John.  ill.  1. 

3.  Lasting  a  year :  as,  a  yearly  plant. 

4.  Having  the  growth  of  a  j-ear. 

B.  As  adv. :  Annually ;  every  year;  year  by 
year. 

"  Yearly  thy  herds  ID  vigour  will  impair  " 

Dryden  :  Viryil ;  Otorfftc  lit.  Ill 

yearn  (1),  *  yearoe,  *  yern  (1),  •  yerne 
(1),  r.i.  [A.S.  pyrnxm—  to  yearn,  to  be  de- 
sirous, from  georn  =  desirous,  eager ;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  girna  =  to  desire,  from  gjarn  = 
eager ;  Goth,  gairnjan  =  to  long  for,  from 
gairns  =  desirous ;  O.  H.  Ger.  geron,  Xeron  ; 
Ger.  begehren  —  to  long  for ;  Gr.  x<"'p<"  (chairff) 
=  to  rejoice ;  \doa  (chara)  —  joy ;  \dpir.  (CACTI*) 
=  grace  ;  Lat.  gratia  =  grace  ;  Sansc.  Itary  = 
to  desire.]  To  feel  mental  uneasiness  from 
longing  desire,  tenderness,  affection,  pity,  or 
the  like ;  to  be  filled  with  eager  longing;  to 
desire  wistfully ;  to  long. 

"Joseph  made  haste,  for  bis  bowels  did  year*  upon 
-hisbrotner:  and  he  sought  whereto  weep."— Oenetit' 
xllll.  80. 

•  yearn  (2),  *  yern  (2),  *  yerne,  v.i.  tot. 
[Prop,  trn,  the  form  yern  being  due  to  the- 
A.8.  pref.  gt-.    En  is  a  corrupt,  of  Mid.  Eng. 
trmen  =  to   grieve,    from    A.S.    yrnan  =  to  ; 
grieve,  to  vex ;  also  ge-yrman,  from  earn  =  ' 
wretched,  miserable,  poor;  cogn.  witli  Dut.  * 
arm  =  poor,  indigent ;  Icel.  amr  =  wretched ;. 
Dan.   &  Sw.  arm;    Goth,  arms;    Ger.  arm. 


A.  Intrant. :  To  grieve ;  to  be  pained  01 
distressed ;  to  mourn. 

"  FaMnff  Is  dead. 
And  we  must  yearn  therefore." 

S/uOtetp.  :  Starr  r..  It  a 

B.  Trans. :  To  pain,  to  grieve,  to  distress, 
to  vex. 

"  She  laments  for  It,  that  It  would  ««arn  yonr  hoi* 
to  see  if— Atofa-iu.  .•  Mtrrt  Waa.  iii.  6. 


*mldrt>  whiit>  f&u»  f"11"1:  ^e,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wire,  wolt  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  oSb.  oiire.  unite,  cir,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    «e,  ee  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


yearn— yellow 


6243 


yearn  (3),  «.<.  &  t.    [For  earn  =  to  curdle.] 

A.  Intrans. :   To  curdle  or  co«gulate,  as 
milk.    (Scotch.) 

B.  Tran-s. :  To  cause  to  curdle  or  coagulate, 
as  milk.    (Scotch.) 

*  yearn  (4),  •  yearne  (3),  v.t.    [For  earn  = 
to  gain.)    To  earn,  to  gain,  to  procure. 

"  The  which  sbal  nought  to  you  bat  foule  dishonor 
tl,«rne.-  Spenur  :  f.  <j.,  VI.  L  11. 

*  yearne,  *  yerne,  a.  [A.8.  «an»=  miserable, 

wretched.)    [YtARN  (2),  t).]    Sad,  mournful 
"  But  of  hire  songo.  it  was  u  loud  and  ytrnt, 
As  any  awalow  sitting  on  a  herue." 

Cftaucer .-  C.  T..  8,268. 

*  yearn'-ful,  *  yearn'-full,  a.    [Eng.  yean 
(2) ;  -full.]    Mournful,  sad. 

"  His  ytarnfuU  heart  pitying  that  wretched  light" 
P.  Fletcher  :  Purple  Itliind,  U. 

yearn'-Ing  (1),  a.  &  s.    [YEARN  (1),  t>.] 

A.  ^ts  <uij. :    Longing ;    having  a  longing 
desire. 

B.  A»   sutist. :   The   feeling   of  one   who 
yearns ;  a  strong  feeling   of  tenderness ;  a 
longing  desire. 

"  I  had  not  till  then  the  notion  of  the  yearntngi  of 
heart  which  a  tuau  haa  when  he  sees  his  child  do  a 
laudable  thing.  '—Spectator,  No.  363. 

••  yearn'-Ing  (2),  a.  &  «.    [YEARS  (2),  v.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Mournful,  ad,  sorrowing,  dis- 
tressing. 

"  Those  yearning  cries  that  from  the  carriage  came, 
His  blood  yet  not,  more  highly  doth  Inflame. " 

Jtrai/tfm :  Battle  of  Ayincourt. 

B.  As  subst. :   Sadness,    mourning,    grief, 
distress. 

yearn'-Ing,  «.     [YEARS  (s),   ».]     HeD.net 

(Scotch.) 

yearn'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  yearning  (1) ;  -ly.\ 
In  a  yearning  manner ;  with  yearning  or  long- 
ing desire. 

••  It  may  look  more  sympathetically  and  ytamtngll 
at  these  great  eccleitiasticlsinB."— BrU.  (Jvar.  Review. 

(am,  ivif.  a». 

yeast,  *  yeest,  *  yest,  «.  [A.8.  gist,  gyst; 
cogn.  with  Dut.  fffst;  I  eel.  jast,  jastr  ;  Sw. 
jdit;  Dan.  giaer;  M.  H.  Ger.  jest;  Ger.  gdscht, 
fischt.  From  a  root  appearing  in  O.  H.  Ger. 
jesan;  M.  H.  Ger.  jesen,  gesen,  gern;  Ger. 
giiKren  =  to  ferment ;  Gr.  ft  u  (zeo)  =  to  boil.] 

I.  Ordinary  language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

*  2.  Spume  or  foam  of  water. 

"  Now  the  ship  boring  the  moon  with  her  mainmast, 
and  anon  swallowed  with  yttt  ami  troth."— S&aluip.  : 
Winter"!  Tale.  ill.  5. 

H  Technically: 

1.  Chem. :  Barm.  The  yellowish,  viscid  sub- 
stance deposited  from  beer,  or  which  rises  to 
the  surface  of  saccharine  solutions  during  the 
process  of  fermentation.    Under  the  micro- 
scope, it  appears  as  a  mass  of  round  or  egg- 
shaped  cells,  termed  Torulae,  containing  gra- 
nular matter.    These  exist  either  single  or 
associated  in  heaps  or  strings,  each  cell  having 
an  average  diameter  of  ,^j5  of  an  inch,  and 
consisting  of  a  thin-walled  sac  or  bag  con- 
taining  protoplasm.      Yeast   is   the   potent 
.agent   in    the   production    of   alcohol    from 
.sugar,  each  molecule  of  sugar  splitting  up 
.into  alcohol  and  carbonic  anhydride,  by  a 

e-ocess  which  is  not  clearly  understood, 
eatcd  to  a  temperature  of  40%  its  efficiency 
is  almost  entirely  destroyed ;  but,  when  de- 
prived of  its  water  by  straining  and  strong 
jiressure,  and  kept  in  a  cool  place,  it  retains 
its  properties  unaltered  for  ten  or  twelve  days. 
When  washed  with  alcohol,  dried  at  a  low 
temperature,  and  mixed  with  a  little  starch, 
it  retains  the  power  of  setting  up  the  alcoholic 
fermentation  for  several  months.  Grape-juice, 
.and  several  other  vegetable  juices,  when  left 
for  a  few  days  at  a  suitable  temperature,  de- 
"elop  yeast  cells  in  great  abundance,  without 
:any  addition  of  yeast,  probably  from  the 
presence  of  spores  in  the  surrounding  atmo- 
sphere. In  bread-making,  yeast,  both  in  its 
liquid  and  dried  states,  is  added  with  warm 
water  to  flour  to  give  a  start  to  the  fermen- 
tation process,  thereby  supplying  carbonic- 
:£cid  gas,  which  communicates  a  spongy  or 
light  texture  to  the  bread.  It  is  also 
essential  to  the  production  of  wine  from 
jrape  juice  and  other  fruit  Juices,  the  manu- 
facture of  beer,  and  the  preparation  of  dis- 
tilled spirits. 

2.  Pharm.:  Beer  yeast,  when  applied  ex- 
ternally, acts  as  a  stimulant  and  antiseptic. 


As  a  poultice  it  corrects  the  discharges  of  in- 
dolent ulcers.  It  has  been  given  also  inter- 
nally in  low  states  of  the  system,  but  with 
doubtful  efficacy.  (Garrod.) 

H  (1)  Artificial  yeast :  Dough  mixed  with  a 
small  quantity  of  common  yeast,  made  into 
cakes,  and  dried. 

(2)  German  yeast:  Common  yeast  drained 
and  pressed  till  nearly  dry.     In  this  state  it 
can  oe  kept  for  several  months,  and  is  much 
used  by  bakers. 

(3)  Patent  yeast :   Yeast  collected  from  a 
wort  of  malt  and  hop,  and  prepared  in  the 
same  manner  as  German  yeast,     [^  (2).] 

yeast  bitten,  a. 

Brewing  :  Too  much  affected  by  yeast. 

"  When  the  process  of  attenuation  becomes  so  slack 
as  not  to  exceed  half  a  pound  in  the  day,  it  Is  prudent 
to  cleanse,  otherwise  the  top.barm  might  re-enter  the 
body  of  the  beer,  and  it  would  become  ytail-bitten."— 
Ure. 

yeast-plant,  «. 

Bot. :    Torula    or  Saccharomycei    cerevisice. 

[TORULA.] 

yeast  -  powder,  ».  A  substitute  for 
yeast  used  in  leavening  bread,  consisting  of  a 
preparation  of  soda,  phosphates,  and  other 
substances,  in  the  form  of  a  powder. 

yeast,  v.i.    [YEAST,  ».]    To  ferment 

"  YtaXing  youth 
Will  clear  itself  and  crystal  turn  again.* 

Keatt :  OtJio  the  Great,  ill.  2. 

yeast  -I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  yeasty ;  -net*.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  yeasty. 

yeast'-y,  yest-y,  a.  [Eng.  yeast;  -#.]  Per- 
taining to,  containing,  or  resembling  yeast ; 
hence,  frothy,  foamy,  spumy,  yesty  (q.v.). 

•ycdd  Ing,  «yedd-yng,  ».  [A.S.  gydd  = 
a  song,  gyddian  =  to  sing  ;  cr  '*  Yeddynge 
or  geest,  idem  quod  geest  (=:  a  romaunce) " 
(Prompt  Porn.).]  A  song;  properly  a  glee- 
man's  song,  embodying  some  popular  tale  or 
romance. 

"  Wel  couthe  he  synge  and  pleyen  on  a  rota, 
Of  yeddfivjei  he  bar  utterly  the  prys." 

Otauctr:  C.  T.,  SSI.    (Prol.) 

"yede,  •yeode,  *yode,  *eode,  fret.  ofv. 
LA.S.  eode,  ge-eode  =  went ;  from  the  same 
root  as  Lat.  eo,  infin.  ire ;  Bansc.  i  =  to  go.] 
[YEAD.]  Went. 

"  Wherof  the  bysshop  beynge  gladde  and  fayne, 
yvde  vn to  the  house  of  the  aayd  herdinan.  the  whlchs 
receyued  hym  with  glad  chere."— Fabyan:  chrtmyclt, 
eh.  Ixxxiil. 

yeel,  s,  [Eng.  eel,  with  pref.  y-.J  An  eel. 
(Pror.) 

*  yefte,  «.    [GIFT.] 

yclcl,  yall,  yell,  a.  [Icel.  geldr  =  barren, 
giving  no  milk  ;  Sw.  gall  =  unfruitful,  barren, 
sterile.]  Not  giving  milk,  barren.  (Scotch.) 

"  Beginning  to  shoot  the  yeld  hinds."— Atlunaum, 
Oct  SO,  1836,  p.  560. 

*  yelde,  v.t.    [YIELD,  «.] 

*  yelde  halle,  s.    [GUILDHALL.] 
yelk,  s.    [YOLK.] 

yell,  a.    [YELD.] 


yell,  *  yell-en,  v.i.  Sc  t.    [A.S.  geUan,  gtellan, 
gyllan=to  yell, 


to  cry  out,  to  resound ;  cogn. 
with  Dut  "gillen  ;  Icel.  gella,  gjalla  (pa.  t. 
gall);  Dan.  gicellt,  gialde  ;  Sw.  galla  =  to  ring, 
to  resound  ;  Ger.  gellen  =  to  resound.  The  same 
root  appears  in  Icel.  gala  (pa.  t.  g6l,  pa.  par. 
galinn)  =  to  sing;  A.S.  galan  (pa.  t.  gol); 
O  H.  Ger.  galan,  Man;  Eng.  nigbtinsak 
(q.v.).] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  cry  out  with  a  loud,  sharp, 
disagreeable  noise ;  to  shriek  hideously ;  to 
scream  or  cry  as  in  agony  or  horror. 

"  The  cruell  wound  enraged  him  so  sore. 
That  loud  he  yelled  for  exceeding  paine." 

Spenter :  f.  V-.  I.  xt  ST. 

B.  Trans. :  To  utter  with  a  yell  or  shrill 
scream ;  to  scream  out 

"  As  If  It  fell  with  Scotland,  and  yelFd  out 
Like  syllable  of  dolour."    ShaJcetp. :  J/arbeth,  IT.  3. 

yell,  s.  [YELL,  r.]  A  sharp,  loud,  shrill  and 
hideous  scream  ;  a  shriek  or  scream  as  of 
horror  or  agony. 

"  But  ah  I  those  dreadful  aellt  what  sool  can  heart" 
Cowper  :  A'ecdli4i  Alarm. 

*  yelleden,  pret.  ofv.    [YELL,  «.] 

yell  ing,   *  yell  ynge,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  f. 


A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  et  pariiclp.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst.  :  The  act  or  noise  of  one  who 
or  that  which  yells  ;  a  yell. 

"With  wailing  great,  and  women's  shrill  netting 
The  roofs  gau  roar;  the  air  resound  with  plaint.  " 
Surrey  :  Virjjile  ;  .ff/iet*,  IT. 

gll'-deh  (ch  guttural),  v.i.     [YELL,  ».]    To 
yell,  to  scream,  to  shriek.    (Scotch.) 

yeil'-ooh  (ch  guttural),  ».  [YELLOCH,  t>.]  A 
yell,  a  scream,  a  shriek.  (Scotch.) 

ySl'-low,  *  yel-ow,  *  yol  owe.  •  yeln, 
*  yeoluh,  *  yelwe,  a.  &,  ».  (A.8.  geolo, 
geoln  (fern,  gcolwt)  —  yellow  ;  cogn.  with  Dut 
geel;  O.  H.  Ger.  gelo,  Mo;  Ocr.  gelt,  allied  to 
Gr.  x*<ii  (chloe)  =  the  young  verdure  of  trees  ; 
Lat.  helvus  —  light  yellow,  and  from  the  same 
root  as  green,  gall,  and  gold.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Being  of  a  pure,  bright,  golden 
colour,  or  of  a  kindred  hue  ;  having  the 
colour  of  that  part  of  the  solar  spectrum 
between  orange  and  green. 

*'  An  apple  also  which  first  Is  grene  waxeth  not 

sodenly  yelowe,  but  first  it  Is  somewhat  white  be. 

tweue  greue  and  yelotee  indifferent."—  Filler:  A  God- 

lie  Traatite,  *c. 

H  (1)  Used  as  betokening  jealousy,  envy, 
melancholy,  &c.  ;  jaundiced,  a  usage  derived 
from  the  figurative  ideas  connected  with 
jaundice,  the  skin  in  jaundice  being  of 
yellow  hue. 

"  With  a  green  and  yellow  melancholy." 

.  :  Tnafllt  .Vf0«,  U.  4> 


*  (2)  Used  as  denoting  age  or  decay. 

"  Fall'u  luto  the  sear,  the  yellow  leaf." 

Ukakeip.  :  Macbeth,  T.  X 

(3)  Used  to  denote  lack  of  skill,  energy,  or 
judgment,  spec,  in  games,  as  a  yelltnc  play, 
a  yellow  decision  (of  an  umpire),  &r,  ;  in  a 
general  way  meaning  inefficiency,  carelessness, 
decadence. 

B*  vis  substantive  : 

1.  Art,    itc.:    One  of  the  three  primary 
colours  ;  a  bright  golden  colour,  the  type  of 
which  may  be  found  in  the  field  buttercup, 
which  is  a  pure  yellow.     Mixed  with  blue, 
yellow  yields  green,  and  with  red  it  produces 
orange.     All  our  yellow  pigments  are  alloyed 
with  blue  or  red.     Gamboge  is  a  tolerably 
pure  yellow  pigment,  but  is  tinged  with  blue  ; 
then  comes  gold  ochre  tinged  with  red  ;  next, 
yellow  ochre  and  Naples  yellow.    The  other 
yellow  pigments  are  chrome  yellow,  lemon 
yellow,    Indian    yellow,    gall-stone,    Roman 
ochre,  Mars    yellow,  terra   di    Sienna   (raw 
and  burnt),  Indian  pink,  cadmium  yellow, 
&c.    The  principal  yellow  dyes  are  obtained 
from  arnotto,  fustic,    French   berries,   quer- 
citron bark,   turmeric,  saw-wort,   weld   and 
willow  leaves  ;   also  from  chromate  of  lead, 
Iron  oxide,  nitric  acid,  sulphide  of  antimony, 
and  sulphide  of  arsenic.    In  blazonry,  gold  is 
the  symbol  of  love,  constancy,  and  wisdom  ; 
and,  by  opposition,  yellow  in  our  days  still 
denotes  inconstancy,  jealousy,  and  adultery. 
In  France  the  doors  of  traitors  were  daubed 
with  yellow  ;  and  in  some  countries  tlie  law 
formerly  ordained  that  Jews  should  be  clothed 
in  yellow  because  they  had  betrayed  our  Lord. 
Judas  is  represented  clothed  in  yellow.    In 
China,  yellow  is  the  symbol  of  faith. 

2.  Bot.  :  A  genus  of  colours  of  which  the 
typical  species,  called  simply  yellow  (in  Latin 
luteus,  in  words  of  Greek  composition  xantho-), 
is  of  a  gamboge  hue.    The  other  species  are 
lemon-coloured,  golden-yellow,   pale  -yellow, 
sulphur-coloured,  straw-coloured,  leather-yel- 
low, ochre-colour,  waxy-yellow,  yolk-of-egg, 
apricot-colour,  orange-colour,saffron-coloured, 
Isabella-colour,    testaceous-tawny,  and  livid. 
(Lindley:  Introd,   to  Botany  (3rd  ed.),    pp. 
478-479.) 

H  (1)  Bot.  :  Yellow  Bachelor's  Buttons  is  a 
double-flowered  variety  of  Ranunculus  acris 
cultivated  in  gardens.  Yellow  Bird's  Nest=the 
genus  Monotropa  (q.v.),  spec.  M.  Hipapitys  ; 
named  in  distinction  from  the  Wild  Carrot, 
also  called  Bird's  Nest.  (Prior.)  Yellow  Dead 
Nettle  =  GaleoMolon  luteitm.  Yellow  Sandcn 
Wood  =  Pterocarpus  flavus.  Yellow  Water 
Lily  ='  Niiphar  lutea. 

(2)  JMtn.  :  Yellow  arsenate  of  nickel  =  Xan- 
thiosite;  yellow  copperas  =:  Copiapite  ;  Yellow 
copper  ore  =  Copper  pyrites  ;  Yellow  lead-spar 
=  H'ul/enite  ;  Yellow  ore  =  Wulfenite. 

(8)  Pathol.  :  Yellow  Atrophy  of  the  Liver  is 
a  disease  called  also  Acute  Atrophy,  Wasting 
or  Softening  of  the  Liver,  Diffused  Hepatitis, 
or  Fatal  Jaundice.  [For  Yellow  Softening  of 
the  Brain,  see  SOFTENING,  ^[  (S).J 


6V50,  btfy;  p^ut.  Jtftel;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hln,  benon;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejfist.    -ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -flon  =  shun,   -oious,  -tlous,  -«ious  =  shus.   -ble. -die,  &o.  =  bel,  del. 


5244 


yellow 


yellow-ammer,  s.  [See  extract  nnde 
YELLOW-HAMMER.] 

yellow  archangel,  .«. 
Bot. :  Galeobdolon  luteum. 
yellow-baboon,  s.    [WOOD-BABOOS.] 
yellow-balsam,  s. 

Bot. :  A  species  of  Babaminacese,  Impatien. 
Noli-tangere. 

yellow-bark,  s.  The  yellow,  or  orange 
yellow,  febrifugal  bark  of  Cinchona,  flam  o 
aurantiaca,  consisting  of  the  bass  or  inne 
bark.  Called  also  Calisaya-bark. 

yellow-bellied  flying-phalanger,  s 

[PETAURU3.] 

yellow-bellied  water  mouse,  s. 

Zool.  :  Hydromys  chrysogaster.  from  New 
South  Wales. 

yellow-berries,  ».  pi.   The  dried,  unripe 
berries  of   Rhamnus  infectorius.      They   are 
brought  from  the  South  of  Europe  and  th 
Levant  to  be  used  in  dyeing. 

yellow-billed  woodpecker,  s. 

Ornith. :  Sphyrapicus  varivs,  distributee 
over  the  United  States. 

yellow-bird,  >. 

Ornithology : 

1.  Chrysomitrii  tristii,  the  American  Gold- 
flnch,  or  Thistle-bird,  generally  distributed 
over   North    America.      Length   about   five 
Inches;   male   bright   gamboge-yellow,  with 
black  crown,  wings,  and  tall ;  band  across 
wings,  inner  margin  of  tail  feathers,  and  tail 
coverts  white ;  female  of  duller  plnmage. 

2.  Dendroica  cestiva,   common   throughoul 
the  United  States.    Length  about  five  inches ; 
head  and  lower  parts  bright  yellow,  rest  oj 
upper  parts  olive-yellow ;  back,  breast,  and 
•Ides  streaked  with  brownish-red ;  two  yellow 
bands  on  wings.    Called  also  the  Yellow-Poll 
Warbler  and  Summer  Yellow  Bird.   The  Cow- 
bird  often  deposits  one  of  its  parasitic  eggs  in 
the  nest  of  the  Summer  Yellow  Bird,  which 
being  unable  to  eject  the  large  strange  egg, 
pecks  a  hole  in  it  and  buries  it  at  the  bottom 
of  the  nest.    If  by  chance  the  Cow-bird  visits 
the  same  nest  a  second  time,  the  egg  is  again 
buried,  and  thus  are  formed  the  three-storied 
nests   occasionally    found    by    egg-hunters 
(Ripley  <e  Dana.) 

yellow-blossomed,  a.  Bearing  or  ha\ 
ing  yellow  blossoms. 

•  yellow-boy,  ».  A  gold  coin,  especially 
•  guinea  or  a  sovereign.  (Slang.) 

"  John  did  not  starve  th t  cause ;  there  wanted  not 
tellov-boi/i  to  fee  cvuutel.'—Arbuthnot :  Jokn  Bull. 

yellow-browed  warbler,  *. 

Ornith. :  Phylloscopus  tuperciliosus,  a  rare 
British  visitor  from  western  Asia. 

yellow-bogle,  s. 
Bot. :  Ajuga  Chamcepityt. 

yellow-bunting,  s.   [YELLOW-HAKMER.] 

yellow  cartilage,  s. 

Anat. :  A  kind  of  cartilage  in  which  the 
fibres  are  similar  to  those  of  Elastic  tissue 
(q.v.). 

yellow-caul,  -•. 

Bot. :  Ranunculus  acrii,  X.  bullonu,  and  It. 
fepens. 

yello  w-centaury,  $. 

Bot.  :  The  same  as  YELLOWWOET  (q.v.). 

yellow-chestnut,  s. 

Bot. :  Quercus  Castanea. 

yellow-copperas,  s. 

Jtfin. :  A  translucent  mineral  of  a  yellow 
colour  and  pearly  lustre,  consisting  chiefly  of 
sulphuric  acid,  sesquioxide  of  iron,  and  water. 
(Dana.) 

yellow-coralline,  s.  An  orange-col- 
oured dye.  formed  of  sulphuric,  carbolic,  and 
oxalic  acids. 

yellow-cress,  s. 
Bot. :  Barbarea  prcecox. 
yellow-deal,  s. 

Timber-trade :  The  timber  otPbwt  lylttstrit. 
yellow-earth,  >. 

Comm. :  A  yellowish  clay  coloured  by  iron, 
sometimes  used  as  a  pigment.  (Goodrich.) 


yellow-fever,  s. 

Pathol. :  A  malignant  fever,  varying  consi 
derably  in  character  in  different  cases,  bu 
nearly  always  marked  by  the  yellowness  o 
the  skin,  which  gives  it  its  name,  and,  at  an 
advanced    stage,    by  the  vomiting    of  darl 
coloured  matter,  whence  it  is  often  termed 
black  vomit.     It  is  a  disease  of  hot  countries 
not    rising  high   up    mountain    slopes,   bu 
breaking  out  in  low  and  moist  places,  gener 
ally  on  the  coast  or  when  the  temperature  for 
a  few  weeks  previous  has  been  72°  Fahr.,  or 
more.   The  southern  parts  of  North,  and  the 
tropical  parts  of   South  America,  the  Wes 
Indies,   the  Bermudas,  the  south  of  Spain 
Portugal,  the  hotter  parts  of  Africa,  &c.,  are 
the  places  or   regions  which  it  has  chiefli 
ravaged.     Negroes,  and  even  mulattoes,  ar^ 
however,  almost  wholly  exempt  from  its  at- 
tacks.    In  tropical  seas  or  harbours,  it  has 
often  broken  out  on  shipboard,  evil-smelling 
bilge-water    having    been    the    most    potem 
factor  in  its  production.     Formerly  it  was 
believed  to  be  contagious,  now  the  contrary 
opinion    is    established    on    irresistible    evi- 
dence.    It  is  not  communicated  by  contacl 
with   individuals,   but    people   may  take    il 
by  entry  into  the   infected  areas.     It  is   a 
bilious  fever,  normally  of  the  remittent  type, 
though  the  remissions  are  often   so   slighl 
and  brief  as  to  make  it  look  like  a  continued 
fever,  while  sometimes,  as  it  is  departing,  it 
passes  into  an  intermittent     Its  approach 
is  generally  foreshadowed  by  lassitude,  loss  ol 
appetite,  slight  headache,  and  mental  depres- 
sion ;  the  attack  then  commences,  and,  as  in 
the  case  of  cholera,  generally  in  the  night. 
The  flrst,  or  cold  stage,  is  marked  by  a  feeling 
of  chilliness,  the  patient,  in  certain  very  bad 
cases,  succumbing  at  once.     Generally,  how- 
ever, reaction  takes  place  into  the  hot  stage, 
the  pulse  rising,  and  the  heat  of  the  body  in- 
creasing to  105'  or  107*.    There  is  acute  head- 
ache, especially  over  one  orbit ;  the  conjunctiva 
is  injected,  the  eyes  become  abnormally  bril- 
liant, the  tongue  pasty,  with  the  edges  and  the 
apex  red,  the  bowels  intensely  painful  [RACHI- 
ALOiA],  great  irritability  of  the  stomach  arises, 
with  constipation,  diminution  in  the  quantity 
of  urine,  and  pain  in  the  calves  of  the  legs  and 
in  the  knees.    The  patient  cannot  rest,  but 
tosses  his  arms  and  his  head  about.   The  fever 
continues  from  three  to  seven  or  even  nine 
days,  a  remission  taking  place  at  the  end  of  the 
second  or  third  day.    Convalescence  follows 
in  favourable  cases ;  in  others  the  pulse  be- 
comes irregular,   feeble,  and  slow,  there  are 
stupor  of  the  brain,  difficult  breathing,  and 
a  vomiting  of  dark  grumous  blood,  blood  also 
coming  from  the  gums,  the  nostrils,  and  other 
parts  of  the  body.    Then  follow  coma,  convul- 
sions, and  death.    The  average  mortality  is 
about  one  in  three  of  those  attacked.    Little 
can  be  done  for  a  patient  in  yellow  fever  ex- 
cept to  remove  him  from  the  infected  area  and 
give  him  very  light,  nourishing  food  and  good 
nursing.    When  the  disease  becomes  epidemic 
in  a  region,  sanitation  is  the  proper  method 
of  arresting  its  progress.     Relapsing  fever 
(q.v.)  is  sometimes  called  Mild  Yellow-fever. 

Biet.:  This  disease  appears  to  be  of  American 
origin,  there  being  no  evidence  to  show  that 
it  was  known  in  Europe  before  the  voyage  of 
Columbus,  while  there  are  historical  indica- 
tions of  its  presence  in  San  Domingo  in  1493, 
in  Porto  Kico  in  1508,  and  in  other  localities  at 
various  succeeding  periods.  It  was  flrst 
recognized  in  the  West  India  Islands  shortly 
after  the  coming  of  the  whites,  and  it  has  ever 
since  radiated  from  this  region  in  the  lines  of 
commercial  intercourse,  extending  to  all  the 
Atlantic  coast  cities  of  the  United  States,  and 
to  parts  of  Europe,  its  greatest  ravages  there 
having  been  in  Spain.  Its  first  appearance  in 
the  United  States  region  was  in  1693,  when  it 
visited  Charleston,  while  Philadelphia  was 
visited  in  the  same  year.  In  the  succeeding 
period  there  were  Dn*Merous  appearances  of 
yellow  fever  in  the  cities  of  this  countiy, 
the  severest  outbreaks  in  the  Atlantic  coast 
cities  being  at  New  York  in  1791,  and  at 
Philadelphia  in  1762  and  1793,  in  which  latter 
year  the  citizens  died  in  such  numbers  that  it 
was  impossible  to  give  them  proper  attention, 
and  almost  to  bury  them.  A  yellow  fever 
hospital  was  established  on  Bush  Hill,  in 
which  Stephen  Girard,  the  celebrated  philan- 
thropist, cared  for  the  sick  with  an  attention 
and  assiduity  in  which  few  of  the  citizens 
emulated  him.  Dr.  Rcsh  was  equally  assidu- 
ous in  his  attendance  upon  the  sick,  and 
employed  blood-letting  in  his  treatment  with 


ucn  smce*.  Tins  is  n,,  lunger  ,-ni].l..vM 
but  vigorous  measures  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
malady  are  still  advocated.  There  have  l*en 
epidemics  in  some  of  the  northern  cities  witliin 
the  present  century,  but  none  north  of  Norfolk 
since  1822,  in  which  year  strict  quarantine  was 
established  in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and 
Baltimore,  and  aleo  in  Spain,  with  the  result 
of  putting  an  end  to  epidemics  in  Europe 
with  the  exception  of  Gibraltar  in  1628.  The 
more  careful  sanitation  of  recent  vears  has  also 
had  to  do  with  its  disappearance.  "Yellow  fever 
is  never  absent  from  some  of  th>  tropical  cities. 
It  has  been  persistent  at  Havana  since  1761,  at 
Eio  de  Janeiro  since  1849,  ic.,  the  suffereis 
being  largely  among  the  strangers  who  visit 
thesecitiesinthesummerseason.  Where  strict 
measures  of  sanitation  are  exercised,  however, 
it  is  not  likely  to  become  again  a  scourge. 

yellow-fibres, t.  pi. 

Anat.  :  Elastic  fibres  of  a  yellow  colour, 
occurring  in  Areolar  tissue  (q.v.) 

yellow  fibrous-tissue,  ». 

Anat. :  The  tissue  containing  yell.w  fibre* 
(q.v.). 

yellow-flag,  s. 

Bot. :  Iris  Pseud-acorug. 
yellow-footed  armadillo,  s.  [POTOC.J 

*  yellow-golds,  s.  An  unidentified  plant. 
yellow-gum, ». 

1.  Pathol. :  The  jaundice  of  infants,  ictena 
infantum. 

2.  [BLACK-GUM.] 

*  yellow-ham,  ».      [See  extract  under 
YELLOW-HAMMER,  1.] 

yellow-hammer,  t  yellow-ammer 
yellow  bunting,  s. 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

Ornith. :  Emberiza  citrinella,  one  of  the 
commonest  British  birds,  widely  distributed 
over  Europe.  Length  about  seven  inches  ; 
general  colour  bright,  with  patches  of  dark 
brown,  richly-mottled  brownish-yellow  on 
back,  with  a  warm  ruddy  tinge ;  primaries 
black  edged  with  yellow ;  chin,  throat,  and 
under  part  of  body  bright  pure  yellow  turn- 
ing to  dusky-brown  on  the  flanks ;  tail 
slightly  forked,  and  shorter  than  in  the  Com- 
mon Bunting.  The  female  is  similarly  marked, 
but  less  bright  in  hue.  The  Yellow-hammer 
frequent*  hedges  and  low  trees ;  it  nests  on 
the  ground,  and  the  male  assists  in  incuba- 
tion. The  song  consists  of  few  notes,  but  is 
sweet  and  pleasing. 

"In  former  Editions  of  this  work  the  author  strove 
to  restore  what  he  believed  to  have  been  the  first  Eng- 
lish name  of  this  bird—  fellow  Ammer.  As  might  be 
expected  in  such  a  case,  custom,  whether  right  or 
wrong,  wonld  not  give  way  to  the  proposed  amend- 
ment,  and  Yelloic  Bammer,  with  it*  abbreviation 
fellow  Ham,  has  been  commonly  printed  from  the 
days  of  Turner  11544)  and  Merrett  11667)  to  the  present. 
There  can  Indeed  be  no  question  of  'Hammer  (in  this 
sense)  being  strictly  cognate  with  the  German  Ammer, 
but  it  would  seem  that  prefixing  the  letter  H  to  the 
word  is  not  wholly  an  Kuglish  peculiarity,  since  there 
la  some  ground  for  believing  that  Hammer  which  now 
survives  in  Btmmerlino  [Yellow-hammer!  was 
equally  with  Ammer  a  Teutonic  form."— YarreU: 
BrUMBIrd,(ti.ithl,ii.a.  (Note.) 

"  2  Fig. :    A   gold    coin;    a    yellow-boy 

"  Is  that  he  that  hath  gold  enough  t  Would  I  had 
some  of  his  fellow  kmmmml^-Srlmi  Bird  in  a 
Cage. 

yellow  Hercules,  s. 

Bot. :  A  plant,  Xanthoxylon  clava  fferculit, 
meaning  the  club  or  cudgel  of  Hercules.  So 
called  because  in  the  West  Indies  the  young 
prickly  stems  are  often  made  into  walking- 
sticks. 

yellow-jack,  >. 

1.  Yellow-fever.    (Colloj.) 

2.  The  flag  displayed  from  lazarettos,  naval 
hospitals,  and  vessels  in  quarantine, 

yellow-jasmine,  s. 

Bot. :  Gelsemiumsempervirens.  [GELSEMIUM.] 

yellow-lake,  s.  Various  pigments  of  a 
bright  colour,  not  affected  by  an  impure  at- 
mosphere, but  rapidly  altering  under  the  in- 
fluence of  oxygen  and  light.  (Weale.) 

yellow-legs,  ». 

Ornith.:    The    Yellow-shanked    Sandpiper 

(q.v.). 

"  The  well-known  reH&to-Jegt  of  Eastern  sportsmen 
has  a  very  abundaut  distribution  throughout  all  the 
United  Stutea."—  Baird,  Rmoer,  t  Jtidgwau  :  Water 
Birdt  of  {forth  America,  1.  378. 


t»te,  at,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  p«t, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  oe  =  e:  ey  =  a;  «n  =  kw. 


yellow — yeoman 


5245 


yellow-loosestrife,  s. 

Bot.  :  Lysimachia  vulgaris. 

yellow-metal,  ».  A  sheathing  alloy  of 
•tpper,  2  ;  zinc,  1.  [MUNTZ-METAL.] 

yellow-nuphar,  s.  The  yellow  water- 
lily,  Nuphar  luteum  or  lutea.  [NUPHAR.] 

yellow  ochre,  s. 

Chen. :  An  argillaceous  earth,  coloured  by 
an  admixture  of  oxide  of  iron.  When  finely 
ground,  it  is  used  as  a  pigment. 

yellow-orpiment,  ».    [ORPIMENT.] 

yellow  ox-eye,  s. 

Bot. :  Chrysanthemum  segetum. 

yellow  pimpernel,  t. 

Bot. :  Lyiimach  ia  nemorum. 
yellow  pine,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  Pinus  mitts ;  (2)  P.  auitralis.  Both 
grow  in  the  United  States. 

yellow  pocket  mouse, s. 

Zooi. :  Cricetodipus  flavus,  a  minute  rodent, 
from  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Its  fur  is  pale 
buff. 

yellow-race,  >. 

Ethnol. :  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  the 
Chinese,  Japanese,  Mongols,  Lapps,  Esqui- 
maux, &c. 

yellow-rattle,  ». 

Hot. :  A  name  for  the  genui  Rhinanthus. 
It  belongs  to  the  order  Scrophulariacefie,  or 
flgworts,  and  is  called  Rattle  because  the 
seeds  when  ripe  rattle  in  the  husky  cap- 
sules. The  typical  species,  the  Common 
Yellow-rattle  (Khincmthui  Crista-galli),  with 
its  two  sub-species,  the  Greater  and  the 
Lesser  Yellow  Rattles,  Is  wild  in  Britain. 
All  the  three,  as  their  names  imply,  have 
yellow  flowers.  [RBZNANTHUS.] 

yellow-rocket, ». 

Bot :  Barbarea  vulgarit.  It  Is  called  also 
the  Bitter  Winter-cress.  [BARBAREA,  WIN- 
TIB-CRESS.] 

yellow-root,  «. 

Botany : 

1.  Xanthorrhlta  apiifolia.     Its  long  roots 
and  rootstock  are  bright  yellow,  as  are  its 
leaves,  bark,    and   pith.      It  grows  in  the 
Southern    States   of  North    America.     The 
yellow-root  is   intensely  bitter,  and  is  used 
as  a  tonic.    The  native  Indians  formerly  em- 
ployed it  as  a  dye. 

2.  Hydrastit  canadensis.     This  also  has  a 
yellow  root,  or  rather  an  underground  stem, 
and  was  formerly  employed  by  the  Indians  in 
dyeing  yellow.   It  likewise  is  tonic.   The  fruit 
Is  like  that  of  the  raspberry,  but  the  plant 
belongs  to  the  Ranuncnlaceae. 

yellow-sally,  s. 

Enlom.  :  Chloroperla  viridis,  a  small  green 
species,  belonging  to  the  family  Perlidsa.  It 
Is  found  in  England  in  May.  Called  also  the 
Willow-fly. 

yellow  shanked  sandpiper,  yel- 
low-shanks, s. 

Ornith.  :  Totanut  flavipes,  an  American  bird 
occasionally  straying  to  Britain.  Length  ten 
to  eleven  inches  ;  shades  of  gray  varied  with 
brown  and  black  above,  pure  white  beneath  ; 
bare  parts  of  legs  and  toes  yellow.  (See  ex- 
tract.) 

*'  The  food  of  the  yeUan-ihanlu  consist*  of  small 
fishes,  nhriuips,  worms,  aquatic  and  other  insects.  and 
•andhoppers.  Its  habite  are  similar  to  those  of  other 
•andpipere."—  YarreU:  Brit.  Birdt  (ed.  4th(,  ilL  481. 

yellow-snake,  ..-. 

Zool. :  Chilobolhrus  inornatus,  from  Jamaica. 
yellow-soap,  s.    [SOAP,  «.) 
yellow-spot,  s.    [MACULA-LTJTEA.] 
yellow-spotted,  emys,  s. 

Zool. :  Emys  hamiltoni,  a  river  tortoise,  in- 
habiting the  Ganges. 

yellow  succory, «. 

Bot. :  Picris  hieracioidt*. 

yellow  suckling,  «. 

Sat.  d  Agric. :  Tnfolium  minw. 

yellow-sultan,  - . 

Bot.  ;  Cmtaurea  tuaveoletu. 


yellow-tall, ». 

Ichthy. :  A  popular  name  for  the  genus 
Beriola  (q.v.). 

yellow  tellurium,  s. 

A/in. :  The  same  as  MUBLLERINE  (q.v.X 

yellow-throat,  s. 

Ornith. :  Swainson's  name  for  the  genus 
Trichas  (q.v.). 

yellow  tissue,  s. 

Anat. :  Elastic  tissue  (q.v.). 

yellow-top,  s.  A  variety  of  turnip.  So 
called  from  the  colour  of  the  skin  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  bulb. 

yellow-tubercles,  s.  pi.    [TUBERCLE,  S.  ] 
yellow  undcrwing,  s. 

Entom.  :  The  genus  Tripluena  (q.v.).  Six 
are  British,  viz.,  the  Broad-bordered  Yellow 
Underwing  (Triphcena  fimbria};  tbe  Least 
Yellow  Hnderwing  (T.  interjecta);  the  Lunar 
Yellow  Underwing  (T.  »UO«OT«I)  ;  the  Lesser 
Yellow  Underwing  (T.  orbona);  the  Large,  or 
Common  Yellow  Underwing  (T.  pronnba)  ;  anil 
the  Lesser  Broad-bordered  Yellow  Underwing 
(2'.  ianthina).  Nos.  1,  4,  5,  and  6  are  common, 
especially  Nos.  4  and  5.  The  caterpillars  are 
called  Surface  grubs. 

yellow  vetchling,  *. 
Bot.  :  Lathyrus  Aphaca. 

yellow-viper,  s. 

Zool :  ISothropslanceolatus.  [FER-DE-LANCE.] 

yellow  wall -lichen, «. 

Bot. :  Parmelia  parietina. 
t  yellow- warbler,  >. 

Ornith. :  Phylloscopus  (t  Sylvia,  *  Motacilla) 
trochilus,  the  Willow-wren  (q.v.i  (Pennant : 
Brit.  Zool,  i.  511.) 

•yellow- wash,  s. 

Chem. :  A  lotion  for  ulcers.  It  was  made  by 
the  decomposition  of  corrosive  sublimate  in 
lime  water. 

yellow  weed,  s. 
Bot.:  Seseda  Luteola. 
yellow-willow,  .<. 

Bot. :  Salix  mtellina.  Called  also  the  Golden 
Osier. 

yellow-wood,  s. 

Bot. :  Oxleya  xanthoxyla,  a  large  tree.  It 
grows  in  New  South  Wales. 

yellow- wove,  ».  A  wove  paper  of  a  yel- 
low colour. 

yellow-wren,  s.    [WILLOW-WHEH.] 
yellow  yoldring,  yellow-yorllng,  s. 

Ornith. :  The  Yellow-hammer  (q.v.).  (ScofcA.) 

low-yaldring,  as 


"  A  strange  superstition  that  the  Yellow-yoldriny,  as 
they  most  frequently  call  the  bird,  is  on  very  familiar 
terms  with  the  Evil  One,  who  Is  supposed  on  a  MHV 
morning  to  supply  It,  among  other  odd  dainties,  with 
half  a  drop  of  hie  own  blood,  the  effect  of  which  is 
somehow  to  produce  the  curious  markings  on  Its  eggs." 
—  TarreU  :  Brit.  Birdt  (ed.  4th),  II.  44.  (Note.) 

*  yST-low,  v.t  &  i.    [YELLOW,  a.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  render  yellow. 

"  So  should  my  papers  yellow'd  with  my  age. 
Be  scorn 'd  like  old  men  of  leas  truth  than  tongue." 
Shaketp.  :  Sonnet  17. 

B.  Intrant. :   To  grow,  become,    or   turn 
yellow. 

"  The  opening  valleys,  and  the  yellovttng  plains  t " 
Dyer :  The  Fleece,  iv. 

yer-low-ing,  s.  [YELLOW,  s  ]  A  process  in 
the  manufacture  of  pins.  It  consists  of  boil- 
ing the  pins  in  an  aciduous  solution,  previous 
to  nurling  and  tinning. 

yeT  low-Ish,  *  yel-ow-ysshe,  a.  [Eng. 
yellow,  a. ;  -ish.]  Somewhat  yellow ;  of  a  colour 
approaching  yellow. 

"  The  second  Is  the  cheat  or  wheaton  bread,  so 
named  bicause  the  colour  thereof  reaeinbleth  the  graie 
or  yclloieith  wheate,  being  cleane  and  well  dressed." — 
ffoUnthed  :  DeKription  o/  England. 

yel- low -Ish -ness,  s.  [Eng.  yellowish; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  yellowish. 

yel'  low-ness,  *  yel-ow-nes,  s.     [Eng. 
yellow,  a.  ;  -ness.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  Lit. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  yellow, 

"  And  the  bruised  madder.  lUelf  being  drenched 
with  the  like  alcasite  solution,  exchanged  also  iu 
yellovmett  for  a  rednesa"— Boyle :  Worta,  I.  760. 


*  2.  Fig. :  Jealousy.    [YELLOW,  a.,  A.  If  (1), 
B.  1.] 

"  I  will  possess  him  with  yello<meu."-SIULteir. 
Merry  Wi*a  at  Wiiidiar,  1.  s. 

II.   Bot.  :  [FLAVEDO]. 

yel  -lows,  s.  pi.    [YELLOW,  a.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  An  inflammation  of  the  liver,  or  a  kind 
of  jaundice  which  affects  horses,   cattle,  and 
sheep,  causing  yellowness  of  the  eyes. 

"  His  horse  sped  with  spavins,  and  rayed  with  the 
j/eUom."—Ahake>p. :  Taming  of  the  Shrevt,  Hi.  2. 

2.  A  disease  of  peach-trees,  little  heard  of 
except  in  America,  where  it  destroys  whole 
orchards  in  a  few  years. 

"  The  Niagara  peach  business  Is  almost  a  thing  of 
the  past,  owing  to  the  disease  called  theyetfowi."— St. 
.fames'!  Gazette,  Jau.  6,  1887. 

*3.  Jealousy.    (Brome:  Antipodes,  sig.  L.) 

II.  Bot. :  (1)  Reseda.  Luteola;  (2)  Genista 
tinctoria. 

yeT-low-wort,  s.  [Eng.  yellow,  s. ;  and 
wort.] 

Bot. :  The  genus  Chlora  (q.v.). 

yei'-low-y,  a.  [Eng.  yellow,  a. ;  -y.]  Of» 
yellow  colour ;  yellowish. 

"Trees  which  I  have  noticed  In  other  years  bearing 
foliage  of  a  yellowy  green  colour,  and  some  almost 
golden,  are  this  season  of  a  rich  green."  —  field, 
Aug.  13.  1887. 

ySlp,  "  yelpe,  *  gelp-en,  v.i.  [A.8.  gilpan, 
geilpan,  gylpan  (pa.t.  gealp,  pa.  par.  golpen)  = 
to  talk  noisily,  to  boast,  to  exult ;  whence 
gilp,  gielp,  gelp,  gylp  =  boasting,  arrogance  ; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  gjalpa  =  to  yelp  ;  gjdlfra  = 
to  roar  as  the  sea ;  gjalfr  =  the  din  of  the 
sea.  Allied  to  yell  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  To  boast  noisily ;  to  prate. 

"  I  kepe  not  of  armet  for  to  yelpe. 
Ne  ask  1  not  to-morrow  to  have  victory." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  2.140. 

2.  To  utter  a  sharp  or  shrill  bark ;  to  utter 
a  sharp,  quick  cry,  as  a  dog,  either  iu  eager- 
ness, or  in  pain  or  fear ;  to  yaup. 

"  A  little  herd  of  England's  timorous  deer 
Mazed  with  a  yelping  kennel  of  French  cure." 

Staketp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  IT.  X 

yelp,  t.    [YELP,  ».] 

1.  An  eager  bark  or  cry ;  a  sharp,  quick 
bark  or  cry,  caused  by  fear  or  pain. 

2.  A  cry ;  a  loud  or  shrill  shout. 

"  If  slavery  be  thus  fatally  contagious,  how  is  it 
that  we  hear  the  loudest  yelpt  for  liberty  among  the 
drivers  of  negroes?"— Joltnton  :  Taxation  no  Tyranny. 

*ye-man,  s.    [YEOMAN.] 

•ye  man  ric,  i.    [YEOMANRY.] 

YSn-J-se'-an,  a.  [Seedef.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Yenisei,  a  river  in  Siberia  ;  specifically 
applied  to  the  dialect  spoken  by  the  people 
occupying  the  tract  of  country  along  the 
middle  course  of  that  river. 

ye'-nlte,  «.     [After  the  battle  of  Jen»,  in 
1806  ;  suff.  -tie  (A/tn.).] 
Min. :  The  same  as  LIEVRITE  (q.v.). 

y eo  man,    » ye  man,   •yo-man,  s.     [A 

word  of  doubtful  origin.  The  most  probable 
etymology  is  that  of  Skeat,  i.e.,  from  A.S.  go, 
=  a  district  or  village,  and  man;  cf.  0.  Fries. 
ga,  go  (pi.  gae)  =  a  district,  village,  whence 
gaman  =  a  villager  ;  gafolk  =  people  of  a  vil- 
lage ;  Dut.  gouw,  gouwe—  a  province;  O.Dut 
gouwe  =  a  hamlet,  a  country  village  or  a  field  ; 
Low  Ger.  go'e,  gohe  =  a  tract  of  country ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  gowi,  gewi ;  Ger.  gau  ;  Goth,  gawi 
=  a  province.  Prob.  allied  to  Gr.  \tapa.,  xwpoc 
(chora,  choros)  =  an  open  space,  country,  dis- 
trict, land,] 
X  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  A  man  possessed  of  small  estate  in  land, 
and  not  ranking  as  one  of  the  gentry  ;  a  gen- 
tleman-fanner ;  a  freeholder ;  a  fanner  or  other 
person  living  in  the  country,  and  occupying  & 
position  between  that  of  a  gentleman  and  a 
labourer. 

"  I  call  him  a  yeoman  whom  our  lawes  do  call  Le- 
galem  hoinlnem,  a  word  familiar  In  writs  and  en 
auesta,  which  is  free  man  borne  English,  and  may 
dispend  of  his  owue  free  land  iu  yeerely  reuenue  to 
the  summe  of  xl.  (.  sterling."— SmttA ;  Commonwealth. 
bk.  L,  ch.  xziii. 

*2.  An  upper  servant;  a  gentleman  ser- 
vant ;  a  valet.  • 

"  A  yeman  hadde  he,  and  servantei  no  mo 
At  that  time,  for  him  I  unte  to  ride  so  ; 
And  he  was  cladde  iu  cote  and  node  of  green.' 
Chaucer :  O.  T.,  10*.    (ProU 


boil,  b6y;  pout,  J6wl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  yhin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    ph  =  £ 
-dan.  -ttan  -  snan.     tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -tlon,  -fion  =  zhun.    -dons,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  =  beL  deL 

40 


yeo  manly— yew 


•3.  A  kind  of  under-bailiff;  a  bailiffs  as- 
sistant. 

"  Where's  your  yeoman  I  Is't  a  lusty  yeetiMnl  "— 
Sh-jketp.  '  2  Henry  If.,  ii.  L 

*4.  One  not  advanced  to  the  rank  of  gen- 
tleman. 

"  We  grace  the  yeoman  by  conversing  with  him.* 
StMJUip.  :  1  Henry  r/.,  U.  4, 

*a  An  appellation,  given  in  courtesy  to 
eommon  soldiers. 

"  Fight,  gentlemen  of  England  :  fight,  good  yeomen." 
Bhaketp.  :  Richnrd  III.,  v.  t, 

*6.  A  member  of  the  yeomanry  cavalry. 
^YEOMANRY,  2.] 

B.  Naut. :  A  person  appointed  to  assist  in 
attending  to  the  storea  of  the  gunner,  the 
boatswain,  or  the  carpenter  in  a  snip  of  war. 

yeoman-like,  a.    The  same  as  YEOMAN- 

LY  (q.V.X 

^  Yeomen  of  the  tfuard :  [BEEFEATER  (2).] 

*  yed'-man-ly,  a.    [Eng.  yeoman;  -ly.]    Like, 

pertaining  to,  or  becoming  a  yeoman ;  holding 
the  position  of  a  yeoman. 

"  I  warrant  you  he's  a*  ycomanly  a  man  as  700 
•ball  see."— O  reene  :  friar  Boca*. 

yeo  man  ry,    *  yeo  man-rie,  «.     [Eng. 
yeoman;  -rj/.J 

1.  The  collective  body  of  yeomen  ;  yeomen 
collectively. 

"  The  third  and  last  sort  is  named  the  yeomanrte, 
of  whom,  aud  their  seqoele.  the  laborers  and  artirt. 
eers,  I  have  said  somewhat  even  now." — H&ltnthed: 
Description  of  £ngiand,  bk.iL.ch.  v. 

2.  A  force  of  volunteer  cavalry  first  em- 
bodied   in  Britain  during  the  wars  of  the 
French  Revolution,  and  consisting  to  a  great 
extent  of  country  gentlemen    and  farmers. 
They  an*  liable  to  be  called  out  in  aid  of  the 
civil  pow<T  in  case  of  riot  at  any  time ;  in  case 
of  actual  invasion,  or  the  appearance  of  an 
enemy  or.  the  coast,  or  during  a  rebellion, 
they  may  be  assembled  for  active  service  ; 
they  are  then  subject  to  the  Mutiny  Act  and 
Articles  of  War,  and  may  be  called  npon  to 
serve  in  any  part  of  Great  Britain.    During 
permanent  service  they  receive  cavalry  pay 
and  an  allowance  for  furage.    They  under-o 
six  days'  training,  and  must  attend  a  certain 
number  of  drills  yearly,  for  which  they  re- 
ceive 7s.  a  day  as  subsistence  allowance,  and 
2s.   for  forage.      Arms  and  ammunition  are 
provided  by  the  War  Office,  aud  there  is  an 
annual  allowance  of  £2  per  man ;  but  each 
man  has  to  provide  his  own  horse,  which  is 
exempt  from  taxation. 

yer  ba,  yer  -ba  ma'-te,  «.    [MATE  (3).] 
*yerde,«.    [YARD.] 
*yere,  *.    [YEAR.] 

yerg-aa,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful]   A  coarse  wool- 
len fabric  for  horse-cloths. 

yerk,  v  .t.  &  i.    [JERK,  v.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  throw  or  thrust  with  a  sudden  smart 
spring  or  jerk. 

"  Their  wounded  steeds 
Fret  fetlock  deep  In  gore,  and  with  wild  raga 
Terk  out  their  armed  heels  at  their  dead  masters.'* 
.  Shake*?.  :  Seurf  r..  ir.  r. 

•S.  To  lash,  to  strike,  to  beat. 
"  Whilst  I  securely  let  him  over-slip 
Here  yerking  him  with  my  satyric  whip." 

Martian:  Satiret,  i.  S. 

8.  To  bind,  to  tie.    (Scotch.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  throw  out  the  legs  suddenly ;  to  kick 
with  both  hind  legs. 

"  The  bones  being  trlsed  np  In  this  manner,  their 
riders  came  with  load  cries  behind  them  and  some 
with  whips  In  their  bands  to  lath  them,  that  the 
horse  being  mad  withail,  yerked  out  behind,  and 
sprang  forward  with  his  forraoet  legs  to  touch  the 
ground."— .VortA  .-  I'liUarch,  p.  604. 

2.  To  move  with  sudden  jerks ;  to  jerk. 

"  Hey  day,  hey  day." 
How  she  kicks  and  yerkt  I 

Beaum.  &  ffet.  :  Sea  Voyage,  L 

yerk,   s.     [YERK,  u.]     A  sudden  smart   or 
quick  thrust  or  motion ;  ft  smart  stroke ;  a 

•yerl,*. 

*  yem,  ».*.  &  i.    [YEARN.] 

*  y-crne,  *  y  -ern,  s.    [IRON.] 

i      *  yerne,  a.  &  adv.    [A.8.  georn.]   [YEARN,  o.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Brisk,  eager,  active. 

B.  A%  adv. :  Briskly,  eagerly,  earnestly. 


*  y'-ern-ey,  a,     [Bug.  yerne,  s. ;  -y.]     Made 
or  composed  of  iron. 

"  Thou  didste  bebolde  it  vut  il  there  came  a  stone 
smyte  out  without  haudU,  which  stny^te  the  image 
vpoit  ills  *ffr«--y  aud  erthen  rente  broking  them  .all  to 
powlder.'1— Joye:  Sxpoe.  itf  Daniei,  en.  il 

yer  -nut,  «.    [YORNUT.] 

*  yeV-rdw, ».    [YARBOW.) 

*  yert'-polnt,  t.     [Prob.  from  Bug.  j/erfc=s 
jerk,  and  point.}    A  game  »o  called.     [BLOW- 
POINT.] 

"  Tert -print  nine-pins.  Job-ant,  or  Bpan-eonnter."— 

Lady  Alimony. 

yes,  *  yla,  *  yus,  adv.  [A.S.  gise,  awe,  prob. 
contracted  from  gta  sy  =  yea,  let  it  be  so,  yea, 
verily  ;  where  sy  =  let  it  be  so,  is  the  imperative 
from  the  root  <w=s  to  be.  Yes  was  originally 
the  answer  only  to  questions  framed  in  the 
negative  :  as,  Will  he  not  come?  Yes.}  A  word 
or  particle  indicating  affirmation  or  assent. 
Opposed  to  no. 

•I  (1)  Yea,  like  yea,  is  used  as  a  word  of  en- 
forcement by  repetition. 

H  I  say,  take  heed; 
"  Tee,  heartily  beseech  you. " 

SAofer**. .   Henry  VI II..  1 1, 

(2)  For  the  distinction  between  yes  and  yea, 
see  YEA. 

ycs-a-waL,  yas'-a-wal,  *.  [Hind.]  In 
India,  a  state  messenger,  a  servant  of  parade 
carrying  a  silver  or  gold  statf;  a  horseman 
attendant  on  a  man  of  rank. 

yesk,  r.t.     [YEX-]  To  hiccup.   (Scotch  A  Prop.) 
yest,  s.    [YKAST.] 

*yes'-ter,  a.  [A.S.  geostra,  gitstra,  gystra; 
cogn.  with  Dut  gisteren;  Ger.  gestertt;  Goth. 
gistra;  Lat.  hesternus  =  of  yesterday;  Icel. 
gcer ;  Dan.  gaar;  Sw.  gar;  Lat.  keri ;  Gr. 
j(9ef  (ehthat) ;  Sansc,  hyas  =  yesterday.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  day  preceding  the  present ; 
next  before  the  present. 

"  And  shall  the  wretch  whom  yeiter  sun  beheld. 
Waiting  my  nod,  the  creature  of  my  pow*r, 
Presume  to  day  Co  plenil  audacious  lovef  " 

Congreve :  .Mourning  Bride,  it 

yes'-ter-day,  *  yes-ter  dale,  *  yis-tir- 
day,  s.  [A.S.  geoxtmn  dceg ;  cogn.  with  Dan. 
dag  vangister.]  [YESTER.]  The  day  preceding 
the  present ;  the  day  last  past ;  the  day  next 
before  the  present. 

"  Yesterday  at  the  seventh  hoar  the  fever  left  him." 
—J'jhn  iv.  oi 

U  (1)  Yesterday  is  often  figuratively  for  time 
not  long  gone  by  ;  time  in  the  immediate  past. 

"  We  are  bat  of  yettertlay." — Job  riii.  9. 

(2)  Yesterday  and  words  similarly  com- 
pounded are  generally  used  without  a  prepo- 
sition, on  or  during  being  understood.  In 
such  cases  they  may  be  considered  as  adverbs  : 
as,  I  saw  him.  yesterday. 

t  yes'-ter-eve,   t  yes'-ter-ev-en,   tyes'- 

ter-ev-en-ing,  «.     [Eng.  ye$ter,  and  eve, 
even,  or  evening.}    The  evening  last  past. 
"  In  hope  that  yon  would  come 
rettereve."          Ben  Joruon  :  The  Satyr. 

*  yes'-ter-fang,  s.     [Eng.  yester,  and  Jang.] 
That  which  was  taken,  captured,  or  caught 
on  the  day  preceding. 

"  That  nothing  shall  be  missing  of  the  ymterfang,* 
— ffvli/ulud :  Qetcript.  of  Scotland,  ch.  ir. 

*  yes-ter  morn,  *yes'-ter -morn  ing,  *. 

[Eng.  yester,  and  mont,  morning.]  The  morn 
or  morning  preceding  the  present;  the  morn 
of  yesterday. 

"  From  yesterrmom  till  ere." 

Howe :  Tamerlane,  ii. 

t  yes'-tern,  a.  [YESTER.]  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  the  day  last  past. 

t  yes'-ter-night  (gh  silent),  ».    [Eng.  yester, 
and  night.]    The  night  last  past ;  last  night. 
Tf  Also  used  adverbially. 

"  Keep  the  same  Roman  hearts 
And  ready  minus  you  had  Better  night" 

Ben  Joraon  :  Catiline,  IT.  S. 

t  yfis'-ter-year,  *.  [Eng.  yester,  and  year.] 
The  year  last  past ;  last  year. 

"  But  where  are  the  snows  of  yesteryear  t " 
D.  6.  Bottetti :  VUlon;  Ballad  of  Dead  Ladiet. 

yes'-treen,  s.  [A  contraction  of  yestere'en  = 
yestereveu.]  Last  night ;  yesternight.  (Scotch.) 

yes'-ty,  a.    [Eng.  ytst;  -y.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  Relating  to,  composed  of,  or  resembling 
yeast;  yeasty. 


2.  Foamy,  frothy,  spumy. 


"The  »«/y  waves 


"The  » 
nd  swallo 


navigation  up." 


Confound  an 


. 

*  IL  fig.  :  Light,  unsubstantial,  worthiest 

"  Abore  tin  oompass  of  hU  y->tty  hralo.' 
Drayton 


y6t(  'jrlt,  adv.  A  conj.  [A.8.  git,  get,  giet,  gyt; 
cogn.  with  O.  Fries,  ieta,  eta,  ita;  Fries.  jietU; 
JI.  H.  Ger.  ittuo,  iae  ;  Ger.  jetzt  =  now.  Thd 
A.8.  get  is  probably  a  contraction  of  ge  14  = 
and  too,  i.e.,  moreover.]  [To,  Too,  YJU.] 

A.  -fis  adverb  : 

1.  In  addition  ;  moreover  ;  over  and  above- 
further,  besides,  still. 

'*  Tel  more  quarrelling  with  occasion." 

Sfiakeip.  :  Merchant  of  lV>,,c«  111,  4 

2.  Now  ;  by  this  time. 

"  Know  yon  me  ytt  t  "      Skotetp.  :  Ceriotantu.  IT.  S 

3.  Already. 

"  Is  he  come  home  yet  t  " 
8*aJt*»p.  ;  Jtidtummer  .\'tyftt'i  Drvam,  IT.  1 

4.  Still  ;  to  this  time  ;  now  as  formerly  ;  IE 
continuance  of  a  former  state  ;  at  this,  or  at 
that,  time  as  forn. 

"  Are  you  yet  living  ?"—  Shaltesp.  :  Much  Ado,  1.  1. 

5.  Hitherto  ;  up  to  this  time  ;  BO  long  ;  84 
far. 

"  The  dukedom  ytf  unbowed." 

Xhatvp.  :  Tcmpeit.  t  ± 

6.  At  or  before  some  future  time  ;  before  al 
Is  done  or  finished  ;  In  time  ;  eventually. 

"  He'll  be  hanged  yet,*  —Shaketp.  :  Tempett,  i.  L 

*  7.  At  or  in  the  present  time  or  juncture 
before  something  else  ;  now. 

8.  Though  the  case  be  such  ;  still  ;  never 
theless  ;  for  all  that. 

"  I  shall  mias  thee,  but  yet  them  shnlt  have  freedom. 
Shakesp.  :  Tempest,  T. 

*  9.  Apparently  =  though. 

"  I  cannot  speak  to  her,  *ef  she  urged  conference." 
S*ai«.ji.  .-  -f*  TOM  Likt  It,  L  1 

10.  At  least  ;  if  nothing  else. 

"  U  not  diTtne,  yet  let  her  be  a  principality.' 

M-Urj;.'.  :  Two  Gentlemen,  it  4. 

B.  As  conj,  :  Nevertheless,  notwithstand- 
ing, still, 

")'«,'  I  say  uuto  you.  That  even  Solomon  .  .  .  wafl 
not  arrayed  like  one  of  these."—  Matthew  vi.  39 

If  1.  As  yet: 

(1)  Up  to  this  time  ;  before  this. 

"Hast  thou  at  yet  conferred   with  Margery  Jotu 
data  t"—  -ShmXttp.  :  1  tienry  \'l.,  L  X. 

(2)  Still  ;  now  as  formerly. 

"  I  might  at  net  have  been  a  spreading  flower.** 

nitukrip.;  Complaint,  Tt. 

2.  Nor  yet  :  Nor  even. 

3.  Not  yet,  yet  not  :  Not  up  to  the  preser. 
time  ;  not  so  soon  as  now. 

"  His  powers  are  yet  not  ready.' 

AUhsjft  :  Binr*  r..  W.  3. 

4.  Used  In  compounds  in  the  poetic  style 
with  participles  to  denote  continuance  of  the 
action,  or  state,  or  as  equivalent  to  still  :  as 
yet-loved,  ye*-remeuibered,  Ac. 

*  yet-en,  pa.  par.    [GET,  v.} 

yeth'-er,  v.t.  [Prov.  Eng.  yeather  =  a  flexible 
twig.]  To  beat.  (Scotch.) 

yett,  s.    [GATE.]    (Scotch.) 

*  yeve,  *  yeven,  v.t.    [GrvE.] 

*  yev-en,  pa.  par.    [GIVE.] 
yev*-er-ing,  ye(h'-er-ing»  pr.  par.  A  a 

[YKTHSR.] 

ye  vering-bells,  it  pi 

Bot.  :  Pyrola  secunda. 

*  ye-w  (ew  as  u),  (1),  *yewe,«.    £Ew«.] 

yew  (ew  aa  u),  (2),  *  eugh,  *  ew,  *  ewe, 
"yeugh,  "yowe,  "yugb,  s.  &  o.  [A.s" 
iw,  iuu;  cog,  with  Dut.  yf;  Icel.  yr;  O.  H. 
Ger.  iwa  ;  Ger.  eibe.  Probably  of  Celtic  origin  ; 
ct  Ir.  iiibhar  =.  a  yew  ;  GaeL  iubhar,  ivghar 
=  a  yew-tree,  a  bow;  WeL  yw,  yvxn;  Corn. 
hivin  ;  Bret,  ivin,  ivinen.} 

A*  As  substantive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  IL 

*2.  A  bow. 

"  Tobal  with  his  *«*• 
And  ready  qolrer  did  a  boar  punne." 

JSth*"<r:  Band*  VrafU.  4M. 

IL  Bot.  :  The  genus  Tax  us,  spec.  Tuxta  b"c- 
cata,  under  which  Sir  J.  Hooker  places  its 
six  supposed  species.  An  evergreen  with 
spreading  branches,  linear  acute  leaves  more 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine  :  go,  pdt. 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cor.  role,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


yew— y  moth 


5247 


or  less  falcate  coriaceous,  shining  above, 
paler  below,  arranged  in  two  ranks.  Male 
catkins  yellow,  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
loug  ;  females  miuute  ;  fruit  a  red  mucilagin- 
ous drupe  or  berry  with  green  seed.  It  is  in- 
digenous In  most  parts  of  Continental  Europe 
and  in  the  Himalayas  6,000  to  10,000  feet) 
above  the  sea-level,  being  in  the  last-named 
regions  a  much  loftier  tree  than  in  England. 
The  sap-wood  of  the  yew  is  white,  the 
heart-wood  red,  hard,  close-grained,  and  sus- 
ceptible of  a  fine  polish.  It  weighs  fifty-nine 
TOunds  to  the  cubic  foot  It  is  prized  in 
Europe  by  cabinet  makers,  and  was  formerly 


1.  Kale  flower ;  3.  Female  flower  ;  3.  I 
4.  Vertical  section  of  fruit 


mnch  used  in  England,  as  it  still  is  in  the 
Himalayas,  for  bow-making,  being  very  tough. 
In  some  parts  of  the  Khasia  hills  in  Kepaul  the 
yew  is  deemed  sacred,  and  its  wood  is  burnt 
as  incense.  In  Tibet  a  viscous  exudation  from 
it,  mixed  with  other  gums,  is  similarly  em- 
ployed. A  red  dye  is  made  from  the  tree  in 
the  Bhntia  country.  Bentley  and  Trimen 
state  that  the  leaves  and  young  branches  in 
all  circumstances  act  as  a  uarcotico-acrid 
poison  on  human  beings,  horses,  and  cows; 
that  the  seed  of  the  fruit  is  poisonous,  but 
that  the  pulp  surrounding  it  is  not  so.  The 
bark  is  used  in  Kunawar  as  a  substitute  for 
cea,  or  Is  mfxed  with  tea-leaves.  The  yew  is 
not  used  medicinally  in  England.  In  India 
its  leaves  and  fruit,  which  somewhat  resemble 
digitalis  in  their  effects,  have  been  employed 
as  a  lithic  in  calculus,  and  as  an  antispssmo- 
dic  in  epilepsy  and  convulsions.  There  is  an 
advantage  in  yew  over  digitalis— that  the 
former  does  not  accumulate  in  the  system 
like  the  latter.  The  yew  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada  ( T.  canadetisit)  is  a  much  humbler 
tree  than  the  species  above  described,  which  is 
occasionally  of  great  size,  an  example  being 
formerly  shown  of  66  feet  in  circumference. 
The  Japan  Yew  is  of  another  genus,  Pedocarpus. 
P.  uudfer  is  a  lofty  tree  of  northern  Japan 
and  Nepaul,  whose  seed  yields  a  culinary  oil. 
There  are  other  species  of  Pedocarpus  in  Asia, 
Australia,  Chili,  &c. 

B.  As  adj. :   Pertaining  or  relating  to  yew- 
trees  ;  made  of  the  wood  of  the  yew-tree. 

*  yew-bow,  s.     A  shooting  bow  made  of 
yew,  much  used  formerly  by  English  bowmen. 

yew-brimmlc,  s. 

Sot. :  Rosa  canina.    (Britten  £  Holland.) 

yew-tree,  s.    A  yew  (q.v.). 

"  When  Francis  uttered  to  the  maid 
His  last  words  in  the  yev>-tre*  ulivle." 

Wordrnortk :  White  Dot,  lv. 

yew  (ew  as  u).  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To 
rise,  as  scum  on  the  brine  in  boiling  at  the 
salt-works. 

*  ye  w'-en  (ew  as  u),  a.   [Eng.  yew  (2),  s. ;  -en.} 

Made  of  the  wood  of  yew.    [£UGHKN.) 

*  yfix,  s.    [Tax,  v.]    A  hiccough,  a  hiccup. 

"They    do  stay  the  excessive  yex  or  hocket." — P. 
Upland  :  Pliny,  bk.  xxTii..  ch.  T. 

*  yex,     *  y cske,     *  y esk-cn,     *  yex-en, 

•yisk,  *yox-en,  *yyx-yn,  v.i.  [A.S. 
giscian  =  to  sob,  to  sign  ;  giosoa,  giossa  =  a 
Bobbing ;  cf.  Lat.  Kisco,  hiasco  =  to  yawn,  to 
gape ;  O.  H.  Ger.  gten  =  to  yawn  (q.v.).]  To 
hiccough  or  hiccup. 

"  He  yoxeth,  and  lie  apeketh  thurgh  the  nose. 
Am  he  were  on  the  quaJtke,  or  ou  the  pose." 

Chattc#r:  C.  T.,  4,150 


i-sn,  a.  [See  def.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Yezdegird  III.  who  gave  his 
name  to  an  era,  dating  from  his  accession  to 
the  Persian  throne,  June  16,  A.D.  632. 


YeV-X-df,  Yez-i-dee,  s.    [Persian,  Ac,] 

Compar.  Relig.  (PI.):  A  sect  of  religionists 
who,  while  admitting  that  God  is  supreme, 
yet  believe  the  devil  to  be  a  mighty  angel 
deserving  of  worship.  Probably  they  were 
originally  Zoroastrians,  whose  faith  became 
partly  modified  by  the  Christiana  and  Muham- 
madang  with  whom  they  ultimately  came  in 
contact.  They  live  near  the  Euphrates,  and 
were  visited  by  Mr.  Layard  in  1841. 

*y-fere,  adv.     [A.8.  0e/era=:a  companion.] 
Together ;  in  company  or  union. 

"  O  goodly  golden  cHayne.  wherewith  yfere 
The  vertues  linked  are  in  lovely  wise." 

bpenHr .-  F.  v. ,  I.  is.  1. 

*y-herd.  a.     [Pref.  y-,  and  Mid.  Eng.  her=s 
hair.]    Hairy  ;  covered  with  hair. 

*y-holde,  pa.  par.    [HOLD,  tJ.] 

yield,  *  yeeld,  *  yelde  (pa.  t.  *  yeld,  *  yelded, 
*  yelte,  yielded ;  pa.  par.  *  yeldedt  yiek&d, 
•yolde,  *yolden,  *  yoldun),  v.t.  &  i.  (A.S. 
gieldan,  geldan,  gildan(pn.  t  geald,  pi.  guidon, 
pa.  par.  golden);  cogn.  with  Dut  gelden; 
I  eel.  gjalda  (pa.  t.  gait,  pa.  par.  goldinn); 
Dan.  gielde;  Sw.  gdlla  (for  gdlda)  =  to  be  of 
consequence,  to  be  worth  ;  Ger.  gelten  =to  be 
worth  (pa.  t.  gait,  pa.  par.  gegoltfn);  Goth. 
gildan,  in  compounds  fra-gilaan,  us-glldan  = 
to  pay  back.  From  the  same  root  come  guild 
and  guilt.} 
A.  Transitive: 

*  L  To  resign,  to  submit,  to  acknowledge 

"  GUdly.  6lr.  at  your  bidding 
I  wolf  me  yelde  in  all  thing." 

Jicm.  of  the  Itote, 

*2.  To  pay,  to  recompense,  to  reward ;  to 
make  return  to. 

"  The  goda  yield  yon  for  t." 

Shaketp.  :  Antony  Jt  Cleopatra,  ir.  2. 

U  Formerly  the  phrase  God  yield  you !  = 
God  reward  you  1  was  in  common  use  in  col- 
loquial language,  much  as  we  use  "  God  bless 
you!*'  and  hence  became  corrupted  into 
various  forms,  as,  God  ield  you,  God  ild  you, 
God  dild  you.  [GoDiLix] 

3.  To  give  in  return  or  by  way  of  recom- 
pense ;  to  produce,  as  a  return  or  reward  for 
labour  expended,  capital  invested,  or  the 
like. 

"  When  thoti  tillest  the  ground,  tt  ihall  not  hence- 
forth yield  unto  thee  her  strength."— Oenetie  IT.  13. 

*  4.  To  bear,  to  bring  forth. 

"  She  waa  yielded  there.* 

Skaketp.  :  Periclet,  T.  S. 

*  5.  To  give  out ;  to  bear ;   to  furm/h  or 
produce  generally. 

"The  wilderness  yieldeth  food  for  them  and  their 
cattle.  "—Job  z  xi  v.  6. 

6.  To  afford,  to  offer,  to  give,  to  present,  to 

supply. 

"  The  euth  can  yield  me  bat  a  common  grave." 
Shaketp. :  Sonnet  81. 

7.  To  afford,  to  confer,  to  grant. 

"Come,  sir,  leave  me  your  snatches,  and  yield  me 
a  direct  answer."— Shaketp. :  Meature /or  J/eature, 
IT.  2. 

8.  To  grant,  to  allow ;  to  admit  the  force, 
justice,  or  truth  of;  to  concede. 

"  I  yield  It  Just,  said  Adam,  and  submit." 

Mil'oit ;  P.  L.,  xl.  636. 

"9.  To  deliver,  to  exhibit,  to  declare. 

"  The  reasons  of  our  state  I  cannot  yield." 

Shaketp.  :  Ail't  Well,  ill.  1. 

10.  To  emit,  to  give  up. 

"  Graves,  yawn  and  yield  your  dead." 

Shaketp.  :  Much  Ado,  T.  8. 

H  Hence,  such  phrases  as,  To  yield  up  th« 
ghost,  To  yield  the  breath  =  to  die. 

"  He  gathered  up  his  feet  Into  the  bed,  and  yielded 
up  the  ffhott."—O9n«tit  xlix.  33. 

11.  To  give  up  as  to  a  superior  power  or 
authority ;  to  quit  or  resign  possession  of,  as 
through  compulsion,  necessity,  or  the  like ; 
to  surrender,  to  relinquish,  to  resign.    (Fre- 
quently with  up.) 

"  Therefore  great  king, 

We  yield  our  town  aud  lives  to  thy  soft  mercy." 
)..•  Sen 


^..  Henry  V.,  111.  8. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  give  way,  as  to  superior  force,  power, 
or  authority  ;  to  submit,  as  to  a  conqueror  or 
superior ;  to  succumb,  to  surrender. 

"  But  Hercules  himself  must  yield  to  odda 
And  many  strokes,  though  with  a  little  axe. 
Hew  down  and  fell  the  hardest-timber 'd  oak." 

Shaketp.  :  3  ffenry  VI.,  it  L 

2.  To  give  place,  as  inferior  in  rank,  quality, 
position,  or  excellence. 

"  Let  York  be  regent.  I  win  yield  to  him." 

Shaketp.  :  3  Henry  I'L,  L  3. 

3.  To  give  way  in  a  moral  sense,  as  to  en- 


treaty,  argument,  a  request,  or  the  like ;  to 
submit,  to  comply,  to  assent,  not  t*'  oppose. 

"  You  shall  not  say,  I  yield,  being  silent." 

Sh'iketp. :  CgmbeUne,  11.  S. 

4.  To  give  a  return  or  produce ;  to  bear 

fruit,  or  the  like. 

"  The  crop  is  variable,  and  doea  not  yield  at  atl  well, 
according  to  the  quantity  of  straw,  which  Is  unusu- 
ally large,  —field,  Oct.  a,  1985. 

yield,  *yeeld,  8.  [YIELD,  «.]  That  which  is 
yielded  or  produced  ;  amount  yielded ;  pro- 
duct, return  ;  applied  especially  to  products 
resulting  from  growth  or  cultivation. 


"  Constantly 
A  goodly  yeeld  of  fruit  cloth  bring." 


Bacon:  ft.  L 


*  yield'-a-ble-ness,  *.     [Eng.  yield  ;   -able, 
-ness.}    A  disposition  to  yield  or  comply. 

"  The  fourth  disposition  for  peace—  an  yields  tttenett 
upon  sight  of  clearer  truths.  "—  B  p.  Ball:  The  Peace- 
maker, 1  13. 

*  yield'  -ance,    •  yeeld  -ance,  «.     [Eng. 
yield,  v.  ;  -ance.] 

1.  The  act  of  yielding  or  producing. 

"  How  ahoald  the  corn,  wine,  oil.  be  had  without 
the  yieldance  of  the  earth!"—  Bp.  BaH:  Staionabl* 

2.  The  act  of  conceding,  granting,  or  allow- 
ing. 

"One  or  both  of  these  must  of  necessity  be  Im- 
plied In  such  a  yleldance."—  South  ;  Svrmont,  vol.  v., 

yield'-er,  *  yeeld-er,  «.     [Eng.  yield,  v.  ; 
•er.\    One  who  yields,  submits,  or  gives  way. 

"  I  was  not  born  a  yielder,  thou  proud  Scot" 

Skaketp.  :  1  Henry  /('.,  v.  S. 

yield'  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [YIELD,  v.] 
A*  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  A3  adj.  :  Ready  or  inclined  to  submit, 
comply,   yield,  or  give  way  ;    pliable,    soft, 
compliant. 

"  A  yielding  temper,  which  will  be  wronged  or 
baffled/'—  Ketttowell. 

C.  As  fubst.  :  The  act  of  one  who  or  that 
which  yields  ;   production,  produce,  compli- 
ance, assent. 

"  Immaculate  and  spotless  Is  my  mind  ; 
That  was  not  forc'd  ;  but  never  wa*  inclln'd 
" 


. 
Bhaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrtce,  1,658. 

*  yield'-ing-ly.  adv.     [Eng.  yielding;  -ly.) 
In  a  yielding  manner;  with  compliance,  or 

assent. 

*  yield   ing-noas,  s.    [Eng.  yielding;  -ne&s.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  yielding  ;  dis- 
position to  yield,  comply,  or  assent. 

"  The  ahallowneH  of  the  socket  at  the  shoulder,  and 
the  yieldingnest  of  the  cartilaginous  substance.  "— 
Paley  :  ffatvral  Theoloyy,  ch.  TliL 

•yield  -less,  a.     [Eng.  yield;   -leu.}     Un 
yielding,  dauntless. 

"  She  .houlJ  h>v<  held  the  Little  to  the  lut, 
Undaunted,  tiieltllfti,  firm,  vid  (lied  or  contiiier'd." 
Haw*  :  Ulvitet,  til. 

ylll,  ».    [ALE.]    (Scotch.) 
yln,  «.  oro.    [ONE]    (Scotch.) 
yince,  adv.    [ONCE.]    (Scotch.) 
yird,  «.    [EARTH.]    (Scutch.) 
yirk,  v.t.  &  i.    [YERK,  r.] 

-yl.  -JW.  ««/•    tQr-  SAl  (hule)  =  matter,  as  • 
principle  of  being.) 

Chem.  :  A  suffix  used  by  Llehig  and  Wohler 
to  denote  derivation  from.  Thus,  from  ben- 
zoin is  derived  bensyZ  ;  from  ether,  ethyl,  &C. 

y  leV-el,  s.    [Eng.  y,  from  the  shape  of  the 
supports,  and  level,  s.]    [WYE.] 

Sun.  :  An  instrument  for  measuring  dis- 
tance and  altitude.  (Simmonds.) 

*  y-llohe,  *  y-like,  a.  &  adv.    [A.S.  gelif  = 
like,  yelice  =  alike.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Like  resembling,  equal. 

B.  As  adv.  :  Alike,  equally. 

*  ylke,  a,  or  prim.    [A.S.  yfc,  Me.} 

1.  That,  the  same.    [!LK.J 

2.  Each. 

y  moth,  s.    [The  letter  y,  and  Eng.  moth.} 

Entom.  :  Various  species  of  the  genus  Pin* 
sia  (q.v.).  They  are  so  called  because  they 
have  on  each  of  their  wings  a  mark  like  a 
capital  Y.  The  Plain  Golden  Y  is  Pliuia 
iota.',  its  fore  wings  are  rosy  gray  ;  the  Beauti- 
ful Golden  Y  is  P.  pulchrina  ;  the  fore  wings 
are  purplish  gray;  the  Silver  Y,  P.  gamma, 


Boil,  boy ;  poilt,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -lag. 
-clan,  -tian  •--  shah,    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tlon.  -sion   -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sloua  =  shiia.    -hie,  -die.  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


5248 


ympt— yon 


called  also  the  Gamma  Moth,  has  the  fore 
wings  violet  gray,  dimdud  with  dark  gray. 
It  is  abundant  everywhere,  the  caterpillar 
feeding  on  various  low  plants.  The  Scarce 
Silver  Y,  P.  inttmgaiionit,  has  the  fore 
wings  bluish  gray. 

•  ympt,  7x1.  par.  or  o.    [IMP,  f.J 

•  y-nough,  *  y-now,  adv.    [ENOUGH.] 

•  yoate,  r.f.    [VOTE.] 
•yoch-el,  s.    [YOKEL.] 

"  yode,  •  yod,  pret.  of  i:  [A.S.  code  =  went, 
pi.  todon.}  [YEDE.]  Went. 

"  Well  weened  he  that  fairest  Floriraell 
it  waa  wttli  whom  in  I'omjnny  he  vode." 

Speruer:  F.  Q.,  HI.  viit.  19. 

yd  del,  yo'-dle,  v.t.  or  {.  [Ger.  Swiss.]  To 
sing  or  utter  a  sound,  peculiar  to  the  Swiss 
and  Tyrolese  mountaineers,  by  suddenly 
changing  from  the  natural  voice  to  the  fal- 
setto. 

"  The  yodelist  began  to  piny  once  more,  and  con. 
tinned  to  yodel  until  the  tliunder  died  away  ID  the 
distance."—  Detroit  Fret  Pmu,  Nov.  7,  1865. 

yd' -del,  yo'-dle,  s.  [YODEL,  t>.]  A  sound  or 
tune  peculiar  to  the  Swiss  and  Tyrolege 
mountaineers. 

"  Tlie  yodelist  waa  one  of  thoae  fellows  who  doesn't 
know  euough  to  get  iu  out  of  the  wet— he  yodeled  hig 
plaintive  yodel  right  along.'—  Detroit  FreePreu,  JS'ov. 
7.  188S. 

yd'-del-tot,  s.  [Eng.  yodel,  v. ;  -wt.]  One 
who  yodels.  (See  extract  under  YODEL,  ».) 

Yo'-ga,  i.  [Sans.  =  union,  fitness,  spiritual 
abstraction.] 

Hindoo  Philos. :  One  of  the  six  Darsanas, 
i.e.,  schools  or  systems  of  Brahmanical  Philo- 
sophy, that  of  Pataujali,  the  essence  of  which 
is  meditation.  It  believes  in  a  primordial 
soul  which  has  had  existence  from  an  earlier 
period  than  primeval  matter,  and  holds  that 
from  the  two  arose  the  spirit  of  life  (Maha- 
natnia).  Theoretically  at  least,  its  devotees 
can  acquire  even  in  this  world  entire  command 
over  elementary  matter  by  certain  ascetic 
practices,  such  as  long  continued  suppression 
of  the  respiration,  inhaling  and  exhaling  the 
breath  in  a  particular  manner,  sitting  in 
eighty-four  attitudes,  fixing  the  eyes  on  the 
tip  of  the  nose,  and  endeavouring,  by  the 
force  of  mental  abstraction,  to  unite  them- 
selves with  the  vital  spirit  which  pervades  all 
nature  and  is  identical  with  Siva.  When  this 
mystic  union  is  effected,  the  Yogi  can  make 
himself  lighter  than  the  lightest,  or  heavier 
than  the  heaviest  substance,  or  as  small  or  as 
large  as  he  pleases ;  he  can  traverse  all  space, 
can  become  invisible,  can  equally  know  the 
past,  the  present,  and  the  future,  and  can 
animate  any  dead  body  by  transferring  to  it 
his  own  spirit ;  finally  he  becomes  united 
with  Siva,  and  is  exempt  from  the  necessity  of 
undergoing  further  transmigrations.  [Yooi.] 

yo'-gt,  yo'-gin,  ».  [Sans.,  &c.,  from  Yoga 
(q.v.)J 

Brahmanim  (PL):  The  Yogis  are  a  Saiva- 
Tite  sect,  founded  by  Goraknatha.  They 
profess  to  be  descendants  of  men  who,  by  the 
practice  of  Yoga  (q.v.),  obtained  power  of 
effecting  supernatural  results.  They  go  about 
India  as  fortune-tellers  and  conjurers.  They 
have  a  temple  at  Gorakhpore,  and  traces  of 
the  order  exist  at  Peshawur. 

yo'-Iok,  yo'-ieks,  5.  [From  the  sound  made.] 
An  old  hunting  cry. 

y6'-!ok,  v.t.  [YoiCK,  «.]  To  cheer  or  urge  on 
with  a  yoick. 

"  Hound*  were  barely  yoidted  Into  It  at  on.  ilJ. 
when  a  fox  waa  tallied  away."— field.  Jan.  23,  IBM. 

yd' -jan,  s.  [Sansc.  yojana,  from  yuj  =  to 
join.*]  In  Hindustan,  a  measure  of  distance 
varying  in  different  places  from  four  to  ten 
miles,  but  generally  reckoned  as  equivalent 
to  five  miles. 

yoke,  *  yooke,  *  yok,  <.  [A.S.  gvx,  fioe, 
toe  =  a  yoke  ;  cogn.  with  Dnt.  juk ;  Icel.  ok ; 
Dan.  aag;  8w.  ok;  Goth,  juk;  O.  H.  Ger. 
joh ;  Ger.  jock ;  Wei.  tan ;  Lat.  jugmn  ; 
(whence  Ital.  giogo;  Sp.  yoyo;  Fr.  jona); 
Russ.  igo;  Lith.  jungas ;  Gr.  fu-yoV  (ntgon); 
Sansc.  yuga  =  a  yoke,  pair,  couple ;  from  the 
same  root  as  Lat.  jungo  =  to  join ;  Qr.  f«vyw 
Mi  (zeugmmi)  =  Eng.  join  (q.v.).] 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(I)  A  bar  which  connect*  two  of  I  kind. 


usually  ;  as,  the  ox-yoke,  fastened  by  bows  on 
the  necks  of  a  pair  of  oxen,  or  by  thongs  to 
the  horns  or  foreheads  of  the  oxen  in  some 
countries.  An  old  contrivance  by  which 
pairs  of  draught  animals,  especially  oxen, 
were  fastened  together.  It  generally  consists 
of  a  piece  of  timber  hollowed  or  made  curving 
near  each  end,  and  fitted  with  bows  for  re- 
ceiving the  necks  of  the  oxen,  by  which 
means  two  are  connected  for  drawing.  From 
a  rin^'  or  hook  in  the  bow  a  chain  extends  to 
the  thing  to  be  drawn,  or  to  the  yoke  of 
another  pair  of  oxen  behind. 

which  never  came  »ot«."— JTumd. 


"A  red  heifer  on  i 
ilx.2. 


(2)  Hence 
yoke :  as — 


applied  to  anything  resembling  a 


(a)  The  neck-yoke,  by  which  the  fore  end 
of  the  tongue  is  suspended  from  the  names  or 
collars  of  a  span  of  horses. 

(6)  A  frame  to  fit  the  shoulders  and  neck 
of  a  person,  and  support  a  couple  of  buckets 
suspended  from  the  ends  of  the  yoke. 

(c)  A  cross-bar  or  curved  piece  from  which 
a  bell  is  suspended  for  ringing  it. 

(ft)  Devices  to  be  attached  to  breachy 
animals,  to  prevent  their  crawling  or  break- 
ing through  or  jumping  over  fences,  are  some- 
times called  yokes. 

(«)  A  branching  coupling  section,  connect- 
ing two  pipes  with  a  single  one,  as  the  hot 
and  cold  water  pipes,  with  a  single  pipe  for  a 
shower-bath. 

(/)  A  head-frame  of  a  grain-elevator,  where 
the  belt  passes  over  the  upper  drum  and  its 
cups  discharge  into  the  descending  chute. 

(a)  A  form  of  carriage  clip  which  straddles 
the  parts,  and  is  tightened  by  nuts  beneath 
the  plate. 

(3)  Something  which  couples,  connects,  or 
binds  together ;  a  bond,  a  link,  a  tie. 

"  Whose  souls  do  bear  an  equal  yoke  of  love." 

Snaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ill.  «. 

(«)  A  pair  of  draught  animals,  especially 
oxen,  yoked  together. 

"  A  half  acre  of  land,  which  a  yoke  of  oxen  might 
plough." — 1  Samuel  xlv.  14. 

(5)  As  much  land  as  might  be  ploughed  by 
a  yoke  of  oxen  in  a  day  ;   hence,  as  much 
work  generally  as  is  done  at  a  stretch  ;  also, 
a  portion  of  the  working-day,  as  from  meal- 
time to  meal-time,  during  which  work  is  un- 
interruptedly  carried  on. 

(6)  Two  upright  spears  with  a  third  crossing 
them  at  the  top  for  vanquished  enemies  to 
pass  under.    In  B.C.  328  the  Samnites  are  said 
to  have  compelled  the  Romans  literally  to  pass 
under  such  a  yoke  as  a  badge  of  servitude. 
The  Romans,  having  afterwards  vanquished 
them,  treated  them  similarly,  B.C.  307  and  294. 

2.  Fig. :  Used  as  an  emblem  of  servitude, 
slavery,  and  sometimes  of  sufferance  or  sub- 
mission generally. 

"  Take  ye  me  my  yok  on  you,  and  lerne  ya  of  ma."— 
Wycliffe  •  Mottle*  xi. 

II.  Kaut. :  A  bar  attached  to  the  rudder- 
head  and  projecting  in  each  direction  side- 
ways ;  to  its  ends  are  attached  the  steering- 
ropes  or  yoke-lines,  which  are  handled  by  the 
coxswain  or  steersman,  or  pass  to  the  drum 
on  the  axis  of  the  steering-wheel.  The  yoke 
is  principally  used  in  rowing-boats. 

yoke-arbor,     ». 

Mach. :  A  form  of  double  Journal-box  for 
pulley-spindles,  in  which  a  curved  branch 
extending  from  one  bearing  to  the  other  on 
each  side  of  the  pulley  serves  to  protect  the 
belt  from  being  chafed  or  otherwise  injured. 

yoke-elm,  «. 

Hot. :  The  Hornbeam,  Carpinns  Betulus. 
So  called  because  yokes  are  made  of  the  wood. 

•yoke-fellow,  ».  One  associated  with 
another  in  labour,  a  task,  undertaking,  or  the 
like ;  one  connected  with  another  by  some 
tie  or  bond ;  a  companion,  an  associate,  a 
mate,  a  partner. 

"  Tokf-ftU'ivt  were  they  long  and  well  approved ." 
Wordsworth  :  Exf  union,  bk.  viL 

yoke-line, yoke-rope, «.  [YOKE,*., II.] 
•yoke-mate,  ».  A  yoke-fellow  (q.v.). 

"  Before  Toulon  thy  yoke-mate  lies, 
Where  all  the  lira-long  night  he  tight." 

Stepney.    (Todd.1 

yoke,  *  yoak,  *  yok  en,  v.t.  &  i.    [YOKE,  «.] 
A.  Trajuitivt: 

I.  Lit.  :  To  join  In  a  yoke ;  to  unite  by  a 
yoke ;  to  put  a  yoke  on. 


IL  Figuratively : 

I.  To  couple  ;  to  join  together. 

"CaMius,  you  are  yoktd  with  a  lamb." 

Shaketp. :  JuUut  c<rtar,  lr.  L 

*2.  To  enslave;  to  bring  into  bondage  or 
servitude. 

"  Theae  are  the  arms 
With  which  he  yoketh  your  relwllious  uecka." 

SAaketf>.     Benry  V.,  it.  «. 

*  3.  To  oppress. 

"Then  were  they  ynat'd  with  garrisons,  and  the 
I'iaces  consecrate  to  their  blomlie  superstitious  d«- 
itroi'd."— it U ton  :  ffitt.  of  England,  bk.  It 

*  4.  To  restrain,  to  confine. 

"  The  words  and  promises  that  yo*« 
Tllp  conqueror,  are  quickly  broke." 

Butter:  Xudibrat.    (Todd.) 

*  B.  Intratu. :  To  join  ;  to  be  coupled  ;  to 
unite. 

41  TIs  a  proper  calliug, 

.And  well  beseems  her  yean ;  who  would  she  yoke  wJtht' 
Beaum.  i  Flet.  :  Rule  a  Wife  and  have  a  Wif«,  L 

yoke-age  (age  as  Ig).  s.    [ROKEAGE.] 

yok'-el.  s.  [Mid.  Eng.  goke=&  fool.  (Of. 
Icel.  gaukr  —  a  cuckoo  ;  Low  Scotch  tjowkxz 
a  cuckoo,  a  fool.)  Skeat  thinks  tliat  yokel 
represents  an  unrecorded  A.S.  geacol  = 
cuckoo-like,  foolish,  from  geac  =  a  cuckoo.) 
A  rustic,  a  countryman  ;  a  country  lout  or 
bumpkin. 

"  Thou  art  not  altogether  the  clumsy  yokel  and  the 
clod  I  took  thee  for." — Blackmore :  Lama  Jiootit 
eh.  xl. 

f  Also  used  adjectively  =  boorish,  loutish, 
rustic. 

yoke  -let,  s.  [Eng.  yoke,  s. ;  dimin.  suff.  -Ut, 
from  its  being  worked  by  a  single  yoke  of 
oxen.]  A  small  tarm.  (Prov.) 

yok'-mg,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [YOKE,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 
I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  putting  a  yoke  on ;  the  act  of 
joining  or  uniting  with  a  yoke. 

2.  As  much  work  as  is  done  by  draught 
animals  at  one  time,  whether  it  be  by  cart  or 

&"ough  ;  hence,  generally,  as  much  work  as 
done  at  a  stretch.    (Scotch.) 
H.  Mining  (PL) :   Pieces  of  wood  used  for 
designating  possession. 

ydk  -»iin,  *.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Bot. :  Arundinaria  Hookeriana. 

*yok'-^t  a.  [Eng.  yok(e),  s. ;  -y.J  Of  or  per- 
taining  to  a  yoke. 

"Their  mane«  .  .  .  fell  through  the  yoky  sphere." 
Chapman  :  Homer ;  Iliad  xvli  Ml 

*yold,    'yolden,    pret.    &,  pa.   par.    qf  9. 

[YIELD,  V.] 

yolk  ^silent),  yglk,  *  yelkc,   *yolko.  i. 

[A.8.  gcoleca.  gioUca  =  ilie  yolk;    lit.  =tba 
yellow  part,  from  geolu  =  yellow  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  yellow  part  of  an  egg.    [Eoo,  ».] 

"  She  layes  her  bretuts  out  too,  like  to  poch'd  egn 
That  had  the  yelks  luckt  out" 

annum.  A  ftct. :  WV«Sor  a  Month,  It, 

2.  The  unctuous  secretion  from  the  skin  of 
sheep  which  renders  the  pile  soft  and  pliable. 

IL  Anat.  A  Bot. :  Vitellus  (q.v.). 

yolk  bag,  t  yolk  sac,  s. 

Compar.  Anat. :  The  sac  or  membranous  bag 
which  contains  the  yolk  or  vitellus.  It  is  an 
organised  and  vascular  covering,  formed  by 
the  extension  of  the  layers  of  the  blastoderm 
over  the  surface  of  the  yolk  within  the  ori- 
ginal vltelline  membrane.  In  man,  it  is  called 
the  umbilical  vesicle,  and  consists  originally 
of  all  the  layers  of  the  blastoderm.  In  flshes 
and  amphibia  these  are  retained  during  the 
whole  existence  of  the  animal.  (Quain.) 

y6n,  *yeon,  a.  &  adv.  [A.S.  ?eon=:yon; 
cogn.  with  Icel.  enn  ;  Goth,  jains  =  yon. 
that ;  M.  H.  Ger.  gener  =  yon,  that ;  Ger. 
jener.] 

A.  As  adj.:  That,  those  yonder;  referring 
to  an  object  or  objects  at    a   distance,  but 
within  view,    (Now  chiefly  used  in  the  poetic 
style.) 

"  To  reform 

Tort  flowery  arbors,  yonder  alleys  gre*n." 

Milton :  P.l..lr.m. 

B.  As  adv. :   In  or  at  that  (more  or  leu) 
distant  place ;  yonder. 

"  Ton,  methlnks  he  stands." 

'      ..  •  JHcfemf  //..  111.  1 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  rather:   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sou,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt. 
<vr,  wore,  woli,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rale.  Hill;  try.  Syrian,     a,  o>  -  e ;  ey      a ;  qn      lew. 


yond— youngster 


5240 


1  yond,  adv.  &  a.  [A.S.  geond  (adv.  &  prep.) ; 
Goth,  jaind  =  there  (adv.).J  LBEYOND-3 

A.  adv. :  Yonder ;  over  there. 

"  Tond  '•  that  same  knave."— Shakup. :  Attt  Wtll, 

111.5. 

B.  As  adj. :  Over  there  ;  yonder. 

"  Do  not  marry  me  to  yond  f  ool."— SAotwp.  .•  Merry 
Witet,  ill.  4. 

*  yond,  o.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob.  connected 
with  yond,  adv.,  in  the  sense  of  through,  ex- 
travagant, or  the  like.]  Mad,  furious. 

"  Florimel  fled  from  that  monster  yond." 

Spcnter:  f.  Q.,  lit  viL  26. 

yond'-er,  a.  &  adv.    [From  yond;  cf.  Goth. 

jaindre  =  there,  yonder.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Being  at  a  distance,  but  within 
view,  or  as  conceived  within  view ;  that  or 
those,  referring  to  persons  or  things  within 
view ;  yon. 

"Which  tf  ye  pleaie.  to  yoitdtr castle  turae  ymirgn.te,™ 
Spenier.  F.Q.,  111.  viii. V 

B.  As  adv. :  At  or  in  that  (more  or  less 
distant)  place ;  over  there  ;  yon. 


In  «hich  my  lord  my  lltge  doth  lucklw.  lie, 
Thrall  to  the  giaufi  hateful  tyrannic." 

Spenuri  /•.«..  I.  Till.  a. 

•yong-hede,  ».  [Mid.  Eng.  yong  =  young, 
and  hede  =  head.]  Youtli. 

*  yongth,  ».    [Mid.  Eng.  yong  =  youth ;  -ft.] 
Youth. 

"  Th.  luity  yonath  of  man's  might." 

Oo«*r:  C\  X.,  Tt 

yo'-nif,  ».  [Sans.,  Hahratta,  &e.  =  the  vulva, 
the  uterus,  origin.] 

Brahmanism :  The  female  power  In  nature, 
represented  by  an  oval,  also  called  yoni.  The 
Supreme  Being,  wishing  to  commence  crea- 
tion, divided  himself  into  two  parts,  one 
Brahma  (q.v.)  and  the  other  Nature ;  from  the 
former  all  males,  from  the  latter  all  females 
originated.  But  the  female  is  regarded  as 
the  real  force  in  nature,  and  that  most  de- 
serving of  worship.  [SAKTA.] 

*  yon'-kor,  ».    [YOUNKEB.] 
yont,  adv.    [YOND.]    (Scotch.) 
yook,  yeuk,  v.t.    [YUCK,  v.} 
yook,  yeuk, ».    [YucK, ».] 

*  yoop,  ».    [Onomatopoetic.]    A  word  expres- 
sive of  a  hiccuping  or  sobbing  sound.  (Thack- 
eray.] 

yore,  adv.  [A.S.  gedra  =  formerly;  orig.  gen. 
pi.  of  gedr  =  &  year.]  In  time  long  past;  long 
•ince ;  in  old  time.  (Now  only  used  in  the 
phrase  '  of  yore '  =  of  old  time  =  long  ago.) 

•*  H  bettor  h»  performed  in  dayi  of  tor.." 

Roto.  :  Low.  for  Love.    (Epllofru.) 

Yore'-dale,  *,    [See  def.) 

Otog. :  A  dale  or  valley,  between  Askrjgg 
and  Mlddleham,  Yorkshire,  through  which 
the  river  Ure  runs. 

Yoredale  series  or  beds,  i.  pi. 

GeoL  :  The  name  given  by  Phillips  to  a 
series  of  beds  in  Yorkshire,  of  Mountain  Lime- 
stone age.  He  divided  them  into  (1)  an  Upper 
Limestone  belt,  consisting  of  alternations  of 
limestone,  often  cherty,  with  sandstones, 
shales,  and  coal-seams,  thickness,  80  to  300 
feet ;  and  (2)  Flagstone  series,  consisting  of 
alternations  of  flagstones,  grits,  shales,  coal- 
seams,  and  a  few  beds  of  limestone,  thick- 
ness, 250  to  400  feet. 

yorlt,  r.l.  or  {.  [YORKER.]  In  cricket,  to  bowl 
with  a  yorker  (q.v.). 

york-er  >.  [Prob.  from  Its  being  first  used 
by  a  Yorkshire  player.]  In  cricket,  a  ball 
bowled  so  as  to  pitch  very  close  up  to  the  bat. 

"...  WM  clMUt  bowled  ID  playing  ]»t«  at  »*or*«-." 
-floli,  ™«rrop».  July  1.  ««. 

York'  1st,  «.    [Eng.  York;  -id.] 

Eng.  Hilt.  (PI):  The  adherents  of  Edward, 
Duke  of  York,  afterwards  Edward  IV.,  King 
of  England.  Their  emblem  was  a  white  rose. 
[ROSE,  i.,  t  (2).] 

York-shire,  s.  [See  def.)  A  county  In  the 
North  of  England. 

Yorkshire-flags,  >.  pi.  Building  flags, 
/of  Carboniferous  age,  brought  for  building 
purposes  from  Halifax,  Bradford,  and  Roch- 
dale. They  readily  absorb  water,  and  are  apt 
to  flake  when  placed  in  damp  situations. 


Yorkshire-fog,  Yorkshire-whites, «. 

Bot. ;  Holcus  lanatus. 

Yorkshire-pit,  s,  A  peculiar  kind  of 
stone  used  for  polishing  marble,  as  also  en- 
gravers' copper  plates. 

Yorkshire-pudding,  *.  A  batter-pud- 
ding baked  under  meat. 

Yorkshire  sanicle,  *. 

Bot. :  Pinguicula  vulgaris,  common  in  York- 
shire. So  named  because  called  Sanicula  by 
Bauhin,  who  believed  it  to  have  healing  pro- 
perties. 

yoV-nut,  *.    [Dan.  jordnod  =  the  earthnut.] 

Bot. :  Bunium  flexuosum.  Called  also  Ar- 
nut,  Yarnut,  and  Yernut.  [EARTHNUTS,  2.  (2).] 

yote,  yoat,  v.t.  [A.S.  ge6tan  =  to  pour ;  cogn. 
with  Goth,  giutan;  Ger.  giessen  =  to  pour.] 
To  water ;  to  pour  water  on.  (Prop.) 

you,  pron.  [A.S.  e6wt  dat.  &  accns  of  ge  =  ye 
(Q- v-)-D  The  nominative  and  objective  of  thou. 
Although  it  is  strictly  applicable  only  to  two 
or  more  persons,  it  has  long  been  commonly 
used  in  addressing  a  single  person,  instead  of 
thou  or  thee,  but  properly  with  a  plural  con- 
struction, as  you  are,  you  were.  It  was  for- 
merly used  even  by  good  writers  with  a  sin- 

•  gular  verb,  as  you  was,  but  this  is  now  con- 
sidered incorrect  and  vulgar.  It  is  frequently 
used  reflexively  for  yourself. 

"  Put  you  lii  your  best  array.* 

Shakttp.  :  At  You  Llkt  It,  %  1 

It  fa  also  used  expletively  or  superfluously : 

(1)  In  easy,  colloquial  or  idiomatic  phrase- 
ology as  a  kind  of  dative. 

"  I  will  roar  you  aa  gently  as  a  sucking  dora." — 

Shakttp.  t  .Viiiiummer't  Xiyhft  Orfam,  i.  2. 

(2)  Emphatically,  sportively,  or  reproach- 
fully, before  a  vocative. 

"  You  madcap.*  Shaketp.  :  Two  Qmtltmtn,  IS,  5. 

(3)  When  you  is  used  both  before  and  after 
a  vocative,  there  is  an  increase  of  playfulness, 
reproachfulness,  tenderness,  or  vituperative 
force, 

**  You  million,  you/" 
Shaketj). ;  Comedy  of  Mrrort,  IT.  4 

T  You  is  also  used  indefinitely,  in  the  same 
manner  as  we  or  they,  for  anyone,  people 
generally ;  and  Is  thus  equivalent  to  the  Fr. 
on,  Eng.  one. 

"  In  tliene  time*  you  ataud  oil  distance. "— a*oJfc«m  ; 
Jitrry  Wivet.  11.  L 

you,*,   [Yu.] 

young,    *  yong,    *  yonge,    *  yoong, 

*  youngo,  *  yung,  a.  &  s.  [A.S.  geong, 
giung,  iung,  geng,  ging  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.Jony; 
Icel.  ungvt  jungv ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  ung ;  O,  H. 
Ger.  June ;  Ger.  jung ;  Goth,  juggs  (torjungs) ; 
Wei.  ieuanc;  Lat,  juvencus,  juvenis ;  Sansc. 
yuvan.] 

A.  At  adjective: 

1.  Being  in  the  first  or  early  stage  of  life ; 
not  long  born ;  not  having  arrived  at  maturity 
or  full  age ;  not  old  (said  of  animals),  as  a 
young  man,  a  young  horse,  Ac. 

2.  Being  in  the   first  or  early   stage  of 
growth. 

**  All  tree*  that  b«ar  muit  hare  an  oily  fruit;  and 
young  treea  have  a  more  watery  julot,  and  lea*  coa- 
cocted."— Bacon. 

3.  Being   in   the    first   or  early  stage  of 
existence  generally ;  not  yet  far  advanced,  of 
long  duration,  or  of  full  development. 

"  HI*  years  but  young." 

ShaJtetp.  ;  Two  tientlemtn,  IL  4. 

4.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  youth ;  spent  or 
passed  during  youth ;  youthful. 

"  Thy  young  day*.** 

Sfcotefl/A, :  Lave't  Labour  i  Lott.  L  S. 

5.  Having  the  appearance  and  freshness  or 
vigour  of  youth ;  youthful  in  appearance  or 
feeling;  vigorous;  fresh. 

6.  Having  little  experience ;  ignorant,  raw, 
green,  inexperienced. 

"  We  are  yet  but  young  Indeed.' 

Shaketp. :  Macbeth,  lit  4. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  offspring  of  an  animal 

collectively. 

"  TU  observable  In  the  other,  that  creature*  leu 
useful,  or  by  their  voracity  pernicious,  have  commonly 
fewer  young.*—  Durham:  Phytioo-Theology,  bk.  iv., 
ch.  x. 

H  (1)  With  young :  Pregnant ;  gravid. 

*'  So  many  dayi  my  ewea  have  been  with  young* 
ShaJcetp.  :  S  Henry  VI.,  It  s. 

(2)  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  : 
Societies:  An   Association,    Inaugurated   In 


London,  June  6,  1844,  the  founder  being  Mr. 
George  Williams.  It  had  for  its  original  object 
the  holding  of  religious  meetings  in  house* 
of  business  in  the  centre  of  London.  Many 
similar  associations  springing  up  and  becom- 
ing affiliated  together,  a  General  Conference  of 
Delegates  from  the  Associations  of  Europe  and 
America  was  held  in  Paris  in  August.  1855, 
and  the  following  Basis  of  Alliance  was  agreed 
to:— 

"The  Touug  Meti'a  Christian  Association!  seek 
to  unite  those  young  men  who,  regarding  the  Lord 
Jeans  Chi  ist  as  their  God  and  Saviour,  according  to 
the  Huly  Scriptures,  desire  to  be  His  disciples  ill  their 
doctrine  and  hi  their  life,  and  to  RnaucUte  their  efforU 
lor  the  extension  uf  His  kingdom  among  young  men." 

No  antagonism  is  intended  towards  th« 
churches  ;  on  the  contrary,  these  association! 

"  consider  it  alike  their  privilege  and  their  duty  to 
lead  young  men  into  the  fellowship  of  the  Churchea, 
and  under  tha  influence  of  the  Chriatiaa  ministry," 

This  Association  soon  made  ite  way  to  the 
United  States,  and  in  1851  branches  were 
established  in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and 
Boston.  It  has  since  progressed  greatly  in 
this  country,  and  possesses  large  aud  fine 
buildings  in  Philadelphia,  New  York,  Brooklyn, 
&c.,  in  which  are  gymnasiums,  libraries,  read- 
ing and  lecture  rooms,  and  every  requisite  to 
make  them  centres  of  Christian  influence. 
There  was  said  to  be,  in  1888,  3,785  associations 
in  existence,  with  267,052  members.  Of  these, 
1  ,240  associations,  with  152,721  members,  were  in 
the  United  States;  605  associations,  with  51,518 
members,  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland;  and  673 
associations,  with  35,752  members,  in  Germany. 
(3)  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  : 
Societies  :  A  society  designed  to  afford  to 
young  women  benefits  similar  to  those  con- 
ferred on  the  other  sex  by  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association.  It  was  founded  in 
1857  by  the  Dowager  Lady  Kinnaird,  and  ha* 
extended  to  the  United  States.  It  has  a  con- 
siderable membership. 

Young  America,  *.  The  rising 
generation  in  this  country;  also  its  character- 
istic notions  and  spirit;  Young  Americana 
collectively. 

Young  England.  *. 

Eng.  Hist.  :  A  small  party  of  young  aristo- 
crats, of  fashionable  tastes,  who,  during  the 
early  manhood  of  Mr.  Disraeli  (afterwards 
Lord  Beaconsfield),  sought  to  model  England 
according  to  their  Conservative  views.  It 
soon  passed  away,  aud  the  name  fell  into 
disuse. 

*  young-eyed,  a.  Having  the  fresh  look 
of  youth. 

young-fustic,  *.    {FUSTIC,  2.] 


r,  *.     [Eng.  young;  •«•.]    A  young- 
ling ;  a  younker. 

young'-Ish.  a.  [Eng.  young  ;  -ish.]  Somewhat 
young  ;  rather  young. 

"  8h«  let  her  Mcotid  room  to  a  ruy  genteel  yeunpiffc 
man."—  TatUr. 

young7  -ite,  s.  [After  John  Young,  of  Glas- 
gow ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  coarsely  crystalline  mineral,  appa- 
rently homogeneous.  Hardness,  6-0;  lustre, 
metallic.  Compos.  :  a  simple  sulphide  of 
lead  and  zinc,  with  varying  amounts  of  iron 
and  manganese. 

young'  -ling,  *  yong-lyng,  «.  &  a.  [Eng. 
young  ;  -ling.] 

A*  As  subst.  ;  An  animal  in  the  first  or  early 
stage  of  life  ;  a  young  person  ;  a  youngster. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Young  ;  youthful. 

"The  mountain  raven's  youngling  brood." 

Wordtvorth  :  Tb*  JUlt  Xhtpherd  Boyt. 

•  young7  ly\  *  yonff-ly,  a.  &  adv.     [Eng. 

young  ;  -ly.\ 

A.  As  adj.  :  Young  ;  youthful. 

"  Berdle*.  with  a  yongly  faoa.* 

tiow:  O.A^-9. 

B.  A»  adverb: 
L  Early  in  life. 

"  How  youngly  he  began  to  serre  hla  country.* 
Sltakttp.  i  Coriotanut,  IL  S 

*  2.  Ignorantly  ;  weakly. 

young  -ndsa,  s.  [Eng.  young;  -aew.J  Tha 
quality  or  state  of  being  young. 

young'-ster,  *.  [Eng.  young;  -ster.]  A  young 
person  ;  a  lad. 
H  Probably  introduced  about  the  time  of 


b6H,  bo'y ;  pout,  Jo^I ;  eat,  90!!,  chorus,  ohln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  09  :  expect,  ^enophon,  exist,   ph  =  C 
tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  -  slon  -  »hun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhuu.    -cioiu,  -tiouB,  -aioua  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del* 


5250 


youngth— yttroilmenite 


Henry  Till,  when  It  had  been  forgotten  that 
the  termination  -Her  was  originally  feminine 
only. 

"  Tin  first  example  of  youngtttr  which  Richardson 
gives  us  Is  from  the  Spectator  [No.  S24J.  If  it  exists  at 
all  In  oar  earlier  literature.  It  will  hardly  be  otherwise 
thau  a*  the  female  correlative  of  the  male  yuunker  or 
'yonker,'  a  word  of  constant  recurrence.  —Trench  : 
tnglt*  Pan  t  Pretemt.  p.  113.  ( Note.  I 


•  youngth,  «.    [Eng.  young;  -tt.)    Youth. 

"  The  mournful  muse  iu  mirth  now  list  ne  mask, 
As  she  was  wont  in  trvunffth  and  summer  days. 

Spenter:  Sbeptierdt  Calender;  November. 

•  younk'-er,  "  yonk-er,  *  yoonk-er,  «. 

(Borrowed  from  Dut.  jonker,  jonkhar,  from 
Jang  =  yonng,  and  heer  =  a  lord,  sir,  gentle- 
man j  O.  Dut.  jtmck-heer,  joncker.}  A  yonng 
person  ;  a  lad  ;  *  yonngster  ;  hence,  an  Inex- 
perienced or  raw  person  or  youth. 

"  Bad)  yonug  novices  and  yoonkert  as  are  of  late 
gone  thither."—  fl  altnikcd  :  Cmquett  of  Ireland.    |£p. 

jrou-pon,  *.   (YAPOS.) 

jroiir,  *  youre,  a.    [A.S.  eimr,  genit.  of  ge  = 

SB  (q.v.)  ;  O.  Sax.  iuwar  ;  Dut.  uwer  ;  O.  H. 
er.  {wimr  ;  Ger.  «<er.  Properly  the  posses- 
sive pronoun  of  the  second  person  plural,  but 
now  commonly  nsed  like  you,  either  as  sin- 
gular or  plural.)  Of  or  pertaining  or  belong- 
ing to  you  :  as,  your  book,  your  house,  &c. 

^  Like  you,  your  Is  used  Indefinitely,  not 
with  reference  to  the  person  addressed,  but 
to  what  is  known  and  common;  sometimes 
also  contemptuously. 

*•  All   your  writers  do  consent  that  Ipee  Is  he."— 
.  .  At  You  Lite  It,  V.  L 


yours,  *  youres,  pass.  pron,  [A.S.  dims, 
genit.  sing,  masculine  and  neuter  of  eawer  = 
your  (q.v.).]  Of  or  belonging  to  you  :  used 
with  reference  to  a  preceding  noun  :  as,  This 
book  la  mine,  that  is  yours. 

1  Used  substantively  = 

0)  That  or  those  belonging  to  yon  ;  your 
property,  friends,  or  relations. 

"  Doth  turn  bis  hate  on  yon  or  yours.* 

S*atei».  :  Richard  III.,  U.  1. 

(2)  Yours  truly,  your*  faithfully,  yoan  to 
Kmmand,  4e.  :  Phrases  Immediately  preced- 
ing the  signature  at  the  end  of  a  letter  :  hence, 
nsed  playfully  by  a  speaker  in  alluding  to 
himself. 

jour-Self  (pL  your-solvea),  pron.  [Eng. 
your,  and  td/,]  You  and  not  another  or  others  ; 
you,  In  your  own  person  or  individuality. 
When  used  as  a  nominative  generally  accom- 
panied by  you,  It  expresses  emphasis  in  oppo- 
sition :  as,  you  must  do  it  yourself,  you  yo-ur- 
tdj  must  do  It  =  you  must  do  It  personally. 
Sometimes  used  without  you. 

*  Carry  yonr  letters  yowrseV." 

ShaJutp.  :  TWO  Gentlemen,  L  1. 

If  '  ii  the  objective  case  it  Is  used  reflexively, 
without  emphasis. 

"Mak.roKTOi/reexty."        Oatetp.  :  Tempe*.  I.  L 

you  th,  *  you  the,  *  yu  we  dhe,  •  yughedhe, 
«.  [A.S.  gedgudh,  giogudh  ;  cogn.  with  O.  Sax. 
jltgudh;  Dut.  jeugd;  O.  H.  Ger.  jvgv.nO.  ;  Ger. 
jvgend.  The  A.S.  geogudh  is  for  geonffudh, 
from  geong  =  young,  with  sutT.  -(A;  hence 
youth  is  for  youngth.}  [YouNO.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  yonng; 
youthfulneas  ;  yomngness. 

-  H  I  bat  smiled  a  sudden  youth  they  found.  • 
tope:  HV«  </«<"*. 

2.  The  part  of  life  which  succeeds  childhood  ; 
the  whole  early  part  of  life  from  Infancy  to 
manhood,  out  it  is  not  unusual  to  find  the 
stages  of  life  divided  into  infancy,  childhood, 
youth,  and  manhood. 

3.  A  yonng  person,  almost   Invariably   a 
young  man.    In  this  case  it  takes  a  plural. 

4.  Young  persons  generally  or  collectively. 

"  file]  bends  his  sturdy  back  to  any  toy, 
That  youM  takes  pleasure  in,  to  please  his  boy." 
Covper  :  Tirocinium,  Mft. 

*  &  Freshness  ;  novelty. 

"  The  if'iti'lr  of  my  new  Interest  here." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ill.  a, 

*  youth-ede,  *  youth  eed,  s.  [Eng.  youth, 
and  hede  =  head.)  Youth  ;  playfulness. 

youth  fill,  *  youth  full,  a.  (Eng.  youth. 
and  -full.} 

1.  Beingin  the  early  stage  of  life;  not  yet  old  ; 
t,  young  ;  not  having  arrived  at  mature  years. 

"  Is  sbe  not  more  than  painting  can  express, 
Or  nout^fltt  poet's  fancy,  when  they  love? 

Kowe:  Fair  penitent.  III 


2.  Pertaining  to  the  early  years  of  life. 

"  In  freshest  floure  of  ynuthfull  yeares." 

Speiuer  :  f.  «.,  L  Is.  (. 

3.  Suitable  or  pertaining  to  youth. 

"  Quickened  with  voixVW  spleen.* 

ahaJcetp.  ;  1  Sfnry  VI.,  IT.  S. 

4.  Fresh  or  vigorous,  as  one  In  youth. 

"  fbulVW  ftmr-SlutUff.  :  Merry  Wtoei,  UL  1. 

*  5.  Applied  to  time  =  early. 

••  The  taut  VW  season  of  the  year." 

Ifcikeiii.  :  Juttut  Cottar.  1L  1. 

youth'-rul-ly,  adv.  (Eng.  youthful;  -ly.] 
In  a  youthful  manner  ;  like  a  youth. 

"Your  attire  .  .  .  not  foutWuUv  wanton  .  .  .  but 
grave  aud  comely."—  Bp.  Ball  :  Semainl.  i.  314. 

youth'-ful-ngss,  ».  [Eng.  youthful  ;  -nest.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  youthful  or 
young;  youth. 

"  Speaklur  some  words  that  savoured  too  much  of 
lusty  t-'uthJulnr-u'—P.  SoUand:  Pltuardi.  p.  ;«. 

*  youth'-hood.  a.  (Eng.  youth  ;  .Aood.] 
Youth  ;  youthfalness  ;  time  of  youth. 

"  Every  wise  man  has  a  youthhood  once  In  bis  life." 
—  e  :  £>tglifk  Malady,  p.  32. 


'-iy,  a.      (Kng.  youth;  -ly.]     Of  or 
pertaining  to  yonth  ;  youthful. 

"  Therein  bare  I  spent  all  my  sroulUy  days." 

Spenter:  f.  O,  II.  i.i.  n. 

*  youth'-sdmo,  o.     (Eng.  youth  ;  -tome.} 
Youthful,  younglike,  Juvenile. 

"I  found  him  drinking,  and  very  Jolly  and  svttfA- 
tome."—J3epya  :  /Nary,  Oct.  81.  1M1. 

youth'-wort,  5.    (Kng.  youth,  and  wort.] 
Eot.  :  Drosera  rotund(folia. 

•youth'-?,   a.     [Eng.  youth;   -y.]     Young, 
youthful. 

"  The  sorlbbler  bad  not  genius  to  tarn  my  age.  as 
Indeed  I  am  an  old  maid,  into  raillery,  for  affecting  a 
youthier  turn  than  Is  consistent  with  my  time  of 
d*y.~—Steeie:  Spectator,  No.  996. 


«.  [Chinese.]  A  small  Chinese 
boat,  Impelled  with  one  scull,  used  on  rivers 
and  in  well-protected  harbours  and  load- 
steads.  (Young.) 

"yove,  pnt.ofv.    [Qira.] 
yowe,  t.    (EWE.)    (Prop.) 

v.i.    [YAWL,  YELL.]    (Pro*.) 

».    (YELL,  ».]    (Pror.) 

*  yoxe,  v.l.     (A.8.  ghsian  =  to  Ktb,  to  »Igli.J 
[YEX.J    To  hiccough  or  hiccup. 

•  yptght,  fa.  par.  of  r.    [PIOHT.  J 


g:,  a.    [Pref.  y-,  and  Eof.  point- 
ing.}   Pointing  or  directed  towards. 

*•  A  star  vpotmtinff  pyramid." 

Milton  :  EpUaptt  on  Sltalutpeare. 

yp  6  le'-imo,  s.  [Gr.  imttawta  (kupoMmma) 
=  a  remnant.) 
JU~tik  :  The  same  as  PSEDDOMALACH  ITE  (q.v.). 

y-pon-4-meu'-ta,  «.    [HTPOJCOMEDTA.] 

y-pon-o-meu'-tl-dse,  «.  pi.  (HYFONOHZU- 
TIMb] 

Ypres  (as  t-pre),  ».    [See  componnd.) 

Ypre«  lace,  s.  The  finest  and  most  ex- 
pensive kind  of  Valenciennes  lace,  made  at 
Ypres  in  Belgium. 

yp-»lp'-5-t«3$,  !.  [Gr.  v^imrnjc  (hupstpetli) 
=  liigli-flying  :  v4i(.  (hupti)  =  high,  and  KTO/KU 
(petomai)  =  to  fly.) 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Larentidn  with  three 
British  species  :  Ypsipetes  ruberata,  the  Buddy 
Highflyer,  Y.  impluviala,  the  May  Highflyer, 
and  Y.  tlvtaia,  the  July  Highflyer. 

yp-sol'-o  phiig,  i.  [Gr.  vifioAo^ot  (hupsolo- 
phos)  =  having  a  high  crest:  £tyi  (Aupsj)  = 
high,  and  Ao^os  (lophos)  =  a  crest.) 

Entom.:  A  genus  of  Gelechidse  (q.v.).  La- 
bral  palpi  having  the  second  joint  beneath 
like  a  brush,  the  terminal  one  smooth,  pointed, 
and  recurved. 

•  y-ren,  *  y-ron,  ».  4  o.   [IROH.I 

•  yrke,  *  yrk,  v.t.    [IRK.) 

•  y-ron,  s.  &  a.    [IRON.] 

yron  hard  (yron  as  i  ern),  i.    [Mid.  Eng. 
yron  =  iron,  and  Eng.  hard.] 
Bot.  :  Ccntaurea  nigra.    (Gerardt.) 


*  y-same',  adv.    [A..S.  gtsam=  together.)   To. 
gether ;  mixed  up. 

"In  a  bag  all  sorts  of  seeds  ytame  ' 

[let,)  *—••'•«-«• 


"  Now  aleep  vanned  bath  the  rout.' 

Sltak-n  t  Perictei,  liu     (Prol.  L) 

ff-tSr-bite,  ».  [After  Yttcrby,  Sweden, 
where  first  found  in  distinct  crystals  •  sutf 
-ite  (Afin.).] 

Min. :  The  same  as  GADOLIHITE  (<i.v.), 
yt'-ter-ite,  s.  [YTTEBBITE.] 

Uin. :  The  same  as  TENOEBITE  (q.».). 
fV-tri-t),  «.  (YTTEIUX.) 

Chem.:  [YTTEIUM-OXIDE]. 

yf-tri-otis,  a.  [YTTEIUM.]  Of  or  pertaining; 
to  yttria ;  containing  yttrio. 

y't'-trf-fim,  f.  [Latinised  from  Ytterby,  a 
town  in  Sweden. 

Chem.:  A  dyad  earth-metal,  symbol  Y, 
atomic  weight  til-T,  existing,  togetlier  with 
erbium,  as  a  silicate  in  gadolinite.  It  is  ob- 
tained in  the  metallic  state  by  digesting  the 
mineral  with  hjdrochloric  acid,  precipitating 
with  oxalic  acid,  dissolving  the  oxalates  formed 
in  nitric  acid,  and  separating  by  a  series  of. 
fractional  crystallizations  ;  the  erbium  salt, 
being  the  less  soluble  of  the  two,  crystallizing 
out  first.  On  converting  the  nitrate  Into  a 
chloride,  aud  igniting  with  potassium,  the 
metal  is  obtained  as  a  blackish-gray  powder, 
consisting  of  small,  metallic,  lustrous  scales. 
It  unites  directly,  at  high  temperatures,  with 
chlorine,  oxygen,  and  sulphur,  and  probably 
with  other  metalloids.  The  mineral  Gadolinite 
is  largely  silicate  of  Yttria,  and  contains  about 
40  per  cent,  of  the  oxide  of  Yttrium.  It  has 
been  found  in  large  quantities  in  Texas,  and 
more  sparingly  in  'Sweden  and  Norway.  The- 
oxide,  YjOa,  is  a  yellowish-white  powder. 

yttrium-carbonate,  «.    [TENOEKITE.) 
yttrium-garnet,  s. 

liin. :  A  variety  of  garnet  occurring  in 
Norway,  containing,  according  to  Bergemauu, 
sometimes  as  much  as  6'66  per  cent,  of  yttria. 

yttrium-oxide,  t. 

Chem. :  YO.  Yttris.  A  soft  white  powder, 
obtained  by  Igniting  the  oxalate.  When  boiled 
in  hydrochloric,  nitric,  or  sulphuric  acids,  it 
dissolves  slowly  but  completely,  forming 
colourless  salts,  and,  when  ignited,  it  glows, 
with  a  pure  white  light 

yttrium-phosphate,  t.    [XENOTIME.] 

jrt-tr6-,  prff.  [YTTRIUM.]  Containing  or  re- 
sembling yttrium  (q.v.). 

yt-tr6-cJU'-«ite,  ».    [Pref.  yttro-,  and  Eng. 

calcitt.} 

Aft*. :  The  same  as  YTTROciRrrE  (q.T.). 

yt-trA-cer'-ite,  ».     [Pref.  yttro-    and  Eng. 

cerife.J 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring, associated  with 
albite  and  topaz,  at  various  places  near  Fahlun, 
Sweden ;  lately  found  at  a  few  localities  m 
the  United  States.  Hardness,  4  to  6  ;  sp.  gr. 
8-447 ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  pearly ;  colour, 
violet-blue  shading  to  white.  Coiupos. :  vari- 
able, consisting  of  the  fluorides  of  calcium, 
cerium,  aud  yttrium. 

jft-trd-co'-lum'-bite,  «.     [Pref.  yltro-,  and 
Eng.  columbite.] 
llin. :  The  same  as  YrrBOTANTALrrE  (q.v.). 

yt-tro-gum'-mite,  s.  fPref.  yttro-,  and  Eng. 
gummite.} 

Min. :  A  mineral  found  associated  with 
cleveite  (of  which  it  is  probably  a  decom|>nsi- 
tion  product),  near  Arendal,  Norway.  Ilunl- 
ness,  5'0  ;  lustre,  brilliant ;  colour,  black  to  *• 
yellow;  translucent;  fracture,  conclinidal. 
Compos. :  a  hydrated  oxide  of  yttrium  and 
nraniutn. 

y  t  tro  il   men-ite. ».  [Pref.  vttro-.  and  Eng. 
Umenite.} 
Mineralogy  ; 

1.  A  variety  of  yttrotantallte  In  which  Her- 
mann supposed  he  had  found  a  new  element, 
his  ilmeninra. 

2.  The  same  as  SAHARSKITE  (q.v.). 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t. 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    te,ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu     kw. 


yttrotantalite— zalophus 


5351 


ft-tro-t£n  -ta-lite,  s.  [Pi-ef.  ytlro-,  and  Eng. 
tantalite.] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occurring, 
in  crystals  and  massive,  in  felspar  and  quartz, 
at  Ytterby  and  Fahlun,  Sweden.  Hardness, 
5  to  5-5  ;  sp.  gr.  5-4  to  5-9  ;  lustre,  vitreous  to 
greasy ;  colour, 


black,  brown,  shades  of  yel- 
IUVT  ,  opaque  to  subtranslucunt ;  fracture, 
conchoidal.  Compos,  r  a  tantalate  of  yttria 
and  lime,  with  sometimes  iron  and  protoxide 
of  uranium,  a  mean  of  several  analyses  yield- 
Ing  :  tantalit!  acid,  62'5  ;  yttria,  22'6 ;  lime, 
5"2 ;  protoxide  of  iron,  3'4 ;  protoxide  of 
uranium  0'3=100,  which  corresponds  to  the 
formula  10(YO,FeO,CaO,UO)8Ta0.s. 

yt-tr6-tl  '-tan-lte,  ».    [Pref.  yttro-,  and  Eng. 
lilanite.] 
A/in. .-  The  same  as  KEILHAUITE  (q.v.). 

yu,  s.    [See  def.]     The  Chinese  name  for  ne- 
phrite or  jade  (q.v.). 

ytic'-ca,  s.   (The  Peruvian  name  of  one  species 
of  the'genus.] 

Bot. :  Adam's  Needle ;  a  liliaceous  genus 
doubtfully  placed  under  Tulipea.  Bvergreen 
shrubs,  their  stem  tending  to  arborescence, 
crowned  by  a  circle  of  linear,  lanceolate,  rigid 
leaves,  from  the  centre  of  which  rises  a  large 
panicle  of  snow-white,  whitish-green,  or  cream- 
coloured  flowers.  Perianth  bell-shaped,  its 
segments  without  nectaries ;  stamens  cla- 
vat«,  style  wanting,  fruit  capaular,  hexagonal, 
with  three  cells  and  numerous  flat  seeds. 
From  tha  hotter  parts  of  America.  Yucca, 
gloriosa,  Common  Adam's  Needle,  has  an  up- 


YUCCA  OLUK1O3A   AND   FLOWER. 

right  stem,  a  panicle  of  flowers  three  feet 
long,  and  a  total  height  in  America  of  ten  or 
twelve  feet,  though  the  cultivated  plant  IB 
usually  very  much  smaller.  It  is  a  native 
of  the  United  States  from  Virginia  to  Mexico 
and  Texas.  Its  fruit  is  purgative;  its  stem 
yields  starch  and  also  a  fibre  well  adapted  for 
paper-making.  Y.angu&tifolia&ud  Y.Jtiamentosa 
have  also  fibres  which  may  be  similarly  used. 
The  last-named  species,  called  the  Silk  grass, 
has  panicles  of  pendulous  cream-colored  flowers. 
Y.  JUtfera  or  vaecata,  the  Spanish  Bayonet,  or 
Mexican  Banana,  bears  an  edible  fruit 


i.      [Dut.   jeuken,  joken  ;    Low  Ger, 
joken;  Ger.jucken  =  to  itch.]  To  itch.  (Prow.) 

yuck,  s.  [YucK,  «.]  The  Itch,  or  scabies. 
(Prou.) 

yu  -en,  t.    [WOOYM.] 

yufts,  ».  [Russ.  yvft.]  A  kind  of  Russian 
leather,  which,  when  well  prepared,  is  of  a 
good  red  colour,  soft  and  pinguid  on  the  sur- 
face and  pleasant  to  the  touch,  with  an  agree* 
able,  peculiar  odour.  (Simmonds.) 

yu'-ga,  yo&'-g^,  s.  [Sansc.  ydga,  from  yuj 
=  to  join.] 

Hindoo  Chron. :  One  of  the  periods  into  which 
the  past  history  of  the  globe  may  be  divided. 
There  are  fouryugas:  the  Satya  Yuga,  contain- 
ing 1,728,000  years  ;  the  Treta  Yuga,  1,296,000  ; 
the  Owapara  Yuga,  884,000  years ;  and  the  Kali 
Yuga,  now  in  progress,  began  about  B.c.  8094, 
and  which  will  extend  to  432,000years.  Horace 
Hayman  Wilson  pointh  out  that  these  numbers 
originate  in  the  descending  arithmetical  pro- 
gressions of  4,  3,  2,  1,  according  to  the  notions 
of  diminishing  virtue  in  the  several  ages 
applied  to  a  cycle  of  12,000  divine  years,  each 
equal  to  360  years  of  mortals  ;  and  12,000  x 
360  is  =  4,320,000,  the  periods  of  the  four 
yugas  added  together.  (Mill:  Hiet.  of  Brit. 
India  (ed.  4th),  i.  166-157). 


yu'-lan,  s.     [Chinese  (!).] 

Bot. :  Magnolia  conspicua  (=  M,  Yulan),  a 
tree,  a  native  of  China,  where  it  is  forty  or 
fifty  feet  high,  though  in  Englaud  but  twenty 
or  twenty-five.  It  has  large,  brilliant  snow- 
white  flowers,  sinning  forth  from  gray  and 
naked  branches  early  in  spring  before  the 
leaves  appear. 

yule,  "yole,  s.  [A.S.  iula,  geola;  geolt  gehhol, 
gehhel ;  cogu.  with  Icel.  j6l ;  Uau.  juul ;  Sw. 
jut.  A  word  of  doubtful  origin.  Skeat  pre- 
fers the  solution  given  by  Fick,  viz.,  that 
I/« te  =  noise  or  outcry,  and  especially  the  loud 
sound  of  revelry  and  rejoicing  ;  cf.  Mid.  Eng. 
goulen,  gotten  =  to  lament  loudly  ;  Eng.  yawl 
(v.);  A.S.  g<llan=  to  make  merry,  to  keep 
festival ;  Icel.  tfla  =  to  howl,  make  a  noise  ; 
Ger.  jolen,  jolden,  jodeln  =  to  sing  in  a  high- 
pitched  voice.  From  this  word  comes  (through 
the  French)  jolly  (q.v.).]  The  old  English, 
and  still,  to  some  extent,  the  Scotch  and  Nor- 
thern name  for  Christmas,  or  the  Feast  of  the 
Nativity  of  Our  Lord. 

"  Sitting  at  their  banket  oo  the  twelft  day  in  Christ- 
mas, otherwise  called  i/ul4."—Jfulinth«d;  UM,  Boot- 
land  :au.  1219). 

yule-block,  *.    A  yule-log  (q.v.). 

yule-log,  s.  A  large  log  of  wood,  often  a 
tree-root,  forming  the  basis  of  a  Christmas 
fire  in  the  olden  time. 

yule  tide,  s.  The  season  or  time  of 
Christmas ;  Christmas. 

t  y-un'-gi-d»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  yunx,  gen  it, 
yun<j(is);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  surf,  -idee.] 

Ornith. :  A  family  of  Ficarian  Birds,  with 
one  genus,  lunx  or  Yunx  (q.v.). 

jr-unx',  I-unx',  *.  [Lat.  iynx,  iunx,  from 
Gr.  lvy£  (iungx)  =  the  wryneck  (q.v.).] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Picidse  (sometimes 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  family,  YungiUaj),  with 
five  species,  characteristic  of  the  Pal*;irctic 
region,  but  extending  into  North  and  East 
Africa,  over  the  greater  part  of  India  (but  not 
to  Ceylon),  and  just  reaching  the  lower  ranges 
of  the  Himalayas.  There  is  also  one  species 
isolated  in  South  Africa.  Beak  shorter  than 
head,  hard,  straight,  nearly  conical,  sharp  at 
tip ;  nostrils  basal,  linear,  closed  by  a  mem- 
brane ;  tongue  protrusile,  with  smooth,  horny 
tip  ;  wings  moderate,  tail  somewhat  rounded ; 
tarsi  strong,  slightly  feathered  in  front  above ; 
two  toes  before  and  two  behind  ;  claws  much 
hooked,  grooved,  and  very  sharp.  The  name 
of  the  genus  should  properly  be  lunx,  but 
the  misspelling  of  Linnaeus  (Syst.  Nat.,  ed. 
12th,  i.  172)  has  been  followed  by  the  majority 
of  authors,  though  now  there  is  a  tendency  to 
revert  to  the  correct  spelling. 

yu  -pon,  «.    [YAPON.] 

yurt,  s.  (Native  name.]  The  name  given  to 
houses  or  tents,  whether  permanent  or  mov- 
able, used  by  the  natives  of  Northern  Asia  or 
Siberia. 

yux,  «.    [YEX,  YOIE.]    A  hiccough  or  hiccup. 
yux,  v.i.    [Yux,  «.]    To  hiccough  or  hiccup. 

*  y-ve,  8.    [IVY.] 

*  y-vei,  «.  &  adv.    [EVIL.J 
*y-voire,  *.    [IVORY.] 

*y-wls',  adv.  [A.S.  gewiss,  gtiets  =  certain, 
sure ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  gewia ;  Ger.  gewiss  = 
certainly.]  [Wis.J  Certainly,  verily,  truly. 

*  y-wrake,  *  y-wroke,  pret.  &  pa*  par.  of 

V.\      [WBEAK,  «.] 

*y-wrle,  pa.  par.  IA.S.  weon.]  [Wait) 
Covered. 


5,  the  last  lete  of  the  English  alphabet,  Is  a 
sibilant  consonant,  and  is  merely  a  vocal  or 
sonant  a,  having  exactly  the  same  sound  as  « 
in  please,  ease,  wise,  &c.  The  words  in  modern 
English  which  begin  with  z  are  all  derived 
from  other  languages,  principally  from  Greek. 
It  was  not  known  in  the  oldest  English.  When 
not  initial,  it  frequently  represents  an  older  s, 


as  dizzy  =  A.S.  dysig,  freeze  =  A.S.  freoaan, 
&c.  It  also  stands  for  a  French  c  or  s,  as  in 
hazard,  lizard,  buzzard,  seize.  Z  has  intruded 
tntooinMn=:Fr.  citoyen.;  and  it  has  changed 
into  g  in  ginger  =  Lat.  zingiberi.  As  a  linal  it 
occurs  in  some  ouoiuato  poetic  words,  as  in 
buzz,  whizz,  &c.  lu  some  southern  dialects, 
as  Kentish  and  Somerset,  it  is  commonly  used 
for  s.  In  German  it  is  very  common,  being  a 
double  consonant  with  the  sound  of  tts  ;  and 
similarly  in  Greek  it  was  also  a  double  con- 
sonant, representing  the  sounds  ds  or  ad.  In 
Britain  It  is  called  zed;  in  America,  aed,  or 
MB. 

*za,  s.    [From  the  sound.] 

Music  :  The  seventh  harmonic,  as  heard  in 
the  horn  or  £olian  string.  It  corresponds  to 
Bflat 

za'-ba-I$m,  za'-bi$m,  s.    [SADIANISM.] 

za'-bi-an»  a.  &  a.    [SABIAN.] 

za'-brus,  «.    [Gr.  £o£p6«  (zobros)  —  voracioua. 


Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Carabidee,  sub-family 
Pterostichinse.  Zabrus  gibbus  is  a  broadly 
oblong  beetle  of  dark-bronze  hue,  found  occa- 
sionally in  England,  but  abundant  in  parts  of 
the  continent. 

za-bu-ca'-j9,  s.     [Native  name.] 

zabucajo  nuts,  s.  pi. 

Bot.,  <£c.  (PL)  :  The  fruit  of  Lecythis  Zabucajo, 
a  South  American  plant.  The  nuUi,  two  inches 
long  and  one  broad,  enclosed  in  urn-like  fruitt, 
are  imported  into  England  and  eaten.  (SAPU- 
CAJA.] 

Zac  -che-an,  s.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  (PI.):  A  local  name  for  the 
Gnostics,  mentioned  by  Epiphunius^  but 
without  adding  where  they  were  so  called, 
Probably  from  some  leader  named  Zaccheus. 

za  9111  tha,  za-fyn'-tha,  8.  [Lat.  Zadn- 
thus  —  Xante,  the  island  in  which  the  genui 
was  first  found.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Lactucese,  with  only  ont 
known  species,  Zacintkaverrucosa,  an  annual, 
with  divided  leaves  ;  an  involucre,  becoming 
fleshy  ;  the  inner  scales  folded,  the  outer 
membranous  ;  pappus  hairy  ;  achenes  flat- 
tened, wingless.  The  plant  is  used  in  the 
Mediterranean  countries  as  a  phaga-denic. 

zadd,  s.  [An  Abyssinian  name  of  the  tree  de- 
scribed.] 

Bot.  :  Juniperus  procerat  one  of  the  largest 
trees  in  Abyssinia,  producing  a  hard  and  dura- 
ble wood  much  employed  in  that  country  for 
building  purposes. 

zaf'-fire  (re  as  er)t  zaf  -far,  zaf  -fir, 

zaph'-a  ra,  s.    [The  word  is  probably  of 
Arabic  o'rigin  ;  Fr.  &  Sp.  zafre  ;  Ger.  zajfir.} 

Ckem.  :  An  impure  basic  arsenate  of  cobalt, 
prepared  by  roasting  speiss-  cobalt.  It  is  em- 
ployed in  painting  on  glass  and  porcelain,  for 
which  purpose  it  must  be  free  from  iron. 
[COBALT.] 

za'-im,  *.    [Turk.]    A  Turkish  chief  or  leader. 

za  I  met,  8.  [Turk.]  An  estate  ;  a  district 
from  which  a  zaim  draws  his  revenue. 

za  -la,  9.    [BORAX.] 

za  lac'-ca,  s.  [Latinised  from  its  Javanese 
name  saixak.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Pinnated  Calameae.  Stem- 
less  palms  with  spines  on  the  sheathing  pe- 
tioles ;  dioecious  flowers,  with  many  spathes  ; 
the  males  in  pairs,  and  the  female  solitary, 
both  surrounded  by  bracts  ;  fruit  armed  with 
overlapping  scales,  with  two  or  three  seeds 
encased  in  a  fleshy  covering.  Species,  six  or 
seven,  natives  of  Burmah,  Assam,  Malacca, 
Ac.,  where  they  grow  in  moist  places  in  dense 
masses,  constituting  nearly  impenetrable 
thickets.  The  pulpy  covering  of  the  seeds  is 
eaten  by  the  Burmese,  and  the  plant,  in  con- 
sequence, is  sometimes  cultivated. 

t  zal'-o-phus,  s.  [Gr.  <a-  («•),  Intensive,  and 
Ao</>os  (lophos)  =  a  crest.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Otariidae,  with  two 
species,  from  the  North  Pacific  and  the  shores 
of  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  Separated 
from  Otaria  (q.v.)  by  some  authors  on  account 
of  the  great  skull-crest. 


;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hln.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenopbon,  eyist.    -ing. 
-tion.  -*ion  =  »hun  ;  -fion,  -fion  =  zbfin.    -clou*,  -Uoua,  -aiona  =  shu*.   -ble,  -Ole.  Ac,  =  bel,  del. 


b6y;  ptffct, 
-eiaa. 


5252 


zamang— zea 


Ka-mang,  s.     [Native  name.] 

hot. :  Pithecolobium  Saman,  an  immense 
tree,  with  a  top  some  hundred  feet  in  cireuin- 
fereuce,  growing  in  Venezuela. 

-b6,  *.  (Sp.  =  bandy-legged  ...  ft 
zambo.]  The  child  of  a  mulatto  and  a  negro, 
also  sometimes  of  an  Indian  and  a  negro. 
Also  written  Sambo. 

Zam  -  bo  -  ni,  s.  [Giuseppe  Zamboni,  an 
Italian  physician  and  medical  author  (1776- 
184<j),  who,  in  conjunction  with  De  Luc,  in- 
vented the  pile  which  bears  the  name  of  the 
former.]  (See  compound.) 

Zamboni's  pile,  *. 

Elect. :  A  dry  voltaic  pile  or  battery  in- 
vented by  Zamboni.  Paper  silvered  on  one 
side  is  damped  and  coated  on  the  other  with 
manganese  dioxide :  half  a  dozen  of  these 
sheets  being  superposed  to  save  time,  discs 
are  punched  out,  and  1,000  to  2,000  single 
sheets  are  compressed  in  a  glass  tube  with 
metal  caps  and  knobs  at  the  ends.  Such  a 
pile  retains  its  activity  for  years,  and  will 
charge  a  Leyden  jar,  though  it  will  not  give 
shocks  or  sparks. 

za  ml  a,  s.  [Lat.  =  a  pine  cone,  which,  when 
suffered  to  decay  upon  the  tree,  injured  the 
succeeding  crop  (Pliny),  hence  applied  by 
Lmnieus  to  this  genus,  in  allusion  to  the 
sterile  appearance  of  the  male  fructification ; 
Or.  ^Tjuia.  (zemia)  =  loss,  damage.] 

Bot.:  A  genus  of  Cycadacese.  Trees  of  mod- 
erate size,  with  trunk,  the  woody  tissue  of 
which  has  its  tubes  marked  by  circular  discs. 
The  stem  is  terminated  above  by  a  single  bud, 
which  ultimately  opens  into  a  circle  of  leaves, 
usually  thick,  and  pinuatitid  with  spiny  mar- 
gins. The  vernation  is  gyrate.  The  flowers, 
which  are  dioecious,  are  in  tesselated  catkins ; 
the  males  having  abrupt  scales,  with  the  oval 
anthers  sessile  beneath  them ;  the  females  with 
peltate  scales,  each  with  two  seeds.  The 
fruit  is  drupaceous.  In  aspect  the  species 
partly  resemble  palms,  and  partly  tree-ferns ; 
in  affinity  they  are  nearer  the  latter  than  the 
former,  but  rise  considerably  above  them  in 
organization.  Natives  of  tropical  America, 
tropic*!  Asia,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
Australia.  Zamia  caff r a  is  the  Bread-tree 
Zamia.  It  is  six  or  seven  feet  high,  and  is 
a  native  of  south-eastern  Africa,  where  the 
Caffres  and  the  Hottentots  make  cakes  of  the 
pith  after  it  has  putrefied.  Z.  spiralis  has 
many  smooth  leaflets,  with  a  few  spines  at  the 
tip.  It  grows  in  Australia,  where  the  natives 
eat  the  fruit.  The  stems  of  Z.  tennis  and 
Z.  furfuracea,  and  the  seeds  of  Z.  pumila,  in 
the  West  Indies,  yield  arrowroot. 

zam  In  dar',  *.    [ZEMINDAR.] 

za  mi  os  tro-biis,  *.  (Lat.  zamia  (q.v.), 
and  Gr.  <rrp6/3os  (strobos)  =  a  top.] 

Pakeobot. :  A  genus  of  Cycadacese.  One 
species  occurs  in  the  British  Jurassic  rocks, 
one  in  the  Wealden,  and  there  are  two  from 
the  Upper  Greensand.  (Etheridge.) 

tza'-mlte,  *.    [ZAHITES.] 

Palceobot, :  Any  individual  of  the  genus 
Samites. 

xa-mi'-tes,  *.  [Lat  zamia  (q.v.) ;  suff.  -««.] 
Palcsobot. :  A  genus  of  Cycadaeese,  akin  to 
the  recent  Zamia.  In  Brrtain,  from  the  Khte- 
tic  to  the  Lower  Jurassic.  (Etheridge.)  A 
species  also  exists  in  the  Miocene  flora  of  the 
Arctic  regions, 

za  mouse ,  5.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Bos  brachycerus,  from  the  tropical 
parts  of  Western  Africa,  known  at  Sierra 
Leone  as  the  Bush  Cow.  Colour  pale  chest- 
nut, hair  thin  and  nearly  erect ;  forehead 
flatter  than  in  other  buffaloes ;  horns  short, 
sharp,  wide  apart  at  base,  extending  outward 
and  upward,  then  suddenly  incurving ;  ears 
very  large,  with  three  rows  of  long  hairs 
springing  from  the  inside,  and  a  tuft  of  long 
hairs  at  the  tip ;  dewlap  entirely  absent. 

zampogna  (as  dzam  po  -nya),  s. 
Music: 

1.  The  Italian  bagpipes. 

2.  A  rough-toned  reed  instrument  shaped 
like  a  flageolet. 

•zam'-tite.  «.    [See  del] 

Min. :  A  misprint  for  Zaratite  (q.v.). 


zan  clus,  s.  [Gr.  £ayjcAir  (mngkle)  =  *  reaping- 
hook.) 

1.  Ichtky.  :  A  genus  of  Carangidse,  from  the 
Pacific  Ocean.     Body  much  compressed  and 
elevated  ;  one  dorsal,  with  seven  spines,  the 
third  of  which  is  greatly  elongated  ;  no  teeth 
on  palate  ;  scales  minute,  velvety.    There  is 
but  one  species,  Zanclus  comutu*,  easily  re- 
cognized by  its  long  snout  and  by  the  broad 
bauds  crossing  the  yellow  ground-colour.     It 
is  about  eight  inches  long,  and    undergoes 
various  changes  in  its  development 

2.  PalfEonL :   From  the  Eocene  of  Monte 
Bolea. 

zand,  s.     [ZEND.] 

zand  -mole,  s.    [Dut]    [SAND-MOLE.] 

zan-m-chei  -li-a,  s.  [Named  after  John 
Jerome  Zaiinichelli,  a  Venetian  apothecary 
and  botanist  (1662-1729).] 

Bot. :  Horned  Pond-weed,  a  genus  of  Naia- 
dacete.  Water-plants  with  submerged,  linear 
leaves  and  minute  flowers,  generally  monoe- 
cious. Barren  flowers,  with  the  perianth 
wanting,  and  a  solitary  stamen  with  a  two-  to 
four-celled  anther.  Fertile  flowers  with  a 
perianth  of  one  leaf,  four  or  more  stamens,  an 
elongated,  undivided  style,  a  peltate  stigma, 
and  nearly  sessile  achenes.  Known  species, 
one  or  more,  from  temperate  and  tropical 
climes.  If  only  one  species  exists  it  is  Zan- 
nidieUia  palustris,  the  Common  Horned  Pond- 
weed,  which  floats  in  ditches  and  stagnant 
waters. 

za-no  nl-a,  s.  [Named  after  James  Zanoni, 
"superintendent  of  the  Botanical  Garden  at 
Bologna,  and  author  of  a  work  on  plants  pub- 
lished in  1673.  He  died  in  1682.  J 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Nhandirobese.  Climbing 
plants  with  cordate  leaves,  their  axils  bearing 
tendrils  with  clusters  of  dioecious  flowers. 
The  males  have  a  three-lobed  calyx,  a  rotate 
corolla  with  the  limb  five  parted,  and  five 
stamens  with  one-celled  anthers.  Female 
with  three  styles,  and  a  three-celled  ovary 
developing  into  a  fleshy  fruit  The  leaves  of 
Zanonia  indim,  beaten  up  with  milk  and 
batter,  are  applied  as  a  liniment  in  antispas- 
rnodic  affections.  They  are  also  used  in 
baths  in  nervous  diseases. 

zan'-te,  s.  [See  def.]  A  golden-yellow  species 
of  sumach  from  the  island  of  Zante,  in  the 
Mediterranean,  used  for  dyeing.  Called  also 
Young  Fustic,  and  Fustet 

zante- wood,  5. 

(1)  Rkus  Cotimts.     [Reus,  FUSTIC  (2).] 

(2)  Chloroxylon  Swietenia.    [CHLoaoxvix>N.] 

zan  thox^-luxn,  s.    [See  def.] 

t  Bot. :  Another  spelling  of  Xanthoxylon 
(q.v.). 

Zan'-ti-ote,  Zan  -tl-ot,  «.  [See  def.]  A 
native  of  Zante,  one  of  the  Ionian  Islands. 

za'-ny,  s.  [O.  Ital.  Zane  =  John  ...  a  gull, 
a  noddy,  a  clown,  a  fool  or  simple  fellow  in  a 
play ;  Ital.  Zanni  =  Giovanni  =  John.  [JOHN, 
(1).]  A  subordinate  buffoon,  whose  office  was 
to  make  awkward  attempts  at  mimicking  the 
tricks  of  the  professional  clown  ;  hence,  a 
buffoon  in  general,  a  merry-andrew. 

"  Approbation  which  those  very  people  give,  equally 
with  me.  to  the  tanu  of  a  mount*bauk."— Dryden  : 
Evening' t  Love.  (Pret) 

*  za'-ny,  v.t.    [ZANY,  *.]    To  play  the  zany; 
to  mimic. 

"  Alt  excellence 
In  other  madams  do  but  vtny  hen." 

Ufaum.  A  Fltt.  :  (Jiteen  >./  Corinth,  t  2. 

*  za  ny  ism,  a.    [Eng.  zany,  s.  ;  -t*m.]    The 
state,  character,  or  practices  of  a  zany ;  buf- 
foonery. 

"The  caricature  of  his  filth  and  tanyirm  proves 
how  rally  be  both  knew  ami  felt  the  danger.— .•>  T. 
Coleridge:  A  Court*  of  Lecturet,  ix. 

Zan-za  -li-ans,  s.  pi.  [For  etym.  &  def.  see 
extract]  [JACOBITE,  A.  2.  (1).] 

"Baradteus  was  also  surname*!  Zanzalvu,  and  hence 
the  Jacobite*  bave  been  sometimes  called  Zanzatiant." 
—Stunt :  Met.  8»cU,  p.  284. 

zaph'-a-ra,  s.    [ZAFFBE.] 

zaph-ren-tl'-naB,  s.  pi.  [Hod.  Lat.  zaphren- 
tis;  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inn.] 

Palamnt. :  A  sub-family  of  Cyathophyllidee. 
Corallum  simple  and  free,  conical,  diseoidal  or 
cylindrical ;  tabulae  complete  ;  dissepiments 


few ;  septa  rendered  irregular  by  the  presence 
of  a  septal  fossula. 

za-phren -tis,  s.    [Etym.  not  apparent.] 

Palaeont. :  The  typical  genus  of  Zaphren- 
tinae  (q.v.).  Corallum  turbinate ;  tabulae 
quite  across  the  visceral  chamber ;  a  well- 
marked  fossula  present ;  septa  extending  to 
near  the  centre  of  the  coral.  One  species  in 
the  Upper  Silurian,  and  eight  in  the  Carbonifer- 
ous Limestone  series.  (Etkeridge). 

za-pod  -i-dce,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  zavus,  genit, 
zapod(is);  Lat.  fern,  pt  adj.  suff.  -idts.} 

Zool :  According  to  Coues  a  family  01 
House-like  Rodents,  consisting  of  the  genus 
Zapus,  with  a  single  species,  Zapus  Kud- 
sonius.  [JACULUS,  HERIONES.] 

zap-o-di'-nte,  s.  pi.  [Hod.  Lat.  zapus,  genit. 
zapod(is);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-family  of  Dipodidse,  of  the 
same  extent  as  Zapodidse  (q.v.),  another  sub- 
family, Dipodiuae,  containing  the  true  Jer- 
boas. 

zap-o-tU'-la,  s.    [SAPOTILLA.] 
zap'-ti-eh,  s.    [Turk.]    A  Turkish  policeman. 

"  Of  all  the  Turkish  officials  the  worst  are  the  Zap- 
tifht,  or  policeineu,  who  oppress  with  the  most  iierft- ct 
iin partiality  both  Turks  and  Bulgarians."—  Tim«i. 
Nov.  1,  1887. 

zap  -us,  s.  [Gr.  £a-  (za-),  intensive,  and  vtw; 
(pous)  —  &  foot.] 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Zapodidse  (q.v.). 
[JACULUS,  HERIONES.] 

Zar-a-thus  -trie,  Zar-a  thus  -tri-an,  a. 
[For  etym.  see  def.  and  extract.]  Of  or  be- 
longing to  Zarathustra,  more  often  corrupted 
into  Zoroaster.  [ZORQASTRIAN.] 

"  It  cannot  be  denied  that  the  2arat\uttric  dogma* 
are  pure  old  Ay  ran  myths  in  a  uew  shape  .  .  .  but  It 
was  donbtleM  a  reformer,  or,  if  Zarathuatra  was  no 
historical  person,  a  body  of  reformers  who  called  the 
Zarathuttric  religion  iuto  existence."— Jfncyc.  Brit. 
led.  »thX  xx.  S6L 

Zar-a-thUB'-triam,  *.    [ZARATHUSTRIC.] 

Compar,  Relig.:  Zoroastrianism  (q.v.). 

"  Through  tlie  great  Aryan  religious  systems.  Brah- 
manfsm.  iarathtutrian.  Buddhism,  and  onward  iuto 
the  range  of  Islam  and  of  Christianity,  subterranean 
hells  of  purgatory  or  punishment  make  doleful  con- 
trasts to  heavens  of  light  and  glory."—  Tytvr :  frit*. 
Cult,  (is 78),  ii.  6S. 

za'-ra-tite,  s.  [After  Senor  Zarate,  of  Spain ; 
snff."-i(«  (Afin.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  as  an  encrusta- 
tion on  magnetite  and  chromite.  Hardness, 
3  to  3-25 ;  ap.  gr.  2'57  to  2'693 ;  lustre  vitreous ; 
colour,  emerald  green  ;  transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. Compos. :  carbonic  acid,  11'7;  oxide 
of  nickel,  59'4;  water,  28-9  =  100,  which  is 
equivalent  to  the  formula  NiOCO2+2NiOHO 
+  4HO. 

za-rec'-ba,  *.    [ZERIBA.] 

Zau   rac,  «.    [Corrupted  Arabic.] 

Astron.  :  A  fixed  star,  between  the  second 
and  third  magnitude.  Called  also  •/  Eridant 

zawn,  *.    [Cf.  Yane.] 
Mining :  A  cavern. 

liftx,  g.  [A.S.  seax ;  Icel.  sax—  a  knife  or  short 
sword  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  saks.]  A  slater's  hatchet, 
with  a  sharp  point  on  the  pole,  for  perforating 
the  slate  to  receive  the  pin.  The  zax  is  about 
sixteen  inches  long  and  two  in  width ;  it  is 
somewhat  bent  at  one  end,  and  the  spur  is 
three  inches  long. 

za'-yat,  *•  [Native  name.]  In  Burmah  a 
public  shed  or  portico  for  the  accommodation 
of  travellers,  loungers,  and  worshippers,  found 
in  every  Burmese  village,  and  attached  to 
many  pagodas.  (//.  Yule.) 

Z'  crank,  &    [From  its  zigzag  form.] 

Mack. :  A  peculiarly  shaped  crank  in  the 
cylinder  of  some  marine  steam-engines.  (Sim- 
mondi.) 

ze'-a,  s.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  £«'a  (zea),  £«io  (zcia)  — 
spelt  or  some  other  common  cereal.  The 
name  occurs  in  Homer.] 

Bot. :  Maize  ;  a  genus  of  Phalarese.  Flowers 
monoecious ;  males  in  terminal  racemes,  having 
two-flowered  spikelets,  and  nearly  equal  sharp- 
pointed  glumes ;  pales  two,  fleshy  ;  females 
axillary  in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves.  Species 
five  :  Zea  mays  is  the  maize(q.v.);  Z. 


Ote,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go,  p£t» 
er.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin:  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cor,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.   •»,  a  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qu  --  kw. 


zeagonlte— Zechariah 


5253 


the  Chili  maize  or  Valparaiso  com,  which  is 
smaller  than  the  last.  Besides  the  use  of 
the  maize  as  ftjod,  it  yields  a  fibre  capable  of 
being  spun  into  flax,  made  into  yam,  and  used 
as  material  for  paper-making. 

ze  ag  6n-ite,  *.    [Gr.  <«w  (zeff)  =  to  cook,  to 
boil ;  ayoi'oq  (agonos)  —  unfruitful,  barren,  and 
suff.  -t/«(Afin.).] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  variety  of  zircon  (q.v.),  found  in  pale 
bluish    octahedral    crystals    in    the    ejected 
n  ;icolite  bombs  of  the  agglomerates  of  Monte 
N'linna,  Vesuvius. 

2.  The  same  as  GISMONDITE  (q.v.). 

zeal,  *  zeale,  *  zele,  s.  [Fr.  zeU,  from  Lat. 
zdum,  accus.  of  zelus  =  ze&\,  from  Gr.  £>jAo« 
(:elos)  =  zeal,  ardour,  fervour,  lit.  =  heat, 
from  the  same  root  as  few  (zed)  =  to  boil,  and 
Eng.  yeast.]  [JEALOUS.] 

1.  Passionate  ardour  for  any  person  or 
cause ;  intense  and  eager  pursuit  or  endeavour ; 
an  eagerness  of  desire  to  attain  or  accomplish 
some  object,  which  may  be  manifested  either 
in  favour  of  or  in  opposition  to  any  person  or 
thing,  and  in  a  good  or  bad  cause  ;  earnest- 
ness, enthusiasm,  ardour,  fervency, 

"  Zeal  is  the  pious  madness  of  the  mind." 

Drydtn:  Tyrannic  ion,  L  1. 

*  2.  A  zealot.    (Ben  Jonson.) 

*  zeal,  v.i.   [ZEAL,  5.]   To  be  zealous  ;  to  enter- 
tain zeal. 

"  Stiff  followers,  such  as  zeal  marvellously  for  thcwe 
whom  they  have  chosen  for  their  masters." — Bacon  : 
On  the  Con.  of  the  Church  of  England. 

9  zeal' -ant,  s.    [Eng.  zeal ;  -ant.]    A  zealot 

"To  certain  tealantt  all  speech  of  pacification  is 
odious."— Bacon,  (Todd.) 

•zealed,  a.     [Eng.  zeal;  -ed.]     Filled  with 
zeal ;  characterized  by  zeal. 
"  You  might  have  doue,  but  (or  that  i«aled  religion 
You  women  bear  to  swooning." 

Btaum.  <t  flet, :  Lo+et  Pilgrimage,  iv.  3. 

*  zeal'-ful,  *  zeal-full,  a.    [Eng.  zeal ;  -full.] 
Full  of  zeal ;  zealous,  enthusiastic. 

"  In  zctilfull  knowledge  of  tin?  Truth  divine." 

SylvttUr :  The  Decay.  482. 

•  zeal  less,  *  zeale  lesso,  a.    [Eng.  zeal; 
-less.]    Destitute  of  zeal ;  wanting  in  zeal. 

"  We  are  not  patient,  but  t*aleleme."—Bp.  Sail  ; 
Con*.;  Xephibvtteth  *  Zibra. 

zeal-dt,  8.  [Fr.  zelott  =  jealous,  zealous, 
from  Lat.  zelotes.}  [ZEAL,  s.] 

1.  One  who  is  zealous  or  full  of  zeal ;  one 
carried  away  by  excess  of  zeal ;  a  fanatical 
partisan.     It  is  generally  applied  in  dispraise 
or  used  of  one  whose  zeal  or  ardour  is  intem- 
perate or  censurable  ;  a  fanatic. 

"  He  was  tn  truth  not  a  man  to  ba  popular  with  the 
vindictive  zealot*  ~— M.ic.iulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  One  of  a  fanatical  Jewish  sect  which 
struggled    desperately   agai  nst   the  Romans 
from  about  A.D.  6  till  the  fall  of  Jerusalem. 

zea  lot-Ic-al,  *zS  I3t  ic-al,  a.    [Eng. 

zealot;  -ical.]    Ardently  zealous." 

"  Dr.  Marshall,  dean  of  Christ  Church,  a  moat  furious 
and  ztloticiil  w*\i."~8tryp«  :  Lift  of  Cranmer,  cb.  zix. 

*  ze'al'-o't-Isin,  s.    [Eng.  zealot;  -ism.]     The 
character  or  conduct  of  a  zealot. 

•  zeal  -ot-Ist,  •  zel'-dt-Ist,  «.    [Eng.  zealot ; 
-ist.  ]    A  zealot. 

"  I  could  wish  these  sclolous  ze'stittt  had  more  judg- 
ment joined  with  their  zeal."—  ffowell :  Lettert. 

•  zSal'-dt-r^,  5.     [Eng.  zealot;  -ry.}   The  con- 
duct  or  behaviour  of  a  zealot ;   excessive  or 
nndue  zeal ;  fanaticism. 

"  ImjuiMitional  cruelty  and  party  zealotry."— Cole- 
ridge.  (Webtter.) 

z£<i.i  ous,  '  zel  ous,  a.  [Eng.  zeal;  -ous.] 
[JEALOUS.] 

1.  Inspired  with  zeal ;  ardent  in  the  pursuit 
of  an  object ;  enthusiastic. 

"  t  love  to  nee  a  mim  ualout  in  a  good  matter."— 
Atltliton  ;  Spectator,  No.  185. 

*  2.  Sometimes,  though  rarely,  used  in  a 
bad  sense. 

"  The  tealout  and  facetious  Presbyter,  Novatus."— 
Gauden  :  Teart  of  the  Church,  p.  100. 

*  3.  Full  of  religious  or  pious  zeal ;  pious  ; 
religious.    (Shakesp. :  Richard  UL,  iii.  7.) 

4.  Characterized  by  zeal,  ardour,  or  en- 
thusiasm ;  ardent. 

"  She  was  emimsstond  at  that  pittlous  act. 
With  ztatottt  envy  nf  Greekea  cruel  1  fact." 

Spentcr:  P.  Q.,  III.  Ix.  88. 


zeal'-OUS-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  zealou*;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  zealous  manner;  with  zeal,  ardour, 
or  enthusiasm. 

"  The  Indians  all  offered  very  teahutly  to  assist  us 
against  him."— Cook:  firit  Voyage,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xvi. 

*  2.  Religiously ;  with  religious  or  pious 
zeal.  (Milton.) 

zeal  ous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  zealous  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  zealous;  zeal,  ardour, 
enthusiasm,  fervour. 

"  The  zealoutnets  of  our  endeavours,  and  the  ap- 
plause that  others  entertain  them  with."— Boyle: 
Works,  L  296. 

ze  -bee,  ze  -beck,  s.    [XEBEC.] 

ze  -bra,  s.     [The  native  name ;  according  to 
Littre  the  word  was  originally  Ethiopian.] 
Zoology : 

1.  A  popular  name  for  any  of  the  striped 
forms  of  the  genus  Equus  ;  thus  embracing 
the  Quagga  (q.v.),  the  True  Zebra,  and  Bur- 
chsll's  Zebra.    [2.]    In  all  three  the  external 
characters  are  those  of  the  Ass  rather  than  of 
the  Korse ;  the  legs  are  without  warts,  the 
tail  is  furnished  with  long  hairs  only  towards 
the  extremity,  the  neck  is  full  and  arched, 
and  the  mane  stiff  and  erect.    All  the  species 
of  this  division  are  rapidly  vanishing  before 
advancing  civilization,  and  in  all  probability 
will  become  extinct  before  Very  many  years. 

"  This  family  [Equidas]  comprises  the  Horses,  ASMS, 
and  Zebra*."— tHcholion :  Zoology  (ed.  1878).  p.  668. 

2.  Eqiius  zebra,  from  the  mountainous  re- 
gions of  South  Africa.     It  stands  about  four 
feet  and  a  half  at  the  shoulder ;  ground  tint 
white,  with  black  stripes,  vertical  on  body 
and  horizontal  on  legs ;  limbs  slender,  head 
light,  ears  long  and  open.    The  zebra  lives  in 
small  herds  in  secluded  spots  ;  its  sense  of 
hearing,  sight,  and  smell  is  extremely  acute, 
and    on    the    least   alarm    the    whole    herd 
scampers  off.      Whan    compelled  to    defend 
themselves  zebras  form  a  compact  body  with 
their  heads  in  the  centre  and  their  heels  out- 
wards, and  have  been  known  to  beat  off  the 
leopard  with  their  kicks.    The  zebra  has  been 
domesticated,  but  its  vicious  temper  renders 
it  of  little  value  as  a  beast  of  burden.    Bur- 
chell's  Zebra  (Equus  burchellii)  differs  little 
from  the  True  Zebra,  except  in  the  fact  that 
the  ground  tint  is  yellow. 

"  He  who  attribute*  the  white  and  dark  vertical 
•tripes  on  the  flunks  of  various  antelopes  to  this  pro- 
cess [sexual  •election),  will  [irobaklf  extend  the  same 
view  to  the  Rcy*l  Tiger  and  the  beautiful  zebra.'— 
IHrwin  :  Detcent  cf  Mar.,  ch.  i viii. 

zebra-opossum, «.     [ZEBRA-WOLF.] 

zebra-plant, .-. 

Bot.  :  Calathea  zebrina.  So  named  because 
the  leaves  have  alternately  dark  and  green 
stripes. 

zebra-poison,  s. 

Bot. :  Euphorbia  arborea,  a  South  African 
tree. 

zebra-shark,  5.    [TIGER-SHARK.] 
zebra  wolf,  t  zebra-opossum,  *. 
Zool. :  A  popular  name  given  by  the  early 
colonists  of  Van  Diemen's  Laud  to  Thylacinus 
cynocephalus,  from  the  stripes  on  its  body  and 
its  general  dog-like  appearance.  [THYLACINTJS.] 

zebra-wood,  s. 

Botany  &  Commerce : 

1.  A  kind  of  wood,  imported  from  South 
America,  and  used  by  cabinet  makers,  pro- 
duced by  Omphalobivm  Lamberti,  a  large  tree 
belonging  to  the  natural  order  Connaracese, 
and  growing  in  Guiana.    Its  colours  consist 
of  brown  on  a  white  ground,  clouded  with 
black,    and  each   strongly  contrasted,  thus 
somewhat  resembling  the  skin  of  a  zebra. 
Called  also  Pigeon-wood. 

2.  The  wood  of  Eugenia  fragrant,  variety 
cuneata.     It  is  a  shrub  about  eight  feet  high, 
growing  in  Jamaica. 

3.  The  wood   of  Guettarda  speciosa,  a  tree 
twenty-five  feet  high,  with  scarlet  coloured 
flowers,  growing  in  the  East  Indies. 

Ze' -brine,  a.  [Eng.  zebr(a);  suff.  -ine.]  Of 
or  belonging  to  the  striped  division  of  the 
genus  Equus  (q.v.). 

"  Many  of  them  [the  stripes]  a*  they  diverged  from 
the  spine  became  a  little  branched,  exactly  in  the 
same  manner  as  in  some  zebrinn  species. "—Darwin: 
Variation  of  Anim.  Je  Plantt,  i.  M. 

*e'-bu,  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Any  breed  or  individual  of  Bos  in- 


dicus  (which  by  some  authorities  is  consi- 
dered a  variety  of  Bos  taurus,  the  Common 
Ox).  The  Zebus  attain  their  greatest  develop- 
ment in  India,  but  range  eastwards  to  Japan 
and  westward  to  the  River  Niger.  They  vary 
greatly  in  size,  some  bwing  larger  than  Euro- 
pean cattle,  while  others  are  no  bigger  than  a 
month-old  calf.  The  horns  differ  in  form; 
the  dewlap  is  more  or  less  developed  ;  one 
hump  is  always  presentover  the  withers,  some- 
times there  are  two  ;  colour  varying  from  light 
ashy-gray  U>  pure  white.  At  present  they 
exist  only  in  a  domesticated  condition,  and 
must  have  been  early  reduced  to  subjection 
by  man,  since  all 
the  sculptures  of 
cattle  at  Ele- 
phanta,  which 
are  of  high  anti- 
quity, represent 
the  humped  form. 
In  many  parts  of 
India  zebus  are 
used  as  beasts  of 
draught  and  bur- 
den,and  occasion- 
ally for  riding.  In 
disposition  they  are  gentle  and  docile,  and  are 
venerated  by  the  Hindoos,  who  consider  it  a 
sin  to  slaughter  them,  though  they  do  not 
object  to  work  them.  White  zebu  bulls, 
which  are  held  particularly  sacred  by  the 
Hindoos,  are  branded  with  the  image  of  Siva, 
relieved  from  all  labour,  and  allowed  to 
wander  at  will,  levying  contributions  on  the 
stalls  in  the  bazaars  without  let  or  hin- 
drance. Their  flesh  is  inferior  to  that  of  the 
Common  Ox,  except  the  hump,  which  is  es- 
teemed a  delicacy. 

zebu  cattle,  ,--. 

Zool. :  The  humped  cattle   of  the  eastern 
hemisphere. 

"  In  many  domesticated  quadrupeds,  certain  cha- 
racters, apparently  not  derived  through  reversion 
from  any  wild  parent- form,  are  confined  to  the  male* 
or  are  more  developed  in  them  than  the  fenmlen— fo» 
instance,  the  hump  on  the  male  zebu-cattle  of  India. 
—Darwin  :  Detcent  of  Man,  oh.  xviit 

Zech  a  ri-ah,  Zach  a  ri  as,  *.  [Ileb. 
TT'IO]  (Zekhariyah)  =.  Zechariah  (whom  Jeho- 
vah remembers) ;  131  (Zakhar)  =  to  remem- 
ber, and  IT  (Yah)  =  Jehovah:  Sept.  Zaj(a- 
pi'as  (Zacharias) ;  Vulgate,  Zacharius,] 

1.  Script.  Biog.  :  The  name  of  many  ancient 
Hebrews,  including  two  prophets  [2],  various 
priests,  and  Levites  (1  Chron.  ix.  21 ;  xv.  24 ; 
xxvi.  14  ;  Neh.  xii.  35,  41),  &c. 

2.  Old  Testament  Canon:  The  eleventh  In 
order  of  the  twelve  minor  prophetic  hooks. 
The  name  prefixed  to  it  is  that  of  "Zechariah, 
the  son  of  Berechiah,  the  son  of  Iddo  the 
prophet "  ("  the  prophet "  means  Zechariah, 
not  Iddo),   Zechariah  i.  1.     In  Ezra  v.  1,  vi. 
14,  he  is  called  the  son  of  Iddo,  but  son  ia 
sometimes  used  vaguely  for  lineal  male  de- 
scendant, and  may  easily  signify  grandson 
(cf.  Gen.  xi.  24-32  ;  xxviii.  5  ;  xxix.  13).   When 
Cyrus  permitted    the  Jews  to  return   from 
Babylon  he  also  accorded  them  permission  to 
rebuild  the  temple  (Ezra  i.  3 ;  vi.  3-5),  and 
the   foundations    of  the  edifice  were  at  once 
laid  (Ezra  iii.   10-13).      The  jealousy  of  the 
neighbouring  tribes  led  to  the  stoppage  of  the 
work  (Ezra  iv.  1-24).    At  length,  however,  in 
the  second  year  of  Darius  Hystaspes,  permis- 
sion was  obtained  to  resume  it  (Ezra  iv.  24, 
vi.  1-12),  and  building  was  recommenced  with 
the  patronage  and  active  aid  of  Zerubbabel, 
the  civil  governor  of  Judsea,  Joshua  the  High 
Priest,  &c.   -Enthusiasm  for  the  work  was 
excited  among  the  previously  apathetic  people 
by  the  prophets  Haggat  and  Zechariah  (Ezra 
v.  1-2).    The  former  seems  to  have  been  the 
senior  in  point  of  years,  and  commenced  his 
addresses  and  predictions  in  the  sixth  month 
of  the  second  year  of  Darius,  while  Zechariah 
did  so  in  the  eighth  month.     The  book  of 
Zechariah,  in  its  present  form,  is  naturally 
divided    into  three  portions — chaps,  i.-viii.. 
chaps,  ix.-xi.,  and  chaps,  xii.-xiv.    The  first 
is  universally  admitted  to  be  the  work  of 
Zechariah.      The  natural  sections  of  it  are  (1) 
chap.  i.  1-6,  dated  the  second  year  of  Darius's 
reign  and  the  eighth  month  ;  (2)  I.  7-vi.  15, 
dated  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  the  eleventh 
month  of  the  same  year ;  and  vii.  1-viii.  23, 
dated  the  fourth  day  of  the   ninth    month 
of    Darius's    fourth    regnal    year.      In    the 
first  the  prophet  counsels  a  return  to  Jeho- 
vah ;   in  the  second,  which   has   in  it  varl 
ous  symbolic  visions,  he  encourages  the  build 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  oat,  90!!.  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £ 
-clan,  -tian  =  shaxu    -tion,  -  sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhnn.     cious,  -tious,    sious    -  shus.    -ble.  -Ale.  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


5254 


zechin— zeolitic 


Ing  of  the  temple,  and,  in  answer  to  a 
query  whether  the  fasts  begun  at  Babylon 
•hould  be  continued,  he  directs  that  they 
should  be  transformed  into  joyous  festivals. 
The  style  of  chapters  ix.-xi.  differs  from 
that  of  the  first  eight ;  and  that  of  xii.-xiv. 
to  a  certain  extent  from  both.  In  x,  6,  the 
house  of  Judah  requires  to  be  strengthened, 
as  if  its  government  still  continued  ;  that  of 
Joseph  (the  t«n  tribes)  to  be  saved,  as  if  it 
were  gone, ;  and  in  verse  11  is  the  prediction 
"the  pride  of  Assyria  shall  be  brought  down," 
as  if  it  stood  when  the  words  were  penned; 
whereas  by  the  time  of  Darius  Hystaspes  it 
had  for  ever  passed  away.  Some,  therefore, 
assign  these  chapters  to  an  earlier  Zechariah, 
a  contemporary  of  Isaiah  (B.C.  about  736).  But 
if  the  Hebrew  Javan  in  ix.  13  is  correctly 
translated  Greece,  this  would  suggest  a  date 
late  enough  to  be  consistent  with  the  best- 
known  Zechariah's  authorship,  if  not  more 
recent  still.  Chaps,  xii.— xlv.  have  been  re- 
ferred to  some  prophetic  contemporary  of 
Jeremiah,  B.C.  607  or  600.  The  date  of 
chaps,  i.-viii.  is  admitted  to  be  B.C.  620-518. 
Matt,  xxvii.  9-10,  nominally  quoting  Jere- 
miah, seems  to  refer  to  Zech.  xi.  12-13,  and 
unless  Zechariah,  the  son  of  Berechiah,  of 
whose  death  we  know  nothing,  waa  martyred 
precisely  !n  the  same  way  as  Zechariah,  the 
son  of  Jehoiada  (2  Chron.  xxiv.  20,  21),  the 
reference  in  Matt-  xxiii.  35  would  seem  to  be 
to  the  latter.  Of  these  difficulties  various 
solutions  have  been  given.  Zech.  xiii.  7  is 
quoted  by  Our  Lord  as  Messianic  (Matt.  xxvi. 
81,  Mark  xiv.  27),  In  Matt.  xxi.  5,  Zech.  ix. 
9  is  regarded  as  predictive  of  the  entry  of  Jesus 
into  Jerusalem. 

zech'-in,  s.  [Ital.  zecchino;  Fr.  sequin.}  A 
Venetian  gold  coin,  more  commonly  written 
sequin  (q.v.). 

zech  stem,  s.  [Qer.  —  mine-stone :  zecke  —  a 
reckoning,  a  score,  a  mine,  and  stein  =.  stone.] 
GeoL:  A  German  sub-division  of  the  Per- 
mian, constituting  the  upper  of  the  two 
groups,  which  have  sometimes  led  to  that 
formation  being  called  Dyas  (q.v.).  It  corre- 
sponds to  the  Middle  Permian  or  Magnesian 
Limestone  of  Britain.  It  is  wanting  in  Prance. 
Murchison  considered  it  a  centre  of  Permian 
life, 

zed,  zee,  s.  [Z]  The  name  of  the  letter  z ; 
provincially  called  also  Izzard. 

"Thou  whoreson  zed!  thou  unnecessary  letter  I" — 
Shaketp.  :  Lear,  ii.  & 

z5d'-6-a-ry,  s.  [From  Arab  zeckwdr ;  Fr.  zedo- 
aire;  Prov.  zeduari ;  Port,  zeduaria ;  ItaL  zet- 
tovario.] 

Bot.  A  Pharm. :  The  roots  of  Curcuma  Zedo- 
aria,  and  C.  Zerumbet,  employed  in  medicine, 
and  the  plants  themselves.  (CURCUMA.] 

zee  koe,  s.  [Dut.  =  sea  (or  lake)  cow.]  The 
name  given  by  the  Dutch  colonists  of  South 
Africa  to  the  hippopotamus. 

*  ze'-I-dee,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  «(«*)  ;  Lat.  fern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ichtky.  :  A  lapsed  family  of  Acanthoptery- 

gian  Fishes. 

zei  lan-ite,  zey'-lan-ite,  s.    [O.  Ger.  Zei- 
lan,  'Zeylan  =  Ceylon ;  suff.  -4te  (Afin..).] 
M in. :  The  same  as  CETLONITE  (q.v.). 

•e  -in,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  ze(a);  -in.] 

Chem, :  A  nitrogenous  substance  obtained 
from,  maize  flour. 

Bel,  zell,  s.    [Pers.] 

Music :  An  eastern  instrument  of  music  of 
the  cymbal  kind. 

"Where,  some  hours  since,  waa  heard  the  swell 
Of  trumpet  and  the  clash  of  *<•#." 

Moore :  The  firs  Worihippcrt, 

Kel-ko'-na,  «.  [Native  name?]  (See  etym.  and 
compound.) 

zelkona-tree,  s. 

Bot. :  Planera  RicKardi,  a  North  American 
tree,  seventy  or  eighty  feet  high,  the  diameter 
of  the  trunk  four  feet.  Leaves  like  those  of 
the  elm,  flowers  small  greenish  yellow,  smelling 
like  elder  flowers  ;  fruit  small,  with  two  seeds. 

*  ZeT-dt-LSt,  3.      [ZEALOTIST.] 

*  zeT-OU-sIe,  s.    [Gr.  £«A<5&>  (zeloo)  =  to  emu- 
late, to  be  jealous  of.]    Jealousy. 

"  The  teloutie  and  the  eagre  feersenes  of  Olimpiaa." 
—  Udal :  Apoph.  of  ffrtumut,  p.  900. 


zem-in-dar',  s.  [Pers.  zemindar  =  a  land- 
holder, from  zemin  =  land,  and  ddr=  hold- 
ing, a  holder.]  In  India,  one  of  a  class  of 
officials  created  under  the  Mogul  Government 
of  India.  They  have  been  regarded,  first  as 
district  governors,  secondly  as  lauded  pro- 
prietors, and  thirdly  as  farmers  or  collectors 
of  the  government  revenue  on  land.  Their 
functions  appear  to  have  been  to  a  great  extent 
arbitrary  aud  variable,  but  founded  on  and 
arising  out  of  the  last-named  office.  On  the 
transference  of  the  authority  of  the  Moguls 
to  the  East  India  Company,  the  zemindars 
were  in  general  treated  as  the  proprietors  of 
land.  The  term  is  of  Persian  origin,  and  the 
office  probably  originated  with  the  Muham- 
madan  conquerors  of  India,  who  claimed  tlte 
soil  of  the  country,  but,  leaving  the  Indian 
village  tenure  intact,  set  these  officers  called 
zemindars  over  districts  comprising  each  a 
certain  number  of  villages,  the  headmen  of 
which  accounted  to  them  for  the  revenues 
of  the  land,  which  they  collected  with  a  liberal 
profit  to  themselves.  At  present,  in  Bengal, 
the  zemindars  have  all  the  rights  of  a  British 
landed  proprietor,  subject  to  the  payment  of 
the  land-tax,  and  also  to  a  certain  ill-defined 
tenant-right  on  the  part  of  tenants  who  have 
long  held  possession  of  their  farms. 

"It  was  contemplated  that  these  zemindari  would 
take  the  place  of  the  landed  gentry  of  European 
countries,  and  become  leaders  in  all  kinds  of  agricul- 
tural reform*."— field,  Feb.  11.  1888. 

zcm-in-dar  y,  zem  in  dar-ee,  zem'- 
In-dar-ry,  a.  &  s.  [ZEMINDAR.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  a  zemindar ;    held  by  a 
zemindar. 

"Under  the  temindarry  tenure,  the  land  Is  per- 
petually assigned  by  the  State,  subject  to  the  annual 
payment  of  a  sura  fixed  for  ever  without  change."— 
Field.  Feb.  11,  1888. 

B.  Assubst. :  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
zemindar  ;  the  land  possessed  by  a  zemindar. 

"The  possibility  of  an  increase  In  the  value  of  these 
ttmindnrri«t,  due  to  causes  of  this  nature." — Field, 
Feb.  11,  1888. 

ze-na'-i-da,  *.    [Etym,  not  apparent] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Columbidse  with  ten 
species,  founded  by  Bonaparte.  They  are  dis- 
tinguished by  their  stout  body,  short  wings,  and 
long,  well-developed  legs,  and  range  from  Chili 
and  La  Plata  to  Columbia  and  the  Antilles. 

ze-na-na,  9.  [Pers.  nenanah  =  pertaining  to 
women,  from  zen  =  a  woman.]  The  name 
given  to  the  portion  of  the  house  reserved  ex- 
clusively for  the  females  belonging  to  a 
family  of  good  caste  in  India. 

"Yet,  curiously  enough,  the  ladiea  to  a  very  large 
extent  avoid  the  harems,  the  zenanat,  the  gyiuTCt-a 
provided  for  them."— Daily  TUtegraph,  Feb.  24,  1888. 

zenana  mission,  s.  A  mission  founded 
in  1852  under  the  auspices  of  the  Protestant 
missionary  societies  iu  India,  with  the  object 
(1)  of  sending  the  gospel  to  the  women  of 
India  by  means  of  female  missionaries ;  (2) 
of  alleviating  their  sufferings  in  sickness,  and 
ministeriug  to  their  spiritual  need,  through 
the  agency  of  duly  qualified  female  medical 
missionaries ;  and  (3)  of  promoting  education, 
based  on  Holy  Scripture,  especially  among 
women  of  the  higher  classes. 

Zend,  s.    [ZEND-AVESTA.] 

1.  PhiloL :   An  ancient    Iranian  language 
in  which  are  composed  the  sacred  writings 
of  the   Zoroastrians.     It  is  coeval  and  cog- 
nate with  the  Vedic  Sanskrit.     It  embraces 
two   dialects,    called    Bactrian,    or  Eastern 
Iranian,  and  the  Western  Iranian.     The  two 
Zend  dialects  consist  of  an  earlier  and  a  later, 
analogous  to  the  Vedic  and  classic  Sanskrit, 
or  to  the  Homeric  and  classic  Greek.    The 
earlier  dialect  is  called  the  Gatha,  from  the 
Gathas  or  sacred  songs,  which  form  the  only 
remains  of  it ;  the  later  is  that  In  which  the 
Zend-Avesta,  or  sacred  Zoroastrian  writings 
are  found.    The  present  alphabet  is  compara- 
tively modern,  and  is  probably  derived  from 
the  Syrian.    There  are  twelve  simple  vowels, 
fourteen  diphthongs,  and    twenty-nine  con- 
sonants, represented  by  different  characters. 
The  roots  are  mostly  monosyllabic,  some  con- 
sisting of  only  a  single  vowel    others  of  a 
vowel  and  consonant,   or  a  v<rwel  between 
two  consonants.     There  are  three  numbers, 
singular,  dual,  and  plural,  with  eight  inflec- 
tions in  the  first  and  last,  and  five  in  the 
middle  number. 

2.  Compar.  Relig.:  A  contracted  name  for 
the  Zend-Avesta  (q.v.). 


Zend-Avesta,  s.  [Prob.  =  translation 
or  commentary  of  text  witli  paraphrase,  from 
avesta  =  text,  and  zend  =  translation  or  com- 
mentary.] 

Compar.  Relig. :  The  sacred  books  of  the  Zo- 
roastrians, Magians,  Guebers,  or  Parsees,  as- 
cribed to  Zoroaster  himself,  and  reverenced 
as  a  bible  or  rule  of  faith  and  practice.  They 
consist  of  several  divisions  :  the  Yazna,  a  sort 
of  sacrificial  ritual,  consisting  of  hymns  and 
prayers,  contains  the  five  gathas  in  the  older 
dialect ;  the  Visparad  is  a  collection  of  sacri- 
ficial prayers  in  later  Zend.  The  Yashts  are 
later  collections  of  prayers,  consisting  of  par-' 
ticular  invocations  of  angels,  &c.,  mixed  with 
legends  ;  the  Vendidad  contains  the  religious, 
civil,  and  criminal  code  of  the  Zoroastrians. 
The  immortality  of  the  soul,  a  future  state  of 
rewards  and  punishments,  and  the  resurrec- 
tion of  the  body  are  taught  in  the  Zend  re- 
ligion. 

zen'-dik,  s.  [Arab.  =  a  infidel,  an  atheist.] 
A  name  given  in  the  East  not  only  to  dis- 
believers in  revealed  religion,  but  also  to 
such  as  are  accused  of  magical  heresy. 

ze  -nick,  ze'-nik,  s.    [Native  name  in  parts- 
of  Africa.] 
ZooL:  Suricata  zenick.     [SURICATA.] 

zcn'-Ith,  *  sen-yth,  *.  [0.  Fr  cenith  (Fr. 
zenith),  from 


ffirtn* 

DIAGRAM    eHOWTNO   ZENrTB 
AND  NADIR. 


in  the  heavens  to  a  spectator  at  any  given 
place,  the  point  from  which  if  the  earth  were 
absolutely  spherical  a  perpendicular  let  fall 
would  pass  through  its  centre. 

"The  sunne  pasaeth  twfae  in  the  yeere  through 
their  zenith  ouer  their  heads. "—Haclduyt:  Vui/ayet, 
iii.  781. 

2.  Fig. :  The  highest  point  of  a  person's 
fortune ;  the  highest  or  culminating  point  of 
any  subject  referred  to. 

"  By  my  prescipnce 
I  and  ray  zenith  doth  depend  upon 
A  most  auspicious  star.          Shnkf.tp,  :  Tempest,  i  i. 

zenith-distance,  s.  The  zenith-dis- 
tance of  a  heavenly  body  is  the  arc  intercepted 
between  the  body  and  the  zenith,  being  the 
same  as  the  co-altitude  of  the  body. 

zenith-sector,  t.  An  astronomical  in- 
strument, consisting  of  a  telescope  swinging 
upon  pivots,  and  having  attached  to  it  au 
arc  graduated  into  degrees  and  minutes. 
From  the  upper  end  of  the  telescope  verti- 
cally hangs  down  a  fine  silver  wire,  terminated 
by  a  weight  supported  in  water  to  keep  ifc. 
steady.  It  is  used  for  the  same  purpose  as 
the  mural  circle,  viz.,  to  ascertain  the  zenith 
distance  of  the  several  stars,  but  is  more 
convenient  from  its  greater  portability. 

[MURAL-CIRCLE.] 

zenith-telescope,  *.  The  telescope  of 
a  zenith  sector. 

*  zen'-ith-al,  a.  [Eng.  zenith;  -al]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  zenith. 

"In  order  to  obtain  Its  zenithal  distance."— Airy : 
Popular  Attronomy,  p.  84. 

Be  6  lite,  *.  [Gr.  £?»  (zeo)=io  boil,  and 
At**  (lithos)  =  stone  ;  Ger.  zeolith.} 

A/in.  :  A  name  given  to  a  group  of  mineral* 
belonging  to  the  hydrous  silicates,  clianu •- 
terized  by  much  intumescence  on  the  applica- 
tion of  heat. 

TO-6^lXth'-!-fom,  a.  [Eng.  zeolite);  i  con- 
nective, and  farm.]  Having  the  form  of 
zeolite. 


,  a.     [Eng.  zeolite);    -ic.]    Of  or 

pertaining    to    zeolite ;    consisting  of  or  re- 
sembling zeolite. 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  -wet.  here,  camel,  her,  there;   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  welt;  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


Zephaniah— zeugma 


5256 


Zeph-a-ni'-ah,  s.  [Heb.  rnc$  (T^ephaniyah) 
=  Zephaniah  (whom  Jehovah  has  hid) :  ]E^ 
(tsaphan)=to  hide,  and  P£ ( Yah)  =  Jehovah ; 
Sept.  £o$on'af ;  Vulg.  Sophonias.] 

1.  Scrip.  Biog. :  A  prophet,  son  of  Cash!, 
who  again  was  the  son  of  Gedaliah,  the  son  of 
Aiuaiiah,  the  son  of  Hizkiah  (the  king?). 

2.  Old  Test.  Canon :  The  ninth  in  order  of 
the  twelve  minor  prophetic  books.   Zephaniah 
prophesied  in  the  reign  of  Josiah,   king  of 
Judith.    Josiah,  whocame  tothethrone  in  his 
eighth  year  (B.C.  641).  tolerated  idolatry  till  the 
twelfth  year  of  his  reign  (641-630) ;  next  for  six 
years  more  (630-624)  lie  carriea  ^n  a  partially 
successful  contest  against  it ;  then  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life  (624-610),  lie  made  the 
reformation    more    sweeping,  re-establishing 
Mosaic    institutions    throughout    the    land. 
^Vlif-n    the    prophet  wrote,   the  worship   of 
Baal   had  not   quite  ceased,  nor  had  other 
forms  of  idolatry  (Zeph.  f.  4-5).     His  predic- 
tions, therefore,  seem  to  have  been  uttered 
during  the  second  period,  some  time  between 
630  and  624.     With  this  agrees  the  reference 
in  ch.  ii.  12-15  to  the  impending  destruction 
of  Nineveh,  which  took   place  in  625.     Ze- 
phaniah   was  contemporary  with  Jeremiah. 
The    first   chapter   of   the    book  denounces 
coining  judgment,   described  as  the  day  of 
the   Lord   [DAY,   C.  3.],    on  Jerusalem  and 
the  Jewish  people.      The  second  prophesies 
the  destruction  of  Gaza,   Askelon,  and  the 
Philistine  cities  generally,  the  Moabites,  the 
Ammonites,  and  the  Assyrian  capital  Nineveh. 
The  third  censures  the  corruption  of  Jeru- 
salem, which    had  affected  princes,  judges, 
priests,    and  prophets,   and  concludes  with 
promises  of  future  restoration  and  felicity. 
The  chief  characteristics  of  this  book  are  the 
unity  and  harmony  of  the  composition,  the 
grace,  energy,  and  dignity  of  its  style,  and 
we  rapid  and  effective  alternations  of  threats 
and    promises.      Its   prophetical    import   is 
chiefly  shown  in  the  accurate  predictions  of 
the  desolation  winch  has  fallen  upon  each  of 
the    nations    denounced    for   their    crimes ; 
Ethiopia,  which  is  menaced  with  a  terrible 
invasion,    being   alone    exempted    from  the 
doom  of  perpetual  ruin.    The  general  tone  of 
the  lost  portion  is  Messianic,  but  without 
any  specific  reference  to  the  Person  of  our 
Lord,     No  serious  controversy  has  ever  taken 
place  as  to  the- authenticity  of  Zephaniah. 

KG  phOT'-A-rlch-ite,  •*.  [After Prof.  Zepha- 
rovich  ;  suit  -ifc  (M»u.).] 

A/in. :  A  crystalline  to  compact  mineral 
found  in  sandstone  at  Tronic,  Bohemia. 
Hardness,  5'5 ;  sp.  gr.  2*37  ;  colour,  greenish, 
yellowish,  or  grayish- white.  Compos. :  essen- 
tially a  hydrated  phosphate  of  alumina,  with 
the  probable  formula  A12O8PO5  +  6HO. 

seph'-yr,    *zeph'-$rr-iis,    *  zeph'-ir,   *. 

IFr.  zephyre  =  the  west  wind,  from  Lat. 
xepfiymra^  accus.  of  zeph  yrus  =  the  west  wind, 
from  Gr.  £e'£vp<K  (zephuros),  allied  to  £o^>os 
(zopfws)  =  darkness,  gloom,  the  dark  or  even- 
ing quarter,  the  west.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  (Of  all  forms):  The  west  wind; 
hence,    poetically,    any    soft,    mild,     gentle 
breeze.     By  the  poets  Zephyrus  was  personi- 
fied   and   represented   as    the   mildest   and 
gentlest  of  all  the  sylvan  deities. 

*'  Where  sweet  myrrhe-brea  thing  tephir  In  the  spring 
Gently  distil*  bla  nectar  Jroi'i/iuf  showers." 

Druyfon,  Idea  58. 

2.  Entom,  (Of  the  farm  zephyrus) :  A  genus 
Of  Ly<«enidae,  having  fore  wings  with  eleven 
ncrvures,    the    subcostal    one  emitting  two 
branches  before  the  extremity  of  the  discoidal 
cell,  and  a  hifurrating  one  beyond.    Species 
few,  chiefly  from  Europe  and  Asia, 

rer'-da,  s.  [A  South  African  word.] 

Zoot. :  Sparmann's  name  for  Canis  or  Megtil- 
oti»  zerda,  believed  to  be  identical  with  the 
Fennec  (q.v.). 

s6-re'-ne, «.  [Gr.  ^paiVw  (xeraino)—  to  parch, 
to  dry  up. 
Entom, ;  The  typical  genus  of  Zerenidse. 

ze  ren-i  dse,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  zeren(e); 
Lat,  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -idee.] 

Entom!. :  A  family  of  Geometrina.  An- 
tennae of  the  male  thick,  not  pectinated ; 
abdomen  fn  the  same  sex  long  ;  wings  broad, 
entire.  Caterpillar  short,  thick,  feeding 
exposed.  Genera  and  species  considerable  in 
number. 


ze"r-i'-ba,  za-ree  -ba,  *.  [Egypt,  zerebak  = 
a  thorn  hedge.]  A  word  which  came  into 
iw*'  in  the  early  part  of  1864,  during  the 


SOLDIERS   MAKING   A  ZER1BA. 

military  operations  in  Egypt,  to  denote  an 
enclosure  the  sides  of  which  are  formed  of 
prickly  brushwood,  sheltered  hy  which  a  force 
may  camp  comparatively  safe  from  sudden 
surprise. 

"When  the  square  was  broken  the  newt  spread  to 
the  trrlba  that  we  were  defeated."—  Graphic,  April  6, 
1384.  p.  323. 

xc-ri'-tis,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.,  formed  from  Gr. 

IweuW  (xeraind)  =  to  parch,  to  dry  up.J 

Entom,  :  A  genus  of  Lycsenidte.  Bed  butter- 
flies with  brown  borders  and  metallic  spots 
on  the  under  surface  of  the  hind  wings. 
Natives  of  Africa. 

zer'-d,  5.  [Fr.  =  a  cipher  in  arithmetic,  from 
Ital.  zero,  a  contracted  form  of  zefiro  or 
zifio,  parallel  to  zifra,  =  a  cipher,  from  Arab. 
tifr  =  a  cipher  (q.v.).  Zero  and  cipher  are 
doublets.] 

1.  In   common   language,  zero  means   no 
thing  ;  in  arithmetic  it  is  called  naught,  and 
means  no  number  ;  in  algebra,  it  stands  for 
no  quantity,  or  for  a  quantity  less  than  any  as* 
signable  quantity  ;  a  cipher  ;  nothing,  denoted 
by  0. 

2.  Astron.  ;  The  first  point  of  Aries.  [ARIES.] 
(Prof.  Airy:  Pop.  Astronomy,  p.  119.] 

3.  Therm.  :  The  point  (0°)  in  the  scale  of  a 
thermometer  from  which  numbers  with  the 
+  sign  are  counted  upwards,  and  those  with 
the  —  sign  downwards.    In  Fahrenheit's  ther- 
mometer zero  is  —  32°,  i.e.,  32  degrees  below 
the  freezing  point  of  water.   In  the  Centigrade 
and   Reaumur's  scales  zero  is  that  freezing 
point  itself. 

If  Absolute  sero  :  The  point  at  which  any 
given  body  is  supposed  to  contain  no  heat. 
It  is  —  273°  C.  Temperatures  reckoned  from 
it  are  called  absolute  temperatures.  It  is 
fixed  from  observation  of  the  fact  that  a  gas 
is  increased  jfj  jwrt  of  its  volume  for  every 
degree  of  the  Centigrade  thermometer. 

zero-point,  ».  The  point  indicating  the 
commencement  of  any  scale  or  reckoning. 

zero-potential,  «.    [POTENTIAL,  B.  2.] 

zest,  s.  [O.  FT.  zest  (Fr.  zeste)  =  a  piece  of  the 
skin  of  a  citron  or  lemon,  the  English  sense 
being  due  to  the  use  of  lemon  or  citron  for 
flavouring,  from  Lat.  schistos,  schistus  =  di- 
vided, from  Gr,  fiords  (schistos),  from  <rx'i"<o 
(schizo)  =  to  divide.] 

*  L  A  piece  of  orange  or  lemon  peel,  used  to 
give  a  flavour  to  liquor,  or  the  fine  thin  oil 
that  squirts  out  of  it  when  squeezed  ;  also 
the  woody,  thick  skin  quartering  the  kernel 
of  a  walnut. 

2.  Something  which  gives  a  relish  or  plea- 
sant taste  ;   something  which  serves  to  en- 
hance enjoyment  ;  hence,  that  quality  which 
makes  a  thing  enjoyable  ;  a  pleasant  taste,  a 
relish. 

"  Liberality  of  disposition  Mid  conduct  give*  the 
hlRlie.it  zest  ami  relish  to  social  intercourse."—  Cogan  : 
Ethical  Treat.,  Disc.  L 

3.  Relish  or   keenness   of   pleasure   expe- 
rienced ;  keen  enjoyment  ;  gusto. 

"  They  joined  and  partook  of  the  rude  fan  with  the 
*Mf  of  fatigue  and  youth."—  Lytton.  (A 


*  zest,  v.t.    [ZEST,  «.] 

1.  To  add  a  zest  or  relish  to* 
"Wh«n  my  wine's  right,  I  never  care  It  should  be 
vetted."—  Gibber  :  Care'tut  Hutband,  iil 

3.  To  cut,  as  the  peel  of  an  orange  or  lemon, 


from  top   to    bottom    in  thin  slices,   or  to 
squeeze,  as  peel,  over  the  surface  of  anything. 

ze'-ta,  «.  [Lat.  zeta,  for  diceta  —  a.  chamber,  a 
dwelling,  from  Gr.  SIO.ITO,  (diaita)  =  a  way  of 
living,  mode  of  life,  a  dwelling.]  A  littlu 
closet  or  chamber  ;  applied  by  some  writers 
to  the  room  over  the  porch  of  a  Christian 
church,  where  the  sexton  or  porter  resided, 
and  kept  the  church  documents.  (Britton.) 

*  ze-te'-tic,  a.  &s.  [Gr.  fiinrn***  (zetetikos), 
from  £i)T€'<tf  (zeteo)=  to  seek.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Proceeding  by  enquiry. 

B.  As  subst.:  A  seeker;  a  name  adopted  by 
some  of  the  Pyrrhonists. 

ze  to  -tics,  s.  [ZETETIC.]  A  name  given  to 
that  part  of  algebra  which  consists  iu  the 
direct  search  after  unknown  quantities. 

Z6  tic  -U-la,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  Lat. 
zeta  =  a  drawing-room,  a  summer-house.]  A 
small  with  drawing-room. 

zeug  -xte,  8.  (Gr.  <«vyinr?  (zeugitis)  =  yoked 
in  pairs.] 

Jl/in, ;  An  altered  variety  of  MetabruahiU 
(q.v.). 

zeug-lo-dSn,  *.     [Or.  <eto-x^  (aw^K)  =  the 
strap  or  loop  of  the  yoke  through  which  tue 
oxen's  heads  were  put ;  sun",  -odon.} 
Falceontology : 

1.  The  type-genus  of  Zeuglodontldce  (q.v.). 
The  remains  were  formerly  supposed  to  be 
reptilian,  and  were  named  Basilosaurus  by 
Harlan.    They  were  re-named  by  Owen  (who 
demonstrated    their   Mam- 
malian character),  and  the 

new  name  was  chosen  be- 
cause the  first  section  of  a 
molar  examined  was  taken 
from  the  base  of  the  crown, 
where  it  was  beginning  to 
divide  into  the  roots,  aud 
thus  it  looked  like  two 
single  teeth  yoked  or  linked 
together.  (Trans,  Geol.  Soc. 
Lond.,  aer.  iL,  vol.  vi.,  p. 
67.)  The  names  Phocodon 
and  Phocodontia  are  some- 
times given  to  the  genus  and 
family  respectively,  from  the 
seal-like  character  of  the  dentition.  Several 
species  from  the  Eocene  of  the  United  States ; 
a  portion  of  a  skull  from  the  Barton  Clay 
(Eocene)  of  Hampshire,  England. 

2.  Any  species  or  individual  of  the  Zeuglo- 
dontia  (q.v.). 

"The  earliest  Cetaceans  of  whose  organization  w« 
bare  anything  like  complete  evidence  are  tin-  Zeufto. 
don*  of  the  Eocene  i-criixl,  which  approach  In  th« 
structure  of  akull  and  teeth  to  a  more  generalized 
mammalian  type  than  either  of  the  existing  sub- 
orders. The  snmllntss  of  the  cerebral  cavity  com- 
pared with  the  Jaws  and  the  rest  of  the  skull  they 
share  with  the  primitive  forms  of  many  other  types. 
—SncifC.  Brit.  (ed.  tth),  XT.  893, 

zeug'-lo-dont,  a,  &  a.    [ZEUGLODONTIA.] 

A.  As  adj. ;  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Zeuglo* 
dontia, 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Zeuglo- 
dontia, 

t  zeiig  16  don'-ti  a  (or  t  as  sh),  t  zeug- 
lo-don  -ti-dae,  *.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  »nglo- 

don,  genit.  zeitgiodont(is) ;  Lat.  neut.  pi.  adj. 
Bull',  -ia,  or  fein.  -idee.] 

Palceont. :  A  group  or  family  founded  to 
include  certain  extinct  Cetaceans  of  doubtful 
affinities,  only  known  by  fragmentary  remains 
of  Eocene  age.  In  the  anterior  part  of  both 
jaws  the  teeth  are  simple,  conical,  or  slightly 
compressed,  and  sharp- pointed.  Dental  for- 
mula :  r.  S— 3,  c.  1—1,  P.M.  and  id.  6—*  =  36. 
Skull  elongated  and  much  depressed,  brain* 
cavity  very  small,  strong  sagittal  crest.  Th« 
characters  of  the  dorsal  vertebrae  and  the 
articulation  of  the  ribs  appear  to  have  resem- 
bled those  of  Platauista.  Huxley  considered 
tfcpse  animals  to  have  been  intermediate  be- 
tween the  true  Cetaceans  and  the  Seals.  By 
some  authorities  the  group  is  made  to  include 
Zeuglodon  (=  Phocodon),  Squalodon,  and 
Saurocetes.  Prof.  Flower  substitutes  for  it  a 
sub-order  (Archseoceti),  and  makes  the  Squal- 
odons  a  separate  family.  [SQUALODONTIDJ-:.] 

zeug'  ma,  *.  [Gr.,  from  {cvywpi  (zeugnumi) 
=  to  join.J  tYoKE.] 

Gram, :  The  connexion  of  one  word  with 
two  words  or  with  two  clauses,  to  both  of 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  +***",  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -mg. 
-clan*    tian  =  shan.    -tlou,  -alon  =  shun ;  -(Ion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -ctious  =  shu»,    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  -  beL  del. 


6256 


zeugm  a  tic— zinc 


which  it  does  not  equally  apply  :  go  that,  for 
one  of  them,  another  word  (to  be  gathered 
from  the  sense  of  the  passage)  must  be 
mentally  supplied.  Zeugma  is  therefore  a 
species  of  ellipsis  ;  both  abbreviate  discourse. 
Where  the  word  to  be  supplied  is  a  form  of 
another  in  the  sentence,  as  "  1  love  you,  and 
you  [love]  me,"  the  construction  is  elliptical  ; 
where  the  sense  requires  a  different  word  :  as, 
*'  The  sun  shall  not  burn  thee  by  day,  neither 
the  uioon  [injure  thee]  by  night"  (Ps.  cxxi.  6. 
Prayer  Book),  it  is  zeugma. 

zeug  mat  -ic,  a.    [ZEUGMA.]    Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  figure  of  speech  known  as  zeugma. 

»eun'-er-Ite   (eu  as  61),  s.     [After  Prof. 
Zeuner,  of  Freiberg;  suif.  -its  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  tetragonal  mineral,  isomorphous 
with  Uranite,  which  it  much  resembles  in 
its  physical  characters.  Hardness,  2  to  2-5  ; 
sp.  gr.  3*2  ;  colour,  grass-  and  apple-green. 
Compos.  :  a  hydrated  arsenate  of  sesquioxide 
of  uranium,  and  protoxide  of  copper.  First 
found  at  the  Weisser  Hirsch  mine,  Schnee- 
berg,  Saxony. 

zc   lis,  «.     [Lat.,  from  Gr.  feu'os  (2uioa)  =  the 
dory  or  doree  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Cyttidae,  with  six 
species,   from  the  Mediterranean,   the    tem- 
perate shores  of  the  Eastern  Atlantic,  and 
the  coasts  of  Japan  and  Australia,  all  of  them 
in  high  esteem  as  food-fishes.    A  series  of 
bony  plates  runs  along  the  base  of  the  dorsal 
and  anal  tins,  and  there  is  another  series  on 
the  abdomen.      The    best-known    species  is 
Zeusfaber,  which  was  well  known  in  classic 
times.    [DoREE.] 

2.  Palceont.  :  From  the  Miocene  of  Licata, 
Sicily. 

«eux  -ite,  s.     [Gr.  £evf  »  (zeuxis)  —  a  span,  a 
joining  ;  suft  ~ite  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  tourmaline  (q.v.),  found 
fn  the  United  Mines,  St.  Day,  Cornwall. 
Occurred  in  acicular  interlacing  crystals  of  a 
pale-brown  colour. 

xeu'-zer-a,  s.     [Gr.  jMyivpt  (ztugnumi)  =  to 
join,  to  yoke.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Zeuzeridas 
(q.v.),  with  one  British  species.  Antennae  of 
the  male  pectinated  at  the  base,  the  apex 
filiform  ;  abdomen  stout  in  the  male,  rather 
slender  in  the  female. 

•eu  -zer'-i-dee,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat  zeuzer(a)  ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Bombycina.  Antennse 
at  least  as  long  as  the  thorax,  wings  rather 
distant  at  the  base.  Caterpillar  naked,  with 
a  horny  plate  on  the  second  segment.  It  feeds 
within  the  stems  of  trees,  reeds,  Ac.  Among 
the  best  known  species  are  those  popularly 
called  the  Wood  Leopard  and  the  Goat  Moth 
(q.v.). 

xey'-lan-ite,  s.    [ZEILANITE.] 


,  8.     [An  Egyptian  word.] 
Bot.  :  The  flowerheada  of  Santolina  fragran- 
tissima,  sold  in  the  shops  of  Cairo  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  Camomile. 

«fb'-et,  zlb'-eth,  s.  [Fr.  zibet;  Ital.  zibetto; 
Low  Gr.  {airirtov  (zapetion).']  [CIVET.] 

Zool.  :  Viverra  zibetha,  a  Sumatran  civet. 
Length  about  two  feet  six  inches,  tail  eleven 
inches  ;  head  rounded,  bulging  before  the  ears, 
and  then  rapidly  contracting  into  a  short 
muzzle;  fur  close,  soft,  and  downy,  with  black 
and  white  lines  on  the  back,  and  spots  in  trans- 
verse undulations  on  the  back  and  sides  ;  tail 
faintly  ringed.  In  Travancore,  in  India,  there 
was  a  government  establishment  for  the  rear- 
ing of  these  animals,  the  civet  obtained  from 
them  being  used  in  perfumery  and  in  Hindoo 
medicine. 

•i-be'-thum  (th  as  t),  s.  [ZIBET.]  The  civet 
derived  from  the  Zibeth  (q.v.). 

«ie'-ga,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Curd  produced 
from  milk  by  adding  acetic  acid,  and  after 
rennet  has  ceased  to  cause  coagulation. 
(Brande  &  Cox.) 

•le-tris-i'-kite,  s.  [After  Zietrisika,  Mol- 
davia, where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Min.  :  A  member  of  the  group  of  hydro- 
carbons resembling  ozocerite  in  its  physical 
characters,  but  differing  from  that  substance 


in  its  almost  complete  insolubility  in  ether. 
A  mean  of  three  analyses  gave  :  carbon,  84'64  ; 
hydrogen,  14'63. 

zif,  ziph,  ziv,  s.  [Heb.  it  (ziv),  from  nm 
(zachacfi)  =  to  shine,  to  be  beautiful,  referring 
to  the  splendid  appearance  of  the  flowers 
during  the  month  (Gesenius)  ;  or  from  Assyrian 
Giv  =  the  Bull,  the  constellation  Taurus. 
(Rawlinson:  Herod,  i.  622.)] 

Hebrew  Calendar  :  The  second  month  of  the 
year,  extending  from  the  new  moon  in  May  to 
that  in  June  ;  or,  according  to  some  Rabbis, 
from  the  new  moon  in  April  to  that  of  June. 
(1  Kings  vi.  i.  37.)  In  some  copies  of  the 
A.V.  the  spelling  is  Zif,  in  others  Ziph  ;  in 
the  R.V.  Ziv,  which  is  the  correct  form. 

*  zif  -f  1-US,  8.  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  perhaps  for 
xipJiias  =  the  sword-fish.]  Some  sea  monster. 

"  Huge  t-ffiui  whom  mariiwrs  eschew." 

Spenoer;  f.  0...  II.  xil.  24. 

zig-an'-ka,  s.    [Russ.] 

Music  :  A  dance  popular  among  the  Russian 
peasantry,  similar  in  its  figures  to  the  English 
country  dance. 

zig'-a-rf,  s.pl. 

zig-zag,  a.  <t  s.  [Fr.,  from  Ger.  zickzach  =  a 
zigzag  ;  zichzach  segeln  =  to  tack  in  sailing  ; 
Sw.  ffichsack  =  zigzag.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Having  sharp  or  quick  turns 
or  flexures. 

"  More  stffsag  paths  tempt  na  right  and  left."— 
Quetn,  Sept  26.  1685. 

2.  Bot.:   [FLEXUOUS,  2.]. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Something  having  short, 
sharp  turns  or  angles,  as  a  line. 

"  But  that  ascent  waa  made  by  only  six  zigzag*."— 

Scribner't  Magazine,  August,  1677,  p.  462. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch.  :  A  zigzag  moulding  ;  a  chevron  or 
dancette.    [See  illustration  under  CHEVRON.] 

2.  Fart.  :  One  of  the  trenches  leading  to- 
wards the  besieged  works,  and  communicat- 
ing between  the  several  parallels.    It  turns  to 
the  right  and  to  the  left,  but  with  a  general 
curved  course,  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  be 
enfiladed  by  the  guns  of  the  fort. 

3.  A  salmon-stair,  fish-way,  or  fish-ladder. 

Zigzag-moulding,  5.  [CHEVRON,  DAN- 
CETTE.] 

zig'-zag,  v.t.  &  i.     [ZIGZAG,  a.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  form  with  short  sharp  turns 
or  angles. 

"The  middle  alle  has  on  each  aide  four  Norman 
round  arches  zigzagged."—  Warton:  Hittory  qf  Kid- 
dtnffton,  p.  4. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  move  or  advance  in  a  zigzag  fashion  ; 
to  make  zigzags. 

"  He  zigzagged  back  and  forth  from  tuft  to  tuft."— 
Scribner't  Magazine,  July,  1877,  p.  284. 

2.  To  waver  in,  or  change  one's  words  or 
opinions. 

"  Speak  la  ambiguous  and  hesitating  tones,  zigzag- 
ging this  way  and  that  way,  and  beating  about  the 
bu*h."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  38,  1887. 

*zJg-zag/-ger-&  s.  [Eng.  zigzag;  -ery.] 
Zigzag  or  irregular  course. 

"  When  my  Uncle  Toby  discovered  the  transient* 
tigzaggery  of  my  father's  approach  to  it."—  Sterna  : 
Trittram  Shandy,  ii.  113. 

t  zlg'-zag-gjf,  a.  [Eng.  zigzag;  -y.]  Having 
sharp  turns  ;  zigzag. 

"  The  tigzaggy  pattern  by  Saxons  Invented 
Was  cleverly  chiselled  and  well  represented." 
Barham:  Ing.  Leg.;  £t.  Komwold, 

zil-la,  s.  [The  Egyptian  name  of  ZiUa  mya- 
groiaes.] 

Bot.:  The  typical  genus  of  Zillidse  (q.v.). 
ZiUa  myagroides,  is  a  large  glabrous  herb,  with 
round  white  branches,  and  oblong  toothed 
leaves,  which  are  boiled  and  eaten  by  the 
Arabs  like  cabbage.  (London.) 

zil'-lah,  s.  [Hind.]  In  Hindustan,  a  local 
division  of  a  county  ;  a  shire  or  county. 

zill  -er-thite,  *.  [After  Zillerth(al),  Tyrol, 
where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  to  a  bright  green 
variety  of  Actinolite  (q.v.). 


B,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  zill(a);  Lat.  fern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 


Bot. :  A  family  of  OrthoploceEe.  Silicic  inde- 
hisceut,  sub-globose,  one  or  two-celled,  each 
with  a  single  globose  seed.  Herbs  from  the 
Mediterranean  region. 

zim'-a-pan-ite,  s.  [After  Zimapan,  Mexico, 
where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (A/in.).] 

Min. :  Stated  to  be  a  chloride  of  iron,  crys- 
tallizing in  the  rhombohedral  system.  A 
doubtful  species. 

zimb  (b  silent),  s.    [Arab.  -  a  fly.] 

Entom.:  A  dipterous  insect  described  by 
Bruce  as  being  common  in  Abyssinia.  It  is 
said  to  resemble  the  tsetse  (q.v.)  of  the  south- 
ern parts  of  Africa,  and  to  be  equally  hurtful 
to  cattle.  It  is  a  little  larger  than  the  common 
bee,  and  thicker  in  proportion. 

zim-ent-wa'-ter,  s.  [Ger.  cement wasser,  lit. 
=  cement  or  cementation  water ;  cf.  cementkup- 
fer=  copper  deposited  in  water.]  A  name 
given  to  water  found  in  copper  mines ;  watei 
impregnated  with  copper. 

zl-moc'-ca,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  (See  etym. 
and  compound.) 

zimocca-sponge,  s. 

Zool. :  Euspongia  zimocca,  a  sponge  with 
a  dark  brownish-yellow  skeleton,  the  chief 
fibres  of  which  are  soft,  thin,  elastic,  and 
almost  free  from  sand,  while  the  under 
fibres  are  dense  and  thick,  rendering  the 
sponge  itself  abnormally  hard. 

zi'-mome,  s.    [ZYMOME.] 

zinc,  s.  [Dan.  and  Sw.  zink;  Fr.  zinc;  cogn. 
with  Ger.  zinn  =  tin.] 

1.  Astron.:  It  has  been  ascertained  by  spec- 
troscopy  that  there  is  zinc  in  the  sun. 

2.  Chem.  &  Comm. :  A  divalent  metallic  ele- 
ment, symb.  Zn. ;  at.  wt.,  65;  found  in  con- 
siderable  abundance  in  many  parts  of  Britain, 
in  Silesia,  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Aix 
la  Chapelle.    It  is  extracted  from  the  native 
carbonate  by  first  roasting  the  ore,  mixing  it 
with   charcoal   or  coke,   and  subjecting  the 
mixture  to  a  full  red  heat  in  an  earthen  retort. 
The  reduced  metal  volatilizes,  and   is   con- 
densed   by    suitable    means.      It   is    bluish- 
white,  tarnishes  slowly  in  the  air,  is  crystal- 
line and  brittle,  with  a  density  varying  from 
6'8  to  7'2.    Between  121°  and  149°  it  has  the 
property  of  becoming  malleable,  and   after 
such  treatment  retains  this  character  when 
cold.    At  411°  it  melts,  and  at  a  bright  red 
heat  boils  and  volatilizes.     Ordinary  zinc  dis- 
solves readily  in  dilute  acids,  but  pure  zinc  is 
less   soluble    unless    it   is    in  contact  with 
platinum,  copper,  or  some  other  less  positive 
metal,   with  which   it  can   form  a  galvanic 
circuit.      Solutions    of    zinc    give  a    white 
precipitate  with  hydric  sulphide.      In  con- 
sequence  of  its   lightness    and    cheapness, 
sheet  zinc  is  employed  for  lining  laths  and 
cisterns,  for  gutters,  spouts,  and  roofs ;  for  the 
latter  purpose  it  is  usually  corrugated.     Zinc 
plates  are  much  used  as  generators  of  elec- 
tricity in  voltaic  batteries  and  in  zincography 
(q.v.).    Zinc  is  also  an  important  fartor  in 
the  manufacture  of  alloys,  and  in  the  prepar- 
ation of  galvanized  iron  (q.v.). 

3.  Pharm. :   Oxide  of  zinc  given  in  small 
doses  is  a  tonic  and  astringent,  acting  bene- 
ficially on   the   nervous    system    in   chorea, 
epilepsy,  hysteria,  neuralgia,  &c. ;  in  large  doses 
it  is  emetic ;  externally  it  is  a  desiccant  and 
astringent.    Sulphate  of  zinc  and  acetate  ef 
zinc  produce  similar  effects.    So  apparently 
does  the  carbonate,  which,  however,  is  not 
much  employed  medicinally.    Chloride  of  zinc 
is  used  externally  as  an  escharotic;   valeri- 
anate  of  zinc  is  a  nervine  tonic  and  antispas- 
modic,  also  an  anthelmintic.    (Garrod.) 

11  Zinc  occurs  somewhat  abundantly  in  the 
United  States,  where  its  production  is  rapidly 
increasing.  In  1889,  the  yield  was  68,860;  in 
1890,  63,683;  in  1891,  80,334  short  tons,  chiefly 
smelted  in  Illinois,  Kansas  and  Missouri.  In 
Great  Britain  the  annual  yield  of  the  /inc 
mines  is  about  23,000  tons,  half  of  it  coming 
from  Wales. 

zinc-ash,  s. 

Chem. :  The  impure  gray  oxide  formed  wh«n 
zinc  is  heated  in  contact  with  air. 

zinc  azurite,  s. 

Min. :  A  mineral  of  uncertain  composition, 
said  to  have  been  found  in  small  blue  crystals 
in  the  Sierra  Almagrera,  Spain.  Plattner 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p»t, 
or,  wore.  W9lt  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


zinc— zingiberacese 


5257 


states  that  it  consists  of  sulphate  of  zinc,  car- 
bonate of  copper,  and  some  water.    (Damn.) 

zinc-butter,  s.    [ZINC-CHLORIDE. J 

zinc  chloride,  s. 

Chem. :  ZnCl2.  Zinc-butter.  Easily  pre- 
pared by  dissolving  the  metal  in  hydrochloric 
aciil.  It  is  a  nearly  white  translucent  sub- 
stance, fusible,  and  very  deliquescent ;  easily 
soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  and  forming  a 
double  salt  with  sal-ammoniac ;  very  useful 
in  tinning  and  soft  soldering  copper  and  iron. 
It  is  also  useful  as  an  antiseptic,  and,  like 
sulphuric  acid,  withdraws  the  elements  of 
water  from  organic  bodies. 

zinc  cyanide,  s. 

Chem. :  ZnC2N2  =  Zn(CN)j.  A  white  in- 
soluble powder,  obtained  by  adding  hydro- 
cyanic acid  to  zinc  acetate.  It  is  deconmposed 
by  acids  with  evolution  of  hydrocyanic  acid, 
but  is  soluble  in  excess  of  potassic  cyanide, 
the  solution  yielding  on  evaporation  octa- 
hedral crystals  of  potassic  zinc  cyanide. 

zinc-etude,  s.    [ZINC-ETHYL.] 

zinc-ethyl,  s. 

Chem. :  ZnfCjHj^.  Zinc-ethtde.  An  organo- 
metallic  compound  discovered  by  Frankland, 
and  formed  by  heating  ethyl  Iodide  with  zinc 
in  a  sealed  glass  tube  or  copper  cylinder. 
The  zinc  eth-iodide  is  first  formed,  which, 
when  distilled  in  an  atmosphere  of  hydrogen, 
is  resolved  into  zinc  iodide  and  zinc  ethyl. 
It  is  a  mobile,  volatile,  and  disagreeable 
smelling  liquid,  boiling  at  118°,  and  having  a 
specific  gravity  of  1J182.  It  takes  Ore  instantly 
on  coming  in  contact  with  the  air,  and  water 
decomposes  it  violently  with  formation  of 
zinc  hydroxide  and  ethane  (ZnHgOa  -f-  CgHg). 

zinc-fahlcrz,  s. 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Tetrahedrite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining zinc. 

zinc-iodide,  s. 

Chem. :  ZnI2.  Obtained  by  digesting  Iodine 
with  excess  of  zinc  and  water,  till  the  colour 
of  the  iodine  disappears.  It  separates  in 
regular  octahedral  or  cubo  -  octahedral  crys- 
tals, is  very  deliquescent,  and  dissolves  easily 
in  water.  When  heated  in  contact  with  the 
air,  it  is  decomposed,  iodine  being  evolved 
and  zinc  oxide  produced. 

zinc  methidc,  s.    [ZINC-METHYL.] 

zinc  methyl,  s. 

Chem.:  Zn(CH3>2.  Zinc-methide.  Prepared 
In  the  same  manner  as  zinc-ethyl.  It  is  a 
colourless  mobile  liquid,  boiling  at  46°,  and 
having  a  specific  gravity  of  1-386  at  10'5°,  and 
is  spontaneously  inflammable.  These  com- 
pounds enable  us  to  build  up  carbon  com- 
pounds from  others  lower  in  the  scale.  With 
carbon  oxychloride  they  form  ketones,  e.g., 
COCl2+Zn(CH3)2  =  ZnCl2  +  CCKCHsJj  (ace- 
tone). 

zinc-oxide,  s. 

Chem.:  ZnO.  Zinc  white.  Prepared  by 
burning  zinc  in  atmospheric  air.  It  is  a  white, 
tasteless  powder,  insoluble  in  water,  but 
freely  soluble  in  acids,  and  is  employed  as  a 
substitute  for  white  lead,  especially  in  paint 
work  that  is  exposed  to  the  action  of  the 
fumes  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

zinc  oxychloride,  .-•. 

Chem. :  ZnCl2.3ZnO-4H2O.  Basic  chloride 
of  zinc.  Obtained  by  evaporating  to  dryness 
an  aqueous  solution  of  zinc  chloride.  It  is  a 
white  powder,  insoluble  in  water,  and  giving 
off  half  its  combined  water  when  heated  to 
100°.  It  is  used  as  a  paint  for  wood,  stone,  or 
metal,  dries  quickly,  and  is  free  from  odour. 

zinc  phyllite,  9. 

Min. :  The  same  as  HOPEITE  (q.v.) 

zinc-spinel,  t. 

Min. :  The  same  as  AUTOMOLITK  (q.v.). 

zinc  sulphate,  «. 

Chem.:  Zn8O4  +  7OH2.  White  vitriol. 
Prepared  by  dissolving  the  metal  in  dilute 
sulphuric  acid,  or  by  roasting  the  native  sul- 
phide. Its  crystals  are  hardly  to  be  distin- 
guished by  che  eye  from  sulphate  of  magnesia. 
It  has  an  astringent  metallic  taste,  dissolves 
In  two  and  a  half  parts  of  cold  and  in  a  much 
smaller  quantity  of  hot  water,  and  is  chiefly 
used  in  calico-printing. 

zinc-vitriol,  s.    [ZINC-SULPHATE.] 


zinc-white,  s.    [ZINC-OXIDE.] 

zinc,  v.l.  [ZINC,  s.]  To  coat  or  cover  with 
zinc.  [GALVANIZE.] 

zino-a-cet'-a-mide,  s.  [Eng.  tine,  and 
acetamide.] 

Chem.:  C4H8Zn"N2O2.  A  white  powder 
formed  by  the  action  of  acetamide  on  zinc- 
ethyl. 

zinc-a-lu'-inin-ite,  «.  [Eug.  zinc,  and  alu- 
minite.] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  minute  hexa- 
gonal plates  at  the  Laurium  mines,  Greece. 
Hardness,  2'5  to  3'0  ;  sp.  gr.  2'26  ;  colour, 
white.  Compos.  :  a  hydrated  sulphate  of 
alumina  and  zinc,  with  the  formula  2ZnSO4  + 
4ZnH202  +  3A12H6O6  +  5aq.,  which  requires, 
sulphuric  acid,  12-48  ;  alumina,  24-12  ;  oxide 
of  zinc,  38-12  ;  water,  25-28  =  100. 

zinc  am  -yl,  zinc-am  -yl  ide,  s.  [Eng. 
zinc,  and  amyl;  -ide.] 

Chem.  :  Zn(C6Hn)2-  Zlncamylide.  A  colour- 
less, transparent,  mobile  liquid,  prepared  by 
heating  zinc  with  mercuric  amylide.  It  has  a 
sp.  gr.  of  1-022  at  0°,  boils  at  220',  but  gradu- 
ally decomposes  at  240°,  yielding  amylene  and 
amylic  hydride.  In  contact  with  the  air  it 
fumes,  and)  when  dropped  into  oxygen  gas 
burns  with  a  dazzling  white  flame  and  slight 
explosion. 

zinc-am'-yl  ide,  s.    [ZIHCAMYL.] 

zinc  -Ic,  a.  [Eng.  zinc  ;  -ic.]  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  containing  zinc. 

zixic-if'-er-OUB,  a.  [Eng.  zinc,  s.,  and  Lat. 
fero  =  to  bear,  to  produce.]  Producing  zinc  : 
as,  zinciferous  ore. 

zinc'-ite,  a.  [Eng.  fine  :  sun",  -ite  (Min.)  ; 
Ger.  zinfcit,  rothzinkerz  ;  Fr.  zinc  oxytU.] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  of  sparse  occurrence,  at 
present  only  known  to  have  been  found  at 
certain  mines  in  Sussex  County,  New  Jersey. 
Crystallization  hexagonal  ;  hardness,  4  to  4-5  ; 
sp.  gr.  6-43  to  6*7  ;  lustre  sub-adamantine  ; 
color,  deep-red,  streak  orange-yellow  ;  trans- 
lucent to  sub-translucent  ;  fracture,  sub- 
conchoidal;  brittle.  Compoe.  :  oxygen, 
19-74  ;  zinc,  80-26  —  100,  whence  the  formula 
ZnO. 

zihck-en  ite,  zihk-en-Ite,  «.  [After 
Herr  Zincken,  tha  director  of  the  Anhalt 
mines  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  An  orthorhombic  mineral,  occurring 
mostly  in  divergent  groups  of  hexagonal 
prisms  at  Wolfsberg,  in  the  Hartz  Mountains. 
Hardness,  8  to  3-5  ;  sp.  gr.,  6'30  to  5-35  ;  lustre, 
metallic  ;  colour  and  streak,  steel-gray  ; 
opaque.  Compos.  :  sulphur,  22*1  ;  antimony, 
42-6  ;  lead,  35'3  =  100,  thus  yielding  the  for- 
mula PbS+SbjjSj. 

zinc  ky,  zlnk'-y,  o.  [Eng.  zinc,  t.  ;  -».] 
Pertaining  to  zinc  ;  containing  zinc  ;  having 
the  appearance  of  zinc. 

zln-co-,  pref.  [Eng.  zinc,  and  o  connect.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  zinc  (q.v.). 

*  zinco  polar,  «. 

Gaiv.  :  A  term  applied  to  the  surface  of  the 
zinc  presented  to  the  acid  in  a  battery. 


zinc  -ode,  s.    [Eng.  zinc,  and  Gr.  otot 
=  a  way.]     The  positive  pole  of  a  galvanic 
battery. 

zin'-cd-graph,  s.  [Eng.  zinc,  and  Gr.  ypafao 
(grupko)  =  to  write,  to  draw.]  A  design  drawn 
by  zincography  (q.v.);  an  impression  taken 
from  such  a  design. 

"  Illustrated  with  full-page  tinted  ttncographt."— 
field,  J«u.  23.  IBM. 

zin  cog'-ra  pher,  s.  tEng.  zincograph  ,-  •«•.] 
One  who  practises  zincography. 

zin  co  graph  ic,  zih  co  graph  ical, 
re.  [Eng.  zincography);  -ic,  -icoi.]  Pertain- 
ing or  relating  to  zincography. 

zln-co'g'-ra-phy,  s     [ZINCOOHAPH.]    An  art 

in  its  essential  features  similar  to  lithography, 
the  stone  printing-surface  of  the  latter  being 
replaced  by  that  of  a  plate  of  polished  zinc. 
The  design  is  drawn  on  the  zinc-plate  with  a 
material  which  resists  acid.  The  surface  of 
the  plate  being  bitten  away  leaves  the  design 
in  relief  to  be  printed  from  by  the  ordinary 
mode  in  printing  from  woodcuts.  The  first 


attempts  at  zincography  were  made  by  H.  W. 
Eberhard  of  Magdeburg  in  1805. 

zinc-oid,  a.  [Eng.  zinc;  suff.  -oici.)  Re- 
sembling zinc  ;  pertaining  to  ziuc. 

*  zin-col  -y-sls,   s.     [Pref.  zinco-,  and   Or. 

Avo-is  (lusis)  =  setting  free.] 
Elect.  :  The  same  as  ELECTROLYSIS  (q.v.). 

zin'-c6-lyte,  s.    [Pref.  zinco-,  and  Gr.  Wr«f 
(lutos)  =  that  may  be  dissolved. 
Elect.  :  The  same  as  ELECTROLYTE  (q.v.). 

zih   co-nine,  s.    [Eng.  zinc;  on  connect.,  and 
sun'.  -in«  (Min.).'} 
Min.  :  The  same  as  HYDROZINCITE  (q.v.). 

zin  co-ni^e,  s.     [Eng.  zinc;  o  connect.,  and 
Gr.  font  (konis)  =  powder.) 
Min.  :  The  same  as  HYDROZINCITB  (q.v.). 

zih'  -co-site,  zlri  -ko  jlte,  t.  [Eng.  zinc; 
os  connect.,  and  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  doubtful  mineral,  said  to  be  an 
anhydrous  sulphate  of  zinc,  occurring  in 
crystals  isomorphous  with  those  of  anglesite 
and  barytes. 

zlhc'-ous,  a.  [Eng.  zinc,  s.  ;  -oits.)  Pertain- 
ing  to  zinc,  or  to  the  positive  pole  of  a  voltaic 
battery. 

zinc-ox  -yl,  ».  [Eng.  zinc,  s.  ;  oxygen),  and 
•yi.\ 

Chem.  :  The  name  given  to  the  diatomic 
radical,  O2Zn. 

zln'-di  kite,  s.  [Anglicised  from  the  Arabic 
name.] 

Muhaminadanism  (PL):  A  heretical  sect 
who  believe  that  the  world  was  produced 
from  four  eternal  elements,  and  that  man  is  a 
microcosm.  They  disbelieve  in  God,  the  re- 
surrection, and  a  future  life.  (Brewer.) 

zin'-ga  rl,  zin  ga  nee,  zlg'-a-ri,  >.  (See 
extract.]  A  gypsy  (q.v.). 

"A  remarkably  perfect  e|xmymic  historical  myth 
accounting  for  the  Kyi«jiea  or  Egyptians  may  be  fouud 
cited  seriously  ill  '  Blackstolie  s  Commentaries  '  :  when 
Bultan  Selim  conquered  Egypt  in  1517,  several  of  the 
natives  refused  to  submit  to  the  Turkish  yoke,  and 
revolted  under  one  Zintjanettt.  whence  the  Turks 
called  them  Zhtyanect,  hut,  being  at  length  sur- 
rounded and  banished,  they  agreed  to  disperse  in 
small  parties  over  the  world,  Ac.  Ac."—  Tyler  :  rrin 
Cult.  (ed.  1873}  i.  400. 

zing   el  (z  as  dz),  s.    [Low  Ger.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  name  applied  by  some  writers  tc 
any  individual  or  species  of  the  genus  Aspro 
(q.v.).  The  name  is  more  properly  limited  to 
the  type-species,  Aspro  zinget,  about  a  foot 
long,  with  a  weight  of  two  pounds  ;  back 
greenish-brown,  sides  yellowish  with  a  shade 
of  gray,  belly  whitish,  four  cloudy  brownish- 
black  bands,  more  or  less  distinct,  on  sides. 
Found  in  the  Danube  and  its  larger  tributary 
streams.  (Seeley  :  Freshwater  Fishes  of 
Europe.) 

•zln-gho,  s.    [Zmc,  «.] 

zin'-gi-an,  a.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Philol.  :  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
South  African  family  of  tongues.  Called  also 
Bantu  and  Chuana.  A  peculiarity  of  this 
family  is  the  use  of  clucks  or  clicks  in  speak- 

ing.    [CLICK,  S.,  A.  II.  1.] 

zin'-gi-ber.    ».      [Lat.    zinjibert,   from   Gr. 
'          (zinggilieris)  =  ginger.  ] 


Bot.  :  Ginger  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Zingi- 
beraceae.  Indian  herbs  with  creeping,jojnted, 
woorjy  rootstocks  ;  leaves  in  two  ranks, 
sheathing  the  stem,  flowers,  in  conical  spikes, 
inner  limbs  of  the  corolla  with  only  one  lip, 
and  the  anther  with  a  simple  recurved  horn 
at  the  end.  Zingiber  officinale  is  the  Common 
Ginger;  it  is  cultivated  throughout  India. 
[GINGER.]  Z.  Cassumunar  is  said  to  be  car- 
minative, like  the  former  species. 

zin-gi-ber-a'-oS-w,  ».  pi    [Mod.  Lat.  zino-i- 
oer  ,-  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -octal.] 

Bat.  :  Glngerworts  ;  an  order  of  Endogens, 
the  typical  one  of  the  alliance  Amomales. 
Aromatic  herbs,  with  a  creeping,  often  jointed 
rhizome.  Stem  simple,  formed  of  the  co- 
hering bases  of  the  leaves  ;  leaves  simple, 
sheathing,  with  a  single  midrib,  from  which 
very  numerous  parallel  veins  diverge  at  an 
acute  angle  and  proceed  to  the  margin  ; 
flowers  generally  in  pairs,  and  lying  among 


b6H.  bt»;  poUt,  J6%1;  oat.  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-tton.  -«lon  =  shun ;  -flon.  -fan  =  zhtin.  -olou*.  -ttou*  -slous  =  abas.   -Die.  -die,  &c,  =  fteL  del, 


5258 


zingiberaceous  -zizyphus 


•pathapeous  bracts  ;  calyx  superior,  short 
tubular,  three-lobed  ;  corolla,  tubular,  irrega 
lar,  with  six  segments  in  two  whorls,  the  inner 
morphologically  viewed,  being  transformec 
sterile  stamens,  untransformed  stamens,  three 
two  of  them  abortive  ;  filament  of  the  forme 
not  petaloid  ;  anther,  two-celled  ;  style,  fili 
form;  stigma,  dilated,  hollow;  ovary,  mort 
or  less  perfectly  three-celled,  with  the  pla 
centa  in  the  axis  ;  fruit,  usually  a  capsule 
three-  or  sometimes  one-celled  ;  seeds,  many 
Closely  akin  to  Slarantaceae,  with  which  the'j 
were  formerly  combined,  but  differ  in  theii 
two-celled  anther,  and  in  the  possession  of  a 
vitellus  round  the  embryo.  Natives  of  th( 
East  Indies  and  some  other  tropical  countries 
Genera,  twenty-nine  ;  species  247.  (Lindley.) 

zin-gl-ber  a'-ceous  (ce  as  sh),  a.  [Mod 
Lat.  zimlberacdje)  ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -aws.]  O. 
or  pertaining  to  ginger  or  the  Zingiberacese 

(q.v.). 

zlnk'-en-ite,  ».    [ZINCKENITE.] 
zink  -y,  o.    [ZiNCinr.] 

zin'-nj-a,  a.  [Named  after  John  Godfrey  Zinn 
(1727-59),  professor  of  botany  at  Gottingeu.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Heliopsideae,  with  six  or 
seven  species.     Ray  consisting  of  five  per- 
sistent florets  ;  fruit  crowned  by  two  awns. 
Elegant  American  plants.     They  are  oulti 
vated  for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers. 

zinnwaldite(>«dzinn   vald  ite),  •.  [After 

Zinnwald,  Bohemia,  where  found  ;  suit  -ite 

(Min.).'] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  LEPIDOLITE  (q.v.). 

zin  -zi-ber,  s.     [ZIHOIBER.] 

zin-zi-ber-a  -96-88,  s.  pi    [ 


zln-zi-ber  a'-ceous  (ce  as  ah),  o.    [Zmoi- 

BERACEOUS.J 

ZT-on,  t.  [Heb.  JV?  (tsion)  —  exposed  on  a 
sunny  place  ;  nrnj  (tsacliach)  =  to  shine,  to 
glow  with  heat,  to  be  exposed  to  the  son.] 

\.  Lit  :  A  mount  or  eminence  of  Jerusalem, 
the  royal   residence   of  David  and  his  suc- 
cessors. 
2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  A  dissenting  chapeL    [BETHEL,  2.  (1).] 

(2)  The  theocracy  or  church  of  Ood. 

tziph-i'-I-dsB,  s.pt.  [Mod.  Lat  ziphUui); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -Ida.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Cetacea,  equivalent  to 
Ziphiinas  (q.v.> 

zlph-I  i'-naj,  i.  pt.  [Mod.  Lat  rtphibu); 
Lat  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -irwz.) 

Zool.  :  A  sub-family  of  Physeteridse,  with 
four  genera,  Hyperoodon,  Mesoplodon,  Ber- 
ardlus,  and  Ziphius  (q.v.).  Teeth  of  mandible 
rudimentary,  except  one  or  two  pairs,  which 
may  be  largely  developed,  especially  in  the 
males  ;  spiracle  single,  crescentic  ;  pectoral 
fin  small,  ovate,  all  five  digits  well  developed. 
They  appear  to  feed  chiefly  on  small  cephalo- 
pods,  and  occur  singly  or  in  small  herds. 

ziph  I  old,  a.  &  s.  [Mod.  Lat  *ipM(tw); 
Eng.  suff.  -otd.J 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  resembling 
the  sub-family  Ziphiinse  (q.v.). 

B.  Atmiut.  :  Any  individual  of  the  ZipMina 
(q.v.). 

zlph'-I-Ss,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Or.  fi^o? 
(xipAos)  =  a  straight  sword.  Named  from  the 
painted  snout  of  the  species.] 

Zool.  <t  Palaojit.  :  Agenus  of  Ziphiinae  (q.v.). 
Several  species  have  been  described,  some  of 
them  probably  under  more  than  one  name. 
The  best  known  is  the  type  Ziphiiu  cavirot- 
tris,  from 
the  Medi- 
terranean. 
It  was  on  an 
imperfect 
skull  of 
this  spe- 
cies, picked  __ 

UP    on    the    SKULL  OF  ZIPHtCS  CAVIBOSTEIS. 

Mediter- 

ranean coast  of  France,  in  1804,  and  described 
by  Cuvier,  who  thought  that  it  belonged  to  an 
extinct  animal,  in  his  Ossemens  FossUes  that  the 
genus  was  founded.  Teeth  of  this  or  of  an  al- 
lied species  from  the  Suffolk  and  Antwerp  Crag. 


zip'  pe-ite  (z  as  tzX  s.  [Alter  Prof  Zippe 
the  mineralogist  at  Prague  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).' 
Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  as  an  alteratior 
product  of  uraninite  (q.v.)  at  Joachiinsthal, 
Bohemia.  Acicular,  sometimes  in  rosette 
like  groups  of  needles  or  small  botryoidal 
Hardness,  8-0;  colour,  shades  of  yellow. 
Compos.  :  essentially  a  hydrated  sulphate  ol 
sesquioxide  of  uranium. 

ziy-carb-ite,  ».    [Bug.  rir^con),  carbonate), 
and  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  name  given  by  0.  U.  Shepard  to  a 
doubtful  mineral  whose  chemical  composition 
was  undetermined.  Stated  to  have  bpen 
found  with  cyrtolite,  at  the  granite  quarries 
of  Rockport,  Massachusetts. 


rir'-con-ite,  «•     [The  Cingales 
name.] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  only  in  crystals 
or  crystalline  grains.  Crystallization,  tetra- 
gonal. Hardness,  7'5 ;  sp.  gr.  4-05  to  4-75 ; 
lustre,  adamantine ;  colour,  very  variable, 
shades  of  red,  yellow,  brown,  green,  &e. '; 
translucent  to  transparent.  Compos.  :  silica 
33-0;  zireonia,  67-0  =  100,  hence  the  formula 
ZrOaSiOj.  Dana  adopts  the  following  altered 
varieties  as  sub-species  :  Malacone,  Cvrtolite, 
Tachyaphaltite,  (Eretedite,  Auerbachite,  and 
Bragite.  (See  these  words.) 

zircon-syenite, «. 

Petrol. :  A  variety  of  Syenite  (q.v.),  charac- 
terized by  the  presence  of  zircon  in  distributed 
crystals.  I 

Zir'-con-ate,  s.    [Eng.  ziram(ic) ;  -ate.] 

Chem.  (PI.):  Compounds  of  zirconia  with 
the  stronger  bases. 

zir-co'-ni-a,  «.     [ZIRCONIUM.]    [ZIRCONIUM- 
OXIDE.] 

zirconia-llght,  s.  One  in  which  a  stick 
of  oxide  of  zirconium  is  exposed  to  the  flame 
of  oxy-hydrogeu  gas.  Invented  by  Tessie  du 
Motay. 

Zir-con'-lc,  o.     [Eng.  zirconium);  -it]    De- 
rived from  or  containing  zirconium. 

zirconic  acid,  r. 

Chen. :  Zirconia  in  combination  with  bases. 
zir'-con-ite,  s.    [ZIRCON.] 

zir-co'-ni-um,  ».      [Mod.  Lat,  from  zinxrn 
(q.v.).] 

Clum. :  A  tetratomic  element  intermediate 
between  aluminium  and  silicium;  symb., 
Zr ;  at.  wt,  90 ;  first  obtained  from  zirconite 
by  Klaproth  in  1789.  Like  silicium,  it  is 
capable  of  existing  in  three  different  states, 
amorphous,  crystalline,  and  graphitoidal. 
The  amorphous  and  crystalline  are  obtained 
by  processes  similar  to  those  described  for 
preparing  the  corresponding  modifications  of 
silicium  (q.v.).  The  graphitoidal  variety  is 
obtained  in  light  scales  of  a  steel-gray  colour, 
by  decomposing  sodium  zirconate  with  iron. 
It  is  but  slowly  attacked  by  sulphuric,  nitric, 
or  hydrochloric  acid,  even  when  heated,  but 
dissolves  readily  in  hydrofluoric  acid. 

zirconium-chloride,  «. 

Clum. :  ZrCU.  A  white  crystalline  mass 
prepared  by  heating  zirconium  in  chlorine 
gas.  When  treated  with  water,  it  is  converted 
into  oxychloride  of  zirconium,  ZrOCl^SOHa. 

zirconium  -oxide,  s. 

Chem. :  ZrOj.  Zirconia.  A  white,  taste- 
less, inodorous  powder,  obtained  by  heating 
zirconium  to  redness  in  contact  with  the  air. 
It  is  insoluble  In  ordinary  acids,  soluble  with 
difficulty  in  hydrofluoric  acid,  but  dissolves 
readily  when  heated  with  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid 

zuT-ite,  s.    [After  Zirl,  Tyrol,  where  found ; 
suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  by  Pichler  to  an  opal- 
like  hydrate  of  alumina,  probably  identical 
with  gibbsite  (q.v.). 

zither,  zithern  (as  tzif -er,  tzit   era),  s. 
[Ger.,  from  Lat.  cithara  (q.v.).]    [CITTERN.] 

Mutic:  A  development  of  the  instrument 
known  to  the  Greeks  as  cithara  (q.v.).  In 
the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century  it 
became  a  favourite  with  the  peasantry  of  the 
Styrian  and  Bavarian  Alps,  and  was  introduced 
into  England  about  1850,  chiefly  by  Herr  Curt 
Schulz.  The  zither  consists  of  a  resonance- 


box,  with  a  large  circular  sound-hole  near  the 
middle;  the  strings,  thirty-two  in  number 
in  some  cases  increased  to  forty  and  even 
forty-six,  being  made  of  steel,  brass,  catt'tit 
and  silk  covered  with  fine  silver  or  copper 
wire,  and  tuned  by  pegs  at  one  end.  Five  of 
le  strings  are  stretclied  over  a  fretted  key- 
board, and  are  used  to  play  the  melody,  the 
ringers  of  the  left  hand  stopping  the  strings 


on  the  frets,  the  right  hand  thumb,  armed 
with  a  metal  ring,  striking  the  strings,  whi'Oi 
are  tuned  in  fifths,  and  have  a  chromatic 
range  from  c  in  the  second  space  of  the  bass 
staff  to  con  the  sixth  ledger  line  above  the 
treble.  The  remainder,  called  the  accom- 
paniment strings,  are  struck  by  the  first  three 
fingers  of  tlie  right  hand,  and,  as  they  are  not 
stopped,  produce  only  the  single  note  to 
which  they  are  tuned.  Whilst  playing  the 
performer  rests  the  instrument  on  a  table 
with  the  key-board  side  nearest  to  liim.  The 
viola  zither,  in  which  the  resonance-box  is 
heart-shaped,  is  tuned  like  the  violin  (q.v  X 
and  is  played  with  a  bow.  The  form  of  the 
instrument  is  like  that  of  the  viola,  but  the 
body  rests  on  the  lap  of  the  seated  player, 
while  the  head  is  placed  on  the  edge  of  a 
table. 

zi-za'-nl-a,  s.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  (ifanm  (ri- 
zaniou)=  the  darnel.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Oryzeae.  A  grass  with 
monoecious  flowers,  the  males  being  above 
and  the  females  below  on  the  panicle.  Males 
with  small,  round,  membranous  glumes  and 
two  pales,  the  inferior  one  five-nerved  and  the 
superior  one  three-nerved.  Females  without 
glumes  ;  pales  two,  the  lower  seven-nerved, 
the  upper  three-nerved.  Known  species  five. 
Zizania  aquatica  is  Canada  rice.  It  has  a 
pyramidal  panicle  of  flowers,  and  is  commonly 
met  with  in  streams  in  North  America,  from 
Canada  to  Florida.  The  seeds,  which  are 
bland  and  farinaceous,  are  largely  eaten  by 
the  North  American  Indians,  and  also  support 
multitudes  of  wild  fowl.  It  was  once  cul- 
tivated in  Middlesex  and  in  Ross-shire. 

zi  -zel,  s.    [SocsLiK.] 

Zl'-zy-phfis,  s.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  f!fvj>oy  (zln- 
pheri)  =  the  tree  whose  fruit  is  the  jujube] 
[See  def.] 

1.  Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Rhamnaceee.  Shrubs  or 
small  trees,  with  spiny  stipules,  alternate 
three-nerved  leaves,  a  spreading  five-cleft 
calyx,  five  hood-like  petals,  five  stamens,  a 
five-angled  disk,  adhering  to  the  tube  of  the 
calyx,  and  having  enclosed  within  it  the  two- 
to  three-celled  ovary.  Fruit  berry-like,  the 
stone  or  kernel  with  two  or  three  cells,  and  a 
single  flattened  seed  in  each.  Widely  distri- 
buted, but  having  their  metropolis  in  the  sub- 
tropical parts  of  the  Eastern  hemisphere. 
The  berries  of  Zizyphua  JtijH&o,  the  Indian 
plum,  cultivated  throughout  India  and  Bur- 
mah,  are  eaten  both  by  Europeans  and  natives. 
They  are  called  Jujubes,  and  are  of  a  mucila- 
ginous, mawkish  taste.  Z.  vulgarlt,  wild  in 
the  Pnnjaub,  and  cultivated  in  Bengal,  also 
furnishes  some  of  the  jujubes  of  commerce. 
The  fruits  of  Z.  nummuiaria,  Z.  rugosa,  and 
Z.  (Enoplia,  are  also  eaten  in  India,  but  an 
inferior  to  the  genuine  jujubes:  The  frnitof  Z. 
Joazeira  is  eaten  like  jujubes  in  Brazil.  Z. 
Lot-it?  is  by  some  believed  to  be  the  Lote-tree 
(q.v.)  or  Lote-bush,  the  fruit  of  which  pro- 
duced such  effects  on  the  classical  Lotophagi 
(q.v.).  It  grows  in  Barbary,  where  it  is  called 
tadr,  and  its  berries,  which  are  collected  for 
food,  nabk.  The  negroes  of  the  Gambia  pre- 
pare a  wine  from  the  fermented  berries  of  2. 
orOuuxmOnu.  The  fruit  of  Z.  nv.mmula.ria, 
which  grows  in  India,  is  considered  to  be  cool 
and  astringent,  and  it  is  given  in  bilious  dis- 
orders. The  bark  of  Z.  Jvjuba  is  said  to  be  a 
remedy  for  diarrhoea ;  the  root  in  decoction  is 
given  in  fever,  and,  powdered,  is  applied  to 
sores.  In  the  Himalaya  districts  the  bark  is 


*te,  ftt,  fire,  amidst,  wtat,  fan,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  th6re;  pine,  pit.  sire,  mi,  marine;  go,  pit. 
or.  wore.  w9U.  work,  whd,  sou;  mnte.  ottb,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    ».  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


zo — Zollverein 


5258 


used  as  a  tan  and  a  dye-stuff.  The  bark  of  Z. 
xylopi/ra,  a  large  scrambling  shrub  found  in 
the  hilly  part*  of  India,  is  also  used  for  tan- 
ning and  for  dyeing  black.  The  root  of  Z. 
Knpwa  is  given  as  a  remedy  in  windy  colic. 
Z.  Jujuba,  Z.  nummutaria,  Z.  rugosa,  and  Z. 
tmtoarts,  yield  a  gum.  A  decoction  of  the 
leaves  of  Z.  glabrato.  is  said  to  purify  the 
blood.  The  dried  fruits  of  Z.  vulgarls  are 
cousidered  suppurative,  expectorant,  and 
fitted  to  purify  the  blood.  The  bark  is  used 
as  an  application  to  wounds  and  sores.  The 
kernels  of  Z.  soportjerus  are  regarded  by  the 
Chinese  as  soporillc.  The  bark  of  Z.  Joazeiro 
Is  bitter,  astringent,  somewhat  acrid,  and 
tends  to  produce  sickuess.  Z.  Baclei,  from 
the  Gambia,  is  believed  to  be  poisonous. 

2  Palreobot. :  Two  species  of  Zizyphus  are 
found  in  the  Middle  Eocene  of  England. 

««-,  pref.    [Zoo.] 

xo  &d'-u-l»8,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  fu>) 
(xi)  =  "life,  and  ioV  (aden)  =  a  gland.] 

Sot. :  The  locomotive  spores  of  some  Con- 
fervse. 

xo  an  thar-i-a,  «.  pi     [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
xanthus  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  &  Palosont. :  An  order  of  the  class 
Actinozoa  (q.v.),  having  the  chambers  and 
tentacles  generally  six  in  number,  or  consti- 
tuting some  multiple  of  six,  however  largely 
they  may  be  increased.  The  Zoantharia  are 
divided  into  three  sections,  according  to  the 
character  of  the  skeletal  structure  :— 

1.  Zoantharia   Malacodermata.    containing 
the' Sea-anemones  and  their  allies.     There  are 
three  families :    Actinidse,    llyanthida,    and 
Zoaiithidse  (q.v.).   The  group  is  cosmopolitan, 
and  preeminently  characteristic  of   the  lit- 
toral and  laminarian  zones,  very  few  forms 
extending  t»  500  fathoms,  and  but  one  genus 
being  pelagic.  They  have  left  no  trace  In  time. 

2.  Zoantharia  Selerobasiea :  Black  Corals, 
principally  from  tie  warmer  seas,  but  found 
at  various  points  in  the  North  Atlantic,  and 
recorded  from  Greenland  ;   depth  from  four 
to  several  hundred  fathoms.    [Oo»aL,  >.,  IT  1.] 

3.  Zoantharia  Sclerodernaata.    (MADMPOR- 

AR1A.J 

XO  in' thl  die,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  zoantM.ua); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suit  -idee.] 

Zool. :  The  type-family  of  Zoautharia  Mala- 
codermata. Polypes  adherent,  united  by  a 
creeping  or  crust-like  coniosarc,  rarely  soli- 
tary, incapable  of  locomotion.  True  oorallum 
absent ;  a  pseudo-skeleton,  generally  formed 
by  particles  of  stone  or  sand  embedded  in  the 
ectoderm.  [ZoAMTHCS,  EPIZOASTHUS,  POLY- 
THOA.] 

xd-an'-thr6-p#,  ».  [Pref.  to-,  and  Gr. 
apdpwiroc  (anthrtipos)  =  a  man.] 

Pathol. :  A  kind  of  monomania  In  which 
the  patient  believes  himself  transformed  into 
one  of  the  lower  animals.  Lycanthropy 
(q.  v.)  comes  under  this  head. 

xo-an'-thus,  ».  [Pref.  zo-,  and  Gr.  avt>os 
(antlios)  =  a  flower.] 

Zool.:  The  type-genus  of  Zoauthidffi  (q.v.). 
Body  elongated,  conic,  and  pedunclilated 
springing  from  a  base  common  to  severa 
polypes  ;  mouth  linear  and  transverse,  In  th< 
centre  of  a  disc  bordered  by  short,  slender 
tentacula.  The  sole  European  species  of  the 
genus,  Zoanthus  couchii,  is  found  on  thr 
British  coasts. 

zo-ar'-ces,  «.  [Gr.  (uipiais  (zoarkls)  =  sup 
porting  or  maintaining  life  :  JIOTJ  (zoe)  =  life 
aiiu  apHu  (arkeff)  =  to  support] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Blenniidse,  with  twi 
species :  Zoar/xa  mviparus,  the  Viviparou 
Blenny  (q.v.),  from  the  European,  and  Z 
anguillaris,  from  the  North  American  sid 
of  the  Atlantic.  The  latter  is  by  far  til 
larger,  reaching  a  length  of  from  two  to  thre 
feet.  Body  elongate,  with  rudimentary  scales 
conical  teeth  in  jaws ;  dorsal  fin  long,  with 
depression  on  tail ;  no  separate  caudal  fin 
ventrals  short,  formed  by  three  or  four  rays 
gill-openings  wide. 

zo'  bo,  zo'-bn,  a.    [Native  name.] 
Zool. :  (See  extract). 

"  Among  the  characteristic  animals  [of  the  Tibet* 
Himalaya]  may  be  iiamed  the  Yak.  frum  which 
reared  a  crow  breed  with  the  ordinary  horned  catt 
of  India— locally  called  weu."—  £nei/o.  Brit.  (ed.  9tl 
xi.  8*3. 


oc'  co,  zo'-cle,  zoc'-«6-16,  s.     [Ital.  *x> 
olo,  from  Lat.  toccw  =  a  sock  (q..v.).j 
Arch.:  A  Socle  (q.v). 

o  di  ac,  'zo'-dl-ak,  *  zo-dl-acke, "  zo- 

dl  ake  i.  [Fr.  zodiaqut,  from  Lat.aoaiocus, 
from  Gr.  jwSioxos  (tddiakos)  —  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  animals,  whence  6  fiuowucdc  (ho  20- 
<2tafa»)  =  the  zodiac  circle,  so  called  from 
containing  the  twelve  constellations  repre- 
sented by  animals,  from  £u&W  (z«iion)  =  a 
small  animal,  dimin.  from  fipoi/  (zotm).J  [ZooN.J 
•  I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  girdle,  a  belt,  a  zone. 

"By  Wflflde, 
As  in  a  glistening  zodiac,  Uun«  hii  sword." 

Milton  :  P.  L,,  XL  247. 

2  Astron. :  The  zone  or  broad  belt  of  con- 
stellations which  the  sun  traverses  during  the 
year  in  jtassing  around  the  ecliptic.  The 
moon  and  major  planets  also  move  within  the 
same  area.  The  breadth  of  the  zodiac  is 
about  eight  and  a  half  degrees  on  each  side  of 
the  ecliptic,  or  seventeen  in  all.  It  is  inclined 
to  the  equinoctial  at  an  angle  of  about  SS^S', 
the  points  of  intersection  being  reached 
by  the  sun,  one  at  the  vernal  and  the  other  at 
the  autumnal  equinox.  The  great  circle  of 
the  zodiac  was  divided  by  the  ancients  into 
twelve  equal  portions  called  signs.  They 
were  named  from  the  constellations  then  adja- 
cent to  them  in  the  following  order :  Aries,  the 
Ram  ;  Taurus,  the  Bull ;  Gemini,  the  Twins  ; 
Cancer,  the  Crab  ;  Leo,  the  Lion  ;  Virgo,  the 
Virgin ;  Libra,  the  Balance ;  Scorpio,  the 
Scorpion;  Sagittarius,  the  Archer;  Capri- 
cornus,  the  Goat ;  Aquarius,  the  Water- 
bearer ;  and  Pisces,  the  Fishes.  The  sun 
formerly  entered  Aries  on  March  20 ;  now, 
owing  to  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  the 
point  of  the  heavens  intersected  by  the 
celestial  equator  and  the  ecliptic,  technically 
called  the  first  point  of  Aries,  has  moved  well 
into  Pisces. 

zo'-di -a-cal,  a.     [Eng,  zodiac;  -at]    Of  or 

pertaining  to  the  zodiac. 

••  A  philosophical  exclamation  of  the  tndtacal  syl- 
temi."— ITafUn  :  fix.  fnf-  Poitrt,  roL  Ui. 

zodiacal  constellations,  '•  pi. 

Astron. :  The  twelve  constellations  from 
which  the  signs  of  the  zodiac  are  named. 

zodiacal  light,  & 

Aaron. :  A  pearly  glow  spreading  over  a 
portion  of  the  sky  near  the  point  at  which 
the  sun  is  just  about  to  rise  in  the  morning 
or  lias  just  set  in  the  evening.  It  extends 
from  the  horizon  a  considerable  distance  to- 
wards the  zenith,  and  is  best  seen  in  the 
tropics  in  spring  evenings  about  the  tirae  of 
the  vernal  equinox.  In  the  latitude  of  Lon- 
don it  is  seen  chiefly  in  the  western  part  ol 
the  sky  in  early  spring  after  the  evening 
twilight,  and  at  the  close  of  autumn  before 
daybreak  in  the  eastern  horizon.  The  gene- 
rally accepted  theory  of  the  zodiacal  light  is 
that  it  consists  of  a  continuous  disc,  whether 
of  meteors  or  any  other  substance,  in  which 
the  sun  is  central. 

zo  -o-a,  &,    [Gr.  fcir,  (zoe)  =  life.] 

Zool. :  A  pseudo-genus  of  Crustacea,  founded 
on  the  larvae  of  some  of  the  higher  forms 
There  is  a  cephalo-thoracic  shield,  often  pro 
vided  with  long  spiniform  processes,  the 
longest  of  which  project  upwards  from  the 
middle  of  the  back  ;  the  tail  region  is  deve 
loped  but  without  appendages ;  lateral  eye. 
are  present  in  addition  to  the  median  eyes. 

zoea  stage,  s. 

Zool. :  The  earliest  stage  to  thedevelopmen 
of  the  higher  Crustacea. 

zoeb'-Utz  Ito  (i  nitial  z  as  tz),  s.    [After  Zoe 

blitz.  Saxony,  where  found ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.). 

Min,:    A   light   yellow    massive    minera 

occurring  in  serpentine.    A  hydrated  silicate 

of  magnesia ;  probably  an  impure  talc. 

zo-o  -pr&x'-I-scope,  «.  [Or.  £»i  (zoe)  =  life 
irpa|T«  (praxis)  =  action,  exercise,  and  o-noim 
(ikopeo)  =  to  see.]  A  zoogyroscope  (q.v.). 

zo'-e  -trope,  «.  .[Gr.  fun  (zoi)  =  life,  an 


upon  the  constancy  — f- 

couHists  of  a  rotating  drum,  open  at  the  to] 
in  which,  around  its  inner  periphery,  ar 
placed  strips  of  paper  having  figures  of  men 
animals,  Ac.  in  varying  positions.  By  turr 
ing  the  cylinder  the  images  are  seen  throug 


slots  in  its  upper  side,  giving  the  effect  ol 
action  to  the  tigures.  For  instance,  a  clown 
jumping  through  a  hoop  is  represented  in 
perhaps  a  dozen  different  positions.  The 
turning  of  the  drum  brings  into  view,  iD 
rapid  succession,  these  varying  positions 
until  they  blend  into  a  perfect  image  full  of 
motion,  and  operating  to  simulate  natural 
action.  A  man  sawing  wood,  an  animal  kick- 
ing, an  acrobat  playing  with  clubs,  may  be 
thus  shown  in  apparent  motion. 

o'-bar,  «.  [Heb.  ~V$  (tsochhar)  =  whiteness, 
splendour.] 

Hebrew  Literature:  A  cabalistic  commentary 
on  the  Old  Testament. 

zo-I  le'-an,  a.  [See  def.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  Zoilus,  a  severe  critic  and  gram- 
marian of  Amphipolis,  who  severely  criticised 
Homer,  Plato,  and  Socrates ;  hence,  applied 
to  bitter,  severe,  or  malignant  criticism  or 
critics. 

zo'-Il  ism,  «.  [ZoiLBAH.]  Illiberal  or  carp- 
ing criticism ;  unjust  censure. 

If  Jennings  (Curiosities  of  Criticism,  1881, 
p.  S3)  credits  Tupper  with  having  coined  this 
word.  It  is,  in  reality,  much  older. 

"  Bring  candid  eyes  unto  the  iieruiwl  of  men's 
worka,  and  1H  nut  toilim  or  dotmctiou  blast  well-In- 
tended labours."— Browns:  Chrittiun  Moral*,  pL  1L, 

Mi 

xo-i'-6-dln,  ».  [Pref.  to-,  and  Gr.  ulSijt  (iodu) 
=  violet-like.)  [IODINE.] 

Chen. :  Bonjean's  name  for  the  violet- 
coloured  substance  deposited  from  the  water 
which  drips  from  glairiue,  taken  out  of  sul- 
phurous springs. 

zoi  ?ite, «.  [After  Baron  von  Zois ;  suff.  -ite 
(Min.).] 

Mi». :  An  ortliorhombic  mineral,  formerly 
regarded  as  a  variety  of  epidote,  but  now 
shown  to  be  a  distinct  species.  Hardness, 
6  to  6-5 ;  sp.  gr.,  8-11  to  3'38 ;  lustre,  pearly 
on  cleavage  faces,  vitreous  elsewhere  ;  colour, 
H*m4^»i  of  gray,  apple-green,  peach-blossom  to 
rose-red.  Compos.  :  silica,  39-9 ;  alumina, 
228;  H»e,  87-4  =  100,  whence  U»e  formula 
2(4CaO+iAl2O3)3SiO2.  Dana  divides  as  fol- 
lows :  A.  Lime-zoisite,  0)  ordinary,  colours 
gray  to  white  and  brown,  («)  rose-red  or 
thulite ;  B.  Lime-soda-zoisite,  which  includes 
Saussnrite  in  part. 

zo'-kor,  «.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Siphneus  atpalax,  a  mote-rat  from 
the  Altai  mountains.  It  lives  in  subterranean 
runs  like  those  of  the  mole,  but  of  much  greater 
extent, 

zo'-la  ism,  fc  [From  Emile  Zola,  a  French 
novelist  (born  1840),  whose  writings  chiefly 
consist  of  Intensely  naturalistic  descriptions 
of  profligacy  and  low  life.)  Excessive  natural- 
ism; literature  dealing  exclusively,  or  almost 
exclusively,  with  the  worst  side  of  human 
nature. 

••  I  have  had  in  view  a  particular  form  of  fcioiint 

much  in  vogue  at  this  moment."— Atlienaum,  Dec.  80. 

1S8S,  p.  875. 

xd-la-tst'-fo,  o.  [ZoLAiSM.]  Excessively 
naturalistic ;  employing  or  delighting  in  ex- 
cessive naturalism. 

"  How  could  he  then  find  comfort  in  ZolotiiHc 
France  f  "— A  thenaum,  Jan.  ao.  1886,  p.  160. 

Zoll'-ver-ein  (z  as  dz),  ».  [Ger.  zoH  =  toll, 
duty,  and  verein  =  uniou  or  association.] 

1.  The  German  commercial  or  customs 
union,  founded  originally  in  1827,  but  ex- 
tended greatly  after  the  war  of  1866,  when, 
owing  to  political  considerations,  Prussia  ob- 
tained a  preponderating  influence  in  the  union, 
which  included  the  North  German  Bund, 
Bavaria,  Wiirtemburg,  Baden,  Hesse,  and 
Luxemburg.  This  arrangement  was  brought 
prematurely  to  an  end  by  the  formation  of  the 
German  Empire.  By  article  83  of  the  consti- 
tution of  the  Empire,  the  territory  of  the 
Zollverein  coincides  with  the  territories  of  the 
Empire,  with  the  exceptions  of  the  free  ports 
of  Hamburg,  Altona,  Bremen,  Breraerhaven, 
Geesteraunde,  and  Braahe,  and  some  com- 
munes of  the  Grand-duchy  of  Baden,  while 
Luxemburg  and  the  Austrian  canton  of  Jung- 
holz  are  included  in  it.  Its  object  ia  the 
regulation  of  a  uniform  rate  of  customs  duties 
throughout  the  various  states  comprised  ia 
the  union.  The  free  ports  were  included  In 
the  Zollverein  in  October,  1888. 


5260 
2.  Hence,  any  commercial  or  customs  union. 

n"Tf"I,Eeli?b11?'  o*  C«"ti»l  and  South  America. 
H»y".  3"  Dominp.  and  the  Brazilian  Empiri  hire 
decided  to  .end  delegate  to  Wa.hiu.ton  topromote 
an  American  Zollferein  to  the  exclusion  of  the  roodi 
of  other  countrlea,"— St.  Jama'i  Gaullt,  May  10.  1IM. 

zom'-bo'-rnk,  «.    [ZUMBOORUK.] 

zo  mr-dln,  s.     [Gr.  f^oo  (zomos)  =  broth  ; 
«too«  (eidos)  =  resemblance,  and  Eng.  suff.  -in.] 
Chem. :  Berzelins'nameforthat  portion  of  the 
extract  of  meat  which  is  insoluble  in  alcohol 

*°  :"*•   «•     [Lat,  from  Gr.  fumi  (zone)  =  a 
tu-dle,  from  (eamyu  (zonnumi)  =  to  gird.] 

1.  Anat. :  (See  the  compound). 

2.  Pathol. :  A  name  for  Shingles  (q.v.). 
zona-pellucida,   ».      [VITELLIN«-MKM- 

BKANE.) 

•on'-al,  a.    (Eng.  Km(e) ;   -a!.]     Having  the 
character  of  a  zone,  belt,  or  stripe. 

zonal-pelargoniums,  s.  pi. 

Bot.:  Pelargoniums  which  have  on  their 
leaves  zones  of  one  or  more  colours  differing 
from  the  ground  colours. 

rionXdirain.  from'fJni  (zone)  =  a  zone  (q  vXT 
A  belt  or  girdle  which  native  Christians  and 
Jews  in  the  East  were  obliged  to  wear  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  Muhammadans. 

•o'-nar'-i-a,  »•    (Fern.  sing,  of  Lat  zonariiu 
=  pertaining  to  a  belt  or  girdle.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Fucacese,  akin  to  Padina 
(q.v.),  but  not  marked  with  concentric  lines. 
The  species  occur  chiefly  in  warm  countries ; 
only  one  or  two  are  British. 


«*  '-"Vt-tt  a-    (Lat.  zonariut  =  of  or  pertain- 
o al>elt  or 


ing  to 


. 
r  girdle.] 


. 

ZodL  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  that  form  of  de- 
ciduous placenta  in  which  the  villi  aie  ar- 
ranged in  a  belt  (Huxley.) 

zo-nate,  a.    [Eng.  zon(e);  -ate.] 

Sot.  :  Marked  with  zones  or  concentric 
hands  of  colour.  Akin  to  ocellated,  but  with 
the  concentric  bands  more  numerous. 

zone,  ».    [Fr.,  from  Lat  zona  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
*LA  girdle,  a  belt   (MUton  :  P.  L.,  v.  280.) 
2.  Any  well-marked  band  or  stripe  running 
round  an  object. 
•3.  Circuit,  circumference.    (Milton:  P.L., 

U.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  :  A  region  of  the  body  formed  by 
Imaginary  lines  drawn  around  it  transversely. 
Used  spec,  of  the  abdominal  zones  or  regions. 

2.  Biology: 

(1)  A  stripe  or  belt,  as  of  colour,  on  a  Dlant 
•  shell,  ,vi\ 

(2)  A   certain   stratum  of  sea-water,   the 
depth   of  the  upper  and  under  surfaces  of 
which  are  generally  measured  or  calculated 
in  fathoms.    There  are  five  zones  to  mark  the 
bathymetric  distribution  of  marine  animals. 
Some  of  them  are  named  from  the  distribution 
of  sea-plants,  which  also  they  mark  : 

The  Littoral  Zone,  between  tide  mark*. 
°<1  *""*'  Iow  wmt*r 


The  Coralline  Zone,  from  fifteen  to  fifty  fathoma. 

Tk!  jTtS"^0™1^""'  F'l "  »  "-""I"-!  fathoma. 
The  Abyaaal  Zone,  beyond  a  hundred  fathoma. 

3.  Geog. :  One  of  five  imaginary  belts  sur- 
rounding the  earth.  They  are  the  North 
r'rigid  Zone, 
between  the 
North  Pole 
and  the  Arc- 
tic Circle; 
the  North 
Temperate 
Zone,  be- 
tween the 
Arctic  Circle 
audtheTrop- 
ic  of  Cancer; 
the  Torrid 
Zone,  be- 
tween the 
Tropic  of 
Cancer  and 
the  Tropic 
of  Capricorn; 

the  South  Temperate  Zone,  between  the  Tropic 
of  Capricorn  and  the  Antarctic  Circle ;  and  the 


zomboruk— zooglma 

— — __ 

South  Frigid  Zone,  between  the  Antarctic 
Circle  and  the  South  Pole. 

4.  Oeol.  (Pl.);  Particular  beds  in  the  stages 
or  divisions  of  certain  geological  formations 
[AMMONITE,  PRIMORDIAL-ZONE.] 

5.  Math. :  The  portion  of  the  surface  of  a 
sphere  included  between  two  parallel  plane*. 

(1)  Annual  zone:  [ANNUAL,  II.  3.  (&)]. 

(2)  Ciliary  zone :  [CILIARV  ZONE). 

(3)  Isothermal  lone  :  [ISOTHERMAL]. 

zone,  r.t.    [ZONE,  «.]    To  encircle  with,  or  as 
with  a  zone  (q.v.). 

"  Hia  embrace 
Had  toned  her  through  the  night," 

Knot:  Endimttm,  U.  Me. 

zoned,  o.    [Eng.  zonfe);  -ed.] 

*  1.  Having  a  girdle  or  belt ;  wearing  a  girdle 
or  belt. 

2.  Having  zones  or  bands  resembling  zones, 
striped  ;  in  botany  the  same  as  ZONATE  (q.v.). 

"  ?£'  f?"181^  "'  Anemic  .Ilka,  in  hue 
The  lilac,  with  a  •liken  hood  to  each 
And  loned  with  gold."       Tennyion :  Prtnctu.  U.  i. 

'zone'-less,  a.    [Eng.  zone;  -less.]  Destitute 
of  a  zone  or  girdle  ;  ungirded. 

"  In  carelex  (oldi  looee  fell  her  «onrf,«,  reif 
alaton  :  Itit. 

"''         IBng'  *°nt;  "fc'J     A  Z°ne'  *  gir" 


zon'-nar,  «.    [ZONAB.] 

zo  no-chlpr-ite, ».  [Eng.  Mn(e)  ;  o  connect 
and  chlorite.} 

Min. :  The  same  as  CHLORASTROLITE  (q.v.; 
zo  no-trlch  -I-a,   «.      [Gr.  fiinj  tzSni) 
girdle,   and  tpixua  (trichiai)  =  one   that   is 
hairy.) 

Ornith. ;  A  genus  of  FringUlidas,  with  nine 
species,  ranging  over  the  whole  Nearctii 
and  Neotropical  regions.  Beak  slightly  con 
icaj,  upper  mandible  straight  and  somewhat 
pointed ;  wings  moderate,  reaching  as  far  as 
upper  tail-coverts ;  tarsus  high,  toes  long. 

zo'-nn-la,  ,.    rut  =  a  little  girdle :  dimin 
from  zona  (q.v.).'] 

Anat. :  A  small  zone :  as,  the  Zonula  01 
Zinn,  the  anterior  portion  of  the  hyaloid 
membrane  which  is  firmer  and  more  fibrous 
than  the  rest  Called  also  the  Suspensory 
Ligament  of  the  Lens.  (Qvain.) 

zo'-nu-lar,  a.    [Eng.  zonuHe);  Kir.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   Of  or  relating  to  a  zone : 
zone-shaped. 

2.  ZooL :  Of  or  pertaining  to  that  form  of 
non-decidnons   placenta  in  which  the  foetal 
villi  are  arranged  in  a  comparatively  broad 
band.   (Glossary  to  Huxley's  Clou,  o/  Animals.) 

zo'-nnle,  t.    [A  dimin.  from  tone  (q.v.),]     A 
little  zoLe,  band,  or  belt 

*  zo'~nu-lot,  s.    [A  double  dimin.  from  ZOM  = 
zone-ule-let.]    A  little  zone  or  belt ;  a  zonule. 

"  S?  J"11"*  that  riband  'bout  my  Julia',  wailt : 
Or  like-nay,  'tla  that  loTiiiMof  lore." 

Utrrict :  Upon  JuUa'l  Kibbon. 

zo-nur'-l-dsB,  «.  ft.    [Mod.  Lat  zo»ur(i«); 
Lat  fern.  pU  adj.  suff.  -ida.} 

ZooL  :  A  family  of  Brevilinguia  (q.v.)  with 
flfteeu  genera  containing  fifty-two  species 
Their  distribution  is  remarkable :  more  than 
half  the  family  come  from  South  Africa 
others  are  from  Madagascar,  America  (from 
Mexico  to  British  Columbia),  and  three  of  the 
genera  form  a  distinct  sub-group — the  Glass 
Snakes— from  North  Africa,  North  America 
„?»  south-e»st  of  Europe,  and  the  Khasya 
Hills.  The  family  contains  forms  which  have 
the  shape  of  lizards,  and  others  which  are 
serpentiform.  Head  pyramidal  or  depressed  • 
body  covered  with  scales  in  cross  bands  •  sides 
with  distinct  longitudinal  fold ;  limbs  four 
strong,  entirely  wanting,  or  concealed  beneath 
the  skin  ;  ears  distinct,  eyelids  present 

zo-niir'-us,  «.    [Gr.  fa^i  (tone)  =  t.  belt,  and 
oi/pa  (oura)  =  the  tail.) 

Zool. :  The  type-genus  of  Zonuridse  (q.v.), 
with  several  species,  from  the  south  and  east 
of  Africa  and  Madagascar. 

ZO-i-,  zo-,  pref.  [Or.  fvw  (z5on)  =  a  living 
creature,  an  animal.)  A  common  prefix  in 
compounds  of  Greek  origin,  signifying  animal 
as  zoology  zoophyte,  zoospore,  &c. 


«00,  i.    Originally  the  abbreviated  name  of  th 
London  (Eng.)  Zoological  Gardens;  now  ap- 
plied to  any  zoological  garden. 

zo-4-oap  na,  ».    [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Lat 
=  a  repository,  chest,  or  boi] 


Hot.  :  A  zoospore  (q.v.). 

zo  6  can'  Ion,  «.    [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Gr.  »iuXot 
(kanlos)  =  a  stalk,  astern.] 

Biol.  .-An  erect,  branching,  tentaculiferous 
colony-stock,  as  in  the  genus   Be.drosoma 

z6-4-ohem'-Io-al,  a.    [Pref.  zoo-,  and  EM 
cAemimJ.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  zoochemistry 

"Th«»PPUe«Uonof  Kocktmtcal  th.  eiuci 


—  —  *,    *  zo-dch'-e-my. 

[Eng.  zoo-,  and  Eng.  chemistry.] 
Nat.  Science :  (See  extract). 


tk'1  8tlid'  ?'  the  tattn"  of  the  inUtanc 
the  animal  economj-their  properties  oonatititon. 
jan.furmation.  *c.-con.titute.  what  IB  terme.1 
<*rt.  -Frn:  BHHtom  o/  Jlaa  (tr.  Barltrl.  J 


.  oectrrrinc  la 
oonatititfo 


zo-ooh'-e-mj,  i.    [ZOOCHEMISTRT.] 


.---a),».  [Pret 

zoo-,  and  Gr.  «VTOJ  (kutos)  =  a  cell.] 

•  ?'?V.,The  «el»fnon»  matrix  excreted  and 
inhabited  by  various  colonial  Infusoria—  to 
Ophrydium,  Phalansterium,  4te. 


"n  <PL  zo-4-d«n'-dri-a), 

».  [PreC  too-,  and  Gr.  livl-por  (dentiron)  =  a 
tree,] 

Biol.:  The  tree-like  colony-stock  of  such 
Infusoria  aa  Dendromonas  and  Epistylis. 

zo  ce'-9l  fim  (pi.  zo-ce  -fl-a),  «.  [Pref.  mo-, 
and  Gr.  «Z«oc  (oitau)  =  a  dwelling.) 

v  ?£*Y  ^One  of  the  Mll»  or  chambers  in- 
habited by  the  polypide  of  a  Polyzoon.  In 
the  Common  Sea-mat  (Flustra  /oliacea)  of  th* 


A.  rbMnflMacy.    m.  A  portion  of  the  oolonr 
matnined  tOihow  the  Zoojtia. 


British  coast  the  zocecia  may  be  made  oat 
with  the  naked  eye,  and  are  very  clearly  seen 
with  a  lens  of  moderate  power. 

**7^~&<fn>    ZO'-i-gene,   «.      [Gr.     {Wyenjt 
(zdogfnis)  =  born  of  an  animal :    pref.   zoo-, 
and  Gr.  ytnia  (gennao)  =  to  produce.] 
Chem. :  The  aame  as  ZOIODIN  (q.v.). 


Z0-d-i[gn'-iro,  o.    [Eng.  xxgenfy); 
pertaining  to  animal  production. 


Of  or 


-?,  zo-o(?'-6n-^,  ».  [Pref.  ao^ 
and  Gr.  y*V«o-is,  yoMj  (genesis,  gone)  =  genera- 
tion.] 

Nat.  Science  :  The  doctrine  of  the  formation 
of  the  organs  of  living  beings. 

z67o-ge-o-graph'-Ic-al,  a.  [Pref.  zoo-,  and 
Eng.  geographical.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  zoo- 
geography (q.v.). 

o-i-Ke-dgr-ra-ph?,..  [Pref.  «»-,  and  Eng. 

geognif/iy.j 

Nat.  Science:  The  study  of  the  distribution 
of  animals  over  the  surface  of  the  earth,  their 
migrations,  &c. 

zo  6  gloa'-a,  «.    [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Or. 


6  gloa'-a,  «. 
ia)  =  glue.) 


. 

Bot.  :  A  pseudo-genus  of  Schizomycetes,  con- 
sisting of  Bacteria  when  they  have  reached 
the  stage  of  development  at  which  they  form 
gelatinous  colonies.  They  still  continue  t« 
grow  and  divide,  and  may  again  become  active. 


»te,  ftt,  fare    amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  thAre;  pine.  pit.  «re.  sir.  marine;  go.  p«t. 
«r.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd.  son ;  mute.  eno.  eure.  unite,  our.  rule,  full ;  try,  S jhrlan.    ».  03  =  i  j  ey  =  a ;  qu 


zoographer— zoomorphism 


5261 


-pher,  *.     IEng.  zoograph(y);  -*r.] 
One  ffbi  studies  or  practises  zoography  ;  one 
\v  ho  describes  animals,  their  forms  and  habits. 
"Upon  inquiry  we  find  no  mention  hereof  in  ancient 
tooffraphtrt. — Brown*:  Vulgar  Krrourt,  bk.  v,,  ch.  L 

zo  o  graph'  us,   xd-i-gr&ph'-ic-al,  a. 

[Eng.  zoographfy);  -ic,  -ical.]  Of  or  pertiiining 
to  zoography,  or  the  description  of  animals, 
their  forms  and  habits. 

zd  og'-ra-phfet,  s.  [Eng.  zoograph(y)  ;  -ist.] 
Otie  who  describes  or  depicts  animals ;  a  zoo- 
grapher ;  a  zoologist. 

zo  og'-raph-jf,  ».  [Or.  &ov  (zdori)  =  an 
animal,  and  ypd^ia  (grapho)  =  to  describe,  to 
write.]  A  description  of  animals,  their  forms 
and  habits 

"  We  are  conducted  to  zoography,  and  the  whole 
body  of  physick/'-Gfanirirt:  Vanity  o/  Dogmatizing, 
ch.  xxil. 

«6-d-g3hr'-i-sc6pe.  ».  fPref.  zoo-,  and  Eng. 
gyroscope.]  An  amplification  of  the  zocitrope 
(q.v.)  in  which  a  series  of  successive  instan- 
taneous photographs  of  an  animal  in  motion 
are  placed  on  a  circular  rotating  glass,  the 
photographs  being  alternately  illuminated  by 
an  oxyhydrogen  lantern,  as  the  glass  turns, 
throwing  a  single  continuous,  everchanging 
picture  on  a  screen.  Although  the  separate 
photographs  show  the  successive  positions  of 
an  animal  in  motion — for  instance,  a  horse,  in 
making  a  single  stride— the  zoogyroscope 
throws  on  the  screen  a  vivid  presentment  of 
a  moving  animal. 

so  6  Id,  zo  old,  s,  &  a.  [Gr.  £$ov  (zoon)  =  an 
animal,  and  el6os  (eidos)  =  resemblance.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

Bid. :  An  animal  organism  not  Indepen- 
dently developed  from  a  fertilized  ovura,  but 
derived  from  a  preceding  individual  by  the 
process  of  fission  or  gemmation.  Specially 
applicable  to  the  Infusoria  and  other  Protozoa, 
and  to  the  component  members  of  all  stock- 
building  communities,  such  as  Polypes, 
Corals,  and  Polyzoa. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  an 
animal. 

«O  61-a-tr^, *.     [Pref.  200-,  and  Gr.  Aarplta 

(latreia)  =  worship.] 

Compar.  Relig. :  Animal  worship ;  adora- 
tion paid  by  man  to  any  of  the  lower  animals. 
This  cultus  seems  to  have  passed  through 
three  stages :  (1)  The  animal  was  reverenced 
and  propitiated  as  possessing  a  power  greater 
than  that  of  man ;  (2)  The  animal  was  regarded 
as  an  incarnation  of  some  deity  or  spirit ; 
(3)  It  was  raised. to  the  position  of  a  tribal 
ancestor,  [TOTEM.]  In  the  early  history  of 
the  human  race  zoolatry  of  some  kind  was 
very  prevalent.  Traces  of  it  appear  in  the 
Bible  as  in  the  story  of  the  Golden  Calf 
made  by  the  Israelites  (Exod.  xxxii).  Zoola- 
try took  deep  root  in  the  religious  life  of 
the  ancient  Egyptians,  and  all  three  forms 
flourished  among  that  people.  Juvenal  opens 
his  fifteenth  satire  with  a  scathing  invective  of 
Egyptian  zoolatry,  and  detailed  accounts  of 
it  occur  in  Herodotus  (ii.),  Plutarch  (tf« 
Iside  et  Osiride),  Strabo  (lib.  xvii.),  and  Cicero 
(fie  Nat.  Deor.,  iii.  15).  In  classic  times  the 
chief  form  of  zoolatry  was  serpent-worship 
(q.v.),  though  traces  of  other  forms  occur  in 
the  transformation  myths  of  the  poets.  In 
the  present  day  zoolatry  survives  chiefly  in 
India  [VISHNU,  HUNOOMAN,  ZEBU],  among  the 
snake- worshippers  of  the  west  coast  of  Africa, 
and  the  Red  Indians  of  North  America. 

"The  three  motive*  of  animal-worship  ,  .  .  Yta., 
direct  worship  of  the  Animal  for  itaelf.  indirect  -WOT- 
thip  of  It  u  a  fetlah  acted  through  by  a  deity,  and 
veneration  for  U  a§  a  totem  or  representative  of  a 
tribe-Micestor,  no  doubt  account  in  no  small  measure 
for  the  phenomena  of  tootatry  among  the  lower  races, 
due  allowance  being  also  made  for  the  effects  of  myth 
and  symbolism,  of  which  we  may  gain  frequent 
glimpses."— Tglcnr:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed,  1878),  ii.  237. 

z6'-$-lite(  *.  [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Gr.  Ai'0os  (litkos) 
=  a  stone.]  A  fossil  animal  substance. 

"  zd'-Sl'-6-£er,  s.  [Eng.  zoology);  -er.]  The 
same  as  ZOOLOGIST  (q.v.). 

"  As  the  naturalists  may  thus  illustrate  pathology 
as  a  chymist.  so  may  he  do  the  like  as  a  toologer.'  — 
Boyte:  Work*,  ii.  M. 

zo  6  log'-fc-flLl,  a.  [Eng.  zoology);  -ical.} 
Of  or  pertaining  to  zoology  or  the  science  of 
animals. 

zoological-garden,  *.  A  public  garden 
in  which  a  collection  of  animals  is  kept.  The 
gardens  of  the  Zoological  Society,  Regent's 


Park,  London,  are  probably  the  finest  in  the 
world.    The  chief  zoological  gardens  are  : 

Founded.  Founded, 

Paris      Uardln      des  Frankfort.  .        .  1658 

Plante*)     .        .        .  17«  Cologne       .  .        .  I860 

Ixmdon  .  .  1828  Paris  fJardln  d'Ac- 

Dublin  .  .  1830        climitation  .       .  I860 

Antwerp       .        .        .  1843  Hamburg   .  .        .  18«3 

Berlin   *  .  1844  Moscow       .  .        .1864 

Brussels  .  1861  Philadelphia  .        .  1874 

Rotterdam   .        ,        .  1857  Cincinnati  .        .  1676 

Melbourne  .       .       .  1857  Calcutta     .  .       .  167ft 

zoological  -province,  5. 
Zool.  :  A  zoological-region. 
zoological-region,  s. 

Biol.  :  [REGION,  s.  II.  2.J. 

Zoological  Society,  *. 

Societies:  A.  society  for  the  prosecution  of 
zoological  research;  specif.,  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London,  founded  in  1820  byabodyof 
scientists,  among  whom  Sir  Stamford  Raffles 
and  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  Bart,  were  espe- 
cially prominent,  "for  the  advancement  of 
Zoology  and  Animal  Physiology,  and  for  the 
Introduction  of  new  and  curious  subjects  of  the 
Animal  Kingdom."  Numerous  societies  have 
since  been  organized,  in  the  cities  of  the  United 
States  and  Europe,  for  inquiry  into  the  charac- 
teristics and  life  history  of  animals.  Zoological 
study  is  the  leading  feature  of  many  of  our 
prominent  scientific  institutions,  such  as  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia, 
the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
of  New  York,  and  various  others,  and  less 
exclusively  of  .the  Smithsonian  Institution  of 
Washington.  All  these  Societies  and  Institu- 
tions publish  Proceeding*  or  journals  under 
other  titles  containing  details  of  their  work  and 
original  communications  in  zoology. 

BO-o'-lo'g'-Io-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  zoological; 
-ly.]  In  a  zoological  manner;  according  to 
the  teachings  or  principles  of  zoology. 

zo  61-6  gist,  «.    [Eng.  zoology)  ;  -ist.] 

Physical  Science  :  A  person  skilled  in  or  de- 
voted to  zoology  (q.v.).  In  modern  usage  the 
term  is  being  replaced  by  biologist, 


o  o--,  ».   [Pref.    «»-,  and    Or.   Aoyo« 

(logos)  —  a  discourse], 

Natural  Science  :  The  study  of  living  animals, 
a  branch  of  Biology,  which  also  includes 
Botany,  though  it  is  impossible  accurately 
to  define  the  limits  of  these  two  branches, 
some  organisms,  low  in  the  scale  of  life, 
being  sometimes  claimed  as  animals  and 
sometimes  as  plants.  Zoology  covers  a  large 
ground,  which  becomes  larger  with  the  growth 
of  the  science.  The  chief  branches  of  Zoology 
are  :  (1)  Morphology,  dealing  with  form  and 
structure  ;  (2)  Comparative  Anatomy,  which 
investigates  the  position  and  relation  of  organs 
and  parts  (and,  as  this  must  be  the  foundation 
of  scientific  class  iti  cat  ion,  the  term  Compara- 
tive Anatomy  is  often  used  as  synonymous 
with  the  older  term  Zoology)  ;  (3)  Embryo- 
logy, dealing  with  development  from  the 
ovum  to  maturity;  (4)  Physiology  (q.v.), 
which  treats  of  the  organs  of  nutrition,  re- 
production, and  the  nervous  system  ;  (5)  Clas- 
sification or  Taxonomy,  which  classifies 
animals  into  natural  groups  ;  (6)  Zoogeography 
(q.v.)  ;  and  (7)  Descent  of  the  individual  (On- 
togenesis) and  of  the  phylum  (Phylogenesis). 
From  the  earliest  times  man  was  accustomed 
to  study  and  observe  the  lower  animals. 
Solomon's  description  of  the  ant  (Prov.  vi. 
6-8)  is  justified  by  the  scientific  observation 
of  the  nineteenth  century  ;  Job  (xxxix.  14) 
knew  the  peculiar  method  of  incubation 
adopted  by  the  ostrich;  and  Jeremiah  (Lam. 
iv.  3)  speaks  in  unmistakeable  terms  of  marine 
mammals.  Aristotle  and  Pliny  have  recorded 
many  zoological  facts,  and  nearly  as  many 
legends  ;  but  from  that  time  down  to  the  days 
of  Ray  and  Willughby  there  was  scarcely  any 
attempt  at  scientific  classification,  nor  was  it 
till  the  eighteenth  century  that  anything  like 
a  comprehensive  scheme  was  put  forth  in 
the  Systema  Natures  of  Linnreus,  who  divided 
the  Animal  Kingdom  into  six  classes  :  Mam- 
malia, Aves,  Pisces,  Amphibia,  Insecta,  and 
Vermes,  these  classes  being  divided  into 
orders,  and  these  again  into  genera,  without 
any  intermediate  division.  In  the  light  of 
the  present  day  this  scheme  is  seen  to  be 
erroneous,  but  it  formed  a  rough  outline, 
which  served  as  a  guide  to  future  inquirers. 
Cuvier's  classification  came  next,  with  four 
sub-kingdoms  :  Vertebrate,  Mollusca,  Articu- 
lata,  and  Radiata.  Agassiz  adopted  these 
main  divisions,  btit  arranged  his  classes 


somewhat  differently.  The  classification  ot 
Owen  in  his  Comparative  Anatomy  of  Inverte- 
brates (ed.  2nd,  p.  16)  was : 

SUB-KINGDOM.  DIVISIONS, 

VERTKBRATA.  Ph»c«t,  Aves.  lUptllla.  Mammalia. 

MOI.LUSCA.  Tunicate,     Bnwhiopoda,    Lamelll- 

braucMata,   Pteropoda,    G&stero- 
poda,  Cephalopoda. 
ARTICULATA.  Ciiripedia,   Anellat*.  EpUoa,  Crua, 

tacca,  Insect.,  Arachnida. 
RADIATA. 

8  /  INFUSORIA.  Rotifer*,  Rhizopoda,  Polygnstrica. 
'  S  ESTOZOA.  Ceelelmliitha,  Turbellaria,  Stenl- 
31  •{  mintlia. 

*  |     RADIARIA.     Echinodermata.    Bryozoa,    Antho- 
R.  \  zoa,  Acalepbre.  Hydrozoa. 

Huxley  (Introd.  to  Class,  of  Animals,  1869) 
adopted  the  following : 

8UB-KIKODOK.  DIVISIONS. 

PRoroaoA.  Rhizopoda,     Gregarinida,     Radio- 

laria.  SiKjiifidn. 

lyrnnUA. 

C<KLE»TERATA.        Hydros^.  Actluotoa. 
AKHULOIDA.  Scolecldn,  Ecbinoderina. 

AXM;I.OBA.  Crustacea,   Arachnida,   Myrlapoda. 

Insect*.  Clietogimtbft,  AiineUdm. 
MOLLUSCOIDA.         Polyzoa.  Bnichiopoda.  Tunioata. 
MoLLUBCA.  LauiellibraiichiatA,  Br.'Uicli iocrastro* 

poda.     Puhnogaatropoda,    Ptero* 
poda.  Cephalopoda. 
VERTEBRATA.          Piace«.   Amphibia,   Eeptilia,  ATM. 

Mammalia. 

Last  and  chief  in  importance  is  the  classifi- 
cation of  Gegenbaur,  of  which  Ray  Lankester 
says  (in  his  preface  to  Gegenbaur's  Elements  of 
Comp.  Anat.t  ed.  Bell),  that  "at  the  present 
day,  naturalists  have  learnt  to  recognise  In 
their  efforts  after  what  was  vaguely  called  the 
'natural*  system  of  classification,  an  uncon- 
scious attempt  to  construct  the  pedigree  of 
the  animal  world.  The  attempt  has  now  be- 
come a  conscious  one.  Necessarily  classifi- 
cations which  aim  at  exhibiting  the  pedi- 
gree vary  from  year  to  year  with  the  increase 
in  our  knowledge.  They  also  vary  accord- 
ing to  the  importance  attached  by  their 
authors  to  one  or  another  class  of  facts  u 
demonstrating  blood-relationship." 
PHYLUM.  Diviiioxi. 

I.  PROTOZOA.  Rhizopoda,  Gregarina,  InfiuorU. 

a.  Con, EN  TI»  ATA. 
)  Spongin. 

)  Acalephte.  HydromeduMe,  Calyconoa,  Theco- 
meduBJP,  Meduue.  Anthosoa,  CU- 
nophora. 

1  VEB.HU.  PUtyhelminthefl,      Nemathelmla- 

the«.  Chfttognathi.  AcuDthoc*- 
phall.  Bryoroa,  Rotatorix,  Bo- 
UropueuBtl.  Gephyre*.  AnnuUta, 

4.  ECBISODERMA.    Aiteroida.      Crinolaa,     Echinoida, 

Holothurolda. 

5.  ARTHROPODA.      Crustacea,  Pcecilopoda,  Arachuida, 

Hyrlapoda,  Insect*. 
S.   BftACHIOPODA, 

7.  MOLLUSCA.  Lamelltbranchtata,  Scaphopoda, 
Gastropoda,  Pteropoda,  CepDalo- 
poda. 

1.  TUKICATA. 
9.  VERTMRATA. 

(1)  Aerania.       Leptocardll. 

(1)  Orauiota.      (afCycloctomata  (Myilnoid.*,  P«- 

tromyzontM). 
(ft)  Gnatbostomata. 
ii.)  Anamnia  (Pisces,  Amphibia). 
(H.)  Amniota  (S&uropsidn,  Ham. 
mall  a). 


81! 


zo  6  mcl -an-In, 

melanin.] 


3.     [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Eng. 


Chtm. :  Bogdanow's  name  for  the  black  pig- 
ment of  birds'  feathers.  It  Is  slightly  soluble 
in  water,  but  dissolves  readily  in  potash  and 
ammonia. 

zo  6-mor'-phIc,   a.      [Pref.    zoo-,   and  Or. 
pop^i)  (morphl)  =  shape,  form.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Pertaining  to  or  exhibiting 
animal  forms. 

"Tb»tp«culiarty  Celtic  form  of  Interlacing  wonwf. 
phic  decoration,  united  with  colourod  dMlgni  of 
diverging  spirala  and  trumpet  icroUa."— Jot.  An&rton. 
(Annanialt.l 

2.  AnOirm. :  Representing  a  god  or  other 
supernatural  being  under  the  form  of  one  of 
the  lower  animals.    The  zoomorphie  element 
in  Classic  mythology  appears  in  such  cases 
as  that  of  the  Smiuthean  Apollo,  and  the 
metamorphoses  of  Jupiter ;  it  is  very  strongly 
marked  in  the  religion  of  ancient  Egypt  [Zoo- 
LATKY),  and  traces  of  it  may  be  found  among 
the  Jews  and  in  the  poetic  imagery  of  the 
Apocalypse.  (Gen.  iii.  24 ;  Exod.  xxv.  18 ;  Eiek. 
x.  14,  xi.  18  ;  Exod.  xxxiii. ;  Rev.  iv.  6,  8,  9; 
v.  6, 14  ;  i.  6  ;  vii.  11 ;  xiv.  3  ;  xv.  7  ;  xix.  4). 

"The  fact!  of  savage  animal- worship,  and  their 
relations  to  totemiim,  seem  still  unknown  to  or  un- 
appreciated  by  scholars,  with  the  exception  of  Mr. 
Sayce.  who  recognUes  toteralsm  iu  the  origin  of  the 
tocmorphic  element  in  Egyptian  religion."—^.  Lajtff: 
Cuitom  It  Jtyth,  p.  118. 

zo-o-morph'-iufm,  s.    [ZOOHORPHIC.] 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  zoomor- 
phic  ;  characteristic  exhibition  of  the  forms  of 
the  lower  animals,  as  distinct  from  man. 

"  That  joomorpMrm  of  ornamentation  which  ID  this 
oase  is  only  partially  preeent,"— Jot.  Antttmm.  (Am- 


HSU,  b6^;  p-Sat,  J.RW;  cat.  ?ell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  fcem;  thin,  thte;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   ph  =  t 
-dan, -tian  =  shan.   -tlon,  -sion  =  «hun;  -flon.  -slon  =  zhon.   -ciou^  -Uono,  -slons  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  oVc.  =  bel,  del. 


soon— zornia 


2.  The  transformation  of  men  into  beasts. 
(Smart.) 

zo'-dn,  *•    [Or.  $$ov  (zoon)  —  an  animaL] 
Biol. :  The  product  of  a  fertilized  ovum. 

"  It  Is  urged  that  whether  the  development  of  the 
fertilized  germ  be  continuous  or  discontinuous  is  a 
omtter  of  secondary  importance  ;  that  tbe  totality  of 
living  tissue  to  which  the  fert!liz-d  germ  (fives  rise  in 
any  one  case  Is  the  equivalent  of  the  totality  to  which 
it  (fives  rise  in  »uy  other  case ;  and  that  we  must  recog- 
nise this  equivalence,  whether  such  totality  of  living 
tlosue  takes  a  concrete  or  a  discrete  arraugenjeut.  In 
pursuance  of  this  view  a  zoological  individual  isconsti- 
tntei]  either  by  auy  such  ilniH  animal  as  a  mammal 
or  bird,  which  may  jiroi>erly  cUlm  the  title  of  a  ZOOM. 
or  l>y  any  suoh  group  of  animals  as  the  numerous  Me* 
duse  that  have  been  developed  from  the  same  egg, 
which  are  to  be  severally  distinguished  as  xooida,  — 
Berbert  Sptncer :  Prin.  Biol..  f  73. 

•o-o'n'-Iq,  a.    [Ens.  zoon;  -ic.}    Derived  from 
or  contained  in  animal  substances. 

zoonic  acid,  *. 

Chem. :  Berthollet's  name  for  the  impure 
acetic  acid,  obtained  by  the  dry  distillation 
of  animal  substances. 

£*    6n  itC,  S.      [ZOONTTES,] 

Zoology: 

1.  Ifcn. :  One  of  the  theoretic  transverse 
divisions  of  any  segmented  animal. 

2.  Spec. :  One  of  the  segments  of  an  articu- 
lated animal. 

•zo  6  ni-te«,  *.    [Zoos.] 

Biol. :  A  term  proposed  as  an  equivalent  of 
zooid(q_.v.). 

"In  order  to  confine  the  term  Individual  to  such 
eases  (the  direct  product  of  the  germ-cell  and  sperm- 
ccllj  it  nat  been  proposed  amoitg  animals  to  give  the 
term  zooid  or  toonUtt  to  the  independent  aiructures 
which  result  from  sprouting,  eemnmtiou,  or  fission." 
— Sng.  Cyclop  (tool.},  iv.  Ml.  iNote.) 


,  *.  [Fret  too-, 

and  Gr.  *-o^o*  (nomos)  =  a  law.]  The  laws  of 
animal  life,  or  the  science  which  treats  of  the 
phenomena  of  animal  life,  their  causes  and 

relation*. 

zo-oph'-a-ga.  s.  pi     [Or.  £wo$ayo«  (zoo- 

phagos)  =  living  on  animal  food  ;  carnivorous.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  An  old  popular  name  for 

the  larger  and  fiercer  carnlvora.    It  has  no 

scientific  value. 

2.  Zoal.  :  Gegenbaur*s  name  fbr  a  group  of 
Marsupials  equivalent  to  Owen's  Sarcophaga 


t  zo  6ph'-a-gan,  ,«.  [ZOOPHAOA.]  One  of  the 
zoophaga  ;"  a  sarcophagan. 

f  zo  6ph  a  goris,  a.  [Mod.Lat.zoopfta/tfa); 
Eng.  adj.  sutf.  -ous.]  Devouring  or  feeding 
on  animals;  sarcophagous. 

"The  toophagout  marauplals  already  cited.*1  —  Owen  : 
Brit  Fottil  Mammal*.  p.  85. 

•xo-Sph'-X-ltot,  *.     [Pref.  zoo-;  Gr.  <friA*'o) 

(philed)  —  to  love,  and  Eng.  sun*.  -i4.J  A 
lover  of  animals,  or  of  anything  living;  one 
Whose  sympathy  embraces  all  living  creation. 

"Our  philosopher  and  znephiHst'—Southey  ;  Doctor, 
eh.  ccxxriii. 

t  zo   fiph  -I-l6us,   a.     [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Gr. 
$iAew  (phileo)  —  to  lov«.] 
Nat.  Science  :  (See  extract). 


a  tjtornttle  Botanlco  Jnnmoj  for  July  is  by  Si?.  A.  Pic- 
Cone.  on  the  plants  growing  wild  in  Ltguria  which  he 
ternis'*or>pAUdu«'or  'ornitnoph11oa*,'i.e..  those  which 
arc  absolutely  dependent  for  the  germination  of  their 
•aeds  on  the  trait  being  swallowed  by  birda,"—  Mature. 


.  36.  1884,  p.  403. 


l&  s.  [ZooPHfLTsr.]  A  love  of 
animals  ;  a  sympathy  or  tender  care  for  living 
creatures,  which  prevents  all  unnecessary 
acts  of  cruelty  or  destruction. 

*  x6'~£-phite,  5.    [ZOOPHYTE.] 

lO-d-phor  -10,  o.  [Eng.  zoopKor(u»);  -ic.] 
Bluing  or  supporting  an  animal  :  as,  a  ZDO- 
pkoric  column,  that  is,  one  supporting  the 
figure  of  an  animaL 


Anc.  Arch.  :  A  part  between  the  architrave 
and  cornice  ;  the  same  as  the  frieze  in  modern 
architecture  ;  so  called  from  the  figures  of 
animals  carved  on  it.  [ZOOPHORIC.] 

tio-i-phy'-t*.  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
Gr.  £uo4>uTov  (2u"phuton)  —  an  animal-plant. 
(Arist.  :  Hist,  Anim.,  xviii.  1-6.)] 

Zool.  :  A  term  borrowed  from  Aristotle  by 
Cnvier,  and  used  by  him  as  a  synonym  of 


Radiata  (q.v.).  The  term  has  no  longer  any 
scientific  value,  but  is  often  loosely  applied  as 
a  designation  for  many  plant-like  animals,  as 
sponges,  corals,  Ac.,  more  or  less  resembling 
plants  in  appearance.  "  When  the  term  began 
to  be  used  by  naturalists,  it  designated  a 
miscellaneous  class  of  beings,  which  were 
believed  to  occupy  the  space  between  the 
animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms,  and  in  which 
the  characteristics  of  the  subjects  of  each 
met  and  were  intermingled."  (Ency.  Brit., 
ed.  8th.) 

ZO'-&-phyte,  s.  [ZOOPHYTA.]  Any  individual 
of  Cuvier'  s  Radiata  (q.v.)  ;  an  animal  of  ex- 
tremely low  organization,  presenting  many 
external  resemblances  to  a  plant, 

"The  second  step  Nature  takes  is  from  plants  to 
Plant-animals,  too  ph  iff  ft,  'There  are  mmiy  marine 
creatimV  he  [Aristotle]  my».  -which  leave  the  oil- 
server  iu  doubt  as  to  whether  they  are  plauts  or  ani- 
mals, for  they  grow  on  the  rocks,  and  many  die  If  de- 
tached."— 0.  §,  Lew**:  Arittotie.  p.  in. 

zoophyte-trough,  s.    A  live-box  (q.v.). 


--'-Ic,  zo-d-ph^t'-ic-al,  a.  [Ens. 
goophtft(e)  ;  -ic,  -iced.]  Pertaining"  or  relating 
to  zoophytes. 

z6-6ph'-y-toid,  a.  [Eng.  zoophyt(e)  ;  suff. 
-oui-J  Like  or  resembling  a  zoophyte. 

XO-O-phy-to-lo'g'-Ic-al,  o.  [Eng.  zoophyto- 
l<>9(y)  '  -i&il.]  Pertaiuiug  or  relating  to  zoo- 
phytology. 

0-6-phy-t6r-6-t^,  s.        [Eng.  zoophyte); 
-ology.]    The  natural  history  of  zoophytes. 


[Gr.]    A  zoophyte  (q.v.). 

"  A  toofAyton  may  be  riphtlv  said  to  have  a  middle 
excellency  between  an  mutual  ami  a  plant."  —  Senry 
Jfon;  Jfyttergqf  Jiiiguit^,  p.  27, 

t  zo  6  sperm,  «.  [Pref.  *oo-t  aud  Bng.  sperm.] 
Zool.  :  A  Spermatozoon  (q.v.). 

ao:6-8po-ran  -gi-um  (pi.  zo  6  spo-ran  - 

gi-a),  s.     [  Pre£.  zoo-,  aud  Mod.  Lat.  ayomii- 
giuw  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  ;  The  cell  in  which  a  aoospore  is 
formed  or  becomes  encysted. 

ao  -o-Bpbre,  s.    [ZOOSPORKJE.] 

Hot.  (PI.)  :  Reproductive  bodies  of  certain 
Algals  of  low  organization  [PROTOPHYTA],  as 
many  Confervse  (q.v.).  They  have  ciliated  pro- 
cesses, which  enable  them  to  swim  about, 
and  from  this  animal-like  locomotion  are 
with  difficulty  separated  from  the  infusorial 
animalcules.  Each  zoospore  when  set  free 
from  the  tough  coat  in  which  it  is  for  a 
time  encysted  is  capable  of  living  indepen- 
dently. 

zo-o-spbr'-e-ffl,  «.  pi    [Pref.  ro-  ;  Gr.  trnt>pd 

(spora),  <nropos  (sporos)  =  .  .   .  a  seed,    and 
Lat.  feui.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -«e.) 

Bot.  :  A  primary  group  of  Algals,  proposed 
by  Thuret  to  contain  those  species  which  aie 
propagated  by  zoospores.  He  divides  it  into  : 
(1)  Chlorosporese,  colour  usually  green  ;  (2) 
Pheosporeffi,  colour  brown  or  olive. 

ZO-o-spdr'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  zoo$por(e)  ;  -ic.}  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  character  of  zoospores. 

ZO-O-Ste-ir'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Eng. 
stearic.]  Containing  fat  and  derived  from 
animal  substances. 

zoostearic  acid,  «. 

Chem.  :  Landerer's  name  for  a  fatty  acid, 
obtained  from  the  bones  of  fossil  mammalia, 
and  crystallizing  from  alcohol  in  lamina;. 
(Watts.) 

zo-S-teir'-a,  *.  [Pref.  *oo-,  and  Gr.  wpos 
(Uiros)=  a  constellation.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Kndiolaria.  No  siliceous 
skeleton,  but  contracted  pointed  filameut^ 
elevated  on  a  pedicle  and  not  contractile. 

zo  6  tham'-nl-um,  *.  [Pref.  too-,  and  Gr. 
QO.P.VQS  (thamnos)  —  a  copse,  a  thicket,] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Feritrichous  Infusoria, 
from  salt  and  fresh  water.  Animalcules 
structurally  identical  with  those  of  Vorticella 
(n.v.),  ovate,  pyriform,  or  globular,  often  dis- 
similar in  shape,  and  of  two  sizes,  stationed 
at  the  extremities  of  a  branching,  highly  con- 
tractile pedicle,  the  internal  muscle  of  which 
is  continuous  throughout.  There  are  several 
species,  divided  into  two  groups  according  as 
the  zooids  of  the  same  colony  re&embLe  or 
differ  from  each  other. 


KO-6  the'-CR,  s.  [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Gr.  0^ 
(tfake)  =  a  case.] 

Atutt.  <£  Physiol. :  A  cell  containing  a  sper- 
raatozooid. 

zo  6  the   91  um   (pi.   zo-£  the -91  »),  *. 

[ZoOTHECA.J 

Biol.  :  Any  compound  tubular  structure 
excreted  and  inhabited  by  Infusoria  like  Rhi- 
pidodeudron. 

zo  6  tho  me,  t.     [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Gr.  ffui^ot 
(thomos)  =  a  heap.  ] 
Zool. :  A  Zoothecium  (q.v.). 

zd-dt'-lc,  a.  [Or.  foov  (zoon)  =  an  animal.) 
Containing  the  remains  of  organic  life.  (Said 
of  rocks,  coal,  caves,  &c.) 

ZOO tiC -aCid,  5.      [HVDROCYCANIC-ACID.] 

ZO-ot   6  ca,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr.  £WOTOKO« 

(zootokos)  =  producing  its  young  alive.  (Arist. 
H.A.,  i.  25.)] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Lacertidee,  with  eigli% 
species,  from  Central  and  Southern  Europe, 
Madeira,  South  Africa,  and  Australia.  One. 
Zootoca  vivipnra,  the  Viviparous  Lizard  (q.v.X 
is  British.  Some  times  made  asub-genos  of  La- 
certa,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  having 
the  posterior  nasal  shield  single. 

ZO-d-tont-lc-al,  a.  [Eng.  zootomfy);  -iced.} 
Of  or  pertaining  to  zootomy. 

zd-ot'-6  mist,  s.  [ZooTosnr.]  One  who  dis- 
sects the  bodies  of  the  lower  animals  ;  a  com- 
parative anatomist. 

xo-ot'-d-my»  t.  [Pref.  *oo-t  and  Gr.  rotf 
(tome)  =  a  cutting.] 

.\at.  Science:  The  dissection  of  the  lower 
animals. 

"  The  comparative  anatomy  of  animals  is  sometime* 
called  toot<my."—SC.  0*orff»  ilttart :  Tkt  Oat.  ch.  i,, 

zo  ox  an -thin,  «.  [Pref.  zoo-,  and  Eng. 
xanthin.] 

Chem. :  A  dark-red  powder,  extracted  from 
the  red  feathers  of  Calurus  auriceps,  by  re- 
peated treatment  with  hot  alcohol. 

zoo  -zoo,  s.  [Onomatopoetic.]  A  wood- 
pigeon.  (Prov.) 

zoph  -or-ua, «.    [ZOOPHORUS.] 
xo-pJ-lo'-te,  «.    [Sp.]    [UEUBU.) 

zo  pis-sa,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  £<uTri<r<ra  (j5- 
p&n).  (See  def.)J 

Pathol. :  A  mixture  of  pitch  and  tar  im- 
pregnated with  salt-water,  scraped  from  the 
nulls  of  ships.  It  was  funnily  used  as  an 
external  application,  being  believed  to  be 
resolutive  and  desiccative.  (Simmonds.) 

zorg  -ite,  *.  [After  Zorge,  Hartz,  where  first 
found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

.Win. ;  A  massive  granular  mineral,  occur- 
ring with  many  other  species  in  the  metal- 
liferous lodes  of  the  Hartz.  Hardness,  2'5  ; 
sp.  gr.  7  to  7'5 ;  lustre,  metallic ;  colour, 
lead-gray,  sometimes  with  a  yellowish  tar- 
nish. Compos. :  a  selenide  of  lead  and 
copper. 

zo  ril'-la,  t  zftr'-ille,  *.  [Sp.  *oriKa=the 
whelp  of  a  fox,  from  zerro-=  a  fox.] 

Zool. :  Ictonyx  zorilla,  a  Vive  nine  Mammal, 
possessing  fe-  ,  .--,.  , 

tid  scent 
glands,  allied 
to  the  Skunks 
and  Badgers, 
exteudingover 
Africa  and 
into  Asia  Mi- 
nor. Snout 
elongated, 
body  stoat, 
tail  bushy; 
total  length 
about  twenty 
Inches :  co- 
jour  shining 

black,  marked  with  white  spots  and  bands. 
ft  is  often  tamed,  and  trained  to  catch  rate 
and  mice. 

zor  ni  a,  s.  [Named  after  John  Zorn,  a 
Bavarian  botanical  author  (1739-W).] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Hedysareie.  Herbaceous 
plants  with  pinnate  leaves,  having  two  or 


f&te,  Rlt,  faro,  amidst,  what,  tan,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :  go,  p5t, 
or.  wore,  WQl£  work,  who,  sin ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  role,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    aa.  OB  =  e :  ey  =  a ;  qu      k w. 


Zoroastrian— Zwinglian 


5293 


four  leaflets  and  papilionacecas  flowers,  In 
spikes  or  solitary.  Known  species  about  ten, 
mostly  from  America.  Zornm  Mphylla  is 
used  at  uorse  pioeadei  by  the  Foulahs. 

Zor-d-as'-trS-an.  a.  &  ».    [See  def.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Zoroaster 
or  Zoroastres,  the  classical  name  of  an  illus- 
trious personage  called  in  Persian  Zartusht, 
Zanitusht,   or  Zardusht,  and  in  Zend  Zara- 
thustra,  founder  or  reformer  of  the  Parsee 
religion.    He  is  generally  said  to  have  been 
born  in  589,  at  Urmia,  a  town  of  Azerbijan, 
ami  died  B.C.  589.    But  other  dales  have  been 
assiu-ncd,  and  there  may  have  been  more  than 
one  Zoroaster.    [ZOROASTRIANISM.] 

B.  As  subst. :   A  follower  of  Zoroaster,  a 
professor  of  Zoroaatrianism  (q.v.). 

aSr-d-as'-trl-an-Ism,  ».    [Eng.  amastrian; 

•Wm.] 

Compnr.  Relig.  :  The  religious  system  said  to 
have  been  taught  by  Zoroaster,  by  which  term 
Dr.  Haug  understands  a  series  of  religions 
teachers  rather  than  a  single  person  bearing 
the  name.  The  old  Persians  and  the  Brahmans 
continued  one  people  after  they  had  separated 
from  the  primitive  Aryan  stock,  their  faith 
being  Nature-worship.  For  the  subsequent 
religious  schism  between  them  see  BRAHMAN- 
ISM.  The  first  Zoroaster,  if  there  was  more 
than  one,  ia  believed  by  Dr.  Haug  to  have 
lived  as  early  as  Moses,  or,  at  least,  not  later 
than  Solomon.  He  was  the  reformer  rather 
than  the  originator  of  the  faith  called  after  his 
name.  The  Zoroastrian  sacred  book  is  the 
Zend  Avesta  (q.v.).  The  creed  founded  on  it 
was  professed  by  the  old  Persians,  as  it  is  by 
their  successors  the  modern  Parsees,  some- 
times called  Fire-worshippers.  It  teaches  that 
there  has  always  existed  a  certain  entity, 
whose  name,  Zaniana  Akarana,  has  been  trans- 
lated "  Time  without  bounds."  This  entity  is 
represented  as  having  simultaneously  brought 
in  to  existence  two  exceedingly  powerful  beings: 
one,  Hormuzd,  the  creator  and  patron  of  all 
good ;  the  other,  Ahriman,  the  author  and 
supporter  of  all  evil.  Hormuzd  created  light, 
and  Ahriman  darkness.  The  two  beings  are 
in  perpetual  conflict ;  and  each  has  under  him 
«  hierarchy  of  angels.  This  system  is  de- 
nounced in  Isaiah  xlv.  5-7.  With  it  another 
creed— that  of  fire-worship— possibly  derived 
through  the  Magi  from  the  Turanians,  became 
commingled  :  there  is  allusion  to  it  in  Ezekiel 
viii.  16-18.  Both  beliefs  go  to  constitute  the 
modern  Parsee  faith.  Professor  Hang  believes 
that  the  teaching  of  the  primitive  Zoroaster 
was  misunderstood,  and  that  it  was  much 
purer  than  the  system  of  doctrine  which  has 
long  passed  current  in  his  name.  [FIRE-WOR- 
SHIPPER, GUERRE,  PARSEE.] 

zd?  ma,  --.    (Corrupt  Arabic.] 

Astron. :  A  fixed  star  of  magnitude  2J. 
Called  also  5  Leonis. 

zos'-ter,  s.    [Lat.  =  shingles,  from  Or.  {turnip 
(zoster)  =  a  girdle.] 
PatKol. :  [SHINGLES]. 

zos  ter-a,  s.  [Gr.  fio<mj/i  (zoster)  =  a  girdle.] 
1.  Bot.':  Grass-wrack  ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Zosteraceae  (q.v.),  which  is  sometimes  re- 
duced to  a  tribe  of  NaiadaceK.  The  species 
are  grass-like  marine  plants,  with  matted 
creeping  rootstocks,  long,  linear,  distichous 
sheathing  leaves,  a  foliaceous  spathe,  and  a 
linear,  membranous  spadix,  with  inconspicu- 
ous green  flowers  Inserted  in  two  rows 
on  one  of  its 
sides.  An- 
thers ovate, 
sessile,  alter- 
nating with 
the  ovate  ger- 
mens ;  style 
one ;  stigmas 
two,  elon- 
gated, linear ; 
fruit  with 
one  seed. 
Known  spe- 
cies t  wo,  both 
Eu  ropean. 
They  are  Zot- 
lera  marina, 
the  Broad- 
leaved,  and  Z. 


I 


ZOSTERA    MARINA. 

L  Bpxiix.   a.  PUtll.    a.  Anther. 


fuma,  the  Dwarf  Grass-wrack.  The  former  ba 
leaves  one  to  three  feet  long  and  a  many-flowere' 
spadix,  the  latter  has  the  leaves  six  inche 


long  and  a  few-flowered  spadix.  They  occur 
in  muddy  and  sandy  estuaries  near  low-water 
mark,  the  second  being  the  rarer  species.  Z. 
marina  is  used  largely  in  parts  of  Europe  for 
packing  small  fancy  'articles  for  exportation, 
and  for  stutling  cushions. 

2.  Pal&obot. :  One  species  is  found  in  the 
British  Pleistocene. 

z8s-ter-a'-9e-«,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  zosterfa) ;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  Buff,  -ocea.] 

Bot. :  Sea-wracks ;  an  order  of  Endogens, 
alliance  Hydrates.  Marine  plants  living 
among  seaweeds,  and  resembling  them  in  ap- 
pearance. Leaves  thin,  grassy,  sheathing  at 
the  base  ;  flowers  very  minute,  naked,  or  sur- 
rounded by  three  scales  situated  within  her- 
baceous spathes.  Anthers  definite  in  number, 
sessile,  one  or  two-celled  ;  stigmas  one  or 
two,  capillary ;  ovary  free,  one-celled  ;  ovule 
one ;  fruit  drupaceous,  one-celled,  with  a 
single  pendulous  seed.  Found  chiefly  at  the 
bottom  of  the  ocean,  though  occasionally  on 
the  shore,  especially  in  the  Eastern  hemi- 
sphere. Known  genera  five,  species  twelve. 
(Kunth  £  Lindley.) 

zos'-ter- ite, «.  [Mod.  Lat.  zostera ;  suff.  -<(e.] 
A  fossil  zostera,  or  some  allied  species  of 
plant. 

zos  -ter-ops.  ».  [Gr.  $o<rnjp  (zoster)  =  a 
girdle,  and  5<l,  (ops)  —  the  eye.  Named  from 
a  well-defined  circlet  of  light-coloured  feathers 
round  the  eye.]  [WHITE-EVE.] 

Ornith.:  A  genus  of  Dicffiidae,  with  sixty-eight 
species,  ranging  over  the  Ethiopian,  Oriental, 
and  Australian  regions,  as  far  east  as  the  Fiji 
Islands,  and  north  to  Pekin  and  Japan.  Bill 
shorter  than  head,  acuminate,  finely  emargin- 
ate  at  tip ;  nostrils  lateral,  linear,  covered  by  a 
membrane;  wings  with  ten  primaries;  tarsi 
long  ;  tail  moderate,  even. 

ZO-tbe'-ca,  s.     [Gr.  fio^m)  (zothlke).'] 

Anc.  Arch. :  A  small  compartment  or  alcove 
which  might  be  separated  from  an  adjoining 
compartment  by  a  curtain. 

Zouave  (on  as  w),  Zdu'-ave,  «.  [Fr.,  from 
ZWO.VM,  the  name  of  a  Kabyle  or  Berber  tribe 
in  Algeria.]  A  soldier  belonging  to  the  light 
infantry  corps  of  the  French  army,  which  were 
organised  in  Algeria,  soon  after  the  conquest 
of  that  country  in  18SO,  and  were  originally 
intended  to  be  composed  exclusively  of  the 
Kabyle  tribe.  This  idea,  however,  was  soon 
abandoned,  and  since  1840  the  corps  has  been 
composed  almost  entirely  of  French  soldiers, 
recruited  from  the  veterans  of  ordinary  line 
regiments,  who  are  distinguished  for  their 
fine  physique  and  tried  courage.  They  still, 
however,  retain  the  picturesque  dress  origin- 
ally adopted,  consisting  of  a  loose  dark-blue 
jacket  and  waistcoat,  baggy  Turkish  trousers, 
yellow  leather  leggings,  white  gaiters,  a  sky- 
blue  sash,  and  a  red  fez  with  yellow  tassel. 
The  few  corps  composed  of  Algerines  still  con- 
nected with  the  French  army  are  now  known 
as  Turcos.  The  name  was  also  given  to 
several  regiments  which  served  on  the  side 
of  the  North  in  the  American  Civil  War,  but 
these  were  only  distinguished  from  the  other 
volunteer  regiments  by  their  picturesque 
uniform. 

zounds,  exclam.  [See  def.]  An  exclamation 
contracted  from  "  God's  wounds,"  and  much 
used  formerly  as  an  oath,  or  as  an  expression 
of  anger  or  wonder. 

zout9b,  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  To  stew,  as 
flounders,  whitings,  gudgeons,  eels,  &c.,  with 
just  enough  liquid  to  cover  them.  (Prov.) 

*  Znben  el  Genubl,  s.    [Corrupted  Arabic.] 

[ZUBENESCH.] 

Astron. :  A  fixed  star  of  the  third  magnitude, 
called  also  a  Librae.  It  is  of  a  pale  yellow 
colour. 

*  rubenely,  s.    [Corrupted  Arabic.] 

Astron. :  A  fixed  star  of  the  second  magni- 
tude, called  also  ft  Librae.  It  is  of  a  pale 
emerald  colour. 

zubenesch,  s.    [ZUBEN  ra.  GENUBI.] 

zuche  (z  as  tz),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  stamp 
of  a  tree. 

ZU-obef -to,  s.  [Ital.  zucchetta  =  a  small 
gourd,  anything  resembling  a  gourd  in  shape, 
from  2ucca  =  a  gourd.  ] 


Som.   CatK.   Ritual:    The  skull-cap  of  an 
ecclesiastic  covering  the  tousure.    That  of  » 


PIUS  IX.   WEARING   ZUCHETTO. 

priest  is  black,  of  a  bishop  or  monsigno. 
purple,  of  a  cardinal  red,  and  of  the  pope 
white. 

zuf -f  8-16,  zu'-fS-lo.  s.    [Ital.  zu/oJo,  from 
zvfolare  =  to  hiss  or  whistle.] 

Music:  A  small  flute  or  flageolet,  especially 
one  used  to  teach  birds. 

Zu'-lU,  ».  [Native  name.)  A  member  of  a 
warlike  branch  of  the  Kaffir  race  inhabiting  a 
territory  in  South  Africa,  situated  on  the 
coast  of  the  Indian  Ocean  immediately  north 
of  the  British  colony  of  Natal. 
H  Also  used  adjectively  :  as,  the  Zulu  war. 

ziim  boo  ruk,  ».     [Hind,  zamburak;   Man- 
ratta  jambura  =  a  swivel.] 

Ml. :  A  small  cannon  supported  by  a  swiv- 
elled rest  on  the  back  of  a  camel,  'whence  it 
is  fired. 

zum  1C,  «i.    (Gr.  fiVi  (pwmi)  =  leaven.]    Pro- 
duced by  fermentation. 

zumlc  acid,  >. 

Cheai. :  A  name  formerly  applied  to  the 
acid  produced  in  the  fermentation  of  amyla- 
ceous substances,  and  now  known  to  be  im- 
pure lactic  acid. 

zu-md-l6g'-le-al,  a.    [ZYHOLOOIO.] 

Z11-m61'-6  glSt,  ».      [ZYMOLOOMT.) 

zu-mSl'-i-g^,  >.    [ZVMOLOGV.] 

zu-  mom'-e-ter,  zu-m6-sim'-e-*ir,  * 
IZYMOMETER.) 

ziir  -lite,  >.     [After  Signor  Zurlo ;  suff.  -ite 
(Min.).} 

Mln. :  A  variety  of  Melilite  (q.v.),  occurring 
in  square  or  eight-sided  prisms  in  the  cal- 
careous blocks  of  Monte  Somma,  Vesuvius. 

zwle  sel  ite,  s.      [After  Zwiesel,  Bavaria, 

where  found;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).~\ 
Mi». :   A  clove-brown  variety  of  Triplit* 

(q.v.). 
ZwIn'-gU-an,  a.  &  s.    [See  def.] 

A.  a<y. :   Of,  pertaining  to,  or  introduced 
by  Zwingli.    [B.] 

B.  As  substantive : 

Church  Hist.  (PI.) :  The  followers  of  Ulriah 
Zwingli,  or  Zuingli,  the  Swiss  reformer,  espe- 
cially inhis  sacramentarian  doctrine.  Zwiugli 
was  born  at  Wildhaus,  in  the  Toggenburg,  in 
January,  1484,  the  year  after  Luther's  birth, 
and  was  ordained  priest  in  1506.  In  1516,  a 
year  before  the  commencement  of  the  Ger- 
man Reformation  under  Luther,  he  began 
to  preach  doctrines  which  were  essentially 
those  of  Protestantism.  In  1518  he  was  in 
conflict  with  Samson,  a  Franciscan  friar 
and  an  eager  salesman  of  Indulgences.  In 
January,  1525,  mainly  through  his  exertions, 
the  mass  was  abolished  at  Zurich,  oilier 
cantons  speedily  following  the  example. 
Differences  of  opinion  regarding  the  Eu- 
charist having  arisen  in  1524  between  the 
German  ana  Swiss  Reformers,  Zwingli  took 
a  prominent  part  in  the  controversy  with 
Luther  in  a  conference  at  Marburg  in  Sep- 
tember, 1529.  On  October  18,  1631,  he  was 
killed  in  the  Uttle  of  Cappel,  fought  on  a 
politico-religious  question  between  the  Protes- 
tant and  the  Roman  Catholic  Swiss  canton*. 


boil,  boy ;  poTlt,  J6\W;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  XenopboL,  eyist.   -In*, 
-clan,  -tian  =  «M",    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion.  -gion  =  «**»•-    -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shua.    -ble.  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  dfl. 


5264 


aygadite— sygosla 


Zwingli's  views  on  the  sacrament  were  after 
wards  followed  or  independently  adopted  bj 
Calvin.  The  disciples  of  the  former  were 
called  Zwiiiglians  and  Sacramentarians  ;  they 
however,  preferred  the  name  Evangelicals 
which  subsequently  displaced  the  other  two 
They  also  ultimately  shared  in  the  name  Pro 
testants,  which  was  originally  limited  to  the 
German  reformers. 


cyg'-a-dite,  ».     [Or.  ^<i«,i/  (zygadin)  -  in 
pairs,  jointly  ;  sun",  -ite  (A/in.).J 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  albite,  occurring  in 
twinned  plates  in  fissures  of  clay-slate  a 
Andreasberg,  Hartz. 


ty  gse  na,  s.  [Gr.  (li-yauxi  (zugaina)  =  a  fish 
probably  the  hammer-headed  shark  (q.v.) 
see  also  def.  2.] 

1.  Entom.  ;  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Zygamidse  (q.v.).    Antennae  of  the  male  not 
pectinated,    much     thickened    beyond     the 
middle  ;  fore  wings  elongate,  green,  with  red 
streaks  or  spots  ;  hind  wings  red,  with  dark 
margin  ;  abdomen  thick.     Newman  calls  this 
Zygitna.   To  avoid  confounding  it  with  No.  2, 
Stainton  calls  it  Anthrocera,  but  retains  the 
name  Zygatnidee  for    the    family.     [Bca 
MOTH.] 

2.  Ichthy.  A  PdUeont.  :  Hammer-heads,  Ham 
mer-headed  Sharks  ;  a  genus  of  Carchariidse 
or    of    Zygaenina   (q.v.),   with    five  species 
widely  distributed,  but  most  abundant  in  th< 
tropics.     Anterior  part  of  the  head  broad 


ZYOJtNA  MALLIUS. 

flattened,  and  produced  into  a  lobe  on  each 
side,  the  extremity  of  which  is  occupied  by 
the  eye ;  caudal  fin  with  a  pit  at  its  root, 
and  a  single  notch  at  its  lower  margin ;  no 
spiracles  ;  nostrils  on  front  edge  of  the  head 
Zygoma  maUcui  is  the  commonest  species. 
It  is  found  all  along  the  coast  of  the  United 
Stales  from  Cape  Cod  southward,  and  in 
tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas  throughout  the 
world.  It  reaches  a  large  size,  being  from 
seven  to  eight  feet  long,  and  is  easily  recog- 
nized by  the  curious  form  of  the  head,  whose 
width  is  about  twice  the  length,  it  being 
elongated  laterally  with  two  arms,  which  have 
been  compared  to  the  arms  of  a  balance.  The 
first  dorsal  fin  is  large,  the  second  quite 
small,  smaller  than  the  anal;  the  pectorals 
rather  larg».  Color  gray. 

«T-g»  -nl  ds9,  i.  pL     [Mod.   Lat. 
[def.  1] ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  raff,  -ida.] 

Sntom. :  A  family  of  Hawk-moths.  Antennas 
with  scales  or  pectinated,  never  ending  in  a 
•hook,  wings  scaly,  the  anterior  ones  narrow, 
the  posterior  rounded.  Caterpillar  destitute 
of  a  horn.  Called  also  Anthroceridse. 

•y-gre-ni'-na,  «.  pi'  [Mod.  Lat  lygaHfr) 
[def.  1.] ;  Lat.  neut  pi.  adj.  sufT.  -ino.] 

Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Carchariidce,  with  the 
single  genus  Zygaena.  (ZYa.«s*,  2.] 

*yg  an  -  triinv  «.     [Pref.  zyg(o);  and  Lat. 

ajitrnm  —  a  cave.] 

Zool  :  A  hollow  in  the  vertebrae  of  serpents, 
by  which  an  additional  articulation  is  pro- 
Tided  with  the  vertebra  next  behind.  (Glau. 
to  Huxley1!  Claaif.  o/Anin.) 

•yg  a  poph  -y-sJs.  i.    [Pret  w,  and  Eng. 
Ofophysit  (q.v.).] 

Anat. :  Either  of  the  two  superior  or  the 
two  inferior  processes  projecting  upwards  and 
downwards  from  a  point  near  the  junction  of 
the  pedicle  and  lamina  in  a  vertebra  (q.v.). 

lyg-ne-ma,  s.     [Prel  zyg.,  and   Or.  „»« 
(nemo)  =  yarn.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  ginns  of  Zygnemidn 
(q.v.).  Filaments  simoit-  with  the  0reeo 


contents  arranged  in  two  globular  or  stellat 
masses  in  each  cell.  Conjugation  by  tran* 
verse  processes  ;  spores  formed  on  one  of  the 
parent  cells  or  in  the  cross  branch. 
iyg-ne'-ml-ds»,  lyg-ni-ma  -oi-es,  >.  pi 
(Mod.  Lat.  zygnemtp,);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suit 
•ida  or  -aceat.} 

Bot.  :  A  family  or  tribe  of  the  sub-order 
Confervese,  Cells  tubular,  united  by  their 
truncated  extremities  into  jointed  threads 
which  are  at  first  distinct,  and  then  broughi 
into  conjunction  by  the  aid  of  transverse 
tubelets,  which  discharge  the  colourinj 
matter.  Green-spored  Algae  abounding  in 
fresh-water. 

ly-gd-,  prtf.  [Gr.  fvyoi/  (rugon)  =  a  yoke.] 
Yoked,  joined  ;  having  .processes  more  or  less 
resembling  a  yoke. 

«y  go  bat  -Is,  J.     (Pref.  zygo-,  and  Or. 
(iutu)  =  the  prickly  roach.] 

Palaxmt.  :  A  genus  of  Myliobatidae,  founded 
on  teeth,  very  similar  to  those  of  existing 
species,  from  the  Norwich  Crag  and  the 
Miocene  of  Switzerland.  (Giinther.) 

ly-go-dac-tyl-a,  «.    [ZYOODACTYL*.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  .Squcridae.  Light  violet- 
coloured  Medusas,  seven  to  eight  inches  in 
diameter,  and  with  long  and  fibrous  dark- 
violet  tentacles.  Found  in  the  Atlantic  and 
the  North  Sea. 

«y-g6-dac'-tyl-8B,  «.  pi.  [Pref.  zygo-,  and 
Gr.  oaKTvAos  (daktulos)  =  a  finger,  a  toe.] 

Ornith.  :  A  sub-order  of  Picarite,  with  seven 
families  :  PsitUci  (Parrots),  Cuculidae  (Cuc- 
koos), Indicatoridae  (Honey  Guides),  Muso- 
phagidaj  (Plankain-eaters),  Picidae  (Wood- 
peckers), Rhamphastidte  (Toucans),  and  Capi- 
tonidae  (Barbets),  all  having  two  toes  in  front 
and  two  behind.  Equivalent  to  the  Scan- 
sores  (q.v.).  Called  also  Zygodactyle  Picarian 
Birds. 

ly-gd-dao'-tyle,  a.    [ZYOODACTYL«.] 

L  Of  or  belonging  to  the  ZygodactylsB  (q.v.). 
2.  Having  the  toes  disposed  in  pairs,  two  in 
front  and  two  behind  :  as,  a  zygodactyle  foot. 

zygodactyle   picarian  birds,  i.  pi. 

[ZYGODACTYI^e.] 

sy  go  dac  tyT  10,    zy  go-dac  tyl-ous, 

a.    [ZYOODACTYL.*.]    Zygodactyle  (q.v.). 

y'-gi-don,  ».      (Pret  zyg-,  and   Or. 
(odoiu),  genit  oioirot  (odontos)  =  a  tooth.) 
Bat.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Zygodontei. 

zy-gd-don'-te-i,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  from 
zygodon  (q.v.).J 

Bot.  :  An  order  of  Apocarpous  Mosses,  having 
a  pyriform  striated  capsule,  an  abortive 
single  or  double  peristome,  and  a  dimidiate 
smooth  veil.  Widely  distributed,  but  not 
numerous  in  species. 


zy-go  -ma,  s.     [Or.  fvyujia  (tugdmti)  =  a  bolt 
or  bar,  from  fvyov  (zugon)  =  a  yoke.] 

1.  Anat.  :  An  arched  and  lengthened  process 
projecting  from  the  external  surface  of  the 
squamous  portion  of  the  temporal  bone,  to 
which  are  attached  the  fleshy  fibres  of  the 
temporal  muscle.  It  is  composed  of  a  tubercle, 
tmintntia  articularis,  and  inferior,  superior, 
and  middle  roots.    The  external  lateral  liga- 
ment of  the  lower  jaw  is  attached  to  the 
tubercle. 

2.  Compar.  Anat.  :  In  essentially  the  same 
sense  as  1.     The  arch   is  formed   in  most 
vertebrates  by  the  jugal  or  yoke  bone,  articu- 
lating with  the  squamosal.     The  former  cor- 
responds with  the  cheek-bone  in  man. 

zy-go-m&f-lc,  a.     [ZYGOMA.]     Ot  or  per- 
taining to  the  zygoma  (q.v.). 

zygomatic  arch,  - 

Anat.  :  An  arch  funned  by  the  zygomatic 
process  of  the  temporal  bone  and  the  posterior 
part  of  the  malar  bone.  Called  also  the 
Malar  -arch. 

zygomatic  -bone,  s. 
AMU.  :  The  cheekbone. 
zygomatic-fossa,  s. 

A-i^rt.  :  The  lower  portion  of  the  space 
bridged  over  by  the  Zygomatic*arch. 

xygomatic-muscle,  «. 

Anat.  (PL)  :    Two    narrow    subcutaneous 


bundles  of  muscular  fibre,  a  greater  and  a 
smaller  one,  connecting  the  malar-bone  witfl 
the  angle  of  the  mouth. 

zygomatic  process,  s. 
Anat.  :  The  zygoma  (q.v.). 
zygomatic  suture,  ». 
Anat.  (PI.):  The  sutures  uniting  the  pro 
cesses  of  the  temporal  and  cheek  bones. 

t  *y-g6-ma-tur  -us,  s.  (Or.  fvyia^n  dugsma), 

genit.  £vywfiaTos  (z>igOjiuUos),  ami  ovpa\oura) 
=  the  tail.] 

Palaont.  :  A  synonym  of  Nototherium  (q.v.). 
zy-go-phyl-la'  -90-86,  s.pl.  [Mod.  Lat.  zy- 
goj>hyll(um);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun",  -acecc.] 

Bot.  :  Beancapers  ;  an  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Butales.  Herbs,  shrubs,  or 
trees,  with  hard  wood,  and  the  branches  often 
articulated  ;  leaves  opposite,  unequally  pin- 
nate, rarely  simple,  undotted,  and  with  sti- 
pules; flowers  solitary  or  in  twos  or  threes, 
yellow,  white,  blue,  or  red  ;  sepals,  four  or 
five,  with  convolute  estivation  I  petals,  four 
or  five,  unguiculate,  at  first  like  small  scales, 
aestivation  imbricated  ;  stamens,  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals,  usually  arising  from  the 
back  of  a  small  scale  ;  style  simple,  generally 
with  four  or  five  furrows  ;  stigma  simple,  or 
with  four  or  five  lobes  ;  the  ovary,  which  is 
surrounded  at  the  base  with  glands  or  a  short 
wavy  disk,  simple,  with  four  or  five  furrows 
and  four  or  five  cells,  each  with  two  or  more 
ovules  ;  fruit,  capsiilar,  more  rarely  fleshy, 
with  fewer  seeds  than  there  were  ovules. 
Found  in  the  hottest  parts  of  both  hemispheres. 
Known  genera  seven  ;  species  a  lundred. 
(Lindley.) 

zy-gfi-phyl'-le-SB,  J.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  zygo- 
um):  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun".  -«!.] 


Bot.:  The  typical  tribe  of  Zygophyllacese, 
having  albuminous  seeds. 

zy-goph'-*l-lum,  s.     [Pref.  zygo-,  and  Or. 

4>i;AAov  (pKullon)  =  a  leaf.] 

Bot.  :  Bean-caper  ;  the  typical  genus  of  the 
tribe  Zygophylleae.  Trees  or  shrubs,  with 
opposite  leaves,  consisting  of  two  leaflets, 
sometimes  fleshy  :  flowers  solitary,  axillary  ; 
calyx  unequally  five-parted  ;  petals  five,  sta- 
mens ten,  each  with  a  scale  at  its  base  ;  cap- 
sule five-angled,  with  five  cells,  each  with  a 
single  seed.  About  twenty-seven  species  are 
known.  They  are  natives  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  the  Cape  de  Verde  Islands,  and  the 
Levant.  The  flowers  of  Zygophyllum  Fabago, 
a  prostrate,  greatly  branched  herb,  are  used  as 
a  substitute  for  capers.  The  seeds  of  Z.  simplex, 
an  evil-smelling  Indian  plant,  are  eaten  by 
the  wild  tribes  of  Bind  and  the  Punjaub  ;  the 
Arabs  beat  the  leaves  in  water,  and  apply  the 
infusion  to  diseased  eyes. 

zy  go  sau'-rus,   s.     [Pref.  zygo-,   and   Or. 
<ravpa  (saura)  :=  a  lizard.] 

PaUeont.  :  A  genus  of  Labyrinthodontia. 
Skull  irregular,  with  concave  sides,  an  obtuse 
snout,  and  a  concave  occipital  border  ;  it  is 
lofty  in  the  occipital  region,  while  falling 
gradually  in  front  and  rapidly  on  the  sides. 
Orbits  slightly  posterior,  large,  irregular. 
Premaxillary  teeth  two  or  more  on  each  side, 
larger  than  the  maxillary  teeth,  which  are 
sixteen  or  eighteen  on  each  side  ;  all  are  coni- 
cal, strong,  and  nearly  straight,  with  about 
twenty  grooves  at  the  base.  Known  species 
one,  Zygomurus  India,  from  the  Zechsteiu 
(Middle  Permian),  of  the  Government  of  Perm 
in  Russia.  (Brit.  Assoc.  Sep.  (1874),  pp.  163, 

iy-go-sel'  -mJ-dSB,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  tygo- 
«lm(is);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun".  -«te.] 

Zotl.  :  A  family  of  Infusoria,  or  Flagellata- 
Eustomata,  with  six  genera,  mostly  from 
fresh-water.  Animalcules  solitary,  free- 
swimming,  or  repent  ;  flagella  two,  vibratile, 
similar  ;  endoplasm  sometimes  green  ;  oral 
aperture  distinct,  terminal  ;  pigment-spots  fre- 
quently present 

zy-go  sel  mis,  >.  [Pref.  zygo-,  and  Gr 
<re  A/xi's  (selmte)  —  an  angler's  noose  made  of 
hair.) 

Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Zygoselmldte 
(q.v.).  Animalcules  variable,  from  fresh-  water; 
two  flagella,  at  the  base  of  which  is  the  oral 
aperture,  with  a  distinct  tubular  pharynx. 
One  or  perhaps  two  species. 

xy-go   sis,  ».     [Gr.  =  a  yoking,  a  balancing, 


ttto,  JSt,  tare,  amidst,  what  t&U,  father;  we.  wS*.  hare,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  w«lt  work.  who.  sin:  mnta.  etth.  eu»c  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


Kygospfiene—  zythum 


5265 


from  tvyo*  (zugoS)  =  to   yoke,  from  £iryrfr 
(zugon)  =  a  yoke.] 
Bot. :  The  same  as  CONJUGATION  (q.v.). 

zy'-go  sphene,  s.    [Pref.  zygo-t  and  Or.  (n£ijr 

(sphen)  =  a  wedge.] 

ZooL  :  A  conical  process  on  the  front  of  the 
vertebra  of  Ophidia,  which  fits  into  the  zy- 
gantrum  of  that  next  in  front. 

*y'-g6-spore,  5.    [Pref.  rygo~t  and  Or.  o-n-opa 
(spora),  tnrdpos  (sporos)  =  a  seed.] 

Bot. :  The  term  applied  by  Huxley  to  the 
product  of  conjugation  of  spores  when  it  is 
impossible  to  say  which  represent  the  male 
ana  which  the  female  element,  there  being  no 
morphological  difference  between  the  modified 
hyphse  which  enter  into  relation  with  one 
another. 

£y-go  stig'-ma,  ».     [Pref.  zygo-,  and  Eng. 
stigma  (q.v.).] 
Botany  : 

1,  Two  stigmas,  the  branches  of  which  ad- 
here to  each  other. 

2.  A  genus  of  Gentianese,    in   which  this 
peculiarity  occurs.      The   species  are  from 
Brazil. 

cyme,  s.    [Gr.  £vpq  (zumt)  =  leaven.] 
Pathol. :  (See  extract), 

"Corresponding  with  the  adjective  zymotic  It  the 
substantive  zvine.  This  is  a  useful  name,  by  which 
we  refer  to  the  poisonous  cause  of  zymotic  dii 


It  Is  simpler  than  the  word  zymhie,  originally  pro- 
posed  by  Dr.  Fair;  and  (what  Is  much  more  import- 
ant) to  speak  of  a  zymotic  poison  as  a  *<ym«'  does 
not  Imply  the  acceptance  of  any  particular  theory  of 
disease,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the'use  of  the  word 
'germ'  distinctly  conveys  the  idea  of  no  me  organised 
structure,  itself  the  cause  of  disease  by  subsequent 
growth  and  multiplication. "—Dr.  Sorting,  In  Ouuitii 
Diet.  Medicine,  p.  1806. 

cy'-znlc,  a.    [ZuMic.] 

t  zy '-mine,  s.    [ZYME.] 

Pathol. ;  For  def.  see  extract  under  Zyme. 


zy-md-,  prtf.     [ZTME.]    Connected  with  or 

producing  fermentation. 

zy-mo-gen,  *.     [Pref.  zymo-,  and  Gr.  ycrraw 

(yen»od)  =  to  engender,  to  produce.] 
Chen  ;  (See  extract). 

"  To  thla  body,  this  mother  of  the  ferment,  which 
has  not  at  present  been  satisfactorily  Isolated,  the 
name  of  zymoyen  baa  been  applied.  But  it  la  better 
to  reserve  the  term  zymogtrn  as  a  generic  name  for  all 
such  bodies  as  not  being  themselves  actual  ferments. 
may,  by  internal  changes,  give  rise  to  ferments—  for  all 
'  mothers  of  ferment,  in  fact.''-  Foster:  Phytiol.  (ed. 
4th),  p.  27L 


c,  zy-mi-lSg'-ic-al,  a.  [Eng. 
zymolog(y);  -tc,  -teal.}  Of  or  pertaining  to 
zymology. 

zy-mol'-d-gist,  «.  (Eng.  zymologdi)  ;  -ist.] 
One  skilled  in  zymology,  or  the  fermentation 
of  liquors. 

zy-mol-4-gy\  «.  [Pref.  zymo*,  and  Gr.  Aoyoc 
(logos)  =  a  word,  a  discourse.]  A  treatise  on 
the  fermentation  of  liquors,  or  the  doctrine  of 
fermentation. 

zy'-mdme,  *.  [Gr.  fvVwM*  (zumama)=-*  fer- 
mented mixture.] 

Chem.  :  An  old  name  for  that  portion  of 
gluten  which  is  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

zy-m6m'-e-ter,  zy-  mi-  sim'-e  -  ter.  s. 
fPref.  zymOy  or  Eng.  zymos(is)t  and  meter 

(q.V.).J 

Chem,  &  Brewing:  An  Instrument  for  de- 
tecting the  condition  and  process  of  ferment* 
ing  wort  or  mash. 

zy-  mo  -scope,  *.  [Pref.  zymo-,  and  Gr. 
a-Kotnia  (skoped)  =  to  see,  to  observe.] 

Chem.  ;  An  Instrument  contrived  by  Zen- 
neck  for  testing  the  fermenting  power  of 
yeast,  by  bringing  It  in  contact  with  sugar* 
water,  and  observing  the  quantity  of  carbonic 
anhydride  evolved.  (Watts.) 

zy-mo-sIm'-S-ter,  «.    [ZYMOMETER.] 


zy-mo'  sis,  s.  [Gr.  fu/iwo-is  (rumosis)  =  fek> 
mentation.] 

Pathol.  :  A  process  analogous  to  that  of  the 
Torulain  fermentation,  by  which  a  malarious 
or  similar  poison  is  introduced  into  the  system. 
[/YME.]  The  word  Is  occasionally  used  fa 
the  sense  of  Zymotic  Disease  (q.v.). 

"The  necessity  for  employing  th'e  word  tymotit 
does  not  seem  to  be  felt  as  yet  ;  but  the  same  Manna 
which  lead  as  to  speak  of  the  agent  as  a  zyme  should 
also  guide  us  to  use  tymoxii  in  the  place  of  more 
usual  periphrases."—  tir.  Hartley,  in  Quaint  Diet 
Medicine,  p.  1606. 

zy-mot'-Ic,  o.  [Gr.  £v/i&mi«Js  (zumStikos)  = 
causing  to  torment/]  Producing  fermenta- 
tion or  a  process  akin  to  it. 

zymotic  diseases,  s.  pi 

Pathol.  :  Diseases  communicable  by  con- 
tagion of  a  fermentable  virus.  The  chief  are 
measles,  scarlet-fever,  small-pox,  continued 
fever,  diphtheria,  hooping-cough,  croup,  and 
erysipelas. 

Zy-mdf-Ic-al-1^,  adv.  [Eng.  zymotic;  -al, 
•ly.\  In  a  zymotic  manner  ;  according  to  the 
manner  or  nature  of  zymotic  disease. 


r-fcy',  *.    [Pref.  *ym(o)-,  and  Gr. 
(ergon)  =  work.) 

Chem.:  That  department  of  technological 
chemistry  which  treats  of  the  scientific  prin- 
ciples of  wine-making,  brewing,  distilling,  and 
the  preparation  of  yeast  and  vinegar,  pro- 
cesses in  which  fermentation  plays  the  prin- 
cipal part  (Watts.) 

"zy-tuey-sar-y1,  s.  [Gr.  fv0o«  (zuthos)=  a 
kind  of  beer,  and  fyw  (hepsfy  =  to  boiL]  A 
brewery  or  brewhouse. 

zy'-thiixn,  *.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  f50o«  (zuthos)  =: 
a  kind  of  beer  used  by  the  Egyptians  (Dioscor., 
il.  109  ;  cf.  Herod.,  ii.  77  ;  applied  also  to  the 
beer  of  the  northern  nations  (Diod.,  i.  134).] 
A  kind  of  ancient  malt  beverage  ;  a  liquor 
made  from  malt  and  wheat, 


boll,  b6y;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-tian  =  >han,    -tlon,  -sion  =  *h^n ;  -t ion,  -sion  =  »*»""r   -cious,  -tioua,  -sious  —  ftfiVif.    - t»iof  -dLe^  fcc.  =  bei,  del* 


APPENDIX. 


PAOI 

HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE, 

&c. 6266 

GENEALOGICAL  TABLE  OP  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE,  6292 

ENGLISH  LEXICOGRAPHY, 5293 

PHRASES  AND  QUOTATIONS. 6297 

SCRIPTURE  AND  CLASSICAL  PROPER  NAMES,         .       .  6308 

•SCRIPTURAL  NAMES 5S10 

CLASSICAL  AND  OTHER  ANCIENT  NAMES,       .       .       .6314 
ABBREVIATIONS  AND  CONTRACTIONS   IN  GENERAL 

USE, 5329 

COLLOQUIAL  AND  SLANG  WORDS  AND  PHRASES,         .  6335 
WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES— DOMESTIC  AND  FOREIGN,  6839 
MISCELLANEOUS  COMMERCIAL  WEIGHTS  AND  MEAS- 
URES,          6840 


MISCELLANEOUS  FOREIGN  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES,  6340 

COMMERCIAL  MONEYS  OF  THE  WORLD,  .  .  .  6341 

NAMES  OF  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES,  AND  THEIR 

DERIVATION, 6342 

MOTTOES  OF  THE  SEALS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

THE  STATES  AND  THE  TERRITORIES,         ...  5348 

FICTITIOUS  NAMES  OF  STATES,  CITIES,  PEOPLES,  AND 

PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,       .       .       .    5343 
POLITICAL  PARTIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,       .       .    5345 

A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS  USED  IN  LAW 6346 

A  GLOSSARY   OF  TERMS   USED   IN   TRADE  AND  FI- 
NANCE,  


GLOSSARY  OP  GEOGRAPHICAL  TERM& 
SOCIETIES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


686: 

6366 
6358 


AN    HISTORICAL    SKETCH   OF  THE   ENGLISH   LANGUAGE,  ITS   ORIGIN, 
DIALECTS,  STRUCTURE,  AND   AFFINITIES. 

A  spoken  language  is  a  number  of  different  sounds  made  by  the  tongue  and  the  other 
organs  of  speech :  it  may  be  written  or  printed  upon  paper  or  other  material,  by  the  aid 
of  marks,  signs,  or  symbols.  Words  are  articulate  sounds  used  to  express  perception  and 
thought.  The  aggregate  of  these  articulate  sounds,  accepted  by  and  current  among  any 
community,  is  called  speech  or  language.  The  language  of  the  same  community  often  presents 
local  varieties :  to  these  varieties  is  given  the  name  of  dialects.  The  growth  of  language 
is  dealt  with  and  taught  by  Comparative  Grammar.  By  the  aid  of  that  science  lan- 
guages may  be  classified  in  two  ways:  (1)  According  to  the  peculiarities  of  their  gram- 
matical structure,  or  the  mode  of  denoting  the  relations  of  words  to  one  another ;  and 
{2)  according  to  historical  relationship.  Historical  relationship  rests  upon  (a)  the  similarity 
of  grammatical  structure;  and  (6)  the  fundamental  identity  of  roots.  It  may  be  shown 
by  comparing  the  grammar  and  vocabulary  of  any  two  or  more  languages. 

Before  entering  on  an  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  it  is  necessary  first 
to  consider  what  the  "  English  Language "  is.  Broadly  speaking,  it  is  the  language  spoken 
or  written  by  the  people  of  England  from  Anglo-Saxon  times  to  the  present  But  "  English  " 
is  not  a  fixed  quantity  to  be  marked  out  by  strictly  drawn  limits  or  bounds. 

To  take  a  familiar  illustration,  the  English  language  may  be  likened  to  the  effect 
produced  on  a  calm,  smooth  body  of  water  when  a  stone  is  thrown  into  it  There  is  the 
well-defined  centre,  from  which  issue  ripples,  large  at  first,  but  gradually  diminishing  and 
becoming  fainter  and  fainter,  till  at  last  it  is  impossible  to  say  where  they  end,  and  where 
the  water  becomes  smooth  and  calm  again.  So  it  is  with  the  language.  It  is  very  rarely 
possible  to  define  the  exact  time  at  which  a  word  became  a  unit  of  the  English  language, 
while  to  determine  the  date  when  a  word  became  obsolete  is  well  nigh,  if  not  actually, 
impossible.  To  some  a  word  may  appear  dead,  while  to  others  it  still  lives.  But  the  process 
.of  decay  and  renovation  is  continually  going  on;  old  words  die  gradually  out,  new  words 
press  in  to  take  their  places. 

C526«1 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  dec. 


5267 


It  will  thus  be  seen  that  it  is   impossible  to  define  "English"  by  any  strict   line   or 
definite  limits.     It  is  the  same  with  all  languages  : 

«  AH  living  language  is  in  a  condition  of  constant  growth  and  change.  It  matters  not  to  what  part  of 
the  world  we  may  go  •  if  we  can  find  for  any  existing  speech  a  record  of  its  predecessor  at  some  time  distant 
from  it  in  the  past,  we  shall  perceive  that  the  two  are  different-and  more  or  less  different,  mainly  in  proportion 
to  the  distance  of  time  that  separates  them.  It  is  so  with  the  Romanic  tongues  of  southern  Europe,  as 
compared  with  their  common  progenitor  the  Latin  ;  so  with  the  modem  dialects  of  India,  as  compared  wit 
the  recorded  forms  of  speech  intermediate  between  them  and  the  Sanskrit,  or  with  the  Sanskrit  itself  ;  and 
not  less  with  the  English  of  our  day,  as  compared  with  that  of  other  days.  An  ^English  speaker  ^  even  of  only 
.century  ago  would  find  not  a  little  in  our  every-day  speech  which  he  would  understand  with  difficulty,  or 
not  at  all  •  if  we  were  to  hear  Shakespeare  read  aloud  a  scene  from  one  of  his  own  works,  it  would  be  in  no  small 
part  unintelligible  (by  reason,  especially,  of  the  great  difference  between  his  pronunciation  and  ours  ; 
Dhaucer's  English  (500  years  ago)  we  master  by  dint  of  good  solid  application,  and  with  considerable  help 
from  a  glossary;  and  King  Alfred's  English  (1000  years  ago),  which  we  call  Anglo-Saxon,  is  not  easier  to  us 
than  German  All  this,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  no  one  has  gone  about  of  set  purpose  to  alter  Eng  hsh  speech, 
uany  generation  among  the  thirty  or  forty  that  have  lived  between  us  and  Alfred,  any  more  than  m  our 
own  Here,  then,  is  another  side  of  the  life  of  language  for  us  to  deal  with,  and  to  explain,  if  we  can.  Life, 
here  as  elsewhere,  appears  to  involve  growth  and  change  as  an  essential  element;  and  the  remarkable  analogies 
which  exist  between  the  birth  and  growth  and  decay  and  extinction  of  a  language  and  those  of  an  organized 
being  or  of  a  species,  have  been  often  enough  noticed  and  dwelt  upon  :  some  have  even  inferred  from  them 
that  language  is  an  organism,  and  leads  an  organic  life,  governed  by  laws  with  which  men  cannot  interfere. 

And  this  continued  change  is  not  confined  to  alterations  of  the  uttered  and  audible  forms 
of  words:  it  applies  as  well  to  alterations  in  the  outward  forms  of  words,  as  to  changes  in 
meaning  A  word  may  change  its  form  to  any  extent,  without  change  of  meaning,  as  well 
as  change  its  meaning  without  change  of  form.  Just  as  it  is  the  case  with  organic  beings. 
the  growth  of  which  consists  in  removal  and  re-supply,  so  it  is  with  language. 

"Existence,  in  speech,  is  use;  and  disuse  is  destruction.     .    .    .     If  anything  that  people  once  thought  and 
talked  about   comes  to  concern  them  no  longer,  its  phraseology  goes  into  oblivion-unlees,  of  course,  i< 
preserved,  as  a  memory  of  the  past,  by  some  of  those  means  which  culture  supplies 

terms  of  chivalry  mostly  fell  out  as  those  of  modern  warfare  came  in;  those  of  astrology,  as  this  was  crowded 
from  existence  by  astronomical  science.  Only,  we  have  here  and  there,  not  always  consciously,  in  our  present 
speech,  reminiscences  of  the  old  order  of  things,  in  the  shape  of  words  transferred  to  new  uses.  . 
^  the  second  place,  words  are  crowded  out  of  use,  and  so  out  of  life,  by  the  coming  into  use  of  other  word* 
which  mean  the  same  thing,  and  which  for  some  cause,  definable  or  not,  win  the  popular  favor,  and  supplant 
their  predecessors.  ...  By  these  means,  there  is  in  every  language  a  certain  amount  of  obsolescent 


gone  past  recovery  ."f 

But  this  loss  in  a  language  is  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the  acquisition  of   new 
material,  new  inventions,  new  trades,  new  ideas,  all  of  which  give  rise  to  new  words,  t<    ns,  o: 
phrases. 

«A  language  like  ours-since  we  come  in  contact  with  nearly  all  the  nations  of  the  world,  and  draw  in 
to  ourselves  whatever  we  find  of  theirs  that  can  be  made  useful  to  us,  and  since  even  our  culture  derive,  from 
various  sources-comes  to  contain  specimens  from  dialects  of  very  diverse  origin.  Thus,  we  l 
words  from  the  Hebrew,  as  sabbath,  seraph,  jubike  ;  certain  old-style  scientific  terms  from  the 
algebra,  alkali,,  enith,  cipher,  besides  a  considerable  heterogeneous  list,  like  lenon  sugar  (ultimate 
.herbet  magazine-  from  the  Persian,  caravan,  chess,  shawl,  and  even  a  word  which  has  won  so  fa 


rom      e     ersan,  caravan,  ,  , 

vue,.  from  Hindi,  cato  and  chint,,  punch  and  ioMy  ;  from  Ohhiese,  tea  and  nanKeen;  ^ 
American   Indian  languages,  canoe  and  mocassin,   guano  and  potato^sachem  and  caucus.    .     .     .    HOT 


Whitney:  Life  %  0ron>th  of  Language,  ch.  iii.,  pp.  33-4.  t  ***>  <*•  *••  PP-  "' 


5M8  An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 

preponderance,  in  one  aspect,  of  the  borrowed  material  in  English  speech,  there  are  easily  assignable  reasons. 
The  Norman  invasion,  leading  to  a  long  antagonism  and  final  fusion  of  a  French-speaking  with  a  Saxon-speaking 
race,  brought  in  by  violence,  as  it  were,  a  great  store  of  French  words,  of  Latin  origin,  and  thus  made  it 
comparatively  easy  to  bring  in  without  violence  a  great  many  more."* 

Another  source  of  the  enrichment  of  a  language  is  the  composition  of  words,  the 
putting  together  of  two  independent  elements  to  form  a  simple  designation.  The  relation 
between  the  two  elements  may  be  of  every  variety :  thus,  a  headache  is  a  pain  in  the  head ; 
a  head-dress,  a  dress  for  the  head ;  a  headland,  a  point  of  land  comparable  to  a  head ;  a 
headsman,  a  man  for  cutting  off  heads.  Another  is  the  turning  of  nouns  and  adjectives  into 
verbs  :  thus  we  say  harden,  roughen,  demoralize,  &c. ;  and  we  even  turn  one  part  of  speech 
directly  into  another  without  using  any  external  sign  of  the  transfer :  thus  we  say,  to  chair  a 
candidate ;  to  hand  a  book ;  to  table  a  resolution ;  to  wire  a  message  ;  to  toe  a  mark,  &c.  The 
suffixes  -ism,  -ist,  ultimately  of  Greek  origin,  and  imported  through  the  French,  have  made 
themselves  part  of  our  living  apparatus  of  derivation,  in  many  cases  abused,  as  in  such 
monstrosities  as  walkist,  cueist,  &c. 

The  corruptions  which  words  have  undergone  are  of  many  and  various  kinds.  Most 
of  them  are,  doubtless,  due  to  the  influence  of  the  wear  and  tear  of 

"  Time,  whose  slippery  wheel  doth  play 
In  humane  causes  with  inconstant  sway, 
Who  exiles,  alters,  and  disguises  words." 

Sylvester:  Du  Bartat,  p.  173  (1621). 

The  Rev.  A.  S.  Palmer  f  arranges  corrupted  words  under  the  following  analytical  groups: 

1.  Words  corrupted  so  as  to  be  significant,  and  in  some  sense  appropriate ;  such  as  acorn,  ambergrea.se, 
battlement,  belfry,  &c. 

2.  Words  corrupted  so  as  to  convey  a  meaning,  but  one  totally  inappropriate,  though  sounding  familiarly 
to  the  ear;  such  as  battle-door,  cheese-bowl,  featherfew,  titmouse,  wheatear,  &c. 

3.  Words  corrupted  so  as  to  give  rise  to  a  total  misconception,  and  consequently  to  false  explanations, 
such  as  attic,  humble-pie,  hurricane,  husband,  &c. 

4.  Words,  which,  though  not  actually  corrupted  from  their  true  shape,  are  suggestive  of  a  false  derivation, 
and  have  been  generally  accepted  in  that  mistaken  sense;  such  as  colonel,  cozen,  hawker,  world,  &c. 

Of  words  purely  invented  for  some  special  substance,  thing,  or  condition,  language 
presents  but  rare  examples.  Special  words  or  terms  are  frequently  proposed  to  meet  special 
circumstances,  but  they  seldom  survive.  Gas,  however,  is  an  instance  of  such  a  word 
which  has  passed  into  common  speech.  The  same  chemist  who  devised  gas,  also  suggested 
bias  for  that  property  of  the  heavenly  bodies  whereby  they  regulate  the  changes  of 
time,  but  it  failed  to  gain  acceptance,  and  soon  dropped  out  of  sight  and  was  forgotten. 
A  new  word  must  supply  an  antecedent  blank ;  or  else  it  ought,  on  the  score  of  exactness, 
perspicuity,  brevity,  or  euphony,  to  be  an  improvement  on  a  word  already  existing. 

"  The  use  of  new  terms,"  says  Webster,  "  is  dictated  by  necessity  or  utility ;  sometimes  to  express 
snades  of  difference  or  signification,  for  which  the  language  did  not  supply  a  suitable  term ;  sometimes  to 
express  a  combination  of  ideas  by  a  single  word,  which  otherwise  would  require  a  circumlocution.  Thes* 
benefits,  which  are  often  perceived,  as  it  were,  instinctively  by  a  nation,  recommend  such  words  to  common 
use,  till  the  cavils  of  critics  are  silenced  by  the  weight  of  authority."  (Letter  to  J.  Pickering,  1817,  p.  7.) 

Few  suggested  new  words  fulfil  these  requirements.  Science,  art,  and  manufactures 
contribute  the  majority  of  new  words  to  the  language.  When  some  new  process,  machine, 

•  Whitney :  vt  tupra,  ch.  vii.,  pp.  116,  118.  f  -fW*  Etymology,  Introduction,  p.  rxvii. 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c.  5»69 

instrument  or  the  like  appears,  necessarily  a  new  word  is  required  by  which  to  designate 
it,  as  phonograph,  telephone,  telpherage,  &c. 

"  When  galvanism,  ozone,  and  chloroform  were  discovered,  and  when  locomotives  and  stereoscopes  were 
invented,  it  was  necessary  to  have  names  for  them.  Cult  is  a  term,  which,  as  we  value  exactness,  we  can  ill 
do  without,  seeing  how  completely  religion  has  lost  its  original  signification.  Civility,  formerly  the  substantive 
of  both  civil  and  civilize  .  .  .  was  judiciously  relieved  of  one  of  its  meanings,  by  civilization.  Financial, 
international,  noticeable,  and  pretentious,  enable  us  to  dispense  with  periphrases."  * 

Collide,  diplomatist,  executive,  insularity,  monograph,  physicist,  and  specie,  are 
instances  of  words  proposed  to  fill  existing  blanks,  and  readily  adopted.  Political  life 
and  changes  at  times  give  orighs  to  new  terms,  as  witness  Adullamite,  closure,  jingo, 
but  they  seldom  long  survive  the  occasion  for  which  they  were  invented.  With  these  we 
may  connect  Boycott,  tenant-right,  Home-Rule,  Fenian,  &c.  Occasionally  some  notorious 
act  gives  rise  to  a  new  word,  which  finds  general  adoption,  as  to  Burke. 

The  English  language  is  shown  by  Comparative  Grammar  to  belong  to  a  group  of 
allied  languages  to  which  the  name  Teutonic  has  been  given.  Its  philological  affinities 
are  with  the  languages  of  Germany,  Holland,  and  Scandinavia,  rather  than  with  the  native 
languages  of  the  British  Isles.  These  last  have  been  wholly  superseded  in  the  southern, 
central,  and  eastern  parts  of  Great  Britain.  In  Wales,  however,  the  British  is  still  spoken ; 
as  is  Gaelic,  or  Erse,  in  Ireland  and  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  The  Teutones  or  Teutons 
were  a  tribe  of  Germans,  who  were  subdued  by  the  Roman  General  Marius,  B.C.  100 .  the 
terms  Teutonicus  and  Theoticua  were  afterwards  applied  to  the  Germanic  people  of  Europe 
generally,  and  the  term  Teuton  or  Teutonic  is  now  used  to  denote  Germans,  Dutch, 
Scandinavians,  and  those  of  Anglo-Saxon  descent,  as  opposed  to  Celts.  By  the  Germans  j 
their  own  language  is  still  called  Deutsch,  of  which  Dutch  is  only  another  form.  The 
Teutonic  group  of  languages  may  be  divided  into  three  main  sections  or  groups,  from  which 
all  the  others  spring.  These  are: 


Teutonic. 

I 


Low  German. Scandinavian. High  German. 

Gothic   Frisian.  Dutch.  Flemish.  Old  Saxon.  English.    Icelandic.  Norwegian.  Danish.  Swedish.    Old.  Middle. 

L ! -T 

Old.        Modern.  Old  English.  Modern  English.  Provincial  English.  Lowland  Scotch. 

I.  Low  GERMAN.  Of  Gothic,  the  oldest  and  most  primitive  of  the  Teutonic  dialects, 
almost  the  sole  record  surviving  is  the  translation  of  the  Bible  made  by  Bishop 
Ulphilas  (A.D.  318-388)  of  which  we  possess  some  considerable  portions  of  the  Gospels 
and  St.  Paul's  Epistles,  some  pieces  of  the  Old  Testament,  and  a  small  portion  of  a  Com- 
mentary. It  was  spoken  by  the  Eastern  and  Western  Goths,  who  occupied  the  province 
of  Dacia,  whence  they  made  incursions  into  Asia,  Galatia,  and  Cappadocia. 

Old  Frisian  is  exemplified  by  documents  of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries. 
Modern  Frisian  is  still  spoken,  in  Friesland,  along  the  coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Sea, 
between  the  Weser  and  the  Elbe,  and  in  Holland  and  Sleswick  This  dialect  is  more  closely 
allied  to  English  than  any  other  of  the  Low  German  Languages.  There  is,  indeed,  a  well- 
known  couplet,  every  word  in  which  is  both  Frisian  and  English: 

"  Good  butter  and  good  cheese 
Is  good  English  and  good  Fries." 

*  Fittedmtvrd  Hall :  Modern  Bnglith,  ch.  vi.,  p.  172. 


6270 


An  Historical  Sketch,  of  tfie  English  Language,  &x. 


Old  Saxon  had  its  origin  in  the  districts  of  Munster,  Essen,  and  Cleves,  and  was 
spoken  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Elbe.  The  most  important  composition  in  the  Old 
Saxon  dialect  is  a  poetical  version  (of  the  ninth  century),  of  the  Gospels  entitled  the  Heljand 
(=01d  English  Heuand  =  \h&  Healer  or  Saviour).  The  following  is  an  extract: 


Nativtiaa  ChrisK  Postoribus  anunciota. 
Luc.  ii.  1—13. 


Unardos  antf  undnn, 
Thea  thar,  ehuscalcoa, 
Uta  uuaruii, 
Uueros  an  uuahtu, 
Uuiggeo  gomean, 
Fehas  af tar  felda. 
Gisahuu  finist ri  an  tuue 

Telatananlufte; 
End!  quara  liolit  Godes, 
Unannm  thurh  thui  unolcan ; 
Endi  thea  nnardos  thar 
Bifeng  an  them  felda. 
Sie  uurdun  an  forhtun  tho, 


The  words  they  discovered, 
Those  that  there,  as  horse- 
Without  were,        [grooms, 
Men  at  watch, 
Horses  to  tend, 
Cattle  on  the  field. 
They  saw  the  darkness  in 
twain  [sphere, 

Dissipated    in    the     atmo- 
And  came  a  light  of  God 
Through  the  welkin ; 
And  the  words  there 
Caught  on  the  field. 
They  were  in  fright  then 


Thea  man  an  ira  moda. 
Gisahun  thar  niahtigna 
Godes  Engil  cuman ; 
The  im  tegegues  sprac. 
Het  that  im  thea  uuardos : 
"  Uuiht  ne  antdredin 
Ledes  fon  them  liohta. 
Ic  seal  eu  quad  he  liobora 
Suido  uuarlico        [thing, 
Uuilleon  seggean. 
Cudean  craft  mikil. 
Nu  is  Krist  geboran, 
An  thereso  selbuu  naht, 
Salig  barn  Godes." 


The  men  in  their  mood. 
They  saw  there  inignty 
God's  augel  come ;    [spake. 
That  to  them  faee-to-face 
It   bade   thus   them   these 
"  Dread  not  a  whit   [words: 
Of  mischief  from  the  light. 
I  shall  to  you  glad  things, 
Very  true 
Commands  utter. 
Show  strength  great 
Now  is  Christ  born. 
In  this  self-same  uight , 
The  blessed  child  of  God." 


The  following  extract  from  the  same  poem,  with  a  translation  into  West-Saxon  is 
quoted  from  a  paper  on  the  Heljand  in  the  Foreign  Quarterly  Review,  April  1831,  by 
Dr.  Latham : 


(Heljand.') 

Than  sat  im  the  landes  bird! 
Geginnuard  for  them  guinmi, 
Godes  egan  barn : 
TJnelda  mid  is  spracnn 
Spahnuord  manag 
Lerean  thea  lindi; 
Hno  sie  lof  Gode 
An  thesum  nueroldrikea 
Uuirkean  scoldia. 


(West-Saxon) 

Thsenne  sat  him  se  landes  hirde 
Ongeanweard  fore  tham  guman, 
Godes  agan  barn : 
Wolde  mid  his  sproscum 
Wisa  word  manag 
Las  ran  thone  leode ; 
Hu  tha  lof  e  Gode 
On  thissun  weorold-rice 
Weorcian  sceoldaii. 


(English) 

Then  sat  him(self )  the  laudcs  shep* 
In  front  before  the  men,         [hurd 
God's  own  child : 
Would  with  his  speech 
Words-of-wisdom  many 
Teach  the  people, 
How  they  the  praise  of  God 
On  this  kingdom-of-the  world 
Work  should. 


The  Old  Saxon  is  very  closely  allied  to  English,  retaining  many  Teutonic  inflexions 
that  have  disappeared  from  other  Low  German  dialects. 

IL  Of  the  SCANDINAVIAN  dialects  the  Icelandic  is  the  purest  and  oldest  Old  Icelandic, 
from  the  eleventh  to  the  thirteenth  century  is  often  called  "Old  Norse,"  but  this  term 
belongs  properly  to  Old  Norwegian. 

IIL  HIGH  GEBMAN  is  divided  into  three  stages,  of  which  the  Old  High  German 
comprises  a  number  of  dialects  spoken  in  Upper  or  South  Germany  from  the  beginning 
of  the  eighth  to  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century ;  Middle  High  German  was  spoken  in 
Upper  Germany  from  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  to  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century; 
and  Modern  (or  New)  High  German  from  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century  to  the  present 
time. 

The  Teutonic  dialects  form  a  sub-division  of  that  great  family  of  related  languages  known 
as  Indo-European,  from  its  comprehending  not  only  nearly  all  the  languages  of  Europe, 
'  but  also  those   Indian  dialects  which  have  sprung  from  the  Sanscrit:  the  term   Aryan 
( =  honourable,  noble)  is  also  sometimes  applied  to  the  family. 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c.  SKI 

This  Indo-European  (or  Aryan)  family  of  languages  has  two  great  divisions : 

L  The  EUBOPEAN  DIVISION: 

L  The  Teutonic  Languages. 

2.  The  Celtic  (or  Keltic)  Languages,  consisting  of  (1)  The  Cymrie  class,  consisting  of  (a)  Welsh,  (b) 
Cornish  (died  out  about  middle  of  sixteenth  century),  (c)  Bag-Breton.  (2)  The  Gaelic  (or  Gadhelic) 
class,  consisting  of  (a)  Erse  or  Irish,  (6)  Gaelic  (spoken  in  th«  Highlands  of  Scotland),  (c)  Manx 
(spoken  in  the  Isle  of  Man). 

&  The  Italic  (or  Romanic)  Languages,  comprising  (1)  The  Old  Italian  dialects,  as  Oscan,  Umbrian, 
Sabine.  (2)  The  Romanic  dialects,  which  have  sprung  from  the  Latin,  comprising  (a)  Italian,  (b) 
French,  (c)  Provencal,  (d)  Spanish,  (e)  Portuguese,  (/)  Roumansch  (spoken  in  southern  Switzer- 
land), (g)  Wallachian  (spoken  in  Wallachia  and  Moldavia). 

4  The  Hellenic  Languages,  comprising  (1)  Ancient  Greek  (with  its  various  dialects:  Attic,  Ionic, 
Doric,  and  .ffiolic).  (2)  Modern  Greek. 

5.  The  Sclavonic  Languages,  comprising  (1)  Bulgarian.     (2)  Russian.    (3)  Ulyric.    (4)  Polish.     (5> 

Bohemian.     (6)  Slovakian.     (7)  Upper  and  Lower  Sorbian.     (8)  Polabian  (on  the  Elbe). 

6.  The  Lettic  Languages,  comprising  (1)  Old  Prussian.    (2)  Lettish  (or  Livonian).    (3)  Lithuanian, 

II.  The  ASIATIC  DIVISION: 

Sanscrit,  Prakrit,  Pali,  Modern  Indian  Dialects,  Gypsy  Dialect,  Zend,  the  Cuneiform  Inscriptions 
of  Darius,  Xerxes,  and  their  successors,  Parsi,  and  Modern  Persian.* 

The  people  who  spoke  the  old  and  primitive  tongue  from  which  all  these  languages 
have  sprung  "must  have  lived  together  as  one  great  community  more  than  3,000  years, 
ago.  It  was  formerly  held  that  tradition,  as  well  as  the  evidence  of  language,  pointed  to 
the  north-eastern  part  of  the  Iranian  table-land,  near  the  Hindu-Kush  mountains,  as  the 
original  abode  of  this  primitive  people;"  but  a  more  recent  view  is  that  Europe  (probably 
Southern  Scandinavia),  and  not  Asia,  was  the  primal  seat  of  the  Aryans,  f 

To  recapitulate,  English  (1)  is  a  member  of  the  Indo-European  family;  (2)  belongs 
to  the  Teutonic  group ;  (3)  is  a  Low  German  dialect ;  and  (4)  was  brought  into  Britain 
by  wandering  tribes  from  the  Continent,  about  A.D.  449,  according  to  Bede,  who  makes  the 
invaders  consist  of  three  tribes,  Angles,  Saxons,  and  Jutes.  The  first  of  these  came  from 
the  duchy  of  Sleswick;J  the  Saxons  from  the  country  between  the  Elbe  and  the  Eider;  and 
the  Jutes  from  the  upper  part  of  Sleswick,  or  South  Jutland.  With  these  there  was 'no- 
doubt  a  considerable  intermixture  of  Frisians. 

The  settlements  were  probably  made  in  the  following  order: 

1.  Jutes,  under  Hengest  and  Horsa,  settled  in  Kent,  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  a  part  of  Hampshire, 

A.D.  449  or  450. 

2.  The  first  division  of  Saxons,  under  Ella  and  Cissa,  settled  in  Sussex,  A.D.  477. 

3.  The  second  division  of  Saxons,  under  Cerdic  and  Cymric,  settled  in  Wessex  (comprising  Hampshire, 

Berkshire,  Wiltshire,  Somersetshire,  Dorsetshire,  Gloucestershire,  and  Devonshire),  A.D.  495. 

4.  The  third  division  of  Saxons  settled  in  Essex,  A.D.  530. 

5.  The  first  division  of  Angles  settled  in  East  Anglia  (comprising  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Cambridgeshire, 

and  parts  of  Lincolnshire  and  Northamptonshire). 

6.  The  second  division  of  Angles,  under  Ida,  settled  in  the  kingdom  of  Beornicia  (between  the  Tweed 

and  the  Firth  of  Forth),  A.D.  547. 

"Two  other  kingdoms  were  subsequently   established   by  the  Angles— Deira    (between    Tweed   and 
Humber),  and  Mercia  [=  march  or  frontier],  comprehending  the  Midland  counties. 

"Teutonic  tribes  were  known  in  Britain,  though  they  made  no  settlements  before  the  coming  o 
Jutes.     In  the  fourth  century  they  made  attacks  upon  the  eastern  and  south-eastern  coast  of  this  island, 
from  the  Wash  to  the  Isle  of  Wight,  which,  on  that  account,  was  called  '  Littus  Saxonicum,'  or  the  ! 

•  See  farther  in  Morris:   Historical  Outlines  of  Engluh  Accidence,  ch.  i.,  pp.  4-9. 
+  Report  of  British  Association  (1887),  pp.  888-91. 

{  There  is  to  this  day  a  district  in  the  southern  part,  of  the  duchy,  between  the  She  and  the  arm  of  th» 
Baltic  called  the  Flensborg  Fjord,  known  as  Angtln  =  England. 


6272  An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 

chore  or  Saxon  frontier;  and  an  officer  known  as  the  Count  of  the  Saxon  Shore  (Comes  Littoris  Saxonici 
per  Britannias)  was  appointed  for  its  defence.  These  Teutonic  invaders  were  known  to  the  Romans  and 
Celts  by  the  name  of  Saxons ;  and  this  term  was  afterwards  applied  by  them  to  the  Teutonic  settlers  of 
the  fifth  century,  who,  however,  never  appear  to  have  called  themselves  Saxons,  but  always  jEnglisc  or 
English."* 

CELTIC  ELEMENT. 

Very  few  words  were  borrowed  by  the  invaders  from  the  original  inhabitants  (Celts 
or  Kelts) :  basket,  brag,  bludgeon,  bodkin,  bother,  bots,  cairn,  darn,  shamrock,  clan,  claymore, 
spate,  brose,  and,  through  the  French,  baggage,  bar,  barrel,  gravel,  glebe,  pickaxe,  pottage, 
pouch,  rogue,  tan,  truant,  are  examples. 

Garnettf  gives  a  list  of  nearly  two  hundred  of  these  words,  many  of  which  belong 
to  household  management ;  and'  others,  such  as  spree,  bane,  whop,  balderdash,  &c.,  can 
scarcely  be  reckoned  Classical  English.  The  few  survivals  tend  to  show  how  complete 
was  the  extermination  of  the  Celts ;  they  prove  that  "  the  Celtic  women  were  kept  as 
slaves,  while  their  husbands,  the  old  owners  of  the  land,  were  slaughtered  in  heaps.":): 


LATIN  ELEMENT. 

What  is  called  the  Latin  of  the  First  Period,  as  incorporated  into  English,  consists 
only  of  a  few  words  that  exercised  no  influence  on  the  language,  being  found  only  in 
names  of  places,  as  castra  =  &  camp,  found  in  Chester,  Doncaster,  Manchester,  Winchester, 
Tovtcester,  &c. 

About  A.D.  596  the  English  were  converted  to  Christianity,  and  during  the  four 
following  centuries  many  Latin  words  were  introduced  by  the  Latin  missionaries  and  by 
English  translators  of  Latin  works  into  their  own  language.  This  is  known  as  the  Latin  of 
the  Second  Period.  Examples  are  priest  (from  presbyter);  sacrament  (from  sacramentum); 
colic  (from  calix=&  cup);  church,  &c.  Also  a  few  adopted  Greek  words,  as  bishop  (from 
lirunco-n-os  =  an  overseer),  apostle,  monk,  angel,  &c. ;  and  some  names  of  articles  of 
commerce,  as  butter  (butyrum),  cheese  (caseus),  tunic  (tunica),  lettuce  (lactuca),  pound 
(pondus),  candle  (candela),  trout  (trutta),  &c.  .'. 

SCANDINAVIAN  ELEMENT. 

In  the  year  787  the  Northmen,  Norsemen,  or  Normans,  of  Scandinavia,  i.e.,  of  Den- 
mark, Norway,  and  Sweden,  began  to  make  descents  on  the  eastern  coast  of  England, 
Scotland,  the  Hebrides,  and  Ireland.  These  attacks  went  on  for  three  centuries.  In  the 
ninth  century  these  Danes  obtained  a  permanent  footing  in  the  northern  and  eastern  parts 
of  England,  subduing  the  kingdoms  of  Northumbria,  East  Anglia,  and  Mercia;  and  by 
the  eleventh  century  they  had  become  so  strong  that  Danish  kings  sat  on  the  throne  of 
England  from  A.D.  1013  to  1042. 

The  traces  of  Scandinavian  influence  on  the  English  Language  are  numerous,  and 
snay  be  classed  under  three  heads :  (1)  names  of  places ;  (2)  in  the  Old  English  Literature 
of  the  North  of  England;  and  (3)  in  the  Northern  Provincial  Dialects.  Under  the  first 
head  come  the  suffixes  -by  =  &  town,  as  in  Grimsby,  Whiiby,  &c.;  -fell  (IceL,  fjall,  fell)  =  a 
bill  or  table-land,  as  in  Sc&wfell,  Cross/eM,  &c.;  -dale a  =  valley ;  -thwaite=&  forest  clearing; 

*  Morrii ;  ffitt.  Ovstlinet  of  Ihyliih,  Accidence,  ch.  iii.  p.  18.  f  Philological  Ettayt,  p.  16L 

Oliplumt:  Source*  of  Standard  Englith,  p.  19. 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c.  6S73 

=  &  homestead,  as  in  Lovrestoft ;  -wick  =  &  creek,  a  bay,  as  in  Ipswich,  Berwick,  &c.; 
-oe,  -ea  (Icel.  -ey)  =  an  island  (eyot),  as  in  Faroe,  Chelsea;  -ness=&  cape  (or  nose),  as  in 
Caithness,  Fifewess,  the  Naze,  &c.  Besides  these  there  are  a  good  many  common  words  of 
undoubted  Danish  origin,  such  as  are,  till,  until,  fro,  froward,  ill,  bound  (for  a  place), 
bask,  busk,  &c. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  the  Anglo-Saxon  was  a  composite  tongue,  formed  by  the  gradual 
blending  of  several  kindred  dialects,  principally  introduced  into  England  between  the 
middle  of  the  fifth  and  the  middle  of  the  sixth  century,  with  a  considerable  infusion  of 
Latin  derived  from  the  Romanised  Britons.  The  Anglo-Saxon  was  an  inflected  or  syn- 
thetic language,  like  the  Latin  and  Greek.  It  had  five  cases.  The  article,  noun,  adjective, 
and  pronoun  were  declinable,  having  different  forms  for  three  genders  and  two  numbers: 
the  adjective,  as  in  German,  had  two  inflections,  the  definite  and  the  indefinite;  the  verb 
had  four  moods,  the  indicative,  subjunctive,  imperative,  and  infinitive,  and  but  two  tenses, 
the  present,  or  indefinite  (used  also  as  a  future),  and  the  past.  There  were  also  compound 
tenses  in  the  active  voice,  and  a  passive  voice,  formed,  as  in  English,  by  auxiliaries.  The 
auxiliaries  usually  retained  their  force  as  independent  verbs,  and  were  not  employed  as 
mere  indications  of  time,  as  in  English.  The  Anglo-Saxon  had  ten  forms  for  the  article, 
five  for  the  noun,  and  ten  terminations  for  the  positive  degree  of  adjectives;  the  irregular 
verbs  had  thirteen  endings,  without  including  the  inflected  cases  of  the  participles. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  language  attained  its  height  during  the  reign  of  Alfred  (870-901). 

In  Anglo-Saxon  poetry  the  distinctive  feature  was  alliteration,  the  rule  of  which, 
stated  in  general  terms,  was  as  follows:  In  each  couplet,  three  emphatic  words  (or  by 
poetic  licence  accented  syllables),  two  in  the  first  line  (or  half-line),  and  one  in  the  second, 
must  commence  with  the  same  consonant,  or  with  vowels,  in  which  case  the  initials  might 
be,  and  generally  were,  different. 

The  event  which  exercised  the  greatest  influence  on  the  English  Language  was  the 
Norman  Invasion  in  1066.  Through  it  French  became  the  language  of  the  Court,  of  the 
nobility,  of  the  clergy,  of  literature,  and  of  all  who  wished  or  sought  for  advancement  in 
Church  or  State.  From  the  Normans  are  derived  most  of  the  terms  connected  with 

1.  FEUDALISM  &  WAR.— Aid,  arms,  armour,  asaauU,  banner,  baron,  captain,  chivalry,  duke,  fealty, 

fief,  homage,  lance,  tournament,  vassal,  &c. 

2.  THE  CHURCH.—  Altar,  Bible,  baptism,  ceremony,  friar,   homily,  piety,  penance,  prayer,  preach, 

sermon,  sacrifice,  saint,  tonsure,  &c. 
8.  THE  LAW.— Assize,  attorney,  case,  cause,  chancellor,  court,  estate,  fee,  felony,  judge,  jury,  plaintiff, 

plea,  plead,  statute,  sue,  tax,  ward. 
4.  THE  CHASE.— Bay  (2),  s.,  brace,  chase,  couple,  course,  covert,  falcon,  leveret,  quarry,  rabbit,  reynard, 

venison,  &c. 

For  all  this,  as  Robert  of  Gloucester  says: 

"Lowe  men  holdeth  to  Englyss,  and  to  her  kinde  speche  vote." 
("The  lower  classes  cling  to  English,  and  to  their  native  tongue  yet.") 

The  most  important  changes  due  to  French  influence  are:  (1)  c  before  the  Conquest 
was  pronounced  hard,  like  K,  after  the  Conquest  it  assumed  a  soft  sound  like  a,  and  also 
the  softened  sounds  of  eh,  sh;  (2)  s,  which  was  the  general  plural  termination  of  French 
nouns,  became  the  received  sign  of  the  plural  in  English ;  and  (3)  -th,  the  ending  of  th» 
third  person  ringular  of  the  present  indicative,  was  gradually  softened  to  8. 


6S74  An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 


In  process  of  time  the  two  races — the  conquerors  and  the  conquered — coalesced,  and 
became  one  people,  the  language  of  the  majority  prevailing,  so  much  so,  that  in  1349 
Latin  ceased  to  be  taught  in  schools  through  the  medium  of  French,*  and  in  1362  it 
was  enacted  by  Act  of  Parliament  that  all  pleadings  in  the  law  courts  should  hence- 
forth be  conducted  in  English,  because,  as  is  stated  in  the  preamble  to  the  Act, 
French  was  becoming  so  much  unknown  in  the  kingdom  that  persons  who  were  parties 
to  suits  had  no  knowledge  or  understanding  of  what  was  said  for  or  against  them  by 
the  pleaders. 

The  Norman-French  was  essentially  a  Latin  tongue,  and  through  it  was  added  to  the 
English  another  Latin  element,  usually  termed  the  Latin  of  the  Third  Period.^ 

The  Latin  element  is  thus  seen  to  have  entered  the  language  either  directly  or 
indirectly :  indirectly  in  the  first  three  periods,  and  directly  in  the  fourth  period.  We 
frequently  find  two  forms  of  the  same  word,  one  taken  indirectly,  the  other  directly 
from  the  Latin: — 

Indirectly,  through  Directly  borroutd  from 

Norman~Frenck.  tke  Latin.  Latin. 

Balm  Balsam     Balsamnm. 

Caitiff Captive Captivns. 

Feat  Fact          Factum. 

Fashion Faction     Factio. 

•  Trevisa  (Polycrtmicon,  ii.  157)  fixes  the  time  of  the  great  plague  of  1349  as  the  point  after  which  the  popular 
fancy  for  speaking  French  began  to  abate.  He  says :  "  As  hyt  ys  yknowe  hong  meny  maner  people  but  in  tis  ylond, 
Jw  bnt  also  of  so  meny  people  longages  &  tonges ;  noteles  Walschmen  &  Scottes,  tat  but  nogt  ymelled  wit  oter 
nacions,  holdet  wel  nyj;  here  furste  longage  &  speche,  botegef  Scottes,  tat  were  som  tyme  confederat  &  wonede  wit  te 
Pictes,  drawe  somewhat  after  here  speche.  Bote  te  Flemmynges,  tat  wonet  in  te  west  syde  of  Wales,  habbet  yleft 
here  strange  speche  and  speket  Saxonlyoh  ynow.  Also  Englysch  men,  teyg  hy  hadde  fram  te  begynnyng  tre  maner 
speche,  Souteron,  Norteron,  &  Myddel  speche  (in  the  myddel  of  te  lond),  as  hy  come  of  tre  maner  people  of  Germania ; 
noteles,  by  commyxstion  &  mellyng  fnrst  wit  Danes  &  afterward  wit  Normans,  in  menye  te  contray  longage  ys  apeyred, 
&  some  vset  strange  wlaffyng,  chyteryng,  harryng  &  garryng,  grisbittyng.  pis  apeyryng  of  te  burt-tonge  ys  by-cause 
of  twey  tinges : — on  ys,  for  chyldern  in  soole,  ageues  te  vsage  and  manere  of  al  oter  nacions,  but  compelled  for  to  lene 
here  oune  longage,  &  for  to  construe  here  lessons  &  here  tinges  a  Freynsch,  &  habbet,  sutthe  te  Normans  come  furst  in- 
to Engelond.  Also,  gentil  men  children  but  ytaugt  for  to  speke  Freynsch  fram  tyme  tat  a  but  yrokked  in  here  cradel, 
and  connet  speke  &  playe  wit  a  child  hys  bronch ;  and  oplondysch  men  wol  lykne  ham-sylf  to  gentil  men,  &  fondet 
wit  gret  bysynes  for  to  speke  Freynsch,  for  to  be  more  ytold  of. 

"  pys  manero  was  moche  y-vsed  to-fore  te  furste  moreyn,  &  ys  setthe  somdel  ychannged.  For  lohon  Cornwal,  a 
mayster  of  gramere,  chayngede  te  lore  in  gramer-scole,  &  construccion  of  Freynsch  in-to  Englysch;  &  Richard 
Penoryoh  lurnede  tat  manere  techyng  of  hym,  and  oter  men  of  Pencrych  ;  so  tat  now,  te  ger  of  oure  Lord  a  tousand 
tre  hondred  four  score  &  fyue,  of  te  secunde  kyng  Richard  after  te  conquest  nyne,  in  al  te  gramer-scoles  of  Engelond 
childern  leuet  Frensch  &  construct  &  lurnet  an  Englysch,  and  habbet  ter-by  avauntage  in  on  syde  &  desavauntage  yn 
anoter ;  here  avauntage  ys,  tat  a  lurnet  here  gramer  yn  lasse  tyme  tan  childern  wer  ywoned  to  do — disavauntage  ys, 
tat  now  childern  of  gramer-scole  connet  no  more  Frensch  tan  can  here  lift  heele,  &  tat  ys  harm  for  ham,  &  a  scholle 
passe  te  se  &  trauayle  in  strange  londes,  &  in  meny  caas  also.  Also  gentil  men  habbet  now  moche  yleft  for  to  teche 
here  childern  Frensch.  Hyt  semet  a  gret  wondw  hou  Englysch,  tat  ys  te  burttonge  of  Englysch  men  &  here  oune 
longage  &  tonge,  ys  so  dyuers  of  soun  in  tis  ylond ;  &  te  longage  of  Normandy  ys  comlyng  of  a-noter  lond,  &  hat  on 
maner  soun  among  all  men  tat  speket  hyt  arygt  in  Engelond.  Noteles  ]>er  ys  as  meny  dyuers  maner  Frensch  yn  te  rem 
of  Fraunce  as  ys  dyuers  manere  Englysch  in  te  rem  of  Engelond. 

"  Also,  of  te  forseyde  Saxon  tonge  tat  ys  deled  a  tre,  and  ys  abyde  scarslych  wit  feaw  vplondysch  men,  &  ys  gret 
wondw ;  for  men  of  te  est  wit  men  of  te  west,  as  hyt  were  vndw  te  same  party  of  heuene,  acordet  more  in  sounyng  of 
speche  tan  men  of  te  nort  wit  men  of  te  sout ;  t«r-fore  hyt  ys  tat  Mercij,  tat  but  men  of  myddel  Engelond,  as  hyt  were 
parteners  of  te  endes,  vndurstondet  betre  te  syde  longages,  Norteron  &  Sonteron,  tan  Norteron  &  Souteron  vndur- 
stondet  eyter  oter. 

"Al  te  longage  of  te  Northnmbres,  &  specialych  at  gork,  ys  so  scharp,  slyttyng  & frotyng,  &  vnschape, tat  we 
Souteron  men  may  tat  longage  vnuete  vndwstonde.  T  trowe  tat  tat  ys  bycause  tat  a  but  nyg  to  strange  men  &  aliens 
tat  speket  strangelych,  and  also  by  cause  t"t  J>e  kynges  of  Engelond  wonet  alwey  fer  fram  tat  contray :  For  a  but 
more  ytnrned  to  te  sout  contray ;  &  gef  a  got  to  te  nort  contray,  a  got  wit  gret  help  and  strengthe.  pe  cause  why  a 
but  more  in  te  sout  contray  tan  in  te  nort  may  be,  betre  cornlond,  more  people,  more  noble  cytes,  &  more  profytable 
haoenes." 

t  The  title  of  Latin  of  the  FowrtTi  Period  is  given  to  the  large  number  of  Latin  words  introduced  Into 
the  language  from  the  revival  of  learning  in  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century  up  to  the  present  time. 


An  Historical  Sketcii  of  the  English  Language,  &c.  5175 

We  also  borrowed  words  from  the  Greek,  but  to  a  much  less  degree,  while  miscellan- 
eous words  have  become  naturalized  from  other  languages,  as,  from  Hebrew  (abbot,  amen, 
cabal,  cherub,  sabbath,  &c.),  from  Arabic  (admiral,  alchemy,  alkali,  arrack,  assassin,  caliph, 
chemistry,  talisman,  zenith,  &c.),  from  Persian  (caravan,  chess,  dervish,  orange,  pasha,  sash, 
shawl,  turban,  &c.),  from  American  (canoe,  cocoa,  hammock,  maize,  tobacco,  tomahawk, 
wigwam,  &c.)>  and  from  Turkish  (caftan,  chouse,  divan,  scimitar,  &c.).  In  short,  we  have 
borrowed  from  almost  every  language  under  the  sun  such  words  as  are  appropriate  to 
materials  or  productions  new  to  us. 

Before  the  Norman  Conquest  there  were  two  dialects  in  England—  the  Northern  and 
the  Southern.  The  former  has  handed  down  to  us  a  very  scanty  literature,  while  the 
latter  was  the  literary  language  of  the  country,  and  in  it  were  written  the  ^  best  of 
our  oldest  English  works,  many  of  which  have  come  down  to  us.  Dr.  Morris  gives  the 
following  as  the  chief  points  of  grammatical  difference  between  the  two  dialects:* 

(1)  The  loss  of  -»  in  the  infinitive  ending  of  verbs: 

N.  drinc-a,        S.  drinc-an  =  io  drink. 

(2)  The  first  person  singular  indicative  ends  in  -u  or  -o,  instead  of  -et 

N.  Ic  drine-o.        S.   drinc-e  =  l  drink. 

(3)  The  second  person  singular  present  indicative  often  ends  in  -s,  rather  than  in  •»•,  and  we  find  it 
in  the  second  person  singular  perfect  indicative  of  weak  verbs  : 

N.  dhu  ge-plantad-es.        S.  ge-plantad-est  =  thon  hast  planted. 

(4)  The  third  person  singular  frequently  ends  in  -a  instead  of  -th  : 

N.  he  gewyrces.        S.  gewyrcath  =  he  works. 

(5)  The  third  plural  present  indicative  and  the  second  person  plural  imperative  often  have  -•  instead  of  -th  * 

N.  hia  orn/oos.        S.  hi  onfoath  =  they  receive. 

(6)  The  occasional  omission  of  ge-  before  the  passive  participle: 

N.  hered.        S.  geherod  =  praised. 

(7)  The  occasional  nse  of  active  participle  in  -and  instead  of  -end: 

N.  drincctnde.        S.  drincende  =  drinking. 


(8)  The  use  of  aren  for  syndon  or  w/nd  =  are  (in  all  persons  of  the  plural). 

In  nouns  there  is  much  irregularity  as  compared  with  the  Southern  dialect: 

(9)  Plurals  end  in  -a,  -it,  -o,  or  -e,  instead  of  -an  : 

N.  heorla.        S.  heortan  =  hearts. 
N.  viitegiL.        S.  witegan  =  prophets. 
N.  ego.  S.  eagan  =  ejea. 

N.  name.          S.  naman  =  names. 

(10)  •<*  is  sometimes  found  instead  of  -e  as  the  genitive  suffix  of  feminine  nouns. 

(11)  the  and  thio  are  sometimes  found  for  se  (masc.)  and  seo  (fern.)  =  the, 

(12)  The  plural  article  tha  sometimes  occurs  for  the  demonstrative  pronoun  At  =  they. 

The  oldest  specimen  of  English  known  is  preserved  in  a  quotation  by  the  Venerable 
Bede  (672-735)  from  the  composition  of  an  early  contemporary,  Csedmon,  a  monk  of 
Durham-t  It  is  here  given  in  two  versions: 

Nu  scylun  hergan  Nu  we  sceolan  herigean  Now  we  should  praise 

Hpfaen  ricaes  uard,  Heofon-rices  weard,  The  heaven-kingdom  s  preserrer, 

Metntes  msecti  Metodes  mihte,  The  might  of  the  Creator, 

End  his  modgidane.  And  his  m<5dge*ano.  _  And  his  mood-thought.     _ 

•  Historical  Outlines  of  EngUth  Accidence,  oh.  iv.,  pp.  41,  42. 

t  See  an  account  of  him  from  King  Alfred's  translation  of  Beda,  printed  to  Sweet's  Ar^U-S^on 
«p.  4<Uo    and   fuller  in  Thorpe's  edition  of  C^dmon,  printed  for  the  Society  <rf  Anguine,  of  London, 
by  Benjamin  Thorpe,  F.SJL,  pp.  xxii,  xxiii. 


5»76 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 


Uerc  uuldur  fadur, 
Sue  he  uundra  gihnaes, 
Eci  drictin, 
Ord  stelidae. 


Weorc  wuldor  feeder, 
Sva  he  wuldres  gehwses, 
Ece  drihten, 
Ord  onstealde. 


The  glory-father  of  work*, 
As  he,  of  wonders,  each 
Eternal  Lord, 
Originally  established. 


We  here  give  an  example  of  Anglo-Saxon  from  the  Cotton  MS.  Tiberius,  B.  xL,  in 
the  British  Museum  (C.  i.)  written  about  the  end  of  the  ninth  century,  and  containing 
King  Alfred's  West  Saxon  version  of  Pope  Gregory's  Pastoral  Care:* 


(Cotton.) 

xxxii.  Daatte  on  otSre  wisan  sint  to  manainne  Sa  ofer- 
modan  and  $a  upahafenan  on  hiora  mode,  on  otSre  $a 
earmheortan  and  fta  wacmodan. 

On  otSre  wisan  sint  to  manianne  Se  modgan  and  ^a 
fortruwedan,  on  o$re  wisan  $a  unmodgan  and  Sa  un- 
flristan.  Da  fortruwedan,  tSonne  hie  him  selfum  to  swrSe 
truwia'S,  hie  forsioft  otSre  men,  and  eao  forcwetiaS.  Da 
bytelmodan  Sonne  and  tin,  unSristan,  tJonne  hie  ongietatS 
hiera  unbeldo,  and  hiera  unmihte,  hie  weorSafl  oft  ormode. 
Da  modgan  flonne  and  ffa  fortruwodan,  ealla  hiera  agen 
Viet  hie  synderlice  SenccaS  o'SSe  doS  hie  wenafl  'Saet  flast 
sie  ftaet  betste ;  ac  tSa  unmodigan  and  %&  ungedyrstegan 
wenafl  'Saet  flset  swifte  forsewenlic  sie  dsette  hie  tSo$,  and 
forSon  weorgatS  oft  ormode.  Ac  Ssem  lareowe  is  swifte 
smealice  to  undersecanne  be  torn  weorcum  'Sara  ofertru- 
wudena,  fleet  hie  him  gecySen  flaette  on  flsem  Singum  be 
hie  him  selfum  swse  swifrSe  liciafl,  Saet  hie  Gode.mislicia'8. 


(English.) 

xxxii.  That  the  proud  and  puffed  up  in  spirit  are 
to  be  admonished  in  one  way,  and  in  another  the  humble 
and  faint-hearted. 

The  proud  and  presumptuous  are  to  be  admonished 
in  one  way,  in  another  the  humble  and  diffident.  The 
presumptuous  when  too  confident  in  themselves,  despise 
and  revile  others.  The  faint-hearted  and  diffident,  per- 
ceiving their  want  of  courage  and  strength,  often  despair. 
The  proud  and  presumptuous  think  that  all  their  own 
special  thoughts  and  deeds  are  the  best ;  but  the  humble 
and  timid  think  that  what  they  do  is  very  contemptible, 
and  therefore  despair.  But  the  teacher  must  very  nar- 
rowly investigate  the  works  of  the  presumptuous,  that 
they  show  them  that  in  the  things  wherein  they  please 
themselves  so  much  they  displease  God. 


The  following  extract  from  an  entry  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,  under  the  year 
1137,  shows  the  progress  of  the  language : — 


(Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle.) 

J  ne  canne  ne  i  ne  mai  tellen  alle  J>e  wunder  ne  alle  |>e 
pines  baet  hi  diden  wrecce  men  on  )>is  land;  and  baet 
lastede  )>a  xix.  wintre  wile  Stephne  was  king ;  and  asure  it 
was  uuerse  and  uuerse.  Hi  lasiden  gseildes  on  J>e  tunes 
teure  um  wile,  and  clepeden  it  tenserie  (sic).  Da  be  wrecce 
men  ne  hadden  nan  more  to  giuen,  ba  raeueden  hi  and 
brendon  alle  be  tunes ;  baet  wel  J>u  mihtes  faren  all  a  daeis 
fare  sculdest  bu  ueure  finden  man  in  tune  sittende,  ne  land 
tiled.  Da  was  corn  dsere,  and  flesc,  and  caese,  and  butere  ; 
for  nan  ne  waes  o  be  land.  Wrecce  men  sturuen  of  hun- 
gaer ;  sume  ieden  on  selmes  be  waren  sum  wile  rice  men  ; 
sum  fliigen  ut  of  lande. 


(Englished.) 

I  neither  can  nor  may  tell  all  the  wounds  or  all  the 
tortures  which  they  inflicted  on  wretched  men  in  the  land ; 
and  that  lasted  the  nineteen  winters  that  Stephen  was 
king ;  and  ever  it  was  worse  and  worse.  They  laid  imposts 
on  the  towns  continually,  and  called  it  "  censerie."  When 
the  wretched  men  had  no  more  to  give,  they  robbed  and 
burned  all  the  towns,  so  that  thou  mightest  well  go  a  day's 
journey  and  thou  shouldst  never  find  a  man  sitting  in  town, 
or  the  land  tilled.  Then  was  corn  dear,  and  flesh,  and 
cheese,  and  butter ;  forthere  was  none  in  the  land.  Wretched 
men  died  of  hunger ;  some  went  seeking  alms  who  at  one 
while  were  rich  men ;  some  fled  out  of  the  land. 


The  following  extract  from  Layamon's  Brut,^  written  in  Worcestershire  before  1300, 
is  an  example  of  the  West  Saxon  of  the  thirteenth  century : 


He  nom  ba  Bnglisca  boc 
Tha  makede  Seint  Beda ; 
An  other  he  nom  on  Latin 
Tha  makede  Seint  Albin, 
And  the  feire  (sic)  Austin, 
The  fulluht  broute  hider  in. 
Boc  he  nom  be  )>ridde, 
Leide  ther  amidden, 


He  took  the  English  book 
That  St.  Beda  made ; 
Another  he  took  in  Latin 
That  St.  Alban  made, 
And  the  fair  Austin, 
Who  Baptism  brought  hither. 
Book  he  took  the  third, 
Laid  there  amid, 


Tha  makede  a  Frenchis  clerc 
Wace  was  ihoten, 
The  wel  couthe  writen  ; 
And  he  hit  gef  thare  aethelen 
Aelionor,  the  wes  Henries 
Thes  hejes  kinges.    [quene, 
Lagamon  leide  )>eos  boc, 
And  )>a  leaf  wende. 


That  made  a  French  clerk 
Wace  was  hight, 
Who  well  could  write  ; 
And  he  gave  it  to  the  noble 
Eleanor,  who   was  Henry's 
The  high  king.          [queen. 
Layamon  laid  these  books. 
And  the  leaves  turned. 


»  Edited  by  H.  Sweet,  for  Early  English  Text  Society,  1871-2. 
Header  (Clarendon  Press,  1876),  pp.  208,  209. 

+  Edited  by  Sir  F.  Madden,  for  Roxburghe  Club,  1832. 


For  other  specimens,  see  Sweet's  Angla-Saxon 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c.  8277 

The  following  extract  from  tlie  Ancren  Riwle  (=  Rules  for  Anchorites)  gives  an 
example  of  West  Saxon  (Dorsetshire)  dialect  about  1220.*  It  illustrates  an  early  stage 
of  the  transition  from  Anglo-Saxon  to  English: 

(Translation.) 

Bacbitare,  }>e  biteS  ffSer  men  bihinden,  beoS  of  two  Backbiters,  who  bite  other  men  behind  [their  backs] 

maneres :  auh  J>e  latere  beoS  wurse.     pe  uorme  cumeS  al  are  of  two  kinds,  but  the  latter  [kind]  is  the  worse.    The 

openlich  and  sarSh  euel  to  anoSer,  and  speaueft  n't  his  former  comeih  quite  openly,  and  sayeth  evil  of  another, 

»tter,  so  muchel  so  him  euer  to  mu^Se  cume'S,  and  gulcheS  and  speweth  out  his  venom,  as  much  as  ever  comes  to  his 

at  al  somed  J>et  )>e  attri  heorte  sent  up  to  (>e  tunge.    Ac  he  month,  and  throweth  out,  all  at  once,  what  the  venomous 

latere  cume'S  forS  al  on  ofler  wise,  and  is  wurse  ueond  )>en  heart  sends  up  to  their  tongue.    But  the  latter  comes  out 

>e  oSer :  auh  under  ureondes  huchel,  weorpe'S  adun  J>et  quite  in  a  different  way,  and  is  a  worse  fiend  than  the 

heaueS,  and  forS  on  nor  te  sihen  ei  he  owiht  sigge :  and  other,  yet  tinder  the  cloak  of  a  friend.    He  casteth  down 

make's  dinpie  chere :  bisaumple'S  longe  abuten  uor  to  beon  his  head,  and  begins  to  sigh  before  he  says  anything, 

>e  betere  ileued.    Auh  hwon  hit  alles  cume'S  forS  J>eonne  and  makes  sad  cheer,  [and]  moralizes  long  about  [the 

U  hit  yeoluh  atter.  point]  to  be  the  better  believed.    But,  when  it  all  come* 

forth,  then  is  it  yellow  venom. 

By  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries  it  is  possible  to  distinguish  three  great 
varieties  of  English: 

(1)  The  Southern  dialect,  spoken  in  all  the  counties  south  of  the  Thames,  in  Somersetshire,  Gloucestershire, 

and  in  parts  of  Herefordshire  and  Worcestershire. 

(2)  The  Northern  dialect,  spoken  in  Northumberland,  Durham,  and  Yorkshire,  and  in  the  Lowlands 

of  Scotland. 

(3)  The  Midland  dialect  spoken  in  the  whole  of  the  Midland  counties,  in  the  East  Anglian  counties,  and 

in  the  counties  west  of  the  Pennine  chain,  i.e.,  in  Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  Lancashire,  and 
Shropshire. 

The  most  convenient  test  by  which  to  distinguish  these  dialects  from  one  another  is 
the  inflection  of  the  plural  present  indicative:  the  Southern  dialect  employs  -eth;  the 
Midland  -en ;  the  Northern  uses  -es.  The  Northern  dialect  has  its  imperative  plural  in  -es ; 
the  Southern  and  Midland  dialects  in  -eth. 

The  Southern  dialect  was  fond,  as  it  still  is,  of  using  v  where  the  other  dialects  used  /, 
»avo=fa  =  foe,  vinger  =  finger,  &c.  In  the  Old  Kentish  of  the  fourteenth  century  z  was 
used  for  s,  as,  zinge  =  to  sing.  The  Northern  dialect  used  the  guttural  k  in  many  words 
•where  the  Southern  preferred  the  palatal  ch,  as : 

N.  rike  =  S.  riche  =  kingdom.  N.  eroTce  =  S.  erouche  =  cross. 

The  Southern  dialect  often  had  o  and  u,  where  the  Northern  had  a  and  i: 

N.  hil  =  S.  hul  =  hill  K  pit  =  S.  put  =  pit.  N.  an  =  S.  on  (oon)  —  one. 

In  the  Northern  dialect  -at  =  to,  was  used  as  a  sign  of  the  infinitive  mood : 

N.  sal  and  suld  =  S.  schel  and  schuld. 
The  Northern  dialect  contained  many  Scandinavian  forms,  as: 

N.  hethen  =  8.  henne  =  hence.  N.  til       =  S.  to       =  to. 

N.  fro.       =  S.  fram  =  from.  N.  slik     =  S.  ewich  =  such. 

N.  -by      =  S.  tun      =  town.  N.  werre  =  S.  wyrse  =  worse. 

The  Midland  dialect  has  various  forms,  of  which  (1)  the  East  Midland  (spoken  in 
Lincolnshire,  Norfolk,  and  Suffolk)  and  (2)  the  West  Midland  (spoken  in  Cumberland, 
Westmoreland,  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  and  Shropshire)  are  most  marked. 

*  Edited  for  Camden  Society  by  Eev.  J.  Morton,  B.D.,  1853,  pp.  86-88. 

41 


8J78  An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 


The  East  Midland  dialect  had  one  especial  peculiarity,  viz.,  the  coalescence  of  pronouns 
with  verbs,  and  even  with  pronouns,  as: 

caldes  =  calde  4-  es  =  called  them.  get  =  ge   +  it  =  she  +  it. 

hes       =  he      +  e»  =  he  -t-  them.  met  =  me  +  es  =  one  (Fr.  on)  +  them. 

The  "West  Midland  had  its  peculiarities,  as  ho  =  she ;  hit  =  its ;  shyn  =  shuln  (plural). 

The  Midland  dialect  was  the  form  of  speech  which  culminated  in  the  present  literary 
English.  As  stated  above  it  had  many  varieties,  but  the  most  important  was  the  East 
Midland.  As  early  as  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century  it  had  thrown  off  most 
of  its  older  inflections,  and  had  begun  to  be  cultivated  as  a  literary  dialect  In  this 
dialect  Wycliffe,  Gower,  and  Chaucer  wrote,  as  well  as  the  older  and  well-known  authors> 
Orm  (or  Ormin)  and  Kobert  of  Brunne.  It  was,  however,  Chaucer's  influence  that  raised 
this  dialect  to  the  position  of  a  standard  language.  In  Chaucer's  time  it  was  the 
language  of  the  metropolis,  and  had  probably  found  its  way  south  of  the  Thames  into 
Kent  and  Surrey. 

At  a  later  period  the  Southern  dialect  had  so  far  retreated  before  it  as  to  become 
Western  rather  than  Southern ;  in  faot,  the  latter  designation  was  applied  to  the  language 
which  had  become  the  standard  one. 

George  Puttenham  (Art  of  English  Poetrie),  writing  in  1589,  speaks  of  three  dialects 
— the  Northern,  Western,  and  Southern.*  The  Northern  was  that  spoken  north  of  the 
Trent;  the  Southern  was  that  south  of  the  Trent,  which  was  also  the  language  of  the 
court,  of  the  metropolis,  and  of  the  surrounding  shires ;  the  Western,  as  now,  was  confined 
to  the  counties  of  Gloucestershire,  Somersetshire,  Wiltshire,  &c.f 

The  celebrated  Proclamation  of  Henry  III.  (1258)  is  by  many  considered  the  earliest 
specimen  of  composition  in  the  English  tongue.J 

To  make  the  distinction  between  the  dialects  more  clear,  the  following  specimens,  all 
representing  the  language  of  the  same  half-century  are  given: — 

1.  SOUTHERN  DIALECT. — Of  this  the  following  quotation  from  the  Ayenbite  of  Inwyt 
(=  The  Remorse  of  Conscience),  by  Dan  Michael  of  Northgate  (Kent),  c.  AJ5.  1340,  is  an 
example  :§ 

(Sermon  on  Matthew  xxiv.  43.)  (Translation.') 

Uor  to  sseawy  J>e  lokynge  of  man  wyMone.    fcellyche  For  to  show  the  care  of  n"»"  within.    This  example 

ane  norbysne  /  onre  Ihord  ihem  crist  zayb.    "  pis  uorzoj>e  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  saith,  "  Know  this  forsooth :  that 

ywyteK    pet  yef  N  nader  of  be  boose  wyste  hnycbe  time  if  the  father  of  the  house  knew  at  which  time  the  thief 

|>e  hyef  were  comynde:   uorzoj>e  he  wolde  waky  /  and  was  coming,  forsooth,  he  would  watch,  and  would  not 

nolde  nagt  Jwlye  >et  me  dolae  his  hous."  |  Be  fcise  nader  of  suffer  any  one  to  break  into  his  house."    By  this  father  of 

house  me  may  onderstonde  /  J>e  wyl  of  skele.    to  huam  the  house  we  may  understand  the  will  of  heaven,  to 

be-longe)>  moche  maynfi.    pojtes.  and  his  besteriinge.  wyt  whom  belong   many  attendants,  as   thoughts   and   his 

•  "  Our  maker  (poet)  therefore  at  these  dayes  shall  not  follow  Piers  Plowman,  nor  Gower,  nor  Lydgate,  nor 
yet  Chaucer,  for  their  language  is  now  out  of  use  with  us :  neither  shall  he  take  the  termes  of  Northern-men,  such  a* 
they  use  in  dayly  talke,  whether  they  be  noble  men,  or  gentlemen,  or  of  their  best  clarkes,  all  is  a  matter ;  nor  in  effect 
any  speach  used  beyond  the  river  of  Trent,  though  no  man  can  deny  but  that  them  is  the  purer  English  Saxon  at  this 
day,  yet  it  is  not  so  courtly  nor  so  current  as  our  Smdheme  English,  is,  no  more  is  the  far  Westerne  man's  speach ;  ye 
shall  therefore  take  the  usual  speach  of  the  Court,  and  that  of  London  and  the  shires  lying  about  London  within  be 
myles,  and  not  mnch  above.  I  say  not  this  but  that  in  every  shyre  of  England  there  be  gentlemen  and  others  that 
speake  bnt  specially  write  as  good  Southerne  as  we  of  Middlesex  or  Surrey  do,  but  not  the  common  people  of  every 
shire,  to  whom  the  gentlemen  and  also  their  learned  clarkes  do  for  the  most  part  condescend,  bnt  herein  we  are  already 
ruled  by  th'  English  dictionaries  and  other  bookes  written  by  learned  men." 

f  iforrii  i  Outline*  of  Englith  Accidence,  ch.  iv.,  p.  47.  J  See  JOarle :  Philology  vf  the  Englith  Tongue,  p.  78. 

§  Edited  by  Dr.  Morris  for  Philological  Society,  1866,  pp.  203-4. 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 


6279 


•nd  dedes  /  ase  wel  wi)>-oute :  ase  wyb-inne.  pet  is  to 
ngge  /  huych  mayne  /  to  moche  slac  /  and  wylles-uol 
ssel  by :  bote  yef  be  ilke  uaderes  stefhede  hise  strayny  / 
and  ordayny.  Vor  zobe  yef  he  hym  a  lyte  of  his  bysyhede 
wyb-dragb:  huo  may  zigge  /  hou  pojtes.  egen.  earen. 
tonge.  and  alle  o(>er  wyttes  :  become))  wylde. 


emotions,  sense  and  deeds,  as  well  without  as  within: 
that  is  to  say,  such  attendants  will  be  too  slow  and  wilfnl, 
unless  that  father's  firmness  restrain  them  and  keep  them 
in  order.  Forsooth,  if  he  withdraws  a  little  of  his  dili- 
gence, who  may  say  how  thoughts,  eyes,  ears,  and  all  the 
other  senses,  become  wild. 


The  following  extract  is  from  William  de  Shoreham    (Vicar  of   Otford,   Kent,  A.D. 
1313-1327),  De  Baptismo: 


Christendom  his  that  sacrement 
That  men  her  ferst  fongeth ; 
Hit  openeth  ons  to  the  hevene  blisse 
That  many  men  after  longeth 

Wel  sore; 
Vor  who  that  entreth  ther. 


He  is  sauffe  evere-more. 

Therfore  ine  wine  me  ne  may, 

Inne  sithere  ne  iune  pereye, 

Ne  ine  thinge  that  nevere  water  nes, 

Thorg  cristninge  man  may  reneye, 

Ne  inne  ale.* 


2.  NORTHERN  DIALECT. — The  following  extract  from  the  Early  English  Psalter,  from 
a  MS.  written  about  the  middle  of  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,f  represents  the  speech  of 
Yorkshire  and  Northumberland  during  the  latter  half  of  the  thirteenth  century: 


Laverd,  onre  Laverd,  hon  selkouth  is 
Name  )>ine  in  alle  land  MS. 
For  upe-hoven  es  M  mykel-heda 
Over  hevens  bat  ere  brade; 


Of  mouth  of  childer  and  soukand 
Made  bou  lof  in  ilka  land, 
For  M  faes;  tat  ton  for-do 
pe  fai,  be  wreker  him  unto. 


From    The    Pricke    of  Conscience   (1L  1412-1446),    by    Richard    Eolle    de    Hampole 
(died  A.D.  1349),  written  c.  1340  (Northumberland  dialect):! 


pe  life  of  J>is  world  es  ful  unstable. 
And  ful  variand  and  chaungeable, 
Als  es  sene  in  contrarins  maiiere, 
By  be  times  and  vedirs  and  sesons  here, 
For  be  world  and  worldis  life  togider 
Chaunges  and  turnes  oft  hider  and  J>ider, 
And  in  a  state  duelles  ful  short  while, 
Unnethes  )>e  space  of  a  myle. 


And  for-bi  (>at  be  worlde  is  swa  unstable 
Alle  b*t  men  sese  bar-in  es  ohaungeable ; 
For  God  ordayns  here,  als  es  his  wille, 
Sere  variaunce  for  certayn  skille, 
Of  be  tyms,  and  wedirs,  and  sesons, 
In  taken  of  )>e  worldes  condicions, 
pat  swa  unstable  er  and  variande, 
pat  ful  short  while  may  in  a  state  stands. 


3.  MIDLAND  DIALECTS:  (1)  East  Midland.— The  following  is  an  example  of  the  East 
Midland  dialect  in  the  year  1120.  It  is  taken  from  a  forged  Peterborough  Charter, 
inserted  in  the  Peterborough  Chronicles  under  the  year  656 : 

(Translation.) 

Then  the  king  sent  after  the  abbot  that  he  should 
come  to  him  speedily,  and  he  did  so.  Then  said  the 
king  to  the  abbot,  "  Lo,  dear  Saexulf,  I  have  sent  after 
thee  for  my  soul's  need,  and  I  will  tell  thee  well  why 
my  brother  Peada  and  my  dear  friend  Oswi  began  a 
minster  to  the  glory  of  Christ  and  St.  Peter.  But  my 
brother  is  gone  from  this  life,  as  Christ  willed  it.  But 
I  will  pray  to  thee,  my  dear  friend,  that  they  may 
work  diligently  in  the  work,  and  I  will  find  thee  there- 
to gold  and  silver,  land  and  goods,  and  all  that  thereto 
behoves."  Then  went  the  abbot  home,  and  began  to 
work. 


Da  seonde  oe  kyning  setter  bone  abbode  J>et  he 
oeuestilice  scolde  to  him  cumon,  and  he  swa  dyde.  Da 
cwsed  se  kyning  to  ban  abbode :  "  La,  leof  Srexulf,  io 
haue  geseond  setter  be  for  mine  saule  burfe,  and  ic  hit 
wile  be  wael  secgon  for  whi  min  brotSor  Peada  and  min 
leoue  freond  Oswi  ongnnnen  an  mynstre  Criste  to  loue 
and  Sancte  Petre.  Oc  min  broker  is  faren  of  J>isse  liue, 
swa  swa  Crist  wolde.  Oc  ic  wile  be  gebidden,  la,  leoue 
freoud,  bat  hii  wirce  csuostlice  on  bere  werce,  and  io  be 
wile  ftnden  bserto  gold  and  siluer,  land  and  ahte,  and  al 
J>et  baerto  behofefl."  Da  feorde  se  abbot  ham,  and 
ongan  to  wircene. 


We  next  give  an  extract  from  the  writer,  who,  says  Mr.  Kington  Oliphant,§  more 
clearly  than  any  other  sets  before  us  the  growth  of  the  New  English,  the  great  work  of 


*  Harris:  Specimens  of  Early  English,  pp.  121-2. 
t  Edited  for  Surtees  Society,  1845-7. 


J  Edited  by  Dr.  Morris  for  Philological  Society,  1863 
§  Sowces  of  Standard  English,  p.  92,  et.  teq. 


5280 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 


the  twelfth  century.  The  Monk  Ormin  wrote  a  metrical  paraphrase  of  the  Gospels,  with 
comments  of  his  own,  somewhere  about  the  year  1200.  ...  He  is  the  last  of  our  English 
makers  who  can  be  said  to  have  drunk  from  the  undefiled  Teutonic  well  In  the  course 
of  his  lengthy  poem  (over  20,000  lines)  he  uses  only  four  or  five  French  words,  and  his 
few  Latin  words  are  Church  phrases  known  in  our  land  long  before  the  Norman  Conquest 
On  the  other  hand,  he  has  scores  of  Scandinavian  words,  the  result  of  the  Norse  settle- 
ment in  our  eastern  shires  three  hundred  years  before  his  day.  His  book  is  the  most 
thoroughly  Danish  poem  ever  written  hi  England  that  has  come  down  to  us :  many  of 
the  words  now  in  our  mouths  are  found  for  the  first  time  in  his  pages.  He  probably 
lived  some  few  miles  north  of  Nottingham.  In  his  poem  we  see  clearly  the  transition 
to  the  Middle  English  of  Chaucer,  Gower,  Wycliffe,  &c.  He  uses  the  new  soft  ch,  and 
writes  sh  for  the  older  sc.  He  softens  g  into  y,  as  hi  e$he  =  eage  =  eye ;  ying  =  geong  = 
young ;  he  uses  that  as  a  demonstrative,  and  not  as  a  neuter  article ;  he  does  not  inflect 
the  article,  hi  this  respect  being  far  ahead  of  the  Kentish  writer  of  1340.  Ormin  was  the 
first  English  writer  to  put  what  before  a  substantive  without  regard  to  gender :  as,  "  What 
man  ?  What  woman  ? "  He  uses  aren  for  are,  as  well  as  beon  and  sinndenn.  Hi 
wceron  with  him  sometimes  becomes  Tpe^  ware,  as  in  the  Southern  Homilies ;  while  ]>u 
wcere  is  turned  into  \>u  wass,  and  ic  sceall  becomes  /  shall.  Be6  is  cut  down  to  be,  and 
beon  to  ben.  Ormin  was  an  orthoepist  of  Nature's  own  making,  and  hi  his  system  of 
spelling  we  have  the  first  known  attempt  at  orthoepical  reform  hi  the  history  of  our 
tongue.  The  principal  peculiarities  of  his  orthography  consist  in  a  doubling  of  the 
consonant  whenever  it  follows  a  vowel  having  any  sound  except  that  which  is  now 
indicated  by  the  annexation  of  a  final  e  to  the  single  consonant.  Thus,  pane  would  be 
written  pan  by  Orm,  but  pan,  pann ;  mean,  men,  but  men,  menn ;  pine,  pin,  but  pin, 
pinn ;  tune,  tun,  but  tun,  tunn.  The  versification  departs  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  standard, 
hi  wanting  alliteration  and  in  possessing  a  regular  metrical  flow ;  and  from  the  Norman- 
French  hi  wanting  rhyme. 


And  affterr  >att  ta  wass  he  deed 

In  all  hiss  miccle  sinne. 
Ace  bier  wass  mikell  ofergarrt 

And  modignesse  shsewedd 
Abutenn  >att  stinnkennde  lie 

paer  itt  wass  brohht  till  eor|>e; 
forr  all  J>e  baere  wass  bileggd 

wi)>l>  baetenn  gold  and  sillferr, 
and  all  itt  wass  eggwhser  bisett 

wiW>  deorewurrj*  staness, 
and  all  >att  waede  )>att  taer  wass 

uppon  )>e  baere  funderm, 
all  wass  itt  off  )>e  bettste  pall 

>at  anig  maun  magg  aghenn, 


(Translation.) 
And  after  that  then  he  was  dead 

In  all  his  great  sin. 
But  there  was  great  haughtiness 

and  pride  shown, 
about  that  stinking  body 

when  it  was  brought  to  earth  [the  grave]) 
For  all  the  bier  was  overlaid 

with  beaten  gold  and  silver, 
and  it  was  all  everywhere  set 

with  precious  stones, 
and  all  the  apparel  that  there  wai 

found  upon  the  bier, 
all  was  of  the  best  cloth 

that  any  man  may  own. 


From  an  anonymous  poem,  The  Story  of  Genesis  &  Exodus  (c.  1250),  11.  2095-2110: 


Do  drempte  pharaon  king  a  drem, 
•Ghat  he  stod  bi  fie  flodes  strem, 
And  fieden  [fiefien]  ut-comen  .vii.  neet, 
Eucrilc  wel  swrSe  fet  and  gret, 
And  .vii.  lene  after  fio, 
Be  deden  fie  .vii.  fette  wo, 
fie  lene  hauen  fie  fette  freten; 
Via  drem  ne  mai  iSe  king  for-geten. 


And  ofier  drem  cam  him  bi-foren, 
.vii.  eares  wexen  fette  of  coren, 
On  an  busk  ranc  and  wel  tidi, 
And  .vii.  lene  rigt  fior-bi, 
welkede,  and  smale,  and  drugte  numai, 
fie  ranc  he  hauen  fio  ouer-cumen, 
To-samen  it  smiten  and,  on  a  stand, 
fie  fette  firist  hem  to  fio  grand. 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c.  6281 

In  the  Handlyng  Synne*  a  translation  by  Robert  Manning,  otherwise  known  aa 
Robert  of  Brunne  (i.e.,  Bourne,  a  village  a  few  miles  from  Rutland),  from  a  French  poem, 
the  Manuel  des  PichAs,  written  by  William  of  Waddington  about  thirty  years  before,  we 
see  foreshadowed  more  clearly  than  in  any  other  work  the  course  which  English  Literature 
was  destined  to  take.  The  English  poem  differs  from  all  its  predecessors  in  its  vocabu- 
lary, for  it  contains  but  a  scanty  proportion  of  those  Teutonic  words  which  were  soon  to 
fall  out  of  use,  and  a  most  copious  proportion  of  French  words.  It  was  begun  about 
1303.  "The  Handlyng  Synne  shows  how  the  different  tides  of  speech,  flowing  from 
Southern,  Western,  and  Northern  shires  alike,  met  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Rutland,  and 
all  helped  to  shape  the  New  English."  f 

Se  now  what  seynt  Poule  seys  As  any  man  or  aungel  hab  song, 

Yn  a  pystyl,  be  same  weys,—  And  y  lyve  nat  wi)>  charyte 

"  poghe  y  speke  as  weyl  wib  tung  No  byhg  avayleb  hyt  to  me. 

From  The  Voyage  and  TravaUe  of  Sir  John  Maundeville,  c.  1356  :J 

CHAPTER  XXVI.  toward  the  high  Ynde,  and  toward  Bacharye,  men  passe* 

Of  0*  Contree,  and  tie,  that  ben  beSonde  the  lond  of  Cathay;      be  a  kyn8dom.  <*•*  men  clepen  Caldilhe ;  that  is  a  full. 

fair    f mi t rt > 

and  of  the  Frutes  there;    and  of  xxii  Kyngei  enclosed 

within  the  Mountayne,.  And  there  ^oweth  a  maner  of  ^7*'  <*  thongh  i4 

weren  Gowrdes;  and  whan  thei  ben  rype,  men  kutten 

Now  sohalle  I  seye  gou  sewyngly  of  contrees  and  yles,  hem  a-to,  and  men  fynden  with-inne  a  lytylle  best,  in 
that  ben  begonde  the  contrees  that  I  have  spoken  of.  flesoh,  in  bon  and  blode,  as  thogh  it  were  a  lytille 
Wherfore  I  seye  son,  in  passynge  be  the  lond  of  Cathaye,  lomb,  with-outen  wolle. 

2.  West  Midland  Dialect.  From  Early  English  Alliterative  Poems,  circ.  A.D.  1360,  • 
The  Deluge,  1L  309-358: 

Make  to  )>e  a  mancioun  and  bat  is  my  wylle,  And  alle  be  endentur  dryuen  daube  wttA-outen. 

A  cofer  closed  of  tres,  clanlych  planed;  And  b»M  of  lenbe  ad  of  large  bat  come  b»u  make^ 

Wyrk  wonez  berinne  for  wylde  and  for  tame,  pre  hundred  of  cupydez  b»u  holde  to  be  lenbe, 

And  benne  cleme  hit  with  clay  comly  witA-i»ne,  Of  fyfty  fayre  ouer-bwert  forme  the  brede. 

In  the  following  extract  from  an  anonymous  poem,  known  as  The  Romance  of  William 
and  the  Werwolf  (11.  3-11),  we  have  an  example  of  the  dialect  of  Shropshire,  circ.  1360: 

Hit  bifel  in  bat  forest  bere  fast  by-side,  pis  cowherd  comes  on  a  time  to  kepen  is  bestes, 

pere  woned  a  wel  old  cherl  bat  was  a  couherde,  Fast  by-side  be  borwg  bere  be  barn  was  inne.    '/*' 

pat  fele  wiuteres  in  bat  forest  fayre  had  kepud  pe  herd  had  wib  him  an  hound  his  hert  to  list, 

Mennes  ken  of  be  cuntrfi  as  a  comen  herde,  For  to  bayte  on  his  bestes    waune   bai  to  brodc 
And  bus  it  bi-tide  bat  time,  as  tellen  oure  bokes.  went. 

We  have  now  reached  the  point  of  time  when  the  English  Language,  as  we  have  it 
now,  began  to  assume  a  fixed  form.  The  three  great  writers,  William  Langland,  the  author 
of  The  Vision  of  Piers  Plowman  probably,  Wycliffe,  the  reformer  and  translator  of  the  Bible, 
and  Chaucer,  together  developed  that  particular  dialect  (Midland)  which  ultimately  became 
the  literary  form  of  the  language.  The  interest  and  importance  of  the  Vision  of  Piers 
Plowman  depend  not  only  on  the  excellence  of  its  literary  execution,  and  the  insight  which 
it  gives  us  into  the  inner  life  of  our  ancestors,  but  also  on  the  fact  that  it  is  the  first 
composition  in  which  the  English  spirit  and  genius  are  distinctly  perceptible.  Though 
written  hi  a  dialect,  it  heralded  the  speedy  advent  of  the  time  when,  under  the  lead  of 

•  Edited  for  Boxburghe  Club  by  F.  J.  Furnivall.        f  Kington  Oliphant :  Source*  of  Standard  Englith,  p.  182. 
J  Edited  by  J.  O.  Halliwell,  London,  1839,  from  edition  of  1825,  pp.  263-4.    Reprinted  by  Cassell  &  Company 
(Limited),  London,  1883  (pp.  165-6). 


Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  <fcc. 


Chaucer  and  Gower,  the  literary  speech  assumed  a  definite  form  and  character.  The 
Vision  has  come  down  to  us  in  three  texts,  written  respectively  in  1362,  1377,  and  139a* 
The  numerous  MSS.  of  the  work  in  existence  show  how  widely  it  was  circulated.!  In 
one  point  it  possesses  for  us  a  peculiar  interest,  viz.,  that  it  is  written  according  to  the 
old  alliterative  system  of  versification,  being-  the  kst  important  composition  written  in 
that  style.  The  author,  whoever  he  was,  was  evidently  connected  with  the  clerical  pro- 
fession, as  is  indicated  by  the  acquaintance  with  ecclesiastical  literature  displayed  in  the 
poem.  He  had  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  Latin  Scriptures,  the  Treatises  of  the  Fathers, 
and  the  works  of  commentators  and  expositors.  {  His  diction  is  more  archaic  than  that  of 
Chaucer,  but  the  syntax,  structure,  and  vocabulary  present  a  marked  resemblance.  The 
following  are  the  principal  points  in  Langland's  grammar: 

I.  Nowns.—  The  nominative  plural  generally  ends  in  -es,  sometimes  in  -»,  and  occasionally  in  -5;  ~i» 
also  occurs,  as  in  wittis,  and  very  rarely  -us,  as  in  folus.  Some  few  plurals  end  in  -en,  as  chylderen.  A 
few  nouns,  such  as  folk,  which  were  originally  neuter,  are  unchanged  in  the  plural  Some  plurals  are 
formed  by  vowel  change,  as  gees,  men,  fete  (or  feet).  The  genitive  singular  ends  in  -es,  sometimes  corrupted 
into  -is,  as  cattes,  cattia.  The  genitive  plural  ends  in  -en  or  -ene,  as  clerken.  The  dative  singular  commonly 
ends  in  -e,  ad  to  bedde. 

TL  Adjectives.—  The  distinction  between  definite  and  indefinite  adjectives  is  difficult,  owing  to  the 
irregularity  of  the  alliterative  rhythm,  and  the  additions  and  corruptions  of  scribes  and  copyists.  Plural 
adjectives  should,  and  generally  do,  end  in  .«,  as  atte.  Yery  rarely  plural  adjectives  of  French  origin  end 
iu  -us.  Th«  eompaMtrre  of  heigh  is  herre  ;  superlative,  hestte.  Adjectives  and  adverbs  ending  in  Jy,  some- 
times form  their  comparatives  and  superlatives  in  loker,  lokett,  as  light,  lightloker,  lightloieest. 

HI.  Pronouns  are  the  same  as  in  Chaucer,  but  besides  sehe,  the  older  form  heo  is  used,  and  besides 
M,  the  older  form  h  (hy).  There  are  also  traces  of  dialectic  confusion  and  admixture  in  the  use  of  the 
pronouns;  their  is  denoted  by  here,  her,  or  hir  ;  them  by  hem,  &e. 

IV.  Verbs.—  The  indicative  plural  ends  both  in  -en  and  -eth,  as  geten,  conneth.  Thus,  in  Passus  iii. 
1L  80-81,  we  find: 

For  J>ese  aren  men  on  Jris  molde  :  J>at  moste  harme  nereheth 
To  )>e  pore  peple:  that  parcel-mele  Uggen. 

He  sometimes  uses  a  singular  verb  with,  a  plnral  noun,  especially  the  verb  is  or  was,  as: 

lyf  and  lym»  it  lost  from  my  speche.    flatus,  *  9». 


The  abbreviated  forms  sit  (=sitteth),  ri<(=rideth),  halt  (=holdeth),  and  the  Kke,  occur  in  Langland,  as  in 
Chaucer.  §  The  anomalous  verbs  and  negative  verbs  (such  as  nam=am  not,  »eHe=:will  not),  adverbs,  &c., 
are  much  the  same  as  in  Chaucer.  The  past  tense  of  weak  verbs  which  should  end  in  ^de,  ends,  commonly, 
in  -ed  only,  botk  in  the  singular  and  plural,  as  pley-ed,  bat  sometimes  the  full  plural  form  -eden  occurs.  In 
weak  verbs,  which  should  form  their  past  tenses  in  -de  or  -te,  the  final  e  is  often  dropped.  Thus,  went  for 
v>ente.  In  strong  verbs,  which  should  terminate  (in  the  first  and  third  persons  singular  of  the  past  tense) 
in  a  consonant,  we  often  find  an  e  added  ;  thus,  I  shope  for  I  shop.  The  plural  generally  has  the  correct 
form,  -en,  as  chosen.  In  the  infinitive  mood  some  verbs  are  found  with  the  ending  -ie  or  -ye,  and  final  e  is 
sometimes  dropped.  The  present  participle  ends  in  -yng,  as  worchyng,  but  the  ending  -inde  occurs  occasionally; 
the  prefix  y-  is  often  found  before  past  participles,  sometimes  even  before  past  tenses. 

The  next  writer  who  exercised  an  important  and  decided  influence  in  developing  the 
particular  dialect  which  has  become  the  literary  form  of  the  English  Language  is 
Wyclif,  or  Wycliffe.  John  Wycliffe  was  born  at  the  village  of  Hipswell,  near  Richmond, 
Yorkshire,  about  1324,  and  died  at  the  vicarage  of  Lutterworth,  Leicestershire,  in  1384 
Besides  the  version  of  the  Scriptures  in  his  native  tongue,  Wycliffe  was  the  author  of  a 

•  Edited  tor  English  Text  Society,  by  Rev.  Prof.  Skeat,  in  1867,  1869,  and  1873. 
f  See  Professor  Skeat's  Introductions. 

t  See  the  list  of  authors  and  works  from  which  he  quotes  printed  in  Prof.  Skeat's  Natet,  to  Text*  A,  B,  and 
O  tf  Lamglamd's  Vision  of  Piers  Plomman,  p.  612. 

|  See  further  in  Prof.  Skeat's  Introd.  to  the  Vttum  qf  Piers  Plowman,  Clarendon  Press  Series  (1874),  pp.  xli-xliii. 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 


6283 


large  number  of  religious  treatises  written  in  English.  His  great  work,  the  translation  of 
the  Bible,  is  supposed  to  have  been  completed  about  1380.  It  was  made  from  the  Latin 
Vulgate.  How  much  of  the  translation  was  the  work  of  Wycliffe  himself  is  rather 
doubtful ;  it  is  generally  believed  that  a  large  portion  of  the  older  text  (1380)  is  the  work 
of  Hereford,  an  English  ecclesiastic,  while  the  remainder  of  the  Old  Testament  and  the 
whole  of  the  New  Testament  are  undoubtedly  by  Wycliffe  himself.  A  revised  edition  by 
Purvey  was  completed  about  1390.  Chaucer  was  probably  indebted  to  Wycliffe  for  much 
of  the  wealth  and  beauty  of  his  diction  and  orthography.  The  numerous  MSS.  of  Wycliffe's 
translation  of  the  Bible  prove  how  widely  it  was  circulated  and  how  popular  it  became.' 

The  most  important  result  of  Wycliffe's  translation  was  the  formation  of  an  English 
relioious  dialect,  which,  without  any  essential  modifications,  has  remained  the  language  of 
devotion  and  of  Scriptural  translation  to  this  day.  It  enriched  the  English  Language 
by  the  introduction  of  a  large  number  of  words  derived  either  directly  from  the  Latin, 
or  indirectly  from  the  Latin  through  the  Norman-French.  By  their  excellence  and 
extensive  circulation  the  works  of  Wycliffe  contributed  greatly  to  the  importance  of  the 
East  Midland  dialect,  and  thus  tended  directly  to  secure  for  that  speech  pre-eminence  as 
the  standard  form  of  the  languaga  In  various  peculiarities  of  speech  he  differs  from 
Chaucer  and  Maundeville,  and  in  these  we  have  followed  him.  The  greatest  is  the  Dano- 
Anglian  custom  of  clipping  the  prefix  to  the  past  participle,  as  founden,  instead  of 
y-founden.  He  sometimes,  although  most  seldom,  clips  the  ending  of  the  plural  of  the 
imperative,  as  in  Herod's  request  to  the  wise  men: 

Whan  yee  hav  fonnden,  telle  ayein  to  me. 

He  still  uses  the  old  sum  man  for  quidam,  but  this  was  soon  to  drop,  and  to  be  replaced 
by  a  certain  man.  He  corrupts  Ormin's  >u  wans  into  thou  wast.  A  remnant  of  the 
older  speech  lingers  in  his  nyle  ye  drede  (=  fear  not).  In  many  points  we  have  pre- 
ferred Tyndale  to  Wycliffe,  as  hi  "He  hath  endurid  [hardened]  the  herte;"  Father, 
darifte  thi  name;"  "I  am  sent  to  evangelise  to  thee  thes  thingis,"  &c.  On  the  other 
hand,  we  have  preferred  Wycliffe  to  Tyndale  in  sundry  passages,  as: 


Wycliffe. 

Sone  of  perdicioun. 
It  is  good  us  to  be  here. 
Entre  thou  in  to  the  joye  of  thi  lord. 


Tyndale. 

That  lost  chylde. 
Here  is  good  beiuge  for  us. 
Go  in  into  thy  master's  joye,  &0. 


Few  of  the  words  used  in  the  Wycliffite  version  have  become  obsolete  within  the 
last  five  hundred  years.  Hereford,  in  his  portion  of  the  work,  strove  hard  to  uphold  the 
Southern  dialect  The  following  is  from  his  version  of  Psalm  ciii. : 

7.  Knowen  he  made  his  weies  to  Aloises;  and  to  the  sones  of  Israel  his  willig. 

8.  Reewere  and  merciful  the  Lord,  long  abidende  and  myche  merciful. 

9.  Into  enennore  he  shal  not  wrathen,  ne  into  withoute  ende  he  shal  threte. 

10.  Aftir  oure  synnes  he  dide  not  to  vs,  ne  aftir  oure  wickidnessis  he  gelde  to  us. 

Ill  For  after  the  heigte  of  heuene  fro  erthe,  he  strengthide  his  mercy  vpon  men  dredende  him. 

The  other  two  translators,  on  the  other  hand,  leant  to  the  new  standard,  th«  East 
Midland  dialect  They  wrote  daumseresse,  &c.,  where  Hereford  wrote  daunster,  &c.  They 
also  used  -ing  as  the  ending  of  the  present  participle,  where  Hereford  wrote  the  old  -ende.^ 

*  Wycliffe's  translations,  two  versions,  were  edited  by  Rev.  J.  Forshall  and  Sir  F.  Madden  in  I860. 
f  Condensed  from  Kington  Oliphant :  Source*  of  Standard  English,  pp.  265-9. 


5884  An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 

From  Wycliffe's  earlier  version  (c.  1380),  The  Gospel  of  Mark: 

CAP.  II.  foure.    And  whanne  J>ei  migte  nat  offre  hym  to  hym  for 

AndeftheentrideintoCapharnaum.aftereigte  dayes.  be  cumpanye  of  peple,  )>ei  maden  J>e  roof  nakid,  wher  he 

And  it  is  herd,  )>at  he  was  in  an  hous,  and  many  camen  was ;   and  makynge  opyn,  t>ei  senten  doun  )>e  bedd,  in 

togidre,  so  )>at  it  tok  nat,  ne)>er  at  the  gate.    And  he  whiche  the  sike  man  in  palasie  lay.     Solely  whanne 

epac  to  hem  a  word.    And  )>ere  camen  to  hym  men  bryng-  Jhesus  say  |>e  feij>  of  hem,  he  seit>  unto  )>e  sike  man  in 

ynge   a  man   sike  in  palesie,  )>e  whiche   was  borun  of  palasie,  Sone,  >i  synnes  ben  forgouen  to  >ee. 

John  de  Trevisa,  from  whose  translation  of  Higden's  Polychronicon  (completed  about 
1387)  the  following  extract  is  taken,  was  a  native  of  Cornwall,  but  resided  chiefly  in  Gloucester- 
shire, being  vicar  of  Berkeley  and  chaplain  to  Thomas,  Lord  Berkeley. 

Yn  Brytayn  buj>  meny  wondres,  no)>eles  foure  bu)>  most  yknowe  no)>er  parceyvet  houg,  and  wharfore  a  bu)>  so 

wonderfol.     pe  furste  ys  at  Pectoun  l>ar  blowe(>  so  strong  arered  and  so  wonderlych  yhonged.      pe  Jridde  ys  at 

a  wynd  out  of  J«  chenes  of  |>e  eor)>e  J>at  hyt  caste)>  up  age  Sherdhol  J>ar  ys  gret  holwenes  undur  eor(>e  ;  ofte  meny 

clot>es  )>at  me  castel>  yn.     pe  secunde  ys  at  Stonhenge,  men  habbej>  ybe  terynne  and  ywalked  about  wi)>ynne  and 

bysydes  Salesbury,  >ar  grete  stones  and  wondur  huge  bu)>  yseye  ryvers  and  streemes,  bote  nowhar  connej>  hy  fynde 

arered  an  hyg,  as  it  were  gates,  so  J>at  J>ar  semeb  gates  non  ende.     pe  feur|>e  ys  >at  reyn  ys  yseye  arered  up  of  be 

yset   apon  opere  gates  ;    nobles   hyt   ys  nogt  clerlych  hulles,  and  anon  yspronge  about  in  >e  feeldes. 

We  have  now  arrived  at  the  most  important  point  in  the  history  of  the  English 
Language.  The  commencement  of  literary  English  dates  from  the  latter  half  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  and  from  the  writings  of  Chaucer  and  his  contemporary,  Gower.  The 
language  and  literature  which  we  have  hitherto  been  considering  are  dialectic  in  character, 
as  there  was  thus  far  no  generally  recognized  standard  of  speech,  and  consequently  no 
national  literature.  Having  reached  this  important  point,  the  rise  of  the  Queen's  English, 
it  may  be  well,  before  proceeding  further,  to  notice  minutely  the  precise  condition  of  the 
language  used  by  Chaucer. 

Born  in  London  (c.  1340),  Chaucer  wrote  in  the  East  Midland  dialect.  This  dialect, 
formed  by  the  blending  of  Anglian  and  Danish  terms  and  constructions,  had  gradually 
extended  farther  and  farther  southward,  until  it  eventually  supplanted  the  original  Southern 
speech.  Its  complete  ascendency  was  not,  however,  established  till  long  after  the  time  of 
Chaucer.  His  English,  like  that  of  the  present  day,  is  an  uninflected  or  analytic  language, 
differing  in  this  respect  from  the  language  of  his  predecessors,  and  still  more  from  that 
oldest  form  of  English,  known  as  Anglo-Saxon,  which  was  originally  inflected  or  synthetic, 
that  is  to  say,  it  expressed  grammatical  relation  by  changes  in  the  forms  of  words,  instead 
of  employing  auxiliary  words.  The  additions  to  the  vocabulary  of  the  English  Language 
from  the  Norman-French  formed  no  inconsiderable  element  in  the  written  language  when 
Chaucer  wrote.  He  has  been  accused  of  corrupting  the  English  Language  by  an  un- 
necessarily large  admixture  of  Norman-French  terms,  but  in  reality  he,  with  few  exceptions, 
employed  only  such  terms  as  were  in  use  in  the  spoken  language,  giving  them  the  stamp 
of  his  authority  and  thus  making  them  current  coin  of  the  literary  realm.  Of  the 
French  words  found  in  his  writings,  few  more  than  one  hundred  have  become  obsolete. 

With  the  Canterbury  Tales  begins  the  modern  period  of  English  Literature.  We 
have  seen  how  Chaucer  found  the  language,  the  following  outline  of  his  grammatical 
forms  will  show  how  he  used  it,  and  how  he  left  it:* 


I.  Nount. — 1.  The  nominative  plural,  for  the  most  part,  terminated  in  . 
And  with  his  xtremKi  dryeth  in  the  grev'ii 
The  silver  drapes  hongyng  on  the  Uevct.        Knighft  Tale,  637,  638. 

*  Mainly  condensed  from  Dr.  Morris's  Introduction  to  Chaucer' t  Prologue,  Knight' t  Tale,  $c.  (Clarendon  Press,  1875). 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  th»  English  Language,  &c.  9286 


In  the  oldest  English  there  were  several  plural  endings,  -as,  -an,  -n,  -a,  -o.  After  th»  Nt/rman  Con- 
quest  these  were  reduced  (1)  to  -es,  -en,  -e;  (2)  to  -es,  -en;  and  finally  the  suffi*  -es  «r  -«  became  the 
ordinary  plural  ending. 

Thus  -as  was  originally  only  the  plural  sign  of  one  declension  of  masculine  nouns^  as,  fisc,  fish,  pi.  fiseas.* 

-s  is  added  (1)  to  nouns  terminating  in  a  liquid  or  dental,  as  palmers,  pilgrims,  naeiouns,  &e. ;  (2)  to 
short  words  of  one  syllable. 

Some  few  nouns  (originally  forming  the  plural  in  -an)  hare  -en,  -n,  &s  assehen  (=  ashes),  assen  (=  asses), 
tyen,  yen  (=  eyes),  fleen  (=  fleas),  &c. 

Brethren,  daughtren,  sistren  (or  sustren),  children,  fan,  foen  (=foe»)  also  occur. 

Deer,  folk,  good,  hors,  treet,  scheep,  sum,  thing,  yer,  yeer,  are  unchanged  in  the  plural. 

2.  The  genitive  case  singular  ends  in  -es,  as : 

Ful  worth!  was  he  in  his  lordet  werre.        Prol.,  47. 

3.  The  dative  case  singular  occasionally  occurs  and  terminates  in    e,  as  bedde,  holtS,  Ac. 

4.  The  genitive  plural  is  much  the  same  as  in  Modern  English :  as,  foxes  tales,  mennes  wittes,  &c. 
In  Chaucer's  time,  and  even   later,  we  find  (1)  an  inflectional  -e  to  mark  the  plural  number;    (2)  an 

inflexional  e  for  the  definite  adjective— that  is,  when  preceded  by  a  demonstrative  pronoun  or  a  possessive 
pronoun,  as:  Wfaan  Zepbirus  eek  ^^  Ms  meefe  breethe 

\  Enspired  hath  in  every  holte  and  heethe 

The  tendre  croppes,  and  the  yonge  sonne 
Hath  in  the  Bam  his  Tialf'i  conrs  ironne.     Prol.,  5-9. 

II.  Adjectives.— As  in  Modern  German  adjectives  have  two  forms — definite  and  indefinite.    The  definite 
form  preceded  by  the  definite  article,  a  demonstrative  adjective,  or  a  possessive  pronoun,  terminates  in  -e 
in  all  cases  of  the  singular,  as  "  The  yonge  sonne,"  "his  halfe  cours,"  &c.     Words  of  more  than  one  syllable 
nearly  always  omit  the  final  -e.    The  vocative  case  of  the  adjective  takes  this  -e ;   as  "  Leeve  mother,"  and 
"stronge  God,"  &c.     The  comparative  degree  is  formed  by  adding  -er  (-re)  to  the  positive  ;  and  the  superlative 
degree  terminates   in  -este  (-est):   nest  (or  next),  and  hext  (=  highest)  are  abbreviated  forms.     The  plural 
of  adjectives  is  denoted  by  a  final  -e,  as : 

And  male  fowles  maken  melodie.        Prol.,  9. 

Chaucer  has  instances  of  the  Norman-French  plural  -8  in  such  phrases  as  cosins  germams,  places  de- 
litables. 

In  Middle  English  the  adjective  of  Romance  origin  frequently  took  a  plural  termination  (-es,  -s)  when 
placed  after  its  substantive. 

III.  The  old  plural  of  the  definite  article  tho  (A.S.  tha)   is  still  used,  bnt  the  nninflected  the  is  more 
common.     Chaucer  never  uses   that,  except   as  a  demonstrative  adjective,  as  in  the   present   stage   of  the 
language.    The  pronouns  are  : 


Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing.                                 Plur. 

Noil.  /,  ich,  tic. 

We. 

Thou,  thaw.                             Ye. 

GEN.  Min  (myn)  mi  {my). 

Our,  oure. 

Thin  (thyn),  thi  (thy).           Your,  youre. 

PAT.  &  Aco.  Me. 

Us. 

The,  thee.                               Yow,  you. 

Sine. 

PI. 

NOM.  He. 

She. 

Hit,  it.             Thei,  they 

GEN.  His. 

Hire,  Air. 

Hii.                 Here  (here,  Air). 

DAT.  &  Aco.  Him. 

Hir,  hire,  here. 

Hit,  it.             Hem. 

IV.  Verbs. — 1.  The  indicative  mood  is  thus  inflected — 

Present. 

I  love.  We     } 

Thou  lov-est.  Ye      >  lov-en,  lov-t 

He  lov-eth.  They  ) 


Pott. 

I  lov-ede  We    ~\ 

Thou  lov-edett.       Ye      >  lov-eden,  lov-ede, 
He  lov-ede.  They  } 


2.  The  infinitive  mood  ends  in  -en  or  -e,  speken,  speke.  The  -n  was  dropped  at  an  early  period,  in 
the  Southern  English  dialect  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  -e  is  preferred  to  -en. 

V.  Participles. — 1.  The  present  participle  usually  ends  in  -yng.  The  A.S.  suflix  -ende  is  used  by  Gower ; 
but  in  the  Southern  dialect  of  Early  English  we  find  -inde  (Northern  -ande,  -and,  East  Midland  -end,  -and), 
which  has  evidently  given  rise  to  -inge,  of  which  -yng  is  a  shorter  form. 

*  When  -<u  became  -es,  it  still  remained,  for  the  most  part,  a  distinct  syllable,  as  in  the  above  passage 
from  Chaucer.  Traces  of  this  form  we  have  in  Elizabethan  writers : 

Then  looking  upward  to  the  heaven's  beams, 

With  nightes  stars  thick  powder'd  everywhere.        SackvUle:  Induction. 
To  show  bis  teeth  as  white  as  whales  bone.        Shakesp.  :  Love'i  Labour's  Lost,  v.  & 


5286  An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 

2.  The  past  participle  of  weak  verbs  terminates  in  -ed,  -d,  and  occasionally  in  -et,  -t ;  those  of  strong 
•verbs  in  -en,  -e.  The  prefix  y-  or  t-  (A.-S.  ge-)  occurs  frequently  before  the  past  participle,  as  ironne 
(=run),  ifalle  (=  fallen). 

Under  the  guiding  influence  of  Chaucer  the  language  of  England  at  once  advanced 
to  that  preeminence  which  it  maintains  among  the  languages  of  Europe.  Its  vocabulary, 
hitherto  unregulated  and  fluctuating,  was  now  reduced  to  order;  one  form  of  speech  con- 
stituted the  standard  of  literary  composition,  and  the  age  of  English  literature  had  fairly 
begun.  Chaucer,  in  his  poems,  entirely  discarded  alliteration,  the  chief  metrical  characteristic 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  and  English  poems  written  before  his  time,  and  adopted  rime,*  and 
by  his  influence  riming  verse  was  firmly  established  as  an  essential  element  in  our 
poetry.  In  the  North  and  West  of  England  alliteration  was  employed  as  late  as  the 
end  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  Canterbury  Tales  are,  for  the  most  part,  written  in 
heroic  couplets,  or  lines  containing  five  accents.  In  this  metre  we  have  ten  syllables,  but 
we  often  find  eleven,  and  occasionally  nine.  Final  -es  is  a  distinct  syllable  in  the  genitive 
singular  and  the  plurals  of  nouns,  and  also  in  adverbs. 

The  -ed  of  past  participles  is  generally  sounded. 

In  the  past  tense  of  weak  verbs  ending  in  -de  or  -te,  the  final  e  is  sounded. 

Final  e  is  generally  sounded,  except  in  the  personal  pronouns,  in  many  words  of  more  than  one 
syllable,  and  in  words  of  Romance  origin. 

The  pronunciation  of  Anglo-Saxon  probably  resembled  that  of  Latin,  placing  the 
stress  of  the  voice  (or  accent)  upon  the  root,  and  not  upon  the  inflected  syllables. 

"The  vocabulary  of  the  French  language  is  derived,  to  a  great  extent,  from  Latin  words  deprived 
of  their  terminal  inflections.  The  French  adjectives  mortal  and  fatal  are  formed  from  the  Latin  mortalis 
and  fatalis,  by  dropping  the  inflected  syllable ;  the  French  nouns  nation  and  condition,  from  the  Latin 
[accusatives  nattonem,  conditionem]  by  rejecting  the  em  final.  In  most  cases  the  last  syllable  retained  in 
the  French  derivatives  was  prosodically  long  in  the  Latin  original;  and  either  because  it  was  also  accented 
or  because  the  slight  accent  which  is  perceivable  in  the  French  articulation  represents  temporal  length, 
the  stress  of  the  voice  was  laid  on  the  final  syllable  of  all  these  words.  When  we  borrowed  such  words 
from  the  French,  we  took  them  with  their  native  accentuation ;  and  as  accent  is  much  stronger  in  English 
than  in  French,  the  final  syllable  was  doubtless  more  forcibly  enunciated  in  the  former  than  in  the  latter 
language."  f 

The  French  accentuation  even  affected  pure  English  words.  Thus  we  find  wisli'che 
for  wi'sliche,  begynnyng',  endyng',  &c.,  and  Chaucer  rhymes  gladnes'se  with  distres'se.  As 
pronounced  in  Chaucer's  time,  the  letters  had  probably  the  following  values :  a  =  ah,  as  in 
father ;  c  =  k  before  a,  o,  u,  or  any  consonant,  and  =  8  before  e,  i,  or  y ;  e  (long)  as  e  in  there ; 
e  (short)  as  in  German  gute;  g,  hard  in  all  non-French  words,  and  =j  before  e  or  i  in  words 
of  French  origin ;  i  (long)  =  the  lengthened  sound  of  i  in  still ;  i  (short),  as  in  pin ;  s 
was  never =sh  or  zh  as  at  present ;  sch  =  sh  in  shall ;  u  (long)  had  the  sound  of  French 
V,;  u  (short)  German  it;  y  (vowel)  had  the  same  sound  as  i;  y  (consonant)  as  at  present 

From  Chaucer's  Pmdoner>t  Tale  (written  e.  1390) : 

Now  for  the  love  of  Crist  |>at  for  us  dyde,  And  as  )>ey  sat[te],  )>ay  herd  a  belle  clinke 

Levith  joure  othis,  bo(>e  gret  and  smale.  Biforn  a  corps,  was  caried  to  be  grave ; 

But,  sires,  now  wol  I  telle  forb  my  tale.  That  oon  o£  hem  gan  calle  unto  his  knave, 

These  riottonres  J>re,  of  which  I  jou  telle,  "Go  bet,"  quoj>  he,  "and  axe  redily, 

Longe  erst  J>an  prime  rong  of  eny  belle,  What  corps  is  l>at,  [)>at]  passes  her  for)>by; 

Were  set  hem  in  a  tavern  for  to  drynke ;  And  loke  bou  report  his  name  wel." 

*  There  are  a  few   lines  on  the  death  of  William  the  Conqueror   in  the  A.8.  Chronicle   written   in 
Bobert  of  Gloucester,  Bobert  de  Brunne,  Hampole,  and  others,  also  wrote  in  rime. 
f  Mwrih;  Lecture*  en  the  Bnglith,  Language,  leot.  v. 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 


5287 


Chaucer  was  closely  followed  by  his  friend  John  Gower,  of  whom  he  speaks  as  the 
"Moral  Gower."  Gower  was  born  in  1325,  was  a  student  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  arid 
died  in  1408.  In  his  youth  he  wrote  in  French  (Speculum  Meditantis)  and  in  Latin 
(Vox  Clamantis),  but  when  old  he  wrote  in  English,  differing  little  from  that  of  Robert  de 
Brunne,  his  Confessio  Amantis.*  His  fame  rests  principally  upon  the  accuracy  and 
precision  of  his  rhyme  and  vocabulary,  which  contributed  greatly  to  determine  the  form 
of  the  language.  In  literary  merit  he  was  far  inferior  to  his  great  contemporary,  Chaucer. 
In  his  grammar  he  closely  resembles  him,  except  that  he  clips  the  prefix  -y  or  -i  to  the 
past  participle,  and  tries  to  keep  alive  the  present  participial  ending  -and,  Chaucer  preferring 
the  corrupt  ending  -ing,  first  seen  in  Layamon.  The  Confessio  Amantis,  from  which  the 
following  extract  is  taken,  was  written  in  1393. 


Thei  knelen  alle,  and  wib  o  vois, 
The  king  bei  |x>nken  of  bis  chois ; 
And  after  bat  bei  up  arise 
And  gon  aside  and  hem  arise; 
And  ate  laste  l>ei  acorde 
(Wherof  her  tale  to  reoorde 


To  what  issue  bei  be  falle). 
A  knyht  schal  speke  for  hem  alte. 
He  kueleb  doun  unto  be  king 
And  seib  bat  bei  upon  MS  Hng, 
Or  for  to  winne  or  for  to  lese, 
Ben  alle  avised  for  to  chese.  f 


During  the  first  three-quarters  of  the  fifteenth  century  English  Literature  declined :  the 
original  and  creative  power  of  the  English  mind  seems  to  have  disappeared,  and  much  oi 
the  literature  of  this  period  consists  of  mere  translations  or  imitations  of  older  models.  The 
names  of  some  seventy  poets  have  come  down  to  us  as  having  written  during  this  dreary 
period;  of  these  the  best  known  and  the  most  deserving  of  commendation  are  Occleve, 
Lydgate,  James  I.  of  Scotland,  and  Harry  the  Minstrel  The  prose-writers  during  this 
period  are  few  in  number,  and  are  principally  theological.  The  most  notable  are  Bishop 
Pecock  (1395-1460),  author  of  The  Repressor  of  over  much  Blaming  of  the  Clergy, 
written  about  1449,  and  Sir  Thomas  Malory,  compiler  of  La  Morte  Darthwr,  1469-70. 
John  Lydgate  (1373-1460)  was  ordained  a  sub-deacon  in  the  Benedictine  Monastery  of  Bury 
St.  Edmunds  in  1389,  deacon  hi  1393,  and  priest  in  1397.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
poems— The  Storie  of  Thebes,  The  Falls  of  Princes  (from  Boccaccio),  and  The  Troy  Book- 
besides  numerous  minor  works.  He  is  remarkable  for  the  great  ease  and  fluency  of  1 
language.  The  following  extract  from  his  London  Lickpeny  is  printed  here  from  the 
HarL  MS.  367 : 


To  London  once  my  stepp[e]s  I  bent, 
Where  trouth  in  no  wyse  should  be  faynt, 

To-westmynster-ward  I  forthwith  went, 
To  a  man  of  law  to  make  oomplaynt ; 
I  sayd,  "  for  marys  love,  that  holy  saynt  I 

Pyty  the  poore  that  wolde  proceede ; " 

But  for  lack  of  mony  I  cold  not  spede. 


And  as  I  thrust  the  prese  amonge, 

By  froward  chaunce  my  hood  was  gone, 

Yet  for  all  that  I  stayd  not  longe, 

Tyll  to  the  kynges  bench  I  was  come. 
Before  the  Judge  I  kneled  anon, 

And  prayd  hym  for  god's  sake  to  take  heede; 

But  for  lack  of  mony  I  myghte  not  speede. 


From  Bishop  Pecock's  Repressor,  pt.  i,  ch.  xix.J 


Also,  J>ou  schalt  not  fynde  expresseli  in  noli  scripture 
bat  J>e  newe  testament  schulde  be  write  in  englisch  tunge 
to  lay-men,  or  in  latyn  tunge  to  clerkis  ;  neiber  bat  be  oold 
testament  schnlde  be  write  in  englisch  tunge  to  lay-men, 
or  in  latyn  tunge  to  clerkis ;  and  yit  ech  of  bese  gouer- 
nauncies  )>ou  wolte  holde  to  be  leef  ul,  and  to  be  a  meritorie 


vertuose  moral  deede  for  to  berbi  deserue  grace  and  glorie, 
and  to  be  )>e  seruice  of  god,  and  berfore  to  be  be  lawe  of 
god ;  siben  bi  no  deede  a  man  hab  merit,  saue  bi  a  deede 
which  is  be  seruice  and  be  lawe  of  god ;  and  ech  moral 
vertu  is  J>e  lawe  of  god,  as  it  is  proued  weel  in  obere  place 
of  my  writingis. 


»  Printed  by  Caxton  in  1483,  by  Berthelet  in  1532,  and  edited  by  Pauli  in  1857. 

+  From  bk.  v.,  Harl.  MB.  3869. 

J  Edited  for  the  Rolls  Series  in  1860  by  the  Her.  0.  O.  Babington,  B.D. 


6J88  An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 

As  a  specimen  of  the  Norfolk  dialect  of  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  we 
give  here  a  letter  written  by  Sir  John  Fastolf  to  Sir  Thomas  Howys  and  William 
Barber :  * 

To  my  ryght  trusty  freende,  Sir  Thomas  Howys,  Parson  of  hym  how  neere  it  may  be  sold ;  for  yff  the  wydow  wolle 

Castillcombe,  beyng  at  Castre,  and  William  Barber,  in  sylle  it  after  xiiij.  yeer  or  xv.  yeer  that  it  may  be  leten, 

haste,  at  Castre  In,  by  Yennuth  [Yarmouth].  sendyth  me  utterly  word,  for  I  wolle  not  melle  of  it  ellys 

Ryght  trusty  and  wellbelovyd  freende,— I  grete  you  tnus  av7sed-     And  send  ye  me  word  how  mech  more  yu 

well     And  as  for  Hygham  place  to  be  sold,  as  ye  avysen  value  3™  a  stoon  snaU  l  syle  my  wolle'  and  how  [much  ?] 

one  to  bye  it  at  the  some  of  C.  mark  or  wythynne,  and  anothyr  chapman  wole  gife  me  for  the  place  when  I  hafe 

reserve  yn  the  said  payment  myne  oune  dewtee,  and  pay  bought  it ;  but  after  xiiij.  yeer  I  wold  by  the  place. 

the  remenant  in  wolle  to  the  said  Hygham  credytes  as          Wretyn  at  London,  the  xv.  day  of  October  anno  xxix. 

your  lettre  makyth  mencion ;    I   hafe  understand  that  regni  Regis  Henrici  VI.  [1450]. 

William  Jenney  shall  be  her  thys  wek,  and  I  shall  veele  J.  FASTOLF. 

In  1477  the  art  of  Printing  was  introduced  into  England  by  William  Caxton 
(1422  - 1491),  who  established  his  press  in  the  almonry  of  Westminster  Abbey. 
This  art  at  first  acted  as  a  disturbing  element  upon  the  language,  and  tended  to 
augment  the  existing  disorder,  but  in  the  end  it  essentially  promoted  orthoepical 
and  orthographical  consistency,  uniformity  of  speech,  and  elegance  in  literary  compo- 
sition. 

Caxton  had  passed  many  years  of  his  life  abroad,  and  the  early  productions  of  his 
press  were,  for  the  most  part,  translations  from  the  French.  As  a  consequence,  his  style  is 
pervaded  by  Gallicisms,  both  in  vocabulary  and  in  structure,  and  a  very  large  number  of 
French  words  and  idioms  was  introduced  by  him.  Moreover,  Caxton  (as  indeed  every 
printer),  having  no  uniform  standard  of  orthography,  reduced  the  orthography  of  the 
authors  printed  by  him  to  an  arbitrary  standard  of  his  own  devising,  and  thus  the  sanction 
of  authority  being  given  to  numerous  anomalies  and  diversities  of  spelling,  considerable 
confusion  and  discrepancy  resulted.  But  though  at  first  the  cause  of  this  confusion,  the 
art  of  printing,  when  once  its  real  character  and  importance  were  clearly  apprehended, 
exercised  the  most  potent  effect  upon  our  tongue  by  dispelling  the  prevailing  rudeness,  by 
facilitating  elegance  and  harmony  of  style,  and  by  promoting  uniformity  and  regularity  of 
speech.  The  multiplication  of  books  and  readers  tended  to  assimilate  the  various  dialects 
to  the  Southern,  or  the  speech  of  the  capital  and  of  the  southern  counties,  and  the  dialect  of 
books  superseded  local  forms  and  provincial  usages,  except  amongst  the  uneducated 
classes. 

In  Caxton's  first  work  we  see  the  loss  of  the  old  Southern  inflections  of  the  verb; 
and  we  find  Ormin's  their,  them,  and  that  (iste)  well  established,  instead  of  the  Southern  her, 
hem,  and  thilk  employed  by  Pecock.  Plural  adjectives  no  longer  end  in  -8 :  thus  we  have 
strange  habitations  in  the  first  page  of  the  Recuyell  of  the  Historyes  of  Troye.  The  old 
form  that  oon  .  .  .  that  other  (in  Latin  alter  .  .  .  alter)  comes  once  more.  In  the  Game 
of  the  Chesse,  published  in  1474,  we  find  ner  for  the  Latin  neque,  an  odd  mixture  of  the 
Southern  ne  with  the  North- Western  corruption  nor.  The  hard  g  is  seen  once  more,  as 
in  agayn,  driving  out  the  usurper  y.  f 

There  are  upwards  of  twenty-two  folio  volumes  printed  by  Caxton,  which  he  had  himself 
translated  from  French,  Dutch,  or  Latin  originals.  Between  1523  and  1525  Lord  Berners 
(1464-1532)  translated  Froissart's  Chronicles.  Of  this  work  Mr.  Marsh  says :  "  This  transla- 
tion is  doubtless  the  best  English  prose  style  which  had  yet  appeared,  and,  as  a  specimen 

*  From  Potion  Letters,  ed.  James  A.  Gairdner  (Arber't  Reprints),  1872,  L,  154,  155. 
f  Kvngton  Oliphant .  Sources  of  Standard,  English,  p.  285. 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c.  _  6289 

of  picturesque  narrative,  it  is  excelled  by  no  production  of  later  periods."*     The  extract 
is  from  the  description  of  the  Battle  of  Cresy,  ch.  cxxx.  : 

anone  the  eyre  begaune  to  ware  clere,  and  the  sonne  to      styrrde  nat  for  all  1 
shyne  f  ayre  and  bright  :  this  which  was  right  in  the 

The  next  important  production  of  this  era-one  which  has  exerted  a  more  decided 
influence  upon  the  English  tongue  than  any  other  native  work  between  the  eras  of 
and  Shakespeare-is  William  Tyndale's  Translation  of  the  New  Testament,  first  pnnte 
Tvndale  was  born  about  1477,  and  was  burnt  for  heresy  at  Antwerp  in  October,  1 
translation  of  the  New   Testament  is  one  of  the  finest  works  in  our  language    ai       he 
present   Authorised   Version  owes  very   much  to    it     We    give   here   Ins   translate 

Matthew  v.  16-19: 

16   Se  that  yonre  light  80  shyne  before  men,  that     perisshe,  one  iott,  or  one  tytle,  shall  not  scape  tyU 
they  maye  see  youre  good  workes,  and  glorify  youre      be  fulfill 


™IS  true     I  you,  till  he.en  a*d  erth      greate  in 

Tyndale's  great  opponent,  Sir  Thomas  More,  was  born  in  London  in  1480;  educated 
at  Oxford,  appointed  Lord  Chancellor  October  25,  1529,  and  beheaded,  on  a  charge  of 
high  treason  July  6,  1535.  His  most  famous  work  was  his  Zttqno,  written  in  Latm 
and  printed  in  1516.  In  the  following  extractf  he  charges  Tyndakwith  not  observmg 
aright  the  distinction  between  no  and  nay  ;  but,  curiously  enough,  he  nnsstates  his  c 

shoulde  see  that  he  whych  in  two  so  plain  enghshe      in  thys  fa  .     «•  4  J 

wordes,  and  so  commen  as  is  naye  and  no,  can  not  tell     newe    testament    »1»^«™he^de  m*e  h   ybookes 

" 


,  e      e 

when  he  should  take  the  tone,  and  when  the  tother  is  '•  hl    uestion"  asked  in 


,  queson  ase     n 

not  for  translating  into  engine,  a  man  very  mete,  worthy  to  be  burn  *?  t^glishe,  he  must 

For  the  vse  of  those  two  wordes  in  aunswernng  to  a  %s  wyse  yff  he  wi  B                ^  ^ 

question  is  this,  No  J  aunswereth  the  quest.on  framed  «"J?J^  J"1  ^  tine  :  .,  If  ^  heretike 

by  the  affirmatiue.   As  for  ensample  if  a  manne  should  ^  hym  thus    o  by  £^  ^              ^  ^ 

aske  Tindall  hymselfe  :  "  ys  an  heretike  mete  to  trans  falsely  ™™?  the  word  of  God>  be  not 

late  holy  scripture  into  englisheP"     Lo.  to  thys  que.  J^^^StSld^    To  thys  ques- 

tion,   if  he  wiU  aunswere    trew   enghshe    he  muste  h,8  bokes  ™wo      y  aunswere  trew 


Sir  Thomas  Wiat  (or  Wyatt)  ,§  called  the  Elder,  to  distinguish  him  from  his  ^  so:,  was 
born  in  1503,  and  died  in  1542.  In  his  songs  he  imitated  Surrey,  but  he  U  chiefly 
remarkable  as  being  hefirst  writer  of  English  Satires,of_whiCh  three  have  been  preserved.il 


•  Student',  Manual  of  the  EngK*K  Lw^e  (ed.  Smith),  lect.  v.,  p^  84. 
f  From  The  Confutation  of  Tyndales  aumnere,  made  anno  11.32,  bk.  in., 
t  Read  nay;  but  the  mistake  is  More's  own. 

\  ts&ssessR  vzzzss  ssz  ». 


5290  An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 

The  next  author  from  whom  we  quote  is  Hugh  Latimer,  Bishop  of  Worcester.  He 
was  born  in  Leicestershire  in  1491,  and  was  burnt  with  Bishop  Ridley  at  Oxford,  October 
16,  1555.  His  sermons  were  very  popular,  the  most  notable  of  all  being  that  known  as 
the  Sermon  on-  the  Ploughers,  preached  at  St.  Paul's,  January  18,  1548-9.* 

And  wel  may  the  preacher  and  the  ploughman  be  diuersitie  of  workes  and  varietie  of  offices  yat  they 

ykened  together.    Fyrste  for  their  labour  of  all  ceasons  haue  to  do.     For  as  the  ploughman  firste  setteth  furth 

of  the  yere.     For  there  is  no  tyme  of  the  yere,  in  hys  plough  and  then  tilleth  hys  lande  and  breaketh  it 

whiehe  the  ploughman  hath  not  some  speciall  worke  in  furroughes,  and  sometime  ridgeth  it  vp  agayne. 

to  do,  as  in  my  countrey  in  Leicestre  Shire,  the  plonghe  And  at  an  other  tyme  harroweth  it,  and  clotteth  it, 

man  hath  a  tyme  to  set  furth  and  to  affaie  hys  plough,  and  soinetyme  donngeth  it,  and  hedgeth  it,  diggeth  it, 

and  other  tymes  for  other  necessarie  workes  to  be  done,  and  weedeth  it,  pourgeth  and  maketh  it  cleane.    So 

And  then  they  also  maye  be  likenede  together,  for  the  the  prelate,  the  preacher  hath  maui  diners  offices  to  do. 

Nicholas  Udall  was  born  in  Hampshire  about  1504,  and  died  at  "Westminster  in  1556, 
having  been  master  of  Westminster  School  in  that  and  the  preceding  year.  He  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  the  third  and  fourth  books  of  the  Apophthegms  of  Erasmus,  and 
also  assisted  in  translating  Erasmus'  Paraphrase  of  the  New  Testament,  but  he  is  chiefly 
noted  for  his  comedy  of  Roister  Doister,  the  earliest  English  play  extant,  written  before 
1553.  It  is  divided  into  acts  and  scenes,  and  is  a  fair  specimen  of  comedy. 

Thomas  Sackville,  first  Lord  Buckhurst  and  Earl  of  Dorset  (1536-1608),  is  best 
known  as  the  author  of  the  tragedy  of  Oorboduc,  otherwise  called  Ferreae  and  Porrex. 
He  also  planned  The  Mirrour  for  Magistrates,  a  collection  of  narratives  by  several 
poets  on  the  misfortunes  of  the  great  men  in  English  history,  and  contributed  to  it  "  The 
Induction,"  or  poetical  preface,  and  "  The  Complaint  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham." 

In  1545  appeared  the  Toxophilus  of  Roger  Ascham  (1515-1568),  tutor  to  Queen 
Elizabeth,  and  Lathi  Secretary  to  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth,  successively.  His 
greatest  work  is  The  Schoolmaster,  published  posthumously  by  his  widow  in  1570,  and 
again  in  1571. 

The  chief  and  best  work  of  George  Gascoigne  (1525-1577)  is  the  Steel  Glas,  written  in 
1576.  The  Steel  Glas  is,  in  fact,  a  mirror,  in  which  the  poet  sees  a  reflection  of  various 
estates  of  men,  whom  he  describes  with  severe  exactness  and  some  fine  satirical  touches. 

In  Spenser's  (c.  1550-1598)  Faery  Queene,  we  seem  to  be  transported  back  to  archaic 
times.  He  had  an  affinity  for  those  olden  turns  of  expression,  those  inflections,  which 
were  dying  out,  and  which  give  the  Faery  Queene  at  first  sight  the  appearance  of  having 
been  written  in  an  obsolete  dialect  Without  any  intention  of  writing  in  obsolete  English, 
he  looked  always  backwards,  never  forwards,  in  his  choice  of  words  and  phrases.  But 
his  use  of  archaisms  degenerated  into  affectation,  so  that  even  men  of  his  own  age  thought 
his  style  too  antique.  Daniel  f  says  of  him: 

"Let  other  men  sing  of  knights  and  palladinos 
In  aged  accents  and  untimely  words." 

He  reverted  to  the  old  system  of  alliteration,  of  which  he  seems  to  have  been  particularly 
fond.  His  stanza  is  said  to  be  a  modification  of  the  ottava  rima  of  Ariosto.  To  illus- 
trate the  archaisms  of  the  Faery  Queene,  the  following  examples  will  suffice: 

In  constructions,  the  impersonal  verb  is  used  without  the  usual  pronoun  before  it :  sits  not  = 
*£t  sits  not,"  seemed  —  "it  seemed,"  and  the  like,  occur  very  frequently:  or  again,  the  use  of  the 
double  negative,  ne  can  no  man :  or  should  for  "  would  have "  as  should  beare  for  "  would  have 
borne."  As  to  forms  or  inflexions,  we  may  notice  among  parts  of  verbs  the  past  participle  j/cZro<t=dreaded, 

*  From  Arbert  Heprintt,  1868,  p.  19.  f  Sonnet  czi. 


An  Historical  Sketch  of  the  English  Language,  &c. 6291 

vcladd  =  clad,  troden  =  trodden,  woxen,  past  participle  of  "to  wax;"  the  preterite  lad  =  led ;  wo*,  preterite  of 
"  to  weet  •  "  raft  of  "  to  reave  "  =  to  bereave  ;  can  =  gan  =  began ;  raught  ==  reached ;  brast  =  burst.  Again, 
we  find  bene,  been,  for  the  modern  "are;"  mote  =  might;  and  a  variety  of  similar  forms.  Trenchand 
gUtterand,  are  present  participles.  There  are  also  old  plurals  of  nouns,  as  /oen  =  foes,  eyne  or  eyen 

The  Faery  Queene  affords  instances  of  a  large  number  of  words  in  process  of  tran- 
sition or  assimilation  from  the  French  into  our  own  tongue.  Thus  in  the  edition  of  1590 
occurs  ferse,  in  1596  fierce ;  perse,  persaunt  are  nearer  the  French  origin  than  pierce,  piercing  ; 
richesse,  noblesse,  humblesse,  are  words  not  yet  digested  by  our  language ;  renverst,  esloyne, 
covetise,  pourtrahed,  journal  (for  "daily"),  are  all  French  forms;  insupportable,  envy,, 
spirttuall,  the  tigre  cruel,  are  all  in  pronunciation  nearer  the  French  than  the  English. 

There  are  also  numerous  Latinisms  and  imitations  from  the  Italian  throughout  the 
poem.  Spenser's  other  poetical  works  are  The  Shepheard's  Calender  (1579),  Astrophel  (1586), 
Colin  Clout's  Come  Home  Again  (1592),  Mother  Htibbard's  Tale  (1590),  Epithalamium 
(1594),  &c.;  and  in  prose  the  View  of  the  Present  State  of  Ireland  (1598). 

Behold  I  see  the  haven  nigh  at  hand,  There  this  faire  virgin  wearie  of  her  way 

To  which  I  meane  my  wearie  course  to  bend;  Must  landed  be,  now  at  her  journeyes  end: 

Vere  the  maine  shete,  and  beare  up  with  the  land,  There  eke  my  feeble  barke  a  while  may  stay, 

The  which  afore  is  fairely  to  be  kend,  Till  merry  wind  and  weather  call  her  thence  away. 
And  seemeth  safe  from  storms,  that  may  offend:  **««•»  QM*™>,  I-  *"•  *• 

With  the  above  quotation  this  sketch  of  the  English  Language  naturally  closes.  After 
some  five  centuries  of  struggle  and  vicissitude  a  standard  literary  language  had  at  last  been 
formed.  Ever  growing,  ever  spreading,  taking  in  its  vocabulary  words  from  every  source 
changing,  though  almost  imperceptibly,  the  English  Language,  with  its  magnificent  store, 
of  literature,  has  become  the  language  of  hundreds  of  millions.  And  yet  it  is  comparatively 
neglected ;  only  of  late  years  has  the  attention  which  it  deserves  been  paid  to  it.  English 
has  been  passed  over,  and  been  considered  useless  or  undeserving  of  being  taught  in  our 
schools,  while  all  attention  has  been  given  to  the  Classical  Languages. 

"  It  is  quite  certain  "  (says  Professor  Skeat)  "  that  the  reason  why  the  study  of  Anglo-Saxon  is  so  strangely- 
neglected  among  us  is  simply  that  it   has  never  had  a  trial,  nor  has  ever  had  even  the  chance  of  a  t, 
The  most  extraordinary  misconception  concerning  it,  and  even  prejudices  against  it,  are  so  widely  prevalei 
that  we  cannot  wonder  at  the  tendency  to  set  aside  and  ignore  it.     Hence  the  curious  result  that,  while  it 
does  not  flourish  in  its  native  home,  we  find  German  periodicals  in  existence  which  are  nrnmly  devotee 
it   while  I  am  informed  that  in  America  the  students  of  Anglo-Saxon  are  to  be  counted,  not  as  here  by 
te'ns   but  by  hundreds.     Whilst  we  English  are  proud  of  our  country,  of   our   history    of  our  conquests    o 
our  empire,  we  have  for  centuries  looked  down  upon  the  main  stock  of  our  own  noble  language  as  ,f 
at  any  rate,  is  insignificant.     Or,  if  we  acknowledge  the  beauty  and  force  of  our  language,  we  are  seld 
W  on  duly  to  confer  its  history.    A  moment's  reflection  will  tell  us  that  the  historical  method  of  study 
is  the  only  rational  one;  and  yet  we  are  accustomed-which  is  the  strangest  thmg  of  ail-to  treat  one  par 
of  our  language  historically,  and  not  the  other.      If  a  word  come  to  us  from  the  Latin  or  Greek  we  are- 
expected,  as  Molars,  to  explain  it;   but  as  to  the  words  that  come  to  us  from   the  Anglo-Saxon  or   1 
Old  French,  it  is  usual  to  treat,  them  as  being  either,  on  the  one  hand,     beneath  notice,  or  as 
the  other  hand,  inscrutable.     The  fault  lies  simply  in  the  establishment  of  a  customary  and  short-sighte< 
prejudice  that  has  shut  out  English  from  its  proper  place  in  the  school-boy's  course  o     study.      Boys 
Lght  how  to  use  Latin  and  Greek  dictionaries,  but  they  are  not  allowed  to  see  an  Ang b-S axon  dictionary 
nor   if  they  saw  one,  could  they  find  their  place  in  it  without  help.     To  learn  all  the  letters  of  the  Greel 
alphabet  comes  to  most  boys  as  a  matter  of  course  ;  but  to  learn  the  three  or  four  so-caUed  Anglo-Saxon  lett, 
wLh  present  a    trifling    difficulty  by  their  unusual  forms,   is  often  regarded  as   involving    some    severe 
effort."  f 

•  See  G.  W.  Kitchin,  Spenser,  ftery  Qixene,  bk.  i.  (Clarendon  Press,  1873)    Introd    p.  xvii 

f  Inaugural  Lecture  as  Professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  October  21.  li 


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ENGLISH    LEXICOGKAPHY. 

THE  first  English-Latin  Dictionary  was  the  Promptorium  Parvulorum  sive  Clericorum* 
compiled  by  Geoffrey,  a  Norfolk  grammarian.  It  exists  in  several  manuscripts,  dating  from 
about  the  year  1440.  It  was  printed  by  Pynson  in  1499,  by  Julian  Notary  hi  1508,  and  by 
Wynkyn  de  Worde  in  1510, 1512, 1516,  and  1528.  In  1843  the  first  part  was  reprinted  by  the 
Camden  Society,  under  the  editorship  of  the  late  Mr.  Albert  Way,  a  scholar  peculiarly  fitted 
for  the  task  The  work,  extending  to  563  pages,  was  not  completed  till  1865.  In  it  refer- 
ences are  made  to  several  existing  glossaries,  some  of  which  have  been  identified,  notably 
the  Dictionaries  of  John  De  Garlandia*  The  earliest  Latin-English  Dictionary  known  is 
that  entitled  Medulla  Grammatice  (or  Grammatices),  which,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Way, 
was  probably  compiled  by  the  author  of  the  Promptorium.  The  earliest  MS.  known  of 
this  work  dates  about  1460,  but  there  are  several  later  copies.f  The  Ortus  Vocabulorum, 
based  in  a  great  measure  on  the  Medulla,  was  the  first  Latin-English  Dictionary  printed 
in  this  country,  the  first  edition  being  from  the  press  of  Wynkyn  de  Worde  hi  1500, 
and  other  editions  appearing  in  1508,  1509,  1511,  1514,  1516,  1518,  1528,  1532,  1533,  and 
1539.  \  These  numerous  editions  testify  to  the  popularity  of  the  work  After  the 
Promptorium  Parvulorum,  the  next  English-Latin  Dictionary  is  the  Catholicon  Anglicum, 
a  work  specially  valuable  as  being  the  first  dated  dictionary.  From  the  colophon  we  learn 
that  it  was  compiled,  or  rather  completed,  in  1483.  It  exists  only  in  two  MSS. :  the 
earlier  (add.  MS.  15562),  assigned  by  the  authorities  of  the  British  Museum  to  about  1475, 
which  is  imperfect,  and  the  later,  dated,  as  said  above,  1483,  which  is  perfect  From  this 
later  copy  the  MS.  was  edited,  with  notes  and  annotations,  for  the  Camden  and  Early 
English  Text  Societies  hi  1881,  some  four  hundred  years  after  its  compilation. 

The  next  most  noticeable  Dictionary  is  Palsgrave's  Lesclaircissement  de  la  Langue 
Francoyse,  printed  hi  1530,  a  work  of  incalculable  value,  written  hi  English-French,  and 
reprinted  in  1852. 

The  Vulgaria  of  William  Herman,  Head-Master  and  Vice-Provost  of  Eton  (died  1535), 
was  printed  for  the  first  tune  by  Pynson  in  1519,§  in  small  quarto,  and  reprinted  for  the 
first  and  last  time  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  hi  1530.||  It  is  a  valuable  and  interesting 
work,  full  of  quaint  sentences  and  phrases  in  English-Latia 

Wyllyam  Salesbury's  Dictionarie  in  Englysche  and  Welshe  appeared  hi  1547 

The  Abecedarium  Anglico-Latinum  pro  Tyrunculis  of  Richard  Huloet  appeared  in 
1552,  and  a  new  edition,  greatly  enlarged,  with  the  addition  of  the  French  and  many 
phrases,  chiefly  from  Thierry's  French  and  Latin  Dictionary,  was  published  by  John 
Higgins,  and  printed  by  Thomas  Marsh  in  1572.  It  is  dedicated  to  Sir  George  Peckam. 
Huloet  was  the  first  to  adopt  the  true  method  of  forming  a  trustworthy  Dictionary.  He 

•"'''     *  Reprinted  by   Mr.  T.  Wright,  in   his    Volume  of   Vocabularies,  p.  120.  from  Cotton   MS.  Titus  D.  xx.,  date, 
close  of  thirteenth  century. 

f  See  Way's  Introduction  to  Promptorium  Parvulorum,  pp.  1.-1U.  \  See  Way's  Introduction,  p.  xxi. 

§  Pynson's  contract  with  Herman  to  print  his  Vulgwria  was  printed  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Furnivall,  for  the  Philological 
Society,  in  1867. 

0  See  Ames:  Typographical  Antiquities  (ed.  T.  F.  Dibdin),  n.  286. 

(5293) 


5294  English  Lexicography. 


writes:  "For  the  better  attayning  of  the  knowledge  of  words  I  went  not  to  the  common 
Dictionaries  only,  but  also  to  the  authors  themselves  .  .  .  and  finally,  I  wrote  not  in  the 
whole  booke  one  quyre  without  perusing  and  conference  of  many  authors." 

Next  in  order  comes  J.  Withal's  Shorte  'Dictionarie  in  Latin  and  English  verie 
profitable  for  yong  Beginners,  a  title  changed  in  later  editions  to  A  Dictionary  in  English 
and  Latine :  Devised  for  the  capacitie  of  Children  and  young  Beginners.  It  is  rather  a 
vocabulary  than  a  dictionary.  The  first  edition,  undated,  has  as  its  colophon :  "  Imprinted  by 
the  late  house  of  William  Caxton"  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde.  This  work  was  very  popular, 
and  was  reprinted  in  1554,  1559, 1567, 1572,  1594, 1599,  and  1634.  The  running  title  is  A 
little  Dictionarie  for  Children.  In  the  edition  of  1634  is  mentioned  "A  greene  or  grassy 
banke,  that  they  call  by  London,  Primrose  hill." 

In  1570  appeared  the  English-Latin  Dictionary  of  Peter  Levins  (or  Levens),  known  as 
Manipulue  Vocabulorum,  A  Dictionarie  of  English  and  Latin  wordes  set  forthe  in  suche 
order  as  none  heretofore  hath  ben  .  .  .  necessary  not  onely  for  SchoUers  that  want  variety 
of  Words,  bub  also  for  such  as  use  to  write  in  English  meetre*  This  work  is  noticeable 
as  being  the  first  riming  Dictionary. 

In  1573  John  Baret  published  his  Alvearie,  written  in  English,  Latin,  French,  and 
Greek,  the  last  being  at  times  omitted  for  the  simple  reason  given  by  Baret  himself:  "As 
for  Gfreeke,  I  coulde  not  ioyne  it  with  every  Latin  word,  for  lacke  of  fit  Greeke  letters, 
the  printer  not  having  leasure  to  provide  the  same." 

John  Florio,  teacher  of  French  and  Italian  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  tutor  to  Prince 
Henry,  son  of  James  I.,  published  in  1598  his  Italian-English  Dictionary,  to  which  an 
English-Italian  part  was  added  by  Giovanni  Torriano,  a  fellow-teacher;  and  in  1611  Randle 
Cotgrave  printed  his  English  and  French  Dictionary,  or  Bundle  of  Words,  as  he  terms  it 
in  his  preface.  It  is  a  most  valuable  work  to  the  students  of  obsolete  language.  In  1632 
it  received  the  desirable  addition  of  an  English-French  Dictionary  by  Robert  Sherwood  A 
French  grammar  is  appended. 

John  Bullokar's  diminutive  Dictionary  of  "hard"  words  appeared  in  1616,  and  ia 
noticeable  as  being  the  first  Dictionary  in  which  the  English  words  are  explained  by  English 
It  was  followed  in  1617  (in  its  full  form,  the  first  edition  having  appeared  in  1599)  by  John 
Minsheu's  folio,  the  title  of  which  is  in  Latin  and  English,  the  latter  reading,  The  Guide 
into  the  Tongues,  and  which  professes  to  give  the  "  agreement  and  consent  one  with  another, 
as  also  their  Etymologies,  that  is,  the  Reasons  and  Derivations  of  all  or  the  most  part  of 
words  in  these  nine  Languages,  viz.: 

1.  English,  4.  French,  7.  Latine, 

2.  Low  Dutch,  5.  Italian,  8.  Greeke, 

a  High  Batch,  6.  Spanish,  9.  Hebrew,  Ac.* 

In  the  original  edition  the  Spanish  is  placed  first,  in  later  editions  the  English. 

Henry  Cockeram  published  his  Dictionary  in  1623.  It  is  a  small  volume,  by  which 
he  hoped  to  teach  "  Ladies  and  Gentlewomen,  young  schollers,  clarkes,  merchants, 
as  also  strangers  of  any  nation,"  who  were  desirous  of  "  a  refined  and  elegant  speech "  to 
take  his  work  as  an  "Alphabetical!  and  English  Expositor"  of  "vulgar  words,"  "mocke 
words,"  "  fustian  termes  .  .  .  ridiculously  used  in  our  language,"  so  that  by  looking  into  his 
Expositor  they  might  "  receive  the  exact  and  ample  word  to  expresse  *  their  meaning. 

*  Keprinted  for  the  Early  English  Text  Society  in  1867,  under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  Henry  B.  Wbeatley. 


English  Lexicography.  5295 


Accordingly,  he  tells  us  that  rude  is  vulgar,  and  agresticaU  the  proper  word  to  be  used  for 
it,  or  rusticaU,  immorigerous,  ruraU;  also,  that  to  weede  is  vulgar,  and  the  choice  word 
to  sarculate,  to  diruncinate,  to  averuncate. 

In  1656  Thomas  Blount  published  his  little  octavo  Dictionary  entitled  Glossographia, 
written,  as  he  says,  "  for  all  such  as  desire  to  understand  what  they  read,"  and  so  save  them 
from  being,  as  he  was,  "  often  gravell'd  "  by  hard  words.  Two  years  later  Edward  Phillips, 
nephew  of  Milton,  published  his  folio  New  World  of  Words,  or,  a  General  English 
Dictionary  .  .  .  A  Work  very  necessary  for  Strangers,  as  well  as  our  own  Countrymen, 
or  for  all  persons  that  would  rightly  understand  what  they  discourse,  write,  or  read. 
This  work  is  little  else  than  a  copy  of  Blount's  Glossographia,  blunders  and  all,  with  many 
blunders  added,  and  is  therefore  of  little  use  to  the  student.  A  third  edition  of  it  was 
published  in  1671,  and  a  fourth  in  1678.  Kersey  added  some  20,000  words  to  it  in  1706. 
The  blunders  in  it  were  mercilessly  shown  up  by  Blount  in  his  World  of  Errors  discovered 
in  the  New  World  of  Words,  &c.,  1673. 

An  anonymous  Dictionary,  entitled  Glossographia  Anglicana  Nova,  appeared  in  1707. 
The  bulky  folio  of  Dr.  Stephen  Skinner  was  published  in  1671,  containing  elaborate 
explanations  of  English  words  in  Latin.  It  is  especially  noticeable  for  the  number  of 
fictitious  Anglo-Saxon  words  which  he  invented  to  stand  as  etymologies  for  English  words. 
It,  in  company  with  the  Etymdogicon  Anglicanum  of  Junius,  was  used  by  Dr.  Johnson  for 
his  etymologies. 

Nathan  Bailey's  Universal  Etymological  English,  Dictionary  first  appeared  in  1721. 
His  work,  originally  in  octavo,  with  woodcuts,  was  reprinted  time  after  time,  both  in 
octavo  and  folio,  with  and  without  woodcuts.  It  contained  words  current  as  well  as 
obsolete,  easy  as  well  as  hard,  scientific  and  dialectic.  A  folio  copy,  interleaved,  was  the 
foundation  of  Dr.  Johnson's  famous  Dictionary.  Bailey's  etymologies  are  mostly  taken 
from  Minsheu  and  Spelman.  To  jeopard  he  derives  from  the  French  j'ai  perdu  =  I  have 
lost  all.  A  guest  he  defines  as  "a  person  invited  to,  or  received  at  a  feast;  a  stranger 
who  lodges  with  one  the  second  night"  The  work  is  interspersed  with  proverbs,  as:  "As 
sure  as  God's  in  Gloucestershire.  This  proverb  is  said  to  have  its  rise,  on  account 
that  there  are  more  rich  and  mitred  abbeys  in  that,  than  in  any  two  shires  in  England 
besides ;  but  some,  from  William  of  Malmesbury,  refer  it  to  the  fruitfulness  of  it  in  religion, 
in  that  it  is  said  to  have  returned  the  seed  of  the  Gospel  with  the  increase  of  an  hundredfold." 
Bailey's  work  remained  the  standard  for  thirty  years. 

Passing  over  Kersey,  Dyche,  Defoe,  Sparrow,  Pardon,  and  Martin,  we  come  to  the 
well-known  name  of  John  Wesley,  whose  Complete  English  Dictionary  was  published 
first  in  1753,  and  again  in  1764  and  1765.  In  his  preface  "to  the  Reader"  he  writes: 
"  Many  are  the  mistakes  in  all  the  other  English  dictionaries  which  I  have  seen.  Whereas 
I  can  truly  say,  I  yet  know  of  none  in  this;  and  I  conceive  the  reader  will  believe  me, 
for  if  I  had,  I  should  not  have  left  it  there.  Use  then  this  help,  till  you  find  a  better. ' 
Some  of  his  definitions  are  not  very  clear  or  simple:  as,  for  instance,  "  An  abscess,  an 
imposthume;"  "An  ortolan,  a  very  dear  bird."  Others  are  interesting:  as,  "The  Elect, 
all  that  truly  believe  in  Christ;"  "A  Puritan,  an  old  strict  Church  of  England  man;" 
" Quietists,  who  place  all  religion  in  waiting  quietly  on  God ; "  "A  Methodist,  one  that 
lives  according  to  the  Method  of  the  Bible." 

Next  comes  the  great  folio  Dictionary  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  which  is  too  well-known 
to  require  much  comment  here.  It  appeared  first  in  1755,  and  was  a  laborious  undertaking. 
Johnson's  task  was  far  more  difficult  than  that  of  any  of  his  numerous  successors.  The 


5296  English  Lexicography. 


vocabularies  ready  to  his  hand  were  so  meagre,  that  he  had  to  raise  his  stupendous  pile 
almost  from  the  foundation.  His  great  work  has  formed  the  foundation  and  starting- 
point  of  all  his  successors,  whose  task  has  to  a  great  extent  been  to  modify  and  add  ta 
his  central  pile  to  suit  modern  conditions.  The  folios  are  exceedingly  valuable  for  their 
wealth  of  quotations.  An  American  reviewer  says : 

"  It  has  been  often  said,  and  truly  enough,  that  the  merits  of  Johnson's  dictionary  have  been  overrated. 
The  merits  of  that  which  is  best  in  its  department  will  always  be  popularly  overrated ;  and  Johnson's  dictionary 
certainly  does  not  possess  the  uniform  excellence  which  has  sometimes  been  ascribed  to  it.  But  that 
work  was  not  only  for  a  long  period  relatively  the  best  of  its  kind,  it  was,  absolutely,  a  production  of  wonderful 
ability,  and  there  are,  in  the  whole  range  of  modern  literature,  few  achievements  of  a  single  intellect  which 
exhibit  such  conclusive  evidence  of  great  learning,  great  genius,  sound  judgment  and  conscientious 
industry.  .  .  .  When  we  consider  the  state  and  tendencies  of  the  language  in  his  time,  the  little  sound  learning 
that  then  existed  respecting  the  true  character  and  early  history  of  the  English  tongue,  and  the  other 
unfavorable  circumstances  under  which  his  task  was  performed,  it  seems  truly  surprising  that  he  should  have 
accomplished  so  much ;  and  we  may  say  that  though  the  merits  of  the  dictionary  may  have  been  overrated, 
those  of  the  lexicographer  hardly  can  be." 

It  might  be  well  to  end  our  review  of  the  progress  of  English  Lexicography  at  this 
point,  since  the  Dictionaries  which  followed  Johnson  were  either  revised  editions  of 
his,  or  were  based  on  his  as  their  model.  They  are  of  every  degree  of  merit  and  demerit ; 
some — like  that  of  Dr.  Ash  (1775) — principally  notable  for  their  errors;  some,  great 
improvements  upon  their  exemplar.  Of  those  of  English  origin,  the  most  important  are 
Todd's  revised  edition  of  Johnson,  and  Richardson's  Dictionary,  the  latter  valuable  as  a 
storehouse  of  quotations.  Of  American  Dictionaries,  it  will  suffice  to  name  the  monu- 
mental works  of  Webster  and  Worcester,  whose  characteristics  are  too  well  known  to  need 
any  remarks  here  concerning  them. 

The  recent  and  most  prolific  idea  in  Dictionary  making  is  to  obtain  the  collaboration 
of  a  considerable  number  of  specialists,  each  an  authority  in  the  field  of  work  committed 
to  his  care.  Of  the  Dictionaries  produced  in  this  manner  may  be  named  the  Century  and 
the  Standard,  of  American  origin,  and  Murray's  and  the  Encyclopaedic  Dictionary,  of 
English  origin ;  the  last  named  being  particularly  valuable  from  the  vast  amount  of 
encyclopaedic  information  which  it  adds  to  its  fullness  as  a  Dictionary  of  English  speech. 

Mention  should  be  made  here  of  Prof.  Skeat's  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,  a  work  of  the  highest  value,  and  which  has  been  freely  used  in  the  preparation 
of  the  present  work.  In  conclusion  it  may  be  said,  that  within  the  present  century  the 
Dictionaries  of  the  English  language  have  been  supplemented  with  a  large  number  of 
glossaries  of  words,  phrases,  slang  terms,  dialects,  rhyming  words,  and  synonyms,  and 
Dictionaries  of  Theology,  Law,  Medicine,  Science,  &c.,  the  whole  forming  a  sum  of  verbal 
information  of  extraordinary  completeness  and  value. 


PHRASES    AND    QUOTATIONS 


CLASSICAL  AND  MODERN  LANGUAGES. 


Exact  reference!  have  been  added  in  thit  litt,  wherever  possible,  to  that  the  context  may  bt  contvlted.     The  mark  (  |  ) 
thowt  the  commencement  of  a,  verse.    For  pronunciation,  tee  p.  5308-10. 


KO.IJ.OV,  SAAoi  KIVO.VTO  (allot  Teaman, 
attoi  8itanto)t  Some  toil,  others  reap  the  ad- 
vantage. 

Imayxa  o'  ouof  Seal  ndxoirat  (anangka  if 
oude  theoi  machontai,  Simon,  viii.  20),  Not 
even  the  gods  can  tight  against  necessity. 

itvopiav  itn^Knvuv  Ttaffa  yri  rdtpos  (andron 
epiphanon  pasa  ge  taphas,  Thucyd.  ii.  43),  All 
the  world  is  a  burial-place  for  illustrious  men. 

APTJP  ft  tptvywv  Kai  -KQ\\IV  fi.ax'tfo'fTat  (aner 
ho  pheugmt  kai  palin  nachlsetai),  llie  man  who 
flies  shall  fight  ai&in.  (A  line  said  to  have 
been  written  by  Demosthenes  as  an  excuse 
for  his  running  away  and  leaving  his  shield 
behind  him  at  the  battle  of  Cheronaea,  333 
B.C.  A  couplet  to  the  same  effect  occurs  in 
Hvdibras,  iii.  8.) 

•VA7j(rrov  vldos  (aplestos  pithos),  A  cask  that 
will  never  fill ;  an  endless  job.  The  allusion  is 
to  the  Dummies,  who,  for  the  murder  of  their 
husbands,  were  condemned  to  draw  water  in 
sieves. 

tipiffTOy  nfv  votop  (ariston  men  hudor,  1'ind: 
Olymp.  1.  1.),  Water  is  the  chief  of  the 
elements — i.e.,  aa  being  the  origin  of  all 
things.  In  the  Tbeogony  of  Heslod,  Oceanus 
and  Thetis  are  regarded  as  the  parents  of  all 
the  deities  who  presided  over  Nature. 

Ifia-rav   p.fTpov   (ariston  metron).      [METROS 

AEISTON.] 

Tf\avKas  els'ABijtias  (glaukaseis  Athenas),  Owls 
to  Athens.  The  owl  was  sacred  to  Hinerva, 
the  guardian  divinity  of  Athens ;  hence,  owls 
were  abundant  there,  so  that  the  proverb  = 
to  carry  coals  to  Newcastle. 

•fK&aao,  JiirA.i)  (glossa  diplf),  A  double  tongue. 

•yf ii9i  o-eavrov  (gndthi  seauton),  Know  thyself. 
A  precept  inscribed  in  gold  letters  over  the 
portico  of  the  tempi*  at  Delphi.  It*  author- 


GREEK. 

§h!p  has  been  ascribed  to  Pythagoras,  to 
several  of  the  wise  men  of  Greece,  and  to 
Phemonoe,  a  mythical  Greek  poetess.  Ac- 
cording to  Juvenal  (xi.  27),  this  pre- 
cept descended  from  heaven,  and  Cicero 
(Tusc.  Ditp.  i.  22)  calls  it  "a  precept  of 
Apoilo." 

5!s   Kpdfi0ij   Odvaros  (dis  krambi    thanaios), 

Cabbage,  twice  over,  is  death  ;  repetition  is 

tedious.    [C&AMBE  REFETITA.] 
in  VVKTI  (8flK\^  (en  nukti  boull),  In  the  night 

there  is  counsel  ;  sleep  on  it* 
iv  olvif  aAijtftm  (en  oino   aletheia),  In  wine 

there  Is  truth.    [Is  VINO  VERITAS.] 

ij  yb.uo-o'  Ofi.tifi.ox',  4  W  <f>pV  Su>&norot 
(hi  glass1  omomoch',  hi  de  phren  anomotos, 
Eurip:  Hipp.,  ed.  Paley,  612),  My  tongue  has 
sworn,  but  my  mind  is  unsworn  ;  I  have  said 
it,  but  don't  mean  to  do  it 

if  retc  fj  M  rav  (e  tan,  I  epi  tan),  Either  this, 
or  upon  this  ;  either  bring  this  back,  or  be 
brought  home,  dead,  upon  it.  The  words  of  a 
Spartan  mother  when  she  gave  a  shield  to  her 
son  going  on  military  service. 

Kaipbv  yvufft  (kairon  gnothi),  Know  your 
opportunity.  A  saying  of  Pittacus,  one  of  the 
Wise  Men  of  Greece. 

(car1  iiox^v  (kaC  exochln),  Pre-eminently. 

ptya  0i0\toi>  infya,  KOKOV  (mega  Ifblion  mega 
kakon.  (Adapted  from  a  maxim  of  Callimachus, 
preserved  in  Athtnana,  iii.  72),  A  big  book  is  a 
big  nuisance. 


(megall  pnKs 
mtgaV.  erlmia),  A  great  city  is  a  great  solitude. 
(Cf.  Byron  :  Chllde  Harold,  ii.  26.) 

fierpov  aptffTov  (metrm  ariston),  Moderation  is 
best.  (A  favourite  saying  of  the  philosopher 
Ckobuius.) 


firtSfv  &juv  (miden  agan),  Not  too  much  ol 
anything.  [NE  QUID  MIHIS.] 

/tla  x<^iSuy  tap  oil  TOlcT  (mia  cheiidon  tar  ou 
poiei,  Arist. :  Eth.  N.,  I.  vii.  15),  One  swallow 
does  not  make  a  spring. 

01  iroAAof  (hoi  poUoi),  The  many,  the  common 

people, 
fjc  01  Oml  ^lAuiViv  a.iroSvriaK(L  vios  (hon  hoi 

theoi  philousin  apothneskei   neos,  A  fragment 

from  Menauder),  He  whom  the  gods  love  dies 

young.    [QUEM  Dt,  &c.) 

iraflii/uora  /latitf/uaTa  (pathirnata  mathemata, 
Herod.  I.  207),  One  learns  by  suffering.  [Qu« 

NOCKNT,   &C.J 

iraTpU  ydp  fan  •xao'  1v  tiv  rpdrry  Tit  e3 
(palris  gar  esti  pas'  hin'  an  pratti  til  en,  Aris- 
tophanes :  Plutua,  1,151),  Every  land  where  a 
man  is  successful  is  his  native  land.  [I'm 

FATRIA,  &C.) 

irtiflfif  Sapa  (col  9«oiit  \Ayos  (peithein  dora 
kai  theous  logos,  Eurip. :  Medea,  ed.  Paley,  964) 
Gifts  persuade  even  the  gods,  as  the  proverb 
says. 

(T(0)>^)  iras  o  filos  (skint  pas  ho  bias,  Greek 
Anthol.),  Life  is  a  stage.  (Cf.  Shakesp. :  As  You 
Like  It,  ii.  7.) 

ffo<t>))v  5i  fuffia  (sophin  de  mlto,  Eurip. :  Hipp., 
ed.  Paley,  640, 1  hate  a  blue-stocking  (cf.  Juv. 
vi.,  433-58). 

ffireS!«  $pa.S(u>s  (spntde  bradeos),  Make  haste 
slowly.  A  favourite  saying  of  Augustus 
Csesar  (Suet.  ii.  25).  [FES-TINA  LENTE.) 

rb  Ka\6v  (to  Icalon),  The  beautiful. 

rb  Ttpfirov  (to  prepon),  What  is  becoming  or  de- 
corous. 

X/njVar'  ai>ijp  (chrlmaf  an«r).  Find. :  Itlk.  11 
17),  Money  makes  the  man. 


*fe  extra.  From  without. 

ab  incuuabills.  From  the  cr»dl«. 

•b  initlo,  From  the  beginning. 

»b  origiue.  From  the  origin  or  commence- 
ment. 

•b  6 vo  (/for.  :de  Arte  Poet.  147),  From  the  egg ; 
from  tlie  very  beginning. 

»b  ovo  |  usque  ad  mala  (lit.,  from  the  egg 
to  the  apples  (Hur. :  Sat.  1.  iii.  6,  7),  a  term  bor- 
rowed from  Roman  banquets,  which  began 
with  eggs  and  ended  with  fruit),  From  begin- 
ning to  end ;  from  first  t"  last. 

absons  haares  non  erlt  (The  absent  one  will 
not  be  the  heir),  Out  of  sight,  out  of  mind. 

AlMlt  invldla,  Let  there  be  no  ill-will ;  enrjr 
apart. 

ab  uno  |  disce  omncs  (From  one  example 
judge  of  the  rest-  Virg. :  Mn.,  ii.  «4,  06), 
Stom  a  eiugle  instance  infer  the  whole. 


LATIN. 
ab  nrbe  condlta.  From  the  bnrldlng  of  the 

city,  i.e.,  Rome.    [A.U.C.] 
a  oapite  ad  calcem,  From  head  to  heel, 
a  cruce  sains,  Salvation  by  or  from  the 

cross. 

ad  arbitrlum,  At  will,  at  pleasure. 
ad  call  ndas  grascas.  At  the  Greek  calends, 

i.e.,  never.    The  Greeks  had  no  calends. 
ad  captandum  vulgus.  To  attract  or  please 

the  tabble. 

a  Deo  et  rege,  Prom  God  and  the  king. 
ad  ex tremum.  To  the  extreme ;  at  last. 
ad  Rustum,  To  one's  taste, 
a  die.  From  that  day. 

ad  hominum,  Personal ;  to  the  individual. 
ad  iiitornocionem.  To  extermination. 
ad  libitum.  At  pleasure. 
ad  modnm.  In  the  manner  of. 
(5297) 


ad  multos  annos.  For  many  years. 

So  as  to  disgust  or  nauseate. 


ad  patres,  Gathered  to  hli  fathers ;  dead. 

ad  rem,  To  the  purpose ;  to  the  point. 

adscrlptos  glebra,  Attached  to  the  eon 
[ADSCRIPT,  in  BNCYC.  Dicr.J 

adsum,  I  am  present ;  I  am  here. 

ad  summum,  To  the  highest  point  or  amount. 

ad  ungucm,  To  a  nicety,  exactly.  (Cf.  //or. : 
de  Arte  Poet.,  294.)  [HoHO  FACTUS,  &C.1 

ad  unum  omncs,  To  a  man. 

ad  utrumque  par  at  us,  Prepared  for  eithei 
event  or  case. 

ad  vivnm  Like  life ;  to  the  life. 

•Bgresclt  medendo  (Virq. :  Mn.,  iii.  46), 
It  becomes  worse  from  the  remediee  em- 
ployed. 


S9M 


Ph 


and  Quotations. 


•tquablllter  et  dillgenter,  E-iniUy  ud 

i.tly. 

•quo  ammo.  With  a  calm  mind. 

•re  perennins,  (Bxani  MONM.I-.STUM,  Ac.] 

•tatls  au«a,  ')i  ins  or  her  age. 

a  fortiori.    For  the  stronger   reason.     (Bee 

']••!  MrT.J 

ace  qnod  agls.  Do  what  yon  are  doing ;  at- 
tend to  your  business. 

alere  «»"•"""".  To  feed  the  flam*. 

alma  mater,  Kind  at  benlga  mother. 

alter  ego.  Another  self. 

alter  idem.  Another,  exactly  similar. 

alter  Ipse  amicus,  A  friend  Is  another  self. 

alterum  tantum.  As  much  more. 

amantium  ir«e  amoris  Integratlo  (Ter- 
ma:  Andria,  III.  vi.  28),  Lovers'  quarrels 
are  the  renewing  of  love. 

a  maxlmls  ad  ***<«*"in  From  the  great** 
to  the  least. 

arnicas  human!  generic,  A  friend  of  the 

human  race. 
amicus  usque  ad  aras,  A  friend  even  to 

the  altar  (of  nacritlce),   i.e.,  To  the  last  ex 

tremlty. 

amor  patrlse.  Love  of  country ;  patriotism. 
anguls   In  herba,   A  snake  In    the  nun 

(Pirjr. :  Eel.,  111.  93) ;  a  false  friend  ;  an  unfore- 


anlmo  et  fide,  Courageously  and  laJthfully. 
anno  ntatls  rajs.  In  the  year  of  his  or  her 

age. 

anno  Chrlstl,  In  the  year  of  Christ.    [A.O.J 
anno   human**  saint**,   In  to*  j  -ar  of 

man's  redemption.    |A  H.B.] 

anno  salutiis,  In  the  year  of  redemption. 

[A.S.] 

anno  urbl*  oondtue,  la  tk*  year  from  the 
time  tlie  city— i.e.,  Hove— was  built. 

annas  mirablUs,  A  year  of  wonders.  (Often 
applied  in  English  History  to  the  year  1600, 
notewrjrthy  for  the  war  with  the  Dutch,  the 
Plague,  and  the  Great  Fin  of  London.  See 
Dr> den's  poem  Anniu  Mtrabilu.) 

ante  bcllum.  Before  the  war. 

ante  luoem.  Uelore  daybreak. 

ante  meridiem,  Before  noon. 

a  pome  ad  erae,  Prom  possibility  to  reality. 

a  posteriori.  From  what  follows.    [See  def. 

in  ESCYC.  DICT.) 
a  priori.  Prom  what  goes  before.    [Sea  def. 

in  ENCYU  DICT.) 
arbiter  elegantlarom,  A  Judge  or  an- 

thority  in  matters  of  taste.     (Uf.   TacUmi: 

Ann.  xvi.  18.) 

arcana  ecelestla.  Celestial  secret*. 
aroana  imperil,  State  secrets, 
ardontla  verb*.   Words   that  burn.    (Ct 

Gray  :  Prog,  o/foeaf,  111.  ill.  A.) 

argumentnm  ad  crumenam  (An  argu- 
ment to  the  purse),  An  appeal  to  one's  In- 
terests. 

argumontum  ad  Invldlam  (An  argument 

to  envy),  An  appeal  to  low  passions, 
argumcntum  ad  Judlclum,  An  argument 

appealing  to  the  judgment, 
argumontum  bacnlinnm.  The  argument 

of  the  cudgel ;  an  appeal  to  force. 

ors  est  oelare  artem.  True  art  Is  to  con- 
ceal art. 

»r»  longa,  vita  brevls.  Art  Is  long,  life 
Is  short. 

artlmn  magUtcr,  Master  of  Arts. 
aiinus  ad  lyram  (lit.,  an  ass  at  the  lyrel 

An  awkward  fellow. 
at  apes  non  fratfta.  But  hope  h  not  y«t 

crushed. 

audl  alteram  partem.  Hear  Uwt  other  aids. 
anrea  mcdiocrltas.  The  golden  mean, 
ant  Ciesar  ant  nnllus.  Either  Omar  or 

nobody  ;  eitlier  in  the  flrst  place  or  nowhere. 

(Cf.  Suet.,  1.  79.) 

ant  vine  ere  ant  mort.  To  conquer  or  die; 
death  or  victory. 

anxUlnm  ab  alto.  Help  from  on  high. 

*l7ert>ta   •*  *•*»•*».  *ran  »ord*  to 

blows. 

ayito  vtret  bonere.  He  flourish*,  on  tin 
honours  of  his  ancestors. 

beat**  memorUa.  Of  blesaed  memory. 


bella!  horrlda  bella  (Kir;. .-  Mn,  »i.  am. 

War!  horri.l  war. 

bella  matrlbos  detestata  (ffor,  L  L  «, 
TX  War,  so  detested  by  mothers. 

bellum  intemeoinnm,  A  war  of  extermina- 
tion. 

bene    oriuwe  est   bene   stadnlsse.  To 

have  stuihe'l  well  is  to  have  prayed  well. 
bla  dat  qul  cito  dat.  He  gives  twice  who 

gives  quickly  or  opportunely. 
bU  peoeare   in   bello  non  licet.   One 

must  not  blunder  twice  in  war. 
bis  pnerl  senes.  Old  men  are  twice  boys. 
bona  fide.  In  Rood  faith. 
bona  fides.  Good  faith. 
hrewl  mann  (With  a  short  hand),  Offhand, 

extempore,  summarily. 
brevls  esse  laboro  |  obscurns  flo(ff«r. : 

dtArle  I'a*.,  25,  28),  If  I  labour  to  be  brief, 

I  bcoom*  o  bacon, 

oadlt  qacestlo.  The   question  tails  to   the 

ground  ;  there  Is  no  discussion. 
oaaoa  est  Invldia,  Envy  is  blind. 
caetera  desont,  The  rest  Is  wanting. 
oceterls  parlbus.  Other  things  beuig  equal. 
Candida   Pax  (OrW :  Art.  Amat.,  Hi.  4«2). 

H  lute-robed  Peace. 

cantaMt  wacans  conun  latrone  viator 

(/«t>.,  x.  22),  The  penniless  trailer  will  slug 
In  the  presence  at  Ike  highwayman ;  a  nun 
who  has  nothing  has  nothing  to  lose. 
oantate  Domino,  feing  unto  the  Lord.    (The 
opening  words  of  many  Psalms.    Vvlgatt) 

oarpe  diem  I  HOT.,  I.  xi.  8.)  Usually  ex- 
plained, according  to  popular  Ideas  of  Epi- 
curean philosophy,  as  =  Enjoy  the  present 
day  (cl.  wisil.  it  6 ;  1  Cor.  xv.  SI) ;  bnt  cap»Me 
of  a  higher  interpretation  =  Setae  the  present 
opportunity ;  improve  time. 

cases  belli,  A  cause  justifying  war;  a 
ground  of  war. 

causa  sine  qua  non.  An  indi  spen  naUe  cause. 

oedant  anna  toc«  (Cicero :  de  Of.,  i.  22), 
Let  arms  yield  to  the  (own ;  let  violence 
give  place  to  law. 

clrcnltns  verbdrom,  A  circumlocution. 

circulos  in  probando,  A  circle  iu  the 
proof:  the  fallacy  of  using  the  conclusion  as 
one  of  the  premisses ;  a  vicious  circle. 

clarlor  e  tenebris.  Brighter  from  obscurity. 

clarum  et  venerabile  no  men.  An  illus' 
trioua  and  venerable  name. 

cogito.  ergo  som,  I  think,  therefore  I  exist. 
[CARTBSIAXISSI,  hi  Ewrvc.  Diet.] 

oomitas  inter  gentos.  Comity  between 
nations. 

commune  bonnm,  A  common  goad. 

communibua  annis,  On  the  annual  aver- 
age; one  year  with  another. 

communi  oonaensu.  By  common  consent 

conditlo  sine  qua  non.  An  iadispenaable 
condition. 

conjnnctls  viribos.  With  united  powers. 

consensus  tacit  legem.  Consent  makes 
the  law — i.e.,  If  two  persons  make  an  agree- 
ment in  good  faith  and  with  full  knowledge, 
the  law  will  insist  on  its  being  carried  out. 

consilio  et  anlmis.  By  wisdom  and  courage. 

consilio  et  prndentia,  By  wisdom  and 
prudence. 

constantla  et  vlrtute,  By  constancy  and 
virtue. 

oonsuetudo  pro  lege  servatur.  Custom 

is  held  as  law.    (The  English  common  law  is 

based  on  immemorial  usage.) 
console  Planoo  HIT..  III.  t\v.  Zg),  When 

Plancus  wa»  consul ;  fa  my  younger  days. 

(At  the  time  to  which  Horace  refers  be  was 

about  twenty-four  years  old.) 

oontra    bonos   mores.  Contrary  to  good 

morals. 

copia  verbomm,  A  plentiful  supply  of 
words  ;  flow  of  language. 

coram  nobls,  In  our  presence. 

coram  non  Judice,  Before  a  person  who  is 
not  a  judge ;  not  before  the  proper  tribunal 

crambe  repetita  (/tic.,  vii.  1&4),  Cabbag* 
warmed  up  a  second  time  ;  hence  used  prover- 
bially for  any  tedious  repetition  of  a  truism, 
an  old  story,  Ac. 

credat  Jndaans  Apella  (//or.  •  Sat.  I.  «, 
100),  !.<•!  tlir(superstitious)  Jew  Apella.  believe 
it ;  tell  that  to  the  marines. 


erede   qnod  babes,  et  babes,    Baltm 

that  yon  have  it,  an<<  70*1  have  it. 

credo,  qnia  absurdum  (Corrupted  from 
•  passage  In  Tertulliaa,  "  Et  mortuua  est  Del 
nlius :  prnrsus  crerlibileest,  qnialneptom  •**. 
et  sepultua,  re-.urrexit :  rertum  eat,  qnia  1m- 
possibile."— de  Carne  Chriai.  §  4),  I  believe  it, 
because  it  Is  absurd.  (.Vota  <t  Queria  7th  ser 
IT.  274. 

crednla  res  amor  est,  Love  is  ready  to 

erescit  aaer  nnmnn,  quantum  ipea 
pecunla  orescit  i  fiw.,  xiv.  ia>),  Thelov* 
of  money  jjrows  as  our  wealth  increases. 

erescit  eundo,  It  increases  as  it  goes.   [Trsa* 

erescit  sub  pondere  virtus,  Virtu*  in- 
creases under  every  oppression. 

creta  an  carbone  notandam  (Adapted 
from  //or. ;  Sat.  II.  iiL,  2«),  To  be  marked 
with  chalk  orcbarcoaL  (The  Romans  marked 
lucky  days  with  white,  and  unlucky  one* 
with  black.) 

crux,  A  cross,  a  difficulty,  a  stumbling-block, 
a  puzzle  ;  e.g.,  crux  critienrum,  crur  mathf.-mntl- 
wruitt,  ana  meduAnm,  The  puzzle  of  critic*, 
mathematicians,  physicians. 

cucullus  non  faelt  msnsjnlum.  Th* 
ewwldoe*  not  mate  the  monk ;  Don't  trust 

cni  bono  T  (A  maxim  of  Cassius,  quoted  by 
Cicero,  Pra  Milne,  12),  For  whose  a-!  vantage? 
Generally  used,  however,  aa  =  What  is  th* 
good  of  ttf 

oui  Fertuna  ipsa  eedit.  To  whom  For- 
tune herself  yictds. 

cuipam  pcena  premit  oemea  (Uor.,  IT. 
v.  -^4),  Punishment  follows  hard  on  crime. 

cum  grano,  cum  grano  sails,  Withagnai 
of  salt ;  with  gome  allowance  or  modiacatioa, 

earn  privilecio.  With  privttef*. 

com  tacent,  clamant  (dam :  *a  OW.,  L  I 


i  ..  ii  M_  .,   -^mmmmmmmt mmm  i  snsa>w  .    •*•  VV*>,    1.    Of, 

Altho«i?h  tliey  keep  «ile»oe,  they  cry  alond  ; 
their  silence  Is  more  expressive  than  words. 

curiosa  felicltas,  Nice  felicity  of  expres- 
sion (applied  by  Petronius  Arla'ter,  cxrui.  6, 
to  the  writings  of  Horace)  ;  happy  knack. 

currente  oalamo,  With  a  running  pen ;  off- 
hand. 

da  locum  melldrltms  (Terence :  PJtomla, 
III.  li.  87),  Give  place  t.j  your  betters  (cf. 
Luke  xiv.  6). 

damnant  qnod  non  IntellJgunt,  They 
condemn  what  they  do  not  understand. 

dare  pondus  fdmo  (Peri.,  v.  20),  To  give 
weightto  sinofce ;  to  impart  valoetothat  which 
is  worthless  ;  to  attach  importance  to  trifles. 

data  et  aeeepta.  Expenses  and  receipts. 

date  oboluzn  Belisario,  Give  an  otolus 
to  Belinarias.  It  is  said  that  this  general, 
when  old  and  blind,  was  neglected  by  Jus- 
tinian, and  obliged  to  beg.  Gibbon  (Detiint, 
ch.  xliii.)  treats  the  story  as  a  fable. 

Davus  Bum.  non  CEdipus  (Terence :  A»- 
dria,  I.  ii.  i3),  I  am  Davus,  not  CEdipua. 
[SPHINX,  II.,  U  I  am  no  conjurer ;  I  am  a 
bad  hand  at  riddles. 

diceptio  Tisna,  An  optical  illusion. 

dccori  decns  addit  avito,  He  adds  honour 
to  the  ancestral  honours. 

de  die  In  diem,  From  day  to  day. 

de  gustibus  non  est    disputandum, 

There  is  no  disputing  about  tastes. 
Del  gratia,  by  the  grace  of  God. 
de  jure.  By  the  law  ;  by  right. 
de   lana  caprina  {Hnr. :  E?.  I.  xriii.  it), 

About  goat's  wool,  hence  about  any  worthless 

object 
delenda  eat  Carthago,  Carthage  must  be 

utterly  desttoyed.       (A  phrase  with  wlach 

Cato  the  Elder  urged  the  Roman  people  to 

the  destruction  of  Carthage,  which  he  looked 

on  as  a  dangerous  rival  to  Rome.) 
de  mlnrmlg  no*  carat  lex.  The  lawdoei 

not  concern  itself  with  trifles. 

de  mortals  nil  nisi  bonnm,  Let  nothing 
be  said  of  the  dead  but  what  is  good. 

de  ninllo  nihlL  in  nihiinm  nil  posse 
reveitl  (Pen.,  III.  M).  From  nothing  no- 
thing is  made,  and  nothing  that  exists  can  be 
reduced  to  nothing.  (Tits  doctriie  of  the 
eternity  of  matter.) 

de  novo.  Anew. 

de  ornnirinai  rebus,  et  qoibnsdaai 
aliis.  About  evervthlng,  and  somrthing 
more  besides.  Applied  ironically  to  an  imma- 


6300 


Phrases  and   Quotations. 


former,  fldeliter,  fcliciter,  Boldly,  faith- 
fully, successfully. 

fortiter  in  re.  With  firmness  in  action. 
fortuna  fa  vet  fatuls.  Fortune  favours  fools. 
fortunaa    filing  (Hor. :  Sat.   II.  vi.  49),    A 

spoiled  child  of  Fortune. 
frangag,  non  flectes.  Yon  may  break  me, 

but  you  shall  not  bend  me. 
fraus  pia.  A  pious  fraud. 
front!  nulla  fides  (.h/r..  ii.  8),  There  is  no 

trusting  the  features ;  don't  trust  to  appear- 
ances. 
fruges  oonsumere  nati  (Hor. :  Ep.,  I.  ii. 

27),  Born  to  consume  the  fruits  of  the  earth ; 

born  only  to  eat. 
fugit  Irreparabile  tempua  (Virg. :  Georg. 

Hi.  284),  Irrecoverable  time  glides  away, 
fuiraus  Trees  (Virg. :  Xn.  ii.  325),  We  once 

were  Trojans ;  we  have  seen  better  days. 
fttlt   Ilium  (Virg.  :  J£n.  ii.  325),  There  once 

was  a  Troy ;  Troy  was,  but  is  no  more  ;  the 

place  is  gone. 

fumum  et  opes,  strepltumque  Romre 
(Hor.,  III.  xxix.  12),  Tlie  smoke,  the  show, 
the  rattle,  of  the  town  (Rome). 

fnnctus  officio,  Having  discharged  Ills  du- 
ties ;  hence,  out  of  office. 

furor  anna  mlnlstrat  (Virg. :  Mn.  \.  130), 
Rage  provides  arms  ;  one  uses  any  weapon  in 
a  rage. 

furor  loquendi,  A  rage  for  speaking. 
faror  poetlcus,  Poetical  flre. 
faror  mcribendi,  A  rage  for  writing. 

galliee.  In  French. 

gaudeamus  igitur,  Therefore,  let  us  rejoice. 
(The  burden  of  a  Macaronic  song.) 

gaudet  tcntamine  virtus.  Virtue  rejoices 
in  temptation. 

genius  loci,  The  genius  or  presiding  spirit 
of  the  place. 

(ens  togatB(Kirj. :  Mn.  i.  282).  Applied  first 
to  Roman  citizens,  as  wearing  the  toga,  the 
garment  of  peace ;  hence,  civilians  generally. 

gloria  in  excelsig  Deo  (Luke  ii.  14,  Vulg.), 
Glory  to  God  in  the  highest. 

gloria  Patri,  Glory  be  to  the  Father. 

gradu  diverse,  via  Una,  The  same  road 
by  different  steps. 

gradus  ad  Parnassum,  A  step  to  Par- 
nassus ;  aid  in  writing  Latin  poetry  ;  a  work 
on  Latin  verse-making  containing  rules  and 
examples. 

gratia  placendi,  For  the  sake  of  pleasing. 

gratis  dictum,  Mere  assertion. 

graviora  manent  (Virg. :  .En.  vi.  84), 
Greater  afflictions  are  in  store ;  the  worst  is 
yet  to  come. 

graviora  qucedam  snnt  remedla  peri- 
culls,  Some  remedies  are  worse  than  the  dis- 
ease. (Attributed  to  L.  Publitu  Syrus.  Rib- 
beck  includes  It  in  the  Sententia  minus  Pro- 
bata,  599.) 

grex  venalinm  (Suet. :  dt  Clar.  Rket.  i.), 
A  venal  throng. 

gntta  cavat  lapidem,  non  vi,  sed 
ssepe  cadendo,  The  drop  hollows  out  the 
stone  by  frequent  dropping,  not  bv  force ; 
constant  persistence  gains  the  end.  (Cf.  Ovid  : 
Ex  Panto,  IV.  x.  5.) 

band  longls  interval]!*.  At  frequent  in- 
tervals. 
heluo   llbrorum,   A  devourer  of  books ;  a 

bookworm. 
neu   pietas !  hen  prlsca  fides   (Virg. : 

Mn.   viii.  879),  Alas  I  for  piety  I     Alas  1  for 

our  ancient  faith  ; 
hiatus  valde  deflendus,  Agap  ordeHciency 

greatly  to  bedeplored  ;  words  em  ployed  to  mark 

a  blank  in  a  work,  but  often  used  of  persons 

whose  performances  fall  shortoftheirpromises. 
bio  et  ubiaue.  Here  and  every  where. 
hie  jacet,  Here  lies ;  SEPULTDB,  buried. 
hie  labor,  hie  opus  est.  Here  is  labour, 

here  is  toil. 

hie  sopultus.  Here  (lies]  buried. 
bine    illfe  lacrimae  (Hor. :  Kp.  I.  xix.  41), 

Hence  these  tears  ;  this  is  the  cause  of  the 

trouble. 
he-die  mini,  eras  tibl.  It  is  my  lot  to-day, 

yours  to-morrow.    (A  line  often  found  in  old 

epitaphs.) 
i  homo  factns  ad  nnguem.  Usually  quoted 

th  us,  though  the  proper  form  is  ad  unguer" 


I  faotus  homo  (If or. :  Sat.  I.  v.  32,  33  ;  cf 
Pers.  i.  64,  65),  A  highly-polished,  accom- 
plished man.  (The  expression  is  borrowed 
from  the  practice  in  sculptors,  who,  in  model- 
ling, give  the  finishing  touch  with  the  nail ; 
or  from  joiners,  who  test  the  accuracy  of  joints 
in  wood  by  the  nail.) 

homo  hominl  lupus  [ LUPUS  EST,  &c.] 

homo  multarum  literarum,  A  man  of 
many  letters  ;  a  man  of  extensive  learning. 

homo  solus  ant  deus  ant  dromon,  A 
man  to  live  alone  must  be  either  a  god  or 
devil  (Cf.  Eccles.Jv.  10 ;  Arist. :  Pol.  i.  1.) 

homo  sum ;  human!  nlhll  a  me  alien- 
urn  puto  (Terence  :  Heaut.  I.  i.  25),  I  am  a 
man  ;  and  I  consider  nothing  that  concerns 
mankind  a  matter  of  indifference  to  me. 

homo  trlum  literarum  [TmtiM  LITERARUM 

HOMO.] 

honores  mutant  mores,  Honours  change 
manners. 

honos  habet  onus,  Honour  is  burdened  with 
responsibility. 

horoe  canonicae,  Canonical  hours;  pre- 
scribed times  for  prcyers. 

horresco  referens  (Virg. :  £n.  ii.  204)  I 
shudder  as  I  tell  the  story. 

hortus  sicCUS,  A  dry  garden;  a  collectiun 
of  dried  plants;  an  herbarium. 

bos  ego  versiculos  feel,  tulit  alter 
honores  (Virgil,  on  the  occasion  when 
some  verses  he  had  written  on  the  shows  at 
Rome  were  unjustly  claimed  by  Bathyllus,who 
was  rewarded  for  them),  I  wrote  these  lines,  an- 
other has  borne  away  the  honour.  [Sic  vos,  &c.] 

humanum  est  errare,  To  err  is  human. 
(Cf.  Pope :  Essay  on  Criticism,  525.) 

hnnc  tu  caveto  (Hor. :  Sat.  I.  iv.  85),  Beware 
of  him. 

Id   genus    omne  (Hor. :  Sat.  I.  ii.  2),  All 

tlut  class.    (A  contemptuous  expression  for 

the  dregs  of  the  population.) 
ignorantia  non  excusat   legem,  Igno- 
rance is  no  plea  against  the  law. 
ignoratlo  elenchi.  Ignorance  of  the  point 

in  dispute  ;  the  logical  fallacy  of  arguing  to 

the  wrong  point 
ignotl  nulla  cupido,  There  is  no  desire  for 

that  is  unknown  ;  our  wants  are  increased  by 

knowledge. 
ignotum  per  ignotins,  (To  explain)  a  thing 

not  understood  by  one  still  less  understood. 
Ilias  malorum  (Cicero:  Epist.  ad  Atticum, 

viii.  11),  An  Iliad  of  woes  ;  a  host  of  evils. 

(From  the  fact  that  the  siege  of  Troy  lasted 

ten  years.) 
imitatores,  servum  pecus  (Hor. :  Ep.  I. 

xix.  19),  Ye  imitators  ;  a  servile  herd. 
Immedicabile  vulnns  (Ovid. :  Met.  i.  190), 

An  incurable  wound  ;  an  irreparable  injury. 
imo  pectore,    From   the  bottom    of  one's 

heart. 
impart    marte,    With     unequal    military 

strength. 

impedimenta.  Luggage  ;  the  baggage  of  an 
army. 

Ixnperlnm    in    imperio,    A  government 

existing  within  another.    (Said  of  a  power  set 

up  against  constituted  authority.) 
implicite.  By  implication. 
impos  anlmi,  Of  weak  mind. 
in  actu,  In  the  very  act ;  in  reality. 
in  seternum.  For  ever. 
in  artioulo  mortis,  At  the  point  of  death. 
in  camera,  In  the  judge's  chamber ;  in  secret. 
in  capite,  In  chief. 
in  coelo  quieg,  There  is  rest  in  heaven. 
incredulus  odi  (Hor.:  de  Arte  Poet.,  187), 

Being  incredulous,  I  cannot  endure  it 
in  curia.  In  court. 
inde  iree.  Hence  this  resentment. 
in  dnbio,  In  doubt 
in  ,-e  quili  brio,  In  equilibrium. 
in  esse,  In  being. 
in  extenso.  At  length. 
in  extremis.  In  very  bad  circumstances  ;  at 

the  point  of  death. 

infandnm,  regina,  Jnbes  renovare 
dolorem  (Virg.:  JEn.  ii.  3),  You  command 
me.  O  Queen,  to  revive  unspeakable  grief. 

in  flagrante  delicto.  In  the  commission 
of  the  act. 

in  forma  pauperis.  As  a  poor  man. 
infra  dig..  Infra  dignitatem.    Beneath 
one's  dignity. 


in  future.  In  future,  henceforth. 

in  hoe  signo  vinceg,  A  Latin  rendering 
of  the  GreeK  iv  TOU'TW  v ixa  (en  touta  nika).  In 
this  sign  thou  shalt  conquer.  (The  motto 
is  said  to  have  been  adopted  by  Constantino 
after  his  vision  of  a  cross  in  the  heaveni 
just  before  his  decisive  battle  with  Maxentiui 

A.D.  312.) 

in  limine,  On  the  threshold  ;  preliminarily. 
in  loco.  In  the  place  ;  upon  the  spot;  in  tht 
place  of. 

in  loco  parentlg,  In  the  place  of  a  parent 
!  in  medias  res  (Hor.:  de  Arte  Poet^  I4gl 

In  the  very  midst  of  the  business. 
in  memorlam,  In  memory  of. 
in  nomine,  In  the  name  of. 

in  nubibus.  In  the  clouds  ;  hence,  undefined 

uncertain,  vague. 
in  nuce.  In  a  nutshell. 
In  omnia  paratus,  Prepared  for  all  thtngi. 
Inopem  copla  fecit,  Abundance  has  made 

him  poor. 

in  pace.  In  peace. 

in  perpetuam  rel  memorlam.  In  ever. 

lasting  remembrance  of  the  event 
I  In  perpetnum.  For  ever. 
I  in  pleno,  In  full. 
in  posse,  In  possible  existence. 
in  propria  persona,  In  one's  own  person. 
in  purls  naturalibus,  In  a  state  of  nature ; 

stark  naked. 
in  re,  In  the  matter  of. 
inrcrum  natura.  In  the  nature  of  thiiigi. 
in  stecula  gteculorum.  For  ever. 
inscitla     est  :  adversum     stimulant 

•ftlces  (Terence :   1'kormio,  I.  ii.  27,  28),  It  ic 

mere  folly  to  kick  against  the  spur.    (Cf.  Acts, 

ix.  5). 
in  situ.  In  its  proper  position.     [STATOB  QDO 

AS  :'K  BELLUU.j 

in  statu  quo.  In  its  f. inner  state. 

in  suspense.  In  suspense. 

In  te,  Domine,  speravi  (Pa  xxxl.  1.  KttJf .) 

In  thee,  O  Lord,  have  I  put  my  trust 
inter  alia,  Among  other  things. 
Inter  arma  leges  silent  (Cic. :  pro  Mil,  4, 

10),  In  the  time  of  war  the  laws  are  silent 
inter  canem  et  lupum,  Between  the  dog 

and  the  wolf ;  twilight 
interdum  vulgns  rectum  vldet  (Hor.  .• 

Ep.  II.  i.  63),  Sometimes  the  rabble  see  what 

is  right. 

inter  nog.  Between  ourselves. 
inter  pocula.  At  one's  cups. 
in  terrorcm.  In  terror ;  as  a  warning. 
inter  se.  Amongst  themselves. 
inter  spem  et  metum,  Between  hope  a»d 

fear. 

in  totldem  verbis.  In  so  many  words. 
In  toto,  In  the  whole ;  entirely. 
intramurog,  Within  the  walls. 
in  trans'tu.  On  the  passage, 
intra  parieteg,  Within  the  walls ;  private. 
In  usum  Delphini,  For  the  use  of  the  Uau 

phin.     [DELPHINE,  A.  2.  in  ENCYC.  DiCT.J 
In  utroque  ndclig.  Faithful  in  both. 
In  vacuo.  In  a  vacuum. 
in  verba  magistri  jurare.  To  swear  to 

a  master's  words;    to  accept   opinions  upon 

authority. 

inverso  ordine,  In  an  inverse  order. 

in  vino  verltas,  In  wine  there  is  truth. 
When  a  person  is  under  the  influence  of  win« 
he  shows  himself  in  his  true  colours. 

invita  Minerva  (Hor. :  de  Arte  Poet.,  386), 
Minerva  (Goddess  of  Wisdom),  being  un- 
willing ;  hence,  without  genius. 

ipse  dixlt,  He  himself  has  said  it;  a  mere 
assertion. 

ipsissima  verba.  The  identical  words. 

ipso  facto.  By  the  fact  itself. 

Ipso  jure,  By  the  law  itself. 

ira  furor  brevig  est  (Hor. :  Ep.  I.  11.  et),    • 
Anger  is  a  brief  madness. 

tta  est.  It  is  so. 

ita  lex  scripta  est,  Such  is  the  written 
law. 

italioe,  In  Italian  characters. 

jacta  alea  est  (The  exclamation  of  Julius 
Ca?sar  when  he  passed  the  Rubicon.  (,Su<tfo> 
nlus.  i.  32),  The  die  is  cast. 


Phrases   and   Quotations. 


5301 


Jam  redlt  et  Virgo,  rcdeunt  Saturnla 

regna  (Virg. :   Eel.  iv.  4),  Now  the  Virgin 

and  the  Saturnian  age  return.    (Of  the  reign 

of  Astraea,  the  Goddess  of  Justice,  in  the 

Golden  Age.) 
Jannis   clausls.    With    closed    doors ;  In 

secret. 

Joel  causa.  For  the  sake  of  a  joke. 
Jubilate  Deo  (Ps.c.l).Obe  joyful  in  the  Lord. 
Jucnndi  act!  labores  (Cicero :  de  Finibua, 

ii.  32),  The  remembrances  of  past  labour  is 

sweet. 

Jndiclum  Del,  The  judgment  of  God. 
Indicium    parium   aut   leges   term 

(Macjiw  Carta),  The  judgment  of  our  peers  or 

the  laws  of  the  land. 
Jure  divino.  By  divine  law. 
Jure  humano.  By  human  law. 
Juris  peritus.  One  learned  in  the  law. 
Juris  utriusque  doctor,  Doctor  of  both 

laws,  i.e.,  of  canon  and  civil  laws. 
Jus  canonicum.  Canon  law. 
Jus  civile,  The  civil  law. 
Jus  divinum.  The  divine  law. 
Jus  et  nonna  loquendl  (//or. de  Arte  Poet., 

73),  The  law  and  rule  of  speech. 
JOB  gentium.  The  law  of  nations. 
Jus  gladll.  The  right  of  the  sword. 
Jus  possessionis.  The  right  of  possession. 
Jus  proprletatls.  The  right  of  property. 
Jus  summum  ssepo  summa  malltla  est 

(Terence:  Heaut.,  IV.  v.  47),  Extreme  law  la 

often  extreme  wrong. 

labitur  et  labetur  In  omne  volubllU 
tevum  (Hor. :  Ep.  I.  ii.  43),  It  glides  on,  and 
will  glide  on  for  ever. 

laborare  est  orare,  Work  is  prayer. 

labor  ipse  voluptas,  Labour  itself  IB  a 
pleasure. 

labor  omnla  vincit  (Virg. :  Georg.  i.  146), 
Labour  overcomes  all  difficulties. 

'aborura  dulce  lenimen  (/for.,  I.  mil 
14),  The  sweet  solace  of  our  labours. 

lana  oaprina  [Dc  LANA  CAFRINA!. 

lapis  philosophorum,  The  philosopher's 
stone. 

lapsus  calami,  A  slip  of  the  pen. 

lapsus  linguae,  A  slip  of  the  tongue. 

lapsus  memorise,  A  slip  of  the  memory. 

lares  et  penates.  Household  gods. 

lateat  scintillula  for&an,  Perchance  some 
small  spark  may  lie  concealed.  (The  motto  of 
the  Royal  Humane  Society.) 

latine  dictum,  Spoken  in  Latin. 

laudari  a  vlro  laudato  (A  fragment  from 
Neevius,  quoted  by  Cicero  :  Ep.  Fam.  v.  12,  and 
Jtv.  6),  To  be  praised  by  a  man  who  deserves 
praise,  i.e.,  by  an  eminent  man ;  "Approbation 
from  Sir  Hubert  Stanley  is  praise  indeed" 
(Morton:  A  Cure  for  the  Heartache,  v.  2.). 

landatlones  eorum  qui  aunt  ab  Ho 
mero   laudati  (Cicero:   de  Fin.,   ii.  35), 
Praises   from    those    who   were   themselves 
praised  by  Homer. 

laudator  tomporis  actl  (Hor. :  De  Arte 
Poet.,  173),  One  who  praises  the  good  old  days. 

laudum  Immensa  cupido.  An  insati- 
able desire  for  praise. 

laus  Deo,  Praise  to  God. 

lector  benevole,  Kind,  or  gentle,  reader. 

legatus  a  latere  (A  legate  from  the  aide  [of 
the  Pope]),  A  papal  legate. 

lex  loci.  The  law  of  the  place.    [L«x-] 

lex  non  scrlpta,  The  unwritten  law;  the 
common  law. 

lex  scrlpta,  The  written  or  statute  law. 
lex  talionis.  The  law  of  retaliation. 
lex  terrn.  The  law  of  the  land. 
licentia  vatum.  The  license  allowed  to  poets. 
limte  labor  et  mora  (Hor.:  de  Arte  Poet., 

291),  The  labour  and  delay  of  the  file ;  the 

alow  and  laborious  polish  of  a  literary  work. 
Us  litem  generat.  Strife  begets  strife. 
litem  lite  resolvere  (Adapted  from  Hor. : 

Sat.,  II.  iii.  102),  To  settle  strife  by  strife;  to 

end  one  controversy  by  another. 
lite  pendente,  During  the  trial. 
litera  scripta  manet.  The  written  character 

remains. 

loci  communes,  Common  places. 
toco  citato.  In  the  place  quoted.    [Loc.  oxj 


locus  classicus,  A  classical  passage;  the 
acknowledged  place  of  reference. 

locus  criminis.  The  scene  of  the  crime. 

locus  In  quo,  The  place  in  which. 

longo  intcrvallo,  By  or  with  a  long  interval. 

lucidUB  ordo  (Hor.:  De  Arte  Poet.,  41),  A 
perspicuous  arrangement, 

lucrl  causa.  For  the  sake  of  gain. 

lucus  a  non  luccndo.  An  elliptical  ex- 
pression which  may  be  rendered  in  English : 
the  word  lucus  (=  a  grove)  is  derived  from 
luceo  (=  to  shine),  because  it  does  not  admit 
light.  This  antiphrastic  derivation,  which  is 
by  no  means  an  isolated  case,  was  favoured 
by  Servius  (in  Virg. :  JEn.  i.  441),  and  is 
noticed  by  Quintilian  (i.  6),  but  only  to  con- 
demn it.  Hence  the  phrase  has  become  pro- 
verbial in  ridicule  of  far-fetched  etymologies, 
or  of  anything  inconsequent  and  absurd. 

lupum  auribns  teneo  (Terence :  Phormio, 
III.  ii.  21),  1  hold  a  wolf  by  the  ears  ;  I  have 
caught  a  Tartar. 

lupus  est  homo  homini  (Plant:  Asin. 
II.  iv.  88),  Man  is  a  wolf  to  his  fellow-man  ; 
one  man  preys  on  another. 

lupus  in  fabula  (Cicero:  Ep.  ad  Atticum, 
xiii.  33),  The  wolf  in  the  fable ;  talk  of  the 
devil  and  he  will  appear. 

lusus  natures,  A  freak  of  nature;  a  de- 
formed animal  or  plant 


magister  cercmoniarum,  A  master  of 
the  ceremonies. 

magna  civitas,  magna  solitude,  A 
great  city  is  a  great  solitude. 

xnagnaa  spes  altera  Romas,  A  second 
hope  of  mighty  Rome;  used  of  any  young 
man  of  promise. 

magna  est  veritas  et  praevalebit  .(Al- 
tered from  1  Esdras  iv.  41.,  where  the  read- 
ing is  pnemlet),  Truth  is  mighty,  and  will 
prevail. 

magna  est  vis  consuetudinis.  Great 
is  the  power  of  habit. 

magnas  Inter  opes  Inops  (Hor.,  III.  xvi. 
28),  Poor  in  the  midst  of  great  wealth. 

magni  nominis  umbra  [STAT  HAONI,  &c.]. 

magnum  bonum,  A  great  good. 

magnum  opus,  A  great  undertaking ;  the 
great  work  of  a  man's  life. 

magnum  vectieal  est  parslmonla 
(Cicero:  Parctd.,  VI.  Iii.  49),  Thrift  is  itself  a 
good  income. 

mala  fide,  With  bad  faith  ;  treacherously. 

mall  exempli.  Of  a  bad  example. 

mall  prlnclpil  malus  finis,  The  bad  end 
of  a  bad  beginning. 

mails  avibns.  With  unlucky  birds,  i.e.,  with 
bad  omens. 

malo  modo,  In  an  evil  manner. 

malus  pudor,  False  shame. 

manibus  pedibusque,  With  hands  and 
feet ;  tooth  and  nail. 

manu  fortl.  With  a  strong  hand. 

manu  proprla,  With  one's  own  hand. 

mare  clausum,  A  closed  sea,  a  bay. 

mars  gravior  sub  pace  latet  (Claud. : 
De  sex  con.  H.  Auguiti,  307),  A  more  serious 
warfare  is  concealed  by  seeming  peace. 

materlem  superabat  opus  (Ovid. :  Met. 
ii.  5),  The  workmanship  was  more  valuable 
than  the  raw  material. 

medlocrla  fir  ma.  Moderate  things  are  surest. 

mcdlo  tutissimus  ibis  (Ovid.  -.Met.  ii.  137), 
Yon  will  travel  safest  in  a  middle  course. 

me  Judloe,  I  being  the  judge  ;  in  my  opinion. 

memor  et  fldelis.  Mindful  and  faithful. 

memorla  In  aaterna.  In  eternal  remem- 
brance. 

mens  agitat  molem  (Virg. :  Mn.  yi.  727), 
A  mind  informs  the  mass.  Used  by  Virgil  in  a 
pantheistic  sense  of  the  world ;  often  applied 
to  a  unwieldy,  dull-looking  person, 

mens  Sana  In  corpora  sano  (Juv.,  x. 
356),  A  sound  mind  in  a  healthy  body. 

mens  slbl  conscia  recti  (Virg. :  Xn.  i. 
604),  A  mind  conscious  of  its  own  rectitude. 

meo  pcriculo.  At  my  own  risk. 

meo  voto.  At  my  own  wish. 

mini  oura  futuri,  My  care  is  for  the  future. 

mirablle  dlotn  (Virg. :  Gvrrg.  ii.  SO),  Won- 
derful to  relate. 

mirablle  visa,  Wonderful  to  tee. 


mlscrls  succurrero  disco  [NON  IUNARA, 

&c.J. 

modo  et  forma,  In  manner  and  form. 
modus  operand!,  The  manner  of  working. 
mollia  tempora  fandi  (Altered  from  Virg. 

Mn.  iv.  293,  294),  The  favourable  moment  for 

speaking. 
monumentum  aere  perennlus  [EXEOI, 

Ac.! 
more  majorum,  After  the  manner  of  our 

ancestors. 

more  suo.  In  his  usual  manner. 
mors  Janua  vitas.  Death  is  the  gate  of 

[everlaatingj  life. 

mors  omnibus  communis,  Death  is  com- 
mon to  all  men. 

mos  pro  lege,  Usage  has  the  force  of  law. 
motu  proprlo,  Of  his  own  accord. 
multum  in  parvo.  Much  in  little. 
munus    Apolline    dlgnum    (Hor. :  Ep. 

II.  i.  216),  A  gift  worthy  the  acceptance  of 

Apollo. 
mutatis  mutandis.  The  necessary  changes 

being  made. 
mutato  nomine,  de  to  '  fabula  narra- 

tur  (Hor.:    Hat.  I.  i.  69,  70),  With  a  mere 

change  of  name  the  story  is  applicable  to  you. 

(Cf.  2  Sam.  xii.  1-7.) 

nascimnr     poetaa,     fimus     oratores, 

We  are  born  poets,  we  become  orators  by 

training.    [POETA  NASCITUR,  &c.]. 
natale  solum  (Ovid :  Met.  vii.  52),  The  land 

of  one's  birth. 
naturam  cxpellas  furca,  tamen  usque 

recurret  (Hor. :  Ep.  I.  x.  24),  Though  you 

may  drive  out  Nature  with  a  pitchfork,  she 

will  always  come  back  ;  inborn  character  is 

ineradicable. 
ne  cede  malls,  sod  contra  audentior 

ltd  (Virg. :  JEn.  vi.  95),  Do  not  yield  to  mis- 
fortunes ;  on-  the  contrary,  go  more  boldly  to 

meet  them. 
necessltas  non  habet  legem,  Necessity 

knows  no  law. 
neo  mora,  nee  requies  (Virg. :  Georg.  iii. 

110 ;  &n.  v.  458,  xii.  553),  Neither  delay,  nor 

rest ;  without  intermission. 
nee  plurlbus  impar.  No  unequal  match 

for  many.    The  motto  assumed  by  Louis  XIV. 

when  he  planned  the  subjugation  of  Europe. 
neo  prooe,  neo  pretlo  (Auct.  ad  Heren.,  Iii. 

3),  Neither  by  entreaty  nor  bribery  ;  neither 

by  paying  nor  praying. 
neo  scire  fas  est  omnla  (Hor.,  III.  iv.  22), 

We  are  not  allowed  to  know  all  things. 

nee  temere,  neo  tlmide,  Neither  rashly 
*    nor  timidly. 

nefasti  dies,  Days  on  which  judgment  could 
not  be  pronounced  nor  public  assemblies  be 
held  ;  hence,  unlucky  days. 

ne  front!  credo,  Don't  trust  to  appearances. 

nomine  contradiccnte.  No  one  contra- 
dicting. 

nomine  dissentients,  No  one  dissenting. 

nemo  fu!t  repente  tnrplsslmns  (Juv.,  ii. 
83),  No  man  becomes  a  villain  all  at  once. 

nemo  me  Impune  lacessit,  No  one  pro- 
vokes me  with  impunity.  The  motto  of  the 
Order  of  the  Thistle. 

nemo  mortalium  omnibus  horls  saplt> 
No  man  is  wise  at  all  times  ;  the  wisest  may 
make  mistakes. 

nemo  solus  satis  sapit,  No  man  is  suffi- 
ciently wise  of  himself. 

ne  (non)  plus  ultra.  Nothing  further ;  the 
uttermost  point ;  perfection. 

ne  puero  gladium.  Do  not  entrust  a  sword 
.to  a  boy. 

ne  quid  detriment!  respnblica  capiat, 
Lest  the  State  suffer  any  injury.  The  injunc- 
tion given  to  the  Dictator  when  invested  witi> 
supreme  authority. 

nor  vi  belli  pecunla  (Cicero :  Philip,  v.  2), 
Money  is  the  sinews  of  war. 

ne  sutor  ultra  crcpidam.  The  shoe- 
maker should  not  go  Beyond  his  last.  (A 
Latin  version  of  a  rebuke  said  to  have  been 
addressed  by  Apelles  to  a  shoemaker  who 
pointed  out  some  errors  in  the  painting  of  a 
slipper  in  one  of  the  artist's  works,  and  then 
began  to  criticise  other  parts  of  the  picture.) 

ne  tentes,  ant  perflce.  Do  not  attempt, 
or  carry  it  out  thoroughly. 

nihil  tetlglt   quod    non    ornavlt.   He 


5302 


Phrases  and   Quotations. 


touched  nothing  without  embellishing  it  (A 
misquotation  from  Johnson's  Epitaph  on 
Goldsmith  in  Westminster  Abbey.  Johnson 
wrote  :  Qui  nullum  fere  tcribeiidi  genus  non 
letigit,  nullum  quod  tetiffit  non  ornai'it  (Who 
left  scarcely  any  kind  of  writing  cntonehed, 
and  adorned  all  that  he  did  touch).  "Hie  mis- 
quotation led  a  distinguished  scholar  to  criti- 
cize Johnson's  Latinity  in  terms  which  he 
would  not  have  employed  had  he  seen  the 
whole  passage. 

nil  admirarl  (/for.  ;  Ep.  I.  vi.  1),  To  be  as- 
tonished at  nothing. 

nil  c.'nscire  sibi,  nulla  pallcsccre 
culpa  (//or.:  Sat.  I.  i.  59),  To  be  conscious 
of  no  fault,  to  turn  pale  at  no  accusatiou. 

nil  desperandum  (/for.,  I.  vii.  22),  There  is 
no  cause  for  despair  ;  never  despair. 

nil  nisi  cruce,  Nothing  but  by  the  cross; 
no  reward  without  suffering. 


nlmium  ne  crede  oolorl  (Firg.  .•  Eel.  il. 

1  7).  Do  not  t-r.st  too  much  to  your  good  looks. 

nisiDomlnub  frustra(l's.  cxxvii.  1,  Vulg.), 

Unless  the  U>rd  is  witli  us,  our  labour  is  vain. 
nitor   in   adversum  (Ovid  :   Met.   il.  72), 

I  strive  against  opposition. 
nobilltas  sola  eat  atquo  unica  virtus 

(Jm.,  v-iii.   20),  Virtue  is  the  true  and  only 

nobility. 

nolens  volens,  Whether  willing  or  not 
noil  me  tangere,  Touch  me  not. 
nolo  eplscoparl,  I  do  not  wish  to  be  made 

a  bishop.      (The  formal  reply  made  to  the 

royal  offer  of  a  bishopric.) 
non  amo  te  Sabidi,  neo  possum  diccro 

quare  (Mart.,  I.  xxxiii.  1),  I  do  not  love 

thee,  Sabidius,  nor  can  Isaywhy.  (The  original 

of  Tom  Brown's   epigram,  "I  do  not  love 

thee,  Dr.  Fell.") 
non  cuivis  homini   continglt   adire 

Cortnthnm  (Hor.  -.  Ej>.  \.  xvii.  96),  It  is  not 

every  man's  lot  to  go  to  Corinth  (the  head- 

quarters of  luxury  and  refinement);  hence  = 

it  is  not  every  man's  good  fortune  to  be  able 

to  see  great  cities. 
non  dcflciente  crumena  (HOT.  :  Sp.  I.  IL 

11),  While  the  money  lasts. 
non  est  inventns,  He  is  not  found. 
non  tgnara  mall,  miseris  succurrero 

disco  (Virg.  :  JEn.  \.  630),  Not  unacquainted 

with    misfortune,    I   learn   to   succour   the 

wretched. 

non  libet,  It  does  not  please  me. 
non    multa,    sed    inultum.    Not  many 

tilings,  but  much. 
non  nobls  solum  natl  sumus  (Cicero: 

<fe  Offlciis,  I.  vii.  22),  We   are  not  born  for 

ourselves  alone. 
non   orane   licitum    honcstum.   Every 

lawful  act  is  not  necessarily  honourable. 
non  omnla  possumus  omnes,  We  can- 

not, all  of  us,  do  everything. 
non  passibus  seqnls  (Virg.  :  Mn.  ii.  724), 

Not  with  equal  steps.    (Sometimes  applied  to 

«  person  who  has  been  outstripped  by  another 

in  the  race  for  fame,  wealth,  Ac.) 
non  placet  [PLACET]. 
non  plus  ultra  [NE  FLUB  ULTRA). 
non  quis,  sed  quid,  Not  who,  bnt  what  ; 

measures,  not  men. 
non  seqnitnr.  It  don  not  follow;  an  un- 

warranted conclusion. 
non  sibi,  sed  patrtn,  Not  for  himself,  but 

for  his  native  land. 
non  sum  quails  eram  (nor.,  IT.  i.  3),  I 

am  not  what  I  once  was. 
nosco  teipsum,  Know  thyself. 
noscitur  e  soctis,  A  man  is  known  by  the 

company  he  keeps. 
nota  bene  (N.  B.),  Mark  welL 
novas  homo  (lit.,  a  new  man),  A  mushroom, 

an  upstart. 

nudis  vtrbis,  In  plain  words. 
nulla  dies  sine  tinea,  No  day  without  a 

line,  i.e.,  without  something  done.    (A  pro- 

verb said  to  owe  its  origin  to  the  fact  that 

Apelles  was  accustomed    to  do    something 

daily  in  the  practice  of  his  art,  if  It  were  only 

to  draw  a  straight  line.     (Cf.  flit..,  rxxr.  10, 

S8,  §  84.) 

nnlll  secundus,  Second  to  none. 
none  ant  nunquam,  Now  or  never. 
nunquam    *H*»qi?    solus    quam   ciun 
,     solos  (Cicero  :  dt  Hip.,  i.  17),  Never  leu  alone 

-than  when,  alone. 


oblit,  H«  (or  she)  died. 

obiter  dictum.  A  thing  said  incidentally; 

an  unofficial  expression  of  opinion, 
obscurum  per  obscurlus,  Explaining  an 

obscurity  by  something  still  more  obscure 

[Cf.  loNOTtlJI  PER  IOSOTIU8.) 

obsta  prlnclplls  [PBINCIPIIS  OBSTA,  tc.] 
oderint  dum  metnant  (A  fragment 
from  the  Atreut  of  Attius),  Let  them  hate  so 
long  as  they  foar.     (A  favorite  saying  of  Cali- 
gula  (Suetoniut :  Cidig.  xxx.) 

odi  profanum  vulgus,  et  aroeo(Hbr  • 
III.  i.  1),  I  hate  the  vnlgar  rabble,  and  drive 
them  away. 

odium  theologinm,  The  hatred  of  theo- 
logians. 
offlcina  gentium.  The  workshop  of  the  world. 

0  fortunatos    nlmlnm.   sua  si  bona 

norint  (lir(7. :  Gwg.  ii.  469),  o  more  than 

happy,  if  they  only  knew  their  advantages. 
ohe !  jam  satis,  Oh  I  there  is  now  enough. 
omne  ignotum  pro  magnlfloo  (Tacitus: 

Aifric.  xxx.),  Everything  unknown  is  taken  for 

magnificent 
omnem  movere  lapidem,  To  turn  every 

stone ;  to  make  every  exertion. 
omne  simile  est  dlsslmlle.  Every  like  is 

unlike;   if  there  were  not  unlikeness  there 

would  be  identity. 
omne   solum   forti    patria   est  (Ovid: 

Fasti  i.  493),  Every  land  is  a  brave  man's 

home.    [Mpibt  *•  r-  *•] 
omne  tulit  punctum  qui  mlscult  utllo 

dulcl  (//or.:    Dt  Arte  Poet.,  344),    He  has 

gained  every  point  who  has  mixed  the  useful 

and  the  agreeable. 

omnia  ad  Dei  gloriam  <l  Cor.  x.  31. 

Vulg.),  All  things  for  the  glory  of  Ood. 
omnla  mors  tcquat  (Claud. :  Ki,,t.  Pmerp 

ii.  S62.),  Death  levels  all  distinctions. 
omnla  mutantur,  nos  et  mutamnr  In 

tills    (Borboniut :   Dictum  Lotharii  l.\  All 

things  are  subject  to  change,  and  we  change 

with  them.    (TSMPORA  MUTANTUR,  &.c.) 
omnia  vincit  amor,  nos  et  cedamus 

amort  (I'irg. :  Ed.  x.  69),  Love  conquers  all 

things,  let  us  too  yield  to  love. 

omnia  vincit  labor,  Labor  conquers  all 
things. 

omnls  amans  amans.  Every  lover  is  de- 
mented. 

opera  pretium  est,  It  is  worth  while. 

ora  et  labora.  Pray  and  work. 

ora  pro  nobis,  Pray  for  us. 

orate  pro  anlrna.  Pray  for  the  soul  (of). 

orator  fit,  poeta  nascitnr,  The  orator 

is  made ;  the  poet  is  born. 
ore  rotundo,  With  loud  resounding  voice. 

01  Si  Bio  omnla.  If  he  had  always  spoken 
or  acted  thus.  (Cf.  Jur..  x.  123, 124. ) 

O  tempera,  o  mores  (Citm :  in  Cat.  1. 1.\ 
Alas  for  the  times  and  the  manners. 

otlosa  scdulitas,  Laborioni  trifling. 

otinm  cnm  dignitate,  Ease  with  dignity. 

otiuni  sine  dignitate,  Ease  without 
dignity. 

pace.  By  leave  of;  with  the  consent  of. 

pace  tua,  B/your  leave. 

pacta  conventa.  The  conditions  agreed  on. 

pallida  mors  sequo  pulsat  pede  pau 
perum  tabernas  i  regumque  turres 
(Hor.,  I.  iv.  13,  14X  Pale  Heath,  with  impar- 
tial foot,  knocks  at  the  cottages  of  the  poor 
and  the  palaces  of  kings. 

palmam  qul  merult  ferat,  Let  him  bear 
the  palm  who  has  deserved  it. 

par  negotils  neqne  supra,  Equal  to,  but 
not  above  his  business. 

par  nobile  fratrum  (Har. :  Sat.  II.  iii.  24"), 
A  noble  pair  of  brothers ;  a  well-matched  pair. 

pars  pro  toto,  The  part  for  the  whole. 

particeps  criminls,  A  partaker  in  the 
crime ;  an  accessory. 

parturient  monies,  nascitnr  ri- 
diculus  mus.  The  mountain  is  in  labor ; 
a  ridiculous  mouse  will  be  born. 

parva  componere  magnis  ( Vwg. :  EcL, 
i.  24),  To  compare  small  things  with  great 
ones. 

pater  f ami  Hag,  The  father  of  the  flunily. 
pater  noster,  Our  Father. 


pater  patriw.  Tlie  father  of  his  country.  A 
title  bestowed  by  the  Roman  Senate  on  Utesar 
Outavianus  Augustus.  (Suet.  li.  58.) 

patres  conscriptl.  The  Conscript  Fathers  • 
the  Roman  Senate.  (Often  jocularly  applied  to 
the  members  of  a  town  council.) 

pax  orbls  terrarum.  The  sovereignty  of 
the  world.  (A  legend  of  frequent  occurrence 
on  Roman  coins.) 

pax  Romana  (cf.  Piin.  xxvii.  1,  i).     The 

Roman  Empire. 

pax  vobiscum,  Peace  be  with  you. 

per,  By,  through  ;  by  means  of. 

per  ambages  (Virg. :  Gtorg.  li.  46),  By  cir- 
cuitous ways  ;  with  circumlocution. 

per  angusta  ad  augnsta,  Tlu-ough  trial 
to  triumph. 

per  aspera  ad  astra,  Through  rough  wayi 
to  the  stars  ;  through  suffering  to  renown. 

per  fas  et  nefas,  Through  right  «nd  wrong. 

perfcrvidum  Ingenlum  Scotorum,  The 
intensely  earnest  character  of  the  Scotch. 

per  gradus,  Gradually. 

periculnm  in  mora.  There  is  danger  In 
delay. 

per  interim,  In  the  meantime. 

per  mare,  per  terras,  By  sea  and  land. 

per  sal  turn.  By  a  leap ;  by  fits  and  slmrtt. 

per  se.  In  itself;  for  its  own  sake. 

petitio  principe,  A  begging  of  the  ques- 
tion. 

placet.  It  seems  right,  it  is  approved  of.  The 
formula  by  which  the  members  of  an  (Ecu- 
menical Council  or  a  University  senate  record 
affirmative  votes.  The  negative  formula  i» 
non  placet. 

poeta  nascitnr,  non  fit,  The  poet  is  born, 
not  made.  [NASCIML'R  POETA,  &c.J 

pondere,  non  numero.  By  weight,  not  by 
number. 

pons  asinomm,  The  bridge  of  awes. 
populus  vult  decipi,  decipiatnr.  The 

people  wish  to  be  deceived  ;  let  them  be  de- 
ceived. 

post  bellum  auxlllum.  Aid  after  the  war. 

post  equitem  sedet  atra  cura  <Hor.  III. 
i.  40),  Black  care  sits  behind  the  rich  man  on 
horseback ;  riches  and  high  position  bring 
cares. 

prsemonitus,  pramunitus.  Forewarned, 
forearmed. 

prima  facie.  At  the  first  glance. 

principla,  non  homines,  Principles,  not 
men. 

prlnclplls  obsta  (Ovid:  KtmtA.  Am.  01), 
Resist  the  first  advances. 

prior  tempore,  prior  jure,  First  in  point 

of  time  first  by  right;  tirst  come  first  served. 
pro    arts   et    feds.   For  our  altars  and 

hearths  ;  for  our  homes. 
probatnm  est.  It  is  proved. 
probitas  laudatur  et  alget  (Jut.,  I.  74), 

Honesty  is  praised,  and  left  to  starve. 
pro  bono  pnblico,  For  the  public  good. 
pro  Deo  et  ecclesla,  For  God  and   the 

Church. 

profanum  vulgus  [Ooi  PROFA-H-M,  to.]. 
pro  forma,  As  a  matter  of  form. 
proh  pndor,  For  shame. 
pro  mcmorla.  As  a  memorial. 

pro  rege,  lege,  grege,  For  the  king,  the 

law,  and  the  people. 

pugnis  et  calcibns,  With  fists  and  heeli ; 

with  might  and  main. 
punlca  fides,  Punic  faith  ;  treachery. 


fucrant  vltla  mores  sunt,  What 
were  once  vices  are  now  in  fashion. 
UBB  nocent,  doeent,  Thin^B  which  injure, 
instruct,  we  are  taught  by  painful  experience; 
what  pains  us,  trains  us.  lirafl^a 


quails  ab  incepto  proeenerit  et  sibi 

oonstet(tfor.  :dtArlePoet.,  12),  As  he  begins, 

let  him  go  on,  and  be  consistent  with  himself. 

quails  rex,  tails  grrex.  Like  king,  like 

quails  vita,  finis  ita,  A«  life  it,  so  will  its 

end  be. 

quamdlu  se  bene  gesserlt.  As  long  as 

he  behaves  himself  ;  during  good  behaviour. 
quandoque  bonus  dormitat  Bomerus 

(Hor.  :  ae  Arte  Poet.,  35»X  Even  good  Homer 
nods  sometimes  ;  the  wisest  make  mistakes. 


Phrases  and  Quotations. 


S303 


quantl  est  sapere  (Terence :  Eunuclius,  I  v . 

vii.  21),  How  valuable  is  wisdom. 
quantum  Ubet,  As  much  as  you  like. 
quantum  meruit.  As  much  as  he  deserved. 
quantum  mutatus  ab  illo  (I'irj. :  &n. 

ii.  274),  How  changed  from  what  lie  was. 
quern  di  diligunt  !  adolescens  mori- 
tur  (Plant. :  Boa*,  iv.  7,  18,  19),  He  whom 
the  gods  love  dies  young,    [or  oi  fleoi,  «.  T.  A.] 
quid  faciendum  ?  What  is  to  be  dime  ? 
quid  nuno?  What  now?  what  news? 
o;nid  pro  quo,  One  thing  for  another;  an 

equivalent. 
quid  rides?  (Hor.:  Sat.  I.  L  69),  Why  do 

you  laugh?    [MuTATO  NOMINE,  Sc.] 
qui  nlmium  probat,  nihtl  probat.  He 

who  proves  to<i  much  proves  nothing. 
qul  non  proflcit,  deficit.  He  who  does 

not  advance,  loses  ground. 
quis  custodict  ipsos  custodes  T  (Juv., 

vi.  34o,  347),  Who  shall  keep  the  keepers? 
qul  tacet  consentire  vldetur.  He  who 
keeps  silence  is  assumed  to  consent ;  silence 
gives  consent. 
qni  tirnide  rogat  docet  negare,  He  who 

asks  timidly  courts  denial. 
quoad  hoc.  To  this  extent. 
quo  animo.  With  what  intention. 
qudcunque  Jaceris  stabit.  Wherever  yon 
throw  it,  it  will  stand.    (The  motto  of  the 
Isle  of  Man.) 

qnocunqne  modo,  Tn  whatever  manner. 
qudcunque  nomine,  Under  whatever  name. 
quod  avertat  Dens!  God  forbid  1 
quod  bene  notandum,  Which  is  to  be  es- 
pecially noted. 
anod  erat  demonstrandum,  Which  was 

to  be  proved.     [IJ.E.  D.) 
quod  erat  faciendum.  Which  was  to  be 

done.    (Q.  E.  F.] 

quod  hoc  sibi  vult?  What  does  this  mean? 

quod  non  opus  est,  asse   carum  est 

(A  saying  of  Cato,  quoted  by   Seneca,  Ep. 

icciv.),  What  is  not  necessary  is  dear  at  a 

penny. 

quod  vide  [q.v.l,  Which  see. 
quo  fata  vocant.  Whither  the  Fates  call. 
quo  las  et  gloria  ducunt,  Where  duty 

and  glory  leadT 
quorum  pars  magna  fui  (Virg. :  Mil.  ii. 

6),  Of  whom  I  was  an  important  part 
quos  Dcus  vult  perdere,  prlus   de- 
mentat  (probably  altered  from  a  passage  in 
Euripides),  Those  whom  God  wills  to  destroy 
he  flrst  deprives  of  their  senses, 
quot  homines,  tot  sententtw  (Times: 
Pkornio,  II.  Iii.  14),  Many  men,  many  minds. 


rlxatttr  de  lana  srepe  caprina  (Hor.  .- 
Ep.  I.  xviii.  15),  He  often  quarrels  about 
goats'  wool,  i.e.,  trifles. 

TUdls  indigestaque  moles  (Ovid:  Met.  L 

7),  A  rude  and  undigested  mass. 

ruit  cmlum,  Let  the  heavens  fall. 
ruit  mole  sua.  [Vis  COXSILI,  &c.] 
rus  in  urbe(Mar<.,  XII.  Ivii.  21),  A  residence 

in  or  near  town,  with  many  of  the  advantages 

of  the  country. 

rustieus  expoctat  dum  dcfluat  amnts, 
"at  me  I  l&Sltur,  et  labetur  to  omne 

VOlubiliS  sevum  (//or. :  EI>.  I.  if.  42,  43). 

The  peasant  waits  till  the  river  shall  cease  to 

flow,  but  tt  glides  on,  and  will  glide  on  for 

ever. 


sal  atticum,  Attic  salt,  i.e.,  wit. 

salvo  Jure,  Without  prejudice. 

salvo  pndore.  Without  offence  to  modesty. 

sapere  aude  (Hor.  :  Ep.  I.  ii.  40),  Dare  to  be 

tt  cito,  si  sat  bene.  Quickly  enough  If 
well  enough. 
satis    eloquentife,  sapientiw    parum 

(Sail.  :  SdtCat.,v.  5),  Eloquence  enough,  but 

too  little  wisdom. 
satis  superque,   Enough,  mnd  more  than 

euongli. 
sat  pnlchra,   si  sat  bona.  Fair  enough 

if  good  enough  ;  handsome  is  that  handsome 

does. 
secundum  artem,  According  to  the  rules 

of  art. 
semel  abbas,  semper  abbas,  Once  an 

abbot,  always  an  abbot. 
semel  insanivimns  omnes  (Mantuanm  : 

Ed  i.),  We  have  all  been  mad  at  some  time. 
semper  avarus  eget  (//or.  :  Ep.l.  Ii.  56), 

The  avaricious  man  is  always  in  want. 
semper  fldelis,  Always  faithful. 
semper  Idem,  Always  the  same. 
semper  paratus.  Always  prepared. 
semper  timldum  scelus.  Crime  is  always 

"SSSff&t  r'SSTHJTS 

father,  but  not  with  equal  steps. 
sero  venientibus  ossa.   The   bones  for 

those  who  come  late  ;  those  who  coma  late 

zet  the  leavings. 
serus  in  cwlum  redeas  (ffor,  I.  ii.  45), 

May  it  be  long  before  you  return  to  heaven  ; 

long  life  to  yon. 
servare  modum,  To  keep  within  bounds. 


rara  avis  In  ten-is,  nigroque  simil- 
lima  eygno  (Juv.,  vi.  164),  An  extremely 
rare  bird,  and  very  like  a  black  swan  (sup- 
posed not  to  exist).    The  first  four  words  are 
often  used  ironically. 
ratione  soil.  According  to  the  soil, 
recte  et  suaviter.  Justly  and  mildly. 
rectus  to  curia,    Upright   in  court,  with 

clean  hands. 
redolet  lucerna,  It  smells  of  the  lamp. 

(Said  of  any  laboured  literary  production.) 
re  Infecta,  The  business  being  unfinished. 
relata  refero.  I  tell  the  tale  as  I  heard  it. 
religio  loci,  The  spirit  of  the  place. 
rem  acu  tetigistl  (Plant. :  Xudena,  V.  U.  19), 
You  have  touched  the  matter  with  a  needle  ; 
yon  have  described  it  accurately. 
remls  velisque,  With  oars  and  sails ;  with 

all  one's  might. 

reqnlescat  In  pace,  May  he  rest  in  peace. 
res  angnsta  doml  (Juv.,  iii.  166),  Narrowed 

circumstances  at  home ;  limited  means. 
res  est  sacra  miser,  A  man  In  distress  is 

a  sacred  object. 

res  gestae,  Things  done,  exploits. 
res  judicata,   A   matter  decided  ;  •  o 

already  settled. 

respice  finem,  Look  to  the  end. 
resurgam,  I  shall  rise  again. 
ridere  in  stomacho  (Cic. :  Ep.  Fam.,tt.  16), 
To  laugh  inwardly ;  to  laugh  in  one  s  sleeve. 
ride  Bi  aapls.  Laugh  if  yon  are  wise. 


are  cured  by  like.    (The  principle  of  tom«> 
pathy.) 

si  mouumentum  requiris  eiroum- 
SPicc  If  you  seek  ui>  monument,  look 
aruuiid.  (The  epitaph  of  Sir  Christopher 
Wren  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  ofwhieh  he  was 
the  architect.) 
simplex  munditlis  (ffor.,  I.  T.  5X  Simple, 

iu  neat  attire  ;  neat,  not  gaudy, 
sine  cura,  Without  care  or  change. 
sine  dublo,  Without  doubt, 
sine  mora,  Without  delay. 
sine  praajudioio.  Without  prejudice. 
sine  qua  non.    Without  which,  not;   an 

indispensable  condition. 

si    parva    lioet    oomponere    magnis 
(Virg. :  Georg.  iv.  176),  If  it  be  lawful  to  com- 
pare small  things  with  great 
Siste,  viator  [STA,  VIATOH.) 
sit  tibi  terra  levis,  May  the  earth  lie  light 
upon   thee.     (An  inscription  often  found  on 
Roman    tombstones  :  frequently  abbreviated 
to  S.  T.  T.  L.) 
si  vis  pacem,  para  bellnm.  If  you  wish 

for  peace,  prepare  for  war. 
sola  nobilitas  virtus,    [NOBILITAS  SOLA, 

&c.] 

solitudinem  faciunt,  pacem  appellant 
(Tacitus  :  Agric.  xxx.),  They  make  a  wilderness 
and  call  it  peace.  (There  is  a  bitter  sneer  in 
the  original  which  is  almost  untranslateable. 
The  Latin  pax  =  peace,  and  was  also  used  for 
dominion.  So  that  the  British  chieftain  Cal- 
gacus,  from  whose  speech  the  quotation  is 
taken,  meant,  "They  lay  waste  a  country, 
and  boast  that  they  have  brought  it  into  sub- 
jection to  Borne.")  [PAX  ORBIS  TERRARUM 

PAX  ROMAHA-I 

spes  sibi  quisque  (Viry. :  Mn.  xi.  309), 
Let  each  man's  hope  be  in  himself;  let  him 
trust  to  his  own  resources. 

splendide  mendax(flor.,  Ill  xi.  85),  Nobly 
untruthful;  untrue  for  a  good  object.  (Often- 
used  ironically  of  an  unblushing  liar.) 

sponte  sua,  Spontaneously ;  of  one's  (or  ito> 
own  accord. 

"spretse  toluria  fornue  (Virg. :  jKn.  i.  27), 
The  affront  ottered  to  her  slighted  beauty. 
(In  allusion  to  the  resentment  of  Juno  beca  use 
Paris  gave  the  golden  apple  to  Venus  as  the 
prize  of  beauty.) 

•tat  magni  nominis  umbra  (Limn: 
PAarsa/iaTi.135),  He  stands  the  shadow  of  a 
mighty  name. 

stat  nominis  umbra,  An  adaptation  of  the 
preceding,  used  by  "Junius"  as  the  motto  of 
his  Letters. 

stat  pro  ratione  voluntas  [Sic  VOLO,  &c.J 

status  quo,  status  to  quo,  statu  quo, 
The  state  in  which. 


sic  eunt    fata  homlniim.   Thus  go  the 

destinies  of  men.      • 
sic  itur  ad  astra  (rir,.  :   M*.  U.  6«X 

Tlius  do  we  reach  the  stars. 
sic  passim,  So  in  various  places. 
sic  semper  tyrannls,  Ever  thus  to  tyrant*. 
sic  transit  gloria  mundi.  So  the  glory 

of  this  world  passes  away.     (The  first  words 

of  a  sequence  said  to  have  been  need  at  the 

installation  of  the  Popes.) 
slout  ante,  As  before 


as  he  was  with  our  fathers. 

sic  volo,  sic  jubeo,  stat  pro  ratione 
voluntas  (Altered  from  Jvv.,  vi.  fr22),  Tlras 
1  will,  thus  1  command,  my  pleasure  stands 
for  a  reason. 

sic  vos  non  vobta,  Thus  do  ye,  but  not  for 
yourselves.  The  commencement  of  each  of 
four  verses  which  Virgil  wrote,  but  left  in- 
complete, on  the  occasion  when  Bathyllus 
claimed  some  lines  really  written  by  the  poet, 
who  alone  was  able  to  complete  the  verses, 
and  thus  prove  their  authorship  [Hos  Boo, 
&c.l  Used  of  persons  by  whose  labours  others 
have  unduly  profited 


who  shall  be  agains 
•He  et  philosophus  esto,  Hold  your  tongne, 

and  you  will  pass  for  a  philosopher. 
silent  leges  Inter  arm*  in™"* 

&c.] 

simile  gaudet  slmlll.  Like  loves  like. 
similla  simllibus  ourantur,  Like  thinp 


i  quo  ante  bellum.  The  state  in 
which  the  belligerents  were  before  war  com- 
menced. [UTI  POSS1DETIS.] 

sta.  viator,  heroem  calcas.  Stop,  traveller, 

thou  treadest  on  a  hero's  dust.    (The  epitaph 

inscribed  by  Conde  over   the  grave   of  hi» 

great  opponent,  Merci.) 
stemmata  quid  taciuntt  (Juv.,  viii.  1), 

Of  what  value  are  pedigrees  ? 
studium  immane    loquendi,  An  insati- 

able desire  for  talking. 
!  sua  ouique  voluptas.  Every  roan  has  his 

own  pleasures.     [TRAHIT  st'A,  &C.1 
suaviter  to  modo,  fortiter  to  re.  Gen- 

tle in  manner,  resolute  in  execution. 
sub  colore  juris.  Under  colour  of  law. 
sub  hoe  signo  vtooes  [Is  HOC,  4c.] 
sublata  causa,  tollitur  eflectus.  The 

effect  ceases  when  the  cause  is  removed. 
sub  psena,  Under  a  penalty. 
sub  rosa,  Under  the  rose  ;  secretly. 
sub  silentlo.  In  silence  ;  without  formal  no- 

tice being  taken. 

sub  specie,  Under  the  appearance  of. 
sub  voce,  Under  such  or  such  a  word. 
sui  generis.  Of  its  own  kind  ;  unique. 

"(Cter'o'fde  O/.J.  10),  The  rigour  of  the  law 

is  the  height  of  oppression. 
sumptibus   publlcis,    At  the  public  ex- 

,  sunt  qmedam  mediocria, 


but  more  are  bad. 
suo  marte,  By  his  own  powers  or  skill 


5304 


Phrases   and    Quotations. 


•uppressio  verl,  snggestio    fatal.  The 

suppression  of  the  truth  is  the  suggestion  of  a 

falsehood. 
•urgit  amarl  illiquid  (Lucretius:  de  Her. 

Nat.,  iv.  1,134),  Something  bitter  arises. 
suum  cuique.  Let  each  have  his  own. 
situs  cuique  mos  (Terence:  Phonsio,  II.  iii. 

14),  Every  one  has  his  own  particular  habit. 


tangere  ulcus  (Terence :  Phormio,  IV.  iv.  »X 

To  touch  a  sore  ;  to  re-open  a  wound, 
tantsane  an i mis  caelestlbus  Ira,  (Virg. : 

-i'n.  i.  11),   Can  such  anger  dwell  in  heavenly 
minds? 

telum  imbelle  Bine  iota  (Virg. :  ,«n.  11. 

544),  A  feeble  dart,  devoid  of  force ;  applied, 

fig.,  to  a  weak  argument, 
tempera  mutantur,  no*  et  mutamur 

in  illis  [OMNIA  MUTANTUR,  &c.] 
tcmporl  parendum,  We  must  move  with 

the  times. 
tempos  edax  rerum  (Ovid :  Met.  xv.  234), 

Time  the  devourer  of  all  tilings, 
tompus  fnglt.  Time  flies, 
terapus  omnia   revelat.  Time  reveals  all 

things. 
tonax  proposltl  (Cf.  EOT.,  III.  111.  1),  Firm 

of  purpose. 
tercs  atquo  rotunda*  (Hor. :  Sat.  II.  vii. 

86),  A  man  polished  and  complete.    [HOMO 

FACTUS,  &c.J 

terracotta,  Baked  clay. 
terra  firma,  The  firm  land;  the  continent. 
terra  incognita,  An  unknown  land, 
tertium  quid,  A  third  something,  produced 

by  the  union  of  two  different  things,  or  the 

collision  of  two  opposing  forces. 
teste,  By  the  evidence  of. 
timeo  Danaos  et  dona  fcrcntes  (Virg. : 

JEn.  ii.  49.),  1  fear  the  Greeks,  even  when  they 

bring  gifts.     (Used  of  distrusting  the  kind* 

ness  of  a  foe.) 

tot   homines,    qnot   sentential,    So 

many  men,  so  many  minds. 
tranit  ana  qucmque  voluptas  (Virg. : 

Ed.  ii.  65),  Each  man  is  led  by  his  own  taste. 
transeat  In  exemplum,  Let  it  pass  into 

a  precedent. 
trla  juncta  In  uno,   Three  joined  in  one 

(the  motto  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath). 
trium   literarom  homo  (Plautut:  Avlul. 

II.  iv.  46),  A  man  of  three  letters  ;  a  thief 

(JUT  being  Latin  for  thief). 
Troja  fult,  Troy  was ;  Troy  has  perished. 
Tros  Ty  riusve  mini  nullo  discrimlne 

agetur  (Virg.:  jEn.  \.  574),  Trojan  or  Tyrian 

shall  have  the  same  treatment  from  me. 
truditur  dies  die  (HOT.,  II.  xviii.  15X  On* 

day  follows  hard  on  another. 
tu  ne  cede  mall*  [Ni  CEDE,  ie.J 


nberrima  fides.  Implicit  faith. 

ubi  bone  ibl  patria  (cf.  Cic. :  Tusc.  Blip-,  T. 

87),  Where  one  is  well  off,  there  is  his  country, 
ubi   jus   Incertum,   ibl   jus    nullum, 

Where  the  law  is  uncertain,  there  is  no  law. 
ubi  mel  Ibi  apes,  Where  the  honey  ig,  then 

are  the  bees. 
nbl  trea  medicl,  duo  athei,  Where  then 

are  three  physicians  there  are  two  atheists. 
ultima  ratio  regum,  The  last  argument 

of  kings  (engraved  on  French  cannon  by  order 

of  Louis  XIV.). 
nltimus   Komanorum.   The   last  of  the 


Romans ;  used  by  Brutus  of  Cassius.    (Of 
Tacitut:  An*,  iv.  84;  Luam:  Pkanalia,  vii. 

nngulbus  et  rostro,  With  claws  and  beak. 
unguls  in  ulcere,  A  nail  in  the  wound,  to 
keep  it  open. 

urbem    lateritiam    invcnit.    marmo- 
ream  reliquit  (Suet.,  ii.  28),  He  found  the 
city  (Rome)  brick,  but  left  it  marble. 
usque  ad  aras  [AMICUS  USQUE,  ic.) 
usque  ad  nauseam.  To  disgust 
usus  loquendi.  Usage  in  speaking. 

Utlle  dulOl      [O.MNE  TULIT,   Ac.] 

ut  infra,  As  stated  or  cited  below. 

ntl  possldetls.  As  you  now  possess.  (A 
diplomatic  phrase  meaning  that  at  tlie  term!- 
nation  of  hostilities  the  contending  parties 
are  to  retain  whatever  territory  they  may 
have  gained  during  the  war.) 

ut  supra,  As  stated  or  cited  above. 

vacuus  oantat  coram  latroue  viator 
[CANTABIT  VACUUS,  &c.J 

vade  in  pace,  Go  in  peace. 

vae  vlotis  (Liu.,  v.  48),  Woe  to  the  conquered. 
(Said  to  have  been  the  exclamation  of  Brennus, 
when  he  threatened  to  exterminate  the 
Romans.) 

valeat  quantum  valere  potest,  Let  it 
pasc  for  what  it  is  worth. 

Varo,  logiones  redde  (Suet.  ii.  23),  Varns, 
give  back  my  legions.  (A  frequent  exclama- 
tion of  Ceesar  Augustus  when  he  thought  of 
the  defeat  and  slaughter  of  Quinctilius  Varus 
with  three  legions  by  the  Germans.  Often  used 
of  a  commander  who  has  recklessly  sacrificed 
troops,  or  of  a  financier  who  has  wasted  funds.) 

Tariaa  leotidnes.  Various  readings,    (w.ll.) 

varlum  et  mutabilo  semper  j  femina 
(Virg. :  j£n.  iv.  569,  670),  Woman  is  always  a 
changeable  and  capricious  thing. 

Tells  et  remia  [Rons  VELISQDZ.] 

Telutl  In  speculum.  As  in  a  mirror.  (A 
theatrical  motto  ;  cf.  Shakesp.  (Hamlet,  iii.  2). 
"  To  hold,  as  'twere,  the  mirror  up  to  nature.") 

venalls   popnlus,   venalis   curia  pa 
trium.    The  people   and  the   senators  are 
equally  venal. 

vendidlt  hie  anro  patrlam  (Virg. :  &n. 
vi.  621),  He  sold  his  country  for  gold. 

venenum  In  auro  blbltur  (Senec. :  Thyest. 
453),  Poison  is  drunk  out  of  gold  ;  the  rich 
run  more  risk  of  being  poisoned  than  the  poor. 

venia  necessitati  datur,  Pardon  is  granted 
to  necessity ;  necessity  has  no  law. 

venientl  ooourrite  morbo  (Peri.,  ill.  64), 
Meet  tht  coming  disease  ;  take  it  in  time ; 
prevention  is  better  than  cure. 

venit  summa  dies  et  ineluctabile 
tompus  (Virg. :  /En.  ii.  324),  The  last  day 
has  come,  and  the  inevitable  doom. 

venl,  vidi,  viol,  I  came,  I  saw,  I  conquered. 
(The  laconic  despatch  in  which  Julius  Cwsar 
announced  to  the  Senate  his  victory  over  the 
Pharnaces.)  (Cf.  Suttaniui,  i.  37.) 

ventis  second!*.  With  favourable  winds. 

vera  Incessu  patult  dea  (Virg. :  &n.  I. 
405),  She  stood  revealed  an  undoubted  god- 
dess in  her  walk. 

verbum  sat  sapient!,  A  word  is  sufficient 
for  a  wise  man. 

veritas  odium  parlt  (Terence :  Andria,  L 
i.  41),  Truth  begets  hatred. 

veritas  prevaleblt  [MAONA  EST,  Ac.] 

vcritatis  simplex  oratlo  est,  The  lan- 
guage of  truth  is  simple. 
vestigia  .  .  .  nulla   retrorsum  (Hor.: 

Et.   1.  74,  76),  No  signs   of  any  returning 


(adapted  from  jEsop's  fable  of  the  Siek  Lion). 

Usually  Englished  as,  No  stepping  back. 
vexata  quaestlo,  A  disputed  question. 
via  media,  A  middle  course. 
via  trita,  via  tutissima,  The  beaten  path 

is  safest. 

vlctrix  causa  dig  plaonlt,  sed  victa 
Catonl  (Lucan:  Phar.  i.  128),  The  winning 
cause  was  pleasing  to  the  gods,  the  conquered 

•    one  to  Cato. 

video    moliora,    proboque  [  deterlora 

sequor  (Ovid :    Met.  vii.  20,  21),  1  see  and 

approve  the  better  course,  but  I  follow  the 

worse. 
vidit  et  erubult  lympha  pndica  Deum 

(Crashaw),  The  modest  water  saw  its  God  and 

blushed.    (On  the  miracle  at  Cana  in  Galilee.) 
vi  et  armls.  By  main  force. 
villus  argentum  est  auro,  virtutlbu* 

aurum  (Hor. :  Sat.  1. 1.  52),  Silver  is  of  less 

value  than  gold,  gold  than  virtue. 
vlncot  amor  patriaa  (Virg. :  ^».  vi.  i2«). 

The  love  of  country  will  prevail. 
vlr  bonus  dicendi  pentus,  A  good  man 

skilled  in  the  art  of  speaking.    (The  Roman 

definition  of  an  orator.) 
viresque  acquirit  eundo  (Virg. :  &n.  ir. 

175),   She    (Rumour)  gains    strength    as   she 

travels. 

Vlrgilium  vidi  tantum  (Ovid :  Trot.  IV. 
T.  51),  I  only  just  saw  Virgil;  I  was  not  inti- 
mate with  the  great  man. 

virtu*    laudatur    et    alget    [PBOBIT**, 

•o.] 

virtute  offlcli.  By  virtue  of  one's  office. 
virum  volitare  per  ora  (Virg. :  Oeorg. 

iii.  9),  To  hover  on  the  lips  of  men ;  to  be  in 

everybody's  mouth. 
vis  comica.  Comic  power  or  talent. 
vis  consili  expers  mole  ruit  sua  (Har., 

III.  iv.  651,  Force,  without  judgment,  falls  b) 
its  own  weight. 

vita  homlnis  sine  literls  mors  est. 

_lhe  life  of  man,  without  literature,  is  death 
vitam  impendere  vero  (Jut,,  iv.  91),  T<. 

risk  one's  life  for  the  truth. 
vix  ea  nostra  vooo  (Ovid. :  Met.  xiii.  141) 

I  scarcely  call  these  things  our  own. 
vixere  fortes  ante  Agamomnona(ffor. 

IV.  ix.  25),  Brave  men  lived  before  Agamem- 
non. 

volentl  non  fit  Injnria,  No  injury  is  done 
to  a  consenting  party. 

vox  clamant!*  In  deserto  (John  i.  28, 
Vulg.),  The  voice  of  one  crying  in  the  wilder- 
ness. 

vox  et  praaterea  nihil,  A  voice  and  nothing 
moi-e  ;  a  mere  sound  ;  hence,  fine  words  with- 
out weight  or  meaning.  (From  the  Greek  ; 
said  originally  of  the  nightingale ;  a  similar 
idea  occurs  in  Wordsworth's  To  the  Cuckoo.) 

vox  fauclbns  haesit  (Virg. :  Xn.  ii.  774), 
His  voice  died  in  his  throat;  he  was  dumb 
with  amazement. 

vox  populi,  vox  Del  (an  old  proverb 
quoted  by  William  of  Malmesbury  in  ths 
twelfth  century).  The  voice  of  the  people  1* 
the  voice  of  God. 

vultus  animl  janna  et  tabula  (Q.  T. 
Cicero :  de  Pet.  Consulates,  xi.  44),  The  coun- 
tenance is  the  portrait  and  picture  of  th* 
mind  (cf.  Eccles.  xii.  29). 


zonam  perdidit  (Hor. :  Ep.  II.  ii.  40),  Ht 
has  lost  his  purse ;  he  ii  iii  distressed  cir- 
cumstance*. 


MODERN    LANGUAGES. 

Tht  majority  of  thett  phrate*  art  from  the  French  ;'  tJioiefrom  other  languages  are  diitinguithed  thiu :  (Ger.)  =  German  5 

(It.)  =  Italian ;  and  (Sp.)  —  Spanish. 


*  bas,  Down,  down  with. 

a  bUognl  si  conoseon  gli  amlcl  (It.), 

Friend*  an  known  in  time  of  need ;  a  friend 
in  need  Ii  a  friwd  indeed. 


a  bon  chat,  bon  rat  (lit.  to  a  good  cat, 
a  good  rat),  tit  for  tat ;  a  Roland  for  an 
Oliver. 

a   bon  marohe,   Cheap;  a  good   bargain. 


Hence  the  term  Bon  Marche  used  as  a  sign 
by  proprietors  of  establishments  who  profesi 
to  offer  all  kinds  of  goods  at  low  rate*, 
a  bras  ou verts,  With  open  arm*. 


Phrases  and  Quotations. 


5305 


Absence  d'esprit,  Absence  of  mind. 

*  chaque   saint  sa  chandelle  (lit.,  to 
each  saint    his  candle,  from  the  custom  ol 
burning  lights  before  the  shrine  or  altar  of  a  j 
saint).    Honour  to  whom  honour  is  due, 

ft  cheval,  On  horseback. 

a  che  vuolo,  non  manoano  modi  (It.), 

Where  there's  a  will  there's  a  way. 
a  compte.  On  account. 
a  corps  perdn,  Headlong ;  neck  or  nothing. 
a  couvert,  Under  cover,  protected,  sheltered. 
a  deux  mains  (for  both  hands),  Having  a 

double  office  or  employment. 
adieu,  la  voiture,  adieu,  la  boutique 

(good  bye,  carriage ;  good  bye,  shop),  All  is 

over 

a  discretion,  At  discretion,  unrestrictedly, 
a  droite,  To  the  right. 
affaire  d'amour,  A  lore  affair. 
affaire  dTionneur,  An  affair  of  honour,  a 

duel. 
affaire  du  cceur,  An  affair  of  the  heart,  a 

love  affair. 

•  fl",  To  the  end  or  object. 

ft  fond.  To  the  bottom,  thoroughly. 

a  gauche,  To  the  left. 

ft  genoux,  On  one's  knees. 

ft  grands  frals,  At  great  expense. 

&  haute  volx,  Aloud. 

a  hula  clos.  With  closed  doors,  secretly. 

alde-toi,  etle  Clelt'aldera,  Help  yourself, 

and  Heaven  will  help  you. 
a  1'abandon,  Disregarded,  uneared  for. 
ft  la  belle    etoile,  Under  the    canopy  of 

heaven  ;  in  the  open  air. 
a  la   bonne    heure,  Well-timed,   in  good 

time ;'  favourably. 
a  1'abrL  Under  shelter. 
a  la  campagne.  In  the  country. 
a  la  carte,  By  the  card. 
ft  la  derobee   Stealthily. 
a  la  Fran9aise,  In  French  fashion, 
a  la  mode,  In  the  fashion  ;  according  to  the 

custom  or  fashion. 

a  la  Tartnfe,  Like  Tartufe,  the  hypocritical 

hero    of  Moliere's   comedy,     Tartvjc,   hence 

hypocritically. 

al  buon  vino  non  bisogna  frasca 

(It.),  Good  wine  needs  no  bush. 
a  1'cnvi,  With  emulation. 
al  fresco  (It.),  In  the  open  air. 
a  1'improviste,  Unawares,  on  a  sudden, 
allez  vous  en,  Awmy  with  you,  be  ot 
allons.  Come  on. 
a  1'outrance,  To  the  death. 
al  pin  (It.),  At  most. 
a  main  armee,  By  force  of  arm*. 
omar  y  saber  no  puede  ser  (Sp.),  No 

one  can  love  and  be  wise  at  the  same  time. 
ame  de  bone  (lit.,  soul   of  mud),  A  base- 

minded  person. 
amende  honorable,  Fit  reparation ;  a  satis 

factory  apology. 

a  merveille,  Marvellously,  extraordinarily. 
ami  du  cour  (lit,  a  friend  of  the  court),  1 
false  friend ;  one  who  is  not  to  be  depended 
on. 

amour  propre,  Vanity,  self-love. 
anoien  regime,  The  former  condition  o 

things. 

a  entrance,  To  the  last  extremity.    A  due 

d  entrance  terminated  only  with  the  death  o 

one  of  the  combatants. 

ft  pas  de  geant,  With  a  giant's  stride. 

ft  perte  de  vue.  Till  out  of  sight. 

ft  peu  pres,  Nearly. 

ft  pied.  On  foot. 

ft  point,  Just  in  time ;  exactly ;  exactly  right 

a  prima  vista  (It.),  At  the  first  glance, 

ft  propos  de  bottes  (lit.,  apropos  to  boots 

without  rhyme  or  reason ;  foreign  to  the  sul 

ject  or  purpose.    Applied  to  any  absurd  co 

location  of  subjects  or  ideas. 

ft  propos  de  rlen  (lit.,  apropos  to  nothing 

Motiveless  ;  for  nothing  at  all. 
argent  comptant.  Ready  money. 
arriere   pensee,  Mental   reservation;  un 

avowed  purpose. 
ft  tort  et  ft  travers.  At  random. 


an  1>on  droit.  To  the  just  right' 

an  bout  de  son  Latin,  At  the  end  of  hit 

Latin  ;  to  the  extentof  his  knowledge. 
au  oontralre.  On  the  contrary. 

n   courant,  Well  acquainted  with ;  posted 

up  in. 

u  desespolr.  In  despair. 

u  fait.  Expert. 

u  fond,  To  the  bottom. 

u  pis  aller.  At  the  very  wont. 

u  reste.  As  for  the  rest. 

a  revoir,  Till  we  meet  again. 

ussltdt  dlt,  aussltdt  fait.  No  sooner  said 
than  done. 
autant  d'hommes,  autant  d'avis.  Many 

men,  many  minds.    [QuoT  HOMINES,  &c.) 
anx  armes,  To  arms. 

.vant  propos.  Preface  ;  Introductory  matter. 

t  volonte,  At  pleasure. 
a  vostra  salute  (It.),  To  your  health. 
VOtre  sante.  To  your  health. 
vuestra  salud  (Sp.),  To  your  health. 


Mtllon  d'essai,  A  balloon  sent  up  to  test  the 

direction  of  air-currents  ;  hence,  anything  said 

or  done  to  gauge  public  feeling  on  any  question. 

as  bleu,  A  blue-stocking ;  a  woman  who 

seeks  a  reputation  for  learning. 
>eaux  esprlts,  Men  of  wit  or  genius. 
bel  esprit,  A  wit,  a  genius. 
benedetto  e  quel  male  che  vicn  solo 

(It.),  Blessed  is  the  misfortune  that  comes 

alone. 

ben-trovato  (It.),  Well  invented. 
jete  noire  (lit.,  a  black  beast),  A  bugbear. 
billet  donx,  or  billet  d'amour,  A  love 

letter. 

ton  ami,  Good  friend. 
Don  gre,  mal  ere.  With  good  or  bad  grace ; 

willing  or  unwilling. 
t)on  jour,  Good  day,  good  morning 
bonne  et  belle.  Good  and  handsome.    (Of 

a  woman.) 

bonne  foi,  Good  faith. 
brevete,  Patented. 

castello  che  dft  orccchia  si  vnol  ren- 
dere  (It.),  The  fortress  that  parleys  soon  sur- 
renders. 

oela  va  sans  dire  (That  goes  without  say- 
ing), That  is  understood. 
oe  n'est  quo  le  premier  pas  qul  coute. 
It  is  only  the  first  step  that  is  difficult. 

c'est  ft  dire,  That  is  to  say. 
o'est  une  autre  chose,  That  Is  quite  an- 
other thing. 

chacun  ft  son  gout,  Everyone  to  his  taste. 

chacnn  tire  de  son  cote,  Everyone  inclines 
to  his  own  side  or  party. 

chapeau  de  bras,  A  military  cocked  hat. 

chapelle  ardente.  The  chamber  where  a 
dead  body  lies  in  state. 

chef-d'oeuvre,  A  masterpiece. 

ohemln  de  for  (lit.,  iron  road),  A  railway. 

chere  amie,  A  dear  (female)  friend,  a  lover. 

ohe  sarft,  sarft  (It.),  What  will  be,  will  be. 

oheval  de  batallle  (lit.,  a  war-horse),  ChieJ 
dependence  or  support ;  one's  strong  point. 

chi  tace  confessa  (It.),  He  who  keeps  silent 
admits  his  guilt. 

ci  git.  Here  lie«.  (A  common  inscription  on 
tombstones.) 

colour  de  rose,  Rose  color. 

comme  11  fant.  Proper,  as  it  should  be. 

oompagnon  de  voyage,  A  travelling  com 
panion. 

compte  rendu,  An  account  rendered,  a  re- 
port. 

con  amore  (It.),  With  affection, very  earnestly. 

concours,  Competition  for,  or  as  for  a  prise. 

oon  dlligenza  (It),  With  diligence. 

con  dolore  (It.),  With  grief;  sadly. 

oonseil  de  famille,  A  family  council  or 
consultation. 

oonseil  d'etat,  A  council  of  state,  •  privy- 
council. 

cordon  sanltalre,  A  line  of  sentries  to  pre 
vent,  as  far  u  possible,  the  spread  of  — »• 


gton  or  pestilence.  Used  also  of  other  pre- 
cautionary measures. 

coup,  A  stroke. 

coup  de  grace,  A  finishing-stroke.  (For- 
merly applied  to  the  fatal  blow  by  which  the 
executioner  put  an  end  to  the  torments  of  a 
culprit  broken  on  the  wheel.) 

oonp  de  main,  A  sudden  attack,  enterprise, 
or  undertaking. 

coup  de  maitre,  A  master-stroke. 

coup  d'essai,  A  first  attempt. 

coup  d'etat,  A  stroke  of  policy ;  a  sudden 
and  decisive  blow,  usually  inflicted  by  uncon- 
stitutional means. 

coup  d'ceil,  A  rapid  glance. 

coup  de  pled,  A  kick. 

coup  de  plume,  A  literary  attack. 

coup  de  aolell,  A  sunstroke. 

coup  de  theatre,  A  theatrical  effect 

courage  sans  penr,  Hairless  courage. 

coute  que  coute,  Cost  what  it  may. 

dame  d'houneur,  A  maid  of  honour. 
de  bonne  augure,  Of  good  omen. 
de  bonne  grace,  With  good  will,  willingly. 
degage,  Free,  easy,  without  constraint. 
de  gaiete  de  coeur,  In  sport,  sportively. 

dejeuner  a   la   fourchotte,    A  cold 

breakfast. 

de  mal  en  pis,  From  bad  to  worse. 

dernier  ressort.  The  last  resource. 

desagrement,  Something  disagreeable  or 
unpleasant. 

di  buona  volontft  sta  pleno  1'inf erno 
(It),  Hell  is  full  of  good  intentions. 

Dlen  cat  toujours  pour  les  plus  gros 
bataillons,  God  is  always  on  the  side  of 
the  largest  battalions ;  the  largest  army  has 
the  best  chance. 

Dieu  et  mon  droit,  God  and  my  right. 

Dieu  vous  garde,  God  protect  you. 

di  grado  en  grado  (It.),  Step  by  step; 
gradually. 

Dios  me  libre  de  hombre  de  un  llbro 
(Sp.),  God  deliver  me  from  a  man  of  one  book. 

di  salto  (It),  By  leaps. 

di  tuttl  novello  par  bello  (It),  Every- 
thing new  seems  beautiful. 

dolce  tar  niente  (It.),  Sweet  idleness. 

dorer  la  pilule,  To  gild  the  pill. 
double  entendre,  Double  meaning. 

•au  de  vie,  The  water  of  life ;— applied  usu- 
ally to  brandy. 

edition  de  luxe,  A  splendid  edition  of  a 
book,  handsomely  bound,  and  usually  well 
illustrated. 

en  ami,  As  a  friend. 
en  arrlore,  In  the  rear,  behind. 
en  attendant,  In  the  meantime. 
en  avant.  Forward. 
en  badlnant,  In  sport,  jestingly. 
en  eueros,  en  cueros  vlvos  (Sp.),  Naked ; 

without  clothing. 
ende  gut,  alien  gut  (Ger.),  All's  well  that 

ends  well. 
en  deshabille,  In  undress;  in  one's  true 

colours. 

en  Dieu  est  ma  fiance,  My  trust  is  in  God. 
en  Dieu  est  tout,  In  God  are  all  things. 
en  effet.  Substantially,  really,  In  effect. 
en  famille,  With  one's  family ;  at  home. 
enfant  gate,  A  spoilt  child, 
cnlants  pcrdus  (lit.,  lost  children),  A  for- 
lorn hope. 

enfant  trouve,  A  foundling. 
enfln.  In  short,  finally,  at  last. 
en  grande  tenue.  In  full  official,  or  even- 
ing dress. 

en  masse,  In  a  body  or  mass. 
en  passant,  In  passing;  by  the  way. 
en  pleln  Jour,  In  open  day. 
en  queue.  Immediately  after;   in  the  rear. 
Used  specially  of  persons  waiting  in  line,  as 
at  the  door  of  a  theatre,  at  the  ticket-office  of  a 
railway  station,  &c. 

on  rapport.  In  harmony,  relation,  or  agree- 
ment. 
•n  regie.  Regular,  regularly,  In  order. 


6306 


Phrases  and  Quotations. 


en  revanche,  In  return  ;  as  a  compensate  L 
for. 

en  route,  On  the  way. 

en  suite.  In  company,  in  a  set 

entente  cordiale,  A  good  understanding, 

eb].>eeially  between  two  States. 
entourage,  Surroundings. 
entre  deux  feux,  Between  two  fires. 

entre  deux  vlns  (lit,  between  two  wines) 
Half-drunk. 

entre  nous,  Between  ourselves ;  in  confidence. 

en  verlte,  In  truth,  really. 

esprit  de  corps,  Tlie  animating  spirit  of  a 

collective  body  of  persons,  e.g.,  of  a  regiment, 

the  bar.  the  clergy.  &c. 

esprit  des  lois,  Spirit  of  the  laws. 

esprit  fort,  A  daring  investigator:  a  free- 
thinker. 

ewigkelt  (Ger.),  Eternity. 

facon  de  parler.  Manner  of  speaking ;  phrase, 
locution. 

faire  bonne  mine,  To  put  a  good  face  on 
the  matter. 

faire   ITiomme   d'lmportance,   To  give 
one's  self  airs. 

faire  sons  dire.  To  act  without  ostentation 

or  boasting. 

faire  son  devoir,  To  do  one's  duty. 
fait  accompli,  An  accomplished  fact. 
faux  pas,  A  false  stop;  an  act  of  indiscretion, 
femme  de  ohambre,  A  chambermaid. 
femme  de  charge,  A  housekeeper. 
femme  galante,  A  gay  woman ;  a  proe- 

tituto. 

femme  sole,  An  unmarried  woman. 
fendre  an  oheven  en  qnatre,  To  split 
a  hair  in  four ;  to  make  subtle  distinctions. 

fete  champetre,  A  rural  out-of-door  feaat; 
a  festival  in  the  fields. 

feu  de  joie,  A  bonfire. 
fllle  de  joie,  A  gay  woman ;  a  prostitute. 
fille  d'honneur.  A  maid  of  honor. 
fin  de  siecle.  The  end  of  the,  century, 
flux  de   bouohe,  Inordinate  flow  of  talk ; 
garrulity. 

fra  Modesto  non  fn  mal  priore  (It.), 

Friar  Modest  never  became  prior. 
froides   mains,  chande    amour,  Cold 

hands,  warm  heart. 
front  a  front,  Face  to  face. 

fuyez  les  dangers  de  loisir.  Fly  from  the 
dangers  of  leisure. 


gaiet<$  de  coenr,  Gaiety  of  heart 

garcon,  A  lad,  a  waiter. 

garde  &  cheval,  A  mounted  gnard. 

garde  du  corps,  A  body  gourd. 

garde  mobile,  A  body  of  troop*  liable  to 

be  called  out  for  general  service. 
gardez,  Take  care- ;  be  on  your  guard. 
gardez-bien.Take  good  care ;  be  very  careful 
gardez  la  fbi.  Keep  the  faith. 
gens  d'armes.  Men-at-arms ;  military  police. 
gens  d'egllse.  The  clergy ;  clerics. 
gens  de  guerre,  Military  men. 
gens  de  lettres,  Literary  men. 
gens  de  lol,  Lawj'ers. 
gens  de  memo  famille,  People  of  the  same 

family  ;  birds  of  a  feather. 
gens  de  pen.  The  lower  classes. 
gentilhomme,  A  gentleman. 
glbier  de  potonce,  A  gallows-bird. 
giovinc  santo,  dlavolo  vecchio  (It.),  A 

young  saint,  an  old  devil. 
gltano  (Sp.),  A  gipsy. 
gli  assentl  hanno  tortl  (It),  The  absent 

are  in  the  wrom*.    [Lra  ABSENTS,  &c.J 
gontte  A  gontto.  Drop  by  drop. 
grace  a  Dlen,  Thanks  be  to  God. 
grande  chore  et  bean  fen.  Good  iare  sad 

a  good  fire ;  comfortable  quarters. 

grrvnde   parure,  grande  toilette.  Full 

dress. 

grande  toilette  [OKATOE  I-ARDRI). 
grand  meroi.  Many  thanks. 


grossc  tete  et  peu  de  sens,  A  big  head 

aud  little  sense. 

gnerra  al  cuchlUo  (Sp.),  War  to  the  knife. 
guerra  cominciata,  Inferno  scatenato 

(It.),  War  begun,  hell  uncliained. 
guerre  a  mort.  War  to  the  death. 
guerre  &  entrance.  War  to  the  uttermost. 

[A  OUTRANCE.] 


hardl  comme  un  coq  snr  son  fnmier, 

Brave  as  a  cock  on  his  own  dunghill. 
haut  gout,  High  flavour  ;  elegant  taste. 
homme  d'affaires,  A  man  of  business ;  an 

•feat, 

homme  de  robe,  A  person  in  a  civil  office, 
homme  d'esprlt,  A  wit,  a  genius. 
honi  solt  qui  mal  y  pence.  Shame  be  to 

him  who  thinks  evil  ot  it.     (The  niotto  »f  the 

Order  of  the  Garter.)    [GARTER,  in.  Escvc. 

DlCT.J 

hors  de  combat.  Disabled,  unfit  to  continue 
a  contest. 

hors  de  la  lol.  Outlawed. 

hors  de  propos.  Wide  of  the  point;  inap- 
plicable. 

hors  de  salson,  Out  of  season ;  unseasonable 

hors  d'oeuvre,  Out  of  course ;  out  of  ac- 
customed place.  (Used  substantively  of  small 
appetising  dishes  served  between  the  soup  and 
the  second  course.) 

hotel  de  vllle,  A  town-hall. 

hotel  Dlen,  A  hospital. 

hurtar  para  dar  por  Dlos  (Sp.),  To  steal 
in  order  to  give  to  God. 

tch  dien  (Ger.),  I  serve. 
idee  fixe,  A   fixed  idea ;  intellectual  mono- 
mania. 

i  gran  dolorl  sono  muti  (It),  Great  griefs 

are  silent. 

11  a  le  dlable  an  corps.  The  devil  Is  in  him. 
n  n'a  nibouche  nl  Cperon,  He  has  neither 

mouth    nor  spur ;   he    has  neither  wit  nor 

courage. 
11  ne  font  jamals  defter  un  fon,  One 

should  never  provoke  a  fool. 
U  penseroso  (It.),  The  pensive  man.    (The 

title  of  one  of  Milton's  poems.) 
11  sent  le  fagot.  He  smells  of  the  faggot ;  he 

is  snspected  of  heresy. 
In  bianco  (It),  In  blank,  In  white. 
In  un  glorno  non  si  fe'  Roma  (It),  Rome 

was  not  built  in  a  day. 
ir  por    lana,    y    volver    trasquilado 

(Sp.),  To  go  for  wool,  and  come  back  storn. 


Jamals  ben  coureur  ne  fat  prls,  A  good 

runner  is  not  to  be  taken ;  old  birds  are  not 

to  be  caught  with  chaff. 
Je  malntlendrai  le  drolt,  I  will  maintain 

the  right 
Je  ne  sals  qnoi,  I  know  not  what    (Used 

adjectively  or  something  indefinable,  or  very 

difficult  to  define.) 

je  n'onblieral  jamals,  I  will  never  forget. 
je  suis  pret,  I  am  ready. 
Jet  d'ean,  A  fountain  ;  a  jet  of  water. 
Jen  de  mots,  A  play  upon  words  ;  a  pun. 
Jeu  d'esprlt,  A  witticism. 
Jen  de  theatre,  A  stage-trick  ;  clap-trap. 
je  vis  en  espolr,  I  live  in  hope. 
Juste  milieu,  The  golden  mean. 

kein  krenzer,  keln  schweUer  (Ger.), 

No  money,  no  Swiss. 


la  critique  est  aisee.  Tart  est  difficile, 
Criticism  is-easy  euougb,  but  art  is  difficult 

lade  nicht  alles  In  eln  schlff  (Oer.), 
Do  not  ship  all  in  one  bottom ;  do  not  put  all 
four  eggs  in  one  basket 

1'ndversite  fait  les  homines,  et  le 
Donhenr  les  monstres,  Adversity 
makes  men,  and  prosperity  monsters. 

la  fortuna  aluta  1  pazzl  (It.),  Fortune 
helps  fools. 

la  Fortune  passe  partout.  Fortune  passes 
everywhere ;  all  men  are  mbject  to  the  vi- 
cissitudes of  Fortune. 


laissez  faire.  To  let  alone. 

laissez  nous  faire,  Let  us  act  for  ourselves ; 

let  us  alone. 
I1  allegro  (It),  The  merry  man.    (The  title  of 

one  of  Milton's  poems.) 
1'amour  et  la   fumeo   ne  peuvent  se 

cacher,  Love  and  smoke  cannot  be  hidden. 
langage  des  hallos,  The  language  of  tho 

markets;  Billingsgate. 

la  patience  est  amere,  mals  son  fruit 
est  doux,  Patience  is  bitter,  but  iu  reward 
is  sweet. 

la  poverta  e  la  madre  dl  tntti  le  art! 

(It.),  Poverty  is  the  mother  of  all  the  arts. 
1'argent.  Silver;  money. 

lasclate  ognl  speranza  vol.  cho  'ntrate 

(It.)  (Dante:   Inf.  tii.),  All  hope  abandon  ye 

who  enter  here. 
1'avcnir,  The  future. 
la  vertu  est  la  seule  noblesse,  Virtue  is 

the  sole  nobility.    "  'Tis  only  uolile  to  be 

good."    (Tennyson :  Lady  Clara  Vert  de  Vert). 

le  beau  monde.    The   world   of  fashion; 

society. 
le  bon  temps  viendra,   There's   a  good 

time  coining. 
le  cnnt  en  ote  le  gout.  The  expense  takei 

away  the  pleasure. 
le  demi-monde,  Bohemia. 
le  grand  monarqne.  The  grand  monarch, 

a  title  applied  to  Louis  XIV.  (1643-1715). 
le  grand  ceuvre,  The  great  work ;  the  search 

for  the  philosopher's  stone. 
le  Jen  n'en  vant  pas  la  chandolle.  The 

game  is  not  wortli  the  candle  (by  the  light  of 

which  it  is  played) ;  the  object  is  not  worth 

the  trouble. 

le  monde  eat  le  livre  des  femmes, 
The  world  is  woman's  book. 

1'ompire  des  lettres,  The  empire  of 
letters. 

le  mot  d'enlgme.  The  solution  of  the  mys- 
tery. 

le  parole  son  feminine,  e  1  fattl  son 

maschi  (It),  Words  are  feminine,  and  deeds 
are  masculine. 

le  pas.  Precedence. 

le  point  de  jour,  Daybreak. 

le  rol  et  1'etat.  The  king  and  tlie  state. 

le  roi  le  veut.  The  king  wills  it 

les  absents  ont  toujours  tort,  The  ab- 
sent are  always  wrong. 

lose  majesty,  High  treason. 

les  extremes  se  touchent,  Extreme* 

meet. 

les  muraUles  ont  des  orollles.  Walls 
have  ears. 

le  pins  sages  ne  le  sont  pas  ton- 
jours,  The  wisest  are  not  always  wise. 

1'etoile  du  nord,  The  star  of  the  north. 

le  tout  ensemble,  The  whole. 

lettre  de  cachet,  A  sealed  letter  containing 
orders;  a  royal-  warrant,  usually  authorising 
the  imprisonment,  without  trial,  of  a  person 
named  therein. 

lettre  de  change,  Bill  of  exchange. 

lettre  de  creanee,  Letter  of  credit. 

le  vrai  n'est  toujours  vraiscmblablo, 
Truth  is  not  always  probable;  truth  is 
stranger  than  fiction. 

rhomme  propose,  et  Dien  dispose,  Man 
proposes,  and  God  disposes. 

1'inconnu,  The  unknown. 

L'incroyable,  The  incredible,  the  marvellous. 
(The  word  incroyable  was  applied  substan- 
tively to  the  fops  of  the  Directory  period  in 
the  Great  French  Revolution.) 

lo  barato  es  caro  (Sp.),  A  bargain  is  dear. 

1'occhio  del  padrone  ingrassa  11  ca 
vallo  (It.),  The  master's  eye  tattens  the  horse. 

loyaute  m'oblige,  Loyalty  binds  me. 


ma  chere.  My  dear  (fern.). 

maestro    dl     color     che    sanno    (It.) 

(I xiuie :  /n/.  iv.),  Master  of  those  that  know. 
(Applied  by  Dante  to  Aristotle.) 

ma  foi,  Cpon  my  faith  ;  upon  my  word. 

malntlen  le  droit,  Maintain  the  right. 

malson  de  campagne,  A  country  house. 

malson  de  sante,  A  private  asylum  or  hos- 
pital. 


Phrases  and  Quotation!. 


5»07 


tnatson  de  vllle,  A  town  hall. 

maitro  des  baases  ceuvres,  A  night- 
man. 

maitre  des  hautes  ceuvres,  An  execu- 
tioner ;  a  hanginau. 

maitre  dliotel,  A  bouse  steward. 

maladle  du  pays,  Home-sickness. 

mal  a  propos,  Out  of  place ;  111  suited. 

mal  de  dents,  Toothache. 

mal  de  mer.  Sea  sickness, 

mal  de  tete,  Headache. 

mal  entendre,  A  misunderstanding ;  a  mis- 
take. 

malgr*  nous,  In  spite  of  us. 

malheur  ne  vient  jamals  seul,  Misfor- 
tunes never  come  singly. 

mardl  gras.  Shrove  Tuesday. 

marlage  de  conscience,  A  private  mar- 
riage. 

marlago  de  convenance,  A  marriage  of 
convenience ;  or  from  interested  motives. 

mauvalse  honte,  False  shame. 

mauvals  gout.  False  taste. 

mauvais  sujet,  A  worthless  fellow. 

medeein,  gueris-toi  toi  memo,  Physi- 
cian, heal  thyself. 

misc-en  scene,  The  staging  of  a  play. 

mon  ami,  My  friend. 

mon  cher.  My  d«ar  (fellow). 

mot  da  guet,  A  watchword. 

mots  d'usage.  Words  in  common  use. 

muraglia  blanca,  oarta  di  matto  (It.), 
A  white  wall  is  the  fool's  paper. 


nl   lun  ni  1'autre,  Neither  one  nor  the 

other. 

n'importe,  It  is  of  no  consequence. 
noblesse  oblige,  Nobility  imposes  obliga- 
tions ;  much  is  expected  from  persons  of  good 

position. 
nom  de  guerre,  A  war-name,  an  assumed 

name  a  pseudonym. 

non  n  1  rlcordo  (It),  I  do  not  remember. 
non  obstant  clamour  de  haro.  Despite 

the  hue  and  cry. 
non  ogni  flore  fa  buon  odore  (It),  It  Is 

not  every  flower  that  smells  sweet. 
non  vender  la  pclle  dell'  orso  prlma 

dl  pigllarlo  (ft.),  Don't  sell  the  bearskin 

before  you  have  caught  the  bear. 
notre  dame.  Our  Lady,  the  Virgin  Mary, 
n'oubllez  pas,  Don't  forget. 
nous  avons  change  tout  oela.  We  have 

changed  all  that. 
nous  verrons,  We  shall  K& 
nnlla  nuova,  buona  nuova  (It.),  No  news 

is  good  news. 
osuvres,  Worki. 
ognl  bottega  ha  la  sna  ma11»1a  (It.), 

Every  shop  has  iU  trick  ;  there  are  tricks  in 

all  trades. 

olla  podrida  (It.),  A  hetorageneous  mix- 
ture. 

on  oonnalt  1'ami  an  bosoin,  A  friend 
is  known  In  time  of  need. 

on  dit,  They  say. 

oro  e  che  oro  vale  (It.),  That  Is  gold  which 

is  worth  gold  ;  all  is  not  gold  that  glitters. 
oubller  Je  ne  puts,  I  can  never  forget. 
oui  dire.  Hearsay. 
ouvrage  de  longue  haleine,  A  long-winded 

business. 
ouvrler,  A  workman,  an  artisan. 

par  ci.  par  la.  Here  and  there. 
par  excellence,  Preeminently. 
par  ezenrple,  For  Instance. 


parole  d'honneur.  Word  of  hononr. 
pate  de  fole  gras,  A  pie  made  in  Strasburg 

from  the  livers  of  geese. 
pelne  forte  et  dt  re,  Very  severe  pnnish- 

ment ;  a  kind  of  judicial  torture. 
pensee,  A  thought  expressed  in  terse  vigorous 

language. 

per  (It.),  For,  through,  by. 
per  contaute  (It),  For  cash. 
per  contra  (It.),  On  the  contrary. 
pere  de  famllle,  The  father  of  the  family. 
per  mese  (It),  By  the  month. 
per  plu  strade  si  va  a  Roma  (It.),  There 

are  many  roads  to  Rome. 
petit  coup,  A  small  mask ;  a  domino. 

petit  maitre,  A  little  master;  a  fop. 

peu  a  pou.  Little  by  little ;  by  degrees. 

pled  a  terre,  A  resting-place,  a  temporary 
lodging. 

plgliar  due  colombl  a  nna  lava  (It),  To 
catch  two  pigeons  with  one  bean ;  to  kill  two 
birds  with  one  stone. 

pis  aller.  The  worst  or  last  shift. 

poco  a  poco  (It),  Little  by  little,  by  degrees. 

point  d'appui.  Prop ;  point  of  support. 

pour  acquit,  Paid,  settled;  the  usual  form 
of  receipt. 

pour  falre  lire,  To  excite  laughter. 

pour  falre  vlslte,  To  pay  a  visit 

pour  passer  les  temps,  To  while  away 
the  time. 

pour  prendre  conge,  To  take  leave.  Usu- 
ally abbreviated  to  P.  P.O. 

prendre  la  lune  avec  les  dents,  To 
seize  the  moon  in  one's  teeth  ;  to  aim  at  im- 
possibilities. 

presto  maturo,  presto  marclo  (It),  Soon 
ripe,  soon  rotten. 

pret  d'accomplir.  Beady  to  accomplish. 
pre"t  pour  mon  pays.  Ready  for  my  country. 
preux  chevalier,  A  brave  knight 

quelque  chose.  Something ;  a  trifle. 

qul  a  bu  boira,  The  tippler  will  go  on  tip- 
pling ;  it  is  hard  to  break  on"  bad  habits. 

qulcn  poco  sabe,  presto  lo  reza  (Sp.), 
He  who  knows  little  soon  tells  it 

qulen  sabe?  (Sp.),  Who  knows? 

qu'il  soit  conimc  U  cst  desire,  Let  tt  be 
as  desired. 

qul  m'aime  almc  mon  chlen,  Love  me, 
love  my  dog. 

qnl  n'a  santo,  n'a  rlen.  He  who  bu  not 
health,  has  nothing. 

qul  va  la?  Who  goes  there? 

qui  vive?  Who  goes  there? 

raison  d'etat,  A  state  reason. 

rai  son  d'etr  e.The  reason  for  a  thing's  existeaM 

respondre  en  Normand,  To  answer  In 

Norman  ;  to  speak  evasively. 
rete  nuova  non  plglla  ucccllo  vec- 

chio  (It)  A  new  net  won't  catch  an  old  bird. 
revenons  a  nos  montons.  Let  us  return 

to  our  sheep ;  let  us  come  back  to  our  subject. 
rlen  n'est,  beau  quo  le  vral.  There  is 

nothing  beautiful  but  truth. 
lira  blen  qnl  rlra  le  dernier,  He  laugh* 

well  who  laughs  last 
lire  entre  culr  et  chair,  rlre  sou* 

cape,  To  laugh  in  one's  sleeve. 
lire  sons  cape  [HIRE  ENTRS,  &c.]. 
robe    de   chambre,  A  dressing-gown,  s 

morning-gown. 

robe  de  nnit,  A  night  dress. 
ruse  de  guerre,  A  military  stratagem. 

sanan    cnchllladas,   mas    no   mala* 

palabras  (Sp-X  Wounds  from  a  knife  wilJ 
heal,  but  not  those  from  the  tongue. 


sans  ceremouie.  Without  ceremony. 

sans  peur  et  sans  reproche,  Fearless 

aud  stainless. 

sans  rime  et  sans  raison.  Without  rhyme 

or  reason. 

sans  souol,  Free  from  care. 
sauve  qul  peut.  Save  yourselves. 
savolr  falre,  Tact. 
savoir  vivre.  Good  breeding. 
sdegno   d'amante   poco   dura  (It)  A 

lover's  anger  is  shortlived. 
selon  les  regies,  According  to  rule. 
sempre  11  mal  non  vlen  per  nuocere 

(It),  Misfortune  is  not  always  an  evil. 
se  non  e  vero,  6  ben  trovato  (It),  If  It 

is  not  true,  it  is  cleverly  invented. 

souffler  le  chaud  et  le  froid,  To  blow 

hot  and  cold. 

Sturm  und  drang  (Oer.),  Storm  and  stress 
(q  v.)  in  EKCYC.  Dicr. 

t*che  sans  tache,  A  work  without  a  stain. 

tant  mieux.  So  much  the  better. 

tant  pis,  So  much  the  worse. 

Ul  maitre,  tel  valet.  Like  master,  like  man. 

tlens  a  la  verite,  Maintain  the  truth. 

tiens  ta  foi.  Keep  thy  faith. 

toujours  perdrlx,  Always  partridges;  the 

same  thing  over  and  over  again. 
tonjours  pret.  Always  ready. 
tour  de  force,  A  feat  of  strength  or  skill. 
tourner  casaque,  To  turn  one's  coat;  to 

change  sides. 

tout  a-fait,  Wholly,  entirely. 
tout-a-1'heure,  lusUutly. 
tout  an  oontralre,  On  the  contrary, 
tout  a-vous,  Entirely  yours. 
tout  blen  ou  rien,  All  or  nothing, 
tout-de-suite.  Immediately. 
tout  ensemble,  The  whole. 

tout  le  monde  est  sage  apres  coup. 

Everybody  is  wise  after  the  event, 
traduttorl,  traditorl  (It.),  Translators  an 

traitors, 
tutte  le  strade  eondueono  a  Roma 

(It.),  All  roads  lead  to  Rome. 

nn  blenfalt  est  jamals  perdu,  A  kind- 
ness is  never  lost 
un  sot  a   triple  etage,  A   consummate 

fool. 

nn  "  tlens "  vant  mleuz  qne  deux  "  ta 
1'auras,"  One  "take  it"  is  worth  two  "yon 
shall  have  it  ;  "  A  bird  In  the  hand  is  worth 
two  in  the  bush. 


vodi  Napoli  e  pot  muoii  (It),  See  Naples 
and  then  die. 

verit^  sans  peur,  Truth  without  fear. 
vi  *t  armis,  By  force  of  arms ;  by  violence. 
vigueur  de  dessus,  Strength  from  on  high. 
vino  dentro,  scnno  furore  (It),  When  the 
wine  la  in,  the  wit  is  out 

vive  le  bagatelle,  Success  to  trifles. 

vive  le  roi,  Long  lire  the  king. 

valla,  See  there,  there  is,  there  are. 

voila  tout.  That's  all. 

voila     nne    autro   chose.    That's   quite 

another  tiling. 
voir  les  dcssous  des  cartes,  To  see  the 

face  of  the  cards  ;  to  bejin  the  secret 
Tons  y  perrtrez  vos  pas.  Yon  will  have 

your  walk  for  nothing;  you  will  lose  your 

labour  over  it, 

seltgeist  (Oer.X  The  spirit  »f  tie  age. 


SCRIPTURE    AND    CLASSICAL   PROPER 

NAMES. 


ON     THE     PRONUNCIATION    OF    SCRIPTURE    AND    CLASSICAL    PROPER    NAMES, 
WITS  S01t£  GENERAL  DIRECTIONS  fOR   TEE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN. 


THE  plan  adopted  in  printing  these  lists  has  been  (1) 
to  divide  the  proper  names  into  syllables  by  the  usual 
hyphen  sign  (-);  and  (2)  to  mark  the  accent  (').  The 
only  diacritical  mark  employed  in  the  List  of  Proper 
Names  is  the  macrotone  (").  In  the  list  of  quotations 
the  Greek  is  printed  in  its  proper  type,  the  English 
transliterations  being  added  within  parentheses,  as  in  the 
body  of  the  work.  In  the  Latin  quotations  vowels  long 
by  nature  are  so  marked  (e),  except  in  the  cases  where 
their  position  would  show  them  to  be  long  [p.  5310]  ; 
and  contractions  are  indicated  by  a  circumflex  accent  ("), 
as  virum,  for  virorum. 

I.   SCRIPTURE  NAMES. 

The  names  in  this  list  are  chiefly  from  the  Hebrew, 
some  from  the  Greek,  and  a  few  from  the  Latin.  The 
pronunciation  of  Hebrew  is  a  question  of  great  un- 
certainty, and  even  among  the  Jews  who  use  dialectal 
forms  of  it  two  schools  of  pronunciation  exist — the 
German  and  the  Spanish.  In  England  and  America  the 
ordinary  value  is  given  to  the  letters,  except  to  g,  which 
is  hard,  as  in  Gilead,  Gilgal,  Bethphage  being  the  sole 
instance  in  which  it  has  the  sound  of  English  j;  so  that 
if  the  long  vowel  mark  (if  any)  and  the  position  of  the 
accent  be  duly  noted  there  can  be  no  difficulty  as  to 
the  pronunciation  of  any  of  these  words.  Thus,  in 
£'-bel  Md'-im,  the  hyphen  shows  the  division  into  syl- 
lables, the  macrotone  (")  marks  the  long  vowels,  and  the 
omission  of  any  diacritical  mark  over  e  and  i  shows  that 
these  letters  have  their  ordinary  English  value. 

II.    GKEKK. 

It  is  well-nigh  impossible  for  n*  in  the  'nineteenth 
'  century  to  determine  with  any  certainty  the   original 


pronunciation  of  Greek  words  and  names.  We  have 
neither  trustworthy  record  nor  unbroken  tradition  to 
help  us.  The  study  of  Greek  fell  into  disrepute  with 
the  decline  of  the  Roman  Empire,  and,  indeed,  was  not 
revived  in  Europe  until  the  fifteenth  century.  At  that 
time  a  perfectly  arbitrary  value  was  assigned  to  each 
letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
sixteenth  century  Greek  pronunciation  had  assumed  a 
curious  phase.  Only  two  sounds  were  given  to  all  the 
Greek  vowels  and  diphthongs,  whether  long  or  short; 
v  was  pronounced  as  v  and  K  as  ch,  so  that  Ktrrnvpoit  was 
pronounced  chentafris.  About  1540  a  reaction  taok 
place  against  this  method,  and  after  a  struggle  the  prin- 
ciple of  pronouncing  Greek  as  though  it  were  English 
was  accepted.  For  us  the  question  of  Greek  pronuncia- 
tion is  further  complicated  by  the  fact  that  the  Greek 
alphabet  differs  entirely  from  the  Roman,  which  has 
generally  been  adopted  in  the  modern  languages  of 
Europe.  A  Greek  word  therefore  before  it  becomes 
Anglicised  must  be  transliterated;  that  is  to  say,  the 
symbols  used  in  Greok  to  represent  certain  sounds  must 
be  replaced  by  those  symbols  which  seem  to  us  to  re- 
present similar  sounds  in  English.  This  transliteration 
is  a  matter  of  great  difficulty,  and  it  can  scarcely  be  said 
that  it  has  been  carried  out  in  English  with  care  or  con- 
sistency. Had  we  been  left  to  follow  our  own  judgment, 
no  doubt  we  should  have  been  more  successful,  but,  as 
our  first  acquaintance  with  the  history  and  literature  of 
Greece  came  from  Latin  authors,  we  accepted  the  method 
of  transliterating  Greek  words  which  they  adopted.  This 
drove  us  into  many  obvious  and  indisputable  errors,  of 
which  a  typical  example  may  be  quoted  here.  The  gut- 
tural k  is  always  hard  in  Greek,  but  in  pronouncing  the 


5308 


Scripture  and  Classical  Proper  Names. 


5309 


name  Alcibiades  it  is  customary  to  sound  the  c  soft  in 
accordance  with  the  English  usage.  Now,  had  we  trans- 
literated the  name  direct  from  Greek,  there  is  little 
donbt,  as  there  is  no  c  in  Greek,  that  we  should  liave 
spelt  it  Alkibiadee,  and  pronounced  the  A;  hard ;  but  we 
got  the  name  Alcibiades  from  the  Latin,  in  which 
language  the  Greek  k  was  always  transliterated  to  c, 
and  then  gave  the  Latin  c  the  soft  sound  of  the  English 
c.  This  is  only  a  typical  instance  of  the  way  in  which 
Greek  names  have  been  dealt  with  in  English.  A 
cursory  glance  at  the  pages  of  Grote's  History  of 
Greece  shows  us  that  the  result  of  transliterating 
Greek  words  directly  into  English,  instead  of  through 
the  medium  of  Latin,  is  to  make  them  unintelligible  to 
the  English  reader. 

The  rule  almost  universally  adopted  in  pronouncing 
Greek  names  in  English  is  to  give  each  letter  the  sound 
it  has  in  English,  taking  care  to  pronounce  all  final  as 
well  as  medial  vowels — e.g.,  Mer'-o-pe  is  a  trisyllable,  not 
a  dissyllable  as  it  would  be  in  English.  It  must  also  be 
remembered  that  vowels  naturally  long  in  Greek  are 
pronounced  long  in  English,  while  those  that  are  natur. 
ally  short  are  pronounced  short.  Thus  An-tfg'-S-ne 
must  never  be  pronounced  An'-tf-gone. 


Greek  vowel. 

A,  a.   .   . 

A,  a.    .   . 

E,     €    .       .       . 

H,  ,,.     .     . 
1,1... 


English  sound. 
As  c!  in  fate. 
As  a  in  fat. 
As  e  in  w8t. 
As  ee  in  seen. 
As  f  in  pine. 


Greek  vowel. 
II  .  . 
O,  o  . 

n,  a  . 
to.  . 
fc. 


English  sound. 
As  i  in  pin. 
As  o  in  not. 
As  o  in  note. 
As  « in  cube. 
As  u  iu  cub. 


The  Greek  diphthongs  are  pronounced  precisely  like 
similar  combinations  in  English.  The  only  one  which 
presents  any  difficulty  is  ui,  and  this  is  pronounced  as 
ujhi  in  whine. 

The  Greek  simple  consonants  are  all  of  them  pro- 
nounced as  the  corresponding  consonants  in  English, 
while  the  compound  consonants  <f>,  0,  x>  and  ^  are  pro- 
nounced as  ph,  th,  ch,  and  pa  respectively.  Z  is  pro- 
nounced as  dz,  and  y  is  always  hard  except  before  y,  K, 
I,  and  x,  when  it  is  sounded  as  «. 

The  pronunciation  of  Greek  as  set  forth  above,  although 
it  is  uni-^Hally  "adopted  in  England,  is  absolutely  inde- 
fensible from  the  point  of  view  of  accuracy.  It  has, 
however,  received  the  sanction  of  many  generations, 
and  is  not  likely  to  be  readily  set  aside. 

It  is  a  matter  of  the  utmost  difficulty  to  arrive  at  any- 
thing like  a  certain  view  of  the  pronunciation  adopted  by 
the  ancient  Greeks  themselves.  The  following  general 
statements  are  all  that  can  be  ventured  upon.  The 
vowels  had  the  same  value  as  the  vowels  in  Latin  and 
modern  Italian,  except  that  v  whether  long  or  short,  was 
pronounced  like  the  French  u  or  the  German  u.  The 
consonants  in  Greek  were  similar  to  the  consonants  in 
English,  except  that  y,  unlike  our  g,  was  always  hard, 
and  that  in  Greek  there  was  nothing  to  correspond  to 
the  English  soft  c,  which  has  proved  such  a  stumbling- 
block  in  the  way  of  the  pronunciation  of  Greek  and 
Latin.  The  double  consonants  $,  9,  and  x  were,  no 
doubt,  pronounced  as  two  distinct  consonants  ;  thus, 
*  =p-h,  $  =  t-h,  and  x  =  k-h.  Of  the  diphthongs  little 
can  be  said  with  any  confidence.  In  modern  Greek 
they  have  all  approximated  to  one  uniform  sound,  but 
this  was  emphatically  not  the  case  in  ancient  Greek.  In 


all  probability  each  vowel  in  the  diphthong  was  pro- 
nounced separately  and  distinctly. 

III.   LATIN. 

The  pronunciation  of  Latin  rests  upon  surer  ground. 
In  the  first  place,  there  is  not  the  difficulty  of  trans- 
literation to  contend  with ;  in  the  second,  the  modern 
languages  derived  from  Latin  afford  us  more  evidence 
as  to  the  ancient  language  than  is  the  case  with  Greek. 
At  the  outset  it  must  be  explained  that  the  custom  in 
English  has  been  to  disregard  the  obvious  facts  of  the 
case,  and  pronounce  Latin  as  though  it  were  English. 
There  is,  however,  in  the  present  day  a  consensus  of 
opinion  against  this  practice,  and  the  conclusions  to 
which  modern  scholars  have  come  as  to  the  pronunciation 
of  Latin  are  briefly  stated  here. 

VOWELS. 

a,  as  a  in  fattier ;  never  as  in  fate. 

a,  as  the  same  sound  shortened ;  never  as  in  fat, 

e,  as  a  in  English  state. 

?,  as  e  in  mJft. 

I,  as  i  in  machine. 

1,  as  i  in  pin. 

S,  between  aw  in  briiw  and  o  in  home, 

8,  as  o  in  nut. 

u,  as  oo  in  foil ;  never  as  u  in  cube. 

it,  as  u  in  fall ;  never  as  u  in  but. 

y,  as  German  u.  It  only  occurs  in  Greek  words  transliterated 
into  Latin. 

The  rule  for  the  pronunciation  of  diphthongs  is  to  pronounce 
the  constituent  vowels  with  as  much  rapidity  as  possible,  so 
that  they  are  run  together. 

ae,  as  the  a  in  German. 

au,  as  au  in  German  haw ;  i.e.,  as  the  on  in  English  house, 
only  broader. 

ei,  as  ei  in  English  skSin,  rein. 

eu,  as  eu  in  Modern  Italian. 

ui,  a  rare  combination  in  Latin,  as  in  French  out 

CONSONANTS. 

c,  always  hard  in  Latin,  never  soft,  as  it  so  often  is  in  English ; 
e.g.,  Cicero  should  be  pronounced  Kikero. 

g,  always  hard,  as  in  gate;  never  soft,  as  in  gentle. 

n,  before  c  and  g,  as  tig ;  e.g.,  incedit  is  pronounced  inglcedit 

ng,  as  in  an-ger,  not  as  in  hang-er. 

j,  as  y  in  year. 

v,  as  w  in  mine. 

r  must  always  be  trilled,  whether  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end 
of  a  word  ;  e.g.,  per  must  be  pronounced  as  the  perr  in  per-ry. 

i,  always  sharp,  as  in  has;  never  as  in  Aw:  e.g.,  dens  is  pro- 
nounced dense. 

bs,  as  ps. 

ti  before  a  vowel  has  its  proper  sound,  and  is  never  pronounced 
th,  as  in  English. 

ph,  ch,  th,  were  not  pronounced  as  one  sound,  as  in  English, 
but  as  p-k,  k-h,  and  t-h. 

In  the  table  given  above  those  consonants  only  are  set 
down  the  pronunciation  of  which  differs  from  that  to 
which  English  people  are  accustomed.  The  consonants 
omitted  in  the  list  are  pronounced  in  Latin  precisely  as 
in  English. 

QUANTITY. 

Every  vowel  in  Latin  is  either  long  or  short,  accord- 
ing as  the  voice  dwells  upon  it  or  not.  In  pronouncing 
Latin  a  distinction  must  always  be  made  between  long 
and  short  vowels.  For  instance,  we  should  say  S-mo, 
not  eh-mo. 

The  quantity  of  a  vowel  in  Latin  is  influenced  by  tw» 
considerations:  1.  By  position;  2.  By  the  natural 
length  of  the  vowel. 

42 


5310 


Scriptural   Names. 


1.  Position.— (ll  A  vowel  followed  by  another  vowel, 
or  by  h  and  a  vowel  is  short ;  e.g.,  meus,  mfhi,  praenstus. 
(2)  A  vowel  followed  by  two  consonants,  or  by  x  or  z, 
is  long  ;  e.g.,  amant,  strix.     To  this  rule  there  is  the 
following   exception:   if  a  short  vowel  is  followed  by 
twa  consonants,  the  first  of  which  is  a  mute,  or  /,  and 
the  second  a  liquid,  the  vowel  may  be  treated  as  either 
short  or  long ;  e.g.,  tenebrae,  volucris,  &c.     la  English 
it  has  long  been  the  custom  to  pronounce  &  vowel  fol- 
lowed by  two  consonants  as  thougji  it  were  short.    Thus, 
it  is  usual  to  say  anmns,  infensus,  Sic.     This,  however, 
is  incorrect.      As   far  as   verse-making    is   concerned, 
every  vowel  followed  by  two   consonants   in  La,tiii   is 
treated  as  long,  but  in  pronunciation  some  vowels  fol- 
lowed by  two  consonants   are  pronounced  long,   some 
short.     Thus  we  say  Ss-tis,  but  rec-tns.     The  following 
brief  rules   will  prove  a  rough   guide  in  this  matter. 
A  vowel  was  always  pronounced  long  before  the  com- 
binations ns,  nf,  gn  ;   e.g.,   aman%  infensus,  signum ; 
also  before  x,  ct,  ps,  and  pi,  when  these  combinations 
come  from  gs,  gt,  bs,  bt,  respectively ;  e.g.,  rexi,  rectns, 
Bcripsi,  scriptum. 

2.  Natural  length  of  the  vowel— The  following  rules 
determine  the  natural  length  of  a  vowel,  unaffected  by 
position. 

(1)  Vowels  not  in  the  final  syllable.  No  rnla  can  be 
laid  down  for  the  natural  quantity  of  root  vowels,  each 
root  must  be  studied  separately;  but  there  are  certain 
cases  in  which  vowels  are  known  to  be  long:  (a)  All 
diphthongs  are  long ;  e.g.,  pancae,  coepi,  except  before 
another  vowel,  the  diphthong  sometimes  becomes  short 
by  position.  (See  1.  (l).)  (6)  All  vowels,  which  have  re- 
sulted from  the  contraction  of  two  separate  syllables  are 


long;  e.g.,  cogo  (for  eoago).  (2)  For  the  quantity  of 
vowels  in  the  final  syllable,  there  are  certain  general 
rules,  but  these  admit  of  many  exceptions,  which  cannot 
be  systematically  arranged  without  discussing  the  sub- 
ject of  Latin  inflexions.  Generally  speaking  (a)  Mono- 
syllables are  long,  e.g.,  pes,  mos;  (6)  when  the  word 
ends  with  a  vowel,  a  (except  as  an  ending  of  th« 
ablative  case)  and  e  final  are  short,  musa,  Carthaging ; 
i,  o,  u  final  are  long,  domini,  amo,  genu ;  (c)  when  the 
word  ends  with  a  single  consonant  the  final  syllable  i» 
short,  e.g.,  amat,  nrbVs ;  except  that,  a,  o,  e  before  s 
are  long,  e.g.,  amas,  decs,  nrbes.  To  all  these  rules 
there  are  many  exceptions,  which,  however,  scarcely 
affect  the  pronunciation  of  proper  names. 

ELISION. 

Where  a  word  ending  in  a  vowel  or  a  rowel  followed 
by  TO  preceded  a  word  beginning  with  a  vowel  or  h, 
the  final  vowel  or  vowel  with  m  was  disregarded  for 
the  purposes  of  scansion.  This  final  syllable  was  not, 
however,  altogether  lost  in  pronunciation,  butt  sounded 
lightly,  the  voice  hardly  dwelling  on  it  at  all. 

The  accent  in  Latin  differed  entirely  from  the  ac- 
cent in  English,  which  may  be  defined  as  an  emphasis 
laid  on  a  certain  syllable,  while  the  Latin  accent 
was  more  a  matter  of  pitch  than  of  stress.  Space 
does  not  allow  the  question  of  accent  to  be  discussed 
here.  It  need  only  be  said  that  in  Latin  every  mono- 
syllabic word  has  the  accent,  that  dissyllables  have  the 
accent  on  the  penultimate,  and  that  words  of  more 
syllables  than  two  have  the  accent  on  the  antepenulti- 
mate if  the  penultimate  is  short,  and  on  the  penultimate 
if  it  is  long, 


SCRIPTURAL,    CLASSICAL,    AND 

ANCIENT    NAMES. 

SCRIPTURAL    NAMES. 

Thote  names  which  are  followed  by  (A.)  occur  in  the  Apocrypha. 


OTHER 


Aa'-ron 

A-bi'-a-saph 

A-bish'-u-a 

Ach'-me-tha 

Ail  -ni;ih 

A'-hab 

A-bac'-uc,         Ab'-»- 

A-bi'-a-thar 

Ab'-ish-ur 

A'-chor 

Ad'-ma-tha 

A-har'-hel 

cuc  (A.) 

A'-bib 

Aff-i-tal 

Ach'-sah 

Ad'-nah 

A-has-ba'-I 

A-bad'-don 

A-br-dah 

!   Atf-i-teb 

Acb'-shaph 

A-do-ni-bT-zek      . 

A-has-u-6'-nw 

A-bag'-tha 

A'-bi-dao. 

Ab'-ner 

Ach'-zili 

Ad-o-nr-jah 

Ah'-ban 

Ab'-a-na 

A'-bi-el 

A'-bram 

Ad'-a-dah 

&d-o-ni'-rara 

A'-haz 

A-bS'-rlm  (Atf-a-rim 

Ab-l-ff-zer 

A'-bra-ham 

A'-dah 

A-do-ni-ze'-dek 

A-ha-zF-ab 

in  Hilton) 

AW-i-gail 

Ab'-ga'lom 

Ad-a-i'-ah 

Ad-o-rS'-im 

A-hi'-ah 

Ab'-da 

Ab.i.hS'-U. 

A  •  1m'  -1  ma  (A.) 

A-dal'-i-ab 

A-do'-ram 

A-hi'-am 

Ab'  -de-el 

A-bi'-hn 

Ac'-cad 

Ad'-am 

A-dram'-me-lech 

A-hf-an 

Ab-dr-as  (A.) 

A-br-hud 

Ac'-ca-ron  (A.) 

Ad'-a-mah 

Ad-ra-myt'-ti-om 

A-hi-T-JW 

Ab'-don 

A-W-jah 

Ac'-eho 

Ail  '-am  -i 

A'-dri-a 

A-hf-jah 

A-bed'-ne-go 

A-bl'-jam 

A-cel'-da-ma 

A'-dar 

A^-dri-el 

A-hi'-katn 

A'-bel                 [chah 

Ab-i-le'-n* 

A-i-lia'-l-a 

Ad'-be-el 

A-dal'-lara 

A-hl'-lud 

A'-bel    beth    Ma'  a- 

A-bim'-a-«r 

A-c«a*-i-cni 

Ad'-dar 

A-dum'-mim 

A-him'-a-as 

A'-bel  MS'-im 

A-bim'-«-l«* 

A'-<*an 

Ad'-dl 

^E-n5'.a» 

A-hi'-man 

A'-bel  He-ho'-lah 

A-liin'-a-dab 

A'-ohmr 

Ad'  -don 

Ji'-non 

A-hiiu  -u  leek 

A'-bel  Miz'-ra-lm 

A-bin'-o-am 

Ach'-bor 

A'-di-el 

Ag'-a-bns 

A-hi'-moth 

A'-bel  Shif  -tim 

A-bi'-ram 

Ach-i-aeh'-a-rai  (A.) 

A'-dln 

A'-gag 

A-hin'-a-dal) 

A'-bei 

A-bf-ron  (A.) 

A'-chlm 

Ad'-i-n* 

A'-gar 

A-hin'-o-im 

A-bi 

Ab'-i«h-ag 

A'-chi-or  (A.) 

Ad'-i-no 

Ag-ge'-ui  (A.) 

A-hf'-o 

A-br-ah 

A-bish'-a-i 

A'-chish 

A.l-i  tha'-im 

A-grip'-p« 

A-hf-ra 

AbM  Al'-boD 

A-bish'-a-lom 

Ach'-i-tob  (A.) 

M%M 

A'-gur 

A-lii'-ram 

Scriptural   Names. 


5311 


A-hia'-a-mach 

Ap'-phi-a 

Ba'-al  Pe'-or 

Bil'-hah 

Cush'-i 

El'-i-phaz 

A-hi'-shar 

Ap'-pi-i  For'-um 

Ba'-al  Pet'-a-zim 

Bir'-sha 

Cy-re'-ne 

E-lis'-a-beth 

A-liit'-o-phal 

A'-quil-a 

Ba'-al  Shal'-ish-a 

Bi-thl'-ah 

Cy-re'-ni-m 

E-li'-se-us 

A-hi  -tub 

Ar'-a-bah 

BS'-al  Ta'-inar 

Bith'-ron 

Cy-rus 

E-H'-aha 

Ah'-lab 

A-ra'-bi-a 

Ba'-al  Ze'-bub 

Bi-tliyn'-i-» 

E-li'-ahah 

A-bo'-lah 

Ar'-a-dus  (A.) 

Ba'-al  Ze'-phon 

Blaa'-tus 

E-lish'-a-ma 

A-ho'-U-ab 

A'-rain 

Ba'-a-nah 

Bo-an-ef'-gefl 

Dab'-ba-ahoth 

E-lI'-she  ba 

A-ho'-li-bah 

Ar'-a-rat 

Ba'-ash-ah 

B6'-az 

Dab'-e-rath 

E-lish'-u-a 

A-ho-li-ba'-mah 

A-rau'-nah 

Ba'-bel 

Bo'-chim 

Dad-de'-us  (A.) 

E-H'-ud 

A-hu'-ma-i 

Ar'-ba 

Bab'-y-lon 

Bo'-oz 

Da'-gon 

E-ll'-zur 

A-huz'-zath 

Ar-baf-tis  (A.) 

Ba'-ca 

Bo'-zerz 

Dal-ma-nu'-tha 

El'-ka-nan 

A'-i 

Ar-che-la'-us 

Bac'-chi-iies  (4.) 

Bo/-rah 

Dal-ma'-ti-a 

El-mo'-dam 

A'-i-ath 

Ar-chip'-pus 

Bac'-t-lius  (A.) 

Bu'-d 

Daui'-a-ris 

Bl-na'-than 

A'-ja-lou 

Arc-tu'-rus 

Ba-go'-as  (A.) 

Da-maa'-cus 

E'-lon 

A-laiu'-iue-lech 

A-re'-li 

Ba-hu'-rim 

Dan'-l-el 

E-lul' 

Al'-a-niotli 

Ar-e-op'-a-gus 

Ba'-jith 

CS'-bul 

Da'-ra 

E-lu'-za-i 

Al'-ci-mus  (A.) 

Ar'-a-tas 

Ba'-la-am 

Cae'-aar 

Da-ri'-us 

El'-y-maa 

Al-ex'-an-der 

Ar'-gob 

Ba'-lak 

Ocs-a-re'-a 

Da'-than 

E'-mima 

Al-ex-an'-dri-a 

A'-ri-el 

Bal-tha'-sar  (A.) 

Ca'-in 

Da'-vid 

Em  nia'-ua 

Al'-lon 

Ar-i-iua-tlie'-a 

Ba'-uiah 

Ca-l'-nan 

Deb'-o-rah 

Em'-mor 

Al'-lou  Baeu'-uth 

Ar'-i-ooh 

Ba-rab'-baa 

Cal-a-mo'-la-liM  (A.) 

De-cap'^>-li« 

En-e-ines'-sar  (A.) 

A1-IL1I>'  d;id 

Ar-is-tar'-chus 

Bar'-a-ohel 

Ca'-leb 

De'-dan 

En'-ge-di 

Al'-mon 

A-ris-to-bu'-lu8 

Bar-a-chi'-as 

Cal'-neh 

De'-da-nim 

E'-noch 

Al-phee'-ua 

Ar-nia-ged'-don 

Bar  Je'-sus 

Cal'-no 

De-11-lah 

E-pae'-ne-tua 

A-mad'-a-tlia  (A.) 

Ar-iiH'-ni-» 

Bar  Jo'-na 

Cal'-va-ry 

De'-mas 

Ep'-a-pliraa 

A-mad'-a-thua  (A.) 

Ai'-non 

Bar'-na-bas 

Ca'-mon 

De-me'-tri-u» 

E-papli-io-di'-ta» 

Am'-a-lek 

Ar'-o-er 

Bar'-sa-baa 

Ca'-na 

Der'-be 

E'-phah 

A'-man  (A.) 

A^-pad 

Ba^-ta-cus  (A.) 

Ca'-na-an  (or  as  Ca'- 

De-u'-el 

E'-phea  Dam'-mln 

A-ma'-na 

Ar-phax'-ad 

Bar-thol'-o-mew 

uan) 

Di-a'-na 

Eph'-e-aua 

Am-a-ri'-ah 

AT-sa'-ces  (A.J 

Bar-ti-mse'-ua 

Can-da'-ce 

Di'-bon 

E'-phra-im 

Am'-a-sa 

AiMax-erx'-«8 

Bi'-ruch 

Ca-per'-na-um 

Did'-y-mua 

Eph'-ra-tah 

A-mash'-a-i 

Ar'-te-ma3 

Bar-zil'-la-l 

Caph'-tor 

Di'-mon 

Eph'-rath 

Am'-a-this  (A.) 

A'-sa 

Ba'-ahan 

Cap-pa-do'-ci-a 

Di'-nah 

E'-phron 

Am-a-zi'-ah 

A-sad'-i-as  (A.) 

Bash'-e-math 

Car'-caa 

Din-ha'-bah 

Ep-i-cu-r§'-an 

Am'-mah 

As'-a-el  (A.) 

Bath'-ahe-b* 

Car-che'-miah 

Di-o-nys'-i-ua 

E-piph'-a-nes  (A.) 

Am'-mi 

As'-a-hel 

Be'  -dad 

Cay-mel 

Di-ot-re-phea 

E'-rech 

Am'-mi-el 

As-a-i'-ah 

Be'-dan 

Car'-mi 

Do'-eg 

E-sa'-i-as 

Am-ml'-hud 

Aa-a-ni'-a»  (A.) 

Be-el'-ze-bul 

Car'-pua 

Doi'-cas 

E'-sar  Had'  -doll 

Ani-miu'-a-dab 

A'-saph 

Be'-er 

Cas-i-phi'-a 

Dos-ith'-eua  (A.) 

E'-sau 

Am-mi  -shad'-A-l 

As-baz"  a-reth  (A.) 

Be-er-la-hi'-i-ro-i 

Cas'-tor 

Do'-than 

Es-dra-e'-lon 

Am-miz'-a-bad 

As'-e-nath 

Be-er'-she-ba 

Ced'-ron 

D'ru-sil'-la 

Ea'-draa  (A.) 

Am'-mon 

Ash'-dod 

Be'-kah 

Cen'-chre-a 

DQ'-mah 

E'-sek 

Am'-non 

Ash'-er 

Be'-li-al 

Cen-de-be'.us  (A.) 

Du'-reh. 

Esli'  Ba'-al 

A'-mon 

Ash'-i-ma 

Bel-shaz'-zar 

Ce'-phas 

Eah'-eol 

Am'-or-it* 

Ash'-ken-az 

Bel-te-ahaz'-mr 

Chal'-col 

Esli'-ta-ol 

A'-mos 

Ash'  -ta-  roth 

Bc-na'-i-ali 

Chal'-de-a 

E'-bal 

Esh-te-rao'-s 

A'-moz 

Ash'-ur 

Ben-ain'-mi 

Char'-ran 

E'-bed 

Es'-H 

Am-plilp'-o-lif 

A'-si-a 

Ben-ha'-dad 

Che'-bar 

Eb-en-e'-zer 

Es'-rom 

Am'-pli-as 

As'-ke-lon 

Ben'-ja-min 

Che-dor-lii'-&«nier 

E'-ber 

Es'-s5ne 

Am'-ram 

As-mo-de'-ua  (A.) 

Ben-5'-nI 

Che'-raosh 

B-bi'-a-saph 

Es'-ther 

Am'-ra-phd 

Aa-nap'-per 

Be'-or 

Chen-a-ni'-«h 

K-den 

E'-tam 

A'  -nab 

Aa-aa'-bi-as  (A.) 

Be-ra'-chah 

Che'-re-as  (A.) 

Ed'-na  (A.) 

E'-tham 

An'-a-el 

Aa-.air 

Be-re'-a 

Cher'-e-thlma 

E'-dom 

E'-than 

A'-nah 

Aa'-aoa 

Be'-rith 

Che'-rith 

Ed'-re-l 

Eth'-a-nlm 

A'-nak 

Aa-su-e'-rus  (A.) 

Ber-ni'-o* 

Che'-aed 

Eg'-lah 

Eth-bS'-al 

An'-a-kiin 

Aa'-sur  (A.) 

Be'-aor 

Chil'-e-ab 

Eg-Ia'-im 

E-thi-6'-pl-a 

A'-nam 

As-syr'-i-a 

Be'-tah 

Chil'-l-on 

Eg'-lon 

Eu-bfl'-lus 

A-nam'-me-leeh 

As-tj»'-a-ges  (A.) 

Beth-ab'-a-e« 

<3hil'-mad 

E'-gypt 

Eu-er'-ge-tes  (A.) 

A-na'-ni 

A-syn'-cri-tue 

Beth'-an-y 

Ohim'-ham 

E'-hud 

Ett'-me-nes  (A.) 

An-a-ni'-ah 

A'-tad 

Beth  A  -Ten 

Chl'-os 

Ek'-ron 

Eu-ni'-<» 

An-a-ni'-aa 

Ath-a-li'-ah 

Beth-bir'-e-l 

Chia'-len 

E'-lah 

Eu-o'-di-as 

A-nan'-i-el 

Ath-e-no'-bi-m  (A.) 

Beth'-car 

Chit'-tim 

E'-lam 

EQ'-pa-tor  (A.) 

A'-nath 

Ath-ens 

Beth-da'-gon 

Chlo'-e 

E'-lath 

Eu-phra'-tes 

An'-a-thoth 

At-ta-li'-a 

Beth-dib-la-thS'-im 

Cho-ra'-zln 

El'-dad 

Eu-roc'-ly-don 

An'  -drew 

Au-gus'-tns 

Beth'-el 

Chush'-an       Riab-a- 

El-e-a'-leh 

Eu'-ty-chua 

An-dro-nl'-cui 

Au-ra'-nua  (A.) 

Be'-ther 

tha'-im 

El-e-a'-zar 

E'-vil  .Mcr'-o-dach 

A'-ner 

A'-ven 

Be-thes'-da 

Chu'-za 

El-lia'-nan 

E-ze'-kl-el 

A-ni'-am 

Az-a-ri'-ah 

Beth-e'-zel 

Ci-lio'-i-a 

E'-l! 

E'-zel 

A'-nim 

Az-a-rT-as  (A.) 

Betli-ga'-mnl 

Glau'-da 

E-li'-ab 

E'-zi-on  G€'-ber 

An'-na 

A-ze'-kah 

Beth-hac'-cer-em 

Clau'-di-a 

EM'-a-da 

E/-ra 

An'-nas 

Az'-gad 

Beth-ho'-ron 

Clem'-ent 

E-li'-a-dah 

in'-ti-och 

Az'-noth  TS'-bor 

Beth'-le-hem 

Cle'-o-paa 

E-li'-a-kliu 

An-ti'-o-chis  (A.) 

A-zo'-tn» 

Beth-p6'-or 

Cle-o-pat'-ra  (A.) 

E-li'-am 

FS-lix 

An-tr-0-chus  (A.) 

A'-zur 

Beth'-phage 

Cnl'-dua  (A.) 

E-li'-as 

Fes'-tus 

An'-ti-pas 

Beth-aS'-i-da 

Co-los'-se 

E-li'-a-shib 

For-tu-na  -tus 

An-tip'-a-tris 

Beth'-ahan 

Co-ni'-ah 

E-li'-a-thah 

Ap'-a-me  (A.) 

BS'-al 

Beth'-ahe-meah 

CJor'-inth 

El-i-e'-zer 

A-pel'-les 

Ba'-a-lah 

Be-thtt'-el 

Cor-n€'-li-u« 

El-i-ho'-reph 

Ga'-al 

A'.phek 

Ba'-al  Be'-rith 

BeQ'-lah 

Coz'-b! 

E-lI'-hu 

Oa'-aah 

A-pher'-e-ma  (A.) 

Ba'-al  Gad 

Be-zal'-e-fll 

Cra'-tes  (A.) 

E-li'-jah 

Gab'-a-el  (A.) 

A-pol-lo'-ni-» 

Ba'-al  Ha'-mon 

Be'-zek 

Ores'  -cens 

E-li'-ka 

Gab'-a-tha  (A.) 

Ap-ol-16'-ni-U8  (A.) 

Ba'-al  Her'-mon 

Bich'-ri 

Crete 

E'-lim 

Gab'-ba-tha 

Ap-ol-loph'-a-ne8(A.) 

Bi'-a-lim 

Bid'-kar 

Cris'-pnB 

E-lim'-e-l«ch 

GS'-bri-aa  (A.) 

A-pol'-los 

Ba'-a-li8 

Big'-than 

Cush 

E-li-o-e'-nal 

GS'-bri-el 

A-pol'-ly-on 

Ba'-al  Me'  -on 

BU'-dad 

Cusli'-an 

E-lii)h'-a-let 

Gad'-a-ra 

5312 


Scriptural   Names. 


Gad'-a-rene 

Har-bB'-nah 

Ig'-sa-char 

Je'-sus 

Kinn 

Ma'-ra 

Oad'-di 

Ha'-rod 

Ith'-a-mar 

Jf-ther 

Kiah'-i-on 

Mi'-rah 

Gad'-di-el 

Ha-ro'-slieth 

Itb'4-d 

Jeth'-ro 

Kish'-on 

Ma-ran'-a-tha 

Ga'-i-us 

Hash-mo'-nah 

Itir-re-am 

Jeth'-ur 

Kis'-on 

Mar'-cus 

Ga-la'-ti-a 

Ha'-tach 

It-u-ne'-» 

Je'-ush 

Kit'-tim 

Mar-do-ch5'-ni  (A.) 

Gal'-«-ed 

Ha-vJ'-lah 

I'-vah 

Jez'-e-bel 

K5'-a 

Mark 

Gal'-l-lee 

HS'-voth  J»'-ir 

Iz-ra-hT-aJi 

Jez-ra-hi'-ah 

Ko'-hath 

Har'-tba 

Gal'-lim 

Hi'-za-el 

Jez1  -re-el 

Ko'-rah 

Ma'-ry 

Gal'-H-o 

Ha-zar-ma'-veth 

Jin'-laph 

Ko'-re 

Mas'-re-kah 

Ga-rnS'-li-el 

Haz-el-el-po'-nl 

Ja'-a-lam 

Jo'-ab 

Mas'-sah 

Gam'-ma-diml 

Ha-ze'-roth 

Ja-az-a-nl'  • 

J6'4i-cim  (A.) 

Mat'-ri 

Gi'-tam 

Ha'-zor 

Ji'-bal 

J6'-ah 

La'-a-dah 

Maf-tan 

Gath 

H6'-ber 

JaV-bok 

Jo-an'-na 

La'-ban 

Mat-ta-thr-ai 

Ga'-za 

He'-bron 

Ja'-besh 

Jo'  -ash 

Li'-ohish 

Mat-that 

Ge'-ba 

He-ga'-J 

Ja'-bez 

Joch'-e-bed 

La-hS'-i-ro-l 

Matthew  (as  Math' 

G?-bal 

Hr-ge 

Ja'-bin 

Jo'-el 

Lah'-ml 

thn) 

Ge'-bim 

He'-lam 

Jab'-ne-«l 

Jo-e'-zer 

La'-ish 

Mat-thl'-as 

Ged-a-U'-ah 

Hel'-bon 

Ja'-chln 

Jo'-ha 

La'-kura 

Maz'-za-roth 

Ged'-e-on  (A.) 

Hel'-da-i 

Ja'-cob 

Jo-ha'-nao 

La'-mech 

Me'  -ah 

Ge-h;T-zi 

He'-li 

Ja'-el 

Jo'-kun 

La-o-di-je'-a 

Me-bun'-na-i 

Gem-a-rT-ah 

He-li-o-dS'-ms  (A.) 

Ja'-haz 

Jok'-ahaa 

Lap'-i-doth 

Me'-da<f 

Gen-nes'-a-ret 

Hel'-kathHaz'-zn-rim 

Ja'-ha-a 

Jok'-tan 

Laz'-a-rns 

Mr-da 

Ge-nu'-bath 

He'-man 

Ja'-ir 

Jon'-a-dab 

Le'-ah 

Mf-di-a 

Ge"-ra 

Heph'-zi  Bah 

Ja-I'-rua 

Jo'-nah 

Le-ba'-na 

Me-gid'-do 

er-nk 

Het'-on-lea  (A.) 

Jam'-bres 

Jo'-nas 

Leb'-a-non 

Me-het'-a-be-rt 

Ger'-ge-senea 

Her'-raes 

Jam'-bri  (A.) 

Jon'-a-than 

Leb'-a-oth 

Me-het'-a-bel 

Ge-riz'-itn 

Her-mog'-e-nei 

Jan'-na 

Jop'-pa 

Leb'-bse-us 

Me-lm'-ja-el 

Ger'-shom 

Her'-mon 

Jan'-nes 

Jo'-ram 

Le-b5'-nah 

Me-ko'-nah 

Ger'-shon 

Her'-od 

Ja'-pheth 

Jor'-dan 

Le-ha'-bim 

Mel'-chi 

GS'-shur 

He-ro'-di-on 

Ja-plii'-a 

J8'-rim 

Le'-hl 

Mel-chiz'-e-dak 

Ge'-ther.. 

Hesh'-bon 

Ja'-reb 

Jo'-sa-bad 

Lem'-u-el 

Mel'-ech 

Geth-sem'-»-n« 

Heth'-lon 

JaK-ed 

Jo'-se-dec  (A.) 

Le'-vi 

Mel'-i-ta 

Gi'-ah 

Hez-e-kf-ah 

Ja'-sher 

Jo'-sejih 

Lib'-nah 

Meni'-phiB 

Gib'-e-ah 

He/-ron 

Ja'-son 

Jo'-ses 

Lib'-y-a 

Mem'-u-can 

Gili'-c-on 

Hid'-de-kel 

Jav'-an 

Josh'-u-a 

Li'-nus 

Men'-a-hem 

Gid'-e-on 

Hi'-el 

Jaz'-ar  (A.) 

Jo-sf-ah 

Lo  Am'-mi 

Me'-ne 

Gid-e-ff-nl 

Hi-e-rap'-o-U» 

Ja'-zer 

Jo-sf-as  (A.) 

Lo'-ia 

Men-e-la'-ua  (A) 

Gf-hon 

Hig-ga-f-on 

Jff-bus 

Jot'-bah 

Lo  Rflh'-a-mah 

Me-on'-e-nim 

Gil'-bo-a 

Hil-ki'-ah 

Jec-o-ni'-ah 

Jo'-tham 

LQ'-cas 

Me-phi-be'-sheth 

Gil'-e-ad 

Hil'-lel 

Je-df-dah 

Ju'-bal 

LQ'-ci-fer 

Mer'-a-ri 

Gil'-gal 

Hin'-nom 

Jed-i-di'-ah 

JQ'-da  (A.) 

LQ'-ci-oa 

Me'-rat 

Gf-loh 

Hr-ram 

Jed'-u-than  (A.) 

Jtt'-dah 

Ly-ca-5'-ni-a 

Mer-cfl'-ri-u* 

Gin'-ne-tho 

Hlr-cS'-no*  (A.) 

Jed'-u-thon 

JQ'-dai 

Lyd'-da 

Mer-.i-bah 

Gir'-Ra-shit* 

Hif-tlte 

Je'-gar  Sa-h»-dO'-tha 

Ju-de-a 

Ly-sa'-ni-as 

M.T'-o-dach     Baf-* 

Gif-tite 

Hf-vite 

Je-hf>'-a-liaz 

JQ'-dith  (A.) 

Lys'-i-as  (A.) 

dan 

Go'-lan 

Ho'-bab 

Je-ho'-aib 

Ja'-li-a 

Ly-sim'-a-chos  (A.) 

Mc'-pim 

Gol'-go-tha 

H5'-bah 

Je-ho-ha'-nan 

JQ'-li-us 

Lya'-tra 

Me'-roz 

Go-li'-ath 

Hog--Uh 

Je-hoi'-a-chin 

Ju'-ni-a 

M.'-shach 

G5'-mer 

H..l-o-fei'-ne»  (A.) 

Je-hol'-a-da 

Jfl'-pi-ter 

Meah-el-e-inr-ah 

Gd-mor'-rah 

Hoph'-nl 

Je-hoi'-a-kim 

Jus'-tna 

Ma'-a-chah 

Mes-o-po-ta'-mt-a 

Giir'-gi-aa  (A.) 

Ho'-reb 

Je-hon'-a-dab 

Ma-a-sei'-ah 

Mes-sl'-ah 

Go'-shen 

Hor  Ha-gid'-gad 

Je-h5'-ram 

Mac'-ca-bees  (A.) 

Meth'-eg  Am'-mab 

Go'-zan 

Hor'-iiiah 

Je-hosh-a-bS'-ath 

Kab'-ze-el 

Mac-ca-bF-us  (A.) 

Me-thQ'-sa-«l 

Gor 

Hor-o-nS'-im 

Je-hosh'-a-phat 

Kfi-d.-sh 

Mac-e-dO'-ni-a 

Me-thtt'-se-lah 

Hor'-o-nlta 

Je-h5'-vah 

Ka'-desh  Bar'-ne-a 

Mach-bF-nah 

Mi'-cah 

Ho-se'-a 

Je-h5'-vah  Jf-reh 

Kad'-mi-el 

Mach'-ir 

Mi-cai'-ah 

Ha-a-ash'-ta-ri 

Hal'-dah 

Je-hiV-vah  Nis'-si 

Ka-re'-a 

Mach'-pe-lah 

Mr-chael 

Ha-bak'-kak,    H»b'- 

Hush'-a-i 

Je-ho'-vah  Sha'-lom 

Ko'-da-mah 

Mad-man'-nah 

Mich'-al 

ak-kak 

Huz'-zab 

Je-h5'-vah       Sham'- 

Ke'-dar 

Mag1  -da-la 

Mich'-mash 

Hach-a-H'-ah 

Hjr-me-n»'-u« 

mah 

Ke'-de-moth 

Mag'-da-lene 

Mid'-i-an 

Hach'-i-lah 

Je-ho'-rah    Tsid'-ke- 

Ke-he'-la-tha 

Mag'-di-el 

Mig'-ron 

Hach'-mo-ni 

nu 

Ke-i'-lah 

MS'-gog 

Mil'-cah 

HS'-dad 

IV-har 

Je'-hu 

Ke-la-i'-ah 

Ma'-gor  Hia'-sa-bib 

Mil'-com 

Ha-dad-F-ier 

Ich'-a-bod 

Je-hu-dl'-jah 

Kem'-u-el 

Mag1  -pi-ash 

Mi-ir-tam 

Ha-das'-sah 

I-c6'-ni-am 

Je-mr-ma 

Ee'-naz 

Mah'-a-lah 

Mi-lS'-tua 

Hrt-do'-ram 

Id'-do 

Jeph'-thah 

Ke'-nlte 

Ma-ha'-la-le-el 

Mil'-ia 

Had'-rach 

I.i-u-me'-a 

Je-phun'-neh 

Ker'-en  Hap'-pnch 

Mah'-a-lath 

Min'-ni 

Ha'  -gar 

Ig-da-li'-ah 

Je-phun'-neth  (A.) 

Ke*-ri-oth 

Ma-ha-na'-itn 

Min'-nith 

HaeT-ga-i 

I'-jon 

Je'-rah 

Ke-tQ'-rah 

Ma'-her  Sha'-lal  Hash 

Mir'-i-am 

Hag-gl'-ah 

Il-lyi'-i-cum 

Je-rah'-me-el 

Ke-zi'-a 

Baz 

Mi'-sa-el  (A.) 

Hag--gith 

Im'-lah 

Jer-e-mF-ah 

Ke-ziz" 

Mah'-lah 

Misli'-a-el 

Ha'-man 

Im-man'-u-«l 

Jer-e-ml'-aa  (A.) 

Kib'-roth    Hat-ta'-a- 

Mah'-lon 

Mis'-pe-reth 

Ba'-matb 

Iph-e-del'-ah 

Jer'-e-my 

vah 

Mak'-he-loth 

Mis'-re-photh  Mi'-ln 

Ham-me-da'-tha 

I'-re 

Jer'-i-cho 

Klb-za'-im 

Mak'-ke-dah 

Mith-ri-da'-tea  (A) 

Ham-mn-lek'-eth 

I'-rad 

Jer'-i-moth 

Kid'-ron 

Mal'-a-chl 

Mith'-ri-dath 

Ham'-or 

I-iT-jah 

Jer-o-bo'-am 

Kr-nah 

Hal'-cham 

Mit-y-lP-ne 

Ha-rau'-tal 

I'-saac 

Je-rub'-ba-al 

Kir  Ha-ri'-seth 

Mal-chi'-ah 

Mi^-ar 

Han'-a-me-el 

I-sa-i-ah 

Je-rub'-be-sheth 

Kir'-jath 

Mal'-chi-shn-a 

Mi^-pah 

Han'-a-ne-el 

Is'-cah 

Je-rO'-sa-lem 

'  Kir-ja-tha'-im 

Mal'-chua 

Miz'-peh 

Ha-na'-iii 

Is-oar'-i-ot 

Je-rtt'  sha 

Kir'-jath  Ar'-ba 

Mam'-mon 

Miz'-ra-im 

Han-a-ni'-ah 

Ish'-bak 

Je-shf-mon 

Kir'-jath  A'-rim 

Ham'-re 

Mna'-son 

Han'-nah 

Ish'-bi  BT-nob 

Jesli'-u-a 

Kir'-jath  Ba'-al 

Han'-a-en 

Mo'-ab 

Ha'-noch 

Ish  llO'-sheth 

Jesh-fl'-run 

Kir'-jath  Je-S'-rim 

Ma-nas'-seh 

Mo'-la-dah 

'    Hi'-mra 

Ish'-ma-el 

Jes'-sc 

Kir'-jath  San'  -nab 

Ila-no'-ab 

MO'-lech 

Ha'-rao 

la'-rm-el 

JS'-an4 

Kir'-jath  8«'-pher 

Ma'  -on 

llo'-locb 

Scriptural   Names. 


53!3 


Mor'-.le-cai                        Ol-o-fer'-nes  (A.) 

H  Bes'-eth 

Sa-be'-ana 

Shen-lt' 

Tar'-sus 

Mor-do-che'-us  (A.)           O-lyru'-pas 

Pi  Ha-lu'-roth 

Sab'-te-cha 

Sheph-a-tl'-ah 

Tar'-tak 

Mo-resb'-eth  Oath 

(y-uiar 

Pi'-late 

Sa'-doc 

ShS'-shach 

Tar'-tan 

Mo-rf'-aJi 

Om'-ri 

PI'-non 

Sa'-lah 

Sheah-baz'-zar 

Tat'-na-i 

M.i  -so-roth 

6'  -nan 

Pir'-a-thon 

Sa-UV-tUi-«l 

8heth'-er  Boz-na'-i 

Te--bah 

MO'  -868 

O-nes'-i-mus 

Pis'-gah 

SS'-lem 

8he'-va 

Teb'-eth 

tlu'-ihi 

On-e-siph'-o-rtu 

Pi-8id'-i-» 

8a'-liin 

Shitf-bo-leth 

Te-ko'-a 

My-ra 

O-nf-as  (A.) 

Pi'-son 

Sal'-mon 

Shic'-ron 

Tel  Hat'-a* 

viy-sia 

O'-phel 

Pith'-om 

Sa-lo'-m* 

Shig-ga-i'-oa 

Tel  Me'-lah 

O'-phir 

Pith'-oo 

Sa-ma'-ri-a 

Shi-lo'-ah 

T6'-ma 

Oph'-nh 

Pou'-U-u« 

Sam'-lah 

Shi'-loh 

Te'-man 

Va'-a-maa 

6'-reb 

Pon'-tus 

Sam  '-son 

Shim'-e-ah 

Te'-rah 

Na'-a-shon 

O-rt'-on 

P6'-ra-tha 

Sam'-u-el 

Shira'-«-i 

Ter'-a-phim 

Na-ass'-on 

Or'-nan 

Por'-ci-us 

San-bal'-lat 

Shim-sha'-t 

Ter'-ti-u» 

Na'-bal 

Or'-pah 

Pot'-i-ph»r 

Saph 

Shi'-nar 

Ter-tul'-lua 

Na'-both 

O-se'-a  (A.) 

Po-tiph'-er-a 

Sap-phi'-r« 

Shiph'-nh 

Thad-dae'-oi 

Na-bu-chod-o-nd'-sor 

O-se'-ag  (A.) 

Pris'-ca 

Sa'-ra  (A.) 

Shi'-shak 

Tha'-bash 

(A.) 

O-aS'-e 

Pris-sil'-l* 

Sa'-rah 

Shit'-tim 

Tha'-mah 

Na'-dab 

Oth'-nl 

Proch'-o-rus 

8a-ri'-i 

Sho'-bab 

The'-bex 

Nag'-ge 

Oth'-ni-«l 

Ptol-e-m8B'-us  (A.) 

8ar-che'-do-nui  (A.) 

Sho'-bach 

Thel'-a-sar 

Na'-ha-ri 

6'-zem 

Ptol'-«.me-«  (A.) 

Sar'-dis 

Shu'-ah 

The-oph'-i-ltti 

Na'-hash 

O-zi'^» 

Ptol-e-mS'-u«  (A.) 

Sa-rep'-te 

SUM 

Thes-sa-lo-nf-c* 

Na'-hor 

Pub'-ll-us 

Sar'-gon 

Shtf-lam-ita 

Thett'-daa 

Na'-hum 

Pa'-deni 

Sa'-ron 

Shu'-neiu 

Thom'-a> 

NaMn 

Pa'-»-r».i 

Pu'-non 

8ar'-se-chim 

Shur 

Thy-a-t!'-r» 

Na'-i-oth 

Pa'  -dan  A'  -ram 

Pa'-ti-d 

Sa'-rucu 

Sha'-shan 

Ti-be'-ri-af 

Na-ne'-a  (A.) 

Pag'-i-el 

Sa'-tan 

Shu-the'-lah 

Ti-be-ri-n» 

NS'-o-rai 

Pal-es-tf-n* 

Saul 

Sib-be-ch»l 

Tib'-nl 

Na'-phiah 

Pal'-ti 

Quar'-tai 

8ce'-v» 

Sib'-mah 

Ti'-dal 

Naph'-ta-U 

Para-phyl'-l* 

Scytli'-i-an 

Sf-don 

Tig'-lath  Pi-l<r-«r 

Nar-cia'-su* 

Paph'-os 

Sff-ba 

Si'-hon 

Ti-mai'-as 

Na'-than 

Pa'-ran 

Ra'-a-mlh 

Se'-gab 

Si'-hor 

Tim'-nath 

Na-than'-a-el 

Par'-bar 

Rab'-bah 

Se'-ir 

Si'-las 

Tl'-mon 

NS'-um 

Par'-ine-nu 

Bab'-sa-ces  (A.) 

Se-lefl'-cl-a 

Si-lo'-ah 

Ti-m6'-then« 

Na/-»-rene 

PS'-rosh 

Bab'-sar.ia 

Se-lett'-cus  (A.) 

Si-lu'-am 

Tiph'-sab. 

Naz'-a-reth 

Par-shan-da'-tn* 

Rab'-aha-keh 

Sem'-«-i 

Si-16'-e 

Tir'-ha-kah 

Ne-ap'-o-lig 

Par'-thl-ang 

Ra'-ehal 

Sen'-eh 

Sil-va'-nm 

Tir-shS'-tha 

Ne-ba'-i-oth 

Pa-ra'-ah 

Ra'-chel 

Sen-nach'-er-fl) 

Slm'-e-on 

Tir'-zah 

Ne'-bat 

Pa'-shur 

Rag'-an 

Se-phar-v&'-lm 

Sl'-moa 

Tish'-blt» 

Ne'-bo 

Paf-a-n 

Rag'-u-«l 

Se'-rah 

Si'-na-l 

TT-tus 

Neb-u-chad-nez'-nar 

Path'-ro* 

Ra'-hab 

Ser-a-f-ah 

Si'-on 

Tob  A-do-nT-Jak 

Neb-u<had-rez'-zar 

Pat'-mos 

Rak'-kath 

Sei'-gi-us  Paa'-lot 

Sl-rf-om 

To-bl'-ah 

Neb-u-shas'-ban 

Paf-ro-bu 

Rak'-kon 

Se-rug- 

Sis'-er* 

To-br-as  (A.) 

Neb-u-zar'-a-dan 

Paul 

Ra'-mah 

Sha'-al-blm 

Smyr'-na 

To-bl'^1  (A.) 

Ne'-cho 

Pau'-liu 

Ram'-e-sei 

Sha-ash'-gaz 

So'-ooh 

TB'-bit  (A.) 

NegM-noth 

Pe-dah'-zor 

Ra'-pha 

Shad-dS'-i 

So'-di 

To-gar'-inah 

Ne-he-ml'-ah 

r.-.l:V-i-ah 

Baph'-a-el  (A.) 

Shad'-rach 

Sod'-om 

To'-hu 

Ne-he-ml'-as  (A.) 

Pe'-kah 

Ra'-pha 

Sha'-Hm 

8ol'-o-mon 

T6M 

Ne-huah'-ta 

Pek-a-hf-ah 

Ra'-zis  (A.) 

Shal'-isb-a 

8o'-pat-er 

T«'-la 

Ne-hush'-tan 

Pel-a-ir-ah 

K6'-ba 

Shal'-lum 

Sor'-ek 

To'-phel 

Neph-tS'-ah 

Pel-a-tl'-ah 

Re-bek'-ah 

Shal'-man 

So-sip'-a-ter 

T6'-phet 

Ne'-reua 

Pel'^g 

Re'-ohab 

Shal-nia-ne'-ser 

Sos'-the-ne* 

Tra-cho-nf-U* 

Ne'-ri 

Pen'J-el 

Re'  -gem  Mel'-ech 

Sham'-gar 

Stach'-y« 

TrS'-as 

Ne-rl'-ah 

Pe-nin,'-iiah 

Re-ha-bf-ah 

Sham'-huth 

Steph'-a-na» 

Tro-gyl'-ll-um 

Neth'-a-n«-el 

Pen'-u-el 

Re'-hob 

Shi'-mtr 

Ste'-phen 

Troph'-i-mn« 

N«th-a-ni'-ah 

P«'-or 

Re-ho-bo'-am 

Sham'-mah 

Sue'-coth 

Try-phg'-na 

Neth'-i-nim 

Per'-ga 

Re-hS'-both 

Sham-mu'-ah 

Sa-san'-na 

Try-phon  (A.) 

Nib'-haz 

Per'-ga-moi 

Re'-hom 

Slia'-phau 

SQ'-si 

Try-ph5'-«a 

Nib'-shan 

Pe'-ter 

Re'-i 

Shi'-phat 

Sy-char 

Tfl'-bal 

Ni-ca'-nor 

Peth'-u^sl 

Re-ma-li'-ah 

Sha-rS'-i 

Sy-chem 

Ty-chi-eu* 

Nic-o-dP-moi 

Pha'-leo 

Rem'-mon 

Sha-re'-zer 

Sy-ff-ne 

Ty-ran'-nm 

Nic-o-15'-i-tan« 

Phal'-lu 

Rem'-phan 

Sha'-ron 

8yn'-ty-ch« 

Tyre 

Nlc'-o-l»B 

Phal'-U 

Reph'-a^l 

SliS'-shak 

Sy'-ra^use 

Ty'-rni 

Nig'-er 

Phan'-u<l 

Repli'-a-im 

Sha'-veh 

Syr'-i-ac 

Nim'-rod 

Pha'-ra-ah 

Reph'-i-dim 

She-al'-ti-el 

Sy-ro-phoj-nlo'-l-an 

Nim'-shi 

Pha'-re* 

Res'-en 

She-a-ri'-ah 

O'-cal 

Nin'-e-veh 

Phar--par 

Rett'-ban 

She'-ar  Ja'-«hub 

Ul'-la 

Nifl'-roch 

Ph6'-b8 

Re-tt'-«l 

Shr-ba 

Ta'-a-nach 

Un'-nl 

No-a-d!'-ah 

Plie-ni'-ce 

Re'-u-mah 

She-ba-nf-ah 

Tab'-bath 

U-ri'-ah 

No'-ah 

Phi'-chol 

Rez'-in 

Sheb'-na 

Tab'-e-ah 

O'-ri^l 

N6'-bah 

Phil-a-del'-phi-a 

Rez'-on 

Shech'-em 

Tab'-e-«l 

U-rf-jah 

Nff-e 

Phil-a-del'-phus  (A.) 

Hhe'-gl-um 

She-chl'-nah 

Ta-be'-rah 

Uz'-zab. 

Nu-me'-ni-us  (A.) 
Nym'-phas 

Phi-le'-mon 
Phi-le'-tus 

Rhe'-sa 

RluV-da 

Shed'-e-ur 
She'-Iah 

Tab'-l-tha 
Ta'-bor 

tjz'-zl 
Uz-zl'-ah 

Phil'-ip 

Rhodes 

8hel-e-ml'-ah 

Tab'-ri-mon 

Uz'-zl-el 

Pht-lip'-pi 

Rib'-lah 

Shel'-eph 

Tad'-mor 

O.ba-dr-»k 

Phi-lis'-ti-a 

Rim'-mon 

Shel'-o-iuith 

Ta-hap'-a-nes 

6'-bed 

Phi-Iol'-o-gus 

Rl'-phath 

She-la'  -mi  -el 

Tah'-pe-nas 

Taah'-ld 

(V-bed  B'-dom 
O'-bil 

Phi-lop'-a-tor  (A.) 
Phtn'-e-es 

Ris'-sah 
Riz'-pah 

She-ma-I'-ah 
Shem-a-rf-ah 

Ta-lT-tha  CQ'-ml 
Tal-mi'-i 

Vash'-ti 
Vop'-ahi 

Oc'-ian 

Phin'^-has 

Ro-bo'-am  (A.) 

8hem-S'-ber 

Ti'-mar 

O'-ded 
6-  -had 

Phleg'-on 
Phryg'-I-a 

Ro-mam'-ti  Ez'-er 
RQ'-ftts 

Shem'-«r 
8hem'-i-da 

Tarn'  -muz 
Tan-hQ'-meth 

Zab-de'-iu  (A.) 

O'-hel 

Pha'-raa 

Ru-ha'-nuh 

8hem'-i-nlth 

TS'-phath 

Zab'-dl 

Ol'-(-vet 

Phy-gel'-ta» 

Butti 

Bhe-ml'-Ta-moth 

Tar'-shish 

Zac-chae'-ufl 

6314 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


Zach-a-ri'-ah 

Zar'-e-phatb. 

Ze'-eb 

Zer'-e-dab. 

Zich'-ri 

Z6  -an 

Zach-a-rr-Ba  (A.) 

Zeb-a-dl'-ah 

Zel'-ek 

Zer'-esh 

Zi'-don 

Z6'-«r 

Za'-dnk 

Zff-bah 

Ze-luph'-e-hid 

Zer'-or 

Zik'-lag 

Zo'-ban 

Za'-ham 

Zeb'-e-dee 

Ze-lo'-tes 

Zer'-u-ah 

Zil'-lah 

Zo'-har 

Za'-ir 

Zeb'-o-im 

Zel'-zah 

Ze-rub'-la-bel 

Zil'-pah 

Zo-hel'-etJS 

Zal'-mon 

Ze'-bul 

Zem-a-ra'-im 

Zer'-u-i-ah 

Zim'-ran 

Zo'-phar 

Zam'-bri  (A.) 

Zeb'-u-lnn 

Ze'-naa 

Ze'-thar 

Zini'-ri 

Zo'-rah 

Zam'-zum-imms    [ah 

Zech-a-ri'-ah 

Zeph-a-ni'-ah 

Zi'-ba 

Zip'-por 

Zo-rob'-a-bel 

Zapb'-uatb,  i'a-i-uo- 

Zed-e-chi'-as  (A.) 

Ze'-pho 

Zib'-e-on 

Zip'-porah 

Zu-ri-shad-dfla 

ZS'-rali 

2ed-e-kl'*h 

•Tab 

Zib'-i-ah 

Zith'-rl 

zy-aaa 

CLASSICAL    AND    OTHER    ANCIENT    NAMES. 


A-bae'-ua 

Ach-e-lo'-is 

jE'-a 

jEs'-chy-lus 

A-geti-i-da'-mua 

Al-cath'-o-us 

Ab-an-ti'-a-des 

Ach-e-lu'-iu 

JE'-a-ces 

£a-cu-la'-pi-ua 

A-ge-si-la'-us 

Al-cel'-dea 

A-ban'-ti-as 

A-ehil'-las 

.S-ac'-i-des 

^-aer-ni'-uua 

A-ges-il'-o-chus 

Al-ces'-tis 

A-ban'-ti-daa 

A-chil'-les 

jE'-a-cus 

jK-si-on 

Ag-e-aiin'-bro-tua 

Al'-ce-tes 

A-bar-ba'-re-a 

A-chil'-leus 

X'-K  -a 

^'•aon 

Ag-e-aip'-o-Hs 

Al-ci  bi'-a-de» 

Ab'-a-ris 

A-chil'-li-des 

£-an'.ti-de* 

fi-son'-i-dea 

A-g6'-taa 

Al-cid'-a-maa 

Ab'-as 

A-chi'-ro-e 

.iE-bu'-ti-« 

^E-so'-pua 

A-gP-tor 

Al'-ci-das 

Ab-du'-rua 

Ach'-met 

£-de'-ai-a 

^-aym-ne'-tea 

Ag-ge'-nos 

Al-cid'-i-ee 

Ab-di'-as 

A-cho'-li-l» 

^E-de'-si-ns 

^-thal'-i-des 

Ag'-gram-me* 

Al-cim'-a-chus 

Ab-do-lnu'-i-mua 

Ach-o-lo'-e 

A.I-'  don 

^T-ther 

AgM-aa 

Al-ciin'-e-de 

A-bel'-li-o 

Ac-i-ch6'-ri-u» 

.S-c'-tea 

^'-tlii-cua 

A'.gia 

Al-cim'-e-doD 

A-ber'-cl-us 

Ac-i-dS'-li-a 

^!'-ga 

JE-thil'-la 

Ag-la'-i-a 

Al-chn'-e.ue» 

Ab'-ga-rus 

Ac-t-di'-nus 

JE-gsb'-on 

^I'-thi-opa 

Ag-la-o-ni'-ce 

Al'-ci-mua 

Ab'-e-lox 

A-cil-i-a'-nus 

JE-gx'-us 

.Sth'-li-ua 

Ag-la-o-plie'-ma 

Al'-ciii'-o-ua 

A'-b!-a 

Ac-in-dy-nus 

M-gff-ri-t, 

2Eth'-ra 

Ag-la'-o  phon 

Al'-ci-pliron 

A-bia'-a-res 

A'-cis 

^-gea'-tna 

^-thff-aa 

Ag-lau'-roa 

Al-cip'-pe 

Ab-ls-tam'-e-ne« 

Ac-me'-nes 

^I'-ge-ua 

^X-ti-on 

Ag-la'-us 

Al'-cis 

A-bi-ti-a'-iHM 

A-cce'-tes 

^E-gi'-a-Ie 

^I'-ti-us 

Ag-nap'-tu» 

Al-cis'-the-na 

Ab-la'-bi-us 

A-coni-i-na'-tua 

£-gi-a-lei'-a 

JEt'-Da 

Ag'-ni-ua 

Al-cith'-o-e 

Ab-iy-vi-us 

A-con'-tea 

^£-gi-a'-leu8 

^I-to'-le 

Ag-nod'-i-ce 

Al'-ci-thua 

Ab-ra-da'-taa 

A-con'-ti-ua 

^-gid'-i-ua 

*-to'-lua 

Ag*-non 

Alc-nite'-on 

Ab-ret-te'-nus 

Ac'-o-rls 

^-gi-da'-cho* 

A-fer 

Ag-non'-i-dea 

Alc-mae-on'-i~<te 

Ab-roc'-o-mas 

A-cree'-a 

Ji-gim'-i-ua 

A-fra'-ni-a 

Ag-o-rac'-ri-tua 

Alc'-iiian 

Ab-roo'-o-mes 

A-cras'-pheua 

JEf-gi-mus 

A-fra'-ni-us 

A-grse'-ua 

Alc'-uie'-ue 

A-bro'-ni-us 

Ac'-ra-gaa 

M-gl'-iM 

Af-ri-ca'-nus 

A-grau'-los 

Al'-con 

A-bron'-y-chtM 

Ae-ra-toph'  -or-ua 

jE-gin-ae'-a 

A-gac'-ly-tua 

A-gres'-phon 

Al'-cy-o  ne 

A-br6'-ta 

Ao-ra-top'-o-tea 

jE-gin-e'-ta 

A-gal'-li-aa 

Ag'-reua 

Al'-cy-o-neua 

Ab-rof-o-num 

Ac'-ra-tua 

^.gi'-o-cliua 

A-gal'-lis 

A  gric'o-la 

Al-cy-on'-i-da» 

Ab-rft'-po-lis 

A-cri'-ou 

^-gi-pan 

Ag-a-me'-de 

Ag-ri-u'-ni-ua 

Al'-e-a 

Ab-syr'-tus 

Ac-ria-i-o'-neia 

^l-gis'-thiu 

Ag-a-me'-dea 

A-grl'-o-pas 

A-leb'-i-on 

Ab-u-ll'-tes 

Ac-ris-i-o-ni'-a-dea 

^E'-gle 

Ag-a-inem'-non 

A-grip'-pa 

A-lec'-to 

A-ba'-ri-oa 

A-cria'-i-ua 

^I-gle'-ta 

Ag-a-inem-nou  '-i  -d  PB 

Ag-rip-pi'-na 

A-lec'-tor 

Ab-y-de'*nua 

Ac'-ron 

^'-glea 

Ag-a-ni'-ce 

Ag-rip-pi'-nua 

A-le'-tea 

Ac-a-cal'-lis 

Ac-ro-po-H'-ta 

^l-gle'-tes 

Ag-a-nip'-pe 

Ag"-ri-us 

A-leu'-a-das 

Ac-a-ce'-si-u» 

A-crot'-a-tua 

^!-gob'-o-la» 

Ag-a-pe'-nor 

A-groe'-ci-n» 

A-leO'-aa 

Ac  a-ce'-tes 

Ae-te'-a 

^l-goc'-e-rus 

Ag-a-pe'-tua 

A-groe'-taa 

Al'-e-us 

A-ca'-ci-ua 

Ac-tse'-on 

£-gopb'-a-gaa 

Ag-a-ris'-ta 

A-gixie'-ti-ua 

A-lex-am'-e-nua 

A'-ca-cns 

Ac-tai'-aa 

ffi-gns 

A-gas'-i-as 

Ag'-ron 

Al-ex-an'-der 

Ac-a-de'-raus 

Ac'-te 

JE-gyp'-tna 

A-gaa'-i-e-les 

A-grot'-er-A 

Al-ex-an'-dra 

A-cal'-le         ,;,,'- 

Ac-tT-a-cua 

jG-iin-nea'-tu 

A-gaa'-tlie-nea 

Agy-i-eua 

Al-ex-an'-dri-dM 

Acr-a-mas 

Ac-ti-aa'-nea 

JS-li-a'-nua 

A-gath-a-ge'-tua 

A-gyr'-rhi-us 

Al-ex-a'-nor 

A-can'-thus 

Ac'-tor 

Jf-li-na 

Ag-ath-an'-ge-lus 

A-hS'-la 

Al-cx-ar'-ehus 

A-car'-uan 

Ac-to'-ri-u« 

A-el'-lo 

A-gath-ar'-chi-dea 

A-he-no-bai-'-bua 

A-lex'-i-a8 

A-caH'-tns 

Ac-tu-a'-ri-iu 

•  A-el'-lo-pna 

Ag-ath-ar'-chua 

A'-i  do'-ne-ua 

Al-ex-ic'-a-cua 

Atf-ba-rua 

A-c&'-le-o 

^-mil'-i-a 

Ag-ath-e'-mtr-ua 

A'-jax 

A-Iex'-i-clea 

Ac'-ca 

A-eu'-ine-nus 

JE-mil-i-a'-no* 

A-gath'-i-aa 

Al-a-ban'-dua 

A-lex-ic'-ra-tei 

Ac'-cl-us 

A-cu-ai-la'-ua 

-•K-niil'-i-iis 

Ag-a-thi'-nus 

Al-a-gon'-i-a 

A-lex'-i-da 

Atf-co 

A-cu'-ti-ua 

M-ne?~&-Aes 

A-ga-tho-cle'4 

Al-al-com-e-ne'-ia 

Al-ex-i'-nus 

A-c6'-ra-tua 

A-dae'-ua 

^I-ng'-aa 

A-gath'-o-clea 

Al-al-com'-e-nes 

A-lex'-I-on 

A-cer'-bas 

A'l-a-]n;ui-tei'-a 

yi:-ni''-i-ns 

Ag-a-tho-da'-raon     f 

Al-al-co-mS'-ni^ 

Al-ex-ip'-pua 

Ac-er-ro'-nl-a 

Ad  a-man'-ti-ua 

^-nea-i-de'-mua 

Ag'-a-thon 

A-laK-i-cuB 

A-lex'-ia 

Ac-er-ro'-ni-us 

Ad-ei-man'-tm 

^E-ne'-si-us 

Ag-a-thoa'-tlie-nes 

A-Ias'-tor 

A-Iex'-i-us 

Ac-er-se'-co-mes 

Ad-gan-des'-tri-na 

^-ne'-te 

Ag-a-thof-y-chu» 

Al-as-tor'-l-des 

A-lex'-on 

Ac-e-san'-der 

Ad-her'-bal 

^I'-nl-cna 

Ag-a-thyl'-lua 

Al-a-the'-ua 

Al-fe'-nua 

Ac'-c-Bas 

Ad-i-af-0-rix 

JE-n\'-Ae» 

Ag-a-thyr'-nua 

Al'-bs 

Al'-fl-H8 

A-ce'-si-aa 

Ad-me'-te 

jK-dl'-i-dM 

A-gS'-ve 

Al-bin'-l-ns 

Al-i-ac'-mon 

A-ce'-si-us 

Ad-me'-tua 

Xt-o-lat 

A-gel'-a-das 

Al-bin-o-va'-nu* 

A-li-e'-nus 

A-ces'-tea 

A-do'-uena 

JEt-py-taa 

Ag-e-la'-ua 

Al-bf-nug 

Al-i-lni-n'-tua 

A-ces-to-do'-rua 

A  dS'-nla 

A-er'-i-us 

Ag-e-lel'-a 

Al'-bl-on 

Al-i-phg'-rua 

A-ces'-tor 

Ad-rali'-tus 

A-er'-o-pe 

A-gS'-nor 

Al-bu-cil'-l» 

Al-lec'-tua 

A-ces-tor'-i-des 

Ad'-ra-nua 

A-er'-o-pua 

Ag-e-noiM-dea 

Al-bn'-ci-ua 

Al-li-e'-nua 

A-chab'-a 

Ad-raa-tel'-« 

jE'-sa-cus 

A-gep'-o-lis 

Al-btt'-ne-a 

Al'-li-te 

A-chee'-me-nes 

Ad-ras-tl'-ne 

^"-sa-ra 

Ag-e-san'-der 

Al-c-a'-ns 

AMu'-ci-ua 

Ach-»-me'-n»-defl 

A-dras'-tna 

£a'-chi-ne8 

A-ge-san'-dri-dae 

Al-cam'-e-nea 

Al'-mo 

A-i'lijp'-ns 

Ad-ri-fi'-nua 

JSa'-chri-on 

Ag-e-si'-a-nax 

Al-can'-der 

Al'-mopa 

i-cha'-i-cra 

A-ilu'.»i.ua 

^s-chyl'-i-des 

A-ge'-ai-aa 

Al-cath'-o-e 

A-lS'-e-i-da 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Hames. 


5315 


A-lo'-en* 

Am>phim'-arChus 

An-drag'-a.thua 

An-tig'-o-nna 

Ap-rl-e» 

A-rerf-tor 

Al'-o-pe 

Ain-phiiii'-e-doa 

An-drau-o-do'-roa 

An-til'-e-on 

A-pro-ni-a'-nn» 

A-re'-ta-dea 

A-lop'-e-cua 

Am-pliin'-o-me 

An'-dre-a» 

An-til'-o-chug 

A-pro'-ni-us 

Ar-e-tte'-ua 

A-loi'-cua 

Aiu-phl'-on 

An-dre-o-ptt'-lu» 

An-ti-mach'4-dw 

Ap'-ai-nes 

Ar-e-taph'-i-lB 

Al-phao'-* 

Am'-phis 

An'-dreus 

Aii-tilll'-a-clius 

Ap-syr'-tus 

Ar'-e-tas 

Al-phe!'-aa; 

Ain-phis'-sa 

An-dri8'-cn» 

An-ti-inon'-i-liaji 

Ap'-ter-oa 

Ar-e'-te 

Al-pbei'-ua 

Am-pbi3'-8U8 

An'-dro 

An-ti-ince'-rai 

A-pu-le'-i-n» 

Ar-e'-tea 

Al-phe'-nor 

Am-phis'-tra-tug 

An-dro'-bi-ua 

An-tin'-o-e 

A-pus'-tiua 

Ar'-e-thaa 

Al-plie'-nua 

Aia-pliith'-e-mi» 

An-dro-bu'-lua 

An-tiii'-o-oa 

A'-qui-la 

Ar-c-thtt'-aa 

Al-phes-i-bce'* 

Ain-phi-trT-t* 

An-dro-clei'-dea 

An-ti'-o-chia 

A-quil'-i-a 

Ar-e-thO'-8i-u» 

Al-phe'-a» 

Ain-phit'-ry-on 

An'-dro-clea 

'    An-ti'-o-chn* 

A-qui-ir-nu» 

A-re'-tus 

Al'-phi-us 

Am-pbit-ry-o-nl'-s- 

An'-dro-clua 

An'-li-on 

A-quil'-liJl 

Ar'-eus 

Al-pi'-nua 

den 

An-dro-oy'-dw 

An'-ti-o-pe 

A-qull'-li-n» 

Ar-gse'-na 

Al-thie'-a 

Ain-pbit-ry-oO'-i-de* 

An-dro'-e-taa 

Au-tip'-a-ter 

!   A-quin'-i-ua 

Ar'-ga-lus 

Al-the-me-nei 

Am'-phi-us 

An-drog'-e-us 

An-tiph'-a-ne» 

A-rab-i-a'-ntM 

Ar-gan-tho'-ne 

Al-the'-pua 

Am-phot'-er-us 

An-drom'-a»ohe 

An'-ti-pliaa 

1    A-rab'-i-ua 

Ar-gan-th6'-ni-n» 

AI-y-at'-tes 

Am'-pi-la 

An-drom'-a-chna 

An-tipli'-a-t«i 

A-rach'-ne 

Af-gas 

A-Iyp'-i-ua 

Am-pyc'-i-de* 

An-drom'-e-da 

An-ti-phe'-mu* 

'.   Ar'-a-cus 

Ar-gel'-a 

Al'-y-pua 

Am'-py-ou» 

1   An'-dron 

An-tiph'-i-loa 

Ar-a-cyn'-thl-aa 

Ar-gel-phorf-tea) 

Al'-y-zeus 

Am'-pyx 

An-drO'nio-i-a'-nua 

An'-ti-phon 

Ar-aj-tliJ  -re-a 

Ar-gei'-us 

A-mad'-o-cua 

\    A-mtt'-li-u» 

An-dro-nf-cua 

An'.ti-phua 

A-rar'-o« 

Ar-ge'-li-na 

A-mae'-si-a 

Am-y-clae'-us 

An-dron'-i-daa 

An-tis'-ta-tes* 

A-rar'-sl-ns 

Ar-gen'-nla 

Am-a-fa'-ni-us 

A-my'-clas 

An-di-os'-thc-ne* 

An-tis'  the-ne* 

Ar-Jia 

Ar-gen-t4'-ri-n§ 

A-mal-the'-a 

A-my-cli-des 

An-drot'-i-on  ' 

An.tis'-ti-a 

A-nis'-pea 

Ar'-gea 

A-man'-dus 

'•    A-my-clu8 

An'-drua 

j   An-tls'-ti-tM 

A-ra'-tua 

Ar-gi-le-B'.nto 

Am-a-ran'-tus 

|   Am'-y-cus 

An-e-mo'-tia 

:  An'-ti-ua 

Ar'-ba-cea 

Ar-gi'-o-pe 

Am-a-ryn'-ceua 

Am-y-mo'-ne 

An-e-ris'-tua 

An-t6'-ni-a 

A^-bi-ter 

Ar'-gi-ua 

Am-a-ryn'-thus 

Ain-y-nan'-der 

An-e-ro-es'-tua 

An-to-ni'-nua 

Ar'-bi-us 

Ar'go 

A-ma'-sis 

,   Am-y-nom'-a-chns 

A-nes-i-do'-m 

An-to'-ni-ua 

Ar-bo'-ri-tia 

Ar-go-nau'-ta* 

A-mas'-tris 

A-myn'-tas 

An-gel'-i-ou 

An  tor'-i^e* 

Ar-bus'-cu-la 

'   Ar'-gus 

A-ma'-to 

A-myn-ti-a'-mis 

An'-ge-los 

An-tyl'-lua 

Ar-ca'-diua 

Ar'-gy-ra 

Am'-a-tbes 

A-niyn'-tor 

An-ge-ro'-na 

A-ntt'-bia 

Ar'-cas 

Ar'-g^'-rua 

Am-a-tha'-s!-a 

Am'-y-ris 

An-ge-ro'-ni-a 

An-u-lf-nua 

Ar-cath'-i-aa 

Ar-i-ad'-ne 

A-ma'-ti-ua 

Am-yr-tae'-ua 

An-git'-i-a 

Anx'-u-rua 

Ar'-ce 

Ar-i-ae'-tlms 

A-maz'-o-nes 

Am'-y-rus 

An-i-a'-nus 

An'-y-sia 

Ar-oei-Br-a-de» 

Ar-i-aj'-us 

Am-a-zo'-ni-ua 

Am-y-tba'-on 

An-i-ce'-tua 

An'-y-te 

Ar-cei'-si-us 

Ar-i-am'-e-nei 

Ain-bi-ga'-tua 

Am-yth-a-o'-ni-ua 

A-nic'-i-ua 

An'-y-tua 

•  Ar-ceb-i-la'-us 

Ar-i-am'-nea 

Am-bi'-o-rix 

Ani'-y-tis 

A-nig'-ri-des 

A-oe'-de 

Ar-chie-a-nac'-tl-das 

Ar-i-an'  tas 

Am-biv'-i-us 

An'-a-ces 

Aii'-i-ua 

A'-on 

Ar-cliag'-a-tlina 

Ar-I-£'-nua 

Ain-bol-o-ge'-i» 

An-a-char'-als 

An'-na 

Ap'-a-ma 

Ar-ehe-bG'-lus 

Ar-i-a-pe!'-the» 

Ain-brS'-ci-a 

A-nac'-re-on 

An-nae'-na 

Ap-an-chom'^-ne 

Ac-che-de'-mus 

Ar-1  a-i-a'-thet 

Ain-bro-'si-ua 

An-a-cyn-da-rax'-ea 

An-nS'-lia 

Ap-a-tu'-ri-a 

Ar-ched'-i-ce 

Ar-i-as'-pes 

Ani'-bry-on 

An-a-dy-om'-e-ne 

An'-ni-a 

Ap-a-tQ'-ri-na 

Ar-cbed'-i-cus 

Ar-i-bee'-ua 

Ain-brys'-sus 

A-nre'-a 

An-ni-a'-nua 

A-pel'-laa 

Ar-chS'-ge-tea 

Ar-i-cl'-na 

Aiu-bu'-li-a 

An-a-gal'-lia 

An'-nl-bal 

A.pel'-les 

Ar-che-la'-ua 

Ar-i-dfe'-ua 

Ain-bus'-tus 

An-ag-nos'-te« 

An-nic'-e-ria 

A-pel'-li-con 

Ar-chem'-a-chna 

Ar-i-do'-Iia 

A-mei'-ni-us 

An-a  i'-tis 

An'-ni-ua 

A-pe'-ini-us 

Ar-cbe-mo'-rus 

Ar-ig-no'-te 

A-inei'-no-clea 

A-nan'-i-us 

An'-ser 

Ap'-er 

Ar-che'-nor 

Ar-ig-no'-tua 

A-meip'-si-aa 

An'-a-phas 

An-tse'-a 

Ap-e-san'-tl-oa 

Ar-ches'-tra-tua 

Ar-i-mS'-zes 

Ain-p-Ie-sag'-o-ras 

An-as-ta'-si-a 

An-tse'-ng 

Aph-a-ci'-tia- 

Ar-che-ti'-mua 

Ar-im-ues'-tna 

A-me'-li-ua 

An-as-ta'-ai-UB 

An-tag'-o-ra» 

Aph-a3'-a 

Ar'-chi-aa 

Ar-i<o-bar-za'-D69 

A-men'-tea 

An-a-to'-H-ua 

An  tal'-ci-daa 

Aph'-a-reus 

Ar-chib'-i-ua 

Ar-i-o-niar'-daa 

A-uii'i'-i-as 

An-ax-ag'-o-ras 

An-tan'-der 

A-phei'-daa 

Ar-chid-a-mef-a 

A-ri'-on 

Am-er-is'-tus 

An-ax-au'-der 

An-tef-a 

A-phep'-si-oa 

Ar-chi-da'-mue 

Ar-i-p-vis'-tni 

A-mes'-tris 

An-ax-an'-dra 

An  t.M'-aa 

Aph-nei'-ns 

Ar-chid'-i-ee 

Ar'-i-phron 

Atn-i-;i'-nUS 

An-ax-an'-dri-des 

An-te'-nor 

Aph-ro-dia-i-a'-noa 

Ar-chig'-e-iieB 

A-ris'-be 

Am-i-so'-da-rua 

Aii-ax-ar'-dms 

An-te-nor'-!-de» 

Aph-ro-dis'-l-us 

Ar-chil'-o-chus 

Ar-is-tae'-ne-tn» 

Am'-i-ton 

An-ax-ar'-e-te 

An'-te-ros 

Aph-ro-di'-te 

Ar-chi-me'-de« 

Ar-is-tffi'-nua 

Am-mi-a'-iius 

A-n;ix'-i-as 

An'-te-vor-ta 

Aph-thon'-i-oa 

Ar-chi-me'-lua 

Ar-is-tte'-on 

Am'-mon 

An-ax-ib'-i-a 

An'-thaa 

Ap-i-ca'-ta 

Ar-chi'-nua 

A-ris-tse'-ua 

Am'-mo-nas 

An-ax-ib'-i-u« 

An'-the-aa 

A-pio'-i-na 

Ar-chip'-pus 

Ar-is-tag'-<vm 

Am-mo'-ni-a 

An-ax-ic'-ra-tes 

An'-the-don 

A-pin'-l-ca 

Ar-chit'-e-lea 

A-ris-tag'-o-rat 

Am-mo-ni-a'-nua 

A-nax-i-da'-mag 

An-theF-a 

Ap'-i-on 

Ar-chi-ti'-mn§ 

A-ris'-ta-nax 

Ara-mo'-ni-us 

A-nax-.i-las 

An-the'-H-i 

A'-pis 

Ai'-cho 

Ar-is-tan'-der 

Am-ni-sf-a-des 

A-nax-i-U'-a8 

An-themM-oa 

Ap-i-sa'-<m 

Ar'-chon 

Ar-is-tar'-chua 

Am-o-rae'-tus 

An-ax-il'-i-des 

An-ther'-mna 

A-pol'-las 

Ar-clif-taa 

A-rls'-te-as 

Am-om-phar'-e-tua 

An-ax-i-man'-dar 

An'-thes 

A-pol-li-na'-ria 

Ar-cip'-o-teua? 

Ar-is-tei'-dM 

Am'-nr 

An-ax-im'-e-nes 

An'-theus 

A-pol-li-nS'-ri-ua 

Ar-cit'-e-nem' 

Ar-is-tS'-nna 

Am-o-rse'-na 

An-ax-ip'-pu» 

An.lhi'-a-nua 

A-pol'-lo 

Arc-ti'-nua 

A-ris'  te-ua 

A-mor'-ges 

A-nax'-is 

An'-thi-mns 

Ap-ol-loc'-ra-tea 

Ai'-cy-on 

A-ris'-ti^8 

Am-phi'-a-nax 

A-nax'-o 

An-thip'-pua 

A-pol-lo-do'-rna 

Ar'-da-lua 

A-ris'-ti-on 

Am-phi-a'-nus 

An-cas'-ua 

An'-thus 

A-pol-lon'-i-dea 

Ar'-de-aa 

Ar-is-tip'-po» 

Am-phi-a-r5'-i-<le» 

An-cha'-ri-u» 

An-tl-a-ner-m 

A-pol  lo'-ni-us 

Ar'-di-ce» 

A-ris'-ti-na 

Am-phi-a-ra'-us 

An-ches'-mi-ua 

An'-ti^as 

Ap-ol-loph'-anea 

Ar'-dys 

A-ris'-to 

Am-phi-clel'-a 

An-chf-a-le 

An-ti-cler-a 

Ap-ol-loth'-e-mia 

A-r§'-gon 

A-ris-to-bfl'-le 

Ain-phic'-ra-tes 

An-chi'-a-lus 

An-ti-clef-dea 

A-po-ni-a'-nua 

A-r8'-gon-ta 

A-ri8-to-ba'-lu» 

Ani-phic'-ty-on 

An-chi-m6'-li-U8 

An-tic'-ra-tea 

A-p5'-ni-ns 

A-rei'-a 

A-ris-to-clei'-a 

Am-phic-ty'-o-ni8 

An-cbi'-ses 

An-tid'-a-maa 

Ap-o-trop'-se-l 

A-ref'-ly-cua 

A-ris-to-clei'-dat 

Am-phid'-a-maB 

An-chi-sr-a-dea 

An-ti-do'-rua 

Ap-o-troph'-l-* 

A-rel'-tho-ua 

A-riB-to-cle!'-de» 

Am-phid'-i-cus 

An-chQ'-ras 

An-tid'-o-tus 

Ap-pi-S'-noa 

A-ref-ua 

A-ris-to-clef-ta* 

Am-phi-ef-er-us 

An'-cus 

An-tig'-e-nes 

Ap'-pi-aa 

A-rel'-li-na 

A-rls'-to-cles 

Am-phi'-e-tea 

An-dob'-a-les 

An-tl-gen'-i-daa 

Ap'-pi^>n 

A-r§'-ne 

A-ris-to-clf-dea 

Am-phl-loch'-i-us 

An-doc'-t-des 

An-tig-no'-tna 

Ap'-pl-ns 

A-ren'-nl-na 

Ar-Is-toc'-ra-tea 

Am-phil'-o-chus 

An-drae'-mon 

An-tig'-o-ne 

Ap-pu-'le'-l-« 

Ar'-es 

Ar-is-toc'-re-on 

Am-jihil'-y-tus 

An-drae-nion'-i-dea 

An-ti-gon'-M« 

Ap-pu-ir-i-ni 

Ar'-e-aaa 

Ar-is-toc'-ri-tM 

6316 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


A-ria-to-cy-prua 

As-ba-mse'-ua 

Ath-e-i)S'-is 

Au-ton'-o-e 

Bar-thol-o-ltise'-ua 

Blezn'-uii-das 

A-ris-to-de'-me 

Aa'-bo-lua 

A-tlie'-ni-on 

Au-to-phra-da'-tes 

Bar-y-ax'-es 

Ble-p83'-us 

A-ris-to-de'-mus 

As-cal'-a-bus 

Ath-e-nip'-pus 

Au-tro'-ni-a 

Bar-za'-nes 

Ble-sa'-nii-ua 

AHs-tod'-i  cus 

As-cal'-a-phua 

A-then'-o-cles 

Aux-e'-sia 

Ba-sil'-a-ras 

Blif-or 

A-ris-to-gei'-ton 

As'-ca-lus 

A-then-o-du'-rua 

Au'-xo 

Ba-sil'-a-cua 

B16'-8i-tt8 

Ar-ia-tog'-e-nea 

As-ca'-ni-us 

Atb-e-nog'-e-nea 

A-ven-ti-nen'-ata 

Bas-i-la'-nua 

Bo-a-di-ce'-a 

A-ris-to-la'-ua 

As'-car-ua 

A-tho'-ua 

AT-en-ti'-nus 

Bas-i-lei'-dea 

Boc'-char 

Ar-is-tol'-o-ehus 

As'-cla-po 

Ath-ry-i-lS'-tus 

Av-«r-run'-cus 

Ba-sil'-i-ca 

Boc'-cho-rl» 

Ar-is-tom'-a-che 

Aa-cle-pi'-a-de 

A-thym'-brua 

Av-i-a'-nus 

Ba-sil'-l-dea 

Boc'-cbus 

Ar-ia-tom'-a-chua 

As-cle-pi'-a-dea 

At'-i-a 

A-vid'-i-us 

Bas-i-l!'-na 

B6'-don 

A-ria-to-me'-des 

As-cle-pi  o-do'-rus 

A-tid'-i-us 

AT-i-e'-nus 

Bas-i-lis 

Bod-u-og-nS'-toi 

Ar-is-tom'-e-don 

As-cle-pi-od'-o-tua 

A.ti'-ll4 

A-vi'-o-la 

Bas-i-lis'-cua 

Bce'-bus 

Ar-is-tom'-e-nea 

As-cl§'-pi-us 

A-til-i-cr-nu 

A-vit-i-a'-nua 

Ba^il'-i-us 

Boe-dro'-mi-u 

A-ris'-ton 

As-cle-ta'-ri-o 

A-ti'-li-oa 

A-vf-tua 

Bas'-i-lus 

Boe'-o 

A-ris-to-ni'-cus 

Aa-c<V-ni-ua 

A-til'-la 

Ax-.i-a 

Bas'-sa-reua 

Boe.o'-tus 

Ar-ia-ton'-i-daa 

As'-cus 

At-i-me'-tiM 

Ax-i'-er-oe 

Bas-si-a'-i.a 

Bo-8'-thi-u» 

Ar-is-ton'-i-des 

As'-drn-bal 

A-tt'-ni-a 

Ax.U'.la 

Bas-si-a'-nua 

Bo-e'-thu» 

Ar-ia-ton'-o-us 

A-sel'-lio 

At'-i-ua 

Ax'-i-on 

Bas'-sus 

taf-ta 

Ar-is-ton'-y-mus 

A-sel'-loa 

At'-laa 

Ax-i-o-ni'-eus 

Bat'-a-lus 

Bog'-ea 

Ar-is-toph'-a-nes 

A'-si-a 

At-ra-ti'-nu* 

Ax-i-o-pis'-tus 

Ba-tei'-a 

Bog-.ud 

Ar-is-toph'-i-lua 

A-si-at'-i-cua 

Af-rax 

Ax-i-o-pce'-nos 

Bath-a-na'-ti-iu 

Boi'-o-rix 

A-ris'-to-phon 

As'-i-na 

A-tn-l'-di'S 

Ax-i-oth'-e-a 

Bath'-y-clea 

Bo-la'-nua 

Ar-ia-tot'-e-les 

A-sin'-i-a 

A-treua' 

Ax'-i-ua 

Ba-thyl'-lua 

Bol'-gi-ua 

Ar-is-tot'-i-iiius 

A-iiin'-i-ua 

At'-rl-na 

Az-a-ni'-tea 

Bat'-ia 

Bol'-is 

Ar-is-tox'-e-nuB 

A'-si-us 

At-ro-me'-tua 

Az-e-mil'-coa 

Baf-on 

Bo'.lua 

A-ris'-tus 

A-so'-pi-ns 

A-trop'-a-tes 

A-ze'-si-a 

Bat'-ra-cbua 

Bom-il'-car 

Ar-is-tyl'-loa 

A-sop-o-do'-rua 

At-ro-poa 

A-zo'-rua 

Bat'-ta-raa 

Bon-i-fa'-ci-uaj 

A-ri'-us 

A-so'-paa 

At-ta 

Bat'-tua 

Bo-no'-sua 

Ar-men'-i-dos 

As'-pa-lis 

At-tag'-i-nua 

Bau'-bo 

Bo-op'-ia 

Ar-men'-i-dea 

As'-par 

At-tal-i-a'-ta 

Bab'-i-ltu 

Bau'-cia 

Bor'-caa 

Ar-mea'-i-ua 

Aa-pa'-si-a 

At-tal'-i-on 

Bab'-ri-us 

Buv'.i-us 

Bor'-iuua 

Ar-min'-i-ua 

Aa-pa'-ai-ua 

Af-ta-lua 

Ba-bul'-li-ua 

Be'-bry^» 

Bo'-roa 

Ar--ne 

As-path'.i-ne« 

At'-thia 

Bab'.ys 

Be'-daa 

Bos'-tar 

Ar-n5'-bius 

Aa'-per 

At-ti-a'-mis 

Bac-chei'-daa 

Bel'-e-nua 

Bo'-ta-cbuB 

Ar-pox-a'-ia 

Aa-pha'-li-ua 

At-ti-ca 

Bac-chei'-us 

Bel'-e-sis 

Bo-tau'-i-dea 

Ar-iacb'-i-on 

Aa-pl6'-don 

At'-ti-cua 

Bac-chi'-a-dee 

Bel'-gi-ua 

Bot'-ry-aa 

Ar-rhi-bse'-ua 

Aa-Ba-lec'-toa 

Af-ti-la 

Bac'-chi-dea 

Bel-i-aa'-ri-na 

Bot'-rys 

Ar-rhi-dtt'-ua 

Aa-aar'-a-cua 

At-iil-i-a'.nui 

Bac'-chua 

Bcl-ler'-u-pliou 

Bot-thic'-us 

Ar"-ria 

As-se'-si-a 

At-til'-i-ua 

Bac-chyl'-i-de» 

Bel-ler-o-phou'-toa 

Bra-chyl'-le» 

Ar-ri-a'-nua 

As'-ta-cus 

At'-ti-us 

Bac'-cbyl-us 

Bel'-ler-ua 

Brau'-cbua 

Ar'-ri-bas 

Aa-tar'-te 

Af-tua 

Bacb-i-a'-ri-ua 

Bel-ll-e'-nua 

Bran'-cua 

Ai'-ri-us 

Aa'-te-aa 

A-ty'-a-nas 

Bad'-i-ua 

Bel-li'-nua 

Bran  '-gas 

Ar-nin'-ti-ua 

As-ter'-i-a 

A-tyin'-ni-ua 

Bad'-rea 

Bel-ld'-na 

Bras'-i-das 

Ar'-sa-ces 

As-tef-i-on 

Af-ys 

liit'-bi-ul 

Bel-lo-ve'-sua 

Brau'-ron 

Ar-sac'-i-dse 

As-ter'-i-us 

Au'-da-tA 

Bae'-ton 

Bel-lu'-tua 

Brau-ro'-ni-Bi 

Ar-ftam'-e-ne* 

Aa-Ur-6'-di» 

Au-den'-ti-ua 

Ba'-u*. 

B«'-lua 

Bren'-nna 

Ar'-aa-mea 

As-ter-o-i«-'-Ua 

Au-dol'-€-on 

Ba-gee'-oa 

Be-mar'-chi-ua 

Bren'-tus 

Ar-sen'.i-ua 

Aa-ter'-o-pe 

Au-fid'-i-a 

Ba-gis'-ta-nn 

Bcn'-dia 

Bret'-tua 

Ai'-aea 

Aa-ter-o-peT-4 

Au-fld-W-nui 

Ba-go'-as 

Ber-e-uyii'.thi-a 

Bri-ar'-eua 

Ar-sin'-o-« 

As-trab'-a-cua 

Au-fld'-i-ua 

Ba.goph'-a-nea 

Ber-e-ni'-ce 

Bri-en'-ni-iu 

Ar-si'-tes 

As-trae'-a 

Aa'-ga-roa 

Bal'-a-crus 

Be-ris'-a-dea 

Bri-e'-tes 

Ar-ta-ba'-nua 

Aa-tne'-oa 

An'-ge 

Bal'-a-grua 

Ber'-o-t 

Bri-gan'-ti-oii 

Ar-ta-ba-za'-nea 

Aa-tramp-ay'-chua 

Au'-ge-aa 

Bal'-a-nus 

Ber-o-nic-i-ft'-nos 

Bri'-mo 

Ar-ta-ba'-zes 

Aa-tra-tei'-a 

Au-gu-rl'-nus 

Btl'-aa 

Be-ro'-sus 

Biin'-no 

Ar-ta-ba'-ztu 

Aa-ty-a-gea 

Aa-gua-tl'-noi 

Bal.bil'-i-u* 

Be-ryl'-los 

Bri-see'-oa 

Ar-ta-pa'-noa 

As-ty-a-nas'-sa 

Au-gus'-tu-lua 

Bal-bil'-lua 

Be-ryt'-i-ua 

Brl-se'-ia 

Ar-ta-pher'-nei 

As-ty'-a-nax 

Au-gus'-tua 

Bal-bl-nua 

Bes-an-ti'-nua 

Bri'-aeua 

Ar'-tas 

Aa-tyd'-a-maa 

An-lea'-tft* 

Bal'-bus 

Bes'-sua 

Bri-tan'-ni-co* 

Ar-ta-si'-res 

Aa-tyd-a-rael'-a 

Au'-ll-a 

Ba-lia'-ta 

Bes'-tes 

Brit-o-niar'-is 

Ar-ta-vas'-dea 

Aa'-ty-lua 

Au'-lia 

Bul-lou'-y-iiiua 

Bea'-ti-a 

Brit-o-mar'-tia 

Ar-tix-er'-xes 

Aa-ty-me'-dea 

An'-U-tu 

Bal-ven'-ti-ua 

Be-ta'-ci-oi 

Bri'-zo 

Ar-tax'-i-as 

Aa-tyn'^j-me 

Au-to'-ni-ua 

Bam-ba'-li-o 

Bi'-a 

Broc'-chus 

Ar-ta-yc'-tea 

Aa-tyn'-o-mua 

Au'-ra 

Ban'-ti-ua 

Hi-ail'-i<e 

Bro-git'-a-nu 

Ar-ta-yn'-te 

Aa-tyn'-o-ua 

Au-rS'Ji-a 

Baph'-i-ua 

Bi-i'-noi 

Brom'-e 

Ar-ta-yn'-tea 

Aa-ty-o-che 

Au-rc-li-fi'-nui 

Bar'.ba 

Bi'-as 

Brom'-i-tu 

Ar-teru-ba'-res 

As-ty-o-cliei'-a 

Au-rS'-li-ua 

Bar-ba'-ta 

Bi-ba'-cu-lui 

Bron'-tea 

Ar-tem'-i-cha 

Aa-ty-o-chua 

Au-re'-o-lua 

Bar-ba'-tl-o 

Bib'-u-lua 

Bron-ti'-ntu 

Ar-tem-i-do'-rus 

Aa-ty-pa-lte'-a 

An'-ri-a 

Bar-ba'-ti-ua 

Bf-on 

Brot'-e-as 

Ar'-te-mia 

Aa'-y-chis 

Au'-ri-oa 

Bar-bi'-tua 

Bip'-piia 

Bra-nicb'-i-iu 

Ar-te-mls'-i-a 

At-a-by-ri-us 

Au-ro'-ra 

Bar-bil'-luH 

Bir-cen'-na 

Brfl'-sus 

Ar-te-mis'-l-Of 

At-a-lan'-ta 

Au-ruii.cu-lei'-ua 

Bar-bii-cal'-lua 

Bi-sal'-tis 

Bru-tid'-i-ua 

Ar-te'-mi-ua 

A-tar-.rhi-as 

Au-run'-cus 

Bar'-bu-la 

Bis-an-tl'-nua 

Brt'-ti-UB 

Ar'-te-mon 

At-a-ul'-plms 

Au'-son 

Bar'-ca 

Bia'-tha-nea 

Brut-ti-a'-nui 

ar-to'-cea 

A'-te 

Au-so'-ni-us 

Bar-da'-nea 

liif.ii-:. 

Brut'-ti-ua 

Ar-to'-ri-oa 

A-tel'-ua 

An-tar'-i-toa 

Bar-de-sa'-uea 

Bith'.y-aa 

BnT-tll-luB 

Ar-tyli'-i-ui 

A-ter-i-S'-nn» 

Au-tes'-i-on 

Bar-dyl'-ia 

Bi-thyn'-i-cui 

Bru'-tua 

Ar4y8-t6'-ne 

A-ter'-i-ua 

An'-to-clea 

Bar'-e-a 

Bit'-i-aa 

Bry-ax'-ia 

Ar-u-le'-noa 

Atb'-a-maa 

Au-toc'-ra-t«a 

Bar'-ga-sua 

Bif-la 

Bry-en'-ni-o» 

Ar'-nns 

A-than'-a-daa 

Au-to-la'-ua 

Ba^-gy-lua 

Bit'  -on 

Brys'-on 

Ar-u-si-a'-nna 

A-than-a-rl'-cua 

Au-tol'-e-ou 

Bar'-na-baa 

Bit-u-i'-tna 

Btt'-ba-rea 

Ar-Tl'-na 

Ath'-a-nas 

An-tol'-y-cna 

Bar'-rus 

Bif-ya 

Bu'-bas-tia 

Ar-y-an'-dea 

Ath-a-na'-si-us 

Au-tom'-a-te 

Bar-sa-en'-tea 

Blif'-SUE 

Bu-M'-na 

Ai'-y-baa 

A-thc'-na 

An-to-mS'-ti-a 

Bar-sa-nil'-phi-aa 

Blac'-dua 

Bu-bul'-cu* 

4r-y-5'-nia 

Ath-e-ne'-ua 

Au-tom'  -«-don 

Bar-aF-ne 

Bla'-si-us 

BO'-ca 

A-a«n'-dei 

Ath-e-nag'-o-raa 

Au-to-me-da'-at 

Ba/'Bu-maa 

Blas'-U-rat 

Buc-cu-lel'-M 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


5317 


Bu.cil-i-a'-nui 

Cal'-chas 

Cam'-pe 

Cas-ecl'-li-us 

Cer-so-blep'-tos 

Cho-ri'-ci-ua 

Bu-col'-i-on 

Cal'-dus 

Ca-lau'-ri-os 

Cas'-i-us 

Cer-var'-i-us 

Choa'-ro-es 

Bu'-co-lus 

Ca-le'-cas 

Ca'-na 

Cas'-mil-us 

Cer-vid'-i-us 

Chrea'.tua 

Bu-dei'-a 

Ca-Ie'-niu 

Can'-a-oe 

Cas-per'-i-ua 

Cer'-yx 

Chris-to-do'-rus 

lin-lar'-chus 

Ca-le'-tor 

Can'-a-chus 

Cas-saii-da'-ua 

Ces-ti-a'-nua 

Chris-  toph'-o-rus 

Bul'-bu8 

C&l'-ga-cus 

Ca-na'-nus 

Cas-san'-der 

Ces'-ti-us 

Chro-ma'-ti-us 

Ua'-lis 

Ca-lid-i-a'-uus 

Can'-da-ce 

Cas-sau'-dra 

Ceth'-e-gus 

Chry-san'-tas 

Bil'-lon 

Ca-lid'-i-us 

Can-dau'-les 

Cas-si-a'-nus 

Ce'-to 

Cliry-sa-or 

IJu-nae'-a 

Cal'-i-diis 

Can'-di-dus 

Cas-si-L'-pei'-a 

Ce'-yx 

Chry-se'-is 

liii'-pa-lus 

Ca-lig'-H-la 

Can'-dy-bua 

Cas-si-o-do'-rus 

Cliab'-ri-as 

Chry-ser'-mna 

BA'-pha-gus 

Cal-la'-i-cos 

Can-e'-thus 

Caa-si-o-pei'-a 

Chfe'-ma-daa 

Chry'-ses 

BiV-ra 

Cal'-las 

Ca-nid'-i-a 

Cas-siph'-o-ne 

Chse'-re-a 

Cliry-sip'-sus 

Bu-ra'-i-cua 

Oil-la.  ti-S'.nus 

Ca-ni'-na 

Cas'-si-us 

Ch«'-re-a3 

Chrys-o-ceph'-a-loc 

Bur'  -do 

Cal-lf^i^es 

Ca'-ni-us 

Cas-si-ve-lau'-nus 

Che-rec'-ra-tea 

Chry-soch'-o-us 

Bu'.rich-us 

Cal-li'-a-nax 

Cau-nQ'-ti-us 

Cas-so'-tis 

Chae-re'-mon 

Chrys-o-coc'-ce« 

Bur-ri-e'-nus 

Cal-li'-a-rus 

Can  -6'  -bus 

Cas-tal'-i-a 

Chse-reph'-a-nes 

Chry-sog'-o-noB 

Bur'-rus 

Cal'-li-as 

Can-6'-pus 

Cas-tal'-i-du 

Chffi'-re-phon 

Chry  s-o-16'  -raa 

Bur'-sa 

Cal-lib'-i-us 

Oan-tii-cu-ze'-nus 

Cas-tal'-i-us 

Chse-rip'-pua 

Chrys-o-pe-lel'-a 

Bur'-9i-o 

Cal'-Ii-cles 

Can'-tha-rus 

Cas'-ti-cus 

CIiK'-ris 

Chry  -sos'  -to-mos 

Bu'-sa 

Cal-lic'-ra-tes 

Can'-thus 

Cas'-tor 

Chse'-ron 

Chry-sotli'-e-mlf 

Bu-sI'-rU 

Cal-li-craf-i-daa 

Can-til'  -i-08 

Cas-tor'-i-on 

Chal'-ci-deue 

Chry'-sus 

BtV-tas 

Cal-lic'-ri-tus 

Can'-ti-us 

Cas-tric'-i-oi 

Chal-cid'-i-us 

Chthon'-i* 

Btt'.te-o 

Cal-lic'-ter 

Ca'-nus 

Cas-trin'-i-us 

Chal-ci-oe'-cus 

Chthon'-i-oa 

Bu'-tes 

Cal-li-dS'-mui 

Can-u-te'-t-ui 

Ca-to'-ba-tes 

Chal-ci'-o-pe 

Chum'-nus 

Bn'-to 

Cal-lid'-i-us 

Ca-nu'-U-uii 

Cat-a-man-ti'-le-des 

Chal'-cis 

Cic'-er-o 

Hii-tor'-i-dM 

Cal-li-gei'-tus 

Cap'-a-neus 

Ca-tliar'-si-us 

Chal  -co-con'  -dy-lei 

Cic-u-iT-nui 

BQ'-zy-g« 

Cal-li-ge-nel'-a 

Ca-pel-i-a'-nui 

Ca-ti-G'-nus 

Chal-co'-don 

Ci-dS'-ri-a 

Byb'-lis 

Cal-lig-^-nea 

Ca-pel'-la 

Cat-i-ll'-n* 

Chal'  -con 

Cil'-ir 

By-zas 

Cat-lim'-a-chus 

Cap'-er 

Ca-ti'-li-ui 

Chal-cos'-the-nea 

Cil'-la 

Gal-lim'-e-don 

Cap'-e-tui 

Cat'  -i  -us 

Chal-i-ni'-tis 

Cil'-laB 

Cal-li-moi'-phus 

Caph'-a 

Caf-o 

Cha-mae'-le-on 

Cil'-ni-l 

Ca'-an.thui 

Cal-ll'-nes 

Caph'-o 

Ca-to'-ui-ua 

Cham'-y-ne 

Ci'-lo 

Cab'-a-des 

Cal-li-ni'-chm 

Cap'-i-to 

Cat-tu-ine'-rua 

Char1  -ax 

Cim'-ber 

Ca-bar'-mis 

Cal-ir-nos 

Cap-i-to-ll'-nos 

Ca-tul'-lus 

Cha-rax'-us 

Ci'-moo 

Ca-bas'-i-las 

Cal'-H-o-pe 

Ca-prS'-ri-us 

Cat'-us 

Char'-es 

Cin'-a-don 

Ca-bef-ri 

Cal-li-o'-pi-ni 

Ca-pra-ti'-na 

Cau'-ca-liis 

Char.i-clei'-dM 

Cin-se'-thon 

Ca'-ca 

Cal-liph'-a-na 

Cap-re'-o-lua 

Cau'-con 

Char-i*lei'-tU8 

Cin-ae'-thns 

Ca'-cus 

Cal'-li-phon 

Cap'-ta 

Cau-dr-nm 

Char'-i-cles 

Cin-cin-na'-tos 

Ca'-di-us 

Cal-lip'-pl-des 

Ca-pu'-sa 

Cau'-nis 

Clar-i-de'-mna 

Cin'-e-as 

Cad'-niil-oi 

Gal-lip'  -pus 

Cap'-ys 

Cau'-si-oa 

Cliar-i-la'-ua 

Ci-ne'-si-as 

Cad'-mus 

Cal-lir'-rho-* 

Car 

Cav-a-ri''DUB 

(  har-i-man'-der 

Cin-get-o-rix 

Cas-cil'-i-a 

Cal-lia'-te 

Car-a-cal'-la 

Cav'-a-rufl 

Char-'is 

Cin-go'-nl-na 

Cse-dl-i-a'.nus 

Cal-listh'-e-nw 

Ca-rac'-ta-cus 

Ca-ys'-tri-tu 

Cha-ris'-i-oa 

Cin'-na 

Cee-cil'-i-us 

Cal-lis'-to 

Ca-ra'-nua 

Ce-ba-li'-nu» 

Char'-i-ton 

Cin'-na-mtu 

Cae-ci'-na 

Cal-lia-to-nf-cus 

Ca-rau'  -si-us 

Ceb'-es 

Cha-rix'-e-na 

Cin'-y-ras 

Cie'-ci-us 

Cal-lis'-tra-tus 

Car-a-van'-ti-U8 

Ceb'-ren 

Clia-rii'-e-nua 

Cr-os 

Cse'-cu-lm 

Cal-lis'-tus 

Car'-bo 

Ce-bri'-o-net     . 

Char  -ma-das 

Cir'-rha 

Cse'-cus 

Cal-lif-e-leg 

Car'-cin-us 

Ce-cei'-des 

Char'-mi-des 

Cis'-pi-tu 

Cffi-dic'-i-a 

Cal-liz'-e-Dtu 

Car'-ci-ua 

Ce'  -crops 

Char-mi'-nus 

Cis'-seua 

Cse-dic'-i-us 

Cal'-lo 

Cai'-de^ 

Ce-dre'-nus 

Char'-mis 

Cis'-si-daa 

Cae'-les 

Cal'-lon 

Car-di-a'-nui 

Cei-o'-nl-o* 

Cha-rce'-a-dea 

Ci-te'-ri-ui 

Cae-les-tl'-nus 

Cal-o-cy'-ras 

Ca-re'-nes 

Ce-lae'-no 

Char'-ou 

Cith-ae'-ron 

Cse'-H-a 

Cal-pe-ta'-nus 

Car-fu-le'-nui 

Ce-lti'-do-net 

Cha-ron'-das 

Ci-vT-li» 

Cffi-li-o-mon-ta'-nus 

Cal-pur'-ni-a 

Ca-rl'-nas 

Cel'-er 

Char'-ops 

Clan'-ia 

Cse'-li-us 

Cal-pur-ni-i'-nus 

Ca-ri'-nua 

CG'-li'-us 

Char  -o'  -pus 

Cla'-ra 

Cfie'-nis 

Cal-pur'-ni-us 

Ca-ris'-i-ua 

Cd'-sus 

Char'-tas 

Clar'-i-n» 

Cse-pa'-ri-M 

Cal'-va 

Car'-l-us 

Ce-iiiu'-us 

Cha-ryb'-dls 

Cla'-rus 

Cse'-pi-as 

Cal-vas'-ter 

Car-mS'-nor 

Cen'-cliri-ai 

Chef  -Ion 

Clas'-si-ctu 

Cz'-pi-o 

Cal-ve'-na 

Car'-me 

Cen-Bo-ri'-utti 

Chei-lo'-nls 

Clau'-di-» 

Cie-rcl'-li-a 

Cal-ven'-tt-u» 

Car-men'-ta 

Cen-tau-ri 

Chei-ris'-o-phus 

Clau-di-i'-nui 

Cae'-sar 

Cal'-vi-a 

Car-mea'-tii 

Cen-te'-ni-ns 

Chei'-ron 

Clau'-di-ua 

Cse-sar'-i-on 

Cal-vl'-na 

Car'-na 

Cen'-tho 

Chel'-i-don 

Clau'-sus 

Cse-sar'-i-us 

Cal-vi'-nus 

Car-ne'  -a  -de« 

Cen-tum'-a-loa 

Che-lid'-o-nis 

Clc-a'-ne'-tU8 

CaB-sen'-ni-us 

Cal-vis'-i-tu 

Car-ne'-i-os 

Ce-phal'-i-on 

Che'  -ops 

Cle-an'-der 

Cffi-se'-ti-us 

Cal'-vna 

Car-ntt'-li-ns 

Ceph'-a-lon 

Che'-ra 

Cle-an'-dri-du 

Cae'-si-a 

Cal'-y-be 

Car-pa'-thi-n» 

Ceph'-a-lus 

Cher'-si-phron 

Cle-an'-thea 

Cfe-si-a'-nus 

Cal'-y-ce 

Car-phyl'-li-dM 

Ce'-pheus 

Chl'-lo 

Cle-ar'-chu8 

O'-si-ua 

Cal'-y-don 

Car-pi-na'-tl-ug 

Ceph-i-80-d8'-ra« 

Cln-inas'-ra 

Cle-ar'-i-du 

C;c-so'-ni-a 

Cal-y-do'-nl-tu 

Car'-pi-o 

Ceph-i-sod'-o-tua 

Chi-o-mar'* 

Cle-do'-nl-tu 

Cse-so-nf-noa 

Ca-l^n'-thus 

Car-poph'-o-rt 

Ce-phis'-o-phon 

Ch!'-on 

Cle-em'-po-ru 

Cse-su-le'-nus 

Ca-lyp'-so 

Car-rhe'-nes 

Ce-phis'-sus 

(.'hi'-on-e 

Clei-de'-moi 

CsE-tro'-ni-ns 

Cam-a-te'-rus 

Car'-ri-nas 

Ceph'-ren 

Chi-on'-i-dra 

Cle!'-ge-n«8 

Caf-o 

Cam-bau'-leg 

Car-sig-na'-tnr 

Car 

Chi'-on-ls 

Clel'-ni-ai 

Ca-i-a'-nns 

Cam-by-sea 

Car-su-lS'-i-ua 

Ce-ram'-bu8 

Chi'  -OB 

Clrf-nis 

Ca-i'-cus 

Ca-mel'-ras 

Car-te'-i-us 

Cer'-a-meui 

Chi-to'-m 

Clei-nom'-a-choa 

Ca-i-e'-ta     ' 

Ca-me'-li-us 

Car'-tha-lo 

Cer'-ci-da» 

Chf-us 

Clel'-o 

Cii'-i-ns 

Ca-me'-na3 

Car-til'-i-us 

Cer'-co 

Chlie-ne-M 

Cleis'-the-ne« 

Cal'-a-ber 

Ca-men-i-a'-ta 

Car'-ti-man-du-a 

Cer-co'-pea 

Chlo'-e 

Clei-tag'-o-ra 

Cal-ac-tr-niw 

Cam-er-i'-nos 

Ca'-rus 

Cer'-copa 

ChlorMa 

Clei-tar'-chus 

Gal'-a-mis 

Cam'-«r» 

•  Car-vil'-i* 

Cer'-cy-on 

ChWr-.ua 

Clef-te 

Cal-a-mr-tM 

Ca-mil'-la 

Car-vil'-i-M 

Cer-e-a'-lia 

Chno-rto-mi'-ri-ns 

Clei-to-de'-mn* 

Cal'-a-noa 

Ca-mil'-lus 

Car-y-a'-tis 

Cer'-es 

Choe'-ri-lus 

Clei-tom'-a-chua 

Cal'  48 

Ca-mis'-sa-rM 

Ca-rys'-ti-oi 

Ce-rin'-thtti 

Cho»r-o-bos/-cns 

Clei-ton'-y-mu» 

Ca-li'.rl-ns 

Cam-pa'  -nua 

Ca-rys'-toi 

Cer-o-es'-aa 

Cho-mat-i-a'-nos 

Clef-to-phon 

Cal-a-tl'-nos 

Cam-pas-  pe 

Caa'-ca 

Cer.ri>.ta'-nnj 

Chou-do-ina'-ri-u« 

Clei'-tu 

5318 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


Cle'-meng 

Com'-mo-dus 

Oras'-sug 

Cur'-sor 

Dam-ip'-pus 

De-ma'-dn 

Cle-ob'-is 

Coin-ne'-na 

Cias'-tiu-us 

Cor-til'-i-iiB 

Dara'-is 

De-mee'-ne-tiw 

Cle-o-btt'-le 

Com-ne'-nus 

Cra-tffi'-is 

Cur'-ti-us 

Da'-mo 

De-mag'-o-raa 

Cle-o-bu-li'-ne 

C6'-muB 

Crat'-er-m 

Cus'-pi-ua 

Da-moeh'-a-ris 

De-ma-ra'-ta 

Cle-o-btt'-lus 

Con-col'-e-rus 

Crat'-es 

Cy-a-rni'-tes 

Da'-mo-cles 

De-ma-ra'-tuB 

Cle-oeh'-a-res 

Con-col-i-ta'-nni 

Crat-e-sip'-o-lls 

Cy-a-ne 

Da-raoc'-ra-tes 

De-ma  r'-chua 

Cle-oe'-ri-tus 

Con-ccY-di-a 

Crat-e-sip'-pi-das 

Cy-a-nip'-pus 

Da-mnc'-ri-tns 

De-mar'-e-te 

Cle-o-dae'-us 

Con-di-a'-nus 

Crat'-e-vaa 

Cy'-a-thus 

Da-mog'-e-ron 

De-me'-ter 

Cle-o-de'-mus 

Con'-i-us 

Cra-tl'-nus 

Cy-ax'-a-rcs 

Da'-iuon 

De-me-tri-a'-uu 

Cle-ce'-tas 

Con'-nus 

Cra-tip'-pna 

Cyb'-e-le 

Da-moph'.i-lus 

De-me'-tri-iiB 

Cle-oui'-a-chus 

Con'  -on 

Cra'-tor 

Cych'-reus 

Dam'-o-phon 

Dem-i-a'-nus 

Cle-om'-bro-tus 

Co-no'-nem 

Cra'-tos 

Cy-cli'-a-d»« 

Da-moph'-y-le 

DS'-mi-phon 

Cle-o-me'-dfts 

Con'-sa 

Crat'-y-lus 

Cy-clo-pe* 

Dam-o-stra'-ti-a 

De-mi-ur'-gua 

Cle-om'-e-nes 

Con-sen'-tes 

Cre-mtt'-ti-iM 

Cyc'-nua 

Daiu-o-stra'-tua 

De'-mo 

Cle-o-myt  -ta-de« 

Con-sen'-ti-us 

Cre'-on 

Cyd'-as 

Da-mot'-e-lea 

De-moc'-e-dee 

Cle'-on 

Con-sev'-i-us 

Cre-oph'-y-lus 

Cyd'-i-as 

Da-mox'-e-nuB 

De-moch'-a-res 

Cle-o'-ue 

Con-sid'-i-us 

Crep-e-re'-i-<M 

Cy-dip'-pe 

Dan  '-a  -p. 

De-mo-clei'-tus 

Cle-o-ni'-ca 

Con'-stans 

Cres 

Cy-dip'-pua 

Da-na'-i-de» 

De'-mo-cles 

Cle-o-ni'-cus 

Con-slan'-ti-ft 

Cres'-cens 

Cyd'-on 

Dan'-a.us 

De-moc  -o-on 

Cle-on'-i-des 

Con-stan-tt'-na 

Cres-c6'-ni-u» 

Cy-do'-ni-a 

Daph'-i-tas 

De-moc'-o-poB 

Cle-on'-y-mus 

Con-stan-ti'-nus 

Cres'-i-las 

Cy-do'-ni-uB 

Daph-nee'-a 

De-moc'-ra-te» 

Cle-o-i'ut'-ru 

Con-stau'-ti-ua 

Cre'-si-ua 

Cyl'-la-rus 

Dapli-nee'-us 

De-moc'-ri-nea 

Cle-o-phau'-tus 

Con'-sus 

Cres-phon'-te* 

Cyl'-len 

Daph'-ne 

De-raoc'-ri-tus 

Cle'-o-phon 

Co'  -on 

Cre'-te 

Cyl-le'-ne 

Daph'-nis 

De-mod'-a-maa 

Cle-op-tol'-e-mus 

C6'-phen 

CrS'-teira 

Cyl-le'-ni-n» 

Daph-nop'-a-tM 

De-mod'-o-eua 

Cle-oa'-tra-tus 

Co-po'-ni-os 

CrS'-theng 

Cyl'-on 

Dapli'-nus 

De-mol'-e-on 

Cle-ox'-e-nus 

Cop'  -re  us 

Cre'-thon 

Cy-moth'-o-e 

Dap'-yi 

De-mol'-e-ua 

Cle'-ta 

Cor'-ax 

Cr8'-ti-cus 

Cyn-se-gei'-rua 

Dar'-da-uus 

De'-mon 

Clim'-a-rus 

Cor'-bte 

Cre-tt'-aa 

Cyn-Be'-tlms 

Da-rei'-us 

De-mo-nas'-Bft 

Clo-a-ci'-na 

Cor'-bu-lo 

Cri-nag'-o-nB 

Cy-nia'-ca 

Dar'-es 

De-mo'-nax 

Clo-di-a'-nus 

Cor'-da-ca 

CrI'-nas 

Cyn'-o 

Das'-i-us 

De-mon'-i-ce 

Clo'-di-us 

Cor'-dug 

Cri-nip'-poi 

Cyn-o-bel-li'-nug 

Dat'-a-nies 

De-mon'-i-cus 

Clce'-li  a 

Cor'-e 

Cri'-niB 

Cy-nor'-tes 

Dat-a-pber'-n«a 

De-raoph'-a-ne» 

Cloe'-li-us 

Cor'-fl'-di-m 

Cri'-non 

Cyn-o-au'-ra 

Dat'-is 

De-moph'-i-lus 

Clon'-as 

Co-rin'-nuy 

Cris'-a-miB 

Cyn'-thi* 

Dau'-nas 

Dem'-o-pliou 

Clon'-i-ng 

Co-rin'-thug 

Cris-pi'-na 

Cyn-ul'-cboB 

Dau'-ri-ses 

De-moph'-o-on 

Clo'-tho 

Cor-i-o-l&'-mu 

Cris-pin-il'J» 

Cy-nu'-rus 

Ba'-vus 

De-mop-tol'-c-mu* 

Clu.en'-ti-« 

Co-rip'-pua 

Cris-pi'-nus 

Cy'-nus 

Dec-a-t«'-phor-n» 

De-mos'-the-nea 

Clu-en'-ti-us 

Co-ris'-cus 

Cris'-pUB 

Cyp-a-ris'-sni 

De-ceb'-a-lus 

De-mos'-tra-tua 

Glu-il'-i-us 

Cor-ne'-li-a 

Ois'-ta 

Cyp'-ri-« 

De-cen'-ti-us 

De-mot'-e-les 

Cluv'-i-» 

Cor-ne-li-a'-nui 

Cri'-sus 

Cyp-ri-a'-nua 

De-ci-a'-nu» 

Dem-o-ti'-inuB 

Cluv'-i-n* 

Cor-ne'-li-ua 

Crit'-i-as 

Cyp-ri-ge-nel'- 

De-cid'-l-us 

De-mox'-e-niu 

Clym'-e-ne 

Cor-ni'-a-des 

Crit-O-bO'-lOB 

Cyp'-riB 

De-eim'<i-us 

De'-mus 

Clym'-e-nus 

Cor'-ni-cen 

Crit-o-de'-nim 

Cy-prog'.e««B 

Dec'-i-ua 

Den-dn'-tea 

Cly-tiHM-nes'-tra 

Cor-ni-fl'-cM 

Crlt-o-lS'-UB 

Cyp'-se-lus 

Dec-ri-a'-nua 

Den-dri'-ti» 

Cayf-i* 

Cor-ni-ti'-ei-ufi 

Cri'-ton 

Cy-re'»ne 

Dec'-ri-us 

Den'-aus 

Clyt'-i-ua 

Cor-nfl'-tus 

Cri-to'-nlm* 

Cy-rl'-a-dea 

l)ec'-ta-des 

Den-ta'-t« 

Clyt-us 

Co-ro'-bi-us 

Crl'-us 

Cy-ril'-lus 

Dec'-ti-on 

Den'-ter 

Cna'-gi-* 

Co-roe'-bufl 

Crix-.us 

Cyr'-nua 

Dec'-u-lc 

Den'-to 

Ciie'-mus 

Co-ro'-na 

Cr5'-by-lus 

Cyr'-si-lus 

De-i-a-nel'-r» 

De'-o 

Cnid'-i-a 

Cor-o-iia'-tus 

Cro-cc'-a-tas 

Cy-rus 

De-ic'-o-on 

De-o-me-ne!'* 

Cnu'-pi-as 

Co-ro'-nis 

Croc'  -on 

Cy-tne'-ra 

De-i-da-liieI'-« 

Der-cyl'-li-da* 

Cnos'-sua 

Co-ro'-nuB 

Croc'-us 

Cytb-e-rei'* 

Dei'-ma 

Der'-cy-lus 

Cnii'-pliis 

Cor'-re-us 

Croe'-aus 

Cy-th§'-ri-a« 

De.im'-a-chus 

Der'-cy-nua 

Co'-ca-lus 

Cor-un-ca'-nl-tu 

Cro'-mus 

Cy-the'-riB 

Dei'-tiias 

Der'-daa 

Coc-ce-i-a'-noi 

Cor-vi'-nus 

Cron'-i-des 

Cy-tlie'-ri.us 

Dei-nar'-chus 

Der-rhi-a'-tii 

Coc-ce'-i-us 

Cor'-vus 

Cro-ni'-on 

Cyt-is-so'-ru* 

Dei'-ni-as 

De8-i-de'.ri4M 

Coc'-cus 

Cor-y-ban'-tw 

Cron'-i-us 

Cy.zi-cu» 

IH'i-nocti'-a-ree 

Des-i-la'-u3 

Co'-cles 

Co-ryc'-i« 

Cron'-oa 

Dei-noc'-ra-tcs 

Des-poe'-na 

Ck>-d!'-Dus 

Cor'-y-dUB 

Crot'-ua 

Dei-nol'-o-chus 

Deu-(al'-i^>n 

Co-do.  Mian'-liUB 

Cor'-y-las 

Crus 

Dab'-ar 

Dei-nom'-a-cha 

De-ver'-ra 

Co-dra'-tus 

Cor-y-phae'-« 

Cte'-sl-as 

Dac'-tyU 

Dei-nom'-a-clius 

Dex-;illl'-e-llU8 

Co'-drns 

Oor-y-jihrt'-si-a 

Cte-sib'-i-iu 

Dad'-is 

Dei-nom'-«-nes 

Dex-ic'-ra-tea 

Cffi-les-ti'-nus 

Cor-y-thal'.li« 

CW-si-oles 

D»-dal  '-!•<« 

Dei'-non 

Dex  -ip'-pus 

Ooe-lea'-ti-us 

Cor'-y-thus 

C'tf-si-df-mus 

DK'-da-lQB 

Dei-nos'-tra-tuB 

Dex'-ter 

Cce-li-o-mon-t&'-nni 

Co8-co/-ni-tta 

Cte-si-la'-ns 

Da-ef-m 

De'-i-o-ces 

Dl'-a 

Ccc'-li-us 

Cos'-mas 

Cte-sil'-o-chog 

Da'-es 

De-I'-o-chua 

Di-a-de-m&'-tus 

Cce'-uus 

CoH-Silt'-i-US 

Cte'-8i-phon 

Die-ton'-das 

De-i-6'-ne 

Di-a-du-men-i-a'  an 

Cue-rat'  -a-das 

Cos'-sus 

Cte-sip-pua 

Da-hip'-pus 

De-i-o'-neua 

Dl-«'-thiis 

Co'-es 

CoB-su'-ti-a 

Cte'  -si-us 

Da-ini'-a-clms 

De-i'-o-pe 

Di-se'-ufl 

Co-lie'  -nis 

C().s-sit-!i-;V.nu 

Cte-syl'-to 

Da-i-phau'-tus 

De-i-o-pe'-a 

Di-ag'-u-ru 

Co-lax'  -a-te 

Cos-su'-ti-us 

Cub'  -a 

Dal'-l-on 

De-i-o-pi'-tes 

Di-S'-na 

C6'-li-as 

Cot'-i-so 

Cu-bid'-i-u» 

Dal-ina'-ti-us 

De-i-of-a-rus 

Di'-as 

Col-la-tl'-niu 

Cot'-i-UB 

Cul'-le-o 

Dam-a-ge'-tus 

De-iph'-o-be 

Di-au'-los 

Col-le'  ga 

Cot'-ta 

Cul-le-o'-lm 

Da-mag'-o-raa 

De-iph'-o-bua 

Di-bQ'-ta-de« 

Col-lO'-thus 

Cot'-ti-m 

Cu-m&'-nUB 

Dam'-a-Iis 

De-i-plioo'-tefl 

Di-cee-ar'-chui 

Co-lo'-tes 

Cot'-y-la 

Cunc-ta'-tor 

Dam-a-sce'-noB 

De-ip'-y-le 

Di-cse'-o-cles 

Col-u-mel'-l* 

Cot'-yo 

Cu-pi'-do 

Da-mas'-ci-us 

De-ip'-y-lua 

Di-C£e-og'-e-oM 

Co-lQ'-thus 

Co-tyt'-t» 

Cu-pi-en'-ni-M 

Dam-a-sip'-pos 

De'-li-a 

Di-cie'-UB 

CO-11IU'-T1US 

Cra-nae'-a 

Ca'-ra 

Da-mas'  -tea 

De'-li-OB 

Di'-ce 

Co-me'-tas 

Cra-na'-aa 

Cu-re'-tes 

Dam'-a-sUB 

Del'-li-us 

Dic'-e-tai 

Co-min'-i-us 

Cran'-tor 

Cur-i-:V-ti-m 

Dam'-e-as 

Del-mat'  -i-cus 

Dic'-on 

(Coin-niin-i-a'-nos 

Cras'-si-nus 

CQ'-ri-o 

Dam-i-a 

Del-ma-ti-us 

Dic-tae'-ufl 

Com'-mi-u» 

Cras'-si-pes 

Cu-rr-tU 

Dam-i-a'-nui 

Del-phin'.i-» 

Dic'-te 

Com-mo-di-i'-nm 

CraB-tit'-i-nt 

Cu'-ri-M 

Daiu'-i-o 

Del'-phus 

Dic-tyn'.n* 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


5319 


Dic'-tys 

Do-ril'-lua 

E-du'.li-c» 

Eph-i-al'-tea 

Erx'-i-as 

F.n-pal'-i-nm 

Di'-das 

Do-rim'  -a-cbua 

E-ge'-ri-* 

E-phi-ci-a'-uiu 

Er-y-d'-na 

Eu'-pa-txjr 

Di'-di-us 

Dd'-ri-on 

E-ge'-ri-ua 

E-phip'-pua 

E-ryo'-i-na 

Eu'-pa-tra 

Di'-do 

Do'-ria 

Eg-e-si'-nua 

Eph'-o-rua 

Er-y-]nan'-thn» 

Eu-per.tlut 

Did-y-mar'-chua 

Do-roth'-e-ua 

E-gea'-U 

Eph'-y-ra 

Er  -y-maa 

Eu-pban'-tllf 

Did'-y-mus 

Dor'^o 

E-gil'-l-ua 

Ep-l-ba-te'-ri-ua 

Er-y-sich'-thon 

Eu-plie'-me 

Di-es'-pi-ter 

Do'.rus 

Eg-ui'-ti-a 

E[>-i-oa3'-te 

E-ryth'-roa 

Eu-phe'-mua 

Di-ett'-ches 

Do-ry-clel'-daa 

Eg-ua'-ti-us 

Ep-i-ce-leiis'-ttt 

Er-.yx 

Eu-pbor'-boa 

Ui-ea'-chi-daa 

DoK-y-clua 

Eg-na-tu-ie'-i-U 

E-ploh'-a-ris 

Er-yx-lm'-a-cbm 

Eu-pliur'-i-ou 

Di-git'-i-ua 

Dor'.y-laa 

Ei-doin'-e-ne 

Ep-i-clmr'-mua 

Ea-qui-U'-nna 

Eu'-pbra-dea 

Di-it'-re-phea 

Dor-y-U'-na 

Ei-doth'-e-» 

Ep-i-clel'-daa 

Et-e-ar'-chna 

Ea-phra'-nor 

Dil'-li-ii3 

Do-ryph'-o-roi 

Ei-lef-thy-l-a 

Ep'-i-cles 

Et-e-5'-clea 

Eu-pbra'-si-ua] 

Din-dy-me'-ne 

Do-si'-a-daa 

Ei-on'-eus 

E-pie'-ra-tea 

Et-e-d'-clua 

Eu-phi-a'-tea 

Dl'-non 

Do-si  th'-e-oa 

Ei-re'-ne 

Ep-ic-te'-tua 

Et-e-o-Dl'>cD> 

Ea'-phron 

Ui-o-clel'-dea 

Duy-ae'-nua 

E-l%-a'-si-aa 

Ep-i-cO'-ri-ua 

Et-e-O'-nna 

Eu-phron'-i-^aa> 

Di'-o-cles 

Do'-tia 

El-a-gab'-a-loa 

Ep-I-cu'-ru5 

Et-rns-cil'-l» 

Eu-pbron'-i-ua 

Di-o-cle-ti-i'-noa 

Dox-ap'-a-ter 

El'-a-phoa 

Ep-i-cy'-dea 

E-trus'-oia 

Eu-pbros'-y-QO 

Di-oc'-o-rua 

Dox-ip'-a-ter 

Kf-a-n 

Ep-i-dau'-rna 

E-tym'-»<!le» 

Ea-pitb'-i-ua 

Di-o-dS'-rna 

Drac'-on 

El'-a-sua 

E-pid'-i-iis 

Ea'-bl-na 

Ea'-pius 

Di-od'-o-to* 

Dra-con'-ti-d«a 

El'^-toa 

Ep-i-do'-tea 

Eu-lxe'-a 

Eu-pol'-e-mua 

Di'-o-gaa 

Dra-con'-tl-oa 

E-lec'-tra 

E-pig'-e-nea 

Eu-boe'-na 

Eu'-po-lis 

Di-o-ge-nel'-ft 

Dre-pa'-ni-oa 

E-lec'-try-on 

Ep-i-gS'-nl-ua 

Ea-bo'-taa 

Eu-p<nii'-pi-dai 

Di-og'-e-nea 

Drim'-a-cua 

E-lec-try-o'-n« 

E-pig'-o-ni 

Eu-ba'-le 

Eu-pom'-pua 

Di-o-ge-ni-i'-noa 

Dri'-mo 

E.lec'-tus 

E-pig'-o-nua 

Eu-bB'-leua 

Eu'-pre-pea 

Di-og-ne'-tos  . 

Drom'-eus 

E-lei'-na 

Ep-i-ly'-cua 

Eu-ba'-li-dea 

Eu-rip'-i-das 

Di-o-me'-de 

Drora-i-chie'-tea 

El-e-os 

:   E-pim'-a-chua 

Eu-btt'-lua 

Eu-ro'-pa 

Di-o-me'-dea 

Drom-o-cleF-dea 

Kl-e-plian'-tli 

Ep-i-me'-dee 

Eu-cad'-inua 

Eu-ro'-poi 

Di-om'-e-don 

Dro-inoc'-ri-dea 

El-e-plie'-nor 

Ep-i-me'-ni-dea 

Eu-oam'-pl-daa 

EQ'-ropa 

Di-oin'-i-lus 

Drom'-on 

El-eu-si'-n» 

Ep-i-me  -theua 

Eu-oheir' 

Eu-ro'-tai 

Di'-o-tnua 

Dru-sil'-U 

E-lea'-sia 

Ep-i-ni'-cus 

Eu-cheir'-na 

Eu-ry-a-la 

Di'-on 

DiU'-sus 

E-leO'-ther 

E-piph'-a-nea 

Eu-che'-nor 

Eu-ry-a-lua 

Dl-o-nje'-a 

Iiry'-a-dea 

E-leu'-ther-eua 

Ep-i-pha'-ni-oa 

Eu-cher'-i-A 

Eu-ry-a-nas'-a* 

Di-o'-ne 

Dry'-aa 

E-lic'-a-on 

E-pip'-o-le 

Eu-clei'-» 

Eu-ry-a-nax 

Di-o-ny-si-ctoa 

Dry-mon 

E-Iic'-i-ua 

E-pis'-the-nea 

Eu-clel'-dea 

Eu-ryb'-a-tea 

Di-o-ny-si-do'-rua 

Dry'm-p» 

E-lis'-M 

E-pis'-tro-phua 

Eu'-clea 

Eu-ryb'-a-tua 

Di-o-ny'-ai-ua 

Dry-opa 

El-13'-pl-on 

E-pif-a-daa 

Ku'-clo-ua 

Eu-ryb'-U 

Di-o-ny-sua 

Dry-pe'-tta 

El'-lops 

Ep.i-ther'^ea 

Eu'-era-tea 

Eu-ry-bi'*4ei 

Di-e-pei'-thea 

Dtt'-bi-ua 

El-pe'-nor 

E-poc'-il-lua 

Eu-crat'-j-dee 

Eu-ry-clei'-» 

Di-uph'-a-nea 

Da'-oas 

El-pid'-i-o* 

E-pa'-na 

Euc-te'-mon 

•    Eu-ry-clei'-d»» 

I>i-  >-]>han'-tU3 

Du-cen'-ni-na 

El-pi-nT-oe 

E-po'-peua 

Eu-dK'-mon 

Ett'-ry-clea 

Di-6'-res 

Du-ce'-ti-ua 

El'-va 

E-pop'-si-ua 

Eu-dam'-i-du 

Eu-ryc'-ra-tea 

Di-os-coiM-des 

Du-r-li-na 

El'-y-mna 

Ep-o-red'-o-rix 

Eu-da'-moa 

Eu-ryd'-a-maa 

Di-os-corM-ua 

Dum-norMx 

E-math'-i-on 

Ep'*pi-us 

Eu-de'-miia 

Eu-ry-daiu'-i-da> 

Di-os'-co-rua 

Da'-ris 

E'-ma-tbua 

Ep-po-ni'-na 

Ea-dic'-i-ua 

Eu-ryd'-i-ce 

Di-os-cfl'-ri 

Du-ro'-nl* 

Em'-i-lua 

E'-py-tua 

Eu-df-coa 

Eu-ryl'«n 

Di-os-ca'-ri-dea 

Dym'-aa 

Em-men'-i-d* 

E-ques'-ter 

Eu-doc'-i-a> 

Eu-ryl'-o-cha« 

Di-os'-ca-rua 

Dy-na'-ml-o* 

Em-pan'  -da 

E-qui'-ti-us 

Eu-dO'-ra 

En-ryiti'-a-chua 

Di-o-tl'-ma 

Dyr-au'-lea 

Em-ped'-o-clH 

Er-a-sin'-i-dea 

Eu-do'-rua 

Eu-ry-me'-de 

Di-o-ti'-mos 

Dyr-rhach'-I-na 

Em'-po-dna 

Er-a-sia'-tn-toa 

Eu-dox'-i4t 

Eu-rym'-e-don 

Di-o-tog'-e-nea 

Dys-pon'-teua 

Em-por'-i-oa 

K-ras'-tlis 

Eu-dox'-i-oa 

Eu-i-yn'-o-me 

Di-ot'-re-phea 

Ein-pu'-aa 

E-rat'-i-da 

Eu-dox'-us 

Eu-ryn'-o-mua 

Di-ox'-ip-pe 

Em'-py-lua 

Er'-a-to 

Eu'-ga-moa 

Eu-ry-pha'-mos 

Di-ox'-ip-pus 

E-ar'-l-nua 

En'-a-loa 

Er-a-tos'-the-nda 

Eii'-gen-es 

Ea'-ry-phon 

Di'-phi-lus 

Eb'-i-on 

E-nan-ti-oph'>a-nea 

Er-a-toa'-tra-tua 

Eu-gen-i-a'-naa 

Ea'-ry-pon 

Diph'-ri-daa 

E-tmr'-iiiis 

En-a-re'-pho-rua 

EK-a-tua 

Eu-gen'-i-cus 

Eu-ryp-tol'-e-moaj 

Di-poe'-nua 

,   Ec-de'-mua 

En-cel'-a-dua 

Er'-e-bos 

Eu-gen'-i-ua 

Eu-ryp'-y-lua 

Dir'-ce 

Eo'-di-cus 

En-col'-pi-ua 

E-rech'-thena 

EQ'-ge-on 

Eu-rys'^-ces 

Dis 

Ec-e-bol'-i-na 

En-de'-ia 

Er'-e-aua 

Eu-gram'-moa 

Eu-ry-ater'-noa 

Di-sa'-rl-na 

Ec-e-cliei'-ra 

En'-dl-na 

Er-eu-thal'.i^>n 

Eu-grapb'-i-ns 

Eu-rya'-tbe-nea> 

Di-tal'-co 

Ech'-e-clua 

En-doe'-na 

Er-gam'-e-nea 

Eu-he'-mer-oa 

Ea-t-ya'-theua 

Di'-us 

E-chec'-ra-tea 

En-dym'-i-OD 

Er'-ga-ne 

Eu'-ho-dua 

Eu-ryt'-i-on 

Di'-vea 

Ech-e-craf-i-dea 

E-nip'-eua 

Ei'-gi-aa 

En-lee'  -na 

EQ'-ry-tua 

Div'-i-oo 

Ecli-e-de'-mus 

En'-ni-a 

Er-gi'-nua 

Eu-log'-i-ua 

Eu-seb'-i-ua 

Div-i-ti'-a-coi 

Ech-em.bro'-tua 

En'-ni-na 

Er-i-boe'-a 

Ku'-ina-chua 

Eus-tS'-thi-oi 

Di-yl'-lus 

E-chein'-e-nea 

En-no'-di-u 

Er-i-bo'-tea 

Eu-mae'-us 

Eus-theii'-i-os 

Doc'-i-raus 

Ech'-e-mon 

En'-no-mna 

Er-ic-thon'-l-na 

Eu-iiiar'-i-das 

Ku-stiirh'-i-Ua 

Do'-don 

Ech'-e-mus 

En-or'-chea 

E-rid'-a-nua 

Eil'-mar-ua 

Eu-stra'-ti-oi 

Dol-a-bel'-U 

Eeh-e-iie'-us 

En-tel'-lua 

E-rig'-o-ne 

Eu-math'-i-ua 

Eu-tel'-i-da( 

Dol'-i-ua 

Ech'-e-phron 

En'-to-chua 

E-rig'-o-nua 

Eu-me'-lua 

Eu-ter'-pe 

Dol'-on 

Ech-e-phyl'-li-dea 

En-tor'-i-a 

Er-i-gy'-i-u» 

Eu'-men-ea 

Eu-tha'-li-ni 

Dol'-opa 

Ech-e-py-lua 

En  y-a'-li-m 

E-rin'-na 

Eu-men'-i-dea 

Eu'-thi-aa 

Do-ma-tl'.tes 

E-chea'-tra-tua 

En'-y-o 

E-rin'-nys 

Eu-men'-i-us 

Eu'-thy-clea 

Do.mi-da'-ca 

Ecli-e-ti'-mua 

E'-o« 

Er-i-o'-pla 

Eum-nes'-tua 

Ku-thyc'-ra-tea 

Do-mitM-a 

Eeh'-e-tlua 

E-pac'-t«-na 

E-riph'-a-nla 

Eti-mol'-pus 

Eu-tby-de'-niu* 

Do-raH-i-a'-nna 

Ech'-e-tua 

E-pse'-ne-tua 

Er'-i-plius 

Eu-nap'-i-oa 

Eu-thym'-a-nea 

Do-mi-til'-la 

E-chld'-na 

E-pag'-a-thus 

Er-i-phy'-le 

Eu-nei'-ce 

Eu-thym'-e-dea 

Do-mit'-i-ua 

E-cliin'-a-de/ 

E-pal'-ne 

Er-i-phy-lua 

Efi'-neus,  Ku'-ne-us 

Eu-thym'-i-daa 

Dom'-na 

E-chi'-on 

E-pam-i-non'-daa 

Er'-ia 

Eu'-ni-cus 

Eu-thyra'4-de« 

Dom-ni'-nna 

Ech'-i-oa 

E-papb-ro-dl'-tua 

Er-i-U'-ni-ua 

Eu-nom'-i-a 

Eu-tby-moa 

Dom  -JIMS 

E'-cho 

Ep'-a-phua    . 

E-roph'-i-loa 

Eu-nom'-i-ua 

Eu-toc'-i-ua 

Do-na'-ti-iw 

E-clec'-tua 

Ep-ar'-chi-dea 

Er'-o-pon 

Eu'-no-mus 

Eu-tol'-mi-ua 

Do-na'-tua 

Ec-log'-i-oa 

E-pel'-geoa 

Er'-oa 

Ea-no'-nes 

Eu-tiap'-e-lot 

Don'-taa 

Ec-phan'-ti-de* 

E-pei'-na 

K-ro-ti-a'-nna 

Eu-nos'-taa 

Ku.tre'-si-tea 

Dor'-oeoa 

Ed'-e-con 

E-per'-a-tafl 

E-ro'-ti-ua 

Ea'-nus 

Kn-trop'.i-a 

Do'.ri-eni 

E-do'-nua 

Kph'-e-ana 

E-ru'-ci-« 

Eu-pal'-a-mus 

Eu-trop'-i-tu 

8320 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


•tf-ty-chea 

Fe'-bru-us 

Gse-e'-o-chus 

Glau'-ci-as 

Ha-bin'-DM 

Hel'-i-cou 

Eu-tych-i-a'-nu* 

Fe-lT-ci-Ua 

Gffi-tu'-li-cm 

Glau'-ci-des 

Hab'-i-tus 

Ue-H-co'-ni-ot 

En-tych'-i-dea 

F?-lli 

Ga'-i-ua 

Glaa'-ci-on 

Hab'-ron 

He'-li-o 

Eu-tych'-I-ua 

Fen-es-tel'-la 

Gar-a 

Glao-cip'-pus 

Ha-bron'-i-chua 

He'-li-o-cles 

Eu-Ten'-I-dse 

Fe'-ni-us 

Gal-a-ter-a 

Glau'-oon 

HS'-des 

He-li-o-dQ'-ma 

Eu-xen'-i-daa 

Fe-re'-tri-u» 

Gal'-a-ton 

Glau-con'-o-me 

Ha-dri-a'-nua 

He-li-o-gab'-aJw 

Eu-xen'-i-dea 

Fe-ro'-ni-a 

Ga-lax'-i-iu 

Glao'-cua 

JIa'-raon 

HeMi-os 

EQx'-e-nus 

Fei'-ox 

Gal'-ba 

Gllc'-I-a 

HK'-UIIU 

Ue'.li-us 

Eux-ith'-e-ua 

Fe«-ti'-TU» 

Ga-lt'-ne 

Glic'-i-na 

Hag'-no 

He-lix'-ua 

K-vad'-ne 

Fes'.tus 

Ga-Ie'-nu« 

Glob'-u-ltu 

Hal'-cy-o-ne 

Hel-lad'-i-ua 

E-vgech'-me 

Fl-de'-nu 

Gal-e-6'-t« 

Glos 

HaT-cy-o-neiu 

Hel-la'-ni-cna 

E-vaj'.mon 

Fid'-«s 

Ga-le'-ri-a 

Glus 

Ha-le'-sus 

Hel'-las 

E-v«'-ne-tna 

Fi-dic-u-la'-ni-m 

Ga-le-ri-a  -nu« 

Glyc'-as 

Hal'.i-a 

Hel'-le 

E-vag'-o-ras 

Fld'-i-iu 

Ga-le'-ri-us 

Glyc'-e-ra 

Hal-l-ac'-mon 

Bel'-len 

E-vag'-ri-us 

Fig--u.log 

Gal'-e-ns 

Gly-ce'-ri-ua 

Hal-i-ar'-tus 

Hel-I6'-ru» 

E-val'-ces 

Fta'-bri-» 

Gal'-ga-cus 

Glyc'-i-a» 

Hal-i-me'-de 

Hel-16'-ti-a 

E-van'-der 

Fil^ma'-nus 

Ga-lin'.thi-a« 

Glyc'-ls 

Hal'-i-os 

Hel-pid'-i-u» 

E-van'-e-mua 

Flr-mi-a'-nua 

Gal'-la 

Glyc'-on 

Hal-ir-rhoth'-l-us 

Hel'-vi-a 

E-van'-ge-liis 

Fir'-mi-cua 

Gal-lI-cS'-nm 

Gnse'-us 

Hal-i-ther'-ses 

Bel-vid'-i-M 

Ev-an-orM-das 

Fii'-ml-us 

Gal-li-p-n» 

Gna-thae'-na 

Hal'-mtis 

Hel'-vi-ua 

E-van'-thes 

Flr'-mns 

Gal-li-4'-nu» 

Gne-sip'-pus 

Hal-o-syd'-ne 

Hera-er-e'-si-a, 

E-rao'.tbl-as 

Fis'-tus 

GaT-li-0 

GnT-pho 

Ham'-il-car 

He-mt'-na 

B-var'-cbus 

Flac-d-nS'-tor 

Gal'-li-us 

Gno-si'l'-i-cus 

Ilam-nio'-Di-us 

He-inith'-e-on 

E-vath'-lua 

Flac'-cos 

Gal-lo'-ni-tu 

Go'-bry-as 

Hainp-sic'-or-a 

He-ni'-o-che 

».nx 

Fla-cU'-la 

Gaf-los 

Gol'-gus 

Han'-ni-bal 

He-nl'-o-chua 

E-veJ'-pi-dea 

FlS'-men 

Gal'-Tl-a 

Gnn'-a-tus 

Han-ni-bal-li-S'-nns 

He-phses'-ti-on 

B-vel.pis'-tua 

Fla-min-i'-nus 

Ga-mS'-li-i 

Gon'-gy-las 

Han'-no 

He-phaes'-tua 

E-vel'-th.m 

Fla-min'-i-us 

Gail-Das'  -c  us 

Gor-di-a'-nus 

Har-ma'-ti-ns 

Bep-tap'-o-roa 

E-ve'-mer-ua 

Flara'-ma 

Gan'-nys 

GoK-di-ns 

Har-raen-o-pa'-lua 

He'-ra 

E-ve'-ni-us 

Fia'-Ti< 

Gan-y-ine  -ties 

Gor'-dys 

Har-mo'-di-us 

He  ra'-cle-a 

E-vff-nor 

Fla-Ti-i.'-ntl» 

Gar'-ga-ms 

Gor'-ga-sus 

Har-mo'-ni-a 

He-ra-clet'-das 

E-ve'-nns 

FU'-Ti-M 

Gar-gi-'  MH 

Gor'-ge 

Har'-pa-gus 

He-ra-clei'-de« 

E-ve'-rea 

FU'-va» 

Gar-go  -ni-us 

Gor'-gi-as 

Har'-ja-lns 

He-ra-clei'-tua 

E-ver'-ge-tea 

F16'-i« 

Gai'-i-daa 

Gor'-gi-daa 

Har-pal'-y-ce 

He-ra'-cle-o 

B-ver'-aa 

Flo-ren-ti'-nui 

Gaa'-d. 

Gor'-gi-ou 

Har-pin'-na 

He-ra-cle-o-do'-rqat 

Ev--e-tes 

Flo-ri-S'-naa 

Gau-den'-ti-M 

Gor'-go 

Har'-po-cras 

He-ra'-cle-on 

E-vod-i-a'-nui 

Flo'-raa 

Gan'-ra-daa 

Gor'-gon 

Har-po-cra'-O-on 

He-ra-cle-o'-naa 

E-vod'-i-us 

Fo'-ca 

Ga'-n-u 

Gor-gon'-i-na 

Har-py'-i-ae 

H«'-ia-cles 

Bv'-o-dus 

Fo'-caa 

GS'-za 

Gor-go'-paa 

Has'-drn-bal 

He-ra-cli-a'-nua 

Ex-ad'-i-us 

FoD-ta'-nus 

Ge-ga'-«i* 

Gor'-gus 

Ha-ter-i-a'-nus 

He-rS'-cli-us 

Ex-ae'-ne-tua 

Fon-tff-i-a 

Ge-lS'-nor 

Gor'-tys 

Ha-terM-us 

He'-ra-con 

Ex-it'-i-us 

Fon-te'-i-us 

Ge-la'-ai-iw 

Grac-chS'.nni 

Heb-do-niag'-e-te» 

He-rag1  -o-ra» 

Ex-8U-per-an'-t!-U3 

Fon-ti-nS'-li« 

Gel'-i-mer 

Giac'-chus 

He'-be 

He'-ras 

Ex-an-per-a-to'-ri-na 

Fon'-tus 

Gel'-li-aa 

Gra-cil'-i-a 

Hec'-a-be 

Her'-cu-lea 

Ex-su-perM-na 

For'-nai 

Gel'-li-M 

Grac'-i-Iis 

Hec-a-«r'-ge 

JIer-ciV-li.ua 

E-ze-ki-e'-lua 

For-ttt'-na 

Gel'-on 

Gra-dr-vus 

Hec-a-er'-gm 

Her-cy'-na 

For-tu-na-ti-S'-nui 

Ge-16'-nn» 

Gne'-ie 

Hec'-a-le 

Her-do'-ni-u» 

Fiaa'-go 

Gem'-i-na 

Grte-cf-i-us 

Hec-a-me'-d« 

He  -re  -as 

Fa-ba'.tua 

Fron-ti'-nu» 

Ge-min'-i-u» 

Gras-ci'-nus 

Heo-a-tif'-us 

Be-ren'-ni-a 

Fa-Vr'-i-us 

Fron'-to 

Geni'-i-iius 

Gne'-cus 

Hec'-a-t* 

He-ren'-ni-ua 

Fab-i-a'-nos 

FrO'-g! 

Ge-niis'-tus 

Gra-ni-a'-na» 

IIec-a-to-d6'-rua 

He-ril'-lus 

Fa-bil'-i-na 

Fu-flc'-i-n« 

Ge-nes'-i-us 

Gra-n!'-cua 

Hi'i'-a-toin'-uua 

Ber-niag'-o-raa 

Fab'-i-as 

Fa-fld'-i-m 

Ge-ne-tae'-us 

Gra'-ni-us 

Hec'-a-ton 

Her-ma-nQ'-bis 

Fa-brie'-l-oa 

Fn-flt'-l-aa 

Ge-neth'-li-us 

Grap'-tus 

Hec'.tor 

Her-maph-ro-di'-tuav 

Fa-bol'-lns 

FO'-fl-ns 

Ge-ne-tyl'-lis 

Gra-sid'-i-os 

Hec'-u-ba 

Her-mS'-pi^s 

Fa-cim'-dua 

Ful-cr-ni-ns 

G«n'-e-trii 

Gra'-ta 

He'-dy-le 

Ber-mar'-chua 

Fad'-i-a 

Ful-gen'-ti-us 

Ge-iii'-ci-us 

GrS'-ti-K 

HS'-dy-lus 

Her'-mas 

Fa-dil'-la 

Fal'-lo 

Gen-na'-ili-ua 

Gra  ti-i'.nus 

He-gel'-c-og 

Her-mei'-as 

Fad'-i-us 

Ful-18'-ni-n» 

Gen'-ser-ic 

Gra-tid'-i-a 

He-gel'-o-chua 

Her-iner'-i-cua 

Fad'-aa 

Fnl'-vi-a 

Gen'-ti-u» 

Gra-tid-i-a'-nua 

He-g8'-mon 

Her"-mes 

Fal'-a-cer 

Ful-vi-a'-no» 

Ge-oi'-gi-na 

Gra-tid'-i-us 

He-gem'  -o-ne 

Ber-me'-si-a-nax- 

Fa-lan'-i-ns 

Fnl'-vl-ns 

Geph-y-ne"-! 

GrS'-ti-us 

He-go-aan'-der 

Ber-mlu'-i-ua 

Fal-eid'-i-aa 

Ful'-vua 

Ge-rte'-ua 

GrS'-tus 

He-ge-san'-dri-das 

Ber-mf-nns 

Fal'  -co 

Fun-da'-ni-a 

Ger'-a-na 

Gre-gen'-ti-us 

He-gea-a-ra'-tus 

Ber'-mi-oa 

Fal-co'-nl-a 

Fnn-da'-Di-ns 

Ge-ras'-l-mns 

Greg'-o-ras 

He-ge-si'-a-nax 

Ber-mf-o-ne 

Pal'-cu-la 

Fnn'-du-Uis 

Ger-ma'-ni-cus 

Gre-go-ri-a'-nua 

He-g5'-si-as 

Ber-mip'-pua 

Fa-lis'-ou 

Fn-nis-u-la'-ntu 

Ger-ma'-nus 

Gre-go'-ri-n» 

He-ges-i-dg'-mus 

Ber-moch  '-a-rea 

Pal'-to 

Fur-fa'-ni-as 

Ger-mr-nos 

Gros'-phns 

He-gea-ig'-o-noa 

Ber'-mo-clea 

Fan'-go 

Fu-ri'-na 

Gel'-on 

Gryl'-li-on 

He-ges-i-la  -us 

Ber-lnoc'-ra-tea 

Fan'-ni.a 

FU'-ri-ns 

Ge-ron'-ti-ua 

Gryl'-lua 

He-ges-il'-o-choa 

Ber-moc'-re-on 

Fan'-ni-ns 

Fur'-ni-ns 

Ge-ros'-tra-tas 

Gry-M 

He-gea'-i-nua 

Ber-mo-dO'-ma 

Paa'-ci-nua 

Fns-ci-a'-nua 

Ger'-y-on 

Gry-n6'-n» 

He-ge-sip'-pua 

Ber-mo'-dua 

Fas-tid'-i-M 

Fus'-cus 

Ges'-i-os 

Gry-noa 

He-ge-sip'-y-la 

Ber-mog'-e-nea 

Fau.ci-u» 

Fu'-aus 

G«f« 

Grype 

He-ge-sis'-tra-toa 

Ber-mo-gen-i-a'-noB 

Fau'-la 

GI-can'-tM 

Gu-lus'-sa 

He-gS'.tor 

Her-mo-lS'-ua 

Faa'-nu» 

Oil'-do 

Gnn'-da-mnnd 

Bei-mar'-me-ne 

Her-mol'-y-cua 

Faus'-U 

Gab'.ba 

oa'-io 

Gnr'-gus 

Hei'-oa 

Ber'-mon 

Faus-ti'jia 

Ga-bas'-ns 

Gir-lai 

Gnt'-U 

Hel'-a-ra 

Ber-mon'-y-mn« 

Faus-tf-nll3 

Ga-bi-ni-a  -nn» 

Gis'-co 

Gy-as 

Be-lei'-oa 

Her-moph'-i-loa 

Faus'-tu-lua 

Ga-W-ni-us 

Gif-i-a-das 

Gy-gse'-* 

Hel'-e-na 

Her-mo-tf-mua 

Fans'-tns 

Gab'.i-us 

Glab'-er 

Gy-ge« 

Hel'-t-nos 

H6'-ro 

Fav-en-ti'-nn« 

Gi'-bri  rn 

Glab'-ri-o 

Gy-lip'-pnf 

He'-li-a-das 

He-rfl  -dea 

Fa-vo'.ni-as 

Gr.-W-C'-lM 

01aph'-y-n 

Gyl'-ls 

Be-ir-a-nax 

llc-ro-dW-m* 

*»v-o-ri'-na» 

Oad'-a-bu 

Glaa'-es 

Gy-nn'-co-thce'-oas 

Bel-i-ca'-oa 

Be-rod'-l<us 

n'-brU 

Ga;  -a 

GUu'-a-a 

GjT'-ton 

He-UK» 

He-r»do'-n» 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


5321 


He-rod'  -o-tus 

Hip-poth'-o-us 

Hyp'-seus 

In-gen'-u-ua 

Ja-co'-bus 

Ltea-pod'-i-u 

H6'-ron 

Hip'-pys 

Hyp'-si-clea 

In-gu-i-oin'-er-us 

Ja'-na 

Lae'.ta 

He-roph'-i-le 

Hir-pi'-nua 

Hyp-aic'-ra-tea 

In-no-cen'-ti-us 

Ja-no-pu'-lus 

Laj-til'-i-us 

He-roph'-i-lus 

Hir'-rl-us 

Hyp-sip'-y-le 

I'-no 

Jan-u-i'-ri-us 

Lae-to'-ri-UB 

He-rns'-tnt-tUB 

Hir'-ti-us 

Eyp'-aus 

I'-no-us 

Ja'-nua 

Laj'-tufl 

Hfr'-se 

Hir-tu-lei'-Oi 

Hyr-ca'-nus 

In-taph'-er-nea 

Ja'-8on 

Laa-vi'-nua 

Her-sil'-i-a 

Hia'-pa-la 

Hyr'-i-eua 

In-ton'-aua 

Jav-o  le'-nus 

Lae'-vi-ua 

HerMha 

His'-pal-luB 

Hyr-ne'-tho 

In-vid'-i-a 

Jo-an'-nes 

Lie'-vua 

He-stg'-o-nUB 

HiB-.po 

Hyr*-ta-cuB 

I'-o 

Jor-nan'-deB 

La-frii'-ni-ui 

He'-si-o-dus 

His-ti-ae'-a 

Hys'-mon 

I-o-cas'-te 

Jo-se'-phua 

Lag'-i-ns                  , 

He'-si-on-e 

Hib-ti-n:'-U8 

Hys-tas'-pea 

I-o-caa'-tua 

Jo-vi-S'-nus 

La'-gou 

Hes-per'-i-des 

Jlis'-to-ris 

I-o-da-mei'-a 

Jo-vin-i-a'-nUB 

Lag'-o-nu 

Hea-per'-i-ua 

Hol'-mus 

J-o-la'-us 

J5'-vi-us 

LS'-gus 

Hea'-per-ua 

Hom-a-gy-ri-tu 

I-ac'-chus 

I'-ole 

Jfl'-ba 

LS'-i-as 

Hes'-ti-a 

Ho-me'-rus 

I'-a-dea 

I-Ol'-lM 

Ju-bel'-li-us 

La-ip'-pu* 

Hes-ti-ae'-a 

Hom-o-lo'-cus 

I-a-ef-ra 

l'-OD 

Ju-da-cil'-i-OB 

La'-ia 

Hea-ti-ss'-us 

Hon-o-ra'-tus 

I-al'-e-muB 

I-on'-i-cuB 

Ju'-<las 

LS'-i-us 

He-sych'-i-a 

Ho-nd'-ri-a 

I-al'-y-aus 

I-on'-i-des 

Jfl'-dex 

Lal'-a-ge 

He-sych'-i-UB 

Ho-no'-ri-ua 

I-am'-be 

I'-0-p8 

JQ'-ga 

Lam'-a-chuft 

Het-ffi-rei'-UH 

Hop-lad'-a-moa 

I-am'-bli-chua 

I'-o-phon 

Ja-gur"-tha 

Lam'-e-don 

Heu-rip'-pe 

Ho'-rae 

I-am-bu'-lua 

I-o-plios'-sa 

Ju'-li-a 

Lam'-i-a 

Hi-ar'-bas 

Ho-ra-pol'-lo 

I-ara'-e-nua 

I'-opa 

Ju-li-a'-nua 

La-mis'-cua 

Hi-ces'-i-us 

Ho-ra'-O-a 

I-iini'-i-da; 

I-6'-ta-pe 

JiV-li-us 

Lam'-i-uB 

Hi-ce-ta'-on 

Ho-ra'-ti-us 

I'-am-uB 

I.o-tap-i-&'-DUB 

Jun'-cus 

Lam-pad'  -i-o 

Hic'-e-taa 

Hor'-ci-us 

I-a-nei'-n 

I  -ox  '-us 

Jtt'-ni-a 

Lam-pad'  -i-ua 

Hi-emp'-sal 

Hor'-cus 

l-a-nis'-cua 

I-phi-a-nas'-aa 

Ju'-ni-os 

Lam-pef-i-a 

Hi'-e-ra 

Hor'-mtts 

I-aii'-the 

I'-phi-as 

Jtt'-no 

Lam'-pi-do 

Hi-e-ram'-e-nes 

Hor'-ta-lus 

I-ap'-e-tuB 

I-phic-i-a'-nuB 

Ju-no-pQ'-luB 

Lam'-pon 

Hi'-e-ras 

Hor-ten'-si-a 

1-4  -pis 

I'-phi-clea 

Jtt'-pi-ter 

Latu-pO'-ni*ua 

Hl'-e-rax 

Hor-tcn'-si-us 

I-a'-pyi 

I-phic'-ra-tes 

Jua-ti'-na. 

Lam'-pri-as 

Hi-er'-i-UB 

H6'-rus 

I-ar'-bas 

I-phid'-a-mas 

Jus-tin  i-a'  -nus 

Lam-prid'-i-QB 

Hi-er'-o-cles 

Ho-aid'-i-us 

I-ai'-da-neB 

I-phi-ge-nef-* 

Jua-ti'-nua 

Lam'-proc-les 

Hi'-e-ron 

Hoa-pi-ta'-lis 

I-as'-i-on 

I-phi-me-deT'-a 

Jua'-toa 

Lam'-prus 

Hi-e-ron'-y-mua 

Ho8-ti'-li-a 

I-us'-i-us 

I-phim'-e-don 

Ju-tur'-na 

Lamp'-ter 

Hi-e-roph'-i-lus 

Hoa-ti-li-a'-niu 

I-a'-ao 

I-phin'-o-e 

Ju-ve-ua'-lis 

Laia'-pus 

Hi-e-roth'-e-ua 

Hoa-ti'-li-us 

I-a-aon'-l-a 

i'-phi-on 

Ju-ven'-cus 

Lam'-us 

Hil-ar-i-a  -BUS 

H08'-U-O8 

I-a'-aua 

I'-phis 

Ju-veu'-tag 

La-inyn'-tlii-UB 

Hi-lar'-i-o 

Huu'-ner-io 

I-at'-ro-cles 

I'-phi-tUB 

Ju-ven-ti'-nus 

La-naa'-aa 

Hi-larM.us 

Hy-a-cin'-thi-des 

f  -by-cua 

Iph-thr-m« 

Ju-ven'-ti-us 

La-na'-tua 

Hil'-a-rus 

Hy-a-ciu'-thiu 

I-cad'-i-us 

Ire-nse'-u» 

Lan'-ga-rua 

Hil'-der-ic 

Hy'-a-des 

I-car^-i-oa 

l-re'-ne 

La-oc'-o-on 

Him-e-rae'-us 

Hy'-a-le 

f-car-us 

i'-ris 

Lab'-da 

La-oc-o-o'-Ba 

Hi-mer'-i-us 

Hy'-as 

Ic'-ci-u» 

I;-rua 

Lab-dac'-i-das 

La-od'-a-maa 

Him'-er-ufl 

Hyb'-re-as 

Ic'-cus 

I-ste'-oB 

Lab'-da-cua 

La-o-da-mei'-a 

Hi-mil'-co 

Hyb'-ri-as 

Ic'-e-lus 

I-aag'-o-raa 

Lah'-e-o 

La-od'-i-ce 

Hip-pag'-o-ras 

Hy-dar'-nes 

Ich-nae'-a 

I-san'-dcr 

La-ber'-i-us 

La-od'-i-coa 

Hip-pal'-ci-mua 

Hy-dre'-luB 

Ich'-thy-as 

I-aau'-rl-cua 

Lab-i-e'-uns 

La-od'-o-cnB 

Hip-par'-chi-a 

Hy-e8 

Ich  -  thy  -  o  -  cen  -  tau'- 

Is'-ca-nus 

La-b6'-taB 

La-og'-o-ras 

Hip-par'-chus 

Hy-«'-ti-n8 

ruB 

Is-chag'-o-ras 

La-bran'  -deua 

La-om'-e-don 

Hip-pa-rt'-nus 

Hy-gi-ef-a 

I-ci'-li-ua 

Is-clian'-der 

Lab-y  ne'-tus 

L&'-on 

Hip-pa'-ai-ua 

Hy-gi-e'-raon 

Ic-tl'-nus 

la-che'-noa 

Lac-e-dee'-mou 

La-on'-i-cus 

Hip'-pa-sus 

Hy-gi'-nua 

I-das'-a 

la-chom'-a-chua 

Lac-e-die-mon'-i-aa 

La-on'-o-me 

Hip'-peua 

Hy-lie'-uB 

I-dse'-ua 

Is-cho-ta'-ua 

La-ce'-daB 

La-o-phon'-te 

Hip'-pi-a 

Hyl'-aa 

I^lal'-i-a 

Is'-chya 

Lac'-er 

La-oth'-o-e 

Hip'-pi-aB 

Hyl'-a-tus 

I-dau-thyr'-«UB 

I'-se-as 

La-cer'-i-u* 

La-per'-sae 

Hip'-pi-tas 

Hy-le 

I'-daa 

i    Is-i-do'-ruB 

Lach'-a-res 

La-per'-si-ns 

Hip'-pi-UB 

Hyl'-eua 

I'-de 

I-sig'-o-nnB 

Lacb'-es 

Laph'-a-ea 

Hip-pob'-o-tus 

Hyl'-loB 

Id'-mon 

I'-aia 

Lacli'-e-sis 

Lapli-ris'-UB 

Hip-po-cen-tau'-rus 

Hy-lon'-o-me 

I-dom'-e-neuB 

la'-ma-rna 

La-cin'-l-a 

Laph'-ri-a 

Hip-po-clei'-des 

Hy-me-as 

I'-dri-euB 

Is-iae'-ne 

La-cia'-i-OB 

La-pli  j  s'-ti-UB 

Hip'-po-cles 

Hy'-men 

I-dy-fa 

Is-men'-i-as 

Lac'-i-tu 

Lap'-ia 

Hip'-po-clus 

Hy-me-nas'-ui 

Ig-na'-ti-us 

Is-men'-i-ua 

Lac'-o 

Lap'-i-thee 

Hip-poc'-o-on 

Hym'-ni-a 

I-te'-ri-a 

Is-me'-ous 

Lac'-ra-tes 

Lar 

Hip-poc'-ra-tes 

Hy-pa'-ti-a 

I'-U-a 

I-soc'-ra-tes 

Lac'-ri-tua 

Lar'-a 

Hip-pod'-a-mas 

Hy-pa'-ti-us 

Il-i-a'-na 

I-so-daj'-tes 

Lac'  -tans 

La-ren'-ti-ft 

Hip-pn-da-meT-a 

Hy-pat-o-d5'-rus 

Il-i-o'-neuB 

I-so-de'-tes 

Lac-tan'-ti-QB 

Lar'-es 

Hip-pod'-a-mus 

Hyp'-a-tna 

Il-is-si'-a-de* 

la'-aa 

Laotu'-ca 

Lar'-gi-u» 

Hip-po-la'-i-tia 

Hy-pei'-ro-ehua 

n'-lua 

Is-s"'.ri-a 

Lac-tu-oi'-nus 

Lar'-gua 

Hip-pol'-o-chua 

Hy-per-an'-thea 

IMyr'-l-M 

la'-ter 

Lac-tur'-ci-a 

Lar'-i-chus 

Hip-pol'-y-tus 

Hy-per-S'-sius 

I'-lOB 

Isth'-mi-os 

Lac'-y-des 

La-ris'-co-lus 

Hip-pom'-e-don 

Hy-per'-ba-tas 

Im'-bra-mas 

Is-tom'-a-chua 

La'-das 

La-ria'-sa 

Hip-pom'-e-nes 

Hy-per'-bi-ns 

Ira-brS'-si-« 

I-tal'-i-cua 

La-dog'-e-ne« 

La-ri«'-s83-UB 

Hip'-pon 

Hy-per'-bo-lus 

Im'-bra-BQB 

It'-a-lus 

Ly-don 

La-rd'-ui-us 

Hip-p8'-nax 

Hy-per-chei'-ri-a 

Im'-brex 

Ith'-a-cns 

La-do'-nla 

Lar-.ti-UB 

Hip-po-ni'-cua 

Hy-per-ech'-  i-UB 

Im'-bri-us 

Ith-o'-ma-taB 

Lte'-ca 

La-run'-da 

Hip-pon-o'-i-daa 

Hy-per-5'-nor 

Im-mar/-a-doB 

I-tho'-rae 

Lae'-dns 

La-rym'-na 

Hip-pon'-o-me 

Hyp'-er-es 

Im-per-a'-tor 

I-to'-nl-« 

Lte'-laps 

Las'-ca-lia 

Hip-pon'-o-ua 

Hy-pei'-i-des 

Im-per-i-6'-8UB 

I-to'-nuB 

Laa'-li-a 

Laa-tbe-uel'-* 

Hlp-poa'-the-nea 

Hy-per'-i-on 

I  nacli'-i-a 

I-ttt'-ri-u» 

Lee-li-a'-noB 

Laa'-the-nea 

Hip-poa'-tra-taB 

Hy-perm-nSs'-tra 

i'-na-chuB 

It'-ya 

Lss'-H-ua 

LS'-SU8 

Hip-pot'-a-dea 

Hy-pei'-o-che 

In'-a-ros 

I-a'-ltiB 

LaV-nas 

Lat-er-a'-nuB 

Hip'-po-taa 

Hy-pei^-o-chufl 

In-dib'-i-lta 

Ix-r-on 

Ljc'-ni-ua 

La-ter-en'-BlB 

Hip'-po-tes 

Hyp'-noB 

In'-di-gea 

Ix-i-on'-i-dM 

La-cr'-cei 

Lath'-ri-a 

Hip-poth'-o-e 

Hyp-ass'-ns 

In-dig'-i-tei 

Ix'-i-us 

La-er'-tea 

Lat-i-S'-liB 

Hip-poth'-o-on 

Hyi>-se'-nor 

In'-fer-i 

I'-jra 

Ln-er'-ti-nB 

Lat-i-a'-riB 

5322 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


La-ti'-nus                          U-ber-a'-lia 

Lu-ta'-ti-us 

Mach'-on 

Ma-ni-a'-ces 

Max-en'  -ti-us 

La-to'-na 

Li-ber-a'-tua 

Lu-toK-i-us 

Ma-cis'-ti-us 

Ma'-ni-ae 

Max-im-i-a'-nuB 

La'-tro 

Li-ber-a'-tor 

Lux-oi'-i-ua 

Ma-cis'-tos 

Ma-nil'-i-ua 

Max-i-mil'-la 

Lau-ren'-ti-ft 

Li-ber'-i-ua 

Ly-se'-na 

Mac-ri-a'-nua 

Ma-nis'-a-rua 

Max-i-nii'-noa 

Lau-ren'-ti-ua 

Li-ber'-tas 

Ly-cae'-ua 

Ma-cri'-nus 

Ma'-ni-ua 

Max'-i-mua 

Lau'-sna 

Li-beth'-ri-deB 

Ly-cam'-bea 

Mac'-ris 

Man'-li-ua 

Ma-za'-cea 

La-ver'-na 

Li-bi-ti'-n« 

Ly-ca'-on 

Mac'-ro 

Man'-nus 

Ma-zae'-ua 

La-vi'-ni-a 

Lib'-i-ua 

Ly-cas'-tua 

Ma-cro'-bi-u8 

Man'-ti-aa 

Maz'-a-rea 

La-vi'-ni-oa 

Lib'-o 

Lyc'-e-as 

Mac'-u-la 

Man'-tin-eua 

Me'-cha-neua 

Le'-a-dei 

Lib'-y* 

Ly-ce'-gen-ea 

Mad'-a-rua 

Man-tith'-e-ua 

Me-copli'-a-ne» 

Le-ae'-na 

Lib'-ya 

Ly-cei'-a 

Mad'-a-tea 

Man'-ti-ua 

Me-cis'-teua 

Le-ag'-rua 

Lib-ys-tF-nna 

Ly-cei'-us 

Mad'-y-as 

Mau'-to 

Me'-con 

Le-an'-der 

Lich'-as 

Lyc'-i-das 

Mae-an'-dri-ua 

Man'-u-el 

Me-de'-a 

Le-an'-dri-oi 

Li-cin'-i-a 

Lyc'-i-nus 

Mae-an'-drus 

Mar'-a-thnn 

Me'-de-on 

Le-a-nei'-ra 

Li-cin-i-a'-nua 

Lyc'-is 

Mae-ce'-naa 

Mar'-a-thus 

Me-des-i-caa'-t* 

Le-ar'-chua 

Li-cin'-i-ua 

Ly-cis'-cui 

Mae-ci-a'-nus 

Mar-cel'-la 

Med-i-tri'-na 

Le-ca'-ni-ua 

Lic'-i-nus 

LyV-i-ua 

Maj-cil'-i-na 

Mar-cel-li'-n-u» 

He'-di-ua 

Le-che'-a-ttia 

Li-cym'-ni-a 

Lye-o-a'-tia 

Mse'-ci-us 

Mar-cel'-lus 

Med'-o-cua 

Lech'-es 

Li-cym'-ni-ua 

Ly-coc'-to-nua 

Mae'-li-us 

Mar'-ci-a 

Med'-on 

Le'-da 

Li-ga'-ri-ua 

Ly-col'-e-on 

Mif-iaw'-tea 

Mar-ci-a'-na 

Me'-don 

Lei-o'-dea 

Li-gel'-a 

Lyc-o-me'-dea 

Mae'-na-des 

Mar-ci-a'-nua 

Mc-dos'-a-dea 

Le'-l-tns 

Lig'-ur 

Lyc'-on 

Mae-nal'-i-na 

Mar-cil'-i-us 

Me-dul-U'-noa 

Lel'-ex 

Lig'-y-ron 

Ly-co'-peua 

Maj'-ua-lua 

Mar'-ci-on 

Me'-dus 

Lem'-u-rn 

Li-te'-a 

Lyc-o-phon'-tes 

Mae'-ni-ua 

Mai^-ci-oa 

Mc-du'-sa 

Le-nce'-ua 

Li'-raa 

Lyc'-o-phron 

Mae'-non 

Mar-co-man'-nua 

Meg-a-l>i'-t«s 

Leu-tic'-u-la 

Li-rae'-ni-a 

Lyc-o-phron'-i-dea 

Mae'-on 

Mar'-cus 

Meg-a-bS'-zus 

Len-tid'-i-na 

Li-inen-ti'-nua 

Ly-co'-reua 

Mae-on'-i-dea 

Mar-do'-ni-us 

Meg-a-bei'-nea 

Len'-to 

Li-me-ta'-nua 

Ly-cS'-ria 

Mpe-on'-i-ns 

Mar-don'-tea 

Meg-a-boc'-cha» 

Lcn'-tu-lns 

I.in'-di-a 

Ly-coi'-tas 

Mae'-ra 

Mar-gi'-tea 

Meg-a-by'-zus 

Le'-o 

Lin'-os 

Lyc'-tua 

Mae'-8a 

Ma-ri'-a 

Meg-a-clei'-dee 

Le-o-bo'-tea 

Lip'-a-ro 

Ly-cur'-gna 

Ma  '-son 

Ma-ri-am'-ne 

Meg'-a-clea 

Le-o-ce'-des 

Lip-o-do'-nw 

Lyo'-ua 

Mae'-vi-us 

Ma-ri-an-dy-nua 

Me-gae'-ra 

Le-o'-cha-rea 

Lit'-se 

Lf-de 

Mag-a-da'-tea 

Ma-ri-a'-nus 

Me-gal'-e-aa 

Le-o'-cra-tea 

Ll-to'-ri-us- 

Ly-di'-a-deB 

Ma-gar-si-a 

Ma-ri'-ca 

Meg-a-Ios'-tra-t« 

Le-o'-cri-tua 

Lit-y-er'-sea 

Ly-dua 

Mag'-as 

Ma-rid-i-a'-noB 

Meg-a-mc'-de 

Le-6'-cy-des 

Li'-vi-a 

Lyg'  -da-mis 

Mag-en-te'-nna 

Ma-rin-i-a'-na 

Meg-a-nei'-ra 

Le-6'-da-cus 

Li-rtl'-la 

Lyg'-da-mua 

Mag'-i-oa 

Jla-ri'-nua 

Meg-a-pen'-the« 

Le-o'-da-mas 

Li-vin-e'-i-na 

Lyg-o-des'-ma 

Mag-nen  -n-n» 

Mat'-i-on 

Meg'-a-ra 

Le-o'-go-raa 

LT-vl-ua 

Lyl'-lus 

Mag-'nes 

Mar'-i-oa 

Meg'-a-reua 

Le'-on 

Lo-chei'-a 

Lyn'-ceua 

Mag'-nua 

Mar-ma-rT-nua 

Meg'-a-rua 

Le-o'-ni-daa 

Loc'-rua 

Lyn'-cna 

Ma'-go 

Mar'-max 

Me-gas'-the-ne« 

Le-o'-ni-des 

Lo-cua'-ta 

Lyr'-cua 

Ma'-gus 

Mar'-o 

Me-gel'-lus 

Le-on-na'-tua 

IXE'-mi-ua 

Ly-san'-der 

Ma-har'-bal 

Mar-o-bod'-a-n§ 

Meg'-es 

Le-on-no'-ri-ua 

Log'-ba-aia 

Ly-san'-dr» 

Ma'-l-a 

Mar'-on 

Me-gil'-lua 

Le-on'-teua 

Lol'-ll-a 

Ly-s;i'-ni-a3 

MS'-i-or 

Mar-pes'-n 

Mf-gis'-ti-aa 

Le-on-ti'-a-dea 

Lol-li-a'-nna 

Lys-a-nor'-i-daa 

Ma-jor-i-a'-oo* 

Mars 

Me-gis'-to 

Le-on'-ti-on 

Lol'-li-na 

Lys'-i-a-dea 

Mal'-a-con 

Mar'-sna 

Me-gis'-to-nQB 

Le-on-tfe'-ctia 

Lon-ga'-tia 

Lys-i-H-nas'-sa 

Mal-a-cus 

Mar'-sy-as 

Me-her-da'-tes 

Le-on'-ti-tw 

Lon-gT-nna 

Lya'-i-a» 

Mal'-a-laa 

Mar--tha 

Me'-di-as 

Le-o'-ny-mua 

Lon'-gm 

Lys'-i-clea 

Mal'-as 

Mar'-ti-a 

Mei-lan'-i-on 

Le-o'-pha-nea 

Lo'-tis 

Ly-sic'-ra-tM 

Mal'-chua 

Mar-ti-&'-liB 

Mei-lich'-i-us 

Le-oph'-ron 

Lox'-i-a* 

Ly-sid'-i-ce 

Mal-e-a'-tea 

Mar-ti-a'-nua 

Mel'  -a 

Le'-os 

Lies'  -o 

Ly-sid'-i^:U8 

Mal'-e-laa 

Mar-tl'-na 

Me-la!'-neoa 

Le-os'-the-nes 

Lu'-a 

Ly-sim'-a-chc 

Mal'-e-ua 

Mar-tin-i-a'-nna 

Me-lx'-nis 

Le-os-trat'-i-dea 

Lu-ca'-una 

Ly-ai-mach'-i-de» 

Mal'-i-a-dea 

Mar-tl'-nua 

Me-lam'-po-de* 

Le-o-troph'-i-dea 

Luc-ce'-i-na 

Ly-siin'-a-chus 

Mal-le-6'-lus 

Mas'-ga-ba 

Me-lani'-pua 

Le-o-tych'-i-dea 

Lu-ner'-i-oa 

Ly-sip'-pe 

Mal'-li-ns 

Mas-i-nis'-sa 

Me-lan-fe'-gis 

L»p'-i-da 

Lu-ci-a'-nua 

Ly-sip'-pus 

Ma-lu-gi-nen'-sia 

Ma-sis'-ti-oa 

Me-lan'-co-maa 

Lep'-i-diu 

Lu-ci-e'-nua 

Lys'-is 

Ma'-luB 

Mas'-sa 

Mel'-a-neus 

Lep'-re-a 

LO'-cl-fer 

Ly-sis-traf-1-de* 

Ma-mae'-a 

Mas'-sa-thes 

Mel-an-ip'-pi-de* 

Lep'-ta 

Lu-cil'-i-na 

Ly-sis'-tra-tna 

Mam-er-ci'-nua 

Mas-si'-va 

Mel-an-ip'-pua 

Lep'-ti-ne* 

Lu-cil'-la 

Lys-i-zo'-nm 

Ma-mer'-cua 

Mas-stt'-ri-ua 

Mel-an-o'-poa 

Lea'-bo-clea 

Lll-ril'-li-Oi 

Ly-so 

Ma'-mers 

Mas-tan'-a-bal 

Me-lan'-thi-ua 

Les-bo'-nax 

Lu-cil'-lu» 

Ly-son 

Mam-er-tl'-nuB 

Mas'  -tor 

Me-lan'-tbo 

Les-both'-e-mla 

Lu-ci'-na 

Ly-sna 

Ma-mer'-tna 

Ma-ter-ni-a'-naa 

Me-lan'-thua 

Les'-chea 

Ltt'-ci-oa 

Ly-te'-ri-os 

Ma-mil-i-a'-nna 

Ma-ter'-nna 

Mel'-as 

Le'-the 

Lu-cre'-ti* 

Ma-mil'-l-na 

Math'-o 

Mel'-e-a-ger 

Le'-to 

Lu-crg'-ti-ua 

Mam'-mas 

Ma-tid'-I-« 

Mel'-es 

Let'-rena- 

Lu-cri'-na 

Mac'-ar 

Mam'-mu-la 

Mat-i-e'-noa 

Mel-e-sag'-o-n* 

Leu-cad'-I-u 

Luc-ta'-ti-oa 

Mac'-a-reoa 

Mani-mu'-ri-ua 

Ma-tin'-i-ua 

Mel-e-sip'-poa 

Leu-de'-aa 

Luc-ter'-l-UB 

Ma-car1-!-* 

Ma-mur'-ra 

Mat'-i-oa 

Mel'-e-te 

Lett'-ce 

Luc'-toa 

Ma-car'-i-u* 

Ma'-na 

Ma'-tre-aa 

Me-let'-i-ua 

Leu-cip'-pe 

La-cul'-Ioa 

Ma-ci'-tua 

Ma-njech'-mna 

Ma-lrin'-i-OI 

Me-le'-tna 

Leu-dp'-pi-dea 

Lu-cus'-ta 

Mac-ca-btB'-i 

Ma-nas'-ses 

Ma'-tria 

Mel'-i-a 

Leu-cip'-pua 

Lti'-di-ua 

Mac'-ci-oa 

Man-as'-ta-bal 

Ma'-tron 

Mfl'-i-a-dea 

Leu'-con 

Lu-pei'-ea 

Mac'-e-don 

Man'-ci-a 

Mat-thse'-Oi 

Mel-i-bce'-a 

Leu-con'-o« 

Lu-per'-cn» 

Mac-e-don'-i-cus 

Man-ci'-noa 

Ma-tu'-rua 

Mel-i-bce'-iu 

Leu-coph'-ry-n* 

Lup'-ua 

Man-c-do'-ni-ua 

Man'-da-ne 

Ma-ta'-ta 

Mel-i-cer'-ta* 

Leu-coth'-e-a 

Lur'-co 

Mac'-er 

Man-do'-ni-na 

Mau-ric-i-a'-nna 

M.l-i-iM-'-a 

Leu-coth'-o-e 

LQ'-rl-oa 

Mac-er-r-nna 

Man-du-bra'-ti-aa 

Mau-ric'-i-UB 

Mel'-i-ne 

Le-vS'-na 

Ln.s-ci-e'-nn» 

Ma-chae'-reua 

Man'-e-ros 

Mau'-ri-cus 

Me  lin'-no 

Lex-iph  -a-nes 

Lus'-cin-us 

Ma-clian'-i-daa 

Mi'-nea 

Mau'-ro-pna 

Mel-i-san'-dar 

Li-ban'-i-u 

I.'is'-ci-ua 

Ma-cliS'-on 

Man'-e-tho 

Man-sS'-lus 

Me-lis'-sa 

Lib-en-tr-nt, 

Lus'-cna 

Mach'-a-res 

Man-ga'-MB) 

MS'-vora 

Me-lis'-sena 

'  Li'-ber 

Lu'-si-ns 

Mach'-a-tu 

Ma'-iii-a 

Ma-vor-.U-BB 

Me-lis'-roa 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


5323 


—  —  —  ^—  ^—  — 
Hel'-i-te 
Hel'-i-teus 
Hel'-i-to 
Hel-i-t6'-d«8 
Hel'-la 
Hel'-li-us 
Hel-lo-bau'-des 
Mel-lo'-iia 
He-lob'-i-us 
Me-lob'-o-ais 
He-lob'-o-te 
He-lo'-dea 
Hel-poni'-e-ne 
Hel-poiu'-e-nus 
Me'-lus 
Mem'-mi-a 
Hem'-ini-UB 
Mem'-non 
Mem'-phis 
Me-n«ech'-muB 
He-nal'-ci-das 
Hen-a-lip'-pus 
Me-nan'-der 
MS'-nas 
Men'-doa 

Mes'-ai-us 
Mes'-tor 
Mes'-tra 
Me'-ta 
Mef-a-bus 
Met-a-clei'-des 
Me-tag'-e-nes 
Me-ta-nel'-ra 
Met-a-phras'-tes 
Het'-a-pus 
He-tel'-la 
Me-tcl'-lus 
Me-thar'-me 
Me'-thi-on 
Me-thod'-i-UB 
Meth'-on 
Me-tbym'-na 
Meth-ym-nie'-us 
Me-ti-a-du'-aa 
Me-til'-i-ua 
Me'-ti-o-che 
Me'-ti-o-ehus 
Me'-ti-on 
Me'-tis 
Me'-ti-UB 
Me-to-chf-ta 

Mix-o-paf-the-noa 
Mna-sal'-caa 
Mna'-se-aa 
Mnaa'-i-cle* 
Mna-sil'-o-cbus 
Hoa-si'-nus 
Mna-aip'-pua 
Mna-sith'-eus 
Mnas-i-ti'-mus 
Hua'-aou 
Mne-mar'-chus 
Mne'-nie 
Mne'-mon 
Mne-raos'-y-ne 
Mne-suech'-mus 
Mne-aar'-chus 
Mne'-ai-cleB 
Mne-sil'-o-ebus 
Mne-sim'-a-che 
Mue'-sim'-a-chus 
Mne-siph'-i-lus 
Mne-sip-tol'-e-mua 
Mne-sia'-tra-tus 
Hne-aith'-eos 
Hne-si-U'-ma» 
Mnes'-ter 

Mu-na'-ti-ua 
Mu-nycb'-i-a 
Mur'-ci-a 
Mur'-cus 
Mu-re'-na 
Mur-ra'-nus 
Mur-rhe'-di-oa 
Mu'-sa 

Mu-sse'-us 
Mus'-ca 
Mu-si-ci'-nuB 
Mu-ao-ni-a'-nuf 
Hu-sS'-ni-us 
Hus-tel'-la 
Mus'-ti-us 
Mu-ti-a'-nos 
Mu'  -til-us 
HQ'-ti-nea 
Mtt'-ti-us 
Mtt'-to 
Mu-tu'-nus 
My-ag'-rus 
My-ca-lS'-si-des 
My-ca-lea'-si* 
My-cS'-ne 

Nau-cy'-dea 
Nau-mach'-i-us 
Nau'-pli-us 
Nau-  sic'  -a* 
Nau-8ic'-ra-tes 
Nau-aiin'-e-don 
Nau-sin'-o-ua 
Nau-aiph'-a-nes 
Nau-8itb'-o-os 
Nau'-tes 
Na'-vi-ns 
Nax'-ua 
Ne-ie'-ra 
Ne-al'-ces 
Ne-an'-tbes 
Ne-ar'-cbus 
Ke-broph'-o-nus 
Neb'-rua 
Nec'-o 
Nee-tan'  -a-bia 
Nee-tar1  -i-ua 
Ned'  -a 
Xc-du'-sia 
Ne'-ia 
Ne-lei'-des 
Ne'-letM 

Ni-co-de'-mua 
Ni-co-do'-rus 
Ni-co-la'-us 
Ni-ool'-o-cbus 
Ni-co-maoh'-i-d* 
Ni-com'-a-chua 
Ni-co-me'-dea 
Ni'-con 
Ni-eoph'-a-nea 
Ni'-co-pbon 
Ni-coa'-the-nes 
Ni-coa'-tra-te 
Ni-cos'-tra-tu» 
Nig'-er 
Ni-gid'-i-ra 
Ni-grin-i-a'-nu* 
Ni-gri'-nua 
Ni'-leua 
Ni-lox'-e-nuB 
Ni'-lua 
Nin'-ni-us 
Ni'-nus 
Nin'-y-as 
Ni'-o-be 
Ni-phft'-taa 
Ni'-reua 
Ni'-aus 

Meu-e-clei'-daB 
Hen'-e-cles 
He-nec'-ra-tes 
Hen-e-dse'-us 
Me-ned'-a-tus 
Men-e-de'-muB 
Hen-e-la'-us 
He-nem'-a-chua 
Men'-e-phron 
He'-naa 
Meii'-ea 
Hen-es-sech'-inus 
He-lies'  -thes 
He-nes'-tbeus 
Me-ues'-thi-us 
Me-ncs'-tia-tus 
Me-nex'-e-nus 
Men'-i-das 
Me-nip'-pe 
Me-nip'-pos 
Me-nocb'-a-res 
Hen-o-do'-rus 
He-nod'  -o-tiw 
He-nce'-ceus 
He-nce'-taa 
Me-nce'-tes 
Me-noe'-tl-ns 
He-nog'-en*ea 
Hen'  -on 
Hen-o-phan'-tn» 
Men'-sor 
Hen'-tea 
Hen'-to 
Meu'-tor 
He-nvl'-lns 
Me-phi'-tis 
Mer-ca'-tor 
Mer-cu'-rt-DB 
Me-ren'-da 
Her'-gus 
McY-i-cus 
Me'-ri-o-nes 
Mer'-mer-us 
Herm'-na-dffl 
Mer-o-baa'-deB 
Her'-o-pe 
Mer'-ops 
Mer'-u-la 
Mer-u-li'-nus 
He-ryl'-lU8 
Hes'-a-teuB 
Hes-cin'-i-us 
Mi'B-o-ine'-des 
Hea-sa-li'-na 
Hes-sa-ll'-noB 
Hes-sal'-la 
Mes'-sa-netts 
Mes'-sa-pua 

Met'  -on 
Het'-o-pa 
Mef-o-pua 
Me-trob'-i-UB 
Me'-tro-cles 
Me-tro-do'-rus 
He-troph'-a-nes 
Het-ti-ua 
He-zen'-ti-ua 
Hic'-ci-a-dea 
Hic'-ci-on 

Hi'-ci-on 

Mic'-on 
Mic'-tt-o 
Hi'-cy-thnB 
Hid'-as 
Mid-e-a'-tlB 
Hi-del'-a 
Hi'-di-aa 
Mi-go-ni'-tia 
Mi-li'-tuB 
Hi'-li-chu» 
Mil'-o 
Mi-lo'-ni-a 
Mil'-tas 
Mil-ti'-a-des 
Mi-mal'-lon 
Mim'-as 
Mim-ner'-muB 
Min'-dar-us 
Min'-di-us 
Mi-ner'-va 
Mi-ner-vi'-na 
Hi-nid'-i-UB 
Hin'-i-o 

Mi'-noa 
Hi-no-tau'-raB 
Min-ta'-nor 
Hin'-tha 
Mi-nu'-ci-a 
Hi-nu-ci-S'-nua 
Hi-nu'-ci-ns 
Min'-y-as 
Hin'-y-ag 
Mi'-aa 
Mi-sag'-e-nea 
Mi-ae'-nua 
Mi-aith'-eus 
Hi-thffi'-coB 
Hith'-ras 
Mi-thre'-nes 
Mith-ri-dS'-tes 
Mith-ri-da'-tts 
Hi-thri'-nes 
Uitb-ro-bar-za'-neB 

Hnes'-tkeas 
Mo-ag'-e-tm 
Ho'-chus 
Mo-cil'-la 
Mod-e-ri'-tua 
Mod-es-ti'-nus 
Ho-des'-tus 
Hod'-i-oa 
Moe-rag'-e-neB 
Hoe'-ris 
Mce'-ro 
Hce'-ro-clea 
Moi'-ra 
Moi-rag'-e4BB 
Mol'-te 
Mol'-i-on 
Mol'-i-o-nea 
Mol-lic'-u-luB 
Mol'-on 
Ho-lor'-choB 
Mn-loa'-8US 
Mol-pad'-i* 
Mol-pag'-o-raB 
Mol'-pia 
Ho'-lua 
Mo'-mus 
Mo-n£e'-se» 
Mo-n6'-ta 
Mon'-i-ina 
Hon'-i-tnuB 
Mon'-i-us 
Mon-o-ba'-zoB 
Ho-noe'-cus 
Hon-ta'-nus 
Ho-nu'-ni-OB 
Hon'-y-chus 
Mop'-aiu 
Hor'-cuB 
Mor-.l-os 
Mor'-mo 
Mor-mol'-y-oe 
Hor'-plieoB 
Mor'-pho 
Hor'-ai-moB 
Hor'-y-chus 
Mor'-zes 
Hoa-cbam'-par 
Hoa'-chi-on 
Hoa-cho-ptt'-luB 
Moa'-chua 
Moa'-tis 
Mo-thS'-ne 
Ma'-oi* 
Mu-ci-a'-nna 
Mu-giMa'-nOB 
Mul'-ci-ber 
Ma'-li-us 
Mum'-rai-a 

My-cer-I'-nuB 
Myg'-don 
My-i'-a 
Hy-i-ag'-rus 
Myl'-lua 
My-nia'-cus 
Myn'-ni-o 
My-rep'-sos 
My-ri'-na 
My-ri'-nuB 
My-ria 
Myr-ine'-cWaB 
Myr'-mex 
Hyr'-mi-dOD 
My-ro 
My-ron 
Hy-ro-ni^'-aua 
Hy-ro'-ni-daa 
Myr'-rha 
Myr'-Bi-lus 
Myr'-sus 
Myf-ti-lus 
Myr'-tis 
Myr'-to 
Myr-to-es'-aa 
Hyr'-ton 
Mya-cel'-ll»B 
My-si-a 

My-ti-le'-M 

Na-bar-z&'-»*» 
Nab-dal'-sa 
Na'-bis 
Nab-o-nas'-sar 
Natf-ca 
Noa'-ni-a 
N»'-vi-a 
Nas'-vi-us 
Na-mu'-BB 
Nan'-ni-i 
Nan'-no 
Nar-cte'-us 
Nar-cia'-suB 
Nar'-aea 
Nas'-a-mon 
Nas'-ci-o 
Na-aen'-ni-UB 
Na-ai'-ea 
Na-aid-i-S'-nnB 
Na-aid'-i-ua 
Na'-so 
Na-t&'-llB 
Nat'-ta 
Nau-bol'-i-d«s 
Nau'-bo-lus 
Nau-clei'-des 
Nau'-cra-tBB 

Ne-inai''us 
Ne-mei-^-tes 
Ne-raes-ita'.nUB 
Nem'-e-sis 
Ne-mes'-i-ua 
Ne-oc'-les 
Ne-o-la'-os 
Ne'-on 
Ne'-o-phron 
Ne-oph'-y-tus 
Ne-op-tol'-e-muB 
Neph'-e-la 
Nep'-os 
Ne-po-ti-a'-iiua 
Nep-tu-ni'-ne 
Nep-ta'-nus 
Ne-raf-i-ua 
Ne'-re-is 
Ne-rei'-ttB 
Ne'-reus 
N8'-ri-tus 
Ner'-i-ua 
Ner'-o 
Ner-u-li'-nuB 
Ner'-va 
Ne-aaf-a 
Ne-ai-o'-teB 
NS'-ao 
Nea'-aos 
Nea-tor 
Nea-tor'-i-de» 
Nes-tor'-i-as 
Ni-cie'-a 
Ni-CK-ar'-cluiB 
Ni-cse'-as 
Ni-cffi'-ne-tus 
Ni-cag'-o-ras 
Ni-can'-der 
Ni-ca'-nor 
Ni-car'-chos 
Ni-car'-e-te 
Ni-oa'-tor 
Ni'-oe 
Ki-ce'-pho-roB 
Ni-ce'-ra-tus 
Ni'-ce-ros 
Ni-ce'-tas 
Ni'-ci-as 
Ni-cip'-pe 
Ni-cip'-pus 
Nl'-co 
Ni-co-bu'-la 
Ni-co-bu'-lus 
Ni-coch'-a-re» 
Ni'-coe-taa 
Ni-coc'-ja-tes 
Ni-coc'-re-on 
Ni-co-di'-ouM 

Ni-t6'-cris 
No-bil'-i-OT 
Noc'-tu-a 
No-do'-tus 
No-inen-ta'-no* 
Nom'-i-a 
Nom'-i-ua 
Nora'-os 
NS'-na-cris 
No-ni-a'-uu> 
N6'-ni-us 
Non'-no-auB 
Non'-Qua 
No'-rax 
Nor-ba'-noa 
Nor'-ti-a, 
Nua'-sis 
Nos'-tia 
Noa'-ti-mua 
No-thip'-pua 
No-va-ti-a'-nu» 
No-vS'-tus 
No-vel'-li-ua 
No-vel'-lus 
No-vim'-si-lea 
Nov'-i-os 
Nox 
Nn'-ei-ua 
Nu'-ma 
Nu-me'-ni-UB 
Nu-mer'-i-a 
Nu-mer-i-i'-mu* 
Nu-mer'-i-ua 
Nu-raes'-ti-ua 
Nu-mS'-ci-ua 
Nu'-rai-da 
Nu-mid'-i-cUB 
Nu-mid'-i-ua 
Nu-mia-i-S'-auB 
Nu-mis'-i-us 
Num'-i-tor 
Nu-mi-to'-ri-OB 
Num'-mi-ua 
Nu-mo'-ni-UB 
Nyc-te'-is 
Nyc'-teus 
Nyc-tira'-e-ne 
Nym-pbid-i-a'-nuf 
Nym-pbid'-i-us 
Nym'-phia 
Nym'  -phi-us 
Nym-pbo-do'-ruB 
Nym-phod'-o-tuB 
Nyp'-ai-us 
Ny-sa 
Ny-sK'-us 
Ny-ai'-a-de« 
Ny'-«tt8 

Mcs-sG'-ne 

Mit-ro-l)i'-te» 

S324 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


O-ar'-«e» 

O-lym'-pi-us 

Or'-pheua 

Pal-lan'-ti-aa 

Pa-ro'-reus 

Pei'-thon 

O-ax'-es 

O-lyin'-pus 

Or-phid'-i-ua 

Pal'-las 

Par-rha'-ai-tw 

Pe-lag'-i-ua 

Ob'-la-chus 

O-lyn'-thi-ua 

O^-phi-tua 

Pal-le'-ne 

Par-tha-mas'-ir-is 

Pel'-a-gon 

Ob'-o-da» 

O-lyn'-thu« 

Or-sab'^-ria 

Pal-le'-nii 

Par-tha-mas'-pa-tes 

Pel-a-gon'-i-oi 

Ob'-ri-mna 

O-ma'-di-ua 

Or-sil'-o-chua 

Pal'  -lor 

Par-tben'-i-a 

Pe-lar'-ge 

Ob'-se-quenfl 

O'-mi-as 

Or'-ta-lus 

Pal'-ma 

Par-tlien-i-i'-naa 

Pe-las'-ga 

Ob-sid'-i-ua 

Om'-bri-mua 

Or-thag'-o-raa 

Pam'-me-nes 

Par'-the-nis 

Pe-las'-gufl 

Ob'-si-ua 

Oui'-bri-ua 

Or'-thi-a 

Pam'-phil-a 

Par-then'-i-na 

Pe-lel'-dL-s 

Ob-ul-tro'-ni-us 

Ora'-pha-le 

Or-ti-ag'-on 

Pam-phil'-i-daa 

Par-then-o-pa;'-u8 

Pel-e-thro'-nl-tu 

O-ca-ler-a 

Om-phal'-i-on 

Or-tyg'-i-a, 

Pam'-phi-lua 

Par-then'-o-pe 

Pe'-leus 

Oc'-ci-a 

O-nse'-thus 

Orx-i-nea 

Pam'-phoa 

Par'-then-os 

Pel'-i-a-dea 

O-ce-an'-i-des 

O-nas-i-me'-dea 

O-si'-ria 

Pam'-phy-lua 

Pa-rys'-a-tis 

Pcl'-i-aa 

O-ce-a-nua 

O-nas'-i-nms 

O'-si-ua 

Pam-prep'-i-us 

Fas-clia-Bl'-nn* 

Pe-lig'-nuB 

O-cel'-la 

On'-a-sus 

Os'-ro-ea 

Pan 

Pa'-se-aa 

Pel'-len 

O-ceMi'-ta 

O-na'-taa 

Os'-sa 

Pan-a-c5*-a 

Pa'-si-aa 

Pel-16'-ni-» 

O-oel-lT-na 

On'-ca 

Os-sip'-a-ga 

Pan-a-chae'-B. 

Pa-si-comp'-aa 

Pel-o-pei'-« 

O-cel'-loa 

On-cie'-ua 

Os-to'-ri-ua 

Pa-nte'-nua 

Pa-sic'-ra-tea 

Pe.lop'-i^B» 

Och'-i-mua 

On-ches'-tu» 

O-ta-cil'-i-m 

Pa-nse'-ti-us 

Pas'-i-daa 

Pel'-opa 

Och'-ua 

On'-cua 

O-ta-cil'-i-ua 

Pa-nse'-to-lua 

Pas-i-me'-lus 

Pel'-or 

Oc'-nua 

O-ne'-aaa 

O-ta-nes 

Pa-nae'-UB 

Pa-sin'-i-cua 

Pe-na'-te« 

Oc'-re-« 

On-e-sic'-ri-tus 

Oth'-o 

Pan'-a-rea 

Pa'-si-on 

Pe-ne'-i-UB 

O-crf-si-m 

O-ne'-si-lua 

O-tho-nl-i'-nna 

Pa-nar'-e-tua 

Pa-sipb'-a-« 

Pe-nel'-e-o* 

Oc-ta'-vi-» 

O-nes'-i-moa 

Oth-ry-a-des 

Pan'-cra-tea 

Pa-si  ph'-i-lua 

Pe-iiel'-o-pe 

Ou-ta-vi-i'-nna 

O-nes'-tea 

Oth-rf-neU3 

Pan'-cra-tis 

Pa-sip'-pi-daa 

Pen-e.tra'  .Ito 

Oc-ta'-vi-ns 

O-nff-tor 

O-tre'-r« 

Pan-craf-i->ia 

Pa-sit'-e-lea 

Pen'-noa 

Oc-to-re'-nus 

O-nom'-a-clea 

Of-reua 

Pan'-da 

Pa-sith'-e-a 

Pen-tad'-i-Ui 

O-cyd'-ro-mua 

On-omac'-ri-taa 

O'-tus 

Pan-daK-e-OB 

Pas-si-e'-noB 

Peu-thea-i-lef* 

O-cyp'-e-te 

On-o-mar'-chDa 

O'-tya 

Pan'-da-rua 

Paa'-tor 

Pen'-theuB 

O-cyr'-bo-e 

On-o-mas'-tus 

6'-vl-a 

Pan-de'-mo* 

Pa-te'-c! 

Pen'-tlii-lua 

Od-e-na'-thua 

On-o-aan'-der 

O-vid'-i-ua 

Pan-df-on 

Pa-te'-coB 

Pen'-n-la 

O-di'-tea 

O-phel'-i-on 

O-vi'-ni-ua 

Pan-di-on'-i-da! 

Pat'-a-reus 

Pep-a-gom'-«-naBt 

Od'-i-ua 

O-phel'-l-us 

O'-vi-us 

Pan-do'-ra 

Pa-tel'-U 

Peph-r6'-do 

O-do-a'-cer 

O-phel'-las 

Oz'-a-threa 

Pan-do'-rus 

Pa-ter'-cu-lus 

Fe-pro'-me-n* 

O-dys'-seus 

O-phel'-tea 

Ox-y-ar'-tea 

Pan'-dro-sos 

Pa-ter'-nua 

Pe'-ra 

(E-ag'-rna 

Oph'-i-on 

Ox-yd'-a-tea 

Fan'-dus 

Pa-tis'-cus 

Pe-rte'-thnB 

(E'-ax 

O-pil'-i-os 

Ox'-y-lua 

Pan-hel-Ie'-ni-oa 

Pat-i-zei'-thet 

Per-cen'-ni-u* 

OT-ba-Ius 

O-pi'-mi-a 

Ox-yn'-tas 

Pan'-i-dea 

Pa-tri'-ci-us 

Per-dic'-caB 

CE'-ba-rea 

O-pi'-mi-a» 

Ox-yth'-e-ml» 

Pan-o-d5'-rufl 

Pa-trob'-l-ni 

P«r--dix 

CE-bo'-taa 

Op'-i-ter 

Pan-om-phas'-a« 

Pa-troc'-lea 

Per-e-gri'-nu» 

CE-cu-men'-i-o* 

Op-i-ter'-ni-u» 

Pan'-o-pe 

Pa-troc'-lua 

Pe-ren'-nU 

O^-di-pus 

Op'-la-caa 

Pa-ca'-rl-UB 

Pan'-o-peoB 

Pa-troph'-i-luB 

Per'-e-OB 

(E-nau'-the 

Op'-pi-a 

Pa-ca-ti-a'-nua 

Pa-no'-pi-on 

Pa-tro'-us 

Per'-ga-mo* 

(E'-neua 

Op-pi-an'-i-cua 

Pa-oS'-tu-la 

Pa-nop'-teB 

Fa-tul'-ci-m 

Per'-ga-muB 

CE'-ni-aa 

Op-pi-a'-nus 

Pa-ca'-taa 

Pan'-aa 

Pat'-zo 

Per-i-an'-der 

CE'-no-e 

Op-pid'-i-us 

Pac-ei-a'-nua 

Pan'-ta-clea 

Pau'-la 

Per-i-boe'* 

(E-nom-ar'-cnuB 

Op'-pi-ua 

Pac'-cl-ua 

Pan-tre'-nua 

Pau-li-S'-nua 

Per-i-clel'-toB 

<E-nom'-a-us 

Op'-ai-oa 

Pa-cen'-sia 

Pan-tal'-e-on 

Pau-li'-Dft 

Per'-i-clea 

<E-no'-ne 

Op-tS'-tu» 

Pauh'-es 

Pan-tau'-chua 

Fau-li'-nuB 

Per-i-clym'-e-nqi 

CE-nop'-i-des 

O-ra'-U 

Pa-cho'-mi-ua 

Pan-tel'-e-ua 

Pau'-lu-luB 

Pe-ric'-ly-tua 

(E-nop'-i-on 

Or-bi-a'-na 

Pa-chym'^-r«» 

Pan-ther-a 

Pau'-lua 

Per-ic-ti'-o-na 

(E-not'-ro-pa? 

Or-bic'-i-ua 

Fac-i-a'-nus 

Pan-thre'-dua 

Pau-san'-i-BB 

Per-i-e'-res 

(E-no'-trus 

Or-bil'-i-ua 

Pa-cid'-H 

Pan'-tho-ua 

Pau'-si-aa 

Pe-rig'-e-ne* 

(E-o-ba'-zoa 

Or'-bi-ua 

Pa-cil'-i-na 

Pan'-ti-aa 

Pau-si'-raa 

Fer-i-la'-u* 

(E'-o-clua 

Or-bo'-na 

Pa-co-ni-a'-noa 

Pan-tu-le'-i-ua 

Piiu-sis'-tra-tm 

Pe-ril'-luB 

O5-ol'-y-cua 

Oi^-chi-ua 

Pa-co'-ni-ua 

Pan-ur'-gaa 

Pau'-son 

Per-i-ine'-de 

(E-d'-nna 

Or-chiv'-i-tu 

Pac'-o-rua 

Pa-nf-a-Bia 

Pax 

Per-i-me'-da* 

CB-sal'-ces 

Or-choin'-e-uua 

Pac'-ti-oa 

Pa-pae'-ua 

Pax-te/4 

Per-i-me'-l« 

(E-tol'-i-nus 

Or-civ'-i-ua 

Pac'-ty-aa 

Paph'-i-a 

Fax'-a-muB 

Fer'-i-pbu 

CE-tos'-y-rua 

Or-dovM-cea 

Pa-cal'-U 

Paph'-OB 

Pa-zal'-laa 

Per-i-phS'-taB) 

OMy-lua 

O-re'-a-dea 

Pa-ctt'-vi4 

Pa'-pi-a 

Pe-da'-ni-UB 

Pe'-ro 

O-fel'-la 

O-re'-as 

Pa-cu'-vi-M 

Fa'-pi-aa 

Pe-dar'-i-taj 

Pe-TOl'-U 

O-fel'-lm 

O-rei'-thy-l» 

Pse'-an 

Pa-pin-i-a'-nus 

Pe-da'-ri-oj 

Per-pen'-n» 

O-fi'-li-tu 

O-rea'-tea 

Pae-i'-ni-iu 

Pa-pin'-i-UB 

Ped-i-i'-noa 

Per-pei'-na 

O-go'-a 

O-res'-theua 

Pee'-on 

Pa-pr-ri-nB 

Ped'-i-aa 

Per-pet'-u-ai 

O-gul'-ni-UB 

O-rea-til'-la 

P8e-5'-ni-« 

Pa'-pi-UB 

Ped-i-as'-i-mus 

Per-s«e'-UB 

O-gjf-gea 

Or-get'-o-rix 

Pee-o'-ni-ua 

Pap'-poa 

Ped'-i-ua 

Per'-se 

O-gy'-gua 

Or-i-ba'-si-o* 

Pee-ris'-a-dM 

Pa-pua 

Ped'-o 

Pcr-se'-i-des 

O-!'-clea 

O-rig'-e-nea 

Pse-ti'-nna 

Pap'-y-loB 

Pe-du-rae-S'-nus 

Per-seph'-o-UB> 

O-i'-lena 

O-rf-on 

Pee'-tua 

Pa'-ra 

Pe-dQ'-cse-ua 

Per'-aea 

Ol'-bi-a-dea 

Or'-me-nus 

Pag-a-sse'-UB 

Par'-a-luB 

PS'-ga-sua 

Per'-aeoB 

O'-len 

Or'-neua 

Pa-gon'-daa 

Par'-cffl 

Pei-ree'-ua 

Per"-si-cuB 

O-len'-m-us 

Or-no-do-pan'-tea 

Fal-e-ol'-o-gni 

Par'-dns 

Pei-ran'-thus 

Per'-si-us 

O'-len-oa 

Or-ny-ti-on 

Pa-lse'-mon 

Pa-re'-go-ro« 

Pei'-ra-suB 

Per1  -so 

Ol'-li-aa 

Or'-ny-tua 

Pa-lK'-pha-toa 

Pa-reF-a 

Pei-re'-ne 

Per'-tl-nax 

Ol-o-pber'-nea 

O-ro'-dea 

Pa-laea-tr-nua 

Par'-ia 

Pei-rith'^)-UB 

Pes-ceu'-ni-o» 

Ol'-o-rua 

O-rre-ban'-ti-us 

Pal'-a-nias 

Pa-ria'-a-dea 

Pei'-ro-OB 

Pes-si-nun'-tte 

Ol'-tha-cnn 

O-roe'-aea 

Pal-a-m€'-des 

Par-men'-i-dea 

Pei-san'-der 

Pet'-e-oa 

O-lyb'-ri-ns 

O-roe'-tea 

Pal-a-t!'.nua 

Par-men'-i-on 

Pel-se'-nor 

Pet'-i-caa 

O-lym'-ni-ua 

Or'-o-lua 

Pal'-ea 

Par-men-is'  -cua 

IVi'-si-as 

Pe-til'-li-m 

O-lym'-pi-a-coB 

O-rom'-«-don 

Pal-fu'-ri-ua 

Pai'-me-non 

Pei-8id'-i-ce 

Pe-ti'-nea 

O-lym'-pi-aa 

O-ron'-tes 

Pal-i-ca'-ntu 

Par-men'  -siB 

Fei-ais-trat'-i-dai 

Pet-o-Bi'-rif 

O-lyin'-pi-cua 

O-ron'-ti-na 

Pal'-i-eua 

Par'-mys 

Pel-sis'  -tra-tus 

Pe-trae'-a 

.  O-lyin-pi-o-d8/-rua 

O-ron-to-bfi'-tea 

Pal'-la-das 

Par-nafi'-sus 

Pel'  -son 

Pe-trae'-u» 

O-lym'-pi-on 

Or-o-phei'-nea 

Pal-lad'  -i-oB 

Par-ne'-thi-ue 

Pei-thag'-o-nu 

Pe-tre'-i-oi 

Olym-i>i.ii»'-the-nes 

O.r5'-ai.u» 

Pal-lan'-trt 

Par  noo'-i-ua 

FeT-tno 

Pet'-ri.chM 

Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


5326 


Pe-trt-cor'-di-us 
Pe'-tro 

Phe-reu'-i-cus 
Pher*-es 

Phil-o-za'-e 
Phil'-ti-aa 

Pi-lum'-nus 
Pim-plS'-is 

Po-lcm'-i-us 
Po-leni'-o-cles 

Pou'-ti-cus 
Pon-tid'-i-a 

Pe'-tron 

Phe-re'-ti-as 

Phi-lQ'-me-nus 

Pi-nS'-ri* 

Pol-e-moc'-ra-tes 

Pon-tid'-i-us 

Pe-tro'-nas 

Pher-e-tr-nia 

Phi-lus'-ci-ua 

Pi-na'-ri-oa 

Pol'-e-mon 

Pon-ti-flc'-i-ug 

Pe-tro'-nl-a 
Pe-tro-ni-a'-nus 

Phe-re'-tus 
Pher'-on 

Phi-lyl'-li-ua 
Phil'-y-ta 

Pm'-dar-u» 
Pin'-na 

Pol'-i-as 
Pol'-i-chus 

Pon-til'-i-ug 
Pou-tiu'-i-og 

Pe-tro'-ni-us 
Pe-tro-sid'-i-us 

Pe'-trus 

Phe-rii'-sa 
Phi'-a-lus 
Phi-gal'-i-a 

Phi'-neus 

Pliin'-ti-as 
Phleg'-on 

Pin'-nes 
Pin'-ni-ns 
Pin;-thl* 

Pol'-i-eus 
Pol-i-or-cF-tes 
Pol'-is 

Pon'-ti-ug 
Pon'.tus 
Po-pil'-li-a 

Peu-ces'-taa 
Peu-cct'-i-us 
Phac'-ra-sea 
PhtC  -ax 

Phig'-a-lus 
Phil'  -a 
Phil-a-del'-phus 
Phi-las'-ni 

Phleg'-y-as 
Phle'-on 
Phli'-aa 
Phob'-us 

Pi'-nus 
Pin'-y-tos 
Pi'-o-nia 
PI'-pa 

Pol'-i-tes 
Pol-i-tt'-cho* 
Pol'-la 
Pol'-les 

Pop-u-18'-ni* 
Por'-ci-a 
Por-cr-n» 

Ph«'-di-ma 

Phl-liB'-iils 

Pho'-cas 
Pho'-cl-on 

Pi'-si-a» 
Pi'-ao 

Pol'-lex 
Pol-li-&'-nu« 

Por'-ci-ng 
Por-phyr'-i-o 

Phae'-di-mua 
PhaV-don 
Phae'-dra 
Ph»'-dri-ag 
Phaj'-drus 
Phao'-i-nus 

Phil'-a-ger 
Phil-ag'-ri-us 
Phil-ara'-mon 
Phi-lar'-e-tus 
Phil-ar-gyr'-i-n» 
Phil'-e 

Pho'-cus 
Pho-cyV-i-d«8 
Phoe-bi'-dl-us 
Phoe'-be 
Phoe'-bi-das 
Phce'-bus 

Pi'-son 
Pis'-ti-us 
Pis'-ton 
Pis-tox'-«-nui 
Pit-a-nS'-tia 
Pit-a-ne 

Pol'-H-o 

Pol'-lia 
Pol-ltt'.tU 
Pol'-lux 
Po'-lua 
Pol-y-as'-nus 

Por-phyr'-i-on 
Por-phyr'-i-u* 
Por-pliy-ro-gen'-i-ta» 
Por'-ri-ma 
Por'-aen-a,  Por-gff-M 
Por-tli&'-on 

Phai'-mon 
Phse-nar'-e-t* 
Phai'-ne-aa 
Phas-nip'-pua 
Pham'-na 
Phsn'-nug 
Phajn'-op* 

PhffiS  -tu8 

Pliil'-e-aa 
Phi-le'-me-nug 
Phi-l?-mon 
Plii-lf-si-a* 
Phi-le'-sius 
Phil-e-tse'-nu 
Phi-lff-tas 

Phoe-nic'-i-dei 
Phoe'-nlx 
Phol'-us 
Phor'-bas 
Phor-bT-nM 
Phor'-ci-des 
Phor'-cus 

Pith-o-la'-u* 
Pith'-oo 
Pif-i-o 
Ht'-ta-cus 
Pif-the-us 
Pit'-y-reu» 
Pit-ys 

Pol-y-an'-thes 
Pol-y-a-ra'-tus 
Pol-y-ar'-chus 
Pol-y-bf-a-des 
Po-lyb'-i-us 
Pol-y-boe'-a 
Pol-y-bo'-tes 

Por-ti-ca'-nug 
Por-ta'-nug 
Po'-rus 
Pos'-ca 
Po-sei-dip'-pug 
Po-aei'-don 
Po-sei-do'-ni-ngj 

Pha'-e-thon 
Pha-e-thon'-ti-as 
Pha-e-tha'-a» 
Pha-gf-ta 
Pha-lae'-cug 
Phal'-a-erus 
Pha-lan'-thog 
Phal'-a-ria 
Phal'-cea 
Phal'-e-as 
Pha.le'-reus 
Fha-le'-ri-on 
Pha-Ie'-rus 

Phi-ir-tes 
Phi-left'-me-no* 
Phil'-eus 
Phil'-i-a-das 
Phil'-i-das 
Phi-lin'-na 
Phi-lf-nus 
Phi-lip'-pi-cus 
Phi-lip'-pi-des 
Phi-lip'-pus 
Phi-lis'-cua 
Phl-lis'-ti-on 
Phi-lis'-tis 

Phor-cyn'-i-des 
Phor'-nii-on 
Phor'-mis 
Pho-r5'-neus 
Pho-ro'-nis 
Phos'-pho-rus 
Pho-ti'-nus 
Pho'-ti-us 
Phox'-i-das 
Phra-at'-a-OM 
Phra-a'-tes 
Phrad'-mon 
Phran'-ia 

Pi'  -us 
Pix-o'-da-ru» 
Pla-cid'-i-a 
Platf-i-dus 
Plac'-i-tus 

Pl8B-t6'.ri-U8 

Plag-u-W-i-ua 
Plan-ci'-na 
Plan'-ci-u* 
Plan'-cu* 
Flan'-ta 
Pla-nu'-de* 
Pla-tse'-a 

Pol'-y-bus 
Pol-y-cS'-ou 
Pol-y-car'-pus 
Pol-y-cas'-te 
Po-lych'-a-res 
Pol-y-nhar'-mus 
Pol-y-clei'-tus 
Pol'-y-cles 
Pol-yc'-ra-tes 
Pol-yc'-tor 
Pol-yd'-a-mas 
Pol-y-dam'-na 
Pol-y-dec'-tes 

Po-sl'-dea 
Poa-sid'-i-ug 
Poa'-sis 
Pos-tu'-ml-a 
Pos-ta'-mi-ug 
Poat-u-mu-le'-nnt 
Poaf-u-mua 
Post-ver'-U 
Post-va'-lg, 
Po-tam'-i-ug 
Pof-a-mo 
Pot'-a-mon 

Po-thffi'-U8 

Phi-lis'-tus 

Phra-or'-tes 

Plat-o 

Pol-y-deg'-mon 

Po-thei'-nug 

Pha'-me-aa 

Phil-lS'-ti-u» 

Phra-aa-or'-tes 

Pla-tO'-ni-M 

Pol-y-deu'-ces 

Po-thi'-nug 

Phil'-lls 

Phraa'-l-us 

Plaf-or 

Pol-y-d6'-ra 

Poth'-og 

Phan'-i-as 
Phan'-o-cles 
Pha-noc'-ri-tus 
Phan-o-de'-mua 
Pha-nod'-i-cus 

Phil'-ly-r» 
Phil'-o 
Phi-loch'-a-res 
Phil-o-charM-das 
Phi-loch'-o-rus 

Phrat-a-gO'-ne 
Phrat-a-pher'-nea 
Phrlx'-us 
Phron'-Us 
Phron'-ton 

Plau'-ti-a 
Plau-ti-a'-nus 
Plau-til'-la 
Plau'-ti-u» 
Plau'-tus 

Pol-y-d5'-rus 
Pol-y-ci'-des 
Pol-y-ei'-dua 
Pol-y-»ttc'-tus 
Pol-yg-n8'-tU8 

Pot'-i-tug 
Po-to'-ne 
Praj-cil'-i-ng 
Pre-co-nT-nng 
Pr85-ne8-ti'-n« 

Pha-nom'-a-chua 
Pha-nos'-the-ne» 
Phan'-o-teus 
Pha-noth'-e-* 

Phil'-o-cles 
Phi-loc'-ra-tes 
Phi-loc-te'-tes 
Phil-o-da-mef-a 

Phryg'-i-a 
Phry-gil'-lu» 
Phry-lus 
Phry-ne 

Plei'-a-des 
Ple'-i-on^ 
Pleis-tie'-ne-tui 
Pleis-tar'-chua 

Po-lyg'-o-nus 
Pol-y-hym'-ni-a 
Fol-y-i'-dus 
Pol-y-me'-de 

Praj'-sena 
Prae-tex-ta'-tm 
Praf-i-naa 
Prax-ag'-o-rag 

Phan-tas'-i-B 
Phan'-tOD 

Phil-o-dS'-mua 
Phil-o-de'-mua 

Phry-uich-Ui 
Phry-nis'-cu« 

Pleis'-the-nea 
Pleis-to'-a-nax 

Po-ly-me'-la 
Pol-ym-nes'-tus 

Prax-aa'-peg 
Prax'-i-aa 

Pha'-on 

Phi-lod'-i-ce 

Phryn'-nls 

Ple-min'-i-us 

Pol-ym'-ni-a 

Prax-id'-a-mmg 

Pha-rac'-i-das 
Pha-ras'-mau-es 
Pha'-rax 
Fha'-rig 

Phi-lod'-o-tu» 
Phi-lce'-tius 
Phi-log'-e-neg 
Phil-o-la'-us 

Phry-non 
Phry'-nus 
Phthf* 
Phthl'-us 

Plem-nae'-us 
Plen'-ni-us 

Ple-siin'-a-chui 
Pleu-rS'-tus 

Pol-y-nei'-ces 
Pol-y-pff-mon 
Pol-y-phan'-taa 
Pol-y-phe'-mus 

Prax-id'-i-ce 
Prax-il'-la 
Prar'-i-on 
Prax-lph'-a-DM 

Phar-ma-cef-a 
Phar-niac'-i-des 
Pliar-na-lia'-zus 
Phar'-na-ces 

Phi-lom'-a-chui 
Phil-o-ma'-t«r 
Phil-o-me'-la 
Phil-o-me-lei'-des 

Phur'-ne» 
Phur-nu'-tM 
Phyl'-a-cus 
Phy-lar'-chu» 

Plett'-ron 

Plex-ip'-pns 
Plin'-i-us 

Pol'-y-phron 
Pol-y-po-S'-tes 
Pol-y-spei'-chon 
Pol-y-steph'-a-nus 

Prax'-i-taa 
Prax-it'-c-les 
Prax-ith'-«-» 
Prax'-o 

Pliar-na-pa'-teg 
Phar-nas'-pes 
Phar-mi'-chug 
Phar'-us 
Phar-y-g»'-« 
Pha'-sia 

Phil-o-me'-lua 
Phil-ora-nes'-tus 
Phil-o-ma'-sus 
Phil'-on 
Phi-lon'-i-cus 
Phi-lon'-i-des 

Phy-las 

Phy-leus 
Phyl'-i-daa 
Phyl'-li-dM 
Phyl'-lis 

Plis-to-nf-Ctti 
Ploc'-a-mus 
Plo-tf-na 
Plo-tr-nus 
Plo'-ti-ua 
Plu-tai'-chui 

Po-lys'-tra-tug 
Pol-y-tech'-nu8 
Pol-y-ti'-mus 
Po-lyx'-e-na 
Po-lyx-en'-i-das 
Po-lyx'-e-nua 

Prec'-i-a 
Prec-i-a'-nm 
Prec'-i-U8 
Prep-e-la'.ng 
Pres'-bon 
Fre-sen-te'-i-ns 

Pha-yl'-lu» 
Phe-ci-a'-nug 
Phe'-geus 
Phei'-di-as 

Phi-lon'*-« 
Phi-lon'-o-me 
Phi-lon'-o-mus 
Phi-lop'  -a-tor 

Phyl-lod'-o-ce 
Phy-rom'-a-chua 
Phys-a-def-a 
Phya'-ai-as 

Pla'-ti-on 
PW-to 
PHV-ton 

PlO'-tus 

Po-lyx'-o 
Pol-y-ze'-los 
Po-mo'-na 
Pom-pas'-di-ug 

Pri'-a-mus 
Pri-a-pS'-ti-ng 
Pri-ap'-ug 
Pri-mi-gen'-l-« 

Phei-dip'-pi-dos 
Phei-dip'-pus 
Phei'-don 
Phe'-mi-us 
Phe-mon'-o-« 
Phen'-e-us 

Phil'-o-phron 
Phil-o-poe'-men 
Phi-lop'-o-nus 
Phil-o-steph'-a-nu 
Phil-o-stor'-gi-us 
Phi-loa'-tra-tus 

Phyt'-a-lu» 
Phyf-on 

Pic'-tor 
Pi-cum'-no» 
Pf-cua 

Plu'-vi-us 
Pny-tag'-o-raa 
Pod-a-ler-ri-u» 
Po-dar'-ces 
Po-dar'-ge 
Poj'-as 

Pom-pe'-i-a 
Pom-pe-i-8'-nug 
Pom-pS'-i-us 
Pom-pil'-i-ua 
Pom-p6'-ni-a 
Pom-p8'-nl-ua 

Pri'-inus 
Pris'-ca 
Fria-ci-a'-nog 
Fria-cil'-la 
Pris-cll-li-a'-nai 
Pris-ci'-nu» 

Phi-lo'-ta 

Pl'-er-i-des 

Poe-man'-der 

Pom-po-si-S'-nus 

Pris'-cog 

Phe-rau'-las 
Pher'-e-clus 

Phi-lo'-tas 
Phi-loth'-eus 

Pi'-er-us 

Pi'-et-a» 

Poe'-na 
Poe'-ni-us 

Porap-tl'-nus 
Pom'-py-lug 

Pri-ver'-nag 
Pro-ae'-re-si-ul 

Phe-rec'-ra-tes 

Pil'-i-a 

Po-go-nS'-tua 

Pon'-ti-a 

Prob'-a 

Pher-e-cy-de» 

Phi-lox'-e-nm 

Pol-e-mar'-chus 

Pon-ti-a'-nm 

Prob'-ug 

iUhnr 


Pr.-;..  -  j 


Fr.c  --.- 


.-•--;  * 

r-ha 
• 
K-t* 


?.      ;   -: 


.-        ^ 


5*    ^ 

S>.  -i 


*.  :i 


Si..  4 


-i-  ;: 


^.  -- 


i< .--: 


i-r-v.  --i-: 


Se-rf- 


..  S- 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


5327 


Bi-leii-ti-a'-n-u« 

So-sip'-pufl 

Sthen'^-le 

Tan'-a-grn 

Te'-nes 

Tlie-o-dec'-tes 

Si-le'-nus 

8d'-sis 

Sthen'-e-lut 

Tan'-a-quil 

Ten'-nes 

The-od'-o-cus 

Bi-lic'-i-m 

So-sis'-tra-tus 

Stlien'-is 

Tan'-ta-luB 

Te-ram'-bus 

1  lir-o-ilw'-ra 

8il'-i-o 

So-sith'-eus 

Stlieu'-i-ua 

Ta-nu'-si-l 

Te-ren'-ti-a 

The-o-do-r6'-tuB 

Sil'-i-us 

Sos'-i-us 

Stich'-i-us 

Ta-nu'-si-UB 

Te-ren-ti-a'-nua 

The-o-do-ri'-cus 

SU'-lax 

Sos'-pit-a 

Stil'-ba 

Tilpll'-i-U8 

Ter-en-til'-la 

The-o-do'-ri-da* 

Bil'-o 

Sos'-the-ne8 

8til'-i-oho 

Tap'-po 

Ter-en-til'-lua 

The-o-do'-rua 

Sil'-us 

8os'-tra-tus 

Stil'-o 

Tap'-pu-luB 

Te-ren'-ti-UB 

Tliivo-dii  si-u» 

Sil-vi'-noB 

So'-sus 

Stil'-po 

Tar"-a-cu» 

Te'-res 

The-od'-o-ta 

8il'-vi-u» 

So'-ta-des 

Stim'-u-l* 

Ta-ran'-tuB 

le'-reuB 

The-o-du'-ti-uB 

Sim-a-ris'-tuB 

So-tei'-ra 

Sti'-pax 

Tar1  -as 

Te-ril'-lus 

The-od'-o-tus 

Sim'-e-on 

So'-ter 

Stxj-bK'-aii 

Ta-ra'-ti-a 

Ter'-mi-nOB 

rhe-og'-e-nes 

8im'-i-lis 

So-te'-ri-chn» 

Stol'-o 

Ta-rax-ip'-pua- 

Ter-paa'-der 

The-og-nc'-tuB 

Sim'-ml-a* 

So-te'-ri-cus 

Stom'-i-ua 

Tar-che'-si-ua 

Terp'-uus 

The-og'-uis 

Sim'-o-is 

Sci-tG'-ri-Uaa 

Strab'-ax 

Tar-che'-ti-as 

Terp-sich'-o-ro- 

The-og-nos'-ttM 

Si-mo'  -iii-des 

8o'-ti-on 

8trab'-o 

Tar'-eon 

Terp'-si-ele» 

The-ol'-y-tUB 

Bim'-plex 

So-zora'-e-nus 

Stm-te-go-pa'-lus 

Tar-con-dim'-o-tuB 

Terp'-si-oa 

The-om'-e-don 

Bim-i>lic'-i-us 

Spar-ga-pi'-ses 

Strat'-i-us 

Tar'-pa 

Ter-ra-sid'-i-u» 

The-o-mes'-tor 

Si'-niu-lut 

Spar1  -siis 

Straf-o-clea 

Tar-pe'-i-a 

Ter'-ti-a 

The-om-na8'-to» 

Si'-mus 

Spar'-ta 

8trat'-o-la> 

Tar-quin'-i-OB 

Tei'-ti-us 

The-om-nes'-ta» 

Sf-nis 

Spai^-ta-cus 

8trat'-on 

Tar-quit'-I-us 

Ter-tul-li-a'-nus 

The'-on 

Sin'-na-col 

Spar-ti-a'-nus 

Strat-o-nf-co 

Tar-run-te'-nuB 

Ter-tul-li'-nu8 

The-on'-das 

8iu'-o-e 

Siai^-toa 

Strat-o-ni'-cus 

Tar'-ta-ras 

Ter-tul'-lus 

The-on'-o-e 

Bin'  -on 

Sper-o 

Strat'-Us 

Ta-rtt'-ti-us 

Tes'-ta 

The-oph'-a-ne 

Si-uo'-pe 

8pen'-di-tu 

Strom-bicli'-I-des 

Tas-ge'-tl-UB 

Te'-thys 

Tlie-oph'-a-nea 

Bip'-y-los 

Spen'-don 

8tron-gyl'-i-on 

Tat-i-a'-nua 

Tet'-ri-cu« 

The-o-phi-li»'-cu» 

Si-pyi'-rhi-cas 

8pe-rS'-tus 

8troph'-i-u» 

Tat'-i-us 

Tet'-ti-ua 

Tlie-oph'-i-lus 

Bi-re'-nes 

Sper-cher-as 

Struc'-tus 

Tau'-re-a 

Teu'^ser 

The-o-phras'-tUB 

Si-rio'-i-us 

Spei'-thi-as 

Stru'-thas 

Tau'  -re-us 

Teu'-ta 

The-o-phy-lac'-fcoi 

Si-ra'-na 

8peu-sip'-pu» 

Styra-phi'-Il-des 

Tau'-ri-ea 

Teu-ta'-mi-at 

The-o-pom'-pus 

Si-sam'-nes 

Sphae'-rus 

Stym-pha'-lns 

Tau-ri'-noB 

Teu'-ta-mos 

The-op'-ro-pue 

8i-sen'-na 

Bphod'-ri-as 

Su'-bu-lo 

Tau'-ri-on 

Teu'-ta-ruB 

The-o-seb'-i-« 

Sis'-i-nes 

Spin'-tha-rus 

Su-e'-di-us 

Tau-ris'-cus 

Teu'-thras 

The-o-ti'-muB 

Bis-y-gnrn'-bU 

Spin'-ther 

Su-e'-ti-us 

Tau-ro-ceph'-a-luB 

Teu-ti'-a-plu» 

The-ox'-e-na 

Sis'-y-phus 

Spith-ri-dr-tes 

Su-e-td'-ni-UB 

Tau-rop'-o-lis 

Teu'-ti-cua 

The-ox-«'-nl-UB 

Si-tal'-cei 

Spi-tyn'-chas 

Su-fe'-nas 

Tau'-rua 

Tha'-is 

The-ox'-e-nnB 

Si'-thon 

8pod'-l-ns 

Bu'-i-daa 

Tax'-i-les 

Thal'-a-muB 

The-ox'^>-ta8 

8i'-to 

8pon'-gi-a 

Sul'-ca 

Ta-yg'-e-te 

Tha-laa'-sn 

The-ram'-e-nat 

Bif-ti-ui 

Spmi  .si-a'-nns 

Sul'-la 

Teb'-rus 

Tha-las'-si-M 

The-rap'-ne 

Six'-tus 

Spoi'-us 

Sul-pic'-l-a 

Tec-mes'-SB, 

Tha-lel'-a 

The'-niB 

Slnrr'-dis 

Spu-rin'-nA 

Sul-pic-i-a^-noB 

T«c-tfie'-us 

Tlia]-e-la'-a§ 

The'^i-clea 

8mer-doin'-e-ne8 

Spu-ri'-nus 

Sul-pio'-i-us 

T»g-e-a'-t«8 

Thal'-es 

The-rim'-a-ehu» 

Smf-lis 

Spur'-i-us 

8um-nia'-nua 

Teg'-u-la 

Tha-le'-tas 

The-rod'-o-m* 

Siniu'-lheoi 

Squil'-U 

Sti'-per-a 

Te-gyr'-i-OB) 

Tha-le'-tifl 

Ther'-mus 

Smyr'-na 

8quil'-lus 

Su-pei'-bas 

Tei-re'-8i-aB 

Tha-li'-a 

The'-ro 

8o-K'-raua 

8ta-be'-ri-n» 

Su-per-i-S'-nus 

Tel'-a-inon 

Thal'-lo 

The'-ron 

So'-cles 

SUd'-i-eas 

8u'-ra 

Tel'-chin 

Tlliil'-luB 

Ther-san'-der 

So'-cra-teB 

Btal'-li-us 

Sur-din'-l-os 

Tel-chi'-nes 

Thal'-na 

Thcr-al'-tes 

Hn;'-Miis 

8taph'-y-ln» 

Su-re'-nas 

Te-leb'-o-a» 

Tlial'-pl-ua 

ThS'-seus 

So-fo'-iii-us 

Sta-san'-der 

Su-sa'-ri-on 

Te-le-clei'-de» 

Tliam'-y-ri» 

The-sim'-e-nav 

Sog-di-a'-nus 

8t«-sa'-nor 

sy-a-ger 

Te'-le-clen 

Tham'-y-nM 

Thes'-rai-* 

So-li'-nus 

8tas'-e-as 

Sy-chaB'-ns 

Te'-le-clus 

Than'-a-toa 

Thea-pel'-a 

Sol'  -on 

8ta-sic'-ra-tei 

Sy-en'-ne-sis 

Te-leg'-o-nus 

Thau'-ma-coB 

Thes'.pis 

So'-mii 

8ta-sl'-nU8 

Syl-va'-nu» 

Te-lem'-a-chus 

Thau'-mas 

Thes'-pi-n» 

Soni'-ims 

Stas'-i-ce-cm 

Syl'-vl-ns 

Te-lem'-nas-tUB 

The-sr.-te'-tus 

Thea-aa-lo-nf-o 

8i7.pat-er 

8ta-sip'-pus 

Sy-me 

Te'-le-mus 

The-ag'-e-neB 

Thes'-sa-lua 

8o-ph»'-ne-ta8 

Sta-tei'-ra 

Sym'-ma-chn» 

Te-le-ni'-cu» 

The-a'-ges 

Thes'-tl-tiB 

8o-phag-a-sS'-nu> 

Bta-ti-a'-niu 

Sym-pos'-i-m 

Tel'-e-on 

The-a'-no 

Thes'-tor 

So'-pha-nea 

Bta-til'-i-a 

Syn-cel'-lus 

Te-leph'-a-nM 

The-ar'-i-das 

ThetT-is 

Soph'-i-a 

8ta-til'-i-ua 

Sy-ne'-si-us 

Tel-e-phas'-sa 

The-ar'-i-deB 

TIiett'-da» 

Boph-i-S'-nua 

Sta-ti'-nus 

Syn'-no-on 

Te'-Ie-phus 

The'-be 

Thim'-broa 

Bo'-phi-lus 

Sta'-ti-ns 

Syn'-ti-pas 

Tel'^s 

Thei'-a 

Tiiia'-be 

Soph'-o-clea 

Stat'-or 

Syn'-tro-phtffl 

Tel-e-sai'-cht-de* 

Thei'-aa 

Th6'-on 

Bo-i'hon'-i-aa 

8ta-t6'-ri-n> 

Syph'-ax 

Tel-e-sar'-chuB 

Thei'-o-dal 

Tho-ra'-nl-o* 

Soph-o-nia'-ba 

8tau-ra'-ci-u» 

Syr'-i-a-cus 

Te-les'-i-as 

TheF-80-a 

llio'-rax 

Boph'-ron 

Stel'-la 

Syr-i-a'-nns 

Te-les'-i-clOB 

Thelx-f-on 

Thras'-e-a 

Soph-ro-nis'-cOB 

Ktcl'-li-o 

Syr'-lnx 

Tel-e-sil'-la 

Them'-ls 

'Iliras'-l-ue 

So-phron'-i-UB 

Sten'-i-os 

Syr'-muB 

Tel-e-si'-nuB 

Them'-i-son 

Thras'-on 

Soph'  -us 

Sten'-tor 

Syi'-us 

Tel-e-sip'-pa 

The-mis'-ta 

Thra-aon'-i-dM 

Bop'-o-lls 

8ten-y-cl?-ra» 

Tel'-e-sis 

Them-is-tag'-o-mB 

Thraa'-y-M 

8op'-y-li8 

8teph'-a-nus 

Tel'-e-son 

The-mis'-ti-us 

Thras-y-bQ'-lu» 

So-ra'-nua 

8ter-cO'Ji-n« 

Tab'-a-los 

Te-los'-pho-ru* 

Tlie-mla'-to 

Tliras>y-d8e'-ni 

8o-r6'-ri-a 

Ster'-o-pe 

Tac-fa-rl'-na* 

Te-les'-tas 

The-mls-to-clef-* 

Thra-syl'-la 

So-san'-der 

Ster'-o-pes 

Tac'-i-ta 

Te-leii'-ti-as- 

The-mis'-to-cles 

Thra-syl'-lus 

SosM-a 

8ter-tin'-i-ns 

Tac'-l-tus 

Te'-li-nes 

Them-ia-tog'-e-lies 

Thra-sym'-a-chn» 

Sos-i-a'-nus 

Ste-sag'-o-ras 

Ta-con'-i-de* 

Tel'-lin 

The-mis'-tua 

Thras-y-my-deB 

Soa'-i-as 

Ste-san'-der 

Tse'-na-rus 

Tel'-luB 

The-o-chres'-tus 

Tha'-cle» 

Bo-sib'-i-M 

Ste-alch'-o-rus 

Ta-las'-si-na 

Tel-mis'  -al-HB 

The'-o-cles 

Thu-cyd'-i-de* 

So'-si-cles 

Bte-si-cler-des 

Tal'-a-ns 

Tel-phtt'-sa 

The-oc'-li-na 

Thu-dlp'-pnB 

So-sic'-ra-teB 

;    Stf-si-clM 

Ta-lei  -des 

Te'-lys 

The-o-clym'-e-nn8 

Thu-gen'-i-de« 

So-sig'-e-nes 

8te-sim'-bro-ta» 

Tal'-na 

Te-men'-l-dB> 

The-o-cos'-muB 

Tha'-ro 

Bo-si'  -nua 

Stl>ei'-no 

Tal-thyb'-l-oi 

Tem-«n-I'-tes 

The-oc'-ra-tes 

Thy-as 

So-slp'-a-ter 

Stlie-ne-boj'-a 

Ta-mis'-i-OB 

Tem'-e-nus 

The-oc'-ri-nes 

Thy-es'-tw 

8o-siph'-a-nea 

Sten-e-lS'-i-da* 

Tam'-os 

Temp-aa'-noB 

The^c'-ri-tQB 

Thym-brae'-u» 

Bo-nip-  .o-lis 

8then'*-lM 

Tam'-phi-luB 

Tcu'-er-n« 

The-o-cy-deB 

Thym'-e-la 

5328 


Classical  and  other  Ancient  Names. 


Thym'-i-lus 

Ti-tin'-i-a 

Tur-ci-ua 

Va-ra'-nes 

Vib-i-e'-niiB 

Xan-tliip'.paa 

Thy-moch'-a-res 

Ti-tin-i-a'-nua 

Tur'.dus 

Va-re'-nus 

Vi-bil'-l-us 

Xaii'-tlms 

Tby-mce'-tes 

Tl-tin'-i-ua 

Tor'-i-a 

Var--gu-la 

Vib'-i-us 

Xe-nse'-us 

Thy-mon'-das 

Tif-l-oa 

Tu-rib'.i-u» 

Var-gun-te'-i-ua 

Tib-Q-la'-uua 

Xe-nag'-o-raa 

Thy^'-ne 

Ti-tu'-ri-na 

Tui'-i-ua 

Va-ril'-i-a 

Vib-u-lS'-nua 

Xe-nar'-cnu» 

Thy-o'-neus 

Ti-tur'-ni-ua 

Tur'-nua 

Var-i-sid'-i-ua 

Vi-bul'-li-us 

Xen  -a-rt-s 

Thy-phei'  -ti-dea 

Tit'-us 

Tur-pil'-i-a 

Var'-i-os 

Vic'  -a 

2en'-i-a 

Thyi'-suB 

Ti'-tyr-us 

Tur-pil-i-a'-nua 

Var'-ri-us 

Vic'-tor 

Xe-ni'-a-aea 

Thy-us 

Tit'-y-os 

Tur-pil'-i-ua 

Var'-ro 

Vic-to'-ri-a 

Xen'-i-aa 

Tib-er-i'-nus 

Tle-pol'-e-rau* 

Tur'-pi-o 

Var-ro-ni-i'-uua 

Vic-to-ri'.ims 

Xeu'-i-on 

Ti-be'-ri-OB 

TmO'-lus 

Tor-ra'-ni-oa 

Va'-rus 

Vic-to'-ri-us 

Xen-o-cler-« 

Ti-boe'-tes 

Tol'-mi-des 

Tnr-ri'-nus 

Vat'-i-a 

Vic'-trix 

Xen-o-clei'-<ieft 

Ti-liul-lus 

To-lum'-ni-ua 

Toi'-rna 

Va-ti-ca'-nus 

Vi-gel'-li-ua 

Xen'-o-cles 

Ti-bur'-ti-UB 

Tol'-y-nua 

Tur-sg'-li-aa 

Va-tin'-i-us 

Vl-gil'-i-ua 

Xe-noc'-ra-tes 

Tic'-i-da 

Toni'-y-ris 

To-rul'-li-us 

Vec'-cus 

Vil'-li-ua 

Xe-noc'-ri-tus 

Ti-cin'-i-us 

Ton-gil'-i-us 

Tua-ci-i'-naa 

Vec-ti-e'-nus 

Vin-cen'-ti-ua 

Xen-o-da'-tnus 

Ti-gel-li'-nua 

To-ran'-i-us 

Tus-cil'-i-ua 

Vec'-ti-ua 

Vin'-dex 

Xc-nod'-i-ce 

Ti-gel'-li-us 

Tor-qua'-ta 

Tus'-cua 

Ve'-di-ua 

Vin-dic-i-S'-nua 

Xe-noe'-taa 

Ti-grS'-nea 

Tor-qua'-tos 

TQ-te-lI'-n» 

Ve-get'-i-ua 

Vin-dic'-i-us 

Xen-o-me'-dea 

TU'-li-us 

Tox'-euB 

Tu'-ti-a 

Ve-hil'-i-na 

Vin-dul'-lus 

Xen'-on 

Til-pha'-aa 

Tor-ot'-i-ua 

Tu-ti-ca'-uua 

Ve-i-a'-ni-us 

Vi-nic-i-a'-nus 

Xe-noph'-a-ne» 

Ti-iu.i-'-ii 

Trab-e-a 

Tn-til'-i-us 

Te-i-an-ti'-noa 

Vi-nic'-i-us 

Xen-o-]ili;ni  -u*a 

Ti-nue'-ne-tua 

Tra-cha'-lua 

Tu'-ti-us 

Ve-i-en'-to 

Vin'-i-us 

Xe-noph'-i-lua 

Ti-niifi'-us 

Tra-gis'-cus 

Ttt'-tor 

V^j'-o-via 

Vf-o-lens 

Xen'-o-phon 

Ti-mag'-e-nes 

Tra  ja'-nus 

Tych'-e 

Ve-lS'-ni-oa 

Vip-sa'-ni-a 

Xer'-xes 

Ti-ma-gen'-i-daa 

Tnm-be'-lus 

Tych'-i-coa 

Yel'-e-da 

Vip-sa'-ni-us 

Xiph'-a-res 

Ti-ma-gen'-i-des 

Tran-quil-h  -na 

Tych'-i-ua 

Ve'-li-na 

Vir'-bi-us 

Xij  li-i-h'-nua 

Ti-mag'-o-ras 

Traii-quil'-lus 

Tych'-on 

Vel-le'-i-us 

Yir-dum'-a-rua 

Xtt'-thus 

Ti-ioau'-dra 

Trau'-lua 

Tf-deua 

Vel-lo-ca'-toa 

Vir-gil-i-a'-nua 

Ti-uiau'-tbes 

Tre-ljat'-i-us 

Tym'-nes 

Ve-nl'-ll-a 

Vir-gil'-i-ua 

Ti-mai-'-chi-dei 

Tre-bel-li-a'-nus 

Tym'-pan-na 

Ven'-no 

Vir-gi'-ni-« 

Za-cyn'-thua 

Ti-niiii-'-chus 

Tre-bel-li-f-nua 

Tyn-dar'-eus 

Ven-no'-ni-ua 

Vir-gi'-ni-os 

Z&'-greus 

Ti-mar'-e-te 

Tre-bel'-li-oa 

Tyn-dar'-i-on 

Ven-tid'-i-us 

Vir-i-a'-thus 

Za-leu'-cus 

Ti-uia'-si-on 

Treb'-i-ua 

Ty-phoe'-oa 

Ven-n-le'-i-a 

Vir-i-dom'-a-rua 

Zal-nicx  -is 

Tim-a-sith'-e-ua 

Tre-bo-ni-S'-nua 

Ty-phon 

Ven-u-le'-i-ua 

Vir-i-pla'-ca 

Za-molx'-ia 

Ti-ma'-si-UB 

Tre-bo'-ni-us 

Ty-ran'-ni-on 

Ven'-us 

W-i-us 

Zan'-clua 

Ti-nie  -si-as 

Tre-mel'-li-ua 

Tyr-i-as'-pes 

Ve-nus'-tna 

Vil'-tUB 

Zar-bi-e'-uoa 

Ti-inoch'-a-res 

Trera'-u-lus 

Ty-ro 

Ve-nu'-ti-us 

Vis-cel-li'-nua 

Zar-.ex 

Ti-moch'-a-ria 

Tri-a'-ri-a 

Tyr-rhF-nua 

Ve-ra'-ni-a 

Vis-e'-i-ua 

Zar-i-ad'-re* 

Tim-o-elef-a 

Tri-a'-ri-os 

Tyi'-rheua 

Ve-ra'-ni-us 

Vi-sel'-li-ua 

Zar'-zas 

Tim'-o-cles 

Tri-bo-ni-a'-nus 

Tyr-fae'-ua 

Ve-rS'-ti-ua 

Vi-aid'-i-ua 

Zeg-a-be'-uu* 

Ti-moc'-ra-tea 

Tri-btt'-nua 

Ve-.rax 

Vis'-o-lus 

Ze'-i-laa 

Tl-moc'-re-on 

Tric-ei-S'-nus 

Ver-cin-get'-o-rlx 

Vi-tal-i-a'-nua 

Ze'-lus 

Ti-moc'-ri-tuB 

Tri-cip-i-ti'-nua 

U-caT-e-gon 

Ver-gas-il-lau'-uua 

Vi'-tal-ia 

Ze'-naa 

Tim-o-la'-ua 

Tri-co-lo'-noa 

Ul-pi-a'-nna 

Ver-gil-i-a'-nus 

Vi-tel-li-a'-oot 

Ze'-neoa 

Ti-mol'-e-on 

Tri-cos'-tus 

Ul'-pi-ua 

Ver-gil'-i-us 

Vi-tel'-li-ua 

Ze-ui-ce  -to» 

Ti-mom'-a-choa 

Tri-gem  i-nua 

Ul'-tor 

Ver-gob'-re-tua 

Vit'-i-a 

Ze'-nis 

TT-moii 

Trig-o-nei'-a 

U-lya'-sea 

Ve-ri'-na 

Vi-tra'-si-UB 

Ze'-no 

Ti-mo'-nax 

Tri'-o-pas 

Ulu-bre'-nuA 

Ver'-min-a 

Vi-trtt'-vi-ua 

Ze-nob'-i-a 

Ti-mo'-ni-des 

Triph'-y-lns 

Um-brie'-i-ua 

Ver'-rea 

Vit'-u-loa 

Ze-nob'-i-ua 

Ti-moph'-a-nes 

Trip-tnl'-e-mna 

Um-bro'-ni-n» 

Ver-.ri-us 

Vir-i-a'-nua 

Zen-o-do'-roa 

Ti-moa'-the-nea 

Tri-te'-a 

Um-mid'-i-a 

Ver-ru-co'-sua 

Vo-co'-ni-ua 

Ze-nod'-o-tua 

Ti-mos'-tra-tas 

Tri-tan'-nus 

Um-mid'-i-ua 

Ver-ti-cor'-di-« 

Voc'-u-U 

Ze'-non 

Ti-motb'-e-ua 

Tri-tan  -tech'-mes 

O'-pis 

Ver-tum'-nus 

Vo-la-ci'-nua 

Ze-no'-nl-a 

Ti-mox'-«-nua 

Tri'-ton 

G'-ran-l-a 

Ver-u-doa'-ti-u< 

Vol-ca'-ti-ua 

Ze<noph'-a-nea 

Tin'-ca 

Tri-to'-nia 

U-ran'-i-us 

Ver-u-la'-na 

Vol'-e-ro 

Ze-notb'-e-mia 

TT-phys 

Trce'-zon 

O'-ran-na 

Ver-u-la'-nus 

Vol'-e-sua 

Zeph-y-ri'-tia 

Ti-re'-ai-aa 

Trog'-us 

Ur'-bi-ca 

Ve'-rus 

Vol'-ni-ua 

Zeph'-y-rua 

Tir-i-lia'-zna 

Tro'-Mus 

Dr-bic'-l-na 

Vea-cu-la'-ri-ua 

Vo-log'-e-seB 

Zc-ryn'-tlii-a 

Ti-ri-da'  tea 

Troph'-i-loa 

Ut'-bi-cus 

Ves'-pa 

Vol'-aci-os 

Ze'-tes 

TT-ro 

Troph'-i-mua 

Ur-gn-lii'-ni-a 

Ves-pas-i-S'-noa 

Vo-lum'-ni-ue 

Ze'-thus 

Tl'-ryns 

Tro-ph8'-ni-ua 

Ur-gu-la-nil'-lm 

Ves-pas'-i-UB 

Vo-lup'-i-a 

Zeus 

Ti-aag'-o-raa 

Try-ph«e'.na 

Ur-sa'-ia-us 

Ves-pil'-lo 

Vo-lu-se'-nus 

Zeux'-i-a-dea 

Ti-sam'-e-nua 

Tryph'-er-us 

Ur-si-ci'-nua 

Ves'-ta 

Vo-lu-si-a'-nua 

Zeux-i-da'-mafl 

Ti-san'-der 

Tryph-i-o-do'-rua 

Ur'-soa 

Vea'-U-« 

Vo-lu'-si-us 

Zeax-ip'-pe 

Ti'-si-as 

Tryph-o-ni'-nna 

Ves-til'-i-ua 

Vol'-U-8U8 

Zeux-ip'-pua 

Ti-sic'-ra-te* 

Ttt'-bero 

Ves-ti'-iin.s 

Vol-u-ti'-na 

Zeux'-is 

Ti-si-G'-iius 

Tn-ber'-tna 

Vac'-ca 

Ves-tor'-i-UB 

Vo-r,5'-nea 

Zi-bce'-tes 

Ti-siph'-o-ne 

Tub7  ujua 

Vac'-cna 

Vea-trit-i-ua 

Vo-pis'-cua 

Zig-a-be'-nup 

Ti-sipb'-o-nas 

Tuc'-ca 

Va-cu'-!ia 

Ves'-tri-us 

Vo-ra'-nus 

Z6'-e 

Ti-sip'-pua 

Tnc'-ci-a 

Val'-ena 

Ve-til'-i-na 

Vo-ti-e'-nua 

Zoe'-tena 

Tis-sa-phei'-nes 

Tno'-cl-ua 

Val-en-tin-i-a'-nna 

Vet-ti-e'-nus 

Vul-ca'-nua 

Zo'-i-lua 

Tl'-tan 

Tu-dic'-i-oa 

V»-len-ti'-nua 

Vet-ti-us 

Vul-cS'-ti-ua 

Zo'-na-nu 

Ti-ta-re'-si-ua 

Tu-dl-tS'-nua 

Va-lcn'-ti-us 

Vet-u-U'-nua 

Vnl'-ao 

Zo-pyr*-i-on 

Ti-tho'-iius 

TO'-gi-o 

Va-ler'-l-a 

Ve-tul'.|< 

Vul-W'-i-ua 

Zo'-py-rua 

Ti-thfi'-e-ft 

Tnl'-ll-a 

Ta-ler-i-S'-nua 

Ve-tO'-ri-a 

Vul-tur'-ci-us 

Zo'-ro-as'-ter 

T1-thraus'-te« 

Tnl-lf-nna 

Va-let'-i-ua 

Ve-ttt'-ri-us 

Xo-rn-ns'-trea 

Tit-i-ii'-iia 

Tnl'-li-ua 

Val'-gi-ua 

Vet'-ns 

Zu'-si-nius 

Tit-i-i'-noa 

Tul'-lus 

Val'-li-ns        1. 

Vi-ben'-na 

Xan'-tbe 

ZoB-te'-ri-* 

Tif-i-aa 

Tu-ra'-ni-u» 

Van'-gi-o 

Vi-bid'-U 

Xan'-tiii-cles 

Zof-i-cua 

Tl-tid'-i-oa 

Toi'-bo 

Vau'-iu-ui 

Vi-bid'-i-ua 

Xaa'-thip'-pe 

Zyg-J* 

ABBREVIATIONS  AND  CONTRACTIONS 

IN  GENERAL  USE. 


A.,  a.  Adjectiye. 

A.  Alto. 

A.,  am.  Answer. 

a.,  &  (Lat.  ad),  To;  at. 

a.  Hi.  The  like  quantity  of  each. 

A.A.O.,  Assistant  Adjutant-Gen- 
eral. 

A^t.A.S.,  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 


A.A.S&  (Lat.  Academics  Antiqua- 
rinte  Societatii  Sociiu.)  Member 
of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society. 

A  B.,  Able-bodied  Seaman. 
A.S.  (Lat.   artium    bacealaureui), 

Bachelor  of  Arts. 
Abbr.,  Abbrea.  Abbreviated,  Ab- 
breviation. 
Abl.,  ablat.  Ablative. 
Abp.  Archbishop. 
A.B.H.    American   Bible  Society. 
A.C.  (Lat.  ante  CAralum),  Before 

Christ. 
A.C.A,  American  Congregational 

Association. 
Ace.,  Acau.  Accusative. 
Ace.,  Acrt.  Account. 
A.D.  (Lat.  anno  Domini),  In  the 

year  of  our  Lord. 
A  J).C.  Aide-de-camp. 
Ad.,  advt.  Advertisement. 
Adj.  Adjective. 
Adji.  Adjutant. 
Ad  lib.,  Ad  libit.  (Lat.  ad  libitom), 

At  pleasure. 
Adn.  Admiral. 
Admr.  Administrator. 
Admx.  Administratrix. 
Adv.  Adverb. 

M.,  AX.  (Lat.  atattt),  Of  age,  aged. 
A.F.A    Associate  of  the  Faculty 

of  Actuaries. 

A.O.,  Agt.-Oen.  Adjutant-General. 
Af.  (Lat.  argentum).  Silver. 
Agl.  Dtp!.   Agricultural  Depart- 
ment. 

Afr-,  Agric.  Agriculture,  agricul- 
tural. 

Afft.  Agent. 

AM.  (Lat.  anno  Segira),  In  the 
year  of  the  Hegira,  or  flight  of 
Mohammed. 

A.H.S.   (Lat.  anno  hvmana  salu- 
tit).  In  the  year  of  human  salva 
tlon. 
A.I. A.  Associate  of  the  Institute 

of  Actuaries. 
AX.C.  Associate  of  King's  Col 

lege,  London. 
A.L.OJB.    American   Legion    o 

Honor. 

Al.,  Ala.  Alabama. 
Alas.  Ter.  Alaska  Territory. 
Aid.  Alderman. 
Ale*.  Alexander. 
A(f.  Alfred. 
Alg  Algebra. 
A.M.  (Lat.  anno  mundi),  In   th 

year  of  the  world. 
AM.  (Lat.  ante  mericUta.).   Before 

BOOB. 


AM.  (Lat.  artium  magiittr),  Mas- 
ter of  Art*. 

Am.,  Amer.  America,  American. 
Am.  Am.  Sci.  American  Associa- 
tion  for   the   Advancement   of 
Science. 

Amer.  Phil.  Sac.  American  Philo- 
sophical Society. 
Ami.  Amount. 
A.N.  Anglo-Norman, 
an.  (Lat.  anno),  In  the  year. 
Anal.  Analysis. 
Anal.  Anatomy,  anatomical. 
Anc.  Ancient. 
Anon.  Anonymous. 
Ana.  Answer. 
A.NJS.S.  Associate  of  the  Normal 

School  of  Science. 
Anl.,  Antiq.  Antiquities,  Antiqua- 
rian. 

Anthrop.   Anthropology,   Anthro- 
pological. 
Aor.  Aorist. 
A.O.U.   American  Ornithologists 

Union. 
A.O.U.  W.  Ancient  Order  of  United 

Workmen. 
Af.,  App.  Apostle,  apostles. 

^  Apl.  April. 

A  poc.  Apocalypse,  Apocrypha. 
Apog.  Apogee. 
App.  Appendix. 
appro*.  Approximate,  -ly. 
Apr.  April. 

A  J'.S.  Associate  of  the  Pharma- 
ceutical Society. 
Aq.  (Lat.  aqua).  Water. 
A.P.A.  American  Protestant  As- 
sociation, American  Protectiv 
Association. 

A.Q.M.   Assistant  Quartermaster 
A.Q.M.O.    Assistant  Quartennas 

ter-General. 
A.  R.   (Lat.   anno  regni),  In  the 

rear  of  the  reign. 
Ar.  Arab.  Arabic,  Arabian. 
r^  Arr.  Arrive,  arrives,  arrived 
arrival. 
A.R.A.    Associate  of  the   Boy»l 

Academy. 

Arab.  Arabic,  Arabian. 
Aram.  Aramaic. 
Arch.  Architecture. 
Arehaol.  Archaeology. 
Archd.  Archdeacon. 
A.R.B.A.  Associate  of  the  Boy  a 

Hibernian  Academy. 
Arith.  Arithmetic,  Arithmetical. 
Ariz.  Arizona. 
Ark.  Arkansas. 
Arm.  Armorican,  Armenian. 
Arr.  Arrive,  arrives,  arrived,  8 

rival. 

A.R.K.  (Lat.  anno  regni  regis  o 
regina).  In    the    year    of    th 
king's  (or  queen's)  reign. 
A.SJS.A.  Associate  of  the  Boy 

Scottish  Academy. 
A.R.S.M.   Associate  of  the  Boy 
School  of  Mines. 


rt.  Article. 

JS.,  A.-.S.  Anglo-Saxon, 

at.  Assistant. 

.SJS.U.  American  Sunday  School 

Union. 

styr.  Assyrian. 

ttrol.  Astiology. 

tlron.  Astronomy,  astronomical. 

.T.8.  American  Tract  Society. 

tty.  Attorney. 

Uy.-Qen.  Attorney-General. 

,.V.A.  American  Unitarian  As- 
sociation. 

il.U.C.  (l«t  anno  urbit  condita), 
In  the  year  from  the  building  of 
the  city— Borne. 

,ug.  Augmentative. 
Aug.  Augustus ;  August. 
Auxtt.  Auxiliary. 
A.V.  Authorized  version. 
A.V.  Artillery  Volunteers. 
Avoir.  Avoirdupois. 

S.Bass;  Book. 

B..  Brit.  British. 

6.  Born. 

B.A.  Bachelor  of  Arts.    [A.B.] 

Bolt.,  Balto.  Baltimore. 

Bank.  Banking. 

Bap.,Bapt.  Baptist. 

Bar.  Barrel,  Barometer. 

Bart.,  Bt.  Baronet. 

Bat.,  Bait.  Battalion. 

66i.,  bblt.  Barrel,  Barrel*. 

B.C,  Before  Christ 

B   Ch.  (Lat.  baccalaureut  ehi.ur- 

gice),  Bachelor  of  Surgery. 
B  CL.   (Lat.  baccalawnut    civilit 

legit).  Bachelor  of  Civil  Law. 
B.D.  (Latooecalauiwj  <«t>in«a/t«), 

Bachelor  of  Divinity. 
Bd.  Bound. 
Bdls.  Bundles. 
Bdt.  Bound  in  boards. 

Beat.  Bedfordshire. 

Belg.  Belgic,  Belgian. 

Ben.,  Benj.  Benjamin. 

Berkt.  Berkshire. 

Bib.  Bible,  Biblical. 

Biog.  Biography,  biographical. 

Biol.  Biology,  biological. 

B.L.,  B.LL.  (Lat  ooMoJoureiw  le- 
gum),  Bachelor  of  Laws. 

bis.  Bales. 

B.M.  ( Lat.  baccalaureut  medicina), 
Bachelor  of  Medicine. 


B.M.,  B.Uta.  (Lat  baccalaureut 
muticif),  Bachelor  of  Music. 

B.O.  Branch  Office. 

Boeh.  Bohemian,  or  Czech. 

Bost.  Boston. 

Bat.  Botany,  botanical. 

B.O.U.  British  Ornithologists' 
Union. 

Bp.  Bishop. 

Br.,Bro.  Brother. 

Bret.  Bas-Breton.  or  Celtto  of  Brit- 
tany. 


Brig.  Brigade. 

Brig.-gen.  Brigadier-general. 

Brit.  Britain.  Britannia,  British. 

Bachelor  of  Surgery. 

B.Se.  (Lat.  baccalaureus  tcientia), 

Bachelor  of  Science. 
B.S.L.  Botanical  Society,  LondOB. 
Bt.  Baronet. 

Buckt.  Buckinghamshire. 
Burl.  Burlesque. 
buth.  Bushel. 

B.  V.  Blessed  Virgin. 
B.V.M.  Blessed  Virgin  Ms»y. 
bx.,ba.  Box,  boxes. 

C.  Cent,  cents;  Centigrade;  Cen- 
time, centimes ;  a  hundred. 

C.,  Cap.  (Lat.  caput),  Chapter. 
C.A.  Chartered  Accountant. 
Oil.  California. 
Cam.,  Camb.  Cambridge. 
r.  Cambridgeshire. 
Cant.  Canticle. 
Cant.  [Caniaur.] 
Cantab.   (Lat.    Cantabrigitmtb),  of 

Cambridge. 
Cantuar.,  Cant.  (Mid.  Lat.  Cantuat- 

ria),  Canterbury. 

Cap.  (Lat.  caput),  Capital,  Chapter. 
Caps.  Capitals. 
Capt.  Captain. 
Card.  Cardinal. 
Corp.  Carpentry. 
Oath.  Catharine. 
Cath.  Catholic. 

C.B.  Companion  of  the  Bath. 
C.C.  Catholic  clergyman,  Catholic 

curate. 

C.D.S.O.  Companion  of  the  Dis- 
tinguished Service  Order. 
C.D.  V.  Carte-de-visite. 
C.B.  Civil  engineer. 
del.  Celsius. 
Celt.  Celtic. 

Cent,  (centum),  A  hundred;  Centi- 
grade. 

Centig.  Centigrade. 
Cert.,  Ctrtif.  Certify,  certifleate. 
Qf.  (Lat.  confer),  Compare. 
C.  ft.  Cubic  feet. 

C.O.  Coastguard ;  Commissary-gen- 
eral. 
C.O.8.     Centimetre-gramme- seo- 

ond. 

Ch.  Church ;  Chapter. 
Chat.  Chaldron. 
ChaL,  Chald.  Chaldee. 
Chan.  Chancellor. 
Chap.  Chapter. 
Chat.  Charles. 

Chem.  Chemistry,  chemieal. 
Ch.  Bitt.  Church  Hist«ry. 
Chic.  Chicago. 
Chin.  Chinese. 
Chr.    Christl;   Christian,  CtriBto 

pher. 

CVw«.    Chronology,    chronologi- 
cal. 


84-Vol.  IV. 


6330 


Abbreviations  and  Contractions. 


C.I.  Order  of  the  Crown  of  India. 
C.l.B.  Companion  of  the  Order  o 

the  Indian  Empire. 
din,  Cincinnati. 
Ot.  Citation ;  Citizen. 
Civ.  Civil. 
C.J.  Chief  Justice. 
d.  Clergyman. 
Clou.  Classical, 
at.  Clerk. 
s.m.  Centimetres. 
CM.  Certificated  Master;   Com 

mon  metre. 
CM.    (Lat.     chirurgltB     maffuter) 

Master  in  Surgery. 
C.M.  O.  Companion  of  the  Order  o; 

St.  Michael  and  G«orge. 
C.M.Z.S.   Corresponding  Member 

of  the  Zoological  Society. 
Go  Company;  county. 
C  J.D.  Cash  on  delivery ;  Collect 

(payment)  on  delivery. 
Cogn.  Cognate. 
Oil  Colonel ;  Colonial;  Colossians 

Column. 
Cot  Colorado. 
Coll.  College. 

Co/log.  Colloquial,  colloquialism, 
colloquially. 

Com.  Commander;  Commerce 
Commissioner;  Committee 
Commodore;  Common. 

Omm.  Commentary ;  Commerce. 

Camp.  Compare ,  Comparative ; 
Compound,  compounded. 

Cumpar.  Comparative. 

Oompot.  Composition. 

Cum.  tier.  Common  version, 

Con.,  contra.  (Lat.),  Against 

Con.  Or  Contra  credit 

Conch.,  Conchol.  Conchology. 

Cong.  Congregation,  Congrega- 
tional, Congregationalist;  Con- 
gress 

Conj.  Conjunction. 
Conn.  Connecticut 
Con.  Sec.  Conic  sections. 
Omtr.  Contracted,  contraction. 
Cop.,  Copt.  Coptic. 
Cvr.  Corinthians. 
Car.  Mem.  Corresponding  member. 
Corn.  Cornwall,  Cornish. 
Corrup.  Corruption,  corrupted. 
Cor,  See  Corresponding  secretary. 
Cot.  Cosine. 
C.P.  Clerk  of  the  Peace ;  Common 
Pleas. 

C.P.C.  Clerk  of  the  Privy 
ell. 

CJ'.y.  (Lat.  cusloi  pritiati  tigilli), 
Keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal. 

Cr.  Credit,  creditor. 

C.R.  (Lat  Civut  Stmanui),  Roman 
citizen. 

CX.  (Lat.  natal  ro&»to™n).Kec?ci 

of  the  Bolls. 
Orct.  Crescendo. 

Crim.  con.  Criminal  conversation, 
or  adultery. 

Crystall.,  Cryitalloy.  Crystallogra- 
phy. 

CJS.A.  Confederate  States  of* 
America 


CS.  Courtof  Session,  Clerk  to  the 

Signet 
C.SI.  Companion  of  tb»  Star  of 

India. 
COu.  Casks. 

a  (Lat  emtum).  a  hundred. 
O.  Court 

Q ,  Ui»n.  Connecticut. 
(J.T.  Certified  eacher. 

C.T.A.U.    Catholic  Total     Absti- 
nence Union. 

CTC  Cyclist  Touring  Clu». 


On.  (Lat.  cuprum),  Copper. 
Cub.,  Cu.ft.  Cubic,  Cubic  foot. 
Cur.,  Curl.  Current — this  month. 

Cict.,  A  hundredweight;  hundred 
weights. 

QIC.  Cyclopaedia. 

D.  Deputy. 

<J.  (Lat.  denariut,  denarii),  A  pe: 

ny,  pence. 
d.  Died. 

Dan.  Daniel ;  Danish. 
Dot.  Dative. 
Dav.  David. 

D.  C.  (Ital.  da  capo),   From  the  be- 
ginning. 

D.C.,  Dttl.  Otl.  District  of  Columbi 
D.C.L.  Doctor  of  Civil  (or  Canon 
Law. 

D.C3.  Deputy  Clerk  of  Session. 

D.D.  (Lat.  ilirinilalu  doctor).  Doc 
tor  of  Divinity. 

D.D.D.  (Lat.  dot,  dicat,  dedicat 
He  given,  devotes,  and  conse- 
crates. (The  formula  by  whic 
anything  was  consecrated  to  th 
gods  or  to  religions  uses  by  th 
Romans ;  still  used  in  funeral  in 
scriptions.) 

D  D.3.  Doctor  of  Dental  Surgery 

Dec.  December. 

decim.  Decimetre. 

Def.  Definition. 

Deft.  Defendant. 

Deg.  Degree,  Degrees. 

Del.  Delaware. 

Del.  (Lat.  delineavit),  He  (or  she 
drew. 

Dtp.,I>cpl.  Department. 
Dep.  Deputy. 
Der.  Derived,  derivation. 
Deut.  Deuteronomy.  ' 

D.F.  Dean  of  the  Faculty,  Defender 

of  the  Faith. 
D.  O  (Lat  Dei  gratia).  By  the  grace 

Did.  Dictionary. 

Dim.,  Dimtn.  Diminutive. 

Dit,  Ditct.,  Discount 

DM.  District 

Div.  Divide;  Dividend;  Division 

DiTisor. 

DJM.,  D.Lia.  Doctor  of  Literature 
D.L.O.  Dead  Letter  Office. 

.,  O.  Mia.  Doctor  of  Music. 
Do.  (Ital.  ditto).  The  same. 
Doe.  Document. 
Dolt.  Dollars. 

Dom.  Earn.  Domestic  Economy. 
Doz.  Dozen. 
Dpi.    Deponent 

Dr.  Debtor ;  Doctor;  Dram,  drams, 
Dram.  Dramatic,  dramatically. 
D.S.   (Ital.  dal  tegno),  From    the 

sign. 

D£c.  Doctor  of  Science. 

D.  T.  (Lat.  doctor  theologia),  Doctor 

of  Theology. 
Du.Dvt.  Dutch. 
Dub.  Dublin. 

Duo.     Itmo.  Duodecimo    (twelve 
folds). 


D  r.  (Lat  Dcovolente),  God  willing. 

Dtct.  (Lat.  denariut,  an  Eng. 
weight).  Pennyweight,  penny- 
weights. 

Dynam.  Dynamics. 

R.  East,  eastern ;  English ;  Edin- 
burgh. 

Ba.  Each. 

B.  A  ram.  East  Aramawn,  generally 

called  Chaldee. 
Eben.  Ebsneser. 
Soar.  (Lat.  Bb*rmeum\,  Y«k. 


B.C.    Eastern  Central;  Establishee 
Church. 

Eccl.,  Ecclet.  Ecclesiastical. 
Ecclet.,  Eccletiol.  Ecclesiology. 
Econ.  Economy. 

Ed.  Editor;  Edition;    Edinburgh 
Bd.,  EJm.  Edmund. 
Etlin.  Edinburgh. 
E.D3.  English  Dialect  Society. 
Bdta.  Edward. 
B.E.  Errors  excepted. 
E.E.D.S.    Early    English    Dial 
Society. 

E.E.T.S.  Early  English  Text  So 

ciety. 
e.g.  (Lat.  exempli  gratia).  For 

ample. 

K.I.  East  Indies,  East  Indian. 
S.I.C.,  B.1.CO.  East  Indian  Com 

pan  jr. 

HI.C.S.   East    India     Company' 
Service. 

Elec.  Elect.  Electric,  electricity. 
F.liz.  Elizabeth,  Elizabethan. 
Emp.  Emperor,  Empress. 
Ency  Encyclo.  Encyclopaedia, 
E.N.E.  East-north-east 
F.ng.  England,  English, 
Eng.  Engin.  Engineer,  Engineer- 
ing. 

Eng.    Dept.  Department  of    En 
gineers. 

But.,  Entom.  Entomology,  entomo- 
logical. 

Bur.  Ext.  Envoy  extraordinary. 

Ephesians;  Ephraim. 
Epiph.  Epiphany. 
Bpia.  Episcopal. 
Epitl.  Epistle,  epistolary. 

.  Equal,  equivalent 
Equiv.  Equivalent 
I-M.  Esdras. 
E.S.E.  East-south  east 
Bsp.,  Espec.  Especial,  especially. 
Esq.,  Esor.  Esquire. 
0.  al.  (Lat.  et  alibi).  And  elsewhere. 
et.  a/.  (Lat.  «<  a/if,  ali<e,  or  alia),  And 

others. 

etc.,  6tc.  (Lat.  et  cetcert,  cateros,  or 
c&tera),  And  others,  and  so  forth. 
Eth.  Ethiopia,  Ethiopian. 
Etfmol.  Ethnology,  ethnological. 
etfq  (\Al.ets'qiientet,<atequenlia), 

And  the  following. 
Btym.    Etymology,  etymological, 

etymon. 

Ei.  Example;  Examined;  Excep- 
tion ;  Exodus. 

Etc.  Excellency ;  Except,  excepted. 
Exch.  Exchange;  Exchequer. 
Eid.  Examined. 
Ki.  Doc.  Executive  Document. 
Exec.  Executor. 
fzecz.  Executrix. 
Ex.  Or.  (Lat.  txtmpH  gratia)  for 

example. 
Eiod.  Exodus. 
Exon.  (Lat.  Exonia),  Exeter. 
Exor.  Executor. 
Ez.  Ezra. 
Eztk   EzekleL 

E.  &  O.E.   Errors  and  omissions 
excepted. 

".  Fellow;  Folio;  Fahrenheit. 
Farthing,  farthings. 
,/'m.  Feminine. 
Franc,  f runes. 
Foot,  feet 
Fahr.  Fahrenheit 
Far.,  farr.  Farriery. 
.».&  Fellow  of  theSodety  of  Arts. 

F.  AA.lt.     Free    and   Accepted 
Masons. 


F.A.S.E.  Fellow  of  the  Antiquarian 

Society,  Edinburgh. 
F.BS.E.  Fellow  of  the  Botanical 

Society  of  Edinburgh. 
F.C.  Free  Church  of  Scotland. 
Fcp.  Foolscap. 
F.C.P.S.   Fellow  of  the  Philosoph- 

ical Society,  Cambridge 

F.C.S.  Fellow  of  the  ChemlcalSo- 
ciety. 

F.D,Fid.  Def.  (Lat.  fidei  De/ennr), 

Defender  of  the  Faith. 
Feb.  February. 
Fee.  (Lat/««/),  He  or  she  did  It. 

F.E.I.S.  Fellow  of  the  Educational 

institute  of  Scotland. 
Fern.  Feminine. 

F.E.S.  Fellow  of  the  Entomological 
Society. 

Feud.  Feudal 

F.F.  V.  First  Families  of  Virginia. 

FO.S.   Fellow  of  the  Geological 

Society. 
F1A.  Fellow  of  the  Institute  of 

Actuaries. 

F.I.C.  Fellow  of  the  Chemical  In- 
stitute. 

Fid.  Def.  [F.D.J 
Fieri  facia*. 


Fig.  Figure,  figures,  figurative,  fig- 
uratively. 

Finn.  Finnish. 

F.K.O.C.P.I.  Fellow  of  the  King's 
and  Queen's  College  of  Physi- 
cians, Ireland. 

Fl.     Flemish;     Florin,    florins: 

Flourished. 
Fla.  Florida. 
Flem.  Flemish. 

F.L  S.  Fellow  of  the  Linnsjan  So- 
ciety. 

F.X.  Field-marshal. 
Fo.,  fbl.  Folio. 

P.O.  Foreign  Office:  Field-officer. 
F.O.B.  Free  on  board. 
For.  Foreign. 
Fort.  Fortification. 
P.P.  Fire-plug. 

F.P.S.  Fellow  of  the  Philological 
Society. 

Fr.  France,  French:  Francis; 
Francs. 

fr.  From. 

F.R.A.S  Fellow  of  the  Royal  As- 
tronomical  Society. 

F.R.C.P.  Fellow  of  the  Boyal  Col- 
lege of  Physicians. 

F.R  C.P.E.  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  Edin- 
burgh. 


Fellow  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons. 
'R.a&E.  Fellow  of  the  Boyal  (3ol- 
legfl  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh. 

R&.C&I.  Fellow  of  the  Boyal  CM- 
lege  of  Surgeons,  Ireland. 

Fred.  Frederick. 

Freq.  Frequentative. 

LB.G.S.  Fellow  of  the  Boyal  OM- 
graphical  Society. 

'.R.H.S.  Fellow  of  the  Boyal  He* 
ticultural  Society. 

'.R.Hut.S.    Fellow  of  the  Boyal 
Historical  Society. 
Fri.  Friday. 
Priet.  Friesland. 
Frit.  Frisian. 


..   Fellow  of  the  itoyal 

Meteorological  Society. 

F.RM.S.  Fellow  of  the  Boyal  Mi- 

croscopical Society. 

F.R.S.  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
F.RS.E.  Fellow  of  the  Boyal  So- 
ciety, Edinburgh. 

F.R3.L.  Fellow  of  the  Boyal  So- 

ciety of  Literature. 
F.R.S3.  Fellow  of  the  Boyal  Sta- 
tistical Society. 


Abbreviations  and  ContractiroiB. 


f&A.  Fellow  of  the  Society  of 

Arts,  or  of  Antiquaries. 
F-S.AJScol.   Fellow  of  the  Society 

of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland. 
ft.  Foot,  feet ;  fort. 
F.T.C.D.  FellowofTrinityCoUege, 

Dublin. 
Flh.  Fathom. 
Fur.  Furlong. 
Ful.  Future. 
F.Z.S.  Fellow  of  th«   Zoological 

Society. 

O.    OeaitiTe;    Guinea,   guineas; 

Gult 

Oa.  Georgia. 
O.A.  General  Assembly. 
Gael.  Gaelic,  Gadhelic. 
Gal.  Galatians. 
Gal.,  Qall.  Gallon,  gallon*. 
Galv.  Galvanism,  galvanic. 
O.A.R.  Grand  Army  of  the  Be- 

public. 

Q.B.  Great  Britain. 
O.B.  &  I.  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land. 

O.C.B.  Grand  Crois  of  the  Bath. 
Q.C.H.  Grand  Crow  of  the  Guelphi 

of  Hanover. 
Q.C.L.H.  Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion 

of  Honour. 
e.CJf.O.  Grand  Cross  SS.  Michael 

and  George. 
Q.C.S.I.  Grand  Commander  of  the 

Star  of  India. 

O.D.  Grand  Duke,  Grand  Duchess. 
(Jen.,  Oenl.  General. 
Gen.  Genesis ;  Genitive. 
Gend.  Gender. 
Omit.  Genitive. 

G«n<.   Omtn.  Gentleman,  gentle- 
men. 

Qeo.  George;  Georgia. 
Geoff.  Geography,  geographical. 
Q«ol.  Geology,  geological. 
Gram.  Geometry,  geometrical. 
Ger.  Germ.  German. 
Gar.  Gerund. 
Of.  Gill,  gills. 

O.L.  Grand  Lodge. 

Qm.  Grammes. 

G.M.  Grand  Master. 

Go.  Goth.  Gothic. 

G.O..V.  Grand  old  man  (applied 
to  Gladstone). 

Guv.  Governor. 

Gov.-gen.  Governor-general. 

Owl.  Government. 

O.P.O.  General  Po»t-Offlce. 

Or.  Grain, grains;  Great;  Greek; 
Gross. 

Gram.  Grammar,  grammatical. 

Gris.  Language  of  the  Orisons. 

Gro.  Gross. 

G.T.  Good  Templars;  Grand 
Tyler. 

Git.  (Lat.  gutta\  Drops. 

Gun.  Gunnery. 

H.  Hour,  hours. 

Eat.  Habakkuk. 

Hag.  Haggai. 

Hanii.  Hampshire. 

If. B.C.  Hudson  Bay  Company. 

B.B.M.  His  (or  Her)  Britannic  Ma- 
jesty. 

B.C.  Heralds'  College;  House  of 
Commons. 

B.C.M.  His  (or  Her)  Catholic  Ma- 
jesty. 

KJC.  (Lat.  hoe  *rt,  Me  a().  Thto  or 
That  la,  here  is. 

Bcb..  JTebr.  Hebrew,  Hebrews. 

JT-E./.C.  Honorable  East  India 
Company. 


B-E.I.OS.  Honorable  East  Indian 

Company's  Service. 
Her.  Heraldry,  heraldic. 
///.  M.  Half-bound. 
If.il.  Horse  Guards. 
H.H.  His  (or  Her)  Highness;  His 

Holiness  (the  Pope). 
Hhd.  Hogshead,  hogsheads. 
B.I.H.  His  (or  Her)  Imperial  High- 
ness. 

HU.  Hilary. 

Hind.  Hindu,  Hindustan,  Hindu- 
slant 

Bitt.  History,  Historical. 
BJ.,  B.J3.  (Lat.  hicjacel,  Mcjacet 
lepullus).    Here    lies,    here  lies 
buried. 

BJf.  His  (or  Her)  Majesty. 
BJf.P.    (Lat.    hoc    monumentum 
potuti),  Erected  this  monument. 
B.M.S.    His  (or    Her)    Majesty's 

Service,  Ship,  or  Steamer. 
Ho.  House. 

Hon.,  Honble,  Honorable. 
Hand.  Honored. 

Bor.,Borol.  Horology,  horologieal. 
Bart.  Bortlc.  Horticulture,  horti- 
cultural. 
Has.  Hosts, 
H. P.  Half-pay;  High-priest;  Horse- 

power. 

H.R.  House  of  Representatives. 
H.R.E.  Holy  Roman  Empire,  or 

Emperor. 
B.R.B.  His  (or  Her)  Royal  High- 

neas. 
B.R.I.P.  (Lat.  Ate  nquiueitin  pate). 

Here  reetn.in  peace. 
Jf.S.  (Lat.  Me  litm).  Here  11««. 
BAH.  His  (or  Her)  Serene  High- 
ness. 

Hum.,  Bomb.  Humble. 
linn..  Bung.  Hungary,  Hungarian. 
Hund.  Hundred. 
Hunts.  Huntingdonshire. 
Byd^  Hydros.  Hydrostatic*. 
Uydraul.  Hydraulics. 
Bydroi.  [HYD.J 
Bypath.  Hypotheal*,  hypothetical. 


L  Island. 

/ft.,  Ibid.  (Lat  ibidem),  In  thesame 

place. 

led.  Icelandic. 
Ich^  Ichthy.  Ichthyology. 
Id.  (Lat  idem).  The  same. 
Ida.  Idaho. 

/.«.  (Lat  id  «0,  That  is. 
I.HJS.  (Lat.  Jiwtu  Sahmtor  Homi- 

num),  Jesus,  the  Saviour  of  Men. 

III.  Illinois. 

Imp.   (Lat.   imperalor),  Emperor; 

Imperial ;  impersonal. 
Imp^Impf.  Imperfect 
7mp«r.  Imperative, 
In.  Inch,  inches. 
Incog.  (ItaL  incognito,    incognita*,, 

Unknown. 

Ind.  India,  Indian ;  Indiana. 
Indie.  Indicative. 
Ind.  Ter.  Indian  Territory. 
Inf.  Infln.  Infinitive. 
In  Km.  (Lat  tn  limine),  At  the  out- 
set 

In.  lac.  (Lat.  in  loco).  In  its  place. 
I.NR  I.  (Lat  Jeau  Katarema  Rm 
ludaorum),  Jesus  of  Naiareth, 
King  of  the  Jews. 
Int.  Insurance. 
Iniep.  Inseparable. 
Int.  Gen.  Inspector  General. 
Init.  Instant,  the  present  month; 

Institute,  institution. 
Int.  Interest. 


Int.  Deft.  Department  of  the  In- 
terior. 

Intent.  Intensive;  Intensative. 
Inter}.  Interjection. 
Intrant.  Intransitive. 
In  trans.  (Lat.  in  trantitu),  On  the 

passage. 

Int.  Rev.  Internal  Revenue. 
Introd.  Introduction. 
lo.  Iowa, 

/.  of  M.  Instructor  of  Musketry. 
I.O.F.  independent  Order  of  Fores- 
ters. 
I.O.Q.T.    Independent   Order  of 

Good  Templars. 
1.0  O.F.    Independent   Order   of 

Oddfellows. 
I.O.R.M.      Improved     Order     ol 

Ked  Men. 
I.OJS.3I.    Independent    Order   of 

Sons  of  Malta. 
I.O.U.  I  owe  you. 
I.P.D.  (Lat.  In  praaentiA  Domino- 
ram),  In  presence  of  the  Lords 
(of  .Session). 

i.o.  (Lat.  idem  quod),  The  same  as. 
IT.  Ireland,  Irish. 
I.R.B.  Irish  Republican  Brother 
hood. 

I.R.O.  Inland  Revenue  Office. 
Irreg.  Irregular. 
It.,  ha.  Isaiah. 
I.S.  Irish  Society. 
III.  Island. 

H.  Sal.  Italy,  Italic,  Italian. 
Itin.  Itinerary. 

/.  Judge ;  Justice. 

J.A.  Judge-advooat*. 

Jan.  Jacob,  Jacobus  (—James). 

Jan.  January. 

J.A.O.  Judge  Advocate  General 

Jan.  Javanese. 

J.G  Jesus  Christ. 

J.C.  Justice-clerk. 

J.CM.   (Lat   iurti  eMIi*  <ta*>r). 

Doctor  of  Civil  Law. 
JJ>.  (Lat.  jurum  doctor).  Doctor  o 

Laws. 

Jer.  Jeremiah. 

J.O.W.  Junior  Grand  Warden. 
JM&  [I.B3.] 
Jno.  John. 
Jour.  Journey. 
Jon.,  Jona.  Jonathan. 
JM.  Joseph. 
Josh.  Joshua. 
Jour.  Journal. 
J.P.  Justice  of  the  Peace. 
Jr.  Juror. 

J.U.D.  (LiA.JurU<ariusgue  doctor 
Doctor  of  both  laws  (t«,  of  dvi 
and  canon  law). 
Jud.  Judith. 
Judy.  Judges. 
Jul.  July;  Julius;  Julian. 
Jul.  Per.  Julian  Period. 
Jun.  June. 
Jiin,  Junr.  Junior. 
Jurtt.  Jurisprudence. 
J.W.  Junior  Warden. 


K.  King ;  Knight 

Km.,  Ki.  Kansas. 

K.B.  Knight  of  the  Bath. 

K.B.  King's  Bench. 

K.C.B.  Knight  Commander  of  tl 

Bath. 
K.C.H.  Knight  Commander  of  the 

Guelphs  of  Hanover. 
K.CJf.G.  Knight  Commander  of 

St.  Michael  and  St  George. 
K.C.S.    Knight  of   the  of  Order 

Charles  III.  of  Spaip. 


'.C.S.I.  KnlghtCommanderoftb* 
Star  of  ludia. 
'.E.  Knight  of  the  Eagle. 
r«»M  Ky.  Kentucky. 
'.(?.  Knight  of  the  Garter. 
:a.S.    Knight   of  the    Golden 
Eagle. 
'.G.C.    Knight    of    the    Grand 

Cross. 

'.G.C.B.   Knight  of   the   Grand 

Cross  of  the  Bath. 

:a.F.    Knight    of    the  Golden 

Fleece. 
K.O.I/.  Knight  of  the  Guelphs  of 

Hanover. 
Ki.  Kings. 
Ktt.  Kilderkin. 
Kilog.  Kilogramme. 
KHom.,Eilo.  Kilometre. 
Kingd.  Kingdom. 
E.I.B.  Knight  of  Leopold  of  Bel- 

glum. 
K.L.H.  Knight  of  the  Legion  of 

Honor. 

K.M.  Knight  of  Malta. 
K.N.  Know  Nothings. 
Kn.SA  Knight  of  the  Loyal  Nor- 
thern Star  (Sweden). 
Knick.  Knickerbocker. 
Knt.  Knight 

E.P.  Knight  of  St  Patriot 
K.  of  P.  Knight*  of  Pythias. 
Ks.  Kansas. 

KJS.  Knight  of  the  Sword  (Sweden). 
Kt.  Knight 
K.T.  Knight  of  the  Thistle;  Knight 

Templar. 
K.T.S.  KnightofTowerandSwonl 

(Portugal). 
Ky.  Kentucky. 

L.  Latin ;  Lake;  Lord ;  Lady. 
L..  (.,  £(Lat.  libra),  Pound,  pound* 
(sterling). 

,  16.,  fc.    (Lat    libra).    Pound, 
pounds  (weight). 
La.  Louisiana. 

L.A.  Law  Agent:  Literate  in  Art*. 
L.A.c.  Licentiate  of  the  Apothe- 
caries' Company. 
Lam.  Lamentations. 
Lapp-  Lappish. 
Lat.  Latin;  Latitude. 
<ft.  Pound,  pounds  (weight). 
L.c.  Lower  case  (lu  printing), 
i.e.  (Lat  loco  citato).  In  the  plat* 

cited. 
L.c.    Lord     Chamberlain;   Lot* 

Chancellor. 

L.C.B.  Lord  Chief-baron. 
L.CJ.  Lord  Chief-justice. 
L.C.P.  Licentiate  of  the  College  ol 

Preceptors. 
Ld.  Lord. 
Ldp.  Lordship. 

L.D.N.  Licentiate  of  Dental  Sur- 
gery. 

Leg.,  Legit.  Leglslature,togislatlvo. 
Leip.  Leipslc. 
Lett.  Lettish,  Lettio. 
Leo..  Leviticus. 
Lex.  Lexicon. 

Lexicog.  Lexicography,  lexicogra- 
pher, lexicographical. 
L.G.  Life  Guards. 
Z.  Ger.     Low   German  or  Platt 

Deutech. 

LJ.  Light  Infantry;  Long  Island, 
Lib.  (Lat  liber).  Book. 
Lib.  Library,  librarian. 
Lieut.,  LL  Lieutenant 
Lieul.-col.  Lieutenant-colonel. 
Lieut-gen.  Lieutenant-general 
Z/i«u/.-gov.  Lieutenant-governor. 
(in.  Lineal,  or  right-line  measures; 
e.g.,  lin.  yd. ;  Tin.  ft,  etc. 


6333 


Abbreviations  and  Contractions. 


Linn.  LiiiuEus,  Linne,  Linnxan. 

Liq.  Liquor,  liquid. 

Lit.  Literally-  literature,  literary. 

Lil.li..  f.it/.li.  (Lat.  Werarum  doc- 
tor). Doctor  of  Literature. 

LM.  Lithuanian. 

Lit.  Livre. 

LL.B.  (Lat.  Ifoiim   baccalaurevi) 
Bachelor  of  Laws. 

LL.D.  (Lai. I tffum  doctor),  Doctor  of 
Law* 

LL.I.  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland. 

L.M.  LoBg  metre. 

Lon.,  Land.  London. 

Lon.,  Long.  Longitude. 

Loq.  (Lat  loquitur),  He  (or  she) 

apeak  B. 

fan.  Louisiana. 
If.  Lordship. 
L.P.  Lord  Provost 
L.S.  Leftside. 
L.S.  (Lat  locui  tifiUi),  Place  of  the 

Lj.d.  (Lat  libra,  tolidi,  denarii), 

Pounds,  shillings,  pence. 
I-l.  Lieutenant 
LI.  Inf.  Liubt  Infantry. 
liuth.  Lutheran. 


m.  Married;  Masculine;  Metre, 
metres;  Mile,  miles;  Minute, 
minutes. 

Hi.    Marquis;    Middle;  Monday; 

Morning. 

if.  (Lat  mille).  Thousand. 
3T.  (Latmeridiw),  Meridian,  Noon. 
3f.A.  Master  of  Arts.    [A.lf.] 
Vac.,  Mate.  Maccabees. 

Mach.,  Machin.  Machine,  machin- 
ery. 

Muil.,Madm.  Madam. 

Slag.  Magyar;  magazine. 

Maj.  Major. 

Hag.-gen.  Major-general. 

Mai.  Malachl;  Malay,  Malayan. 

Han.  Manege. 

Sfanuf.  Manufactures,  msnufactur- 

Ing. 

Mar.  March  ;  Maritime. 
Sfarq.  Marquis. 
Mai.,  Mate.  Masculine. 
Mast.  Massachusetts. 
St.  Ait.  S.  Member  of  the  Astro- 

nomical Society. 
Jfath.   Mathematics,    mathemati- 

cian, mathematical. 
Matthew. 


U.K.  (Lat  medicinal  baeealaureui) 

Bachelor  of  Medicine. 
If.B.  (Lat  muica   baeealaureui). 

Bwjnelor  of  Music. 

If.C.  Member  of  Congress;  Master 

of  Ceremonies. 
itch.  March. 

U.C.P.  Member  of  the  College  of 
Preceptors. 

X.D.  (Lat.  medicines  doctor).  Doctor 

of  Medicine. 
Sfd.  Maryland. 

Mdllt.  (Fr.madmuiteUe),  Miss. 
U.K.    Most   Excellent:    Military 

Engineer;    Mining    Engineer- 

Mechanical  Engineer. 
M.B.  Methodist  Episcopal. 
Hi.  Maine. 

Sfeck.  Mechanics,  mechanical. 
Utd.   Medicine,  medical;  medisv 

Sted.  laL,  Median.  Lot.  Medfaeval 
Latin. 

Mom.  Memorandum,  memoranda. 
Meu.ADtei.  Messages  and  Docu- 
ments. 

'Mturi.  (Fr.  •uutsurt),  Gentlemen. 
Mn.  Metaphysics,  metaphysical. 


Melall.  Metallurgy. 

Metaph.   Metaphysics;  metapho 
ically. 

Meteor.    Meteorology,    meteorolo 

glcal. 

Halt.  Methodist. 
Melon.  Metonymy. 
Mff.  Mexico. 

MM.  Mfi.   Manufactured;  manu 

factures. 

M.F.H.  Master  of  Foxhounds. 
M.S.  Most  Honorable. 
M.H.  Qer.  Middle  High  German 
Mitt.  Mississippi. 
Mich.  Micah. 

M.I.KB.  Membert>f  the  InstituU 

of  Civil  Engineers. 
.Vic.  Michaelmas ;  Michigan. 
Mid.  Middle;  Midshipman. 
Mid.  Lat.  Latin  of  the  Middle  Ages 
Mil^  mm.  Military. 
M.I.M.E.  Member  of  the  Institut 

of  Mining  Engineers. 
Sfin.   Mineralogy,  mineraloglcal 

Minute,  minutes. 
Minn.  Minnesota. 
Min.  Plen.  Minister    Plenlpoten 
tiary. 

iii.  Mississippi. 
Mile.  (Fr.  mademoitcllt).  Miss. 
M.L3.B.  Member  of  the  London 

School  Board. 
MM.  Their  Majesties. 
MM.  (Fr.  meiiieurt),  Gentlemen 
mm.  Mlllemetres ;  Micrometres. 
Mine.  (Fr.  madame),  Madam. 
M.X.AJS.  Member  of  the  National 

Academy  of  Sciences. 
M.NJ3.  Member  of  the  Numisma- 

tical  Society. 
Mo.  Missouri;  Month. 
Mod.  Modern. 
Mud.  (Ital.  moderate).  Moderately. 
Man.  Monday. 
Mom.  (Fr.  moiWMur),  Mr,  Mr. 
Mont.  Montana. 
M.P.  Member  of  Parliament 
H.PJ3.  Member  of  the  Pharmaceu- 
tical Society;  Member  of  the 
Philological  Society. 
Mr.  Master,  Mister. 
M.R.A.S.  Member  of  the  Royal 

Asiatic  Society. 
M.R.C.P.    Member  of   the  Royal 

College  of  Physicians. 
X.B.CJ3.   Member  of   the  Royal 

College  of  Surgeons. 
M.i:.i'.r.S.  Member  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons. 
M.R.Q&  Member  of   the   Royal 

Geographical  Society. 
M.R.T.  Member  of  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution. 
M.R.I.A.    Member  of  the  Royal 

Irish  Academy. 
Mrs.  Mistress. 
M.RJS.L.  Member   of  the  Royal 

Society  of  Literature. 
JfJS.  Master  of  Surgery. 

HA  (Lat«nemor«z«acr«m),8acred 

to  the  memory  of. 
MS.  Manuscript 
MSS.  Manuscripts. 
mo.  mih.  Month. 
Mt^  Mil.  Mount,  mountains. 
Mat.  Museum;  Music, musical. 
Mut.B.  (Lat  muticce  baccalartui), 

Bachelor  of  Music. 
iftu.  D^  Mui.  Doe.,  Mia.  Doct.  (Lat. 

muiea  doctor).  Doctor  of  Music. 
M.W.O.H.    Most  Worthy  Grand 

Master. 
Jfiy*.    Mythology,  mythological.   , 


N.  Noon ;  North  ;  Noun  >  Num- 
ber ;  New  ;  Neuter. 

N.A.  North  America,  North 
American. 

Ifah.    Nahum. 

Nap.    Napoleon. 

Nat.    Natural;  National. 

Nat.  Hi*.    Natural  History. 

Jfal.  ord.    Natural  order. 

flat.  Phil.   Natural  Philosophy. 

Waul.  Nautical. 

N.B.     New     Brunswick ;    North 

Britain  (—Scotland). 
N.B.  (Lat.  nota  bene),  Note   wel 

take  notice. 
N.C.  North  Carolina. 
N.D.,  N.Dak.  North  Dakota. 
N.EL  New  England  ;  North-east. 
Neb.  Nebraska. 
Neg.  Negative,  negatively. 
Neh.  Nehemiah. 

Nem.   am.    (Lat.  nemine  conlradi- 
cente).     No   one  contradicting 
unanimously 

Nem.  dia.  (Lat.  nemine  diitent 
ientf),  No  one  dissenting;  unan 
imously. 

Neth.  Netherlands. 
Ntut.  Neuter. 
Nev.  Nevada. 

New  Teit.,  Jf.T.  New  Testament. 
N.H.  New  Hampshire. 
N.B.  Ger.  New  High  German. 
JV-7.  New  Jersey. 
N.  L.,  If.  Lat.  North  Latitude. 
-V.  M.  New  Mexico. 
N.1/.S.  North-north-east. 
ff.N.W.  North-north-west 
N.O.  New  Orleans. 
No.  (Lat.  numero),  Number. 
f/om.,  Nomin.  Nominative. 
Noncon.  Non-content,  dissentient 
(The  formula  in  which  Members 
of  the  HOUBC  of  Lords  vote.) 
Mm  obit.  (Lat.  non  obttante),  Not. 

withstanding. 
Aon  proi.   (Lat.  non  proseqiiitur) 

He  does  not  prosecute. 
Non  tea.  (Lat.nonirqtdtur),  It  does 

not  follow  (as  a  consequence). 
n,o.p.  Not  otherwise  provided  for 
Nor.,  Norm.  Norman. 
Nor.fr.,Norm.  Fr.  Norman  French, 
Norm.  [NOR.] 

Vone.  Norway,  Norwegian,  None. 
V"j.  Numbers. 
Notti.  Nottinghamshire. 
Nov.  November. 
IT.P.  Notary  public. 

New  style ;  Nova  Scotia. 
nj.  Not  specified. 
ffAJ.C.    (Fr.      Notre      Seigneur 
Jenu  CAritf),  Our  Lord   Jesus 
Christ. 

K  T.  [NEW  TEST.] 
Num.,  Numb.  Numbers. 

ffumit.    Numismatic,     numisma- 
tology. 

W.  W.  North-west, 

tf.W.T.   North-west  Territory. 

If.  Y.  New  York. 

N.Z.  New  Zealand. 

O.  Ohio;  Old. 

ob.  (Lat.  obiit),  He  or  she  died. 

Tbad.  Obadlah. 

Jbdl.,  Obi.  Obedient 
Obj.  Objective. 
.  Obsolete. 

M.  [Ourr]. 

')ct.  October. 
c(.,  Svo.  Octavo. 

>.F.  Odd  Fellows. 

.H, Ger.  Old  High  German. 


O.H.MJS.   On  Her  Majesty's  8e» 
vice. 

Ok.  Ter.  Oklahoma  Territory. 
Old  Test.,  O.T.  Old  Testament 
Ulym.  Olympiad. 
O.M.  Old  Measurement. 
O.M.I.  Oblate  of  Mary  Immaculate 
Op.  Opposite,  opposition. 
O.P.  Order  of  Preachers. 
Opt.  Optative ;  Optics,  optical. 
Or.  Oregon. 

Ord.  Ordinance,  ordinary. 
Ordn,  Ordnance. 
Orig.  Original,  originally. 
Orniln.  Ornithology,  ornithologi- 
cal. 

O.S.  Old  Style;  Old  Saxon. 
0£.A.  Order  of  St.  Augustine. 
O.8.B.  Order  of  St.  Benedict. 
O.S.F.  Order  of  St.  Francis. 
O.T.  [OLD  TEST.) 

O.U.A.M.  Order  of  United  Ameri- 
can Mechanics. 
Or/.  Oxford. 

Ozon.  (Lat.  Oxonia,  Oionieniii), 
Oxford;  of  Oxford. 

Ozonien,  (Lat  Oxonienru),  Of  Ox- 
ford. 

Oz.  Ounce.  [The  z  in  this  contrac- 
tion, and  in  viz.,  represents  an 
old  symbol  (3).  used  to  mark  a 
terminal  contraction.] 

P.  Page;  Participle;  Past;  Pole; 

Pa.  Pennsylvania. 

Pa.  a.,  par.  a.  Participial  adjective. 

Paint.  Painting. 

Pal.,  Palaamt.  Palaeontology,  palia. 

ontological. 

Paloxbot.:  Palseobotany. 
Pa.  par.  Past  participle. 
Par.  Paragraph ;  Participle. 
Part.  Parliament,  parliamentary. 
Par*.  Participle. 
Particle.  Participial. 
POM.  Passive. 
Pat.  Patrick. 
Pathol.  Pathological. 
Poy<.  Payment 

P.O.  (Lat  patrei  cotucriptt),  Co«- 
script  Fathers. 

P.O.  Police-constable;  Privy  Conn. 

ell.  Privy  Councillor. 
P.C.S.  Principal  Clerk  of  Session. 
Pd.  Paid. 

P.D.  Printer's  Devil 
P.B.  Protestant  Episcopal. 
P.E.I.  Prince  Edward's  Island. 
P«nn.  Pennsylvania. 
Pent.  Pentecost 

Per.,  Peri.  Persian;  Person,  per- 
sonal. 

Per.  an.  (Lat.  per  annum),  Yearly. 
Per  cent.,  per  ct.  (Lat.  per  centum), 

By  the  hundred. 
Serf.  Perfect 
Peri.  Perigee. 
Peri.  [PER.] 

Pert.,  Perip.  Perspective. 
Peruv.  Peruvian. 
Pet.  Peter. 
Pg.  [PORT.] 
P.G.JIf.  Past  Grand  Master. 

'har.,  PAarm.  Pharmacy. 

h.B.  ( Lat.  philoiophia;  bacealaitr- 

eui),  Bachelor  ofPhilosophy. 
P/I.D.   (Lat.  philosophic    doctor), 

Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

nil.  Philip  ;Philippians;  Philo*- 

ophy,  philosophical. 

hil.  Tram.   Transactions  of  UM 

Philosophical  Society. 
PMl.,  Phila.  Philadelphia. 


Abbreviations  and  Contractions. 


6333 


Pniiem.  Philemon. 
Phiiol.  Philology. 
PhiUa.  Philosophy,  philosophical. 
P/uznic.  Phoenician. 
Phatog.      Photography,       photo- 
graphic, photographer. 
Phren.,phrenol.  Phrenology  .phren- 
ological. 

Phyi.   Physics,  physical;    Physi- 
ology, physiological. 
Phytiol.  Physiology,  physiological. 
Pinx.,  Pit.   (Lat.  piniit).    He  (or 

•he)  painted  it. 
Pit.  Peck. 

PI.  Place;  Plate;  Plural. 
P.L.  Poet  Laureate. 
P.L.B.  Poor  Law  Board. 
P.L.C.  Poor  Law  Commissioners. 
Plff.,  PUff.  Plaintiff. 
Plu.  Plural. 
Plup,  Pluperfect. 
Plur.  Plural. 

P.Jf.  (Lat.  poll  meridiem).   After- 
noon. 
P.M.  Past  Master;  Peculiar  metre; 

Postmaster. 

P.M.O.  Postmaster-General. 
P.O.  Post-office. 
P.A  O.Co.  Peninsular  and  Oriental 

Hteam  Navigation  Company. 
Poet.  Poetry,  poetical. 
Pol.  Polish. 

Polil.  Econ.  Political  Economy. 
P.O.O.  Post-office  order. 
Pop.  Population. 
Port.  Portugal,  Portuguese. 
Pots.  Possessive. 
Pp.  Pages. 
P.p.  Past  participle. 
P.P.  (Lat.  pater  palrte).  Father  of 

his  country. 
P.P.  Parish  priest. 
P.P. C.  (Fr.pourprendreamgt),To 

take  leave.    [T.T.L.] 
Pph.  Pamphlet. 
Pr.  Present;  Priest;  Prince. 
Pr.  par.  Present  participle. 
P.O.  (Lat.  Popultu  Romanus),  The 

Roman  people. 
P.B.  Prize  Ring. 
P.R.A.  President  of  the  Boyal 

Academy. 

P.R.C.  (Lat.  poll  Roman  condUam) 
After   the   building   of    Rome. 
[A.U.C.] 
Preb.  Prebend. 
Pref.  Prefix;  Preface. 
Prep.  Preposition. 
Pres.  President,  Present. 
Fret.  Preterite. 
Prim.  Primary. 
Prin.  Principal. 
Print.  Printing. 
Priv.  Privative. 
Pro.  [PKON.] 
Prob.  Problem^  Probable,   proba- 
bly. 

Pro/.  Professor. 
Pron.  Pro.  Pronoun ;  Pronounced 

Pronunciation. 

Prtn.  a.  Pronominal  adjective. 
Prop.  Proposition. 
Prot.  Prosody. 
Pro  tern.  (Lat. protempore). Forth 

time  being. 

Prov.  Proverbs,  proverbial,  prove 
bially ;  Provincial,  provincially 
Provost. 

Provine.  Provincial. 
Pror.  (Lat.  proximo),  Next  of  or 

the  next  month. 
Pri.  Pairs. 

P.E.S.  President  of  the  Boyal  So 
«wti. 


P.R.S.A.  President  of   the  Royal 

Scottish  Academy. 
Pnu.  Prussia,  Prussian. 
P.S.   (Lat.    post   icriptum),   Post- 

script. 

'.S.  Privy  Seal. 

Y,  Psa.  Psalm,  psalms. 
Psychol.  Psychology. 

t.  Part;  Payment;  Point;    Port. 

'.  T.  Post-town ;  Pupil  teacher. 

'.T.O.  Please  turn  over. 
Pub.  Public :  Published,  publisher- 
Pub.  Doe.  Public  Documents. 

'.  r.  Post  village. 
Pit.  [PINX.] 
Pyro.,  Pyroteeh.  Pyrotechnics. 

Q.,  Q«.  Query ;  Question. 

Q.B.  Queen's  Bench. 

Q.G   Queen's    College;     Queen's 
Counsel. 

Q.d.  (Lat.  quati   dicat),  As  if  he 
should  say. 

Q.e.  (Lat.  quod  at),  Which  is. 

OJ!.D.   (Lat.  good  erat  demonstran- 
dum'), Which  was  to  be  proved. 

Q.E.F.  (Lat.  quod  erat  faciendum), 
Which  was  to  be  done. 

QE.I.    (Lat.   quod  erat   invenien- 
dum). Which  was  to  be  found  out. 

Q.I.  (Lat.  quantum  libel).  As  much 
as  you  please. 

Q.lf.  Quartermaster. 

.  Gen.  Quartermaster-General. 

Qr.  Quarterly;  Quire. 
^S.  Quarter  Sessions, 
.j.  (Lat.  quantum  sufficif),  A  suffi- 
cient quantity. 

<i/.  Quart. 

Qu.  Queen ;  Query ;  Question. 

Quar.,  quart.  Quarterly. 

Quar.Uo.  Quarto. 

Q.r.  (Lat.  quod  vide),  Which  see. 

Qy.  Query. 


R.  Railway;  Reaumur;  River. 
R.  (Lat  re*),  King;  (Lat.  regina) 

Queen. 

R.  (Lat.  recipe),  Take. 
B.A.  Royal  Academy,  Royal  Acade- 
mician:  Rear- Admiral;    Royal 
Arch;  Royal  Artillery. 
Rabb.  Rabbinical. 
Rod.  (Lat.  radix),  Root 
B.AM.  Royal  Academy  of  Music. 
B-AJS.  Royal  Agricultural  Society 
B.C.  Roman  Catholic. 
B.D.  Rural  Dean. 
B.E.  Royal  Engineers ;  Royal  Ex 
change. 

R.E.  Reformed  Episcopal. 

Reaum.  Reaumur. 

Rec.  Recipe. 

Reed.  Received. 

Recpt.  Receipt. 

Ref.  Reference. 

Ref.  Ch.  Reformed  Church. 

Ref.  Pres.  Reformed  Presbyterian 

Reg.  Regular. 

Regr.  Begr.  Registrar. 

Reg^  Begt.  Regiment,  regimental 

Bel.  Religion,  religions. 

Bel.  Pron.  Relative  Pronoun. 

Bern.  Remark,  remarks. 

Rep.  Report ;  Representative. 

Sep.  Bepub.  Republic,  Republican 

Ret.  Resolution. 

Reid.  Returned. 

Rev.  Revelation ;  Revenues ;  Reve- 
rend; Review;  Revise. 

Revil.  Reverend. 

Rets.   Reverends. 


See.  Stal.  Revised  Statutes. 
B.H.A.  Royal  Horse  Artillery. 
Rhet.  Rhetoric,  rhetorical. 
R.H.S.  Royal  Humane  Society. 
R.I.  Rhode  Island. 
R.I.P.   (Lat.    requiescat  in  pace), 

May  he  (or  she)  rest  in  peace. 
liv.  River. 

M.  Royal  Mail;  Royal  Marines. 
R.M.A.  Royal  Marine    Artillery; 

Koyal  Military  Asylum. 
R.M.L.I.  Royal  Marine  Light  In- 
fantry. 

K.JV.  Royal  Navy. 
R.N.R.  Royal  Naval  Reserve. 
B.O.  Receiving  Office. 
Robt.  Robert. 
Rom.  Roman;  Romans. 
Rom.  Oath.  Roman  Catholic. 
R.P.  Regius  Professor. 
R.R.  Right  Reverend. 
R.B.  Railroad. 

R&A.  Royal  Scottish  Academy. 
B.S.P.C.A.   Royal  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Ani- 
mals. 

BJS^E.  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh 
R&L.  Royal  Society  of  London. 
B.S.O.  Receiving  sutM>fflce. 
B.S.V.P.   (Fr.    Rtpondez  t'il  voiw 

plait),  Please  reply. 
Bt.  Eight. 

Rt.  Hon.  Right  Honorable. 
Rt.  Rev.  Right  Reverend. 
J2.TJJ.  Religious  Tract  Society. 
Rt.  Wpful.  Right  Worshipful. 
Rias.  Russia,  Russian. 
R.V.  Revised  Version;  Rifle  Vol 

unteers. 
B.W.   Right     Worshipful,    Righ 

Worthy. 

B.W.D.G.M.  Right  Worshipful  De- 
puty Grand  Master. 
B.W.Q.M.  Right  WOMhipfulGram 

Master. 
B.W.G.B.  Right    Worthy    Gram 

Representative. 
B.W.G.S.   Right   Worthy    Gran. 

Secretary. 

B  W.O.T.  Right    Worthy  Gran 
Treasurer,  Right  Worthy  Gran 
Templar. 
B.W.G.W.  RightWorshipfulGran 

Warden. 

B.WJ.Q.W.   Right    Worshipfu 
Junior  Grand  Warden. 


B.WjS.Q.W.   Right    Worshipfu 

Senior  Grand  Warden. 
By.  Railway. 


&  Saint ;  Saturday ;  Section ;  Shi 
ling;  Sign;  Signor;  Solo;  So 
prano;  South;  Sun;  Sunday 
Sabbath. 

t.  Second, seconds;  See; Singular 
Son;  Succeeded. 

S.A.  South  Africa,  South  America. 

S.A.  (Lat.*ectiTwfrm  arlem).  Accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  art. 

Sab.  Sabbath. 

Sam.,  Saml.  Samuel. 

Ham.,  Kumar.  Samaritan. 

Sam.,  Xansc^  Sansk.  Sanscrit,  Sans- 
krit. 

.  (Lat.  Socielatit  Anliqua- 
riorum  Socius),  Fellow  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries. 

SiH  Saturday. 

Sai.  Saxon,  Saxony. 

S.B.  South  Britain,  (England  and 
Wales).   [N.  BJ 

S.C.  South  Carolina. 

S.C.  (Lat  senalv-s  consultum),  A  de- 
cree of  the  senate. 

Sc.  [SOIL,  SCULP.] 


(ran.  mag.  (Lat.  icandalum  wagna- 
tum),  f3efamatory  expressions  to 
the  injury  of  persons  of  high 
rank  or  dignity. 

.  caps.,  Sm.  caps.  Small  capitals. 
(In  printing.) 
Sc.B.  (Lat.  tcientice  baccalaureui), 

Bachelor  of  Science. 
Sc.D.  (Lat  tcientia  doctor),  Doctor 
of  Science. 

ch.  (Lat.  scholium),  A  note. 
'cA.  Schooner. 
Set.  Science. 
Set.  fa.  Scire  facias. 
Scil.  Sc.  (Lat.  icilicef),  Namely;  to 
wit 

.C.L.  Student  In  Civil  Law. 
Sclav.  Sclavonic. 
Scot.  Scotland,  Scotch,  Scottish. 
Scr.  Scruple,  scruples. 
Scrip.,  Script.  Scripture,  scriptural. 
Sculp.  Sculpture. 
Sculp..  Sculpt.,  Sc.  (Lat.  icnlptith 

He  (or  she)  engraved  it. 
S.D.,S.  Dak.  South  Dakota. 
8.D.U.K.  Society  for  the  Diffusion 

of  Useful  Knowledge. 
S.E.  South-tast. 
Sec.  Second. 
Sec.,  Sect.  Section. 
Sec.,  Secy.  Secretary. 
Sec.  Leg.  Secretary  of  Legation. 
Sen.  Senate,  senator. 
Sen.  Doc.  Senate  Documtnt 
Sfp.,Sept.  September. 
Seq.  (Lat.  sequentet,  srqucltia),  Tb» 

following  or  the  next 
Serg.,Sergt.  Sergeant 
Serj.,Serjt.  Serjeant. 
Sen:  Servian. 
Sets.  Session. 
S.G.  Solicitor-general. 
l.g.  [Sp.GK.] 
Sh.  Shilling,  shillings. 
Sing.  Singular. 
SJ.  Society  of  Jesus. 
S.J.C.  Supreme  Judicial  Court. 
Skr.  Sanskrit 
Slav.  Slavonic. 
Sid.  Sailed. 
SM.  Sergeant-major. 
S.M.  Land.   Soc.   (Lat    Societaiit 
Medical      Londinentit      Sonut). 
Member  of  the  London  Medical 
Society. 
S.N.  (Lat  secundum  naturam),  Ac- 

cording  to  nature,  naturally. 
t.o.  Sub-office. 
Soc.,Socy.  Society. 
S.  of  Sol.  Song  of  Solomon. 
Sol.-gen.  Solicitor-general. 
Sp.  Spain,  Spanish ;  Spirit 
i.p.  (Lat  tineprole),  Withoutissu*. 
S.P  C.A.  Society  forthe  Prevention 

of  Cruelty  to  Animals. 
S.P.C.C.  Society forthePrevention 

of  Cruelty  to  Children. 
S.P.C.K.  Society  forthe  Promotion 

of  Christian  Knowledge. 
Spec.  Special,  specially. 
S.P.G.  Society  for  the  Propagation 

of  the  Gospel. 
tp.gr.,  s.g.  Specific  gravity. 
S.P.Q.B.  (Lat.  Senatui  Populutqw 
Romanus),  The  Senate  and  the 
People  of  Rome. 

tq.  Square;  sq.ft.  square  foot,  feet; 
sq.  in.  square  inch,  inches ;  tq.  m. 
square- mile, miles;  tq.  yd. square 
yard. 

Sr.  Senior;  sir. 

S.B.I.  ( Lat.  Sacrum  Somanum  /«*• 
perium),  The  Holy  Roman  Emr 
pire. 

flLRS.  (ULSaeietatit  RegiaSoctiHl 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 


5334 


Abbreviations  and  Contractions. 


SS.  Stint*. 

&&  Sunday  School. 

8.S.C.  Solicitor  before  the  Supreme 
Court. 

K.S.E.  South-south-east. 

£S.  IF.  South-south-west 

St.  Saint;  Stone;  Stmit;  Street. 

it.  ( Lat.  slel).  Let  it  stand  (in  print- 
ing). 

Slat.  Statute,  statutes ;  statuary. 

S.T.  Sons  of  Temperance. 

S.T.B.  Bachelor  of  Sacred  Theol- 
ogy. 

8.  T. D.  (Lat.  xturtt  theologia  doctor), 
Doctor  of  Divinity. 

tier.,  stg.  Sterling. 

81.  L.  St.  Louis. 

S.T.P.  (Lat.  tacrm  Ikeolttgia  prt- 
feuor),  Professor  of  Theology. 

Sir.  Steamer,  steam  vessel. 

Sttbj.  Subjunctive. 

Sutst.  Substantive;  Substitute. 

Suff.  Suffix. 

Su.-Ooth.  Sulo-Oothlc. 

Sun.,Sund.  Sunday. 

Sup.  Superior;  Superlative;  Sup- 
plement; Supine. 

Sap.  Q.  Supreme  Court. 

fiupf.  Superintendent. 

Sur^  Surg.  Surgeon,  surgery. 

Sur.-gen.  Surgeon-general. 

Surv.  Surveying,  surveyor. 

Surv.-gen.  Surveyor-generaL 

S.v.  (Lat.  tub  race),  Under  the  word 
or  title. 

S.W.  Senior  Warden;  South-weet. 

Sw.  Sweden,  Swedish. 

Swim.  Switzerland. 

Syn.  Synonym,  synonymous. 

Synop.  Synopsis. 

Syr.  Syria,  Syriac ;  syrup. 

T.  Tenor;  Ton;  Tun;  Tuesday. 
T.A.B.  Total  Abstinence  Brother' 

hood. 

Tab.  Table,  tabular  statement. 
Tan.  Tangent. 
T*rt.  Tartaric. 
Tech.  Technical,  technically. 
Ten.,  Term.  Tennessee. 
Term.  Termination. 
Teut.  Teutonic. 
Tf.x.  Texas. 
Teit.  rec.  (Lat.  ttxiui  nceptut).  The 

received  text. 
A.  Thomas;  Thursday. 


Theo.  Theodore. 

Theol.  Theology. 

Theor.  Theorum. 

That.  Thessaloniana. 

Tho.,  Thai.  Thomas. 

Thu.,  Thur.,  Than.  Thursday. 

T.H.  IP..Jf.Trinity  high-watermark. 

Tier.  Tierce. 

77m.  Timothy. 

Ttt.  Title;  Titus. 

T.O.  Turn  over. 

Tob.  Tobit 

Tom.  Tome,  volume. 

Tonn.  Tonnage. 

Topog.  Topography,  topographical. 

Tp.  Township. 

TV.  Translation,  translator,  trans- 
lated; Transpose;  Treasurer; 
Trustee. 

Trant.  Translation;  Translation, 
translator,  translated. 

Trav.  Travels. 

Trig.,  Trigon.  Trigonometry,  trigo- 
nometrical, 

.^Vtn.  Trinity. 

Ts.  Texas. 

T.T.L.  To  take  leave.   [P.P.C.] 

Tu.,  Tuet.  Tuesday. 

Turk.  Turkey,  Turkish. 

Typ.  Typographer. 

Typog.  Typography,  typographical. 


U.C.  (Lat  urMi  amditai)  From  the 

building    of    the    city— Rome. 

[A.U.C.J 
Uh.  Utah. 
UJ.D.  [J.U.D.] 
U.K.  United  Kingdom. 
U.K.A.    Ulster    King    at  Arms; 

United  Kingdom  Alliance. 
UU.  (LsA.  ultimo)  Last,  of  the  last 

month. 

urn.  Unmarried. 
Unit.  Unitarian. 
Univ.  University. 
Up.  Upper. 

U.P.  United  Presbyterian. 
U.S.  United  States. 
U*S.  (Lat.  ut  tupra),  As  above. 
U.S.A.  United  States  of  America ; 

United  States  Army. 
US.L.  United  States  Legation. 
U3.M.  United  States  mail;  United 

States  marine. 
UJSJU.A.  United  State*  Military 

Academy. 


U.8.X.  United  State.  Navy. 
UJS.K.A.    United    States    Naval 

Academy. 
U.S.S.  United  State»Senate;Unit«d 

States  ship  or  steamer. 
US.S.CI.   United   States  Supreme 

Court. 
I'su.  Usual,  usually. 


V.  Verb;  Verse;  Victoria,  Violin. 

V.  (Lat.  versus),  Against. 

V.  (Lat.  ride),  See. 

V.A.  Vicar  Apostolic;  Vice-admiral. 

Va,  Virginia. 

Val.  Valve ;  value. 

Var.  Variety. 

Tot  Vatican. 

V.  OMX.  Verb  auxiliary. 

F.C    Vice-chancellor;     Victoria 

Cross. 

V.  dtf.  Verb  defective. 
V.D.It.  (Lat.  VerbumDeiMinitttr), 

Minister  of  the  Word  of  God. 
Fen.  Venerable. 
KG.  Vicar-General. 
Y.g.  (Lat.  verbi  gratia),  For  thesake 

of  example. 
r. i.  Verb  intransltiv«L 
Vict-pnt.  Vice-president. 
Vid.  (Lat  ride),  See. 
V.  imp.  Verb  impersonal. 
V.  irr.  Verb  irregular. 
Vit^  Vitc.  Viscount 
Viz.  (Lat  videlicet),  Nam«ly;  to 

wit.    [Oz.] 
V.n.  Verb  neuter. 
Voc.  Vocative. 
Vol.  Volume. 
Volt.  Volumes. 
V.P.  Vice-President. 
V.R.  (Lat  Victoria  Regina),  Queen 

Victoria. 

V.r.  Verb  reflexive. 
V.Rev.  Very  Reverend. 
Vs.  (Lat  versus),  Against 
r..S'.  Veterinary  surgeon. 
VJ.  Verb  transitive. 
VL  Vermont 
Iu/.,  I'ulg.  Vulgate. 
Vuig.  Vulgar,  vulgarly. 
i-vM.  (Lat  varies  lectianes).  Various 

readings. 


W.  Wednesday;  Week;   Welsh; 
West,  western. 

Wallace  WaUachlan. 


Walt.  Walter. 

Wath.  Washington. 

w.c.  Water  closet. 

W.C.A.  Women's  Christian 
ciation. 

W.C.T.U.  Women's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union. 

IFeif.  Wednesday. 

WeL  Welsh. 

w.f.  Wrong  font  (In  printing). 

Whf  Wharf. 

If./.  West  Indies;  West  Indian. 

Wis.,  Witc.  Wisconsin. 

Wk.  Week. 

W.  Long.  West  Longitude. 

Wm.  William. 

W.M.  Worshipful  Master. 

W.N.W.  West-north-west. 

Wp.  Worship. 

WpfuL  Worshipful 

W.S.  Writer  to  the  Signet. 

IP^TF.  West-south-west 

Wi.  Weight 

W.Va.  West  Virginia. 

Wyo.  Wyoming. 

X  Christ 

A"m,  Xmas.  Christmas. 

Xn.  Christian. 

Xnty.  Christianity. 

Xptr^  Xr.  Christopher 

Xi.  Christ 

Xtian.  Christian. 

T.  Year. 

Yd.  Yard. 

Ydt.  Yards. 

Ye  The;  Thee. 

y.M.C.A.  Young  Men's  Christian 

Association. 
YJ>£.C.E.  Young  People's  Society 

of  Christian  Endeavor. 
Yr.  Year;  Younger;  Your. 
Ji.  Years;  Yours. 
Y.W.C.A.  Young  Women'*  ChrU- 

tlan  Association. 

Zach.  Zachary. 

Zech.  Zechariah. 

Zeph.  Zephaniah. 

Z.G.,Zoa.  Zoological  Gardens. 

Zvochtm.  Zoochemistry,  zoochenal- 

c»L 
Zoogeog.     Zoogeography,    zoogctv 

graphical. 
Zool.  Zoology,  aoologioti. 


COIXOQTJIAL  AND  SLANG  WORDS  AND 

PHRASES. 

CABEFULLY  COMPILED  FROM  MODERN  AMERICAN  COLLOQUIAL  SPEECH. 


A. 

Above  one's  bend.  Beyond  one's 
power. 

A  bsqnatulate,  To.  To  run  away ;  to 
abscond. 

According  to  Gnnter.  Correctly 
performed. 

Acknowledge  the  corn,  To.  To 
confess  a  charge. 

Across  lots.    By  a  short  way. 

Alewlfe.    A  herring. 

All-fired.    Excessively. 

All-sorts.  The  leavings  of  glasses 
poured  together  and  sold  cheap. 

All-to-smash.  Smashed  to  pieces; 
eompletely  ruined. 

Alley.  The  place  where  the  game  of 
ten-pins  is  played ;  an  ornamental  marble, 
used  in  the  game  of  "  marbles." 

Allow,  To.    To  assert. 

Almighty  dollar.  The  power  of 
money. 

Among  the  missing.  Absent ;  van- 
ished. 

Anxious  seat.  A  state  of  concern 
•bout  one's  spiritual  or  temporal  welfare. 

Any  how  you  can  fix  It.  At  any 
l»te  whatever. 

Appreciate,  To.  To  raise  the  value  of. 

Argufy,  To.    To  argue. 

Arkansas  toothpick.  A  bowie-knife. 

As  long  as.  Because;  since.  "We'll 
eome,  as  long  as  It's  pleasant." 

Awful.  Disagreeable ;  detestable ;  very 
great. 

Awfully.    Excessively. 

B. 
Back  country.    The  backwoods;  the 

frontier  settlements. 

Back  do  w  n,  To.  To  recede  from  one's 
position. 

Back  out,  To.  To  refuse  to  keep  an 
agreement ;  to  retreat. 

Back  seat,  To  take  a.  To  decrease 
In  Importance. 

Back  track,  To  take  the.  To  re- 
treat; retrace  one's  steps. 

Back  water,  To.  To  withdraw;  to 
retreat. 

Backing  and  filling.  Wavering;  in- 
decision. 

Backwoods.  The  partly  cleared  West- 
ern settlements. 

Backwoodsman.  An  inhabitant  of 
the  backwoods. 

Bagasse.  The  compressed  sugar-cane 
•talks.  Called  also  "cane-trash." 

Baggage-smasher.  A  railroad  por- 
ter. So  called  from  his  reckless  handling 
•f  trunks. 

Balance.   The  remainder. 

Ballot-box  stuffing.  Putting  spu- 
rious vote*  '"to  the  ballot-box  at  an  elec- 
tion. 

Bang  np.    pirn  class ;  fine  in  appear- 


Barbeene.    A  hog  roasted  whole ;  an 
•pen-air  meeting  with  dinner  or  refresh- 


Bark  a  tree,  To.  To  cnt  out  a  circle 
of  bark  for  the  purpose  of  killing  a  tree. 

Bark  np  the  wrong  tree.  To.  To 
be  on  the  wrong  track ;  to  make  a  mistake. 

Barrens.  Elevated  lands  on  which 
grow  small  trees,  but  no  useful  timber. 

Beach  combers.  The  long  waves  roll- 
ing on  shore  from  the  ocean. 

Bear  a  hand,  To.  To  assist ;  to  make 
haste. 

Bear  the  market.  To.  To  reduce 
the  market  value  of  stocks  or  securities. 

Beat,  To.  To  excel;  to  defraud;  to 
cheat. 

Boat  all  hollow,  To.  To  excel  com- 
pletely. 

Beat  out.    Exhausted. 

Bee-line.  The  shortest  line  between 
two  points ;  the  course  of  a  bee's  flight. 

Bender  A  spree ;  a  frolic ;  as,  "  To  go 
on  a  bender" 

Between  hay  and  grass.  Between 
two  stages  of  development,  as  boyhood  and 
manhood. 

B'hoys.  Noisy  young  men  of  the  lower 
ranks  of  society.  Applied  in  New  York 
City. 

Big  bug.    An  important  personage. 

Big  fignre.    On  a  large  scale. 

Big  head.  Applied  to  a  person  of  self- 
importance  ;  the  after-effects  of  a  debauch. 

Biggest  toad  in  the  paddle.  The 
most  consequential  person  in  a  group. 

Bime  by.    By-and-by. 

Blackmail.  Money  extorted  by  threats 
of  exposure  or  of  accusing  one  of  a  crime. 

Blatherskite.  A  blustering,  noisy 
fellow. 

Blaze,  To.  To  mark  a  tree  by  notch- 
ing or  cutting. 

Hlizznrd.    A  violent  snow-squall. 

Blow,  To.    To  boast ;  to  brag. 

Blow  out,  To.  To  talk  violently  or 
abusively. 

Blow  up,  To.    To  scold  a  person. 

Blue  laws.  The  former  puritanical 
laws  of  New  England. 

Bine  nose.    A  native  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Bluff,  To.  To  dismiss  with  a  gruff 
answer;  to  deter  by  frightening. 

Bluff  on  poker.  To.  To  bet  on  a 
worthless  hand  as  if  it  were  good. 

Bob,  To.  To  fish  for  eels  with  a  bob,  or 
knot  of  worms  on  a  string. 

Boiled  shirt.    A  white  shirt. 

Bolt,  To.  To  withdraw  suddenly  from 
a  political  party ;  to  leave  hastily. 

Bone,  To.  To  apply  closely  to  an  ob- 
ject ;  to  question  persistently. 

Bonny-clabber.  Milk  turned  flour 
and  thick. 

Boost,  To.    To  lift  by  pushing. 

jBoot,  To.    To  kick. 

Boss,  To.  To  superintend ;  to  nile  over. 

Bottom  dollar.    The  last  dollar. 

Bottom  lands.  Flat  lands  bordering 
the  Western  rivers. 

Bounce,  To.    To  eject  with  force. 

Bonnty -Jumper.  One  who  ruas  away 
after  receiving  a  bounty. 


Brash.    Brittle. 

Break  down,  To.    To  be  overcome 
by  emotion  or  weakness. 
Break  ont  in  a  new  spot,  To.    To 

begin  in  some  new  way. 
Brick  in  the  hat.  To  have  a.    To 

walk  unsteadily  from  intoxication. 

Brother  Jonathan.  A  designation 
applied  to  natives  of  the  United  States. 

Back.  To.  Applied  to  horses  that  seek 
to  dismount  their  riders  by  jumping  and 
kicking,  or  to  animals  that  thrurt  with 
head  or  horns. 

Bnck  fever.  Agitation  of  auateur 
hunters  when  seeing  game  (especially  deer). 

Buckra.  A  white  man.  (A  negro  term.) 

Bug  Juice.    Poor  whiskey. 

Bnnk,  To.    To  retire  to  bed. 

Bnnknm,  Talking  for.  Talking  for 
one's  constituents.  Taken  from  a  member 
of  Congress  who  acknowledged  lie  was 
talking  for  Buncombe— his  home  county. 

Burn  up,  To.    To  burn  down. 

Bushwhacker.  One  accustomed  to 
bush  travelling;  a  raw  countryman. 

Bust,  To.    To  fail  in  business. 

C. 
Caboodle,  The  whole.    The  whol* 

number. 

Cache,  To.    To  conceal  by  burying. 

Oichunk.  The  sound  made  by  the  fall 
of  a  heavy  body. 

Calculate,  To.  To  suppose;  to  in- 
tend. 

Callthnmpian  entertainment.  A 
serenade  of  unmelodions  noises,  often 
given  to  the  newly  married. 

Call  loans.  Loans  payable  on  demand. 

Can't  come  it.  Not  able  to  accom- 
plish it. 

Cap  all,  To.  To  reach  a  climax;  to 
surpass  all. 

Cap  the  climax,  To.    [To  CAP  ALL.] 

Carpet-baggers.  A  name  given  to 
office-seeking  politicians  in  the  Southern 
States  after  the  Civil  War. 

Carry  away,  To.  To  move  to  enthu- 
siasm or  emotion. 

Carry  on,  To.  To  make  merry;  to 
riot  or  frolic. 

Carry  stock.  To.  To  retain  stock  till 
on  opportunity  offers  for  profitable  sale. 

Catch  a  weasel  asleep.  To.  To  sur- 
prise a  watchful  or  cunning  person. 

Caucus.  A  private  meeting  of  party 
leaders. 

Caution,  To  be  a.    '.     be  a  warning. 

Cave  in.  To.  To  yield  to  the  pressure 
of  adverse  circumstances. 

Cavort,  To.    To  prance  or  caper. 

Chain  lightning.    Strong  whiskey. 

Chaw  up,  To.  To  defeat;  to  demolish; 
to  discomfit. 

Chicken  fixings.  A  dish  of  prepared 
chicken. 

Chip  in,  To.    To  contribute. 

Chuck  full.  Entirely  full.  [Also  CHOCK 
PULL.] 

Claim  lamping.  Violently  selling 
another's  claim— a  mining  term. 

6836 


6338 


Colloquial  and  Slang  Words  and  Phrases. 


dam-fthell.  The  llpe,  the  mouth ;  as, 
"Shut  your  clam-shell." 

Clean  thing.  The.  The  honorable 
action. 

Clear  oat,  To.    To  depart ;  to  decamp. 

Codfish  aristocracy.  The  newly  rich 
and  ostentatious. 

Come  around.  To.  To  yield  to  per- 
suasion ;  to  coax  or  wheedle. 

Come  It  strong,  To.  To  act  with 
vigor. 

Come  off  the  perch.  Cease  exagge- 
ration; talk  sensibly. 

Come  over.  To.  To  deceive ;  to  gain 
•n  unfair  advantage. 

Come  nil  to  the  olmlk  line.  To. 
To  fulfil  one^s  promise ;  to  do  one's  duty. 

Complected.  Of  a  certain  complexion. 

Confidence  man.    A  swindler. 

Contraband.  A  name  applied  to  the 
Southern  negro  during  the  Civil  War. 

Contraption.  A  contrivance  or  de- 
rice. 

Coon's  age.  A  long  but  Indefinite  time. 

Corduroy  road.  A  road  constructed 
with  logs  laid  side  by  side  over  a  swampy 
place. 

Corn  dodger.  A  kind  of  cake  made 
of  Indian  corn  and  baked  very  hard. 

Cornjalce.    Whiskey. 

Corn  pone.  Corn  bread  of  a  superior 
kind,  made  with  milk  and  eggs. 

Corn  shack.    Corn  husk. 

C«»rm  .'I.    i)runk. 

Corner,  Tro-  To  get  the  advantage  in 
•D  argument  or  operaii  _>n. 

Corner  the  market,  To.   To  buv  up 

a  large  amount  of  stock  so  as  tn  »ain  the 
advantage  in  speculative  operations. 

Corporal's  guard.  A  small  body  of 
individuals. 

Cotton  to,  To.    To  natter. 

Counter-jumper.  A  clerk  in  a  retail 
•tore. 

Cowboy.  One  who  has  care  of  cattle 
on  a  ranch. 

Crack  on,  To.    To  act  with  energy. 
Crawfish,  To.    To  retract  an  assertion 
•ngraciously. 

Crooked  whiskey.  Whiskey  on 
which  no  tax  has  been  paid. 

Crush  hat.    A  soft  felt  hat. 

Curb-stone  brokers.  Irregularstock 
Jobbers  who  do  their  business  in  the  street. 

Cnrlecnes.    Boyish  tricks ;  capers. 

Cut  a  dash,  To.  To  make  one's  self 
appear  of  importance. 

Cut  a  splurge,  To.    [Cur  A  DASH.] 

Cut  a  swathe.  To.  To  attract  atten- 
tion by  display.  [CUT  A  DASH.] 

Cut  dirt,  To.    To  run ;  to  go  fast. 

Cut  it  too  fat,  To.  To  run  to  excess ; 
to  overdo. 

Cut  stick,  To.  To  decamp  In  haste; 
to  run  away. 

Cut  under,  To.    To  undersell. 

Cut  up.  To.  To  treat  brusquely ;  to  act 
merrily  or  riotously. 

Cut  up  shines,  To.     To  play  tricks; 
to  frolic. 
.  Cute.    Acute,  sharp,  keen. 


D. 

Dander.  Dandruff;  to  get  oneft  dander 
up,  to  get  into  a  passion. 

Darby.    A  negro. 

Dead  beat.    An  impostor ;  a  loafer. 

Dead  beat.    Worn  out ;  exhausted. 

Dead  broke.    Penniless. 

Dead  head.  One  who  secures  a  bene- 
fit without  paying  for  it. 

Dead  horse.  Work  paid  for  before 
it  is  performed. 

Dead  set.    Resolute,  determined. 

Dead  set.  Unyielding  opposition ;  de- 
termined effort. 

Death  on.  To  be.  To  be  master  of  or 
exceedingly  fond  of  something. 


Dig  out,  To.    To  run  away. 

Dipsy.    The  sinker  of  a  fishing-line. 

Disgruntled.  Annoyed,  disappointed. 

Divy.  One's  share  in  a  payment. 
(Sometimes  spelled  "  Divvy."  From  Divi- 
dend.) 

Divy,  To.    To  make  a  division. 

Do  tell!  An  exclamation  signifying 
"Indeed!  Can  such  things  be  1" 

Doctor,  To.  To  alter  or  falsify  (as  a 
report). 

Dodger.  A  hard  baked  cake  of  bread 
or  biscuit ;  a  small  advertising  circular. 

Dog,  To.  To  haunt  one's  steps ;  to  fol- 
low persistently. 

Dogged.  A  mild  oath;  as,  "I'll  be 
dogged  if  I  do." 

Doggery.    A  low  drinkiug-house. 

Dog's  age.    [COON'S  AGE.] 

Don't  amount  to  much.  A  person 
of  no  importance. 

Don't  see  it.  'Failure  to'perceive  the 
force  of  an  argument. 

Dough-face.  A  person  of  varying 
principles;  a  trickster. 

Down  East.    New  England. 

Down-Easter.    A  New-Englander. 

Down  upon.  Opposed  to ;  disapprov- 
ing. 

Draw  a  bead,  To.  To  take  aim  with 
a  fire-arm. 

Drive  at,  To.  To  be  engaged  In  or  to 
have  in  view ;  as,  "  What  are  you  driving 
oil" 

Drummer.  A  travelling  commercial 
salesman. 

Dng-ont.  A  boat  or  canoe  hewn  out 
of  a  large  log. 

Dust,  To.    To  depart  In  haste. 

Dyed  in  the  wool.  Ingrained;  ine- 
radicable. 

E. 

Eat  crow,  To.  To  perform  a  disagree- 
able task. 

Eat  dirt.  To.  To  be  forced  to  recede 
from  a  position. 

E'enmost.    Almost. 

Egg  on,  To.    To  urge  on ;  to  incite. 

Every  which  way.  In  all  ways  at 
once. 

Expect,  To.    To  think ;  to  imagine. 

Eyes  skinned  (or  peeled),  To  keep 
one's.  .To  be  keenly  alert;  to  be  watchful. 

F. 

Face  the  music,  To.  To  meet  the 
emergency. 

Fair  and  square.  Correct;  honest; 
honorable. 

Fair  shake.  An  even  chance ;  a  satis- 
factory bargain. 

Falling  weather.  Rain,  snow,  or 
hail. 

Fen.  A  prohibitory  term  used  by  boys 
in  their  games ;  as,  "  ten  play,"  equivalent 
to  "  I  forbid  you  to  play." 

Fetch  up,  To.    To  stop  suddenly. 

Fight  (or  buck)  the  tiger,  To.  To 
play  at  faro  or  other  games  or  chance. 

Figure  on,  To.  To  anticipate ;  to  ex- 
pect or  trust  In. 

Filibuster.    A  freebooter. 

Fippenny  bit ;  Fip.  Fivepence :  for- 
merly the  vulgar  name  for  the  Spanish  half- 
real. 

Fire  away.  To  begin;  to  go  on  with 
an  affair. 

Fire-eater.  A  hot-headed  individual. 
Applied  to  pugnacious  Southerners. 

Fire-water.  Alcoholic  spirits  (an  In- 
dian term). 

First-rate.    Of  best  quality. 

First  swathe.    Superior  quality. 

Fix,  To.  To  settle  the  business.  Often 
used  threateningly ;  as, "  I'll  Jit  him." 

Fix  one's  flint, To.    [To  Fix.] 

Fixings.  Embellishments ;  prepara- 
tions; garnishings;  objects  generally. 


Fizzle.  A  ridiculous  failure;  an  at- 
tempt which  ends  ignominiously. 

Flash  In  the  pan.  An  abortive  at- 
tempt. 

Flatboat.  A  rude  vessel  formerly  used 
in  transporting  produce  down  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  Rivers. 

Flatbroke.    Bankrupt;  penniless. 
Flat-footed.    Downright;  positive. 
Fliiminux,  To.    To  give  up ;  to  ceau 
effort ;  to  die. 

Flunk,  To.  To  retract  in  a  cowardly 
manner ;  cowardice ;  to  fail  in  an  effort,  ai 
in  a  collegiate  examination. 

Fly  around,  To.    To  move  actively. 

Fly  off  the  handle,  To.  To  become 
excited  hastily ;  to  lose  one's  temper  with 
little  provocation. 

Flyer,  To  take  a.  To  make  a  venture. 

Fork  over,  To.  .To  pay  or  deliver. 
(Sometimes  FORK  UP.) 

Free  to  say  (or  confess).  Ready  to 
acknowledge. 

Freeze  out,  To.  To  force  out  of  an 
enterprise  or  company  by  some  trick. 

Freeze  to,  To.  To  cling  to  one  closely. 

Full  swing.  To  the  greatest  degree; 
at  full  speed. 

Funk  out,  To.  To  retract  in  a  cow- 
ardly way. 

G. 

Galllnipper.  An  insect  pest  resem- 
bling the  mosquito,  but  much  larger. 

Galoot.    A  worthless  fellow. 

Gerrymandering.  Arranging  the 
political  divisions  of  a  State  so  that  one 
party  may  obtain  an  advantage  over  its  op- 
ponents. 

Get  a  move  on,  To.  To  hasten,  to  be 
active  in  any  effort. 

Get  one's  back  up,  To.  To  display 
anger. 

Get  religion,  To.    To  become  pious. 

Get  the  mitten,  To.  To  be  dismissed 
as  a  lover. 

Get  the  wrong  pig  by  the  tail.  To. 
To  make  a  mistake  in  selecting  a  person  for 
any  purpose. 

G'hal.  A  slang  term  for  a  girl,  corre- 
sponding to  Bhoy. 

Give  ont,  To.    To  become  exhausted. 
Go  ahead,  To.  To  proceed  with  a  buil- 
ness  or  affair. 

Go  back  on  one.  To.    To  prove  <al*e 
to  one's  interests ;  to  break  faith. 
Go  for,  To.   To  attack;  to  be  in  favor  of. 
Go  In  for,  To.    To  advocate  or  favor. 

Go  it  alone,  To.  To  attempt  anything 
without  assistance. 

Go  it  blind.  To.  To  chance  or  riik  a 
thing  without  having  calculated  probabil- 
ities. 

Go  it  strong,  To.  To  act  energeti- 
cally. 

Go  it  with  a  rush,  To.  To  act  vehe- 
mently. 

Gooff.    To;explre;  to  swoon. 

Go  the  big  figure.  To.  To  engage  In 
business  on  a  large  scale. 

Go  the  whole  figure,  To.  To  the 
utmost  extent. 

Go  the  whole  hog,  To.  To  do  things 
thoroughly. 

Go  through,  To.  To  journey  without 
stopping. 

Go  through  the  mill.  To.  To  gain 
experience,  especially  through  losses  or  dif- 
ficulties. 

Goto  grass!  Get  out!  Away  with 
you  I 

Go  to  smash.  To.  To  be  completely 
ruined  in  business. 

Go  to  the  bad.  To.  To  go  to  destruc- 
tion ;  to  engage  in  wicked  habits. 

Go  under,  To.    To  fail ;  to  perish. 

Go  up,  To.  To  be  destroyed;  to  be 
ruined. 

Go  up  the  spout.  To.    [To  Go  Ur.] 


Colloquial  and  Slang  Words  and  Phrases. 


5337 


Cobble  up,  To.    To  seize  with  avidity. 

Gobbler.    A  male  turkey. 

Gone  case  (or  coon  or  goose).  Past 
hope  or  recovery. 

Goneness.    A  sensation  of  weakness. 

Goner.    A  doomed  person. 

Good  as  wheat.  Of  the  very  best 
quality. 

Gouge,  To.    To  cheat  or  defraud. 

Grab  game.  A  mode  of  swindling  in 
which  the  stakes  at  a  bet  are  "grabbed" 
and  run  off  with;  generally,  to  steal  and 
make  off  with  booty. 

Grass-widow.  A  wife  living  apart 
from  her  husband. 

Greaser.    A  name  given  to  Mexicans. 

Green-goods.    Counterfeit  money. 

Gritty.  Courageous  ;  pugnacious  ; 
ipirited. 

Ground-hog.    A  woodchuck. 

Ground-hog  day.  February  2,  on 
which  day,  if  the  ground-hog  see  his 
shadow  on  emerging  from  his  hole,  a  con- 
tinuance of  cold  weather  is  predicted. 

Growler.  A  receptacle  for  conveying 
beer  ;  a  pitcher  or  can. 

Guess,  To.  To  believe,  suppose,  think, 
etc. 

Gumption.  Common  sense  ;  worldly 
wisdom. 

Gutter-snipe.  An  irregular  broker. 
BROKER.] 


H. 

Hadn't  onghter.    Ought  not  to. 

Hall  from,  To.  To  be  a  native  or 
resident  of. 

Half-cocked.  Prematurely;  as,  "He 
went  off  hay-cocked." 

Handle,  To.  To  be  able  to  manage  or 
to  cope  with. 

Hand-running.    In  succession. 

Hang.  The  knack  of;  as,  "  I  can't  get 
the  hang  of  the  thing." 

Hang  flre,  To.  To  fail  to  accomplish 
a  purpose. 

Hang  out.  To.    To  reside  or  frequent. 

Happen  In,  To.  To  make  a  casual 
call. 

Happy  as  a  clam.    Very  happy. 

Hard  case.  A  worthless  fellow  ;  a 
drunkard. 

Hard  pushed.    In  great  difficulty. 

Hard  row  to  hoe.  Difficult  or  dis- 
agreeable of  accomplishment. 

Hard  up.  In  bad  condition  finan- 
cially. 

Hardshell  Baptists.  The  anti-mis- 
sionary Baptists. 

Hatchet,  To  bury  the.  To  make 
peace. 

Hase,  To.  To  play  practical  jokes  on, 
as  in  college. 

Head  off,  To.  To  intercept;  to  get 
before. 

Hearty  as  a  back.  A  hunter's 
phrase,  now  common. 

Heeler.    A  loafer  ;  a  hanger-on. 

Heft,  To.  To  try  the  weight  of  a  thing 
by  lifting. 

Hickory  shirt.  A  shirt  of  heavy 
twilled  cotton—  so  called  from  its  strength. 

High  Jinks.    Ridiculous  capers. 

Highbinder.  A  Chinese  assassin  em- 
ployed by  the  Chinese  companies  to  kill 
obnoxious  individuals. 

Highfalntln.    Extravagant  talk. 

Hitch,  To.    To  agree. 

Hitch  horse*.    [To  HITCH.] 

Hoe  cake.  A  cake  of  Indian  meal, 
baked  before  the  fire. 

Hoe  one's  row.  To.  To  perform 
one's  share  of  an  undertaking. 

Hoe-down.  A  hilarious  dancing 
party. 

Hog  and  Hominy.  Pork  and  Indian 
corn—  the  staple  articles  of  food  in  some 
districts  of  this  country. 


Hold  on,  To.    To  wait ;  to  cease  for  a 
hurt  time. 
Holloa  before  one  Is  ont  of  the 

woods,  To.  To  rejoice  prematurely,  be- 
fore the  difficulty  is  overcome. 

Hoodlum.    A  city  rowdy. 

Hook,  To.    To  steal. 

Hopping  mad.    Violently  angry. 

Horn.    A  drink  of  liquor. 

Horn,  In  a.  A  phrase  used  to  negative 
a  falsehood ;  as,  "  I'll  give  it  to  you,  in  a 
horn." 

Howdy.  A  contraction  for  "How  do 
you  do?" 

How's  that  for  high  ?  What  do  you 
think  of  that? 

Huckleberry  above  one's  per- 
simmon. To  be  above  one's  ability. 

Hunk.  A  large  piece  or  slice;  a  big 
lump. 

Hunkers.  Those  who  cling  to  the  old 
homestead,  or  to  old  principles  (New  York 
politics). 

Hnnkldori.    Excellent;  Srst-class. 

Hurry  up  the  cakes.    Make  haste. 

Hnrrygraph.  Something  written  or 
sketched  in  a  hurry. 

Hush  up,  To.    To  cease  talking. 

Husking.  Stripping  the  husk  from 
Indian  corn.  [SHUCKING.] 

Hypo.  Contraction  for  "  hypochondria." 

I. 

I  want  to  know !  An  exclamation  of 
surprise,  meaning,  Indeed  I  Is  it  possible ! 

Indian  file.  One  after  another ;  in  sin- 
gle file. 

Indian  gift.  An  object  given  and  taken 
away  again. 

Indian  summer.  The  pleasant 
weather  usually  occurring  in  this  country 
in  late  autumn. 

Irish.  Temper ;  anger  •  as,  "  Don't  get 
your  Irish  up. 

J. 

Jab,  To.    To  strike  or  thrust. 

Jackass  rabbit.  A  rabbit  of  the 
Western  plains— so  called  from  its  very  long 
ears. 

Jack-at-a-pinch.    As  a  last  resort. 

Jag.  A  small  load ;  specif.,  intoxication. 

Jam  up.    Capital ;  prime. 

Jamboree.    A  carouse  or  frolic. 

Jayhawker.  A  name  given  during 
the  Civil  War  to  some  of  the  guerillas  or 
the  Western  States. 

Jerked  beef.  Beef  dried  in  the  open 
air. 

Jig  is  up,  The.  The  matter  is  settled ; 
the  game  is  up ;  it  is  all  over. 

Jim-jams.  Madness  caused  by  alco- 
holism. 

Johnny  cake.  A  cake  made  of  In- 
dian meal  mixed  with  water  or  milk. 

Jugful.  A  great  quantity.  Not  by  a  jug- 
fid  =  not  on  any  account. 

Jump  a  claim,  To.  To  obtain  pos- 
session of  a  mining  claim  in  an  Illegal 
manner. 

Jump  ball,  To.  To  violate  a  ball  bond. 

K. 

Kechog;  Kerchug.  The  noise  made 
by  a  leap  into  the  water. 

Keel  over,  To.  To  faint  or  swoon ;  to 
be  upset. 

Keener.  A  shrewd  person ;  sharp  at  a 
bargain. 

Keep  a  stiff  upper  lip.  To.  To 
keep  up  one's  courage ;  to  remain  firm. 

Keep  company,  To.  To  pay  court 
to  a  lady,  visiting  her  frequently. 

Keniption  fit.  A  state  of  ludicrous 
excitement. 

Kick,  To.  To  jilt  a  suitor ;  to  object 
vigorously ;  to  find  fault  or  grumble. 

Kick  up  a  row,  To.  To  produce  a 
fight  or  uproar. 


Kid.    A  young  child. 

Kinder.    In  a  manner ;  as  it  were. 

Kinder  sorter.    Somehow ;  rather. 

Kinky.   Queer;  crotchety. 

Knee-high  to  a  mosquito.  An  ex- 
travagant expression  of  extreme  smallness 
of  stature.  Also,  Knee-high  to  a  grasshopper. 

Knickerbocker.  A  descendant  of 
one  of  the  old  Dutch  families  of  New  York. 

Knock  aronnd,  To.  To  wander  about 
aimlessly. 

Knock  down  and  drag  out.  A 
fight  carried  to  extremity. 

Knock  down,  To.  To  embezzle ;  to 
pilfer. 

Knock  off,  To.  To  deduct ;  to  give  a 
rebate. 

Knocked  Into  a  cocked  hat.  Ut- 
terly spoiled ;  crushed  out  of  shape. 

Krlss  Krlngle.  A  corruption  of  Chritt 
Kindlein,  the  infant  Christ. 

L. 

Lam  (or  lambaste),  To.  To  beat 
thoroughly ;  to  give  a  sound  drubbing. 

Lame  duck.  A  name  given  to  a  spec- 
ulative operator  unable  to  meet  his  engage- 
ments ;  one  fully  insolvent  is  called  a  dead 
duck. 

Land  of  Steady  Habits.  New  Eng- 
land ;  Connecticut  specifically. 

Land's  sake !  A  euphemism  for  Lord'i 
sake  I 

Larrup.    To  beat ;  to  flog. 

Latter-day  Saints.  A  title  assumed 
by  the  Mormons. 

Law  sakes !  An  expression  of  surprise. 

Lawing.    Entering  into  litigation. 

Lay  for,  To.  To  waylay;  to  seek  to 
entrap. 

Lay  on  thick,  To.    To  flatter  grossly. 

Leave  out  in  the  cold,  To.  To  de- 
prive of  some  benefit.  [FREEZE  Our.] 

Leg  to  stand  on.  Resource.  "  He  has 
not  a  leg  to  stand  on"  =  He  is  destitute  of 
resources. 

Log-puller.  One  who  obtains  some 
favor  by  wheedling. 

Let  on.  To.  To  mention;  to  commu- 
nicate ;  to  prevaricate. 

Let  out,  To.    To  disclose. 

Let  slide,  To.    To  let  go. 

Let  up,  To.    To  cease. 

Level  best.    Extreme  effort. 

Llckety -split.    At  a  very  rapid  pao«. 

Lift  one's  hair.    To  scalp  one. 

Light  out,  To.  To  abscond;  to  run 
away. 

Light-wood.  Fat-pine  knots ;  used  as 
torches. 

Like  a  book.  To  know  one  thor- 
oughly. 

Liner.  A  steamer  of  one  of  the  trans- 
atlantic passenger  lines. 

Liquor,  To.    To  take  a  drink. 

Little  end  of  the  horn.  An  expres- 
sion indicating  ridiculous  failure. 

Live  out,  To.  To  occupy  the  place  of 
a  servant. 

Lobby.  The  persons  who  frequent  the 
lobby  of  a  house  of  legislature  to  influence 
legislation. 

Lobby.  To.  To  attempt  to  influence 
the  members  of  a  legislature. 

Log-rolling.  Dishonest  methods  in 
politics. 

Lope.    A  contraction  from  gallop. 

Luddy  massy.  A  corruption  of  "  Lord 
have  mercy." 

Lummox.    A  heavy,  stupid  fellow. 

Lynch,  To.  To  execute  without  a 
legal  trial. 

Lynch  law.    Mob  low. 

M. 

Ma'am  school.    A  school  taught  by  a 
woman. 
Machine.    A  fire  engine. 


6338 


Colloquial  and  Slang  Words  and  Phrases. 


Machine  politics.    Underhand  man 
agement  by  political  leaders. 
Mad.    Very  angry. 

Wnkp  n  move,  To.  To  take  a  step  in 
regard  to  an  affair. 

Make  a  raise,  To.  To  secure  money 
for  one's  use. 

Make  one's  manners,  To.  To  curt- 
sey ;  to  bow. 

Make  one's  mark,  To.  To  DC  suc- 
cessful in  affairs. 

Make  one's  pile,  To.  To  grow 
wealthy. 

Make  one's  self  scarce,  To.  To 
decamp ;  to  depart. 

Make  tbe  fur  fly,  To.  To  chastise 
ieverely. 

Hake  tracks,  To.  To  abscond  hastily; 
to  run  away. 

Market  track.  Vegetables  brought 
to  market. 

Middling  well.    Tolerably  well. 

Mighty.    Exceedingly ;  very. 

Mind,  To.    To  remember. 

Mitten,  To  give  the.  To  dismiss  a 
•uitor. 

Motmeracy.    The  rule  of  the  mob. 

Mock  auction.  A  pretended  auction 
to  entrap  country  people. 

Molly  Cotton-tall.    A  hare. 

Monkey-shines.  Monkey-like  antics. 

Moonshiner.  A  distiller  of  illicit 
whiskey. 

Mosey,  To.  To  decamp;  to  leave  in 
haste. 

Move.  To.  To  change  one's  residence ; 
to  remove. 

Mnd  sills.  The  laboring  classes,  as  the 
•ubstratum  of  society. 

Murphy.    An  "  Irish  "  potato. 

Moss.  A  state  of  confusion;  a  squabble; 
•  row. 

Mass,  To.    To  disarrange. 

Mustang.  The  wild  horse  of  the 
prairies. 

Jin t toil-head.    A  stupid  fellow. 


N. 

Hall,  To.  To  arrest ;  to  secure ;  to  dis- 
prove. 

Nary.  A  corruption  of  "ne'er  a;"  as, 
nary  one  =  never  a  one. 

Nary  red.  Without  a  red  cent;  penni- 
less. 

Native-born.    Indigenous. 

Near.    Miserly. 

Never  say  die.    Never  despa!r. 

Nigger  beads.  The  tussocks,  or 
knotted  masses  of  roots,  which  project 
above  the  surface  of  a  swamp. 

Nlgb  nnto.    Nigh  upon;  nearly;  al- 
most. 
I  Nip.    A  drink  of  liquor. 

Nip  and  Tack.    Sharp  rivalry ;  tit  for 

t&t. 

No  account.    Of  no  value ;  worthless. 
No  how.    By  no  means. 

No  two  ways  about  It.  Certain; 
fixed ;  beyond  doubt. 

None  of  my  funeral.  It  does  not 
concern  me. 

Nubbins.  Imperfectly  formed  ears  of 
Indian  corn. 

Nullification.  An  attempt  by  a  State 
to  nullify  a  national  law. 

NulllHer.  One  who  believes  in  the 
right  of  a  State  to  resist  a  law  enacted  by 
Comgress. 

o. 

Oak  barrens.  Straggling  forests  of 
•tnnted  oak  trees  growing  in  very  poor 

Oak    openings.      Forests   of  small, 
thinly-scattered  oak  trees. 
,  Odd  stick.    An  eccentric  individual. 

OB*  one's  base.  In  error ;  on  a  wrong 
coarse. 


Off  the  handle.  Excited;  in  a  pas- 
sion. 

Off  the  helve.    [OFF  THE  HANDLE.] 

Old  com.  A  cunning  political  man- 
ager. 

Old  boss.  A  familiar  expression  in 
accosting  a  person ;  equivalent  to  "  old  fel- 
low." 

Old  man.  A  disrespectful  term  for 
one's  father  or  -employer. 

Old  rye.  Old  whiskey  distilled  from 
rye. 

Old  Scratch.    Satan. 

Old  soldiers.  Tobacco  that  has  been 
chewed;  the  butts  of  cigars. 

One-horse.  Of  inferior  degree  or 
quality. 

Over  the  left.  An  expression  giving 
an  opposite  meaning;  an  affirmation;  as, 
" He'll  get  it,  oner  the  lefl"  =  He  will  nut 
get  it. 

Overslaugh,  To.  To  neglect,  to  pass 
over,  to  omit. 

Owdacious.    Audacious. 

P. 

Paddle  one's  own  cmnoe. To.    To 

act  independently;  to  make  one's  own 
way. 

Painter.    A  corruption  of  panther. 

Pule  face.  An  Indian  name  for  the 
whites. 

Pan  oat,  To.    To  prove  of  value. 

Pass  in  one's  cheeks,  To.  To  die; 
to  settle  life's  account. 

Patroon.  One  to  whom  a  landed  estate 
was  granted  by  the  old  Dutch  government 
of  New  York. 

Pay  dirt.  Gold-bearing  earth;  figura- 
tively, anything  yielding  remuneration. 

Peach,  T».  To  betray  one's  compan- 
ions in  some  misdeed. 

Peert;  peart.    Brisk,  lively. 

Peg  away,  To.   To  work  continuously. 

Pegged  oat.    Exhausted. 

Pesky.    Plaguey;  confounded. 

Peter  Funk.  A  person  employed  to 
bid  up  the  price  of  articles  at  petty  or  mock 
auctions. 

Peter  <Hit,  To.  To  dwindle  away ;  to 
become  exhausted  by  degrees. 

lM<*aynn«o-  A  small  silver  coin  once 
used  in  Louisiana;  hence, anythingmean, 
parsimonious,  or  small.. 

Pickaninny.  A  negro  name  for  an 
infant. 

Pile.    The  amount  of  a  person's  wealth. 

Pill.  A  term  of  contempt ;  as, "  He  is  a 
fine  pill." 

Pine  barrens.  Level,  sandy  tracts  in 
the  South,  covered  with  pine  trees. 

Pinery.  A  place  where  pine  trees 
grow;  a  forest  orpines. 

Pipe,  To.    To  act  the  spy  upon. 

Pipe-laying.  Arranging  for  a  politi- 
cal campaign  or  a  business  affair.  The 
term  implies  trickery  or  dishonesty. 

Pitch  in.  To.  To  enter  into  an  affair, 
usually  a  fight 

Plac«,  To.  To  recall  in  memory;  to 
recognize ;  as,  "  I  can't  place  the  man ; '  ».  e. 
fail  to  recollect  him. 

Plaguey  sight.    A  great  deal. 

Plank,  To.    To  tender ;  to  offer. 

Planked  shad.  A  shad  nailed  to  a 
plank  and  roasted ;  an  epicurean  mode  of 
cooking  this  fish. 

Played  oat.    Used  np ;  exhausted. 

Plng-ngly.    A  Baltimore  rowdy. 

Plumb-«entre.  Directly  at  the  cen- 
tre, in  shooting  at  a  mark. 

Poke  fan,  To.    To  make  sport  of. 

Pony  op,  To.    [To  FORK  Over.] 

Poor  white  folks.  The  lower  classes 
of  Southern  whites. 

Pop  corn,  To.  To  parch  Indian  corn 
till  it  bursts  open. 

Possam.  Tn  play.  To  attempt  to  de- 
ceive by  feigning  death ;  to  make  a  false 
pretence. 


Post,  To.    To  give  full  information. 

Potter  around,  To.  To  employ  one's 
self  with  small  affairs. 

Powerful.    Greatly;  exceedingly. 

Pow-wow.  A  council  of  Indians ;  a 
political  conference. 

Pow-wow,  To.  To  hold  a  noisy  con- 
sultation. 

Pre-empt,  To.  To  secure  land  by 
being  the  first  settler  upon  It. 

Pretty  considerable.  Of  some  con 
sequence. 

Pretty  middling.    Moderately  well 

Primp  up.  To.  To  decorate  one's  self 
fastidiously;  to  dress  finically. 

Prospect,  To.  To  seek  for  mines  of 
metals. 

Poll  Dick,  pull  Devil.  An  equal 
contest. 

Pull  one's  leg,  To.  To  secure  a  favor 
or  loan. 

Pull  np  stakes,  To.  To  change  a 
place  of  residence ;  to  remove  or  emigrate. 

Poll  the  wool  over  one's  eye,  To. 

To  deceive  or  blind  by  false  pretences. 

Put  a  head  on  one,  To.  To  beat ;  to 
break  one's  head. 

Pat  in  licks,  To.  To  make  strong 
efforts. 

Pat  It  strong,  To.  To  express  some- 
thing forcibly. 

Pat  throagh,  To.  To  do  something 
successfully. 

Q. 

Quaker  guns*.  Wooden  guns  intended 
to  represent  real  ones. 

Qualify,  To.  To  swear  to  discharge 
the  duties  of  an  office. 

Quarters.  The  negro  huts  on  a  plan- 
tation. 

Quid.    A  corruption  of  cud. 

Quilting  bee  (or'froHe).  An  assem 
blaze  of  women  to  aid  in  making  a  bed- 
quilt.  Refreshments  and  amusements  fol- 
low. 

R. 

Rag  off  the  bush,  To  take  the.   To 

excel  completely. 

Raise,  To.  To  bring  up ;  to  breed,  pro- 
duce, etc. 

Raise  a  racket,  To.  To  make  a  noise 
or  disturbance. 

Raise  Cain,  To.  To  cause  a  disturb- 
ance. 

Raise  one's  dander,  To.  To  make 
one  angry. 

Raising  bee.  Setting  up  the  frame  of 
a  building  with  the  aid  of  neighbors. 

Rambunctious.  Pugnacious,  litig- 
ious. 

Reckon.  To.  To  think,  Imagine,  sup- 
pose, etc.  Applied  to  almost  every  mental 
effort. 

Red-eye.    New  raw  whiskey. 

Kin  lit  along.  Continuously;  in  suc- 
cession. 

Right  away;  Right  off.  Immedi- 
ately. 

Right  smart.  To  a  considerable  ex- 
tent. 

Ring-tailed  roarer  (or  snorter).  A 
quarrelsome  brawler. 

Rip  oat,  To.  To  utter  with  vehe- 
mence. 

Rip-«nort«T.  A  noisy,  brawling  fel- 
low. 

Root,  bog,  or  die.  Trust  to  your  own 
efforts. 

Rope  In,  To.    To  entrap. 

Row  to  hoe.    A  task  to  perform. 

Row  up  Halt  River,  To.  A  phrase 
signifying  political  defeat. 

Rum-hole.    A  low  drinking-place. 

Ran  Into  the  groaad,  To.  To  in- 
dulge in  too  greatly. 

Ran  one's  face.  To.  To  tray  on  credit. 

Rush  It,  To.    To  do  a  thing  with  spirit. 


Weights  and  Measures,  Domestic  and  Foreign. 


s. 

Salt  down  (stock  or  money).  To. 

To  retain  for  future  use;  to  lay  aside. 

Sapbead.  A  blockhead ;  a  stupid  fel- 
low. 

Sass.    Impudence;  impertinence. 

Scalawag.  A  political  name  formerly 
applied  to  those  Southerners  who  affiliated 
with  the  Republican  party;  a  worthless 
fellow. 

Scare  np,  To.  To  collect;  to  find ;  to 
become  owner  of. 

Schooner.    A  large  beer-glass. 

Scoot,  To.    To  walk  fast ;  to  run. 

(Scrooge,  To.    To  crowd ;  to  squeeze. 

Scrumptious.    Nice;  excellent. 

Nee  the  elephant.  To.  To  see  the 
Bights  of  a  strange  place. 

Set  store  by,  To.    To  hold  in  esteem. 

Settle  one's  hash,  To.  To  dispose 
of  finally. 

Shank's  mare.  To  take.    To  walk. 

Shin  It,  To.    To  run  off;  to  decamp. 

Shin  ronnd,  To.  To  move  around 
briskly 

Shindy.    A  row ;  a  spree. 

Shingle,  To  hang  out  one's.  To 
put  out  a  business  sign. 

Shot.    (Shot  in  theneck.)    Intoxicated. 

Shut  np,  To.    T'o  cease  talking. 

Shut  up  yonr  clam-shell.  Close 
your  moutn. 

Shyster.  A  low  lawyer  who  hangs  about 
the  police  courts  for  practice,  but  nas  not 
been  admitted  to  the  bar ;  a  base  fellow. 

Singed  cat.  One  whose  qualities  sur- 
pass his  appearance. 

Skedaddle,  To.    To  abscond  hastily. 

Skunk,  To.  To  defeat  completely,  not 
allowing  an  opponent  to  score  a  point. 

Slate,  To  make  a.  To  arrange  a  set 
of  nominations  in  advance. 

Slick  as  a  whistle.  Very  easy  of 
execution ;  neatly. 

Slick  as  grease.  [SLICK  AS  A  WHISTLE.] 

Slick  np,  To.    To  make  sleek  or  fine. 

Slide,  To.    To  go ;  begone ;  be  off. 

Slip  np,  To.    To  be  mistaken. 

Slop  OTer,  To.  To  go  to  excess.  Used 
in  oratory,  etc. 

Slope,  To.    To  decamp. 

Slump,  To.    To  decrease. 

Small  potatoes.  Insignificant  indi- 
viduals. 

Smart  ehanee.    A  good  opportunity. 
Smart  sprinkle.    A  good  many. 
Snake  in,  To.    To  drag  in. 
Snake  out,  To.  To  draw  out  by  stealth. 


Sneezed  at,  Not  to  be.    Of  no  slight 

importance. 

Sock,  To.  To  apply  vigorously,  to  strike 
with  energy. 

Soft  sawder.    Flattery. 

Soft  soap,  To.  To  use  fulsome  flat- 
tery. 

Soft  thing.  Anything  making  large 
returns  for  small  efforts. 

Some  pumpkins.  Of  considerable 
value. 

Soph.    A  contraction  of  "sophomore." 

Spark,  To.    To  court ;  to  act  the  lover. 

Spell,  To.  To  relieve  by  taking  a  turn 
at  work. 

Spin  street  yarn,  To.  To  go  gossip- 
ing about  the  streets. 

Spot,  To.  To  discover  the  whereabouts 
of  a  person ;  to  identify. 

Spread  one's  self.  To.  To  put  forth 
one^i  best  efforts. 

Spring  fever.  The  listless  feeling  ex- 
perienceain  the  first  warm  spring  weather. 

Squeal,  To.  To  betray  one's  partners 
in  illegal  actions. 

Stag  dance  (or  party).  A  dance  or 
party  made  up  of  males. 

Stamping-ground.  The  scene  of 
one's  exploits ;  one's  favorite  place  of  re- 
sort. 

Stand  np  to  the  rack.  To.  To  abide 
the  consequences  of  an  action. 

Stick,  To.    To  deceive ;  to  trick. 

Stool  pigeon.  A  decoy  used  by  the 
police  in  entrapping  criminals. 

Straight  up  and  down.  Candid; 
honest. 

Strapped.    Out  of  money. 

Streak  it.    To  run  at  high  speed. 

Strike  It  rich  (or  strike  oil),  To. 
To  be  very  fortunate. 

Sncker.  A  dupe;  an  unsophisticated 
fellow. 

Surprise  party.  A  company  who 
visits  a  friend's  house  without  invitation. 

T. 

Take  on,  To.    To  exhibit  grief. 

Take  the  back  track,  To.  To  recede 
from  a  position. 

Take  the  cake,  To.    To  surpass. 

Take  the  rag  off,  To.  [TAKE  THE 
CAKE.] 

Take  water,  To.  To  recede  from  an 
assertion ;  to  acknowledge  defeat. 

Tell  on,  To.    To  expose. 

Ten-strike.  A  fortunate  or  lucky 
stroke. 

Throw  in,  To.  To  contribute-  to  a 
common  purpose. 


Tickle,  To.    To  please ;  to  gratify. 

Tight  squeeze.    A  difficult  position. 

Tl  1 1  irate.  To.  To  prink  or  adorn  one'« 
person. 

To  put  tucks  (or  frills)  on.  To  em- 
bellish a  story  with  imaginative  additions. 

To  try  it  on.  To  endeavor ;  to  make 
an  attempt. 

Toe  the  mark,  To.  To  meet  one'l 
obligations. 

Tote,  To.    To  carry. 

Trot  out.  To  exhibit ;  to  bring  forward 

Tuckered  out.    Exhausted ;  wearied. 

u. 

Uncle.    A  pawnbroker. 

Uncle  Sam.    The  United  States. 

1  "l>  a  tree.  At  a  loss  what  to  do  next ; 
cornered. 

Up  to  snuff.    Versed  in  trickery,  etc. 

Up  to  the  hub.    To  the  last  extreme. 

Upper  crust  (or  ten).  The  highest 
class  of  society. 

Upper  ten.  The  rich  or  more  aristo- 
cratic circles. 

Use  up,  To.    To  exhaust ;  to  wear  out. 

V. 

Vamose  the  ranch,  To.  To  leave 
the  house;  to  abscond. 

w. 

Wake  snakes.  To  cause  a  commotion. 
Wake  np  toe  wrong  passenger, 

To.    To  make  a  mistake  as  to  a  person. 

Walk  chalk.  To.  To  conduct  one's 
self  circumspectly. 

Walk  Into,  To.  To  attack ;  to  get  the 
better  ot 

Walking  papers.  Dismissal;  dis- 
charge. 

Walk-over.    An  easy  victory. 

Whip  the  devil  around  a  stump. 
To.  To  prevaricate;  to  make  deceiving 
statements. 

Whole  team.  An  individual  of  great 
energy  and  force  of  character. 

Wide  awake.    On  the  alert. 

Wire-pulling.  Political  management. 

Worm  fence.    A  zigzag  fence. 

Worst  kind.    To  a  great  degree. 

Y. 

Tank,  To.  To  Jerk  or  twitch  power- 
fully ;  to  haul  out  roots. 

Ton  bet!  An  emphatic  confirmation 
of  an  assertion. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES,  DOMESTIC  AND 

FOREIGN. 


Avoirdupois  Weight—Used  in  com- 
mercial transactions  and  in  weighing  all 
metals  but  gold  and  silver. 

27U  grains =  1  dram. 

16  drams =  1  ounce. 

16  ounces =  1  pound. 

112  pounds =  1  hundredweight. 

20  hundredweight .  =  1  ton. 

100  pounds =  1  short  hnndr  dw  t. 

2000  pounds —  1  short  ton. 

100  pounds =  1  quintal. 

1  pound =  7000  grains  troy. 

Apothecaries'  Weight.— Used  in 

weighing  drugs. 

SOgrains —  1  scruple. 

8  scruples =  1  dram. 

Sdrams =  lounce. 

12  ounces =  1  pound. 


Apothecaries'  Measure. 

eominims =-ldram. 

8  drams - 1  ounce. 

16  ounces —  1  pint. 

8  pinto - 1  gallon. 

Troy  'Weight.— Use#ih  weighinggoM, 
silver,  jewelry,  etc. 

24  grains =  1  pennyweight. 

20  pennyweights    ....  —  1  ounce. 

12  ounces —  1  pound. 

1  pound —  5760  grains. 

Long  Measure.-Used  in  measuring 
straight  lines  and  distances. 

8  barleycorn*  ....  — 1  inchi 

12  lines =-linch> 

12  inches =1  fcot. 

3  feet -lyard. 


=1  rod,  pole,  or 

perch. 

40  rods =1  furlong. 

8  furlongs =  1  mile. 

3  miles =1  league. 

1.16  statute  miles .  .  .  =  1  geographical 

mile. 

«0  geographical  miles  =  1  degree. 
69%  statute  miles     .  .  =  1  degree  (equator- 
ial, nearly). 

8  inches =1  palm. 

4  inches =  1  hand. 

9  inches —  Ispan. 

iu  feet =1  cubit  (Scripture). 

6  feet   ........=  1  fathom. 

The  miles  of  different  nations  differ 
greatly  in  length,  varying  from  the  Swed- 
ish mile  of  11,703  yards  to  the  English  mile 
of  1760  yards.  The  Russian  vewt  Is  1164 
yards ;  the  Chinese  Us,  629  yards. 


6340 


Weights  and  Measures,  Domestic  and  Foreign. 


Square  Measure.— Used  in  measuring 
plane  surfaces. 
144  square  inches  .   .   .   .  =  1  square  foot. 

8  square  feet =1  square  yard. 

80(4  square  yards  .  .   .  .  =  1  square  rod. 
40  square  rods =  1  rood. 

4  roods =1  acre. 

MO  acres =1  square  mile. 

Surveyors'  Measnre. 

7^ji,  inches =  llink. 

25  links =  1  pole. 

MO  links =  1  chain. 

10  chains =  1  furlong. 

8  furlongs,  or  80  chains    .  .  =  1  mile. 

Surveyors'  Square  Measure, 


62.726  square  inches 
2.135  square  links 
20.655  square  link* 
626  square  links 
10,000  square  links 
2.5  square  chains 
10  square  chains 


1  square  link. 
=  1  square  foot. 
=  1  square  yard. 
=  1  square  pole. 
=  1  square  chain. 
=  1  rood. 
=  1  acre. 


dnnter's  Chain. 

9.72  inches    .  =  1  link. 
100  links    .  .  =  1  chain,  4  rods,  or  22  yards. 
80  chains    .  =  1  mile. 

V nl tod  States  Land  Measnre. 

1  quarter-section  =  160  acres. 
1  section    .  .  .  .  =  1  sq.  mile,  or  640  acres. 
1  township  .  .  .  =  36  sections,  6  miles  sq., 
or  36  square  miles. 

Solid  or  Cubic  Measure.— Used  in 
measuring  solid  bodies,  or  spaces  having 
length,  breadth,  and  thickness. 
1728  cubic  inches      =•  1  cubic  foot. 
=  1  cubic  yard. 
=  1  cord  foot  of  wood. 
=  1  cord  of  wood. 
=  1  perch. 

=  lion  (U.S.  shipping). 
=  1  ton  (Br.  shipping). 
40  feet  round  timber  =  1  ton  or  load. 
60  feet  hewn  timber  =  1  ton  or  load. 


27  cubic  feet 

16  cubic  feet 

8  cord  feet 

6J4  cubic  feet 

40  cubic  feet 

42  cubic  feet 


Dry  Measure.— 

coal,   and  generally 

liquid. 

4  gills = 

2  pints     

*  quarts = 

4  pecks • 

3d  bushels = 

4  quarts' = 

1  bushel  <U.  8.)   .  .= 
1  imperial  bushel ) 

(English).  .  .  ;  = 

5  imperial  bushels  - 
8  imperial  bushels  = 

6  quarters = 


Used  for  grain,  salt, 
for  all   articles   not 

•  1  pint. 

=  1  quart. 

=  1  peck. 

=  1  bushel. 

'  1  chaldron. 

=  lgallon(268tca.in.). 

'2150.42  cubic  inches. 

<  2218.192  cu.  inches. 

•  1  sack  (English). 

••  1  quarter  (English). 
1  load  (English). 


Liquid  Measure.— Used  for  liquids, 
except  medicines. 

4  gills •=  1  pint. 

2  pints =  1  quart. 

4  quarts =  1  gallon. 

81H  gallon* =  1  barrel. 

2  barrels —  1  hogshead. 

2  hogshead* =1  pipe  or  butt. 

2  pipes =1  tun. 

42  gallons =1  tierce. 

2  tierces =  1  puncheon. 

The  barrel,  hogshead,  and  pipe  vary  in 
capacity  in  different  States  and  countries 
and  in  different  industries. 

Circular  Measure.— Used  in  measur- 
ing the  earth's  surface,  circles,  angles,  etc. 

60  seconds =  1  minute. 

60  minutes =1  degree. 

30  degrees =  1  sign. 

12  signs =1  circle. 

Time  Measure.— Used  to  measure 
Buration. 

60  seconds =  1  minute. 

60  minutes =  1  hour. 

24  hours =-1  day. 

7  days =•  1  week. 

4K  weeks  (average)    .  .  .  .  =  1  month.    ' 

12  months =1  year. 

*65  days _  1  year. 

K6  days _  i  leap  year. 

Mariners'  Measure.— Used  on  ship- 
board. 

6  feet    ....  —  1  fathom. 
120  fathoms  .  .  —  1  cable-length. 
7U  cable-lengths  —  1  mile. 
B280  feet    ....  —  1  statute  mile. 
1066  feet  ....  —  1  nautical  or  geograph- 
ical mile,  or  knot. 
8  knots    .  .  .  —  l  nautical  league. 


Cloth  Measure.— Used  by  dealers  in 
cloth,  carpets,  ribbons,  etc. 

214  inches =  1  nail. 

4  nails =  1  quarter. 

3  quarters =  1  ell  Flemish. 

4  quarters =  1  yard. 

5  quarters =  1  ell  English. 

6  quarters =  1  ell  French. 

Bakers'  Weight. 

16  ounces =  1  pound  of  flour. 

7  pounds =  1  gallon. 

14  pounds =  1  peck  or  stone. 

8  stones =  1  hundredweight. 

10  stones =  1  boll. 

14  stones =  1  barrel. 

20  stones =  1  sack. 

The  stone  is  legally  14  pounds,  but  varies 
in  practice  in  different  industries.  A  stone 
of  meat  or  fish  is  usually  8  pounds ;  of 
cheese,  16  pounds ;  of  hemp,  32  pounds ;  of 
glass,  5  pounds. 

Wool  Weight. 

7  pounds —  1  clove. 

2  cloves =  1  stone. 

2  stones =  1  tod. 

6^  tods =  1  wey. 

2  weys =  1  sack. 

12  sacks =  1  last. 

Hay  and  Straw  Weight. 

36  pounds  straw — •  1  truss. 

56  pounds  old  hay =  1  truss. 

60  pounds  new  hay =  1  truss. 

36  trusses —  1  load. 

Paper  Measure. 

24  sheets =  1  quire. 

10%  quires =  1  token. 

20  quires =  1  ream. 

2  reams =  1  bundle. 

10  reams —  1  bale. 

Sizes  of  Books.— Books  are  usually 
designated  by  the  number  of  folds  in  a 
sheet  of  printing-paper. 
Folio.  .  .  .    2  leaves  or  4  pages  =  1  sheet. 


8 


Quarto 

or4to 
Octavo 

orSvo 
Duodecimo  \10 
or  12mo.  J  *• 
16mo  ....  16 
18mo  ....  18 


8 
16 

24 

32 


=  1 
=  1 


=  1 
=  1 


And  so  on  for  smaller  sizes  of  books. 

MISCELLANEOUS    COMMER- 
CIAL WEIGHTS  AND 
MEASURES. 

12  articles =  1  dozen. 

13  articles =  1  long  dozen. 

12  dozen =  1  gross. 

12  gross =  1  great  gross. 

20  articles =  1  score. 

5  score =  1  hundred. 

6  score =•  1  long  hundred. 

30  deals =  1  quarter. 

4  quarters =  1  hundred. 

14  pounds  iron  or  lead  =  1  stone. 
2J^  stones =  1  pig. 

8  pigs =  1  fother. 

243i  cubic  feet  of  stone  =  1  perch. 

lOskins =  1  dicker  of  hides. 

100  dozen  pairs    .  .  .  =  1  dicker  of  gloves. 

60  pairs  of  shoes =  1  case. 

25  pounds  of  powder  .  .  .  =  1  keg. 
100  pounds  of  nails  .  .  .  .  =  1  keg. 
100  pounds  of  dry  fish  .  .  .  =  1  quintal. 

64  pounds  of  soap =1  firkin. 

6ft  pounds  of  butter  .  .  .  .  =  1  firkin. 
196  pounds  of  flour  .  .  .  .  =  1  barrel. 
200  pounds  of  beef  or  pork  =  1  barrel. 

256  pounds  of  soap =  1  barrel. 

300  pounds  of  cement  .  .   .  =  1  barrel. 

240  pounds  of  lime =  1  cask. 

100  pounds  of  grain   .  .  .  .  =  1  cental. 
8  bushels  of  salt =  1  hogshead. 

60  pounds  of  wheat  .  .  .  .=  1  bushel. 

56  pounds  of  corn  or  rye  .  =  1  bushel. 

60  pounds  of  corn  or  rye 

meal =  1  bushel. 

32  pounds  of  oats =  1  bushel. 

48  pounds  of  barley  .  .  .  .  =  1  bushel. 

60  pounds  of  potatoes    .  .  =  1  bushel. 
140  to  168_pounds  of  coffee  .  =  1  bag. 
280  pounds  of  hops    .  .  .  .  =  1  bag. 

168  pounds  of  rice =  1  bag. 

112  to  168  pounds  of  sugar  .  =  1  bag. 

15  to  30  pounds  of  bullion  =  1  bar. 
140  pounds  of  flour   .  .  .  .  =  1  boll. 

2  bolls  of  flour =  1  sack. 

672  pounds  of  rice —  1  cask. 


1008  pounds  of  tallow     .  .  .  =  1  cask. 

224  pounds  of  coal =  1  sack 

5786  pounds  of  coal =  1  chaldron. 

56  pounds  of  ballast       .   .  =  1  pig 
1120  pounds  of  prunes      .  .  =  1  puncheon. 
1120  to  1344  pounds  molasses  =  1  puncheon. 
320  pounds  of  coffee  .      .  .  =  1  tierce 
84  pounds  of  butter  .       .  .  -=  1  tub. 
256  pounds  of  cheese  .       ,   .  =  1  weight. 

200  skins  of  hides =  1  last 

18  barrels  of  salt =  1  last 

24  barrels  of  gunpowder  .  =  1  last. 
60  skins  of  parchment,   .  .  =  1  roll ' 

26U  gallons  of  tar =  1  barrel. 

37V..  gallons  of  herrings  .  .  =  1  cran. 

25  gallons  of  olive  oil .  .  .  =  1  jar 
252  gallons  of  oil =  i  tun 

31  gallons  of  hock   .  .  .  .  =  1  aume. 

THE  METRIC  SYSTEM. 

The  metric  or  decimal  system,  long  In  use 
in  France,  and  now  adopted  in  other  Euro- 
pean countries  and  to  some  extent  in  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain,  calls  for 
special  attention  from  its  prominent  im- 
portance among  systems  of  weights  and 
measures.  It  is  based  upon  the  metre,  the 
unit  of  lettgUi,  which  is  approximately 
nraAm™  part  of  the  distance  from  the 
equator  to  the  pole,  or  =  39.37  inches. 

The  SQUARE  METRE  is  the  unit  of  meaenre 
of  small  surfaces. 

The  ABE  =  100  square  metres,  is  the  unit 
of  measure  for  land  surfaces. 

The  STERE,  or  CUBIC  METRE,  is  the  unit 
of  measure  for  volumes. 

The  LITRE,  a  cube  whose  edges  measure 
•ft,  of  a  metrei  is  the  unit  of  capacity. 

The  GRAMME,  the  weight  of  a  cube  of  dis- 
tilled water  whose  edges  measure  rJu  of  a 
metre,  is  the  unit  of  weight. 

Long  Measure. 

1  millimetre  =  .001  metre      —  .039  inches. 
1  centimetre  =  .01  =  .39 

1  decimetre    =  .1         "  =  3.93       " 

1  metre  =3.28    feet. 

1  decametre  =       10  metres  =  82.81     " 
1  hectometre  =      100      "       =  828.09    " 
1  kilometre    =     1000      "       =  1093.63  yds. 
1  myriametre=  10,000     '        =  6.21  miles. 

Square  Measnre. 

1  centiare  =      1  square  metre  =  1.19sq.  yds. 
lare          =  100  square  metres=  .098  rood. 
1  hectare  =1000  '     =  2.47  acres. 

Cubic  Measnre. 

1  decistere  =  .1  stere  =     3.5Scu.  ft. 

1  stere          =  1  cubic  metre   =   S5.31     " 
1  decastere  =  10  steres  —  853.16     " 

Liquid  Measnre. 

1  centilitre   =  .01  litre        =      0.017  pint. 
1  decilitre     =  .1     "  =       0.176     " 

1  litre  =       1.76  pinto. 

1  decalitre    —       10  litre*  =      2.2  gallons. 
1  hectolitre  =      100     "     =     22 
1  kilolitre      =    1000     "      =   220         " 
1  myrialitre  =  10,000     '      =  2200        " 

Weight  Measnre. 

1  milligramme  —  .001  gramme  —  0.15  grain. 
1  centigramme  —  .01  —  .15       " 

1  decigramme   —  .1  —  1.54     " 

1  gramme  =  15.43    " 

1  decagramme  =10  =0.35oi.ay. 

1  hectogramme  =100  =  3.52    " 

1  kilogramme    =  1000  =  2.20     Ibs. 

1  myrlagramme=  10,000  =  22.04      " 

1  quintal  =  50  kilogrmB.  =  110.23     " 

1  milller  =500        "         =  1102.31   " 

1  tonne  —1000      "        =  2204.»  " 

MISCELLANEOUS       FOREIGN 
WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES' 

Amsterdam. 

1  centner  =  100  pounds  =  108.93  Ibs.  avoir 
1  ell  of  Amsterdam .  .  .  =  2.26  feet. 
1      "      The  Hague  .  .  .  =  2.28    " 
1      "      Brabant    .  .  .  .  =  2.30    " 

1  last  of  grain =  85.25  bushels. 

1  ahm  of  wine =  41  gallon*. 

Hamburg. 

1  last  of  grain =  89.64  bushels. 

1  ell =  1.92  feet. 

1  foot =  0.%    " 

1  ahm  of  wine =  39.25  gallons. 

Prussia. 

1  quintal  =  110  pounds  =  113.42  Ibs.  avoir. 

1  ell  of  cloth =  2.19  feet. 

1  foot =  1.03    " 

1  eimar  of  wine    .  .  .  .  =  18.14  gallons. 
1  sheffel  of  grain  .  .  .  .  =  1.56  bushels. 


Commercial  Moneys  of  the  World. 


5341 


Denmark. 

I  centner  =-  100  pound*  =  110.28  Ibs.  avoir. 
1  Copenhagen  foot   .  .  .  =  1.03  feet. 
1  vlertel  of  wine  .  .  .  .  =  2.04  gallons. 
1  barrel  or  toende  of  corn  =  3.95  bushels. 

1  fod =  12.367  inches. 

1  mei'«      —  4.6807  miles. 

I  anker =  8.239  gal  Ions. 

t  last =  84.2  bushels. 

Sweden. 

100  pounds  =  5  lispunds  =  73.76  lb». 

1  fast =  75  bushels. 

1  ell  of  cloth =  1.95  feet. 

Icannofwine   .  .  .  .  =  69.09  gallons. 

1  melle =  6.64  miles. 

Ikanofcorn =  7.42  bushels. 


Russia. 

100  pounds  =  32  laths  .  .  = 
1  chertwert  of  grain  .  = 
1  foot,  Petersburg .  .  .  = 
1  foot,  Moscow  .  .  .  .  = 

1  pood = 

1  sagene = 

1  verst = 

1  sarokowaja = 

1  last = 

Spain. 

1  quintal  =  4  arrobas  .  .  = 
1  arroba  of  wine  .  .  .  .  = 
1  fanega  of  grain  .  .  .  .  = 


90.2«  Ibs. 
5.95  bushels. 
1.18  feet. 
1.10  feet. 
36  Ibs. 
7  feet. 
.663  miles. 
108.1%  gallons. 
92.326  bushels. 

101.44  Ibs. 
4.43  gallons. 
1.60  bushels. 


Portugal. 

100  pounds =  101.19  Ibs. 

1  quintal  =  4  arrobas 

=  88  pounds    .  .  .  =  80.05  Ibs.  avoir. 


1  al  quiere —  4.7B  bushels. 

1  last  of  salt =  70  bushels. 

1  mojo  of  grain  .  .  .  .  =  28.03  bushete. 
lalmudeofwine.  .  .  =  4.37  gallons. 

China. 

Ipicul  =  100  catties  =  1600  taels  =  183.26  Ibs. 
1  yin  =  10  chang  =  100  chih  = 

1000  tsun  =  10,000  fun  .  .  .  =  122  feet. 

India. 

1  seer  =  16  chittacks  =  80  tolas  =  2  A  Ibs 
40  seers  =  1  imperial  or  Indian  maund. 

Turkey. 

1  kintal  =  40  okes  =  100  rottolos  =  124.46  Ibe . 
1  oke  =  4okiejehs=400dirhems  =  2.83  Ibs. 
1  pike  or  dra  =  24  kerats    .  .  .  =  27  inches. 

I  almud =1.152  gallons. 

1  fortin  =  4  klllows    ....  =8.864  busbela. 


COMMERCIAL  MONEYS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Argentine  Republic.— The  commer- 
cial standard  is  the  peso  nacionale,  divided 
Into  100  centavos,  and  of  a  value  in  United 
States  money  of  about  1  dollar.  It  Is  super- 
seding the  peso  fuerte,  which  is  about  % 
per  cent,  higher  in  value.  The  paper  money 
Is  depreciated  nearly  50  per  cent. 

Australia.— Same  as  Great  Britain. 

Austria-Hungary.— The   money  of  I 
account  is  the  new  gulden  or  florin,  of  the 
value  of  48  cents.     It  is  divided  into  100  i 
kreutzers.  The  chief  coins  are :  gold,  8  and  i 
4  gulden  pieces;  silver,  2, 1,  and  %  gulden,  ; 
20  and  10  kreutzers ;  copper,  4  and  1  kreut- 
«er. 

Belgium.— The  monetary  unit  is  the 
French  franc,  which  is  divided  into  100 
centimes.  Its  value  in  our  money  is  19.3 
cents. 

Bolivia.— The  current  coins  are  gold 
doubloons  and  silver  dollars  and  their  sub- 
divisions. The  national  dollar  is  worth 
nearly  Si  .02,  but  the  current  peso  or  dollar 
is  worth  about  75  cents  of  our  money.  The 
new  sol  equals  5  francs,  or  96.5  cents. 

Brazil.— The  money  of  account  is  the 
rei.  1000  reii,  or  1  milrei,  is  equal  to  54.6 
cents,  having  become  greatly  depreciated 
from  its  original  value  of  about  $1.20. 
Treasury  notes  form  almost  the  only  cir- 
culating medium. 

Bnrmah.— No  coin  minted.  Gold  and 
ailver  bullion  forms  the  circulating  me- 
dium. It  is  estimated  by  the  tical  or  kiat 
-=  251  grains  troy. 

Canada.— The  money  of  account  Is  the 
dollar  of  100  cents,  equal  at  par  to  United 
States  money.  Accounts  are  usually  kept 
in  dollars  and  cents,  but  sometimes  in 
pounds,  shillings,  and  pence. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. — Same  as  Great 
Britain. 

Ceylon.— Accbunts  are  generally  in  ru- 
pees, of  about  40  cents  intrinsic  value,  or  in 
English  coin.  The  currency  consists  of 
British  and  Spanish  coins,  rupees,  copper 
flmams,  and  cowries,  or  little  shells,  used 
by  the  natives. 

Chile.— The  commercial  unit  is  the  peso 
corriente,  of  100  centavos  =  91.2  cents.  The 
gold  condor,  nominally  of  10  pesos,  is  de- 
preciated nearly  6  per  cent,  in  value  below 
the  silver  money. 

China.— Foreign  merchants  state  their 
accounts  in  dollars  and  cents ;  the  Chinese, 
in  taels.  The  tael  (leang)  equals  10  mace 
(tern).  100  candareens  (fun),  and  1000  cash 
(le).  720  taels  are  reckoned  as  worth  $1000. 
The  only  coin  in  general  use  is  the  cash. 

Colombia.— Money  is  reckoned  in  pesos 
or  dollars  of  8  reals,  100  centavos.  The  peso 
is  worth  96.5  cents  U.  8.  money.  The  gold 
coins  are  the  20, 10  (condor),  5,  and  2  peso 
pieces ;  the  silver,  1  peso,  20, 10,  and  5  cen- 

UVOB. 

Denmark.— The  unit  of  exchange  is 
the  kroner  or  crown,  divided  into  100  ore, 
the  value  of  the  kroner  being  26.8  cents. 
The  coins  are:  gold,  20  and  10  kroners; 
•ilver,  2  and  1  kroner,  50, 40, 25,  and  10  ore 
pieces. 

K«nador.— The  money  of  account  is  the 
piastre  cr  dollar,  divided  into  8  reals  or  100 
cents.  It»  value  is  about  that  of  the  United 
States  dollar 


Egypt.— The  money  of  account  Is  the 
piastre  or  ckirsh,  divided  into  40  fuddahs 
or  paras.  American  dollars  are  generally 
reckoned  equal  to  20  piastres. 

France.— The  commercial  unit  is  the 
franc,  divided  into  100  centimes,  and  equal 
to  19.3  cents  American  money.  There  are 
gold  coins  of  100,  50,  20,  10,  and  5  francs ; 
silver  of  5, 2,  and  1  franc,  50  and  20  centimes. 

Germany.— In  1873  the  mark  of  100 

ffennige  was  made  the  unit  of  account, 
he  mark  is  a  silver  coin,  and  the  standard 
is  a  gold  one,  but  its  value  is  fixed  from  the 
10  mark  gold  piece,  worth  $2.38  American, 
or  9s.  9Ud.  English.  The  gold  coins  are  20, 
10,  and  a  marks ;  silver.  5, 2,  and  1  mark,  50 
and  20  pfennige ;  nickel,  10  and  5  pfennige ; 
copper,  2  and  1  pfennige. 

Grout  Britain.— The  unit  of  value  is 
the  pound,  worth  about  $4.86.6  in  American 
money.  It  is  divided  into  20  shillings,  and 
these  into  12  pence.  The  coins  are :  gold,  5, 
2.  1,  and  \4  pound  or  sovereign:  silver, 
crown  (5  shillings),  half-crown,  shilling, 
sixpenny,  fourpenny,  and  threepenny 
pieces;  bronze,  penny,  halfpenny,  and 
farthing. 

Greece.— Accounts  are  reckoned  in 
drachmi,  which  equals  1  franc  and  is  di- 
vided into  100  lepta.  The  chief  circulating 
medium  is  an  inconvertible  paper  currency. 

Holland.— The  florin  or  guilder  Is  here 
the  monetary  unit.  It  is  divided  into  100 
cents,  and  equals  in  value  40.2  cents  Amer- 
ican. 

India.— The  rupee  is  the  monetary  unit. 
In  accounts  it  is  divided  into  16  annas,  each 
of  12  pice,  and  in  Bombay  sometimes  into 
4  quarters,  each  of  100  reis.  The  govern- 
ment rupee,  the  only  one  now  minted,  con- 
tains 165  troy  grains  of  silver.  Its  nominal 
value  is  2  s.  English,  or  48  cents  American, 
though  its  intrinsic  value  varies. 

Italy.— The  unit  of  value  is  the  lira 
Italiana  of  100  centesimi,  these  being  re- 
spectively equal  to  the  French  franc  and 
centime.  The  general  circulating  medium 
is  a  depreciated  paper  currency. 

Japan.— Dollars,  etc.  have  superseded 
the  native  coins.  The  yen  or  dollar  is  di- 
vided into  100  sens.  It  is  about  equal  to  the 
American  dollar  in  value.  The  10  yen  piece 
equals  the  American  eagle.  The  Japanese 
use  government  paper  money  called  ken- 
satzu  and  yen-satzu. 

Java.— Accounts  are  stated  in  the  florins 
or  guilders  of  Holland.  A  variety  of  coins 
are  in  circulation. 

Mexico.— The  principal  money  of  ac- 
count in  Mexico  and  throughout  Central 
America  is  the  piastre  or  dollar,  which  is 
divided  into  8  reals  or  100  cents.  Its  ex- 
change value  is  about  98  cents.  The  gold 
and  silver  coins  are:  gold,  16, 8, 4, 2,  and  1 
dollar ;  silver,  1  dollar,  60  and  25  cents. 

Morocco.— The  money  of  account  is 
the  mitkul  of  10  ounces,  40  blankeels,  or 
960  flues.  The  mitkul  is  worth  50  cents 
American. 

Norway.— The  unit  of  value  since  1877 
has  been  the  kronor  or  crown,  divided  into 
100  ore.  The  value  of  these  coins  is  the 
same  as  the  equivalent  coins  of  Denmark. 

Persia.— The  nnit  of  account  is  the  to- 
man an  uncoined  standard,  divided  into 
8  real*.  10  sahib-karauns,  20  panabats,  SO 


abassis,  100  mamodis,  200  shahies,  or  10,080 
aliens.  In  some  places  account*  are  kept 
in  piastres  =  4  shahies.  A  purse  is  60  to- 
mans, worth  about  $125.00. 

Peru.— The  unit  is  the  piastre  or  pen 
of  100  centesimos.  It  is  represented  by  the 
silver  sol,  a  coin  of  the  same  value  as  the 
French  6  franc  piece,  or  96.5  cents. 

Portugal.— The  unit  of  account  here  It 
the  rei ;  and  1000  reis  is  called  a  milrei, 
whose  value  is  about  $1.08.  A  million  reia 
is  termed  a  conto. 

Ronmanla.— The  monetary  unit  is  the 
lei  nuove  of  luO  bani,  a  coin  about  equal  to 
the  French  franc  in  value.  Russian  and 
Austrian  coins  are  largely  used. 

Russia.— The  standard  of  value  is  the 
ruble,  divided  into  100  kopecs;  its  value  is 
77.2  cents.  Accounts  were  formerly  kept  in 
paper  or  bank  rubles,  but  in  1839  the  silver 
ruble  was  made  the  only  unit  of  value  in 
the  empire.  There  are  numerous  coins,  of 
various  titles,  the  largest  being  the  gold 
imperial,  of  10  rubles. 

Slam.— The  circulating  medium  con- 
sists only  of  silver  and  cowrie-shells.  The 
general  coin  is  the  bat  or  tical,  commonly 
valued  at  about  60  cents.  It  is  divided  into 
4  salungs,  8  fuangs,  16  song-p'hais,  32  p'hai- 
nungs,  or  6400  cowries. 

Spain.— The  unit  of  account  since  1871 
has  been  the  silver  peseta,  of  4  reals  or  100 
centesimos,  its  value  the  same  as  the  French 
franc.  The  gold  coins  consist  of  doubloons 
and  pistoles.  The  real  vellon.  a  very  com- 
mon coin,  is  worth  5  cents.  The  silver  dol- 
lar, equal  in  value  to  the  American  dollar, 
is  in  common  circulation. 

Sweden.— The  unit  is  the  krona  or 
crown  of  100  ore,  as  in  Denmark  and  Nor- 
way, and  of  the  same  value. 

Switzerland.— The  unit  of  account  is 
the  franc  of  100  rappen  or  centimes,  equal 
in  value  to  the  French  franc.  The  coin* 
are  like  those  of  France. 

Tripoli.— The  standard  of  value,  as  in 
Turkey,  is  the  piastre  of  40  paras.  Its  value 
is  fluctuating.  Commerce  is  conducted 
chiefly  with  Spanish  dollars  or  5  franc 

Tunis.— Accounts  are  stated  in  piastres 
of  16  carobas  or  52  aspers.  The  piastre  is 
worth  about  12  cents.  Business  is  con- 
ducted in  dollars  and  francs. 

Turkey.— The  piastre  (gruwK)  is  here 
the  unit  of  account.  It  is  divided  into  40 
paras  or  120  aspers ;  also  Into  100  cents.  The 
piastre  is  worth  about  4.4  cents.  The  med- 
Jidie  or  lira,  a  gold  coin,  is  worth  $4.40. 

ITnlted  States.— The  unit  of  value  i» 
the  dollar,  divided  into  100  cents.  The 
principal  coins  are:  gold,  the  eagle  (10  dol- 
-  fare),  half-eagle,  and  quarter-eagle ;  silver, 
the  dollar,  half-  and  quarter-dollar,  and 
the  dime  (10  cents) ;  nickel,  the  half-dime ; 
bronze,  the  cent. 

Venezuela.— The  former  unit  of  ac- 
count was  the  peso  or  dollar  of  100  cents, 
but  it  has  been  superseded  by  a  new  peso 
equal  to  5  francs  in  value. 

West  Indies.— The  money  of  account 
of  the  several  islands  agrees  in  general 
with  that  of  the  country  to  which  they  be- 
long. In  Cuba  accounts  are  settled  in  dol- 
lars, divided  into  100  cents,  or  8  reals,  eacli 
of  34  maravedis.  The  Spanish  dollar  agrees 
with  that  of  the  United  States  in  vataa. 

43 


6342 


Namea  of  States  and  Territories,  and  their  Derivation. 


NAMES  OF   STATES  AND   TERRITORIES,  AND 
THEIR  DERIVATION. 


Alaska.  An  Indian  title,  spelled  by  the  Russian  explorers 
Al-ay-es-ka ;  since  changed  successively  to  Aliaska,  Alaksa, 
Alashka,  and  Alaska,  when  purchased  by  the  United  states 
several  names  were  proposed,  out  Alaska  was  adopted  at  the 
suggestion  of  Charles  Sumner. 

Alabama.  A  Muscogee  Indian  word,  meaning  "  Here  we  rest," 
the  name  given  by  the  Indians  to  the  principal  river  of  the 
State,  and  adopted  in  1817  as  the  State  name. 

Arkansas.  Name  adopted  In  1819,  from  its  principal  river. 
Alkansas  or  Arkansas  was  the  title  given  by  the  Algonquins  to 
the  tribe  which  called  itself  Quappas.  The  pronunciation  was 
fixed,  by  act  of  the  State  Legislature  in  1881,  as  "Ar'kan-saw." 

Arizona,  There  are  several  derivations  suggested  :  1st,  from  an 
Indian  word  meaning •" sand  hills;"  2d,  from  Aztec  Arizuma. 
meaning  "silver-bearing;"  3d,  from  a  goddess  of  the  Zuni 
Indians,  named  Arizonia. 

California,  "Las  Sergas  de  Esplandian,"  a  Spanish  romance 
published  |n  1510,  has  among  its  characters  a  queen  named 
Calafia,  living  in  an  island  kingdom  named  California,  which 
Is  "  rich  with  gold,  diamonds,  and  pearls."  Cortez  is  supposed 
to  have  (riven  this  name  to  the  newly-discovered  district  of 
Lower  California,  from  hU  hopes  that  it  would  prove  a  land  of 
gold.  Several  other  derivations  have  been  suggested,  but  this 
seems  the  most  probable. 

Colorado.  Named  from  its  principal  river,  whose  name  comes 
from  a  Spanish  word  signifying  red  or  ruddy,  the  waters 
being  reddened  by  sand,  mud',  etc.  after  heavy  rains.  But  it 
may  possibly  have  been  derived  from  Vasquez  Coronado,  who 
led  a  Mexican  body  of  explorers  hither  in  1540. 

Connection!.  From  the  Mohegan  Indian  word  Qunnaughtteot, 
given  to  the  river,  and  meaning  either  "  long  river  "  or  "  river 
of  pines."  The  Indian  word  is  variously  spelled,  Quinetuequet 
having  the  nearest  resemblance  to  Connecticut. 

Dakota.  So  named  from  the  Dakota  Indians,  a  tribal  name 
meaning  "allied,"  and  referring  to  the  great  confederacy  of 
tribes  inhabiting  the  region.  Before  this  alliance  the  Dakotas 
were  known  as  the  Sioux. 

Delaware.  This  name  was  originally— in  1703— given  to  Dela- 
ware Bay,  in  honor  of  Lord  De  la  War,  governor  of  Virginia  in 
1611.  The  State  adopted  the  name  from  the  bay. 

District  of  Columbia.  Columbia  la  the  feminine  form  of 
the  word  Columbus,  and  as  such  may  stand  for  the  emblem- 
atic goddess  of  the  country. 

Florida.  This  title  was  given  by  Fonce  de  Leon,  who  discov- 
ered the  land  on  Easter  Sunday,  March  27,  1513.  This  day 
being  called  by  the  Spaniards  Pascvn  Florida,  "Holy  Day  of 
Flowers,"  he  called  the  country  Florida. 

Georgia.  So  named  in  honor  of  George  II.,  king  of  England, 
who  established  a  colony  here  in  1732. 

Idaho.  Edrth  hoe,  a  phrase  from  the  language  of  the  Nez  Perc6 
.  Indians,  descriptive  of  the  gleam  of  the  snowy  mountain-sum- 
mits in  the  sunlight,  has  been  Anglicized  into  Idaho,  which  is 
poetically  converted  into  "gem  of  the  mountains." 

Illinois.  This  name  was  adopted  in  1809  from  that  of  the  Illi- 
nois River  It  is  said  to  come  from  the  Indian  word  mini, 
"  men,"  and  the  French  termination  ai»,  "  trite."  A  derivation 
Is  also  suggested  from  an  island  in  the  Mississippi  abounding 
in  nuts,  and  called  by  the  French  isie  aux  noil,  isle  of  nuts. 

Indiana.  This  title  was  adopted  from  the  name  Indian,  which 
was  applied  in  1768  to  a  tract  of  land  north  of  the  Ohio  River, 
then  granted  by  the  Indiana  to  a  company  of  traders. 

Iowa.  Several  derivations  are  suggested  for  the  name  of  this 
State.  1st,  the  French  corruption  of  Ayuhba,  an  Indian  word 
meaning  "the  sleepy  ones;  2d,  a  Sioux  name  of  the  Pahoja 
tribe ;  3d,  the  Indian  word  Ajawa,  "  across,  beyond  " — as  "  the 
tribe  beyond  the  river,"  corrupted  in  French  to  Aioute,  thence 
to  Iowa. 

j».  Adopted  In  1854,  from  the  name  of  its  principal  river, 
which  was  so  called  from  the  Indian  tribe  known  as  Konsos 
or  Kows,  "  smoky  water."  Spelt  Canson,  Kanson,  Kanzas,  and 
finally,  by  legislative  action,  Kansas. 

Kentucky.  Adopted  in  1782,  from  its  principal  river.  Trum- 
bull  derives  It  from  an  Indian  word  Kain-tui-ce,  "  at  the  head 
of  the  river."  It  has  also  been  supposed  to  come  from  an 
Algonquin  word  meaning  "  long  river,  and  from  Kcntakchowa, 
"long  prairies." 

Louisiana.  Named  by  La  Salle,  in  1682,  in  honor  of  Louis 
XTV.,  king  of  France. 

Maine.  Said  to  have  been  named  by  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges, 
who  obtained  a  royal  grant  of  land  in  this  region,  in  honor  of 
Henrietta  Maria,  wife  of  Charles  I.,  and  to  be  derived  from 
the  French  province  of  Maine,  her  patrimonial  estate.  But  as 
there  la  no  proof  that  she  had  anything  to  do  with  this 
province,  and  as  the  land  seems  to  have  been  called  The  Main 
at  an  earlier  date,  it  is  probable  that  the  name  originated  in 

.       the  latter  term. 

Maryland.  This  State  was  named  from  the  queen  mentioned 
In  connection  with  Maine,  Henrietta  Maria,  wife  of  Charles  I. 
In  the  patent  to  Lord  Baltimore  it  was  named  "  Crescentia." 
tut  the  king,  on  signing  the  patent,  desired  that  the  name 


should  be  changed  to  Terra  Maria,  "  Mary's  Land,"  in  honor  of 
his  queen. 

Massachusetts.  Several  derivations  of  this  word  are  sug- 
gested, the  most  probable  being  from  the  Katie  Indian  word 
Moia&uxt,  whose  approximate  meaning  is  "  the  place  of  the 
great  hills  "—referring  to  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Michigan.  From  the  name  of  the  lake.  Trumbull  ascribes  it 
to  an  Indian  word  meaning  "  a  fish  weir."  The  word  Mitihi- 
kan  occurs  in  the  Ottawa  dialect,  and  means  "  fences."  Also 
ascribed  to  Algonquin  and  Chippewa  words  meaning  "great 
lake. 

Minnesota.  This  State  took  Ita  name  from  8t.  Peter's  River, 
whose  Indian  name  was  Minni-futah,  "  muddy  (or  slightly 
turbid)  water."  When  admitted  as  a  State  the  names  Itasca, 
Chippeway,  Jackson,  and  Washington  were  proposed  but  re- 
jected. 

Mississippi.  Name  adopted  in  1790,  from  the  great  river.  The 
original  name  of  the  river  in  Algonquin,  as  corrupted  Into 
French,  is  iUcht  ««,  "the  father  of  waters."  This  term  was 
successively  chanced  to  Michi  ftpt.  Michisepe,  Uisisipi,  Missixini, 
Hitfissipi,  and  finally  MusufippL,  it  being  thus  gradually  over- 
loaded with  consonants.  Various  other  spellings  are  given. 

Missouri.  From  the  Missouri  River.  The  word  is  said  to  be  a 
compound  from  two  different  languages— Hie,  Algonquin, 
"great,"  and  Souri.  Dakota,  "muddy.  Other  derivations  are 
given,  as  Dakota  Minnt-shoiha,  "muddy  water." 

Montana.  From  Spanish  MontaRa,  "  a  mountain."  The  name 
was  suggested  to  Hon.  James  Ashley,  chairman  of  the  House 
Committee  on  Territories,  in  1864,  and  applies  to  the  very 
mountainous  character  of  the  region  embraced. 

Nebraska.  This  name  is  derived  from  the  Indian  name  of  the 
Platte  River.  It  means  "shallow  water"  or  "water  valley." 

Nevada.  From  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains.  Serrado,  "ser- 
rated," Kerada,  "snowy;"  thence  "snowy  mountains." 

New  Hampshire.  So  named  by  John  Mason,  who  obtained 
title  to  this  province  in  1639,  from  the  county  of  Hampshire, 
England,  of  whose  town  of  Portsmouth  he  was  governor. 

New  Jersey.  In  1664,  when  this  district  was  conveyed  by  the 
Duke  of  York  to  Lord  John  Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret, 
the  conveyance  provided  that  it  should  be  called  "Nova  Civsa- 
rea  or  New  Jersev,"  in  compliment  to  Carteret,  who  had  de- 
fended the  Isle  of  Jersey  against  the  parliamentary  armies. 

New  Mexico.  Named  to  distinguish  it  from  "Old"  Mexico. 
The  name  comes  from  that  of  the  Aztec  deity  "  Maxitli."  The 
territory  was  named  A'ora  Marimba  by  Antonio  de  Espejo  at  the 
date  of  the  settlement  of  Santa  Fe. 

New  Tork.  This  name  was  given  in  compliment  to  the  Duke 
of  York,  afterward  James  II.,  to  whom  the  province  was 
granted  in  1664. 

North  Carolina.  The  name  Carolana  was  given  in  1564.  when 
the  district  later  known  as  "  The  Carolinas  "  was  settled  by 
Huguenots  In  the  reign  of  Charles  IX.  of  France.  The  English 
preserved  the  name,  with  a  slight  change  of  spelling.  In  honor 
of  Charles  II,  of  England.  The  colony  was  afterward  divided 
into  North  and  South  Carolina. 

Oblo.  So  named  from  the  Ohio  River.  The  word  is  variously  de- 
rived; from  Iroquois  Oh'en,  "beautiful;"  from  Ohivpeekhannt, 
"  stream  white  with  froth ; "  and  from  Seneca  Oteeyega/iunda, 
"  beautiful  river." 

Oregon.  This  title  is  derived  from  the  Spanish  name  for  the 
wild  sage  or  "artemisia,"  Ortgana,  which  grows  abundantly 
on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  River,  which  hence  was  named 
the  Oregana.  The  word  was  corrupted  by  the  trappers  to 
Oregan,  and  eventually  applied,  as  Oregon,  to  the  State.  Other 
derivations  have  been  suggested. 

Pennsylvania.  William  Penn's  first  purpose  was  to  call  his 
province  "  New  Wales,"  but  he  afterward  suggested  the  word 
Ssrfwinia,  to  designate  its  forested  condition.  To  this  Charles  II., 
In  1681,  added  the  word  "  Penn,"  that  the  name  might  signify 
"  Penn's  woods." 

Rbode  Island.  Named  from  Rhode  Island,  in  Narragansett 
Bay  The  origin  of  the  name  is  unknown.  It  may  have  been 
derived  from  the  Isle  of  Rhodes  In  the  Mediterranean,  or 
possibly  from  the  Dutch  word  Roode,  "red,"  in  reference  to 
certain  red  clay  banks,  or  from  the  reddish  appearance  given 
to  it  by  its  abundance  of  cranberries. 

South  Carolina.  See  North  Carolina.  Carolina  was  dividci! 
into  North  and  South  in  1729. 

Tennessee.  Name  derived  from  that  of  its  principal  river, 
which  in  its  turn  came  from  Indian  Taenmt,  "river  of  t!io 
great  bend ; "  or  perhaps  from  Tnva  See,  a  Cherokee  village  on 
its  banks,  said  to  mean  "  a  curved  spoon." 

Texas.  Derived  from  Tfhnt,  "  friendly,"  the  name  of  a  village 
Inhabited  by  a  small  Indian  tribe.  Various  other  derivations 
are  eiven,  as  Teia*  or  Ttxar  "friend*,'  Aztec  TeAajat,  "north 
country,"  Tejns,  '•  the  mound  prairies,"  and  the  Teyas  Indian*, 
mentioned  by  Vuquez  Coronado. 


Fictitious  Names  of  States,  Cities,  Peoples,  and  Presidents  of  the  United  States.       6343 


Utah.  This  name  was  derived  from  that  of  the  Ute,  Utah,  or 
Yuta  tribe  of  Indians,  the  name  meaning  "  dwellers  in  moun- 
tains." The  Mormons  wished  it  to  be  called  Deseret,  "  honey 
bee,"  but  the  present  name  was  adopted  through  the  actiou  of 
Hon.  Edward  Everett,  then  Secretary  of  State. 

Vermont.  From  the  French  name,  vert  mont,  which  was  (riven  to 
the  mountains  of  this  section  by  the  French  of  Canada,  and 
adopted  by  the  settlers  in  1777  aa  the  name  of  the  State. 

Tlrsrlnln.  Queen  Elizabeth  characterized  the  discovery  of  this 
ri'gion  by  Raleigh's  expedition  as  the  most  glorious  event  of 
her  reign,  and  in  1684  gave  it  the  name  of  Virginia,  as  a  me- 
morial of  her  virgin  or  unmarried  state. 


Washington.  So  named,  when  formed  Into  a  Territory,  in 
honor  of  George  Washington. 

West  Virginia.  So  called  on  its  separation  from  Virginia  In 
1863.  It  was  at  one  time  proposed  to  call  it  Kanawha,  from  it* 
principal  river. 

Wisconsin.  The  Wisconsin  River,  from  which  the  State  was 
named,  was  entitled  by  Marquette  ilasconsin,  "  wild  rushing 
channel."  This  was  changed  into  Ouisconsin,  and  thence  to 
Wisconsin.  There  are  various  other  spellings. 

Wyoming:.  From  the  Wyoming  Valley  of  Pennsylvania,  whence 
emigrants  came  to  this  region.  The  word  comes  from  the  Dela- 
ware Indian  m'cheuomi  or  m'clteuwami,  "great  plain." 


MOTTOES  OF  THE  SEALS  OF  THE  UNITED 

THE  STATES,  AND  THE  TERRITORIES. 


United  States.    Epluribui  unttm— "  One  from  many." 

Alabama.    "  Here  we  rest." 

Arizona.    Sttat  Deus—"  Founded  by  God." 

Arkansas.   "  Mercy,  justice."  Eeyuat  popuU—"  The  people  rule." 

California.    Eureka  I—"  I  have  found  it !" 

Colorado.    Nil  sine  numine—"  Nothing  without  God." 

Connecticut.  Qui  translutit  tusO.net— "He  who  transplanted, 
sustains." 

Delaware.    "  Liberty  and  independence." 

District  of  Columbia.    JustUia  omnibus—"  Justice  to  all." 

Florida.    "  In  God  we  trust." 

Georgia.  Obverse:  "Wisdom,  justice,  moderation."  Severte: 
"  Agriculture  and  commerce. 

Idaho.    Salve.'— "Hail!" 

Illinois.    "  National  union,  State  sovereignty." 

Indiana.    (No  motto.) 

Iowa.  "  Our  liberties  we  'prize,  and  our  rights  we  will  main- 
tain." 

Kansas.  Ad  astro  per  asjxra— "To  the  stars  through  all  diffi- 
culties." ' 

Kentucky.    "  United  we  stand,  divided  we  fall." 

Louisiana.    "  Union,  justice,  and  confidence.1* 

Maine.    Dirigo-"  I  direct." 

Maryland.  Fatti  maschii  parole  femine— "  Manly  deeds,  womanly 
words."  Crescite  muUiplicamint-"  Grow  and  multiply." 

Massachusetts.  Ense  petit  placidam  nib  libertaie  nuietam— "  With 
the  sword  she  seeks  quiet  peace  under  liberty.'' 

Michigan.  Si  qusrrts  peninmlam  armenam  ctreumspiee—"  It  thou 
seekest  a  beautiful  peninsula,  behold  it  here." 

Minnesota,    L'etoile  du  Nord—"  The  Star  of  the  North." 

Mississippi.    (No  motto.) 


Missouri.    Solus  populi  supremo  lex  ttto—"  The  welfare  of  the 

people  is  the  supreme  law." 
Montana.    Oro  y  p/ata—"  Gold  and  silver." 
Nebraska.    "  Equality  before  the  law." 
Nevada.    "  All  for  our  country." 
New  Hampshire.    (No  motto.) 
New  Jersey.    (No  motto.) 

New  Mexico.    CrescU,  eundo—"  It  Increases  by  going." 
New  York.    Excelsior  I—"  Higher  I" 
North  Carolina.    (No  motto.) 
North  Dakota.    "  Liberty  and  union,  one  and  Inseparable,  no* 

and  for  ever." 
Ohio.    (No  motto.) 
Oregon.    "  The  Union." 
Pennsylvania.    "  Both  can't  survive."    The  State  coat  of  arm* 

bears  the  motto,  "  Virtue,  liberty,  and  independence." 
Rhode  Island.    "  Hope." 
South  Carolina.    Animii  optbwqnc  poroW— "  Prepared  to  yield 

life  and  property."    Dum  ipiro  spero.  Spe»—"  While  I  breathe,  I 

hope.    Hope." 

South  Dakota.    "  Under  God  the  people  rule." 
Tennessee.    '•  Agriculture,  commerce.  "„ 
Texas.    (No  motto.) 
Utah.    (No  motto.) 
Vermont.    "  Freedom  and  unity." 
Virginia.  Obverse :  Sic  semper  (j/rannto— "  Thus  always  to  tyrant*." 

Reverse :  Perseveranda —   Perseverance. " 
Washington.    Al-ki—"  Bye-bye." 
West  Virginia.    Obverse:  Montani temper  Wberlr-" Mountaineer* 

are  always  freemen."  Reverse :  Mbertasetfldelitca—"  Liberty  and 

fidelity.1' 

Wisconsin.    "  Forward ! " 
Wyoming.    Cedmt  arma  togse—"  Let  arms  yield  to  the  gown." 


FICTITIOUS  NAMES  OF  STATES,  CITIES,  PEOPLES, 
AND  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Alabama.  The  Cotton  State  (It  Is  the  central  State  of  the  cot- 
ton belt). 

Arkansas.  The  Bear  State  (from  the  number  of  bears  formerly 
in  its  forests). 

California.    The  Golden  State. 

Colorado.  The  Centennial  State  (admitted  in  1876,  the  Centen- 
nial year. 

Connecticut.  Land  of  Steady  Habits.  The  Freestone  State 
(from  its  freestone  quarries).  The  Nutmeg  State  (from  the  old 
story  of  wooden  nutmegs,  illustrative  of  Yankee  shrewdness). 

Delaware.  The  Diamond  State  (from  Its  small  size  but  great 
importance). 

Florida.    The  Peninsular  State. 

Georgia.    Empire  State  of  the  South. 

Illinois.  The  Prairie  State.  The  Sucker  State  (thereare  several 
conjectural  derivations  of  this  title). 

Indiana.    The  Hoosier  State  (derivation  doubtful). 

Iowa.  The  Hawkeye  State  (from  a  noted  Indian  chief  of  that 
name). 

Kansas.    Garden  of  the  West. 

Kentucky.  The  Blue-grass  State.  The  Corn-cracker  State 
(from  the  corn-crake,  a  species  of  rail,  common,  and  valued  as 
a  game  bird).  The  Dark  and  Bloody  Ground  (a  title  derived 
from  its  early  history). 

Louisiana.  The  Creole  State  (from  many  of  Its  inhabitants 
being  Creoles,  or  of  French  or  Spanish  descent).  The  Pelican 
State  (from  the  pelican  shown  in  the  State  seal). 

Maine.    The  Lumber  State.    The  Pine-Tree  State. 


Maryland.  The  Old  Line  State  (from  "Mason  and  Dixon's 
Line  "). 

Massachusetts.  The  Bay  State;  The  Old  Colony  State  (from 
Massachusetts  Bay  Colony).  The  Baked  Beans  State  (from  a 
favorite  local  dish). 

Michigan.  The  Lake  State  (it  having  as  boundaries  the  shore* 
of  four  of  the  Great  Lakes).  The  Wolverine  State  (wolverines 
were  formerly  very  abundant  there). 

Minnesota.  The  North  Star  State  (from  Its  motto :  "The«ar 
of  the  North  ").  The  Gopher  State  (from  its  numerous  lakes, 
which  make  it  seem  as  if  honeycombed  with  "gopher"  holes). 
The  Lake  State. 

Mississippi.    The  Bayou  State  (from  its  many  bayous). 

Missouri.    The  Iron  State  (from  its  noted  Iron  Mountains). 

Nebraska.  The  Black-water  State  (from  the  color  of  its  streams 
due  to  its  rich  black  soil). 

Nevada.  The  Silver  State.  The  Sage-brush  State  (from  iU' 
abundance  of  wild  sage,  or  "  artemisia  "). 

New  Hampshire.  The  Granite  State  (from  Its  granite-quar- 
ries). The  Switzerland  of  America  (from  Its  mountain  scenery). 

New  Jersey.  The  Garden  State  (from  its  great  production  of 
vegetables  and  fruit  for  the  markets  of  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia). 

New  York.  The  Empire  State  (from  an  expression  of  Wash- 
ington's, "  The  seat  of  empire  ").  The  Excelsior  State  (from  toe 
motto  on  the  State  seal). 

North  Carolina.  The  Old  North  State.  The  Turpentine  State 
(from  one  of  its  principal  products). 


6344 


Names  of  States,  Cities,  Peoples,  and  Presidents  of  the  United  States. 


Ohio.    The  Buckeye  State  (from  the  abundance  of  "  buckeye  "— 

horse-chestnut— trees). 
Oregon.    The  Beaver  State  (from  the  number  of  beavers).    Th 

Web-foot  Country  (from  the  excessive  winter  rains). 
Pennsylvania.    The  Keystone  State  (it  is  the  central  of  th 

thirteen  original  States.    Other  derivations  are  suggested). 
Rhode  Island.     Little  Rhody  (in  allusion  to  Its  dimlnutiv 

South  Carolina.    The  Palmetto  State  (the  State  arms  bear  a 

palmetto  tree). 
Tennessee.    The  Volunteer  State  (from  its  many  volunteers  in 

the  War  of  1812-15  and  the  Seminole  War). 
Texas.    The  Lone  Star  State  (its  seal  bears  a  single  star). 
Vermont.    The  Green  Mountain  State. 
Virginia.     The  Old  Dominion;  the  Ancient  Dominion  (Colo 

mal  titles).    The  Mother  of  States  (it  was  the  first  to  be  settled) 

The  Mother  of  Presidents  (seven  of  the  Presidents  were  born 

in  Virginia). 

West  Virginia.    The  Switzerland  of  America. 
Wisconsin.    The  Badger  State  (the  State  coat-of-arms  bears  a 

badger). 

PEOPLES. 

Alabama.    Lizards  (from  the  analogy  of  the  former  mode  of 

life  of  the  poorer  people  to  that  of  these  animals). 
Arkansas.     Toothpicks  (an  allusion  to  the  bowie-knife,  the 

"Arkansas  toothpick"). 
California.    Gold-hunters. 

Colorado.    Rovers  (from  their  roving  disposition). 
Connecticut.    Wooden  Nutmegs  (see  Names  of  States). 
Delaware.    Musk-rats  (from  the  abundance  of  these  animals) 

Blue  Hen's  Chickens  (from  a  story  told  of  a  former  game-cock 

raiser  prominent  in  this  State). 
Florida.     Fly-up-the-creeks  (a  local  application  to  the   Blue 

Heron). 
Georgia.    Buzzards  (from  a  State  law  protecting  buzzards  as 

scavengers).    Sand-hillers  (see  South  Carolina.). 
Illinois.    Suckers  (see  Names  of  States).    Egyptians  (from  the 

fertility  of  the  soil,  or  the  alleged  dark  complexion  of  the 

southern  inhabitants). 
Indiana.    Boosters  (see  Names  of  States). 
Iowa.    Hawkeyes  (see  Names  of  States). 
Kansas.    Jay-hawkers  (a  term  applied  to  the  guerillas  during 

the  Kansas  civil  war). 
Kentucky.    Corn-crackers  (see  Names  of  States).    Red  Horses 

(derivation  not  given). 
Louisiana.    Creoles  (the  name  given  the  descendants  of  the 

French  and  Spanish  settlers). 

Maine.    Foxes  (from  many  of  Its  people  living  in  the  woods). 
Maryland.    Craw-thumpers  (a  fisherman's  name  for  lobsters). 
Massachusetts.    Beans  (see  Names  of  States). 
Michigan.    Wolverines  (see  Names  of  States). 
Minnesota.    Gophers  (see  Names  of  States). 
Mississippi.     Tadpoles   (a  derisive   name  applied  to   young 

Frenchmen). 
Missouri.    Pukes  (a  name  applied  to  the  Missourians  who  came 

to  the  Galena  lead-mines  during  the  mining  .excitement  there 

Nebraska.  Bug-eaters  (from  the  bird  known  locally  by  that 
name— the'night  Jar,  or  goatsucker). 

Nevada.  Sage-hens  (from  a  game  bird  which  feeds  abundantly 
on  the  sage-brush). 

Hew  Hampshire.    Granite  Boys  (see  Names  of  States). 

" ew  ,7^P8*y-  Clam-catchers.  Jersey  Blues  (from  the  strict  laws 
-"blue  laws  "-of  the  State).  Foreigners ;  Spaniards  (from  the 
permission  given  to  Joseph  Bonanarte  and  Prince  Murat  to  hold 
real  estate  In  this  State,  after  refusal  by  other  States). 

Hew  York.  Knickerbockers  (a  name  manufactured  by  Wash- 
Yo?k°)  *  cnaracter  m  niB  "umorous  "  History  of  New 

North  Carolina.  Tuckoes  (from  Tuck-a-hoe,  a  curious  vegeta- 
ble locally  known  as  "  Indian  bread  ").  Tar-heelers  (from  the 
tar-making  occupation  of  many  of  the  people). 

Ohio.    Buckeyes  (see  Names  of  States). 

Or*9?™'    Hard  Cases  <a  s'angterm  derived  from  the  rough  life 

of  the  early  settlers).    Web-feet  (see  Names  of  States). 
Pennsylvania.     Pennanites   (followers    of  William    Penn) 
^Leather-heads  (from  the  abundance  of  tanneries). 

old-fashioned  firearms 


•.———'  v-r*""-"  "^  the  aristocratic  people  of  the  rice-field 

nnrioee.  Butternuts  (from  the  color  of  the  clothing  of  Ten- 
nessee troops  in  the  Civil  War).  Mud-heads  (origin  unknown). 
—n.  Beef-heads  (derived  from  the  grazing  Industry) 

ont.    Green  Mountain  Boys. 

onial'da  ^fadle8  <from  the  EnSli8h  beadles  Introduced  In  Co- 
Went  Virginia.    Pan-handleites  (from  that  portion  of  the  State 

known  as  the  "  Pan  Handle"). 
Wisconsin.    Badgers  (see  Names  of  SUtes). 


CITIES. 

Akron,  O.    Summit  City. 
Albany,  N.  Y.    Politicana. 
Alleghany,  Pa.    Twin  City. 
Atlanta,  «a.    Gate  City. 
Baltimore,  Md.    Monumental  City. 

Boston,  Mass.    The  Hub;  Modern  Athens;  Puritan  City  Citr 

of  Notions. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  City  of  Churches ;  City  of  Homes  and  Notions. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.    Queen  City  of  the  Lakes. 

Charleston,  S.  C.    City  of  the  Earthquake. 

Chicago,  111.    Garden  City. 

Cincinnati,  O.    Queen  City ;  Porkopolls ;  Paris  of  America. 

Cleveland,  O.    Forest  City. 

Columbus,  O.    Railroadia. 

Dayton,  O.    Gem  City  of  Ohio. 

Denver,  Col.    City  of  the  Plains. 

Detroit,  Mich.    City  of  the  Straits. 

Duluth,  Minn.    Zenith  City. 

Oalveston,  Tex.    Texas'  Focus. 

Hannibal,  Mo.    Bluff  City. 

Harrisbnrg,  Pa.    Pivotal  City. 

Hartford,  Conn.    Insurance  City. 

Holyoke,  Mass.    Paper  City. 

Indianapolis,  Ind.    Railroad  City. 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.    Terminal  Town. 

Kansas  City,  Mo.    Mushroomopolls. 

Lafayette,  Ind.    Star  City. 

Louisville,  Ky.    Falls  City. 

Lowell,  Mass.    City  of  Spindles ;  Manchester  of  America. 

Madison,  Wis.    Lake  City. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.    Cream  City ;  City  of  Beer  and  Bricks. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.    City  of  Flour. 

Mobile,  Ala.    Shell  City. 

Nashville,  Tenn.    City  of  Rocks. 

Newark,  N.  J.    Birmingham  of  America. 

New  Haven,  Conn.    City  of  Klm«, 

New  Orleans,  La.    Crescent  City. 

New  York,  N.  Y.    Empire  City ;  Gotham ;  Metropolitan  City. 

Paterson,  N.  J.    Lyons  of  America. 

Pekln,  III.    Celestial  City. 

Peorla,  111.    Whiskeytown. 

Philadelphia.  Pa.    Quaker  City;   City  of  Brotherly   Lore, 

Pittsburgh,  Pa.    Iron  City ;  Smoky  City. 

Portland,  Me.    Forest  City. 

Providence,  B.  I.    City  of  Jewelry. 
Qnlncy,  III.    Gem  City. 

Itacine,  Wis.    Belle  City . 

tii  luiioiKl.  Va.    Modern  Rome;  City  of  Seven  Hills. 

Etochester,  N.  Y.    Flower  City. 

Sacramento,  Cal.    Miners'  Pocket-book. 
St.  Lonls,  Mo.    Mound  City. 

*t.  Paul,  Minn.    Gem  City. 

*iiloni.  Mass.    City  of  Peace. 

ian  Francisco,  Cal.    Frisco;  Golden  Gate  City. 

Savannah,  Oa.    Land  of  the  Live  Oak. 
Springfield,  111.    Flower  City. 
Streator,  111.    City  of  the  Woods. 

Toledo,  O.    Corn  City. 

[•roy,  N.  Y.    Laundryvllle. 

Washington,  D.  C.    Federal  City;   City  of  Magnificent  Dis- 
tances. 

PRESIDENTS. 

Washington.    Father  of  his  Country;  the  American  Fablui- 
the  Cincinnatus  of  the  West. 

Adams.    Colossus  of  Independence.  (He  seconded  the  resolution 

which  led  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence.) 
Fefferson.    Sage  of  Monticello  (from  the  name  of  his  estate). 

Madison.   Father  of  the  Constitution.   (He  was  the  author  of  the 

resolution  which  led  to  the  convention  of  1787.) 
lonroe.    Last  Cocked  Hat.  (He  was  the  last  President  to  wear 
the  cooked  hat  of  the  Revolution.) 

•  <s-  Adams.    Old  Man  Eloquent  (from  his  eloquence  in  Con- 
gress). 

aekson.    Old  Hickory ;  Hero  of  New  Orleans. 

ran  Buren.     Little  Magician  (in  allusion  to  his  political  sa- 
gacity). 

W.  H.  Harrison.     Tippecanoe;   Old  Tip  (from  the  battle  of 

Tippecanoe,  his  principal  victory). 

Tyler.   Young  Hickory  (from  his  physical  strength  as  compared 

with  Harrison). 
Polk.    Young  Hickory  (from  his  being  bom  In  North  Carolina 

and  settling  in  Tennessee  like  Jackson). 
Taylor.    Rough  and  Ready ;  Old  Zach. 


Political  Parties  of  the  United  State*. 


5345 


rtllmorv.    The  American  Louis  Philippe  (from  his  dignified 

eourtesy  of  manner). 
Fierce.    Purse  (a  special  pronunciation    of  his  name  by  hi* 

political  friends — Poore's  Reminiscences). 
Baehanan.    Old  Public  Functionary. 

Lincoln.    Uncle  Abe ;  Old  Abe ;  Father  Abraham ;  Kail-splitter; 
Massa  Linkum  (a  negro  salutation). 

Johnson.    Sir  Veto  (in  allusion  to  his  presidential  record). 
Orant.    Unconditional  Surrender;  Hero  of  Appomattox. 


Hayes).  President  de  Facto  (his  opponents  gmve  him  tttta  ttfte, 
speaking  of  Tilden  as  President  acjwn). 

Oarfleld.    The  Martyr  President. 

Arthur.    Our  Chet  (a  contraction  of  "  Chester"). 

Cleveland.  Man  of  Destiny  (from  his  remarkably  rapid  rise  In 
political  life). 

B.  Harrison.  Son  of  his  Grandfather  (given  by  his  opponents 
in  indication  that  he  and  his  father  were  unknown) ;  Back- 
bone Ben. 


POLITICAL  PARTIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Abolitionist.    Opposed  to  slavery  (1840-1863). 
Albany  Regency.    A  junta  of  the  Democratic  politicians  of 
New  York  (1820-1854). 

American.  An  alliance  of  the  Whig  party  with  the  Know- 
Nothings  (1854-1860). 

Anti-Federalist.    Opposed  to  the  Constitution  (1788-1792). 

Anti-Mason.    Opposed  to  the  Masonic  fraternity  (1827-1835). 

Anti-Monopoly.    Founded  at  Chicago  in  1884. 

Anti-Poverty.  Founded  by  Henry  George  and  Edward  McGlynn 
(1887). 

Anti-Renters.  A  faction  in  New  York  opposed  to  the  rent  laws 
of  the  State  (1844-1850). 

Anti-Slavery.    Founded  in  1820.    Afterward  Abolitionist. 

Barn-Burners.  Seceders  from  the  Democratic  party  of  New 
York  in  1844.  The  radical  and  progressive  section. 

Black  Republicans.  The  title  given  to  the  Republicans  by 
their  opponents. 

Bloody  Shirt.  The  title  applied  to  the  Republicans  who  kept 
alive  the  Civil  War  issues  after  the  war  had  ended. 

Bine-light  Federalists.    Opponents  of  the  War  of  1812. 

Border  Ruffians.    The  immigrants  from  Missouri  to  Kansas 

during  the  conflict  in  that  Territory. 
Bourbon.    A  Southern  Democrat  of  a  turbulent  disposition ;  an 

extreme  conservative. 
Brltisb  Party     Applied  to  the  Federalists  in  1796,  from  their 

advocacy  of  a  strong  central  government. 

Bach-Tails.    Applied  in  1816  to  the  Madisonian  section  of  the 

Democrats. 
Carpet-Baggers.   Northern  Republicans  who  held  office  in  the 

South  after  the  War. 
OUntonlans.    A  New  York  political  faction,  led  by  De  Witt 

Clinton  (1800-1828). 
Conservatives.    A  division  of  the  Democrats  opposed  to  specie 

currency  (1837-1840). 
Constitutional-Union.    A  party  formed  from  the  relics  of  the 

Whigs  and  Know-Nothings  in  1860. 

Copperheads.  The  title  given  to  those  Northerners  who  sym- 
pathized with  the  South  during  the  Civil  War. 

County  Democracy.    An  offshoot  of  Tammany  in  1871. 

Democrat.  The  successor  of  the  Anti-Federalist  party,  which 
assumed  at  first  the  title  of  Republican,  and  afterward  that  of 
Democratic-Republican.  In  1828  it  became  known  as  the  Demo- 
cratic party.  It  is  now  one  of  the  two  great  parties  of  the 
country. 

Democratic-Republican.  An  outgrowth  from  the  Anti- 
Federalist  party  (see  Democrat). 

Equal  Rights.  A  Democratic  faction  opposed  to  banks  and 
monopolies  (1835). 

Farmers*  Alliance.  A  farmers'  party  founded  about  187S  (see 
People"*). 

Farmers'  Union.    A  farmers'  party  founded  in  1885. 

Federal  Republicans.    Same  as  National  Republicans  (q.  v.). 

Federalist.  The  party  in  favor  of  the  Constitution  (1787)  and 
opposed  to  the  Anti-Federalists.  It  disappeared  as  a  party  in 
1816. 

Free  Boilers.  A  party  formed  in  1848,  in  opposition  to  the  ex- 
tension of  slavery  to  the  Territories.  It  eventually  merged 
into  the  Republican  party. 

Grangers.  "Patronsof  Husbandry ;"  a  secret  society  of  agricul- 
turists, formed  in  1867. 

Greenback.  A  party  favoring  an  unlimited  issue  of  "green- 
back "  (government  paper  money)  currency  (1876-1884). 

Hunkers.  The  conservative  wing  of  the  New  York  Democracy, 
as  opposed  to  the  Barn-Burners.  The  title  from  a  Dutch  word 
honk, "  home." 

Know- Nothings.  A  secret  political  party  before  the  Civil  War, 
favoring  strict  Americanism.  It  merged  into  the  American 
and  finally  into  the  Republican  party. 

Kn-Klux-KIan.  A  secret  society  formed  in  1868  In  the  South- 
ern Central  States,  for  the  purpose  of  intimidating  negro 
Republican  voters. 

Labor.    A  feneral   name  of  the  Ubor  parties,  including  the 

i<— vol.  iv. 


United  Labor,  Union   Labor,  Progressive   Labor,  and   Autt- 
Poverty  political  societies. 

Liberal  Republican.  A  reform  section  of  the  Republican 
party  which  fused  with  the  Democrats  in  1871,  but  disappeared 
in  1876. 

Liberty.    (See  Abolitionist.) 

Loco-Foco.  A  name  applied  in  1835  to  a  section  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party,  of  anti-monopoly  views  (see  Equal  Sights). 

Mugwump.  A  title  given  in  1884  to  the  Independents  or 
seceders  from  the  Republican  party,  who  considered  a  change 
of  administration  necessary.  Mugwump  is  from  an  Indian 
word  signifying  "  great  chief." 

Ifatlonal.  The  title  assumed  by  a  union  of  the  Greenback  and 
Labor  parties  in  1878. 

National  Democrats.  A  pro-slavery  section  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party  formed  in  1860. 

National  Farmers'  Alliance.  Formed  in  1889  from  the 
Farmers'  Alliance  and  Farmers'  Union  (see  People's). 

National  Prohibition.  Formed  as  a  political  party  in  18M, 
in  favor  of  prohibitive  temperance. 

National  Republican.  An  outgrowth  from  the  liberal  wing 
of  the  Democrats  in  1828 ;  merged  afterward  into  the  Whig* 
(«. ».). 

Native  American.  A  party  organized  in  1835,  entertaining 
strong  sentiments  against  the  too  rapid  naturalization  and  the 
office-holding  of  foreigners.  Vanished  after  1845. 

People's.  A  local  party  formed  in  New  York  in  1823,  in  support 
of  the  Albany  Regency  (o.  ti  j.  A  party  under  this  title,  but 
familiarly  known  as  the  Populist,  was  formed  in  1891  as  an  out- 
growth of  the  National  Fanners  Alliance,  upon  a  platform  of 
socialistic  and  other  radical  principles,  and  in  general  oppo- 
sition to  the  views  of  the  two  great  political  organizations. 

Populist.    (See  People'*.) 

Progressive  Labor.     The  radical  element  which  withdrew 

from  the  United  Labor  party  in  1886. 
Prohibition.    (See  National  Prohibition.) 

Republican.  A  party  that  succeeded  the  Anti-Federalists  In 
1792.  It  was  maintained  until  1828  under  the  title  of  the 
Democratic-Republican,  and  has  since  borne  the  name  of  the 
Democratic  party.  The  name  was  assumed  in  1856  by  a  new 
political  party,  formed  by  a  combination  of  Free  Sellers, 
Whigs,  Americans,  Abolitionists,  etc.  It  is  now  one  of  the 
two  great  parties  of  the  country. 

Single  Tax.    (See  United  Labor.) 

Squatter  Sovereignty.  A  section  of  the  pro-slavery  advo- 
cates in  1853,  which  declared  that  each  State,  on  coming  into 
the  Union,  should  decide  for  itself  whether  it  should  be  a  free 
or  a  slave  State. 

Stalwarts.  A  division  of  the  Republican  party  in  1880,  which 
strongly  advocated  a  third  term  for  Grant  as  president. 

Tammany.  A  society  formed  in  New  York  City  in  1789,  and 
which  has  long  been  the  controlling  political  organization  of 
the  Democrats  of  that  city. 

Temperance.    (See  National  Prohibition.) 

Tories.  The  name  given  to  the  sympathizers  with  the  British 
during  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Union  Labor.  A  descendant  of  the  Greenback  party,  organized 
in  1887. 

United  Labor.  Organized  in  1886  to  maintain  the  doctrine  of 
single  tax,  or  tax  on  land  values  only,  advocated  by  Henry 
George. 

Whigs.  The  loyal  party  during  the  Revolutionary  War.  In  18M 
the  remnants  of  the  National  Republican  party  and  of  the 
Anti-Masons  organized  Into  a  new  party  under  this  title.  In 
1854  they  allied  themselves  with  the  Know-Nothings,  and 
became  the  American  party.  The  name  was  retained  in  the 
South  until  1860. 

Wide-A wakes.  A  division  of  the  Republican  party  organised 
in  1860  to  promote  the  election  of  Lincoln. 

Women's  Right*.  Applied  in  1848  to  a  movement  for  the 
enfranchisement  of  women  and  for  the  repeal  of  laws  dis- 
criminating against  the  sex.  The  movement  is  still  main- 
tained. 

Young  Democracy.    Same  u  Bern-Burners  (q.  *.). 


6846 


A  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Law. 


A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS   USED  IN  LAW. 


Abate.  To  hjeak  down,  destroy,  or  remove ;  as,  to  abate  a  nuis- 
ance. AIsu  applied  to  debts  and  legacies  which,  abate  propor- 
tionately on  insufficiency  of  assets. 

Abduction.  The  unlawful  taking  or  detention  of  a  woman 
against  her  will,  with  the  intention  of  procuring  her  mar- 
riage or  defilement  Also,  the  unlawful  taking  of  a  child,  or 
of  an  unmarried  girl  under  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  out  of 
the  possession,  and  against  the  will,  of  her  father,  or  other 
person  having  the  lawful  care  of  her,  although  dona  without 
force  or  corrupt  motives. 

Abettor.  A  person  who  encourages  or  excites  another  to  com- 
mit an  offence  punishable  by  law. 

Abeyance.  The  fee  simple  of  lands  is  in  abeyance  when  there 
Is  no  person  in  being  in  whom  it  can  vest.  The  same  applies 
to  dignities  or  offices. 

Abstract  of  Title.  An  epitome  of  the  deeds  and  documents 
constituting  the  evidence  or  title  to  an  estate. 

Accessory.  A  person  concerned  in  a  felonious  offence  although 
not  the  actual  perpetrator,  nor  present  at  its  performance.  He 
may  be  accessory  either  before  or  after  the  fact. 

Acknowledgment  by  a  Harried  Woman.  A  ceremony 
gone  through  by  a  married  woman  to  enable  her  to  convey  her 
Interest  in  land. 

Action.  The  method  of  demanding  the  enforcement  of  a  man's 
right  and  securing  redress  for  a  civil  injury. 

Adjudication.  The  act  of  giving  judgment ;  as,  for  Instance, 
when  a  bankruptcy  (judge  finds  a  party  bankrupt,  it  is  called 
the  Adjudication.  In  Scotland  it  is  applied  to  the  law 
whereby  a  creditor  attaches  the  property  of  his  debtor,  and 
has  different  significations,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
property  attached. 

Administrator.  He  who  has  charge  of  the  goods  of  a  person 
dying  without  a  will  or  without  appointing  an  executor,  for 
the  purpose  of  legal  distribution.  The  wife  or  husband  sur- 
viving, first,  and  then  the  nearest  of  kin,  are  entitled  to  ad- 
ministration. 

Affidavit.  A  written  statement  upon  oath.  It  must  be  sworn 
Before  a  person  authorized  to  administer  oaths. 

Afflni*X'  Delation  by  marriage  between  the  husband  or  wife 
and  the  blood  relations  of  either,  but  not  between  the  husband 
and  wife  themselves. 

Affirmation.    A  solemn  declaration  In  Ueu  of  an  oath. 

Alibi.  Elsewhere.  A  defence  by  which  it  ia  proved  that  the  ac- 
cused was  not  at  the  place  where  the  offence  was  committed  at 
the  tune  of  its  commission. 

Alienate,  To.    To  convey  or  dispose  of  property  to  another. 

Alimony.  An  allowance  made  by  a  husband  to  his  wife  when 
living  apart  from  her. 

Allunde.    Elsewhere,  besides,  etc. 

Arnicas  Cnrise.  A  counsel  (or  bystander)  who  Informs  the 
judge  on  a  point  of  law  concerning  which  he  is  doubtful  or 
mistaken. 

Ancestor.  The  law  distinguishes  between  ancestor  and  pre- 
decessor;  the  former  is  applied  to  individuals,  the  latter  to 
corporations. 

•*"?,!*"*  I*«I"«">«-  (English.)  Manors  which  at  the  time  of 
William  the  Conqueror  were  in  the  tenure  of  the  Crown,  and 
are  so  recorded  in  the  Domesday  book. 

Appeal.  The  removal  of  a  cause  from  an  inferior  into  a  supe- 
rior court,  for  the  purpose  of  impeaching  the  judgment  of  the 
inferior  court. 

Appearance  to  Action.  The  first  formal  step  by  a  defendant 
in  an  action  or  suit.  It  is  a  notice  that  he  intends  to  defend. 

Appellant.  The  person  appealing  to  a  superior  from  the  decis- 
ion of  an  inferior  court. 

Appropriation.  The  appropriation  of  a  payment  means  the 
applying  of  it  to  the  discharge  of  a  particular  debt.where  the 
creditor  to  whom  it  is  made  has  more  than  one  debt  due  from 
the  same  debtor. 

Approver.  A  person  guilty  of  an  indictable  offence,  who,  to 
tain  pardon  for  himself,  makes  a  full  confession,  and  is  ad- 
mitted to  give  evidence  against  his  accomplices. 

Arb'*p"*101!'  A"  extra-judicial  method  of  settling  matters  in 
difference  by  referring  them  to  the  arbitrament  or  determina- 
tion of  persons  appointed  by  the  disputants,  and  termed  arbi- 
trators. 

Arraignment.  A  term  of  criminal  procedure,  by  which  a 
prisoner,  after  having  had  the  indictment  read  over  to  him  is 
commanded  to  state  whether  he  or  she  is  or  is  not  guilty. 

Arrest.  A  legal  seizure,  capture,  or  taking  of  a  man's  person 
which  is  effected  by  corporeal  touching,  or  something  equiva- 
lent thereto.  In  civil  cases  a  man  can  be  arrested  only  under 
legal  process. 

Arrest  of  Judgment.  The  stay  of  a  judgment  by  the  court, 
after  a  verdict,  on  some  question  of  law. 

Arson.    Felonious  honse-burning. 

Articles  of  the  Peace.   A  complaint  against  a  person  to  com- 
p»l  him  to  find  sureties  to  keep  the  peace. 
anlt  and  Battery.    An  attempt  or  offer,  with  force  and 
Ylolence,  to  do  a  corporeal  hart  to  another  Is  an  assault ;  an  in- 


jury actually  done  to  the  person  of  another  In  an  angry  re- 
vengeful, or  insolent  manner,  be  it  ever  »o  small,  is  a  battery. 
Assignee.    A  person  to  whom  any  real  or  personal  property  i» 
transferred  by  the  act  of  law,  as  an  executor,  an  assignee  of  a 
inkrupt,  etc. ;  or  by  the  act  of  a  party,  as  a  purchaser  of  • 

Assmnpslt.  A  promise,  expressed  or  implied,  to  perform  a 
verbal  agreement,  springing  out  of  a  simple  contract  An  ac- 
tion of  assumpsit  or  promise  is  the  remedy  for  breach  of  a 
verbal  as  distinguished  from  a  written  contract. 

Assurance.  The  securing  the  payment  of  a  sum  of  money  or 
other  benefit  on  the  happening  of  a  certain  event,  as,  for  in- 
stance, the  death  of  a  persen. 

Attachment.  A  process  of  the  courts  of  law  and  equity  for 
compelling  by  arrest  the  performance  of  an  act  which  a  party 
is  already  in  contempt  for  not  performing.  Also,  a  remedy  to 
attach  the  money  or  goods  of  a  debtor  in  the  hands  of  a  third 
party.  Garnishment. 

Attorney.  A  person  appointed  by  another,  by  letter  or  by  power 
of  attorney,  to  do  anything  for  him  In  his  absence. 

Attorney -at-law.  A  person  legally  authorized  to  transact  the 
business  of  other  persons  in  courts  of  law. 

Antre  Droit.  When  a  person  holds  an  estate  not  In  his  own 
right,  but  in  right  of  another. 

Average.  A  contribution  to  a  general  loss.  When,  for  the  safety 
of  a  ship  in  distress,  any  destruction  of  property  is  incurred, 
ill  persons  having  goods  on  board  contribute  ratably  to  the 

Award.    The  judgment  or  decision  of  an  arbitrator. 
Ball.    The  sureties  for  the  reappearance  of  a  person  released 
from  custody. 

Bail-Bond.  A  document  under  seal,  by  which  a  person  be- 
comes bail. 

Bailee.    An  individual  intrusted  with  the  custody  of  goods  •  for 

instance,  a  currier. 

Bailiff.    A  sheriff's  officer  or  deputy  In  England ;  a  constable. 
Bailment.    A  delivery  of  a  thing  in  trust  for  some  special  ob- 
ject or  purpose. 
Bailor.    The  person  who  makes  a  bailment,  or  delivers  goods  to 

a  boiler. 
Bane  or  Banco  (sittings  In).    The  sitting  of  the  judges  of  the 

Euperior  courts  of  law  as  a  full  court. 

Barratry.  The  offence  of  frequently  stirring  up  quarrels  and 
suits  at  law  or  otherwise.  In  marine  insurance,  any  aut  of  the 
master  or  crew  of  a  ship  which  is  of  a  criminal  or  fraudulent 
nature— as  sinking  the  ship  or  deserting  her— tending  to  the 
prejudice  of  the  owners. 

Base  Fee.  A  freehold  estate  of  Inheritance,  liable  to  be  deter- 
mined on  the  happening  of  a  certain  event. 

Battel.  A  trial  by  combat,  formerly  allowed  by  the  law,  by  which 
the  Innocence  or  guilt  of  a  party  was  decided. 

Bequest.    A  testamentary  disposition  of  personal  estate. 

Bigamy.  The  criminal  offence  of  a  married  man  or  woman  pre- 
tending to  marry  again,  his  wife  or  her  husband  being  still 
alive. 

Bill  of  Exceptions.  A  mode  of  appealing  from  the  decision 
of  a  judge  on  a  point  of  law. 

Borough.  A  town  having  now,  or  having  formerly  had,  cor- 
porate rights. 

Breach  of  Covenant.  The  doing  of  an  act  which  a  party  hag 
covenanted  not  to  do,  or  the  neglecting  to  do  that  which  he 
has  covenanted  to  perform. 

Breach  of  th«-  Peace.  An  act  by  which  the  public  repose  is 
disturbed  and  the  safety  of  the  community  more  or  less  endan- 
gered. 

Breach  of  Promise.  The  doing,  or  abstaining  from  doing, 
something  contrary  to  an  undertaking  or  contract. 

Breach  of  Trust,  A  neglect  of  duty  by  a  trustee  or  person 
standing  in  a  fiduciary  relation,  in  violation  of  his  trust 

Bribery.  The  giving  or  receiving  any  reward  for  corrupt  pur- 
poses. 

Brief.  An  abridgment  of  a  client's  case  for  the  instruction  of 
counsel  on  a  trial  or  for  a  hearing  in  court. 

Burglary.  The  offence  of  breaking  into  or  entering  a  dwelling- 
house  in  the  night,  with  the  intent  to  commit  a  felony. 

Canon  Law.  A  collection  of  ecclesiastical  constitutions,  def- 
initions, and  rules,  derived  from  the  ancient  councils,  the 
writings  of  the  fathers,  ordinances  of  popes,  etc. 

Capias.  A  writ  authorizing  the  arrest  of  a  defendant  in  a  civil 
suit. 

Capias  ad  Respondendum.  A  writ  of  capias  Issued  at  the 
beginning  of  a  suit. 

Capias  ad  Batisfaciendum,  or  C'a-tm.  The  writ  of  capias 
when  issued  after  judgment ;  so  termed  because  the  defendant 
is  taken  to  satisfy  the  plaintiff's  demands. 

Caption.    The  act  of  arresting  a  man. 

Carrier.  A  person  whose  business  it  Is  to  carrv  goods,  for  ths 
proper  delivery  and  safety  of  which  he  is  legally  responsible. 

Casus  OmissuH.  Where  anything  is  omitted,  or  not  provided 
against  by  a  statute,  etc. 


A  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Law. 


5347 


.  A  proceeding  to  prevent  an  act  being  done,  such  as  the 
granting  of  a  patent  or  of  administration,  without  notice  to 
the  party  entering  the  caveat. 

Cnveat Kmptor.  "  Let  the  purchaser  beware."  It  signifies  that 
a  vendor  is  not  bound  to  answer  for  the  value  of  his  wares  un- 
less he  has  expressly  warranted  them. 

'  vrnorar1.  A  writ  for  the  removal  of  a  cause  from  an  Inferior 
to  a  superior  court. 

<'eslni  que  Trust.  He  who  is  the  real  and  beneficial  owner 
of  property  held  in  trust. 

<  ostul  qne  Vie.    The  person  for  whose  life  lands  are  held. 

^  Imllenge.  An  exception  taken  by  a  prisoner  against  one  or 
more  jurors,  who,  when  challenged,  are  set  aside,  if  the  chal- 
lenge be  allowed,  and  new  ones  put  in  their  places. 

Champerty.  The  offence  of  unlawfully  maintaining  a  suit  in 
conslderatipn  of  a  bargain  for  a  part  of  the  thing  in  dispute, 
or  some  profit  out  of  it. 

<'nnno«»  Medley.  The  accidental  killing  of  anyone,  without 
malice  prepense. 

<'h«rter-Pi»rly.  An  instrument  between  merchants  and  own- 
ers or  masters  of  ships,  containing  the  particulars  of  the  con- 
tract for  the  hire  of  the  ship. 

Chattels.  These  are  of  two  kinds— chattels  real,  and  chattels 
personal :  the  former  are  leasehold  property ;  the  latter,  per- 
sonal goods  or  chattels,  such  as  furniture  or  money. 

Chose.    Personal  property. 

Chose-iii-Art  ion.  Personal  property  of  which  a  man  has  not 
the  possession,  and  which  he  can  claim  by  action ;  as,  for  in- 
stance, a  debt  owing  to  him  by  another. 

Circuits.  Divisions  of  territory  appointed  for  judges  to  go  to  at 
stated  times  in  the  year  to  administer  justice. 

Citation.  The  first  step  in  an  ecclesiastical  cause,  analogous  to 
tha  writ  of  summons  in  an  action  under  English  law. 

Client.  Anciently,  a  Roman  citizen  taken  under  the  protection 
of  some  great  man,  who  was  styled  his  patron.  The  term  is 
iiow  applied  to  a  party  who  employs  a  solicitor  or  counsel  in 
any  legal  proceeding. 

Code.    A  collection  or  system  of  laws ;  as,  "  The  Code  Napoleon." 

Codicil.    A  supplement  to  a  will. 

Cognovit  Actionem.  An  instrument  by  which  a  defendant 
acknowledges  the  justice  of  the  plaintiffs  cause,  and  suffers 
judgment  to  be  entered  against  him  without  trial. 

Collateral  Descent.  That  which  descends  from  a  side  branch 
of  a  family,  as  from  an  uncle  or  a  nephew. 

Commission.  The  warrant  or  letters-patent  authorizing  any 
inquiry,  judicial  or  otherwise;  as,  the  commission  of  the  judges, 
tue  commission  of  the  peace,  etc. 

Commitment.  The  sending  a  person  who  has  been  guilty  of 
any  crime  to  prison,  by  warrant  or  order. 

Committee.  Persons  to  whom  the  consideration  of  any  matter 
is  referred ;  as,  a  committee  of  Congress  or  of  the  House  of 
Commons. 

Common  (Rights  of ).  (English.)  These  are  of  four  sorts:  viz. 
pasture,  piscary,  estovers,  and  turbary.  Common  of  pasture  is 
the  right  of  feeding  one  s  cattle  on  the  land  of  another ;  pis- 
cary, that  of  fishing  in  waters  belonging  to  another;  estovers, 
the  right  of  taking  wood  from  another  s  estate  for  household 
use  and  implements  in  husbandry ;  and  turbary,  the  right  of 
digging  turf  upon  another's  ground. 

Complainant.  One  who  complains  of  the  act  of  another  in  a 
court  of  justice ;  more  commonly  called  plaintiff. 

Compounding  Offences.  Entering  into  an  agreement  not  to 
prosecute  an  offender,  for  a  consideration  received  or  to  be 
received,  constitutes  a  crime  for  which  the  offender  may  be 
indicted. 

Compounding  with  Creditors.  An  agreement  by  which 
creditors  take  a  portion  of  their  claims  in  discharge  of  the 
whole. 

Conditions  of  Sale.  The  terms  upon  which  a  vendor  under- 
takes to  sell  to  a  purchaser. 

Confirmation.  A  deed  by  which  a  voidable  estate  in  land  is 
made  perfect. 

•Conjugal  Rights.  Those  rights  of  husband  and  wife  which 
spring  out  of  their  relationship. 

Consanguinity.  Relationship  by  blood,  in  contradistinction 
to  affinity,  which  is  a  relationship  by  marriage. 

Conservator.  A  standing  arbitrator  appointed  to  compose  and 
adjust  differences  that  may  arise  between  parties,  etc. 

Conspiracy.  A  combination  of  two  or  more  persons  to  carry 
into  effect  an  unlawful  purpose. 

Constructive  Trust.  A  trust  founded  in  what  the  law  deems 
to  be  presumed,  as  contradistinguished  from  the  expressed  in- 
tention of  its  creator. 

Contempt.  A  disobedience  to  the  rules,  orders,  or  process  of  a 
court.  It  Is  punishable  by  Imprisonment. 

Contingent  Remainders.  Estates  which  cannot  become 
vested  until  the  happening  of  some  uncertain  event. 

Contribution.  Where  one  surety  or  joint  contractor  has  been 
obliged  to  satisfy  the  whole  demand,  he  may  obtain  contribu- 
tion from  his  fellow-surety  or  contractor. 

Conveyancers.  Those  whose  business  is  the  preparation  of 
formal  documents  and  assurances  for  the  transfer  of  the  title 
of  property. 

Convict.    One  who  has  been  condemned  by  a  competent  court. 

Coparceners.  Such  as  have  equal  shares  in  the  inheritance  of 
their  ancestors. 

Copyhold.    A  tenure  founded  upon  Immemorial  custom. 


Costs.  The  expenses  incurred  in  the  prosecution  or  defence  of 
legal  proceedings. 

Count.  In  common-law  pleadings,  formerly  a  section  of  a  declar- 
ation. 

Covenant.    An  agreement  under  seal. 

Coverture.  The  state  of  a  married  woman  as  being  under  the 
protection  and  influence  of  her  husband.  She  is  called  a  feme- 
covert. 

Crassa  Negligeiitia.    Gross  neglect. 

Crim.  Con.  or  Criminal  Conversation.  Adultery.  A  term 
used  to  denote  the  act  of  adultery  in  a  suit  brought  by  a  hus- 
band to  recover  damage  from  one  who  committed  the  offence 
with  his  wife. 

Cross-examination.  The  interrogation  of  a  witness  by  or  on 
behalf  of  the  party  against  whom  the  evidence  is  given. 

Curia  Advisare  Vult.  When  the  court  takes  time  to  consider 
its  judgment. 

Custom.  A  law,  not  written,  established  by  long  use  and  by  the 
consent  of  our  ancestors. 

Cypres  (as  near  to).  An  equitable  doctrine  applied  in  certain 
cases,  where  the  court  cannot  adhere  strictly  to  the  terms  of 
an  instrument,  but  carries  it  into  effect  cypres,  or  as  near  to  the 
object  as  it  can. 

Damages.  The  indemnity  which  is  recovered  by  one  who  has 
sustained  injury  to  his  person  or  property  by  the  act  or  default 
of  another. 

Declaration.  In  an  action  at  law,  the  plaintiff's  statement  of 
his  cause  of  action. 

Declaration  of  Trust.  A  written  statement  by  which  one 
person  acknowledges  himself  to  be  a  trustee  for  another. 

Decree.    The  judgment  of  a  court. 

Deed.    A  writing  sealed  and  delivered  by  the  parties  to  it. 

Default  (judgment  by).  If  a  defendant  omits  to  appear  or  plead 
to  an  action  within  the  time  allowed,  the  plaintiff  may  have 
judgment  by  default. 

Defaulter.  A  person  who  neglects  to  perform  an  act  required  to 
be  done. 

Defeasance.  A  collateral  deed  made  at  the  same  time  with 
some  other  deed,  and  containing  certain  conditions  which 
may  defeat  or  render  null  and  void  the  provisions  of  such 
other  deed. 

Defendant.  The  party  against  whom  an  action  or  suit  is 
brought. 

Demise.  A  word  used  in  conveyances  of  estates  for  terms  of 
years. 

Demurrer.  A  mode  of  raising  a  point  of  law  upon  the  facts 
stated  in  the  pleadings,  assuming  them  to  be  true. 

Denizen.  An  alien  who,  on  obtaining  letters  patent,  is  enabled 
to  purchase  and  devise  land. 

Deodand.  A  term  formerly  applied  to  anything,  as  a  horse  or  a 
carriage,  which  by  accident  caused  the  death  of  a  human 
being,  and  thereby  became  forfeited. 

Deposition.  The  testimony  of  a  witness  taken  down  In  writing 
and  signed  by  him. 

Descent.    Hereditary  succession  to  the  title  of  real  property. 

Detainer.  A  writ  whereby  a  person  may  be  detained  in  custody. 

Detinne.  The  form  of  action  to  recover  chattels  from  one  who 
lawfully  acquired  possession,  but  retains  them  without  right. 

Devise.    The  giving  away  of  lands  or  other  real  estate  by  will. 

Disability.    A  legal  incapacity  to  do  an  act. 

Disclaimer.  A  renunciation  by  an  executor  or  trustee  of  the 
office  imposed  upon  him ;  also,  a  mode  of  defence  in  equity, 
etc. 

Discovert.    A  term  applied  to  a  widow  or  unmarried  woman. 

Disfranchise.  To  take  away  from  certain  places  or  persons 
any  privilege,  freedom,  or  liberty. 

Disseisin.  A  wrongful  invasion  of  the  possession  of  another, 
by  which  he  is  turned  out  from  the  occupation  of  his  lands, 
either  by  force  or  by  surprise. 

Distress.  Seizing  and  taking  personal  chattels  out  of  the  hands 
of  a  wrong-doer  to  enforce  satisfaction.  Distress  is  resorted  to 
to  enforce  payment  of  rent,  taxes,  dower,  etc.  • 

Dlstrlngas.  The  name  of  a  writ  commanding  the  sheriff  to 
make  a  distress. 

Doll  Capax.    Capable  of  committing  a  crime. 

Doll  Incapax.    Incapable  of  committing  a  crime. 

Domicile.  The  domicile  of  a  person  is  where  he  has  his  per- 
manent home.  There  are  three  sorts  of  domiciles— by  birth, 
by  choice,  and  by  operation  of  law. 

Donatio  Mortis  Causa.  A  gift  of  chattels  made  and  delivered 
by  a  person  in  a  dying  state,  to  become  absolute  only  in  the 
event  of  his  death. 

Dnces  Tecurat.  A  clause  added  to  a  subpoena  requiring  the  wit- 
ness to  bring  with  him,  and  produce  at  the  trial,  certain  docu- 
ments in  his  possession. 

Duress.  Anything  done  under  compulsion  and  through  un- 
avoidable necessity. 

Kasement.  A  convenience  which  one  has  in  or  over  the  lands 
of  another,  as  a  way  or  a  water-course. 

Effliixion  of  Time.  The  expiration  of  a  term  in  its  natural 
course,  as  distinguished  from  its  determination  by  act  of  the 
parties. 

Ejectment.   An  action  at  law  to  recover  the  possession  of  lands. 

Eliirit.  A  writ  of  execution  under  which  alt  the  debtor's  lands 
may  be  seized  and  held  by  the  judgment  creditor  until  hii 
judgment  is  satisfied. 


6318 


A  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Law. 


EBabeizlement.  The  act  of  appropriating  that  which  is  re- 
ceived in  trust  for  another. 

Embleiueut*.  The  growing  crops  which  are  annually  pro- 
duced by  the  labor  of  the  cultivator.  They  are  deemed  per- 
sonal property,  and  pass  as  such  to  the  executors,  and  not  to 
the  heir. 

Enfeoff.  To.  The  act  of  transmitting  the  possession  of  cor- 
poreal hereditaments. 

Enfranchisement.  The  admittance  of  a  person  into  a  society 
or  body  politic.  Enfranchisement  of  copyholds  is  a  conversion 
of  copyholds  into  freehold  tenure. 

Enrolment.  The  registering  of  deeds  as  required  by  certain 
statutes. 

Entallment—  F»-?.«alI.  A  freehold  estate  of  inheritance  which 
can  only  descend  to  certain  classes  of  heirs  "  begotten  of  the 
body"  of  the  ancestor. 

Equitable  Estate.  The  beneficial  interest  of  a  ceitui  que  trust, 
the  Irani  ownership  being  in  a  trustee. 

Equitable  Mortgage.  The  most  familiar  instance  is  the  de- 
posit, either  with  or  without  a  memorandum,  of  the  title  deeds 
of  an  estate  by  way  of  security.  In  most  of  the  States  that 
have  registration  laws  equitable  mortgages  are  not  recognized. 

Equity  of  Redemption.  The  right  which  equity  gives  to  a 
mortgagor  of  redeeming  his  estate  after  the  appointed  time 
for  payment  has  passed,  and  which  right  can  only  be  barred 
by  a  foreclosure. 

Error.  A  writ  of  error  is  a  commission  to  judges  of  a  superior 
court,  by  which  they  are  authorized  to  examine  the  record 
upon  which  a  judgment  was  given  in  an  inferior  court,  and  to 
affirm,  reverse,  or  vary  the  same,  according  to  law. 

Escheat.  The  falling  back  of  lands,  for  want  of  heirs  or  from 
forfeiture,  to  the  State  or  lord  of  the  fee,  as  the  original  grantor. 

Escrow.  A  deed  delivered  to  a  third  person  conditionally  until 
something  is  done  by  the  grantor.  Until  the  condition  has 
been  performed  the  deed  has  no  legal  effect. 

Estate.  The  interest  which  a  person  has  in  lands  or  other 
property. 

Estoppel.  Where  a  man  is  precluded  in  law  from  alleging  or 
denying  a  fact  in  consequence  of  his  own  previous  act,  allega- 
tion, or  denial  to  the  contrary. 

••treat.  Where  a  recognizance  becomes  forfeited  by  any  of  its 
conditions  being  broken,  it  is  estreated— that  is,  extracted  from 
the  record  and  sent  up  to  the  court,  whence  a  process  may 
Issue  to  recover  the  penalty. 

Evidence.  Proof,  either  written  or  unwritten,  of  the  facts  in 
issue  in  any  legal  proceeding. 

Exchange  of  Lands.  A  mutual  grant  of  lands,  the  one  in 
consideration  of  the  other. 

Excise.  A  tax  or  impost  charged  by  government  on  certain 
commodities. 

Execution.  The  act  of  putting  the  sentence  of  the  law  into 
force. 

Executor  de  son  tort.  A  stranger  who  takes  upon  himself  to 
act  as  executor  without  any  authority. 

Exigent.    A  writ  used  in  the  process  of  outlawry. 

Extra-Judicial.  Any  act  done  by  a  judge  beyond  his  author- 
ity, or  any  opinion  expressed  by  him  not  strictly  pertinent  to 
the  matter  in  issue  before  him. 

False  Pretences.  The  criminal  offence  of  obtaining  any 
chattel,  money,  or  valuable  security  by  means  of  a  false  pre- 
tence ;  it  is  punishable  by  transportation,  fine,  or  imprisonment. 

Talse  Return.  An  incorrect  account,  given  by  a  sheriff,  of  his 
doings  under  a  writ  of  execution,  for  which  he  is  liable  to  an 
action. 

Falnl  Crlmen.    A  fraudulent  concealment  of  the  truth. 

Fee-simple.  That  estate  or  interest  in  lands  which  a  person 
holds  to  himself  and  his  heirs  for  ever. 

Felo-de-se.    One  who  commits  self-murder. 

Felony.  Formerly  defined  as  comprising  "all  capital  crimes 
below  treason."  It  may  now  more  accurately  be  defined  as 
comprising  all  crimes  occasioning  a  forfeiture  of  lands  or 
goods,  or  both.  Other  punishment  may  be  added. 

Feme-covert.    A  married  woman. 

Feme-sole.    An  unmarried  woman. 

Feoffment.  (Old  English.)  A  mode  of  conveyance  of  lands  in 
fee,  accompanied  by  certain  solemnities.  (See  Enfeoff.) 

Flat.    An  order  or  warrant  for  a  thing  to  be  done  or  executed. 

Fieri  Facias.  A  writ  of  execution,  by  which  the  sheriff  is  com- 
manded to  levy  the  debt  and  damages  on  the  goods  and  chattels 
of  the  defendant. 

Finding.  A  finder  of  goods  may  appropriate  them  to  his  own 
use  if  he  really  believes  that  the  owner  cannot  be  found ;  but 
If  a  jury  should  say  that  the  finder  appropriated  the  goods, 
not  having  such  belief  at  the  time  of  appropriation,  his  act 
amounts  to  a  theft,  and  can  be  punished  criminally. 

Finding  a  Bill.  The  grand  jury  either  find  or  ignore  the  bills 
against  prisoners ;  if  they  rind  a  true  bill,  the  case  goes  into 
court  and  is  tried. 

Fir«  bote.  The  wood  which  a  tenant  of  lands  is  legally  entitled 
to  take  for  the  purpose  of  making  his  fires.  If  he  takes  too 
much,  he  commits  waste,  and  is  liable  to  an  action. 

Fixtures.  This  term  is  generally  used  to  denote  those  personal 
chattels  which,  though  annexed  to  the  freehold  of  demised 
premises,  a  tenant  is  nevertheless  entitled  to  remove.  They 
consist  of  trade  fixtures  and  of  those  put  up  for  the  ornament 
or  convenience  of  the  premises. 
Foreclosure.  The  means  by  which  a  mortgagee  or  interested 


person  in  the  mortgage,  after  breach  of  the  condition,  can  t 

pel  the  mortgagor  to  redeem,  or  lose  his  equity  of  redemption. 

Forfeiting  Recognisances.  When  a  person  who  has  en- 
tered into  recognizances  fails  to  comply  with  their  conditions, 
the  same  are  forfeited  or  estreated. 

Forfeiture.  A  punishment  consequent  upon  the  commission 
of  certain  criminal  offences  or  illegal  acts. 

Forgery.  The  fraudulent  making  or  alteration  of  a  writing  to 
the  prejudice  of  another. 

Fraud.  A  dishonest  or  Illegal  artifice  by  which  undue  advantage 
is  taken  of  another,  or  by  which  the  interests  of  the  other  are 
prejudiced. 

Freehold.    An  estate  in  lands  for  life. 

Further  Assurance.  The  name  given  to  a  covenant  in  a  con- 
veyance, whereby  the  grantor  undertakes  to  do  any  further  act 
which  may  be  required  for  perfecting  the  grantee's  estate 

Future  Estates.  Estates  not  in  possessioa  but  in  expectancy 
as  a  remainder. 

Garnishee.  The  party  in  whose  hands  money  due  to  a  defend- 
ant is  attached. 

General  Issue.    A  form  of  plea  in  common-law  actions. 

Gift.    A  voluntary  conveyance  or  gift  of  lands  or  goods. 

Grand  Jnry.  The  jury  to  whom  all  bills  of  indictment  are  re- 
ferred in  the  first  instance.  It  is  the  duty  of  this  jury  to  inter- 
rogate the  witnesses  for  the  prosecution  and  to  ascertain 
whether  or  not  a  prima  facie  case  is  made  out  against  the  pris- 
oner :  if  so,  they  find  a  true  bill  and  he  takes  his  trial ;  if  not, 
they  ignore  the  bill  and  he  is  discharged. 

Grant.    A  generic  term  applied  to  all  transfers  of  real  property. 

Ground-rent.  A  rent  reserved  to  himself  and  his  heirs  by  the 
grantor  of  land  in  fee-simple. 

Guaranty.  An  engagement  to  be  responsible  for  the  debts  or 
duties  of  a  third  person. 

Habeas  Corpus.  A  writ  of  right  for  those  who  are  injured  by 
illegal  imprisonment. 

Habendnm.  One  of  the  formal  parts  of  a  deed ;  its  office  is  to 
limit  or  define  the  estate  granted. 

Hereditaments.  All  things  which  may  be  inherited-thai  is, 
which  would  descend  to  the  heir  if  not  disposed  of  by  deed  or 
will.  Hereditaments  are  of  two  kinds— corporeal  and  incor- 
poreal. 

Homicide.  The  crime  of  killing  any  human  being.  There  are 
three  kinds  of  homicide— justifiable,  excusable,  and  felonious. 

House  bote.  The  necessary  quantity  of  wood  which  a  tenant 
may  lawfully  take  for  the  reparation  and  support  of  the 
demised  premises. 

Hue  and  Cry.  The  old  common  law  process  of  pursuing  felons 
"  with  horn  and  voice." 

Ignore.  When  the  grand  jury  reject  a  bill  of  indictment,  they 
are  said  to  ignore  it. 

Illegal  Condition.  A  condition  annexed  to  anything  which 
is  illegal,  immoral,  impossible,  or  otherwise  contrary  to  law. 

Immoral  Contracts.  Contracts  infringing  the  rules  of  mor- 
ality, which,  for  reasons  of  public  policy,  are  void  at  law. 

Impaneling.  Writing  in  a  parchment  schedule  the  names  of 
the  jury  by  the  sheriff. 

Incnmbrance.    A  charge  or  lien  upon  property,  as  a  mortgage. 

Indemnity.  A  written  instrument  whereby  one  undertakes  to 
free  another  from  responsibility. 

Indenture.  A  deed  or  writing,  formerly  cut  or  indented ;  now 
the  name  usually  given  to  deeds,  although  indenting  is  no 
longer  essential. 

Indictment.  A  written  accusation  of  one  or  more  persons  of  a 
crime  or  misdemeanor,  preferred  to,  and  presented  on  oath  by, 
a  grand  jury. 

In  esse.  This  term  is  used  to  express  anything  that  has  a  real 
being,  in  contradistinction  to  the  term  in  posse,  which  implies 
a  thing  that  is  not,  but  may  be. 

Infant.  Every  person  is  by  law  styled  an  Infant  till  he  has  at- 
tained the  age  of  twenty-one  years.  It  is  otherwise  as  to  women 
in  some  of  the  States. 

Inheritance.  An  estate  In  lands  or  tenements  to  a  man  and  his 
heirs. 

Injunction.  A  prohibitory  writ  forbidding  certain  acts  to  be 
done  under  Ipam  of  contempt.  It  may  be  granted  in  urgent 
cases  ex  parte,  but  notice  is  sometimes  required  to  be  given. 

Innuendo.  That  part  of  the  declaration,  in  actions  of  libel  and 
slander,  which  explains  the  meaning  or  points  the  application 
of  the  libellous  or  slanderous  matter  complained  of. 

Inquest.  A  meeting  of  jurors  who  are  summoned  to  take  into 
consideration  certain  musters  which  may  appear  in  evidence 
before  them,  and  to  bring  in  their  verdict  accordingly,  as  in 
the  case  of  a  coroner's  jury. 

Inquiry,  Writ  of.  A  writ  directed  to  the  sheriff,  commanding 
him  to  summon  a  jury  and  assess  the  damages  in  an  action ;  as, 
for  instance,  when  the  defendant  has  suffered  judgment  by 
default. 

Insurance.  A  security  of  indemnification  against  the  risk  of 
loss  from  the  happening  of  certain  events.  The  usual  kinds 
are  fire,  marine,  and  life. 

Interesse  termini.  The  interest  possessed  by  a  lessee  in  n 
lease  after  the  granting  thereof,  but  before  he  has  entered  upon 
the  land  demised. 

Interpleader.  When  two  or  more  persons  claim  the  same  thin? 
of  a  third,  the  latter  may  call  upon  them  to  interplead— i.  e.  to 
try  the  right  of  it  between  themselves— he,  the  third  person, 
meanwhile  retaining  possession  of  the  thing. 


A  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Law. 


5343 


lify  iiicr  Ball.    The  act  of  proving  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
ourt  that  the  persons  proposed  as  bail  are  sufficient  for  the 


Interrogatories.  Written  questions,  to  which  the  parties  In- 
terrogated are  expected  to  answer  on  oath. 

Intestate.  A  person  dying  without  a  will,  or  having  made  a  will 
which  Is  defective. 

I.  O.  V.  A  written  acknowledgment  of  a  debt.  The  Instrument 
is  regarded  In  a  court  of  law  as  evidence  of  an  account  stated. 
It  is  not  a  promissory  note. 

Issue.  The  disputed  point  or  question  to  which  the  parties  In  an 
action  have  by  pleadings  narrowed  their  several  allegations, 
and  are  hence  said  to  join  issue.  If  it  be  an  issue  of  fact,  it  is 
tried  by  a  jury ;  if  of  law,  by  the  court.  Issue  is  also  the  legal 
term  for  children  or  remoter  descendants. 

f  actuation  of  Marriage.  Where  one  party  boasts  or  falsely 
declares  that  he  or  she  is  married  to  another,  whereby  a  com- 
mon reputation  of  their  marriage  may  ensue. 

Joinder  In  Action.  The  coupling  or  joining  two  parties  in 
one  suit  or  action. 

Joint  Tenants.    Persons  who  hold  land,  etc.  jointly  by  one  title. 

Jointure.  A  settlement  of  lands  or  tenements  on  a  woman,  to 
take  effect  after  her  husband's  death,  in  lieu  of  dower. 

Judgment.  The  sentence  of  the  law  pronounced  by  the  court 
upon  the  matter  contained  in  the  record. 

Jurat.  The  clause  written  at  the  foot  of  an  affidavit,  stating 
when,  where,  and  before  whom  it  was  sworn. 

Jurist.    A  civil  lawyer. 

Jury.  A  certain  number  of  men  sworn  to  deliver  a  verdict  upon 
such  evidence  of  facts  as  shall  be  delivered  to  them  touching 
the  matter  in  question. 

Jury  1,1st.  The  list  kept  by  the  sheriff  of  persons  liable  to  serve 
on  juries. 

Jus.    A  law ;  a  right. 

Jus  accrescendi.  The  term  expressive  of  the  right  of  sur- 
vivorship among  tenants. 

Jus  ad  reni.  An  inchoate  or  Imperfect  right  to  a  thing.  In  con- 
tradistinction to  Jus  in  re,  which  signifies  the  complete  and 
perfect  right  to  a  thing. 

Jus  commune.    The  common  law. 

Jus  gentium.    The  law  of  nations. 

Justify! 
coi 
purpose. 

Kin  or  Kindred.  A  relation  either  of  consanguinity  or  affinity. 

Landlord.  A  proprietor  of  lands  occupied  by  another,  which 
latter  party  is  termed  the  tenant. 

larceny.  The  wrongful  and  unlawful  taking  by  one  person  of 
the  personal  goods  of  another,  with  the  intention  of  converting 
them  to  his  own  use. 

Law.    This  word  signifies  generally  an  inflexible  rule  of  action. 

Laws  of  Nations.  A  system  of  rules  or  principles  deduced 
from  the  law  of  nature,  and  intended  for  the  regulation  of  the 
mutual  intercourse  of  nations. 

Leading  Cases.  Cases  decided  by  the  superior  courts,  which 
have  settled  and  determined  important  points  of  law. 

Leading  Question.  A  question  put  or  framed  in  such  a  form 
as  to  suggest  the  answer  sought  to  be  obtained.  Such  a  ques- 
tion is  not  allowed  to  be  put  to  a  witness,  except  on  cross- 
examination. 

Lease.  A  conveyance  or  demise  of  lands  or  tenements  for  life, 
for  years,  or  at  will,  but  always  for  a  less  term  than  the  party 
conveying  has  in  the  premises. 

Lease  and  Release.  The  form  of  conveyance  until  recently 
commonly  used  for  conveying  land ;  but  a  lease,  commonly 
called  a  lease  for  a  year,  is  no  longer  necessary,  the  release 
alone  being  now  as  effectual  as  a  lease  and  release  were  for- 
merly. 

Leasehold.  Lands  held  on  lease,  which  are  considered  as  chat- 
tels real,  and  go  to  the  next  of  kin,  and  not  to  the  heir,  on  the 
death  of  the  owner  intestate. 

Legacy.  A  gift  or  bequest  of  money,  goods,  or  other  personal 
property  by  will.  The  person  to  whom  it  is  given  is  styled  the 
legatee,  and  if  the  gift  is  of  the  residue,  after  the  payment  of 
debts  and  legacies,  he  is  then  styled  the  residuary  legatee. 

Lessor  and  Lessee.  The  person  who  grants  a  lease  Is  called 
the  lessor;  the  party  to  whom  it  is  granted,  the  letsee;  and  the 
person  to  whom  either  of  them  assigns,  the  assignee. 

Letters  for  Power)  of  Attorney.  A  writing,  under  seal, 
empowering  another  person  to  do  any  act  instead  of  the  per- 
son granting  the  letter. 

Letters  of  License.  An  instrument  whereby  creditors  grant 
to  their  debtor  time  for  the  payment  of  his  debts,  and  bind 
themselves  not  to  molest  him  until  that  time  has  expired. 

Levant  and  Conchant.  The  law  term  for  cattle  that  have 
been  so  long  in  the  grounds  of  another  that  they  have  laid 
down,  and  risen  again  to  feed. 

Levari  Facias.  A  writ  of  execution,  used  to  sell  lands  mort- 
gaged, after  judgment  has  been  obtained,  by  the  owners  of  the 
mortgage. 

Levy.  The  seizing  of  goods  or  chattels  by  a  sheriff  under  an  ex- 
ecution. 

Lex  loci  contract  us.  The  law  of  the  place  or  country  where 
the  contract  was  made. 

Lex  mercatoria.    The  mercantile  law. 

Lex  non  script  a.    The  unwritten  or  common  law. 

Lex  scripta.    The  written  law. 

JLex  cerrie.    The  law  of  the  land. 


Libel.  A  malicious  defamation,  expressed  either  In  prlntinr  ot 
in  writing,  or  by  signs,  pictures,  etc.,  tending  to  blacken  either 
the  memory  of  one  who  is  dead  or  the  reputation  of  one  who 
is  alive,  ana  thereby  expose  him  or  her  to  public  hatred,  eon- 
tempt,  or  ridicule. 

Limited  Liability.  The  limitation  of  the  liability  of  share- 
holders in  a  company  to  the  amount  unpaid  upon  their  shares. 
Such  companies  are  bound  to  use  the  word  "  Limited  "  In  their 
title  after  the  word  "  Company." 

Liquidated  Damages.  Damages  the  amount  of  which  is 
fixed  or  ascertained. 

Liquidator.  A  person  duly  appointed  to  wind  up  the  affair, 
of  an  insolvent  company,  under  the  winding-up  acts. 

Lls  pendens.    A  pending  suit  of  action. 

Livery  of  Seisin.  A  delivery  of  possession  of  lands  by  the 
alienor  to  the  alienee.  In  former  times,  when  the  feoffments 
were  used,  livery  of  seisin  was  indispensably  necessary  to  com- 
plete a  gift  or  alienation  of  lands. 

Locus  in  quo.  The  place  where  anything  is  alleged  to  be  done 
in  pleading,  etc. 

Locus  penltentite.  A  place  of  penitence;  the  position  of  ft 
party  who  may  recede  from  a  contract  or  bargain  which  he  i» 
about  to  enter  into  or  make. 

Lucri  causa.    Far  the  cause  or  purpose  of  gain. 

Lunatic.  One  who  has  had  understanding,  but,  by  grief,  dii- 
ease,  or  other  accident,  has  lost  the  use  of  nis  reason. 

Maihem  or  Mayhem.  The  violently  depriving  another  of  th» 
use  of  such  members  of  his  body  as  may  render  him  less  able, 
in  fighting,  either  to  defend  himself  or  to  annoy  his  adver- 
sary ;  the  act  of  maiming. 

Mainprise.  The  surrendering  a  person  Into  friendly  custody, 
upon  giving  security  that  he  shall  be  forthcoming  at  the  time 
and  place  required.  The  writ  of  mainprise  Is  obsolete. 

Majority.    The  being  of  full  age. 

Mala  In  se.    Wrong  In  themselves. 

Malice  prepense.  Malice  aforethought ;  i.  e.  deliberate,  pr»«e- 
termined  malice. 

Mains  animus.    A  bad  or  malicious  Intent. 

Mandamus.  A  writ  commanding  the  completion  or  restitution 
of  some  right  or  the  performance  of  a  duty. 

Manslaughter.  The  unlawful  killing  of  another,  but  without 
malice. 

Manumission.    The  making  a  bondman  free. 

Maxims  in  Law.  Certain  proverbial  axioms  which  form  part 
of  the  general  custom  or  common  law  of  the  land ;  as,  "  No  man 
Is  bound  to  criminate  himself." 

Merger.  The  sinking  of  a  smaller  estate  Into  a  greater,  whereby 
the  former  is  utterly  extinguished  and  destroyed. 

Mosul-Process.  Those  writs  which  Intervene  in  the  progress 
of  a  suit,  as  contradistinguished  from  primary  and  final 
processes. 

Misdemeanor.  An  indictable  offence  which,  though  criminal, 
does  not  amount  to  felony. 

Misprision.  A  neglect,  oversight,  or  contempt;  for  example, 
mlsprislon  of  treason  is  a  negligence  in  not  revealing  treason. 

Mittimus.  A  writ  for  the  removal  of  records  from  one  court  t» 
another. 

Modus.    A  composition  In  lieu  of  tithes. 

Moot  Point.  A  point  of  the  law  not  definitely  settled,  and  there- 
fore open  to  discussion. 

Mortmain.  The  alienation  of  lands  to  ecclesiastical  or  temporal 
corporations  by  which  they  become  perpetually  inherent  in  one 
dead  hand,  etc.— that  is,  a  hand  that  cannot  pass  away  the 
lands. 

Motion.  An  application  to  the  court  to  obtain  some  rule  or 
order  in  the  progress  of  a  cause. 

Muniments.    Deeds,  evidences,  and  writings  in  general. 

Murder.  Unlawfully  killing  any  person,  with  malice  afore- 
thought, either  express  or  implied  by  law. 

Naturalization.  The  making  a  foreigner  a  lawful  subject  to 
the  state.  « 

Negative  Pregnant.  A  form  of  denial  which  implies  or  car- 
ries with  it  an  affirmative. 

Negotiable  Instruments.  Those  instruments  which  confer 
on  the  holders  the  legal  right  to  sue  for  the  money  or  property 
thereby  secured ;  as,  Dills  of  exchange  or  bills  of  lading. 

Next  Friend.  The  party  in  whose  name  an  infant  or  feme- 
covert  brings  an  action  of  suit. 

Nil  debet.  A  common  plea  to  an  action  of  debt  when  the  money 
is  not  owing. 

Nil  diclt.  When  Judgment  is  had  against  a  defendant  by  de- 
fault. 

Nisi  Prlus.  A  term  applied  to  those  courts  In  which  civil 
causes,  are  tried  with  the  presence  and  aid  of  a  jury. 

Nolle  Proseqnl.  An  acknowledgment  by  the  plaintiff  that  he 
will  not  further  prosecute  his  suit. 

Nomine  Poense.  A  penalty  agreed  to  be  paid  on  the  non-per- 
formance of  some  specified  act, 

Non  assiimpsit.  He  has  not  promised.  A  plea  by  which  »  de- 
fendant denies  his  liability  in  an  action  of  ossumpsit. 

Non  concessit.    He  did  not  grant. 

Non  eonstat.    It  Is  not  clear  or  evident. 

Non  est  factiim.  A  plea  by  which  i  defendant  denies  that  the 
deed  mentioned  in  the  declaration  Is  his  deed. 

Non  est  in  ventus.  The  sheriff's  return  to  a  writ  when  the  de- 
fendant is  not  to  be  found  in  his  official  district. 


6350 


A  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Law. 


Konfeusaiice.    The  omitting  to  do  what  ought  to  be  dons. 

Hon  proa.  When  the  plaintiff  neglects  to  take  any  step  within 
the  prescribed  time,  the  defendant  may  move  for  a  judgment 
against  him,  which  is  called  judgment  non  pros. 

Nonsuit.  The  name  of  the  judgment  given  against  the  plaintiff 
when  he  is  unable  to  prove  his  case  or  when  he  fails  to  go  to 
trial  after  his  caae  is  at  issue. 

Notary  Public.  A  person  whose  business  it  is  to  note  and 
IIP  .test  bills  of  exchange,  and  who  also  attests  deeds  and  writ- 
ings to  make  them  authentic. 

>  iiiliini  pactum.  An  agreement  without  consideration,  which, 
when  not  under  seal,  is  void  in  law. 

Nuisance.  Anything  which  unlawfully  annoys  or  does  damage 
to  another.  Nuisances  may  be  either  public  or  private. 

Nnllii  hoiia.  A  sheriffs  return  when  there  is  no  property  to 
distrain  upon. 

Nunc  pro  tune.  Literally,  "now  for  then;"  often  so  used  in 
legal  proceedings. 

Oath.  A  pledge  or  acknowledgment  riven  by  a  person  that  his 
statement  or  attestation  is  made  under  an  immediate  sense  of 
his  responsibility  to  God. 

Obiter  dictum.  A  casual  remark  or  opinion  of  a  judge,  not 
necessary  to  or  forming  part  of  his  judgment  on  the  matter 
before  him. 

Obligee.  An  individual  for  whose  benefit  an  obligation  is  en- 
tered into. 

Obligor.    He  who  enters  into  a  bond  or  obligation. 

Onus  probandi.  The  burden  of  proof.  It  is  a  legal  principle 
that  the  issue  in  an  action  must  be  proved  by  the  party  wno 
sbites  an  affirmative,  not  by  the  party  who  states  a  negative, 
ne  burden  of  proof,  therefore,  is  on  the  former  party. 

Ostensible  Partner.  A  person  whose  name  appears  to  the 
world  as  a  partner  in  a  firm,  but  who  may  have  no  actual  in- 
terest in  the  partnership. 

Ouster.    The  turning  of  a  person  out  of  possession  of  property. 

Outlawry.  The  act  or  process  by  which  a  person  is  excluded 
from,  or  deprived  of,  the  benefit  of  the  laws,  attended  with  a 
forfeiture  of  his  goods  to  the  State. 

Overt  Act.  An  open  act,  capable  of  being  manifested  by  legal 
proof. 

Oyer  and  Termtner.  A  commission  directed  to  the  judges 
and  others,  by  virtue  whereof  they  have  power  to  hear  and 
determine  treasons,  felonies,  etc. 

O  Yes  A  corruption  of  the  French  ova,  "  hear  ye !"  The  term 
is  used  by  a  public  crier  to  enjoin  silence  and  attention. 

Panel.  A  schedule  or  slip  of  parchment  containing  the  names 
of  such  jurors  as  have  been  returned  by  the  sheriff  to  serve 
on  trials. 

Parol.  A  word  used  to  distinguish  contracts  which  are  made 
verbally,  or  in  writing  not  under  seal. 

Part  loops  crimlnls.    A  participator  In  a  crime. 

Partition.  The  dividing  of  lands  held  together  by  several  per- 
sons into  distinct  shares  or  parts.  When  the  land  is  capable 
of  division,  it  is  sold. 


Patent  Amblgnlty. 

of  an  instrument. 


A  matter  of  doubt  appearing  on  the  face 


Pawn.    A  delivery  of  goods  and  chattels,  to  be  retained  until  a 

debt  Is  discharged. 
Penance.    An  ecclesiastical  punishment,  varied  according  to 

the  nature  of  the  offence,  in  which  the  penitent  is  supposed  to 

make  satisfaction  to  the  Church  for  the  scandal  he  has  given 

by  his  evil  example. 
Pendente  lite.    During  litigation. 
Perjury.   The  offence  committed  by  a  person  who,  having  sworn 

to  tell  the  truth  in  a  matter  pending  in  a  court  of  Justice,  wil- 
fully and  deliberately-  takes  a  false  oath. 
Perpetuity.    Unlimited  duration. 
Personal  Estate  or  Personalty.    Movable  things,  whether 

alive  or  dead,  as  distinguished  from  land,  or  immovables, 

which  are  termed  real  estate. 

Plaint.    Process  by  which  actions  are  commenced  In  the  Infe- 
rior courts.  • 

Plaintiff.    The  complainant  In  an  action  or  suit. 
Plea.    The  defendant's  answer  to  the  plaintiff's  declaration. 
Pleader.    A  lawyer  who  draws  the  pleadings  in  actions. 
Pleadings.    The  mutual  allegations  or  statements  which  are 

made  by  the  plaintiff  and  the  defendant  in  an  action. 
Plene  administravlt.  A  plea  by  an  executor  or  administrator 

that  he  has  fully  administered. 
Plough  bote.    The  wood  which  a  tenant  is  entitled  to  take  for 

the  necessary  repair  of  his  ploughs,  carts,  etc. 
Postea.    The  endorsement  on  the  record  of  a  cause  heard  at 

ni,'i  print,  stating  what  has  been  done  with  respect  to  the 

record. 
Pound  Breach.    The  indictable  offence  of  breaking  open  a 

pound  for  the  purpose  of  taking  cattle  therefrom. 
Prseoipe.    An  abstract  of  a  writ  left  with  the  officer  at  the  time 

of  issuing  it. 
Prremiuiii  pubicitiie.     A  bond  or  consideration  given  to  a 

previously  virtuous  woman  by  the  person  who  has  seduced  her. 
Pre-emption.    The  right  of  first  buying. 
Prescription.    A  title  acquired  by  use  and  time,  and  allowed 

by  law. 
Presentment.    The  notice  taken  by  a  grand  jury  or  Inquest 

o.f  any  offence,  etc.,  from  their  own  knowledge  or  observation. 
Primogeniture.    The  right  of  the  eldest  son  to  Inherit  his 


ancestor's  estate,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  younger  son,  whan 

the  ancestor  has  died  intestate. 
Privilege.    An  exemption  from  the  general  rules  of  law.    It  1? 

of  two   kinds:  real,  attaching  to  any  place;   and  personal 

attaching  to  persons,  as  ambassadors,  etc. 
Probate.    The  copy  of  a  will  made  out  on  parchment,  with  t 

certificate  of  its  having  been  proved. 
Process.  A  general  term  applied  to  formal  judicial  proceedings 

Prohibition.  A  writ  issuing  out  of  the  superior  courts  direct- 
ing the  judge  of  an  inferior  court  not  to  proceed  further  in  i 
suit. 

Pro  rata.    In  proportion. 

Proviso.  A  condition  inserted  In  a  deed,  on  the  performance 
whereof  the  validity  of  the  deed  frequently  depends. 

Puisne.  Younger,  junior.  The  judges  and  barons  of  the  supe- 
rior courts,  except  the  chiefs,  are  called  puisne  jndges  and 
puisne  barons  in  England. 

Qnamdin  se  bene  geaserit.  A  clause  expressing  that  the 
party  to  whom  an  office  is  granted  shall  hold  the  same  so  long 
as  he  properlj  conducts  himself. 

Quash.    To  annul  or  cancel. 

Quasi  Contract.    An  implied  contract. 

Quid  pro  quo.  Giving  one  thing  for  another, being  the  mutual 
consideration  in  contracts. 

Quo  warranto.    An  ancient  writ,  still  In  use,  directed  against 
•  any  person  or  corporation  who  usurps  any  office,  franchise,  or 
liberty,  calling  upon  them  to  show  by  what  authority  they 
support  their  claim. 

Rack  Rent.  A  rent  of  the  full  annual  value  of  the  land  out  of 
which  it  issues. 

Real  Estate,  or  Realty.  The  term  applied  to  land,  in  contra- 
distinction to  personalty. 

Rebutter.  The  answer  of  the  defendant  to  the  surrejoinder  of 
the  plaintiff. 

Recaption.  The  act  of  the  owner  of  real  or  personal  property 
by  which  he  peaceably  retakes  possession  of  property  of  which 
he  has  been  deprived. 

Recital.  The  formal  statement  of  some  matter  of  fact  in  any 
deed  or  writing. 

Recognizance.  An  obligation  of  record  which  a  man  enters 
into,  with  condition  to  do  some  particular  act. 

Record.  An  authentic  testimony  in  writing,  contained  in  rolls 
of  parchment  and  preserved  in  a  court  of  record. 

Recnsant.  Used  in  old  statutes  for  one  who  separates  from  the 
Church  as  established  by  law. 

Redendnm.  The  clause  in  a  deed  by  which  the  grantor  reserves 
something  to  himself. 

Re-entry,  proviso  for.  A  stipulation  In  a  lease  that,  on  non- 
payment of  rent  or  non-performance  of  the  covenants,  the 
lessor  may  re-enter. 

Reference.  The  submitting  of  any  cause  or  matter  to  arbitra- 
tion ;  also,  the  act  of  sending  any  matter  by  a  court  of  equity 
to  a  master  or  other  officer  to  ascertain  facts  and  report  to  the 
court. 

Register.  A  book  wherein  things  are  registered  for  preservation. 

Registrars.  Officers  having  custody  of  a  Registry,  such  as  the 
registrars  of  births,  marriages,  and  deaths. 

Rejoinder.  The  answer  of  a  defendant  In  an  action  to  the 
plaintiff's  reply. 

Release.  A  form  of  conveyance ;  also,  an  acquittance  under  seal 
of  a  debt  or  other  obligation. 

Remainder.  A  vested  or  contingent  estate  or  interest  in  land, 
to  take  effect  on  the  determination  of  a  prior  estate  created  at 
the  same  time. 

Remanet.  A  term  used  when  a  cause  set  down  for  trial  at  a 
particular  session  or  sitting  is  postponed. 

Rent.  The  annual  return  made  by  the  tenant  to  his  landlord, 
which  may  be  either  money,  labor,  or  provisions. 

Replevin.  The  name  of  the  action  brought  to  recover  the  pos- 
session of  chattels  which  have  been  unlawfully  taken  from  the 
plaintiff.., 

Replication  (now  Reply).  The  plaintiff's  answer  to  the  defend- 
ant's defence. 

Reprieve.  A  suspension  of  the  execution  of  sentence  of  death 
on  a  criminal. 

Rescue.  A  resistance  against  lawful  authority ;  as,  for  instance, 
the  violently  taking  away  a  man  who  is  under  legal  arrest. 

Residuary  Devisee.  The  person  to  whom  the  testator  devises 
the  remainder  of  his  lands,  not  otherwise  disposed  of. 

Residuary  Legatee.  A  legatee  to  whom  is  bequeathed  the 
residue  or  remainder  of  a  testator's  personal  estate,  after  pay- 
ment of  all  legacies,  claims,  and  demands. 

Residue  or  Residuary  Estate.  The  portions  of  a  testator's 
estate  not  specially  disposed  of. 

Res  Integra.    An  entire  thing ;  a  matter  not  jet  decided  on. 

RcspoHdentia.  Money  borrowed,  not  upon  the  vessel  (which  is 
bottomry),  but  upon  the  goods  therein ;  the  borrower  personally 
is  bound  to  answer  the  contract. 

Rest.  A  pause  in  an  account  between  a  debtor  and  a  creditor,  in 
striking  periodical  balances. 

Retainer.  A  fee  given  to  counsel  to  secure  his  services ;  the  act 
of  withholding  what  one  has  in  one's  own  hands  by  virtue  of 
some  right  or  lien. 

Return  of  a  Writ.  The  certificate  of  the  sheriff,  made  to  the 
court,  of  what  he  has  done  toward  the  execution  of  any  writ 
directed  to  him. 


A  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Trade  and  Finance. 


5351 


Reversal.     The  making  a  judgment  void  in  consequence  of 

some  error  in  the  same. 
Reversion.    The  residue  of  an  estate  left  in  the  grantor,  and 

returning  to  him  or  his  heirs  after  the  grant  la  determined. 
Rider.    A  kind  of  schedule  or  writing  annexed  to  a  document, 

which  cannot  well  be  incorporated  in  the  body  of  it. 
Bull.    A  schedule  or  sheet  of  parchment  on  which  legal  proceed- 
ings are  entered. 
Rule.    An  order  made  by  the  court  at  the  instance  of  one  of  the 

parties  in  an  action.    It  may  be  either  a  rule  absolute,  or 

merely  a  rule  nisi  or  to  show  caua£. 
Itules  of  Court.    The  rules  framed  by  the  judges  for  regulating 

the  practice  of  the  different  courts  of  law, 
Scandal.    Rumor  calculated  to  injure  one's  reputation. 
Schedule.    A  list  or  inventory  of  things. 
Scienter.    Knowingly. 
Scire  Farias.     A  judicial  writ  founded  on  matter  of  public 

record,  judicial  or  non-judicial,  used  to  give  notice  to  some 

party  interested.    It  is  the  writ  used  to  repeal  letters  patent, 

and  may  be  used  to  repeal  the  charter  of  a  corporation. 
Scrivener.    One  intrusted  with  other  men's  moneys  to  put  out 

for  them,  and  for  which  he  charges  a  commission  or  bonus.   An 

ancient  term  applied  to  conveyancers. 
Security  for  Costs.    When  the  plaintiff  resides  out  of  the 

Jurisdiction  of  the  court,  the  defendant  may  require  him  to 

give  security  for  costs. 
Secus.    Otherwise. 
Se  Defendendo.    A  plea  for  a  party  charged  with  the  death  of 

another  person,  alleging  that  he  was  driven  to  do  what  he  did 

in  his  own  defence. 
Seisin.    Possession  of  a  freehold  estate.    Seisin  In  deed  Is  when 

actual  possession  is  obtained ;  seisin  in  law  is  a  right  to  lauds 

of  which  actual  possession  has  not  been  obtained. 
Separate  Estate.    Real  or  personal  property  settled  upon  a 

married  woman,  and  which  she  may  dispose  of  as  If  she  were 

a  single  woman. 
.Vimiliter.  A  set  form  of  words  In  an  action  by  which  one  party 

signifies  his  acceptance  of  the  issue  tendered  by  his  opponent. 

Now  superseded  by  "joinder  of  issue." 
Niinony.  The  corrupt  presentation  to  any  one  of  an  ecclesiastical 

benefice,  for  money,  gift,  or  reward. 
Simple  Contract.    An  agreement  entered  into  verbally,  or  by 

writing  not  under  seal. 
Slander.  The  malicious  defamation  of  a  man  by  word  of  mouth, 

analogous  to  libel,  which  is  slander  by  writing. 
Son  assault  demense.    A  plea,  in  an  action  for  assault,  that 

the  defendant  did  the  act  complained  of  in  his  own  defence. 
Special  Case.    A  mode  of  raising  a  point  of  law  for  the  opinion 

of  the  court  on  an  agreed  written  statement  of  the  facts. 
Special  Jury.    A  jury  composed  of  individuals  above  the  rank 

of  ordinary  freeholders. 
Special  Performance.    A  remedy  In  equity,  to  compel  the 

performance  of  a  contract  according  to  Its  terms,  instead  of 

proceeding  at  law  to  recover  damages  merely. 
Special  Pleading;.   When  the  pleadings  in  an  action  are  not  in 

the  ordinary  form,  but  are  of  a  more  complex  character,  they 

are  termed  special  pleadings. 
States  Evidence.  The  term  applied  when  an  accomplice  in  the 

commission  of  a  crime  gives  evidence  in  the  hope  of  receiving 

a  pardon  for  himself. 
Stlrpes.    Taking  property  by  representation  is  called  succession 

per  stirpes,  as  contradistinguished  from  per  capita,  which  sig- 
nifies taking  it  by  one's  own  right. 
N-.;bpcena.    A  writ  used  for  the  purpose  of  compelling  witnesses 

to  attend  and  give  evidence. 
Sufferance.    A  tenant  at  sufferance  is  a  person  who  acquire* 

the  possession  of  lands  by  right,  and  holds  over  after  his  right 

is  determined. 
Summons.  Writ  of.    The  process  used  for  the  commencement 

of  certain  actions  in  the  courts  of  law. 
Supersedeas.    A  command  to  stay  some  ordinary  proceedings 

at  law,  on  good  cause  shown. 
Surrejoinder.    An  answer  to  the  rejoinder  of  the  defendant  in 

action. 
Syngrapto.    A  deed  or  bond  under  hand  and  seal  of  all  the 

parties. 

Tenancy.    The  holding  of  property  under  tenure. 
Venant.   One  who  holds  lands  or  tenements  by  any  kind  of  title, 

whether  by  purchase,  inheritance,  for  life,  for  years,  or  at  will. 
Tender.    A  legal  tender  is  an  unconditional  offer  to  pay  a  debt, 

which,  If  refused,  may  be  afterward  pleaded  in  bar  to  an  action. 


Tenement.  Property  held  by  a  tenant ;  it  comprises  lands, 
houses,  and  every  species  of  real  property  which  may  be 
holdeu. 

Tenure.    The  mode  by  which  an  estate  in  lands  is  held. 

Termor.    A  tenant  who  holds  lands  for  a  fixed  and  ascertained 

period  of  time. 
Testamentary  Guardian.   A  person  appointed  by  a  father  in 

liis  will  to  be  the  guardian  of  his  child. 

Testator  or  Testatrix.    The  maker  of  a  will. 

Teste.  The  clause  at  the  bottom  of  a  writ,  beginning  with  the 
word  "  Witness,"  is  so  called. 

Theft  bote.  When  a  party  who  has  been  robbed,  and  knowing 
the  felon,  takes  his  goods  again  or  receives  other  amends,  upon 
agreement  not  to  prosecute. 

Title.  The  evidence  of  the  right  which  a  person  has  to  the  pos- 
session of  property. 

Traverse.  A  plea  which  denies  the  truth  of  some  part  of  the 
plaintiff's  statement  of  claim  in  an  action. 

Trespass.  Any  wrong  or  damage  done  by  one  man  to  another, 
whether  it  relates  to  his  person  or  property;  but  it  usually 
signifies  a  wrongful  entry  on  another  man's  premises. 

Trover.  The  form  of  action  used  to  try  a  disputed  question  of 
property  in  goods  or  chattels,  in  which  the  plaintiff  can  only 
recover  damages,  and  not  the  goods  or  chattels  themselves. 

Trne  Bill.    The  words  Indorsed  upon  an  indictment  by  a  grand 

jury  when  satisfied  that  the  charge  against  the  offender  is  made 

out. 
Trust.    A  trust  exists  where  a  party,  called  the  cestnl-qne-trnst, 

has  a  right  in  equity  to  the  beneficial  enjoyment  of  property 

the  legal  ownership  of  which  is  vested  in  another,  who  is  hence 

called  a  trustee. 
llnder-lease.    A  lease  granted  by  one  who  Is  himself  only  a 

lessee  of  the  premises  under-let. 

tinder-lessee.    The  person  to  whom  an  under-lease  is  granted. 
Unliquidated  Damage.    Damages  not  fixed  or  ascertained, 

and  which  require  therefore  to  be  estimated  by  a  jury. 

ITse.  A  right  to  the  beneficial  enjoyment  of  land  nominally  vested 
in  another. 

Usury.  The  extortion  of  unlawful  gain;  the  taklngmore  for  the 
use  of  money  than  is  allowed  by  law. 

Value  Received.  The  words  usually  appearing  In  bills  of  ex- 
change and  promissory  notes. 

Tendltlonl  exponas.  A  writ  directed  to  the  sheriff,  com- 
manding him  to  sell  goods  which  he  has  taken  possession  of 
nnder  a  writ  of  fieri  facias,  and  which  remain  In  his  hands 
unsold. 

Yen  lie.  The  county  in  which  an  action  at  law  Is  intended  to  be 
tried. 

Terdlct.  A  verdict  is  the  unanimous  judgment  or  opinion  of  the 
jury  on  the  issue  of  fact  submitted  to  them. 

TI  et  armls  (with  force  and  arms).  Words  formerly  used  In  In- 
dictments to  express  the  charge  of  a  forcible  and  violent  com- 
mitting of  any  crime  or  trespass. 

Viva  voce.    By  word  of  mouth. 

Voir  dire.  An  examination  of  a  witness  to  test  his  competency 
Is  termed  an  "  examination  in  the  voir  dire." 

Voluntary  Conveyance  or  Settlement.  A  settlement  or 
conveyance  made  without  any  valuable  consideration. 

Waifs.  Stolen  goods  which  the  thief  has  thrown  away  and  left 
behind  him  ;  also  goods  found,  but  claimed  by  nobody. 

Ward.  An  infant  under  the  guidance  and  protection  of  a 
guardian. 

Ward  of  Court.  An  infant  with  reference  to  whose  property  a 
suit  has  been  instituted  in  chancery.  A  ward  ought  not  to 
marry  without  leave  of  the  court.  Any  person  marrying  a 
ward  without  such  leave  is  guilty  of  a  contempt  of  court,  and 
can  be  punished  by  imprisonment. 

Warrant.  An  authority  or  precept  from  a  justice,  commanding 
the  apprehension  of  an  offender  or  a  search  to  be  made  for 
stolen  goods. 

Warrant  of  Attorney.  An  authority  given  by  any  one  to  an 
attorney -at-law  to  appear  and  plead  for  him,  or  to  suffer  judg- 
ment to  pass  against  him  by  confessing  the  action. 

Warranty.  As  applied  to  goods  and  chattels,  warranty  may  be 
either  expressed  or  implied ;  the  implied  warranty  only  extends 
to  the  title  of  the  vendor.  If  that  proves  deficient,  the  pur- 
chaser may  demand  satisfaction  from  the  seller. 

Watercourse,  Right  of.  A  right  to  an  uninterrupted  flow  of 
water. 

Way,  Right  of.    The  right  of  going  over  another  man's  ground 


A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS  USED  IN  TRADE  AND 

FINANCE. 


Abandonment.  In  marine  insurance,  the  rellnquishment  to 
the  Insurer,  in  a  case  of  loss,  of  whatever  may  be  saved. 

Accepter.  A  person  who,  by  accepting  a  bill  of  exchange,  binds 
himself  to  pay  it. 

Accommodation  Bill.  A  bill  accepted  by  a  second  party  as 
an  accommodation. 


Account  Current.  A  statement  of  transactions  between  two 
parties  in  a  Dr.  and  Cr.  form. 

Account  of  Charge  and  Discharge.  A  chancery  form 
where  the  Items  of  charge  are  classified  on  one  lide,  while  those 
of  discharrif  on  the  other  side  show  how  they  are  accounted 
for. 


6352 


A  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Trade  and  Finance. 


Ae««unt  Hale*.    A  specification  of  the  quantities  and  value  of 

merchandise  sold,  the  charges,  and  the  net  proceeds. 
Accumulation.    The  investment  of  revenue  as  capital. 

Acquittance.    A  receipt  for  money  or  a  debt,  and  discharge  in 

writing. 
Art*  of  Bankruptcy.    Acts  or  events  held  as  evidences  of 

bankruptcy. 

Adjudication.  (Scotch.)  An  action  of  execution  against  herit 
able  or  real  property. 

Adjustment.  In  marine  insurance,  a  stated  account  of  loss 
which  is  recoverable  from  underwriters. 

Ad  Valorem.    According  to  value. 

Advance.  Money  paid  for  goods  before  delivery,  or  when  con- 
signed, before  sale. 

Adventure.    A  shipment  by  a  merchant  for  his  own  benefit. 

Advice.    Information  by  letter. 

Ad  vow-ion.    The  right  of  presentation  to  a  benefice. 

Affidavit.    A  statement  on  oath. 

Affirmation.    A  solemn  statement  without  oath. 

Affreightment.    A  contract  for  the  hire  of  a  ship  or  some  part 

Agio.  The  premium  paid  for  a  better  sort  of  money  above  an 
inferior. 

Antortizement.  (French.)  The  annual  sinking  fund  necessary 
to  redeem  a  principal  sum. 

Annuities  Certain.    Annuities  payable  during  a  fixed  term. 

Annuities  on  Lives.  Annuities  dependin-  c,a  one  or  more 
lives. 

Appraisement.    The  estimate  of  a  sworn  valuer. 

Appropriation  In  Aid.  (English.)  A  term  applied  to  the  pub- 
lic funds  which  arise  from  the  sale  of  old  stores  and  from  extra 
receipts  of  the  preceding  year,  and  which  are  abated  upon  the 
estimates  submitted  to  Parliament  for  the  existing  year. 

Arbitration.  A  contract  referring  disputed  matters  '  the  de- 
cision of  a  ruutral  party. 

Arbitral)  »ii  of  Exchange.  The  operation  of  converting  the 
currency  of  one  country  into  that  or  another. 

Arrestment.  (Scotch.)  Attaching  a  fund  or  other  movable  prop- 
erty until  a  debt  has  been  satisfied. 

•.•sets.  A  general  term  for  property  possessed.  In  distinction  to 
liabilities. 

Asslgnats.  The  depreciated  paper  money  of  France  after  the 
Revolution  of  1789; 

4ssumpsit.  (English.)  A  voluntary  promise  by  which  a  man 
assumes  to  pay  something  to  another  or  to  perform  some  ser- 
vice ;  also  an  action  for  breach  of  contract. 

Assurance.  An  engagement  to  secure  the  payment  of  a  sum 
on  the  death  of  an  individual,  the  consideration  being  a  stip- 
ulated single  or  an  annual  payment. 

Attachment.  (English.)  The  act  by  which  a  creditor  may  seize 
the  effects  of  his  debtor. 

Audit.  A  scrutiny  of  accounts  by  persons  duly  authorized  to  ex- 
amine and  report. 

Average.  In  marine  insurance,  a  term  for  losses  at  sea,  when 
not  total.  Particular  average  is  partial  damage  occasioned  by 
shipwreck  or  accident  to  the  ship  or  cargo;  general  average  (a 
the  loss  by  sacrifice  mad-j  for  the  safety  of  a  ship  or  cargo,  and 
for  whose  indemnification  all  concerned  are  bound  to  con- 
tribute. 

Avoirdupois.    The  system  of  weights  used  In  commerce. 

Backwardation.  A  stock  exchange  term  for  the  consideration 
given  to  delay  the  delivery  of  stock  or  shares  when  the  price 
is  lower  for  time  than  for  money. 

Bailment.  A  delivery  of  goods  for  some  particular  purpose  or 
as  a  deposit  upon  a  contract,  expressed  or  implied,  that  after  the 
purpose  has  been  completed  they  shall  be  returned  to  the  bailor 
or  his  order,  or  kept  until  he  reclaims  them. 

Balance.  In  accounts,  the  sum  required  to  equalize  debits  and 
credits. 

Balance  of  Trade.  The  difference  between  the  exports  and 
imports  ofacountry;  an  excess  in  the  exports  is  called  a  favor- 
able balance,  since  it  tends  to  bring  in  bullion ;  an  excess  of  the 
Imports  is  called  an  unfavorable  Balance,  since  it  tends  to  draw 
out  bullion. 

Balance-sheet.  A  ledger  abstract,  exhibiting  on  the  one  side 
the  gross  property  of  a  concern,  and  on  the  other  side  its  bills 
and  debts  payable,  etc.  The  difference  is  the  net  stock  or  net 
deficiency  at  the  period  of  balance. 

Banco.  A  European  term  for  the  bank-money  of  Hamburg  and 
other  places. 

Bank.  A  depository  for  money;  an  institution  for  dealing  in 
money  and  for  facilitating  remittances  from  place  to  place. 

Bankrupt.  A  person  unable  to  meet  the  demands  of  his  cred- 
itors. 

Barratry.  Any  fraudulent  orunlawful  act  of  the  master  orcrew 
of  a  vessel  without  consent  of  the  owner,  by  which  the  ship  or 
cargo  may  be  lost  or  forfeited. 

Barter.  The  exchange  of  one  commodity  for  another  without 
reference  to  money. 

Batta.    An  Indian  term  for  percentage  or  allowance. 

Bear.  A  stock  exchange  term  for  one  who  sells  with  a  view  of 
buying  back  »t  a  lower  price  before  the  time  fixed  for  a  settle- 
ment. 

Bill.  (English.)  In  eqwtiy,  a  declaration  of  the  wrong  for  which 
a  plaintiff  claims  redress.  Bill  in  Parliament  is  the  proposal  or 
draft  of  an  act  before  it  is  passed  into  a  law. 


Bill  of  Entry. 

house. 


A  schedule  of  goods  entered  at  the  CU«UNE> 


Bill  of  Exchange.  An  order  from  one  person  to  another  to 
pay  a  certain  sum  of  money  to  the  party  named  in  the  bill. 

Bill  of  Health.  A  certificate  furnished  to  a  ship,  communicat- 
ing with  a  country  affected  by  contagion,  by  the  health  author- 
ities of  the  port,  exempting  it,  when  clean,  from  quarantine,  but 
when  suspected  or  fotii,  subjecting  it  to  quarantine  for  a  suitable 
period. 

BUI  of  Lading.  A  negotiable  instrument  given  bya  ship-mas 
ter  in  acknowledgment  of  goods  received  on  board. 

Bil1  ?f  **»rcels-  A  specification  given  to  the  purchaser  of  goodi 
sold. 

Bill  of  Sale.    A  contract  under  seal  whereby  a  man  transfers  to 

another  the  interest  he  has  in  goods. 
Bill  of  Night.    A  form  of  customs  entry  by  which  goods  whose 

description  is  wanting  may  be  landed  for  examination. 
Bill  of  store.    A  form  of  customs  entry  for  re-exportation  •  aim 

a  license  for  ship-stores  to  pass  free. 

Billon.    A  composition  of  gold  and  silver  alloyed  with  copper. 
Board.    The  managers  of  a  public  department  or  commercial 

company  in  their  collective  and  official  capacity. 
Bond.    A  deed  by  which  one  party  obliges  himself,  his  heirs  etc 

to  pay  money,  generally  with  interest,  at  a  certain  time  or  under 

certain  circumstances. 
Bonding  System.    The  system  under  which  imported  goods 

are  allowed  to  be  stored,  with  facilities  forsorting  and  transf'T- 

ring,  in  a  warehouse  licensed  under  a  customs  bond,  without 

payment  of  duties  until  taken  out  for  consumption. 

Bonus.  An  extra  allowance  or  dividend  to  the  shareholders  of  » 
company. 

Book-Debt.    A  debt  of  goods  sold,  whose  evidence  is  the  entry 

in  the  books  of  the  seller. 

Book-keeping.    The  method  of  recording  mercantile  account! . 
Bottomry.    A  contract  of  loan  on  the  security  of  a  ship  and  it« 

owners,  repayable  at  the  end  of  the  voyage. 
Bought  and  Sold  Note.    A  note  of  the  sale  of  goods  by  * 

broker. 
Bounty.    A  premium  for  the  encouragement  of  a  particular 

commercial  business  or  manufacture. 
Brassage.    Charges  for  mint  expenses. 
Brokerage.    The  percentage  of  a  broker  for  his  services  in  tht 

purchase  or  sale  of  commodities. 

Bubble.    A  chimerical  or  fraudulent  business  enterprise. 
Budget.    (English.)  The  annual  estimates  of  the  public  revenue 

and  expenditure  submitted  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Bull.    A  stock  exchange  term  for  one  who  buys  to  sell  again  at  a 

higher  price  before  the  time  fixed  for  a  settlement.    Opposed 

to  BEAR  (7. ».). 

Bullion.    Uncoined  gold  or  silver. 
Capias.   A  writ  of  arrest.   The  Capias  ad  Satlsfaciendum  (or  Ca  Sa) 

commands  the  defendant  to  be  taken  and  kept  till  his  debt  be 

paid. 
Capital.    The  original  stock  of  a  trader  or  company. 

Capital.  In  political  economy,  wealth  employed  in  productive 
operations.  Circulating  or  footing  capital  includes  those  com- 
modities (or  the  command  over  them)  whose  whole  cost  i» 
returned  to  the  producer  out  of  the  annual  income  of  the 
country ;  fixed  capital  comprises  all  building,  roads,  railroads, 
machinery,  improvements  of  the  soil,  etc.  which  facilitate  pro- 
duction, but  which  return  to  the  owner  only  rent,  interest,  or 
dividends. 

Cash.    Money  of  circulation. 

Cash-Credit.  In  banking,  an  account,  with  sureties,  under 
which  a  party  is  empowered  to  pass  cheques  on  the  bank  to  an 
amount  agreed  upon. 

Cautlonry.  (Scotch).  An  engagement  or  obligation  as  surety 
for  another. 

Caveat.    A  restraining  notice. 

Certificate.  In  bankruptcy,  a  testimonial  that  the  bankrupt 
Las  conformed  to  the  law,  and  authorizing  his  discharge. 

Cessio  Bonorntn.  (Scotch).  A  remedial  process  to  a  debtor 
against  imprisonment  on  the  surrender  of  his  property  to  his 
creditors. 

Cestnl  que  Trust.  (English).  He  to  whose  use  or  benefit  an- 
other man  is  seized  of  lands,  etc.  Cestui  que  vie,  he  for  whose 
life  any  lands,  etc.  are  granted. 

Charter.  Letters  patent  from  the  supreme  authority  granting 
privileges  to  companies,  corporations,  etc.;  also  a  written 
record  of  things  done  between  parties. 

Charter-party.  A  deed  by  which  a  whole  or  part  of  a  ship  is 
let  for  a  determined  voyage. 

Chattels.  All  goods,  movable  and  Immovable,  except  such  as 
are  in  the  nature  of  freehold. 

Cheque  or  Check.  A  written  order  upon  a  banker  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a  specified  sum  to  a  person  named  or  to  the  bearer. 

Chose  In  Action.    A  thing  not  in  possession,  but  which  a  man 

may  legally  claim. 
Circular  Note.    A  banker's  bill  made  payable  at  a  number  of 

cities  or  foreign  banks,  for  the  convenience  of  travellers. 
Circulating  Medium.    Everything  which  serves  as  a  mode 

of  payment. 

Circulation  of  a  Bank.    The  notes  Issued  by  it 
Civil  List.    (Englith.)    An  annual  sum  granted  for  the  m*iuts> 

nance  and  dignity  of  the  Crown. 


A  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Trade  and  Finance. 


5363 


raror  Days.  In  lawsuits,  those  exclusive  of  the  day  of  serving 
the  process  and  the  day  of  hearing. 

Clearing.  In  banking,  a  device  by  which  accounts  between 
bankers  are  daily  adjusted  by  the  cancellation  of  their  mutual 
cheques,  the  residuary  balance  being  alone  paid  in  money. 

Clearing  a  Ship.  Registering  its  name  and  cargo  in  the  books 
of  the  custom-nouse  before  sailing. 

Clearing  House.  The  locality  where_bank  clearances  are  per- 
formed. 

ClofT.    A  small  fixed  abatement  on  certain  goods  on  their  sale. 

('•x'ket.  A  customs  warrant  furnished  on  the  entry  of  export 
aoods,  in  evidence  of  their  having  paid  duty  or  of  being  duty- 
free. 

;  <>K  novit  Art  lonem.  (English.)  Where  a  defendant  acknowl- 
edges the  cause  of  action  to  be  just. 

Coin.    Metallic  money  stamped  by  the  government. 

Collateral  Security.  That  which  is  indirect,  or  over  and 
above  the  principal  obligation. 

Commandite.    See  Socifrrfc. 

Commission.  An  agent's  percentage  for  the  sale  of  commod- 
ities. 

Company.  An  association  of  two  or  more  persons  In  partner- 
ship. 

Composition  with  Creditors.  An  agreement  by  which 
creditors  take  a  proportion  in  lieu  of  the  whole  of  their 
claims,  and  acquit  the  debtor. 

Concession.  (French.)  A  public  grant  or  privilege  to  parties 
termed  concessionaires. 

Consignment.  The  transmission  of  merchandise  by  an  indi- 
vidual in  one  place,  termed  the  consignor,  to  an  individual  in 
another  place,  termed  the  consignee,  to  be  at  his  disposal  under 
certain  conditions. 

Consolidated  Fnnd.  A  term  applied  in  the  British  national 
accounts,  since  1786,  to  the  aggregation  of  the  various  revenues 
or  funds  chargeable  with  the  payment  of  certain  annuities  due 
to  the  public. 

Consols.  An  English  stock  exchange  term  for  the  3  per  cent, 
consolidated  annuities. 

Consumption.  In  political  economy,  the  destruction,  wholly 
or  in  part,  of  any  portions  of  wealth.  Productive  contumption  is 
the  employment  or  consumption  of  wealth  by  the  capitalist 
with  a  view  to  future  production ;  unproductive  consumption  is 
the  consumption  of  wealth  for  subsistence  and  enjoyment,  but 
not  with  a  view  to  profit. 

Contango  or  Continuation.  A  stock  exchange  term  for  the 
sum  paid  per  share,  or  per  cent.,  for  carrying  over  the  settle- 
ment of  shares,  etc.  from  one  account  day  to  another. 

Coupons.  Dividend  warrants  appended  to  bonds,  which  are 
severally  cut  off  for  presentation  aa  they  fall  due. 

Course  of  Exchange.    The  proceedings  regulating  exchange. 

Credit.  An  engagement  to  pay  instead  of  actual  payment ;  in  a 
general  sense,  confidence  in  pecuniary  conditions. 

Credit  Fonder.  (French.)  Credit  on  land,  a  term  applied  in 
France  to  a  financial  institution  for  making  loans  upon  land 
and  real  property. 

Credit  Moblller.  (French.)  Credit  on  personal  effects  or  respon- 
sibility ;  a  term  applied  to  a  kind  of  bank  established  to  make 
advances  upon  movable  or  personal  property,  shares,  public 
funds,  etc. 

Cn  rreney.  Coin,  notes,  and  all  other  instruments  by  whose  aid 
commodities  are  interchanged. 

Customs.    Duties  on  exports  or  imports. 

Days  of  Grace.    The  number  of  days  allowed  to  ti 
or  bill  after  the  expiration  of  the  date  expressed. 

Dead  Freight.  The  damage  payable  by  one  who  engages  to 
load  a  ship  fully,  and  fails  to  do  so. 

Deadweight.  (English.}  A  term  applied  to  an  advance  by  the 
Bank  of  England  to  government  on  account  of  military  pen- 
sions ;  also  to  the  aggregate  of  the  fixed  annual  burden  of  any 
concern. 

Debenture.  A  customs  certificate  for  drawback ;  also,  a  certif- 
icate of  mortgage  or  loan  on  public  works,  or  of  a  general 
mortgage  debt  based  upon  a  number  of  private  properties. 

Del  Credere  Guarantee.  An  engagement  by  an  agent  for  the 
solvency  of  persons  who  deal  with  him  in  the  concerns  of  his 
principal. 

Demurrage.  The  time  taken  to  load  or  unload  a  ship  beyond 
that  originally  stipulated ;  also,  the  compensation  which  the 
freighter  has  to  pay  for  such  detention. 

Demurrer.  A  check  to  an  action  upon  a  legal  objection  which 
must  be  determined  before  further  procedure. 

Derelict.    A  ship  forsaken. 

Detinue.    See  TROVER. 

Deviation.  In  marine  insurance,  sufficient  divergence  from 
the  route  of  the  voyage  to  discharge  the  risk  of  the  under- 
writer. 

Diligence.  (Scotch.}  The  means  by  which  the  law  enforces 
obligations. 

Discount.  An  allowance  made  for  the  payment  of  money 
before  it  is  due. 

Dlstrtngas.  (English.)  A  writ  to  distrain  a  man  for  debt,  or  for 
his  appearance  at  a  certain  time. 

Dividend.  The  portion  of  any  joint  profit  or  fund  shared  be- 
tween the  owners  or  stockholders. 

Dock  Warrant.  A  certificate  of  goods  lodged  In  a  dock-ware- 
house. 

Bocket.    A  short  certificate,  summary,  or  memorandum. 


Loose  wood  placed  in  a  ship's  hold  to  prop  the 


Dor  nment  Bill.    A  draft  accompanied  and  secured  by  a  bill  of 

lading  and  an  insurance  policy. 
Draff.    A  petty  commercial  allowance  now  nearly  obsolete. 

Draft.  An  order  from  one  man  to  another  directing  the  payment 
of  money. 

Drawback.  The  repayment  of  duty  "on  goods  on  their  exporta- 
tion. 

Drawer,  Drawee.  One  who  draws  a  draft,  or  the  party  to 
whom  the  order  is  addressed. 

Dunnage. 
cargo. 

Echeance.  (French.)  Expiration;  the  time  to  elapee  before  a 
bill  falls  due. 

Effective.  A  Continental  term  for  coin,  in  contradistinction  to 
paper  money. 

Ejectment.    An  action  for  the  recovery  of  lands,  houses,  etc. 

Elegit.  (English.)  A  writ  to  take  in  execution,  but  not  to  sell, 
the  effects  of  a  debtor. 

Endowment.  The  assurance  of  a  sum  payable  when  an  indi- 
vidual shall  attain  any  particular  year  or  age. 

Entrepot.  A  port  or  place  into  which  goods  are  Imported  and 
stored  for  re-exportation  to  some  other  place. 

Equitable  Estate.  The  right  or  interest  held  by  one  for  whose 
benefit  a  trust  is  created. 

Equitable  Mortgage.  A  mortgage  created  by  the  depositing 
by  the  owner  of  an  estate  of  the  title-deeds  relating  to  it  witn 
his  banker  or  other  creditor,  as  a  pledge  for  the  repayment  of 
the  loan  or  debt. 

Estoppel.  A  bar  to  an  action  arising  from  a  man's  own  act  or 
deed. 

Exchange.  The  process  of  settling  accounts  between  distant 
parties. 

Exchequer.  (English.)  A  crown  revenue  court,  divided  anciently 
into  two  parts— one  a  court  of  record  for  determining  cause* 
touching  these  revenues ;  the  other  employed  in  the  receiving 
and  paying  of  money.  The  latter  now  constitutes  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer. 

Exchequer  Bills.  (English.)  Treasury  bills  issued  under  the 
sanction  of  Parliament. 

Excise.    A  tax  on  home  productions  or  manufactures. 

Exemplification  of  letters  patent,  etc.  A  transcript  under 
the  great  seal,  which  may  be  pleaded  as  If  it  were  the  original. 

Exlgl  Facias.  A  writ  issued  in  absence  of  a  defendant,  charg- 
ing him  to  appear  upon  pain  of  outlawry. 

Expectation  of  Life.  In  annuities,  the  average  of  forthcom- 
ing years  in  the  life  of  an  individual. 

Factor.  A  mercantile  agent  intrusted  with  the  possession  and 
disposal  of  property. 

Factory.    (Scotch.)    See  MANDATE. 

Factory  System.  A  term  used  in  reference  to  establishments 
employing  numerous  persons  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Falsifying.  Inserting  in  an  account  an  item  or  charge  which 
is  wrong. 

Fee.    A  right  In  perpetuity. 

Fee  Farm  Rent.  (English.)  A  rent  reserved  upon  a  grant  in 
fee.  if  not  less  than  one-fourth  of  the  value  of  the  lands.  If 
of  less  value,  it  is  a  rent-charge. 

Fendity.  (Scotch.)  The  fixed  rent  payable  for  land  to  the  supe- 
rior by  the  holder  or  vassal 

Flars  Prices.  (Scotch.)  Average  prices  of  corn,  yearly  fixed  In 
counties  by  sheriff  juries,  and  which  regulate  all  express  or 
implied  agreements  at  such  prices. 

Flat.  A  judicial  order  for  making  out  and  allowing  certain  pro- 
cesses, 

Fieri  Facias.  A  writ  after  judgment,  to  levy  on  the  goods  of 
the  defendant  for  the  amount  of  debt. 

Fine.  A  penalty,  forfeit,  or  money  paid  for  any  exemption  or 
liberty. 

Firm.    The  style  or  title  of  a  mercantile  company. 

Foreclosure.  A  term  used  to  express  the  barring  the  equity  of 
redemption  in  mortgages. 

Forthcoming.  (Scotch.)  An  accessory  action  of  adjudication 
of  movables  following  arrestment. 

Funding.  The  system  of  raising  public  loans  by  granting  per- 
petual annuities,  redeemable  generally  on  certain  terms  by  the 
State. 

Funds.  The  obligations  or  securities  for  the  funded  portion  of 
the  public  debt. 

Garnlshee.  A  person  In  whose  hands  money  is  attached ;  so 
called  because  he  has  had  garnishment,  or  warning,  not  to  r>av 
to  the  defendant. 

Glut  of  Commodities.  The  condition  arising  when,  from  th« 
superabundance  of  supply  or  the  diminution  of  demand  the 
quantity  of  commodities  in  the  market  greatly  exceeds  the 
quantity  wanted  by  purchasers. 

Goodwill.  That  advantage  of  a  trade  which  arises  from  th» 
situation  or  business  of  an  establishment. 

Grassnm.    (Scotch.)    A  fine  paid  for  a  lease. 

Ground  Annual.  (Scotch.)  A  fixed  rent  payable  for  church 
lands ;  also  for  building-ground,  etc. 

Guarantee.  An  engagement  for  some  debt,  or  the  performance 
of  some  duty,  in  case  of  the  failure  of  the  person  who  is  pri- 
marily responsible. 

Guild.  An  ancient  term  for  a  mercantile  corporation  or  indus- 
trial association 


6364 


A  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Trade  and  Finance. 


Holograph.  (Scotch.)  A  document  in  the  handwriting  of  the 
grantor. 

Homologatlon.  (Scotch.)  An  express  or  implied  ratification 
of  an  engagement  in  itself  invalid. 

Honor.  In  bills  of  exchange,  regularity  in  acceptance  and  pay- 
ment. 

Hoonriee.    In  Indian  commerce,  a  native  bill  of  exchange. 

Hypothec*.  A  lien  over  personal  property,  the  custody  of 
which  does  not  pass  to  the  nolder  of  the  security,  but  remains 
with  the  proprietor. 

Hypothecation.    A  pledge  without  possession  by  the  pledgee. 

Imprest  Moneys.  (English.)  A  term  applied  to  moneys  issued 
by  government  to  storekeepers  and  other  public  agents  until 
accounted  for. 

Indenture.  A  writing  containing  some  contract,  agreement,  or 
conveyance.  It  was  formerly  indented  at  the  top,  so  as  to  cor- 
respond to  another  part  with  the  same  contents. 

Indorse,  Indorser.  To  write  one's  name  on  the  back  of  a 
note ;  the  party  who  indorses  it. 

Inhibition.  (Scotch.)  A  writ  prohibiting  a  debtor  from  alien- 
ating heritage  or  from  contracting  debt,  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
creditor  inhibiter. 

Inj  11  action.  The  restraint  of  any  act  by  which  injustice  or  fraud 
may  be  perpetrated. 

Intake.  A  deficiency  in  the  weight  or  quantity  of  goods,  arising 
as  an  accident  of  trade. 

Insolvency.    A  general  inability  to  pay  debts. 

Insurance.  A  contract  by  which  one  party,  in  consideration 
of  a  premium,  undertakes  to  indemnify  another  party  against 
loss. 

Interest.  The  consideration  for  the  loan  or  use  of  money. 
Simple  interest  is  that  which  is  reckoned  only  upon  the  princi- 
pal sum  lent;  compound  interest  is  that  reckoned  not  only 
upon  the  principal  sum  lent,  but  also  on  its  interest  as  it  be- 
comes due. 

Interpleader.  A  bill  of  interpleader  in  equity  is  where  a  per- 
son is  indebted  to  one  of  the  f  j-ties  in  a  suit,  and  desires  that, 
by  their  interpleading,  he  may  be  safe  in  the  payment.  See 

MULTIFLEPOINDING. 

Invoice.  An  inventory  of  the  quantity  and  price  of  goods  sold 
or  consigned. 

Jerquing.  The  search  of  a  ship  to  ascertain  if  any  unentered 
goods  are  on  board. 

Jettison.  Casting  overboard  any  part  of  a  ship  or  its  contents, 
for  the  preservation  of  the  remainder. 

Joint  Adventnre.  A  limited  partnership  confined  to  a  par- 
ticular speculation,  voyage,  or  trade  operation. 

Joint  Stock  Company.  A  company  contradistinguished  from 
ordinary  partnerships,  the  administration  being  vested  in 
certain  officers  or  directors,  the  individual  partners  having 
no  power  to  deal  with  the  public,  and  the  shares  being  trans- 
ferable. Vice  Socitrfc. 

Journal.  A  technical  summary  of  the  primary  records  of  a  mer- 
chant, preparatory  to  their  being  entered  in  the  ledger. 

Judgment  Debts.  A  judgment,  in  law,  is  a  species  of  security 
created  over  personal  goods,  usually  with  the  assent  of  the 
debtor,  by  means  of  a  warrant  of  attorney,  judge's  order,  or 
cognovit.  This,  when  entered  up,  enables  the  creditor  at  any 
time  to  issue  execution  against  the  goods,  and  by  their  sale  to 
seek  to  realize  his  debt. 

Knot.    A  division  of  the  log-line  equivalent  toone  nautical  mile. 

Labor.  In  political  economy,  the  exertions  of  human  beings 
employed  for  the  purpose  of  production. 

l>ac.    An  Indian  term  for  100,000. 

Laches.  Such  negligence  as  involves  the  forfeiture  of  the  legal 
rights  of  a  party. 

Lay  Days.    The  time  allowed  for  loading  and  unloading  a  ship. 

Leakage.    An  allowance  for  waste  or  loss  of  liquids. 

Ledger.  A  book  containing  a  methodical  summary  of  all  a  mer- 
chant's accounts  and  their  results. 

Letter  or  Power  of  Attorney.  A  deed  authorizing  one  per- 
son to  act  for  another. 

Letter  of  Credit.  A  letter  authorizing  the  person  addressed  to 
advance  money  or  furnish  goods  to  another,  on  the  credit  of 
the  writer. 

Letter  of  Marque.  A  license  authorizing  a  ship  to  act  as  a 
privateer. 

Letters  Patent.  An  instrument  or  deed  under  the  great  seal, 
enabling  a  person  to  do  or  to  enjoy  some  special  privilege. 

Levari  Facias.  A  writ  for  levying  a  sum  upon  the  effects  of  a 
defendant. 

Liabilities.  A  comprehensive  term  for  all  the  pecuniary  obli- 
gations, whether  direct  or  indirect,  of  an  individual  or  com 
pany. 

Lien.  A  right  to  retain  property  legitimately  in  one's  possession 
until  a  debt  shall  be  paid  or  an  engagement  be  performed. 

Limitation.  In  commercial  law,  the  expiry  of  a  right  through 
lapse  of  time. 

Log  Book.    A  ship's  journal. 

Mandate.  (Scotch.)  A  contract  empowering  a  person  to  manage 
any  business  for  another  without  hire ;  now  almost  superseded 
by  Factory*  or  agency  for  hire. 

Manifest.    The  specification  of  a  ship's  cargo  and  passengers 

MeditHtin  Fntrie  Warrant.  (Scotch.)  A  warrant  to  imprison  a 
debtor,  competent  on  proof  of  his  intention  to  abscond  from 
Scotland,  analogous  to  the  English  writ  ne  exeat  regna. 


Mint,    The  place  where  money  is  coined. 

Mintage.    The  duty  paid  for  coinage. 

Misfeasance.    A  misdeed. 

Money.  Coin-usually  gold,  silver,  copper,  bronze,  etc— stamped 
by  public  authority. 

Monopoly.  The  exclusive  privilege  of  dealing  in  or  manufac- 
turing any  particular  commodity. 

Mont  de  Piete.    A  benevolent  loan  Institution  In  Paris. 

Mortgage.  A  pledge  of  lands  or  tenements  by  a  debtor  or 
mortgagor  for  money  borrowed  from  the  creditor  or  mortff.n". 
to  be  the  property  of  the  creditor  if  the  money  be  noi  pai<l  i 
the  time  agreed  upon,  but  which,  by  legal  construction, remn ins 
for  a  time  liable  to  the  equityof  redemption.  A  mortgage  of  per- 
sonal goods  is  termed  a  conditional  bill  qf  sale. 

Multiplepolnding.  (Scotch.)  Double  distress,  an  action  chiefly 
used  for  settling  competitions  for  a  movable,  analogous  to  the 
English  bill  of  interpleader. 

Ne  Exeat  Regno.  (English.)  A  writ  to  restrain  a  person  from 
leaving  the  kingdom  without  licence. 

Negotiable  Instrument.  A  term  applied  to  a  document 
where  the  legal  right  to  the  property  secured  by  it  is  transfer- 
able from  one  person  to  another  by  its  delivery. 

Nisi  Prlus.  A  commission  to  justices  of  assize  empowering 
them  to  try  issues  of  fact  by  jury. 

Nonfeaaance.    An  offence  of  omission. 

Noting  of  a  Bill.  The  notarial  marking  and  registration  pre- 
liminary to  the  extension  of  a  protest. 

Obligations.  (French.)    Annuity  bonds  reimbursable  by  lot. 

Omnium.  (Enf/lish,)  A  stock  exchange  term  for  the  whole  of 
the  stocks  of  which  a  government  loan  consists,  when  secur- 
ities of  two  or  more  descriptions— as  consols  and  terminable 
annuities— are  given  for  each  £100  in  money. 

Open  Policy.    See  POLICY. 

Options.  A  class  of  stock  exchange  transactions  which  are 
described  as  a  put  and  call  or  a  put  or  call.  A  put  and  call  is 
where  a  person  gives  so  much  per  cent  for  the  option  of  buy- 
ing or  selling  so  much  stock  on  a  certain  fixed  day,  at  a  price 
fixed  the  day  the  option  money  is  given.  A  put  is  when  a  per- 
son gives  so  much  for  the  option  of  selling  under  a  like  condi- 
tion ;  and  a.  call  is  when  so  much  is  given  for  the  option  of 
buying  only. 

Outcome.  Superabundant  measure  of  goods,  arising  as  an  inci- 
dent of  trade  or  by  allowance  of  the  wholesale  dealer. 

Paper  Money.  Notes  printed  by  public  authority  as  the  equiv- 
alent of  coin. 

Par  of  Exchange.  The  expression  in  the  currency  of  one 
country  of  that  snm  which  is  equivalent  to  a  given  sum  taken 
as  the  standard  of  comparison  in  another  country. 

Participation.  (French.)  A  kind  of  commercial  association 
recognized  in  France,  consisting  simply  in  two  or  more  persons 
joining  in  one  or  several  determinate  commercial  speculations. 

Partnership.  The  association  of  two  or  more  persons  in 
one  business. 

Permit.    An  excise  passport. 

Perpetuity.    An  annuity  which  is  to  continue  for  ever. 

Petty  Average.  An  allowance  for  towing,  beaconage,  etc.; 
now  usually  included  in  the  freight  of  a  ship. 

Pix.  (English.)  A  box  in  which  samples  of  coin  struck  at  the 
mint  are  preserved  for  comparison  with  the  Exchequer  Stand- 
ard, termed  trial  of  thepix. 

Plant.  A  comprehensive  term  applied  to  the  warehouses,  leases, 
tools,  engines,  and  fixtures  of  a  concern. 

Pledge.    Anything  put  in  pawn. 

Poinding.  (Scotch.)  An  adjudication  and  sale  of  movables  for 
debt. 

Policy.    The  deed  embodying  the  contract  of  insurance. 

Post  Obit  Bond.    A  bond  payable  only  after  death. 

Premium.  The  sum  given  for  the  share  of  an  undertaking 
above  its  original  value. 

Premium.  In  insurance,  the  consideration  given  by  the  party 
protected  to  the  insurer. 

Prescription.    Custom  continued  till  it  has  the  force  of  law. 

Prescription.  (Scotch.)  A  legal  presumption  of  abandonment, 
or  of  satisfaction,  of  an  obligation  by  lapse  of  time. 

Price.  Value  expressed  in  money.  The  natural  price  of  a  com- 
modity at  any  place  and  time  is  that  which  will  pay  the  cost 
of  its  production. 

Price-Current.    A  list  of  the  market  prices  of  merchandise. 

Primage,  or  Hat  Money.  A  small  allowance  for  the  ship- 
master's care  of  goods ;  now  generally  included  in  the  freight 

Probate.  The  exhibiting  and  proving  of  a  will  before  a  judge 
or  register  of  wills. 

Procuration.  Acting  through  an  agent,  manager,  or  procure  • 
tory.  When  one  becomes  party  to  a  bill  by  the  subscription  ol 
his  agent  duly  authorized  by  power  of  attorney,  letter  of  pro 
curatlon,  or  otherwise,  he  is  said  to  act  by  procuration. 

Production.  In  political  economy,  the  creation  of  objects 
which  constitute  wealth. 

Prolit.  The  surplus  produce  which  remains  to  the  capitalist 
after  replacing  his  capital ;  the  ratio  which  that  surplus  bear 
to  the  capital  itself  is  the  rate  of  profit. 

Promissory  Note.  A  written  promise  to  pay  from  one  ">an  to 
another  upon  a  certain  date. 

Prompt.  A  short  fixed  period  of  credit  allowed  on  the  sale  of 
some  commodities. 


A  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Trade  and  Finance. 


5356 


*ro  Rata.    A  term  applied  to  payments  by  parties  proportional 

to  their  interests. 
Protest  of  a  Bill.    A  notarial  declaration,  on  presentment, 

that  the  bill  has  been  presented,  has  not  been  accepted  or  paid, 

and  that  the  bill-holder  is  to  enforce  payment  against  all  tne 

parties  to  it. 
Quarantine.    A  probationary  confinement  and  Interruption  of 

intercourse  to  which  ships,  with  their  crews,  passengers,  and 

cargoes,  are  subjected  when  coming  from  a  country  afflicted 

with  or  suspected  of  contagion. 
Quid  Pro  Quo.    Giving  one  thing  for  another. 
rjult  Rent.    (English.)    A  small   rent   payable  by  tenants  of 

manors,  and  by  which  they  go  free. 
Itaek  Rent.    The  full  yearly  value  of  the  land  or  house  rented. 

Re-assurance.  The  protection  of  an  insurer  by  other  Insurers 
against  the  risk  he  has  undertaken. 

Rebate.    A  deduction  from  a  stipulated  price  or  sum. 

Recognizance.  The  judicial  acknowledgment  of  a  former 
debt  upon  record,  etc. 

Reconpe.  In  law,  the  keeping  back  or  stopping  something 
which  Is  due,  as  a  claim  fur  damages. 

Re-exchange.  The  damage  arising  from  the  dishonor  of  a  bill 
of  exchange,  and  the  necessity  of  the  bill-holders  having 
recourse  back  to  tlie  place  of  drawing. 

Registry  Certificate.  A  parchment  document  delivered  to  a 
shipmaster,  testifying  to  the  ownership,  name,  burden,  master, 
and  port  of  registry;  it  is  the  proof  of  the  vessel  being  en- 
titled to  tho  privileges  of  the  nation  to  which  it  belongs. 

Release.  An  instrument  whereby  a  person  quits  and  renounces 
that  which  he  before  possessed ;  also,  an  English  deed  of  con- 
veyance, etc. 

Remedy  of  the  Mint.    Action  in  reference  to  coinage. 

Rent.  An  annual  payment  by  one  party  for  any  property  held 
of  another  party. 

•lent.  In  political  economy,  that  which  is  received  for  the  use 
of  the  natural  and  inherent  powers  of  land,  being  the  excess 
of  the  value  of  the  whole  produce  above  what  is  necessary  to 
pay  the  wages  of  the  labor  and  the  profits  of  the  capital  em- 
ployed in  cultivation. 

Rent  Charge.    See  FEE  FARM  RENT. 

Rente.    (French.)   A  term  synonymous  with  annuity  in  the  fimd- 
»    ing  system  of  France. 

Replevin.  An  action  founded  upon  a  distress  taken  wrong- 
Tully. 

Reprises.    Abatements  or  deductions. 

Reserve.  Profit  set  aside  or  retained  to  meet  some  future  pur- 
pose or  contingency. 

despondent  la.  A  contract  of  loan  under  which  goods  in  a  ship 
are  hypothecated  to  the  lender,  as  in  BOTTOMRY. 

A  term  applied  both  to  the  period  of  stock-taking  and  bal- 
ancing of  a  merchant  and  to  the  balance  of  undivided  profit 
at  that  period. 

Retenae.    A  French  term  for  the  mint  charge  on  coins. 

Revenue.  That  portion  of  his  wealth  which  a  person  may  an- 
nually consume  without  injury  to  his  permanent  resources. 
It  consists  of  the  rents  of  land,  the  wages  of  labor,  and  the 
profits  of  stock. 

Revision.  In  life  assurance,  an  annuity  or  stim  which  Is  not 
payable  until  some  circumstances  happen,  or  cease  to  happen, 
which  are  named  in  the  agreement. 

flal  vage.  A  recompense  to  those  by  whose  means  a  ship  or  mer- 
chandise has  been  saved  from  shipwreck,  fire,  or  capture. 

Salvage  Losses.  In  marine  insurance,  the  loss  incurred  when 
goods  are  saved,  but  are  sold  short  of  their  destination,  being 
unfit  for  reshipment. 

Aclre  Facias.  A  writ  calling  a  man  to  show  cause  why  the  exe- 
cution of  a  judgment  should  not  be  made  out. 

Scrip.  A  stock  exchange  abbreviation  of  the  term  "subscrip- 
tion." applied  to  stocks  given  in  exchange  fora  loan  until  all 
the  Instalments  are  paid. 

Sea-worthiness.  In  marine  Insurance,  a  term  Implying  that 
the  ship  is  "  stout,staunch,  and  strong  for  the  voyage,  well  and 
sufficiently  rigged,  and  found  with  a  proper  master  and  crew." 

Selgnorage.  The  profit  derived  by  a  government  from  issuing 
coins  at  a  rate  higher  than  their  intrinsic  value. 

Sequestration.  The  Scottish  process  by  which  the  effects  of 
a  bankrupt  are  realized  and  divided  among  his  creditors. 

Set-on".  The  concurrence  of  two  debts  reciprocally  due,  to  ope- 
rate as  mutual  payment. 

Ships'  Papers  for  manifestation.  These  comprise  generally 
the  certificate  of  registry,  charter  party,  bills  of  lading,  mus- 
ter-roll of  crew,  log-book,  and  bill  of  health. 

Abort  Interest.    See  POLICY. 

Shroffage.  In  Indian  commerce,  the  scrutiny  of  coins  and  the 
separation  of  the  good  from  the  debased,  usually  performed  by 
a  Shroff,  or  native  banker. 

Simulate  Account.    A  pro  forma  account. 

Sinking-Fund.  A  portion  of  revenue  annually  or  periodically 
set  apart  for  the  gradual  extinction  of  a  debt. 

Soelet£  Anonyme.  A  French  public  company  trading  under  a 
denomination  indicative  of  its  object,  and  composed  of  partners 
each  of  whom  is  bound  simply  to  pay  in  his  subscribed  share, 
while  the  company  is  represented  by  managers  or  directors 
personally  irresponsible  for  the  liabilities.  Sodett  en  Comman- 
dite  differs  from  the  preceding  in  trading  under  a  firm  compris- 
ing the  names  of  the  managers,  who  are  liable  for  all  engage- 
ments, but  with  whom  there  are  associated  non-managing  part- 


ners called  cammanditatres,  free  from  all  liabilities  beyond  the 
capital  respectively  invested  by  them.  Socitte  en  nom  Cat- 
lectij  is  a  French  company  In  which  all  the  partners  are  jointly 
and  severally  responsible",  even  though  their  names  do  not  ap- 
pear in  the  firm. 

Solidarity.    (French.)    Jotrt  responsibility. 

Specialty  Debt.  A  debt  due  or  acknowledged  by  an  Instru- 
ment under  seal. 

Specie.    Coined  money. 

Speculation.  Properly,  a  transaction  In  which  an  individual 
buys  in  order  to  sell  again ;  but  the  term  is  more  commonly 
applied  to  transactions  embodying  great  risk,  and  foreign  to  the 
regular  business  of  an  individual. 

Standard.  The  original  weight  or  measure  sanctioned  by  gov- 
ernment. 

Staple.  A  term  anciently  applied  to  a  public  market,  but  now 
employed  to  designate  the  chief  productions  of  a  country. 

Stated  Account.  In  the  English  law  of  accounts,  an  account 
settled,  whether  it  be  signed  or  not. 

Status  of  an  Annuity.  The  state  of  things  during  the  continu- 
ance of  which  the  annuity  is  to  be  paid. 

Sterling.  A  term  of  uncertain  derivation,  which  has  been  long 
applied  to  the  standard  money  of  England. 

Stock.  In  accounts,  everything  possessed  by  an  individual  or 
firm  at  any  given  time. 

Stock.    In  political  economy,  accumulated  wealth. 

Stocks.    The  public  funds. 

Stoppage  in  Transit  11.  The  right  of  a  seller  to  retain  goods 
sold,  or  to  recover  them  if  they  have  not  yet  been  delivered  to 
the  buyer,  in  security  of  the  unpaid  price. 

Storage.    A  charge  for  warehouse  rent. 

Stranding.  In  marine  Insurance,  is  where  a  vessel  takes  the 
ground  under  extraordinary  circumstances  of  time  or  place 
by  reason  of  some  unusual  or  accidental  occurrence.  Mere 
"touch  and  go"  is  not  a  stranding. 

Snbpcena.    A  writ  calling  a  party  to  appear  In  court. 

Supersedeas.  A  command  to  stay  law  proceedings,  on  good 
cause  shown,  which  ought  otherwise  to  proceed. 

Supplies.  The  annual  grants  for  the  public  service  by  the  leg- 
islature. 

Supply  of  Commodities.  The  quantity  offered,  or  ready  to 
oe  immediately  offered,  for  sale. 

Surcharge.  In  the  English  law  of  accounts,  to  show  an  omis- 
sion for  which  credit  ought  to  have  been  given.  Falsify  is  to 
show  that  a  wrong  charge  has  been  Inserted. 

Survivorship.  The  assurance  of  a  sum  to  a  party,  provided  he 
survive  another  party. 

Syndicate.  Parties  privileged  to  finance  public  loans,  etc. ;  an 
association  organized  to  promote  some  object,  discharge  some 
trust,  or  negotiate  some  business. 

Tare.  A  deduction  from  the  gross  weight  of  goods  on  account  of 
the  package. 

Tariff.    A  cartel  or  list  of  duties  on  exports  and  imports. 

Taxes.  Charges  or  imposts  for  the  support  of  the  government  in 
Its  various  departments  of  administration.  Direct  taxex&TC  fixed 
money  payments  demanded  periodically  from  the  taxpayers ; 
indirect  taxes  are  those  imposed  on  imports,  exports,  or  manu- 
factures. 

Tontine.  The  system  of  raising  a  loan  by  granting  a  life  annuity 
to  a  number  of  persons  with  the  benefit  of  survivorship,  so  that 
it  is  shared  among  those  living  till  at  last  it  falls  to  one ;  also 
now  used  for  an  insurance  which  fulls  due  on  the  expiration 
of  a  fixed  term  of  years. 

Tret.  A  deduction  in  the  weight  of  certain  goods  of  4  Ibs.  on 
every  1W  Ibs.  for  dust,  etc. 

Trover.  An  action  for  recovery  of  personal  property  (by  fiction 
of  l&vi)found  or  appropriated  by  another,  or  for  damagex,fLnd  so 
differing  from  Detinue,  an  action  for  detention  of  property,  under 
which  only  the  chattel  is  recoverable. 

Troy.    A  name  given  to  the  weights  for  gold  and  silver. 

Truck  System.    Paying  workmen  in  goods  Instead  of  money. 

Ullage.    What  a  cask  wants  of  being  full. 

Usance.    The  time  allowed  for  payment  of  a  bill  of  exchange. 

Value.  In  political  economy,  a  relative  term  denoting  the  gen- 
eral power  of  purchasing  possessed  by  any  article  or  commod- 
ity. Price  is  the  value  of  a  thing  in  relation  to  money. 

Vendor.  In  commercial  law,  a  person  who  sells ;  the  buyer  is 
termed  a  vendee. 

Vidimus.    (Scotch.)    A  brief  sketch  or  abstract  of  an  account. 

Wages.  The  remuneration  paid  to  the  laborer  for  his  exertions. 
Nominal  waqca  are  those  which  he  receives  in  the  current 
money  of  the  country ;  real  wages  are  the  necessaries,  con- 
veniences, and  luxuries  of  life  which  the  wages  of  the  laborer 
enable  him  to  command. 

Warranty.  In  marine  insurance,  an  express  or  Implied  condi- 
tion relating  to  the  subject  insured,  which,  If  not  true  or  not 
complied  with,  defeats  the  insurance. 

Ways  and  Means.  The  annual  duties  and  other  items  of 
public  revenue  applicable  to  the  national  expenditure,  as  ex- 
hibited in  the  annual  estimates  submitted  to  Congress  and  to 
Parliament. 

Wealth.  In  political  economy,  the  material  objects  necessary, 
useful,  or  agreeable  to  man,  which  have  required  some  portion 
of  human  exertion  to  appropriate  or  produce. 

Writ  of  Extent.  A  statutory  proceeding  for  the  recovery  of 
the  public  revenue  by  attachment,  appraisement,  and  sale  of 
the  property  against  which  it  is  directed. 


63ft 


Glossary  of  Geographical  Terms  used  in  the  United  States. 


GLOSSARY  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  TERMS  USED  IN 

THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Aqua.     Water;  a  Spanish  term  used  In  New  Mexico, 

Texas,  and  Arizona ;  as,  Agua  dulce. 
Aiguilles.    Needle-like  rocks.    From  French  aiguille. 
Alluvions.    Bottom  lands  (Texas). 
Arroyo,  Arroya.     Spanish  for  "creek;"    as,  Arroyo  Blanco; 

Arroya  de  lu  cuita. 

Bad  lands.    From  French  Mauvaita  term. 
Bahia.    Spanish  for  " bay ;"  as,  Bahia  Ponce de  Leon. 
Banks.    Elevations  of  the  sea-bottom ;  as,  Fishing  Bant*. 
Barra.    Spanish  for  "  bar ;"  as,  Barra  de  Santiago. 
Barranca.    Spanish  for  a  "  ravine." 
Barrens.    French  barein,  "  sterile." 
Basin.    French  batfin,  "  a  basin ;"  as,  The  Great  Basin;  The  itis- 

sistippi  Bonn. 
Bay.  An  arm  of  the  prairie  extending  into  the  forest,  or  of  water 

extending  into  the  land. 
Bay  on.    French  boyau,  a  "  gnt "  or  "  bowel."  A  water-channel  in 

time  of  floods ;  as,  Bayou  Teche. 
Beach.    A  section  of  the  sandy  coasts  of  Long  Island  and  New 

Jersey ;  as,  Rockaway  Beach. 
Bend.  Deflection  of  a  stream  from  a  straight  line ;  as,  Turkey  Island 

Bend,  James  River. 
Bight.    A  broad  open  bay;  as,  The  Sleeping  Bear  Bight,  Lake 

Michigan. 
Block.     Dutch   bio*,  "block."     Three  Point  Block,  a  Colorado 

mountain. 
II luff.    Dutch  blttf,  a  high  bank  along  a  river;  as,  Ball's  Bluff. 

Boca,  Boga.  Spanish,  "an  entrance  "or  "inlet."  Used  in  Florida 

and  Texas. 
Bog.    An  elevated  spot  in  swamps,  filled  with  roots  and  grass 

"Middle  States). 
Bottom  Lands.    The  alluvial  low  lands  along  rivers  (Western 

States). 
Branch.    An  affluent  of  a  larger  stream ;  as,  the  East  Branch  of 

the  Susquehanna. 

Broads.  Broadened-ont  sections  of  rivers  (South  Atlantic  States). 
Buffalo  Wallow.    A  water-hole  in  the  prairies.    The  bison, 

when  shedding  its  hair,  used  to  roll  and  rub  itself  in  these 

hollows. 
Bntte.    French,  "  a  mound."    Applied  to  detached,  abrupt  hills 

In  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Pacific  regions;  as.  Bear  Butte, 

Dakota. 

Cajon.    Spanish  caja,  "box."    A  defile  leading  to  a  mountain- 
peak,  or  the  pass  itself;  as,  Oajan  Pass,  California. 
Canada.  Spanish,  a  narrow  valley  (California  and  New  Mexico). 

Canal.    A  channel  on  the  coast ;  as,  Hood's  Canal  (Oregon  and 

Washington). 
Cane-brake.    A  thicket  of  canes  in  the  lowlands  of  streams 

(South  Carolina  to  Louisiana). 
Canon.     Spanish  cana,  "a  reed"  or  "tube."     A  narrow,  deep 

passage  or  ravine   in   mountain   regions,  usually  made   by 

streams ;  as,  Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado. 
Cap.    A  barren  peak ;  as,  Robin  Cap,  North  Carolina. 
Cascade.    A  small  waterfall. 
Cataract.    A  great  fall  of  waters. 

Cerro.    Spanish  cerro,  "  hill ;"  as,  Cerro  del  Oro  (New  Mexico). 
Chaparral.    Spanish  chaparra,  "  an  evergreen  oak."    A  thicket 

closely  grown  with  bushes  and  thorny  briars  (New  Mexico  and 

Chute.    French,  "  a  falling."  A  side  channel  In  a  river,  by  which 
boats  can  make  a  short  cut  (Lower  Mississippi). 

Cleiiaga,  Clenega.    Spanish,  "a  marsh;"  as,  Cienaga  AmariUa 

(New  Mexico  and  Arizona). 
Cleneguita.  A  small  marsh. 
Clove.  Dutch  kloof,  "  a  cleft."  A  ravine.  Much  used  in  the  Kats- 

kiU  Mountains ;  as,  Katerskul  Clove. 
Cobble.    German  koble,  "  rock."     A  hill  covered  with  loose  or 

cobble  stones ;  as,  Cobble  HOI  (New  York  and  Massachusetts). 
Comb.    The  gradual  rise  of  a  valley  Into  the  hills.    Also,  in  the 

Mississippi  Valley,  the  river-blufls ;  as,  Drunfs  Bluff  or  Comb. 
Cordilleras.    Spanish  corda, "  string."     A  chain  of  mountains. 

Applied  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Andes. 
Conine.    French,  "a  path."    A  narrow,  deep,  rocky  valley  in 

Oregon ;  distinguished  from  a  canon  by  having  inclined  instead 

of  precipitous  sides. 
County.    A  political  sub-division  of  a  State.    In  Louisiana  these 

are  called  parishes;  in  South  Carolina,  districts. 

Cove.    A  small  recess  on  a  river's  shore ;  as,  Sandu  Cove.  Hudson 

River. 
Crag.    Applied  to   bare,  steep,  pointed  peaks  In  the  Rocky 

liountalB*. 


Creek.  French  crique,  "a  crack."  A  small  river  or  a  l»nr» 
brook. 

Crossing.    A  ford. 

Cross  Timbers.  A  great  forest  extending  between  Trinity  anil 
Red  Rivers,  Texas. 

Cuesta.  Spanish,  "  rising  ground."  A  gradual  slope  (New  Mex- 
ico and  Texas). 

Cnt-ofls.  Small  lakes  along  the  Mississippi  and  Red  Rivera; 
originally  windings  of  the  stream,  which  nave  been  cut  off  by 
the  changes  of  the  channel  and  the  deposit  of  silt. 

Dalles.  French  dalle,  "a.  flagstone."  Rapids  composed  of  flat 
ledges  of  stone ;  as,  DaUea  of  the  Columbia,  Oregon. 

District.  A  division  of  the  country  without  elective  franchise 
being  directly  under  the  control  of  Congress ;  as,  The  District  of 
Columbia.  In  South  Carolina,  a  county. 

Divide.  A  ridge  separating  the  tributaries  of  two  streams ;  at, 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  divide,  in  New  Mexico. 

Dl  vort.    Used  in  Arizona  and  Texas  In  the  same  sense  as  divide. 

Dome.    A  hemispherical  mountain-peak;  as  Glingman's  Dome, 

Drink.    Applied  to  streams  In  the  South-West,  the  Mississippi 

being  the  Big  Drink. 
Dunes.    Sand-hills  made  by  wind  action;  as,  The  Great  Sand 

Dunes,  Arizona. 

Elbow.    A  sharp  bend  in  a  stream. 
Everglades.      Inundated   tracts   of   land,   with   Interspersed 

grass   patches,  in  the   Southern  States.     The  Everglaaet  of 

Florida  form  an  extensive  district. 
Falls.    A  cataract ;  a  descent  of  water  down  rocky  ledges. 

Farallon.  A  Spanish  title  given  some  small  islands  off  the 
coast  of  California,  The  farallones.  The  word  means  "  pointed 
islands  in  the  sea." 

Flats.  Dutch,  plat,  "  smooth."  Low  alluvial  lands ;  as,  Mohawk 
Flats.  Also,  river  shoals,  where  extended. 

Flume.    Applied  to  a  narrow  gorge  in  the  White  Mountains. 

Foot-hills.  Hills  that  extend  like  promontories  into  the  plains 

with  depressions  or  bays  between  them. 
Fork,  Fonrche.    The  place  where  streams  combine  or  a  river 

divides  into  branches ;  as,  North  Pork  of  the  Canadian ;  Fourche 

la  Fare,  Arkansas. 
Fresh.    A  stream  distinct  from  the  tide-water.    Used  in  Talbot 

county,  Maryland,  where  the  land  is  divided  Into  freshs  and 

salts;  as,  Allen's  Fresh. 
Gall.     A  lowland  composed  of  a  matted  soil  of  vegetable  fibres, 

called  also  "  saw  grass  "  (Florida). 
Gap.    An  opening  in  a  mountain-chain  made  by  a  river;  as,  The 

Water  Gap  of  the  Delaware. 
Gate.    Dutch  gat, "  an  opening."    A  water-channel ;  as,  Hell  Gate, 

New  York ;  Barnegat,  New  Jersey ;  The  Golden  Gate,  San  Fran- 
cisco. 
Glades.    Tracts  of  land  covered  with  water  (Southern  Statd). 

Gorge.    A  mountain  defile ;  also  a  rushing  stream ;  as,  the  gorgt 

of  the  Niagara. 

Grounds.    Bottom  lands  (Virginia). 
Gnlcb.    A  deep  mountain  ravine  (California). 
Gulf.    An  indentation  in  the  sea-coast.    Also,  In   New  York. 

long,  narrow,  deep  excavations  made  by  streams ;  as,  ifulf  of 

Loraine. 
Gully.    A  channel  worn  in  soft  earth  by  a  heavy  rainfall.    IE 

the  White  Mountains,  a  ravine. 
Hammock.     A  thickly-wooded- tract  of  land  in  the  midst  of 

thinly-grown  pine  or  oak  forests  (Florida). 
Harbor.    Same  as  BAY.    (Coast  and  Lake  States.) 
Haystack.    A  mountain  resembling  a  haystack  in  shape;  at, 

Haystack  Mountain,  Yellowstone  Park. 
Head.    The  source  of  a  river;  a  sea-shore  headland ;  a  rounded, 

prominent  mountain-summit. 
Hog-back.    Applied  in  the  West  to   ridges  of  broken  strata 

along  the  eastern  flank  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.    Also,  in  the 

East,  to  Great  Hog-back,  North  Carolina.    Glacial  gravel-ridges 

in  Northern  New  England  are  often  called  hogbacks. 
Hog-wallow.    Applied  to  localities  in  Texas  and  elsewhere  ID 

the  West,  which  resemble  a  place  where  hogs  have  wallowed. 

Hole.    Synonymous  with  HARBOR,  on  the  New  England  coast ; 

as,  Holmes  Hole.    In  the  West,  hollows  containing  fresh  water 

are  called  water-holes. 
Hollow.    A  low  spot  or  valley  among  hills;  as.  Sleepy  Hollow, 

New  York. 
Hommock.    Pame  as  Hammock,  but  applied  particularly  to  the 

islands  in  The  Everglades.    In  Mississippi  the  Hammocks  are 

the  second  bottom-lands. 
Hook.    Dutch  hoeck,  "  point."    A  word  given  to  capes  or  pamtf 

of  land ;  as,  Sandy  Hook. 


Glossary  of  Geographical  Terms  used  in  the  United  States. 


5357 


Hammock.     Same  derivation   as    HAMMOCK  and   HOMMOCK. 

Rounded  knolls  or  small  hillocks  along  the  coast. 
II  a  in  p.    A  conspicuous  lump  or  convexity  In  the  summit  of  a 

mountain-range ;  as,  Camels  Hump,  White  Mountains. 
Hundred.    A  district  or  section.    Formerly  used  in  Maryland 

and  Delaware ;  still  used  in  Delaware. 
Interval,  Intervale.     French  intermlle,  "between  valleys." 

Used  in  New  England  to  designate  what  are  known  as  bottom 

lands  in  the  West.  The  word,  as  applied,  has  nearly  the  same 

meaning  as  meadow. 
Island.    This  word  is  applied  on  the  open  prairies  to  a  clump  of 

trees.    Sometimes  called  a  mot. 
Jornadas.    Spanish  fournadas,  "journeys."     A  long  reach  of 

waterless  country  (New  Mexico). 
Key.    Spanish  cayo,  "rock."    A  ledge  of  rocks  just  below  the 

surface,  or  a  low  Island ;  as,  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 

Kill.    Dutch  ktt,  "stream."    Synonymous  with  creek  or  river;  as, 

SctiuylkUl. 
Knob.    Dutch  knop,  "button."    Round  hills  or  lofty  summits ; 

prairie  mounds  of  conical  shape ;  as,  Lai  Animas  Knobs,  New 

Mexico. 

Knoll.    A  small  elevation. 
Lacuna.   French  lacune, "  a  break."   Long  necks  of  land  between 

two  streams  (Louisiana). 
Lagoon,  Lacuna.    Spanish  laguna,  "  hollow."    Shallow  lakes 

cut  off  from  the  sea  by  the  rising  of  a  bar;  as,  Mosquito  Lagoon, 

Florida.    Applied  in  the  West  to  shallow  ponds  or  lakes. 

Lava-beds.  Widespread  masses  of  volcanic  rock  resulting  from 
former  eruptions  (California  and  Oregon). 

Ledge.  A  shelf  of  rocks ;  a  ridge  of  rock  lust  beneath  the  sea- 
surface  ;  a  small  mountain-ridge  in  the  West. 

Lick.     A  deposit  of  salt  from  springs,  resorted  to  by  animals, 

which  obtain  the  salt  by  licking. 
Llano.    Spanish,  "  a  level."    A  wide  table-land  In  Texas  known 

as  the^Ltano  Estacado,  or  Staked  Plain. 
Loma.     Spanish,  "a hillock."    A  flat-topped  hill  or  ridge;  as, 

Loma  Parda,  New  Mexico. 
Low  Grounds.    Bottom  lands  (Virginia). 
Marsh.     An  overflowed   lowland.     Sail  marshes,  as  the  tidal 

marches  of  New  Jersey. 
Meadows.    Lowlands  along  a  river. 
Mesa.    Spanish,  "  a  table."    A  terrace  along  a  river- valley. 
Morass.    Dutch,  moeras,  synonymous  with  swamp.    A  tract  of 

soft  wet  ground. 
Hot,  Motto.    [See  ISLAND.] 
Monad.   An  Isolated  fiat-topped  hill  that  has  an  artificial  aspect. 

Mounds  occur  in  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  Iowa. 
Narrows.     A  narrow  opening  through  mountains;  a  narrow 

channel  of  water ;  as,  The  Narrows,  New  York  harbor. 

Heck.  A  narrow  tract  of  land  projecting  into  the  ocean ;  a  strip 
connecting  two  larger  tracts. 

Notch.    A  pass  In  the  White  Mountains ;  as,  Crawford  Notch. 

Oak  Barrens.    Thin  forests  of  scrubby  oaks  on  poor  soil. 

Ojo.  Spanish,  "an  eye."  Water-holes  or  wells  on  the  Mexican 
border. 

Openings.  Thinly-wooded  spaces  usually  grown  with  small 
oaks,  hence  generally  called  oak  openings. 

Overslaugh.  Dutch,  overslaau.  A  bar  In  the  v  Hudson,  near 
Albany,  known  as  Overslaugh  Bar.  Not  elsewhere  used. 

Palisades.  French  palissade,  "a  paling."  A  vertical  wall  of 
trap-rock  extending  fifteen  miles  along  the  Hudson.  Also  used 
in  Montana  to  designate  a  locality  on  the  Yellowstone. 

Paps.    Nipple-shaped  hills ;  as,  The  Paps,  Lake  Superior. 

Parish.    Used  instead  of  "  county  "  In  Louisiana. 

Park.    Spanish  parque.   Great  upland  valleys  in  Colorado. 

Pass,  Paso.  Spanish  paso.  "a  stepping-place."  A  passage 
through  a  dangerous  or  difficult  place  In  the  mountains, 
usually  made  by  a  stream.  A  channel  between  sand-bars. 
The  mouths  of  the  Mississippi  are  called  passes. 

Peak.   A  pointed  mountain-summit. 

Plchaco.  Spanish,  pico,  "apeak."  Prominent  mountain  eleva- 
tions (New  Mexico  and  Arizona). 

Pine  Barrens.  A  tract  of  barren  soil  thinly  covered  with 
pines  (Southern  States). 

Plan  t .  Dutch,  floats,  "  place."  Islands  In  the  upper  Hudson ; 
as,  Mull's  float. 

Plains.    A  level  spread  of  land ;  as,  Laramie  Plains,  Wyoming. 

Plateau.    A  comparatively  level  elevated  region. 

Play  a.  Spanish,  "a  beach."  Applied  to  a  broad,  level,  clayey 
space  in  the  plains  where  rain-waters  spread  and  are  quickly 
evaporated,  leaving  the  surface  smooth  and  baked,  so  that  at  a 
distance  it  looks  like  a  lake. 

Poeoson,  Poqnoaon.  Anglo-Saxon  pocca,  "pocket."  Low, 
swampy  or  wooded  localities,  usually  dry  In  summer  and  wet 
in  winter  (Maryland  and  Virginia). 

Point,  Pnnta.  Spanish  punta.  A  cape.  Punta  is  common 
along  the  Pacific ;  Paint  is  used  on  the  Great  Lakes  and  else- 
where^ as,  Old  Point  Comfort,  Virginia. 

Pokelobens.  Indian  word.  A  marsh  or  stagnant  pool  extend- 
ing into  the  land  from  a  stream  or  lake  (Maine  and  some 
Southern  States). 

P*nd.  A  pool  of  water,  or  a  body  of  water  caused  by  a  dam 
across  a  stream.  Sometime*  applied  to  lakes,  at  commonly  in 
Massachusetts. 


Porte.    Used  to  signify  strait  in  Porte  du  Morte,  Michigan. 
Portezuelo.    Spanish  for  "  divide."  Used  in  parts  of  California- 
Potash  Kettles.   Depressions  in  the  earth  near  the  Great  Lakes, 

supposed  to  be  due  to  the  washing  away  of  limestone. 
Pot-holes.    Circular  holes  worn  by  the  gyrations  of  a  small 

boulder  kept  in  motion  by  the  water  of  a  cascade. 
Pozo.    Spanish,  "well."    Applied  to  wells  in  Arizona  and  New 

Mexico. 
Prairie.    French,  "  a  meadow."    An  extensive  tract  of  treeless 

and  nearly  level  land.    Prairies  are  widely  extended  in  the 

Mississippi  Valley. 
Pralrlllon.    Small  prairies  in  New  Mexico,  among  the  hills  of 

the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Prong.    German  prange,  "  a  stick."   An  arm  of  an  inlet  or  creek. 

Synonymous  with  "  fork  "  (Southern  States). 
Purgatory.    A  narrow  ravine  with  vertical  walls,  particularly 

where  difficult  to  traverse. 

Pyramids.    Peaks  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  sloping  to  a  point. 
Race.    The  section  of  a  stream  where  wind  and  tide  meet. 
Range.    The  prudes  grazed  over  by  large  herds  of  cattle  are 

called  ranges.    Also  applied  to  divisions  of  mountain-systems; 

as,  Coast  Range. 

Rapid.    The  swift  flow  of  a  stream  down  a  sloping'bed. 
Reach.    An  extended  portion  of  water  or  land ;  also  the  straight 

sections  of  a  river. 
Reef.     Dutch   riff.    A  range  of  rocks  at  or  near  the  surface  of 

water. 
Reservation,  Reserve.    A  tract  of  land  set  aside  for  a  special 

purpose ;  as,  the  Western  Reserve,  the  Sioux  Reservation. 
Ritfolet.    French.    A  direct  outlet ;  applied  to  the  most  direct 

course  of  a  stream  with  two  channels. 

Riviere,  Rio.  French  and  Spanish  terms  for  river.  Applied  In 
various  parts  of  the  country. 

Roads.  A  roadstead ;  as,  Hampton  Roads.  Generally  known  as 
harbor. 

Hulls.    Sand-beds  covered  with  a  low  growth'of  oak  (Texas). 

Runnel.    Synonymous  with  Run,  or  a  small  stream  (Nevada). 

Saiul  Hills.  A  section  of  Nebraska  known  as  the  Great  Sand 
Hills. 

Saul  t.  Saalte,  Saul.  French  '.taut,  " a  fall  of  iWater."  [8e« 
RAPID.] 

Savanna.  An  extended  level  space,  destitute  of  trees  and  cov- 
ered with  grass.  Supposed  to  be  the  basin  of  a  former  lake. 

Section.    A  division  of  a  Western  State  or  Territory  marked  off 

by  the  government  survey,  containing  one  square  mile,  or  640 

acres. 

Shingle-beach.    A  beach  of  sand  or  gravel. 
Shoals.    Places  where  the  water  is  shallow ;  as,  Hatteras  Shoalt. 

Also  applied  to  a  group  of  rocky  islets ;  as,  the  Isle  of  Shoalt. 
Shoot,  Shnte.    [See  CHUTE.] 
Sinks   Sink-holes.     Depressions  In  the  land  In  which  the 

waters  sink  and  are  lost. 
Slashes.    A  corrupt  form  of  splashes,  signifying  bush-covered 

swamp  or  wet  land.    Sloshes  is  the  Kentucky  form. 
Slide*    A  smooth  bare  Incline  on  a  mountain-side. 
Sloo,  Slue,  Slough.    A  mud-hole ;  a  miry  place. 
Slope.    A  section  whose  surface  is  inclined  to  the  plane  of  the 

horizon. 

Sob.    Applied  to  very  wet  lands  (Carolina*). 
Spit.    A  long,  narrow  shoal  running  into  the  sea ;  a  cape. 
Spur.    German  spor.   A  mountain-ridge  which  extends  laterally 

from  the  range. 

Sugar-loaf.  A  hill  or  mountain  of  the  shape  of  a  truncated  cone. 
Sump.    A  pool  of  dirty  water  (Pennsylvania). 
Swale.    Low  or  wet  land ;  a  low  area  in  the  midst  of  higher 

ground. 
Swash.    A  narrow  channel  between  a  sand-bank  and  the  shore, 

or  within  the  sand-bank. 

Swell.    A  long,  receding  series  of  hills  (Utah). 
Tanks.    Spanish  estangue.    [See  WELLS.] 

Terrace.    A  succession  of  step-like  levels  on  the  sides  of  a  river 

are  called  terraces.    [See  MESA.] 
Territory.    A  political  division  under  the  control  of  Congress 

and  without  the  political  rights  of  a  State. 
Teton.    French,  "  a  breast."    Grand  Tcton  is  the  highest  mountain 

in  Washington. 

Thoroughfare.    A  low  gap  between  mountains. 
Tinaja.    Spanish,  "  an  earthen  jar."  Pools  of  fresh  water  formed 

in  depressions  of  the  rock  (Mexican  border). 
Tow-heads.    Small  tuft-like  Islands  in  the  Ohio. 
Township.    A  subdivision  of  a  county. 
Trough.      Dutch  trog.    A  long,  narrow  depression  between  two 

ridges  (Nebraska). 
Tly.    Dutch.    A  swamp  or  marsh.    Often  called  fly;  as,  The  J7» 

Market  (New  York). 
Wash.    A  river-bed  which  is  dry  in  the  rainless  season  (Arizona 

and  New  Mexico). 

Water-holes,  Water-pocket*.    [See  WELLS.] 
Water-shed.    The  dividing  ridge  between  two  river-basins,  into 

which  its  waters  flow  from  opposite  directions. 
Wells.     Dutch  uel,  "  a  spring."    Springs  with  a  large  orifice,  and 

producing  considerable  pools  of  water  (Nevada  and  Arizona). 

44 


5368 


Societies  in  the  United  States. 


SOCIETIES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

FRATERNAL,  BENEFICIAL,  RELIGIOUS,  PATRIOTIC,   ETC. 

(STATISTICS  FOB  1894,  UNLESS  OTHERWISE  STATED.) 


American  Authors'  Oulld.    Founded  1892. 

American  Legion  of  Honor.  Founded  1878;  grand  coun- 
cils 18 ;  subordinate  councils  1065 ;  members  56,000  (1895). 

American  Protective  Association.  Founded  1887;  mem- 
bership claimed  (United  States  and  Canada)  nearly  2,000,000. 

American  Protestant  Association.    Founded  1849. 

American  Protestant  Association,  Junior.  Founded 
1860;  lodges  5;  members  250  (1895). 

American  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to 
Animals.  Founded  1866. 

American  Wheelmen,  League  of.    Founded  1880. 

Army  of  Georgia.  Society  of  the.    Founded  1868. 

Army  of  the  Cumberland,  Society  of  the.  Founded 
1868. 

Army  of  the  Ohio,  Society  of  the.    Founded  1868. 

Army  of  the  Potomac,  Society  of  the.    Founded  1869. 

Army  of  the  Tennessee,  Society  of  the.    Founded  1865. 

Army  of  West  Virginia,  Society  of  the.    Founded  1871. 

Artisans'  Order  of  Mutual  Protection.  Founded  1873 ; 
members  3100  (1895).  Principally  in  Philadelphia. 

Aztec  Club  of  I  s  47.  Founded  (City  of  Mexico)  1847 ;  incorpo- 
rated 1892 ;  members  about  500  (1895). 

Baptist  Young  People's  Union  of  America.  Founded 
1891. 

Ben  II  ur ,  Tribe  of.  Founded  1894;  supreme  temple  1 ;  subor- 
dinate courts  23;  members  923. 

II' ii a i  ICrith.  Independent  Order  of.  Founded  1843; 
grand  lodges  9 ;  subordinate  lodges  881 ;  members  30,000. 

Buffaloes,  Benevolent  Order  of.  Founded  1881;  herds  1 
(in  New  York) ;  members  65  (1895). 

B'rith  Abraham,  Order  of.  Founded  1859;  grand  lodge  1; 
subordinate  lodges  184;  members  9462. 

Catholic  Benevolent  Legion.  Founded  1881;  State  coun- 
cils 6 ;  subordinate  councils  473 ;  members  34,597. 

Catholic  Knights  of  America.  Founded  1877;  supreme 
council  1 ;  subordinate  councils  533 ;  members  24,000. 

Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union.  Founded  1872;  unions 
25;  societies  864 ;  members  65,814  (1895). 

Children  of  the  American  Revolution,  National 
Society  of.  Founded  1895;  local  societies  12;  members  280. 

Children  of  the  Confederacy.  Founded  at  Alexandria, 
Va.,  April,  1896. 

Chosen  Friends,  Order  of.  Founded  1879 ;  grand  councils 
2;  subordinate  councils  720 ;  members  36,149. 

Christian  Alliance.  Founded  1887 ;  members  and  adherents 
about  100,000. 

Christian  Association,  Young  Men's.  Founded  (Eng- 
land) 1844;  introduced  into  United  States  1851;  local  associa- 
tions 1431 ;  members  244,077. 

Christian  Association,  Young  Women's.  Founded  1857; 
State  associations  19;  local  associations  830;  members  25,000. 

Christian  Endeavor,  United  Society  of.  Founded  1881; 
local  societies  33,254 ;  members  2,473,740  (1895). 

Christian  Unity,  Brotherhood  of.    Founded  1893. 

Cincinnati,  Society  of  the.  Founded  1783;  State  societies 
12 ;  members  about  550. 

Colonial  Dames  of  America,  Society  of  the,  Founded 
1891 ;  societies  14  (in  original  States  and  District  of  Columbia) ; 
members  about  1800. 

Colonial  Dames  of  America,  National  Society  of  the. 
Founded  1890 ;  societies  14  (in  original  States  and  District  of 
Columbia) ;  members  about  300. 

Colonial  Order  of  the  Acorn.  Founded  1892 ;  members  less 
than  100. 

Colonial  Society  of  Massachusetts.  Founded  1892 ;  mem- 
bers limited  to  100  resident  and  20  non-resident. 

Colonial  Wars,  Society  of.  Founded  1892;  State  societies  13; 
members  about  1300. 

Daughters  of  Liberty.  Founded  1875;  councils  200;  mem- 
bers 12,000.  (An  outgrowth  of  the  United  American  Mechan- 
ics.) 

Daughters  of  Rebekah  (Woman's  Braneh  of  the  Odd 
Fellows).  Founded  1850;  lodges  aiOO;  members  202,642  (sis- 
ters 108,732;  brothers  93,910). 

Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution.   Founded  1890 ; 

local  chapters  803 ;  members  over  10,000. 
Danghters  of  the    Cincinnati.    Founded  1894;   members 

about  50. 

Danghters  of  the  Confederacy.  Founded  1894 ;  State  chap- 
ters probably  in  all  the  Southern  States. 


Danghters  of  the  King.  Founded  1885;  chapters  451 ,  mem 
bers  11,160. 

Daughters  of  the  Revolution.  Founded  1891 ;  chapters  •  • ; 
members  about  1800. 

Descendants  of  the  Pioneers  of  America.    Foundc*  • 

Druids,  Ancient  United  Order  of.  Founded  (England) 
1781 ;  introduced  into  United  States  1839 ;  grand  groves  15 ;  sub- 
ordinate groves  350  ;  members  14,600. 

Eclectic  Assembly,  The.    Members  178. 

Elks,  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of.  Founded 
1866 ;  grand  lodge  1 ;  subordinate  lodges  260 ;  members  23,516. 

Empire  Knights  of  Relief.    Members  1401. 

Ep worth  League.  Founded  1889;  regular  chapters  15,251; 
junior  chapters  3954;  members  about  1,250,000. 

Equitable  Aid  Union.  Founded  1879;  supreme  union  1; 
grand  unions  7  ;  subordinate  unions  918;  members  35,118  (1805). 

Federation  of  Labor,  American.  Founded  1876;  trades 
unions  represented  about  70 ;  members  over  700,000. 

Foreign  Wars  of  the  United  States,  Society  of  the. 
Founded  1894 ;  members  about  150. 

Foresters,  Ancient  Order  of.  Founded  (England)  1745;  in- 
troduced into  United  States  1832;  high  courts  3;  subordinate 
courts  370 ;  members  54,484. 

Foresters  of  America.  Introduced  from  England  about  1874  ; 
severed  from  English  society  188ff;  grand  courts  20;  subordi- 
nate courts  1167 ;  members  115,967  (1895). 

Fraternal  Legion.    Members  2657. 

Fraternal  Aid  Association.    Members  3565. 

Gaelic  Society.    Founded  1879. 

Golden  Chain,  Order  of  the.  Founded  1881;  supreme  lodge 
1 ;  subordinate  lodges  141 ;  members  8304. 

Golden  Cross.  United  Order  of  the.  Founded  1876;  grand 
commanderies  10;  subordinate  commanderies  402;  member? 
22,107. 

Golden  Eagle.  Knights  of  the.  Founded  1878;  supreme 
castle  1;  grand  castles  17;  subordinate  castles  804;  members 
58,535. 

Golden  Rule,  Knights  of  the.    Members  5506. 

Golden  Star,  Knights  and  Ladies  of  the.    Members  5661. 

Good  Fellows.  Royal  Society  of.  Founded  1882;  supreme 
assembly  1 ;  grand  assemblies  4 ;  subordinate  assemblies  220 ; 
members  13,000  (1895). 

Good  Templars.  International  Ortler  of.  Founded  1852 ; 
grand  lodges  (in  world)  100;  members  560,605;  members  juve- 
nile branches  169,804 ;  members  in  United  States  over  350,000. 

Good  Roads,  National  League  for.    Founded  1892. 

Grand  Army  ofthe  Republic.  Founded  1866;  departments 
45 ;  posts  7303 ;  members  357,639. 

Grand  Fraternity,  The.  Founded  1885 ;  governing  council  1 ; 
camps  60;  members  1121  (1895). 

Grangers.    (See  Patrons  of  Husbandry.) 

Greek  Letter  College  Societies.  Kappa-Alpha,  the  oldest 
in  United  States,  founded  1825;  total  societies  28;  members 
about  100,000.  Women's  College  Societies  11;  Pi-Beta-Phi,  the 
oldest,  founded  1867. 

Heptasophs,  Improved  Order  of.  Founded  1878 ;  supreme 
body  1 ;  subordinate  conclaves  379 ;  members  about  24,000  (1895). 

Hibernians  of  America,  Ancient  Order  of.  Founded 
1836;  divisions  1500;  members  about  100,000. 

Holland  Society  of  New  York.  Founded  1875;  members 
about  1000. 

Home  Circle.  Founded  1879;  supreme  council  1;  grand  coun- 
cils 3 ;  subordinate  councils  190 ;  members  7500. 

Hoo-Hoo,  Concatenated  Order  of.  Founded  1891 ;  lodges  I 
members  3571  (1895). 

Huguenot  Society  of  America.  Founded  1883;  members 
about  600. 

Iowa  Legion  of  Honor.    Members  7065. 

Irish  Catholic  Benevolent  Union.  Founded  1869;  socie- 
ties 189;  members  15,000. 

Knights  of  Honor.  Founded  1873;  grand  lodges  36;  subordi- 
nate lodges  2578 ;  members  126,004. 

Knights  and  Ladles  of  Honor.  Founded  1877;  grind 
lodges  15 ;  subordinate  lodges  1300 ;  members  82,308  (1886). 

Knlghta  of  Labor.    Founded  1869. 

Knights  of  Malta,  Ancient  and  Illustrious  Order  ol. 
Organized  in  its  modern  form  in  Scotland  in  the  eighteen!], 
century;  introduced  into  America  in  1870;  supreme comman- 
dery  1;  grand  commanderies  5;  subordinate  commanderies 
J49 ;  members  12,000. 


Societies  in  the  United  States. 


5359 


Knights  of  Pythias.  Founded  1864 ;  supreme  lodge  1 ;  grand 
lodges  54 ;  subordinate  lodges  6293 ;  members  456,450 ;  members 
of  endowment  rank  32,922  (1895). 

Kni;; his  of  the  Maccabees.  Founded  1881;  supreme  tent  1; 
great  camps  5;  subordinate  camps  3000 ;  members  139,135. 

UniulitH  of  the  Mystic  Chain.  Founded  1871;  supreme 
castle  1 ;  select  castles  8 ;  subordinate  castles  98 ;  members  16,- 
791  (1895). 

li  iii-lus  of  St.  John  and  Malta.  Founded  In  its  modern 
form  in  Scotland;  introduced  into  United  States  in  1874;  en- 
campments 95;  members  48UO  (1895). 

Iv iii-lif.  Templar  (Masonic  Commandery).  Grand  com- 
manderies  38;  subordinate  commanderies  915;  members 
97,6%. 

Loyal  Knights  of  America.    Founded  1890. 

Loyal  Legion.  Military  Order  of  the.  Founded  1865; 
State  commanderies  20;  members  8707  (1895). 

Mary  Washington  Memorial  Association,  National. 
Founded  1890. 

Mayflower  Descendants.  Society  of.  Founded  1894 ;  State 
societies  2 ;  members  about  100. 

Masons,  Ancient  Order  of  Free  and  Accented. 
Founded  (in  its  modern  form)  early  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
introduced  into  United  States  in  1733;  grand  lodges  50;  mem- 
bers 715,292. 

Masons,  Most  Ancient  and  Honorable  Fraternity  of 
Free  and  Accepted.  (Colored  branch.)  Founded  1784; 
grand  lodges  31. 

Mechanics.  Independent  Order  of.  Founded  1868;  supreme 
lodge  1 ;  grand  lodges  9 ;  subordinate  lodges  79 ;  members  6636 
(1895). 

Medal  of  Honor  Legion.    Founded  1890 ;  members  about  200. 
Military    and    Naval    Order  of    the    United   States. 

Founded  1894. 
Mount  Vernon  Ladles'  Association.  Founded  1854;  regent 

1 ;  vice-regents  29 ;  resident  superintendent  at  Mount  Vernon. 
Mutual  Beneflt   Association,  Catholic.    Founded  1876, 

supreme  council  1 ;  grand  councils  5 ;  branches  700 ;  members 

38,000. 

Mutual  Protection,  Order  of.    Members  3574. 

Mystic  Circle,  The  Fraternal.  Founded  1884;  supreme 
ruling  1;  subordinate  rulings  329;  members  13,033. 

Mystic  Shrine,  Nobles  of  the.  (Composed  of  Knights 
Templars  and  thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Masons.) 
Temples  67 ;  members  about  30,000. 

National  Cymrodorion  Society.    Founded  1890. 

National  Provident  Union.  Founded  1883;  executive  de- 
partment 1;  congress  1;  sub-councils  88 ;  members  6254  (1895). 

National  Union.  Founded  1881;  grand  assemblies  34;  sub- 
councils  708;  members  47,226  (1895). 

Naval  Order  of  the  United  States.  Founded  1890-  incor- 
ported  under  present  title  1894;  State  commanderies  6 ;  mem- 
bers about  250. 

Naval  Veterans,  National  Association  of.  Founded  1887- 
local  associations  37 ;  active  members  over  7500;  contributing 
members  3000. 

New  England  Order  of  Protection.    Founded  1887 ;  grand 

lodges  5 ;  subordinate  lodges  226 ;  members  14,705. 
New  England  Women,  National  Society  of.    Founded 

189o, 

Northwestern  Legion  of  Honor.    Members  1900. 

Odd  Fellows,  Independent  Order  of.  Founded  (England)  ' 
about  1745;  introduced  into  United  States  1819;  independent 
of  English  order  1842;  sovereign  grand  lodge  1;  grand  lodges 
50;  subordinate  lodges  9807;  members  747,135. 

Odd  Fellows  of  America,  Grand  United  Order  of. 
(Colored  branch.)  Founded  1843;  supreme  lodges  4;  grand 
lodges  36 ;  subordinate  lodges  3315 ;  members  150,133  (1895). 

Patriots  of  America  (advocates  of  Free  Silver).    Founded  1895.  ! 

Patrons  of  Husbandry.    Founded  1867. 

Philip  and  Andrew,  Brotherhood  of.  Founded  1888- 
chapters  283  ;  members  about  6000. 

Pilgrim  Fathers,  United  Order  of.  Founded  1879;  colo- 
nies 156 ;  members  16,948. 

Pilgrim  Society,  The.    Founded  1820. 

Protected  Home  Circle.    Members  8856. 

Rechabites,  Independent  Order  of.  Founded  (England) 
1835;  introduced  into  United  States  1842;  tents  5;  sub-tents  75- 
members  2360. 

Red  Cross,  Legion  of  the.  Founded  1885 ;  supreme  council  1 ;  ! 
grand  councils  6 ;  subordinate  councils  51 :  members  3542  (1895).  j 

Red  Men,  Improved  Order  01'.  Founded  1771;  reorganized 
under  present  title  1834 ;  great  councils  31 ;  tribes  1587 ;  mem- 
bers 133,637.  POCAHONTAS  DEGREE. — Councils  295;  members 


Re&rembmsya<bo'u1t  ^  Vt>i°a-    F°Unded  *»:  «-««»»i 
Royal  Arcanum.    Founded  1877;  supreme  council!;  grand 

councils  21 ;  subordinate  councils  1643;  members  168,731  (1S95). 
Royal    Arch    Masons   (York  Rite  Masons,  seventh  degree) 

Grand  chapters  43 ;  subordinate  chapters  2205 ;  members  167  87l' 
Royal  League,  The.    Members  9745. 
Royal  Templars  of  Temperance.    Founded  1878 ,  supreme 

council  1;  grand  councils?;  select  councils  425;  members  16,- 

St.  Andrew.   Brotherhood    of.    Founded   1883;  State  and 
loca'jjrganizations  55;  chapters  1150;  members  about  12,000. 

IT  York.   Founded 


St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  Society  of.  Founded  (Paris)  1833- 
superior  council  1 ;  central  councils  6;  particular  councils  26 : 
conferences  369;  members  6665  (1895). 

Salvation  Army,  The.  Founded  (England)  1865;  adopted 
present  title  1878;  corps  (United  States)  567 ;  officers  1525. 

Scotch-Irish  Society  of  America.    Founded  1889. 

Scottish  Clans.  Order  of.  Founded  1878;  grand  clans  2;  sub- 
ordinate clans  100 ;  members  3700. 

Select  Friends.    Members  3650. 

Senate  of  Sparta.  Founded  1879;  supreme  lodge  1;  subordi 
nate  lodges  28 ;  members  5000  (1895). 

Shield  of  Honor.    Members  10,230. 

Sons  of  America.  Patriotic  Order  of.  Founded  1847-  re- 
organized 1866;  members  over  250,000. 

Sons  of  Benjamin,  Independent  Order  of.  Grand  lodge 
1;  subordinate  lodges  176;  members  14,921. 

Sons  of  Joiiadab.  Founded  1867;  sovereign  council  1;  subor- 
dinate councils  10;  members  700. 

Sous  of  Temperance.  Founded  1842;  national  division  1- 
grand  divisions  40;  subordinate  divisions  2000 ;  members  (North 
America)  75,000  (1895). 

Sons  of  the  American  Revolution.    Founded  1889;  State 

societies  30;  members  or  compatriots  6500. 
Sons  of  the  Revolution.    Founded  1876;  reorganized  1883- 

State  chapters  27 ;  members  4318  (1895). 

8on;.0/,vS,teTa1ns.'  *?•»•  *•  Founded  1879;  commandery-in- 
88000  ({895?  dlvlsions  *>'•  camP8  about  'MOO:  members  about 

Theosophical   Society.     Founded   1875;    branches    in    the 

United  States  96. 
Union  Veteran  Legion.    Founded  1884;  State  divisions  18- 

encampments  104;  members  over  10,000. 
Union  Veterans'  Union.    Founded  1886. 
United  American  Mechanics.  Order  of.    Founded  1845- 

State  councils  18;  subordinate  councils  695;  members  54,689 

(1895). 

United     American     Mechanics,    Junior    Order     of. 

Founded  1853;  grand  councils  84;  subordinate  couneils  2131; 
members  166,500  (Jan.  1, 1896). 
United  American  Veterans.    Founded  1893,  at  Eagle  Pass, 

United  Confederate  Veterans.    Founded  1889;   members 

about  40,000. 
United  Friends,  Order  of.    Founded  1881 ;  grand  councils  6- 

subordinate  councils  311 ;  members  20,726. 
United  States'  Daughters,  1776-1S14.  Founded  1892-  State 

societies  5;  members  about  150. 
United    Workmen,    Ancient   Order   of.    Founded  1868- 

§rand  lodges  33;  subordinate  lodges  4973;  members  (United 
tates  and  Canada)  841,371  (1895). 

Virginia  Antiquities,  Association  for  Preservation 
of.  Founded  1888;  branches  (in  Virginia)  6. 

War  of  1813,  Military  Society  of  the.  Founded  1826;  mem- 
bers (officers  and  their  descendants)  about  75. 

War  of  1812,  General  Society  of.  Founded  1814;  reorgan- 
ganized  1890 ;  State  societies  6 ;  members  (soldiers,  sailors  and 
their  descendants)  about  600. 

Washington,  Order  of.    Founded  1895;  members  about  25. 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union.    Founded  1874 ; 


*   ".lint      •    IlilMI.       J  OUI1UUU   IO/4 

State  and  Territory  unions  55;  local  unions  about  10000'  mem- 
iincluding  Young  Women's  Christian  Temperance  Unions) 


about  40o",o6o.' 

Woman's  Relief  Corps.  Founded  1883;  State  corps  85;  de- 
tached corps  47 ;  total  corps  3141 ;  members  140,305  (1895). 

Women's  Clubs,  General  Federation  of.  Founded  IS!)"- 
clubs  about  430  ;  members  over  100,000. 

Woodmen  of  America,  Fraternity  ofModern.  Founded 
1883;  head  camp  1 ;  local  camps  2510;  members  88,223. 

Woodmen  of  the  World.  Founded  1890;  sovereign  camp  1  • 
local  camps  826;  members  14,057. 


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Universal  dictionary  of  the 
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Full text of "Universal dictionary of the English language; a new and original work presenting for convenient reference the orthography, pronunication, meaning, use, origin and development of every word in the English language ... Edited by Robert Hunter and Charles Morris"

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